PMID- 3744209 TI - Sudden unexpected natural death in young persons. AB - In a series of 1920 medico-legal autopsies, 78 cases fulfilled the criteria of sudden unexpected natural death in the age group 2-30 years. In 39 (50%) of these cases a health hazardous condition was known. A large group included epileptics, alcoholics, obstetric/gynecologic conditions, and drug addicts. For prophylactic reasons the medical intervention should focus on earlier detection, if possible, of acute myocarditis, better instruction to epileptics as to thorough medication and information of parents. Physicians should be reminded about the danger of inflammatory processes in the upper respiratory tract, especially acute tracheobronchitis and acute epiglottitis. PMID- 3744210 TI - Neck extension as a cause of SIDS. AB - The intradural sagittal diameter at the second cervical vertebra (SD/C2) of 62 SIDS cases was measured myelographically. This SD/C2 proved to be dependent on body size, body weight, and age. A clear, age-dependent difference is to be found in the primarily narrow spinal canal. This parameter (SD/C2), which is more precisely defined in adults on the basis of clinical, radiological, and autopsical findings is assumed to have the value of 0.5 cm in the first 2 months, 0.6 cm in the third month, and 0.65 cm in the fourth month. The resulting potential danger to infants is dependent upon their position. The SD/C2, was significantly decreased in extension as compared to a neutral posture. With consideration of the primarily narrow spinal canal in the infant, there is, according to our measurements, a potential hazard for the infant in any further, significant shortening of the SD/C2. This is independent of the width of the spinal canal under maximal extension. We found individual cases in which the SD/C2 was decreased by almost 50% from the normal value in neutral position. No correlation was found between the primary width of the spinal canal and the degree of luminal reduction upon extension. PMID- 3744211 TI - Fat embolism. AB - Fat embolism is a condition that is underdiagnosed clinically and at autopsy. This paper reviews the causes and pathogenesis of the condition and indicates possible modes of therapy. PMID- 3744212 TI - Survival time and acting capability after fatal injury by sharp weapons. AB - Autopsy reports from 109 victims of fatal injury from sharp weapons were investigated with regard to type and number of lesions, blood loss, degree of alcohol intoxication, survival time and acting capability after the injury. Of the 13 who died immediately, nine had penetrating lesions of the heart. This group also had the highest number of lesions. Sixty-four victims survived for some time. The survival time increased with decreasing number of lesions. The greatest blood loss and the highest blood alcohol concentrations were found in those who survived between 0.5 h and 1 h. Twenty-four victims were able to make physical efforts after the injury and the movements varied from a few steps to the running of several hundred meters. Decisive factors for decrease in survival time and acting capability are penetrating lesions to the heart and the great vessels, and multiplicity of injuries. PMID- 3744213 TI - Impurities, adulterants and diluents of illicit heroin in Denmark (Jutland and Funen). AB - The contents of impurities, adulterants and diluents in 77 samples of illicit heroin were determined by a combination of high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. The origin of each sample was characterized by calculating the content of the opium alkaloids in relation to the heroin content. The routes of distribution were compared by determination of the contents of caffeine, procaine and sugars. The results were used as a "chemical fingerprint" of each sample. The results indicate that it is difficult to prove, with certainty, that two samples are identical. However, in most cases, by determining the amounts of impurities, adulterants and diluents in heroin samples, it will be possible to ascertain whether two samples are different and, in many cases, to determine with reasonable certainty whether two samples are identical. PMID- 3744214 TI - Is zinc a reliable biochemical marker of chronic alcoholism in the overall context of a medico-legal autopsy? AB - The purpose of our investigation is to appreciate the usefulness of zinc determination in the human body with regard to the tracing of chronic alcoholism at forensic autopsies. The analysis of zinc was performed in vitreous humour and in skeletal muscle. Our results tend to prove that, in post-mortem material, zinc is not a suitable marker of chronic alcoholism. Furthermore one has to take into account the frequent contamination during collection and storage of the samples and also the post-mortem increase of zinc in the vitreous humour due to autolysis. PMID- 3744215 TI - The objective interpretation of histopathological data: an application to the ageing of ovine bruises. AB - Muscle and adipose tissue from a total of 178 experimental bruises inflicted on sheep and aged from 1 to 72 h old were processed for light microscopic examination. Five observed histopathological features of inflammation and repair were scored semiquantitatively on a scale of 1-4 according to their degrees of change from the normal state. These data were evaluated mathematically using a Bayesian probability model designed for the purpose. The model was able to age bruises with an acceptable degree of accuracy only as either 1-20 h or 24-72 h old but within these constraints a degree of confidence in excess of 90% was achieved. The exact performance of the model depended on the nature and number of tissue samples examined but mathematical ageing was superior to interpretative ageing based on personal experience. PMID- 3744216 TI - Homicidal drowning. AB - A study of homicidal drownings was performed on the case files of the Office of the Medical Examiner of Metropolitan Dade County in Miami, Florida during the years 1980-1984. A total of 10 cases were analyzed of those which occurred during this time period. These cases are presented in some detail. A discussion then ensues concerning the theoretical and epidemiological implications along with practical considerations of how to approach such a case. PMID- 3744217 TI - Aging studies on fingerprint residues using thin-layer and high performance liquid chromatography. AB - The chemical substances of perspiration found in latent fingerprint residue may hold the key for dating latent fingerprints. To study the chemical transformations of these components as a function of time and environment, fingerprint residues from four males and four females were analysed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Three major and two or three minor components were detected by both methods and the variation in the quantity of the major components with time was observed. PMID- 3744218 TI - Human blood stain identification and sex determination in dried blood stains using recombinant DNA techniques. AB - DNA was extracted from human and non-primate dried blood stains. Human male and female specimens were readily distinguished by analysis with a Y-chromosome specific DNA probe. Human and non-primate blood stains were also readily differentiated using a repeat sequence (Alu) DNA probe. The potential power of recombinant DNA analysis in forensic science is discussed. PMID- 3744219 TI - [The ultramicroscope picture of inflamed conjunctiva in herpes simplex]. PMID- 3744220 TI - [Transmission electron microscopy studies in herpes simplex of the conjunctiva with special evaluation of the goblet cell system]. PMID- 3744221 TI - [Clinical course and electron microscopy detection of Chlamydia conjunctivitis. A case report]. PMID- 3744222 TI - Vernal conjunctivitis--a cause of corneal mucoid plaques. PMID- 3744223 TI - [Non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the conjunctiva--clinical aspects and electron microscopy]. PMID- 3744224 TI - [Changes in the conjunctiva and cornea in hemodialysis patients]. PMID- 3744225 TI - [Atypical conjunctival and corneal irritations caused by irregular eyelid blinking]. PMID- 3744226 TI - [Glycoprotein electrophoresis of tears--a new possibility in the diagnosis of the "dry eye" syndrome]. PMID- 3744227 TI - [Relations between morphologic changes in the conjunctiva and changes in the composition of tear glycoproteins in Sjogren syndrome]. PMID- 3744228 TI - [Lens aspiration and primary discission in congenital cataract]. PMID- 3744229 TI - [Basal iridectomy in extracapsular cataract operation with the posterior chamber lens?]. PMID- 3744231 TI - Hemifacial atrophy--systemic and ophthalmological anomalies. PMID- 3744230 TI - [Results of the secondary cataract peeling method in posterior chamber lenses]. PMID- 3744232 TI - [Initial experiences with magnetic resonance tomography in processes in the area of the optic chiasm]. PMID- 3744233 TI - [Use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in patients with tobacco-alcohol amblyopia]. PMID- 3744234 TI - [Electrophysiologic differentiation between ischemic and inflammatory optic nerve damage]. PMID- 3744235 TI - [Retinal dystrophy in mitochondriopathy]. PMID- 3744236 TI - [Findings in oculo-auriculo-vertebral dysplasia]. PMID- 3744237 TI - [Pathogenesis of the iridocorneal endothelial syndrome]. PMID- 3744238 TI - [Plasma levels of local anesthetics following local anesthesia of the eye]. PMID- 3744239 TI - [Effect of theophylline and caffeine on sensory retinal function in the human]. PMID- 3744240 TI - [Local treatment of corneal ulcers and scleromalacias with cyclosporin A]. PMID- 3744241 TI - [Comparison between the chromatic thresholds of the amblyopic and the dominant eye in strabismus patients]. PMID- 3744242 TI - [Significance of peripheral vision for automobile drivers]. PMID- 3744243 TI - [Laser perimetry and scotometry]. PMID- 3744244 TI - [Isolated evaluation of the spectral sensitivity of pupillomotor photoreceptors in the human by chromatic adaptation]. PMID- 3744245 TI - [Pattern ERG in refractive amblyopia]. PMID- 3744246 TI - [Visual evoked cortical potential-vision determination in low visual acuity]. PMID- 3744247 TI - [Pericentral stereopsis in visual evoked cortical potential]. PMID- 3744248 TI - [Drug treatment of pain. 3: Properties of peripherally acting analgesics and rules for their prescription]. PMID- 3744249 TI - [New knowledge in the preoperative diagnosis of pulmonary function]. PMID- 3744250 TI - [Urapidil as a basic drug in severe hypertension]. PMID- 3744251 TI - [A program for the early detection of Parkinson syndrome]. PMID- 3744252 TI - [So-called therapy-resistant depression. Causes and treatment possibilities]. PMID- 3744253 TI - [Theophylline solubilizer and salicylate asthma]. PMID- 3744254 TI - [Analgesics under examination. What can one test--what should one compare--how does one choose?]. PMID- 3744255 TI - [Pediatric gynecologic consultation. Practical references for performing gynecologic studies in childhood and adolescence]. PMID- 3744256 TI - [Does improved circulation also mean improved tissue supply?]. PMID- 3744257 TI - [Are amputations avoidable ?]. PMID- 3744258 TI - [Born by a dead person. On the topic of human existence at the beginning and end]. PMID- 3744259 TI - [Conservative therapy of unstable angina pectoris]. PMID- 3744260 TI - [Subfractions of HDL cholesterol. Occurrence in hyperlipoproteinemia type IIa and IV]. PMID- 3744261 TI - [Regression of left heart hypertrophy with clonidine. Prevention of hypertensive heart disease]. PMID- 3744262 TI - [Early plasma exchange in acute pancreatitis. A successful therapeutic principle in extreme hyperlipidemia]. PMID- 3744263 TI - [Functional disorders of the digestive tract. 1: Esophagus, stomach and bile ducts]. PMID- 3744264 TI - [Inflammatory diseases of the small and large intestine. Comparative use of noninvasive study procedures]. PMID- 3744265 TI - [Rheumatherapy--then and now. From bloodletting to cortisone--II]. PMID- 3744266 TI - [Prognosis of cardiogenic cerebral embolism]. AB - In a retrospective study the reports of 211 cases of cardiogenic cerebral embolism--diagnosed on the base of neurological and cardiological findings--were analyzed in view of signs and findings of prognostic value. There were 21 patients with TIA, 39 cases of RIND and 151 patients with cerebral infarction, 60 of which showed mild and 91 severe neurological symptoms. 38 patients died during the period of hospitalization. While sex of the patients as well as vascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking) did not influence the clinical course of the disease, patients with TIA or RIND in general were younger (about 5 years) than those with severe stroke. Prognosis of cardiogenic cerebral embolism depended to a great degree on the underlying heart disease. Cerebral embolism after myocardial infarction showed a better remission of symptoms than embolism in atrial fibrillation. In the group of valvular diseases the course of embolic strokes in mitral lesions was worse than in aortal valve disease. Prognosis was worst in endocarditis, both in view of neurological deficit and of mortality. Mostly, the cardiogenic emboli lead to infarctions of the middle cerebral artery territory (78 per cent) with a predilection for the left hemisphere. In media-syndromes the clinical course was significantly worse in patients with additional homonymous visual defect compared to incomplete infarctions. Initial disturbance of conscience reduced prognosis quoad vitam et restitutionem significantly. Of the neuroradiological findings, the detection of arterial occlusion or circulatory disturbance in angiography as well as the finding of an ischemic lesion in computed axial tomography (CAT) was correlated with a severe course of the embolic stroke. While 7 patients with hemorrhagic infarction in CAT-Scan showed no differences in the clinical course, the 14 patients with pathological cerebral spinal fluid findings in embolism had an unfavourable prognosis. The development of epileptic seizures did not influence the further course of the infarction to a significant extent. Results are compared with the current world literature. PMID- 3744267 TI - [Ethical and legal aspects of the suicide problem]. AB - The discussion on the freedom to commit suicide and on medical assistance to suicide is a challenge for psychiatry to consider critically the ethical aspects of suicide prophylaxis and of the present jurisdiction on suicide. Suicide research has shown that most acts of suicide are not carried out as free acts of will. The increase in clinic suicides and the high frequency of suicides after in patient psychiatric treatment clearly show the limits of the therapy of suicidal patients and force us to reflect critically on new developments of psychiatry and special forms of therapy. The decision on the necessity and the duration of compulsory measures can always be made only for each individual case. The danger of renewed acts of suicide can never be excluded. Especially great demands are made on the doctor-patient relationship. Suicide prophylaxis is a humanitarian obligation of society and the medical profession, especially of psychiatry, an obligation which must not be jeopardised by one-sided propagations of the right to "voluntary death". PMID- 3744268 TI - [Central organization of circling and rolling behaviors induced by vestibular lesions]. PMID- 3744269 TI - Evolution and prognosis of pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. AB - The prognostic value of the presence and degree of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) has been well established by recent studies including the European WHO multicentric study where 591 COPD patients have been included. The level of pulmonary artery mean pressure (PAP) is one of the best predictors of mortality in these patients along with FEV1 and arterial blood gases. The natural history of the course of PAP in COPD was relatively obscure until recent years. The first studies in that field were performed in 1968 but included small numbers of patients. In consideration of the data of three studies published in 1977 to 1979 which concern a relatively homogeneous group of 163 patients with severe COPD, it appears that changes in PAP after an average follow-up period of four years are rather small from 21.4 to 23.6 mm Hg (0.5 to 0.6 mm Hg/year). These results have been confirmed by a very recent study of our group including 93 COPD patients followed-up for five to twelve years (mean = 90 months): the yearly increase in PAP was of only 0.5 mm Hg. Long-term oxygen therapy (LTO) for greater than or equal to 15 h/day rarely normalizes PAP, but can reverse the progression of PAH, particularly in those patients who exhibit a marked worsening of PAH due to a progressive deterioration of arterial blood gases. Very recent studies have clearly indicated that LTO had beneficial hemodynamic effects in a high percentage of COPD patients with PAH. PMID- 3744271 TI - Successes and challenges of medical decision making. PMID- 3744270 TI - Left ventricular function in acute myocardial infarction: assessment by nuclear angiography. AB - Left ventricular function was assessed in 38 patients two to six days after acute myocardial infarction using nuclear angiocardiography and the following parameters were measured: Left ventricular end-diastolic (LVEDV) and end-systolic volumes (LVESV), ejection fraction (LVEF), indices of left ventricular filling and emptying, right ventricular ejection fraction and ejection rate. Their clinical significance was assessed by their relationship to the patients site and size of infarction, functional capacity, morbidity and mortality. The most sensitive indices of depressed left ventricular function were the EF and ESV. Thus, function was preserved in patients with a small inferior infarction (LVEF = 0.57 +/- 0.07, LVESV = 69 +/- 14 ml) and in Killip Class I (LVEF = 0.48 +/- 0.13, LVESV = 80 +/- 20 ml). Function was disturbed most in patients with extensive anterior infarction (LVEF = 0.18 +/- 0.12, LVESV = 131 +/- 46 ml), Killip Class IV (LVEF = 0.13 +/- 0.07, LVESV = 160 +/- 35 ml), cardiogenic shock (LVEF = 0.14 +/- 0.07, LVESV = 160 +/- 35 ml), pulmonary edema (LVEF = 0.11 +/- 0.06, LVESV = 166 +/- 25 ml) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure greater than 20 mm Hg (LVEF = 0.14 +/- 0.07, LVESV = 160 +/- 33 ml). Previous infarction was associated with LV dilatation and a greater LVEDV. A lower ejection fraction signified a large infarct and poor left ventricular function. If the ejection fraction was less than 0.15, the patients were unlikely to leave the hospital alive, or if less than 0.25, they were left with poor residual ventricular function and either had significant cardiac failure or high late mortality. Nuclear angiocardiography was a simple method of predicting the clinical pattern and prognosis in each patient and emphasized the importance of limiting infarct size in acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 3744272 TI - Pharmaceutical research: how America loses or wins. PMID- 3744273 TI - Drug innovation and public policy: some speculations. PMID- 3744274 TI - Musings of a blind man--reflections on the health care industry. PMID- 3744275 TI - Tax policy mismatch: whose ox is being gored? PMID- 3744276 TI - Debating for-profit health care and the ethics of physicians. PMID- 3744277 TI - Health promotion: ethical and social dilemmas of government policy. PMID- 3744278 TI - The clinical, intellectual, ethical, and political costs of biomedical research. PMID- 3744279 TI - Questioning the cost of biomedical research. PMID- 3744280 TI - Hemodynamic effects of nifedipine on hepatic venous pressure gradient in patients with portal hypertension. AB - The effect of Nifedipine on hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) was determined in 10 patients with portal hypertension due to cirrhosis of the liver, and in 7 control subjects, by hepatic vein catheterization. Twenty min. after sublingual application of 10 mg Nifedipine, patients and controls showed significant hemodynamic changes in the systemic circulation. In contrast, HVPG after Nifedipine was not statistically different from the basal values--neither in patients with portal hypertension (p = 16.6 +/- 5.2 mmHg vs 17.9 +/- 5.3 mmHg) nor in the control subjects (p = 2.9 +/- 1.1 mmHg vs. 1.0 mmHg). We conclude that calcium entry blockade by Nifedipine is not effective in acutely reducing portal venous pressure. PMID- 3744281 TI - Exocrine pancreatic function in correlation to ductal and parenchymal morphology in chronic pancreatitis. AB - A prospective investigation of the diagnostic value of imaging procedures, computed tomography (CT) and endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) in comparison with the exocrine pancreatic function test, was done in 109 patients with chronic pancreatitis. The sensitivity of the secretin-ceruletide test (SC) proved to be 87% as compared with 89% for ERP and 78% for CT. The severity of morphological lesions noted in ERP and CT, shows a significant correlation to the degree of the exocrine functional impairment (p less than 0.001). 75% of patients with chronic pancreatitis had corresponding functional and ductal changes in advanced-stage disease, while only 47% of the patients with severe pancreatic insufficiency had CT changes of a corresponding degree. ERP lesions such as ductal obstruction and marked duct dilatation, and CT alterations such as atrophy and ductal dilatation, are almost always coupled with severe pancreatic insufficiency in chronic pancreatitis. Calcific lesions demonstrated by CT are also found in less advanced stages of exocrine insufficiency. Discrepancies between functional and morphological alterations were remarkable in "early" stages of the disease. PMID- 3744282 TI - Dietary allergy evaluated by PRIST and RAST in inflammatory bowel disease. AB - The role of allergic responses to dietary antigens in the pathogenesis of inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) remains speculative. We studied 50 patients with Ulcerative Colitis (UC), 50 patients with Crohn's Disease (CD) and 100 healthy controls (HC) matched for sex and age. In these patients total serum IgE and specific IgE to ten selected foods were estimated using Phadebas PRIST and RAST. There was no significant difference in the total serum IgE level between UC, CD and HC. The percentage of positive reaction to specific IgE was significantly lower in HC (score 1-2: 7%; score 2: 3%) compared with UC (score 1-2: 24%, p less than 0.004; score 2: 8%, n.s.) and CD (score 1-2: 16%, n.s.; score 2: 12%, p less than 0.03). In CD with colic or ileocolic involvement, the percentage of patients with a positive response to RAST was significantly greater (score 1-2: 26%; score 2: 21%) than in CD with ileal involvement. The considerable increase in positive results to RAST in IBD may be due to a greater absorption of antigens through the diseased wall. PMID- 3744283 TI - Erythrocyte lipid alterations in pediatric cholestatic liver disease: relationship to serum bile acids. AB - Chronic pediatric cholestatic liver disease is accompanied by an elevated erythrocyte membrane cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio. Since bile acids are known to affect erythrocyte membrane integrity, we sought to determine what relationship existed between serum bile acid concentrations and the observed alterations in erythrocyte membrane lipids. Ten children with chronic cholestasis (2 months-3 1/2 yrs) were evaluated a total of twenty-two times. For all studies a reliable correlation between erythrocyte membrane cholesterol and phospholipid was noted (r = 0.88, p less than 0.001). When total serum bile acids exceeding 100 mumol/L were excluded, a strong relationship between serum bile acids and erythrocyte cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio was noted (r = 0.61, p less than 0.03). The results suggest that with mild to moderate cholestasis changes in serum bile acids influence erythrocyte membrane lipid composition with parallel increases in cholesterol and phospholipid. PMID- 3744284 TI - [Rehabilitation of cardiovascular diseases]. PMID- 3744285 TI - [Pulmonary rehabilitation]. PMID- 3744286 TI - [Rehabilitation of movement disorders in the child]. PMID- 3744287 TI - [Rehabilitation of adult spinal cord injuries]. PMID- 3744288 TI - [Rehabilitation of mental disorders]. PMID- 3744289 TI - [Age-related changes and sex differences in bone resorption in the mouse femur: a light and scanning electron microscopic study]. AB - Bone resorption surfaces can be identified as rough areas by scanning electron microscopy. In this study, for understanding the principle of bone resorption and influences of gonads on the bone resorption in long bones, osteoclasts and bone resorption surfaces in the femur were qualitatively and quantitatively examined by light and scanning electron microscopy in 250 dd-mice of both sexes at 4, 7, and 14 weeks of age; some of the animals were gonadectomized at 4 weeks and examined at 7 and 14 weeks. The numbers of osteoclasts and bone resorption surfaces on the distal trabecular bones in the femur were large at 4 and 7 weeks and became smaller at 14 weeks. The area-proportion of the bone resorption surfaces in the distal trabecular bone region was large at 4 weeks and decreased with age. The number of osteoclasts and the number and area-proportion of the bone resorption surfaces were greater in females than males at 7 and 14 weeks. The sex-differences after puberty were large at 14 weeks than 7 weeks. After gonadectomy, the above values were not changed in females but significantly increased in males. In gonadectomized mice, the values were greater in males than females at 14 weeks. The results suggest that bone resorption activities change corresponding to the growth rate of the femur and receive inhibitory influences by male gonadal products, possibly androgenic hormones. PMID- 3744290 TI - [Hepatic GOT and GPT activities in patients with various liver diseases- especially alcoholic liver disease]. AB - GOT and GPT activities were measured in percutaneous needle biopsy specimens of human liver tissue from 98 cases including normal subjects and patients with various liver diseases. Hepatic GOT activity was markedly decreased in liver tissue of patients with nonalcoholic liver cirrhosis. Hepatic GPT activity was markedly decreased in liver tissue of patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. The GOT/GPT ratio in liver tissue was increased in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis (5.32 +/- 2.03) and alcoholic liver disease (4.78 +/- 2.43). The increased SGOT/SGPT ratio in patients with alcoholic liver disease is due to primarily to the increased LGOT/LGPT ratio. PMID- 3744291 TI - Thermal and metabolic responses of repetitively immobilized rats to acute heat exposure. AB - Repetitively immobilized rats (3 hr/day, 4 weeks) exhibited less increase in the colonic temperature during acute heat exposure at 38 degrees C for 60 min. The magnitude of increase in oxygen consumption during heat exposure did not differ between the controls and the stressed rats. The results suggest that an immobilization stress could develop cross adaptation to heat, possibly by means of enhanced heat dissipating capacity. PMID- 3744292 TI - Rat acetoacetate decarboxylase: its role in the disposal of 4C-ketone bodies by the fetus. AB - 21-day pregnant rats show high tissular and plasmatic acetone concentrations when submitted to a 48-hr fast. This rise is, in fact, associated with an enhanced placental and fetal acetoacetate decarboxylase activity. We propose that acetone formation by the fetus could be a mechanism for pH maintenance and that acetoacetate decarboxylase can play a significant role in the handling of 4C ketone bodies under conditions in which the substrate concentration cannot easily be controlled by other physiological mechanisms. PMID- 3744293 TI - Effect of continuous intrauterine administration of prostaglandin F2 alpha and indomethacin on fertilization of rabbits. AB - The effect of continuous intrauterine administration of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) or indomethacin or indomethacin together with PGF2 alpha and PGE2 or vehicle on fertilization of rabbits was studied. These substances and vehicle were delivered into the cornua of the uterus via an Alzet minipump for 11 days. The animals were inseminated vaginally. Compared with controls (104 eggs of which 88.5% were fertilized) a reduction of the fertilization rate was observed with indomethacin (74 eggs of which 70% were fertilized). Exogenously added PGF2 alpha did not change the fertilization rate. The administration of indomethacin together with PGE2 raised the fertilization rate to 86% (63 eggs of which 54 were fertilized). The application of PGF2 alpha together with indomethacin showed a fertilization rate of 85% (59 eggs of which 50 were fertilized). The indomethacin application was associated with a reduction of prostaglandin production in several tissues from the female genital tract, showing that indomethacin is taken up by the endometrium of the rabbit. The ovary, oviduct, cervix and vagina were mainly affected by this treatment. The route of transport of this drug is not known, however. The reduction of the total number of eggs together with the decrease of the fertilization rate after indomethacin administration point towards multiregional sites of interference of prostaglandins in reproductive functions. PGF2 alpha seems to be the more important factor since PGE2 may be converted to PGF2 alpha in reproductive tissues. PMID- 3744294 TI - Inhibition of muscular triglyceride lipolysis by ketone bodies: a mechanism for energy-preservation in starvation. AB - Using the forearm technique, muscle substrate balances were measured in healthy volunteers under the influence of a low dose intraarterial infusion of beta hydroxybutyrate. The ketone body led to a prompt cessation of muscular release of glycerol and free fatty acids, indicating inhibited muscular triglyceride lipolysis. This finding confirms the concept of substrate regulation of muscle triglyceride lipolysis in vivo. PMID- 3744295 TI - No monthly variations in serum levels of thyroid hormones in human males. AB - There have been very few reports on rhythmic variation in thyroid hormone concentrations with a periodicity of 4-6 weeks. In an attempt to evaluate whether such a rhythm is a general phenomenon we studied ten healthy male students with weekly blood samples over 12 weeks for T4, T3 and TSH. No rhythmicity could be demonstrated. PMID- 3744296 TI - Reliability of Andreasen's thought, language and communications disorder scale. AB - The study of disordered thinking has been hampered by a lack of clinical instruments aimed at the measurement of thought disorder. Andreasen has proposed a rating scale for thought disorder (TLC) and reported on its reliability and preliminary aspects of its validity. In our study, a psychiatrist and physician assistant rated 98 psychiatric inpatients using the TLC and BPRS. Interrater reliability ranged from 0.35 to 0.80 (weighted kappa) on 18 aspects of thought disorder and one global item. The order of reliability for the 18 individual items was strongly correlated between the Andreasen sample and our own (r = 0.77). While the BPRS thought disorder scale was significantly related to the global rating of thought disorder on the TLC (r = 0.71), only half of the variance in thought disorder measured by the TLC was accounted for by the BPRS factor. Thus, this study supports Andreasen's contention that the TLC is a reliable instrument and suggests that the instrument may provide additional information about thinking disorders. PMID- 3744297 TI - Defensive constellation and styles of recovery from schizophrenic episodes. AB - Two distinct styles of recovery from a schizophrenic episode, namely, integration and sealing over, have been described in a number of clinical reports. This investigation focused on differences in the defensive organization of the two styles; specifically, that integrators possess a less primitive constellation of defensive organizations (less dominated by denial, negation, and repression). These results are discussed in relation to psychodynamic theory and their implications for the treatment process. PMID- 3744298 TI - Dantrolene sodium as a possible prophylactic agent against N.M.S. PMID- 3744299 TI - Morning amnestic effects of triazolam. AB - The effects of triazolam on immediate and delayed recall were evaluated in a double-blind placebo controlled study in 22 normal volunteers. Subjects were randomized to receive triazolam or a placebo as a single dose administered at bedtime. Immediate and delayed recall are tested using a modified version of the "Williams Word Memory Task" before and at .5, 8, and 14 hours after drug administration. Delayed recall was evaluated at the 14 hour time point for words recalled at the pre drug and 1/2 and 8 hour time points. No significant difference was noted between the triazolam and placebo group with regard to their immediate recall ability at any of the time points. The placebo group demonstrated no decrease in their delayed recall ability during any of the various post drug time points. However, when evaluating delayed recall in the triazolam group, a statistically significant (p less than .05) decrease compared to baseline in their recall ability of words remembered at the .5 and 8 hour time points was noted. This study suggests that triazolam's amnestic effect may extend beyond the duration of its generally accepted hypnotic efficacy. This is consistent with the hypothesis that amnestic potency among the benzodiazepines is related to benzodiazepine receptor binding affinity and lipophilicity. PMID- 3744300 TI - Capgras syndrome: a literature review and case series. AB - The authors have presented a description and review of the Capgras Syndrome along with data from a case series of 25 patients with misidentification syndromes (24 Capgras Syndrome, 1 Fregoli Syndrome). From this data, the following conclusions can be drawn: The Capgras Syndrome is not a rare condition, but an uncommon one which is probably frequently overlooked. The misidentification syndrome is not important as a diagnostic entity. It appears in a variety of psychiatric and neurologic conditions. Capgras Syndrome appears to have a possible neurological link in clinicopathological studies; it has been correlated with lesions which produce prosopagnosia. Capgras Syndrome seems to occur more frequently in women, blacks and schizophrenics. Capgras Syndrome had a high (15%) incidence in our adult inpatients diagnosed as having schizophrenia. From this figure we estimate a 0.12% prevalence of Capgras Syndrome in the general population. Capgras Syndrome is often associated with medical illness and when found should signal the alert clinician to investigate for occult organic conditions. PMID- 3744301 TI - The symptom as metaphor in Lacan's theory of the unconscious. AB - An analysis of Freud's forgetting of the name Signorelli provides a framework for an explication of some central concepts in Lacan's theory of the unconscious. The parapraxis is viewed as a symptom which is structured like a metaphor. The creation of a symptom during the process of repression produces a gap in conscious discourse. The analysis of such symptoms provides evidence for Lacan's assertion that the unconscious is structured like a language. PMID- 3744302 TI - Changes in hospital psychiatry: implications for the future or whatever happened to the concept of asylum? PMID- 3744303 TI - The effect of vinblastine on CFU-E in normal and W anaemic mice. AB - Using a plasma clot technique, we studied the comparative levels of in vitro erythroid colony forming units (CFU-E) of normal and W anaemic mice following intravenous (IV) injection of 6.25 mg/kg of vinblastine (VBL). Mice used in this study were C57Bl/6J, WBB6F1, (+/+,Wv/+ and W/Wv). CFU-E content was looked at on day 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 following IV VBL. The CFU-E content of bone marrow (BM) and spleen was adequate prior to VBL treatment in all four mouse strains tested. We found IV VBL resulted in a significant rebound of CFU-E production in spleens of all four mouse strains. Most CFU-E production occurred on days 7 and 10 post VBL. The total CFU-E content of BM was not significantly affected by VBL in C57Bl/6J, WBB6F1, +/+ and Wv/+ mice. However, a significant reduction of total CFU-E was seen in the BM of WBB6F1, W/Wv mice. This plus the fact that increased CFU-E is seen in the spleen of all mouse strains including W/Wv suggests that there may be differing cellular or environmental factor(s) in different hematological organs controlling CFU-E of the W/Wv mouse. PMID- 3744304 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of fungal infections in patients with hematologic malignancies. AB - A diagnosis of deep-seated mycosis was made in 54 patients with hematologic malignancies, severe neutropenia and fever, based on a set of clinical and laboratory criteria. Standardized antifungal treatment was started in 31 patients who seven days after onset of fever had not responded to antibiotics; the fungal infection was cured in 13, all of whom had a simultaneous remission of neutropenia, whereas the other 18 who did not respond to antifungal treatment, all had a falling or static neutrophil count. None of the 23 patients who were given no or inadequate antifungal treatment survived regardless of the neutrophil count and/or phase of the hematologic disease. We discuss the suitability of utilizing empirical criteria for a diagnosis of disseminated fungal infection as a basis for starting antifungal therapy in this type of patient. PMID- 3744305 TI - Two unusual pathological reactions to nitrofurantoin: case reports. AB - Idiosyncratic pulmonary reactions to nitrofurantoin are not unusual, often presenting as eosinophilic pneumonia. We report two cases of uncommon pathological reactions, one resembling a hypersensitivity pneumonitis and the other mimicking a giant cell interstitial pneumonia. PMID- 3744306 TI - Multicentric extra-abdominal 'myofibromatosis': report of a case with ultrastructural findings. AB - A case of multicentric extra-abdominal fibromatosis, a rare entity, arising in a young female is presented. Three separate lesions developed in the same limb over a period of 11 years, one of which recurred on two occasions. Electron microscopy of the most recent tumour showed a predominance of myofibroblasts. The literature regarding extra-abdominal fibromatosis is reviewed and discussed. Redesignation of both abdominal and extra-abdominal fibromatoses as myofibromatoses is suggested. PMID- 3744307 TI - Diffuse leiomyomatosis of the oesophagus. AB - A case of diffuse leiomyomatosis of the oesophagus is described. This condition is rare and has been confused with diffuse leiomyomata in the past. The aetiology is obscure. PMID- 3744308 TI - Malignant carcinoid of oesophagus. AB - This paper presents a unique apudoma variant--a malignant carcinoid of mid and lower oesophagus in an elderly man. It was remarkable in the short duration of the clinical symptoms, its rather easy resectability despite its large size and the local perigastric lymph node metastases. On light microscopy, the neoplasm was composed entirely of atypical but uniform round cells lacking argentaffin and argyrophilic staining, arranged in a carcinoid pattern. On electron microscopy, they exhibited dense-core neurosecretory granules. PMID- 3744309 TI - The use of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of soft tissue tumours. PMID- 3744310 TI - Endocrine differentiation in breast tumours. PMID- 3744311 TI - The public says "yes" to mandatory drug testing. PMID- 3744312 TI - A funny thing happened on the way to "supermed". PMID- 3744313 TI - Occupancy rates remain stable at pediatric hospitals. PMID- 3744314 TI - Pretrial screening panels: useful? PMID- 3744315 TI - PRO suit ruling leaves legal mess. PMID- 3744316 TI - No telling which multis will bid on CHAMPUS. PMID- 3744317 TI - Survey spots clustering behind buying and selling. PMID- 3744318 TI - Wellness councils prove popular with employers. PMID- 3744319 TI - Executive paychecks to jump 4.9% in '86. PMID- 3744320 TI - Taxable hospital bonds top $228 million to date. PMID- 3744321 TI - MA hospital snaps up first (and last?) FHA-backed bonds. PMID- 3744322 TI - Bond tender offers save debt costs. PMID- 3744323 TI - Rasmussen brings sales to Catholic multi. PMID- 3744324 TI - NY hospitals misunderstand marketing's role. PMID- 3744325 TI - Diagnostic services are money-makers: survey. PMID- 3744326 TI - Joint ventures filled with fraud/abuse pitfalls. PMID- 3744327 TI - Hospitals offer business services to group practices. PMID- 3744328 TI - Physician-income guarantees: which option is best? PMID- 3744329 TI - Units focus on unique care needs of adolescents. PMID- 3744330 TI - Hospitals succeed with sick-day programs for kids. PMID- 3744331 TI - Insurer committed to medical liability business. Interview by Teri Shahoda. PMID- 3744332 TI - Who benefits from product tort reform? You do. PMID- 3744333 TI - Preaching the bedside computer system revolution. PMID- 3744334 TI - AONE study finds nurse-executive field in transition. PMID- 3744335 TI - The quality issue: a boost for unions? PMID- 3744336 TI - Coping with the constant challenge of change. PMID- 3744337 TI - Maryland county devises answer for uninsured. PMID- 3744338 TI - Antitrust claims separate chiropractors, providers. PMID- 3744339 TI - HMOs carry antitrust risk. PMID- 3744340 TI - Multis use REITs as alternative financing tool. PMID- 3744341 TI - Corporations whittle mental health benefits. PMID- 3744342 TI - Specialty services boost psych providers. PMID- 3744343 TI - Hospitals stabilize second-quarter cash flow: study. PMID- 3744344 TI - Clergy, MDs key to marketing psych care. PMID- 3744345 TI - Nearly 19 percent buy hospital care based on price. PMID- 3744346 TI - New products help marketers market. PMID- 3744347 TI - Who markets midsize hospitals? 24% say CEOs. PMID- 3744349 TI - Physician input crucial in hospital merger talks. PMID- 3744348 TI - Hospitals increase HMO development: report. PMID- 3744350 TI - OB/GYNs resist HMOs, still worry about liability. PMID- 3744351 TI - Small hospitals more than double outpatient cash. PMID- 3744352 TI - Breast screening expands hospitals' local market areas. PMID- 3744353 TI - Sports medicine program takes an orthopedic slant. PMID- 3744355 TI - Need anything? Group purchase it! PMID- 3744354 TI - Member commitment key to buying groups' future. PMID- 3744356 TI - AIDS leads to new education products market. PMID- 3744357 TI - FL places fewest patients age 85+ in nursing homes. PMID- 3744358 TI - Today's special: one-stop shopping for geriatric care. PMID- 3744359 TI - McGaw Prize gives $75K to Brooklyn neighbor. PMID- 3744360 TI - HIS needs place tough demands on DP directors. PMID- 3744361 TI - The rate of chromosome breakage is age dependent in lymphocytes of adult controls. AB - Chromosome breaks and chromatid-type lesions from a prospective study of more than 1000 lymphocyte karyotypes from each of six controls were analysed. These lesions were more frequent in older (75 years old on average) than in younger (29 years old on average) controls, especially after 72 h cultures. All controls were found to be carriers of fragile sites. The most frequent were 3p14.3 and 16q23, especially in older controls. At least one fra (X) (q27) mitosis was found in each control. Most deletions occurred after breakage in heterochromatin or in late-replicating euchromatin. As almost all radials were either "mitotic chiasmata" or triradials (branched chromosomes), it is concluded that chromatid exchanges between non-homologous segments are very rare, and indicate chromosomal instability syndrome or recent exposure to a mutagen. PMID- 3744362 TI - Frequency of the fragile X syndrome in Japanese mentally retarded males. AB - Among 243 institutionalized mentally retarded males in Japan, 13 patients (5.3%) with the fra(X)(q27) from nine families were detected. These 13 patients accounted for 8.6% of 152 male inmates with unknown causes of mental retardation in the population. One out of nine pedigrees had an apparently unaffected male transmitter of this disorder. Our data agree with the frequencies of the fra(X) syndrome in various retarded populations, most of which were Caucasians, suggesting that the prevalence of the fra(X) syndrome in Japanese is not significantly different from those in Caucasians. PMID- 3744363 TI - A further improved method for identifying heteromorphism of acrocentric chromosomes. AB - An improved method for identifying an individual heteromorphic acrocentric chromosome, a high-resolution dual Q-R banding, is described. The acrocentrics of 550-850 band-stage prometaphase showed more distinct fluorescent heteromorphic patterns at their paracentromeric regions than those of 400 band-stage metaphase. In the two families studied, all four (two pairs of) parental prometaphase homologues in every kind of acrocentric except chromosome 22 were clearly distinguished from each other, leading to accurate determination of the parental origin of all the children's acrocentric chromosomes. The dual Q-R banding on metaphase plates could distinguish at most three of four such homologues of the parents in both families. Several possible applications of this method are discussed. PMID- 3744364 TI - The polymorphism of desialyzed alpha 2HS-glycoprotein (AHS): isoelectric focusing in 2.5 M urea as a method for identification of genetic variants. AB - Desialyzed plasma specimens were phenotyped for alpha 2HS-glycoprotein (AHS) using polyacrylamide isoelectric focusing (IEF) in the range pH 5-6 in 2.5 M urea, followed by immunoblotting. The technique used in this study is easy to perform and can differentiate the gene products of all the currently known variants of alpha 2HS-glycoprotein except for AHS 4. PMID- 3744365 TI - Inverted neurons in agyria. A Golgi study of a case with abnormal chromosome 17. AB - An anatomoclinical observation of agyria is reported. The karyotype revealed a partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 17. The etiology of agyria is reviewed in the light of this chromosomal abnormality. In addition we describe the peculiar pattern of neurons in the cortex: Golgi stain demonstrated many inverted pyramidal cells in the superficial part of the cortical layer. The mechanism of this abnormality is discussed. PMID- 3744366 TI - Excess of mental retardation and/or congenital malformation in reciprocal translocations in man. PMID- 3744367 TI - Thermoencephaloscopy. PMID- 3744368 TI - Combined approach to the study of human systemic reactions and functional states. I. The time factor in the formation of subcomplexes of systemic physiological parameters of the dynamics of functional states and the apparatus needed for its investigation. PMID- 3744369 TI - The neurophysiology of paroxysmal pathological states. PMID- 3744370 TI - Neuronal responses and evoked potentials of deep brain structures during visual recognition. II. Effect of stimulus relevance on evoked neuronal responses. PMID- 3744371 TI - Effect of strenuous mental work under stressed conditions on cardiac activity, hemodynamics, and cerebral circulation. PMID- 3744372 TI - Role of changes in hormonal status in the development of motion sickness in man. PMID- 3744373 TI - Prospects for computerized tomography in brain research with particular reference to the epileptic syndrome. PMID- 3744374 TI - Evoked potentials to contact electrical stimulation of the optic nerves. PMID- 3744375 TI - Wistar Symposium on Immunodiagnosis and Immunotherapy with CO17-1A MAb in Gastrointestinal Cancer. April 2-3, 1986, Philadelphia, PA. PMID- 3744376 TI - Comparative sequence analysis of CO17-1A antigen-specific monoclonal antibodies. AB - Sequence analysis of murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the CO17-1A antigen is being performed to assess the structural basis for antibody specificity for this antigen. Preliminary data reveal that the heavy chain variable regions of MAbs GA733 and CO17-1A (designated Ab1s since they were isolated following immunization with CO17-1A antigen) most likely utilize distinct members of the same gene family. Remarkably, they also display identical amino acid sequences in their heavy chain CDR3 regions, reflecting absolute nucleotide sequence identity across their VH-D-JH junctions. Since these junctional sequences are randomly generated during the assembly of immunoglobulin genes and in general display enormous diversity, this homology suggests an important role for heavy chain CDR3 in determining specificity for the CO17-1A antigen in these antibodies. PMID- 3744377 TI - Trial of therapy with monoclonal antibody 17-1A in pancreatic carcinoma: preliminary results. AB - Monoclonal antibody 17-1A was administered to 25 patients with advanced unresectable carcinoma of the pancreas. Ten patients received 17-1A alone in 400 mg doses delivered intravenously, while 15 patients received 400 mg 17-1A absorbed on to autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected by leukapheresis (usual yield greater than 10(9) cells). No toxicity was observed. Twenty-three patients developed circulating anti-murine immunoglobulin within three weeks of treatment, and 11 patients developed circulating anti-idiotypic immunoglobulin. Four out of 19 clinically evaluable patients (21%) showed objective regressions of tumor. Response did not correlate with the presence or absence of anti-idiotypic antibody and did not correlate with the method of treatment with 17-1A alone or 17-1A and mononuclear cells, at the time of current analysis. PMID- 3744378 TI - Monoclonal antibody CO17-1A and leukapheresis in immunotherapy of pancreatic cancer. AB - Eighteen patients with measurable or evaluable advanced (metastatic or unresectable) adenocarcinoma of the pancreas were treated with a single infusion of monoclonal antibody CO17-1A in autologous leukocytes. No toxicity was experienced with treatment. Three of seventeen patients evaluable for response demonstrated unusually stable disease and a decrease in serum CA 19-9 antigen in two patients who expressed this biomarker. Human anti-mouse antibody developed in 81% of these patients. Monoclonal antibody CO17-1A may have a cytostatic effect in a small fraction of patients. Future clinical trials will focus on enhancing this effect with other immune modulators. PMID- 3744379 TI - Treatment of patients with metastasizing colo-rectal carcinoma with mouse monoclonal antibodies (Moab 17-1A): a progress report. AB - Eight patients with metastasizing colo-rectal carcinoma have been treated with Moab 17-1A. Before infusion the antibodies were incubated in vitro with isolated autologous blood mononuclear cells (AMC) enriched for monocytes/macrophages. Treatment was given in repeated courses (2-4 times) up to a maximum amount of 1000 mg Moab 17-1A. Two patients had an objective tumor reduction. In further four patients a period of stable disease varying between 3-6 months on was observed. Therapy was well tolerated. Out of 24 treatment courses only on one occasion an anaphylactoid reaction occurred at the third infusion. All patients developed anti-mouse antibodies of IgG and IgM class with increasing levels during the course of therapy. Repeated tumor biopsies and immunohistochemical analyses showed no antigenic modulation, a weak staining for mouse IgG, no deposits of complement components but no obvious increases in the number of cells infiltrating the tumors 24 h after infusion of antibody-armed AMC. PMID- 3744380 TI - In vivo and in vitro labelling of epithelial tumor cells with anti 17-1A monoclonal antibodies in bone marrow of cancer patients. PMID- 3744381 TI - Chimeric antibodies with 17-1A-derived variable and human constant regions. PMID- 3744382 TI - Identification and characterization of the CO17-1A carcinoma-associated antigen. AB - The cell surface antigen defined by monoclonal antibody CO17-1A is sensitive to proteinase K but not to neuraminidase digestion. Immunoprecipitation of two polypeptide chains of 30 and 40 kDa using large amounts of CO17-1A antibody confirmed that the CO17-1A antigen is a protein. The requirement for large quantities of CO17-1A antibody may relate to the binding properties of this antibody, as bivalent but not monovalent (Fab) forms of the antibody bind effectively to carcinoma cells. The 30 kDa form of the CO17-1A antigen was purified by immunoaffinity chromatography using GA733, another monoclonal antibody that recognizes the CO17-1A antigen. Treatment of purified antigen with endoglycosidase F revealed a 25 kDa and a 28 kDa species, demonstrating that the antigen has at least two N-linked oligosaccharide chains. Protease treatment of the purified antigen revealed a 26 kDa protease-resistant polypeptide. PMID- 3744383 TI - CO 17-1A and related monoclonal antibodies: their production and characterization. PMID- 3744384 TI - Radiolabeling of monoclonal antibodies. PMID- 3744385 TI - Boronated monoclonal antibody 17-1A for potential neutron capture therapy of colorectal cancer. AB - The theoretical basis for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) derives from the reaction that occurs when a stable isotope, boron-10, is irradiated with thermal neutrons to produce an unstable intermediate, boron-11, which then undergoes instantaneous nuclear fission to yield lithium-7 and alpha particles. PMID- 3744386 TI - Mechanisms of tumor growth inhibition. PMID- 3744387 TI - Comparative characteristics of 17-1A and GA-733 monoclonal antibodies for immunoscintigraphic application. PMID- 3744388 TI - Radioimmunoguided surgery: intraoperative use of monoclonal antibody 17-1A in colorectal cancer. PMID- 3744389 TI - Role of light scattering in spectrophotometric measurements of arteriovenous oxygen difference. PMID- 3744390 TI - The myoelectric signal of electrically stimulated muscle during recruitment: an inherent feedback parameter for a closed-loop control scheme. PMID- 3744391 TI - Quantification of interaction between ELF-LF electric fields and human bodies. PMID- 3744392 TI - Currents induced in a human being for plane-wave exposure conditions 0-50 MHz and for RF sealers. PMID- 3744394 TI - Time domain resolution of forward and reflected waves in the aorta. PMID- 3744393 TI - Interpretation of the coherence function when using pseudorandom inputs to identify nonlinear systems. PMID- 3744395 TI - Comparison of a set of power distribution parameters for intraoperative EEG monitoring. PMID- 3744397 TI - Comments on "Dielectric properties of solid tumors during normothermia and hyperthermia". PMID- 3744396 TI - Noninvasive measurement of the volume elastic modulus in finger arteries using photoelectric plethysmography. PMID- 3744398 TI - Conversion between plethysmograph and perturbational airways resistance measurements. PMID- 3744399 TI - Surgical management of cardiac arrhythmias. PMID- 3744400 TI - Stress testing of distal conduction by intravenous ajmaline. PMID- 3744401 TI - Angiographic pattern of coronary artery disease in unstable angina. PMID- 3744402 TI - Epicardial mapping and surgery of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. PMID- 3744403 TI - Comparison of physical work capacity with physiological and ventricular pacing. PMID- 3744404 TI - Stable sinus impulse appearance time (SSIAT)--a predictor of long-term results of DC cardioversion in atrial fibrillation. PMID- 3744405 TI - Nonspecific aortoarteritis--its incidence in severe hypertension in young. PMID- 3744406 TI - Rheumatic fever--residual valvular lesions. PMID- 3744407 TI - Radioactive serotonin uptake by platelets in patients with acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 3744408 TI - Enhanced yield of exercise stress test in diagnosis of coronary artery disease by addition of new parameters. PMID- 3744409 TI - Organic tricuspid valve involvement in rheumatic heart disease--a prospective study by 2-D echocardiography. PMID- 3744410 TI - Left main coronary artery obstruction: clinical and angiographic study. PMID- 3744411 TI - Electrocardiographic changes in anaemia. PMID- 3744412 TI - Acute hyperglycaemia & hyperkalaemia in acute myocarditis produced by scorpion (buthus tamulus) venom injection in dogs. PMID- 3744413 TI - Post-infarctional ventricular septal rupture: negative contrast echocardiographic study--a case report. PMID- 3744414 TI - Isolation of ECHO virus type-22 from a child with acute myopericarditis--a case report. PMID- 3744415 TI - Unusual presentation of an aneurysm of ascending aorta mimicking pulmonary stenosis--a case report. PMID- 3744416 TI - [Borrelia-associated dermatoses]. AB - Erythema chronicum migrans (E.c.m.), Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (A.c.a.) and Lymphadenosis benigna cutis (L.b.c.) are infectious diseases according to Koch's criteria, after the infectious agent-Borrelia-Burgdorferi-could could be isolated. Clinic, pathology and therapy of these three diseases are presented in detail. The correlation to the lyme disease is being discussed. We believe that E.c.m., A.c.a. and L.b.c. are different entities determined by the virulence of the infectious agent and the individual immunological response. PMID- 3744417 TI - [Possibilities in the virological laboratory diagnosis of CNS infections]. AB - Viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are investigated by the use of a great lot of laboratory methods preferring organ-specific patients' material, f. e. cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Beside of the improvement of virus isolation procedures, antigen tests and assays on nucleic acid will get more importance for rapid viral diagnosis. Pathognomonic intrathecal antibody formation can be demonstrated by immunoglobulin class and subclass differentiation in CSF specimens. However, some of the slow virus diseases must still be retrospectively analysed by the means of a neuropathological laboratory. PMID- 3744418 TI - [Diagnosis of subacute, chronic and slow-virus induced CNS diseases]. AB - The definition and the various causes of viral central nervous system diseases, the diagnostic possibilities and the course of the laboratory diagnosis for some of the subacute, chronic and slow-viral central nervous system diseases are presented. PMID- 3744419 TI - Macrophage infiltration in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: a quantitative in situ study. AB - The frequency and distribution pattern of macrophages within 93 non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) were evaluated in situ by immunomorphometry using stereological methods. For the identification of macrophages (M phi), several antibodies (Mono 1, Mono 2, OKM 1) reactive with surface antigens on cells of the monocyte macrophage series and cytochemical staining for acid phosphatase were applied. The average number of macrophages within lymph node tissue of NHL was 6,299 +/- 760 cells/microliter (similar to reactive lymphatic tissue: 6,559 +/- 1,027). The highest number of infiltrating macrophages was detected in immunoblastic NHL (17,306 +/- 2,773), differing significantly from other histological subtypes and reactive lymphatic tissue (p less than 0.005). The possible impact of tumor infiltrating macrophages on lymphoma cell proliferation and differentiation is discussed. PMID- 3744420 TI - [Treatment of verruca vulgaris]. PMID- 3744421 TI - [Prenatal diagnosis in dermatology. Personal experience and review of the literature]. PMID- 3744423 TI - [HLA system and psoriasis. Influence of various psoriasis antigens on the clinical characteristics of the disease]. PMID- 3744422 TI - [Nailfold capillaroscopy and retinal fluoroangiography in diabetes in childhood]. PMID- 3744424 TI - [Vegetating and erosive lichen of the tongue and active chronic hepatitis. Clinical indications]. PMID- 3744425 TI - [A case of squamous cell epithelioma arising in acne conglobata]. PMID- 3744426 TI - [Balanitis xerotica obliterans in childhood. Apropos of a case in a 11-year-old boy and review of the literature]. PMID- 3744427 TI - [Yellow nails syndrome]. PMID- 3744428 TI - [Granulomatous actinomycosis of the dorsum of the hand]. PMID- 3744429 TI - [Hereditary angioedema. Genealogic studies and clinical considerations on 2 genetic forms in a case study of 10 patients]. PMID- 3744430 TI - [Patch tests: advantages and undesirable effects]. PMID- 3744431 TI - [Late radiodermatitis after treatment of breast cancer]. PMID- 3744432 TI - [Photodesensitization in a case of type V solar urticaria]. PMID- 3744433 TI - Suppression of monocyte mediated anti U562 cytotoxicity by soluble factors in the serum of cancer patients and in the supernatant of K562 cell culture. AB - Anti U562 cytotoxicity of monocytes isolated from blood of patients with alimentary tract cancer was shown to be depressed compared to monocytes of healthy individuals. A serum factor was demonstrated in the patients which depressed the cytotoxicity of healthy donor monocytes. Such suppressive factor was also produced by the K562 cell line and its production was blocked by indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, as well as by thymus preparations TFX and Thymex L. PMID- 3744434 TI - K-cell activity is enhanced intrapartum. AB - The cytotoxic activity of killer (K)-cells was measured against O Rh(D)-positive human erythrocytes sensitized by anti-D antibodies, in 14 women during normal labor and compared with the K-cell activity of 20 pregnant women (in the 37-40th week of pregnancy) and 42 non-pregnant female controls. K-cell activity was determined by the enzyme-like kinetic cytotoxic model, which measured the maximum of killing capacity. Cytotoxic activity was found to be significantly higher intrapartum. Data are compatible with the possibility that immunologic mechanism(s) are contributing to the onset of parturition. PMID- 3744435 TI - House dust allergen activates the classical complement pathway in mouse serum. AB - A house dust fraction was tested for complement activation in mouse serum using a microtitre complement fixation assay. It was observed that the preparation was a potent activator of the classical, but not of the alternative pathway suggesting an analogy with the complement activation in human serum. The activation showed similarity with that by classical complement activators such as aggregated IgG, DNA, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), but some discrepancy with mite allergen was observed. The contamination of the preparation with LPS was negligible and could not account for the anticomplementary effect. The role of DNA fragments in the activation of mouse complement by the house dust fraction is discussed. Our results suggest that the mouse is suited to study the role of complement activation by house dust constituents in the induction of the IgE response. PMID- 3744436 TI - Location of the t complex on mouse chromosome 17 by in situ hybridization with Tcp-1. PMID- 3744437 TI - The gene encoding the equine soluble class I molecule is linked to the horse MHC. PMID- 3744438 TI - Eight new MHC recombinant strains defining at least six H-2 haplotypes. PMID- 3744439 TI - The all pervasive principle of repetitious recurrence governs not only coding sequence construction but also human endeavor in musical composition. AB - Organisms which have evolved on this earth are governed by multitudes of periodicities; tomorrow is another today, and the next year is going to be much like this year. Accordingly, the principle of repetitious recurrence pervades every aspect of life on this earth. Thus, individual genes in the genome have been duplicated and triplicated often to the point of redundancy, and each coding sequence consists of numerous variously truncated as well as variously base substituted copies of the original primordial building block base oligomers and their allies. This principle even appears to govern the manifestations of human intellect; musical compositions also rely on this principle of repetitious recurrence. Accordingly, coding base sequences can be transformed into musical scores using one set rule. Conversely, musical scores can be transcribed to coding base sequences of long open reading frames. PMID- 3744440 TI - High antibody response to autologous type II collagen is restricted to H-2q. AB - The incidence of arthritis and the antibody response to mouse and to rat type II collagen after immunization with native rat type II collagen was studied in different mouse strains, including wild mouse-derived strains belonging to the H 2p/H-2q family. High serum levels of antibodies to mouse and rat type II collagen were seen only in H-2q mice, whereas mice belonging to the p, w3, w5, and w17 haplotypes displayed low type II collagen-specific antibody responses. Mice from three different H-2q-carrying strains (DBA/1, NFR/N, and B10.G) with different non-major histocompatibility complex genes were all susceptible to collagen arthritis, but they displayed a varying incidence of arthritis and varying clinical features. No arthritis was seen in non-H-2q mice, except in the B10.CAS2 strain where a few mice developed arthritis despite very low serum levels of type II collagen-specific antibodies. We conclude that small differences in the A beta chain of class II transplantation antigens are of importance for the development of arthritis and for the stimulation of a high response after immunization with type II collagen. PMID- 3744441 TI - Isoelectric focusing and reverse immunoblotting of autoantibodies against high molecular weight antigens. AB - A method for the clonal analysis of antibodies against high M.Wt. antigens is described. It involves isoelectric focusing, electrophoretic transfer of the focused antibodies to a nitrocellulose membrane and detection of the membrane bound antibodies by overlay with radiolabelled antigen (reverse immunoblotting). The application of this technique to the clonal analysis of autoantibodies against thyroglobulin and DNA is described. PMID- 3744442 TI - In vitro synthesis of carbohydrate-binding proteins by human leucocytes. AB - A carbohydrate-binding protein (CBP) synthesized in vitro by normal human peripheral leucocytes was isolated by affinity chromatography on asialofetuin Sepharose. The CBP was eluted with lactose and it had a native molecular mass of 15,500 daltons. Analysis by SDS-PAGE revealed a single polypeptide of 18,000 daltons. CBP synthesis was time dependent and cell concentration dependent. The CBP appeared to be both cell bound and secreted with the apparent amount secreted inversely proportional to cell concentration. CBP did not appear to be synthesized by T and B leukemic cell lines examined. Promyelocytic HL-60 cells, however, synthesized at least two lactose-eluted CBP's corresponding to native molecular masses of 28,000 and 19,500 daltons. SDS-PAGE analysis of radiolabelled HL-60 CBP's showed the presence of two polypeptides of MM 17,700 and 16,000 daltons suggesting that one of the CBP's was a dimer. PMID- 3744443 TI - Chronic pancreatitis--follow up of operated cases. PMID- 3744444 TI - Chronic gastritis in young Indians. PMID- 3744445 TI - Frequent occurrence and rapid onset of chronic gastritis in healthy young adult subjects. PMID- 3744446 TI - Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in gut tuberculosis. PMID- 3744447 TI - Efficacy of propylthiouracil treatment in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver cirrhosis in rats. PMID- 3744448 TI - Histological analysis of upper gastrointestinal endoscopic biopsies. PMID- 3744449 TI - Elimination of brass utensils prevents Indian childhood cirrhosis. PMID- 3744450 TI - Primary sclerosing cholangitis associated with chronic idiopathic ulcerative colitis. PMID- 3744451 TI - Pancreas divisum. PMID- 3744452 TI - Human growth hormone: recent advances and current status. PMID- 3744453 TI - Infant botulism. PMID- 3744454 TI - Who needs vitamin K? PMID- 3744455 TI - Therapeutic drug monitoring. PMID- 3744456 TI - Can compliance in children be improved? PMID- 3744458 TI - Radiological investigation of abdominal masses. PMID- 3744459 TI - Problems of neonatal anesthesia. PMID- 3744457 TI - Current antibiotic usage II: Aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, erythromycin, vancomycin and sulphonamides. PMID- 3744460 TI - Intensive short-course chemotherapy in pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 3744461 TI - Septicemia in neonates and early infancy. PMID- 3744462 TI - Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis--a study of fifty cases. PMID- 3744463 TI - Growth and development of the human fetal kidney. PMID- 3744464 TI - Glucose homeostasis in human fetuses. PMID- 3744465 TI - Goldenhar syndrome (oculo-auriculo-vertebral dysplasia) in a twin new born baby. PMID- 3744466 TI - Harlequin ichthyosis with empyema thoracis. PMID- 3744467 TI - Hemodynamic effects of platelet activating factor in the dog kidney in vivo. AB - The effect of platelet activating factor (PAF) on renal hemodynamics and function was examined in anesthetized dogs. The infusion of PAF into the renal artery at 5, 10, and 20 ng X min-1 X kg-1 body weight resulted in dose-dependent reductions in renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, urine volume, and urinary sodium excretion, whereas the infusion of vehicle alone in the contralateral kidney did not result in significant changes in these parameters. The maximum decrease expressed as the percent change from baseline was 22.2 +/- 1.7% for renal blood flow, 50.8 +/- 11% for glomerular filtration rate, 67.3 +/- 4.2% for urine volume, and 69.0 +/- 8.5% for urinary sodium excretion, respectively. These renal effects were not accompanied by significant alterations in systemic arterial blood pressure and heart rate. Pretreatment with indomethacin to block prostaglandin synthesis enhanced the effect of PAF on kidney function. Our data demonstrate that, unlike the rat kidney, intrarenal PAF infusion into the intact dog results in vasoconstriction and serve reduction in glomerular filtration rate. PMID- 3744468 TI - Peripheral pressor systems in hypertension caused by nucleus tractus solitarius lesions. AB - The roles of vasopressin, the sympathoadrenal system, and the renin-angiotensin system in the production of hypertension after bilateral destruction of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) were examined in chloralose-anesthetized rats. Since the activity of the renin-angiotensin system is high in anesthetized rats, additional studies were performed in unanesthetized, freely moving rats to evaluate the role of the renin-angiotensin system in hypertension caused by NTS lesions. Hypertension produced by bilateral electrolytic NTS lesions in rats was accompanied by elevated plasma levels of vasopressin (approximately 7-fold), norepinephrine (greater than 10-fold), and epinephrine (greater than 10-fold), but not of plasma renin activity. These results suggest that this form of hypertension is due to increased sympathoadrenal activity and increased vasopressin release into plasma and that the renin-angiotensin system is not involved. In rats with NTS lesions, blockade of vasopressin or the sympathoadrenal system, but not the renin-angiotensin system, elicited an acute decrease in arterial pressure. However, blockade of either vasopressin or the autonomic nervous system before production of the lesions had no effect on the resulting hypertension, indicating that in the absence of either one of these systems bilateral NTS lesions still result in severe hypertension. Although the renin-angiotensin system does not normally contribute to this hypertension, it does appear to contribute to the elevation in blood pressure once the actions of vasopressin have been blocked. In rats pretreated with a vasopressin antagonist, plasma renin activity increased following NTS lesions and the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor captopril decreased blood pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3744469 TI - Increased aortic DNA synthesis precedes renal hypertension in rats. An obligatory step? AB - The rate of DNA synthesis was determined in rats with developing and established two-kidney, one clip renal hypertension. Rate of DNA synthesis was measured as [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA per hour. After stenosis of the renal artery, blood pressure increased over a 2-week period. Five days after clipping, there was an increase in the rate of aortic DNA synthesis before an increase in blood pressure was detected, whereas there was no DNA effect in sham-operated animals. This difference in [3H]thymidine incorporation into aortic DNA could not be accounted for by alterations in thymidine pool sizes. The increase in DNA synthesis was still present 3 weeks after renal artery stenosis, although by that time blood pressure had plateaued. The role of DNA synthesis in the development of renal hypertension was investigated by determining whether inhibition of DNA synthesis with cytosine arabinoside could prevent the increase in blood pressure. Treatment of clipped rats with cytosine arabinoside for 5 days delayed the increase in blood pressure for more than 4 days, as compared with the effect of saline treatment in clipped rats. Although the possibility remains that some effect of cytosine arabinoside other than its effect on DNA synthesis could have influenced blood pressure, there were no differences in body weight, food intake, water intake, or urine output between cytosine arabinoside-treated and saline treated rats with renal artery clips, and cytosine arabinoside treatment had no effect on blood pressure or body weight in normal rats. These results suggest that an increase in DNA synthesis may be an obligatory step in the genesis of renal hypertension. PMID- 3744470 TI - The influence of indomethacin on blood pressure during the infusion of vasopressors. AB - The effect of indomethacin and its vehicle on blood pressure was studied in conscious rabbits during the infusion of three vasopressors. The cyclooxygenase inhibitor raised mean arterial pressure 12 (vehicle: 3) mm Hg during norepinephrine infusion, 5 (vehicle: 0) mm Hg during angiotensin II infusion, and 5 (vehicle: -8) mm Hg during arginine vasopressin infusion. When saline was given in place of vasopressors, indomethacin failed to alter blood pressure. Since indomethacin elevated pressure in the presence, but not the absence, of all three vasopressors, the possibility that elevation of blood pressure per se stimulates synthesis of vasodilator prostaglandins was considered. A pressor action of indomethacin was observed in ganglion-blocked animals, in which absolute blood pressure remained below normotensive levels during angiotensin II infusion. Thus, indomethacin raised arterial pressure during the infusion of norepinephrine, angiotensin II, and vasopressin, and this action was not influenced by manipulation of blood pressure. These results suggest that each vasopressor promotes prostaglandin synthesis independently to a degree sufficient to restrain its pressor action. PMID- 3744472 TI - Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema as the sole manifestation of pheochromocytoma. AB - A 40-year-old man was admitted to the hospital with pulmonary edema without signs of left ventricular failure. Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema was diagnosed, and a subsequent workup identified a pheochromocytoma as the cause of this condition. The clinical picture could be mimicked by infusion of exogenous norepinephrine. It is concluded that surges of catecholamines from a pheochromocytoma may provoke pulmonary edema in a manner similar to that by which neurogenic pulmonary edema related to cerebral disorders occurs. PMID- 3744471 TI - Norepinephrine removal and release in the forearm of healthy subjects. AB - The relevance of local removal and release of norepinephrine (NE) for antecubital venous plasma NE concentration was studied in 22 healthy subjects. Arterial and venous plasma NE and forearm blood flow were measured during intra-arterial infusion of two doses of NE, intra-arterial NE infusion with two doses of sodium nitroprusside, intravenous infusion of NE with intra-arterial infusion of four doses of sodium nitroprusside, and lower body negative pressure of -20 mm Hg for 15 minutes. The venous plasma NE concentration-time curves during the infusions of the two doses of NE indicated first-order kinetics for forearm extraction: forearm NE extraction rate during the low dose infusion was 67 +/- 4.1% (SEM) and correlated with basal forearm blood flow (r = -0.64, p less than 0.03, n = 12). Local sodium nitroprusside-induced vasodilatation during the intra-arterial and intravenous NE infusions was accompanied by dose-dependent decreases in forearm extraction rates for NE and epinephrine. During lower body negative pressure, taking into account the high basal forearm extraction rate for NE, local and systemic release of NE was indicated by increases in arterial and venous plasma and the venous-arterial plasma NE concentration difference (p less than 0.05 for all). These data show that removal of NE from forearm circulation is a process with a high extraction ratio obeying first-order kinetics and that this extraction process inversely relates to forearm blood flow. Thus, antecubital venous plasma NE is likely to be derived mainly from local release and not from the arterial plasma NE input. PMID- 3744473 TI - Effect of verapamil on catecholamine secretion by human pheochromocytoma. PMID- 3744474 TI - Abstracts of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research, 40th annual fall conference and scientific sessions. October 7-10, 1986, Cleveland, Ohio. PMID- 3744475 TI - Joint fluid leukocyte activation by preformed immune complexes. AB - Acute synovitis was induced in rabbit knee joints by intraarticular injection of preformed bovine serum albumin (BSA) -anti BSA immune complexes (ICs). Polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMNGs) which had migrated into joints injected with ICs were degranulated and contained ICs as revealed by electron microscopy and were activated as revealed by the measurement of chemiluminescence (CL). In contrast, leukocytes from control joints injected with BSA and normal rabbit serum as well as glycogen-elicited peritoneal leukocytes did not display any morphological changes and did not show CL. Compared to cells from other sources, leukocytes from IC joints showed a decreased CL response when stimulated in vitro with ICs but not with opsonized zymosan, suggesting a stimulus-specific modification of the PMNG responsiveness. Inhibition experiments showed that oxygen radicals and formation of arachidonate metabolites, mainly of the lipoxygenase pathway, were involved in the CL response of the IC-stimulated joint fluid PMNGs. Our observations on morphology, activity, and responsiveness of emigrated cells from the various sources suggest, together with previous observations, that the reaction of leukocytes in IC-induced synovitis consists of an initial migration phase not related to an increased CL and a subsequent activation phase characterized by degranulation, phagocytosis of ICs and increased CL. PMID- 3744477 TI - Superstitions in pediatric practice. PMID- 3744478 TI - Superstitious therapy during illnesses of pre-school children. PMID- 3744476 TI - Mechanism by which methylprednisolone inhibits acute immune complex-induced changes in vascular permeability. AB - Intravital microscopy was used to quantitate protein leakage which resulted from the deposition of immune complexes in the vasculature of the rat cremaster muscle. Immune complex deposition was initiated by the addition of 80 micrograms/ml of ovalbumin to the bath surrounding the muscle, followed by the intravenous administration of antiovalbumin. Administration of 25 mg/kg of antiovalbumin produced significant leakage of protein from the third-order venules, while 7.5 and 2.5 mg/kg had no effect. Administration of methylprednisolone (MP), 30 mg/kg, 1 h prior to the deposition of immune complexes significantly inhibited protein leakage. In separate experiments, MP inhibited intradermal edema formation and protein exudation induced in rats by histamine, platelet activating factor, or C5a. However, MP had no effect on protein exudation or edema produced by xanthine oxidase or glucose oxidase. Intravenous administration of MP inhibited the ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) to phagocytize bacteria, but failed to alter hydrogen peroxide production. These results suggest that MP prevents acute changes in vascular permeability following immune complex deposition by inhibiting the effects of soluble mediators of edema on vascular endothelium and by inhibiting PMN phagocytosis. PMID- 3744479 TI - Transplacental transfer of filarial infection. PMID- 3744480 TI - Autoimmune hemolytic anemia. PMID- 3744481 TI - Disaccharide intolerence and Indian childhood cirrhosis. VI. The nature of excreted disaccharide. PMID- 3744482 TI - Intrathoracic cysts. PMID- 3744483 TI - Neonatal thrombocytopenia. PMID- 3744484 TI - Tuberculosis of the middle ear. PMID- 3744485 TI - Serum ferritin in normal term newborns and their mothers. PMID- 3744486 TI - Thymoma with myasthenia gravis. PMID- 3744487 TI - Keratosis pilaris. PMID- 3744489 TI - Disseminated cryptococcosis. PMID- 3744488 TI - Trisomy-8. PMID- 3744490 TI - Neuromyelitis optica. PMID- 3744491 TI - Immunology of malnutrition. PMID- 3744492 TI - Post-transfusion hepatitis with reference to hepatitis-B antigenemia. PMID- 3744493 TI - Cord blood immunoglobulins: variation with birth weight and gestational age. PMID- 3744494 TI - Shunt related infections in hydrocephalic children. PMID- 3744495 TI - Peripheral neuropathy in juvenile diabetes mellitus. PMID- 3744496 TI - Onset of menarche in girls of Ludhiana. PMID- 3744497 TI - Nutritional status of children of working mothers. PMID- 3744498 TI - Limitations of a comprehensive health care programme in combating malnutrition in an urban slum area in Punjab, India. PMID- 3744499 TI - Congenital absence of penis. PMID- 3744500 TI - Unilateral macrencephaly. PMID- 3744501 TI - Myelofibrosis in infancy. PMID- 3744502 TI - Hair copper in Indian childhood cirrhosis (ICC) PMID- 3744503 TI - Malignant tumors in children. PMID- 3744504 TI - Iodine deficiency disorders and human resource development. PMID- 3744505 TI - Urinary nitrogen and glucose excretion in pregnant and lactating women. PMID- 3744506 TI - Perinatal mortality: in ICDS urban slum area. PMID- 3744507 TI - Efficacy of nitroblue tetrazolium test in common febrile illnesses. PMID- 3744508 TI - Poliomyelitis in Pune vis-a-vis immunisation in urban slums. PMID- 3744509 TI - Myasthenia gravis in young. PMID- 3744510 TI - 5 alpha reductase deficiency causing male pseudohermaphroditism. PMID- 3744511 TI - Lactobezoar intestinal obstruction. PMID- 3744512 TI - Recurrent atypical intussusception caused by ileal gastric ectopia simulating Hirschsprung's disease. PMID- 3744513 TI - Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia, type II (HEMPAS). PMID- 3744514 TI - Educate to breast feed. PMID- 3744515 TI - Paralytic poliomyelitis in immunized and unimmunized children. PMID- 3744516 TI - Possible yellow oleander toxicity in a neonate. PMID- 3744517 TI - Dietary copper and Indian childhood cirrhosis. PMID- 3744518 TI - Idiopathic obstructive aortoarteritis in children. PMID- 3744519 TI - Is dietary copper totally incriminable in I.C.C? PMID- 3744520 TI - In vitro amikacin sensitivity testing. PMID- 3744521 TI - A critical evaluation of B.C.G. test applicability in pediatric practice. PMID- 3744522 TI - Changes in biochemical parameters following exchange transfusion. PMID- 3744523 TI - Bilirubin binding capacity in newborns. PMID- 3744524 TI - Pattern of lower limb paralysis in established poliomyelitis. PMID- 3744525 TI - Pattern of muscle recovery in poliomyelitis of lower limbs. PMID- 3744526 TI - Growing up in an urban slum. PMID- 3744527 TI - Neonatal exchange transfusions: present status. PMID- 3744528 TI - Posterior mediastinal teratoma. PMID- 3744530 TI - Asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy. PMID- 3744529 TI - Thoracic asphyxiating dystrophy. PMID- 3744531 TI - Brass utensils and high hepatic copper in ICC. PMID- 3744532 TI - Giant cystic meconium peritonitis. PMID- 3744533 TI - Milk feeding in diarrhea. PMID- 3744534 TI - Breast milk immunoglobulins. PMID- 3744535 TI - Efficacy of exchange transfusion. PMID- 3744536 TI - Chronic protracted watery diarrhea in malnourished children. PMID- 3744537 TI - Thyroid function in newborns. PMID- 3744538 TI - Management of posterior urethral valves. PMID- 3744539 TI - Squint. PMID- 3744540 TI - Malignant hemangiopericytoma of liver. PMID- 3744541 TI - Neonatal meningococcal meningitis. PMID- 3744542 TI - Pneumatic dilatation of achalasia cardia in under five years of age. PMID- 3744543 TI - Scleredema in a child. PMID- 3744544 TI - Hand Schuller Christian disease with multiple pareses. PMID- 3744545 TI - [Is there a diet therapy for malignant tumors]. AB - None of the numerous und repeatedly recommended tumor diets' therapeutic effects have ever been proven. All types of diet are based on speculation. Starting points for a discussion on possible therapeutic mechanisms are the increased mineralocorticoid release as result of low sodium and high potassium uptake, the effects of a low fat intake on the immunological mechanisms, and the inhibitory effect on tumor growth by high carotene and vitamin C intake. PMID- 3744546 TI - Pasteurellosis in laboratory rabbits: characterization of lipopolysaccharides of Pasteurella multocida by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoblot techniques, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. AB - The lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) of five isolates of Pasteurella multocida from rabbits were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoblots, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Silver stained sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profiles of purified unaggregated LPSs resembled those of semirough strains of gram-negative enterobacteria and consisted of one or two bands that migrated within an interval just ahead or slightly behind the migration of the Ra chemotype of "Salmonella minnesota," which has a molecular size of 4.3 kilodaltons. Polyclonal rabbit antisera to P. multocida whole cells used in Western blots and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of unabsorbed and LPS-absorbed antisera revealed that the LPS of these isolates of P. multocida contained at least two types of antigens: a nonserospecific antigen and a serospecific antigen. The LPSs of four isolates each had a different serospecific antigen. The nonserospecific antigen was expressed in two isolates and was the only demonstrable LPS antigen in one other isolate. PMID- 3744547 TI - Antibody-independent activation of the classical pathway of human serum complement by lipid A is restricted to re-chemotype lipopolysaccharide and purified lipid A. AB - Incubation of most bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) with normal human sera at 37 degrees C activates the serum complement system, resulting in decreased levels of hemolytic complement. A panel of R-chemotype LPS preparations isolated from Salmonella minnesota rough mutant strains, as well as smooth wild-type LPS from S. minnesota, Escherichia coli O55-B5, Serratia marcescens, and Yersinia enterolitica, were used to examine the effect of LPS polysaccharide chain length on LPS lipid (lipid A)-dependent activation of the classical pathway of complement (CPC). To examine specific lipid A-dependent activation of the CPC, sera deficient in alternative pathway of complement activity were prepared by the removal of factor D. Absorption of normal human sera with formalinized rabbit erythrocytes was found to remove natural antibodies, factors capable of forming LPS complexes which activate the CPC, or both. By using such factor D-depleted formalinized rabbit erythrocyte-absorbed normal human sera, only isolated lipid A and Re-chemotype LPS (R595 LPS) were found to activate the CPC. Thus, the presence of the additional monosaccharide L-glycero-D-mannoheptose in the Rd2 LPS oligosaccharide chain compared with the L-glycero-D-mannoheptose-deficient Re chemotype LPS structure is sufficient to block lipid A-dependent activation of the CPC by LPS. PMID- 3744548 TI - Adjuvant activity of 6-O-acyl-muramyldipeptides to enhance primary cellular and humoral immune responses in guinea pigs: adaptability to various vehicles and pyrogenicity. AB - Thirteen 6-O-acyl-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamines (6-O-acyl-MDPs), including four inactive D-isoasparagine and L-isoglutamine analogs, were tested for their pyrogenicity and immunopotentiating activity to stimulate primary humoral and cellular immune responses in guinea pigs to a model protein antigen, ovalbumin, when administered in various vehicles. Among them, derivatives whose muramic acid residue was substituted by alpha-branched (and beta-hydroxylated) higher fatty acids at the carbon-6 position, especially 6-O-(2 tetradecylhexadecanoyl)-MDP (B3O-MDP) and, to a lesser extent, 6-O-(3-hydroxy-2 docosylhexacosanoyl)-MDP (BH48-MDP) and its L-serine analog [BH48-MDP(L-Ser)], were found to exert strong adjuvant activity in both the induction of delayed type hypersensitivity and the stimulation of circulating precipitating antibody levels when combined with nonirritating vehicles (liposomes, squalene-in-water emulsion, and phosphate-buffered saline). These vehicles did not efficiently support the adjuvant activity of MDP, the parent molecule of the above lipophilic derivatives. Pyrogenicity tests showed that introduction of alpha-branched higher fatty acid groups but not of straight, long-chain fatty acids at the 6-position of the muramic acid residue resulted in marked decrease of the pyrogenicity inherent to MDP via intravenous administration. PMID- 3744549 TI - Adjuvant activity of 6-O-acyl-muramyldipeptides to enhance primary cellular and humoral immune responses in guinea pigs: dose-response and local reactions observed with selected compounds. AB - 6-O-(2-Tetradecylhexadecanoyl)-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (B3O-MDP) and 6-O-(3-hydroxy-2-docosylhexacosanoyl)-MDP (BH48-MDP) were examined for immunopotentiating activity in stimulating the primary immune responses of guinea pigs to ovalbumin and for adverse reactions at the injection site and in the regional lymph nodes when administered in combination with several nonirritating vehicles. B30-MDP was found to potently stimulate both humoral and cellular immune responses, the latter by induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity, irrespective of the administration vehicle examined (liposomes, a squalene in water emulsion, Intralipid, phosphate-buffered saline, and Nikkol HCO-60 glucose solution), although the minimum effective dose was dependent on the vehicle used. Reactions in the footpad receiving the injection were negligible. Noticeable local reaction consisted of swelling of the lymph nodes in the region of the injection, but the swelling was only noted with higher doses and subsided 3 to 4 weeks after immunization, unlike the persistent swelling caused by the administration of water-in-mineral oil emulsions with or without B30-MDP. BH48 MDP and its L-serine analog, BH48-MDP(L-Ser), which has L-serine in place of L alanine in MDP, in combination with the squalene-in-water emulsion, also intensely stimulated both cellular and humoral antiovalbumin immune responses, but the effects of these compounds seemed to be influenced to a greater degree by the vehicles than by B30-MDP. Thus, B30-MDP was chosen from a series of a 6-O acyl derivatives of MDP as the most promising candidate for possible application in practical vaccines. PMID- 3744550 TI - Comparison of guinea pig and protozoan models for determining virulence of Legionella species. AB - Legionella pneumophila organisms are able to infect and multiply within the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis. This ability may be associated with virulence, because an attenuated strain of L. pneumophila fails to multiply within this protozoan, whereas a virulent strain increases 10,000-fold in number when coincubated with T. pyriformis. Seventeen strains (11 species) of legionellae were evaluated for virulence by intraperitoneal injection of guinea pigs and inoculation of protozoan cultures. Analysis of the data indicates that there are four categories of legionellae with respect to virulence as follows: organisms that infect and kill guinea pigs and multiply in T. pyriformis; organisms that infect but do not kill guinea pigs and multiply in T. pyriformis; organisms that do not infect guinea pigs but are lethal at high concentrations and multiply in T. pyriformis; and organisms that neither infect nor kill guinea pigs and fail to multiply in T. pyriformis. Evidence suggests that these distinctions are based on two virulence factors: intracellular multiplication in a host and toxic activity. PMID- 3744551 TI - A chemically synthesized peptide which elicits humoral and cellular immune responses to mycobacterial antigens. AB - Monoclonal antibodies directed to Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG) and to M. tuberculosis H37Rv (H37Rv) were used in conjunction with affinity chromatography to prepare a mycobacterial component which was designated BCG-a. A synthetic peptide antigen was prepared based on the amino acid sequence of BCG-a and was designated BCG-a-P. Significant immunological similarities were found between BCG a-P and antigens in extracts of BCG and H37Rv but not between BCG-a-P and antigens of nontuberculous mycobacteria. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detected antibodies to BCG-a-P in sera from rabbits that had been immunized with BCG and H37Rv sonicates. In Western blot analysis, antibodies to BCG-a-P reacted to 10,000-molecular-weight components of extracts of BCG and H37Rv. Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to BCG-a-P were elicited in guinea pigs immunized with sonicates of BCG and H37Rv but were weak or nonexistent in unimmunized animals or in animals immunized with sonicates of nontuberculous mycobacteria. This study points out the feasibility of using monoclonal antibodies to prepare and characterize synthetic mycobacterial peptides with a potential for immunodiagnostic purposes. PMID- 3744552 TI - Cell surface binding site for Clostridium difficile enterotoxin: evidence for a glycoconjugate containing the sequence Gal alpha 1-3Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc. AB - This study was undertaken to determine whether a binding site for Clostridium difficile enterotoxin (toxin A) exists in the brush border membranes (BBMs) of the hamster, an animal known to be extremely sensitive to the action of the toxin. Toxin A was the only antigen adsorbed by the BBMs from the culture filtrate of C. difficile. The finding that binding activity could not be destroyed by heat indicated that a carbohydrate moiety might be involved. We therefore examined erythrocytes from various animal species for binding activity since erythrocytes provide a variety of carbohydrate sequences on their cell surfaces. Only rabbit erythrocytes bound the toxin, and the cells agglutinated. A binding assay based on an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method for quantifying C. difficile toxin A was used to compare binding of the toxin to hamster BBMs, rabbit erythrocytes, and BBMs from rats, which are less susceptible to the action of C. difficile toxin A than hamsters. Results of this comparison indicated the following order of toxin-binding frequency: rabbit erythrocytes greater than hamster BBMs greater than rat BBMs. Binding of toxin A to hamster BBMs at 37 degrees C was comparable to what has been observed with cholera toxin, but binding was enhanced at 4 degrees C. A similar binding phenomenon was observed with rabbit erythrocytes. Examination of the cell surfaces of hamster BBMs and rabbit erythrocytes with lectins and specific glycosidases revealed a high concentration of terminal alpha-linked galactose. Treatment of both membrane types with alpha-galactosidase destroyed the binding activity. The glycoprotein, calf thyroglobulin, also bound the toxin and inhibited toxin binding to cells. Toxin A did not bind to human erythrocytes from blood group A, B, or O donors. However, after fucosidase treatment of human erythrocytes, only blood group B erythrocytes, which possess the blood group B structure Gal alpha 1-3[Fuc alpha 1 2]Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc-R, bound the toxin. This indicated that toxin A was likely binding to Gal alpha 1-3Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc, a carbohydrate sequence also found on calf thyroglobulin and rabbit erythrocytes. All of the results indicate that hamster BBMs contain a carbohydrate-binding site for toxin A that has at least a Gal alpha 1-3Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc nonreducing terminal sequence. PMID- 3744553 TI - Identification of antibody classes and Fc receptors responsible for phagocytosis of Trypanosoma musculi by mouse macrophages. AB - The phagocytosis of Trypanosoma musculi by macrophages in the presence of specific antibodies was investigated. In 14-day-infected mice, opsonic antibodies were detected in serum, and phagocytosis of parasites by peritoneal macrophages was observed. The mechanism of T. musculi phagocytosis was analyzed. The binding of trypanosomes to peritoneal macrophages and J774 cells was observed in the presence of serum from hyperimmune mice and from mice infected 14 or 28 days earlier, but not in the presence of control mouse serum or sera from 7-day infected mice. Binding was partially inhibited by mouse monoclonal immunoglobulins G1 (IgG1) or IgG2a and almost completely inhibited by a mixture of both. Binding was also partially inhibited by the anti-Fc gamma 1/gamma 2b receptor monoclonal antibody 2.4G2. Binding of T. musculi was also induced by fractions of serum from 28-day-infected mice obtained by protein A-Sepharose chromatography. Only the IgG1-rich fraction eluted at pH 6.0 and the IgG2a-rich fraction eluted at pH 4.5 promoted binding which could be almost completely inhibited by monoclonal IgG1 and IgG2a. These data indicate that IgG1 and IgG2a anti-T. musculi antibodies are responsible for the phagocytosis of T. musculi by mouse macrophages and both Fc gamma 2a and Fc gamma 1/gamma 2b receptors are involved. Such a mechanism is likely to account for the elimination of parasites in T. musculi-infected mice. PMID- 3744554 TI - Differences in sensitivity of Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula, Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae, and Nematospiroides dubius third-stage larvae to damage by the polyamine oxidase-polyamine system. AB - The effect of the polyamine oxidase (PAO)-polyamine system on some helminths was examined in vitro. Both Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula and Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae were highly sensitive to this system, the latter more so than the former. In contrast, exsheathed third-stage larvae of Nematospiroides dubius were resistant to the effects of the PAO-polyamine system. After incubation of microfilariae with either spermine or spermidine in the presence of serum containing PAO (bovine serum or human retroplacental serum) or partially purified PAO, damage of worms occurred, compatible with our criteria for worm death. Similar results were obtained with schistosomula by using spermine. The damage seemed to be mediated by PAO products other than hydrogen peroxide because catalase did not protect either parasite. Our data demonstrate that helminths may be damaged by products of the PAO-polyamine system. PMID- 3744555 TI - Superoxide dismutase activity of Mycobacterium avium, M. intracellulare, and M. scrofulaceum. AB - Superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) (SOD) activity has been detected in crude cell extracts of representative strains of the Mycobacterium avium, M. intracellulare, and M. scrofulaceum (MAIS) group. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated a single SOD activity band for each of the MAIS strains, though there were differences in mobility. All M. avium and M. intracellulare and two of five M. scrofulaceum strains demonstrated a single activity band of identical mobility (Rf = 0.83), while the SOD activity band for the three remaining M. scrofulaceum strains migrated farther (Rf = 0.85). The differences in mobility correlated with differences in sensitivity to NaN3 and H2O2. The SOD activities of the majority of the MAIS strains which displayed the slower-migrating activity band were inhibited 22 to 81% after 15 min of exposure to 5 mM H2O2, suggesting that both iron and manganese may be present in a single enzyme. The SOD activities of the three M. scrofulaceum strains which had the faster-migrating activity band were inhibited 100% after only 5 min of exposure to 5 mM H2O2 and exhibited greater sensitivity to 5 and 10 mM NaN3, characteristics of an iron-containing SOD. A concentration of 1 mM KCN did not cause inhibition of enzyme activity in any of the MAIS strains tested. Extracellular SOD activity was detected in four of six MAIS strains and was shown to be identical in mobility to the SOD activity of the crude extracts. PMID- 3744556 TI - Early events in the action of staphylococcal alpha-toxin on the plasma membrane of adrenocortical Y1 tumor cells. AB - The early events in staphylococcal alpha-toxin action on mouse adrenocortical (Y1) tumor cells were studied. Cell-bound toxin could be partially neutralized by anti-alpha-toxin and inactivated by trypsin added within 10 min at 37 degrees C after the end of the binding step. Likewise, cell-bound toxin was capable of lysing rabbit erythrocytes (RRBC) added to the cells within 10 min after binding at 37 degrees C. After this time, the Y1 cells could not be rescued from intoxication by antibodies or trypsin, and the toxin was not accessible for lysis of RRBC. However, at 0 to 4 degrees C, the cell-bound toxin remained accessible to antibodies for at least 4 h. CaCl2 (30 mM) did not affect binding of the toxin to Y1 cells but completely prevented the intoxication if added within 10 min at 37 degrees C after the end of the binding step. The intoxication was independent of metabolic energy, active receptor clustering on the cell surface, and endocytosis of the toxin. Therefore, alpha-toxin interacted with the Y1 cell membrane in at least three separable steps: binding, a conformational change at the cell surface, and membrane damage. These early events appear to be similar to those occurring on RRBC treated with alpha-toxin. PMID- 3744557 TI - Biliary lipids support serum-free growth of Giardia lamblia. AB - Giardia lamblia has been grown in vitro only in media containing serum or serum fractions. How this pathogen can grow in the human small intestinal lumen without serum is not known. We found that samples of human hepatic or gall bladder bile maintained G. lamblia survival for 24 to 48 h in medium without serum but did not support growth. By contrast, an artificial biliary lipid dispersion containing six bile salts, phosphatidylcholine (PC), and cholesterol, in the ratios characteristic of human bile, supported parasite growth in medium without serum or serum fractions. To define the requirements, we showed that 1-palmitoyl-2 linoleoyl-PC or 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-PC (which predominate in human bile) satisfied the requirement for PC. Moreover, either glycocholate or glycodeoxycholate could be substituted for the bile salt mixture. The finding that biliary lipids can support serum-free growth of G. lamblia may help explain why this parasite colonizes the upper small intestine. PMID- 3744558 TI - Enhancement of adherence and growth of Chlamydia trachomatis by estrogen treatment of HeLa cells. AB - Treatment of HeLa 229 cultures with 17-beta-estradiol or with diethylstilbestrol, a synthetic estrogen analog, prior to infection with Chlamydia trachomatis UW31 (serovar K) or LGV440 (serovar L1) led to a 50 to 60% enhancement of chlamydial inclusion formation. After infection, the presence of estrogen was required for the enhancement. The optimal concentration of estrogen required was 10(-10) M. At least 18 h of preinfection treatment plus 12 h of postinfection treatment was necessary. The adherence of purified radioactive elementary bodies of C. trachomatis to estrogen-treated HeLa cells was stimulated in an estrogen dose- and exposure-dependent manner. The requirements for both pre- and postinfection exposure to the hormone suggest that alterations in the cell membrane as well as in the metabolic capacity of the host cells is required for intracellular chlamydial development. Cycloheximide did not prevent estrogen enhancement of chlamydial adherence or subsequent intracellular development of inclusions. PMID- 3744559 TI - Demonstration of a peptidoglycan-linked lipoprotein and characterization of its trypsin fragment in the outer membrane of Brucella spp. AB - The sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) extraction-trypsin digestion protocol used by Braun and Sieglin (V. Braun and U. Sieglin, Eur. J. Biochem. 13:336-346, 1970) to show the peptidoglycan-linked lipoprotein of Escherichia coli was applied to both Brucella abortus and E. coli. Whereas a single polypeptide of 8,000 molecular weight was obtained from E. coli, several proteins of apparent molecular weight lower than 35,000 were demonstrated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in B. abortus. These results did not change when the trypsin digestion conditions were modified. On the other hand, when the SDS extractions were performed under conditions more stringent than those used for other gram-negative bacteria, only a polypeptide fragment of apparent molecular weight of 8,000 was obtained from B. abortus. This polypeptide was similar to the trypsin fragment of the E. coli lipoprotein with respect to its behavior in SDS-polyacrylamide gels, isoelectric point in urea, molecular weight, and presence of both ester- and amide-linked fatty acids. Moreover, the amino acid analysis showed an overall similarity with respect to the amino acid composition of E. coli lipoprotein. A polypeptide of the same molecular weight, isoelectric point, and amino acid composition was also obtained from Brucella ovis by the same method. These results demonstrated that B. abortus and B. ovis cell envelopes contain a lipoprotein and strongly support the hypothesis that it is the only major protein covalently linked to the peptidoglycan. PMID- 3744560 TI - Inhibition of cholera toxin production by thiols in Vibrio cholerae. AB - We found that thiols reduced the amount of cholera toxin produced by Vibrio cholerae 569B in vitro. A sulfhydryl group at least was necessary for the reduction of cholera toxin production by thiols. PMID- 3744561 TI - Functional and ultrastructural changes in alveolar macrophages from rabbits colonized with Bordetella bronchiseptica. AB - Alveolar macrophages from rabbits colonized with Bordetella bronchiseptica in their respiratory tract exhibited significant decreases in cell adherence, phagocytic uptake, and bactericidal activity compared with macrophages from uncolonized animals. These dysfunctions were accompanied by ultrastructural changes, including a decrease in overall cell density, a vacuolation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and an increase in organelle-poor cell surface projections. PMID- 3744562 TI - Effect of monophosphoryl lipid A on host resistance to bacterial infection. AB - The ability of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) to enhance nonspecific host resistance to bacterial infections was studied. Mice were treated with MPLA prior to intraperitoneal challenge with Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus epidermidis. Animals received additional MPLA for 2 days postinfection, and survival rates were determined. Ten micrograms of MPLA per mouse significantly improved the survival of animals infected with either bacterial species. Dose-response studies showed significant MPLA-induced protection at doses of 6 micrograms/kg against E. coli challenge and 60 micrograms/kg against S. epidermidis challenge. PMID- 3744563 TI - Passive immunization of hamsters against experimental infection with the Lyme disease spirochete. AB - Hamsters passively immunized with as little as 0.0125 ml of immune rabbit serum (indirect fluorescent-antibody titer, 1:8,192) were protected from challenge with 1,000 50% infective doses of Borrelia burgdorferi. Cross-protection studies with Minnesota and Connecticut isolates of B. burgdorferi indicated no major differences in their capacity to elicit mutually protective antibodies in rabbits. PMID- 3744564 TI - Ethylene oxide exposure. Biological monitoring by analysis of alveolar air and blood. AB - Occupational exposure to ethylene oxide (ETO) was studied in ten workers employed in a hospital sterilizer unit by testing environmental air, alveolar air and blood during and at the end of the workshift. Alveolar (Ca) and blood (Cb) ETO concentrations were correlated with each other (r = 0.744, n = 36, P less than 0.001) and both with the environmental (Ci) concentrations (r = 0.947, n = 144, P less than 0.001; r = 0.827, n = 36, P less than 0.001). The alveolar retention of ETO (1-Ca/Ci) was equal to 75-80% of the inhaled ETO. In comparison with a blood/air partition coefficient equal in vitro to 90 (SD = 20), the mean Cb/Ca ratio found in the exposed workers was equal to 12-17. During work the blood ETO concentration was, on average, three times the environmental ETO concentration. PMID- 3744565 TI - A case-control study on the prognosis of vibration syndrome. AB - A case-control study was undertaken to evaluate some factors affecting the prognosis of vibration-induced white finger (VWF), 286 workers, who had used a chain saw in forests and had showed some symptoms and signs that were suspected to be vibration syndrome during some of the years from 1956 to 1980, were selected by medical examinations from a total of 612 forestry workers, and were divided into four groups according to the prognosis of the VWF based on a twenty year follow-up. The study shows an association between the prognosis of VWF and vibration components, particularly vibration levels, severity of the syndromes not only in peripheral circulation but also in peripheral neuropathy before exposure to vibration ceased. There are also significant associations between the prognosis of peripheral neuromuscular symptoms and the factors of aging and duration of exposure. The study suggests that smoking habits and history of heart failure and diabetes had no effect on the prognosis of VWF. PMID- 3744566 TI - Quantitative analysis of urinary glycine conjugates by high performance liquid chromatography: excretion of hippuric acid and methylhippuric acids in the urine of subjects exposed to vapours of toluene and xylenes. AB - A new method for the direct determination of hippuric acid (HA) and o-, m- and p methylhippuric acids (MHAs) in the urine, metabolites of toluene and o-, m- and p xylenes by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is described. A stainless-steel column packed with silica gel having dinitrophenyl residue and a mixed solution of methanol/water/acetic acid (80/20/0.2) containing tetra-n butylammonium bromide (0.2% w/v) as mobile phase was used. Concentrations of HA and MHAs were estimated from their peak height at a wave length of 225 nm. Urine can be analyzed directly without solvent extraction or pretreatment to obtain complete separation of HA and o-, m- and p-MHAs. Urine samples from male workers exposed to toluene or xylenes were analyzed for HA or MHAs. The urinary levels of HA and MHAs increased by exposure to toluene and xylenes in proportion to the environmental concentrations of the solvents, although there is a considerable variation in metabolite concentrations. The slope of regression line between toluene and HA and that between m-xylene and m-MHA were similar. The urinary concentrations of HA and MHAs corresponding to 100 ppm (TLV) of toluene was 2.35 g/g creatinine and that of m-MHA corresponding to 100 ppm (TLV) of m-xylene was 2.05 g/g creatinine. The warning levels of the urinary metabolite concentrations of a group of workers and that of an individual worker corresponding to TLV of organic solvent concentration is discussed. PMID- 3744567 TI - Assessment of exposure to lead of the general population in the French community through biological monitoring. AB - The aim of the council directive of 29 March 1977 of the European Community (1) is the screening for non-work-related lead exposure levels in the general populations of European (member) countries. In France, such testing was carried out in eight metropolitan areas (having more than 500,000 inhabitants), another eight "critical" areas surrounding industrial emission sources and one area (Vosges) having a high level of lead contamination in the water. In view of the reference values (maximum 35 micrograms/dl in an individual blood sample) adopted by the directive, the situation is most serious in the area where the exposure is due to the lead contamination in the water. Individuals here run a seven times greater risk of exceeding the 35 micrograms/dl blood-lead limit relative to urban populations where the lead comes mostly from vehicle emissions into the atmosphere (i.e. 9.3% of the blood-lead values of the Vosgian sample exceed 35 micrograms/dl; 3.5% for the industrial complexes which deal with lead and 1.4% for the urban zone). While these vehicle exhausts are the subject of much current concern, in perspective, the problem of lead pipe contaminated drinking water appears to be of far greater importance. PMID- 3744568 TI - Human exposure to volatile halogenated hydrocarbons from the general environment. AB - The objective of this study was to assess individual human exposure to volatile halogenated hydrocarbons (VHH) under normal environmental conditions by means of biological monitoring, i.e. by the measurement of these compounds or their metabolites in body fluids, such as blood, serum, and urine. Blood samples of 39 normal subjects without known occupational exposure to these agents were examined for the occurrence of VHH. The following compounds were present in quantifiable concentrations in 60 to 95% of the blood samples examined: chloroform (median 0.2 microgram/l; range less than 0.1-1.7 microgram/l), 1,1,1-trichloroethane (median 0.2 microgram/l; range less than 0.1-3.4 micrograms/l), tetrachloroethylene (median 0.4 microgram/l; range less than 0.1-3.7 micrograms/l). Trichloroethylene could be detected in 31% of all blood samples (median less than 0.1 microgram/l; range less than 0.1-1.3 microgram/l). In addition, the levels of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) were determined in serum and 24-h urine samples of 43 and 94, respectively, normal subjects. TCA was present in measurable concentrations in all serum and urine samples examined. The median of the TCA levels in serum was 21.4 micrograms/l (range 4.8-221.2 micrograms/l) and in urine 6.0 micrograms/24 h (range 0.6-261.4 micrograms/24 h). The results are discussed in relation to data from the literature on human exposure to VHH from the general environment, i.e. via air, food, and water. The upper normal limits calculated from the results of this investigation can be used to detect even minor excessive exposures to VHH. PMID- 3744569 TI - Urinary cyclophosphamide assay as a method for biological monitoring of occupational exposure to cyclophosphamide. AB - Urine of twenty hospital workers was monitored for the excretion of the cytostatic drug cyclophosphamide using GC-MSD. The drug was found to be present above the detection limit of 0.5 microgram/24 h urine in five cases. A clear relationship between cyclophosphamide handling and the detectability of excretion existed. This method developed can be of use for biological monitoring studies directed toward the finding of exposure hazards. PMID- 3744570 TI - Serum bile acid concentrations as a liver function test in workers occupationally exposed to organic solvents. AB - Liver injury has long been associated with occupational exposure to a wide variety of chemicals. The controversial data existing in relation to hepatotoxicity of organic solvents might be explained as a consequence of the different exposures or it may well be that the tests used for evaluating liver function might not be sensitive enough to detect any mild changes at an early stage. To study liver function during exposure to solvent mixtures, we determined serum bile acid (SBA) concentrations as compared with conventional liver function tests in a selected group of workers (n = 30) occupationally exposed to a mixture of organic solvents (mostly toluene, xylene, acetone, n-butylacetate, n-butanol, ethylacetate) and in a reference group (n = 20). The mean levels of liver enzyme activities and bilirubin concentrations in the two groups were similar, whereas mean SBA levels increased in the exposed group (8.0 +/- 6.0 mumol/l vs 2.8 +/- 1.4 mumol/l) and the difference as compared with the controls was significant (P less than 0.01). In 73% of the exposed workers, SBA levels were higher than 5.6 mumol/l (the cut-off value) as compared with 5% of the controls. These results demonstrate the higher sensitivity in detecting liver dysfunction achieved with the SBA test as compared with conventional hepatic function tests. As increased SBA concentrations are considered to reflect an impairment of anion transport across the liver, higher SBA levels in the group of workers exposed to organic solvents might be explained as a slight and early sign of liver dysfunction. Therefore, SBA determination in biological monitoring of workers exposed to potentially hepatotoxic chemicals might be proposed. PMID- 3744572 TI - Serum gastrin and pepsinogen in shift workers. AB - Gastrointestinal complaints, including peptic ulcer, are believed to be associated and enhanced by shift work (SW). However, there are no clear reports in the literature about this acquired pathology. Serum gastrin (G) and group I pepsinogen (PG1) are thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer and may be considered a useful test of the gastric function. Five adult male foundry shift workers, without any demonstrated gastrointestinal pathology, were studied over a month's span during the following weekly rotating shift schedule: 07.45-16.45, 06.00-14.00, 14.00-22.00, 22.00-06.00. Six adult, day-working males acted as controls. Blood samples drawn at the beginning and at the end of each weekly shift were assayed for G and PG1 utilizing RIA kits. Our data showed that SW causes a prominent change in the gastrin/acidopepsin secretion system. PMID- 3744571 TI - Relationship between chlordane and its metabolites in blood of pest control operators and spraying conditions. AB - Chlordane has been widely used to protect soil and house foundations against termite infestation. Pest control operators (PCOs) are occupationally exposed to chlordane. The relationship between chlordane and its metabolites in blood of PCOs and spraying conditions were investigated. Chlordane and its metabolites were detected in the blood of some chlordane-exposed PCOs, but not in that of the controls. Trans-nonachlor and the metabolites oxychlordane and heptachlor epoxide were detected in the blood of PCOs. Total concentration of chlordane and its metabolites in blood (trans-nonachlor + oxychlordane + heptachlor epoxide) was less than 5.6 ppb (mean: 0.89 ppb). The concentration of chlordane and its metabolites in blood of chlordane-exposed PCOs was significantly correlated with the number of spraying days and the amount of chlordane sprayed, particularly with a large correlation coefficient (r = 0.81, P less than 0.001) with the spraying days in the three months prior to the medical examination. The concentration of chlordane and its metabolites in blood is considered to be a useful indicator of biological monitoring for chlordane exposed workers (PCOs). PMID- 3744573 TI - Hemodynamic response to rapidly infused 25% albumin in sheep: blunting the effects with ibuprofen. AB - We document the hemodynamic deterioration in two patients given very rapid intravenous infusions of 25% albumin. We developed an animal model to further elucidate the mechanism involved. Seven sheep were instrumented for the measurement of cardiac index (CI), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), left atrial pressure (LAP) and given 0.5 g/kg of Hyland brand 25% albumin over 5 min. Systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI), pulmonary vascular resistance index and left and right ventricular stroke work index were calculated. Equal volumes of normal saline were given to the same sheep as controls. Albumin significantly (p less than 0.05) increased MAP, PAP, LAP and SVRI, while CI decreased over the 3-10-min interval. Ibuprofen (14 mg/kg) intravenously administered 15 min prior to albumin, blunted all the above responses. This implicates a prostanoid as the possible mediator of these changes. PMID- 3744574 TI - Prevalence of specific IgE antibodies against piperazine in employees of a chemical plant. AB - In 5 out of 72 (7%) workers exposed to the asthma-inducing amine piperazine, specific IgE antibodies against a conjugate between human serum albumin and piperazine were demonstrated with RAST and RAST inhibition techniques. No specific antibodies were found in 64 nonexposed workers at the same plant, and in 60 healthy reference subjects. Eight out of the 72 (11%) exposed employees had unequivocal histories of piperazine-associated asthma, but only 4 of them had specific IgE antibodies against piperazine. However, there was a statistically significant association between specific antibodies and disease, as 4 out of 5 RAST-positive subjects were asthmatics, as compared with 4 out of the 67 RAST negatives (p = 0.0003). The 4 RAST-positive asthmatics had been exposed to piperazine for between 6 and 168 months before their asthma started, as compared with induction times of less than a month for the 4 RAST-negatives. This discrepancy may reflect different pathogeneses for piperazine-associated asthma; either type-I allergy, pseudo-allergic reactivity or nonspecific irritative effect on the bronchi. The RAST-positive subjects did not differ from other employees as regards smoking habits but had significantly elevated levels of total serum IgE (p = 0.004). PMID- 3744575 TI - Induced regional differences in cutaneous cell-mediated immunity in the mouse. AB - Single applications of 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB) or oxazolone to one ear of a mouse resulted in brisk local cell-mediated immunity (CMI) upon antigenic rechallenge of the same ear. However, only a minimal CMI reaction occurred when the other ear was treated with antigen. The relative unresponsiveness of the contralateral ear persisted for periods as long as 14 weeks. The depressed CMI of the contralateral ear was eliminated when cyclophosphamide was given prior to initial antigenic exposure, and therefore, appeared to be mediated by suppressor cells. These observations indicate that regional variations in the intensity of cutaneous CMI can be induced in mice. The significance of these observations is discussed. PMID- 3744576 TI - Human splenic Fc receptor function and dysfunction: definition by circulatory clearance rate compared to computerized kinetic scintigraphy. AB - In vivo reticuloendothelial Fc receptor function was studied in 14 individuals. To assess this function Tc-99m-labeled IgG-coated autologous erythrocytes were injected intravenously and circulatory clearance rates of radioactivity were determined. In 12 individuals [6 normals and 6 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)], kinetic computerized scintigraphic imaging of various internal organs was compared to circulatory clearance rates. Both circulatory clearance rates and percentage splenic uptake (PSU) were significantly depressed in patients. The difference between patients and normals was more significant for PSU than for circulatory clearance. Splenic uptake curves showed significantly less linearity for patients, suggesting that splenic defects in SLE are not only quantitative, but also are qualitative. Understanding the nature of immune clearance defects in immune complex mediated diseases may allow for a more rational approach to treatment of patients with these disorders. PMID- 3744577 TI - Effect of functional stimulation on ascorbate content in phagocytes under physiological and pathological conditions. AB - Neutrophil polymorphonuclear leucocytes and macrophages contain 10-40 times increased intracellular ascorbate concentrations compared to plasma. A slight decrease of ascorbate content could be observed in total white blood cells and in monocytes upon stimulation with opsonized zymosan. These decreases were more pronounced in peritoneal and alveolar macrophages from rats. In patients with rheumatoid disease whose phagocytes are exposed to a constant challenge, significantly lowered intracellular ascorbate contents were found in neutrophils and mononuclear cells. Surgical and thermal trauma in rats depressed intracellular ascorbate levels in peritoneal macrophages. These results are indicative of an essential role ascorbic acid plays in phagocytic cells. PMID- 3744578 TI - Homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in various strains of mice. AB - Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) was elicited both in the ear and in the dorsal skin of 13 strains of mice at the same time and assessed quantitatively by measuring the amount of extravasated dye. Body pigments of colored mice such as DBA/2 (chocolate), C3H/He (brown) and C57BL/6 (black) did not interfere with the measurement of dye. In the ear response, ICR was a higher responder, C57BL/6 and BALB/c-nu/nu were lower responder strains. In the dorsal skin response, however, ICR was a lower responder, BALB/c-nu/nu, Hairless and WBB6F1-+/+ were higher responders. WBB6 F1-W/Wv was a nonresponder in both responses. The ear response was highly reproducible and the dorsal skin response of each strain was 1/2-1/10 of its ear response except for BALB/c-nu/nu. The PCA bluing regions on the dorsal skin of BALB/c-nu/nu were clearly delineated and the response was almost comparable to its ear response. PMID- 3744579 TI - Normal chemotactic migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes stimulated with mononuclear-derived chemotactic factor in ulcerative colitis. AB - The migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes preincubated with autologous or heterologous serum was examined in 100 patients with untreated ulcerative colitis (UC) and in 100 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. The activity of complement derived chemotactic factors and mononuclear-derived chemotactic factor (MDCF) was also investigated in the same group of patients. No significant difference was found in random and chemotactic migration of patients or control leukocytes preincubated in different concentrations (10, 50 and 100%) of autologous or heterologous serum. Defective chemotaxis of leukocytes stimulated with complement derived chemotactic factors was found in UC and was more marked in patients in remission than with active UC independently of whether complement was activated by the alternative or the classical pathway. However, the random migration of neutrophils was enhanced in both groups of UC patients. The leukocytes of patients stimulated with MDCF (mononuclear cells were activated with lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli O55:B5) show normal chemotaxis. Our data suggest an impairment of neutrophil receptors for complement-derived chemotactic factor in UC. The decreased response of neutrophils to these factors and normal response to MDCF suggest that the main way in which cells are attracted to the site of inflammation in UC may be a factor produced by stimulated mononuclear cells. PMID- 3744580 TI - IgG1 antibodies to house dust mite (Dermatophagoides farinae) and late asthmatic response. AB - Thirteen asthmatic patients sensitive to mite were challenged by inhalation of an extract of mites (Dermatophagoides farinae). Seven showed dual bronchial reactions and 5 showed isolated immediate responses. No patient showed an isolated late reaction. Six of seven patients with dual reaction had higher IgG1 antibodies than the 5 patients with isolated immediate reaction when examined before the challenge. A similar result was obtained in terms of levels of immune complex. IgE, IgG4 and total IgG antibodies were not predictive for late reaction. These results suggest that there is a close correlation of the presence of high IgG1 antibodies with a propensity to develop late asthmatic responses. The meaning of this observation is discussed. PMID- 3744581 TI - Development of a competitive radioimmunoassay for human plasma fibronectin. AB - A competitive radioimmunoassay (CRIA) for quantitating human plasma fibronectin levels has been developed and compared with a conventional immunoturbidimetry assay (IMTA). The assay ranges for CRIA and IMTA were 0.05-5 micrograms/ml and 100-1,000 micrograms/ml, respectively, and the lowest detectable amounts of fibronectin that differed significantly from zero were 17.6 ng and 50 micrograms. The correlation coefficient between CRIA and IMTA was r = 0.953 (p less than 0.001). We consider the CRIA as potentially useful in the identification and study of fibronectin in certain biological fluids where it may be present in low concentrations. PMID- 3744582 TI - Effect of drugs on the increase in cell numbers in the peritoneal cavity of the actively sensitised mouse after intraperitoneal challenge with antigen. AB - The injection of antigen into the peritoneal cavity of actively sensitised mice produced an increase in the number of neutrophils in peritoneal washings collected 4 h later but after 1 day the numbers had returned to control levels. The increase in numbers of mononuclear cells and eosinophils in the peritoneal washings peaked at 2 days and persisted for at least 5 days. Dosing the mice with phenidone, a dual inhibitor of the cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism, potentiated the neutrophil infiltration at 4 h but had no significant effect upon the subsequent mononuclear cell and eosinophil infiltration. In contrast, treatment with the corticosteroid, dexamethasone, reduced the infiltration by all three types of cells, providing further evidence that the corticosteroids can inhibit immune-induced cellular infiltrations by mechanisms other than the inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism. Isoprenaline, given to the mice before antigen challenge, had no effect on the subsequent neutrophil infiltration, but repeated doses did inhibit the mononuclear cell and eosinophil infiltration measured 4 days later. Aminophylline, disodium cromoglycate and cyproheptadine had no effect upon the cellular changes. PMID- 3744583 TI - Quality of timothy pollen (Phleum pratense) from different pollen seasons and different suppliers. AB - We investigated seven batches of timothy (Phleum pratense) pollen from four different pollen seasons and three different manufacturers in the USA and Europe by several biochemical and immunochemical methods. By measuring the contents of hexoses, proteins and the total allergenic activity using RAST inhibition we could not find any significant differences in quality between pollen of different seasons, different geographical origin and different manufacturers. There were only slight differences in the staining of some protein bands and in peak height of some antigens in isoelectric focusing (IEF), SDS-PAGE and crossed immunoelectrophoresis. These differences in IEF and SDS-PAGE patterns seem to be specific for the pollen samples from the USA and Europe, respectively. We also observed minor differences in IEF immunoprint patterns, mainly for some basic proteins. The allergen patterns in crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis were very similar, with only minor differences in concentration of the basic allergens. It appears that timothy pollen from different years can be produced in different geographical areas by different manufacturers with fairly constant allergenic activity. PMID- 3744584 TI - Methods for improvement of the success rate of artificial insemination with donor semen. AB - The cumulative probability of conception within 12 cycles of insemination with frozen-thawed donor semen increased from 59 to 70% by selecting the semen on the basis of its concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) rather than on the basis of its motile sperm count. The success rate further improved to 83% by performing induction of ovulation in all recipients who did not achieve pregnancy within the initial 6 cycles. PMID- 3744585 TI - Electron microscopic evidence for deep invaginations of the lamina propria towards the seminiferous tubule lumen in a patient with varicocele. AB - Ultrastructural studies on biopsy tissue from the right testis of a 39-year old patient with varicocele revealed 2.5-5 microns thick invaginations of the lamina propria towards the lumen of the seminiferous tubules. These invaginations were of various lengths. The presence of invaginations was confirmed through examination of serial semi-thin sections. In some seminiferous tubules two neighbouring deep invaginations were joined together thus completely encircling and thereby separating the basal compartment, and in some cases even the adluminal compartment, of the seminiferous tubule. The invaginations were surrounded continuously by the basement membrane and contained collagen fibres, cell processes of myoid cells and in some cases also their nuclei. PMID- 3744586 TI - Seasonal changes in testicular structure and function in the blue fox (Alopex lagopus), as quantified by morphometric analysis and measurement of adenylate cyclase activity. AB - The volume of the blue fox testis showed 5-fold changes during the year, associated with considerable changes in cellular composition. The seminiferous epithelium was maximally regressed in August, when 94% of tubules contained only spermatogonia. By late October, approximately 6 months before the mating season, 40% of tubules contained primary spermatocytes. From the middle of January until the end of April all tubules contained spermatids or more advanced haploid cells. Tubular diameter increased by 73% during testicular re-development, and epithelial height increased 3-fold. Regression to the basal state occurred during May to July. The volume densities of the seminiferous epithelium and of interstitial tissue remained approximately constant throughout the year. Soluble Mn2+-dependent adenylate cyclase activity showed seasonal variations that paralleled those of the haploid germ cell population and testicular volume, whereas somatic cell adenylate cyclase activity was relatively constant. PMID- 3744587 TI - Adenylate cyclase activity of mouse sperm during capacitation in vitro: effect of calcium and a GTP analogue. AB - Earlier studies have shown increased adenylate cyclase (AC) activity in epididymal mouse sperm incubated under capacitating conditions in vitro. The present study investigated the effect on AC activity of excluding calcium and/or glucose from the sperm incubation medium, which would modulate expression of fertilizing potential. AC activity was higher in sperm incubated for 120 than 30 min, and was higher in sperm incubated in calcium-containing than calcium-free media for all except acrosome-reacted populations. Calcium added at the time of assay stimulated AC activity, the degree of this response being independent of the functional state of the sperm population. The guanine nucleotide analogue Gpp(NH)p slightly enhanced AC activity, but did not alter the stimulatory effect of calcium. Since calcium can increase AC activity, possibly by interaction with a divalent cation allosteric site on the catalytic subunit of the enzyme, a rise in intracellular calcium levels during capacitation may mediate the increased activity of AC, allowing expression of cAMP dependent events which are a prerequisite for fertilization. PMID- 3744588 TI - The human sperm nucleus takes up zinc at ejaculation. AB - Ejaculated and vasal sperm were obtained from men referred for vasectomy, and sperm nuclear elements were determined by X-ray microanalysis. Sperm head zinc concentrations, expressed as the ratio Zinc to Sulphur, were significantly higher in ejaculated than in vasal sperm. A physiological sperm nuclear zinc uptake is discussed in relation to sperm chromatin decondensation. PMID- 3744589 TI - Thyroid function and the incidence of breast cancer in Hawaiian, British and Japanese women. AB - Serum-free thyroxine (FT4) concentrations are lower in Hawaiian and Hawaiian Caucasian women than in Hawaiian Japanese, Hawaiian Filipino, Hawaiian Chinese, and English and Japanese mainland women. There is a high inverse correlation between FT4 and risk of breast cancer in these ethnic groups. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations, which are inversely correlated with FT4, generally show the same relationship. PMID- 3744590 TI - Cytomorphologic evaluation of the neoplastic potential of 28 cell culture lines by a panel of diagnostic cytopathologists. AB - A panel of 7 diagnostic cytopathologists, i.e., physicians trained to diagnose the malignant potential of human cells in Papanicolaou-stained smears, was asked to evaluate two sets of microscope slides of stained coverslip preparations of 28 cell culture lines, 15 of which were neoplastic. Slide Set I consisted of 13 pairs of cell lines, one member of each pair being nontumorigenic and the other tumorigenic; the lines were of mouse (9 pairs), rat (3 pairs), and human (1 pair) origin. Slide Set II contained 4 human lines: one lung cancer, one melanoma, and two fibroblast lines. Of a total of 114 diagnostic decisions by the panel, 88 were correct (66/86, 77%) in choosing which member of a pair was neoplastic and 22 were correct (22/28, 79%) in choosing whether a given individual human line was or was not neoplastic. Two members of the panel were correct more frequently, with 16/17 (94%) correct diagnoses, each. Five nuclear morphologic criteria of malignancy used by cytopathologists were prominent in the tumorigenic lines: altered chromatin pattern characterized by increasing size of chromatin granules and chromatin clumping, sharp angularity of large nucleolar and/or chromocenter borders with spicule formation (pointed projection), irregular parachromatin clearing (increase in the clarity of the clear spaces between chromatin threads, granules and clumps), uneven thickness of chromatin at the nuclear border, and variability in nuclear size and shape from cell to cell. These markers of neoplastic transformation, when added to those previously reported, should increase overall accuracy in the diagnosis of neoplastic transformation of mammalian cells in culture. PMID- 3744591 TI - Tar yields of cigarettes and the risk of oesophageal cancer. AB - The relationship between cigarettes with varying tar yields and the risk of oesophageal cancer was evaluated using data from a hospital-based case-control study conducted in Northern Italy on 129 histologically confirmed cases and 426 controls with acute, non-neoplastic of digestive diseases unrelated to tobacco or alcohol consumption. Compared with never-smokers, the relative risks of developing cancer of the oesophagus were 2.9 for subjects who smoked mainly middle- or low-tar (less than 22 mg) cigarettes and 8.9 for those smoking high tar cigarettes (greater than or equal to 22 mg). The difference between the two categories was evident among ever-smokers and only current smokers, was not explained by adjustment for the major covariates of interest (social class, alcohol consumption and dietary indicators), and persisted when allowance was made for duration of smoking and number of cigarettes smoked per day by means of multiple regression analysis. The present findings suggest that the relation between tar deliveries of cigarettes and risk may be even more marked for oesophageal than for lung cancer. Further, they have important public health implications, in consideration of the current relatively high tar yields of Italian cigarettes, particularly in a few areas of north-eastern Italy where death certification rates from cancer of the oesophagus are among the highest in Europe. Nonetheless, in this study, smokers of prevalently low- to mid-tar cigarettes still did experience a significantly higher oesophageal cancer risk than life-long non-smokers. PMID- 3744592 TI - Long-term use of oral contraceptives and risk of invasive cervical cancer. AB - To evaluate the relationship between use of oral contraceptives and risk of invasive cervical cancer, a case-control study involving 479 patients and 789 population controls was undertaken in 5 geographic regions of the US. Initially, the relationship was obscured by confounding variables, particularly the interval since last Pap smear. Control for this variable as well as for sexual and sociodemographic factors revealed an RR of 1.5 overall, with long-term users (5 or more years) being at a 2-fold higher risk than non-users. Pill associations prevailed for both adenocarcinomas and squamous-cell tumors, and risks were highest for those using pills containing high estrogen potencies. In addition, there was some evidence that pill associations were most pronounced among women who had never used barrier methods of contraception or who had histories of genital infections, suggesting that oral contraceptives may act as co-carcinogens with transmissible agents. Our findings provide further evidence that long-term use of oral contraceptives may have a carcinogenic effect on cervical epithelium, but emphasize the need for careful evaluation of confounding influences. PMID- 3744593 TI - Interactions with host macrophages and ability of human melanoma cell lines to grow in nude mice. AB - The interactions of nude mouse macrophages with five human melanoma cell lines, characterized by their resistance to mouse NK activity and varying in their ability to grow s.c. in nude mice, were investigated. These lines were equally susceptible in vitro to both cytostatic and tumoricidal activities of activated peritoneal macrophages collected from nude mice inoculated 3 days previously with Brucella abortus B19R strains. I.p. injection of a poorly tumorigenic melanoma cell line (PTCL) in nude mice was followed by the local appearance of macrophages able to kill these cells in a 48-hr 3H-thymidine cytotoxicity assay. The level of tumoricidal macrophages was maximum for the first week and then slowly declined to disappear by the 4th week following PTCL inoculation. The use of an HTCL instead of a PTCL also induced macrophages able to kill HTCL cells, but the cytotoxicity level was lower and the activity disappeared more rapidly. In cross experiments using PTCL-activated macrophages as effectors on HTCL targets, these cells were found to be less sensitive than PTCL cells when macrophages were taken at weeks 2 and 3 following PTCL inoculation. To investigate whether tumoricidal macrophages activated in vivo with human melanoma cells could also act in vivo, we inoculated these s.c. into nude mice, simultaneously with live HTCL cells. Peritoneal cells rich in melanoma-activated macrophages prevented HTCL growth in most recipients, whereas spleen cells from the same donor mice did not modify the tumor take. These data indicate that xenogeneic tumors could activate nude mouse macrophages in vivo and suggest that the ability of human tumors to grow in nude mice could be related to their capacity to activate host macrophages locally and to the susceptibility of human tumor cells to the tumoricidal activity of activated macrophages. PMID- 3744594 TI - Early spontaneous metastasis in the human epidermoid carcinoma HEp3/chick embryo model: contribution of incidental colonization. AB - In the experimental model system where human tumor cells (HEp3) are implanted on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of the chick embryo, metastasis of HEp3 cells to the embryonic lung occurs within a few days. Such rapidity in tumor dissemination makes this an attractive and potentially useful model for studying the metastatic process. The model, however, involves microvascular trauma at the site of implantation and thus tumor cells may accidentally enter the circulation during implantation or shortly thereafter. If these cells are the cause of the lung metastasis subsequently measured, the model would be in effect a colonization system and not a true, spontaneous metastasis system. The possible contribution of accidental lung colonization to secondary tumor growth was therefore critically examined in this model. In standard metastasis assays, HEp3 was inoculated onto the CAMs of 10-day embryos, which were then incubated for various periods of time. The embryos' lungs were passaged to a second group of CAMs, incubated for 7 days to allow expansion of any HEp3 cells present, and then assayed for HEp3 cells by both microscopy and measurement of human plasminogen activator (PA) activity. Metastasis was evidenced by PA values above background (30 mU/mg protein). Morphological analysis of HEp3 cells in the embryonic lung correlated closely with PA values. To focus on the early stages of tumor dissemination when colonization might occur, the primary tumor was surgically excised from 38 embryos at various intervals after tumor inoculation, and after the operation embryos were allowed to develop to day 17. This procedure increased estimated assay sensitivity down to the level of 1 to 10 cells per lung in embryos operated on within 2 days of inoculation. Median PA values in the transplanted lungs were 13, 3, 37, 1,290 and 3,765 mU/mg protein in the groups operated on at 4 hr, 1, 2, 3 and 4 days after inoculation, respectively. Thus very few or no HEp3 cells arrest and grow in the lungs during the first 24 to 48 hr, but extensive metastasis occurs by 72-96 hr. Accidental colonization therefore plays no major part in the rapid pulmonary spread of HEp3 in this model. PMID- 3744595 TI - Co-reversion of a lectin-resistant mutation and non-metastatic phenotype in murine tumor cells. AB - Three independent isolates, one obtained spontaneously and the others obtained after in vitro mutagenesis, of a WGA-resistant mutation were compared to the highly metastatic parental murine cell line MDAY-D2 for alterations in plasma membrane glycoproteins and changes in metastatic behavior. The mutants were non metastatic from an s.c. site of injection and poor organ-colonizers when administered i.v. Each of the mutant lines had the same lesion in N-linked oligosaccharide structure, which rendered the cells hypersensitive to the N acetylglucosamine-binding lectin BSII in vitro. The phenotypic similarities between the 3 WGA-resistant isolates indicated that the mutation was directly related to the attenuated malignant phenotype. Direct confirmation was obtained by the isolation of a BSII-resistant clone of the mutant cells that co-reverted for lectin-sensitivity, lectin binding glycoproteins and malignant aggressiveness. The results indicate a direct relationship between malignant behavior and cell-surface oligosaccharide structure. PMID- 3744596 TI - Medical problems in selected Asian countries. PMID- 3744597 TI - Double outlet right ventricle: an unusual variant with overriding of both great arteries, absent outlet septum and mitral-to-aortic-to-pulmonary valve continuity. AB - Double outlet right ventricle constitutes a spectrum of anomalies unified by the fact that both great arteries for their major part arise from the right ventricle. The cases are subcategorized on the basis of the relationship of the great arteries, the precise position of the ventricular septal defect and the muscular morphology of the outflow tracts. The spectrum extends into cases of double outlet left ventricle, while the "in between" cases have been catalogued as double outlet both ventricles. Two hearts are described with overriding of both great arteries, which on morphometric outlet septum and mitral-to-aortic-to pulmonary valve continuity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of this anatomical arrangement in double outlet right ventricle. Two cases with a similar arrangement have been documented as double outlet left ventricle and double outlet both ventricles. Our two cases further illustrate that the use of the segmental sequential approach to congenital heart disease caters for the most unusual specimens. PMID- 3744598 TI - Dissociation of the responses of the renin-angiotensin system and sympathetic nervous system to a vasodilator stimulus in congestive heart failure. AB - The ability of neurohumoral reflex control mechanisms to respond to a vasodilator mediated alteration in hemodynamic status was studied. A sodium nitroprusside infusion was administered to 5 normal subjects and 47 patients with severe congestive heart failure resulting in significant decreases in mean arterial pressure and in systemic vascular resistance. As expected in normals the vasodilator stimulus caused a reflex activation in both the renin-angiotensin system and sympathetic nervous system as measured by increased plasma renin activity and plasma norepinephrine, respectively. In the patients with heart failure, plasma renin activity rose similarly in response to nitroprusside (+63% in heart failure, 100% in normals, P = NS) while plasma norepinephrine remained essentially unchanged (+11% in heart failure, 98% in normals, P less than 0.01). These data demonstrate that the neurohumoral dysfunction seen in patients with heart failure is not uniform. In patients with severe congestive heart failure the renin-angiotensin system apparently is activated by mechanisms other than sympathetic nervous stimulation. This intact reflex humoral response may still function in opposition to the beneficial hemodynamic effects produced by direct vasodilators such as nitroprusside. PMID- 3744599 TI - The adequacy of radioisotope mixing from bolus injections in first-pass radionuclide angiographic assessment of right ventricular function: a study using gold-195m. AB - The adequacy of radioisotopic mixing in first-pass radionuclide studies of right ventricular function was assessed in 27 patients using multiple injections of gold-195m (half-life 30.5 sec). A theoretical disadvantage of the first-pass technique is inadequate mixing of the injected bolus with blood prior to entry into the right ventricle. Since the calculation of ejection fraction is based on the assumption of complete mixing, this would lead to errors. In order to assess the effects of bolus injection rates and bolus duration on the calculation of right ventricular ejection fraction, multiple, rapid, sequential studies were performed using gold-195m at four bolus injection rates (10, 5, 2 and 1 ml/sec). Slowing the injection rate caused a significant increase in bolus duration, and a significant increase in the number of cardiac cycles available for analysis. Mean ejection fraction, however, was not significantly changed. There was good correlation between right ventricular ejection fraction at all injection rates when compared to 10 ml/sec, and no injection rate led to a consistent over or underestimate of right ventricular ejection fraction. There was no significant relationship between change in bolus duration and variation in ejection fraction. These data indicate that mixing is adequate for first-pass studies of right ventricular function using a rapid bolus. PMID- 3744601 TI - Comparison of fibrinolytic treatment with interruption of the inferior caval vein in the prevention of pulmonary embolism. AB - The procedure of interruption of the inferior caval vein is designed to prevent pulmonary embolism, but its effectiveness has yet to be compared with thrombolytic therapy. Sixty patients hospitalized for pulmonary embolism and proximal deep vein thrombosis were divided into two groups of 31 and 29 patients, respectively. The patients were selected because of persistent venous thrombosis in the inferior caval, iliac or femoral veins. The patients in the first group (mean age 53.2 years) were treated by interruption of the inferior caval vein. The second group of patients (mean age 57) received only fibrinolytic treatment. From those patients having caval venous interruption due to peri-operative myocardial infarction 1 died and 3 others presented pulmonary embolism (massive in two cases). No patients treated by fibrinolysis suffered from pulmonary embolism. Five patients died of cancer, 2 having had caval interruption, as opposed to only 2 having fibrinolysis. Eight patients undergoing surgery had a severe functional handicap. This study demonstrated a high recurrence of pulmonary embolism in patients with persistent venous thrombosis who were treated by interruption of the inferior caval vein. These patients also had a high morbidity. Fibrinolytic treatment (even in the presence of persistent venous thrombosis) appeared to be more effective in avoiding recurrence of pulmonary embolism. PMID- 3744600 TI - Value of physical and pharmacological tests in predicting intrinsic and extrinsic sick sinus syndrome. AB - We studied 13 patients with sick sinus syndrome using various physical (postural reflex testing. Valsalva manoeuvre, carotid sinus massage), pharmacological (intravenous isoprenaline, atropine, neostigmine and total autonomic blockade) and electrophysiological tests in order to identify simple non-invasive markers of intrinsic sick sinus syndrome. Following autonomic blockade, 6 patients had normal and the remaining 7 had an abnormal intrinsic heart rate. Electrophysiological testing revealed abnormal sinus node parameters in 8 (62%) subjects in the basal state and 11 (85%) after autonomic blockade. Carotid sinus massage was abnormal in all patients (100%) with an abnormal intrinsic heart rate, and in only 2 of the 6 (33%) with normal intrinsic heart rate (P less than 0.05). The heart rate response to isoprenaline was abnormal in 5 of the 6 (83%) patients with normal as compared to only 1 of the 7 with abnormal intrinsic heart rate. With isoprenaline there was a significantly (P less than 0.05) higher increase in heart rate in patients with abnormal as compared to those with normal intrinsic heart rate. The other physical and drug tests were not helpful to differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. Thus, carotid sinus massage and, to some extent, isoprenaline administration appear simple bedside tests which may be helpful in identifying the underlying mechanism of sick sinus syndrome. PMID- 3744602 TI - Differential effects of autonomic blockade on sinus and atrioventricular nodal function in normals and in intrinsic sinus node dysfunction. AB - The effect of pharmacologic total autonomic blockade on sinus and atrioventricular nodes was studied in 10 normals and 21 patients with sick sinus syndrome with abnormal intrinsic corrected sinus node recovery time. In normals the intrinsic heart rate (113.3 +/- 11.6 beats/min) was higher than the resting heart rate (87.3 +/- 12 beats/min; P less than 0.001). The AH interval at an identical paced rate decreased from 119 +/- 36 msec to 93 +/- 17.6 msec after autonomic blockade (P less than 0.05). Mean atrial paced cycle length at AH Wenckebach block was not different during control and after drugs (319 +/- 46 msec vs. 311.5 +/- 39 msec; P = NS). Although sinus cycle length shortened in all cases after autonomic blockade, paced cycle length at AH Wenckebach increased (4) or remained unchanged (3) in 7 cases. Maximum normal "intrinsic" paced cycle length at AH Wenckebach was 390 msec (mean +/- 2 SD). In sick sinus syndrome, resting heart rate (66.3 +/- 18.8 beats/min) and intrinsic heart rate (74.6 +/- 16.4 beats/min) were similar (P = NS); AH at identical paced rate: control 136.6 +/- 54 msec, after drugs 130.5 +/- 35 msec (P = NS); cycle length at AH Wenckebach: control 380.5 +/- 73 msec, after autonomic blockade 383 +/- 49 msec (P = NS). Two of 3 cases with abnormal atrioventricular nodal response to atrial pacing during control normalized after autonomic blockade; 9/21 (42.8%) cases developed AH Wenckebach at cycle length greater than 390 msec after autonomic blockade. The data suggest that the autonomic nervous system has differential effects on sinus and atrioventricular nodes. Patients with sick sinus syndrome frequently have abnormalities of "intrinsic" atrioventricular nodal conduction unmasked by autonomic blockade. PMID- 3744603 TI - Effort angina pectoris without electrocardiographic changes in coronary disease patients: correlations between scintigraphic and coronary angiographic findings. AB - The absence of electrocardiographic changes during angina is an unusual occurrence. In 15 male patients with exercise-induced angina, the electrocardiogram failed to show the usual ischemic ST-T changes. The exercise thallium-201 myocardial imaging was employed as indicator of the ischemia and the results were correlated with coronary angiographic findings. The exercise thallium-201 myocardial imaging showed an exercise-induced reversible defect in 14 patients and a fixed defect in the remaining 1. Out of 15 patients, 13 had defects involving the infero-apical, posterior and postero-lateral segments. The coronary angiography, performed in all patients but 2, showed single-vessel coronary artery disease in 8 patients and double-vessel disease in 5. A significant circumflex or right coronary artery stenosis was found in all cases except 1; 2 patients had a coexistent left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis and 1 an isolated stenosis of this vessel. It is concluded that the myocardial scintigraphy is useful to assess the ischemic myocardial origin of chest pain in the absence of ST-T changes. The silence of the electrocardiogram might be due to the production of ischemia in not well explored areas, such as the inferior and posterior myocardial segments, and possibly to a smaller extension of ischemia. PMID- 3744604 TI - Prophylactic resection of a tricuspid valve vegetation in infective endocarditis. AB - A heroin addict who appeared to have recovered clinically from infective endocarditis of the tricuspid valve as judged by the usual criteria underwent prophylactic resection of a large vegetation on the tricuspid valve in order to prevent severe pulmonary embolism. Prophylactic surgery was justified by the size and as judged by cross-sectional echocardiography of the vegetation and its morphology. PMID- 3744605 TI - Double aortic arch associated with coarctation. AB - An unusual combination of double aortic arch with coarctation of one of its limbs is described. We emphasize the importance of preoperative aortography to demonstrate or exclude coarctation which is clinically silent prior to surgery. This rare association will determine the surgical approach. PMID- 3744606 TI - Limited effect of magnesium sulphate on torsades de pointes ventricular tachycardia. AB - A patient with thioridazine-induced torsades de pointes ventricular tachycardia treated with magnesium sulphate is presented. Due to incessant recurrence of tachycardias it was possible to observe the time course of the effect of 1 g intravenous doses. Suppression of torsades de pointes lasted at best for no more than 18 min and a maintenance infusion was not effective without overdrive pacing. Magnesium sulphate may have value as first aid therapy for drug-induced torsades de pointes ventricular tachycardia. However, its effect disappears rapidly, and, therefore, should not alone be relied on as prophylactic treatment. PMID- 3744607 TI - Exercise testing after myocardial infarct. PMID- 3744608 TI - Inverse relationship of religious orthodoxy and myocardial infarct in Jerusalem: related to water immersion? PMID- 3744609 TI - The application of object relations theory to the hypnotherapy of developmental arrests: the borderline patient. PMID- 3744610 TI - A three-year follow-up of hypnosis and restricted environmental stimulation therapy for smoking. PMID- 3744611 TI - Hypnotizability and the treatment of chronic facial pain. PMID- 3744612 TI - Cognitive stage regression through hypnosis: are earlier cognitive stages retrievable? PMID- 3744613 TI - Cognitive competition and hypnotic behavior: whither absorption? PMID- 3744614 TI - Reports of hypnotic depth: are they more than mere words? PMID- 3744615 TI - Hypnotizability and speed of visual information processing. PMID- 3744616 TI - Drinking and driving among high school students. AB - A questionnaire survey of high school students conducted in 1983 provided information on their self-reported drinking and driving practices. By age 15 the majority reported drinking alcoholic beverages. By age 17 half or more of the males and one-third of the females reported driving after drinking at least once in the past month. About one-quarter of the students estimated that six or more cans of beer would be required to make someone an unsafe driver. Reported frequency of driving after drinking was associated with less time spent on homework and poorer academic performance, working part time, greater participation in social activities, less perceived parental influence regarding their travel, owning a car, driving high mileage, speeding, and having crashes and violations. PMID- 3744617 TI - Marijuana use and social control: a sociological perspective on deviance. AB - Drug use must be understood within the larger context of deviance. Certainly, the tendency to examine drug use in isolation from the more general study of delinquent behavior requires redress. By definition, illicit drug use is delinquent behavior. In the present paper, a theory of delinquent behavior is applied to marijuana use. A powerful explanation of marijuana use is offered by this modified version of social control theory. PMID- 3744618 TI - Drinking reasons, alcohol consumption levels, and drinking locations among drunken drivers. AB - In a DUI offender sample, four drinking reason factors are regressed on alcohol consumption variables and frequency of drinking in seven types of locations. Drinking for "pleasure" and "opposite sex/drunkenness" reasons are associated with both quantity consumed per occasion and away-from-home locations such as automobiles, bars, and parties, suggesting high traffic accident risk. "Escapism" reasons are related to quantity consumed per occasion, but are only weakly associated with specific locations; and "sociability" reasons are associated with drinking in friends' homes, but are not related to high consumption levels. Implications for DUI countermeasures are discussed. PMID- 3744619 TI - Attitude and personality correlates of hallucinogenic drug use. AB - Personality, attitude, and hallucinogenic drug use data were obtained from 298 male and female adult members of labor unions. Multiple regression and canonical correlation analyses of drug use, personality, and attitude data revealed that: the use of hallucinogens was significantly related to needs for novel or unconventional experiences and negative attitudes toward conventionally defined social values, and marijuana use scores were more strongly associated with the set of predictor variables than were other drugs reported. PMID- 3744620 TI - Beliefs related to cigarette smoking among Irish college students. AB - Beliefs related to cigarette smoking were investigated in a college student sample. Regular smokers, compared with nonsmokers and occasional smokers, perceived more approval for their smoking and believed that their peers smoked more frequently. They perceived positive social and physiological consequences of smoking (e.g., feel more relaxed) to be more likely, and negative consequences (e.g., feel sick) to be less likely. While they did not see long-term health consequences (e.g., increasing chances of cancer) as less likely, they evaluated them less negatively. Finally, smokers placed less importance on the value health than did nonsmokers or occasional smokers. These findings suggest that intervention programs aimed at discouraging smoking by young people should be multifaceted. PMID- 3744621 TI - Heroin addiction and motivational milieu therapy. PMID- 3744622 TI - Serum protein binding of model acidic drugs in smokers and non-smokers. AB - The serum protein binding of sulfisoxazole (sulfafurazole, INN) and diazepam, drugs that bind to the two main binding sites for acidic drugs on albumin, has been studied in young smokers and non-smokers. No differences between the two groups could be detected with regard to the serum protein binding of either drug. Thiocyanate, present in relatively large amounts in the serum of smokers, does not seem to affect the drug-binding properties of serum proteins. PMID- 3744623 TI - The use of a computerized system in defining the therapeutic spectrum of antidepressants. AB - Few substantial improvements have been made in the development of detailed and logical methodologies and techniques for analysing, documenting and presenting information acquired during clinical trials on psychotherapeutic agents. This results in a loss of information and makes it impossible to compare or combine data derived from different clinical trials, even on the same drug. We believe that a more extensive utilization of the large amount of data collected in clinical trials may be derived through the use of computerized systems for analysing and documenting such data. With the purpose of studying computer-based data documentation techniques, at the Institute of Clinical Psychiatry of the University of Pisa there has been jointly established by the US National Institute of Mental Health and the University of Pisa a Centre for Clinical Psychopharmacology Data Documentation (CCPDD). The major objective of the CCPDD is to enhance the quality of clinical trials of psychotherapeutic agents by improving computer-based data documentation techniques which allow more understandable, comprehensive, exhaustive and standardized data analysis and data presentation. The CCPDD operates the Biometric Laboratory Information Processing System/Data Bank for Psychopharmacology (BLIPS/DBP), a fully computerized system designed to process any type of assessment data in standardized ways providing the basic documentation for each clinical trial.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3744624 TI - Pharmacological exploration of dopamine hypersensitivity in migraine patients. AB - Patients with migraine show a hypersensitivity to dopamine or its agonists. One of these, piribedil, was administered as 0.1 mg/kg intravenously over 30 min to subjects with either migraine or other types of headache. This test provoked in migraine patients an increase of the cerebral blood flow and the peripheral signs of dopamine hypersensitivity:- nausea or vomiting and a rapid fall in blood pressure. In contrast, in those subjects with chronic non-migrainous headache, the administration of piribedil had no effect. The piribedil test appears to possess good specificity vis a vis migraine, enabling a differential diagnosis from atypical periodic headache, a condition difficult to consider as migraine or psychogenic headache on clinical grounds alone. PMID- 3744625 TI - Antipyrine kinetics following influenza vaccination. AB - To test the hypothesis that hepatic drug metabolism affected the pharmacokinetics of antipyrine, 12 persons who had received vaccination against influenza were given antipyrine on the fourth day following. Plasma antipyrine was assayed from venous blood samples taken 5, 11 and 24 h later. The results indicate that the immunization procedure transiently increased the hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme activity against antipyrine. PMID- 3744626 TI - Beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs and cytochrome P-450: the influence of propranolol treatment on caffeine, antipyrine, D-glucaric acid and indocyanine green elimination in patients with hepatic disorders. AB - The effect of the beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug propranolol was investigated in patients with alcoholic liver disease and in those without liver disease before and after ten days treatment with 80 mg daily. Caffeine as a marker drug for the 3-methylcholanthrene-inducible subtype had a significantly enhanced clearance after propranolol in liver-diseased patients, while the clearance of antipyrine which represents the phenobarbital-inducible subtype was unchanged. D-glucaric acid excretion as an endogenous compound which serves as an indicator of induced state of drug-metabolizing capacity of the liver was slightly enhanced in liver patients, but significantly decreased in patients without liver disorders. Indocyanine green elimination as a test material for substances limiting liver blood flow was not significantly reduced by this propranolol dosage. PMID- 3744627 TI - Amiodarone-induced thyroid dysfunction: diagnostic role of free serum thyroid hormone levels and pathogenetic significance of antithyroid antibodies. AB - Forty-six patients treated with amiodarone hydrochloride for a mean period of 41 +/- 3.5 months, with an average daily dose of 240 +/- 57 mg/day, have been studied. Thyroid function was assessed clinically and by laboratory tests, which included free-triiodothyronine (free-T3), free-thyroxine (free-T4) and thyrotropin. Antimicrosomal and antithyroglobulin antibodies were also looked for. Three patients (6.5%) were found to be hyperthyroid and two (4.3%) hypothyroid. Of the 41 clinically euthyroid patients, 19 (46.3%) showed one or more abnormalities in the thyroid function tests. In this group, only free-T4 was found significantly increased (p less than 0.05) as compared to both control populations. Antimicrosomal antibodies (titre greater than or equal to 1:1600) were present in 4 of 41 (9.7%) euthyroid patients, but not in hyper- or hypothyroid patients. There were no antithyroglobulin antibodies in any patients. Free hormone measurements have proved to significantly correlate with the clinical picture. Increases in free-T3 and free-T4 are the main features of hyperthyroidism, while a reduction in free-T4 serum level was specific for hypothyroidism. There are probably several mechanisms responsible for hyperthyroidism and some genetically controlled defects in synthesis and release of thyroid hormones might be among these. The presence of antithyroid antibodies could be due to deposits of amiodarone in the thyroid gland, with a consequent release of antigen from the follicle cell, but only in those patients with genetically determined defects in immunological surveillance could an autoimmune thyroiditis, with consequent hypothyroidism, develop. PMID- 3744629 TI - Dynamic reconstruction of the cruciate ligaments of the knee. AB - This paper reports the long term results of dynamic gracilis or semitendinosus transfer in chronic cruciate ligament instability of the knee. During the period 1968-1983, 76 dynamic reconstructions were performed. Sixty-one patients (63 knees) were evaluated. There were 42 males and 19 females. The mean age at operation was 29.5 years and the average time before operation was 3.7 years. The anterior cruciate ligament was reconstructed in 54 cases, the posterior in 7 and the anterior and posterior in 2. Altogether 32 ligaments (12 cruciates) had been repaired and 28 menisci removed at previous operations. A scoring system (up to 50 points, with 16 parameters) was used. An excellent result was achieved in 21 cases, good in 15, fair in 18 and poor in 19 cases at an average follow-up of 7.4 years. The average score was 33.2 points. Subjectively only 4 patients described the end result as poor. The anterior cruciate alone was reconstructed in 25 patients with an average score of 35.4 points. In 12 cases the operative delay was less than one year and in these the average score was 41.2. In 6 cases three ligaments were reconstructed and the average score was 24.0. There were advanced degenerative changes in 6 knees (average score 24.3). PMID- 3744628 TI - Long-term effects of bezafibrate and of a bezafibrate and cholestyramine combination on lipids and lipoprotein lipids in type IIa hypercholesterolaemic patients. AB - Eighteen hypercholesterolaemic patients have been treated for four months with bezafibrate 200 mg thrice daily. After one month of therapy, total cholesterol (T C) decreased on the average by 19%, total triglycerides (T-TG) by 28%, very low density lipoprotein-TG by 47%, LDL-C by 25% and HDL3-C increased by 16%. At the fourth month of therapy the lipoprotein pattern was unchanged as compared to the one observed at the first month. In 12 patients T-C was normalized by bezafibrate and the patients continued the treatment for one year without experiencing further changes in lipoprotein pattern. Six patients with severe hypercholesterolaemia (mean baseline T-C of 11.51 +/- 0.63 mmoles/l) failed to adequately respond to bezafibrate treatment and were put on the combined bezafibrate 600 mg/day and cholestyramine 16g/day therapy. During bezafibrate their T-C decreased on the average by 21% and LDL-C by 23% and during the combined therapy by 33% and by 37% respectively, as compared to the baseline values. Combined bezafibrate and cholestyramine treatment seems then to be more effective than bezafibrate alone in decreasing serum cholesterol and may be useful in patients with severe hypercholesterolaemia. PMID- 3744630 TI - Subluxation of the patella. Investigation by computerized tomography. AB - Subluxation of the patella may produce pain and instability in young people. However its classification, diagnosis and treatment are controversial. We have used computerized tomography (CT) to measure the amount of lateral shift of the patella and the angle of tilt to the femur in patients with subluxation. The mean lateral shift was 31.4% and the angle of tilt 31.8 degrees. These values are significantly greater than those obtained from conventional axial radiographs or in arthrographic axial views. We have obtained interesting evidence that the rate of lateral shift apparently increased on voluntary contraction of the quadriceps muscle (Q-contracted). With the quadriceps contracted, the mean rate of the lateral shift in the affected knees showed a significant increase (+27.7%) compared to that in normal knees (+14.0%). We have reviewed 40 knees treated by operative realignment with a mean follow-up of 27 months. The mean rates of lateral shift measured from CT-image in the knees before operation improved significantly to the normal range at follow-up, both with the quadriceps relaxed and contracted. The results evaluated by Insall's criteria were "excellent" in 13 knees; "good" in 22; "fair" in 3 and "poor" in 2. The satisfactory group (those with excellent and good results) revealed an improvement in lateral shift when the quadriceps was contracted, while the unsatisfactory group (fair and poor results) did not. PMID- 3744631 TI - Subtotal and total femoral resection: an alternative to total femoral prosthetic replacement. AB - Two cases of chondrosarcoma involving the proximal femur and the soft tissues are reported. Both patients underwent subtotal femoral resection and quadriceps excision followed by reconstruction with a special prosthesis and arthrodesis of the knee. The tibial stem of the prosthesis was fixed with cement. The advantages of this method are discussed and compared with the use of total femoral prostheses. PMID- 3744632 TI - Anterior dislocation of the shoulder. Experience with a modified clavicular harness. AB - There is a high incidence of recurrence after traumatic dislocation of the shoulder. In this study of 417 patients, we found that initial dislocation below the age of 30, dislocation with capsular detachment, dislocation without tuberosity fracture and a short period of fixation after reduction were predisposing factors. We have designed a modified clavicular harness and have used it in the treatment of 41 such high risk patients. We found no recurrences during an observation period of one year. PMID- 3744633 TI - The effect of a device for transverse traction on vertebral rotation in surgery for scoliosis as studied by X-ray stereophotogrammetry. AB - The effect of a device for transverse traction (DTT) on vertebral rotation in surgery for scoliosis has been analysed with an X ray stereophotogrammetric method in 17 patients. Six of them underwent conventional Harrington rod instrumentation and eleven patients received additional treatment with the DTT. The DTT exerted a positive effect on vertical rotation at the apex, and derotation average 10 degrees as compared with 5 degrees in the group in whom the device was not used. PMID- 3744635 TI - A survey of osteoporosis using the calcaneum as an index. AB - Two hundred radiographs of the calcaneum and 200 radiographs of the femoral neck from 100 persons were compared. A system of calcaneal grading, different from that earlier reported, was evolved which correlated significantly with the Singh Index. We found that resorption of secondary tensile and compressive trabeculae occurred before resorption of the primary trabeculae. Interruption of primary compressive trabeculae, which was previously described, is an inconstant feature. Our system using six grades is easier to correlate with the Singh Index. We found that osteoporosis increased progressively with age and was three times more common in females than males. PMID- 3744634 TI - Experience in the treatment of osseous hydatidosis. AB - Osseous hydatidosis is a very uncommon disease which often recurs after treatment. There is no well-established effective method of management. Radical excision may produce serious mutilation and often fails to control the disease. We have used oral mebendazole as adjuvant treatment in four patients. Two also underwent radical excision, one had received limited excision elsewhere and the other did not have operative treatment. The patients who underwent radical excision and the other who did not have an operation became and remain free of symptoms and are serologically negative. A combination of excision and treatment with mebendazole may have a role in the management of this complex disease. PMID- 3744636 TI - Surgical treatment of plantar ulcers in leprosy. AB - Plantar ulcers present a serious problem in the management of leprosy. After studying the mechanism of ulceration and the causes of their indolence, it appears that the treatment of the disease by antileprotic drugs is not sufficient. The underlying causes, such as anaesthesia, bony deformities and paralysis, should usually be treated by surgical means. Anaesthesia can be reversed by decompression of the posterior tibial nerve if this is done early. Deformities should be corrected by procedures on the soft tissues or bones, and chronic infection eradicated to prevent recurrence of the ulceration. A combination of procedures may sometimes be needed. PMID- 3744637 TI - Linear intertrochanteric osteotomy for chronic slip of the upper femoral epiphysis. AB - A chronic slip of the upper femoral epiphysis (also called by the authors inveterate epiphysiolysis) is a rare, but not an extremely rare, occurrence. This paper describes a simple linear intertrochanteric osteotomy which aims to centre the femoral head correctly in the acetabulum. A deformity in the sagittal plane alone or a combined deformity in the sagittal and frontal planes can be equally well corrected. There is always a residual deformity in the femoral neck, but this is of no importance. The operation has been carried out in 21 patients and in nearly all of them the functional result was excellent. Avascular necrosis has not occurred. PMID- 3744638 TI - Prediction of overgrowth in femoral shaft fractures in children. AB - A prospective study of femoral shaft fractures in children under the age of 14 years has been carried out in 71 patients who were reviewed both clinically and radiographically at yearly intervals. The processing of data has been carried out by univariate and multivariate analysis. Femoral overgrowth (F.O.) averaged 8.63 mm (range 1-21 mm), and was found to be influenced by age (greater overgrowth in children between 3 and 9 years), the initial displacement of the fracture (greater overgrowth in severely displaced fractures), and overriding of the fragments at the time of healing (the greater the overriding the lesser the overgrowth). Consideration of these factors allowed overgrowth to be predicted from the time of fracture. Overgrowth occurred in all children over 2 years of age, and took place mainly during the first year after the fracture. It continued, although to a lesser extent, during the second year, and for as long as the fifth year in 27%. After this time the growth rate of both femurs was equal in all the children. Ipsilateral tibial overgrowth was present in only 60% of the children and averaged 1.05 mm (1-5 mm). PMID- 3744639 TI - Dynamic axial fixation. A rational alternative for the external fixation of fractures. AB - Conventional external fixation systems neither inhibit motion at the fracture site sufficiently to permit primary bone healing, nor do they allow sufficient motion to encourage adequate external callus formation. Healing with such systems is therefore prolonged. These methods are usually reserved for the most severe fractures when internal fixation may be contraindicated. A unilateral, dynamic axial fixation system (Orthofix - registered trademark) is described which allows for simple conversion from a rigid to a dynamic mode, and so can be readily adapted to the changing physiological patterns of fracture repair. In 288 fresh fractures a success rate of 94% was achieved, with an average time to healing of 4.4 months. The incidence of pin-track infection was only 0.6%. The contribution which the mechanical and design features of the apparatus make to the results obtained is discussed. It is suggested that the system is capable of extending the range of indications for an externally mounted system to include many cases which would formerly have been treated by internal fixation, plaster cast or traction. PMID- 3744640 TI - Effect of tumor inhibitory and stimulatory doses of levan, alone and in combination with cyclophosphamide, on spleen and lymph nodes. AB - Immunotherapeutic agents are often reported to induce opposite effects -- inhibitory and stimulatory -- on tumor growth, depending on the dose, timing or route of administration of the drug. The reason underlying these opposite effects is not yet known. The immunomodulatory polysaccharide levan (polyfructose) has been found to exert such opposite effects on the growth of the F10 variant of B16 melanoma. Low doses inhibit and high doses enhance tumor growth. Cyclophosphamide (CY) augment the inhibitory effect of levan. In order to clarify the mechanism of this switch, we tried in the present study to determine the changes induced by levan at inhibitory and stimulatory treatments, alone or with CY, on the morphology of spleens and lymph nodes of the melanoma-bearing mice. The growth of the tumor in non-treated mice was found to induce a moderate splenomegaly. Microscopically, two main changes were observed: a mild extramedullary hematopoiesis and a sharp increase in the number of germinal centers. A parallel increase in germinal center number was found in the lymph nodes. The data presented suggest that the immune system plays a role in both the inhibition and stimulation of tumor growth by levan. Levan induced a dose dependent splenomegaly, even more pronounced in combination with CY, due to an extramedullary hematopoiesis. Levan reduced the B cell activity caused by the tumor, proportionally to its dose. In combination with CY, levan accelerated the recovery of the B cell activity at the low dose, while the high dose prevented it. A similar trend was found in the lymph nodes. The changes involved in the switch inhibition-stimulation could be either the degree of reduction in B cell activity or the degree of extramedullary hematopoiesis or some interplay between the myelocytic and lymphocytic series, which was found to change in an opposite fashion under the influence of various treatments. Since the immune system is a finely equilibrated system, it is possible that immunomodulation rather than immunostimulation should be aimed at in cancer immunotherapy. However, the conditions required for achieving this equilibrium have to be defined. PMID- 3744641 TI - Synergistic toxicity of pyrazofurin and cytidine in cytidine deaminase deficient lymphoid cells (Raji). AB - The intermediary metabolism of pyrimidine nucleosides was studied in a line of human B lymphoblasts (Raji) in which pyrimidine de novo synthesis deficiency was pharmacologically induced by pyrazofurin. It was found that Raji cells are cytidine deaminase deficient that cytidine has a synergistic effect on the toxicity of pyrazofurin towards these cytidine deaminase deficient cells, affecting both the proliferation and the viability of the cells. Indirect evidences suggest that this synergistic toxicity is not mediated by an effect on nucleoside diphosphate reductase nor on the first steps of pyrimidine de novo synthesis. PMID- 3744642 TI - Training of muscle strength and power: interaction of neuromotoric, hypertrophic, and mechanical factors. PMID- 3744643 TI - Effect of training on plasma anabolic and catabolic steroid hormones and their response during physical exercise. PMID- 3744644 TI - Blood flow in exercising muscles. PMID- 3744645 TI - Physical activity and coronary heart disease: sympathetic drive and adrenaline induced platelet aggregation. PMID- 3744646 TI - Exercise- and training-induced menstrual cycle irregularities (AMI). PMID- 3744647 TI - A theory of the metabolic origin of "anaerobic threshold". PMID- 3744648 TI - Human performance in high-intensity exercise with concentric and eccentric muscle contractions. PMID- 3744649 TI - Physical restraint in Polish psychiatric facilities. AB - Physical restraint in the form of direct force, forced feeding and medication, mechanical restriction of bodily movement, or the threat of force was administered to close to 30% of patients admitted and hospitalized for a period of at least fourteen days. In transporting the patient to the admission room and then to his treatment ward, the dominant form of restraint used was direct force, or the threat of such force. During the following fourteen days of hospitalization, mechanical restraint and forced medication predominated. Restraint was applied most often, across each of the four phases of the study, to patients deemed dangerous to self or others. This relationship became significantly stronger as the period of hospitalization continued. Across the four phases, patients who protested their hospitalization were more likely to be restrained than patients who agreed to it or who did not object. During each of the four phases of the study, numerous patients who did not object to their hospitalization and who were not deemed dangerous were nevertheless subjected to restraint. The pervasiveness of physical restraint, the wide inter-hospital differences in its use, the apparent over-prediction of patient dangerousness, and the use of restraint with patients who were not deemed dangerous and who did not object to their hospitalization, confirms the need for legal and ethical regulation of physical restraint of psychiatric patients. PMID- 3744650 TI - The use of restraint and seclusion in New York State psychiatric centers. PMID- 3744651 TI - Breaking down barriers: the work of the Community Mental Health Service of Trieste in the prison and judicial settings. PMID- 3744652 TI - Compulsorily admitted patients' ability to make use of their legal rights. PMID- 3744653 TI - State mental hospital staff attitudes toward patients' rights. PMID- 3744654 TI - The dangerousness standard: what is it and how is it used? PMID- 3744655 TI - Chromatographic purification and identification of polar metabolites of benazolin ethyl from soybean. AB - The metabolism of benazolin-ethyl (4-chloro-2-oxobenzothiazolin-3-ylacetic acid ethyl ester), a post emergence herbicide, has been studied in soybean using (14C) phenyl labelled compound. Preliminary studies were performed on excised soybean leaves. Following hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to benazolin acid (4-chloro-2 oxobenzothiazolin-3-ylacetic acid), extensive metabolism to polar conjugates was observed. The polar fraction from a Bligh-Dyer extraction was purified by solvent partitioning, preparative TLC and reverse phase HPLC with ion suppression. The two major metabolites were characterised by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry with accurate mass determination as an aspartate conjugate and a malonyl-beta-glucose ester of benazolin acid. Subsequent experiments were performed by spraying intact plants at growth stage V4. The major polar metabolite isolated one month after treatment was identified as the aspartate conjugate by mass spectrometry and high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. PMID- 3744656 TI - Gel permeation for the on line removal of proteins from plasma samples prior to HPLC. AB - Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) has been investigated for the on line removal of proteins from plasma samples prior to their analysis by HPLC. The results show that GPC is a mild and effective way to remove proteins from plasma samples. It can very well be coupled on line to HPLC, providing the solutes are suitable for preconcentration on the analytical column itself or on a small pre-column, after the GPC. Under these conditions excellent reproducibility and accuracy can be obtained. PMID- 3744657 TI - Pre-column switching techniques for the determination of drugs and metabolites in body fluids in research and routine analysis. AB - The use of a column switching system for direct injection of samples and of a sample clean-up on reversed phase pre-columns is described. The pre-columns were filled with spherical C-18 silica gel of particle size 30 microns. Two applications are reported on: (1) the direct injection of serum samples for the simultaneous analysis of nine antiepileptic drugs and metabolites and (2) the determination of phenytoin and of carbamazepine in serum ultra-filtrates. The purge liquid for the sample clean-up was diluted phosphoric acid, and the eluent mixture for the chromatographic separation was water/acetonitrile. The analytical column (length 12.5 cm) was filled with C-18 silica gel of particle size 5 micron. A gradient elution was chosen for the first application, while the second application was carried out using isocratic chromatographic conditions. PMID- 3744658 TI - Routine analysis of catecholamines and metabolites in urine by a liquid chromatographic column switching system. AB - A reversed-phase liquid chromatographic technique including a column switching system has been adapted for the routine measurement of catecholamines and their metabolites (14 compounds) in urine. From 1 ml of urine all the compounds and the internal standards were obtained according to combined extraction procedures involving organic solvent, anionic and weakly cationic resins. Finally four extracts (catecholamines, methoxamines, acidic and neutral derivatives) had to be chromatographed throughout a wholly automated apparatus. For each run, the column switching system determined the analytical columns to be used to obtain the separation of the compounds from interferences due to other co-extracted endogenous substances, while the analysis times remained between 20 and 40 min. Such a system allowed the rapid clean-up of columns (in direct- and back-flush mode) carried out between two consecutive injections. By coupling on-line fluorimetric and electrochemical detections the specificity of the technique could be checked, since the ratio of the responses of both detectors was an index of the purity of the peaks. Finally the advanced automation of the equipment allowed weekly the evaluation of catecholamines and the whole range of their known metabolites in 36 urine samples. PMID- 3744659 TI - Octapeptide-specific and sensitive assay for angiotensin II in plasma. AB - Angiotensin-(1-8)octapeptide (angiotensin II) is the active principle of the renin-angiotensin system. Crossreaction of angiotensin II-antisera with inactive precursors and metabolic fragments prevented the specific quantitation of this hormone in biological fluids. Peptide-extraction on bonded-phase silica followed by peptide-separation using isocratic reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography and subsequent radioimmunoassay rendered possible the octapeptide specific measurement of angiotensin II in 2 ml plasma with a detection limit of 0.4 fmol/ml. The coefficient of variation for intra-assay precision was 0.06 and for inter-assay precision 0.13. 125I-angiotensin II was recovered from plasma by solid-phase extraction to 99 +/- 2% (mean +/- S.D.). The overall recovery of 5, 10 and 20 fmol unlabeled angiotensin II added to plasma was 80 +/- 10%. Plasma concentrations in supine normal humans averaged 4.1 +/- 1.6 fmol/ml and were suppressed below the detection limit by angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibition. PMID- 3744660 TI - Handling of environmental and biological samples via pre-column technologies. AB - Sample handling is still a weak point in chromatography and in analytical chemistry in general. One consideration is the automation potential of new procedures. Solid-liquid extraction techniques in combination with pre-column technology are particularly promising in this regards. The construction and geometry of pre-columns both for conventional and narrow-bore HPLC are of major importance, since band broadening should be kept at a minimum for an optimal functioning of the analytical system. The various operations that can be carried out with such a pre-column are trace-enrichment, clean-up of the sample which depends on the type of adsorbents used in the precolumn, i.e., polar or apolar materials, ion exchangers or metal covered surfaces, etc., protection of the analytical column, field sampling and storage of samples and as a substrate for on-column chemical derivatizations. These various operations are demonstrated with practical examples from the fields of environmental and biological analysis. The selectivity can be further enhanced by coupling pre-column technology with selective detection models such as diode array UV, electrochemical or fluorescence detection. This enables the construction of optimal and integrated analysis systems which are fully automated and microprocessor controlled. They can also be made compatible with miniaturized LC-technology. PMID- 3744661 TI - Effect of cholesterol and alpha-p-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate passage on virulence in Acanthamoeba culbertsoni strain A-1 and C-7. PMID- 3744662 TI - Correlation between protective antibody response and patent infection with Hymenolepis nana in mice. PMID- 3744663 TI - Comparison of the surface morphology of adult Schistosoma japonicum (Chinese, Philippine and Indonesian strains) by scanning electron microscopy. PMID- 3744664 TI - Experimental infection of high and low responder Biozzi mice with Taenia crassiceps (Cestoda). PMID- 3744665 TI - Histochemical and thin-layer chromatographic analyses of neutral lipids in Schistosoma japonicum adults and their worm-free incubates. PMID- 3744666 TI - Excystment of the metacercaria of the trematode Mesocoelium monodi. PMID- 3744667 TI - Vertical distribution of trichostrongylid larvae on herbage and in soil. PMID- 3744668 TI - The effect of maintenance in vitro on glucose uptake and the incorporation of glucose into glycogen by adult Schistosoma mansoni. PMID- 3744670 TI - The origin and some of the functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in Ancylostoma caninum sperm cells. PMID- 3744669 TI - Uptake of tritiated nucleic acid precursors by Babesia bovis in vitro. PMID- 3744671 TI - Taenia taeniaeformis in mice: passive transfer of protection with sera from infected or vaccinated mice and analysis of serum antibodies to oncospheral antigens. PMID- 3744672 TI - In vitro culture of Toxoplasma gondii in primary and established cell lines. PMID- 3744673 TI - Complement-mediated killing of Opisthorchis viverrini via activation of the alternative pathway. PMID- 3744674 TI - The relationship between ovine lymphocyte antigens and faecal egg count of sheep selected for responsiveness to vaccination against Trichostrongylus colubriformis. PMID- 3744675 TI - Development of Babesia microti sporozoites in adult Ixodes dammini. PMID- 3744676 TI - In vitro growth of Trypanosoma musculi: requirements of cells and serum free culture medium. PMID- 3744677 TI - Effects of transfer of Ostertagia ostertagi between northern and southern U.S.A. on the pattern and frequency of hypobiosis. PMID- 3744678 TI - Histological study of the attachment sites of adult Rhipicephalus appendiculatus on rabbits and cattle. PMID- 3744679 TI - Psychosocial variables associated with the exceptional survival of patients with advanced malignant disease. AB - This study identified psychosocial variables associated with the exceptional survival of nine cancer patients diagnosed terminal. During open-ended interviews, subjects described their behaviors and emotions following disease onset, and articulated personal explanations for the unusually positive results attained. Despite the methodological limitations inherent in this type of research, the similarity of subjects' responses was compelling. All subjects believed that there was a direct relationship between the outcomes experienced and their psychological states. They remained confident that they would not die, and assert that these positive expectations were critical to the healing process. The report by subjects that they experienced major psychosocial changes in the months following their prognoses presents a serious challenge to the conclusions of a related study by Cassileth et al. [1]. The subjects assumed responsibility for all aspects of their lives, including recovery. Thus, medical personnel were often used as consultants. All patients established a physician relationship characterized as trusting, meaningful, and healing. They indicated an intense desire to stay alive. Unlike their attitudes before illness, once they were confronted with the prospect of death, life suddenly became very precious. PMID- 3744680 TI - Anxiety, type A behavior, and cardiovascular disease. AB - Males with anxiety disorders appear to have increased mortality due to circulatory system disease, and Type A behavior is a risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). Thus, we determined Type A behavior in anxious patients. Fifty-seven DSM-III defined anxiety disorder patients completed the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS) and Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R). Significantly more male (92%) than female (52%) anxious patients had Type A behavior. Correlations between the JAS scales and SCL-90-R subscales were also different between male and female patients; in males, significant correlations were observed for SCL-90-R anxiety with both JAS Type A and JAS Hard-Driving and Competitive, and for SCL-90-R hostility with JAS Hard-Driving and Competitive. However, there were no consistent correlations between the JAS and the SCL-90-R subscales in females. A trend for fathers of anxious patients to have an increased prevalence of CHD was also observed. The increased incidence of Type A behavior in male, but not in female, anxious patients suggest a mechanism for increased mortality due to circulatory disease in male anxiety patients. PMID- 3744682 TI - Diagnosis of substance abuse in an adolescent psychiatric population. AB - A retrospective study of forty-one consecutively admitted adolescent psychiatric patients who were not referred for substance abuse problems revealed a 71 percent rate of diagnosable abuse. Clinical interview, drug screening, and family history were assessed for their relative contribution to diagnoses. A conduct disorder diagnosis was found to be highly correlated with substance abuse. Both clinical interview and drug screening were found to be useful in diagnosing covert substance abuse. Covert drug abuse is a problem which can be uncovered by a clinical evaluation approach, including systematic clinical interviews and urine drug screening. PMID- 3744681 TI - Capgras syndrome associated with metrizamide myelography. AB - A case of Capgras' Syndrome secondary to an Organic Mental Disorder associated with metrizamide myelography is presented. The relationship of Capgras' symptom to reduplicative paramnesia and prosopagnosia is discussed. PMID- 3744683 TI - Corticosteroid abuse revisited. AB - Corticosteroids are potent but hazardous medications which can be abused. This article reviews existing literature on corticosteroid abuse and provides three new case reports. A profile of the corticosteroid patient is described and some treatment guidelines are offered. Hopefully, this article will sensitize physicians to the abuse potential of this class of drugs. PMID- 3744684 TI - Delusions induced by procaine penicillin: case report and review of the syndrome. AB - A patient manifesting an acute psychosis after receiving an injection of procaine penicillin is reported. The psychosis began immediately after drug administration and gradually abated over a forty-eight-hour period. The clinical presentation was dominated by paranoid delusions and a Capgras-like syndrome. Sixty-six previously reported cases were identified and reviewed. Patients manifested combinations of fear, auditory hallucinations, somatic hallucinations, visual hallucinations, and paranoid or religious delusions. The syndrome may occur with inadvertent intravenous injection of procaine and most likely reflects the action of procaine on limbic system structures. PMID- 3744685 TI - Neuropsychological functioning in treated phenylketonuria. AB - Comprehensive neuropsychological assessment was performed on a series of patients with treated classical phenylketonuria. All patients showed a similar cluster of performance deficits in motor and visual-motor functions, spatial operations, academic skill areas, and select areas of higher level reasoning. The results are consistent with other neuropsychological studies of patients with early and late diet termination that have used differing assessment methods, thus allowing for greater confidence in the findings. Examination of underlying factors indicates that poor motor coordination, limits in the complexity of spatial problem solving, and limits in the amount of information that can be "processed" simultaneously may account for most or all of the performance deficits observed among these patients. Suggestions for future research and both clinical and theoretical implications of the findings are discussed. PMID- 3744686 TI - On identification and its vicissitudes. PMID- 3744688 TI - Working with women survivors of the Holocaust: affective experiences in transference and countertransference. AB - This paper describes and discusses some late effects of massive traumatization on two women survivors of the Holocaust. Both had appeared to recover from their affective experience of psychic death and hopelessness in Auschwitz and to have moved towards a resumption of further stages of the life cycle. The normal transitional crises of adolescence, when children emotionally separate from their parents, led to severe breakdown in both these patients. Analysis showed that denial, repression and splitting had enabled them to distance themselves from the overwhelming horror of their past, but it had also led to concrete thinking as opposed to metaphorical, and to non-differentiation of psychic and somatic pain. Their inability to dream and the absence of fantasy life in the material could neither facilitate the analytic task of working through these patients' unbearable experience, nor enable them at first to face and recover unbearable affects during the course of the analysis. Hence the analyst's acceptance of an unbearable countertransference and careful monitoring of the affects evoked proved to be an invaluable tool. PMID- 3744687 TI - The psychodynamics of apocalyptic: discussion of papers on identification and the Nazi phenomenon. AB - The classical pattern of apocalypse, comprising in its active form, an initial phase of savage destruction followed by a phase of messianic rebirth, can be recognized in individual psychosis and in the Nazi type of destruction, persecution and virtual suicide. It can be clearly discerned also in Hitler's thinking and in the thinking of Eickhoff's Nazi-minded patient. The apocalyptic mood of Nazi society attracted this patient, for by identifying with it, she was able to overcome the isolation that her psychosis imposed upon her. The Holocaust, the other side of the Nazi apocalypse, evoked classical methods of mutual identification among the victims, but apocalyptic and messianic views became evident only after the immediate crisis had passed. The attempt to solve urgent problems by resort to apocalyptic campaigns has resulted in the murder of large numbers of Jews throughout history, and of others where there were no Jews. The international psychoanalytic community can take upon itself the task of detecting and unmasking such tendencies when and where they appear, in an effort to arrest the evolution of yet another apocalypse. PMID- 3744689 TI - Two complementary cases of identification involving 'Third Reich' fathers. AB - The paper describes two complementary personality structures resulting from the identification processes of two patients whose fathers had believed in the 'Third Reich'. When the Nazi regime collapsed, both fathers failed to admit to their beliefs, developing a personality split characterized by 'double conscience', but each in a different way. The most conspicuous difference between the respective sons lay in their approach to reality. However, the two personality structures are virtually complementary and, taken together, make up a single structure deriving from Nazi ideology. This structure manifests itself in an extreme anal need to exercise power and control (the role of a perpetrator) and, conversely, the oral need to be dependent (the role of a victim) in a submissive relationship which has been idealized into a fateful promise. The polar extremes of submission and exertion of power exist in both patients. It is only a matter of time before the defence of experiencing oneself as a victim meets up with the repressed experience of harbouring the intentions of the perpetrator. PMID- 3744690 TI - A study of the vicissitudes of identification in twins. AB - After reviewing the work of a number of authors on the specific problems of identification of twins, the author examines the difficulties met with in the establishment of good symbiotic relationship with a maternal object when a twin is always interposed between the mother and the child. It is very much up to the mother to ensure that the constant presence of a third individual is not experienced as parasitism by the other twin. The disastrous consequences of such a situation in an adult patient are illustrated by a clinical example. PMID- 3744691 TI - Pregnancy, developmental crisis and object relations: psychoanalytic considerations. AB - The psychoanalytic literature until recently was focused on the task of understanding and conceptualizing motherhood as 'not secondary' (to the girl's wish for the penis) but the central organizer of the woman's sexual drive. Pregnancy was viewed as a developmental crisis but little had been written on the internal shifts and realignments in the mental organization of the woman during pregnancy. Material from the analyses of three women during their first pregnancy is discussed and some theoretical conclusions are offered. PMID- 3744692 TI - Adolescence and psychosis. AB - In this paper, I discuss how the specific developmental function of adolescence can result in behaviour and thought which resemble the adult psychoses but which, in most circumstances, are fundamentally different from the adult psychoses. Anybody who treats the seriously disturbed adolescent will be familiar with a simple and obvious characteristic of these adolescents--it is an irreconcilable, unanswerable quest to alter the image of the body. If we try to understand the psychotic manifestations or psychoses of adolescence, we must differentiate between (i) a psychotic episode, (ii) psychotic functioning, and (iii) psychosis. The assessment of psychosis must be reserved only for a very special category of disorder in adolescence and must not be confused with either a psychotic episode or psychotic functioning. PMID- 3744693 TI - Septal deviation in newborn infants. AB - Authors report an experiment performed in a randomized group of newborns to evaluate the frequency of post-partum septal deviations. A number of 423 subjects out of 1142 have been examined in a 17-month period. Newborns have been examined with an otoscope and two different kinds of nasal lesions have been considered: (1) pyramid deformation with septum dislocation and columella deviation; (2) deviation and subluxation of the septum. A number of 315 newborns were naturally delivered and 108 by cesarean section. In the former group, 10 pyramid deformations and 12 septal deviations have been found; in the latter, only septal deviations have been revealed (5 infants). Pyramid deformations may be related to delivery(labor)trauma while for septal deviations a developmental defect may be postulated. PMID- 3744694 TI - Periorbital cellulitis: presenting feature of undiagnosed old maxillary fracture. AB - Two cases of initially undiagnosed silent fractures of the medial wall of the maxillary sinus complicated by a delayed osteomyelitis are presented. The presenting feature was periorbital cellulitis. The etiopathogenesis of this process is based on an interference with the sinus ostium function by ingrowth of hypertrophic scar tissue. PMID- 3744695 TI - Endoscopic observations of obstructive sleep apnea in children with anomalous upper airways: predictive and therapeutic value. AB - This report describes the variability in the mechanism of upper airway collapse seen in children with obstructive apnea secondary to craniofacial anomalies. Emphasis is on the nasopharyngoscopic observation of the upper airway and the accurate assessment of the site and mechanism of obstruction in order to prescribe the appropriate treatment. PMID- 3744696 TI - Ethmoiditis-associated periorbital cellulitis. AB - Seventy-two children with periorbital cellulitis were followed prospectively during a 30-month study period. Twenty patients (28%) had mucopurulent rhinorrhea with obvious radiological ipsilateral opacity of the ethmoid sinuses. This group of patients, as opposed to patients with periorbital cellulitis and no associated ethmoiditis, is characterized by the following features: Higher incidence of temperature greater than 38.5 degrees C (16/20 vs 24/52. P less than 0.01) and elevated white blood count greater than 15,000 cells/mm3 on admission (10/20 vs 5/52. P less than 0.001). Delayed recovery (6.7 +/- 3.4 vs 3.4 +/- 1.6 days. P less than 0.001). Higher rate of recurrent periorbital cellulitis with associated ethmoiditis within 6 months of follow-up (5/20 vs 1/52. P less than 0.01). This ethmoiditis-associated serious form of periorbital cellulitis requires an aggressive treatment regimen and a prolonged follow-up. PMID- 3744697 TI - Surgery of choanal atresia in infants and children: historical notes and updated review. AB - This review of the surgical treatment of congenital choanal atresia starts with the first descriptions of the disease and its successful operations in the 19th century. Then, data concerning the facial development of the untreated and surgically corrected disease are presented. After that, advantages and drawbacks of the transnasal, transpalatal and transseptal approaches are discussed. PMID- 3744698 TI - Changes in velopharyngeal valving with age. AB - Variability of velopharyngeal valving between subjects has been a well established fact since the advent of new techniques for the direct viewing of the velopharyngeal sphincter during speech. Multi-view videofluoroscopy and nasopharyngoscopy have shown that there is variable contribution to velopharyngeal closure from the velum, the lateral pharyngeal walls, and posterior pharyngeal wall from person to person. However, to date, there has been no evidence to show if velopharyngeal closure remains unchanged within individuals throughout life. The purpose of this investigation was to observe velopharyngeal closure in normal subjects and subjects with cleft palate from prepubertal to postpubertal life (i.e. pre-adenoid involution to post-adenoid involution). Changes in velopharyngeal closure patterns were observed in 60% of the normals studied and 30% of the cleft subjects. PMID- 3744699 TI - Prospective epidemiological study of secretory otitis media in children not attending kindergarten. An incidence study. AB - To assess the incidence of secretory otitis media in children minded at home we examined 210 children not attending kindergarten or municipal day care. Of these children 117 were minded exclusively at home or in private day care with up to 2 children. Tympanometry was carried out 6 times at 2-week intervals. Secretory otitis media (SOM) of more than 3 months' duration was found in 17% of the one year-olds and in 6% of the total series. In the age range 1-5 years the incidence was from 0.35 to 0.19/child/month, and the mean for the total group was 0.26/child/month. PMID- 3744700 TI - Prospective epidemiological study of secretory otitis media in children not attending kindergarten. A prevalence study. AB - This prevalence study of secretory otitis media (SOM) comprised 210 children who were not attending or had not attended kindergarten. Children in home care/private day care with up to two children were analyzed separately. In this group the prevalence peak was at one year, being at that age about 40%. The prevalence decreased from the age 1-2 years, but thereafter it was steady at about 15-20%. The rest of the children showed another at the age of 4-5 years. Bilateral SOM was most common at the age of one year, but also showed another peak at 5 years of age. [corrected] PMID- 3744701 TI - Sialadenitis in children. AB - Sialadenitis in children has been discussed. A literature review highlighting salient points in sialadenitis is presented. Classification of sialadenitis is discussed using the categories of several authors. An unusual case involving acute suppurative parotitis in a child is presented. The development of contralateral disease while treatment was in progress was unusual. In this case, association with mumps parotitis was strongly suspected despite previous immunization. Progression of disease with abscess formation is also unusual. Mumps virus parotitis has been rarely reported in association with acute suppurative parotitis. Immunization affords protection, but a definite failure rate exists. Based upon histologic examination, mumps parotitis would seem to be a predisposing factor for bacterial infection. PMID- 3744702 TI - Airway obstruction in childhood thyroid carcinoma. AB - Thyroid carcinoma is an uncommon but well described childhood malignancy. Obstructive airway symptoms represent an unusual mode of presentation of this disease in childhood. A 5-year-old child with locally invasive follicular thyroid carcinoma had symptomatic wheezing for one year, thought to be asthma. Extrinsic compressive tumor or transtracheal, intraluminal tumor, while rare, should always be a consideration in atypical or medically refractory 'asthma' during childhood. PMID- 3744703 TI - Parasitic infection of the ear. PMID- 3744704 TI - The appreciation of affect in alcoholic Korsakoff patients. AB - The purpose of this study is to assess the appreciation of affective components of words in patients with insult to diencephalic and subcortical brain structures thought to subserve emotional expression. Six alcoholic Korsakoff patients were presented with triadic comparisons composed of names of birds, predators, and birds of prey. The principal findings revealed that normal control subjects associate birds of prey with both birds and predators, but Korsakoff patients associate the birds of prey significantly more often with birds than predators. Three-dimensional spatial representations of patients' associations revealed that normals cluster birds at one extreme of a dimension and predators at the other extreme, with birds of prey lying in an intermediate position. Korsakoff patients also clearly separate the birds from the predators and form tight clusters within each of these groups, but they associate the birds of prey noticeably with the birds. Moreover, Korsakoff patients displayed, on another dimension of the spatial representation, their difficulty appreciating that a word could possess multiple category memberships. The findings are discussed with respect to the multifaceted dementia seen in Korsakoff Syndrome, and are interpreted to provide guarded support for the claim that insult to particular diencephalic and subcortical brain structures interferes with the appreciation of affective material in particular circumstances. PMID- 3744705 TI - Memory related role of the posterior cholinergic system. AB - In order to establish a model for the possible neuropathology of patients with Alzheimer's disease, various behaviors of rats with different chemical lesions in cholinergic regions were studied and compared with those of sham-operated control rats. A battery of neurological tests was used as well as activity measurements and two learning tasks: a positively reinforced place-learning task with delay periods of Os, 1 min, 15 min, and 2h, and a shock-motivated two-way active avoidance task. While in general no intergroup differences were obtained in performance on the neurological test battery or the rats' activity in an open field, there were marked impairments in the three lesioned groups compared to the control group in the two learning tasks. These deficits were less severe in the two groups with lesions of the medial septal/vertical diagonal band of Broca region and the nucleus basalis of Meynert region, but rather marked in the group with lesions of neurons situated in the pontomesencephalic region, although the amount of ibotenic acid injected had been the same for all groups. We conclude from these data that changes in mesencephalic cholinergic regions might play a significant role in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. The existence of such regions was recently established for primates as well, thus providing a basis for justifying an animal model of this human disease. PMID- 3744706 TI - Reversed digit repetition involves visual and verbal processes. AB - Performance on Reversed Digit Repetition (RDR) was investigated using 102 subjects with documented disease of the central nervous system. Factor analysis yielded a factor on which WAIS Block Design, Wechsler Memory Visual Reproduction and RDR loaded. RDR, Forward Digit Repetition (FDR) and WAIS Similarities loaded on a second factor. In a multiple regression analysis, RDR was significantly predicted by FDR and WAIS Block Design. FDR was significantly predicted by Similarities. These results demonstrate that RDR involves both verbal and visual cognitive, memory and attentional processes. PMID- 3744707 TI - Lateral asymmetry of impression formation. AB - On the premise that the more complex functions are those which are more asymmetrically represented in the human brain, it was suggested that it would be possible to measure differences in the impression formed of another person as a function of the relative activation of the cerebral hemispheres. Selective activation was manipulated by the induction of lateral orientation of attention. A pilot study produced the predicted significant results: A more positive impression was formed by right handers whose right hemisphere was activated by leftward attentional orientation. This effect was replicated in the main experiment. These findings support previous research which showed that attention to the self is increased with relative left hemisphere activation while attention to external stimuli is enhanced during a relative right hemisphere pattern of activation. PMID- 3744708 TI - Facial- and postural-affect recognition in the mentally handicapped and normal young children. AB - Facial- and postural-effect recognition was assessed in two groups of normal children (average ages of 5 yr., 3 mo. 5 yrs., 9 mo.) and three groups of retarded subjects (mild, moderate and severe). All subjects were tested under five separate conditions, in an attempt to determine if there was an impairment in affect recognition which varied directly as a function of the degree of mental handicap. In the first condition, subjects were presented with a smiling, pouting and a frowning face on each of 18 trials. They were given one prompt per trial, being instructed to point to the happy, sad or angry stimulus. Expressive postural stimuli devoid of facial features were used in Condition 2, and the same prompting procedure was followed. In the remaining three conditions facial and postural expressions were combined in different ways, so that they either agreed or disagreed. The resulting error data were evaluated by use of an analysis of variance. The principal findings showed that the severely retarded performed very poorly in all conditions. The remaining groups performed relatively well and failed to differ significantly from one another in facial-affect recognition. However, the moderately retarded group was significantly more impaired in postural-affect recognition than were the mildly handicapped and normals. PMID- 3744709 TI - Auditory field reduction in human following head trauma. AB - We measured the tonal auditory threshold for 500, 2000 and 4000 Hz, and made BAER recordings for both ears with unfiltered 125 dB SPL clicks, with 40 subjects between 18 and 23 years of age, 20 subjects having suffered minor cranial trauma during the preceding 48 hours and 20 being control subjects matched for age and sex. Compared to the control group, trauma patients showed a significantly higher auditory threshold: 19 dB SPL at 500 Hz, 9 dB SPL at 2000 and 4000 Hz. This threshold rise was bilateral. The head trauma patients showed, on average, one significantly earlier BAER wave I than did controls. This alteration was likewise bilateral. The latencies of waves II, III and V, the I-III, III-V, and I-V intervals, and the interaural wave latency and interval differences are comparable for trauma patients and control subjects. One to eight months after cranial trauma, 7 subjects manifested one sign of the subjective cranial trauma syndrome. Auditory threshold and BAER wave I earliness were not any greater for these subjects. Trauma patients seemed to show a reduction of the auditory field. They were hypersensitive to high stimulus intensities (shortening of BAER wave I) and less sensitive to low intensities (rise in tonal auditory threshold). This auditory alteration was bilateral. It can thus be thought that the trauma acts on the central nervous system to affect the operation of the cochlea via efferent pathways. PMID- 3744710 TI - Pattern of eyelid motion predictive of decision errors during drowsiness: oculomotor indices of altered states. AB - Sequential patterns of eye and eyelid motion were identified in seven subjects performing a modified serial probe recognition task under drowsy conditions. Using simultaneous EOG and video recordings, eyelid motion was divided into components above, within, and below the pupil and the durations in sequence were recorded. A serial probe recognition task was modified to allow for distinguishing decision errors from attention errors. Decision errors were found to be more frequent following a downward shift in the gaze angle which the eyelid closing sequence was reduced from a five element to a three element sequence. The velocity of the eyelid moving over the pupil during decision errors was slow in the closing and fast in the reopening phase, while on decision correct trials it was fast in closing and slower in reopening. Due to the high variability of eyelid motion under drowsy conditions these findings were only marginally significant. When a five element blink occurred, the velocity of the lid over pupil motion component of these endogenous eye blinks was significantly faster on decision correct than on decision error trials. Furthermore, the highly variable, long duration closings associated with the decision response produced slow eye movements in the horizontal plane (SEM) which were more frequent and significantly longer in duration on decision error versus decision correct responses. PMID- 3744711 TI - Partial psychic seizures and brain organization. AB - This research was an attempt to determine the cerebral areas involved in focal epileptic seizures accompanied by psychic manifestations. Six types of partial seizures involving psychic symptomatology and phonatory seizures were included in the study. Sixty-one clinical records of focal epilepsy, which had been revealed by means of a CT-scan examination, were analyzed and a subsample of 25 patients with psychic symptoms was selected. The scans taken of the lesions were transferred to a six-level standard template built for this purpose. Subsequently, templates of patients with the same type of seizures were superimposed. The critical zones for the seven types of seizures studied are presented. A clear correlation was found between these results and our present knowledge of functional brain organization. PMID- 3744712 TI - Differential effects of awakening from REM and NONREM sleep on dichotic listening performance as a function of handedness. AB - Fourteen right-handed and fourteen left-handed males were wakened from REM and NONREM sleep and tested on the dichotic listening test with verbal stimuli. For right-handers there was a significant right ear advantage (REA) only after REM wakenings, which was equal in magnitude to the REA obtained during waking. Left handers showed significant REA after both wakening conditions, as well as during waking. These results are interpreted in view of the data suggesting REM-related right hemisphere activation and the role of the right hemisphere in regulating bihemispheric arousal levels. PMID- 3744713 TI - Interhemispheric interference during word naming. AB - The hypothesis that the use of two hemispheres as receiving stations for information, rather than just one hemisphere, decreases interference between items, and improves performance, was tested by requiring subjects to identify four words simultaneously projected to one visual field (Unilateral-single hemisphere presentation) or divided between two visual fields (Bilateral bihemispheric presentation.) In Experiment I, words projected to different hemispheres were incorrectly "blended" into a single response as frequently as words projected to a single hemisphere. In Experiment II, subjects were told that half of the display was irrelevant. Irrelevant words which were projected to a different hemisphere than the relevant words were incorrectly named as often as when all four words were projected to the same hemisphere. In addition, overall performance during Bilateral-bihemispheric presentations did not exceed that during the better of the two Unilateral-single hemisphere presentations, not only when naming was required (Experiments I and II), but even when only recognition was required (Experiment III). This demonstrates that division of inputs between the hemispheres does not always improve performance. PMID- 3744714 TI - Temporal stability of psychophysiological responding: a comparative analysis of mental and physical stressors. AB - Although extensive research has been conducted on psychophysiological reactivity, there is a paucity of data concerning the temporal stability of such procedures. Test-retest reliability of experimental stressors from both mental and physical modalities were assessed using a wide range of psychophysiological measures. Absolute baseline and test values demonstrated adequate test-retest reliability for skin temperature, skin resistance, vasomotor response, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, while forearm EMG had low reliability. Difference scores, which represent change from baseline to test conditions, did not have adequate reliability. These data represent a necessary step towards standardization of psychophysiological assessment techniques and thus may guide further use of more reliable methods. PMID- 3744715 TI - Task-related EEG asymmetries: a comparison of alpha blocking and beta enhancement. AB - Alpha and beta content of spectrally analyzed EEG were used to assess differential hemispheric engagement during two linguistic tasks (semantic and phonetic) and one acoustic task involving detection of target items embedded within the same stimulus series. Beta content of the EEG increased reliably in the left hemisphere during the linguistic tasks, whereas the expected attenuation or blocking of alpha did not occur reliably. These data suggest that left hemisphere beta enhancement rather than alpha blocking is a more efficient index of differential hemispheric engagement during language processing. PMID- 3744716 TI - Adjuvant polyarthritis and the response of air pouch lining cells. AB - The influence of adjuvant polyarthritis on subcutaneous air pouches in rats was examined in the light of reports of the resemblance of their cavity lining to normal synovium. Marked macroscopic and microscopic changes were observed. These included thickening of air-pouch wall, hyperplasia of lining cells, infiltration of inflammatory cells, fibrosis, and the production of an effusion in the cavity; such changes are comparable to the proliferative synovitis reported in arthritic joints of diseased animals. However, whereas talus and patella cartilage were affected by the disease, these and femoral-head cartilage seemed to be relatively spared when implanted in air pouches of adjuvant-diseased rats even after a massive inflammatory response was elicited in the cavity following challenge with tuberculin. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates the generalized nature of adjuvant disease and confirms the lack of association between inflammation and cartilage destruction. PMID- 3744718 TI - Induction of arthritic processes by synovial fluids of rheumatoid arthritis patients in long-term experiments with mice. AB - Diluted synovial fluids derived from three patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and applied subcutaneously once as a single dose in Swiss mice caused arthritic processes after a long period of latency (10 months). The arthritis inducing effect was enhanced by storing the original synovial fluids at 4 degrees C for three months. The effects were followed histologically for at least 18 months. In contrast to the theory that RA is based on immunological processes, these preliminary observations support the finding of other authors that a transmissible agent which is rather slow-acting exists in the synovial fluid of RA patients. PMID- 3744717 TI - Calcium movements in aortae from arthritic rats. AB - 40Ca content, 45Ca uptake, influx and efflux were measured in aortae from arthritic rats. 40Ca content measured by atomic absorption spectrometry was higher in aortae from arthritic than from normal controls. 45Ca uptake, inflow and outflow were also enhanced in aortae from arthritic rats whether under basal or stimulated conditions (e.g. in the presence of high potassium or noradrenaline). Verapamil failed to inhibit basal 45Ca uptake but normally inhibited 45Ca inflow stimulated by high potassium or noradrenaline in both aortic preparations. No histological difference was detected by optical microscopy between normal and arthritic aortae. It is concluded that aortae from adjuvant arthritic rats are apparently characterized by a higher intracellular Ca++ content resulting from enhanced Ca++ inflow through at least three Ca++ pathways. This higher intracellular content may explain why aortae from arthritic rats are less dependent on extracellular Ca++ than aortae from normal rats when stimulated by agonists like serotonin and noradrenaline. PMID- 3744719 TI - Degradation of cartilage in contact with soft tissue. AB - Observations have been made on histological changes in femoral-head articular cartilage transplanted into soft tissue in rats under a variety of conditions. Articular cartilage was implanted either whole or minced. Implants were made into deflated subcutaneous air pouches with or without an inflammatory irritant and into normal subcutaneous tissue. Cartilage-matrix loss occurred in four patterns: marginal zone encroachment, loss of metachromatic staining without loss of tissue mass, surface invasion and lacunar enlargement and coalescence. The presence of an inflammatory reaction had no discernible effect on loss of cartilage matrix. Changes at the marginal zone preceded changes at the centre. Loss of metachromatic staining without loss of tissue mass occurred in areas of chondrocyte death. Surface invasion was not affected by the viability of the underlying chondrocytes. Surface invasion occurred earliest in cartilage transplanted into subcutaneous tissue, and latest in cartilage implanted into air pouches inflamed with carrageenan. The onset of surface invasion appeared to be dependent on soft-tissue adhesion to the cartilage surface. Mincing of cartilage was associated with an increase in surface invasion in the deeper cartilage zone with large lacunae but not in the superficial zone with small lacunae. Occasional cut surfaces showed outgrowth of new cartilage matrix. These observations on artefactual modes of cartilage degradation may assist in analysing the critical steps in cartilage degradation in arthritic joints. PMID- 3744720 TI - Stimulation of cell division in mouse fibroblast line 3T3 by an extract derived from Triticum vulgare. AB - The ability of an extract derived from Triticum vulgare, the common wheat plant, to stimulate cellular proliferation of mouse 3T3 fibroblast cells was investigated. Cellular response to Triticum extract (TE) was most evident in sparse cultures made quiescent by growing cells on low concentrations (0.6%) of calf serum. The growth-promoting activity in the extract was lost after dialysis but was resistant to heat treatment and digestion with trypsin or chymotrypsin, suggesting a low-molecular-weight non-protein substance(s). Growth-curve experiments showed that TE was capable of supporting continuous cell division. Cellular proliferation showed a dose-dependent response in the range of 2%-10% TE, and addition of 10% TE to cell culture medium caused a level of cell-growth stimulation approximately 72% that of 20 ng/ml fibroblast growth factor (FGF). Measurement of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity of 3T3 cells after addition of 10% TE showed a significant rise in the specific activity of the enzyme. PMID- 3744721 TI - Tissue concentrations of coenzyme Q in liver of rats intoxicated by carbon tetrachloride. AB - The protective action of hepatic cells of the coenzyme CoQ10 was checked against the well-known hepatolesive agent carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). It was found that CoQ10 pretreatment strongly reduced the CCl4-induced lesions in rat liver. The most important of these lesions was a marked steatosis, together with focal necrosis, Kupffer-cell reaction and signs of phlogosis and fibroblastic proliferation. The protective effects of CoQ10 seemed to be dose-dependent. The variation of CoQ9 concentration in the liver was not significant at any of the doses used. PMID- 3744722 TI - The cytoskeleton of the cynomolgus monkey trabecular cell. I. General considerations. AB - Many cellular functions involve the complex network of actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments collectively known as the cytoskeleton. Stereo transmission electron microscopic observations of whole cynomolgus monkey trabecular cells, which were extracted, S-1 labeled, and critical-point dried, were employed to simultaneously identify these three major cytoskeletal systems and visualize their three-dimensional nature. A double fluorescence technique for actin and microtubules was used to provide a broad view of cytoskeletal relationships within the cell. Actin microfilaments were the most prominent elements of the cytoskeleton. They appeared as bundles in stress fibers. Between stress fiber bundles, a continuous meshwork of microfilaments and intermediate filaments could be seen. Numerous microtubules radiated from the centriole region to the cell periphery. This comprehensive overview of the cytoskeleton of the cynomolgus monkey trabecular cell can be used to understand structure-function relationships of the trabecular cell cytoskeleton and its influence on outflow facility. PMID- 3744723 TI - The cytoskeleton of the cynomolgus monkey trabecular cell. II. Influence of cytoskeleton-active drugs. AB - The effects of cytochalasin B (10(-6) M and 10(-5) M), taxol (10(-5) M), and colchicine (10(-5) M) on the cytoskeleton of cynomolgus monkey trabecular cells were examined with Nomarski observations, fluorescent labeling as well as extraction, S-1 labeling, and critical-point drying. Changes in actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments, the three major cytoskeletal systems, were correlated with changes in the overall shape and organization of the monkey trabecular cell. Incubation with cytochalasin B caused a marked alteration on actin filament structure, as well as cell shape and cytoskeletal organization. Effects on microtubule structure were noted with taxol, nocodozole, or colchicine; however, no marked changes in overall cell shape or other cytoskeletal structures were observed. These studies demonstrate the importance of actin filaments in regulating the shape and cytoskeletal organization of cynomolgus monkey trabecular cells. PMID- 3744724 TI - The number and diameter distribution of axons in the monkey optic nerve. AB - Using an automated image analysis system, cross-sections from optic nerves of 17 normal cynomolgus monkeys were examined. The number of nerve fibers, their density, and the distribution of their diameters for whole nerves and for various regions of the nerve cross-section were estimated. The mean total number of fibers in the optic nerve was 1.2 million. The mean diameter of axons was 0.8 micron. The method of tissue fixation substantially affected the measurements. Histograms of fiber diameter suggested a trimodal distribution of fiber size with peaks at 0.5, 0.8, and 1.5 micron. The relative proportions of these fiber peaks differed significantly in different regions of the nerve. The highest proportion of large fibers was in the superior nerve periphery. The highest concentration of smallest fibers and the highest density of all fibers were located centrally in the infero-temporal quadrant. The observation that higher fiber density and smaller mean fiber diameter are skewed toward the inferior pole appears to coincide with the inferior position of the fovea with respect to the optic nerve head. This finding has importance for interpretation of pathologic changes in the optic disc. PMID- 3744725 TI - Monoclonal antibodies to human primary uveal melanomas demonstrate tumor heterogeneity. AB - Five rat monoclonal antibodies to human uveal melanoma were produced using primary tumor tissue for immunization and screening. These monoclonal antibodies were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay against 12 uveal melanomas, one breast carcinoma, and peripheral blood lymphocytes from five healthy volunteers. One monoclonal antibody, 4A3, reacted against all the melanomas and none of the controls. On immunoblotting, this monoclonal antibody identified a protein doublet in the molecular weight range 55,000. With these monoclonal antibodies, it was possible to demonstrate significant variation in the antigenic profiles of the uveal melanomas which was not present in the controls. PMID- 3744726 TI - Suprathreshold responses of the visual system in normals and in demyelinating diseases. AB - It is well-established that diseases affecting the visual pathway can result in the elevation of contrast thresholds. Little is known, however, about how people with decreased sensitivity to contrast perceive targets at suprathreshold levels of contrast. It is known that the normal visual response at suprathreshold levels cannot be linearly derived from the threshold contrast function. It may be expected that threshold abnormalities may not predict the quality of vision for high contrast images which prevail in normal operating conditions. In this investigation, the response to suprathreshold visual stimuli (vertical sine-wave gratings) in multiple sclerosis (MS) and optic neuritis patients with contrast sensitivity deficits was studied. Forty-eight normal eyes served as controls. Suprathreshold response was assessed with a matching procedure. Performance above threshold, for each individual, was estimated by a score which was the ratio of the contrast match to the contrast threshold for a given spatial frequency. The majority of the eyes studied showed that patients performed normally at high contrast levels. Indeed, in a number of cases, the scores implied that patients can perform better than normals. In some eyes, this enhancement of suprathreshold response was correlated with the threshold loss. These results suggest that a "compensation" mechanism helps make the perception of objects independent of the quality of detection at threshold for these patients. In other eyes, an abnormal decrease in the suprathreshold response measure was found, which was not related to the threshold deficit. Thus, suprathreshold responses of MS or optic neuritis patients cannot be predicted from their threshold contrast sensitivity. PMID- 3744727 TI - Time domain analysis of VEPs. Detection of waveform abnormalities in multiple sclerosis. AB - Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) are a useful tool in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. To improve their diagnostic power in the early stages of the disease, the VEP shape, as well as its latency, were considered. The Karhunen-Loeve expansion (KLE) was used because it affords an unique advantage in classifying the VEPs by their shape, and gives a well-defined criterion based on similarity to the normative prototype. Using this criterion, it was possible to quantitatively define normative limits of waveform. We were also able to detect early changes in VEPs recorded from suspected multiple sclerosis patients. KLE promises to enable classification of waveforms in early stages of the pathology, when peak-latency comparisons are the least effective. PMID- 3744728 TI - Mechanisms of hypoxic effects on the cat DC electroretinogram. AB - Mild hypoxia elevates the standing potential and alters three slow components of the DC electroretinogram in the cat: the c-wave, the fast-oscillation trough, and the light peak. This paper considers the cellular mechanisms of these effects. Elevation of the standing potential results from a depolarization of the basal membrane of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. The depolarization is indirectly initiated by an elevation of [K+]0 in the subretinal space during hypoxia, and is accompanied by a decrease in basal membrane resistance that leads to an increase in the c-wave. There is also some evidence that hypoxia may alter the standing potential by directly affecting the basal membrane of the RPE. The fast-oscillation trough, which follows the c-wave when illumination is maintained, deepens during hypoxia. This is caused primarily by an increase in the amplitude of the delayed hyperpolarization of the RPE basal membrane that results from a slowing of the rate of recovery of light-evoked [K+]0 during hypoxia. The changes in [K+]0 probably result, in turn, from a decrease in the rate of the photoreceptors' Na+/K+ pump. The light peak's amplitude is reduced during hypoxia and its time-to-peak is lengthened, and this may be related to a change in photoreceptor metabolism that is distinct from the effect on the Na+/K+ pump. Knowledge of these mechanisms may eventually enhance the clinical usefulness of the standing potential and the c-wave, fast-oscillation, and light peak. PMID- 3744729 TI - The influence of phosphodiesterase inhibitors on ERG and optic nerve response of the cat. AB - Reversible changes in electroretinograms (ERG) and optic nerve responses (ONR), induced by various concentrations of four different types of phosphodiesterase (PDE)-inhibitors, were recorded from arterially perfused, isolated cat eyes. In the dark-adapted eye, the implicit time of the PIII-component of the ERG, isolated by temporary hypoxia, showed a dose-dependent increase after the injection of PDE-inhibitors into the ophthalmociliary artery. The PIII-amplitude increased in response to small doses of PDE-inhibitors, whereas higher doses led to an amplitude decrease. Rod b-wave amplitude and implicit time showed similar alterations. An amplitude increase could not be observed in the rod ONR. In the light-adapted eye, 440 nm and 555 nm cones were functionally separated by means of chromatic adaptation. Their ERG and ONR implicit times were prolonged under PDE-inhibition. The amplitude behaviour of both types of cones showed a different concentration dependency. Certain concentrations of PDE-inhibitors depressed the short-wavelength sensitive cone, while, at the same time, sensitizing the long wavelength sensitive cone. The amplitude increase of the L-cone b-wave was accompanied by a response increase of tonic ganglion cells in the ONR. PMID- 3744730 TI - A comparison of color and luminance discrimination in amblyopia. AB - Using isochromatic luminance gratings and isoluminant red-green color gratings, examined luminance and color discrimination in amblyopia were examined. Complete color and luminance contrast sensitivity functions were measured monocularly from each eye of six normal and six amblyopic observers. Similar spatial frequency specific color and luminance discrimination deficits were found in five of the amblyopes. One amblyope with a slight luminance deficit showed no color deficit. It appears that color and luminance discrimination are similarly affected in most amblyopes when spatial factors are effectively controlled. PMID- 3744731 TI - Eye movements of stutterers. AB - As a consequence of recent inquiries into the brainstem activity of stutterers, saccades and pursuit were evaluated in stutterers and their matched normals while silent and talking. No ocular motor instabilities or aberrations caused by speech were found. Saccadic latencies and gains for the stutterers were normal, but peak velocities were higher and durations were shorter. This finding is consistent with hypotheses of speech dysfluency proposed by others. The gains of these fast saccades were kept normal by an adaptive decrease in the duration of the neural pulse producing the saccade. It is proposed that these fast saccades are a result of increased excitatory input to the burst cells in the brainstem. PMID- 3744732 TI - Stability of the accommodative dark focus after periods of maintained accommodation. AB - The behavior of the accommodative system at rest was investigated following short (5 min) and long-term (1 hr) accommodative stimuli of either 0.00 D or 3.00 D. The resting position of accommodation changed in the direction of the accommodative stimulus presented. After the 5 min stimulus, the resting position slowly returned toward the pre-stimulus level. After the 1 hr stimulus, the resting state remained significantly different from the pre stimulus level over the subsequent 6 hr. These results suggest that the equilibrium level of accommodation in the dark is determined by a balance of the previous accommodative stimuli. PMID- 3744733 TI - Infants' acuity at twenty feet. AB - Measurement of duration of fixation was used to assess the ability of 6-, 12-, 24 , and 36-week-old infants to discriminate black-and-white square-wave gratings from a homogeneous gray field at a distance of 20 ft (6.1 m). Acuity was estimated as the smallest stripe width detectable by at least 18 of the 24 infants in a given age group. The strip width was considered detectable if it was fixated longer than a homogenous gray field. The results are consistent with estimates of infants' threshold acuity obtained at target distances less than 5 feet (1.5 m). Because of the 20-ft viewing distance, these infants' acuity in Snellen notation can be more confidently estimated. PMID- 3744734 TI - Improved colony formation of cultured retinoblastoma cells. AB - The effect of various components of three semi-solid media on colony formation in two representative retinoblastoma cell lines, Y-79 and WERI, was determined. Diethylaminoethyl dextran was found to be toxic to the cells, and was deleted from the medium. Horse serum was also used without heat treatment. In the most improved culture medium, plating efficiency was 28% for Y-79 cells and 14% for WERI cells, an increase of more than 10 times that of the original formula. In the new medium, both Y-79 and WERI cells showed relatively constant plating efficiency within a certain range, showing that the medium is useful for quantitative clonogenic study of retinoblastoma cells. PMID- 3744735 TI - Cell body counts in human ciliary ganglia. AB - Baseline cell body counts were performed on 32 human ciliary ganglia obtained during 16 consecutive autopsies. The mean age of the individuals was 53.4 yr, with a range of 17-97 yr. The cell body counts ranged from 1088-6835 cell bodies per ganglion. The mean cell body count was 2473 for specimens from the right side, 2316 for the specimens from the left side, and 2394 for the combined sides. The mean counts in men were 2837 for the right sides, 2533 for the left sides, and 2685 for both sides. The mean counts in women were 2004 for the right sides, 2036 for the left sides, and 2020 for the combined sides. The decreased number of cell bodies in women compared to the population mean was not statistically significant. There was no correlation between age and cell body counts. There was also no statistically significant difference of the cell body counts from individuals with systemic hypertension, myocardial infarction, or cancer and the population mean. PMID- 3744736 TI - Distribution of 15- and 137-mu diameter microspheres in the dog lung in the axial plane. AB - Oleic acid infusion, as a model of fat embolism, produces a predominantly peripheral lesion in the dog lung. The lung injury corresponds to the peripheral distribution of labeled oleic acid. The basis for this distribution of oleic acid is not known. Our hypothesis for this nonuniform distribution is that particle diameter plays a role in the subsequent distribution of infused oleic acid and the resulting lung injury. We injected 15-mu microspheres 85Sr and then 137-mu microspheres (141Ce) into the right atria of seven dogs, which were killed and the lungs removed. Analysis of the distribution of the two different diameter microspheres within axial slices from the left caudal lobe of each dog revealed a peripheral distribution of the larger diameter microspheres not seen with the smaller microspheres. PMID- 3744737 TI - Effects of contrast media on cultured myocardial cells. AB - To quantify and characterize mechanisms of negative inotropic effects of ionic and nonionic angiographic contrast media, spontaneously contracting monolayers of cultured chick ventricular cells were studied using the Renografin-76 and iohexol as characteristic ionic and nonionic contrast agents. Utilizing microscopic video motion detector techniques the effect of each contrast agent on contraction amplitude was measured. Also, the effect of changes in the ionized calcium concentration and osmolality induced by the contrast agents was evaluated. The study demonstrated a linear depression of contractility by increasing contrast concentrations. The negative inotropic effect of Renografin-76 was significantly greater than that of iohexol. Renografin-76 demonstrated significant calcium binding, whereas iohexol had none. Correction for calcium binding by Renografin 76 partially reversed the negative inotropic effect of this agent. Hypertonic sugar solutions of equivalent osmolality to the contrast agents demonstrated dose related negative inotropic effects such that, in this preparation, calcium binding by Renografin-76 and its high osmolality accounted for all its negative inotropic effect. In contrast, iohexol demonstrated an intrinsic negative inotropic effect not completely explained by its osmolality. PMID- 3744738 TI - Measurement of peripheral blood flow by thermodilution techniques. AB - Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular pathology, including balloon angioplasty of atherosclerotic lesions in peripheral vascular disease, have led to an increased need for in vivo quantitation of blood flow. This study has three purposes: (1) to validate thermodilution techniques as a viable method for measuring low blood flow rates, (2) to calibrate accurately thermodilution catheters at these low flows, and (3) to develop an animal model that can be used to quantitate and compare many different flow measuring techniques. Modified commercially available 6F thermodilution catheters were used with a standard cardiac output computer to measure flows between 200 and 700 ml/minute. Eight anesthetized dogs were surgically interfaced with a variable flow, pressure, and compliance carotid-carotid/jugular bypass perfusion system. Three milliliters of normal saline at room temperature were injected through the catheters intra-arterially to measure different flows below, at, and above physiologic pressures and compliances. Results of this study indicate that with proper calibration, thermodilution techniques of measuring arterial and venous flows between 200 and 700 ml/minute are simple, accurate, and reliable. Using the designed system to generate known flows in vivo at various physiologic conditions allowed easy calibration of catheters and should facilitate calibration and comparison of other measurement techniques. PMID- 3744740 TI - Legal and ethical issues in a technological discipline. New times, new choices. PMID- 3744739 TI - A comparative evaluation of rare-earth screen-film systems. System speed, contrast, sensitometry, RMS noise, square-wave response function, and contrast dose-detail analysis. AB - We evaluated the physical characteristics and contrast-dose-detail performance of 11 rare-earth and three calcium tungstate screen-film systems. Measurements included system speed, contrast, sensitometry, RMS noise, square-wave response function, and contrast-dose-detail analysis. The major differences in physical characteristics among systems were system speed and RMS noise. Square-wave response differences were more subtle. For contrast-dose-detail analysis, the rare-earth screen-film systems and the calcium tungstate system responses were significant over a limited subject contrast range as a function of detail diameter. Relative dose efficiency in the noise-limited region is a function of the properties of the screen only and is independent of the film. PMID- 3744741 TI - Pulmonary angiography, ventilation lung scanning, and venography for clinically suspected pulmonary embolism with abnormal perfusion lung scan. PMID- 3744742 TI - Two views of the future. PMID- 3744743 TI - Adenocarcinoma of the small intestine. PMID- 3744744 TI - Parental interference. PMID- 3744745 TI - Homemaker-home health aides--an untapped resource. PMID- 3744746 TI - Cytogenetics of recurrent spontaneous aborters. PMID- 3744747 TI - Pyogenic liver abscesses--diagnosis and management. PMID- 3744748 TI - Wolff Parkinson White syndrome in a case of myocarditis in infancy. PMID- 3744749 TI - Haemangioendothelioma of the skin with adverse response to steroids--report of a case. PMID- 3744750 TI - Control of Clinical Trials Bill, 1986. PMID- 3744751 TI - Measles: going, going, gone? PMID- 3744752 TI - The severity of measles in hospital. PMID- 3744753 TI - An audit of primary and measles vaccination programmes in a rural general practice. PMID- 3744754 TI - Comparison of mortality of Irish immigrants in England and Wales with that of Irish and British nationals. PMID- 3744755 TI - Leiomyosarcoma of the colon and rectum. PMID- 3744756 TI - Toxoplasmosis: a family outbreak. PMID- 3744757 TI - The measles immunisation programme--early results from Cork. PMID- 3744758 TI - Re: Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. PMID- 3744759 TI - DNA-associated protein modifications involved in the regulation of gene expression in brain. PMID- 3744760 TI - Purification and characterization of human seminal plasma acid phosphatase. AB - A 81-fold purification of human seminal plasma acid phosphatase was obtained by a three-step procedure, involving ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. Homogeneity of the preparation during purification steps was tested by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and only one major band was obtained after the final step. The pH optimum for the activity of the purified enzyme was 5.6 and thermal stability was obtained even up to 40 degrees C. PNPP was the most specific synthetic substrate. The Km of purified seminal acid phosphatase towards PNPP was 1.5 X 10(-3) M. Among the metal ions tested, Hg+2 showed an I50 value of 4.2 X 10(-7) M. Studies with PCMB, PMSF and EDTA did not show any inhibition, whereas NaF and L(+)tartrate, at 1 mM concentration, inhibited the enzyme by 95% and 85%, respectively. PMID- 3744761 TI - Proceedings of the SIB Satellite Meeting of Neurochemistry. September 19, 1985, Rimini. PMID- 3744762 TI - The diversity of gene expression in brain: an overview. PMID- 3744763 TI - Sixth meeting of the group "Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids" of the Italian Biochemical Society. June 14-15, 1985, Gallipoli (Lecce). Abstracts. PMID- 3744764 TI - Health technology assessment. The 3rd Binational U.S.-Israel Symposium. November 1985, Jerusalem, Israel. PMID- 3744765 TI - Health technology assessment. PMID- 3744767 TI - Health technology assessment. The current political framework: the U.S. perspective. PMID- 3744766 TI - Health technology: the Israeli perspective. PMID- 3744768 TI - Epidemiologic methodology in evaluating health technology. AB - Epidemiologic methods provide a basis for evaluating new medical technologies of varying complexity and sophistication. Use is made of the concepts of efficacy, effectiveness and efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. The available methods, observational and experimental, are reviewed in the context of evaluation of the intensive coronary care unit (ICCU). Most early studies that showed a benefit in low in-hospital case fatality rates for patients with myocardial infarction in the ICCU had serious flaws in design and analysis. Better studies failed to show any benefit, and some showed an increase in the case fatality rates in the ICCU when compared with the medical wards or even with patients treated at home (for noncomplicated infarctions). Most recent studies have attempted to predict which patients should and which should not be admitted to the ICCU, in order to improve efficiency. PMID- 3744769 TI - Technology assessment in health care: group process and decision theory. AB - As biomedical technologies proliferate, it is incumbent upon the scientific community to monitor, validate, and encourage adoption of worthwhile procedures, drugs, and devices across the interface from research to practice. As the largest U.S. sponsor of biomedical research, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) formally established the Consensus Development Program and the Office of Medical Applications of Research (OMAR), in order to foster and improve the translation of biomedical research results into knowledge useful in the practice of medicine and public health. Individual technology assessments are conducted through a succession of consensus development conferences, which convene expert biomedical scientists, practicing clinicians, and public representatives in an effort to assess safety and efficacy, and to recommend clinical application of important medical technologies. The Consensus Development Program has evolved through three distinct stages. The "first generation," from 1977-82, initiated the experimental, untested concept of consensus development; the "second generation" (1982-84) stressed formulation of the code of standard operating principles enunciated above; and the ongoing "third generation" is testing the utility of formal data synthesis to augment assessments. OMAR is experimenting with an explicit, normative and analytic approach to aid technology assessments. Real time microcomputer-based decision models are created to help the panel explore the implications of the data. This paper describes and discusses decision analysis and its potential applicability to medical technology assessment and consensus development. It explores OMAR's experience in testing the model during several consensus development conferences, as well as plans and projections for future investigation and implementation. PMID- 3744770 TI - Toward the development of a technology assessment methodology in medical diagnosis and therapy. AB - Existing priorities for the provision of health care are increasingly seen to be arbitrary and inequitable. The informed public in developed countries is demanding a rational, consistent and responsible program for the apportioning of health resources, both in their own and in Third World nations. An evaluation methodology is proposed for measuring the main aspects of a nation's health. It is based on a flowchart of averaged, relative, weighted, multiple parameters, each comprised of the elements of technology. It is designed as an objective system--superseding former weighting processes, which were influenced by ambition, prestige, prejudice and narrow politics--and has sufficient flexibility to accommodate both the anticipated and the unforeseen. PMID- 3744771 TI - Assessment of mobility and hand function in the elderly. AB - Assessment of mobility and of hand function is essential in evaluating the health status of older persons and enters into all decisions concerning the extent of supportive care needed and possible environments for safe and comfortable living. Elements of generally accepted assessment protocols, such as the Katz activities of daily living and others, include some measures of mobility and hand function. Until recently, most measures used have been relatively general and nonspecific and, although very useful in overall decision-making, have not been readily related to underlying pathophysiological processes, nor to more precise care plans. Recent and ongoing studies are addressing this issue. Technologies for determining mobility and hand function have now been developed and appraised for a number of uses. It has been shown that relatively simple but more precise measurements of hand function correlate highly with overall function and with the long-term care needs of older persons; risk factors for falls and related mobility problems can be explicitly identified and used as a basis for preventive efforts; and mobility and hand function measurements can play an important role in the assessment of patients with arthritis. PMID- 3744772 TI - Dynamic assessment of cognitive and cardiovascular performance in the elderly. AB - Dynamic measures of cardiovascular and cognitive performance have been used as a preliminary step toward developing predictors of decline in functional performance in older persons. Both batteries use multiple measures to examine the cooperativity of various aspects of performance, and both examine the subject's response to naturally occurring stresses. In these two senses, the measures are dynamic. For the cardiovascular measure we conducted ambulatory monitoring of blood pressure and pulse at 7.5-min intervals over a 24-h period. These parameters were analyzed simultaneously to examine changes in one relative to the others, using spectroscopy. After appropriate filtering, several dominant ultradian rhythms were noted, with periods of 47 min, 180 min and 6 to 8 h, the latter rhythm being present only in subjects aged greater than or equal to 60. A battery of computer-administered cognitive tests was developed to assess reaction time, visual recognition memory and word recognition memory. This testing allows for both a time and performance level grading. The results of the computer battery correspond well with those for standard neuropsychological tests. In general, performance declined with age, and reaction time increased. The computerized tests are faster, more consistently administered, and do not rely on a skilled professional for administration or analysis. They also provide a wide variety of measures that can be used in isolating components of performance. Once the acceptability and tolerance of older subjects toward such testing was established, attention shifted to questions of measurement stability and discriminant validity. Since the project's primary purpose is to predict subtle measures of decline in function, the battery's ultimate test is in its ability to correctly identify those about to change functional status. However, many different measures of status change are possible, and the predictive accuracy will depend on the outcome chosen. Subsequent work will focus on the predictors to refine measures and compare data collected at one point in time with the predictive power of change scores that reflect the individual subject's "signature." By-products of this work include a wealth of longitudinal physiologic and neuropsychologic data on older persons and tools that may be useful to the practicing physician. PMID- 3744773 TI - Lithotripsy and the modern imaging department. AB - Until recently surgery was required to remove unpassed stones from the urinary tract. Today, percutaneous and extracorporeal methods are replacing surgery, such as chemolytic, nephroscopic, ultrasonic, electrohydraulic and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). These procedures require close collaboration between the urologist and the radiologist. It is the radiologist who will localize the stone by X-rays or ultrasound and provide the percutaneous approach and dilatation of the tract, leaving the actual stone extraction to the urologist. Even with ESWL supplementary percutaneous procedures are often necessary, again requiring radiologic-urologic teamwork. The percutaneous procedure can be carried out in the imaging department with existing radiologic equipment. Additional X-ray apparatus for the operating room is not necessary. In the Israeli setting of socialized medicine, the involved physicians are unaffected by financial considerations. Collaboration between radiologists and urologists therefore seems assured. PMID- 3744774 TI - Tobacco use: prevention and control. AB - While millions have stopped smoking in the past two decades, about 55 million people continue to smoke in the U.S. Of these smokers 85% would like to quit, and a majority have tried to do so at least once. However, a large percentage of the smoking population is still unappreciative of the excessive health risks associated with smoking; the smoking cessation rates of adult women are not as encouraging as those for adult men; smoking rates in girls in late adolescence are still increasing; and a large percentage of those continuing to smoke are heavy smokers; it is the heavy smokers, in particular, who get cancer. It is imperative that effective smoking cessation strategies be tested and developed in controlled clinical trials, and this effort must be given as high a priority as any other public health initiative between now and the end of this century. PMID- 3744775 TI - Possible influence of changes in risk factors on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in Israel: need for an information system. AB - Mortality from ischemic heart disease (IHD) and cerebrovascular disease (CVD) has continued to fall in Israel during the period 1978-82. Proportionally, the fall has been 27.5% in males and 34.4% in females for IHD and 37.0 and 40.4% for CVD. There are few data available in Israel that can explain this decline, and it is doubtful whether it is due to any major attempt to change risk factor status. A top priority at this stage would seem to be the development of an information system (including data collection and processing) on a national level that will provide the opportunity for future assessment of the significance of change in such mortality. The need for future major intervention programs should be determined on the basis of such morbidity and mortality data. PMID- 3744776 TI - Decline of coronary heart disease mortality in the United States. AB - Annual mortality rates for cardiovascular disease in the U.S. have declined steadily since at least 1968, with an accelerated rate of decline since approximately 1972. Although these trends have been seen in both men and women and in both Blacks and Whites, there have been relative differences in the rate of decline by region and state within the U.S. The relative importance of improved prevention vs. treatment in accounting for this decline has been discussed at length but not resolved, and efforts to gather relevant data are still being undertaken. Nonetheless, important changes have occurred in dietary habits with, for example, lower animal and higher vegetable fat consumption; in cigarette smoking rates, with especially important declines in middle-aged men; and in high blood pressure control, with improved levels in both genders and especially in Blacks, who have the highest rates. PMID- 3744777 TI - Prevention of preterm birth and perinatal risk reduction. AB - A reduction in preterm births has been observed in Haguenau, eastern France, during a 12-year intervention study on prevention of preterm deliveries. Between 1971 and 1982 there was also an increase in the proportion of women who attended the prenatal clinic in the first trimester, and an increase in the mean number of visits in the first 6 months of pregnancy. These changes were observed in women of all educational levels. This investigation illustrates the use of time-trend studies in the field of health technology assessment. PMID- 3744778 TI - Medical examination of Israeli 17-year-olds before military service as a national resource for health information. AB - At age 17 years Israelis undergo medical examination for the purpose of health classification for military service. The potential use of this extensive data collection system for epidemiologic studies is illustrated for selected conditions. Trends in diagnosed disorders over a 25-year period are exemplified in the changing prevalence of tuberculosis, bronchial asthma, diabetes, epilepsy and heart defects. Within birth cohorts, cross-sectional analyses of height, body mass, blood pressure and disorders--such as bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, diabetes, psychiatric diagnoses and such genetic conditions as familial Mediterranean fever--point to clear ethnic differences. Educational level is strongly associated with measures of health status. Potential uses of this resource include: detecting groups in need of preventive, curative and rehabilitative care, assessing changing needs and priorities of health care, evaluation of intervention programs and health services provided in childhood, a wide spectrum of etiologic studies including assessment of health effects of social change, follow-up studies including the natural history of disorders, and developing data systems such as national registries of rare or important conditions. Issues relating to data reliability and validity, changing disease classification and nonexamination of groups exempted from military service limit interpretation of findings and restrict uses of this resource. Emphasis on standardization of data collection and diagnostic criteria, quality assurance and improved data management will be necessary. PMID- 3744779 TI - Developing an information base for short-and long-term planning of services for the elderly in Israel: an interim report. AB - Population aging throughout the Western world has stimulated a concern with the implications for service needs. It has been increasingly recognized that not only the increase in the total number of elderly, but also changes in their composition, are affecting service needs. This paper describes the attempts made to acquire more detailed information on the implications of demographic change for service needs in Israel. It indicates the dimensions of demographic change and then proceeds to present an overall picture of the strategy employed to evaluate the impact of these changes on aspects of health status and the need for community and institutional services. PMID- 3744780 TI - Factors affecting delay in diagnosis of breast cancer: relationship of delay to stage of disease. AB - In a study of 523 patients with breast cancer, delay in diagnosis was examined in relation to stage of disease, age and ethnic origin. Localized disease was found in 44% of the patients, regional disease in 40%, and metastatic disease in 9%. Stage was unknown in 7%. The incidence of breast cancer was significantly higher in Occidental Jews (of European origin) than in Oriental Jews (of Asian or North African origin) or in Arabs. The median and mean age were significantly higher in the Occidental Jewish group. Older patients (greater than 70) had more advanced disease and longer delay. Diagnosis was delayed (greater than 6 weeks) in 43% of the patients. Diagnosis was attributable to the patient in 69% of cases and to the physician in 30%. There was no delay in diagnosis for most of the patients with localized disease, whereas there was for most of those at an advanced stage. When there was a delay, it was longer in those with advanced disease. Delay due to physician responsibility was longer than the delay due to patient responsibility. Although the percentage of patients with delayed diagnosis was similar in the three ethnic groups studied, the stage of disease was significantly more advanced in Oriental Jews and Arabs than in Occidental Jews. The possible explanations for these findings are discussed. The importance of patient education aimed at breast self-examination and the role of the physician in preventing delay in diagnosis are stressed. PMID- 3744782 TI - Atrial fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction. AB - Atrial fibrillation (AF) complicating acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Early intervention with antiarrhythmic treatment and hemodynamic support in patients prone to develop AF may modify their course. The purpose of this study was to characterize on admission the patients with AMI who are prone to develop AF. The admission data of 45 consecutive patients who developed AF during the course of AMI, and the data of a control group of 45 consecutive patients with AMI who did not develop AF, were analyzed using logistic regression. The following characteristics of patients who developed AF were identified: old age, history of heart failure prior to admission, low systolic blood pressure on admission, wide P waves, presence of left bundle branch block or left anterior hemiblock, marked ST segment elevation, and PQ segment depression (admission ECG). The logistic regression formula correctly classified 80 of the 90 patients (89%) to their actual group. The study showed that the relative risk of a patient with AMI to develop AF can be estimated on admission from simple, readily available, clinical data. PMID- 3744781 TI - General anesthesia during excision of a mouse tumor accelerates postsurgical growth of metastases by suppression of natural killer cell activity. AB - Our previous studies indicated that anesthetic drugs cause acceleration of postoperative metastasis of mouse tumors. We tested whether this augmentation could be attributed to a decrease in natural killer (NK) activity. The results indicated that two of the anesthetic drugs used during excision of the Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) tumor, halothane and ketamine, decreased NK activity, whereas the other two, thiopental sodium and N2O, had no effect on NK activity in in vitro assays. The observed decrease in NK cell activity was reversed following treatment with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), which is an NK cell potentiator. Treatment of mice with poly I:C abolished the accelerated growth of metastases following excision of the tumor under ketamine or halothane anesthesia. On the other hand, treatment with poly I:C seemed to have no effect on acceleration of postoperative metastasis in mice anesthetized with N2O or thiopental sodium. PMID- 3744783 TI - Once-a-day triple therapy with low-dose minoxidil for moderate hypertension. AB - Minoxidil was given to 16 men with hypertension of various degrees of severity, in conjunction with a diuretic and atenolol. Mean supine and standing blood pressures (BP) on diuretic + atenolol were 172/106 and 162/104 mm Hg, respectively. Minoxidil was added and the dose titrated to lower the diastolic pressure to less than 90 mm Hg. All drugs were taken together once daily. At the end of a maintenance period of 6 months on an average dose of minoxidil of 12 mg (range 2.5 to 20.0 mg), supine BP was 147/87 and standing BP 139/88 mm Hg. Similar BP had been measured throughout the maintenance period, and monitoring of the BP showed that the once daily regimen provided good control for 24 h. A strong correlation was found between the dose of minoxidil necessary to normalize the BP and the mean arterial pressure prior to minoxidil (r = 0.73, P less than 0.005). Serious adverse effects of the drug were observed only in patients receiving doses greater than 10 mg or those with widespread atherosclerosis, or both. We conclude that, when added to a diuretic and a beta-blocker in a once-a day regimen, minoxidil in a daily dose of less than or equal to 10 mg is effective and well tolerated in mild to moderate hypertension, especially in patients who are free of atherosclerotic complications. PMID- 3744784 TI - The evacuation hospital in civilian disasters. AB - In a mass casualty situation the hospital nearest to the disaster scene is usually overwhelmed by the injured. We propose a solution whereby a civilian hospital in times of crisis can become an evacuation hospital (EH) to meet the immediate needs of the casualties. An EH is a hospital located as near as possible to the disaster area, whose function is to serve as a forward treating facility. All the wounded should be brought first to the EH, where they are sorted, resuscitated and stabilized for transportation, after which they are evacuated. Only the critically wounded undergo surgery at the EH; the lightly wounded remain in the EH, and all other wounded are distributed among the general hospitals for rapid definitive treatment. This principle was first applied in a civilian medical system. The Rokach (Hadassah) Hospital in Tel Aviv served as an EH in admitting 40 casualties following a nearby terrorist attack. Seventeen seriously and moderately wounded patients were resuscitated and evacuated to hospitals in the vicinity. All arrived in stable condition. Seventeen lightly wounded were detained in the EH and 4 underwent life-saving surgery there. PMID- 3744785 TI - Intestinal mast cells in different stages of celiac disease. AB - A study of mast cell content of the small intestinal mucosa in children with celiac disease is presented. Twenty patients with true celiac disease were studied and compared with 7 patients with transient gluten intolerance and 20 normal control patients. In healthy children we found (mean +/- SE) 142.5 +/- 16.4 mast cells/mm2. In children with active celiac disease, only 40.1 +/- 19.5 cells were found. This difference was highly significant (P less than 0.001). On a gluten-free diet for 1.5 years, the number of mast cells was 82.2 +/- 27.2/mm2 and still remained significantly depressed (P less than 0.001). Upon gluten challenge in celiac disease, the numbers fell to 58.3 +/- 32.6/mm2, while in transient gluten intolerance the numbers of mast cells attained were 102.5 +/- 22.5/mm2, near normal values. These findings indicate that during the untreated phase of celiac disease the number of mast cells is depressed. On a gluten-free diet, the number rises but does not reach normal control levels even after prolonged remission. It is suggested that even during remission of celiac disease the mast cells continue to be damaged by unidentified toxic agents. PMID- 3744786 TI - Bromsulfophthalein clearance and aminopyrine test in patients with Gilbert's syndrome. AB - Bromsulfophthalein (BSP) clearance and aminopyrine breath tests were performed in 13 patients with Gilbert's syndrome (GS) and six healthy volunteers. The BSP clearance was significantly lower in the GS patients (1.28 +/- 0.37 dl/min) than in the healthy volunteers (1.98 +/- 0.45 dl/min). The difference in clearance was not due to a significant difference in volume of distribution. The 13 patients with Gilbert's syndrome could be divided into three groups according to their BSP disappearance curves: in 7 the curves were normal; another 3 patients the disappearance rate of BSP was normal at the beginning, but became abnormally low later on; and in the last 3 patients, an abnormal BSP disappearance rate was observed during the whole experiment. Kinetic analysis of these BSP disappearance curves indicated increased regurgitation of BSP from the liver to the blood in the second group and defective hepatic BSP uptake in the third group. The aminopyrine breath test also demonstrated heterogeneity among the GS patients. There was no correlation between the impaired BSP clearance and the aminopyrine breath test. PMID- 3744787 TI - Hematopoiesis in osteoporosis--preliminary report comparing biopsies of the femoral neck and iliac crest. AB - Undecalcified plastic-embedded semithin sections of femoral neck and iliac crest biopsies taken at operation in 44 patients with intracapsular femoral neck fractures were examined for hematopoiesis, osseous remodelling and osteopenia. Osteopenia, osseous remodelling and hematopoiesis were present in over half of the iliac crest biopsies. More than half of the femoral neck biopsies showed osteopenia and replacement of the hematopoiesis by fat cells with virtual absence of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In these patients, osteopenia in the iliac crest appears to be of the "high turnover type" while that in the femoral neck is of the "low turnover type." These results indicate that the iliac crest biopsy is not necessarily representative of osseous remodeling and hematopoiesis at other skeletal sites. PMID- 3744788 TI - Seizures after pentazocine overdose. AB - A patient with seizures, coma and respiratory depression after pentazocine overdose was treated successfully with naloxone and artificial ventilation. Pentazocine is an antagonist of the mu opioid receptors and a partial agonist of the kappa and sigma receptors. Because naloxone has less affinity for kappa and sigma receptors than for mu receptors, larger doses of naloxone are frequently required in the treatment of pentazocine overdose. Our case lends support to the view that large doses of the narcotic antagonist naloxone may be effective in pentazocine overdose. PMID- 3744789 TI - Nocardia brasiliensis skin infections. AB - Nocardia brasiliensis skin infections were diagnosed in three patients (two with mycetoma and one with lymphocutaneous syndrome) in our hospital during the last 6 years. The mycetomas were detected in otherwise healthy Yemenite immigrants who had acquired their infection while in Yemen. The patient with the lymphocutaneous syndrome--a man with well-controlled diabetes mellitus--acquired his illness in Israel. N. brasiliensis appears to be more common in our region than previously believed. This organism should be considered a possible etiologic agent in some cases of chronic unresponsive skin infection. PMID- 3744790 TI - Intra-articular corticosteroid-induced peripheral leukocytosis. PMID- 3744791 TI - Ruptured traumatic false aneurysm of the axillary artery--a case report. PMID- 3744792 TI - Prevalence rate of anemia among 12-month-old children in the Hadera subdistrict, Israel, 1984-85. PMID- 3744793 TI - Immunoglobulin content of human hepatic bile: selective IgA concentration in bile. PMID- 3744794 TI - Caring for newborns: three world views. In Israel, families look to two messengers of God. PMID- 3744795 TI - Caring for newborns: three world views. In India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka, quality of life weights heavily. PMID- 3744796 TI - Caring for newborns: three world views. In Japan, parents participate but doctors decide. PMID- 3744797 TI - The ethical dilemmas of a rural physician. AB - Physicians in rural settings confront many of the same ethical dilemmas as their urban counterparts: confidentiality, quality-of-life decisions, resource allocation, and their moral responsibility for bettering the life of the community. However, the courses of action they choose as morally justifiable are influenced by distance from other professional facilities, the interrelationship of private and professional roles in a small community, and the non-specialized orientation of their practices. PMID- 3744798 TI - Checkmating the Baby Doe regulations. PMID- 3744799 TI - Can a healthy subject volunteer to be injured in research? PMID- 3744801 TI - Ethics consultants need doctors' support. PMID- 3744802 TI - Surrogacy with IVF carries biological risks. PMID- 3744800 TI - Treating Baby Doe: the ethics of uncertainty. AB - The ethical tensions inherent in all Baby Doe treatment decisions are compounded by medical uncertainty. Physicians both here and abroad have adopted various strategies. Swedish doctors tend to withhold treatment from the beginning from infants for whom statistical data suggest a grim prognosis. The British are more likely to initiate treatment but withdraw it if the infant appears likely to die or suffer severe brain damage. The trend in the U.S. is to start treating any baby who is potentially viable and continue until it is virtually certain that the infant will die. The "least worst" strategy is an individualized one: starting treatment, gathering data, and then reassessing the decision. PMID- 3744804 TI - Modern health hazards in Hawaii. PMID- 3744803 TI - Banning drugs in sports: a skeptical view. AB - Recent proposals to punish athletes for taking drugs or to impose mandatory drug testing cannot be defended in ethical terms. Nor is it possible to distinguish consistently between ethical and unethical uses of restorative drugs, additive drugs, painkillers, and recreational drugs. We oppose drugs in sports because they violate the majority notion of acceptable behavior. But such opposition has more to do with defending the ideals of the community than with creating policies that are ethically sound. PMID- 3744805 TI - Hospice services on Oahu. PMID- 3744806 TI - Huna of Hawaii: a system of psychological theory and practice. PMID- 3744807 TI - Therapeutic use of colchicine in thrombocytopenia. PMID- 3744808 TI - Post-traumatic headache patients. II: Special problems, perceptions, and service needs. PMID- 3744809 TI - A wellness program in the treatment of headache. PMID- 3744810 TI - The effect of postural variation on the electromyographic evaluation of tension headache and nonheadache control participants. PMID- 3744811 TI - The effect of muscle contraction headache chronicity on frontal EMG. PMID- 3744812 TI - Marital conflicts and exacerbation of headache: some clinical observations. PMID- 3744813 TI - Tension headaches: relation between MMPI paranoia score and pain and between MMPI hypochondriasis score and frontalis EMG. PMID- 3744814 TI - Locus of control, assertiveness, and anxiety as personality variables in stress related headaches. PMID- 3744815 TI - The appropriate use of diagnostic services: (IX). Nuclear medicine. PMID- 3744816 TI - Geographical variation in coronary heart disease mortality in Scotland. PMID- 3744817 TI - Ten years after reorganisation: changes in mortality measures 1974-1983 in Scotland and health boards. PMID- 3744818 TI - Hypnotic drugs, old people and their habits: a general practice study. PMID- 3744819 TI - Midlothian Community Mental Handicap Team. PMID- 3744820 TI - Why don't we use questionnaires in the medical out-patient clinic? PMID- 3744821 TI - A growth, developmental and nutritional study of low birthweight infants. PMID- 3744822 TI - [Prognosis-oriented therapy of malignant melanoma. New concepts]. AB - Similar to other countries, the incidence of malignant melanoma (MM) is significantly increasing in the Federal Republic of Germany. In established MM, curative therapeutic measures are limited. Current worldwide effort is therefore being directed toward its early recognition and the immediate surgical removement of the primary tumor, with a safety margin of at least 3 cm from the edge of the tumor in all cases. General anesthesia seems preferable and is used in most German university departments of dermatology. Another essential requirement is to subdivide clinical stage I into several risk groups since the 5-year survival rate of each individual case included in this stage may vary from greater than 90% to less than 50%; this can be accomplished by analyzing two main prognostic criteria that will largely determine the final outcome: tumor thickness, and tumor localization. Sex may also play a role in some cases. Other prognostic factors should also be considered. The selection of postoperative therapeutic measures (including prophylactic immunotherapy, prophylactic chemotherapy, and prophylactic regional lymphadenectomy) will then depend on the prognostic risk expected for each patient. This approach means that all of the main individual parameters must be carefully evaluated, and this is time-consuming, but it seems to be more appropriate than any other method for achieving optimal therapeutic results. When MM are in the late metastasizing clinical stages only palliative measures are currently possible, and there is little hope, if any, for a final cure. PMID- 3744824 TI - [Tricholemmal carcinoma. Report of 11 cases]. AB - Eleven cases of tricholemmal carcinoma are reported. The histological features of tricholemmal carcinoma are compared with those of tricholemmoma. The tumor is very rare and occurs in slightly damaged skin of elderly people. Whereas its clinical appearance is nonspecific, it can be differentiated from tricholemmoma by the occurrence of marked cellular and nuclear atypia and less orderly architecture. Although the histological picture suggests a high-grade malignancy, its biological behaviour appears to be relatively benign. To date, no metastases have been observed in our patients. PMID- 3744823 TI - [Verrucous carcinoma and carcinoma cuniculatum--forms of squamous cell carcinoma?]. AB - The morphology of verrucous carcinoma (Ackerman tumor) and carcinoma cuniculatum is described and the problems of diagnosis and classification are discussed on the basis of the relevant literature. Both lesions are closely related aggressive proliferations of squamous epithelium of the skin and mucous membranes. Verrucous carcinoma exhibits an exophytic as well as endophytic growth pattern on a broad front; dissociated invasive growth, however, is usually absent. Carcinoma cuniculatum is similar; however, conspicuous deep duct-like formations and keratin-filled sinuses are formed. Clinically, these tumors appear to be malignant. Histological evaluation often results in the tumors being underestimated and a false diagnosis of a benign papillomatous lesion or pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia being made. The necessity is stressed of a thorough histological investigation of the tumors in multiple sections and of a search for dissociated invasive growth. It is suggested that cases without this feature should not be termed carcinoma but should rather be given a more descriptive diagnosis such as verrucous hyperplasia or proliferation. Cases with clear invasive growth should be classified as papillary squamous cell carcinomas (grade I). A detailed characterization should be given in addition. Although both tumors show features of viral lesions, it has so far not been possible to demonstrate viruses by electron microscopy or structural antigens of human papilloma viruses (HPV). Both clinical picture and histology must be taken into consideration when diagnosing these two tumors ("clinicopathologic entity"). Close cooperation between the clinician and the pathologist is desirable for individual assessment of these lesions as regards classification and therapy. PMID- 3744825 TI - [Mixed vascular nevus. Report of 4 cases]. AB - We describe four patients with a combined vascular nevus, consisting of telangiectatic and angiospastic parts, and give a review of 28 observations previously reported. In all of these cases the two different nevoid skin changes are situated directly adjacent to each. Therefore we consider this combination not to be an incidental finding but to represent a distinct entity. For this anomaly, we propose the designation "nevus vascularis mixtus". PMID- 3744827 TI - [Subungual exostosis]. AB - A 56-year-old male patient suffering from subungual exostosis of the big toe is reported. The painful tumour was treated ineffectively for a number of years after being mistaken for verruca vulgaris. The histological diagnosis was benign osteochondroma, having a roentgenographic appearance of exostosis. Local curettage of the subungual exostosis is the treatment of choice. PMID- 3744826 TI - [Oral leukoedema--sequela of an artifact]. AB - A 23-year-old white female with a history of psychological instability presented with burning, adhesive, white plaques of the buccal mucosa. She had been unsuccessfully treated for 1.5 years with topical retinoids as well as topical and systemic corticosteroids. The differential diagnoses included leukoplakia, cheek biting and lichen planus. Clinical and histopathological examinations suggested the diagnosis of severe oral leukoedema. Careful history and clandestine surveillance of the patient finally revealed the lesions to be due to a caustic (over-the-counter product for the treatment of corns), which the patient regularly applied to her buccal mucosa. PMID- 3744828 TI - [Toxic shock syndrome]. AB - A 23-year-old woman developed mitigated toxic shock syndrome while using intravaginal tampons during menstruation. The Staphylococcus aureus strain isolated from the vaginal epithelium produced the responsible exotoxin (TSST-1). PMID- 3744829 TI - Surface deposition of 222Rn decay products with and without enhanced air motion. AB - The effectiveness of fan-induced air motion in reducing airborne activities of short-lived 222Rn decay products was evaluated in a 78.5-m3 chamber. Observed reductions were as high as 50% for 218Po (RaA), 79% for 214Pb (RaB), and 86% for 214Bi (RaC). Activity measurements of these nuclides on chamber and fan surfaces, along with airborne activities, were used to calculate material balances. Greater than about 90% of deposited activity was found on chamber surfaces, although areal activity densities were higher on fan surfaces. Deposition velocities for decay products not attached to particles were 2.3 mm s-1 when no fans were in operation and 9.2 to 13 mm s-1 when fans were used. Mean boundary layer thicknesses for unattached decay products were estimated to be about four times the recoil distance of a 214Pb atom when no fans were used and about equal to the recoil distance when fans were used. PMID- 3744831 TI - The estimation and potential radiobiological significance of the intake of 228Ra by early Ra dial workers in Illinois. AB - We made radiochemical determinations of 226Ra and the 228Ra-decay product, 228Th, in samples of bone from former Ra dial workers who belonged to a major cohort of Ra-exposed persons under study for health effects at our institution. Most of the former workers were long-term residents of two communities supplied with drinking water containing elevated natural levels of 228Ra and 226Ra, so determinations also were made of radioactivity in samples of bone from long-term residents not occupationally exposed to Ra. The 228Th activity of the bones of the former workers, after correction for the presence of natural radioactivity, showed that some had significant occupational intakes of 228Ra, contrary to published reports that 228Ra was never used by the Illinois company that had employed the cohort of early workers. For 14 workers hired in the years 1920-23, the calculated ratio of the occupational intake of 228Ra to 226Ra activity averaged 0.15 (coefficient of variation 0.65), whereas for three workers hired in 1924, it was not significantly different from zero (mean 0.05, coefficient of variation 1.5). The risk of radiogenic cancer for the typical worker hired before 1924 may have been nearly twice that incurred in the absence of the 228Ra component of the Ra intakes. PMID- 3744830 TI - Comparative pathway analysis of radiocesium in the Hudson River Estuary: environmental measurements and regulatory dose assessment models. AB - This work summarizes the measurements and associated environmental dosimetry of reactor-released 137Cs and 134Cs and weapons-produced 137Cs in samples of water, shoreline sediment and fish collected from 1971 to 1980 in the Hudson River Estuary. Trends observed in annual mean concentrations and the resultant dose implications for man from each source are discussed. The human exposure pathways examined are: fish consumption, water consumption, swimming and recreational use of the shoreline. Based on environmental measurements, a maximum, adult, whole body, 50-y committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) of 0.79 mu Sv (79 mu rem) is estimated from fish consumption in 1971, the year of maximum reactor discharge of the radiocesiums. For comparison, during the period 1974-79, mean estimates (+/- 1 SD) of the CEDE based on environmental measurements and attributed to other pathways are as follows: consumption of indigenous fish species caught downstream of the reactor outfall, 0.05 +/- 0.02 mu Sv (5 +/- 2 mu rem); consumption of fresh water sampled upstream of the reactors, 0.02 +/- 0.03 mu Sv (2 +/- 3 mu rem); and swimming, 10(-4) +/- 10(-4) mu Sv (0.01 +/- 0.01 mu rem). In addition, external, whole-body exposure resulting from recreational use of the shoreline 1.6 km downstream of the reactors is estimated to be 1.2 X 10(-8) C kg 1 (46 +/- 11 mu R yr-1). The above dose estimates are based on consumption factors of 3.9 and 803 kg y-1 (fish and water, respectively) and on usage factors of 50 and 140 h y-1 (swimming and shoreline recreation, respectively). Differences in dose estimates obtained from these long-term environmental measurements and from assessment models currently recommended for use by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) are discussed. PMID- 3744832 TI - Radiation data input for the design of dry or semi-dry U tailings disposal. AB - Before discussion of design criteria for the handling of dry or semi-dry tailings, it is necessary to obtain an insight into the radiation levels associated with the tailings particles and to study the basic physical properties of dry tailings. This article presents the experimental results of assessing Ra and specific alpha-activity distribution with respect to particle size of the Ranger (RUM) and Nabarlek (QML) uranium mines dry tailings samples. The variation of Rn emanation coefficient versus particle size of dry tailings has also been measured. The nuclear-track detection technique, gamma spectrometry and alpha counting were used for the above measurements. Surface Rn flux from the hypothetical Nabarlek semi-infinite dry tailings pile is 32 Bq m-2 s-1 and the Rn flux for Ranger is 10 Bq m-2 s-1. The theoretical exposure rates for 1 m above these hypothetical tailings piles are 0.95 microC kg-1 h-1 and 0.28 microC kg-1 h 1, respectively. The derived air alpha-contamination limits (DAAC) for the tailings dust were calculated to be 1.2 Bq m-3 for workers and 0.034 Bq m-3 for a member of the public. The limit for workers corresponds to the air tailings dust concentration of 0.79 mg m-3 for QML tailings and 2.2 mg m-3 for RUM tailings. The DAAC limit for the public corresponds to the air tailings dust concentration of 0.022 mg m-3 for QML tailings and 0.064 mg m-3 for RUM tailings. PMID- 3744833 TI - Residual radioactivity in a cyclotron and its surroundings. AB - Neutron-induced gamma-ray-emitting radionuclides in components and surroundings of the University of Colorado 1.3-m sector-focusing cyclotron have been measured with Ge(Li) and HPGe detectors. These measurements were made before decommissioning of the cyclotron and before approving release of the accelerator components and building space for other uses. In addition to the activities expected from previous published work, 13.3-y 152Eu and 8.6-y 154Eu were found in the concrete shielding with specific activities of tens of becquerels per kilogram (a few nanocuries per kilogram). PMID- 3744834 TI - A method for determining concentrations of 220Rn in the field. PMID- 3744835 TI - Gamma camera measurement of accidental internal radionuclide deposition: 192Ir and 153Sm. PMID- 3744837 TI - Logistic estimate of the final incidence of late radiation effects. PMID- 3744836 TI - Final product dust activity median aerodynamic diameters in the product packing areas of two Australian U mills. PMID- 3744839 TI - Prenatal x rays and cancers: further tests of data from the Oxford Survey of Childhood Cancers. PMID- 3744838 TI - Histopathologic findings of lung cancer in Navajo men: relationship to U mining. PMID- 3744840 TI - Estimation of the genetically significant dose from diagnostic nuclear medicine examinations in the United States: 1980. PMID- 3744841 TI - Counting losses in gamma-ray spectrometry not eliminated by dead-time correction circuitry. PMID- 3744843 TI - New liquid scintillation counter design eases vial disposal problems. PMID- 3744842 TI - Radiation survey-meter calibration tardiness alarm. PMID- 3744844 TI - Quantification of source terms in assessing dose. PMID- 3744845 TI - Comments on 'Commercial aviation crewmember radiation doses'. PMID- 3744846 TI - Psychosocial ramifications of childhood malignancy for the child and family. AB - The changes that occur in a child's life following the diagnosis of cancer extend to other members of the family and, through time, far beyond the biologic cure of the disease. The responses of the family to this stress and the ways in which they cope with it will depend partially on their own resources and partially on the severity of the disease and its treatment. This paper describes the factors that influence the family's adaptation to illness and presents a case example that illustrates criteria useful in assessing the need for psychologic consultation in childhood cancer patients and their families. Also presented are guidelines for the physician in his/her continuing observation and follow-up of these patients and families. PMID- 3744847 TI - Preoperative simultaneously administered cis-platinum plus radiation therapy for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. AB - Synchronously administered cis-platinum (cis-DDP) and radiation therapy have been used to treat unresectable squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerance of preoperative adjuvant cis-DDP plus radiation therapy in operable stage III and IV head and neck cancers. Radiation therapy (4,500 rad) was delivered in 180-rad daily fractions. Cis-DDP (20 mg/M2) was given before radiotherapy on days 1-4 and 21 24. Eighteen patients began therapy; 16 completed the combined regimen. Toxicity included stomatitis and WBC below 2,500/mm3. One patient died from therapy of a cerebrovascular accident. Sixteen patients (89%) achieved a complete or partial response to therapy. Complete responses were observed in 13 of 18 primary tumors (72%), and in all three patients with cervical lymphadenopathy. Complete responses were noted for lesions of the nasopharynx, oral cavity, pharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx, for all histologic grades of squamous cell carcinoma. Twelve patients underwent curative surgery. Site-related morbidity occurred in two patients (15%) and a third patient developed postoperative pneumonia. Five of 10 resected primary tumors with preoperative complete responses were pathologically negative for tumor. Concurrent bolus cis-DDP and radiation therapy are well-tolerated and result in impressive tumor reduction. Morbidity after subsequent curative surgery is low, and histologic complete responses are frequent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3744848 TI - Pedicled myocutaneous flap of latissimus dorsi muscle for reconstruction of anterior and middle skull defects: an alternative. AB - Three cases are presented demonstrating the use of a pedicled myocutaneous flap of latissimus dorsi muscle to reconstruct large defects of the anterior and middle skull after ablative surgery for carcinoma. This method is proposed as an alternative to reconstruction with a free myocutaneous flap in selected patients. PMID- 3744849 TI - Pain in the head and neck cancer patient: changes over treatment. AB - The incidence, severity, and location of pain was evaluated in 30 head and neck cancer patients prior to treatment after the first phase of their treatment and upon the completion of treatment. The incidence of pain was relatively high (40% 70%) and tended to increase slightly over treatment. Patients having advanced disease (stage III or IV) had a higher incidence of pain. Pain severity ratings were stable over treatment. Pain was located close to tumor or incision sites, and a trend for patients to report a greater number of pain sites over treatment was noted. While medical status variables (disease stage and site) were found to predict pain status after the initial phase of cancer treatment, initial pain measurements were more likely to predict pain status at the completion of treatment. PMID- 3744850 TI - Salivary neoplasms: overview of a 35-year experience with 2,807 patients. AB - We have reviewed a 35-year experience with 2,807 patients treated for salivary tumors which arose in the parotid gland (1,695 patients; 70%), submandibular gland (235 patients; 8%), and seromucinous glands of the upper aerodigestive tract (607 patients; 22%). Pleomorphic adenomas comprised 45% of the total, most of which occurred in the parotid gland. The clinical findings and the distribution of patients according to the histology and the site of origin are summarized. Treatment was surgical and the resection was conservative when possible, depending upon the extent of the tumor. The impact of site, histology, grade, and tumor stage on the results is shown. PMID- 3744851 TI - Primary lymphoma of the mandible. AB - The mandible is an uncommon presentation site for lymphoma and misdiagnosis is common. Eleven patients with lymphoma of the mandible were seen between 1947 and 1983. In 5 of the 11 patients, the diagnosis of lymphoma could not be established from the initial biopsy and additional material for examination was required. In three patients, this resulted in a partial or total removal of the mandible. In a recent histopathologic review, the diagnosis of diffuse large cell was made in seven, diffuse undifferentiated (non-Burkitt's) in two, diffuse undifferentiated (Burkitt's) in one, and unclassified in one. Using the Ann Arbor method of staging, six patients were determined to have stage IE disease; three had stage IIE, and two had stage IV. In 10 patients definitive treatment consisted of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of both. Treatment was limited to surgery in one patient. The 5-year overall and disease-free survival rates were 62% and 50%, respectively. These results are comparable to those for lymphoma of other extranodal head and neck sites. PMID- 3744852 TI - Granulomatous reaction in lymph nodes draining laryngeal carcinoma. AB - Presented are two cases of simultaneous occurrence of epithelioid granulomas and metastatic squamous cell carcinoma in cervical lymph nodes draining supraglottic carcinoma. Laboratory tests and radiological and clinical findings ruled out sarcoidosis, as well as mycotic, mycobacterial, or other bacterial infection. Upon finding of epithelioid granulomas in cervical lymph nodes, a malignant tumor of the head and neck region should be considered as a differential diagnostic possibility. Uncritical acceptance of a diagnosis based solely on the histological appearance may lead to erroneous treatment. PMID- 3744853 TI - Thyroglossal duct carcinomas: light and electron microscopic studies. AB - Two cases of papillary carcinoma arising in thyroglossal duct cysts are reported. Electron microscopic studies were done on both cases and similar ultrastructural features were noted. When compared with a case of papillary adenocarcinoma arising in the thyroid gland proper, no difference was seen both at the light microscopic and ultrastructural levels. PMID- 3744854 TI - Immediate reconstruction of the mandible using a vascularized segment of radius. AB - Resection of a segment of mandible, particularly when associated with malignant disease, carries a high morbidity and mortality. Traditional methods of autogenous bone grafting have proved unreliable in immediate reconstruction of such mandibular defects because of the variability of the recipient bed. These unfavorable conditions for bone graft survival can be largely overcome using vascularized bone and vascularized soft tissue reconstruction. The radial forearm free flap has proved a versatile and useful method in intraoral reconstruction and can be used together with a segment of radius as a composite flap. The technique of raising a segment of vascularized radius is described and its use in immediate reconstruction of the mandible at the time of resection illustrated in a series of 14 consecutive cases. There was one microvascular failure in this series and one postoperative death. The remaining 12 cases have had a successful outcome and show clinical union in the follow-up period varying from 11-36 months. There is evidence indicating that the bone maintains its viability even in the presence of preoperative or early postoperative radiotherapy. PMID- 3744855 TI - Invasion of the mandible by squamous carcinomas of the oral cavity and oropharynx. AB - The radiologic and histologic features of mandibular invasion, and its clinical implications, are considered in a retrospective series of 111 patients with squamous carcinomas of the oral cavity and oropharynx treated by composite resection. Eighty percent of the entire group had either recurrent or advanced (T3, T4) local disease, and 33 patients (30%) had histologic evidence of mandibular invasion by tumor. Preoperative radiologic assessment was unreliable in cases in which infiltrating tumor was confined to the periosteum and superficial cortex-44% false negatives. The extent of bone invasion was found to correlate with the size of the tumor, but not with its histologic grade. The mandibular periosteum was not seen as a morphologically discrete "barrier" and infiltration occurred at various points along the mandibular body, mainly related to the course of the inferior dental canal. The gross and microscopic patterns of bone invasion appeared to be similar in irradiated and nonirradiated resections. The incidence and pattern of recurrent disease following composite resection was the same in the groups with and without mandibular invasion: in each group half the patients were dead from disease and one third alive and free of disease at 2 years. Mandibular invasion alone did not appear to influence prognosis in this series. PMID- 3744856 TI - A prospective study of shoulder disability resulting from radical and modified neck dissections. AB - A prospective longitudinal study of shoulder function after 103 neck dissections involving either preservation or sacrifice of the spinal accessory nerve is presented. The postoperative evolution and course of trapezius muscle denervation and resultant shoulder dysfunction were objectively determined for both radical and modified nerve sparing neck dissections. All patients were enrolled in a program of physical therapy aimed at maintaining range of motion at the shoulder joint. Shoulder function was examined preoperatively and for 12 months postoperatively with manual muscle strength testing, range of motion measurements, and electrodiagnostic testing. Results indicate that modified nerve sparing dissections are followed on the average by a significant, but temporary and reversible phase of shoulder dysfunction. By comparison, radical neck dissection is followed by profound and permanent trapezius muscle weakness and denervation. PMID- 3744857 TI - Reconstruction of the subglottic larynx with a myoperiosteal flap: clinical and experimental study. AB - The literature describes numerous techniques for reconstruction of the subglottic larynx. The use of rigid bone grafts or flaps has been associated with problems because the rigid bone cannot conform to the defect and form an airtight seal. We have performed subglottic reconstruction using the sternocleidomastoid myoperiosteal flap with very optimistic results on long-term follow up. The sternocleidomastoid myoperiosteal flap is a relatively simple procedure that can be used for a large variety of defects. The pliable periosteal flap used for closing the defect can be molded over a stent to form an airtight seal. We have demonstrated bone formation in the periosteum which is crucial to the stability of the airway and long-term success of the procedure. The sternocleidomastoid myoperiosteal flap yields a pliable, durable tissue capable of airtight closure and a tension-free suture line. This technique will make the closure of subglottic defects a much more practical task. PMID- 3744858 TI - Methylphenidate treatment of patients with head and neck cancer. AB - Five organically impaired and depressed head and neck cancer patients had a marked therapeutic response to methylphenidate (MPD). There was a rapid remission of depressive and cognitive dysfunctions without adverse side effects. The relationship of cognitive, behavioral, and affective symptoms to brain function is discussed. To rule out treatable cognitive and affective disorders, neurobehavioral assessment of the depressed head and neck cancer patient is stressed, and diagnostic and treatment guidelines are given. The results suggest that further evaluation is warranted of the use of MPD in treating seriously ill cancer patients who have either compromised brain function or depression. PMID- 3744859 TI - Melanoma of the upper aerodigestive tract: a review of 21 cases. AB - In this report 21 cases of primary malignant melanoma arising from the mucosa of the upper aerodigestive tract are reviewed. The patients ranged in age from 30 to 86; mean age was 67 years. There were 10 men and 11 women. All but one patient were white. Sites of involvement were: nose and paranasal sinuses, oral cavity and labial mucosa, parotid duct, and larynx. Surgery was the primary method of treatment. The 2-year survival rate was 44% (7/16) and the 5-year survival rate was 13% (2/15). Regional metastases were seen in 19% (4/21) while distant metastases was seen in 55% (11/21). The local recurrence rate was 69% (11/16). Distant metastases were usually associated with uncontrolled disease at the primary site. This fact as well as the low incidence of regional metastases lead us to conclude that better local control rather than regional lymphatic control is necessary if decreased distant metastases and increased survival are to be achieved. PMID- 3744860 TI - Clear cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland. AB - Clear cell carcinoma is a rare variant of thyroid cancer, histologically related to the well-differentiated thyroid malignancies. The purpose of this paper is to discuss data collected from the English literature and to present three additional cases. In two of the three cases presented, thyroglobulin levels were extremely high after thyroid ablation. Both cases presented metastasis to lung and bone with significant I131 uptake. It seems that, when compared to the well differentiated carcinomas of the thyroid gland, clear cell carcinoma has a more aggressive clinical course. Initial radical surgery is the treatment of choice for this kind of neoplasm and I131 should always be considered for the treatment of its metastasis. PMID- 3744861 TI - [Surgery of primary hyperparathyroidism]. PMID- 3744862 TI - [Findings in secondary hyperparathyroidism]. PMID- 3744863 TI - The effect of a change in management of displaced tibial shaft fractures. Rigid fixation versus conservative treatment. PMID- 3744864 TI - [Experiences with parathyroidectomy in renal hyperparathyroidism]. PMID- 3744865 TI - [Critical observations on organ-preserving therapy in splenic rupture and the problem of spleen replantation following splenectomy]. PMID- 3744866 TI - [The role of thymectomy in the treatment of myasthenia gravis]. PMID- 3744867 TI - [Acute inhibition of jejunal absorption due to the presence of intraluminal ethanol]. PMID- 3744868 TI - [Initial experiences with the dynamic condylar screw in distal femoral fractures]. PMID- 3744869 TI - [Paralysis of the femoral nerve in the course of anticoagulant therapy]. PMID- 3744870 TI - [Is the solitary cold thyroid nodule in an endemic area still a sign of primary malignancy?]. PMID- 3744871 TI - A new electrophoretically-silent hemoglobin variant: hemoglobin Kofu or alpha 2 beta 2 84 (EF8) Thr----Ile. PMID- 3744872 TI - Association of Hb H disease with sickle-trait. PMID- 3744873 TI - Normal production of the mutant hemoglobin in heterozygotes for hemoglobin J Paris and beta-thalassemia. PMID- 3744874 TI - Hemoglobinopathies in Xinjiang. AB - The present report summarizes the results of a search for hemoglobinopathies in 142,171 persons in Xinjiang, the results of structural analyses of abnormal hemoglobins in 134 families, and the incidence and distribution of abnormal hemoglobins and the thalassemias in eight ethnic groups or nationalities. PMID- 3744875 TI - Are tick populations really less variable and should they be? AB - Empirical evidence from electrophoretic examinations of Metastriate ticks does not support the prediction that these ectoparasites necessarily have low levels of genetic variability within populations and large interpopulation differences. In part, the failure of the theory to produce a parsimonious prediction seems to stem from the use of an inappropriate model based on spatial environmental heterogeneity. The experimental data are better explained in terms of host mobility, tick population size, and the degree of host specificity of the tick. PMID- 3744876 TI - Inheritance of immunity in mice to challenge infection with Nematospiroides dubius. AB - Two lines of mice (Mus musculus) were selectively reared over 10 generations for high (H) and low (L) levels of immune response to Nematospiroides dubius, an enteric nematode parasite. Filial and backcross families were derived from the two parent lines. The mode of inheritance of the trait, immune response to challenge infection with N. dubius, was analysed by comparing the levels of infection in the parental, filial and backcross (BC) families of mice. The immunity of the F1 mice was found to be dissimilar to both parents, but was closer to the H value than to the level of immunity in the L mice. The backcross to H progeny showed levels of immunity approaching that of the H mice, whereas only two of four backcross to L families were low immune responders. Analysis of these results indicated that the inheritance of immunity in these mice to challenge infection with N. dubius was quantitative, partially dominant for high immune response, and additive, in nature. PMID- 3744877 TI - Electrophoretically detectable protein variation in natural populations of the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae). AB - Nine populations of Amblyomma americanum (L.) were examined electrophoretically for variation of 21 enzymes. Only three enzymes were not polymorphic and the average heterozygosity per individual (h) for the species was 0.085 with a range of 0.077 to 0.110, comparing well with values in other arthropods. The average Nei identity value for pairwise comparisons among the nine populations was high, 0.994 +/- 0.004 (I +/- SD). These high identity values and the absence of geographic structuring of the protein variation suggest that this species is genetically homogeneous. Normal levels of genic variability within and a lack of divergence between populations were not predicted by models developed to describe these genetic characteristics on the basis of the heterogeneities encountered by parasites in their environment. An analysis of data from several different species of ticks suggests host mobility and abundance, as well as tick abundance and selectivity in choosing a host, are important parameters in determining genetic variation in these ectoparasites. PMID- 3744878 TI - Concentration-dependence of halothane metabolism in rabbits. PMID- 3744879 TI - Morphological study of the cyclic changes in the endocervical epithelium. PMID- 3744880 TI - Clinical effect of infusion therapy in combination with local antimycotic drugs on acute pseudomembraneous candidiasis induced by removable dentures. PMID- 3744881 TI - Pacemaker inhibition during cardioplegia in open heart surgery. PMID- 3744882 TI - A case report of isolated traumatic tear of the triangular fibro-cartilage. PMID- 3744883 TI - Induction of experimental atrophic gastritis by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N nitrosoguanidine or taurocholic acid in Donryu rats. PMID- 3744885 TI - Symposium on fundamental considerations in infants feeding in 1986. PMID- 3744884 TI - Histochemical demonstration of hyaluronic acid molecules by alcian blue. AB - Specimens of vitreous humour (monkey eye), Wharton jelly (human umbilical cord) and commercial hyaluronates were immersed in buffered fixative solutions containing either aldehydes and Alcian Blue, or aldehydes and Alcian Blue with MgCl2 as electrolyte. Two MgCl2 concentrations were used, 0.025 M and 0.3 M. Immersion in both solutions induced formation of precipitates which were postfixed in OsO4, dehydrated and embedded for thin section electron microscopy. The use of the same fixative solution produced morphologically comparable precipitates from all three materials. The precipitates, especially after fixation in the presence of electrolyte, were composed of linear, unbranched filaments, frequently aggregated into bundles. The filaments were considered to be molecules of hyaluronic acid. PMID- 3744886 TI - Biochemistry of maternal milk in early lactation. AB - The analysis of more than 550 human milk samples showed that triglycerides (accounting for 96-99 per cent of the total lipids) increased from 2 to 3.5 g/100 ml mainly during the first week postpartum and remained constant thereafter. In contrast, both cholesterol and vitamin E concentrations decreased from 35 to 20 mg/100 ml and from 1.7 to 0.30 mg/100 ml, respectively. The phospholipids remained constant (40 mg/100 ml). The fatty acid composition of total lipids showed remarkable changes. Mid-chain fatty acids (C10, C12, C14) increased, whereas the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased. The P/S ratio of 0.32 remained constant throughout lactation. The mean protein content of human milk decreased from approximately 2 g/100 ml at day 2 to approximately 1 g/100 ml at day 36 of lactation. The content of each individual amino acid decreased likewise. However, when we expressed the amino acid values in relation to the protein value--that is as gram of amino acid per gram of protein--some decreased, some remained constant and some increased indicating a changing protein pattern. Throughout the whole period of investigation, non-protein nitrogen accounted for about 20 per cent of total nitrogen, taurine ranging at about 6 mg/100 ml. The calcium content increased from a mean value of 25 mg/100 ml at day 1 to 32 mg/100 ml at day 5 and remained constant at 30 mg/100 ml up to day 36. The mean phosphorus content increased from 10 mg/100 ml at day 1 to 17 mg/100 ml at day 8 and then continuously decreased to 13 mg/100 ml at day 36. PMID- 3744887 TI - IgE antibodies to foods are not a feature of cystic fibrosis. AB - It has been suggested that patients with cystic fibrosis have abnormal immune responses to foods. We have measured IgE antibodies to inhalants and foods (by RAST) in 105 patients with cystic fibrosis aged between 8 months and 28 years. Serum IgE was elevated (greater than 180 kU/l) in 21 patients. In 43, IgE antibodies were detected in serum. The majority of positive results were with house-dust mite, grass pollen or Aspergillus. Only four of the patients had a positive RAST to a food--one to milk, one to wheat and two to egg. On the basis of high serum IgE or positive RAST results, 44.8 per cent of the patients were atopic and the frequency of atopy was age-related, being higher in patients aged 4 years or more. However, the presence of food antibodies was unrelated to age. This study confirms the high prevalence of atopy in patients with cystic fibrosis but unequivocally demonstrates that the presence of IgE antibodies to foods in their serum is rare. PMID- 3744888 TI - Energy expenditure of young men from obese and non-obese families. AB - Sixteen young non-obese men, seven of whom had an obese parent, were studied under standardized conditions in a respiration chamber to assess their metabolic rate during sleep, at rest, in response to food and during a variety of exercises. The men from obese families were already fatter than the 'normal' group from non-obese families but reported equivalent intakes of energy, had a normal pattern of energy expenditure and could not be distinguished as a group from the men of normal-weight parents. Only the three men of lighter weight of obese parents had a lower energy expenditure per kg fat-free mass and a lower thermic response to food than the normal group; those who were already overweight did not differ from the normal group in their energy expenditure. PMID- 3744889 TI - Immunological response to measles vaccination in poor communities. AB - Cell-mediated immune response, antibody titres and morbidity were measured among children residing in a slum area following measles vaccination. Effect of malnutrition on the development of protective levels of antibody titres was also investigated. Of the vaccinated children 87 per cent had antibody titres above 1:8 and nutritional status had no influence on this. Cell-mediated immune response was similar before and after vaccination. However, morbidity due to other infections was less in vaccinated children compared to the controls and could be due to stimulation of non-specific host resistance mechanisms. PMID- 3744890 TI - Food intake and nutritional status after gastrectomy. AB - Food intake and nutritional status was studied in 67 patients, who had had a gastrectomy 2-30 years earlier, and in a randomly selected, matched group of healthy persons. The gastrectomized patients weighed less than the control persons (women 56.4 +/- 9.5 vs 61.4 +/- 6.9 kg; P less than 0.05; men 72.4 +/- 12.5 vs 77.7 +/- 9.2 kg; P less than 0.02). Compared to the controls the gastrectomized women had a significantly lower fat-free mass (37.8 +/- 4.1 vs 40.7 +/- 4.3 kg; P less than 0.02), whereas the gastrectomized men had a lower fat mass (17.0 +/- 7.8 vs 21.2 +/- 6.0 kg; P less than 0.01). The serum concentration of alkaline phosphatase was raised and the concentration of calcium, phosphorus and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol reduced in the gastrectomized group. None of these results could be explained from the nutritional study as both the intake of energy and protein and the intake of calcium and vitamin D was about the same in the operated and the healthy controls. The serum concentration of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol was significantly higher in the gastrectomized persons taking supplementary vitamin D (21.9 +/- 12.0 vs 11.7 +/- 6.5 ng/ml). A daily supplement of 10 micrograms of vitamin D secured normal serum values. As the serum level of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol is correlated to the degree of osteomalacia, all gastrectomized patients should have at least 10 micrograms vitamin D as a supplement once a day. PMID- 3744891 TI - Gastric emptying in obesity. AB - The gastric emptying, expressed as the half-emptying time (T1/2) and mean transit time (MTT90), in 31 obese and 21 control women was studied using a radionuclide technique. No correlation between body weight and body surface area and gastric emptying rates could be found. T1/2 was slightly shorter and MTT90 faster in the obese women than in the controls. There is little chance that a subtle difference in gastric emptying is of any importance in the pathogenesis of obesity. PMID- 3744892 TI - A computer-controlled indirect calorimeter for the measurement of energy expenditure in one or two subjects simultaneously. AB - An indirect calorimeter is described with which it is possible to make recordings of oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production and respiratory quotient in one or two subjects simultaneously. The gas analysers sample expired air from the two patients and room air in a continuous cycle which lasts 15 min; a microcomputer is used to switch solenoid valves, read the gas analysers and output the results to a printer. A butane lamp is described which is made from components of a camping cooker. This can be used to simulate two patients, and enables the operator to check the function of the calorimeter quickly and inexpensively. If there is an error in the system the printout indicates whether the fault is likely to be a leak or an error in a gas analyser. PMID- 3744893 TI - Simplified subcutaneous fat biopsy for nutritional surveys. AB - Use of a 3 mm skin-biopsy punch results in skin plus an additional core of subcutaneous fat which is adequate for gas chromatographic analysis of fatty acids. This technique is quicker, cheaper and less traumatic than other methods of fat biopsy and is recommended for population surveys of diet where the pattern of fat intake is being investigated. It has been used in a survey for cardiovascular risk factors on some 3 000 subjects and has proved to be safe and acceptable. PMID- 3744894 TI - Cytofluorometric nuclear DNA determinations on the atrioventricular nodal cells in human hearts. AB - In the human heart, it is well known that the polyploidization of working heart muscle cells increases in proportion to increases in heart weight, but there has been no investigation of the process of polyploidization in the specialized heart muscle cells of the cardiac conduction system which have a nerve-like function. In order to investigate the process of polyploidization in these cells, the nuclear DNA content of atrioventricular nodal cells was measured using cytofluorometry. Tissue samples taken from autopsied hearts without arrhythmias were embedded in paraffin blocks after Carnoy fixation. Blocks containing the atrioventricular conduction system were cut according to the serial sectioning method of Lev et al. The compact atrioventricular nodes were removed from thick paraffin sections (150 micron) under a stereomicroscope. The cells were then isolated by enzyme digestion and ultrasonic treatment. Smears of the isolated cells were double stained with azocarmin-G and acriflavine-Feulgen. Cytofluorometric DNA determinations of the DNA content of atrioventricular nodal cells were performed. Atrioventricular nodes were found to be composed of a large number of diploid cells and a small number of tetraploid cells. No octaploid cells were found. These findings reveal that the process of polyploidization in atrioventricular nodal cells is different from that found in working heart-muscle cells. PMID- 3744895 TI - Histochemistry of glycosaminoglycans in cartilage ground substance. Alcian-blue staining and lectin-binding affinities in semithin Epon sections. AB - The critical-electrolyte-concentration staining method using Alcian blue (AB) was applied to etched semithin Epon-embedded sections. The distribution of various glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) was studied in hyaline, elastic, cellular and fibrous cartilage obtained from humans and rodents. The staining patterns in semithin sections were found to correspond to those obtained using paraffin-embedded material. Lectin histochemistry was performed on consecutive sections. The following peroxidase-labelled lectins were used: Ricinus communis A I, Arachis hypogaea, Ulex europaeus A I, Triticum vulgaris, Helix pomatia, Limax flavus, and concanavalin A. The lectin-binding capacity of cartilaginous ground substance was found to be low, as was expected on account of the few free sugar residues of GAGs. Chondroitin sulphate, the most widely distributed GAG, did not exhibit lectin staining. The lectin-binding sites (positive staining for all lectins tested except H. pomatia) observed corresponded to areas positive for keratan sulphate, as shown by AB staining in preceding or following sections. The pronounced lectin binding seen in cellular structures and the inner territorial matrix regions is considered to be due to higher concentrations of oligosaccharides involved in the metabolism of GAGs. PMID- 3744896 TI - Histophotometric estimation of volume density of collagen as an indication of fibrosis in rat liver. AB - The development of fibrosis in the liver of 16 rats treated for 1, 2, 3 or 4 weeks with CCl4, has been followed with chemical hydroxyproline determination and histophotometric analysis of histological sections stained with Sirius Red F3BA in saturated aqueous picric acid. The readings were taken with a scanning and integrating microphotometer and corrected for picric acid absorbance as a measure for mean protein mass per unit area of the section. It appears that the integrated absorbance readings of Sirius Red absorbing material in the section show a highly significant correlation with the hydroxyproline determinations. It is concluded that picrosirius photometry can be used to give a measure of the volume density of collagen in sections. An advantage of the photometric assay is that measurements are taken on the basis of the microscopic image, so that it is also possible to estimate collagen density in a selected area, e.g. a tumour formation amidst normal tissue, or to exclude necrotic areas. PMID- 3744897 TI - Quantitative immunocytochemical studies on differential induction of serine:pyruvate aminotransferase in mitochondria and peroxisomes of rat liver cells by administration of glucagon or di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate. AB - Differential induction of serine: pyruvate amino-transferase (SPT) in rat liver parenchymal cells by administration of glucagon or di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) was studied using post-embedding immunocytochemical techniques and morphometric methods. Two groups of rats were fasted for 5 days and daily received peritoneal injection of glucagon (300 micrograms/100 g) or physiological saline. Another two groups of rats were fed on laboratory chow with or without 2% DEHP for 2 weeks. Livers were perfusion-fixed, cut into tissue sections (50-100 micron), and processed to cytochemistry for catalase, immunocytochemistry for SPT, and conventional procedures for electron microscopy. The morphometric analysis showed that glucagon injection has negligible effect on the volume and numerical density and mean diameter of peroxisomes, whereas volume density of mitochondria was decreased by 25%. By DEHP administration peroxisomes were about 3-fold increased in the volume and numerical density. Mitochondria was increased about 40% in the numerical density, but unchanged in the volume density. Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry demonstrated that glucagon injection exclusively enhanced mitochondrial SPT, whereas DEHP administration exclusively induced in peroxisomal SPT. Quantitative analysis showed that by the glucagon injection, the labeling density of mitochondria was increased about 4-fold, but that of peroxisomes was 1.6 times as much as control, while by DEHP administration, the labeling density of peroxisomes was enhanced about 3-fold but that of mitochondria was decreased by 13%. The results clearly indicate that glucagon induces mitochondrial SPT, whereas peroxisome proliferator, DEHP induces peroxisomal SPT. PMID- 3744898 TI - Renal cathepsin-B activities in rats after castration and treatment with sex hormones. AB - The activities of the lysosomal endopeptidase cathepsin B (cath B; CZB-Ala-Arg Arg-MNA as substrate) and the lysosomal exopeptidase dipeptidylpeptidase II (DAP II; Lys-Ala-2NA as substrate) were fluorometrically determined in the renal homogenate of normal and experimental (castration followed by a 14-day treatment with estradiol and testosterone) rats of both sexes. In addition, methodological investigations of the renal homogenate were performed in order to differentiate cath B from other proteinases. These showed that cath-B activity was highest at around pH 6, was strongly inhibited by 4-hydroxymercuribenzoate and leupeptin, and was activated by dithiothreitol. Trypsin-like activities were not demonstrable under the used incubation conditions. The animal experiments showed that renal cath-B activities (1) were significantly higher in females than in males, (2) increased significantly in males and decreased significantly in females after castration (no significant difference between both sexes), (3) decreased in female and male castrates after treatment with testosterone and increased strongly after treatment with estradiol, and (4) showed an activity pattern similar to that of DAP II. The results are discussed in relation to the sex-dependent and sex-hormone-dependent proteinuria of rats. It is suggested that there is a correlation between protein catabolism in the kidney and proteinuria, i.e. high lysosomal proteinase activities correspond with low proteinuria. PMID- 3744899 TI - Ultracytochemical localization and microprobe quantitation of calcium stores in the insect oocyte. AB - Detection of calcium in the follicles of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera) was performed using two cytochemical methods. Calcium precipitation was obtained either with ammonium oxalate (AO) or with N,N-naphtaloylhydroxylamine (NHA). In both cases the X-ray "on line" analysis monitored the presence of calcium in the oocytes, which was correlated with the accumulation of yolk spheres. Concentration of calcium in oocytes filled with yolk and treated with AO amounted to 9 mmoles per 1,000 g tissue wet weight. This value is similar to that calculated previously for follicles untreated with any reagent and prepared for the analysis by the freeze-drying technique (Przelecka et al. 1980). Examination of the ultrastructure of oocytes treated with NHA revealed calcium precipitate at the follicular epithelium/oocyte interface, in endocytotic canaliculi and vesicles formed by the oocyte plasma membrane, in ooplasm, and in yolk spheres. In oocytes treated with AO, the calcium-precipitate intermingled with the precipitate produced by the osmium alone. The presumed cause of this phenomenon is discussed. PMID- 3744900 TI - Effects of leupeptin on endocytosis and membrane recycling in rat visceral yolk sac endoderm. AB - The effect of exposure to leupeptin (25 micrograms/ml for 24 h) on the endocytotic activity and the membrane flow of apical cell membranes was studied in endodermal cells of cultured rat visceral yolk sacs by applying a double labelling method using concanavalin-A ferritin (Con-A Fer) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Control and leupeptin-treated yolk sacs were labelled with Con A Fer at 4 degrees C and then incubated with HRP for 5, 15 or 60 min at 37 degrees C. In controls, HRP reaction product was detected after 5 min in many of the apical vacuoles as well as a few lysosomes; after 15 min, reaction product was observed in all apical vacuoles and in lysosomes of various sizes. These HRP positive structures usually contained a variable amount of membrane-bound Fer. After 60 min, all apical vacuoles and almost all lysosomes exhibited HRP reactions, but only some of these structures contained Fer particles. At this time, many apical canaliculi (which are involved in membrane recycling) exhibited positive HRP reactions and sometimes also contained Fer particles. In leupeptin treated cells, HRP reaction product and variable amounts of membrane-bound Fer particles were found in apical vacuoles after 5 min; after 15 min, both labels were also observed in some small lysosomes, and after 60 min, they were found in all apical vacuoles as well as some small and middle-sized lysosomes. Significantly fewer labelled apical vacuoles, lysosomes and apical canaliculi were present after leupeptin treatment than in controls at corresponding times. At all times examined, the giant lysosomes found in leupeptin-treated cells did not exhibit any labeling.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3744901 TI - Cytochemical localization of acid phosphatase in striated muscle. AB - Normal skeletal and cardiac striated muscle from adult rats was incubated for the cytochemical detection of acid phosphatase activity with cerium as the capture metal. Results from these experiments show that normal striated muscle has a greater number of acid phosphatase-positive structures, which are presumed to be lysosomes, than has been indicated by several previous cytochemical studies. PMID- 3744902 TI - Cytophotometric evidence of variation in genome size of desmognathine salamanders. AB - The amount of DNA per haploid genome, the C-value, is often directly correlated with nuclear and cell volume, but inversely correlated with cell replication rate. Also, rates of cellular growth sometimes appear to be correlated with organismal developmental rates and life history patterns. Among vertebrates, salamanders exhibit the greatest variation in genome size. In the present study we have examined interspecific and intraspecific variation in blood cell DNA levels in the genus Desmognathus, which shows greater variation in life history traits than any other salamander genus. Specimens of Desmognathus quadramaculatus, D. monticola, D. ochrophaeus and D. wrighti were collected from nature at two localities in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Estimates of genome size in pg of DNA were obtained from blood smears by DNA-Feulgen cytophotometry, using erythrocyte nuclei of Xenopus laevis as an internal reference standard of 6.35 pg DNA per cell. C-values of Desmognathus are the smallest in the order Caudata. Although significant variation in DNA levels was found among the four species, the differences were small, and do not support previously proposed relationships between C-value and life-history variation. PMID- 3744903 TI - Demonstration of sensory cutaneous nerve fibers in guinea-pig lip using endogenous oxidase histochemistry. AB - We developed a new histochemical method based on endogenous oxidase activity for the detection of cutaneous nerves in guinea-pig lips. After the application of a reaction mixture containing 0.14 mM 3,3'-diaminobenzidine(DAB) and 15 mM nickel ammonium sulfate in Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.6), many blue-black sensory fibers were observed, i.e., dermal nerve fiber bundles, perifollicular plexuses, Merkel-cell endings, and Meissner-like nerve endings. The autonomic fibers of the skin were not stained. Electron microscopy revealed that the reaction product was mainly localized on mitochondrial cristae. The addition of 0.01 M sodium azide completely inhibited the reaction. This technique is simple and preferentially stains sensory nerves. PMID- 3744904 TI - Effects of ethidium bromide, tetramethylethidium bromide and betaine B on the ultrastructure of HeLa cell mitochondria in situ. A comparative binding study. AB - Several investigators have described the ultrastructural changes that occur in the mitochondria of cells in tissue cultures after treatment with the drug ethidium bromide (E). The mitochondria swell and the cristae become greatly altered and finally disappear; in the cristae-free region of the matrix electron dense granules can be observed. It has been assumed that intercalation of E between the base pairs of the mitochondrial DNA induces the formation of the granular inclusions. To investigate whether intercalation is really the initial step in the generation of dense granules inside the matrix, we performed a comparative incubation study of HeLa-cell mitochondria in situ using three closely related dyes (D), i.e., E, tetramethylethidium bromide (TME) and betaine B (B). They strongly differ with regard to their affinity for DNA and their ability to cross membranes. E was used as a reference dye. TME does not intercalate, but is externally bound to DNA only weakly. The neutral B is not bound at all, but can cross membranes more easily than the cation E. Moreover, in aqueous solutions at pH approximately equal to 7.0, B is in equilibrium with its protonated cation BH. BH and E have almost equal affinities for DNA. Therefore B may quickly pass the inner mitochondrial membranes and the cristae, and should then be bound inside the matrix, thus forming a BH-DNA complex. On the assumption that intercalation is necessary for the generation of intramitochondrial electron dense bodies, we predicted that BH/B should be more efficient than E, while TME should be relatively ineffective.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3744905 TI - Ultrastructural localization of calcium in the CNS of vertebrates. AB - The ultrastructural localization of calcium in synaptic areas of the CNS of fish was investigated. Prefixation with phosphate-buffered glutaraldehyde followed by post-fixation with osmium/potassium-bichromate was used to precipitate and visualize endogenous calcium without the addition of external calcium. The presence of calcium in the electron-dense precipitates produced using this method was demonstrated by electron spectroscopic imaging using a Zeiss EM-902 transmission electron microscope, and in various control experiments using the calcium chelator EGTA. In the optic tectum of fish, electron dense precipitates containing calcium were found not only in intracellular compartments, e.g. the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and synaptic vesicles, but also at extracellular locations, particularly in synaptic clefts. In the extracellular sites, only chelate complexes of ionic calcium were found. This would seem to be in agreement with electrophysiological and biochemical data reported in earlier studies. Thus, using the present method, it should be possible to obtain further ultrastructural information concerning the mechanisms of synaptic transmission. PMID- 3744906 TI - Histochemical localization of cholinesterases and monoamines in the central heart of Sepia officinalis L. (Cephalopoda). AB - The central heart of the coleoid cephalopod, Sepia officinalis, was studied using acetylcholinesterase and fluorescence histochemistry. Using histo- and cytochemical reactions, acetylcholinesterase was localized in the axolemma and axoplasm of specific cardiac nerve fibres, as well as in the sarcolemma and within the sarcotubular system of the muscle cells. Butyrylcholinesterase exhibited a different distribution, being found only in the luminal trabecular muscle layer. Glyoxylic-acid-induced fluorescence indicated the presence of catecholamines (emission maximum, 470 nm) in cardiac nerve axons. These histochemical findings support the hypothesis that noradrenaline and/or dopamine and acetylcholine act antagonistically as natural transmitters. Fluorophores indicating the presence of serotonin were not observed. The present results are discussed in the light of previous pharmacological findings. PMID- 3744907 TI - [Precancerous stages of the oral mucosa--possible identification of obligatory precancerous conditions]. AB - Macroscopically and microscopically precancerous lesions of the oral mucosa cannot be diagnosed with sufficient accuracy. Dysplasias represent a particular diagnostic difficulty. The reproducibility of grading of dysplasias may be increased by the quantification of morphological parameters using image analysis systems. However an unequivocal identification of obligatory precancerous lesions cannot be attained by this method. Measurement of the nuclear DNA content represents a non-morphological method for the identification of obligatory precancerous lesions. The diagnostic criterion of malignancy is aneuploidy. Structural or numerical chromosomal aberrations that are absent in benign tumours and normal cells typify aneuploidy. Aneuploidy is manifested by an atypical nuclear DNA distribution that can be identified objectively by suitable algorithms. Dysplasias of the squamous epithelium with aneuploid nuclear DNA contents are regarded as obligatory precancerous lesions. DNA measurements, computation of data and printout of a 'DNA diagnosis' are possible with a TV image analysis system and an automated microscope within 30 min. PMID- 3744908 TI - [Chemotherapy of recurrent squamous cell carcinomas in the ENT area with cisplatin/adriamycin (DDP/ADM) and methotrexate/5-fluorouracil (MTX/5-Flu): a retrospective comparison of 2 protocols]. AB - The efficacy of two chemotherapy regimens for recurrent and inoperable squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is reported. All patients had failed prior surgery and/or radiotherapy. 23 patients (group A) were treated with Cisplatin 120 mg/m2 and Adriamycin 60 mg/m2. 21/23 were evaluable for tumour response. The overall response rate (RR) was 28.5% (6/21, 2 CR and 4 PR). Methotrexate 250 mg/m2 with Leucovorin-Rescue 5 X 10 mg/m2 and 5-Fluorouracil 600 mg/m2 were administered to 28 patients. In 26 evaluable patients a RR of 38.4% (10/26, 5 CR and 5 PR) was achieved. The responders in groups A and B had a median survival of 98 and 85.5 weeks respectively and the non-responders 27 weeks in both groups. Nausea, vomiting and alopecia were common and severe in the DDP/ADM group. The major toxic effect of MTX/5-FU was neutropenia with two associated deaths from septicemia, although subjective side-effects were almost completely absent. MTX/5 FU can be recommended for the palliative treatment of recurrent squamous head and neck cancer because of an acceptable response rate, good subjective tolerance and the possibility of outpatient treatment. PMID- 3744909 TI - [Magnetic resonance tomography in tumors of the facial bones and neck area]. AB - 32 patients with lesions of the facial skeleton, the neck and the parapharyngeal space were examined with NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Response). The results are compared with CT scanning. NMR offers high soft tissue contrast. Multiplanar imaging easily distinguishes tumours and lymph nodes from the cervical vessels and muscles. In contrast CT, is more useful for the imaging of destruction of the facial skeleton and the skull base. PMID- 3744910 TI - [Reconstruction of defects following pharyngolaryngectomy with free transplanted jejunum]. AB - We report 10 patients undergoing pharyngo-laryngectomy in whom the pharyngeal defect was reconstructed with a free jejunal graft. This method is technically demanding. The advantages are excellent healing due to the excellent blood supply of the edges of the graft, and the almost unlimited supply of jejunum. The use of this method is justified by the immediate restoration of deglutition. PMID- 3744911 TI - [Livedo racemosa]. AB - Livedo racemosa is a very rare disease with an idiopathic and symptomatic form. The diagnosis is very difficult to make because many primary diseases are responsible. Skin reactions show no typical form and range from urticarial nodules and purpuriform papillae to ulceration. The symptomatic form of livedo racemosa causes circumscribed, asymmetric lesions restricted to one half of the body, while the idiopathic form is characterised by arborization figures and livid tendril-like discolorations. There are many suggestions given in the literature for the therapy of the primary disease and of the skin, including long term therapy with high dosed rubifacient drugs or steroids. However, livedo racemosa often shows a slow progression despite treatment. PMID- 3744912 TI - [Treatment of sudden deafness with xantinolnicotinate (Complamin) in increasing dosage]. AB - Twenty-nine patients affected by typical unilateral sudden hearing loss were treated with Xantinolnicotinate (Complamin) by a 21 days infusion of 1.5 g-30 g in 500 ml NaCl 0.9% followed by 3 months 1,000 mg sustained release tablets t.i.d. An improvement in hearing was achieved in 90.5% of the cases and in 52% returned to normal. Tinnitus improved in 92% of cases and resolved completely in 54%. The results of speech and sound audiograms correlated well, and showed significant recovery in the first 3 weeks. The infusion therapy was terminated prematurely in 4 patients because of near normalization of hearing (maximum dosage: 15 g Complamin). Adverse reactions only occurred during the infusion therapy. For ethical and therapeutic reasons a placebo control group was not included. To compensate for this the audiograms of impaired and 'normal' ears were compared. The changes in hearing and tinnitus are therefore to be regarded as the result of spontaneous remission and drug efficacy. PMID- 3744913 TI - [Cluster headache]. AB - 59 patients with cluster headache are discussed. Treatment can be divided into treatment of the acute attack, and prophylactic treatment. The acute attack can be interrupted in most cases by ergotamine, either sublingually or in the form of suppositories. A number of patients respond to the inhalation of pure oxygen. Most patients with the episodic type of cluster headache do well on prophylactic treatment with methysergide. If they prove refractory to this drug, treatment with lithium salts can be instituted. Most patients with the chronic type of cluster headache respond favourably to lithium therapy. PMID- 3744914 TI - [Significance of distant metastases and secondary cancers as a cause of death in patients with ENT cancers]. AB - Hospital charts and autopsy reports of 148 patients with head and neck carcinoma were reviewed in order to assess the mortality from distant metastases and other primaries. 49% of the patients with uncontrolled local or regional disease died with distant metastases. Only 4% of these patients had a second primary. In patients with controlled local and regional disease the opposite was found. Distant metastases were uncommon (9%). Yet, 44% of the patients died of a second primary located in the upper aerodigestive tract or lungs. If life expectancy in patients with controlled head and neck carcinoma is to be improved, early detection of second primaries is important. As only 9% of patients with locally controlled disease die from distant metastases adjuvant chemotherapy is not indicated. PMID- 3744915 TI - [Is Malherbe calcifying epithelioma in the ENT area of a rare tumor?]. AB - The calcifying epithelioma (pilomatrixoma) is a benign tumour of the skin originating from hair sheath cells. The head, especially the cheek and preauricular region with the parotid gland, is a very common site (about 50%). The tumour arises predominantly in younger people, with a 2:1 female to male ratio. It is not so rare as suggested by the few ENT publications. The histologic picture shows two characteristic epithelial cells, the basophilic and ghost cell. Calcification is present in most cases. The prognosis after removal of the tumour is good. Two personal cases are reported, multiple pilomatrixomas on the cheek of an 12 year old girl, and a tumour on the auricle, an unusual site. PMID- 3744916 TI - [Hypothyroidism and tympanic effusion. A contribution to the diagnosis and therapy of mucotympanum in the elderly]. AB - We report two elderly patients with a chronic tympanic cavity effusion accompanied by hypothyroidism for many years. Particular diagnostic and therapeutic problems are discussed. Adequate thyroid gland hormone-substitution is the only treatment for the "thyroxin-deficiency-mucoid-middle ear effusion". PMID- 3744917 TI - [Pulsating nasopharyngeal tumor. Case report of spheno-pharyngeal cephalocele]. AB - We describe a patient with a pulsatile nasopharyngeal tumour. The diagnostic methods such as endoscopy, computed tomography and NMR are illustrated as well as the anatomical details of encephaloceles. Correct diagnosis prevents complications which can occur as a result of mistaking this lesion for a cyst or adenoids. PMID- 3744918 TI - Medical ethics and the changing health care environment. PMID- 3744919 TI - Fracture and fracture dislocation of the fifth carpometacarpal joint. PMID- 3744920 TI - Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia: a report of two cases. PMID- 3744921 TI - The use of counterstrain in an acutely ill in-hospital population. PMID- 3744922 TI - The management of right aortic arch, aberrant left subclavian artery, and ligamentum arteriosum: report of a case. PMID- 3744923 TI - Self-help for type II diabetes. PMID- 3744924 TI - Chemical modifiers of cancer treatment. Part 1. Clearwater, Florida, 20-24 October 1985. PMID- 3744925 TI - Facing fearful odds--a conference summary. PMID- 3744926 TI - Oxygen depletion in irradiated aqueous solutions containing electron affinic hypoxic cell radiosensitizers. AB - The oxygen concentration in stirred aqueous solutions contained in sealed glass vessels was continuously monitored during irradiation with a sensitive Clark-type oxygen probe. The yield of radiolytic oxygen depletion, g(-O2), in alpha medium was determined to be about 0.44 microM/Gy (equivalent to 3.6 ppm/rad) over a range of oxygen from about 1,000 to 209,000 ppm. Over this same range of oxygen concentration, it was observed that oxygen is depleted in the presence of misonidazole, and that g(-O2) is slightly reduced at low oxygen and at high misonidazole concentrations. Oxygen depletion was observed in solutions of other nitroaromatic sensitizers of widely varying electron affinities: metronidazole, paranitroacetophenone, nitrofurazone, and nifurpipone. Significant protection of oxygen from radiolytic depletion was observed in concentrated solutions of nifurpipone, the most electron affinic drug studied (E17 = -214 mV). No such effect was observed for the least electron affinic compound, metronidazole (E17 = -486 mV). PMID- 3744927 TI - A new ruthenium radiosensitizer: RuCl2(DMSO)2(4-nitroimidazole)2. AB - Earlier studies on Ru complexes, such as, cis-RuCl2(DMSO)4, as antineoplastic agents, have suggested a DNA binding mechanism similar to that of the clinically successful platinum complex, cis-diammine(dichloro)platinum(II), (cis-DDP). As part of our study on metal-radiosensitizer complexes, cis-RuCl2(DMSO)4 is used as a precursor for synthesis of Ru(II)-nitroimidazole complexes. These complexes were identified and characterized and their toxicity and radiosensitizing abilities were examined in vitro. In the series of Ru(II)-nitroimidazole complexes synthesized, RuCl2(DMSO)2(4-nitroimidazole)2, "Ru-(4-nitro)," was the most effective radiosensitizer. At 200 microM, Ru-(4-nitro) produced a sensitizer enhancement ratio (SER) of 1.6 in hypoxic Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, but did not sensitize oxic CHO cells. Other Ru-nitroimidazole complexes gave SER values of 1.2-1.4 at 200 microM. These Ru(II)-nitroimidazole complexes also showed lower toxicity than the free nitroimidazoles alone at equimolar concentration. The enhanced radiosensitizing effect of Ru-(4-nitro) may be due to the metal's ability to target the sensitizer to DNA, or may be related to changes in reduction potential: from -685 mV for the free ligand to -355 mV and -615 mV for the complex. This complex did not deplete non-protein sulfhydryls (NPSH) at the time intervals and concentrations used. DNA binding was studied using inhibition of restriction enzyme activity on plasmid DNA. PMID- 3744928 TI - Radiosensitization in vitro and in vivo by 3-nitrotriazoles. AB - A series of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole derivatives bearing various types of side chain (R) at the N1-position (AK-2000 series) were synthesized and their radiosensitizing effect and toxicity in vitro and in vivo were investigated, in comparison with those of Misonidazole (MISO), SR-2508, and RSU-1069. Of the fifteen 3-nitrotriazoles tested, all had sensitizing effects in vitro on hypoxic V79 cells. Also, all but one had definite effects on solid EMT6/KU and SCCVII tumors in vivo. For many of the triazole compounds, the degree of radiosensitization in vitro and in vivo appeared identical. However, they were generally less efficient, both in vitro and in vivo, than the corresponding 2 nitroimidazoles, whereas their aerobic cytotoxicity and toxicity to mice (LD50/7) were comparable to those of the 2-nitroimidazoles. Considering the sensitizing effect and toxicity, AK-2123 (R = CH2CONHC2H4OCH3) may be as useful as MISO, but none of the triazoles have been proved to be superior to SR-2508. PMID- 3744930 TI - Glutathione-reactive nitro compounds as radiosensitizers: mechanistic and therapeutic implications. AB - The "extra" radiosensitization seen with GSH-reactive nitro compounds is too large to be accounted for by GSH-depletion acting independently--there must be competition. The GS-conjugate leaks out of cells slowly and is trapped at high concentrations. Its properties, such as concentration trapped and reduction potential, must be considered. Limited therapeutic exploitation of the glutathione conjugate trapping and concomitant GSH depletion may be possible if intratumor injection is permitted. PMID- 3744929 TI - Oxygen concentration and the OER for acutely or chronically thiol deficient cells. AB - Glutathione (GSH) is one of several intracellular hydrogen donating species thought to compete with O2, a damaging species, to repair radiation induced free radical damage. The O2 K factor was determined for normal Chinese hamster V79 cells, V79 cells made acutely thiol deficient (no detectable GSH or NPSH) using the gamma-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase enzyme inhibitor D,L-Buthionine-S,R sulfoximine (D,L-BSO), or a human skin fibroblast cell line GM3877 which, because of the nature of its genetic defect, has chronically low levels of GSH (7% of normal skin fibroblasts). The K factors for normal V79 cells, treated with BSO or GSH deficient human fibroblasts, were 0.54, 0.15, and 0.1% O2, respectively. While thiol depletion affects the O2 K factor, V79 cells without any detectable GSH were still not as sensitive as the genetically deficient line GM3877 with 7% of normal GSH values. Other factors which may influence the results are whether the GSH levels remain low or regenerate following irradiation and the intracellular distribution of GSH. PMID- 3744931 TI - The effect of L-buthionine sulfoximine on the aerobic radiation response of A549 human lung carcinoma cells. AB - Our data show that A549 cells are increasingly radiosensitive with prolonged exposure to L-BSO. The resulting glutathione and protein thiol depleted cells show both loss of shoulder and slope modification. Furthermore, there is an increase in single strand DNA breaks and irrepairable cross-linking. The aerobic radiation damage in the thiol depleted state appears to be different from that obtained with hypoxic cells. Any postulated role for GSH in reducing or preventing peroxidative radiation damage must also include protection against single strand DNA breaks as well as involvement in repairing DNA-protein cross links. The latter effect may be related to decreased protein thiol content as reflected in a decreased enzyme capacity to repair DNA damage. PMID- 3744932 TI - Specificity of endogenous glutathione in determining the oxygen enhancement of cellular radiosensitivity. AB - Oxygen enhancement ratios (OER) determined with single-strand DNA breaks as end point of radiation effect were lower for cells with genetically determined glutathione (GSH) deficiency, than for cells depleted of GSH artificially to a corresponding degree by treatment with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO). In view of a considerable non-protein thiol (NPSH) accumulation found in both cases, the difference can be attributed to different NPSH components. Those in the BSO treated cells having the capacity to substitute for GSH in the processes which define OER. As an alternative explanation, the particular location of GSH in GSH proficient cells in close contact with the critical radiation target can be considered. At these sites, as indicated by measurements of NPSH in isolated nuclei, BSO may not deplete thiols as efficiently as at other sites. Observations on a persisting difference found between the OER of genetically GSH-deficient and proficient cells after treatment with dithiothreitol (DTT) can also be given a spatial explanation, assuming that exogenous thiols may not reach the critical sites in the nucleus in efficient concentrations. PMID- 3744933 TI - Combined radiation-protective and radiation-sensitizing agents. III: Radiosensitization by misonidazole as a function of concentrations of endogenous glutathione or exogenous thiols. AB - Radiosensitization of V79 Chinese hamster fibroblasts by 0.5 mM misonidazole is a smooth function of endogenous glutathione (GSH) levels as modulated upwards by pre-incubation in medium containing cysteamine, or downwards by pre-incubation in medium containing buthionine sulfoximine. The enhancement ratio (radiation sensitivity in nitrogen/radiation sensitivity in nitrogen +/- sensitizer or thiol) varies from 1.3 at 12 mM to 2.25 at less than 0.1 mM endogenous GSH. The enhanced radiosensitivity of thiol-depleted hypoxic cells is reversed when exogenous thiols are added, and for equivalent ER, the exogenous thiol concentrations are much lower than the endogenous GSH concentrations. Measurement of intracellular drug concentrations amplified rather than diminished the above discrepancy, since intracellular concentrations of cysteamine were lower and glutathione much lower than the extracellular concentrations. Three possible explanations are addressed: an external membrane component of damage is involved, long-range protection to DNA target radicals is possible from outside the cell (e.g., donation of electrons), and (c) endogenous glutathione is not in a free or exchangeable state (e.g., bound). PMID- 3744934 TI - Toxic effects of extended glutathione depletion by buthionine sulfoximine on murine mammary carcinoma cells. AB - Extended depletion of glutathione to approximately equal to 5% of control in the murine mammary carcinoma cell line 66 was achieved with a concentration of 0.05 mM buthionine sulfoximine. At 24 hours, there was no evidence for cellular toxicity from the BSO treatment per se; however, by 48 hours, there was inhibition of protein and DNA synthesis and cell growth and cell kinetic data was suggestive of both a G1 and a G2 block. Glutathione depletion to this extent (i.e., 0.13 mM vs. 2.24 mM in control) did not modify the aerobic radiation response for cells in the physiological states of proliferation, quiescence, or stimulated quiescent cells. This degree of cellular toxicity may well be cell type dependent, but the results do suggest that caution is in order if one should attempt long-term GSH depletion in vivo. PMID- 3744935 TI - Potentiation of nitrogen mustard cytotoxicity to leukemia cells by sulfur containing compounds administered in vivo. AB - Fifteen sulfur-containing compounds were examined for their ability to both protect normal hematopoietic stem cells (NCFU) from the cytotoxic effect of nitrogen mustard (HN2), and potentiate the cytotoxicity of HN2 to AKR leukemia cells (LCFU). All except four agents demonstrated some protection of NCFU with WR 2721 being most active. Five of the agents were also protective for LCFU with cysteine and glutathione being most active. However, a number of agents potentiated the cytotoxicity of HN2 to LCFU, the most active being disulfiram and AET followed by cysteamine, DMSO, WR-638, and WR-3689. The dose-response relationship for the potentiation was defined for DMSO. A second leukemia model, L1210, was also studied for potentiation of HN2 cytotoxicity by four of the most active agents--WR-2721, AET, DMSO, and disulfiram. The first two agents showed no effect (either protection or potentiation) when given either 15 min or 6 hr before HN2 administration. The last two agents, however, potentiated the cytotoxicity to a level similar to that found with the AKR leukemia. PMID- 3744936 TI - Effects of glutathione depletion by buthionine sulfoximine on the sensitivity of EMT6/SF cells to chemotherapy agents or X radiation. AB - The effects of depletion of cellular glutathione (GSH) on the sensitivity of cultured EMT6/SF cells to chemotherapy agents or x rays under hypoxic and aerated conditions were investigated. Buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), a potent inhibitor of the enzyme gamma-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase, was used to deplete cellular GSH. Addition of BSO (50 microM) to EMT6/SF cultures depleted cellular GSH with a half time of approximately 2 hr. Cellular GSH reached very low levels within hours of addition of BSO. After removal of BSO, cellular GSH recovered with approximately the same kinetics as was seen for depletion. Incubation of EMT6/SF cells with BSO concentrations of up to 1 mM did not reduce the viability or inhibit growth when exposure was limited to times less than 24 hr. However, for longer exposure times, toxicity and growth inhibition were demonstrated in a dose dependent fashion. EMT6/SF cells were treated with chemotherapy agents under either aerated or extremely hypoxic conditions. Cells were more sensitive to cis dichlorodiammino Pt(II) (DDP), mitomycin C (MitC), L-phenylalanine mustard (L PAM), and nitrogen mustard (HN2) when treatment was under hypoxic conditions. The magnitude of this sensitization under hypoxic conditions ranged from a dose modifying factor (DMF) of 1.4 (HN2) to 4.1 (MitC), measured at the 0.1 level of cell survival. Hypoxic EMT6/SF cells were more resistant to the cytotoxic effects of actinomycin D (ActD) under hypoxic conditions (DMF = 10 at SF = 0.3). When cellular GSH was depleted to less than 5% of control by treatment with 50 microM BSO for 12-14 hr, cells were sensitized to DDP, L-PAM and HN2 under both aerated and hypoxic conditions. DMF's ranged from 1.4-6.5, depending on the agent. Hypoxic cell sensitization was never significantly greater than that seen in aerated cells, as was the case for X radiation (DMF = 1.3 for hypoxic cells only). GSH depletion also sensitized to MitC, but only under aerated conditions (DMF = 2.1). Hypoxic EMT6/SF cells were not sensitized to MitC by depletion of GSH. GSH depletion afforded slight protection against ActD toxicity under both aerated and hypoxic conditions. These studies suggest that cellular GSH plays an important role in modifying cellular response to cytotoxic drugs. GSH depletion may sensitize tumor cells to some chemotherapy agents, but differential sensitization of tumors compared to normal tissues, based on hypoxic tumor cells as targets, would not be expected based on these in vitro experiments. PMID- 3744937 TI - Glutathione levels and cytotoxicity of a thiol activated alkylating agent in human and mouse cells. AB - The effects of cellular GSH levels on the cytotoxicity of MNNG and mitomycin C were examined in normal and BSO treated mouse C3H10T1/2 cells. MNNG was less cytotoxic in the GSH depleted cells (less than 10% of normal) whereas the cytotoxicity of mitomycin C was not influenced by thiol status. This is compatible with the alkylating agent MNNG requiring thiols for activation to the methylating electrophile. Conversely, thiols have little if any effect in modulating the activity of mitomycin C. When naturally thiol deficient human fibroblasts were compared with BSO treated fibroblasts depleted to a similar GSH level (less than 10% of normal), only the BSO depleted cells were less effected by MNNG. The GSH deficient cells showed the same MNNG dose response as normal human fibroblasts. These studies indicate that a naturally acquired thiol status and an equivalent induced thiol status need not behave the same and this needs consideration when evaluating the role of thiols in influencing cellular response to chemotherapeutic agents. PMID- 3744938 TI - In vivo modulation of glutathione by buthionine sulfoximine: effect on marrow response to melphalan. AB - The effect of giving buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), 0.0265 g/mouse (6 mM), at 12 and 6 hr before treatment with melphalan--0.0 mg, 3 mg, 6 mg, and 9 mg/kg, was studied in C3H mice, and was compared with control groups that received normal saline 12 and 6 hr before identical melphalan treatment. BSO treatment resulted in depletion of GSH levels in bone marrow, liver, and muscle to 65, 13, and 41% of control levels, respectively. Hematological toxicity was assessed by measurement of CFU-S survival and peripheral white cell counts. CFU-S survival decreased with increasing doses of melphalan, but no difference was observed with BSO pre-treatment. Likewise, WBC counts following melphalan 9 mg/kg, were similar irrespective of BSO pre-treatment. These data suggest that the marrow toxicity seen with melphalan is not worsened by pre-treatment with BSO and that if tumors can be pre-sensitized with BSO, there may be a clinical role for melphalan/BSO drug combination. PMID- 3744939 TI - Inhibition of the protective effect of cyclophosphamide by pre-treatment with buthionine sulfoximine. AB - Low dose cyclophosphamide (CTX) is protective against a subsequent challenge with a lethal dose of the same drug administered 5 days later. At the time of maximal protection, elevation of glutathione (GSH) and glutathione transferase (GST) levels are detectable in the bone marrow of pre-treated animals. Elevation of GSH levels in the bone marrow was inhibited with the use of D,L-buthionine-S,R sulfoximine (BSO), and this resulted in loss of the protective effect of CTX pre treatment. In contrast, the overshoot in GST levels observed in these animals was not affected by BSO therapy. Bone marrow GSH levels in animals treated with BSO alone were minimally depleted (68% of control); whereas, animals pre-treated with CTX followed by BSO exhibited a greater reduction in GSH levels (47% of control). These results suggest that GSH is important in the protective effect afforded by low dose CTX pre-treatment and that the elevation of GSH levels observed is the result of a rebound synthetic process. In CTX pre-treated animals, BSO treatment resulted in greater than predicted depletion in GSH levels, and, therefore, caution is recommended with the potential use of combinations of BSO and cytotoxic drugs in the presence of a regenerating bone marrow. PMID- 3744940 TI - Effect of radiation-induced reduction of nitroimidazoles on biologically active DNA. AB - Radiation-chemical reductions have been carried out with several nitroimidazoles. Reduction of these drugs in the presence of single-stranded phi chi 174 DNA causes extensive lethal damage. However, relatively stable (end) products, do not contribute to the damage, although glyoxal is potentially toxic. This demonstrates that a short-lived intermediate in the reduction process is responsible. Further, the quantity of damage in the DNA depends on both dose (reduction)-rate and also the nature of the drug. PMID- 3744941 TI - The production of strand breaks in DNA in the presence of the hydroxylamine of SR 2508 (1-[N-(2-hydroxyethyl)acetamido]-2-nitroimidazole) at neutral pH. AB - The protonated hydroxylamine of SR 2508 has been prepared by radiochemical reduction and then lyophilized, isolated as the hydrochloride salt, and characterized by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Single strand breaks are produced in the plasmid pBR322 when aliquots of a neutralized solution of the hydroxylamine (10-20 mM) are added to air-equilibrated solutions of the plasmid immediately after adjusting the pH. No breaks are observed, if times greater than five min elapse before adding the neutralized hydroxylamine to DNA, or if oxygen is excluded from the reaction mixture. These results suggest that single strand breaks occur because of the existence of a short-lived reactive species, which is produced after pH adjustment. Observations that oxygen is consumed during the pH jump, H2O2 produced and catalase, desferal and radical scavengers inhibit the reaction are consistent with the hydroxyl radical as the active agent. PMID- 3744942 TI - Stable reduction product of misonidazole. AB - The predominant stable product (greater than 80%) of the anaerobic radiation chemical reduction (pH 7, formate, N2O) of misonidazole (MISO) has been identified as the cyclic guanidinium ion MISO-DDI, a 4,5-dihydro-4,5 dihydroxyimidazolium ion. This cation was prepared as its sulfate salt by the reaction of glyoxal and the appropriate N-substituted guanidinium sulfate. Its formation during MISO reduction was established by NMR spectral comparison and by derivatization as glyoxal bis-oxime, which was formed in 86% yield in fully reduced systems. The toxicity of pure MISO-DDI X sulfate was examined in vivo (C3H mice) and in vitro (CHO cells). This product is less toxic than the parent MISO and free glyoxal. A reactive, short-lived, intermediate is suggested as the agent responsible for the toxicity of MISO under hypoxic conditions. PMID- 3744943 TI - Decreased hypoxic toxicity and binding of misonidazole by low glucose concentration. AB - The modulation of the hypoxic toxicity and binding of Misonidazole (MISO) by glucose and lactate was studied by exposing exponential EMT6/Ro cells to 5 mM MISO under hypoxic conditions. The concentrations of glucose used were 0.015 mM and 5 mM, and the concentrations of lactate were 0, 3 and 10 mM. There was no significant hypoxic toxicity due to MISO in the absence of glucose. However, with 5 mM glucose, after a latent period of 0.5 hours, there was a rapid decrease in cell survival to less than 0.1% at 2.5 hours incubation in 5 mM MISO. The binding of MISO was also increased by glucose. The amount of MISO bound to cells in 0.015 mM glucose leveled off at 2 nmoles MISO/7 X 10(5) cells at 1 hour, whereas the binding in 5 mM glucose continued to increase to more than 5 nmoles MISO/7 X 10(5) cells after 3 hours incubation. There was no detectable effect of lactate on the binding of MISO to the cells either in 0.015 mM or 5 mM glucose. The high affinity of this binding was indicated by the lack of exchange of radioactive MISO with non-radioactive MISO even after 2 hours of incubation. These data showed that glucose concentrations could modify the toxicity and binding of MISO to hypoxic cells. PMID- 3744944 TI - Reductive metabolism and hypoxia-selective toxicity of nitracrine. AB - The 1-nitroacridine nitracrine [NC,1-nitro-9-(dimethylaminopropyl-amino)acridine] is a potent hypoxia-selective cytotoxic agent in culture, but lacks activity against hypoxic tumor cells in vivo at therapeutically accessible doses. To clarify reasons for this failure in vivo the metabolism of NC was investigated in stirred suspension cultures of Chinese hamster ovary cells, in EMT-6 spheroids, and in mice. One major low molecular weight metabolite (identical to that generated by NaBH4/Pd/C reduction) was observed in hypoxic (less than 10 ppm O2) single cell suspensions, while [G-3H-acridinyl]NC formed trichloroacetic acid- and acetonitrile-insoluble macromolecular adducts (MA) at a rate seven-fold higher than in aerobic (20% O2) cultures. Formation of these adducts correlated with cytotoxicity under air or nitrogen, and hence may provide a dosimeter for NC induced damage. Autoradiographic investigation of the distribution of MA in spheroids equilibrated with 5% O2 showed that the label was restricted to the outer cell layers rather than being localized in the hypoxic central region. Thus metabolic activation is probably too rapid, even in well-oxygenated cells, to allow adequate distribution to hypoxic microenvironments in tumors. In mice, levels of MA were higher in liver, kidney, spleen and lung than in Lewis lung tumors, indicating that oxygen concentration does not exert a dominant influence on relative rates of metabolic activation in vivo. The development of nitroacridines with useful hypoxic selectivity in vivo will require identification of analogs for which reductive metabolism is more completely inhibited at oxygen concentrations found in normal tissues. PMID- 3744945 TI - SR-4233: a new bioreductive agent with high selective toxicity for hypoxic mammalian cells. AB - We have examined the effects of the benzotriazine di-N-oxide SR-4233 (3-amino 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4 dioxide) on a variety of aerobic and hypoxic cells in culture, and on tumors in mice. The cell lines used were Chinese hamster ovary (HA-1), mouse 10T1/2, RIF-1, and SCC VII cells, and the human cell lines HCT-8, AG1522, and A549. The effect of SR 4233 in combination with irradiation was also examined in the SCC VII tumor growing in the flank of C3H mice using clonogenic assay (tumors excised 24 hr after irradiation). We found SR-4233 to be a potent and selective killer of hypoxic cells. Cell killing as a function of time for the various cell lines was exponential, with no shoulder. Drug concentrations producing equivalent levels of cell killing were 75-200 fold lower in hypoxic than in aerobic cells for the mouse and hamster lines, and 15-50 fold lower for the human cells. In vivo experiments showed that the non-toxic dose of 0.3 mmole/kg of SR-4233 enhanced radiation-induced tumor cell kill when the drug was given between 1 hr before and 2 hr after the radiation dose. We have also shown that the drug metabolizes more rapidly under hypoxic than aerobic conditions, both in vitro and in vivo. The toxic product(s) is unknown, but could be the 1 electron reduction product, the radical anion, because the mono N-oxide (the 2 electron reduction product) did not display cytotoxicity or selective killing under hypoxic conditions. This compound could therefore be a useful tool in tumor biology, as well as being a new lead in the development of bioreductive cytotoxic agents for cancer therapy. PMID- 3744946 TI - Covalent binding of a fluorinated 2-nitroimidazole to EMT-6 tumors in Balb/C mice: detection by F-19 nuclear magnetic resonance at 2.35 T. AB - A hexafluorinated 2-nitroimidazole (CCI-103F) has been synthesized and its properties as a hypoxic cell binder investigated. The drug has a plasma half-life of 90 min in Balb/C mice and a tumor-to-plasma ratio of 0.8. Following sustained exposure to the drug and a washout period for the unbound drug, liver and tumor samples were excised. NMR investigation of the excised tissue in a 2.35 T animal sized NMR facility revealed the presence of 19F bound to both tissues. Further improvement in sensitivity is required to make 19F NMR detection of binding in situ feasible. PMID- 3744947 TI - In vitro binding of 14C-misonidazole to hepatocytes and hepatoma cells. AB - The binding rate of 14C-Misonidazole was determined for freshly isolated mouse hepatocytes, mouse hepatoma cells, EMT-6 tumor cells, and V79 Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts. At 10 microM drug concentration, the four different cell lines bound 14C-Misonidazole at rates of 12.4, 29.9, 51.6, and 13.5 pmoles/10(6) cells/hr, respectively. This relative order of binding was observed over a drug concentration range of 10-100 microM. These data indicate that in extreme hypoxia, mouse hepatocytes do not bind 14C-Misonidazole at a uniquely high rate in vitro, compared to other normal and tumor cell lines. This observation suggests that the increased binding to liver in vivo observed by other investigators is due to the liver existing at a reduced oxygen tension, compared to other normal tissues. PMID- 3744948 TI - Hypoxia mediated binding of misonidazole in non-malignant tissue. AB - Binding of 3H-misonidazole in hypoxic nonmalignant tissue was investigated in the gerbil stroke model. Cerebral infarcts were produced in male Mongolian gerbils by ligating the right common carotid artery and the severity of the lesions was quantified by scoring the animals' symptoms. The uptake of [H-3]misonidazole in the right cerebral hemisphere and the ratios of right:left hemispheral uptake correlated positively with the severity of the stroke when measured 6 to 10 hours after carotid ligation. Autoradiographs of the gerbil brains with severe infarcts showed heavy label, which was uniformly distributed, on the affected side. We conclude that the gerbil stroke model is useful for studying hypoxia in vivo. There is variability between animals that closely correlates with stroke index, but more importantly the hypoxia may be more homogeneous over regions of the brain within one animal. A reliable model of homogeneous induced hypoxia in vivo will be useful for evaluating radiolabeled drugs which may be used for quantitation of hypoxia in tumors by nuclear imaging. PMID- 3744950 TI - Proceedings of the American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology. 28th annual meeting. November 2-7, 1986, Los Angeles, California. Abstracts. PMID- 3744949 TI - Misonidazole retention by normal tissues: a distinction between label on the ring and side chain. AB - The retention of misonidazole by mouse normal tissues and EMT6/Ed tumors was studied 24 hr after injection of ring labelled (2-14C) and side chain-labelled (3H) drug. Slightly more 3H than 14C was retained by tumors, but this was considered to be within experimental error of no difference. The ring label (14C) activity retained by tumors was 5-12 times greater than that retained by heart, kidney, brain, muscle and spleen. However, in the same animals, the side chain label (3H) was retained to an appreciably greater extent by the normal tissues, so that the ratio of activities retained in tumors and normal tissues was 3 to 4. This difference in discrimination between tumors and normal tissues implies that gamma-emitting or NMR-active analogues of misonidazole will detect hypoxia in tumors in situ more efficiently, if the active isotope is situated on the ring. The data also indicate that fragmentation products of the metabolism of misonidazole, which contain the side chain and exclude the 2-carbon, are responsible for 50-70% of the misonidazole retained by normal tissues when a side chain-label is used. PMID- 3744951 TI - How psychoanalysis changes. PMID- 3744952 TI - Freud's distaste for philosophy: a hint of an explanation. PMID- 3744953 TI - The father's role in the child's development of the capacity to cope with separation and loss. AB - Following a brief survey of the history and evolution of parental roles in Western society, early psychoanalytic concepts about the father's role are presented. Freud noted two opposing paternal images in the young boy's mind, namely how love for father and reverence for his power clash with hostility towards the father who is feared as a rival. Freud's personal family history, his self-analysis and the climate of his times led him to formulate the oedipus complex and to propose its role in personality development and pathology. After examining the earlier analytic formulations, more recent related theories are noted. For a period of time, a shift in emphasis from paternal influence to maternal role accompanied the concern with childhood developmental psychology. Following this downplaying of the father's importance, nowadays there is increased appreciation of the influence of both parents and the significance of their relationship with one another upon their children's emotional growth. The final portion of this paper deals with a contemporary view of the specific roles of the father in the child's capacity to mature and separate. PMID- 3744954 TI - Pregnancy as a reaction to early childhood sibling loss. AB - Surrogate mothers, illegitimately pregnant teenagers, married women seeking abortions, women convicted of manslaughter, and sister survivors of early childhood sibling loss may share a common conflict. These women may be in a state of incomplete mourning, unconsciously wishing to master a trauma by turning a passive experience into a life event they can control. Pregnancy can function as that life event. Replacement daughters and/or sister survivors can present as our patients with a search for or an avoidance of pregnancy as a crucial though unconscious issue. Literature written about this sequelae of early sibling death is reviewed according to psychosexual and object relationship stages. Common and uncommon consequences are discussed. Vignettes from the course of psychoanalytic therapy with women whose brothers had been accidently killed; whose sibling had died of metabolic disease; and those whose siblings had been relinquished to foster care are used to illustrate the immediate and long-term reactions. The range of these include varieties of separation anxiety as well as learning inhibitions in latency; exaggerated pseudo heterosexuality and other risk taking at puberty; problems in self-esteem regulation relative to either the idealized memory of the missing sibling or the omnipotence connected with survivor guilt. This paper focuses on the choice of a sexual partner and pregnancy issues as symptoms of reworking established conflicts around self-valuation and abandonment by sibling and grieving parents. As the family relationships around the lost sibling become less distorted in her analysis via transference resolution, so do the feelings about contemporary relationships. Becoming pregnant is then not an event burdened by the past. PMID- 3744955 TI - To have and have not: multiple identifications in pathological bereavement. PMID- 3744956 TI - Transference and post-traumatic stress: combat veterans' transference to the Veterans Administration Medical Center. AB - In this paper I have discussed two types of transference manifestations to an institution; namely, the "VA Medical Center transference syndrome" (VATS) and the "VA medical center split transference syndrome" (VAST). Transference to an institution was identified as an important issue deserving the attention of psychotherapists and psychoanalysts. Two case studies illustrated the dynamics of these two transference phenomena. Moreover, as a consequence of exposure to traumatic war experiences in Vietnam, these two illustrative cases portrayed a strong tendency to splitting dynamics and fragmenting ego operations inherent in what has been referred to here as "post-traumatic borderline personality disorder" (p-TBPD). In the VATS case, the patient struggled with intense feelings of dissociated and repressed guilt over the five men killed and two severely wounded in Vietnam for which he believed himself to be responsible. Initially, the patient had denied he felt responsible and guilty over this tragic event; however, later as trust developed and intense paranoid defenses were attenuated, these painful memories were expressed in vivid detail. His affective attachment or transference to the VA Medical Center was an "instrumental transference" in that it served the purpose of giving him the sense of protection from his guilt ridden ego and harsh, punitive superego. The task of the treatment was to first establish trust through emphasizing the "real" relationship and fostering the idealizing transference. Through the idealizing transference, the patient began to decathect from the VAMC as his sole protective object. With this patient the "real" relationship was essential in assisting him to relinquish his transference hold on the VAMC and embark on "the road to recovery" (Brende and Parson, 1985). The VAST case portrayed the situation in which the veteran "bifurcates" his transference responses--one to therapist, the other to the VAMC. As in the VATS case, it was essential to emphasize the real relationship, maintaining an active intervening stance, while fostering the idealizing transference.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3744957 TI - Use of alternate therapist during pregnancy leave. AB - Women therapists involved in the long-term treatment of severely disturbed patients can be faced with interruptions due to childbearing. In the following cases, use of an alternate therapist during pregnancy-related leaves of absence was helpful in bridging the therapeutic pause and allowed the patients to make significant gains. PMID- 3744958 TI - A psychoanalytic teaching exercise. AB - The paper is a detailed account of a teaching exercise designed for first year candidates in a psychoanalytic training program. The material for the classroom exercise is a selected "specimen" session from the author's practice which clearly demonstrates the appearance, the handling and the dynamic significance of the clinical concept of resistance. The teaching method consists of the instructor reading numbered segments of a few lines each from the session in sequence to the students each of whom is responsible for a written response to a numbered segment; the students rotate in sequence in giving their written answers to whether a particular excerpt from the session is a resistance, a transference reaction, a theme or one of the usual technical interventions. The body of the paper consists of the numbered excerpts from the session, a sampling of students responses and comments by the author. It is seen that the students become involved in the unfolding session and have a "hands on" experience of the analytic process. The method of selecting appropriate (to the topic) sessions allows for a wide variety of clinical topics to be taught this way. PMID- 3744959 TI - The dynamics of depression in functioning women--sexism in the family. PMID- 3744960 TI - More on the medical "cure" for cataracts. PMID- 3744961 TI - Dimethyl sulfoxide. PMID- 3744962 TI - Low-power lasers. PMID- 3744963 TI - AVMA House of Delegates: democracy in action. PMID- 3744964 TI - The AVMA model of US veterinary medical manpower supply. PMID- 3744965 TI - Professional advertising. PMID- 3744966 TI - Ochratoxicosis in Iowa swine. AB - Ochratoxicosis was diagnosed in 2 Iowa swine herds. In both cases, clinical signs consisted of increased urination and water consumption. Pale tan kidneys were found in affected pigs at necropsy. Histologic examination of renal tissue from an affected pig revealed diffuse tubular nephrosis and interstitial fibrosis. In both cases, ochratoxin A was detected by thin-layer chromatography in extracts of whole corn and ground complete feed. Ochratoxicosis was reproduced in swine with feed obtained in one of the cases. PMID- 3744967 TI - Intermittent open-mouth lower jaw locking in five dogs. AB - Intermittent open-mouth lower jaw locking was documented in 5 dogs. In contrast to what has been reported in other cases, pronounced radiographic abnormalities in the temporomandibular joints were not observed. In 4 of the dogs, locking episodes started at a later age (35 to 83.5 months) than had been reported by others (6 to 22 months). Duration and frequency of locking were variable. Lateral shifting of the jaw and lack of neurologic deficits indicated a temporomandibular joint abnormality. Excision of the rostroventral portion of the involved zygomatic arch prevented locking in all cases. This syndrome involves variable severity of temporomandibular joint dysplasia, which could account for the variable age of onset and random frequency of locking episodes. PMID- 3744968 TI - Subtotal colectomy for treatment of acquired megacolon in the dog and cat. AB - The case records of 4 cats and 1 dog with megacolon and constipation were reviewed to study the history, clinical signs, pathologic changes, and longterm results of surgical treatment. The 4 cats had idiopathic megacolon. The dog had megacolon secondary to dietary indiscretion. All animals had radiographic evidence of a large colon, which was confirmed by exploratory coeliotomy. Two of the cats and the dog had an intraoperative finding of megacecum as well. Subtotal colectomy was performed in all cases, with the ileocolic valve being removed in 3 of these cases. End-to-side anastomosis was used to restore the integrity of the bowel. All animals were treated successfully with this surgical technique, as judged by clinical response and owner satisfaction. Histologically, there were no consistent lesions to explain the cause of this disease in the cats. PMID- 3744969 TI - Comparison of palpable corpora lutea with serum progesterone concentrations in cows. AB - Serum progesterone concentrations were used to evaluate rectal palpation of corpora lutea as a method for assignment of postpartum beef cows to prostaglandin treatment and nontreatment groups. On the basis of 124 evaluations, 18% of the cows were assigned incorrectly to the treatment group and 37% of the cows were assigned incorrectly to the nontreatment group. The inability of palpators to accurately select cows with a mature corpus luteum may diminish the success of estrus synchronization regimens that use rectal palpation of corpora lutea for selection of cows for prostaglandin therapy. PMID- 3744970 TI - Prostatic adenocarcinoma with and without metastasis to bone in dogs. AB - The signalment, clinical signs, and histologic tumor pattern were compared retrospectively in 12 dogs having primary prostatic adenocarcinoma with (5 cases) and without metastasis (7 cases) to bone. Weight loss and lumbar pain were observed more frequently in dogs having prostatic adenocarcinoma with metastasis to bone. A distinctive histologic pattern was not associated with prostatic adenocarcinoma that had metastasized to bone. The alveolar papillary pattern was the predominant histologic type observed in both groups. Metastasis to extrapelvic bony sites included the scapulas, ribs, and digits. The results of this study indicate that skeletal metastasis was not uncommon in dogs having prostatic adenocarcinoma. PMID- 3744971 TI - Obstruction of the descending colon due to torsion of the cecum through a mesocolic defect in a cow. AB - A cow was evaluated for acute onset of abdominal pain and decreased milk production. Physical examination revealed narrowing of the descending colon. Exploratory laparotomy revealed mesocolic defect and torsion of the cecum around the descending colon. After surgical correction of the cecal torsion, the cow recovered rapidly. The mesocolic defect could not be closed, and the history did not indicate a cause for the mesocolic defect. PMID- 3744972 TI - Realistic assessment of opportunities. PMID- 3744973 TI - More on sudden death in racehorses. PMID- 3744974 TI - Veterinary education for the 21st century. PMID- 3744975 TI - Nosocomial infections and bacterial antibiotic resistance in a university equine hospital. AB - A base-line study of bacteria isolated from horses admitted to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital during a 6-month period was performed to determine the extent of multiresistant nosocomial infections caused by gram-negative aerobic bacteria other than Salmonella spp. Results of this study indicated that 21.9% of the 105 horses from which cultures and sensitivities were available had developed nosocomial gram-negative aerobic infections, with high rates of resistance to gentamicin, kanamycin, and trimethoprim sulfadiazine, three of the most often prescribed antibiotics in this hospital. In addition, a prospective study of antibiotic-resistant bacteria of fecal origin was performed to determine whether there was a change in the degree of antibiotic resistance of a horse's intestinal flora while the horse was hospitalized. Bacterial culturing for gram-negative lactose fermenting bacteria was done on fecal specimens collected directly from the rectum on day 1 and day 7 of a horse's hospitalization. Susceptibility testing was done on each isolant. Of the 24 paired fecal specimens obtained, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp isolated on day 7 were resistant to a significantly higher number of antibiotics than day 1 isolants (P = 0.003, P = 0.043, respectively). PMID- 3744976 TI - Infectivity of Cryptosporidium sp isolated from wild mice for calves and mice. AB - A study was conducted to determine the incidence of cryptosporidiosis in wild mice (Mus musculus) and the infectivity of oocysts from their feces for susceptible calves. The presence of oocysts and the duration of shedding of oocysts in the feces were evaluated in 115 wild mice. Approximately 30% of the mice shed Cryptosporidium sp oocysts, without evidence of clinical infection; recurrence of oocyst shedding was found in about 50% of the mice. Oocysts from the feces of naturally infected mice were infective for calves and mice. Calves began shedding oocysts at 7 days and shed oocysts for about 10 days. Nonfatal, clinical cryptosporidiosis developed in 7 infected calves. The mice began shedding oocysts at 6 days and shed oocysts for 12 days. Fatalities or clinical infection did not develop in 5 infected mice. The results indicated that Cryptosporidium-infected wild mice may be a source of cryptosporidiosis in susceptible calves. PMID- 3744977 TI - Comparison of treatment methods for the control of contagious ovine foot rot. AB - Four methods of treatment for ovine foot rot were evaluated: foot trimming and topical treatment (brief, daily foot bathing in 10% zinc sulfate); vaccination with an oil-alum adjuvanted, multivalent, Bacteroides nodosus bacterin, vaccination with the bacterin plus foot trimming and brief foot bathing, and 1 hour 10% zinc sulfate foot soaks. Compared with results of sheep in a nontreated control group, vaccination reduced the number of infected feet by 8%. Daily walk through foot bathing reduced the number of infected feet by 16%, and vaccination and foot bathing reduced the number by 27%. In another experiment, treated but nonresponsive sheep were subjected to 2 one-hour foot soaks in 10% zinc sulfate. Compared with results in nontreated controls, the soaks reduced the number of affected sheep by 58%. Previously nontreated sheep responded with a 69% reduction of affected animals over controls. PMID- 3744978 TI - Equine ehrlichial colitis (Potomac horse fever): recognition of the disease in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Idaho, and Connecticut. AB - Equine ehrlichial colitis (Potomac horse fever), a newly identified colitis of the horse, was first recognized in Maryland. In this report, we document occurrence of the disease in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Idaho, and Connecticut. Enzootic areas were recognized by a characteristic pattern. Frequently there was a seasonal pattern and high prevalence of sporadic colitis in unstressed horses. The attack rate per farm generally was low. Horses on pasture, as well as those stabled, were affected. Clinical signs varied from fever and depression to severe diarrhea and laminitis. Occasionally horses developed profound ileus and severe colic. Diagnosis was based on detection of an increase or decrease in serum antibody titers to Ehrlichia risticii, using an indirect fluorescent antibody technique. PMID- 3744979 TI - Ocular angiosarcoma in four horses. AB - In 4 horses with ocular angiosarcomas, the common characteristics were that all horses were aged, and the neoplasms developed initially on conjunctival surfaces, grew slowly, and metastasized despite excision and radiation treatment. Histopathologically, the neoplasms were of 2 types: a capillary pattern of scant stroma and endothelial-lined vascular channels, and a solid pattern composed of sheets of pleomorphic cells with hyperchromatic nuclei and poorly defined cytoplasmic borders. Definitive diagnosis was made by use of factor VIII:RAg, which stained the tissues intensely. PMID- 3744980 TI - Granulosa cell tumor in a goat. AB - Granulosa cell tumors are rare in the goat. This report deals with the shortened estrous cycles, masculinization, depressed fertility, and the systemic hormone profiles resulting from a granulosa cell tumor in a doe. Data are supported by unique information on the steroid content of the tumor. The case also is interesting from the standpoint of the occurrence of lactation after tumor removal. PMID- 3744981 TI - Bilateral renal hypoplasia in four young horses. AB - Three horses less than or equal to 3 years old were evaluated because of stunted growth, weight loss, anorexia, depression, and lethargy of at least 1 month's duration. A neonatal foal was examined after its death. In each case, gross and microscopic renal lesions were compatible with bilateral renal hypoplasia (ie, cortical hypoplasia with severe medullary hypoplasia). In young horses with renal failure, bilateral renal hypoplasia should be considered in the differential diagnosis, and may represent a congenital lesion. PMID- 3744982 TI - Filaroides hirthi infection in a dog. AB - A 5- to 7-month old, female dog developed a cough and labored breathing. Filaroides hirthi larvae were recovered from a fecal specimen by use of sodium nitrate flotation and direct saline solution mount. Verminous pneumonia caused by F hirthi was diagnosed. The dog appeared to be immunocompetent, and responded to treatment with fenbendazole. PMID- 3744983 TI - Pulmonic stenosis in the dog: 29 cases (1975-1984). AB - In a retrospective study of 29 dogs with congenital pulmonic stenosis, we evaluated the clinical, radiographic, angiocardiographic, and cardiac catheterization data. Eighteen dogs had no clinical signs of disease and were referred for evaluation of a previously detected cardiac murmur, 5 dogs had congestive right-sided heart failure, and 5 dogs were examined for exercise intolerance or syncope. Dogs with heart failure tended to be older than dogs without clinical signs of heart failure (19.3 months vs 12 months). All dogs had radiographic or electrocardiographic evidence of right ventricular enlargement. Poststenotic dilatation of the main pulmonary artery and apparent pulmonary undercirculation were observed frequently on survey radiographs. Isolated pulmonic valve dysplasia, representing a range of angiographic pulmonic valve abnormalities, was evident in 88% of the available 26 angiographic studies, whereas subvalvular stenosis was uncommon and observed in only 2 dogs. Muscular hypertrophy of the right ventricular infundibulum and supraventricular crest were observed in 96% and 25% of the angiocardiograms, respectively. Poststenotic dilatation of the main pulmonary artery was observed in every dog. A ratio between the width of the main pulmonary artery and the valve annulus was useful in identifying pulmonic stenosis and distinguishing this anomaly from other congenital malformations. The degree of poststenotic dilatation did not appear to be related to the severity of the systolic pressure gradient, which ranged from 20 to 228 mm of Hg (mean, 93 mm of Hg).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3744985 TI - Marketing veterinary services. PMID- 3744984 TI - Clinical and pathologic findings in dogs with atherosclerosis: 21 cases (1970 1983). AB - Atherosclerosis was diagnosed on necropsy in 21 dogs in a 14-year period. Nine dogs died and 12 were euthanatized because of complications associated with the disease. The mean age was 8.5 +/- 0.5 years; 18 dogs were male. Three breeds (Miniature Schnauzer, Doberman Pinscher, and Labrador Retriever) had a higher prevalence of the disease than other breeds in the canine necropsy population of The Animal Medical Center. Most common clinical signs were lethargy, anorexia, weakness, dyspnea, collapse, and vomiting. Hypercholesterolemia, lipidemia, and hypothyroidism were common in affected dogs tested, and protein electrophoresis revealed high values for alpha 2 and beta fractions in all dogs tested. Electrocardiography indicated conduction abnormalities and myocardial infarction in 3 of 7 dogs. Necropsy revealed that affected arteries (including coronary, myocardial, renal, carotid, thyroidal, intestinal, pancreatic, splenic, gastric, prostatic, cerebral, and mesenteric) were yellow-white, thick and nodular, and had narrow lumens. Myocardial fibrosis and infarction also were observed in the myocardium. Histologically, affected arterial walls contained foamy cells or vacuoles, cystic spaces, mineralized material, debris with or without eroded intima, and degenerated muscle cells. PMID- 3744986 TI - Illegal sale of prescription drugs. PMID- 3744987 TI - Bovine immunization guidelines. PMID- 3744988 TI - Use of M-mode echocardiography in the diagnosis of congestive cardiomyopathy in Doberman pinschers. AB - M-mode echocardiography performed on 3 groups of Doberman Pinschers--healthy, early cardiomyopathy, and advanced cardiomyopathy (pulmonary edema present). Echocardiographic measurements in those dogs with advanced cardiomyopathy were typical of the disease in human beings and other breeds of dogs. Significant differences were detected between dogs with early cardiomyopathy and those with advanced disease. The E-point septal separation was determined to be the most sensitive and specific criterion for the recognition of early cardiomyopathy. PMID- 3744989 TI - Shoeing principles for the management of navicular disease in horses. AB - Navicular disease was diagnosed in 36 horses. Each horse was treated, using shoeing as the only major means of treatment. Phenylbutazone was used initially for 10 days after shoeing. Shoeing was designed to correct preexisting problems, enhance physiologic function of the foot, and ease breakover of the foot. The horses were evaluated over a period ranging from 12 to 54 months. The lameness improved in all horses. Thirty-one of the 36 horses treated were not lame when last evaluated. Shoeing was most effective when performed within 8 months of the first signs of lameness. Also, horses used for show ring performance classes had a better response to treatment than did horses used for gaming or jumping. PMID- 3744990 TI - Rupture of an aortic sinus aneurysm in a 15-year-old broodmare. AB - A 15-year-old, Standardbred broodmare with an aortic sinus aneurysm developed rupture of the aneurysm with subsequent rupture of a tricuspid valve chorda tendinae, tricuspid regurgitation, acute right-sided congestive heart failure, and pulmonary thromboembolism. Shunting of blood from the aorta through the ruptured aneurysm into the right ventricle resulted in decreased renal perfusion and acute renal failure. Initially, treatment of the mare with analgesics, fluids, and digoxin resulted in clinical improvement, but the mare's condition deteriorated after 8 days and the mare was euthanatized due to unrelenting pain and a poor prognosis. Echocardiography was useful in diagnosis of the cardiac disease in the broodmare. PMID- 3744991 TI - Ectopic ureter in a dog: extension from the kidney to the urinary bladder and to the urethra. AB - An ectopic ureter extending to the urinary bladder and to the proximal portion of the urethra was diagnosed in a 6-month-old dog with urinary incontinence. The diagnosis was made by use of excretory urography. The kidney and ureter were removed. When urinary incontinence continued, positive-contrast cystography was performed. The ectopic ureter was found to bypass the bladder via a submucosal extension that emptied into the urethra. PMID- 3744992 TI - Isolation of group eugonic fermenter-4 bacteria from a cat with multifocal suppurative pneumonia. AB - A pure growth of Group Eugonic Fermenter-4 bacteria (gram-negative) was isolated from the lungs of an 11-year-old male domestic cat that had been ill for 2 days before death. Clinical signs included anorexia, severe dyspnea, and salivation. The lungs contained several firm, slightly raised, yellowish-gray, spherical nodules of various sizes. Purulent exudate was found in the pericardial sac and left pleural cavity. Histologic evaluation revealed multifocal suppurative pneumonia. PMID- 3744993 TI - Tracheal reconstruction in a foal. AB - A 6-month-old Standardbred foal was admitted for repair of an acquired tracheal deformity. At 2 months of age, 4 midcervical tracheal rings had been transected and, as a result, that portion of the trachea would collapse when the foal became excited or was exercising. At surgery, partial chondrotomies allowed remodeling of the deformed rings, which were then anchored to 2 partially encircling, polypropylene prostheses. After surgical repair, the horse raced successfully. PMID- 3744994 TI - Respiratory paralysis secondary to epidural anesthesia in a dog. AB - Transient respiratory paralysis developed in a 12-year-old spayed female Cocker Spaniel that received an anesthetic epidurally for excisional biopsy of perianal masses. Paralysis developed almost immediately after injection of 2.5 ml of 2% lidocaine (1 ml/4.9 kg), and was managed by mechanical ventilation and appropriate fluid therapy IV until spontaneous respiration returned. The respiratory paralysis was attributed to the excessive cranial extent of the anesthetic block. PMID- 3744996 TI - Equine laminitis caused by distal displacement of the distal phalanx: 12 cases (1976-1985). AB - Clinical data from 12 cases of equine laminitis characterized by distal displacement of the distal phalanx (P3) were reviewed. Clinical features of horses that survived the syndrome were compared with the nonsurvivors to obtain prognostic indicators. Animals affected included 8 Quarter Horses, 2 Welsh ponies, 1 Thoroughbred, and 1 Arabian. Eight of the animals were females (67%), 2 were stallions, and 2 were geldings. The mean age of affected animals was 8.6 years (2 to 14 years), and the mean body weight was 442 kg. The survivors weighed less than the nonsurvivors (384 kg vs 473 kg, respectively), suggesting that body weight may be of prognostic value for horses affected with distal displacement of P3. Ten of the 12 animals (83%) were admitted because of a disorder other than laminitis, but subsequently developed laminitis during the treatment period. All affected animals had clinical evidence of endotoxemia and/or sepsis before the onset of laminitis. Cavitation or depression of the dorsal coronary band was detected in all animals and was the most reliable clinical indicator of distal displacement of P3. Five horses had fluid (blood or serum) ooze from their coronary bands and 2 of these sloughed one or more of their hooves. Necropsy findings of the 8 horses that were euthanatized included severe hemorrhagic, congested laminae and complete detachment of P3 from the hoof wall. Histologic examination of affected laminae revealed vascular thrombosis and multifocal areas of hemorrhage and necrosis. Radiography failed to reveal distal displacement of P3 in 8 animals, but the remaining 4 animals had an accentuation of the dorsal proximal hoof wall and cavitation of the coronary band visible on lateral radiographs. PMID- 3744995 TI - Portosystemic shunts in cats: seven cases (1976-1984). AB - Congenital portosystemic venous shunt causing signs of hepatic encephalopathy was diagnosed in 7 cats. The left gastric vein served as the shunt in four of these. Increases in blood ammonia and postprandial serum bile acids were the most consistent serum biochemical abnormalities. Excessive variation in red blood cell shape was a common but nonspecific hematologic finding. The jejunal-mesenteric venous injection of contrast material was the preferred method of portography to diagnose portosystemic shunts. Two cats were treated successfully by partial surgical occlusion of their shunts. PMID- 3744997 TI - Some implications of transference and countertransference in the treatment of dependence. PMID- 3744998 TI - Training as a child analyst. PMID- 3744999 TI - Individuation in the developmental process. PMID- 3745000 TI - Vertex and experience: Michael Fordham's approach to the religious process. PMID- 3745001 TI - A sleeping patient wakes up. PMID- 3745002 TI - The analytical world: institutions and limitations. PMID- 3745003 TI - Michael Fordham's theory and practice of supervision. PMID- 3745004 TI - Defences of the self and envy of oneself. PMID- 3745005 TI - Deintegration and two synchronistic events. PMID- 3745006 TI - Some thoughts on deintegration. PMID- 3745007 TI - Stability of basic semen measures and abnormal morphology within individuals. AB - Semen from 15 healthy volunteers was assessed for basic semen measures every 2 weeks over a 6-month period to determine the relative stability of these factors. The parameters were: sperm count, semen volume, sperm motility, and normal morphology, along with the type of abnormal morphologic forms. Basic semen measures were generally more stable than the morphologic forms. Using three samples, seven semen factors (sperm count, normal morphology, semen volume, sperm motility, microcephaly, tapering and round tail) were found to be stable and contributed to the identification of the fifteen individuals with a classification accuracy of 75.0%. While individuals do have characteristic patterns of spermatogenesis, the biologic basis for these findings is as yet undetermined. PMID- 3745008 TI - The presence of a motility inhibitor within spermatozoa may explain the poor sperm motility of some infertile men. AB - The presence of motility inhibitors in seminal plasma and within spermatozoa from control and infertile men with poor sperm motility was investigated using demembranated reactivated human spermatozoa. No difference was found in the inhibitory capacities in seminal plasma of patients with poor sperm motility (less than 50%) when compared with that of fertile controls with motility above 50%. No correlation was observed between inhibitory capacity and sperm motility. However, when extracts of spermatozoa from these patients were tested for the presence of inhibitor, it was observed that three of nine patients had an inhibitor in their sperm extract. By contrast, all sperm extracts from fertile control subjects were devoid of inhibitor. It was concluded that the presence of a motility inhibitor in seminal plasma does not explain the poor sperm motility observed in patients. The presence of a motility inhibitor within spermatozoa, however, may represent an important factor in the etiology of the poor sperm motility observed in some patients. PMID- 3745009 TI - Implantation of artificial spermatocele with cup-shaped prosthesis for excretory azoospermia and chemical management of aspirated spermatozoa. AB - A cup-shaped silicon prosthesis was developed to treat patients with excretory azoospermia and chemical management of the aspirated spermatozoa was attempted prior to cervical insemination of the wives. These cup-shaped prostheses were implanted eight times in six patients, four of whom had congenital absence and two of whom had bilateral inflammatory obstruction of the vas deferens. The surgical technique was based on the method of Cruz (1980), which involved wrapping the tunica vaginalis over the top of the prosthesis. Aspirated spermatozoa were incubated in a modified Ringer's solution at 37 C for 30 minutes and used for the cervical insemination of the wives. Epididymal spermatozoa could be collected from all patients 10 to 20 weeks after the operation. The percentage of motile aspirated spermatozoa ranged from 0 to 20%. In two cases, the percentage of motile spermatozoa aspirated from the prosthesis increased markedly from 5 and 10% to 55 and 60%, respectively, after incubation of the spermatozoa in the medium. Cervical inseminations were tried in all of the wives from two to four times, but no pregnancy resulted during this study. PMID- 3745010 TI - Markedly delayed puberty or Kallmann's syndrome variant. AB - A diagnosis of Kallmann's syndrome was made in a 25-year-old man. After 21 months of treatment with parenteral T, spontaneous puberty occurred at the age of 27. PMID- 3745011 TI - The effect of selective destruction and regeneration of rat Leydig cells on the intratesticular distribution of testosterone and morphology of the seminiferous epithelium. AB - This study was designed to explore the relationship between the intratesticular distribution of testosterone and spermatogenesis by completely destroying the Leydig cells of mature male rats with injection of a single i.p. dose of ethane dimethanesulphonate. After such treatment, testosterone levels in serum, testicular interstitial fluid, seminiferous tubules, and whole testis declined significantly 6 to 24 hours after injection and fell below assay detection limits between 3 and 7 days. At 3 and 7 days, serum LH and FSH levels rose significantly and remained elevated up to 4 and 6 weeks, respectively, in comparison with vehicle-treated controls. Leydig cells disappeared from the interstitium by day 3, but between 2 and 4 weeks postinjection a new generation of fetal-like Leydig cells repopulated the testicular interstitium and, during weeks 6 to 10, were transformed into, or replaced by, Leydig cells with an adult type of morphology. Histologic examination of the seminiferous tubules showed progressive disruption of spermatogenesis between 3 and 14 days post-ethane dimethanesulphonate. The first histologic sign of spermatogenic damage was noted at day 3, with the occurrence of stage-specific degenerating pachytene primary spermatocytes at stages VII to VIII of the spermatogenic cycle. On day 7, these cells and degenerating round, or step 19, spermatids often were observed during stages VII to XI, although qualitatively normal spermatogenesis also was seen in these and all other stages of the cycle. Maximum impairment of spermatogenesis occurred 2 weeks post-ethane dimethane sulphonate, at which time the tubules commonly lacked one or more germ cell generations or, alternatively, showed accumulation of lipid inclusions, extracellular spaces, and variable numbers of degenerating germ cells. Following repopulation of the testis by Leydig cells during weeks 3 and 4, spermatogenesis recovered. By 10 weeks after treatment, qualitatively normal spermatogenesis was seen in the great majority of seminiferous tubules, although a few tubules still remained in which the germ cell complement was severely reduced, and contained only Sertoli cells and spermatogonia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3745013 TI - Reversibility of azoospermia induced by bacillus Calmette-Guerin. AB - A single intratesticular injection of bacillus Calmette-Guerin induces azoospermia within 3 to 6 weeks in a variety of animals without loss of androgens. After a period of azoospermia, the return of spermatogenesis was observed in dogs and monkeys. Seven dogs that showed aspermatogenesis after a local instillation of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (20-110 units per testis) again demonstrated spermatogenesis after a period of 153 to 325 days of azoospermia. Sperm counts and motility were restored to preimmunization levels within 6 weeks after initiation of spermatogenesis. In one dog, systemic treatment with antimycobacterial drugs helped to clear the bacillus Calmette-Guerin from the testis, thus hastening the reinitiation of spermatogenesis. In two monkeys injected with 110 and 160 units of bacillus Calmette-Guerin, azoospermia lasted up to 150 days. Subsequently, fertility was restored and the treated animals sired healthy offspring. A second injection of bacillus Calmette-Guerin of a lesser dose (5-20 units per testis) in these fertile dogs and monkeys again produced azoospermia. Histologically, the monkeys having a second period of azoospermia demonstrated aspermatogenic orchitis in the testis and leukocyte infiltration in the interstitium. A majority of the tubules had intact basement membranes, with a block of spermatogenesis at the spermatocyte stage. In dogs, the second azoospermia lasted for 113 to 277 days with a subsequent restoration of sperm counts and sperm motility to preimmunization levels. There were no circulating antisperm antibodies detected in sera of these animals during the azoospermic period or during its reversal. These observations suggest that the bacillus Calmette-Guerin-induced azoospermia is reversible, both in terms of sperm count and fertility. PMID- 3745012 TI - Morphologic and endocrine changes in the reproductive organs in rats implanted with gossypol acetate pellet in the testis. AB - Gossypol acetate pellets in concentrations ranging from 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, to 20.0 mg were implanted in the testis of rats for a period up to 7 weeks. The implant was made in one testis only. In animals with a 10.0-mg implant, the germinal epithelium showed degenerative changes following the 7-week period, but spermatogonia and spermatocytes were unaffected. The effect of gossypol acetate appeared to be at the spermatid level. The electron microscopic study showed that the acrosomal membranes were disrupted. Blood testosterone and LH, but not FSH, decreased significantly (P less than 0.01). The fertility studies showed 100% infertility but no loss in libido in the 10-mg implant group. Up to the 7-week period, implants of less than 10 mg produced no significant effects on any of the parameters mentioned above. Animals with 20-mg implants had toxic symptoms. From the results in this study, it is concluded that 10.0 mg of gossypol acetate implanted in a single pellet in one testis causes antispermatogenic effects. PMID- 3745014 TI - Modifications of cochlear microphonic frequency responses following transient changes of hydrostatic pressure in the perilymph. AB - Cochlear microphonic potential was recorded with differential electrodes implanted in the various turns of the guinea-pig cochlea. Isointensity frequency responses were plotted in normal conditions and after excessive displacements of the cochlear partition. These displacements were provoked by changes of hydrostatic pressure in the perilymph of scala tympani or scala vestibuli. Typical modifications of the frequency response were observed. The most noticeable was a division in two parts of the response zone which suggested the existence of two resonance peaks. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that changes of hydrostatic pressure provoked alterations of the stereocilia in the outer rows of external hair cells, probably in relation with a decoupling of the tectorial membrane from the organ of Corti. These results are discussed in terms of possible alterations of cochlear micromechanics. PMID- 3745016 TI - The vasculature of the external wall of the gerbil's inner ear. AB - This paper reports the results of a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study of the vessels in the cochlea of the Mongolian gerbil. Using the microcorrosion technique and SEM we were able to obtain an overall picture of the capillary beds in the cochlea of the gerbil. The vasculature of the inner ear of the gerbil was found to differ from Wistar rats. The different vascular anatomy in comparison with the Wistar rat is discussed. PMID- 3745015 TI - Steady-state evoked responses to sinusoidally amplitude-modulated sounds recorded in man. AB - Steady-state potentials evoked in response to binaural, sinusoidally amplitude modulated (AM) pure tones and broadband noise signals were recorded differentially from position F4 and the ipsilateral mastoid on the human scalp. The responses elicited by the AM stimuli were approximately periodic waveforms whose energy was predominantly at the modulation frequency of the stimulus. The magnitude of responses was between 0.1 and 4 microV for modulation frequencies between 2 and 400 Hz imposed on a 1-kHz carrier signal. The magnitude of the responses increased linearly with log modulation depth for low (4 Hz) and high (80 Hz) modulation rates. The response magnitude also increased linearly with the mean intensity of the sound for intensities up to 60 dB above the subject's pure tone threshold; at higher levels the response saturated. The relationship between response magnitude and modulation frequency (the modulation transfer function) was a lowpass function for both pure tone and broadband noise carrier signals. The modulation transfer functions were similar to those obtained from human psychophysical measurements where spectral cues are either unavailable or not used by the subject. The responses also contained a significant component at the second harmonic of the modulation frequency. The magnitude of this component was greatest at modulation rates between 5 and 20 Hz. The responses elicited by ipsilateral and contralateral monaural stimulation were approximately equal in magnitude, and binaural stimulation produced a potential 30% greater than the individual monaural responses. It is suggested that the evoked response represents the entrained neural activity to temporal amplitude fluctuations, and reflects the psychophysically measured performance of the auditory system for the detection and analysis of amplitude modulation. PMID- 3745017 TI - Direct measurement of longitudinal endolymph flow rate in the guinea pig cochlea. AB - The rate of longitudinal endolymph flow in the guinea pig cochlea has been measured with a novel tracer technique. The tracer we utilized was the tetramethylammonium (TMA) ion, the movement of which was monitored by ion sensitive microelectrodes. Extremely small amounts of tracer were required as the electrodes could readily detect TMA concentrations in endolymph as low as 10 microM. TMA was introduced into scala media in the form of a small bolus, varying from 2-20 nl in volume. To examine whether longitudinal flow affects the dispersion of TMA in endolymph, we compared the characteristics of TMA spread to turn I following injection into turn II, with those of TMA spread to turn II following injection into turn I. The comparison of these data with an analytical model combining the processes of diffusion and volume flow demonstrates that the spread of tracer is dominated by passive diffusion processes with very little contribution from longitudinal endolymph flow. The rate of longitudinal endolymph flow between turn I and turn II was estimated to be less than 0.01 mm/min directed towards the basal turn. This value is considerably lower than recently published estimates using other techniques. PMID- 3745018 TI - The developmental appearance of a major basilar papilla-specific protein in the chick. AB - The sensory epithelium of the chick cochlea, the basilar papilla, contains a major protein of approximately 23,000 daltons. This protein was as abundant as actin in the papilla, yet could not be found in significant quantities in any other cochlear tissue. The protein appeared at a time in development when other studies have shown that the chick embryo develops peripheral auditory competence. These observations suggest a role for this protein in cochlear function. PMID- 3745019 TI - The acoustic middle ear muscle reflex in albino rats. AB - The acoustic middle ear muscle reflex was studied in albino rats anesthetized with chloralose. The best frequency of the reflex and the threshold at this frequency were on average about 3 kHz and 57 dB SPL, respectively. The threshold increased as frequency increased above, and decreased below, the best frequency at a rate of about 20 dB/octave. Above about 12 kHz, the muscular response showed instability and habituation. Thresholds were similar between stapedius and tensor tympani reflexes and between ipsilateral and contralateral reflexes. The middle ear transmission loss due to the reflex was the greatest and nearly constant below about 1 kHz, where the loss was about 18 dB at the maximal stimulation. Above this frequency the loss decreased as frequency increased up to 20 kHz. Thus the reflex, unlike that in other animals, suppressed transmission over the whole range of reflex-eliciting frequencies. The transfer function of the reflex had a well damped low-pass characteristic with a cut-off frequency of about 20 Hz. From the above characteristics of the reflex, the role of the rat's tympanic muscles in improving ultrasonic hearing under ambient noises was suggested. PMID- 3745021 TI - Some poststimulatory effects on the whole nerve action potential. AB - Short-term poststimulatory effects on the N1 component of the auditory-nerve compound action potential (CAP) were investigated in Mongolian gerbils. Some effects of conditioner level, conditioner frequency and probe level were assessed. In most cases, poststimulatory decrements occurred. The decrements were independent of probe intensity when the conditioner was close in frequency and of equal or less intensity than the probe. At some other conditioner frequencies, decrements decreased as probe intensity increased. Departures from these relationships occurred when a more intense conditioner was applied. In some instances, increases in CAP amplitude were also observed. The roles of single unit responses including spread of cochlear excitation, and possible mechanisms for poststimulatory facilitation are discussed. PMID- 3745020 TI - Columnar organization and reciprocity of commissural connections in cat primary auditory cortex (AI). AB - The laminar distribution and reciprocity of commissural axon terminals and cells of origin in cat primary auditory cortex (AI) were studied after injections of tritiated proline combined with horseradish peroxidase in the middle ectosylvian gyrus. Terminal fields were found in every cortical layer in the contralateral AI, and they were characterized quantitatively. The largest concentration of silver grains was in layer III (about 25% of the total number of silver grains) and, to a lesser extent, in layers V, VI, and I (some 18% of the total in each layer). The labeling in layer I was concentrated in its deeper half, while the labeling in the other layers was more homogeneous. Layer IV had the least labeling, followed by layer II, each receiving about 10% of the total. The labeling was always heaviest over the neuropil and lightest over neuronal perikarya. Commissural terminal fields formed radial patches oriented perpendicularly to the pia, and averaging 543 micron in width. There was consistently three times more silver grains in a patch than in an inter-patch area. However, the number of silver grains in an inter-patch area was always significantly above background, indicating a possible commissural projection to these zones as well. The patches of commissural terminal fields formed bands oriented across AI and running in a caudoventral to rostrodorsal direction. Strict reciprocity between the commissural cells of origin and terminal fields was not found at the light microscopic level when adjacent sections, corrected for differential shrinkage, were compared. Often, patches of terminal fields were free of retrogradely labeled cells and, conversely, there were patches of labeled cells without an overlying commissural terminal field. The terminal fields connected homotopic regions of the contralateral AI, and every region of AI received commissural innervation, unlike the primary somatic sensory and visual cortex, where large zones receive only a few commissural afferents. The more complete pattern of interhemispheric connectivity in auditory cortex is in contrast to the less continuous commissural representation in other sensory neocortical fields. Perhaps this pattern contributes to the anatomical representation of binaurality in auditory cortex. PMID- 3745022 TI - Recovery of threshold shift in hair-cell stereocilia following exposure to intense stimulation. AB - The isolated cochlear coil preparation was used to study changes in hair-cell stereocilia stiffness before and after overstimulation. Results were obtained from inner and outer hair cells in the apical and middle turns of the guinea pig cochlea. The stereocilia bundles were stimulated with an oscillating water jet and their movements were identified with stroboscopic illumination in a differential interference contrast microscope. The intensity of the water jet could be varied in decibel steps and the attenuation needed to achieve a 'visual detection level' threshold of movement was the criterion response throughout. Pre exposure thresholds were sampled, the stereocilia bundle was overstimulated, and thresholds were measured during a recovery interval. Sensory hair bundles on all hair-cell rows showed a loss in stiffness following overstimulation which was proportional to the impedance of the stereocilia bundle. During recovery, stiffness increased and often showed a return to the pre-exposure threshold level. The results demonstrated that the loss of sensory hair stiffness following overstimulation recovered with the passage of time. The magnitude of the initial threshold shift, however, was related to the exposure conditions, cochlear location, and the impedance of the sensory hair bundle. The rate of recovery appeared to be independent of cochlear location, hair-cell row, or exposure conditions. PMID- 3745023 TI - Growth of threshold shift in hair-cell stereocilia following overstimulation. AB - Sensory hair bundle micromechanics were measured from all four hair-cell rows in the isolated guinea pig cochlea before and during overstimulation. The stereocilia bundle was stimulated by an oscillating water jet, and stroboscopic illumination slightly offset from the frequency of the stimulus revealed their motion. The intensity of the water jet could be varied in decibel steps and a 'visual detection level' threshold of stereocilia movement served as the criterion response. Pre-exposure thresholds provided a reference and were compared to thresholds sampled at 1-min intervals during a 10-min exposure period. The exposure stimulus consisted of the water jet adjusted to either 8, 13, or 18 dB above the visual detection level. Stereocilia on hair cells in each of the four rows showed a loss in stiffness which systematically increased during the first 5 to 6 min of exposure. Between 6 and 10 min of overstimulation the threshold shift exhibited a plateau whose magnitude was proportional to the exposure level. There were also differences in the magnitude of threshold shift between the hair-cell rows. The results clearly showed that overstimulation changed the micromechanical behavior of the stereocilia bundle, and that there was a complex interaction between exposure duration, level, and hair-cell row. PMID- 3745025 TI - The influence of signal duration, signal frequency and masker duration on binaural masking level differences. AB - Binaural masked thresholds were measured to study the influence of masker and test signal duration on binaural unmasking for three different interaural phase relations (N0S0, N0S pi and N pi S0) and for test signal frequencies ranging from 200 to 800 Hz. Six observers participated in this study. An adaptive 3 Interval Forced Choice paradigm was employed. Reducing the signal duration from 250 to 20 ms results in an average binaural masking level difference (BMLD) increase of 2.5 dB for all frequencies and both dichotic conditions. Masker duration, however, has a more distinct influence on BMLD: a decrease from 500 to 25 ms reduces the BMLD in the N0S pi condition by 7 dB and in the N pi S0 condition up to 11 dB at low frequencies. These results reveal further evidence for different detection mechanisms in monaural and binaural masking experiments. PMID- 3745024 TI - Temporal effects in simultaneous pure-tone masking: effects of signal frequency, masker/signal frequency ratio, and masker level. AB - The effect of the temporal relationship between a pure-tone masker and a pure tone signal in simultaneous masking was investigated in three experiments. The experiments extend previous work by: studying the temporal effect over a wide range of signal frequencies, studying the change in masking over time for several masker/signal frequency ratios, and studying the growth of masking for a brief signal at different temporal positions within a longer duration masker. In the first experiment, threshold was measured for a 20-ms signal temporally centered in a masker whose duration ranged from 20 ms to continuous. Signal frequency (fs) was 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, or 8.0 kHz; masker frequency (fm) was 1.2 fs. For all signal frequencies, the amount of masking decreased as masker duration increased. In the second experiment, threshold was measured for a 20-ms, 1.0-kHz signal as a function of the signal's temporal position within a 400-ms masker whose frequency ranged from 1.0 to 1.25 kHz. For all but the 1.0-kHz masker, for which threshold was almost independent of the signal's temporal position, threshold decreased as signal onset was delayed relative to masker onset, but then increased slightly as the signal approached masker offset. In the final experiment, growth-of-masking functions were measured for a 20-ms, 1.0-kHz signal positioned at the beginning, at the temporal center, or at the end of a 400-ms masker whose frequency was 1.20 or 1.25 kHz. The masking functions generally were steepest for a signal at the onset of the masker and, for a given temporal position, steepest for the 1.20-kHz masker. PMID- 3745026 TI - Trimethyltin ototoxicity: evidence for a cochlear site of injury. AB - The environmental contaminant, trimethyltin (TMT), produces a profound elevation in tone intensity necessary to inhibit the acoustic startle reflex in laboratory animals which recovers over a prolonged period except at very high frequencies. The recovery that is observed does not begin until 3 to 5 weeks after a single acute administration depending upon dosage. As opposed to the very temporary threshold shifts by the salicylates and loop diuretics or the permanent and progressive ototoxicity resulting from aminoglycoside antibiotics the time course for recovery of acoustic startle reflex inhibition after TMT appears to be an anomaly for a chemical ototoxicant. In terms of the duration of loss only, this pattern appears similar to that sometimes observed after noise exposure. The current investigation replicates the finding that recovery of acoustic startle reflex inhibition after TMT is frequency related in that only the highest frequency impairment appears to be permanent. While this frequency dependence suggests a cochlear locus of injury, both the known neurotoxic effects of TMT and the time course of the behavioral impairment suggest a more central locus of injury. Compound action potential and cochlear microphonic recordings made from the round window in the current study confirm a preferential high frequency effect of TMT and demonstrate a significant cochlear component to the ototoxic effects of this agent. PMID- 3745027 TI - Time course of suppression. AB - The time course of suppression was studied by shortening the length of the suppressor tone burst in a forward masking paradigm and observing the decrease in magnitude of the compound action potential. The time course was found to be slower than expected on the basis of peripheral filtering. PMID- 3745028 TI - Comments on 'Very rapid adaptation in the guinea pig auditory nerve'. PMID- 3745030 TI - The carrier state. Based on a symposium. Nottingham, 17 May 1985. PMID- 3745029 TI - Estimation of gram-negative bacteria in milk: a comparison of inhibitor systems for preventing gram-positive bacterial growth. AB - A number of inhibitor systems which have been reported to allow selection of Gram negative bacteria were tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative isolates of dairy origin. No one system worked perfectly. A mixture of crystal violet penicillin-nisin or monensin had least inhibitory effect on Gram-negative isolates whereas Selectocult (a commercially available mixture of Benzalkon A 50% and crystal violet) and sodium deoxycholate were the most effective inhibitors of Gram-positive bacteria. Cetrimide-fucidin-cephaloridine solutions, which have been reported as allowing selective growth of pseudomonads, were not so specific when applied to milk systems. PMID- 3745031 TI - Some aspects of the pneumococcal carrier state. PMID- 3745032 TI - The carrier state: Clostridium difficile. PMID- 3745033 TI - Lactate efflux is unrelated to intracellular PO2 in a working red muscle in situ. AB - Blood flow, lactate extraction, and tissue lactate concentration were measured in an autoperfused pure red muscle (dog gracilis). Muscles were frozen in situ during steady-twitch contraction at frequencies of 1-8 Hz [10-100% of maximum O2 consumption (VO2max)]. Myoglobin saturation was determined spectrophotometrically with subcellular spatial resolution. Intracellular PO2 (Pto2) was calculated from the oxymyoglobin-dissociation curve. Tissue lactate was well correlated with VO2 but not with Pto2. Lactate efflux increased markedly above a threshold work rate near 50% VO2max. Efflux was neither linearly correlated with tissue lactate nor related to Pto2. Pto2 exceeded the minimum PO2 for maximal VO2 in each of 2,000 cells examined in muscles frozen at 1-6 Hz. A small population of anoxic cells was found in three muscles at 8 Hz, but lactate efflux from these muscles was not greater than from six other muscles at 8 Hz. Our conclusions are that 1) the concept of an anaerobic threshold does not apply to red muscle and 2) in absence of anoxia neither tissue lactate nor blood lactate can be used to impute muscle O2 availability or glycolytic rate. A mechanism by which the blood-tissue lactate gradient could support aerobic metabolism is discussed. PMID- 3745034 TI - Pressure-flow relations of diaphragm and vital organs with nitroprusside-induced vasodilatation. AB - We determined maximal conductance in the diaphragm and other vital organs in 14 anesthetized dogs, weighing 22.8 +/- 4.2 kg, which were given maximal vasodilating doses of nitroprusside (mean dose 13.9 +/- 4.3 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1) and the blood pressure was lowered in stages by hemorrhage. Blood flow in the diaphragm, brain, heart, kidney, gut, and quadriceps was measured with radiolabeled microspheres. To ensure maximal vasodilatation of diaphragmatic vessels, we stimulated the phrenic nerves to produce diaphragmatic contractions at 0.3 Hz. The mean cardiac output was 2.13 +/- 0.42 l/min (thermodilution) before nitroprusside and 4.68 +/- 1.45 after (P less than 0.001). Nitroprusside failed to break the autoregulation of the brain. Pressure-flow relations (P-F) in other regions were linear (r = 0.70 +/- 0.03, P less than 0.001) and blood pressure at zero flow (X-intercept) was always greater than venous pressure (diaphragm = 11, kidney = 19, heart = 8, gut = 8, quadriceps = 32 mmHg). The flow to the diaphragm (Qdi) could be predicted by Qdi (ml X min-1 X g-1) = [(3.13 +/- 0.56) X Pa X 10(-2)] -0.52 (r = 0.71), where Pa is mean arterial pressure. The maximal vascular conductance (i.e., slope of the P-F relation) of the diaphragm was 27% of the conductance in the kidney, 87% of the value in the gut, and 42% of that in the heart. In conclusion the maximal diaphragmatic blood flow at a given blood pressure is much larger when the muscle is stimulated than is observed in spontaneously breathing animals. PMID- 3745035 TI - Fatigue of intermittent submaximal voluntary contractions: central and peripheral factors. AB - Central and peripheral factors were studied in fatigue of submaximal intermittent isometric contractions of the human quadriceps and soleus muscles. Subjects made repeated 6 s, 50% maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) followed by 4 s rest until the limit of endurance (Tlim). Periodically, a fatigue test was performed. This included a brief MVC, either a single shock or 8 pulses at 50 Hz during a rest period and a shock superimposed on a target force voluntary contraction. At Tlim, the MVC force had declined by 50%, usually in parallel with the force from stimulation at 50 Hz. The twitches superimposed on the target forces declined more rapidly, disappearing entirely at Tlim. In similar experiments on adductor pollicis, no reduction of the evoked M wave was seen. The results suggest that, during fatigue of quadriceps and adductor pollicis induced by this protocol, no central fatigue was apparent, but some was seen in soleus. Thus the reduced force generating capacity could result mainly or entirely from failure of the muscle contractile apparatus. PMID- 3745036 TI - Time-dependent responses of expiration reflex in cats. AB - We investigated the effectiveness of the "expiration reflex" in 10 anesthetized spontaneously breathing cats. The expiration reflex was produced by mechanical stimulation of the vocal folds and electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve at different moments in the respiratory cycle and at various levels of respiratory chemical drive. The effectiveness of the expiration reflex was evaluated from sudden changes in expiratory flow immediately following the stimulation. Both mechanical and electrical stimulations given during early inspiration caused little or no expiratory efforts, whereas stimulations given during early expiration or hypocapnic apnea produced a typical expiration reflex. Changes in arterial CO2 and O2 partial pressures influenced neither the relationships between the stimulation and its effect on the expiration reflex nor the strength of the expiration reflex. These results indicate that the timing of stimulation with relation to the phase of the respiratory cycle is critical to its effect on the expiration reflex and that changes in respiratory chemical drive do not modify the expiration reflex characteristics. PMID- 3745037 TI - Respiratory volume perception through the nose and mouth determined noninvasively. AB - The relative importance of the nose vs. the mouth in the perception of respiratory volumes has never been assessed, nor have previous respiratory perception studies been performed noninvasively. Using respiratory inductive plethysmography, we monitored 12 normal subjects noninvasively when breathing either exclusively through the nose or mouth. The sensation of inspired volume mouth breathing was compared with that of nose breathing over a wide range of the inspiratory capacity. The psychophysical techniques of tidal volume duplication, tidal volume doubling, and magnitude estimation were utilized. A just noticeable difference was calculated from the constant error of the tidal volume duplication trials. The exponents for magnitude estimation were 1.06 and 1.07 for nose and mouth breathing, respectively. The other psychophysical techniques also revealed no differences in nose and mouth volume perception. These results suggest that tidal volume changes are perceived equally well through the nose and mouth. Furthermore, the location of the receptors, important in volume perception, is probably at a distal point common to the nose and mouth. PMID- 3745038 TI - Mean airway pressure and mean alveolar pressure during high-frequency jet ventilation in rabbits. AB - Mean airway pressure underestimates mean alveolar pressure during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation. We hypothesized that high inspiratory flows characteristic of high-frequency jet ventilation may generate greater inspiratory than expiratory pressure losses in the airways, thereby causing mean airway pressure to overestimate, rather than underestimate, mean alveolar pressure. To test this hypothesis, we ventilated anesthetized paralyzed rabbits with a jet ventilator at frequencies of 5, 10, and 15 Hz, constant inspiratory-to-expiratory time ratio of 0.5 and mean airway pressures of 5 and 10 cmH2O. We measured mean total airway pressure in the trachea with a modified Pitot probe, and we estimated mean alveolar pressure as the mean pressure corresponding in the static pressure-volume relationship to the mean volume of the respiratory system measured with a jacket plethysmograph. We found that mean airway pressure was similar to mean alveolar pressure at frequencies of 5 and 10 Hz but overestimated it by 1.1 and 1.4 cmH2O at mean airway pressures of 5 and 10 cmH2O, respectively, when frequency was increased to 15 Hz. We attribute this finding primarily to the combined effect of nonlinear pressure frictional losses in the airways and higher inspiratory than expiratory flows. Despite the nonlinearity of the pressure-flow relationship, inspiratory and expiratory net pressure losses decreased with respect to mean inspiratory and expiratory flows at the higher rates, suggesting rate dependence of flow distribution. Redistribution of tidal volume to a shunt airway compliance is thought to occur at high frequencies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3745039 TI - Skeletal muscle lactate dehydrogenase isozyme alterations in men and women marathon runners. AB - Total lactate dehydrogenase (LD) and LD isozyme activities in gastrocnemius muscle from trained men and women runners were measured in response to the chronic stress of training for a marathon race (42.2 km). Following 9 wk of training, total LD activity in skeletal muscle from men and women runners significantly (P less than 0.02) decreased 2.26 and 2.25 U/mg protein, respectively. However, men's total LD activities were significantly (P less than 0.001) less than the women's both before and after training. Significant (P less than 0.05) increases in LD1 activities in skeletal muscle in men and women runners were also observed after training. No significant correlations were detected between percent fiber type composition in men or women vs. the changes in total LD activity, changes in LD1 activity, maximal O2 consumption or training distance averaged per week after the training period. The biochemical adaptations in skeletal muscle that occurred in the LD isozyme composition in both men and women runners make the runners skeletal muscle appear similar to heart muscle in LD1 and LD2 activities. PMID- 3745040 TI - Mitochondrial creatine kinase activity alterations in skeletal muscle during long distance running. AB - In human gastrocnemius muscle obtained from long-distance runners, mitochondrial creatine kinase (CK) activities were significantly greater than nonrunning control skeletal muscle and significantly increased during training for and after a marathon race. Thus skeletal muscle tended to become similar to heart muscle in its mitochondrial CK composition. Total muscle CK activity was significantly different in males and females, was unaffected by marathon training and racing, and was similar to gastrocnemius muscle obtained from nonrunning controls. There was an inverse correlation between the maximum O2 uptake and the percentage increase in mitochondrial CK activity after training. These studies suggest that mitochondrial CK may play a key role in the intracellular transport of energy from mitochondrial to myofibrils in skeletal muscle during endurance exercise such as long-distance running. PMID- 3745041 TI - Pressure increases oxygen affinity of whole blood and erythrocyte suspensions. AB - Effect of hydrostatic pressure (HP) on whole blood (WB) or erythrocyte suspension hemoglobin (Hb) O2 affinity has been studied using newly developed techniques. O2 partial pressure at which hemoglobin is half-saturated with O2 (P50) measurements were made at 5 HP (1, 26, 51, 76, and 126 ATA) on thin films of human WB or erythrocytes at 37 degrees C. CO2 partial pressure of WB was either 28 or 57 Torr (film pH 7.51 or 7.31). HP increased affinity of erythrocytes and WB. For erythrocytes in tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer, the ratio (r) of P50 (1 ATA)/P50 (51 ATA) was 1.089 (P less than 0.01) at pH 7.0. WB P50 decreased with HP at a rate of -3.3 X 10(-2) Torr X atm-1; change in P50 at higher HP vs. 1 ATA was highly significant (P less than 0.01). No effect of HP was seen on the CO2 Bohr coefficient. Inert gas choice, N2 vs. helium (He), had no effect. Measurement of decrease of P50 with HP at 76 ATA in hemolyzed WB gave an r of 1.15, as great or greater than that found in WB, indicates that Donnan equilibrium alteration is not involved. No effect of HP was found in WB on the ratio of P50 of erythrocytes with normal (5 mmol/l erythrocytes) 2,3 diphosphoglycerate (DPG) to P50 of erythrocytes with less than 5% of normal DPG; i.e., no effect of pressure was seen on the independent influence of DPG on P50. WB measurements of Hb O2 uptake under simulated physiological conditions are characterized by a net decrease in partial molal volume on oxygenation of 30-35 ml/mol Hb4. PMID- 3745042 TI - Trachea and lung dimensions in nonsmoking twins: morphological and functional studies. AB - To compare genetic and environmental factors that determine lung function and dimensions, chest radiographs and pulmonary function were measured in 17 pairs of nonsmoking twin adolescent boys (12 monozygotic pairs and 5 dizygotic pairs). Genetic factors dominated in tracheal width and lung dimensions (height, width, and apicofissural and fissurodiaphragmatic distances) at residual volume. Genetic factors also affected forced vital capacity, functional residual capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 s, maximum expiratory flow at 25% vital capacity, and maximum flow at 50% vital capacity-to-forced vital capacity ratio. Peak expiratory flow correlated with tracheal width at residual volume. Age correlated with lung dimensions (width and depth) but not with tracheal width. These results indicate that genetic factors determine the dimensions and function of central airways, peripheral airways, and lung parenchyma in adolescent males. The effects of genetic factors on some functional measurements (airway resistance, closing volume-to-vital capacity ratio, and phase III in single-breath N2 washout) may be masked because of poor reproducibility of the tests. PMID- 3745043 TI - Cation transport in lung epithelial cells derived from fetal, newborn, and adult rabbits. AB - Recent studies done with fetal and adult sheep and with monolayers of cultured rat alveolar type II cells suggest that active transport of Na+ across the lung epithelium may contribute to liquid absorption from air spaces, an essential component of the normal switch from placental to pulmonary gas exchange at birth. The goals of this work were 1) to study the ontogeny of cation transport in lung epithelial cells derived from fetal, newborn, and adult rabbits and 2) to determine the influence of premature birth, air breathing, labor, and postnatal lung maturation on K+ uptake in these cells. We harvested granular pneumonocytes by tracheal instillation of proteolytic enzymes followed by centrifugation of the dispersed cells over a discontinuous density gradient of metrizamide. This procedure yielded 65-90% granular pneumonocytes, of which more than 80% excluded vital dye. Using freshly isolated cells, we measured uptake of 86Rb+, which mimics transmembrane movement of K+, in the presence or absence of 10(-4) M ouabain and in the presence or absence of 5 X 10(-4) M furosemide or bumetanide. In adult rabbit studies, 86Rb+ uptake was twice as fast in lung epithelial cells (98 +/- 7 nmol X 10(6) cells-1 X h-1) as it was in alveolar macrophages (51 +/- 6 nmol X 10(6) cells-1 X h-1). Ouabain inhibited 55-60% of the uptake by pneumonocytes, and "loop" diuretics inhibited an additional 15-20%. The rate of 86Rb+ uptake in fetal cells was less than 10% (6 +/- 1 nmol X 10(6) cells-1 X h 1) of the rate in adult cells; ouabain inhibited 80-85% of 86Rb+ uptake in fetal cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3745044 TI - Differences in regional vascular conductances in isolated dog lungs. AB - The distribution of pulmonary blood flow is influenced by gravity, regional lung expansion, and hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. However, these factors cannot completely explain the three-dimensional distribution of blood flow in the lung. The present study was designed to see whether anatomically related factors could contribute. Regional blood pressure vs. flow curves were determined in 100-230 small parenchymal samples (0.3-0.4 ml) from 12 isolated perfused dog lungs held at constant inflation pressure. In each region four blood flows were measured using radioactively labeled microspheres, and the four corresponding regional perfusion pressures were determined by correcting the measured perfusion pressure for hydrostatic effects. There were considerable differences in the slopes of the pressure vs. flow curves among lung regions. Dorso-caudal regions of the lung had higher vascular conductances than ventrocephalad regions, independent of the vertical orientation of the lung or the inflation volume during injections of microspheres. Thus the distributions of regional vascular conductances were related to the anatomic location and were not related to gravity, nor were they caused by nonuniformities in regional lung expansion or by hypoxic vasoconstriction or edema. PMID- 3745046 TI - Learned control of heart rate during dynamic exercise in nonhuman primates. AB - The purpose of this study was to describe an animal model to test the relationships among the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and somatomotor command systems during exercise. Using operant conditioning, three chronically chaired monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were trained to exercise (to lift weights repeatedly), to attenuate their heart rate responses, and finally, both conditions were combined so that the animals were required to exercise and attenuate their heart rates. Heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, rate-pressure product, O2 and CO2 concentration in expired air, and number of weight lifts were recorded and compared between the two conditions, i.e., exercise only and combined exercise and heart rate slowing. In all animals heart rate increases in response to exercise were significantly less (P less than 0.05) during combined conditions than during exercise only: the mean heart rate increase was 41 beats/min less during combined sessions than during exercise only sessions for monkey 1, 13.5 beats/min less for monkey 2, and 9 beats/min less for monkey 3. Rate-pressure product showed a consistent difference across animals paralleling the heart rate differences. This acquired response did not involve other cardiovascular and pulmonary parameters, which did not change systematically across animals. However, the pattern of cardiovascular reactivity in relation to O2 consumption (linear regression of heart rate and systolic or diastolic blood pressure on change in O2 consumption over many experiments) was attenuated during combined sessions relative to exercise only experiments. The relative attenuation of heart rate during combined sessions also remained significant when both experimental conditions were equated on the basis of work done. Therefore, this animal model shows a dissociation of cardiovascular, somatomotor, and pulmonary effects of central command. PMID- 3745045 TI - Coupling between triangularis sterni and parasternals during breathing in dogs. AB - The purpose of the present studies was to assess the functional coupling between the parasternal intercostals and the triangularis sterni (transversus thoracis) muscles during resting breathing, and we measured the electrical activity and the respiratory changes in length of these two muscles in 13 supine anesthetized dogs. The changes in muscle length were defined relative to their respective in situ relaxation length (Lr). During inspiration, the parasternal intercostals were active and shortened below Lr, causing the triangularis sterni to be passively stretched above Lr. Shortly after the cessation of parasternal contraction, the triangularis sterni became active and shortened below Lr, and in nine animals this active shortening was associated with a forcible distension of the parasternal intercostals above Lr. Deactivation of the triangularis sterni at end expiration caused both muscles to return to their respective Lr. This pattern was essentially unchanged after supplemental anesthesia and bilateral phrenicotomy. We conclude that in dogs breathing quietly the length of the rib cage muscles during the expiratory pause is not passively determined as conventionally thought. PMID- 3745047 TI - Arginine vasopressin, circulation, and kidney during graded water immersion in humans. AB - Ten normal males rested sitting upright at an air temperature of 28 degrees C for 5.5 h (control, C) and underwent 4 h of graded water immersion (WI) to the umbilicus (UI), to the chest (CI), and to the neck (NI), respectively (water temperature = 34.5 degrees C), on different experimental days. Plasma arginine vasopressin (PAVP) was suppressed during WI compared with C and maximally so during NI. However, there was no change in PAVP comparing CI with UI even though central venous pressure (CVP) increased. CVP increased during CI and NI compared with C but was unchanged during UI, whereas cardiac output (rebreathing method), stroke volume, and plasma volume increased to approximately the same level during all three steps of WI compared with C. Heart rate and total peripheral vascular resistance decreased during UI, CI, and NI. Systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and pulse pressure (PP) were increased gradually from prestudy related to the degree of WI. Also diuresis, natriuresis, kaliuresis, osmotic excretion, and clearance were increased gradually compared with C, whereas free water clearance (CH2O) gradually decreased. There were weak negative but statistically significant correlations between PAVP and CVP and between changes in PAVP from prestudy and corresponding changes in SAP and PP. Furthermore, a statistically significant and negative correlation between CH2O and natriuresis could be established. We conclude that graded immersion gradually increases central blood volume and decreases PAVP. However, not only cardiopulmonary mechanoreceptors but also arterial baroreceptors may play a role in AVP suppression during WI in humans. In hydropenic subjects the suppression of PAVP during WI is apparently not effective in counteracting the decrease in CH2O induced by increased solute excretion. PMID- 3745049 TI - Regulation of local oxygen tension and blood flow in the inner retina during hyperoxia. AB - A study has been undertaken to determine whether local changes in PO2 could be a factor in the regulation of retinal blood flow during 100% O2 breathing. For this purpose we have measured simultaneously in eyes of anesthetized and artificially ventilated miniature pigs the change in local preretinal PO2 and retinal blood flow using O2-sensitive microelectrodes and laser Doppler velocimetry. Although preretinal intervascular PO2 changed little, periarteriolar PO2 increased markedly during 100% O2 breathing. When measured less than 50 microns from the arteriolar wall, the time course of this increase preceded that of the decrease in retinal blood flow. The results indicate that O2 diffusing through the wall of the large retinal arterioles represents the most important component of periarteriolar PO2. This diffusion coupled with the decrease in retinal blood flow could play a major role in the regulation of inner retinal PO2. The data also suggest that diffusional shunting of O2 between retinal arterioles and veins could explain the unexpected increase in venous O2 saturation during 100% O2 breathing that has been previously reported by others. The finding that retinal periarteriolar PO2 is always higher than the PO2 in the outer retina does not support the previously formulated hypothesis that O2 from the choroid is responsible for the constriction of the arterioles during hyperoxia. PMID- 3745048 TI - Ventilatory responses to partial cardiopulmonary bypass at rest and exercise in dogs. AB - We determined the role of blood flow-induced changes in CO2 load to the lungs on ventilatory control, at rest and in the steady-state of electrically induced exercise, in the anesthetized dog. A portion of the vena caval blood was diverted to the descending aorta following "arterialization" through an extracorporeal gas exchanger. Ventilation typically decreased, both at rest and during exercise (i.e., at 2 different levels of mixed venous CO2), in proportion to the CO2 loss; arterial PCO2 was consequently regulated. There were concomitant increases of the pulmonary and peripheral vascular resistance. Bilateral cervical vagosympathectomy markedly attenuated the ventilatory response at rest, thus disrupting arterial PCO2 homeostasis, but not so during exercise. The results therefore provide evidence for and support the suggestion of CO2 flow-related hyperpnea both at rest and during muscular exercise. PMID- 3745050 TI - Effect of chronic pulmonary denervation on ventilatory responses to exercise. AB - To assess the role of intrapulmonary receptors on the ventilatory responses to exercise we studied six beagle dogs before and after chronic pulmonary denervation and five dogs before and after sham thoracotomies. Each exercise challenge consisted of 6 min of treadmill exercise with measurements taken during the third minute at 3.2 km/h, 0% grade, and during the third minute at 5.0 km/h, 0% grade. Inspiratory and expiratory airflows were monitored with a low-dead space latex mask and pneumotachographs coupled to differential pressure transducers. Both pre- and postsurgery, all dogs exhibited a significant arterial hypocapnia and alkalosis during exercise. Denervation of the lungs had no significant effect on minute ventilation at rest or during exercise, although there was a lower frequency and higher tidal volume in the lung-denervated dogs at all measurement periods. Breathing frequency increased significantly during exercise in lung-denervated dogs but to a lesser magnitude than in the control dogs. The changes that occurred in breathing frequency in all animals were due predominantly to the shortening of expiratory time. Inspiratory time did not shorten significantly during exercise following lung denervation. We conclude from these data that intrapulmonary receptors which are deafferented by sectioning the vagi at the hilum are not responsible for setting the level of ventilation during rest or exercise but are involved in determining the pattern of breathing. PMID- 3745051 TI - Physiological responses to prolonged exercise in ultramarathon athletes. AB - The physiological responses of 10 ultramarathon athletes to prolonged exercise at the highest intensity level they could sustain for 4 h have been examined. Energy expenditure for the 4 h of exercise was 14,146 +/- 1,789 kJ, of which 63% was provided by the oxidation of fat. Plasma free fatty acids rose, but the changes in blood lactate concentration (delta 0.2 mmol/l) and exchange ratio (delta 0.05) were small, and the postexercise glycogen content (130 +/- 42 mumol/g) of the vastus lateralis muscles was estimated to be 37-53% of normal resting values. During exercise O2 intake (VO2) increased with time from the 50th to 240th min, the rise becoming significant (P less than 0.01) after 110 min of work. The change in VO2 was equivalent to a rise in relative intensity (%VO2max) of +9.1% and a change of speed of 1.49 km/h. A rise in cardiac frequency compensated for a fall in stroke volume (SV), so that cardiac output was maintained, and the increases in rectal temperature (Tre) (delta 0.63 degree C) and sweat loss (3.49 +/- 0.50 kg, equivalent to 5.5% of body wt) and the decreased mean skin temperature (Tsk) (-1.22 degree C) were within tolerable limits during exercise. Following exercise there was a loss (-25%) of ability to generate voluntary force of the quadriceps femoris, though electrically evoked mechanical properties of the muscle remained unchanged. The results suggest that neither thermal nor cardiovascular factors are limiting to prolonged (4 h) exercise, although the ability to utilize fat as a fuel may be important in ultradistance athletes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3745053 TI - Regional control of local airway heat and water vapor losses. AB - The regulation of local heat and water vapor losses along the respiratory tract is examined based on a theoretical model of respiratory air conditioning and physiological data. The theoretical model is a quasi-steady one-dimensional model descriptive of the localized process of heat and water transport within the airways. During nasal breathing the model is most sensitive to the following two parameters: 1) the gradient of blood temperature along the airway wall and 2) the nasal air space volume. Thermoregulatory control of these two factors within the primary conditioning region, the upper airway, establishes the overall respiratory heat and water loss. Upper airway thermoregulation, however, also effects the heat and water demands placed on the secondary conditioning region, the tracheobronchial airways. Similar to the upper airway, the tracheobronchial airway wall temperature varies in response to changing demands. The bronchial circulation is shown to provide a major source of heat within the first several bronchial generations where the greatest heat and water fluxes within the lung are predicted to occur. Control of the bronchial blood flow may therefore directly influence the bronchoconstrictive response in asthmatics. PMID- 3745052 TI - Influence of testosterone on breathing during sleep. AB - Apneas and hypopneas during sleep occur more frequently in men than women. Disordered breathing is also reported to increase in hypogonadal men following testosterone administration. This suggests a hormonal influence on sleeping respiratory pattern. We therefore studied respiratory rhythm during sleep in 11 hypogonadal males both on and off testosterone-replacement therapy. In four subjects the anatomy (computerized tomography) and airflow resistance of the upper airway were also determined on both occasions. Sleep stage distribution and duration were unchanged following androgen administration. However, both apneas and hypopneas increased significantly during testosterone replacement so that the total number of disordered breathing events (apneas + hypopneas) per hour of sleep rose from 6.4 +/- 2.1 to 15.4 +/- 7.0 (P less than 0.05). This was a highly variable event with some subjects demonstrating large increases in apneas and hypopneas when androgen was replaced, whereas others had little change in respiration during sleep. Upper airway dimensions, on the other hand, were unaffected by testosterone. These results suggest that testosterone contributes to sleep-disordered breathing through mechanisms independent of anatomic changes in the upper airway. PMID- 3745054 TI - Cerebrospinal fluid ions in metabolic acidosis in dogs: effects of acetazolamide. AB - We hypothesized that, during isosmotic isonatremic HCl acidosis with maintained isocapnia in cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), acetazolamide, by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase (CA) in the central nervous system (CNS), should produce an isonatric hyperchloric metabolic acidosis in CSF. Blood and CSF ions and acid base variables were measured in two groups of anesthetized and paralyzed dogs with bilateral ligation of renal pedicles during 5 h of HCl acidosis (plasma [HCO3-] = 11 meq/l). Mechanical ventilation was regulated such that arterial PCO2 dropped and CSF Pco2 remained relatively constant. In group I (control group, n = 6), CSF [Na+] remained unchanged, [HCO3-] and strong ions difference (SID) fell, respectively, 6.1 and 5 meq/l, and [Cl-] rose 3.5 meq/l after 5 h of acidosis. In acetazolamide-treated animals, (group II, n = 7), CSF [Na+] remained unchanged, [HCO3-], and SID fell 11 and 7.1 meq/l, respectively, and [Cl-] rose 7.1 meq/l. We conclude that during HCl acidosis inhibition of CNS CA by acetazolamide induces an isonatric hyperchloric metabolic acidosis in CSF, which is more severe than that observed in controls. PMID- 3745055 TI - Perfusion of lung periphery: effects of local exposures to ozone and pressure. AB - Following ozone (O3) exposure, airways reactivity increases. We investigated the possibility that exposure to O3 causes a decrease in pulmonary perfusion, and that this decrease is associated with the increase in reactivity. Perfusion was measured with radiolabeled microspheres. A wedged bronchoscope was used to isolate sublobar segments in the middle and lower lobes of anesthetized dogs. Isolated segments were exposed to either O3 or an elevated alveolar pressure. Although increased alveolar pressure decreased microsphere density, exposure to 1 ppm O3 did not. Collateral system resistance rose significantly following exposure to O3 and to high pressure. These studies do not support the hypothesis that pulmonary perfusion is decreased following O3 exposure and is associated with subsequent increases in reactivity. PMID- 3745056 TI - Growth rate of perivascular cuffs in liquid-inflated dog lung lobes. AB - In the early stages of pulmonary edema, excess liquid leaving the pulmonary exchange vessels accumulates in the peribronchovascular interstitium where it forms large peribronchovascular cuffs. The peribronchovascular interstitium therefore acts as a reservoir to protect the air spaces from alveolar flooding. The rate of liquid accumulation and the liquid storage capacity of the cuffs determine how quickly alveolar flooding is likely to follow once edema formation has begun. To measure the rate and capacity of interstitial filling we inflated 11 isolated degassed dog lung lobes with liquid to an inflation pressure of 14 cmH2O (total lung capacity) for 1-300 min, then froze the lobes in liquid N2. We made photographs of 20 randomly selected 12 X 8-mm cross sections from each lobe and measured cuff volume from the photographs by point-counting. We found that cuff volume increased from 2.2% of air-space volume after 1 min of inflation to 9.3% after 300 min. To measure the driving pressure responsible for cuff formation we used micropipettes to measure subpleural interstitial liquid pressure at the hilum of three additional lobes. With liquid inflation pressure set to 14 cmH2O interstitial pressure rose exponentially to 11.5 cmH2O. Interstitial compliance calculated from our volume and pressure measurements equaled 0.09 ml X cmH2O-1 X g wet wt-1, a value similar to that measured in air inflated lungs. Goldberg [Am. J. Physiol. 239 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 8): H189 H198, 1980] has likened interstitial filling to the charging of a capacitor, a process that follows a monoexponential time course.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3745057 TI - Effects of 24-hour fast on cycling endurance time at two different intensities. AB - Ten competitive cyclists were exercised to exhaustion to test the potential of a 24-h fast for increasing endurance. One group (n = 4) was tested at an initial intensity of 86% maximum O2 uptake (VO2max) (HI) and a second group (n = 6) at 79% VO2max (MI). Both groups repeated test rides in fasted and normal-diet conditions. Time to fatigue was designated at two points: fatigue 1 occurred when pedal frequency could not be maintained at the initial percent VO2max; fatigue 2 occurred when pedal frequency could not be maintained at a workload of approximately 65% VO2max. In both HI and MI the 24-h fast had no effect on resting muscle glycogen stores but significantly increased plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels. Despite the increased FFA availability, time to fatigue was reduced in the fasted groups. Fatigue 1 and 2 times (mean +/- SE) for HI-fasted were 42.0 +/- 6.2 and 170.0 +/- 20.4 min, respectively, compared with those of the HI normal diet of 115.3 +/- 25.6 and 201.0 +/- 14.8 min. Fatigue 1 and 2 times for MI-fasted were 142.0 +/- 19.6 and 167.5 +/- 10.5 min compared with those of the MI-normal diet of 191.3 +/- 25.0 and 214.3 +/- 18.9 min. The cause of fatigue at fatigue 1 was not readily apparent. Fatigue 2 in all groups seemed to be related to hypoglycemia as well as muscle glycogen depletion. PMID- 3745058 TI - Skeletal muscle fatigue in vitro is temperature dependent. AB - Our purpose was to determine the effect of temperature on the fatigability of isolated soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles from rats during repeated isometric contractions. Muscles (70-90 mg) were studied at 20-40 degrees C in vitro. Fatigability was defined with respect to both the time and number of stimuli required to reach 50% of the force (P) developed at the onset of the fatigue test. Fatigue was studied during stimulation protocols of variable [force approximately 70% of maximum force (Po)] and constant frequency (28 Hz). Results for soleus and EDL muscles were qualitatively similar, but fatigue times were longer for soleus than for EDL muscles. During the variable-frequency protocol, development of approximately 70% of Po required an increase in stimulation frequency as temperature increased. During stimulation at these frequencies, fatigue time shortened as temperature increased. For both fatigue protocols, the relationship between temperature and the number of stimuli required to reach fatigue followed a bell-shaped curve, with maximum values at 25-30 degrees C. The temperature optimum for maximizing the number of isometric contractions to reach fatigue reflects direct effects of temperature on muscle function. PMID- 3745059 TI - Enhanced maximal metabolic vasodilatation in the dominant forearms of tennis players. AB - In an effort to evaluate potential peripheral adaptations to training, maximal metabolic vasodilation was studied in the dominant and nondominant forearms of six tennis players and six control subjects. Maximal metabolic vasodilation was defined as the peak forearm blood flow measured after release of arterial occlusion, the reactive hyperemic blood flow (RHBF). Two ischemic stimuli were employed in each subject: 5 min of arterial occlusion (RHBF5) and 5 min of arterial occlusion coupled with 1 min of ischemic exercise (RHBF5ex). RHBF and resting forearm blood flows were measured using venous occlusion strain-gauge plethysmography (ml X min-1 X 100 ml-1). Resting forearm blood flows were similar in both arms of both groups. RHBF5ex was similar in both arms of our control group (dominant, 40.8 +/- 1.2 vs. nondominant, 40.9 +/- 2.1). However, RHBF5ex was 42% higher in the dominant than in the nondominant forearms of our tennis player population (dominant, 48.7 +/- 4.0 vs. nondominant, 34.4 +/- 3.4; P less than 0.05). This intraindividual difference in peak forearm blood flows was not secondary to improved systemic conditioning since the maximal O2 consumptions in the two study groups were similar (controls, 45.4 +/- 3.9 vs. tennis players, 46.1 +/- 1.7). These findings suggest a primary peripheral cardiovascular adaptation to exercise training in the dominant forearms of the tennis players resulting in a greater maximal vasodilatation. PMID- 3745060 TI - Atropine: no effect on exercise muscle hyperemia in conscious rats. AB - The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that muscarinic cholinergic receptors are involved in the initial vasodilation in red muscle vascular beds of conscious rats performing slow locomotory exercise. Atropine sulfate (1 mg/kg, ia) was administered to one group of rats in which distribution of cardiac output was estimated with radiolabeled microspheres immediately before exercise while the animals were standing on the treadmill and at 30 s and 5 min of treadmill walking at 15 m/min. Blood flows within and among muscles in the atropine-treated animals were compared with flows in control rats that were given a sham injection of an equal volume of physiological saline. Heart rates were elevated above those of control animals in the atropinized rats during preexercise (+17%) and at 30 s of exercise (+15%). However, distributions and magnitudes of blood flows in nonmuscular tissues and within and among skeletal muscles were the same (P greater than 0.05) in atropinized and control rats during preexercise and at both exercise times, indicating that atropine had no effect on the distribution of cardiac output in the rats. It is concluded that muscarinic cholinergic receptors do not play a significant role in elevating muscle blood flow in conscious rats, either during the preexercise anticipatory phase or during slow locomotory exercise. PMID- 3745061 TI - Blood flow and glycogen use in hypertrophied rat muscles during exercise. AB - Previous findings suggest that skeletal muscle that has enlarged as a result of removal of synergistic muscles has a similar metabolic capacity and improved resistance to fatigue compared with normal muscle. The purpose of the present study was to follow blood flow and glycogen loss patterns in hypertrophied rat plantaris plantaris and soleus muscles during treadmill exercise to provide information on the adequacy of perfusion of the muscles during in vivo exercise. Thirty days following surgical removal of gastrocnemius muscle, blood flows (determined with radiolabeled microspheres) and glycogen concentrations were determined in all of the ankle extensor muscles of experimental and sham-operated control rats during preexercise and after 5-6 min of treadmill exercise at 15 m/min. There were no differences (P greater than 0.05) in blood flows per unit mass or glycogen concentrations between control and hypertrophied plantaris or soleus muscles at either time, although both muscles were larger (P less than 0.05) in the experimental group (plantaris: 95%; soleus: 40%). None of the other secondary ankle extensor muscles (tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus or flexor hallicus longus) hypertrophied in response to removal of gastrocnemius. These results provide indirect evidence that O2 delivery in the enlarged muscles is not compromised during low-intensity treadmill exercise due to limited perfusion. PMID- 3745062 TI - Thermoregulatory and nonthermoregulatory heat production in burned rat. AB - Severely burned patients are hypermetabolic within their thermoneutral zone (TNZ), where there are no thermoregulatory demands on heat production. The rat has been used as a model of postburn hypermetabolism without clear evidence that it behaves in a similar way. Male rats (400-500 g; n = 34-39) were placed as a group in a respiration chamber and metabolic rates for the average rat were determined over 3-6 h at ambient temperatures between 9 and 36 degrees C. Colonic temperatures (Tco) and body weights were measured after each run. Animals were studied sequentially as normals (N), after clipping (C) and following 50% total body surface scald burns. Clipping increased the lower critical temperature (LCT) from 27.7 to 29.1 degrees C without affecting resting heat production (N = 42.6 +/- 0.5; C = 42.0 +/- 0.8 W/m2; mean +/- S.E.) or Tco (N = 36.6 +/- 0.1; C = 36.6 +/- 0.1 degrees C) in the TNZ. Injury increased LCT to 32.8 degrees C and the burned animals were hypermetabolic (47.2 +/- 0.6 W/m2; P less than 0.05 vs. N) and febrile (36.9 +/- 0.1 degrees C; P less than 0.05 vs. N) in the elevated TNZ. These metabolic and temperature responses of burned rats are limited in magnitude but are qualitatively similar to those of patients. The extra heat production in the TNZ reflects the basic metabolic cost of injury. PMID- 3745063 TI - Speed of stress wave propagation in lung. AB - The speed of stress waves in the lung parenchyma was investigated to understand why, among all internal organs, the lung is the most easily injured when an animal is subjected to an impact loading. The speed of the sound is much less in the lung than that in other organs. To analyze the dynamic response of the lung to impact loading, it is necessary to know the speed of internal wave propagation. Excised lungs of the rabbit and the goat were impacted with water jet at dynamic pressure in the range of 7-35 kPa (1-5 psi) and surface velocity of 1-15 m/s. The stress wave was measured by pressure transducer. The distance between the point of impact and the sensor at another point on the far side of the lung and the transit time of the stress wave were measured. The wave speed in the goat lung was found to vary from 31.4 to 64.7 m/s when the transpulmonary pressure Pa-Ppl was varied from 0 to 20 cmH2O where Pa represents airway pressure and Ppl represents pleural pressure. In rabbit lung the wave speed varied from 16.5 to 36.9 m/s when Pa-Ppl was varied from 0 to 16 cmH2O. Using measured values of the bulk modulus, shear modulus, and density of the parenchyma, reasonable agreement between theoretical and experimental wave speeds were obtained. PMID- 3745064 TI - Effects of extracellular calcium on canine tracheal smooth muscle. AB - Strips of canine tracheal smooth muscle were studied in vitro to determine the effects of changes in the extracellular calcium (Cao) concentration on tonic contractions induced by acetylcholine and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Strips were contracted with graded concentrations of the above agents in 2.4 mM Ca, after which CaCl2 was administered to achieve final concentrations of 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 mM. Increases in Cao to 5 mM or above caused significant relaxation of muscles contracted with 5-hydroxytryptamine but did not significantly relax muscles contracted with acetylcholine. Increases in Cao also caused significant relaxation of muscles contracted with low concentrations of K+ (20 or 30 mM). However, in 60 or 120 mM K+, increases in Cao resulted predominantly in muscle contraction. Inhibition of the Na+-K+-ATPase by ouabain (10(-5) M) or K+ depletion reversed the effects of Cao from relaxation to contraction in tissues contracted with 5-hydroxytryptamine. Increases in Cao also caused contraction rather than relaxation in the presence of verapamil (10(-6) M). We conclude that calcium has both excitatory and inhibitory effects on the contractile responses of canine tracheal smooth muscle. The inhibitory effects of Ca2+ appear to be linked to the activity of the membrane Na+-K+-ATPase. PMID- 3745065 TI - Effect of heart weight on distribution of lung surface pressures in vertical dogs. AB - In head-up dogs the vertical gradient of transpulmonary pressure (VGTP) disappears after pneumothorax develops. Our laboratory recently confirmed that the heart moves downward and posteriorly with pneumothorax. To study the extent to which the heart is supported by the lungs, we used a linear elasticity model and finite-element analysis. The lung and heart were assumed to be symmetric along a vertical axis. Reported values of the elastic properties of lung and heart were assigned. The model was generated first without the heart, using the lung alone. The heart was then added to the model. Finally, heart weight was doubled. Adding the heart caused the VGTP to increase; doubling the heart weight further increased the VGTP. These increases were more pronounced at higher lung volumes. Lung inflation was accompanied by an upward displacement of the heart. Inclusion of the heart caused increased inhomogeneities in regional volume distribution. The effect of heart weight may in part explain why the VGTP in the head-up dog is greater than that predicted by lung density. PMID- 3745066 TI - Respiratory mechanics in men following a deep air dive. AB - The mechanical properties of the lungs were measured in 10 men before and after a simulated air dive to 285 ft of seawater (87 m). The objective was to determine whether a dive likely to produce pulmonary bubble emboli would alter lung mechanics. Lung function was measured predive and at 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, and 23 h postdive. Measurements of lung function were also made at identical times on a control day when no dive was made. Each set of measurements included precordial Doppler signals, pulmonary resistance, quasistatic lung compliance, forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expired volume after 1.0 s (FEV 1.0), the ratio of FEV 1.0 to FVC (FEV 1.0/FVC%), and maximal airflow after 50 and 75% of the vital capacity had been expired (Vmax50 and Vmax75, respectively). Base-line measurements of pulmonary resistance and quasistatic compliance were normal in all subjects. FVC and FEV 1.0 were greater than predicted for most subjects and were increased proportionately so that the FEV 1.0/FVC% was normal. Following the dive, bubble signals were heard in four subjects, and two subjects had mild symptoms of decompression sickness. No subject demonstrated any alteration in lung function that could be attributed to the dive. We concluded that stressful decompressions capable of producing "silent" pulmonary bubble emboli do not alter lung mechanics. PMID- 3745067 TI - Pulmonary arterial distension does not cause pulmonary vasoconstriction. AB - Distension of the main pulmonary artery or its major branches with an intraluminal balloon has been reported to cause pulmonary vasoconstriction by an unknown mechanism. This study was an attempt to confirm the pressor response and explore its cause. Several balloon distension methods were tried and discarded because they caused unintentional obstruction. Ultimately, I inflated a balloon placed retrogradely and confined to the left main pulmonary artery of six anesthetized open-chest dogs after ligating left lobar arterial branches. Blood flow and systemic gas composition were controlled by interposing an external pump oxygenator between the left ventricle and aorta. Pressures in the aorta, main pulmonary artery, and left atrium were recorded. Alveolar hypoxia was used as an independent test of pulmonary vasoreactivity. Although hypoxic pressor responses occurred, challenges with arterial distension did not change lung perfusion pressure. Silicone rubber casts were made of the arteries of six dogs used in pilot experiments. These revealed the limited lengths in which distenders can be placed without unintentional encroachment on flow. I could not support the conclusion that arterial distension causes vasoconstriction and am suspicious that the perfusion pressure increases reported by others may have been caused by undetected obstruction of a major arterial branch. PMID- 3745068 TI - Pulmonary hypertension induced with an intra-arterial balloon: an alternate mechanism. AB - The Laks catheter is a triple-lumen balloon catheter used to distend the canine main pulmonary artery while recording right ventricular pressure and the arterial pressure distal to the balloon. A rise in arterial pressure reported to occur during distension has been attributed to vasoconstriction rather than passive obstruction by the balloon. We tested this in six anesthetized dogs by inflating the Laks catheter-balloon while recording pressure distal to the balloon from the Laks catheter as well as from additional catheters in right and left pulmonary arteries placed retrogradely through lobar branches following thoracotomy. We found that balloon inflation increased pressures in the arterial port of the Laks catheter and in the left pulmonary artery catheter but reduced it in the right pulmonary artery. Tightening a snare around the right pulmonary artery had the same effects on pressures. Similar results were obtained while cardiac output was controlled by left ventricular bypass perfusion in four dogs. We conclude that the Laks catheter-balloon obstructs flow to the right lung and that the arterial pressure rise recorded in it during balloon inflation cannot be distinguished from that caused by occlusion of the right pulmonary artery. PMID- 3745069 TI - Effects of aerosol histamine and carbachol on central and peripheral airflow resistance in sheep. AB - Sixteen anesthetized artificially ventilated open-chest sheep were prepared with retrograde catheters to allow for measurement of dynamic compliance of the lungs (Cdyn), total airflow resistance of the lungs (RL), and central (Rc) and peripheral (Rp) airflow resistance. Twelve sheep received aerosol histamine and 12 sheep received aerosol carbachol. Eight sheep received and responded to both aerosol histamine and aerosol carbachol. Three sheep received both aerosol histamine and aerosol carbachol but failed to respond to both agents. Under base line conditions, for the 16 sheep, 69% of total RL was located in the peripheral component, Rp, and 31% in the central component, Rc. Aerosol histamine caused only peripheral small airway changes while aerosol carbachol predominantly effected the central large airways. When aerosol histamine responsiveness, defined using Cdyn or Rp, was compared to aerosol carbachol responsiveness using Rc, a correlation was demonstrable (r = 0.84, n = 8, P less than 0.05). It is possible in sheep to cause relatively pure peripheral small airway and relatively pure central large airway changes by using different bronchoconstrictor agents. Aerosol histamine and aerosol carbachol responsiveness correlated with each other in these artificially ventilated anesthetized sheep. PMID- 3745070 TI - Aspartic acid administered neonatally affects ventilation of male and female rats differently. AB - In this study ventilation was evaluated in 12-mo-old male and female rats who had received large doses of aspartic acid neonatally. Rats of both sexes treated with aspartic acid were obese, stunted, and exhibited hypogonadism. Although metabolic rates of the aspartic acid-treated rats were not different compared with sex matched controls, ventilatory patterns were different. Aspartic acid-treated females breathed with a smaller tidal volume (VT), higher frequency (f), and similar minute ventilation (VE) compared with control females. This pattern is commonly observed in many patients who are obese. The aspartic acid-treated females responded to hypercapnic and hypoxic challenges by increasing f more than VT. Tissue pocket gases (PCO2 and PO2) of aspartic acid-treated females were normal. In contrast, aspartic acid-treated males hypoventilated compared with control males. Tissue pocket gas values suggested that aspartic acid-treated males were hypoxemic and hypercapnic. Moreover, the response of aspartic acid treated males to hypercapnia was parallel to but was less than that of control male rats. The ventilatory response of aspartic acid-treated male rats to hypoxia was blunted. This study has shown that neonatal administration of aspartic acid causes a decreased ventilation and blunted response to hypoxia in adult male but not female rats. PMID- 3745071 TI - Rat lung microsomal lipid peroxidation: effects of vitamin E and reduced glutathione. AB - Lung microsomal membranes that contain the redox active components associated with the mixed-function oxidase system can be peroxidized in vitro. To investigate the characteristics of rat lung microsomal lipid peroxidation, we performed experiments using a variety of peroxidation initiators and microsomes obtained from normal and vitamin E-deficient rats. We found that lung microsomes obtained from normal rats are peroxidized much less than liver microsomes obtained from the same animals. Only initiation systems using very high concentrations of ferrous iron produced any significant peroxidation of normal rat lung microsomes. Lung microsomes obtained from vitamin E-deficient rats were found to be much more susceptible to peroxidation. Glutathione (GSH) was effective in inhibiting peroxidation when lung microsomes from normal rats were peroxidized. GSH was not effective in decreasing peroxidation when microsomes from vitamin E-deficient rats were peroxidized in the same system. We conclude that both GSH and vitamin E protect lung microsomal membranes from peroxidation. Glutathione protection appears to be related to the presence of a sulfhydryl group. PMID- 3745072 TI - Influence of ventrolateral surface of medulla on reflex tracheal constriction. AB - To assess the role of structures located superficially near the ventrolateral surface of the medulla on the reflex constriction of tracheal smooth muscle that occurs when airway and pulmonary receptors are stimulated mechanically or chemically, experiments were conducted in alpha-chloralose-anesthetized, paralyzed, and artificially ventilated cats. Pressure changes within a bypassed segment of the trachea were used as an index of alterations smooth muscle tone. The effects of focal cooling of the intermediate areas or topically applied lidocaine on the ventral surface of the medulla on the response of the trachea to mechanical and chemical stimulation of airway receptors were examined. Atropine abolished tracheal constriction induced by mechanical stimulation of the carina or aerosolized histamine, showing that the responses were mediated over vagal pathways. Moderate cooling of the intermediate area (20 degrees C) or local application of lidocaine significantly decreased the tracheal constrictive response to mechanical activation of airway receptors. Furthermore, when the trachea was constricted by histamine, cooling of the intermediate area significantly diminished the increased tracheal tone, whereas rewarming restored tracheal tone to the previous level. These findings suggest that under the conditions of the experiments the ventral surface of the medulla plays an important role in constriction of the trachea by inputs from intrapulmonary receptors and in the modulation of parasympathetic outflow to airway smooth muscle. PMID- 3745073 TI - Baroreflex responsiveness is maintained during isometric exercise in humans. AB - The simultaneous rise in heart rate and arterial pressure during isometric handgrip exercise suggests that arterial baroreflex control may be altered. We applied incremental intensities of neck suction and pressure to nine healthy young men to alter carotid sinus transmural pressure. Carotid stimuli were delivered during 1) supine control, 2) "anticipation" of beginning exercise, and 3) handgrip (20% of maximum voluntary contraction). Anticipation was a quiet period, immediately preceding the beginning of handgrip, when no muscular work was being performed. Compared with control, the R-R interval prolongation and mean arterial pressure decline provoked by carotid stimuli were decreased during the anticipation period. These data suggest that influences from higher central neural locations may alter baroreflex function. Furthermore, we derived stimulus response curves relating carotid sinus transmural pressure to changes in R-R interval and mean arterial pressure. These curves were shifted during handgrip; however, calculated regression slopes were not changed from control. The data indicate that isometric handgrip exercise has a specific influence on human carotid baroreflex control of arterial pressure and heart period: baroreflex function curves are shifted rightward during handgrip, whereas baroreflex sensitivity is unchanged. Furthermore, central neural influences may be partially involved in these alterations. PMID- 3745074 TI - Route of administration of pentobarbital affects activity of liver glycogen phosphorylase. AB - Liver phosphorylase a activity in intact animals is mostly determined during anesthesia. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of administering pentobarbital by different routes on activity of liver phosphorylase a. Rats had chronically implanted venous catheters and received pentobarbital (5 mg/100 g body wt) either intraperitoneally, as a slow intravenous infusion, or as an intravenous or intracardial bolus. Times from administration of barbiturate to sampling of the liver were 10 min, 10 min, 85 +/- 32 s (mean +/- SE), and 53 +/- 10 s, respectively. Phosphorylase a activity in % of total phosphorylase activity was 40 +/- 2, 56 +/- 4, 82 +/- 3, and 92 +/- 2, respectively, all significantly different. Thus the route of administration of pentobarbital affects the phosphorylase a activity and should be considered when evaluating this activity. This fact can only be partially explained by differences in duration before the drug takes effect. It is proposed that intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital may anesthetize hepatic sympathetic nerves or have a direct inhibiting effect on phosphorylase a activity. PMID- 3745076 TI - Coping with job stress: measures and future directions for scale development. PMID- 3745075 TI - Verbal, visual, and voice identification of a rape suspect under different levels of illumination. PMID- 3745077 TI - Relationship of employment status to mental health and family variables in black men from single-parent families. PMID- 3745078 TI - Activation theory and task design: an empirical test of several new predictions. PMID- 3745079 TI - Interactions between job stressors and social support: some counterintuitive results. PMID- 3745080 TI - One-step extraction and cleanup procedure for determination of p,p'-DDT, p,p' DDD, and p,p'-DDE in fish. AB - A simplified method that combines extraction, partitioning, and cleanup in a single step for measuring p,p'-DDT and its metabolites in fish is described. Minced fish samples are emulsified with disodium hydrogen orthophosphate and trisodium citrate, ground with sodium sulfate, and eluted from a chromatographic column prepacked with alumina and silicic acid. The fats and fatty acids are solubilized and easily extracted from the tissues and retained by the column, while p,p'-DDT and its metabolites are quantitatively eluted with 40 mL n-hexane. The eluate is directly applied to a gas chromatographic column. Average recoveries of p,p'-DDT and its metabolites added to fish in vitro are 81%. The average coefficient of variation for recoveries of p,p'-DDT and its metabolites is less than 6.5% and the detection limit is 0.001 micrograms/g for p,p'-DDE, thus making this method very suitable for residue analysis. PMID- 3745081 TI - Identification of cis- and trans-1,1,2,3,4-pentachloro-4-[1-methylethoxy]-1,3 butadiene residues in Mississippi River fish. AB - The cis- and trans-isomers of 1,1,2,3,4-pentachloro-4-[1-methylethoxy]-1,3 butadiene have been identified as contaminants in fish caught from the Mississippi River at St. Louis, MO, and as far as 150 miles south of that location. Up to 0.1 ppm of the cis-isomer and 0.8 ppm of the trans-isomer were determined by using a method based on the AOAC multiresidue method for detecting organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides. In tests of the modified AOAC method on spiked fish, both isomers were quantitatively recovered (95-106%). A mixture of the cis- and trans-isomers was synthesized by reacting hexachlorobutadiene with sodium isopropoxide. Separation of the reaction products by Florisil column chromatography provided reference standards of the individual isomers for identification and quantitation of the residues. The stereospecificity of the synthesis reaction and the infrared and mass spectral data used to verify the structures of the products are discussed. PMID- 3745082 TI - Determination of residues of alachlor and its metabolite in corn, soybeans, and potatoes as heptafluorobutyryl-2,6-diethylaniline. AB - Alachlor [2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] was determined by hydrolysis to 2,6-diethylaniline with 6N HCl and quantitation of the heptafluorobutyryl derivative by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. 2,6-Diethylaniline was isolated from the hydrolysate by steam distillation, derivatized with heptafluorobutyric anhydride, and the derivative was purified by chromatography on silicic acid with 60% toluene in hexane as eluant. Recoveries from potatoes, soybeans, and corn spiked at levels from 3 to 26 ppb averaged 81, 90, and 96% respectively. PMID- 3745083 TI - Development of machine smoking parameters for measurement of cigarette tar yield in the United Kingdom. AB - The smoking and analytical methods used by government and tobacco industry laboratories are the result of many years of collaborative work within the industry and through international bodies such as the International Standards Organization. Recently, some publications have criticized the validity and scientific soundness of these procedures. It is shown that such criticisms are totally unfounded by reviewing the work that led to the adoption of the current technique. Tar tables, published by the UK Health Departments are valid in ranking brands in order of their yields, while not necessarily reflecting the absolute tar delivery to the smoker. These tables are intended to and do provide a relevant guide for smokers about the proportional tar yields of UK cigarettes. PMID- 3745084 TI - Determination of the composition of gentamicin sulfates by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic spectroscopy. AB - The British Pharmacopoeia test controlling the composition of gentamicin sulfate is based on CW 60 MHz magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Application of this method to FT 90 MHz spectra was evaluated. Results clearly show the limitations of this technique and point out the need for more reliable assay methods. Thus a 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) procedure for quantitative analysis of gentamicin sulfate was developed. Ratios of 4 gentamicin components (C1, C2, C1a, and C2a) were obtained from peak height measurements of selected resonance signals in spectra recorded under steady-state conditions. Relative response factors were determined from spectra of a reference mixture or, alternatively, from spectra of the individual pure components. Results obtained by the 13C NMR method were in agreement with those obtained by liquid chromatography using pre column derivatization. PMID- 3745085 TI - Second derivative spectrophotometric determination of acetaminophen and phenacetin in presence of their degradation products. AB - A rapid and accurate method for determining acetaminophen and phenacetin in presence of their degradation products is presented. Solutions of these drugs in 0.1N HCl were analyzed by measuring their second derivative spectral response at 295 nm where the degradation products do not interfere. The mean percent recoveries for mixtures of acetaminophen and/or phenacetin with the corresponding degradation products were 100.2 +/- 0.6 and 100.6 +/- 1.1, respectively. The method can be used for assessing the stability of the 2 drugs. The proposed method is also applied to the determination of acetaminophen in tablets and syrups. PMID- 3745086 TI - Derivative spectrophotometric determination of some corticosteroids in combinations with other drugs. AB - Three 2-component mixtures, namely, dexamethazone-chlorpheniramine maleate, prednisolone-chlorpheniramine maleate, and prednisolone-salicylic acid, have been assayed using their first (D1) and second (D2) derivative spectra in methanol, delta absorption (delta A), and second derivative of delta A (delta D2) spectra in methanol-methanolic HCl. In the first 2 mixtures, chlorpheniramine maleate was determined by measuring its delta D2 value at 278 nm, while dexamethazone and prednisolone were analyzed by measuring their D1 values at 248 nm. Prednisolone and salicylic acid were analyzed in combination by using their respective D2 spectral responses at 272 and 314 nm. The results obtained are reasonably reproducible with a relative standard deviation less than 2%. The method has been successfully applied to the analysis of these drugs in their pharmaceutical formulations. PMID- 3745087 TI - New liquid membrane electrode for determination of lidocaine in local anesthetic formulations. AB - A new lidocaine-responsive liquid membrane electrode based on the use of the lidocaine reineckate ion pair complex in nitrobenzene solvent has been developed. The electrode displays a linear response for 10(-2)-10(-5) M lidocaine over the pH range of 3-6.5. The response time varies from 35 s to 1 min depending on the lidocaine concentration. The life span of the electrode is at least 1 month. Excipients and diluents commonly used in local anesthetic formulations do not interfere. Determination of lidocaine in some pharmaceutical preparations gives results with an average recovery of 99% of the nominal values and a mean standard deviation of 1.7% which compare favorably with those obtained by the U.S. Pharmacopeia method. PMID- 3745088 TI - Liquid chromatographic and spectroscopic characterization of pentamidine isethionate and impurities in bulk drug and injectables. AB - A liquid chromatographic (LC) method is described for evaluating purity of pentamidine isethionate (PI), a life-saving drug used in the treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, which is a leading cause of death in persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Six potential impurity compounds were synthesized to test the selectivity of the chromatographic system and to permit quantitation of impurities in various lots of PI products. The drug and impurities were separated with gradient elution on a cyano-bonded LC column. The analytic system provided information on the identities and levels of impurities in early experimental lots of PI. These results assisted the manufacturer in altering reaction conditions and purification procedures to ensure that succeeding lots were within the specification limits, i.e., no more than 0.4% of any single impurity or 0.7% of total impurities found in the final product. PMID- 3745089 TI - Liquid chromatographic determination of coumarin anticoagulants in tablets. AB - A simple and rapid liquid chromatographic method is described for the qualitative and quantitative determination of 5 coumarin anticoagulants in tablet composites and individual tablets. Analyses are carried out on a C18 reverse phase column using tetrahydrofuran-methanol-water-acetic acid (35 + 10 + 65 + 0.1) as mobile phase and photometric detection at 311 nm. The coefficients of variation for 10 consecutive injections of a mixed standards solution ranged from 0.28% for ethyl biscoumacetate to 0.78% for acenocoumarol. Standard recoveries were as follows: acenocoumarol, 99.3%; dicumarol, 99.6%; phenprocoumon, 101.6%; and warfarin sodium, 99.0%. The method was linear between 2 and 8 micrograms of drug injected. Assay results agreed favorably with those of the USP XX methods for dicumarol, phenprocoumon, and warfarin, and the NF XIV method for acenocoumarol. In addition, close correspondence was found with the results previously reported for the same drugs by a semiautomated spectrophotometric method. The content uniformity testing of individual 50 mg dicumarol tablets and 5 mg warfarin sodium tablets by the proposed method gave average (SD) values of 100.32% (0.64) and 101.00% (0.14), respectively, whereas these values were 101.60% (1.81) and 101.80% (0.18), respectively, by the method of USP XX. PMID- 3745091 TI - Rapid quantitative thin layer chromatographic screening procedure for sulfathiazole residues in honey. AB - A procedure is presented for the quantitative determination of sulfathiazole residues in honey. Induced fluorescence of sulfathiazole is measured by fluorescent scanning densitometry; sulfaquinoxaline is added as an internal standard for quantitation. Recovery is greater than 98% and results are linear over the range 0.05-0.60 mg/kg. The detection limit, CL (k = 3), is 0.02. The procedure allows a single analyst to process 50-60 samples/day. PMID- 3745090 TI - Liquid chromatographic determination of multiresidue fluorescent derivatives of ionophore compounds, monensin, salinomycin, narasin, and lasalocid, in beef liver tissue. AB - A liquid chromatographic (LC) method with fluorometric detection was developed to quantitatively determine residue levels of monensin, salinomycin, narasin, and lasalocid in beef liver tissue. The ionophores are extracted from the tissue, purified by both alumina and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and then derivatized. Lasalocid was directly esterified with 9-anthryldiazomethane (ADAM), but monensin, salinomycin, and narasin were first acetylated with acetic anhydride and then esterified with ADAM. The ADAM derivatives were purified on a silica gel column and separated by LC using an RP C-8 5 micron column. A fluorescence detector set at 365 nm (excitation) and 418 nm (emission) was used to monitor the column effluent. The detection limits were 0.15 ppm, and the calibration curves were linear between 0.5 and 5.0 ppm for all 4 ionophores. Mean recoveries were 57, 70, 75, and 90% for lasalocid (5 ppm), monensin (2.5 ppm), salinomycin (2.5 ppm), and narasin (2.5 ppm), respectively. The ionophores were also separated and semiquantitated by using bioautography and thin layer chromatography with a vanillin spray. PMID- 3745092 TI - Liquid chromatographic determination of spiramycin residues in chicken tissues. AB - A liquid chromatographic (LC) method is described for determination of spiramycin residues in chicken muscles. The drug is extracted from muscles with acetonitrile, the extract is concentrated to 3-4 mL and rinsed with n-hexane followed by ethyl ether, and the drug is extracted with chloroform. LC analysis is carried out on a Zorbax BP-C8 column, and spiramycin is detected spectrophotometrically at 231 nm. Recoveries of spiramycin added to chicken muscles at 0.2 and 0.1 ppm were 93.9 and 89.0%, respectively. The detection limit was 5 ng for spiramycin standard, and 0.05 ppm in chicken muscles. PMID- 3745093 TI - Determination of morantel-related residues in bovine milk by electron capture gas chromatography. AB - A gas chromatographic assay was developed to determine major residues of morantel in bovine milk over a range that is suitable for monitoring residues of the drug. The method is based on hydrolysis of the N-methyl-tetrahydropyrimidine portion of morantel and its metabolites to N-methyl-1,3-propanediamine, and converting the diamine to an N,N-bis-(2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl) derivative. The addition of an internal standard, the N-desmethyl-N-ethyl homolog of pyrantel, to the milk sample circumvents any potential problem that could arise from variable reaction yields, and eliminates the true recovery as a factor affecting the accuracy and precision of the procedure. The concentrations of the derivatives are determined by pulsed electron capture gas chromatography over a linear dynamic range that is equivalent to 12.5-50 ppb morantel. The method was evaluated at the 0, 12.5, 25, and 50 ppb levels in fortified bovine milk, and in a withdrawal sample containing physiologically incurred morantel residues. Mean values of 14 +/- 1.7, 24 +/- 3.7, and 47 +/- 6.9 were found for the fortified samples, approximately 3 ppb for control milk, and 16 +/- 1.7 ppb for the withdrawal sample. PMID- 3745094 TI - Electron capture gas chromatographic determination of traces of formaldehyde in milk as the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone. AB - A quantitative method is described for the determination of formaldehyde in milk by packed-column gas chromatography and electron capture detection. Aldehyde derivatization was carried out in situ with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine followed by extraction and analysis using an external standard. Average recoveries of 96.3 +/- 1.6% were characteristic of the chromatographic method with an estimated detection limit of 0.026 mg/kg. The technique was applied to determination of formaldehyde in milk from cows consuming a formalin-treated feedstuff. PMID- 3745095 TI - Methods of sample preparation for detecting alkaline phosphatase in casein: collaborative study. AB - A collaborative study was conducted in which 2 different sample preparation techniques were used to determine alkaline phosphatase in casein by the rapid colorimetric test. Seven collaborators tested 10 unknown casein products containing different amounts of residual phosphatase. Results indicated that the phosphatase contents of casein prepared by the 2 methods were not significantly different. The collaborators correctly analyzed 100% of the test samples that were ground and 98% of the test samples that were unground. The alternative rapid sample preparation method has been adopted official first action. PMID- 3745096 TI - Preparation and stability of animal feed mixtures dosed with rotenone. AB - Studies at Midwest Research Institute for the National Toxicology Program show that rotenone/animal feed mixtures prepared by dry-mixing are more stable than mixtures produced by dosing the feed with alcoholic solutions of rotenone and then stripping the solvent. Also, recoveries of rotenone from the dry mix feeds are higher than those from feeds dosed by the solution method. A simplified analytical method from one previously reported for rotenone in feed is described. PMID- 3745097 TI - CuSO4-TiO2 as Kjeldahl digestion catalyst in manual determination of crude protein in animal feeds. AB - The official AOAC manual Kjeldahl methods for determining crude protein in animal feeds have several disadvantages. For the HgO catalyst method, there are environmental concerns and a lengthy digestion. For the CuSO4 catalyst method, the digestion period is shorter, but still 90 min. A different catalyst combination, CuSO4-TiO2, makes 40 min digestion feasible. Comparison of these catalysts on a group of representative feeds resulted in a mean difference, Cu-Ti minus HgO, of 0.034% protein. Standard deviation of the differences was 0.36. A Student's t-test showed no significant difference. The method will be collaboratively studied. PMID- 3745098 TI - Anion-exchange method for determination of phytate in foods: collaborative study. AB - Phytate, a naturally occurring organic compound found in plant seeds, roots, and tubers, was determined in a collaborative study using a modified anion-exchange method. Seven samples (peanut flour, oats, rice, isolated soybean protein, a vegetarian diet composite, wheat bran, and whole wheat bread), supplied as blind duplicate samples, were analyzed in triplicate by 7 collaborators. Phytate concentrations in the samples ranged from 2.38 to 46.70 mg/g. Relative standard deviations (RSD = CV) for repeatability ranged from 2.5 to 10.1%, and for reproducibility, from 4.5 to 11.0%. The method has been adopted official first action. PMID- 3745099 TI - Colorimetric determination of total iodine in foods by iodide-catalyzed reduction of Ce+4. AB - An earlier acid digestion determination of iodine in foods was modified to provide an improved detection limit and to allow for the analysis of a greater variety and larger amounts of foods. The organic material in the sample was oxidized overnight by concentrated nitric acid, followed by digestion in a mixture of concentrated sulfuric and 70% perchloric acid. The iodine was determined by an automated colorimetric method based on the iodide-catalyzed reduction of Ce+4 by As+3. The method had an average relative standard deviation of 3.1% for the samples analyzed, and a detection limit of 0.1 ng/mL in the digested solution and 5 ng/g in a 2 g sample prior to digestion. The recovery of added iodine ranged from 90.3 to 101.3%, using external standards. Samples analyzed included NBS Standard Reference Material 1549, and composites of a variety of dairy products, meat, eggs and fish, cereals, and potatoes. The iodine detected in these samples ranged from 9 ng/g for the potato group to 3360 ng/g for the standard reference material. PMID- 3745100 TI - Liquid chromatographic determination of ergot alkaloids in wheat. AB - A method is described for the determination of individual ergot alkaloids in wheat. The sample is extracted with ethyl acetate-4% ammonium hydroxide (100 + 10), and the extract is cleaned up by liquid-liquid partition. The ergot alkaloids are resolved by liquid chromatography (LC), using a porous cross-linked polystyrene-divinylbenzene resin column and a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-0.05 M dibasic ammonium phosphate (55 + 45) buffered at pH 10.0. The ergot alkaloids ergonovine, ergonovinine, ergotamine, ergotaminine, alpha ergocryptine, alpha-ergocryptinine, ergocristine, and ergocristinine are separated by LC and detected with a fluorescence detector. Recovery of ergot alkaloids added to wheat at levels of 16-760 ng/g averaged 85.6% with a coefficient of variation of 11.1%. PMID- 3745101 TI - Use of small charcoal/alumina cleanup columns in determination of trichothecene mycotoxins in foods and feeds. AB - Small charcoal/alumina cleanup columns have been effectively used to remove interfering materials from grain, feed, and food extracts prior to chromatographic determination of trichothecene mycotoxins. A thin layer chromatographic method has been developed that can simultaneously detect part per billion concentrations of deoxynivalenol, fusarenon X, nivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, neosolaniol, and diacetoxyscirpenol in food and feed samples. Recoveries of 90-99% can be obtained. The use of charcoal/alumina cleanup columns in conjunction with liquid chromatography and gas chromatography of trichothecenes is also discussed. PMID- 3745102 TI - Total respiratory resistance and peak expiratory flow rate: an intrasubject comparison. PMID- 3745103 TI - The effect of nifedipine on exercise-induced asthma. AB - This article describes the effect of nifedipine, a calcium antagonist, on exercise-induced asthma (EIA). Effect of sublingual administration of 20 mg of nifedipine or placebo was studied in randomized double-blind manner on separate days in 19 extrinsic asthmatic subjects. Nifedipine was found to be significantly effective in abolishing the exercise-induced decrease in forced vital capacity (FVC) and maximal expiratory flows (p less than 0.001). There were no significant changes in heart rate and blood pressure after nifedipine. PMID- 3745104 TI - The prophylactic benefits of twice-daily ketotifen in asthmatic Saudi children. PMID- 3745106 TI - The relationship of respiratory allergies to croup. AB - One-hundred and forty atopic patients followed at Milwaukee Children's Hospital Allergy Clinic had a complete history, and the medical records were reviewed to determine if an association between croup and respiratory allergies exists. Twenty-five percent of the subjects who participated in the study had at least one episode of croup in their lives. PMID- 3745105 TI - Is asthma misdiagnosed? PMID- 3745107 TI - Once-a-day sustained-release theophylline: a clinical experience. PMID- 3745108 TI - Medication compliance in children with asthma. AB - The aim of the study was to determine whether self-management skills, when taught to asthmatic children and their parents, would improve medication compliance. The latter was assessed by a variety of procedures including serum theophylline levels, pill counts by parents, and self-monitoring measures. Results indicated a group receiving self-management training showed no greater gains in medication compliance, self-concept, or health locus of control than did a self-monitoring only group. However, children in the former group became more responsible for initiating appropriate treatment for their attacks than did youngsters in the latter group. PMID- 3745109 TI - Knowledge, attitudes, and behavior in children with asthma. AB - Psychosocial aspects of asthma were studied by administering questionnaires to 80 children with asthma and their parents. Overall, children demonstrated high levels of knowledge about asthma, an internal health locus of control, and positive self-concepts. Increased knowledge was associated with more internal health locus of control scores, whereas more positive self-concept scores were associated with more adaptive asthma-related behavior. Children who attended a week-long camp did not differ significantly from comparison children on these measures. PMID- 3745110 TI - Psychomaintenance of childhood asthma: a study of 34 children. AB - Following the study on psychomaintenance of asthma by Kinsman, Dirks, and Jones (1977), we adapted the Battery for Asthma Illness Behavior (BAIB) to children. Thirty-four children aged 9.3 to 15.4 years were tested with this modified BAIB. They were scored simultaneously on a semistructured psychological interview. Three groups emerged out of these data: low-, medium-, and high-panic-fear personalities. Patients were also rated with regard to their pulmonary function and clinical status, including medication prescribed. The high-panic-fear personality was significantly associated with a higher intensity of prescribed medication, in particular corticosteroids. These results were independent of spirometric pulmonary measurements. We conclude that doctors may overreact to the exaggerated distress of high-panic-fear patients. Psychotherapy could be of help for this group. PMID- 3745111 TI - An integrated approach of yoga therapy for bronchial asthma: a 3-54-month prospective study. AB - After an initial integrated yoga training program of 2 to 4 weeks, 570 bronchial asthmatics were followed up for 3 to 54 months. The training consisted of yoga practices--yogasanas, Pranayama, meditation, and kriyas--and theory of yoga. Results show highly significant improvement in most of the specific parameters. The regular practitioners showed the greatest improvement. Peak expiratory flow rate (PFR) values showed significant movement of patients toward normalcy after yoga, and 72, 69, and 66% of the patients have stopped or reduced parenteral, oral, and cortisone medication, respectively. These results establish the long term efficacy of the integrated approach of yoga therapy in the management of bronchial asthma. PMID- 3745112 TI - Provocative testing for sulfite sensitivity in clinical allergy. AB - The purpose of this work is to present an accurate and safe method to determine clinical sensitivity to the sulfite chemicals used in our food supply. This was done by oral challenge tests using 1500 mg of the chemicals on an empty stomach. PMID- 3745113 TI - Determination of hydrophobicity on bacterial surfaces by nonionic surfactants. AB - The hydrophobicity of the bacterial cell surface was determined by using nonionic surfactants. The method is based on the adsorption of nonionic surfactants at the hydrophobic sites of the cell surface. Among many nonionic surfactants, C18H37O(CH2CH2O)13H was preferred. The surfactant was added in excess to a bacterial suspension, and the suspension was mixed by sonication or mechanical stirring. The amount of surfactant remaining in the supernatant after centrifugation was determined spectrophotometrically by measuring the absorbance of tetrabromophenolphthalein ethylester. Effective dispersion of bacterial cells such as Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium smegmatis was achieved by sonication in the presence of the nonionic surfactant. Adsorption measurements coincided with Langmuir's equation, indicative of monolayer adsorption. The method is useful for the determination of the hydrophobicity of various bacterial cell surfaces. PMID- 3745114 TI - Three-dimensional structure of the surface layer protein of Aquaspirillum serpens VHA determined by electron crystallography. AB - The three-dimensional structure of the protein which forms the S layer of Aquaspirillum serpens strain VHA has been determined by electron microscopy. Structures have been reconstructed to a resolution of about 1.6 nm for single layered specimens and about 4 nm for two-layered specimens. The structure, which has hexagonal symmetry, consists of a core in the shape of a cup, with six projections arising from the rim of the cup to join adjacent subunits at the threefold symmetry axes. The model is consistent with edge views of the S layer which have been obtained in this and other work. It is now clear from this work and from three-dimensional reconstructions of other bacterial S layers that a wide diversity exists in the morphology of surface layers. PMID- 3745115 TI - An ATP transport system in the intracellular bacterium, Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109J. AB - The intracellularly growing bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109J transports intact ATP by a specific, energy-requiring process. ATP transport does not involve either an ADP-ATP or an AMP-ATP exchange mechanism but, instead, has characteristics of an active transport permease. Kinetically distinct systems for ATP transport are expressed by the two developmental stages of the bdellovibrio life cycle. PMID- 3745116 TI - Fractionation of Rhizobium leguminosarum cells into outer membrane, cytoplasmic membrane, periplasmic, and cytoplasmic components. AB - Rhizobium leguminosarum cells were separated into four distinct fractions by using density gradient centrifugation for the separation of the outer and cytoplasmic membranes and lysozyme-EDTA treatment of whole cells for the isolation of the periplasmic and cytoplasmic fractions. These methods allowed the subcellular localization of R. leguminosarum proteins. PMID- 3745117 TI - Changes in membrane lipid composition of Mycoplasma capricolum affect the cell volume. AB - The cellular water volume of Mycoplasma capricolum was markedly increased by a decrease in the cholesterol-to-phospholipid molar ratio in the membrane. An increase in cell volume was also observed with the increase in the phospholipid cell membrane content obtained by the incorporation of exogenous phosphatidylcholine from the growth medium. PMID- 3745118 TI - Galactose metabolism in Rhizobium meliloti L5-30. AB - Data from previous studies of Rhizobium meliloti mutants have been consistent with the catabolism of hexoses via the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. However, galactose metabolism was not impaired in those mutants. We show here by enzymatic assay and by identification of a galactose mutant lacking 2-keto-3-deoxy-6 phosphogalactonate aldolase that the De Ley-Doudoroff pathway is used for galactose metabolism. Mutants in this pathway have not been previously reported for any organism. PMID- 3745119 TI - Isolation and characterization of new facultatively alkalophilic strains of Bacillus species. AB - Four facultatively alkalophilic isolates were purified from enrichment cultures initiated with lime-treated garden soil. Four isolates, OF1, OF3, OF4, and OF6, were obligately aerobic, spore-forming, gram-positive, motile rods which were capable of growth at both pH 7.5 and pH 10.5. Strains OF1 and OF6 grew best at the lower pH value; and whereas growth of these strains at pH 10.5 was completely dependent on added Na+, growth at pH 7.5 was only partially dependent on added Na+. Strains OF3 and OF4 grew better at pH 10.5 than at pH 7.5, with strain OF3 growing modestly over its entire pH range, while OF4 grew well. Growth of OF3 and OF4 was completely dependent on added Na+ at both pH 7.5 and pH 10.5. DNA-DNA hybridization studies indicated that OF1 and OF6 are closely related strains but are not related to the other isolates, Bacillus subtilis, or two previously studied obligately alkalophilic bacilli. OF3 was unrelated to any of the other organisms examined in the study, whereas OF4 showed complete homology with obligately alkalophilic Bacillus firmus RAB. All four isolates maintained a cytoplasmic pH that was considerably lower than the external pH when the latter was 10.5. Although substantial transmembrane electrical potentials were observed, the total electrochemical proton gradient (delta mu H+) was low at pH 10.5 in all the strains. By contrast, delta mu H+ was substantial at pH 7.5 and at that pH was composed entirely of an electrical potential. These results are in contrast to previous findings that obligately alkalophilic bacilli generate only small electrical potentials at near neutral pH. All the isolates exhibited substantial rates of respiration as measured by oxygen consumption. Neither respiration nor NADH oxidation by everted membrane vesicles was significantly stimulated by Na+. Analyses of reduced versus oxidized difference spectra of membranes from OF4 showed that the total membrane cytochrome content was considerably higher in cells grown at pH 10.5 than at pH 7.5, with the levels of c- and a-type cytochromes exhibiting the largest pH-dependent differences. Initial examination of membrane protein profiles on gel electrophoresis also indicated a number of changes in pattern in each isolate, depending on the growth pH. PMID- 3745120 TI - Initial reactions of xanthone biodegradation by an Arthrobacter sp. AB - This study examined the catabolism of xanthone by an Arthrobacter sp. (strain GFB100) capable of growth on xanthone as its main source of carbon and energy. An early catabolic intermediate was 3,4-dihydroxyxanthone. This compound was isolated from the growth medium of a mutant strain of the Arthrobacter sp. which lacked the xanthone-inducible dihydroxyxanthone ring-fission dioxygenase of the wild-type strain. Cell extracts from wild-type xanthone-grown cells oxidized 3,4 dihydroxyxanthone to a yellow ring-fission metabolite. The same yellow compound accumulated in xanthone-grown cultures of a spontaneous mutant which lacked an active, xanthone-inducible, NADPH-linked ring-fission metabolite reductase. The yellow ring-fission metabolite appears to be 4-hydroxy-3-(2'-oxo-3-trans butenoate)-coumarin, based on its nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum and mass spectral fragmentation pattern, indicating that ring cleavage of 3,4 dihydroxyxanthone was by an extra-diol (meta-fission) mechanism. Enzymatic analyses indicated that growth on xanthone induced a complete gentisate pathway: dioxygenase-catalyzed cleavage of gentisate to maleylpyruvate, isomerization of maleylpyruvate to fumarylpyruvate, and hydrolysis of fumarylpyruvate to fumarate and pyruvate. 4-Hydroxycoumarin was thought to be a likely pathway intermediate linking the early xanthone catabolic steps to the gentisate pathway, since 2 hydroxyacetophenone, a byproduct of 4-hydroxycoumarin hydrolysis, was formed when wild-type cells were cultured with xanthone. Chlorinated 2-hydroxyacetophenones were also obtained from specific chloro-substituted xanthones. PMID- 3745121 TI - Ultrastructure of the cell surface cellulosome of Clostridium thermocellum and its interaction with cellulose. AB - The ultrastructural distribution of the cellulosome (a cellulose-binding, multicellulase-containing protein complex) on the cell surface of Clostridium thermocellum YS was examined by cytochemical techniques and immunoelectron microscopy. When cells of the bacterium were grown on cellobiose, cellulosome complexes were compacted into quiescent exocellular protuberant structures. However, when the same cells were grown on cellulose, these polycellulosomal organelles underwent extensive structural transformation; after attachment to the insoluble substrate, the protuberances protracted rapidly to form fibrous "contact corridors." The contact zones mediated physically between the cellulosome (which was intimately attached to the cellulose matrix) and the bacterial cell surface (which was otherwise detached from its substrate). In addition, cell-free cellulosome clusters coated the surface of the cellulose substrate. The cellulose-bound cellulosome clusters appear to be the site of active cellulolysis, the products of which are conveyed subsequently to the cell surface via the exocellular contact zones. PMID- 3745122 TI - Glucose-fructose oxidoreductase, a new enzyme isolated from Zymomonas mobilis that is responsible for sorbitol production. AB - The enzymes responsible for sorbitol formation in Zymomonas mobilis were investigated. A previously undescribed enzyme catalyzes the intermolecular oxidation-reduction of glucose and fructose to form gluconolactone and sorbitol. This enzyme has been purified; it had a subunit size of 40,000 daltons and is probably tetrameric at low pH. It contained tightly bound NADP as the hydrogen carrier and did not require any added cofactor for activity. In addition, a gluconolactonase has been isolated, although not completely purified. Together these two enzymes were capable of completely converting a 54% (wt/vol) equimolar mixture of glucose and fructose to sorbitol and sodium gluconate at the optimum pH of close to 6.2. The oxidoreductase had low affinities for its substrates, but natural environmental conditions would expose it to high concentrations of sugars. The amount of the enzyme in Z. mobilis cells was sufficient to account for the rate of sorbitol formation in vivo. However, the enzyme was present in the highest amounts when the cells were grown on glucose alone, and it was repressed by the presence of fructose; this was not the case with the gluconolactonase. PMID- 3745123 TI - Gene for an immunoglobulin-binding protein from a group G streptococcus. AB - The gene (spg) for an immunoglobulin G (IgG)-binding protein from a Streptococcus clinical isolate of Lancefield group G was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The complete nucleotide sequence of the gene and 5'-flanking sequences was determined. The DNA sequence includes an open reading frame which encodes a hypothetical protein of 448 amino acid residues (Mr = 47,595). The 5' end of this open reading frame encodes a sequence resembling a typical secretion signal sequence, and the remainder of the encoded protein has features reminiscent of staphylococcal protein A and of streptococcal M6 protein, including repeated sequences and a similar C-terminal structure. Aside from this C-terminal structure, the encoded protein has little direct amino acid sequence homology to either protein A or M6 protein. In E. coli, the cloned gene directs the synthesis of a protein which binds to immunoglobulins, including rabbit immunoglobulin, goat IgG, and human IgG3(lambda). Its binding properties are similar to those of the protein G described by Bjorck and Kronvall (L. Bjorck and G. Kronvall, J. Immunol. 133:969-974, 1984), a type III Fc receptor from a group G streptococcus. PMID- 3745124 TI - Two gene clusters of Rhizobium meliloti code for early essential nodulation functions and a third influences nodulation efficiency. AB - A pLAFR1 cosmid clone (pPP346) carrying the nodulation region of the symbiotic plasmid pRme41b was isolated from a gene library of Rhizobium meliloti 41 by direct complementation of a Nod- deletion mutant of R. meliloti. Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Rhizobium species containing pPP346 were able to form ineffective nodules on alfalfa. The 24-kilobase insert in pPP346 carries both the common nodulation genes and genes involved in host specificity of nodulation. It was shown that these two regions are essential and sufficient to determine the early events in nodulation. A new DNA region influencing the kinetics and efficiency of nodulation was also localized on the symbiotic megaplasmid at the right side of the nif genes. PMID- 3745125 TI - Formation in Rhizobium and Agrobacterium spp. of a 235-kilodalton protein intermediate in beta-D(1-2) glucan synthesis. AB - beta-D(1-2) Glucan was synthesized by Agrobacterium and Rhizobium spp. in vitro with enzymes from the internal membranes upon the addition of UDF glucose and Mg2+ or Mn2+. An intermediate containing protein and beta-D(1-2) glucan was formed during the reaction. It could be precipitated with trichloroacetic acid or separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. After detection with Coomassie blue or a radioactive substrate, the intermediate appeared as a 235-kilodalton protein. The radioactivity could be chased with a nonradioactive substrate. All strains that formed beta-D(1-2) glucan in vitro formed the 235-kilodalton protein, whereas avirulent, beta-D(1-2) glucan-negative mutants did not synthesize it. Transposon insertions in the chvB locus of strains ME2 and ME116 did not alter the virulence of the strains. These strains were able to form beta-D(1-2) glucan in vitro and synthesize the 235-kilodalton protein. PMID- 3745126 TI - Lipid interconversions in aging Mycoplasma capricolum cultures. AB - During the progression of Mycoplasma capricolum cultures from the early exponential to the stationary phase of growth, a decrease in the phospholipid-to protein ratio and increases in both the unsaturated-to-saturated fatty acid ratio and the diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG)-to-phosphatidylglycerol (PG) ratio were found. The freedom of motion of spin-labeled fatty acids incorporated into the membrane remained unchanged throughout the growth cycle. The increase in DPG was almost stoichiometric with the decrease in PG. Furthermore, exogenous PG added to the medium was incorporated by the cells and partially converted to DPG. The DPG that was accumulated upon aging was always more unsaturated than the PG. This accumulation was enhanced in palmitic acid-poor media, but was inhibited even in aged cells when the cells were grown in palmitic acid-rich media, suggesting that the accumulation of DPG upon aging was associated with changes in the fatty acid composition of membrane lipids rather than with the transition of the cells from the exponential- to stationary-growth phase. PMID- 3745128 TI - Recidivism of the criminally insane in France: a 22-year follow-up. AB - Characteristics of 1096 recidivistic mentally ill criminal offenders admitted to a specialized hospital in France are described. All subjects were mentally ill and had been judged nonresponsible for an act of crime. Crimes against persons (murder or assault) accounted for 42% of the crimes for which these patients were admitted. The remaining causes of admission were crimes against property (theft) and "victimless" crimes. Subject files indicated a wide difference in cause of admission for violent acts among the different diagnostic categories. Although the frequency of readmission and violent acts at readmission did not change for the group as a whole, they did change between admissions for the different diagnostic groups. Results indicate that differences exist between diagnostic categories of mentally ill offenders in terms of not only the type of crime committed but also the likelihood of recidivism. PMID- 3745127 TI - Depressive symptoms in propranolol users. AB - Depressive symptoms were measured in 34 white male patients receiving propranolol treatment for cardiovascular illness. The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and the Hudson Generalized Contentment Scale were used to measure depressive symptoms. Patients with a positive personal or family history of depression had significantly higher depression scores than those with a negative history. Although there was no correlation between propranolol dosage and depressive symptoms for the population as a whole, among patients with a negative history there was a highly significant positive correlation between propranolol dosage and depression scores. PMID- 3745129 TI - Elderly depressed females as a possible subgroup of patients responsive to methylphenidate. AB - The records of 13 medically ill geriatric patients whose depression interfered with their participation in a hospital rehabilitation program were retrospectively reviewed. Treatment with methylphenidate at dosages ranging from 2.5 mg/day to 20 mg/day produced mild to marked improvement in 54% of the patients; the fact that 6 of the 7 responders were female may be indicative of a more responsive subgroup. Methylphenidate treatment of illness-related, nonpsychotic depression in the elderly appears to be an effective, quick-acting, and relatively safe therapeutic option. PMID- 3745130 TI - Can panic disorder present as irritable bowel syndrome? AB - Five patients who had been diagnosed with panic disorder and irritable bowel syndrome are described. Both panic and gastrointestinal symptoms responded dramatically and rapidly to pharmacologic treatment of panic symptoms in all five patients. The frequent overlap of gastrointestinal symptoms and psychiatric (particularly anxiety) disorders suggests that some patients with functional gastrointestinal complaints may have a primary anxiety disorder. PMID- 3745131 TI - Baclofen treatment in a patient with tardive dystonia. AB - The use of baclofen, a structural analog of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), is described in the treatment of a patient with tardive dystonia. The patient, a woman with a clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, developed tardive dystonia after 8 weeks of haloperidol therapy and experienced complete remission of her dystonia while taking baclofen 60 mg/day. This case suggests that baclofen may facilitate remission of tardive dystonia in some cases and provides a basis for further investigation. PMID- 3745132 TI - Improvement of phencyclidine-associated psychosis with ECT. AB - Phencyclidine-associated psychosis may mimic classic forms of both schizophrenia and affective psychosis. Treatment of phencyclidine-associated psychosis may prove very difficult for some patients. A patient who developed a severe phencyclidine-associated psychosis and failed to respond to high doses of antipsychotics is described. The patient responded dramatically to electroconvulsive therapy. PMID- 3745133 TI - Trazodone in dementia. PMID- 3745134 TI - Is postpsychotic depression a primary affective disorder? PMID- 3745135 TI - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. PMID- 3745136 TI - Chemical modification by diethylpyrocarbonate of an essential histidine residue in 3-ketovalidoxylamine A C-N lyase. AB - 3-Ketovalidoxylamine A C-N lyase of Flavobacterium saccharophilum is a monomeric protein with a molecular weight of 36,000. Amino acid analysis revealed that the enzyme contains 5 histidine residues and no cysteine residue. The enzyme was inactivated by diethylpyrocarbonate (DEP) following pseudo-first order kinetics. Upon treatment of the inactivated enzyme with hydroxylamine, the enzyme activity was completely restored. The difference absorption spectrum of the modified versus native enzyme exhibited a prominent peak around 240 nm, but there was no absorbance change above 270 nm. The pH-dependence of inactivation suggested the involvement of an amino acid residue having a pKa of 6.8. These results indicate that the inactivation is due to the modification of histidine residues. Substrates of the lyase, p-nitrophenyl-3-ketovalidamine, p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-3 ketoglucoside, and methyl-alpha-D-3-ketoglucoside, protected the enzyme against the inactivation, suggesting that the modification occurred at or near the active site. Although several histidine residues were modified by DEP, a plot of log (reciprocal of the half-time of inactivation) versus log (concentration of DEP) suggested that one histidine residue has an essential role in catalysis. PMID- 3745137 TI - NADPH-dependent superoxide-forming oxidase in phagocytic vesicles of human monocytes. AB - Phagocytic vesicles with superoxide-forming NADPH oxidase activity were obtained from human monocytes phagocytosing oil droplets. The superoxide-forming activity in the monocyte vesicles increased for the first 5 min during incubation with oil droplets and remained constant for 30 min. NADPH-dependent activities of 2,6 dichlorophenol-indophenol (DCIP) reduction and ubiquinone-1 (Q1) reduction were found in the vesicles and the activities were closely associated with the superoxide-forming oxidase. The values of apparent Km for NADPH of these three activities were essentially the same and the activities were inhibited with a similar pattern by p-chloromercuribenzoate and a cationic detergent, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. The activities were extremely labile and the DCIP reductase activity was most labile. The superoxide-forming oxidase and the Q1 reductase could be extracted with a mixture of deoxycholate and Tween-20. The extracted activities were not enhanced by the addition of FAD. PMID- 3745138 TI - Post-transcriptional control of 26 k casein genes during lactogenesis in mouse mammary glands. AB - Stage-specific gene expression of 26 k casein, a major milk protein, was examined in mouse mammary glands. Mature mRNA (1.1 kb) with putative precursor RNA (k kb) was detected in the lactating gland. In contrast, the putative precursor RNA (5 kb) was also detected in the mammary glands of virgin or weaned mice when milk was not produced, although mature mRNA was not detected. The RNA transcripts showing heterogeneous size distribution were abundant in the nonlactating stages. These RNAs are shown to be transcribed in the opposite direction to the mature mRNA. These results suggest the regulation at the post-transcriptional level in the synthesis of caseins in the mammary glands. PMID- 3745139 TI - Purification and characterization of a novel alpha-mannosidase from Aspergillus saitoi. AB - An alpha-mannosidase differing from 1,2-alpha-mannosidase was found to occur in Aspergillus saitoi. By a series of column chromatographies the enzyme was purified up to 1,000-fold, and its properties were studied in detail. The enzyme preparation, which was practically free from other exoglycosidases, showed a pH optimum of 5.0. In contrast to 1,2-alpha-mannosidase, the enzyme was strongly activated by Ca2+ ions. p-Nitrophenyl alpha-mannopyranoside was not hydrolyzed by the enzyme. Accordingly, the substrate specificity of the new alpha-mannosidase was studied by using a variety of tritium-labeled oligosaccharides. Studies with linear oligosaccharides revealed that the enzyme cleaves the Man alpha 1----3Man linkage more than 10 times faster than the Man alpha 1----6Man and the Man alpha 1----2Man linkages. Furthermore, it cleaves the Man alpha 1----6Man linkage of the Man alpha 1----6(Man alpha 1----3)Man beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----4GlcNAcOT only after its Man alpha 1----3 residue is removed. Because of this specificity, the enzyme can be used as an effective reagent to discriminate R----Man alpha 1-- -6(Man alpha 1----3)Man beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----4(+/- Fuc alpha 1--- 6)GlcNAcOT from its isomeric counterparts, Man alpha 1----6(R----Man alpha 1--- 3)Man beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----4(+/- Fuc alpha 1----6)GlcNAcOT, in which R represents sugars. PMID- 3745140 TI - Characterization of an essential histidine residue in thermophilic malate dehydrogenase. AB - Heat-stable malate dehydrogenase isolated from Thermus flavus AT62 was completely inactivated by treatment with diethylpyrocarbonate. The inactivation was accompanied by the loss of 1.2 histidine residues per subunit of the enzyme. The enzyme was protected from inactivation by NADH. The enzyme was also inactivated by dye-sensitized photooxidation. Methionine residues, in addition to histidine residues, were destroyed in the inactivated enzyme. Kinetic analyses of the inactivation indicated that the pK value of the residue involved in the inactivation was 8.20 at 25.0 degrees C and 7.52 at 60.0 degrees C. From the pK values and the heat of ionization calculated from the van't Hoff plot of pKs, a histidine residue was identified to be primarily involved in the inactivation. The effect of temperature on the pK value of the essential group in this enzyme from a thermophilic organism is discussed. PMID- 3745141 TI - N-hydroxyarylamine O-acetyltransferase in hamster liver: identity with arylhydroxamic acid N,O-acetyltransferase and arylamine N-acetyltransferase. AB - N-Hydroxyarylamine O-acetyltransferase, arylhydroxamic acid N,O acetyltransferase, and arylamine N-acetyltransferase in hamster liver cytosol were co-purified almost to electrophoretical homogeneity by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, gel filtration on Cellulofine GCL-2000-sf and high-performance KB-hydroxyapatite chromatography. The molecular weight of the acetyltransferase was estimated to be 33,000 by gel filtration and SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The three acetyltransferase activities were inhibited by iodoacetamide, pentachlorophenol, and 1-nitro-2-naphthol. Furthermore, 2-aminofluorene, a substrate for arylamine N-acetyltransferase, inhibited the reactions of N-hydroxyarylamine O-acetyl transfer and arylhydroxamic acid N,O-acetyl transfer. These results suggest that the same enzyme catalyzes the three types of acetyl transfer reactions. The acetyltransferase could activate N-hydroxyarylamines, such as 2-hydroxyamino-6 methyldipyrido[1,2-alpha:3',2'-d]imidazole, 3-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3 b]indole, and N-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene, to the corresponding N acetoxyarylamines, which are capable of binding to nucleic acid. Polyguanylic acid was most efficiently modified by the N-acetoxyarylamines formed by the acetyltransferase. PMID- 3745142 TI - Identification of the plasminogen-binding site of human alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor. AB - A plasminogen-binding site of human alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor was studied. The chromatogram of digest from the amidinated alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor (67K daltons, plasminogen-binding form) with trypsin was almost identical with that obtained from the 65K-daltons derivative (non-plasminogen-binding form) treated with the same procedure, except for the three tryptic peptides. One of the three peptides, the deamidinated peptide T-11, was found to have a strong ability to inhibit the interaction of alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor with human plasmin. Moreover, the dissociation constant Kd for interaction between the peptide T-11 and plasmin was estimated to be 5.5 microM, indicating that Kd is about 10-fold lower than that of epsilon-aminocaproic acid. The sequence of the peptide T-11 was determined by the Edman method as follows: NH2-G-D-K-L-F-G-P-D-L-K-L-V-P-P-M E-E-D-Y-P-Q-F-G-S-P-K-COOH. alpha 2-Plasmin inhibitor and its 65K-daltons derivative were found to have the same NH2-terminal sequence of Asn(Asp)-Gln-Glu Gln-. These results indicated that the plasminogen-binding site(s) of alpha 2 plasmin inhibitor could be located in the COOH-terminal region of its molecule and that some of epsilon-NH2-groups in the deamidinated peptide T-11 may be involved in the lysine-binding site(s) of plasmin(ogen). PMID- 3745143 TI - Fatty acid synthetase as a thermoreceptor in Candida utilis. AB - A partially purified fatty acid synthetase from Candida utilis synthesized fatty acids with varying chain lengths that depended on the assay temperature; the stearate/palmitate ratio decreased with decreasing temperature. This temperature dependency was also observed in vivo for the newly synthesized fatty acids in cells incubated at various temperatures, although to a lesser extent than that observed in vitro. The difference in the temperature-dependencies observed in vivo and in vitro appeared to be due to the difference in the acceptors used in in vitro assays; a temperature-dependency comparable to that observed in vivo was reproduced in vitro on using microsomes rather than bovine serum albumin as the acceptor of the fatty acid synthetase products. Thus, the fatty acid synthetase was identified as a thermoreceptor in Candida cells known to possess a temperature-dependent, inducible desaturase system. PMID- 3745144 TI - The structure of sugar chains of Japanese quail ovomucoid. The occurrence of oligosaccharides not expected from the classical biosynthetic pathway for N glycans; a method for the assessment of the structure of glycans present in picomolar amounts. AB - While the structure of the major oligosaccharide of Japanese quail ovomucoid was reported earlier (Hase, S. et al. (1982) J. Biochem. 91, 735-737), the structures of the minor oligosaccharide units were investigated for the first time in the present studies. For this purpose, the glycans of the protein were liberated from the polypeptide chain by hydrazinolysis. After N-acetylation, the reducing ends of the oligosaccharides obtained were coupled with 2-aminopyridine, and then the resulting fluorescent derivatives were purified by Bio-Gel P-2 column chromatography and reversed-phase HPLC. The chemical structures of two minor oligosaccharide units were determined with the aid of exoglycosidases, and by methylation analysis and Smith degradation. The results demonstrated that the ovomucoid contains the following two monoantennary glycans: Man alpha 1-6(Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-2Man alpha 1-3)Man beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-4GlcNAc and Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-2Man alpha 1-6(Man alpha 1-3)Man beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1 4GlcNAc. The latter structure was not predicted by the classical metabolic pathway for the N-glycans to be formed. The structures of three additional minor heterosaccharides were deduced from their elution positions on HPLC together with the results of determination of their molecular sizes and the HPLC elution positions of their enzymatic degradation products. It is noteworthy that for the latter procedure for the estimation of the structures of oligosaccharides only minute quantities of glycans (several hundreds pmol) are required. PMID- 3745145 TI - Isolation of a cytochrome P-450 that catalyzes the 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D3 from rat liver microsomes. AB - A molecular species of cytochrome P-450 that catalyzes the 25-hydroxylation of cholecalciferol (P-450cc25) was purified from rat liver microsomes on the basis of its catalytic activity. The purification procedure consisted of polyethylene glycol fractionation, and column chromatographies on octylamino Sepharose 4B, hydroxylapatite, DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B, and CM-Sepharose CL-6B. The specific cytochrome P-450 content of the final preparation was 17.0 nmol/mg of protein. The enzymatic activity was reconstituted with the purified cytochrome P-450, NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, an NADPH-generating system, and dilauroylglyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine, the specific activity obtained being 3.7 nmol/min/mg of protein, which was 4,000 times as high as that in microsomes. The apparent molecular weight of the P-450cc25 was 50,000, based on the results of sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The absorption spectra of the oxidized form of the enzyme showed a Soret band at 416 nm, which is typical of the low spin state of cytochrome P-450, and alpha and beta bands at 570 and 536 nm, respectively. The Soret peak of the reduced cytochrome P-450-CO complex was at 450 nm. The purified enzyme not only catalyzed the 25 hydroxylation of cholecalciferol but also showed hydroxylation activity toward a variety of substrates, i.e. 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (at 25), testosterone (at 2 alpha and 16 alpha) and dehydroepiandrosterone (at 16 alpha). Amino terminal sequence of the purified cytochrome P-450 was determined by the manual sequence method to be H2N-Met-Asp-Pro-Val-leu-Val-Leu-Val-. The antibody elicited against the purified enzyme in a rabbit inhibited the cholecalciferol 25 hydroxylation activity by more than 90% with a concentration of 2 mg of immunoglobulin per nmol of cytochrome P-450. PMID- 3745146 TI - The case of the Egyptian mummy head. AB - This article describes how biocommunicators became an integral part of an interdisciplinary team of health sciences professionals charged with learning more about an ancient Egyptian mummy head. Presented and discussed are events and activities concerning the discovery of a 2,000 year old mummy head, the development and interactions of the interdisciplinary team, and the involvement of biocommunicators and their efforts to research and reconstruct through airbrush illustrations how the mummy head would have appeared prior to mummification. PMID- 3745147 TI - Creators lose first round in copyright battles in the courts. AB - This article is the second in a series which will deal with the rights of the creators of literary and artistic works as they are affected by the provisions of the 1978 revised copyright law (CLRA); the relationship between creators and their publishers or other commissioning parties; and the knowledge and experience required to cope with these factors. The reference to creators, in terms of creators' rights, includes many disciplines: writers, artists, photographers, composers, sculptors, and many others including those of us who produce educational and public relations materials in the field of medicine. PMID- 3745148 TI - Preparing for the information age. AB - Educators need to prepare their students to meet the challenges of the information age. This article discusses the effects of the information age upon the field of biomedical communications, specifically the application of computer information networks to the dissemination of medical information. Emphasis is placed upon preparing our students for careers utilizing communications technology. PMID- 3745149 TI - The effects of mitochondrial energetics inhibitors on the fluorescence of potential-sensitive dyes rhodamine 123 and diS-C3-(5) in lymphocyte suspensions. AB - The effects of uncouplers (FCCP, DNF), oligomycin, and rotenone on the fluorescence of potential-sensitive dyes, rhodamine 123 and diS-C3-(5), in lymphocyte suspensions were compared. The fluorescence of these optical probes gradually increased at higher FCCP concentrations. The dependences of fluorescence intensities and FCCP concentrations were similar for both dyes, and only diS-C3-(5) fluorescence started increasing at lower FCCP concentrations. Rotenone (1 microM) significantly increased rhodamine 123 fluorescence. TMPD induced and uncoupler-induced diS-C3-(5) fluorescence changes increased 1.5- to 2 fold if the incubation mixture was supplemented with oligomycin (0.1-0.2 microgram/ml). The fluorescence responses of the dyes in the lymphocyte suspension correlate with the effects of mitochondrial energetics inhibitors on delta psi m in isolated mitochondria. The results suggest the possibility of using these dyes for estimating the direction of the delta psi m changes in the lymphocyte suspension. PMID- 3745150 TI - Transcriptional regulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor genes during muscle development. AB - The quantities of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors measured by alpha bungarotoxin binding on the surface of mouse skeletal muscle C2 cells increase by approximately 10- to 100-fold during their terminal differentiation in culture. By northern blot analysis, we have determined that the steady-state levels of the AChR alpha and delta subunit mRNAs increase by approximately 15-fold during differentiation of C2 cells. To determine if the differences in message levels during myogenesis are due to changes in transcriptional rates of these genes, nuclear run-on experiments were done using nuclei from 3-day-old undifferentiated cells and 7-day-old differentiated cells. The rates of transcription for both the alpha and delta subunit genes changed from levels that could not be detected over background in nuclei from undifferentiated cells to levels that were at least 8 fold over background in differentiated nuclei. As internal controls, we measured the rates of transcription of mouse actin and histone genes. The signals obtained from both undifferentiated and differentiated nuclei were approximately 50-fold over background for both genes, indicating that the absence of detectable transcription of receptor subunit genes in undifferentiated C2 is specific. PMID- 3745151 TI - Recycling of messenger RNA cap-binding proteins mediated by eukaryotic initiation factor 4B. AB - The ability of polypeptide components of eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4F to bind to the m7G cap of an mRNA, to be released from that mRNA, and then to rebind to the cap of a second mRNA has been investigated. The release and rebinding steps have been termed "recycling." It was found that eIF-4B stimulates the recycling of the 24-26 kDa (p24) component of eIF-4F, and perhaps of other components as well. By contrast, eIF-4A seemed to have little or no effect on the recycling of eIF-4F components, either in the presence or absence of eIF-4B. The recycled p24 is capable of cross-linking to oxidized cap structures. The recycled factor is also able to stimulate the cross-linking of added eIF-4A, which cross links poorly in the absence of eIF-4F. By these criteria it seems likely that the recycled eIF-4F components are active for a second round of translational initiation. PMID- 3745152 TI - A multilocus system for studying tissue and subcellular specialization. The pH and temperature dependence of the two major NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase isozymes of the fish Fundulus heteroclitus. AB - In the teleost fish Fundulus heteroclitus, there are three NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase isozymes. IDH-B2 is the only cytoplasmic isozyme, and IDH-C2 dominates the mitochondria of all tissues other than liver, where IDH-A2 is expressed. Since fish are ectotherms, their intracellular temperature and pH change directly with environmental temperature. In order to evaluate the influence of these environmental parameters on a model fish NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase system, the major cytoplasmic (IDH-B2) and mitochondrial (IDH-C2) isozymes were kinetically evaluated as a function of pH and temperature. Whereas Vfmax and KmISOCm (where ISOC is isocitrate) were pH-independent, the Km for NADP was pH-dependent for both isozymes. The cytoplasmic isozyme (IDH-B2) had smaller KmNADP values between pH 7.0 and pH 8.0 than the mitochondrial form (IDH-C2). Vfmax and Km for substrate and coenzyme were temperature-dependent. Energy of activation for IDH-B2 and IDH-C2 was 10.6 and 12.8 kcal/mol, respectively. Both proteins had delta G not equal to values of about 15.8 kcal/mol, with significantly different distributions between delta H not equal to and delta S not equal to. The cytoplasmic isozyme (IDH-B2) appears to have a greater rate of catalysis than the mitochondrial enzyme (IDH-C2) at temperatures less than 30 degrees C. Moreover, the IDH-B2 isozyme had lower KmNADP values than the IDH-C2 isozyme at all temperatures, whereas the KmISOC values for the two isozymes were indistinguishable. Our data suggest that the two major NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase isozymes have unique physiological and metabolic functions that are adapted to the tissues and cellular compartments in which they are expressed. PMID- 3745153 TI - Chemical conversion of aspartyl peptides to isoaspartyl peptides. A method for generating new methyl-accepting substrates for the erythrocyte D-aspartyl/L isoaspartyl protein methyltransferase. AB - Mammalian protein carboxyl methyltransferases have recently been proposed to recognize atypical configurations of aspartic acid and may possibly function in the metabolism of covalently altered cellular proteins. Consistent with this proposal, the tetrapeptide tetragastrin, containing a single "normal" L-aspartyl residue (L-Trp-L-Met-L-Asp-L-Phe-NH2) was found here not to be an in vitro substrate for erythrocyte carboxyl methyltransferase activity. However, chemical treatment of tetragastrin by methyl esterification and then de-esterification of the aspartic acid residue yielded a mixture of peptide products, the major one of which could now be enzymatically methylated. We show here that this new peptide species is the isomeric beta-aspartyl form of tetragastrin (L-iso-tetragastrin; L Trp-L-Met-L-Asp-L-Phe-NH2), and it appears that isomerization proceeds via an intramolecular succinimide intermediate during the de-esterification procedure. L iso-Tetragastrin is stoichiometrically methylated (up to 90% in these experiments) with a Km for the enzyme of 5.0 microM. Similar chemical treatment of several other L-aspartyl peptides also resulted in the formation of new methyltransferase substrates. This general method for converting normal aspartyl peptides to isoaspartyl peptides may have application in the reverse process as well. PMID- 3745154 TI - Trapping of an intermediate in the reaction catalyzed by 5-oxoprolinase. AB - Bacterial 5-oxoprolinase is composed of two protein components: Component A, which catalyzes 5-oxoproline-dependent ATP-hydrolysis and Component B, which couples the hydrolysis of ATP with the decyclization of 5-oxoproline to form glutamate (Seddon, A. P., Li, L., and Meister, A. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 8091 8094). Studies on this unusual enzyme system have led to evidence that an intermediate is formed by Component A. Application of the isotope-trapping method demonstrated an activated 5-oxoproline intermediate, whose formation requires ATP, Mg2+, and Component A. The amount of ATP-dependent trapping was close to the number of enzyme active sites. The intermediate formed by Component A was shown to be reducible by potassium borohydride to proline in low yield; when Component B was added, the formation of proline was abolished. Treatment of reaction mixtures containing Component A, 5-oxoproline, and [gamma-32P] ATP with diazomethane led to appearance of a 32P-labeled compound (found on thin layer chromatography), whose formation was significantly reduced when Component B was present. The new compound, which is labile, breaks down to form dimethyl[32P]phosphate. The total amount of dimethyl[32P]phosphate formed after breakdown is close to the number of active sites of Component A. The data are consistent with the conclusion that a phosphorylated form of 5-oxoproline is formed by Component A and suggest that Component B is required for conversion of this intermediate to glutamate. PMID- 3745155 TI - A naturally occurring deaminated neuraminic acid, 3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto nonulosonic acid (KDN). Its unique occurrence at the nonreducing ends of oligosialyl chains in polysialoglycoprotein of rainbow trout eggs. AB - An unknown deaminated sialic acid has been isolated from Salmo gairdneri (rainbow trout) egg polysialoglycoprotein. A combination of structural methods including gas-liquid chromatography, chemical and enzymatic analyses, mass spectrometry, and 400-MHz 1H NMR spectroscopy was used to determine the structure as 2-keto-3 deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nononic acid (= 3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nonulosonic acid; KDN). This structure has been confirmed by comparison with a chemically synthesized authentic sample of KDN. The natural occurrence of deaminated sialic acid in biological material has not been previously reported. A series of KDN containing oligosialic acids were isolated from the polysialoglycoprotein after pH 4.7-catalyzed hydrolysis. Structural studies including methylation analysis, mass spectrometry, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and chemical reactivity were also used to confirm the structures of the sialyloligosaccharides as KDN alpha 2[8NeuGc alpha 2-]n (n = 1-7). The exclusive location of KDN at the nonreducing termini in polysialoglycoproteins protects oligo(poly)sialyl chains from exosialidases. Terminal capping of these chains may be important in egg activation in salmonid fishes. PMID- 3745156 TI - Ricin subunit association. Thermodynamics and the role of the disulfide bond in toxicity. AB - The values of the thermodynamic parameters characterizing the association of the subunits of reduced ricin have been determined from equilibrium studies in the analytical ultracentrifuge. van't Hoff analysis indicates that the Gibbs free energy change for subunit association is predominantly of entropic origin. The positive values for the entropy and enthalpy changes suggest that hydrophobic forces may play a dominant role in the association. The association is characterized by values of Ka of 1.72 X 10(6) M-1 at 22 degrees C and 5.66 X 10(6) M-1 at 37 degrees C. The association was not affected by the presence of 20 mM lactose. Toxicity studies demonstrated that reduced ricin at a concentration where it was 52% associated had a toxicity equal to that of native ricin at that same concentration. At higher concentrations, reduced ricin was even more toxic than native ricin. Diethyl maleate, which reduces intracellular glutathione levels, blocked the toxicity of ricin but not the toxicity of reduced ricin. The disulfide bond linking the A and B subunits appears to play no role in toxicity other than to hold the two subunits together at low concentrations. PMID- 3745157 TI - Monoclonal antibodies to thromboxane synthase from porcine lung. Production and application to development of a tandem immunoradiometric assay. AB - Two hybridoma cell lines secreting antibodies against thromboxane synthase of porcine lung were produced. Clone TS1 secretes IgG2a antibody of lower affinity, while clone TS2 secretes IgG1 antibody of higher affinity. Both antibodies (when bound to rabbit anti-mouse IgG-Staphylococcus aureus complex) can immunoprecipitate thromboxane synthase from crude enzyme preparations in an active form suggesting that binding was not directed at the active site. Each antibody showed a distinctive pattern of cross-reactivity with thromboxane synthase from different porcine tissues. Neither of the antibodies cross-reacted with the enzyme from tissues of other species tested, indicating the heterogeneous nature of the enzyme among species. Competitive binding assay revealed that TS1 and TS2 recognized different determinants on the enzyme. The fact that two antibodies bind to separate epitopes on the same enzyme allows the development of a sensitive tandem immunoradiometric assay. The assay, based on binding of 125I-TS2 to thromboxane synthase immobilized on TS1-S. aureus complex, was linear with 7.5 approximately 75 ng of purified lung thromboxane synthase as standards and applicable to enzyme preparations regardless of their purity. The concentration of immunoreactive thromboxane synthase in porcine tissues as determined by this assay followed the order of platelet greater than colon greater than duodenum greater than lung greater than kidney greater than stomach. The fact that gastrointestinal tract is enriched with thromboxane synthase suggests that thromboxane may have significant physiological roles to be recognized in these organs. PMID- 3745158 TI - Immunoaffinity purification and characterization of thromboxane synthase from porcine lung. AB - Thromboxane synthase has been purified 620-fold from porcine lung microsomes by a three-step purification procedure including Lubrol-PX solubilization, reactive blue-agarose chromatography, and immunoaffinity chromatography. The purified enzyme exhibited a single protein band (53,000 daltons) on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Rabbit antiserum raised against the purified enzyme immunoprecipitated thromboxane synthase activity from crude enzyme preparations of porcine lung, cow lung, and human platelets, indicating the existence of structural homology of the enzyme in these species. Immunoblotting experiment identified the same polypeptide (53,000 daltons) in porcine lung and a polypeptide of 50,000 daltons in human platelets, confirming the identity of the enzyme and the specificity of the antiserum. Purified thromboxane synthase is a hemoprotein with a Soret-like absorption peak at 418 nm. The enzyme reaction has a Km for 15-hydroxy-9 alpha, 11 alpha-peroxidoprosta-5, 13-dienoic acid of 12 microM, an optimal pH of 7.5, and an optimal temperature of reaction at 30 degrees C. Purified thromboxane synthase catalyzed the formation of both thromboxane B2 and 12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid (HHT). The ratios of HHT to thromboxane B2 varied from 1.6 to 2.1 dependent on the reaction conditions. Except that HHT was formed at a greater rate, the formation of HHT and that of thromboxane responded identically to pH, temperature, substrate concentration, kinetics of formation, metal ions, and inhibitors suggesting that the two products are probably formed at the same active site via a common intermediate. Thromboxane synthase was irreversibly inactivated by 15-hydroxy-9 alpha, 11 alpha-peroxidoprosta-5,13-dienoic acid during catalysis and by treatment of 15-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid. The irreversible inactivation, however, could be protected by reversible inhibitors such as sodium (E)-3-[4-(1 imidazolylmethyl)phenyl]-2-propenoate and 15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha (epoxymethano)-prosta-5,13-dienoic acid, suggesting that the inactivation occurred at the active site of the enzyme. The catalytic inactivation of thromboxane synthase and the greater rate of formation of HHT in thromboxane synthesizing system may probably play important regulatory roles in the control of thromboxane synthesis. PMID- 3745159 TI - Rat liver iodothyronine monodeiodinase. Evaluation of the iodothyronine ligand binding site. AB - Ligand binding characteristics of rat liver microsomal type I iodothyronine deiodinase were evaluated by measuring dose-response inhibition and apparent Michaelis-Menten or inhibitor constants of iodothyronine analogues to compete as substrates or inhibitors for the natural substrate L-thyroxine. These data show strong correlations with the binding requirements of hormone analogues to serum thyroxine-binding prealbumin since iodothyronine analogues with a negatively charged side chain, a negative charge or hydrogen bonding function in the 4' position, tetraiodo ring substitution, and a skewed hormone conformation are structural features shared in common which markedly affect enzyme activity and protein binding affinity. 3,3',5'-Triiodo-L-thyronine is the most potent natural substrate (IC50 = 0.3 microM) and tetraiodothyroacetic acid is the most potent inhibitor (IC50 = 0.2 microM). Both thyroxine (T4)-5'- and T4-5-deiodination pathways are inhibited by these potent analogues, providing further evidence for a single enzyme catalyzing the rat liver microsomal deiodination reactions. These data also show that L-hormone analogues are preferentially deiodinated via the T4 5'-deiodination pathway, whereas D-analogues produce products via the T4-5 deiodination pathway. The thyroxine-binding prealbumin complex was used to model the interaction of thyroid hormones with the deiodinase active site. Computer graphic modeling of the prealbumin complex showed that only those analogues which are potent deiodinase inhibitors or substrates can be accommodated in the hormone binding site. This model suggests the design of functionally specific ligands which can modulate peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism and act as antithyroidal drugs. PMID- 3745161 TI - Binding of plasminogen to cultured human endothelial cells. AB - Endothelial cells are known to release the two major forms of plasminogen activator, tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) and urokinase. We have previously demonstrated that plasminogen (PLG) immobilized on various surfaces forms a substrate for efficient conversion to plasmin by TPA (Silverstein, R. L., Nachman, R. L., Leung, L. L. K., and Harpel, P. C. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 10346-10352). We now report the binding of human PLG to cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) monolayers, utilizing a newly devised cell monolayer enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system. PLG binding to HUVEC was concentration dependent and saturable at physiologic PLG concentration (2 microM). Binding of PLG was 70-80% inhibited by 10 mM epsilon-aminocaproic acid, suggesting that it is largely mediated by the lysine-binding sites of PLG. PLG bound at an intermediate level to human fibroblasts, poorly to human smooth muscle cells, and not at all to bovine smooth muscle or bovine endothelial cells; unrelated proteins such as human albumin and IgG failed to bind HUVEC. PLG binding to HUVEC was rapid, reaching a steady state within 20 min, and quickly reversible. 125I-PLG bound to HUVEC with an estimated Kd of 310 +/- 235 nM (S.E.); each cell contained 1,400,000 +/- 1,000,000 (S.E.) binding sites. Functional studies demonstrated that HUVEC-bound PLG is activatable by TPA according to Michaelis-Menten kinetics (Km, 5.9 nM). Importantly, surface-bound PLG was activated with a 12.7-fold greater catalytic efficiency than fluid phase PLG. These results indicate that PLG binds to HUVEC in a specific and functional manner. Binding of PLG to endothelial cells may play a pivotal role in modulating thrombotic events at the vessel surface. PMID- 3745160 TI - Requirement of a transmembrane pH gradient for the entry of diphtheria toxin into cells at low pH. AB - The effects of acidification of the cytosol and of electrical depolarization on the entry of diphtheria toxin were studied. Entry of the toxin from the cell surface was induced by low pH, and the presence of the toxin in the cytosol was monitored as toxin-induced inhibition of protein synthesis. To reduce the membrane potential the cells were incubated in a buffer containing a high concentration of potassium. The cytosol was acidified either by incubating the cells with acetic acid, by incubating them with ammonium chloride which was subsequently removed in the presence of amiloride to prevent pH regulation by the Na+/H+ exchanger, or by incubating the cells in isotonic KCl in the presence of nigericin and valinomycin. The results showed that when the cytosol was acidified by either method toxin entry was inhibited, while a reduction in the membrane potential did not strongly interfere with the entry. A pH gradient across the membrane of at least 1 pH unit was required for entry. Possibly this gradient acts as a driving force for diphtheria toxin entry. PMID- 3745162 TI - Rate-determining step in phospholipase A2 mechanism. 18O isotope exchange determined by 13C NMR. AB - H2(18)O isotope exchange into specifically 13C-labeled substrate was used to obtain information on the rate-limiting step in the action of the phospholipase A2 from the venom of the Indian cobra (Naja naja naja). Incorporation of 18O was detected by the effect of 18O on 13C chemical shifts in 13C NMR. The enzymatic hydrolysis of a micellar phosphatidylcholine analogue of platelet-activating factor 1-alkyl-2-[1-13C]lauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine proceeds by an O acyl cleavage of the sn-2 ester bond. The reaction was examined for simultaneous 18O incorporation into the substrate. No exchange was found, suggesting that the hydrolytic step is not followed by a higher energy transition state and that it or a step before it appears to be rate-limiting. Previous experiments on phosphatidylethanolamine activation indicate that kcat is altered but that the km remains the same upon activation, suggesting that the binding steps occurring before the hydrolytic step are not affected. This strongly suggests that the hydrolytic step is in fact the rate-limiting step under these conditions. The 13C, 18O NMR technique should be generally applicable to mechanistic questions of this type. PMID- 3745163 TI - Involvement of 60-kilodalton phosphoprotein in the regulation of calcium release from skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. AB - "Heavy" sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles loaded with 5 mM CaCl2 in the presence of protease inhibitors were phosphorylated by addition of MgATP in the presence or absence of calmodulin. The major site of phosphorylation was a 60-kDa protein. In the absence of added calmodulin, phosphorylation of the 60-kDa protein reached its maximal value (8 pmol of P/mg of membrane protein) at 1 min. In the presence of 1 microM calmodulin, a 2-fold higher level of phosphorylation (16.1 pmol of P/mg of sarcoplasmic reticulum) was reached within a shorter time (10 s). The phosphoprotein was then spontaneously dephosphorylated. The initial rate of Ca2+ release, which was induced by a Ca2+ jump and determined by stopped-flow fluorometry using chlorotetracycline, decreased upon phosphorylation, whereas it was restored upon dephosphorylation. There was good correlation between the amount of P incorporation into the 60-kDa protein and the extent of inhibition of Ca2+ release. In the presence of added calmodulin the protein kinase activity sharply increased in the [Ca2+] range of 0.2-2 microM with a concentration for half-maximal activation at 0.6 microM. On the other hand, the protein phosphatase activity was virtually independent of calmodulin and [Ca2+] in the [Ca2+] range in which protein kinase was activated. The results suggest that the calmodulin dependent phosphorylation of the 60-kDa protein plays an important role in the regulation of Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum. PMID- 3745164 TI - Analysis of saccharide binding to Artocarpus integrifolia lectin reveals specific recognition of T-antigen (beta-D-Gal(1----3)D-GalNAc). AB - The binding of Artocarpus integrifolia lectin to N-dansylgalactosamine (where dansyl is 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl) leads to a 100% increase in dansyl fluorescence with a concomitant blue shift in the emission maximum by 10 nm. This binding is carbohydrate-specific and has an association constant of 1.74 X 10(4) M-1 at 20 degrees C. The lectin has two binding sites for N dansylgalactosamine. The values of -delta H and -delta S for the binding of N dansylgalactosamine are in the range of values reported for several lectin monosaccharide interactions, indicating an absence of nonpolar interaction of the dansyl moiety of the sugar with the combining region of the protein. Dissociation of the bound N-dansylgalactosamine from its complex with the lectin and the consequent change in its fluorescence on addition of nonfluorescent sugars allowed evaluation of the association constant for competing ligands. The thermodynamic parameters for the binding of monosaccharides suggest that the OH groups at C-2, C-3, C-4, and C-6 in the D-galactose configuration are important loci for interaction with the lectin. The acetamido group at C-2 of 2-acetamido-2 deoxygalactopyranose and a methoxyl group at C-1 of methyl-alpha-D galactopyranoside are presumably also involved in binding through nonpolar and van der Waals' interactions. The T-antigenic disaccharide Gal beta 1----3GalNAc binds very strongly to the lectin when compared with methyl-beta-D galactopyranoside, the beta(1----3)-linked disaccharides such as Gal beta 1--- 3GlcNAc, and the beta(1----4)-linked disaccharides, N-acetyllactosamine and lactose. The major stabilizing force for the avid binding of T-antigenic disaccharide appears to be a favorable enthalpic contribution. The combining site of the lectin is, therefore, extended. These data taken together suggest that the Artocarpus lectin is specific toward the Thomsen-Friedenreich (T) antigen. There are subtle differences in the overall topography of its combining site when compared with that of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) agglutinin. The results of stopped flow spectrometry for the binding of N-dansylgalactosamine tot he Artocarpus lectin are consistent with a simple single-step bimolecular association and unimolecular dissociation rate processes. The value of K+1 and K 1 at 21 degrees C are 8.1 X 10(5) M-1 s-1 and 50 s-1, respectively. The activation parameters indicate an enthalpy-controlled association process. PMID- 3745166 TI - Collagen fibrillogenesis in the presence of lanthanides. AB - Following removal of most of the telopeptide regions with pepsin, bovine dermal collagen gelled more slowly to form fibrils with a weak banding pattern. The reduction in gelling rate reflected an increase in the length of the nucleation phase and a lower rate of turbidity increase during the growth phase; the activation energy of both phases was increased. Lanthanide ions, phosphate, or, to a lesser degree, Ca2+ restored higher gelling rates to pepsin-treated collagen, but were unable to improve the banding pattern. Only lanthanide ions were able to accelerate the polymerization of intact collagen, lowering the activation energies of both the nucleation and growth phases. Lanthanide ions and phosphate also improved the banding characteristics of fibrils formed from intact collagen, without changing their width. Luminescence studies confirmed the direct binding of Tb3+ to collagen and suggested that the lanthanide ions may mediate their effects on fibrillogenesis by attaching to the helical part of the molecule. Quantitative considerations indicate that five or less lanthanide ion binding sites per collagen molecule may be involved in the promotion of fibril formation. PMID- 3745165 TI - Debrisoquine/sparteine-type polymorphism of drug oxidation. Purification and characterization of two functionally different human liver cytochrome P-450 isozymes involved in impaired hydroxylation of the prototype substrate bufuralol. AB - The debrisoquine/sparteine-type polymorphism of drug oxidation presumably is caused by the absence or deficiency of cytochrome P-450 (P-450) isozyme(s). Using bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation as a prototype reaction of this polymorphism, two functionally distinct forms, P-450 buf I and P-450 buf II, with identical apparent Mr of 50,000 were purified from liver microsomes of three different human livers. P-450 buf I exhibited a marked selectivity for the (+)-enantiomer of bufuralol ((-)/(+) ratio = 0.15), P-450 buf II was nonstereoselective((-)/(+) ratio = 1.03). The Km values for (-)- and (+)-bufuralol were 31 and 54 microM with P-450 buf I and 314 and 245 microM with P-450 buf II. P-450 buf II generated two other metabolites in addition to 1'-OH-bufuralol which were not observed with P-450 buf I. Using the inhibitor quinidine, a Ki of 0.06 microM was observed with P-450 buf I as opposed to 80 microM with P-450 buf II for bufuralol 1' hydroxylation. A strong immunochemical relatedness of P-450 buf I and P-450 buf II was found since polyclonal antibodies against either form recognized the heterologous antigen to the same extent as the homologous antigen on Western blots and in immunoinhibition and in immunoprecipitation experiments. Cross reactivity of these antibodies with a microsomal nonheme protein of unknown function (apparent Mr 50,000) also was noted. Western blots of microsomes of in vivo and in vitro phenotyped extensive and poor metabolizer individuals revealed no correlation of in vivo-determined metabolic ratio, microsomal activity, and amount of immunoreactive material. Antibodies against P-450 buf I and P-450 buf II inhibited bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation in microsomes of in vivo and in vitro phenotyped poor metabolizer individuals demonstrating that the residual activities are immunochemically related to the activities in extensive metabolizers. PMID- 3745167 TI - Cultured oligodendrocytes. A role for cell-substratum interaction in phenotypic expression. AB - Oligodendrocytes can be maintained in two states: nonattached; we call these cells B3.f; morphologically they resemble freshly isolated cells; attached; we refer to the latter as B3.fA. Profound morphological, ultrastructural, and biochemical changes take place upon adhesion to a competent surface (Szuchet, S., Yim, S. H., and Monsma, S. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 80, 7019-7023). Here we present evidence that the transition from B3.f to B3.fA has important consequences for the expression of myelinogenic properties by these cells. We have examined the incorporation of [3H]leucine, [35S]methionine, and [35S]cysteine into polypeptide chains by B3.f and B3.fA cells from 3 days after isolation up to 8 weeks in culture. Specific antisera against myelin and cytoskeletal proteins were used to identify the newly synthesized proteins. Our results indicate that: overall incorporation expressed as cpm/mg of protein remains essentially constant and independent of the state of adhesion or time in culture; B3.f cells keep a low profile in the synthesis of the major myelin proteins but have a high uptake of precursors into 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, actin, and tubulin; adhesion of oligodendrocytes to a polylysine substratum activates the synthesis and phosphorylation of myelin basic protein, and the synthesis and acylation of proteolipid protein and DM-20; over time in culture there is an increased synthesis and accumulation of these proteins and of myelin-associated glycoprotein. We conclude that B3.f cells exhibit a behavior that is distinct from that of B3.fA cells. Our results are consistent with the notion that upon adhesion to a substratum, oligodendrocytes undergo a transition from myelin-maintaining cells (B3.f) to that of myelin forming cells (B3.fA). This conclusion is substantiated by the finding of myelin membranes in these cultures. PMID- 3745168 TI - Purification and characterization of a novel enzyme, N-carbamoylsarcosine amidohydrolase, from Pseudomonas putida 77. AB - N-Carbamoylsarcosine amidohydrolase, a novel enzyme involved in the microbial degradation of creatinine in Pseudomonas putida 77, was purified 27-fold to homogeneity with a 63% overall recovery through simple purification procedures including successive ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, and crystallization. The relative molecular mass of the native enzyme estimated by the ultracentrifugal equilibrium method is 102,000 +/- 5000, and the subunit Mr is 27,000. The Km and Vm values for N-carbamoylsarcosine are 3.2 mM and 1.75 units/mg protein, respectively. Ammonia, carbon dioxide, and sarcosine were formed stoichiometrically from N-carbamoylsarcosine through the action of the purified enzyme preparation. N-Carbamoyl amino acids with a methyl group or hydrogen atom on the amino-N atom and possessing glycine, D-alanine, or one of their derivatives as an amino acid moiety served well as substrates for N carbamoylsarcosine amidohydrolase. N-Carbamoylsarcosine, N-methyl-N-carbamoyl-D alanine, N-carbamoylglycine, and N-carbamoyl-D-alanine were hydrolyzed at relative rates of 100, 12.8, 9.8, and 7.3, respectively, by the enzyme. N Carbamoyl derivatives of D-tryptophan, D-phenylalanine, and those of some other amino acids including D-phenylglycine and p-hydroxy-D-phenylglycine were also hydrolyzed by the enzyme. For the L-isomers of all N-carbamoyl amino acids tested there was no production of ammonia, carbon dioxide, or the corresponding amino acids due to the action of the enzyme. Cupric, mercuric, and silver ions inhibited the enzyme strongly, and some thiol reagents were also found to be inhibitory. PMID- 3745169 TI - Resistance to copper toxicity of cultured hepatoma cells. Characterization of resistant cell lines. AB - A series of four cell lines resistant to the toxic effect of copper were developed from Morris rat hepatoma cells by gradually increasing the concentration of copper in the growth medium. The EC50, that concentration of copper that kills and/or inhibits the growth of 50% of the cells after 72 h, increased 4-fold over that for wild type cells in the most resistant cell line. These cells were also resistant to zinc, cadmium, and mercury toxicity, but not to nickel or cobalt. The amount of copper in the soluble protein pool of the resistant cells increased proportionally with the concentration of copper in the medium in which they were maintained. Associated with copper accumulation was the production of an 18-kDa cysteine-rich protein which complexes a significant amount of the metal. It is suggested that resistance to copper toxicity is due to sequestration of the metal by this protein. When resistant cells were removed from the copper-enriched environment, cellular copper levels rapidly fell to that observed for wild type cells, but no reduction in either the EC50 or the level of the cysteine-rich protein was noted. This suggests that a permanent change responsible for copper resistance had occurred which is maintained in the absence of the metal. PMID- 3745170 TI - The sequential transfer of internalized, cell surface sialoglycoconjugates through the lysosomes and Golgi complex in HeLa cells. AB - Surface sialoglycoproteins of HeLa cells were labeled by NaB[3H]4 reduction after oxidation with NaIO4, yielding seven major radioactive bands as visualized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. When labeled cells are reincubated in growth medium, all of these major classes of glycoproteins are internalized and all but one (105 kDa) are recycled, i.e. subsequently reappear on the surface. The surface-labeling patterns over time remain qualitatively similar, but changes in relative specific activity of the bands suggest some preferential degradation of individual glycoproteins. Analytical fractionation at various time points after labeling suggests that the surface molecules pass through the lysosomal compartment and subsequently accumulate in the Golgi and Golgi-related compartments before returning to the surface. Inhibition of lysosomal function with chloroquine or NH4Cl prevents the accumulation and subsequent recycling. The pathway is confirmed with preparative fractionation into surface membrane, prelysosomal, lysosomal, Golgi, and Golgi related compartments. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis demonstrates a degree of preferential handling of the glycoproteins on this pathway, e.g. the 180-kDa band is relatively reduced at the endocytic/prelysosomal stage and the 105-kDa band appears to be degraded in its first passage through the lysosomes. The other bands recycle 10-20 times before being degraded. PMID- 3745171 TI - Purification and characterization of the membrane-form variant surface glycoprotein hydrolase of Trypanosoma brucei. AB - The conversion of the membrane-form variant surface glycoprotein (mfVSG) of the unicellular parasitic flagellate Trypanosoma brucei to soluble variant surface glycoprotein and sn-1,2-dimyristoyl glycerol is catalyzed by an endogeneous, membrane bound phospholipase C-like hydrolase. Using a monoclonal antibody against the enzyme the hydrolase was purified 3,000-fold with a yield of 32%. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 39,000 as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The rate with which mfVSG hydrolase cleaves phosphatidylinositol is 170 times lower than the cleavage rate for mfVSG, whereas phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine cannot serve as substrates. Reconstitution experiments into phospholipid vesicles show that the enzyme can hydrolyze mfVSG when present in the same phospholipid bilayer but not when present in separate bilayers. PMID- 3745172 TI - Immunological analysis of the polypeptide structure of calf thymus DNA polymerase primase complex. AB - Five major polypeptides are found in immunoaffinity-purified calf thymus DNA polymerase-DNA primase complex: 185, 160, 68, 55, and 48 kDa. Individual polypeptides purified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were used to produce antibodies in rabbits to aid in identifying the relationships between these polypeptides by immunoblotting and enzyme neutralization procedures. Immunoblot analyses showed that the 160-kDa peptide is derived from the 185-kDa peptide and the 48-kDa peptide is derived from the 68 kDa peptide while antibodies to the 55-kDa peptide do not cross-react with other peptides found in the complex. Direct enzyme neutralization studies demonstrated that antibodies to 185- and 160-kDa peptides inhibit DNA polymerase activity in the complex, confirming earlier suggestions that these peptides are the catalytic peptides for DNA polymerase. DNA primase activity in the complex is inhibited by antibodies to 68-, 55-, and 48-kDa peptides and to a lesser extent by antibodies to the 160-kDa peptide. Free DNA primase isolated from the complex was estimated to have a native molecular weight of about 110,000. The 55- and 48-kDa peptides are found to be associated with the free primase activity. Rabbit antibodies to both 55- and 48-kDa peptides are inhibitory to this primase activity. From these results we suggest that the native calf thymus DNA polymerase-DNA primase complex contains only three unique peptides with the 185-kDa peptide as the catalytic peptide of DNA polymerase and the 55- and 68-kDa peptides constituting the primase peptides. A model illustrating the roles of these peptides in initiation and replication of DNA is presented. PMID- 3745173 TI - Post-translational processing in Xenopus oocytes includes carboxyl-terminal amidation. AB - Xenopus oocytes are versatile cells capable of carrying out many post translational processes. Although previously reported not to be capable of C terminal amidation, this report demonstrates that Xenopus oocytes do indeed have an amidating enzyme. The amidating activity from Xenopus ovaries is compared to the known amidating activity found in porcine pituitaries. The demonstration of C terminal amidation by Xenopus oocytes extends their usefulness in studying post translational events. PMID- 3745174 TI - Turnover of cyclic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. Phosphate flux in P1- and H2-limited chemostat cultures. AB - The archaebacterium Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum was grown at 65 degrees C in H2- and Pi-limited chemostat cultures at dilution rates corresponding to 3- and 4-h doubling times, respectively. Under these conditions the steady state concentration of cyclic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate was 44 mM in the H2-limited cells and 13 mM in the cells grown under Pi limitation. Flux of Pi into the cyclic pyrophosphate pool was estimated by two 32P-labeling procedures: approach to isotopic equilibrium and replacement of prelabeled cyclic diphosphoglycerate with unlabeled compound. The results unequivocally demonstrate turnover of the phosphoryl groups; either both phosphoryl groups of the cyclic pyrophosphate leave together or the second leaves at a faster rate. The half-life of the rate determining step for loss of the phosphoryl groups was approximately equal to the culture doubling time. The Pi flowing into the cyclic diphosphoglycerate pool accounted for 19% of the total Pi flux into Pi-limited cells and 43% of the total for H2-limited cells. The high phosphate flux through the large cyclic diphosphoglycerate pool suggests that this molecule plays an important role in the phosphorus metabolism of this methanogen. PMID- 3745175 TI - Isolation and characterization of a putative endogenous benzodiazepineoid (endozepine) from bovine and human brain. AB - A protein termed endozepine (EP) which inhibits the binding of benzodiazepines to synaptosomal membranes (Ki approximately 5 microM) has been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from bovine and human brain using acidic ethanol/chloroform extraction, Bio-Sil TSK-250 gel permeation chromatography, and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatographies. Bovine and human EP are single-chain polypeptides and have molecular weights of approximately 10,000. Both proteins are very hydrophilic and contain an abundance of lysine, glutamic, and aspartic residues. Antisera prepared against bovine EP have been used to develop a sensitive radioimmunoassay for the detection of EP in tissue and body fluids. EP immunoreactivity is widely distributed in mammalian tissues, body fluids, and various cell lines. Substantial variation in the concentrations of EP is observed in different regions of the brain. PMID- 3745176 TI - Autophosphorylation of the insulin receptor in vitro. Designation of phosphorylation sites and correlation with receptor kinase activation. AB - Chemical degradation and antipeptide antibodies were used to study alterations in the structure and function of the human placental insulin receptor following autophosphorylation in vitro. Antibodies elicited to residues 1143-1162 (P2) of the human insulin proreceptor immunoprecipitated the native, phosphorylated receptor but not the unphosphorylated receptor. Since this antibody recognizes both forms of the receptor on immunoblots, it was concluded that the accessibility of the P2 domain to the antibody is increased by in vitro autophosphorylation. Chemical cleavage at either tryptophan or methionine residues followed by immunoprecipitation with antipeptide antibodies was used to map the in vitro autophosphorylation sites of the beta subunit of the insulin receptor. Two phosphorylated fragments were resolved. One, recognized by antibody elicited to amino acid residues 1328-1343 (P5), is derived from the carboxyl terminus of the beta subunit and includes tyrosine 1316. The other, recognized by antibody to P2, is located in a domain that includes tyrosine 1150. The rate of phosphorylation of this latter site correlates with the rate of activation of the insulin receptor kinase during in vitro autophosphorylation. The results support the following conclusions: autophosphorylation alters the conformation of the beta subunit of the insulin receptor; autophosphorylation in vitro leads to phosphorylation of tyrosine residues near the carboxyl terminus of the protein and in the P2 domain that includes tyrosine 1150; activation of the insulin receptor kinase correlates with autophosphorylation of the domain containing tyrosine 1150. PMID- 3745177 TI - Substrate recognition by a sucrose transporting protein. AB - Protoplasts derived from developing soybean cotyledons were used to study substrate recognition by a sucrose transporting protein in plant membranes. When used as alternate substrate inhibitors of [14C] sucrose influx, five different fructosyl-substituted sucrose derivatives, phenyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, and phenyl-alpha-D-thioglucopyranoside proved to bind effectively to the sucrose carrier-active site. These results are interpreted to indicate that a large portion of substrate recognition by this carrier may arise from the interaction of a relatively hydrophobic portion of the sucrose molecule and a hydrophobic region of the carrier protein binding site. Binding of phenyl-alpha-D thioglucopyranosides in which various substitutions were made for the glucosyl hydroxyls shows that the glucosyl hydroxyls at positions 3, 4, and 6 are involved in substrate recognition by the carrier protein. PMID- 3745178 TI - Interfacial reaction dynamics and acyl-enzyme mechanism for lipoprotein lipase catalyzed hydrolysis of lipid p-nitrophenyl esters. AB - The fatty acyl (lipid) p-nitrophenyl esters p-nitrophenyl caprylate, p nitrophenyl laurate and p-nitrophenyl palmitate that are incorporated at a few mol % into mixed micelles with Triton X-100 are substrates for bovine milk lipoprotein lipase. When the concentration of components of the mixed micelles is approximately equal to or greater than the critical micelle concentration, time courses for lipoprotein lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of the esters are described by the integrated form of the Michaelis-Menten equation. Least square fitting to the integrated equation therefore allows calculation of the interfacial kinetic parameters Km and Vmax from single runs. The computational methodology used to determine the interfacial kinetic parameters is described in this paper and is used to determine the intrinsic substrate fatty acyl specificity of lipoprotein lipase catalysis, which is reflected in the magnitude of kcat/Km and kcat. The results for interfacial lipoprotein lipase catalysis, along with previously determined kinetic parameters for the water-soluble esters p-nitrophenyl acetate and p-nitrophenyl butyrate, indicate that lipoprotein lipase has highest specificity for the substrates that have fatty acyl chains of intermediate length (i.e. p-nitrophenyl butyrate and p-nitrophenyl caprylate). The fatty acid products do not cause product inhibition during lipoprotein lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of lipid p-nitrophenyl esters that are contained in Triton X-100 micelles. The effects of the nucleophiles hydroxylamine, hydrazine, and ethylenediamine on Km and Vmax for lipoprotein lipase catalyzed hydrolysis of p nitrophenyl laurate are consistent with trapping of a lauryl-lipoprotein lipase intermediate. This mechanism is confirmed by analysis of the product lauryl hydroxamate when hydroxylamine is the nucleophile. Hence, lipoprotein lipase catalyzed hydrolysis of lipid p-nitrophenyl esters that are contained in Triton X 100 micelles occurs via an interfacial acyl-lipoprotein lipase mechanism that is rate-limited by hydrolysis of the acyl-enzyme intermediate. PMID- 3745179 TI - Phosphorylation of Avena phytochrome in vitro as a probe of light-induced conformational changes. AB - A polycation-dependent protein kinase was found to be associated with purified phytochrome preparations from etiolated Avena seedlings. This kinase and three mammalian protein kinases, the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, cGMP-dependent protein kinase, and a Ca2+-activated phospholipid dependent protein kinase, were used to probe light-induced conformational changes in 124-kilodalton Avena phytochrome in vitro. The red absorbing form of phytochrome (Pr) was found to be a substrate for all four protein kinases. Although the far-red absorbing form of phytochrome (Pfr) was as good a substrate as Pr with the cAMP-dependent protein kinase, the Pfr form was poorly phosphorylated by the other three protein kinases. Serine is the major amino acid residue phosphorylated on phytochrome regardless of the form of phytochrome used as substrate. Peptide mapping revealed that the sites of phosphorylation catalyzed by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase differ for Pr and Pfr forms of phytochrome. For the Pr form, the preferred site(s) of phosphorylation was near the amino terminus of the 124-kilodalton subunit. Upon photo-conversion to Pfr, this site can no longer be phosphorylated easily and a new phosphorylation site in the COOH-terminal nonchromophore domain of the molecule becomes accessible to the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. These studies of the phosphorylation of phytochrome provide a new means to study the effect of light absorption by phytochrome on the molecular conformation of the protein. The potential physiological implications of differential phosphorylation of Pr and Pfr await elucidation. PMID- 3745180 TI - The two-photon laser-induced fluorescence of the tumor-localizing photosensitizer hematoporphyrin derivative. Resonance-enhanced 750 nm two-photon excitation into the near-UV Soret band. AB - The tumor-localizing photosensitizer hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) is shown to undergo a simultaneous two-photon excitation into the near-ultraviolet Soret band system upon intense laser irradiation at 750 nm, a spectral region where there is no significant HPD one-photon absorbance in aqueous solution. Subsequent to this excitation, internal conversion and vibrational relaxation occur, resulting in the population of the vibrationless level of the first electronically excited singlet state. This state relaxes by two channels, the emission of fluorescence in the spectral region 600-700 nm and intersystem crossing into the triplet manifold, followed by near-resonant electronic energy transfer with surrounding oxygen to result in the generation of highly reactive singlet molecular oxygen (1 delta g). Evidence for the two-photon excitation consists in the observation both of the HPD fluorescence spectrum in the region of 615 nm as a result of 750 nm excitation and the quadratic dependence of this fluorescence emission intensity upon the excitation laser intensity. Since, in general, the penetration depth of ultraviolet and visible light into tissue varies directly with wavelength (red penetrating more deeply than blue), these studies suggest the possibility that two-photon-induced localization of tumor-bound HPD might facilitate the detection of deeper lying tumors than allowed by the current one-photon photolocalization method. PMID- 3745181 TI - Antioxidant protection of phospholipid bilayers by alpha-tocopherol. Control of alpha-tocopherol status and lipid peroxidation by ascorbic acid and glutathione. AB - Factors affecting the balance between pro- and antioxidant effects of ascorbic acid and glutathione were studied in soybean phosphatidylcholine liposomes challenged with Fe2+/H2O2. Effective antioxidant protection by alpha-tocopherol appeared to be due to efficient reaction with lipid oxy-radicals in the bilayer rather than to interception of initiating oxygen radicals. At concentrations above a threshold level of approximately 0.2 mol % (based on phospholipid content), alpha-tocopherol completely suppressed lipid oxy-radical propagation, which was measured as malondialdehyde production. Both ascorbic acid and glutathione, alone or in combination, enhanced lipid oxy-radical propagation. Alpha-Tocopherol, incorporated into liposomes at concentrations above its threshold protective level, reversed the pro-oxidant effects of 0.1-1.0 mM ascorbic acid but not those of glutathione. Ascorbic acid also prevented alpha tocopherol depletion. The combination of ascorbic acid and subthreshold levels of alpha-tocopherol only temporarily suppressed lipid oxy-radical propagation and did not maintain the alpha-tocopherol level. Glutathione antagonized the antioxidant action of the alpha-tocopherol/ascorbic acid combination regardless of alpha-tocopherol concentration. These observations indicate that membrane alpha-tocopherol status can control the balance between pro- and antioxidant effects of ascorbic acid. The data also provide the most direct evidence to date that ascorbic acid interacts directly with components of the phospholipid bilayer. PMID- 3745182 TI - Identification of a glycolipid precursor of the Trypanosoma brucei variant surface glycoprotein. AB - The variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) of Trypanosoma brucei has a glycolipid covalently attached to its C terminus. This glycolipid, which anchors the protein to the cell membrane, is attached to the VSG polypeptide within 1 min after translation (Bangs, J. D. Hereld, D., Krakow, J.L., Hart, G. W., and Englund, P. T. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 82, 3207-3211). This rapid processing suggests that, prior to incorporation, the glycolipid may exist in the cell as a preformed precursor which is transferred to the VSG polypeptide en bloc. We have isolated a molecule which has properties consistent with it being a VSG glycolipid precursor. It is highly polar and can be labeled by [3H] myristate but not by [3H]palmitate. It reaches steady state during continuous labeling with [3H]myristate and shows rapid turnover in pulse-chase experiments, suggesting that it is a metabolic intermediate rather than an end product. When treated with HNO2 it liberates phosphatidylinositol, as does VSG (Ferguson, M. A. J., Low, M. G., and Cross, G. A. M. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 14547-14555). Also, like VSG, it releases a compound which co-migrates on thin layer chromatography with dimyristylglycerol when treated with the purified endogenous phospholipase C from trypanosomes. After treatment with this lipase, the putative precursor can be immunoprecipitated by antibodies directed against the C-terminal cross-reactive antigenic determinant of the VSG. These data provide strong evidence that this glycolipid is a VSG precursor. PMID- 3745183 TI - Removal of ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase from thylakoid membranes, rebinding to depleted membranes, and identification of the binding site. AB - Ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase associates with thylakoid membranes into two pools of different binding strength that are experimentally distinguished on the basis of resistance to removal by washes in low ionic strength media. The nondenaturing zwitterionic detergent 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1 propanesulfonic acid is uniquely able to remove the more tightly bound pool of enzyme, without solubilization of major membrane proteins. The reconstitution of reductase onto depleted thylakoid membranes requires available membrane binding sites and cations, in order of effectiveness trivalent greater than divalent greater than monovalent. The hetero/bifunctional 125I-iodinated Denny-Jaffe cross linking reagent yields a 54-kDa, covalently cross-linked adduct between ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase and a component of the thylakoid membrane. Our results show that the more tightly bound pool of enzyme is associated with the 17.5-kDa reductase-binding protein (Vallejos, R. H., Ceccarelli, E., and Chan, R. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 8048-8051). PMID- 3745184 TI - Conformational control of ovoperoxidase catalysis in the sea urchin fertilization membrane. AB - The ovoperoxidase-catalyzed oxidation of iodide has been investigated as a function of pH for the homogeneous enzyme and for ovoperoxidase incorporated into several forms of the egg fertilization membrane. The pH dependent hysteresis previously observed in purified ovoperoxidase (Deits, T. L., Shapiro, B. M. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 7882-7888) is entirely absent in ovoperoxidase incorporated into the mature fertilization membrane, where the enzyme is bound noncovalently in vivo. The pH activity profile of ovoperoxidase incorporated into the mature fertilization membrane closely resembles the profile observed only transiently in purified ovoperoxidase subjected to a rapid downward pH shift. These observations can be accounted for by our previously presented mechanism for ovoperoxidase hysteresis (ibid.). We hypothesize that ovoperoxidase, upon incorporation into the fertilization membrane, is restricted to a limited subset of the conformational states available to the purified enzyme. This matrix dependent conformational restriction is a novel control mechanism that serves to enhance the catalytic activity of ovoperoxidase upon its assembly into the fertilization membrane and thereby modulates ovoperoxidase catalysis in the vicinity of the developing egg. PMID- 3745185 TI - The uptake of oxalate by rat liver and kidney mitochondria. AB - Oxalate, a metabolic end product, forms calcium oxalate deposits in the tissues under a variety of pathological conditions. In order to determine whether oxalate is able to penetrate the mitochondrial matrix, the uptake of oxalate by rat liver and kidney cortical mitochondria was characterized. Mitochondria did not swell in an iso-osmotic medium of ammonium oxalate unless a small amount of phosphate was provided. This phosphate-induced swelling was prevented by N-ethylmaleimide. The uptake of [14C]oxalate by liver and kidney mitochondria followed first order kinetics and was inhibited by mersalyl an inhibitor of the phosphate and dicarboxylate carriers. Accumulation of [14C]oxalate at equilibrium was significantly higher by mitochondria energized with succinate than by rotenone inhibited mitochondria due to higher matrix pH as determined by the [14C]5,5' dimethyloxazolidine-2, 4-dione distribution ratio. The velocity of oxalate accumulation by mitochondria was temperature dependent. The activation energy was 81.5 and 86.5 J/mol for liver and kidney mitochondria, respectively. In both types of mitochondria, the rate of oxalate uptake was hyperbolic with respect to the concentration of oxalate. The apparent Km was 28.8 +/- 0.6 and 13.4 +/- 1.2 mM and the Vmax 87.1 +/- 1.1 and 66.1 +/- 3.1 nmol X mg-1 X min-1 at 12 degrees C for liver and kidney mitochondria, respectively. Phenylsuccinate exhibited mixed inhibition of the rate of oxalate uptake. Oxalate exhibited also a mixed inhibition of the uptake and oxidation of malate by mitochondria. The data obtained provide evidence that oxalate is transported across the mitochondrial membrane by a phosphate-linked, carrier-mediated system similar to or identical to the dicarboxylate transporter. PMID- 3745186 TI - Characterization of the molecular forms of proenkephalin in bovine adrenal medulla and rat adrenal, brain, and spinal cord with a site-directed antiserum. AB - An antiserum was generated against a synthetic peptide corresponding to amino acids 95-117 of bovine proenkephalin, and a sensitive radioimmunoassay was developed. Comparison of the reactivities of the synthetic peptide, its specific cleavage products, and other synthetic peptides showed that the important immunological determinant was contained within residues 101-109 of bovine proenkephalin (-Gly-Gly-Glu-Val-Leu-Gly-Lys-Arg-Tyr-). Radioimmunoassay of fractions after gel filtration of bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin granule lysate showed three pools of immunoreactivity: pool 1 (Mr 20,000-30,000), pool 2 (Mr 10,000-20,000), and pool 3 (Mr approximately 5,000). Further characterization by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by immunoblotting showed that the antiserum recognized 27-, 20.5-, 16.5-, and 5.6 kilodalton enkephalin-containing proteins. The radioimmunoassay was also used to detect proenkephalin-like material in extracts of rat adrenal and regions of rat brain and spinal cord following gel filtration. Immunoreactivity from the rat adrenal chromatographed predominantly as high molecular weight material (Mr 31,500-43,500), whereas material in regions of rat brain showed a broader molecular weight distribution (Mr 4,000-43,500). This indicated differences in the processing of proenkephalin between rat adrenal and brain tissue. Differences were also seen in the molecular weight profile of immunoreactivity in different brain regions, most noticeable in the case of striatum and hypothalamus, suggesting regional differences in processing. Based on quantitation of higher molecular weight immunoreactive proenkephalin-like material and free Met enkephalin immunoreactivity in different brain regions, it was apparent that extensive processing of proenkephalin occurs in brain. We concluded that antisera against proenkephalin-(95-117) recognize a wide range of intermediates in the processing of proenkephalin in both bovine adrenal medulla and rat adrenal, brain, and spinal cord, making it a useful tool for further studies concerned with the expression and post-translational processing of proenkephalin. PMID- 3745187 TI - Mechanism of in vitro collagen fibril assembly. Kinetic and morphological studies. AB - The kinetics of in vitro fibril assembly of Type I collagen preparations that contain different amounts of covalently cross-linked oligomers was studied with turbidimetry. Fibril formation showed a lag phase with no solution turbidity and a growth phase with a sigmoidal increase in the solution turbidity. The length of the lag phase was inversely related to both the total collagen concentration and the amount of covalently cross-linked oligomers in the solution. Double logarithmic plots of t1/4, the amount of time it takes for 1/4 of the collagen to assemble into fibrils, versus the total collagen concentration were linear but the slope decreased from -0.84 to -2.3 with decreasing amounts of covalently cross-linked oligomers in the samples. Electron microscopy showed the formation of unbanded microfibrils with diameters in the range of 3-15 nm early in the lag phase and larger diameter banded fibrils coexisting with the microfibrils near the end of the lag phase. Centrifugation of the solution at the lag phase prolonged the lag time, presumably by removal of microfibrils, but subsequent growth of the fibrils was unaffected. The results suggest a cooperative nucleation-growth mechanism for the in vitro assembly of collagen fibrils which is consistent with the results of an equilibrium study of the fibril assembly reaction we reported earlier (Na, G. C., Butz, L. J., Bailey, D. G., and Carroll, R. J. (1986) Biochemistry 25, 958-966). PMID- 3745188 TI - Kinetics of inhibition and binding of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide to the 82,000 dalton mitochondrial K+/H+ antiporter. AB - Inhibition of K+/H+ antiport by N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in Mg2+ depleted mitochondria follows first order kinetics, exhibiting a half-time of 13 min when mitochondria are incubated with 50 nmol/mg inhibitor at 0 degrees C. 14C radiolabeled N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide binds to the 82,000-dalton protein, and the second order rate constant for binding is found to be approximately the same as the second order rate constant for inhibition. These findings provide additional confirmation of the identification of this porter with the 82,000 dalton protein and permit us to estimate that rat liver mitochondria contain about 8 pmol/mg of K+/H+ antiporter with a turnover number of 700 s-1. The K+/H+ antiporter of rat liver mitochondria is protected from N,N' dicyclohexylcarbodiimide inhibition and binding by quinine and by endogenous Mg2+. An 82,000-dalton, [14C]N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-binding protein is also observed in rat liver submitochondrial particles, establishing this as an integral protein of the inner membrane. Submitochondrial particles, presumed to be inverted in membrane orientation, are protected from radiolabeling by external Mg2+, supporting the contention that the Mg2+ binding site is localized to the matrix side of the K+/H+ antiporter. PMID- 3745189 TI - An auxiliary protein for DNA polymerase-delta from fetal calf thymus. AB - An auxiliary protein which affects the ability of calf thymus DNA polymerase delta to utilize template/primers containing long stretches of single-stranded template has been purified to homogeneity from the same tissue. The auxiliary protein coelutes with DNA polymerase-delta on DEAE-cellulose and phenyl-agarose chromatography but is separated from the polymerase on phosphocellulose chromatography. The physical and functional properties of the auxiliary protein strongly resemble those of the beta subunit of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. A molecular weight of 75,000 has been calculated from a sedimentation coefficient of 5.0 s and a Stokes radius of 36.5 A. A single band of 37,000 daltons is seen on sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, suggesting that the protein exists as a dimer of identical subunits. The purified protein has no detectable DNA polymerase, primase, ATPase, or nuclease activity. The ability of DNA polymerase-delta to replicate gapped duplex DNA is relatively unaffected by the presence of the auxiliary protein, however, it is required to replicate templates with low primer/template ratios, e.g. poly(dA)/oligo(dT) (20:1), primed M13 DNA, and denatured calf thymus DNA. The auxiliary protein is specific for DNA polymerase-delta; it has no effect on the activity of calf thymus DNA polymerase-alpha or the Klenow fragment of E. coli DNA polymerase I with primed homopolymer templates. Although the auxiliary protein does not bind to either single-stranded or double-stranded DNA, it does increase the binding of DNA polymerase-delta to poly(dA)/oligo(dT), suggesting that the auxiliary protein interacts with the polymerase in the presence of template/primer, stabilizing the polymerase-template/primer complex. PMID- 3745190 TI - Substructure of skeletal myosin subfragment 1. Preferential destabilization of a domain by methanol and its effect on catalytic activity. AB - Evidence is presented that in increasing concentrations of methanol the structure of the subfragment 1 is perturbed in such a way that the Mr = 50,000 central portion of the associated heavy chain is preferentially unfolded. This unfolding is accompanied by the loss in ATPase function where the rate of inactivation can be correlated with the loss in the amount of the Mr = 50,000 fragment generated under standard tryptic digestion conditions. The residual protein appears to be a soluble aggregate of a complex of the Mr = 27,000, 21,000, and light chain with no intact Mr = 50,000 fragment. Tryptic digestions in the presence of MgATP are restricted to the usual linker regions and the Mr = 50,000 fragment is completely protected from attack. Binding of actin to subfragment 1 also results in the protection of the Mr = 50,000 segment and of the Mr = 50,000/21,000 junction from tryptic attack. The data suggest that, in terms of methanolic perturbation, the subfragment 1 appears to be comprised of two domains with differential stability. One domain appears to be the central Mr = 50,000 segment of the heavy chain which is preferentially unfolded by methanol and requires the presence of MgATP or of actin for stabilization. The other domain is more stable and appears to consist of the interacting Mr = 27,000, 21,000, and light chain. The results also suggest that the integrity of the Mr = 50,000 segment is essential for the ATPase function of the protein. PMID- 3745191 TI - Specific postsynaptic density proteins bind tubulin and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II. AB - Cytoskeletal interactions which contribute to the assembly of the postsynaptic density (PSD) were investigated. PSDs bound 125I-tubulin specifically with an apparent Km of 2 X 10(-7) M and a Bmax of about 1 nmol/mg of protein. 125I Tubulin blots revealed that a group of polypeptides between Mr 135,000 and 147,000 (P-140) was a major tubulin-binding PSD component. The P-140 polypeptides were highly enriched in the PSD fraction of purified synaptosomes and could not be detected in crude brain cytoplasm preparations. These polypeptides were subject to phosphorylation by endogenous calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II, with a concomitant reduction in 125I-tubulin binding. The tubulin-binding polypeptides could also associate with the radiolabeled alpha- and beta-subunits of the calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. These observations are consistent with a role for the P-140 polypeptides in organizing the molecular structure of the PSD. The data also suggest that this structure may be modified by Ca2+ sensitive phosphorylation, thus permitting neuronal activity to modulate the cytoskeletal interactions of the PSD. PMID- 3745192 TI - The action of chymotrypsin on nucleosome cores. Histone products and conformational effects of limited digestion. AB - alpha-Chymotrypsin was used to probe accessible hydrophobic amino acid residues in nucleosome cores. Small amounts of chymotrypsin rapidly and selectively cleaved at leucine 20 of histone H3. Cleavage at this site caused partial unfolding of the nucleosome core at low ionic strengths indicated by a small decrease in sedimentation coefficient and increase in circular dichroism in the 265-285-nm range. Unfolding did not occur at moderate ionic strengths, probably because of more effective electrolyte screening of residual negative charge on the nucleosome core. More extensive treatment with chymotrypsin partially degraded other core histones in nucleosome cores at similar rates. The primary sites of cleavage were assigned to Leu115 of H2a, Val18 or Gln22 of H2b, and Leu10 plus Leu22 of H4. We conclude that these primary sites of chymotrypsin cleavage of the four core histones lie on or near the nucleosome core surface, while the large number of other hydrophobic histone residues located in more central sequences must be inaccessible. Extensive chymotrypsin treatment yielded a set of "limit" products approximately 80-100 residues long that were similar to the limit products of trypsin digestion. Sedimentation coefficients and circular dichroism spectra of nucleosome cores treated to near limits with chymotrypsin or chymotrypsin followed by trypsin were not consistent with significant unfolding of the proteolyzed cores at moderate ionic strength. These results indicate that the amino-terminal 20-30 residues of H2b, H3, and H4 and the amino- and carboxyl terminal approximately 12 residues of H2a, in toto, interact weakly if at all with DNA of isolated nucleosome cores. These histone termini stabilize less than two turns and perhaps only one turn on each DNA terminus. PMID- 3745193 TI - Mitochondrial gene expression in mammalian striated muscle. Evidence that variation in gene dosage is the major regulatory event. AB - The oxidative capacity of mammalian striated muscles can vary markedly over a nearly 10-fold range, reflecting major differences in the expression of genes that encode enzymes of oxidative metabolism, including genes located exclusively within mitochondrial DNA. To clarify the regulatory events that govern expression of mitochondrial genes in striated muscle, nucleic acid hybridization procedures employing cloned segments of mitochondrial DNA as probes were utilized to determine the concentrations of mitochondrial DNA, mitochondrial ribosomal RNA, and cytochrome b mRNA (a mitochondrial gene product) in rabbit striated muscles of markedly different oxidative capacities. When cardiac muscle and Type I (red, oxidative) skeletal muscle were compared to Type II (white, glycolytic) skeletal muscle, mitochondrial DNA, mitochondrial ribosomal RNA, and cytochrome b mRNA, each increased in direct proportion to increases in oxidative capacity. Furthermore, when the phenotypic characteristics of Type II skeletal muscle were altered by electrical stimulation in vivo, mitochondrial DNA, mitochondrial rRNA, and cytochrome b mRNA also increased proportionately with increases in oxidative capacity. These results indicate that the expression of mitochondrial genes in mammalian striated muscle is proportionate to their copy number, and support the hypothesis that amplification of the mitochondrial genome relative to chromosomal DNA is an important feature underlying enhanced expression of mitochondrial genes in highly oxidative tissues. PMID- 3745194 TI - Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of the asialoglycoprotein receptor in normal and neoplastic rat liver. AB - We have previously shown that immunologically detectable cell surface asialoglycoprotein (ASGP) receptors are decreased or absent in proliferating in vivo hepatocytes, such as in developing, regenerating, preneoplastic, and neoplastic liver samples. We now show that this decrease is the result of a post transcriptional mechanism(s), since specific ASGP receptor transcripts are quantitatively unaltered in the above samples based on Northern blot analysis using a specific cDNA ASGP receptor probe. In primary hepatomas, the major, minor, or both ASGP receptor transcripts are translated into functional protein since specific binding of I125 asialoorsomucoid to total hepatoma homogenates is identical to normal liver. However, Western blot analysis using a polyclonal antibody directed against the ASGP receptor indicated that peptides corresponding to RHL-2 and RHL-3 are present at increased levels in the cytosol fraction of primary hepatoma cells, whereas the RHL-1 species is not detectable in either the plasma membrane, microsomal, or cytosol fractions of these cells. We also show that ASGP receptor activity can be modulated by transcriptional mechanisms, since primary rat hepatocytes cultured for 24 h have decreased ASGP receptor transcripts. In addition, Morris hepatoma 7777 cells, either in culture or growing as a transplantable tumor in vivo, have no detectable ASGP receptor transcripts, while still retaining the ASGP receptor gene. PMID- 3745195 TI - Secondary structure of calsequestrin in solutions and in crystals as determined by Raman spectroscopy. AB - Calsequestrin has been precipitated with calcium into five different crystal forms: cruciform twins, flat rectangles, thin needles, bipyramids, rectangular prisms, and a sixth precrystalline form, spheres. Raman spectra of the spheres and the cruciform twins are the same. The Raman spectrum of a physiological concentration (10%) of calsequestrin in calcium-free solution is the same as the spectrum of calcium precipitated calsequestrin in the amide I region, and in the C-C stretching region, but these spectra are different in the amide III region. The Raman spectrum of unfolded calsequestrin in 5 M guanidine hydrochloride is quite different from the other spectra, but it is not similar to the spectra of other unfolded proteins. Estimates of secondary structure from the amide I region indicate that calsequestrin in calcium-free solution and calcium-precipitated forms has 40 +/- 5% helix, 30 +/- 4% beta-strand, and 18 +/- 2% reverse turn. Secondary structure estimates calculated from the amide III region are not significantly different. They indicate 41 +/- 5% helix and 36 +/- 6% beta-strand for the precipitated forms, and 32 +/- 5% helix and 39 +/- 6% beta-strand for solutions. Calsequestrin unfolded in 5 M guanidine hydrochloride at 100 mg/ml gives 24 +/- 5% helix and 48 +/- 6% beta-strand. PMID- 3745196 TI - Characterization of the human beta-crystallin gene Hu beta A3/A1 reveals ancestral relationships among the beta gamma-crystallin superfamily. AB - We report here the detailed structure of a human beta-crystallin gene, designated Hu beta A3/A1, which was isolated and characterized using homologous mouse and bovine beta-crystallin cDNAs. Hu beta A3/A1 consists of six exons, spanning approximately 8 kilobases. The first two exons code for an N-terminal extension of 32 amino acid residues, while the other four encode the four similar structural motifs of the predicted polypeptide. Sequence homologies among the latter four exons and their intron-exon junctions support a model of gene evolution based on two successive exon duplications. Transcription of Hu beta A3/A1 in the eye lens initiates 24 base pairs downstream of a putative TATA box and just 7 nucleotides upstream of a potential initiation codon, generating a single mRNA of approximately 1 kilobase. Comparison of Hu beta A3/A1 with the homologous bovine cDNA and the translation products of the corresponding bovine gene suggests that translation of Hu beta A3/A1 commences at either of two potential initiation codons located in the first and second exons. Differential use of these two codons predicts two polypeptides differing by the presence or absence of 17 amino acid residues at their N-termini. PMID- 3745197 TI - Phosphorylation of the cardiac muscarinic receptor in intact chick heart and its regulation by a muscarinic agonist. AB - We have tested the possibility that regulation of cardiac muscarinic receptor function may involve receptor phosphorylation. Chick heart muscarinic receptors were purified from relatively small amounts of tissue to near homogeneity using a three-step chromatographic procedure that utilized the affinity chromatography procedure of Haga and Haga (Haga, K., and Haga, T. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 13575-13579). The purified preparations contained a single major peptide which migrated on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels with an apparent Mr of 79,000. When receptors were purified from 32P-bathed hearts, a single major phosphopeptide eluted from the affinity column and comigrated on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels with the band of stained receptor. Treatment of hearts with the agonist carbachol led to marked increases (10-12-fold) in the phosphorylation of the receptor. The results show that the muscarinic receptor is a phosphoprotein in cardiac tissue and that treatment with a receptor agonist regulates its phosphorylation in the intact cell. PMID- 3745198 TI - 10-Thiastearic acid inhibits both dihydrosterculic acid biosynthesis and growth of the protozoan Crithidia fasciculata. AB - 10-Thiastearic acid is a specific inhibitor of the biosynthesis of dihydrosterculic acid (9,10-methyleneoctadecanoic acid) in the trypanosomatid protozoan Crithidia fasciculata. A 50% inhibition of the biosynthesis of dihydrosterculate is observed in the presence of 4 microM 10-thiastearate in the protozoan growth medium, but little effect is seen on the distribution of the other fatty acids. In addition, the growth of the protozoa is slowed by the presence of 10-thiastearate, with 50% growth inhibition produced at about 10 microM. A possible mechanism of this inhibition and the implication of this result with regard to the design of antiprotozoal agents are discussed. PMID- 3745199 TI - The NH2-terminal sequence of the alpha and gamma subunits of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 and the phosphorylation site for the heme-regulated eIF-2 alpha kinase. AB - Rabbit reticulocyte eukaryotic initiation factor 2 was phosphorylated with the heme-regulated alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 kinase, and then the individual subunits were resolved by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms of the alpha subunit also were well resolved. The NH2-terminal sequences of intact alpha and gamma subunits were determined. No sequence was obtained from the beta subunit, suggesting that it may have a blocked NH2-terminus. Overlapping tryptic and chymotryptic phosphopeptides from the NH2-terminal sequence of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 were used to establish the order of amino acids 1-52 and localized the phosphorylation site within the sequence: -Leu-Leu-Ser48 Glu-Leu-Ser51-. Subdigestion of a tryptic fragment with chymotrypsin generated only phosphopeptides that appeared to terminate at leucine 50, indicating phosphorylation at serine 48. PMID- 3745200 TI - Isolation and partial characterization of human cell mutants differing in sensitivity to killing and mutation by methylnitrosourea and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N nitrosoguanidine. AB - Isogenic variants resistant to alkylating agents have been isolated from the human lymphoblast cell line TK6. The cell lines may be divided into four classes on the basis of resistance to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). The sensitive TK6 parental line shows a 37% survival after 45-min exposure to 0.04 microM MNNG; the three classes of more resistant mutants show 37% survival after 45-min exposure to 2 microM (MF lines), 6 microM (MT lines), and greater than or equal to 10 microM (MX line) MNNG. A representative MF line, MF1, is resistant to both killing and mutation by MNNG or N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. An MT clone, MT1, is highly resistant to killing but hypermutable by MNNG. The MT1 line, like the parental TK6, does not remove O6-methylguanine adducts from the DNA. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that the MT1 line possesses a nonexcision pathway of defense against killing by alkylating agents. Rather than preventing alkylation of DNA or removing alkylated adducts, the MT1 cells appear to be tolerant of the adducts that are not removed from the DNA. PMID- 3745201 TI - Bile acid synthesis. Metabolism of 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid to chenodeoxycholic acid. AB - Metabolism of 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid to chenodeoxycholic acid has been found to occur in rabbits and humans, species that cannot 7 alpha-hydroxylate lithocholic acid. This novel pathway for chenodeoxycholic acid synthesis from 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid led to a reinvestigation of the pathway for chenodeoxycholic acid from 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid in the hamster. Simultaneous infusion of equimolar [1,2-3H]lithocholic acid and 3 beta-hydroxy-5 [14C]cholenoic acid indicated that the 14C enrichment of chenodeoxycholic acid was much greater than that of lithocholic acid. Thus, in all these species, a novel 7 alpha-hydroxylation pathway exists that prevents the deleterious biologic effects of 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid. PMID- 3745202 TI - Age-dependent accumulation of protein residues which can be hydrolyzed to D aspartic acid in human erythrocytes. AB - We have measured the rate of accumulation of amino acid residues in human erythrocyte membrane and cytosolic proteins which give D-aspartic acid upon acid hydrolysis. These residues would include D-aspartic acid, D-asparagine, as well as the beta-transpeptidation product, D-isoaspartic acid. Measurements made using age (density) fractionated cells indicate that racemization at these residues occurs on membrane proteins with a t1% (the time required to convert 1% to the D configuration) of about 38.6 days. Fractionation of membrane components revealed a faster rate of racemization for intrinsic proteins than for extrinsic proteins. On the other hand, significant age-dependent racemization was not detected for cytosolic proteins, and the calculated t1% value for these proteins is at least 4 times larger. These results suggest that in the 120-day life span of an erythrocyte, significant racemization of membrane (but not cytosolic) proteins can occur. We have also determined that the rates of accumulation of these residues for erythrocyte membrane and cytosolic proteins incubated in vitro are similar to those observed in vivo. These observations are discussed in terms of the possible cellular metabolism of racemized proteins. PMID- 3745203 TI - alpha-Amanitin uptake into hepatocytes. Identification of hepatic membrane transport systems used by amatoxins. AB - Hepatic transport studies with amatoxins, toxic bicyclic octapeptides from poisonous mushrooms of the genus Amanita were performed, using [(6'-O,1'-N di[3H]methyl)trp4]-alpha-amanitin and [(6'-O,1'-N-di-methyl)trp4]-[4 [3H]desmethyl)hyi3]-gamma-ama nitin. Uptake into hepatocytes from rat liver was inhibited by taurocholate and antamanide. Photoaffinity labeling studies with isolated hepatocytes and basolateral plasma membranes, using the sodium salt of (7,7-azo-3 alpha, 12 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-[3 beta-3H]cholan-24-oyl)-2- aminoethanesulfonic acid demonstrated that the presence of alpha-amanitin decreased the labeling of the two sinusoidal bile salt-binding membrane polypeptides with the apparent molecular weights of 54,000 and 48,000. In basolateral plasma membrane vesicles amanitin uptake was temperature-dependent and could be stimulated 1.5 to 2-fold by an out to in Na+ gradient as compared to a K+ gradient or sucrose and 2 to 2.5-fold as compared to amanitin equilibration (overshoot). Kinetic studies proved saturability of amanitin uptake in the presence and absence of a Na+ gradient. Membrane transport could be inhibited by taurocholate, antamanide, phalloidin, prednisolone, and silybin, but not by penicillin G or thioctic acid. Hepatic uptake of amatoxins is mediated by the sinusoidal bile salt-transport systems which are also involved in the uptake of antamanide and phalloidin. This supports the concept of a multispecificity of hepatic transport systems for a wide variety of amphipathic molecules. PMID- 3745204 TI - Human fibrinogen specifically binds hyaluronic acid. AB - Fibrin and hyaluronic acid (HA) are macromolecules whose concentrations are elevated at the same time in the extracellular space of damaged tissues. We have investigated whether HA can bind to fibrinogen using solid phase and soluble assays. Purified human fibrinogen specifically bound to HA-Sepharose to a greater extent (greater than 5-fold) than did alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, DNaseI, ovalbumin, haptoglobin, or lysozyme. Fibrinogen did not bind to ethanolamine Sepharose, a control chromatographic support. Treatment of HA-Sepharose containing bound 125I-fibrinogen with ovine testicular hyaluronidase released 44% of the 125I radioactivity, indicating that fibrinogen was specifically bound to HA. Moreover, 125I-fibrinogen bound to HA-Sepharose could be displaced by free HA but not by either of the monosaccharide components of this polymer, glucuronic acid, or N-acetylglucosamine. Chondroitin sulfate and polygalacturonic acid competed only weakly for bound 125I-fibrinogen. Bound 125I-fibrinogen was also not released by high concentrations of NaCl (up to 4 M), indicating that the interaction is not simply ionic. The apparent affinity of fibrinogen for HA covaried with the molecular weight of the HA. Small HA oligosaccharides (Mr = 3900) were only 50% as effective as larger HA (Mr = 8 X 10(5)) in eluting bound 125I-fibrinogen from HA-Sepharose. The optimal oligosaccharide size for displacement of bound 125I-fibrinogen was greater than or equal to 200 monosaccharides. Additionally, the amount of 125I-fibrinogen bound to HA Sepharose was directly related to the size of the HA-amine linked to the affinity support. The affinity constant for fibrinogen binding to 125I-HA (approximately 150 monosaccharides) is estimated to be at least 2 X 10(7) M-1. These results demonstrate for the first time a specific, reversible binding between HA and fibrinogen. PMID- 3745205 TI - Isolation and characterization of pig kidney mitochondrial ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase. AB - A two-step affinity chromatography procedure, using 2',5'-ADP-agarose and adrenodoxin-Sepharose 4B affinity supports, was used to purify mitochondrial ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase (EC 1.18.1.2, formerly EC 1.6.7.1) from pig kidney. The 450:270 nm absorbance ratio of the enzyme was 0.128, and it had a specific activity of 16,305 nmol/min/mg for the reduction of cytochrome c. The mitochondrial enzyme was a monomer which contained one molecule of FAD and had calculated molecular masses of 51,500 and 48,000 daltons when determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography gel exclusion chromatography, respectively. The porcine enzyme had a Km for NADPH of 0.94 microM and it expressed maximal activity when coupled with its homologous ferredoxin, although it was also active with the heterologous ferredoxin from bovine adrenal. The purified ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase supported the in vitro reduction of membrane-bound adrenal mitochondrial P-450, and it was demonstrated from immunologic studies that the enzyme shares some common epitopes with bovine adrenodoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase. PMID- 3745206 TI - Growth factors in bone matrix. Isolation of multiple types by affinity chromatography on heparin-Sepharose. AB - The mineralized matrix of osseous tissue harbors abundant mitogenic activity which is extractable by demineralizing solvents. In bovine bone powder free of blood and cartilage contamination, the volume concentration of mitogens is up to 20 times greater than in serum. Growth factor activity in bone extracts was quantitated on quiescent mouse BALB/c/3T3 fibroblasts, where [3H]thymidine incorporation for 48 h was stimulated up to 200-fold in a linear, dose-dependent manner. Six distinct bone-derived growth factors (BDGFs) have been resolved and partially purified (up to 44,000-fold) on heparin-Sepharose using NaCl gradient elution. Provisionally named by the NaCl molarity at which they elute, these BDGFs include BDGF-0.45 (25% of total activity). This factor is heat-stable and sensitive to dithiothreitol, and displaces 125I-labelled bovine platelet-derived growth factor in a radioreceptor assay. BDGF-0.45 (approximately 50 ng/g of bone) is closely related or identical to bovine platelet-derived growth factor. BDGF 1.1 (10%) has a pI of 5.2 and shows a 16,600-dalton doublet on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis Western blots stained with antiserum to bovine anionic fibroblast growth factor. Two activities with high heparin affinity resemble cationic forms of fibroblast growth factor. BDGF-1.5 is the dominant factor in fetal membranous bone (50%), but is less abundant in adult bone (20%). BDGF-1.7, a 17,500-18,400-dalton triplet, is virtually absent in fetal bone (7%) but abundant (30%) in adult bone and may be related to cartilage derived growth factor. Two minor activities, BDGF-0.1 (10%) and BDGF-2.0 (7%) have not been characterized. Proliferation of bovine capillary endothelial cells was strongly supported by BDGFs 1.1, 1.5, and 1.7, but not by 0.45. These four purified BDGFs and the crude bone extract were also strongly mitogenic for rat osteoblasts while depressing alkaline phosphatase specific activity by 2-3-fold. Bone exhibits the most complex spectrum of growth factor activities of any tissue yet described. Bone cells and other indigenous cell types must be considered as possible sources of the BDGFs, in addition to sequestration from blood. Mechanisms for unmasking or release of BDGFs from the mineralized matrix resulting in local action on target cells are undoubtedly important for the development and maintenance of bone tissue. PMID- 3745207 TI - The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides as allosteric effectors of human hemoglobin. AB - The oxygen binding properties of human hemoglobin are appreciably altered by the nicotinamide dinucleotides NADH, NADP+, and NADPH. These cofactors are important in the control of many metabolic pathways and in providing reductive potential for a number of enzymatic reactions, including in vivo reduction of methemoglobin. Specific binding of these cofactors to hemoglobin and their potential for acting as allosteric modifiers of hemoglobin function have not been previously recognized. Detailed oxygen binding studies utilizing a thin-layer method suggest that the nicotinamide dinucleotides bind with high affinity to the deoxyhemoglobin tetramer at the beta chain anion-binding site and stabilize the low affinity "T-state" conformation. Stripped Hb A in 0.05 M N-2 hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) buffer, pH 6.5, at 20 degrees C is half-saturated at a pO2 of 1.6 mm Hg. In the presence of 0.5 mM NADH, NADP+, or NADPH, the P50 is raised to 3.8, 7.1, and 12.5 mm Hg, respectively. The Bohr factor for stripped Hb A in 0.05 M HEPES buffer is sensitive to these effectors and is raised from 0.25 to about 0.65 by the addition of NADPH. The data suggest that routine use of these effectors in studies of human hemoglobin variants or the allosteric mechanism of Hb A be considered carefully. The relatively low intraerythrocytic levels of the nicotinamide dinucleotides in relation to hemoglobin dictate that these cofactors cannot significantly affect in vivo oxygen delivery. However, the converse is theoretically possible. The binding of the cofactors to hemoglobin and the preferential binding of their reduced forms may affect cofactor-dependent metabolic processes in red blood cells. PMID- 3745208 TI - A multinuclear NMR study of the interactions of cations with proteoglycans, heparin, and Ficoll. AB - Measurements of NMR relaxation rates of 23Na, 39K, 25Mg and 43Ca were used to evaluate the extent of cation binding in solution to bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycans, hog mucosal heparin, and Ficoll (Pharmacia). The two most important factors determining relaxation rates in the presence of the polymers examined were polymer concentration and charge density. We found that proteoglycans did not bind monovalent cations but did bind divalent cations to a relatively small extent. Heparin bound monovalent and divalent cations to a much greater extent. Assembly of glycosaminoglycan chains into proteoglycan aggregates had no effect on the extent of cation binding. PMID- 3745209 TI - Hormonal regulation of transcription of rDNA. Initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase I in vitro. AB - Transcription of mouse rDNA in vitro proceeds by an ordered mechanism of at least three steps. The first reaction involves formation of stable preinitiation complexes (Wandelt, C., and Grummt, I., (1983) Nucleic Acids Res. 11, 3795-3809; Cizewski, V., and Sollner-Webb, B. (1983) Nucleic Acids Res. 11, 7043-7056). Such complexes form at reduced temperature and in the absence of nucleoside triphosphates. The data presented here identify a second intermediate in the process of initiatio. This intermediate, called the convertible complex, forms slowly or not at all at 10 degrees C. Formation of the convertible complex requires the presence of ATP plus CTP or the dinucleotide ApC. ATP may be replaced with 5'-adenylyl imidotriphosphate. It is concluded that formation of the convertible complex is associated with formation of the first phosphodiester bond of nascent pre-rRNA. In the presence of all four nucleoside triphosphates, the convertible complex undergoes conversion to an elongation complex. This represents the third discernible step in the transcription process. The elongation complex is distinguished from the convertible complex by virtue of the observation that formation of the latter is inhibited by heparin, Sarkosyl, and 150 mM KCl. The elongation complex is not significantly affected by any of these substances. Moreover, formation of the convertible complex requires the glucocorticoid-regulated initiation factor designated TFIC. PMID- 3745210 TI - Evidence for the existence of covalent nucleotide-thymidylate synthase complexes, identification of site of attachment, and enhancement by folates. AB - The formation of covalent binary complexes of thymidylate synthase and its nucleotide substrate dUMP, product dTMP, and inhibitor, 5-fluorodeoxyuridylate (FdUMP) was investigated using the trichloroacetic acid precipitation method. It was observed that, in addition to FdUMP, both dUMP and dTMP were capable of covalent interactions with the enzyme in the absence of added folates. The presence of folate, dihydrofolate, or tetrahydrofolate (H4folate) was found to produce substantial enhancements in the covalent binding of both FdUMP and dUMP to the enzyme with H4folate being the most effective agent. Further, covalent binary complexes of the enzyme with the three radiolabeled nucleotides were isolated by trichloroacetic acid precipitation and subjected to CNBr cleavage. The active-site CNBr peptide was isolated by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography, and the first five N-terminal amino acid residues were sequenced by the dansyl-Edman procedure. Each active site peptide obtained from the covalent binary complexes as well as that from the covalent inhibitory ternary complex formed from enzyme, FdUMP, and 5,10-methylene-H4folate exhibited an identical sequence of Ala-Leu-Pro-Pro-(X)-, and the 5th amino acid was found to be associated with radiolabeled nucleotide ligand. Dansyl-Edman sequence analysis of the active site CNBr peptide, derived from enzyme which had been treated with iodoacetic acid, gave a sequence of Ala-Leu-Pro-Pro-CmCys (where CmCys is carboxymethylcysteine), thus confirming the fact that the fifth residue from the N terminus is Cys-198. In all the cases, the active site Cys-198 residue was found to be covalently linked to the nucleotides. These results provide unequivocal proof that the covalent binary complexes of enzyme with dUMP and dTMP predicted in the catalytic reaction mechanism actually exist. PMID- 3745212 TI - Native chicken gizzard tropomyosin is predominantly a beta gamma-heterodimer. AB - Unmodified chicken gizzard tropomyosin (TM) has been fractionated into its two major isoforms beta and gamma, by chromatofocussing in the presence of 9 M urea and dithiothrieitol. Treatment of the native protein with several bifunctional N hydroxysuccinimide esters gave the beta gamma-heterodimer as the major cross linked product. A comparison of the thermal transition profiles of the two homodimers and of the native unfractionated TM also indicated the predominance of the beta gamma-heterodimer in the native protein. This conclusion is consistent with the absence of excimer fluorescence in pyrene-labeled gizzard TM and the relative resistance of the molecule to intramolecular disulfide formation (Lehrer, S.S., Betteridge, D.R., Graceffa, P., Wong, S., and Seidel, J. C. (1984) Biochemistry 23, 1591-1595) since the single cysteines on each of the two isoforms are widely separated. We conclude that further experimental evidence is required to assess the possibility that the gizzard TM is more rigid in its conformation than are those of the skeletal and cardiac proteins. PMID- 3745211 TI - Elongation of actin filaments is a diffusion-limited reaction at the barbed end and is accelerated by inert macromolecules. AB - We used a fluorescence method to measure the rate constants for the elongation of pyrene-labeled actin filaments in a number of different solvents. The absolute values of the rate constants were established by electron microscopy. Using glycerol, sucrose, or ethylene glycol to vary the solution viscosity, the association rate constant (k+) was 10(7) M-1 s-1 viscosity-1 (in centipoise). Consequently, plots of 1/k+ versus viscosity are linear and extrapolate to near the origin as expected for a diffusion-limited reaction where the rate constant approaches infinity at zero viscosity. By electron microscopy, we found that this inhibitory effect of glycerol is almost entirely at the fast growing, barbed end. For the pointed end, plots of 1/k+ versus viscosity extrapolate to a maximum rate of about 10(6) M-1 s-1 at zero viscosity, so that elongation at the pointed is not limited by diffusion. In contrast to these small molecules, polyethylene glycol, dextran, and ovalbumin all cause a concentration (and therefore viscosity)-dependent increase in k+. At any given viscosity, their effects are similar to each other. For example, at 3 centipoise, k+ = 2.2 X 10(7) M-1 s-1. We presume that this is due to an excluded volume effect that causes an increase in the thermodynamic activity of the actin. If the proteins in the cytoplasmic matrix have a similar effect, the association reactions of actin in cells may be much faster than expected from experiments done in dilute buffers. PMID- 3745213 TI - DNA binding by the bacteriophage SPO1-encoded type II DNA-binding protein, transcription factor 1. Formation of nested complexes at a selective binding site. AB - The interactions of the phage SPO1-encoded Type II DNA-binding protein, transcription factor 1 (TF1), with one of its preferred binding sites in SPO1 DNA have been analyzed in detail. The results suggest that TF1 recognizes a high affinity "core" binding site and that additional protein moieties can accrue to either side of the occupied core site to form higher order complexes. Close contacts between TF1 and the core binding site as well as some of the steric requirements for recognition of the core site were determined. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of several preferred binding sites for TF1 reveals a striking lack of precise homology but does show common features. PMID- 3745214 TI - DNA binding by the bacteriophage SPO1-encoded type II DNA-binding protein, transcription factor 1. Site-specific binding requires 5-hydroxymethyluracil containing DNA. AB - The bacteriophage SPO1-encoded Type II DNA-binding protein, transcription factor 1 (TF1), forms complexes with specific sites in SPO1 DNA. We have investigated the binding of TF1 to one of its preferred sites in which the normal 5 hydroxymethyluracil (hmUra) of SPO1 DNA has been replaced by thymine and have also investigated the binding of a bacterial Type II DNA-binding protein (from Bacillus stearothermophilus) to the hmUra- and thymine-containing forms of the same DNA segment. Our results show that TF1 binds selectively to this high affinity binding site only in hmUra-containing DNA and that the bacterial Type II DNA-binding protein interacts nonspecifically with both forms of DNA. PMID- 3745215 TI - Regulation of oncogene expression in cultured aortic smooth muscle cells. Post transcriptional control of c-myc mRNA. AB - Proliferation of normally quiescent vascular smooth muscle cells plays a major role in the development of an atherosclerotic lesion. Since cellular homologues of oncogenes have been implicated in the control of normal cell proliferation, we have analyzed the regulation of expression of two proto-oncogenes (c-fos and c myc) in primary cultures of calf aortic smooth muscle cells during the transition from quiescence to proliferation. Quiescent (serum-deprived) smooth muscle cells were stimulated to proliferative by serum addition. DNA synthesis began 12 h post serum addition and peaked between 16 and 20 h. Following addition of serum, c-fos mRNA levels increased rapidly from an undetectable amount to the maximal level at 30 min after serum addition and then rapidly returned to the levels found in quiescent cells. Changes in the rate of c-fos gene transcription, as measured by nuclear "runoff" assays, paralleled the alterations in mRNA levels, indicating that regulation of c-fos was at the level of mRNA synthesis. The mRNA for the c myc oncogene was expressed at a detectable level in quiescent cells, peaked in abundance at approximately 2 h after stimulation, and then returned to the level found in quiescent cells. No significant change in the rate of c-myc gene transcription was detectable over the time course. The rate of decay of c-myc mRNA following the inhibition of transcription by actinomycin D was measured at the 1- and 4-h time points and in exponentially growing cells. There was a transient stabilization of the normally labile c-myc mRNA at 1 h after serum stimulation. Thus c-myc gene expression was regulated at the level of mRNA turnover. PMID- 3745216 TI - Purification and some properties of component A of the 4-chlorophenylacetate 3,4 dioxygenase from Pseudomonas species strain CBS. AB - Pseudomonas sp. strain CBS 3 possesses a two-component enzyme system which converts 4-chlorophenylacetate to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate by the incorporation of 2 atoms of molecular oxygen. Component A of this enzyme system was purified to homogeneity by a 5-step procedure. After the last purification step the enzyme was homogeneous in analytical and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the native protein was determined to be 140,000 by Sephadex G-200 and 144,000 by analytical ultracentrifugation. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that component A consists of three identical subunits with a molecular weight determined to range between 46,000 and 52,000. The isoelectric point was estimated to be 5.0. Component A shows an intensive red-brown color, and in the oxidized state it exhibits a visible absorption spectrum with a maximum at 458 nm and a shoulder at 560 nm. By reduction with sodium dithionite a new peak with a maximum at 518-520 nm is observed. The enzyme contains iron (1.6-1.8 mol/subunit) and acid-labile sulfide (1.6-1.9 mol/subunit) which suggests that component A is an iron-sulfur protein. PMID- 3745217 TI - Import of honeybee prepromelittin into the endoplasmic reticulum. Requirements for membrane insertion, processing, and sequestration. AB - Honeybee prepromelittin is correctly processed and imported by dog pancreas microsomes. Membrane insertion of prepromelittin, assayed as signal sequence removal by signal peptidase, is not dependent on signal recognition particle and docking protein. However, a previously uncharacterized proteinaceous component of the microsomal membrane is required for completion of membrane transfer of promelittin. Furthermore, membrane insertion of prepromelittin is not coupled to translation. These data suggest the signal sequence, in addition to its role in membrane recognition, has a more general function for membrane insertion, cotranslational import of proteins is not an intrinsic feature of microsomes, and at least in certain cases, proteinaceous membrane components are involved in membrane transfer. PMID- 3745218 TI - An experimental study on in vivo dynamic mechanical properties of the knees of cats in valgus loading. AB - In these experiments an attempt was made to investigate in vivo dynamic mechanical properties of the knee in valgus loading. Fifteen adult cats were used. Sinusoidal bending oscillation of 0.3, 1.0, 1.6, 3.3, 5.0, 8.6 and 10.0 Hz was transmitted to the knee-leg complex under each pre-bending strain in the valgus direction, and the bending moment was measured. Dynamic mechanical properties of the knee-leg complex were given as a complex bending elastic coefficient. Bending elastic and bending damping coefficient of the knee could be calculated by the least square method. As a first approximation, the knee was represented as a non-linear Kelvin model. Both bending elastic and bending damping coefficient of the knee increased as pre-bending moment was increased, and decreased as amplitude of bending oscillation was increased. Mechanical loss tangent of the knee-leg complex decreased within the range of pre-bending moment larger than 1.0 X 10(6) dyn cm as bending moment was increased, and decreased as amplitude of bending oscillation was increased. PMID- 3745219 TI - Comparison of material properties in fascicle-bone units from human patellar tendon and knee ligaments. AB - The fascicle material properties in bone-fascicle-bone units were determined for the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (ACL, PCL), the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) and the patellar tendon (PT) from three young human donor knees. Groups of fascicles from each tissue were isolated with intact bone ends and failed at a high strain rate in a saline bath at 37 degrees C. In each knee tested the load related material properties (linear modulus, maximum stress and energy density to maximum stress) for the patellar tendon were significantly larger than corresponding values for the cruciate and collateral ligaments. Bundles from different ligaments in the same knee were similar to each other in their mechanical behavior. In addition, no significant differences were present in the maximum strains recorded for any of the four tissue types examined. The results presented have implications in studies of ligament injury. They are also important in the design and use of synthetic and biological ligament replacements and in tissue and whole knee modeling. PMID- 3745220 TI - Mechanical behaviour of femoral bones in bending loading. AB - A series of 33 human femoral bones have been subjected to a four point bending test at high strain rates. Two different failure modes were recognized. A Y shaped fracture at the middle region induced by a pure bending moment yielded a zone of non-linearity at the load vs deformation curve and a higher bending force, more deformation of the structure and higher strain energy to fracture compared with the less frequently occurring oblique fracture at the distal third of the structure resulting in a failure without a 'plastic' portion at the load deformation curve. Estimated values of bending modulus and maximum bending moment based upon a simple uniform beam model showed high correlation coefficients with the experimentally determined values. Scanning electron microscopic examination of the Y fracture showed distortion and void formation of the material at the structural level. This could explain the extensive non-elastic deformation prior to failure. PMID- 3745221 TI - Orientation of collagen fibers at the boundary between two successive osteonic lamellae and its mechanical interpretation. AB - By applying an original technique, an investigation has been carried out to determine the orientation of collagen fibrils at the boundary between two successive lamellae in alternate osteons. Evidence is reported that the predominant fiber direction does not change abruptly from one lamella to the next; there is an intermediate system of criss-crossed fibers whose main orientation makes an angle of nearly 45 degrees with the direction of the fibers in the two adjacent lamellae. Taking a composite orthogonally reinforced laminate as a model, a mechanical interpretation of this intermediate system of collagen fibers is given. PMID- 3745222 TI - Stress analysis of vasoconstriction at arterial branch sites. AB - The object of the research was to estimate wall stresses caused by vasoconstriction at arterial branches. The basic procedure was a combination of experimental strain measurement and analytical stress analysis. Segments of canine renal arteries were perfused and stimulated to constrict with dopamine hydrochloride and norepinephrine. Surface wall deformation was measured with a stereo-photographic technique. A plane stress finite element analysis was used to calculate wall stresses based on the experimentally derived deformations. The major result of the study was to demonstrate tensile stresses, and in some cases biaxial tension, in contracting vessels. Peak stresses in the apex of the acute angle of the branches were approximately three times unpenetrated hoop stress in the parent vessels. The results imply that constriction at a branch site may be capable of generating sufficient wall tension to tear arterial tissue, and that smooth muscle reactivity is important with respect to the etiology of cerebral aneurysms and the clinical management of acute branch site pathology. PMID- 3745223 TI - The measurement and modelling of the mechanical properties of human skin in vivo- I. The measurement. AB - The mechanical properties of human skin in vivo are studied by means of uniaxial strain measurements. In order to obtain a stress-strain relationship which is independent of the in vivo measuring configuration, values for the effective width and effective length of the loaded skin strip have to be known. By variation of tab width and tab distance in a few series of experiments on the same subject, these effective values are found. In order to obtain a time independent stress-strain relationship a correction procedure is introduced. In this procedure the time dependent (viscoelastic) effects are described and subtracted from the total response. PMID- 3745224 TI - The measurement and modelling of the mechanical properties of human skin in vivo- II. The model. AB - The stress-strain relationship for human skin in vivo has a characteristic non linear shape even for low loads. Considerations are given on the basis of which a structural model has been selected, in which the mechanical properties of corrugated collagen fibrils are involved. It is found that such a model can describe the experimental stress-strain relationship surprisingly well with only three free parameters. These parameters are related to basic collagen fibril properties such as stiffness, diameter and waviness. The role of elastin is likely to be negligible for the purely elastic properties of human skin in vivo. PMID- 3745225 TI - Prediction of pedal forces in bicycling using optimization methods. AB - The bicycle-rider system is modeled as a planar five-bar linkage with pedal forces and pedal dynamics as input. The pedal force profile input is varied, maintaining constant average bicycle power, in order to obtain the optimal pedal force profile that minimizes two cost functions. One cost function is based on joint moments and the other is based on muscle stresses. Predicted (optimal) pedal profiles as well as joint moment time histories are compared to representative real data to examine cost function appropriateness. Both cost functions offer reasonable predictions of pedal forces. The muscle stress cost function, however, better predicts joint moments. Predicted muscle activity also correlates well with myoelectric data. The factors that lead to effective (i.e. low cost) pedalling are examined. Pedalling effectiveness is found to be a complex function of pedal force vector orientation and muscle mechanics. PMID- 3745226 TI - Assessment of tibial stiffness by vibration testing in situ--II. Influence of soft tissues, joints and fibula. AB - The influence of soft tissues and joints on the vibration of the human tibia was examined by modal analysis on amputated lower limbs, where the soft tissues and the fibula were dissected gradually. Measurements were made in two different set ups, IFR and BRA, which were both designed to monitor fracture healing. In IFR, vibrations are generated by hammer impact on a relaxed hanging lower leg, with the knee flexed. Resonant frequencies are determined by a computer Fourier transform procedure. In BRA, a steady state vibration is induced in a lower leg, supported near the ankle and the tibial tuberosity, using an electromagnetic shaker. Resonant frequencies are determined from the maxima in vibration amplitudes. In both set ups the soft tissues have a similar influence on the vibration of the tibia: the skin hardly influences the determined modal parameter. The mass of the muscles influences both the resonant frequency and the damping. The fibula has a stiffening effect on the tibia. The influence of the joints is small in the IFR-set up: the tibia vibrates in conditions close to those for the free-free vibration. In the BRA-set up, the supports determine the boundary conditions. PMID- 3745227 TI - Who has a vasectomy reversal? PMID- 3745228 TI - Side effects and discontinuation of oral contraceptive use in southern Brazil. PMID- 3745229 TI - Contraceptive knowledge and attitudes in urban Ilorin, Nigeria. PMID- 3745230 TI - Reproductive patterns and thalassaemia major. PMID- 3745231 TI - Effect of infant mortality on subsequent fertility in Pakistan and Sri Lanka. PMID- 3745232 TI - The one-child family: international patterns and their implications for the People's Republic of China. PMID- 3745233 TI - Differential fertility in the United States, 1980: continuity or change? PMID- 3745234 TI - Determinants of natural fertility in Sudan. PMID- 3745235 TI - Estimation of adult mortality in Korea: levels, trends, and socioeconomic differentials. PMID- 3745236 TI - Measures of family size preferences. PMID- 3745237 TI - The association of femoral retroversion with slipped capital femoral epiphysis. AB - We examined twenty-five patients who had a unilateral or bilateral slip of the capital femoral epiphysis and determined the degree of anteversion of the thirty nine involved hips with computerized axial tomography. Thirteen patients (eighteen hips) were seen at the time of the original diagnosis (Group I), and twelve patients (twenty-one hips) were seen one to seven years after operative treatment (Group II). The mean amount of anteversion for all of the involved hips was +1.0 +/- 8.2 degrees. The mean amount of anteversion for the Group-I hips was -0.7 +/- 7.4 degrees and the mean amount for the Group-II hips was 2.5 +/- 8.7 degrees. The mean amount of anteversion for the hips in both Groups I and II was less than the predicted mean amount for individuals of the same age. The mean amount of anteversion of the unaffected hips of our patients who had a unilateral slip was +6.3 +/- 8.2 degrees. The amount of internal rotation of the hip in extension exceeded the amount when it was in flexion in all of the patients. A decreased angle of femoral anteversion appears to be specifically associated with the development of slipped capital femoral epiphysis. The mechanical forces that act across the proximal femoral physis may be altered by this rotational abnormality, and this may lead to an increased shear stress that ultimately causes failure of the growth plate. PMID- 3745238 TI - Immediate internal fixation of open fractures of the diaphysis of the forearm. AB - Between 1975 and 1983, fifty-seven patients were treated at Sunnybrook and Harborview Medical Centers with immediate internal plate fixation of an open diaphyseal fracture of the forearm. Fifty patients were available for follow-up, which ranged from one to nine years and averaged three years. The injuries were classified on the basis of the extent of soft-tissue injury as defined by Gustilo and Anderson, and consisted of twenty Type-I injuries, nineteen Type-II injuries, and eleven Type-III injuries. The complications included deep infection in two patients and non-union in six. The functional results were excellent or good in 85 per cent of the series. This study demonstrates that immediate stable plate fixation is a beneficial method of treatment of open fractures of the forearm. The results are related to the severity of the initial soft-tissue injury and the surgical technique. Autogenous cancellous bone-grafting at the time of closure of the wound in comminuted fractures in which interfragmental compression cannot be obtained is recommended. PMID- 3745239 TI - The chondrogenic potential of free autogenous periosteal grafts for biological resurfacing of major full-thickness defects in joint surfaces under the influence of continuous passive motion. An experimental investigation in the rabbit. AB - A rectangular graft of autogenous tibial periosteum was sutured (with its cambium layer facing into the joint) onto the base of a five by ten-millimeter full thickness defect in the patellar groove of each of 143 adolescent and adult rabbits. The rabbits were managed postoperatively by either immobilization, intermittent active motion, continuous passive motion for two weeks, or continuous passive motion for four weeks. When the animals were killed four weeks postoperatively, the contour of the patellar groove had been restored in all of the rabbits in the group that had had four weeks of continuous passive motion, and the newly formed tissue in all of the defects in this group had the gross, histological, and histochemical appearance of smooth, intact hyaline articular cartilage. Histologically, the nature of the tissue that had formed, as well as its surface regularity, structural integrity, and bonding to the adjacent cartilage, were significantly better in the group that had had four weeks of continuous passive motion than in any of the other groups. The results were significantly worse when the orientation of the periosteal graft was reversed (that is, when it had been sutured into the defect with the cambium layer of the graft facing the subchondral bone rather than into the joint) or when no periosteal graft was used. Biochemical analyses revealed that, in the group that had had four weeks of continuous passive motion, the total hexosamine content, the levels of chondroitin sulphate and keratan sulphate, and the ratio of galactosamine to glucosamine were all comparable with the values for normal articular cartilage. In contrast, in the groups that were treated by immobilization, intermittent active motion, or two weeks of continuous passive motion, as well as in the adult rabbits, the content of the first three of these substances was significantly less than normal. In the groups that were treated by immobilization, intermittent active motion, or two weeks of continuous passive motion, 32 to 47 per cent of the total collagen was type II, while in the group that had had four weeks of continuous passive motion, 93 per cent of the total collagen was type II. These results demonstrate that, under the influence of continuous passive motion, free autogenous periosteal grafts can repair a large full-thickness defect in a joint surface by producing tissue that resembles articular cartilage grossly, histologically, and biochemically, and that contains predominantly type-II collagen. PMID- 3745240 TI - The influence of tibial-patellofemoral location on function of the knee in patients with the posterior stabilized condylar knee prosthesis. AB - Function of the knee and patellofemoral symptoms were correlated with the position of the implant in 101 consecutive patients with 116 posterior stabilized condylar knee prostheses. All of the patients were followed for a minimum of two and a half years with sequential physical examinations, radiographs, and functional evaluation of the knee. In sixteen knees (14 per cent), clicking or catching of the patella in terminal extension or painless crepitation throughout the arc of flexion developed without lowering the functional knee-evaluation score. Pain or mechanical problems, or both, that lowered the functional knee evaluation score occurred in another fourteen knees (12 per cent), within the first postoperative year. Of these fourteen, eight required revision solely for patellofemoral complaints. Critical analysis of the tibial-patellofemoral mechanical axis identified three surgical variables that were found to markedly affect the functional result of the prosthesis: the distance from the center line of the tibial prosthesis to the center line of the tibial plateau, a change in the position of the joint line of the prosthesis relative to the hip and ankle, and the patellar height, measured as the perpendicular distance from the inferior pole of the patellar implant to the joint line of the prosthesis. Functional knee scores, range of motion, patellofemoral pain or mechanical symptoms, the need for revision, and the necessity of manipulation could all be statistically significantly correlated with the three independent variables. In addition, a range of neutral alignment was developed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3745241 TI - The effect of conformity, thickness, and material on stresses in ultra-high molecular weight components for total joint replacement. AB - Debris resulting from damage to the surface of polyethylene components of total joint replacements has previously been shown to contribute to long-term problems such as loosening and infection. Surface damage has been associated with fatigue processes due to stresses arising from contact between the metal and polyethylene components in these prostheses. In the present study, we used elasticity and finite-element solutions to determine these stresses for total hip replacements with head diameters of twenty-two and twenty-eight millimeters and for a condylar total knee replacement. We also examined the effect on these stresses of using carbon-fiber-reinforced polyethylene instead of plain polyethylene. Stresses associated with surface damage in the tibial component of the total knee replacement were much larger than those in the hip replacements. The analysis of contact stress as a function of thickness of the polyethylene insert for tibial components showed that a thickness of more than eight to ten millimeters should be maintained when possible. The contact stress in the tibial components was reduced most when the articulating surfaces were more conforming in the medial lateral direction. Contact stresses were much less sensitive to changes in geometry in the anterior-posterior direction. For the hip components, the stresses were lower in the acetabular component of the twenty-eight-millimeter hip replacement than in the twenty-two-millimeter replacement. The use of carbon fiber-reinforced polyethylene resulted in stresses that were higher by as much as 40 per cent. Because the contact area between articulating surfaces moves during flexion, portions of the surface will be subjected to cyclic stresses. The contact area for the knee replacements in flexion was smaller than for the hip replacements, and the range of the maximum principal stress was larger. Consequently, the combination of the higher stress and the moving contact area is more likely to cause surface damage due to fatigue in tibial components than in acetabular components, which is consistent with clinical observations. PMID- 3745242 TI - The grid radiograph. A simple technique for consistent high-resolution visualization of the hip. AB - The grid radiograph, a new technique for radiographic evaluation of total hip replacements, ensures reproducible positioning of the hip and the x-ray beam. When this method was used, the images of stable acetabular and femoral components on one radiograph could be superimposed perfectly on the images of these components on subsequent radiographs. Subtle shifts in the positions of the components, such as tilting of the femoral surface replacement, subsidence of the femoral component, or migration of the acetabular component, were detected. When used with high-contrast radiographic technique and film, the implant-bone interfaces were depicted better by this method than by others. Grid radiographs can be used for detailed prospective evaluation of total hip replacements and are of practical value in counseling patients about the probable durability of the replacement. PMID- 3745243 TI - Chronic arthritis of the knee in Lyme disease. Review of the literature and report of two cases treated by synovectomy. AB - The arthritis that may be a part of Lyme disease, a spirochetal infection transmitted by ticks, has not been widely reported in the orthopaedic literature. Established chronic arthritis in patients who have Lyme disease most commonly affects the knee and may cause erosive joint disease. Antibiotics given early in the course of the disease can prevent chronic arthritis. When the arthritis is established, penicillin administered intravenously is curative in as many as 55 per cent of patients, but medical therapy alone may be insufficient to successfully treat the chronic stage of arthritis. PMID- 3745245 TI - Loosening of the femoral component after use of the medullary-plug cementing technique. Follow-up note with a minimum five-year follow-up. AB - Of the 171 total hip replacements reported on previously that had had a minimum length of follow-up of two years, 117 replacements in 104 patients were analyzed at a minimum of five years postoperatively (average, seventy-four months; range, sixty to ninety-four months) to assess the rate of loosening of the femoral component. At the time of cementing of the femoral component, the medullary canal had been plugged with a bolus of bone cement and then filled with doughy Simplex P methylmethacrylate in a retrograde fashion using a cement gun. The femoral components, made of a chromium-cobalt alloy, had a rectangular cross-sectional shape to the stem and a medial collar. Three categories of loosening were used: definite (requiring radiographic evidence of migration of the component or the cement), probable (requiring evidence of a complete radiolucent zone at the bone cement interface on one radiograph or more), and possible (a radiolucent zone at the cement-bone interface of more than 49 per cent but less than 100 per cent on one radiograph or more). One femoral component had been removed for aseptic loosening at another hospital, leaving the patient with a resection arthroplasty. One other (1.7 per cent) was definitely loose. No femoral component was categorized as probably loose, and only two were possibly loose. PMID- 3745244 TI - Amputations at the middle level of the foot. A retrospective and prospective review. AB - Recent trends in amputation surgery favor amputation at the most distal level to preserve the patient's ability to walk. This paper reports the results of sixty four amputations performed at the level of the middle of the foot in fifty-eight patients. All were performed in patients with peripheral vascular disease who had a diagnosis of either gangrene or resistant, nonhealing ulcers. Forty-three patients (74 per cent) had diabetes. Nutritional evaluation of the patient was used to improve the potential for healing. In the initial forty-six patients, a retrospective review of the serum albumin level, the blood total-lymphocyte count, and the Doppler ischemic index was performed. A prospective study was performed in the final twelve patients, in whom a minimum level in each of these three factors was required before the distal amputation was done. The healing rate for all sixty-four amputations was 81 per cent. When all three factors were above the minimum level, the healing rate was increased to 92.2 per cent. When one or two of the factors was below the minimum level, the rate of healing decreased to 38.5 per cent. Aggressive distal amputation can be performed with a high rate of success when the factors influencing the decision on the amputation level include non-invasive vascular testing and nutritional evaluation. PMID- 3745246 TI - Histological development of intervertebral disc herniation. AB - Sagittal and horizontal sections of 257 intervertebral discs obtained at autopsy and material obtained from 441 operations for herniation of a disc were examined histologically. In the material that was taken at autopsy, myxomatous degeneration of the annulus fibrosus increased in proportion to the age of the subject. The bundles in the internal layer of the annulus fibrosus reversed their usual direction and showed myxomatous degeneration, sometimes resulting in posterior and anterior convex bulging in the internal layer of the anterior and posterior parts of the annulus fibrosus, respectively. When material from a disc was surgically removed as a single free fragment (as in a complete extrusion or a sequestration type of herniation), annulus fibrosus with myxomatous degeneration was found in most material, while the nucleus pulposus rarely was. These results suggest that, from the standpoint of pathomechanism, a protrusion type of herniation of the annulus fibrosus exists in which only the annulus fibrosus is protruded due to reversal of the bundles of the annulus fibrosus, without involvement of the nucleus pulposus. This type of herniation would be a separate entity from the protrusion type of herniation of the nucleus pulposus that occurs when the nucleus pulposus is protruded through a fissure in the annulus fibrosus. PMID- 3745247 TI - Secondary malignant giant-cell tumor of bone. Clinicopathological assessment of nineteen patients. AB - Twenty-six patients who had a malignant giant-cell tumor of bone--a sarcoma either juxtaposed to a zone of typical benign giant-cell tumor or occurring at the site of a previously documented benign giant-cell tumor--have been seen at the Mayo Clinic. Of the twenty-six tumors, nineteen were secondary to a previous attempt at local control of a benign giant-cell tumor. All but one of these nineteen patients with a secondary tumor had received therapeutic irradiation four to thirty-nine years earlier. The nature and duration of the symptoms and the sites of predilection of the malignant giant-cell tumors were the same as for benign giant-cell tumor. Fibrosarcoma occurred three times as frequently as osteosarcoma. The best results of treatment of the secondary sarcoma were obtained with early ablation. PMID- 3745248 TI - Hereditary bone dysplasia with malignant change. Report of three families. AB - In this paper three families are reported with members who had hereditary bone dysplasia that was originally described by Arnold in one family. We provide further information about that family and suggest that the diagnosis of the malignant change should be changed from fibrosarcoma to malignant fibrous histiocytoma. A thorough search of the literature has failed to reveal any conditions, either hereditary or acquired, that are similar. The major feature of the dysplasia is diaphyseal medullary stenosis of bone with overlying cortical bone thickening, and the propensity to malignant transformation and fractures with minimum trauma is emphasized. The tumors in seven, and possibly eight, of the nine patients in whom a malignant lesion developed were originally classified as fibrosarcoma and proved to be markedly aggressive. The hereditary pattern appears to be autosomal dominant. The clinical manifestations of a malignant lesion occur generally in the second to the fifth decades of life. PMID- 3745249 TI - Effect of intense physical activity on the bone-mineral content in the lower limbs of young adults. AB - The effect of intense physical training on the bone-mineral content of young adults who are unaccustomed to physical activity has not yet been established. In this study, 268 male recruits, eighteen to twenty-one years old, were evaluated before and after fourteen weeks of strenuous physical training. The bone-mineral content of both legs at the level of the distal third of the tibia in each individual was measured using single-beam photon absorptiometry. The subjects started their training with equal values for bone-mineral content in both legs. During the training period, the average bone-mineral content of the left leg increased by 11.1 per cent and that of the right leg, by 5.2 per cent. In the group of subjects who did not complete the training course, mainly because they incurred stress fractures, the increase in bone-mineral content was significantly less than the increase in those who completed the program. This study indicated that in young adults a high level of loading of bone results in either a stress fracture or a rapid increase in bone-mineral content. PMID- 3745250 TI - Horizontal fracture of the anterior arch of the atlas. Case report. PMID- 3745251 TI - Iatrogenic patellar malalignment following the Roux-Goldthwait procedure, corrected by dynamic intraoperative realignment. Report of two cases. PMID- 3745252 TI - Bilateral fracture-dislocation of the sacrum. A case report. PMID- 3745253 TI - Entrapment of the flexor digitorum profundus in the ulna with fracture of both bones of the forearm. Report of a case. PMID- 3745254 TI - Recurrent dislocations of the proximal tibiofibular joint. Report of two cases. PMID- 3745256 TI - Metastatic disease of the spine. PMID- 3745255 TI - Traumatic atlanto-occipital dislocation. Case report. PMID- 3745257 TI - Medical liability, 1986. Problem, prescription, prognosis. PMID- 3745258 TI - The effect of centrifugation on the fracture properties of acrylic bone cements. PMID- 3745259 TI - Intramedullary stabilization of humeral shaft fractures in patients with multiple trauma. AB - Sixty-one patients with multiple injuries, which included sixty-three fractures of the humeral diaphysis, were treated by intramedullary stabilization of the fracture with Rush rods or Ender nails. Portals of entry allowing antegrade or retrograde insertion or insertion at the epicondyles were used. For most of the patients, closed intramedullary fixation of the fracture was performed within twenty-four hours of the injury. Adequate follow-up studies were obtained for fifty-six patients (fifty-eight fractures). Stabilization by antegrade insertion gave excellent results if the portal of entry did not violate the rotator cuff. Symptoms of impingement in the shoulder and pain associated with an incorrect position of the portal for antegrade insertion required early removal of the device. Each fracture that was treated with fixation through the epicondylar portal had a poor result, and this technique is not recommended. Retrograde insertion, with the portal of entry located proximal to the olecranon fossa, yielded excellent results. Care must be taken to prevent encroachment on the olecranon fossa, which can result in a block to extension of the elbow. The surgical technique of closed fixation by retrograde insertion is presented. Immediate closed intramedullary stabilization of the fractured humeral shaft resulted in a 94 per cent rate of union and a 62 per cent rate of excellent clinical results. This technique is particularly applicable to patients with multiple trauma, as it minimizes loss of blood and the risk to neurovascular structures while providing stability for mobilization and aggressive pulmonary physiotherapy. In our opinion, however, isolated fractures of the humeral shaft should be treated by non-operative methods. PMID- 3745260 TI - The early identification and classification of growth disturbances of the proximal end of the femur. AB - An analysis of the serial radiographs of sixty-eight patients who were treated for congenital dislocation of the hip revealed that a growth disturbance of the proximal end of the femur that was caused by partial or complete physeal closure developed in thirty-three of these patients. The disturbances were related to the character of the metaphyseal growth-disturbance lines and were subsequently classified according to the site and extent of physeal closure. In order to study this problem, we divided the physis of the proximal end of the femur into two contiguous sections: a medial and a lateral portion. Two typical patterns of premature closure were identified: one located at the junction of the medial and lateral portions of the physis and the other located in the area of the medial portion of the physis alone. The pattern of physeal closure, together with the age of the patient at the time of closure, determines the subsequent growth of the proximal end of the femur. The final outcome of growth of the proximal end of the femur can be predicted within six months after the initial treatment. Epiphyseal changes were found to be of no prognostic significance in the absence of physeal closure. PMID- 3745261 TI - Management of femoral fractures and pseudofractures in adult hypophosphatasia. AB - Ten pseudofractures and six complete fractures occurred in five patients with adult hypophosphatasia. The four pseudofractures that were treated non operatively progressed to complete fracture. The six pseudofractures and six complete fractures that were treated by internal fixation united. New fractures occurred in four patients after the removal of the internal fixation. We recommend that complete fractures, symptomatic pseudofractures, and progressive asymptomatic pseudofractures in patients with adult hypophosphatasia be treated with load-sharing internal-fixation devices, such as rigid intramedullary nails. These should not be removed unless it is absolutely essential. If removal is necessary, however, they should be replaced, preferably during the same anesthetic session. In our opinion, the guidelines developed from this study may be applied reasonably to patients with osteomalacia from causes other than hypophosphatasia, especially if medical therapy has been unsuccessful. PMID- 3745262 TI - Prophylactic femoral stabilization with the Zickel nail by closed technique. AB - From 1974 to 1983, forty-three femora in forty patients with metastases to the subtrochanteric area were stabilized using a Zickel subtrochanteric device. Thirty-five patients with thirty-eight stabilized femora could be evaluated at follow-up times ranging from thirty-seven days to five years and one month. In twenty-eight of the thirty-eight femora, a modified technique for insertion of the device had been used. Twenty-eight (80 per cent) of the patients were able to walk after an average of 3.8 days. No patient who had been able to walk preoperatively lost that ability. The average length of survival was 312 days postoperatively. Fifteen patients survived for at least fifteen months and five patients, with an average length of survival of 1276 days, were still alive at the time when this review was initiated. Complications included four perioperative deaths, one non-fatal pulmonary embolus, and five intraoperative technical complications--four of them occurring before the described modification of the technique was instituted. There were no infections and no failures of the device. No patient had a loss of stability after Zickel nailing. The modification of the technique allows safer introduction of the intramedullary nail into the weakened but intact femur by a closed method. PMID- 3745263 TI - The architecture of actin filaments and the ultrastructural location of actin binding protein in the periphery of lung macrophages. AB - A highly branched filament network is the principal structure in the periphery of detergent-extracted cytoskeletons of macrophages that have been spread on a surface and either freeze or critical point dried, and then rotary shadowed with platinum-carbon. This array of filaments completely fills lamellae extended from the cell and bifurcates to form 0.2-0.5 micron thick layers on the top and bottom of the cell body. Reaction of the macrophage cytoskeletons with anti-actin IgG and with anti-IgG bound to colloidal gold produces dense staining of these filaments, and incubation with myosin subfragment 1 uniformly decorates these filaments, identifying them as actin. 45% of the total cellular actin and approximately 70% of actin-binding protein remains in the detergent-insoluble cell residue. The soluble actin is not filamentous as determined by sedimentation analysis, the DNAase I inhibition assay, and electron microscopy, indicating that the cytoskeleton is not fragmented by detergent extraction. The spacing between the ramifications of the actin network is 94 +/- 47 nm and 118 +/- 72 nm in cytoskeletons prepared for electron microscopy by freeze drying and critical point drying, respectively. Free filament ends are rare, except for a few which project upward from the body of the network or which extend down to the substrate. Filaments of the network intersect predominantly at right angles to form either T-shaped and X-shaped overlaps having striking perpendicularity or else Y-shaped intersections composed of filaments intersecting at 120-130 degrees angles. The actin filament concentration in the lamellae is high, with an average value of 12.5 mg/ml. The concentration was much more uniform in freeze-dried preparations than in critical point-dried specimens, indicating that there is less collapse associated with the freezing technique. The orthogonal actin network of the macrophage cortical cytoplasm resembles actin gels made with actin binding protein. Reaction of cell cytoskeletons and of an actin gel made with actin-binding protein with anti-actin-binding protein IgG and anti-IgG-coated gold beads resulted in the deposition of clusters of gold at points where filaments intersect and at the ends of filaments that may have been in contact with the membrane before its removal with detergent. In the actin gel made with actin-binding protein, 75% of actin-fiber intersections labeled, and the filament spacing between intersections is consistent with that predicted on theoretical grounds if each added actin-binding protein molecule cross-links two filaments to form an intersection in the gel.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3745264 TI - Binding and spreading of hepatocytes on synthetic galactose culture surfaces occur as distinct and separable threshold responses. AB - Isolated rat hepatocytes bind to synthetic flat polyacrylamide matrices containing covalently attached galactose residues in a sugar-specific and concentration-dependent manner. Cell binding is mediated by the asialoglycoprotein receptor and occurs as a threshold response at or above a critical concentration of sugar in the matrix. Hepatocytes in the presence or absence of serum were able to spread on these synthetic galactose surfaces and were morphologically similar to cells on tissue culture plastic. Cell spreading also occurred as a threshold response but at a much higher critical concentration of sugar than for the cell-binding response. Above the critical concentration for spreading, the area occupied by a cell increased as the sugar concentration increased. By manipulating the galactose content of the matrix, cell spreading and cell binding can be differentiated as independent and separable threshold responses to the extracellular substratum. PMID- 3745265 TI - Alpha-thrombin induces release of platelet-derived growth factor-like molecule(s) by cultured human endothelial cells. AB - Cultured endothelial cells secrete a platelet-derived growth factor-like molecule (PDGFc). We examined the effects of purified human alpha-thrombin on the production of PDGFc in cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVE) using a specific radioreceptor assay for PDGF. Addition of physiologically relevant concentrations of alpha-thrombin (0.1 to 10 U/ml) induced a time- and dose-dependent increase in the release of PDGFc into the culture medium. Significant stimulation of PDGFc release was observed as early as 1.5 h after addition of alpha-thrombin (10 U/ml) with a 4.9 +/- 1.1 fold increase at 24 h (mean +/- SEM of nine experiments, P less than 0.01). alpha-Thrombin treatment of HUVE did not affect cell viability as assessed by trypan blue dye exclusion. The receptor binding of PDGFc secreted by HUVE in response to alpha-thrombin was inhibited by monospecific antibody to purified human PDGF indicating that the molecule(s) is closely related to PDGF. alpha-Thrombin inactivated with diisopropylfluorophosphate was without stimulatory effect. Lysis of HUVE by repeated cycles of freeze/thaw released minimal PDGFc (less than 0.3 ng per 10(6) cells) compared to levels of PDGFc released into supernatant medium in response to alpha-thrombin (greater than 5.0 ng per 10(6) cells after a 24-h incubation with 10 U/ml alpha-thrombin). Moreover, incubation of freeze/thaw lysates of HUVE with alpha-thrombin failed to release PDGFc. Over a 3-h time course, however, alpha-thrombin-induced secretion of PDGFc was not prevented by cycloheximide. We conclude that alpha-thrombin induces secretion of PDGFc from HUVE by a nonlytic mechanism requiring the serine esterase activity of the enzyme. Although this effect does not initially require de novo protein synthesis, it does require cell mediated conversion of PDGFc from an inactive to an active form. PMID- 3745266 TI - The positive transcription factor of the 5S RNA gene proteolyses during direct exchange between 5S DNA sites. AB - We have examined the association, dissociation, and exchange of the 5S specific transcription factor (TFIIIA) with somatic- and oocyte-type 5S DNA. The factor associates faster with somatic than with oocyte 5S DNA, and the rate of complex formation is accelerated by vector DNA. Once formed, the TFIIIA-5S DNA complex is stable for greater than 4 h in the absence of free 5S DNA, and its dissociation is identical for somatic and for oocyte 5S DNA. In the presence of free 5S DNA, the factor transfers promptly from the complex to the free 5S DNA site. Unexpectedly, the direct exchange of factor between 5S DNA sites leads to proteolysis at the C-terminal arm of TFIIIA. PMID- 3745267 TI - Association of nucleoplasmin with transcription products as revealed by immunolocalization in the amphibian oocyte. AB - The oocyte nucleus of Pleurodeles waltlii contains a major 32,000-mol-wt acidic protein which is called nucleoplasmin. Rabbit antibodies were raised against total nuclear proteins from Pleurodeles oocytes. Affinity-purified antibodies directed against nucleoplasmin were prepared using antigens bound to nitrocellulose paper. The specificity of the antibody was controlled on two dimensional electrophoretic gels of nuclear proteins. The intranuclear distribution of nucleoplasmin was analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence and the immunogold technique in light and electron microscopy. The antibody was tested on a spread of the nuclear content prepared in the presence of calcium, on the nuclear content spread in the presence of phalloidin so that an actin network appeared, and on a spread of nuclei from oocytes previously treated by actinomycin D. In all cases, nucleoplasmin appeared to be localized on the lampbrush loops, i.e., on the sites of transcription and, more specifically, on the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles; this protein was also associated with the RNP particles of the nuclear sap (free or inserted in the actin network). Nucleoplasmin was localized on large RNP particles that appeared when transcription was blocked. We never found this protein on the chromosome axis. These results suggest that nucleoplasmin may play a role in transcriptional activity. PMID- 3745268 TI - Microinjected Tetrahymena rDNA ends are not recognized as telomeres in Xenopus eggs. AB - Telomeres are essential structures that stabilize the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes and allow complete replication of linear DNA molecules. We examined the structure and replication of telomeres by observing the fate of the linear extrachromosomal rDNA of Tetrahymena after injection into unfertilized Xenopus eggs. The rDNA replicated efficiently as a linear extrachromosomal molecule, increasing in mass 30-50-fold by 15-20 h after injection. In addition, the molecules increased in length by addition of up to several kilobases of DNA to their termini. Sequence analysis demonstrated that the added DNA bore no resemblance to known telomeres. The junction between the rDNA and added DNA was apparently random, indicating that the addition reaction did not involve a site specific recombination or integration event. Surprisingly, Southern blot analysis showed that the added DNA did not derive from Xenopus DNA, but rather from co purifying and therefore co-injected Tetrahymena DNA. The nonspecific ligation of random DNA fragments to the rDNA termini suggests that microinjected Tetrahymena rDNA ends are not recognized as telomeres in Xenopus eggs. PMID- 3745269 TI - Immortalization of human lymphocytes by fusion with cytoplasts of transformed mouse L cells. AB - Fusion of mouse L929 cytoplasts with human peripheral blood lymphocytes induced lymphocyte proliferation that gave rise to lymphoid cell lines of B and T cell origin with unlimited growth potential. The immortalized cell lines were routinely grown in standard medium supplemented with fetal calf serum. Furthermore these cell lines could be propagated in chemically defined serum-free media. Each establishment of lymphoid cell lines was preceded by a proliferation phase 2 wk after cytoplast/cell fusion, which appears to be a necessary step in the immortalization process. The immortalized cells have a nearly normal human karyotype, do not form colonies in soft agar medium, and are not tumorigenic in nude mice. Cloned B cell lines produced human immunoglobulins of heavy and light chain types. No cross-reaction with DNA of herpes simplex virus, human cytomegalovirus, human T cell leukemia/lymphoma virus I and II, or polyoma virus was detected in the genome of immortalized cell lines by Southern blot hybridization. Furthermore B and T cell lines were established that appear to be free of Epstein-Barr virus genome. PMID- 3745270 TI - The lateral diffusion of lipid probes in the surface membrane of Schistosoma mansoni. AB - The technique of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching was used to measure the lateral diffusion of fluorescent lipid analogues in the surface membrane of Schistosoma mansoni. Our data reveal that although some lipids could diffuse freely others exhibited restricted lateral diffusion. Quenching of lipid fluorescence by a non-permeant quencher, trypan blue, showed that there was an asymmetric distribution of lipids across the double bilayer of mature parasites. Those lipids that diffused freely were found to reside mainly in the external monolayer of the outer membrane whereas lipids with restricted lateral diffusion were located mainly in one or more of the monolayers beneath the external monolayer. Formation of surface membrane blebs allowed us to measure the lateral diffusion of lipids in the membrane without the influence of underlying cytoskeletal structures. The restricted diffusion found on the normal surface membrane of mature parasites was found to be released in membrane blebs. Quenching of fluorescent lipids on blebs indicated that all probes were present almost entirely in the external monolayer. Juvenile worms exhibited lower lateral diffusion coefficients than mature parasites: in addition, the lipids partitioned into the external monolayer. The results are discussed in terms of membrane organization, cytoskeletal contacts, and biological significance. PMID- 3745271 TI - Schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni use lysophosphatidylcholine to lyse adherent human red blood cells and immobilize red cell membrane components. AB - Human red blood cells (RBCs) adhere to and are lysed by schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni. We have investigated the mechanism of RBC lysis by comparing the dynamic properties of transmembrane protein and lipid probes in adherent ghost membranes with those in control RBCs and in RBCs treated with various membrane perturbants. Fluorescence photobleaching recovery was used to measure the lateral mobility of two integral membrane proteins, glycophorin and band 3, and two lipid analogues, fluorescein phosphatidylethanolamine (Fl-PE) and carbocyanine dyes, in RBCs and ghosts adherent to schistosomula. Adherent ghosts manifested 95-100% immobilization of both membrane proteins and 45-55% immobilization of both lipid probes. In separate experiments, diamide-induced cross-linking of RBC cytoskeletal proteins slowed transmembrane protein diffusion by 30-40%, without affecting either transmembrane protein fractional mobility or lipid probe lateral mobility. Wheat germ agglutinin- and polylysine-induced cross linking of glycophorin at the extracellular surface caused 80-95% immobilization of the transmembrane proteins, without affecting the fractional mobility of the lipid probe. Egg lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) induced both lysis of RBCs and a concentration-dependent decrease in the lateral mobility of glycophorin, band 3, and Fl-PE in ghost membranes. At a concentration of 8.4 micrograms/ml, lysoPC caused a pattern of protein and lipid immobilization in RBC ghosts identical to that in ghosts adherent to schistosomula. Schistosomula incubated with labeled palmitate released lysoPC into the culture medium at a rate of 1.5 fmol/h per 10(3) organisms. These data suggest that lysoPC is transferred from schistosomula to adherent RBCs, causing their lysis. PMID- 3745272 TI - 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase localization in rat liver peroxisomes and microsomes of control and cholestyramine-treated animals: quantitative biochemical and immunoelectron microscopical analyses. AB - 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, a key regulatory enzyme involved in cholesterol biosynthesis, has recently been reported to be present in rat liver peroxisomes (Keller, G.A., M.C. Barton, D.J. Shapiro, and S.J. Singer, 1985, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82:770-774). Immunoelectron labeling of ultrathin frozen sections of normal liver, using two monoclonal antibodies to purified rat liver microsomal HMG-CoA reductase, indicated that the enzyme is present in the matrix of peroxisomes. This study is a quantitative biochemical and immunoelectron microscopical analysis of HMG-CoA reductase in rat liver peroxisomes and microsomes of normal and cholestyramine-treated animals. Cholestyramine treatment produced a six- to sevenfold increase in the specific activity of peroxisomal HMG-CoA reductase, whereas the microsomal HMG-CoA reductase specific activity increased by about twofold. Using a computer program that calculates optimal linear combinations of marker enzymes, it was determined that between 20 and 30% of the total reductase activity was located in the peroxisomes of cholestyramine-treated animals. Less than 5% of the reductase activity was present in peroxisomes under control conditions. Quantitation of the immunoelectron microscopical data was in excellent agreement with the biochemical results. After cholestyramine treatment there was an eightfold increase in the density of gold particles per peroxisome, and we estimate about a threefold increase in the labeling of the ER. PMID- 3745273 TI - Changes in the organization of the neuritic cytoskeleton during nerve growth factor-activated differentiation of PC12 cells: a serial electron microscopic study of the development and control of neurite shape. AB - After exposure to nerve growth factor, PC12 cells differentiate within a period of only a few days into cholinergic sympathetic neurons. Using computer-assisted three-dimensional serial electron microscopic reconstruction, we describe the progressive cytoskeletal and structural changes of PC12 neurites at different stages in their differentiation. Developmental changes in these neurites can be characterized by two major transitions. First, microtubules (MTs), which define the longitudinal axis of the neurite, increase in number leading to a more cylindrical and uniform neurite shape. Second, there are major changes in the relative numbers of other organelle types, which reflect the functional specialization of the neurite. These changes do not in themselves seriously affect shape change of the neurite during development, however the presence of these organelles and their associated obligatory volumes (volumes surrounding organelle) account for well over 50% of the neurite's volume at all stages of development. The MT-MT distances and obligatory volumes associated with the organelles remain constant throughout development. Thus, we can conclude that many of the observed changes seen in developing PC12 neurites are due simply to the production of a greater number of MTs in the cell, and that many of the other important parameters that can be measured and contribute to neurite shape remain constant during development. PMID- 3745274 TI - Experimental modification of PC12 neurite shape with the microtubule depolymerizing drug Nocodazole: a serial electron microscopic study of neurite shape control. AB - The microtubule-depolymerizing drug Nocodazole has been used to experimentally manipulate the form of PC12 neurites. Both time-lapse photography and serial electron microscopy demonstrate that microtubule depolymerization leads to varicosity formation due to a clustering of membranous organelles in young neurites (nerve growth factor activated within 7 d). Neurites that have been nerve growth factor activated 7 or more d before Nocodazole application are resistant to microtubule depolymerization. These data and data from previous papers has been combined in an attempt to predict quantitatively the volume and the shape of a neurite. The relationship is described mathematically by Vn = 4.52 Vo + 0.0054 MTl, where Vn is local neurite volume, Vo is organelle volume, and MTl is MT length (the constant, 0.0054 is micron2), and 4.52 is the obligatory volume constant derived from serial electron microscopic studies. The equation predicts the total volume of neurites despite alterations of morphology due to Nocodazole and despite changes in morphology during development. PMID- 3745275 TI - Microtubule reassembly from nucleating fragments during the regrowth of amputated neurites. AB - We have proposed that stable microtubule (MT) fragments that resist depolymerization may serve as nucleating elements for the local control of MT dynamics in the axon (Heidemann, S. R., M. A. Hamborg, S. J. Thomas, B. Song, S. Lindley, and D. Chu, 1984, J. Cell Biol., 99:1289-1295). Here we report evidence that supports this proposal in studies on the role of MTs in the regrowth of neurites from the distal segments of amputated chick sensory neurites. Amputated neurites collapse to "beads" of axoplasm that rapidly regrow (Shaw, G., and D. Bray, 1977, Exp. Cell Res., 104:55-62). We examined both unarrested regrowth and regrowth after MT disassembly by either cold (-5 degrees C for 2 h) or nocodazole (0.1 microgram/ml for 15-20 min). In all these cases regrowth occurred at 3.5-4.5 micron/min with no delay times other than the times to reach 37 degrees C or rinse out the nocodazole. Electron micrographs of untreated beads show many MTs of varying lengths, while those of cold- and nocodazole-treated beads show markedly shorter MTs. The robust regrowth of neurites from beads containing only very short MTs argues against unfurling of intact MTs from the bead into the growing neurite. Electron micrographs of cold-treated beads lysed under conditions that cause substantial MT depolymerization in untreated intact neurites show persistent MT fragments similar to those in unlysed cold-treated beads. We interpret this as evidence that the MT fragments in cold-treated beads are somehow distinct from the majority of the MT mass that had depolymerized. Collapsed neurites treated with a higher dose of nocodazole (1.0 microgram/ml for 15-20 min) were completely devoid of MTs and regrew only after a 15-20 min delay in two cases but never regrew in 11 other cases. We found that MTs did not return in beads treated with 1.0 microgram/ml nocodazole even 30 min after removal of the drug. It was unlikely that the inability of these beads to reassemble MTs was due to incomplete removal of nocodazole in that a much higher dose (20 micrograms/ml nocodazole) could be quickly rinsed from intact neurites. Beads treated with 1.0 microgram/ml nocodazole could, however, be stimulated to reassemble MTs and regrow neurites by treatment with taxol. We conclude that the immediate, robust regrowth of neurites from collapsed beads of axoplasm requires MT nucleation sites to support MT reassembly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3745276 TI - Studies on the transcription, translation, and structure of alpha-actinin in Dictyostelium discoideum. AB - A clone coding for the F-actin cross-linking protein alpha-actinin was obtained by screening a genomic library of Dictyostelium discoideum DNA in lambda gt11 with monoclonal antibodies specific for Dictyostelium alpha-actinin. The 1.2 kilobase (kb) genomic clone was confirmed as containing part of the alpha-actinin gene by comparing its nucleotide sequence with the amino acid sequence of tryptic peptides from purified alpha-actinin. The clone recognized a 3.0-kb message in a Northern blot. Hybridization to RNA isolated from different developmental stages of several D. discoideum strains indicated that the mRNA content increased during early development. A similar result was obtained when the alpha-actinin content of the cells was followed by Western blot analysis. Hybridization of the clone to DNA from different wild-type strains of D. discoideum indicated a polymorphism on the DNA level that coincided with a polymorphism on the protein level. The data suggest continuous transcription of the alpha-actinin gene throughout the development of D. discoideum, up- and down-regulation of the levels of alpha actinin mRNA and protein with maximum levels at the onset of aggregation, and a high diversity of alpha-actinin at the DNA and protein level among different D. discoideum strains. The structural data make it conceivable that the highly conserved nature of alpha-actinin resides only at the functional sites, whereas the helical portions of the alpha-actinin molecule allow a higher level of diversity throughout evolution. PMID- 3745277 TI - The alteration of myosin isoform compartmentation in specific mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans. AB - Myosin isoforms A and B are located at the surface of the central and polar regions, respectively, of thick filaments in body muscle cells of Caenorhabditis elegans, whereas paramyosin and a distinct core structure comprise the backbones of these filaments. Thick filaments and related structures were isolated from nematode mutants that have altered thick filament protein compositions. These mutant filaments and their complexes with specific antibodies were studied by electron microscopy to determine the distribution of the two myosins. The compartmentation of the two myosin isoforms in body wall muscle thick filaments depends not only upon the intrinsic properties of the myosins but their interactions with other components such as paramyosin and their relative quantities determined by synthesis. PMID- 3745278 TI - Neonatal and adult myosin heavy chain isoforms in a nerve-muscle culture system. AB - When adult mouse muscle fibers are co-cultured with embryonic mouse spinal cord, the muscle regenerates to form myotubes that develop cross-striations and contractions. We have investigated the myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms present in these cultures using polyclonal antibodies to the neonatal, adult fast, and slow MHC isoforms of rat (all of which were shown to react specifically with the analogous mouse isoforms) in an immunocytochemical assay. The adult fast MHC was absent in newly formed myotubes but was found at later times, although it was absent when the myotubes myotubes were cultured without spinal cord tissue. When nerve-induced muscle contractions were blocked by the continuous presence of alpha-bungarotoxin, there was no decrease in the proportion of fibers that contained adult fast MHC. Neonatal and slow MHC were found at all times in culture, even in the absence of the spinal cord, and so their expression was not thought to be nerve-dependent. Thus, in this culture system, the expression of adult fast MHC required the presence of the spinal cord, but was probably not dependent upon nerve-induced contractile activity in the muscle fibers. PMID- 3745280 TI - Protein phosphorylation in cultured endothelial cells. AB - We have investigated the protein phosphorylation systems present in cultured bovine aortic and pulmonary artery endothelial cells. The cells contain cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, three calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, protein kinase C, and at least one tyrosine kinase. No cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase activity was found. The cells also contained numerous substrates for cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C. Fewer substrates were found for the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases. There was little difference between either protein kinase activities or substrates when pulmonary artery endothelium was compared to aortic endothelium grown under similar culture conditions. It is likely that these various protein kinases and their respective substrate proteins are involved in mediating several of the actions of the hormones and drugs which affect the vascular endothelium. PMID- 3745279 TI - Isolation and partial characterization of endothelial cell extracellular complexes. AB - Human endothelial cells release components into the growth medium that stimulate cell-substratum adhesion. Several macromolecular components were isolated by ultracentrifugation of the endothelial cell conditioned medium. The components were heterogeneous, consisting of several sizes when examined by sedimentation velocity and gel filtration. When the extracellular components were evaluated by electron microscopy, structurally discrete particles were observed. The extracellular components and the complexes mediated cell-substratum adhesion to both human umbilical and arterial endothelial cells. The majority of the extracellular components that promote endothelial cell adhesion were pelleted by ultracentrifugation. Although the complexes contained fibronectin, antibodies to fibronectin did not inhibit cell adhesion to the complexes. Significant inhibition of endothelial cell adhesion was observed in the presence of heparin and heparan sulfate. The supernatant fraction following ultracentrifugation of the growth medium contained a component that suppressed endothelial cell adhesion to culture dishes coated with fibronectin, type I collagen, and endothelial cell complexes. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that the complexes contained several components, and the majority of the large-molecular-weight components were pelleted by ultracentrifugation. The conditioned medium from human endothelial cells contains specific complexes that promote cell-substratum adhesion and components that suppress cell-substratum adhesion. PMID- 3745281 TI - Density-dependent inhibition of expression of syncytiotrophoblastic markers by cultured human choriocarcinoma (BeWo) cells. AB - In the presence of methotrexate, cultured human choriocarcinoma (BeWo) cells undergo a differentiative response that resembles normal trophoblastic development. In the current study, the effects of cell number and population density on drug-induced conversion of BeWo cells from the cytotrophoblastlike to the syncytiotrophoblastlike phenotype were investigated using as markers of differentiation formation of "giant" cells, a process shown to require exogenous purines, and expression of placental (heat-stable) alkaline phosphatase. Giant cell formation, assessed by determination of cell volumes, was reduced in crowded cultures, and addition of hypoxanthine to growth media partially restored methotrexate-induced cell enlargement. Cellular uptake of methotrexate, assessed by following the loss of methotrexate from cell culture fluids during drug exposures, was two-threefold greater in sparsely populated than in densely populated cultures. Although the concentration of methotrexate in culture fluids of crowded cultures declined during exposures of 48 hr, the amount of extracellular drug remaining at 48 hr was well above the threshold for induction of the differentiative response. When culture population was held constant and population density was manipulated by varying the substratum available to cells, methotrexate-induced cell enlargement was inversely related to population density. Expression of placental alkaline phosphatase, salvage of exogenous hypoxanthine, and synthesis of RNA were also reduced at high population densities. These results indicate that expression of markers of methotrexate induced differentiation of BeWo cells was inhibited in a density-dependent manner that may have been related to reduced cellular uptake of the inducing agent and of exogenous nutrients (purines) from culture fluids. PMID- 3745282 TI - Temperature ranges over which rainbow trout fibroblasts survive and synthesize heat-shock proteins. AB - Cultures of the rainbow trout fibroblast cell line RTG-2 withstood temperatures from 0 degrees C to 28 degrees C. At 0 degrees C and 28 degrees C, no proliferation occurred, but cells persisted for at least 7 days. If the cultures were placed back at 22 degrees C, proliferation returned to normal in those that had been kept at 0 degrees C but was reduced in cultures that had been kept at 28 degrees C. Above 28 degrees C, cultures survived for only short periods. If RTG-2 cells that were grown routinely at 22 degrees C were shifted to 26, 28, and 30 degrees C, heat shock proteins (hsps) of 100, 87, 70, 68, 60, 39, 27, and 19 kilodaltons were synthesized. Synthesis was most pronounced at 28 degrees C, and at this temperature hsp synthesis was maximal by 2 hr and had returned to control levels by 36 hr. Individual hsps were synthesized maximally at slightly different times and temperatures, but under all conditions hsps 87 and 70 were most abundant. If cultures were shifted to 24 degrees C or 32 degrees C, hsp synthesis was not observed. Neither the placement of cultures at 5 degrees C nor the shift of cultures that had been maintained at 0 degrees C or 5 degrees C back to 22 degrees C induced the synthesis of hsps. However, cultures incubated at 5 degrees C for 24 hr did synthesize hsps at 26 degrees C, 28 degrees C, and 30 degrees C. PMID- 3745284 TI - Hand rehabilitation. PMID- 3745283 TI - Thrombin-induced chemotaxis and aggregation of neutrophils. AB - Thrombin-induced neutrophil chemotaxis and aggregation were studied using cells isolated from either human or sheep blood. Sheep neutrophils (10(8) cells/ml) exhibited maximum chemotactic migration towards 10(-8)M human alpha-thrombin, 10( 8)M gamma-thrombin (which lacks the fibrinogen site), and 10(-12)MD-Phe-Pro-Arg CH2-alpha-thrombin (catalytically inactive thrombin). Chemotactic responses of the same magnitude were obtained with human neutrophils (10(8) cells/ml). The chemotactic responses to thrombin were comparable to those obtained with diluted (1:200 v/v) zymosan activated serum (ZAS) and 10(-11)M FMLP. Premixing of the thrombin forms with hirudin in 1:1 stoichiometric amounts abolished the chemotaxis but not chemokinesis Aggregatory responses of human and sheep neutrophils were comparable for ZAS, alpha-thrombin, and gamma-thrombin. The responses of both human and sheep neutrophils to D-Phe-Pro-Arg-CH2-alpha-thrombin were attenuated, indicating that the proteolytic site may be involved in the aggregatory response. The results suggest that thrombin-induced neutrophil chemotaxis and aggregation are mediated by different mechanisms, since chemotaxis is a catalytically independent response whereas aggregation is an active site independent response. PMID- 3745285 TI - Implant resection arthroplasty of the finger joints. AB - Flexible implant resection arthroplasty for the finger joints can provide rewarding results. The importance of indications, surgical considerations, and postoperative modalities are reviewed for the MP, PIP, and DIP joints. PMID- 3745286 TI - Flexor tendon injuries. Treatment of the acute problem. AB - The management of flexor tendon injuries continues to evolve as our knowledge of tendon biology and physiology improves. The concept of early motion after tendon repair is a key part of this evolutionary process. This section has provided a brief review of the history of early motion and presented a postoperative therapy program for flexor tendon repairs. Patient education, splinting (protective and corrective) and an exercise and activity program have been stressed. It must be emphasized that if early motion is used postoperatively, it must be done in conjunction with a closely supervised hand therapy program. PMID- 3745287 TI - Flexor tendon injury. Late solution. AB - Once the decision has been reached to reconstruct a digit with lost flexion, the options include tenolysis, one-stage tendon grafting and tendon transfer, and two stage tendon reconstruction. PMID- 3745288 TI - Flexor tendon injuries: late solution. Therapist's management. AB - Tenolysis and staged flexor tendon reconstruction are two viable alternatives in managing flexor tendon injuries when primary repair is unsatisfactory or no longer indicated. Successful results depend upon postoperative management that influences scar formation, encourages motion, and restores function. Close cooperation between the surgeon, therapist, and patient is essential for optimal results. PMID- 3745289 TI - Injuries to the digital extensors. AB - The tendency to regard lesions of the flexor tendons of the hand as difficult to repair and those of the extensor tendons as simple to treat is completely arbitrary. Extensor tendons have the advantage of running an almost entirely extrasynovial course, which facilitates the repair. On the other hand, they are thin, superficial structures, and when damaged they tend rapidly to become adherent to the underlying bones and joints. The excursion of the extensor tendons of the hand is considerably less than that of the flexors; thus, a loss of length is more difficult to compensate for. In our experience, management of lesions of the extensor apparatus has given rise to many difficulties. However, failures or partial failures are usually of less consequence than with the flexors. PMID- 3745290 TI - Therapeutic management of extensor tendon injuries. AB - Experience will show that proper management during the first 3 postoperative weeks will be the major determinant for the final result in extensor tendon injuries. In the simple injury, meticulous care in properly immobilizing each joint, combined with edema control, allows the patient to begin the mobilization phase with few problems, and a simple course of therapy can be anticipated. In the complex injury, early passive motion techniques will reduce the devastating complications of an increased fibroblastic response common to crushing injuries or combined lesions of the extensor tendons. PMID- 3745291 TI - The surgical and rehabilitation management of vascular injury to the hand. AB - To be truly successful, a revascularized or replanted hand must not only survive but also function. Survival can be achieved by microvascular surgery, but function depends on integration between the initial surgery and subsequent rehabilitation. In this context, the surgical repair of a vascular injury is seen as the first step in the rehabilitation of the hand. PMID- 3745292 TI - Therapist's management of the replanted hand. AB - The treatment of the patient with a replanted hand is a challenge to both the surgeon and the therapist. Because of multiple system involvement, we must be able to assess each structure individually to determine the best treatment protocol for that structure and then compile it into one treatment program. The communication among the triad of physician, therapist, and patient is the only way to guarantee successful results. PMID- 3745293 TI - Acute management of peripheral nerve injuries. AB - Acute management includes physical examination at the time of injury as a baseline for more detailed evaluations of motor and sensory function. The decision regarding type of nerve suture is based on the extent of the extremity wound and the cause of injury. In the closed extremity injury, spontaneous nerve recovery can be correlated with cause of injury. The evaluation of clinical recovery is based on nerve return and extremity coordination. PMID- 3745294 TI - Rehabilitation of the patient with peripheral nerve injury. PMID- 3745295 TI - Indications for tendon transfers to the hand. AB - In view of the potential problems with tendon transfers, the surgeon must consider another major alternative of treatment for the paralyzed patient: neurorrhaphy. The advantages and risks of tendon transfer and neurorrhaphy are compared in this article. PMID- 3745296 TI - Therapist's management of tendon transfers. AB - Rehabilitation of the tendon transfer patient is a challenge to the hand therapist, given the variety of transfers performed and the level of skill, knowledge, and creativity needed to treat them adequately. Careful preoperative evaluation and treatment increase the prospects for a successful result. The postoperative care of the tendon transfer is a team effort by the surgeon, therapist, and patient; each must have a clear understanding of the goals and precautions of each stage of treatment. Restrictions are initially placed upon the patient's mobility to allow healing; these are then reduced as he activates the transfer and then begins to incorporate the new motion into daily activity. Resistance is added gradually to the patient's tolerance, and care is taken throughout the rehabilitation process not to overwork the muscle in its new function. Tendon transfer is never completely restorative, but often makes a striking difference in the patient's functional abilities. The outcome can be very gratifying for the patient and for those who collaborate in his treatment. PMID- 3745298 TI - Soft tissue injuries of the hand. AB - This article emphasizes the importance of good principles of wound management, including control of hemorrhage, the taking of a complete history, physical examination, assessment of vascular integrity, diagnosis of the presence of injured nerves, and closure of the wound. Also discussed are the following specific injuries: fingertip injuries, avulsion injuries, ring injuries, high pressure injection injuries, and burns. PMID- 3745299 TI - Soft tissue trauma. AB - With any soft tissue injury that involves a great deal of skin loss, the basic goals of therapy are edema control and management of scar tissue. The key to treatment is early intervention with the use of elevation, exercise, pressure, and splinting to prevent the all too frequent soft tissue and joint contractures. Management is not short-term as maturation of the scar can take up to 1 year. Experienced evaluation and consistency in carrying out the therapeutic program are necessary if full function is to be restored. PMID- 3745300 TI - Mutilating injuries of the hand. AB - Initial operative care of mutilating injuries is discussed as well as reconstructive procedures for partial hand amputees, including digital transposition and bone grafting. PMID- 3745297 TI - Work therapy and return to work. AB - In summary, data were selected for 1 year on patients treated in the Work Tolerance Program at the Hand Rehabilitation Center in Philadelphia. The type of information obtained has been used to obtain a profile of the patient population in the Work Tolerance Program. Statistical analysis was used, not only to formulate patient demographics, but also to evaluate the length of treatment of patients in the Work Tolerance Program. This period averaged 6 weeks. The statistical analysis also revealed there was significant interaction between the type of injury and the patient's diagnosis, and the rate of return to work. The patients with injuries to bone and nerve required longer periods of treatment until they returned to work than did patients with injuries to soft tissue or combination injuries. Our statistical analysis revealed that in 1982, 75 per cent of the patients in the Work Tolerance Program returned to work to regular or modified jobs. The length of time from injury to return to work was 63 per cent longer for patients with Workers' Compensation coverage than for patients with private insurance coverage. Because the statistical analysis that 60 per cent of the patients treated in the Work Tolerance Program were Workers' Compensation insured, and 80 per cent of the patients treated in the Work Tolerance Program were secondarily referred, it should be recognized that all patients with severe hand injuries would benefit from an immediate referral to a Hand Rehabilitation Center of excellence to facilitate their therapeutic management and expedite their recovery from time of injury to return to work. This study was restricted to the analysis of length of treatment and rate of return to work. Future studies should study the effect of early referral and the application of specific treatments. PMID- 3745301 TI - Therapist's management of the mutilated hand. AB - A staged approach to therapeutic management of mutilating hand injuries is presented. Edema control, wound management, structural mobility, and pain are among the topics discussed. PMID- 3745302 TI - Bone injuries: treatment and rehabilitation. AB - Solid bony union with full range of painless motion is accomplished by correct early diagnosis, adequate reduction, stable fixation, prevention of edema, and institution of early motion programs. The degree of bony injury and involvement of multiple tissues will dictate the type of fixation and length of immobilization. Restoration of a stable skeleton with a functional range of joint motion must always be accomplished. PMID- 3745303 TI - Sprains and joint injuries in the hand. AB - Several specific injuries are discussed in detail, including acute collateral ligament injury, ulnar collateral ligament injuries of the thumb MP joint, volar plate injuries, volar PIP joint dislocations, pseudoboutonniere deformity, and dorsal MP joint dislocations. PMID- 3745304 TI - Sprains and joint injuries: therapist's management. PMID- 3745305 TI - [Surgical treatment of villous tumors of the rectum and sigmoid. Apropos of 79 cases]. AB - The authors analyse a series of 79 villous tumors of the rectum and sigmoid. These tumors are observed more often in men at an average age of 65. They distinguish benign tumors (44 cases), premalignant (21 cases) and malignant tumors (14 cases). The histology of the whole piece has a greater value than a preoperative biopsy. There are many clinical symptoms and the forms with electrolyte depletion are not rare (6 cases). Tumors with wide implantation need a surgical treatment. It will be conservative in benign cases, but the excision will be wide in cases of invasive malignancy. The indication are based upon the localisation of the tumor on the rectum. Mortality of wide excision is quite important (10) because of the bad general feature of the patients. Recurrences must be detected early by regular endoscopic follow-up. PMID- 3745306 TI - [Should colonic anastomoses be inspected radiologically?]. AB - Routine early radiologic review examinations were conducted in 100 patients after colocolic or colorectal anastomosis. Postoperative course was assessed as clinically uncomplicated in 77 cases, a barium enema producing normal images in 67 and abnormal images in 10 cases, and recovery operations were not necessary. The course was more difficult in 23 patients: recovery operation to repair a gap was needed in 9 cases, while results were evaluated as satisfactory in 14 with 3 false negatives. Recovery operations (including 6 for fistula) in 9 patients followed acute clinical manifestations. Clinical evaluation is therefore of primary importance, a barium meal being justified only when intra-abdominal complications are suspected, while recognizing the risk of false negative results for this examination. PMID- 3745307 TI - [Gritti's amputation. Surgical technic, apparatus and indications]. AB - The amputation proposed by R. Gritti in 1857 involves a supracondylar operation with repair surgery to the patella, which is attached to the femur, allowing a long stump to be maintained. Principal criticisms were related to the apparatus used, until be availability of a prosthetic knee occupying minimal spaces and allowing alignment with the healthy knee. Weight bearing is terminal with a light prosthesis that locks in without difficulty. It can therefore be substituted for conventional lower third of thigh amputations in certain cases. PMID- 3745308 TI - [Chylothorax from closed thoracic injuries. Apropos of a case. Review of the literature]. AB - Chylothorax of traumatic origin represents 60% of cases reported. A patient presented with a chylothorax from a closed chest injury, these representing only 10% of total cases seen with injury to the thoracic duct. Direct lesions, of either accidental or perioperative origin are the most frequent lesions. Various elements relating to the circumstances of onset, diagnostic factors and different therapeutic procedures are discussed. The course of these lesions after treatment is usually very favorable, as a result of the essential close cooperation between surgeons and intensive care physicians. PMID- 3745309 TI - [Operative mortality and morbidity in pelvic exenteration. Technical aspects]. AB - Postoperative complications in a continuous series of 23 pelvic exenterations for female genital tumor are analyzed, together with specific technical improvements capable of reducing morbidity and mortality of this major surgery. Emphasis is placed on the use of automatic suturing to improve hemostasis and to facilitate performance of digestive anastomoses. The preferred urinary bypass operation is ureterosigmoidostomy into an excluded loop, cutaneous ureterostomy being reserved for patients in a poor general condition. The only satisfactory procedure for filling of the pelviperineal cavity appears to be internal epiploplasty combined with perineal reconstruction by means of a musculus gracilis flap, which also allows the confection of a new vaginal cavity. PMID- 3745310 TI - [Surgical treatment of recurrence of uterine cervix cancer]. AB - Surgery for recurrence of malpighian epithelioma of uterine cervix was performed in 14 patients, exenteration being necessary in 10 cases (5 anterior, 4 total and 1 posterior). Possibilities of surgical excision of recurrences are limited (10 to 20% of cases) and should not be considered except after a careful general, local and regional investigation including, if necessary, and exploratory laparotomy. This recovery surgery must be preceded by high-dose irradiation. This partly explains the high incidence of exenterations, with the need for cutaneous bypass of urine and/or fecal matter, but also the high prevalence of postoperative complications and mortality. Long-term results are deceiving and a 5-year survival rate of 20% appears to be maximum obtainable. However, this surgery remains the only solution capable of providing the patients with a chance, and it very often relieves them of the painful course of a pelvic tumor. PMID- 3745311 TI - [Extra-abdominal desmoid tumors. Apropos of a case in the calf]. AB - A young 15 year old girl presented with a voluminous desmoid tumor of the calf. Three attempts to excise the tumor were only partially successful because of the risk of vascular and nerve damage, and excision was incomplete on each occasion. These tactics appeared to be justified, however, since the tumor had little functional effects and appeared to become stable at the last examination. The tactical surgical problems are discussed, the benign nature of the tumor imposing conservative surgery which is often incomplete, although in certain cases the operation can be combined with a recovery arterial shunt. The various etiopathogenic elements of these tumors are described. PMID- 3745312 TI - [Our concepts of treating recent fractures of the lower end of the humerus in children]. AB - After a brief description of the classification of fractures of lower and of humerus in children, methods are described for the application of different orthopedic and surgical procedures developed over the years. Treatment of supracondylar fractures remains very conventional (Judet's method), experience lacking in the use of contention in strong flexion for these fractures. Emphasis is placed on two points: the need for perfect reduction under all circumstances, since growth will have little impact on correction of residual faults, and the quality and reading of review radiographic images to avoid major mistakes in reduction. PMID- 3745313 TI - [Approach to the axillo-subclavian trunk using a sterno-cleido-costal flap]. AB - Difficulty in exposure of the axillary-subclavian arterial trunk has led to the use of a wide approach by means of a lower pedicle flap with section through the middle of the clavicle, a partial upper median sternotomy and an easy to perform section of the first two costal cartilages. Displacement of the flap downwards clearly exposes the origin of and path taken by the subclavian artery, and the axillary artery, allowing temporary proximal and distal hemostasis. Repair of clavicle and sternum by wiring is then a simple and solid procedure. Two cases of subclavian arteriovenous fistula are used to illustrate use of this approach. PMID- 3745314 TI - [Partial thrombosis of the splenic vein after partial splenectomy. A clinical case]. PMID- 3745315 TI - [Indications for the Greenfield filter at the distal side of renal veins. 15 cases]. AB - Analysis of results of short- and medium-term use of 15 Greenfield's filters (GF) introduced distal to renal veins confirmed the good nephrologic tolerance and efficacy of partial interruption of suprarenal inferior vena cava. The surgical technic necessarily involves use of internal jugular vein (with the exclusion of femoral vein) and it is recommended to insert the GF in the retro-hepatic vena cava at a distance from renal veins. Review of 53 cases reported in the world literature indicates cases suitable for this procedure as being patients with severe thromboembolic accidents unable to be treated by direct surgery, fibrinolysis or by effective anticoagulation. Indications for use of a suprarenal GF include suprarenal extension of a caval thrombus or lack of efficacy of an anterior caval block proximal to renal veins. In these cases, that are rare and should remain so, the suprarenal Greenfield filter is the most satisfactory solution at the present time for ensuring the very poor vital prognosis of this very particular group of patients. PMID- 3745316 TI - [Early adjuvant intraportal chemotherapy after hepatectomy for metastases of colorectal origin]. AB - EAIPC was tested in a preliminary study, with continuous 600 mg/m2/day 5 FU with twelve consecutive patients after curative hepatectomies for colo-rectal metastases. The aim of this study is to reduce the frequency of recurrences inside the remaining liver. The numerous reasons explaining this kind of treatment are detailed. Results about technic problems and tolerance are analysed. This work should be initiate a prospective randomized study to evaluate the efficiency of the EAIPC. PMID- 3745318 TI - [Hydatid cysts of the spleen. Apropos of 25 cases]. AB - Based on a series of 25 cases of hydatid cyst of spleen, the frequency of this localization, the clinical latency and the often serious complications of these lesions are emphasized. Ultrasound was found to be an excellent diagnostic examination. Treatment in all cases was radical excision and therapy to associated lesions, with a simple postoperative course in all cases. PMID- 3745317 TI - [Role of amputation in isolated complex injuries of the index finger]. AB - The authors analyse the results of 10 amputations and 10 conservatives treatments for complex isolated trauma of the second ray. The localisation of this finger in the hand require an utilisation in "all or nothing" function. The comparison of the two series show that the amputated one's gives the best results as much for the function that for the cosmetic level. So, the non conservative treatment seems the better solution for the problems of complex trauma of the index finger. PMID- 3745319 TI - [Fractures of the upper end of radius and ulna and recent dislocations of the elbow in children]. AB - In this report concerned with luxation of the elbow and fractures of the upper end of two forearm bones in children emphasis is placed on the importance of the initial treatment, since sequelae are not corrected during growth. Correct therapy requires firstly a precise diagnosis, this depending on the obtaining of images of very good quality, if necessary taken during sleep if the child has to be anesthetized. Therapy should be as atraumatic as possible, particularly in the region of the head of radius, to avoid its subsequent necrosis. PMID- 3745320 TI - [Aorto-iliocaval fistula caused by rupture of an aneurysm. Apropos of 3 cases]. AB - Three cases of aorto-iliocaval fistula are reported. Two cases were diagnosed during operation, an emergency laparotomy being indicated by the picture of hemodynamic shock unimproved by intravenous fluids, and without reduction in number of circulating red cells, associated with a painful abdominal aorta aneurysm. Recovery occurred after surgical closure of fistula and grafting of the aneurysm. In one case a caval stenosis required the insertion of a prophylactic subrenal clip. The third case was original in that a paradoxical pulmonary embolus developed in a patient with a primary left iliac aneurysm complicated by phlebitis. The hemodynamic state was such that a first stage operation. allowed insertion of a Greenfield's filter by the jugular route. Arteriography confirmed the diagnosis of a fistula and surgery was successful. Possible clinical manifestations of aortocaval fistula and surgical therapeutic measures are discussed. PMID- 3745321 TI - [The Anterior retropharyngeal intermaxillohyoid approach and acrylic prosthesis in metastatic lesions of the upper cervical spine (C1-C2)]. AB - The authors report their experience of the intermaxillohyoido-retro-pharyngeal approach and acrylic prosthesis for metastasis of upper cervical spine. The underline the effect of osseous anterior compression and immediate stability obtained with this technique. PMID- 3745322 TI - [Argon laser and microarterial soldering]. AB - Fifty Wistar rats were submitted to a carotid end-to-end microanastomosis by means of a Coherent 900 Argon Laser. The laser shots were of 300 mW in power output and 5 sec. in duration with an impact area of 150 microns in diameter. The anastomosis was obtained in 4 min. using on an average 19 impacts. The luminal patency was evaluated through doppler and angiography visualization regularly achieved from day 0 up to 7 months. Light, scanning electron microscopic and ultrastructural examinations revealed that, on day 0, endothelial damages never exceeded 100 microns in width in the vicinity of the anastomotic line. Collagenous denaturation was immediately observed in the media and adventitia. The fusion line became re-endothelialized from day 3 and a collagenous network was always present in the media on day 10. Furthermore a slight fibrosis of the adventitia increased the wall resistance. The patency rate was 76% complications such as disruption and aneurysm were due to the initial technical drawbacks. PMID- 3745323 TI - [Splenic pseudocysts. Apropos of a case]. AB - The authors report a case of pseudocyst of the spleen. This is a rare entity which is part of nosological type of nonparasitic splenic cysts. It has most often a post-traumatic origin. The diagnosis is evoked in front of a mass of the left hypochondrium and has to be confirmed by further examinations, in particular by sonography and scanner. A microscopic examination of the surgical specimen is the only way to establish the diagnosis of a pseudocyst. The histological characteristic of pseudocyst is absence of epithelium. The splenic pseudocysts require a surgical treatment. In most cases, a splenectomy is performed. A the moment, cyst resection and partial splenectomies are performed by a few authors. This is the type of technique that we prefer especially when the patient is young. PMID- 3745324 TI - [An uncommon syndrome: the trapped popliteal vein. Apropos of a case]. AB - A case of trapped popliteal vein, an exceptional syndrome, is reported in which the clinical appearance was that of a deep phlebothrombosis, compression being detected on phlebographic images. The etiology (combined congenital malformation and acquired muscle hypertrophy in this case) was revealed during exploratory surgery, which also allowed treatment by excision of the compressing agent without any direct vascular gesture. PMID- 3745325 TI - [Ambulatory thrombectomy of a graft. Transcutaneous clamping]. AB - Thrombectomy of a graft in ambulatory patients can be performed simply under local anesthesia, avoiding admission to hospital of patients with shunts. The technique is applicable to two types of shunt: arterio-arterial shunts for lower limb arteriopathy and arteriovenous shunts of a dialysis for chronic renal failure. The advantages are twofold: dissection of a subcutaneous graft is avoided and the patient can either immediately reinstitute activity if arteritic or dialysis for renal failure. The method is effective if the thrombus is of accidental origin, failures resulting from proximal or distal stenosis, their evaluation being possible during thrombectomy. PMID- 3745326 TI - Myofascial pain syndrome. PMID- 3745327 TI - Basic level categorization in seven- and nine-month-old infants. PMID- 3745328 TI - Phonological constraints on the emergence of two-word utterances. PMID- 3745329 TI - Lexical influences on children's early positional patterns. PMID- 3745330 TI - Learning discourse topic management in the preschool years. PMID- 3745331 TI - Television as a talking picture book: a prop for language acquisition. PMID- 3745333 TI - Twin talk: manifestations of twin status in the speech of toddlers. PMID- 3745332 TI - Feedback to first language learners: the role of repetitions and clarification questions. PMID- 3745334 TI - Belief and quantity: three-year olds' adaptation to listener's knowledge. PMID- 3745335 TI - Children's judgements of transitivity errors. PMID- 3745337 TI - Cohesion and predication in child narrative. PMID- 3745336 TI - The early acquisition of spatial adjectives: a cross-linguistic study. PMID- 3745338 TI - Language-specific and language-general in developing syntax. PMID- 3745339 TI - Linguistic complexity and performance. PMID- 3745340 TI - Directionality preferences in the interpretation of anaphora: data from Korean and Japanese. PMID- 3745341 TI - How to tell if children can ask. PMID- 3745342 TI - Sex roles and phonetic factors in parent reference. PMID- 3745343 TI - Mother, I'd still rather do it myself: some further non-effects of 'motherese'. PMID- 3745344 TI - The episodic dyscontrol syndrome in childhood. PMID- 3745345 TI - Behavioural treatments of childhood obesity. PMID- 3745346 TI - The prevalence of behavioural problems in three types of preschool group. AB - The behaviour of 637 2-4 year olds attending three types of preschool group setting was assessed, using a screening questionnaire. Significantly more children in day nurseries than nursery classes or playgroups were identified with behavioural problems. It was also found that boys, those with speech or severe health problems, and younger children in day nurseries, were more likely to have behaviour difficulties. There was only a limited overlap between behaviour difficulties at home and in the group setting. The implications of the results for the training of nursery staff and the organisation of preschool services are discussed. PMID- 3745348 TI - Prevalence of behavior problems in three-year-old children living near Three Mile Island: a comparative analysis. AB - The Behavior Screening Questionnaire (BSQ) was used to determine whether 2 1/2-3 1/2 yr old children living near the TMI nuclear reactor were more disturbed than children living near another nuclear plant or near a fossil-fuel facility in Pennsylvania when assessed 2 1/2 yr later. The prevalence of behavior problems was 11%. Differences among the sites in overall rates and individual symptoms were small. Perceptions of environmental stress among the TMI sample of mothers were unrelated to BSQ scores, whereas in the comparison sites, where unemployment was rising, economic concerns were meaningfully related to the BSQ. PMID- 3745347 TI - Parent-referred problem three-year-olds: follow-up at school entry. AB - Parent-referred three-year-olds with early signs of hyperactivity and other externalizing problems were followed up at age six and compared with controls. Half the children in the problem group continued to have adjustment difficulties at home, at school, and with peers; one-third met DSM-III criteria for Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD). Maternal reports, teacher questionnaires, and observational measures discriminated between groups, but differences were accounted for only by youngsters showing persistent problems. Although laboratory measures obtained at age three did not differentiate improved children from those who continued to have problems, maternal ratings of initial symptom severity did. PMID- 3745349 TI - Developing perceptions of temperament and their relation to mother and infant behavior. AB - Controversies about temperamental assessments raise questions about whether questionnaires, which assess parental perceptions of temperament, validly measure within-child characteristics. Thirty-eight couples were recruited from childbirth classes for a short-term longitudinal study. Mother's perceptions of activity, rhythmicity and mood were moderately stable from late pregnancy to 6 mth postnatally. Only father's perceptions of activity were stable during this time. Infants rated by parents as difficult on the Carey Infant Temperament Questionnaire at 6 mth were rated by observers as less responsive while being fed by their mothers. Results are discussed in the context of influences on parental perceptions of temperament. PMID- 3745350 TI - Presumably innate and acquired automatic processes in children with attention and/or reading disorders. AB - Innate and acquired automatic information processing was compared in non-problem students and three groups of educationally troublesome children: two normal reading groups with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), one without and one with hyperactivity, and a non-hyperactive Reading Disabled (RD) group. All groups displayed reliable, presumably innate, automatic processing on measures of temporal and frequency sensitivity, but the two ADD groups made less precise judgements than controls. Contrasted with controls, all clinical groups exhibited delayed automatization in arithmetic computation, but the handicapped groups did not differ from controls on other measures of acquired automatization (speed of writing and naming). PMID- 3745351 TI - Long-term follow-up of previously separated pigtail macaques: group and individual differences in response to novel situations. AB - A follow-up study of monkeys who experienced maternal separations as infants 2.5 4.9 years earlier was performed. Matched pairs of previously separated and nonseparated control monkeys were observed individually in four unfamiliar situations, and their behavioral responses and plasma cortisol levels were measured. Results indicated that previously separated animals displayed more disturbance than did their matched controls, and levels of disturbance were significantly correlated with the degree of behavioral and physiological disturbance displayed during the original maternal separations. The results support the idea that the perception of the maternal separation may be a significant factor in whether long-term behavioral deficits exist in social and emotional functioning. PMID- 3745352 TI - Research note: temperament and behaviour in six-year-olds with recurrent abdominal pain: a follow up. AB - Dimensions of temperament and behaviour were measured in a group of infant school children with recurrent abdominal pain and in a control group. Children with recurrent abdominal pain were temperamentally more difficult than those without, and in particular, girls were found to have a more irregular temperamental style and boys to be more likely to withdraw in new situations. Temperamental differences were more persistent than the abdominal pain itself. There was little difference behaviourally between the groups. It is hypothesized that abdominal pain represents an interaction between a vulnerable temperamental style and environmental stresses. PMID- 3745353 TI - The diagnosis of muscular dystrophy in patients referred for language delay. AB - The diagnosis of muscular dystrophy is usually made on the basis of gait difficulties or a history of late achievement of normal motor milestones. Other well-described delays, notably in the area of expressive language skills, can provide additional clues to this diagnosis. We present three patients referred to The Developmental Evaluation Clinic because of problems with expressive language observed in school, who ultimately were found to have muscular dystrophy. They are presented to underscore the association of expressive language delay in patients with muscular dystrophy, and to stress the importance of a thorough motor evaluation in children with speech problems. PMID- 3745354 TI - New angle rotor coil planet centrifuge for counter-current chromatography. I. Analysis of acceleration. AB - Simple mathematical analysis has been performed on a new type of synchronous planetary motion to elucidate the acceleration field. Using generalized formulae derived from the above analysis, distribution of the centrifugal force vectors produced by all types of the synchronous planetary motion is computed and expressed in the same format to facilitate comparative studies. The results of the above analysis predict high performance of the new angle rotor coil planet centrifuge in counter-current chromatography. PMID- 3745355 TI - New angle rotor coil planet centrifuge for counter-current chromatography. II. Design of the apparatus and studies on phase retention and partition capability. AB - A new angle rotor coil planet centrifuge (psi = 25 degrees), which produces a Type J-L synchronous planetary motion, has been constructed to examine its capability in terms of stationary phase retention and solute partitioning. Studies on phase distribution diagrams obtained from various two-phase solvent systems indicated that the present system can be adapted to a wide variety of solvent systems by adjusting the centrifugal conditions. Excellent partition capability of the apparatus was successfully demonstrated in separations of dinitrophenyl amino acid samples with chloroform-acetic acid-0.1 N hydrochloric acid (2:2:1). PMID- 3745356 TI - Mass fragmentographic determination of urinary amine metabolites in rats exposed to degradation products from heated rigid polyurethane. AB - A mass fragmentographic method was developed for the urinalysis of amine metabolites in rats resulting from inhalation of thermally induced degradation products of rigid polyurethane synthesized from the aromatic diisocyanate 4,4' bis(carbonylamino)diphenylmethane. The urinary excretion of acetylated 4,4' bis(amino)-diphenylmethane was determined after acid hydrolysis, followed by alkaline extraction in toluene and derivatization with heptafluorobutyric acid anhydride. The excretion was linearly correlated to the inhaled parent isocyanate at three different degradation temperatures. Mass spectrometric detection of the amines also allowed comparison with the degraded polymer, which should be of considerable forensic significance. The sensitivity (5 pg/microliter) also enables biological monitoring of occupational exposure in the production and engineering of polyurethane articles. PMID- 3745358 TI - Fast protein liquid chromatography of antibacterial components in milk. Lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin and lysozyme. PMID- 3745357 TI - Method for the analysis in maize of the Fusarium mycotoxin moniliformin employing ion-pairing extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - The Fusarium mycotoxin moniliformin (hydroxycyclobutenedione) has been determined in maize using a novel method with a recovery of 70-80% at 400-1600 micrograms/kg and 60% at the detection limit of 100 micrograms/kg. The method requires extraction of the toxin into aqueous tetra-n-butylammonium hydroxide and removal of cations from this solution by ion-exchange chromatography. Following clean-up by partitioning against dichloromethane, further quaternary ammonium reagent was added to the aqueous phase which was absorbed onto a hydrophilic matrix and the tetra-n-butylammonium moniliformate ion pair extracted into dichloromethane. After evaporation of the organic eluent, the residue was dissolved in aqueous sodium chloride and moniliformin quantitated by ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. A batch of five samples may be analysed in 5-6 h including the chromatographic determination. PMID- 3745359 TI - Isolation and identification of hydrocodone in narcotic cough syrups by high performance liquid chromatography with infrared spectrometric identification. PMID- 3745360 TI - Determination of danazol in pharmaceutical preparations by liquid chromatography. PMID- 3745361 TI - Application of contour maps to three-dimensional display of ultraviolet absorbance in high-performance liquid chromatography of natural drug materials. PMID- 3745362 TI - Determination of furazolidone in swine plasma, muscle, liver, kidney, fat and urine based on high-performance liquid chromatographic separation after solid phase extraction on Extrelut 1. PMID- 3745363 TI - High-performance liquid chromatography of artificial tears. PMID- 3745364 TI - Simultaneous quantitation of 1,8,9-anthracenetriol, 1,8-dihydroxy-9,10 anthraquinone, and 1,8,1',8'-tetrahydroxy-10,10'-dianthrone by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A sensitive and specific reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of anthralin (1,8,9 anthracenetriol) and its known degradation products: quinone (1,8-dihydroxy-9,10 anthraquinone) and dimer (1,8,1',8'-tetrahydroxy-10,10'-dianthrone). The method provides for rapid and simple quantitation of nanogram amounts of the three compounds. The molar absorptivities for anthralin in different solvents and solvent systems, including the mobile phase, are presented. PMID- 3745365 TI - Determination of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. AB - A rapid method for the analysis of deoxynivalenol (DON) was developed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with reductive electrochemical detection (ED). Deoxynivalenol produced by Fusarium roseum growing on solid cornmeal and rice substrates and from naturally contaminated wheat was extracted and quantitated via ED. DON levels in wheat were verified by gas chromatography and structurally confirmed by mass spectrometry. DON was optimally resolved by HPLC employing a radially compressed octadecylsilane column and a mobile phase of deoxygenated methanol-40 mM borate buffer (35:65) at a flow-rate of 1.0 ml/min. Under these conditions DON exhibited an average retention time of 3.6 min. Reductive ED (-1.4 V) allowed a 12-fold increase in sensitivity and greater selectivity than classical UV absorption at 224 nm. A detection limit for DON of 25 pg/microliter was achieved under these conditions. The determination of DON in crude grain extracts was hindered by extractable interfering substances, whereas ED was more functional-group selective (i.e. reduction of the carbonyl moiety). ED permits a direct quantitation of DON from crude grain extracts and may facilitate the determination of this agent and associated metabolites in biological samples. PMID- 3745366 TI - Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of monodemethylated metabolites of 6,7- and 7,8-dimethoxycoumarin isomers. PMID- 3745367 TI - Separation of nitromusks by capillary gas chromatography. PMID- 3745368 TI - Quantitative analysis of 2-acetyl-4(5)-tetrahydroxybutylimidazole. PMID- 3745369 TI - Hydrolysis of ginsenosides in artificial gastric fluid monitored by high performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 3745370 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of hydroxyurea in pharmaceutical formulations and in the bulk. PMID- 3745371 TI - Visualization of sulphonamide drugs on thin-layer plates using pi-acceptors as spray reagents. PMID- 3745372 TI - Effect of haemolysis on high-performance liquid chromatography measurements of free plasma catecholamines. PMID- 3745373 TI - Determination of methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) in cells in culture using high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 3745374 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of total and free tryptophan in serum from control subjects and liver patients. PMID- 3745375 TI - Separation of foetal and adult thymidine kinases in biological samples using small ion-exchange columns. PMID- 3745376 TI - Simultaneous measurement of retinol and alpha-tocopherol in human serum by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. PMID- 3745377 TI - Capillary gas chromatographic assay with nitrogen-phosphorus detection for trans 6-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,2,3,5,6,10b-hexahydropyrrolo- [2,1-a]isoquinoline hydrobromide, a new antidepressant drug, in plasma. PMID- 3745378 TI - Highly sensitive measurement of indomethacin using a high-performance liquid chromatographic technique combined with post-column in-line hydrolysis. PMID- 3745379 TI - Rapid method of measuring salicylate in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 3745380 TI - Determination of D-penicillamine with an amino acid analyser using fluorescence detection. PMID- 3745381 TI - High-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection of chlorzoxazone and its hydroxy metabolite in serum using solid-phase extraction. PMID- 3745382 TI - Simultaneous measurement of proguanil and cycloguanil in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 3745383 TI - Solid-phase extraction and determination of dansyl derivatives of unconjugated and acetylated polyamines by reversed-phase liquid chromatography: improved separation systems for polyamines in cerebrospinal fluid, urine and tissue. AB - A sensitive and simple liquid chromatographic assay with fluorometric detection for unconjugated and acetylated polyamines in biological fluids is described. After precolumn derivatization with dansyl chloride, unconjugated polyamines and acetylated polyamines were extracted by elution from a Bond-Elut C18 column and then separated on a reversed-phase column with gradient elution. The complete analysis of unconjugated putrescine, spermidine, and spermine in either hydrolyzed urine, cerebrospinal fluid or tissue could be accomplished within 20 26 min, while the simultaneous analysis of unconjugated polyamines and monoacetylpolyamines could be completed within 40 min. Unhydrolyzed urine and cerebrospinal fluid required a Bond-Elut cation-exchange clean-up before dansylation. Standard curves for the assay were linear up to 20 nmol/ml, and the within-day and day-to-day coefficients of variation were between 1.1 and 4.6% and between 1.6 and 11.8%, respectively. Results obtained with the method were compared with results obtained with a well established modified amino acid analyzer method for urine, tissue and cerebrospinal fluid samples. The correlation coefficients between these two methods were in the range 0.933-0.996. Detection limits between 50 and 150 fmol were achieved for unconjugated and acetylated polyamines. Of more than twenty drugs and amines tested for possible interference with the assay, only normetanephrine was found to have the same retention time as the internal standard 1,6-diaminohexane. PMID- 3745384 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of harmol and its conjugated metabolites after enzyme hydrolysis in biological fluids. PMID- 3745385 TI - Lorazepam analysis using liquid chromatography: improved sensitivity for single dose pharmacokinetic studies. PMID- 3745386 TI - Plasma prochlorperazine assay by high-performance liquid chromatography- electrochemistry. PMID- 3745387 TI - Determination of vephylline in blood plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 3745388 TI - Determination of zopiclone in plasma by liquid chromatography with application to steady-state monitoring. PMID- 3745389 TI - Quantitative determination of melphalan in plasma by liquid chromatography after derivatization with N-acetylcysteine. PMID- 3745390 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of urinary catecholamines by direct pre-column fluorescence derivatization with 1,2 diphenylethylenediamine. PMID- 3745391 TI - Determination of coproporphyrin isomer contents in urine of tumour patients. PMID- 3745392 TI - Elimination of phospholipid interference in biliary bile acid determination by thin-layer chromatography--densitometry. PMID- 3745393 TI - Estimation of plasma catecholamines by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage. AB - Plasma catecholamine levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection following alumina extraction. Mean individual recoveries of 50.5, 49.9 and 48% were obtained for norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine, respectively, and the limits of detection for each catecholamine were 0.15, 0.34 and 0.6 pmol/ml. Total analysis time for each plasma sample was approximately 1 h. Catecholamine levels were measured in plasma from control subjects and the ranges obtained were: norepinephrine, 0.33-5.98 pmol/ml; epinephrine, 0-4.77 pmol/ml; dopamine, 0-0.8 pmol/ml. When patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage were investigated, the ranges were found to be: norepinephrine, 0.23-7.27 pmol/ml; epinephrine, 0-4.91 pmol/ml; dopamine, 0-0.23 pmol/ml. PMID- 3745394 TI - Determination of phosphatidylglycerol in amniotic fluid for prediction of foetal lung maturity by microbore-column liquid chromatography. AB - Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) has been determined in amniotic fluid from 55 patients by using a microbore-column liquid chromatographic system. The present analysis time is 1 h 40 min for pretreatment of amniotic fluid and 20 min for a chromatographic run. From 2 ml of amniotic fluid, the PG content has been determined between 1.0 and 0.05 mg/dl. The detection limit of PG is 10 ng. As the injection volume (0.5 microliter) is small, repeated analyses are possible if necessary. It is concluded that, in the case of PG values over 0.10 mg/dl, a mother can deliver an infant without respiratory distress syndrome. This method is useful not only for the prenatal evaluation of lung maturity, but also for the assessment of any therapeutic effect. PMID- 3745395 TI - Analysis of B6 vitamers in plasma by reversed-phase column liquid chromatography. AB - The seven vitameric forms of B6 can be measured in biologic fluids by high performance liquid chromatography. Use of a reversed-phase column, with optimized solvent and buffer conditions, combined with fluorometric detection, allowed linear detection of vitamers from 0.4 to 20 ng. All vitamers from plasma, urine or tissue extracts can be analyzed within 50 min. Reproducibility and recovery studies indicate a selective and sensitive procedure, which greatly enhances studies on vitamin B6 metabolism. PMID- 3745396 TI - Development of capillary gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric methodology for the simultaneous determination of ibuprofen and [ar-2H4]ibuprofen in serum: demonstration of kinetic equivalence in the beagle. AB - A capillary gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for the determination of ibuprofen and tetra-deuterated ibuprofen in serum is described. Ibuprofen, [ar 2H4]ibuprofen and the internal standard, [ar-2H4,3,3,3-2H3]ibuprofen, are extracted (after acidification) from serum onto a cross-linked styrene divinyl benzene resin by an automated sample processor. After elution and evaporation of the organic phase, samples are reconstituted with solvent and analyzed without derivatization by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This methodology was used to evaluate possible kinetic isotope effects after the coadministration of an equimolar mixture of ibuprofen and the deuterium-labeled covariant in the beagle. No significant differences in absorption or elimination were observed. PMID- 3745397 TI - Digoxin and metabolites in urine and feces: a fluorescence derivatization--high performance liquid chromatographic technique. AB - A high-performance liquid chromatography method is described for the determination of digoxin and its metabolites digoxigenin, digoxigenin monodigitoxoside, digoxigenin bis-digitoxoside and dihydrodigoxin (20S and 20R) excreted in urine and feces. The urine sample or fecal supernatant is extracted with methylene chloride in the presence of digitoxigenin or digitoxin as internal standard. Pre-column derivatization is achieved using 1-naphthoyl chloride with subsequent separation of the derivatized compounds on either a normal- or reversed-phase system with fluorescence detection. Recoveries for digoxin and all metabolites from fecal samples were in the range 60-74%, which is comparable to that previously determined for urine samples. Standard curve data revealed linearity over a wide range of concentrations. Coefficients of variation for the analysis were less than 10% for all compounds over a range of 5-125 ng per ml urine and 10-250 ng per 200 mg feces. Peaks for digoxin and metabolites in urine and feces were obtained when human excreta were analyzed. PMID- 3745398 TI - New simplified microassay for the quantitation of theophylline and its major metabolites in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A high-performance liquid chromatographic technique is presented for simultaneous determination of theophylline, 3-methylxanthine, 1-methyluric acid, 1,3 dimethyluric acid and caffeine in serum using beta-hydroxyethyltheophylline (BHET) as an internal standard. An aliquot of a serum sample (100 microliters) was added to 40 microliters of an internal standard solution (BHET; 100 micrograms/ml) and vortexed. A 20% trichloroacetic acid solution (60 microliters) was then added; the mixture was vortexed, centrifuged and 100 microliters were injected onto a C8 column maintained at 45 degrees C. Inter- and intra-day variability of the assay for all compounds was less than 4.3%. Sensitivity ranged from 10 ng/ml for 1-methyluric acid to 25 ng/ml for theophylline. Drugs commonly coadministered with theophylline did not interfere with the assay. PMID- 3745399 TI - Polyaromatic hydrocarbon profile of a mineral oil (JBO-P) by gas chromatography. AB - The present investigation was aimed at identifying the compound(s) responsible for the carcinogenic activity of a variety of jute batching oil (known as non-FDA variety, pre-FDA variety, or JBO-P), a crude petroleum distillate substantially used in jute industries. This was initially performed by isolating from JBO-P a polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) fraction containing compounds of more than three rings. This fraction was then analysed for its PAH profile by gas chromatography and individual components identified by comparing its flame ionisation detector (FID) signal with those obtained from reference PAHs. The results revealed that PAHs of more than three rings, reported to be a recognised class of chemical carcinogens, were present in the JBO-P sample at the level of 3300 mg/kg of oil (0.33%, w/w); benzo(a)pyrene and dibenz(a,h)anthracene, known to be highly potent carcinogens, constituted 129 mg/kg (0.0129%, w/w) and 29 mg/kg (0.0029%, w/w) of the total oil, respectively; and except for a few signals, the PAH profile of JBO P was found to be somewhat similar to that reported for a sample of carcinogenic used engine oil. PMID- 3745400 TI - Analysis of B6 vitamers by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with laser-excited fluorescence detection. AB - Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) involves the application of a high voltage (10 to 40 kV) across a capillary column (25 to 75 microns i.d.) that is filled with a solution containing micelles. The mobile phase in this work consists of sodium dodecyl sulfate in an aqueous phosphate/borate buffer system. Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and five of its metabolites are separated, with efficiencies as high as 60,000 theoretical plates/meter. Pyridoxic acid, a metabolite of B6, is separated and quantitated in human urine using laser-excited fluorescence detection. Limits of detection are less than a picogram injected. PMID- 3745402 TI - Growth response relationship between growth hormone dose and short term growth in patients with Turner's syndrome. AB - Short stature is a common feature of Turner's syndrome. We studied the dose response relationship between short term linear growth and GH dose using the lower leg-measuring device. Three doses of GH (0.05, 0.15, and 0.45 U/kg, three times weekly) were given sc for 1-month treatment periods. Lower leg growth rate increased significantly during treatment with the 0.15 and 0.45 U/kg doses [1.8 +/- 0.2 (+/- SEM) and 1.7 +/- 0.3 mm/4 weeks). The higher dose of 0.45 U/kg was no more effective than the 0.15 U/kg dose. Serum somatomedin-C levels increased after treatment with each of the three doses of GH, but did not differ in any of the three dosage groups. We conclude that 0.15 U/kg GH, three times weekly, stimulates short term growth in patients with Turner's syndrome. Longer term studies are required to determine if this increased growth rate is sustained. PMID- 3745401 TI - Chronic treatment of pathological hyperprolactinemia and acromegaly with the new ergot derivative terguride. AB - The long term effectiveness and tolerance of terguride, a new ergot derivative, as initial therapy were evaluated in 20 patients with pathological hyperprolactinemia (PHP; group A) and 7 patients with acromegaly. We also studied 10 patients with PHP whose treatment was changed from bromocriptine or lisuride to terguride (group B). Terguride, given for at least 6 months in divided doses ranging from 0.25-1.50 mg/day to group A patients, resulted in normal (11 patients) or markedly reduced plasma PRL levels. Gonadal function was restored in all but 2 patients in this group, and the tumors shrank in 3 of 5 patients with a macroprolactinoma and in 1 of 3 patients with a microprolactinoma. In group B patients, positive effects of the previous treatment on PRL levels, gonadal function, and tumor growth were maintained by terguride. Terguride suppressed plasma GH levels below 50% of baseline in 4 of the 7 acromegalic patients. Two of the 27 patients initially treated with terguride complained of mild nausea and postural hypotension only after the first dose (0.25 mg) of the drug. No patient in group B had any side-effects during terguride, with the exception of 1 patient who was also intolerant to bromocriptine. We conclude that terguride is an effective well tolerated dopaminergic agent in PHP. PMID- 3745403 TI - Ampholyte displacement and high pressure liquid chromatographic separation of the estrogen-responsive neurophysin from human plasma. AB - Estrogen-stimulated neurophysin (ESN) or oxytocin (OT)-neurophysin (Np) was measured in plasma of seven men before and after oral administration of 25 mg diethylstilbestrol (DES). Pre-DES levels of ESN averaged 0.93 +/- 0.3 (+/- SEM) ng/ml and increased to 29.8 +/- 6.5 and 25.4 +/- 5.1 ng/ml 24 and 48 h after DES treatment, respectively. To compare the estrogen-responsive Np in plasma with human OT-Np which is present in the posterior pituitary gland, the Np fraction of post-DES plasma was concentrated by double precipitation with ammonium sulfate and applied to ampholyte displacement and Sephadex G-75 columns. The Np fraction of this plasma extract contained ESN immunoreactivity (IR) but no nicotine stimulated neurophysin-IR. ESN-IR of plasma and of an extract of human posterior pituitary eluted identically from a Sephadex G-75 column, indicating similar mol wt. The plasma extract containing ESN-IR eluted from the ampholyte displacement column at pH 4.3-4.2. No nicotine-stimulated Np (arginine vasopressin-Np)-IR was found in the plasma samples. ESN-IR in an extract of human posterior pituitary gland eluted from the ampholyte displacement column at the same pH as that of the ESN extracted from plasma. Peak ESN-IR-containing fractions from the ampholyte displacement were pooled, dialyzed, lyophilized, and reconstituted in appropriate carrier buffer for reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography. The ESN-IR was resolved into two distinct ESN-IR peaks by high pressure liquid chromatography. Plasma and posterior pituitary gave identical pairs of peaks. Thus, the Np that is increased in human plasma in response to estrogen is identical to pituitary OT-Np, providing strong evidence that estrogen stimulates the human neurohypophysis. PMID- 3745404 TI - Mechanism of action of metformin: insulin receptor and postreceptor effects in vitro and in vivo. AB - Metformin (Met) is a biguanide oral hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). To define whether the glucose lowering effects are mediated via alterations of insulin receptors, the effects of Met in vitro in rat adipocytes and in vivo in patients with poorly controlled NIDDM were studied. In vitro exposure of rat adipose tissue to metformin for 20 h resulted in a significant increase in insulin binding (mean +/- SEM percent specific [125I]insulin bound per 10(5) adipocytes: control, 1.35 +/- 0.13; Met, 1.69 +/- 0.18; P less than 0.02). No change occurred after 2 h of exposure or less. In contrast, after only 1 h of preincubation. Met alone stimulated [U 14C]glucose oxidation by 58 +/- 15.5% (P less than 0.01). Met did not stimulate glucose oxidation in the presence of a high insulin concentration. For the in vivo studies, oral glucose tolerance tests and monocyte [125I]insulin binding assays were performed before and after 7 days of Met treatment (2 g/day) in 18 patients with poorly controlled NIDDM. All patients responded to Met with a decrease in fasting and postglucose plasma glucose concentrations, but no change in insulin concentrations [pre-Met vs. post-Met: fasting plasma glucose, 210 +/- 10 vs. 157 +/- 11 mg/dl (P less than 0.001); fasting plasma insulin, 20.3 +/- 3.1 vs. 18.4 +/- 2.0 microU/ml]. When insulin binding was examined, 8 patients with decreased binding each responded to Met with a 50% or greater increase (group 1), while 10 patients with normal binding had no increase after treatment (group 2). However, both groups had similar lowering of glucose concentrations [fasting plasma glucose: group 1, 205 +/- 19 vs. 153 +/- 20 (P less than 0.001); group 2, 214 +/- 11 vs. 160 +/- 13 (P less than 0.001)]. We conclude that 1) Met has an acute insulin-like effect in vitro independent of its ability to increase insulin binding; 2) Met acts in vivo predominantly at a postreceptor site to lower plasma glucose; 3) the glucose-lowering effect is independent of pretreatment insulin binding status; and 4) the increase in insulin binding after Met treatment in patients with NIDDM and low insulin binding occurs without changes in insulin concentrations. PMID- 3745405 TI - Arginine vasopressin in human follicular fluid. AB - Arginine vasopressin (AVP) was determined in plasma and follicular fluid in 28 women in an in vitro fertilization program. In 23 women, follicular fluid was collected by laparoscopy during general anesthesia, and in 5 women, it was collected transvaginally with no such anesthesia. Plasma AVP increased markedly from its basal (preanesthesia) value in the first group, whereas it did not change in the second group. AVP concentrations were approximately 10-fold lower in the follicular fluid than in the plasma collected simultaneously in the anesthetized women. AVP levels were not significantly different in plasma and follicular fluid in the women of the second group. AVP concentrations were similar in ovarian venous and brachial venous plasma in 4 women during surgery. These results indicate that AVP concentrations in follicular fluid are equal to or lower than those in plasma and that AVP concentrations are not higher in efferent blood from the ovary than in peripheral blood. PMID- 3745406 TI - Normal level of thyroglobulin messenger ribonucleic acid in a human congenital goiter with thyroglobulin deficiency. AB - Two siblings with congenital goiter were investigated from clinical, biochemical, and molecular biology standpoints. The association of clinical and biological hypothyroidism with undetectable levels of serum thyroglobulin (Tg) and the presence of iodohistidines in the urine suggested the diagnosis of defective Tg gene expression. This conclusion was confirmed by analysis of proteins present in goiter extracts. Only minute amounts of Tg-related material was detected by RIA (0.28 and 0.17 mg/g tissue compared to 80-100 mg/g in normal thyroid tissue), by Sepharose 6B chromatography, and by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Surprisingly, the goiters contained normal amounts of Tg mRNA. The size of the mRNA and the sequence organization of its first five exons also were normal. We conclude that no gross alteration of structure or transcription of the Tg gene was present in these patients. The results are compatible with a lesion affecting the mRNA sequence (point mutation, splicing error etc.), leading to defective translation or abnormal routing of the translation product through the membrane system of the cell. This latter hypothesis is supported by the extreme distension of the goiter endoplasmic reticulum found on electron microscopy. PMID- 3745407 TI - Long-lasting prolactin-lowering effect of cabergoline, a new dopamine agonist, in hyperprolactinemic patients. AB - The new long-acting ergoline derivative cabergoline was given orally in a single dose of 300 micrograms to 15 hyperprolactinemic patients (including 4 acromegalic patients, 2 of whom were dopamine responsive). Serum PRL and GH levels were determined before and 3, 4, and 6 h and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 days after treatment. A control test with a single oral dose of 2.5 mg bromocriptine was also performed; serum PRL and GH levels were measured at the same time intervals for 2 days. Cabergoline induced a marked fall in serum PRL which began within 3 h and continued for 7 days. The maximal decrease ranged between -49.2% and -55.2% and occurred after 2-5 days. This maximal effect was only slightly less than that 6 h after bromocriptine treatment (-63.8%). After cabergoline treatment, serum GH levels did not change significantly in either nonacromegalic or acromegalic patients, whereas the two dopamine-responsive acromegalic patients had a marked GH fall after bromocriptine. A moderate blood pressure decrease, more evident in the standing position, occurred after both cabergoline and bromocriptine treatments. The only symptomatic side-effect was orthostatic hypotension after cabergoline in an elderly woman. These data indicate that cabergoline has potent and prolonged dopaminergic activity and may prove suitable for once weekly treatment of hyperprolactinemic patients. PMID- 3745408 TI - Assessment of the free fraction of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in serum and its regulation by albumin and the vitamin D-binding protein. AB - We measured the free fraction of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) in human serum and determined that 25OHD bound to a component with an affinity constant of 7 X 10(8) M-1 and a concentration of 4.5 X 10(-6) M. This concentration was equal to that of the vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) in the same serum sample. We removed DBP from the serum using actin affinity columns and found that the affinity for 25OHD of the remaining serum components was equivalent to that of human serum albumin (6 X 10(5) M-1). We then measured the free fractions of 25OHD, DBP, and albumin in normal and cirrhotic subjects. We calculated that 88 +/- 3% (+/- SD) and 83 +/ 8% of the 25OHD were bound to DBP in the serum of normal and cirrhotic subjects, respectively. We compared previously reported data for the free fraction and the free concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in these subjects with the current data for the free fraction and free concentration of 25OHD. The total concentrations and free fractions of both metabolites correlated to each other and to the DBP and albumin concentrations in these subjects, but the free concentrations of these metabolites did not. We conclude that 25OHD, like 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D, is transported in blood bound primarily to DBP and albumin. Changes in the concentrations of DBP and albumin affected the total and free fractions of 25OHD in serum, but the actual free concentration of 25OHD was independent of such changes. PMID- 3745409 TI - Long-term results of treatment of 283 patients with lung and bone metastases from differentiated thyroid carcinoma. AB - We assessed the results of treatment in 283 patients with lung or bone metastases from differentiated thyroid carcinoma who were followed for up to 40 yr (median, 44 months) after the discovery of the metastases. The survival rates from the time of discovery of the metastases were 53% at 5 yr, 38% at 10 yr, and 30% at 15 yr; 156 patients died. Multivariate analysis revealed that only 4 variables had an independent prognostic significance for survival. They were extensive metastases, older age at discovery of the metastases, absence of radioiodine uptake by the metastases, and moderately differentiated follicular cell type. The site of metastases (lung or bone) was not a prognostic factor for survival after treatment of metastatic disease. Remission was achieved in 79 patients after metastases were found. The only predictive factor for 5-yr disease-free survival after treatment of metastases was the initial extent of disease. Our results suggest that the aim of management should be to detect and treat metastases in patients with thyroid cancer as early as possible. PMID- 3745410 TI - The effect of a low protein diet with amino acid/keto acid supplements on glucose metabolism in children with uremia. AB - Six children with chronic renal failure were treated with dietary protein restriction and essential amino acid and keto acid supplements for 6 months. Dietary protein and phosphate intake decreased, dietary calcium increased, and dietary carbohydrate and energy did not change. Plasma urea and urea to creatinine ratio decreased significantly during treatment. Glucose metabolism was studied before and after 6 months of treatment using the hyperglycemic clamp technique. Fasting hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance improved during treatment, while fasting insulin and insulin levels during hyperglycemia did not change. These metabolic changes were not related to hyperparathyroidism and were probably due to reduction in nitrogen toxicity. PMID- 3745411 TI - Narrative speech deficits in dyslexics. AB - Narrative speech of 31 dyslexics and 33 good readers was studied. Subjects were 10- to 12-year-old right-handed boys of normal intelligence, and with normal neurological status, vision, and hearing. The dyslexics used shorter communication units (independent clauses with all their modifiers), and a higher percentage of their words were noncommunications (words which are extraneous to the speaker's intended meaning). Rate of speech was the same in both groups. These findings were replicated in an independent second cohort of 21 dyslexics and 21 controls, aged 9 to 13. Our findings support theories of a general language deficit in dyslexia, and demonstrate the involvement of the previously unexamined area of narrative speech. PMID- 3745412 TI - Influence of premorbid risk factors on neuropsychological performance in alcoholics. AB - This report provides new evidence that neuromedical risk factors influence levels of behavioral impairment in alcoholics. Using a factorial model, the effects of age, neuromedical risk history, and duration of sobriety were studied in relation to neuropsychological performance. The data showed a consistent interaction between duration of abstinence and risk status: Recently detoxified alcoholics (sober 1 month) with a positive premorbid risk history had worse neuropsychological performance than did those without such historical risk events. By contrast, long-term abstinent alcoholics (sober 4 years) did not demonstrate the interaction between alcohol history and positive premorbid risk history. The present results are held to mean that neuromedical risk factors may exert a differential influence on test scores of recently detoxified men, suggesting a source of variance in neurobehavioral studies of alcoholism requiring attention by investigators. PMID- 3745413 TI - Assessment of the accuracy of regression equations proposed for estimating premorbid intellectual functioning on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. AB - This investigation examined the accuracy of regression equations proposed by Wilson et al. (1978) for estimating premorbid intellectual quotients (IQs) on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). Actual Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs in a sample of 69 neurologically normal adults were compared against their estimated premorbid levels. While the equations provided an adequate overall fit to the data, actual IQ values at the extremes of the WAIS Scales were found to be most susceptible to underestimation (high actual IQ values) or overestimation (low actual IQ values). The clinical importance of this finding and possible applications of the equations are discussed. PMID- 3745414 TI - Classification rates obtained with "standard" cut-off scores on selected neuropsychological measures. AB - Examined in a normal sample (N = 365) the number of subjects was classified as impaired on several commonly used neuropsychological tests (Seashore Rhythm Test, Trail Making Test, Finger Tapping Test, and Grooved Pegboard Test) in reference to conventional cut-off scores. The sample was stratified on the basis of age, sex, and education. For the sample as a whole, the percentage of subjects classified as impaired ranged from 15.6 to 80. In some subgroups on some tests, the percentage so classified was 100. The data were discussed in relation to the need to adjust conventional cut-off scores for the influence of subject variables. In addition, cross-cultural differences on some tests suggested the need for local or national normative studies. PMID- 3745415 TI - Task and driving performance of patients with a severe concussion of the brain. AB - Patients who had sustained a severe concussion of the brain more than 2 years earlier were tested in choice reaction time tasks in the laboratory in order to investigate their impaired reactive capacity. The focus of investigation was whether specific stages in the chain of the information process are affected by the injury. In addition, driving skills were measured in an instrumented car to determine if reaction time performance is predictive of car driving. In general, patients were much slower than control subjects, both in the reaction time and in the driving tasks. The results obtained in the reaction time tasks provide no conclusive evidence, however, that severe concussion of the brain affects particular stages in information processing. Reaction time tasks appear to have predictive value for the ability to drive a car. PMID- 3745416 TI - Ventricle size, cortical atrophy and the relationship with neuropsychological status in closed head injury: a quantitative analysis. AB - Forty-eight patients with a history of moderate to severe closed-head injury (CHI) were examined with neuropsychological measures and computerized tomography (CT). CT scans were assessed with computerized techniques to determine estimated ventricular volumes (VV) and the degree of cortical atrophy (ATVOL) in each patient. VV's then were used to determine volumetric ventricle-brain ratios (VBR) to correct for head size. The WAIS, Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) and Halstead Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery (HRNTB) were administered to all patients. Correlational analyses were undertaken between VBR and ATVOL measures. PIQ but not VIQ was negatively correlated with VBR and ATVOL, particularly in terms of right-hemisphere measures. WMS Memory Quotient (MQ) also was negatively correlated with VBR and ATVOL with no lateralization. Several HRNTB measures similarly were correlated with ventricular and atrophy estimates. Correlational results also were analyzed in terms of the influence of higher and lower VBR and ATVOL, and the prior presence of hematoma. Results are discussed in terms of the latent effects of cerebral damage secondary to CHI on neuropsychological functioning. PMID- 3745417 TI - Left-handedness, dyslexia, and autoimmune disorder: a critique. AB - Concerns are raised regarding recent claims of an association between left handedness and autoimmune disease and/or dyslexia. The available data provide only marginal support at best for these claims which, in addition, contain potentially misleading implications about left-handedness. Furthermore, some of the theoretical bases for the proposed associations are inconsistent with the relevant literature. Revisions in the theory are suggested to make it more consistent with the literature and to foster alternative explanations for a n autoimmune disease and dyslexia. PMID- 3745418 TI - Predicting the susceptibility of anaerobes to cefoperazone, cefotaxime, and cefoxitin with the thioglycolate broth disk procedure. AB - A variety of clinical anaerobic isolates were tested against cefoperazone (216 strains), cefoxitin (120 strains), and cefotaxime (120 strains) by the thioglycolate anaerobic broth disk method, and the results were compared with the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards reference agar dilution method. The broth disk and reference breakpoint concentrations were as follows: cefoperazone, 60 and 64 or 30 and 32 micrograms/ml; cefotaxime, 30 and 32 micrograms/ml; cefoxitin, 18 and 16 micrograms/ml, respectively. Discrepant results were retested to obtain a mode. There was 99% agreement between the broth disk and reference methods for cefotaxime, 98% for cefoperazone with 60- and 64 micrograms/ml breakpoints and 91% with 30- and 32-micrograms/ml breakpoints, and 75% for cefoxitin. All but one of the strains that produced false susceptibility results by broth disk were members of the Bacteroides fragilis group, 1 with cefoperazone using the 60-micrograms/ml concentration, 14 with cefoperazone at the 30-micrograms/ml concentration, and 27 with cefoxitin. One strain of Clostridium difficile produced false susceptibility results to cefoperazone at the 30-micrograms/ml concentration. The lack of agreement between the broth disk and reference methods with cefoxitin may be a reflection of the number of isolates at the 16-micrograms/ml level and that the broth disk breakpoint was slightly higher than this concentration. Increased incubation time did not improve the results significantly. PMID- 3745419 TI - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of serum antibodies to Pasteurella haemolytica cytotoxin (leukotoxin) in cattle. AB - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for detection of bovine serum antibodies to the cytotoxin (leukotoxin) of Pasteurella haemolytica. A partially purified, cytotoxic, and immunogenic protein obtained from supernatants of logarithmic-phase P. haemolytica was used as the ELISA antigen. Preadsorption of sera with various cytotoxic, somatic, and capsular antigen preparations demonstrated that the assay was specific for anticytotoxin antibodies. ELISA anticytotoxin titers had a strong, significant correlation to cytotoxin-neutralizing-antibody titers. The ELISA, however, was more rapid and allowed for greater numbers of samples to be run than did the neutralization technique. ELISA anticytotoxin titers were high in cattle vaccinated with a live P. haemolytica vaccine, whereas unvaccinated cattle and cattle receiving a P. haemolytica bacterin had low ELISA anticytotoxin titers. A significant positive correlation between ELISA titers and resistance to experimental bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis was present. PMID- 3745420 TI - Purification and characterization of an Aeromonas hydrophila hemolysin. AB - A hemolysin produced by Aeromonas hydrophila CA-11, isolated from an environmental source, was purified by sulfopropyl-Sephadex C-25 chromatography at pH 5.0. This hemolysin caused fluid accumulation in infant mouse intestines and rabbit intestinal loops and killed Vero cells, as did the hemolysin produced by strain AH-1, isolated from a diarrheal case. In polyacrylamide gel electrophoreses at pHs 4.0 and 9.4 and in thin-layer isoelectric focusing, CA-11 hemolysin migrated as a single band to a position different from that of AH-1 hemolysin. Immunodiffusion tests indicated that CA-11 hemolysin was immunologically related to AH-1 hemolysin but possessed unique antigenic determinants. Neutralization tests with antihemolysin sera also demonstrated immunological cross-reactivity between AH-1 and CA-11 hemolysins. These results apparently indicate that the hemolysins produced by the two strains of A. hydrophila are immunologically and physicochemically different from each other. PMID- 3745421 TI - Levels of interferon in blood serum and toxicity studies of bacteria-derived bovine alpha I1 interferon in dairy calves. AB - This paper reports information on the levels of interferon (IFN) in the blood serum of dairy calves given 10(6) U of bacteria-derived bovine alpha I1 interferon per kg of body weight by intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.), subcutaneous (s.c.), and intranasal (i.n.) routes. Highest levels (10,000 U/ml) in the vesicular stomatitis viral assay system were obtained after i.v. administration and occurred within 30 min of a dose; levels rapidly declined thereafter to a low of 200 to 300 U/ml by 24 h. Serum inhibitory activity against vesicular stomatitis virus in this range is sometimes found in normal dairy calves. Levels after i.m. and s.c. administration were similar: a plateau of 1,000 to 2,000 U/ml between 2 and 8 h after a treatment with a decline to 200 to 300 U/ml by 24 h. Serum IFN was not detected after i.n. dosing or in the control group given physiological buffered saline by the i.m. route. A transitory moderate febrile response, but no other clinical adverse effects, was noted after the first intramuscular dose of IFN, but not after subsequent i.m. doses. No clinical signs were noted after i.v., s.c., or i.n. dosing or in the control calves given physiological buffered saline intramuscularly. After i.v., s.c., and i.m. administration of IFN, leukopenia, neutropenia, and lymphocytopenia were observed; these were most prominent within the first 24 h after the initial dose of IFN. PMID- 3745422 TI - Phaeohyphomycosis of the nasal sinuses caused by a new species of Exserohilum. AB - A 27-year-old man with a 6-year history of allergies developed nasal polyps that occluded his nose and prevented visual examination beyond the nasal vestibules. Histological examination of the polyps and bony tissue revealed septate, dematiaceous hyphae invading the bone trabeculae. A dematiaceous fungus was isolated in pure culture from the diseased tissue. Detailed mycological examination of the isolate showed that it produced numerous, distinctive poroconidia from erect, geniculate, sympodial conidiophores. The conidia were straight and cylindroellipsoidal, had 8 to 13 distosepta, and had protruding hila. The outer cell walls of the conidia, which were initially smooth, became unevenly roughened on aging. Comparison with other Exserohilum species revealed that the isolate represented an undescribed species; it is named Exserohilum mcginnisii sp. nov. PMID- 3745423 TI - Emerging agents of phaeohyphomycosis: pathogenic species of Bipolaris and Exserohilum. AB - Study of numerous living isolates of Bipolaris, Drechslera, Exserohilum, and Helminthosporium spp., as well as a mycological assessment of published case reports of phaeohyphomycosis attributed to these fungi, showed that Bipolaris australiensis, B. hawaiiensis, B. spicifera, Exserohilum longirostratum, E. mcginnisii, and E. rostratum are well-documented pathogens. Conidial shape, septation, and size, hilar characteristics, the origin of the germ tube from the basal cell and, to a lesser extent, from other conidial cells, and the sequence and location of the conidial septa are useful criteria for distinguishing these taxa. PMID- 3745424 TI - Microscopic agglutination and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analyses of oral anaerobic spirochetes. AB - Microscopic agglutination (MA) analysis and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) were used to determine strain and species similarities and dissimilarities among three species of oral anaerobic spirochetes, Treponema denticola, Treponema pectinovorum, and Treponema vincentii. The MA analysis revealed a diversity of serologic reactivity or sharing of common antigens within each species. However, there was no cross reactivity or sharing of common antigens among the three species. Distinct SDS PAGE whole-cell electrophoretograms for each species were obtained. The banding patterns for 16 T. denticola strains revealed 30 distinct proteins, while the banding patterns for 5 strains of T. pectinovorum and 2 strains of T. vincentii revealed 26 and 35 distinct proteins, respectively. Analysis of the electrophoretograms showed that their respective banding patterns could be used to distinguish the three species from one another. In addition, strain differences within each species could be detected. There was a correlation between MA analysis and SDS-PAGE analysis. It is thus suggested that both MA and SDS-PAGE analysis be included in classification schemes for the identification of oral spirochetes. PMID- 3745425 TI - Cutoff levels of immunoglobulin M antibody against viral core antigen for differentiation of acute, chronic, and past hepatitis B virus infections. AB - The titer of antibody against core antigen of hepatitis B virus in the immunoglobulin M class (IgM anti-HBc) was determined by an IgM capture assay of reduced sensitivity (30 arbitrary units). The distribution of titers among 235 acute hepatitis patients who were hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive suggested that 600 U forms a lower cutoff value for acute hepatitis B. Clinically apparent cases of acute hepatitis with high IgM anti-HBc and without HBsAg were rare (2.6%). Acute, non-B hepatitis in HBsAg carriers was more frequent (9.4%). In chronic hepatitis B, 39% of 174 biopsy-proven cases had moderate titers of 30 to 600 U, whereas healthy HBsAg carriers were rarely (4/84) positive. In mild or inapparent infections without HBsAg, titers were between 50 and 400 U. Thus, sufficiently accurate and sensitive quantitation of IgM anti-HBc allows for differentiation of acute and nonacute hepatitis B virus infection in acute hepatitis, partial differentiation between clinically symptomatic and asymptomatic chronic infections, and identification of recent subclinical infections. PMID- 3745426 TI - Graft infection and bacteremia with a tolerant L-form of Streptococcus sanguis in a patient receiving hemodialysis. AB - I report a case of a tolerant L-form Streptococcus sanguis infection involving an artificial vascular access site that was probably acquired from a nonhuman source; this is the first report of such an infection in a human. Gram stains from the infected access site and blood cultures revealed an aberrant form which could only be recovered by passage through hypertonic sucrose media before being reisolated and subsequently identified as S. sanguis. The same organism was isolated from a pet dog of the patient. The organism was also felt to be tolerant to penicillin. The patient was successfully treated by removal of the artificial graft and intravenous erythromycin therapy. Microorganisms acquired from nonhuman sources are potential pathogens in the immunocompromised patient. PMID- 3745427 TI - Effect of amino acids on luminol-dependent chemiluminescence generated by peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes. AB - Individual amino acids and amino acid mixtures caused a dose-dependent increase in chemiluminescence generated by peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes. A visual assay for opsonophagocytosis, however, failed to identify any quantitative differences between leukocytes incubated with amino acids and those incubated in amino-acid-free solutions. The results of this study suggest that the presence of amino acids may interfere with the proper interpretation of luminol-dependent chemiluminescence curves. PMID- 3745428 TI - Yield of bone marrow culture in the diagnosis of infectious diseases in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AB - The yield in cultures of bone marrow aspirations or biopsies was determined in 50 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Most patients were febrile and had no identifiable source of infection. Concurrent stool, urine, and blood samples were also cultured. The bone marrow aspiration and biopsy procedures produced no complications and enabled a microbiological diagnosis to be made in 42% of the cases. Granuloma formation was not seen in any of the infected bone marrow specimens despite the fact that mycobacteria were seen in abundance in some. Bone marrow culture is a valuable low-morbidity invasive procedure in the evaluation of febrile patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. PMID- 3745429 TI - Physical fitness is a major determinant of femoral neck and lumbar spine bone mineral density. AB - The relationship between physical fitness and bone mass in the femoral neck, lumbar spine, and forearm was studied in 84 normal women. Femoral neck and lumbar spine bone mineral density and forearm bone mineral content were estimated by absorptiometry. Fitness was quantitated from predicted maximal oxygen uptake. Femoral neck and lumbar bone mineral density were significantly correlated with fitness as well as age and weight. In the 46 postmenopausal subjects, fitness was the only significant predictor of femoral neck bone mineral density, and both weight and fitness predicted the lumbar bone mineral density. These data represent the first demonstration of a correlation between physical fitness, and, by implication, habitual physical activity, and bone mass in the femoral neck; they also support the previous reported correlation between lumbar bone mass and physical activity. The data suggest that increased physical fitness may increase bone mass at the sites of clinically important fractures in osteoporosis. PMID- 3745430 TI - Thermal injury, intravascular hemolysis, and toxic oxygen products. AB - Acute thermal injury of rat skin produces an early, acute hemoglobinemia that is associated with the presence in blood of osmotically fragile red cells (RBC) that do not contain on their surfaces measurable amounts of complement components. The hemoglobinemia and the appearance in blood of osmotically fragile RBC appear to be the result of complement activation, which leads to oxygen radical production by neutrophils and damage of RBC. This has been demonstrated in vitro as well as in vivo by the ability of antioxidant interventions or neutrophil or complement depletion procedures to prevent the appearance of osmotically fragile RBC and the release of hemoglobin. These data may be relevant to the complications of hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria accompanying thermal injury in humans. PMID- 3745431 TI - Influence of lysophosphatidylcholine on the C-apolipoprotein content of rat and human triglyceride-rich lipoproteins during triglyceride hydrolysis. AB - Remnants produced from rat chylomicrons in hepatectomized rats or from human chylomicrons by incubation in postheparin plasma contained much less C apolipoproteins, but more lysophosphatidylcholine than the parent chylomicrons. A phospholipid-triglyceride emulsion absorbed C-apolipoproteins during incubation in serum, yet not in postheparin plasma, which led to lipid-hydrolysis and increased in lysophosphatidylcholine. The fraction d = 1.006-1.019 g/ml of human serum comprised more lysophosphatidylcholine and less C-apolipoproteins than the fraction d less than 1.006 g/ml. Injection of heparin induced hydrolysis with an increase in lysophosphatidylcholine and loss of C-apolipoproteins in both fractions. These inverse changes of lysophosphatidylcholine and C-apolipoproteins during lipid-hydrolysis suggest a causal relationship, which is strongly supported by the induction of loss of C-apolipoproteins from rat chylomicrons and human triglyceride-rich lipoproteins by addition of lysophosphatidylcholine in vitro. Apolipoprotein C-II was more affected than C-III. These results may elucidate a mechanism for the regulation of the termination of the triglyceride hydrolysis and the final hepatic uptake of remnants. PMID- 3745432 TI - Changes in glomerular hemodynamic response to angiotensin II after subacute renal denervation in rats. AB - We examined the changes in glomerular hemodynamics produced by angiotensin II (AII) in both normal Munich-Wistar rats and rats which were unilaterally renal denervated (measured kidney) 4-6 d prior to the measurement periods. Measurements of glomerular dynamics were performed in a control period after plasma volume expansion and during infusion of 11 ng X 100 g body wt-1 X min-1 of AII. The glomerular hydrostatic pressure gradient increased from 38 +/- 1 to 49 +/- 1 mmHg in denervated rats compared with a lesser response in controls (from 39 +/- 1 to 45 +/- 1 mmHg, P less than 0.05). Single nephron plasma flow decreased from 213 +/- 17 to 87 +/- 4 nl X min-1 X g kidney wt (KW)-1 in denervated kidneys versus a more modest decrease in control kidneys (from 161 +/- 9 to 102 +/- 5 nl X min X gKW-1). These changes were due to a greater increase in both afferent and efferent arteriolar resistance after AII infusion in denervated compared with control kidneys. Glomerular AII receptor maximum binding was 1,196 +/- 267 fmol/mg protein in denervated kidneys compared with 612 +/- 89 fmol/mg protein (P less than 0.01) in controls with no change in receptor affinity. We conclude the subacute unilateral renal denervation results in renal vasodilation, denervation magnifies the vasoconstrictive effect of AII infusion on glomerular hemodynamics, and the observed increased response to AII after denervation is associated with increases in glomerular AII receptors. PMID- 3745433 TI - Metabolism of apolipoproteins B-48 and B-100 of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in patients with familial dysbetalipoproteinemia. AB - The metabolism of apolipoproteins B-48 and B-100 (apo B-48 and B-100) in large triglyceride-rich lipoproteins was studied in three adults with familial dysbetalipoproteinemia (F. dys.) and compared to that of normolipidemic subjects. One Caucasian F. dys. subject was apparently homozygous for the common form of apo E-2, (Arg158----Cys), whereas the two Black subjects were homozygous for a different apo E-2 mutant (Arg145----Cys), which displays much less defective binding to cells than apo E-2 (Arg158----Cys). The lipoproteins were labeled with 125I and injected intravenously into fasted recipients. The results indicate that the terminal catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins of intestinal and hepatic origin is markedly impaired in apo E2/2 homozygotes with alleles Arg158-- -Cys and Arg145----Cys; despite long residence times, apo B-48 of chylomicrons and apo B-100 of large very low density lipoproteins are not converted appreciably to intermediate or low density lipoproteins in apo E2/2 homozygotes. PMID- 3745434 TI - Demonstration of 26-hydroxylation of C27-steroids in human skin fibroblasts, and a deficiency of this activity in cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. AB - 26-Hydroxylation of 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-triol and other C27-steroids was demonstrated in cultured skin fibroblasts from healthy individuals. Activities in skin fibroblasts were approximately 5-10% of those previously found in human liver homogenates, and were inhibited by CO. The apparent Km was lowest for 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-triol (1.3 mumol/liter) and highest for 5-cholestene-3 beta, 7 alpha-diol (12 mumol/liter). The rate of 26-hydroxylation was highest with 7 alpha-hydroxy-4 cholesten-3-one. These characteristics are similar to those of hepatic mitochondrial C27-steroid 26-hydroxylase. In skin fibroblasts from three patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX), 26-hydroxylation of C27-steroids proceeded at a rate of only 0.2-2.5% of healthy controls. No accumulation of endogenous 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-triol could be demonstrated in these cells, and the lowered formation of radioactive, 26 hydroxylated products could not be explained by dilution of the labeled exogenous substrate. The present results add strong evidence to the concept that the primary metabolic defect in CTX is a deficiency of C27-steroid 26-hydroxylase. PMID- 3745435 TI - Inhibition of lactate removal by ketone bodies in rat liver. Evidence for a quantitatively important role of the plasma membrane lactate transporter in lactate metabolism. AB - We studied the effect of DL-3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate on lactate transport into isolated hepatocytes and on lactate removal in the isolated perfused rat liver. Ketone bodies inhibited lactate transport into isolated hepatocytes (maximum, 35% at concentrations of 10-20 mM). Lactate removal and glucose production by perfused livers were examined before and after the introduction of a constant infusion of hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, or appropriate control into the portal venous limb. Lactate removal was significantly inhibited within 10 s of the appearance of increasing concentrations of ketone bodies in the effluent. Corresponding decreases in glucose production were observed. The dependence of inhibition on D-3 hydroxybutyrate concentration was documented in isolated perfused livers (maximum inhibition of lactate removal, 58% at 14 mM). This phenomenon could be a factor in the development of lactic acidosis accompanying ketoacidosis, and indicates that plasma membrane lactate transport may determine the rate of hepatic lactate removal. PMID- 3745436 TI - Free 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are normal in subjects with liver disease and reduced total 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. AB - We determined the free fraction of 25-dihydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) in the serum of subjects with clinical evidence of liver disease and correlated these measurements to the levels of vitamin D binding protein and albumin. These subjects when compared to normal individuals had lower total 25OHD levels, higher percent free 25OHD levels, but equivalent free 25OHD levels. These subjects also had reduced vitamin D binding protein and albumin concentrations. The total concentration of 25OHD correlated positively with both vitamin D binding protein and albumin, whereas the percent free 25OHD correlated negatively with vitamin D binding protein and albumin. The free 25OHD levels did not correlate with either vitamin D binding protein or albumin. We conclude that total vitamin D metabolite measurements may be misleading in the evaluation of the vitamin D status of patients with liver disease, and recommend that free 25OHD levels also be determined before making a diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency. PMID- 3745437 TI - Adenosine: an endogenous inhibitor of neutrophil-mediated injury to endothelial cells. AB - Since adenosine and its analogue 2-chloroadenosine prevent neutrophils from generating superoxide anion in response to chemoattractants, we sought to determine whether these agents could inhibit neutrophil-mediated injury of endothelial cells. The chemoattractant N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP, 0.1 microM) enhanced the adherence of neutrophils to endothelial cells twofold (18 +/- 2% vs. 39 +/- 3% adherence, P less than 0.001) and caused substantial neutrophil-mediated injury to endothelial cells (2 +/- 2% vs. 39 +/- 4% cytotoxicity, P less than 0.001). 2-Chloroadenosine (10 microM) not only inhibited the adherence of stimulated neutrophils by 60% (24 +/- 2% adherence, P less than 0.001) but also diminished the cytotoxicity by 51% (20 +/- 4% cytotoxicity, P less than 0.002). Furthermore, depletion of endogenously released adenosine from the medium by adenosine deaminase-enhanced injury to endothelial cells by stimulated neutrophils (from 39 +/- 4% to 69 +/- 3% cytotoxicity, P less than 0.001). Indeed, in the presence of adenosine deaminase, even unstimulated neutrophils injured endothelial cells (19 +/- 4% vs. 2 +/- 2% cytotoxicity, P less than 0.001). These data indicate that engagement of adenosine receptors prevents both the adhesion of neutrophils and the injury they cause to endothelial cells. Adenosine inhibits injury provoked not only by cells that have been stimulated by chemoattractants but also by unstimulated cells. Based on this model of acute vascular damage we suggest that adenosine is not only a potent vasodilator, but plays the additional role of protecting vascular endothelium from damage by neutrophils. PMID- 3745438 TI - Comparison of acid secretory responsiveness to gastrin heptadecapeptide and of gastrin heptadecapeptide pharmacokinetics in duodenal ulcer patients and normal subjects. AB - Serum gastrin concentrations and gastric acid secretion were measured during intravenous infusion of gastrin heptadecapeptide (G-17) (0, 7, 22.1, 70, 221, and 700 pmol/kg X h) in 15 duodenal ulcer patients and 15 healthy controls. Ulcer patients developed higher serum gastrin concentrations during G-17 infusion due to nearly twofold slower clearance of gastrin (8.8 vs. 15.7 ml/kg X min; P less than 0.01). Despite slower clearance of G-17, ulcer patients had plasma elimination half-times for G-17 similar to controls (6.0 vs. 6.1 min, respectively). Thus, calculated volume of distribution for G-17 was lower in ulcer patients than controls (78.5 vs. 140.7 ml/kg; P less than 0.025). For any serum gastrin during gastrin-17 infusion, acid secretion (millimoles per hour) was higher in ulcer patients than in controls. However, when acid secretion was expressed as a percentage of peak acid output to G-17 (to correct for differences in parietal cell mass), curves relating acid secretion to serum gastrin were identical in ulcer patients and controls. PMID- 3745439 TI - Murine cytotoxic activated macrophages inhibit aconitase in tumor cells. Inhibition involves the iron-sulfur prosthetic group and is reversible. AB - Previous studies show that cytotoxic activated macrophages cause inhibition of DNA synthesis, inhibition of mitochondrial respiration, and loss of intracellular iron from tumor cells. Here we examine aconitase, a citric acid cycle enzyme with a catalytically active iron-sulfur cluster, to determine if iron-sulfur clusters are targets for activated macrophage-induced iron removal. Results show that aconitase activity declines dramatically in target cells after 4 h of co cultivation with activated macrophages. Aconitase inhibition occurs simultaneously with arrest of DNA synthesis, another early activated macrophage induced metabolic change in target cells. Dithionite partially prevents activated macrophage induced aconitase inhibition. Furthermore, incubation of injured target cells in medium supplemented with ferrous ion plus a reducing agent causes near-complete reconstitution of aconitase activity. The results show that removal of a labile iron atom from the [4Fe-4S] cluster, by a cytotoxic activated macrophage-mediated mechanism, is causally related to aconitase inhibition. PMID- 3745440 TI - Abnormal in vivo metabolism of apolipoprotein E4 in humans. AB - Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is important in modulating the catabolism of remnants of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles. It is a polymorphic protein with the three common alleles coding for apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4. ApoE3 is considered the normal isoform, while apoE4 is associated both with hypercholesterolemia and type V hyperlipoproteinemia. We quantitated the kinetics of metabolism of apoE4 in 19 normolipidemic apoE3 homozygotes and 1 normolipidemic apoE4 homozygote, and compared this with the metabolism of apoE3 in 12 normolipidemic apoE3 homozygotes. In the apoE3 homozygous subjects, apoE4 was catabolized twice as fast as apoE3, with a mean plasma residence time of 0.37 +/- 0.01 d (+/- SEM) and 0.73 +/- 0.05 (P less than 0.001), respectively. When plasma was fractionated into the lipoprotein subclasses, the greatest amount of labeled apoE4 was present on very low density lipoproteins, while the largest fraction of labeled apoE3 was associated with high density lipoproteins. The plasma apoE concentration was decreased in an apoE4 homozygote compared with the apoE3 homozygotes (3.11 mg/dl vs. 4.83 +/- 0.35 mg/dl). The reduced apoE4 concentration was entirely due to a decreased apoE4 residence time in the apoE4 homozygote (0.36 d vs. 0.73 +/- 0.05 d for apoE3 in apoE3 homozygotes). These results indicate that apoE4 is kinetically different than apoE3, and suggest that the presence of apoE4 in hypercholesterolemic and type V hyperlipoproteinemic individuals may play an important pathophysiological role in the development of these dyslipoproteinemias. PMID- 3745441 TI - Hepatocellular uptake of sulfobromophthalein and bilirubin is selectively inhibited by an antibody to the liver plasma membrane sulfobromophthalein/bilirubin binding protein. AB - To clarify sulfobromophthalein (BSP) and bilirubin uptake mechanisms, isolated rat hepatocytes were incubated with [35S]BSP. The initial uptake velocity (V0), determined from the first, linear portion of the cumulative uptake curve, was saturable (Michaelis constant [Km] = 6.2 +/- 0.5 microM; Vmax = 638 +/- 33 pmol X min-1 per 10(5) hepatocytes), maximal at 37 degrees C and pH 7.4, and competitively inhibited by bilirubin, but not by taurocholate, cholate, or oleate. Preloading with unlabeled BSP led to trans-stimulation of V0. Sodium substitution or pretreatment of hepatocytes with ouabain or metabolic inhibitors had no effect on V0; trypsin reduced V0 by 39% (P less than 0.001). A rabbit antiserum to the rat liver plasma membrane (LPM)-BSP/bilirubin binding protein selectively reduced V0 of 5 microM [35S]BSP and [14C]bilirubin by 41 and 42%, respectively (P less than 0.01); uptakes of [3H]oleate, [3H]cholate and [3H]taurocholate were not affected. Hence, the LPM-BSP/bilirubin binding protein plays a role in the carrier-mediated uptake of BSP and bilirubin by hepatocytes. PMID- 3745443 TI - Influence of chloramine T iodination on the biological and immunological activity or the molecular radius of the human growth hormone molecule. AB - Potential alterations of the somatotropic activity of human growth hormone (hGH) resulting from Chloramine T labelling reaction, iodination up to 2.7 atoms/molecule and indirect radiation effects, have been studied. Three 2X2 factorial assays, performed in hypophysectomized rats, failed to reveal any significant difference (P greater than 0.05) in true growth promoting activity between hGH and (127-I)hGH, even after storing the latter with 125-I. Similar results were obtained applying a sensitive and precise gel filtration technique for Stokes Radius determination and radioimmunoassay. PMID- 3745442 TI - Age-related normalization of the browning rate of collagen in diabetic subjects without retinopathy. AB - The age-related changes in collagen-linked fluorescence (browning) were investigated in skin from subjects with long-standing type I diabetes. Overall browning rates were 2.4 times higher in diabetics than in controls (P less than 0.02) and slope intercept accurately reflected the mean age of onset of diabetes (11.6 vs. 11.2 yr), suggesting that the browning process has the attributes of a biological clock. Browning rates were not different in controls and diabetics without retinopathy (P greater than 0.05) but were 2.4 (P less than 0.05) and 2.7 (P less than 0.01) times increased in the presence of background and proliferative retinopathy, respectively. Compared with subjects with retinopathy, individual browning rates since onset of diabetes decreased with advancing age in subjects free of retinopathy (P less than 0.001). Extrapolation revealed that they would become identical to that of nondiabetic subjects by the age of 66.4 yr. These results suggest the presence of a mechanism that controls the browning rate of collagen in diabetics who do not develop retinopathy. PMID- 3745444 TI - The autodecomposition of radiolabeled human growth hormone. AB - Human growth hormone (hGH) was radiolabeled with 125I, using a gentle lactoperoxidase technique. The stability and decomposition products of this tracer were studied by frequent periodic analysis by Sephadex G-100 chromatography on a long column. Monomeric 125I-hGH showed an exponential decline, with a half-life of 61 days. The main radioactive degradation product was iodide, which appeared with a fractional appearance rate of 0.01136 per day. Secondary degradation products were a series of radioactive oligomers of hGH, which appeared with an overall fractional rate of 0.00525 per day. The kinetic data obtained should provide guidelines for the shelf-life and repurification schedule of radioiodinated polypeptides. PMID- 3745445 TI - A luminescent label for the immunoassay of oxytocin. AB - Chemiluminescent labels have been shown to be interesting alternatives to radioisotope labels. Disadvantages of the latter are preparation of e.g. labelled protein/peptides every four to six weeks, and problems with storage and disposal. Amino-Butyl-Ethyl-Isoluminol(ABEI) was attached to the alpha-amino function of the N-terminal amino acid residue of oxytocin; this complex was used in immunoassays for oxytocin. This non-isotopic label did not require heating at 60 degrees C for optimal light-signal development, a procedure usually required for chemiluminescent labels. Standard curves were set up employing the ABEI-label on the one hand and 125I-label on the other. Under identical conditions of final antibody concentration and amount of label, a comparison was made between the performance of the luminescent immunoassay (LIA) and that of the radioimmunoassay (RIA). We conclude that the LIA systems resulted in standard curves of high precision; in comparison with RIA, the sensitivity of the LIA curves is not yet sufficient for the determination of oxytocin concentrations in e.g. human biological fluids. Further improvements in sensitivity of the LIA systems are to be expected by selection of other luminescent labels or by the use of a more sensitive measuring device. PMID- 3745446 TI - Pattern of immunoreactivity after reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography of ovine lutropin at different pH. AB - Unlabelled and radioiodinated ovine lutropin (oLH) was fractionated using reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography, employing a 5 micron Spherisorb C18 column. Following chromatography of unlabelled oLH at pH 3.3, 4.3 and 5.3, all eluted fractions were tested by radioimmunoassay of oLH, oLH alpha and oLH beta. Regardless of pH, the material corresponding to the first peak contained only alpha-subunit immunoreactivity. With increasing pH, the oLH alpha, oLH and oLH beta immunoreactivity separated into two groups of fractions. The retention times of the radioiodinated alpha- and beta-subunits of oLH corresponded to those of the first (descending part) and last peaks from unlabelled oLH, respectively. Following chromatography of radioiodinated oLH at pH 3.3, 5.3 and 6.5, all eluted fractions were analyzed using antiserum against either alpha- or beta-subunits of oLH. At pH 3.3 two radioactive peaks were detected: the first corresponded to the fraction with maximum binding to alpha-subunit antiserum, and the second corresponded to the fraction with maximum binding to beta-subunit antiserum. At pH 5.3 and 6.5, maximum radioactivity occurred in conjunction with maximum binding to both antisera. A free alpha-subunit in the radioiodinated oLH was even detected after chromatography at pH 6.5. PMID- 3745447 TI - The very low birth weight transport goes home: impact on the family. AB - Very low birth weight (VLBW) infants are known to experience more health problems after discharge from the hospital, but the effects of such problems in terms of the demand for medical care and of the effect of this on the family are only just beginning to be described. A survey of the families of 132 children who were born weighing less than 1750 g at mostly suburban hospitals and transported to a Children's Hospital, who were 1-4 years old at the time of the survey, has revealed that these children continue to experience health problems to the extent that 35% are limited in one or more activities of daily living. They also incur greater use of health care services (17% hospitalized in the prior year; 54% with a doctor's visit in the prior month). The most important predictors of high perceived impact of these problems on the family is related to the number of activities limited by health, the age of the child, and the financial resources the family could bring to coping with the child's care. These findings provide further characterization of the families which may be most vulnerable to the ongoing health problems of the VLBW infant. PMID- 3745448 TI - Personality traits of hemophilic boys. AB - Personality traits of 50 hemophilic boys were assessed with the Early School (ESPQ), Children's (CPQ), and High School (HSPQ) Personality Questionnaires. Compared to the norms for healthy, male age-mates, hemophiliacs were significantly more intelligent, stable, and secure. They did not deviate from the norm on the remaining eight traits assessed. The findings of higher intelligence may indicate that hemophilic boys are more motivated to excel intellectually because this avenue is more appropriate to them due to the risk of pain and disability from physical endeavors. Boys with severe hemophilia were significantly more self-controlled, serious, and submissive, compared to mild-to moderate hemophiliacs. Possibly, this reflects the severe hemophiliacs' greater concern for the more serious nature of the medical sequelae they may experience from physical activity. Mild-to-moderate hemophiliacs were slightly below the norm on these traits, suggesting their attempt to overcompensate for or deny the physical implications of their hemophilia by being more assertive and impulsive. PMID- 3745449 TI - Maternal and environmental factors affecting developmental outcome of infants of adolescent mothers. AB - The effect of maternal and environmental factors on the developmental outcome of infants with low medical risk born to adolescent and non-adolescent, primiparous, Caucasian mothers was studied. Twenty-one were adolescent mothers (less than or equal to 17 years of age) and 21 were non-adolescent (21-29 years of age). Assessment of child care support, life stress, and home environment were carried out at 4 months. Infants were examined at 8 months, and child care support and life stress were reassessed. Adolescent mothers reported less child care support at both 4 and 8 months and more life stress at 8 months than non-adolescent mothers. Adolescent mothers were also found to be less responsive, used restriction and punishment more often, and were less involved with their infants during the home observation. Infants of adolescent mothers had lower Bayley Mental Development Indices at 8 months. A theoretical model, whereby the mother's age, education, and socioeconomic status (SES) were conducive to less optimal child care support and life stress, which in turn affected the infant's cognitive status, was supported by this data. Thus, within a low medical risk population, we have documented the significant role of maternal and environmental factors in determining the infant's cognitive status. PMID- 3745450 TI - Preschool risk factors as predictors of early school performance. AB - The relative importance of selected developmental, medical, and social factors in assessing a child's early academic potential was evaluated prospectively in a rural southern school district. Two hundred and ten (210) preschoolers were given the Sprigle School Readiness Screening Test (SSRST) and the Beery Test of Visual Motor Integration (VMI) while physicians rated the children's attention span. A parental questionnaire assessed medical, behavioral, social, and family variables. Follow-up school data were available on 176 children (84%). Using regression techniques, reading and math achievement scores were directly correlated with maternal education, SSRST and VMI results, and lack of family history of learning problems, whereas grade failure was associated with low VMI scores, decreased maternal education, boys with late birthdays, and family history of learning problems. Medical problems and parental preschool behavior concerns were unrelated to school achievement, but physician rating of preschool attention span showed a significant correlation with reading and math scores. A 0 11 Risk Index of School Capability (RISC) scale based on data analyses was developed to rate a preschooler's early academic potential. A score of 7 or above had a 98% positive predictive value of successful grade completion, whereas a score of 3 or below had a 70% predictive value for grade failure. The value of assessing the scores of the VMI and SSRST alone was also considered, but was found less useful. This study demonstrates the importance of evaluating a number of risk factors in assessing a preschooler's early academic potential. Such data can be used to focus school resources for children at increased risk for grade failure. PMID- 3745451 TI - The impact of birth order on mother-infant interactions in preterm and sick infants. AB - Maternal-infant interaction patterns were observed for high-and low-risk, first-, and later-born infants at 3 months of age. The high-risk subjects included healthy preterm infants, sick preterm infants, and sick full-term infants. "Sickness" at birth was defined as respiratory distress or birth asphyxia. The low-risk group consisted of healthy full-term infants. The subjects were divided into first-born and later-born groups. Birth order was expected to interact with prematurity and illness in affecting maternal behavior. Multivariate analyses of variance indicated that this was the case; birth order had a significant impact among the high-risk but not the low-risk subjects. First-born preterm infants received more overall maternal stimulation than later-born preterms. Sick first borns had more responsive mothers than sick later-born infants. The results suggest that high-risk later-born infants may be at greater risk as a result of both birth trauma and less optimal maternal interaction patterns. PMID- 3745452 TI - Family stress with chronic childhood illness: cystic fibrosis, neuromuscular disease, and renal disease. AB - Parents of children with neuromuscular disease (N = 16), cystic fibrosis (N = 16), and renal disease (N = 11) were compared with parents of control subjects matched by age to the clinical cases; the instrument used was the Questionnaire on Resources and Stress (QRS). The three clinical groups exhibited different patterns of stressful response, consistent with the nature of their illnesses and the requirements for care imposed on the families. Parents of children with neuromuscular disease reported a wide spectrum of problems, both qualitatively and quantitatively different from those experienced in the other two clinical samples. Parents of children with cystic fibrosis also experienced extensive stress, but less than anticipated. Parents of children with renal disease reported stress in only a few areas, in keeping with the nature of the disease. The relationship between severity of functional impairment from cystic fibrosis and QRS scales was examined and found to be equivocal. The 285-item and 66-item versions of the QRS were compared and judged to be appropriate for different situations (research vs. clinical screening). PMID- 3745453 TI - Treatment expectancy among psychiatric inpatients. AB - Treatment expectation (TE) is an important variable in treatment outcome. This study addressed two issues: The relationship of TE to treatment outcome and an identification of background and treatment variables most related to TE. As part of a cooperative study at 18 Veterans Administration Medical Centers on 79 general psychiatric wards, psychiatric inpatients were given the Veterans Adjustment Scale (VETS), and a significant other was mailed a Personal Adjustment and Role Skills Scale (PARS) at admission and 3 months after discharge. A Treatment Expectation measure was obtained from the VETS Scale at admission. Background and treatment factors also were obtained. Selected analyses controlled for the effects of patient input characteristics allowing for better outcome measures. Analyses also were cross validated. Results show that TE is related to treatment outcome and that a coterie of background and treatment variables are related to TE. Three factors especially influence TE-age, high vigor, and less alienation. PMID- 3745454 TI - Effects of psychotropic drugs and psychiatric illness on vocational aptitude and interest assessment. AB - This study examined the vocational aptitude and interest scores of 326 inpatients at a large urban psychiatric hospital. The inpatient group performed significantly below the adult normative mean on eight of nine General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB) aptitude measures; the single exception was Verbal Aptitude. Further, GATB aptitude scores (adjusted for age and education) were significantly lower for patients who were receiving (N = 210) psychotropic medication than for patients who were not receiving (N = 114) psychotropic medication, again with the exception of Verbal Aptitude. Differentiation of patients into subsamples who were receiving particular drugs or drug combinations indicated that phenothiazines in combination with Anti-Parkinsonians were associated with the poorest GATB performances. Interestingly, self-reported vocational interests were not related in any systematic fashion to receiving medication. A variety of explanations that may account for these findings, including drug side-effects and severity or type of psychiatric disorder, were investigated. Implications for vocational counselors were discussed. PMID- 3745455 TI - Similarity of monozygotic and dizygotic twins in level and lability of subclinically depressed mood. AB - Ninety-two adult twin-pairs were recruited through advertisements in the local media. Twin zygosity was determined by use of the self-report inventory developed by Nichols and Bilbro (1966). The level and lability of subclinical depression were assessed. Mood level was assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory and by the MMPI D, D30, and DR Scales. Mood lability was assessed by daily administrations over a 2-week period of the Depression Adjective Check List (DACL) and the Wessman-Ricks Elation-Depression Mood Scales. Monozygotic twins resembled one another more than dizygotic twins in most measures of both level and lability of mood, which provides modest evidence for a genetic influence on subclinical levels of depression. Implications of these findings for the continuity hypothesis of depression are discussed. PMID- 3745456 TI - Interpersonal control in psychotherapy: a comparison of two definitions. AB - This study compared the two definitions used to study therapist interpersonal control: The relational coding scheme of Ericson and Rogers (1973) and the topic initiation/topic following schema of Tracey and Ray (1984), as they apply to actual therapy dyads. All interactions of three psychotherapy dyads was coded independently according to each control coding schema and then correlated to examine the overlap and to assess whether each yielded similar results. It was found that both schemata were moderately correlated, which indicates marginal convergent validity, but the two models attributed control to different participants. The Ericson and Rogers model yielded results with the client in control, whereas the opposite result was obtained when the topic initiation/topic following schema was used. The results are discussed with respect to the different assumptions used in each method of operationalizing control and as an indication of the subtlety and complexity of the construct of control in psychotherapy. PMID- 3745457 TI - Normative tables for the F-K index of the MMPI based on a contemporary normal sample. AB - Recent work with the F-K index of the MMPI has reaffirmed its usefulness for identifying dissimulation. However, the potential usefulness of any index of malingering is dependent on its frequency of occurrence in the normal population. This article presents normative tables for the F-K index based on a contemporary normative sample of 335 normal women and 304 normal men. PMID- 3745458 TI - MMPI scales and subscales: patterns of older, middle-aged, and younger inpatients. AB - There has been virtually no research on the relationship of age and MMPI subscales, such as the Harris and Lingoes, Wiggins, Subtle/Obvious, and other specialized subscales. One hundred younger (less than or equal to 39), middle aged (40-49), and older (greater than or equal to 50) psychiatric inpatients were compared on the basic 13 MMPI scales and 77 MMPI subscales. Results showed that, as a whole, older patients tended to respond more conservatively to these scales, to show less pathology, and to endorse fewer subtle/obvious items than the other age groups. They responded, however, lower on Dominance, on Hostility, and on Social Maladjustment. Later-life patients also endorsed differentially many of the Harris and Lingoes 4 and 6 subscales in the less pathological direction than did the other groups. PMID- 3745459 TI - Estimation of MMPI scale scores from an improved comprehensibility short form. AB - Equations were derived for estimating MMPI scores from a short form that was developed for cognitively impaired individuals. Multiple regression analyses of the data on 300 patients demonstrated that prediction from a single short-form scale was acceptable and was little improved by the addition of other scales or sex of subject to the prediction equation. Substitution equations were constructed, and correlations of short-form scales with the full MMPI ranged from .82 to .96 with a median of .91. PMID- 3745460 TI - Diagnostic hit rates of high point codes for the Diagnostic Inventory of Personality and Symptoms using random assignment, base rates, and probability scales. AB - Diagnostic hit rates for the Diagnostic Inventory of Personality and Symptoms (DIPS) were compared to diagnosis by psychiatrists of the same patients (N = 60). Three methods were employed to determine the DIPS hit rates. The Probability Scale employing Bayesian concepts and base rates correctly classified 70% of the patients and was more accurate by far than the other two methods. PMID- 3745462 TI - WAIS-R factor and performance on the Luria-Nebraska's Intelligence, Memory, and Motor Scales: a canonical model of relationships. AB - The pattern and level of performance on the WAIS-R and the Luria-Nebraska's Intelligence, Memory, and Motor Scales were examined for 93 neurologically impaired adults. Maximum likelihood factor analyses of the WAIS-R indicated the presence of strongly correlated (.72) Verbal Comprehension and Perceptual Organization dimensions. Comparisons of these factors to those of the standardization group revealed an acceptable level of similarity (.94) for Verbal Comprehension, but not for Perceptual Organization (.53). Canonical correlations between WAIS-R factor scores and the three Luria-Nebraska scaled scores accounted for 82% of the total variance. Each set of procedures evidently is indexing the same theoretical constructs. Implications of these findings for our understanding of the measurement models that underlie clinical neuropsychology are discussed. PMID- 3745461 TI - Clinical neuropsychological assessment: abbreviating the Halstead Category Test of brain dysfunction. AB - The present paper reports both quantitative and qualitative data on an abbreviated 84-item version of the Halstead Category Test (HCT) (N = 51). The HCT is a sensitive indicator of organic brain impairment and is included as part of the important Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological test battery. Unfortunately, the HCT is burdened by excessive length and may take up to 2 hours to administer to brain-damaged patients. While a number of attempts to reduce the length and concomitant administration time of the HCT have been reported in the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology over recent years, none of these studies has resulted in a sufficiently shortened HCT to allow practical application with many brain-damaged patients. The proposed version of the HCT takes only 10 to 15 minutes to administer and leaves enough items from the full HCT to enable a parallel form to be developed. PMID- 3745463 TI - WAIS-R and Shipley estimated IQ correlations. AB - This investigation was designed to provide initial information on the relationship of the Shipley-WAIS Conversion scores to the WAIS-R. Subjects (N = 75) were inmates at a minimum security Federal Correctional Institution and represented various racial and ethnic groups. The results support the need for new conversion norms for Shipley to WAIS-R scores. The old Shipley to WAIS conversion scores overestimated the WAIS-R scores, particularly among lower functioning inmates. PMID- 3745464 TI - Alternate form reliability and concurrent validity of the PPVT-R for referred rehabilitation agency adults. AB - This study investigated the relationships among the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R) alternate forms and, also, the relationship of each PPVT-R form with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) for a referred sample of 60 adult clients of the California State Department of Rehabilitation. Clients ranged in age from 18-3 to 37-7 (M = 25-7, SD = 5-9). PPVT-R alternate forms r = .88 was significant at p less than .001. Correlations with the WAIS-R VIQ were .82 for L, .78 for M; with PIQ, .46 for L, .38 for M; with FSIQ, .77 for L, .67 for M. All correlations with both forms of the PPVT-R were significant. PPVT-R mean scores did underestimate significantly all WAIS-R mean scores. Implications are discussed. PMID- 3745465 TI - A standardization of two measures that supplement WISC-R Coding subtest results. AB - Children classified as learning disabled very often show special weakness on the WISC-R Coding subtest. Past research has suggested memory, writing speed, and paired-associate learning rate to be important factors in Coding performance. It is suggested that visual perceptual factors also may be important and that Coding performance in right-handed persons may be especially sensitive to integrity of the left cerebral hemisphere. A measure of writing speed and a large-print version of the WISC-R Coding subtest were administered to 283 children. Norms are provided for these two measures. PMID- 3745466 TI - Patterns of juvenile criminal activity as a function of demographic, family, and individual variables. AB - Patterns of juvenile criminal activity were investigated with respect to differences in a range of demographic, family, and individual variables. Subjects were 89 juveniles who were referred to a county juvenile services center (70 males, 19 females; 78 Caucasians, 10 Blacks, 1 Oriental; mean age = 15.7). Discriminant function analyses were used to assess the discriminating power of the variables across crime categories (felony vs. misdemeanor), crime subcategories (person vs. property), number of prior referrals (none vs. one or more), and grade level (junior vs. senior high). All groups could be discriminated effectively on the basis of Wilks' lambda and associated chi-square tests of statistical significance. PMID- 3745467 TI - Color preference and MMPI scores of alcohol and drug addicts. AB - Sixty-seven inpatients (12 women, 55 men) treated for alcohol and drug abuse were administered the MMPI and Luescher Color Test (LCT); as required by the test manual, the interpretations are based on a second LCT administration. Scores on Luescher's scales were unrelated to MMPI scores. The rank order of relative preference for each of the 8 LCT cards also was unrelated to MMPI scores. Older patients more often preferred brown and less often black. Female patients showed more preference for purple. The group of patients showed more preference for brown than a control group of 20 normal adults (3 women, 17 men) and also obtained higher (i.e., presumably more pathological) scores on Luescher's total score scale and compensation scale. PMID- 3745468 TI - Psychological services offered to female veterans. AB - Questionnaires were sent to 153 chiefs of Veterans Administration psychology services to request information on service provision to women veterans; 91 responses were received. Services were classified according to four categories: (a) individual women served in response to requests; (b) individual programs designed to meet specific needs; (c) educational programs offered to female clients; and (d) staff training programs. Correlations between each of the four categories and the following factors were calculated: (a) size of the city as determined by population in which each Veterans Administration Medical Center is located; (b) state population of female veterans; (c) number of female staff psychologists; (d) annual percentage of female clients served; (e) income of female clients; (f) total number of psychologists on the staff; and (g) total annual number of clients. Significant correlations were found between number of services offered routinely in response to requests and each of the following factors: (a) state population of female veterans; (b) income of female veteran clients; (c) total number of psychologists on the staff; and (d) annual number of clients. PMID- 3745469 TI - Forensic psychology: an empirical review of experimental research. AB - The present paper evaluated the first 11 years of experimental research (1973 1983) publications, with a focus on forensic psychology, that were cited in Psychological Abstracts. Articles were reviewed for type of methodology and statistical analyses employed as well as the relationship between the number of empirical and nonempirical articles. Trends in publications are presented, and the type of empirical research is evaluated. Results indicate: a paucity of experimental research; a significant difference between empirical and nonempirical publications; and a transition--albeit based on a limited number of research publications--from descriptive to correlational and experimental research over time. PMID- 3745470 TI - The effect of a specialist clinic with pharmacist involvement on the management of epilepsy in paediatric patients. AB - At the request of the consultant, a pharmacist attended the paediatric out patient neurology clinic held at Ga-Rankuwa Hospital, from June 1984. After 6 months of this 'team' approach, its effect on patient care was evaluated. The study consisted of a retrospective survey of approximately 100 patient-visits before and after the establishment of the specialist clinic. Patient medication details and frequency of fits were analysed by a microcomputer. There was an increase in the number of patients seen per session. The results also showed that polypharmacy, dosing frequency and average dose per day were reduced under the new arrangement, whilst disease control, i.e. fit frequency, was no worse. The overall result has been to rationalize and improve anticonvulsant drug therapy at this clinic. PMID- 3745471 TI - Stability of hydralazine hydrochloride in aqueous vehicles. AB - The stability of hydralazine hydrochloride in aqueous vehicles which contain either dextrose, fructose, lactose, maltose, mannitol, sorbitol or sucrose has been studied using a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatographic method. Dextrose, fructose, lactose and maltose had adverse effects on the stability of hydralazine. In mannitol (better than sorbitol) and sorbitol, hydralazine was stable for about 21 days (loss in potency of less than 10%) and sucrose had an adverse effect only after its hydrolysis to fructose and dextrose. The optimum pH range of stability in dextrose was approximately between 3.2 and 4.4. The first-order rate of decomposition increased with an increase in the concentration of dextrose but not with an increase in the concentration of hydralazine. In the absence of other excipients the phosphate and citrate buffers did not adversely affect the stability of hydralazine hydrochloride. PMID- 3745472 TI - Costing clinical biochemistry services as part of an operational management budgeting system. AB - The process of costing clinical biochemistry tests as a component of the commissioning of a unit management budgeting system based on an International Computers Limited (ICL) minicomputer system was examined. Methods of apportioning consumable and labour costs under direct and indirect cost headings and as test and request charges were investigated, and in this currently operational system it was found that 38% of consumable costs and 57% of labour costs were not a direct component of the routine analysis function. Means of assigning test costs to a given request source and the incorporation of such charges into clinical budget statements were looked at. A reduction in laboratory workload did not produce a comparable reduction in laboratory costs. For a theoretical reduction in workload of 20% only a 3.8% laboratory saving in recoverable costs could be expected. PMID- 3745473 TI - Calcium homeostasis in second trimester fetuses. AB - The concentrations of ionised calcium ions (Ca++), total calcium, parathyroid hormone, pH, total protein, albumin, sodium, and potassium were measured in paired fetal and maternal blood from pregnancies at 15 to 24 weeks' gestation. Pure fetal blood samples were obtained fetoscopically. The concentrations of fetal ionised calcium ions (n = 26); mean (SD) 1.33 (0.12) mmol/l (5.32 (0.48) mg/100 ml) and those of parathyroid hormone (n = 9); 68 (19) pmol/l (58 (16) micrograms/100 ml) were significantly higher than those of the mothers: 1.18 (0.09) mmol/l (4.7 (0.4) mg/100 ml), and 40 pmol/l (less than 34 micrograms/100 ml), respectively. There was no difference between measured fetal and maternal total calcium, pH, and electrolytes. The fetal total protein and albumin concentrations increased with gestation but were always lower than the equivalent maternal values. The calculated total calcium was 0.23-0.45 mmol/l (0.9-1.8 mg/100 ml) higher in the fetal than in maternal blood from the same pregnancy. There were no fetal arteriovenous differences in ionised calcium ions despite higher venous pH. PMID- 3745474 TI - Estimations of serum arabinitol for diagnosing invasive candidosis. AB - Arabinitol concentrations were determined in 157 serum samples from 95 patients with suspected invasive candidosis and in 10 serum samples from healthy laboratory workers. Fifty eight of the 95 patients, subsequently diagnosed as not having invasive candidosis had concentrations of arabinitol below 1.2 micrograms/ml (mean 0.59 (SD) 0.26). Sera from the healthy laboratory workers gave similar results (mean 0.55 (0.05]. Concentrations above the normal range were found in 18 of the 19 cases of confirmed or probable invasive candidosis and in seven of eight patients with infected intravenous lines or cannulas and clinical evidence of systemic infection. Raised concentrations were also seen in 10 other patients, including nine with renal failure who did not have invasive infections. Multiple serum samples obtained from 33 patients showed that sequential estimations were of value for diagnosing a developing infection. Despite some difficulties of interpretation the technique is rapid and specific and is suitable for use in the diagnostic laboratory of a larger general hospital. PMID- 3745475 TI - Serial concentrations of C-reactive protein as an indicator of urinary tract infection in patients with spinal injury. AB - C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured serially in 16 patients with an acute spinal injury. Twelve episodes of acute urinary tract infection (UTI) occurred during the study period. These were all associated with an increased concentration of CRP greater than 50 mg/l, which returned to normal after successful treatment. Thirteen episodes of asymptomatic bacteriuria associated with increased concentrations of CRP greater than 20 mg/l occurred, indicating tissue damage. More commonly, significant bacteriuria was associated with normal concentrations of CRP, and presumably, simple colonisation of the urinary tract, which, we suggest, does not require treatment with antibiotics. Serial measurement of CRP in patients with spinal injury may help distinguish between urinary tract colonisation and infection and be useful in monitoring the response to the treatment of clinical UTI. PMID- 3745476 TI - Opsonic activity of intravenous immunoglobulin preparations against Staphylococcus epidermidis. AB - Peritoneal dialysis effluent collected from patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis had no opsonic activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis and contained low concentrations of IgG and C3 (roughly equal to those found in 0.5% normal human serum). An intravenous immunoglobulin preparation that showed no opsonic activity against the same organism, on its own or when added to balanced salt solution or peritoneal dialysis fluid, showed good activity when combined with peritoneal dialysis effluent. This was probably due to the presence of low concentrations of C3 in the effluent as prior heat inactivation at 56 degrees C for 30 minutes eliminated any opsonic activity in the immunoglobulin-dialysis effluent mixture. Examination of a range of immunoglobulin preparations showed that their opsonic activity for S epidermidis in the absence of complement varied considerably. Luminol dependent chemiluminescence was unsatisfactory as a method for detecting complement independent immunoglobulin mediated opsonisation. Intravenous immunoglobulin preparations may be useful in boosting the peritoneal defences of those patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) who suffer from repeated intraperitoneal infections. PMID- 3745477 TI - Isolation of Clostridium difficile from human jejunum: identification of a reservoir for disease? AB - The possibility that the small intestine may represent a reservoir for Clostridium difficile was studied, using segments of human jejunum collected at necropsy. Our results (three of 100 specimens positive for C difficile culture) support the hypothesis that C difficile can be found in human jejunum and that it adheres to the normal mucosa as a resident bacterium. These findings suggest that gastrointestinal disease caused by C difficile has an endogenous origin. PMID- 3745478 TI - Identifying non-capsulate strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from eyes. AB - Over six months 10 biochemically and physiologically atypical strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae were isolated from eye swabs. Conventional methodology showed that these strains possessed characteristics of both S pneumoniae and other alpha haemolytic streptococci. The use of sodium dodecyl sulphate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) enabled us to characterise these strains as S pneumoniae. Loss of the capsule seemed to be associated with atypical biochemical properties. PMID- 3745479 TI - Impaired neutrophil function in intestinal lymphangiectasia. AB - Impaired neutrophil chemotaxis and phagocytosis were shown in three patients with intestinal lymphangiectasia. Abnormalities in cell associated and serum derived activity occurred, and possible mechanisms are suggested. PMID- 3745481 TI - New aid for diagnosing chronic beryllium disease (CBD): laser ion mass analysis (LIMA). AB - The value of laser ion mass analysis (LIMA) for the detection of beryllium disease in routine histological sections was investigated. Our results were based on the examination of 14 cases of confirmed and five cases of suspected chronic beryllium disease. With the exception of two cases of coal workers' lungs, all the control material, normal, tuberculous, and sarcoid lungs examined were free of beryllium. The technique may also be useful in other diseases of possible occupational origin. PMID- 3745480 TI - Autoimmunity in chronic liver disease caused by hepatitis delta virus. AB - Recent evidence shows that chronic liver disease induced by hepatitis delta virus is closely associated with production of autoantibodies. To verify this sera from patients with hepatitis delta virus and from those with hepatitis B virus mediated chronic liver disease were tested for a panel of autoantibodies. Although the traditional non-organ specific autoantibodies were similarly distributed in the two groups, a considerably higher prevalence of IgG basal cell layer antibodies, IgM anti-intermediate filaments, and IgG antimicrotubule antibodies was found. Although these phenomena might be secondary to hepatitis delta virus infection, they might be the serological markers of underlying immune events. PMID- 3745482 TI - Chronic ulcerative colitis complicated by atypical carcinoid tumour. AB - A malignant carcinoid tumour of the rectum was found in a patient who had chronic ulcerative colitis. It had a multifocal origin and had not been macroscopically apparent. This association has been recorded in the colon. Hyperplasia of enterochromaffin cells in ulcerative colitis and also dysplasia of these elements as part of a pancellular dysplasia may occur; and this may be a possible explanation for the development of a carcinoid tumour in this condition. PMID- 3745483 TI - Fractured neck of femur and contralateral intracerebral lesions. AB - Ten cases of fractured neck of femur studied at necropsy were found to have established contralateral intracerebral lesions. These were mainly infarcts, and it suggested that the presence of hemiparesis predisposes to a fall on to the affected side and that the body weight acts through the hip joint in such a way as to fracture the femoral neck. This may happen irrespective of the magnitude of the patient's trabecular bone volume, but in osteoporotic subjects the fracture will probably be intertrochanteric, whereas in non-osteoporotic patients it will probably be subcapital. PMID- 3745484 TI - Primary mesothelioma of atrioventricular node: cause of sudden death. PMID- 3745485 TI - Sample storage and monoclonal antibody ELISA based technique for detecting Chlamydia. PMID- 3745486 TI - Prevalence of atypical naevi in a general pathology practice. PMID- 3745487 TI - A protocol for the assessment of prelinguistic intentional communication. AB - This article presents a protocol for the assessment of prelinguistic intentional communication with young and/or severely language-impaired children. A set of tasks and scoring procedures are presented for the elicitation of proto declarative and proto-imperative behaviors. Data are presented that attest to the reliable utilization of this protocol. PMID- 3745488 TI - Modification of breath patterning to increase naturalness of a mildly dysarthric speaker. AB - The case of a 20-year-old, closed head injured male with mild dysarthria is presented. The decreased naturalness of speech was related to short, uniform breath groups, inhalation during every pause, and restricted fundamental frequency. Data related to patterns of breathing and pausing during samples of connected speech along with measures of respiratory control are presented in order to illustrate techniques for assessing and training speech naturalness. PMID- 3745489 TI - The vocal tract model of placement: II. Acoustic aspects. AB - The technique of "placing" the voice in the throat, head, or elsewhere is used in training singers of operatic quality and in vocal rehabilitation. A vocal tract model of placement has been shown to have perceptual validity (Nichols and Shellenberger, 1985). This study tested its acoustic validity. Line spectra of vowels at different vocal placements were analyzed. We found that Formant 2 reflected changes in vocal placement for both male and female speakers. PMID- 3745490 TI - Phrasing in the speech and reading of the hearing impaired. AB - The study reported here explored a partial explanation for the fourth-grade "bottleneck" in literacy advancement by hearing-impaired students. Speech samples from 21 deaf subjects were rated for degree of evident phrasal quality. Likewise, reading comprehension scores for each student were obtained under four reading conditions: reading in whole sentences, in phrases, in fragmented word groups, and in single words. Degree of rated speech phrasality was found to relate significantly and positively to correct recall answers to questions based upon silent reading of passages typed in meaningful word groups (but not when the passages were typed in whole sentences, fragmented word groups, or in single words). The results were taken to suggest that--whereas staccato-speaking deaf students may lack a sense of the phrase altogether--phrasal-speaking deaf youngsters fail to independently apply their phrase sense in the normal reading situation. Thus, both types of deaf youngsters have difficulty affecting the transition to phrase reading that is common for hearing students at or about the fourth-grade level. Finally, I argue that this phrase sense can be instilled in hearing-impaired students and that they can be trained to use it in reading. PMID- 3745491 TI - Predicting children's oral reading proficiency from selected acoustic and perceptual measures. AB - In contrast to the amount of information available on acoustic characteristics of adults' effective speech, little data are available on children's vocal effectiveness. A study, therefore, has been initiated to examine the relationship between some acoustic characteristics and listener judgments of children's vocal effectiveness. This article is a sequel to the first one, which reported some acoustic characteristics of oral reading by 36 10- to 12-year-old children. It describes results of perceptual analyses of oral reading proficiency on a five point scale, of reading error analysis, and results of multiple regression analysis for testing predictability of the oral reading proficiency from the perceptual and acoustical measures. Some sex differences in oral reading proficiency are also discussed. PMID- 3745492 TI - Black adolescent pregnancy: prevention and management. PMID- 3745493 TI - Black adolescent pregnancy: prevention and management. AB - In New York State, today and every day, 180 teenagers become pregnant. However, pregnancy in adolescents is not just a technical or demographic issue. It has cultural and practical dimensions. Nationally, unmarried black teenagers are five times more likely to give birth than white teenagers. In other words, one in every five nonwhite babies has a teenager for a mother! This has long-term societal consequences incalculable dimensions; and black leaders are increasingly concerned. It is recognized that sex-role socialization is an important component of personality development. Yet, few researchers have examined the unique situation of black girls in a society which denigrates both the female and the black role. As pluralistic as our society may be, and no matter how relevant cultural and subcultural values may be, it is an incontrovertible fact that, by exceedingly early childbearing, poor teenagers who are black immeasurably increase their inherent disadvantages to pursue education and acquire marketable skills, not to mention attractive jobs. On the other hand, more women in upper socio-economic categories are characteristically delaying, childbearing, and even marriage, into their thirties. The immediate and long-range consequences of unplanned teenage pregnancies are many. These include poverty, stress, suboptimal environment, nutritional inadequacy, and frequently, late or no prenatal care. Negative outcomes include low birthweight, prematurity, child abuse and development disability. There are, in addition, many delayed effects. Therefore, physicians and other health professionals must ensure that wanted pregnancies yield a healthy child. Young women and young men must be convinced that early childbearing will foreclose chances of a better socio-economic future for themselves and their progeny.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3745494 TI - The politics of adolescent pregnancy: a view of New York State. AB - In 1965, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the Connecticut statute outlawing the use of birth control by married couples. Since then, 26 related cases have been heard by the court. Many of these directly involved teenagers. Frequently, the determinations involved parental consent or a parental notice requirement. New York State does not have parental consent nor notice requirements for minors seeking contraceptive or abortion services. The physician makes the professional judgment of the maturity of the person seeking care. All efforts to institute any form of parental consent in New York State have failed. The New York State Bar Association has supported this posture. A statewide network of family planning clinics exists throughout New York State. Yet, in spite of their combined efforts, and the activities of many other agencies and organizations, the rate of pregnancy among 15 to 19 year olds increased 20 percent between 1972 and 1980. There is a need for bold public action. Informed community leaders, health professionals, and leaders in the educational community must form a coalition to support the special initiatives which New York State's governor and New York City's mayor support. Black physicians have an unusual opportunity and a special responsibility to the youth of this city to provide leadership in their communities, and in their profession, in providing information about the risks and complications of teen pregnancies and teen parenting. PMID- 3745495 TI - Services and educational approaches to adolescent pregnancy. AB - A historical review of adolescent pregnancy might be helpful if it could be studied for a particular country or in our own country for a particular state or city. Early information would for the most part be unreliable and where available, highly prejudicial. By providing contraceptives, family planning, counseling and abortion it was believed that teenage pregnancy could be prevented. It cannot be said that these techniques have failed. Maturing and self discipline, however, are required to use the services properly that have been provided. Yet, neither maturity nor self-discipline is a major component of the adolescent life style. As more knowledge and understanding of adolescent pregnancy has become available, it has become apparent that this information has to be integrated into a comprehensive health care program. The Bronx Committee for the Community's Health, an incorporated group of eleven community health centers, is a unique model in the formation of a comprehensive, coordinated and accessible health care delivery system. A sixteen-week curriculum for 10-13 year olds, the Very Important Person (V.I.P.) program, teaches youngsters about developmental changes during puberty, and about reproductive physiology. There is an effort to promote health education for parents and children and to involve the parents in as many activities as possible in the schools, and in the community. There must be continued education for the nation's black leaders to enable them to relate specifically to the expressed needs and desires of black teens and their families. Continued efforts must be expended for political and legislative support to follow through on these initiatives until results can be evaluated and normal, healthy development of black teenagers can be assured. PMID- 3745496 TI - Preventing adolescent pregnancy: meeting the comprehensive range of needs. AB - Too often, the problem of the pregnant adolescent is approached as if it existed in isolation, disconnected from the remainder of the adolescent's biological and psychosocial environment. Such an approach fails to recognize the interconnectedness of all issues within the adolescent's world, therefore, impeding a successful therapeutic response. In order to administer complete and comprehensive treatment of the problem of teenage pregnancy, the total needs of the pregnant adolescent, the potentially pregnant adolescent and the adolescent male must be addressed. These needs vary with the different stages of adolescent development. During this time in which children learn how to become adults by observing their world and taking cues from the environment, the varying needs are: Early Adolescence--to develop the ability to perceive the long range consequences of their current actions and decisions; to define the boundaries of their independence while relying on major authority figures; and to make important decisions and develop the operational connection between the sex act and birth control. Mid Adolescence--to achieve emancipation from the family and all other authority; to identify with a chosen peer group; to develop an identified sexual identity; and to apply an appreciation for the connection between the sex act and pregnancy to themselves. Late adolescence--to plan for the future and to establish some kind of family. This psychological and social maturational process occurs immediately before, during and after the pubertal growth period. In the United States today, it usually occupies the years between 12 and 21 years. PMID- 3745497 TI - Changing the pattern of children having children. AB - Statistical patterns today reveal that an overwhelming majority of Black children are born to single, teenage mothers. In 1980, for example, 57 percent of births to those were to mothers 15-17 years of age. The infant mortality rates among such births is strikingly high and even for those infants who survive their first year of life, there are studies which show disproportionately high physical and mental deficits among the offspring of teenagers. Few adolescent mothers turn to the fathers of their children for help. They understand that these young men are rarely in a position to support a young mother and child since unemployment among Black male teenagers is in the 47 percent range. Large numbers of these young women never marry and, instead, head their own households in poverty. Others continue to live with mothers, sisters, or other relatives who may themselves be mothers, with children born out of wedlock. The cycle of dependency on public assistance, or low paying jobs is, thereby, passed on to second, and even third generations. Traditional family values must be strengthened if children born today are to be prepared to participate in our ever more complex, and technologically advanced society. Teenage parents who drop out of school, and are not prepared to participate fully in home and community responsibilities, are also unprepared to provide the goals, education, and skills needed by their children. PMID- 3745498 TI - Targeting the adolescent male. AB - The National Urban League regards too early parenting among adolescents as an issue requiring high level, active attention from all segments of the Black community. Poverty, single parent households and adolescent pregnancies are not exclusively female problems. The role that males play has been missing from too many studies of these phenomena. In light of the fact that most sexual activity is male initiated, and most sexual behavior is male influenced, it becomes clear that there will be no resolution of the problem of teenage pregnancy without directing greater attention to the male. The issue of male responsibility is skirted too often due to parental pride on the part of mothers and fathers when their male children seek sexual relations with female partners. It is viewed as a sign that they are developing sexually within the norm. This is especially true, in many instances, in female headed households where the mother is concerned that she may not be providing her son with an adequate male role model. Sexual activity by female adolescents, however, is generally not condoned. This confusing double standard is further compounded by the disjointed fashion in which American society responds to adolescent sexuality on the whole. Although the home should be the focal point, many parents reluctantly admit an inability to communicate effectively about sex with their pre-adolescent children. Thus, the school, church, community and social agencies have all been enlisted in this task. The National Urban League's initiative in this area is expected to have significant impact on the course of adolescent sexuality and reproductive responsibility.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3745499 TI - Adolescent pregnancy: the perspective of the sisterhood of black single mothers. AB - The Sisterhood of Black Single Mothers Inc. (The Sisterhood) is an organization which exemplifies the considerable potential of community members united for a common good. The Sisterhood began eleven years ago under the leadership of Ms. Daphne Busby. The objective of the Sisterhood is "salvation of a generation subject to insensitivity and misunderstanding--through helping families, especially those headed by women and adolescent women--to establish a new and positive mind set." The Sisterhood regards individuals and social phenomenon as parts of a complex and dynamic whole and uses a positive approach to assessment of situations. Therefore, adolescents who come to the Sisterhood already parents, as well as those who may become parents in their formative years, are provided programming appropriate to their overall needs. They are given opportunities for help in such areas as: securing medical care, public assistance, counseling, housing and financial assistance. Outreach to other significant persons in the life of these adolescents includes intervention with the service providers with whom they come in contact (doctors, teachers, social workers etc.). In addition to addressing the practical needs of adolescents who come to the Sisterhood, positive examples of healthy ways of relating to others and presentation of a system of values consonant with self and family development are provided. Examples are: the Youth Awareness Project (YAP) which deals with concerns of young people as a specific group. The program's focus is bringing young people together who are growing in positive ways and encouraging continuation of that growth.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3745500 TI - The New York City school system's Family Life Education program. AB - The issue of adolescent pregnancy is one which physicians, social workers, ministers, politicians, parents and other concerned citizens now recognize as being of paramount importance. The New York City Board of Education, in accepting its responsibility for helping young people to live healthy and fulfilling lives, has approved an innovative curriculum, "Family Living Including Sex Education". The curriculum is designed to help youngsters through the anxieties they feel and to help them develop positive attitudes toward their own bodies. The program was designed to supplement whatever information was being supplied in the home, and to be taught from kindergarten through high school. During the 1984-85 school year six highly qualified coordinators were hired, 30-hour staff training programs for approximately 1,100 teachers and supervisors were conducted, the program was implemented in nine community school districts and 75 high schools. Advisory Councils were formed and parent programs were established for 2,000 parents. A twenty-minute slide presentation and videotape which provide a comprehensive overview of the curriculum are available for use in schools and districts, upon request from the Health and Physical Education Unit. PMID- 3745501 TI - Adolescent pregnancy: networking and the interdisciplinary approach. AB - The networking approach to providing needed services to pregnant and parenting teenagers has numerous merits. An historical overview of the formation of the Brooklyn Teen Pregnancy Network highlights service agency need for information and resource sharing, and improved client referral systems as key factors in the genesis of the Network. The borough-wide approach and its spread as an agency model throughout New York City's other boroughs and several other northeastern cities is also attributed to its positive client impact, including: improved family communication and cooperation; early prenatal care with its concomitant improved pregnancy outcomes; financial support for teens; continued teen education; and parenting skills development. Resource information is provided regarding networks operating in the Greater New York metropolitan area. A planned Eastern Regional network initiative is under development. PMID- 3745502 TI - Unplanned adolescent pregnancy: challenge for the 1980's. PMID- 3745503 TI - Family Life Education in the English-speaking Caribbean. AB - Unique experience has accumulated in the English-speaking Caribbean in the field of family life education for youth. Although birth rates are relatively low, the increase in adolescent pregnancy and births is becoming more visible. Mother centered homes are frequent, and support from the father is often lacking. A series of family life education (FLE) programs funded by the United National Fund for Population Activities is aimed at providing help to the various groups in the Caribbean in an acceptable and non-threatening manner. These out-of-school FLE techniques include several approaches: integration of the proposed program into an already established place (a factory, youth center, or community center); education in human growth, food and nutrition, environmental health, mental health, safety and first-aid, dental health and human relations, including human sexuality, rights and responsibilities, and decision making; and the use of specially trained personnel who understand the conditions of the particular community. In some countries adolescent pregnancy is viewed as a problem. In others it may not be so considered. It is vital for the staff and community leaders to review proposals for the FLE program and bring into the centers all subjects that are free of controversy. Family planning, contraceptive delivery and even human sexuality may be acceptable subjects in some quarters, and not in others. Efforts must be continued to find innovative approaches to assure that the benefits of these learning activities continue to be provided, and expanded in response to growing acceptance. PMID- 3745504 TI - Degeneration and regeneration of peripheral nerve in the rat trigeminal system. II. Response to nerve lesions. AB - The course of vibrissa sensory receptor denervation and subsequent reinnervation was studied following transection or crush of the rat infraorbital nerve. Eighteen hours after nerve lesion, the large-diameter myelinated nerves supplying the lanceolate receptors of the intermediary zone and the Merkel cells of the stratum basale contained areas of focal axoplasmic abnormalities, and some of the nerve terminals exhibited vacuolization, mitochondrial swelling, and disruption of the neurofilament pattern. The Merkel cells and lanceolate receptors of the intermediary zone were completely deafferented by 24 hours after the nerve injuries. The Ruffini complex, free nerve endings and lanceolate receptors of the inner conical body, as well as the free nerve endings and lanceolate receptors of the connective tissue below the Ringwulst, were completely normal 24 hours after crush or transection of the nerve. These receptors underwent progressive degeneration from days 2 through 6 and the vibrissa was totally denervated by day 7. Regenerating axons were first seen entering the vibrissae 2 weeks after the crush lesion and 1 month following nerve transection. Except for a slight decrease in the percentage of Merkel cells innervated, vibrissae from post-crush animals were virtually indistinguishable from normal by 3 months. In contrast, vibrissae from rats subjected to the transection lesion exhibited evidence of misdirected axons and abnormally reinnervated receptors throughout the course of regeneration. Axons entering the hairs with the main vibrissal nerve were observed contributing to the innervation of the inner conical body, an area normally supplied exclusively by the conus nerve. Many of the lanceolate receptors contained multiple unmyelinated axons, and the usually highly ordered circular innervation of the inner conical body was markedly abnormal. It is suggested that these results may help explain the faulty sensory localization and abnormal sensations reported by patients suffering a peripheral nerve injury. PMID- 3745505 TI - Biochemical characterization of the major peanut-agglutinin-binding glycoproteins in vertebrate retinae. AB - Peanut agglutinin (PNA), a lectin that binds D-galactose-beta (1----3) N-acetyl-D galactosamine disaccharide linkages, selectively labels cone photoreceptors in the retinae of a variety of species. PNA binds consistently to domains of the interphotoreceptor matrix associated with cone, but not rod, inner and outer segments, to cone cell body and axonal membranes, to cone synaptic pedicles, and to portions of the inner plexiform layer. In order to begin the characterization of the molecular species responsible for cone-specific PNA binding, chick, turkey, rat, dog, pig, monkey, and human retinal extracts were separated by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and probed with peroxidase-conjugated PNA. The results reveal the presence of six major groups of PNA-binding glycoproteins ranging from 30 to 88 kilodaltons. Most of these are shared by the seven species examined; however, some interspecies variation is present. Three groups, designated GP39/40, GP42/45, and GP60, are the most intensely labeled by PNA and are common to all species analyzed, while groups GP29/31 and GP88 are less intensely labeled and are present in most but not all of the species investigated. Labeling of the GP54 group is variable but is most consistently associated with extracts of rat and pig retinae. Trypsin treatment, which results in the loss of cone-associated PNA binding in the interphotoreceptor matrix, causes a visually detectable reduction in three of the six groups of PNA-binding glycoproteins in porcine retinal extracts. Of these, GP54 is the most sensitive, being undetectable on PNA-stained blots after only 5 minutes of enzyme exposure; GP88 and GP45 are less sensitive but both are markedly reduced after 15 minutes of trypsinization. Trypsin-sensitive molecules thus may be involved in the establishment of the cone-specific domains of interphotoreceptor matrix identified by PNA binding. These, as well as the other groups of PNA-binding molecules, are being utilized to develop more specific immunologic probes with which to further study of their distribution and function. PMID- 3745507 TI - The organization of the motoneurons innervating the axial musculature of vertebrates. II. Florida water snakes (Nerodia fasciata pictiventris). AB - The motor pools of axial muscles in Florida water snakes (Nerodia fasciata pictiventris) were studied by applying horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to branches of spinal nerves innervating individual muscles or groups of muscles. Motor pools of different muscles or muscle groups were located in characteristic positions in both the transverse and the longitudinal extent of the motor column. Epaxial pools were located ventromedially in the column, segregated from most hypaxial ones, which were dorsolateral. The only exception to this general rule was the motoneurons innervating the levator costae muscle. Some of the motoneurons innervating this hypaxial muscle were located in the ventral part of the motor column, like epaxial motoneurons, but they were segregated longitudinally from epaxial ones. The arrangement of the motor pools was strikingly similar to the motor pools of presumptive homologous muscles in rats (Smith and Hollyday: J. Comp. Neurol. 220:29-43, '83), even though the locomotor mechanics in the two animals are very different. The similarities may reflect a comparable relationship between the location of motoneurons in the motor column and the location, in embryonic life, of the muscles they innervate. They also suggest that differences in the locomotor mechanics in the two species are accomplished without any dramatic reorganization of the medial motor column, in marked contrast to the substantial reorganization necessary to account for differences in the motor columns of amniotes and anamniotes. PMID- 3745506 TI - The organization of the motoneurons innervating the axial musculature of vertebrates. I. Goldfish (Carassius auratus) and mudpuppies (Necturus maculosus). AB - The motoneurons innervating different regions of the myomeres in goldfish and mudpuppies were examined by applying HRP to the musculature or to branches of spinal nerves. In goldfish, the populations of motoneurons innervating epaxial or hypaxial muscle occupied similar positions in the motor column and had similar size distributions. There was no relationship between the size or location of a motoneuron in the motor column and the dorsoventral location of the muscle it innervated in the myomeres. Instead, different populations of motoneurons innervated the functionally different red and white musculature. The red muscle was innervated only by small motoneurons that occupied the ventral portion of the motor column. Their small axons passed lateral to the Mauthner axon in the cord, and most of them traveled in a separate branch of each spinal nerve that ran in the horizontal septum to the red muscle. The white muscle was innervated by a population of motoneurons that did not innervate red. They were large and they occupied a characteristic position in the extreme dorsal part of the motor column. Their large axons traveled medial to the Mauthner axon in the cord and entered branches of spinal nerves running deep in the epaxial or hypaxial muscle. The white muscle was probably also innervated by some smaller motoneurons similar to those innervating red; however, these may have been motoneurons whose axons ran through white muscle to reach other muscle. The large motoneurons innervating only white muscle are similar to the primary motoneurons identified in developmental studies in teleosts (Myers: Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 9:848, '83); the smaller ones, innervating both red and white, are like secondary motoneurons. Therefore, in goldfish, motoneurons having different morphology and developmental history also innervate different regions in the myomeres. The motor column in mudpuppies was, in general respects, similar to the column in goldfish. There were large primary motoneurons and small secondary ones. Though there were slight differences in the locations of motoneurons filled from nerves entering epaxial and hypaxial muscle, their distributions in the cord overlapped substantially. The motor columns in these two anamniotes differ substantially from the motor columns in those amniotes that have been studied. In amniotes, the motoneurons innervating epaxial and hypaxial muscles are spatially segregated in the cord (Smith and Hollyday: J. Comp. Neurol. 220:16-28, '83; Fetcho: J. Comp. Neurol. 249:551-563, '86).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3745508 TI - Electron microscopic study of synaptic contacts between photoreceptors and HRP filled horizontal cells in the turtle retina. AB - The synaptic contacts between photoreceptors and horizontal cells in the retina of the turtle (Geoclemys) were studied. Horizontal cells were classified into three types according to their intracellularly recorded spectral responses: luminosity, biphasic chromaticity, and triphasic chromaticity horizontal cells (LHC, BHC, and THC). These cells were then iontophoretically filled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The various types of photoreceptors located within the dendritic field of the HRP-filled horizontal cells were identified either as rods or as one of the three chromatic types of cones; the latter were identified by the presence and colors of their oil droplets in the inner segments. The synaptic contacts between photoreceptors and labeled horizontal cells were then investigated by light and electron microscopy of serial sections on three LHCs, two BHCs, and one THC. LHCs made synaptic contacts with about 100 photoreceptors, including rods and three chromatic types of cones; two-thirds of these photoreceptors contacted the cell body and the remaining its axon terminal. BHCs contacted about 30 cones; red-, green-, and blue-sensitive cones in the ratio of 3:4:1. THC contacted 20 cones; red- and blue-sensitive cones in the ratio of 2:1. The dendritic processes of HRP-filled horizontal cells were found as the lateral element of the ribbon synaptic complexes. The present finding suggests that the responses of BHC and THC to red flashes are fed directly from red-sensitive cones in addition to the feedback pathway of cone-horizontal cell connections in the previous studies. PMID- 3745510 TI - Mesencephalic trigeminal sensory neurons of cat: axon pathways and structure of mechanoreceptive endings in periodontal ligament. AB - We injected 3H-proline into cat brainstem in order to label the entire mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (Mes-V) for autoradiographic analysis of the size and pathways of Mes-V sensory axons and for microscopic study of Mes-V receptor structure in dental tissue. Labeled sensory axons were found in the trigeminal motor and sensory tracts and roots; approximately equal numbers of axons were found in both roots. The sensory root and all three divisions of the trigeminal nerve contained larger Mes-V axons than the motor root. Labeled Mes-V axons were found at the ganglion in the dorsomedial (infratrochlear) branch of the ophthalmic nerve but not in the ventrolateral branch. The mean diameter of Mes-V axons in periodontal ligament was 4.0 +/- 1.9 micron compared to 7.3 +/- 2.1 micron in maxillary and mandibular nerve, suggesting axonal arborization prior to innervation of ligament. Mes-V receptors in dental tissue were confined to ipsilateral periodontal ligament close to the root apex, with greater innervation on the posterior side. Receptor incidence was moderate for most teeth; however, maxillary first and second incisors and maxillary and mandibular canines had focal areas with remarkably dense innervation. No labeled axons were found in pulp of any ipsilateral teeth, and none was found in any contralateral dental tissue. EM-autoradiography demonstrated that Mes-V axons form unencapsulated Ruffini-like mechanoreceptors in periodontal ligament. The preterminal axons were small and myelinated. Neighboring bundles of unmyelinated axons and rare encapsulated endings were not labeled. The labeled mechanoreceptors branched to varying degrees among the ligament fibers; they contained numerous mitochondria and glycogen particles, as well as some vesicles and rare multivesicular bodies. They were surrounded by special Schwann cells that formed one or several layers around the ending. The endings were exposed to the basal lamina at numerous sites and occasionally extended fingers beyond the lamellar Schwann cells to contact ligament collagen. PMID- 3745509 TI - Axonal regeneration in spinal cord injury: a perspective and new technique. AB - A set of techniques is described for determining the response of mammalian spinal axons to transection. The logical selection and the advantages of these techniques are discussed. The dorsal column of guinea pig thoracic spinal cord was transected with a tungsten needle and the position of the lesion was marked by a staple-shaped wire device (Foerster: J. Comp. Neurol. 210:335-356, '82). The morphology of dorsal column axons projecting rostrally toward the lesion was examined between 1 and 50 days postlesion by anterograde staining with horseradish peroxidase, applied to a second lesion of the dorsal column two to three vertebral segments caudal to the first. Axons damaged by the original lesion were found to die back 1-2 mm from the plane of transection and at 18-20 hours were characterized by terminal club-shaped swellings attached to the proximal axon by a thin connection. At 50 days postlesion there was some evidence of limited regenerative responses in terms of growth-cone-like axon terminals, and the presence of aberrant axonal branching, but no evidence of regenerating axons approaching close to the plane of transection. These findings are in agreement with previous studies indicating little or no effective regrowth of myelinated axons in the mammalian spinal cord. These same techniques were used in a succeeding study to examine the effects of applied electric fields on the axonal response to transection. PMID- 3745511 TI - Ultrastructural organization of choline-acetyltransferase-immunoreactive fibres innervating the neocortex from embryonic ventral forebrain grafts. AB - Suspension grafts of foetal tissue rich in cholinergic neurones were transplanted into the frontoparietal cortex of rats that had previously undergone deafferentation of the extrinsic cholinergic innervation of the cortex by injection of ibotenic acid into the nucleus basalis magnocellularis. The cortical tissue containing the graft was processed for electron microscopic immunocytochemistry by using a monoclonal antibody to choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in order to examine the contacts established between cholinergic fibres from the graft and the host neocortex. The density, distribution, and targets of this graft-host innervation were compared with those seen in the intact and deafferented cortex. ChAT-positive fibres in both grafted and control animals formed extensive synaptic connections with various cortical neural elements- those of graft origin being of similar morphology to those in the intact cortex. However, the distribution of postsynaptic cortical targets of the graft-derived ChAT-immunoreactive boutons was abnormal, such that a greater percentage of such terminals formed synaptic contacts with neuronal perikarya, especially layer V pyramidal neurones, than was seen in control brains. It is possible that the formation of new synaptic contacts between the embryonic graft and host frontoparietal cortex may, in part, be necessary for the restoration of functional activity that has been previously reported in these grafted animals. PMID- 3745512 TI - Topography of corticopontine remodelling after cortical lesions in newborn rats. AB - Autoradiographic and axonal degeneration staining techniques were combined in individual animals to study the distribution of corticopontine fibers. In normal animals, forelimb and hindlimb motor cortical projections terminated somatotopically within the ipsilateral pontine nuclei. Sparse crossed projections also displayed a somatotopic pattern. After unilateral sensorimotor cortical lesions in newborn rats, an increase in the crossed corticopontine fibers arising from the opposite unablated motor cortex was observed at maturity. These fibers distributed in a topographic pattern similar to the normal ipsilateral corticopontine pattern; forelimb motor cortical projections terminated rostral to hindlimb motor cortical fibers. The specific distribution of the anomalous fibers suggests that they constitute a functional pathway. PMID- 3745513 TI - Thalamic fiber connections in a teleost (Sebastiscus marmoratus): visual somatosensory, octavolateral, and cerebellar relay region to the telencephalon. AB - Fiber connections of the nucleus ventromedialis thalami (VM) of Schnitzlein (J. Comp. Neurol. 118:225-267, '62) in a teleost (Sebastiscus marmoratus) were examined by means of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracing method. This nucleus receives fibers from the ipsilateral telencephalon (area dorsalis pars centralis), contralateral retina, contralateral VM, ipsilateral optic tectum, ipsilateral torus semicircularis, contralateral corpus cerebelli, contralateral sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, bilateral bulbospinal reticular formation, contralateral obex region, and contralateral dorsal portion of upper spinal segments. In turn, axons arising from VM terminate in the dorsal telencephalic areas (pars centralis, pars dorsalis, and pars medialis) ipsilaterally, ventral telencephalic area (pars supracommissuralis) bilaterally, nucleus prethalamicus of Meader (J. Comp. Neurol. 60:361-407, '34) bilaterally, nucleus dorsomedialis thalami bilaterally, VM contralaterally, optic tectum bilaterally, torus semicircularis bilaterally, and nucleus lateralis valvulae ipsilaterally. Based on the cytoarchitecture and fiber connections, VM is subdivided into rostral and caudal components. The caudal part of VM in Sebastiscus is considered to be a multimodal thalamic complex that contains some cells that constitute the dorsal thalamus in other vertebrate groups. PMID- 3745514 TI - Pathway of acetylcholinesterase containing nerves to the major cerebral arteries in rats. AB - The pathway of nerves containing acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to the major cerebral arteries was investigated in the rat. In this species, the internal ethmoidal artery (IEA) arises from the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and anastomoses with the external ethmoidal artery (EEA), forming the ethmoidal rete on the cribriform plate. The ethmoidal nerve (EN) and EEA enter the cranial cavity through the ethmoidal foramen. Densely distributed adventitial nerve plexi were present around the IEA, ethmoidal rete, and EEA. Many thick nerve bundles were found in the periadventitial layers in association with these vessels. Around the EN, just before it enters the ethmoid foramen, intensely staining nerve bundles were present that entered the cranial cavity with the EN. After unilateral section of the EN and EEA, a marked decrease of the nerve fibers was observed around the arteries of the anterior part of the circle of Willis on the operated side, whereas the basilar artery (BA) showed a moderate decrease in the AChE activity. After bilateral section of the EN and EEA, nerves disappeared from around all the major cerebral vessels including the BA. Section of the EEA alone did not produce any visible change of the cerebral perivascular innervation. The present study suggests that AChE-containing nerves on the cerebral arteries arise from the AChE-positive nerve bundles, which enter the cranial cavity with the EN through the ethmoid foramen; The anterior part of the circle of Willis is innervated unilaterally by the AChE-positive nerve bundles from the ethmoidal foramen, whereas the BA receives bilateral innervation. PMID- 3745515 TI - Descending projections and excitation during fictive swimming in Xenopus embryos: neuroanatomy and lesion experiments. AB - We describe the distribution of "descending" interneurons in late Xenopus laevis embryos after retrograde filling with horseradish peroxidaze via their ipsilateral, descending axons in the spinal cord. These multipolar neurons, with dendrites spread throughout the marginal zone, form a longitudinal column extending from midtrunk spinal cord into the brainstem to the level of the vagus. In the hindbrain these neurons are part of the uncrossed reticulospinal projection. They are most numerous in the caudal brainstem, their density falling by half at the eighth postotic segment. To examine their possible role in swimming we reduced the population of descending interneurons by making progressive transections of the brainstem or spinal cord at the first to fifth postotic segments. These led to progressive reduction in the initial frequency of fictive swimming in immobilized embryos, even when the brainstem was divided sagittally. Transecting the spinal cord at the fourth postotic segment did not reduce initial frequency rostral to the lesion. The effects of these lesions on the duration of fictive swimming episodes were similar. The results suggest that descending interneurons could provide excitatory drive during swimming and that some reticulospinal and spinal interneurons may form single homogeneous populations. PMID- 3745516 TI - Different neuron populations in the feline lateral cervical nucleus: a light and electron microscopic study with the retrograde axonal transport technique. AB - A comparative light and electron microscopic study was made of the two major neuron populations in the feline lateral cervical nucleus (LCN) that have an ascending projection--namely, the cervicothalamic and cervicomesencephalic neurons. The small population of neurons in the LCN that remained unlabelled after extensive injections into all known areas of LCN termination was also investigated. The intra-axonal retrograde tracing technique was employed and three different tracers were used: native horseradish peroxidase, horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin, and cholera toxin subunit B (CTb). The diaminobenzidine and tetramethylbenzidine methods were used for the peroxidase reaction, and an immunocytochemical staining method with monoclonal antibodies was employed to localize CTb. The light microscopic cell count was performed on plastic-embedded semithin (2 micron) sections, and a section embedding technique was used for sampling regions of interest for electron microscopy. The total number of neurons in the LCN was calculated to be 8,300, which is higher than numbers reported from other studies on frozen sections. It was concluded from control experiments that many neurons fail to counterstain in frozen sections. The average proportion of labelled cervicothalamic neurons was 94%, which accords with earlier reports. The frequency of labelled neurons projecting to the midbrain was 25-49%, depending on the method used. The highest number of labelled neurons was found with the immunocytochemical method with use of CTb as a tracer. In the electron microscopic study, the cell area, form factor, nuclear area, bouton covering ratio, mean appositional length of boutons, and bouton density were measured. There were no significant differences in these respects between the cervicothalamic and cervicomesencephalic neurons, but the unlabelled neurons differed significantly from the labelled ones, with a smaller somal area, a lower bouton covering ratio, and a larger relative nuclear area. The ascending neurons were scattered over the entire LCN, but the neurons that remained unlabelled after the extensive injections was found in its ventromedial part. It is suggested that these are interneurons. In the light microscopic study of the animals injected with CTb, the ventromedial part of the LCN displayed labelled structures resembling terminals. Electron microscopic examination of the sections revealed boutons synapsing on unlabelled neurons and dendrites. Occasionally labelled neurons and dendrites were also contacted.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3745517 TI - A second ascending visual pathway from the optic tectum to the telencephalon in the pigeon (Columba livia). AB - Previous studies in the pigeon (Karten and Revzin: Brain Res. 2:368-377, '66; Karten and Hodos: J. Comp. Neurol. 140:35-52, '70) have described an ascending tectofugal visual pathway from the optic tectum to the ectostriatum by way of the nucleus rotundus of the thalamus. This present study used anterograde autoradiographic and retrograde horseradish peroxidase pathway-tracing techniques to investigate another ascending tectofugal pathway in the pigeon. Injections of 3H-proline/leucine confirmed a previous report that the optic tectum projects to the nucleus dorsolateralis posterior of the thalamus (DLP). This projection is predominantly ipsilateral and is confined to a large-celled caudal region of the nucleus (DLPc); the rostral region of the nucleus (DLPr) is not tectorecipient. Injections of horseradish peroxidase in DLPc labeled cells predominantly ipsilaterally in layers 8-15 of the optic tectum. Injections of 3H proline/leucine placed in the DLPc labeled a discrete region of the ipsilateral telencephalon. Similar injections of DLPr labeled a contiguous, but more rostral, region of the neostriatum intermedium. Nissl- and silver-stained material indicated that the region in which DLP terminates is cytoarchitecturally distinct from ventromedial ectostriatal core and belt. Injections of horseradish peroxidase at various locations in the neostriatal DLP terminal field demonstrated a rostrocaudal ordering of the DLP projection upon the neostriatum intermedium. Single-unit recording demonstrated that cells in DLPc respond to whole-field illumination at the same latency as cells in the nucleus rotundus, indicating that the tecto-DLPc-neostriatal pathway transmits visual information to the telencephalon. We suggest that comparable pathways may exist in both reptiles and mammals. PMID- 3745518 TI - Bulbospinal projections in the primate: a light and electron microscopic study of a pain modulating system. AB - The projections of the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) and the immediately adjacent reticular formation were studied in the macaque monkey following injections of the rostroventral medulla with 3H-leucine and examination of the resultant labeled axons and terminals by light and electron microscopic autoradiography. Five monkeys had accurately placed injections, which resulted in fiber pathway labeling that coursed caudally, laterally, and dorsally to project to laminae I, II, and V of subnucleus caudalis of the trigeminal and then traveled in the dorsolateral funiculus of the cord and terminated in similar laminae of the spinal dorsal horn at cervical levels. The pathway was only lightly labeled caudal to the cervical enlargement and could not be readily discerned above background in the thoracic or lumbar cord. Electron microscopy revealed that axons and terminals serving this system constitute a heterogeneous population. Large-diameter myelinated axons (3-6-micron diameter), small myelinated axons (0.75-3-micron diameter), and clusters of nonmyelinated axons were labeled. Terminals in laminae I, II, and V contained mixtures of clear round and granular vesicles or clear pleomorphic and granular vesicles or formed the central element in synaptic glomeruli. The labeled profiles formed asymmetrical or symmetrical synapses on medium and small dendrites; labeled axosomatic synapses were not observed. In rare instances there were contacts between labeled profiles and vesicle-containing structures, which were probably dendritic, but whether the NRM axon was pre- or postsynaptic to such structures could not be determined. It was concluded that the NRM in the monkey is organized in a manner quite similar to that previously described in the cat. The wide variety of fiber types and synaptic terminals serving this system suggests that different classes of neurons participate in it, probably using several transmitter substances that result in varying postsynaptic effects on neurons located in the trigeminal complex and dorsal horn. PMID- 3745519 TI - Alterations of the blood-brain barrier after transplantation of autonomic ganglia into the mammalian central nervous system. AB - Autonomic (superior cervical) ganglia, the vessels of which are freely permeable to macromolecules, from mature rat donors (allografts or autografts) were transplanted to different sites in the central nervous system (CNS). Minimal trauma was caused by grafts into the IVth ventricle while grafts to intraparenchymal locations such as cerebral cortex and spinal cord were necessarily traumatic and produced glial scarring. Postoperative periods were between 4 weeks and 30 months. A potentially significant aspect of neural transplantation is the functional vascular connections between host and graft. It is highly likely that grafting procedures alter the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the recipient brain. In order to determine permanent BBB changes, the glycoprotein horseradish peroxidase (HRP) (M.W. 40,000) was injected intravascularly for circulation periods ranging between 50 seconds and 90 minutes. Protein exudation was monitored by using the chromogens DAB and the highly sensitive TMB. All autonomic ganglia transplants, regardless of postoperative or HRP circulation times, were permeable to the injected protein; no qualitative differences were found between allografts and autografts. The blood-borne protein traversed the autonomic graft and infiltrated into the host brain for distances between 200 micron in intraparenchymal grafts to over 1 mm in intraventricular grafts; a smaller exudate was found in the intraparenchymal model than in the intraventricular site probably due to glial scarring that impeded the protein movement in the interstitial spaces. Significantly, TMB demonstrated that the systemic protein entered the cerebrospinal fluid. HRP was detected on the ventricular floor and in the perivascular spaces of the microvasculature. Transplantation of an autonomic ganglion into the brain provides a biological portal that bypasses normal barriers to macromolecules. The vascular and extracellular confluences between host and graft could provide direct access for systematically administered substances to enter brain regions where they, normally, would be excluded. PMID- 3745520 TI - Optic fibers follow aberrant pathways from rotated eyes in Xenopus laevis. AB - The rotated eye paradigm has been a major experimental test of the neuronal specificity model for the development of ordered retinotectal connections in amphibians. In most studies, however, no optic fiber pathways were traced from rotated eyes and correlated with visuotectal projections. As an initial approach to this question, optic fibers from eyes rotated at different embryonic stages were traced with 3H-proline autoradiography. Three experimental series were prepared: in situ eye rotations, isochronic transplants of eyes rotated between embryos at the same stage, and heterochronic transplants of eyes rotated between embryos at different stages. Single or multiple optic fiber pathways developing from rotated eyes are identified by their sites of entry and trajectory in the brain. These include a normal chiasmatic (CH) pathway, and three aberrant pathways, identified as trigeminal (TR), diencephalic (DI), and oculomotor (OC). The latter three enter the brain ipsilaterally, some crossing contralaterally via commissural pathways. Depending on stage and type of operation, TR pathways develop in 50-100% of the animals, while CH pathways are more common after rotation at stage 21/22. The surgical procedure affects the initial trajectory of fibers from the retina, perturbs guidance cues in the surrounding orbit, and determines the patterns of optic pathways that develop. In most cases, optic fibers follow motor (oculomotor) or sensory (trigeminal) nerves, usually the first fibers encountered near the orbit by axonal pioneers exiting the retina. Evidently, optic fibers exhibit no pathway selectivity; any axon serves as a guidance cue. Tecta are innervated in about 50% of the cases, usually by fibers following abnormal trajectories from CH and OC pathways. The results suggest that the development of ordered visuotectal projections from rotated eyes is a complex process that may be independent of the trajectory of fiber arrival. Unless pathways and visuotectal maps are directly compared in each animal, however, the question remains open because we still do not know which anomalous pathways, if any, correlate with ordered projections. PMID- 3745521 TI - The organization of hypothalamocerebellar cortical fibers in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). AB - The organization and distribution of hypothalamocerebellar cortical fibers in squirrel monkey were investigated by using horseradish peroxidase (HRP, WGA-HRP) and 3H-leucine as anterograde tracers. Following hypothalamic injections, anterogradely labeled fibers coursed bilaterally through the periventricular gray (ipsilateral preponderance) and into the cerebellar white matter. Sparse numbers of labeled fibers appeared to descend into the reticular formation and enter the cerebellum via the brachium pontis. The pattern of cerebellar cortical labeling does not conform to that of mossy or climbing fibers. Labeled axons enter and branch within the granular layer, proceed around Purkinje cell somata, and enter the molecular layer. Within the latter some labeled fibers branch outwardly in a fanlike manner whereas others ascend before branching. Many fibers within the molecular layer ultimately assume an orientation that is similar to that of parallel fibers. The distribution patterns of hypothalamocerebellar cortical axons resemble those reported for monoaminergic fibers in the cerebellar cortex. Afferent fibers to the cerebellar cortex (including hypothalamocerebellar) that do not terminate as mossy or climbing fibers may collectively constitute a third general category of cerebellar afferent axons. On the basis of their distribution within all cortical layers these fibers are designated as multilayered fibers. The morphology of multilayered fibers stands in contrast to the presumptive mossy fiber labeling seen in lobules IX and X following large injections. Such labeling may represent a subpopulation of hypothalamocerebellar fibers or result from enzyme deposition in areas bordering the hypothalamus that project to cerebellar structures. PMID- 3745522 TI - Neck muscle afferent projections to the brainstem of the monkey: implications for the neural control of gaze. AB - Brainstem projections of first-order afferent neurons that innervate the suboccipital muscles of the monkey have been determined by using the technique of transganglionic transport of wheat-germ-agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA/HRP) and HRP. Neck muscle afferents distribute to several distinct regions located within the caudal brainstem and rostral spinal cord. Terminal labeling was heaviest within the ventral portion of the ipsilateral lateral cuneate nucleus. Muscle afferent terminals also distributed to ventrolateral portions of the pars triangularis division of the cuneate nucleus. Projections were consistent with the known somatotopic (i.e., both place and modality) organization of the cuneate nucleus. Moreover, neck muscle projections to the cuneate nucleus were, in part, coincident with those previously demonstrated for the extraocular muscles (Porter: J. Comp. Neurol. 247:133-143, '86). Sparse terminal projections were noted in the central cervical nucleus. In addition, light terminal labeling was present in group x of the vestibular complex and in an ill-defined region along the lateral margin of the brainstem. Present observations, which provide the first complete description of the central distribution of neck muscle afferent neurons in the primate, may contribute to the known substrate for eye/head coordination. PMID- 3745523 TI - Density of the microflora in hand eczema before and after topical treatment with a potent corticosteroid. AB - Twenty patients with hand eczema were studied with the use of quantitative bacteriologic cultures before and after successful topical treatment with a potent corticosteroid. One sample was taken from the most pronounced eczematous lesion, a second from skin affected with only erythema, and a third from clinically normal skin. Before quantitative bacteriologic analysis, the different species were combined into three main groups: Staphylococcus aureus, other aerobes, and anaerobes. Before treatment, S. aureus colonized the most pronounced eczematous lesion in eighteen of twenty patients and exceeded 10(5) cfu/cm2 in fifteen of twenty patients. The geometric mean count of S. aureus before treatment was significantly higher in eczema (10(4.8) cfu/cm2) than in erythema (10(3.4) cfu/cm2) and significantly higher in erythema than in normal skin (10(1.7) cfu/cm2). The density of other aerobes and anaerobes was similar in the three sampling sites. After treatment, the mean count of S. aureus was significantly reduced at all three sampling sites, and the densities became equal. Treatment did not affect the mean count of other aerobes or anaerobes. PMID- 3745524 TI - Effect of short-contact anthralin therapy on ultraviolet B irradiation of psoriasis. AB - The influence of short-contact anthralin on the therapeutic effect of ultraviolet B irradiation (Sylvania UV-21 tubes) was investigated with the half-body comparison method in fifteen outpatients with plaque-type psoriasis. The lesions on the right or left half of the body were exposed to one of the topically applied compounds (either anthralin and 2% salicylic acid in petrolatum or 2% salicylic acid in petrolatum alone) for 10 to 30 minutes daily. Of the fifteen patients, five (Group I) were given 0.3% anthralin and five (Group II) received increasing concentrations of anthralin (0.3, 1, 3%); the other five (Group III) were patients who had failed to respond to ultraviolet B therapy alone, and for them a new clearing treatment was started with the addition of anthralin in increasing concentrations (0.3%, 1%, 3%). Only two patients in Group I, one patient in Group II, and one in Group III showed a moderately better clearance of psoriasis on the short-contact anthralin side. Irritation of nonaffected skin by anthralin was common only during the first week of the treatment. Staining of clothes and bedding occurred. PMID- 3745525 TI - Hansen's disease following lymphoma. AB - We report two instances of Hansen's disease as a complication of lymphoma. Although patients with leprosy may be at risk for the development of neoplasia, the converse has only rarely been reported. Nonetheless, granulomatous lesions in patients with lymphoreticular malignancy should suggest appropriate studies to rule out Hansen's disease, as illustrated by the cases detailed herein. PMID- 3745526 TI - Psychosocial effect of vitiligo: a comparison of vitiligo patients with "normal" control subjects, with psoriasis patients, and with patients with other pigmentary disorders. AB - To ascertain the psychosocial effects of vitiligo, patients with vitiligo were compared with control subjects without skin diseases who were matched for age, sex, race, educational level, and marital status. Vitiligo patients were also compared with a matched sample of psoriasis patients and a matched sample of patients with other pigmentary disorders involving discoloration. The vitiligo patients scored lower on the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory than did the "normal" control subjects. Vitiligo patients exhibited better adjustment to their disorder and experienced less social discrimination than did psoriasis patients, although the two groups did not differ on overall self-esteem. Patients with vitiligo did not differ significantly from those with other pigmentary disorders on any measure. PMID- 3745527 TI - Does monosodium glutamate cause flushing (or merely "glutamania")? AB - Monosodium glutamate is widely regarded as the provocative agent in the "Chinese restaurant syndrome," of which flushing is regarded as part of the reaction. Six subjects were monitored by laser Doppler velocimetry for changes in facial cutaneous blood flow during challenge with monosodium glutamate and its cyclization product, pyroglutamate. Additionally, records of patients challenged with monosodium glutamate in the laboratory were reviewed. No flushing was provoked among the twenty-four people tested, eighteen of whom gave a positive history of Chinese restaurant syndrome flushing. These results indicate that monosodium glutamate-provoked flushing, if it exists at all, must be rare. Monosodium glutamate and its cyclization product, pyroglutamate, may provoke edema and associated symptoms. PMID- 3745528 TI - Influence of anatomic location on prognosis of malignant melanoma: attempt to verify the BANS model. AB - Stage I cutaneous malignant melanomas between 0.76 and 1.69 mm thick (Breslow measurement) in BANS (upper part of the back, posterior aspects of the arms, posterior and lateral aspects of the neck, posterior aspect of the scalp) areas have been reported to portend a relatively poor prognosis compared to non-BANS sites. We were unable to confirm the 15% poorer survival for BANS area lesions (84% BANS, 99% non-BANS) originally reported. In this report of 211 patients, malignant melanomas in BANS sites had a 4.6% poorer 5-year cumulative survival rate (88.9% BANS, 93.5% non-BANS; p = 0.35). Although many more patients need to be studied, we believe this small difference in survival is insufficient to influence therapeutic management strategies. PMID- 3745529 TI - Oral acyclovir for episodic treatment of recurrent genital herpes. Efficacy and safety. AB - This multicenter double-blind study of 157 patients was designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a new dosage regimen of oral acyclovir (800 mg twice a day for 5 days) for the treatment of recurrent genital herpes. The new regimen was compared with the standard dosage of 200 mg given five times a day to patients treated for three consecutive episodes (one episode with physician-initiated therapy and two with patient-initiated therapy) and followed up for three untreated episodes. The new regimen was well tolerated and effective. In male patients it may be more effective than the standard regimen of 200 mg given five times a day to treat vesicles that are already present. PMID- 3745530 TI - Familial multiple lipomatosis. Report of a case and a review of the literature. AB - Familial multiple lipomatosis is a hereditary syndrome of multiple lipomas occurring in a particular distribution. It is clinically distinct from multiple symmetric lipomatosis with which it is frequently confused in the dermatologic literature. A case of familial multiple lipomatosis is reported and a review of this condition is presented in an effort to resolve the confusion in the literature about familial multiple lipomatosis and multiple symmetric lipomatosis. PMID- 3745531 TI - Clofazimine enteropathy. PMID- 3745532 TI - A rare clinical manifestation of localized cutaneous mastocytosis. PMID- 3745533 TI - Does biopsy type influence survival in stage I melanoma? PMID- 3745534 TI - Decreased natural killer cell activity in Cowden's syndrome. PMID- 3745535 TI - The case of the speckled band: acquired lymphedema due to constriction bands. PMID- 3745536 TI - Aggressive basal cell carcinoma. PMID- 3745537 TI - Necrotizing fasciitis. PMID- 3745538 TI - An unusual case of salicylate toxicity. PMID- 3745539 TI - Contact dermatitis from Larrea tridentata (creosote bush) PMID- 3745540 TI - Motivating the public to take advantage of skin cancer screening. AB - In recognition of continuing increases in the incidence of skin cancer, including malignant melanoma, the American Academy of Dermatology has encouraged dermatologic communities nationwide to offer free skin cancer screening to the public. Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center took part in one such effort last spring. This article summarizes the results of a survey of that center's participants. The data revealed that more than 90% of their attendees learned of the screening through the mass media. Most participants came in response to concern over a specific lesion. A significant association was found to exist between prescreening reports of high-risk perceptions and the subsequent discovery by physicians of malignant or premalignant conditions. These and other findings are discussed, with suggestions being made for future screenings. PMID- 3745541 TI - Assessment of acute radiation-induced pulmonary changes using computed tomography. AB - In a prospective study of acute radiation-induced pulmonary changes, CT scans of 54 patients were performed before and at preselected times during the 6 months following fractionated radiation therapy of the thorax. The CT films were evaluated independently by three diagnostic radiologists and 36 patients were scored as having postirradiation pulmonary findings. The average interobserver agreement for this scoring was approximately 85%. The end point was observed as an increase in lung density within the irradiated volume on a follow-up CT examination. All 36 patients demonstrated lung opacities in an irregular, homogeneous, or nonhomogeneous pattern within the radiation beam boundaries. In addition, the following characteristics were observed at various frequencies in these 36 patients: extension of the changes across anatomic tissue boundaries (50%), air bronchograms (25%), loss of lung volume (15%), and pleural thickening (15%). Confinement of the findings within the irradiated volume was the only specific characteristic of postirradiation changes. In two patients the changes appeared as sharply defined, nodular opacities and were considered to be atypical of radiation damage. These were subsequently confirmed to be metastases. Prospective assessment of an adequate number of patients has helped to establish the CT appearance of acute radiation-induced pulmonary effects and, hence, to minimize its confusion with malignancies and other abnormalities. PMID- 3745542 TI - CT appearance of the diaphragm varying with respiratory phase and muscular tension. AB - Two cases exhibiting great variability of diaphragmatic CT appearance are reported. The literature on the effect of respiratory phase and muscular diaphragmatic contraction on the CT presentation is discussed. PMID- 3745544 TI - Computed tomography of blunt trauma to the gallbladder. AB - The CT findings are reviewed in two patients with injuries to the gallbladder following blunt abdominal trauma. In one patient with a laceration of the cystic artery a large intraluminal clot was identified within the gallbladder associated with extensive hemoperitoneum. Another patient presented with extensive bile leakage into the peritoneal cavity 72 h after blunt trauma due to laceration of the fundus of the gallbladder. The clinical features of blunt trauma to the gallbladder and the utility of CT in this entity are reviewed. PMID- 3745543 TI - MR imaging of pathologic abdominal fluid collections. AB - A retrospective comparison was made of the capability of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and CT to display and characterize pathologic abdominal fluid collections. Fluid collections in 41 patients were analyzed: ascites (seven patients), hematoma (five), pancreatic pseudocyst (four), biloma (two), abscess (four), simple renal cyst (nine), hemorrhagic renal cyst (two), hydronephrosis (four), hemonephrosis (two), and cystic metastases (two). Most fluid collections were equally demonstrated by the two modalities. Walls around fluid collections were better demonstrated CT. Six fluid collections appeared heterogeneous on MR but were homogeneous or nearly so on CT. PMID- 3745545 TI - Submucosal accumulation of fat in inflammatory bowel disease: CT/pathologic correlation. AB - A prominent submucosal layer of decreased attenuation was demonstrated on CT in three patients with inflammatory bowel disease. On pathologic examination this zone proved to be due to extensive submucosal fat accumulation and not active inflammation. The potential significance of this finding is discussed. PMID- 3745546 TI - CT diagnosis of villous adenoma. AB - Villous adenoma may have a specific appearance on barium enema examination but specific CT findings of villous adenoma have not been previously described. Two recently encountered cases of villous adenoma in the rectum had a distinctive pattern on CT. Suggested criteria for CT diagnosis of villous adenoma include a homogeneous water density component of less than 10 HU, occupying more than half the lesion and eccentric on the luminal side of the mass. This low density component interfaces with the majority of the luminal surface of the lesion. No air-fluid level is seen and the lesion should not have a round cystic configuration. A description of these findings is illustrated and discussed. PMID- 3745547 TI - Computed tomography of high density renal cysts in adult polycystic kidney disease. AB - In a review of abdominal CT in patients with adult polycystic kidney disease 24 patients were found to have single or multiple high density renal cysts on nonenhanced studies. All cases showed well defined, homogeneous high density cysts (56-98 HU), with smooth contours, sharp interfaces with renal parenchyma, and lack of contrast enhancement. The benign nature of these lesions was established by tissue examination in five patients and follow-up CT in four others. In the remaining 15 patients the benign nature of these lesions was assumed based on the constellation of CT and clinical findings. PMID- 3745548 TI - "Faceless kidney": CT sign of renal duplicity. AB - A CT sign of renal duplicity is described. In kidneys with either bifid renal pelvis or complete duplication of the collecting system, a transverse CT section obtained at the mid pole or junction of the fused upper and lower pole cortical moieties may reveal a "faceless" renal appearance lacking vascular or collecting system elements. Recognition of this finding allows a correct diagnosis of partial or complete duplication of the renal collecting system and prevents a false impression of an intrarenal mass lesion. PMID- 3745549 TI - Three-dimensional MR imaging of the knee using surface coils. AB - The selective three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging acquisition method is used to obtain thin (0.8 mm), contiguous slices of the knee. When combined with the improved signal-to-noise ratio of surface coils, this method produces excellent anatomical definition of the knee. Two fresh cadaver specimens were imaged and dissected. Normal anatomy was defined on three normal volunteers. Four patients with knee injuries were imaged. This method may be useful in the routine imaging of patients with certain traumatic knee injuries. PMID- 3745550 TI - A quantitative index of ventricular and extraventricular intracranial CSF volumes using MR imaging. AB - A new technique is described that utilises a novel magnetic resonance pulse sequence to produce a quantitative index both for ventricular and, for the first time, extraventricular intracranial CSF volumes. The pulse sequence is a combination of a null-point inversion recovery sequence with an extended spin echo read (echo time = 400 ms), which produces a contrast of CSF to white or grey matter of approximately 120:1. A series of experiments are performed on phantoms representing CSF filled ventricles and sulci over a wide range of volume values, and it is found that the standard deviation of differences between true and estimated values is 3.9% for ventricles, 4.6% for total cranial CSF, and 7.9% for CSF within the sulci. Normal volunteer reproducibility studies revealed corresponding standard deviations of less than 5.5%. Using the technique to produce absolute estimates of CSF volumes in normal subjects and patients produced results in good agreement with previously published necropsy studies. The technique has wide neurological and neurosurgical applicability particularly in terms of differential diagnosis and as an objective monitor of therapy or progression in conditions such as hydrocephalus, atrophy, and benign intracranial hypertension. PMID- 3745551 TI - MR imaging in "lacunar" hemiballismus. AB - We compared cranial CT and proton magnetic resonance imaging in two patients with hemiballismus secondary to lacunar infarctions. Magnetic resonance, but not CT, showed lacunar infarctions in the subthalamic nucleus. To confirm the location of the infarctions, we measured the distance of the lacunae from the anteroposterior commissure line in three planes (sagittal, axial, and coronal) and demonstrated that the infarctions were located in the lateral part of the subthalamic nucleus. PMID- 3745552 TI - MR diagnosis of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. AB - High-field magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed in three patients with clinically diagnosed acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). Contrast enhanced CT was normal in all cases. Magnetic resonance demonstrated multiple foci of demyelination in the brain stem, cerebrum, and cerebellum. Lesions were characteristic, in that they were relatively few in number, frequently present in the brain stem and posterior fossa, nonhemorrhagic, asymmetric, and easily correlated with clinical symptoms and signs. Follow-up MR in one patient who had clinically improved after steroid therapy showed marked resolution of previously documented lesions. Typical MR findings in combination with the appropriate clinical presentation can confirm the diagnosis of ADEM, obviate other more invasive diagnostic tests, identify the extent and sites of involvement, and follow response to therapy. PMID- 3745553 TI - High resolution orbital computed tomography. AB - The latest generation CT scanners allow for spatial and contrast resolution within the orbit that has not previously been available. Utilization of these technological advances in association with appropriate techniques enables visualization of vascular and neural structures within the orbits that have not previously been emphasized in the literature. The CT scans were generated in both axial and coronal planes, using either 1 or 2 mm thick sections. All images were generated using ultrahigh resolution scanning techniques, available on the Picker 1200-SX scanner. The primary advantage of this system is the availability of secondary collimation of the X-ray beam at the detector, limiting detector aperture to only 1.3 mm. This, in association with utilization of the small focal spot and high sampling rate, aids in the visualization of divisions of the third and fifth nerves, as well as in the visualization of the sixth nerve within the orbit. Several branches of the ophthalmic artery within the orbit are also identified, including the infratrochlear and supratrochlear artery as well as the central retinal artery. PMID- 3745554 TI - Oblique plane MR imaging of the cervical spine. AB - Surface coil magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the spine in conventional sagittal and parasagittal planes has been reported to show the cervical tissues with great clarity. Theoretically, an imaging plane perpendicular to the cervical neural foramina would be particularly effective for demonstrating the cervical spinal nerves and roots. We correlated MR images and cryomicrotome sections of the cervical spine to analyze the MR appearance of the neural foramina in this view. The normal MR appearances of the dorsal and ventral roots in cross section and, for the first time, the interradicular cleft were identified. New criteria for diagnosis of nerve root compression were suggested by the anatomic observations. PMID- 3745555 TI - MR imaging of cavernous hemangioma of the face and neck. AB - Four patients with cavernous hemangioma of face and neck were evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging. Pathologically, soft tissue cavernous hemangiomas are characterized by small feeding arteries and large blood poolings. Arteriography usually fails to demonstrate the extent of the lesion. Computed tomography does not allow differentiation between these lesions and surrounding normal tissues. Magnetic resonance clearly demonstrates hemangiomas with good contrast between lesion and normal tissues. Spin-echo technique with long echo time appears to be particularly useful to delineate these lesions. PMID- 3745556 TI - Computed tomography of the tongue in primary amyloidosis. AB - Primary amyloidosis is a systemic disease that may cause diffuse enlargement of the tongue or macroglossia. Obvious macroglossia is easily detected by clinical inspection. There is no agreement, however, on an objective measure of tongue enlargement. Computed tomography of the base of the tongue was performed in 12 patients with primary amyloidosis. Tongue width and width of the hyoglossus and genioglossus muscles were measured. Based on normal measurements it was concluded that macroglossia is present if the tongue is wider than 50 mm and the genioglossus wider than 11 mm. This should be accompanied by a midline cleft of the tongue surface and outward displacement of normal-size submandibular glands. PMID- 3745557 TI - Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the sinonasal cavities: CT evaluation. AB - Computed tomography was performed in four patients with solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Two tumors originated in the nasal cavity, one in the maxillary sinus, and one in the frontal sinus. Soft tissue mass(es) was seen in all patients. Bone destruction was apparent in only two patients. It seems possible to rule out carcinomas in such patients with no or subtle bony destruction. Computed tomography was also helpful for planning radiation therapy. PMID- 3745558 TI - CT evaluation of distended pericardial recess presenting as a mediastinal mass. AB - A patient with a remarkably distended pericardial recess due to massive pericardial effusion mimicking a mediastinal mass is reported. The nature of the "mass lesion" was clearly demonstrated by CT and the lesion disappeared after removal of the pericardial effusions. The importance and usefulness of CT in evaluation of pericardial recesses is stressed. PMID- 3745559 TI - CT demonstration of isolated mediastinal goiter. AB - A substernal goiter is a common mediastinal mass that can usually be recognized as contiguous with the body of the thyroid. We report the rare occurrence of a mediastinal goiter that demonstrated no connection with the cervical thyroid on either CT or at thoracotomy. Pathologic examination confirmed this to be an intrathoracic goiter. PMID- 3745560 TI - Benign hemangioendothelioma involving posterior mediastinum: CT findings. AB - We report a case of benign hemangioendothelioma of infancy extending from the deep soft tissues of the neck to involve the entire longitudinal extent of the right posterior mediastinum. The CT findings that aid in the differential diagnosis of this and other posterior mediastinal masses are discussed. PMID- 3745561 TI - Computed tomography of diffuse tracheal stenosis in Wegener granulomatosis. AB - A patient with Wegener granulomatosis presented with diffuse tracheal narrowing and was evaluated using CT and cine-CT. The CT findings included severe laryngeal and tracheal airway narrowing, due to abnormal soft tissue within the laryngeal cartilages and tracheal rings, and enlarged abnormally calcified tracheal cartilages. Computed tomography precisely confirmed the site, level, and submucosal extent of tracheal narrowing, not obtainable on physical or bronchoscopic examination, and assisted in choosing a site for tracheostomy. Wegener granulomatosis should be considered in patients with diffuse tracheal narrowing even when the typical histology is not present. PMID- 3745562 TI - CT demonstration of fistula between esophageal carcinoma and spinal canal. AB - A patient with recurrent carcinoma of the proximal esophagus after radiotherapy presented with bacterial meningitis. Esophagography and CT of the chest disclosed an esophagosubarachnoidal fistula extending between the ulcerated tumor, posterior mediastinum, and the thoracic spine. PMID- 3745563 TI - MR imaging of hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia. AB - The magnetic resonance features of a case of focal nodular hyperplasia are described. They include mass effect with tumor nearly isointense with adjacent liver and a central stellate region corresponding pathologically to the collagenous scar. PMID- 3745564 TI - MR identification of bleeding site in subarachnoid hemorrhage with multiple intracranial aneurysms. AB - We report a case of multiple aneurysms with subarachnoid hemorrhage in which CT was inconclusive as to the source of bleeding and in which the angiographic criteria were misleading. Magnetic resonance demonstrated a focal subarachnoid hematoma adjacent to the ruptured aneurysm. PMID- 3745565 TI - MR imaging of ruptured intracranial dermoid. PMID- 3745566 TI - MR imaging of cerebral dural sinus thrombosis. PMID- 3745567 TI - Computed tomography of acute spinal subdural hematoma. PMID- 3745568 TI - Design modification of dedicated MR breast coil. AB - We recently reported on a dedicated MR receiver coil for simultaneous breast imaging. We here describe a new design that has increased sensitivity and signal to-noise ratio and has decreased the spatial variation of reception sensitivity seen with the original design. This breast coil is compatible with a 0.15 T resistive magnet utilizing separate transmit and receive coils and works as a plug-in replacement for the standard receiver coil. As with the original, the modified breast coil uses a triple coil structure. A central coil situated between the breasts consists of an inner loop in vertical plane and two outer loops facing outward at 45 degrees from horizontal. Two outer coils are situated lateral to each breast and consist of an outer loop in vertical plane and an inner loop facing inward at 65 degrees from horizontal plane. A two-chambered clear plastic box supports the coils and allows for accurate patient positioning. The modified coil is insensitive to heart and lung movement, eliminating motion artifacts produced by these organs, and further increasing image quality and resolution. PMID- 3745569 TI - Detection of penicillin, cephapirin, and cloxacillin in commingled raw milk by the Spot test. AB - The objective of this study was to compare Spot Test results with the results of the Bacillus stearothermophilus disc assay. Commingled raw milk samples were subdivided and spiked with penicillin, cephapirin, or cloxacillin. All subsamples, including unspiked subsamples, were analyzed by the Spot Test (3 or 9 replicates) and disc assay (9 replicates). Mean zone diameter for every subsample was calculated; subsamples having a mean zone diameter greater than or equal to 16 mm were considered positive. At penicillin concentrations less than or equal to 3.7 ng/ml, agreement between the Spot Test and disc assay was 83.4%, and false positive and negative percentages were 14.4 and 2.2%, respectively. Above 3.7 ng/ml, agreement was 100%. At cephapirin concentrations less than or equal to 12 ng/ml, agreement between the two tests was 67.9%, and false positive and negative percentages were 28.8 and 3.3%, respectively. Above 15 ng/ml, agreement was 99.3% with .7% false negatives. At cloxacillin concentrations less than or equal to 50 mg/ml agreement between the two tests was 54.5 with 45.5% false positives. At cloxacillin concentrations greater than or equal to 62.5 ng/ml, agreement between the two tests was 87.2% and false positive and negative percentages were 12.6 and .2%, respectively. In a field trial consisting of 823 bulk samples, Spot Test and disc assay agreement was 100%. The Spot Test is a rapid and reliable method for detecting penicillin, cephapirin, and cloxacillin residues in raw milk at concentrations that will produce a 16-mm zone. PMID- 3745570 TI - Effect of dry period versus continuous milking on periparturient concentrations of bovine prolactin in milk from half udders. AB - Four multiparous cows were used to determine whether continuous twice daily milking of half the udder throughout the dry period would alter the prepartum accumulation of prolactin in secreted milk. The control half of each udder was allowed a dry period of 43 d, and twice daily milking was reinitiated in this half udder 11 d before parturition, whereas the treated half was milked continuously throughout. Milk from the treated half decreased to very low yields despite continuous milking, whereas concentrations of prolactin in milk remained low and without much day-to-day variation within each cow. Concentrations of prolactin in milk and yields of milk increased during the week before parturition in both halves of the udder, but there were no significant differences due to previous continuous milking. Therefore, prepartum accumulation of high concentrations of prolactin in secreted milk did not appear to depend on prior occurrence of a dry period. Elevated concentrations of prolactin in milk declined rapidly and equally in each half udder after parturition. PMID- 3745571 TI - Effect of exogenous bovine somatotropin on pubertal mammary development in heifers. AB - Nine pairs of identical twins were used to examine the effect of exogenous bovine somatotropin on mammary growth and development in dairy heifers. One twin received a daily subcutaneous injection of somatotropin (20 IU) and the other received excipient. Treatments commenced at 8.0 mo of age (179 kg live weight) and continued for 15.6 wk, at which time heifers were slaughtered and mammary development evaluated. Treatment with somatotropin resulted in an increase in mammary parenchyma and a decrease in extraparenchymal tissue and weight of mammary glands. Increases in parenchyma were 46% as determined by computer assisted x-ray tomography and 18% as determined by dissection. Differences between the two techniques related to the ability of computer assisted x-ray tomography technique to exclude fat deposits and connective tissue from parenchymal estimates. Chemical composition (39% water, 7% protein, and 54% fat) as well as histological and cytological appearance of the mammary parenchyma were not affected by the treatment. Therefore, treatment with exogenous somatotropin around puberty enhances the growth rate of mammary parenchymal tissue. Additional studies are required to examine whether this enhanced mammary development will increase milk yield during subsequent lactations. PMID- 3745572 TI - Artificial induction of lactation in cattle: initiation of lactation and estrogen and progesterone concentrations in milk. AB - Thirty heifers were given 11 subcutaneous injections of 5 mg estradiol benzoate and 200 mg progesterone every 3 d to develop their mammary glands. Three days later groups of animals were treated with 1) 20 mg dexamethasone twice, 2) 500 micrograms cloprostenol thrice, 3) dexamethasone and cloprostenol, 4) oxytocin 4 IU six times, or 5) no further injections. Two further groups of six heifers each (6 and 7) were treated in a manner similar to groups 1 and 3 except the dose of estrogen to develop their mammary glands was doubled to 10 mg/3 d. Six lactating first calf heifers were controls (8). The proportion of animals lactating, combined milk yield for each group (kg), and mean days lactated were 1) 5/6, 3831, 142; 2) 1/6, 912, 195; 3) 6/6, 4898, 194; 4) 3/6, 1066, 128; 5) 1/6, 293, 154; 6) 6/6, 6109, 130; 7) 6/6, 6265, 130; and 8) 6/6, 19, 190, 251. The lactogenic response to dexamethasone and oxytocin is similar to that in sheep, but the response to cloprostenol indicates a species difference. Intensive blood sampling before and after injection of hormones, intended to trigger lactogenesis, showed that plasma prolactin rose to peaks above 210 ng/ml in cows of groups 2, 3, and 4 and were unchanged from the base below 40 ng/ml in groups 1 and 5. Monitoring of steroids after induction treatment showed estradiol-17 beta ranged between 35 and 400 pg/ml and 20 to 80 pg/ml in mammary secretion and plasma and progesterone concentrations were less than at diestrus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3745573 TI - Effect of steroidal sapogenins on ruminal fermentation and on production of lactating dairy cows. AB - Supplementation of dairy rations with steroidal sapogenins was evaluated in an in vitro, an in situ, and a production trial. Sixteen in vitro semicontinuous rumen cultures were supplied a 55:45 concentrate to roughage substrate with Sarsaponin concentrations of 0, 33, 55, and 77 ppm of air-dry feed for 22 d. Supplementation decreased protozoa numbers and increased bacterial numbers and acid detergent fiber digestion. Digestion of feed nitrogen tended to be lowest at the highest concentration of Sarsaponin, whereas microbial nitrogen output was similar for all concentrations. In rumen-cannulated animals fed a typical dairy ration, in situ rate of disappearance of organic matter, acid detergent fiber, and nitrogen of a complete ration substrate tended to be lower with 77 ppm added Sarsaponin. In a production trial, 16 primiparous dairy cows 6 to 10 wk postpartum were fed rations containing either 0 or 77 ppm Sarsaponin. Sarsaponin did not alter dry matter intake, digestibility, body weight change, or milk production and composition. Supplementation had no significant effect on ruminal fermentation in vivo as reflected by concentrations of ruminal ammonia nitrogen, blood urea, or molar ratios and concentrations of ruminal volatile fatty acids. PMID- 3745574 TI - Semen fertility--an evaluation system for artificial insemination sires, technicians, herds, and systematic fixed effects. AB - Semen fertility was evaluated on 4478 artificial insemination bulls using 2,007,520 breeding receipts for inseminations to 397,979 Holstein cows between January 1, 1978 and November 1, 1984 using mixed linear model methodology. Bulls differed on average by +/- 3.68% conception. Differences between herd-years ranged from 27.4 to -32.3% conception with an average difference of +/- 8.33%. Within herds, cow parity-service number accounted for the largest variation, ranging from 24.0% to -18.5% conception. June was the best month for conception (1.9) and January the poorest (-2.3), indicating effect of temperature and confinement in winter on estrous detection in the northeastern United States. Cows with intervals between repeat services of 21 d had conception rates 12% higher than intervals between repeat services of 11 d. Effect of month-year of semen collection varied by +/- 1.33% conception. Differences between technicians within years varied by +/- 3.37%. Results of the analysis indicate improved conception on dairy farms can be achieved by improved estrous detection, which is a major component of herd-year and service interval. Other components of the model contributed little to the variance in conception or are uncontrollable by farm management. PMID- 3745575 TI - beta-Lactoglobulin and alpha-lactalbumin in mammary secretions during the dry period: parallelism of concentration changes. AB - Proteins in mammary secretions were examined during the dry period of four cows. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to determine relative changes in the electrophoretic profiles of whey proteins in the mammary secretions. Concentrations of beta-lactoglobulin and alpha-lactalbumin in dry cow secretions were determined by immunoassay. Concentrations of both proteins changed in parallel during the dry period. Concentrations of beta-lactoglobulin and alpha lactalbumin decreased during the first 30 d of the dry period but generally remained above .1 mg/ml secretion. A transient increase in beta-lactoglobulin and alpha-lactalbumin concentrations occurred at about 40 d after drying-off, prior to the prepartum increase. PMID- 3745576 TI - Evaluation of .5% and 1% iodophor teat dips on commercial dairies. AB - Two postmilking teat dips containing .5 and 1% iodine were evaluated for approximately 8 mo under conditions of natural exposure to mastitis pathogens on four commercial dairy farms. In the two herds using .5% iodophor, incidence of intramammary infection with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae was reduced 68.3 and 46.2%, respectively. When numbers of new infections with both pathogens were combined, efficacy for the .5% iodophor was 62.3%. In the two herds using 1% iodophor, incidence of intramammary infection with Staph. aureus and Strep. agalactiae was reduced 52.4 and 70.7%, respectively. When numbers of new infections with both pathogens were combined, efficacy for the 1% iodophor was 64.3%. Efficacy of teat dips was variable against coagulase-negative staphylococci and Corynebacterium bovis. PMID- 3745577 TI - Mammary leukocyte response to drug therapy. AB - The possibility exists that antibiotics and anti-inflammatory agents will be used indiscriminately in attempts to reduce leukocyte or somatic cell counts in mammary secretions to conform with Interstate Milk Shippers quality standards for raw milk to be implemented July 1, 1986. Recent in vivo studies evaluating the effect of intramammary drug injection on milk leukocytes confirmed previous in vitro investigations demonstrating that certain drugs have a significant effect on leukocyte antimicrobial activity. Antibiotics commonly included in commercial infusion products used in this country such as penicillin G, semisynthetic penicillins, the mycins, cephalosporins, and sulfonamides did not affect leukocyte function. However, some drugs were detrimental, notably chloramphenicol, tiamulin, tetracycline, gentamicin, rifampicin, amikacin, and nitrofurantoin. In vitro investigations on the use of anti-inflammatory agents demonstrated that methylprednisolone had a stabilizing effect on leukocytes by maintaining viability and reducing degranulation, whereas flumethasone was detrimental to cell viability. The nonsteroid agent, ibuprofen, decreased viability and increased degranulation but also increased phagocytosis and bacterial killing. Intramammary infusion of anti-inflammatory agents was generally ineffective in lowering somatic cell counts of endotoxin-infused quarters, but certain drugs may be advantageous in limiting milk production losses during udder inflammation. PMID- 3745578 TI - Interrelationships between recent developments in molecular genetics and cytogenetics and animal breeding. AB - Animal breeding traditionally has entailed devising means to apply quantitative and population genetic theory to increase productive capacity of livestock. A highly developed and successful industry has been built on foundations established by academic animal breeders. Recent developments in related sciences such as reproductive biology, molecular biology, cellular biology, and cytogenetics offer prospects for the emergence of a number of methodologies that might usefully be applied to animal breeding. Scientists engaged in development of the newer technologies are not wholly familiar with the livestock industry, its breeding structure, its objectives, its institutions or its peculiarities. Animal breeders, however, are not fully cognizant of the scientific advances being made in related fields, their potential for development and application or their limitations, and therefore, animal breeders have not seriously thought about how they might be integrated most usefully and efficaciously into the animal breeding enterprise. A collaboration is needed in which the laboratory scientists produce new ideas, products, and methods and the animal breeders- using system analysis, simulation procedures, and laboratory animal and livestock breeding tests--help make rational choices, partially direct work of the laboratory scientists, help the industry integrate new methods, and monitor the extent of success of adapted innovations. PMID- 3745579 TI - Iodine-125-labeled lipoprotein lipase as a tool to detect and study spontaneous lipolysis in bovine milk. AB - The distribution of lipoprotein lipase among cream, casein, and milk serum can be evaluated by addition of a trace amount of 125I-labeled lipoprotein lipase to milk. Radioactive lipase was distributed in parallel to endogenous lipase under several conditions. In some milk samples, binding of lipase to cream increased when the milk was cooled. Correlation was good between bound labeled lipase and degree of cold-induced lipolysis in corresponding milk samples. Binding of lipase to cream or to casein was not saturable by addition of two-to threefold more lipase than is normally present in milk. In milk with a relatively high fraction of lipase bound to cream, a correspondingly lower fraction was associated with casein, whereas the fraction of lipase in milk serum was similar in all milk samples. Cold-induced binding of lipoprotein lipase to cream was not fully reversed when the milk was warmed again. Heparin released lipase from casein and increased the amount of lipase bound to cream after cooling. PMID- 3745580 TI - Within-day variation of lipolytic activity in human milk. AB - Milk was collected from six mothers during their 8th wk of lactation to determine the diurnal variation of bile salt-stimulated lipase and serum-stimulated lipase. On the day of collection, one breast was completely emptied at 0600, 1000, 1400, 1800, and 2000 h. Activities of bile-stimulated lipase and serum-stimulated lipase in the milk were determined. Activity of bile-stimulated lipase was constant throughout the day, whereas serum-stimulated lipase activity varied significantly with time. Both activities differed significantly in milk from different women. Time of collection must be considered when measuring activity of serum-stimulated lipase but is not a major variable when measuring activity of bile-stimulated lipase in human milk. These results may be helpful when designing future studies involving these enzymes. PMID- 3745581 TI - Determination of individual free fatty acids in milk by strong anion-exchange resin and gas chromatography. AB - A quantitative method for determination of free fatty acids in milk is described. Free fatty acids and some glycerides were extracted from milk in acetonitrile in the presence of sulfuric acid and anhydrous sodium sulfate. The filtered extract was evaporated to dryness. With use of strong anion-exchange resin as heterogeneous basic catalysts, the free fatty acids were methylated directly. The free fatty acids were separated by gas chromatography with a 2000 mm X 2-mm inner diameter glass column packed with 10% SP-2330 on 100/120 mesh Chromosorb W. PMID- 3745583 TI - Activity of lysosomal enzymes in murine mammary tissue through pregnancy, lactation, and involution. AB - Murine mammary tissue homogenates obtained during pregnancy, lactation, and involution were assayed for activities of two lysosomal marker enzymes, acid phosphatase, and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase. Acid phosphatase activity per milligram protein was relatively constant through pregnancy and lactation, although a decrease was detected at parturition. Acid phosphatase activity per milligram deoxyribonucleic acid was also stable through pregnancy and lactation except for a peak of activity during lactogenesis. Acid phosphatase activity per gram wet weight also remained stable during pregnancy and lactation, but activity was significantly higher during lactation than pregnancy. Glucosaminidase activity, whether expressed as milligrams deoxyribonucleic acid of milligrams protein, tended to decrease during pregnancy, decreased further with lactogenesis, and remained significantly lower throughout lactation. Glucosaminidase activity per gram wet weight increased as pregnancy progressed and slowly decreased through lactogenesis to midpregnancy levels, which remained stable throughout the remainder of lactation. Both acid phosphatase and glucosaminidase activities were slightly higher at the end of lactation, and both decreased within 24 h of weaning. Significant increases in activities of both enzymes were observed from d 1 to 4 of involution. PMID- 3745582 TI - Immunoglobulin isotype concentrations in milk as affected by stage of lactation and parity. AB - Quarter milk samples were collected during lactation and analyzed for immunoglobulins from 32 first and 16 third lactation Holstein cows that were equally distributed progeny of sires selected for yield or merit. Variance component estimates indicated large variation for cow, quarter within cow, and stage of lactation. All immunoglobulin isotype concentrations were lowest at wk 21. Significant differences between first and third lactation cows were observed for milk immunoglobulin A (.012 and .018 mg/ml) and immunoglobulin M (.074 and .101 mg/ml). Quarters with cell counts above 1 X 10(6) cells/ml had higher concentrations of immunoglobulin G1, (.619 vs. .394 mg/ml) immunoglobulin G2 (.103 vs. .063 mg/ml), immunoglobulin A (.028 vs. .014 mg/ml), and immunoglobulin M (.117 vs. .087 mg/ml). There were no significant differences in immunoglobulin isotype concentrations due to genetic group (yield or merit), suggesting that selection for milk production has no significant effect on immunoglobulin concentration in milk. Degree of parity, however, must be considered when comparing immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin M concentrations in milk. PMID- 3745584 TI - Body protein losses estimated by nitrogen balance and potassium-40 counting. AB - Body protein losses estimated from N balance were compared with those estimated by 40K counting. Six nonlactating dairy cows were fed an adequate N diet for 7 wk, a low N diet for 9 wk, and a replete N diet for 3 wk. The low N diet contained high cell wall grass hay plus ground corn, starch, and molasses. Soybean meal was added to the low N diet to increase N in the adequate N and replete N diets. Intake was measured daily. Digestibilities, N balance, and body composition (estimated by 40K counting) were determined during each dietary regimen. During low N treatment, hay dry matter intake declined 2 kg/d, and supplement increased about .5 kg/d. Dry matter digestibility was not altered by N treatment. Protein and acid detergent fiber digestibilities decreased from 40 and 36% during adequate N to 20 and 2%, respectively, during low N. Fecal and urinary N also declined when cows were fed the low N diet. By the end of repletion, total intake, fiber, and protein digestibilities as well as N partition were similar to or exceeded those during adequate N intake. Body protein (N) loss was estimated by N balance to be about 3 kg compared with 8 kg by 40K counting. Body fat losses (32 kg) were large because of low energy digestibility and intake. Seven kilograms of body fat were regained during repletion, but there was no change in body protein. PMID- 3745585 TI - Tolerance of the preruminant calf for selenium in milk replacer. AB - Calves were fed skim milk powder-based milk replacer containing either .2, 1, 3, 5, or 10 ppm selenium (added as sodium selenate) in the dry matter from 3 to 45 d of age to estimate the lowest amount of dietary selenium that would reduce calf performance and feed utilization. Only at the highest selenium (10 ppm) did calves show reduced average daily gain and feed efficiency and lower blood packed cell volume. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen, and lipid, and plasma creatine phosphokinase activity were not affected by any of the selenium intakes. In general, selenium in blood, bile, duodenal mucosa, liver, kidney, and muscle reflected selenium intakes with liver and kidney reaching the highest selenium concentrations. Postmortem examinations of calves revealed no gross abnormalities for any of the selenium treatments. The preruminant calf is very tolerant of high inorganic selenium concentrations in skim milk powder-based milk replacer. PMID- 3745586 TI - Performance, health, and postweaning growth on calves fed cold, acidified milk replacer ad libitum. AB - Holstein calves were assigned to one of three regimens from d 4 to 35 of age, then abruptly weaned (program 1): A) conventional, all-milk protein milk replacer fed individually twice daily; B) ad libitum feeding of cold, acidified milk replacer to calves housed and fed individually in pens, and C) same as B, except calves were housed and fed in group pens. From d 36 of age to 136 kg of body weight calves were in group pens by treatment. Program 2 utilized the same treatments; however, acidified milk replacer calves were gradually weaned starting d 22 of age. For program 1, calves fed acidified milk replacer for ad libitum intake consumed more dry matter from liquid and less from grain than those fed conventionally. Calves fed acidified milk replacer showed improved gains of 8.7 and 8.4 kg up to d 35 of age. For program 2, dry matter intake from liquid was higher, and grain was lower for calves fed acidified milk replacer; however, differences were not as large as in program 1. Body weight gains were 1.1 and 2.8 kg higher for calves fed acidified milk replacer through d 35 of age. No mortality occurred with either program during preweaning. In both programs, fecal consistency was more fluid for calves fed acidified milk replacer; however, days calves were treated were less. Regardless of preweaning program, calves on all treatments reached 136 kg of body weight in approximately the same number of days. PMID- 3745587 TI - Effect of days carried calf, days dry, and weight of first calf heifers on yield. AB - Effects of days carried calf, days dry, and weight of first calf heifers were studied using records of Holstein cows processed at the Northeast Dairy Records Processing Laboratory between July 1980 and August 1984. Multiplicative factors were estimated for days carried calf for milk, fat, and protein using a model that adjusted for the age-month and herd-year of freshening. Factors developed show a close relationship between protein and milk with fat factors being smaller. Factors also are smaller than others reported in the literature. First lactation factors differed from second and third lactation factors. Analysis of days dry indicated that optimum number of days dry between lactations 1 and 2, 2 and 3, and 3 and 4 for maximized subsequent yield was 51 to 60 d dry for all lactations. Calculated F values showed greater significance for days dry than age month of freshening. Optimum freshening weight of a first calf heifer to maximize first lactation milk yield is between 544 and 567 kg. The F values for weight at freshening were more significant than age-month of freshening. PMID- 3745588 TI - Prediction of annualized lactation yield from partial lactations. AB - Extension factors for annualized lactation yields [365 (total lactation yield)/ days between calvings] were computed by generating 747,904 partial lactations from complete lactation records of 105,379 Israeli-Holstein cows with one to three lactations. Factors included in the model were last test yield, days pregnant, days in milk, farm type, calving season, and days remaining in the lactation. Both linear and quadratic effects were assumed for the first three factors. Primiparous and multiparous cows were analyzed separately for milk, fat, and economically fat-corrected milk [.67 (milk) + 10 (fat)] yields. Adjusted coefficients of determination computed for this model were .04 higher for fat and .01 higher for milk and economically fat-corrected milk than for an alternate model in which remaining yield was predicted as a linear function of last test yield and remaining days in milk. Correlations between actual and predicted lactations for partial lactations of less than 4 mo in milk computed by the first model were .03 higher for fat but were nearly identical to those computed by the second model for milk. Although last test yields was the most important factor in predicting annualized yields, inclusion of other factors increased accuracy of annualized fat yield prediction. PMID- 3745589 TI - Correlations between parities for lactation traits in United States dairy goats. AB - Correlations between parities for milk yield, fat yield, and days in milk were calculated across and within does for five breeds of United States dairy goats; Alpine, LaMancha, Saanen, and Toggenburg, using lactation records to January 1981. Records were initiated during 1966 through 1979 and had between 125 and 305 d in milk. Parities were first through fourth, and fifth or greater. Overall phenotypic correlations between the three lactation traits averaged across breed were .95 between milk and fat yield and about .60 between milk or fat yield and days in milk. Within-herd phenotypic partial correlations between parities 1 and 2 (the two parities with most data) averaged .47 for milk yield, .42 for fat yield, and .07 for days in milk. Components of variance due to herd averaged about 34% for milk yield and for fat yield and 23% for days in milk. Components of variance due to doe/herd averaged 28% for milk yield, 25% for fat yield, and 17% for days in milk. Repeatabilities averaged .42 for milk yield, .38 for fat yield, and .22 for days in milk. PMID- 3745590 TI - Comparison of milk somatic cell counts by Coulter and Fossomatic Counters. AB - Unpreserved milk samples from 28 quarters of 18 cows were used to compare milk somatic cell counts obtained by Fossomatic and Coulter Counter and to determine effect of temperature and sample age on Fossomatic counts. Samples represented high and low cell count milk (16 cows) and colostrum (2 cows). Fifteen milliliters of both foremilk (after milking preparation) and strippings were obtained; one-third was used for Coulter and two-thirds for Fossomatic. Milk for Fossomatic was subdivided once for fresh and 24-h determinations and once again for heating to 40 and 60 degrees C for 15 min. Analysis of log10 count included effects for quarter, Fossomatic versus Coulter, and (for Fossomatic) sample age, incubation temperature, and age-temperature interaction. For foremilk, geometric means of Coulter milk somatic cell counts and Fossomatic counts were not different. For Fossomatic, milk samples incubated at 60 degrees C counted higher than those at 40 degrees C (230,096 versus 173,638); 24-h samples counted higher than fresh (201,679 versus 192,380). For strippings, Coulter counted higher than Fossomatic (700,521 versus 570,033). Interaction of time and temperature was significant for Fossomatic. Counts from samples held 24 h and heated to 60 degrees C were highest (553,291). Fossomatic counts from fresh samples at 40 degrees C were lowest (447,729). Geometric means of original milk samples from 14 of the quarters obtained by direct microscopic, Fossomatic, and Coulter counts were 199,300, 311,000, and 399,300, respectively. PMID- 3745591 TI - Epidemiologic considerations in reporting herd somatic cell counts. AB - The reporting of herd summaries of individual cow somatic cell counts differs between the nine Dairy Records Processing Centers. The objectives of this paper are to review the present reporting; to compare the methods used to calculate herd somatic cell counts; and to discuss the epidemiologic implications of these methods. Estimates of central tendency and frequency distributions are the most commonly used herd summary statistics for somatic cell counts. Analyses of the frequency distributions are less widely available. Potential uses of herd somatic cell counts are to measure one aspect of herd milk quality; to estimate the prevalence of mastitis; to analyze mastitis patterns within the herd; and to investigate new areas for mastitis control research. Presently, the best available methods for these applications appear to be bulk tank somatic cell counts or weighted arithmetic means for gauging milk quality; frequency distributions for estimating mastitis prevalence; analyses of frequency distributions of mean linear score by lactation and stage of lactation for identifying mastitis patterns within a herd; and frequency distributions or estimated incidence rates, adjusted for differences in age and stage of lactation, for investigating new areas for mastitis control research. PMID- 3745593 TI - Social support as coping assistance. PMID- 3745592 TI - Role of particle size and forage quality in digestion and passage by cattle and sheep. AB - Diminution of forage particles includes mastication, chewing, and digestion. In rumen of cattle and sheep fed all forage diets, particle size can range from 200 to over 1200 microns. Particle size reduction to about less than 1200 microns must occur before passage. Dietary particle size may influence rumen particle size, but mastication and rumination minimizes differences among diets. Ruminants expend considerable effort to move digesta. Density, cell wall percentage, osmotic pressure, and pH may affect propulsion. Dense particles may sink to the bottom and resist escape. Cell wall may reduce digestion and passage. Osmotic pressure or pH may affect digestive efficiency and rhythm of intestinal tract muscles. Chewing, exercise, physiological functions, and body size may also affect the reduction of forage particle size. More effort is necessary to chew high than low fiber diets. Young cattle (less than 225 kg) lack rumination capability and body size to process forage particles efficiently. Exercised sheep (26,400 kg-m/d) ate less forage and ruminated less than controls. Other body functions, such as lactation, appear to influence chewing patterns and rumination. These relationships are poorly understood at best and need additional intensive examination. PMID- 3745594 TI - Social support, life events, and depressive symptoms: a 1-year prospective study. PMID- 3745595 TI - Veridicality of social support: a comparison of principal and network members' responses. PMID- 3745596 TI - Social support and smoking cessation and maintenance. PMID- 3745597 TI - Going beyond social support: the role of social relationships in adaptation. PMID- 3745598 TI - Component social support processes: comments and integration. PMID- 3745599 TI - Long-term effects of sexual victimization in childhood: an attributional approach. PMID- 3745601 TI - Hypnotherapy in weight loss treatment. PMID- 3745600 TI - Metatheoretical assumptions and psychotherapy orientation: clinician attributions of patients' problem causality and responsibility for treatment outcome. PMID- 3745602 TI - The utility of the MMPI with men who have sexually assaulted children. PMID- 3745603 TI - Modifiers and Perceived Stress Scale. PMID- 3745604 TI - Contributions of affect, attitudes, and behavior to marital satisfaction. PMID- 3745605 TI - Predicting who will benefit from behavioral marital therapy. PMID- 3745606 TI - Situational determinants of social anxiety in clinic and nonclinic samples: physiological and cognitive correlates. PMID- 3745607 TI - Negative cognitive errors in children: questionnaire development, normative data, and comparisons between children with and without self-reported symptoms of depression, low self-esteem, and evaluation anxiety. PMID- 3745608 TI - Sex similarities in verbal and performance IQ deficits following unilateral cerebral lesions. PMID- 3745609 TI - Patterns of neuropsychological ability in brain-disordered versus normal children. PMID- 3745610 TI - Use of the SADS--C as a diagnostic and symptom severity measure. PMID- 3745611 TI - Implications of differences in elevations of K-corrected and non-K-corrected MMPI T scores. PMID- 3745612 TI - Personality subtypes among driving-while-intoxicated offenders: follow-up of subsequent driving records. PMID- 3745613 TI - Development of an instrument to measure Beck's cognitive triad: the Cognitive Triad Inventory. PMID- 3745614 TI - Attributional biases among clinicians: a comparison of psychoanalysts and behavior therapists. PMID- 3745615 TI - Teacher ratings predict peer ratings of aggression at 3-year follow-up in boys with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. PMID- 3745616 TI - Evaluation apprehension on psychological inventories in a prison-based setting. PMID- 3745617 TI - Adjunctive liposurgical debulking and flap dissection in neck reconstruction. AB - Closing the defect resulting from excision of a 50 X 55 mm malignant lesion on the posterior aspect of the lateral neck was accomplished by mobilization of the entire submental and submandibular neck skin utilizing liposuction surgery dissecting techniques. This is the first reported case using this relatively atraumatic surgical modality to dissect redundant skin for use in flap reconstruction. PMID- 3745618 TI - Learning the basics #3: monitoring treatment with tissue temperature measurement. PMID- 3745619 TI - Capsule dermatopathology: minor salivary gland infarction with infiltrating squamous nests. PMID- 3745620 TI - Electrosurgery using insulated needles: treatment of telangiectasias. AB - This paper deals mainly with operative techniques and clinical aspects of treating telangiectasias using insulated needles. The specialized needle is insulated at its base as well as on one half of the needle surface. The results have proven to be very satisfying, and this method shows promise not only in the treatment of superficial telangiectasias but also in deeper lesions as well. PMID- 3745621 TI - Cheek-neck advancement-rotation flaps following Mohs excision of skin malignancies. AB - The cheek-neck advancement-rotation flap has proved extremely useful for delayed reconstruction of the face following the microscopically controlled surgical excision (MCSE) of skin malignancies. We have recently used these flaps successfully to repair combined defects of the cheek and nose in eight patients, isolated cheek defects in six patients, combined defects of the cheek and lips in two patients, and isolated defects of the nose, temple, and an antral cutaneous fistula in each of three patients. Defects as large as 6.0 X 10.0 cm have been closed in one stage with this flap. This flap is extremely hearty and its scars can be well concealed. It is especially valuable in the elderly patient and should always be considered as one of the options for reconstruction of the face following MCSE of skin malignancies. PMID- 3745622 TI - Calcifying neurothekeoma. AB - A 10-mm, asymptomatic, slowly growing, dermal nodule was present on the ankle of a 62-year-old man for 6 months. Histologically, the nodule was shown to be a neurothekeoma, a recently described benign cutaneous tumor of nerve sheath origin distinct from neurofibroma or neurilemmoma. This case merits attention because extensive dystrophic tumoral calcification in the lobules prompted an initial misdiagnosis of foreign body granuloma. Calcification in neurothekeoma has not previously been described. PMID- 3745624 TI - Subungual squamous cell carcinoma treated by Mohs surgery in a patient with sarcoidosis. AB - Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disease in which nail involvement is a rare finding. We present an unusual patient with sarcoidosis and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of multiple nails. Such SCC was treated by Mohs microscopically controlled surgery. PMID- 3745623 TI - Treatment of chromomycosis with a CO2 laser. AB - The successful employment of a carbon dioxide (CO2) laser in the eradication of localized chromomycosis is described. A review of alternative medical and surgical modalities used in treating this disorder is presented. The potential benefits of CO2 laser vs. cold steel surgery are discussed. PMID- 3745627 TI - Design parameters that affect the performance of UV-emitting traps in attracting house flies (Diptera: Muscidae). PMID- 3745626 TI - Merkel cell tumor with spontaneous regression. AB - Merkel cell tumor of the skin is now a well-documented tumor. We report on another tumor with local recurrence and skin metastases which spontaneously regressed. PMID- 3745625 TI - Pseudomelanoma following laser therapy for congenital nevus. AB - Benign nevi can be removed by a variety of procedures including surgical excision, electrocautery, slicing off the protruding portion by a shave biopsy, cryotherapy, dermabrasion, etc. Except in the case of complete excision, these procedures may often be followed by recurrence. We describe a congenital nevus that was incompletely removed by CO2 laser therapy. When the lesion recurred, it had clinical as well as histologic features in common with malignant melanoma, although it was completely benign. PMID- 3745629 TI - Estimating numbers and survival of house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) with mark/recapture methods. PMID- 3745628 TI - Physiological and nutritional response of beef steers to infestations of the horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae). PMID- 3745630 TI - Efficacy of ultrasound for German cockroach (Orthoptera: Blattellidae) and Oriental rat flea (Siphonoptera): Pulicidae) control. PMID- 3745631 TI - Influence of hydroprene on German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) populations in public housing. PMID- 3745632 TI - Residual efficacy of insecticides applied to carpet for control of cat fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). PMID- 3745633 TI - Technique to extract hypoderma sp. (Diptera: Oestridae) larvae from the backs of cattle. PMID- 3745634 TI - Movement and distribution of house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) between habitats in two livestock farms. PMID- 3745635 TI - Colonization and laboratory development of Otobius megnini (Acari: Argasidae). PMID- 3745636 TI - [Realization of an ecological principle in the microbiological purification of industrial waste waters]. PMID- 3745637 TI - [Pathogenesis of Rauscher leukemia in aggregation chimeras of the BALB/C--- C57BL/6 mouse]. PMID- 3745638 TI - [Comparative evaluation of methods for research into the physical work capacity of irradiated animals]. PMID- 3745640 TI - Preparedness and phobia: effects of stimulus content on human visceral conditioning. PMID- 3745639 TI - [Interstitial regulation of the Ca2+/0 ratio in liver and kidney mitochondria of the rat by soluble phases of the cells of these organs]. PMID- 3745641 TI - Test of the conditioning model of neurosis: differential aversive conditioning of angry and neutral facial expressions in anxiety disorder patients. PMID- 3745642 TI - Development and validation of a scale for hypomanic personality. PMID- 3745643 TI - Childhood competence and depression. PMID- 3745644 TI - Anxiety and striate-muscle activation: evidence from electromyographic pattern analysis. PMID- 3745645 TI - Expressed emotion and depression: interactions between patients and high- versus low-expressed-emotion spouses. PMID- 3745646 TI - Motivational and volitional determinants of depression: the degenerated-intention hypothesis. PMID- 3745647 TI - Passive avoidance learning in psychopathic and nonpsychopathic offenders. PMID- 3745648 TI - Psychopathy and the allocation of attentional capacity in a divided-attention situation. PMID- 3745649 TI - Subjective and categorical organization of recall during posthypnotic amnesia. PMID- 3745650 TI - Confronting a traumatic event: toward an understanding of inhibition and disease. PMID- 3745651 TI - Etiologic factors in the onset of depressive symptoms in older adults. PMID- 3745652 TI - Subliminal oedipal stimuli and competitive performance: an investigation of between-groups effects and mediating subject variables. PMID- 3745653 TI - Musical mood induction: an alternative to the Velten technique. PMID- 3745654 TI - Accuracy of recall by hypnotically age-regressed subjects. PMID- 3745655 TI - Effects of forward and simultaneous masking on intensity discrimination. AB - Experiments on intensity discrimination determine the size of the smallest detectable increment added to a fixed pedestal. This paper examines the effects of a masker which either precedes the pedestal (forward masking) or is simultaneous with the pedestal. The increment and pedestal were 1-kHz tones masked in forward masking by pure tones and in simultaneous masking by a broadband noise. Simultaneous masking by the broadband noise eliminates the "near miss" to Weber's law, and thus degrades intensity discrimination at high pedestal levels. Forward masking by the pure tone also degrades intensity discrimination, which may, in part, be explained by the elimination of the near miss. However, the effect on intensity discrimination in some cases is greater in forward than in simultaneous masking, suggesting that some additional process (e.g., adaptation) is involved. PMID- 3745656 TI - Masking-level differences for trains of clicks. AB - Masking-level differences (MLDs) were measured for trains of 2000-Hz bandpass clicks as a function of the interclick interval (ICI) and the number of clicks in the train. The magnitude of the MLD grew as the number of clicks in the train was increased from 1 to 32. While the MLDs tended to be larger at longer ICIs, the effect was mediated by changes in detectability in the homophasic conditions. For click trains consisting of 4-32 clicks, the improvement in detectability in the antiphasic conditions with increases in the number of clicks appears to be the result of integration of acoustic power, as is the case for the homophasic conditions. The absence of MLDs for short trains of high-frequency transients remains quite puzzling, since large MLDs are found with single, low-frequency transients. PMID- 3745657 TI - Child and adult vibrotactile thresholds for sinusoidal and pulsatile stimuli. AB - Three experiments were performed to obtain vibrotactile sensitivity thresholds from hearing children and adults, and from deaf children. An adaptive two interval forced-choice procedure was used to obtain estimates of the 70.7% point on the psychometric sensitivity curve. When hearing children of 5-6 and 9-10 years of age and adults were tested with sinusoids and haversine pulse stimuli, at 10, 100, 160, and 250 Hz or pps, respectively, only the 10-Hz stimulus resulted in an age effect. For this stimulus, young children were significantly less sensitive than adults. When sinusoids were again tested at 20, 40, 80, and 160 Hz, a small overall effect of age was observed with a significant effect only at 20 Hz. Two prelingually profoundly deaf children were tested with haversine pulse trains at 10, 50, 100, 160, and 250 pps. Both children were at least as sensitive to the tactile stimulation as were the hearing children and adults. Pulsatile stimulation, compared to sinusoidal stimulation, exhibited relatively flat threshold versus frequency functions. The present results, demonstrating no age effect for pulsatile stimulation and similar performance for deaf and hearing children, suggest that pulsatile stimulation would be appropriate in vibrotactile speech communication aids for the deaf. PMID- 3745658 TI - Are active elements necessary in the basilar membrane impedance? AB - This article is motivated by the current hypothesis [Kim et al., Psychological, Physiological and Behavioural Studies in Hearing (Delft U. P., The Netherlands, 1980); Neely, Doctoral dissertation, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (1981); de Boer, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 73, 567-573 (1983a) and 73, 574-576 (1983b)] that it is necessary to include active elements in the basilar membrane (BM) impedance in order to explain recent data on the vibration of the BM [Khanna and Leonard, Science 215, 305-306 (1982); Sellick et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 72, 131-141 (1982); Robles et al., Peripheral Auditory Mechanisms (Springer, New York, 1986)]. In order to test this hypothesis, first, a method which is an inversion of the customary description of cochlear mechanics is described. Instead of computing the BM velocity for a given point impedance of the membrane, we show how to compute the impedance function from a given BM velocity pattern in response to a sinusoidal input at the stapes. This method is then used to study the sensitivity of the recovered impedance to perturbations in the velocity pattern. The simulations used show that the real part of the impedance is extremely sensitive to such perturbations. Therefore, measured velocity patterns are unlikely to resolve the issue of whether active elements should be included. Frequency responses measured at a few points on the membrane are even less likely to do so. PMID- 3745660 TI - A hardware cochlear nonlinear preprocessing model with active feedback. AB - A hardware model of the nonlinear preprocessing established in the inner ear consisting of 90 sections corresponding to a frequency range from 900 to 8000 Hz is described. The model is based on assumptions described by Zwicker [Biol. Cybern. 35, 243-250 (1979)]: The outer hair cells act as saturating nonlinear mechanical amplifiers which feed back to the vibration of the basilar membrane while only the inner hair cells transfer information towards higher centers. The model shows many effects which correlate very closely to physiological and psychoacoustical counterparts. Quantitative data on the level-dependence of frequency responses and phase responses as well as an example of suppression are outlined. PMID- 3745659 TI - A biophysical model of cochlear processing: intensity dependence of pure tone responses. AB - A mathematical model of cochlear processing is developed to account for the nonlinear dependence of frequency selectivity on intensity in inner hair cell and auditory nerve fiber responses. The model describes the transformation from acoustic stimulus to intracellular hair cell potentials in the cochlea. It incorporates a linear formulation of basilar membrane mechanics and subtectorial fluid-cilia displacement coupling, and a simplified description of the inner hair cell nonlinear transduction process. The analysis at this stage is restricted to low-frequency single tones. The computed responses to single tone inputs exhibit the experimentally observed nonlinear effects of increasing intensity such as the increase in the bandwidth of frequency selectivity and the downward shift of the best frequency. In the model, the first effect is primarily due to the saturating effect of the hair cell nonlinearity. The second results from the combined effects of both the nonlinearity and of the inner hair cell low-pass transfer function. In contrast to these shifts along the frequency axis, the model does not exhibit intensity dependent shifts of the spatial location along the cochlea of the peak response for a given single tone. The observed shifts therefore do not contradict an intensity invariant tonotopic code. PMID- 3745661 TI - "Otoacoustic" emissions in a nonlinear cochlear hardware model with feedback. AB - Spontaneous, simultaneous evoked as well as delayed evoked emissions are studied in a hardware model of peripheral preprocessing with nonlinear feedback. The results suggest many very close parallels to the data found for otoacoustic emissions in man. From these parallels and the additional data measurable only in the model, it can be concluded that: the cochlea acts in a similar way as established in the model; the three kinds of emissions stem from the same source; the phase response of the cochlea's hydromechanics is responsible for the frequency distance between neighboring emissions as well as for the additional tips in suppression tuning curves; the long delay of the delayed evoked emissions is due to the many decaying contributions from the places along the basilar membrane which cancel each other in the early part but sum up to the delayed emission in the later part; and the double-peaked shape of the suppression-period patterns produced by high-level, low-frequency tones reflects the symmetrically shaped saturating nonlinearity of the feedback loops in the model which correspond to the function of the outer hair cells. PMID- 3745662 TI - Suppression and (2f1-f2)-difference tones in a nonlinear cochlear preprocessing model with active feedback. AB - The two nonlinear effects of two-tone suppression and of (2f1-f2)-difference tone creation are measured in a hardware model which consists of 90 sections containing nonlinear feedback loops. The basic data are the level and phase distributions along the 90 sections produced by single tones in the linear passive system which are almost identical to those produced in the nonlinear active system at high levels. Enhancement is created at medium and low input levels resulting in more strongly peaked level-place patterns. Two-tone suppression is, therefore, described as a "de-enhancement" which is produced by the gain reduction in the saturating nonlinearity of the feedback loop in consequence of increasing input levels (that of the feedback loop in consequence of increasing input levels (that of the suppressor as well!). Characteristics of suppression are given in normalized form. The creation of (2f1-f2)-difference tones is based on the same nonlinear effects. In each section, difference-tone wavelets are created which travel--changing level and phase thereby--to their characteristic place, where they add up to a vector sum corresponding to the audible difference tone. In case of cancellation, the vector sum has to be compensated by an additional tone of the same frequency and amount but opposite phase. Based on this strategy of (2f1-f2)-difference tone development, the relevant relations are measured on the model and averaged either in normalized graphs or in equations in order to offer the possibility to simulate the hardware model on the computer. Psychoacoustically measured cancellation data are compared with data measured using the model. The two data sets agree not only in general but also in many details indicating that the model describes cochlear nonlinear preprocessing to a useful approximation. PMID- 3745663 TI - Spike-rate intensity functions of cat cortical neurons studied with combined tone noise stimuli. AB - In the auditory cortex of anesthetized cats, single neurons were studied for their sensitivity to tones presented against backgrounds of continuous wide spectrum noise. Tone pulses and noise stimuli were mixed acoustically and presented using calibrated, sealed stimulating systems. Data collected were spike rate intensity functions for tones delivered alone and in the presence of noise. In most neurons, noise of any given intensity induced tone sensitivity shifts that were greatest for frequencies to which the neurons were most sensitive. When the sensitivity loss was in excess of about 15 dB, continuous noise usually caused a steepening of the slope of the tone intensity function. These data suggest that the excitatory response area of a cortical neuron is shaped by multiple, incompletely overlapping inputs of varying sensitivities. In the presence of a continuous noise mask, the disparate thresholds of these inputs may be brought into closer register, resulting in a steepened rate intensity function. These observations may be germane to the neural genesis of the "recruitment" seen in the loudness judgments of normal listeners for masked tones. PMID- 3745664 TI - Frequency-dependent angular scattering of ultrasound by tissue-mimicking materials and excised tissue. AB - An apparatus and method of experimentation for measuring frequency-dependent angle scattering from in vitro tissue samples and tissue-like scattering media have been developed. Distinguishing features of this method are that data collection is rapid, data reduction is simple, and results, given in the form of the differential scattering cross section per unit volume, are accurate and absolute. Reported are the results of tests to determine the overall accuracy of the method. Also, results of the differential scattering cross section per unit volume from female human breast tissue are presented. PMID- 3745665 TI - An articulation index based procedure for predicting the speech recognition performance of hearing-impaired individuals. AB - An articulation index calculation procedure developed for use with individual normal-hearing listeners [C. Pavlovic and G. Studebaker, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 75, 1606-1612 (1984)] was modified to account for the deterioration in suprathreshold speech processing produced by sensorineural hearing impairment. Data from four normal-hearing and four hearing-impaired subjects were used to relate the loss in hearing sensitivity to the deterioration in speech processing in quiet and in noise. The new procedure only requires hearing threshold measurements and consists of the following two modifications of the original AI procedure of Pavlovic and Studebaker (1984): The speech and noise spectrum densities are integrated over bandwidths which are, when expressed in decibels, larger than the critical bandwidths by 10% of the hearing loss. This is in contrast to the unmodified procedure where integration is performed over critical bandwidths. The contribution of each frequency to the AI is the product of its contribution in the unmodified AI procedure and a "speech desensitization factor." The desensitization factor is specified as a function of the hearing loss. The predictive accuracies of both the unmodified and the modified calculation procedures were assessed by comparing the expected and observed speech recognition scores of four hearing-impaired subjects under various conditions of speech filtering and noise masking. The modified procedure appears accurate for general applications. In contrast, the unmodified procedure appears accurate only for applications where results obtained under various conditions on a single listener are compared to each other. PMID- 3745666 TI - Frequency and amplitude perturbation analysis of electroglottograph during sustained phonation. AB - Electroglottography (EGG) was used to monitor vocal fold vibration patterns in normal subjects and patients with various laryngeal disorders. In order to evaluate the regularity of vocal fold vibration, frequency and amplitude perturbation of EGG waves during sustained phonation were measured with a laboratory computer. The data were compared to the degree of hoarseness evaluated by auditory perception and by sound spectrographic analysis. Frequency and amplitude perturbation measures showed some overlap between normal and pathological groups. However, there was a close relation between perturbation analysis of EGG waves and degree of hoarseness (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient rs = 0.73, p less than 0.0005). Amplitude perturbation was found to be a more sensitive measure of the irregularity of vocal fold vibration than frequency perturbation. PMID- 3745667 TI - Towards a model for discrimination of broadband signals. AB - The conventional model for broadband discrimination assumes that resolution is limited by peripheral internal noise that is statistically independent across channels. In this paper, we extend this model in a number of directions. In particular, we compute, compare, and discuss the effects of interchannel correlation and central noise on the sensitivity index d', for discrimination of overall level and discrimination of spectral shape. PMID- 3745668 TI - Loudness reduction and adaptation induced by a contralateral tone. AB - An intermittent tone in one ear may induce a large decline in the loudness of a continuous tone in the contralateral ear [Botte et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 72, 727-739 (1982)]. To uncover the basis for this induced loudness adaptation, the method of successive magnitude estimations was used to measure the loudness of a test tone in one ear during and after a single presentation of a brief inducer tone in the contralateral ear. Duration and frequency of the inducer were varied. The frequency of the test tone was set at 500, 1000, or 3000 Hz. Both inducer and test tones were at 60 dB SPL. When the inducer lasted 5 s or more and was at the same frequency as the test tone, the loudness of the test tone was reduced by 80% to 100% while the inducer was on. As the inducer frequency moved away from the test tone, the loudness reduction declined gradually except for a more marked drop at the point where the frequency separation exceeded the critical bandwidth. Loudness remained depressed after the inducer went off. Additional measurements showed that the amount of loudness reduction corresponded closely to the measured movement of the inducer's sound image away from the center of the listener's head (decentralization). PMID- 3745669 TI - Articulation index predictions of contextually dependent words. AB - Three investigations were conducted to determine the application of the articulation index (AI) to the prediction of speech performance of hearing impaired subjects as well as of normal-hearing listeners. Speech performance was measured in quiet and in the presence of two interfering signals for items from the Speech Perception in Noise test in which target words are either highly predictable from contextual cues in the sentence or essentially contextually neutral. As expected, transfer functions relating the AI to speech performance were different depending on the type of contextual speech material. The AI transfer function for probability-high items rises steeply, much as for sentence materials, while the function for probability-low items rises more slowly, as for monosyllabic words. Different transfer functions were also found for tests conducted in quiet or white noise rather than in a babble background. A majority of the AI predictions for ten individuals with moderate sensorineural loss fell within +/- 2 standard deviations of normal listener performance for both quiet and babble conditions. PMID- 3745670 TI - Comparisons of frequency selectivity in simultaneous and forward masking for subjects with unilateral cochlear impairments. AB - Two experiments are described in which frequency selectivity was estimated, in simultaneous and forward masking, for each ear of subjects with moderate (25-60 dB HL) unilateral cochlear hearing losses. In both experiments, the signal level was fixed for a given ear and type of masking (simultaneous or forward), and the masker level was varied to determine threshold, using an adaptive, two alternative forced-choice procedure. In experiment I, the masker was a noise with a spectral notch centered at the signal frequency (either 1.0 or 1.5 kHz); threshold was determined as a function of notch width. Signal levels were chosen so that the noise level required at threshold for a notch width of zero was similar for the normal and impaired ear of each subject in both simultaneous and forward masking. The function relating threshold to notch width had a steeper slope for the normal ear than for the impaired ear of each subject. For the normal ears, these functions were steeper in forward masking than in simultaneous masking. This difference was interpreted as resulting from suppression. For the impaired ears, significant differences in the same direction were observed for three of the five subjects, but the differences were smaller. In experiment II, psychophysical tuning curves (PTCs) were determined in the presence of a fixed notched noise centered at the signal frequency (1.0 kHz). For the normal ears, the PTCs were sharper in forward masking than in simultaneous masking. For the impaired ears, the PTCs were similar in simultaneous and forward masking, but those in forward masking tended to be sharper at masker frequencies far removed from the signal frequency. Overall, the results suggest that suppression is reduced, but not completely absent in cases of moderate cochlear hearing loss. PMID- 3745671 TI - The acoustical significance of tongue, lip, and larynx maneuvers in rounded palatal vowels. AB - The acoustical consequences of articulatory maneuvers of [y] are studied in model experiments in order to obtain insights into articulator programming and speech motor control by elucidating the role of each component maneuver of a speech segment in setting up vocal tract resonance conditions for the spectral features of the speech wave. The maneuvers of [y] are found to provide a maximum and stable plain-flat spectral contrast with [i]. The results can be generalized to different vocal tract sizes. Tongue retraction and larynx depression are rejected as compensations to counteract labial undershoot. Larynx depression is complementary to lip rounding and restores spectral sensitivity to palatal and pharyngeal tongue movements otherwise disturbed by the labial activity. Spectral sensitivity then remains the same for [i] and [y], and there is no need for separate compensation programs for each of these phones. PMID- 3745672 TI - Speech intonation and focus location in matched statements and questions. AB - An acoustical study of speech production was conducted to determine the manner in which the location of linguistic focus influences intonational attributes of duration and fundamental voice frequency (F0) in matched statements and questions. Speakers orally read sentences that were preceded by aurally presented stimuli designed to elicit either no focus or focus on the first or last noun phrase of the target sentences. Computer-aided acoustical analysis of word durations showed a localized, large magnitude increase in the duration of the focused word for both statements and questions. Analysis of F0 revealed a more complex pattern of results, with the shape of the F0 topline dependent on sentence type and focus location. For sentences with neutral or sentence-final focus, the difference in the F0 topline between questions and statements was evident only on the last key word, where the F0 peak of questions was considerably higher than that of statements. For sentences with focus on the first key word, there was no difference in peak F0 on the focused item itself, but the F0 toplines of questions and statements diverged quite dramatically following the initial word. The statement contour dropped to a low F0 value for the remainder of the sentence, whereas the question remained quite high in F0 for all subsequent words. In addition, the F0 contour on the focused word was rising in questions and falling in statements, regardless of focus location. The results provide a basis for work on the perception of linguistic focus. PMID- 3745673 TI - Profile analysis and background noise. AB - Spectral shape discrimination, or profile analysis, of complex waveforms (21 components) in the presence of broadband noise and special sinusoidal maskers of random amplitude was studied. The first experiment involved the discrimination between a standard flat spectrum and a "rippled" spectrum in broadband noise of different spectrum levels. Thresholds obtained under control conditions, without noise or without a standard, were used to estimate constants of an equation that predict thresholds where standard and noise are both present. The model assumes an external variance, produced by the noise, is added linearly to an internal variance caused by the flat standard. The mean squared error is less than 2 dB. The second experiment involved the detection of an increment on the center component of the 21-component standard. Added to the standard was an additional masking sinusoid of random amplitude. Both the frequency and the range of the random amplitude were varied and both showed a systematic influence on the detectability of the 1000-Hz increment. PMID- 3745674 TI - Two- versus four-tone masking, revisited. AB - Canahl [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 50, 471-474 (1971)] measured thresholds for a 1.0-kHz sinusoid masked either by two or by four surrounding tones. He reported four-tone masked thresholds that exceeded, by 5-7.5 dB, the energy sum of the masking produced by the individual tone pairs. The present paper reports on a series of experiments investigating the effects of several factors on this 5-7.5 dB "excess" masking. In each experiment, thresholds for a 1.0-kHz 250-ms sinusoid were measured as a function of the overall level of two or four equal amplitude sinusoids with frequencies arithmetically centered around 1.0 kHz. For conditions similar to those of the Canahl experiment, 5-6 dB of excess masking was obtained independent of the level of the masking tones. Randomly varying overall level across presentations had no effect on the excess masking. The excess masking was reduced or eliminated when the masking tones were generated using an amplitude modulation technique, when they were gated on and off with the signal, or when their waveshapes were fixed across trials. Canahl's result may reflect listeners' ability to detect the signal as a change in the waveshape of the multitone masker. PMID- 3745675 TI - A central spectrum theory of binaural processing. Evidence from dichotic pitch. AB - A theory is presented that describes the binaural processing of interaural time or phase differences. It is an elaboration of the central spectrum concept for the explanation of dichotic pitch phenomena [F. A. Bilsen, "Pitch of noise signals: Evidence for a 'central spectrum'," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 61, 150-161 (1977)]. The generation is postulated for central activity patterns (CAP) due to binaural interaction. From these CAPs the central processor selects specific spectral information that constitutes the information for lateralization, dichotic pitch, binaural masking, etc. Here, a strategy is assumed to be based on central spectra (CS) rather than on interaural cross correlation. For the calculation of the central activity patterns a number of assumptions have been introduced. The peripheral filters are supposed to be infinitesimally narrow. The analog filter outputs from corresponding filters at both ears are thought to interact by means of a linear delay-and-add mechanism. The squared output (power) of such a binaural (addition) network constitutes the CAP. The theory has been tested with lateralization and BMLD measurements using dichotic stimulus configurations characteristic of the perception of dichotic pitch. The predictions of the model concerning the pitch and the lateralization of the pitch images as well as the BMLD patterns for this kind of stimuli are confirmed. PMID- 3745676 TI - A central spectrum theory of binaural processing. The binaural edge pitch revisited. AB - Recently, Klein and Hartmann [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 70, 51-61 (1981)] investigated a new dichotic pitch, called the binaural edge pitch (BEP). They used computer generated periodic noise signals to generate BEP. In the study presented here, the BEP is investigated in order to evaluate the predictions of the central spectrum theory with regard to this stimulus. Pitch-matching experiments using a nonperiodic BEP stimulus, produced by means of a modulation technique, led to the conclusion that the strongest pitch sensation in the BEP has the character of a weak fluctuating pure tones in noise, which corresponds to a frequency, equal or almost equal to the frequency of the phase transition. This result fits in with the predictions of the central spectrum theory, which, for instance, does not need the assumption of central lateral inhibition for explaining this pitch. Furthermore, it is shown that this theory can also predict the results obtained in lateralization measurements and BMLD measurements using BEP stimuli as well as related stimuli. The results are compared with the data obtained by Klein and Hartmann. PMID- 3745677 TI - Detection cues in forward masking and their relationship to off-frequency listening. AB - Conventional and restricted-listening psychophysical tuning curve paradigms were used to evaluate the masking ability of forward maskers of different envelope characteristics, and the relationship between off-frequency listening effects and the envelope characteristics of both the variable masker and stationary masker used to restrict listening to a narrow region surrounding the probe. Maskers were selected so as to differ widely in the degree of fluctuation in their envelopes. The masker with the largest amplitude fluctuations exhibited greater forward masking ability than other stimuli; this effect was observed on the high frequency branch and within the tip region of the tuning curve. It is suggested that differences in masking ability may reflect the use of different signal detection cues. The results are also consistent with previous reports [D. Johnson Davies and R.D. Patterson, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 65, 756-770 (1979); B.J. O'Loughlin and B.C.J. Moore, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 69, 1119-1125 (1981a)] which suggest that off-frequency listening is a factor contributing to the sharpness of psychophysical tuning curves. This effect is largely dependent, however, on the envelope characteristics of both variable and stationary maskers. PMID- 3745678 TI - Consequences of conductive auditory impairment for binaural hearing. AB - Studies of persons with conductive hearing loss have revealed substantial degradations in binaural hearing abilities. Described here is a model based on the hypothesis that this degradation is due to high levels of bone-conducted signals relative to air-conducted signals. The model makes quantitative predictions for the effects of conductive impairment on measurements of interaural discrimination. Qualitative predictions for binaural advantages in detection and speech intelligibility are also made by employing auxiliary models. Generally, available data are consistent with the models, although strong tests have not yet been performed. PMID- 3745679 TI - Effect of signal phase and masker separation on two-tone masking. AB - The detectability of a sinusoid masked by two sinusoids was studied as a function of signal phase and the frequency separation between the two maskers. The signal frequency fs was equal to the arithmetic mean of the two masker frequencies, fl and fh, where fl less than fh. Signal frequencies of 1 and 4 kHz, eight signal phases, and 12 values of r = (fh-fl)/fs from 0.01-1.0 were used. The data could be divided into three regions. For large masker separations, r greater than 0.4, no consistent effects of signal phase were observed. For r less than 0.4, an effect of signal phase was evident at both signal frequencies. However, the effect of signal phase was different for the two regions 0.03 less than r less than 0.4 and r less than 0.03. For moderate masker separations, 0.03 less than r less than 0.4, masked thresholds were lowest at phases of 0 degrees and 180 degrees and highest at phases of 90 degrees and 270 degrees. For small masker separations, r less than 0.03, masked threshold was highest at 0 degree and the effect of signal phase depended on signal frequency. The different form of the phase effect for these three regions is discussed in terms of the use of different cues, arising from temporal resolution, spectral filtering, combination tones, and envelope spectra. PMID- 3745680 TI - Thresholds for hearing mistuned partials as separate tones in harmonic complexes. AB - When a low harmonic in a harmonic complex tone is mistuned from its harmonic value by a sufficient amount it is heard as a separate tone, standing out from the complex as a whole. This experiment estimated the degree of mistuning required for this phenomenon to occur, for complex tones with 10 or 12 equal amplitude components (60 dB SPL per component). On each trial the subject was presented with a complex tone which either had all its partials at harmonic frequencies or had one partial mistuned from its harmonic frequency. The subject had to indicate whether he heard a single complex tone with one pitch or a complex tone plus a pure tone which did not "belong" to the complex. An adaptive procedure was used to track the degree of mistuning required to achieve a d' value of 1. Threshold was determined for each ot the first six harmonics of each complex tone. In one set of conditions stimulus duration was held constant at 410 ms, and the fundamental frequency was either 100, 200, or 400 Hz. For most conditions the thresholds fell between 1% and 3% of the harmonic frequency, depending on the subject. However, thresholds tended to be greater for the first two harmonics of the 100-Hz fundamental and, for some subjects, thresholds increased for the fifth and sixth harmonics. In a second set of conditions fundamental frequency was held constant at 200 Hz, and the duration was either 50, 110, 410, or 1610 ms. Thresholds increased by a factor of 3-5 as duration was decreased from 1610 ms to 50 ms. The results are discussed in terms of a hypothetical harmonic sieve and mechanisms for the formation of perceptual streams. PMID- 3745681 TI - Effects of bandwidth and stimulus type on most comfortable loudness levels of hearing-impaired listeners. AB - Measurements were made of the effects of stimulus bandwidth and type (speech bands versus pure tones) on interfrequency differences at the most comfortable loudness level (MCL). The MCLs were measured for speech bands of three bandwidths (1/3 octave, 1 octave, and 1 2/3 octaves) at three frequencies (0.4 kHz, 1.25 kHz, and 3.15 kHz) for 11 sensorineurally hearing-impaired subjects (14 test ears). The MCLs were also measured with pulsed pure tones. It was found that bandwidth and stimulus type both had significant effects on interfrequency differences in MCLs. Also, the mean speech band MCLs were significantly higher than the mean pure-tone MCLs. A subsidiary experiment suggested that, when bands of speech from different frequency regions are all presented at MCL, they will be approximately, but not precisely, equal in loudness. The findings have implications for hearing aid selection procedures because most aim to amplify all frequency bands of speech to MCL, or equal loudness at a comfortable level. The use of different types or bandwidths of test stimuli would result in substantially different frequency response prescriptions in some cases. PMID- 3745682 TI - Effects of frequency response characteristics on speech discrimination and perceived intelligibility and pleasantness of speech for hearing-impaired listeners. AB - Frequency response characteristics were selected for 14 hearing-impaired ears, according to six procedures. Three procedures were based on MCL measurements with speech bands of three bandwidths (1/3 octave, 1 octave, and 1 2/3 octaves). The other procedures were based on hearing thresholds, pure-tone MCLs, and pure-tone LDLs. The procedures were evaluated by speech discrimination testing, using nonsense syllables in noise, and by paired comparison judgments of the intelligibility and pleasantness of running speech. Speech discrimination testing showed significant differences between pairs of responses for only seven test ears. Nasals and glides were most affected by frequency response variations. Both intelligibility and pleasantness judgments showed significant differences for all test ears. Intelligibility in noise was less affected by frequency response differences than was intelligibility in quiet or pleasantness in quiet or in noise. For some ears, the ranking of responses depended on whether intelligibility or pleasantness was being judged and on whether the speech was in quiet or in noise. Overall, the three speech band MCL procedures were far superior to the others. Thus the studies strongly support the frequency response selection rationale of amplifying all frequency bands of speech to MCL. They also highlight some of the complications involved in achieving this aim. PMID- 3745683 TI - The use of acoustical test fixtures for the measurement of hearing protector attenuation. Part II: Modeling the external ear, simulating bone conduction, and comparing test fixture and real-ear data. AB - This paper investigates two main features of the human head which influence the measured attenuation of circumaural and intraaural hearing protection devices (HPDs): the external ear and the different pathways of bone conduction. A theoretical model for the external ear shows that its influence on the insertion loss of HPDs, on the sensitivity level of headphones or earphones, and on the insertion gain of hearing aids, all can be described by one equation. While it is not necessary to simulate the eardrum impedance in order to measure the insertion loss of earmuffs and the sensitivity level of headphones with acoustical test fixtures (ATFs), the required accuracy of an ear simulator is more stringent when the same measurements are performed on intraaural devices. For the evaluation of HPDs, bone conduction plays an important role. We have developed a model to estimate HPD-dependent bone conduction effects. The model includes two bone conduction sources: one in the external ear and one in the middle ear. The model explains, for example, the occlusion effect of HPDs and the masking error at low frequencies due to physiological noise that arises when real-ear attenuation at threshold (REAT) measurements are made. Consequently, objectively measured insertion loss can now be used to predict REAT with improved accuracy. ATF and REAT data are compared using nine earmuffs and nine earplugs. In the majority of cases, the two sets of data agree well. Discrepancies are discussed. PMID- 3745684 TI - The effects of skin temperature on the psychophysical responses to vibration on glabrous and hairy skin. AB - Psychophysical detection thresholds for vibration were measured at the thenar eminence and volar forearm using a 0.008-cm2 (1.0-mm-diam) contactor. Measurements were made at 14 sinusoidal frequencies between 12 and 500 Hz at six skin temperatures between 15 degrees and 40 degrees C. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that three functionally discrete non-Pacinian afferent systems mediate vibrotactile responses. It was possible to identify the response characteristic of the rapidly adapting (Meissner) system, but it was not possible to isolate the responses of two slowly adapting (SAI, SAII) systems. PMID- 3745685 TI - Auditory spaciousness: some further psychoacoustic analyses. AB - Psychoacoustic investigations have confirmed the known high correlation of auditory spaciousness and preference in concert-hall types of sound fields. Further, they have provided exploratory results which gave rise to the following interpretations: Auditory spaciousness is a multidimensional perceptual attribute, predominantly caused by early lateral reflections. Low-frequency reverberation may also contribute slightly, but is sensitive with respect to individual taste. All spectral components of early lateral reflections contribute to spaciousness. Spectral restriction of the reflections leads to less favorable judgments. Early lateral reflections which do not contain spectral components above about 3 kHz mainly create image expansion in the front-back direction, thus adding to the sense of envelopment of the listener. If components above about 3 kHz are present, image broadening is prominent. By means of a model of binaural signal processing which takes interaural arrival-time differences as well as interaural level differences into account, a quasiobjective measure of auditory spaciousness can be derived. PMID- 3745686 TI - Impulse noise: critical review. AB - A review of the last 10 years of research on impulse noise reveals certain insights and perspectives on the biological and audiological effects of exposures to impulse noise. First, impulse noise may damage the cochlea by direct mechanical processes. Second, after exposure to impulse noise, hearing may recover in an erratic, nonmonotonic pattern. Third, even though the existing damage-risk criteria evaluate impulse noise in terms of level, duration, and number, often parameters such as temporal pattern, waveform, and rise time are also important in the production of a hearing loss. Fourth, the effects of impulse noise are often inconsistent with the principle of the equal energy hypothesis. Fifth, impulse noise can interact with background continuous noise to produce greater hearing loss than would have been predicted by the simple sum of the individual noises. PMID- 3745687 TI - Echolocation transmitting beam of the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin. AB - The transmitting beam patterns of echolocation signals emitted by an Atlantic bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus were measured in the vertical and horizontal planes with an array of seven hydrophones. Particular emphasis was placed on accurately verifying the animal's position on a bite-plate/tail-rest stationing device using underwater video monitoring equipment. The major axis of the vertical beam was directed at an angle of 5 degrees above the plane defined by the animal's lips. This angle was 15 degrees lower than previously measured. The vertical beam measurements indicate that the major axis of the transmitting beam is aligned with the major axis of the receiving beam. The horizontal beam was directed forward. The directivity index of 26.5 dB calculated from the beam pattern measured in both planes agreed well with previous calculation of 25.4 dB. PMID- 3745688 TI - Elderly listeners' estimates of vocal age in adult females. AB - The purpose of this study was to provide data on the ability of elderly listeners to estimate the age group of women (25-35, 45-55, 70-80) from phonated and whispered vowel productions. Further, comparisons were made between the performance of these elderly listeners and results for young listeners reported previously [S. E. Linville and H. Fisher, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 78, 40-48 (1985)]. Tape recordings of whispered and normally phonated /ae/ vowels were played to 23 elderly women for relative age judgments. Results suggest that elderly women are not as accurate as young women in estimating age from sustained vowel productions, although the two listener groups tend to categorize individual speakers similarly. Further, it appears that listener age is a factor in acoustic cues used in making age judgments. PMID- 3745689 TI - Three strategies for encouraging testicular self-examination among college-aged males. PMID- 3745690 TI - A new system for conceptualizing college students' problems: types of crises and the inventory of common problems. PMID- 3745691 TI - Cardiovascular risk factors and health knowledge among freshman college students with a family history of cardiovascular disease. PMID- 3745692 TI - Toward understanding the adjustment problems of foreign families in the college community: the case of Japanese wives at the Harvard University Health Services. PMID- 3745693 TI - Health-net: an interactive computer network for campus health promotion. PMID- 3745694 TI - The role of counseling in the treatment of genital herpes. PMID- 3745695 TI - Participation by health professional students in tuberculin screening. PMID- 3745696 TI - The establishment of a sickle cell program in the college and community health setting. PMID- 3745697 TI - Incidence and significance of pericardial effusion in acute myocardial infarction as determined by two-dimensional echocardiography. AB - To determine the incidence and clinical significance of pericardial effusion after acute myocardial infarction, two-dimensional echocardiography was serially performed in 66 consecutive patients. Pericardial effusion was observed in 17 (26%); the effusion was small in 13 patients, moderate in 3 and large with signs of cardiac tamponade in 1. In this patient, two-dimensional echocardiography strongly suggested myocardial rupture. The observation of pericardial effusion was not associated with age, sex, previous myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation or treatment with heparin. It was more often a complication of anterior than of inferior acute infarction. Patients with pericardial effusion had higher peak levels of creatine kinase and lactic dehydrogenase and a higher wall motion score index. More patients with pericardial effusion had congestive heart failure or ventricular arrhythmias, developed a ventricular aneurysm or died within 1 year after their infarction. In conclusion, pericardial effusion is frequently visualized by two-dimensional echocardiography after acute myocardial infarction and its presence is associated with an increased occurrence of complications and cardiac death. PMID- 3745698 TI - Mechanisms of pulsus paradoxus during resistive respiratory loading and asthma. AB - To determine the mechanisms of pulsus paradoxus during asthma, six subjects known to have cold air bronchial hyperreactivity were studied while in a quiescent phase of their disease. All were free of significant airway obstruction at the time of study. After placement of an esophageal balloon to estimate intrathoracic pressure, the subjects were assessed during quiet breathing, resistive airway loading and then during a stable period of airway obstruction induced by cold air. Steady state left ventricular volume and performance were measured using radionuclide ventriculography; right ventricular volume was calculated from the stroke volume ratio and right ventricular ejection fraction. Cardiac cycles were segregated according to their occurrence in inspiration or expiration using a flow signal from a pneumotachograph. Combined inspiratory and expiratory resistance produced pulsus paradoxus and changes in esophageal pressure that were similar to those during asthma and significantly greater than those during quiet breathing. These changes were accompanied by decreases in left ventricular diastolic volume and stroke volume during inspiration, and increases in these variables during expiration; right ventricular volume and stroke volume demonstrated changes reciprocal to those seen in the left ventricle. These data indicate that during periods of increase in airway resistance, abnormal pulsus paradoxus results from an exaggeration in the normal inspiratory-expiratory difference in stroke volume mediated primarily by the effects of intrathoracic pressure on ventricular preload. PMID- 3745699 TI - Intramural ("small vessel") coronary artery disease in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. AB - Many patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy have signs and symptoms of myocardial ischemia and dysfunction. Although hypertrophy and increased left ventricular pressure can account for such abnormalities, altered small intramural coronary arteries have also been described in such patients. To determine the prevalence and extent as well as the clinical relevance of abnormal intramural coronary arteries, a histologic analysis of left ventricular myocardium obtained at necropsy was performed in 48 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (but without atherosclerosis of the extramural coronary arteries) and in 68 control patients with either a normal heart or acquired heart disease. In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, abnormal intramural coronary arteries were characterized by thickening of the vessel wall and a decrease in luminal size. The wall thickening was due to proliferation of medial or intimal components, or both, particularly smooth muscle cells and collagen. Of the 48 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 40 (83%) had abnormalities of intramural coronary arteries located in the ventricular septum (33 patients), anterior left ventricular free wall (20 patients) or posterior free wall (9 patients); an average of 3.0 +/- 0.7 abnormal arteries were identified per tissue section. Altered intramural coronary arteries were also significantly more common in tissue sections having considerable myocardial fibrosis (31 [74%] of 42) than in those with no or mild fibrosis (31 [30%] of 102; p less than 0.001). Abnormal intramural coronary arteries were also identified in three of eight infants who died of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy before 1 year of age. In contrast, only rare altered intramural coronary arteries were identified in 6 (9%) of the 68 control patients (0.1 +/- 0.05 abnormal arteries per section; p less than 0.001) and those arteries showed only mild thickening of the wall and minimal luminal narrowing. Moreover, of those patients with abnormal intramural coronary arteries, such vessels were about 20 times more frequent in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (0.9 +/ 0.2/cm2 myocardium) than in control patients (0.04 +/- 0.02/cm2 myocardium). Hence, abnormal intramural coronary arteries with markedly thickened walls and narrowed lumens are present in increased numbers in most patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy studied at necropsy and may represent a congenital component of the underlying cardiomyopathic process.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3745700 TI - Rupture of a left ventricular papillary muscle during acute myocardial infarction: analysis of 22 necropsy patients. AB - Certain clinical and cardiac morphologic findings are described in 22 patients, aged 45 to 80 years (mean 64) (15 men [68%]), in whom rupture of a papillary muscle occurred during acute myocardial infarction. In most, the acute infarction associated with papillary muscle rupture was a first coronary event (only 18% had a myocardial scar consistent with prior infarction and 29% had angina pectoris). The posteromedial papillary muscle, presumably because of its more tenuous blood supply, ruptured almost three times more frequently than the anterolateral one (73 and 27%, respectively). Quantitative examination of the amounts of narrowing by atherosclerotic plaque in each of the four major epicardial coronary arteries (right, left main, left anterior descending and left circumflex) disclosed less narrowing in the patients with rupture than in the patients with fatal acute myocardial infarction unassociated with rupture. Of the 519 five mm sections of coronary artery examined (11 patients), only 68 sections (13%) were narrowed greater than 75% in cross-sectional area compared with 34% of 1,403 sections from 27 patients with fatal myocardial infarction without rupture. PMID- 3745701 TI - Programmed electrical stimulation studies for ventricular tachycardia induction in humans. I. The role of ventricular functional refractoriness in tachycardia induction. AB - Closely coupled extrastimuli are frequently necessary to induce ventricular tachycardia at electrophysiologic study. Although induction usually requires propagated extrastimuli, systematic evaluations of minimal coupling intervals have focused on nonpropagated measures (effective refractory periods) rather than on propagated measures (functional refractory periods). The effects of procedural factors on ventricular functional refractory periods were examined in 10 patients. Like the effective refractory period, the functional refractory period shortens with rapid pacing cycle lengths (281 +/- 12 ms at a cycle length of 600 ms; 260 +/- 15 ms at a cycle length of 400 ms) and with multiple extrastimuli (279 +/- 16 ms with one extrastimulus; 214 +/- 16 ms with two extrastimuli). The effects of multiple extrastimuli exceed those of shortening pacing cycle length. Unlike the effective refractory period, the functional refractory period is affected by recording site (increasing as the distance from the pacing site increases) but is not affected by increasing the stimulus intensity above twice diastolic threshold (282 +/- 14 ms at 2 times threshold; 282 +/- 13 ms at 16 times threshold) or by increasing the pulse width above 2 ms (282 +/- 13 ms at a pulse width of 2 ms; 282 +/- 14 ms at a pulse width of 5 ms). The effect of varying stimulus intensity on ventricular tachycardia induction was examined in a second group of 11 patients with documented, spontaneous ventricular tachycardia. No change in ventricular tachycardia inducibility accompanied changes in stimulus intensity from 2 to 10 times threshold.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3745703 TI - Programmed electrical stimulation--before when, how? PMID- 3745704 TI - The plasma catecholamine response to ventricular tachycardia induction and external countershock during electrophysiologic testing. AB - Adrenergic activation during electrophysiologic study could potentially alter the electrophysiologic properties of the arrhythmia substrate. However, the catecholamine response to ventricular tachycardia induction and termination during electrophysiologic testing has to date not been quantitated. Therefore, in 13 patients undergoing electrophysiologic study, arterial plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine were measured before, during and 1, 3, 5, 10 and 15 minutes after ventricular tachycardia induced by programmed stimulation and terminated by a single 100 J external countershock. Sinus rate and the effective refractory period at the right ventricular apex at a basic drive cycle length of 400 ms were measured after the countershock at the same time intervals used for the catecholamine measurements. The mean ventricular tachycardia cycle length (+/- SD) was 187 +/- 30 ms, and the mean duration of ventricular tachycardia was 18 +/ 4 seconds. Plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine increased, respectively, from a baseline of 286 +/- 141 and 119 +/- 40 pg/ml to 770 +/- 330 (169%) and 597 +/- 467 pg/ml (402%), (p less than 0.01) at 1 minute after the countershock. The mean plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine levels during ventricular tachycardia and at times greater than 1 minute after the shock did not differ significantly from baseline levels. Sinus rate increased from a baseline of 74 +/- 13 to 103 +/- 26/min (39%) at 1 minute after the shock (p less than 0.05) and then returned to baseline.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3745702 TI - Programmed electrical stimulation studies for ventricular tachycardia induction in humans. II. Comparison of indwelling electrode catheter and daily catheter replacement. AB - Suppression of the ability to induce ventricular tachycardia by programmed electrical stimulation during serial drug testing has been used as a therapeutic end point to identify long-term prophylactic antiarrhythmic therapy. However, ventricular tachycardia induction, particularly with an indwelling electrode catheter, has not been systematically assessed over the time period required for serial drug testing. In this study, the results of programmed electrical stimulation were evaluated daily during serial drug-free conditions before testing various antiarrhythmic drugs. Twenty-four patients were randomly allocated to be studied with the electrode catheter left in place or replaced daily. All patients had inducible sustained ventricular tachycardia during the first study. Loss of the ability to induce ventricular tachycardia occurred in 8 of 13 patients whose catheter was left in place whereas this did not occur in patients whose catheter was replaced daily (p less than 0.01). In addition, use of an in situ catheter was accompanied by significant (p less than 0.05) changes in other electrophysiologic measurements, including number of extrastimuli required to induce ventricular tachycardia and length of ventricular functional and effective refractory periods. The serial changes seen with indwelling catheters in the drug-free state may mimic effective antiarrhythmic drug action. PMID- 3745705 TI - High frequency epicardial echocardiography for coronary artery evaluation: in vitro and in vivo validation of arterial lumen and wall thickness measurements. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of a new high frequency echocardiographic technique for the quantitative assessment of coronary artery luminal and wall dimensions. In 32 open chest animals, high frequency echocardiographic measurements (echo) of luminal diameter correlated well with in vitro histologic measurements (Histo) (r = 0.86; high frequency echo = 0.89 Histo + 0.79) (range 1.7 to 5.8 mm). Similar results were found in the evaluation of five human autopsy hearts studied in vitro. Coronary artery wall thickness measurements in human autopsy hearts showed a good correlation with high frequency echocardiographic measurements (r = 0.86; high frequency echo = 0.65 Histo + 0.24) (range 0.3 to 0.8 mm). In eight open chest calves, high frequency echocardiographic measurements of total vessel diameter correlated well with sonomicrometer measurements (Sono) (r = 0.94; high frequency echo = 1.03 Sono + 0.4) (range 2.1 to 5.3 mm). Inter- and intraobserver variability measurements of high frequency echocardiographic measurements demonstrated excellent reproducibility (r = 0.95, interobserver variability for wall thickness; r = 0.97, interobserver variability for luminal diameter; n = 10 postmortem human coronary arteries). In conclusion, high frequency echocardiography is an accurate and reproducible method of measuring coronary luminal and wall geometry and may be a potentially useful tool for in vivo coronary artery evaluation in patients. PMID- 3745706 TI - Classification by type of ventricular arrhythmia predicts frequency of adverse cardiac events from flecainide. AB - Antiarrhythmic therapy is known to be associated with a significant risk of adverse cardiac reactions, including a proarrhythmic response. This study assessed in 1,330 patients followed up for 292 +/- 393 days the predictive value for cardiovascular safety of a system by which patients were classified according to ventricular arrhythmias on entry, presence or absence of organic heart disease and drug dose for flecainide acetate. Baseline arrhythmia subgroups included patients with premature ventricular complexes only, nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, and sustained ventricular tachycardia. Proarrhythmic events occurred in 6.8% of patients overall and were serious in 2.3% and lethal in 1.0%. However, proarrhythmia was highly dependent on arrhythmia class on entry: serious nonlethal proarrhythmic events occurred in 6.6% of patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia, only 0.9% with nonsustained ventricular tachycardia and 0% with premature ventricular complexes (p less than 0.01). Proarrhythmic death occurred in 3.1% of patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia, 0.2% with nonsustained ventricular tachycardia and 0% with premature ventricular complexes only (p less than 0.01). Proarrhythmia was also influenced by the presence of structural heart disease: serious nonlethal proarrhythmia occurred in 2.6% of patients with versus 0.4% of those without organic heart disease, and death occurred in 1.2 versus 0%, respectively. These adverse events were also dependent on dosing regimen. Flecainide caused premature discontinuation due to new or worsened heart failure in 1.4% of patients, all with underlying organic heart disease; however, heart failure was not clearly related to dose or type of arrhythmia. Symptomatic conduction disturbances occurred in 2.2%, and were predicted by preexistent sinus node disease but not by other baseline features.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3745707 TI - Quantitative morphology of the aortic arch in neonatal coarctation. AB - It has been speculated that neonatal coarctation results from postnatal constriction of the aortic isthmus and ductus arteriosus. However, aortic arch hypoplasia is present in some neonates with coarctation and is presumed to be due to decreased aortic arch blood flow in utero. To measure the degree of aortic arch hypoplasia and to analyze the distribution of blood flow in neonatal coarctation, quantitative morphometric analysis of the great vessels from two dimensional echocardiograms was performed in 14 neonates with isolated coarctation and 14 normal control neonates, all less than 1 month old. Measurements of the aortic valve, pulmonary valve, ascending aorta, transverse aortic arch between the carotid and subclavian arteries, aortic isthmus, descending aorta, main pulmonary artery and brachiocephalic vessels were obtained to the nearest 0.5 mm. In coarctation patients the transverse arch and isthmus were significantly smaller than in control subjects (p less than 0.001). In addition, pulmonary valve and main pulmonary artery diameters were significantly greater in neonates with coarctation than in normal neonates. Transverse arch hypoplasia and increased pulmonary valve and pulmonary artery diameters are present in neonates with coarctation. This suggests decreased aortic arch flow and increased pulmonary and ductus arteriosus flow in utero, which produce a characteristic echocardiographic appearance of transverse arch hypoplasia with a large main pulmonary artery. PMID- 3745708 TI - Persistent left superior vena cava communicating with the left atrium through a systemic-pulmonary venous malformation. AB - A 14 year old white girl who presented with a brain abscess was discovered to have a left pulmonary vascular malformation on a chest roentgenogram. Angiograms revealed a left superior vena cava that drained into a venous malformation within the left lung, then communicated with the left atrium by way of the left superior pulmonary vein. The right superior vena cava was functionally absent and was anatomically an atretic cord. There was mild systemic arterial hemoglobin desaturation, but no evidence of cyanosis. The embryology, physiology and surgical repair of this rare lesion and the complication of a postoperative superior vena cava syndrome are discussed. PMID- 3745709 TI - Echocardiographic assessment of the right ventricle in Ebstein's anomaly: relation to clinical outcome. AB - Two-dimensional echocardiography was performed in 16 patients with Ebstein's anomaly to assess right ventricular anatomy and function in relation to clinical features and prognosis. Measurements of right ventricular anatomy and function were established in 10 normal subjects for comparison. Ten patients were in New York Heart Association functional class I, four in class II and one each in classes III and IV. Right ventricular morphology and the three tricuspid valve leaflets were assessed from right ventricular inflow tract and apical four chamber views. The anterior tricuspid leaflet was abnormal but not displaced in all patients; the septal and posterior leaflets were displaced in 14 (88%) and 11 (69%) patients respectively. The posterior leaflet was best visualized from the right ventricular inflow tract, and in two patients this view was required for the echocardiographic diagnosis of Ebstein's anomaly, based on displacement of the septal tricuspid valve leaflet. An index of right ventricular function, the fractional area contraction, was defined as the difference between the end diastolic and the end-systolic area, normalized to the end-diastolic area. This index was calculated for both the proximal (atrialized) right ventricle and the total right ventricle. Total right ventricular end-diastolic area and fractional area contraction exceeded 95% confidence limits when compared with values in the normal group. During a median follow-up period of 4 years three patients died. They had severe right heart morphologic or functional abnormalities; two were in functional class III or IV and one was asymptomatic. None of the survivors had severe symptoms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3745710 TI - Electrical catheter ablation in the left and right ventricular wall in dogs: relation between delivered energy and histopathologic changes. AB - Electrical catheter ablation of arrhythmogenic sites is now being used for the treatment of ventricular tachycardias. However, the extent and type of the ablation lesion in relation to energy level are controversial and not well known. In 10 beagles, single cathodal shocks of 30 (4 dogs), 80 (2 dogs) or 250 J (4 dogs) were delivered to the endocardial ventricular wall (5 dogs left ventricular, 5 dogs right ventricular). One week after ablation the dogs were killed for histopathologic examination. In the left ventricular wall, ablation lesion volumes calculated from measured extensions in three perpendicular directions were 0.4 and 0.9 cc at 30 J, 1.9 cc at 80 J and 2.8 and 3.4 cc at 250 J; in the right ventricular wall they were 0.4 and 0.5 cc at 30 J, 1.3 cc at 80 J and 2.5 and 4.2 cc at 250 J. In the right ventricular wall all 30 to 250 J lesions were transmural, whereas in the left ventricular wall only 250 J lesions were transmural. All lesions showed a necrotic area surrounded by granulation tissue with degenerated myofibrils. Thus, the size of the ablation lesion depends on delivered energy, whereas the pattern of histopathologic change is identical in the 30 to 250 J energy range. These results suggest that with accurate localization of the arrhythmogenic site one low energy shock may be successful with less myocardial damage. PMID- 3745711 TI - Triggered activity as a cause of bigeminy. AB - Standard microelectrode techniques were used to study bigeminal rhythms occurring during otherwise stable triggered activity in ouabain-toxic canine Purkinje fibers. The basis for the bigeminy appeared to be an alternans phenomenon in the delayed afterdepolarizations that induced the triggered activity, as well as in the maximal diastolic potential. The occurrence of bigeminy, previously thought to result from reentry, from single delayed afterdepolarizations coupled to a triggered action potential or from parasystole, can also be considered a manifestation of sustained triggered activity. PMID- 3745712 TI - Contribution of depolarized foci with variable conduction impairment to arrhythmogenesis in 1 day old infarcted canine cardiac tissue: an in vitro study. AB - To assess the roles of entrance and exit block after canine myocardial infarction, single stage coronary artery ligations of canine circumflex coronary arteries were performed. After 1 day, atria and ventricles were paced using single stimuli and trains. After isolation, simultaneous microelectrode impalements were made in infarcted and uninfarcted tissue. Spontaneous foci, when identifiable, were always located in infarcted tissue. They could frequently be triggered by one or more driven beats, and their activity could often be terminated ("annihilated") by a properly timed beat. Foci with varying combinations of entrance and exit conduction impairment were observed. Variations in conduction characteristics altered the manifest arrhythmic pattern. With partial entrance block and intact exit conduction, foci could be electrotonically modulated and entrained into regular patterns. Activity that emerged from a focus with sufficient conduction delay could modulate the focus, and entrain it to discharge at a slower rate ("autoentrainment"). The results suggest that modulated parasystole may contribute to arrhythmogenesis after canine myocardial infarction and that variations in entrance and exit characteristics of depolarized foci may result in variable and complex arrhythmic patterns. PMID- 3745713 TI - Atrioventricular junctional tachycardia during heart block. AB - The response of the atrioventricular (AV) junction to brief intense adrenergic stimulation applied during episodes of second degree heart block achieved by acetylcholinesterase paralysis in the AV junction was examined in six dogs. Despite profound depression of AV conduction due to enhanced cholinergic activity, strong local adrenergic stimulation still readily elicited AV junctional tachycardia. Increase in cholinomimetic influences in the AV junction did not prolong transatrial or His bundle-ventricular conduction times. During AV junctional rhythm and retrograde atrial capture (n = 4), neither the sequence of retrograde atrial activation nor the atrial electrogram configurations were altered. In the two remaining dogs the AV junctional tachycardia was associated with AV dissociation. These findings suggest that the acetylcholine-induced depression of AV conduction is located in the AV node region exclusively. More important, however, is the demonstration that retrograde atrial activation originating from a pacemaker located in the AV node or immediate vicinity could actually precede the inscription of the H spike by a considerable amount of time, further suggesting that anterograde conduction from the pacemaker site to the bundle of His is far more depressed by acetylcholine than is the concomitant retrograde conduction from the pacemaker site to the atrium. Thus, inference of the origin of a subsidiary pacemaker from the P wave configuration or the relation of the A wave to the His bundle electrogram, or both, may lead to erroneous conclusions. PMID- 3745714 TI - Efficacy of diltiazem in two experimental feline models of sudden cardiac death. AB - The potential role of calcium entry blockers in the prevention of life threatening arrhythmias associated with acute myocardial ischemia and reperfusion is still controversial. In 98 anesthetized cats, the effect of diltiazem was examined in two experimental models. In protocol I, ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation was consistently induced by the interaction between a 2 minute coronary artery occlusion and a 30 second left stellate ganglion stimulation. After three trials under control conditions, if the same pattern of arrhythmia was induced, the drug under study was administered and three additional trials were performed. In 16 animals the administration of saline solution did not modify the pattern of arrhythmias. In contrast, diltiazem (0.1 mg/kg body weight plus 0.2 mg/kg per h) abolished both ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation that had occurred in 64 and 36%, respectively, of the cats in the control state. In protocol II, a 20 minute coronary artery occlusion was released in three groups; one served as the control group, one received diltiazem 15 minutes before occlusion and one received diltiazem 3 minutes before reperfusion. The incidence of reperfusion ventricular fibrillation was 62% (16 of 26) in the control group. It was significantly (p less than 0.05) reduced by diltiazem administered before the occlusion to 25% (4 of 16), whereas it was not affected when diltiazem was administered just before reperfusion (7 [47%] of 15). These results indicate that diltiazem exerts a striking protective effect against the malignant arrhythmias induced by the combination of acute myocardial ischemia and sympathetic hyperactivity. Diltiazem was also effective in reducing the incidence of life threatening reperfusion arrhythmias.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3745716 TI - R and S wave changes produced by experimental nontransmural and transmural myocardial infarction. AB - Electrocardiographic R and S wave changes occur after transmural myocardial infarction. It was the purpose of this study to define the spatial characteristics of these changes and their pathologic determinants after nontransmural as well as transmural necrosis. Twenty-six dogs were studied after occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery for 60 to 240 minutes, followed by reperfusion. Electrocardiographic potentials were recorded before and 1 week after infarction using an 84 electrode array to compute maximal and root-mean square R and S wave voltages. Infarct size was quantitated by computer-aided evaluation of heart slices stained by triphenyltetrazolium chloride. R and S wave amplitudes after infarction varied widely from one torso site to another in a pattern generally consistent with the inferoposterior location of the infarcted zones. Although changes in peak R and S wave potentials did not significantly correlate with infarct size, differences in pre- and postocclusion root-mean square R and S wave amplitudes did, with correlation coefficients of -0.79 and 0.63, respectively. Root-mean-square values increased for small lesions and decreased for larger ones. These data indicate that nontransmural as well as transmural infarction can produce R and S wave changes that are dependent on overall lesion size and the specific lead studied. Such changes may represent useful methods to quantitate lesion size. PMID- 3745715 TI - Digoxin-quinidine interaction in the neonatal dog. AB - The effects of quinidine on steady state serum and tissue digoxin concentrations in the neonatal dog were studied. To determine the effects of quinidine on serum digoxin concentrations, two groups of neonates were evaluated: Group I (n = 11) was digitalized with 40 micrograms/kg body weight, intramuscularly, and placed on a 10 micrograms/kg per day maintenance dose; Group II (n = 7) was digitalized with 50 micrograms/kg per day, intraperitoneally, and placed on a 20 micrograms/kg per day maintenance dose. After 10 days of digoxin alone, quinidine was coadministered (30 mg/kg per day, intraperitoneally) for 7 days. Serum digoxin concentrations were measured before quinidine and 1, 3 and 7 days after combined digoxin-quinidine therapy. In Group I, the control serum digoxin concentration was 1.38 +/- 0.32 ng/ml and after 7 days of combined therapy it was unchanged (1.39 +/- 0.31 ng/ml). In Group II, the control serum digoxin concentration measured 2.80 +/- 0.49 ng/ml and after 7 days of combined therapy it, too, was unchanged (3.10 +/- 0.65 ng/ml). The effects of combined digoxin quinidine administration on tissue digoxin concentrations were studied in two other groups of neonates. Group III (n = 6) was given a low maintenance dose of digoxin (10 micrograms/kg per day, intramuscularly) and a full 7 days of coadministered quinidine; in Group IV (n = 6), digoxin was given at a higher dose (20 micrograms/kg per day, intraperitoneally) and a shorter duration of combined digoxin-quinidine therapy (3 days).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3745717 TI - Quantitation of regional myocardial function by cine computed tomography: pharmacologic changes in wall thickness. AB - To determine the capability of high speed computed transmission tomography to quantitate regional wall thickening dynamics over a wide range of physiologic states, left ventricular wall thickening was studied in nine anesthetized mongrel dogs in the control state and during separate infusions of dobutamine (10 micrograms/kg per min) and phenylephrine (25 micrograms/kg per min). After an intravenous bolus of contrast medium the heart was imaged from base to apex with serial transverse images in eight short-axis cine computed tomographic planes. In each dog during each experimental condition, 50 ms scans spanning the cardiac cycle were acquired at each anatomic level. Left ventricular epicardial and endocardial boundaries were identified on end-diastolic and end-systolic images at the equatorial left ventricular planes by an objective threshold contour method validated in a series of experiments performed on ex vivo anatomic specimens. End-diastolic and end-systolic frames were automatically realigned by superposition of epicardial centers of gravity and then rotated using a cross correlation function. The left ventricular wall thickness was measured manually at 16 points around the circumference by two independent observers. For the group of dogs the average percent wall thickening was 40.5 +/- 28.2% and varied among segments from 18 to 70% in the control state. After dobutamine was administered, significant increases in heart rate and cardiac output (p less than or equal to 0.01) were accompanied by an increase in the average wall thickening (73.6 +/- 51.2%; p less than or equal to 0.001) in the left ventricle; the average wall thickening among segments ranged from 46 to 97%. After phenylephrine administration, significant increases in mean blood pressure and cardiac output (p less than or equal to 0.01) were noted along with a significant increase in average left ventricular wall thickening (60.3 +/- 52.5%; p less than or equal to 0.001). Despite an overall increase in the percent wall thickening, no statistically significant changes in segmental contraction pattern between control and drug intervention states were observed. The wall thickness measurements were highly reproducible between the two independent readers (reliability coefficient = 0.99). Cine computed tomography-derived measurements can potentially be used for quantitative assessment of left ventricular wall thickening dynamics of a single heartbeat during acute interventions, such as the administration of drugs. PMID- 3745718 TI - An unusual case of postoperative pseudoaneurysm of the left ventricle: Doppler echocardiographic findings. AB - Two years and 9 months after aneurysmectomy of a true left ventricular aneurysm, a 55 year old man presented with clinical features suggestive of acute pericarditis. The echocardiogram revealed a large echo-free space outside the heart. Doppler study showed phasic flow between the echo-free space and the left ventricular cavity through a distinct interruption of the left ventricular apical wall endocardial echoes. The diagnosis of pseudoaneurysm was made and was subsequently confirmed by angiographic and operative findings. After successful repair, a repeat Doppler echocardiographic examination showed a marked reduction in the echo-free space, absence of communication with the left ventricle and no flow signal in the space. PMID- 3745719 TI - Reversal of left ventricular intracavitary gradient with intracavitary diastolic regurgitation in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. AB - A 73 year old man presented with angina and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. Cardiac catheterization revealed the dynamic systolic intracavitary gradient of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Abnormal isovolumetric relaxation resulted in the development of a diastolic gradient from the left ventricular outflow tract to the left ventricular apex accompanied by intracavitary regurgitation of contrast material from the outflow tract to the left ventricular body during left ventriculography. This case provides hemodynamic and angiographic confirmation of abnormal isovolumetric relaxation in this syndrome and insight into its mechanism. PMID- 3745721 TI - Nifedipine versus isosorbide dinitrate in patients with exertional angina receiving propranolol. PMID- 3745720 TI - Doppler-detected paradoxus of mitral and tricuspid valve flows in chronic lung disease. AB - An echocardiographic Doppler study in a patient with pulsus paradoxus of respiratory origin demonstrated a large inspiratory increase of tricuspid flow velocity and a corresponding decrease of mitral flow velocity. This "flow paradoxus" is therefore not specific for cardiac tamponade, and provides evidence that decreased left ventricular filling is an important mechanism of pulsus paradoxus observed in severe chronic lung disease. PMID- 3745722 TI - Closed chest catheter ablation of an accessory pathway in a patient with permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia. PMID- 3745723 TI - Report of the American Academy of Allergy and Immunology Task Force on Guidelines for Clinical Investigation of Nonbronchodilator Antiasthmatic Drugs. PMID- 3745724 TI - True and false allegations of sexual abuse in child custody disputes. PMID- 3745725 TI - The adolescent as a witness in a case of incest: assessment and outcome. PMID- 3745726 TI - The child psychiatrist and the child witness: traveling companions by necessity, if not by design. PMID- 3745727 TI - The child as witness: competency and credibility. PMID- 3745728 TI - Reporting child abuse: the ethical obligation to inform parents. PMID- 3745730 TI - Temperament in preterm infants: style and stability. PMID- 3745729 TI - Emerging issues in child sexual abuse. PMID- 3745731 TI - Neuroendocrine and cognitive responses to amphetamine in adolescents with a history of attention deficit disorder. PMID- 3745732 TI - Psychiatric background and diagnoses of children evaluated for special class placement. PMID- 3745733 TI - Near-zero plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and conduct disorder in emotionally disturbed boys. PMID- 3745734 TI - Emotional distress in fifth-grade children ten months after a natural disaster. PMID- 3745735 TI - Adoption predicts psychiatric treatment resistances in hospitalized adolescents. PMID- 3745736 TI - The functions of psychiatric evaluation in contested child custody and visitation cases. PMID- 3745737 TI - The use of stuffed animals by hospitalized adolescents: an area for psychodynamic exploration. PMID- 3745738 TI - Acute phobic hallucinations in very young children. PMID- 3745739 TI - A case for routine laboratory tests. PMID- 3745740 TI - A computer-based decision support system aids distribution in planning and control of foodservices. AB - Three scenarios, developed from typical situations in the foodservice, were stimulated on the Sperry 1100/80 computer to illustrate how the decision support system assisted dietitians. The scenarios included an analysis of price changes and discounts from a potential vendor; menu planning and pricing for a holiday dinner for 800 to 900 employees; and a comparison of costs between 1 day of meals for a patient on a general and a diabetic diet. In the analysis of price discounts, 1.5 hours were required for finding an acceptable solution using the decision support system. Prices were changed on 349 ingredients; then matrix multiplication within the decision support system resulted in recosting all menu items with those ingredients and provided new prices for cost per meals. Eight new ingredients, 13 menu items, and 2 menu plans for two different holiday meals were entered into the computer; precise amounts and prices for menu items and meals were obtained in 1 hour. Twelve hours was the minimum time estimated for finding a solution by hand calculations. Time to calculate costs of 27 different menu items for one patient day was estimated to be 9 hours manually. With the decision support system, cost comparisons were available in 1 hour. Both the usefulness and the potential of the decision support system were demonstrated. PMID- 3745741 TI - Effect of income and WIC on the dietary intake of preschoolers: results of a preliminary study. AB - Dietary composition of energy and four nutrients targeted by the Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) were assessed among a random sample of 106 children aged 1 to 5 years. Fifty-one percent of children were from households with incomes above WIC eligibility levels. Of the 49% of children from households eligible for WIC by income, 42% participated in WIC. Children from low income households were significantly more likely to have low dietary intakes of energy, vitamin C, and iron than children from higher-income households. Low income children participating in WIC were significantly less likely to have low iron intakes than children who were eligible by income level but not participating in WIC. The percentage of children with low intakes of vitamin A and calcium did not significantly vary by household income level or by participation in WIC. Data from this preliminary study indicate that low-income children in the sample surveyed are at higher risk for consuming diets low in energy and two of four nutrients targeted by the WIC program than are children from higher-income households and that participation in WIC improves the iron intake of low-income children. PMID- 3745742 TI - Contribution of water and diet supplements to nutrient intake. AB - Information about food consumption, water consumption, and diet supplement use was collected in a survey of 410 women in the age groups 20 to 35 and 55 to 80 years in two rural communities. The investigators found that one-third of the women supplemented their diets with commercial nutritional preparations, a level that is half the amount reported in some other studies. However, even at that lower supplementation level, failure to include the contribution of supplements and water intake as a source of some nutrients leads to significant underestimation of the group's mean intake of particular nutrients. Underestimation of mean population intake could range from a 20% underestimation for calcium to more than a 65% underestimation for vitamin D. The contribution of diet supplements and water as a source of some nutrients is sufficiently great and the practice of supplement use sufficiently extensive that investigators may want to characterize separately the mean nutrient intakes of subpopulations such as supplement users and nonusers. Failure to address issues related to those multiple nutrient sources may potentially obscure relationships, either positive or negative, between diet and health status. PMID- 3745743 TI - A method to assess sodium intake in populations. AB - Dietary sodium measurement in populations has severe limitations whether assessment is based on urinary excretion or on food intake methods. We have validated a simple instrument to determine total dietary sodium intake of populations in a pilot study of 10 women, 20 to 36 years old. Sodium intake determined by means of the sodium measurement instrument was correlated with sodium intake from food analysis, sodium intake calculated from food composition tables, and measurement of 24-hour urinary sodium excretion. Sodium values obtained with the instrument are based on regression equations, which incorporate information as follows: an average measure of 7 days' actual table salt use, the average sodium contribution of 17 high-sodium foods from a food frequency checklist maintained for 7 days, a calculation of drinking water sodium, and measurements of height and weight to establish 24-hour energy needs, a surrogate estimate of sodium found in all foods not included in the food frequency checklist. Participants were studied for 16 days: 7 consecutive days on either a 2,000-mg or a 3,500-mg sodium diet, 2 days' adjustment, and 7 days' crossover. Participants were allowed to select foods from a diverse menu, eat at fast-food restaurants, and consume alcohol if desired. Mean of 7-day sodium intake obtained with the instrument was significantly correlated with mean of 7-day sodium intake determined by food analysis (r = .80), from food composition tables (r = .62), and from urinary excretion (r = .56). PMID- 3745744 TI - Experience with adolescents with phenylketonuria returned to phenylalanine restricted diets. AB - In order to test the feasibility of returning older children with classical phenylketonuria (PKU) to therapeutically and nutritionally adequate phenylalanine restricted diets after 8 to 13 years of unrestricted diets, 7 adolescents (13 to 19 years old) of normal or near-normal intelligence with classical PKU were returned to phenylalanine-limited diets for periods of 8 to 10 weeks. During a 4- to 5-week period when the phenylalanine-restricted diet was supplemented with added L-phenylalanine to mimic pretreatment conditions, plasma phenylalanine levels were 1,327 +/- 282 microM on total phenylalanine intakes of 2,794 +/- 248 mg/day (55.3 +/- 11.5 mg/kg/day). During a similar period of dietary phenylalanine restriction, plasma phenylalanine levels were successfully maintained at 713 +/- 266 microM on dietary intakes of 655 +/- 210 mg/day (12.6 +/- 4.3 mg/kg/day). On the basis of 3-day diet records, the intakes of total protein, energy, calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamins D, E, and A, ascorbic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folacin, and vitamin B-12 over the entire 8- to 10 week study period were adequate by the standards of the Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNI) for Canada, where the study was undertaken. Intakes of magnesium and zinc were significantly lower than the RNI. Although the return to nutritionally and therapeutically adequate dietary phenylalanine restriction was judged to be successful in each case, the amount and intensity of re-education and reinforcement required to maintain compliance was much greater than anticipated. PMID- 3745745 TI - Vitamin E in foods from high and low linoleic acid diets. AB - As part of a human diet study, vitamin E activity was estimated in foods used in seven daily menus. Each menu was designed to contain 35% fat calories with either 10 or 30 gm/day of linoleic acid (18:2) and 500 mg/day of cholesterol. To estimate vitamin E activity, each food used in the menus was analyzed for alpha and gamma tocopherol content by high-pressure liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. This article reports the alpha and gamma tocopherol contents of those foods, tocopherol contributions from each food in one sample 2,400-kcal menu, and the mean daily vitamin E activity (milligram alpha tocopherol equivalents) of all seven menus at five caloric levels. Major sources of alpha tocopherol (greater than 10% of the RDA) common to both diets (10 and 30 gm linoleic acid) were olive oil and a few fruits and vegetables. Additional major sources in the 30-gm linoleic acid diets were polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) vegetable oils and margarine. Contrary to a common assumption, increasing the level of PUFA in the menus did not necessarily result in higher milligram equivalents of alpha tocopherol because soybean oil, with a tocopherol composition that is predominantly gamma tocopherol, was the major source of linoleic acid in the diets. Thus, vitamin E activity was not necessarily increased when soybean oil was substituted for a less saturated fat such as olive oil, which has mostly alpha tocopherol. PMID- 3745746 TI - Computerized clinical dietetics management system. AB - A computerized Clinical Dietetics Management System (CDMS) was designed to support and facilitate accurate and timely delivery of clinical dietetics services. The CDMS is an integral part of a comprehensive hospital computer system that interfaces with 17 data bases. Thirty-one functions provide order processing, inquiry, calculations, message sending, charge capture, data base maintenance, and management reporting capabilities. System features include immediate and continuous access to the most current patient information, automatic routing of messages, a complete diet-order history for each patient and minimal printed output. Since implementation of the CDMS, users report benefits such as smoothing of workload peaks, fewer interruptions, fewer wasted trays, better and faster problem solving, and increased visibility in clinical dietetics services. The dynamic nature of the system allows additional applications to be added as they are developed. PMID- 3745747 TI - Evaluating foodservice software: a suggested approach. AB - In an era of cost containment, the computer has become a viable management tool. Its use in health care has demonstrated accelerated growth in recent years, and a literature review supports an increased trend in this direction. Foodservice, which is a major cost center, is no exception to this predicted trend. Because software has proliferated, foodservice managers and dietitians are experiencing growing concern about how to evaluate the numerous software packages from which to choose. A suggested approach to evaluating software is offered to dietitians and managers alike to lessen the confusion in software selection and to improve the system satisfaction level post-purchase. Steps of the software evaluatory approach include: delineation of goals, assessment of needs, assignment of value weight factors, development of a vendor checklist, survey of vendors by means of the vendor checklist and elimination of inappropriate systems, thorough development of the request for proposal (RFP) for submission to the selected vendors, an analysis of the returned RFPs in terms of system features and cost factors, and selection of the system(s) for implementation. PMID- 3745748 TI - A sequential procedure for implementing a computer-based information system. AB - A sequential procedure is presented for the foodservice manager to follow when considering initial implementation of a computer-based information system (CBIS). A feasibility study is recommended as a first step to analyze the information desired and resources available in order to determine objectives of the proposed CBIS. Alternative CBIS design plans should then be evaluated against critical success factors to determine the direction of initial CBIS efforts. Application software, which provides needed support, then determines the hardware needed. Information about vendors and the suitability of the CBIS to meet needs should be determined next. The following management procedures are suggested: utilization of project management skills, identification of roles for the project team members, and initiation of a phased implementation strategy. Finally, to ensure control of the CBIS project, evaluation and documentation are advised. PMID- 3745749 TI - Using the computer as a referral source to find the patient at nutritional risk. AB - The use of the computer-generated reports helped to identify the patient at nutritional risk on the basis of length of stay and diet order and permitted the dietitian to serve the patient in an appropriate and timely manner. Of 572 patients assessed in one year, 265, or 46%, were identified as needing nutrition assessment by the computer reports. As a result of increased visibility and increased medical record entries, awareness of the dietitian's expertise has increased. Several inservice presentations on tube-feeding products, tube-feeding administration, and TPN have been requested and given to medical, surgical, and intensive care nurses. Although specific data were not collected, a decrease in tube feeding wastage was noted. As a result of increased monitoring of tube feedings, a more efficient system of labeling tube feedings was designed. At Fairview General Hospital, use of the mainframe computer-generated patient lists has not only saved the dietitian valuable time in identifying patients with nutrition needs but also has afforded her the opportunity to practice current nutrition assessment on more patients. Possible future applications include microcomputer hook-up with the mainframe computer's data banks to complete nutrition assessment calculations. PMID- 3745750 TI - Hospitalwide screening increases revenue under prospective payment system. PMID- 3745751 TI - On the importance of networking. PMID- 3745752 TI - Health clinics in high schools. PMID- 3745753 TI - Sisterhood is synergistic. PMID- 3745754 TI - Physicians as problem solvers--the global approach. PMID- 3745755 TI - Children and television. PMID- 3745756 TI - Optometry: the primary eye and vision care profession. PMID- 3745757 TI - Dilation and diagnostic irrigation of the lacrimal drainage system. AB - The anatomy of the lacrimal excretory system provides a logical basis for evaluation of the physiological drainage of tears. A review of the methods for examining the lacrimal drainage passages with emphasis on the techniques of punctal dilation and diagnostic irrigation is presented. PMID- 3745758 TI - NoIRs and low vision. AB - Records of three hundred and eighteen low vision patients from three low vision centers were reviewed to determine patient preferences for NoIR light filters based on ocular disease and visual acuity. Eighty-nine percent chose the #101 and #102 filters. Patients with dry macular degeneration, chronic open angle glaucoma, and retinitis pigmentosa showed a greater preference for the #101 NoIRs. When visual acuity dropped below 20/400, no patients selected the darker filters (#108 & #109). PMID- 3745759 TI - Branch macular vein occlusion: a photographic essay. AB - This case report documents the retinal changes occurring during a period of slightly more than a year following a branch macular vein occlusion in a 43-year old male. The patient never experienced any visual disturbance throughout this period. The various diagnostic possibilities considered in his case are presented. PMID- 3745761 TI - The right to practice primary care. PMID- 3745760 TI - Accidental mydriasis from scopolamine patches. AB - Although scopolamine is rarely intentionally applied directly to the eye, accidental contamination can occur after touching or handling a transdermal scopolamine patch, worn behind the ear to prevent motion sickness, and then rubbing one's eyes or handling contact lenses. An acute episode of prolonged cycloplegia with no admission of use of any medication by the patient was only resolved after direct questioning as to the use of a scopolamine patch revealed its removal within a 36 hour period. PMID- 3745762 TI - Radial keratotomy: an idea whose time has come? PMID- 3745765 TI - Reading disability. PMID- 3745764 TI - The impact of radial keratotomy on optometric practice. PMID- 3745763 TI - A shortsighted health policy. PMID- 3745766 TI - Radial keratotomy: an overview. AB - Radial keratotomy is a controversial procedure to eliminate or reduce myopia. It is being performed on a more frequent basis in this country, making it mandatory that all doctors of optometry become familiar with the operation. I begin with a brief history of the procedure, and discuss results of the Prospective Evaluation of Radial Keratotomy (PERK) study, as well as complications that patients need to be informed of. PMID- 3745767 TI - Refractive surgery: radial keratotomy. AB - Refractive surgery is here to stay and the technique of choice is radial keratotomy. Some authorities agree that the procedure appears safe and reduces myopia in virtually all cases, however the long-term effects are still to be observed. Another drawback is the inability to predict results in individual cases. PMID- 3745769 TI - Non-optical aids. AB - Non-optical aids help patients deal with everyday problems where sight is impaired. A review of the many non-optical devices is discussed including relative size devices, writing and communication aids, posturing and positioning aids, illumination control and non-optical sensory substitution devices. An extensive appendix is provided listing sources of many non-optical aids. PMID- 3745768 TI - Critical corneal oxygen values: a summary. AB - Data from several previous studies were collected and analyzed by remeasuring test hydrogel contact lens oxygen transmissibilities (Dk/L) at ocular temperature to arrive at summary critical human pre-corneal oxygen tension (30 mmHg), and required Dk/L (18 X 10(-9) cm ml O2/sec ml mmHg) under open-eye conditions. Estimations for closed-eye (extended wear) conditions were also performed. PMID- 3745770 TI - Clinical laboratory analysis of white-centered hemorrhages. AB - The use of laboratory testing can be very helpful in the differential diagnosis of ocular disease. White-centered hemorrhages are associated with many systemic diseases. This paper discusses how the differential diagnosis of the associated medical condition can be accomplished through a systematic evaluation of patient history, ocular examination, and laboratory testing. PMID- 3745771 TI - Marketing the optometric practice. PMID- 3745772 TI - Legal and malpractice implications of radial keratotomy. AB - Radial keratotomy has the potential to produce a new malpractice crisis for ophthalmology. Though the surgery is often successful in reducing myopia, there are a great many undesirable side effects. The endothelial cell loss frequently resulting from the procedure bodes long term caution. PMID- 3745773 TI - Osmosensitive vagal receptors in the small intestine of the cat. AB - In anesthetized cats, the unitary activity of 66 sensory vagal neurones was recorded with extracellular glass microelectrodes implanted in the nodose ganglia. These neurones had non-medullated afferent fibres with conduction velocities between 0.8 and 1.2 m/s, as do most of the intestinal vagal fibres, and were silent or fired at low frequencies before any simulation. They were activated by perfusion of the small intestine (duodenum and first part of jejunum) with tap water and various solutions (glucose, NaCl and mannitol, in particular) having osmotic pressures ranged between 4 and 1100 mOsm. In general, hypotonic solutions and tap water induced the more marked responses, but differences were observed according to the solution used. Most of these neurones were also excited by other forms of stimulation including stroking of the mucosa and perfusion with warm (39-55 degrees C) and acid (HCl at pH 1) solutions. Therefore they must be considered to be polymodal receptors sensitive to osmotic pressure. The short latency of responses elicited by osmotic stimulations, the marked sensitivity to mucosal stroking and the disappearance of nervous activity after local anesthesia indicate that these receptors are located close to the epithelium. The role of these osmosensitive endings is discussed. Analysis of their general characteristics suggests that they may be involved in the inhibitory entero-gastric reflex modulating gastric emptying. PMID- 3745775 TI - Vagal stimulation-induced gastric acid secretion in the anesthetized rat. AB - The dynamics of gastric acid secretion induced by electrical stimulation of the cervical vagus in the anesthetized rat were investigated using a continuous collection-titration system permitting high temporal resolution. Stimulation with pulse rates of 2 or 4 impulses/s (pps) produced maximal gastric acid responses with small cardiovascular effects. With continuous stimulation, secretion was sustained for at least 1 h. Frequency-response profiles suggested that the parietal cells are innervated predominantly by fine-caliber C-fibers. Continuous stimulation was 3 times as effective as stimulation in bursts of higher frequencies. The minimal latency for the onset of secretion was 2.6 min at 4 pps, however, one- and two-min stimulations still produced proportionate but delayed secretory responses. It is concluded that, with low frequency cervical vagus stimulation, the rat stomach preparation described and employed in the present experiment is a useful model for further studies on the interaction of neural and humoral factors on gastric acid secretion. PMID- 3745774 TI - Further data on the inhibitory enterogastric reflex triggered by intestinal osmotic changes in cats. AB - The relationship between osmotic pressure in the intestinal lumen and gastric motor activity was studied in anesthetized cats. For this purpose the EMG was recorded in the antrum while the small intestine (duodenum and the first part of jejunum) was perfused with various solutions: tap water (5 mOsm), NaCl, mannitol and glucose having an osmotic pressure of 70, 138, 275, 550 or 1100 mOsm. Hypotonic and hypertonic solutions both induced a decrease in the gastric activity, i.e. an increase in period of electrical control activity. This effect was found to depend both on the osmolarity value (the osmotic pressures furthest removed from the isotonic value produced the greatest effect) and on the substance used (glucose, mannitol and NaCl, in decreasing order of efficiency). The isotonic solution of glucose and, to a lesser extent, of mannitol was also active, unlike the isotonic solution of NaCl. All these gastric changes were prevented by cervical bivagotomy. It was concluded that the vagal osmosensitive receptors located in the small intestine trigger this inhibitory enterogastric reflex which probably constitutes an important part in the regulation of gastric emptying. PMID- 3745776 TI - Reflex excitation and inhibition of the lower oesophageal sphincter induced by gastric distension in the cat. AB - Reflex responses of the lower oesophageal sphincter (l.o.s.) to distension of the stomach were studied by electromyographic and manometric techniques. Distension of the fundus and gastric antrum by inflation of a balloon elicited two types of reflex response of the l.o.s. Thus, whereas excitatory responses were recorded following slight distensions, larger distensions resulted in inhibitory responses. Splanchnic fibres and sympathetic fibres originating from the stellate ganglion, as well as vagal fibres served as the efferent pathways for the excitatory reflex response. The efferent pathways for the inhibitory response involved only vagal fibres. PMID- 3745777 TI - Reflex activation of the lower oesophageal sphincter in the cat induced by stimulation of the splanchnic afferent fibres. AB - Reflex responses of the lower oesophageal sphincter (l.o.s.) to electrical stimulation of the splanchnic afferent fibres were recorded by electromyographic and manometric techniques. Repetitive stimulation of the central end of a splanchnic nerve induced a long latency excitation of the l.o.s., i.e. bursts of spike potentials concomitant with repetitive phasic contractions. Experiments involving nerve sections showed that the efferent pathways of this reflex were served either by stellate sympathetic and/or splanchnic fibres, or by vagal fibres. These responses were abolished following the administration of atropine. These results show that the splanchnic afferent fibres are involved in l.o.s. reflex motor responses through the activation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic efferent supply to the sphincter. PMID- 3745778 TI - Actions of morphine and enkephalins on the internal anal sphincter of the cat: relevance for the physiological role of opiates. AB - The effects of Leu-enkephalin, Met-enkephalin and morphine on the electrical activity of the internal anal sphincter were studied in anesthetized spinalized cats and in vitro on sphincteric muscle strips. All the effects of enkephalins and morphine were antagonized by naloxone (2 mg/kg, i.v. in vivo and 10(-6)M in vitro). In vivo, the enkephalins (0.01 mg/kg i.v.) and morphine (2 mg/kg, i.v.) decreased the amplitude of the excitatory responses evoked in the sphincter by stimulation of the hypogastric nerves. Opiates presumably act on the sympathetic nerve endings by reducing the release of noradrenaline. In vitro, the enkephalins (10(-6)M) and morphine (10(-6)M) had a similar inhibitory effect, indicating that opiates act, at least partly, at intramural level. In vivo, the enkephalins and morphine produced an inhibition of the spontaneous electrical activity of the internal anal sphincter. This inhibition occurs also in vitro; it is thus due to a peripheral effect of opiates acting either directly on the sphincteric smooth muscle cells, or through the nervous structures controlling sphincteric motility. In addition, the distribution of nerves containing enkephalin-like immunoreactivity, using whole mount preparations of cat internal anal sphincter, indicates that this area is supplied with a dense Leu- and Met-enkephalinergic innervation. Met- and Leu-enkephalin-like immunoreactive axons were detected within the circular and longitudinal muscles. PMID- 3745779 TI - Effect of body temperature on salivary reflexes in rats. AB - Salivary secretion was evoked reflexly by taste or noxious stimulation at different body temperatures in urethane anesthetized rats. Magnitude of salivary secretion induced either by a taste stimulus or by a pinch was facilitated by increasing rectal temperature in a range of 39-40.3 degrees C. Above a threshold rectal temperature of 40.4 degrees C, copious saliva was continuously secreted without external stimulation. PMID- 3745780 TI - The mechanism of the vagal bradycardia evoked by diencephalic stimulation in the rabbit. AB - Blood pressure, in the rostral arterial system, was varied in the range 38-122 mm Hg by impeding the flow through the descending thoracic aorta in rabbits, anaesthetized with urethane and chloralose, in whom the spinal cord had been transected at mid-cervical level. Resting heart rate (H.R.) varied inversely with mean rostral arterial blood pressure (B.P.). The linear regression of H.R. on B.P. had a slope that averaged -0.38 beats X min-1 X mm Hg-1. Electrical stimulation in the lateral hypothalamic area, using 10 s trains of 300 microA X 1 ms constant current cathodal pulses at 60 Hz, caused H.R. to slow, provided that B.P. was above a threshold value and that the baroreceptor afferent pathway was intact. The mean threshold pressure was 49.5 mm Hg. Above threshold, the linear regression of the fall in H.R. during stimulation (delta H.R.) on B.P. had a slope that averaged -1.33 beats X min-1 X mm Hg-1. Linearity was good (r = 0.96). The results suggest that an inflow of baroreceptor impulses is essential for electrical stimulation of the cardioinhibitory region in the lateral hypothalamic area of the rabbit to cause bradycardia. This action is brought about by an increase in the gain of the vagal cardiodecelerator limb of the baroreceptor reflex. PMID- 3745781 TI - Effects of acute myocardial infarction on the circulation of the conscious rat. AB - This study was conducted to determine if experimental left coronary artery ligation resulting in a small myocardial infarction (MI, 15% of the left ventricle) affects the peripheral circulation in conscious rat during the first 48 h of recovery. At 24 or 48 h post-MI or sham surgery, animals were instrumented and evaluated using the radioactive microsphere technique. There were no overt central hemodynamic changes 24 h post-MI but at 48 h, left ventricular end diastolic pressure was significantly increased compared to the parallel control (MI: 5.9 +/- 0.6, sham 2.0 +/- 0.5 mm Hg, P less than 0.005). At 24 h post-MI, renal vascular resistance was increased and similar but non significant changes occurred in the gut. At 48 h post-MI, vascular resistance in the skeletal muscle, spleen, gut and cutaneous circulations were significantly reduced compared to sham-operated rats. Similar changes at 24 h were seen in a separate group of conscious rats with MI which had previously undergone cardiac denervation suggesting that cardiac afferent activity was not directly responsible for the peripheral response to MI at 24 h. Denervation did eliminate the 48 h peripheral vasodilator response. In denervated animals, circulating renin levels were similar in MI and sham-operated rats and were unchanged between 24 and 48 h. Thus, small MI in conscious rat induces a sequela of effects on the peripheral circulation over 48 h. These changes are associated with cardiac afferent nerve activity but appear to be unrelated to plasma renin levels. PMID- 3745783 TI - The preservation of archival material. PMID- 3745784 TI - Archival permanence of holograms? PMID- 3745782 TI - Parasympathetic ganglia innervating the canine atrioventricular nodal region. AB - Surgical disruption of the small (approximately 0.7 x 1.0 cm) epicardial fat pad situated at the junction of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and inferior surface of the left atrium (ILA) interrupts both right and left vagal input to the atrioventricular nodal (AVN) region of the canine heart. This intervention eliminates AV block during supramaximal stimulation of both cervical vagi, without interfering with sinus bradycardia normally associated with sinoatrial nodal (SAN) suppression. Independent modulation of SAN and AVN activities by the parasympathetic system is thereby revealed. Histology of the excised IVC-ILA fat pad reveals multiple well organized autonomic ganglia. These ganglia range from 2 to 80 cells per cluster and are associated with numerous nerve trunks. Individual ganglia are commonly surrounded by fatty connective tissue closely adjacent to epicardial muscle. They have not been found imbedded within atrial muscle and have been been found in or close to endocardial muscle layers. Other ganglia, imbedded in the fat pad overlying the posterior surface of the left atrium or in the atrioventricular groove, do not directly modulate A-V conduction. Surgical dissection around the extreme left or middle segments of the great cardiac vein and the coronary sinus failed to interrupt either left or right vagal input to the AVN region. Parasympathetic, preganglionic pathways to these AVN synapses do not, therefore, course from left to right along the atrioventricular groove. However, dissection around the extreme right portion of the coronary sinus at its penetration of the inferior interatrial septum, did interrupt vagal influences upon A-V conduction. Thus, numerous autonomic ganglia have been localized in the canine heart which serve as synaptic stations mediating both right and left vagal regulation of A-V conduction. PMID- 3745785 TI - A photographic prosthetic eye. PMID- 3745786 TI - Cerebral ventricular endoscopic photography. PMID- 3745787 TI - Analytical and practical considerations of illustrative model video-tapes. PMID- 3745788 TI - Postgraduate medical education by distance learning. PMID- 3745789 TI - [Vision and work on a video screen]. PMID- 3745790 TI - [Corneoscleral involvement in Crohn's disease. Discussion of a case]. AB - The authors are reporting an unusual case of scleral involvement in a case of Crohn's disease. A distinctive subepithelial keratopathy developed which though uncommon, should be regarded as a distinct clinical sign of Crohn's disease. The exact situation of ocular lesions among extra-intestinal complications of Crohn's disease, their incidence and aspects are discussed. The possible immunological basis of these manifestations, still unconvincing, is exposed and related to local deposition of antigen-antibody complexes. PMID- 3745791 TI - [Genetic aspects in hypertensive uveitis]. AB - The study of a number of 36 unilateral, nongranulomatous hypertensive acute uveitis (35 anterior and one total uveitis) emphasized in 7 cases familial history of primary glaucoma. The fellow eye of the 7 patients with unilateral hypertensive uveitis was normal in 1 case, glaucoma was suspected in 4 cases and glaucoma was demonstrated in 2 cases. The examination of 39 members (age older than 35) belonging to the families of the 7 patients with unilateral hypertensive uveitis and with familial history of primary glaucoma emphasized 13 cases of glaucoma and 5 cases suspicious of glaucoma. The topical steroid test on the eyes of the patients with unilateral hypertensive uveitis and with familial history of primary glaucoma revealed that the reaction is similar to the one presented by the patients with simple glaucoma. PMID- 3745793 TI - [The Gorlin-Goltz 5th phakomatosis: ophthalmological aspects of a case]. AB - Phakomatoses are congenital diseases characterized by several neoformations affecting tissues originated from ectoderm. The most typical ophthalmic affection is the retinal hamartoma: it can be of angiomatous (Von Hippel-Lindau's Syndrome, Sturge-Weber's Disease) or neuroglioblastic type (Von Recklinghausen's Disease, Bourneville's Disease). In addition to the above-mentioned ones, some include among phakomatoses other diseases such as Louis-Bar's Syndrome, Rendu-Osler's Syndrome and, recently, Gorlin-Goltz's Syndrome. Authors present the case of a young girl, who in addition to the typical G-G's Syndrome osteo-cutaneous features was affected by retinal lesions of hamartomatous type. Photographic documents are displayed. PMID- 3745792 TI - [Effects of chromocarb diethylamine and prednisolone in experimental uveitis induced by clove oil in rabbits]. AB - Clove oil injection in the anterior chamber of the rabbit eye produces an uveitis and a disruption of the blood-ocular barrier which can be evaluated by the leakage of 125I-radiolabelled rabbit serum albumin (RSA) administered intravenously. In the normal rabbit eye the amount of RSA in the aqueous humor is quite small. The disruption of the blood-ocular barrier by clove oil injection increases the RSA level in the anterior chamber of the eye. Topically applied chromocarb diethylamine reduces significantly the disruption of the blood-ocular barrier in the inflamed eye. Despite of its lack of anti-inflammatory activity, this compound, as a 10% eye-drop formulation, was shown nearly as effective as prednisolone 0.1%, in the corneal edema and the disruption of the blood-ocular barrier. PMID- 3745794 TI - [Free sale of firearms and ocular injuries]. PMID- 3745795 TI - [Modernization of methods of photocoagulation]. PMID- 3745797 TI - Assessment of teratogenic potential of trichlorfon in mice and rats. AB - Trichlorfon was evaluated for its teratogenic potential in the CD-1 mouse at doses of 200, 300 or 400 mg/kg/day administered by gavage on days 7-16 of gestation. In the CD-1 mouse, TCF was teratogenic, fetotoxic and lethal at the two highest dose levels which were also maternally lethal. At the lowest dose level which was not maternally lethal, there was a significant decrease in the number of calcified centers in the forepaws and hindpaws indicating fetotoxicity and a delay in maturation. TCF was administered at doses of 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg/day to CD rats by gavage on gestational days 7-19 (study I) or 8-20 (study II). In the CD rat in body study I and II, the highest dose level was maternally lethal. In study I, TCF was teratogenic with a shift in rib profile. In study II, TCF was teratogenic with an increased incidence in malformations of the urinary system. Additionally, TCF was fetotoxic with reduced ossification of the skulls at the lowest and highest dose levels. PMID- 3745796 TI - [Exophthalmia in newborn infants and infants]. PMID- 3745798 TI - Modification of the Gould operation for cavovarus reconstruction of the foot. AB - In 1984, Gould described an operation for advanced Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. A modification of the operation has been applied in cavovarus reconstruction of the foot at St. Anne's Hospitals. The object of the surgery is to convert this type of foot into a plantigrade, more flexible, painless unit. The technique for operation is detailed. An electrodynographic summary is also included. Early clinical results have been excellent to date. Satisfactory elimination of painful metatarsalgia is the chief goal of the surgery. In Gould's study, this was achieved through a 3 to 6-year follow-up. Confirmation of continued excellent results with our own operation must wait, pending a longer-term assessment. PMID- 3745800 TI - Iatrogenic posterior tibial neurothlipsis: a tarsal tunnel syndrome. AB - Posterior tibial neurothlipsis in the retromalleolar space, secondary to internal fixation of a prior ankle fracture, is presented in the following report. The possibility of a tarsal tunnel syndrome cannot be ruled out. No apparent similar reference is made in the medical literature concerning the above etiology of posterior tibial compression/neurothlipsis/tarsal tunnel syndrome. Electrodiagnosis with sensory nerve conduction velocities is reviewed for more accurate diagnosis of tarsal tunnel syndrome. PMID- 3745799 TI - Talar neck fractures: a review of vascular supply and classification. AB - Fractures through the neck of the talus are an infrequent occurrence. Therefore, a periodic review of vascular supply and fracture classification are imperative for the practicing physician. The most severe sequela, avascular necrosis, should also be studied. A thorough review of vascularity, fracture classification, and complications is presented. PMID- 3745801 TI - Buried Kirschner wire fixation of the Austin osteotomy-bunionectomy: a preliminary report. AB - Austin bunionectomies were fixated with buried 0.062-inch Kirschner wire. The wires were surgically removed in 7 to 10 weeks, when radiographic union was demonstrated. This approach allows confident early range-of-motion exercises and return to normal footwear. Intermetatarsal angles were reduced 6 to 12 degrees without displacement. The advantages and disadvantages of this technique are discussed. PMID- 3745802 TI - Cysticus cruris giganticus. AB - A case report of epidermal inclusion cyst formation is presented as it occurred in a young male patient. The mass is noteworthy because of its location, rapid growth and bizarre size. Treatment consisted of surgical excision without recurrence. PMID- 3745803 TI - The podiatric implications of giant cell tumors. AB - Giant cell tumors are benign neoplasms of unknown etiology that have a histologically distinctive, multinucleated giant cell tumor associated. Microscopic evaluation is essential for accurate diagnosis. The treatment of choice is total surgical excision. PMID- 3745804 TI - Resection of plantar fibromatosis with interposition of Marlex surgical mesh. AB - Successful surgical resection of plantar fibromatosis is often difficult because of high recurrence rates and frequent postoperative complications. In this study, two different surgical procedures, both used to excise plantar fibromatosis permanently, are compared and evaluated. These procedures are local resection of plantar fibromatosis and local resection of plantar fibromatosis with interposition of Marlex surgical mesh. A 10-year follow-up study comparing the results of both procedures is presented. Interpretation of our results indicates that recurrence of plantar fibromatosis after surgical resection can be significantly reduced by utilizing Marlex surgical mesh. PMID- 3745805 TI - Consecutive bilateral failures of first metatarsophalangeal joint prostheses. AB - This case report represents multiple failures of joint prostheses in the same patient. An often overlooked point of abnormal biomechanics of the first ray and its effect on implant longevity is reviewed. PMID- 3745806 TI - Chevron ankle arthrodesis with bone grafting and internal fixation. AB - A new technique for ankle arthrodesis was described in 1983 by Marcus et al. in the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. It is a chevron ankle arthrodesis with bone grafting and internal fixation. The operation has many features distinguishing it from previously described methods of ankle arthrodesis. The advantages of the technique over other methods of arthrodesis include: bimalleolar approach to the ankle providing excellent exposure; minimal bone resection of the tibiotalar joint, thereby preserving height of the joint and length of the extremity; inherent mechanical stability at the osteotomy sites afforded by the Chevron cuts; several features designed to enhance rapid fusion, including the congruity and stability of the cuts made, onlay bone grafting and rigid internal compression fixation; a normal-looking ankle contour postoperatively, resulting in a superior cosmetic result. The operation has been utilized at St. Anne's Hospitals and can be augmented for use in pantalar arthrodesis. PMID- 3745807 TI - Intraosseous ganglion of the ankle. AB - A case of ganglionic cystic defect in bone is presented with a review of the literature. This lesion is usually benign and found in close association with the articular cartilage of the distal metaphysis of long bones. Characteristic radiographic appearance of a ganglionic cyst is most often found eccentrically located at the end of a long bone, usually in the metaphyseal region of the tibia in young and middle aged adults. In addition to standard radiographs, other diagnostic radiographic studies such as CT (computerized tomographic) scanning or radionuclide bone imaging may be required to ascertain the extent of the lesion. Histopathologic information is derived from biopsy. Although its pathogenesis still remains unknown, surgical intervention is the most effective treatment. The purpose of this paper is to present a case of podiatric significance that grossly and histologically resembled a soft tissue ganglion, but within bone. PMID- 3745808 TI - Joint depression calcaneal fracture. PMID- 3745809 TI - Multiple authors on a manuscript. PMID- 3745810 TI - Age-related decline in ligand-induced actin polymerization in human leukocytes and platelets. AB - The change in monomeric actin was measured in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and platelets, using the DNase I inhibition assay, after stimulation with various agents. PMN were stimulated with the chemotactic peptide n-formyl methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) in 199 donors, the tumor promoter phorbol myristate acetate in 112 donors, and the hormones tri-iodothyronine and phenylephrine, in 118 donors. The donors ranged in age from 20 to 89 years. A decrease in ligand-induced actin polymerization was detected in PMN obtained from the older population, on stimulation with FMLP (p = .014) and PMA (p = .0038). In platelets stimulated with thrombin (163 donors) a significant decrease in actin polymerization also was noted in the older group (p = .017). In addition, in platelets actin polymerization was less in women compared with men (p = .042). Because actin polymerization is an event that might have an important role in cellular activation, the age-related decline in the physiological functions might be related to a decrease in ligand-induced actin polymerization. PMID- 3745811 TI - Aging and aneuploidy in human oocytes and follicular cells. AB - The incidence of chromosomal aneuploidy in the oocyte and surrounding follicular cells in women of different ages was investigated. Oocytes and granulosa cells derived from ovarian specimens from a random population of 289 adult patients ages 16 to 76 years undergoing gynecologic surgery for nonovarian pathology were cultured for short periods, and cytogenetic preparations were scored for chromosome number and morphology. Of 91 oocytes harvested at second meiotic metaphase, five oocytes revealed a chromosomal abnormality. Cytogenetic analysis of the granulosa cells revealed aneuploid cells as well as complements with structural changes. A significant difference between the percentage of granulosa cell aneuploidy in the 25 to 34 years group and all other age groups was found, suggesting a decrease of the tendency for granulosa cells to exhibit aneuploidy in older age groups. Previous reports of aneuploidy in human ovary and other somatic cell types suggest that follicular cells behave differently in their response to aging. There also would appear to be a difference between the chromosomal response of oocytes and granulosa cells to aging. PMID- 3745812 TI - Effect of age on the circadian pattern of sleep and wakefulness in the mouse. AB - In elderly humans, daytime naps are common, nocturnal sleep is poorly consolidated, and the sleep period often begins and ends earlier than in young adults. Because previous work has suggested that rodents may provide a useful animal model for these changes, we conducted a detailed investigation of sleep patterns in 11 young adult and 9 old mice. Mice were surgically implanted for chronic EEG recording, and sleep state was monitored over multiple circadian cycles. During the active phase, old mice spent more time asleep and had shorter wake episodes compared with young mice. During the rest phase, old mice spent more time awake than young mice, and tended to have shorter episodes of sleep. No evidence was found, however, for earlier timing of sleep in older mice. These results suggest that the mouse may provide a suitable animal model for further study of certain age-related changes in temporal distribution of sleep and wakefulness. PMID- 3745813 TI - Age-dependent inhibition of pentobarbital sleeping time by ozone in mice and rats. AB - The effect of age on the metabolism of pentobarbital in mice and rats was investigated following exposure to 0.3 ppm of ozone for 3.75 hr. Young animals were 2.5 months of age and the mature were 18 months. The pentobarbital sleeping time was significantly prolonged following the ozone exposure in both the mice and rats when compared with an air control. No ozone effect on sleeping time was found in the young animals. The results indicate that there may be an age-related sensitivity to the occurrence of ozone-related inhibition of pentobarbital metabolism. PMID- 3745814 TI - The aging AXC/SSh rat: assessment of longevity and prevalence of neoplastic and nonneoplastic diseases in necropsied rats. AB - Median life span, 906 days, was identical for conventionally reared, ad libitum fed AXC/SSh male and female rats and exceeded that of most other conventionally or barrier maintained rats. AXC/SSh rat longevity partially reflects the 25% incidence of moderate to severe nephropathy occurring at 30 to 41 months. Because male survival was related to sibship, p less than .02, and female survival was not, p greater than .05, a genetic component may affect male longevity. Maximum body weight was achieved during the initial 20% of life span and maintained through the final 10% when mean loss was 14 and 15%, respectively, for males and females. Pituitary adenomas occurred in 65% of females and 10% of males. Mammary adenocarcinoma occurred in 26% of females. Interstitial cell tumors were not detected in males younger than 24 months. Prostate adenocarcinomas occurred in 23% of males older than 29 months. The longevity of AXC/SSh rats and their low incidence of nephropathy suggests they are an attractive model for studies in aging. PMID- 3745815 TI - The effect of exercise training on insulin resistance in sedentary year old rats. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine if exercise training of 12-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats could reverse the resistance to insulin-induced glucose uptake that has been shown to occur in these animals. Twelve-month-old rats were trained to run 1 1/2 miles/day in motorized exercise wheel cages, and the ability of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake in these rats was compared with values observed in two groups of similar aged sedentary rats--one fed rat chow ad libitum and the other a calorie-restricted diet for 4 months. Body weight increased and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake decreased as rats fed chow ad libitum grew from 12 to 16 months of age. In contrast, 4 months of either exercise training or calorie restriction prevented weight gain and loss of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Thus, the intensity of exercise training attained in this study did not result in an improvement in insulin action in older rats above and beyond that related to the reduction in rate of body weight gain. PMID- 3745816 TI - Stress and coping: reconceptualizing the role of locus of control beliefs. AB - The purpose of this study was to present a re-conceptualization of the role played by locus of control beliefs in mediating the effects of stressful life events on the psychological well-being of older adults. We hypothesized that elderly persons with extreme internal and extreme external locus of control beliefs are especially vulnerable to the deleterious effects of life stress. Findings from a random community survey of 351 older adults confirmed this hypothesis. We further proposed that extreme internal control beliefs are not entirely detrimental and that these beliefs could lead to the avoidance of certain stressors. This hypothesis also was supported by the data. Based on these findings, researchers are urged to consider more complex models of the coping process. PMID- 3745817 TI - Partner preferences in different aged female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). AB - It has been suggested that there is a strong age-peer preference for social partners among aged human and nonhuman primates. The purpose of this investigation was to study the social pairings that occurred in a large (70 animal) social group of rhesus macaques. Six females in each of three age classifications (old, prime, and young adults) were observed during a breeding season and nonbreeding season to determine with whom these individuals interacted in socially affiliative ways. The study group was housed in a 38 X 38 m outdoor area and only naturally occurring interactions were observed. The results suggest strong cross-age partner preferences that affect the distribution of socially affiliative responses within the group. There was a strong preference for kin in all classes except prime aged sisters. Among nonkin only the infants were consistently preferred as target animals for socially affiliative responses. PMID- 3745818 TI - Senile miosis: the possible contribution of disordered sleep and daytime sleepiness. AB - The contribution of disordered sleep and daytime sleepiness to senile miosis was investigated in 23 participants aged 60 to 80 years and 12 participants aged 21 to 40 years. All participants filled out questionnaires and were interviewed about their health, sleep, and daytime alertness. On this basis the older group was subdivided into a group of 13 participants with sleep disorders or daytime sleepiness and 10 participants without. All participants were studied with a computerized infrared television pupillometry system for 15 s in ambient lighting, 15 s after 5 min dark adaptation and with 5 light flashes. Pupil diameter after dark adaptation was significantly larger in the older group without sleep disorders than in the older group with sleep disorders (5.94 +/- .73 mm vs. 4.49 +/- .62 mm, M +/- SD, p less than .001). Significant partial correlation coefficients controlled for age were found between pupillary diameter and a variety of sleep variables. The data suggest that occult sleep disorders and daytime sleepiness may contribute to senile miosis. PMID- 3745819 TI - Senescence and color vision. AB - The usual trichromatic equation for a color match is converted into an algebraic equation consisting of the sum of the contrasts determined by the intensity ratios between the matching stimuli and arbitrary fractions of the proband. The senescence of the preretinal media is shown to affect color matches monotonically, but discrimination steps are affected differently. It is suggested that the senescence observed in tasks involving chromatic discrimination can be explained in terms of the nervous mechanisms subserving other types of contrast discrimination. The possibility of either simplifying or refining some clinical tests also is discussed. PMID- 3745820 TI - Age-related effects of spatial contiguity and interference on coding performance. AB - This study investigated the effects of spatial contiguity of coding key and coding row and interference from irrelevant stimuli on the coding performance of young and older adults. The young coded faster than older adults, and they were unaffected by the presence of irrelevant stimuli. The old group was significantly slower when irrelevant rows of coding material were present, regardless of the spatial placement of such stimuli. Interference may partially explain the difficulty older adults experience on coding tasks, but it has a similar effect on sequential psychomotor task performance other than coding. Spatial contiguity of coding key and coding row did not influence the performance of either age group. Both groups improved with practice over trials, but the old group improved to a greater degree, particularly on the initial trials. PMID- 3745821 TI - Motor performance of women as a function of age and physical activity level. AB - In Study 1, simple and choice reaction time, balance, sit and reach flexibility, shoulder flexibility, and grip strength of older active women were compared with older inactive women, and active and inactive younger women. Except for grip strength, scores of older active women on all measures were significantly better than for older inactive women, and much more like those of the younger women. In Study 2, scores of avid women golfers were compared with the older active and inactive women from Study 1. On all variables, the scores of golfers were significantly better than those of the older inactive women, but not significantly different from the older active women. Findings were consistent with previous research on men, indicating that motor performance tends to be more highly related to lifelong physical activity level than to age. PMID- 3745822 TI - Instruction, induction, generation, and evaluation of strategies for solving search problems. AB - Two experiments found that older adults can execute efficient strategies for search problems when instructed in their use. They continue to use these strategies after instruction and transfer their use to similar problems. The results did not support the contention that older adults can be led to discover efficient strategies by manipulation of salient stimulus features such as color. It seemed likely that age differences in search performance were due to deficiencies in strategy production. A third experiment directly examined the generation and evaluation of strategies by younger and older adults. Age differences were localized in optimal strategies; older adults were less likely to generate or use optimal strategies and rated them as less informative than did younger adults. PMID- 3745823 TI - Age-related effects of practice and task complexity on card sorting. AB - Eight younger and 8 older women (17 to 25 and 62 to 75 years) practiced card sorting under timed conditions. Task complexity was varied by increasing the number of stimuli and by making sorting conditional on a second stimulus. The older women generally were slower, and age difference increased as a function of task complexity. Women of both ages responded at increasing rates over the five practice sessions. Gains were maintained during a follow-up test 10 days later and transferred to sorts with different stimuli. Practice did not reduce age differences (gains by the older women were matched by the younger ones), but there was some indication that the age-complexity relationship was attenuated. PMID- 3745824 TI - [31st meeting of French language gynecologists and obstetricians. Tours, 17-20 September 1986]. PMID- 3745825 TI - [The laser in gynecology]. PMID- 3745826 TI - [Therapeutic problems related to fetal malformations]. PMID- 3745827 TI - [Complications of gynecologic surgery]. PMID- 3745828 TI - [Medical ethics and biopolitics]. PMID- 3745829 TI - [Updated highlights]. PMID- 3745830 TI - Right ventricular function in the hypoxaemic fetal sheep. AB - Right ventricular function was investigated in seven fetal sheep (125-130 days gestation) hypoxaemic at a mean of 5 days postoperation, and were compared to nine normoxaemic fetal sheep of the same gestation. Arterial O2 and CO2 tensions, pH, and haematocrit values for the hypoxaemic and normoxaemic fetuses were 15.6 +/- 1.0 vs. 20.6 +/- 1.8 torr, 49.4 +/- 4.1 vs. 46.1 +/- 1.6 torr, 7.38 +/- 0.02 vs. 7.39 +/- 0.02, and 29 +/- 7.5 vs. 31 +/- 5.3%, respectively. Right ventricular output and stroke volume were similar in the two groups, 241 +/- 57 vs. 247 +/- 75 ml X min-1 X kg-1 and 1.5 +/- 0.4 vs. 1.5 +/- 0.4 ml X kg-1, respectively. Filling and afterload pressures were also similar in the hypoxaemic and normoxaemic fetuses with right atrial pressure of 3.0 +/- 1.0 vs. 3.7 +/- 1.2 mmHg, and arterial pressure of 42 +/- 5 vs. 43 +/- 4 mmHg, respectively. Ventricular function curves were produced by rapid withdrawal and re-infusion of fetal blood producing curves with a steep ascending limb and a plateau phase. The breakpoint joining the limbs of the control function curve for the hypoxaemic and normoxaemic fetuses were right atrial pressure 2.9 +/- 1.0 vs. 3.4 +/- 1.2 mmHg and a stroke volume of 1.5 +/- 0.5 vs. 1.5 +/- 0.4 ml X kg-1, respectively. Linear regression of stroke volume against arterial pressure from 30-90 mmHg during infusions of nitroprusside and phenylephrine at right atrial filling pressures greater than breakpoint was stroke volume = 0.018 ml X kg-1 X mmHg-1 arterial pressure +/- 2.25 ml X kg-1. This equation is not different from that calculated in normoxaemic fetuses, and demonstrates that the fetal right ventricle is quite sensitive to changes in arterial pressure. These data indicate that reduction in fetal oxygen content by an estimated 40% does not affect fetal right ventricular function. PMID- 3745831 TI - Influence of breathing pattern on functional residual capacity in sleeping newborn infants. AB - The present study was designed to assess the influence of breathing pattern on the variations of functional residual capacity during sleep in newborn infants. Functional residual capacity was measured by the He-dilution method. Neurophysiologic criteria were used to identify sleep states. Movements of chest and abdomen were monitored. Twenty-six healthy newborn infants were studied. Sixteen were premature and 10 were at term. Functional residual capacity did not change in relation to changes in sleep states. In active sleep it was 1.48 +/- 0.07 ml/cm compared with 1.50 +/- 0.06 ml/cm in quiet sleep. Functional residual capacity decreased when rib cage and abdomen moved out-of-phase with a value of 1.38 +/- 0.09 ml/cm as compared to 1.56 +/- 0.09 ml/cm when in phase (P less than 0.01), in the 7 infants who displayed these two opposite patterns. PMID- 3745833 TI - Changes in organ blood flow between high and low voltage electrocortical activity in fetal sheep. AB - The effect of spontaneous changes in high or low voltage electrocortical activity, in the absence of uterine contractions, on the regional distribution of blood flow was studied in normoxic unanaesthetized fetal sheep at 124-134 days gestation in utero, using the isotope-labelled microsphere method. On transition from high to low voltage there was a significant fall in arterial pressure (7%) and an increase in flow (19-38%) to areas of the brain corresponding to the arborization of the reticular formation, i.e. excluding the cerebrum and cerebellum. Blood flow to the gastro-intestinal tract, pancreas and liver (portal vein) also increased. PMID- 3745832 TI - The effect of elevation of maternal plasma catecholamines on the fetus and placenta of the pregnant sheep. AB - To study the effects of reduced uterine blood flow on fetal and placental metabolism, adrenaline has been infused at physiological doses (0.5 microgram/min per kg) into the circulation of the pregnant sheep. This gives a reduction of about one third of uterine blood flow at days 120-143 of pregnancy, but causes no significant change in umbilical blood flow. In contrast to the effects of constricting the uterine artery to reduce blood flow to a similar degree, placental oxygen consumption was reduced and that, together with a large increase in lactate production, indicated the placenta became hypoxic. The fetal blood gas status and hence oxygen consumption was not affected significantly. A consistent arterio-venous difference for glucose across the umbilical or uterine circulations was not detected unless the uterine blood flow was comparatively high. Glucose balance across the uterus showed a close linear relationship with uterine blood flow and more particularly with the supply of glucose to the uterus. There was clear evidence for glucose uptake by the placenta and fetus and also glucose output by both. The latter was more common when uterine blood flow was comparatively low or reduced by adrenaline infusion. The results are consistent with the concept that glucose supply has to be maintained to the placenta even at the expense of fetal stores, although lactate can substitute if there is enhanced output because of fetal hypoxia. They indicate that placental mobilisation of glycogen can lead to a net output of glucose to the mother. The manner of communicating to the fetus changes in placental state that occur during maternal adrenaline infusion is not clear. However towards the end of the 60 min infusion, elevation of fetal plasma adrenaline, probably resulting from a breakdown of the placental permeability barrier, may be an important signal. PMID- 3745835 TI - Treatment of handicapped newborns. PMID- 3745834 TI - Adaptation of hepatic gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis to altered supply of substrates during late pregnancy in the rat. AB - The relative importance of the main glucogenic and ketogenic substrates, and interactions between fatty acids availability and ketogenesis have been investigated in virgin or 21 day pregnant rats. Fed pregnant rats displayed elevated lactatemia and the production of lactate by portal-drained viscera was markedly reduced. In contrast, the production of alanine and propionate from digestion was almost similar in fed pregnant and virgin rats. The release of glucose by the liver in fed animals was higher in pregnant rats, and lactate was the main glucogenic substrate taken up whereas alanine uptake was reduced. The hepatic utilization of propionate was not different between the two groups of fed animals. Hepatic gluconeogenesis and lactate extraction were enhanced by starvation; the contribution of lactate to glucose release remained higher in pregnant than in virgin rats, whereas the contribution of alanine was lower, owing to its decreased availability in afferent blood. There was a large uptake of intestinally-derived acetate in fed rates, and a slight release, parallel to ketogenesis, was observed in starved pregnant rats. Free fatty acids were elevated and efficiently taken up by the liver in fed pregnant rats, but without any noticeable ketogenesis. Hepatic ketogenesis was enhanced in starved animals, with marked hyperketonaemia in pregnant rats. However, in those animals, the hepatic release of ketone bodies was not proportional to ketonaemia and was almost similar to the release in starved virgin rats. PMID- 3745836 TI - Survival at what cost? Origins and effects of the modern controversy on treating severely handicapped newborns. AB - This paper examines the background of technological innovation, ethical debate, and social change, against which the 1980s debate over how to treat severely handicapped newborns in general, and Baby Jane Doe in particular, took place. A commentary follows examining the relative place of government, practitioners, hospital ethics committees, and parents in making decisions about treatment for handicapped newborns. PMID- 3745837 TI - Legal aspects of withholding treatment from handicapped newborns: substantive issues. AB - The controversy over nontreatment of handicapped newborns arises in a context of criminal and civil law, against which the current controversy has unfolded. This article examines the legal setting and background under traditional criminal and civil law concepts of nontreatment of handicapped newborns. It focuses on substantive principles of law, showing that nontreatment would be legally permitted when treatment could not be reasonably said to be in the interest of the patient involved, and that nontreatment could be considered criminal where treatment would serve patient interests. It then relates this analysis to procedural issues and the federal Baby Doe legislation and regulations that have recently emerged. PMID- 3745838 TI - Civil rights and regulatory wrongs: the Reagan administration and the medical treatment of handicapped infants. AB - Beginning in 1982 the Reagan administration tried to impose federal regulations (based on the civil rights approach of Section 504) on the medical treatment of handicapped newborns in the nation's hospitals. After issuing three sets of regulations, the administration found itself rebuffed by the courts and in ill repute with providers and parts of the public, especially after its widely publicized intervention in the case of Baby Jane Doe illustrated the pitfalls of federal regulation in complex medical decisions. Congress, however, soon enacted legislation employing different means to protect handicapped newborns. The episode offers insights into the dynamics of the U.S. system of separated powers, the limitations of the "civil rights" approach, and the importance of negotiating structures for the resolution of private moral dilemmas with public implications. PMID- 3745839 TI - The antiabortion movement and Baby Jane Doe. AB - In the early 1980s, the leadership of the antiabortion movement became involved in a campaign to establish legal rights to extraordinary medical care for seriously handicapped newborns. Armed with political contacts in the Reagan administration and Congress, and allied with advocates for the disabled, the antiabortion movement searched for a test case to guide through the courts. Antiabortion advocate Lawrence Washburn found such a case in Baby Jane Doe, who was being treated at Stony Brook Medical Center. The movement went on to amend the Child Abuse Act to include protections for handicapped newborns. Activists in the movement chose the issue of Baby Jane Doe because they believed it would attract welcome publicity, give them the appearance of supporting civil rights, and enhance their argument as to the legal rights of the fetus and thus strengthen the case against abortion. The movement was partially successful in obtaining its goals. PMID- 3745840 TI - Baby Jane Doe in the media. AB - A review of national television, magazine, and newspaper coverage of the case of Baby Jane Doe indicates that most of it lacked perspective and context; stories were generally incomplete and often imprecise; reporting was sometimes inaccurate; and overall, inadequate attention was paid to the medical, legal, philosophical, and social implications of the case. Human-interest and political elements of the story were generally well covered. Even after taking account of the pressures and constraints of daily and weekly news reporting, we conclude that the print press and television could have done a better job without devoting more space or time to the story. This could have been done by assigning reporters with greater expertise and by paying more attention to the needs of a hypothetical "reasonable reader." PMID- 3745841 TI - Making decisions for the severely handicapped newborn. AB - Standard ethical approaches to decision-making which are based on rights, duties, obligations, beneficence, or best interests often seem inadequate or insufficient when applied to the individual infant, as in the case of Baby Jane Doe. A process approach which takes account of moral theory, but which allows tolerance, within limits, for a possible range of decisions, would appear to offer more reasonable decisions. However, any decision must be based on good facts and accurate prognosis. Pending the availability of medical records on Baby Jane Doe, judgment of the decisions made at Stony Brook must be suspended. PMID- 3745842 TI - Treating handicapped newborns: suggestions for institutional policy. PMID- 3745843 TI - The emergence and future of PPOs. AB - A new development in the restructuring of American health care is the dramatic growth of preferred provider organizations (PPOs). Based on a national telephone survey, this paper assesses the future direction of PPOs by examining segments of the market that are believed to be lead indicators of future activity. It includes analyses of "new" versus "old" PPOs, the ten largest PPOs, and the entrance of hospital chains into the insurance market. We conclude that the dramatic growth of PPO enrollment in 1985 is likely to continue in the future, but with increased movement toward vertical integration and joint ventures among providers and insurers. PMID- 3745844 TI - Saving lives and protecting liberty: a comparative study of the seat-belt debate. AB - By the beginning of 1986 all but three states had taken some action on a mandatory seat-belt bill. The seat-belt debate is one manifestation of the concern over the relationship between lifestyle and disease, and has raised some of the most fundamental questions of politics and political philosophy: individual versus public responsibility in health promotion, and freedom versus compulsion. This article examines the debate from both a domestic (New York, Illinois, Oregon) and cross-national (Great Britain) perspective. It identifies several issues which arose during the debates, but concludes that the critical issue involved the libertarian objection to government mandating more prudent personal behavior. The article concludes that while the British conservative tradition of "benign paternalism" allowed some conservatives in that country to accept restrictions on personal freedom, the absence of such a tradition in the United States makes acceptance more difficult. PMID- 3745845 TI - Muscle anatomy of the human esophagus. AB - We studied the esophageal musculature of 11 cadavers to assess the distribution of striated and smooth muscle. The lower 54-62% of the esophagus was found to be exclusively smooth muscle, the proximal 4.1-5.6% to be exclusively striated, and the remainder to be mixed. The area in which striated and smooth muscle portions were approximately equal, the 50/50 point, was found to be 4.7 +/- 0.6 cm from the proximal portion of the cricopharyngeus muscle. This point corresponds to the previously described physiologic low pressure zone in the proximal esophagus. PMID- 3745846 TI - Domperidone, metoclopramide, and placebo. All give symptomatic improvement in gastroesophageal reflux. AB - A double-blind crossover study was conducted of two gastric prokinetic drugs in 23 patients with gastroesophageal reflux. Patients were divided into two groups on the basis of a dual-isotope mixed-meal study of their gastric emptying (GE). Group I had normal GE and group II delayed GE. Nine gastrointestinal symptoms were assessed for frequency and severity before treatment. The trial had three 1 month treatment periods using metoclopramide 10 mg q.i.d., domperidone 20 mg q.i.d., or placebo on a random basis. Symptoms were reassessed at the end of each month. Taken as a whole, the group showed a significant symptomatic response in all three treatment periods (p less than 0.0001), but patients with delayed or normal GE did not differ significantly in their symptomatic response. Eleven patients complained of side effects with metoclopramide and three stopped therapy before the 1-month course was completed. Two patients described side effects with domperidone, including one woman with galactorrhea after 36 h of treatment. Three patients on placebo also complained of important side effects. We conclude that a significant placebo effect is present in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux. No significant difference was demonstrated in symptomatic improvement between placebo, domperidone, and metoclopramide in this study. PMID- 3745847 TI - Medium-dose antacids versus cimetidine in the short-term treatment of duodenal ulcer. AB - Seventy-eight patients with endoscopically proven duodenal ulcer were randomly allocated to be treated with a medium dose of liquid aluminum-magnesium antacid (75 ml in five daily doses) or cimetidine (400 mg twice daily) for 4 weeks in a prospective double-blind, double-dummy study. Healing rates at completion of trial were 66.7% in the cimetidine-treated group and 71.8% in the antacid group (p, ns). Both treatments were equally effective in relieving ulcer symptoms. Among the patient variables considered, only cigarette smoking was found to have a significant negative effect on ulcer healing. These results indicate that medium doses of antacids are as effective as cimetidine in the short-term treatment of duodenal ulcer. PMID- 3745849 TI - Use of an intravenous steroid regimen in the treatment of acute Crohn's disease. AB - The efficacy of a 5-day intensive intravenous regimen (IVR), used as treatment for severely active Crohn's disease in 49 patients, has been evaluated retrospectively. The value of such systemic therapy has not been reported before. Immediate remission was achieved in 38 (76%) patients with no significant difference between those with established disease and those seen for the first time. Patients with ileocolonic disease had the poorest response. There was no apparent change in the natural history of the Crohn's disease after IVR therapy. Nevertheless, this is a safe and effective method of achieving remission in most sick patients with severely active Crohn's disease. PMID- 3745848 TI - Effect of regular and decaffeinated coffee on serum gastrin levels. AB - We evaluated the hypothesis that the noncaffeine gastric acid stimulant effect of coffee might be by way of serum gastrin release. After 10 healthy volunteers drank 50 ml of coffee solution corresponding to one cup of home-made regular coffee containing 10 g of sugar and 240 mg/100 ml of caffeine, serum total gastrin levels peaked at 10 min and returned to basal values within 30 min; the response was of little significance (1.24 times the median basal value). Drinking 100 ml of sugared water (as control) resulted in occasional random elevations of serum gastrin which were not statistically significant. Drinking 100 ml of regular or decaffeinated coffee resulted in a prompt and lasting elevation of total gastrin; mean integrated outputs after regular or decaffeinated coffee were, respectively, 2.3 and 1.7 times the values in the control test. Regular and decaffeinated coffees share a strong gastrin-releasing property. Neither distension, osmolarity, calcium, nor amino acid content of the coffee solution can account for this property, which should be ascribed to some other unidentified ingredient. This property is at least partially lost during the process of caffeine removal. PMID- 3745851 TI - The unusual presentation of "large" gallstones. The diagnostic role of endoscopy. AB - Large gallstones are usually seen in old people, but are distinctly uncommon. They may cause complicated gallbladder disease requiring extensive surgery. Unusual presentations of such stones include Mirizzi's syndrome, biliary fistulas, and gastric outlet obstruction (Bouveret's syndrome). Preoperative endoscopy can accurately define these complications to facilitate their surgical management. PMID- 3745850 TI - Epidemiology of Crohn's Disease. AB - Although our current understanding is limited, epidemiologic investigation of Crohn's disease holds great promise. Certain aspects of the epidemiology are clear. The incidence of Crohn's disease, which has increased over the past few decades, may have reached a plateau. The disease has its peak onset in early life, with a second peak among the elderly. It is more common in the developed countries and among Jews. Whether the disease is related to occupation, social class, marital status, stress, infection, diet, smoking, and oral contraceptives is less certain. This paper reviews the epidemiology of Crohn's disease and proposes areas in which further research is needed. PMID- 3745852 TI - Esophageal rupture after routine Maloney dilatation. A proposed mechanism. AB - Maloney dilatation of the esophagus is rarely associated with esophageal rupture. An 82-year-old man underwent routine upper endoscopy followed by esophageal dilatation, which was complicated by severe esophageal disruption and mediastinitis. One possible mechanism is gastric dilatation with obturation of the distal esophagus causing excessive pressure at the gastroesophageal (GE) junction. Endoscopy should always be followed by gastric air removal before introducing esophageal dilators. PMID- 3745853 TI - Obesity in celiac sprue. AB - Celiac sprue usually results in biochemical and clinical signs of malabsorption, nutrient loss, and resulting growth failure. We report a child with celiac sprue diagnosed at 1 year of age who was initially cachectic but who eventually developed obesity while taking a gluten-containing diet. PMID- 3745854 TI - Primary Crohn's disease of a Meckel's diverticulum. PMID- 3745855 TI - Colonoscopic diagnosis of an appendiceal polyp with carcinoma in situ. AB - A pedunculated appendiceal polyp containing adenocarcinoma in situ was diagnosed preoperatively by colonoscopy. I emphasize the role of colonoscopy in examining as well as identifying the appendiceal orifice. PMID- 3745856 TI - Diverticulitis with colovenous fistula and portal venous gas. Report of two cases. AB - Two patients with mild abdominal pain and fever were found to have a colovenous fistula by barium enema. Both also showed portal venous gas on plain films of the abdomen. These two bring to six the total number of reported instances of colovenous fistula due to diverticulitis. PMID- 3745857 TI - Colon cancer in the Cronkhite-Canada syndrome. AB - A patient with Cronkhite-Canada syndrome had multiple juvenile colonic polyps with hyperplastic, adenomatous, and mixed villous and adenomatous changes. A Dukes B mucus-secreting adenocarcinoma of the cecum was also present. Currently considered a benign disease, the Cronkhite-Canada syndrome may be a premalignant disorder, as our patient's course suggests. We review the literature in this regard. PMID- 3745858 TI - Asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis in an old man. AB - We report asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) in an 83-year-old man. The diagnosis was based on an elevated alkaline phosphatase, a high titer antimitochondrial antibody, normal ERCP, and characteristic histological changes on liver biopsy. PMID- 3745859 TI - Granular cell tumor of the pancreas. AB - We report a rare granular cell tumor of the pancreas. We take this to be the second report of such a tumor in this location, and the first to be diagnosed before death. Endoscopy, angiography, and finally laparotomy were critical in establishing the diagnosis. PMID- 3745860 TI - Review of cholera in Delhi: a 14 year study. PMID- 3745861 TI - Incidence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in and around Delhi. PMID- 3745862 TI - Behaviour of Phlebotomus argentipes in the foothills of Nilgiris (Tamil Nadu), South India. PMID- 3745863 TI - Biology of Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia group of sandflies under laboratory conditions. PMID- 3745864 TI - Role of health education on voluntary community participation in anti-larval measures through clearance of aquatic plants in a Brugian endemic area. PMID- 3745865 TI - Current status of Salmonella augustenberg (6, 7:i:1,2) in India. PMID- 3745866 TI - Sero-epidemiological survey of measles in Alwar, Rajasthan. PMID- 3745867 TI - Sandflies from diverse habitats in Bharuch and Vadodhra districts of Gujarat. PMID- 3745868 TI - Incipient resistance to malathion in Culex (Culex) tritaeniorhynchus larvae from Arthala (U.P.). PMID- 3745869 TI - Surveillance of rabies in animals in North India. PMID- 3745870 TI - The ability of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes to survive and transmit infective larvae of Brugia pahangi over successive blood meals. AB - The mortality of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes increased; immediately following a blood meal containing microfilariae of Brugia pahangi, when infective larvae began to migrate out of the flight muscles and when infective larvae were lost from the mosquitoes during a blood meal. When infective mosquitoes took a second blood meal 86.2% of the infective larvae escaped from their bodies. However, only 50.3% escaped when mosquitoes fed through a thin layer of cotton. Infective larvae in the abdomen of the mosquitoes stood the least chance of escaping from the insects. When infective mosquitoes were offered a third blood meal four days later, the proportion of infective larvae in the head and labium had risen from 56.6% in the control group to 66.0% and 69.4% in the two test groups. At this third feed 54.7% and 75.7% of the infective larvae were lost from mosquitoes with a low and medium pre-feeding worm burden respectively. This suggests that the escape of infective larvae from mosquitoes with only a few worms is less efficient than from mosquitoes with a medium worm burden. PMID- 3745871 TI - The antifilarial activity of a novel group of organic arsenicals upon Brugia pahangi. AB - Mel W is a second generation anionic organic arsenical which is filaricidal but has sporadic and unacceptable lethal side effects. Eight new cationic derivatives have now been synthesized in an attempt to avoid the side effects and have been examined for their effects upon adult Brugia pahangi in Meriones unguiculatus. They were all shown to be potent filaricides and the two best compounds, Mel Ga and Mel Cy, were at least 95% effective in killing adult B. pahangi at 5 X 3.13 mg/kg when injected subcutaneously. PMID- 3745872 TI - Immunological aspects in the rejection process of Hymenolepis muris-sylvaticae from CFLP and NMRI mice. AB - When mice were treated with 1.25 mg cortisone acetate thrice weekly, recovery of Hymenolepis muris-sylvaticae was significantly higher than in untreated controls, both in oral infections with six cysticercoids and surgical transplantations of one 7-day or 8-day-old worm. Cortisone treatment also resulted in the worms being located more anteriorly in the small intestine. Evidence of an immunological response against the tapeworm in the intestine is given by: an accelerated rejection of a secondary oral cysticercoid infection and a significant difference of the dry weights of the worms recovered on day 10 in CFLP mice; an accelerated rejection of a secondary surgical infection on days 4 and 6 in CFLP mice and on days 3 and 4 in NMRI mice; an accelerated rejection of a secondary surgical infection given 3 and 6 months after the primary immunizing infection in SWISS albino mice. PMID- 3745873 TI - Chitin synthesis in zygotes of Ascaris suum. AB - In Ascaris suum chitin is formed in the zygote immediately after oocyte fertilization, and its synthesis is completed in the eggs from the distal half of the uterus. Incorporation of radiocarbon [14C] glucose into chitin of the eggshell was 40-fold higher than incorporation of [14C] glucosamine. The same rank order also holds for the incorporation of label from these isotopes into the glycogen of the ovaries. A large part of the radiolabel was incorporated first into oocyte glycogen and only after fertilization was it incorporated into eggshell chitin. Actinomycin D inhibited chitin synthesis in the eggs from the distal half of the uterus and it significantly reduced incorporation of radiocarbon from glucose into chitin. PMID- 3745874 TI - Anthelmintic activity of triclabendazole. AB - Triclabendazole was tested in vitro and in vivo against a range of helminths. Although in vitro activity was found against Hymenolepis diminuta (0.5 microgram/ml), Fasciola hepatica (2.5 micrograms/ml), Taenia crassiceps and Schistosoma mansoni (50 micrograms/ml), in vivo activity was only found against F. hepatica, a single oral dose of 40 mg/kg killing 99% of adult flukes in the rat. This spectrum of activity suggests a mechanism of action unlike that of other benzimidazole anthelmintics. PMID- 3745875 TI - Experimental infection of the baboon (Papio cynocephalus) with Echinococcus granulosus of camel, cattle, sheep and goat origin from Kenya. AB - In different areas of the world, strains of Echinococcus granulosus have been described which appear to vary in their infectivity, and laboratory primates have been used as indicators of their infectivity to man. This phenomenon was evaluated in Kenya for hydatid material of human, camel, cattle, sheep and goat origin. Viable eggs, produced by experimental infections in dogs with larval material from all the above intermediate hosts, were fed separately to four baboons (Papio cynocephalus) in each case. Baboons were autopsied between 373 and 501 days following infection and the liver, lungs, heart, spleen and kidneys were thoroughly inspected. Hydatid cysts were recovered from two baboons in each of the camel, sheep and goat groups, three baboons in the cattle group and none of the baboons in the human group. Fertile cysts were found in the cattle and goat groups and it is suggested that the baboon could be used as an experimental model for this parasite. PMID- 3745876 TI - Immunity to tapeworms: acquired resistance to Hymenolepis citelli in the mouse. AB - The dynamics of secondary infections with Hymenolepis citelli in mice are described. A primary infection of one and six cysticercoids for 21 days sensitized CFLP male mice against homologous challenge infections. Acquired resistance was manifested mainly as stunting/destrobilation of secondary worms. The severity of stunting depended on the intensity of the primary infection. Secondary worms were not expelled more rapidly than primary worms but the protective response retards growth early in challenge infections. Sensitization of mice for seven days with six or 24 cysticercoids did not confer a measurable protective response, whereas priming by the same regime for 21 days induced a significant protective response. Acquired resistance to challenge waned with time in the absence of the primary worms. The growth and survival of a six cysticercoid primary infection was enhanced by the administration of the immunosuppressant drug cortisone acetate. Worms from cortisone-treated mice were heavier than those from untreated controls. Acquired resistance to homologous challenge was also partially ablated in cortisone-treated mice. It is suggested that rejection of primary infections and stunting/destrobilation of secondary worms may be immunologically mediated. PMID- 3745877 TI - The comparative efficacy of oxfendazole administered as bolus and suspension to naturally infected sheep in Greece. AB - In a flock of 20 ewes naturally infected with those parasites of sheep most common in Greece, and kept indoors during the whole trial, oxfendazole at the dose rate of approximately 2.9 and 2.8 mg/kg body-weight was tested as a 4 g bolus containing 112 mg active ingredient and a 2.265% suspension. The evaluation of its efficacy was based on the necropsy findings which were also supported by faecal egg counts. No differences in efficacy were noticed between the two formulations of the drug. Both bolus and suspension proved to be 100% effective against Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis and Chabertia ovina. The efficacy against Cooperia oncophora, Nematodirus spathiger, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Oesophagostomum columbianum and Moniezia expansa could not be evaluated, because these species, though not found in any of the treated animals, were found in fewer than three controls. PMID- 3745879 TI - Selected abstracts. Meeting of the British Association for the Study of the Liver. London, U.K., 21 February 1986. PMID- 3745878 TI - Decreased hepatic glutathione in chronic alcoholic patients. AB - The metabolism of ethanol can result in depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) via adduct formation and oxidation to GSSG. In this study, the glutathione concentration in liver tissue of chronic alcoholic patients (n = 20) was measured using a specific chromatographic method. The results are compared to values obtained from a group of selected controls (n = 10), and correlated to liver histology and blood biochemistry. All of the alcoholics had markedly lower hepatic GSH concentrations than the control group (medians = 2.17 vs 3.88 mumol/g liver, respectively). No significant differences in liver GSH were found among alcoholic subgroups who had slightly altered or normal histology and/or blood tests vs those with advanced pathology. A decrease in hepatic GSH concentration seems to be a consistent characteristic of chronic alcohol abuse which occurs even in the absence of evident liver damage. PMID- 3745880 TI - Fatty acid composition of adipose tissue in patients with chronic liver disease. AB - In this study plasma free fatty acids and adipose tissue fatty acid composition in 10 cirrhotic patients, 5 patients with non-cirrhotic chronic liver disease and in 5 controls have been investigated. Fatty acid composition of adipose tissue in cirrhotic patients demonstrated a significant increase of 16:1 and a decrease of 18:2. Monounsaturated fatty acids represented the major fraction both in cirrhotic patients (57.5%) and in controls (55.2%). Polyunsaturated fatty acids were significantly lower in cirrhotic patients (9.1%) than in controls (14.3%). In plasma, total free fatty acids were higher in cirrhotics (732 +/- 111 microM) than in controls (319 +/- 38 microM; mean +/- SE) and the individual fatty acid profile showed a prevalence of monounsaturated fatty acid (increase of 16:1 and 18:1 and decrease of 16:0 and 18:0). The decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids in the composition of adipose tissue triglycerides could represent a marker of long-term reduction in lipid absorption, intake and/or enhanced lipid consumption. The resemblance between plasma and adipose tissue pattern in cirrhotic patients supports the hypothesis that increased lipolysis in such patients plays the most important role in influencing plasma free fatty acid composition. PMID- 3745881 TI - The importance of hepatitis B viral DNA in serum and liver. PMID- 3745882 TI - Hepatic regenerative stimulator substance in the rabbit. Relation to liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. AB - The occurrence and activity of hepatic regenerative stimulator substance was investigated in the partially hepatectomized rabbit and related to biochemical and morphological parameters of liver regeneration. Male rabbits were 60% hepatectomized by excising the Spigelian, left lateral and left central lobes of the liver leaving the gallbladder in situ. [3H]Thymidine incorporation into DNA, the fraction of labelled hepatocyte nuclei, the fraction of mitoses and thymidine kinase activity rose from basal levels at 30-40 h after hepatectomy and increased up to 12-fold at 40-60 h. After 7 days, proliferation parameters returned to near prae-hepatectomy values and 82% of the initial liver mass was restored. Hepatic regenerative stimulator substance was biologically active when prepared from rabbit livers between 18-30 h after partial hepatectomy. At 12 and 30 h after intraperitoneal injection of the extract into normal rats, hepatic DNA synthesis was stimulated up to 2-fold in a dose-dependent fashion. The biological activity was protease-sensitive and thus depended on a protein component of the extract. The data demonstrate the existence of hepatic regenerative stimulator substance in regenerating rabbit liver and suggest that it is implicated in the regulation of liver growth after partial hepatectomy. PMID- 3745883 TI - Serum concentration of the aminoterminal procollagen type III peptide in the rat reflects early formation of connective tissue in experimental liver cirrhosis. AB - A specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay for the rat aminoterminal procollagen type III peptide (PIIIP) was developed which allowed easy and sequential measurement of this peptide in the serum of individual animals. PIIIP in sera of 1-week-old rats was high (60 +/- 15.4 ng, 1 SD) falling to 15.7 +/- 4.3 ng/ml (1 SD) at 7 weeks and 6.7 +/- 2.6 ng/ml (1 SD) at 12 weeks of age. Adult animals (above 6 months of age) showed serum PIIIP levels in the narrow range of 2.5 +/- 2.33 ng/ml (2.5 SD). CCl4-induced liver damage in adult rats produced an elevated serum PIIIP (median 9.1; range 2.6-45.2 ng/ml) already after 2 weeks, rising to a mean of 33.8 ng/ml (range 22.0-47 ng/ml) after 6 weeks of continued CCl4 intoxication. In the same animals at 6 weeks, hepatic hydroxyproline was almost 5 times higher in the CCl4-group (mean 493.2; range 343.1-582.3 micrograms/100 mg dry weight) when compared with controls (109 +/- 14 micrograms/100 mg dry weight, 1 SD). These results are in complete analogy to those reported for PIIIP in sera of growing children, healthy human adults and patients with fibrogenic liver disease. Elevated serum PIIIP in rats with experimental liver fibrosis predicts the deposition of excess hepatic collagen. This novel serum test allows, for the first time, to assess altered PIIIP metabolism and hepatic fibrogenesis in individual animals as early as 2 weeks after the start of the experiment. It also reflects growth-related changes of type III collagen metabolism. PMID- 3745884 TI - Chronic verapamil administration lowers portal pressure and improves hepatic function in rats with liver cirrhosis. AB - The effects of verapamil on portal pressure, microsomal liver function and extravascular albumin space were investigated in rats rendered cirrhotic by chronic exposure to phenobarbital and carbon tetrachloride. Verapamil significantly decreased splenic pulp pressure by 28% (P less than 0.05). In cirrhotic animals it improved liver function, measured by the aminopyrine and caffeine breath tests, by 36% (P less than 0.025) and 53% (P less than 0.05), respectively. The extravascular albumin space, an important determinant of drug clearance, was measured by a multiple indicator dilution technique. It was significantly larger in verapamil treated than in untreated cirrhotics (4.41 +/- 1.06 vs 2.73 +/- 0.79 ml/g; P less than 0.01). We conclude that verapamil has significant potential as a portal antihypertensive agent and its value in treating cirrhosis in man should be explored by controlled studies. PMID- 3745885 TI - Hepatic disease in the Spanish toxic oil syndrome. A thirty months follow-up study. AB - Clinical and biological evidence of liver disease was found in 99 out of 242 (40%) patients hospitalized with acute manifestations of the Spanish toxic oil syndrome. No patient was alcoholic. According to the severity of liver involvement, patients were classified in 3 groups and followed up for at least 30 months. Group I included 65 patients with a transient increase of serum aminotransferase activity as the only evidence of liver disease. This abnormality disappeared within 2 months in all these patients. Group II included 18 patients with raised aminotransferases and alkaline phosphatase. At the end of follow-up, liver tests remained slightly abnormal in 4 patients of this group (22%) and a liver biopsy revealed minor changes in 3 of them. Group III included 16 patients with raised aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin. Thirty months after the acute episode, liver function tests remained abnormal in 8 patients (50%); a liver biopsy, performed in 5 cases, showed changes suggesting chronic biliary disease in 2, and fibrosteatosis, chronic hepatitis and minimal changes in each of the remaining 3. Pulmonary, cutaneous, vascular, neuromuscular and other extra-hepatic disturbances were noted in a large number of patients but no relationship was observed between the degree of hepatic disfunction and the presence and severity of systemic manifestations of the toxic oil syndrome. PMID- 3745886 TI - Role of glucose reabsorption from bile on hyperglycaemia-induced cholestasis in the rabbit. AB - The effect of glucose administration on bile secretion of glucose and bile flow and composition was studied in the rabbit. After intravenous glucose infusion at 83 mumol/kg/min a mean bile concentration of 12.7 +/- 1.8 mg/dl was reached. Intraportal administration of phlorizin enhanced bile glucose concentration to 169.6 +/- 18.1 mg/dl, suggesting the presence of a system for transferring glucose from bile to liver in the biliary tree of the rabbit. A significant correlation between bile flow and plasma glucose levels could be demonstrated. A cholestatic effect appeared in glucose-infused rabbits with a decrease in bile flow by about 40% during the second hour of infusion. Both bile acid and inorganic electrolyte output were significantly lowered. Cholestasis was maintained after phlorizin administration. Possible explanations for this effect are discussed. PMID- 3745887 TI - Cryopreservation of adult human hepatocytes. The influence of deep freezing storage on the viability, cell seeding, survival, fine structures and albumin synthesis in primary cultures. AB - Isolated and cultured human hepatocytes provide a useful model for studies of the liver cell function in man. In vitro studies using human hepatocytes are scarce, due to the limited availability and the lack of suitable methods for storage. In this study, we report the effect of deep freezing storage on the viability, fine structures and albumin synthesis of human adult hepatocytes in classical culture conditions. Hepatocytes were isolated using collagenase perfusion (9 isolations). The cell yield was 4-37 X 10(8) with a viability of 60-87%. Cryopreservation was performed in medium containing 10% DMSO and 20% fetal calf serum using a Cryoson BV-4 programmable freezer (0 degree C for 5 min, followed by a freezing rate of 1.5 degrees C/min for 20 min and 7 degrees C/min for 10 min). The cells were stored for 25-275 days in the liquid nitrogen vapor phase (-150 degrees C). Within 16 h about 80% of viable cells from freshly isolated hepatocytes whereas after cryopreservation, 55% of viable cells as determined by Trypan Blue exclusion before the cryopreservation attached to plastic and survived. Electron microscopy showed well developed tight junctions, structures similar to bile canaliculi. Cell polarity was evident. However, 'bleb' formation, more lipid droplets and lysosomes were found in cryopreserved hepatocytes during a short period after thawing. At the 3rd week, cells detached and died. These changes were associated with increased secretion of lactate dehydrogenase, whereas the albumin secretion dropped (from 10 to 4 micrograms/micrograms DNA), regardless of whether hepatocytes were cultured from fresh preparations or after cryopreservation. These findings suggest the cryopreservation is a useful technique to preserve hepatocytes for in vitro studies. Nevertheless, an improved method is necessary to increase the efficiency of cell seeding after cryopreservation. PMID- 3745888 TI - Severe bile duct lesions without biochemical evidence of cholestasis in a case of sclerosing cholangitis. AB - We report a patient with very marked cholangiographic changes of sclerosing cholangitis with normal serum alkaline phosphatase and no other detectable biochemical evidence of cholestasis. He has remained asymptomatic and still has no biochemical evidence of cholestasis despite follow-up over 3 years. This case demonstrates that patients with sclerosing cholangitis may have normal liver function tests including serum alkaline phosphatase, that asymptomatic sclerosing cholangitis may therefore be under diagnosed, and that severe radiological changes of sclerosing cholangitis may not necessarily be associated with a poor prognosis. PMID- 3745889 TI - The diagnosis and prevalence of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy in apparently healthy, ambulant, non-shunted patients with cirrhosis. AB - Thirty-seven patients, all with histologic evidence of cirrhosis and with a normal neurological examination and normal mental status were evaluated by psychometric testing for subclinical hepatic encephalopathy. They were all regarded as having well compensated cirrhosis, not requiring any treatment or dietary restrictions and they were working, and many of them driving. A group of 19 patients with a history of alcoholism, or medical disorders, but without clinical or biochemical evidence of cirrhosis, served as controls. They were matched by age, sex, education, and alcohol consumption. Investigations performed were an EEG, fasting arterial ammonia, liver biochemical tests and a series of verbal and performance psychometric tests. The EEG was abnormal in 3 (8.3%) of patients, the ammonia elevated in 17 (45.9%) of patients and 26 patients (70.3%) failed 2 or more psychometric tests, as compared to 2 (10.5%) of the control group. It is concluded that 2 out of 3 patients with stable, well compensated cirrhosis were suffering from subclinical hepatic encephalopathy and that impairment of performance rather than verbal skills occurred. The digital symbol test, trail test (number connection test) and block design tests readily identified the patients with subclinical hepatic encephalopathy. The implication of these observations in patients with cirrhosis, especially those working in mechanical or skilled occupations, needs consideration. PMID- 3745890 TI - Selected abstracts. Meeting of the French Association for the Study of the Liver. Nice, France, 10-11 March 1986. PMID- 3745891 TI - Inflammatory bowel disease: a pediatric perspective. PMID- 3745892 TI - Can fiberoptic bronchoscopy reverse acute lobar atelectasis? PMID- 3745893 TI - Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia: a re-evaluation. PMID- 3745894 TI - A review of tumor associated markers for small cel anaplastic lung cancer. PMID- 3745895 TI - Cerebral cysticercosis. PMID- 3745896 TI - Study of the American diet. PMID- 3745897 TI - 33-year-old man with shortness of breath and chest pain. PMID- 3745898 TI - Survey of blood transfusion practices in Indiana. PMID- 3745899 TI - Computer technology in the ICU. Part 1: The possibilities. PMID- 3745900 TI - Primary gastric lymphoma. PMID- 3745901 TI - Evaluation of the floppy infant, or congenital hypotonia. PMID- 3745902 TI - A survey of filing systems for the medical literature. Resident Medical Society award-winning essay. PMID- 3745903 TI - The Indiana Living Will Act. PMID- 3745904 TI - Indiana consent: a survey of practice. PMID- 3745905 TI - Measurement of DNA content in single cells morphologically identified on smears. AB - A method was developed for measuring the nuclear DNA content in single cells previously identified on a bone marrow smear stained by the Wright-Giemsa method. The smear was first photographed and the location of individual cells, identified by morphology, was recorded on a cell map. The smear was then bleached with 50% acid ethanol and absolute methanol, and re-stained by the Feulgen method in 0.05% pararosaniline Schiff's reagent (pH 2.3) at 7 degrees C for 10 min. Nuclear red fluorescence was observed and the intensity of this fluorescence was proportional to the amount of DNA after prior irradiation of smears with green light for 9 hr. The method is useful for measuring cell DNA content in heterogeneous cell populations when morphological cell identification is required. PMID- 3745906 TI - Sialoglycoconjugates of a pancreatic tumor: markers for cell polarity, membrane fluidity, and possible role in exocytosis. AB - The distribution and nature of sialoglycoconjugates on the surface of cells of a pancreatic carcinoma and their behavior when interacting with the sialic acid specific lectin, limulin (LPA; from Limulus polyphemus hemolymph) were compared to those of normal pancreatic acinar cells. Fluorescence microscopy of frozen sections, using rhodaminated LPA (Rh-LPA), revealed protease-resistant binding sites evenly distributed over the cell surface of neoplastic cells, contrasting with the asymmetric distribution of sialoglycoconjugates on normal acinar cells. An asymmetric staining pattern, resembling that of normal acinar cells, was occasionally observed in tumor cells that had regained their structural polarity when in contact with the basement membranes of blood vessels. Cytochemistry, using horseradish peroxidase-conjugated LPA (HRP-LPA), showed that the binding of limulin to neoplastic cells was less intense than that to any plasmalemmal domain of normal acinar cells. In tumor cells, local intensification of LPA binding was systematically observed on plasmalemmal regions adjacent to zymogen granules. Fixed dissociated cells, both tumor and normal, treated with Rh-LPA, retained the fluorescence distribution of Rh-LPA observed in situ. Nonfixed neoplastic cells showed lectin-induced patching of limulin binding sites and were more susceptible to agglutination by LPA than normal acinar cells. PMID- 3745907 TI - The intragranular location of carboxyl groups in neuromelanin and lipofuscin in human brain and in meningeal melanosomes in mouse brain. AB - The intragranular location of carboxyl groups was tinctorially determined in human substantia nigra neuromelanin granules, human inferior olive lipofuscin granules, and mouse meningeal melanosomes. Soluble and insoluble lipid was stained with beta naphthol Sudans in unoxidized and oxidized frozen and paraffin sections containing neuromelanin or lipofuscin. Nile blue demonstrated carboxyls in unoxidized neuromelanin, lipofuscin, and melanin, and in oxidized neuromelanin and lipofuscin. Carbodiimide demonstrated carboxyls in unoxidized and oxidized lipofuscin and oxidized neuromelanin. In all instances, staining for carboxyls was inhibited by prior mild methylation, and proof of their presence was obtained by a pre-staining, stepwise, alternating, and repetitive mild demethylation, mild methylation sequence. Structurally, carboxyls were demonstrated in the neuromelanin granule's soluble lipid-free lipofuscin component, in the meningeal melanosome's melanin component, and virtually throughout the lipofuscin granule. The following structural and chemical basis was proposed for the different resistance of Nile blue staining of melanosomes and of neuromelanin and lipofuscin to acetone extraction. Nile blue forms an insoluble complex with melanosomal dopa-melanin's quinonoid, diphenolic, and undissociated carboxyl units. Such complex formation does not occur in neuromelanin's carboxyl-free dopamine-melanin component, however. Instead, Nile blue ionogenicly bonds with dissociated carboxyls belonging to the neuromelanin granule's lipofuscin component. PMID- 3745908 TI - Autoradiographic study of [35S]-cysteine and [1-14C]-cystine in pregnant and neonatal mice. AB - The distribution and fate of 35S from [35S]-cysteine and 14C from [1-14C] cystine, both precursors to taurine in 17-day pregnant mice and (1-day-old) neonates were investigated by whole-body autoradiography following IV injection for the pregnant mice and IP injection for the neonates. Survival intervals were 30 min, 3 hr. In the dam, 35S and 14C were both highly incorporated into the pancreas. As very low uptake of [35S]-taurine in the pancreas was found in a previous study, it is reasonable to suggest that most radioactivity found in the pancreas represents cysteine. In maternal brain, brown fat, and myocardium, optical density and relative ratio (ODs of 35S and 14C in each tissue and organ/ODs of 35S and 14C in the blood) of 35S were significantly higher than those of 14C, assuming that most of 35S might be present as taurine in these regions. In the developing brain, 35S was found mainly in the differentiating neurons of the cortical plate, including the primordial hippocampal cell layer, and of the cerebellar cortical plate. Relative ratios of 35S in these cerebral regions were significantly higher than those of 14C, suggesting that most of 35S represents taurine. PMID- 3745909 TI - A cryoprotection method that facilitates cutting frozen sections of whole monkey brains for histological and histochemical processing without freezing artifact. AB - Cutting frozen sections of large (greater than 60 cc) blocks of monkey brain using the conventional procedures of infiltration with 30% sucrose as a cryoprotectant before freezing with pulverized dry ice often produces unacceptable levels of freezing artifact (FA) caused by displacement of tissue by ice crystals. Experiments investigating FA utilized perfusion-fixed brains from 46 monkeys and spanned combinations of cryoprotectants (glycerol, sucrose), freezing methods (dry ice or -75 degrees C isopentane), and fixatives (10% formalin, Karnovsky's or Timm's). The effects were evaluated by rating of FA severity in frozen sections of whole monkey brains. Minor FA appears as enlarged capillaries, more serious FA as large vacuoles, and both first appear midway between the periphery and center of the block. Stronger fixatives increased the severity of freezing artifact. The best method for eliminating FA was graded infiltration with up to 20% glycerol and 2% DMSO (in buffer or fixative), followed by rapid freezing in -75 degrees C isopentane. Although using a glycerol DMSO infiltration before conventional freezing with pulverized dry ice or using conventional sucrose infiltration before freezing in isopentane gave better results than sucrose infiltration and dry-ice freezing, only the combination of glycerol-DMSO infiltration and freezing in isopentane produced consistently excellent results and virtually eliminated freezing artifact. To determine the effect of freezing with dry ice or isopentane on the rate of cooling in large blocks of CNS tissue, thermocouples were embedded in an 80-cc block of albumin gelatin and frozen with the two methods. The rate of cooling (-3.5 degrees C/min) was twice as fast using isopentane. PMID- 3745910 TI - Demonstration of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase in un-decalcified, glycolmethacrylate-embedded mouse bone: a possible marker for (pre)osteoclast identification. AB - Fixed, undecalcified mouse long bones were embedded in glycol methacrylate (GMA), sectioned, and incubated for acid phosphatase in the presence or absence of tartrate, to investigate the feasibility of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase as a histochemical marker for osteoclast identification. Naphthol AS-BI phosphate was used as the substrate and hexazonium pararosanaline as coupler. Cytocentrifuge preparations of mouse, rat, and quail bone marrow or frozen and GMA sections of mouse splenic tissue were used as controls to specify acid phosphatase activity. After adequate fixation, acid phosphatase activity sensitive to tartrate inhibition (TS-AP) was demonstrated in macrophages from spleen, bone marrow, and loose connective tissue surrounding bone rudiments. Acid phosphatase activity resistant to tartrate inhibition (TR-AP), was detected in multi-nuclear osteoclasts and in some mononuclear cells from bone marrow and periosteum. In cytocentrifuge preparations and frozen sections of mouse spleen, TR-AP was demonstrated after simultaneous incubation with substrate and tartrate. In GMA sections, however, TR-AP could only be demonstrated after pre-incubation with tartrate before application of substrate. We suggest that histochemical demonstration of TR-AP versus TS-AP on GMA-embedded bone sections by means of a pre-incubation method can be used as an identification marker of (pre)osteoclasts. Plastic embedding is recommended for its excellent preservation of morphology and enzyme activity. PMID- 3745911 TI - Double label autoradiography--an improvement. AB - A convenient method for double-label autoradiography is described that uses an aqueous mountant, Gelutol (polyvinyl alcohol), which keeps the gelatin spacer in the final autoradiograph permanently swollen to a thickness of around 18 microns in contrast to its 5 microns thickness during exposure of the autoradiograph. This greatly improves optical discrimination between upper and lower layers without the loss of sensitivity or resolution that would result if a 18 microns spacer were used during exposure. PMID- 3745912 TI - Electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. Silver enhancement of colloidal gold marker allows double labeling with the same primary antibody. AB - Electron microscopic sections, immunocytochemically labeled with colloidal gold, can be prepared for double labeling by applying the "EM-silver enhancement" procedure. This method, a photographic, so-called physical, development, increases the size of the gold marker to a predeterminable value and thereby inactivates the anti-species antibody present on the gold grain, thus allowing the labeling of a second antigen with antibody raised in the same species. PMID- 3745913 TI - Proceedings of the Histochemical Society, 37th annual meeting. San Francisco, California, June 8-13, 1986. Abstracts. PMID- 3745914 TI - The membrane attack complex in complement-mediated glomerular epithelial cell injury: formation and stability of C5b-9 and C5b-7 in rat membranous nephropathy. AB - Using a model of rat membranous nephropathy (MN), we examined the relationship between the development of glomerular epithelial cell injury and the formation and stability of the membrane attack complex (MAC) of complement. Isolated rat kidneys were perfused with buffered bovine albumin (BSA) or various plasmas (complement source). Kidneys containing nephritogenic amounts of complement fixing sheep antibody to glomerular epithelial antigens (aFx1A) perfused with BSA (n = 5), and normal kidneys perfused with normal human plasma in BSA (50% v/v, n = 6) excreted 0.30 +/- 0.02 mg protein/min/g during 90 min perfusion (control groups). When normal plasma was added to the perfusate of aFx1A kidneys at concentrations of 12.5, 25, and 50% v/v, protein excretion rose in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Perfusions with 25% plasma resulted in baseline proteinuria from 0 to 20 min that increased to 2.8 +/- 0.9 mg/min/g at 20 to 40 min and 8.6 +/- 2.1 at 40 to 60 min (n = 4, p less than 0.01 vs control groups). Removal of plasma at 20 min did not prevent this rise in protein excretion (3.9 +/- 2.4 and 5.8 +/- 2.6 mg/min/g at 30 to 40 and 55 to 65 min respectively, p less than 0.01, n = 4). Perfusion of aFx1A kidneys with C8-deficient (C8D) human plasma (25% v/v, n = 4) or C6D rabbit serum (25% v/v, n = 2) independently produced low levels of proteinuria comparable with BSA, but in combination, the two reagents restored enhanced protein excretion (n = 2). In aFx1A kidneys containing C5b-7, addition of C8 and C9 (C6D serum) after intervals of 20, 60, or 90 min immediately reconstituted heavy proteinuria. Thus, the magnitude of MAC induced glomerular epithelial injury in rat MN is related to the complement dose. Altered glomerular permeability is delayed with respect to the onset of complement activation. Once sufficient C5b-9 is formed, proteinuria can develop despite cessation of new MAC assembly, implying that C5b-9 persists after formation. Moreover, the C5b-7 MAC intermediate is not eliminated rapidly in this model. PMID- 3745915 TI - Antibody and immune complexes induce tissue factor production by human endothelial cells. AB - Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have an increased incidence of arterial and venous thromboses. The mechanism by which thromboses develop in these patients is unknown. We had previously observed that the sera of patients with SLE contain antibodies and immune complexes that can bind to endothelial cells. Because endothelial cells can synthesize tissue factor, a potent activator of coagulation, we studied the effect of IgG complexes and sera from patients with SLE on the production of tissue factor by these cells. Human umbilical venous endothelial cells incubated with heat-aggregated IgG (HA-IgG) (0.5 to 4.0 mg) elaborate procoagulant activity in a dose-dependent manner. All procoagulant activity was found in the particulate cell fraction, and none was secreted into the medium. Maximum expression of procoagulant activity required 6 to 8 hr, and its production was totally inhibited by the addition of cyclohexamide or actinomycin D. The presence of gel-filtered platelets augmented production of procoagulant activity by endothelial cells stimulated by HA-IgG. Endothelial cell procoagulant activity was not inactivated by diisofluoropropylphosphate, required the presence of Factor VII for its expression, and was neutralized by a specific anti-tissue factor antibody. Endothelial cells incubated with sera from 14 of 16 patients with SLE produced increased amounts of tissue factor compared with 21 normal sera (p less than 0.025). Fractions of two SLE sera containing monomeric IgG, IgA, or IgM, as well as fractions containing IgG complexes, each stimulated endothelial cells to produce more tissue factor than similar fractions prepared from two normal sera. These studies demonstrate that endothelial cells will produce the procoagulant tissue factor after exposure to anti-endothelial cell antibodies or IgG-containing immune complexes. The production of tissue factor by endothelial cells at sites of immune vascular injury may play a role in the development of thromboses in patients with SLE. PMID- 3745917 TI - Natural killer cell number and function in the spontaneously diabetic BB/W rat. AB - The BB/W rat provides a good model of spontaneous autoimmune diabetes. Diabetes prone (DP) rats have a virtual lack of OX 8+ OX 19+ T cytotoxic/suppressor cells in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and spleen, suggesting that the OX 8+ OX 9- natural killer (NK) cells are the predominant cytotoxic cell in this animal. In this study, we have shown that rat NK cells belong to the OX 8+ OX 19- asialo GM1 bright population, and that rat NK cell function may be depleted in vivo by administration of OX 8 antibody. Furthermore, evidence is provided to indicate that NK cell number and activity are enhanced on a per cell basis in DP rats as compared to the diabetes-resistant W line rat. DP rats had about threefold more NK cells than did W-line rats. The cytotoxic activity mediated by spleen and PBL against the YAC-1 target generally correlated with the relative number of cells having the OX 8+ OX 19- phenotype. DP lymphocytes mediated low levels of cytolytic activity against the relatively resistant NK target cell K562. To more directly compare the activity of W-line and DP NK cells, spleen NK cells were isolated by flow sorting of the OX 8+ OX 19- population. At a 5:1 E:T ratio, DP OX 8+ OX 19- cells elicited 21% +/- 3 specific lysis and W-line cells elicited 7% +/- 2 specific lysis. To determine whether the elevated levels of NK cells and NK cell activity in DP rats were a consequence of NK cell proliferation, spleen cells were size-separated by centrifugal elutriation. The NK cell activity was predominantly mediated by small to medium-size lymphocytes and not blast-size enriched populations. Moreover, when the DNA content of splenic OX 8+ cells was measured, 98% of the cells were in the G0-G1 phase of the cell cycle. These data indicate that NK cell number and activity are elevated in DP rats, and support a role for NK cells in the pathogenesis of BB/W diabetes. PMID- 3745916 TI - Inhibition of lymphokine-induced macrophage microbicidal activity against Leishmania major by liposomes: characterization of the physicochemical requirements for liposome inhibition. AB - Resident peritoneal macrophages from untreated mice develop potent microbicidal activity against amastigotes of Leishmania major after in vitro treatment with lymphokine (LK) from mitogen-stimulated spleen cells. LK-induced macrophage microbicidal activity was completely and selectively abrogated by treatment with phosphatidylcholine-phosphatidylserine (PC/PS) liposomes. Other macrophage effector functions (phagocytosis, tumoricidal activity) were unaffected, as was cytotoxicity by macrophages activated in vivo or by LK in vitro before liposome treatment. Activation factors in LK were not adsorbed or destroyed by liposomes. Liposome-induced inhibition was unaffected by indomethacin and was fully reversible: macrophages washed free of liposomes developed strong microbicidal activity with subsequent LK treatment. Changes in liposomal lipid composition markedly altered suppressive effects, but inhibition was not dependent on liposome size, cholesterol content, charge, or number of lamellae. Liposomes composed of PC alone or in combination with any of five different phospholipids were not suppressive. In contrast, inhibition was directly dependent on PS concentration within PC/PS liposomes. Phosphoserine was not inhibitory nor was dimyristoyl PS (synthetic saturated PS). However, the lysophospholipid metabolite of PS, lysoPS, was strongly suppressive. These studies suggest that the reversible and selective inhibition of LK-induced macrophage microbicidal activity by PC/PS liposomes is mediated by PS and its lysoPS metabolite. PMID- 3745918 TI - Calcium modulation and chemotactic response: divergent stimulation of neutrophil chemotaxis and cytosolic calcium response by the chemotactic peptide receptor. AB - Stimulation of neutrophils by chemoattractants is followed by a rapid, transient rise in cytosolic calcium concentration. The role of calcium in activation of cell movement and related responses was examined by selectively chelating extracellular or both extra- and intracellular calcium. Removal of calcium from the extracellular medium did not alter the cytosolic calcium concentration (Quin 2 fluorescence, 110 to 120 nM) of unstimulated neutrophils and did not dramatically affect the rise induced by formyl peptide. Despite the intact Quin 2 response, depletion of extracellular calcium partially inhibited chemotaxis, adherence to substrate, and polarization (increased forward light scatter) in response to formyl peptide. Loading neutrophils with Quin 2 in the absence of calcium depressed cytosolic Ca2+ to 10 to 20 nM and abrogated a detectable rise with formyl peptide stimulation. Depletion of intracellular calcium further inhibited chemotaxis and polarization, although neutrophils still demonstrated significant directed migration and shape change to formyl peptide (30 to 40% of control) without an increase in Quin 2 fluorescence. Other neutrophil responses related to chemotaxis (decreased right-angle light scatter, actin polymerization) were minimally affected by depletion of calcium from either site. The data indicate that neutrophil chemotaxis and related responses to formyl peptide may be activated by intracellular signals not detectable with Quin 2. PMID- 3745919 TI - Subcellular distribution of leukotriene C4 binding units in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells. AB - The subcellular distribution of specific binding sites for [3H]leukotriene C4 ([3H]LTC4) was analyzed after sedimentation of organelles from disrupted bovine aortic endothelial cells on sucrose density gradients and was shown to be in membrane fractions I (20% sucrose) and IV (35% sucrose). Saturation binding studies of [3H]LTC4 on endothelial cell monolayers at 4 degrees C demonstrated high-affinity binding sites with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 6.8 +/- 2.2 nM (mean +/- SD) and a density of 0.12 +/- 0.02 pmol/10(6) cells. At 4 degrees C, the specific binding of [3H]LTC4 by each of the subcellular fractions reached equilibrium at 30 min and remained stable for an additional 60 min. After 30 min of incubation with [3H]LTC4, the addition of excess unlabeled LTC4 to each subcellular fraction reversed more than 70% of [3H]LTC4 binding in 10 min. The [3H]LTC4 binding activities of subcellular fractions were enhanced approximately twofold to fourfold in the presence of Ca2+, Mg2+, and Mn2+, whereas Na+, K+, and Li+ were without effect. As measured by saturation experiments, the Kd and density of LTC4 binding sites in fraction I were 4.8 +/- 1.6 nM and 16.5 +/- 1.9 pmol/mg of protein, respectively, and in fraction IV were 4.7 +/- 1.5 nM and 81.4 +/- 19 pmol/mg of protein, respectively. Inhibition of [3H]LTC4 binding in membrane-enriched subcellular fractions I and IV by LTC4 occurred with molar inhibition constant (Ki) values of 4.5 +/- 0.1 nM and 4.7 +/- 1.2 nM, respectively, whereas Ki values for LTD4 were 570 +/- 330 nM and 62.5 +/- 32.8 nM, respectively, and for LTE4 were greater than 1000 nM for each fraction; LTB4 and reduced glutathione were even less active. FPL55712, a putative antagonist of the sulfidopeptide LT components of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis, had Ki values of 1520 +/- 800 nM and 1180 +/- 720 nM for [3H]LTC4 binding sites on membrane-enriched subcellular fractions I and IV, respectively. Thus as defined by Kd, Ki, and specificity, the LTC4 binding units that are distributed to the plasma membrane and the binding units in the subcellular fraction of greater density were similar to each other. Pretreatment of the isolated subcellular membrane fractions with trypsin abolished [3H]LTC4 binding by fraction I, enriched for the plasma membrane marker 5' nucleotidase, and that by fraction IV, enriched for the mitochondrial membrane marker succinate-cytochrome C reductase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3745920 TI - Mast cell "disappearance" in chronic murine graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) ultrastructural demonstration of "phantom mast cells". AB - Mast cells were studied during the induction of chronic graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) induced in mice across minor histocompatibility barriers. B10.D2 spleen cells (or control BALB/c cells) were injected into irradiated (600 rad) BALB/c recipients. Serial skin biopsies were taken over 26 days, during which time changes occurred resembling scleroderma, namely, dermal fibrosis, a mononuclear cell infiltrate, and loss of fat and appendages. Mast cells, when stained with toluidine blue, "disappeared" from GVHD, but not from control skin. Ultrastructural analysis showed that mast cells in GVHD skin were indeed present but underwent degranulation. Some mast cells showed only pale expanded sacs, indicating granule depletion. Because these cells could not be seen by toluidine blue staining but were plainly present, we have called them "phantom mast cells." Cellular activation occurred in many GVHD mast cells as shown by increased cytoplasmic activity, with numerous Golgi complexes, ribosomes, granular endoplasmic reticulum, and small vesicles. No identifiable mast cells were seen after day 19. No significant changes were seen in the mast cells of syngeneic control mice. We believe that immunologic processes in chronic GVHD cause a slow release of mast cell granule contents, which is different from anaphylactic degranulation. The depleted mast cells (invisible by toluidine blue staining) are also activated, perhaps in an attempt to replete their stores of granule contents. We discuss the relation of mast cell changes to fibrosis. PMID- 3745921 TI - Europium-labelled target cells in an assay of natural killer cell activity. II. A novel non-radioactive method based on time-resolved fluorescence. significance and specificity of the method. AB - The significance, specificity and high sensitivity of a new method to determine the natural killer cell cytolysis of europium diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (EuDTPA)-labelled target cells has been confirmed. The targets used in this release assay were the NK sensitive cell line K-562 and the resistant cell line Raji. The released EuDTPA was detected by a method based on time-resolved fluorometry. The specific EuDTPA release was higher than specific 51chromium (51Cr) release. Competitive assays, where half of the target cells were labelled with EuDTPA and the other half with 51Cr and the use of double labelled target cells showed that the results were identical with those of single labelled cells. The reliability of the EuDTPA release assay was further confirmed by performing experiments using NK cells from a patient whose complete lack of NK activity had earlier been demonstrated with the 51Cr release assay. Furthermore, our studies show that the amount of incorporated EuDTPA was directly proportional to the concentration of marker used. Due to the proportional incorporation of EuDTPA the labelling conditions can be chosen to obtain a sensitivity which allows even single cells to be detected. PMID- 3745922 TI - An avidin-biotin ELISA for the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins A and B. AB - The avidin-biotin system was incorporated into the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to establish a new detection method for staphylococcal enterotoxins A and B in culture supernatants. Staphylococcal protein A (SPA) does not interfere significantly with the procedure. The test shows good sensitivity for the toxins and the ease and rapidity with which the assay can be performed make it a valuable tool for the routine detection of enterotoxins. PMID- 3745923 TI - Preparation, purification and analysis of BSA-coated latex particles for in vivo studies. Non-ionic adsorbance of unbound protein ligand. AB - A procedure for the preparation, purification and analysis of small, BSA-coated carboxylate-modified latex (CML) particles, suitable for use in in vivo studies has been developed. Following conjugation, uptake of unbound BSA by Amberlite XAD 8 non-ionic adsorbent beads has been shown to be an effective method by which unbound protein ligands may be removed from coated latex preparations. PMID- 3745924 TI - Enzyme immunoassay for human chorionic gonadotropin using monoclonal antibodies elicited with a synthetic peptide. AB - We recently described the generation of mouse monoclonal antibodies directed against hCG using a synthetic peptide immunogen: the carboxy-terminal peptide (CTP) of beta-hCG. The CTP, residues 109-145, is a portion unique to hCG and is not present in other glycoprotein hormones. These monoclonal antibodies react with beta-hCG-CTP and whole hCG but do not react with hLH. In the present study, a two-site sandwich ELISA specific for hCG has been developed using these CTP induced monoclonal antibodies. Two monoclonal antibodies were paired: beta-hCG CTP-a6 was immobilized to give a hCG-specific solid phase, and a biotinylated monoclonal antibody against beta-hCG was used as the indicator antibody. This second antibody was introduced during the hCG-capture step because of its agonist effect on hCG-capture by beta-hCG-CTP-a6 solid phase. This ELISA system can detect 2.2 IU/l hCG in a serum-free medium and 10.4 IU/l in a medium containing 20% human serum. We did not observe any cross-reactivity with hLH up to concentrations of 5000 IU/l. The hCG-ELISA correlated well (r = 0.99) with a control RIA in an assay of 78 human sera from healthy males, pregnant or non pregnant females and from patients with choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole, or teratocarcinoma. PMID- 3745925 TI - Electrophoretic analysis of liver neuraminidase-1 variation in mice and additional evidence concerning the location of NEU-1. AB - Neuraminidase-1 (NEU-1) is one of two neuraminidase isozymes which can be detected electrophoretically in mouse liver extracts. The inheritance of variation in NEU-1 and the linkage relationships of the gene controlling this variation were studied through a backcross analysis involving the SM/J and MA/MyJ inbred strains, and by examination of NEU-1 phenotypes in three congenic strains: B10.SM, B10.SM(22R) and B10.RVB. The data indicate that NEU-1 is controlled by Neu-1, a gene previously identified by its effect on total liver neuraminidase activity in whole tissue homogenates. Analysis of the congenic strains revealed identical low activity (SM/J-type: Neu-1a/Neu-1a) NEU-1 phenotypes in all three strains. This indicates that Neu-1 lies in the segment of the SM/J-derived H-2 region that is common to all three strains: H-2E alpha to H-2D. In addition, we examined the relationship between NEU-1 and phenotypic variation in liver acid phosphatase (AP; for which a new typing method is described) and linkage order among several other enzyme-coding genes linked to H-2. In all animals that could be scored confidently for AP, the NEU-1 and AP phenotypes were concordant, adding support to the hypothesis that both phenotypes are controlled by Neu-1. Recombination rates among six H-2-linked marker loci were unexpectedly low, but were sufficient to verify the position of Upg-1 as the telomeric flanking marker relative to Glo-1, H-2 (C4), Neu-1 (Apl), Ce-2 and Pgk-2. PMID- 3745927 TI - Recent advances in the prevention of hepatitis B infection. Proceedings of a symposium. Singapore, 10 January 1986. PMID- 3745926 TI - Molecular analysis of a case of IgA2 deficiency. AB - A family with two members with selective IgA2 deficiency was analysed by direct gene analysis with different probes for the IgCH region. No gross gene deletions or rearrangements were detected. Genetic analysis based on serological and molecular markers did not rule out linkage with the IgCH region. However, a defect of other genes not linked to the Ig heavy chain region and controlling the expression of IgA may be possible as well. PMID- 3745928 TI - Laboratory studies on the recycling potential of the mosquito pathogenic fungus Culicinomyces clavisporus. PMID- 3745929 TI - New Bacillus thuringiensis strains isolated in Israel are highly toxic to mosquito larvae. PMID- 3745930 TI - Suppression of immune responses of locusts to trypanosomatid flagellates by concomitant mermithid infection. PMID- 3745931 TI - Enhancement of the elicitation phase of the murine contact hypersensitivity response by prior exposure to local ultraviolet radiation. AB - Local exposure of the sites of elicitation (ears) of contact hypersensitivity (CHS) in mice to relatively modest doses of ultraviolet radiation (FS40 sunlamps) daily for 4 days prior to challenge in previously immunized animals results in significant enhancement of the CHS response as measured by 24-h swelling. This effect was seen in both C3H/HeJ and A/J mice and with the use of both trinitrochlorobenzene and dinitrofluorobenzene as contact sensitizers. Doses of PUVA (parenteral administration of 8-methoxypsoralen followed by exposure to UVA, 320-400 nm, radiation) up to that which can systemically suppress the induction of CHS failed to affect the elicitation of CHS. Irritation of the sites of elicitation of CHS by applications of turpentine also failed to affect the CHS elicitation reaction. Enhancement of the CHS elicitation response by local ultraviolet radiation exposure prior to challenge appears to be a specific photobiologic event. PMID- 3745933 TI - Abnormal wound healing in UV-irradiated skin of Sencar mice. AB - Sencar mice demonstrate an unusual sensitivity to epidermal carcinogenesis by initiation-promotion or single high-dose exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). These mice exhibited an exaggerated and persistent epidermal hyperplasia in response to tissue damage caused by UVR. The persistent hyperplasia was not present in similarly treated BALB/c mice, a strain that is relatively resistant to skin carcinogenesis by initiation-promotion or single-exposure UVR. Epithelial cell proliferation and migration were examined by autoradiography to determine the cellular basis for the persistence of hyperplasia in Sencar mouse skin. Twelve weeks after irradiation, the rate of epidermal basal cell proliferation was approximately 4 times greater in Sencar mice than in BALB/c mice, whereas epidermal cell transit times were similar in the two strains. This result indicated that persistent hyperplasia was due to sustained epithelial cell division rather than delayed cell maturation. Surgical incision of Sencar skin did not cause abnormal hyperplasia, nor did this procedure enhance the induction of tumors by UVR. These findings suggest that Sencar mice may possess a heritable defect that mediates both tissue regeneration and tumorigenesis in UV-irradiated skin. PMID- 3745932 TI - Complement fixation by pemphigus antibody. III. Altered epidermal cell membrane integrity mediated by pemphigus antibody and complement. AB - The present study investigates the effects of pemphigus IgG and complement upon cell viability and/or membrane integrity using trypan blue exclusion, ethidium bromide (EB) staining, and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) conversion by living cells. Forty-eight-hour cultivated epidermal monolayers of neonatal BALB/c mice were incubated in media containing 1 mg/ml purified pemphigus IgG for 48 h in either the presence or absence of complement (absorbed AB sera). Adherent and detached cells were examined by both phase and fluorescence microscopy. Results from trypan blue exclusion showed that pemphigus IgG plus complement produced a modest decrease in exclusion of the dye compared to pemphigus IgG without complement. When FDA/EB comparisons were made, however, the differences were more substantial. When complement plus pemphigus IgG was added to cultures, the number of FDA-positive adherent cells decreased significantly and the number of EB positive detached cells increased significantly. The effects of complement were inhibited by the use of heat-inactivated AB sera or by C1q depletion of AB sera. No significant effect on the cells was observed in the presence or absence of complement when pemphigus F(ab')2 fragments or when normal IgG was used. Plasminogen depletion of the complement source did not interfere with complement and pemphigus IgG effects as judged by the FDA/EB assay. These studies suggest that pemphigus antibody in the presence of complement alters cell membrane integrity and supports the contention that complement may play a significant role in the mechanism of acantholysis. PMID- 3745934 TI - Hemidesmosome heterogeneity in junctional epidermolysis bullosa revealed by morphometric analysis. AB - In order to examine the claim for a numerical and structural abnormality of the hemidesmosomes in junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB), a morphometric analysis of unseparated dermal-epidermal junction was undertaken in 11 subjects with JEB. Of these, 5 died in infancy with "lethal" disease, 3 were children still alive at 1-6 years with "indeterminate" disease, and 3 were females aged 20-60 years with variable phenotypic expression of "nonlethal" JEB. All the lethal cases had reduced numbers of hemidesmosomes which were small and lacked normal subbasal dense plates, with the exception of 1 patient whose hemidesmosomes were structurally and numerically normal. The principal hemidesmosome abnormality in the 3 cases with indeterminate JEB was the absence of normal subbasal dense plates. In 2 of the 3 cases of nonlethal JEB, the hemidesmosomes appeared normal, whereas in the third patient they showed a similar abnormality to that present in the majority of the lethal group. These results demonstrate that JEB is an ultrastructurally heterogeneous condition, and suggest that, even though the hemidesmosome abnormalities may be of diagnostic value, they do not correlate sufficiently well with the clinical outcome to be useful as a prognostic indicator. PMID- 3745935 TI - A study of the veil cells around normal, diabetic, and aged cutaneous microvessels. AB - The veil cells around normal, diabetic, and aged vessels were reconstructed in 3 dimensions by a computer graphics system from 120-140 serial ultrathin sections. The normal vessel was surrounded by a single layer of veil cells which had a wrinkled and pleated surface. The diabetic vessels were surrounded by 3-6 layers of cellular material produced by increased numbers of veil cells and their associated cytoplasmic sheets. The veil cells around aged vessels appeared to have the same length as young and diabetic veil cells but were underdeveloped in their lateral extensions so that they did not cover the vessel circumferentially as well as did the normal veil cells. Preliminary data suggest that young, diabetic, and aged veil cells have the same metabolic activity per unit area of cytoplasm and are of the same length. The abnormal thickness or thinness of the vascular wall of dermal microvessels appears to be related to the degree of development and numbers of veil cells around the vessels rather than any change in their basic metabolic activity from normal. PMID- 3745936 TI - Quantification of scalp hair--a computer-aided methodology. AB - A method for obtaining a quantitative assessment of hair density is described. First, a photographic image of the scalp is digitized onto a high-resolution computer graphics screen. Second, the frequency of each of 256 gray levels (one for each of 500 vertical X 500 horizontal = 250,000 locations on the screen) is obtained and the frequency histogram of gray levels is displayed. Third, a statistical procedure, gaussian mixture analysis, is used to resolve the frequency distribution into two normally distributed component distributions. The first component distribution describes the range of gray levels that are typically associated with hair. The second component distribution describes shades of gray that are typically associated with scalp. The statistical model provides a precise measure of the proportion of the head that exhibits gray levels in each of the two component distributions (hair or scalp). The proportion of the first component distribution is a scale-independent measure of hair density. The difference in this quantity before and after treatment provides an accurate quantitative determination of the change in hair density and hence of the efficacy of treatment. PMID- 3745937 TI - Hair follicle response of the golden Syrian hamster flank organ to continuous testosterone stimulation using silastic capsules. AB - The hamster flank organ has served as a model to study androgen-dependent responses of the skin, but the quantitative response of hair follicles to androgenic stimulation has been neglected. We assayed the hair follicle response to testosterone (T) and compared it to the response of the sebaceous glands and of the dermal pigment in the Golden Syrian hamster flank organ. Because of biologic variation in male animals and uneven absorption of hormone from parenteral injections, we implanted silastic capsules 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 cm in length filled with crystalline T subcutaneously into female hamsters for 6 weeks. Hair follicle response to T was more sensitive than sebaceous gland or pigment. Diameters of hairs under the sebaceous gland increased significantly from control values of 27.7 +/- 1.0 micron to 38.0 +/- 1.6 micron at the lowest dose of T tested, the 0.25-cm capsule (p less than 0.001). There was an increase in the absolute number of hairs under the sebaceous gland as the flank organ enlarged, from 27.9 +/- 9.9 control to 55.3 +/- 5.8 with the 2-cm T capsule. There was no concomitant increase in hair density, 14.4 +/- 3.5 hairs/mm control vs 12.5 +/- 1.1 hairs/mm with the 2-cm capsule. Hair follicles lateral to the sebaceous gland did not show the same response to androgen stimulation. Sebaceous gland and pigmentation responded in a dose-dependent fashion, the maximum effect being achieved with a 1-cm T capsule. We conclude that T affects hair by specifically stimulating growth of individual hairs physically under the sebaceous gland. As the whole flank organ enlarges more hairs are recruited to become larger but no new follicles appear. These studies also confirm that there are different sensitivities to androgen within the various androgen-dependent components of the hamster flank organ, with increase in hair diameter being highly sensitive. This model should be useful for the specific and quantitative assessment of androgenic and antiandrogenic substances on hair growth and ultimately by useful for therapy of hirsutism. PMID- 3745938 TI - Increased intestinal permeability in atopic eczema. AB - We have investigated gastrointestinal permeability in children with atopic eczema by measuring the relative urinary excretion rates of the inert di- and monosaccharides lactulose and rhamnose following their oral administration. The median lactulose/rhamnose ratio was greater in 26 children with atopic eczema than in a control group of 29 children which included both healthy individuals and others with various noneczematous dermatoses. This increased permeability may be a primary abnormality of the gut or may reflect intestinal mucosal damage caused by local hypersensitivity reactions to food antigens. PMID- 3745939 TI - Local variation in cutaneous and subcutaneous blood flow measured by CdTe(C1) minidetectors in normal and psoriatic skin. AB - The accuracy of the 133Xe washout method and the validity of newly developed cadmium telluride CdTe(Cl) minisemiconductor detectors were estimated by performing comparative, simultaneous measurements of both cutaneous (CBF) and subcutaneous (SBF) blood flow using 2 conventional scintillation sodium iodide NaI(Tl) and CdTe(Cl) detectors over the same radioactive depot in each of 10 individuals. The accuracy of the 133Xe washout method was found to be 13-15% (C.V.) for the CBF measurements and 9-12% (C.V.) for the SBF measurements. The CdTe(Cl) detectors, which have a weight of 20 g and were attached directly over the radioactive depot, may replace stationary NaI(Tl) detectors placed 20 cm from the depot for measurements of both CBF and SBF. Two CdTe(Cl) detectors were used for estimations of the local variation in CBF and SBF within a distance of 5 cm in normal skin of 10 individuals. The C.V. was 7% for the CBF measurements and 18% for the SBF measurements. Measurements of CBF and SBF were performed in 6 psoriatic patients who, after about 1 week of antipsoriatic treatment with beech tar, developed typical Woronoff rings. The local CBF differed significantly from the center of psoriatic plaques to the margin, in the Woronoff ring, and in nonlesional skin. In contrast, SBF was remarkably equal within the plaque and in the Woronoff ring. The color of the Woronoff ring cannot be ascribed to a local cutaneous vasoconstriction. Cutaneous blood flow in chronic stable, lesional psoriatic skin was significantly lower than previously published values for active lesional psoriatic skin, but significantly higher than CBF in normal individuals. Measurements of CBF in tetrahydrofurfuryl nicotinic acid (Trafuril) treated skin showed higher values than measurements of CBF in the postischemic hyperemia period both in normal and in lesional psoriatic skin. Trafuril induced a significant increase of CBF in both lesional and nonlesional skin. The high CBF rates in lesional psoriatic skin are not due to a maximally, passively dilated vascular bed. PMID- 3745940 TI - Exposure to low-dose ultraviolet radiation suppresses delayed-type hypersensitivity to herpes simplex virus in mice. AB - Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is reported to induce a defect in epidermal antigen presentation which leads to specific suppression of the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to trinitrochlorobenzene. We have used a similar system to examine the murine DTH response to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Mice irradiated with 96 mJ/cm2 UVB on shaved dorsal skin 3 days before s.c. injection of live HSV-1 in the flank showed 54-92% suppressed DTH responses to challenge with inactivated virus compared with nonirradiated control animals. If irradiation took place 7 days before inoculation with virus, some suppression of DTH occurred; if 14 days before, no suppression was found. The transient nature of the UVB response is further illustrated by the observation that irradiation with the same dose of UVB 5 h before, or 3 days after, inoculation with virus had no effect on DTH. Once induced, some degree of UVB suppression was found to persist for at least 3 months after irradiation. PMID- 3745941 TI - Polymorphonuclear leukocytes, complement, and Trichophyton rubrum. AB - Trichophyton rubrum can activate complement. In order to assess the role of complement in host defense, fresh human serum was incubated with fungus. Factors were produced which were chemotactic for polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL), but only if complement activation was allowed. This suggests that the chemotactic factor or factors were derived from complement. Incubation of T. rubrum with fresh serum did not prevent fungal growth on subsequent culture, but did inhibit incorporation of radiolabeled N-acetylglucosoamine. The interaction of PMNL and fungi was studied, and the role of complement as a mediator was assessed. PMNL adhered well to fungi provided that the fungal hyphae had been preincubated with fresh human serum to provide complement opsonins. Opsonized and unopsonized fungi both stimulated a respiratory burst in normal PMNL as measured by chemiluminescence, but the burst was generated much faster with opsonized hyphae. Although hyphae with adherent PMNL subsequently proliferated in culture, the incorporation of N-acetylglucosoamine was inhibited 96% when the hyphae were opsonized with fresh serum and then incubated with PMNL. Inhibition was also observed with unopsonized fungi, but to a lesser degree. Varying the ratio of PMNL to hyphae showed that inhibition by PMNL was far more efficient if hyphae were opsonized. In contrast to hyphae, opsonized fungal spores were killed by PMNL so that no growth was observed in subsequent cultures. This killing was not observed if PMNL were omitted or if spores were preincubated with heat inactivated serum rather than fresh serum. Activation of complement apparently opsonizes the spores so that they can be ingested and killed by viable PMNL. Contents of disrupted PMNL failed to inhibit fungal growth. Complement and PMNL may aid the host in defending itself against infection by dermatophytes. PMID- 3745942 TI - Role of complement in chlorpromazine-induced phototoxicity. AB - To evaluate the role of the complement system in inflammation induced by chlorpromazine (CPZ) and ultraviolet-A (UVA) irradiation, the phototoxic response in guinea pigs decomplemented by cobra venom factor was compared with that in saline-treated animals. Phototoxic lesions were induced in animals by intradermal injections of CPZ solution, followed by UVA irradiation. Clinically, the normal animals developed erythema and induration which showed a maximal response at 10 h with a mean value of 1.6 on a scale of 0 to 3+. The complement-depleted animals showed a weaker clinical response than the normal animals 6-24 h postirradiation (p less than 0.05). These clinical changes were associated with increased vascular permeability, as demonstrated by extravasation of i.v. injected Evans blue in saline-treated animals. In vitro UVA irradiation of serum containing CPZ resulted in a dose-dependent diminution of total complement activity. Such irradiated serum showed immunoelectrophoretic C3 conversion. These results suggest that the complement system is involved in the development of CPZ-induced phototoxic lesions. PMID- 3745943 TI - Skin calcium-binding protein is a parvalbumin of the panniculus carnosus. AB - Skin calcium-binding protein (SCaBP) is a calcium binding protein purified from whole rat skin. It has a molecular weight of approximately 12,000 daltons but migrates at Mr 13,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gels. On nitrocellulose blots of SDS-polyacrylamide gels, 6 different antisera to SCaBP reacted equally well with SCaBP and parvalbumin (PV), an 11,500-dalton calcium binding protein purified from rat skeletal muscle, which also migrates at Mr 13,000 on SDS-polyacrylamide gels. Rabbit antiserum to muscle PV also recognized both PV and SCaBP, and either protein absorbed specific antibodies against either antigen from both types of antisera. Soluble protein extracts from whole adult rat and mouse skin contained a Mr 13,000 protein which was recognized on nitrocellulose blots of SDS gels by both antisera. Blots of extracts from epidermis, dermis, whole skin, and skin scraped on the dermal side to remove hypodermal tissue revealed that the Mr 13,000 PV/SCaBP cross-reacting antigen was restricted to the hypodermal tissue removed by scraping. Immunofluorescent staining of Bouin-fixed skin sections with these antisera confirmed the localization of PV/SCaBP to the panniculus carnosus, a hypodermal muscle layer. Newborn mouse skin does not contain this antigen. Additional polypeptides of Mr 10,500 and 12,000 on SDS gels of extracts from the epidermis of newborn and adult rats and mice were found to be immunoreactive with anti-SCaBP serum. These polypeptides were not recognized by the PV antiserum, and the reactivity of anti SCaBP for these antigens was not absorbed by purified PV or SCaBP. Our results indicate that SCaBP is antigenically indistinguishable from PV and is localized in the adult rodent panniculus carnosus, and that antisera to SCaBP are polyspecific, recognizing epidermal proteins in addition to SCaBP/PV. PMID- 3745944 TI - Lipid composition of cohesive and desquamated corneocytes from mouse ear skin. AB - An organ culture system has been used to examine differences in the lipid compositions of materials derived from cohesive and desquamated mouse ear stratum corneum. Within this culture system, skin explants display rates of cell replication and differentiation comparable to those observed in vivo for up to 2 weeks and, during this period, loosened or dishesive material accumulates at the surface. Lipid compositions were determined for both intact and loosened stratum corneum derived from cultured skin and also for freshly prepared stratum corneum. In all 3 cases, the profiles of the nonpolar lipids and the ceramides were essentially the same; some of the nonpolar lipids appeared to be of sebaceous origin. The only changes detected upon desquamation were reductions of cholesteryl sulfate and a second unidentified lipid of similar polarity. Cholesteryl sulfate constitutes 4-5% of the polar lipid in fresh stratum corneum or stratum corneum from organ culture. This is reduced to 0.4% in the desquamated material which accumulates in the culture system. The unidentified lipid decreases from 1-2% of the polar lipid in intact fresh or cultured stratum corneum to 0.1% in the desquamated material. The possible function of cholesteryl sulfate in corneocyte cohesion is discussed. PMID- 3745945 TI - Proliferating cells of human basal cell carcinoma are located on the periphery of tumor nodules. AB - Study of the growth characteristics of basal cell carcinoma (BCC), a relatively well-organized, slow-growing skin cancer, has been limited because of the lack of methods for propagation of the tumor off the human host. We have used newly developed techniques for transplantation and propagation of BCC on athymic mice to study [3H]thymidine incorporation by nodular BCC. In human BCCs labeled in vitro immediately after removal from the mice and in vivo on the mice, [3H]thymidine during a 4-h pulse was incorporated primarily by cells on the periphery of tumor nodules (labeling indices 6-24%) rather than by the cells more central in tumor nodules (labeling indices 0-2%). Similar results were also seen when samples of tumor freshly removed from patients were labeled in vitro. We conclude that the dividing cells within nodular BCC are primarily the cells at the edges of tumor nodules and that this characteristic is related to the slow, progressive, invasive growth of BCC. PMID- 3745947 TI - Enrichment of murine Langerhans cells by panning with pan-leukocyte monoclonal antibodies. PMID- 3745946 TI - Permeability of abnormal rat skin. AB - We have measured the permeability (to water in vivo and in vitro) and examined the histology of rat skin after mild, superficial epidermal alterations: scalpel blade (Cat I) and sandpaper abrasion (Cat II), adhesive tape stripping (Cat III), and suction blister top removal (Cat IV). After each alteration the permeability was increased (Cat IV greater than Cat III greater than Cat II greater than Cat I) and the epidermis regenerated in a distinct, biphasic manner, as indicated by the permeability and histology data. The rapid first phase corresponded with a decrease in permeability and the development of a scab (the greater the increased permeability, the slower the rate of regeneration). The second phase was more gradual (with a similar rate of regeneration after each alteration) and corresponded with a return to normal permeability and gradual thickening of the stratum corneum (return to normal corresponded with degree of initial stratum corneum removal). A similar, though slower biphasic regeneration has been reported to occur in human skin following similar types of alterations. It is concluded that abnormal rat skin is suitable for quantifying absorption through abnormal epidermis. PMID- 3745948 TI - Clinical heterogeneity in epidermolysis bullosa: speculations on causation and consequence for research. PMID- 3745949 TI - Abnormal lipogenesis in thyroid hormone-deficient epidermis. AB - Striking skin changes can accompany hypothyroidism, among them a scaly ichthyosis. The pathogenesis of these disorders is unknown. Since altered sterol metabolism has been associated with other scaling dermatoses, we tested the hypothesis that altered epidermal lipogenesis may accompany hypothyroidism and induce the observed scaling. Thyroidectomized (TX) rats were sacrificed 53 days postthyroidectomy, and the rate of incorporation of the radiolabeled precursor, [14C]acetate, into epidermal lipids was determined. Approximately 2-fold decreases in incorporation of precursor into both polar and neutral lipids were observed in the TX epidermis; the most significant decreases, however, were in the neutral lipids, particularly the sterol and sterol-ester moieties. Total cholesterol pool size was also reduced in the TX epidermis. Similar decreases in sterol biosynthesis were noted in human keratinocytes cultivated in medium devoid of thyroid hormone. These findings demonstrate that lipid metabolism, and notably sterol synthesis, is altered in epidermal keratinocytes deprived of thyroid hormone, and suggest that, as in other scaling disorders, this abnormal sterologenesis may lead to the clinically observed ichthyosis that can accompany hypothyroidism. PMID- 3745950 TI - Lipid thermotropic transitions in human stratum corneum. AB - The techniques of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal perturbation infrared (IR) spectrometry were used to investigate thermal transitions in intact, fractionated, and lipid-extracted human stratum corneum. The DSC results show 3 major and one minor thermal transition in the range of 30 120 degrees C. Of particular interest to this study are 2 transitions seen near 65 degrees and 75 degrees C in intact stratum corneum and a stratum corneum membrane preparation, but absent from lipid-extracted samples. Results of IR spectrometry show that thermally induced spectral changes related to enhanced motion of the lipid acyl chains also occur in the region of about 60-80 degrees C. The combined DSC and IR results show that the thermal transitions near 65 degrees and 75 degrees C depend on water concentration in a manner identical to that seen for a variety of lipid-water systems. Taken together, these results suggest that thermal transitions occurring near 65 degrees and 85 degrees C involve increased acyl chain motion of stratum corneum lipids. PMID- 3745951 TI - Evidence of mouse epidermal subpopulations with different cell cycle times. AB - In order to obtain information on the distribution of total cell cycle times in hairless mouse epidermis, basal cells were isolated and prepared for DNA flow cytometry at intervals after a pulse labeling with 50 microCi of thymidine. The DNA distributions were recorded, and cells were sorted from windows in the S, G2, and G1 phases of the cell cycle, collected on glass slides, and subjected to autoradiography. The proportions of labeled cells were scored in each fraction, and the percentage of labeled mitoses was determined in histologic sections from the same animals. Grain count distributions were recorded at selected time points over labeled cells in sorted fractions and over labeled mitoses. The movement of the labeled S-phase cohort was thus followed through all cell cycle phases. Peaks in labeled cells were observed at about 36 h in S phase, G2 phase, and mitosis, and high levels of labeled G2 cells and mitoses were seen at about 80 h. These results indicate the existence of one rapidly cycling subpopulation of keratinocytes with a cell cycle time slightly less than 30 h, in addition to keratinocytes with considerably longer cell cycle times. The first peak of labeled G2 cells reached only about 30%. This is consistent with earlier findings of about 30% G2 cells with a rapid traverse, and 70% with a considerably delayed traverse through G2 phase. The proportion of labeled G1 cells reached a value corresponding to twice the initial labeling index at 8 h after pulse labeling. This is consistent with previously obtained phase durations, indicating an unperturbed cell cycle traverse of labeled cells from S phase through G2 and mitosis. PMID- 3745952 TI - Elastin production in human skin fibroblast cultures and its decline with age. AB - Recent studies have established that cultured human skin fibroblasts secrete the soluble precursor of elastin, tropoelastin (TE). The present studies evaluate, by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the stability of the TE phenotype and the effect of culture conditions and donor age on TE accumulation by human skin fibroblasts. Tropoelastin was maximally produced by 2 control fibroblast strains at early confluency (32-49 X 10(3) molecules/cell/h), and its serum-dependent accumulation in the medium was linear for at least 72 h. Inhibition of cross linking had no effect on the rate of elastin production. Optimum serum concentrations for TE production differed for fibroblast cell strains derived from foreskin and trunk skin fibroblasts. Production of TE by human skin fibroblasts was stable through nearly 30 population doublings after which there was a greater than 2-fold decline in the rate of accumulation. In a cohort of donor strains, TE production appeared to decline at donor ages greater than or equal to 70 years. Under standard culture conditions, cell strains from normal donors of various ages produced TE at rates ranging from 25-69 X 10(3) molecules/cell/h. Rates of TE accumulation in medium were not significantly altered by degradation of TE, as a variety of cell strains tested exhibited minimal cell-associated elastolytic activity. Based on the demonstration of a stable elastin phenotype, skin fibroblast cultures provide a new system for studying regulation of elastin biosynthesis and evaluating potential defects in elastin metabolism associated with certain connective tissue disorders. PMID- 3745953 TI - LDA-1: a ubiquitous noncollagenous lamina densa component of basement membrane detected by monoclonal antibody technique. AB - Using monoclonal antibody technology, a new basement membrane antigen, designated as LDA-1, has been identified. This antigen is expressed in all human tissues thus far examined; within skin it is detectable not only within the dermal epidermal junction but also within dermal vascular and appendageal basement membranes. In addition to human skin, LDA-1 is also detectable within rabbit but not monkey, rat, mouse, guinea pig, or cow skin. This antigen has been ultrastructurally localized to the lamina densa and to a much lesser extent, the adjacent sublamina densa region. ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) revealed no cross-reactivity between LDA-1 and type IV collagen, laminin, fibronectin, and heparan sulfate proteoglycan. In vitro enzymatic studies suggest that LDA-1 is noncollagenous in nature. PMID- 3745954 TI - Three-dimensional reconstructions of objects from serial sections using a microcomputer graphics system. AB - A computer graphics system for constructing 3-dimensional models of tissues from serial sections has been designed around a Motorola 68000 CPU. The system consists of a Dual Systems 16-bit microcomputer running the UNIX operating system. A Scion Corporation MicroAngelo color graphics system drives the color monitor. Three-dimensional imaging is enhanced by hidden line removal and area filling by color. A computer-drawn model of a cherry angioma is compared with a previously constructed physical model of the same angioma to illustrate how the system operates. PMID- 3745956 TI - Retinoid effect on calcium, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase from mouse skin. AB - Calcium, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (C-kinase) was partially purified from skin of hairless mice. This enzyme activity was stimulated 6- to 15-fold in the presence of calcium and either diolein (DO), phosphatidyl serine (PS), or a mixture of the two. Tumor promoter, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), also activated the enzyme either in the presence or in the absence of PS. beta Carotene, retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, etretinate (trimethyl methoxyphenyl analog of retinoic acid), and isotretinoin (13-cis-retinoic acid) were tested for their effects on enzyme activity. Retinoic acid, etretinate, and isotretinoin stimulated enzyme activity in the absence of PS-DO, but inhibited PS-DO stimulated activity. The remaining compounds had no significant effect of C kinase. In the presence of PS alone, these 3 retinoids had no effect on enzyme activity whereas retinoic acid and isotretinoin exhibited a dual effect of C kinase in the presence of DO alone. Although the active retinoids seem to compete for binding sites on the enzyme with DO, the overall interaction among retinoids, DO, PS, and PMA appears to be more complex. PMID- 3745955 TI - Growth factor and cytogenetic abnormalities in cultured nevi and malignant melanomas. AB - It has been proposed that benign nevi that fail to differentiate normally may undergo stepwise growth and morphologic changes resulting in progression toward dysplastic nevi, which in some cases progress into malignant melanoma. In this study, we sought to determine the relationship between production of endogenous growth factors and the appearance of chromosomal abnormalities in cultured nevi and melanomas. Newly established cultures from 8 nevi with benign histology and 6 malignant melanomas, and 2 malignant melanoma cell lines were studied. Assays for mitogenic growth factors were based on stimulation of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA in Hs0294 malignant melanoma cells, produced by serum-free conditioned medium from nevus or melanoma cultures. Karyotypes were examined in cultures of an equivalent passage. Three of the 8 nevus cultures were mitogen-negative and displayed normal karyotypes; one nevus culture was mitogen-positive and had a normal karyotype, although the biopsied tissue demonstrated histologic evidence of benign melanocytic proliferation; one was mitogen-negative initially, but had an extra chromosome 8 in 2 of 50 cells; 3 were mitogen-positive and chromosomally abnormal. Each of the cultures in this latter group exhibited reciprocal translocation (rcpt) as the only identifiable abnormality [rcpt(6;15), rcpt(10;15), rcpt(15;20)], or a constitutional rcpt(4;5). Thus, there was direct correlation between growth factor production and chromosome abnormality in 6 of 8 benign nevus cultures. In the newly established melanoma cultures there was also concordance between growth factor and chromosomal status; conditioned media from 4 of 6 were mitogen-positive by at least one assay, and all 4 of the mitogen positive cultures had chromosomally abnormal cell populations. Of the 2 melanoma cultures negative for growth factors, one was also negative for chromosome abnormality; the other had chromosomal change consisting of increased polyploidy. Both melanoma cell lines had abnormal karyotypes and were mitogen-positive. Though numerous chromosome changes were noted in the karyotypically abnormal melanoma cells, 6 of the 8 cultures exhibited abnormalities in chromosomes 1, 6, and/or 7. These data suggest that steps in the progression from benign nevi toward dysplastic nevi or malignant melanoma include: proliferation resulting from altered production of endogenous mitogenic growth factors; and development of specific chromosomal abnormalities. PMID- 3745957 TI - Organ-specific, phylogenetic, and ontogenetic distribution of the epidermolysis bullosa acquisita antigen. AB - The organ-specific, phylogenetic, and ontogenetic distribution of the epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) antigen, a newly recognized basement membrane component, was determined using polyclonal sera from patients with EBA and a mouse monoclonal antibody, H3a. Both antibodies are distributed at the basement membrane zone of skin, oral, anal, and vaginal mucosae, and esophagus, but not in kidney, urinary bladder, lymph nodes, placenta, or blood vessels. Both polyclonal and monoclonal EBA antibodies react with a basement membrane antigen in primate and other mammalian skin, but not in avian, amphibian, or reptilian skin. The antigen is present initially in the 8-week-old human fetus, and increases in density until the adult linear pattern is reached at 15 weeks' gestational age. PMID- 3745958 TI - Inflammatory effect of intradermal administration of soluble phospholipase A2 in rabbits. AB - Extracellular phospholipase A2 (PLA2) has been found in association with inflamed sites in experimental animals and in humans. The tissue effects of soluble PLA2 have not been defined. We studied the development of inflammatory changes in rabbit skin subsequent to intradermal injection of active and inactivated venom and pancreatic PLA2, over a broad concentration range. PLA2, at concentrations encountered in human disease, caused acute inflammatory changes characterized grossly by erythema and induration, and histologically by inflammatory cell infiltration, vascular and tissue damage, and abscess formation. Extracellular PLA2 may be considered as one of the pathogenic factors in inflammatory reaction. PMID- 3745959 TI - Cell cycle progression kinetics of regenerating mouse epidermal cells: an in vivo study combining DNA flow cytometry, cell sorting, and [3H]dThd autoradiography. AB - Cantharidin application to mouse skin induces cell injury followed by a regenerative wave of cells entering S phase in partial synchrony about 16 h after application. After pulse labeling with [3H]dThd the synchronized cohort of cells was traced through subsequent cell cycles during regeneration. This was accomplished by DNA flow cytometry of isolated basal cells combined with sorting from G1, S, and G2 phases followed by autoradiography at intervals after pulse labeling. Successive peaks of labeled cells in S phase at about 12-h intervals, followed by subsequent peaks in G2 and G1 phases were seen. This shows that the peaks of S-phase cells seen at 16 and 28 h after cantharidin application represent mother and daughter cells, respectively, the latter still cycling in partial synchrony. These 2 peaks of S-phase cells, therefore, are not keratinocyte subpopulations with different time lags between the stimulus to regeneration and the subsequent response. It is further shown that the mean cell cycle time is reduced from about 55 h in normal epidermis to 12 h during early regeneration. This is mainly due to a considerably reduced G1 phase duration, but the S and G2 phase durations are also reduced, although still within the range of circadian variations seen in normal animals. It is reasonable to assume a causal relationship between the considerably reduced G1 duration and loss of growth restriction. Cells with a slow progression rate through G2 phase (70% of all G2 cells) in normal mouse epidermis seem to maintain a slow progression rate during regeneration. Normal growth homeostasis seems to be gradually reestablished during the second day of regeneration. PMID- 3745960 TI - Topical tritiated thymidine for epidermal growth fraction determination. AB - Direct autoradiographic identification of the epidermal growth fraction (GF) requires the delivery of tritiated thymidine ([3H]dThd) to the skin during the time interval of an entire cell cycle. The GF in normal human epidermis has not been directly measured using this technique because the systemic infusion of radioactive [3H]dThd in benign skin conditions is precluded by ethical considerations. Studies were undertaken to assess the feasibility of measuring the epidermal GF in vivo by the topical delivery of [3H]dThd. The percutaneous penetration of [3H]dThd in various vehicles was evaluated to select an effective topical delivery system. A vehicle consisting of Azone, isopropanol, and water (2:49:49) was the best of 4 different vehicles tested. The optimal penetration of [3H]dThd, with respect to the concentration of Azone over a range of 0-4%, was achieved at 2%. During the initial 24 h following a single topical application of [3H]dThd to hairless mice the labeling increased linearly with time. In vivo studies in hairless mice produced a GF of 95% by both continuous systemic [3H]dThd infusion, and by twice daily topical [3H]dThd. Azone vehicles induced epidermal hyperplasia which was minimized by lowering the Azone concentration and by decreasing the frequency of applications from 24 to 48 h. These studies establish the rationale for using topical delivery of [3H]dThd for the in vivo measurement of epidermal GF. PMID- 3745961 TI - Properties and dynamics of glucocorticoid binding capacity in rat skin. AB - [3H]Dexamethasone binding was detected in cytosol prepared from rat skin only in the presence of dithiothreitol (DTT). Simultaneous supplement of sodium molybdate (Mo) induced synergistic enhancement of the binding. In the presence of DTT and Mo the dissociation constant was approximately 1 nM, the number of maximum binding sites was approximately 100-200 fmol/mg protein, and only steroids that possessed glucocorticoid activity competed with [3H]dexamethasone binding. [3H]Dexamethasone-receptor complexes in dermal cytosol were able to bind to DNA cellulose after brief heating, and receptors were eluted from DEAE-cellulose with 0.2 M KCl. These observations showed that [3H]dexamethasone binding sites observed in dermal cytosols have similar binding characteristics to glucocorticoid receptors in other glucocorticoid target tissues. Binding capacity in dermal cytosols was depleted after in vivo administration of all 4 glucocorticoids used in the present study. Both the extent and the duration of depletion were dose-dependent in all instances. Non-fluorinated glucocorticoids required higher doses to induce a profound depletion than did fluorinated ones and the duration of depletion induced by the former was shorter than by the latter. Since fluorinated glucocorticoids usually have higher anti-inflammatory potency than non-fluorinated ones, we concluded that the pattern of depletion and replenishment of the dermal cytosol binding capacity was correlated with glucocorticoid biopotency. PMID- 3745962 TI - Effect of L-carnitine on cultured murine melanoma cells exposed to azelaic acid. AB - The cytotoxic effect of azelaic acid on murine melanoma cells in culture is due, at least in part, to an antimitochondrial action. We investigated the possibility that the addition of carnitine to the medium may increase the transport of azelaic acid into the mitochondria and thereby increase its cytotoxic effect. Using mitochondrial cross-sectional area measured from electron micrographs as a criterion for mitochondrial damage, we found that the addition of L-carnitine to the culture medium had no effect either alone or with a low (10(-3) M) concentration of azelaic acid. At a high concentration (5 X 10(-2) M) azelaic acid caused swelling and disruption of the mitochondria to such an extent that this was not increased by carnitine. At 10(-2) M azelaic acid, however, some swelling of the mitochondria occurred which was significantly increased by the addition of carnitine. This indicates that carnitine-mediated transport of the diacid into the mitochondria had occurred. We conclude that carnitine may reduce the time or concentration needed for azelaic acid to have a toxic effect on the malignant melanocyte. PMID- 3745964 TI - Retinal pigment epithelium function in alopecia areata. AB - Electroretinography (ERG) and electro-oculography (EOG) were performed in 98 patients affected by alopecia areata (AA) free from ophthalmologic disorders, and in 40 healthy subjects, in order to evaluate whether or not the retinal pigment epithelium of AA patients shows bioelectrical changes. ERG was normal. EOG, on the contrary, showed a significantly depressed mean value in the AA patient group. Furthermore, depressed EOG occurred more frequently in patients affected by alopecia totalis or universalis as compared with multiple patchy alopecia. These findings prompt the authors to believe that the melanocytes may play a prominent part in the pathogenesis of AA. PMID- 3745963 TI - Studies on the mechanism of systemic suppression of contact hypersensitivity by UVB radiation. II. Differences in the suppression of delayed and contact hypersensitivity in mice. AB - Exposing mice to UV radiation in the UVB range (280-320 nm) causes a selective immune suppression that contributes to the development of UVB-induced skin cancers. Among the immune responses suppressed by UVB irradiation are contact and delayed hypersensitivity reactions to haptens administered at unexposed sites. In these studies we provide evidence that delayed and contact hypersensitivity to the same hapten are not equivalent reactions and that they are suppressed in UVB irradiated mice by 2 different mechanisms. This conclusion is based on the findings that: suppression of contact hypersensitivity could not be overcome by immunizing UVB-irradiated mice with hapten-coupled antigen-presenting cells derived from normal donors; and treatment of UVB-irradiated mice with methylprednisolone before immunization prevented the suppression of delayed hypersensitivity but had no effect on the suppression of contact hypersensitivity. The decreased ability to induce contact hypersensitivity in UVB irradiated mice could be transferred to x-irradiated mice by reconstituting them with spleen cells from UVB-irradiated donors. The induction of hapten-specific suppressor cells, however, required both UVB irradiation and priming with hapten. Based on these results, we postulate that UVB irradiation induces a population of suppressor-inducer cells with specificity for a modified skin antigen and that this antigen serves as a carrier molecule for haptens that induce contact hypersensitivity and for tumor-specific transplantation antigens on UVB-induced tumors. PMID- 3745965 TI - Effect of hair growth cycles on experimental cutaneous candidiasis in mice. AB - Experimental cutaneous Candida albicans infections were produced in mice by inoculating the organisms onto areas of shaved flank skin where the hair follicles were in either the anagen (growing) or telogen (resting) phase of the growth cycle. Infection with Candida occurred in a majority of animals inoculated on either anagen or telogen skin, and the rate of clearance of the organisms was equivalent for infections on the 2 types of skin. Some of the animals inoculated on anagen skin developed foci of Candida infection in the well-developed hair follicles, below the skin surface. Deep foci of infection were not found after inoculation of the telogen areas. The infections resulted in increases in epidermal thickness and sensitization of the animals to Candida antigens, but these responses were not different between animals inoculated on the 2 types of skin. The results of these experiments indicate that although Candida albicans can infect skin containing either active or resting hair follicles, foci of infection below the skin surface occur only when well-developed hair follicles are present. These findings may have relevance to the consequences of human cutaneous candidiasis. PMID- 3745966 TI - Pretreatment effects on the uptake/retention kinetics of L-dopa in Harding-Passey melanoma. AB - Malignant melanoma cells possess a unique biochemical pathway that converts L-3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa) to the biopigment melanin. Selective cytotoxic incorporation of exogenous L-dopa into melanoma cells in vivo may provide a means of designing specific chemotherapeutic agents useful in the treatment of this disease. Using the Harding-Passey murine melanotic tumor model, a preferential uptake of [3H]L-dopa by the tumor was characterized. Following pretreatment of the tumor-bearing mice with nonradioactive L-dopa, a significant enhancement (p less than 0.01) of [3H]L-dopa incorporation and retention into melanoma for a period of 24 h was observed, when compared with the concomitant tissue distribution and clearance of radioactivity in the control animals. This finding suggests that by initial pretreatment of melanoma with nonradioactive L-dopa, the subsequent selective accumulation of [3H]L-dopa in tumor may provide a useful tool in testing new modalities of therapy in malignant melanoma. PMID- 3745967 TI - Three-dimensional reconstruction of endothelial cell gaps in psoriatic vessels and their morphologic identity with gaps produced by the intradermal injection of histamine. AB - Endothelial cell gaps in psoriatic vessels and histamine-induced gaps in forearm skin of normal controls were reconstructed in 3 dimensions by a computer graphics system. The gaps in psoriatic vessels were present within the cell, at the intercellular junction, or concurrently at both sites. Histamine-induced gaps were found at the intercellular junction or at both intracellular and intercellular locations. The gaps were linear to oval and often contained cytoplasmic processes from one of the endothelial cells, suggesting that gap formation represents a cellular injury rather than a purely physiologic reversible phenomenon. PMID- 3745968 TI - Cutaneous and subcutaneous blood flow in non-lesional skin of patients with minimal psoriatic skin manifestations. AB - Cutaneous and subcutaneous blood flow (CBF, SBF) were studied in non-lesional psoriatic skin (NLS) of 10 patients with only minimal psoriatic skin manifestations, using the local 133Xe washout method. Measurements of the CBF and SBF in the NLS of the patients and 10 normal individuals yielded no statistically significant differences. The results of the present study indicate that the activity of psoriasis can be monitored by the CBF measurements in the NLS, since previously published values for CBF of NLS have shown increasing values with increasing psoriatic activity. The significance of these findings may be more evidence of humoral factors playing a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. The tissue-to-blood partition coefficient for 133Xe was calculated on the basis of biochemical estimations of the relative content of lipids, proteins, and water in skin biopsies from non-lesional skin sites of 8 psoriatic patients. The relative content of lipids, proteins, and water was normal. Thus, the normal 133Xe partition coefficient of 0.7 ml/g should be used for measurements of the CBF in NLS. PMID- 3745969 TI - Stratum corneum lipid abnormalities in surfactant-induced dry scaly skin. AB - Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) has been used to induce a dry scaly skin condition in human subjects. Measurements of stratum (s.) corneum hydration, scaliness, and lipid composition reveal in vivo surfactant perturbations on desquamation. Subjects (n = 10) were briefly treated daily with a 4% aqueous solution of SDS on one lower leg over a period of 2 weeks. The other control leg received no treatments. At the end of the treatment period, both lower legs were evaluated for hydration using an electrical impedance technique and examined by an independent dermatologist using a visually based grading scale for surface roughness and scaliness. Shave biopsies were then excised from each lower leg for analysis of s. corneum lipids. Treatment resulted in decreased s. corneum hydration and increased surface scale/roughness. These physical changes were accompanied by significant changes in s. corneum lipid composition. While surfactant treatments did not alter the total quantity of lipids per gram s. corneum protein, significant changes in specific lipid classes were observed. The free cholesterol to cholesterol ester ratio increased while the quantity of total sterols remained constant. The distribution of certain ceramide species were altered while the quantity of total ceramides remained constant. Free fatty acids were resolved into 2 distinct bands, only one of which diminished upon treatment. These results are interpreted in terms of a model for surfactant-induced perturbation of keratinization which leads to abnormal s. corneum lipids and altered desquamation. PMID- 3745971 TI - Frequency of broviac catheter infections in pediatric oncology patients. AB - Indwelling, right atrial catheters are important in the care of children with cancer, despite the risk of infection. We have reviewed the records of 64 pediatric oncology patients with 70 Broviac catheters. Fifty infections (17 exit site, 25 septic, and 8 combined) occurred during 17,581 catheter-days, a crude rate of 2.8 infections/1,000 catheter-days. The risk of infection correlated most strongly with age; for example, only children aged one through four years had multiple infections. Overall, 70% of infections were cured without removing the catheter, including 83% of septic infections. However, as compared with newly inserted catheters, the subsequent mean infection-free interval was greatly reduced for catheters associated with a previous, cured infection. Thus, although most Broviac catheter infections can be cured without catheter removal, insertion of a new catheter may nonetheless be necessary in patients who may need prolonged intravenous therapy. PMID- 3745970 TI - Changes in serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA positivity in chronic HBV infection: results of a long-term follow-up study of 138 patients. AB - In an assessment of the clinical relevance of serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA testing in chronic HBV infection, changes in the presence of this marker were investigated by spot hybridization in 138 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive patients with chronic liver disease who were followed up for one to eight years. Forty-one patients were treated with steroids, often with evidence of potentiation of viral replication, whereas 92 patients remained untreated and had no evidence of sigma agent infection during follow-up. Data analysis in these patients allowed us to determine the significance of testing for hepatitis B e antigen and for HBV DNA in the natural history of the infection. The findings indicate that sequential testing for serum HBV DNA may be of great importance in HBsAg chronic carriers with liver disease for adequate evaluation of HBV replication and for the contribution of HBV DNA to the clinical assessment of chronic hepatitis. PMID- 3745972 TI - A prospective study of the mechanisms of infection associated with hemodialysis catheters. AB - Seventy-four subclavian hemodialysis catheters inserted into 53 patients were studied prospectively. Sixteen of 64 assessable catheterization periods were complicated by clinically documented catheter-related sepsis, and 13 had an associated bacteremia. One patient died from catheter-related sepsis, and in two others, sepsis contributed to death. Staphylococci accounted for 11 bacteremias. Semiquantitative culture of the catheters indicated that 28 were significantly colonized. Comparison of these isolates with skin cultures from the insertion site suggested that the origin of the colonizing organisms was the skin (10 cases), intralumenal contamination (16 cases), or both routes (2 cases). Comparison of cultures taken during catheter insertion with those at removal rarely suggested that organisms introduced at insertion caused subsequent colonization. This study has demonstrated that infectious complications from using subclavian hemodialysis catheters exceed reported rates for all other modes of vascular access used for hemodialysis, as well as other indications for central venous catheterization. PMID- 3745973 TI - Viridans streptococcal endocarditis: clinical, microbiological, and echocardiographic correlations. AB - Infections caused by species within the viridans streptococci have been associated with different clinical characteristics. We studied 36 patients with viridans streptococcal endocarditis. Complications were seen in 10 (32%) of 31 patients with native valve endocarditis and four (80%) of five with prosthetic valve endocarditis and included death in two, valve replacement in six, persistent infection in three, emboli in two, and congestive heart failure in nine. Two-dimensional echocardiograms demonstrated vegetations in 26 (72%) of 36, flail mitral valves in seven, disruption of aortic valve prosthesis in one, and perivalvular abscesses in three (two Streptococcus sanguis I and one Streptococcus intermedius I). All twelve patients with native valve endocarditis who suffered complications had vegetations detected by two-dimensional echocardiography, whereas seven patients with native valve endocarditis without vegetations, as detected by two-dimensional echocardiography, had no complications (P = .03). We found no significant correlation between streptococcal species and clinical outcome. To confirm our identifications, we sent 16 identical viridans streptococcal endocarditis isolates to five institutions; only three of 16 were identified as the same species by all five institutions. We conclude that viridans streptococcal endocarditis can be associated with a virulent clinical course and that there is marked variability in species designations of individual strains by different laboratories. PMID- 3745974 TI - A prospective study of visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic area of Brazil. AB - The epidemiology, clinical patterns, and risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis were prospectively studied in an endemic area of Brazil. The prevalence of disease was 3.1% for children less than 15 years of age, and the annual incidence was 4.3 cases per 1,000 children. The number of children with disease fluctuated yearly and seasonally, and distribution of the disease varied within the endemic area. Risk factors included young age (median, three years) and malnutrition before the onset of disease. Intestinal parasitism, recent migration into the area, and house location within the area did not influence the progression of infection to disease. Serological testing indicated that 7.5% of children were infected with Leishmania each year and that the ratio of disease to infection was 1:18.5 for the whole area and 1:6.5 for the section with the highest prevalence of disease. Early diagnosis and therapy altered clinical patterns of the disease. PMID- 3745975 TI - Use of WIN 51711 to prevent echovirus type 9-induced paralysis in suckling mice. AB - The systemic efficacy of the antipicornavirus agent WIN 51711 was assessed in suckling mice infected with echovirus type 9 (Barty strain). Single, daily intraperitoneal doses of WIN 51711 as low as 10 mg/kg significantly (P less than .01) slowed the rate of onset of echovirus-induced paralysis and reduced the number of paralyzed animals. Intraperitoneal administration beginning 2 hr before infection or 48 hr after infection was equally effective in preventing paralysis. Oral administration of WIN 51711 twice daily beginning 72 hr after infection was the most-effective dosage regimen, with doses as low as 3 mg/kg preventing paralysis in 75% of the animals. Titers of virus in asymptomatic mice on day 6 after infection were reduced by up to 4.75 log pfu in WIN 51711-medicated mice when compared with placebo. Maximal concentrations of WIN 51711 in adult mice after oral medication with a 100 mg/kg dose were 24.3, 21.5, 10.4, 9.8, 6.9, and 4.1 micrograms/g in heart, kidney, brain, liver, serum (micrograms/ml), and muscle, respectively at 0.5-1.0 hr after medication. PMID- 3745976 TI - Potent in vivo activity of arprinocid, a purine analogue, against murine toxoplasmosis. PMID- 3745977 TI - Antigens of hepatitis delta virus in the liver and serum of humans and animals. PMID- 3745978 TI - Infectivity and antigenicity of live avian-human influenza A reassortant virus: comparison of intranasal and aerosol routes in squirrel monkeys. PMID- 3745979 TI - Chloroquine does not adversely affect the antibody response to yellow fever vaccine. PMID- 3745980 TI - Slime production as a marker for clinically significant infections with coagulase negative staphylococci. PMID- 3745981 TI - Vibro hollisae septicemia after consumption of catfish. PMID- 3745982 TI - Isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis from a gonad biopsy specimen of a man with sterile pyospermia. PMID- 3745983 TI - Proliferative characteristics of progeny derived from normal human hemopoietic progenitor cells. AB - Cell cycle times of cells derived from human hemopoietic progenitor cells were measured directly by using 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and sister chromatid differential staining. Umbilical cord cells were cultured in the mixed colony assay for 96 h prior to the addition of BrdU and then harvested at 6-12 h intervals. Individual cell cycle times ranging from 8.5-23.4 h were observed while population mean cell cycle times ranged from 17.5-24 h. These results show that some early progeny of hemopoietic progenitor cells have short cell cycle times and that there is considerable heterogeneity within the proliferating cell population. PMID- 3745984 TI - Modulation of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase in patients treated with alpha interferon: effects of dose, schedule, and route of administration. AB - The interferon (IFN)-induced intracellular enzyme 2',5'-oligoadenylate (2-5A) synthetase was measured in extracts of peripheral mononuclear cells isolated from patients receiving a 300-fold range of doses of alpha interferon (IFN-alpha). The range of enzyme induction was 2.3- to 5.7-fold. The maximum fold increase varied from individual to individual as did the dose required for maximum enzyme stimulation. The magnitude and endurance of the enzyme response was a function of IFN dose and was unrelated to the duration of treatment or number of injections or to the route of administration. The enzyme assay was a more sensitive indicator of IFN administration than was measurement of the level of circulating IFN. These results substantiate the potential of a clinical 2-5A synthetase assay for monitoring IFN treatment. PMID- 3745985 TI - Alpha-interferon: differential suppression of colony growth from human erythroid, myeloid, and megakaryocytic hematopoietic progenitor cells. AB - The effect of varying concentrations of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) on the in vitro colony growth from all single-lineage human hematopoietic colony-forming progenitor cells was evaluated. IFN-alpha was tested at concentrations of 0, 2, 20, and 200 U/ml in optimally stimulated bone marrow cultures from each of 4 volunteer donors. Substantial donor-to-donor variability and distinct, lineage specific patterns of stem cell sensitivity to IFN-alpha were observed. In the erythroid series, the more primitive progenitor or burst-forming unit (BFU-E) was substantially more resistant to growth inhibition at low IFN-alpha concentrations than the mature colony-forming unit (CFU-E). Colony growth by the megakaryocyte progenitor cell (CFU-Meg) was decreased by all concentrations of IFN-alpha which produced a biphasic, inhibitory dose response. The response of the colony-forming unit granulocyte/macrophage (CFU-GM) was heterogeneous among the donors tested. CFU-GM growth from 2 donors was insensitive to IFN-alpha at all concentrations. Conversely, CFU-GM from the other 2 donors manifested a steep dose-response curve that was similar to that of the CFU-E. These data demonstrate a heterogeneity of progenitor cell sensitivity to growth suppression by IFN-alpha which appears to be influenced by (i) hematopoietic lineage, (ii) degree of differentiation of the progenitor cell, and (iii) individual variability. PMID- 3745986 TI - Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of recombinant human alpha A, D, A/D(Bgl), and I interferons and mouse alpha-interferon in mice. AB - The pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution in mice of several recombinant human alpha-interferons [rHuIFN-alpha A, D, I, and A/D(Bgl)] as well as natural mouse alpha-interferon (MuIFN-alpha) were assessed following single intravenous injections. The serum profiles of rHuIFN-alpha A, rHuIFN-alpha D, rHuIFN-alpha A/D(Bgl), and MuIFN-alpha were similar, whereas those following rHuIFN-alpha I showed a much longer terminal elimination phase. Differences in elimination half life, volume of distribution, and total body clearance between these IFNs were observed. There was appreciable uptake of IFN in the kidney: the amount of each interferon per gram of tissue in the kidney ranges from 1 to 9 times the amount found in the serum. The greatest uptake appeared with rHuIFN-alpha D, followed by rHuIFN-alpha A, rHuIFN-alpha A/D(Bgl), and MuIFN-alpha. The only exception was rHuIFN-alpha I which showed no uptake into the kidney. PMID- 3745987 TI - Internalization and transport of mouse beta-interferon into the cell nucleus. AB - An electron microscopic technique employing postembedding immunolabeling was used to identify unmodified, intracellular MuIFN-beta molecules. The MuIFN-beta was rapidly internalized by receptor-dependent endocytosis and within three minutes a majority of internalized MuIFN-beta molecules was detected within the cell nucleus. PMID- 3745988 TI - Production and characterization of poly(I):poly(C)-induced rat interferons in vitro. AB - The synthetic polyribonucleotide polyinosinate:polycytidylate [poly(I):poly(C)] was used to induce interferon (IFN) production in a rat leiomyosarcoma cell line. Three separate IFN species were distinguished by antiviral activity on homologous and heterologous cells, interaction with Blue Sepharose CL-6B chromatography matrix, and antibody neutralization studies. Two IFN species, one with a weakly ionic and the other with a hydrophobic interaction with Blue Sepharose, exhibited heterologous antiviral activity, and were acid- and heat-labile. Both had a molecular weight of 30,000 daltons by HPLC-based molecular exclusion chromatography. The weakly ionic species was neutralized only by antiserum to L cell IFN, whereas the hydrophobic species was neutralized by antiserum to L-cell IFN and antiserum to human leukocyte IFN. The remaining IFN species, with a weakly ionic interaction with Blue Sepharose, was acid- and heat-stable, exhibited no heterologous cell antiviral activity, and was not neutralized by any antisera to IFN. This species had a molecular weight of 39,000 daltons by HPLC based molecular exclusion chromatography and 34,000 daltons by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These rat fibroblast IFNs possess greater heterogeneity than that reported or observed for murine or human fibroblast IFNs. These IFNs could thus be classified as follows: one species of rat IFN-beta and two different species of unique acid-labile rat IFNs. PMID- 3745989 TI - The effect of ammonium ion on the induction of (2'-5')-(A)n synthetase and (2' 5')-(A)n-dependent endoribonuclease activities by interferon in mouse BALB/C 3T3 cells. AB - Addition of ammonium chloride to interferon (IFN)-treated mouse L cells has been reported to reduce the antiviral state. Because (2'-5')-(A)n synthetase and (2' 5')-(A)n-dependent endoribonuclease (RNase L) activities have been implicated in the establishment of the antiviral state, we wish to ascertain if ammonium ions will also impair the IFN-elicited induction of these two enzymatic activities. To test this possibility, cell-free extracts were prepared from mouse BALB/C 3T3 cells and assayed for (2'-5')-(A)n synthetase and RNase L activities. Results of these studies show that when cells were incubated with IFN (100 or 500 U/ml) and ammonium chloride (20-40 mM) for 20 h, the induction of (2'-5')-(A)n synthetase by IFN is significantly suppressed. Based on binding to the specific radioactive (2'-5')-(A)n analog, (2'-5')p3A4,3'-[32P]pCp, on cross-linking to the periodate oxidized (2'-5')p3A4,3'-[32P]pC, or on the (2'-5')-(A)n-enhanced degradation of [3H]-polyadenylated RNA, IFN (10-250 U/ml) was shown to cause a two- to sevenfold increase in RNase L activity. The induction of RNase L by IFN was blocked by simultaneous addition of ammonium chloride. However, 20 mM or 40 mM ammonium chloride did not affect the antiviral state in BALB/C 3T3 cells (based on a plaque reduction assay with 10-500 U/ml IFN). These results suggest that the establishment of the antiviral state is not necessarily coordinated with changes in the synthetase and the RNase L activities. PMID- 3745990 TI - Epidemiology of leprosy in relation to control (WHO Technical Report Series no. 716 of 1985). PMID- 3745991 TI - Terry's nails in a case of leprosy. AB - First case of Terry's nails following onset of Borderline Tuberculoid leprosy without any other involvement in a 40 year male is reported. This condition is, however, well known in cirrhosis of liver. PMID- 3745992 TI - Tenosinovitis in leprosy. PMID- 3745993 TI - On the article "Borderline reactions treated with clofazimine and corticosteroids". PMID- 3745994 TI - Regarding specific bone changes in leprosy. PMID- 3745995 TI - Armadillo as a model for studying chemotherapy of leprosy: preliminary studies. AB - In order to determine the suitability of the armadillos as a model of human leprosy for chemotherapeutic studies, especially in evaluating newer anti-leprosy drugs, uninfected Armadillos were used to study the metabolic disposition of DDS. Serum DDS levels ranged from 500 ng/ml at 3 hours to 13 ng/ml at 96 hours after intravenous administration of DDS (1 mg/kg). In an ad libitum feeding trial of DDS it was found that the level of serum DDS varied according to the dose of DDS, and even at a dose of 0.0001%, the animals maintained MIC of DDS against M. leprae. Finally, it was demonstrated that armadillos acetylate DDS to MADDS and 7 9% of DDS is acetylated by armadillos. PMID- 3745997 TI - Cauliflower growths in trophic ulcers of leprosy--a 10 year study. AB - A 10 year study of cauliflower growths in trophic ulcers of leprosy patients was done. Seventy five cases were seen, out of which seventy two were in foot and three in hand. Eventhough appearance was like that of malignancy, malignant change was seen only in four cases and in other seventy one cases it was pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia. Various surgical procedures were done. Wide excision appears to be the procedure of choice where feasible as per our studies. PMID- 3745996 TI - Colchicine in the treatment of type 2 lepra reaction. AB - Fifteen patients of lepromatous leprosy having type 2 lepra reaction were treated with colchicine. Seven had moderate, five mild and three had severe E.N.L., colchicine was found effective in all mild, six moderate and one case of pustular E.N.L. PMID- 3745998 TI - Post decompression ulnar claw and its recovery. AB - There are no reports on the ulnar claw hand developing immediately after the nerve decompression although the possibility exists. A case report is presented in which the decompression for ulnar neuritis was complicated by the ulnar claw developing on the next day. Such complication can prove embarrassing to the surgeon and worry some for the patient. However, it improved in six months along with recovery of other modalities of sensation and voluntary motor power. PMID- 3745999 TI - Cardiovascular system in leprosy. AB - Involvement of cardiovascular system (CVS) in 50 multibacillary (MB) and 20 paucibacillary (PB) cases of leprosy was evaluated. 20 age and sex matched controls were also studied. In addition to detailed clinical examination and resting electro-cardiogram, Master's two step exercise test (DMT) was also carried out to find out the occult and asymptomatic cardiac involvement. We have not found any significant symptomatic or electrocardiographic evidence of CVS involvement in various groups of leprosy. PMID- 3746000 TI - Limitations of clofazimine in the treatment of lepra reactions. AB - Eight out of 30 cases of Borderline Lepromatous and Lepromatous Leprosy suffering with chronic recurrent lepra reactions failed to respond to clofazimine therapy. Three of the eight were steroid dependent. All the eight patients are doing well after weaning off the clofazimine. Lymphadenitis in post clofazimine reactional status was presenting feature in present retrospective study. PMID- 3746001 TI - Study of finger print patterns in leprosy. AB - Finger print patterns of 150 male leprosy patients (100 paucibacillary and 50 multibacillary leprosy) were compared with 50 matched controls. Significant differences were found in finger print patterns of multibacillary leprosy patients and controls. No differences in dermatoglyphic patterns were observed between paucibacillary leprosy and controls. The total finger ridge count (TFRC) in both types of leprosy was slightly lower than controls. A significant difference in individual finger ridge count on digit 1 of right hand was noted in paucibacillary leprosy cases as compared to controls. PMID- 3746002 TI - Natural tetanus immunity in lepromatous leprosy patients. AB - 35 lepromatous leprosy patients with recurrent trophic ulcers were analysed for tetanus antitoxin levels by passive haemagglutination test (PHA). 42.85% patients and 32% controls had protective levels of antitoxin in their serum (greater than or equal to 0.1). All the patients (100%) demonstrated measurable antitoxin levels. The findings indicate immunological protection from tetanus and support the clinical impression of it's rarity in leprosy patients. PMID- 3746003 TI - Non-compliance to treatment among leprosy patients. PMID- 3746004 TI - [Surgical treatment of acquired valvular diseases]. PMID- 3746005 TI - [Long-term results of congenital heart disease]. PMID- 3746006 TI - [Surgical management of valvular heart disease associated with multiple organ failure]. PMID- 3746008 TI - [Surgery of respiratory diseases and related problems]. PMID- 3746009 TI - [Review of operative methods and prognosis of esophageal carcinoma]. PMID- 3746007 TI - [Operation of aneurysm of the thoracic aorta and related supportive measures]. PMID- 3746010 TI - [Surgical treatment of complete transposition of great arteries]. PMID- 3746011 TI - [Lymph node dissection of the neck and upper mediastinum in esophageal cancer]. PMID- 3746012 TI - [Stereochemical aspects of vitamin B6 enzyme reactions]. PMID- 3746013 TI - [Rapid and efficient purification of trace proteins from cells with a staphylococcal protein A-antibody adsorbent]. PMID- 3746014 TI - Etiologic spectrum in acute iliofemoral venous thrombosis. AB - To identify common etiologies and allow a selective and effective management of acute iliofemoral venous thrombosis, 128 patients treated surgically (97 cases) or medically (31 patients) were analysed regarding possible underlying conditions. Chart review revealed that prolonged immobilization (25%), recent surgery (20%), and neoplasm (16%) were the most frequent etiologic factors. No underlying cause was detected in 34% of the patients, but more than one possible etiology were recorded in 29% of the patients. Chronic compression of the iliac vein was present in at least 13% of the operated cases. The multifactorial etiologic spectrum in iliofemoral thrombosis is basically the same as in calf vein thrombosis. Iliac vein compression, childbearing and perhaps estrogen intake seem to be more often associated with iliofemoral thrombosis. Initial survey regarding underlying causes permits tailored management for the individual patient. Surgical treatment is often successful but thrombi that develop secondary to chronic vein obstruction or neoplasm are preferably treated conservatively. PMID- 3746015 TI - Thrombectomy and temporary AV-fistula in iliofemoral vein thrombosis. Technical considerations and early results. AB - Seventy patients with iliofemoral vein thrombosis were operated on with thrombectomy and a temporary arteriovenous fistula (AVF). Diagnosis was always verified with a three-stage venography. The result of the treatment was evaluated with arteriovenography before closing the AVF at a second operation. The AVF stayed patent in 85% and occluded in 15% of the evaluated 60 legs. In patients with patent AVF the common femoral and iliac veins were normal in 37% and in 51% there was a stenosis in either of these veins. Occlusion of the veins in spite of patent AVF was found in 12%. No major pulmonary embolism occurred. The most common complication was wound infection (26%). Technical details of the operative procedure experienced from this study are stressed in the paper. PMID- 3746016 TI - Early and late comparison of umbilical vein and PTFE grafts in control and piroxicam-treated dogs. AB - For comparative analysis of small vessel prostheses, 78 dogs underwent femoral artery replacement with autogenous vein, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or human umbilical vein (HUV) grafts. Thirty-six animals received antiplatelet therapy with piroxicam orally once a day. Three-hour deposition of 111In-labeled platelets was less on HUV than on PTFE grafts but still greater than on autogenous vein grafts. Accordingly, 3-hour patency rates were lowest with PTFE and highest with autogenous vein, although the difference between HUV and PTFE grafts was not statistically significant. One month following implantation, PTFE grafts had a higher patency rate than HUV grafts (p less than 0.05). Treatment with piroxicam decreased 3-hour platelet deposition, improved 1-month patency of both PTFE (p less than 0.05) and HUV (p less than 0.01) grafts, and decreased pseudointimal thickening on PTFE grafts (p less than 0.01). This experimental study did not demonstrate any clearcut difference in the performance of PTFE and HUV grafts. Piroxicam treatment improved the results with both grafts, which would justify future clinical trials with this simple antiplatelet regimen. PMID- 3746017 TI - Percutaneous chemical lumbar sympathectomy with alcohol with computed tomography control. AB - Percutaneous chemical lumbar sympathectomy with alcohol (PCLSA) using computed tomography (CT) control was performed in 8 patients suffering from advanced peripheral arterial occlusive disease. PCLSA under CT guidance was found to be a simple and safe procedure. The use of CT control added precision in the guidance of needle placement. Positive results were obtained in all patients, without significant morbidity. PCLSA may be an alternative to surgical sympathectomy. PMID- 3746018 TI - A case of aneurysm of a primitive persistent sciatic artery: anatomical-clinical aspects and surgical management. AB - Aneurysms of the sciatic artery are quite rare. In the literature fewer than 100 cases of gluteal aneurysms have been reported; most have arisen from the superior or inferior gluteal artery; only few cases were aneurysms of an anomalous persistent sciatic artery (6 cases diagnosed angiographically and treated). In our own experience, the overall incidence of this anomaly, in patients undergoing angiography is very low, in the order of 0.025%. In our case the iliac femoral axis showed hypoplasia and required an internal iliac-popliteal bypass. For the location and the propensity atherosclerotic involvement of the persistent sciatic artery, an aneurysm should be considered in all patients with a pulsatile posterior thigh mass, with or not symptoms of peripheral vascular disease. PMID- 3746019 TI - Successful surgical treatment of pulmonary artery sling and partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage in an infant. AB - A 8 month old infant with pulmonary artery sling and partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage was reported. The patient was seen initially with severe stridor. Diagnosis was made by barium swallow study, echocardiography, bronchoscopy, and pulmonary arteriography. The patient was operated on through a median sternotomy; the left pulmonary artery was dissected deep between the trachea and esophagus, and then reimplanted to the side of the main pulmonary artery. Systemic heparinization and microsurgical technique were used. Simultaneous intracardiac repair was carried out by means of extracorporeal circulation. The patient improved dramatically after operation. Postoperative pulmonary arteriogram revealed a wide patent left pulmonary artery, and postoperative perfusion lung scan confirmed improved perfusion of the left lung. It is concluded that pulmonary artery sling should be treated surgically as soon as diagnosed. From the surgical point of view, the left pulmonary artery should be anastomosed to the main pulmonary artery with micro-surgical technique to avoid late occlusion of the left pulmonary artery. PMID- 3746020 TI - [Effect of immunotherapy using the non-specific immunopotentiator OK-432 in malignant ovarian tumors--selecting appropriate cases for immunotherapy]. AB - Immunotherapy for malignant ovarian tumors has been discussed in a number of recent studies. However, the effects of this therapy are produced by an indirect mechanism, and are, therefore, difficult to evaluated. In order to select appropriate cases for immunotherapy using OK-432 against malignant ovarian tumors, clinical and experimental studies were carried out. Clinically patients with ovarian cancer were divided into two groups; OK-432 treated group and no immunotherapy groups. As a parameter of immunoresponse to OK-432, PHA and Su-PS skin tests were performed periodically. Natural killer (NK) cell activity was also measured before and after administration of OK-432. Peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets were analysed by using monoclonal antibody and a laser flow cytometer. Finally tumor growth velocity was evaluated in tumor transplanted nude mice. The survival rate was used as an index for evaluation. The survival rate of the OK-432 treated groups was better than the control groups in advanced cases, but a statistically significant difference was found between the two groups. Among fundamental studies which were carried out to select appropriate cases, Su PS skin test, the NK response of OK-432 seemed to be actually utilized. PMID- 3746021 TI - [Effect of serotonin on uteroplacentofetal circulatory system in pregnant rabbit]. AB - The effects of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) on the uteroplacentofetal circulatory system were studied in pregnant rabbits. Serotonin infusion (50 micrograms/kg) induced transient, but significant fetal bradycardia (deceleration), without any significant changes in maternal blood pressure, heart rates, pO2, pCO2 and uterine activities. Pretreatment with methysergide, a serotonin antagonist, with a dose of 2.5 mg/kg blocked the inhibitory effect of serotonin on fetal heart rate. However, methysergide itself produced the uterine contraction associated with mild fetal bradycardia. Direct injection of serotonin (1,000 micrograms/kg) into fetuses did not produce any changes in fetal heart rates. These data indicated that serotonin would influence the uteroplacental vasculature, which in turn induced fetal bradycardia. PMID- 3746022 TI - [Dynamics of steroid levels in normal pregnant and parturient woman]. AB - An extract of a relatively small volume of plasma sample was subjected to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to separate unconjugated steroids, which were subsequently assayed by specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) methods. An aliquot of the sample was hydrolysed and the conjugated steroids were also determined in a similar way. These procedures were proved to be accurate, sensitive and specific to each steroid assayed, and were applied to measure steroids in the peripheral blood of pregnant and parturient women, and in the umbilical cord blood at delivery. Steroids assayed were as follows: Estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), androstenedione (A), testosterone (T), 16 alpha-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone (16 alpha-OH-DHA), 16 alpha-hydroxyandrostenedione (16 alpha-OH-A), 16 alpha-hydroxyestrone (16 alpha OH-E1), DHA-sulfate (DHA-S), and 16 alpha-OH-DHA-sulfate (16 alpha-OH-DHA-S). Two trends were observed in blood concentrations of unconjugated steroids during the course of pregnancy. One group of steroids, E1, E2, E3 and 16 alpha-OH-E1, continued to increase toward the onset of labor. Another group of steroid, A, T, DHA, 16 alpha-OH-DHA and 16 alpha-OH-A, on the other hand, reached a peak concentration at 36 weeks of gestation, and decreased thereafter. During active labor, unconjugated steroids tended to increase except E1. However, concentrations of T decreased during delivery as compared to those near term. Levels of DHA-S tended to fall as gestational weeks advanced, while those of 16 alpha-OH-DHA-S remained significantly high. It was indicated that a simultaneous determination of various steroids in the same blood sample obtained during pregnancy and at delivery was very useful in elucidating the role of steroids in the initiation of labor. PMID- 3746023 TI - [Studies on polyamines in the developing rats tissues]. AB - Polyamines were determined by a rapid and simplified HPLC method, in the tissues of normal developing and experimental IUGR (intrauterine growth retardation) rats. Two types of experimental IUGR were induced by maternal starvation and ligature of uterine vessels. On the 20th day of gestation polyamine levels in tissues were compared with untreated controls. In normal developing fetal liver the levels of putrescine and spermidine were higher than those in adult. In particular, the putrescine level on the 15th day of gestation was about 50 times higher than that in adult. In the neonatal period the increases in putrescine and spermidine were proceeding to those of nucleic acids. On the contrary, the spermine levels in fetal liver was not higher than in adult liver. In fetal brain, the levels of the three polyamines were higher than those in adult brain. In IUGR rats the results were characteristic in liver, namely, the putrescine level was significantly decreased, on the other hand, spermidine and spermine levels significantly increased compared with the untreated control levels. No significant changes in polyamine level were observed in brain. In placenta, only the spermine level was increased compared with the untreated control level. These results suggest that there is a close relationship between polyamine and fetal development, and putrescine may play an important role as the trigger in fetal development. PMID- 3746024 TI - [Studies on biological actions of sperm immobilizing antibody on human fertilization in vitro]. AB - Effects of sperm immobilizing antibodies on sperm penetration through human zonae pellucidae have been studied. Exposure of human spermatozoa obtained from fertile donors to seven serum samples with sperm immobilizing antibody impaired sperm penetration completely in six cases and incompletely in one case. During the course of treatment of a patient with circulating sperm immobilizing antibody by means of an in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer program, it was found that fertilization was completely blocked in the presence of the patient's serum, but three matured ova fertilized successfully when umbilical cord serum was used instead of autoserum from the patient. Furthermore, when spermatozoa were exposed to an IgG fraction of sera containing sperm immobilizing antibody, sperm binding and penetration were markedly inhibited. The spermatozoa, preincubated with sperm immobilizing antibody, showed penetrability across the zona pellucida. However, exposure of possibly capacitated sperm to the antibody completely blocked sperm binding to and penetration through the zona pellucida. These results suggest that sperm immobilizing antibodies cause infertility by preventina sperm binding to and penetration through the zona pellucida, possibly by interfering with the step of fertilization beyond sperm capacitation. PMID- 3746026 TI - [Establishment and characterization of TA-4 producing cell line (OMC-1) originating from a human squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix]. AB - A new human cell line designated OMC-1 was established from a metastatic lesion of Virchow lymph node of a large cell non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. OMC-1 was successively subcultured 30 times in about 15 months. The monolayer cultured cells appeared to be epithelial with a pavement like arrangement and tendency to pile up without contact inhibition. Electronmicroscopy showed desmosomes and well-developed tonofilaments. The population doubling time was 43-70 hours, the saturation density was 1.3-1.7 X 10(5) cells/cm2, the plating efficiency was 23-25% and the mitotic index was 3.3 4.8%. Chromosome studies showed aneuploidy and a modal number of 45. After subcutaneous transplantation into nude mice, the cells grew into solid large cell non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinomas. By the flow cytometric analysis, the phase fractions of the cells was G1 + G0 = 40.1%, S = 24.9% and G2 + M = 35.0%. The OMC-1 cells produced TA-4 in culture media. TA-4 was also demonstrated immunohistochemically in the original tumor tissue, cultured cells and tumors in nude mice. PMID- 3746027 TI - [Experimental chemotherapy of germ cell tumor heterotransplanted to nude mice]. AB - While the treatment of ovarian cancer has made remarkable progress in recent years, the chemotherapy of ovarian germ cell tumor has not as yet been fully established and remains to be improved. We investigated the effectiveness of a single-agent therapy with Vincristine (VCR), Actinomycin D (ACD), and Cyclophosphamide (CPM) against a human undifferentiated dysgerminoma's cell line (JOHYL-1) with the following results. The ratio of the number of viable cells to the total cell population treated for JOHYL-1 cells of ascitic type was 70% with VCR, 58% with CPM and 25% with ACD; hence the efficacy on this malignant cell line was the greatest with ACD followed by VCR and CPM in that descending order. Notably with CPM, a striking antitumor effect was observed from 48 to 24 hours after treatment. The L.I. attained a peak at 24, 18 and 30 hours, respectively, after treatment with VCR, ACD and CPM. The M.I. was as high as a little more than 6% at 36 hours after treatment with VCR. There also was noted a shift in the cell cycle with any of the test drugs. Morphological changes observed in the cell were most obvious with ACD followed in order by VCR and CPM. LDH & isozyme pattern: In these respects there were no striking differences among the three drugs, even though the total enzyme activity was somewhat higher with VCR.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3746025 TI - [An experimental study of cisplatin and it's antidote, sodium thiosulfate, in ovarian pseudomyxoma implanted into nude mice abdominal cavity]. AB - While Cisplatin was found to be effective in treating pseudomyxoma, its side effects, particularly on the kidneys, were very strong. Recently a "two channel therapy", in which it is used along with sodiumthiosulfate, has been reported to minimize the side effects. The authors used nude mice with pseudomyxoma implanted into the abdominal cavity in an experiment in which Cisplatin was introduced into the abdominal cavity and sodiumthiosulfate injected subcutaneously in a two channel procedure to determine the effect of sodiumthiosulfate on the action of Cisplatin on the pseudomyxoma and on the side effects of Cisplatin. The following results were obtained: The survival rate was improved when sodiumthiosulfate was administered with 40 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg of Cisplatin. Body weight loss was controlled when sodiumthiosulfate was administered with 20 mg/kg of Cisplatin. On the other hand, the histological effect of Cisplatin was also suppressed when sodiumthiosulfate was co-administered. In this study, we failed to observed any histological changes in the kidneys and liver attributable to Cisplatin. PMID- 3746028 TI - Immunological studies of human endometrium--suppression of lymphocyte mitogenesis by endometrial extract. AB - Immunoregulatory activity that suppresses lymphocyte mitogenesis was demonstrated in human secretory endometrial extracts (SEE). SEE markedly suppressed 3H thymidine (3H-TdR) incorporation by phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated lymphocytes compared with myometrial extracts from the same donors. SEE-induced inhibition of lymphocyte response to PHA was significantly (p less than 0.01) greater than that in cultures containing proliferative endometrial extracts at equivalent concentrations. SEE inhibited PHA- and ConA-stimulated cultures much better than PWM cultures, suggesting that it suppressed mitogen stimulation of T cells, but probably not B cells. Investigation of the kinetics of SEE-mediated suppression revealed that it was effective in inhibiting the initial activation processes of T-cell mitogenesis. Preincubation of lymphocytes with SEE followed by washing prevented inhibition of PHA-stimulated proliferation, indicating that the inhibitory effect of SEE might be reversible. The results are discussed with respect to a possible role of the inhibitory factor(s) in SEE in facilitating the implantation process of fetal allograft. PMID- 3746029 TI - Clear cell carcinoma and endometrioid carcinoma arising in a endometriotic cyst of the ovary. AB - A case of two tumors arising in an endometriotic cyst of the ovary is described. These two tumors are macroscopically polypous and are histologically a clear cell carcinoma and an endometrioid carcinoma, respectively. This is a rare neoplasm and its existence supports the general opinion that clear cell carcinoma and endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary are both mullerian in origin. PMID- 3746030 TI - Attributes of microorganisms that contribute to recurrence and intractability of vaginal mycosis. AB - Recurrence or intractability of vaginal mycosis may be ascribable to various factors. Attributes of microorganisms that contribute to recurrence and intractability of vaginal mycosis have not fully been elucidated. We studied this problem by means of a modern fungal identification method, strict measurement of the minimum inhibitory concentration and close clinical analysis. As for the detection rate for Candida albicans (C. alb.) and Torulopsis glabrata (T. glab.) as pathogens of vaginal mycosis, we found a relative increase was observed in T. glab. that so far has shown strong adaptability, even under unfavorable environments, to general fungi. The MIC values for clotrimazole (CTZ) against T. glab. were about 4 times as high as those against C. alb. No acquired resistance to CTZ was observed in these 2 groups. Conventional identification methods have been unable to provide conclusive evidence of the self-infection of vaginal mycosis from the anus to the vagina via the vulva. In some of the cases examined in this study, the modern fungal identification method succeeded in demonstrating that the fungal species detected in these three regions were of the same origin. Some of the C. alb. and T. glab. strains which reappeared after treatment were found to be different from those detected before treatment, a finding indicating that reinfection, apart from recurrence, occurred. Besides, treatment occasionally resulted in replacement of C. alb. with T. glab. PMID- 3746031 TI - Successful application of in vitro fertilization and embryo replacement in the treatment of infertile women with sperm immobilizing antibody. PMID- 3746032 TI - An ELISA for antisperm antibodies. PMID- 3746033 TI - [An essay on elective hysterectomy and the treatment of uterine myoma]. PMID- 3746034 TI - [A case of endometrial adenocarcinoma and ovarian endometrioid carcinoma complicated with polycystic ovary syndrome]. PMID- 3746035 TI - 38th annual scientific meeting of the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Tokyo, March 30-April 1, 1986. Proceedings and abstracts. PMID- 3746036 TI - [Clinical significance of the feto-placental unit during pregnancy and parturition]. AB - Theoretical basis of measurement of estriol during pregnancy. It was clarified that the feto (adrenal and liver)-placental unit plays an important role in the biosynthesis of estriol during pregnancy. The theoretical basis of the usefulness of estriol estimation in maternal urine as the indicator of fetal viability is therefore established, and a simplified estriol assay (LAIR-3 minutes method) was developed. As to the steroid values in the amniotic fluid during pregnancy, high level of progesterone (P4) in the first trimester and prominent rises of DHA-S and estriol values near term were shown. Furthermore, transference of amniotic DHA-S to the mother through the amniotic membrane was demonstrated by the in vivo study using deuterium labeled DHA-S given in the amniotic fluid. In vivo study using deuterated pregnenolone sulfate (P5-S) given in the maternal circulation demonstrated that maternal P5-S was partially used as the precursor of placental P4. Therefore, it is suggested that the precursor of placental P4 is mainly derived from the feto-placental side rather than the maternal one. Changes of steroidal environment near term. Steroid hormone assay by gas chromatography mass spectrometry using deuterium labeled compound as internal standard was developed, and (fetal adrenal) steroid values in maternal blood were measured. DHA-S, 16 alpha-OH- DHA-S and estriol values increase in the prepain and labor period and P4 and 20 alpha-OH-P4 values decrease during labor. In vivo study using deuterium labeled DHA-S given to the fetal side in the perinatal period demonstrated that DHA-S originated from fetal adrenal transferred to the mother through placenta without being subjected to the aromatisation. The elevation of uterine sensitivity to oxytocin in the perinatal period is closely related to both the increases of DHA-S and estriol levels, and the decrease of P4 values in the maternal blood. As to the hormonal factors of hypothalamo-posterior pituitary system, the levels of estrogen stimulated neurophysin (ESN) and oxytocin in the maternal blood elevated parallel with the increase of estrogen level in the prepain period. The administration of DHA-S (100mg, twice a week) in the perinatal period accelerate the maturation of uterine cervix with concomitant augmentation of DHA-S concentration and increased proline hydroxylase activity in the cervical tissue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3746037 TI - [The maternal, fetal and neonatal clinical characteristics in cases delivered between 24 and 32 weeks' gestation]. AB - The clinical characteristics of 346 infants delivered between 24 and 32 weeks' gestation in our perinatal medical center were reviewed retrospectively in order to investigate the fetal development and maturation process in human pregnancy. Sixty nine infants were stillborn. The remaining 277 live-born infants were admitted in the neonatal intensive care unit. The one hundred and ninety three surviving infants were discharged from the neonatal unit. The neonatal survival rate by gestational week at birth was characterized by an abrupt increase at 26 weeks of gestation and a stepwise increment thereafter. Fetal cardiovascular responses to acute stress such as hypoxemia became different at 26 weeks of gestation from those of more preterm young infants. The capability to respond to various respiratory intensive support became evident at 28 weeks of gestation. The neurological development stability seems to be obtained at 30 weeks' of gestation. The neurological developmental disorders were not directly related to the length of gestational age at birth in the range of 26 and 32 weeks. The intrauterine growth retardation became clinically evident from 28 weeks. Those infants whose growth was retarded in utero showed a remarkably adverse outcome both in mortality and mobility in this series. PMID- 3746038 TI - [Studies on fetal growth and functional development]. AB - The characteristic process of fetal growth and the developments of cardiovascular function as well as fetal behaviors were studied. The size of fetal head, trunk, limbs, lung, liver and kidney were measured using ultrasonography and the process of fetal growth was analyzed with a computer. Fetal cardiovascular functions were assessed by M-mode echocardiography and pulsed Doppler ultrasound. Fetal behaviors such as rapid and slow eye movements, breathing movements and movements of head, trunk and limbs were simultaneously observed using three ultrasonic real time scanners and the occurrence, the correlation and the cyclicity of each movement were analyzed with the specially programmed signal processor. The results were as follows: Fetal growth--The growth rate of fetuses (weight gain/day X fetal weight) was maximum at 25-30 weeks of gestation(W). Skeleton grew linearly until 30W, then decelerated the growing speed. The growth of organs such as lung, liver and kidney, which showed the same pattern as that of trunk, was accelerated after 26-27W. The thickening of skeletal muscle and the deposit of fat remarkably increased after 32W. The specific gravity of a fetus which was calculated according to the formulae for estimation of fetal weight and fetal volume showed maximum value at 32-34W. These results suggest that the growth of skeleton is accelerated first, organs next and muscle and fat deposit finally in a fetus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3746039 TI - [Development of fetal organs and adaptation to extrauterine life]. AB - Under unsatisfactory environmental conditions, such as the mother's illness, placental insufficiency, PROM, etc., the fetus must make the transition to extrauterine life from an unfortunate intrauterine existence. The adaptation process of the fetus to extrauterine environment in these cases is extreme importance. In our present investigation, we studied the developmental pattern of the functions of each fetal organ and the specific aspects of fetal metabolism. Using the brush border technique, we clarified that the fetal absorptional function of intestine developed from the 24th week of gestation and reached adult level in 32nd gestational weeks. The fetal renal reabsorption function developed from the 30th week of gestation and reached adult level in 36 gestational weeks. The liver function (enzymatic activity, etc.) remained low during the entire fetal life and developed gradually after birth. Taurine plays an important metabolical role and has a specific transport system during fetal life. The coagulation of vitamin K-dependent factors and activity remained low level at 27 31st gestational week, reaching full term level after 30 days. The switching of HbF to HbA was delayed more significantly in premature infants than in full term infants, but this delay of switching is effectively corrected by the increase of 2.3 DPG in premature infants. Immune response remained immature even in the full term fetus, but the non-specific immune response (NK activity, LAK activity, etc.) developed in the early fetal period and showed characteristic activity. The steroids which originated from the fetal-placental unit related intimately to the continuity of pregnancy and fetal development. PMID- 3746040 TI - [Management of post-term pregnancy]. AB - Simple titration of urinary estriol and of serum human placental lactogen (HPL) has recently proved valuable in the assessment of feto-placental function, and the non-stress test (NST), the contraction-stress test (CST), and other fetal reserve tests are now routinely used in the management of post-term pregnancy. Major progress has also been made in labor induction using prostaglandin and DHAS. Despite these advances, however, the prognosis of post-term fetus has not improved during the past five years at our department. Our statistical data indicate room for improvement in the management of post-term pregnancy, but independently of new methods of fetal assessment or of labor induction. The management of post-term pregnancy appears to have entered a new stage of development. Ultrasonic echography has made it possible accurately to estimate gestational age, and hence the date of conception, early in pregnancy and thus to exclude false post-term pregnancies. The post-term pregnancy rate was once as high as 7%. More than half of these cases were false and were often subject to unnecessary induction of labor. Echographic screening and correction of date of conception have now reduced the true incidence of post-term pregnancy to between 1.5% and 3.1%. Echographic screening should therefore be performed for this purpose whenever possible. The diagnosis of oligohydramnios has also been facilitated by ultrasonic echography for the semiquantitative measurement of amniotic fluid. It has been reported, for example, that the volume of amniotic fluid tends to decrease after the 38th week of pregnancy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3746041 TI - Acute renal failure--a complication of new multidrug regimen for treatment of leprosy. AB - A leprosy patient who developed acute renal failure on multidrug therapy is reported. The patient had initially received a once-weekly dose of rifampin and after he had stopped taking the drug for a time, was given rifampin on a once monthly dose schedule. He recovered completely from his acute renal failure. Kidney biopsy showed interstitial nephritis with mononuclear and eosinophilic cellular infiltrates. PMID- 3746042 TI - Sustained release properties of an intra-adiposely administered dapsone depot injection. AB - A dapsone depot injection, consisting of dapsone crystals of bipyramidal shape with a particle size of 38 micron-63 micron suspended in an aqueous vehicle, appeared to result in different concentration/time profiles in men and women when delivered "intramuscularly." This phenomenon can be explained by the larger skin to-muscle distance in women than in men. Injections intended to be delivered intramuscularly are, in fact, administered into subcutaneous fatty tissue in most of the women. Because sustained release properties were more satisfactory in women than in men, in this study the absorption of dapsone was investigated after administration of the same injection into gluteal fatty tissue. Via this route of administration, for which the term intra-adipose is used, 12 female and 15 male healthy volunteers received 1000 mg dapsone, after which blood samples were taken at regular intervals for 35 days to determine dapsone and monoacetyldapsone concentrations in serum using high-pressure liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection. No important differences between men and women appeared to exist at any time point after injection. The peak concentrations were 0.69 +/- 0.40 mg/l in men and 0.84 +/- 0.31 mg/l in women. No important side effects were observed, either locally or systemically. Volunteers who previously received an intramuscular injection preferred the intra-adipose administration. The good depot properties and better acceptance of intra-adipose dapsone administration are reasons to prefer this route of administration. PMID- 3746043 TI - Analgesic use by leprosy patients. AB - We questioned 235 subjects with leprosy regarding the consumption of analgesic preparations, and 46 subjects (19.5%) admitted to having consumed more than 2 kg of analgesics; the main reason for consumption was neuritic pain. The commonly consumed analgesics are paracetamol (acetaminophen) and local proprietary compound analgesics containing aspirin, phenacetin, and caffeine. Intravenous urograms were done on 28 of the 46 subjects, but none showed evidence of renal papillary necrosis. The reasons for this lack of renal papillary necrosis are postulated. Excessive ingestion of analgesics may be a contributory factor in the development of interstitial nephritis in patients with leprosy. PMID- 3746044 TI - The lepromin test in rhesus monkeys. AB - The lepromin test was studied in rhesus monkeys. Six control monkeys which had not been inoculated with Mycobacterium leprae, six monkeys with experimentally induced leprosy, and nine monkeys which had been inoculated with M. leprae but had not developed leprosy were evaluated with 1X, 10X, and 15X lepromin A, with 1X and 10X lepromin M (mangabey monkey derived), with 1X and 25X purified inactivated M. leprae, and with an armadillo mock lepromin. We found that the lepromin test is useful in rhesus monkeys, but that a higher concentration of antigen than is used in humans is required to induce a response in monkeys. Control monkeys appear to be lepromin negative. Animals which have been inoculated and which develop lepromatous leprosy are also negative. Monkeys which are experimentally inoculated with M. leprae and do not develop leprosy become lepromin positive. Monkeys with indeterminate leprosy have reactions intermediate between lepromatous and resistant animals. No monkeys reacted to armadillo tissue. Our results indicate that 10X lepromin A is a useful preparation for the lepromin testing of rhesus monkeys. PMID- 3746045 TI - Lepromin skin test in normal people in Singapore--a one-year follow up. PMID- 3746046 TI - Bilateral ulnar nerve abscess in lepromatous leprosy; a first encounter. PMID- 3746047 TI - [Congenital absence of the anterior compartment muscle of both legs--a case report]. AB - A case of the congenital defect of the anterior compartment of the legs is reported, and is the first one in the literature. This case presented bilateral talipes equinovarus deformity at birth on a sister of identical twins. The abnormalities of the leg muscles were found from lack of active dorsiflexion of the ankle and the toes after initial walking. In the surgical finding, the deep peroneal nerve was normal, but the anterior compartment muscles of the leg were completely replaced by the fatty tissue. Microscopically, the normal muscle fibers were scattered in the fatty tissue with the small vessels and the nerve fibers. The etiology of the congenital muscle defect has been in controversy, but as yet there have been few case reports of lower leg muscle defect. In the treatment of congenital club foot, one should consider the congenital defect of the anterior compartment muscles. PMID- 3746048 TI - [Studies on the topographic architecture of the annulus fibrosus in developmental and degenerative processes in the lumbar intervertebral disc in man]. AB - Architecture of the annulus fibrosus of the lumbar intervertebral disc in 49 human cadavers (30 fetuses and 19 adults) was observed topographically by polarized light microscopy to investigate the developmental process and the degenerative changes. At the 6th month of fetal life, the anterior annulus fibrosus presented a regular lamellar structure, while the posterior annulus fibrosus presented an irregular reticular structure. Difference of the interstriation angles of collagen fibers in the lamellae between the anterior and posterior annulus fibrosus was identified, and rather smaller angles were found in the anterior than in the posterior. At the 40's years of life collagen fibers in the lamellae showed loosening, separation and a cyst-like cavity, which finally developed into an annular tear. These degenerative changes observed predominantly in the posterior annulus fibrosus suggest that the posterior annulus fibrosus has structural and developmental instability against mechanical stress. PMID- 3746049 TI - [Bone modeling in experimentally induced osteoporosis in rats]. AB - Osteoporosis was experimentally induced in rats by ovariectomy (OVX), surgical excision of the sciatic nerve (NX), unilateral cordotomy (CX) and their combined operations. Each experimental group was sacrificed 12 or 24 weeks after the operation. Microdensitometrical findings, bone weight and the amount of tetracycline absorbed into the bone were examined and were compared with the control (sham op.) in order to study the bone modeling dynamics. The rats which underwent CX combined with OVX were given 1 alpha (OH)D3 and the effects of the drug were examined in a similar manner. It was concluded that bone formation decreased in OVX, that bone formation decreased and bone resorption increased simultaneously in NX, and that both bone formation and bone resorption increased in CX. 1 alpha (OH)D3 was considered to inhibit the progression of osteoporosis. PMID- 3746050 TI - Stress analysis after total knee arthroplasty with posterior cruciate ligament resection type and -retention type prosthesis--with special reference to the significance of retaining the posterior cruciate ligament. AB - Stress analyses in knees replaced with PCL-resection type and PCL-retention type prosthesis under various loading conditions were performed by means of the three dimensional finite element method. In the knee replaced with the PCL-resection type prosthesis, distribution of large transmitted loads was concentrated in a small area located in front of the stem and under the plateau of prosthesis. The sum of moments of transmitted loads increased as horizontal component loads on the femoral component increased. Large von Mises stresses were distributed in the anterior and proximal parts of the tibia. In the tibia replaced with the PCL retention type, transmitted loads were observed in the whole area under the plateau and posterior cortex. The sum of moments was significantly smaller than that in the PCL-resection type. Large von Mises stresses were distributed in the posterior and proximal parts of the tibia. It was recommended that the PCL be saved in total knee arthroplasty whenever possible. PMID- 3746051 TI - Studies on the evaluation of joint functional impairment in the lower extremities -examination by multivariate analysis. AB - Multivariate analysis was applied to develop systems which afford more objective and universal evaluation of joint function in the lower extremities such as the hip, knee, and ankle joint. Conventional methods have various drawbacks, such as selection of parameters, allocation of points to selected parameters, selection of indices to represent impairment of joint function as a whole, and functional evaluation in polyarticular impairment. In order to solve these problems, causative factors (pain, mobility, and stability) of the joint impairment and secondary factors such as activities of daily living (ADL) representing the overall effects of the causative factors were strictly discriminated, and only causative factors were selected to serve as functional parameters. Then, taking ADL as criterion variables and causative factors as predictor variables, multiple regression analysis was performed using 207 hips, 250 knees, and 50 ankle joints. Based on this analysis, an original system for evaluating joint function was developed. PMID- 3746052 TI - [Stress test and anatomical study of the lateral collateral ligaments of the ankle]. AB - Many authors have discussed on the instability of the ankle joint. We have therefore investigated the variety, courses and the functions of the lateral collateral ligament by dissecting 16 freshly amputated limbs. It was composed of 4 ligaments, i.e., the anterior talofibular, the posterior talofibular, the calcaneofibular and the lateral talocalcaneal ligaments. These ligaments have various courses and influence the stability of the ankle joint in various manners. Transection of the anterior talofibular ligament alone caused inversion and forward instability, and transection of calcaneofibular ligament alone caused adduction instability of the ankle and subtalar joint, but posterior talofibular and the lateral talocalcaneal ligament and other ligaments, however, played an important role in the stability of the ankle joint, so that injuries of the anterior talofibular ligament or the calcaneofibular ligament caused varying degrees of instability in this joint. CONCLUSION: To evaluate this injury the following methods of taking X-ray pictures are indispensable, namely, stress inversion, stress anterior drawer, and stress adduction radiography. PMID- 3746053 TI - [Experimental study of spinal cord evoked potentials in cats]. AB - Assessment of function of the spinal cord utilizing spinal cord evoked potentials (SEP) has become a useful diagnostic tool. In the present study, various aspects of characteristics of SEP were analyzed. The basic waveform of conductive SEP consisted of two major components, namely, N1 and N2, whose conduction velocities along the dorsal surface of the cord were 74 m/s and 55 m/s, respectively. Halothane inhalation caused reduction of N2 amplitude, whereas asphyxia caused latency delay of N2. Significant amplitude reduction of N1, N2 (p less than 0.005) and considerable latency delay of N1 were noted in ventral epidural recording. Although there was no relationship between severity of injury and the appearance of positive potentials, N2 tended to be positive-going in heavy injury. Findings of positive potentials showed that N1 originated in the area of ventral gray matter through the ventro-lateral column and N2 through the dorsal column. PMID- 3746054 TI - [Experimental study on biomaterials coated with titanium-nitride ceramic for orthopedics]. AB - Ceramic has excellent properties. However, the brittleness of ceramic is one of the major problems. Coating ceramic on stronger substance materials may be one of the ways to overcome this problem. In this study, stainless steel (316L) coated with titanium nitride ceramic (TiN), produced by using a physical vapor deposition method, was investigated. The results indicated that although the yielding strength was decreased by exposing the material to 550 degrees C, the grain structure did not change. Stainless steel with 3.0 micron TiN coating demonstrated high resistance to bending stress and friction. In addition, this material displayed sufficient fatigue strength for an orthopaedic implant after 10(7) loading repetitions. Based on organ cultures and animal experiments, the biocompatibility of TiN coated stainless steel appeared to be superior to uncoated stainless steel. The TiN coating dissolved in H2O2 although it was stable to HNO3. In conclusion, titanium nitride ceramic coated stainless steel appears to be a promising material for implantation. However, further investigation is necessary for a long term results as an implant material. PMID- 3746055 TI - [Histological and ultrastructural study of degeneration of the lumbar intervertebral disc in the rabbit following nucleotomy, with special reference to the topographical distribution pattern of the degeneration]. AB - The degenerative and repair processes of rabbit lumbar disc after nucleotomy were topographically followed by light and electron microscopy. Light microscopic studies showed a proliferation of cells with large pericellular matrices in the inner annulus. Electron microscopic changes of the inner annular cells showed an increase in the number of micropinocytotic vesicles in the first 8 weeks following nucleotomy, early appearance of lysosomes, and a reduction in the amount of rough endoplasmic reticula from 6 weeks after operation. 'Islet areas' consisting of small ruthenium red positive materials increased in number in the pericellular matrices. These changes were topographically similar to each of them. Activation of remnant notochordal cells was evident morphologically and autoradiographically. It seemed most likely that cells of the inner annulus were activated for a initial certain period following nucleotomy, while they degenerated rapidly after surgery. Light microscopy showed these changes of annular tissue following nucleotomy to be just like those after disc incision. PMID- 3746056 TI - Possible involvement of prostaglandin endoperoxides in cartilage-synovial interactions. AB - The depletion of proteoglycans in cartilage matrix is the beginning of cartilage breakdown. Prostaglandins and related compounds might play an important role in inhibition of cartilage metabolism under arthritic conditions. Prostaglandin endoperoxides, intermediate metabolites of arachidonic acid, are more potent chemical mediators than prostaglandins, but their action can only be demonstrated in cartilage co-incubated with synovial tissue, because they are short-lived and active only within a small restricted space. Human rheumatoid synovialis highly inhibited sulfation of cartilage matrix co-incubated. The inhibition of cartilage metabolism was released by indomethacin added to the co-incubating system, showing its responsiveness to indomethacin. The magnitude of inhibition was time dependent and substantially greater than that by prostaglandin in cell-free rheumatoid synovial culture media. The results suggest a possible involvement of prostaglandin endoperoxides in potent inhibition of cartilage metabolism under arthritic conditions. PMID- 3746057 TI - Experimental study on thermal burns caused by plaster bandage. AB - Plaster bandage is frequently used in the field of orthopaedic surgery. Little is known however of thermal burns caused by plaster bandage. Experience has shown that heat producing levels differ depending on application conditions, i.e., water temperature into which plaster of Paris is dipped, thickness of the plaster cast, kind of plaster, etc. We made a series of experiments to find out what factors are related to elevation of the skin temperature in a plaster splint applied to a human forearm. The highest skin temperature of 47.7 degrees C was obtained upon application of a plaster bandage made of 30 layers of plaster with short setting time, dipped in water at 42 degrees C. In this condition the examinee had a first degree burn on the skin surface. Thus, care must be taken in applying a plaster bandage to assure that it does not cause a serious burn to the skin. PMID- 3746058 TI - [Plasma exchange in acute hepatic failure: effectiveness and evaluation]. PMID- 3746059 TI - [Microaggregates in the fresh-frozen plasma may cause pulmonary microembolism following exchange plasma transfusion]. PMID- 3746060 TI - [Blood cleaning therapy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 3746061 TI - [Analysis and clinical significance of cryogel obtained from patients with rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 3746062 TI - [Plasmapheresis: elimination of the denatured proteins with artificial reticuloendothelial system]. PMID- 3746063 TI - [Plasmapheresis treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia: methods and evaluation]. PMID- 3746064 TI - [Long-term effects of repetitive plasmapheresis on coronary arterial feature of familial hypercholesterolemia]. PMID- 3746065 TI - [Comparison of therapeutic plasma exchange and hydrophobic amino acid adsorbent therapy in the management of rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 3746067 TI - [Eosinophilic myocarditis mimicking acute myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock]. PMID- 3746066 TI - [Diagnostic value of the Q wave in body surface potential map for estimation of left anterior wall asynergy in patients with coronary artery disease without abnormal Q wave on standard 12-lead electrocardiogram]. PMID- 3746068 TI - [A case of subdermal abscess caused by Mycobacterium kansasii in a patient with myasthenia gravis and systemic lupus erythematosus]. PMID- 3746069 TI - [A case of malignant peritoneal mesothelioma following asbestos exposure]. PMID- 3746070 TI - [A case of systemic lupus erythematosus with cryptococcal meningitis successfully treated with amphotericin B and 5-FC]. PMID- 3746071 TI - [A familial study of methemoglobinemia]. PMID- 3746072 TI - [A case of chronic pancreatitis associated with massive pleuro-pericardial effusions and nodular subcutaneous fat necrosis]. PMID- 3746073 TI - [A case of alveolar type adult rhabdomyosarcoma associated with acute leukemia like clinical manifestation and metastasis of mamma, bone marrow, inguinal lymph node, and perianal and intrapelvic regions]. PMID- 3746074 TI - [Concomitant therapy with prednisolone and cyclophosphamide in 18 cases of IgA nephropathy]. PMID- 3746075 TI - [Discrimination of high risk patients in the management of acute myocardial infarction--reassessment of the validity of early ambulation and early discharge]. PMID- 3746076 TI - [Urinary excretion of thromboxane B2 in normal human subjects: sex and age differences]. PMID- 3746077 TI - [A case of dermatomyositis associated with toxoplasmosis]. PMID- 3746078 TI - [Two sisters with mannosidosis: clinical manifestations and pathologic findings of the skeletal muscle]. PMID- 3746079 TI - [A case of Legionella pneumophila serogroup III with pulmonary carcinoma: the first report in Japan]. PMID- 3746080 TI - [A case of Shy-Drager syndrome with respiratory failure due to bilateral vocal cord paresis]. PMID- 3746081 TI - [A case of retroperitoneal fibrosis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus]. PMID- 3746082 TI - [Development of adrenal cortical carcinoma in systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report]. PMID- 3746083 TI - [Multicentric plasma cell type Castleman's lymphadenopathy with nephrotic syndrome]. PMID- 3746084 TI - [A case of subacute necrotizing lymphadenitis associated with aseptic meningitis]. PMID- 3746085 TI - [Electrophysiological criteria for permanent pacing therapy of patients with bradycardia]. PMID- 3746086 TI - [Renal disorders following dust exposure]. PMID- 3746087 TI - [An autopsied case of a 45-year-old man with Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome]. PMID- 3746088 TI - [An adult case of idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis]. PMID- 3746089 TI - [Three cases of visceral larva migrans due to ingestion of raw chicken or cow liver]. PMID- 3746090 TI - [Spontaneously remittent angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia occurring in the course of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia]. PMID- 3746091 TI - [March hemoglobinuria during a school excursion in a high school girl--a report of a case, and a review of the Japanese literature]. PMID- 3746092 TI - [A case of glomerulonephritis complicated by idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis like disease]. PMID- 3746093 TI - Treatment of bacterial infections with specific antisera: a venerable idea born again. PMID- 3746094 TI - Activity of intravenous immune globulins against Klebsiella. AB - Seven commercial intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) preparations and an experimental hyperimmune globulin (Klebsiella immune-IVIG) were analyzed for antibody levels to Klebsiella capsular polysaccharides, opsonic activity, and protective capacity against Klebsiella. With one exception, all IVIGs reacted immunologically with the various capsular antigens, although titers between the preparations varied considerably. Klebsiella immune-IVIG possessed substantially higher titers (32-fold to 128-fold) than the commercial preparations. Only the hyperimmune globulin was capable of promoting the phagocytosis and killing of six Klebsiella test strains. When prophylactically administered, a commercial IVIG afforded significant protection (P less than 0.01) against fatal experimental Klebsiella sepsis only at a dose of 500 mg/kg. Klebsiella immune-IVIG provided a similar level of protection at a dose of 5 mg/kg. Whereas the commercial IVIG was ineffective when used therapeutically, the hyperimmune globulin was highly protective. Combined antibiotic-immunoglobulin therapy was most effective at reducing mortality. PMID- 3746095 TI - In vivo and in vitro modulation of megakaryocytopoiesis and stromal colony formation by lithium. AB - The ability of lithium to influence in vivo and in vitro megakaryocytopoiesis and the hematopoietic microenvironment from marrow and splenic tissues was investigated. For three consecutive days, mice were injected intraperitoneally with ultrapure lithium chloride (1.6 mg/kg body weight). Animals were killed on days 1 through 4 and thereafter on alternating days until day 16. Megakaryocytopoiesis was evaluated by culturing marrow and splenic cells for their megakaryocyte stem cell (CFU-M) content. The marrow and splenic microenvironment was determined by measuring stromal colonies. Increases in marrow CFU-M were noted on the first 3 days after Li, with the maximum effect on day 2 (180% of control). A second wave of megakaryocytopoiesis began on day 6 and peaked on day 10 (165% of control). Splenic megakaryocytopoiesis was also stimulated by Li; maximum production occurred on day 10 (330% of control). Splenic stromal colony formation was elevated on the 12 days after Li. Numbers of marrow stromal colonies were elevated on days 6, 10, and 12. The increased numbers of marrow- and splenic-derived CFU-M elevated the level of circulating platelets for 10 days after Li. Dose-response Li (0.01 to 10 mmol/L) studies performed in vitro demonstrate that Li effectively increased the number of both CFU-M and stromal colony-forming cells in the presence of optimal concentrations of conditioned media used to stimulate the formation of CFU-M. Furthermore, when stromal colonies were used as feeder layers overlaid with normal nonadherent marrow cells, Li-stimulated stromal colonies supported a greater number of CFU-Ms than did normal, non-Li-treated stromal cultures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3746096 TI - In vitro comparison of antiplatelet effects of beta-lactam penicillins. AB - beta-Lactam antibiotics have been shown to cause platelet dysfunction and bleeding in some patients. However, relative antiplatelet activity of various beta-lactams has remained controversial. Results of clinical studies have been variable because of the presence of underlying disease in the study patients, in addition to inherent difficulties of in vivo experimentation such as individual variations of drug metabolism and drug kinetics. Thus, we designed in vitro experiments to study the direct effect of penicillin G, carbenicillin, ticarcillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin, nafcillin, and azlocillin on platelets. Platelets obtained from normal volunteers were exposed in vitro for 15 minutes to increasing concentrations of the test penicillins (10.0, 12.5, 15.0, and 20.0 mmol/L), and the platelet aggregation response determined after the additional of adenosine diphosphate (2.5 to 5.0 mumol/L), epinephrine (0.1 X 10(-3) mol/L), thrombin (0.01 to 0.02 U/ml), and collagen (11.62 micrograms/ml). All tested penicillins inhibited platelet aggregation in a saturable dose-dependent manner that was reversible by platelet washing. Biostatistical comparison of inhibition of platelet aggregation demonstrated nafcillin to cause significantly more inhibition, followed by azlocillin, mezlocillin, and piperacillin as a group. Penicillin G, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin were the least inhibitory. The mean percent inhibition (epinephrine) at 20 mmol/L concentration was nafcillin 86.4%, mezlocillin 83.2%, piperacillin 80.3%, azlocillin 76.4%, ticarcillin 73.2%, carbenicillin 66.4%, and penicillin G 58.4% (overall P less than 0.001). We conclude that all penicillins tested in vitro inhibit platelet aggregation in normal individuals, but to varying degrees. The inhibitory response, which is most likely a membrane-related phenomenon, is dose dependent and reversible. PMID- 3746097 TI - Failure of potassium adaptation in vivo in the colon of aldosterone-deficient rats. AB - Prolonged potassium loading results in an adaptive change in colonic epithelium that increases the capacity for potassium excretion. We evaluated the role of aldosterone in colonic potassium adaptation, because potassium loading also increases the production of aldosterone. Experiments were performed in intact animals and in adrenalectomized rats with a high potassium intake replaced over a prolonged period with low physiologic amounts of corticosterone to provide a stable plasma level of 3 to 5 micrograms/dl. Net electrolyte movement and transmural potential difference were measured by an in vivo luminal perfusion technique. Compared with the rate of potassium secretion of -3.6 +/- 0.5 mu Eq/min/gm dry weight in potassium-loaded rats with intact adrenal glands, net secretion was significantly impaired (P less than 0.025) in potassium-loaded adrenalectomized animals with only corticosterone replacement (-1.1 +/- 0.5 mu Eq/min/gm dry weight). The rate in adrenalectomized animals, however, was comparable to that in intact animals receiving a normal potassium intake (0.3 +/- 0.2 mu Eq/min/gm dry weight). In addition, in intact animals prolonged potassium loading significantly increased transmural potential difference to -68 +/- 6 mV (P less than 0.005), compared with that in adrenalectomized, corticosterone replaced, potassium-loaded animals (-30 +/- 4 mV) and intact animals with a normal intake of potassium (-25 +/- 7 mV). Net sodium absorption was reduced in aldosterone-deficient animals compared with the value in control and potassium loaded animals with intact adrenal glands. These data indicate, therefore, that potassium adaptation is not induced in the absence of aldosterone and suggest that hyperaldosteronism plays an important role in induction of colonic potassium adaptation. PMID- 3746099 TI - Tardive psychosis. PMID- 3746098 TI - Effect of coupling of 2-nor-2-formylpyridoxal 5'-phosphate to stroma-free hemoglobin on oxygen affinity and tissue oxygenation. Studies in the isolated perfused rat liver under conditions of normoxia and stagnant hypoxia. AB - Hemoglobin in stroma-free solution (7 gm/100 ml) was modified by covalently cross linking the beta-chains with 2-nor-2-formylpyridoxal 5'-phosphate (NFPLP). The coupling efficiency was approximately 65%. The oxygen dissociation curve of the coupling mixture was shifted to the right, with a P50 of 30 mm Hg vs. 15 mm Hg for the nonmodified solution. The effect of the modification on tissue oxygenation was studied in the isolated perfused rat liver at normoxia and at hypoxia induced by decrease of flow rate at constant Po2 and hemoglobin concentration. The two perfusates used were a nonmodified hemoglobin solution and the coupling mixture. The chemical modification of the hemoglobin molecule did not affect the vascular resistance in the liver tissue. During normoxia the NFPLP induced decrease in oxygen affinity was reflected in a higher venous Po2. The differences in the other oxygen-sensitive parameters were not significant. The decrease in O2 supply induced by a decrease of perfusion flow rate (stagnant hypoxia) resulted in a decrease in venous Po2, O2 consumption, and bile flow rate, and an increase in the cytoplasmatic redox level (lactate/pyruvate ratio) and the mitochondrial redox level (beta-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio). During hypoxia the changed oxygen affinity of the modified hemoglobin solution was reflected in small but significant differences between both perfusates in the venous Po2 and both redox levels. No change in O2 consumption and bile flow rate was observed. When compared with earlier low-flow perfusions of the isolated rat liver with erythrocytes, the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin solutions appears not to be rate limiting for the O2 consumption, probably because of better tissue perfusion with hemoglobin solutions. PMID- 3746100 TI - C.T. demonstration of retroperitoneal hematoma caused by high inguinal arterial puncture during angiography. PMID- 3746101 TI - Broad spectrum antifungal agents in otomycosis. AB - The in vitro inhibitory activities of four currently used antimycotic agents (clotrimazole, econazole, miconazole and cyclopirox-olamine) against 304 fungal isolates comprising 51 species from 14 genera of moulds and yeasts, using a serial dilution procedure, were studied. Clotrimazole and econazole were found to have a grossly similar broad-spectrum antifungal activity, inhibiting all the tested yeasts and moulds at a concentration ranging from 0.1-4 micrograms/ml. At this range miconazole inhibited 90 per cent of the strains and cyclopirox-olamine inhibited 57 per cent only and thus they were less effective. Econazole 1 per cent solution was very effective in vivo in the treatment of otomycosis within 1 3 weeks. The drug was well tolerated, with no side-effects. Owing to the high broad-spectrum antifungal activity of clotrimazole and econazole, they should be the treatment of choice in otomycosis and can be used safely as otic drops. PMID- 3746103 TI - Is stapedectomy worthwhile before the age of twenty? PMID- 3746102 TI - Untreated persistent middle ear effusion. AB - Seventy-nine children have been followed with persistent middle ear effusion (MEE). They were scheduled for myringotomy and insertion of ventilating tubes (VT). Several factors delayed elective surgery for two-and-a-half years in a closed population. After that period, the children were again examined otomicroscopically and hearing tests were performed. MEE persisted in 69 per cent of the ears, but was absent in 31 per cent. Atelectasis appeared in 26 per cent of the ears; in only a very few cases did severe atelectasis develop. Complications following delay of myringotomy and introduction of VT are minor. PMID- 3746104 TI - Delayed brainstem auditory evoked responses in experimental diabetes mellitus. AB - The brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAER) were utilized for the evaluation of central neural transmission in alloxan-induced diabetes in rats. The mean latencies of waves I, III, V and the interpeak latencies III-V and I-V were prolonged in diabetic rats as compared to the same rats before alloxan administration. The incidence of abnormal BAER was more frequent in the group of rats with severe diabetes (82 per cent) than in mildly diabetic animals (42 per cent). Our results may suggest the presence of a central neuropathy in experimental diabetes, which can be detected by the method of BAER. PMID- 3746105 TI - Routine radiological examination of the sinuses before septoplasty. AB - Records of septoplasties performed during the last five years were reviewed with the aim of evaluating the results of routine pre-operative radiological examination of the sinuses. A positive correlation was found between the information of sinusitis within the last two years and the radiological finding of complete density or fluid. The roentgenograms showed normal conditions in 73 per cent of the cases and various degrees of pathology in 27 per cent; no case showed signs of malignancy. Puncture and irrigation or sinoscopy had been performed in 52 per cent of the cases with pathological X-rays. Following this treatment, surgery was postponed in 12 patients, and in nine patients a drainage tube was placed in the maxillary sinus peroperatively. Complications developed post-operatively in five of these nine patients and it is concluded that septoplasty should have been postponed. We find that it is important to identify the four per cent (12 + 9) of patients in whom the radiological findings are so pronounced that operation ought to be postponed. PMID- 3746106 TI - Crushed cartilage in nasal reconstruction. AB - Experience when using crushed cartilage for restoration of the dorsal nasal contour is presented. The septal cartilage is used as fresh autogenous grafts and as preserved septal cartilage. Implantation of autogenous grafts is preferable. Bank cartilage, however, has the advantage of being easily available and of causing very little reaction in the host organism. Normally, it is absorbed very slowly and replaced by connective tissue, which retains most of the bulk and shape of the implant. The crushed material is pushed in over the undermined nasal dorsum by means of a syringe connected to a plastic tube. When the piston of the loaded syringe is depressed, the cartilage is injected and the crushed cartilage can be moulded under the skin and the shape maintained by a tight dressing. The cartilage serves as a padding, which covers bony defects, smooths out the irregularities of the bone and avoids the open roof syndrome as well as retracted scar formation between skin and bone. PMID- 3746107 TI - Multiple primary tumours in laryngeal cancer. AB - All 748 patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx treated in the Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, between 1964 and 1983 were analysed retrospectively with regards to the occurrence of multiple primary tumours. One hundred and four (14 per cent) second primary tumours were reported. Seventy three (10 per cent) were situated in the respiratory tract and upper digestive tract. Of these 73, 64 were localized in the lung. No esophageal carcinomas were reported. Male patients, with a glottic carcinoma had a statistically higher change of developing a second primary than female patients (14.5 per cent versus 0 per cent). In both sexes more multiple primary tumours occurred in supraglottic than in glottic cancers. Only in female patients was the difference statistically significant. Because of the high rate of lung carcinomas, and since most tumours are metachronous, bronchoscopy is justified at the initial work-up and is also to be considered at regular intervals during the follow-up period. PMID- 3746108 TI - Anatomy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve: a redescription. AB - The recurrent laryngeal nerves on each side of the neck consist of numerous branches. The demonstration of the diverse relationships of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in the thyroid area explains the variation in vocal cord and cricopharyngeal muscle paralysis produced by surgical or other trauma to this area. The anastomosis of the middle cervical ganglion with the recurrent laryngeal nerve adds a new dimension to the already confused theories on vocal cord and laryngeal function. Both the motor and sensory supply of the larynx inferior to the cords, lower pharynx, cervical oesophagus and cervical trachea are supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve branches and their sympathetic anastomoses. The blood vessel-nerve relationship in these neck dissection specimens is quite different from that documented in the standard literature in that there are numerous blood vessels from the inferior thyroid artery that interdigitate with the branches of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. PMID- 3746109 TI - Reconstruction of the partially ablated auricle. AB - The auricle is unique in its structure and its reconstruction has remained a challenge for a long time. Much progress has been made in this field in recent years, especially with regard to congenitally malformed ears. In otolaryngological practice total or partial ablation of the auricle is encountered either following surgery for tumours or as a result of trauma. Following total amputation of the pinna the defect can be concealed by a prosthesis and although surgical replacement of the complete auricle is possible it is seldom necessary. Partially ablated auricles on the other hand are difficult to conceal. In a cosmetically conscious society like ours this must generate some psychological stress. In this article a simple versatile technique of reconstruction of partial defects as commonly seen in otolaryngological practice is presented. Other methods are reviewed. PMID- 3746110 TI - Marble bone disease in a child. PMID- 3746111 TI - Labyrinthine sequestrum (a case report). AB - An unusual case of a labyrinthine sequestrum is presented. During mastoidectomy on a patient with chronic recurrent mastoiditis, a large sequestrum in the labyrinth was found. Four years earlier he had been treated for a posterior fossa abscess, which had followed acute otitis media. An extensive ablative and drainage procedure of the pars superior and pars inferior with preservation of the facial nerve was indicated in this patient. PMID- 3746112 TI - Acute bilateral total deafness complicating mumps. AB - While it is well known that mumps is a potential cause of deafness, it is not generally appreciated that it can produce total deafness. The damage is usually unilateral but bilateral disease has been recorded. A case is presented of severe bilateral hearing loss during a mumps epidemic in which, in spite of intensive conventional as well as lesser known therapy, no improvement occurred. In the absence of a successful therapeutic regime it is clearly advisable to intensify immunization in non-developed countries. PMID- 3746113 TI - Median nasal dermoid fistulae. AB - Two cases of median nasal dermoid fistulae are presented. This is an uncommon developmental abnormality which may present either to ENT Surgeons, Plastic Surgeons, or Dermatologists. Although the extent of the tract in our cases was small, careful pre-operative assessment is required as the tract may be extensive. PMID- 3746114 TI - Extradural haematoma secondary to chronic sinusitis: a case report. AB - The complications of frontal sinusitis are well-known. There is no record in the medical literature of an extradural haemorrhage resulting from pathology of the frontal sinus. I report a case of chronic frontal sinusitis with polyposis, resulting in an extradural haematoma. PMID- 3746115 TI - Localisation of a CSF fistula by metrizamide CT cisternography. AB - Localisation of a cerebrospinal fluid fistula in the nasal region is difficult. Lack of a suitable roentgen contrast medium for intrathecal use has earlier restricted the utility of cisternography. Metrizamide cisternography and CT have recently proved to be well tolerated and effective in revealing CSF fistulae. A case report of operatively treated CSF rhinorrhea recurring after three years is presented. With the help of CT metrizamide cisternography, the fistula could finally be localised in the sphenoidal sinus. The re-operation confirmed this finding. The technique of cisternography is described. PMID- 3746116 TI - Choanal atresia: early management and an association with marble bone disease. AB - A series of five cases of choanal obstruction is presented and a simple scheme of early management is described. A case of Albers-Schonberg Syndrome presenting with choanal atresia is also described. PMID- 3746117 TI - Congenital dermoid cysts of the tongue. AB - A case of large dermoid cyst in the tongue in a 3 1/2-month-old child is presented. Histologically it was an epidermoid cyst. Typically corresponding cysts are diagnosed during the first four months of life. When the cyst was punctured, some keratin escaped and caused a granulation tissue reaction with granulocytes between the muscles of the tongue. The cyst was treated by marsupialization. No abnormality in the shape or function of the tongue was seen after 24 months. PMID- 3746118 TI - Acute supraglottic laryngitis in adults. AB - Four cases of supraglottic laryngitis in adults have been presented. All were treated conservatively with I.V. hydrocortisone and I.V. antibiotics under close observation. No intubation or tracheostomy was carried out. The author recommends the use of I.V. Cefuroxime as an initial form of antibiotic treatment. Mirror laryngoscopy is mandatory in any adult patient who presents with sore throat if epiglottitis is not to be missed as the first consultation. PMID- 3746119 TI - Tracheal carcinoma following short term tracheostomy in childhood (a case report). AB - Carcinoma of the trachea is rare in comparison to other neoplasms of the respiratory tract. Cigarette smoking has been implicated in its aetiology, but unlike carcinoma of the bronchus and lung, the incidence of tracheal carcinoma has not risen with tobacco consumption (Hajdu et al., 1970; Ranke et al., 1962). It seems, then, that there is some mechanism or mechanisms which render the trachea especially resistant to malignant change. PMID- 3746120 TI - Leiomyosarcoma of the trachea. AB - A case of primary leiomyosarcoma in the trachea of a 63-year-old woman is presented. Owing to the rare occurrence of this tumour in this site, the clinical diagnosis and pathological classification are difficult. In the English literature, only six cases of primary leiomyosarcoma in the trachea are on record. PMID- 3746121 TI - The future of the LD field: screening and diagnosis. PMID- 3746122 TI - Learning disabilities theory: its current state and future prospects. PMID- 3746123 TI - HSPQ in learning disability assessment. PMID- 3746124 TI - The socially deficient LD child in context: a systems approach to assessment and treatment. PMID- 3746125 TI - Sociometric status and after-school social activity of children with learning disabilities. PMID- 3746126 TI - Teacher perceptions of social behavior in learning disabled and socially normal children and youth. PMID- 3746127 TI - Hyperactivity and learning difficulties. PMID- 3746128 TI - Thought processes in culturally deprived and learning disabled children--a comparative study. PMID- 3746129 TI - Differences in cognitive processes among handicapped and average children: a group learning approach. PMID- 3746130 TI - Formation of chenodeoxycholic acid from 3 alpha, 7 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta cholestanoic acid by rat liver peroxisomes. AB - The oxidation of the side chain of 3 alpha, 7 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholestanoic acid (DHCA) into chenodeoxycholic acid has been studied in subcellular fractions of rat liver. The product was separated from the substrate by high pressure liquid chromatography and identified by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The highest specific rate of conversion was found in the heavy (M) and the light (L) mitochondrial fractions with the highest enrichment in the L fraction. Washing the M fraction reduced the side chain cleavage activity by 90%. The peroxisomal marker enzyme urate oxidase was reduced to the same extent. The activity found in the M fraction may thus be due to peroxisomal contamination. After centrifugation of the L fraction on a Nycodenz density gradient, the highest specific activity for side chain cleavage of DHCA (31 nmol X mg-1 X h-1) was found in the fraction with the highest peroxisomal marker enzyme activity. This fraction also catalyzed conversion of 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-5 beta cholestanoic acid (THCA) into cholic acid at the highest rate (32 nmol X mg-1 X h 1). The peroxisomal oxidation of DHCA into chenodeoxycholic acid required the presence of ATP, CoA, Mg2+, and NAD in the incubation medium. The reaction was not inhibited by KCN. It is concluded that rat liver peroxisomes contain enzymes able to catalyze the cleavage of the side chain of both DHCA and THCA. The enzymes involved are similar to, but not necessarily identical to, those involved in the peroxisomal beta-oxidation of fatty acids. PMID- 3746131 TI - Different metabolic rates for arachidonoyl molecular species of ethanolamine glycerophospholipids in rat brain. AB - The ethanolamine glycerophospholipids (EGP) contain most of the arachidonate (20:4, n-6) and adrenate (22:4, n-6), potential precursors of biologically potent prostaglandins and related compounds. Much better methods utilizing high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques are now available for the study of the molecular species of all three classes, namely diacyl, alkenylacyl (plasmalogen), and alkylacyl. Different molecular species may have different functions. This possibility was studied by examining the rates of incorporation of [3H]arachidonic acid into the three major molecular species of each of the three classes of ethanolamine glycerophospholipids. After the intracerebral injection of [3H]20:4 into rat brain, it was rapidly converted to 22:4(n-6). Of the total radioactivity, 10-20% was located in 22:4 in alkenylacyl and diacyl GPE. In the alkylacyl-GPE, labeled 22:4 was preferentially incorporated and accounted for 50-60% of the total radioactivity. The primary arachidonoyl molecular species of alkenylacyl, alkylacyl, and diacyl-GPE were the 18:1-20:4, 16:0-20:4, and 18:0-20:4 species. The alkylacyl class contained almost equal proportions of these three molecular species. On the other hand, the 20:4 in alkenylacyl and diacyl classes was combined largely with 18:0 groups at the sn-1 position. In particular, the 18:0-20:4 species comprised about 80% of arachidonoyl molecular species of the diacyl class. In all three classes, the highest specific radioactivities were found in the 18:1-20:4 species, whereas the 18:0-20:4 species had the lowest specific radioactivity. Over the period 60 min 24 hr, the diacyl 18:0-20:4 and all three arachidonoyl molecular species of the alkenylacyl class increased in specific radioactivity more rapidly than the other arachidonoyl molecular species. PMID- 3746132 TI - Lack of relationship in humans of the parameters of body cholesterol metabolism with plasma levels of subfractions of HDL or LDL, or with apoE isoform phenotype. AB - The factors involved in regulating parameters of whole body cholesterol metabolism in humans have been explored in a series of investigations. Several physiological variables have been identified (weight, excess weight, plasma cholesterol, and age) that can predict 53-76% of the variation in production rate (PR) and in the sizes of the rapidly exchanging pool of body cholesterol (M1) and of the minimum estimates of the slowly exchanging pool of body cholesterol (M3min) and of total body cholesterol (Mtotmin). Surprisingly, measurements of the plasma levels of HDL cholesterol and of the major HDL apolipoproteins (apoA I, A-II, and E) did not provide additional information useful in predicting parameters of whole body cholesterol metabolism. A study was therefore conducted to investigate possible relationships of the plasma levels of subfractions of lipoproteins, determined by analytic ultracentrifugation, and of apoprotein E phenotype, with the parameters of whole body cholesterol metabolism. Ultracentrifugal analysis of plasma lipoprotein subfractions was performed at the Donner Laboratory in 49 subjects; all of these subjects were currently undergoing whole body cholesterol turnover studies or had previously had such studies and were in a similar metabolic state as judged by plasma lipid and lipoprotein values. Apoprotein E phenotyping was carried out in 71 subjects. Differences in model parameters were sought among subjects with various apoprotein E phenotypes. Ultracentrifugal LDL subfractions Sof 0-2 (the region of LPa), Sof 0-7 (smaller LDL), Sof 7-12 (larger LDL), Sof 12-20 (IDL), and ultracentrifugal HDL subfractions Fo1.20 0-1.5 (smaller HDL3), Fo1.20 2-9 (larger HDL3 plus HDL2), and Fo1.20 5-9 (larger HDL2 or HDL2b) were examined for correlations with each other and with parameters of whole body cholesterol metabolism. PMID- 3746133 TI - Contraceptive steroids increase hepatic uptake of chylomicron remnants in healthy young women. AB - In an investigation of alterations in cholesterol metabolism during contraceptive steroid use, we studied plasma clearance of chylomicron remnants. Six healthy women were studied on and off contraceptive steroid therapy. Remnant clearance was measured from the disappearance of retinyl palmitate administered intravenously in plasma endogenously labeled with retinyl palmitate. We also measured cholesterol in HDL and its subfractions and postheparin lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triglyceride lipase activities. Plasma decay of retinyl palmitate was biexponential. The rapid component, reflecting chylomicron remnant removal, accounted for about 90% of the total clearance in all studies. During contraceptive steroid intake, both rapid and slow decay constants and the calculated plasma clearance rates were significantly increased (mean values: rapid decay constant, control 0.048 versus treated 0.101 min-1, P less than 0.05; slow decay constant, 0.004 versus 0.014 min-1, P less than 0.01; plasma clearance 74 versus 115 ml/min, P less than 0.025) indicating enhanced hepatic uptake of chylomicron remnants and probably an increased hepatic uptake of higher density lipoproteins (d greater than 1.006 g/ml). Total postheparin lipolytic activity and lipoprotein lipase activity were depressed in all six women (P less than 0.05) and hepatic triglyceride lipase activity was increased in four of five subjects. Contraceptive steroids also caused a decrease in the HDL2/HDL3 cholesterol ratio (P less than 0.05), implying impaired peripheral lipoprotein triglyceride hydrolysis and/or increased HDL2 clearance by hepatic triglyceride lipase. In conclusion, during intake of contraceptive steroids, the plasma clearance of chylomicron remnants and higher density lipoproteins was increased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3746134 TI - Comparison of the affinities of newly identified human bile acid binder and cationic glutathione S-transferase for bile acids. AB - The bile acid binding properties of the newly identified bile acid binder (Mr = 36,000) (FEBS Lett. 1984. 177: 31-35) and the major cationic glutathione (GSH) S transferase (Mr = 50,000) in human liver cytosol were compared. Binding affinities were measured by the competitive displacement by bile acids of 1 anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) bound to the proteins and, in some cases, by direct methods of flow dialysis and equilibrium dialysis. The binding affinities for various bile acids by the human bile acid binder were 2-5 orders of magnitude greater than those by human cationic GSH S-transferase. This suggests an important physiologic role for the former protein in intracellular transfer of bile acids in human liver. PMID- 3746135 TI - Dependent competing risks: a stochastic process model. AB - Analyses of human mortality data classified according to cause of death frequently are based on competing risk theory. In particular, the times to death for different causes often are assumed to be independent. In this paper, a competing risk model with a weaker assumption of conditional independence of the times to death, given an assumed stochastic covariate process, is developed and applied to cause specific mortality data from the Framingham Heart Study. The results generated under this conditional independence model are compared with analogous results under the standard marginal independence model. Under the assumption that this conditional independence model is valid, the comparison suggests that the standard model overestimates by 4% the effect on life expectancy at age 30 due to the hypothetical elimination of cancer and by 7% the effect for cardiovascular/cerebrovascular disease. By age 80 the overestimates were 11% for cancer and 16% for heart disease. These results suggest the importance of avoiding the marginal independence assumption when appropriate data are available--especially when focusing on mortality at advanced ages. PMID- 3746136 TI - Examples of the effect of genetic variation on competing species. AB - An ordinary differential equation model for two competing populations with genetic variation in one population is presented. The degree of frequency dependence needed to produce various configurations of stable equilibria is discussed. For example, if the fitnesses are frequency independent then there may exist stable polymorphism although the genetically varying population becomes extinct in each fixation plane. Stable polymorphism where the genetically invariant population becomes extinct in each fixation plane requires frequency dependence in the fitness of the genetically invariant population. PMID- 3746137 TI - Periodic pulsatile stimulation of a nonlinear oscillator. AB - We consider pulsatile periodic stimulation of an integrate-and-fire oscillator, and investigate the possible phase-locked patterns between the intrinsic rhythm and the forcing system. These stimulations are varied according to their period and intensity, corresponding to controllable experimental parameters. Phase transition curves are derived and analyzed under functional iteration. Two different perturbative mechanisms are considered, leading to significant differences in possible behaviors. Bistability can be obtained in one case. The analysis is reduced to the investigation of two-parameter families of discontinuous maps of the circle into itself. PMID- 3746139 TI - The art of treatment. PMID- 3746138 TI - An information theoretic method for classifying patients according to the risk of adverse hospital incidents. AB - The measure of Mutual Information is used to select, out of a large number of possibly interrelated qualitative patient variables, those that are most related to the probability of occurrence of adverse incidents. The subpopulations defined by the variables selected are grouped according to risk levels while minimizing the loss of information. Results of the application of the method to predict the occurrence of three types of incidents in four hospitals are reported. PMID- 3746141 TI - Surgical treatment of tennis elbow. PMID- 3746140 TI - Ruptured aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva. Report of twenty-eight cases. PMID- 3746142 TI - Birthweight and maternal age, Thailand 1982-1983. PMID- 3746143 TI - Chlamydia trachomatis infection in the newborns. PMID- 3746144 TI - Eosinophilic gastroenteritis. PMID- 3746145 TI - The perinatal mortality of twins at Ramathibodi Hospital: 1981-1984. PMID- 3746146 TI - Traumatic abdominal wall hernia: a case report. PMID- 3746147 TI - Prediction of sudden death from QTc interval prolongation in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease. AB - Although prolongation of QTc interval has been shown to increase the risk of sudden death after recent myocardial infarction, no data exist on the relationship between sudden death and QTc duration in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease. Furthermore, it is not known whether patients with long QTc intervals (greater than or equal to 440 units) have more prevalent coronary risk factors. Thus 141 nonsurvivors (128 with coronary death and 13 with noncoronary death) representing the follow-up deaths of a cohort of 1157 medically treated patients with ischemic heart disease over a four-year period were compared to 141 consecutive long-term survivors of the same cohort. Thirty one patients were excluded because of drug interactions, bundle-branch block or atrial fibrillation. QTc duration was calculated on the ECG immediately prior to angiography in 62 patients with sudden death, 36 with intermediate death, 13 with noncoronary death and 140 long-term survivors with chronic ischemic heart disease. In addition, in 64 nonsurvivors (58%) in whom more than one yearly follow-up ECG was available, QTc was calculated in the last ECG preceding death (mean of four months before death). These data were compared to those obtained in 140 long-term survivors at the time of last ECG (mean 48 months after enrollment). At the time of angiography, mean QTc intervals were similar in patients who later died of ischemic heart disease and in long-term survivors (423 +/- 35 vs 421 +/- 25 units). No difference in QTc duration was apparent among nonsurvivors with ischemic heart disease. All study patients were divided into normal and long QTc subgroups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3746148 TI - Non-invasive detection of coronary artery disease by body surface electrocardiographic mapping after dipyridamole infusion. AB - Electrocardiographic changes after dipyridamole infusion (0.568 mg/kg/4 min) were studied in 41 patients with coronary artery disease and compared with those after submaximal treadmill exercise by use of the body surface mapping technique. Patients were divided into three groups; 19 patients without myocardial infarction (non-MI group), 14 with anterior infarction (ANT-MI) and eight with inferior infarction (INF-MI). Eighty-seven unipolar electrocardiograms (ECGs) distributed over the entire thoracic surface were simultaneously recorded. After dipyridamole, ischemic ST-segment depression (0.05 mV or more) was observed in 84% of the non-MI group, 29% of the ANT-MI group, 63% of the INF-MI group and 61% of the total population. Exercise-induced ST depression was observed in 84% of the non-MI group, 43% of the ANT-MI group, 38% of the INF-MI group and 61% of the total. For individual patients, there were no obvious differences between the body surface distribution of ST depression in both tests. The increase in pressure rate product after dipyridamole was significantly less than that during the treadmill exercise. The data suggest that the dipyridamole-induced myocardial ischemia is caused by the inhomogenous distribution of myocardial blood flow. We conclude that the dipyridamole ECG test is as useful as the exercise ECG test for the assessment of coronary artery disease. PMID- 3746149 TI - Body surface potential maps in old inferior myocardial infarction. Assessment of diagnostic criteria. AB - We assessed the accuracy of criteria for diagnosing an inferior myocardial infarction from body potential maps. Body surface potential maps were recorded from 140 lead points on the entire chest surface in three groups of subjects: group A consisted of 15 patients with an old inferior myocardial infarction and typical electrocardiographic signs of necrosis; group B consisted of 15 patients with an old inferior myocardial infarction, but without electrocardiographic signs of necrosis (inferior myocardial infarction was documented during the acute phase); group C consisted of 30 healthy controls. In each subject body surface potential distributions were examined every 2 msec of the QRS complex. Moreover, the potential-time integrals relating to three intervals (QRS, the first 20 and the first 40 msec of the QRS complex) were calculated at each lead point and transferred to diagrams representing the thoracic surface explored (isointegral maps). For each time interval, the mean isointegral map obtained from group C subjects was subtracted from the isointegral map of each patient. The value obtained at each lead point was then divided by the standard deviation of the normal values for that point; the resulting values indicating the standardized differences from normal values were transferred to another map (deviation index isointegral map, DI map). We considered a reliable index of inferior myocardial infarction an area where the time-integral values were at least 2 SD lower than normal, in the inferior half of the thorax. A number of variables relative to instantaneous potential distribution and to isointegral maps were considered. The DI maps of the first 40 msec of QRS gave the most accurate criteria; in fact, an area of negative values 2 SD lower than normal was found in all group A patients and in 11 out of 15 group B patients (sensitivity 100% in group A, 73% in group B and specificity, 83%). Thus our results indicate that body surface potential maps have greater diagnostic information content than the 12 standard electrocardiographic leads and demonstrate the usefulness of the time integral analysis of body surface potentials for diagnostic interpretation. PMID- 3746150 TI - A comparison of ST segment deviation and calculated solid angle during acute regional ischemia in the isolated canine heart at precordial, epicardial and intramyocardial lead surfaces. AB - Although solid angle analysis has been considered to be reasonable for explaining the distribution of ST segment deviation following ischemia, it has not been tested fully, especially for ST segment changes in various sites at different lead surfaces. Thus, we investigated the applicability of solid angle theory to the mechanism of ischemic ST segment deviation at intramyocardial, epicardial and precordial leads. We used seven isolated, coronary perfused, isovolumic contracting canine hearts in a homogeneous cylindrical volume conductor. ST segment potentials from 246 electrodes were continuously measured during left circumflex coronary artery occlusion for five minutes. The ischemic boundary was obtained from a postmortem angiography, and the solid angle subtended by the ischemic boundary was calculated at every electrode site. Despite the difference between epicardial and precordial ST segment potential distributions, there was a high correlation between measured ST segment potential and calculated solid angle at epicardial (r = 0.86 +/- 0.05, 0.77-0.93), precordial (r = 0.93 +/- 0.05, 0.84 0.99), and intramyocardial leads (r = 0.95 +/- 0.03, 0.91-0.99). We conclude that solid angle analysis can be used to approximate the distribution of ischemic ST segment deviation at different lead surfaces in acute ischemia. PMID- 3746151 TI - The cardiointegram: detection of coronary artery disease in males with chest pain and a normal resting electrocardiogram. AB - The cardiointegram is a non-invasive technique for the analysis of the electrical signals of the heart obtained by a transformation of the voltage vs. time format by a series of integrations. This multicenter study compares the results of the cardiointegram with coronary arteriography in 140 male patients with chest pain and a normal resting electrocardiogram. The cardiointegram was determined on two resting complexes of Leads I, II, V4, V5 and V6 and called abnormal if greater than or equal to four of ten complexes were abnormal, i.e., fell outside of a previously determined template of normality. The sensitivity was 73% and specificity was 78% for the diagnosis of occlusive coronary artery disease. When greater than or equal to five of ten abnormal complexes were used as the cut-off for an abnormal test and "equivocal" results (four of ten abnormal, n = 18) were excluded from analysis there was a sensitivity of 69% and specificity of 88%. Thirty-seven of 38 patients (97%) with an abnormal cardiointegram and a positive exercise stress test had coronary artery disease. Thus, the cardiointegram appears to be a useful non-invasive test for the detection of coronary artery disease in males with chest pain and a normal resting electrocardiogram in whom the diagnosis of coronary artery disease is being considered. PMID- 3746152 TI - Effects of autonomic blockade on dual atrioventricular nodal pathways pattern. AB - Fifteen patients (age: 57.6 +/- 14 years) showing dual A-V nodal pathways pattern during basal electrophysiological testing were studied following pharmacological autonomic blockade (iv propranolol 0.2 mg/Kg and iv atropine 0.04 mg/Kg). After induction of the autonomic blockade, the dual A-V nodal pathways pattern was not present in four patients due to disappearance of the slow pathway; the pattern remained in 11 (73%). The longest A2-H2 interval, the effective and functional refractory periods of the fast pathway did not change significantly following autonomic blockade. Even the electrophysiological measures of the slow pathway, in the 11 patients in whom they were comparable, did not change significantly after autonomic blockade. These data suggest that: the dual A-V nodal pathways pattern is mainly related to the intrinsic structure of the A-V node; the autonomic nervous system only affects in a variable way the refractoriness and the conduction velocity in the two pathways. PMID- 3746153 TI - Comparative study of the normal vector magnetocardiogram and vector electrocardiogram. AB - The normal vector magnetocardiogram and its statistical variation are described in detail. The magnetic heart vector of 18 healthy subjects is detected with the corrected unipositional lead system and analysed together with the simultaneously recorded Frank vector electrocardiogram. The mean values and standard errors for the magnitudes and directions of the magnetic QRS and T waves are calculated with a digital computer. The interindividual variability of the normal magnetic and electric heart vectors was found to be about the same. The inaccuracy in the detector placement at the fourth intercostal space gives rise to only a small error in the direction of the detected magnetic heart vector. This is due to the self-centering effect of the lead fields in the heart's region, which arises from the difference in conductivity between the well-conducting heart and the intracardiac blood mass and the low-conducting lungs. The shape of the magnetic heart vector remains unchanged when it is measured at various distances from the chest surface on the line which is perpendicular to the frontal plane and joins with the beginning of the fourth intercostal space. The relationship between the normal magnetic and electrical heart vectors was also studied. The angle between the maximum magnetic and electrical heart vectors was shown to differ slightly from the theoretically predicted value of 90 degrees. Our results support the theoretically known difference in the relative sensitivities of the magnetocardiographic and electrocardiographic leads: the magnetic heart vector is more sensitive than the electrical vector to the terminal phase of the ventricular depolarization, when the activation in the heart appears in a more tangential direction than at the initial phase. PMID- 3746154 TI - Compensating conduction times as a mechanism for alternation during reciprocating tachycardia. AB - This paper reflects a hitherto undescribed mechanism for alternation of conduction time during supraventricular reciprocating tachycardia. Delayed anterograde conduction through an A-V nodal pathway effectively delays conduction of the reciprocal impulse to its retrograde course and hence to its intrajunctional reciprocal point: the point where it begins anterograde conduction once again. This section of the A-V nodal pathway consequently has a longer recovery time. The ensuing anterograde conduction is therefore faster and the ensuing cycle therefore shorter. The shorter ensuing cycle, in turn, means that the returning impulse reaches its intrajunctional reciprocal point earlier. There is consequently less time for recovery for the anterograde A-V nodal pathway. Hence the ensuing delay and longer cycle. This establishes a sequel of long and short cycles due to alternation of conduction. PMID- 3746155 TI - Escape rhythm and paroxysmal tachyarrhythmia originating from the right bundle. AB - A rare phenomenon of escape rhythm and paroxysmal tachycardia originating in the right bundle branch, in a young female without any organic heart disease, is presented. PMID- 3746156 TI - Increasing pre-excitation ("concertina effect") during vasospastic angina. AB - A patient with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and variant angina developed progressive ST-segment elevation in the inferior leads after hyperventilation induced right coronary artery spasm. At the same time, increasing pre-excitation ("concertina effect") developed with gradual prolongation of the AH interval on His bundle ECG. The ECG changes promptly disappeared after sublingual nitroglycerin, with termination of the chest pain. Transient ischemia induced by coronary artery spasm can be an etiology of increasing pre-excitation. PMID- 3746157 TI - Ultrastructural modifications provoked by tamoxifen either alone or combined with oestradiol in the uteri of fetal or newborn guinea-pigs. AB - The ultrastructural changes in the uterine epithelial cells of fetal and newborn guinea-pigs were examined by transmission electron microscopy after the administration of tamoxifen, oestradiol or a combination of tamoxifen and oestradiol. Tamoxifen provoked a substantial alteration of the mitochondria and the rough endoplasmic reticulum with the formation of numerous vacuoles and secretory granules, indicating an enhancement of synthetic and secretory activities. The mixture of oestradiol and tamoxifen increased the effect and most organelles became irreversibly altered, particularly in the uteri of newborn animals after a long treatment. It is concluded that, in addition to the agonistic oestrogen effects of tamoxifen on uterine growth, DNA and protein contents, tamoxifen also acts as an agonist on the ultrastructural changes of the uterine epithelial cells during the perinatal period of the guinea-pig. PMID- 3746158 TI - Effects of iodide and thyroxine on iodine-deficient mouse thyroid: a morphological and functional study. AB - The effects of iodide and thyroxine (T4) on female mice fed a low iodine diet (LID) for 8 weeks were analysed by morphological, stereological and biochemical methods. Iodide was given at a dose of 10 micrograms/day (HID) or 1 microgram/day (MID), either alone or together with daily injections of 1 microgram T4 for 8 or 40 days. With HID, the thyroid weight and the numbers of follicles and cells remained higher than in controls, although cell necrosis occurred. Colloid volume increased and iodine was stored within the gland: a colloid goitre with non functioning follicles was produced. With MID, the glands resumed an almost normal appearance. With T4 and LID, progressive normalization occurred, but after 40 days thyroid weight and numbers of follicles and cells remained higher than in controls. Glandular iodine content slowly increased and reached control value. The proportions of 125I-labelled tri-iodothyronine (T3) and T4 in thyroglobulin were reduced. With T4 and HID, the glands resumed a normal appearance. Neither necrosis nor folliculoneogenesis was noted. The proportions of 125I-labelled T3 and T4 in thyroglobulin were reduced, but T3 and T4 serum levels were higher than with HID. With T4 and MID, a normal state was obtained as early as day 8. After 40 days the gland was morphologically and functionally inactive. In conclusion, the association of T4 and iodide seems to be the best way to obtain a rapid and complete involution of thyroid hyperplasia. The administration of T4 prevents the deleterious effects of an excess of iodine on follicular cells, and causes the gland to enter a slow-functioning state. PMID- 3746159 TI - Changes in ornithine decarboxylase activity in ovarian follicles of the laying hen (Gallus domesticus) during the ovulatory cycle. AB - Fowl ovarian ornithine decarboxylase activity was measured at 20, 10 and 3 h before an expected ovulation in granulosa and thecal tissues from follicles at various stages of development. An increase in the enzyme activity between 10 and 3 h before an expected ovulation was assumed to be caused by preovulatory increase in plasma LH concentration. The activity in granulosa tissue increased with increasing size of the follicle. In the largest (F1) follicle there was an 11-fold increase in granulosa ornithine decarboxylase specific activity between 10 and 3 h before ovulation. In the third (F3) and fifth (F5) largest follicles there was a 1.9- and 2-fold increase respectively. The enzyme activity in thecal tissue from the follicular hierarchy decreased with increasing size of the follicle and the F3 thecal preparation was the only tissue to respond to the preovulatory LH surge. In contrast, ornithine decarboxylase activity in thecal tissue from small (less than 5 mm) non-atretic follicles increased by two- to threefold after the preovulatory LH surge. The activity in atretic follicles of the same size was low and remained unchanged throughout the ovulatory cycle. PMID- 3746160 TI - Effect of underfeeding on testosterone-LH feedback in the bull. AB - This study was conducted to investigate the hypothesis that the low LH pulsatility induced by underfeeding may result from an altered negative-feedback response to testosterone in cattle. Eight 21-month-old Aubrac bulls were divided into two equal groups. The first group (group H) received a high level of nutrition (producing a gain in weight of 570 g/day) and the second group (group L) a low level of nutrition (producing a loss in weight of 330 g/day). After 52 days of underfeeding the bulls were hemicastrated, castrated 7 days later and then injected with 30 mg testosterone daily for 14 days, 10 mg daily for 7 days and 2.5 mg daily for 7 days. After hemicastration, LH pulsatility was higher (P less than 0.001) in group H (9.0 pulses in 24 h) than in group L (5.3 pulses in 24 h). After castration this value was the same in the two groups (24 pulses in 24 h). When the bulls were injected daily with 30 or 10 mg testosterone, the number of LH pulses in 24 h was lower (P less than 0.05) in group L (14.3 and 9.8 pulses in 24 h with 30 mg, and 17.3 pulses in 24 h with 10 mg) than in group H (27.8 and 25.5 pulses in 24 h with 30 mg, and 24.0 pulses in 24 h with 10 mg). When the animals received 2.5 mg testosterone daily, the number of LH pulses was the same in both groups (20.3 pulses in 24 h). These results indicate that the negative-feedback response of the LH-releasing system to testosterone is modified by underfeeding in the bull. PMID- 3746161 TI - Influence of oestrogen and noradrenergic afferent neurones on the response of LH and oxytocin to immobilization stress. AB - The influence of oestrogen on LH and oxytocin responses to immobilization stress, and the involvement of noradrenergic afferent neurones in these responses, was examined in ovariectomized rats with or without pretreatment with oestrogen or after noradrenergic transmitter blockade. Immobilization of the rats on a board in a supine position for 1 h brought about a rapid decrease in LH levels and an increase in oxytocin levels in the blood of ovariectomized rats. Oestradiol benzoate (20 micrograms) injected s.c. the day before immobilization, decreased basal LH levels but had no effect on basal oxytocin levels. Immobilization stress applied to oestrogen-treated rats induced a small but significant increase in LH concentrations and a rise in oxytocin concentrations similar to that in rats without oestrogen pretreatment. A dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor or phenoxybenzamine (alpha-adrenoceptor blocker) injected into ovariectomized rats reduced basal LH levels and increased basal oxytocin levels in the blood. Immobilization stress induced an increase in LH levels in rats treated with dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor, but had no effect in rats treated with phenoxybenzamine. Stress induced a larger increase in blood oxytocin levels in rats treated with either drug compared with that in control rats injected with vehicle. On the other hand, propranolol (beta-adrenoceptor blocker) had no effect on basal or stress-induced changes in LH or oxytocin levels in the blood. These results indicate that the LH response to stress, which might be mediated through alpha-adrenergic neurones, depends on the circulating oestrogen or LH levels before the stress. In contrast, the oxytocin response to stress may not be mediated by noradrenergic neurones and may not be influenced by oestrogen. PMID- 3746162 TI - Gestational changes in the level of glucocorticoid-binding sites in fetal bovine cartilaginous tissues. AB - In order to assess glucocorticoid actions on fetal cartilage development, [3H]dexamethasone binding site levels in fetal bovine cartilaginous tissues from long bones were measured, using a whole cell assay at 37 degrees C. Displaceable [3H]dexamethasone binding in epiphysial growth cartilage was maximal (16.2 fmol/10(6) cells) in fetuses of 10-15 cm crown-rump length (CR), and declined to 22% of the maximum in fetuses of 20-30 cm CR. Subsequently, [3H]dexamethasone binding rose to a plateau (13.0 fmol/10(6) cells) in fetuses of 30-80 cm CR and declined in those of 80-100 cm CR. When measured in growth plate cartilage, [3H]dexamethasone binding was significantly higher in fetuses of 40-80 cm CR (39 fmol/10(6) cells) than in those of 80-100 cm CR. There was no significant change of [3H]dexamethasone binding affinities in epiphysial chondrocytes of 5-100 cm CR fetuses or in growth plate chondrocytes of 40-100 cm CR fetuses. These results demonstrate that fetal cartilaginous tissues during development possess varying cellular levels of glucocorticoid binding and may thus have temporal changes in sensitivity to glucocorticoid hormones. PMID- 3746163 TI - Inhibitory effects of bromocriptine on mammary development and function in lactating mice. AB - Five experiments were conducted. In the first, the plasma prolactin concentration of lactating mice was significantly reduced 3, 6 and 12 h after a single injection of 0.2 mg bromocriptine at 09.00 h, but recovered to normal levels at 24 h. A second injection at 17.00 h (i.e. total dose of 0.4 mg) completely prevented this recovery. Prolactin concentration was also reduced after the s.c. implantation of a solid pellet of bromocriptine. Once daily injections of bromocriptine for 7 days starting 1-day prepartum (early lactation group) or on day 5 of lactation (established lactation group) significantly reduced milk yield, assessed from the weight gain of the litter or estimated by a tritiated water dilution procedure. In early lactation the degree of inhibition was positively related to the size of the suckling litter (three pups, no inhibition; nine pups, 16.4% inhibition; 14 pups, 40.8% inhibition), but in established lactation an inhibition of 25-30% was observed, regardless of litter size. Twice daily injections and s.c. implants of bromocriptine both reduced milk yield by a greater amount (approximately 45%), but in no case was secretion completely suppressed. The inhibitory effect of bromocriptine was prevented by the simultaneous administration of ovine prolactin (0.4 mg). Lactogenesis was apparently not affected by bromocriptine treatment. At the end of the early lactation treatment period, the mammary glands of bromocriptine-treated animals were significantly smaller and contained fewer cells than those of controls, but this was not the case in animals treated during established lactation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3746164 TI - Control of sex steroid-binding protein (SBP) in the male little brown bat: relationship of plasma thyroxine levels to the induction of plasma SBP in immature males. AB - The seasonally reproductive male little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus lucifugus) exhibits marked increases in plasma concentrations of sex steroid-binding protein (SBP) in the spring following arousal from hibernation. In this species an increase in SBP levels is induced prematurely in male bats aroused during the first half of hibernation and housed under long photoperiods; however, this rise is inhibited in bats housed under short photoperiods. In order to investigate the physiological role of the thyroid gland in the regulation of plasma SBP activity, plasma total thyroxine (T4) and SBP concentrations were determined in immature male little brown bats prematurely aroused from the first half of hibernation and maintained on either a short or long photoperiod. For this purpose a radioimmunoassay for the measurement of total T4 in bat plasma was established and validated. The results showed that immature male little brown bats aroused prematurely from hibernation and housed under a long spring-like photoperiod exhibited marked increases in plasma T4 and SBP concentrations, while animals housed under a short photoperiod showed only marginal increases in SBP, and plasma T4 remained undetectable. These results suggest that the thyroid gland, through the action of T4, may normally play an important role in the control of the post-arousal rise in plasma SBP concentrations in the little brown bat. PMID- 3746165 TI - Effect of hydrogen ion concentration on aldosterone secretion by isolated perfused canine adrenal glands. AB - The direct effects of changes in extracellular hydrogen ion (H+) concentration on aldosterone secretion under basal, angiotensin II- and potassium-stimulated conditions were studied in isolated, perfused canine adrenal glands. Changes in extracellular H+ concentration were induced by altering either the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) or the HCO3- concentration of the perfusate. Acid-base disturbances had a more pronounced effect on aldosterone secretion under stimulated than under basal conditions. Increasing H+ concentration enhanced angiotensin II- and potassium-stimulated aldosterone secretion, whereas decreasing H+ concentration markedly inhibited the secretory response to these stimuli. Because changes in H+ concentration, whether produced by varying extracellular pCO2 or extracellular HCO3- concentration, had similar effects on angiotensin II-stimulated aldosterone secretion, the data suggest that H+ concentration per se is the important determinant of the aldosterone secretory rate. Interestingly, during the immediate recovery period from pCO2-induced alkalosis under both angiotensin II- and potassium-stimulated conditions, aldosterone secretion always returned to a value significantly higher than that obtained just before alkalosis. The results of this study demonstrate that changes in extracellular H+ concentration influence the rate of aldosterone secretion, possibly via changes in intracellular pH, by a direct action on the canine adrenal gland. Therefore, when evaluating the control of aldosterone secretion, the acid-base status of the whole animal or of in-vitro adrenal tissue must be considered. PMID- 3746166 TI - A comparison of the effects of gonadal steroids on naloxone-induced LH secretion in gonadectomized rats. AB - The effects of the opiate antagonist naloxone on serum LH concentrations was investigated in gonadectomized rats given different regimes of steroid pretreatment. Two injections of testosterone given 48 and 24 h before naloxone treatment failed to reinstate LH responses to this drug in castrated rats while subcutaneous testosterone-filled silicone elastomer capsules implanted for a week were effective in this respect. Injections of oestrogen, oestrogen plus progesterone or progesterone alone all restored LH responses to naloxone in ovariectomized rats when given 48 and/or 24 h before drug treatment, although the magnitude of these responses varied according to the precise steroid treatments. The hypothalamic-pituitary axis was also responsive to naloxone just before the progesterone-induced LH surge in oestrogen-primed ovariectomized rats. Results show that gonadal steroids are permissive to the effects of opiate drugs, but they suggest that endogenous opioid systems do not necessarily mediate the negative feedback effects of steroids. Some other factor(s), as yet unidentified in the rat, may control the opioid modulation of gonadotrophin secretion or exert an independent inhibitory effect on gonadotrophin release. PMID- 3746167 TI - Vasopressin, but not oxytocin, is released in response to water deprivation in conscious goats. AB - Plasma samples obtained at 4-h intervals from goats for at least 24 h before and then during 24 h of deprivation of water were analysed by radioimmunoassay for vasopressin and oxytocin concentrations. The samples were also analysed for osmolality and sodium concentration. The differential effect of night/day versus day/night deprivation was also studied. During the two periods before the two deprivations osmolality varied in a regular manner, with low values occurring at 08.00 h. Sodium concentration followed osmolality, whereas vasopressin did not vary during the period before deprivation. During deprivation vasopressin increased along with osmolality and sodium concentration, with the beginning of the increase occurring after the morning feed. Oxytocin levels did not increase during the period of deprivation. These results do not support the hypothesis of general release of neurohypophysial hormones in response to osmotic stimuli but instead indicate there are species variations with respect to hormonal response to water deprivation. PMID- 3746168 TI - Development and amplification of mid-afternoon surges of prolactin secretion in ovariectomized immature rats. AB - The immature female rat shows a mid-afternoon surge of prolactin secretion which reaches a maximum on the day of first pro-oestrus. The present experiments were undertaken to elucidate the mechanisms which underly the development of this prolactin discharge. Detailed plasma prolactin profiles were obtained from short term (48 h) ovariectomized rats at 23, 28 or 37 days of age. In the two older groups, but not the youngest, a mid-afternoon surge of prolactin secretion occurred in spite of the absence of the ovaries. To exclude the possibility that such an apparent ovarian-independent discharge of prolactin was due to an oestradiol effect which persisted for 2 days following ovariectomy, another study was conducted using long-term ovariectomized animals. Plasma profiles were obtained from neonatally ovariectomized rats at ages equivalent to juvenile (26 28 days), peripubertal (38-41 days) or adult (46-49 days) phases of development. A mid-afternoon surge of prolactin secretion was observed in the majority of animals (eight out of twelve) irrespective of the interval after ovariectomy; this finding further indicates that in the female rat there is a centrally originated mid-afternoon episode of prolactin secretion which is expressed during juvenile development even in the absence of the ovaries. The relatively small magnitude of these ovarian-independent prolactin discharges (c.f. the preovulatory prolactin surge) suggested that in the intact animal they are amplified by ovarian secretions. To test this hypothesis, oestradiol-containing silicone elastomer capsules were implanted s.c. into juvenile rats, immediately after ovariectomy, and plasma prolactin profiles examined 2 days later (28 days of age).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3746169 TI - In-vivo studies of a human-thyrotrophin preparation. AB - The effects on thyroid function of a new preparation of human thyrotrophin (hTSH) were studied in four subjects whose endogenous production of TSH had been suppressed by administration of thyroxine (T4). The hTSH, prepared from human cadaveric pituitary glands and highly purified using a monoclonal antibody technique, was given as an intravenous bolus of 2 i.u. hTSH. Serum TSH levels rose rapidly to a maximum of about 150 mu./l and then declined exponentially with a half-life of 100 min. After injection, the hTSH distributed rapidly in a volume averaging about 13 litres which corresponded approximately to the expected extracellular fluid volume of the subjects. Serum free tri-iodothyronine and free T4 rose significantly, reaching a maximum between 4 and 8 h after injection of hTSH; serum thyroglobulin was not altered significantly. The rise of thyroid pertechnetate uptake, a measure of the thyroid iodide uptake, occurred later, being only slightly increased at 8 h after administration of hTSH and reaching a maximum at 24 h. PMID- 3746170 TI - Lifestyle changes in long term survivors of acute myocardial infarction. AB - A retrospective questionnaire and interview study of 10 year survivors of uncomplicated myocardial infarction examined smoking, diet, exercise, weight, medication, and treatment since discharge from hospital in 1973-4 and made comparisons with controls (using the same questionnaire) and with normal populations (as reported by others). Long term survivors of myocardial infarction previously smoked more than controls; made more dietary changes than controls; and presently eat less butter, sugar, cake, and biscuits and drink less milk than controls; previously weighed more than controls; exercised less than controls both previously and presently; use more 'non-cardiac' as well as 'cardiac' drugs than controls; and are more depressed and more anxious than controls. PMID- 3746172 TI - Community hospitals in Oxfordshire: their effect on the use of specialist inpatient services. AB - About one-third of the general practices in the Oxfordshire Health District have access to beds in community hospitals as well as district general hospitals. Hospital Activity Analysis data were used to calculate the average number of hospital beds occupied daily by patients registered with each general practice in the district. Practices with and without access to community hospitals were compared to determine whether such access was associated with a reduction in the use of beds in general medical, geriatric, and other specialties, and an increase in overall utilisation rates. The rate of use of general medical and geriatric beds in district general hospitals by practice populations with access to community hospitals was about half that of populations without such access. Utilisation rates overall, combining the use of beds in both district general hospitals and community hospitals, were a little higher in populations with access to both community hospitals and district general hospitals than in those with access to district general hospitals only. PMID- 3746171 TI - Phlegm production and lung function among cigarette smokers changing tar groups during the 1970s. AB - In 1971-3 data on smoking habits, cigarette brand smoked, morning phlegm production, and lung function were recorded for factory workers as part of the Heart Disease Prevention Project. These men were reassessed in 1984 and those who had always smoked cigarettes from the same tar group were compared with those who had dropped one tar group (mean decreases of 6.6 mg tar, 0.1 mg nicotine) and two tar groups (mean decreases of 11.9 mg tar, 0.5 mg nicotine). Over the 13 years, men who had dropped one tar group were significantly more likely (p less than 0.05) to stop producing phlegm, but the effect was less marked for those who had dropped two tar groups. The mean fall in FEV1 was similar in all three groups, but 95% confidence limits showed that although dropping one tar group could be associated with at most a saving of 84 ml over the follow up period, there could be little extra benefit from dropping two tar groups. In 1984, all three groups of smokers excreted similar amounts of nicotine metabolites in the urine, suggesting that men who had dropped two tar groups compensated for the reduced nicotine yield of their cigarettes. This could account for the lack of a dose response relationship between reduction in the tar yield of cigarettes and cessation of phlegm and fall in FEV1. PMID- 3746174 TI - Distribution of episodes of mental illness in general practice: results from the Second National Morbidity Survey. AB - The Second National Morbidity Survey, conducted in England and Wales between 1970 and 1976, contains a unique body of information on episodes of mental illness experienced by individuals registered in a representative sample of general practices around the country. This information is used to construct the episode distribution among the individuals surveyed. The Poisson and negative binomial distributions are then used to model the episodes. The Poisson model gives a very poor fit but the negative binomial model is found to fit the data very well. Deviations of the observed data from this model are discussed. The possibility of applying this model at the local practice level is then considered. PMID- 3746173 TI - The natural history of asthma in childhood. AB - The incidence and prognosis of childhood asthma and wheezing illness (AW) was studied using data obtained at ages 7, 11, and 16 from a national cohort of 8806 children born in 1958. By the age of 16, 24.7% were reported to have experienced at least one episode of AW. In 18.3% AW had started before the age of 8, but only 4.2% continued to have symptoms in later childhood. A further 3.6% began to have AW between the ages of 8 and 11, and 2.8% began between the ages of 12 and 16. Of those with AW at age 7, 28.3% had symptoms at 11 and 16.5% at 16; these proportions were about doubled if AW at 7 had been severe. The associations between natural history and a large number of perinatal, social, environmental, and medical factors were examined. Those which predicted the onset of AW after the age of 7 were: male sex of child; mother aged 15-19 at child's birth; history of pneumonia, whooping cough, throat or ear infections or tonsillectomy; eczema, allergic rhinitis; and periodic vomiting or abdominal pain. PMID- 3746175 TI - Provision of services for incontinent elderly people at home. AB - Results of a survey of elderly people living at home suggest that 8% suffer from important degrees of urinary dysfunction and are accessible to community based services. Supply of NHS incontinence aids was inadequate, and improvements in provision are recommended. Attendance at a continence clinic established for the survey period suggests a need for additional specialist services to be made available close to home. Correspondence between actual and predicted cystometric diagnosis provides encouragement to develop simple, valid assessment procedures as an aid to patient management. For the average District Health Authority serving a population of 250 000, two continence nurse advisers and 50 continence clinic sessions per annum are recommended for people aged 75 and over. PMID- 3746176 TI - The elderly at home: indices of disability. AB - The physical status of all people aged 75 and over living in and around Melton Mowbray was assessed by the responses to a series of questions on the activities of daily living that the respondents could perform. Three methods of producing an index of disability from these separate questions are investigated: principal component analysis, Guttman scaling, and a variation of Guttman scaling known as severity grading. All the methods produced very similar rankings of persons, confirming the suggestion of Bebbington that the choice of scaling method is of little consequence. Two scales emerged: one measuring physical ability and the other the level of urinary and faecal incontinence. PMID- 3746177 TI - An evaluation of screening policies for cervical cancer in England and Wales using a computer simulation model. AB - Several screening policies have been recommended for implementation in England and Wales in the last 20 years, although no evidence as to their relative effectiveness or efficiency has been provided. Using a computer simulation model, the outcomes expected from those policies had they been implemented over a 30 year period (1961-90) have been examined. The original policies based on five yearly testing of women aged over 35 appear to be the most cost-effective, and extension of screening to younger age groups leads to loss of efficiency. Attempts to use non-screening health care contacts in order to take cervical smears (eg, during pregnancy, family planning, at gynaecology clinics) produce few advantages and considerably complicate the establishment of regular testing for the individual. The achievement of higher attendance rates is as important to the outcome of screening as concentration on more intensive or complex policies. PMID- 3746178 TI - Use of the Nottingham Health Profile with patients after a stroke. AB - The Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) is easy to use with stroke patients and may be used with those who cannot manage more complicated mood questionnaires, such as the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Stroke patients rate their health, and especially emotions and feelings of social isolation, as much worse than that of people of similar age. NHP emotion scores correlate with objective measures of disability, length of hospital stay, and GHQ scores. The NHP is a valid indicator of depressed mood, and combining its components into a total score gives the greatest accuracy in detecting depression. Patients with high scores at one month continued to report large numbers of problems at six months after their stroke. Many patients experienced pain, disturbed sleep, and social isolation, which are important, potentially treatable problems not usually considered in the management of stroke patients. Many patients with problems did not see their general practitioner or any other source of help, and additional follow up was needed. PMID- 3746179 TI - Repetition of accidents in young children. AB - Data from the Oxford Record Linkage Study have been used to describe rates of accident repetition for children aged under 5 years. As reflected by hospital admissions, accident rates for children who have already had one accident were approximately twice those of children of the same age and sex who had previously been accident free. PMID- 3746180 TI - Factors influencing participation in health surveys. Results from prospective population study 'Men born in 1914' in Malmo, Sweden. AB - Base line data together with data in public registers and a structured phone interview of 94 of the 121 non-attenders was used for an assessment of factors influencing participation in the prospective population study 'Men born in 1914' in Malmo, Sweden. The overall attendance rate was 80.5% but varied among areas in the city from 27% to 100%. The lower participation rate among single men remained, when correcting for social class, significant only for single men in social class III. Men who did not feel well and/or had been admitted to hospital during the last 12 months had a lower participation rate. A negative attitude towards health surveys in general was the most common reason for non participation. The phone interview turned out to be a feasible method to reach non-attenders to assess whether the sample was representative of the population and to learn more about reasons for non-participation. PMID- 3746181 TI - Further evidence of a fall in blood lead levels in Wales. AB - Random samples of residents in North Wales, some of whom had been seen in 1976 and others in 1981, were seen again in 1984. Blood lead estimations indicated that there had been a fall of about 5% per year. This is similar to the fall we estimated from two previous studies in Wales and is comparable to changes described in the USA and New Zealand. PMID- 3746182 TI - Methylmercury exposure and mortality in southern Japan: a close look at causes of death. AB - This study examines mortality patterns by cause of death to investigate the effect of exposure to methylmercury in a small area of Minamata City (Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan), which has the highest concentration of patients with Minamata disease. Standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) are computed by cause of death for the study area, using the age specific rates of the entire city as a standard. The SMRs for liver cancer and chronic liver disease in the study area are significantly higher than unity and are consistent with the mortality patterns of registered Minamata disease patients. While an excess mortality is observed for cerebral haemorrhage, mortality from cerebral infarction and other cerebrovascular diseases is considerably lower in the study area. The multiple risk factors of liver related diseases and a possible explanation for the cerebrovascular mortality patterns are discussed to suggest further investigation. PMID- 3746183 TI - Blood pressures higher in the home than in the clinic in rural Kenya. AB - The conditions under which blood pressures (BPs) are recorded are critical, and it has been demonstrated several times that BPs measured in the home are lower than those measured in the clinic. However, these comparisons are based on home BPs measured by the patients or their friends and relatives and clinic BPs measured by doctors and nurses. To our knowledge, no comparison of home and clinic BPs measured by the same observer has been reported, and we present the results of such a study which is the first to demonstrate higher BPs in the home environment, perhaps reflecting the unacculturated nature of the study population. PMID- 3746184 TI - Blood pressure and salt intake in Malawi: an urban rural study. AB - A significant difference between the blood pressures of rural and urban Malawians was found in both sexes, was present at the age of 15 years, and was associated with obesity but not with smoking, alcohol consumption, occupation or housing. Pulse rate was significantly lower in the urban group. These differences were accompanied by low potassium and sodium intake although the sodium intake in the urban group was double that in the rural group. No direct relation between blood pressure and urinary electrolytes was found. PMID- 3746185 TI - Mortality ratios, life expectancy, and causes of death in patients with Turner's syndrome. AB - In a prospective study of 156 female patients with Turner's syndrome who had survived infancy and been followed up for an average of 17 years there were 15 deaths. The expected mortality was 3.6. Sixteen of the patients had a congenital heart anomaly and five of the deaths occurred in this group. The 10 deaths in the remaining 140 were three times as many as expected. The reduction in life expectation was 12.5 years at age 1 year, 11 years at age 20, and 10 years at age 40. Deaths were due to a broad spectrum of diseases. In the sample as a whole there were eight deaths from diseases of the circulatory system. This number is significantly greater than expected, but four were due to congenital heart disease. When patients with congenital heart disease were omitted from the sample the mortality from circulatory disorders was not significantly increased. Within the category of circulatory disorders there were three deaths from dissection of the aorta, a number which is greatly in excess of the expected. Two of these patients had no previous evidence of heart disease. PMID- 3746186 TI - Money versus pain: experimental study of a conflict in humans. AB - Ten healthy human males volunteered to be subjects in an experiment in which they were to be paid to endure a painful sensation. This sensation was produced by isometric muscular contraction in the thighs. For each of six sessions the subjects received either a payment that was changed for each session (0.2, 0.5, 1.25, 3.125, 7.8125 French francs per 20 s) or a lump sum. At the beginning of a session, the subjects assumed a seated position against a wall, but without a seat, and the duration for which they could hold this position was the chief variable measured. Heart rate, blood pressure, and magnitude estimation of pain were also recorded periodically throughout each session. Pain was reported after a mean delay of 15 +/- 7 s (SE), and the magnitude estimates then increased linearly with time. The duration of maintaining the painful position increased linearly in relation to the logarithm of the increase in the amount of payment. Thus, utility of money decreased when pitted against pain. PMID- 3746187 TI - Observational learning of two visual discriminations by pigeons: a within subjects design. AB - Pigeon's observational learning of successive visual discrimination was studied using within-subject comparisons of data from three experimental conditions. Two pairs of discriminative stimuli were used; each bird was exposed to two of the three experimental conditions, with different pairs of stimuli used in a given bird's two conditions. In one condition, observers were exposed to visual discriminative stimuli only. In a second condition, subjects were exposed to a randomly alternating sequence of two stimuli where the one that would subsequently be used as S+ was paired with the operation of the grain magazine. In a third experimental condition, subjects were exposed to the performance of a conspecific in the operant discrimination procedure. After exposures to conspecific performances, there was facilitation of discriminative learning, relative to that which followed exposures to stimulus and reinforcement sequences or exposures to stimulus sequences alone. Exposure to stimulus and food-delivery sequences enhanced performance relative to exposure to stimulus sequences alone. The differential effects of these three types of exposure were not attributable to order effects or to task difficulty; rather, they clearly were due to the type of exposure. PMID- 3746188 TI - Relative durations of conditioned stimulus and intertrial interval in conditioned suppression. AB - The effects of the relative durations of the conditional stimulus and the intertrial interval on bar pressing during a conditioned-suppression procedure were examined as a function of two additional variables--type of operant baseline schedule and rate of shock presentation. In Experiment 1, response suppression was compared across components of a multiple fixed-ratio, random-ratio, fixed interval, random-interval schedule, at relative conditioned-stimulus/intertrial interval durations of 1/1, 1/4, and 1/9. In Experiment 2, relative conditioned stimulus/intertrial-interval duration (1/5, 3/3, or 5/1) was manipulated across groups, while shock frequency (2, 6, or 10 shocks/hr) was manipulated within groups. In both experiments, suppression during the signal was virtually complete at all relative durations. Responding was also suppressed during the intertrial interval, but that suppression varied as a function of experimental manipulations. In Experiment 1, intertrial-interval response rates were higher when relative signal duration was 1/9 than when it was 1/1, although both relative signal duration and shock frequency, which covaried, could have contributed to the difference. In Experiment 2, the patterning of response rates between successive shocks was affected by relative duration, absolute rates during the intertrial interval varied as a function of shock frequency, and differences between suppression during the signal and suppression during the intertrial interval were affected by both relative duration and shock frequency. The data support an analysis based upon relationships between shock-correlated and intertrial-interval stimuli and, as assessed by the relative-delay-to reinforcement metric, are comparable to results that have been reported from experiments using similar manipulations under the autoshaping paradigm. PMID- 3746189 TI - Choice between single and multiple delayed reinforcers. AB - Pigeons chose between alternatives that differed in the number of reinforcers and in the delay to each reinforcer. A peck on a red key produced the same consequences on every trial within a condition, but between conditions the number of reinforcers varied from one to three and the reinforcer delays varied between 5 s and 30 s. A peck on a green key produced a delay of adjustable duration and then a single reinforcer. The green-key delay was increased or decreased many times per session, depending on a subject's previous choices, which permitted estimation of an indifference point, or a delay at which a subject chose each alternative about equally often. The indifference points decreased systematically with more red-key reinforcers and with shorter red-key delays. The results did not support the suggestion of Moore (1979) that multiple delayed reinforcers have no effect on preference unless they are closely grouped. The results were well described in quantitative detail by a simple model stating that each of a series of reinforcers increases preference, but that a reinforcer's effect is inversely related to its delay. The success of this model, which considers only delay of reinforcement, suggested that the overall rate of reinforcement for each alternative had no effect on choice between those alternatives. PMID- 3746190 TI - Choice, foraging, and reinforcer duration. AB - Pigeons were exposed to a foraging schedule characterized by three different states, beginning with a search state in which completion of a variable interval on a white key led to a choice state. In the choice state the subject could, by appropriate responding on a fixed ratio of three, either accept or reject the schedule offered. If the subject accepted the schedule, it entered a handling state in which the appropriate reinforcer amount was presented according to a variable-interval schedule. In Experiment 1 the shorter duration reinforcer was more likely to be accepted the longer the duration of the search state and the shorter the equal durations of the handling states. In Experiment 2 the shorter duration reinforcer was more likely to be accepted the longer the handling time preceding the longer duration reinforcer. All of the results were in qualitative- and some were in quantitative--agreement with those predicted by the delay reduction hypothesis and the optimal-diet model. PMID- 3746191 TI - Tissue intracellular acid-base status and the fate of lactate after exhaustive exercise in the rainbow trout. AB - Exhaustive 'burst-type' exercise in the rainbow trout resulted in a severe acidosis in the white muscle, with pHi dropping from 7.21 to a low of 6.62, as measured by DMO distribution. An accumulation of lactate and pyruvate, depletions of glycogen, ATP and CP stores, and a fluid shift from the extracellular fluid to the intracellular fluid of white muscle were associated with the acidosis. The proton load was in excess of the lactate load by an amount equivalent to the drop in ATP, suggesting that there was an uncoupling of ATP hydrolysis and glycolysis. Initially, lactate was cleared more quickly than protons from the muscle, a difference that was reflected in the blood. It is suggested that during the early period of recovery (0-4 h), the bulk of the lactate was oxidized in situ, restoring pHi to a point compatible with glyconeogenesis. At that time, lactate and H+ were used as substrates for in situ glyconeogenesis, which was complete by 24 h. During this time, lactate and H+ disappearance could account for about 75% of the glycogen resynthesized. The liver and heart showed an accumulation of lactate, and it is postulated that this occurred as a result of uptake from the blood. Associated with the lactate load in these tissues was a metabolic alkalosis. Except for an apparent acidosis immediately after exercise, the acid base status of the brain was not appreciably affected. Despite the extracellular acidosis, red cell pHi remained nearly constant. PMID- 3746192 TI - Spontaneous and elicited bag cell discharges in gonadectomized Aplysia. AB - The neuroendocrine bag cells of the hermaphroditic marine gastropod, Aplysia, secrete peptide hormones that induce release of ripe eggs from the ovotestis. The egg string is subsequently deposited on the substrate by means of a complex sequence of rhythmic head and neck movements. Gonadectomy (removal of the ovotestis) was performed in two closely related species of Aplysia to prevent completely the synthesis, build-up and release of eggs. Chronically implanted electrodes were used either to monitor spontaneous bag cell discharges (A. brasiliana) or to selectively elicit bag cell discharges (A. californica) in gonadectomized and mock-operated animals. Gonadectomized animals showed the normal occurrence of spontaneous bag cell discharges in the complete absence of eggs, indicating that feedback from ripe eggs in the ovotestis is not necessary for normal activation of the bag cells. However, gonadectomized animals showed a significant decrease in specific head and neck movements following elicited bag cell discharges. This finding indicates that, once the bag cells fire and the eggs are released, input from the eggs is necessary for normal expression of the behaviour associated with egg deposition. PMID- 3746193 TI - Oxygen consumption during hover-feeding in free-ranging Anna hummingbirds. AB - Rates of oxygen consumption during hover-feeding of wild, unrestrained, adult male Anna hummingbirds (Calypte anna) were measured with an artificial outdoor feeder converted into a respirometer mask. A computer sampled changes in O2 concentration in air drawn through the mask, automatically detecting the presence of a hummingbird from a drop in the O2 concentration, and photoelectrically timing the duration over which the feeder functioned as a mask. Birds coming to the feeder were weighed on a trapeze perch suspended from a force transducer. Feeding bouts consisted of sallies which carried the head in and out of the feeding mask about once a second. The volume of O2 consumed per feeding sally was linearly related to the length of the sally. The energy cost of hover-feeding in five hummingbirds, mean mass 4.6 g, was 41.5 +/- 6.3 ml O2 g-1 h-1. PMID- 3746194 TI - Hydrostatic pressures in glomeruli and renal vasculature of the hagfish, Eptatretus stouti. AB - Hydrostatic pressures in the renal vasculature of hagfish have been studied. Estimates of the blood colloid osmotic pressure (COP) have been made. In blood vessels supplying the renal corpuscles, the average hydrostatic pressure is about 1 kPa. The average hydrostatic pressure falls to a value of 0.04 kPa within the postcardinal vein efferent to the renal corpuscle. Within the glomerular capillaries the hydrostatic pressure averages 0.21 kPa. Since the blood COP averages about 1.4 kPa, it is clear that glomerular filtration in the hagfish is not underlain by the hydrostatic pressure of the arterial pulse. In some blood vessels efferent to the renal corpuscles, hydrostatic pressure may be as high as in the afferent supply. Evidence is presented that the glomerular capillaries are shunted by this high pressure vascular pathway. PMID- 3746195 TI - Bone strain: a determinant of gait and speed? AB - Principal strains were recorded in vivo from the radial and tibial midshafts of three goats as they increased speed and changed gait. These data were compared with strain data measured for the radius and tibia of the dog (Rubin & Lanyon, 1982) and the horse (Biewener, Thomason & Lanyon, 1983b) in order to test the hypothesis that similar peak bone strains (stresses) occur at functionally equivalent points in the gaits of different species. Multiple recordings of in vivo strain along the caudal diaphyses of the radius and tibia of one goat were made to test the validity of this technique for measuring peak locomotor stress. Measured strains were extremely consistent over the animal's full range of speed (coefficient of variation for the radius 0.05-0.08, and for the tibia 0.06-0.11). The data from the three gauges, which were spaced 15 mm apart, demonstrated that maximal strains act at the midshaft, substantiating the use of this technique to measure peak locomotor bone strains. Strain levels recorded at the trot-gallop transition and top galloping speeds of the goat were similar to the values reported for the dog and horse, despite large differences in absolute speed (goat, 4.3 ms-1; dog, 6.9 ms-1; horse, 7.5 ms-1 at maximum gallop). The second moments of area of the tibia and radius (+ ulna) of the dog are 29% and 113% greater than for goats of equal size, explaining how similar strains are achieved in the dog at higher speeds than the goat. Furthermore, peak bone strains recorded at the fastest trotting speed were similar to those recorded at the fastest galloping speed for each species. Peak strains recorded for the goat at a maximum gallop correspond to stresses of +37.9 MPa (cranial) and -47.7 MPa (caudal) in the radius and +36.3 MPa (cranial) and -50.3 MPa (caudal) in the tibia, representing a safety factor to yield failure of three. PMID- 3746196 TI - Influence of oxygen on the heartbeat rhythm of the leech. AB - Raising and lowering the oxygen content in the fluid bathing the skin of the leech modified the frequency of the heartbeat. In raised concentrations of oxygen, the period between bursts of impulses in the heart excitor motoneurones (HE cells) was reduced. Conversely, with lowered oxygen concentrations bathing the skin, the heart rate was slowed, with longer periods between bursts of firing in the HE motoneurones. Changes in oxygen concentration did not affect HE motoneurone firing patterns in preparations in which the CNS was dissected from the skin and surrounding body tissues. Various other stimuli were tried, including stroking, pinching, stretching the skin, blood vessels and gut, as well as changing the temperature. None of these stimuli mimicked the specific effects of oxygen on rhythmicity. It is concluded that peripheral receptors sensitive to changes in oxygen tension are able to influence the central neuronal circuits responsible for generating the rhythm of the heartbeat. PMID- 3746197 TI - Plasma catecholamines in the lesser spotted dogfish and rainbow trout at rest and during different levels of exercise. AB - The hypothesis that there is an increase in plasma catecholamines during exercise in fish and that they play an important role in the cardiovascular adjustments during exercise was investigated in the lesser spotted dogfish and rainbow trout. In resting fish plasma catecholamines were at a concentration of 10(-9)-10(-8) mol l-1. During spontaneous swimming in the dogfish, adrenaline increased by 3.3 times to 1.9 X 10(-8) mol l-1 and noradrenaline increased by 2.3 times to 3.2 X 10(-8) mol l-1. In rainbow trout swimming at a steady 1 body length s-1 (Ls-1) in a water channel, the levels of both amines decreased to approximately 25% of the resting values. When swimming to apparent exhaustion at approximately 2 Ls-1, adrenaline was 10 times the resting value at 1.4 X 10(-8) mol l-1, whereas noradrenaline was 2.2 times the resting value at 2.3 X 10(-8) mol l-1. Only after repeated burst swimming for 2-3 min did the levels of plasma catecholamines increase substantially above the resting values. In the dogfish, both amines were at 10(-7) mol l-1, whereas in the rainbow trout, noradrenaline was at 8.5 X 10( 8) mol l-1 and adrenaline was at 2 X 10(-7) mol l-1. These levels were compared with the concentrations of catecholamines used by other workers to elicit changes in the branchial vasculature, gas exchange at the gills or gas transport to the tissues. In lesser spotted dogfish, the levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline present in the plasma during spontaneous swimming have 80% and 50% of maximum effect on gill blood vessels, respectively, whereas in rainbow trout the levels present when swimming to apparent exhaustion have approximately 20% of maximum effect on the branchial vasculature. The levels present in the trout after repeated burst swimming have 40% of maximum effect on blood vessels in the gills. The difference between the dogfish and the trout may be related to the lack of innervation of the gill blood vessels in the former. Enhancement of gas exchange across the gills of rainbow trout can be demonstrated by using adrenaline at the concentration found after repeated burst swimming. It is possible, however, that the concentration of adrenaline found in the plasma of trout after swimming to apparent exhaustion may cause an increase in the concentration of oxygen in arterial blood, thus enhancing oxygen delivery to the tissues.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3746198 TI - Blood oxygen transport in the free-swimming hagfish, Eptatretus cirrhatus. AB - Arterial and mixed venous blood were sampled through chronically implanted cannulae from rested and swimming hagfish. PaO2 remained high when hagfish were swum for 15 min at a velocity of 20 cm s-1. PvO2 fell from 17.2 mmHg at rest to 3.5 mmHg after swimming, and the arteriovenous pH difference increased from 0.15 to 0.25 pH units. Whole blood oxygen equilibrium curves were essentially hyperbolic (Hill's n value = 1.38) and gave a half-saturation PO2 (P50) value of 12.3 mmHg at pH 7.8 and 16 degrees C. A CO2-Bohr factor (phi = delta logP50/delta pH) of -0.43 and a limited buffering capacity of the blood, amounting to approx. 4 slykes, were observed. The role of the blood in transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide both at rest and after swimming is established by in vivo blood gas measurements and in vitro oxygen-binding data. The low internal PvO2 at rest is close to the P50 measured under similar conditions and the hyperbolic equilibrium curve permits further oxygen unloading when PvO2 falls during swimming. PMID- 3746199 TI - A trans-acting mechanism represses the expression of the major transplantation antigens in mouse hybrid thymoma cell lines. AB - We have fused an H-2- thymoma (BM5R.9) with an H-2+ thymoma (BW5147) and have found that many of the resulting hybrids exhibit an H-2- phenotype. In several hybrids that were analyzed in detail, this phenotype is related to the absence of steady-state H-2 mRNA and shows some instability, possibly related to the loss of chromosomes in segregants. We conclude from our studies that BM5R.9 cells display a trans-acting mechanism that can repress the expression of H-2 antigens, and that the gene(s) causing the repression are not located on chromosome 17. This mechanism is not sufficient to explain the H-2- phenotype of BM5R.9, for which an additional, cis-acting process, must be postulated. We discuss these results in the context of the regulation of expression of the major class I transplantation antigens. PMID- 3746200 TI - Human neutrophil plasminogen activator is localized in specific granules and is translocated to the cell surface by exocytosis. AB - The subcellular localization of plasminogen activator (PA) in human neutrophils was studied. The cells were disrupted by nitrogen cavitation and fractionated on Percoll density gradients into three major components containing the plasma membranes, the specific granules, and the azurophilic granules. The biochemical markers we used to identify these organelles were alkaline phosphatase, vitamin B12-binding protein, and beta-glucuronidase, respectively. Using the radioactive fibrin plate method, PA activity and plasminogen-independent fibrinolytic activity were measured. In resting neutrophils, PA was associated mainly with the membranes of the specific granules. In five individual experiments the activity of this fraction varied from 79 to 100% of the total; the remaining activity was found to be associated with the plasma membrane, and no activity was present in the azurophilic granules. In neutrophils that were activated by exposure to PMA (20 ng/ml for 15 min at 37 degrees C), the total recoverable PA activity remained unchanged; however, the main peak of activity (85% of total) shifted from the specific granules to the plasma membranes. The magnitude of the reduction of the enzyme in the specific granules paralleled that of vitamin B12-binding protein. PMA-activated, intact neutrophils had approximately 12-fold more surface-bound PA activity than resting cells. Recovery of PA activity from neutrophils was critically dependent on pretreatment of the intact cells with DFP before cavitation; 100-fold more PA activity was detected in DFP-pretreated cells. At the same time, this pretreatment reduced the plasminogen-independent fibrinolytic activity by approximately sevenfold. We determined that PA present in the neutrophils is of the urokinase (UK) type and that the enzyme is produced and stored as a pro-UK, a form insensitive to DFP inhibition. The reduction in the level of proteases (measured as fibrinolytic activity) and the resistance of pro UK to DFP are most likely the two major reasons for the greatly improved recovery of PA from the DFP-pretreated cells. These findings show that in resting neutrophils PA is stored in the specific granules, and that during activation, it translocates to the outer surface of the plasma membranes, thus equipping the cell with an ecto-proteolytic potential. PMID- 3746201 TI - [Serum lipids of alcoholics before and following abstinence. Significance for coronary risk]. AB - Cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipoproteins were studied in 23 alcoholics on admission for withdrawal therapy and after 4 weeks of abstinence. Lipoproteins were estimated quantitatively by lipoprotein electrophoresis. The results were used for the prediction of the risk of coronary heart disease. Half of the alcoholics had "high" or "elevated coronary risk" on admission for withdrawal. Abstinence resulted in decreased HDL-cholesterol concentrations in serum. Concurrently, the number of alcoholics with elevated coronary risk increased. This was mainly caused by high LDL-cholesterol levels on admission and after abstinence. PMID- 3746202 TI - [A new method for rapid and simple adsorption of rheumatoid factors from serum]. AB - It is well known that autoantibodies directed against human gamma-globulin, the so called rheumatoid factor (Rheumafaktor), show interference with immunochemical methods. Especially the enzyme-linked immunoassays for detecting the early immune reaction against virus-infections (e.g. rubella, measles, and others) show irregular positive results, if the tests are performed in samples containing IgM rheumatoid factor. We describe a new method for the rapid adsorption and elimination of rheumatoid factor from rheumatoid factor containing serum samples, using a suspension of glutaraldehyde-cross-linked, aggregated IgG in a combined solid- and liquid-phase technique. The bound rheumatoid factor can be subsequently desadsorbed at acid pH so that after washing in neutral-buffer or physiological saline the adsorption-material can be used again. Specific antibodies were not adsorbed. PMID- 3746203 TI - Evaluation of the spectrophotometric assay of guanase with 2,2'-azino-di(3 ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) as chromogen. AB - A simple spectrophotometric assay for serum guanase based on the oxidation of 2,2'-azino-di(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphate) (ABTS) using xanthine oxidase, uricase and peroxidase is described and statistically examined through its application to normal and pathological sera. The method is very sensitive, precise (CV below 8.13%) and linear up to 152.5 U/l. Comparison with the methods of Hue & Free ((1965) Clin. Chem. 11, 708-715), and Giusti ((1974) In: Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, Bergmeyer, H. U., ed., p. 1086), and Ito et al. ((1981) Clin. Chim. Acta 115, 135-144) gave a good correlation (r greater than or equal to 0.969). The reference values for the ABTS-method are 2.93 to 23.92 U/l (mean = 13.57 U/l, CV = 22.43%). The mean values of guanase activities determined in sera of patients with different liver diseases (mean = 30.29 U/l), or chronic alcoholics (mean = 35.41 U/l) were significantly higher than normal. The patients with chronic diseases had significantly lower activity (mean = 7.22 U/l, t = 9.25, p less than 0.001). PMID- 3746204 TI - Radioimmunoassay for the measurement of insulin-like growth factor I in patients with pituitary disease in comparison with commercially available somatomedin-C radioimmunoassays. AB - A highly sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for the measurement of insulin like growth factor I (IGF I) has been developed. The IGF I concentrations were measured in sera of normal subjects, patients with acromegaly, hypophysectomized patients and patients with hyperprolactinaemia. The results were compared with the results obtained after measurement of IGF I in the sera of the same patients with two commercially available radioimmunoassays for somatomedin-C. IGF I was separated from its carrier protein using Sep-Pak C18 cartridges. The total recovery of IGF I by this method was about 100%. The in-house assay shows a high specificity for IGF I and a high sensitivity. As little as 0.1 microgram/l of IGF I can be detected. Only a small amount of serum (25 microliter) is necessary for the IGF I determination and a great number of serum samples (more than 100 per day) can be processed. The mean immunoreactive IGF I concentration was 379 +/- 159 micrograms/l in normal adult subjects, 3340 +/- 1094 micrograms/l in acromegalic patients, and 52 +/- 11 micrograms/l in growth-hormone deficient patients. Patients with hyperprolactinaemia had an IGF I concentration of 433 +/- 112 micrograms/l. PMID- 3746205 TI - Automatic bioluminescent glucose determination using commercially available reagent kits coupled to the bacterial NAD(P)H-linked luciferase system. AB - A sensitive and specific automatic bioluminescent method is described for glucose determination in serum samples using commercially available reagent-kits. The Boehringer Gluco-quant kit, originally designed for spectrophotometric measurement, was successfully coupled to the bacterial luciferase NAD(P)H-linked system. The method's validity was proven by comparison with a spectrophotometric method. Correlation was excellent (r = 0.98, n = 50). Precision attained by 30 assays was good (CV 1.19%). The assay was verified by determining the glucose concentrations of more than 1000 serum samples. Using a microcomputer-controlled automatic luminescence analyser (Berthold LB 950 T) and reagent kits for luminometry (Boehringer Mannheim, LKB Wallac, Lumac/3M), the complete assay can be performed fully automatically with commercially available reagent kits. More than 200 samples can be assayed by one individual per day. The bioluminescence method is at least 100 times more sensitive than spectrophotometric measurements. Other reagent kits tested (Behring, Merck, Sigma) are also suitable for coupling to the NAD(P)H-linked luciferase system. PMID- 3746206 TI - Analytical performance of the random access analyser Hitachi 737. A multicentre evaluation. AB - The selective multitest analyser Hitachi 737 was examined according to the ECCLS guidelines in a multicentre evaluation involving 4 laboratories. Twenty routine parameters, including the electrolytes, sodium, potassium and chloride, were measured at 37 degrees C. All of the measured values were included for evaluation without correcting for outliers. The trial, which lasted 4 months and involved over 70 000 analyses, basically yielded the following results: The precision can be termed very good. For the majority of the methods, the day-to-day coefficients of variation were below 2%. The highest coefficient of variation was 6.3% (for creatine kinase) and the lowest below 0.1% (for gamma-glutamyltransferase). The recovery of the assigned values of control sera was very good for most of the parameters (between 95% and 105%). Only with bilirubin, phosphate and chloride did greater deviations occur in a few control sera. Excellent agreement was found between the results obtained from the instruments used in the comparison: the Hitachi 705, a flame photometer and a chloride meter. No drift effects were observed. The same applied to carryover effects, provided that Boehringer Mannheim's recommendations concerning method combinations are observed. Because of the large measuring range, it is necessary to repeat analyses only in exceptional cases. During the entire period of the trial there were no stoppages due to the instrument malfunction. As a result of its reliability, the Hitachi 737 is well suited for routine operation and emergency analysis in medium to large-sized laboratories. PMID- 3746207 TI - The public's role in defining a research agenda for family medicine. PMID- 3746208 TI - Doxycycline in acute bronchitis. PMID- 3746209 TI - Herpetic whitlow and Tzanck preparation. PMID- 3746210 TI - Chlamydial pneumonitis in an infant of a Vietnamese refugee family. PMID- 3746211 TI - Self-poisoning: outcome and complications in the community hospital. AB - One hundred sixty cases of self-poisoning of patients aged 15 years and older were treated on the wards of the four community hospitals of Lansing, Michigan, in 1981. Most cases (91 percent) were intentional and represented suicide attempts. The complication rate was 13.8 percent and the overdose-related mortality rate 0.6 percent. Aspiration pneumonia was the most common complication, followed by respiratory failure and seizures. No patient with a level of consciousness stage 0 or 1 in the emergency room had a major overdose related complication with permanent sequelae, and this group represented 80 percent of the cases. One possible guideline for managing the self-poisoner is level of consciousness in the emergency room. PMID- 3746212 TI - New concepts of confidentiality in family practice. AB - Medical confidentiality protects the physician-patient relationship and ensures privacy so that intimate information can be exchanged to improve, preserve, and protect the health of the patient. The ethical and legal basis of confidentiality forms a conditional rather than absolute privilege, however, and numerous exceptions currently exist whereby third parties with a legitimate interest have access to patient information. Family medicine may now be another exception because its conceptual framework abandons the old model of treating just the individual and employs a more advanced model of treating both the individual and the family. Using the argument that the treatment of a diseased individual really means treatment of the diseased family, traditional limitations on the scope of confidentiality need expansion. Critical information may necessarily have to be sought outside these limits for diagnostic purposes as well as successful treatment of family disease. At the initial visit, therefore, patients need to be informed that limited portions of confidential information may need to be shared with other members of the family, but that only information necessary and relevant to the treatment of the problem will be shared. PMID- 3746213 TI - Panic disorder: epidemiology in primary care. AB - One hundred ninety-five patients in a primary care practice were screened with the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule, a structured psychiatric interview, so that the epidemiology of panic disorder could be studied. Thirteen percent of the patients met criteria described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, ed 3 (DSM-III) for panic disorder (6.7 percent if the DSM-III exclusionary criteria are used). An additional 8.7 percent of patients, labeled in the study as having simple panic, had four or more autonomic symptoms of panic disorder but did not meet DSM-III criteria (three panic attacks in a three-week period). Compared with controls, patients with panic disorder or simple panic had a significantly higher lifetime risk of major depression, multiple phobias, and avoidance behavior and higher scores on their psychological distress scales. Patients with panic disorder and simple panic often misinterpreted their symptoms as being due to a physical illness and had significantly higher scores on the somatization scale of the SCL 90 and on a medical review of symptoms than did the controls with no panic disorder. It is important to diagnose panic disorder accurately because double blind placebo-controlled studies have demonstrated the efficacy of psychopharmacologic treatments, including tricyclic antidepressants (notably imipramine and desipramine), the high-potency benzodiazepine (alprazolam) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (phenelzine). Primary care physicians, by screening patients with complaints of tension and anxiety, as well as multiple unexplained somatic complaints for panic disorder, may be able to reduce somatic preoccupation and disease phobia by instituting effective therapy. PMID- 3746214 TI - Patients' attitudes to the relevance of nonmedical problems in family medicine care. AB - A questionnaire was designed to document middle-aged patients' attitudes toward their family physicians' approach to their problems of daily living. Middle-aged patients were studied because they face numerous adaptational challenges and receive substantial medical care. Almost 90 percent of 116 patients interviewed indicated that they wanted to be asked about nonmedical problems as measured by life events, with this preference being more common among those under 55 years of age. Physicians expressed comfort in inquiring about life events; however, the patients reported that they were asked about such issues rarely or only occasionally. Although over two thirds of patients felt their physicians were sufficiently aware of their life events, those who recalled frequent questions by their physician were most likely to feel their physician was sufficiently aware. Implications of these findings on the physician-patient relationship are discussed. PMID- 3746215 TI - Surgical practice and perceived training needs of selected Ohio family physicians. AB - This study was performed to determine, relative to Ohio, what percentage of family physicians are actively involved in providing surgical care, what types of surgical care are provided, and what variations exist in opinions and practices regarding surgery related to previous training and practice location. Data were collected from active members of the Ohio Academy of Family Physicians; usable returns were secured from 76 percent of the members. Several conclusions were made. Overwhelming percentages of family physicians in Ohio are actively involved in providing surgical care. A considerably greater percentage of family physicians are actively involved in performing minor surgery compared with major surgery, although they perform a wide range of minor and major surgical procedures at relatively high frequencies. Over the years, however, there has been a decrease in performance of major surgery on the part of family physicians in Ohio. Issues related to surgery in family practice are more positively influenced by being in a rural practice rather than an urban or suburban practice, having had more surgical training, and having had family practice residency training. Family physicians in Ohio definitely think that surgical training should be included in family practice training programs, and they think that the surgical training should be balanced between a curriculum standardized for all residents and one individualized to the anticipated future practices of the residents. PMID- 3746216 TI - Type A behavior: clinical significance, evaluation, and management. AB - Throughout recorded medical history a relationship has been postulated between the emotions and heart disease. Type A behavior is, in part, a contemporary restatement of this relationship. It is a clustering of behaviors characterized by a profound sense of time urgency, hostility, competitiveness, and a chronic struggle to obtain more and more poorly defined goals. Originally described in white urban men, it has now been shown to characterize many men and women in a variety of western industrialized societies. Type A behavior has been clearly established as a risk factor for coronary heart disease equal in magnitude to the other standard risk factors. The definitive identification of this behavior pattern is done either through a standardized interview or through one of several written tests. A simplified checklist is presented for use by the family physician in the office setting. Modification of this behavior pattern is best done using a multifaceted approach that addresses the behavioral, cognitive, physiologic, and environmental aspects. The discipline of meditation has potential as a therapeutic tool that fits in with this multifaceted approach. PMID- 3746217 TI - A case of chronic appendicitis. PMID- 3746218 TI - Acetaminophen overdose in the second trimester of pregnancy. PMID- 3746219 TI - Ileus with hypothyroidism. PMID- 3746220 TI - Physicians who work with disadvantaged people. PMID- 3746221 TI - Secondary enuresis associated with hyperthyroidism. PMID- 3746222 TI - Family physicians and the future of fee-for-service payment plans. AB - The mechanisms by which health care providers in the United States are reimbursed for their services are undergoing dynamic and rapid changes. Traditional fee-for service payment schemes as the predominant reimbursement methods are declining and are being supplanted by a plethora of different schemes that incorporate prepayment as the mode of compensation for service. A number of trends over the past decade predict that this transference to prepayment will continue in the future and will have a profound impact on the future practice of family medicine. It is important for family medicine educators and practicing family physicians to understand these market forces and trends so they will be better able to alter their training programs and future practices to meet future needs. PMID- 3746223 TI - Flexible sigmoidoscopy and the despecialization of endoscopy. PMID- 3746224 TI - Photothermal effects on the testicular cycle in the musk turtle, Sternotherus odoratus. AB - A series of photothermal treatments was initiated at different times of year to examine the relative contributions of exogenous and endogenous factors affecting the timing of the testicular cycle of the kinosternid turtle, Sternotherus odoratus. Elevated temperature appeared to be the major factor stimulating testicular recrudescence (spermatocytogenesis, spermiogenesis, and, to some extent, androgen secretion). However, depending on the time of year, short or long daylengths, in conjunction with elevated temperatures, enhanced testicular responses (recrudescence or regression). Also, high temperatures are not requisite for recrudescence. Spermatogenic activity and testis growth differ in their temperature sensitivity and may become dissociated, and an endogenous mechanism may have affected peak androgen secretion. Testicular regression exhibited a dependence on an interaction among temperature, photoperiod, and endogenous regulation. Turtles with testes in advanced stages of spermiogenesis underwent accelerated regression when exposed to even slightly reduced temperatures, especially at short daylengths. However, regression was delayed by a combination of high temperature and short daylength in fall. Results are compared to other experimental studies of photothermal effects on turtles and discussed in terms of the described latitudinal variations in the timing of the testicular cycle of S. odoratus. PMID- 3746225 TI - Fructose-6-phosphate is not a substrate for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. AB - D-Fructose-6-phosphate was shown not to be a substrate for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases (EC. 1.1.1.49) from human erythrocytes, bovine adrenal, rat liver, three yeasts (brewer's yeast, baker's yeast, and Candida utilis), and Leuconostoc mesenteroides. These findings contrast with those of G.M. Kidder (J. Exp. Zool., 226:385-390, '83). PMID- 3746226 TI - High concentrations of methemoglobin in five species of temperate marine teleosts. AB - Blood samples from five species of marine teleosts were assayed for methemoglobin (metHb) levels during winter and summer acclimatization. There was at least 7% total hemoglobin in the met-form in all species, and as high as 27% in one species, the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). There was significant seasonal variation in metHb levels for three of the five species, the highest values occurring during the winter months; cunners (Tautogolabrus adspersus) 15.6% in winter and 10.1% in the summer, shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius) 20.0% in the winter and 8.19% in the summer, longhorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus) 17.3-21.6% in the winter and 8.12% in the summer. The winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) and the Atlantic cod maintained metHb concentrations constant throughout the year: 13% and 27%, respectively. There does not appear to be any relationship between the activity of a fish and the level of metHb in its blood. PMID- 3746227 TI - Effect of cytochalasin B and demecolcine on freeze-thaw survival of murine embryos in vitro. AB - The effects of cytochalasin B (CB), a microfilament inhibitor, and demecolcine (DC), a microtubule inhibitor, on freeze-thaw survival and culture survival of early cleavage stage mouse embryos, was evaluated. In the first experiment, eight cell mouse embryos were frozen in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or DMSO + 0.1 microgram/ml DC + 7.5 micrograms/ml CB. In the second experiment, eight-cell embryos were dehydrated and cultured in the presence of either DMSO, DMSO + DC, DMSO + CB, or DMSO + DC + CB for 45 min prior to rehydration and culture to stimulate the osmotic and chemical changes encountered during the dehydration and rehydration procedures, but without the consequences of freezing and thawing. In the third experiment, additional eight-cell embryos were frozen in either DMSO, DMSO + DC, DMSO + CB, or DMSO + DC + CB. The survival of embryos frozen in DMSO (75%) was significantly higher (P less than 0.01) than that of embryos frozen in DMSO + DC + CB (55%). No differences (P = 0.55) were observed after a 48-hr culture period in the development of embryos dehydrated, cultured, and rehydrated but not frozen. Embryos frozen in the presence of both DC and CB had a lower (P = 0.06) survival rate (55%) than that of embryos frozen in the presence of DMSO, DC, or CB (approximately 70%). These results suggest that both microfilaments and microtubules have a role in maintaining the structural integrity of the plasma membrane during the freeze-thaw process and that the loss of either loss does not seem to be detrimental to survival, but the loss of both results in lower survival. PMID- 3746228 TI - Multiple hemoglobins of the cutthroat trout, Salmo clarki. AB - Nine hemoglobins were purified from blood of Salmo clarki by ion-exchange chromatography and preparative isoelectric focusing. The subunit structures of eight of the purified hemoglobins were studied by electrophoresis of globins in the presence of urea. Six are alpha 2 beta 2 tetramers while two appear to be heterotetramers of the type alpha alpha' beta 2 and alpha alpha' beta beta'. The effects of pH, nucleotides, and temperature on the oxygen equilibria of the purified hemoglobins were studied. Five hemoglobins with isoelectric points from 9.1 to 7.1 and one minor hemoglobin with an isoelectric point of 5.9 appear to have essentially identical oxygen binding properties. All have similar oxygen equilibria which are independent of pH and temperature and not affected by saturating amounts of ATP. Another minor hemoglobin with an isoelectric point below 5.9 has similar oxygen equilibria except for a possible pH dependence. Two hemoglobins, with isoelectric points of 6.5 and 6.4, have oxygen binding properties which are strongly pH and temperature dependent. Addition of ATP or GTP causes a large decrease in the oxygen affinity without affecting the cooperativity of oxygen binding. The effect of GTP is slightly greater than that of ATP. No significant differences were observed in the oxygen equilibria of these two hemoglobins. The red blood cells of S. clarki were found to contain large amounts of both ATP and GTP, with an ATP:GTP ratio of 3:1. Both nucleotides may be important modulators of hemoglobin oxygen affinity in S. clarki, in contrast to the situation in S. gairdneri, in which red blood cell GTP concentrations are considerably lower. The presence of six or possibly seven hemoglobins with identical oxygen binding properties in S. clarki suggests that, to a large extent, the physiological role of multiple hemoglobins in this species involves phenomena not directly related to the oxygen binding properties of the hemoglobins. PMID- 3746229 TI - The ultrastructure and physiology of the tergotrochanteral depressor muscle of the housefly, Musca domestica. AB - The gross morphology, ultrastructure, and the physiological properties of the tergotrochanteral depressor muscle (TTM) of the housefly are described. Under transmission and scanning electron microscopy, the TTM is a highly modified multinucleated tubular muscle of the synchronous class of insect muscle. Mitochondria appear few in number (5% of muscle volume) but there is an extensive sarcoplasmic reticulum (20% of muscle volume). Two types of neuromuscular junctions were observed, but these junctions are considered functionally similar. Three neurons innervate the muscle, and when the muscle is orthodromically stimulated, three well-defined thresholds are observed. Under repeated stimulation, the TTM fatigues rapidly but recovers in a short time. The TTM has a long "length constant" of 132.1 micron, 7.3 microF/cm2 membrane capacity, and a specific resistance of 394 omega cm2. The tergotrochanteral or "jumping" muscle has a behaviorally unique function. It is used only in the jump response preparatory to flight. TTM development is believed to have coevolved with an associated giant neuron to optimize the escape behavior response (response time 2.5 msec) in the housefly. The muscle has become specialized and more massive to increase the jump response. The TTM appears to be adapted physiologically and ultrastructurally for fast response and short twitch duration times. PMID- 3746230 TI - Maximum catalytic activity of some key enzymes in provision of physiologically useful information about metabolic fluxes. PMID- 3746231 TI - Responses to reversed NH3 and NH4+ gradients in a teleost (Ictalurus punctatus), an elasmobranch (Raja erinacea), and a crustacean (Callinectes sapidus):evidence for NH4+/H+ exchange in the teleost and the elasmobranch. AB - Ammonia excretion rates of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, little skate (Raja erinacea), and blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) were measured in experimental regimes which permitted simultaneous assessment of the partial pressure gradients for nonionized NH3 and the chemical concentration gradients of NH4+. Under conditions of low external ammonia, the average ammonia excretion was +295 microM kg-1 h-1 for catfish, +149 microM kg-1 h-1 for blue crabs, and +59 microM kg-1 h1 for skates with partial pressure gradients of +72.5 mu Torr, +413 mu Torr, and +24.4 mu Torr, respectively; and [NH4+] gradients of +189 microM l 1, +643 microM l-1, and +107 microM l-1 (positive indicating greater from inside to medium). When the external ammonia was increased to 1.15 mM l-1, both gradients were reversed, and the net ammonia movement was initially from the external water into all three species. In the catfish the inward movement ceased, however, and ammonia excretion eventually resumed in the face of reversed gradients of both NH3 partial pressure and [NH4+]. Unidirectional Na+ influx, indicative of a Na+/NH4+ exchange, did not increase. The ammonia data, changes in titratable acidity, and net apparent H+ efflux were all consistent with a linked extrusion of internal NH4+ for external H+. Incorporation of such an exchange into a computer simulation model of the ammonia equilibrium and exchange system duplicated the experimental data. Other hypotheses failed to match experimental data, or failed to predict internal ammonia levels lower than outside. In the crab, internal ammonia levels rose rapidly to concentrations and partial pressures above the external medium until excretion was reestablished, with no evidence of maintenance of a reversed gradient. In the skate, internal concentrations rose appreciably in the first hour and continued to rise for 6-8 h, with no resumption of ammonia excretion. The interspecies differences appear to be due at least partly to differences in ammonia permeability of the gills. PMID- 3746232 TI - Biomineralization in the presence of calcium-binding phosphoprotein particles. AB - The innermost shell lamella, which coats the inner surface of the shells in the estuarine clam Rangia cuneata, is a dynamic structure with a variable composition. In some populations the lamella is a phosphoprotein-rich structure devoid of crystalline mineral, and in others it is a glucosamine-rich structure often containing barite (BaSO4) inclusions. Mineral depositions was artificially stimulated in Rangia containing glucosamine-rich lamellae by scratching the inner shell surface. After stimulation, the lamellae were transformed into phosphoprotein-rich structures in which aragonite (CaCO3) was deposited. The mineral grew in spherulitic and dumbbell-shaped clusters characteristic of aragonite precipitated from strictly inorganic solutions. This study demonstrates that phosphoprotein particles accumulate in the innermost shell lamella during stimulated biomineralization but neither inhibit mineral deposition nor influence the crystal habits. Since phosphoprotein particles are high capacity calcium binding proteins, they may be the source and transport vehicle for the calcium ions utilized in shell mineralization. PMID- 3746233 TI - Stress-induced suppression of testosterone secretion in male alligators. AB - In order to test the effect of acute stress on gonadal hormone secretion in reptiles, six mature male alligators were captured, and a blood sample was taken within 5 min of capture. Additional blood samples were taken at timed intervals for up to 41 hr, and plasma testosterone and corticosterone were measured by radioimmunoassay. Plasma testosterone declined to 50% of the initial value by 4 hr and dropped to less than 10% of initial by 24 hr. Plasma corticosterone increased during the first 12 hr, declined at 24 hr, and rose again at 40 hr. Blood samples from male alligators collected in North and South Carolina, south Florida, and in south Louisiana in two consecutive breeding seasons were also assayed for testosterone and corticosterone. In these populations there were significant differences in mean plasma testosterone and corticosterone levels. Elevated corticosterone levels were consistently seen in alligators caught in traps and from which a blood sample was taken several hours later. Plasma testosterone, although consistently lower in trapped alligators, did not show a negative correlation with plasma corticosterone. Farm-reared alligators bled once, released, and bled again at 24 hr also showed a highly significant suppression of testosterone secretion. These results demonstrate that stress has a rapid and dramatic effect on testicular steroid secretion in both farm-reared and wild alligators. PMID- 3746234 TI - Pineal melatonin: circadian rhythm and variations during the hibernation cycle in the ground squirrel, Spermophilus lateralis. AB - Variations in pineal melatonin content throughout a 24-hour period and during different phases of the hibernation bout cycle were studied in the golden-mantled ground squirrel (Spermophilus lateralis). In addition to pineal melatonin, the circadian variation in the activities of pineal N-acetyltransferase (NAT) and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) were also investigated in summer animals maintained at 22 +/- 2 degrees C, on a light:dark (L:D) schedule of 12:12 hr for 1 month (lights on at 08.00 hr). Pineal glands were collected from six animals in each group at 1200, 1600, 2000, 2400, 0200, 0400, and 0800 hr. Changes in pineal melatonin content during the hibernation bout cycle were investigated in ground squirrels housed at 4 +/- .05 degrees C in relative darkness (1.9-3.4 lux; 10:14 LD). Pineal glands were obtained between 12:00 and 18:00 hr from 30 animals during one of three phases of the cycle (deep hibernation, euthermic interbout, and entrance into hibernation). Pineal melatonin was also measured for comparison in six winter euthermic animals that were housed at 22 +/- 2 degrees C, on a L:D schedule of 10:14 hr. Melatonin was measured in individual pineal glands by radioimmunoassay. The daily melatonin rhythm in S. lateralis was characterized by a marked increase in pineal melatonin during the dark phase, in which peak nighttime values were nearly 20-fold greater than daytime basal levels. The daily rhythm for NAT activity paralleled the changes in melatonin, showing a peak activity at 0200 hr that was 45 times greater than mean daytime values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3746235 TI - A possible mechanism of action of 17 beta-estradiol in stimulation of fertilization in vitro. AB - The effects of 17 beta-estradiol (E2) on sperm-egg interactions in the mouse were investigated. It was shown that E2 induces adhesiveness of the sperm head, expressed as sperm-sperm and sperm-egg binding. Since the concentration dependence of this process was similar to that observed for stimulation of in vitro fertilization by E2, it is suggested that induction of adhesiveness or initiation of processes that cause adhesiveness of the sperm head are of biological significance as preparatory steps for fertilization. Finally, the content of E2 in mouse eggs was determined and found to be 0.2 pg/egg, equally distributed between the oocyte together with the zona pellucida and the follicular cells with their associated intercellular matrix. The intra-ovum concentration is estimated as 10(-6) M. PMID- 3746236 TI - Mouse embryos develop normally exo utero. AB - Surgical procedures are described which permit direct experimental access to postimplantation mouse embryos. These procedures arose from our finding that development proceeds normally to term after embryos have been released from the confines of the uterus, while remaining attached to it via the placenta. Embryos continue to develop exo utero, within the abdominal cavity of the mother, and are capable of surviving a variety of different surgical manipulations. This finding opens the way for experimental analyses of mouse development in vivo. PMID- 3746237 TI - Avian spermatozoa penetrate zona-free hamster oocytes in vitro. AB - After collection from the cloaca of adult males, budgerigar spermatozoa were incubated in modified BWW medium at pH 8.3. By light microscopy, many spermatozoa (greater than 100 per oocyte) were seen to be bound to the oolemma, and a small proportion (1-2 spermatozoa) were judged to have undergone fusion and penetration of the vitellus, as indicated by complete decondensation of their chromatin. The latter finding was confirmed at the electron microscope level by the presence of sperm nucleus, midpiece and tail in egg cytoplasm. This finding is discussed in relation to events at fertilization in the different Phyla. PMID- 3746238 TI - Survey of raccoon hunters for rabies antibody titers: pilot study. PMID- 3746239 TI - "Sting" of puss caterpillar, Megalopyge opercularis (Lepidoptera: Megalopygidae): first report of cases from Florida and review of literature. PMID- 3746240 TI - Adenocarcinoma of small intestine (25 year review--Roswell Park). PMID- 3746241 TI - Prison health care: problems and alternatives in delivery of health care to the incarcerated--Part I. PMID- 3746242 TI - Confessions of a would-be health care entrepreneur. PMID- 3746243 TI - Health maintenance organizations: 1986 update. PMID- 3746244 TI - A Florida physician's testimony to the U.S. Senate on the malpractice problem. PMID- 3746245 TI - Guided hand or forgery? PMID- 3746246 TI - On identification by probability. PMID- 3746247 TI - The Splatt case. PMID- 3746248 TI - California Association of Criminalists. Semi-annual seminar. Los Angeles, California, 24-26 October 1985. Abstracts. PMID- 3746249 TI - Two components of voltage-dependent calcium influx in mouse neuroblastoma cells. Measurement with arsenazo III. AB - N1E-115 mouse neuroblastoma cells were injected with the calcium indicator dye arsenazo III. Optical absorbance changes during voltage-clamp depolarization were used to examine the properties of the two calcium currents present in these cells. The rapidly inactivating calcium current (Moolenar and Spector, 1979b, Journal of Physiology, 292:307-323) inactivates by a voltage-dependent mechanism. The slowly inactivating calcium current is dominant in raising intracellular calcium during depolarizations to greater than -20 mV. Lowering the extracellular calcium concentration affects the two calcium currents unequally, with the slowly inactivating current being reduced more. Intracellular calcium falls very slowly (tau greater than 1 min) after a depolarization. The rapidly inactivating calcium current is responsible for a calcium action potential under physiological conditions. In contrast, it is unlikely that the slowly inactivating calcium current has an important electrical role. Rather, its function may be to add a further increment of calcium influx over and above the calcium influx through the rapidly inactivating calcium channels. PMID- 3746250 TI - Chloride movements in human neutrophils. Diffusion, exchange, and active transport. AB - Chloride content and fluxes were measured in isolated resting human peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The intracellular Cl concentration of cells kept at 37 degrees C in 148 mM Cl media was approximately 80 meq/liter cell water, fourfold higher than expected for passive distribution at the cell's estimated membrane potential (approximately -53 mV). All intracellular Cl was rapidly exchangeable with external 36Cl. Cells lost Cl exponentially into Cl-free media, and reaccumulated it when Cl was restored to the bath; this reuptake was dependent on metabolism. One-way 36Cl fluxes in steady state cells were approximately 1.4 meq/liter X min. The bulk (approximately 70%) of these represented electrically silent Cl/Cl exchange mediated by a carrier insensitive to disulfonic stilbenes but blocked by the anion carrier inhibitor alpha-cyano-4 hydroxycinnamate (CHC). The remaining fluxes were characterized in some detail. About 20% of 36Cl influx behaved as active transport: it moved thermodynamically uphill and was absent in cells treated with 2-deoxy-D-glucose, displayed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with Km(Cl) congruent to 5 mM, Vmax congruent to 0.25 meq/liter X min, and was inhibited by CHC (Ki congruent to 1.7 mM), ethacrynate (Ki congruent to 50 microM), and furosemide (Ki congruent to 50 microM). About 30% of Cl efflux and approximately 8% of Cl influx behaved as electrodiffusion through a low-permeability pathway (PCl congruent to 4 X 10(-9) cm/s; gCl congruent to 1 microsecond/cm2; PK/PNa/PCl congruent to to 10:1:1); these fluxes were linear with concentration and strongly voltage sensitive. The putative Cl channel does not appear to be voltage gated, and gives evidence of single filing. PMID- 3746251 TI - Anion/anion exchange in human neutrophils. AB - Of the total one-way chloride fluxes (approximately 1.4 meq/liter cell water X min) in steady state human polymorphonuclear leukocytes bathed in 148 mM Cl media, approximately 70% behaves as self-exchange mediated by a nonselective anion carrier that is not inhibited by stilbene disulfonates. Five properties of this carrier-mediated exchange were investigated: substrate saturation is seen with respect to 36Cl influx as a function of the external Cl concentration [for normal-Cl cells, the apparent Km(Cl) is approximately 22 mM when Cl replaces para amino-hippurate (PAH) and approximately 5 mM when Cl replaces glucuronate], and with respect to 36Cl efflux as a function of the concentration of internal Cl replacing PAH [apparent Km(Cl) congruent to 35 mM for cells bathed in 148 mM Cl]; there is trans stimulation of 36Cl influx by internal Cl (replacing PAH) with an apparent Km(Cl) congruent to 35 mM, and of 36Cl efflux by external Cl with an apparent Km(Cl) congruent to 22 mM (Cl replacing PAH) or approximately 5 mM (Cl replacing glucuronate); there is substrate competition between Cl and PAH, but the carrier appears devoid of affinity for glucuronate; influxes and effluxes mediated by the carrier are subject to competitive inhibition by extracellular alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate (CHC), with an apparent Ki congruent to 9 mM in Cl medium or approximately 1 mM in PAH medium (transport of the inhibitor itself is very slow); and internal Cl and external Cl or PAH undergo 1:1 countertransport, which is CHC sensitive. A simple equilibrium-competition model is proposed that accounts for all the extracellular ligand interactions presented for normal-Cl cells. Least-squares values of the carrier's true Michaelis constants for extracellular Cl, PAH, and CHC are 5.03 +/- 0.83, 50.3 +/- 14.9, and 0.29 +/- 0.09 mM, respectively. PMID- 3746252 TI - Dynamics of cockroach ocellar neurons. AB - The incremental responses from the second-order neurons of the ocellus of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana, have been measured. The stimulus was a white noise-modulated light with various mean illuminances. The kernels, obtained by cross-correlating the white-noise input against the resulting response, provided a measure of incremental sensitivity as well as of response dynamics. We found that the incremental sensitivity of the second-order neurons was an exact Weber Fechner function; white-noise-evoked responses from second-order neurons were linear; the dynamics of second-order neurons remain unchanged over a mean illuminance range of 4 log units; the small nonlinearity in the response of the second-order neuron was a simple amplitude compression; and the correlation between the white-noise input and spike discharges of the second-order neurons produced a first-order kernel similar to that of the cell's slow potential. We conclude that signal processing in the cockroach ocellus is simple but different from that in other visual systems, including vertebrate retinas and insect compound eyes, in which the system's dynamics depend on the mean illuminance. PMID- 3746253 TI - Autologous monoclonal antibodies recognize tumour-associated antigens in X irradiated C57BL/6 mice. AB - X-irradiation of C57BL/6 mice induces thymic lymphosarcomas which sometimes contain retroviruses which upon injection into normal mice mimic the effect of the irradiation. We examined whether specific antigenicities, viral or cellular, were expressed by tumour cells that could be recognized by antibodies from the irradiated animals. We developed monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) using splenocytes of the diseased animal. The reactivity of such MAbs towards thymoma cell lines established in vitro was investigated by means of an ELISA. At least 10 antibody specificities were detected on the 13 tumours investigated, allowing separation of the MAbs into three classes: those recognizing the autologous tumour, heterologous tumours as well as normal thymic tissue, those specific for the autologous tumour, and those specific for one tumour, but not ones of autologous origin. The last two classes corresponded to specific tumour-associated antigens. Our panel of MAbs defined each tumour by the particular pattern of antigens harboured. It is striking that most of the antigens were present in the normal thymus and that only two tumours had additional antigenicities. Additionally, quantitative variations were observed in the levels of expression of these antigens. PMID- 3746254 TI - The uncoating and infectivity of the flavivirus West Nile on interaction with cells: effects of pH and ammonium chloride. AB - Infectivity of the West Nile virus (WNV; Flaviviridae) was inactivated on exposure for brief periods (90 s) to pH 6.6 and below. This inactivation was not due to decreased interaction between cells and acid-treated virus. The RNA of [3H]uridine-labelled virus particles prebound to the cell surface before acidic pH treatment underwent rapid uncoating within 1 min at 37 degrees C at the same pH values that inactivated virus particles. The uncoating of [3H]uridine-labelled virus particles was also studied over longer time periods after synchronized internalization by P388D1 cells. At pH 7.6 uncoating occurred rapidly after a reproducible time lag of 1 min on warming to 37 degrees C and was essentially complete by 15 to 30 min after the start of internalization, leaving uncoated RNA in an infectious form. In contrast, at pH 6.2 viral uncoating occurred rapidly without any time lag and the uncoated RNA appeared to be far less infectious than that uncoated at pH 7.6. Ammonium chloride could almost totally inhibit both the infectivity and uncoating of virus particles on synchronized internalization into P388D1 cells, with a pH optimum of 8.0. These results suggest that the uncoating of virus particles is dependent on an acidic pH, although the location of uncoating (prelysosomal endosome or plasma membrane) decides whether the uncoated RNA will be infectious or not. Essentially the same results were obtained when infections were carried out in the presence of enhancing antibody. PMID- 3746255 TI - Molecular analysis of Campoletis sonorensis virus DNA in the lepidopteran host Heliothis virescens. AB - Nucleic acid hybridization techniques were used to analyse the fate of Campoletis sonorensis virus (CsV) DNAs in naturally parasitized and virus-injected Heliothis virescens larvae. Viral DNA persisted in injected H. virescens larvae from 0 to 10 days post-injection but no increase in the amount of viral DNA could be detected. Similarly, no increase in the amount of viral DNA was detected in naturally parasitized H. virescens larvae before the development of the C. sonorensis pupae. However, a dramatic increase of viral DNA was detected in pharate and newly emerged (0 to 48 h) adult C. sonorensis wasps. The results from these in vivo molecular analyses suggest that CsV replication does not occur in naturally parasitized or virus-injected H. virescens and that viral replication may be restricted to tissues of C. sonorensis wasps. PMID- 3746256 TI - Measles virus persistent infection: modification of the virus nucleocapsid protein. AB - The synthesis of intracellular measles virus proteins in persistently infected human cell cultures was studied. The virus-induced proteins were analysed after radioimmunoprecipitation by one- and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The measles virus-induced nucleoprotein (NP) synthesized in persistently infected cells had a reduced binding capacity with measles virus antibodies (human convalescent serum) compared to the NP protein induced by the virus used to initiate the infection. In contrast, monospecific rabbit serum prepared against the original virus NP, or monoclonal anti-NP antibodies, precipitated NP proteins from acutely and persistently infected cells with equal efficiency. When the NP in acutely or persistently infected cells was labelled with either 14C- or 3H-amino acids and subjected to two-dimensional gel analysis, significant charge differences were observed between the virus proteins. When measles virus-infected cells were examined for virus protein synthesis at 40 degrees C, although no change was found in acutely infected cells, NP was not detected in the persistent infection. PMID- 3746257 TI - Transcriptional map of the measles virus genome. AB - We have constructed a recombinant DNA library of the measles virus genome and identified gene-specific clones containing sequences coding for portions of each of the six viral structural proteins, as well as clones coding for intercistronic sequences. By Northern blotting, we could order the clones according to the pattern of individual gene-specific and readthrough mRNAs. Clones corresponding to the N, P/C and M genes were identified by correlation of the mRNAs with their in vitro translation products; clones corresponding to the H, F and L genes were identified by indirect evidence. The results indicated that the gene order in measles virus is that of a typical paramyxovirus (3'-N,P/C,M,F,H,L-5'), but that the M and F transcripts each contain 1.5 times the coding capacity needed for synthesis of these proteins in vivo. PMID- 3746259 TI - Respiratory syncytial virus: a report of a 5-year study at a children's hospital. AB - A study over a 5-year period (1979-1983) of RSV infections in children in Sydney, Australia is reported. In common with findings made elsewhere in the world, annual epidemics of RSV infection commencing in autumn and lasting 4-6 months, with peak activity in mid-winter, were observed in 1979, 1980, and 1983. However, in 1981 and 1982 virus activity was first detected in midsummer, peaked in autumn, and was present throughout most months of the year. The alteration in virus activity in 1981 and 1982 was not associated with changes restricted to these 2 years in factors such as the age groups or sex ratio of patients affected or in the clinical categories predominantly affected. A study of climatic variables, however, indicated unusually low rainfall in 3 of 4 years encompassing this period. Study over a longer period is indicated to determine if these observed alterations in seasonal activity of RSV will be repeated in future years. Any possible relationship of such a change to rainfall could then also be better assessed. PMID- 3746258 TI - Suppression of Friend virus-induced leukaemia in mice by tuftsin. AB - A significant decrease in mortality was observed when 25 micrograms of the tetrapeptide tuftsin was given to DBA/2J mice 5 days before infection with Friend leukaemia virus (FLV). The same effect was observed when tuftsin was given 5 days before and twice a week for 3 weeks after FLV infection. No effect was observed when the same amount of tuftsin was given 1 day before infection. A 5 micrograms dose of tuftsin given 5 days before and twice-weekly for 3 weeks had no effect on leukaemia induced by FLV infection. These findings showed that time and dosage were critical to the protective effect of tuftsin against virus-induced leukaemia. PMID- 3746260 TI - Use of N-acetylethyleneimine [AEI] for the inactivation of Semliki Forest virus in vitro. AB - N-Acetylethyleneimine (AEI) was used to inactivate the avirulent Togavirus Semliki Forest virus (A774 strain) grown in chick embryo, Vero, and brain cell cultures. The purity of the virus preparation affected the kinetics of inactivation. The rate of inactivation increased with a rise in temperature from 5 to 40 degrees C and in concentration of AEI from 0.025 to 0.1%. The resultant vaccine was inoculated into adult mice to test its antigenicity and into suckling mice to test for the presence of infective virus. Semliki Forest virus-specific IgG was produced equal to that of mice given live virus, and mice were protected against the lethal SFV L10 strain. No suckling mice died, and the brains of the adult mice showed no pathology. PMID- 3746261 TI - Psychoticism and creativity. AB - Eysenck and Eysenck (1976) cited a number of studies showing that creativity and originality are associated with high scores on their Psychoticism factor, P. In this study, we examined the generality of this claim by using a different set of creativity measures, scales from the Comprehensive Ability Battery (Hakstian & Cattell, 1976) and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1975), with a sample of 173 students. No appreciable overlap was found between the creativity scales and P. A number of possible explanations for this result are discussed, and we concluded that this finding may cast doubt on the generality of the link between creativity and P. PMID- 3746262 TI - Changes in stuttering in relation to children's locus of control. AB - The locus of control of stuttering children before, during, and after treatment for dysfluency was investigated. Subjects participated in a one-week program combining delayed auditory feedback and training of parents to negotiate and implement contracts for their child's practice of stutter-free speech skills. The Children's Nowicki-Strickland Scale was used to measure locus of control before, immediately after, two months after, and six months after the training. Measures of speech dysfluency were available at each of these times and documented the effectiveness of treatment in reducing stuttering. The locus of control scores for stuttering children prior to treatment were comparable to normative groups. Internality on the locus of control measure prior to treatment was directly related to degree of change in dysfluency immediately following the one-week clinic, but not to dysfluency levels at the 2-month or 6-month follow-up sessions. Concomitant with improved speech, the children became progressively more internal following treatment. The results suggest that participation in a behavioral program for the treatment of stuttering increases internality. PMID- 3746263 TI - A comparison of self-concepts between those who have and have not sought psychological counseling. PMID- 3746265 TI - The effects of maternal employment on infants: a pretest-posttest design. PMID- 3746264 TI - Genetic influence in the expression of affectivity: twin study of children and adolescents. PMID- 3746266 TI - Self-concept and brain damage. AB - Two groups of right-handed subjects suffering from cerebral lesions in either the left hemisphere or the right hemisphere were tested on the following two dimensions of their self-concept: (1) consistency of self-report, mainly the ability not to be trapped into making contradictory responses to statements concerning various aspects of their self-representation, and (2) differentiation width, which refers to the ability to discriminate adequacy of self-concept descriptions. The results suggested, quite significantly, that both consistency and discrimination width were more adversely affected by right-hemisphere injury, whatever the precise location of lesions in the right hemisphere, than they were by left-hemisphere damage. We propose this as a possible illustration of the use of psychological constructs to interpret anatomo-clinical data. PMID- 3746267 TI - Vibrotactile frequency recognition: forward and backward masking effects. AB - Forward and backward vibrotactile recognition masking was investigated in 4 subjects with 240-Hz and 160-Hz targets of 20 ms duration and four 200-Hz masks, using interstimulus intervals (ISIs) ranging from -500 to 500 ms. Two of the masks (short) were 20 ms and two (long) were 200 ms in duration. One of each set of masks was matched in subjective intensity to the targets, but the others were more intense. The range of ISIs over which masking was obtained was comparable to that found by Massaro (1970) with auditory stimuli. Both short masks produced more masking than either long mask except at short ISIs. Larger mask intensities increased masking only at very short ISIs, and longer mask durations increased backward but not forward masking. PMID- 3746268 TI - Vibrotactile frequency discrimination at short durations. AB - This experiment investigated how frequency discrimination of a sinusoidal, mechanical vibration applied to the tip of the right index finger is affected by shortening the duration of the stimuli from 200 ms to 30 ms. Using a standard stimulus of 100 Hz at 30 dB above threshold, seven comparison frequencies (at intervals of 10 Hz) were judged as higher or lower in frequency according to the method of constant differences. Vibrotactile stimuli were matched for subjective intensity across both frequency and duration. Difference limens for vibrotactile frequency were found to decline slightly from 200 ms to 50 ms (attributable to practice) and to increase noticeably at 30 ms. This result is discussed in relation to the seemingly contradictory results for auditory pitch discrimination. PMID- 3746269 TI - Latency and frequency reports to the Necker cube illusion: effects of hypnotic susceptibility and mental arithmetic. AB - An experiment (N = 32) was conducted to assess latency of first apparent reversal (AR) and AR frequency while observing the Necker cube illusion. Subjects who were either high in hypnotic susceptibility (susceptibles) or low in hypnotic susceptibility (resistant subjects) observed the cube either while performing or not performing mental addition problems. Susceptibles reported perceiving the first AR more quickly and a greater frequency of ARs than did resistant subjects. Also, latency of the first AR was negatively correlated with AR frequency. These results were interpreted in terms of the ability of susceptibles to allocate concentrative or selective attention in a manner that was conducive to faster performance, when faced with competing tasks. PMID- 3746271 TI - Central facial hypoplasia. PMID- 3746270 TI - Jack of all trades. Pacemaker rhythm. PMID- 3746272 TI - 'Chelation' is a fighting word. PMID- 3746273 TI - The role of MRI in the diagnosis and staging of bladder tumors. PMID- 3746274 TI - A standardized prenatal record for the public obstetric community of Louisiana: preliminary report. PMID- 3746275 TI - The 1984 Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Part II. PMID- 3746276 TI - The spectrum of fetal abuse in pregnant women. AB - Physical assault by a woman or her partner upon their unborn child has received minimal attention in the psychiatric or obstetric literature. The spectrum concept facilitates the application of knowledge about one type of fetal abuse (e.g., physical assault in response to fetal movements) to other types (e.g., neglect or failure to protect the fetus from chemical assault by alcohol, nicotine, or drugs). Three illustrative case histories are presented, including two cases of assault by the mother via the anterior abdominal wall. Fetal abuse may be one antecedent of child abuse, and this paper attempts to transpose the known correlates of child abuse into an antenatal time framework. The resultant preliminary etiological model also draws upon research findings from neonaticide, the psychology of pregnancy, and the psychology of aggression. In addition, recent research on the maternal-paternal-fetal triad is reviewed in an attempt to delineate under what circumstances ambivalence in the parental-fetal relationship may find expression as fetal abuse. The characteristics of individuals most at risk of perpetrating fetal abuse are outlined. PMID- 3746277 TI - Comparison of lifetime psychiatric diagnoses in Premenstrual Syndrome Clinic and community samples. AB - The purpose of this investigation was to obtain information about lifetime psychiatric diagnoses of women seeking treatment for premenstrual syndrome. The National Institute for Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) was administered to 223 women attending a premenstrual syndrome clinic. Rates of symptoms and psychiatric disorders were then compared with DIS data collected from an Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) program community sample of 923 women in the same age group from the same geographic location. Women in the Premenstrual Syndrome Clinic sample met DIS/DSM-III criteria for dysthymia, phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, alcohol abuse/dependence, and drug abuse/dependence with a greater frequency than did women from the community sample. There appears to be much overlap between the symptoms for which women seek help from a specialty premenstrual syndrome clinic and symptoms related to several specific affective, anxiety, and substance abuse disorders. Further investigation is needed to determine whether premenstrual syndrome is strongly associated with DSM-III psychiatric diagnoses or whether current psychiatric classification systems are inadequate for differentiation. PMID- 3746278 TI - Symptomatic depression and suicidal ideation. A comparative study with 628 children. AB - A comparison was made of demographic and clinical variables between 481 children aged 15 or less who exhibited symptomatic depression and 147 children who had this symptom and who also had suicidal ideas. Suicidal ideation was associated with disturbed, hostile intrafamilial relationships. It was also associated with age in girls. Significantly, experiences of loss were associated with symptomatic depression rather than with suicidal ideation per se. No specific psychiatric, emotional, or conduct disorder symptoms were found to differentiate between the two groups. Similarly, extrafamilial and social characteristics were not differentiating features. The children with suicidal ideation had no more disturbance of peer relationships or social withdrawal than did their nonsuicidal depressed counterparts and may not, therefore, be readily identifiable by teachers or other responsible adults. Clinical management of potentially suicidal children needs to encompass symptomatic treatment of depression and amelioration of adverse family interactions. PMID- 3746279 TI - A comparison of psychopathology in child psychiatric inpatients, outpatients, and nonpatients. Implications for treatment planning. AB - A total of 308 preadolescents who were either psychiatric inpatients, psychiatric outpatients, or nonpatients were studied with semistructured interview research instruments that have been described previously. The three groups of children included 106 children consecutively admitted to a voluntary hospital psychiatric inpatient unit, 101 consecutively admitted children to the same voluntary hospital center psychiatric outpatient clinic, and 101 randomly selected nonpatients. The research instruments included a Spectrum of Suicidal Behavior Scale, a Spectrum of Assaultive Behavior Scale, a Precipitating Events Scale, General Psychopathology (recent and past) Scales, a Family Background Scale, a Child's Concept of Death Scale, an Ego-Functioning Scale, and Ego-Defense Scale, and a Medical-Neurological Assessment Scale. The results of the study indicated that the presence of recent depression and recent and past aggression, the use of such ego defenses as projection, displacement, and regression, and the experience of parental separation were significantly different for the three groups of children. Impulse control and reality testing were best in the nonpatients and poorest in the inpatients. The variables that best predicted the need for psychiatric hospitalization were suicidal behavior, recent depression, recent aggression, poor reality testing, and such ego defenses as projection and regression. Implications of these findings are discussed. PMID- 3746280 TI - Psychiatric diagnosis and behavioral characteristics of phenylketonuric children. AB - This study evaluated the psychiatric characteristics and the behavioral effects of an acute load of phenylalanine on phenylketonuric children. The sample consisted of 13 normal-IQ children who were identified at birth as having phenylketonuria and were subsequently treated with a strict low phenylalanine diet. After baseline measurements, the subjects were loaded with placebo or phenylalanine following a double-blind design. Behavioral and metabolic variables were monitored at hourly intervals for five subsequent hours. The effects of acute loading were measured by changes in a standardized Continuous Performance Task (CPT). Psychiatric symptoms were compiled through a structured psychiatric interview of the child and the parent. Results demonstrated that phenylalanine loading, compared to placebo, caused a nonsignificant decrement in performance on CPT testing. Psychiatric disorders were found in six of the 13 subjects with three currently meeting criteria for attention deficit disorder (ADD). In addition, six other subjects were diagnosed in the past as having ADD using DSM III criteria. PMID- 3746281 TI - The psychosocial adjustment of the Amerasian refugees. Findings from the Personality Inventory for Children. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychosocial adjustment of 24 Amerasian youths who had immigrated to the United States in 1983 and 1984. The Personality Inventory for Children (PIC) was translated into Vietnamese and administered to 18 mothers of Amerasian youths in a social service agency in a large southern city. Respondents reported significant mood disturbance and psychological distress in their children. Specifically, the depression, somatization, withdrawal, and psychosis subscales of the PIC were clinically elevated for the entire group. An evaluation of individual profiles revealed marked tendencies toward somatization and withdrawal. These findings are consistent with other studies on the psychosocial adjustment of Southeast Asian refugees. PMID- 3746282 TI - Depressive symptoms among hospitalized and posthospitalized alcoholics in Yugoslavia. AB - Two clinical samples of male and female alcoholics undergoing inpatient hospital and posthospital treatment in Zagreb, Yugoslavia, were evaluated for depressive symptomatology and extent of alcoholism, using self-report measures (Zung Self Rating Depression Scale and Michigan Alcohol Screening Test). Higher levels of depressive symptoms and lower alcoholism scores were reported for the hospital group, in comparison with the posttreatment "Clubs of Treated Alcoholics" group. In the hospital, no significant relationships were found between levels of depression and extent of alcoholic indicators. In the club group, however, those alcoholics who remained depressed (at minimal or mild levels) are also those who perceived themselves as having greater consequences from the alcoholism. The cultural context and psychosocial drinking and postdrinking environments of the alcoholics and their families appear to be important factors in the decline of depressive symptoms among treated, abstinent alcoholics, as well as in the retention of such symptoms among a subset of the sober alcoholics. This suggests that treatment should place a high priority on reordering the social and personal life of the alcoholic and his or her family while also retaining whatever nondrinking social ties that the alcoholic had developed and valued before treatment. PMID- 3746284 TI - Vitamin B12 deficiency and the dexamethasone suppression test. AB - The authors describe dexamethasone nonsuppression in a depressed patient with a vitamin B12 deficiency. After B12 replacement there was no change in the patient's clinical state. However, the dexamethasone suppression test normalized. Thus, dexamethasone nonsuppression in this patient seemed to be more closely related to vitamin B12 deficiency than to affective state. PMID- 3746283 TI - Skin conductance. A potentially sensitive and specific marker for depression. AB - Resting skin conductance levels (SCLs) were measured in 50 patients with unipolar depression, in 71 controls (control group 1), and in 334 "stressed" normal controls (control group 2) who were first parents of newborns. The depressed group had significantly (p less than .00001) lower SCLs than did either control group, but the two control groups did not differ from each other. For women a criterion of SCL less than 3.0 micronho/cm2 yielded a sensitivity of 95% (SE 4.4%) and a specificity of 91% (SE 5.0%) for Control Group 1. For males a criterion of SCL less than 4.8 yielded a sensitivity of 93% (SE 4.9%) and a specificity of 89% (SE 5.0%) for control group 1. There was no significant difference in SCL between drug-free and medicated patients. SCL was abnormally low in all depression subtypes. PMID- 3746285 TI - Severe confusion in a patient receiving electroconvulsive therapy and atenolol. AB - Atenolol is a beta-blocker antihypertensive agent that reportedly has little central nervous system action. A patient was given atenolol during a course of electroconvulsive therapy and developed an organic mental syndrome with paranoid delusions. The possible alteration of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier by electroconvulsive therapy may have enabled atenolol to cause this unusual side effect. PMID- 3746286 TI - Acute effects of aspartame on systolic blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - Exogenous tyrosine lowers blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The artificial sweetener aspartame also elevates blood and brain tyrosine levels in rats by being hydrolyzed to phenylalanine, which is then rapidly hydroxylated to tyrosine in the liver. Hence we tested the ability of aspartame; its hydrolytic products phenylalanine, aspartic acid and methanol; and of tyrosine itself to lower blood pressure in SHR. For one week prior to experimentation rats were acclimated to the indirect blood pressure measurement technique; on the day of an experiment they received I.P. injections (mg/kg) of aspartame (12.5-200), tyrosine (25-200) or phenylalanine (100-200), or of aspartic acid or methanol in the doses theoretically contained within 200 mg/kg aspartame. Animals receiving 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg of aspartame exhibited maximum falls in blood pressure of 17.3, 24.2 and 19.3 mmHg, respectively. All changes were significant, as determined by ANOVA and the Newman-Keuls test (p less than 0.05). Tyrosine or phenylalanine also lowered blood pressure, but aspartic acid or methanol produced no significant effects. Co-administration of aspartame with valine, a large neutral amino acid that competes with phenylalanine or tyrosine for brain uptake, attenuated aspartame's hypotensive effect. These observations suggest that the neurochemical changes produced by aspartame lead to predicted tyrosine-induced changes in blood pressure. PMID- 3746287 TI - Effect of cytidine(5')diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) on the total urinary excretion of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) by rats and humans. AB - We examined the effects of orally administered cytidine(5')-diphosphocholine (CDP choline) on the total levels of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) in human and rat urine. Four subjects who had been on a low-choline diet (less than 1 gm/day) for 24 hours received three doses of CDP-choline (2 gm each) at 8 a.m., 10 a.m., and noon; urines were collected at two-hour intervals after each dose. Rats received water for three days; then CDP-choline (100 mg/kg) or equimolar doses of choline for five days; then water again for three more days. Twenty-four hour urine samples were collected on each day of the study. The levels of MHPG in human urine increased by 45-68% when subjects were receiving CDP-choline (p less than 0.01). CDP-choline, but not choline, also elevated urinary MHPG significantly in rats (p less than 0.01). These data suggest that CDP-choline enhances norepinephrine release, and that this action may be mediated by more than just its choline content. PMID- 3746288 TI - Peripheral distribution of free dopamine and its metabolites in the rat. AB - Free dopamine (DA) and its metabolites, homovanillic acid (HVA) and 3-4 dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), have been measured and compared with norepinephrine (NE) concentrations in rat peripheral tissues using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ED). Detectable amounts of DA and its metabolites were found in all the analyzed tissues. The highest levels were found in carotid body, sympathetic ganglia, urogenital tract and heart, the lowest in liver and lung. DA and DOPAC distribution was heterogeneous and unrelated to NE concentration. Both the variable value of the DA/DA+NE ratio and the presence of DA metabolites in peripheral tissues indicate that a portion of DA may be stored outside noradrenergic neurons and directly catabolized in specific DA pools. PMID- 3746289 TI - Distribution of choline acetyltransferase activity in rat spinal cord--influence of primary afferents? AB - Choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity was measured in various regions of rat spinal cord. In the ventral cord, enzyme activity was 2 to 3 times higher than in dorsal cord. In dorsal spinal cord, there was a gradient in enzyme activity, increasing CAT activity being observed in more caudal segments. In autonomic regions intermediate levels were measured. Bilateral transection of the sciatic nerve reduced CAT activity in the ventral horn of lumbar spinal cord, whereas CAT activity in the dorsal horn remained unchanged. Capsaicin pretreatment had no effect on CAT activity in any spinal cord region. Although a similar distribution of cholinergic neurones and primary afferent endings in rat dorsal spinal cord was described, no conclusive statement as to a possible functional interaction can be given. PMID- 3746290 TI - A model of pattern generation of cockroach walking reconsidered. AB - Cockroaches that have been decapitated or that have cut thoracic connectives can show rhythmic bursting in motoneurons to intrinsic leg muscles. These preparations have been studied as models for walking and to evaluate the functions of leg proprioceptors. The present study demonstrates that headless cockroaches walk extremely poorly and slowly with considerable discoordination of motoneuronal activity, these preparations show rhythmic motoneuron bursting that is similar to righting responses (attempts to turn upright) of intact animals when placed on their backs, and bursting is inhibited when a headless animal is turned or turns itself upright. Thus, rhythmic motoneuron activity of these preparations is most probably attempted righting rather than walking. It is concluded that the headless cockroach is useful for understanding the motor mechanisms underlying righting and walking but is not of value in assessing the functions of proprioceptive feedback. PMID- 3746292 TI - Effect of enterostomy on quality of life in spinal cord injury patients. AB - To determine the difference in the bowel care of spinal cord injury patients before and after enterostomy, we interviewed 20 patients--19 men and one woman. Their ages were 27-75, median 55 years. The paralytic lesions were spastic in ten and flaccid in ten. A total of 24 enterostomies were done for the following reasons: fecal contamination of decubitus ulcer in seven, colonic tumor in six, perforation of the colon in four, prolapse of the large intestine in four, inconvenience of bowel care in two, and perirectal abscess in one. There were 17 sigmoid and five transverse colostomies, and two ileostomies. (Two patients accounted for six procedures.) Follow-up time ranged from three months to six years, median nine months. Bowel care time was reduced from 0.7-14 hours, median 6.0 hours per week preoperatively, to 0.3-7 hours, median 1.0 hours per week postoperatively. Reversal of fecal leakage, abdominal pain, gas and anorexia were also reported. All patients were happier with their bowel care after surgery. We conclude that enterostomy in the spinal cord injury patient makes bowel care considerably more convenient, and improves the quality of life as well. PMID- 3746291 TI - Anemia in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury. AB - Anemia is often a complication following spinal cord injury which interferes with the patient's rehabilitation. Hematological profiles of 65 male patients with traumatic spinal cord injury revealed a 52.3% incidence of mild anemia. The age, duration or level of injury had no correlation with the incidence and type of anemia. The anemia was normocytic-normochromic in 32%, normocytic mild hypochromic in 56%, and microcytic hypochromic in 12% of the patients. Factors in pathogenesis included decubitus ulcers, urinary tract infections, acute and chronic blood loss, and folic acid deficiency due to psychosocial maladjustment, alcohol and/or drug abuse. Often, multiple factors were operative in changing proportions. The success of management depends on a careful assessment of causes and removal of inciting factors. The most common type of anemia was that due to chronic disorder, associated with either decubitus ulcers and/or urinary tract infections. Since this type of anemia mimics iron deficiency in presentation it should be differentiated from the latter by evaluation of iron status. Normal hemoglobin levels can be attained only after the chronic disorder is eliminated. Unpredictable fluctuations of hemoglobin level secondary to changes in plasma volume due to autonomic hyperreflexia are common in SCI patients, and should be taken into account for diagnosis and follow-up in therapy. PMID- 3746293 TI - Ventilatory compromise in spinal cord injury--a review. PMID- 3746294 TI - In vivo and in vitro studies of hafnium-binding to rat serum transferrin. AB - The binding of hafnium to rat serum transferrin was studied using the time differential perturbed angular correlation (TDPAC) technique. Hafnium is interesting as a toxic metal binding to transferrin because it behaves metabolically similarly to plutonium. The isotope 181Hf offers favorable access to the TDPAC-method. Samples were prepared in vivo by intravenous injection of Hf NTA, Hf-citrate, and Hf-oxalate solutions, respectively, into Sprague-Dawley rats and in vitro by adding Hf-NTA solution to fresh rat serum. In both cases two specific electric quadrupole interactions were observed, which correspond to two well-defined binding configurations. They may be attributed to the N-terminal and the C-terminal binding site in the transferrin molecule. The 181Hf-distribution between these two binding states depends on pH, salt and hafnium concentrations, temperature, and incubation time. With a fast TDPAC-setup of four BaF2-detectors a time resolution of about 600 ps could be achieved. The specific binding configurations of 181Hf and the comparatively slow relaxation times lead to spectra of considerable accuracy. PMID- 3746295 TI - Ferritin as an iron-storage protein: mechanisms of iron uptake. AB - The major physiological role of the ubiquitous protein ferritin is to store iron, which it does as a mineral core within a protein shell. Using evidence from a variety of sources we suggest that this versatile protein responds in its mechanism of iron uptake to changes in environmental conditions. PMID- 3746296 TI - Photoaffinity labeling of the 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor in rat hippocampus. AB - 1-[2-(4-Azidophenyl)ethyl]-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine (p-azido-PAPP) inhibits [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine [( 3H]5-HT) binding to 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B sites in rat brain with equilibrium dissociation constants (KD) of 0.9 nM and 230 nM, respectively. [3H]p-Azido-PAPP was synthesized and its reversible and irreversible binding properties to the hippocampal 5-HT1A site characterized. [3H]p-Azido-PAPP labeled a single class of sites in rat hippocampal membranes with a KD of 1 nM and a maximal binding density of 370 fmol/mg protein. The pharmacological profile of [3H]p-azido-PAPP binding was consistent with the radioligand's selective interaction with the 5-HT1A receptor. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of membranes preincubated with [3H]p azido-PAPP and irradiated showed a major band of incorporation of radioactivity at approximately 55,000 daltons. This incorporation could be blocked when membranes were incubated with 1 microM of several agents that have high affinity for 5-HT1A sites [5-HT, 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetraline, TVX Q 7821, spiperone, buspirone, d-lysergic acid diethylamide, metergoline]. The results indicate that on photolysis [3H]p-azido-PAPP irreversibly labels a polypeptide that is, or is a subunit of, the 5-HT1A receptor in rat hippocampus. PMID- 3746298 TI - Time course of the metabolite patterns of intraventricularly injected [3H]noradrenaline in rat brain regions. AB - In the hypothalamus, septum, pons with medulla, and hippocampus regions of rat brain, the level of radioactivity of [3H]noradrenaline and of five of its metabolites were determined up to 6 h after intraventricular injection of the tritiated amine. The following main results were found: In anterior hypothalamus and septum, the [3H]noradrenaline level declined in two phases. Similar turnover curves were obtained for the primary deaminated metabolites, with almost the same final half-lives as for [3H]noradrenaline. The level of the initial methylation product, normetanephrine, also showed a biphasic decline, which did not correspond to that of [3H]noradrenaline but rather was faster throughout the experiment. The final metabolites (i.e., the glycol sulfates) reached maximal levels in hypothalamus and septum earlier than in other regions. Thereafter, their levels declined with almost similar rates in all areas tested, but always faster than the [3H]noradrenaline level. The following conclusions were drawn: In areas rich in catecholaminergic nerve terminals, there seems to be a site, in addition to the vesicular storage pool, that accumulates exogenous noradrenaline and then releases it with relatively short half-lives. The contents of primary deaminated metabolites followed the turnover of [3H]noradrenaline at both sites. Exogenous [3H]noradrenaline seems to be methylated at two extraneuronal sites, which are distinguished by the rates of subsequent deamination. The size of the pool of slowly deaminated [3H]normetanephrine that is formed immediately after [3H]noradrenaline injection determined the apparent turnover of this product throughout the experiment and, thus, like the final metabolites, reflects for several hours the initial degradation of the unstored [3H]noradrenaline, rather than the metabolism of the stored amine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3746299 TI - Synaptosomal sialyltransferase glycosylates surface proteins that are inaccessible to the action of membrane-bound sialidase. AB - Sialyltransferase has been characterized in P2 pellets derived from animals of increasing age. The enzyme was found to be associated with the plasma membrane and to be developmentally regulated at times coincident with cell migration and fibre outgrowth. This regulation appeared to be due, in part, to an endogenous competitive inhibitor in the P2 pellet but not in the synaptosome. Optimal transfer of [14C]N-acetylneuraminic acid to endogenous synaptosomal acceptors was achieved only in the absence of detergent. Furthermore, the transferred sialic acid was found to be inaccessible to the action of membrane-bound sialidase. The significance of these findings is discussed. PMID- 3746297 TI - Isolation and characterization of multilayered sheath membrane rich in glucocerebroside from shrimp ventral nerve. AB - A membrane fraction rich in glucocerebroside was isolated from homogenates of ventral nerves of pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum) by sucrose gradient centrifugation. The membrane fraction was observed at 0.15 M sucrose and was rich in lipids (lipid/protein ratio approximately 15:1). Electron microscopy showed that the fraction was derived from myelin-like multilayered glial membrane ensheathing axons, which has morphological similarities to myelin. Most of the lipids in shrimp nerve, including glucocerebroside, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and ethanolamine-plasmalogen, as well as cholesterol, appeared to be concentrated in this fraction. The fatty acids of these phospholipids were exclusively saturated or monounsaturated with C14-C26 chain lengths. The aldehyde moiety of plasmalogens contained only saturated C14-C18 carbon chains. Like glucocerebrosides, the sphingoid base of sphingomyelin consisted mainly of C14 C16 sphingenines and sphinganines, but they also contained significant amounts of C19 and C20 sphinganines. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the proteins in this fraction showed several bands in the 23,000-85,000 Mr range. Radioimmunoassay, however, did not show cross-reactivity with antibodies to myelin basic protein. The functional role of this membrane in relation to mammalian myelin is discussed. PMID- 3746300 TI - Neocortical cholinergic enzyme and receptor activities in the human fetal brain. AB - In the human fetus, obtained postmortem at estimated gestational ages of 8-22 weeks, biochemical activities of cortical choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were comparable to those of adult brain tissue. In contrast cholinergic receptor binding, including muscarinic M1 and M2 subtypes (measured by displacement of [3H]N-methylscopolamine with, respectively, pirenzepine and carbachol) and [3H]nicotine (putative nicotinic) binding were undetectable before 13-14 weeks and even at 22 weeks were substantially (three- to fourfold) below the respective adult values. Cortical ChAT activity decreased significantly with gestational age whereas binding to the three receptors, including the proportion M1/M2, increased significantly. AChE was present at all ages investigated as the two molecular monomeric (G1) and tetrameric (G4) forms. The proportion of G4, which was much more soluble in fetal compared with adult cortex, increased approximately threefold. Histochemically AChE, although intense in the nucleus of Meynert, was generally confined to subcortical white matter at early fetal developmental periods, appearing later in the cortex localized to nerve fibres and occasional cell bodies. These observations suggest that during the second trimester of human fetal development, cortical cholinergic function may be preceded by relatively high ChAT activity and paralleled not only by increasing receptor binding but also by a proportional increase in the tetrameric form and histochemical reactivity of AChE. PMID- 3746301 TI - High-resolution proton magnetic resonance analysis of human cerebrospinal fluid. AB - High-resolution proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to analyze human cerebrospinal fluid obtained from patients with several neurological problems. The major metabolites measured included glucose, lactate, glutamine, citrate, inositol, acetate, creatine, creatinine, beta-hydroxybutyrate, alanine, and pyruvate. A drug vehicle, propylene glycol, was also measured. Alterations in the cerebrospinal fluid of these metabolites provided information concerning metabolism of the brain. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy offered a simple and rapid means of assessing these and other exogenous and endogenous compounds in diseases affecting the nervous system. PMID- 3746302 TI - Characterization of xylamine binding to proteins of PC12 pheochromocytoma cells. AB - PC12 pheochromocytoma cells take up 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine (dopamine) and norepinephrine by a Na+-dependent, cocaine-sensitive system. The kinetics suggest that the same transporter functions for both substrates. Xylamine, a nitrogen mustard that blocks catecholamine uptake into neurons, irreversibly inhibited norepinephrine uptake into PC12 (IC50 = 15 microM). Pretreatment with 10 microM xylamine did not inhibit norepinephrine transport if 10 microM cocaine or 100 microM norepinephrine was also present during the pretreatment period or if Na+ was absent. These results indicate that xylamine must interact with the norepinephrine transporter to inhibit norepinephrine uptake. PC12 accumulated [3H]xylamine; this uptake had Na+-dependent and Na+-independent components. The Na+-dependent uptake was saturable (Km = 13 microM), and it was inhibited by cocaine (IC50 = 0.6 microM), desipramine (IC50 less than 1 nM), and norepinephrine (IC50 = 1 microM). Several proteins became prominently labeled when intact PC12 cells were incubated with [3H]xylamine; these proteins were enriched in a plasma membrane fraction and have molecular weights of 17,000, 24,000, 31,000, 33,000, 41,000, 42,000, 52,000, and 80,000. Other proteins were labeled less prominently. The labeling of all proteins was markedly decreased when the incubation with [3H]xylamine occurred in the presence of cocaine, desipramine, gramicidin D, or in a Na+-free buffer. These results indicate that xylamine must be transported into the cells for covalent binding to proteins to occur. [3H]Xylamine labeled essentially the same proteins when incubated with cell homogenates, but competition experiments with bretylium, desipramine, and cocaine failed to reveal which of the [3H]xylamine-labeled proteins is associated with the norepinephrine transporter. PMID- 3746303 TI - Selectivity and regulation in the phospholipase A2-mediated attack on cholinergic synaptic vesicles by beta-bungarotoxin. AB - The total fatty acid composition of purified Torpedo californica electric organ synaptic vesicles was determined by GLC analysis of methyl esters. Limit amounts of fatty acids released by high concentrations of either beta-bungarotoxin (beta BuTx) or Naja naja venom phospholipase A2 (PLA2) acting in deoxycholate are reported. The time and enzyme concentration dependence for beta-BuTx- and PLA2 induced release of fatty acids from intact synaptic vesicles indicate that PLA2 is 100- to 1,000-fold more active. The Ca2+ dependence for beta-BuTx-induced release of fatty acids also was determined. ATP inhibits beta-BuTx- but not PLA2 induced release of fatty acids from vesicles in a manner that can not be ascribed only to chelation of the required Ca2+. ATP, other nucleotides, and adenosine have complex effects on beta-BuTx-induced release of fatty acids from egg yolk phosphatidylcholine dispersed in deoxycholate. The results suggest that beta-BuTx mediated hydrolysis of the cholinergic synaptic vesicle membrane is approximately 10- to 100-fold more effective at causing uncoupling of vesicles than is PLA2 and that the enzymatic activity of beta-BuTx is subject to regulation by nucleotide like factors. PMID- 3746304 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging in clinically isolated lesions of the brain stem. AB - Twenty-seven patients with an isolated brain stem syndrome, thought to be due to demyelination, were examined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A brain stem lesion was identified in 25, and clinically silent lesions outside the brain stem were demonstrated in 20. MRI was more sensitive than evoked potentials in detecting brain stem and other lesions. The scan findings were compared with those in 23 patients with multiple sclerosis, who had chronic brain stem dysfunction, with particular reference to the distribution of abnormalities and the MRI characteristics of the lesions. The relaxation times, T1 and T2, of the lesions were measured by MRI. These values were seen to fall in serial studies of acute lesions, but remained unchanged in the chronic lesions. MRI may therefore allow the age of lesions to be assessed. PMID- 3746305 TI - CNS toxoplasmosis in acquired immune deficiency syndrome: a clinical-pathological radiological review of 12 cases. AB - From January 1981 to January 1983 acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was diagnosed in 90 patients admitted to Kings County Hospital-Downstate Medical Center. CNS involvement occurred in 18 patients of whom 12 had toxoplasmosis confirmed by biopsy or necropsy. Pathological specimens from these 12 patients were notable for a marked diminution or absence of cellular inflammation. Each patient had elevated serological studies for toxoplasma. AIDS presented with symptoms referable to CNS toxoplasma in eight patients. In the remaining four patients, toxoplasma was found late in the course of the illness. CT showed either ring enhancing lesions or solid nodules. The course was uniformly fatal, though patients treated continuously with pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine survived longer. PMID- 3746306 TI - Optic neuropathy in sarcoidosis. AB - Five patients with isolated optic neuropathy and sarcoidosis are discussed. The spectrum of clinical disease was variable but two groups could be identified: patients with chronic progressive visual loss which was associated with thickening of the optic nerve and was refractory to steroid treatment, and patients with acute or subacute optic neuropathy in which the visual loss responded rapidly to steroids. In the latter group steroid dependence developed in all three of the patients. In none did the clinical picture resemble that of the optic neuritis associated with multiple sclerosis. PMID- 3746308 TI - Pupil cycle time: a simple way of measuring an autonomic reflex. AB - Persistent regular oscillations of the pupil of the eye can be induced using a slit-lamp. The period of these oscillations, pupil cycle time (PCT), is simple to measure with a hand-held stop-watch. Evidence from pharmacological testing suggests that PCT is a sensitive measure of dysfunction of the parasympathetic efferent limb of the pupillary light reflex arc. This is confirmed by the finding that PCT is prolonged in a high proportion of patients with evidence of autonomic neuropathy judged by abnormalities of their cardiovascular reflexes. The method provides a simple, non-invasive way of quantifying an autonomic reflex and it may be of value in investigating patients with diseases affecting the autonomic nervous system. PMID- 3746307 TI - The five year outcome of severe blunt head injury: a relative's view. AB - A close relative of each of 42 severely head injured patients was interviewed at 5 years after injury, following initial study at 3, 6, and 12 months. Persisting severe deficits, in some cases worse than at 1 year, were primarily psychological and behavioural, although minor physical deficits, for example in vision, were also common. Relatives were under great strain; significantly more so than at 1 year. The best predictor of strain in the relative was the magnitude of behavioural and personality change in the patient. PMID- 3746309 TI - Decision-making in refractory epilepsy: an analysis based on computer simulation. AB - A program developed to simulate management of patients with recurrent seizures was tested in 24 subjects, including 13 experienced neurologists. Identifiable errors included excessive reliance on plasma anticonvulsant levels, misinterpretation of random effects, inefficiency in selection of follow-up intervals, and undue reference to arbitrary data, such as the initial dose, in the selection of "optimum" drug dosage. PMID- 3746310 TI - Sera from patients with motor neuron disease and associated paraproteinaemia fail to inhibit experimentally induced sprouting of motor nerve terminals. AB - IgG kappa paraproteinaemia was discovered in one patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and one with chronic spinal muscular atrophy. Serum from these patients was injected into mouse muscles paralysed by botulinum toxin which is known to induce sprouting from motor nerve terminals. Daily injection of serum for 7 days failed to inhibit terminal sprouting. It is concluded that the paraproteins did not recognise a growth factor postulated as being implicated in the pathogenesis of motor neuron disease. PMID- 3746311 TI - Restless red legs: an association of the restless legs syndrome with arborizing telangiectasia of the lower limbs. AB - Two patients are reported with Ekbom's syndrome of "restless legs" occurring in association with arborizing telangiectasia of the lower limbs. Sensory complaints have previously been reported in this skin condition but not described in detail. The co-existence of the two conditions is discussed in the context of previous explanations of the restless legs syndrome. PMID- 3746312 TI - Auditory dysfunction in Ramsay Hunt syndrome. AB - A 48-year-old woman with a Ramsay Hunt syndrome due to herpes zoster had a hearing deficit. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) localised the site of dysfunction to the ipsilateral eighth nerve. Clinical improvement was associated with improvement of the BAEP. Conventional audiological studies and BAEPs provided no evidence of involvement of the cochlea or the brainstem. In Ramsay Hunt syndrome, BAEPs may help to localise the site of involvement within the auditory pathway and follow the course of the disease. PMID- 3746313 TI - Botulinum toxin treatment of hemifacial spasm. AB - Six patients with hemifacial spasm were treated with injections of botulinum toxin A into the orbicularis oculi; the abnormal movements around the eye were relieved for an average of 15 weeks. There were no systemic or significant local side effects, and in view of the risks involved in neurosurgical treatment, a trial of botulinum toxin injections is recommended in the first instance in this condition. PMID- 3746314 TI - Acute dysautonomia associated with Hodgkin's disease. AB - A patient is described with acute dysautonomia associated with Hodgkin's disease. Testing of cardiovascular reflex control showed that this patient had a rare manifestation of autonomic cardiovascular neuropathy, namely intact parasympathetic heart rate control in combination with a sympathetic postganglionic lesion affecting the control of the vascular tree. PMID- 3746315 TI - Ictal catatonia as a manifestation of nonconvulsive status epilepticus. AB - Three patients with EEG documented ictal catatonia, a nonconvulsive status epilepticus, who responded dramatically to intravenous phenytoin are described. The EEG showed continuous bilateral pseudoperiodic sharp waves and spike discharges in one patient, spike and wave complexes were seen prominently in the right fronto-central region in another, and the EEG of the third patient showed periodic lateralising epileptiform discharges during the catatonic state. We postulate that such catatonia was due to involvement of the limbic system by seizure activity. PMID- 3746316 TI - Paroxysmal choreoathetosis after head injury. PMID- 3746317 TI - Behcet syndrome presenting as cerebrovascular disease. PMID- 3746318 TI - Lhermitte's "sign" due to thoracic cord compression. PMID- 3746320 TI - Iatrogenic internuclear ophthalmoplegia. PMID- 3746319 TI - A tonic pupil with Horner's syndrome. PMID- 3746321 TI - The predictive value of 5 days CSF diversion for shunting in normal pressure hydrocephalus. PMID- 3746322 TI - Hypersexuality or altered sexual preference following brain injury. AB - Eight patients are described in whom either hypersexuality (four cases) or change in sexual preference (four cases) occurred following brain injury. In this series disinhibition of sexual activity and hypersexuality followed medial basal-frontal or diencephalic injury. This contrasted with the patients demonstrating altered sexual preference whose injuries involved limbic system structures. In some patients altered sexual behaviour may be the presenting or dominant feature of brain injury. PMID- 3746323 TI - Newly diagnosed primary intracranial neoplasms in pregnant women: a population based assessment. AB - The presence of a pregnancy at the time of the initial diagnosis of an intracranial neoplasm was studied using material from a population-based tumour registry. Seventeen malignant neoplasms of the brain (ICD 191), three meningiomas, three acoustic neurinomas and a pituitary adenoma associated with pregnancy were reported to the National Cancer Registry of the GDR from 1961 1979. Observed cases were compared with those expected based on the number of births and the incidence rates for intracranial tumours among women of childbearing age during the same time period. Observed to expected ratios were substantially reduced for malignancy of the brain and meningioma but not for acoustic neurinoma. Review of this uniformly collected material did not provide support for the view that intracranial neoplasms present more often during pregnancy. PMID- 3746324 TI - Brain gangliosides in the presenile dementia of Pick. AB - Histochemical analysis of frontal and temporal lobes from four patients with Pick presenile dementia indicated intracellular and extracellular deposits of gangliosides. Thin layer chromatography of gangliosides disclosed the presence of an unknown ganglioside, a decrease of N-acetylgalactosamine-GDla and an increase of GTla and/or GD2 in white matter of Pick brain. Chromatography of gray matter and quantitation of the sialic acid content yielded results similar to controls. It is suggested that degradation and removal of gangliosides is incomplete in Pick disease. PMID- 3746326 TI - Multiple sclerosis in Kuwait: clinical and epidemiological study. AB - Eighty-nine cases of multiple sclerosis (70 Arabs) are reported from Kuwait. The prevalence is estimated to be 8.33 per 100,000 (age and sex adjusted to USA population). Kuwait thus emerges to be in the medium risk zone. No differences were found in the age of onset, clinical pattern and disability from the disease found in Europeans and North Americans. PMID- 3746325 TI - Carotid ligation: what happens in the long term? AB - The authors reviewed a consecutive series of 115 patients who underwent common carotid ligation during the period 1954-1984. Average follow-up was 10 years. Seventy-three (63%) patients presented following a subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) and 42 (36%) presented with the mass effect of an unruptured aneurysm. Thirty nine (34%) patients were lost to follow-up of whom 27 had had a previous SAH. Forty-six (63%) of the 73 patients traced had suffered a SAH and amongst this group, 11 patients (24%) died from a proven or suspected recurrent haemorrhage within 10 years of ligation. The fatal recurrent haemorrhage rate was, therefore, 2.4%/year. Thirty (71%) of the 42 patients who presented with unruptured aneurysms were traced. Seven of these (23%) died: two following haemorrhage, 1 year and 16 years after carotid ligation and three patients died as a direct consequence of carotid ligation. Check angiographic studies were available for 55 patients following carotid ligation, a mean of 8.4 years after the procedure. Thirteen were conventional angiograms and 42 were intravenous angiograms obtained using the digital subtraction technique. Seventy-six per cent of the aneurysms visualised on the initial studies were either smaller or had apparently disappeared. Only four new aneurysms were detected and in two of these instances, the initial angiographic studies had been incomplete. The authors conclude that the annual rate of fatal recurrent haemorrhage from an intracranial aneurysm following common carotid ligation is of a similar magnitude to that of the natural history of conservatively managed ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Moreover, carotid ligation apparently does not prevent haemorrhage from a previously unruptured aneurysm and the procedure appears to carry a significant morbidity and mortality, even in patients with an unruptured aneurysm. PMID- 3746327 TI - Controlled thermocoagulation in trigeminal neuralgia. AB - Results of 280 radiofrequency lesions on 229 patients with trigeminal neuralgia are presented with three months to eight years (average 3.8 years) follow up. The patients were aged from 18-91 years. There was a high overall success rate of 94%. The complication rate has been low, with sensory paraesthesiae the commonest (15%) and cranial nerve palsies very rare (2.4%) compared to other reported series. PMID- 3746328 TI - Visual evoked responses in chronic alcoholics. AB - Visual evoked responses (VERs) were recorded on 52 chronic alcoholics patients without Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, 22 of whom had cerebellar ataxia, and eight chronic alcoholics with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Abnormal VERs were found in 23% of patients without and 37% of patients with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. The main VER abnormalities of all the alcoholic groups were prolonged latency and reduced amplitude of the P100 component. Improvement followed a six month period of abstinence. VERs may be useful in the early detection of alcohol induced brain damage, and in following the progress of patients with the condition. PMID- 3746329 TI - Observations on the innervation of the sternomastoid muscle. AB - Nine out of fifteen cases having division of the spinal component of the accessory nerve and the upper cervical motor roots as treatment for spasmodic torticollis had residual movements in the sternomastoid of sufficient magnitude to make further surgery necessary before the muscle was effectively paralysed. These observations imply a more complex innervation for the muscle than is to be found in most anatomical texts. PMID- 3746330 TI - Improvement of idiopathic torsion dystonia following dystonia-induced cervical subluxation. PMID- 3746331 TI - Focal paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis preceding the development of Steele Richardson-Olszewski syndrome. PMID- 3746332 TI - Status epilepticus due to abrupt diazepam withdrawal: a case report. PMID- 3746333 TI - Recurrent neuroleptic malignant syndrome and hyponatraemia. PMID- 3746334 TI - High plasma osmolality following intravenous dimethylsulphoxide in the treatment of postoperative hemiplegia. PMID- 3746335 TI - Polyneuritis cranialis in Lyme disease. PMID- 3746336 TI - Respiration and sleep in Parkinson's disease. PMID- 3746337 TI - Visual field rehabilitation in the cortically blind? PMID- 3746338 TI - Thalamic hemorrhage with neglect and memory disorder. AB - A patient with right thalamic hemorrhage developed left-sided hemi-inattention, indifference, motor neglect, and hypokinesia. He also developed a severe memory deficit at the time of hemorrhage. Observations in this patient suggest that, in addition to a syndrome of neglect and hypokinesia, an amnesic syndrome can arise from unilateral lesions involving the right thalamus. PMID- 3746339 TI - The effect of the myotoxic agent iodoacetate on dystrophic mice 129/Re. AB - Three groups of dystrophic and non-dystrophic mice 129/Re were used for studying the effect of the myotoxic agent iodoacetate on dystrophic muscle. The mice of the first group were given intramuscular injections of iodoacetate. The mice of the second group were injected with normal saline and the third group was maintained as untreated controls. The most severe histopathological changes were found in the dystrophic mice treated with iodoacetate. The non-dystrophic mice of the same group showed a significant increase in the number of internal nuclei. Moderate changes were observed in saline-treated dystrophic controls. There was no significant decrease in the life expectancy in any of the groups. The body weight of dystrophic mice was reduced throughout the experiment. On the contrary the non-dystrophic group showed an increased in weight, regardless of the treatment. The aggravation of the histopathological changes of dystrophic mice by iodoacetate would probably give support to the cyclical necrosis/abnormal regeneration theory of pathogenesis of muscular dystrophy. PMID- 3746340 TI - The prevalence of alcoholic cerebellar atrophy. A morphometric and histological study of an autopsy material. AB - The Purkinje cell densities in the cerebellar vermis were determined in 31 male alcoholics and 34 non-alcoholic controls under 70 years of age. In addition, all cases were examined histologically for atrophy of the superior vermis. All analyses were performed independently of each other and on randomized slides. The alcoholics had significantly lower Purkinje cell densities than the controls in the superior and middle segments of the vermis. Histologically verified atrophy of the superior vermis was found in 13 of the alcoholics (42%) and in 3 of the controls (9%). There was a good accordance between the morphometric data and the histologic diagnoses. The cause of the cerebellar atrophy in the 3 control cases is uncertain. It could be due to hidden alcoholism or to premature ageing. In a series of non-alcoholic control cases above 70 years, one third of the cases showed atrophy of the superior vermis similar to that of alcoholics. The diagnosis alcoholic cerebellar atrophy should therefore be made with great caution in cases over 70 years. From previous morphometric data on symptomatic cases (Victor et al. 1959), it can be assumed that the majority of the present cases with histologically verified atrophy had overt clinical symptoms. It is concluded that almost one half of all severe alcoholics have atrophy of the superior vermis which can be recognized morphologically and probably also clinically. PMID- 3746341 TI - Motor unit involvement in spastic paresis. Relationship between leg muscle activation and histochemistry. AB - In 4 patients with spastic hemiparesis the electromyograms (EMG) of leg muscles were recorded during walking and the gastrocnemius medialis on both sides was investigated by histochemistry and morphometry. During walking a reciprocal mode of muscle activation was preserved on the spastic side, but the EMG amplitude was reduced. In one patient the discharge behaviour of single motor units was investigated during stance. The mean discharge rate on both the spastic and the unaffected side amounted to about 5.5 Hz. Modification of this rate over a wider range by manoeuvres of the trunk was only observed on the unaffected side. Histochemistry and morphometry of the spastic muscle revealed: Increased levels of muscle fibre atrophy (especially type II); A predominance of type I fibres during later stages, when spasticity was established; Structural changes, such as the appearance of target fibres, mainly in type I fibres. These results suggest that the low level of tonic activation in spastic muscle develops tension enough during the stance phase of gait to support the body. The histopathological profile of the spastic gastrocnemius muscle is considered to be indicative of denervation, due to the combined effects of an impaired supraspinal control of the lower motoneurone and a concurrent transsynaptic muscle membrane dysfunction, muscle cell atrophy and fibre type transformation. PMID- 3746342 TI - Effect of heparin, heparin fragments, and corticosteroids on cerebral endothelial cell growth in vitro and in vivo. AB - Heparin and heparin fragments in combination with corticosteroids have been shown to markedly inhibit tumor angiogenesis. Experiments were performed to test the hypothesis that heparin, heparin fragments, and the combination of heparin and corticosteroids affect DNA synthesis and the proliferation of cerebral microvessel endothelium (ME). In vitro, methyl-3H-thymidine incorporation in the ME cells was measured after a 24 hour pulse. Our results show that heparin, hydrocortisone, and heparin in combination with hydrocortisone had a slight inhibitory effect on DNA synthesis of ME (p less than 0.05), and hydrocortisone in combination with heparin had a slight inhibitory effect on ME cell growth (p less than 0.05). The hexa-, octa-, and deca-saccharide fragments of heparin stimulated DNA synthesis in ME (p less than 0.01). In vivo, DNA synthesis in cerebral endothelial cells at the margin of a freeze lesion to mouse cerebral cortex was assayed by quantitation of labeling indexes from methyl-3H-thymidine autoradiographs in mice treated with heparin, cortisone, or a combination of heparin and cortisone. A mean endothelial cell labeling index (LI) of 6% in the cortisone-treated animals was significantly lower than controls (32%, p less than 0.01). The addition of heparin to cortisone did not significantly alter the endothelial cell LI compared to the cortisone-treated animals, and heparin alone did not significantly alter the LI compared to the controls. These results indicate that cortisone markedly reduces the endothelial proliferation around a cortical freeze lesion in vivo. This effect is independent of heparin. PMID- 3746343 TI - Ultrastructural and biochemical characterization of autonomic neuropathy in rats with chronic streptozotocin diabetes. AB - Alterations in the extrinsic innervation of the alimentary tract and in various sympathetic autonomic ganglia were examined using quantitative ultrastructural and biochemical methods in streptozotocin diabetic rats maintained without treatment for 9-15 months. Ileal mesenteric nerves of 13-15 month diabetics showed the characteristic alterations of neuroaxonal dystrophy qualitatively similar to changes seen in this system in animals which were diabetic for shorter durations. Dystrophic axonopathy was not accompanied by significant axonal loss or atrophy. Dystrophic axons, presumably involving presynaptic elements, also were increased in frequency in the superior mesenteric ganglia, but not in the superior cervical ganglia, of animals diabetic for various durations. In addition, the superior mesenteric ganglia of diabetic animals contained an increased number of postsynaptic dendritic processes which were dilated by unusual tubular profiles. These ganglionic alterations were not accompanied by changes in the activity of the presynaptic cholinergic marker enzyme, choline acetyltransferase. The activity of the noradrenergic marker enzyme, dopamine-beta hydroxylase, was unaltered in diabetic superior mesenteric ganglia compared to controls, but showed a 30-40% decrease in diabetic superior cervical ganglia, in which site it was unaccompanied by neuronal loss, atrophy, or ultrastructural alterations. PMID- 3746344 TI - Neuroaxonal and dendritic dystrophy in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Classification and topographic distribution in the BB-rat. AB - Autonomic diabetic neuropathy in sympathetic nerves is characterized by the progressive development of an axonopathy and dystrophic changes. In the present study the dystrophic changes occurring in the diabetic BB-rat were further characterized. Based on their ultrastructural composition, they could be divided into five types; tubulovesicular (Tv), layered membrane (Lm), neurofilamentous (Nf), membranous body (Mb) and large branching tubular (Bt) types. The relative frequencies of the various types changed during the course of diabetes, with the Mb type being most frequent during the early course of the neuropathy, whereas the Tv and Nf types were more common during the late stage. The Mb and Tv types commonly terminated in growth cones and filopodia in the mesenteric nerve. The Nf type was common in proximal axons, dendrites and postganglionic perikarya, whereas the Bt type was only found in postganglionic dendrites. The chronologic development and topographic distribution of the various types of dystrophic changes suggest a diversified pathogenesis of these pathologic structures. PMID- 3746345 TI - The meninges in human development. AB - The brain and cranial meninges were studied in 61 serially sectioned embryos of stages 8-23. Much earlier stages than those examined by previous authors provided a more comprehensive view of meningeal development. As a result, the possible and probable sources of the cranial and spinal meninges are believed to be: (a) prechordal plate, (b) unsegmented paraxial (parachordal) mesoderm, (c) segmented paraxial (somitic) mesoderm, (d) mesectoderm (neural crest), (e) neurilemmal cells (neural crest), and (f) neural tube. Some of these sources (a, b, d) pertain to the cranial meninges, others (c, d, e) to the spinal coverings. The first of the future dural processes to develop is the tentorium cerebelli, which, at the end of the embryonic period proper, differs considerably in shape and composition from the later fetal and postnatal tentorium. The embryonic dural limiting layer (Duragrenzschicht) probably corresponds to the interface layer of the adult meninges. The appropriate literature was reviewed and summarized. PMID- 3746346 TI - Gliogenesis in organotypic tissue culture of the spinal cord of the embryonic mouse. II. Autoradiographic studies. AB - Organotypic cultures of the spinal cord of the embryonic mouse were subjected to pulses of tritiated thymidine at various times between explanation and 42 days in vitro (DIV). Autoradiography was performed both on cultures fixed immediately at the end of the pulse and on cultures maintained in radioactive-free medium for various periods after the pulse. Quantitative light autoradiographic studies showed a single peak of glial cell proliferation at 9 DIV equivalent to that demonstrated in vivo. The growth rate of glial cells (related to time in culture) decreased along an exponential decay type curve. All these observations were statistically significant when tested against the corresponding null hypothesis. Ultrastructural autoradiography shows that at early stages of the culture, radial glial cells and immature glial cells divided and eventually gave rise to astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. During the period of maximal cell proliferation, tritiated thymidine was incorporated by differentiated astrocytes and ultrastructurally recognizable immature oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocytes did not divide beyond the stage of active oligodendrocytes (the cells initiating myelination). They were capable of producing dark oligodendrocytes within a week following the last division. These observations emphasize the similarity of the proliferation during development in organotypic culture to that in vivo, modified by the trauma of explantation and the culture conditions. PMID- 3746347 TI - Synaptic and Golgi membrane recycling in cochlear hair cells. AB - Membrane recycling in the mechanoreceptive sensory cells of the mammalian cochlea was studied by observing membrane-bound horseradish peroxidase (HRP) reaction product following brief in vivo exposure to the enzyme. In the inner hair cell (IHC), peroxidase was taken up into coated vesicles and became incorporated into synaptic vesicles surrounding presynaptic bodies, but much HRP was also transported to the apical zone where reaction product appeared in all components of the Golgi complex. Neither the subsurface cisternae nor a tubular network associated with clusters of mitochondria were labelled. Outer hair cells (OHCs) showed considerably less membrane-bound reaction product than IHCs, indicating less rapid plasmalemmal recycling. Most membrane-bound reaction product was contained in coated vesicles and small vacuoles in the synaptic zone, but was occasionally seen in multivesicular bodies in the most apical zone. No labelled organelles were detected in the large central region of the OHC. A diffuse staining of the cytoplasm, particularly pronounced in OHCs, often interfered with the evaluation of membrane-bound reaction product in OHCs. This staining pattern could be qualitatively reproduced in both IHCs and OHCs by incubating fixed segments of the organ of Corti in oxidized diaminobenzidine. The presence of labelled synaptic vesicles associated with presynaptic bodies of IHCs and OHCs suggests that they are formed from membrane retrieved from the plasmalemma. We found no evidence that the subsurface cisternae of IHCs or the laminated cisternae of OHCs are derived from the cell surface as they never contained reaction product. PMID- 3746348 TI - Cholinergic neurons and fibres in the rat visual cortex. AB - Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the acetylcholine synthesizing enzyme, was localized immunocytochemically in neurons and fibres in the rat visual cortex using a monoclonal antibody. ChAT-labelled cells were non-pyramidal neurons, primarily of the bipolar form, distributed in layers II through VI but concentrated in layers II & III. Their perikarya contained a large nucleus and a small amount of perinuclear cytoplasm. The somata and dendrites of all labelled cells received Gray's type I and type II synapses. ChAT-stained axons formed a dense and diffuse network throughout the visual cortex and particularly in layer V. Electron microscopy revealed that the great majority formed type II synaptic contacts with dendrites of various sizes, unlabelled non-pyramidal somata and, on a few occasions, with ChAT-labelled cells. However, a very small number of terminals appeared to form type I synaptic contacts. This study describes the morphological organization of the cholinergic system in the visual cortex, the function of which has been under extensive investigation. PMID- 3746349 TI - The immunocytochemical demonstration of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase in the brain. AB - Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) has been localized in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of both canine and rat brains. Staining with an immunoenzyme bridge sequence revealed CuZn-SOD in all regions of the brains examined. Specific sites of localization included cerebral cortical pyramidal cells, cerebellar Purkinje cells, neurons in 'subcortical nuclei', and oligodendrocytes throughout the brain. Similar sites of CuZn-SOD localization were identified in both species. These results are compared with reports by various investigators of SOD bioactivity in the brain. PMID- 3746350 TI - Qualitative and quantitative ultrastructural observations on retinal ganglion cell layer of rat after intraorbital optic nerve crush. AB - Rat retinal ganglion cell layer (GCL) was examined ultrastructurally 1-180 days after intraorbital crushing of one optic nerve. It was confirmed quantitatively that axotomized ganglion cells lost cisternal membranes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and showed disintegration of Nissl bodies and ribosomal rosettes 3 days postoperatively. Between 60 and 180 days after neurotomy there was partial reversion of the RER towards normal. At postoperative intervals of 14-60 days, chromatin aggregation became conspicuous and some nuclei were prominently furrowed and contained electron-dense inclusions. Concurrently, profiles of dead ganglion cells were encountered. Mean mitochondrial area increased in axotomized neurons but mitochondrial density declined, while the Golgi apparatus, lamellar specializations of the RER and the size of nuclei did not change significantly. Cytoplasmic atrophy was profound, however. Small nerve cells of the GCL appeared morphologically distinct from ganglion cells and did not undergo appreciable alteration. A decline in neuronal density, approximating 35%, occurred between the third and seventh postoperative day and progressed slowly thereafter. Neuronal density was 32% of normal 180 days postoperatively. A temporary increase in glial density 3-28 days after operation was due to microglial hyperplasia. Muller cell and astrocytic processes hypertrophied, infiltrated nerve fibre bundles, and surrounded and intruded into neuronal somata. Bundles of unmyelinated small axons, invested by astrocytes and basal lamina, were present within the necrotic cavity of the lesioned nerve 28-90 days postoperatively and had cytologic features of regenerative axonal sprouts. We conclude that intraorbital optic nerve crush is followed by a noteworthy degree of regenerative axonal sprouting which occurs and persists against a background of slow but relentless decline in the retinal ganglion cell population. This slow decline follows a rapidly-sustained loss of approximately one-third of the axotomized retinal ganglion cells during the first postoperative week. Intraorbital, as opposed to intracranial, injury of the optic nerve appears, paradoxically, to induce both a greater degree of ganglion cell death and a greater amount of regenerative axonal sprouting. Cytologic changes in axotomized retinal ganglion cells resemble those described for other populations of mammalian intrinsic neurons subjected to like injury.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3746351 TI - Astrocytes increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein during retrograde changes of facial motor neurons. AB - Concomitant with the proliferation of satellite microglial cells occurring in the process of motor neuron regeneration, an astrocytic hypertrophy is also seen. A remarkable increase of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity is demonstrated in astrocytes of the facial nucleus within a few days following nerve transection. The increase of GFAP antigenicity is associated with an increased appearance of glial filaments and astrocytic processes. We suggest that resident protoplasmic astrocytes become involved in retrograde changes in facial motor neurons and transform into reactive astrocytes. They are of the fibrous type and highly positive for GFAP. PMID- 3746352 TI - The role of innervation in the establishment of the topographical distribution of primary myotube types during development. AB - Many avian muscles contain a characteristic topographical distribution of fibre types. In order to study the role of nerves in the establishment and distribution of these fibre types, monoclonal antibodies (McAb) to the heavy chain subunit of myosin (MHC) were produced. The anti-fast McAb (2B12) bound to adult fast MHC and cross-reacted with the embryonic isoform of MHC. The anti-slow McAb (3D1) bound specifically to the heavy chain of slow myosin 2. By indirect immunofluorescence, anti-fast (2B12) stained all myotubes in the anterior latissimus dorsi and triceps and biceps muscles at stage 37 (11 days embryonic), whilst anti-slow (3D1) staining was largely restricted to the future slow fibres of these muscles. Brachial levels of the neural tube were surgically removed at stage 12 (2 days embryonic) so that muscles developed aneurally. Muscles at aneural stage 37 were smaller than normal, but the distribution of myotube types was not altered; all myotubes present still stained with anti-fast antibody while anti-slow staining was restricted to the anterior latissimus dorsi and myotubes in the deep parts of the triceps brachii pars scapularis, triceps brachii par humeralis and biceps brachii muscles (the future slow fibres of normal muscles). The results suggest that despite an overall reduction in MHC in aneural muscles, specialized fast and slow primary myotubes arise independently of the nerve in appropriate regions of the muscle. PMID- 3746353 TI - The ultrastructure of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus of the Sprague-Dawley rat. AB - Previous studies from this laboratory have indicated that increased numbers of GABAergic neurons, as well as total neurons, occur in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (IC) of genetically epilepsy-prone rats (GEPRs) as compared to non-seizuring Sprague-Dawley rats. Since electron microscopic studies of the IC have not been reported for rats, we wanted to determine the ultrastructure of neurons and their processes in this brain region to serve as a basis for future studies on neuronal circuitry in the GEPRs. Both disc-shaped and stellate types were found for each of three size categories: large, medium and small. Thus, six types of neuron were distinguished by differences in somatic size, shape, organelles and dendritic orientation. Large neurons (longest diameter greater than 25 micron), which are the least frequent cell type, contained vast perikaryal cytoplasm, eccentrically located nuclei and abundant granular endoplasmic reticulum (GER) adjacent to the nucleus as well as clustered in the cytoplasm; many axosomatic, symmetric synapses were present. Medium-sized neuronal somata (15-25 micron in diameter) had smooth as well as infolded nuclear membranes and clusters of GER in their cytoplasm but no GER adjacent to the nucleus; synapses were sparse along the surface of their somata. Small neurons (10-15 micron in diameter), which are the most frequent cell type, had scant perikaryal cytoplasm, usually infolded nuclei, frequently two nucleoli, and few or no stacked cisternae of GER in the perikaryal cytoplasm; only infrequent axosomatic synapses were found. Based on previous retrograde and immunocytochemical studies, most large disc-shaped and stellate cells project to the medial geniculate body and are probably excitatory, but some large stellate neurons have been shown to be GABAergic and it is doubtful that such neurons participate in this projection. A dense plexus of terminals that form symmetric synapses covers the soma and proximal dendrites of large neurons, and may provide a strong GABAergic inhibition of this type of projection neuron. Small and medium sized disc-shaped cells also project to the thalamus but they lack this dense axosomatic plexus. The stellate cells from these same two size categories probably do not project to the thalamus and may be GABAergic local circuit neurons. Other ultrastructural features of IC neurons that were analysed include dendrites, dendritic spines, axon hillocks, initial segments and terminals, as well as the laminae of myelinated axons. Dendrites were either beaded or smooth and few spines were observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3746354 TI - X-irradiation impairs regeneration of peripheral nerve across a gap. AB - The effects of X-irradiation on the regeneration of peripheral nerve across a gap were studied in the mouse. The right sciatic nerve was transected and 3 days later a 20-Gy dose of X-rays was administered to the hind limb, which was shielded so that the irradiation affected either the proximal, the distal or both parts of the nerve. Within a few hours of irradiation, the proximal and distal nerve stumps were inserted into a polythene tube within which they were separated by a 5-mm gap. After 1 or 2 months the sciatic nerves were processed for examination by light and electron microscopy. Irradiation affected axonal growth, differentiation of Schwann cells and formation of a perineurium. These effects were most marked when both the proximal and distal stumps had been exposed to X rays. At 2 months there were fewer axons in the irradiated than in control nerves (P less than 0.01), but all of the larger axons which had regenerated were myelinated, albeit more thinly than in the controls. The changes in the pattern of regeneration in the irradiated nerves are interpreted as being largely due to radiation damage to Schwann cells. PMID- 3746355 TI - Morphometric parameters of Muller (glial) cells dependent on their topographic localization in the nonmyelinated part of the rabbit retina. A consideration of functional aspects of radial glia. AB - Morphometric parameters of Muller cells were evaluated by light microscopy both in whole retinae and in enzymatically isolated cells from adult pigmented rabbits. In spite of the marked decrease in cell densities from visual streak to far periphery, a constant glia-neuron ratio of about 1:15 was found in all regions. The volume of individual Muller cells was found to increase strongly when the cells become shorter, i.e. when the retinal centre was compared to the retinal periphery. The contribution of Muller cell volume to the total retinal volume, however, was shown to be constant at about 6%. Long Muller cells have a thin vitreal process and a small vitreal endfoot surface. The consequences of this rule for the proposed function of Muller cells in retinal K+ clearance are discussed with respect to general features of radial glia. It is suggested that foetal radial glial cells too long to perform sufficient K+ clearance are destined to be transformed into 'adult' multipolar glia by mitotic cell division. PMID- 3746356 TI - Observations on Wallerian degeneration in explant cultures of cat sciatic nerve. AB - Wallerian degeneration was studied in vitro using explant cultures of cat sciatic nerve. As these cultures contain no macrophages they highlight the responses of Schwann cells to myelin sheath breakdown. Although there were regional variations in the changes observed in these cultures with respect to time, the sequence of events which lead to Schwann cell proliferation and to fragmentation and liberation of myelin debris into the endoneurial space was established. The initial event was rejection of myelin sheaths by Schwann cells. Liberated Schwann cells then proliferated within the basal lamina tube. In nerve fibres containing proliferating Schwann cells, myelin debris passed through breaks in the basal lamina tube into the endoneurial space. Schwann cells also escaped from the basal lamina tube with the myelin debris. Following the loss of the luminal contents the basal lamina tube collapsed and the intratubular Schwann cells formed bands of Bungner. The Schwann cells which migrated into the endoneurial space and subsequently onto the culture dish retained contact with each other. These studies indicate that rejection of myelin internodes by their supporting Schwann cells set in train a series of events in which Schwann cells and degenerating myelin behaved as separate components. Schwann cells were not involved in phagocytosis or degeneration of myelin. We conclude that Schwann cell proliferation in Wallerian degeneration is directed towards re-establishing cellular continuity within the basal lamina tube which is lost when Schwann cells reject their myelin sheaths. PMID- 3746357 TI - The dependence of nerve regeneration through muscle grafts in the rat on the availability and orientation of basement membrane. AB - Nerve regeneration through grafts of basement membrane matrix, prepared by freezing of autogenous muscle followed by thawing in distilled water, was investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats. Electrophysiological evidence of recovery in distal nerve was observed at 51 days after implantation of treated grafts whose basement membrane tubes were coaxial with the proximal and distal ends of the transected sciatic nerve. This correlated with histological findings of well developed myelinated nerve fibres within both grafts and distal nerve. However, whereas normal axon numbers were achieved in the grafts by 3 months, the regenerating nerve in these muscle grafts took 6 months to 1 year to recover normal axon diameter and myelination. Recovery was delayed through grafts whose basement membrane tubes were at right angles to the nerve fibres and through grafts of untreated muscle coaxially aligned. It is concluded that successful repopulation of the distal stump and functional recovery can follow nerve regeneration through treated muscle autografts. The rate of regeneration is dependent on the availability of empty basement membrane tubes. If these are unavailable or inappropriately orientated, regeneration can still occur but is significantly delayed. PMID- 3746358 TI - The blood-brain barrier redefined. PMID- 3746359 TI - Normal mental state despite bilateral pontine tegmental hemorrhage. AB - Alertness was preserved in a 47-year-old hypertensive man who acutely develop headache, cranial nerve abnormalities, weakness and dysmetria. Computerized tomography revealed a bilateral pontine tegmental hemorrhage. This is the first well-documented case of bilateral pontine tegmental hemorrhage with a completely normal mental status. PMID- 3746360 TI - Clinical significance of serum and CSF findings in the Guillain-Barre syndrome and related disorders. AB - Clinical data and the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings of 71 patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), 7 with Fisher syndrome and 24 with chronic inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy (CIP), were analysed. Isoelectric focusing of serum and CSF together with different formulae and diagrams were applied to study blood-CSF barrier (BCB) function and possible intrathecal IgG synthesis. The CSF total protein concentration and its IgG percentage depended mainly on the degree of BCB damage, which correlated with the clinical course. Our investigations suggest that oligoclonal IgG of CSF from these patients comes essentially from serum. In the group of GBS patients, oligoclonal IgG was transitory and correlated significantly with the development of BCB damage, cranial neuritis and severity of the disease. CIP patients showed a stable IgG pattern, which varied slightly after immunosuppressive therapy. PMID- 3746361 TI - Postprandial transient painful amaurosis fugax. AB - A case of recurrent postprandial amaurosis fugax (AF) associated with periorbital pain is described. Clinical and angiographic examination revealed moderate atherosclerosis of the cerebral vessels and narrow-angle glaucoma. Cerebral postprandial hypoperfusion combined with increased intraocular pressure probably precipitated the painful monocular blindness. The attacks of AF subsided partially after treatment of the glaucoma. PMID- 3746362 TI - Specificity of CSF antibodies against components of Borrelia burgdorferi in patients with meningopolyneuritis Garin-Bujadoux-Bannwarth. AB - The specificity of immunoglobulin (Ig) for components of Borrelia burgdorferi was investigated in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), serum and in CSF oligoclonal bands from nine patients with meningopolyneuritis Garin-Bujadoux-Bannwarth (MPN-GBB). All patients showed specific IgG and IgM antibodies in serum and CSF when incubated with a lysate of B. burgdorferi strain B 31. Specific antibody was detected in CSF but not in paired serum samples, indicating intrathecal synthesis. Investigation of the specificity of oligoclonal Ig in the CSF revealed oligoclonal bands with specificity for B. burgdorferi in one of the nine patients. PMID- 3746363 TI - Polymorphonuclear pleocytosis in the cerebrospinal fluid during chemotherapy for tuberculous meningitis. AB - Five patients on chemotherapy for tuberculous meningitis developed sudden and unexpected cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis consisting predominantly of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The cellular changes, which developed 4-108 days after starting treatment, were not accompanied by an alteration in the clinical state and disappeared within a week whether or not an additional antibiotic was prescribed. Through the cause is uncertain, possible mechanisms are discussed. We are prompted to report these cases because the cytological changes are not well recognised and may cause difficulties in management. PMID- 3746365 TI - Chronic untreated tuberculous meningitis. AB - We describe a 34-year-old man who suffered from tuberculous meningitis for 2 years without receiving antituberculous medication. Our case is compared with other forms of indolent or benign variants of the disease. PMID- 3746364 TI - The spectrum of the so-called rigid spine syndrome: nosological considerations and report of three female cases. AB - Three female cases of the "rigid spine" syndrome are reported and associated with different nosological entities. One patient was affected by congenital muscular dystrophy and one by a morphological pattern of fibre type disproportion with type I atrophy. The third patient showed very peculiar morphological changes on a muscle biopsy specimen resembling a vacuolar myopathy, which is rarely described in association with the rigid spine syndrome. The importance of an adequate investigation of the rigid spine syndrome and the recognition of the presence or absence of cardiomyopathy, if there is to be correct genetic counselling, is discussed. PMID- 3746366 TI - Why investigate vigilance? PMID- 3746367 TI - Effect of automatic blood pressure devices on vigilance of anesthesia residents. AB - The response time of anesthesia residents to interruption in auditory blood pressure monitoring was compared between two anesthesia training programs that have different blood pressure monitoring traditions. Program A relies exclusively on manual blood pressure cuffs, whereas program B uses automated blood pressure devices for approximately 90% of patients. In this limited, short-term study, the time that lapsed between interruption of auditory monitoring and recognition of the interruption was less in the program that used manual blood pressure cuffs. The impact of the automated blood pressure device on resident vigilance in anesthesia training programs may be negative. PMID- 3746368 TI - An electronic stethoscope is judged better than conventional stethoscopes for anesthesia monitoring. AB - A prototype electronic monitoring stethoscope was constructed from readily available, high-quality components. It consisted of a conventional precordial or esophageal probe connected to a microphone by a rubber adapter. The microphone was connected by lightweight wire to an amplifier and headphones. Twenty-one anesthesia clinicians evaluated the stethoscope and responded to a multiple choice preference questionnaire. The electronic stethoscope was judged to perform better than the conventional stethoscope in most categories evaluated. The electronic device was perceived to be louder, clearer in sound reproduction, more efficacious for monitoring, and easier to use continuously, and its headphones were considered more comfortable than the conventional earpiece. Based on our results, we conclude that amplified stethoscopes have the potential to improve monitoring. Further development of electronic stethoscope monitoring seems warranted and is continuing. PMID- 3746370 TI - An electroencephalographic processing algorithm specifically intended for analysis of cerebral electrical activity. AB - This article describes a computer procedure for the examination and analysis of cerebral electrical activity (CEA). Changes in CEA generate random electrical activity and may include transitory events, such as burst episodes. As yet, there are no standard techniques for evaluating the statistical process of the CEA. This article proposes a computerized method of analyzing the stochastic character of CEA using a computer algorithm. Using a real-time wave-by-wave technique, the algorithm characterizes CEA by the frequency and amplitude of each CEA waveform. This algorithm produces digital packets of information that describe individual CEA waveforms. PMID- 3746369 TI - Decreased critical mixed venous oxygen tension and critical oxygen transport during induced hypothermia in pigs. AB - The effects of hypothermia on oxygen delivery and tolerance to hypoxia were studied in 8 normothermic (36.8 degrees C) and 10 hypothermic (29.3 degrees C) pigs that had been anesthetized and surgically implanted with instruments. Cardiac output (QT), VO2 [oxygen consumption, or QT X C(a-v)O2, where C(a-v)O2 is arteriovenous oxygen content difference], arterial and mixed venous blood gas values, and lactate concentrations were measured as the animals were made progressively hypoxic. Under control, normoxic conditions, mixed venous oxygen tension (PvO2) was 41.4 +/- 2.1 mm Hg (mean +/- SE) in the normothermic animals and 26.1 +/- 1.6 mm Hg in the hypothermic animals; these values are close to those predicted in our previous theoretical analysis. To study tolerance to hypoxia during hypothermia, critical PvO2 and critical total oxygen transport (TOT = QT X CaO2, where CaO2 is oxygen content of arterial blood) were determined by decreasing the inspired oxygen concentration (FIO2) in steps and measuring the point where VO2 and blood lactate levels became PO2 or TOT dependent. Again as predicted, the critical PVO2 was lower in the hypothermic animals (15.5 +/- 1.0 mm Hg at 29.3 degrees C compared with 22.0 +/- 1.4 mm Hg at 36.8 degrees C), but critical venous oxyhemoglobin saturation values were not statistically different at the two temperatures. Critical TOT was also decreased during hypothermia, as was the margin of reserve in both PVO2 and TOT (the difference between the normoxic and the critical values). PMID- 3746371 TI - Minimizing interference and false alarms from electrocautery in the Nellcor N-100 pulse oximeter. AB - Because the Nellcor N-100 pulse oximeter is generally quite sensitive to electrocautery interference, erroneous oxygen saturation values may be displayed and an audible false alarm may sound. We have discovered, through trial and error, several techniques that may minimize both the interference and the false alarms. Keeping the pulse oximeter sensor and the oximeter unit as far as possible from the surgical site and the electrocautery grounding plate will usually decrease the interference. If this step is inadequate, the incidence of false alarms can be decreased by setting the high pulse rate alarm to approximately 160, operating the unit in mode 2 (the rapid-response mode), and setting the "alarm off" function to 120 seconds. These steps will usually markedly decrease the incidence of false alarms. PMID- 3746372 TI - Breathing frequency monitors. PMID- 3746373 TI - Proposed use of different posttetanic stimuli for assessment of profound surgical muscle relaxation. PMID- 3746374 TI - Oncogenes and tumor progression. PMID- 3746375 TI - Importance of primary site in assessing chemotherapy response and 7-year survival data in advanced squamous-cell carcinomas of the head and neck treated with initial combination chemotherapy without cisplatin. AB - Two hundred eight patients with advanced head and neck squamous-cell carcinomas were treated between 1975 and 1982 with schedule A chemotherapy containing vincristine, bleomycin, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, and hydrocortisone administered over 24 hours followed by a folinic acid rescue. Chemotherapy was administered as initial treatment on days 1 and 14 before "curative" local therapy. Toxicity was minimal and patient compliance was 100%. Chemotherapy response was assessed on day 28 in 200 patients: 132 (66%) had an objective response and 68 (34%) were judged to be nonresponders. The complete remission (CR) rate following local therapy was significantly greater in chemotherapy responders (78%) than nonresponders (49%) (P less than .001). Overall median survival figures were 32 months for all patients, 37 months for all chemotherapy responders, and 69 months for all patients achieving CR. Analysis by tumor site showed that oral cavity or nasopharyngeal tumors responded well to initial chemotherapy (P less than .05 and P less than .01) compared with all other sites. This high response rate was not necessarily associated with increased survival, since the median survival of chemotherapy responders for oral cavity lesions was only 22 months, although in nasopharyngeal tumors, median survival figures were 64 months. Furthermore, the longest median survival duration of 69 months was observed in patients with laryngeal tumors, although these had a lower response rate (61%) to initial chemotherapy. Therefore, response to initial chemotherapy is not automatically a favorable prognostic sign. Survival figures appear markedly influenced by tumor site. PMID- 3746377 TI - Initial chemotherapy doses for elderly patients with malignant lymphoma. PMID- 3746376 TI - Reduced ability to clear ultrafilterable platinum with repeated courses of cisplatin. AB - Ultrafilterable plasma and urinary levels of platinum were quantitated for 24 hours after the first- and fourth-course infusion of cisplatin (CDDP) to seven patients. Four patients received 80 mg/m2 and three patients received 100 mg/m2 CDDP as a 2-hour infusion. The area under the curve (AUC) of ultrafilterable platinum, average renal clearance (CIR) of ultrafilterable platinum, and percentage of the platinum dose excreted in urine (% E) were determined for each infusion over the 26-hour period of the study. The AUC was higher in all patients after the fourth-course infusion, with a median increase of 74%. The median CLR was 494 mL/min (range, 214 to 996 mL/min) for the first course and decreased to 156 mL/min (range, 108 to 271 mL/min) for the fourth-course infusion (P less than .02). The median % E was 29.2% (range, 19.6% to 37.7%) for the first course and decreased to 19.9% (range, 12.4% to 25.9%) for the fourth-course infusion (P less than .02). There was no difference in creatinine clearance for the two infusions (median, 94 mL/min; P greater than .05). Urinary excretion of B2-microglobulin (B2-MG) and N-acetyl-B-glucosaminidase (NAG) was highly variable between patients and did not provide a useful predictor of changes in renal function. Four courses of CDDP therapy resulted in significantly reduced renal elimination of platinum in patients, probably through a reduction in the secretion of the drug in the proximal tubule of the kidney. The results suggest that increased antitumor effect and toxicity could occur in patients receiving sequential courses of cisplatin. PMID- 3746378 TI - Evaluating new drugs: a three-step approach. PMID- 3746379 TI - The pathologic and clinical heterogeneity of lymphocyte-depleted Hodgkin's disease. PMID- 3746380 TI - Chemotherapy of diffuse large-cell lymphoma--rapidly responding patients have more durable remissions. PMID- 3746381 TI - The usefulness of analysis of survival by tumor response. PMID- 3746382 TI - Putrescine metabolism in human brain tumors. AB - The metabolism of the polyamines, putrescine, spermidine and spermine, was studied in human brain and brain tumors. Samples of brain and tumors were incubated with 3H-putrescine and the amounts of labeled polyamines were measured. The amount of putrescine conversion was found to be greater in tumors that in normal brain samples. Furthermore, the metabolism of putrescine in brain tumors was related to tumor type and appeared to correlate with the degree of malignancy. The significance of these findings with regard to positron emission tomographic scanning and therapy of patients with malignant gliomas is discussed. PMID- 3746383 TI - Selected ion monitoring technique for the evaluation of sterols in cerebrospinal fluid: a new approach to desmosterol test for central nervous system tumors. AB - The desmosterol test for the diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) tumors is proposed in a simplified form. The procedure is based upon the analysis of sterol profile in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by selected ion monitoring (SIM) technique. Applied to 55 patients with tumoral and non tumoral CNS disease, the new test detects average levels of CSF desmosterol in tumor bearing patients that are tenfold higher than in the absence of CNS neoplasia. On an individual basis, a concentration of CSF desmosterol equal to or higher than the mean plus twice the standard deviation for the reference group of patients with no CNS tumor, is considered a positive result. Based on this criterion, a correct diagnosis was made in 73% of cases vs 77% of the former test, which required a 5-day treatment period with a desmosterol-reductase inhibitor in order to increase CSF desmosterol concentration. With this revised procedure CSF desmosterol can be detected in smaller volumes of CSF without any drug pretreatment, thus making the test more suitable for clinical application. PMID- 3746384 TI - Glycosaminoglycan changes in human gliomas. A biochemical study. AB - Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were isolated, separated by electrophoresis and quantified in 36 neurosurgical specimens of human gliomas and in 8 samples of normal white and gray matter. Gliomas of various degrees of malignancy exhibited different GAG patterns. Total GAG concentration was three times higher in low grade gliomas than in normal white matter. The mean percentage of single GAG classes was usually similar in both tissues, although in certain tumor samples a higher percentage of hyaluronate was found. GAG patterns in anaplastic astrocytomas, however, more closely resembled normal white and gray matter, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Glioblastomas, on the other hand, showed high GAG concentrations, in particular of heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate. This finding could be secondary to the abundant vessels and mesodermal material associated with this oncotype. The hyaluronate/sulfated GAGs ratio was lower in oligodendrogliomas than in low grade astrocytomas. This biochemical feature may be correlated with the alcianophilia found in the honey-comb degeneration of oligodendrogliomas. The significance of these findings as they relate to tumor histology and biology have been discussed. PMID- 3746385 TI - Response variability of human brain tumors to AZQ in tissue culture. AB - In a series of 28 glioma-derived cell cultures and 6 non-gliomatous CNS tumors, AZQ has been found to have varying degrees of growth inhibiting or cytotoxic activity in nearly all lines tested at doses greater than 100 mcg/ml. At dose levels comparable to the clinically achieved levels (1 mcg/ml), AZQ was found to have a cytotoxic effect in 8 of 28 glioma-derived and 2 of 6 non-gliomatous cell lines tested. These findings suggest that AZQ has activity against certain glioma derived cells in culture at a response ratio similar to that seen in vivo. There, appear to be significant differences in the degree of responsiveness in different patients' tumor cells which can be detected in vitro prior to clinical treatment. PMID- 3746386 TI - Apparent glucose utilization in Walker 256 metastatic brain tumors. AB - Regional rates of apparent glucose utilization (GU) in metastatic Walker 256 (WL 256) brain tumors produced by the intracarotid injection of WL-256 tumor cells in rats were measured using 14C-deoxyglucose and quantitative autoradiography. Apparent glucose utilization was uniform within individual small and medium size tumors without necrosis, varied considerably among different tumors within this group, and did not correlate with tumor size or location. High values of GU in medium and large-size tumors correlated with viable-appearing tissue in contrast to necrotic tissue and were always 1.3 to 3 times higher than that of adjacent and contralateral nontumorous brain. The apparent net extraction of glucose (En) in viable tumor regions was estimated to be several fold higher than that in remote brain tissue; analysis of this data for medium and large tumors indicates that the calculated values of GU and En overestimate the actual rates of utilization and net extraction of glucose. Local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) was higher than normal adjacent to small tumors and lower than normal adjacent to large tumors. The LCGU in many gray-matter structures remote from the intracerebral tumors was reduced and roughly proportional to the metastatic tumor burden. The comparatively high uptake of 2-deoxyglucose by viable tumor cells has diagnostic and localization value and suggests that appropriate glucose analogues could be developed to produce a tumor-selective inhibition of glycolysis and tumoricidal effect. PMID- 3746388 TI - Esthesioneuroblastoma: cerebral and spinal metastases without direct cranial invasion. AB - A patient with esthesioneuroblastoma is reported with metastatic lesions to the cervical nodes, intradural thoracic spinal canal, and the posterior fossa without evidence of local recurrence or cranial bone involvement four years after initial diagnosis and eradication. The initial lesion was a localized nasal polyp apparently treated adequately with excision and radiotherapy. PMID- 3746389 TI - Sixth international conference on brain tumor research and therapy. Asheville, North Carolina, October 20-23, 1985. Abstracts. PMID- 3746387 TI - Dibromodulcitol-based combined postoperative chemotherapy of malignant astrocytomas and glioblastomas. AB - Continuing our earlier studies with dibromodulcitol (DBD), in a series of 38 evaluable consecutive patients who were operated on for malignant supratentorial gliomas, radiotherapy with smaller daily but higher total doses of DBD has been started 3-5 weeks after surgery. This was followed alternately by a combination chemotherapy of CCNU and DBD or CCNU and Procarbazine. No severe myelotoxicity occurred. Survivals were compared with a group of patients who got irradiation alone. Statistical analysis showed a significantly better survival in the presently treated group: median survival was 55 weeks, p = 0.02. These values were very similar to those groups which were treated by intermittent DBD schedule during irradiation. This study seems to confirm our previous suggestion that the concurrent use of DBD during irradiation might be an important factor in improving survival times. PMID- 3746390 TI - Whole-cell voltage-clamp study of the fading of GABA-activated currents in acutely dissociated hippocampal neurons. AB - The lability of the responses of mammalian central neurons to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was studied using neurons acutely dissociated from the CA1 region of the adult guinea pig hippocampus as a model system. GABA was applied to the neuronal somata by pressure ejection and the resulting current (IGABA) recorded under whole-cell voltage clamp. In initial experiments we examined several basic properties of cells in this preparation. Our data confirm that passive and active membrane properties are similar to those which characterize cells in other preparations. In addition, GABA-dependent conductance (gGABA), reversal potential (EGABA), and the interaction of GABA with pentobarbital and bicuculline all appeared to be normal. Dendritic GABA application could cause depolarizing GABA responses, and somatic GABA application caused hyperpolarizations due to chloride (Cl-) movements. Repetitive brief applications (5-15 ms) of GABA (10(-5) to 10( 3) M) at a frequency of 0.5 Hz led to fading of successive peaks of IGABA until, at a given holding potential, a steady state was reached in which IGABA no longer changed. Imposing voltage steps lasting seconds during a train of steady-state GABA responses led initially to increased IGABA that then diminished with maintenance of the step voltage. The rate of decrease of IGABA at each new holding potential was independent of the polarity of the step in holding potential but was highly dependent on the rate of GABA application. Application rates as low as 0.05 Hz led to fading of IGABA, even with activation of relatively small conductances (5-15 nS). Since IGABA evoked by somatic GABA application in these cells is carried by Cl-, the Cl- equilibrium potential (ECl) is equal to the reversal potential for IGABA, i.e., to EGABA. The fading of IGABA with changes in holding potential can be almost entirely accounted for by a shift in ECl resulting from transmembrane flux of Cl- through the GABA-activated conductance. Maneuvers that prevent changes in the intracellular concentration of Cl-ions, [Cl-]i, including holding the membrane potential at EGABA during repetitive GABA application or buffering [Cl-]i with high pipette [Cl-], prevent changes in EGABA. Desensitization of the GABA response (an actual decrease in gGABA) occurs in these neurons during prolonged application of GABA (greater than 1 s) but with a slower time course than changes in EGABA. Whole-cell voltage clamp techniques applied to tissue-cultured spinal cord neurons indicated that rapid shifts in EGABA result from repetitive GABA application in these cells as well.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3746391 TI - Evidence that a disordered servo-like mechanism contributes to tremor in movements during cerebellar dysfunction. AB - The characteristics of discontinuities and tremor that occurred in elbow flexions during cooling of the lateral cerebellar nuclei were investigated in five Cebus monkeys. Discontinuities in movements appeared as rhythmical oscillations (kinetic tremor) when movements were slow or when movements were made with a constant force that loaded the antagonist. These oscillations had similar properties to cerebellar terminal tremor following movements; e.g., their amplitude and frequency were decreased by addition of mass to the handle and they occurred in the absence of visual feedback. The abnormal initial decrease in velocity that initiated oscillations in flexion movements was associated with abnormally early or large antagonist (triceps) electromyogram (EMG) activity. This abnormal EMG activity did not follow the normal inverse relation between initial velocity and antagonist latency from onset of movement. The initial deflection from the expected trajectory was opposed by a second burst of EMG activity in the agonist (biceps). This second burst was not the continuation of a step of EMG activity because its amplitude was often larger than the amplitude of the first agonist burst. The second agonist burst had the properties of a servo like response: it occurred when biceps shortening was slowed (but biceps was not stretched), its magnitude was proportional to the magnitude or the deflection in velocity, its latency was 50-80 ms from onset of the abnormal decrease in velocity, and it occurred in the absence of visual feedback. However, this servo like response was disordered because it did not return the limb accurately to the expected trajectory. The servo-like mechanism was studied further by applying torque pulse perturbations during elbow flexions. When the cerebellar nuclei were cooled, agonist responses to the perturbation were proportional to the size of the velocity deflection, but they were prolonged and onset of antagonist activity was delayed. It is suggested that discontinuities and tremor in movements during cerebellar dysfunction result from the same mechanism: alternation between disordered stretch reflexes and disordered servo-assistance mechanisms, both partly involving transcortical pathways. PMID- 3746392 TI - Complex-spike activity of cerebellar Purkinje cells related to wrist tracking movement in monkey. AB - Four rhesus monkeys were trained to perform visually guided wrist tracking movements (50). While they performed tasks by wrist flexion or extension from a neutral position, simple-spike (SS) and complex-spike (CS) discharges of a single Purkinje cell (P-cell) were recorded from intermediate and lateral parts of cerebellar hemispheres (lobules IV to VI) ipsilateral to the task-performing wrist. Of approximately 400 P-cells observed, 215 (54%) significantly increased or decreased their SS discharge rate during task performance (task-related P cells). Of these, 161 were selected for analysis of CS activity; in these P cells, we could reliably discriminate between CS and background SS by a spike discriminator. The 161 P-cells were further classified into response locked (n = 65) and poorly locked (n = 96) cells according to temporal coupling of the SS frequency modulation to the onset of wrist movements. About 60% of the response locked P-cells showed a phasic increase (statistical significance level: P less than 0.01) of CS firing rate at the onset of wrist tracking movement. In a few P cells, a phasic decrease (statistically insignificant) of CS firing rate was observed with the wrist movement. In most P-cells, an increase of CS firing rate was observed with both rapid- and slow-tracking wrist movements. The increase was larger with faster step-tracking movement than with slower ramp-tracking movement. In most P-cells, the CS activity increased with both wrist flexion and extension; in some cells, however, it increased only with either flexion or extension. In most of the response-locked P-cells, the increase of CS firing rate occurred during motor time, i.e., after the onset of the EMG change in prime movers and before the beginning of wrist tracking movement. The increase occurred phasically at the onset and/or at the recovery phase of SS frequency modulation. At neutral wrist position, the maintained frequency of the CS was 0.72 +/- 0.29 CS/s (mean and SD for 161 task-related P-cells). Compared with the frequency at neutral position, the CS frequency did not change tonically during maintained flexed or extended wrist position in any response-locked P-cells. There was no increase of CS firing rate when the monkey returned the handle to center position after completing the tracking task, even in P-cells that had shown a significant increase of CS activity during tracking.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3746393 TI - Simultaneous control of two rhythmical behaviors. I. Locomotion with paw-shake response in normal cat. AB - We investigated the ability of normal cats, trained to maintain a constant position while walking on a treadmill, to combine the paw-shake response with quadrupedal locomotion. Hindlimb paw-shake responses were elicited during walking after the right hindpaw was wrapped with tape. To assess intralimb and interlimb coordination of the combined behaviors, electromyographic (EMG) recordings from forelimb extensor muscles and from selected flexor and extensor muscles at the three major hindlimb joints were correlated with joint motion by using high speed, cinefilm analysis. When paw shaking was combined with walking, the response occurred during the swing phase of the taped hindlimb. To accommodate the paw-shake response, swing duration of the shaking hindlimb and of the homolateral forelimb increased and was followed by a brief recovery step. Concurrently, to compensate for the response, stance durations of the contralateral forelimb and hindlimb increased. The magnitude of these adjustments in interlimb coordination was influenced by the number of paw-shake cycles, which ranged from one to four oscillations. Transitions between the muscle synergies for the paw-shake response and swing were smooth in the shaking limb. Early in the swing phase, when the flexor muscles were still active (F phase), the paw shake was initiated by an early onset of knee extensor activity, which preceded extensor activity at the hip and ankle. This action provided a transition from the general reciprocal synergy between flexor and extensor muscles of locomotion to the mixed synergy that is typical of the paw shake (30). Following the last paw-shake cycle, an extensor synergy initiated the E-1 phase of swing, and the resultant joint motion was in-phase extension of the hip, knee, and ankle to lower the paw for stance. Average cycle period and burst duration for muscles participating in the paw-shake response were similar to those reported for normal cats assuming a standing posture (28, 30). The average number of paw-shake cycles, however, decreased from eight to three when the response occurred during walking, suggesting that the response was truncated to provide for continued locomotion. Further, hip motion was variable when the paw shake was combined with swing, and sometimes the hip failed to oscillate and its trajectory was similar to that of an unperturbed swing phase. When hip joint oscillations occurred during the paw-shake response, they were in-phase with ankle motions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3746394 TI - Simultaneous control of two rhythmical behaviors. II. Hindlimb walking with paw shake response in spinal cat. AB - The simultaneous control of the hindlimb paw-shake response and hindlimb walking at slow treadmill speeds (0.2-0.4 m/s) was examined in adult cats spinalized at the T12 level, 3-6 mo earlier. Paw shaking was elicited by either 1) application of adhesive tape or 2) water to the right hindpaw. To assess intralimb and interlimb coordination of the combined behaviors, activity from selected flexor and extensor muscles at the hip, knee, and ankle was recorded, and the kinematics of these joints were determined from high-speed cinefilm. When paw shaking was combined with hindlimb walking, the response in the stimulated limb was initiated during swing (F phase) of the step cycle. The onset of knee extensor activity provided the transition from the flexor synergy of swing to the mixed synergy of paw shake. At the end of the paw shake, an extensor synergy initiated the E-1 phase of swing, and the resultant joint motion was in-phase extension at the hip, knee, and ankle to lower the paw for contact with the treadmill belt. During the rapid (81 ms) paw-shake cycles, knee extensor and ankle flexor muscles exhibited single, coactive bursts that were reciprocal with coactive hip and ankle extensor bursts. This mixed synergy was reflected in the limb coordination, as knee flexion coincided with ankle extension and knee flexion coincided with ankle extension. Phasing of hip motions was variable, reflecting the role of the proximal in stabilization during paw shake (16). Although the number of paw-shake cycles combined during swing varied greatly from 2 to 14, average cycle periods, burst durations, and intralimb synergies were similar to those previously reported for spinal cats tested under conditions in which the trunk was suspended and hindlimbs were pendent (23, 27). For step cycles during which a long paw shake response of 8-14 cycles occurred, swing duration of the shaking limb increased by 1 s, and during this prolonged interval, the contralateral hindlimb completed two support steps. Stance duration of the support steps was also prolonged. This adjustment maximized the duration of paw-contact and minimized any period of nonsupport by the contralateral hindlimb during paw shake. Completion of the paw-shake response was followed by either an alternating, or a nonalternating, gait pattern on the recovery steps. One spinal cat combined locomotion with short two-cycle paw-shake responses, and because the shortened response was limited primarily to the time ordinarily devoted to swing, interlimb adjustments were slight.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3746395 TI - Voltage-clamp analysis of currents produced by glutamate and some glutamate analogues on horizontal cells isolated from the catfish retina. AB - Horizontal cells isolated from the catfish retina were exposed to radiolabeled glutamate, glycine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and sucrose to determine if the enzymatic dissociation procedure altered the high-affinity uptake mechanism for GABA and generally reduced membrane selectivity. As in the intact retina, isolated cells could transport GABA but not the other substances. The horizontal cells were voltage clamped using a single low-resistance patch-type electrode. The acidic amino acid L-glutamate, and its analogues kainate and quisqualate, were applied to the cell by pressure ejection from a nearby pipette. All three agonists produced inward currents that reversed near O mV. Quisqualate produced a current with a similar time course as glutamate, but the time course of the response to kainate was faster. The agonists N-methyl-D-aspartate and L-aspartate had little effect on the membrane conductance. The current-to-voltage (I-V) relationship for all three agonists was nonlinear when the membrane potential was hyperpolarized. The nonlinearity was, at least in part, a result of the decreased response to the three agonists. Removal of Mg did not alter this nonlinear relationship. When the inward potassium rectifier was blocked with 100 microM Ba, the response to glutamate was increased compared with the control experiment before block by barium; however, the I-V relationship was still highly nonlinear. Thus glutamate block of the inward potassium current cannot account entirely for the nonlinear I-V. The increase in membrane permeability to specific ions in the presence of an agonist was determined by ion substitution experiments and measuring the shift in the reversal potential. The three agonists appear to increase the membrane permeability to cations but not to anions. The amino acid antagonists cis-2,3-piperidine dicarboxylic acid (PDA) and D-glutamyl glycine (DGG) were bath applied to test their ability to block the depolarizing effects of glutamate. DGG had no measureable effect at 100 microM concentration, whereas PDA reversibly reduced the glutamate response at 1 mM concentration although block was incomplete. Isolated horizontal cells responded to bath-applied glutamate in concentrations of 10-500 microM. In concentrations of glutamate greater than 50 microM, when the membrane potential was held at the resting potential, the inward current reached a maximum followed by a decrease to a steady-state level. This apparent time-dependent desensitization at high agonist concentrations was at least partially removed when Mg was removed from the bathing solution.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3746396 TI - Properties of signals that determine the amplitude and direction of saccadic eye movements in monkeys. AB - Monkeys were trained to make saccades to briefly flashed targets. We presented the flash during smooth pursuit of another target, so that there was a smooth change in eye position after the flash. We could then determine whether the flash evoked saccades compensated for the intervening smooth eye movements to point the eyes at the position of the flash in space. We defined the "retinal error" as the vector from the position of the eye at the time of the flash to the position of the target. We defined "spatial error" as the vector from the position of the eye at the time of the saccade to the position of the flashed target in space. The direction of the saccade (in polar coordinates) was more highly correlated with the direction of the retinal error than with the direction of the spatial error. Saccade amplitude was also better correlated with the amplitude of the retinal error. We obtained the same results whether the flash was presented during pursuit with the head fixed or during pursuit with combined eye-head movements. Statistical analysis demonstrated that the direction of the saccade was determined only by the retinal error in two of the three monkeys. In the third monkey saccade direction was determined primarily by retinal error but had a consistent bias toward spatial error. The bias can be attributed to this monkey's earlier practice in which the flashed target was reilluminated so he could ultimately make a saccade to the correct position in space. These data suggest that the saccade generator does not normally use nonvisual feedback about smooth changes in eye or gaze position. In two monkeys we also provided sequential target flashes during pursuit with the second flash timed so that it occurred just before the first saccade. As above, the first saccade was appropriate for the retinal error provided by the first flash. The second saccade compensated for the first and pointed the eyes at the position of the second target in space. We conclude, as others have before (12, 21), that the saccade generator receives feedback about its own output, saccades. Our results require revision of existing models of the neural network that generates saccades. We suggest two models that retain the use of internal feedback suggested by others. We favor a model that accounts for our data by assuming that internal feedback originates directly from the output of the saccade generator and reports only saccadic changes in eye position. PMID- 3746397 TI - Response of cat cutaneous mechanoreceptors to punctate and grating stimuli. AB - Cat hairy skin type I, type II, and field mechanoreceptor response characteristics were studied by drawing punctate and grating stimuli across a unit's receptive field (RF). Area RF maps were generated with scans covering approximately 1 X 1 cm using different vertical loadings, scan velocities, and scan orientations. The results from stimulating with a 1 g mass, 1 mm diam, rounded-tip punctate probe indicate that type I units display essentially invariant response topographies as a function of stimulus parameters. Type II units, presumably because of their unidirectional stretch sensitivity, showed response differences that were a function of the scan orientation. Field units, although not considered to be important for stimulus feature extraction, also displayed a directionally sensitive response profile. Changing the vertical loading or the scanning velocity of the stimulus had a minimal affect on the resulting RF profiles for any of the units studied. Grating stimuli with periods of 0.25-2.0 mm were scanned over receptors to study their grating discrimination ability. Different scan directions were used to study the directional sensitivity of a unit. Both type I and II units had optimal scan orientations for minimum grating period discrimination. For type I units, the dome orientation pattern and interdome sensitivities seemed to be a factor in determining the scan direction for minimum grating period detection. For type II units it was equivocal whether scanning parallel or orthogonal to the direction of maximum stretch sensitivity was better for grating detection. Grating response results were qualitatively similar to the results reported by others for receptors in the glabrous skin of primates. Both type I and II units could reliably discriminate gratings with periods of 0.75 mm and could marginally discriminate gratings with 0.5-mm periods. Field units were not well represented in this study, but those units that were studied were unable to unambiguously discriminate a 2.0-mm period grating, the largest one used. PMID- 3746398 TI - The binocular organization of simple cells in the cat's visual cortex. AB - We have studied the manner by which inputs from the two eyes are combined in simple cells of the cat's visual cortex. The stimuli for this study are drifting sinusoidal gratings, shown dichoptically at optimal spatial frequency and orientation. The relative spatial phase (disparity) between the gratings for left and right eyes is varied over 360 degrees. Most simple cells show phase-specific binocular interaction such that response amplitudes and phases vary depending on the relative spatial phase. At one phase, response is greater than either of the monocular responses and often greater than the sum of the two. At the phase 180 degrees away from the optimal, the cell's responses are strongly inhibited and often completely suppressed. Phase-specific binocular interaction disappears when the gratings presented to one eye are made orthogonal to the optimal orientation. The degree of binocular interaction does not depend critically on the ocular dominance of the cells. Simple cells that are nearly equally dominated by each eye always exhibit strong phase-specific interaction. The majority of cells that are strongly dominated by one eye, and even those that appear monocular, show phase-dependent changes in responses. We examined the extent of binocular interaction for cells with preferred orientations near vertical compared with those tuned to other optimal orientations. If these cells are conveying information about depth, one might expect a greater degree of binocular phase specificity for units preferring nearly vertical orientations, which would then be processing horizontal disparities. We find no evidence for this. Predictions of simple-cell responses are derived from a linear model of binocular convergence in which light-evoked neural signals from each eye are summed linearly to determine cell responses. Data from cells generally follow the prediction of the model for both response amplitude and phase. Deviations from predictions of the linear model are found for a minority of cells. This deviation may be accounted for by a threshold mechanism that comes into play after the linear binocular summation. A small proportion of simple cells that appear monocular by alternate tests of each eye show a purely inhibitory influence from the silent eye. This inhibition is not generally dependent on the relative phase of the gratings. We conclude that most binocular interaction in striate simple cells may be accounted for by linear summation of neural signals from each eye.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3746399 TI - The binocular organization of complex cells in the cat's visual cortex. AB - We have studied the manner by which inputs from the two eyes are combined in complex cells of the cat's visual cortex. The stimuli are drifting sinusoidal gratings presented dichoptically at optimal spatial frequency and orientation. The relative phase between the gratings for left and right eyes is varied over 360 degrees. Approximately 40% of complex cells show phase-specific binocular interaction where response amplitudes vary depending on the relative phase of the gratings shown to the two eyes. This interaction is similar to that observed for most simple cells. We devised a test to examine whether the phase-specific interaction in complex cells results from linear convergence of neural signals at subunits of the receptive fields. The data from this test are consistent with a linear combination model. The phase-specific binocular interaction data from complex cells imply that the optimal relative phase of the receptive field subunits is closely matched. Another type of complex cell, approximately 40% of the total, could be driven through either eye, but exhibited non-phase-specific responses to dichoptically presented gratings. This type of interaction is found only in complex cells. Binocularly non-phase-specific complex cells may have subunits whose optimal relative phases are random or monocular. The division of complex cells into these two major groups (binocularly phase specific and non phase specific) is independent of whether they are standard or special complex cell types. A small proportion (8%) of complex cells that appear monocular by alternate tests of each eye show a purely inhibitory influence from the silent eye. This inhibition is not generally dependent on the relative phase of the gratings. Unlike simple cells, complex cells are not a homogeneous group. However, nearly half of complex cells show phase-specific binocular interaction that is probably the result of linear convergence. Combined with the results from simple cells, the majority of binocular interaction in the striate cortex may be accounted for by linear summation of neural signals from each eye. This provides a simplified view of the nature of binocular interaction in the visual cortex. PMID- 3746400 TI - Contractile differences between muscle units in the medial rectus and lateral rectus muscles in the cat. AB - Conjugate eye movements in the horizontal plane are accomplished by the coactivation of the medial rectus (MR) muscle of one orbit and the lateral rectus (LR) muscle of the other. While control of these excursions has been thought to be effected by identical inputs to these muscles, recent studies have demonstrated that MR motoneurons receive different inputs than LR motoneurons. This raises the question of whether the character of the muscles they control are different. The present study evaluated the contractile properties of MR and LR muscle units in the cat. Based on the mechanical aspects of their contractile properties, only two physiological types of muscle units were identified within the MR and LR muscles: twitch and non-twitch muscle units. Twitch muscle units represented over 90% of the units sampled in each muscle. Significant differences in the rate-related and the tension-related contractile properties were demonstrated between MR and LR twitch muscle units. MR muscle units exhibited significantly faster twitch contractions than did LR units. The rate of stimulation at which MR units exhibited fused tetany was significantly higher than for LR units, although units from both muscles demonstrated similar rates of rise of tension at fusion. The rate of rise of tension was closely correlated to tension production (twitch and tetanus) in each muscle. However, MR muscle units demonstrated significantly weaker maximum tetanic tensions and lower tetanus-to twitch ratios than LR units. These data indicate that while similar physiological types of muscle fibers are present within the MR and LR, MR muscle units are adapted for faster rate-related properties, whereas LR units are adapted for greater tetanic tensions. These distinctions between MR and LR muscle units, coupled with differences between the afferent inputs to their respective motoneurons, suggest that the preservation of conjugacy during horizontal gaze shifts may require a complex interaction of peripheral and central factors. PMID- 3746401 TI - Hypothalamic neuron involvement in integration of reward, aversion, and cue signals. AB - The lateral hypothalamus (LHA) is involved in integrative functions related to emotion, reward, aversion, and learning. It is, however, unclear whether the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) forms a substrate common to the anterior and posterior hypothalamic areas or whether information regarding rewarding and aversive stimuli converges on and is integrated by the same hypothalamic neuron. In the present study, unit activity in the LHA and lateral preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area (lPOA-AHA) of the rat was recorded during discrimination learning of cue tone stimuli (CTS) that predicted glucose or intracranial self stimulation (ICSS) as rewarding stimuli, or electric shock or tail pinch as aversive stimuli, using identical behavior, licking. We examined functional differences between the LHA and lPOA-AHA. In positive reinforcement experiments a rat was rewarded by glucose or ICSS only when it licked a spout presented in front of its mouth. The threshold current for ICSS was used. In negative reinforcement experiments an aversive stimulus, either electric shock or tail pinch was applied if the rat did not lick the spout. The strengths of electric shock and tail pinch were selected to produce an avoidance ratio less than 20 30%, averaged in all trials. The activity of 507 LHA and 249 lPOA-AHA neurons was analyzed during both glucose and ICSS trials. The effects of both glucose and ICSS on the same LHA or lPOA-AHA neuron were usually in the same direction, i.e., either both excitatory or both inhibitory. Of 143 LHA and 44 lPOA-AHA neurons that responded to both rewards, the responses of 117 (81.8%) LHA and 35 (79.5%) lPOA-AHA neurons to both stimuli were similar. The activity of 131 LHA and 153 lPOA-AHA neurons was analyzed in both electric shock and tail pinch trials. The effects of both electric shock and tail pinch on the same LHA or lPOA-AHA neuron were usually in the same direction. Of 29 LHA and 27 lPOA-AHA neurons that responded to both aversive stimuli, the responses of 28 (96.6%) LHA and 25 (92.6%) lPOA-AHA neurons to both were similar. The activity of 170 LHA and 195 lPOA-AHA neurons in response to both rewarding glucose and/or ICSS stimulation and aversive electric shock and/or tail pinch was analyzed. About one-third of the neurons in each area were reward specific (57/170 in LHA; 63/195 in lPOA AHA), whereas relatively few were aversion specific in each area (21/170 in LHA; 15/195 in lPOA-AHA).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3746402 TI - Ephaptically generated potentials in CA1 neurons of rat's hippocampus in situ. AB - Passive (ephaptic) transmembrane currents generated by antidromically evoked electrical fields were studied in CA1 hippocampal neurons of urethan-anesthetized rats. Recording was mostly from the stratum pyramidale where the fields have a maximum (negative) amplitude. The antidromic population spike was consistently smaller when recorded inside a noninvaded neuron rather than extracellularly. This indicated a substantial transmembrane potential (Vm), which was revealed and quantified by subtracting from the intracellular record a just-extracellular one. In neurons that have spikes greater than or equal to 40 mV (mean 60 mV), the average Vm was 41.1% of the extracellular field (Ve; mean 6.7 mV). Typically, Vm was very brief (mean duration 1.1 ms), predominantly monophasic, and in a depolarizing direction. Though almost synchronous with Ve, the peak of Vm was most often delayed slightly. Its amplitude varied with the intensity of antidromic stimulation, bearing an approximately constant relation to Ve, and it was not markedly sensitive to large changes in membrane potential. Most of these features confirm its ephaptic nature. By contrast, no consistent Vm was recorded from unresponsive cells, presumed to be glia. When combined with subthreshold depolarizing pulses, antidromic fields increased the firing probability of cells not activated by the antidromic stimulus. The ephaptic nature of this excitation was indicated by its very short latency, too early to be of synaptic origin, a much greater jitter of spike latency than was seen with antidromic spikes, and its inability to follow repetitive stimulation at frequencies as low as 2 Hz. In addition, juxta-threshold ephaptic excitations showed the random patterns of firing and very steep relation to intensity of stimulation expected of single unit responses to electrical stimulation. In general, much larger excitatory effects could be demonstrated in neurons that had a high threshold for antidromic activation. The correlation between Vm and the increase in firing probability (r = 0.85) was strongly positive. A significant excitatory effect was detectable with antidromic fields as small as 1 mV. These ephaptically generated transmembrane potentials are probably of functional significance, even under physiological conditions, particularly in promoting synchronized firing of CA1 neurons. In the APPENDIX, the predictions of a simple neuronal model as a lumped resistance and capacitance circuit are shown to agree quite well with the observations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3746403 TI - Binocular impulse blockade prevents the formation of ocular dominance columns in cat visual cortex. AB - Ocular dominance columns in the cat's visual cortex appear to develop out of an initially overlapping projection by a progressive segregation of the geniculocortical afferents serving the 2 eyes (reviewed in LeVay and Stryker, 1979). To determine whether electrical activity in the visual afferent pathway is involved in this normal, developmental rearrangement of synaptic connections, we blocked the discharge of retinal ganglion cells in both eyes by making repeated intravitreal injections of tetrodotoxin (TTX) during the period in which geniculocortical afferent segregation would normally be taking place. Control experiments for the side effects of the injection procedure, the systemic effects of TTX, and the effects of visual deprivation were carried out, and a series of normal animals of appropriate ages was also studied. We then examined the effects of retinal blockade and the various control procedures on the formation of ocular dominance columns using an anatomical assay, the autoradiographic labeling of geniculocortical afferent terminals in layer IV of the visual cortex by the transneuronal transport of tritiated proline injected into 1 eye, and a physiological assay, the ocular dominance of single cortical cells recorded extracellularly. After retinal TTX blockade, layer IV was labeled uniformly without periodic fluctuation in grain density, and nearly all cortical cells were driven well through both eyes. These assays thus indicated that retinal blockade completely blocked the formation of ocular dominance columns, unlike any of the control procedures, suggesting that the spontaneous maintained discharge of retinal ganglion cells may have an important role in the normal development of binocular connections in the visual cortex. PMID- 3746404 TI - Morphology and electrophysiological properties of reticularis thalami neurons in cat: in vivo study of a thalamic pacemaker. AB - Reticularis thalami neurons (RE neurons) were identified morphologically, and their electrophysiological properties were studied in cat under barbiturate anesthesia. Intracellular HRP injections showed that RE neurons possessed very long dendrites bearing numerous filopodia-like appendages and that their axons were directed toward main thalamic nuclei. As a rule, small axonal branches were also emitted within the RE nucleus itself. At rest, the membrane potential of RE neurons displayed 2 types of oscillations: a slow 0.1-0.2 Hz oscillation and fast 7-12 Hz oscillations occurring on the positive phase of the former. Episodes of spindle (7-12 Hz) waves lasted for 2-3 sec and were characterized by rhythmic depolarizations and burst discharges. Intracellular injections of QX314 and current pulse analyses revealed the presence in RE cells of 2 distinct inward currents: a persistent current that promoted tonic firing and a low-threshold current deinactivated by hyperpolarization that generated burst discharges. The low-threshold current deinactivated with large somatic hyperpolarizations (up to 30 mV) and produced depolarizing responses that lasted for about 70 msec. In addition, low-threshold responses appeared rhythmically at intervals of about 150 msec after recovery of the membrane potential from hyperpolarization. Because of their duration, voltage dependence, and persistence after intracellular injections of QX314, it is suggested that these responses resulted from activation of a low-threshold Ca2+ current at the dendritic level. In QX314 injected cells, selective components of spontaneous oscillations were abolished, among them the positive phase of the slow oscillation and late depolarizing humps that followed burst discharges within spindle sequences. However, the rhythmic occurrence of spindle episodes at 0.1-0.2 Hz was never affected by DC currents or by QX314 or Cl- injections, suggesting that oscillations within a particular RE neuron partly reflected the oscillatory behavior of a network of cells. On the basis of these electrophysiological results and the known morphological and neurochemical features, a new hypothesis is proposed to account for the rhythmicity of RE neurons. PMID- 3746407 TI - Morphological transformation of synaptic terminals of a phasic motoneuron by long term tonic stimulation. AB - In vivo stimulation of a relatively "silent" phasic crayfish motoneuron changes the ultrastructure of its synaptic terminals to a more tonic phenotype. The closer muscle of the crayfish claw is supplied by only 2 excitatory motoneurons, one of which is phasic and the other tonic. The ultrastructures of conditioned phasic, unconditioned phasic, and tonic motor terminals were compared. The terminals of the tonic motor axon were larger in cross-sectional area, had larger mitochondria, greater synaptic contact area, and were more varicose than unconditioned phasic terminals. Following long-term tonic stimulation of the phasic axon, its terminals became more varicose, mitochondrial cross-sectional area more than doubled, and synapses and mitochondria came into closer proximity, although mean terminal cross-sectional area did not change. Thus, the conditioned phasic terminals became more similar to those of the tonic motor axon. These changes in ultrastructure correlate with, and may be causally linked to, previously reported changes in neuromuscular synaptic physiology produced by in vivo tonic stimulation of this motoneuron. We conclude that the ongoing level of impulse activity can affect the ultrastructural differentiation of synaptic terminals and synapses of the phasic motoneuron. PMID- 3746406 TI - Glucocorticoid toxicity in the hippocampus: reversal by supplementation with brain fuels. AB - Glucocorticoids (GCs) can damage neurons of the hippocampus, the principal target tissue in the brain for the hormone. Hippocampal neuron loss during aging in the rat is accelerated by prolonged GC exposure and decelerated by adrenalectomy. GCs appear to damage these neurons indirectly by inducing a state of vulnerability and thus impairing their capacity to survive a variety of metabolic challenges. As such, high physiological concentrations of the steroid increase hippocampal damage induced by an antimetabolite toxin, an excitotoxin, or hypoxia-ischemia. Conversely, adrenalectomy attenuates the damage caused by these insults. This study suggests that GCs endanger hippocampal neurons by impairing their energy metabolism. Neurons are extremely vulnerable to such disruption, all the insults potentiated by GCs either impair energy production or pathologically increase energy consumption, and GCs inhibit glucose utilization in the hippocampus. Administration of different brain fuels--glucose, mannose, fructose, or the ketone beta-hydroxybutyrate--reduced hippocampal damage induced by coadministration of GCs and either of 2 different neurotoxins (kainic acid and 3 acetylpyridine). This appeared to be due to a reduction in the damaging synergy between GCs and the toxin; as evidence, a dose of mannose that attenuated damage induced by kainic acid plus GCs failed to reduce damage induced by the same dose of kainic acid alone. Glucose (whose utilization is noncompetitively inhibited by GCs) and fructose (which does not readily penetrate the blood-brain barrier) were less effective at reducing damage than the other 2 fuels. PMID- 3746405 TI - Nerve growth factor promotes survival of septal cholinergic neurons after fimbrial transections. AB - Several findings obtained in recent years suggest that NGF, aside from its well established function as a neurotrophic factor for peripheral sympathetic and sensory neurons, also has trophic influence on the cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain. The present study assessed whether NGF was able to affect survival of central cholinergic neurons after axonal transections in adult rats. The septo-hippocampal pathway was transected unilaterally by cutting the fimbria, and animals were implanted with a cannula through which NGF or control solutions were injected intraventricularly over 4 weeks. The lesions reduced the number of large cell bodies, as visualized by Nissl staining in the medial septal nucleus and in the vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca. Furthermore, in the same nuclei, they reduced the number of cell bodies positively stained for AChE after pretreatment with diisopropylfluorophosphate (a method known to result in reliable identification of cholinergic neurons in the septal area). On lesioned sides, the number of cholinergic cells in medial septal nucleus and the vertical limb of the diagonal band was reduced by 50 +/- 4%, as compared to the number on contralateral sides. On lesioned sides of animals chronically treated with NGF, the number of AChE-positive cells in these areas was reduced only by 12 +/- 6%, as compared to control levels. These findings suggest that fimbrial transections resulted in retrograde degeneration of cholinergic septo-hippocampal neurons and that NGF treatment strongly attenuated this lesion-induced degeneration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3746408 TI - Blends of rostral and caudal scratch reflex motor patterns elicited by simultaneous stimulation of two sites in the spinal turtle. AB - Simultaneous tactile stimulation of 2 sites on the body surface of a spinal turtle elicits complex blends of the scratch forms and motor patterns associated with each site. Our previous work has utilized 1-site stimulation to elicit distinct forms of the scratch reflex in the spinal turtle (Mortin et al., 1985; Robertson et al., 1985). Using this paradigm, stimulation of a site on the shell bridge anterior to the hindlimb elicits a rostral scratch reflex in which the dorsum of the foot rubs against the stimulated site; stimulation of a site near the tail elicits a caudal scratch reflex in which the heel or side of the foot rubs against the stimulated site (Mortin et al., 1985). During each scratch cycle, the monoarticular knee extensor muscle is active when the limb rubs against the stimulated site, and there is rhythmic alternation between hip protractor and hip retractor muscle activity (Robertson et al., 1985). In a rostral scratch, the monoarticular knee extensor muscle is active during the latter portion of hip protractor muscle activity; in a caudal scratch, the monoarticular knee extensor muscle is active near the end of hip retractor muscle activity. Pure-form motor patterns that are similar to those recorded from these muscles during movement can be recorded from the corresponding nerves in a spinal turtle immobilized with a neuromuscular blocking agent (Robertson et al., 1985). In this paper, we describe blend responses to simultaneous stimulation of 2 sites, one in the rostral scratch and the other in the caudal scratch receptive field. During these blends, the responding hindlimb rubs against both stimulated sites in one continuous movement sequence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3746411 TI - Integrative mechanisms controlling directional sensitivity of an identified sensory interneuron. AB - Several identified interneurons in the cricket cercal afferent system display directional sensitivity to wind stimuli: the spike frequency of these cells depends on the wind direction with respect to the animal's body. Factors determining the directional sensitivity of one of these identified interneurons (interneuron 10-3) were studied in detail. This cell has 3 dendritic branches that arborize in 3 distinct regions of the terminal abdominal ganglion. Using 2 independent methods, it was demonstrated that the dendrites have different receptive fields to wind stimuli. First, small patches of filiform hairs, whose afferents projected to individual dendrites, were isolated and selectively stimulated. In each case the response of the cell matched the receptive field of the afferents in the patch. Second, a laser beam directed through the stereo dissecting microscope was used to photoinactivate small portions of the cell in situ during intracellular recording. By isolating or ablating individual dendrites, the contributions of each of the 3 dendrites to the overall receptive field were assessed. Although the receptive field of the whole cell could be predicted by a summation of the receptive fields of all 3 dendrites, the precise directional sensitivity of the cell could not be predicted by a simple linear summation of the receptive fields of each dendrite. Two factors were found to account for this nonlinearity of summation. The first factor was polysynaptic inhibition from other interneurons within the terminal abdominal ganglion. Wind directions that activate inhibition in interneuron 10-3 were identified, and the specific classes of filiform afferents that activate the inhibitory pathway were determined. The net effect of the inhibition was to "sharpen" the directional sensitivity of 10-3 by selectively decreasing the cell's response to specific excitatory inputs. The second factor that contributed to directional sensitivity was the complex electroanatomy of the interneuron. The probable location of the spike-initiating zone (SIZ) was determined by using the laser photoinactivation technique. The relative efficacies of synaptic inputs onto the 3 different branches were then interpreted with respect to their different electrotonic distances from the SIZ. On the basis of the data obtained in this report, we present a qualitative model for the basis of directional sensitivity in this cell. PMID- 3746409 TI - Identified motoneurons and their innervation of axial muscles in the zebrafish. AB - The organization of spinal cord motoneurons and their innervation of axial (white) muscles in the zebrafish were studied. Motoneurons can be divided into 2 classes, primary and secondary, on the basis of their cell-body sizes and positions. Each side of each spinal segment contains 3 primary motoneurons that are uniquely identifiable as individuals by their stereotyped cell-body positions and peripheral branching patterns. Moreover, these motoneurons precisely innervate cell-specific subsets of contiguous muscle fibers in mutually exclusive regions of their own body segment. Individual muscle fibers receive inputs from a single primary motoneuron and, in addition, from up to 3 secondary motoneurons. The results demonstrate that the precision of innervation previously described in invertebrates is also present in some vertebrates. PMID- 3746410 TI - Development and axonal outgrowth of identified motoneurons in the zebrafish. AB - We have observed the development of live, fluorescently labeled motoneurons in the spinal cord of embryonic and larval zebrafish. There are 2 classes of motoneurons: primary and secondary. On each side of each spinal segment there are 3 individually identifiable primary motoneurons, named CaP, MiP, and RoP. The motoneurons of the embryo and larva are similar in morphology and projection pattern to those of the adult. During initial development, axons of primary motoneurons make cell-specific, divergent pathway choices and grow without error to targets appropriate for their adult functions. We observed no period of cell death, and except for one consistently observed case, there was no remodeling of peripheral arbors. We have observed a consistent temporal sequence of axonal outgrowth within each spinal segment. The CaP motor axon is the first to leave the spinal cord, followed by the axons of the other primary motoneurons. The Mauthner growth cone enters the spinal cord after all the primary motoneurons of the trunk spinal cord have begun axonal outgrowth. Secondary motor growth cones appear only after the Mauthner growth cone has passed by. Our results suggest that this stereotyped temporal sequence of axonal outgrowth may play a role in defining the contacts between the Mauthner axon and the motoneurons; the behavior of growth cones in the periphery suggests that interactions with the environment, not timing, may determine path-finding and peripheral connectivity of the motoneurons. PMID- 3746412 TI - Processing of color, form and disparity information in visual areas VP and V2 of ventral extrastriate cortex in the macaque monkey. AB - The responses of single cells to light bars of different orientation, direction of motion, speed, binocular disparity, and wavelength were systematically analyzed in areas V2 and VP of ventral extrastriate visual cortex in the macaque monkey. Selectivity for each of these parameters was assessed quantitatively using computer-controlled procedures. In both VP and V2 (both representing the superior contralateral quadrant), more than half of the cells studied were selective for stimulus color and more than half for stimulus orientation. In contrast, only a small minority of the VP and V2 cells were selective for the direction of stimulus motion. Comparison with reports of single-unit properties in dorsal extrastriate cortex suggests there are no major differences in the incidence of orientation, direction, and color selectivity between ventral and dorsal subdivisions of V2. Between V3 and VP, though, there are marked differences: Color-selective cells are much less common in V3 than VP, whereas direction-selective cells are more common in V3. This dorsoventral difference in the distribution of neuronal response properties suggests a significant asymmetry in the way visual information is processed in upper and lower parts of the visual field. The properties of cells in VP suggest that it plays an important role in both form and color vision, similar to that attributed to area V4. PMID- 3746413 TI - Modulatory synaptic actions of an identified histaminergic neuron on the serotonergic metacerebral cell of Aplysia. AB - Possible sources of excitatory synaptic input to the serotonergic metacerebral cell (MCC) were determined by stimulating various neurons in the cerebral ganglion. Firing of the previously identified histaminergic neuron C2 was found to produce synaptic input to the MCC. The synaptic input consists of fast excitatory-inhibitory synaptic potentials on a background of a slow EPSP. The slow EPSP appears to be monosynaptic and chemically mediated since it persists in a solution of high divalent cations; broadening of the presynaptic spike enhances the EPSP; the size of the EPSP is a function of the Mg2+ and Ca2+ concentrations of the bathing solution; and the EPSP can be mimicked by application of histamine to the MCC. The slow EPSP, in addition to firing the MCC, can increase the excitability of the cell, even under conditions in which C2 is fired at a rate too slow to produce a measurable EPSP when the MCC is at rest potential. This property appears to be due to the fact that the slow EPSP results from an apparent decrease of membrane conductance so that the size of the EPSP increases markedly as the cell is depolarized, and the EPSP appears to be highly voltage dependent so that it is small or absent close to the rest potential of the MCC. When the MCC is voltage-clamped, application of histamine to the bath results in an inward current that disappears when the MCC is hyperpolarized. The potential at which the histamine-induced current reverses or disappears is dependent on the concentration of external potassium, suggesting that, at least in part, the slow EPSP is due to a decrease of potassium conductance. The data on C2 are consistent with its being an element of the neuronal system that mediates a state of food arousal in Aplysia. PMID- 3746414 TI - Activity of an identified histaminergic neuron, and its possible role in arousal of feeding behavior in semi-intact Aplysia. AB - The possible functions of histaminergic neuron C2 were studied in an isolated head preparation from which it was possible to obtain intracellular recordings while the buccal mass exhibited feeding-like responses. Application of food to the lips of the isolated head preparation elicited rhythmic buccal movements that appeared to be ingestion responses, since they moved seaweed into the buccal cavity and towards the esophagus, and their frequency and regularity was similar to the ingestion responses studied in a group of intact animals. The ingestion responses of the buccal mass consisted of 2 main phases of movement of the radula from a middle rest position: forward and return to rest, and backward and return to rest. The relative magnitudes and timing of these 2 phases were variable. Intracellular recordings from C2 in the isolated head revealed that C2 is silent when the buccal mass is quiescent, but that it can be excited into spike activity, either by mechanical stimulation of the perioral zone or by chemostimulation that results in rhythmic movement. C2 fires a burst of spikes in phase with each protraction-retraction cycle, and, if the movements continue, C2 fires even when the eliciting stimulus has been removed. Activity of the cell was usually preceded by fast depolarizing responses that appeared to be blocked axon spikes. The evidence suggests that C2 is part of a positive feedback loop that may help maintain the persistence of arousal of feeding behavior beyond the time that food stimuli are removed. PMID- 3746415 TI - Sensory function and gating of histaminergic neuron C2 in Aplysia. AB - This paper explores the possible sensory function of the identified histaminergic neuron C2. Mechanical stimulation of a narrow region around the mouth of the animal (perioral zone) elicits brief depolarizing potentials in C2. Extracellular recordings from the peripheral axons of C2 indicate that the depolarizing potentials are due to action potentials that are conveyed from the periphery but do not invade the cell body, since they fail at a region with a low safety factor within the cerebral ganglion. These blocked axonal spikes (A-spikes) function as if they were excitatory synaptic inputs to C2, since the synaptic output of C2 does not occur unless the A-spikes succeed in evoking full action potentials in the soma (or an electrically close initial segment) of C2. Furthermore, like synaptic potentials, the A-spikes exhibit temporal and spatial summation, and facilitation. C2 receives both tonic and phasic inhibitory synaptic potentials, which can decrease the summation of A-spikes and thereby alter the frequency filtering properties of C2 or block its synaptic output. Thus, C2 appears to be an unusual proprioceptive afferent that has a high degree of integrative function and may provide critical gating that is dependent on a variety of external and internal conditions. PMID- 3746418 TI - Movement of retinal terminals in goldfish optic tectum predicted by analysis of neuronal proliferation. AB - Quantitative, computer-assisted autoradiography was used to assess the relative rate and pattern of growth of retina and tectum in larval and early juvenile goldfish. 3H-thymidine was used to mark the boundary of retina and tectum, and the location of this boundary was charted as the eye and brain grew and added more cells. The pattern of growth is at all times discordant. The original (larval) retina becomes surrounded by annuli of new tissue, whereas the larval tectum remains adjacent to the rostral edge as crescents of new tissue are added to the caudal end. After 2 years of growth, more than 95% of the total surface area of retina and tectum in goldfish derives from cells born after larval stages. Computer-aided reconstructions of 3H-thymidine labeled retina and tecta were used to predict the direction and magnitude of displacement of the retinotopic map. It was estimated that retinal terminals can shift 1.5-1.8 mm caudally at a rate of 5 micron/d during the first 2 years of growth. The terminals that move the farthest are those from temporal retina that project to rostral tectum. The magnitude and direction of the predicted movements matches certain features of HRP-filled retinal axons that others have assumed represented the history of displacements of the terminal arbors. PMID- 3746416 TI - An identified histaminergic neuron modulates feeding motor circuitry in Aplysia. AB - An identified histaminergic neuron, C2, in the marine mollusk Aplysia is a complex mechanoafferent which appears to contribute to the maintenance of food arousal by means of its synaptic connections to the metacerebral cell (MCC). Because C2 also has extensive synaptic outputs to neurons other than the MCC, we studied its possible motor functions. We identified several synaptic followers of C2 and found that some were excitatory motor neurons for extrinsic muscles of the buccal mass, while others were modulatory motor neurons that inhibited contractions. In addition, we found that these neurons and other synaptic followers of C2 received powerful inputs during feeding motor programs. In order to determine the functional significance of the synaptic outputs of C2, we studied extrinsic buccal muscles (E4 and E5) whose motor neuron (C6) is excited by C2. Extracellular recordings from these muscles indicated that they receive input during swallowing and rejection, but not during biting movements. Lesions of these muscles, or of all extrinsic muscles, did not prevent animals from feeding, but decreased feeding efficiency, that is, the amount of seaweed an animal could ingest with each swallow. The data suggest that C2 is an integrative proprioceptive cell that functions as a premotor neuron. The non-MCC synaptic outputs of C2 may reinforce the actions of the central feeding motor program. Specifically, C2 appears to aid the functioning of muscles that produce fine adjustments of the buccal mass and contribute to the efficiency of feeding behavior, rather than in producing gross movements. PMID- 3746417 TI - Insect cardioactive peptides: cardioacceleratory peptide (CAP) activity is blocked in vivo and in vitro with a monoclonal antibody. AB - We demonstrate here that a specific monoclonal antibody can be utilized as a physiological tool to analyze neuropeptide function. Two cardioacceleratory peptides (CAPs) have been recently isolated from the CNS of the tobacco hawkmoth, Manduca sexta (Tublitz and Truman, 1985a), and it has been suggested that they act as cardioregulatory neurohormones during adult emergence and wing inflation (Tublitz and Truman, 1985b). Evidence is presented here indicating that a monoclonal antibody, 6C5, selectively and specifically precipitated the biological activities of both CAPs. In vivo injections of 6C5 markedly reduced CAP hemolymph titers in newly emerged adults. The 6C5 treatment also blocked the primary physiological effect of the CAPs, the increase in cardiac activity seen during adult wing expansion. In addition, removal of the postemergence CAP pulse with 6C5 prolonged the duration of wing-inflation behavior. Thus, by neutralizing CAP hemolymph activity with a CAP-specific antibody, we have shown that the CAPs are involved in cardioregulation in newly emerged moths. PMID- 3746420 TI - The selective inhibition of growth cone extension by specific neurites in culture. AB - We have found that neurites from embryonic chick retinal and sympathetic explants do not mix in culture, while retinal neurites mix with retinal neurites, and sympathetic neurites mix with sympathetic neurites. These results confirm those obtained with embryonic rat tissues by Bray et al. (1980). We have also used video time-lapse techniques to examine the behavior of individual retinal and sympathetic growth cones as they attempt to cross retinal and sympathetic neurites. We have found that retinal growth cones cross retinal neurites without delay, retinal growth cones usually retract from sympathetic neurites but often cross them on a second advance, sympathetic growth cones repeatedly retract from retinal neurites, rarely managing to cross them at all, and sympathetic growth cones cross sympathetic neurites but are sometimes delayed. Our results indicate that retinal and sympathetic growth cones can distinguish between specific labels associated with retinal and sympathetic neurites. They also suggest that active avoidance could play an important role in growth cone navigation. PMID- 3746419 TI - Maldevelopment of visual motion processing in humans who had strabismus with onset in infancy. AB - Binocular experience in infancy is necessary for the normal development of the visual cortex. However, it is not known whether binocular experience also affects the processing of specific kinds of visual information such as motion. We now report deficits in visual motion processing in 7 adult humans who lacked binocularity in infancy because of strabismus. As probes for assessing visual motion processing, we used the initiation of smooth pursuit eye movements and the judgment of target velocity independent of eye movement. Monocular viewing was essential to reveal the deficits. For horizontal pursuit, strabismic subjects showed nasal-temporal asymmetries, such that nasally directed target motion evoked more vigorous pursuit. For vertical pursuit, strabismics showed up-down asymmetries, such that upward target motion evoked more vigorous pursuit. In addition, strabismics had abnormalities in the relative effectiveness of different parts of the visual field for initiating both horizontal and vertical pursuit. Psychophysical judgements of horizontal target velocity revealed deficits analogous motion was perceived as faster than temporally directed motion, even when the 2 directions of motion were actually presented at the same speed. The magnitude of the motion processing deficits in each subject was correlated with the severity of the clinical signs of the strabismus. Our results suggest 2 possible interpretations. Maldevelopments of visual motion processing may cause strabismus in infancy, or alternatively, strabismus in the critical period for visual development may cause a maldevelopment of visual motion processing. PMID- 3746421 TI - Nucleus basalis involvement in conditioned neuronal responses in the rat frontal cortex. AB - Rat frontal cortex neurons exhibit alterations in firing in response to a 2 sec tone cue followed by rewarding medial forebrain bundle (MFB) stimulation. Nucleus basalis neurons supply up to 75% of the cortical cholinergic innervation. The nucleus basalis and ACh have been implicated as playing a role in cognitive function. Three experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that the nucleus basalis cholinergic system is involved in the generation of conditioned neuronal responses in the rat frontal cortex. Local microinjection of the cholinergic antagonist, atropine, into the frontal cortex suppressed the conditioned responses of 22 of 25 cortical single units. Unilateral kainic acid lesioning of the nucleus basalis resulted in a significant decrease in the proportion of units exhibiting conditioned responses in the cortex ipsilateral to the lesion (25%) compared to the proportion of responding units from the cortex of untreated animals (70%). When the firing rates of units encountered in the region of the nucleus basalis were monitored during presentation of the cue-MFB paradigm, 28 of 38 unit recordings exhibited significant increases or decreases in firing rate. Therefore, the results of the experiments indicate that the nucleus basalis cholinergic neurons are involved in the generation of conditioned neuronal responses in the rat frontal cortex. PMID- 3746424 TI - Immunocytochemical localization of protein kinase C in identified neuronal compartments of rat brain. AB - Polyclonal antisera to the phospholipid/Ca2+-dependent protein kinase have been used to study the distribution of the enzyme in identified neurons of several brain regions. The results indicated that the enzyme was concentrated in synaptic terminals of mossy fibers, Golgi II neurons and Purkinje neurons in the cerebellum, and in granule cell terminals in the hippocampus. These synapses have different physiological properties and utilize different neurotransmitters. Electron microscopic results indicated that the enzyme was concentrated in presynaptic terminals. Thus, the protein kinase may play a broad role in Ca2+ related events of the presynaptic terminal during neurotransmission. Light- and electron-microscopic immunocytochemical analysis also indicated that the enzyme was inside the nucleus concentrated in a region adjacent to the inner nuclear membrane, where it may play a role in the regulation of neuronal function. PMID- 3746422 TI - Survival of motoneurons in the brachial lateral motor column of limbless mutant chick embryos depends on the periphery. AB - Motoneuron survival in the embryonic spinal cord is influenced by the presence or absence of the developing limb bud. We have recently begun a reexamination of the relationship between limb absence and motoneuron survival in a nonsurgical limb deletion model, the limbless mutant chick embryo. As in surgically limb-deleted normal embryos, only 10% of the motoneurons that are initially produced in the limbless mutant lateral motor column (LMC) survive the embryonic period (Lanser and Fallon, 1984). We now report that, when supplied with a normal periphery (i.e., a normal limb bud), more than 40% of the motoneurons initially produced in the limbless LMC survive the embryonic period. Motoneuron cell counts in one winged limbless embryos reveal that over 3.5 times as many motoneurons survive the cell death period in the LMC on the side with the limb than on the opposite, limbless side. This demonstrates the dependence of embryonic LMC motoneurons on the developing limb for survival and indicates that the limbless mutant is an appropriate model for studying the death and survival of LMC motoneurons during development. Using the limbless mutant to study LMC motoneuron survival eliminates the complication of possible direct surgical effects on motoneuron death. In addition, we found that a substantial effect of the wing on rescuing LMC motoneurons was exerted prior to the 6th day of embryonic development. Normally, little cell loss occurs in the brachial LMC during this time. Accordingly, motoneuron death in the limb-deprived brachial LMC, whether in surgically limb-deleted normal embryos or in genetically limbless embryos, is accelerated with respect to cell death in the normal brachial LMC. PMID- 3746423 TI - Elevated synthesis of an axonally transported protein correlates with axon outgrowth in normal and injured pyramidal tracts. AB - Axons of the adult mammalian CNS typically fail to regenerate after injury. Among the hypotheses to account for this failure is the proposition that certain axonal proteins necessary for axon growth are expressed in much greater abundance in developing than in mature neurons, and that these proteins are not reinduced after injury to mature axons (Skene and Willard, 1981b). In the present experiments, we have found that hamster pyramidal tract neurons synthesize an acidic, 43K protein that is transported into growing axons during the first 2 weeks of postnatal development, and then declines at least an order of magnitude by the fourth postnatal week. The decline in synthesis of the 43K protein coincides with the cessation of pyramidal tract axon elongation. This protein resembles a "growth-associated protein," GAP-43, which is induced during regeneration of CNS axons in lower vertebrates. The 43K protein in hamster pyramidal tract neurons is not reinduced after axotomy in adult animals, which correlates with the failure of the injured axons to regenerate. Injury to neonatal pyramidal tract axons does not reverse or delay the decline in 43K protein synthesis. This is consistent with previous findings (Kalil and Reh, 1982) that pyramidal tract axons regrow for only a brief period after neonatal injury. Taken together, these results lend support to the hypothesis that synthesis of GAP-43 is important for axon growth in development and regeneration. PMID- 3746426 TI - Antagonism of the gerbil's sucrose taste response by p-nitrophenyl alpha-D glucopyranoside and chloramphenicol. AB - We have discovered that the gerbil's chorda tympani nerve response to sucrose is suppressed by p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside (PNP-Glu) and chloramphenicol (CAP). Mixture experiments of PNP-Glu and CAP with sodium chloride, potassium chloride, hydrochloric acid, and sucrose gave rise to the following observations: Neither PNP-Glu nor CAP alone stimulates the gerbil's taste nerve; while the sucrose response is suppressed by these inhibitors, taste responses produced by sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and hydrochloric acid are unaffected by the presence of PNP-Glu or CAP; the antagonisms of PNP-Glu and CAP were surmounted by a high concentration of sucrose; CAP is a more potent antagonist (IC50 = 0.0013 M) than PNP-Glu (IC50 = 0.022 M), and both are more potent than methyl 4,6 dichloro-4,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranoside (IC50 = 0.048 M); and sucrose antagonism occurs only when PNP-Glu and CAP are mixed with sucrose. It is short lived and ceases when the mixtures are rinsed from the gerbil's tongue. Structure activity studies provided the following information: The alpha anomer of PNP-Glu is a more potent inhibitor than its beta anomer; among the PNP-Glu derivatives tested (p-aminophenyl, p-nitrophenyl, and phenyl) only p-nitrophenyl inhibited; among the nitrophenyl galactosides, the para derivative was more potent than the ortho or meta; and p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside and p-nitrophenyl alpha D-galactoside are slightly more potent than PNP-Glu. On the basis of concentration experiments, we believe that the inhibitory mechanisms of PNP-Glu and CAP are different, which suggests the existence of at least 2 sucrose receptor sites. PMID- 3746427 TI - Retardation of associative learning in the rabbit by an adenosine analog as measured by classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response. AB - A series of 5 experiments examined the effects of the adenosine agonist, N6-(L phenylisopropyl) adenosine (L-PIA) and its isomer, D-PIA, on the acquisition of conditioned responses in the rabbit. Extension of the nictitating membrane was classically conditioned to a tone and light stimulus presented for 800 msec before delivery of a 100 msec shock--the unconditioned stimulus--to the skin over the paraorbital region of the head. L-PIA (5.0 mumol/kg) retarded the rate of acquisition of conditioned responses to both the tone- and light-conditioned stimuli, while D-PIA, at doses of 5.0 and 10.0 mumol/kg, had no significant effect. Control experiments employing the explicitly unpaired presentations of tone, light, and shock stimuli indicated that the retarded acquisition of conditioned responses produced by L-PIA was due to an action on associative learning. L-PIA had no effect on the threshold of the shock's eliciting of the unconditioned response nor on the amplitude of the elicited response, but produced a large and significant reduction in the ability of the tone-conditioned stimulus to evoke conditioned responses. It was concluded that L-PIA blocked the rate of associative learning by decreasing the excitatory properties of conditioned stimuli. These effects of L-PIA suggest that endogenous adenosine may act to modulate the rate of associative learning. PMID- 3746428 TI - Inhibitory circuitry in the ventral cochlear nucleus is probably mediated by glycine. AB - Intracellular recordings from brain slice preparations of the ventral cochlear nuclei (VCN) of mice have shown that both the major cell types, stellate and bushy cells, distinguishable by their responses to intracellularly injected current (Oertel, 1983; Wu and Oertel, 1984), receive late inhibitory as well as early excitatory inputs when the auditory nerve is stimulated electrically. When the extracellular Cl- concentration was lowered or when the intracellular Cl- was raised, the reversal potential of IPSPs became more positive; the reversal potentials were independent of the extracellular K+ concentration. Therefore, IPSPs result from increases in Cl- permeability. To determine whether either or both GABA or glycine might mediate the inhibition, the sensitivity of cells to bath-applied putative neurotransmitters was tested. All cells responded to applications of 0.1-10 mM GABA and glycine with large drops in input resistance; these drops were Cl- dependent. To determine which of these 2 substances was more likely to mediate the IPSPs, antagonists specific to GABA and glycine were tested for their ability to block the IPSPs. All IPSPs were eliminated by 1 microM strychnine, a blocker of glycine-mediated inhibition; they were not consistently blocked by 100 microM bicuculline or by 100 microM picrotoxin, blockers of GABA mediated inhibition. These results indicate that the inhibition is likely to be mediated by glycine. A simple interpretation of the finding that IPSPs have latencies (1.2-4 msec) at least 2X as long as EPSPs (0.6-0.9 msec) is that cells in the VCN are excited monosynaptically by auditory nerve fibers, and that they are inhibited disynaptically through interneurons within the VCN. To test physiologically whether EPSPs and IPSPs are, respectively, monosynaptic and polysynaptic, 500-700 microM sodium pentobarbital was applied to the preparation. Pentobarbital raised the thresholds of all impaled cells and their synaptic inputs. EPSPs could be evoked in the presence of pentobarbital by raising the stimulus strength, as expected when thresholds are raised in a monosynaptic circuit; even if the thresholds of IPSPs were lower than those of EPSPs in normal saline, they were raised above those of EPSPs in the presence of pentobarbital. The finding that the thresholds of IPSPs are raised more than those of EPSPs supports the interpretation that IPSPs are mediated through a polysynaptic pathway, and this may explain why inhibition has been detected inconsistently in vivo. PMID- 3746425 TI - A structure-activity study on the sucrose taste antagonist methyl 4,6-dichloro 4,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranoside. AB - In order to assess the effect of the antagonist methyl 4,6-dichloro-4,6-dideoxy alpha-D-galactopyranoside (MAD-diCl-Gal) upon the gerbil's chorda tympani sucrose taste response, we tested several concentrations of this compound, as well as single concentrations of closely related derivatives, and found that MAD-diCl-Gal was the most potent inhibitor tested. It appears that the inhibition mechanism is very specific. For example, we have found that 2 chlorine atoms at the C-4 and C 6 positions on the glucopyranoside ring are required for inhibition. In addition, with regard to the orientation of the chlorine atoms, the galacto derivative seems to be more potent than the gluco derivative. We have also found that the methyl glycoside is more potent than the free sugar. With regard to the orientation of the methyl group, MAD-diCl-Gal is more potent than its beta anomer. (Because of this discovery of the methyl group enhancement and orientation effect, we shall discontinue using the acronym diCl-Gal and replace it with the more specific MAD-diCl-Gal.) Of particular significance is the fact that there appears to be a structure-activity relationship between the most active stimulants and inhibitors in that the requirement for an axial orientation at C-1 and the enhancement by the methyl group at that position are the same in both cases. These results suggest that both the stimulator and the antagonist are acting at the same receptor site.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3746429 TI - Distribution of adenosine deaminase activity in rat brain and spinal cord. AB - The activity of adenosine deaminase (ADA) was measured in 62 discrete regions of the CNS, and in some autonomic and sensory ganglia, peripheral nerves, and peripheral tissues of the rat using an automated high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The formation of inosine and hypoxanthine as a measure of ADA activity in homogenates of brain was optimal at pH 7.0, linear for up to 60 min at 37 degrees C using 500 microM adenosine as substrate, and linear with protein concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.8 mg. The Km and Vmax values for ADA activity in homogenates of whole brain were 47 microM and 107 nmol/mg protein/30 min, respectively. Among the CNS regions examined, the highest activity was found in posterior hypothalamic magnocellular nuclei and the lowest in hippocampus. In general, spinal cord contained relatively low levels of ADA activity, with that in dorsal cord approximately 40% higher than ventral cord. In the periphery, parasympathetic ganglia contained higher levels of ADA than sensory ganglia and brain. Most peripheral tissues--including adrenal gland, lung, liver, and anterior and posterior pituitary--exhibited activity comparable to levels in the posterior hypothalamus. ADA activity in thymus was about 10 times higher than any other tissue examined. The uneven distribution of ADA activity in the rat CNS corresponds well with the immunohistochemical localization of this enzyme in discrete neural systems of this species. Structures that contain high ADA activity exhibit intense ADA immunostaining of neuronal perikarya and/or fibers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3746430 TI - Maternal suprachiasmatic nuclei are necessary for maternal coordination of the developing circadian system. AB - During late fetal and early neonatal life, the maternal circadian system coordinates the timing of a circadian clock in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) to the prevailing light-dark cycle. The role of the maternal SCN in the process of maternal coordination was investigated in rats. Complete lesions of the maternal SCN on day 7 of gestation disrupted rhythms of SCN glucose utilization in fetuses and pineal N-acetyltransferase activity in 10-d-old pups. This disruption was probably due to the desynchronization of individually oscillating fetal SCN, because individual pups born to and reared by SCN-lesioned dams under constant conditions exhibited normal circadian rhythms in drinking behavior. Cross-foster studies showed that the maternal circadian system can coordinate developing circadian rhythmicity during either the pre- or postnatal period. The results indicate that the maternal SCN are a necessary component of the mechanism of maternal coordination during both the pre- and postnatal periods. PMID- 3746432 TI - Regional distribution of flunitrazepam binding constants: visualizing Kd and Bmax by digital image analysis. AB - We demonstrate direct visualization of benzodiazepine binding parameters collected in a 3H-flunitrazepam saturation study. In this way the relationship between anatomy and specific binding, Kd and Bmax, can be appreciated. These experiments have resulted in image representations of specific flunitrazepam binding, Kd and Bmax. The images retain the anatomic localization inherent in the original autoradiogram and hence make these parameters amenable to visual survey. Binding constants were consistent with data presented elsewhere in the literature. The image of Bmax showed regional heterogeneity. Kd, on the other hand, was relatively homogeneous. These results demonstrate a means by which autoradiographic binding experiments can be extended to saturation studies without significant loss of data. PMID- 3746431 TI - Gangliogenesis in leech embryos: migration of neural precursor cells. AB - In the metameric CNS of leeches, identified neurons occupy highly stereotyped positions in each segmental ganglion. Although many of the neural precursor cells arise near their definitive positions, some arise outside the prospective domain of the segmental ganglia and thus must migrate into the CNS. Here, we report the results of an analysis of the role of cell migration in gangliogenesis in the leech Theromyzon rude. Segmental ganglia of the ventral nerve cord arise as laterally thickened sheets of tissue lying astride the ventral midline. Particular identified circular and longitudinal muscle fibers, visualized by indirect immunofluorescence using a monoclonal antibody against leech muscle, outline the presumptive ganglionic territories even before the ganglionic rudiments become morphologically distinct and serve as anatomical landmarks to which the cell movements are related. Cell lineage tracers microinjected into precursor blastomeres are used to visualize migratory cells. Small groups of neural precursor cells that arise outside the prospective ganglionic territories migrate with stereotyped timing along stereotyped pathways to reach their definitive positions, and each group of migratory cells gives rise to a stereotyped subset of the cells in a ganglion. No segmental or regional differences are observed in any aspect of cell migration studied here, supporting the view that segmental differences in the architecture of the leech CNS arise only after the initial condensation of the ganglionic rudiments. PMID- 3746433 TI - Selective innervation of transplanted limb muscles by regenerating motor axons in the axolotl. AB - The segmental pattern of motor innervation of hindlimb muscles in the axolotl was studied before and after reinnervation. To ascertain the specificity of reinnervation, the four spinal nerves innervating the hindlimb were severed and allowed to regenerate. The segmental origin of axons reinnervating particular muscles was then determined by intracellular recording from muscle fibers. Muscles were reinnervated in a specific manner: From the outset, the axons reinnervating each muscle originated largely from segmentally appropriate spinal nerves in the proper proportions, suggesting that a reliable mechanism of selective synapse regeneration exists even in mature axolotls. To examine the selectivity of reinnervation, individual muscles were transplanted to novel positions within the limb and the specificity of their reinnervation determined. Even after being moved to new positions, muscles were reinnervated for the most part by axons of appropriate segmental origin. Therefore, cues must exist on or within limb muscles that regenerating motor axons recognize and use to discriminate between different muscles during synapse formation. These results suggest that one of the mechanisms that promote the reestablishment of correct connections during reinnervation of axolotl limbs may be the selective formation of synapses with appropriate target cells. PMID- 3746435 TI - Contribution of MRI to the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. PMID- 3746434 TI - Processing by local interneurons of mechanosensory signals involved in a leg reflex of the locust. AB - At the distal end of the tibia of a locust hind leg are 2 pairs of movable spurs that can be moved by contact with external objects--as, for example, when the body sways from side to side and loads one leg unevenly or when the foot is placed on rough ground--but not by direct muscular action. Movements imposed on a spur evoke phasic bursts of spikes in the axon of a single receptor cell at its base. If the displacement is maintained, however, the response adapts within a few seconds. The afferents from these spur receptors excite particular spiking local interneurons with cell bodies at the ventral midline of the metathoracic ganglion. Each afferent spike is consistently followed at a constant latency by a depolarizing potential in one of these interneurons. The potential can evoke a spike, and its amplitude is enhanced by a hyperpolarization applied to the interneuron. The central delay to this chemically mediated EPSP, which also includes conduction time to synaptic sites, probably indicates a direct connection. Some spiking local interneurons are excited by the 2 anterior spurs but are unaffected by the 2 posterior ones, while others receive the converse pattern of inputs. The receptive fields of these interneurons also include regions on either the anterior or posterior surfaces of the tibia with excitatory inputs from hair afferents. A reliable inhibitory reflex effect on the single levator tarsi is evoked by movement of any of the 4 spurs. The inhibitory potentials are not caused directly by the sensory afferents but involve the spiking local interneurons upon which the afferents synapse. The receptive field of this motor neuron therefore results from the convergence of inputs from a few interneurons. Motor neurons of other tarsal muscles are unaffected by movement of the spurs, but those of some more proximal muscles may be excited. These reflex effects should enhance the traction of the tarsus with the ground. PMID- 3746436 TI - Intradiploic epidermoid cysts in adults. CT contribution to diagnosis in 6 new cases. PMID- 3746437 TI - Sodium nitroprusside for the control of arterial spasm during embolization in the territory of the external carotid artery. PMID- 3746438 TI - A new and original microcatheter system for hyperselective catheterization and endovascular treatment without risk of arterial rupture. PMID- 3746439 TI - Bilateral post-traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula: anatomico-radiological correlations in a case treated by detachable balloon. PMID- 3746440 TI - Simultaneous bifemoral retrograde arteriography under pressure. First stage in angiographic exploration of the spine and spinal cord. PMID- 3746441 TI - Assessment of mucociliary clearance in patients with tracheobronchoplasty using radioaerosol. AB - To assess mucociliary clearance in patients with tracheobronchoplasty, radioaerosol inhalation scanning was performed in 14 patients. The unilateral total lung clearance curve was fitted into two compartmental curves, fast and slow, by least-squares techniques in order to assess mucociliary clearance of the bronchial tree quantitatively. Half-time (T 1/2) of the curve resulting from the subtraction of the slow compartment curve from the fast compartment curve was calculated. The mucociliary clearance of the bronchial tree post so-called lobectomy (N = 5) was intact (T 1/2; 13.1 +/- 7.3 min). On the other hand, the mucociliary clearance of the bronchial tree postreconstruction (N = 14) was prolonged (T 1/2; 28.3 +/- 10.6 min), compared with that of the control bronchial tree (N = 15, T 1/2; 11.9 +/- 3.9 min) (p less than 0.01). However, the mucociliary clearance of the bronchial tree postreconstruction showed improvement with the passage of time, and the original clearance was regained 5 to 12 mo after the operation. Radioaerosol inhalation studies revealed both the degree of impairment and the recovery time of mucociliary clearance in patients post tracheobronchoplasty. PMID- 3746442 TI - Positive predictive value of cholescintigraphy in common bile duct obstruction. AB - Technetium-99m DISIDA imaging was employed in 400 patients to differentiate obstruction of the common bile duct from medical and other surgical causes of hyperbilirubinemia. Sequential anterior images demonstrated variable degrees of liver uptake, yet there was no evidence of intrabiliary or extrabiliary radioactivity for at least 4 hr after injection in 25 patients. Twenty-three patients were surgically documented to have complete obstruction of the common bile duct. One patient had hepatitis, and another had sickle cell crisis without bile duct obstruction. The remaining patients had either partial or no obstruction of the common bile duct. We conclude that the presence of liver uptake without evident biliary excretion by 4 hr on cholescintigraphy is highly sensitive and predictive of total obstruction of the common bile duct. PMID- 3746443 TI - Technetium-99m BIDA biliary scintigraphy in the evaluation of the jaundiced patient. AB - Biliary scintigraphy using 99mTc p-butyl acetanilidiminodiacetic acid (BIDA) was performed as part of the diagnostic evaluation on 96 patients with jaundice (serum bilirubin greater than 2 mg/dl) to assess its value in this group of patients. The results of scintigraphy revealed no obstruction to the flow of the scintigraphic agent into the duodenum in 54 patients, delayed appearance of the agent (normal upper limit 60 min) in the duodenum indicating partial obstruction in 22 patients, and complete obstruction of the duct demonstrated by absence of agent in the duodenum in 20 patients. The findings were correlated with the final diagnosis and the overall results show accuracy of 92.7%, sensitivity of 97.3%, and specificity of 89.8%. Biliary scintigraphy was thus found to be useful in differentiating nonobstructive, partially obstructive, and completely obstructive causes of jaundice. PMID- 3746444 TI - Digoxin-like substance in term pregnancy, newborns, and renal failure. AB - Digoxin-like substance (DLS) is detected in pregnant women near term, newborns, and in patients with renal failure using RIAs for digoxin. We made "digoxin" measurements in such patients using three digoxin RIA kits (Nuclear Medical Laboratories (N), Clinical Assays (C), and Corning Magic (M]. At term mother DLS (micrograms/l digoxin) was 0-0.19 (N), 0.09-0.24 (C), 0.07-0.24 (M); cord blood DLS was 0.35-0.75 (N), 0.46-0.90 (C), 0.42-0.90 (M); infant DLS was 0.5-1.1 (N), 0.28-0.98 (C) and was not measured by M. DLS was detected at term in mothers and was essentially undetectable by 24 hr postdelivery. Cord levels fell in eight of ten infants to significantly lower levels by the second day of life. DLS in renal hemodialysis patients not receiving digoxin was 0.04-0.41 (N), 0.01-0.34 (C), 0.03-0.40 (M). While postdialysis levels by N tended to be lower than predialysis, they rose by C and M. Dilutions of cord blood yielded similar results by N, nonlinear decreases by C, and more nearly parallel decreases by M. In renal failure patients, dilutions yielded similar results by N and marked nonparallel results by M. Digoxin results obtained with immunoassays may be inaccurate in these patient populations. Digoxin immunoassays must be individually characterized as to the expected results. PMID- 3746445 TI - Krypton-79m: a new radionuclide for applications in nuclear medicine. AB - Krypton-79m emits 130-keV gamma rays in 27 +/- 1% of its disintegrations and decays with a half-life of 50 +/- 3 sec. It is generated readily by bombarding nearly saturated aqueous solutions of bromide salts, or bromoform, with 14-MeV protons. The 79mKr is swept out continuously as it is produced by bubbling helium upward through the liquids. Up to 200 mCi per I are obtained of the resulting mixture of gases. The 79mKr + helium is mixed with about five volumes of air and then driven continuously through a small-bore tube to an Anger scintillation camera located approximately 200 yards away. The rate of flow is adjusted so that the amounts of 13-sec 81mKr and of 35-hr 79Kr are inconsequential at the time and point of use. When the gases are inhaled, good images of the lungs are obtained with an Anger scintillation camera. The trachea and bronchi commonly are revealed also. PMID- 3746446 TI - Measurement of myocardial fatty acid metabolism: kinetics of iodine-123 heptadecanoic acid in normal dog hearts. AB - To define the potential of iodine-123 heptadecanoic acid (IHA) for the noninvasive assessment of myocardial fatty acid metabolism with gamma camera imaging, the influence of myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) and blood flow (MBF) on extraction and half-times of IHA were investigated in dogs. Following IHA injection into the left circumflex coronary artery, extraction fraction and half-times were derived from the peak and slope of the IHA time activity curve, which consisted of a vascular, early, and late phase. Single-pass extraction fraction of IHA averaged 0.53 +/- 0.11 s.d. at control and was not influenced by MVO2 and MBF. The half-time of the early phase (T = 9.3 min +/- 2.8 s.d. in controls) as well as the ratio between the size of the early and late phase increased with MVO2 (r = 0.82, r = 0.87, respectively). Thus, early phase intracellular turnover of IHA increased, yet clearance of 123I activity was slowed by augmented cardiac work. Preliminary data of HPLC and electrophoretic analysis of myocardial arterial and venous blood samples over time indicate that the early phase is characterized by a decreasing washout of IHA and a relative increase of radioiodine washout. The half-time of the late phase (T = 245 min +/- 156 s.d. at control) was not related to MVO2 and MBF. In conclusion, myocardial fatty acid metabolism cannot be measured from the half-time of the early phase but might be analyzed from the ratio between the size of the early and late phase when using IHA. PMID- 3746447 TI - Rubidium-82 kinetics after coronary occlusion: temporal relation of net myocardial accumulation and viability in open-chested dogs. AB - Serial assessment of perfusion and viability during myocardial infarction has not been feasible, in part, because of the long half-lives of available tracers. Rubidium-82 (82Rb) is a generator-produced, positron-emitting potassium analog with a short half-life (75 sec) that permits repeated studies. To determine the temporal relation of net myocardial 82Rb accumulation to loss of viability during prolonged ischemia, a 2-3 mCi bolus of 82Rb was given to 46 open-chested dogs while regional myocardial time-activity curves were obtained with beta probes at baseline, and serially after coronary occlusion lasting 1-6 hr. Hearts were then stained with triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) to assess the viability of the epicardium under the probe to a depth corresponding to the range of positrons. Irreversible injury occurred in two out of 16 experiments at 1 hr and ten out of 15 experiments at 3 hr and also at 6 hr (p less than 0.05 vs. 1 hr). In viable myocardial samples, rubidium extraction increased with low flow as compared with nonischemic controls for all time periods but was unchanged (failed to increase) in nonviable tissue. Net 82Rb accumulation decreased during 1 to 6 hr of occlusion in irreversibly injured samples (0.28 +/- 0.19 to 0.16 +/- 0.07, p less than 0.05) but remained unchanged in myocardial tissue subsequently shown to be viable. For myocardial samples that were nonviable at 3 and 6 hr, changes in net accumulation of tracer became abnormal only after 6 hr of occlusion. The mechanisms primarily responsible for the decrease in net accumulation of 82Rb at 6 hr appeared to be leakage of tracer after first pass. Therefore, failure to increase extraction at low flows may be an early indicator of cell death, whereas membrane leakage occurs several hours after loss of viability. PMID- 3746448 TI - Uterine blush in multiphase imaging. PMID- 3746449 TI - Dosimetry for cystic-type tumors. PMID- 3746450 TI - Phosphorus-32 therapy of cystic brain tumors. PMID- 3746451 TI - Radionuclide venography of the lower limbs in pulmonary embolism: the role of long saphenous vein thrombosis. PMID- 3746452 TI - Follow-up of pulmonary perfusion recovery after embolism. PMID- 3746453 TI - Radioimmunoassay of leucine-enkephalin. PMID- 3746455 TI - Videotape storage of nuclear medicine images. PMID- 3746454 TI - Detection of deep vein thrombosis in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. PMID- 3746456 TI - Comparisons between true digestibility of total nitrogen and limiting amino acids in vegetable proteins fed to rats. AB - Values (%) for true digestibility (TD) of protein and individual amino acids in some vegetable proteins were determined by the rat balance (fecal) method. Diets containing 8% crude protein (N X 6.25) from soaked and autoclaved samples of Trapper and Century field peas, lentil, pinto bean, seafarer bean, black bean or fababean and autoclaved samples of soybean, peanut, sunflower, rolled oat, rice + soybean and corn + pea were tested in two rat balance studies. In the case of blends, each protein source provided 50% of total protein. The beans, peas and lentil proteins were limiting in sulphur amino acids, tryptophan and threonine, whereas sunflower and rolled oat were most limiting in lysine. In beans, peas and lentil, the TD values of methionine (51-82), cystine (46-85), tryptophan (47-90) and threonine (62-84) were considerably lower than the TD values of total nitrogen (72-90). Similarly, in sunflower and rolled oat, the TD values of lysine (81-83) were lower than the TD values of total nitrogen (90-91). These data suggested that crude protein digestibility may not be a good predictor of bioavailability of limiting amino acids in vegetable proteins. Amino acid scores of the vegetable proteins were 62-96%. The corrections for true digestibility of protein and individual amino acids lowered the scores by 6-15 and 11-47 percentage units, respectively. PMID- 3746457 TI - Effects of equimolar doses of L-methionine, D-methionine and L-methionine-dl sulfoxide on plasma and urinary amino acid levels in normal adult humans. AB - Plasma and urinary amino acid levels were measured in four normal adult subject administered equimolar quantities (0.0605 mmol/kg body wt) of L-methionine, D methionine and L-methionine-dl-sulfoxide in a randomized crossover design. Plasma total methionine concentrations increased significantly (P less than 0.05) over base line (3.7 +/- 1.2 mumol/dl; mean +/- SD) after loading with each compound. Mean peak plasma methionine levels were 9.8 +/- 1.1, 14.4 +/- 2.3 and 5.2 +/- 1.0 mumol/dl after loading with L-methionine, D-methionine and L-methionine sulfoxide, respectively. D-Methionine accounted for the increased plasma levels seen after D-methionine loading. None of the three compounds affected plasma cystine, cysteine or taurine concentrations. Plasma methionine sulfoxide concentrations were not affected by loading with D- or L-methionine but increased significantly after ingestion of L-methionine sulfoxide. Urinary methionine excretion was 20 times higher after ingestion of D-methionine than after ingestion of L-methionine or L-methionine sulfoxide, with the increase due to D methionine excretion. Urinary excretion of methionine sulfoxide and its N-acetyl derivatives was not significantly higher after loading with methionine sulfoxide. The data indicate that adult humans do not utilize D-methionine efficiently as a methionine source but probably do utilize L-methionine-dl-sulfoxide. PMID- 3746458 TI - Effects of dietary carbohydrate on hepatic gluconeogenesis in BHE rats. AB - The effects of feeding different carbohydrates on hepatic gluconeogenesis in BHE rats was studied. Three experiments were conducted that differed only in the aspects of gluconeogenesis examined. In experiment 1, gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis by hepatocytes isolated from 48-h starved rats were determined. In experiment 2, the activities of selected gluconeogenic enzymes were determined in starved and nonstarved rats. In experiment 3, the levels of the various metabolites of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle were determined in nonstarved rats. Rats were fed diets containing starch, maltose, glucose, sucrose or an equimolar mixture of glucose and fructose. In starved rats, gluconeogenesis was less in starch-fed rats than in rats fed any of the sugar diets. These same diet differences, with few exceptions, were also observed in ketogenesis. Glucose 6 phosphatase activity was lower in nonstarved rats fed starch and maltose than in rats fed glucose, sucrose, or glucose and fructose. These same nonstarved rats also had lower phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and higher glutamate pyruvate transaminase activities than rats fed the other diets. In the starved rats, the diet differences were erased. Starved rats had lower activities of these gluconeogenic enzymes than nonstarved rats. Diet differences in the levels of the different metabolites in nonstarved rats were observed. The results show that dietary carbohydrate can influence gluconeogenesis. However, the mechanism of their effect is as yet unknown. PMID- 3746459 TI - Nutritional edema in a rat model of protein deficiency: significance of the dietary potassium and sodium content. AB - The importance of the levels of dietary sodium and potassium in the etiology of gross nutritional edema in a rat model was explored. For this purpose a mineral mixture (EAM) was designed to permit changing the levels of sodium and potassium while maintaining other components of the mixture. The mixture supplied (as % of diet) 0.075 sodium and 0.270 potassium. In study 1 the EAM mixture was found to support adequate growth (approximately 6 g/d) in well-nourished rats. In study 2 the effects of feeding the diet in either agar gel or dry form were explored. The agar gel diet did not aggravate disturbances in body water balance in rats receiving low protein (0.75 and 1.0% lactalbumin) diets for 20 wk. In study 3 the effects of changes in the sodium and potassium content were evaluated with respect to development of edema and body composition. Excessive levels of sodium or potassium (each 493 mg/100 g diet) in the low protein diet (0.5% lactalbumin) increased mortality and the prevalence of gross edema. When dietary sodium and potassium were closer to the estimated requirement for the rat (0.075% and 0.270%, respectively) there was no development of visible edema in protein restricted rats. Measurements of exchangeable body sodium, total body water and extracellular and intracellular fluid spaces in the animals indicated that fluid and electrolyte changes result largely from dietary protein restriction alone. However, these changes only proceed to a condition of visible edema where an excessive or unbalanced intake of sodium and potassium is superimposed upon protein deficiency. PMID- 3746460 TI - Development of anemia in copper-deficient rats fed high levels of dietary iron and sucrose. AB - The effects of dietary carbohydrate and iron on the development of copper deficiency were examined. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 48) were limit-fed one of eight diets in a 2 X 2 X 2 factorial design for 19 d. Two levels of copper (0.85 or 8.6 micrograms Cu/g diet) and iron (54 or 226 micrograms Fe/g diet) and two types of carbohydrate (sucrose or cornstarch, 65.3%) were fed. Compared with control rats, copper-deficient rats had lower hematocrits, lower ceruloplasmin levels, lower tissue levels of copper and increased hepatic iron levels. Copper deficient rats fed sucrose had significantly lower hematocrits, lower apparent absorption of copper, lower liver iron levels and higher plasma triglyceride levels than copper-deficient rats fed cornstarch. Copper-deficient rats fed sucrose with 226 micrograms Fe/g diet had hematocrit levels that were 15% lower than all other copper-deficient levels and 23% lower than control levels. Tissue levels of copper among copper-deficient rats were not affected by the type of carbohydrate or by the level of dietary iron. These data indicate that both high iron and sucrose can affect the development of the copper deficiency. PMID- 3746461 TI - Stable isotope studies of zinc absorption and retention in young and elderly men. AB - Zinc absorption was determined with 67Zn and 70Zn, stable isotopes of zinc, in six young men and six elderly men who were confined to a metabolic unit for 12 wk. Their purified formula diets, supplemented with select food items, contained 15 mg of zinc per day. Zinc absorption was determined twice for each subject by combining zinc enriched with either 70Zn or 67Zn with the formula diet. Serum, urinary, and fecal zinc and zinc balance were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Zinc absorption averaged 17% in elderly men, significantly less than average zinc absorption of 31% in young men. Serum zinc was also lower in elderly men and increased in both groups during the course of the study. Zinc balance did not differ between groups, and endogenous zinc losses were less in the elderly than in the young men. The results suggest that while zinc absorption is less in elderly men than in young men, the lower absorption may reflect a lower requirement for absorbed zinc by the elderly. Alternatively, less efficient zinc absorption could result in decreased endogenous losses. PMID- 3746463 TI - Effects of combined riboflavin and iron deficiency on the hematological status and tissue iron concentrations of the rat. AB - Interactions of riboflavin and iron deficiencies on utilization and storage of iron in the rat were investigated. Rats were fed diets deficient in iron (ID), riboflavin (RD) or iron and riboflavin (DD) for a period of 7 wk, at which time they were either killed and measurements of hematological indices and tissue iron concentration done or a further group of DD rats was supplemented with either iron, riboflavin or both nutrients for 2 wk. Growth was impaired in all deficient groups but the impairment was greatest in the DD rats. Iron depletion was associated with the greatest reductions in hematological indices and tissue iron concentrations, riboflavin depletion the least, while the combined deficiencies had intermediate effects. Riboflavin deficiency was found to have a "sparing effect" on iron status probably because the lower growth rate associated with riboflavin deficiency reduced iron requirements. Refeeding either iron alone or iron with riboflavin to the DD rats resulted in significant improvement in hematological status, but there was no significant difference in the response to either supplement. Feeding riboflavin alone to DD rats resulted in a further depression of hematological status and tissue iron concentration. PMID- 3746462 TI - Lipid and fatty acid composition of organs from copper-deficient mice. AB - Experiments were conducted to study the total lipid and fatty acid composition of liver, kidney, brain and heart of 7-wk-old male C57BL mice. Dietary copper deficiency was initiated at birth by feeding dams a purified diet containing 0.5 mg/kg copper. Offspring were fed the copper-deficient diet 4 wk postweaning. Control dams and offspring were fed the same diet but with added copper in the drinking water, 20 mg/L. Compared with controls the copper-deficient mice exhibited hepatomegaly, cardiac hypertrophy and a 4% reduction in brain weight as well as low ceruloplasmin activity (0.5% of control). Total phospholipid concentration in liver and kidney and total triacylglycerol concentration in kidney was lower in copper-deficient mice compared to concentrations measured in liver and kidney of control mice. The major change in essential fatty acid composition in the copper-deficient mice which was consistent between organs and lipid classes was a significantly lower proportion and absolute amount of dihomo gamma-linolenic acid. Other changes in fatty acid composition were variable. PMID- 3746464 TI - Intestinal absorption of biotin in the rat. AB - We examined the absorption of biotin using the in vivo intestinal loop technique. Jejunal segments from male rats were filled with solutions containing [3H]biotin and [14C]inulin in Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer, pH 6.5. Absorption was determined on the basis of luminal tritium disappearance after correction for inulin recovery. At biotin concentrations of 0.1 and 5.0 microM, luminal biotin disappearance was linear for at least 10 min. At biotin concentrations ranging from 2.3 nM to 75 microM, 10-28% of the administered dose was absorbed in 10 min. The concentration dependence of luminal biotin disappearance is consistent with the presence of both saturable and nonsaturable (linear) components of biotin uptake, with estimated Km = 9.6 microM and Jmax = 75.2 pmol/(2.5 cm loop X min). The rate constant for nonsaturable uptake is 3.1 pmol/(2.5 cm loop X min X microM). We conclude that at biotin concentrations less than 5 microM, biotin absorption proceeds largely by the saturable process, whereas at concentrations above 25 microM, nonsaturable uptake predominates. Additional studies demonstrated significantly less biotin uptake in the ileum than in the jejunum, a finding in agreement with previous in vitro studies. PMID- 3746465 TI - Comparisons of lipogenesis and glucose metabolism between ovine and bovine adipose tissues. AB - Studies were initiated to compare glucose and lipid metabolism in vitro in subcutaneous adipose tissue of mature sheep and cattle. Mean adipocyte volume was significantly less in subcutaneous adipose tissue of sheep than in adipose tissue from cattle. The presence of acetate and lactate in the incubation medium increased total glucose utilization two- to three-fold in ovine adipose tissue, but had no effect on total glucose utilization in adipose tissue from cattle. Acetate provided 72-82% of the acetyl units to lipogenesis, depending on species and substrate concentration. There were no significant (P greater than 0.05) differences in the contribution of the pentose cycle to the provision of reducing equivalents to fatty acid biosynthesis, based on the incorporation of label from [3-3H]glucose into fatty acids. In ovine adipose tissue, acetyl-CoA carboxylase appeared to be rate-limiting to lipogenesis, while in bovine subcutaneous adipose tissue, the activity of fatty acid synthetase may have been the limiting step in lipogenesis. In addition, the low activity of ATP-citrate lyase, especially relative to aconitate hydratase, probably limited the conversion of lactate to fatty acids in ovine adipose tissue. It is unlikely that ATP-citrate lyase activity was rate-limiting to lipogenesis from lactate in bovine adipose tissue. The data indicate that extending the results obtained from adipose tissue from one species to lipid metabolism in ruminants in general may not be valid. PMID- 3746466 TI - Cumulative excess urinary excretion of folate in rats after repeated ethanol treatment. AB - The folate deficiency that is produced by chronic alcohol ingestion results from poor dietary intake and from effects of ethanol on folate metabolism and absorption. Previous studies in fasted rats showed that singular treatment with ethanol produces an increase in urinary folate levels, in amounts that account for a subsequent decrease in plasma folate levels. The effects of subacute administration of ethanol on urinary folate excretion were studied in fed and fasted rats treating for 1, 2, 3 or 4 d either with ethanol orally in four doses of 1 g/kg each at hourly intervals or with glucose in isocaloric doses. Urine was collected at timed intervals up to 12 h after each daily dose. Rats were fed daily except for the evening prior to the final treatment day. Ethanol treatment produced an increase in urinary folate excretion in fed and in fasted rats, although the effect in fed rats was less marked. The increased excretion was similar on each final day, whether rats were treated for 1, 2, 3 or 4 d, indicating that there was no adaptation to the loss of folate during this subacute treatment. The excess urinary folate excretion accumulated so that the longer the rats were exposed to ethanol, the greater the urinary loss. These results suggest that when animals are chronically treated with ethanol, urinary folate loss could contribute to the development of folate deficiency. PMID- 3746467 TI - Coffee intake during pregnancy and lactation in rats: maternal and pup hematological parameters and liver iron, zinc and copper concentration. AB - To study the effects of maternal coffee intake on trace element status of the fetus and newborn, Sprague-Dawley female rats were fed a control purified diet and were provided ad libitum a freeze-dried coffee solution (1.5% wt/vol) (C) or distilled water (W) as their sole source of liquids from d 0 of gestation. On d 21 of gestation, a subsample of dams from each group was killed and litters were removed for examination. At birth, a subsample of litters from each group was cross-fostered to differentiate between pre- and postnatal exposure to coffee (water prenatally, coffee postnatally = WC; coffee prenatally, water postnatally = CW). Food and fluid intake during gestation, maternal weight gain and litter size were similar in the coffee and control groups, but pup birth weight was lower in the coffee group than in the control group (5.82 vs. 6.45 g, P less than 0.05). Compared with that of control pups, hemoglobin (Hb) was significantly lower in C and WC pups, but not in CW pups, at 3 and 14 d of age. Hematological values were not significantly different between C and W dams or C and W fetuses. Livers of C and WC pups had higher concentrations and total content of Fe, Zn and Cu at 3 d of age compared with controls, but the differences were reduced by 14 d of age. The results suggest that maternal coffee intake may impair mobilization of trace elements from liver reserves in early life and that this may result in reduced hemoglobin synthesis. PMID- 3746468 TI - Do oral contraceptive agents affect nutrient requirements--vitamin B-6? PMID- 3746469 TI - Conference on medical screening and biological monitoring for the effects of exposure in the workplace. July 1984. Part I. PMID- 3746470 TI - Medical screening and biological monitoring for the effects of exposure in the workplace. Screening and monitoring: tools for prevention. AB - The mission of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is the prevention of work-related diseases and injuries. Medical screening and biological monitoring are recognized as important tools of prevention; however, the number of complex and sophisticated tests available has created new problems of choice in this field. Many of these tests have no relevance to preventing work related diseases or injuries. To provide important guidelines in this area, NIOSH has identified the ten leading work-related diseases and injuries (Table 1). Several of these medical screening and biological monitoring techniques can be applied as tools for prevention. Within this framework, achieving the goal of preventing work-related diseases and injuries can be enhanced by collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information about occupational health problems. PMID- 3746471 TI - Medical screening in the workplace: proposed principles. AB - Medical screening and biological monitoring are two techniques in a continuum of practices used to prevent occupational disease. Medical screening is the examination of workers for pathological conditions. Biological monitoring is the examination of the worker for the presence of an intoxicant or its metabolite. These techniques are common in industry, and are frequently components of health standards recommended by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. However, an underlying set of principles for medical screening and biological monitoring in the workplace has not been delineated. In this paper, a modification of the principles for screening in the community is proposed that will be more appropriate to the workplace. This modified set of principles is not a statement of the policy of NIOSH on this important subject, but rather a presentation of the authors' views as a starting point for dialogue on these issues. PMID- 3746472 TI - The role of medical examination in protecting worker health. AB - Work-related disease is the product of multiple factors, including host susceptibility, the external environment, and individual behavior. The concept of multiple causality is relevant to the etiology of diseases, in which work and exposures are contributory agents, and of diseases that have a single necessary cause, eg, lead poisoning. The objectives of medical screening in the control of work-related diseases are the subjects of this paper. Screening procedures include questionnaires, diagnostic tests, function measurements, and biological tests of exposure levels to environmental agents. Achieving the objectives of medical examinations depends on selecting appropriate tests that are acceptable to workers; discarding tests that cannot meet requirements with respect to reproducibility, specificity, and sensitivity; and periodically reviewing health surveillance programs as a whole, and modifying or abandoning them as necessary in the light of improved working conditions. PMID- 3746473 TI - Present status and trends in biological monitoring of exposure to industrial chemicals. AB - This paper describes the current practice of biological monitoring of populations exposed to occupational or environmental pollutants. The three types of monitoring are ambient monitoring, biological monitoring of exposure, and health surveillance (also called biological monitoring of effects). The trend in biological monitoring today is to develop tests that provide information on the amount of chemical bound to the critical sites of action (target dose). Ambient monitoring and biological monitoring assess the health risk by comparing the current exposure with the permissible exposure limits. They are essentially preventive activities. By contrast, health surveillance or biological monitoring of effects assesses the health status and aims at detecting the early adverse health effects. Health surveillance is part of the medical screening program for the early detection of health impairment due to industrial chemicals. PMID- 3746474 TI - Policy considerations for human monitoring in the workplace. AB - Human monitoring for toxic substances exposure in the workplace raises opportunities for occupational disease prevention but can also lead to possible undesirable and discriminatory consequences for workers. The scientific requisites for sound monitoring practices are discussed, and caution is urged against unjustified and unfair use of screening results. PMID- 3746475 TI - Medical screening and biological monitoring for the effects of exposure in the workplace. Surveillance, monitoring, and regulatory concerns. AB - An international conference in Luxembourg on Ambient and Biological Monitoring in the Workplace brought out the difference in meaning between medical "surveillance" and medical "monitoring." These are reviewed against the Health Standards of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). The standards may be specification standards, that is, the details of the medical examinations and laboratory tests are specified; or they may be performance standards, where surveillance is largely left to the physician's discretion. Bearing in mind the limited number of qualified physicians available, OSHA, and therefore the Office of Occupational Medicine, treads a narrow line between specifics and performance to obtain a pragmatic approach that will meet the mandate of the Occupational Safety and Health Act and ensure a safe and healthful workplace for all American workers. PMID- 3746476 TI - Medical surveillance: biological, social, and ethical parameters. AB - The need for a graded response to environmental risks, including the need to extend medical surveillance, for which screening is one tool, to populations at high risk of occupationally attributable disease is discussed from ethical, social, and biological perspectives. Ethical judgments need to be understood in terms of their derivation and implications in the form of rights or criteria for moral management of such populations. These rights must be exercised in an appropriate social context enabling the right-to-know and notification. Discussion of the biological perspective heuristically is conducted in terms of "population thinking." Critical methodologic problems emanate from this approach that impact on deterministic orientations in the interpretation of individual surveillance data. Nelson's concept of "added burden of risk" is seen as a valid postulate for management of populations at risk. PMID- 3746477 TI - Biological exposure index as a complement to the TLV. AB - The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has recognized the value of biological monitoring for assessing worker exposure to chemicals. The ACGIH has established a Biological Exposure Indices Committee to review literature, prepare documentation analogous to the widely used TLVs, and recommend biological exposure indices (BEIs) for selected workplace chemicals. The BEIs represent an in-depth review of the literature and address such important issues as routes of exposure, absorption, metabolism, uptake, pharmacokinetics, sampling, methods of analysis, interferences (both chemical and metabolic), and interpretation of results. The recommended BEIs represent levels of some biological parameter that would be found in a worker following an 8-hour exposure (at moderate work) to the current TLV. To date, ten documentations and an introduction have been published by the ACGIH. They include toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, carbon monoxide, styrene, benzene, n-hexane, lead, phenol, and trichloroethylene. Others are in preparation. PMID- 3746478 TI - Biological monitoring of chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents. AB - The possibility of biological monitoring of exposure to some volatile, halogenated hydrocarbons will be discussed. Most of these agents are widely used as solvents. All agents act on the nervous system as narcotics and differ widely in toxicity. Most of the solvents undergo biotransformation to metabolites. This allows biological assessment of exposure by measurement of the solvent and/or metabolites in exhaled air, blood, and/or urine. However, the same metabolites may occur with exposure to different chlorinated hydrocarbons, eg, trichloroethanol and trichloroacetic acid from exposure to trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane. On the other hand, these agents differ widely in the percentage that is metabolized. There are large gaps in our knowledge, however, and much research will have to be carried out before even tentative data can be established for most of the solvents. PMID- 3746479 TI - Occupational exposure monitoring using breath analysis. AB - Breath analysis has been proposed on numerous occasions for monitoring solvent exposure. Nevertheless, it is still rarely used routinely because of difficulties in the methodology itself (sampling and analysis) and lack of data concerning its relationship to exposure dose. The various methods available today are briefly reviewed, compared, and discussed. Emphasis is on the simultaneous use of CO2 as a respiratory index. Two methods using this approach are presented. The advantages and limitations of breath analysis for occupational exposure monitoring are discussed using data obtained in experimental, field, and simulation studies. Benzene toluene, styrene, 1,1,1-trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene are taken as examples of solvents showing various toxicokinetic properties. Finally, breath analysis is compared with other biological monitoring methods. PMID- 3746480 TI - Concentrations of 20 volatile organic compounds in the air and drinking water of 350 residents of New Jersey compared with concentrations in their exhaled breath. AB - Twenty volatile organic compounds were measured in the personal air and drinking water of 350 New Jersey residents in the fall of 1981. Two consecutive 12-hour integrated personal air samples and two tap water samples were collected from each participant. At the end of the 24-hour monitoring period, each participant supplied a sample of exhaled breath. Simultaneous outdoor samples were collected in 100 residential locations in two cities. Eleven compounds were present much of the time in air, but only four (the trihalomethanes) in water; wide ranges of exposures (three to four orders of magnitude) were noted for most compounds. Ten of 11 compounds displayed significant correlations between air exposures and breath concentrations; the 11th (chloroform) was correlated with drinking water exposures. It was concluded that breath measurements are a feasible, cost effective, and highly sensitive way to determine environmental and occupational exposures to volatile organic compounds. PMID- 3746481 TI - Biological monitoring for heavy metals: practical concerns. AB - Some of the practical concerns associated with performing routine analyses of heavy metals (cadmium, lead, mercury, and arsenic) in various biological matrices are the selection of the biological matrix for monitoring, the sample collection, sample storage and shipment, and sample preparation and analysis. Other factors that affect the quality of the analytical values include contamination of sampling materials, blood drawing procedures, methods of obtaining urine samples, sample homogeneity, instrument calibration and performance, and laboratory quality control programs. A total system quality control approach is necessary to obtain accurate analyses of metals in biological samples, just as it is in all analytical situations. PMID- 3746482 TI - Biological monitoring of agricultural workers exposed to pesticides: I. Cholinesterase activity determinations. AB - An estimated 4 to 5 million persons work in agriculture; within this sector, mixers, loaders, applicators, and other workers who directly handle agricultural chemicals are at highest risk for pesticide-related illnesses. Among field workers, seasonal workers engaged in certain cultivation and harvesting operations are also at risk of exposure to pesticide residues. Biological screening for agricultural workers is limited at present to pesticide mixers, loaders, and applicators, and consists almost exclusively of measurements of cholinesterase activity to estimate inhibition by organophosphate and carbamate compounds. We review here the measurement and interpretation of cholinesterase activity in occupationally exposed populations and the correlation between cholinesterase activity and symptoms of acute and chronic illness among agricultural workers. The only state to mandate medical surveillance for agricultural workers is California: criteria for surveillance, baseline cholinesterase determination, periodicity of testing, and criteria for removal from and return to work are described, and alternative approaches for screening and clinical evaluations are discussed. PMID- 3746483 TI - Biological monitoring of agricultural workers exposed to pesticides: II. Monitoring of intact pesticides and their metabolites. AB - Analytical methods have been developed for the detection of a variety of compounds that are found intact or as metabolites in biological samples from workers exposed to pesticides. Such tests are used primarily in research settings to describe patterns of absorption, metabolism, and excretion, to derive exposure limits for occupational exposure, to evaluate the adequacy of these limits and of work practices in field settings, and to confirm the etiology of poisonings for medicolegal purposes. We review here methods used in studies of occupational pesticide exposure, with particular attention to validation in terms of dose response relationships, to technical complexity and cost, to the requirements for analytical quality control, and to the utility of these methods for field research purposes. Biological monitoring for intact pesticides or metabolites in agricultural workers is limited to a few chemicals, notably, pentachlorophenol, methyl bromide, and chlordimeform. These programs and their use in regulation and enforcement are described. PMID- 3746484 TI - Efficacy of urinary monitoring for 4,4'-methylenebis (2-chloroaniline). AB - The aromatic amine 4,4'-methylenebis (2-chloroaniline) (MBOCA), an animal carcinogen, is used commercially as a curing agent for isocyanate-containing polymers. It is structurally similar to other aromatic amines that cause bladder cancer in occupationally exposed workers. Since the late 1970s, MBOCA users have relied on urinary monitoring as the primary method of assessing MBOCA exposure in the workplace. This paper (1) outlines uncertainties about MBOCa's metabolism in humans that complicate interpretation of urinary MBOCA results; (2) describes alternative laboratory techniques for measuring MBOCA in urine; and (3) discusses observations from site visits concerning the practical application of urinary monitoring. Recommendations to improve the efficacy of monitoring programs for urinary MBOCA are outlined. PMID- 3746485 TI - Analytical methods for assessing exposure to 4-aminobiphenyl based on protein adduct formation. AB - Past studies with animals have demonstrated that 4-aminobiphenyl (ABP) administration results in the formation of appreciable amounts of adducts between the carcinogen and both serum albumin and hemoglobin. The hemoglobin adduct is relatively stable in vivo, but may be readily hydrolyzed in vitro to regenerate ABP. The formation of this adduct reflects a mixed-function oxidase-mediated metabolic pathway operating directly on the amine. The predominant albumin adduct, 3-(tryptophan-N1-yl)-4-acetylaminobiphenyl, reflects the contribution of N-acetyltransferase activity as well as mixed function oxidase activity to the overall metabolism. The simultaneous measurement of these two different adducts thus offers an opportunity to investigate the role of both ABP and acetylator phenotype in bladder carcinogenesis. An analytical method, using gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detection, was developed to quantitate ABP adducted to hemoglobin. PMID- 3746486 TI - Detection of occupational and environmental exposures by bacterial mutagenesis assays of human body fluids. AB - Assays of human body fluids provide a means to document human exposure to mutagens in the environment. In contrast to measurements of ambient levels, these assays demonstrate absorption of mutagens and provide estimates of minimal systemic doses. For most studies reviewed here, specimens of urine were concentrated by adsorption to columns of XAD-2 resin or by liquid partition extraction prior to the mutagenesis assays. The resulting extracts most commonly were analyzed for mutagenicity using the Salmonella/mammalian microsomal plate assay. Less frequently used assays included bacterial fluctuation tests instead of the plate assay and assays for the induction of sister chromatid exchanges in cultured mammalian cells. In addition to reviewing literature reports where body fluids were tested, the advantages, disadvantages, and potential role of this approach will be briefly discussed and compared with other approaches to the identification of mutagenic hazards in the workplace. PMID- 3746487 TI - Pulmonary function screening and monitoring in occupational health. AB - Lung function testing among occupationally exposed workers has demonstrated its usefulness in risk evaluation and, once risks are identified, in medical surveillance. Its usefulness for screening and biological monitoring for effects of exposure is not yet established; in part, this is due to some failure to understand the requirements for screening and for monitoring, and in part, it is due to some unresolved questions as to procedures and their interpretation. The use of screening in occupational groups in general and those exposed to inhalational risks is evaluated. The current recommendation is that priority for screening be given to risk factor reduction, including smoking cessation. Problems associated with screening relate to procedures, equipment, and interpretation of data. An agenda is proposed for an international effort to determine principles for epidemiological use of lung function tests for prevention of occupational pulmonary disease risks. PMID- 3746488 TI - One-time screening to define the problem: Legionella exposure in an electric power company. AB - An electric utility screened 1,455 production employees for job exposure to Legionella pneumophila sources, illness history, and antibodies to L pneumophila serotypes I-IV. L pneumophila-associated illness outbreaks had occurred in a neighboring electric utility district; bacteria serocompatible with L pneumophila had been detected in all four plants participating in an environmental survey, and the company was concerned about the implications of these findings for their employees and the public living near power plants with large cooling towers. The survey revealed a prevalence of antibodies in employees consistent with general population surveys. Within the employee group, antibody titer was not associated with either reports of recent illness or work exposure to potential L pneumophila sources. Inability to detect a relationship between exposure to potential L pneumophila sources and specific antibody results was used to define L pneumophila as a historic nonproblem for this company and to rationally advise against the need for an ongoing screening program. PMID- 3746489 TI - Detection of cumulative trauma disorders of upper extremities in the workplace. AB - Surveillance for musculoskeletal disorders of the upper extremity in industry is in its infancy. Research efforts to elucidate the causal factors of these disorders often rely on either the analysis of existing medical records, worker compensation records (passive surveillance), or the surveying of workers with questionnaire and physical examination (active surveillance). The use of either type of data for routine surveillance presents several difficulties illustrated with the results presented in this paper. The analysis of existing records is generally less costly but the reliability of the data is difficult to assess. Standardized questionnaire and physical examinations can be as sensitive as the use of unusually thorough existing occupational medical records; however, it is unclear whether the additional cost of an active surveillance system will deter the routine use of such systems. PMID- 3746491 TI - Use of SOHIO's health information system. AB - A computerized system using concepts of profiling and problem orientation will be described and examples of its use demonstrated. The system contains or accesses files on employee demography, job history, and current task lists, inventory of workplace risks categorized as physical, chemical, and functional, a master chemical inventory, and individual exposure records. By using Systemized Nomenclature of Medicine codes, a complete medical file catalogs all physiological and pathological variables, disease states, and functional responses. Profiling exposures and medical conditions enhances inquiry of the large data base that is accumulated. PMID- 3746490 TI - Medical surveillance for hazardous waste workers. AB - The efforts to clean up hazardous waste disposal sites have led to an increasing number of workers involved in these activities. Industrial hygiene surveys have demonstrated that these workers are potentially exposed to low levels of multiple contaminants during the work day and to high levels of some contaminants for very short time periods. Personal protective equipment and work practices are important components in protecting workers from these exposures. Medical monitoring for these workers is problematic. While monitoring for the potential health effects of these multiple exposures may be useful, any attempt to monitor for possible health effects of all potential exposures could lead to a long array of medical tests. The utility and effectiveness of this approach is doubtful. Screening for a worker's physical ability to conduct hazardous waste cleanup jobs while he wearing protective equipment is also important and may cause difficulties due to our limited knowledge in this area. These issues will be discussed in the context of various programs designed to monitor these workers. PMID- 3746492 TI - Screening for cancer: lessons learned. AB - The purpose of this paper is to clarify the objectives of screening programs, particularly for cancer, characteristics of diseases suitable for screening, features of suitable screening tests, levels of program evaluation, and evidence on the advantages and disadvantages of screening. Diseases suitable for screening are those leading to serious morbidity and high mortality, those with a prolonged preclinical phase in their natural course, and those for which effective therapy is available following early diagnosis. Useful screening procedures have documented validity, acceptability, and safety and are performed with relative ease and modest cost. These generic issues in cancer screening are examined in the context of screening for cervical, breast, and lung cancer. Each of these cancers illustrates how to weigh different kinds of evidence when advocating or rejecting screening. PMID- 3746493 TI - Sputum cytopathology: use and potential in monitoring the workplace environment by screening for biological effects of exposure. AB - Sputum cytopathologic monitoring detects squamous cell lung cancers at an extremely early stage (x-ray negative). It holds further potential for preventing disease by detecting epithelial alterations which reflect environmental hazards. The addition of sputum cytology screening to screening by chest x-ray film does not significantly reduce mortality from all types of lung cancer, but preliminary analysis of Johns Hopkins Lung Project data suggests that mortality from squamous cell carcinoma is reduced. Quantitative automated cytopathology systems and biochemical/immunological cell markers enhance understanding of these precursors and offer great promise for increasing capacity, accuracy, and usefulness in cytopathology screening of workers. Cytological specimens collected over years of screening workers considered at risk may be important to eventually understanding development and prevention of major occupational diseases. PMID- 3746494 TI - Screening for colorectal cancer and polyps among pattern makers. AB - In response to a union request, a cancer screening program was conducted for the Pattern Makers' League of North America. Ten colon cancer cases were detected among the 1,465 white men screened with a flexible sigmoidoscope. The difficulties in obtaining appropriate "expected" numbers were that prevalent detectable preclinical colon cancer is not equivalent to incident disease, and the flexible sigmoidoscope yields results not directly comparable to those of the rigid sigmoidoscope used previously. The "expected" number of cancers was obtained by using an independent estimate of 5 years for the mean duration of the detectable preclinical phase. This implied that the expected number of colon cancer cases should be based on the age-specific incident rates among white men in the next-older 5-year age group and that the annual expected number should be multiplied by five. Therefore, the ten observed cases of colon malignancies represented an approximately threefold increase. For invasive cancer only, there was a slightly less than twofold cancer increase. Fifteen percent of the men had one or more colorectal polyps. PMID- 3746495 TI - Sensitivity of fecal hemoccult testing and flexible sigmoidoscopy for colorectal cancer screening. AB - Fecal Hemoccult testing and flexible sigmoidoscopy have been proposed as means of screening for colorectal cancer in the general population, as well as in identified high-risk groups. A colorectal cancer screening program was conducted for the Pattern Makers' League of North America. A total of 1,473 white males were screened with fecal Hemoccult testing and flexible sigmoidoscopy during the period 1981 to 1983. The fecal Hemoccult test after diet restriction was positive in 38 workers (2.6%). Among 12 colorectal cancers, including in situ cases, only three were positive by this test. The sensitivity of this test for picking up cancer is only 25%. The positive predictive value was 7.9%. It is concluded that the Hemoccult test for the detection of colorectal cancer and polyps is not a valuable tool because of low sensitivity, whereas flexible sigmoidoscopy has a significant role in colorectal cancer screening of an asymptomatic population at risk. PMID- 3746496 TI - Medical screening for lung cancer: perspective and strategy. AB - Strategies to prevent or reverse cancer promotion are described. One strategy, involving the screening and prompt treatment of small lung cancers, is proposed as a study to be tested in occupational groups with very high risk, specifically asbestos-exposed shipyard workers who smoke cigarettes. The relative risk can be assigned on the basis of (1) age, (2) years since first asbestos exposure, and (3) cigarette smoking amount, recency of cessation and age at onset. Proposed surveillance would be chest x-ray films at 4-month intervals and sputum cytology in current smokers and those within 10 years of cessation. Means of detection, such as monoclonal antibody tests for adenocarcinoma and other marker molecules, would be explored. Prompt conventional treatment would be assured. Other inquiries would be directed at new treatment, such as using targeted molecules directed at surface antigens. PMID- 3746497 TI - Interventions in high-risk occupational cohorts: a cross-sectional demonstration project. AB - In 1980, the Workers' Institute for Safety and Health began a demonstration project designed to develop a model program of community-based intervention in three cohorts with different workplace exposures and target cancer sites. Program components included identification, notification, medical surveillance, education, social support services (eg, psychosocial, legal, financial, etc), and evaluation. The three cohorts included the Augusta cohort, a group at risk for bladder cancer due to workplace exposure to beta-naphthylamine; the Port Allegany cohort, a group at high risk of cancer associated with a workplace exposure to asbestos; and the Pattern Makers cohort, a group shown to be at increased risk of colorectal cancer. Together, these three projects give a cross-sectional view of possible approaches to educational and medical intervention strategies in diverse situations. PMID- 3746498 TI - Geographic distribution of unexplained low birth weight. AB - Low birth weight, largely in the form of intrauterine growth retardation, has been used in animal studies as a sensitive indicator of adverse reproductive outcomes to suspect toxic agents. Methodological problems have severely curtailed studies of low birth weight for human risk assessment. For white and black births, we explore the use of statistical techniques to adjust for maternal risk factors and to isolate US counties having a significantly elevated rate of unexplained low-birth-weight births in 1979. The data are derived from individual birth certificate information made available by the National Center for Health Statistics. Removing variation due to socioeconomic and other intrinsic factors available on birth certificates, clusters of high-risk counties appear. This paper discusses the methodology used to identify these counties. PMID- 3746499 TI - Use of data from X-ray screening program for coal workers to evaluate effectiveness of 2 mg/m3 coal dust standard. AB - The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health administers the X-ray Screening Program for underground coal miners, a program mandated by the Federal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969. The screening file, with over 200,000 x-ray films, affords an excellent source for the study of prevalence and progression of Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis. Two epidemiological analyses have recently been completed. One, a prevalence study of miners with 10 or fewer years of mining tenure, converted screening readings to median epidemiological readings. Converted prevalences were 0.44% for the group with 0 to 1 year tenure and 0.79% for the group with 1 to 9 years tenure. This result is similar to prevalence observed in a study of nonexposed blue collar workers. A second analysis reread x ray films of a subgroup of 1,834 repeat miners with roughly 9 years exposure only under mandated dust standards. Net progression from category 0/0 was observed to be 1.2%. This value is consistent with 1.9%, based on an average dust exposure, predicted by British research. Results must be interpreted in light of several possible sources of bias. PMID- 3746500 TI - Medical screening and monitoring as noted by the insurance industry. AB - Medical screening and monitoring have a long and varied history as part of the insurance industry's safety and health relations with its policyholders. Many workers' compensation insurance carriers have assisted policyholder management in understanding the requirements of cost-effective health programs, in planning and undertaking steps necessary to comply with state-of-the-art medical practices, and in locating knowledgeable physicians to supervise employee health systems. Managing employees' health and associated records has become, for many employers, a complex operational and regulatory problem because of the amount and type of health information being collected. Administration of group health and accident insurance plans, workers' compensation, treatment for the ill and injured employees, voluntary health screening and counseling programs, preplacement and periodic physical examinations, and control mechanisms for health hazard exposures all contribute to this huge pool of acquired and stored health information. PMID- 3746501 TI - Establishment of medical surveillance in industry: problems and procedures. AB - The establishment of standard history-taking will be discussed and will include examples of such histories developed in the clinic. The development of a protocol for performing and recording physical examinations will also be described. Special tests, such as pulmonary function and sputum cytology, will then be discussed. The integration of medical data into a data base will also be discussed with examples taken from the program in Pittsburgh. Presentation of the problems of obtaining adequate early medical information leads to the conclusion that medical surveillance programs must be integrated with industrial hygiene surveillance. The use of exposure measures to make and implement preventive medical decisions is essential until medical science provides tests with enhanced sensitivity and specificity for use in early detection of workplace disease. PMID- 3746502 TI - Medical screening and biological monitoring for the effects of exposure in the workplace. Review of 30 years of screening practices. AB - Increasingly larger proportions of our population are insured against health care costs through negotiated or mandated contracts involving active and retired workers and their dependents. Seeking to control and contain the dramatically rising costs, employers have begun ti demand full accountability from their third party payers, in response to which the health care services delivery system is evolving health maintenance organizations, preferred provider organizations, independent practice associations, and variant aggregates of participants with more homogeneously predictable utilization rates and cost estimates. The resultant information base generates employer-specific data leading to earlier detection and identification of work-related and total premorbidity and morbidity, causing renewed emphasis on prevention through total, including work site related, risk-factors reduction. The screening technology required for the implementation and evaluation of health risks assessment and reduction programs is reviewed. The technology has matured significantly over the past 30 years. Problem areas and action needs are identified. PMID- 3746503 TI - Negative afterimages and photopic luminance adaptation in human vision. AB - Previous studies of the negative afterimage have reported that the process responsible for these aftereffects has a bandpass spatial characteristic. If this finding is correct, then negative afterimages cannot arise from a simple, local, adaptive process. I remeasure the spatial-frequency characteristic of the negative-afterimage process by using an afterimage contrast-matching procedure with retinally stabilized stimuli and find the spatial characteristic to be constant in the low-spatial-frequency region. This finding is consistent with the theory that the negative afterimage results from local luminance adaptation. As a test of the local adaptation explanation of the negative afterimage, the effect of the negative afterimage on the temporal contrast-sensitivity function (CSF) (measured down to 0.062 Hz) is determined. The apparent contrasts of the negative afterimages associated with very slowly (less than 0.5 Hz) flickering, threshold contrast stimuli are calculated from power-function descriptions of the temporal development of the negative afterimage, and these afterimage contrasts are then subtracted from the temporal CSF's. The resulting curves are constant for temporal frequencies below 1 Hz, indicating that the decline in sensitivity at lower temporal frequencies is due entirely to the negative-afterimage process. Both the spatial and the temporal characteristics of the negative-afterimage process are consistent with its being a component of local luminance adaptation. PMID- 3746504 TI - Invariance of the slope of the psychometric function with spatial summation. AB - The high-threshold probability summation model for improved detection of near threshold gratings with increased spatial extent of the patterns assumes that the detection psychometric function is a Weibull function. This model predicts that the slope of the psychometric function should not change as the number of mechanisms stimulated increases, although other models predict that the slope should vary. We confirm for a two-alternative, forced-choice paradigm that the slope parameter does not vary systematically with spatial frequency or with number of periods of the grating, although there are reliable differences in average slope between observers. PMID- 3746505 TI - Spectral sensitivity functions derived from brightness matching: implication of intensity invariance for color-vision models. AB - It is demonstrated that brightness sensitivity functions are self-similar; i.e., unique up to multiplication by a positive constant. This invariance leads to a structural restriction for sensitivity models that are formulated in terms of action spectra of cone systems. The heuristic value of this restriction is demonstrated through simulations on various kinds of data on direct brightness matching and brightness magnitude estimation on the basis of a new model for brightness sensitivity that accounts for both superadditivity and subadditivity. PMID- 3746506 TI - Spectral responsivity of the white-black channel. AB - Three subjects viewed, foveally and monocularly, a monochromatic test field of 0.6-deg diameter that was surrounded by a white annulus of 0.6-deg inner diameter and 4.5-deg outer diameter. The wavelength of the central test field was varied in steps of 10 nm from 440 to 640 nm, and its luminance was set to 100 Td. Center and surround were flashed together for 2 sec every 4 sec. The subjects adjusted the luminance of the surround so that the central field was perceived as having equal amounts of whiteness and blackness. The luminance of the surround required for this balance point varied with the wavelength of the test field in a manner that closely resembled a heterochromatic brightness matching function obtained under similar conditions. Control experiments ruled out the possibility that the subjects were making brightness matches between center and surround fields. Additional evidence was provided suggesting that the spectral responsivity of the putative white-black channel is best represented by a photopic spectral sensitivity curve based on equal brightness. PMID- 3746507 TI - Shifts in perceived spatial frequency of low-contrast stimuli: data and theory. AB - We studied shifts in perceived spatial frequency of foveally viewed stimuli as a function of contrast, using lower contrasts and/or a lower range of spatial frequencies than used previously by others. Reliable shifts in perceived spatial frequency were found, but the direction of the shift at low frequencies was not the same as at high frequencies for some observers. Models based on either light scatter or an early compressive nonlinearity (transducer function) probably cannot account for these results. A multiple spatial-frequency-channels model in which a nonlinear contrast-transfer function (CTF) follows the output of each channel, however, is consistent with most of the results for suprathreshold contrasts. We considered several versions of this latter model, differing in their assumptions about the peak frequencies and bandwidths of the underlying channels, the shape of the CTF, and the combination rule by which the outputs of the channels are labeled and combined according to a weighted average. PMID- 3746508 TI - Differential color thresholds from metameric matches: experimental results concerning failures of colorimetric additivity. AB - The differential chromaticity thresholds obtained by varying degrees of metamerism have been evaluated for five target chromaticities. Differences have been found between the chromaticities predicted by the CIE-1931 standard observer and those actually observed under our experimental conditions, with foveal fields of 3 degrees, luminance within the low photopic level, and sets of primary colors produced by filters of differing spectral bandwidths. Failures of colorimetric additivity under these experimental conditions are discussed. The results have also been analyzed by using other sets of color-matching functions, i.e., Judd's proposed modification at short wavelengths and also the supplementary standard observer, CIE-1964. PMID- 3746509 TI - Endoscopic laser therapy for gastrointestinal disorders. Part III: Laser therapy in neoplastic disease. PMID- 3746510 TI - Spider bites. PMID- 3746511 TI - [Statistical analysis of malignant melanoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses in Japan--concerning clinical manifestations]. PMID- 3746512 TI - [The effect of chronic middle ear inflammation on the development of the mastoid air cell system--an experimental study]. PMID- 3746513 TI - [A case of the remnant tumor from the maxillary sinus by iodous contrast medium- fine structural observation and x-ray microanalysis with Wet-Sem]. PMID- 3746514 TI - [Multiparametric display of vocal dysfunction: use of radar chart]. PMID- 3746515 TI - [Carcinoma of the soft palate and uvula--analysis of 61 cases]. PMID- 3746517 TI - [The current status of the use of fast Fourier transform for auditory evoked response]. PMID- 3746516 TI - [Aerolabyrinth in the perilymphatic fistulae as a cause of sudden deafness: experimental study in the guinea pig]. PMID- 3746518 TI - [Experimental study on permeability and ototoxicity across the round window membrane]. PMID- 3746519 TI - [Tree pollens and nasal allergy--etiological survey of specific IgE to Japanese cedar by RAST in 50 cities, towns and villages in the Wakayama Prefecture]. PMID- 3746520 TI - [Non-specific granuloma of the larynx--clinical analysis and malignant transformation]. PMID- 3746521 TI - [Bone reconstruction with ceramics after removal of cancer of the head and neck]. PMID- 3746522 TI - [Basic and clinical studies on lymph node metastasis in hypopharyngeal cancer]. PMID- 3746523 TI - A quantitative-genetic analysis of hippocampal variation in the mouse. AB - This report analyses the genetic underpinnings of the proportions of the hippocampal terminal fields in the mouse at the midseptotemporal level. We used 5 inbred strains and all possible F1 crosses between them (diallel cross). Broad heritabilities ranged from 11 to 53%. Additive genetic variation was present for all phenotypes analyzed. Directional dominance was found for the relative size of the suprapyramidal mossy fiber terminal field only. For the stratum lacunosum moleculare, ambidirectional dominance emerged. These findings suggest that, in evolutionary history, directional selection has operated for a proportionally large suprapyramidal terminal field. For all other hippocampal variables (viz. the relative sizes for the strata oriens, pyramidale, radiatum, lacunosum moleculare, CA4, intra- and infrapyramidal mossy fiber terminal field and the absolute size of the regio inferior) past stabilizing selection was inferred. PMID- 3746524 TI - The utilization of [3H] sugars by non-malignant and malignant human breast. AB - The utilization of [3H] sugars and leucine by non-malignant and malignant human breast has been assessed using an organ culture technique with subsequent tissue autoradiography. The uptake of sugars by normal and hyperplastic breast was generally constant, with some differences observed in the utilization of galactose by acini of normal and hyperplastic tissues. After 24 h incubation localization was predominantly at the luminal cell periphery. The utilization of sugars by carcinomas was much more variable. Differences were observed between adjacent cells and cell groups of the same tumour. The uptake of individual sugars within a carcinoma was also varied being either similar to, or greater or lesser than normal breast. Variation between carcinomas was also present. No correlation between type and differentiation was noted in this respect, but there was between localization of sugars and differentiation. Better differentiated areas in tumours showed patterns similar to non-malignant breast whilst localization in poorly differentiated cell groups was cytoplasmic. The uptake of leucine was more constant and proved to be a useful indicator of viability. While this approach cannot give information with regard to differences in glycoprotein structure between non-malignant and malignant breast, it has been of value in determining the heterogeneity of tumour cells with regard to the enzymes involved in glycosylation. As such it would be of use in assessing the uniformity of response to agents modifying glycosylation. PMID- 3746525 TI - Changes in lectin binding patterns in the developing pulmonary vasculature of the pig lung. AB - Lectin binding patterns to the developing pulmonary vasculature were studied in 10 Large White pigs aged 1 min to 1 week and in three adult animals. Paraffin embedded tissue sections were exposed to eight lectin peroxidase conjugates: Dolichos biflorus, Triticum vulgaris, Concanavalin A, Ricinus communis type 2, Arachis hypogaea, Ricinus communis type 1, Tetragonolobus purpureas and Ulex europeus. Lectin binding patterns to the pulmonary arterial and venous endothelium, to smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and to the arterial connective tissue were age-related. Changes occurred during the first week of life and between 1 week and adult life. Neither the endothelial binding patterns in the adult nor the SMC patterns in the immature and adult lung conformed to known morphological differences between the different segments of the arterial and venous pathways. Heterogeneity for endothelial binding was seen in the immature lung. These studies indicate biochemical differences in surface structure between the endothelium, SMCs and connective tissue of the immature and mature lung. Ultrastructural localization of the lectins in the vasculature of the developing animal lung ought to help interpret similar data obtained on the vessels of the immature human pulmonary hypertensive lung using lectins which show similar binding patterns in both species. PMID- 3746526 TI - Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 153rd meeting. 2-4 July 1986. Jointly with the Dutch Pathological Society. Dublin. Abstracts. PMID- 3746527 TI - Acute renal failure. I. Pathophysiology and diagnosis. PMID- 3746528 TI - Role of physician in preserving verbal evidence of child abuse. PMID- 3746529 TI - Urinary sIgA in children with urinary tract infection. AB - Urinary secretory IgA (sIgA) was measured using a specific ELISA with insolubilized anti-IgA and enzyme-linked antisecretory component. This test was applied to unprocessed urine from healthy children and from children with urinary tract infection. Normal range was a function of age. In 175 healthy children the excretion rate of sIgA was low in infants younger than 6 months but was constant between ages 6 months to 15 years (median 0.69 mg/gm creatinine, range 0.15 to 3.4 mg/gm creatinine), whereas sIgA concentration (milligrams per liter of urine) increased continuously with age. No sex difference was noted. There were no significant circadian changes or day-to-day variability. Thirty girls, age 1 to 16 years, were examined; they had a history of recurrent symptomatic episodes of urinary tract infection but had anatomically normal tracts and no symptoms, and no bacteriuria at the time of study. sIgA excretion rate was significantly lower (0.45 mg/gm, creatinine, 0.08 to 0.75 mg/gm creatinine) than in controls. In contrast, 11 girls examined at the time of symptomatic urinary tract infections, and who had normal urinary tracts, had significantly (P less than 0.01) higher sIgA excretion rates (1.4 mg/gm creatinine, 0.8 to 3.4 mg/gm creatinine) than those in either control subjects or girls without symptoms at the time of study. Urinary sIgA excretion rates were highest (2.0 mg/gm creatinine, 0.44 to 3.69 mg/gm creatinine) in children with symptomatic urinary tract infections who had an abnormal urinary tract. We conclude that low urinary sIgA values may be a marker for recurrent symptomatic bacteriuria in girls with normal urinary tracts. PMID- 3746530 TI - Insulin-like growth factors I and II in evaluation of growth retardation. AB - Plasma samples from 68 growth hormone (GH)-deficient children (provocative serum GH level less than 7 ng/ml), 44 normal short children, and 197 children with normal height were assayed by specific radioimmunoassays for the somatomedin peptides, insulin-like growth factors (IGF)-I and -II. Eighteen percent of the GH deficient children had IGF-I levels within the normal range for age, whereas 32% of normal short children had low IGF-I levels. Low IGF-II levels were found in 52% of GH-deficient children, but also in 35% of normal short children. However, only 4% of GH-deficient children had normal plasma levels of both IGF-I and IGF II. Furthermore, only 0.5% of normal children and 11% of normal short children had low plasma levels of both IGF-I and IGF-II. We conclude that plasma levels of either IGF-I or IGF-II overlap in GH-deficient and normal short children, but that the combination of radioimmunoassays may permit better discrimination among normal, normal short, and GH-deficient children. PMID- 3746531 TI - Serum dicarboxylic acids in patients with Reye syndrome. AB - Reye syndrome resembles disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Analysis of serum free fatty acids from 18 patients with Reye syndrome revealed that dicarboxylic acids comprise as much as 55% (range 4% to 55%) of the patients' total free fatty acids; both medium- (6 to 12 carbon lengths) and long-chain (14 to 18 carbon lengths) dicarboxylic acids were identified. Long-chain dicarboxylic acids were not found in any control samples, whereas 86% +/- 4% of the serum dicarboxylic acids were long chain in 10 patients with Reye syndrome in state 3 to 4 coma and 31% +/- 8% in eight patients with a milder illness. The serum concentration of dicarboxylic acids correlated with the clinical state (P less than 0.001) and with the elevation in blood ammonia concentration (r2 = 0.8767). No long-chain dicarboxylic acids were found in the urine. The dicarboxylic acidemia in Reye syndrome may be secondary to the general mitochondrial dysfunction or could indicate that an insult to fatty acid metabolism or the stimulation of omega oxidation is important in the pathogenesis of the illness. Measurement of serum dicarboxylic acids, especially long chain, may be important in assessing Reye syndrome and may prove useful in distinguishing this from other diseases. PMID- 3746532 TI - Normalization of cardiopulmonary endurance in severely asthmatic children after bicycle ergometry therapy. AB - Sixty-five children with severe asthma were tested on a bicycle ergometer to determine their cardiopulmonary endurance and to determine whether they could achieve normal levels of endurance after a physical rehabilitation program. Workloads on entry into the study ranged from 12% to 222% (median 70%) of predicted. Abnormalities in cardiopulmonary endurance did not correlate with historical features commonly used to define severe asthma or degree of airways obstruction. Forty (58%) patients required further bicycle ergometry training two to five times per week: 32 had scores less than 2 SD below the mean, and eight had scores between 1 and 2 SD below the mean. No adverse side effects were encountered during either testing or training. Of the children with scores less than 2 SD below the mean, 84% achieved normal workloads within 2 to 17 weeks of hospitalization. Rates of improvement were similar in the 27 children who subsequently passed and the five children who did not pass, suggesting that duration of program participation was the most important variable in determining success. Thus severely asthmatic children with abnormal fitness levels can achieve normal cardiopulmonary fitness after training on the bicycle ergometer. PMID- 3746533 TI - Pulmonary function abnormalities in homozygous beta-thalassemia. AB - Pulmonary function tests were performed on 19 patients with homozygous beta thalassemia ranging in age from 10 to 29 years. These included patients who had and had not received transfusions. None of the 19 subjects had completely normal pulmonary function. Residual volume (in 16 of 19 patients), ratio of residual volume to total lung capacity (12 of 19), and airway resistance (16 of 19) were abnormally increased; maximum expiratory flow (15 of 19) and peak flow (10 of 19) were abnormally reduced. Single-breath carbon monoxide diffusion was normal in 16 of 19. These results indicate that mild to moderate small airway obstruction and hyperinflation are common in thalassemia and that patient age, transfusion history, and iron accumulation are not important factors in the genesis of these pulmonary abnormalities. PMID- 3746534 TI - Estimates of need for transfusions during hypertransfusion therapy in sickle cell disease. AB - The relationship between Hemoglobin S (Hb S) level and simultaneous values of reticulocyte count, hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (Hct) were studied in six patients with sickle cell disease who were receiving a transfusion protocol because of cerebrovascular accidents. There was good correlation between Hb S and reticulocyte count (r = 0.601), Hb (r = -0.530), and Hct (r = 0.479). Although three of the six patients had similar patterns of relationship of Hb S to reticulocyte count and four of six had similar patterns of relationship of Hb S to Hb and Hct, the other patients had distinctly different patterns. "Decision levels" of reticulocyte count, Hb and Hct, indicating the probable need for transfusion, were determined by the point at which the regression line plus 1 standard error would yield the maximum Hb S considered safe. Although all individual decision levels could separate patients with regard to the need for transfusion, decision levels for the group as a whole could not do so for Hb or Hct and could do so for reticulocyte count only with reduced specificity and predictive value. After an individual patient's pattern of relationship has been established, estimates of Hb S based on reticulocyte count, Hb, or Hct can be used as an inexpensive screen for the need for transfusion. PMID- 3746535 TI - Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in children with congenital heart disease. AB - Electrocardiogram-gated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to evaluate 36 children, ages 2 to 17 years, with congenital heart disease. With the use of multiple imaging planes, including transverse, sagittal, coronal, and 60-degree left anterior oblique views, high contrast images with excellent spatial resolution were produced. In 34 of the 36 patients the anatomic detail provided by MRI was sufficient to make the cardiac diagnosis. Electrocardiogram-gated MRI is an important new imaging technique for use in children with cardiovascular disease. PMID- 3746536 TI - Congenital pancreatic hypoplasia: a syndrome of exocrine and endocrine pancreatic insufficiency. AB - We describe two brothers with small size at birth, early-onset insulin-dependent diabetes, and pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. In contrast to the findings in pancreatic aplasia, their serum C-peptide and glucagon levels were measurable. These findings, in concert with their clinical courses, are consistent with the diagnosis of congenital pancreatic hypoplasia. PMID- 3746537 TI - Kenny syndrome: evidence for idiopathic hypoparathyroidism in two patients and for abnormal parathyroid hormone in one. AB - We report three unrelated patients with Kenny syndrome. Clinical symptoms included severe dwarfism, with internal cortical thickening and medullary stenosis of the tubular bones, normal bone age, macrocephaly, absent diploic space, delayed closure of the anterior fontanel, and normal intelligence; two of the patients had hyperopia and papillary edema. The patients also had episodic hypocalcemic tetany and low serum levels of magnesium. In two patients the diagnosis of idiopathic hypoparathyroidism was established on the basis of undetectable serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels (N- and C-terminal RIAs); one of these had normal urinary cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response to exogenous PTH. Circulating calcitonin was undetectable in either patient. In a third patient, who had abnormal body proportions, serum levels of PTH were increased in an RIA detecting predominantly intact PTH (N-RIA) and undetectable in another RIA recognizing carboxy-terminal fragments (C-RIA). Administration of PTH promptly increased urinary cAMP excretion. In this patient, serum levels of calcitonin were increased, whereas values for 25-OHD and 1,25(OH)2D were normal. PMID- 3746538 TI - Difficulties in universal application of criteria identifying infants at low risk for serious bacterial infection. PMID- 3746539 TI - Documented vasopressin deficiency in a child with Wolfram syndrome. PMID- 3746540 TI - Urinoma of the fallopian tube in virilizing congenital adrenal hyperplasia. PMID- 3746541 TI - Superior mesenteric artery stenosis: cause of recurrent ischemic bowel syndrome in an infant. PMID- 3746542 TI - Lack of association of supernumerary nipples with renal anomalies in black infants. PMID- 3746543 TI - Transplacental passage of intravenous immunoglobulin in the last trimester of pregnancy. AB - Immunoglobulin G was given intravenously (IVIgG) to pregnant women (27 to 36 weeks gestation) with signs of chorioamnionitis who were at risk for preterm delivery. Twenty-four patients received antibiotics alone (control group). Twenty seven patients received the same antibiotics in combination with IVIgG, either 12 gm in 12 hours (low IVIgG dosage) or 24 gm on each of 5 consecutive days (high IVIgG dosage). Transplacental passage of IVIgG was shown to be a function of gestational age and of dose. Up to the thirty-second week of gestation, IgG infusions had no effect on IgG concentrations in cord sera. After that time, cord serum IgG levels were significantly higher in the high-dose group compared with the low-dose and control groups. All four subclasses of IgG, and two different antibodies present in the IVIgG preparation passed from the mother to the fetus. Thus the infused IgG mimicked the transplacental passage of endogenous IgG. PMID- 3746544 TI - Postnatal changes in total body water and extracellular volume in the preterm infant with respiratory distress syndrome. AB - Body water compartment changes were assessed during postnatal weight loss in 14 infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Total body water and extracellular volume were measured by dilution methods on the first day of life and again between the third and sixth days of life. Extracellular volume changes were calculated between the first and second determinations by measurement of chloride balance. Fluid therapy was prescribed to allow negative net water balance and a 1% to 3% reduction in body weight per day. All infants had concurrent reductions in body weight, total body water, and extracellular volume. Progressive daily extracellular volume reduction concurrent with weight loss was also apparent from chloride balance data. The correlation of changes in body weight with extracellular volume in individual subjects was poor (r = 0.05). We speculate that variations between sodium and free water balance in the sick preterm infant may be responsible for variability in the distribution of postnatal body water losses. Assessment of hydration in the newborn infant should include consideration of sodium balance and alterations of serum osmolality, and changes in body weight. PMID- 3746545 TI - Effect of maturation on oral breathing in sleeping premature infants. AB - To evaluate the influence of postnatal maturation on oral breathing, we measured nasal and oral ventilation during sleep and the ventilatory response to nasal occlusion in 11 preterm infants. Studies were repeated at 31-32, 33-34, and 35-36 weeks postconceptional age. Premature infants had rare episodes of spontaneous oronasal breathing during sleep. The frequency of oral breathing in response to nasal occlusion increased with advancing postconceptional age, from 8% +/- 8% at 31-32 weeks to 26% +/- 18% at 33-34 weeks and 28% +/- 33% at 35-36 weeks. Oral breathing in preterm infants, unlike that in term infants, was characterized by intermittent airway obstruction leading to a significant decrease in respiratory rate, tidal volume, minute ventilation, and tcpo2 (P less than 0.005). When inspiratory (Rl) and expiratory (RE) resistances during nasal and oral breathing were compared, Rl increased from 41 +/- 30 to 234 +/- 228 (P less than 0.004) and RE from 62 +/- 16 to 145 +/- 43 cm H2O X L-1 X sec (P less than 0.004). The ability of preterm infants to use the oral route of breathing thus increases with advancing postnatal maturation, but its effectiveness may remain limited by high oral airway resistance. PMID- 3746546 TI - Staphylococcus epidermidis-associated enterocolitis. AB - Nineteen infants (mean +/- SD gestational age 30 +/- 2 weeks, birth weight 1.28 +/- 0.53 kg) with Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteremia were found on retrospective chart review to have had signs and symptoms of acute enterocolitis. This S. epidermidis-associated enterocolitis constituted 37% of the 51 cases of enterocolitis and 23% of the 81 cases of S. epidermidis sepsis during the study period. S. epidermidis-associated enterocolitis was relatively mild compared with other forms of enterocolitis. Although abdominal radiographs showed markedly abnormal bowel gas patterns with distended bowel loops and bowel wall edema, only one infant had pneumatosis intestinalis and none had portal venous or free intraperitoneal gas. Only three infants had neutropenia, and five had thrombocytopenia. None of these infants required surgical intervention. Although bloody stools often persisted for weeks, none of the neonates had prolonged feeding intolerance or development of a stricture. We conclude that S. epidermidis infection is commonly associated with a mild form of enterocolitis in the neonate and that this association should be considered when selecting antibiotics for therapy. PMID- 3746547 TI - Malpositioning of the endotracheal tube in infants with tracheoesophageal fistula. PMID- 3746548 TI - Directly measured arterial oxygen saturation in the newborn infant. PMID- 3746549 TI - Theophylline toxicity in children. AB - Sixty-five cases of theophylline toxicity in children were reviewed. Vomiting, tachycardia, and central nervous system excitation were the most common manifestations. Seizure activity occurred in four acutely intoxicated children whose serum theophylline concentrations were less than 70 micrograms/ml. Two patients experienced visual hallucinations in association with high serum theophylline levels. Dosing errors accounted for the majority of cases. Most instances of toxicity could have been avoided by more careful consideration of the patient's medication history and more diligent monitoring of serum theophylline concentrations. PMID- 3746550 TI - Early growth predicts timing of puberty in boys: results of a 14-year nutrition and growth study. AB - Diet and growth were studied prospectively in 78 boys ages 6 months to 14 years. All boys were well nourished and not grossly obese. Pubertal development was evaluated at age 14 years, and the results correlated with diet and early growth. No nutrients were significantly correlated with the stage of pubertal development. Boys with more advanced pubic hair development (Tanner greater than 3) and longer penile length (greater than or equal to 10 cm) had been significantly heavier at ages 6 months, 2 years, and 4 years (all P less than 0.025). Muscle mass, as estimated by the cross-sectional muscle area of the upper arm, had been significantly greater in the early maturers at the same ages (P less than 0.025 in seven of nine comparisons). Although the more sexually mature boys also had been taller and had had larger skinfolds at virtually all measurements from age 6 months to 4 years, the differences were less pronounced. In this adequately nourished male population, body size in the first years of life was significantly correlated with the timing of puberty. PMID- 3746551 TI - Timing and magnitude of adolescent growth in height and weight in Cape coloured children after kwashiorkor. AB - One hundred sixteen patients who had had kwashiorkor between the ages of 5 months and 4 4/12 years and 89 controls were the subjects of a 15-year follow-up study of their growth and development. We report the findings of a longitudinal analysis of 53 (30 females) of the ex-patients and 30 (15 females) of the controls, selected because at the end of 15 years of study they conformed to the criteria of adult secondary sexual characteristics, height velocity less than 2 cm/yr, and completeness of data. Nonlinear curve-fitting techniques were applied to the height and weight data for these subjects using the Preece-Baines model 1 growth function to determine the timing and magnitude of adolescent growth spurts and the associated biologic changes. Both ex-patients and controls grew below the 25th percentile of British longitudinal standards, but the male ex-patients were heavier, and perhaps taller, than the controls for most of their childhood and adolescence. Velocity curves indicated that the ex-patients had higher pre adolescent peak increments than the controls and a generally longer growth spurt of reduced magnitude. Two possible explanations are discussed: Garrow and Pike's theory that children with kwashiorkor have a genetic potential for greater physical growth, and a socioeconomic crisis occurring within a family affects the youngest child, who subsequently requires a longer time to recover than do siblings within an improving socioeconomic situation. PMID- 3746552 TI - Assessment of urinary protein excretion in the adolescent: effect of body position and exercise. AB - We examined the effects of body position and exercise on the random urinary protein/creatinine ratio (Up/Ucr) in healthy adolescents, to provide reference data to be used in a simplified evaluation of proteinuria. Random urine samples were obtained during recumbency and after both ambulation and exercise in 116 subjects. The Up/Ucr was significantly (P less than 0.0001) higher with increasing levels of activity, and was widely variable, especially during the upright and postexercise periods. No sex-related differences in Up/Ucr were noted, except during recumbency, when values were significantly (P less than 0.001) higher in females. The urinary dipstick was found to be less sensitive as a tool to define abnormal degrees of recumbent proteinuria. We conclude that body position and exercise have significant effects on protein excretion, and suggest that the Up/Ucr in recumbent and upright urine samples will be useful in the evaluation of proteinuria. PMID- 3746553 TI - Effects of protein-free surfactant. PMID- 3746556 TI - Rapid enzyme fluorescence test for diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis. PMID- 3746554 TI - Doxapram for apnea of prematurity. PMID- 3746555 TI - Herpes esophagitis in normal children. PMID- 3746557 TI - Pubertal data for growth velocity charts. PMID- 3746558 TI - Evaluation of ELISA test for rotavirus diagnosis in neonates. PMID- 3746559 TI - Variation in the sizes of eggs and oncospheres and the numbers and distributions of testes in the tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta. AB - Four "strains" of Hymenolepis diminuta were examined for morphological variation. These included the ARME "strain" (currently maintained at the University of Keele, U.K.), the OSU "strain" (currently maintained at The Ohio State University) and the TOR (or UT) "strain" (currently maintained at the University of Toronto), all of which were derived from the parental RICE "strain," and the ANU "strain" (currently maintained at the Australian National University). Additionally, 2 separate "clonal" populations (populations derived from single cysticercoids) from both the OSU and ANU "strains" were examined. All "strains" and "clones" were maintained under identical conditions using Tenebrio molitor and male Sprague-Dawley rats as the intermediate and definitive hosts, respectively. The lengths and widths of eggs and larvae (oncospheres) passed in the hosts' feces, and the numbers and distributions of testes in proglottids were quantified and the data analyzed. Although analyses of the lengths and widths of eggs and larvae demonstrated significant differences among some "strains" and "clones," a discriminate analysis of the data indicated these parameters to be of questionable taxonomic significance. The eggs of all "strains" and "clones" consisted of 2 distinct populations differing in density and size but not infectivity; the relative proportions of eggs in the 2 populations were not determined. Considering all possible numbers and distributions of testes, 17 variations were seen in the strobilae of tapeworms. Analyses of the data demonstrated that the "strains" and "clones" could be differentiated clearly using only the frequencies of the 1p2a (1 poral and 2 aporal testes) or 1p3a distribution, or the frequencies of proglottids containing 3 or 4 testes; all other variations failed to clearly differentiate or group the various "strains" and "clones."(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3746560 TI - Cryptobia salmositica: susceptibility of infected rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, to environmental hypoxia. AB - Using the sealed jar technique (also called residual oxygen bioassay), rainbow trout fry infected with Cryptobia salmositica were more susceptible than non infected fish to environmental hypoxia. The Winkler technique (azide modification) was used to determine the residual dissolved oxygen in the water. Susceptibility of infected fish increased with 1) time after infection and was most evident in 3-7 wk infections, 2) the severity of anemia, and 3) increasing parasitemia. In prolonged infections, susceptibility was reduced when there were decreases in anemia and parasitemia; however, these infected fish were still more susceptible than non-infected fish. The increase in susceptibility of infected fish to hypoxia may be an important contributing factor to mortality of fish in hatcheries where there is inadequate water flow and overcrowding. The sealed jar technique is recommended in future studies on the pathogenesis of parasitic fish diseases, especially if the metabolic and/or respiratory systems are affected by the infection. PMID- 3746561 TI - Schistosoma mansoni: production of cercarial eicosanoids as correlates of penetration and transformation. AB - A method was developed, using a 0.25% agar matrix, to incorporate varying concentrations of linoleate and correlate cercarial transformation and eicosanoid production in vitro. Schistosoma mansoni cercariae were stimulated to penetrate over a wide range of linoleate concentrations; however, the transformation process occurred over a narrow range. Approximately 25% of cercariae penetrated the agar matrix in controls (no linoleate) and 0.003 mM linoleate. Penetration rates rose gradually until, at linoleate concentrations of 0.3 mM or greater, penetration approached 100%. The transformation process did not begin until the linoleate concentration in agar reached 2.0 mM (3.8%), and achieved maximum (91%) at 3.0 mM. A concentration of 9.0 mM linoleate gave 100% penetration and transformation rates, but penetration was superficial and cercariae were not viable. Cercarial eicosanoid production was concentration-related. Various eicosanoid classes were associated with cercarial penetration and transformation. Penetration rates were correlated with increasing leukotriene (LT, R = 0.9541) and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE, R = 0.8363) levels, while transformation rates correlated with increasing prostaglandin levels (R = 0.9225). Correlating eicosanoid production with penetration and transformation rates strengthened the hypothesis that successful cercarial penetration and transformation are dependent on both skin essential fatty acid levels and resulting cercarial eicosanoid production. PMID- 3746562 TI - Interaction between the Biomphalaria glabrata-Schistosoma mansoni host-parasite system and the non-target molluscs: influence on cercarial production. AB - The cercarial production of Schistosoma mansoni by Biomphalaria glabrata (target mollusc: TM) was studied in relation to the presence of non-target molluscs (NTM). Nine species of NTM were tested. Whatever the type of TM-NTM association (lasting association, during prepatent period and production period, association only during the exposure of the molluscs to the miracidia), the presence of NTM involved a significant increase of S. mansoni cercarial production. This increased cercarial production was more or less pronounced according to the NTM species present. PMID- 3746563 TI - Genetic variability and differentiation of natural populations in three Japanese lung flukes, Paragonimus ohirai, Paragonimus iloktsuenensis and Paragonimus sadoensis (Digenea: Troglotrematidae). AB - The genetic differences among 3 closely related species, Paragonimus ohirai, Paragonimus iloktsuenensis and Paragonimus sadoensis, were assessed by electrophoretic analysis of allozymes. Fifteen enzymes were analyzed using starch gel electrophoresis. Seven of 18 loci were polymorphic. The most variable population (POs) was polymorphic at 6 of the loci (P = 0.333) with a heterozygosity H of 0.054. Genetic distances between P. ohirai and P. iloktsuenensis, between P. ohirai and P. sadoensis, and between P. iloktsuenensis and P. sadoensis were, on the average, 0.0375, 0.0809 and 0.0567, respectively; values which are well within the usual range for conspecific populations. An especially low estimate of genetic distance was obtained between sympatric populations of P. ohirai and P. iloktsuenensis (0.00059) in Sendai, indicating that gene flow occurred between the 2 species. PMID- 3746564 TI - An optimized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for quantitative diagnosis of bovine fascioliasis. AB - An optimized immunoassay for detection of antibody to Fasciola hepatica antigen in cattle was developed through the adaptation of a kinetics-dependent, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (k-ELISA) to a microplate format. Enhanced sensitivity and a strict quantitative nature were achieved with the utilization of enzyme kinetics. With this k-ELISA, significant (P less than 0.01) elevations in anti-F. hepatica antibody could be detected as early as 2 wk post-infection in experimentally infected calves. Furthermore, fluke-burden related differences in anti-F. hepatica antibody levels between 3 different levels of fluke infection were evident. PMID- 3746565 TI - Tick antigens recognized by serum from a guinea pig resistant to infestation with the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. AB - Immune resistance to infestation by an ixodid tick, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, the vector of the cattle disease East Coast Fever, was induced in a guinea pig by repeated tick infestation. This resistance is expressed as the ability of the host to interfere with tick feeding. Resistance to ixodid tick feeding is an acquired response mediated by host antibody. We report the use of antibodies from a resistant host animal, in immunoblotting, to characterize the tick antigens recognized. The major tick antigens identified had molecular weights of 120,000, 94,000, 88,000, 77,000, 58,000, 46,000, 35,000, 31,000, 28,000, 25,000, 20,000 and 16,000. Most of these antigens were found in tick salivary glands. The presence and concentration of many tick salivary antigens appeared to vary with relation to the tick feeding cycle. Many of the antigens present in salivary glands were also detected in tick cement. Tick gut extract, although a poorer source of antigens, contained more of the 31,000 dalton antigen than salivary glands. Larval and nymphal tick extract lacked many of the antigens present in adult ticks. The data suggest that tick resistance is a complex phenomenon probably elicited by several different tick antigens. PMID- 3746566 TI - The role of muscle larvae of Trichinella spiralis in the behavioral alterations of the mouse host. AB - The effects of early and encysted muscle larvae of Trichinella spiralis on the open-field behavior of CD-1 mice were studied. Chemotherapy with fenbendazole prior to encystment of larvae prevented the development of behavioral changes in mice. The chemotherapeutic destruction of encysted muscle larvae restored the ambulatory activity of mice to normal levels. The study suggests that muscle larvae are the etiological agents of behavioral alterations in the mouse host. PMID- 3746567 TI - Parasitogenic octavus neuropathy as a cause of mass stranding of Odontoceti. PMID- 3746568 TI - Susceptibility of Cebus nigrivittatus to Leishmania infantum. PMID- 3746569 TI - A simplified method for in vitro excystation of Giardia muris. PMID- 3746570 TI - Eosinophil levels in Alaria marcianae (Trematoda) infected mice. PMID- 3746571 TI - The statistical interpretation of accelerated degradation studies in solutions. PMID- 3746572 TI - Decontaminating agents. PMID- 3746573 TI - Influencing standard setting. PMID- 3746574 TI - The compendial-industrial-regulatory interface. PMID- 3746575 TI - Rethinking some USP-FDA relationships. PMID- 3746576 TI - Regulatory aspects of lyophilization. PMID- 3746577 TI - Considerations for parenteral dosage form development of natural alpha interferon. PMID- 3746578 TI - Lysis of human red blood cells in the presence of various cosolvents. II. The effect of differing NaCl concentrations. PMID- 3746579 TI - Effect of pressure on the sublimation rate of ice. PMID- 3746580 TI - Sterile ophthalmic ointment and suspension manufacturing. PMID- 3746581 TI - Immunologic properties of a fraction of Trichophyton rubrum with affinity to concanavalin A. AB - The antigens of Trichophyton rubrum were studied by means of concanavalin A affinity chromatography and immunoelectrophoresis. The lectin was found to bind 8 of the 35 antigens present in a crude T. rubrum extract. This concanavalin A fraction induced antibody formation in rabbits. Moreover, some human anti-T. rubrum antibodies reacted with this fraction, which was also able to induce lymphocyte transformation in vitro in lymphocytes from infected patients. In addition, skin test studies demonstrated its ability to elicit relevant immediate and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. Thus the antigens of the concanavalin A fraction elicit both IgE and precipitating antibodies and cell mediated immunity. PMID- 3746582 TI - The effects of Candida albicans on turpentine-induced hyperplasia of hamster cheek pouch epithelium. AB - This investigation aimed to determine the effect of Candida albicans on hyperplastic epithelium. Epithelial hyperplasia was induced in hamster cheek pouches by painting the mucosa with 50% (v/v) turpentine and liquid paraffin (TLP50) for 10 weeks. The pouches were then tied off with sutures after inoculation with C. albicans. Many of the pouches lost their sutures and were histologically normal after periods up to 8 weeks. Those which remained tied off showed epithelial dysplasia resembling changes seen in human candida leukoplakia. It is suggested from these preliminary experiments that C. albicans may be capable, in certain conditions, of causing further changes to hyperplastic epithelium resembling those seen in Candida leukoplakia. PMID- 3746583 TI - Sporotrichosis in India: first authentic case report from the north-western region and a critical literature review. AB - The first case of sporotrichosis from north-western region is reported along with a critical review of the work done on this disease in India. The patient, a 55 year-old housewife with multiple lymphocutaneous lesions on her left arm, had never travelled to north-eastern India where sporotrichosis occurs endemically. She was a resident of Ranikhet, District Nainital, Uttar Pradesh (U.P.), situated about 235 km north-east of Delhi. The diagnosis was established by demonstration of Sporothrix schenckii through direct microscopy and culture of pus collected from multiple suppurative lesions, verification of the dimorphic character of the fungus in vitro and its pathogenicity to white mice. She was treated successfully with oral administration of potassium iodide for 6 weeks. PMID- 3746584 TI - Improved method for estimation of azole antifungal inhibitory concentrations against Candida species, based on azole/antibiotic interactions. AB - Low, reproducible minimal inhibitory concentrations against Candida species, with sharp, precise end points in complex media were achieved for imidazoles (clotrimazole, econazole, miconazole, tioconazole and ketoconazole) and triazoles (fluconazole, itraconazole, vibunazole, ICI 153066) by including in the test medium antibacterial antibiotics that bind to the 80S eukaryotic ribosome and inhibit protein synthesis, i.e. blasticidin, cycloheximide, doxycycline, neomycin and gentamicin. The presence of these antibiotics reduced MICs, on average, by 50 to 250-fold. Other protein synthesis inhibitors (rifampicin, erythromycin, lincomycin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol and fusidic acid) were not effective, and the antibiotics did not affect MICs for Aspergillus species. The low azole MICs were in close agreement with MICs obtained in a defined, tissue culture based medium lacking added antibiotics. PMID- 3746585 TI - An outbreak and review of cave-associated histoplasmosis capsulati. AB - Three male college students from Florida developed acute onsets of fever, chills, shortness of breath, and cough within one day of each other, and all were eventually hospitalized for four to 29 days. All chest x-ray films showed diffuse reticulonodularities in both lung fields. Laboratory studies confirmed the diagnosis of histoplasmosis. The three students had been 'spelunking' (cave exploring) 6 to 7 days before their onset of symptoms. One of four soil samples collected in the caves was positive for Histoplasma capsulatum by the indirect mouse inoculation procedure. Of three investigators who entered the implicated caves, two developed acute febrile illness within 15-21 days. One investigator was hospitalized for 18 days with a confirmed diagnosis of histoplasmosis. Investigation identified an additional case (the person had entered the caves 6 months before this episode), but was not reported to health authorities. Spelunkers should be aware of the potential risk of histoplasmosis and how to avoid infection. Physicians should be cognizant of cave-associated histoplasmosis, inquire about spelunking in persons who develop febrile respiratory illnesses with diffuse nodularities on chest x-ray films, and report such cases to their health department. A review of 42 reported outbreaks of cave associated histoplasmosis and the approach to environmental control of infected caves are included. PMID- 3746586 TI - Morphological development of the conidia produced by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis mycelial form. AB - P. brasiliensis conidia were studied for their ability to grow as yeasts or as molds according to temperature. Using a microculture system we found that such conidia shared the ability of the parent mycelium to transform directly into multiple-budding yeast cells at 36 degrees C or to produce germ tubes and branching mycelia if kept at 22 degrees C. PMID- 3746587 TI - Dermatophytosis of camels. AB - A survey of ringworm in camels showed over 25% of young animals suffered from T. verrucosum infection, and fewer than 0.5% of the camels had T. mentagrophytes. Amino acid analyses of hair samples taken from human, camel and cow showed the compositions were similar to within 11%. PMID- 3746588 TI - Survival of Blastomyces dermatitidis in the gastrointestinal tract of an orally infected insectivorous bat, Rhinopoma hardwickei hardwickei Gray. AB - The survival of Blastomyces dermatitidis with markedly reduced population, in the gastrointestinal tract and faeces of Rhinopoma hardwickei orally infected with 2.5 X 10(5) colony forming units of the fungus, is reported. B. dermatitidis was cultured from the stomach, intestine and faeces up to 16-24 h and from rectum up to 48 h post infection. The results demonstrate that orally infected R. hardwickei hardwickei bats transiently shed B. dermatitidis through their faeces but the significance of this route of environmental dissemination requires further evaluation. PMID- 3746589 TI - Preferential-looking acuity and stereopsis in infantile esotropia. AB - One hundred esotropic infants were assessed by preferential-looking (PL) for monocular acuity and stereopsis before the initiation of treatment. PL acuity of infantile esotropes who freely alternated fixation and of preferred eyes of unilateral esotropes was not significantly different from monocular acuity of age matched normal infants. PL acuity of non-preferred eyes was normal during months three to five, but frequently below normal during months six to 14. Approximately the same percentage of normal and esotropic infants aged three to four months demonstrated stereopsis, but fewer esotropes than normals demonstrated stereopsis, during months five to 14. Ninety-five percent of infants judged non amblyopic by the cover-uncover test also showed no evidence of amblyopia in the PL test. Overall, 42% of esotropic infants judged amblyopic by the cover-uncover test were found amblyopic by PL. Most discrepancies between PL and fixation preference (73%) occurred when clinically amblyopic infants under eight months of age were found non-amblyopic by PL. These findings suggest that fixation preference develops prior to the onset of amblyopia detectable by PL. The results of PL stereopsis testing suggest that stereoscopic pathways are present and potentially functional in at least some esotropic infants. PMID- 3746590 TI - Think superior oblique palsy. AB - Superior oblique palsy is thought to be the most frequent cause of acquired vertical diplopia. It is often the result of blunt head trauma but may also be caused by brain tumor, meningitis, diabetes, lesions of the cavernous sinus, and superior orbital fissure as well as arteriosclerosis. The characteristics frequently include a small vertical strabismus in primary gaze, ipsilateral inferior oblique overaction with an increased hypertropia to the contralateral side, a "V" pattern, excyclotorsion, and a positive Bielschowsky head tilt test to the ipsilateral side. In a typical case, it is not difficult to make the proper diagnosis. Several patients will be described whose superior oblique palsy was marked by an association with another motility disturbance. PMID- 3746591 TI - Congenital ocular fibrosis syndrome associated with the Prader-Willi syndrome. AB - We report an 11-year-old boy with both the congenital ocular fibrosis and the Prader-Willi syndromes. Since birth he has had bilateral blepharoptosis and fixed ocular misalignment in downward gaze. Pathological examination of the extraocular muscles showed replacement by fibrous tissue. Additionally, the child had the typical clinical features of the Prader-Willi syndrome including mental retardation, hypotonia, short stature, hypogonadism, and obesity. The Prader Willi syndrome has been consistently associated with interstitial deletions of the long arm of chromosome 15. Although our patient appeared to have normal chromosomes, he may indeed have an undetectable deletion which may be responsible for both syndromes. We believe that the gene(s) for the congenital ocular fibrosis syndrome may be located near the gene(s) for the Prader-Willi syndrome on the long arm of chromosome 15. PMID- 3746592 TI - Retinoblastoma: correlation between age at diagnosis and survival. AB - Life tables analyses were performed from the records of 1147 patients seen between 1958 and 1983 to determine correlation between age at diagnosis and survival from metastatic retinoblastoma. No difference was noted overall in survival from metastatic retinoblastoma for unilateral vs. bilateral, male vs female, or family history vs negative family history. Survival rate of 21 of 40 patients diagnosed after age 7 and receiving no treatment was 96%. Two patients in this group did develop metastasis: one because of late diagnosis and one because treatment was refused. One patient with an "arrested retinoblastoma" showed growth in his third decade, necessitating treatment. Survival was poorest in patients diagnosed between ages two and seven years where mortality was 19% from metastatic retinoblastoma. Patients diagnosed between birth and two years had an intermediate survival of 95%. Because of second nonocular tumors, survival of the patient with unilateral retinoblastoma was significantly better than that of the bilaterally affected child. PMID- 3746593 TI - The relationship of rectus muscles to the globe: a study with coronal CT scanning. AB - Coronal computerized tomographic scans of 25 patients were reviewed in order to determine the normal relationship of rectus muscles to the globe. Using a horizontal reference line constructed along the anterior cranial fossa, the mean horizontal rectus muscle axis was found to be slightly excyclotorted in both eyes, and the mean vertical rectus muscle axis slightly incyclotorted in both eyes. In addition, the mean superior temporal quadrant angle formed by the intersection of the horizontal and vertical rectus muscle axis was significantly greater than the mean superior nasal quadrant angle in the same eye. The presence of large anatomical variations in individual patients may make it difficult to implicate rectus muscle malposition as an important etiology of A- and V-pattern strabismus. PMID- 3746594 TI - Topographical aspects of the insertions of the extraocular muscles. AB - In 581 strabismus operations, the distances between the limbus and the scleral insertions of the rectus muscles were measured, as well as the distances between the anterior end of the insertions of the superior and the inferior obliques and the temporal end of the insertion of the superior rectus and the inferior end of the one of the lateral rectus, respectively. In the case of the rectus muscles, smaller values than the classical ones were found. With the obliques, the measurements were similar to those of Fink. The differences with age or refraction were not statistically significant. We concluded that these parameters are not important in the determination of the amount of recession of an extraocular muscle in strabismus operations in patients over the age of six months. PMID- 3746595 TI - Orbital and childhood sarcoidosis. AB - Orbital infiltration, anterior uveitis, disc edema, choroiditis, erythema nodosum, and polyarticular arthritis due to sarcoidosis occurred in a five-year old child who presented with unilateral proptosis. Diagnosis was enhanced by computerized tomography of the orbit, and confirmed by synovial biopsy findings. This patient's course illustrates the importance of thorough and frequent ocular examinations in childhood uveitis associated with systemic disease and demonstrates an unusual finding of orbital sarcoidosis. Childhood sarcoid arthritis may be misdiagnosed as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Familiarity with the ocular and systemic findings may lead to the correct diagnosis. PMID- 3746596 TI - Unilateral blepharoptosis with synkinetic movements of the eyelids on horizontal gaze. AB - A 17-year-old woman with a left congenital ptosis and an alternating esotropia is presented. During horizontal gaze to the right and left, the eyelid of the abducting eye elevated and the eyelid of the adducting eye lowered. There were no synkinetic eyelid movements with contraction of the pterygoid, sternocleidomastoid, or facial muscles. Synkinetic eyelid movements due to aberrant regeneration were unlikely due to absence of previous third nerve palsy. A supranuclear innervational abnormality is proposed to explain the clinical findings. PMID- 3746597 TI - Extensive intestinal aganglionosis including the ileum: a new surgical technique. AB - Extensive aganglionosis including the ileum occurs in less than 5% of children with Hirschsprung's disease; in these cases nutrition, fluid, and electrolyte balance are a problem. The author reports an infant with extensive aganglionosis including the ileum in whom an endorectal pull-through of the Soave type as modified by Boley was performed with a longitudinal side-to-side anastomosis between the aganglionic and normal intestine, preserving terminal ileum and ileocecal valve. At two and one-half years of age the infant is well. He is toilet trained and has 1 to 4 soft bowel movements per day as he is in the 50th percentile for weight. When extensive aganglionosis involves the small intestine, saving the important function of the terminal ileum and the ileocecal valve is possible and highly desirable. PMID- 3746598 TI - Infantile mammary duct ectasia: a cause of bloody nipple discharge. AB - Bloody nipple discharge in infancy has been rarely reported in the medical literature. Its cause is unknown. We report a three-year-old male infant and a five-month-old female infant with bloody nipple discharge. Because of persistent bloody discharge, a subcutaneous mastectomy was performed in the boy; the problem resolved in the girl after a period of observation. The specimen showed histologic changes identical to those seen in adult mammary duct ectasia. All the endocrinologic work-up was normal. We suspect that bloody nipple discharge in infancy is underreported. This is a benign condition with histologic changes similar to adult mammary duct ectasia and if persistent, should be properly investigated; biopsy or excision are not indicated. PMID- 3746600 TI - Castleman's disease in children. AB - A three and one-half-year-old girl and a 12-year-old boy presented with features of the two clinical presentations of Castleman's disease or giant lymph node hyperplasia. The girl presented with anemia, fever, night sweats, hypergammaglobulinemia, and a palpable abdominal mass. Her symptoms were consistent with those seen in the plasma-cell type of this disease. The boy presented with acute appendicitis and a left hilar mass was noted on his chest radiograph. His asymptomatic presentation was typical of the hyaline-vascular form. Both patients are well without evidence of recurrence four years following resection. Castleman's disease is a benign disorder of lymph nodes that occurs rarely in children. Since the original report in 1954 we could find only 18 cases in the 16-year and younger age group and our patient with the symptomatic form represents the youngest patient reported in the English literature. The management requires surgical resection of the enlarged nodes both for diagnosis and therapy since the enlarged nodes can mimic malignant tumors of the lymphoid system. No recurrences have been reported in pediatric patients. PMID- 3746599 TI - Pulmonary hypertension postventricular septal defect repair treated by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. AB - Severe pulmonary hypertension complicating the correction of congenital cardiac defects is an unusual cause of early postoperative mortality. We present a case of a nine-month-old infant who developed paroxysmal pulmonary hypertension associated with severe hypoxemia after the successful repair of a large perimembranous ventricular septal defect (VSD). The pulmonary hypertension was refractory to all medical and pharmacologic therapy but was successfully treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). On ECMO, pharmacologic support was removed, pulmonary artery pressure reduced, and ECMO support withdrawn. To date, ECMO has been applied to pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, neonatal respiratory insufficiency, and for primary cardiac pump failure. Our experience with this case leads us to believe it is an effective therapy for acute pulmonary hypertension occurring after the repair of congenital cardiac anomalies. PMID- 3746601 TI - Percutaneous placement of a venous access port in a pediatric patient population. AB - Venous access for administration of therapeutic agents and blood sampling has been difficult in the pediatric age group. A subcutaneous injection venous access port, the Infuse-A-Port (Infusaid Corp, Norwood, Mass) has been placed by percutaneous means in 29 patients aged 2 to 24 years. Placement has been under general (16) and local (13) anesthesia. There have been five problems (extravasation 2, suspected sepsis 1, and hematoma 2) during a total of 2,927 days of exposure. The convenience, reliability, safety, and patient acceptance of this venous access port makes this method the preferred choice for prolonged venous access in the pediatric age group. PMID- 3746602 TI - Percutaneous central venous catheterization in children: first line choice for venous access. AB - Percutaneous central venous (CV) catheters using the jugular and subclavian veins have been widely used for hemodynamic monitoring and for venous access in difficult clinical situations. However, peripheral venous cutdowns (PVC) still remain the primary mode of short-term venous access in children. To evaluate percutaneous CV line insertion as a routine procedure, a prospective study of 115 patients (75 CV and 40 PVC) was performed. Ages ranged from 1 day to 17 years; age and weight were similar in both groups. Eighty-three CV lines were attempted, with a success rate of 93%, while 82% of 49 PVC insertions were successful. Complications occurred in 11 (14%) patients with CV access and 31 (78%) with PVC lines. In the latter group, poor flow was a problem in 65%, infiltration in 37.5%, and phlebitis in 27.5%. In the CV group, arterial puncture occurred during insertion in 2 (3%) patients with no adverse sequelae, catheter slippage occurred in 4 (5%), and poor flow in 2 (3%). A large majority (79.2%) of CV lines functioned successfully until no longer needed, as compared with 15% of PVC catheters. The latter were removed before completion of treatment because of poor flow (40%), phlebitis (20%), or catheter problems (10%). Catheter sepsis was documented in only one CV line. Two cutdowns had major local infections. The average catheter longevity was 10.2 days for CV lines, 4.1 days for PVC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3746603 TI - Continuous venous access in children for long-term chemotherapy by means of an implantable system. AB - Between June 1983 and December 1984, 42 Port-a-Cath (PAC) systems have been implanted to establish continuous venous access in 42 children (aged 1 to 16 years) undergoing long-term chemotherapy. The PAC is a totally implantable closed system. Absence of permanent skin penetration decreases the risk of infection. The PAC gives more freedom and less discomfort to the child than a percutaneous system. The complication rate seems acceptable in comparison with that of other methods. PMID- 3746604 TI - Follow-up of renal morphology and growth of 141 children operated for vesicoureteral reflux: a retrospective computerized study. AB - This study relates the postoperative evolution after ureterovesical reimplantation for vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in 141 children who were ten years old or younger at the time of surgery. Renal growth and morphology were evaluated 2 and 5 years after surgery. We estimated renal growth by measuring the ratio of the bipolar parenchymal thickness to the total length of the kidney. We noticed that whatever the degree of reflux might have been, most of the kidneys partially or totally compensated for their growth failure. This growth resumption required many years to be completed. Surgical correction of VUR had favorable consequences on the radiologic aspect of pyelonephritic scars only on some of the kidneys: in these cases, the child's age appeared to be the only factor that had a statistical importance affecting the postoperative evolution of pyelonephritic scarring: the younger the children were at the time of surgery, the better the results obtained. PMID- 3746605 TI - Rupture of the ureteropelvic junction by nonpenetrating trauma. AB - This paper reports an experience in the early diagnosis and treatment of pelviureteric avulsion, whether or not it is associated with parenchymal damage; such avulsion in itself must be evaluated first, as it determines the treatment required and conditions the prognosis. PMID- 3746606 TI - Pediatric microsurgery: revascularization and replantation. AB - Pediatric microvascular surgery has received little attention in the literature until recently. The demonstrated feasibility with successful results represents a disproportionately small patient population when compared with adults. One reason for this delayed growth in pediatric revascularization and replantation appears to be a lack of awareness on the part of both referring physicians and microvascular surgeons as to its present indications and outcome. Several cases are presented along with a review of the current literature to clarify this issue. A protocol for managing these patients from a triage standpoint is also included. PMID- 3746607 TI - Abnormal preoperative and postoperative esophageal peristalsis in gastroesophageal reflux. AB - Extended 24-hour pH monitoring and esophageal manometry before and 6 months after Nissen fundoplication in a group of 14 children with symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux (GER), of whom 12 had esophagitis, have shown that all patients were clinically cured and their initially abnormal pH-monitoring parameters significantly decreased to normal values after operation. Whereas lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) was not modified by surgery, lower esophageal sphincter length (LESL) was significantly increased. The percentage of tertiary, nonpropulsive esophageal waves, that was very high in basal conditions (74.9 +/- 34.5%) and following instillation of acid into the esophagus (79.8 +/- 20.2%) remained high (58 +/- 23.2% and 72.1 +/- 18.2% respectively) several months postoperatively. The persistence of abnormal peristalsis after surgical cure of GER suggests that severe symptoms in this group of patients resulted from the simultaneous failure of both components of the antireflux mechanism (LES and esophageal peristaltic "pump"), which led to increased acid exposure. The good results of surgical establishment of an effective valve-like barrier alone illustrate the possibility of compensation by only one of the components when the other fails. According to this interpretation, whereas patients with good peristalsis would tolerate GER fairly well, those with GER and bad peristalsis would have increased acid exposure and, consequently, esophageal damage. PMID- 3746608 TI - Late return of function after intrathoracic torsion of the spleen in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. AB - A case of late presentation of a left posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia in a four-year-old boy is reported. Shortly after incidental diagnosis of the diaphragmatic hernia, he was admitted with acute abdominal symptoms and laparotomy was performed. The stomach, small intestine, part of the colon, and the spleen were intrathoracic. There was a 720 degree torsion of the splenic pedicle. After reduction, the spleen was placed in the abdomen. At scintiscans 12 days and 14 weeks after operation, no certain splenic function was demonstrated, but at follow-up up 21/2 years later the splenic scan was normal. PMID- 3746610 TI - Congenital bronchobiliary fistula successfully treated at the age of three days. AB - The 12th case of congenital bronchobiliary fistula is reported. This is the eighth and youngest successfully treated case of this malformation. Bronchoscopy without unnecessary delay is the key to early diagnosis in this anomaly. PMID- 3746609 TI - Aorto-iliac aneurysms following umbilical artery catheterization. AB - Aneurysms of the aorta and its major branches are rare in the pediatric population and are usually associated with cardiovascular malformations. Recently, however, a number of children have emerged with aneurysms following umbilical artery catheterization (UAC). In the last 8 years, two such patients have presented at the Medical College of Virginia. These are reported in detail and compared with 18 others found in the literature (12 thoracic, 4 abdominal, 2 iliac). Several conclusions follow from the study of this group of 20 children: The history of umbilical artery catheterization in the presence of bacteremia, especially staphylococcal, is a prime risk factor in the development of aneurysms (90%, P less than .01). In addition, there was a concordance between the location of the catheter tip and the site of future aneurysm formation (P less than .05). UAC associated aneurysms are difficult to diagnose because of their rarity and have often been mistaken for tumors. The diagnosis should be suspected in the workup of a tumor in a child with an appropriate history. Though these aneurysms are probably mycotic, pus has not been encountered at surgery and there have been no reported graft infections. Patients with S aureus bacteremia complicating UAC should be followed closely to detect aneurysm formation. PMID- 3746611 TI - Refractory cholangitis after Kasai's operation caused by candidiasis: a case report. AB - A case of biliary atresia treated by Kasai portoenterostomy was re-explored a year later for refractory cholangitis, which failed to respond to antibiotic treatment. Unexpectedly, the granulation tissue obstructing the porta hepatis contained pseudohyphae of Candida albicans. After curettage and Amphotericin B local irrigation, the patient became afebrile and anicteric. PMID- 3746612 TI - Pancreaticobiliary common channel associated with common duct stricture. AB - The etiology of diffuse or cystic dilatation of the common bile duct is still uncertain. Several authors have reported a long common pancreaticobiliary channel in association with a choledochal cyst. We report a similar case of a two-year old female in which ERCP identified a common duct stricture. The common channel anomaly was seen by intraoperative cholangiography. PMID- 3746613 TI - Satisfaction with social support during crisis: intimacy and self-esteem as critical determinants. AB - Satisfaction with social support was studied longitudinally in a group of 113 Israeli women following the outcome of both normal and medically complicated pregnancies. Greater intimacy with spouse and with friends were found to be related to greater satisfaction with support received during this crisis period. Intimate ties contributed to satisfaction with support independent of self esteem, social network parameters, and type of pregnancy outcome. Social network parameters and pregnancy outcome were not found to be related to satisfaction with support. Among women low in self-esteem, greater intimacy with family was found to be related to lower satisfaction with support if the women lacked intimate ties with spouse or a friend. The findings were discussed in light of clinical and social psychological theories regarding reaction to aid. PMID- 3746614 TI - Language structure in social interaction: perceptions of direct and indirect speech acts and interactants who use them. AB - Speech acts (Searle, 1975) can be performed either directly or in various indirect ways. It is argued that the appropriateness of this choice is affected by the process of face management and the relative status of the speaker, and the choice of how to perform speech acts will encode social information. A written scenario format was used, and in Experiment 1, subjects rated direct and indirect questions and replies as a function of the status of the target interactants, and the extent to which the requested information was face threatening. Perceptions of the appropriateness of replies, but not the questions, varied as a function of face threat. The effects of status were in the predicted direction for both questions and replies, but significant only for the perceived politeness of questions. Subjects in Experiment 2 rated the scenario interactants and their relationships as a function of the use of direct and indirect replies and rated possible rejoinders to these replies. Inferences of status, liking, and closeness varied as a function of the reply type used, and indirect replies were more likely to be accepted than to be questioned when there was an obvious reason for their use (i.e., to manage face). PMID- 3746615 TI - Keeping track of needs in communal and exchange relationships. AB - Keeping track of needs in communal and exchange relationships was investigated in two experiments. In both, subjects could check to see if another person needed help. The first experiment tested the hypotheses that When there is no opportunity for the other to reciprocate in kind, keeping track of the other's needs will be greater if the person desires a communal relationship with the other than if the person desires an exchange relationship with the other. If the person desires an exchange relationship with the other, keeping track of the other's needs will be greater when an opportunity for the other to reciprocate in kind exists than when it does not. If a communal relationship is desired, the existence of an opportunity for the other to reciprocate in kind will not influence keeping track of the other's needs. The results of the first experiment supported all three hypotheses. The second experiment tested and found support for the hypothesis that even when nothing can be done to help the other, keeping track of the other's needs will be greater if a communal relationship is desired with the other than if an exchange relationship is desired. PMID- 3746616 TI - Differential experiences of siblings in the same family as predictors of adolescent sibling personality differences. AB - In the area of personality development, environmental influences operate to make siblings in the same family different rather than similar to each other. The goal of the present study was to determine whether differential experience of siblings can be used to explain the marked personality differences of siblings. The Sibling Inventory of Differential Experience (SIDE) along with personality information (the EAS Temperament Inventory and questions about career expectations) was administered to 50 biological sibling pairs and 98 adoptive sibling pairs in adolescence and young adulthood. The results indicated that differential sibling interaction and differential peer characteristics as self reported on the SIDE explain 6%-26% of the variance in sibling personality difference scores. For example, the sibling who reports more sociability as compared to his sibling also experiences more sibling closeness and more peer popularity as compared to his sibling. Comparison between adoptive and biological siblings indicates that the SIDE relations are mediated environmentally rather than genetically. PMID- 3746617 TI - Cognitive and personality factors in the delay of gratification of hemodialysis patients. AB - On the basis of Mischel's (1984) social learning analysis of the process of delay of gratification in children and in line with Bandura's (1977) self-efficacy theory, we developed a model of delay of gratification in adults and tested it on dialysis patients who were continuously required to comply with a stringent regimen of fluid-intake to keep alive. We hypothesized that patients' self evaluations of their past compliance and their efficacy expectations would be associated with their actual delay behavior. Underlying these process-regulating cognitions would be stable competencies, such as learned resourcefulness (i.e., one's self-control skills). Fifty-three dialysis patients self-evaluated their fluid intake compliance, their efficacy expectations, and their health beliefs. Resourcefulness was assessed by Rosenbaum's Self-Control Schedule. Actual fluid intake compliance was reliably assessed by the mean body weight increase between dialyses during the 3-month period prior to the study and during two follow-up periods. The results supported the model. On the one hand, self-efficacy expectations were related to persistence with the fluid diet and on the other hand to subjects' self-evaluation of their past adherence behavior as well as to their resourcefulness. Although the path model suggested a causal pattern, the correlational nature of the study precluded any conclusions on cause-effect relationship. PMID- 3746618 TI - Interaction of sex role self-concept with relationship quality and relationship beliefs in married, heterosexual cohabiting, gay, and lesbian couples. AB - The relation between sex role self-concept (masculine, feminine, undifferentiated, and androgynous) and both relationship quality and dysfunctional relationship beliefs was examined in 370 monogamous partners who represented four types of couples (married, heterosexual cohabiting, gay, and lesbian). Analyses used both the individual partner and the couple as the unit of analysis. The individual partner analyses revealed that relationship quality and relationship beliefs differed by subjects' sex role self-concept. Androgynous and feminine subjects reported higher relationship quality than masculine and undifferentiated subjects; androgynous subjects had fewer "disagreement is destructive" beliefs than feminine subjects; and androgynous subjects had fewer "partner cannot change" beliefs than undifferentiated subjects. The couple analyses revealed a relation between partners' sex role self-concept only for the heterosexual cohabiting couples. For these couples, masculine men tended to pair with feminine or undifferentiated women, and androgynous partners tended to pair together. Relative to other couples, couples in which one or both partners were androgynous or feminine reported the highest relationship quality, whereas couples in which one or both partners were undifferentiated or masculine reported the lowest relationship quality. These effects did not vary by type of couple. The study concluded that sex role self-concept is a robust factor in appraisals of relationship quality. Relative to masculine and undifferentiated individuals, androgynous and feminine individuals report greater positive relationship functioning. PMID- 3746619 TI - Personality, coping, and family resources in stress resistance: a longitudinal analysis. AB - Earlier cross-sectional analyses have made causal inferences about stress resistance variables problematic. This study used a longitudinal analysis where stress-resistance factors in the areas of personality, coping, and family support assessed at an initial testing were used to predict psychological and physical adjustment one year later, controlling for initial adjustment. The study involved a survey of 245 men and 248 women in randomly selected families in the San Francisco Bay area. Findings demonstrated that feelings of self-confidence, an easy-going disposition, a disinclination to use avoidance coping, and the availability of family support operate jointly to protect individuals from negative psychological consequences of life stress. For women the stress resistance index also predicted psychosomatic complaints experienced one year after initial testing. PMID- 3746620 TI - The fantasy-prone person: hypnosis, imagination, and creativity. AB - The present study evaluated the so-called fantasy prone personality by selecting subjects who ranged along the continuum of fantasy proneness and then administering measures designed to assess hypnotic susceptibility (Harvard Group Scale, HGSHS:A; Shor & Orne, 1962), absorption (Tellegen Absorption Scale; Tellegen, 1976), vividness of mental imagery (QMI; Sheehan, 1967), response to waking suggestion (Creative Imagination Scale; Wilson & Barber, 1978), creativity (Barron Welsh Art Scale; Barron & Welsh, 1952), and social desirability (Crowne & Marlowe, 1960). Fantasy-prone (N = 23; upper 4% of college population), medium range (N = 22), and nonfantasy-prone persons (N = 17; lower 4% of population), were selected using the Inventory of Childhood Memories and Imaginings (Wilson & Barber, 1981). Strong support was secured for J. R. Hilgard's construct of imaginative involvement and Wilson and Barber's contention that fantasy prone persons can be distinguished from others in terms of fantasy and related cognitive processes. Fantasizers were found to outscore subjects in both comparison groups on all of the measures of fantasy, imagination, and creativity, with social desirability used as a covariate. Low fantasy-prone subjects were no less creative or less responsive to hypnosis than their medium fantasy-prone counterparts. PMID- 3746621 TI - The timing of psychosocial transitions and changes in women's lives: an examination of women aged 45 to 60. AB - Sixty-four middle-class women from four cohorts aged 45, 50, 55, and 60 participated in a retrospective interview concerning psychosocial changes in their adult lives. Their responses provided self-report data relating to specific psychosocial changes, and judges who read the interview protocols provided independent ratings of major psychosocial transitions. The results indicated that major psychosocial transitions were more likely to be associated with phases of the family cycle than with chronological age; within the family cycle, transitions were more likely to occur during the preschool (28% of the women), launching (42% of the women), and postparental (33% of the women) phases than during the no children, school-age, or adolescent phases; transitions associated with the preschool and launching phases were characterized by dissatisfaction, personal disruption, marital unhappiness, and decreased personal development, whereas transitions associated with the postparental phase were characterized by personal mellowing and improved marital relations; and finally, numerous self reported psychosocial changes were associated with family cycle phase, and a small number of changes was associated with chronological age. PMID- 3746622 TI - Emotional range and value orientation: toward a cognitive view of emotionality. AB - This study focused on emotional range--a personality variable introduced to the study of emotion. It is argued that individual differences in emotional responsiveness need to be described and analyzed not only in terms of emotional intensity but also in terms of emotional range. What are some of the factors that influence an individual's range of emotional experiences? Do cognitive factors play a significant role? Questions such as these were central to the present investigation. In accordance with recent cognitive formulations of emotion, we hypothesized that individual differences on the emotional range variable would be associated with differences in value orientations. Lending support to this proposition, the results revealed a pattern of emotional range--value associations that challenge the prevailing view of emotionality as intimately linked with primitivism and impulsivity. At the same time, the findings strongly suggest that emotionality cannot be understood as divorced from a person's mental life. Implications of the findings for the development of a cognitively oriented approach to the study of individual differences in emotional dispositions are discussed. PMID- 3746623 TI - Egocentrism and ego resiliency: personality characteristics associated with perspective-taking from early childhood to adolescence. AB - In this study we examined the longitudinal relation between ego resiliency and egocentrism. Measures of Level 1 and Level 2 egocentrism were administered to one hundred eleven 3 1/2-year-old children. Independent personality evaluations were available on these children at ages 3, 4, 7, 11, and 14 in the form of Q-sort ratings by independent sets of teachers and examiners. The relation between egocentrism and ego resiliency was observed to depend on level of egocentrism, as well as on sex of subject. In the sample of girls, both Level 1 and Level 2 egocentrism were negatively correlated with ego resiliency concurrently at age 3, but no long-term implications of egocentrism emerged. In the sample of boys, Level 1 egocentrism was consistently negatively associated with ego resiliency from early childhood (age 3) into adolescence (age 14). However, Level 2 egocentrism displayed no concurrent nor any dependable longitudinal relation with ego resiliency. The discussion focuses on possible interpretations of the relation between egocentrism and ego resiliency and on the sex differences in the pattern of longitudinal results. PMID- 3746624 TI - Learned helplessness in children: a longitudinal study of depression, achievement, and explanatory style. AB - In this longitudinal study, the depressive symptoms, life events, and explanatory styles of 168 school children were measured five times during the course of 1 year. Measures of school achievement were obtained once during the year. Depressive symptoms and explanatory styles were found to be quite stable over the year. As predicted by the reformulated learned helplessness theory, explanatory style both correlated with concurrent levels of depression and school achievement and predicted later changes in depression during the year. Depression also predicted later explanatory styles. The implications of these results for intervention with children with depressive symptoms or school achievement problems are discussed. PMID- 3746625 TI - Role of health locus of control beliefs and expectations of treatment efficacy in adjustment to cancer. AB - We examined the effects of health locus of control beliefs (self-, doctor, and chance control) and expectations of treatment efficacy on short-term psychological adjustment in a sample of newly diagnosed cancer patients. The role of these beliefs and expectations in moderating the relation between (perceived and actual) disease severity and depression was also examined. The data were collected within one week of diagnosis. The relation between perceptions of disease severity and depression was weaker for those who believed that they could personally control their health and for those who held positive expectations about the effects of complying with medical treatment. Similar patterns were found when disease severity was defined in terms of prognosis for survival. Strong negative correlations between self-control/treatment expectations and depression were found for those who perceived that their illness was very severe. The results for chance and doctor control were less consistent. The stability of health control beliefs and treatment expectations over the course of a serious long-term illness is discussed. PMID- 3746626 TI - The role of uncertain self-esteem in self-handicapping. AB - In this article, the hypothesis that some individuals confronted with an intellectual evaluation use a lack of preparation as a "self-handicapping" strategy (Jones & Berglas, 1978) was studied. Sex and both level and certainty of self-esteem were examined in regard to the self-handicapping strategy of lack of effort. Subjects were 54 men and 54 women, certain and uncertain, high and low self-esteem college students, who believed that the experiment was designed to update local norms for a nonverbal test of intellectual ability. After subjects' level of state anxiety was assessed, they were instructed in the benefits of practicing for the evaluation. Subsequently, subjects' state anxiety and preparatory efforts (the primary dependent variables) were measured. Subjects' practice, self-protective attributions, and related affect supported a self handicapping interpretation for uncertain males but not for uncertain females. PMID- 3746627 TI - Influence of personal and universal failure on the subsequent performance of persons with type A and type B behavior patterns. AB - We conducted this experiment to compare the task performance of Type A and Type B persons following failure on a task in which no one succeeded (universal failure) versus failure on a task in which others had succeeded (personal failure). Postfailure performance was measured in terms of speed of completion of anagrams. Initial analyses indicated that the failure manipulation was effective in influencing the subjects' perceived cause of their failures, and that subjects were more anxious and depressed following personal failure than universal failure. More important, we found that Type A subjects performed better following personal rather than universal failure, whereas type of failure had no effect on the performance of Type B subjects. The results suggest that contrary to what is usually thought, Type A persons do not struggle for success indiscriminately. The results are discussed in terms of need for control and self-esteem. PMID- 3746628 TI - Butylmaduramycin, a new antibiotic from Actinomadura rubra. AB - Butylmaduramycin, a new derivative of maduramycin was isolated from the culture medium of a mutant strain of Actinomadura rubra. This communication describes some biological and physico-chemical characteristics of the new antibiotic. PMID- 3746629 TI - Emulsifier formation with Acinetobacter: search for an excretion-reduced mutant of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus 69-V. AB - After growth on acetate three groups of Acinetobacter strains could be identified with respect to the excretion of a bioemulsifier. Mutants of A. calcoaceticus 69 V were selected which produced reduced amounts of emulsifier. PMID- 3746630 TI - Pharmacokinetics of isosorbide dinitrate and its mononitrate metabolites after intravenous infusion. AB - Plasma concentrations of isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) and its two active metabolites 2-isosorbide mononitrate (2-ISMN) and 5-isosorbide mononitrate (5 ISMN) have been measured during and for 6 hr after intravenous infusion at a rate of 2.5 mg/hr during 1.75 hr in six cardiac patients, by a capillary gas chromatographic method. Data were analyzed by simultaneous modeling of the observed kinetics of the three compounds. Two or three phases were detected on the postinfusion ISDN concentration-time curves. ISDN concentrations declined with a mean terminal half-life of 2.81 hr +/- 0.7 SD. The mean systemic clearance of ISDN (2.9 L/min +/- 0.7 SD) and its mean total volume of distribution (259 L +/- 48 SD) were relatively high. Plasma 5-ISMN concentrations were 5- to 6-fold greater than those of 2-ISMN during the whole observation period. Maximum levels of 2-ISMN (6.7 ng/ml +/- 0.9 SD) and of 5-ISMN (27 ng/ml +/- 6 SD) occurred within a few minutes after the end of infusion. The mean half-lives of 2-ISMN (1.59 hr +/- 0.19 SD) and of 5-ISMN (3.78 hr +/- 0.79 SD) estimated by the model were smaller than those calculated by a model-independent method (2.95 hr +/- 0.41 SD and 5.98 hr +/- 2.22, respectively), but were in good agreement with those reported in the literature following separate administration of both metabolites to man. This study shows how such modeling can distinguish between metabolite formation and elimination processes and allow the determination of metabolite half-lives after administration of the precursor drug. PMID- 3746631 TI - Linear systems approach to the analysis of an induced drug removal process. Phenobarbital removal by oral activated charcoal. AB - The theory of linear systems analysis is applied to the evaluation of induced drug removal processes. The rate and extent of removal are determined by deconvolution for the case of phenobarbital removal from the systemic circulation by orally administered activated charcoal. The proposed method is model independent in the sense that no specific models of intrinsic or induced pharmacokinetic processes are required, and it is readily adapted to the analysis of most types of induced removal processes (hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, etc.). Application of the approach indicates that phenobarbital was removed from the systemic circulation to an extent of 25-53% following multiple oral doses of activated charcoal in healthy human subjects. PMID- 3746632 TI - Effect of albumin on hepatic uptake of warfarin in normal and analbuminemic mutant rats: analysis by multiple indicator dilution method. AB - Multiple indicator dilution studies of warfarin uptake were carried out on isolated perfused rat livers in the presence and absence of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in the perfusate using normal rats and Nagase analbuminemic rats (NAR). A distributed model was fitted to the dilution data and estimates of influx, efflux, and sequestration rate constants were obtained. In both groups of rats, the intrinsic clearance for unidirectional hepatic uptake (CLint,influx) of warfarin in the presence of 1.6 g/dl BSA was approximately 37-45% of that in the absence of BSA, while the unbound fraction of warfarin with 1.6 g/dl BSA in the perfusate was only 4.2% of that in the absence of BSA. Thus the degree of BSA induced reduction of the value of CLint,influx and that of the unbound fraction are different. From these observations, it was found that the hepatic uptake of warfarin is not driven solely by the unbound concentration of warfarin, supporting the recent concepts of albumin-mediated transport for tightly albumin bound ligands as reported by Ockner et al. In addition, the fact that the same hepatic uptake mechanism of warfarin was also observed in NAR suggested that the hepatic uptake of warfarin may not necessarily require a special albumin receptor on the hepatocyte surface. PMID- 3746633 TI - Theoretical study of the influence of the circadian rhythm of plasma protein binding on cisplatin area under the curve. AB - A mathematical model for area under the curve (AUC) determination is proposed taking into account the circadian variation of cisplatin protein binding. The main theoretical result obtained with the model is that early morning drug administration (2-4 AM) promotes the highest AUC. The model predicts a maximum AUC variation, due to the binding variation, ranging between 2.4 and 15%. The minimum of AUC between 2.45 and 3.30 PM is in agreement with the minimum nephrotoxicity observed when cisplatin is injected in the afternoon. The model can be applied to other drugs that are irreversively bound to proteins or irreversively bound to other plasma components if the binding rate depends on the time of day. The variation intensity of AUC was demonstrated to depend on drug characteristics, but can never be higher than the circadian variation of the protein binding rate. PMID- 3746634 TI - Relationships among duration of infusion, dose, dosing interval, and steady-state plasma concentrations during intermittent intravenous infusions: studies with metronidazole. AB - Relationships among duration of infusion (T), dose, dosing interval (tau), maximum and minimum plasma drug concentrations at steady state (Cmax,ss and Cmin,ss, respectively), and the duration of effective plasma concentrations (tD) during multidose intermittent infusion regimens were studied by computer simulation using metronidazole as a model drug. Pharmacokinetic parameter values for metronidazole were obtained from the literature and the minimum effective plasma concentration (MEC) was taken as 6.0 micrograms/ml. Increasing the infusion period of the dose reduces Cmax,ss, but increases Cmin,ss. If intermittent bolus injection of a given dose of drug results in effective plasma concentrations for the entire dosage interval (i.e., Cmin,ss,bolus greater than MEC), then infusion of that dose over any period (T less than or equal to tau) will also result in effective concentrations for the entire dosage interval. However, if the dosage is such that Cmin,ss,bolus less than MEC, the relationships among duration of infusion, dose, dosage interval, and duration of effective plasma concentrations are complex. Therefore a nomogram was developed to allow selection of dose, dosing interval, and infusion period such that Cmax,ss and Cmin,ss could be maintained within a desired range. PMID- 3746636 TI - Physiological pharmacokinetic modeling of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (DDP) in several species. AB - A physiological pharmacokinetic analysis of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (DDP) is presented for the rabbit, dog, and human. The results are compared to a previous analysis for the rat. DDP binds irreversibly to low-molecular weight nucleophiles and macromolecules to form mobile and fixed metabolites at rates which are tissue-specific. The rate constant for the formation of fixed metabolite in plasma, determined by in vitro incubation, ranges from 0.004 to 0.008 min-1 in all species. Urinary excretion is the major route of platinum elimination in all species, with a kidney clearance of DDP approximating GFR in all species. Biliary clearance accounts for the elimination of 1-5% of dose and was neglected. The tissue-specific DDP-to-protein binding rates are in the order: kidney/skin/liver/gut/muscle for the beagle dog and rat. The rate constants for the rabbit and mongrel dog are similar, except that the skin and liver are reversed. The binding rate constants for various tissues are similar for all species. The rate constants for release of Pt from macromolecules are similar to protein turnover rate constants and decrease with increasing body weight. Human pharmacokinetic behavior was predicted by estimating human parameters by extrapolation of the animal data. The simulations in humans are compared to experimental plasma concentration and urine excretion profiles for several doses and durations of infusion. PMID- 3746635 TI - An enzyme-distributed system for lidocaine metabolism in the perfused rat liver preparation. AB - The influence of enzymic distribution on lidocaine metabolism was investigated in the once-through perfused rat liver preparation. Low input concentrations of 14C lidocaine (1-2 microM) and preformed monoethylglycine xylidide (MEGX; 2.3-2.8 microM) were delivered by normal and retrograde flow directions to the liver preparations at 10 ml/min per liver. Upon reversal of normal to retrograde delivery of lidocaine, the rates at which lidocaine, MEGX, and glycine xylidide (GX) left the liver almost doubled, whereas the rates of appearance of (total) hydroxylated lidocaine and MEGX in bile and perfusate increased to lesser extents. Upon reversal of normal to retrograde delivery of preformed MEGX, the rates of appearance of MEGX and GX were virtually unchanged. Computer simulations on lidocaine and preformed MEGX metabolism were performed on both evenly distributed ("parallel tube" model) and enzyme-distributed systems. An even or parallel distribution of N-deethylation and hydroxylation activities for lidocaine metabolism failed to predict the observed increased hepatic availability of lidocaine. Rather, the distribution of a low-affinity, high capacity N-deethylation system anterior to a high-affinity, low-capacity hydroxylation system for lidocaine metabolism adequately predicted the increased hepatic availability of lidocaine. Further extension of these consistent enzyme distributed models on the metabolism of lidocaine metabolites suggests that the N deethylation and hydroxylation activities for the metabolism of lidocaine, MEGX, 3-hydroxyidocaine, and 3-hydroxy MEGX are not identically distributed. When these enzyme-distributed models were appraised with reference to the "parallel tube" and "well-stirred" models of hepatic drug clearance, predictions from these enzyme-distributed models proved to be superior to the "parallel tube" and "well stirred" models for the present data on lidocaine metabolites with normal and retrograde perfusions. Previously published data on lidocaine and MEGX metabolism after inputting 4 micrograms/ml (17 microM) lidocaine at flow rates of 10, 12, 14, and 16 ml/min were reexamined with respect to the adequacy of these enzyme distributed models. They were found to be superior to the evenly-distributed or "parallel tube" model in predicting hepatic availability of lidocaine and the rate of appearance of MEGX. However, the enzyme-distributed systems were not as consistent as the "well-stirred" model in predicting lidocaine hepatic availability in these flow experiments. PMID- 3746637 TI - Renal transport kinetics of furosemide in the isolated perfused rat kidney. AB - Direct quantitative data and corresponding theory are provided for the effect of protein binding on the renal transport of furosemide. Drug studies were performed with various combinations of bovine serum albumin and dextran. This resulted in a percent unbound (fu) of furosemide ranging from 0.785 to 85.8%. The corrected renal (CLr/GFR) and secretion (CLs/GFR) clearances of furosemide were observed to increase with percent free, but in a nonproportional manner. Plots of CLr/GFR or CLs/GFR vs. fu appeared to have a prominent y intercept as well as a convex ascending curve. In addition, the excretion ratio [ER = CLr/(fu . GFR)] was reduced from 60.8 to 8.72 as fu increased. Overall, the data were best fitted to a model in which two Michaelis-Menten terms were used to describe renal tubular transport, and secretion was dependent upon free drug concentrations in the perfusate. The results demonstrate that the renal mechanisms of furosemide excretion are more complex than previously reported and that active secretion may involve two different transport systems over the concentration range studied. PMID- 3746638 TI - Ocular pharmacokinetic models of clonidine-3H hydrochloride. AB - A single topical instillation of clonidine-3H HCl solution (0.2%) was administered to the rabbit eye (30 microliter) in order to study the drug's ocular pharmacokinetics. Seven different tissues and plasma were excised and assayed for drug over 180 min. By 45-60 min pseudoequilibrium is reached for the cornea, iris/ciliary body, and aqueous humor. Thereafter, drug levels in these tissues decline in parallel. The data are fit separately to a physiological model and a classical diffusion model for which seven ocular tissue compartments and a plasma reservoir are constructed for each model. Clearance terms and distribution equilibrium coefficients are determined from the tissue level data and used as parameters in fitting the mass balance differential equations representing the physiological model. The model parameters can also be fit to a 0.4% single dose. In a separate experiment, a topical infusion technique was designed to provide a constant rate input to the cornea until an apparent steady state was reached in aqueous humor at 55 min. Aqueous humor levels were assayed for clonidine over the infusion and postinfusion periods. The physiological model parameters are fit to the topical infusion data and show good agreement between the predicted and experimental data. The classical model is too complex to fit the data to integrated exponential equations primarily because the method of residuals is inadequate in determining a sufficient set of initial estimates. This is overcome by dividing the eight-compartment model into seven fragmental models, each representing one to five compartments. A stepwise procedure is developed in which initial estimates are obtained for each separate fragmental model and refined. The refined parameter values can then be used as initial estimates for the complex model. Differential equations for the complex model are fit simultaneously to tissue levels representing each compartment. By observation, the classical model fit the data more closely than the physiological model. Statistical moment theory is also applied to the topical infusion data to determine ocular pharmacokinetic parameters for clonidine. The calculated values are: corneal absorption rate constant ka, 0.00139 min-1, aqueous humor elimination rate constant k10, 0.0658 min-1; mean residence time MRTd, 35.6 min; apparent steady-state volume of distribution Vss, 0.530 ml; and ocular clearance Qe, 14.9 microliter/min. The fraction absorbed from the single instillation is estimated as 0.0163. PMID- 3746639 TI - Estimation of drug absorption rates using a deconvolution method with nonequal sampling times. AB - A method affording direct estimation of the drug absorption rate from blood level data using arbitrary time intervals has been derived based on the staircase input principle. In the derivation, the drug was assumed to follow linear kinetics where the plasma concentration of the drug after an impulse input is expressed by a multiexponential function. Drug absorption was assumed to occur at a constant rate during each subsequent sampling interval. The absorption rate profiles obtained by the method using several numerical examples were expressed as a set of rectangular pulses. Divergence in the profiles reflected blood sampling measurement errors rather than errors due to the deconvolution. Smoothing of the rate profiles by calculating the mean of the absorption rates between adjacent time intervals gave realistic results. Absorption rate profiles for theophylline obtained by the method using published data gave information on the initiation and termination of the absorption as well as the extent of absorption from the dosage form. PMID- 3746640 TI - Podiatric implications of intradermal nevi. PMID- 3746641 TI - Pedal manifestations of the seronegative spondyloarthritides. Part IV: Enteropathic arthropathy of Crohn's disease. PMID- 3746642 TI - A correlation between os trigonum syndrome and tarsal tunnel syndrome. PMID- 3746643 TI - Dorsal tendosynovial cyst. PMID- 3746644 TI - Bilateral tendo Achillis rupture after gastrocnemius recession. Case report. PMID- 3746645 TI - Osseous trauma of the lower extremity secondary to knife wounds. Two case reports. PMID- 3746646 TI - Acute arterial occlusion secondary to the use of a pneumatic thigh tourniquet. A case report. PMID- 3746647 TI - Lisfranc fracture dislocation. A variation. PMID- 3746648 TI - Periostitis associated with phenol matricectomies. PMID- 3746649 TI - Dorsolateral approach for hammer toe correction. PMID- 3746650 TI - Sural and intermediate dorsal cutaneous neurectomy. PMID- 3746651 TI - Digital trauma: another reduction technique. PMID- 3746652 TI - The combination cast. PMID- 3746653 TI - Cutaneous tag or acrochordon of the lower extremity. PMID- 3746654 TI - Special athletic shoes. PMID- 3746655 TI - Effect of dosing frequency on the development of physical dependence and tolerance to pentobarbital. AB - Many studies have suggested the importance of the rate of drug elimination in the development of pharmacodynamic tolerance and physical dependence to sedative hypnotic drugs. Our previous study demonstrated that the role of individual variation in elimination kinetics played an important part in producing pharmacodynamic tolerance and physical dependence when the drug was given at a fixed dose-frequency schedule. The present study investigated the effect of various dose-frequency schedules on the production of tolerance and physical dependence. Controlling the frequency of administration was thought to be the most rational clinical approach in avoiding the production of tolerance and physical dependence with repeated sedative-hypnotic medication. Groups of animals were treated with Na pentobarbital according to the "maximally tolerable" dosing schedule described previously, except that with different dose-frequency schedules, i.e., twice a day, once every day, once every 1.5 days and once every other day for 70 consecutive doses and then withdrawn abruptly. The relationship between the number of Na pentobarbital doses under each dose-frequency schedule and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic tolerance production, plus the intensity of withdrawal, were studied. The withdrawal intensity was further correlated to the time lag between each drug administration by estimating the maximal time allowed between doses that does not produce any spontaneous withdrawal convulsions and overt withdrawal signs. It was concluded that the time required for repeated Na pentobarbital administration that does not produce withdrawal convulsion and overt withdrawal signs was 4.9 and 5.7 times the average pentobarbital half-life, respectively. PMID- 3746656 TI - Development of adrenergic and nonadrenergic pressor mechanisms in rats sympathectomized from birth. AB - Rats were sympathectomized by administering guanethidine from birth through 50 days of age. Experiments were performed in vivo under anesthesia at 18, 25, 40, 60, 70 and 100 days of age to determine if sympathectomy (SNX) attenuated development of vascular noradrenergic contraction and the mechanisms that support mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) after SNX. The maximum and ED50 of the pressor response to the alpha-1 noradrenergic agonist methoxamine was used to test contractility. MAP support mechanisms were assessed indirectly by measuring hypotensive responses to sequential interventions: adrenalectomy, chlorisondamine (ganglionic blockade), phentolamine (alpha-1 and alpha-2 noradrenergic blockade), angiotensin II antagonist, arginine vasopressin antagonist and hydralazine (direct acting vasodilator). Guanethidine abolished the pressor response to tyramine-evoked norepinephrine release, decreased plasma norepinephrine 70% without change in epinephrine and decreased methoxamine ED50. Maxima of methoxamine pressor responses were comparable in sympathectomized rats and controls at all ages. Resting MAP was 7 to 20% lower in sympathectomized rats, but MAP after eliminating autonomic nerve influences was 27 to 36% higher. SNX abolished hypotensive responses to chlorisondamine and decreased responses to phentolamine. In contrast, there were increased responses to angiotensin II antagonist (70-240%), arginine vasopressin antagonist (250%) and hydralazine (50 300%). SNX did not change MAP measured after maximum dilation with hydralazine. We conclude that in rats sympathectomized from birth vascular noradrenergic contraction and intrinsic resistance develop normally, blood pressure is independent of circulating catecholamines from the adrenal or other sources although the vasculature is supersensitive and blood pressure support depends on an enhanced pressor influence of nonadrenergic vasoactive substances including angiotensin II and arginine vasopressin. PMID- 3746657 TI - Differential effects of central nervous system depressants in long-sleep and short-sleep mice. AB - The relative sleep time response of long-sleep (LS) and short-sleep (SS) mice was determined after the i.p. injection of varying doses of several anesthetic agents that vary in lipid solubility. The LS and SS mice were bred selectively for differences in duration of ethanol-induced sleep time. The drugs tested included: several halogenated ethanol derivatives (trifluoro-, trichloro-, tribromo- and dichloroethanol), chloral hydrate, paraldehyde, urethane and the water soluble barbiturates, barbital and phenobarbital. The LS mice slept for a longer time after the i.p. injection of the majority of these drugs than did the SS. As the lipid solubility of the agents increased, the response differential decreased. These data indicate that the LS and SS mice do not differ only in response to alcohols. Rather, they differ in sensitivity to agents that have lipid solubilities which resemble that of ethanol. Furthermore, these data imply that anesthetic agents with low lipid solubility have different mechanisms of action than do anesthetic agents with high lipid solubility. PMID- 3746658 TI - Role of aniline metabolites in aniline-induced hemolytic anemia. AB - Hemolytic anemia after aniline and aniline-related drugs such as dapsone and primaquine is thought to be mediated by active/reactive metabolite(s) formed during the hepatic clearance of the parent compounds. To determine whether any of the known metabolites of aniline contribute to the hemolytic response seen in rats given aniline, rats were infused with isologous 51Cr-labeled erythrocytes 24 hr before administration of aniline or aniline metabolites. The time course of blood radioactivity was followed in individual rats by serial sampling from the orbital sinus and the time required for blood radioactivity to fall by 50% (T50Cr) was used as a measure of in vivo erythrocyte survival. Aniline HCl produced a dose-dependent reduction in the T50Cr. Acetanilide also reduced the T50Cr, but was less potent than aniline. Aminophenols (2-, 3- and 4-) in similar doses did not significantly alter the T50Cr. In contrast, phenylhydroxylamine produced a dose-dependent decrease in the T50Cr with approximately 10 times the potency of aniline. The T50Cr was also decreased in a concentration-dependent manner for labeled erythrocytes incubated in vitro with phenylhydroxylamine, then readministered to rats, indicating a direct toxic effect of phenylhydroxylamine on erythrocytes. In addition, the area under the blood time course curve for phenylhydroxylamine plus nitrosobenzene was equivalent in rats administered equitoxic doses of aniline or phenylhydroxylamine, indicating that sufficient phenylhydroxylamine is formed in vivo during aniline clearance to account for aniline's toxicity. These results suggest that phenylhydroxylamine is the active metabolite that mediates aniline-induced hemolytic anemia. PMID- 3746659 TI - Cardiotoxic effects of maitotoxin, a principal toxin of seafood poisoning, on guinea pig and rat cardiac muscle. AB - Maitotoxin (MTX), a principal toxin of seafood poisoning, produced powerful cardiotoxic effects on guinea pig isolated left atria at concentrations of 5 X 10(-9) to 3 X 10(-8) g/ml. The MTX-induced increase in resting tension of atria was abolished by Co++, D600 or Ca++-free solution. The tissue Ca content and 45Ca uptake of guinea pig atria were increased by MTX (5 X 10(-9) to 3 X 10(-8) g/ml), and these increases were inhibited markedly by Co++. In isolated rat cardiac myocytes, irreversible contracture was produced by MTX (10(-8) g/ml), and this effect of MTX was suppressed by verapamil or Ca++-free solution. The intracellular free Ca++ concentration of isolated rat myocytes was increased greatly by MTX (10(-9) to 3 X 10(-8) g/ml). Furthermore, the myocardial cells sampled from guinea pig left atria were characterized ultrastructurally by severely overcontracted sarcomeres, swollen mitochondria, peripheral aggregation of nuclear chromatin and loss of granular glycogen, and these morphological changes were abolished by omitting Ca++ from the medium. These results suggest that MTX increases the Ca++ influx through the cardiac muscle membrane to create the Ca-overloaded state and thus caused the cardiotoxic effects. PMID- 3746660 TI - Induction of depolarization block in midbrain dopamine neurons by repeated administration of haloperidol: analysis using in vivo intracellular recording. AB - Acute administration of the antipsychotic drug haloperidol causes an increase in the firing rate and in the proportion of spontaneously active dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. In contrast, repeated administration of haloperidol for 21 days results in a dramatic decrease in the number of dopamine neurons displaying spontaneous electrophysiological activity. In vivo intracellular recordings revealed that these nonfiring dopamine neurons have a membrane potential significantly more depolarized than dopamine neurons in control rats, although their input resistances were equivalent. Neurons displaying this depolarization block could not be activated by depolarizing current injection, but could be made to fire in response to hyperpolarization of the membrane. Furthermore, administration of autoreceptor-selective doses of the direct acting dopamine agonist apomorphine hyperpolarized inactivated dopamine neurons in treated rats, resulting in initiation of spontaneous activity. Thus, repeated administration of neuroleptics appears to cause a feedback excitatory drive to nigral dopamine neurons of sufficient magnitude to depolarize the membrane beyond the spike generating region. As a result, a tonic depolarization blockade of spontaneous spike activity is induced. PMID- 3746661 TI - Differential induction of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase in tissues of the rat placenta. AB - The placenta of the rat during late gestation is comprised of the yolk sac membranes, labyrinth and basal zone, which are of fetal origin, and the decidua basalis, which is derived maternally. Studies investigated whether the placental monooxygenase activity induced by administration of beta-naphthoflavone (beta-NF) and 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) to pregnant rats was localized differentially in these separate portions of the organ. Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylation (EROD) was measured by fluorometric assay in homogenates of the respective placental tissues and of intact fetuses. EROD was very low or undetectable in feto-placental homogenates from untreated control animals. The administration of beta-NF and 3 MC increased EROD activity 50-fold over control in labyrinth and fetal homogenates, 10- to 15-fold in decidua, 8- to 20-fold in fetal membranes and 8 fold in basal zone preparations. The apparent Km value for ethoxyresorufin was significantly lower than control for EROD in labyrinth preparations from both beta-NF- and 3-MC-treated animals. Enzyme activity in labyrinth homogenates was maximally induced by 3-MC treatment for 1 to 3 days. In contrast, EROD activity was maximal after 1 to 2 days beta-NF administration, but declined markedly with longer duration of treatments. Subsequent studies compared the in vitro effects of alpha-naphthoflavone (alpha-NF) and beta-NF on induced EROD in feto-placental homogenates. The two benzoflavones were found to be equipotent as inhibitors with IC50 values less than 1 microM for labyrinth, maternal liver and fetal preparations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3746663 TI - Abnormalities of rat bladder contractility in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. AB - Diabetic cystopathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus, but little is known of the mechanisms responsible for the bladder dysfunction. Therefore, the effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on urinary bladder function was investigated. Bladders from 2-month diabetic rats were significantly larger than those from age-matched controls. Protein concentrations in bladder body and base were similar in diabetic and control rats. However, due to the greater bladder body weight in diabetic animals, total protein content of bladder bodies from diabetic rats was significantly greater than those from controls. Contractile responses of strips obtained from bladder body and base to stimulatory agents and nerve stimulation were altered by diabetes. In bladder bodies from diabetic rats, the maximal contractile responses to nerve stimulation, acetylcholine and KCl were reduced compared to controls. In addition there was a decreased sensitivity to acetylcholine and KCl in the diabetics. In contrast, with strips from bladder base there was a decrease in sensitivity to nerve stimulation in the diabetic rats, but no change in sensitivity to norepinephrine, acetylcholine, ATP or KCl. The maximal contraction by bladder base in response to norepinephrine was decreased in diabetic rats, but there was no change in maximal contraction by bladder base in response to norepinephrine was decreased in diabetic rats, but there was no change in maximal response to nerve stimulation, acetylcholine, ATP or KCl. These results indicate that a relatively nonspecific decrease in the responsiveness of bladder body is caused by diabetes, but agonist-specific changes are produced in bladder base.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3746662 TI - Mechanism of hepatotoxicity in periportal regions of the liver lobule due to allyl alcohol: studies on thiols and energy status. AB - The possible involvement of thiols and adenine nucleotides in the selective toxicity to periportal regions by allyl alcohol was evaluated in isolated perfused rat livers. Infusion of allyl alcohol (350 microM) for 20 min depleted hepatic glutathione content by 95% in both regions of the liver lobule yet damage was undetectable as indexed by release of lactate dehydrogenase or uptake of trypan blue. Perfusion for an additional 40 min in the absence of allyl alcohol resulted in lactate dehydrogenase release (2400 U/l) and uptake of trypan blue by 75% of hepatocytes in periportal regions of the liver lobule; however, dye was not taken up by cells in pericentral areas. Because thiol content was depleted in the undamaged pericentral area, it was concluded that thiol depletion alone cannot explain local toxicity to periportal regions by allyl alcohol. Perfusion with dithioerythritol (1.5 mM) prevented damage due to allyl alcohol totally. In contrast, addition of dithioerythritol 20 min after allyl alcohol did not prevent allyl alcohol-induced damage to periportal regions indicating that irreversible changes occur during the first 20 min which ultimately lead to damage. Fasting or pretreatment of rats with diethylmaleate (0.7 g/kg; 1 hr) to deplete glutathione decreased the T1/2 required for release of lactate dehydrogenase from 45 to 35 and 22 min, respectively. When methionine was infused into livers from diethylmaleate-treated rats, the T1/2 for release of lactate dehydrogenase by allyl alcohol was increased to 45 min. Infusion of allyl alcohol for 60 min also produced a significant decrease in ATP content and in the ATP/ADP ratio in periportal but not pericentral regions of the liver lobule.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3746664 TI - Frequency-dependent actions of phenytoin in adult and young canine Purkinje fibers. AB - Phenytoin has been reported to be particularly effective in the treatment of postoperative ventricular arrhythmias in children. The authors used standard microelectrode techniques to examine the developmental changes in the action of phenytoin on the transmembrane action potential of neonatal and adult canine Purkinje fibers. Their goals were to test whether developmental differences in phenytoin action on the action potential might explain the clinical observations and to evaluate the contribution of use-dependent reduction of Vmax and effects on slow responses to the antiarrhythmic action of phenytoin. In Tyrode's solution with [K+]0 = 4 mM, phenytoin at 5 and 10 micrograms/ml (concentrations comparable to therapeutic plasma levels) had no major effects on action potential characteristics or use dependence at either age. At [K+]0 = 6 mM, on decreasing the drive cycle length from 1300 to 300 msec, phenytoin reduced Vmax significantly and in a concentration-dependent manner. The magnitude of this action was similar at both ages. Conduction times were also significantly prolonged. The time constants for onset of (tau o) and recovery from (tau r) use dependent block were similar in neonates and adults. The effects of phenytoin on slow responses were significant, although modest, at both ages, but there was no significant effect on conduction. This study indicates that in K+-depolarized Purkinje fibers, use-dependent reduction of the fast Na+ current is a major determinant of the antiarrhythmic action of phenytoin. In contrast to lidocaine and quinidine, no age-related changes in phenytoin action were found, underscoring the different developmental effects of individual antiarrhythmic drugs. PMID- 3746665 TI - Vasoconstrictor threshold synergism and potentiation in the rabbit isolated thoracic aorta. AB - Isolated rings of rabbit thoracic aorta were mounted in tissue baths for the measurement of isometric contraction, and the effects of combinations of two agonists were studied. Concentrations of methoxamine, clonidine, norepinephrine (NE), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and potassium causing threshold contraction (0.1 g) were determined. Combinations of any two of these or of two doses of the same agonist elicited far greater than additive contractions ranging from 0.5 to 2.7 g. When dose-response curves to an alpha adrenergic agonist were obtained in the presence of a threshold concentration of the same or another alpha agonist, the curve was shifted to the left at threshold but converged with the control curve between ED10 and ED70. When 5-HT dose-response curves were obtained in the presence of either NE or methoxamine, the curve was shifted to the left in a parallel fashion. Both NE and methoxamine dose-response curves were also shifted to the left in a parallel fashion in the presence of 5-HT. The threshold concentration of potassium caused leftward parallel shifts of the dose-response curves for all agonists studied. These observations are consistent with the conclusion that the resting state of the rabbit thoracic aorta differs from the threshold contractile state and that this accounts for the far greater than additive contraction caused by combinations of two threshold doses of the same or different agonists. The first dose delivers sufficient stimulus to move the tissue from resting to threshold contractile state whereas the stimulus delivered by the second dose manifests entirely as contraction. This phenomenon affects primarily the threshold response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3746666 TI - Effects of milrinone on contractile responses of guinea pig trachea, lung parenchyma and pulmonary artery. AB - The effects of milrinone, a bipyridine with known vasodilator activity, on guinea pig tracheal-spirals, lung parenchymal strips and pulmonary artery rings in vitro were compared with the effects of isoproterenol and aminophylline on these tissues. The concentration of milrinone that produced 50% relaxation (IC50) of tracheal spirals constricted by carbachol was 3.6 X 10(-5) M. Isoproterenol (IC50, 9.5 X 10(-8) M) was significantly (P less than .001) more potent and aminophylline (IC50, 1.2 X 10(-4) M) was significantly (P less than .001) less potent than milrinone in this effect. The IC50 for milrinone for lung parenchymal strips contracted by histamine was 3.2 X 10(-5) M, whereas the IC50 for isoproterenol was significantly (P less than .001) less, 1.4 X 10(-7) M; aminophylline produced only limited relaxation of lung parenchymal strips. Milrinone relaxed pulmonary artery rings constricted by norepinephrine with an IC50 of 3.8 X 10(-6) M, whereas neither isoproterenol nor aminophylline produced a 50% relaxation. Pretreatment of tracheal spirals, lung parenchymal strips and pulmonary artery rings with 1.6 X 10(-4) M milrinone inhibited subsequent contraction by carbachol, histamine and norepinephrine, respectively. The relaxant effects of milrinone were not influenced by treatment with atropine, cimetidine, mepyramine, phentolamine or propranolol. However, indomethacin blocked milrinone's relaxant effects on tracheal spirals effectively, but not on pulmonary artery rings or lung parenchymal strips, suggesting distinct modes of action on various tissue types. PMID- 3746667 TI - Disposition kinetics of the monohydroxy metabolites of phencyclidine in the dog. AB - The monohydroxy metabolites of phencyclidine (PCP) have been suggested to contribute to the pharmacologic activity of PCP, and perhaps account for its prolonged action. The disposition kinetics of the monohydroxy metabolites of PCP were examined in dogs. Intravenous doses of the piperidine-hydroxylated metabolite (PCHP) and the trans- and cis-forms of the cyclohexyl-hydroxylated metabolite (trans-PPC and cis-PPC) were each administered to three dogs. The elimination half-life of each metabolite was short, with harmonic mean values of 1.29, 0.98 and 0.92 hr for PCHP, trans-PPC and cis-PPC, respectively. The compounds had large volumes of distribution, with average values of 6.7, 4.7 and 4.4 liters/kg for PCHP, trans-PPC and cis-PPC, respectively. Systemic clearances were high for each compound (51.9, 50.9 and 54.2 ml/min/kg for PCHP, trans-PPC and cis-PPC, respectively), but renal clearances were low (average values ranged from 2 to 8% of systemic clearance), suggesting that these metabolites undergo further metabolism. Analysis of acid-hydrolyzed serum and urine samples indicated that all three compounds were conjugated and that these conjugates were the primary metabolites. The conjugated metabolites exhibited elimination half-lives longer than the parent compounds after administration of the monohydroxy forms and after PCP dosing. The disposition of these metabolites suggest that these compounds are not produced in sufficient quantities or do they exhibit pharmacokinetic behavior which would be consistent with the prolonged effects from PCP. PMID- 3746668 TI - Effects of ketoconazole on cholesterol synthesis. AB - Studies have demonstrated that ketoconazole and related imidazoles block gonadal and adrenal steroidogenesis in humans by inhibiting several cytochrome P-450 dependent enzymes. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that cholesterol production in humans is also affected by ketoconazole. In the present experiments cultured normal human fibroblasts have been used to explore the effects of ketoconazole on cholesterol synthesis. Ketoconazole inhibited cholesterol synthesis (greater than 90% suppression in 1 hr) rapidly by blocking the conversion of methyl sterols to cholesterol. Dihydrolanosterol was the major methyl sterol which accumulated with ketoconazole. At high concentrations of ketoconazole, the conversion of squalene to methyl sterols was also inhibited. The inhibition of cholesterol synthesis was dose-dependent with an IC50 approximately 2.8 X 10(-8) M. In parallel to the inhibition of cholesterol synthesis, there was a reciprocal increase in methyl sterol production. The related imidazole antimycotic, clotrimazole, had similar effects, whereas the imidazole anesthetic, etomidate, had little effect on cholesterol synthesis. Confluent cells exposed to ketoconazole had a 90% fall in the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase that declined with a T1/2 approximately 3.7 hr. In conclusion, ketoconazole has multiple effects on cholesterol synthesis, directly inhibiting late steps by blocking the conversion of methyl sterols to cholesterol and indirectly suppressing total sterol synthesis via feedback inhibition by sterol intermediates of 3-hydroxy-3 methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity. PMID- 3746669 TI - Thiazide diuretics inhibit chloride absorption by rabbit distal colon. AB - In order to investigate the cellular mechanisms of action of thiazide diuretics, the effect of diuretic and nondiuretic thiazide compounds on Cl- absorption across rabbit distal colon was assessed in tissues mounted in Ussing chambers. This epithelium absorbs Cl- via an active electroneutral transport process. Net 36Cl- absorption across short-circuited tissues was decreased 53, 36 and 20% after addition of 10(-4) M trichlormethiazide, bendroflumethiazide or hydrochlorothiazide, respectively, to the mucosal bathing solution. This inhibitory effect was a result of a decrease in the mucosa-to-serosa unidirectional Cl- flux (P less than .02). Neither the serosa-to-mucosa Cl- flux nor Isc was affected by the thiazides. Thiazide diuretics may exert their effect on Cl- transport across rabbit distal colon through inhibition of a Cl(-)-HCO-3 exchange mechanism. The nondiuretic thiazide, diazoxide, had no effect on Cl- transport. The similarity between the diuretic potency of these compounds and their potency as inhibitors of Cl- absorption by rabbit colon suggests that the thiazides have a similar mechanism of action in renal epithelia. PMID- 3746670 TI - Comparison of opioid self-injection and disruption of schedule-controlled performance in the baboon. AB - Eight opioid agonist, mixed agonist/antagonist or antagonist compounds were compared in baboons. In the first experiment, i.v. drug self-injection procedures involved a fixed-ratio schedule with a 3 hr time-out after each injection. Doses of a test drug were substituted for cocaine for 12 or 15 days. Codeine, morphine, butorphanol, nalbuphine and pentazocine all maintained self-injection above vehicle control levels. These compounds differed in their relative potencies, and morphine did not maintain maximal drug self-injection rates. Buprenorphine maintained self-injection in only one of four baboons, and SKF-10,047 and naloxone did not maintain self-injection. In a second experiment, another group of baboons responded on a fixed-ratio 50 schedule of food pellet delivery. Intravenous injections were given 30 min before test sessions that lasted 30 min. All eight drugs produced dose-related decreases in response rates, and the buprenorphine dose-response curve was more shallow and not parallel to the others. Comparison across experiments suggested that the failure of morphine to maintain maximal self-injection rates is due to its relatively high potency in suppressing schedule-controlled performance. The results of this study confirm those of previous studies demonstrating that opioids with morphine-like subjective effects in man are self-administered by laboratory animals. PMID- 3746671 TI - Possible mechanisms for reduced plasma clearance of diflunisal in rat experimental renal failure. AB - To provide insight into the reported reduction in the plasma clearance of diflunisal in human renal failure, this investigation evaluated several possible mechanisms for this effect in experimental renal failure. Rats with renal failure, induced by uranyl nitrate or by ureteral ligation, had both a lower plasma clearance and an increased apparent volume of distribution, a pattern resembling that seen in human renal failure. Steady-state diflunisal concentration and unbound fraction were determined in studies during a constant infusion of diflunisal to establish the relationships of concentration, protein binding and intrinsic clearance. The infusion studies revealed that the intrinsic clearance of diflunisal, i.e., the ability of enzyme system(s) to metabolize the drug, was decreased in uremia. Also, plasma protein binding of diflunisal was decreased, which may explain the increase in apparent volume of distribution in uremic rats. The decreased intrinsic clearance of diflunisal in uremic rats may be due partly to saturation of biotransformation process(es) by increasing unbound concentration as a consequence of impairment of plasma protein binding of diflunisal, and partly due to the diminished enzyme activity of glucuronidation by renal failure. The lack of an effect of the esterase inhibitor phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride on the intrinsic clearance of diflunisal in uremic rats suggested that the reduced intrinsic clearance of diflunisal was not attributable to the systemic enzymatic hydrolysis of the ester glucuronide. PMID- 3746673 TI - The determinants of the step frequency in walking in humans. AB - The mechanical power spent during walking in lifting and accelerating the centre of mass, Wext, has been measured at three given speeds maintained at different step frequencies: at any given speed, Wext is smaller the greater the step frequency used. The mechanical power spent in accelerating the limbs relative to the centre of mass during walking at a given speed, but with different step frequencies, Wint, was calculated from previous data obtained during free walking (Cavagna & Kaneko, 1977). At a given walking speed, Wint increases with the step frequency. The total power, Wtot = Wext + Wint, reaches a minimum at a step frequency which is 20-30% less than the step frequency freely chosen at the same period. The step frequency at which Wtot is minimum increases with speed in a similar way to the natural step frequency during free walking. PMID- 3746672 TI - Effects of procaine on calcium accumulation by the sarcoplasmic reticulum of mechanically disrupted rat cardiac muscle. AB - The ability of the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skinned cardiac muscle of the rat to accumulate and release Ca2+ was studied in the presence and absence of procaine. Ca2+ accumulation was estimated from the magnitude of the caffeine- (30 mM) induced force transient in a weakly Ca2+ buffered solution. The relative area under the caffeine-induced force transient was up to 4-fold greater when 5 mM procaine had been present during the preceding period of Ca2+ loading, than that after an equivalent period of Ca2+ loading in the absence of procaine. Procaine antagonized the caffeine-induced release of Ca2+ when present in the Ca2+ releasing solution, however, the ability of procaine to attenuate the caffeine induced Ca2+ release diminished as the extent to which the sarcoplasmic reticulum was loaded with Ca2+ increased. In the presence of 1 mM-Mg2+ procaine also markedly attenuated the small spontaneous force oscillations (5-10% P0) associated with the cyclic release and reuptake of Ca2+ by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. When the Mg2+ concentration was reduced to 0.1 mM, procaine initially suppressed the small spontaneous oscillations in force, however, large force oscillations (40-80% P0) of lower frequency were invariably initiated after 20-60 s exposure to 5 mM-procaine. Procaine (5 mM) produced a slight shift (approximately 0.04 pCa unit) of the force-pCa relation toward lower Ca2+ concentrations. This effect is too small to influence in any substantial way the apparent effects of procaine on the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The results indicate that whilst procaine is indeed able to suppress Ca2+ release under certain circumstances, in its presence the net accumulation of Ca2+ by the sarcoplasmic reticulum can be markedly enhanced. PMID- 3746674 TI - Quantitative studies of the discharge fields of single cells in cat striate cortex. AB - The configuration and width of on- and off-response zones in the discharge field of single cells in cat striate cortex was analysed by quantitative methods. The responses across on- and off-zones were plotted for 321 cells with a stationary optimum oriented light slit. The cells fell into two completely distinct subgroups with respect to the degree of overlap between adjacent on- and off zones. The simple cells had a mean overlap of 16.8%, the complex cells 94.5%. For simple cells the ratio between the maximum off- and maximum on-response in the discharge field was bimodal, showing that two distinct subgroups termed on- and off-dominant cells could be distinguished. For the complex cells the corresponding frequency distribution was unimodal. The maximum response on the two regions adjacent to the most responsive discharge zone (the dominant zone) differed markedly for most simple cells, and only a very few cells had discharge fields approximating an ideal even symmetric field. The frequency distribution of the ratio between the maximum response in the two regions was unimodal showing that odd and even symmetric fields did not form distinct subgroups of simple cells. The number of different discharge zones in simple cells varied from one to five. The zones were arranged as alternating on- and off-zones across the discharge field. The maximum response in the subzones decreased with increasing sequential distance from the dominant zone, so the response pattern across each side of the discharge field resembled a damped wave-form pattern. All the complex cells had one on- and off-zone which overlapped. The mean width of the subregions in the simple cell discharge field and the mean distance between the response maxima in the subzones increased in the same proportion with increasing eccentricity. The paracentral fields were therefore like magnified central fields. The average width of the whole discharge field was not significantly different for the simple and the complex cells at the various eccentricities. PMID- 3746675 TI - Quantitative studies of enhancement and suppression zones in the receptive field of simple cells in cat striate cortex. AB - The configuration and extension of enhancement and suppression zones were compared with the configuration and extension of on- and off-response zones across the receptive field of simple cells in cat striate cortex. The enhancement and suppression zones were determined by a dual-stimulus technique where a stationary flashing light slit produced activity against which activation profiles across the receptive field were plotted with a parallel stationary test slit. The activation profiles showed less variation in receptive field configuration than plots of on- and off-discharge zones. Whereas the number of on and off-zones varied between one and five, the activation profiles showed at least three distinct subregions in the receptive field, i.e. a central zone with an adjacent oppositely responding zone on each side. The responsivity was clearly stronger in one of these proximal flank zones. An additional zone occurred distal to the strong proximal flank zone in 53% of the cells, and in 10% such a distal zone occurred distal to both proximal flank zones. There was good correspondence between the location of on- and off-discharge zones and the location of the enhancement and suppression regions, although some subregions seen in the activation profiles did not appear in plots made with a single slit. The maximum discharge and the maximum enhancement and suppression effects in a subregion were found at the same receptive field location. The width of a subregion was measured as the width of the eventual on- or off-discharge zone determined with a single slit, as the width of the enhancement zone, and as the width of the suppression zone determined with the dual-slit technique. The enhancement zone was narrower, and the suppression zone wider than the discharge zone. The strong proximal flank zone had the same width as the central zone, but was wider than the weak proximal flank zone. For most cells the distances between successive extreme points across the activation profiles were constant, and this may explain the selectivity of the cells for spatial frequency of periodic stimuli. The strongest flank suppression occurred for most cells in that of the two proximal flank zones which had the strongest discharge to the single slit. Nevertheless, there was no correlation between the degree of discharge and the degree of suppression produced by opposite light cycles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3746676 TI - The actions of some general anaesthetics on the potassium current of the squid giant axon. AB - A number of small organic molecules with general anaesthetic action have been examined for their effects on the voltage-dependent potassium current of the squid giant axon. They include representatives of the three classes of anaesthetics examined in previous studies on the sodium current (Haydon & Urban, 1983a, b, c), i.e. the non-polar molecules n-pentane, cyclopentane and CCl4, several n-alkanols and the inhalation anaesthetics chloroform, halothane, diethyl ether and methoxyflurane. Potassium currents under voltage clamp were recorded in intact and in intracellularly perfused axons before, during and after exposure to the test substances, and the records were fitted with equations similar to those proposed by Hodgkin & Huxley (1952). Shifts in the curves of the steady-state activation against membrane potential and reductions in the potassium conductance at 60 or 70 mV membrane potential have been tabulated. On the same intact axons, all the anaesthetics with the exception of methoxyflurane reduced potassium currents less than sodium currents by about a factor of two or more. For the n alkanols, butanol to decanol, the concentrations required to reduce the potassium current at 60 mV membrane potential by 50% were determined. For n-butanol to n heptanol, the standard free energy per CH2 for adsorption to the site of action was estimated to be -2.91 kJ mol-1 as compared with -3.04 kJ mol-1 for reduction of the sodium current. The magnitude of the free energy decreased for alkanols with longer chain lengths. At anaesthetic concentrations that reduce the sodium current by 50%, the hydrophobic substances n-pentane and cyclopentane reduced the maximal sodium conductance, gNa, and the potassium conductance at 70 mV, gK70, equally by about a third, while the n-alkanols reduced both parameters by less than 10%. By contrast, diethyl ether and methoxyflurane were more effective in reducing the maximal potassium conductance. All of the test substances examined, except n-pentane and n-hexane, shifted the voltage dependence of the potassium steady-state activation in the depolarizing direction. A broad qualitative correlation was found between the shifts in the activation curves for sodium and potassium currents but, quantitatively, the agreement between the two shifts was poor. In n-decanol and methoxyflurane solutions, the voltage-clamped potassium currents exhibited pronounced inactivation-like behaviour. These currents can be fitted by the Hodgkin-Huxley formalism if an inactivation term analogous to the sodium current inactivation is added.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3746677 TI - The interrelation of neural discharge, intra-articular pressure, and joint angle in the knee of the dog. AB - Single- and multi-unit recordings were obtained from the medial articular nerve (m.a.n.) of knee joints in the anaesthetized dog. The single-unit recordings were confined to low threshold (group I and II) articular mechanoreceptors. Multi-unit recordings revealed that the m.a.n. discharge was maximal in extension, submaximal in flexion, and minimal at intermediate angles, i.e. a U-shaped profile. Subatmospheric intra-articular pressures do not appear to influence the m.a.n. discharge. Intra-articular infusion of even small quantities of fluid, although not affecting the U-shaped profile, reversed the m.a.n. discharge pattern with maximum neural activity occurring in flexion and being submaximal in extension. Recordings from single units indicated that the enhanced discharge after fluid infusion was a result of increased discharge frequency and 'recruitment' of individual afferents. PMID- 3746678 TI - Fusimotor reflexes in triceps surae muscle elicited by stretch of muscles in the contralateral hind limb of the cat. AB - Experiments were performed on twenty-one cats anaesthetized with alpha chloralose. The aim of this study was to investigate the reflex effects on triceps surae and plantaris fusimotor neurones elicited by tonic stretch of the contralateral posterior biceps and semitendinosus (p.b.s.t.) and the contralateral triceps surae and plantaris muscles, to compare these effects with the effects evoked by flexion or extension of the intact contralateral hind limb (Appelberg, Hulliger, Johansson & Sojka, 1984) and to clarify the interactions between the reflexes from contralateral and ipsilateral muscles. Activity in fusimotor neurones was studied indirectly by recording from primary muscle spindle afferents of the triceps surae and plantaris muscle. The mean rate of firing and the modulation of the afferent response to sinusoidal extension of the triceps surae and plantaris muscles was determined. Control measurements were made with the ipsilateral p.b.s.t., the contralateral p.b.s.t. and the contralateral triceps and plantaris muscles relaxed. Tests were made with tonic stretch of one of these muscles alone or with two of them simultaneously. With stretch of the contralateral p.b.s.t. ten out of eighty-four primary afferents (11.9%) showed predominantly dynamic reflexes (six out of forty-one in spinalized preparations: 14.6%), twenty-two (26.2%) showed mixed or predominantly static effects (one spinalized: 2.4%) and fifty-two units (61.9%) showed no effect (thirty-four spinalized: 83.0%). The reflex effects could be reproduced by electrical stimulation of the cut contralateral p.b.s.t. nerve either at group II or at group III strength. With stretch of the contralateral triceps and plantaris muscles seventy out of seventy-six (92.1%) primary muscle spindle afferents showed no effect and six (7.9%) mixed or predominantly static reflex effects. In general, the reflex effects were not accompanied by detectable electromyographic (e.m.g.) activity in the ipsilateral triceps and plantaris (recorded with surface or needle electrodes), indicating that the reflexes mainly involved gamma motoneurones. The difference in efficacy between contralateral flexor (p.b.s.t.) and extensor (triceps and plantaris) muscles seems to be in accordance with the response pattern found with extension or flexion of the intact contralateral hind limb (Appelberg et al. 1984).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3746679 TI - Effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid on isolated cone photoreceptors of the turtle retina. AB - Isolated cones dissociated from the retina of the freshwater turtle were voltage clamped using a single 'patch' pipette electrode. gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) applied ionophoretically to the axon terminal evoked an inward current in cells held at -66 mV when they were recorded with patch pipettes filled with the 'control' pipette solution containing 120 mM-Cl-. Polarity of the GABA-induced current reversed near 0 mV when examined with the pipette filled with the control pipette solution. The reversal potential depended strongly on both external and intrapipette Cl- concentrations ([Cl-]o, and [Cl-]p). The reversal potential agreed with the equilibrium potential for Cl- calculated by the Nernst equation with given [Cl-]o and [Cl-]p. The reversal potential was not affected by concentrations of either external Na or K ions. Voltage responses evoked by GABA were hyperpolarizing from its resting level of about -50 mV immediately after the rupture of the patch membrane. The response polarity reversed into depolarization in a few seconds when [Cl-]p was greater than 24 mM, while hyperpolarizing responses persisted when [Cl-]p was less than 12 mM. Thus, the intracellular Cl- concentration of undisturbed isolated cones was estimated to be between 12 and 24 mM. Cones were desensitized to GABA in the presence of GABA (greater than 100 nM) in the medium, or by a prolonged ionophoretic application. The maximum reduction in response amplitude was about 70% in both experiments. Muscimol was as potent as GABA, while beta-p-chlorophenyl-GABA (baclofen) was ineffective even at 100 microM. GABA was antagonized by bicuculline competitively, and by picrotoxin non competitively. These observations suggest that turtle cones have GABAA receptors which associate with chloride channels. The present results suggest that GABA, presumably released continuously from monophasic horizontal cells in the dark, would exert a tonic hyperpolarization in red-sensitive and green-sensitive cones. Suppression by light of tonic GABA release would depolarize these types of cones by disinhibition. Disinhibitory depolarization in cones may contribute to the centre surround antagonism in retinal neurones, and to the biphasic colour responses recorded in a subtype of horizontal cells. PMID- 3746680 TI - Blocking effects of cobalt and related ions on the gamma-aminobutyric acid induced current in turtle retinal cones. AB - Red-sensitive cone photoreceptors were isolated from the turtle retina, and GABA induced currents were recorded under voltage clamp. The effect of Co2+, widely used as a blocker of chemical synapses, on the GABA-induced current was studied. Co2+ blocked the GABA-induced current evoked by local application either at the synaptic region (cone pedicle) or at the extra-synaptic region (cell body). 5 microM-Co2+ suppressed the GABA-induced current by 50%, and a few hundred microM Co2+ blocked it almost completely. Co2+ suppressed the GABA-induced current non competitively: the saturating response amplitude decreased without a change in the threshold or saturating dose of GABA. The blocking was not voltage dependent in the physiological range of the membrane potential. Ni2+ and Cd2+ also blocked the GABA-induced current non-competitively, and were as effective as Co2+. Tetraethylammonium (25 mM) showed a similar but weaker blocking effect. On the other hand, Mg2+ (20 mM), Mn2+, Sr2+, Ba2+ (10-100 microM each), D-600 (10 microM) or Cs+ (10 mM) did not affect the GABA-induced current. The Ca current in the turtle cones was blocked almost completely by 20 mM-Mg2+ or 4 mM-Co2+, or strongly suppressed by 10 microM-D-600. However, Cd2+ and Ni2+ (10 microM each) blocked the Ca current by ca. 50%, and Co2+ and Mn2+ (10 microM each) suppressed it only partially. The blocking of the GABA-induced current by these agents was, therefore, not directly related to the blocking of the Ca current and/or Ca mediated currents. These observations present a warning on the use of some divalent cations, such as Co2+, Ni2+ or Cd2+, as a presynaptic blocker at the GABAergic synapse. High concentrations of Mg2+ are recommended as a more appropriate blocker. PMID- 3746681 TI - Calcium and strontium activation of single skinned muscle fibres of normal and dystrophic mice. AB - Differences in contractile activation by Ca2+ and Sr2+ between various types of normal and dystrophic murine muscle fibres were investigated using mechanically skinned fibres derived from soleus and extensor digitorum longus (e.d.l.) muscles of normal and dystrophic mice of strain 129ReJ. In terms of contractile activation, the normal e.d.l. muscle was found to consist of one relatively homogeneous population of muscle fibres characterized by steep force-pCa and force-pSr curves, low sensitivity to Ca2+ and very low sensitivity to Sr2+. Normal soleus muscles contained two fibre populations of similar size which could be distinguished on the basis of their contractile activation properties. The first fibre population was characterized mainly by its shallow force-pCa and force-pSr curves, high Ca2+ sensitivity, high Sr2+ sensitivity and the occurrence of large, slow force oscillations of myofibrillar origin. The second fibre population was characterized by force-pCa and force-pSr curves of steepness intermediate between those of normal e.d.l. and those of the first fibre population of normal soleus, by faster myofibrillar force oscillations and by low sensitivity to Ca2+ and Sr2+. The dystrophic e.d.l. fibre population had contractile characteristics which were distinct from those of the three types of normal fibre populations. However, some characteristics of the dystrophic e.d.l. fibres were very similar to those of the normal e.d.l. fibre population. Of all the fibre types investigated, dystrophic e.d.l. fibres were the least sensitive to Ca2+. Dystrophic soleus muscle contained a single homogeneous population of fibres which shared some common contractile activation characteristics with both of the fibre populations present in normal soleus muscle. However, of all fibre types investigated, the dystrophic soleus fibres were the most sensitive to Ca2+. Because of this characteristic, these fibres formed a distinct population. The maximum tensions induced by Ca2+ and Sr2+ were usually smaller in dystrophic fibres than in normal fibres obtained equivalent muscles. In conclusion, various normal murine muscle fibre types can be identified on the basis of differences in the mechanism of force activation by Ca2+ and Sr2+. Furthermore, it is possible to detect significant physiological differences in the mechanism of force activation brought about by murine muscular dystrophy. PMID- 3746682 TI - Projection of pulmonary rapidly adapting receptors to the medulla of the cat: an antidromic mapping study. AB - The activity of pulmonary rapidly adapting receptor (r.a.r.) neurones was recorded extracellularly in the nodose ganglion of the decerebrate cat. The receptors were identified by their rapid adaptation to 'ramp and hold' hyperinflations of the lung. The antidromic mapping technique was used to determine the sites of projection and branching patterns within the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (n.t.s.) of eleven r.a.r.s. The medulla was explored with a stimulating electrode to activate the r.a.r.s. antidromically. In each penetration, depth-threshold measurements were made for each antidromic response characterized by a distinct latency. Using the anatomical sites of the minimum threshold points, the locations of central branches of individual r.a.r.s. were determined. The main axons of all of them coursed within the tractus solitarius (t.s.) at levels from 2 mm rostral to 0.5 mm caudal to the obex. The axonal conduction velocities within the t.s. were 6.2-9.7 m/s, where the peripheral conduction velocities were 11.2-20.4 m/s (28 degrees C). Different latencies of response evoked in a single penetration were considered to indicate branching. The densest branching was found in the ipsilateral commissural subnucleus of the n.t.s. at levels 0.3-1.3 mm caudal to the obex and, to a lesser degree, in the contralateral commissural subnucleus. All r.a.r.s. sent a few branches to the medial n.t.s. rostral to the obex. Four r.a.r.s. ramified in the ventrolateral n.t.s. where inspiratory cells are located. Depth-threshold graphs were interpolated by best fitting parabolic equations: Ith = Ad2 + Bd + C; where Ith is the threshold current, d the corresponding depth of stimulation, and A, B and C are coefficients. Coefficient A is a measure of steepness of the parabola. The A coefficients were inversely related to the conduction velocity (v) of the stimulated branch. An analysis of the data from the present study (v = 5.0-9.7 m/s) combined with data from the literature (v = 2.2-85 m/s) led to a simple relationship between the A coefficient and the conduction velocity of the stimulated fibre: A = 6500/v, where A is expressed in microA/mm2 and v is expressed in m/s. Within the range 3-35 m/s, the formula is useful in predicting the effective current spread when the conduction velocity is known, or to estimate the conduction velocity from the shape of a depth-threshold curve. Two slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors (p.s.r.s) were studied.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3746683 TI - Effect of denervation on a steady electric current generated at the end-plate region of rat skeletal muscle. AB - An electric current flows continuously out of the synaptic region of rat lumbrical muscle fibres. It is generated apparently as a result of a non-uniform Cl- conductance (GCl), with GCl being lowest at the end-plate. We investigated the effects of denervation on this current. The current persisted with little change after denervation. This was somewhat unexpected, since GCl falls dramatically after denervation, and in acute experiments on normal muscles, the steady current is greatly reduced by agents which block GCl. The steady current was blocked in denervated muscle, as in normal muscle, by low-Cl- solutions, Na+ free and K+-free solutions, and treatment with furosemide and 9-anthracene carboxylic acid. The current in denervated muscle appears to be generated by the same general mechanism as in normal muscle. The results suggest that the [Cl-]i is significantly higher in denervated than in normal muscle fibres. Preliminary experiments with Cl- -selective micro-electrodes have confirmed this: [Cl-]i rises from about 12 mM to about 23 mM after denervation. This has the effect of moving the Cl- equilibrium potential (ECl) in a positive direction, so that the driving force for passive Cl- efflux is increased. The increased driving force compensates for the reduced GCl, allowing the steady current to persist in denervated fibres. PMID- 3746684 TI - Outgoing synapses of small granule-containing cells in the rat superior cervical ganglion after post-ganglionic axotomy. AB - Small granule-containing cells are intrinsic and interneurone-like in the rat superior cervical ganglion, being innervated by preganglionic axons and giving outgoing synapses of asymmetrical type to the principal neurones. A quantitative ultrastructural investigation has been made of the effect on these outgoing synapses of axotomy of the major post-ganglionic nerve trunks 18.5 h-390 days previously. Cutting, or cutting and ligating, the internal and external carotid nerves 2-3 mm from the ganglion in rats aged 1.5-5.5 months resulted in a statistically significant mean loss of up to 85% of the asymmetrical synapses given by small granule-containing cells in the injured ganglion. The reduction of synapses was maximal 5-9 days post-operatively, and thereafter the incidence of synapses showed significant signs of progressive recovery. The time course and magnitude of the change in incidence of these synapses resembled those found earlier (Matthews & Nelson, 1975) for the loss of preganglionic synapses to principal neurones in the same ganglia, and after an identical post-ganglionic lesion. Control experiments showed that there was no loss of outgoing synapses from the small granule-containing cells as a result of surgical stress or of simple ageing. Older rats (5.5 and 13 months) showed a small but significant increase in the incidence of these synapses. Unilateral post-ganglionic axotomy produced the same reaction in the injured ganglia as did bilateral lesions. Uninjured ganglia contralateral to unilateral axotomies, however, also showed some deficit of outgoing synapses from small granule-containing cells, but this was slight, amounting to 9.9% over-all in comparison to normal values in young rats, and this difference did not reach statistical significance. Cutting the cervical sympathetic trunk to produce preganglionic denervation 2 days before surgical removal of ganglia for analysis did not alter the incidence of outgoing synapses of the small granule-containing cells, either in ganglia post ganglionically axotomized 5-128 days earlier or in contralateral ganglia, indicating that at no stage was any significant proportion of these synapses given to preganglionic axons. These findings suggest that most of the outgoing synapses from the intra-ganglionic small granule-containing cells are directed to principal neurones whose axons leave with the injured branches, the internal and external carotid nerves.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3746685 TI - Non-cholinergic excitatory and inhibitory junction potentials in the circular smooth muscle of the guinea-pig ileum. AB - Intracellular micro-electrodes have been used to record evoked non-cholinergic junction potentials from the muscle layers of strips of guinea-pig ileum cut parallel to the longitudinal muscle. Transmural stimulation with single pulses, 0.6 ms duration produced inhibitory junction potentials (i.j.p.s) in the circular muscle layer. In the circular muscle layer, transmural stimulation with repetitive volleys (e.g. three pulses, 0.6 ms, 50 Hz delivered every 4 s) at low stimulus strengths (25-40 mA) produced non-cholinergic excitatory junction potentials (e.j.p.s) after an initial i.j.p. At higher stimulus strengths (greater than 40 mA) i.j.p.s occurred following each volley but were superimposed on a prolonged depolarization. Following repetitive volley stimulation every four seconds in the presence of apamin (0.25 microM), the i.j.p.s. were abolished and the non-cholinergic e.j.p.s clearly showed facilitation. At higher stimulus strengths (and at volley repetition rates of less than 0.1 Hz) volley stimulation now produced an apamin-resistant slow hyperpolarization followed by a distinct slow depolarization. Electrotonic potentials were readily recorded from the superficially located longitudinal muscle cells: in this muscle layer transmural stimulation produced small, slow changes in membrane potential. These results suggest that non-cholinergic excitatory and inhibitory nerve fibres primarily supply the circular rather than the longitudinal muscle layer in the guinea-pig ileum. PMID- 3746686 TI - Induction of action potentials by denervation of tonic fibres in rat extraocular muscles. AB - The effects of denervation by nerve section on the electrical properties of tonic and twitch fibres of rat extraocular muscles were examined. Normally innervated tonic fibres lack action potentials. Upon direct stimulation they generate graded, voltage-dependent responses or slow peak potentials (s.p.p.s). However, one week after denervation the s.p.p.s are transformed into action potentials which are slower and broader than those of twitch fibres. The action potentials are Na dependent and partially resistant to blockade with 10(-5) M-tetrodotoxin and 10(-6) M-saxitoxin. Changing the holding potential of the fibres from -80 mV to more negative levels increases the maximal rate of rise of the action potential. This effect is not observed on the s.p.p.s of normally innervated fibres. Following denervation the resting potential of tonic and twitch fibres becomes about 10-15 mV less negative. In denervated muscles stimulation with pulses of hyperpolarizing current evokes graded responses in tonic fibres and action potentials in twitch fibres. In normally innervated muscles, these anodal break responses are never observed in tonic fibres and are very rare in twitch fibres. By two weeks after nerve section, reinnervation is present. The action potentials of tonic fibres are still present but stronger stimulation is needed to evoke anodal break responses. By three weeks, direct stimulation of tonic fibres evokes normal s.p.p.s in about 25% of the studied fibres and action potentials in the rest. By four weeks, most tonic fibres have lost the action potential but small anodal break responses can be evoked in most. It is suggested that following denervation a new population of Na channels appears in tonic fibres. The properties of these channels are different from those of the channels normally present in innervated tonic fibres but they are in some ways similar to those of the channels which appear in twitch fibres following denervation. PMID- 3746687 TI - The arrhythmogenic current ITI in the absence of electrogenic sodium-calcium exchange in sheep cardiac Purkinje fibres. AB - Sheep cardiac Purkinje fibres were voltage clamped with a two-microelectrode technique. Under conditions that are known to elevate intracellular calcium (0 mM external potassium), membrane currents were examined. In the above conditions, a brief depolarizing pulse leads to an oscillatory inward current (ITI) which peaks at about 300 ms after the repolarization. An after-contraction is also observed, the peak of which occurs about 80 ms after the peak of ITI. This result is in accord with the results of Kass, Lederer, Tsien & Weingart (1978a). We replaced external sodium with an isotonic CaCl2 solution to remove the sodium-calcium exchange mechanism as a possible current carrier for ITI. In the steady state under these conditions an oscillatory membrane current and after-contraction are seen following repolarization. This current was identified as ITI on the basis of its temporal relation to both the repolarization step and the after-contraction. In isotonic CaCl2, ITI has a reversal potential of -37 mV. Because of this fact ITI cannot be explained by an electrogenic sodium-calcium exchange mechanism alone. The reversal potential suggests that ITI arises from a channel which is permeable to both potassium and calcium. Fluctuations of membrane current and of tension were recorded in the steady state at different holding potentials. Power spectral analysis showed that the current fluctuations were at a minimum at a holding potential of -37 mV. Tension fluctuations were, however, relatively constant over the range of membrane potentials examined (-17 to -70 mV). The peak power of the current fluctuations occurred at about 1.5 Hz (at a holding potential of -70 mV). This peak shifted towards higher frequencies with increasing depolarization. A similar shift in frequency was observed for the tension fluctuations. Cross-correlations between membrane current and tension were calculated for various steady membrane potentials. This analysis shows that the current fluctuations are associated with the tension fluctuations, each with a principal period of about 0.5 s. This analysis also shows that at potentials more negative than the reversal potential of ITI, increasing tension is associated with increasing inward current and that the tension fluctuations follow current fluctuations by about 70 ms. At potentials positive to the reversal potential of ITI, increasing tension was associated with increasing outward current. This analysis therefore indicates that the fluctuations in membrane current reverse at a potential similar to the reversal potential of ITI.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3746688 TI - Taurine transport associated with cell volume regulation in flounder erythrocytes under anisosmotic conditions. AB - The taurine transport of flounder erythrocytes is associated with a cell volume regulation in anisosmotic media. An osmolality reduction leads to a cell volume increase, which is followed by a volume readajustment towards the original level. A 75 mosM reduction is accompanied by a 33 mumol g dry wt.-1 reduction in the cellular taurine content. The reduction in osmolality activates the taurine release mechanism by transiently increasing the rate coefficient for taurine efflux. The rate coefficient for taurine influx is similarly stimulated. This influx is mediated by a Na+-independent transport system. The concomitant activation of influx and efflux suggests a coupling between these two systems. Higher taurine efflux and influx rate coefficients which decayed more slowly with time were measured in cells suspended in Na+-free (choline replacement) media than in the presence of Na+. This suggests that Na+ may play a role in the taurine release mechanism. Noradrenaline induced a cellular swelling at normal osmolality (330 mosM), but had only a minor effect on the taurine efflux and influx and the cellular taurine content. Urea-induced cellular swelling at normal osmolality initiated a volume regulatory process and activated the taurine release mechanism, similarly to an osmolality reduction. These results show that osmolality reduction and cellular swelling are no prerequisites for the activation of the taurine release mechanism and the cell volume readajustment. It is suggested that the dimension of an intracellular solute compartment determines the activation level of this mechanism. PMID- 3746689 TI - The effect of age on energy metabolism and resistance to ischaemic conduction failure in rat peripheral nerve. AB - Caudal nerve conduction velocity and amplitude of nerve action potential increased progressively with age to 8 months after which time no further increases were demonstrated. Rat peripheral nerve was progressively more resistant to ischaemic-anoxic conduction failure with increasing age. This resistance to ischaemic conduction failure was paralleled by a progressive age related decline in endoneurial O2 consumption. Endoneurial adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate values were also progressively reduced with age. 15 min of anoxia resulted in progressively smaller reductions in these nucleotide phosphates with increasing age to 8 months after which time little further change occurred. Nerve lactate response to anoxia was higher in young rats (1 and 2 months) than in older animals (8 and 21 months). High energy phosphate expenditure progressively declined with age to 8 months, then stabilized. These findings indicate that the major mechanism of resistance to ischaemic conduction failure is a progressive decline in energy requirements. PMID- 3746690 TI - The effect of a transient outward current (IA) on synaptic potentials in sympathetic ganglion cells of the guinea-pig. AB - The responses to stimulation of preganglionic fibres have been studied in sympathetic neurones in ganglia of the caudal lumbar sympathetic chain (l.s.c.) and in the distal lobes of inferior mesenteric ganglia (i.m.g.) isolated from guinea-pigs. Most l.s.c. neurones were classified as 'phasic' and i.m.g. neurones as 'tonic' (see Cassell, Clark & McLachlan, 1986). The types of preganglionic inputs received by l.s.c. and i.m.g. neurones differed: l.s.c. cells almost invariably received at least one suprathreshold ('strong') input, in addition to several subthreshold ones; i.m.g. neurones more commonly received only subthreshold inputs via the lumbar splanchnic nerves. Prolonged discharges were evoked in some i.m.g. cells by stimulation of lumbar splanchnic nerves at strengths just supramaximal for the conventional fast synaptic responses. These appeared to arise from repetitive discharges evoked in other neurones intrinsic to the i.m.g. The time constants of decay of subthreshold synaptic currents recorded under voltage clamp in l.s.c. neurones (4.9 +/- 0.2 ms) were significantly shorter on average than those recorded in tonic i.m.g. cells (7.1 +/- 0.3 ms), although the values of time constant for the two populations overlapped. In phasic neurones, excitatory synaptic potentials (e.s.p.s) evoked at resting membrane potential by stimulation of preganglionic axons decayed with the same exponential time course as an electrotonic potential. In tonic neurones, the time course of decay of the e.s.p. was briefer, but always followed an exponential with the same time constant as the cell input time constant over the final part of the response. If tonic neurones were hyperpolarized by the passage of current through the recording micro-electrode, the time course of decay of the e.s.p. was prolonged and became the same as that of the electrotonic potential. The shape of e.s.p.s in phasic and tonic neurons could be mimicked in a computer model of the neurones incorporating the different activation/inactivation characteristics of the A current (IA) (Cassell et al. 1986) for each neurone type. It is concluded that, in addition to the contribution of IA to the rhythmic firing properties of tonic sympathetic neurones, this current also markedly inhibits the effects of excitatory synaptic conductance changes in this type of ganglion cell. PMID- 3746692 TI - Receptive field profiles and integrative properties of spinocervical tract cells in the cat. AB - The receptive fields of sixteen spinocervical tract (s.c.t.) cells whose responses were recorded extracellularly were mapped using discrete and uniform jets of air given at equally spaced locations on the clipped fur of cats anaesthetized with chloralose. All the cells whose receptive fields were on the thigh or upper hind limb showed approximately unimodal gradients of sensitivity to stimulation within their excitatory receptive fields. The response magnitudes declined steadily as the stimuli were moved sequentially from the centres to the peripheries of the fields and abrupt edges were not found. Spatial summation from within the excitatory receptive field was studied in twelve s.c.t. cells. These cells showed a poor ability to summate the responses to two spatially separated air jets when these stimuli were applied simultaneously within their receptive fields. No significant summation was found in twenty-five out of thirty-one trials and in six of these trials (four cells) the responses were significantly reduced. Summation was found in six trials (four cells). Lack of summation or response reduction was more prevalent when the individual response levels were low (less than impulses stimulus-1). These results are discussed in relation to similar findings for cells of somatosensory relay nuclei and cortex. PMID- 3746691 TI - Incoming synapses and size of small granule-containing cells in a rat sympathetic ganglion after post-ganglionic axotomy. AB - A quantitative ultrastructural study has been made of the reaction of the incoming synapses of small granule-containing cells after axotomy of the major post-ganglionic branches of the superior cervical ganglion of the young adult rat. These cells are intrinsic and interneurone-like in this ganglion, receiving a preganglionic input and giving outgoing synapses to principal post-ganglionic neurones. Unlike their outgoing synapses, which are lost after post-ganglionic axotomy (Case & Matthews, 1986), the incoming synapses of the small granule containing cells in axotomized ganglia increased in incidence post-operatively. The increase first became clearly evident 5-7 days post-operatively and was greater, being both more sustained and progressive, after bilateral than after unilateral axotomy. After bilateral axotomy the incidence of incoming synapses rose to more than four times that of normal ganglia and was still elevated at 128 days post-operatively, but was within normal limits at 390 days. After a unilateral lesion, increases of similar extent and time course to those in the axotomized ganglia were seen in the incoming synapses of small granule-containing cells in the uninjured contralateral ganglia. The incoming synapses of the small granule-containing cells are multifocal, i.e. show several points or active foci of synaptic specialization. The increase in synapses expressed itself both through an increased incidence of these synaptic active foci per nerve terminal and through an increase in the number of presynaptic nerve terminal profiles associated with the cells. Control observations indicated that the increase in synapses was not due to surgical stress, nor was it attributable solely to post operative ageing. The nerve terminals which were presynaptic to the small granule containing cells post-operatively were all of preganglionic origin: no incoming synapses or presynaptic nerve terminals remained at 2 days after a preganglionic denervation of axotomized or contralateral ganglia, at whatever stage this was performed throughout the range of survival intervals. There was some evidence that the synapses had increased by sprouting, including terminal sprouting, of the preganglionic nerve fibres. In the shorter term there was an increase in the proportion of small nerve terminal profiles. In the longer term the mean size of the terminal profiles increased, and very large terminals of unusual form were seen. After post-ganglionic axotomy, and in particular after a bilateral lesion, the small granule-containing cells became hypertrophied.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3746693 TI - Jejunal myoelectrical activity in the conscious neonatal pig. AB - The purpose of this study was to define and quantify patterns of normal jejunal myoelectrical activity in the conscious neonatal pig. Twelve 3-day-old piglets were obtained from a local herd. At 7 days of age four bipolar Ag-AgCl electrodes were surgically implanted at 5 cm intervals on the jejunum. Piglets were divided into fed (n = 7) and fasted (n = 5) groups and a minimum of four daily recordings were made from each pig between 7 and 14 days of age. Slow wave and spike activity were seen in all animals. Slow waves occurred at a frequency of 17.0 +/- 0.3 cycles/min (c.p.m.) in fed and 16.8 +/- 0.2 c.p.m. in fasted piglets. Spike activity predominated, occurring in characteristic migrating myoelectrical complexes (m.m.c.s.) and occupying 79% of the recording time in fed and 73% in fasted piglets (P less than 0.05). The activity front (phase 3) of the m.m.c. recurred every 47.7 +/- 2.4 min in fed, and 50.9 +/- 2.3 min in fasted piglets. The m.m.c. periodicity in both groups was irregular, with a range of 4-145 min in fed, and 8-104 min in fasted piglets. Activity fronts lasted 4.8 +/- 0.1 min in fed and 4.4 +/- 0.1 min in fasted piglets. All piglets demonstrated intense, short (2.5-5.0 s), distinct bursts of intense spike activity (migrating action potential complexes, m.a.p.c.s.). These were rapidly conducted in an aboral direction at a velocity of 1.8 cm/s in fed, and 0.8 cm/s in fasted piglets (P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3746695 TI - Effect of solute concentration on intracellular water volume and hydraulic conductivity of human blood platelets. AB - The intracellular water volume of human blood platelets was determined using tritiated water. The cells responded as osmometers over an observed range of solute concentration from 0.292 to 2.180 osmol kg-1. Only 87% of intracellular water was apparently osmotically active (i.e. Ponder's R was 0.87). Changes in cell volume induced by small step changes in external osmolality were followed photometrically and the time constant for the exponential approach of cell volume to its new equilibrium value was determined. Hydraulic conductivity (LP) was calculated from the time constant and was 1.41 X 10(-6) cm atm-1 s-1 under isotonic conditions at 37 degrees C. LP was inversely dependent on extracellular solute concentration, but it was independent of the direction of movement of water across the plasma membrane. PMID- 3746694 TI - Lateral nasal gland secretion in the anaesthetized dog. AB - The effects of pharmacological and nervous stimuli on the flow of secretion from the dog lateral nasal gland following catheterization are described. Drugs were injected close-arterially into the arterial supply to the nose, or intravenously. Cholinergic agonists (pilocarpine, methacholine), given intravenously (I.V.) or intra-arterially (I.A.), and stimulation of the vidian nerve produced a copious flow of secretion which was blocked by atropine. The adrenoceptor agonists phenylephrine (alpha) and salbutamol (beta 2), given I.V. or I.A., and stimulation of the vagosympathetic nerve produced a small but consistent flow of secretion. Histamine (50 micrograms), substance P (0.1 micrograms) and prostaglandin E1 (1-5 micrograms), injected I.A., produced small flows of secretion. Bradykinin (25 ng-50 micrograms), 5-hydroxytryptamine (100 ng-50 micrograms) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) (10 ng-50 micrograms) did not cause secretion. The total protein content, the composition of secretions as revealed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide agarose gel electrophoresis, and changes in [Na] and [K] in relation to flow of secretion are described. Differences in ion and protein concentrations, and in protein composition, are described for vidian nerve-induced and vagosympathetically induced secretions. Electron microscopy revealed that the gland contains serous cells in the secretory region, and ducts morphologically similar to the intercalated, striated and excretory ducts of salivary glands. PMID- 3746696 TI - The effects of anaesthetics and high pressure on the responses of the rat superior cervical ganglion in vitro. AB - The effects of helium pressure and of general anaesthetics were studied on the responses of the isolated superior cervical ganglion of the rat, to determine how far these reflected the pressure reversal of anaesthesia seen in vivo. The method of Brown & Marsh (1974) for extracellular recording of surface potentials was adapted for use in a high-pressure chamber. Helium alone, at 130 atm, did not alter the responses of the ganglion to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) but significantly depressed the depolarizing and hyperpolarizing components of the nicotinic responses, and the muscarinic responses. The potentiation of the responses to GABA caused by pentobarbitone was not altered by the application of helium, at 130 atm. This pressure also decreased further the nicotinic responses which were depressed by pentobarbitone. Nitrogen, at 34 atm (the anaesthetic ED50 in vivo) and at 68 atm, significantly decreased the nicotinic responses of the ganglia, and the addition of helium to a total of 130 atm further increased this depression. At pressures of 3.3-68 atm, nitrogen caused small decreases in the responses to GABA. Nitrous oxide at 1.5 atm (the ED50 for loss of righting reflex in mice) and at 3 atm, significantly depressed the responses to GABA and to the nicotinic agonist, but did not alter the responses to methylfurmethide. The effects of nitrous oxide were unaltered when helium was added to a total of 130 atm, although this pressure of helium added alone significantly depressed the cholinergic responses. A mixture of 50% nitrous oxide and 50% oxygen, when added to the pressure chamber, at normal atmospheric pressure, caused transient increases in the responses to GABA. The effects of temperature on GABA responses and on nicotinic responses were very different from those of pressure. Preliminary evidence suggested that raising the temperature may decrease the extent of potentiation of GABA responses by pentobarbitone. The results are discussed in relation to the pressure reversal of anaesthesia in vivo. It was concluded that there was no evidence that the basis of this interaction lay in the potentiation of GABA responses by general anaesthetics, or the depression of cholinergic responses, although the changes seen were not in all cases simply additive. It was considered that effects of general anaesthetics such as the potentiation of GABA may contribute to the effects used to measure general anaesthesia in vivo, such as loss of righting reflex, but may not be related to the non-specific actions which cause anaesthesia. PMID- 3746697 TI - Beta-adrenergic inhibition of bovine mesenteric lymphatics. AB - The beta-action of catecholamines on lymphatic smooth muscle was studied by observing the effect of isoprenaline on electrical and mechanical activity in the double sucrose-gap. Action potentials and phasic contractions evoked by depolarizing pulses were abolished within 2 min of drug addition. Isoprenaline hyperpolarized the membrane and increased membrane conductance. Tetraethylammonium (10 mM) did not itself affect membrane resistance but reduced the hyperpolarization and the increase in conductance caused by isoprenaline. Removal of K+ from the external solution reduced membrane conductance and increased the hyperpolarization due to isoprenaline. When the NaCl content of Krebs solution was replaced with LiCl or choline chloride, isoprenaline no longer blocked action potential firing and its effects on phasic contractions and membrane conductance were reduced. In contrast, ouabain (10(-5) M) did not block the effect of isoprenaline on membrane potential and membrane conductance. These results suggest that beta-adrenergic inhibition of lymphatic smooth muscle involves an increase in an outward K+ current, though an additional metabolic effect cannot be ruled out. PMID- 3746698 TI - Innervation and function of hind-limb muscles in the cat after cross-union of the tibial and peroneal nerves. AB - Peripheral nerves to flexor (common peroneal) and extensor (tibial) nerves in a hind limb of seven 2-6 month old cats were cut and cross-united to study the plasticity in the spinal cord. The extent to which motoneurones from extensor and flexor motor pools were misdirected to their antagonistic muscles was determined by measuring the potentials generated at the spinal roots from the crossed nerves. The axons contributing to the extensor nerves normally leave the cord in the L7 and S1 ventral and dorsal roots while the axons contributing to the flexor nerves normally leave the cord in the L6 and L7 ventral and dorsal roots. Following cross-union, medial gastrocnemius (m.g.) and lateral gastrocnemius soleus (l.g.s.) nerves were primarily supplied by L6 and L7 ventral and dorsal roots, and common peroneal (c.p.) nerves were primarily supplied by L7 and S1 ventral and dorsal roots. A method for quantifying the completeness of cross reinnervation was developed. The pattern of e.m.g. activity in cross-reinnervated muscles during locomotion was primarily determined by the innervating nerve with the reinnervated flexor muscles being activated during the extensor phase. However, the cross-reinnervated extensor muscles showed evidence of extensor activity in addition to the double-burst pattern typical of flexor nerves. This extensor activity was more prominent when the nerve cross was less complete. We conclude that during locomotion the activity of spinal motoneurones was not substantially modified by inappropriate peripheral connexions, even when the nerve cross was carried out in young animals. This conclusion is discussed in relation to previous studies which suggested some degree of functional modification. PMID- 3746699 TI - Organization of motor units following cross-reinnervation of antagonistic muscles in the cat hind limb. AB - Peripheral reorganization of nerve and muscle properties was studied following misdirection of regenerating axons to foreign muscles. The tibial nerve, which innervates all of the distal extensor muscles, was cross-united with the common peroneal nerve, which innervates all of the distal flexor muscles, in one hind limb of seven 2-6 month old cats. After 18-24 months the properties of the motor units in the reinnervated triceps surae muscles were studied by dissection and stimulation of the ventral root filaments. The normal size relationships were re established in reinnervated medial gastrocnemius (m.g.) and lateral gastrocnemius soleus (l.g.s.) muscles in so far as motor unit force was directly correlated with the extracellularly recorded amplitude of the axon potential and with contractile speed. The range of sizes of motor units in reinnervated m.g. and l.g.s. muscles was similar to normal, both in terms of the muscle unit size (determined by measuring tetanic tension) and axon size (determined from the amplitude of the extracellularly recorded action potential). The amplitude of the axon potentials in the crossed nerves was weakly correlated with calculated conduction velocities because of the variation in the conduction delays across the suture line. As axon potential amplitude is a direct function of axon size at the recording site, it provided a reliable measure of regenerating axon size. Motor units were classified as slow (s.), fast fatigue resistant (f.r.), fast intermediate (f.i.) or fast fatigable (f.f.) by their contractile speed and fatigue properties. Tetanic tensions generally increased from slow to fast units with s. less than f.r. less than f.i. less than f.f. in reinnervated and normally innervated muscles, but the overlap between different unit types was considerably greater in reinnervated muscles. Thus, peripheral reorganization of nerve and muscle properties according to size can occur in reinnervated muscles, irrespective of the source of the regenerating nerves. PMID- 3746701 TI - Facilitation of transmitter action on catecholamine output by cardiac glycoside in perfused adrenal gland of guinea-pig. AB - Effects of K+ deprivation and ouabain on catecholamine secretion evoked by splanchnic nerve stimulation (5 Hz), ACh (10(-5) M) and/or excess K+ (56 mM) were studied in isolated and perfused adrenal glands of guinea-pig. Exposure to K+ free Locke solution initially reduced and later enhanced catecholamine secretion sequentially evoked by splanchnic nerve stimulation and ACh. The enhancement attained a maximum, 185% in magnitude of the corresponding control response at 35 min for splanchnic nerve stimulation and 135% at 65 min for ACh after the start of exposure to K+-free solution. Ouabain (10(-5) M) caused a larger increase in the evoked catecholamine section than K+ deprivation did. The maximum effect was obtained from 40 to 50 min after the start of exposure to ouabain in which the magnitude of responses to splanchnic nerve stimulation, excess K+ and ACh was about 500, 400 and 300% of each control response, respectively. The effect of ouabain on the evoked catecholamine secretion increased as the concentration of extracellular Na+ was increased from 25 to 154 mM, regardless of the kind of stimuli. The ouabain-induced enhancement in the evoked responses was reversibly inhibited by removing Ca2+ from, or by adding Mg2+, Co2+ or Ni2+ to the perfusion medium. The ID50 values for Mg2+ were about 9.4 and 7.3 mM and those for Co2+ were 0.8 and 0.4 mM against ouabain on the responses to ACh and excess K+, respectively. The inhibitory effect of Mg2+ and Co2+ on the ouabain action was counteracted by increasing the concentration of Ca2+ from 2.2 to 8.8 mM in the perfusion medium. These results suggest that ouabain enhances catecholamine secretion evoked by splanchnic nerve stimulation, ACh and excess K+ by increasing the rate of Ca2+ influx through the ACh receptor linked Ca2+ channel and/or voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels on adrenal chromaffin cells of guinea-pig in a Na+-dependent manner. PMID- 3746700 TI - Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide depolarizations in cat bladder parasympathetic ganglia. AB - The effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) on the neuronal membranes of isolated cat vesical pelvic ganglia and its underlying ionic mechanism were examined by means of intracellular recording and voltage-clamp techniques. Application of VIP (0.05-50 microM) to the neurones by pressure 'puff' ejection through a micropipette placed close to the neurones produced a depolarizing response (2-15 mV) in 83% of neurones tested; this effect was concentration dependent. The VIP-induced depolarization frequently evoked spontaneous action potentials in quiescent neurones and increased the frequency of action potentials in spontaneously firing neurones. The VIP depolarization was not blocked in a Ca2+-free, high-Mg2+ solution or in a solution containing hexamethonium (1 mM) and atropine (1 microM). Tetrodotoxin (TTX; 1 microM) also did not affect the VIP depolarization. The VIP depolarization was associated with an increase in membrane resistance and the slope of a current-voltage relation (I-V curve) was increased by VIP. Conditioning hyperpolarization and depolarization of the membrane increased and decreased the amplitude of the VIP depolarization, respectively. The VIP depolarization reversed polarity around--100 mV. The reversal potential shifted about 20 mV to a more positive level in a high-K+ (10 mM) solution in accord with the Nernst equation. Substituting Cl- with isethionate in the superfusate did not affect the reversal potential of the VIP depolarization. Closure of M-channels does not underlie VIP action since the VIP depolarization was enhanced by muscarine (10 microM) and unchanged in the presence of Ba (5 mM), or intracellular or extracellular Cs+, conditions known to block the M-channels (Adams, Brown & Constanti, 1982a, b). Tetraethylammonium (TEA; 20 mM) also did not affect the VIP depolarization. Voltage-clamp analyses showed that VIP applied by pressure ejection produced an inward current of 80-110 pA associated with a decrease in membrane conductance (from 2.8 to 3.5 nS) at a holding potential of--60 mV. VIP inward current was diminished by either repetitive or continuous application of VIP (5 microM) suggesting desensitization of the VIP receptor. It is concluded that VIP produces a depolarization in neurones of bladder parasympathetic ganglia by decreasing a K+ conductance, the pharmacological characteristics of which are unlike previously described K+ conductance mechanisms. PMID- 3746702 TI - Skeletal muscle metabolism, contraction force and glycogen utilization during prolonged electrical stimulation in humans. AB - Muscle metabolism and contraction force were examined in the quadriceps femoris muscles of seven volunteers during 45 min of electrical stimulation. Intermittent stimulation was used, with tetanic trains at 20 Hz lasting 1.6 s, separated by pauses of 1.6 s. Muscle biopsies were taken at rest and during stimulation (80 s, 15, 30 and 45 min). During the initial 80 s of stimulation contraction force decreased to 72% of initial force. The glycogenolytic rate was 40.9 mmol glucosyl units kg-1 dry muscle min-1 and glycolytic intermediate levels increased several fold. Muscle phosphocreatine decreased to 26% of resting concentration and the ATP turnover rate from anaerobic sources was 4.99 mmol kg-1 dry muscle s-1. With continued stimulation from 80 s to 15 min, force decreased to 43% of the initial value at 5 min and 31% at 15 min. Glycogenolysis fell to 5.4 mmol kg-1 dry muscle min-1 and glycolytic intermediate levels decreased suggesting that anaerobic glycolysis contributed progressively less ATP for force production. The final 30 min of stimulation was characterized by a low rate of glycogenolysis (1.35-1.67 mmol kg-1 dry muscle min-1) and a constant force production (25.5% of initial). The ATP turnover rate, assuming glycogen was metabolized aerobically, was 1.86 mmol kg-1 dry muscle s-1. Phosphocreatine, ATP and glycolytic intermediates returned to near resting levels, indicating that anaerobic energy pathways were not reactivated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3746703 TI - Observations on the automatic compensation of reflex gain on varying the pre existing level of motor discharge in man. AB - The human stretch reflex is well known to show 'automatic gain compensation'; in other words, the electromyographic (e.m.g.) response evoked by a given disturbance increases progressively with the level of pre-existing voluntary activity, and so remains an approximately constant proportion of the background. Such behaviour has now been observed using vibration as the stimulus to Ia action and recording the reflexly developed force, in addition to the e.m.g. Inhibition was studied as well as excitation by vibrating the antagonist as well as the agonist, and found to be similarly regulated. The experiments were performed on the elbow flexors while they were contracting isometrically under voluntary drive. The vibration was either square-wave modulated at 5 Hz or delivered in bursts of one to five pulses. The latency of the e.m.g. responses produced by the latter was sufficiently short to show that gain compensation was a feature of spinal reflex action. In the Discussion, it is concluded that in principle 'automatic gain compensation' can be readily attributed to the known organization of the motoneurone pool. As the background force increases so does the number of active motoneurones available to be frequency-modulated by a given input, and the larger and stronger will be those motor units which are on the verge of recruitment or de-recruitment. PMID- 3746705 TI - Impedance plethysmography for screening vascular disorders. PMID- 3746704 TI - Effects of light reversal on the circadian pattern of motor activity and voltammetric signals recorded in rat forebrain. AB - To investigate the functional relationships between the circadian changes in rat motor activity and changes in the extracellular concentration of ascorbic acid and homovanillic acid (HVA) monitored in the striatum and nucleus accumbens, reversal of the light/dark cycle was used to disturb the pattern of motor activity. Microcomputer-controlled linear sweep voltammetry with carbon-paste electrodes was used to continuously monitor circadian changes in the ascorbate signal and the HVA signal simultaneously in nucleus accumbens and striatum over a 13 day period in unrestrained rats; total motor activity for each animal was also recorded. Regression analyses were carried out on each day's data to investigate the relationships between motor activity and the two voltammetric signals. During days 1-5, the lighting was on normal 12/12 light/dark cycle and high correlations were observed. Reversal of the light/dark cycle on day 6 caused an immediate change in the pattern of motor activity and electrochemical signals; by days 7-8 after light reversal the relationships between lighting, ascorbate, HVA and motor activity were reestablished under the new lighting conditions. During the intervening period, however, there was a complete breakdown in some of the correlations. The findings are discussed in the light of the hypothesis that changes in brain extracellular ascorbate reflect changes in the release of excitatory amino acids, and in terms of a recent model of the role, in the control of motor activity, for cortical and mesencephalic inputs to forebrain subcortical regions. PMID- 3746706 TI - Congenital cleft lip and cleft palate anomalies: a dermatoglyphic study. PMID- 3746707 TI - N-N' diallyltartardiamide (DATD) as a cross-linking agent for polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis of human serum proteins. PMID- 3746709 TI - Xenon arc photocoagulation in the treatment of central serous retinopathy. PMID- 3746708 TI - Effect of antirat hepatic serum on rats--a histopathological study. PMID- 3746711 TI - Hemolytic uremic syndrome: study of prognostic factors as seen on the Indian scene. PMID- 3746712 TI - Perforated duodenal ulcer with dextrocardia with situs inversus. PMID- 3746710 TI - Polymyositis associated with overlap syndrome (a case report). PMID- 3746713 TI - Hydatid disease of urinary bladder (a case report). PMID- 3746714 TI - Isolation of Aeromonas hydrophila from a case of neonatal diarrhoea (a case report). PMID- 3746715 TI - Accidental intra-myometrial injection of hypertonic saline. PMID- 3746716 TI - Post-operative changes in levels of LD, LD-T CK and CK-MB in patients undergoing open heart surgery. PMID- 3746717 TI - A factor analytic study of manifest anxiety: a transsituational, transtemporal investigation. AB - In this study, we investigated the factorial structure of the Manifest Anxiety Scale (MAS) among American, counseling graduate students (N = 227). The MAS was administered across transsituational and transtemporal conditions. The following four factors were yielded following orthogonal rotation: General Worries, Physiological Correlates of Anxiety, Distractibility, and Embarrassment. These four factors, however, explained less than one quarter of the common variance extracted. Following a comparison with previous factor analytic studies of the MAS, we discuss factors possibly contributing to the discrepant findings, with particular attention to the MAS's item content and psychometric properties and the nature of the population used. PMID- 3746718 TI - The relation between the locus of control construct and involvement in traffic accidents. AB - We investigated the relation between the Rotter (1966) locus of control concept and involvement in automobile accidents. Subjects were 184 college students who completed a survey measuring accident involvement, the Rotter scale, and scales featuring beliefs and behaviors in traffic situations that would be expected from internally oriented persons. No significant relation was found between the Rotter scale and traffic accidents. Accident involvement was best explained by internal beliefs about accident control, and the reported number of near-miss accidents per week. A path diagram relating survey variables is included. PMID- 3746719 TI - Magnetostatic field effect: stress syndrome pattern and functional relation with intensity. AB - The stressing action of a medium-intensity, magnetostatic field was studied for several levels of intensity. Our purpose was to verify a stressing action by display of the general adaptation syndrome pattern on the growth rate of mice and to establish the relation between effect and field intensity on the same variable. Eight groups of mice showed a linear relation. Moreover, stressing action was noticed at lower intensities than previously suggested. PMID- 3746721 TI - Ultrastructural studies of microgametogenesis and macrogametogenesis of Eimeria truncata of the lesser snow goose. AB - Microgamonts and macrogamonts of Eimeria truncata were observed in renal epithelial cells of collecting tubules and ducts and occasionally in macrophages of experimentally infected lesser snow geese (Anser c. caerulescens) beginning 8.5 days post inoculation. Intraparasitophorous vesicles in parasitophorous vacuoles of both types of gamonts appeared to originate in host cell cytoplasm and enter gamonts through micropores by budding of plasmalemma or by pinocytosis. Within the parasite's cytoplasm, the vesicles were broken down in Golgi associated vacuoles. The surfaces of microgamonts were highly invaginated to facilitate extrusion of numerous microgametes. Formation and maturation of microgametes were similar to those of other eimerian species. Each microgamete had two flagella, a mitochondrion, and a peculiarly shaped electron-dense nucleus that was oval anteriorly in cross section and somewhat dumbbell-shaped posteriorly. A longitudinally arranged inner membrane complex lay between a portion of the mitochondrion and the plasmalemma. About five subpellicular microtubules extended the length of the microgamete body. Macrogametogony differed little from that described in other eimerian species. Type 1 wall forming bodies (WFB) formed in Golgi complexes early in macrogametogony, and type 2 WFB formed in cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum in intermediate stages of macrogamont development. PMID- 3746720 TI - Ultrastructural studies of the zygote and oocyst wall formation of Eimeria truncata of the lesser snow goose. AB - Zygote development and oocyst wall formation of Eimeria truncata occurred in epithelial cells in renal tubules and ducts of experimentally infected lesser snow geese (Anser c. caerulescens). Post-fertilization stages were present throughout the kidneys beginning nine days post-inoculation. Initially, a single plasmalemma enclosed the zygote, and type 1 wall-forming bodies (WF1) became labyrinthine and moved toward the surface. There, WF1 degranulated and formed the outer layer of the oocyst wall between the plasmalemma and a newly formed second subpellicular membrane. Several WF2 fused and formed the inner layer of the oocyst wall between the third and fourth subpellicular membranes. Six subpellicular membranes were observed during wall formation. Other features of oocyst development were similar to those of other eimerian species. PMID- 3746722 TI - A light and electron microscopical study of a new, polymorphic free-living amoeba, Phreatamoeba balamuthi n. g., n. sp. AB - A new amoeba, isolated from well water in Gambia, West Africa, is described and named Phreatamoeba balamuthi n. g., n. sp. Requiring anaerobic conditions for growth, it is easily cultured monoxenically with Escherichia coli or axenically in complex, undefined organic media. Three phenotypes have been observed in the life cycle: an amoeba, a flagellate, and a cyst. The amoeba moves by monopodia, is predominantly multinucleate, and varies from 11 to 160 microns in length. The flagellate has a single flagellum and is from 6 to 50 microns long. The cyst is surrounded by a resistant wall that lacks pores and ranges from 9 to 18 microns in diameter. The transformation from amoeba to flagellate can be induced nutritionally, the exact inducing factor(s) being unknown. Sexual reproduction has not been observed. PMID- 3746723 TI - Seasonal distribution of thermotolerant free-living amoebae. I. Willard's Pond. AB - A quantitative study of the seasonal distribution of thermotolerant (37 degrees C and 45 degrees C), small free-living amoebae (FLA) was conducted in Willard's Pond, a warm, monomictic lake in the Piedmont region of South Carolina. Correlation of physical and chemical parameters with the seasonal distribution was facilitated by partitioning the aquatic ecosystem into benthic, planktonic, and neustonic habitats. Population densities of FLA peaked in late summer in each habitat; however, species composition varied between habitats. Littoral sediment appeared to be the major habitat for FLA, with peaks in populations of Acanthamoeba and Naegleria in August, Hartmannella in July, and Vahlkampfia in May. Populations in profundal sediment underwent dramatic seasonal shifts, apparently in response to the seasonal chemical changes in the hypolimnion. Acanthamoeba was most prevalent in late summer, representing as much as 82% of the FLA in profundal sediment. Distribution patterns and species composition of FLA from surface water were similar to those from littoral sediment; however, a greater percentage of Naegleria was found in surface water. Numerous FLA were isolated from the neustonic community (surface film), and the number of FLA isolated in the surface film at the deep water station was found to be significantly (P less than 0.05) greater than the number from subsurface (5-10 cm) samples. In the water column, FLA populations consistently were highest in the detrital layer, which persisted at a depth of 3.0-3.4 m throughout the summer period. The large percentage of Naegleria contributing to FLA in the detrital layer suggests that Naegleria amoeboflagellates sink through the layer, flagellate, and swim back up, such migrations possibly being triggered by a reduction of nutrients below the layer or by the presence of anoxic, reducing conditions in the hypolimnion. In addition, weather events were found to play a major role in the redistribution of FLA between various habitats in the aquatic ecosystem, with such changes probably due to resuspension of FLA from littoral sediment by wind action and input from the watershed via runoff. PMID- 3746724 TI - Photoreception in pineal organs of larval and adult lampreys, Lampetra japonica. AB - A comparative study of the larval and adult pineal organs, which are sensitive to incident light, was carried out in the river lamprey Lampetra japonica, using intracellular recording from the pineal photoreceptors. The tissue overlying the larval pineal organ is transparent, whereas that over the adult pineal is translucent. The optical density of this oval pineal window in the adult lamprey was 1.2. In order to elucidate the early development of the larval pineal, the ratio r of the diameter (micron) of the pineal to the body-length (cm) was measured. The value of r was 62.5 in a small larva of 2.8 cm, 29.7 in a larger one of 14.3 cm, and 9.3 in an adult of 54 cm body-length. The intracellular response to light of the larval pineal was a hyperpolarization, showing fundamentally the same pattern as that of the adult pineal. It was possible to record a typical response even from the pineal of the smallest larva, 2.8 cm in body length, used in this study. The intensity-amplitude relationship was analysed after Naka-Rushton's hyperbolic equation. The value of sigma of isolated larval pineals was 0.88 log unit higher than that of adults. The value of n was larger in larvae, suggesting a sensitive reaction to changing photic stimulus. The spectral sensitivity was compared. The peak was at 505 nm in the larva, but 525 nm in the adult. A change of visual pigment in the pineal during metamorphosis is suggested. PMID- 3746725 TI - Spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents in crayfish neuromuscular junctions in the absence and presence of serotonin and 3,4-diaminopyridine. AB - Spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) were recorded under voltage clamp in short fibres (l less than or equal to 0.6 mm) from opener muscles and the contractor epimeralis muscle of small crayfish. From the amplitude distributions of sEPSCs which could be approximated by a Gaussian function, a mean amplitude a = -1.16 nA +/- 0.28 (SE) was found for sEPSCs in 16 fibres of the claw opener voltage clamped to E = -60 mV (19-22 degrees C). In the opener of the first walking leg and in the contractor epimeralis muscle a = -1.1 nA +/- 0.21 (SE; n = 6, -100 mV less than or equal to E less than or equal to -60 mV, 5 10 degrees C) and a = -2.0 nA +/- 0.2 (SE; n = 4, E = -60 mV, 19-22 degrees C) were obtained. On average about 300-500 synaptic channels were estimated to open during a sEPSC. 'Giant' sEPSCs (gsEPSCs) were also observed. The amplitudes of gsEPSCs were up to 14 times larger than the amplitude of an average normal sEPSC. Moreover, the lifetime of gsEPSCs was up to about 3 times longer than that of sEPSCs. Like sEPSCs, gsEPSCs could not be abolished by 0.1 mumol/l tetrodotoxin. The rate at which sEPSCs and gsEPSCs occurred could be markedly enhanced by serotonin (1 mumol/l) and 3,4-diaminopyridine (1 mmol/l). PMID- 3746726 TI - Evidence for differences in the circadian organization of hamsters exposed to short day photoperiod. AB - Djungarian hamsters, Phodopus sungorus, depend mainly on day length to cue seasonal adjustments in reproduction and thermoregulation. These photoperiod induced changes are mediated by changes in the daily release of pineal melatonin. However, some hamsters fail to respond to chronic short day exposure, and these individuals lack typical short day rhythms for both daily activity and pineal melatonin content. These results indicate that nonresponding hamsters lack the circadian organization responsible for proper coding of day length. Although the nature of the disruption in circadian organization is yet not known, these results clearly demonstrate the central importance of circadian rhythms in regulating photoperiod-induced adjustments in reproduction and thermoregulation. PMID- 3746727 TI - Slips of the tongue in very young children. AB - This paper investigates the difference in the frequency with which adults and young children make slips of the tongue. The slips analyzed were taken from two corpora of speech. The first consists of the speech of one child in interaction with her mother; the second corpus consists of the speech of eight children in interaction with their teacher. The results suggest that young children make significantly fewer slips than do adults. This finding is consistent with a psychoanalytic understanding of slips--i.e., that young children should make fewer slips because they are less inclined to suppress and repress ideas and impulses. PMID- 3746728 TI - Agenesis of the gallbladder. PMID- 3746729 TI - Acute appendicitis in Nigeria. PMID- 3746730 TI - Tumours of the retroperitoneum. PMID- 3746731 TI - Shoe insert: an new use for silastic foam dressing. PMID- 3746732 TI - Spontaneous necrosis of the greater omentum. PMID- 3746733 TI - Squamous carcinoma associated with vesicocutaneous fistula: reconstruction with a tensor fasciae latae myocutaneous flap. PMID- 3746734 TI - Silastic foam dressing as a focus of abscess formation. PMID- 3746735 TI - Cardiac air tamponade following closed chest injury. PMID- 3746736 TI - Basal cell carcinoma of the male nipple. PMID- 3746737 TI - Re: Prophylactic povidone-iodine spray in accidental wounds. PMID- 3746738 TI - Re: Management of large scrotal swellings. PMID- 3746739 TI - Successful splenosis following autologous splenic implantation. PMID- 3746740 TI - External vascular trauma: twenty years experience in Newcastle upon Tyne. PMID- 3746741 TI - Is a conservative approach to vascular graft infection feasible? PMID- 3746742 TI - Accident flying squads: an objective evaluation of their role in trauma. PMID- 3746743 TI - Brachial plexus lesions in dislocation and fracture dislocation of the shoulder. PMID- 3746744 TI - Aneurysms of the hepatic artery: a report of three cases. PMID- 3746745 TI - False aneurysm of the right hepatic artery complicating cholecystectomy: a report of two cases. PMID- 3746746 TI - Gall bladder disease in Trinidad. PMID- 3746747 TI - South Atlantic submarine patrol 1984/85. PMID- 3746749 TI - The first Antarctic winter in tents: the Joint Services Expedition to Brabant Island. PMID- 3746748 TI - Detection of early ventilatory impairment in RN submariners. PMID- 3746750 TI - Caries activity in a sample of 25-year olds--sugars or dentistry? PMID- 3746751 TI - Lung function in Royal Naval firefighting instructors. PMID- 3746752 TI - [Standard thoracic radiography in recent pneumonectomized patients. Its contribution to the diagnosis of empyema and bronchopleural fistula]. AB - Case reports of 110 patients undergoing pneumonectomy were reviewed to assess value of standard postoperative chest radiography for detection of early complications, consisting mainly of empyema and/or bronchopleural fistula. Most radiologic modifications observed do not represent abnormal findings, although two signs can contribute to the radiologic diagnosis of empyema: the central superimposed air/fluid levels and the secondary mediastinal displacement, but even these signs are inconstant and of late onset. Five signs may be of significance for the diagnosis of bronchopleural fistula: in addition to the two described above there are the rapid fall in principal air/water level, the increase in subcutaneous emphysema and the late onset contralateral alveolar syndrome. The diagnosis of a bronchopleural fistula prior to the development of clinical symptoms was possible in one of two cases. PMID- 3746753 TI - [X-ray computed tomography in cerebral hydatid disease in children]. AB - CT scan imaging is an effective method for detection of cerebral hydatid cysts in children. It is a specific exploratory investigation and enables any other diagnosis to be excluded by its use alone. Seven cases of hydatid cyst in cerebral hemispheres are reported, two of these children presenting other parenchymatous localizations. Several images showed parietal calcification or internal partitioning, signs rarely described previously with cerebral lesions. PMID- 3746754 TI - [Appearance of the normal knee by MRI using a surface antenna]. AB - NMR imaging of the knee using a surface aerial provides remarkable anatomical detail of this joint without the need for invasive procedures or stressful positioning. Results of the use of this technique on seven normal knees confirmed the precise anatomical details provided, with direct visualization of the femorotibial interline and particularly of the cruciate ligaments, menisci and cartilages. This method allows a new diagnostic approach to the knee, especially for traumatic or tumoral lesions, and greater efficacy of treatment. PMID- 3746755 TI - [Results of abdominal x-ray computed tomography in 25 patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or the lymphadenopathy syndrome]. AB - An abdominal computed tomographic examination was performed to 20 patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and to 5 patients with Lymphadenopathy Syndrome (LAS). Intraabdominal lymph nodes were seen in 18 out of 20 cases of AIDS and in 5 cases of LAS. Lymph nodes have a normal size or are slightly enlarged but they are too numerous. Splenomegaly was found in 17 patients. Rectal modifications secondary to a proctitis were seen in the homosexual patients. PMID- 3746756 TI - [Colonic perforations during interventional urinary radiology]. AB - Three patients had colonic perforation as a result of percutaneous nephrostomy and lithotripsy. These patients did not respond to conservative measures and required surgery (colostomy, hemicolectomy, drainage). This report reviews the anatomic and technical aspects of percutaneous access to the kidney. Fluoroscopy and ultrasonography do not allow simple and accurate information of the position of the colon, and CT is the method of choice. Some factors seem of high risk : thin and young patient, female, dilated pelvo-calyceal system, associated colonic obstruction. PMID- 3746757 TI - [Contrast media in angiography: present and future]. AB - The review proposed here is not an raised up work. Its purpose is to summarise a lot of data concerning clinical trials and some toxicity factors about uro angiographic contrast material (CM) used in radiology. the accent has been put on physico-chemical properties, particularly hypertonicity, of iodinated CM in clinical use; the natural history of a CM molecule after intravascular injection explains the repartition of drugs, according to time, in a bicompartmental model (interstitial and vascular) with urinary excretion; the pharmacological basis of side effects are known from a lot of experimental studies; these works allow to dissociate general (or systemic) toxicity and particular side effects for targets organs (heart, nervous system, kidney). Finally the future of CM molecules, specifically for angiography, is evoked about some research ways. PMID- 3746758 TI - [Thrombophlebitis of the right ovarian vein. X-ray computed tomographic diagnosis and monitoring of 2 cases]. AB - We report two cases of post partum right ovarian vein thrombophlebitis: The aspect of the C.T. is presented, specifying the anatomic relations of the right ovarian vein. The C.T. progression under treatment is illustrated in one case by the appearance of a vena cava thrombosis and in another by a return to normal. The possibility of other examinations is discussed. Correct knowledge of these C.T. findings should allow a diagnosis and a treatment without invasive procedures. PMID- 3746759 TI - Academic general practice--present state and future trends. PMID- 3746760 TI - The problems of audit and research. PMID- 3746761 TI - Joking relationships. PMID- 3746762 TI - An interactive computerized protocol for the management of hypertension: effects on the general practitioner's clinical behaviour. AB - This paper reports an experimental study of general practitioners' use of an interactive computerized protocol for the management of hypertension, focussing particularly on the protocol's effects on doctors' clinical behaviour. Prior to its computerization a paper-based version of the protocol was used enabling a comparison of the alternative forms. Doctors' delivery of care was assessed from video recordings of 89 consultations and from the records made during these consultations. Comparisons were made of consultations conducted under control and experimental conditions. Use of paper and computer protocols resulted in significant improvements in the doctors' delivery of care, in terms of the range of verbal and physical examinations conducted and recorded. The protocol's effects were most marked when the computerized version was used. However, use of the computer protocol resulted in the recording of information on the non occurrence of certain events which had not been explicitly elicited during the verbal examination; features of the design which were intended to encourage adherence to the protocol may have been inappropriate to the realities of a general practice consultation. The findings provide some useful insights for the design of future computerized protocols for the management of chronic conditions. PMID- 3746763 TI - An audit of the management of patients with epilepsy in thirty general practices. AB - An audit of the management of epilepsy in 30 general practices is presented. A total of 377 patients from widely dispersed practices in the UK independently completed questionnaires which mirrored similar questionnaires answered by their doctors. A lack of detailed awareness by the doctor of how epilepsy was affecting the patient was detected. Many patients were found to have difficulty in communicating anxieties and problems associated with the disease to their general practitioner. Use of drug monotherapy and anticonvulsant blood level monitoring was sub-optimal. This multi-centre study supports previous single-centre reports of certain deficiencies in long-term management of epilepsy in general practice. PMID- 3746764 TI - Psychological treatment in general practice: its effect on patients and their families. AB - Rates of consultations and prescriptions for patients referred to clinical psychologists, and for these patients' immediate families, were investigated for three-year periods both before and after referral. Patients and their children consulted more and had more medication prescribed before referral than control groups, this tendency being particularly prevalent in the year before referral. After the contact with the psychologist there was a decrease in all these indices in the short term, and there were long-term decreases in psychotropic drug prescriptions for patients and in both consultations and prescriptions for their children. PMID- 3746765 TI - A comparison of the practice activities of trainees and principals. AB - The practice activities of trainees are compared with those of principals using a large data base to provide a factual basis for the discussion of the workload and activities of trainees.Trainees undertook an average of 187 consultations including 32 home visits over two weeks compared with 301 consultations and 50 home visits for principals. These values show that trainees are seeing sufficient patients for adequate learning and are not being exploited. There were relatively more children and more patients with acute respiratory disorders among the patients consulting trainees compared with those consulting principles.However, trainees saw fewer elderly patients, fewer patients presenting for preventive care and fewer patients with cardiovascular disorders than principals. These deficiencies in the range of patients that trainees are seeing are undesirable. Antibiotics were prescribed more frequently by trainees than by principals but trainees prescribed fewer psychotropic drugs especially as repeat prescriptions and their referral rates and investigation rates were both lower. This probably reflects a consulting profile in which there are more young patients with acute than chronic problems. PMID- 3746766 TI - Family practitioner committee records--a neglected resource. 3. Three inner city areas compared. AB - Data from the family practitioner committees of three inner city areas - Kensington, Chelsea and Westminster; Lambeth, Lewisham and Southwark; and Manchester - were compared. The information about general practitioners over one year included number of principals, distribution by partnership size and numbers working from health centre premises. Data about practices covered the five years 1979-83, with figures for mean list size, registrations and removals, temporary residents and claims for various items of service. Comparisons between the three areas showed great differences for which no convincing explanation could be found. The possibility that people living in these areas have different primary care health services suggests that comparisons should be made nationally; this requires family practitioner committees to be fully computerized and to collect their data in the same way. PMID- 3746767 TI - Divine healing. PMID- 3746768 TI - Known epileptic patients brought to the accident and emergency department. PMID- 3746769 TI - Benzodiazepines as a major danger in overdosage in drug abusers. PMID- 3746770 TI - AIDS--preventing a pandemic. PMID- 3746771 TI - Professional confidentiality: the patients' view. PMID- 3746772 TI - Patient satisfaction. PMID- 3746773 TI - Monitoring of chronic disease. PMID- 3746774 TI - Characteristics of medical students wanting to become general practitioners. PMID- 3746775 TI - Developing family practice in Saudi Arabia. PMID- 3746776 TI - Mumps arthropathy. PMID- 3746777 TI - Maternal alloimmune reactions towards the murine conceptus and graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR). I. Priming for anti-paternal GVHR by gestation. AB - In the H-2 compatible (but minor loci-incompatible) BALB/c-DBA/2 strain combination (both H-2d), intravenous injection of 1.3 X 10(7) BALB/c spleen cells from virgin females into DBA/2 newborn mice less than 18 h old does not result in a significant lethal graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR). A strong GVHR (79% lethal) is induced if the BALB/c donors have been preimmunized to DBA/2. Spleen cells from BALB/c mice pregnant by DBA/2 males are also able to induce a significant, but weaker, GVHR (16% lethal) indicating a cellular priming to paternal antigens by gestation. A significant difference exists between anti DBA/2 GVH reactivity of spleen cells from primiparous (22% lethal) and multiparous (9% lethal) allopregnant BALB/c mice, indicating that the allogeneic boosters of successive allogestations act more on the target-protective side of immunity than on the target-aggressive one. Sera from allopregnant mice (BALB/c X DBA/2) inhibit the GVHR induced by their own cells, while sera from isopregnant ones (BALB/c X BALB/c) have no effect. Thymectomy performed at 6-wk of age, six weeks before gestation did not significantly modify the maternal reactivity. A similar priming by allogestation in the same strain combination was found for local GVHR (induced in adult F1 hybrids) resulting in higher (+132%, P less than 0.005) stimulation indices and seen to be specific for the paternal strain, the indices induced by the same cells being lower (-35%, P less than 0.05) compared to that induced by cells from virgin BALB/c, when injected into irrelevant F1 hybrids (BALB/c X CBA). PMID- 3746778 TI - Maternal alloimmune reactions towards the murine conceptus and graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR). II. Inhibition of priming by placental extracts. AB - Gestation can induce a priming for a GVHR towards paternal strain antigens, although this priming is significantly lower than the one induced by experimental immunization. A role has been sought for placental substances in decreasing this priming through immunomodulation. BALB/c (H-2d) spleen cells do not usually induce a systemic, lethal GVHR in DBA/2 (H-2d) newborn mice except when the donors are preimmunized with DBA/2 cells. Placental extracts (as well as RPMI medium or liver extracts used as controls) were added to DBA/2 cells injected into BALB/c mice used as cell donors for GVH induction. The latter's spleen cells, harvested on day 6 after immunization, were used for systemic and local GVHR. In the systemic assay (lethal effect on DBA/2 newborn mice injected i.v. with BALB/c spleen cells) a significant protection was observed. In the local assay (popliteal lymph node assay in F1 hybrids injected with BALB/c spleen cells into the foot-pad) a highly significant inhibition of priming was detected in recipients injected with spleen cells from placental extract-treated donors. The stimulation index was even lower than that obtained with unprimed BALB/c spleen cells. The same type of local GVHR in (CBA/Ca X A/J) F1 hybrids injected with CBA cells led to similar results. In both situations (systemic and local GVHR) the observed inhibition was found to be specific to the priming cell strain. These results support the working hypothesis that placental substances are able to modify the systemic response of an organism towards both H-2 and non-H-2 alloantigens. PMID- 3746779 TI - Assessment of developmental time periods and risks of brain damage in the fetus and neonate. AB - The life cycles of 18 infants with neurologic morbidity were divided into antepartum, intrapartum, neonatal and infant time periods. Specific events related to risks for each infant were assigned to these periods. In almost all the children multiple, rather than single, fetal, neonatal and infant risks were found, and along with the multiple risks, multiple time periods were found during which the risks occurred. It is difficult, and often impossible, to relate infant neurologic morbidity to a single event or time period. PMID- 3746781 TI - Successful management of varicella pneumonia complicating pregnancy. A report of three cases. AB - Although varicella is a common infection in the United States, pregnant women are infrequently infected. Varicella pneumonia is an even rarer though potentially fatal complication during pregnancy. Fulminant respiratory collapse often ensues and is associated with greater than 40% mortality. We successfully treated three patients for varicella pneumonia in pregnancy. Critical points of management include prompt diagnosis of the disease and recognition of the complications, rapid transfer to a facility capable of providing intensive care (including ventilatory support) and early initiation of aggressive antiviral chemotherapy. PMID- 3746780 TI - Effect of relaxin on human spermatozoa. AB - To study its effect on the motility of human spermatozoa, relaxin was added at different concentrations to human semen samples of various qualities as well as to washed spermatozoa. Relaxin in physiologic concentrations (10-100 ng/mL) had no significant effect on sperm motility in normal semen samples. However, the addition of relaxin to semen samples with low sperm motility significantly increased the motility. Addition of relaxin similarly increased the motility of spermatozoa from normal semen samples that were either aged or washed; the treatment resulted in a decrease in motility. When sperm motility was optimal, as in normal samples, addition of relaxin did not increase motility. However, in some situations of decreased motility, addition of relaxin resulted in improvement of spermatozoan motility. Relaxin may have clinical value in the treatment of male infertility. PMID- 3746782 TI - Vulvovaginal melanoma. A clinicopathologic study. AB - A retrospective study was done on 14 patients with vulvar and vaginal melanoma treated at the New York University Medical Center from 1972 through 1984. Pathologic evaluation included a measurement of tumor volume, tumor thickness, growth pattern and cell type. The most common morphologic appearance was a superficial spreading growth pattern with a nevoid cell type, which seemed to correlate with a favorable outcome. Nodular growth pattern with an epithelioid cell type was less common and associated with a poorer prognosis and inguinal lymph node metastases. No patient had deep pelvic node metastases. Tumor thickness, as measured with Breslow's method, was inversely related to survival, as previously reported. We were able to define a low-risk group of patients, with tumor volume under 100 mm3. It appears that tumor volume, in addition to thickness and growth pattern, can contribute to the evaluation of vulvar melanoma. Evaluation of our findings in conjunction with those in the literature on cutaneous and vulvar melanomas led us to question the routine management of these lesions with radical vulvectomy plus inguinal and pelvic lymph node dissection. PMID- 3746783 TI - Biochemical differences related to birth order in triplets. AB - This is the first report to date on biochemical parameters in triplets. Umbilical artery and venous pH, PO2, PCO2, lactate and base deficit were measured in seven sets of triplets. Other parameters compared were route of delivery, one- and five minute Apgar score, birth weight, relative birth order and sex. Twenty-one viable infants were born from three induced and four spontaneous pregnancies. Female: male sex ratio was 1.6:1.0. All triplets within a set were delivered by the same route--six sets by cesarean section and one set vaginally. There were no significant differences, according to Student's t-test, in birth weight, Apgar scores and biochemical parameters related to birth order. Comparison of umbilical artery and umbilical venous pH, PO2, PCO2, lactate and base deficit differences did not demonstrate evidence of acidosis or significant base deficit in the third triplet when compared with the first two, suggesting that the duration in utero after deliver of the firstborn is not associated with metabolic acidosis or hypoxia in the absence of any obstetric complication or anesthetic problem. PMID- 3746784 TI - Laparoscopic tubal sterilization combined with removal of an intrauterine contraceptive device. A report of 49 cases. AB - A retrospective study was done on 49 patients who underwent removal of an intrauterine device (IUD) and laparoscopic sterilization as a combined procedure during a 13-year period at Booth Memorial Medical Center, Flushing, New York. Five patients were given prophylactic antibiotic therapy, one was treated with postoperative antibiotic therapy for an asymptomatic actinomycosis infection of the endometrium, diagnosed on the curettings, and two patients developed postoperative infections requiring antibiotic therapy. Twenty-one patients had endometritis of various degrees diagnosed on the endometrial curettings, but only two developed clinical infections postoperatively. Elimination of those patients receiving prophylactic antibiotics from the study group left 43, of whom 41 (95%) had an uncomplicated postoperative course and did not develop clinical pelvic inflammatory disease even though 15 of them had endometritis diagnosed on curettage. It appears that removal of an IUD at the time of laparoscopic sterilization does not significantly affect the safety or postoperative morbidity of the sterilization procedure. PMID- 3746785 TI - Outcome of pregnancy in 110 patients with organic heart disease. AB - Organic heart disease is still one of the main causes of maternal and fetal mortality. The outcome of pregnancy in 110 patients with organic heart disease ranging from class I to IV (New York Heart Association Classification) was studied. The incidence of intrauterine growth retardation in the study group was examined with regard to severity of the disease. Birth weight was compared to that in a matched control group, and no statistically significant difference between the two groups was found. PMID- 3746786 TI - The cervical cap for home artificial insemination. AB - The cervical cap was used in artificial insemination (husband) in the home by 63 couples. An overall pregnancy rate of 19% occurred regardless of the duration of use, and a rate of 44% was associated with use for at least six months or until pregnancy occurred. Comparison of pregnancy rates between those in the program and those who dropped out and conceived without therapy revealed no statistical difference. PMID- 3746787 TI - The Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl syndrome. Case report and endocrinologic evaluation. AB - The Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl syndrome is a rare condition, with an incidence of 1 in 160,000. The diagnosis is usually made in men presenting with hypogonadism. Only a few women have been studied. We performed an endocrinologic evaluation of a woman with this syndrome. Her baseline values for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and thyroid function tests were normal. Thyrotropin-releasing-hormone stimulation indicated a normal pituitary response of thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin. Luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone-stimulation tests showed a pubertal response of LH with a somewhat blunted FSH response. The etiologic factor in our patient appeared hypothalamic. PMID- 3746788 TI - Preventing cervical reflux of the distention medium during panoramic hysteroscopy. AB - Reflux of the distention medium through the cervix can reduce the quality of a hysteroscopic procedure. A new tenaculum was developed to minimize reflux yet be easily applied to the cervix. The tenaculum offers certain advantages over other cervical sealing devices and was able to be applied to 14 of 15 patients, with enhancement of the hysteroscopic findings. No complications were noted. PMID- 3746789 TI - A successful microsurgical reanastomosis program in a community hospital. AB - Microsurgical tubal reversal (MTR) can now be performed at the community-hospital level with excellent results if meticulous attention is paid to intraoperative surgical details. An initial series of 15 patients underwent MTR, with a term pregnancy rate of 87%. No postoperative complications occurred, and no postoperative hydroperturbations or second-look laparoscopies were performed. PMID- 3746791 TI - Tubotubal anastomosis for reversal of female sterilization in Thailand. AB - From September 1979 to December 1983, 168 women requested sterilization reversal. Forty-four of them were selected for tubotubal anastomosis, employing a microsurgical technique. The mean age was 28.7 years (range, 22-37), the mean number of pregnancies was 2.0 (range, 0-3), and the mean number of living children was 1.6 (range, 0-3). The main reason for the reversal request was remarriage (63.63%). The overall crude rate of full-term intrauterine pregnancies resulting in live births was 61.4%. The ectopic pregnancy rate was 4.5% and the abortion rate, 2.3%. Three cases were lost to follow-up. Life-table analysis revealed a cumulative pregnancy rate of 77% one year after surgery and 80% two years after surgery. PMID- 3746790 TI - Ovarian failure phenomena after hysterectomy. AB - Previous studies have shown that simple hysterectomy with both ovaries left intact may cause ovarian failure. Questionnaires on climacteric symptoms were mailed to 243 patients between 27 and 42 years old who had been hysterectomized during the past ten years in the Kiel University obstetrics and gynecology clinic. From the 164 replies we found typical signs of ovarian failure in 39%. Some of the patients were asked to undergo endocrinologic investigation, which showed biphasic cycles in most cases. However, the average progesterone and estrogen concentrations in the suspected luteal phases were lower than in healthy women in the same age group. PMID- 3746792 TI - Mullerian abnormalities in fertile women and recurrent aborters. AB - Ninety-six women with recurrent first-trimester spontaneous abortions underwent hysterosalpingography to rule out mullerian abnormalities, both congenital and acquired. Results were compared with those in 96 women who had undergone hysterosalpingography before artificial insemination by donor and subsequently had a full-term, normal delivery. The patients with two recurrent, consecutive abortions had mullerian abnormalities similar to those in women with three consecutive abortions; however, they had different mullerian abnormalities than did the control group. Congenital and acquired malformations seen most often in patients with recurrent abortions were septate, arcuate and bicornuate uteri and incompetent cervical os. Pelvic examination did not discriminate between patients with recurrent abortions and the control group. PMID- 3746793 TI - Effects of cesarean section on fertility and abortions. AB - The impact of cesarean section on subsequent fertility and abortions was studied by comparing cohorts of women from two populations with unequal rates of cesarean section. After excluding women with strong confounding factors, all primiparae having had a cesarean section in 1973 and 1976 and matched controls were identified from the Swedish Birth Registry. The subsequent births in the next five and eight years were sought from the same registry and subsequent spontaneous abortions from the Hospital Inpatient Discharge Registry. There were fewer second children, subsequent children and twin deliveries in the cesarean section groups than in the control groups. The ratio of spontaneous abortions to births was somewhat higher in the cesarean section groups, but the difference was not statistically significant. Regardless of the different rates of cesarean section in the two populations, the 1973 and 1976 cohorts were similar. Apparently the findings were due not only to selection in the first cesarean section but possibly also to the operation itself. PMID- 3746794 TI - Actinomycotic pelvic inflammatory disease simulating malignancy. AB - The protean and indolent nature of pelvic actinomycosis combined with the rarity of the disease poses a diagnostic dilemma. Woody induration and pelvic fibrosis may be present to such a degree that a diagnosis of pelvic malignancy is entertained. Early diagnosis and aggressive antibiotic therapy prior to definitive surgical management, even in the face of extensive anatomic changes, may enable the surgeon to perform relatively conservative surgery, obviating the need for procedures usually reserved for malignant disease. PMID- 3746795 TI - Dermatomyositis in pregnancy. A case report. AB - Few cases of dermatomyositis affecting pregnancy have been reported. In this case the fetal outcome was good, but postpartum, pregnancy-induced hypertension was associated with acute exacerbation of the disease and led to maternal death. Both the fetal and maternal outcome differed from those in previously reported cases. PMID- 3746796 TI - Spontaneous rupture of pyometra due to leiomyomata. A case report. AB - Pyometra, an accumulation of purulent material in the uterus, is a rare pathologic entity. Spontaneous rupture of pyometra occurred secondary to degenerating leiomyomata; that is an extremely rare complication. Pyometra, the diagnosis of which is based on the classic symptoms of uterine enlargement, vaginal discharge and acute abdomen, requires rapid supportive therapy and surgical intervention. PMID- 3746797 TI - Poverty and human development. PMID- 3746798 TI - Influenza virus--a successful parasite. PMID- 3746799 TI - Has the incidence of radiation-induced bowel damage following treatment of uterine carcinoma changed in the last 20 years? AB - Radiation-induced bowel damage occurred in 4.3% of patients treated primarily by irradiation for uterine carcinoma during the period 1962-1982. There has been a progressive rise in the incidence of radiation damage and radiation-induced rectovaginal fistula during this 20-year period. Radiation from intracavitary sources was a contributory factor in 92% of injured cases. The rising incidence of bowel damage in our patients may be due to an increase in the number of patients receiving a high rectal dose from the intracavitary source. There was a significantly (P less than 0.01) higher incidence of radiation injury in cases of cervical carcinoma compared to endometrial carcinoma. This was because cervical carcinoma tended to present at a more advanced stage than endometrial carcinoma and was more frequently treated with combined external and intracavitary irradiation. There was no significant increase in the incidence of complications among patients undergoing hysterectomy. PMID- 3746800 TI - Cardiovascular risk in patients with treated familial hypercholesterolaemia and patients with severe hypertriglyceridaemia. AB - A study was performed to determine the morbidity and mortality from ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) and severe hypertriglyceridaemia (pretreatment plasma triglyceride greater than 5 mmol/l). Twenty-nine (38%) of 76 patients with FH and 8(44%) of 18 patients with hypertriglyceridaemia had evidence of IHD. Over a mean follow-up period of 5.5 years, 2 patients with hypertriglyceridaemia died but there were no deaths in patients with FH. This contrasts with earlier reports which showed a high mortality in FH patients. The lower mortality may be due to improved treatment and consequent lower levels of cholesterol. PMID- 3746801 TI - Morbidity and mortality of radical cystectomy (1971-78 and 1978-85). AB - The mortality after radical cystectomy with urinary diversion has been reduced from 11% in 53 patients operated on during 1971-78, to 2.5% in a similar group of 120 patients operated on during 1978-85. Amongst the latter, mortality varied from 0 amongst 32 non-irradiated patients, to 1 (3%) of 33 after planned preoperative radiotherapy and 2 (3.6%) of 55 after previous radical radiotherapy. The improvement in results appears to be due to a number of factors including routine intensive care in the early postoperative phase, with epidural analgesia, and meticulous attention to haemostasis and the technical details of construction of the ileal conduit. PMID- 3746802 TI - Familial retrocaecal appendicitis. AB - Four members of the same family operated on for acute retrocaecal appendicitis are reported. It is suggested that they provide further support for the hypothesis that an hereditary factor might be involved in the pathogenesis of acute appendicitis. PMID- 3746803 TI - Purpura associated with exposure to sunlight. PMID- 3746804 TI - Severe symptomatic hypoglycaemia due to quinine therapy. PMID- 3746805 TI - Meningococcal septicaemia presenting as drug hypersensitivity. PMID- 3746806 TI - Tuberculosis of the pubic symphysis. PMID- 3746807 TI - Aetiology of antral vascular malformation. PMID- 3746808 TI - A stereochemical explanation of the dopamine agonist and antagonist activity of stereoisomeric pairs. PMID- 3746809 TI - Design and synthesis of sodium (beta R*, gamma S*)-4-[[3-(4-acetyl-3-hydroxy-2 propylphenoxy)propyl] thio]-gamma-hydroxy-beta-methylbenzenebutanoate: a novel, selective, and orally active receptor antagonist of leukotriene D4. PMID- 3746810 TI - Structure-activity relationships of (arylalkyl)imidazole anticonvulsants: comparison of the (fluorenylalkyl)imidazoles with nafimidone and denzimol. AB - A recently discovered and structurally distinct class of antiepileptic drugs is the (arylalkyl)imidazoles. Two independently discovered representatives of this class, denzimol (alpha-[4-(2-phenylethyl)phenyl]-1H-imidazole-1-ethanol) and nafimidone (2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(2-naphthalenyl)ethanone), are undergoing clinical evaluation. Our structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies revealed that in addition to the naphthalenyl and phenethylphenyl aryl moieties of nafimidone and denzimol, respectively, fluorenyl, benzo[b]thienyl, and benzofuranyl aryl groups provided several highly active (arylalkyl)imidazole anticonvulsants. These structurally diverse aryl moieties, and comparable anticonvulsant activities, lend credence to the hypothesis that the pharmacophore of this class of anticonvulsants is the alkylimidazole portion of the molecule, with the lipophilic aryl portion enabling penetration of the blood-brain barrier. We focused our SAR studies on the (fluorenylalkyl)imidazole series. A representative compound from this series is 1-(9H-fluoren-2-yl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1 yl)ethanone. This agent was twice as potent as nafimidone in inhibiting maximal electroshock seizures in mice (po ED50's = 25 and 56 mg/kg, respectively) and considerably less toxic in the rat (po LD50's = 4550 and 504 mg/kg, respectively). The tertiary alcohol alpha-(9H-fluoren-2-yl)-alpha-methyl-1H imidazole-1-ethanol was as potent as denzimol in mice (po ED50's = 10 and 12 mg/kg, respectively). This series of imidazole anticonvulsants was highly selective; while many compounds displayed potent antielectroshock activity, little or not activity was observed against pentylenetetrazole-induced clonic seizures or in the horizontal screen test for ataxia. All active compounds that we tested in this series, as well as denzimol and nafimidone, potentiated hexobarbital-induced sleeping time in mice, probably by imidazole-mediated inhibition of cytochrome P-450. The SAR's for the anticonvulsant activity and the sleeping time potentiation were similar. The propensity of these (arylalkyl)imidazole anticonvulsants to interact strongly with cytochrome P-450 and thereby impair the metabolism of other antiepileptic drugs may severely limit their clinical utility as anticonvulsants. PMID- 3746811 TI - Oxidation of 4-aryl- and 4-alkyl-substituted 2,6-dimethyl-3,5-bis(alkoxycarbonyl) 1,4-dihydropyridines by human liver microsomes and immunochemical evidence for the involvement of a form of cytochrome P-450. AB - 4-Substituted 2,6-dimethyl-3,5-bis(alkoxycarbonyl)-1,4-dihydropyridines are important because of their roles as calcium channel blockers. The mixed-function oxidation of 14 4-aryl- and four 4-alkyl-substituted derivatives by human liver microsomes was examined. The major product of enzymatic oxidation of all the 4 aryl compounds was the pyridine derivative containing the 4-aryl group. The 4 alkyl compounds, in contrast, formed a pyridine derivative in which a hydrogen atom was present at the 4-position and the alkyl group was lost; these compounds also inactivated cytochrome P-450 and caused the loss of nifedipine oxidase activity after enzymatic oxidation. All of these reactions were extensively inhibited by an antibody raised to purified human liver nifedipine oxidase cytochrome P-450 (P-450NF), indicating a major role for this enzyme in the oxidation of these compounds. Oxidation of the 4-alkyl compounds led not only to the loss of P-450NF but also to decreases in catalytic activities of cytochrome P 450 isozymes catalyzing other reactions (phenacetin O-deethylation and hexobarbital 3'-hydroxylation). The results indicate that P-450NF (or closely related enzyme forms) is responsible for the oxidation of these nifedipine related compounds in human liver microsomes and that metabolism is highly dependent upon 4-substitution; with alkyl substituents, radicals are postulated to leave P-450NF to attack other proteins. PMID- 3746812 TI - Resolution, absolute configuration, and cholinergic enantioselectivity of (+)- and (-)-cis-2-methyl-5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1,3-oxathiolane methiodide. AB - The potent cholinergic agonist (+/-)-cis-2-methyl-5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1,3 oxathiolane methiodide (+/-)-1] was resolved into enantiomeric forms. Their absolute configurations were established by a synthetic pathway that also allowed the synthesis of the corresponding diastereomeric (+)- and (-)-trans-2-methyl-5 [(dimethylamino)-methyl]-1,3-oxathiolane methiodide [(+)- and (-)-10]. Compound (+)-1, which is the most potent of the four isomers, showed the same absolute configuration as L-(+)-muscarine and (+)-cis-dioxolane. The four isomers were tested on guinea pig ileum and frog rectus abdominis, and their muscarinic and nicotinic potency (EPMR) and selectivity were determined. The relationships between stereoisomerism and potency are discussed. PMID- 3746813 TI - Selective thromboxane synthetase inhibitors. 3. 1H-imidazol-1-yl-substituted benzo[b]furan-, benzo[b]thiophene-, and indole-2- and -3-carboxylic acids. AB - The preparation of a series of 1H-imidazol-1-yl-substituted benzo[b]furan-, benzo[b]thiophene-, and indolecarboxylic acids is described. Most of the compounds were potent inhibitors of TxA2 synthetase in vitro, and the distance between the imidazole and carboxylic acid groups was found to be important for optimal potency. The most potent compound in vivo was 6-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl) 3-methylbenzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid (71), which, in conscious dogs, showed a similar profile of activity to that of dazoxiben (1). PMID- 3746814 TI - Topological similarities between a cyclic enkephalin analogue and a potent opiate alkaloid: a computer-modeling approach. AB - The cyclic enkephalin analogue H-Tyr-cyclo[-D-N delta-Orn-Gly-Phe-Leu-] (1-c) and the rigid narcotic alkaloid 7 alpha-[(1R)-1-hydroxy-1-methyl-3-phenylpropyl]-6,14 endo-ethenotetrahydrooripavine (PEO) were studied by using computer graphics methods to investigate potential geometrical congruencies of their respective pharmacophoric elements. Particular emphasis was placed on the relative spatial disposition of the tyramine moiety and the additional aromatic ring that occurs in both molecules. A three-dimensional vector map was generated defining the locus of the C21 aromatic ring for all those conformers of PEO having up to 10 kcal above the minimum energy conformer. A systematic conformational search on the cyclic peptide afforded four allowable sets of conformers whose side chain of the phenylalanine residue coincided with the vector map of PEO. Local energy minima for the peptide within the revised mutual vector space were found and subjected to bimolecular energy refinement with correspondingly local energy minima for the opiate alkaloid. Several low-energy conformers of the cyclic peptide were identified that permitted a good fit with the alkaloid provided that the tyramine moiety of the respective molecules does not coincide. In the designated conformations the basic nitrogen of the former occupies a distinct geometrical locus, and the side chain of the leucine residue has no structural correlate in the alkaloid. PMID- 3746815 TI - In vitro labeling of serotonin-S2 receptors: synthesis and binding characteristics of [3H]-7-aminoketanserin. AB - [3H]-7-Aminoketanserin (7-amino-3-[2-[4-(2-tritio-4-fluorobenzoyl)-1- piperidinyl]ethyl]-2,4-(1H,3H)-quinazolinedione), an amino derivative of the selective serotonin-S2 antagonist ketanserin, was synthesized and tested for in vitro labeling of serotonin-S2 receptors. The compound showed a very high affinity for both membrane-bound and detergent-solubilized serotonin-S2 receptors with KD values of 0.35 and 2.03 nM, respectively. At nanomolar concentrations, binding to serotonin-S1 sites was totally absent. Serotonin-S2 receptor binding was characterized by a slow dissociation and a very low nonspecific binding. In rat frontal cortex preparations, binding could be displaced by nanomolar concentrations of different serotonin antagonists and micromolar concentrations of serotonin agonists. Compounds with other pharmacological profiles were poorly or not active. Introduction of an amino function in this new radioligand led to a decreased lipophilicity. Therefore, besides being a valuable radioligand for routine binding studies, [3H]-7-aminoketanserin will probably be a good ligand for labeling serotonin-S2 receptors on intact cells. PMID- 3746816 TI - Potential tumor- or organ-imaging agents. 26. Polyiodinated 2-substituted triacylglycerols as hepatographic agents. AB - A series of omega-(3-amino-2,4,6-triiodophenyl)alkanoic acids and the corresponding 1,3-dipalmitoylglycerol 2-[omega-(3-amino-2,4,6 triiodophenyl)alkanoates] were synthesized, radioiodinated with iodine-125, and evaluated for their ability to selectively localize in the liver for potential use as hepatographic imaging agents. Acid analogues 1d and 1e afforded relatively high levels of radioactivity in the liver (45 and 49% injected dose) 5 min after intravenous administration to rats. These acids displayed a marked propensity to become bound to plasma albumin. In contrast, triacylglycerol analogues 10a and 10c did not become immediately associated with plasma albumin but instead rapidly became associated with plasma lipoproteins and showed a different tissue distribution profile than free acids 1a and 1c. Although long-chain triacylglycerol analogues 10d and 10e exhibited some capacity to accumulate in the liver at 5 and 30 min, respectively, analysis of the plasma revealed significant in vivo ester hydrolysis. It would thus appear that liver radioactivity following administration of 10d and 10e was due to uptake of the free acid and not the intact triacylglycerol. Triacylglycerol analogues 10a and 10c, on the other hand, were taken up intact and showed liver accumulations of 25 and 35% of the administered dose at 30 min. PMID- 3746817 TI - Nonquaternary cholinesterase reactivators. 4. Dialkylaminoalkyl thioesters of alpha-keto thiohydroximic acids as reactivators of ethyl methylphosphonyl- and 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl methylphosphonyl-acetylcholinesterase in vitro. AB - In the search for improved lipophilic centrally active acetylcholinesterase (AChE) antidotes, a series of alpha-keto thiohydroximates were prepared and evaluated for their ability to reactivate AChEs inhibited by ethyl p-nitrophenyl methylphosphonate (EPMP) and soman (GD). The compounds conformed to the general structure 4-RC6H5C-(O)C(NOH)S(CH2)nN+R'R''.X- where R = H, CH3, F, Br, Cl, OCH3, CN;R' = CH3, C2H5, i-C3H7; R'' = H, CH3; X = Cl, I; and n = 2, 3. In this series, varying R substituents on the aryl ring produced compounds with oxime pKa values from 6.8 to 8.0, optimum for an AChE reactivator. Increasing lipophilicity of the amine segment correlated with reactivator potency, as did electron-withdrawing groups on the aryl moiety, presumably due to increased binding to hydrophobic sites surrounding the AChE active site. The in vitro reactivation potency of the alpha-keto thiohydroximates approaches and even surpasses that of 2-PAM and toxogonin for GD-inhibited AChE. These initial findings point to additional structure-activity relationships to assist in the design of improved antidotal compounds. PMID- 3746818 TI - Thiol addition to quinones: model reactions for the inactivation of thymidylate synthase by 5-p-benzoquinonyl-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate. AB - The reaction of methyl mercaptoacetate (5) with phenyl-p-benzoquinone (6) or 5-p benzoquinonyl-3',5'-di-O-acetyl-2'-deoxyuridine (10) resulted in the formation of the three possible adducts to the quinone rings of 6 and 10; an additional product in the reaction with 10 was the unsubstituted hydroquinone (14). Both reactions were found to be solvent dependent; in buffered aqueous acetonitrile the meta and para adducts of 10 were formed in the ratio of 2:1. In ethyl acetate the ortho adduct and the reduction product of 10 were isolated in a ratio of 2:3. The second-order rate constant for the reaction of 5 with 10 in acetonitrile was 0.53 M-1 s-1; the reaction was accelerated by the addition of water. Although the initially proposed mechanism-based enzyme inactivation cannot be excluded, the results of the model reactions support the alternative mechanism, active-site thiol addition to the quinone ring. If this is true the title compound would be classed as an affinity label, not a mechanism-based inhibitor. PMID- 3746819 TI - Synthesis of 11H-pyridocarbazoles and derivatives. Comparison of their DNA binding and antitumor activity with those of 6H- and 7H-pyridocarbazoles. AB - The 8-methoxy- and 8-hydroxy-11H-pyrido[2,3-a]-, -[3,4-a]-, -[4,3-a]-, and [3,2 a]carbazoles were synthesized as potential DNA intercalating antitumor drugs. The structure of these compounds was confirmed by 1H NMR study including NOE experiments. The DNA binding properties of substituted and unsubstituted (8-H) heterocycles were determined by using their hydrochlorides or methiodides. These derivatives are able to bind to DNA with an affinity varying from 2.0 X 10(4) to 1.0 X 10(6) M-1, but most of them are unable to intercalate in contrast with the behavior of 6H- and 7H-pyridocarbazole analogues. The cytotoxicity of 11H pyridocarbazoles, measured on L1210 cells in vitro, is much lower than those of 6H- and 7H-pyridocarbazole analogues. PMID- 3746820 TI - Comparative toxicities and analgesic activities of three monomethylated analogues of acetaminophen. AB - Three monomethylated derivatives of 4'-hydroxyacetanilide (acetaminophen) were prepared in order to compare their cytotoxic potential and analgesic activity with that of acetaminophen. Only 4'-hydroxy-N-methylacetanilide (N methylacetaminophen) was devoid of cytotoxic effects to hepatic tissue of mice. Results of comparative tissue distribution studies and metabolism studies both in vivo and in vitro in mice indicate that the disposition of N-methylacetaminophen is similar to that of acetaminophen except that it is not oxidized to a toxic metabolite. In contrast, 3'-methyl-4'-hydroxyacetanilide (3-methylacetaminophen) is as hepatotoxic as acetaminophen in mice while 2'-methyl-4'-hydroxyacetanilide (2-methylacetaminophen) is less hepatotoxic. The analgesic potency of the analogues seems to parallel their hepatotoxic potential, and both activities parallel the oxidation potentials in this series of compounds. PMID- 3746821 TI - Queuine analogues. Their synthesis and inhibition of growth of mouse L5178Y cells in vitro. AB - A variety of analogues of queuine (7-[(3S,4R,5S)-4,5-dihydroxycyclopent-1-en-3 ylaminomethyl]- 7 -deazaguanine), i.e., those with 7-N-substituted aminomethyl side chains and those in which the oxygen function at the 6 position of the 7 deazaguanine ring was replaced by sulfur, were synthesized and tested for ability to act as substrates for tRNA-guanine transglycosylase and for inhibitory effects on growth of mouse L5178Y leukemic cells in vitro. Of the compounds tested, analogues with sulfur at the 6 position of the 7-deazaguanine ring in place of oxygen or with an N-o-hydroxyphenyl, N-m-hydroxyphenyl, or iodoacetyl group in the 7-aminomethyl side chain in place of the naturally occurring cyclopentene diol moiety markedly inhibited the growth of cells at concentrations of 1-10 micrograms/mL, although queuine itself had practically no effect at a concentration of 100 micrograms/mL. PMID- 3746822 TI - Synthesis and evaluation of 1-(arylsulfonyl)-2-[(methoxycarbonyl)sulfenyl]-1 methylhydrazines++ + as antineoplastic agents. AB - 1-(Arylsulfonyl)-2-[(methoxycarbonyl)sulfenyl]-1-methylhydrazines, with the potential to function as biological methylating agents, were synthesized and evaluated as antineoplastic agents against the L1210 leukemia and the B16 melanoma in mice. All of the compounds of this class had significant activity against the B16 melanoma, with the most active compound, 2 [(methoxycarbonyl)sulfenyl]-1-methyl-1-[(4- methylphenyl)sulfonyl]hydrazine, producing percent T/C values for B16 melanoma tumor bearing mice of between 182 and 232 at dosage levels of from 12.5 to 50 mg/kg daily for 6 consecutive days. In contrast to the related class of agents, the N,N'-bis(sulfonyl)hydrazines reported earlier by this laboratory,1 the 1-(arylsulfonyl)-2 [(methoxycarbonyl)sulfenyl]-1-methylhydrazines were found to be inactive against the L1210 leukemia in vivo. PMID- 3746823 TI - Analgesic actions of 3-substituted 6-tert-butyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-2,6-methano 3-benzazocines. AB - The synthesis of four 3-substituted 6-tert-butyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-2,6 methano-3-benzazocines is described. Derivatives with N-Me or N-phenethyl substituents do not differ significantly in their antinociceptive properties from compounds bearing 6-H or 6-Me; however, they are less active than 6-Ph analogues. PMID- 3746824 TI - Amino-substituted p-benzoquinones. AB - Based on the observation of outstanding antineoplastic activity of a number of amino-substituted anthraquinones, thioxanthones, and N-(aminoethyl)-substituted naphthalimides, four types of amino-substituted p-benzoquinones were designed, synthesized, and their biological activity evaluated. Although none of these compounds exhibited inhibitory activity against P388 leukemia, 2,5-bis[[4 [(dimethylamino)methyl]phenyl]amino]-3,6-dibromo-1,4- benzoquinone and the corresponding dichloro compound demonstrated good inhibitory activity against the proliferating human colon adenocarcinoma in vitro. The dichloro compound was also found to be active against the leukemia L1210 screening in vitro. 2,5-Bis[[2 (dimethylamino)ethyl]amino]-1,4-benzoquinone possessed inhibitory activity against Neisseria catarrhali. PMID- 3746825 TI - 4,5-Disubstituted primaquine analogues as potential antimalarial agents. AB - Three 4,5-disubstituted primaquine analogues were synthesized and evaluated for radical curative activity against Plasmodium cynomolgi in rhesus monkeys. One of the compounds showed moderate activity; however, none of the three compounds were as active as the lead compounds 5-methoxy-4-methylprimaquine and 4-(methoxy methyl)-5-[m-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]primaquine. PMID- 3746826 TI - Studies in antifertility agents. 50. Stereoselective binding of d- and l centchromans to estrogen receptors and their antifertility activity. AB - Centchroman [dl-3,4-trans-2,2-dimethyl-3-phenyl-4-[p-(beta pyrrolidinoethoxy)phenyl] - 7-methoxychroman hydrochloride], an antifertility agent under clinical evaluation, has been resolved into its optical enantiomers. The cytosol estrogen receptor binding affinity and estrogenic, antiestrogenic and antiimplantation activities of the two enantiomers have been determined. The enantiomers display a 7-fold difference in receptor affinity, and a corresponding difference in stimulation of the uterine growth and antiimplantation activity was observed in rats. PMID- 3746827 TI - DNA prediction in cystic fibrosis. PMID- 3746828 TI - The Van der Woude syndrome (dominantly inherited lip pits and clefts). PMID- 3746830 TI - Risk estimation in autosomal dominant disorders with reduced penetrance. AB - The occurrence in a family of an isolated case of an autosomal dominant disorder with reduced penetrance presents a difficult problem in genetic counselling. It is shown that in such a situation the risk of recurrence in subsequent offspring is given by: (formula; see text) where P is the penetrance (0 less than P less than 1) and f' the relative fitness (0 less than f' less than 1) of affected individuals. In all cases the risks of recurrence will exceed 1 in 20 unless penetrance is high (greater than 0.90) and the relative fitness of affected persons is low (less than 0.6). PMID- 3746829 TI - Phenotype-karyotype correlation in patients trisomic for various segments of chromosome 13. AB - Analysis of clinical and cytogenetic findings taken from 62 published cases of partial trisomies of chromosome 13 showed that 15 had partial trisomy for the proximal long arm and 47 had trisomy for the distal long arm. Persistence of fetal haemoglobin (Hb F), increased projections of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN), depressed nasal bridge, cleft lip/palate, and clinodactyly were more frequent in patients with proximal trisomy 13. In the distal trisomy group, the common features included haemangioma, bushy eyebrows, long curled eyelashes, prominent nasal bridge, long philtrum, thin upper lip, highly arched palate, and hexadactyly. In addition, several other features were common to both the groups, often showing inconsistency even when the same segment was in trisomy. The influence of the second aneusomy as the most likely cause for such inconsistent and overlapping phenotypes is discussed in view of the fact that 42 of 62 cases were derived from a balanced translocation carrier parent. PMID- 3746831 TI - Genetic heterogeneity in Gaucher disease. AB - Considerable clinical variability occurs in adult Gaucher disease type I and three main subtypes may be delineated: a very mild form, a severe form, and a moderate form which itself presents various clinical manifestations. A study based on 25 families from our clinic and a review of published reports showed that when both parents were heterozygous and more than one child was affected with Gaucher disease type I, there was always intrafamilial similarity concerning the three subtypes. In families where one parent and at least one child were affected, variability in the clinical subtype of Gaucher disease type I might occur among the affected members of the family. We propose that the three different clinical subtypes of this disease reflect the genetic heterogeneity of two alleles, G1a and G1b and the three corresponding genotypes represent the three different subtypes of the disease. PMID- 3746832 TI - The birth prevalence rates for the skeletal dysplasias. AB - This study was undertaken to establish the prevalence rates at birth of the skeletal dysplasias that can be recognised in the perinatal period. Using the data base of the Latin-American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECLAMC), for the years 1978 to 1983, on 349 470 births (live and stillbirths), a crude prevalence rate of 2.3/10 000 was observed. However, several indications of under-registration suggest that the real value is about twice that observed. The most frequent types of skeletal dysplasia were achondroplasia, with a prevalence rate between 0.5 and 1.5/10 000 births, the thanatophoric dysplasia/achondrogenesis group (0.2 and 0.5/10 000 births), and osteogenesis imperfecta (0.4/10 000 births). The mutation rate for autosomal dominant achondroplasia was estimated at between 1.72 and 5.57 X 10(-5) per gamete per generation. PMID- 3746833 TI - Aetiological factors in hypospadias. AB - Epidemiological and genetic variables in hypospadias were analysed during the years 1978 to 1983 in a case control study of congenital malformations in the Emilia Romagna region of northern Italy. During the observation period, in a sample of 41 078 male newborns, 168 had hypospadias giving a prevalence at birth of 4.1 in 1000 males. Hypospadias was divided into three types: type I or mild (75.0%); type II or moderate (21.4%); and type III or severe (3.6%). Coexisting malformations were found in 8.9% of cases. The heritability coefficient was 0.669. Maternal risk factors correlated with hypospadias were found to be early age at menarche, threatened abortion, and exposure to progestins. Low birth weight and shorter gestation were also correlated with hypospadias. PMID- 3746834 TI - Ratio of crown-rump distance to total length in preterm and term infants. AB - The known measurements for the determination of body proportions cannot be used practically in the neonate. The ratio of crown-rump distance to total length appears the most useful index for objective evaluation of disorders that influence body proportions in the neonate. Normal standards for this ratio in newborn infants from 27 to 41 weeks' gestation are presented in relation to gestational age and birth weight. PMID- 3746835 TI - A paracentric inversion of 7q illustrating a possible interchromosomal effect. AB - A family is described in which the proband has a rearranged X chromosome involving monosomy Xp and trisomy Xq, while the mother has a paracentric inversion of chromosome 7. It is suggested that the phenomenon of interchromosomal effect may link these observations. A brief review of the published and computer catalogued data on paracentric inversion in man is included. PMID- 3746836 TI - Autosomal dominant thoracolaryngopelvic dysplasia: Barnes syndrome. AB - We review a family in which a mother and two of her three children suffered a distinct syndrome of thoracic dystrophy with small chest volume, laryngeal stenosis, normal stature with variable asymmetry, asthenic build, and a small pelvis. In addition to the different inheritance pattern, this syndrome is distinguished from the better known Jeune syndrome by the differing thoracic and pelvic configuration. PMID- 3746837 TI - Robinow syndrome without mesomelic 'brachymelia': a report of five cases. AB - A family is described in which the father and his two children had Robinow syndrome, but with no consistent brachymelia or dwarfism. Two further sporadic cases are described, one with rhizomelic brachymelia and dwarfism and the other with generalised shortening of the limbs. An attempt is also made to distinguish between the phenotype of autosomal dominant and recessive cases on the basis of the familial cases in this paper and other reported cases. PMID- 3746839 TI - Megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome: confirmation of autosomal recessive inheritance. AB - We report two female sibs with the megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome. The parents are first cousins. These cases, together with three other published reports of affected sibs, confirm the autosomal recessive inheritance of the syndrome. PMID- 3746838 TI - Microcephaly, short stature, and developmental delay associated with a chemotactic defect and transient hypogammaglobulinaemia in two brothers. AB - Two brothers presented with unusual facial features, microcephaly, developmental delay, and severe postnatal growth retardation. They both developed eczema in infancy and have had recurrent infections. Additional physical findings in both boys included hypogonadism, flexion contractures, hypoplastic patellae, and scoliosis. Their facial similarity was striking with sloping foreheads, beaked noses, large, protruding ears, and micrognathia. Low levels of serum gammaglobulins and defective chemotaxis were present in both boys in infancy. The hypogammaglobulinaemia was transient and improved, reaching normal levels by 3 1/2 years and 15 months, respectively. Defective chemotaxis and recurrent infections have persisted to the present. Both parents were normal. The mode of inheritance was not clear, as both X linked and autosomal recessive patterns were possible. Although patients with congenital malformations who also had immunodeficiency have previously been reported, immune system abnormalities, especially those of a transient nature, may frequently go unrecognised. PMID- 3746840 TI - Monozygotic twins concordant for congenital short femur. AB - We report concordant male monozygotic twins with congenital short femur (proximal focal femoral deficiency) and discuss the aetiological implications. Coincidentally, they and their father have benign familial macrocephaly. PMID- 3746841 TI - Interstitial deletion of chromosome 4q diagnosed prenatally. AB - The prenatal diagnosis of 4q deletion was made as a result of amniocentesis for high serum alphafetoprotein. PMID- 3746842 TI - A case of de novo, double, balanced translocations (distal 9p to 3p, distal 18q to 3q). PMID- 3746843 TI - Pregnancy wastage associated with paracentric inversion of chromosome 13. PMID- 3746844 TI - A pericentric inversion duplication of the subcentromeric region of chromosome 12q. PMID- 3746845 TI - Partial trisomy 1q25----qter. PMID- 3746846 TI - Secondary amenorrhoea and 47,XX,i(Xq) karyotype. PMID- 3746847 TI - Necropsy findings in a child with FG syndrome. PMID- 3746848 TI - DNA probes or microvillar enzymes or both for prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. PMID- 3746849 TI - Clinical features of homozygous alpha 2(I) collagen deficient osteogenesis imperfecta. PMID- 3746850 TI - Managing medical education at the University of Pennsylvania. AB - In meeting the challenge of educating students to be physicians in the 21st century, schools of medicine must develop management systems that promote change and encourage innovation. In this paper, the authors describe the approach used by the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine over the past five years for managing its programs. The major elements of this management scheme are centralization of administrative functions concerned with medical education; networks for communication about education problems and issues; a system for obtaining consensus among the institution's constituencies on the goals of the school's educational programs; a system for including information on teaching performance as an element in the promotion process; and multiple systems for providing the faculty, students, and administration with information about the quality of the school's educational activities. PMID- 3746851 TI - Factors affecting decisions on practice locations. AB - Questionnaires designed to determine the major factors affecting the choice of practice were mailed to 305 graduates of the University of Oklahoma Tulsa Medical College and their spouses. Sixty-eight percent of the physicians responded. The results showed that graduates reared in large communities chose similar-sized communities as practice sites and placed high priority on their spouses' desires. The lack of career opportunities for spouses, especially those with high levels of education, was a critical factor in not selecting small communities as practice sites. PMID- 3746852 TI - A hospital experiment in teamwork among students, nurses, and administrators. AB - The adversarial relationships existing in 1982 among medical students, nurses, and hospital staff members were recognized at Hermann Hospital, a private, nonprofit teaching hospital in Houston, Texas, to be potentially detrimental to patient care. A joint communications committee--composed of medical students, faculty members, and hospital and nursing administrators--was developed to identify ways to improve relations between medical students and hospital personnel. The results of the committee's efforts have been an orientation program offered to medical students by the hospital prior to their third-year clerkships; elective workshops for second-year students on skills such as venipuncture, ventilatory management, and physiologic monitoring taught by practicing nurses and other health care personnel; and roundtable seminars for all medical students. Three years after its inception, the committee continues to offer and refine the orientation program and skills workshops. In the authors' opinion, the success of the committee can be attributed to the fact that medical students have been instrumental in directing and evaluating the programs. PMID- 3746853 TI - Docents' and students' perceptions of the ideal and actual role of the docent. AB - In the study reported here, the authors investigated the perceptions of medical students and faculty mentors, called docents, regarding the docents' role. A total of 197 students and 22 docents responded to a questionnaire asking them to rate 32 docent activities on a 4-point scale where 1 = seldom done and 4 = very often done. They were requested to rate these activities on the basis of how often they would be carried out by a docent ideally and on the basis of how often in their experience they were actually carried out. Mean ratings of ideal and actual practice were calculated for each activity as perceived by the docents and by the students. Rank-order correlations were computed to compare the docents' and students' perceptions. Although both the docents and the students consistently felt that more time should be devoted to each activity than actually was, the rank-order correlation between the docents' rating of the ideal and actual practice was .87, and between the students' ratings of ideal and actual it was .93. Both the docents and the students perceived the docents as actually carrying out their essential role-modeling, teaching, and patient-care functions. PMID- 3746854 TI - Second-year medical students' experiences with death among their families and friends. PMID- 3746855 TI - Changes in course ratings following clinical experiences in the clerkship years. PMID- 3746857 TI - Survey of Canadian hospital-based and private pediatricians on clinical pharmacology. PMID- 3746856 TI - Evaluating a residency program in primary care pediatrics. PMID- 3746858 TI - An interdisciplinary continuity-of-care experience for preclinical medical students. PMID- 3746859 TI - My first editorial as president of the AAMC. PMID- 3746860 TI - The clinical track. PMID- 3746861 TI - Residency staffing levels. PMID- 3746862 TI - Teaching geriatrics with film. PMID- 3746863 TI - Clinical education of medical students. PMID- 3746864 TI - The changing medical care system: some implications for medical education. AB - In summary, the medical care system is undergoing the most widespread and significant changes in a generation. Individual hospitals, the basic delivery units of the past, may fast be disappearing as mergers, acquisitions, and a variety of multi-institutional arrangements become the dominant form and as a host of free-standing medical enterprises spread out into the community. Fee-for service medicine and cost-based hospital reimbursement, each with its service maximizing incentives, are being replaced--the former by prepaid capitation systems and the latter by discount pricing and all-inclusive admission charges. The hospital, until now a "farmer's market" of diverse programs and activities serving a broad patient population, increasingly has become a provider of intensive services to a narrowing and more ill patient base. The major teaching hospital, formerly a complete educational resource within itself, may soon become simply one of a number of educational settings, all of which are equally essential for providing a total medical education. Finally, after years of change driven by biomedical discoveries and centered in the academic medical centers, there is a new locus of innovation within the delivery system itself, and those in the forefront are not academicians. It is important, therefore, that just as in the past, when the academic medical center took the lead in bringing to the delivery system what it was learning in its laboratories, it must now take what is being learned in the marketplace and bring it back into the classroom. PMID- 3746865 TI - The scope of clinical education. PMID- 3746866 TI - How medical school did and did not prepare me for graduate medical education. PMID- 3746867 TI - Clinical teaching and the clinical teacher. PMID- 3746868 TI - The environment for general clinical education. PMID- 3746869 TI - The clinical education of medical students: a perspective from internal medicine. PMID- 3746871 TI - Promoting improved evaluation of students during clinical education: a complex management task. PMID- 3746870 TI - The clinical education of medical students: a perspective from surgery. PMID- 3746872 TI - AAMC program to promote improved evaluation of students during clinical education. PMID- 3746873 TI - General clinical education: a worthy challenge. PMID- 3746874 TI - Clinical education of medical students. Afterword. PMID- 3746875 TI - Antibacterial immunity to Vibrio cholerae in rats. AB - Blind loops prepared in the small intestines of fasted, MgSO4-treated rats were shown to provide a simple, consistent and inexpensive means of studying mucosal colonisation by Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1. When c. 2000 cfu were injected, the number of mucosa-associated V. cholerae in each loop increased by c. 5-6 orders of magnitude in 10-14 h, without enterotoxin-induced fluid production. Scanning electronmicroscopy and culture suggested that most surface-associated organisms were present in the adherent surface mucus. V. cholerae strains varied in terms of surface-colonising capacity. Immunisation with V. cholerae given intra intestinally greatly reduced the rate of increase and final number of mucosa associated vibrios within the 14-h period after challenge. The method could be used to compare the immunity induced by various immunising regimens. Immunity was sometimes accompanied by intestinal mucus-borne antibody against V. cholerae lipopolysaccharide but was sometimes demonstrated in the absence of such antibody or of mucus-borne antibody to heat-sensitive surface protein. PMID- 3746876 TI - The prevalence of bacterial intestinal pathogens in a healthy rural population in southern India. AB - In a one-year prospective survey bacterial intestinal pathogens unassociated with diarrhoeal episodes were isolated from 20.5% of stool samples from 48.5% of a stratified random sample of the population of a village in southern India. Campylobacter jejuni was the pathogen most frequently isolated, followed by enteropathogenic serotypes of Escherichia coli. The incidence of diarrhoea in the study population was lower than the frequency of isolation of bacterial intestinal pathogens. It is necessary to understand the prevalence of intestinal pathogens in this ecosystem to know the dynamics of intestinal infection and the pathogenesis of diarrhoea. PMID- 3746877 TI - The analysis of expanded cells from patients with lymphoproliferative disorders of granular lymphocytes may help to clarify the NK cell differentiation. AB - Surface phenotype and functional in vitro activities were studied in 2 cases of lymphoproliferative disorders of granular lymphocytes. Cells from both patients presented the same, previously unreported, surface phenotype (i.e. T3+, T8+, T4-, HNK-1-, NK-15+, M1-), were unable to display either Natural Killer (NK) activity or suppressor function in a poke-weed-driven system, and showed a defective response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). On the basis of available schemes for NK cells ontogenesis, we will discuss the phenotype and functional activities of patients' cells suggesting that the cell population expressing the T3+, T8+, HNK 1-, NK-15+, M1- phenotype might represent a discrete stage along the NK-cell differentiation pathway. PMID- 3746878 TI - Oral ingestion of Legionella pneumophila. AB - Guinea pigs were fed L. pneumophila through an orogastric tube. Gastric acid was rapidly cidal to the organisms. Serial necropsies demonstrated the organisms in the colon and blood stream at 1 hr. Guinea pigs fed large doses of L. pneumophila seroconverted. Previously fed guinea pigs were then challenged with a lethal intraperitoneal dose of L. pneumophila and were protected in a dose-dependent fashion. Pretreatment of the guinea pigs with cimetidine lowered the dose of oral L. pneumophila required for protection. This model may be useful in studying the immune response after oral ingestion of L. pneumophila. PMID- 3746879 TI - Intratracheal infection with L. pneumophila subtypes. AB - Two strains of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 (UH1 and RH1) were injected intratracheally into guinea pigs. There were no differences in infectivity or mortality, but there was evidence of disseminated infections in more guinea pigs infected with the UH1 strain. Guinea pigs that received sublethal inocula were then rechallenged intratracheally and had a lower mortality rate than did previously uninfected controls. PMID- 3746880 TI - Decreased NK activity of nude mice receiving long-term ultraviolet irradiation: in relation to tumor induction. AB - We have serially evaluated the basal and poly I: C-enhanced NK activity of BALB/c X C57BL/6 F1 nude mice (CB6F1-nu/nu) receiving repeated ultraviolet (UV) exposures with the interval of 2-5 weeks until overt skin tumor(s) developed. Chronic UV exposure induced a dose dependent suppression of basal splenic NK activity. The latent period between the initial UV treatment and the appearance of the first overt skin tumor was 19 weeks. After that time, incidence of tumor development gradually increased until it became 69% at the last inspection (27th week). 89% of the tumors inspected were fibrosarcoma and the remaining revealed squamous cell carcinoma. The UV-induced suppression of NK activity was restored by poly I:C treatment before the tumor appearance; however, this restorative effect was significantly reduced thereafter. PMID- 3746881 TI - Lack of antiglomerular basement membrane antibody binding to alveolar membranes after hydrocarbon exposure in rats. AB - A causal relationship has been proposed for the development of Goodpasture's syndrome and hydrocarbon (gasoline) exposure in man. Infusion of antiglomerular basement membrane antibody into rats subjected to gasoline inhalation did not result in linear binding to alveolar basement membranes suggesting that the endothelial barriers remained intact despite administration of near lethal doses of gasoline. PMID- 3746882 TI - Rapidly progressive nephritis in patients taking hydralazine. AB - Two patients with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis associated with hydralazine are reported. The different types of hydralazine toxicity recognized are "lupus" syndrome, vasculitis and most recently proliferative nephritis with renal failure. These are reviewed with some discussion of possible mechanisms. PMID- 3746883 TI - Urinary immunoglobulin G: a routine and highly sensitive technique based on competitive binding. AB - The evaluation of both small amounts of urinary immunoglobulins and the albumin/immunoglobulin ratio are important indices during the early stages of diabetic nephropathy. For this reason there is at present a need for highly sensitive and specific routine tests for urinary immunoglobulins. A technique has been designed based on the competition between radiolabelled immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulins in the urine to be tested in binding to an anti-immunoglobulin antibody in solid phase. The immunoglobulin fraction of a rabbit anti-human immunoglobulin antiserum in a basic Ca-carbonate buffer is left to coat highly adsorbent polystyrene microtitre tubes. After the antibody-coated tubes have been saturated with gelatine, a 1/5 dilution of the urine to be tested and an equal volume of purified and radiolabelled human immunoglobulin G are left to incubate and are then added to the antibody-coated tubes. After incubation and repeated washings, radioactivity is counted. This technique has the characteristics of a routine assay for the accurate detection of immunoglobulin G in the urine. It requires only a few microliters of urine, takes only 3 hr to complete (after having coated the tubes) and detects about 120 ng of immunoglobulin G/ml, well below what is needed to assess physiological or pathological values. PMID- 3746884 TI - Diffuse nodular hyperplasia and fibrosis of the liver in lead-poisoned mandrills. AB - Two sibling mandrills with clinical evidence of lead intoxication showed previously unreported hepatic alterations. The younger animal had high lead concentrations in blood, kidneys, and liver and characteristic intranuclear inclusions in renal tubules and hepatocytes. The liver showed diffuse nodular regenerative hyperplasia. The older mandrill had high lead concentrations in blood only and resolving intranuclear inclusions in liver and kidneys. The liver showed prominent portal fibrosis with evidence of resolving diffuse nodular hyperplasia. Occipital horn hydrocephalus was also present. PMID- 3746885 TI - Intracardiac and aortic thrombi in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). AB - Massive intracardiac or aortic mural thrombi, probably of septic origin, occurred in six capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) and accounted for 26% of all adult deaths in a breeding group over a 4-yr period. Previous experimental inoculations with herpes simplex type 2 virus may have contributed to the development of these fatal lesions. PMID- 3746886 TI - Estimates of body water content in normally grown baboons during the first postnatal month. AB - Water contents of various body compartments were estimated within 9 h of birth in eight baboon neonates and at a mean of 29 days (27-32 days) in seven baboons. All animals were normally grown and delivered spontaneously at term. There was no difference in mean antipyrine space, corrected bromide space, intracellular water, interstitial water, and plasma and blood volumes observed on day 1 and day 29. Mean estimate of red cell volume was lower on day 29 than on day 1. PMID- 3746887 TI - Aortic dissection in a gorilla. AB - Autopsy findings in a 39-year-old male gorilla included aortic dissection, internal rupture of the aortic arch with axial direction of the tear, external rupture of the ascending aorta, cardiac tamponade, myocardial hypertrophy, cystic and basophilic degeneration of the aortic media, marked obesity, severe degenerative joint disease, focal glomerulonephritis, and widespread hemosiderosis. PMID- 3746888 TI - Body measurements, hematology, and serum chemistry values of the adult Cebus apella monkey. AB - Body measurements, hematology, and serum chemistry values were studied in 40 captured male and female Cebus apella monkeys. Some significant dimorphism with male predominance was found. Significant differences were also found for hemoglobin and red cell volume between males and females. Differential white blood cell counts indicated a marked predominance of lymphocytes and high values of gamma globulin in both sexes. PMID- 3746889 TI - Evaluation of a ventricular septal defect in an orangutan: a case report. AB - A 15-year-old male Sumatran orangutan (Pongo pymaeus abeli) with a history of an interventricular septal defect was evaluated with cardiac catheterization and two dimensional echocardiography. Results demonstrated that by Homo sapiens standards the right heart pressures were normal. The oxygen saturations were consistent with a small ventricular septal defect. Echocardiography demonstrated a slight enlargement of the right ventricle. PMID- 3746890 TI - Polyamine-phospholipid interaction probed by the accessibility of the phospholipid sn-2 ester bond to the action of phospholipase A2. AB - Conditions were used where the action of porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2 on phospholipids can be followed in the absence of added calcium and the catalytic activity is supported by the calcium brought with the nanomolar enzyme. Therefore, alterations in the enzyme velocity resulting from the presence of spermine or spermidine could be specifically studied using 1-palmitoyl-2-(pyren-1 yl)hexanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PPHPC) and 1-palmitoyl-2-(pyren-1 yl)hexanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (PPHPG) as substrates. Both spermine and spermidine activated the hydrolysis of PPHPG fourfold at polyamine/phospholipid molar ratios of approximately 1:1 and 12:1, respectively. Double-reciprocal plots of enzyme activity vs. PPHPG concentration revealed the enhancement to be due to increased apparent Vmax while the apparent Km was slightly increased. In the presence of 4 mM CaCl2 inhibition by polyamines of PPHPG hydrolysis by phospholipase A2 was observed. Using synthetic diamines we could further demonstrate that two primary amino groups are required for the activation. In the absence of exogenous CaCl2 polyamines inhibited the hydrolysis of PPHPC by phospholipase A2. The presence of 4 mM CaCl2 reversed this inhibition and a twofold activation was observed at 10 microM spermine. The results obtained indicate that the activation of PLA2 by spermine and spermidine is produced at the level of the substrate, PPHPG. This implies the formation of complexes of phosphatidylglycerol and polyamines with defined stoichiometries. PMID- 3746891 TI - Volume, pH, and ion-content regulation in human red cells: analysis of transient behavior with an integrated model. AB - A basic mathematical model of human red cells is presented which integrates the charge and nonideal osmotic behavior of hemoglobin and of other impermeant cell solutes with the ion transport properties of the red cell membrane. The computing strategy was designed to predict the behavior of all measurable variables in time in ways that optimize comparison with experimentally determined behavior. The need and applications of such a model are illustrated in three separate examples covering different areas of experimentation in the physiology and pathophysiology of red cells. PMID- 3746892 TI - Modes of Cl- transport across the mucosal and serosal membranes of urodele intestinal cells. AB - The characteristics of Cl- movement across luminal and basolateral membranes of Amphiuma intestinal absorptive cells were studied using Cl(-)-sensitive microelectrodes and tracer 36Cl techniques. Intracellular Cl- activity (aiCl) was unchanged when serosal Cl- was replaced; when luminal Cl- was replaced cell Cl- was rapidly lost. Accordingly, the steady state aiCl could be varied by changing the luminal [Cl]. As luminal [Cl] was raised from 1 to 86 mM, aiCl rose in a linear manner, the mucosal membrane hyperpolarized, and the transepithelial voltage became serosa negative. In contrast, the rate of Cl- transport from the cell into the serosal medium, measured as the SITS-inhibitable portion of the Cl- absorptive flux, attained a maximum when aiCl reached an apparent value of 17 mM, indicating the presence of a saturable, serosal transport step. The stilbene insensitive absorptive flux was linear with luminal [Cl], suggestive of a paracellular route of movement. Intracellular aCl was near electrochemical equilibrium at all but the lowest values of luminal [Cl] after interference produced by other anions was taken into account. aiCl was unaffected by Na replacement, removal of medium K, or elevation of medium HCO-3. Mucosae labeled with 36Cl lost isotope into both luminal and serosal media at the same rate and from compartments of equal capacity. Lowering luminal [Cl] or addition of theophylline enhanced luminal Cl- efflux. It is concluded that a conductive Cl leak pathway is present in the luminal membrane. Serosal transfer is by a saturable, stilbene-inhibitable pathway. Luminal Cl- entry appears to be passive, but an electrogenic uptake cannot be discounted. PMID- 3746893 TI - Membrane electrical parameters in turtle bladder measured using impedance analysis techniques. AB - Equivalent-circuit impedance analysis experiments were performed on the urinary bladders of freshwater turtles in order to quantify membrane ionic conductances and areas, and to investigate how changes in these parameters are associated with changes in the rate of proton secretion in this tissue. In all experiments, sodium reabsorption was inhibited thereby unmasking the electrogenic proton secretion process. We report the following: transepithelial impedance is represented exceptionally well by a simple equivalent-circuit model, which results in estimates of the apical and basolateral membrane ionic conductances and capacitances; when sodium transport is inhibited with mucosal amiloride and serosal ouabain, the apical and basolateral membrane conductances and capacitances exhibit a continual decline with time; this decline in the membrane parameters is most likely caused by subtle time-dependent changes in cell volume, resulting in changes in the areas of the apical and basolateral membranes; stable membrane parameters are obtained if the tissue is not treated with ouabain, and if the oncotic pressure of the serosal solution is increased by the addition of 2% albumin; inhibition of proton secretion using acetazolamide in CO2 and HCO3- free bathing solutions results in a decrease in the area of the apical membrane, with no significant change in its specific conductance; stimulation of proton transport with CO2 and HCO3- -containing serosal solution results in an increase in the apical membrane area and specific conductance. These results show that our methods can be used to measure changes in the membrane electrophysiological parameters that are related to changes in the rate of proton transport. Notably, they can be used to quantify in the live tissue, changes in membrane area resulting from changes in the net rates of endocytosis and exocytosis which are postulated to be intimately involved in the regulation of proton transport. PMID- 3746894 TI - Interpretation of steady-state current-voltage curves: consequences and implications of current subtraction in transport studies. AB - A problem often confronted in analyses of charge-carrying transport processes in vivo lies in identifying porter-specific component currents and their dependence on membrane potential. Frequently, current-voltage (I-V)--or more precisely, difference-current-voltage (dI-V)--relations, both for primary and for secondary transport processes, have been extracted from the overall membrane current voltage profiles by subtracting currents measured before and after experimental manipulations expected to alter the porter characteristics only. This paper examines the consequences of current subtraction within the context of a generalized kinetic carrier model for Class I transport mechanisms (U.-P. Hansen, D. Gradmann, D. Sanders and C.L. Slayman, 1981, J. Membrane Biol. 63:165-190). Attention is focused primarily on dI-V profiles associated with ion-driven secondary transport for which external solute concentrations usually serve as the experimental variable, but precisely analogous results and the same conclusions are indicated in relation to studies of primary electrogenesis. The model comprises a single transport loop linking n (3 or more) discrete states of a carrier 'molecule.' State transitions include one membrane charge-transport step and one solute-binding step. Fundamental properties of dI-V relations are derived analytically for all n-state formulations by analogy to common experimental designs. Additional features are revealed through analysis of a "reduced" 2-state empirical form, and numerical examples, computed using this and a "minimum" 4 state formulation, illustrate dI-V curves under principle limiting conditions. Class I models generate a wide range of dI-V profiles which can accommodate essentially all of the data now extant for primary and secondary transport systems, including difference current relations showing regions of negative slope conductance. The particular features exhibited by the curves depend on the relative magnitudes and orderings of reaction rate constants within the transport loop. Two distinct classes of dI-V curves result which reflect the relative rates of membrane charge transit and carrier recycling steps. Also evident in difference current relations are contributions from 'hidden' carrier states not directly associated with charge translocation in circumstances which can give rise to observations of counterflow or exchange diffusion. Conductance-voltage relations provide a semi-quantitative means to obtaining pairs of empirical rate parameters.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3746895 TI - Electron microscopic study of 5S rRNA crystals from Thermus thermophilus HB8. AB - Several types of crystals were grown from 5S rRNA, which was purified from the highly thermophilic bacterium, Thermus thermophilus HB8. Crystal lattice parameters were determined by X-ray and electron diffraction. One type of crystal was suitable for electron microscopy after staining with uranyl acetate. Two projections derived from micrographs taken at different tilt angles were processed for image analysis. This result enabled us to deduce the arrangement of molecules within the crystal lattice. PMID- 3746896 TI - Personality (hardiness) as a moderator of job stress and coronary risk in type A individuals: a longitudinal study. AB - This research study uses longitudinal data to determine if Type A individuals, initially classified as "hardy," show differential cardiovascular and biochemical responses in the encounter with a common job stressor. Role ambiguity was utilized as a job stressor and "hardiness" was defined using the second-order factor dependence/independence from the 16-personality factor (16PF) questionnaire. The results indicated that those individuals classified as Type A1 showed blood pressure and triglyceride elevations with increased ambiguity and that dependence/independence (hardiness) moderated this effect. When all Type A's (A1 + A2) were included in the analysis similar results were found only on systolic blood pressure. The results appear consistent with earlier findings concerning the cardiovascular reactivity of Type A's. In addition, it is suggested that dependence/independence is either a major component of the concept of "hardiness" or may be a dimension of personality which distinguishes two classes of Type A behavior. It is suggested that these results may raise the interesting possibility of providing a means of identifying greater or lesser susceptibility to the coronary effects of Type A behavior. PMID- 3746897 TI - Premenstrual tension, expectancy, and mother-child relations. AB - The role of expectancy in enhancing or mitigating premenstrual symptoms was examined in 51 mothers of preschoolers. Expectancy was manipulated by providing information either in support of a biological cause for genuine universal mood changes or in support of a psychological cause arising out of negative societal myths. A third group was given no information. Mood, cognitive function, and mother-child interaction were assessed both at mid-cycle and premenstrually, and the results suggested that expectancy enhances symptoms. The Psychological group lowered their symptom expectations and reported less negative mood premenstrually as well as fewer symptoms at the end of the test month. The other groups reported no change in symptoms and greater premenstrual negative mood than the Psychological group. All groups demonstrated greater task persistence and more positive mother-child interaction during the premenstrual phase. PMID- 3746898 TI - Sexual dysfunction in diabetic women. AB - This study examined sexual dysfunction in diabetic women. Eighty-one insulin treated diabetic women were interviewed and administered standardized questionnaires. Using criteria derived from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed.) (DSM-III; American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C., 1980), 38 (47%) of the women were diagnosed with sexual dysfunction and 43 (53%) did not report sexual problems. The more frequently reported sexual problems were inhibited sexual excitement, inhibited sexual desire, and dyspareunia. Diabetic women with sexual dysfunction were more depressed, more stereotyped in their sex-role definitions, and less satisfied in their sexual relationships than those without sexual dysfunction. The two groups did not differ in metabolic control, insulin dose, duration of diabetes, or frequency of diabetic complications (e.g., neuropathy, etc.). Results suggest that diabetes may be associated with inhibited sexual excitement and dyspareunia in women. Both psychological and physiological concomitants of sexual dysfunction in diabetic women should be considered in diagnostic and treatment programs. PMID- 3746899 TI - Symptom correlates of blood pressure: a replication and reanalysis. AB - Although normative studies have traditionally found that blood pressure (BP) fluctuations are asymptomatic, recent research by Pennebaker et al. [(1982). Psychophysiology 19: 201-210] has suggested that systolic blood pressure (SBP) changes are, in fact, highly correlated with idiosyncratic patterns of symptoms within individuals. The present study was designed as a conceptual replication of those findings and as an initial attempt to develop a standardized clinical procedure for assessing symptom-BP relationships. Eleven normotensive male subjects participated in a series of 16 brief tasks. The first eight tasks were "mental" stressors (e.g., WAIS-R subtests), while the second eight were "physical" stressors (e.g., breath-holding, running in place). Following each task or baseline, blood pressure was measured and subjects rated the degree to which they were experiencing each of nine symptoms (e.g., racing heart, sweaty hands). For each subject, simple symptom-BP correlations were computed across the 16 measurement periods. High symptom-SBP correlations were obtained only for the physical task period. It is argued that the magnitudes of the correlations reported by Pennebaker et al. (1982) were spuriously inflated by the inclusion of strenuous physical exercise, and a reanalysis of the data from that study supports this contention. The clinical value of assessing idiosyncratic symptom blood pressure relationships seems doubtful. PMID- 3746900 TI - Results of a controlled, experimental, outcome study of nondrug treatments for the control of migraine headaches. AB - Headache variables were examined for 136 subjects who participated for 36 weeks in one of four groups--No Treatment, Autogenic Phrases, Electromyographic (EMG) Biofeedback, and Thermal Biofeedback. All subjects kept daily records of headache activity and medication usage and participated in 22 laboratory sessions during which frontalis electromyographic and hand-temperature measurements were taken; those in the three treatment groups practiced at home. There was a substantial reduction in headache variables in all groups. The No-Treatment Group differed significantly from the treatment groups combined, with the least reduction in headache variables. The Thermal Biofeedback Group vs. EMG Biofeedback and Autogenic Phrases Groups showed a suggestive trend toward improvement in the frequency and intensity of total headache. PMID- 3746901 TI - Cross-family correlates of blood pressure in the Western Collaborative Group Study. AB - The present study examined the association between one spouse's characteristics and his/her partner's blood pressure (BP) and the combined effect of parental characteristics on the BP levels of offspring in a subgroup of families recruited from the Western Collaborative Group Study (WCGS). Among the individual personality characteristics examined were pace of activity, reflectiveness, dominance, and emotional stability as assessed by the Thurstone Temperament Schedule (TTS). The confounding effects of age, weight, and father's disease status were controlled for by multiple-regression techniques. The results indicate a differential pattern of cross-spouse and cross-family associations for parents and offspring in these families. Higher scores on the TTS activity scale were associated with increased levels of BP in males and decreased levels of BP in females. The observed associations were of the same magnitude as those of more traditional correlates such as age and weight. The findings from the cross-family association analyses are contrasted with the separate patterns of familial correlation of BP and personality characteristics. PMID- 3746902 TI - Physical health correlates of type A behavior in children and adolescents. AB - A physical examination including resting blood pressure, heart rate, Tanner scales, height, and weight was administered to 184 students in the fifth, seventh, and ninth grades. They completed the Physical Symptoms of Stress Inventory, Health Habits Inventory, and two self-monitoring logs of physical symptoms. School absenteeism, medical records, physician ratings, and family health history data were collected. No significant differences between high- and low-Type A behavior pattern (TABP) subjects were found on any of the physical measurements. However, retrospective and prospective reports of physical symptoms revealed a consistent pattern: high TABP subjects reported significantly more physical symptoms than low-TABP subjects. Self-ratings of stress and tension were significantly higher for high-TABP subjects. High-TABP subjects, however, neither missed more school because of illness nor used physician services more often than low subjects. Further, expected relationships between physical symptoms and illness behavior, including school absence, were evident only for low subjects. PMID- 3746903 TI - Assessing breast self-examination compliance in the natural environment. AB - An indirect behavioral measure for measuring the frequency of breast self examination (BSE) in the natural environment was developed and evaluated. BSE was performed using a lubricant (i.e., baby oil), and then a sheet of absorbent tissue was applied to the examined area. The tissue, which retained an oil stain, provided a trace measure of the exam. Results indicated that the measure remedied some of the weaknesses in verbal report, although for certain subjects it underestimated compliance. PMID- 3746905 TI - Patient satisfaction with primary-care consultations. AB - This study examines patients' perceptions of their latest consultation with a primary-care physician. A new questionnaire measured patients' views on their "ideal" physician prior to the visit and their satisfaction on similar dimensions immediately afterward. Ratings by the 503 eligible patients (87% response rate) showed that all 43 items were relevant and that a shortened version could also be used successfully. Patients held high expectations for, but were also quite satisfied with, their physicians' actual behavior during the consultation. Factor analysis of perceptions supported other research findings and raised some anomalies in relation to overordering of investigations and waiting time. Other analyses showed which characteristics of physicians and patients were most influential on satisfaction and which dimensions of care were common or distinct to the 22 physicians involved in this study. PMID- 3746904 TI - The effects of behavioral vision training on multiple aspects of visual functioning in myopic adults. AB - Twenty myopic adults were randomly assigned to either a behavioral visual acuity training program or to a no-treatment control group in order to assess changes in several aspects of visual behavior. Measures were obtained both pre- and posttraining for a number of variables. These included recognition and resolution visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, perceived clarity and confidence of responses, and stimulus duration. Results indicated that training subjects significantly improved on all three measures of visual acuity: recognition acuity, resolution acuity, and contrast sensitivity. Improvements in acuity were associated with significant improvements in the perceived clarity of the stimuli but not in the confidence of the subject's response. These data expand our knowledge concerning the effectiveness of behavioral training programs in improving visual acuity in myopia. The potential utility of such programs is discussed. PMID- 3746906 TI - The reliability of the student version of the Jenkins Activity Survey. AB - Two studies assessed two types of reliability of the student Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS; a questionnaire measure of Type A behavior). In Study 1, 810 undergraduates completed the JAS. Analyses revealed that estimates of the internal consistency (Chronbach's alpha) of the JAS and its subscales (hard driving/competitive and speed impatience) ranged from moderately low to moderately high. In Study 2, independent samples of undergraduates completed the JAS at two testings, separated by 2 weeks (N = 137) or 3 months (N = 124). Analyses revealed that estimates of the temporal stability (test-retest reliability) of the JAS total score ranged from moderately to extremely high. The results of these studies suggest that the student JAS has satisfactory internal consistency and excellent test-retest reliability and support its continued use in research on these psychometric grounds. Additional potential difficulties with the JAS are discussed in the context of recommendations for future research. PMID- 3746907 TI - Isolation of bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase mutator mutants. AB - More than 20 new bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase mutants have been isolated by a procedure designed to select mutants with high spontaneous mutation rates. Some of the mutants produce the highest mutation frequencies that have been observed in T4 thus far. The design of the selection procedure allows for the isolation of mutator mutants that preferentially induce certain types of replication errors, and some of the mutator mutants have mutational specificities different from wild type. The new mutants are clustered at just two sites in the DNA polymerase gene, and this result confirms an earlier observation. PMID- 3746908 TI - Crystal structure of RNase A complexed with d(pA)4. AB - Co-crystals of pancreatic RNase A complexed with oligomers of d(pA)4 were grown from polyethylene glycol 4000 at low ionic strength and the X-ray diffraction data were collected to 2.5 A resolution. From a series of heavy-atom derivatives a multiple isomorphous replacement-phased electron density map of the RNase d(pA)4 complex was calculated to 3.5 A. By inspection, the disposition of the known structure of RNase in the unit cell was determined and this was confirmed by calculation of a standard crystallographic residual, R. Refinement of the protein alone in the unit cell as a strictly rigid body yielded an R factor of 0.32 at 2.8 A resolution. From difference Fourier syntheses DNA fragments were elucidated and incorporated into a model of the complex. The entire asymmetric unit was refined using a restrained-constrained least-squares procedure (CORELS) interspersed with difference Fourier syntheses. At the present time the crystal structure has been refined to an overall R value of 0.215 at 2.5 A resolution. The asymmetric unit of the complex crystals contains four oligomers of d(pA)4 associated with each molecule of RNase. In addition, there may also be partially ordered fragments of DNA at low occupancy present in the unit cell, but these have not, at this time, been incorporated into the model. One tetramer of d(pA)4 is entirely bound by a single protein molecule and occupies a portion of the active site cleft, filling the purine binding site and the phosphate site at the catalytic center with its 5' nucleotide. Two other tetramers are partly intermolecular. One passes from near the pyrimidine binding site over the surface of the protein toward arginine 39 and into a solvent region. A third tetramer is anchored at its 5' terminus by a salt link to lysine 98, passes near arginine and then through a solvent region to terminate with its 3' end near the surface of another protein molecule in the lattice. The fourth tetramer of d(pA)4 is bound at its 5' end on the opposite side of the protein from the active site in an electropositive anion trap that includes lysines 31 and 91 as well as arginine 33. There may be a DNA-DNA interaction involving the 5' phosphate of one tetramer and the 3' bases of two other tetramers and this may help to stabilize the crystalline complex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3746909 TI - Calculation of the twist and the writhe for representative models of DNA. AB - The geometric quantities twist (Tw) and writhe (Wr) are of primary importance for a complete description of the structure of DNA. In the case of a closed circular DNA, the sum of Tw and Wr is constant and equal to the linking number, Lk. In this paper we present a general method for calculation of the twist in terms of a pair of curves and a correspondence surface that joins them. The twist of any pair of curves (C1 and C2) may take on different values depending upon their ordering, and in general Tw(C1, C2) is not equal to Tw(C2, C1). We describe four models that may be taken to represent the structure of DNA and compute the twist for both orderings in each case. The four models examined are: I, a regular helix about a linear axis; II, a toroidal helix about a closed circular axis; III, a superhelix about a regular helical axis; and IV, a superhelix about a closed toroidal helix. In cases II and IV these results are also used to calculate Lk and Wr. Case III is used to analyze the winding of DNA in a nucleosome. PMID- 3746910 TI - Effect of organic co-solvents on the dimer/tetramer equilibrium of human haemoglobin. AB - We have studied the effect of organic co-solvents (monohydric alcohols and formamide) on the dimer-tetramer equilibrium of human haemoglobin by measuring the dependence of oxygen affinity upon haemoglobin concentration over a 100-fold concentration range and analysing the data with a modified Monod-Wyman-Changeux model in which the equilibrium (tetramer) in equilibrium with (dimer) + (dimer) was taken into account. This procedure enabled us to obtain the dimer-tetramer equilibrium constant and to find its dependence upon co-solvent concentration. Then by following the procedure already reported for the tense----relaxed state transition of haemoglobin, we separated the co-solvent effects into bulk electrostatic and non-bulk electrostatic (hydrophobic) contributions. We believe that our results demonstrate that during haemoglobin dissociation, just as we have already shown for the tense to relaxed state transition, both charged groups and hydrophobic surfaces became exposed to the solvent. PMID- 3746911 TI - Effects of organic co-solvents on the oxygen equilibrium of N-ethylmaleimide treated human haemoglobin. AB - We have studied the effects of monohydric alcohols and formamide on the oxygen equilibrium of native and N-ethylmaleimide-treated human haemoglobin. Comparison of the results obtained for the two haemoglobins gives further and compelling evidence in favour of the model, proposed recently by our group, on the role played by the solvent in the conformational equilibria of haemoglobin; moreover the results provide direct functional evidence of the relevance of the electrostatic free energy of salt bridges to the T in equilibrium with R equilibrium of haemoglobin. PMID- 3746912 TI - Ordering of the myofilament lattice in muscle fibers. AB - The effect of pH on the muscle filament lattice in skinned rabbit psoas fibers was studied by X-ray diffraction. In relaxed fibers, the intensity of the 11 equatorial reflection, I11, remained constant between pH 7.0 and pH 6.0 and fell markedly when the pH was decreased to 5.5. The intensity of the 10 reflection was almost constant over this pH range. These results indicate that the thick filament lattice is more stable than that of the thin filaments, and that the thin filaments are positioned within the thick-filament lattice by a charge dependent force. In rigor fibers, the decrease in I11 over this pH range was much smaller, which shows that the thin filament lattice can also be stabilized by the presence of actomyosin crossbridges. These conclusions were confirmed by electron microscopy. Thus, the thin filaments can be positioned in the trigonal positions of the thick-filament lattice by two different mechanisms, one electrostatic and the other steric. PMID- 3746913 TI - Adrenergic innervation of the gills, pulmonary arterial plexus, and dorsal aorta in the neotenic salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum. AB - The presence of adrenergic innervation was investigated in four different vascular segments of the neotenic tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum, by histofluorescent staining for catecholamines. The segments were the respiratory section of the gill, the branchial shunt vessels, a vascular plexus in the pulmonary artery, and the dorsal aorta. No adrenergic fibers were detected in the respiratory section of the gill or the pulmonary arterial plexus. In contrast, the branchial shunt vessels contained both adrenergic varicosities and catecholamine-containing cell bodies. These cells resemble Type I cells of the mammalian carotid body and amphibian carotid labyrinth. Adrenergic innervation of the dorsal aorta was sparse and restricted to the adventitia. The results suggest that adrenergic nerves may directly regulate blood flow in the gill, and thus gas exchange, by controlling vascular resistance of the branchial shunts. The contractile state of the dorsal aorta may also be under adrenergic control. In addition, it is suggested that the adrenergic cells of the branchial shunts may serve a receptor function in being sensitive to arterial blood gases. PMID- 3746914 TI - Chiton integument: development of sensory organs in juvenile Mopalia muscosa. AB - The girdle epidermis of adult Mopalia muscosa secretes several types of structures, including calcareous spicules and innervated hairs. Newly metamorphosed chitons superficially resemble adult animals, but they lack the adult girdle ornaments, shell sculpture, and coloration. The morphogenesis of the adult girdle structures has not been described previously for any species. Juvenile Mopalia muscosa secrete hairs at metamorphosis, but it was not known if these hairs were sensory or if they were retained as the animals grew. I discovered that the hairs of juveniles become the tips of adult hairs. When juvenile hairs are detectable by light microscopy the sensory components already exist, suggesting that they are functional receptor organs. The other girdle ornaments of young juveniles, the primary calcareous spicules, are lost as the animal grows. I also demonstrated that the hairs are not uniquely innervated; the same sensory structures are produced in conjunction with other girdle ornaments on the marginal and ventral faces. PMID- 3746915 TI - Odontogenesis and amelogenesis in interacting lizard-quail tissue combinations. AB - In this study we examined the possible inductive role of the dental papilla from polyphyodont lizard tooth germs. Flank skin sheets of quail ectoderm enzymatically separated from dermal tissue were recombined with lizard tooth papillae and placed on semisolid medium and cultured for 2 days. Subsequently, the recombinants were removed and placed on the chorioallantoic membrane of chick hosts and incubated for 6 days. After this period of 8 days in explant, control tissues differentiated according to their own phenotypes. Lizard dental papilla alone differentiated as fibroblasts. Quail flank skin ectoderm differentiated into epithelial sheets. Intact lizard tooth buds developed into teeth with dentine and incipient enamel. In the best experimental recombinants, advanced and relatively well-constructed teeth were observed, with clear indications of hard tissue deposition in association with quail epithelium. The results show that mesenchyme of the adult lizard dental papilla and embryonic quail ectoderm of heterotopic origin are capable of carrying out the complex sequence of morphogenetic interactions involved in normal odontogenesis. PMID- 3746916 TI - Morphology of the compound eye of the giant deep-sea isopod Bathynomus giganteus. AB - The structural organization of the compound eye of the largest known isopod, Bathynomus giganteus, is described from four specimens maintained in the laboratory for as long as two months. Living specimens have not previously been available for study. The two triangular compound eyes measure about 18 mm on the dorsal edge and are separated by an interocular distance of 25 mm. They face forward and slightly downward and may have significant overlap in visual fields. Each eye contains about 3,500 ommatidia in animals of body lengths from 22.5 cm to 37.5 cm. The packing of ommatidia is not uniform across the retina, but is nearly hexagonal in the dorsal central region and nearly square in the ventral and lateral periphery. The dioptric elements in each ommatidium consist of a laminar cornea, which is flat externally and convex internally, and a bipartite crystalline cone. Sometimes seven and sometimes eight retinular cells closely appose the proximal tip of the cone and bear the microvilli of the rhabdom. Proximal to the rhabdom the retinular cells form thin pillars near the periphery of the ommatidium, and the central portion along the optic axis at this level is occupied by interstitial cells that contain massive arrays of clear vesicles thought to serve as reflective elements. The arhabdomeral segments of the retinular cells and the interstitial cells rest on a basement membrane. Within each ommatidium the basement membrane has two extensions with cylindrical cores and thin sheets of dense material and collagen-like filaments. These sheets occupy spaces between adjacent interstitial cells up to the level of the rhabdomeral segments of the retinular cells. Arrays of pigment cells with relatively weak light-screening properties separate adjacent ommatidia. Animals were fixed both in light within a week of being brought from depth into daylight, and after 2 months of maintenance in constant darkness following such daylight exposure. In both cases, microvilli of the rhabdom were severely disrupted and the retinular cytoplasm contained numerous multivesicular bodies. Exposure to natural daylight appears to cause irreversible structural damage to the photoreceptors of these animals. PMID- 3746917 TI - Ultrastructure of putative migrating cells in the cerebral cortex of Lacerta galloti. AB - Cells considered to be migratory in the cerebral cortex of adult lizards are ultrastructurally of two types. Nuclei in the first type have highly dispersed chromatin, creating a spongy appearance, whereas in the second type the chromatin is irregularly clumped. Both types of cells are closely associated with processes of radial ependymal glia cells, which perhaps orient their migratory pathways. Cells with spongy chromatin show an increase in cytoplasmic organelles and progressive chromatin condensation as they travel from the ependymal layer to the granular layer. Possibly these cells account for the neuronal increase that takes place in the granular layer during postnatal life. Cells with chromatin clumps are very scarce; ultrastructurally they resemble immature reptilian astroglia cells. PMID- 3746918 TI - Mechanical factors in the evolution of the mammalian secondary palate: a theoretical analysis. AB - The secondary palate of mammals is a bony shelf that closes the ventral aspect of the rostrum. The rostrum, therefore, approximates to a tapered semicylindrical tube that is theoretically a mechanically efficient structure for resisting the forces of biting, including the more prolonged bouts of mastication typical of mammals. Certain mammal-like reptiles illustrate stages in the development of the palate in which the shelves projecting medially from each premaxilla and maxilla do not meet in the midline. We evaluate several geometric properties of sections through the rostrum of the American opossum (Didelphis virginiana). For loading at the incisors and canines, these properties indicate the structural strength and stiffness in both bending and torsion of the rostrum and of single maxillae. We then repeat the analysis but progressively omit segments of the palatal shelf, a procedure which simulates, in reverse, the evolutionary development of the structure. The results demonstrate that the secondary palate contributes significantly to the torsional strength and stiffness of the rostrum of Didelphis and to the strength of each maxilla in lateromedial bending. The major evolutionary implications of the results are that the rapid increase in rostral strength with small increments of the palatal shelves may have been a significant factor in the development of the complete structure. The results indicate that there was a marked jump in torsional strength and stiffness when the shelves met in the midline, which is likely to have been important in the subsequent development of the diverse masticatory mechanisms of cynodonts and mammals. On the basis of this analysis the mammalian secondary palate may be interpreted as one of a number of methods, seen in the mammal-like reptiles, for strengthening the rostrum. PMID- 3746919 TI - Deficiency in dietary vitamin D, not calcium, alters noradrenergic responsiveness in rat atria in vitro. PMID- 3746920 TI - The influence of lanthanum on the subcellular distribution of calcium in the perfused dog heart. AB - A newly developed method was used to make a direct study of the influence of lanthanum on the subcellular distribution of isotopic and elemental calcium in the isolated perfused dog heart. The trivalent cation was introduced into the heart for the last 5 min of a 60 min perfusion period. Developed pressure and dP/dt were monitored continually from a fluid filled balloon positioned within the left ventricular chamber. At the end of the perfusion period, calcium was fixed within the myocardium by rapid freezing followed by vacuum desiccation at 60 degrees C. Enriched populations of sarcolemma and mitochondria were then obtained utilizing a newly developed nonpolar density gradient ultracentrifugation technique. Lanthanum was found to decrease dP/dt by 82.5% without significant changes in contractile rate. Atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis revealed that lanthanum was associated with a 48.8% decrease in sarcolemmal calcium and a 159.6% increase in mitochondrial calcium. Lanthanum caused a 40.2% increase in the mitochondrial tissue/medium 45Ca ratio without significantly altering the isotropic activity of the sarcolemma. The results confirm that lanthanum-induced negative inotropy is associated with a displacement of sarcolemma-associated calcium. Surprisingly, the diminished contractility occurs with an increase in mitochondrial-associated calcium. PMID- 3746921 TI - Membrane phospholipid and fatty acid changes in the mitochondrial and sarcolemmal fractions of the heart in adjuvant arthritic rats. AB - Adjuvant arthritis was found to induce changes in phospholipid and fatty acid composition as well as in membrane fluidity of mitochondrial and sarcolemmal fractions in the rat heart. In the sarcolemmal fraction, phosphatidylcholine content was decreased, while phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol and the lysocompounds of phospholipids were increased. Mitochondria isolated from the heart of rats with adjuvant disease contained less linoleic acid than control samples. Docosatetraenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid levels were shown to be increased in both mitochondrial and sarcolemmal fractions of the heart in treated animals. Electron spin resonance studies indicated that the break points of the curves obtained by plotting the order parameters against temperature changes were slightly shifted to lower temperature region in both subcellular fractions of arthritic rat hearts. As compared to the control values, membrane fluidity was increased both in mitochondrial and sarcolemmal fractions. The relationship of these alterations to our previous findings that adjuvant arthritis protected the rats against fatal post-infarctions arrhythmias needs further elucidation. PMID- 3746922 TI - Critical evaluation of isometric indexes of relaxation in rat and cat papillary muscles and toad ventricular strips. AB - The effects of increasing calcium concentration and isoproterenol on myocardial relaxation were compared in cat and rat papillary muscles and toad ventricular strips. Isoproterenol effects were studied at equivalent positions of the calcium contractility response curve in the three species: at the plateau and at 25% and 50% of maximum. Calcium concentration was increased from the 25% point to the plateau of the calcium contractility curve for each species. Contractility was characterized by maximal velocity of tension development (+T). To study the relaxation phase, the following parameters were measured: maximal velocity of relaxation, (-T), the relationship between +T and -T (+T/-T), time to peak tension (TTP), time to half relaxation (t 1/2), relaxation time (Rt), total twitch duration (Tt) and the time constant of isometric tension decline from the time of -T (Tau). In rat muscles, t 1/2, Rt and Tt at all calcium levels, and Tau and +T/-T at the 50% and 100% of the calcium contractility curve, behaved as 'lusitropic': they significantly decreased with isoproterenol and not with calcium. Similar results were obtained in cat muscles except that at the 50% point of the calcium contractility curve, +T/-T was not significantly decreased. The behaviour of toad ventricle was different from that of mammalian heart: +T/-T and Tau appeared as lusitropic at all levels of the calcium curve, whereas only at the plateau some of the 'time' parameters were able to discriminate the isoproterenol lusitropic effect. These differences may reflect the strong dependence in amphibian heart of the time course of the action potential duration, not observed in mammalian ventricle. PMID- 3746923 TI - In vivo effect of the D-(-) isomer or natural form of 3-hydroxybutyrate on initial release of lactate dehydrogenase from the acutely ischaemic myocardium. AB - D-(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate, the isomer found in the circulation and in the urine of diabetic patients, generally is believed to be the physiologically important form of 3-hydroxybutyrate [10]. Little is known concerning the effects of an elevated plasma level of the D-(-) isomer of 3-hydroxybutyrate upon the acutely ischaemic heart. Using anaesthetized intact dogs with a balloon catheter inserted into the proximal part of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), we have recently demonstrated that a 1 mM ketonaemia induced with the arginine salt of D (-)-3-hydroxybutyric acid reduces the uptake of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in the myocardial area distal to the inflated balloon [4]. The question arises as to whether the concomitant increase in ketone uptake in this area could be detrimental to the acutely ischaemic myocardium. Indeed, a previous study on isolated coronary ligated hearts from normal rats has shown that the rate of release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) during the first 90 min of ischaemia can be enhanced by replacing glucose (11 mM) in the perfusion fluid with either albumin-bound palmitate (0.9 mM) or sodium DL-3-hydroxybutyrate (10 mM) as the sole energy substrate [11]. This would suggest that the ketone might be as deleterious as its metabolic precursors for membrane integrity in the acutely ischaemic myocardium. In the present report, we examine the effect of arginine D (-)-3-hydroxybutyrate on LDH release from ischaemic myocardium in our in vivo preparation. The dogs were treated with lidocaine in order to minimize the frequency and, hence, the adverse metabolic effects of ectopic beats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3746924 TI - Myocardial ischemia revisited. The osmolar load, membrane damage, and reperfusion. PMID- 3746925 TI - Lysosomal responses of fetal mouse hearts recovering from anoxia and substrate depletion. AB - Recovery from a 1 h period of anoxia and substrate deprivation is accompanied by a marked lysosomal response in myocytes of fetal mouse hearts maintained in organ culture. Two classes of subcellular vacuoles form within 5 to 15 min of recovery. One appears to provide lysosomal enzymes for degradation of subcellular particles, while the other segregates organelles within the cytoplasm of the injured myocyte. When the two populations fuse with each other, the degradation of sequestered organelles appears to commence. After 6 h of recovery, intravacuolar degradation appears complete, and the injured myocytes are morphologically indistinguishable from control cells, demonstrating that the breakdown of the partitioned cell organelles is quite efficient. The process can proceed, albeit at a reduced rate, while protein synthesis is inhibited, since cycloheximide only modestly interferes with recovery after reoxygenation. The present results demonstrate that the fetal mouse heart subjected to conditions that simulate some important aspects of ischemia is an excellent model to examine the role of lysosomes during recovery from sublethal injury. PMID- 3746926 TI - Influence of agents that alter lysosomal function on fetal mouse hearts recovering from anoxia and substrate depletion. AB - Recovery of fetal mouse heart myocytes from oxygen and substrate deprivation for 1 h is accompanied by complicated lysosomal and non-lysosomal vacuolar responses which can be subdivided temporally into four distinct phases that include production of lysosomal dense bodies; segregation of damaged subcellular organelles into vacuoles that initially lack lysosomal enzymes; delivery of lysosomal enzymes to these vacuoles through fusion with dense bodies, transforming them into lysosomal autophagic vacuoles and degradation of the sequestered organelles. These events are normally completed within 6 h of the resupply of oxygen and substrate. The progression of these events is influenced significantly by pharmacological interventions that alter lysosomal properties. Chloroquine inhibits all aspects of the lysosomally-related processes as well as the sequestration phase during recovery. Leupeptin delays the lysosomal degradation, presumably by slowing proteolysis. Hydrocortisone permits the engulfment phase and the appearance of lysosomal dense bodies but appears to prevent or postpone the delivery of lysosomal enzymes to many of the large vacuoles and to delay the degradation of sequestered organelles. These observations reveal that segregation of damaged organelles and lysosomally mediated degradation of these subcellular structures are important events during recovery from ischemic-like injury, and that agents that interfere with normal lysosomal function can prevent or delay some or all of the lysosomal responses that are involved in the recovery process. PMID- 3746927 TI - Computers in the practice of medicine. PMID- 3746928 TI - Therapeutic manipulation of globin gene expression in the hemoglobinopathies. PMID- 3746929 TI - Predictors of preclinical and clinical performance of minority medical students. AB - Although several studies have examined the relationship between minority students' admissions profiles and performance in the preclinical curriculum, there is a dearth of information about the ability of admissions variables to predict performance in the clerkships and on National Boards, Part II. Consistent with other research, a study of 59 minority students at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine found that the Medical College Aptitude Test (MCAT) chemistry score is the most consistent predictor of performance on internal examinations in years 1 and 2, and on National Boards, Part I. On the Part II examination, however, the only significant correlation is with the MCAT reading score, while the MCAT quantitative score and the recommendation of the premedical advisor are the best predictors of clerkship grades. Since students' mean MCATs and grade point averages (GPAs) are similar to those of all minority students accepted to medical schools in 1982, these findings may be generalized to that larger population. PMID- 3746930 TI - Burkitt's lymphoma of the ovaries. AB - A case of Burkitt's lymphoma involving both ovaries of a 15-year-old Guatemalan girl is presented along with a brief review of the pertinent literature. PMID- 3746931 TI - An ecological view of hypertension in blacks. AB - The prevalence of hypertension in blacks is higher than that of whites by all demographic variables. This might lead to the conclusion that there is a genetic basis for the disease. Prevalence differences among black populations in different geographic areas, however, point to environmental factors. An ecological hypothesis to explain the intake and retention of salt and the response to environmental stress as possible reasons for the interracial and intraracial prevalence differences are presented. Physicians may find this ecological approach of use in improving treatment of black hypertensive patients. PMID- 3746932 TI - Strategic directions within health care institutions: the role of the physician. AB - The nature of the strategic problem faced by health care institutions is identified. Physicians are urged to be involved in the strategic decision-making process and are offered several alternative roles that they might play in strategy development. A set of conceptual frameworks from the generic management decision-making literature is used to organize the analysis in addition to the literature of health care management. This combination affords a different perspective into the nature of the problems and new insights into these critical issues. PMID- 3746933 TI - Effects of chronic tryptophan loading on serotonin (5-HT) levels in neonatal rat brain. AB - Several earlier studies reported that the acute administration of L-tryptophan to adult rats caused an increase in brain serotonin levels. This study describes the effects of chronic tryptophan loading on serotonin concentration levels in various regions of the neonatal rat brain. Rats were injected with tryptophan methyl ester hydrochloride (100 mg/kg), intraperitoneally, daily from day 4 to day 24 after birth, and sacrificed on days 8, 19, and 29 after first injection. The brains were immediately dissected into their component regions, and serotonin concentration levels were measured by a radioenzymatic method. Chronic tryptophan loading produced a significant (P < .05) decrease in serotonin levels in all the brain regions as compared with saline-treated controls, except the pons and medulla regions, which showed significant (P < .001) increase on day 8. PMID- 3746934 TI - Further studies on the prevalence of isolated sleep paralysis in black subjects. AB - In a previous study, one of the authors (C.C.B.) found isolated sleep paralysis was common in blacks. In this study, conducted by interviews, a recurrent pattern (one or more episodes per month) of isolated sleep paralysis episodes in blacks was described by at least 25 percent of the afflicted sample studied. Frequent episodes were associated with stress, and subjects with isolated sleep paralysis had an unusually high prevalence of panic disorder (15.5 percent). The genetic transmission of sleep paralysis was studied in a large black family, and in addition to stressful environmental factors being associated with the condition, there appears to be a dominant genetic factor associated with the predisposition for developing sleep paralysis. The implications of these findings for stress, anxiety, sleep, and psychophysiologic disorders are discussed. PMID- 3746935 TI - Surgery in Jehovah's Witnesses. AB - Surgical experiences are described with 96 adult patients who professed and practiced the Jehovah's Witness faith and whose refusal of blood transfusions and blood-related products created problems in circulatory fluid volume, cardiorespiratory exchanges, cerebral, hepatic, and renal metabolic processes, and wound healing. The surgical mortality rate was representative and the surgical complication rate was excessive. The most frequent complications (93.5 percent) were wound-healing problems. PMID- 3746936 TI - Kidney morphology and function in the young of rats malnourished and exposed to nitrofen during pregnancy. AB - The separate and combined effects of prenatal protein deficiency (6% casein) and prenatal nitrofen (2,4-dichlorophenyl-p-nitrophenyl ether) exposure (12.5 mg/kg on gestational d 7-21) on renal morphology in the 21-d fetal and postnatal rat were examined. Body weights and kidney weights were reduced in prenatally protein deprived (PPD) pups at birth and on postnatal day (PND) 10. Numbers of mature glomeruli, creatinine clearance, water diuresis, and response of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), but not the concentrating ability, were lower in the PPD neonates. These changes suggest that prenatal protein deficiency delays renal development and possibly results in a decrease in glomerular clearance and in tubular response to a water load and to antidiuretic hormone. Prenatal nitrofen exposure reduced body weight and kidney size on PND 0 and 10. An increased incidence of hydronephrosis was indicated in the nitrofen-exposed fetus. Prenatal nitrofen exposure depressed the ability to excrete excess water, the response to ADH, and urine-concentrating ability. The functional deficits indicate tubular dysfunction, but little or no effect on glomerular function, as indicated by the absence of an effect on creatinine clearance. Postnatal survival was reduced to 22% by PND in the PPD plus nitrofen pups. Also, prenatal nitrofen exposure increased the susceptibility of the glomeruli in the gestational day (GD) 21 PPD fetus to the adverse effects of prenatal protein deficiency. By PND 10 the toxic effects were of the same order. Renal dysfunction may contribute to the increased mortality in PPD plus nitrofen pups by reducing the ability to respond to stress, but the effects are not sufficiently marked to be considered the primary cause of death. PMID- 3746937 TI - Comparative cytotoxicity of four nickel compounds to canine and rodent alveolar macrophages in vitro. AB - Nickel subsulfide (Ni3S2), nickel sulfate (NiSO4), nickel chloride (NiCl2), and nickel oxide (NiO), are four compounds encountered by workers in the nickel refining and electroplating industries. These compounds were tested for their relative toxicity to beagle dog and F344/Crl rat alveolar macrophages in vitro. Dog alveolar macrophages were at least 10 times more sensitive to the effects of each of the 4 nickel compounds than were rat alveolar macrophages. Toxicity ranking of the four nickel compounds to macrophages from both species was Ni3S2 greater than NiCl2 approximately NiSO4 greater than NiO. PMID- 3746938 TI - 1-(8-Methoxy-4,8-dimethylnonyl)-4-(1-methyl-ethyl)benzene (MV-678): a reversible inducer of rat hepatic microsomal drug metabolism. AB - MV-678 [1-(8-methoxy-4,8-dimethynonyl)-4-(1-methylethyl)benzene], a recently developed insect growth regulator, increased the hepatic cytochrome P-450 dependent monooxygenase enzymes that metabolize endogenous and exogenous chemicals. In an initial set of experiments, male and female rats received 0, 50, or 800 mg/kg X d of MV-678 by gavage for 3 d, and in a second set of experiments, male rats received 0, 50, or 800 mg/kg X d of MV-678 by gavage for 30 d. A significant increase in both absolute and relative liver weight, microsomal protein content, cytochrome P-450 content, NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase activity, and ethylmorphine N-demethylase activity was observed in male and female rats at the high dose level at 3 d. Similar increases were observed in the 800-mg/kg X d males at 30 d. Hepatocellular hypertrophy and proliferation of endoplasmic reticulum observed at both 3 and 30 d correspond to and was consistent with microsomal enzyme induction. Reversibility of both induction and changes in morphology was determined by measuring the same parameters in animals treated for 30 d after a 15- or 30-d recovery period. At 15 d recovery, all biochemical parameters at the high dose level, except relative liver weight and microsomal ethylmorphine N-demethylase activity, had returned to control levels. No significant differences between the control and high dose group animals were noted at 30 d recovery. The hepatocellular changes observed in the high-dose group at 30 d were less apparent at 15 d recovery, and absent at 30 d recovery. PMID- 3746939 TI - Surface-tension measurements of pulmonary lavage from ozone-exposed rats. AB - Ozone, an important component of photochemical air pollution, has been shown to cause morphological and functional changes in the lung after acute, high-level exposure in controlled animal studies. Previous exposures of rats to 0.8 ppm ozone for 18 h showed trends toward decreased lung volumes, as well as modifications in phospholipid composition of lung lavage fluid. These results suggested that exposure to ozone may have diminished the ability of surfactant to reduce surface tension. The purpose of this pilot study was to determine if changes in the surface tension of lavaged pulmonary surfactant occur with ozone exposure. The lavage fluid from rats exposed to ozone at 0.8 ppm for 18 h had a 360% increase in protein and a 30% increase in lipid phosphorus content. Lung lavage samples from ozone-exposed rats were more potent in reducing surface tension as measured on a Wilhelmy plate balance. This difference was evident whether determined with half the total lavage or with equivalent microgram amounts of lipid phosphorus. It is concluded that at this dose and duration of ozone exposure, contrary to our hypothesis, surface-tension-lowering ability of surfactant increases and therefore does not appear to be a contributory factor in the previously observed changes in pulmonary function. PMID- 3746940 TI - Species comparison of acute inhalation toxicity of ozone and phosgene. AB - A comparison of the concentration-response effects of inhaled ozone (O3) and phosgene (COCl2) in different species of laboratory animals was made in order to better understand the influence of the choice of species in inhalation toxicity studies. The effect of 4-h exposures to ozone at concentrations of 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 ppm, and to COCl2 and 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 ppm was determined in rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, hamsters, and mice. Lavage fluid protein (LFP) accumulation 18-20 h after exposure was used as the indicator of O3- and COCl2 induced pulmonary edema. All species had similar basal levels of LFP (250-350 mg/ml) when a volume of saline that approximated the total lung capacity was used to lavage the collapsed lungs. Ozone effects were most marked in guinea pigs, which showed significant effects at 0.2 ppm and above. Mice, hamsters, and rats showed effects at 1.0 ppm O3 and above, while rabbits responded only at 2.0 ppm O3. Phosgene similarly affected mice, hamsters, and rats at 0.2 ppm and above, while guinea pigs and rabbits were affected at 0.5 ppm and above. Percent recovery of lavage fluid varied significantly between species, guinea pigs having lower recovery than other species with both gases. Lavage fluid recovery was lower following exposure to higher levels of O3 but not COCl2. Results of this study indicate that significant species differences are seen in the response to low levels of O3 and COCl2. These differences do not appear to be related in a simple manner to body weight. PMID- 3746942 TI - Interaction of mercury and water deprivation on the hematology of chickens. AB - Four-week-old male chickens were subjected to one of the following treatments: 0 ppm mercury (Hg) plus water ad libitum, 0 ppm Hg plus limited water (LW), 500 ppm Hg plus water ad libitum, and 500 ppm Hg plus LW. Exposure was for each of the following time intervals: 0-3, 0-6, 0-9, 0-12, and 0-15 d. LW significantly increased red blood cell (RBC) numbers, hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and hemoglobin (Hb) level and significantly decreased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) level within 3 d of treatment. Mercury produced variable results, with no significant trends developing during the treatment period. The effects caused by Hg appeared to be masked by the effects of dehydration. The birds receiving water ad libitum had numerically greater RBC numbers and HCT and Hb levels than birds receiving water ad libitum that was contaminated with Hg, while the effects caused by Hg in the groups that received limited water were not consistent. Each group was given a recovery period of 14 d, during which time all birds received uncontaminated water and feed ad libitum. The hematologic effects caused by Hg and water deprivation did not return to a normal condition. Reduced RBC numbers, HCT, and Hb levels were observed at the end of the recovery period in the birds that were exposed to Hg and/or water deprivation. PMID- 3746941 TI - 6-Nitrobenzo[a]pyrene can be denitrated during mammalian metabolism. AB - Nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitroarenes), including 6 nitrobenzo[a]pyrene (6-NBap), occur in our environment and are mutagenic in bacterial mutagenesis assays. The mutagenicity of 6-NBaP is enhanced when rat liver S9 is added. To investigate the cause of this increased activity, the metabolism of 6-NBaP was carried out with a total rat liver homogenate obtained from 3-methylcholanthrene- (MC-) induced rats, a 9000 X g supernatant enzyme, and with both unwashed and washed microsomes. Ring-hydroxylated 6-NBaP was detected. On the basis of retention times for known standards in a high-performance liquid chromatographic system, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and 6-acetoxy-BaP (6-OAcBaP) were isolated as products. BaP was further characterized via ultraviolet (UV) and mass spectra and 6-OAcBaP by UV, mass, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. 6 HydroxyBaP (6-OHBaP) was also detected by UV and mass spectra. It is suggested that BaP is formed via a nitroanion radical of 6-NBaP and undergoes metabolism, while the 6-OHBaP is acetylated to form 6-OAcBaP. The acetyl donor remains to be identified. PMID- 3746943 TI - Tissue distribution of subcutaneously administered aluminum chloride in weanling rabbits. AB - The purpose of our investigation was to determine blood and tissue levels of aluminum (Al) in normal young rabbits. Furthermore, we wished to determine tissue distribution and accumulation of Al as related to its blood concentration in Al dosed rabbits. The levels of Al accumulated were determined in different tissues of growing rabbits after continuous subcutaneous administration of Al chloride (3.78 mg/d) for 28 d. No signs of toxicity were apparent from comparisons of hematocrit or weight gain between control and Al-dosed rabbits. The largest concentration of the Al was observed in bone, which was also found to have the highest levels in the control rabbit tissues. Following bone, the experimental animals showed the greatest increase of Al levels in kidney cortex, kidney medulla, liver, testes, skeletal muscle, heart, brain white matter, and brain hippocampus, in that order. No significant difference was found in brain grey matter between control and experimental animals. As the brain tissue of the Al treated animals had the lowest Al level of the tissues measured, it appears that there is a partial blood-brain barrier to entry of Al. PMID- 3746944 TI - Molecular biology in basic and clinical neuroscience research. PMID- 3746945 TI - Rapid, high-resolution in situ hybridization histochemistry with radioiodinated synthetic oligonucleotides. AB - In situ hybridization histochemistry is a valuable technique for localizing specific messenger RNA (mRNA) and detecting changes in gene expression. Generally, the mRNA of interest has been detected by probes obtained from cloned DNA and labelled to high specific activity by nick translation. Such probes have a number of disadvantages which can be circumvented by the use of short synthetic oligonucleotides designed to be complementary to a known mRNA sequence. We report here that synthetic oligonucleotides complementary to part of the mRNA coding for rat arginine-vasopressin (AVP) can be labelled to high specific activity with [125I], using either the primer extension method with the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I or the 3'-tailing method with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. Both AVP probes hybridized well to the magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. A strong autoradiographic signal was present by 2 days, with grains largely confined to the perikaryon. These results compare favorably to those obtained with [32P]- or [3H]-labelled probes. Given the ease of the 3'-tailing method, [125I]-labelled oligonucleotides appear to be especially useful probes for in situ hybridization histochemistry. PMID- 3746946 TI - Neuron-specific enolase: complete structure of rat mRNA, multiple transcriptional start sites, and evidence suggesting post-transcriptional control. AB - The protein encoded by a randomly selected rat brain cDNA clone was identified as neuron-specific enolase (NSE; 4.2.1.11; gamma subunit), based on homology to yeast enolase sequences and the presence of the corresponding 2.5-kb mRNA in rat brain but not in liver, kidney, or muscle tissue. The 2,222-nucleotide NSE and mRNA sequence presented identifies a 68-nucleotide 5' noncoding region, a 1,302 nucleotide open reading frame (corresponding to a primary translation product of 434 amino acids), and 852 noncoding 3' bases. Evolutionary implications based on sequence comparisons to yeast enolase and non-neuronal enolase are discussed. Primer extension analysis indicated the presence of several alternative initiation sites for transcription within 60 nucleotides on the NSE gene. The developmental onset of NSE mRNA expression correlates with the appearance of NSE protein; however, the mRNA reaches adult levels by postnatal week 3, whereas the protein continues to accumulate over the next few months, suggesting regulatory mechanisms in addition to transcriptional control. PMID- 3746947 TI - Search for virus nucleic acid sequences in postmortem human brain tissue using in situ hybridization technology with cloned probes: some solutions and results on progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis tissue. AB - In order to obtain a useful and readily applicable in situ hybridization (ISH) protocol for progressive central nervous system (CNS) diseases of unknown etiology that are possibly due to persistent viral infection, known and well described diseases were studied, namely, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). The procedures described were validated by confirming results obtained by other investigators using histology, immunocytochemistry, electron microscopy, and ISH. A number of frequently encountered problems of tissue preparation are addressed as well as techniques to reduce autoradiography exposure times. A multi-staged specific, sensitive, reliable, and valid procedure for detection of viral genomes, mRNA and proteins is approached. Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) brain material from six patients who died with PML and one patient who died from SSPE were studied using ISH with a tritium-labeled cloned JC virus DNA probe and a measles-cloned nucleocapsid (NC) gene cDNA probe, respectively. This report constitutes a methodological framework as well as a detailed neuropathological analysis of identified brain cell populations within which in situ hybridization was detected. In early PML lesions, swollen nuclei or oligodendrocytes were the predominant cells labeled, whereas older lesions revealed increased numbers of reactive and bizarre hypertrophic astrocytes hybridized at the outer periphery of the demyelinated lesions. The hybridization varied greatly in intensity in different cells. Intense hybridization was noted very rarely in microglial cells, including rod cells and rarely in venular pericytes, intravascular mononuclear cells, or in vascular endothelial cells. These results, considered together with previous findings, indicate that in PML the viral infection runs different courses in the various cells: in astrocytes the viral genome persists for a long time inducing pathological changes in some cells. In oligodendrocytes the infection rapidly lyses the cells. There was a good correlation between chromatic changes observable in routinely stained sections and virus presence. In addition, in situ hybridization using a measles NP-cloned probe in white matter from FFPE SSPE brain is presented confirming earlier results in SSPE cryopreserved brain. PMID- 3746948 TI - Lipophilin (PLP) gene in X-linked myelin disorders. AB - There are several X-linked diseases in animals and at least one in man in which there is a failure of CNS myelination. We have recently cloned cDNAs for lipophilin (PLP) with which PLP sequences were localized to a region of the long arm of the X chromosome (Xq13-q22 in man) close to the jimpy (jp) locus in that mouse mutant. The present communication pursues the postulate that some of this class of diseases may involve mutations at the PLP locus. Blot hybridization analysis of PLP mRNA levels revealed a five-to tenfold reduction in the brains of hemizygous jp/Y mice. The major PLP mRNA species of those mice was also reduced in size. However, Southern blots of jp DNA digested with many different restriction enzymes failed to detect major deletions or other rearrangements in the PLP gene. A human PLP cDNA was isolated and employed to similarly analyze DNA from four patients diagnosed as having Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. In one of these four a significant rearrangement of the PLP gene was found. These findings suggest that there may be alterations in the PLP gene in both jp mouse and Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. PMID- 3746949 TI - Changes in the dynamic state of brain proenkephalin-derived peptides during amygdaloid kindling. AB - The dynamic state of the proenkephalin (PE) gene products during and after development of amygdaloid kindling was assayed by monitoring changes of the accumulation of PE mRNA and changes in proenkephalin-related peptides. A parallel determination of PE mRNA and peptides from the same sample was conducted in this study. Electrical stimulation of the amygdala causes early increases in the PE mRNA content in that structure and in the hippocampus. Other areas related with the amygdaloid complex do not exhibit such an early increase, but this alteration occurs when the kindling process is fully established. Enkephalin content increases early in amygdala and hippocampus presumably owing to an increase in synthesis rate. Also, the enkephalin content of areas connected with amygdala and hippocampus such as the entorhinal cortex, the nucleus accumbens, and the frontal and occipital cortex exhibits an increase. A clear tendency towards normalization is observed after a recovery period of 2-3 months. Rekindling of the animals after this recovery period does not elicit a similar pattern of changes in the dynamic state of enkephalin system, even though the animals rekindle with just one single stimulation. The present data suggest that the enkephalinergic neurons participate in the development and spreading of kindling phenomena after amygdaloid stimulation, but they do not seem to play any role in mediating maintenance of the kindling state. PMID- 3746950 TI - Localization of proopiomelanocortin mRNA in functional subsets of neurons defined by their axonal projections. AB - In situ cDNA:mRNA hybridization is a technique that has been developed for the visualization of cDNA:mRNA hybrids in individual cells. To use this technique to answer questions of regulation in heterogeneous populations of cells in the brain, it must be combined with other procedures allowing for the identification of functional subgroups of neurons. We report here a procedure by which in situ cDNA:mRNA hybridization may be combined with retrograde axonal tracing using the fluorescent tracer fast blue. Using this technique, it now becomes possible to measure mRNA regulation in functional subsets of cells defined by their axonal projections. PMID- 3746951 TI - Abdominal venous injuries. AB - To improve our understanding of this frequently lethal, but potentially salvageable problem, the case records of 105 patients with 138 major intra abdominal venous injuries seen over a 4 year period (1980-1984) were reviewed. The overall mortality rate was 54%. The most frequent abdominal venous injuries and their mortality rates were inferior vena cava, 54% (28/52); portal venous system, 51% (16/31); iliac veins, 71% (20/28); renal veins, 58% (11/19); and hepatic veins, 88% (7/8). Several important prognostic factors were identified. Of 48 patients who presented to the emergency department with no obtainable blood pressure, 41 (85%) died. Forty patients presented to the operating room with a systolic pressure less than 70 mm Hg and 36 (90%) died. Of 39 patients in hypovolemic shock for more than 15 minutes initially in the ED and operating room, 31 (79%) died. Of 71 patients who received 10 or more units of blood pre- and perioperatively, 48 (68%) died. Of 41 patients with five or more associated injuries, 30 (73%) died. Seventeen had a thoracotomy before laparotomy to cross clamp the aorta for persistent severe shock; six responded with a substantial increase in blood pressure and three survived. Of 14 others with severe persistent shock who did not have a prior thoracotomy, only one survived. Atrial caval shunts were attempted for severe retrohepatic bleeding in six patients with no survivors. Review of these cases suggests that improved survival might be obtained with: more vigorous administration of fluids in the emergency department and operating room; quicker movement to the operating room to control bleeding; and earlier definitive management for controlling bleeding--especially with iliac and/or retrohepatic injuries. A thoracotomy to cross-clamp the aorta prior to laparotomy with severe persisting shock should be considered. PMID- 3746953 TI - Traumatic intracerebral hematomas: timing of appearance and indications for operative removal. AB - Immediate and delayed traumatic intracerebral hematomas (ICH) can produce devastating secondary brain damage after severe head injury. The relationship between the initial injury and eventual occurrence, size, and time of appearance of such hematomas is not well understood, but has great importance since delayed appearance may necessitate delayed surgical decompression of developing lesions not present on early CT scans. We reviewed the records of 35 consecutive patients with operated post-traumatic ICH to document when these lesions appeared on CT, what were the indications for surgery, and what was eventual outcome. Time between injury and ICH appearance was categorized as immediate (0-3 hours), intermediate (3-6), delayed (6-24) or very delayed (later than 24 hours). ICH appearance was immediate in 20%, intermediate in 6%, delayed in 29%, and very delayed in 46%. Half of the patients were not comatose at the time of admission (GCS greater than or equal to 8). Hematoma removal was prompted by clinical deterioration or failure to improve in half the patients and by uncontrolled intracranial hypertension in the other half. Half the patients died, generally those in traumatic coma immediately after injury although advanced age also was associated with poor outcome. Only about one quarter of patients who require surgical removal of ICH can be shown to have their lesions soon after injury. Most operable intraparenchymal clots develop after initial CT scanning and trauma surgeons must be prepared to recognize and treat this delayed complication of brain injury. Even with aggressive management, ICH contribute significantly to poor outcome and improved treatment must be sought. PMID- 3746952 TI - Prospective randomized evaluation of antishock MAST in post-traumatic hypotension. AB - During an 18-month period, among 35,000 injured patients presenting to an urban trauma center, more than 3,500 were admitted, and 1,500 underwent surgery on the General Surgical Service. Three hundred fifty-two patients with prehospital systolic blood pressures of less than 90 mm Hg were randomized on an alternate day basis to receive treatment with 'MAST' (163 patients) or 'No-MAST' (189 patients). Age, mechanism of injury, prehospital management times, prehospital trauma scores, prehospital fluids administered, Injury Severity Scores, emergency center treatment, operative protocol, and calculated probability of survival were virtually identical for both groups. Eighty-eight per cent of the injuries were produced by penetrating wounds. The predominant injury area was the abdomen in 40%, the thorax in 37%, and the extremities in 13%. There was no statistically significant difference in evaluation and outcome data between the groups. Within a controlled catchment, only 2.5% of injured patients and 22% of those undergoing operation qualified for prehospital use of MAST. We conclude that for penetrating trauma with prehospital times of 30 minutes or less, MAST provide no advantage with regard to survival, length of hospital stay, or reduced hospital costs. PMID- 3746954 TI - Emergency surgery in patients with post-traumatic myocardial contusion. AB - Little information concerning the prognostic and functional significance of post traumatic myocardial contusion appears to exist. During a 10-month period, 19 patients with major blunt thoracic trauma were diagnosed as having myocardial contusion using clinical findings, serial ECG and CPK-MB isoenzyme determinations, and biventricular radionuclide angiocardiography (RA). All patients had associated thoracic and extrathoracic injuries. ECG and RA were useful and complementary tests, detecting abnormalities in 90% and 47% of patients, respectively. Only one patient had an abnormally elevated CPK-MB. All patients required operative treatment for associated injuries, 15 (79%) on the day of admission. Eleven patients required perioperative cardiac inotropic support and one needed IABP. No late complications were attributable to the cardiac contusions per se; no patients died. Emergency surgery for associated injuries in patients with myocardial contusion can be safely performed using hemodynamic monitoring to guide cardiac inotropic support measures. Myocardial contusion does not constitute an absolute contraindication to necessary operations in polytraumatized patients. PMID- 3746955 TI - Prehospital intravenous fluid therapy: physiologic computer modelling. AB - A computer model incorporating known behavior of the cardiovascular system and intravascular:interstitial fluid exchange was designed which allowed bleeding rate, IV infusion rate, and prehospital care times to be independently specified. All possible circumstances were examined. The model shows that IV's are potentially of benefit only when all of the following occur: 1) the bleeding rate is initially 25-100 ml/min, 2) the prehospital time exceeds 30 minutes, and 3) the IV infusion rate is approximately equal to the bleeding rate. IV infusions therefore appear of little benefit in the usual urban environment and have a sharply limited role overall. The possibility of pulmonary edema from fluid overload in nonhypovolemic patients, and reluctance of field personnel to infuse fluid at the rates necessary to produce benefit raise further questions about realistic benefit of IV's in all but the most rural systems. PMID- 3746956 TI - The effect of regionalization upon the quality of trauma care as assessed by concurrent audit before and after institution of a trauma system: a preliminary report. AB - To assess the need for a trauma system in San Diego County, a concurrent audit of trauma care was performed by an independent consultant in 1982. During the study period from 15 March through 15 June 1982, 591 consecutive major trauma victims (MTV) were collected by the 30 participating hospitals. All medical records, including autopsy reports, were audited for the timeliness and appropriateness of diagnosis and definitive care. Deaths were classified as being not preventable, potentially salvageable, or preventable. A trauma system subsequently became functional on 1 August 1984, with five adult centers and one pediatric center. A Medical Audit Committee composed of physicians and nurses from designated and nondesignated hospitals was organized to perform a monthly concurrent audit of trauma care. Between 1 August and 31 December 1984, 1,366 MTV were triaged to trauma centers. The care of MTV was considered suboptimal in 32% of patients before regionalization, compared to 4.2% after regionalization (p less than 0.01). Preventable deaths occurred in 13.6% of fatalities occurring before implementation of a trauma system, compared to 2.7% after implementation (p less than 0.01). Regionalization of trauma care significantly reduced delays, inadequate care, and preventable deaths due to trauma. PMID- 3746957 TI - Pericardial tamponade: a critical determinant for survival following penetrating cardiac wounds. AB - Previous studies have emphasized injury mechanism, wound site, and presenting vital signs as critical determinants for survival following penetrating cardiac injury. Our experience suggests pericardial tamponade is another crucial factor and is the basis for this study. Prognostic features were reviewed in 100 consecutive, unselected patients with acute cardiac injuries. Mechanism was stab wound in 57, and gunshot injury in 43. Location included right ventricle in 55, left ventricle in 49, right atrium in 16, and left atrium in seven. Overall salvage was 31%,; 27 (47%) of 57 stab wounds, four (9%) of 43 gunshot wounds, 22 (49%) of 45 right, and nine (23%) of 39 left heart wounds. The presence or absence of pericardial tamponade was documented in 77 patients. Patients with tamponade had a survival of 73% (24/33) compared to 11% (5/44) in those without its protective effect. The presence of tamponade improved survival (p less than 0.05) following stab injuries (77% vs. 29%), gunshot wounds (57% vs. none), right heart wounds (79% vs. 28%), left heart injuries (71% vs. 12%), and overall in patients arriving with vital signs (96% vs. 50%). Multivariant discriminant analysis by logistic regression demonstrated cardiac tamponade was a critical independent factor in patient survival, and suggested that it may be more influential than presenting vital signs in determining outcome. PMID- 3746958 TI - Mandibular fractures in an urban trauma center. AB - The hospital records of 307 patients sustaining mandibular fractures between 1980 and 1984 were reviewed. The patient population consisted of 79% males, with precipitating events usually being fist fights (47%) and assaults with a blunt object (18%). The most common fracture involved the body (30%), followed by the angle (21%) and the condyles (19%). Intermaxillary fixation (IMF) was the preferred method of treatment (42%); however, a large number of patients were treated by internal fixation (31%) or external stabilization (11%). Despite the large number with internal fixation procedures, the complication rate was relatively low (18%). This review suggests changing trends in mandibular fractures. Motor vehicle accidents no longer comprise the most common etiology, so that condylar fractures are no longer the most common, and fractures of the body and angle are more common. Although most patients still are initially treated by intermaxillary fixation, the number of open reductions appears to be increasing. Despite this trend, the complication rate has remained relatively low. PMID- 3746959 TI - Management of the ruptured bladder: seven years of experience with 111 cases. AB - During a 7 year period, we have seen 111 patients with bladder rupture, 95 from blunt trauma and 16 due to penetrating injuries. All 16 patients with penetrating injuries, as well as an additional 34 patients with intraperitoneal injuries, nine patients with extraperitoneal injuries, and five with both intra- and extraperitoneal injuries from blunt trauma, had formal closure of the wound and urethral or suprapubic catheter drainage. All did well. A total of 39 patients with extraperitoneal bladder injuries were treated with only catheter drainage and all did well. Eight patients died before institution of therapy. PMID- 3746960 TI - Fluid retention during the first 48 hours as an indicator of burn survival. AB - The quantity of fluid retained during the first 48 hours of resuscitation has been suggested as an indicator of burn severity and mortality (13). In this study of 82 adult burned patients with more than 20% total body surface burns we found that the net fluid retention during the first 48 hours of resuscitation was a predictor of burn mortality and additionally 230 cc of retained fluid per kilogram of lean body mass in the initial 48 hours postburn was an excellent means for separating survivors from nonsurvivors. Fluid retention as an indicator of burn severity and mortality was compared to other methods of predicting burned patient mortality. Parameters evaluated included the per cent body surface area burned, per cent full thickness burn, presence or absence of inhalation injuries, sex, age, and ultimate outcome. The Abbreviated Burn Severity Index (ABSI) (14) was determined for each patient using these data. A comparison was made between fluid retention data, per cent body surface area burned, and the calculated Abbreviated Burn Severity Index and patient mortality. The power of each variable to predict mortality was evaluated by stepwise regression analysis. From this analysis net fluid retention during the first 48 hours of resuscitation was as accurate as the Abbreviated Burn Severity Index and was a better predictor of mortality than individual components of that Index. PMID- 3746962 TI - Residents' experience in the surgery of trauma. AB - Performance of surgery for trauma is an important part of residency training, yet what constitutes an adequate exposure to trauma surgery is ill defined. A retrospective review of records at a metropolitan receiving hospital was carried out for the academic year 1981-1982. Of the 50,902 patients treated in the Emergency Room more than one third were seen by a surgical resident. During this period 1,651 patients were admitted to General Surgery with traumatic injuries; 193 (12%) required intensive care. Two hundred twenty-seven major operations were performed by the General Surgical Service. For each patient operated on, 56 were seen in the Emergency Room and six required admission for nonoperative care of their injuries. Furthermore, less than 50% of patients admitted to the I.C.U. required surgery. An adequate education in trauma must be based on a large experience in the nonoperative resuscitation, diagnosis, and treatment of trauma victims. Nevertheless, the number of cases performed as operating surgeon provides a useful means of evaluation experience in trauma. Thirty cases are suggested as an appropriate level of exposure to the surgery of trauma, yet only one third of applicants to the American Board of Surgery attained this level. PMID- 3746961 TI - Northeastern Ohio Trauma Study: V. Burn injury. AB - Burn injury cases were identified from a population-based sample of trauma visits to hospital emergency departments in northeastern Ohio during 1977. The 199 cases represented 2.4% of all trauma incidence visits by residents of the five-county study region. Ninety-five per cent of the burn cases were released from the emergency department directly after treatment. The annual incidence rate of emergency department-treated burns was 4.7 per 1,000 population. Incidence rates for males were twice those for females. The age groups with the highest annual incidence rates were those under 5 years of age and 25-34 years (seven and eight cases per 1,000 population, respectively). Most burns occurred at home or the workplace. The youngest employed age group sustained the highest rate of work related burns. Hot or corrosive substances caused two thirds of all burns; fire and flames caused one fourth. PMID- 3746963 TI - Hand injuries from shrimp boat winches. AB - Shrimp boat winch injury to the upper extremity was identified in three patients. The injury occurred when the individual's hand became entrapped in the cable and the upper extremity was drawn into the winch mechanism. This resulted in midshaft fractures of one or both bones of the forearm and amputation of a portion of the fourth and fifth fingers. This injury emphasizes the importance of safeguards on the cable system. However, in the absence of safety regulations in the shrimping industry, more of these injuries can be expected. PMID- 3746964 TI - Burns and adjustment to injury: do psychological coping strategies help? PMID- 3746965 TI - Selective peritoneal lavage in the management of comatose blunt trauma patients. PMID- 3746966 TI - 'Perforated' synapses in frontal cortex of chronic alcohol-fed rats. AB - The effects of prolonged alcohol consumption on the structure of prelimbic cortical synapses of the adult rat were studied. 'Perforated' synapses in alcohol treated animals were abundant, with small spinules displaying different aspects according to the plane of section. We postulate that the central parts of the synaptic disc are more vulnerable to chronic alcohol consumption. PMID- 3746967 TI - Morphogenesis of the venous valves in the rat heart. I. Light and scanning electron microscopy. AB - Hearts from rat embryos ranging from 12.5 days gestation through birth were studied with light and scanning electron microscopy. Both valves of the sinus venosus are very prominent structures in the right atrium of the developing rat heart. The right venous valve is large and undulating and extends to the right atrioventricular canal. Many nodules are apparent on the surface of this valve by the thirteenth day. These nodules decrease in number as development progresses. The left venous valve is considerably smaller than the right. Neither valve shows signs of regression, and just prior to birth, both valves are very prominent. The right valve is so large that it almost divides the right atrium into two chambers. Based on these observations the rat may serve as a model for cor triatriatum dexter. PMID- 3746968 TI - Ultrastructure of von Ebner's salivary glands in the rabbit. AB - The von Ebner's salivary glands associated with the vallate and foliate papillae of the rabbit tongue were studied by light and electron microscopy. The glands are tubulo-alveolar in structure and have an abbreviated duct system. The seromucous cells of the secretory end-pieces contain numerous granules with a complex substructure; when the granule matrix is partially extracted as the result of less-than-optimal fixation, these granules are seen to contain bundles of 17-18 nm filaments. The ductular epithelium undergoes progressive change from simple columnar to stratified cuboidal or columnar. Both of these duct segments contain secretory granules that differ from those in the tubulo-alveolar cells and from each other. Thus the constituent cells of leporine von Ebner's glands produce a variety of organic secretory products. PMID- 3746970 TI - Subsurface cisternae in retinal double cones. AB - Double cones of tench and goldfish retina are characterized by extensive subsurface cisternae underlying the plasma membranes at the appositional area between the principal and accessory cone. Such a membrane system is absent in double cones of turtle and salamander retina. Measurements on both transverse and longitudinal sections gave a total appositional area of about 75 square microns, the subsurface cisterna in each element of the double cone being around 8-10% smaller due to multiple fenestrations at the level of the paraboloid. No gap junctions joining the inner segments of tench and goldfish double cones were detected, while gap junctions could be observed at the level of the ellipsoid and paraboloid of turtle double cones. The possible role of the subsurface cisternae in functional interactions between double cone elements is discussed. PMID- 3746969 TI - Development of the hamster submandibular gland. II. The ductal system. AB - The major secretory duct is differentiated from the SMG anlage in early embryogenesis and undergoes minor morphologic changes from its inception until full maturation. Structurally, the ducts appear to be suited for a conduit function. At birth, the extralobular and intralobular ducts arise directly from the major duct or indirectly from the primary and secondary branches, respectively. They are distinguishable from each other by their topography only. However, developmentally, intralobular ducts give rise to 'terminal tubule' complexes but no such function is performed by the extralobular ducts. Both duct types first show distinct evidence of striation of their cells at one week after birth. Their lateral and basal infoldings, interdigitations and close association with mitochondria provide them with increased surface area and a source of energy for exchange of ions and fluids. The differentiation of convoluted granular ducts begins at 2 weeks of age with the appearance of membrane-bound and dense secretory granules in the apical cytoplasm of the luminal cells. The changes start in the proximal segment of the intralobular striated duct, and extend to occupy a large part of it in a mature 6-week old animal. These ducts comprise the bulk of the ductal system. The distribution of the granules is size-gradient dependent, the small granules being near the lumen and the large ones being close to the nucleus. The morphologic features of CGD are in keeping with absorptive and secretory functions. PMID- 3746971 TI - The fine structure of the intramitochondrial crystalloids in mitochondrial myopathy. AB - The fine structure of the intramitochondrial crystalloids found in mitochondrial myopathies was investigated using high angle tilting of ultrathin sections and freeze fracture replicas. Observations show the crystalloids to be composed of 8 nm granules in a unique array. Analysis of the arrangement seen in three mutually perpendicular planes has permitted a model of the crystalloid and its relationship to the mitochondrial membranes to be proposed. The biochemical nature and pathophysiological significance of the crystalloids is still undetermined. PMID- 3746972 TI - Intracellular collagen in fibroblasts of Peyronie's disease. AB - Ultrastructural study of fibrotic plaques from six patients with Peyronie's disease disclosed collagen fibrils located within smooth membrane bound cytoplasmic structures in most of the fibroblasts. These cells also contained prominent rough endoplasmic reticulum, which was dilated and filled with electron dense material, and hypertrophic Golgi structures in which occasional collagen fibrils were seen. Vacuoles containing collagen fibrils and amorphous substance or cellular detritus were also observed. Data from the present study support the hypothesis that intracytoplasmic collagen fibril formation is caused by excessive collagen synthesis by fibroblasts of Peyronie's fibromatosis. PMID- 3746973 TI - X-ray microanalysis of goblet cells in bronchial epithelium of patients with cystic fibrosis. AB - The elemental composition of goblet cells in bronchial epithelium was investigated by X-ray microanalysis. Biopsies were obtained from the left main bronchus, shock-frozen and freeze-substituted. In comparison to the control group (patients with chronic bronchitis), the goblet cells of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) contained significantly more calcium. The analysis also indicated higher sulphur levels and lower potassium levels in the goblet cells of CF patients. Detailed analysis of a control biopsy showed that the calcium level in the mucous cells of the submucosal glands was considerably higher than that in the goblet cells. Although the data point to a higher calcium content of goblet cell mucus in CF patients, the significance of this finding for the calcium content of the tracheobronchial secretions in CF patients is unclear. PMID- 3746974 TI - Hairy cell leukemia with ultrastructural finding of 'tubuloreticular inclusions' in hairy cells: a possible marker of a virus-induced disease? AB - This report describes a case of hairy cell leukemia (HCL) with typical hematological and clinical findings. The most striking feature is the electron microscopic pattern of intracytoplasmic inclusions within hairy cells (HCs), which can be identified with the 'tubuloreticular inclusions', very unusual and not yet reported in HCL. The same structures were frequently detected in peripheral mononuclear cells from patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and with chronic lymphadenopathy syndrome (LAS), that are caused by the HTLV-III retrovirus. In the same patients elevated serum interferon levels were also found. The close relationship between tubuloreticular inclusions, viral infections and serum interferon levels suggests an etiologic association between a virus infection and outbreak of HCL. The results of our laboratory investigations also support a role for interferon in this disease. PMID- 3746975 TI - Ultrastructure of brown adipocytes mitochondria in cell culture from explants. AB - Brown adipocytes lose in culture their typical mitochondria, which are replaced by others of non typical morphology. During studies aimed at clarifying this phenomenon we found that better preservation of the 'typical' mitochondrial morphology is obtained in vitro after a long period of time, when cells from small fragments (explants) of brown adipose tissue (BAT) are cultured instead of collagenase-isolated brown adipocytes. These results suggest that the explant technique could be better suited to study brown adipocytes in culture than other methods employing collagenase-isolated cells. PMID- 3746976 TI - Effect of trace elements on the kinetics of calcium oxalate crystallization- research on urolithiatic inhibitors. PMID- 3746977 TI - Studies on the composition and structure of urinary calculi by infrared spectroscopy, polarizing microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. PMID- 3746978 TI - The efficacy of long-dan-xie-gan-tang in the treatment of herpes zoster: a clinical trial and animal experimental data. PMID- 3746979 TI - Comparison of the modified gel disc electrophoresis of amniotic fluid cholinesterase with other methods in the prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects. PMID- 3746980 TI - Study on serum lipoprotein cholesterol and lipid levels of healthy children at preschool age. PMID- 3746981 TI - A case of distal partial trisomy of long arm in chromosome 13 resulting from the mother's balanced translocation. PMID- 3746982 TI - Circulatory crisis in free toe-to-hand transfer and its management. PMID- 3746983 TI - Effect of norethisterone oxime on ovum transport and development, and on morphology of oviduct in rabbits. PMID- 3746984 TI - Dynamic observation on systolic time intervals in children with ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect and tetralogy of Fallot before and after radical surgery. PMID- 3746985 TI - Acute ingestions of boric acid. AB - Four patients with elevated serum boric acid levels after single, acute ingestions of 10 to 297 grams were reported to the Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center (RMPDC) between January 1983 and August 1985. Systemic effects were absent. In 1983-4, 364 cases of boric acid exposure were reported to the RMPDC with only one fatality from a probable chronic ingestion. Vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps were rather common. Systemic effects were notably absent in acute ingestions. Five of three hundred sixty-four patients had measured serum levels and were the only ones hospitalized. These observations suggest that significant poisoning is unlikely to result from a single, acute ingestion of boric acid. Serum boric acid levels appear to correlate poorly with clinical toxicity following acute ingestion. PMID- 3746986 TI - Methadone in pregnancy: clinical-toxicological aspects. AB - The authors describe their experience with methadone treatment in pregnancy. Thirteen abuser pregnant women were studied under defined obstetrical and toxicological protocol. Newborns were also included in this study. In some cases a complete adherence to therapeutic program, allowing labour under very low methadone dosage (5 mg/day), minimized toxicological neonatal risk. Withdrawal syndrome in newborns was well controlled pharmacologically. The role of the toxicological laboratory during clinical management of drug dependent pregnant women is also discussed. PMID- 3746987 TI - The neurotoxicity of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) in a child: a clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation. AB - Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) is a highly explosive compound frequently used for both military and civilian purposes. Previously reported cases of human RDX intoxication were limited to wartime settings and have described no human pharmacokinetic data. We report the first human intoxication to occur in a non wartime setting. This intoxication presented with status epilepticus in a child and permitted the description of RDX human pharmacokinetics. It also suggested a strong association between central nervous system dysfunction and RDX intoxication. PMID- 3746988 TI - Reduction of diazepam serum half life and reversal of coma by activated charcoal in a patient with severe liver disease. AB - We report a case of prolonged coma (7 days) which arose as a complication of the treatment of alcohol withdrawal seizures and delirium with intravenous phenobarbital and diazepam. In an attempt to enhance the elimination of diazepam and its active metabolites, as well as phenobarbital, 40 grams activated charcoal was given every 4 hours (6 doses). Coma was completely reversed within 12 hours; serum half life (t1/2) of diazepam was reduced from 195 to 18 hours during charcoal administration. We postulate that higher free (unbound) diazepam concentrations secondary to hypoalbuminemia, occurring as a result of liver disease, may have increased the depth of our patient's coma, but paradoxically, by making more drug available for diffusion across the gastrointestinal membrane barrier, may have enhanced the ability of activated charcoal to adsorb diazepam and, therefore, decrease its t1/2. PMID- 3746989 TI - A case of fatal sodium azide ingestion. AB - A fatal case of sodium azide poisoning in which exchange blood transfusions, charcoal hemoperfusion, hemodialysis and potent vasopressor agents failed to prevent the development of circulatory collapse associated with a wide complex cardiac rhythm is presented. The cellular toxin sodium azide resulted in the development of an altered mental status, profound metabolic acidosis, cardiac arrhythmia (atrial fibrillation and terminal wide complex arrhythmias), a relative decrease in cardiac output, hypotension and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Further animal studies are needed to gain new approaches for the treatment of this rare cause of human poisoning. PMID- 3746990 TI - The pattern of colonic diseases in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. AB - The purpose of this paper is to highlight the incidence and scope of lower gastrointestinal tract (GIT) diseases in the Eastern Province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Between August 1981 and April 1984, 288 patients with significant complaints and physical signs attributable to the lower GIT were prospectively evaluated. A complete patient history was taken in each case followed by physical examination, routine laboratory studies and a sigmoidoscopic examination. In 128 patients (44.5%), sigmoidoscopy and rectal and/or colonic biopsies did not reveal any pathological abnormalities. These patients were considered to have various disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome or parasitic infestation. Eighty-one patients (28%) were found to have mild to moderate non-specific colitis or proctitis. In another 49 patients (17%) the diagnosis of schistosomiasis mansoni was made. Ulcerative colitis and colorectal carcinoma were detected in only 11 (4%) and 4 (1.5%) patients respectively. In the remaining 15 patients (5%), other lower GIT diseases were found. Comparative analysis of the disease pattern in our series has demonstrated some differences from other series from within the Kingdom and also from other countries. PMID- 3746991 TI - Evaluation of conjunctival pallor in the diagnosis of anaemia. AB - The diagnosis of anaemia using conjunctival pallor was evaluated using the concept of predictive values. The presence or absence of pallor in 951 individuals and their haemoglobin levels were matched, defining haemoglobin of 10 g dl-1 or less as representing anaemia. The sensitivity and specificity of the test of pallor were 18.6% and 95.8%, respectively. At 16.3% prevalence of anaemia the positive and negative predictive values were 46.3% and 85.8%, respectively. The findings suggest that conjunctival pallor as a screening test for anaemia may not be very reliable. PMID- 3746992 TI - Smoking habits and disease patterns amongst hospital patients in north-east Nigeria. AB - A survey was carried out between October 1983 and April 1984 on smoking habits and disease patterns in African patients consecutively attending medical departments of two hospitals in Maiduguri, north-east Nigeria. In all 2346 adult patients completed a questionnaire under medical supervision, and the primary diagnosis was also recorded. Of 820 men 124 (15.1%) and of 1526 women five (0.3%) were current cigarette smokers; over 75% of all smokers consumed less than 20 cigarettes a day. Six hundred and four men (73.7%) and 1519 women (99.5%) had never smoked. No patients had bronchial carcinoma or myocardial infarction; one patient had exertional angina and two had emphysema. The high proportion of non smokers amongst the patient population is considered an important factor accounting for the rarity of such diseases. PMID- 3746993 TI - Anthrax in man and cattle in Bangladesh. AB - The occurrence of anthrax in 62 cattle and 27 humans in Pabna milk shed areas of Bangladesh was recorded during 1980-84. There were 62 sick animals: 43 (69%) died, 14 (23%) recovered with penicillin treatment and only five (8%) were slaughtered in a moribund stage, for human consumption. All 27 people who developed malignant pustules were cured with penicillin treatment within 14 days. PMID- 3746994 TI - The vicissitudes of breast feeding. PMID- 3746995 TI - Survey of onchocerciasis within the Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria between 1981 and 1982. PMID- 3746996 TI - The use of partograms by maternal and child health aides. PMID- 3746997 TI - Serum zinc and copper in thin mothers, their breast milk and their infants. PMID- 3746998 TI - Plasma alkaline phosphatase and osteoblastic activity in sickle cell anaemia. PMID- 3746999 TI - A comparative epidemiological study of malaria between children of Northern and Southern Sudan. PMID- 3747000 TI - Gambian children have less salivary secretory immunoglobulin A than British children. PMID- 3747001 TI - Immune response in malnourished children with measles. PMID- 3747002 TI - Breast-feeding and the urban poor in developing countries. PMID- 3747003 TI - Who is ignorant? Rural mothers who feed their well-nourished children or the nutrition experts? The Tanzania story. PMID- 3747004 TI - Breast-feeding and young child nutrition in Uong Bi, Quang Ninh Province, Vietnam. PMID- 3747005 TI - Drought, recession and prevalence of low birth weight babies in poor urban populations of the north-east of Brazil. PMID- 3747006 TI - Blood sampling in neonates and infants. PMID- 3747007 TI - Prevalence of gastroenteritis in four ethnic groups of South African children. PMID- 3747009 TI - Introduction to community health education. PMID- 3747008 TI - Child health strategies in primary health care. PMID- 3747010 TI - Aga Khan Health Services and Aga Khan Foundation Workshop on Community Health Education (London, July 1985). PMID- 3747011 TI - Health education--what messages, for whom? PMID- 3747012 TI - A clinical perspective on aging. AB - Immobility, falls, incontinence, mental confusion and homeostatic disturbances are the major problems encountered in elderly patients. These occur with increasing frequency in the very old (age greater than 85) but studies have shown that the level of disability for those aged 65-84 remains no more than 15-20%. As at all ages, a small proportion of elderly experience most of the clinical problems. To improve our performance in managing these requires education of medical trainees, cooperation between acute and long-term care institutions and a concentrated program of biomedical research. Therapy designed to light up fading receptors or increase neurotransmitter function to maintain cerebral control mechanisms for posture, excretion and appetite control will achieve more than psychosocial or administrative attempts to solve such clinical problems. PMID- 3747013 TI - Some changes of aging. AB - Aging is associated with changes in body composition and physiologic function which are important in altering the response to drugs of elderly individuals frequently requiring changes in dosages. Declining abilities to do work can lead to incapacity in the late '70s. Such incapacity can be reduced by reconditioning but is likely to be exacerbated by the deconditioning associated with acute illnesses or surgery. Changes in autonomic function, particularly orthostatic hypotension and bladder atony, are likely causes of disability in the postoperative period. The major increase in mortality in the elderly in the postoperative period is related to co-morbidity rather than physiologic changes. Healthy elderly individuals can be excellent surgical risks with careful management. Those with co-morbid conditions can have their surgical risk substantially reduced by medical management. PMID- 3747014 TI - Senescent changes in and about the oral cavity and pharynx. AB - Gradual morphologic and physiological changes in mucosa, bone and salivary glands in and about the oral cavity and pharynx bring about certain pathologic conditions occurring with greater frequency in the elderly than in the general population. The paper's intent is to summarize these changes and where possible provide some guidance in the management of the symptoms. PMID- 3747015 TI - The aging face. AB - Facial aging is a dynamic process which continues throughout adult life. Individuals are affected to a variable degree depending on facial motor habits, exposure and susceptibility to damaging ultraviolet radiation, smoking, and the microscopic tissue changes inherent to the aging process. Aside from avoiding smoking and utilizing sunscreens and other solar protection, there is little that can be done to prevent or retard the development of these changes. There is, however, a vast array of corrective procedures which may be utilized in a planned, sequential fashion to deal with age-related deformities as they occur. PMID- 3747016 TI - Head and neck pain in the elderly. AB - Pain in the head and neck region is a common symptom in elderly people, with degenerative disease and neoplasms being the most frequent causes. Pain of neuralgic, orbital and vascular origin requires a multidisciplinary approach. Adequate suppression of pain by appropriate medical or surgical methods is of paramount importance to the patient's well-being even when the underlying disease cannot be cured. PMID- 3747017 TI - Rhinological disorders in the elderly. AB - Aging in the nasal tissues produces anatomical and physiological changes in the elderly. The elderly have a generalized decrease in body water content of 7%, and with the degeneration of mucus-secreting cells, the effectiveness of the mucociliary system is reduced with frequent symptoms of nasal stuffiness. The fragmentation and weakening of the cartilage of the septum also causes airflow changes contributing to nasal stuffiness. The elderly also experience hormonal and metabolic changes which affect the physiologic nasal function. Epistaxis is relatively common in the elderly, and aging changes in the vascular system such as atherosclerosis contribute to the severity of epistaxis. The majority of nosebleeds in the elderly originate anteriorly due to dryness and local trauma. PMID- 3747018 TI - Voice disorders in the elderly. AB - A review of the literature clearly shows that connective tissue degeneration in the larynx, particularly of elastic and collagen fibers, is more prevalent in males than in females. Reinke's edema or polypoidal degeneration of vocal cords may or may not be more common in females. Whether or not the above statements are true, tissue atrophy causes a problem in males because the voice becomes higher pitched, weak or reedy, less masculine, whereas polypoidal change in the older female larynx results in a lower pitch, husky voice that would be acceptable in a male but makes the female voice more male-like and undesirable. Functional misuses of laryngeal muscles come into play when patients try to compensate for these changes. The etiology of dysphonia in the elderly gets even more confusing when psychological factors such as loneliness and depression add their effects to laryngeal muscle misuse. Laryngeal cancer is still probably the most common cause of hoarseness in older persons. Unfortunately the biopsy to rule out cancer in a person who is hoarse from degenerative or functional causes will often greatly worsen the dysphonia and render voice therapy less effective. PMID- 3747019 TI - Head and neck cancer in the elderly. AB - The elderly patient is making up an increasing percentage of our total population and the incidence of head and neck cancer in this group is high. A review of 758 cases seen at the London Regional Cancer Clinic is presented showing the prevalence of the disease in the elderly population and the unique distribution at certain sites of head and neck cancer as they occur. The survival of the elderly patient was found to be similar to that of the younger patient. The special considerations for management of these patients is examined under the following headings: anesthesia risks; reconstruction and wound healing; chemotherapy; and radiotherapy. With improvement in all four areas, outcome for the elderly patient with head and neck malignancy should improve. PMID- 3747020 TI - Hearing loss due to aging (presbycusis). AB - Presbycusis is the progressive hearing loss caused by histologic changes due to aging. Schuknecht described four histopathologic types of presbycusis and correlated these findings to audiometric data. In a retrospective study, some strict criteria were set to distinguish the "pure" cases of presbycusis in a group of 1,181 subjects, 50 years of age and older, seen in our Audiology Clinic over one year; 91 subjects were found to meet these criteria. An attempt was made to fit the pure tone threshold curves into the types described by Schuknecht and correlate these curves to speech discrimination, tone decay, recruitment, age and sex of these subjects. It was found that: (a) only 50% of these audiograms could be fitted into the described histopathologic types, suggesting that in 50% of the subjects, presbycusis was caused by more than one degenerative process; (b) in 86% of subjects, speech discrimination was excellent or good in quiet; this test therefore may not reflect the difficulties presbycusis have in understanding speech under adverse auditory conditions; (c) subjects with flat pure tone threshold curves had generally good discrimination; (d) no differences were found between males and females; and (e) tests for tone decay and recruitment showed that in most cases the hearing loss was due to cochlear pathology, but these data do not exclude the possibility of central auditory involvement. PMID- 3747021 TI - Conductive hearing loss in the elderly. AB - With a steadily increasing proportion of the population in the geriatric age group, otolaryngologists are frequently confronted with conductive hearing losses in elderly patients. An evaluation of audiometric data from an out-patient audiology clinic over a six-month period revealed 13.4% of our geriatric patients presented with significant conductive components to their hearing loss. Advances in anesthetic management and medical therapy have broadened the indications for surgery in this age group. Recent evidence suggests that the results of surgery in the elderly patient are identical to those in younger age groups, and careful attention to associated medical problems can keep the complication rate at an acceptable minimum. In the appropriately selected elderly patient, surgical correction of a conductive hearing loss may well be the preferred option. PMID- 3747022 TI - Special problems of amplification in the elderly. AB - Audiological impairments, including recruitment and poor speech discrimination, in the presence of other socio-psychological factors influence the communication skills and needs in the elderly. Physical limitations may make manipulation of hearing aids difficult. Understanding of the patient's individual needs, combined with counselling and follow-up, is necessary to ensure that amplification is being utilized appropriately. PMID- 3747023 TI - Blatella germanica causing tinnitus and otitis externa. PMID- 3747024 TI - Weight of the normal thyroid gland. PMID- 3747025 TI - Unidirectional 8-MHz continuous wave Doppler equipment can facilitate catheterization of the internal jugular vein. AB - In a prospective study, 8-MHz unidirectional, continuous wave Doppler equipment was shown to improve the success rate of internal jugular vein catheterization. In the first series of 100 patients, punctures were randomly divided into two groups, via the anterior or posterior route, representing the standard technique. The second series of 50 patients underwent punctures guided by the Doppler technique. The Doppler route was successful in 48 test punctures with 47 catheter placements. Via the anterior route, 14 of 50 test punctures were positive, with 11 catheter placements; for the posterior route, test punctures were positive in 25 of 50 cases, with 18 catheter placements. With the Doppler technique, it should be possible to increase the rate of successful catheterization of the internal jugular vein while reducing complications. PMID- 3747026 TI - Infective endocarditis of the aortic valve with evidence of vegetations in the outflow tract of the left ventricle. PMID- 3747027 TI - Rearrangements and insertions in the Moloney murine leukemia virus long terminal repeat alter biological properties in vivo and in vitro. AB - The effects of rearrangement and insertion of sequences in the Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) long terminal repeat (LTR) were investigated. The alterations were made by recombinant DNA manipulations on a plasmid subclone containing an M-MuLV LTR. Promoter activity of altered LTRs was measured by fusion to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene, followed by transient expression assay in NIH 3T3 cells. M-MuLV proviral organizations containing the altered LTRs were also generated, and infectious virus was recovered by transfection. Infectivity of the resulting virus was quantified by XC plaque assay, and pathogenicity was determined by inoculating neonatal NIH Swiss mice. Inversion of sequences in the U3 region containing the tandemly repeated enhancer sequences (-150 to -353 base pairs [bp]) reduced promoter activity approximately fivefold in the transient-expression assays. Infectious virus containing the inverted sequences (Mo- M-MuLV) showed a 20-fold reduction in relative infectivity compared with wild-type M-MuLV, but the virus still induced thymus-derived lymphoblastic lymphoma or leukemia in mice, with essentially the same kinetics as for wild-type M-MuLV. We previously derived an M MuLV which carried inserted enhancer sequences from the F101 strain of polyomavirus (Mo + PyF101 M-MuLV) and showed that this virus is nonleukemogenic. In Mo + PyF101 M-MuLV, the PyF101 sequences were inserted between the M-MuLV promoter and the M-MuLV enhancers (at -150 bp). A new LTR was generated in which the PyF101 sequences were inserted to the 5' side of the M-MuLV enhancers (at 353 bp, PyF101 + Mo M-MuLV). The PyF101 + Mo LTR exhibited promoter activity similar (40 to 50%) to that of wild-type M-MuLV, and infectious PyF101 + Mo M MuLV had high infectivity on NIH 3T3 cells (50% of wild type). In contrast to the nonleukemogenic Mo + PyF101 M-MuLV, PyF101 + Mo M-MuLV induced leukemia with kinetics similar to that of wild-type M-MuLV. Thus, the position of the PyF101 sequences relative to the M-MuLV LTR affected the biological behavior of the molecular construct. Furthermore, PyF101 + Mo M-MuLV induced a different spectrum of neoplastic disease. In comparison with wild-type M-MuLV, which induces a characteristic thymus-derived lymphoblastic lymphoma with extremely high frequency, PyF101 + Mo M-MuLV was capable of inducing both acute myeloid leukemia or thymus-derived lymphoblastic lymphoma, or both. Tumor DNA from both the PyF101 + Mo- and Mo- M-MuLV-inoculated animals contained recombinant proviruses with LTRs that differed from the initially inoculated virus. PMID- 3747028 TI - Genetic analysis of mRNA synthesis in adenovirus region E3 at different stages of productive infection by RNA-processing mutants. AB - Region E3 of adenovirus encodes about nine overlapping mRNAs (a to i) with different spliced structures and with two major RNA 3' end sites termed E3A and E3B. Synthesis of E3 mRNAs was examined by the nuclease-gel procedure at early and late stages of infection by wild-type virus (rec700) and by several E3 deletion mutants. Our results, together with those obtained by electron microscopy (L. T. Chow, T. R. Broker, and J. B. Lewis, J. Mol. Biol. 134:265-303, 1979), suggest that E3 may be differentially regulated at early and late stages at both the promoter and RNA-processing levels. Early after infection, the E3 promoter is used to make mainly mRNAs a and h. Late after infection, the E3 promoter appears to be shut off and the major late promoter is used to make mainly mRNAs d and e. The late L4 mRNA 3' end site is not used early even though early E3 pre-mRNAs transcribe through the L4 RNA 3' end site. The nucleotide 768 951 exon, which is the y leader on many L5 mRNAs, is very abundant late. (Nucleotide +1 is the major E3 transcription initiation site.) Early after infection, the 951 5' splice site is enhanced 5- to 10-fold in the dl712 (delta 1691 to 2122) group of mutants; late after infection, these mutants resemble the wild type. We speculate that the activity of the 951 5' splice site is regulated at early and late stages; it is suppressed early to permit synthesis of mRNA a, and it is activated late to permit synthesis of mRNAs d, e, and L5. With dl719 (delta 2173 to 2237), the 951----2157 splice is enhanced both early and late; we suggest that this deletion enhances the 2157 3' splice site. PMID- 3747029 TI - Intra-arterial streptokinase therapy to relieve acute limb ischemia. AB - One hundred two patients with acute lower limb ischemia were treated with intra arterial streptokinase. Thirty-seven patients had occluded vascular grafts and sixty-five had had no previous vascular surgery. Eighty-six limbs were acutely threatened. Intra-arterial streptokinase was given as an initial loading dose with a lower maintenance dose given afterward. The mean duration of therapy was 59 hours and hematologic monitoring was meticulous. Indications for intra arterial streptokinase therapy were contraindication to surgery, anticipation of technically difficult surgery, and multiple occlusions that required separate surgical approaches. Seventy-two legs were saved (71%) and 30 amputated. Morbidity was low and only 1 of the 11 deaths was attributable to streptokinase. No leg was lost that would otherwise have been saved by straightforward surgery and no leg was lost that had not been previously threatened. In 46 patients for whom emergency femorotibial bypass would have been necessary, 35 legs (76%) were saved. Forty-three patients had vascular reconstruction immediately after streptokinase therapy was stopped, to bypass occlusive lesions that had been demonstrated by the thrombolytic therapy in 28 patients, and because streptokinase had produced no response in 15 patients. The advantages of intra arterial streptokinase in the management of the acutely ischemic leg are that the leg may be saved without surgery, that surgery is not precluded, that the patient can be made as fit as possible for surgery during the streptokinase infusion, and that streptokinase can facilitate surgery by delineating underlying vascular pathologic conditions and clearing distal runoff vessels. PMID- 3747030 TI - Acute aortic occlusion--a multifaceted catastrophe. AB - Eighteen patients whose mean age was 61 years were referred to us with acute aortic occlusion from 1977 to 1985. Ten patients had cardiac emboli (group I) and eight had aortoiliac occlusive disease (group II). Fourteen of these patients had paresis or paralysis. Diagnosis was prompt but the time lapse from onset of symptoms to revascularization averaged 18 hours (group I, 10.3 hours; group II, 26.1 hours). All 10 patients in group I had embolectomy alone; of the eight patients in group II, two had transfemoral thrombectomy and six had bypass procedures. The perioperative mortality rate was 40% in group I and 62.5% in group II. Complications developed in 12 patients (nine died); renal failure occurred in 11, compartment syndrome in nine, adult respiratory disease syndrome in three, acute myocardial infarction in three, disseminated intravascular coagulation in two, and paraplegia in one. No amputations were required in the nine survivors and limb function was restored in eight of these patients. Acute aortic occlusion sets in motion a chain of events that threatens life and limb. Prompt diagnosis and revascularization by the simplest operation are required to decrease morbidity and mortality. PMID- 3747031 TI - Radiation exposure risk to the surgeon during operative angiography. AB - Intraoperative angiography has become an essential adjunct to reconstructive vascular surgery. Therefore, radiation exposure and its potential risks to the performing surgeon need to be known. To study this, we designed experimental and clinical tests quantifying the radiation exposure to the surgeon during different intraoperative angiograms. Radiation exposure to various parts of the surgeon's body was quantified by thermoluminescence dosimetry. During each exposure a surgeon standing one foot from the x-ray tube received an absorbed dose equivalent to 0.24 to 1.4 millirems, which is about half that of an intraoperative cholangiogram. With 5 000 millirems considered the maximum permissible dose, this would imply that an upper limit of about 3 500 intraoperative angiograms each year (68 each week) could be performed safely. Comparatively, abdominal angiography carried the most significant risk (p = 0.01) and peripheral angiography was the least hazardous. Fluoroscopy increased radiation exposure more than four times that of nonfluoroscopic procedures (p = 0.05). The surgeon's extremities received the greatest dose, followed by the eyes and neck, suggesting the need for individual monitoring devices for those parts to be worn by surgeons who perform operative angiograms more frequently than average. Our study indicates that the radiation dose received by the surgeon during operative angiography, especially that of peripheral vessels, is minimal. Operative arteriography is not only a simple and readily available diagnostic tool, but it is quite a safe procedure if applied correctly. PMID- 3747032 TI - Intraoperative fibrinolytic therapy: experimental evaluation. AB - Percutaneous intra-arterial infusion of fibrinolytic agents has emerged as an alternative to embolectomy in selected patients with acute arterial occlusions. The combination of fibrinolytic therapy and embolectomy may be superior to either modality alone. This experiment was designed to determine safety and efficacy of intraoperative fibrinolytic therapy as an adjunct to catheter embolectomy. Forty hind limbs in 20 adult mongrel dogs were embolized with thrombus created in vitro. After 24 hours, bilateral transfemoral embolectomy was followed by intra arterial, intraoperative infusion. Fifteen limbs (control) received 250 ml of saline solution during a 30-minute period; 25 limbs (experimental) received an arterial infusion of 60,000 units of streptokinase during a 30-minute period (SK 30'). In five limbs of each group, 500 units of heparin (H) was added. In five experimental limbs the streptokinase infusion time was increased to 60 minutes (SK 60'). Arteriograms and blood flow measurements were obtained before and after embolectomy (PE) and after infusion (PI); the results were compared. Improvement between the PE and PI angiograms was seen in 20% (3 of 15 dogs) of control subjects. In contrast, improvement after the infusion was evident in 100% (5 of 5 dogs) of dogs given SK plus H 30' (p less than 0.01), in 80% (12 of 15 dogs) of dogs given SK 30' (p less than 0.01), and in 20% (1 of 5 dogs) of dogs given SK 60'. A trend toward increased blood flow was noted in the experimental group. There were no intraoperative complications with hemostasis or postoperative bleeding (36-hour observation). We conclude that intraoperative fibrinolytic therapy in dogs is safe and effective as an adjunct to thromboembolectomy. A human clinical trial is recommended. PMID- 3747033 TI - Extended use of computed tomography in the management of complex aortic problems: a learning experience. AB - Eighty-nine patients with clinical problems arising from the thoracic or abdominal aorta had computed tomography (CT) scans with contrast enhancement in addition to standard aortograms. Forty-four patients had aneurysms, 22 had aortic graft complications, and 23 had aortoiliac occlusion. CT scanning provided diagnostic information not apparent by conventional angiography in 39 patients (43.8%). This additional information did not significantly alter the operative management in 13 patients (14.6%). The helpful information provided by CT in these patients included demonstration of gallstones, renal cysts, anomalous venous structures, horseshoe kidney, and femoral anastomotic aneurysms. However, in 26 of 89 patients (29%), the additional data obtained by CT significantly changed the timing or approach to operative management. Management was altered in 12 of 44 patients (28%) with aneurysms, 7 of 22 patients (32%) with aortic graft complications, and 7 of 23 patients (30%) with aortoiliac occlusive disease or suspected distal thromboembolism. Specific information provided by CT included contained aortic aneurysm rupture, aortic dissection, laminated intraluminal thrombus or pseudointima, extent of perigraft infection, aortic atherosclerosis, anastomotic false aneurysm, and thrombus as a source of distal embolization. Thus, CT had a significant impact on operative management. It serves as a valuable adjunct to aortography in patients with complex aortic problems. PMID- 3747034 TI - Flow waveform assessment of polytetrafluoroethylene grafts for reconstruction of lower extremity arteries. A preliminary report. AB - On the basis of our findings that the outcome of reconstructive surgery for lower limbs could well be predicted by flow waveform analysis, we reviewed femoropopliteal arterial bypass operations involving the use of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts for 35 patients. Of 38 grafts, 26 were PTFE alone, and 12 were PTFE/vein composite grafts. Neither ankle pressure index nor angiographic distal runoff was of predictive value as a prognostic indicator. The cumulative patency rate, calculated by the life-table method, revealed the usefulness of flow waveform analysis for prediction of the outcome of PTFE grafts. In type 0 or I flow, the patency rate was 94% at 1 and 2 years and 79% at 3 years. In contrast, in type II flow, the patency rate was 74% at 1 year, 66% at 2 years, and 49% at 3 years, with a statistical significance at 2 and 3 years (p less than 0.05). Comparison of the result of PTFE grafts with that of PTFE/vein composite grafts showed superior results of composite grafts at 3 years after implantation (42% vs. 83%, p less than 0.05). These findings indicate that flow waveform analysis is useful for prediction of the outcome of PTFE grafts and that PTFE/vein composite grafts should probably be used, particularly in cases of abnormal blood flow. PMID- 3747035 TI - Multiple paradoxical emboli. AB - We report a case of multiple paradoxical emboli involving the common carotid, right subclavian, right renal, celiac, and superior mesenteric arteries. Paradoxical embolus is an uncommon but important cause of acute arterial occlusion. Successful management requires prompt recognition, prevention of further embolization, and treatment directed toward relief of the acute arterial occlusion. PMID- 3747036 TI - A modified extra-anatomic route for revascularization of the lower extremity. AB - Occasionally, the standard medial approach to the popliteal trifurcation and tibial vessels is unusable because of infection in the area. When urgent revascularization is required, an alternative approach must be found. This report describes such an approach, with the use of a lateral tunnel from the calf to the groin and a posterior access to the tibial vessels. This technique was used successfully in our case. PMID- 3747037 TI - An analysis of vascular surgical manpower requirements and vascular surgical rates in the United States. PMID- 3747039 TI - Detection of breast cancer. PMID- 3747038 TI - Trials test new biologic, old therapeutic concept. PMID- 3747040 TI - The effectiveness of voluntary self-exclusion on blood donation practices of individuals at high risk for AIDS. PMID- 3747041 TI - Use of extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy in quadriplegic patients. PMID- 3747042 TI - Eponym's 's: Argyll Robinson, not pseudo-Turner, was e. e. cummings' endocrinologist. PMID- 3747043 TI - Endometriosis. PMID- 3747044 TI - Clinical training for students of foreign medical schools in US hospitals. AB - The purpose of this 18-month study was to identify hospitals in the United States that offered clinical experiences for students of foreign medical schools and to provide descriptive information on the nature and extent of those experiences. All US hospitals were mailed a postcard survey asking whether clinical training was sponsored for students of foreign medical schools. Those that responded affirmatively, as well as all hospitals that did not respond to the postcard survey, received a booklet questionnaire asking for descriptive information on the educational experiences of the foreign medical school students. As of April 1985, only 166 of the hospitals that completed the booklet questionnaire sponsored clinical training for these students. More than half of those hospitals had a major affiliation with a US medical school, and three fourths sponsored at least one accredited residency program. The foreign schools from which the hospitals most often accepted students were located in Mexico and the Caribbean basin. The foreign medical schools exercised little supervision or control over the students or the quality of the educational experiences provided. PMID- 3747046 TI - Fatal reactivation of chronic hepatitis B. PMID- 3747045 TI - The Trauma Score as a triage tool in the prehospital setting. AB - Implementation of a regional trauma care system requires a field triage tool that identifies the severely injured patient and transports him to a trauma center, while preserving the flow of minimally injured patients to community hospitals. We prospectively tested the Trauma Score (TS) as a field triage tool and evaluated its accuracy against that of the Injury Severity Score (ISS), calculated after the patients' injuries were fully defined. During an 18-month period, 1106 patients admitted to the trauma center at San Francisco General Hospital had a TS determined in the field (TS1) and on arrival at the emergency department. A TS1 of 14 or less defined a subgroup of 222 patients in whom 93% of the deaths occurred. Using an ISS of 20 or more as an indicator of life threatening injury, we determined the predictive value of TS1. There were 66 false-negatives (ISS, greater than or equal to 20; TS1, 15 or 16) and 107 false positives (ISS, less than 20; TS1, less than or equal to 14). Using a prehospital TS of 14 or less as an indicator of serious injury, only 20% of a major urban trauma population would qualify for diversion to a trauma center. PMID- 3747047 TI - Endobronchial pulmonary nocardiosis. PMID- 3747048 TI - The utility of therapeutic plasmapheresis for neurological disorders. NIH Consensus Development. PMID- 3747049 TI - Managing liability risk in the office laboratory. AB - New technology has created new responsibilities and new risks for office practitioners who develop and use an office laboratory. Mistakes are bound to occur, but a system organized along the lines suggested is a workable way to minimize the number of mistakes and lessen the consequences of any mistakes that do occur. If a significant problem occurs and these guidelines have been ignored, it is likely they will be used as a framework for inquiry. The benefit to the physician and patient far outweighs the risk of using the new technology and procedures. Any risk is manageable because the physician has the opportunity to control the technology selected, the procedures and protocols used, and the persons involved in the testing process. PMID- 3747051 TI - A throughway is different from a pathway. PMID- 3747050 TI - The journals of the AMA. From cooperation to consortium. PMID- 3747052 TI - Diagnostic and therapeutic technology assessment. Angelchik antireflux prosthesis. AB - In summary, the DATTA panelists felt that the Angelchik prosthesis is effective in relieving gastroesophageal reflux and that the device, along with other types of surgical procedures, is indicated when medical management has failed and when objective evidence of incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter is present. Because the procedure is rapid and requires little dissection, it might be most useful in the elderly and high-risk patient. Notwithstanding such support from the DATTA panelists for the device's efficacy, the majority of DATTA panelists felt that concerns about the safety of the device compromise its clinical utility. Such concern arose from past reports of complications and the panelists' own experience with migration or erosion of the device. Thus, these panelists could not recommend the device's routine use. Additionally, some DATTA panelists considered the development of the Angelchik prosthesis to be unnecessary, as standard surgical techniques, eg, fundoplication, give adequate results. The improved safety statistics reported since 1982 may remove some of these reservations in the future. PMID- 3747053 TI - Advances in understanding of alcoholism initiate evolution in treatment programs. PMID- 3747054 TI - Fine-tuned and loaded, monoclonals treat cancer. PMID- 3747055 TI - Antidrinking campaigns target preadolescents. PMID- 3747056 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Decrease in lung cancer incidence among males--United States, 1973-1983. PMID- 3747057 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Cigarette smoking among public high school students--Rhode Island. PMID- 3747058 TI - Pregnancy and delivery in two women with ovarian failure following nonsurgical transfer of in vivo fertilized uterine ova. PMID- 3747059 TI - Failure of recommended treatment for secondary syphilis. PMID- 3747060 TI - 'Hello, I'm your new doctor'. PMID- 3747061 TI - Lack of health effects of long-term exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p dioxin. PMID- 3747062 TI - Dialysis-associated bone disease. PMID- 3747063 TI - Alcoholism treatment and total health care utilization and costs. A four-year longitudinal analysis of federal employees. AB - This study examines the effect of alcoholism treatment services on overall health care utilization and costs for health insurance enrollees under the Federal Employees Health Benefit Program with Aetna Insurance Company, 1980 through 1983. Claims filed by 1697 treated alcoholics (and their family members) continuously enrolled with Aetna during the study period were examined. In the years prior to initial alcoholism treatment, alcoholics incurred gradually increasing total health care costs on the average. These costs rose dramatically in the six months prior to treatment, began to decline after treatment initiation, and continued to fall during several follow-up years. For alcoholics less than 45 years of age, costs eventually declined to a point comparable with the lowest pretreatment levels. PMID- 3747064 TI - The potentiating effects of alcohol on driver injury. AB - It is well established that alcohol (ethanol) is associated with increased probability of traumatic injury. This relationship has been attributed to alcohol's impairment of judgment and psychomotor performance, leading to increased probability of an injury-producing mishap. Once an accident occurs, it is widely believed that alcohol may protect against injury. However, controlled laboratory studies using animal models indicate that alcohol exacerbates the injurious effects of trauma. In this study, detailed analysis of data from more than 1 million drivers involved in motor vehicle crashes indicates that when the effects of injury-related variables such as safety belt use, vehicle deformation, vehicle speed, driver age, and vehicle weight are taken into account, the drinking driver is more likely to suffer serious injury or death compared with the nondrinking driver. These findings do not support the widespread belief that alcohol is protective against injury, but rather indicate that alcohol increases vulnerability to injury in any given crash. PMID- 3747065 TI - Liver fibrosis in alcoholics. Detection by Fab radioimmunoassay of serum procollagen III peptides. AB - Radioimmunoassays were used to measure serum levels of laminin and of procollagen III peptides, both with the intact antibody and with the Fab fragments, within one week of alcohol withdrawal in 83 alcoholics admitted for detoxification and/or treatment of concomitant medical problems. All patients underwent a diagnostic liver biopsy, which revealed simple fatty liver in 22, perivenular fibrosis in 20, septal fibrosis in 21, and cirrhosis in 20. Although all three serum measurements correlated significantly with the degree of fibrosis, only the Fab radioimmunoassay of procollagen III peptides discriminated between simple fatty liver and perivenular fibrosis in a significant number of subjects. PMID- 3747066 TI - Alcohol and immune defense. PMID- 3747067 TI - Alcohol. Advertising, counteradvertising, and depiction in the public media. Board of Trustees report. PMID- 3747068 TI - Disulfiram will reduce medical complications but not cure alcoholism. PMID- 3747069 TI - Medical education in the United States 1985-1986. PMID- 3747070 TI - 86th annual report on medical education in the United States. PMID- 3747071 TI - Recent events of special interest to medical education. PMID- 3747072 TI - Foreign medical graduates in US graduate medical education. PMID- 3747073 TI - Residents serving without remuneration. PMID- 3747074 TI - Undergraduate medical education. AB - There were 32,893 applicants for the 1985-1986 academic year in US medical schools. Of this number, 17,228 were accepted by at least one school. First-year enrollment equaled 16,929. Because some students were repeating the first year, the number of first-time enrolled students was 16,337. This represents a decrease of 122 students from the previous year. The number of students enrolled in 127 US medical schools in 1985-1986 was 66,604; of this number, 21,624 (32.5%) were women. The estimated number of graduates in 1985-1986 was 16 191. The total enrollment of students of minority groups was 10,964 (16.5%), of which 3556 (5.3%) were black (not of Hispanic origin). The number of full-time medical school faculty was 61,372; another 124,466 were part-time or volunteer faculty. Medical school faculties also have teaching responsibility for a variety of other students, in addition to patient care and research responsibility. The average time needed to complete the curriculum requirements leading to the MD degree is 156 weeks. Twenty-four medical schools offered a combined college-medical school program. The length of these combined programs averaged 265 weeks. Ninety-three percent of students entering medical school in 1985-1986 had completed at least four years of college. More than two fifths of students had a premedical GPA of 3.6 or higher. PMID- 3747075 TI - US medical school finances. PMID- 3747076 TI - Continuing medical education. PMID- 3747077 TI - Allied health education and accreditation. PMID- 3747079 TI - Medical schools in Canada. PMID- 3747078 TI - Medical schools in the United States. PMID- 3747080 TI - Allied health education. PMID- 3747081 TI - US forensic pathologists on a new case: examination of living persons. PMID- 3747082 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee. Monovalent influenza A(H1N1) vaccine, 1986-1987. PMID- 3747083 TI - Cardiopulmonary resuscitation. PMID- 3747084 TI - Acute ischemic retinopathy due to gentamicin injection. PMID- 3747085 TI - Hyperkalemia due to salt substitutes. PMID- 3747086 TI - Ethylene oxide and cancer. PMID- 3747088 TI - Routine prenatal and gynecologic care in prepaid group practice. AB - A survey of routine prenatal and gynecologic care provided by 26 prepaid medical groups to 1 673 895 members and 25 724 obstetrical deliveries per year showed that, in actual clinical practice, there is considerable disagreement over what should constitute routine care. The fact that many providers of care do not adhere to routines recommended by textbooks, professional groups, or legal precedent leads to diversity of routine care. PMID- 3747087 TI - Risks of agranulocytosis and aplastic anemia. A first report of their relation to drug use with special reference to analgesics. The International Agranulocytosis and Aplastic Anemia Study. AB - The risks of agranulocytosis and aplastic anemia in relation to analgesic drug use were evaluated in a population-based case-control study conducted in Europe and Israel. Analgesic use in the week before the onset of illness was compared between 221 cases of agranulocytosis and 1425 hospital controls. Analgesics significantly associated with agranulocytosis were dipyrone (metamizol sodium), indomethacin, and butazones (phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone). For dipyrone, the rate ratio estimate was 23.7 in Ulm, West Germany, West Berlin, and Barcelona, Spain, and the estimated excess risk for any exposure in a one-week period was 1.1 per million. In Israel and Budapest, Hungary, where the rate ratio estimate was 0.8, there was no evidence of excess risk. In all of the regions combined, the rate ratio estimates were 8.9 for indomethacin and 3.8 for butazones, with excess risk estimates of 0.6 and 0.2 per million, respectively. Analgesic use 29 to 180 days before admission was compared between 113 cases of aplastic anemia and 1724 controls. Indomethacin (rate ratio estimate, 12.7), diclofenac sodium (8.8), and butazones (8.7) were significantly associated with aplastic anemia, with estimated excess risks for any exposure in a five-month period of 10.1, 6.8, and 6.6 per million, respectively. PMID- 3747089 TI - Patient advocate or secret agent? PMID- 3747090 TI - On ethics and advocacy. PMID- 3747091 TI - Analgesic risks and pharmacoepidemiology. PMID- 3747092 TI - Harry M. Vars award. The effect of a pectin-supplemented elemental diet on intestinal adaptation to massive small bowel resection. AB - The effect of a pectin-supplemented elemental diet on intestinal adaptation to massive small bowel resection in the rat was investigated in this study. Sixty adult Sprague-Dawley rats underwent placement of a feeding gastrostomy and swivel apparatus. Control animals (N = 16) were then returned to their cages while the remaining animals underwent an 80% small bowel resection and anastomosis (resected, N = 44). Postoperatively, animals were randomly assigned to receive either a fat- and fiber-free elemental diet (no pectin) or the same diet supplemented with 2% pectin (pectin). After 8 days of full strength diet, samples of jejunum, ileum, and colon were obtained for analysis. The weights per unit length of the ileum and colon were significantly greater in the resected pectin group than either the resected no pectin or pectin control groups. Mucosal parameters (unit weight, DNA, RNA, and protein content) were significantly increased in the jejunum and ileum of both the resected pectin and resected no pectin groups relative to their respective control groups. However, jejunal and ileal mucosal parameters were significantly greater (1.3- to 2-fold) for the resected pectin group than for the resected no pectin group. All the mucosal parameters of the colons were significantly greater for the pectin resected group than for the pectin control group, while only colonic mucosal RNA was significantly greater for the no pectin resected group than for the no pectin control group. These data indicate that the addition of pectin to an elemental diet significantly enhanced intestinal adaptation to massive small bowel resection in the rat. PMID- 3747093 TI - Body composition in quadriplegic patients. AB - The nutritional state of 12 patients with quadriplegia, secondary to spinal cord injury, was assessed by determining body composition with a multiple isotope dilution technique. For comparative purposes, similar measurements were obtained in 25 normal volunteers. The mean duration of quadriplegia was 14.8 +/- 8.5 months. All the patients were hospitalized, receiving a regular hospital diet and all were on a similar rehabilitation program. Because skeletal muscle atrophy is extensive in quadriplegics, we had expected a reduced body size, which was otherwise normal in composition, with a comparable decrease in both the body cell mass (BCM) and the extracellular mass (ECM). Instead, a body composition characteristic of malnutrition was observed in an unexpectedly large percentage (58%) of patients. In the normally nourished individual, the BCM and ECM are approximately equal in size. However, in seven of the 12 quadriplegic patients, the body composition was characteristic of malnutrition, with a BCM (13.5 +/- 1.6 kg) which was reduced relative to the ECM (28.7 +/- 1.9 kg). Their body composition was significantly (p less than 0.05) different from the body composition of both the healthy volunteers and the other five quadriplegic patients, whose body composition was normal (BCM = 22.9 +/- 1.5 kg, ECM = 28.5 +/ 1.6 kg). The nutritional state of the quadriplegic patients correlated significantly with the level of spinal cord injury and not with the duration of quadriplegia. PMID- 3747094 TI - Comparison of total nutrient admixture stability using two intravenous fat emulsions, Soyacal and Intralipid 20%. AB - The safe clinical use and physical stability of a total nutrient admixture (TNA) system containing a soybean oil emulsion (Intralipid) has been reported. A study was conducted to compare the physical stability of four admixtures which were divided into two groups based upon the ratios (1:1:1 and 2:1:1) of amino acids (8.5%), dextrose (70%), and fat emulsion (20%). The fat component in each group contained either a new soy bean fat emulsion, Soyacal, or Intralipid. The quantities of all electrolytes, trace elements and vitamin additives were the same. All solutions were stored at 4 degrees C for 28 days and then held at ambient temperature for 5 days for a total 33-day study period. Each admixture was serially analyzed on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, and 33. Examination of gross visual appearance and determinations of pH were performed. Osmolality was measured by means of freezing point depression (Advanced Digimatic Osmometer, Advanced Instruments, Inc., Needham Heights, MA). A Brookhaven particle analyzer was used to measure lipid particle size and particle size distribution. Electron and light microscopy were used to verify maximum particle size and distribution on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 29. The type of lipid emulsion used did not affect the pH or osmolality of the admixtures. Admixtures prepared with the 2:1:1 ratio had slightly higher pH (0.07) and lower osmolality (350 mOsm/kg). The range of mean diameters for the admixtures prepared with Soyacal and Intralipid were 0.283 to 0.310 micron and 0.314 to 0.351 micron, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3747095 TI - Selenium deficiency in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AB - Severe protein-calorie malnutrition is common in patients with AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). These nutritional deficits are likely to further impair immune responses and other organ functions vital for recovery from serious infectious diseases. Since selenium deficiency is known to be associated with oral candidiasis and abnormal phagocytic function in animals and depressed helper T-cell numbers in man, we evaluated both selenium status and other nutritional parameters in 12 patients with AIDS compared to 27 healthy controls. Selenium was measured by a spectrofluorometric method. The mean (+/- SD) plasma selenium level in AIDS was 0.043 +/- 0.01 microgram/ml vs 0.095 +/- 0.016 microgram/ml in controls (p less than 0.001). Whole blood selenium and red blood cell selenium levels were also significantly reduced in AIDS (p less than 0.005). The mean weight loss in AIDS patients was 35.5 +/- 21.2 pounds. Serum albumin was significantly (p less than 0.01) lower in AIDS patients compared to controls. A good correlation between serum albumin and plasma selenium was noted (r = 0.77; p less than 0.001). We conclude that selenium deficiency is a common component of the malnutrition seen in AIDS patients. Therefore, aggressive nutritional support, including attention to selenium status, should be considered an integral part of the therapy of AIDS patients. PMID- 3747096 TI - In vitro contamination of "piggyback/heparin lock" assemblies: prevention of contamination with a closed, positive locking device (Click-Lock). AB - Direct contact and airborne transmission are established modes of microbial contamination of standard intravenous (iv) assemblies such as piggyback and heparin lock. In this study, 60% of the standard iv assemblies inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) at the barrel of their exposed needle grew these organisms when cultured in a Soy Casein Digest Broth (SCDB). Also, 40 closed, positive locking iv assemblies (Click-Lock) were inoculated at possible contamination sites, and none of these assemblies grew S. aureus in a SCDB. These in vitro studies suggest that a closed, positive locking iv assembly such as the Click-Lock device may substantially reduce, and potentially prevent contamination of iv systems. PMID- 3747097 TI - Utilization of prealbumin as a nutritional parameter. PMID- 3747098 TI - Branched-chain amino acids and liver regeneration. PMID- 3747099 TI - Respiratory dysfunction following acute and chronic pump failure of the heart. AB - In order to explore pulmonary dysfunction originating in cardiac decompensation, acquired heart diseases were classified into three selected categories; chronic compensated heart, chronic decompensated heart and acute decompensated heart with severe alveolar edema. Pathophysiology in each category was investigated. Hemodynamic variables were measured by cardiac catheterizations and a variety of pulmonary functions based on respiratory physiology were studied. Severe alveolar edema due to acute pump failure of the heart revealed a significant inverse correlation between PaO2 and PaCO2 indicating the appearance of decreased effective alveolar ventilation with markedly decreased PaO2. A-aDO2 remained still high despite a complete resolution of alveolar edema. There are some possibilities that pulmonary dysfunction might be accelerated by repetition of acute cardiac decompensation in chronic heart diseases. Chronic pulmonary involvements caused by chronically decompensated heart must be stressed most important for comprehensive treatments of cardiac pump failure. Lung volumes considerably decreased but ordinarily there was no obvious airflow obstruction in the large central airways. Chronic compromised lung with giant left atrium, however, showed appreciable decrease in FEV1% (FEV1/FVC), MMF, V50 and V25, indicating an apparent evidence of both central and peripheral airway obstructions. Patients with CTR over 70% were more seriously involved with a significant reduction in lung volumes in addition to total airway obstructions. Under these situations an inverse correlation between PaO2 and PaCO2 in chronic decompensated heart was observed showing a contrast difference in chronic compensated heart. PMID- 3747100 TI - Strategy to manage pump failure due to chronic pulmonary diseases- pathophysiology and treatment of right ventricular overload. AB - The pathophysiology and treatment of pump failure with right ventricular overload due to chronic pulmonary diseases were discussed. When right ventricular overload occurs hypertrophy and dilatation of right ventricle follows and the heart as a whole, including left ventricle, is altered in morphology and function. Therapeutic measures for right ventricular overload are the key to management and treatment of pump failure. Pulmonary hypertension, as an etiological factor, is discussed and is divided into two categories, that is, mild to moderate pulmonary hypertension with hypoxia due to chronic obstructive lung disease, and severe pulmonary hypertension due to pulmonary vascular disease. In each category, effects of oxygen inhalation and vaso-dilating agents were evaluated. Oxygen did not decrease pulmonary vascular resistance in the state of chronic hypoxia, though a vasodilating agent was effective. In pulmonary vascular disease, vaso dilating agents were effective to decrease pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary artery pressure, though the effect was less than 30% down in resistance. PMID- 3747101 TI - [Disseminated intravascular coagulation--pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy]. PMID- 3747102 TI - [Hemodynamics during induced hypotension with continuous administration of nicardipine]. PMID- 3747103 TI - [Influence of calcium channel blocker on adrenal function during the peri operative period]. PMID- 3747104 TI - [Significance of intervals of SCC administrations in the development of phase II block]. PMID- 3747105 TI - [Risk factors for awareness and dreams during general anesthesia]. PMID- 3747106 TI - [Effect of posture on respiratory functions in smokers]. PMID- 3747107 TI - [Plasma heparin levels during extracorporeal circulation and their significance]. PMID- 3747108 TI - [Volume regulation of human erythrocytes against the hypotonic stress and the effects of lidocaine (an experimental and theoretical analysis)]. PMID- 3747109 TI - [Uptake, distribution and elimination of inhalation anesthetics and its analysis by using a personal computer. III. Importance of avoiding voluntary hyperventilation for slow induction with N2O]. PMID- 3747110 TI - [Hemolysis and hemoglobinuria following administration of high dose fentanyl; a case report]. PMID- 3747111 TI - [A case of hemiplegic migraine treated with low-dose aspirin]. PMID- 3747112 TI - [Limitations of conventional mechanical ventilation in the treatment of acute respiratory failure]. PMID- 3747113 TI - [Limitations of respiratory management of COPD and other chronic lung diseases]. PMID- 3747114 TI - [Merits and demerits of IMV (intermittent mandatory ventilation) and MMV (mandatory minute volume)]. PMID- 3747115 TI - [Limitations of PEEP]. PMID- 3747116 TI - [Use of a membrane type artificial lung]. PMID- 3747117 TI - [Inotropic response to glucagon and dopamine of myocardium with depressed contractility]. PMID- 3747118 TI - [Intraoperative monitoring with M-mode transesophageal echocardiography; monitoring of cardiac function by the mitral and aortic valve echograms]. PMID- 3747119 TI - [Plasma and urine ADH levels during open heart surgery with buprenorphine-N2O-O2 anesthesia]. PMID- 3747120 TI - [The effect of buprenorphine on cerebral metabolism in mongrel dogs]. PMID- 3747121 TI - [Cerebral protective, metabolic, and vascular effects of total spinal block]. PMID- 3747122 TI - [The circulatory responses to tracheal intubation--and the effect of epidural anesthesia]. PMID- 3747123 TI - [Effects of ketamine on the unit activity of lamina V type cells of the lumbar dorsal horn]. PMID- 3747124 TI - [Effects of phenol-glycerine on the electrophysiological properties of isolated vagus nerve of the cat]. PMID- 3747125 TI - [A comparative study of lactated Ringer and acetated Ringer solution as intraoperative fluids in patients with liver dysfunction]. PMID- 3747126 TI - [Uptake, distribution and elimination of inhalational anesthetics and its analysis by using a personal computer. IV. Importance of artificial ventilation for rapid awakening during elimination phase]. PMID- 3747127 TI - [Anesthetic management of caesarean section in a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]. PMID- 3747128 TI - [Anesthetic management of plication of the lung cyst in a premature infant]. PMID- 3747129 TI - [Application of an artificial endocrine pancreas in the anesthetic management of the insulin-dependent diabetic woman]. PMID- 3747130 TI - [Changes in food/nutrient intake and cancer mortality in Japan]. AB - In Japan, the age-adjusted mortality rate (AAMR) for stomach cancer has been decreasing since around 1960 in both sexes. Conversely, the AAMRs for the cancers of the colon, pancreas, gallbladder and bile duct, lung, ovary and prostate have been increasing in the last 30 years. In this period, the amounts of intake of carbohydrate, rice and salted foods have decreased and those of fat, animal protein, meats, eggs, daily products, oils and fruits have markedly increased. Changes of the intake of those nutrients and foods may have contributed to the changes of the AAMR for some sites of cancer. PMID- 3747131 TI - [Correlation study of cancer mortality and food consumption]. AB - The geographical relationships between cancer mortality and food consumption were analyzed by means of extensive uses of correlation coefficiencies, factor analysis, multiple regression analysis, cluster analysis and path analysis. The results for the countries in the world varied broadly due to selection of the countries analyzed. The results for prefectures in Japan showed differences between males and females especially with regard to stomach cancer. The present study shows the importance of careful selection of geographical and other variables when making correlation studies. PMID- 3747132 TI - [A case-control study of diet and colo-rectal cancer in Japan]. AB - A case-control study of cancer of the colon and rectum was conducted in Kyoto, Japan. A total 62 cases of cancer of the colon and 52 cases of cancer of the rectum were individually matched by age at interview (+/- 5 years) and sex to same number of hospital controls. Cooking with oil and confectionery were significantly increased risk factors for cancer of the rectum. Margarine was a significantly increased risk factor for cancer of the colon. These results suggests that dietary fat plays an etiologic role in carcinogenesis of the large intestine. Factors already demonstrated or thought to affect the development of colo-rectal cancer were also reviewed. PMID- 3747133 TI - [A comparative case-control study of stomach and large intestinal cancers]. AB - The incidence of stomach cancer, the most common cancer in Japan, has been decreasing, but that of colon cancer has been increasing in recent years. It is assumed that the change of Japanese life style, in particular dietary habits, has influenced the time trends of these gastro-intestinal cancers. In order to identify common, inverse and independent risk factors for the two contrasting cancers, a simultaneous comparative case-control study of both sites of cancers was done using a common questionnaire at the Aichi Cancer Center Hospital in 1981 1984. Its main results suggested that typical Japanese foods were positively associated with stomach cancer whereas western style foods increased the risk of colon cancer but decreased the risk of stomach cancer. It was suggested that a simultaneous comparative case-control study could be useful in identifying common, inverse or independent risk factors for the two contrasting cancers, such as stomach and colon cancers. PMID- 3747134 TI - [A case-control study of prostatic cancer--with reference to dietary history]. AB - The incidence rate of prostatic cancer in Japan is gradually increasing and the factor of its increase can be due to the environmental change "europeanization", especially of the dietary life. A Japanese-dutch case-control study for prostate cancer has been carried out in order to elucidate the environmental risk factors of prostatic cancer. Of Japan side, as far as dietary part of the result is concerned, vitamin A might be risk reducing factor for prostatic cancer when prostatic cancer is compared to benign prostatic hyperplasia or general control. PMID- 3747135 TI - [Associations between ovarian cancer and diet]. AB - With special reference to diet, we epidemiologically assessed the factors which would modify the morbidity of ovarian cancer. As a result of the case-control study, the women with post menopause-occurring ovarian cancer used to eat meat and fish more frequently. This finding is consistent with the results from some correlation studies, which showed the possible association between ovarian cancer and fat consumption. Further, the ovarian cancer patients used to drink milk less frequently. This finding was still significant even if other risk factors were simultaneously taken into consideration. Regarding these results, several etiological inferences were discussed. PMID- 3747136 TI - [A large scale cohort study of dietary habits and cancer mortality]. AB - A large scale cohort study on cancer conducted in Japan for 265118 adults aged 40 and above from 1965 to 1982 revealed a striking risk reducing effect of daily consumption of green-yellow vegetables especially in cigarette smokers. Such effect was observed clearly for cancer of all sites, cancers of mouth and pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, larynx, lung, urinary bladder, and uterine cervix. Beta-carotene, vitamin C, minerals, such as calcium and iron, and dietary fibre rich in green-yellow vegetables must be operating in reducing risk of these cancers. Significance of these findings in preventing cancer in man was discussed. PMID- 3747137 TI - [Dietary habits among smokers]. AB - Differences in dietary habits between smokers and non-smokers were examined, using the data of well-designed case-control study of colon cancer. Smokers took much more coffee, beef and sake than non-smokers, and smokers tended to take meals irregularly. These dietary habits showed dose-response relationship in the amount of smoking. Odds ratio of proportion of smokers with the above four factors to those without any factors was 10.5, and those with two or three factors were 2-6. These results suggest that the interaction of smoking and dietary habits should be analysed in epidemiological study on cancer. PMID- 3747138 TI - [Ecological approach to the eating habits and the cancer mortality of Brazilian people]. AB - Brazil is very big country that is located from tropical (north) to temperate (south) zone. There are very big differences not only on the eating habit but also on the death rate from cancer. People living in the south, takes much meat and milk, and has high mortality rate from cancer, and in the north, people takes vegetable foods and the cancer death rate is very low. Eating habit of the people, both Japanese and Brazilian, living in Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, the south of Brazil, were surveyed and the transition of the cancer death rates were also discussed. The south Brazilian people have very high mortality from esophagus cancer which may be related with very hot mate-tea drinking, and very low mortality from colon cancer, even though their heavy consumption of meat and milk. Breast cancer was the first cause of cancer death in women. Relationships between colon cancer mortality and the eating habit of the south Brazilian people is the most interesting epidemiological problem. PMID- 3747140 TI - [The effect of mutagen-depressive substances in vegetables on benzo(a)pyrene metabolism]. AB - Dietary mutagenicity which was observed as the regional differences corresponded to those of the stomach cancer mortalities seemed to be epidemiologically determined by the food components of the diet, especially those of fresh vegetables. Experimental studies were made on the mutagen-depressive effects of vegetables based upon the preceding observation. The mutagen-depressive substance suggested to be a kind of unsaturated hydrocarbon by two successive treatments using column chromatographic methods. The metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene on rat liver microsome in vitro and stomach gavage in vivo were detected using high pressure liquid chromatography. Both of experiments showed that the active substance accelerated the formation of phenolic compounds and inhibited the formation of diols, thus decreasing the non-metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene. PMID- 3747139 TI - [Combined laboratory/epidemiological studies on endogenous nitrosation and human cancer]. AB - Endogenous formation of carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds has been suspected of being associated with an increased risk for cancer of the stomach, esophagus and bladder, but no convincing epidemiological evidence has been presented. For these reasons, a new, non-invasive method for quantitative estimation of endogenous nitrosation in humans has been developed on the basis of the findings that certain non-carcinogenic N-nitrosamino acids such as N-nitrosproline are excreted unchanged almost quantitatively in the urine. Some results from the application of this method to clinical and epidemiological studies to evaluate the role of endogenous nitrosation in human cancer are presented. PMID- 3747141 TI - [Enhancing effect of a high salt diet on gastrointestinal carcinogenesis]. AB - Epidemiological studies have demonstrated an association of pathological conditions in the stomach with high intake of salted foods. Utilizing a two-step carcinogenesis model in rats treated with MNNG plus high salt diet as the initiator, we concluded the possible promoting effects of sodium chloride in gastric carcinogenesis and compared the results with the actions of other chemicals. Biological changes of the gastric mucosa were examined after chronic administration or a single oral intubation of NaCl. Morphological lesions observed included diffuse mild erosions, atrophy of the glands and hyperplasia of the foveolar epithelium when rats were given 10% NaCl diet chronically. Increased tritiated thymidine labeling index was evident in the pyloric and fundic mucosa after the oral administration of NaCl. These results suggest that NaCl exerts an enhancing effect at both initiation and promotion steps in the two stage model system applied, and that these effects of NaCl are related to its mucosal damaging activity. PMID- 3747142 TI - [The relationship between stomach cancer and intestinal metaplasia of the gastric mucosa and food intake]. AB - The natural history of intestinal metaplasia of gastric mucosa was studied in 414 rural inhabitants; 213 males and 201 females, from Chokai Village in Akita Prefecture in the northeast part of Japan's main island of Honshu. The subjects were examined by a mobile gastrointestinal unit and were biopsied at eight standard points of the gastric mucosa. The specimens were examined histologically, and were divided into 4 grades. The metaplasia index (MI) was adopted as a quantitative expression of the severity of intestinal metaplasia of the gastric mucosa. The MI of the three areas of the village were compared with the different incidences of stomach cancer. The following results were obtained: in gastric mucosa. The average values of the MI among the male population were highest at the high-risk area, low at the low-risk area and intermediate at the moderate-risk area of gastric cancer. Whereas, the values among females showed no differences in these three areas. The risks for stomach cancer also were almost equal. These phenomena would show a very close relationship between intestinal metaplasia and the incidence of stomach cancer. There was a positive correlation (p less than 0.01) between MI and the detection rates of stomach cancer by a mass screening examination in the areas. Study of food intake and especially the salt consumption among the three areas showed a close relationship with intestinal metaplasia. Certain foods seemed to relate to intestinal metaplasia and eventually to stomach cancer. The conclusion was drawn that the development of intestinal metaplasia could be prevented by the improvement of environmental factors especially by that of food intake. Thus, the reduction in the incidence of stomach cancer also would be possible. PMID- 3747143 TI - [Regional differences in gastric cancer mortality and eating habits of people]. AB - One year (continuous 2 days for 12 months) food surveys were held at 5 areas, with different gastric cancer risks, in Akita and Iwate Prefectures. Each food items was counted down the frequency of intake for one year and Food Index (FI, intake frequency of certain food item or food group/number of meals X 100) was calculated and coefficient of correlations with Standardized Mortality Rates (SMRs) of all causes, cancer of all sites and stomach cancer were also calculated. Significant negative correlations were observed between stomach cancer SMR and FIs of cereals, sea weeds, vegetables which served with miso-soup and liliaceae vegetables, and was positive with FI of tomato. Significant positive correlations between SMR of all causes and FIs of wild edible plants, eggplant and green kidney beans, and was negative with FI of cabbage. SMR of cancer of all sites showed positive correlations with FIs of eggs and milks and tomato and showed negative correlations with FI of leak. It seemed that animal foods, except fishes, have higher risks for stomach cancer, cancer of all sites and all causes of death than vegetal foods. PMID- 3747144 TI - [Dietary mutagenicity and stomach cancer epidemiology]. AB - On the comparison of stomach cancer mortality between Akita and Iwate prefectures which locate neighboring in northern Japanese mainland shows marked difference, the former very high and the latter very low. Dietary mutagenicity of inhabitants in the two areas were assayed by Rec-assay using B. subtilis and by Ames test using Salmonella TA 100 and TA 98. Both of the results showed the frequencies of positive mutagenicity were significantly higher in Akita than in Iwate. The food composition of the diets tested was compared among the three groups of mutagen positive, -probable and -negative diets. The positive diet was significantly frequent in broiled meat, grilled fish, salted fish intestine, cooked beans, fried bean curd, sauteed vegetables, salted bracken and sauteed onions. On the other hand, the mutagen-negative diet was significantly frequent in fresh vegetables, cooked potatoes, cooked carrots, milk, bean curd, devils' tongue and confections. The former was called the mutagen-positive food group and the latter the mutagen-negative food group. The mutagenicity tests of each food which belongs to both the groups revealed that the combination of the mutagenic factors and the mutagen-depressive factors in the above mentioned cooked foods caused the variety of mutagenicity of the diet of the inhabitants. A method to evaluate the mutagenic pattern of diet was developed. PMID- 3747145 TI - [The role of epidemiology and experiments in the study of carcinogenesis]. AB - Mutual understanding and collaboration of epidemiologists and experimental scientists are very important for the study of chemical carcinogenesis. This article reviews limitation and prospect of epidemiological and experimental studies: Limitation of epidemiology and roles of experimental studies. Limitation of experimental studies and roles of epidemiology. Collaborations of epidemiologists and experimental scientists. Expectation to epidemiologists in Japan. PMID- 3747146 TI - [The alternation of peripheral lymphocyte subsets in head and neck carcinoma]. AB - Peripheral lymphocyte subsets of 115 patients with head and neck carcinomas were examined by the monoclonal antibody technique. In fresh tumor-bearing, the OKT 4 rate was decreased (P less than 0.01) and the OKT 8 rate was increased (P less than 0.05). Consequently the OKT4/OKT8 ratio was decreased (P less than 0.01) compared with normal healthy individuals. This result shows the abnormality of cellular immunity in carcinoma cases. The OKT4/OKT8 ratio reflected the clinical stages and courses sufficiently and correlated with other immunological parameters. The OKT4/OKT8 ratio is considered to be one of the parameters for elucidating the clinical conditions and immunities of carcinoma patients. PMID- 3747147 TI - [Distant metastases from carcinoma of the oral cavity and pharynx]. AB - Distant metastases were detected clinically in 25 (14%) of 173 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and pharynx admitted from 1975 to 1982. The probability of distant metastases was higher in patients with advanced tumor (stages III and IV: 21%; T4: 27%; N3: 37%), lymphoepithelioma (57%) and in patients with a decreased lymphocyte count in the peripheral blood at presentation (less than 1300/microliter; 58%). The incidence of metastases in advanced cases was 45% in the oropharynx, 24% in the nasopharynx and 20% in the oral cavity. Whether the regional tumor had been controlled or not in advanced cases, there was no difference between the incidence and the period of detection of distant metastases. PMID- 3747148 TI - [Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) in gastric and colorectal cancer]. AB - Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) was studied in 20 gastric and colorectal cancer patients by the microtest plate assay with sheep erythrocytes as the target cells. In cancer patients (with both good and poor prognosis), the peripheral K-cell level showed a significant decrease as compared with that of normal subjects. No meaningful difference of the K-cell level was observed between the good and poor prognosis groups. For the purpose of the follow-up of cancer patients, the determination of the K-cell level was useful only when time-lapse examination were performed in the same case. PMID- 3747149 TI - [Limits of detection of nuclear DNA aneuploidy by FCM]. AB - The limits of FCM detection of nuclear DNA aneuploidy were determined by simulation of the relationship between the coefficient of variation (CV) and DNA difference of two populations using a microcomputer. Under ideal conditions, the minimal DNA difference necessary for a bimodal peak is almost twice the CV. When the DNA difference is below the value, a single peak with a large CV and/or a shoulder is formed. Cases with a larger CV than expected in a single population should be practically treated as a population mixed with the near-diploid line. PMID- 3747150 TI - [Pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma curatively resected by pancreaticoduodenectomy]. AB - The incidence of acinar cell carcinoma among malignant pancreatic tumors is about 1%, and the prognosis is reported to be poor. We resected an acinar cell carcinoma that had arisen on the pancreatic head by pancreaticoduodenectomy in December 1983. This tumor occupied the pancreatic head, and it measured 10 X 9.5 X 9.5 cm. The microscopic findings showed that the tumor cell was well differentiated and acinar formation was uniform. The growth of the tumor was expansive, and the lesion was clearly capsulated by fibrous tissue. There was no lymph node metastasis, so the curative operation was performed by the enbloc resection of the tumor. Zymogen granules in the tumor cells were confirmed by electron microscopy. Consequently, we concluded that the origin of the tumor was acinar cells. PMID- 3747151 TI - [Subdural hematoma associated with dural carcinomatosis of gastric cancer and DIC]. AB - We report a rare case of subdural hematoma associated with dural carcinomatosis of gastric cancer and DIC. Such subdural hemasma is supposed to be caused by tumor cell embolism in the dural vessels and DIC. Most cases show acute clinical symptoms such as consciousness disturbances, and their prognosis is extremely poor. PMID- 3747152 TI - [Retroperitoneal liposarcoma with various histological figures]. AB - A case of retroperitoneal liposarcoma consisting of three large nodules with three different types of histologic findings is presented. A 69-year-old man was diagnosed as having a malignant tumor in the retroperitoneum and underwent successful tumor extirpation. The resected tumor had three different type of nodules, 18 X 15 X 7.0 cm, 8 X 15 X 4.0 cm, 15 X 10 X 2.5 cm in size, respectively. The histologic examination revealed myxoid, well-differentiated fibrosing and lipoma-like liposarcoma type, respectively. Chemotherapy was undertaken postoperatively, and there is no evidence of recurrence two years after surgery. PMID- 3747153 TI - [Bladder tumor presenting multiple osteoblastic bone metastases]. AB - A 67-year-old man who had undergone partial cystectomy for a bladder tumor (stage pTlb) about two years earlier, was seen with the complaint of lumbago. KUB examination revealed multiple osteoblastic lesions at the lumbar vertebrae and pelvic bone. Furthermore, additional osteoblastic lesions were detected at the thoracic vertebrae, ribs, humeral bones, femoral bones and claviculae. Osteolytic lesions also were recognized at the ribs and claviculae, although osteoblastic change was dominant. Pathologically, transitional cell carcinoma had invaded the bones, and it was suspected that they had metastasized from the bladder tumor. PMID- 3747154 TI - [Bilateral simultaneous upper urothelial tumors--6 and a half years postoperative follow-up study]. AB - A 67-year-old man was admitted with the chief complaint of asymptomatic intermittent gross hematuria on June 22, 1978. No tumor was found cystoscopically. But urinary cytology indicated class IV. X-ray investigations showed a right renal pelvic tumor and left nonfunctioning hydronephrosis. Partial resection of the right renal pelvis and left nephroureterectomy were performed on August 11, 1978, because of his refusal to under go hemodialysis after radical surgery. A thumb-sized tumor was found in the left midureter. Histopathological diagnosis was equally transitional cell carcinoma grade 1 and 2, stage A. He refused adjuvant therapy. No recurrence or metastasis was detected until his death from myocardial infarction on October 4, 1984. Autopsy was not done. PMID- 3747155 TI - [A surgical case of submucosal esophageal carcinoma with esophageal leiomyoma misdiagnosed as esophageal]. AB - A 56-year-old man with submucosal esophageal carcinoma combined with esophageal leiomyoma is presented. He had suffered from progressive dysphagia and vomiting. X-ray and endoscopic examination revealed severe stenosis of the lower esophagus with smooth mucosa, and CT scan demonstrated a circular and localized tumor. The histological diagnosis of esophageal leiomyoma was made by means of surgical biopsy. Resection of the lower esophagus and upper stomach was performed. But the postoperative pathological examination revealed submucosal esophageal squamous cell carcinoma combined with esophageal leiomyoma. The etiology and diagnosis in this case were discussed. PMID- 3747156 TI - [Histologic extension of lobular carcinoma--study of a case of infiltrating lobular carcinoma accompanied by various patterns of lobular proliferation]. AB - Histologic examination using serial sections of a mastectomy specimen from an ILC patient with LCIS and unusual lobular proliferation showed the following: 1) Cancer cells and their infiltration patterns varied and were not typical of ILC, so that this case was categorized as ILC partially possessing some histologic features of IDC. 2) Unusual lesions of proliferation, which were initially regarded as ALH, consisted of both pure ALH and ILC invading the ALH and normal lobules. For the correct diagnosis of ALH in biopsy specimens, therefore, we must bear in mind the (possible) concomitant presence of ILC. 3) The histologic criteria for ALH and ILC must be defined more clearly. PMID- 3747157 TI - [Synovial osteochondromatosis of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe]. AB - Synovial osteochondromatosis is an uncommon lesion in the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe. The condition is usually monoarticular, involving a large joint. Common locations include the knee, elbow, shoulder, hip and ankle. The histopathology is one of apparent cartilaginous bodies. Since these cartilage cells often display nuclear atypism, an accurate diagnosis is essential to avoid the erroneous diagnosis of chondrosarcoma. A case of synovial osteochondromatosis as it occurs in the metatarsophalangeal joint is presented, and this condition is discussed with a review of the literature. PMID- 3747158 TI - [Postoperative recurrence and death rates of poorly differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid]. AB - Postoperative recurrence and death rates of 54 cases of poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma were analyzed. The rates of recurrence of 18 widely resected cases during 1979 and 1981 and 36 patients undergoing conventional surgery during 1965 and 1978 were 22.2% and 50%, respectively. The difference between the figures was statistically significant (p less than 0.05). The death rates of the two groups were 5.6% and 41.7%, respectively. These results indicate that wide resection is appropriate in the surgical treatment of the thyroid. PMID- 3747159 TI - [Thermographic diagnosis of breast disease]. AB - Breast thermography was applied to 372 patients (49 with breast cancer and 323 with benign disease) between June 1984 and May 1985 at this Cancer Center. The thermographic findings obtained were quantitated and subjected to multivariate analysis to establish the diagnostic criteria for breast thermography. The result of diagnosis using the criteria revealed 87.8% as the sensitivity ratio and 67.8% as the specificity ratio. Even nonpalpable breast cancer could be diagnosed correctly. These facts and the noninvasive characteristics of this method indicate its validity as a screening test. PMID- 3747160 TI - [Tissue CEA as a prognostic factor in advanced and recurrent breast cancers]. AB - We stained tissue CEA in specimens of 25 advanced and reccurrenced breast cancers using the PAP method. We concluded the following: Tissue CEA positivity was 56.0% (14 out of 25 cases). Tissue CEA positivity was not correlated with age, clinical stage or histological type of primary breast cancer. Tissue CEA-positive breast cancers tended to have multiple distant metastases and very poor prognoses as opposed to negative ones. PMID- 3747161 TI - [Histopathogenesis of intestinal metaplasia--minute lesions of intestinal metaplasia in the ulcer-bearing stomach]. AB - More than 18,000 serial sections were performed in 10 ulcer-bearing gastrectomy specimens with mild intestinal metaplasia and containing minute lesions of intestinal metaplasia composed of a few metaplastic tubules, which often had an onion skin-like appearance. Fifty-two minute lesions could be reconstructed and examined three-dimensionally in these serial sections. As a result of this study, these minute lesions showed, without exception, a very close resemblance to a hen's egg or globe and had a dimple at the center. Moreover, we could detect minute lesions of intestinal metaplasia in which erosion and indifferent epithelia coexisted. From the various circumstantial findings, it was demonstrated that these lesions originated in the regenerative process of erosions. PMID- 3747162 TI - [Induced hypertension chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy in 44 advanced cancer patients]. AB - This report presents the results of induced hypertension chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy for 44 advanced cancer patients (involving locoregional and/or remote recurrences). The lesions were 16 breast cancers, five soft tissue sarcomas, four lung cancers, four malignant lymphomas, three uterine cancers, two tongue cancers, and one parotid gland cancer, soft palate cancer, malignant thymoma, pancreatic cancer, vaginal cancer, urinary bladder cancer and rectal cancer each. The results, ive., eight complete remissions, 20 partial remissions and 16 cases of no change, were almost satisfactory. PMID- 3747163 TI - [Production and clinical study of monoclonal antibodies against liver ferritin]. AB - Monoclonal antibody (mAb.) against liver ferritin was produced by immunization of human liver ferritin. Using this mAb., an RPHA system for measurement of the serum ferritin level was established. This system had a good correlation coefficient (0.8625) with the RIA method and could measure levels of more than 2 ng/ml. The reactivity to heart ferritin in this RPHA system was not distinguished from that to liver ferritin. The positive rate in various conditions was as follows: 68.6% in pancreatic cancer, 59.1% in hepatoma, and 18% in healthy individuals. In pancreatic cancer and hepatoma, the serum ferritin levels were statistically higher than in healthy subjects or those with chronic pancreatitis. PMID- 3747164 TI - [Combination chemotherapy with vincristin, actinomycin D, cyclophosphamide and adriamycin in soft-part sarcoma]. AB - Fifteen patients with soft-part sarcoma were treated with combination chemotherapy consisting of vincristin, actinomycin D, cyclophosphamide and adriamycin (VACA therapy). The cumulative five-year survival rate by the Kaplan Meier method was about 73%. This VACA therapy was effective for malignant fibrous histiocytoma and synovial sarcoma as well as rhabdomyosarcoma. Side effects such as anemia, leucocytopenia, nausea and alopecia were observed, but could be managed. VACA therapy is considered to be useful as a combination chemotherapy for patients with soft-part sarcoma. PMID- 3747165 TI - [Study of the antithrombin III (AT III) pattern in crossed immunoelectrophoresis]. PMID- 3747166 TI - [Evaluation of the new staging classification for non-Hodgkin's lymphomas]. PMID- 3747167 TI - [Assay of plasma heparin and heparin-antithrombin III complex--studies in normal volunteers and thromboembolic patients]. PMID- 3747168 TI - [Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia accompanied by marked plasmacytosis in the terminal stage: report of a case]. PMID- 3747169 TI - [Impaired platelet response to thromboxane A2 in a patient with a bleeding disorder]. PMID- 3747170 TI - [A case of acute non-lymphocytic leukemia with proliferation of myeloblasts and megakaryocytic lineages]. PMID- 3747171 TI - [Hemorrhagic tendency associated with hyperfunction of clot retraction]. PMID- 3747172 TI - [A case of frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome with remarkable bleeding symptoms appearing and disappearing]. PMID- 3747173 TI - [Ultrastructural study of a case of acute basophilic leukemia--observation of the large membrane complexes and a hypothesis of basophil granule formation]. PMID- 3747174 TI - [A case of chronic relapsing thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)]. PMID- 3747175 TI - [Blood platelets and thrombosis]. PMID- 3747176 TI - [Essential hypertension]. PMID- 3747177 TI - [Hypertension: introductory theories]. PMID- 3747178 TI - [Pharmacology of antihypertensive agents]. PMID- 3747179 TI - [Treatment of essential hypertension--chemotherapy]. PMID- 3747180 TI - [Secondary hypertension]. PMID- 3747181 TI - [Various types of hypertension]. PMID- 3747182 TI - [A listing of antihypertensive agents]. PMID- 3747183 TI - [Hypertension: general theories]. PMID- 3747184 TI - [Future of medical care and moral virtue in clinical pathology]. PMID- 3747185 TI - [Basic problems of CEA as a tumor marker]. PMID- 3747186 TI - [Some aspects on immune responses and immunity to parasitic infections]. PMID- 3747187 TI - [Lactate dehydrogenase subunit deficiencies]. PMID- 3747188 TI - [LDH-H subunit deficiency]. PMID- 3747189 TI - [LDH-H, M subunit variant]. PMID- 3747190 TI - [Immunoglobulin linked ALP]. PMID- 3747191 TI - [CK anomaly]. PMID- 3747192 TI - [Structural abnormalities of immunoglobulins]. PMID- 3747194 TI - [Discovery of new types of thyroid diseases]. PMID- 3747193 TI - [Genetic abnormalities of plasma apolipoproteins]. PMID- 3747195 TI - [Clinical laboratory--II]. PMID- 3747196 TI - [Study on erythrocyte oxygen dissociation activity in non-acidotic diabetic patients and their complications]. PMID- 3747197 TI - [Studies on N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity and its isoenzyme in pregnancy]. PMID- 3747198 TI - [Quantitative determination and normal diurnal and age response of four components of 17-OHCS in urine by high performance liquid chromatography]. PMID- 3747199 TI - [Distribution of amino acids among spots of dried blood specimens on filter paper from newborn infants]. PMID- 3747200 TI - [Occurrence of lactate dehydrogenase linked immunoglobulin (LDH-Ig) and its clinical significance]. PMID- 3747201 TI - [Rapid detection of anti-Campylobacter jejuni antibodies by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in the patients with acute enteritis. (II)]. PMID- 3747202 TI - [Histogenesis of carcinoma of gallbladder. Histological study of serial sections of 1000 cases of resected gallbladder]. PMID- 3747203 TI - [Clinical chemistry: problems and solutions]. PMID- 3747204 TI - [Hemostatic tests in newborn infants]. PMID- 3747205 TI - [Reference values of laboratory tests in the perinatal period]. PMID- 3747206 TI - [Laboratory tests for autoimmunity in pregnancy]. PMID- 3747207 TI - [Neonatal screening--present and future]. PMID- 3747208 TI - [Measurement of urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase isoenzymes and its clinical evaluation]. PMID- 3747209 TI - [Urinary and serum N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activities in clinical significance]. PMID- 3747210 TI - [Elimination of bilirubin interference on creatinine determination (kinetic Jaffe method) using bilirubin oxidase]. PMID- 3747211 TI - [Four cases of infection by Campylobacter fetus ssp. fetus]. PMID- 3747212 TI - [Clinico-pathological study of gallbladder diseases--V. Adenoma of the gallbladder]. PMID- 3747213 TI - [Clinical aspect of renal failure]. PMID- 3747214 TI - [Cardiopulmonary changes in renal failure]. PMID- 3747215 TI - [Radiological manifestations of renal osteodystrophy]. PMID- 3747216 TI - [Radiologic diagnosis of the urinary tract in renal failure]. PMID- 3747217 TI - [Dynamic CT of renal dysfunction]. PMID- 3747218 TI - [Soft part calcification in chronic renal failure]. PMID- 3747220 TI - [Surgery and combined modality therapy of esophageal cancer]. PMID- 3747219 TI - [Reflux to the inferior vena cava observed on radionuclide angiography]. PMID- 3747221 TI - [Roentgenologic appearance of vertebral osteomyelitis]. PMID- 3747222 TI - [A case of non-calcifying chondrosarcoma of the larynx]. PMID- 3747223 TI - [A case of uterine cervical carcinoma showing an interesting clinical course with PS-K after radiotherapy]. PMID- 3747224 TI - [A case of eccrine poroepithelioma]. PMID- 3747225 TI - [Detection of antibodies to cultured human melanoma cells by mixed passive haemagglutination]. PMID- 3747226 TI - [Two cases of primary cutaneous plasma cytosis--the localized type of primary cutaneous plasmacytosis: a new clinical entity?]. PMID- 3747227 TI - [Water-holding capacity in the middle layer of the stratum corneum]. PMID- 3747228 TI - [Epidermolysis bullosa atrophicans generalisata mitis: Report of the first case in Japan]. PMID- 3747229 TI - [Study of hair discs]. PMID- 3747230 TI - [The relation between dermatomyositis and polymyositis]. PMID- 3747231 TI - [Therapeutic efficacy of vancomycin hydrochloride, a nonabsorbable antibiotic, on intractable (lactulose resistant) chronic hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients]. PMID- 3747232 TI - [Experimental study on chronic sclerosing papillitis]. PMID- 3747233 TI - [A pathohistological study on the intrapancreatic artery in patients with chronic pancreatitis]. PMID- 3747234 TI - [A case of giant pseudocyst of the liver formed by metastasis of gastric cancer]. PMID- 3747235 TI - [Effects of omeprazole, a benzimidazole derivative, on the gastric mucosal blood flow in chronic gastric ulcer in humans]. PMID- 3747236 TI - [Effect of ethanol on the intestinal uptake of endotoxin]. PMID- 3747237 TI - [The correlation between nuclear DNA content and growth rate in colonic cancer]. PMID- 3747238 TI - [Culture of isolated Ito cells (fat-storing cells)]. PMID- 3747240 TI - [New percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage catheter--vinyl chloride with a silicone balloon]. PMID- 3747239 TI - [Effect of bile acid side chains on dissolution of CaCO3]. PMID- 3747241 TI - [Morphometrical studies on structural alterations of gastric glands induced in rats by repeated administration of human bile]. PMID- 3747242 TI - [Malignant transformation of a gastric hyperplastic polyp]. PMID- 3747243 TI - [Mast cell ultrastructure of the normal human stomach--mucosal vs. connective tissue subgroups]. PMID- 3747244 TI - [Effects of cimetidine and a PGE1 derivative on the gastric mucosal blood flow in rats under hypoxia]. PMID- 3747246 TI - [Studies on albumin synthesis in the partially hepatectomized or carbontetrachloride-injured rat liver, by using 15N]. PMID- 3747245 TI - [A study on the role of the microtubules in water and electrolyte transport in the rat intestine]. PMID- 3747247 TI - [The evaluation of serum type III procollagen-N-peptide on fatty liver in obese patients]. PMID- 3747248 TI - [The manner of immune complex deposition on the glomeruli in acute serum sickness induced by cationized ferritin]. PMID- 3747249 TI - [Pathomorphological investigation on apoferritin induced experimental crescentic glomerulonephritis]. PMID- 3747250 TI - [Follow-up study of glomerular lesions in aminonucleoside nephrosis]. PMID- 3747251 TI - [The effectiveness of cocktail therapy in the early treatment of children with MPGN type I, with special regard to remarkable histological improvement]. PMID- 3747252 TI - [Characteristics of glomerular lesions in hepatitis B virus infection]. PMID- 3747253 TI - [Role of aluminium and magnesium effects on initiation and promotion of renal osteodystrophy in patients with chronic renal failure]. PMID- 3747254 TI - [Effects of 1,24 R-dihydroxycholecalciferol on the calcium metabolism and renal function in predialysis chronic renal failure]. PMID- 3747255 TI - [Tendon rupture in patients on chronic dialysis]. PMID- 3747257 TI - Serum cholesterol and nutrition in Japan. PMID- 3747256 TI - [A study of cardiac abnormalities in patients with end-stage renal failure with mitral annular calcification]. PMID- 3747258 TI - An analysis of long-term L-dopa therapy in 122 cases of Parkinson's disease over 14 years--when should L-dopa therapy be initiated? AB - L-Dopa was administered to 122 patients with Parkinson's disease over a time period up to 14 years. The results were summarized below. The akinesia and postural instability scores were significantly improved up to the 9th year. The rigidity and static tremor scores and the Parkinson score were significantly improved up to the 11th year. The Yahr stage was significantly improved up to the 8th year. The time course of Parkinson score was investigated in three groups, Yahr stage I/II group, Yahr stage III group, and Yahr stage IV/V group, taking into account the time interval between the onset of the disease and initiation of L-dopa therapy. No significant difference was found among the three groups. The above results suggested that the long-term prognosis of patients on L-dopa therapy in Japan was better than in Western countries. It was also though that L dopa therapy should be instituted at the earliest possible stage of the disease. PMID- 3747259 TI - Activities of 2'-5'oligoadenylate synthetase in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with viral hepatitis, and chronic type B hepatitis during interferon therapy. AB - The activities of the interferon-induced enzyme 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were determined in patients with viral hepatitis. Increased levels of the enzyme were found in patients with acute type B hepatitis at the early phase and also in those with chronic type B hepatitis at the active stage. The levels of this enzyme activity were not significantly increased in patients with acute type A hepatitis or in those with acute type non A non B hepatitis. However, in two patients with acute type A hepatitis the levels of this enzyme were elevated shortly at the onset. These results support the hypothesis that an endogenous interferon response in patients with acute type A hepatitis and in those with acute type B hepatitis may be instrumental in the modulation of these types of hepatitis virus infections. Whereas hepatitis non A non B virus replication in patients with acute type non A non B hepatitis may be associated with poor interferon response. The activities of the enzyme in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were determined in patients with chronic type B hepatitis during interferon therapy. Increased levels of the enzyme were found in all patients during interferon therapy. This increase correlated well with the decreased DNA-polymerase activities. The data also showed that assay of this enzyme activity is useful to determine the optimal dosage and means of interferon therapy for chronic type B hepatitis. PMID- 3747260 TI - Methionine partially corrects the impaired deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis of B12 deficient megaloblastic bone marrow cells at low concentration. AB - The effects of methionine on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis of B12 deficient megaloblastic bone marrow cells were investigated over a wide concentration range. Deoxyuridine (UdR) incorporation and the UdR suppression test were employed as an indicator for DNA synthesis. Only a low and limited concentration range of methionine improved significantly the impaired DNA synthesis of megaloblastic cells, although the extent of improvement was less than those by either B12 or folate. Higher concentrations of methionine (greater than or equal to 150 micrograms/ml), however, were suppressive for both megaloblastic and normoblastic cells. In contrast, homocysteine did not affect DNA synthesis of megaloblastic cells at low concentration. Improving effect of methionine at low concentration appeared to be characteristic to megaloblastic cells, since such effect disappeared on hematologic recovery following B12 administration. PMID- 3747261 TI - Investigation of regional differences in water and electrolyte absorption across the human colon by in vivo perfusion method. AB - Colonic perfusion studies were performed to evaluate regional differences in water and electrolyte absorption across the human colon. In 19 healthy male volunteers, a 5-lumen tube with two balloons was inserted into the colon by the endoscopic retrograde bowel insertion (ERBI) method and a 25 cm segment of either the right or the left colon was perfused with an isotonic electrolyte solution simulating the fasting ileal content at a rate of 5 ml/min. Additionally into 5 subjects of the right colon and 5 subjects of the left colon, PSP solution was injected and mean transit time was calculated by the dilution method. Higher absorption rates of water, Na and Cl were observed in the right than in the left colon. Mean transit time was longer in the left than in the right colon. It was considered that the right colon had greater absorptive capacity than the left. The colonic perfusion study by the use of ERBI method made it possible to determine the absorption of water and electrolytes in the right and left colon directly in man, and would be useful to elucidate the pathophysiology of colonic diarrhea. PMID- 3747262 TI - Hyperlipemia in alcohol-induced pseudo-Cushing's syndrome. AB - In the criteria of alcohol-induced pseudo-Cushing's syndrome (APCS) hyperlipemia has not been included. We encountered the first case with hyperlipemia. PMID- 3747263 TI - Effects of desipramine and chlorimipramine on buprenorphine analgesia in mice. AB - The effects of the tricyclic antidepressants desipramine HCI and chlorimipramine HCI on buprenorphine HCI antinociceptive activity were studied in mice using the hot-plate and the tail-flick methods. In the hot-plate test, desipramine caused a transient antinociceptive effect at low doses, but it decreased buprenorphine analgesia. Chlorimipramine in this test caused a more sustained antinociceptive effect, especially at relatively higher doses, and it did not significantly change buprenorphine analgesia. In the tail-flick test, desipramine either reduced or increased the tail-flick latency in a dose-specific manner, and chlorimipramine (10 mg/kg) significantly increased the tail-flick latency. Desipramine (1 mg/kg) caused a decrease followed by an increase in buprenorphine analgesia. Desipramine (5 and 10 mg/kg) caused significant increases in buprenorphine analgesia. All doses of chlorimipramine (1, 5 and 10 mg/kg) caused significant increases in buprenorphine analgesia. Thus, depending on the test employed, buprenorphine analgesia was modified differently by these tricyclics. Biochemical data suggested a greater role for brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) than noradrenaline in tricyclic analgesia. PMID- 3747264 TI - Mechanisms of inhibitory action of phenylephrine in guinea-pig taenia coli. AB - The effect of phenylephrine, an alpha-agonist, on the Ca movements and the influence of removal of external Na+ on the relaxant activity of phenylephrine were examined in the taenia coli of guinea pigs. Phenylephrine (10(-7)-10(-5)M) caused dose-dependent relaxation of the taenia coli contracted by 20 mM KCl in Locke-Ringer solution. Phenylephrine (10(-5) M) suppressed the spike discharges of the taenia coli evoked by 20 mM KCl without affecting the membrane potential, and this was accompanied by the muscle relaxation. Phenylephrine also inhibited the cellular 45Ca-uptake in the taenia coli, but had no discernible effect on the 45Ca-efflux from the smooth muscle. These effects of phenylephrine were not observed in a Na-free solution or in the highly depolarized smooth muscle. These findings suggest that the inhibition of Ca-influx in the taenia coli may be involved in the phenylephrine-induced relaxation in the partly depolarized tissue. Reasons for reduction of phenylephrine action encountered under the Na free condition were also discussed. PMID- 3747265 TI - Studies of monoamine oxidase and semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase. I. Inhibition by a selective monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor, MD 780236. AB - In vitro studies of the effect of MD 780236, a selective monoamine oxidase (MAO) B inhibitor, on a semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) in rat testis and lung showed that this compound dose-dependently inhibited SSAO activity. The extents of inhibition of MAO-A, -B and SSAO in these two rat tissues by this compound after 30 min of preincubation were found to be MAO-B greater than MAO-A greater than SSAO. This selectivity was also evident in preparations without preincubation. Degree of inhibition of SSAO was not significantly influenced by pretreatment with either 10(-3) M clorgyline, I-deprenyl or 10(-4) M SKF 525A. Inhibition of SSAO was not enhanced by varying the time of preincubation of the enzyme and the compound, indicating direct action on and reversible inhibition of SSAO. The inhibition of SSAO by MD 780236 was non-competitive with or without preincubation, with a K1 value of 110 muM. Although MD 780236 is a selective and "suicide substrate" inhibitor of MAO-B, these present results indicate that this compound may also inhibit SSAO activity, but by a mechanism different from that for MAO-B. These findings confirm an earlier hypothesis that compounds that inhibit both MAO and SSAO have totally different modes of action on these two different amine oxidases. PMID- 3747266 TI - Studies of monoamine oxidase and semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase. II. Inhibition by alpha-methylated substrate-analogue monoamines, alpha methyltryptamine, alpha-methylbenzylamine and two enantiomers of alpha methylbenzylamine. AB - The alpha-methylated substrate-analogue monoamines, dl-alpha-methyltryptamine, dl alpha-methylbenzylamine and two optical isomers of alpha-methylbenzylamine, were shown to be inhibitors of rat lung semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO), with dl-alpha-methyltryptamine being the most potent and d-alpha methylbenzylamine, the least. The three compounds, dl-alpha-methyltryptamine and the two isomers of alpha-methylbenzylamine also inhibited rat brain monoamine oxidase (MAO)-A and -B with a greater selectivity towards MAO-A. Preincubation of rat lung and brain homogenates with either of these compounds revealed that the inhibition of MAO and SSAO is reversible. The modes of inhibition of MAO-A and -B were competitive with the substrates tested. However, inhibition of SSAO by dl alpha-methyltryptamine was found to be a mixed type (with a Ki value of 47 microM) and those by the racemic form and two isomers of alpha-methylbenzylamine were non-competitive (with Ki values of 90 microM for the racemic compound, 1070 microM for the d-isomer and 72 microM for the l-isomer). The present results indicate that SSAO can recognize optical isomers and that some alpha-methylated monoamines tested in the present study inhibit SSAO with properties different from those as MAO inhibitors. PMID- 3747267 TI - Effect of probucol, pantethine and their combinations on serum lipoprotein metabolism and on the incidence of atheromatous lesions in the rabbit. AB - Effect of probucol, pantethine and their combinations on serum lipoprotein metabolism and on the incidence of atheromatous lesions in aorta and coronary artery was studied in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Probucol treatment (0.5% in diet) resulted in reducing HDL cholesterol and serum apo A-I levels significantly, while pantethine treatment (0.25%-0.75% in diet) tended to increase HDL cholesterol and serum apo A-I levels. Combined treatment with these two drugs showed a significant prevention in the reduction of HDL cholesterol and serum apo A-I levels by probucol alone. Probucol or pantethine treatment reduced effectively (V) LDL cholesterol and serum apo B levels, and these effects were accelerated additively when the two drugs were given concurrently. Atheromatous lesions in aorta and coronary artery in cholesterol-fed rabbits were prevented by the treatment with probucol (0.5% in diet) or pantethine (0.75% in diet) for 24 weeks. The combined treatment with these two drugs showed more marked prevention than either drug alone. From these findings, it is concluded that the combined treatment of probucol with pantethine is effective for improvement of serum lipoprotein disorders and for prevention of the incidence of atheromatous lesions in aorta and coronary artery in cholesterol-fed rabbits. PMID- 3747268 TI - Stress and immune responses. III. Effect of restraint stress on delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response, natural killer (NK) activity and phagocytosis in mice. AB - Several experiments were conducted to evaluate the influences of restraint stress on cell-mediated immune events in mice. Delayed type hypersensitivity response to sheep red blood cells was inhibited by the stress, regardless of the timing of restraint stress loading. The activity of phagocytosis of macrophages in vitro and in vivo were measured by using the zymosan-particle uptake method and the carbon clearance test, respectively. Both activities were decreased in restraint stressed mice. The suppressed carbon clearance rate in stressed mice, however, was recovered by the transfusion of serum from normal mice. Natural killer activity in spleen cells was decreased to 30-50% of the control in stressed mice. However, no suppressor cells which could inhibit NK activity existed in the spleen from stressed mice. These results show that the restraint stress suppresses various kinds of cell-mediated immune events, which might play an important role in anti-tumor immunity. PMID- 3747269 TI - Marked healing-promoting action of cimetidine on acetic acid-induced ulcer in rats with a limited food-intaking-time. AB - The effect of cimetidine on ulcer healing was investigated in rats with acetic acid induced ulcer who were permitted to intake food only between 9:30-10:30 a.m. and 6:00-7:00 p.m. When evaluated on the 15th and 21st days after operation, cimetidine (100 mg/kg X 2/day, p.o.) markedly decreased the ulcer index and the defective area of the ulcerated region. Moreover, this agent pronouncedly increased the decreasing index of exposed ulcer floor and the mucosal regeneration index. On the 21st day, the thickness of the ulcer base was decreased by this agent, the involution of granulation being indicated. Thus, marked healing-promoting action of cimetidine on acetic acid-induced ulcer was observed by limiting the food-intaking-time. PMID- 3747270 TI - Depolarizing effects of glycyrrhizin-derivatives relating to the blend effects with paeoniflorin in mouse diaphragm muscle. AB - Glycyrrhizin (GLR) and its newly synthesized derivatives, deoxoglycyrrhetol dihemisuccinate (I), deoxoglycyrrhetol dihemiphthalate (II), and the related compounds, carbenoxolone and glycyrrhetinic acid hemiphthalate (III), were assayed with or without paeoniflorin (PF) in mice diaphragm muscles. GLR derivatives per se blocked the nerve-stimulated twitch tensions with the following order of potencies: carbenoxolone = III greater than II = I greater than GLR. The potencies paralleled the extent of muscle depolarization except in the case of I. GLR and I only increased muscle conductance. The blocking effects by GLR-derivatives per se on twitch responses are, therefore, can be explained by depolarization of muscle membranes and not by membrane conductance change. When carbenoxolone, II or GLR were blended with PF, the potentiation of the blocking effects observed may be related to the muscle depolarization rather than by the increase in membrane conductance. PMID- 3747271 TI - [Pathology of experimental pulmonary amniotic fluid embolism--pulmonary thrombosis in rabbits with near-term gestation receiving intravenous infusion of autologous amniotic fluid]. PMID- 3747272 TI - [Evaluation of pre- and postoperative respiratory function using exercise tolerance test]. PMID- 3747273 TI - [A morphological study of the peripheral airways in patients with bronchial asthma in areas with air pollution]. PMID- 3747274 TI - [Effect of endotoxin inhalation on airway responsiveness in guinea pigs]. PMID- 3747275 TI - [Respiratory failure secondary to mycoplasma pneumoniae infection]. PMID- 3747276 TI - [Histopathological analysis of pulmonary findings of 40 autopsy cases in paraquat poisoning]. PMID- 3747277 TI - [A community survey and pathogenesis of occupational asthma in sawing- and wood workers]. PMID- 3747278 TI - [A case of severe liver dysfunction associated with acute exacerbation of chronic respiratory failure]. PMID- 3747280 TI - [A study on the course of the atrioventricular conduction system in congenital heart disease: electrophysiologic delineation and histologic investigation]. PMID- 3747279 TI - [Psychiatric disorders during convalescence after open heart surgery]. PMID- 3747281 TI - [A case of tetralogy of Fallot associated with congenital tricuspid insufficiency]. PMID- 3747282 TI - [The simultaneous measurements of epicardial potentials near the A-V groove in WPW syndrome by using the ring electrode]. PMID- 3747283 TI - [Human pulmonary dirofilariasis]. PMID- 3747284 TI - [Transatrial closure of ventricular septal defect associated with corrected transposition and pulmonary stenosis]. PMID- 3747285 TI - [Two cases of pulmonary artery aneurysm associated with patent ductus arteriosus]. PMID- 3747286 TI - [Scimitar syndrome: a case report]. PMID- 3747287 TI - [A case of aneurysmal bone cyst arising from the right 3d rib]. PMID- 3747288 TI - [Experience with tricuspid and pulmonary valve replacement in childhood]. PMID- 3747289 TI - [A "cooing murmur" in insufficiency of a xenograft valve]. PMID- 3747290 TI - [The effect of cholesterol-rich diet on the mouse prostate--histological and chemical study]. PMID- 3747291 TI - [An experimental study of the operated kidney by resin injection casting in rabbits. Part I. Post-operative renal function observing from arterial cast]. PMID- 3747292 TI - [Clinical application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of angiomyolipoma]. PMID- 3747293 TI - [The current status of erectile function tests]. PMID- 3747294 TI - [Studies of anti-bacterial defense mechanism of urinary bladder: 1). Activity of phagocytosis of PMN in urine. 2). Viability, cell population and activity of phagocytosis of urinary PMN]. PMID- 3747295 TI - [A clinical survey of urinary calculi analyzed by infrared spectroscopy]. PMID- 3747296 TI - [Ultrastructural study of myoid cells in seminiferous tubules. I. Scanning electron microscopic study of myoid cells in the mouse and human seminiferous tubules]. PMID- 3747297 TI - [Treatment in established human renal cell carcinoma heterotransplanted in nude mice. 4. Experimental treatment with benzaldehyde derivative and combination therapy with irradiation]. PMID- 3747298 TI - [Statistical observation on our bladder tumor registry. 3. Sex and prognosis]. PMID- 3747299 TI - [Improvement of prostatic detaching blade for transurethral enucleation of benign prostatic hyperplasia]. PMID- 3747300 TI - [One stage total repair of severe hypospadias: operation technic and results]. PMID- 3747301 TI - [Treatment of vesicoureteral reflux by endoscopic operation in dogs]. PMID- 3747302 TI - [A new detrusor function test (isometric test)--a way to examine the mechanism of detrusor hyperreflexia]. PMID- 3747303 TI - [Urinary extravasation. Report of five cases and review]. PMID- 3747304 TI - [2 cases of transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder observed in their teens]. PMID- 3747305 TI - [Clinical studies of methylcobalamine (CH3-B12) in oligozoospermic patients]. PMID- 3747306 TI - [Urinary incontinence in women: results of questionnaires]. PMID- 3747307 TI - [Results of the treatment of prostate cancer]. PMID- 3747308 TI - [Multidisciplinary treatment of invasive bladder cancer]. PMID- 3747309 TI - [Male urethritis and Chlamydia trachomatis]. PMID- 3747310 TI - [Clinical studies on childhood urolithiasis]. PMID- 3747311 TI - [Statistical observation on our bladder tumor registry: 2. Patients' age and prognosis]. PMID- 3747313 TI - [A study of bone mineral content in patients with calcium urolithiasis]. PMID- 3747312 TI - [Clinical studies on the management of urogenital dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury. 1. Noninflatable penile prosthesis for the management of urinary incontinence and sexual disability]. PMID- 3747314 TI - [Establishment and characterization of a cell line (KO-RCC-1) from a human renal cell carcinoma]. PMID- 3747315 TI - [Early changes in serum creatinine after unilateral nephrectomy]. PMID- 3747316 TI - [Pressure-flow study of the upper urinary tract. 1. Pressure-flow study of the normal human ureter]. PMID- 3747317 TI - [E-PTFE graft as a urinary tract prosthesis. First report: the change of the E PTFE graft and bladder wall after partial replacement of the bladder wall]. PMID- 3747318 TI - [A case of intestinal type adenocarcinoma (including Paneth cell) originating in the bladder]. PMID- 3747319 TI - [A case of bladder cancer associated with gastric leiomyosarcoma with a review of Japanese literature on genitourinary multiple malignant neoplasms composed of epithelial and non-epithelial origins]. PMID- 3747320 TI - An implantable drug delivery system. PMID- 3747321 TI - Health effects caused by cessation of cigarette smoking. PMID- 3747322 TI - The role of prolactin in ovine fetal growth. PMID- 3747323 TI - Intratympanic application of gentamicin for treatment of Meniere's disease. PMID- 3747324 TI - [Clinical application of a single radial complement fixation test with complement film as a diagnostic method for pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 3747325 TI - [A study on drug regimens against Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection- (1) Delayed therapy of murine infection]. PMID- 3747326 TI - [Combined versus single-drug studies on susceptibilities of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare to antituberculosis drugs on Ogawa medium]. PMID- 3747327 TI - [A case of pulmonary tuberculosis associated with acute tuberculous perforation of the small intestine]. PMID- 3747328 TI - Accelerated renal cyst development in deconditioned germ-free rats. AB - The influence of environment on renal cyst growth was assessed in experiments utilizing 56 germ-free and 32 conventional male Sprague-Dawley rats fed 2% nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA). Among three groups of six germ-free rats allowed ad lib intake of NDGA for six weeks and deconditioned (placed into the ambient laboratory environment) at the start, at the midpoint, or not at all, cyst formation and interstitial changes (both severe) were noted only among animals deconditioned at the midpoint. Among 14 germ-free rats that were offered 0.4 g NDGA daily, deconditioned after two weeks, and sacrificed 0 to 15 days thereafter, nephron dilation and thymidine uptake by renal tubular epithelium appeared within one to three days and correlated in magnitude with each other and with the duration of the contamination interval. Deconditioning, a prior period of four or more days of exposure to NDGA in the germ-free state, the duration of the contamination period, and the presence of cecal flora were identified as prerequisites to accelerated cyst formation in this model, while the dose of ingested NDGA, the presence of bacteria within the kidney, an action of bacteria on NDGA within the colon, and the type(s) of organisms colonizing the host were not. These findings provide experimental evidence that environmental circumstance can modulate the expression of renal cystic disease. PMID- 3747329 TI - Phosphate binding gels: balancing phosphate adsorption and aluminum toxicity. AB - The phosphate binding capacity of five commercial aluminum hydroxide phosphate binding gels and two crystalline forms of aluminum hydroxide was studied by an in vitro procedure which simulated passage through the stomach to the small intestine. The potential for aluminum toxicity was estimated by determining the fraction of the dose which was converted into soluble aluminum species by acid neutralization at pH 3, 37 degrees C. The commercial products varied widely both in phosphate binding capacity and production of soluble aluminum species. The evidence suggests that the ideal phosphate binder will have a surface area small enough to minimize the formation of soluble aluminum species during the gastric residence time but also large enough to adsorb a clinically significant amount of phosphate. PMID- 3747330 TI - Protein synthesis and degradation in skeletal muscle of chronically uremic rats. AB - We used the perfused hemicorpus preparation to measure individual rates of protein synthesis and degradation. Using fed animals, perfused either with or without insulin, muscle protein synthesis and hemicorpus protein degradation rates were similar, but myofibrillar protein degradation was clearly increased in the uremic preparations. When the animals were fasted, differences in the rates of skeletal muscle protein turnover were apparent. Uremic rats lost more wt at both 24 and 48 hr of fasting when compared to either ad libitum fed or pair-fed controls who started fasting at body wts equivalent to our uremic rats. The accelerated wt loss was accompanied by lower rates of protein synthesis, higher degradation rates, and greater net protein catabolism in our uremic rats. Alterations in body lipid content were present in uremia and correlated with the rate of protein degradation in both control and uremic rats. These data demonstrated that even in the fed state, uremia is associated with subtle alterations in skeletal muscle protein turnover. When stressed, these alterations become more pronounced. Insufficient stores of body lipids, either due to inadequate nutrition or altered metabolism, may contribute to the alterations in muscle protein turnover seen in chronic renal insufficiency. PMID- 3747331 TI - Canine chronic renal disease: prevalence and types of glomerulonephritis in the dog. AB - In a prospective survey, one hundred and eleven dogs with canine chronic renal disease, presenting to 24 veterinary practices in East Anglia and the West Midlands (geographical area 8,600 square miles) were identified. More than 20 different breeds were represented. In 76 cases, clinical details, blood and urine biochemistry, serology and kidney tissue for light and electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry were obtained. Forty (52%) had glomerular (GN) and 36 (48%) non-glomerular (NGN) disease. Types of GN identified were (W.H.O. classification, number of cases in brackets): focal glomerulonephritis (gn) (5), diffuse mesangial proliferative gn (8), diffuse endocapillary proliferative gn (2), mesangiocapillary gn type I (8), diffuse crescentic gn (1), diffuse sclerosing gn (7), amyloid (6), unclassifiable gn (3). Eight dogs with GN and 13 with NGN had extra-renal lesions. In only one GN case (bacterial endocarditis) was the etiology clear. Proteinuria, but not age, breed, sex, serum creatinine or hematuria, discriminated between GN and NGN groups. This prospective survey identifies GN, with morphological types as found in humans, as a common cause of canine chronic renal disease. PMID- 3747332 TI - Hypothyroidism protects against free radical damage in ischemic acute renal failure. AB - The effect of hypothyroidism on ischemic acute renal failure was studied in rats. Ten days after thyroidectomy with parathyroid reimplantation, rats underwent right uninephrectomy followed by occlusion of the left renal artery for 60 min. Plasma creatinine was lower in thyroidectomized than control rats 24 hr after ischemia; 1.3 +/- 0.5 vs. 3.2 +/- 0.6 mg%; P less than 0.05. Twenty-four hours after ischemia, inulin clearance was higher in thyroidectomized than control animals (0.40 +/- 0.06 vs. 0.17 +/- 0.03 mliter/min; P less than 0.01), despite an initially lower inulin clearance in thyroidectomized animals (0.81 vs. 1.1 +/- 0.07 mliter/min; P less than 0.05). Administration of the antithyroid drug prophylthiouracil for 14 days also resulted in lower plasma creatinine after ischemia. Kidneys from thyroidectomized animals showed less histologic damage 24 hr after ischemia. Renal cortical content of the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde was increased less in thyroidectomy than control kidneys after 60 min ischemia plus 15 min reflow (0.08 +/- 0.02 vs. 0.42 +/- 0.1 nmole/mg protein; P less than 0.005). Renal cortical glutathione content was higher in thyroidectomized animals by approximately 36%, 650 +/- 46 vs. 479 +/- 32 nmole/mg protein (P less than 0.02). In normal rats, glutathione infusion also increased renal cortical glutathione content and resulted in lower plasma creatinine 24 hr after renal artery ischemia. Therefore, hypothyroidism resulted in functional and histologic protection against injury after ischemia. Post-ischemic renal lipid peroxidation was reduced in thyroidectomized animals, perhaps the result of increased scavenging of reactive oxygen species (oxygen free radicals and H2O2) by glutathione. PMID- 3747333 TI - Acidification in the medullary collecting duct following ureteral obstruction. AB - A defect in urine acidification has been described in obstructive uropathy. Since the collecting tubule from the inner stripe of the outer medulla (OMCTi) is the major site for distal acidification, isolated OMCTi nephron segments from control rabbits and from rabbits after 24 hr of unilateral (UUO) or bilateral (BUO) ureteral obstruction were studied. Tubules were perfused (4 nliter/min) and bathed with an artificial solution resembling rabbit serum ultrafiltrate, and 3H inulin was incorporated in the perfusate as a volume marker. Water absorption (Jv) was -0.03 +/- 0.03 nliter X mm-1 X min-1 in control tubules, and was significantly (P less than 0.05) negative in UUO (-0.48 +/- 0.12 nliter X mm-1 X min-1) and BUO (-0.29 +/- 0.07 nliter/mm-1 X min-1) tubules, as a result of an inulin leak. Bicarbonate absorption (JHCO3) in control tubules was 11.61 +/- 1.21 pmole X mm-1 X min-1 and was significantly lower in UUO tubules (7.59 +/- 1.09 pmole X mm-1 X min-1, P less than 0.05). JHCO3 in BUO tubules although lower than control (7.96 +/- 2.75 pmole X mm-1 X min-1) did not achieve statistical significance because of a high degree of heterogeneity among tubules. To determine whether the acidification disorder was due to a gradient or capacity defect, the ability of the tubules to lower HCO3- concentration (delta HCO3) at low rate of perfusion (1 nliter/min) was examined. No difference in delta HCO3 was found among the three groups being 8.98 +/- 0.54, 9.95 +/- 1.76, and 8.93 +/- 2.19 mmole in control, UUO and BUO tubules respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3747334 TI - Nephron segment and calcium as determinants of anoxic cell death in renal cultures. AB - Proximal tubules of the S1, S2 and S3 segments, medullary thick ascending limbs of Henle's loop (MAL) and cortical collecting tubules (CCT) were individually microdissected from rabbit kidneys and cultured for seven days in hormonally defined media. Anoxia was induced by incubation of cultures in normal medium for 45 min at 25 degrees C in an atmosphere of nitrogen (N2), and cell death was measured by nigrosine dye uptake. Immediately after anoxia, cell death was highest in S3 and MAL segments greater than S2 greater than S1 = CCT. The combined effects of anoxia and substrate (glucose, vitamins, amino acid) omission determined after incubation of cultures in phosphate buffered saline containing Ca2+ and Mg2+ (PBS) for 45 min in N2 also showed differential killing dependent on segment of origin: MAL greater than S3 greater than S2 CCT greater than S1. The effects of in vitro "reflow" were tested by returning cells to their normal oxygenated culture media at 37 degrees C. After the 45 min of anoxia and four to six hr of reflow in normal calcium-containing media, all cells from each segment were dead. Reflow in media lacking calcium for two hr immediately after anoxia then followed by return to normal calcium-containing media was associated with the survival of a significant percentage of cells for 48 hr: S1 (35.3 +/- 2.0%), S2 (30.0 +/- 2.0%), S3 (46.2 +/- 3.0%), MAL (38.7 +/- 3.0%), CCT (28.2 +/- 2.0%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3747335 TI - Adult-onset minimal change nephrotic syndrome: a long-term follow-up. AB - A series of 89 adult-onset nephrotic patients with minimal changes on renal biopsy was analyzed to compare the rate of response to corticosteroids and cytotoxic agents and the stability of remission or frequency of relapses at different ages. Severe hypertension and diminished renal function were more common in patients aged over 60 years, who formed 22.5% of the group. Seventy five patients were given a first course of prednisolone in an initial dose of 60 mg/24 hr. After an eight week course of tapering doses of corticosteroids, only 45 of the 75 patients were in complete remission, 55 patients after 16 weeks and eventually 58 lost their proteinuria. The respective estimates of remission were 60%, 76% and 81%. Subsequently, of the 58 treated patients who responded, 24% never relapsed. Fifty-six percent of the patients relapsed on a single occasion or infrequently, and only 21% were frequent relapsers. Cyclophosphamide was used in 36 patients, in two as initial treatment, in 11 because of corticosteroid resistance, and in the remainder because of relapses. The time-course of loss of proteinuria was similar to that following treatment with corticosteroids, 25 (69%) losing proteinuria within 16 weeks. Only four patients failed to lose their nephrotic syndrome. Two of them had presented in acute renal failure and all four were over 60 years of age. The stability of remission after cyclophosphamide was better than that reported for children, only 13 of 36 showing relapses and 66% being in remission at five years, after which no further relapses were seen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3747336 TI - IgA synthesis by lymphocytes from patients with IgA nephropathy and their relatives. AB - To investigate the hypothesis that a predisposition to IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is linked to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and associated with poorly regulated IgA synthesis, we performed HLA typing and lymphocyte cultures on patients with IgAN and their relatives. Nineteen of 22 patients had elevated culture supernatant IgA concentrations (620 vs. 154 ng/2 X 10(6) cells, P = 0.007). Supernatant IgG and IgM were normal. No HLA antigen occurred with increased frequency in patients. There was an increased incidence of homozygous null C4 alleles in patients (P less than 0.01). In families, six of 11 mothers, six of 12 fathers, and seven of 15 siblings had elevated supernatant IgA concentrations. There was no segregation of abnormal IgA production with any HLA antigen or parental haplotype. The data confirm elevated in vitro IgA production by lymphocytes from patients with IgAN, but do not support a linkage with the MHC. The increased incidence of homozygous null C4 alleles may result from functional differences in C4 A and B gene products. The familial clustering of elevated IgA production without an obvious inheritance pattern suggest that shared environmental factors may be important in the development of IgAN. PMID- 3747337 TI - Hospital-associated hyponatremia. PMID- 3747338 TI - Abstracts. 17. Kongress der Gesellschaft fur Nephrologie. Mainz, West Germany, September 22-25, 1985. PMID- 3747339 TI - A micro method to measure para-amino hippurate and creatinine in plasma and urine. PMID- 3747341 TI - Magnetic resonance spectroscopy for the determination of renal metabolic rate in vivo. AB - The method of magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been validated and applied to the determination of renal metabolic rate in vivo. Using an indwelling detector coil, 31P NMR spectra from one kidney of anesthetized rats were quantified. The concentration of ATP was the same as that determined enzymatically, but both ADP and Pi were substantially lower. Only 25% of renal Pi and virtually none of the ADP were detected by NMR. The remainder is assumed to be bound to proteins. These concentrations of metabolites contributed to a significantly increased phosphorylation potential, which in turn should increase the free energy of hydrolysis of ATP. Saturation transfer, a non-destructive magnetic technique for the measurement of chemical exchange, was readily able to detect synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. The rate of ATP synthesis determined was comparable to that determined in parallel studies of renal oxygen consumption. An ATP:O ratio of approximately 2 was found, indicating that fatty acid is the preferred fuel of respiration of the rat kidney in vivo. PMID- 3747340 TI - De novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis in isolated rat glomeruli. AB - Uracil ribonucleotide-sugars and aminosugars are required for glomerular basement membrane (GBM) biosynthesis. Since these nucleotides are metabolic derivatives of uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP), we have studied the cellular pools of uridine 5' diphosphoglucose (UDPG), uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronic acid (UDPGA), uridine 5' diphospho-N-acetyl glucosamine (UDPAG) and UTP, and measured UTP synthesis de novo in isolated glomeruli incubated in vitro. Improved techniques for nucleotide quantitation were established and the optimal conditions for glomerular isolation and incubation determined. Substantial quantities of uracil ribonucleotide coenzymes and an active utilization of orotate for the synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides were demonstrated. UTP synthesis and the pools of UDPG and UDPGA varied markedly with changes in the experimental conditions. The adverse effects of suboptimal conditions were more apparent in glomeruli from diabetic animals than in controls. The use of suboptimal conditions could provide misleading information on GBM metabolism in isolated glomeruli since uracil ribonucleotide coenzyme availability might be reduced. PMID- 3747342 TI - Effect of vasopressin antagonist on water excretion in inferior vena cava constriction. AB - Elevated levels of plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) have been suggested to impair water excretion in congestive heart failure. In the present study, to determine a role for AVP in the impaired water excretion in rats with the inferior vena cava constriction (IVC), two AVP antagonists were used in the IVC rats at the proximal portion of the hepatic vein under the diaphragm and in sham operated (control) rats. After surgery, 48 hrs were allowed before the experiments were started. A mean cardiac index of 260.0 +/- 12.3 ml/min/kg in the IVC rats was significantly lower than that in the control rats, 323.6 +/- 13.2 ml/min/kg (P less than 0.01). The rats were given an antidiuretic antagonist, [1 (beta-mercapto-beta, beta-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid), 2-(O-ethyl)-D tyrosine, 4-valine] AVP (30 micrograms/kg) or the antagonist vehicle, i.p., and 20 min later they were administered 30 ml/kg of water orally. Minimal urinary osmolality (Uosm) in the IVC rats receiving the vehicle was significantly greater than the control rats (292.7 +/- 53.1 vs. 97.8 +/- 10.6 mOsm/kg H2O, P less than 0.01). The administration of the antidiuretic antagonist in the IVC rats decreased minimal Uosm to 90.0 +/- 3.6 mOsm/kg H2O. This value was significantly lower than the vehicle rats (P less than 0.01), and was a comparable level to minimal Uosm of 82.1 +/- 3.7 mOsm/kg H2O in the control rats receiving the antidiuretic antagonist. The IVC rats excreted 51.4 +/- 5.9% of the water load in three hr, a value significantly less than that excreted by the control rats, 95.1 +/- 6.0% (P less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3747343 TI - Angiotensin II control of the renal microcirculation: effect of blockade by saralasin. AB - The hydronephrotic rat kidney with intact circulation and innervation was split and spread out as a thin sheet in a tissue bath. The microvasculature was observed in vivo via television microscopy. We quantitated the effects of increasing concentrations (10(-9) to 10(-5) M) of saralasin (angiotensin II antagonist) applied locally in the tissue bath on microvascular diameters and on relative glomerular blood flow (measured using fluorescent labeled RBCs). Saralasin produced an increase in preglomerular diameters which was largest (37 +/- 11%) in the interlobular artery (there was no dilation in the afferent arteriole near the glomerulus), an increase in postglomerular diameters which was largest (17 +/- 4%) in the efferent arteriole near the glomerulus, and an increase in blood flow (19 +/- 4%). If these types of findings would hold for the normal kidney, it would suggest a role for angiotensin II in the control of total renal blood flow, in the regional distribution of flow, and in the control of filtration fraction. We also made control micropressure measurements using the servo-nulling approach. Pressures measured were: afferent arteriole, 65 +/- 5 mm Hg; intraglomerulus, 50 +/- 5 mm Hg; and efferent arteriole, 19 +/- 3 mm Hg. These data indicate that there is major vascular resistance near the glomerulus, especially in the efferent arteriole. PMID- 3747345 TI - The effect of desferrioxamine on concentration and distribution of aluminum in bone. AB - Aluminum (Al) loaded rats were injected chronically with either desferrioxamine (DFO) or saline. Six rats of each treatment group were sacrificed before and after one, three, and nine months of treatment for determination of tissue and serum Al, and for histological localization of bone Al. Urinary Al was measured during one week before sacrifice. Al loading caused significant elevations of bone (136.2 +/- 22.0 micrograms/g) and liver (114.4 +/- 41.9 micrograms/g) aluminum. Serum Al in DFO-treated animals was not different from their controls (216.4 +/- 80.5 and 226.9 +/- 42.9 micrograms/liter after one month; 151.0 +/- 20.8 and 138.0 +/- 63.9 micrograms/liter after three months; 72.1 +/- 40.7 and 61.6 +/- 14.2 micrograms/liter after nine months in control and DFO-treated animals respectively). Urinary Al excretion in the DFO-treated group was increased at all times as compared to the control rats. A decrease of muscle Al occurred after one month of DFO treatment, but no significant differences of liver and bone Al could be shown between DFO-treated rats and their controls. Al decreased to a comparable degree in all tissues of both DFO and control rats after nine months of treatment. Histomorphometric examination of the bones showed that after one and three months of treatment, significantly less Al was localized at the calcification front of DFO-treated rats compared to their controls (75.6 +/- 6.9% and 53.4 +/- 20.9% after one month; 52.3 +/- 10.2% and 34.8 +/- 10.6% after three months in control and DFO rats respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3747344 TI - Effects of the anaphylatoxin, C5a, on renal and glomerular hemodynamics in the rat. AB - The effects of intrarenal infusion of the complement-derived anaphylatoxin, C5a, upon glomerular hemodynamics were examined in the Munich-Wistar rat, a strain with glomeruli on the kidney surface. Human C5a (1.5 micrograms/min) or vehicle was infused into the left renal artery for 12 min, and glomerular capillary (PG) and Bowman's space pressures, nephron plasma flow (SNPF) afferent and efferent arteriolar protein concentrations, nephron filtration rate (SNGFR) and the glomerular ultrafiltration coefficient (LpA) determined. Human C5a infusion resulted in a reduction in SNPF due to increased efferent arteriolar resistance, and PG increased which maintained SNGFR constant. LpA was numerically lower but not significantly decreased. Infusion of porcine C5ades Arg decreased glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow. No polymorphonuclear leukocytes were observed within glomerular capillaries of C5a infused rats, and rat leukocytes did not exhibit receptors for human C5a infused. Renal artery infusion of either human C5a or porcine C5a resulted in renal hemodynamic alterations and, as documented for human C5a, effects of C5a upon renal vascular resistance can be added to the known effect of C5a on the polymorphonuclear leukocyte. PMID- 3747346 TI - Phenacetin and papillary necrosis: independent risk factors for renal pelvic cancer. AB - A case-control study was undertaken to determine whether renal papillary necrosis (RPN) is an essential step in the genesis of analgesic-associated cancer of the renal pelvis (CaP). Kidneys of 66 patients (and 86 cases of renal parenchymal cancer (CaK), for comparison) were examined for evidence of RPN. Information concerning past consumption of phenacetin-containing analgesics (PhA) was obtained from all cases and 751 population controls by means of a questionnaire. Separately, RPN and regular consumption of PhA each conferred a relative risk for CaP of 3-1/2 to 7, while together they increased the risk some 20 times that for non-consumers without RPN. This suggests that each factor has independent, and when they coexist sequential, effects. The risk for CaK was doubled by regular PhA consumption but was not increased by RPN. PMID- 3747347 TI - A urinary calcium-citrate index for the evaluation of nephrolithiasis. AB - We have performed a multivariate analysis of urine abnormalities in patients with calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis, in which effects of gender were also considered. The characteristic of patients that most clearly sets them apart from normal people is a high level of urine calcium for any given level of urine citrate. Other urine measurements cannot improve upon the separation between patients and normals provided by urine calcium and citrate, and their abnormal relationship to each other. Normal women have higher urine citrate and lower urine calcium than normal men or patients of either sex; normal men differ from stone forming men only moderately. Direct measurements of supersaturation are not helpful in distinguishing between patients and normals, once calcium and citrate have been considered. From our analysis, we have derived a new index for evaluating the significance of urine calcium and citrate levels that seems to offer a better basis for clinical diagnosis than criteria presently in use. PMID- 3747348 TI - Biochemical investigation of the pathogenesis of Heymann nephritis. AB - This study describes biochemical comparison of proximal tubule antigens from the brush border membrane (BBM) of dog and rat kidney. The purpose was to determine if a difference in BBM composition could explain the inability to produce either active or passive Heymann Nephritis in the dog. Although the membrane composition as revealed by coomassie blue staining on 4 to 11 per cent polyacrylamide electrophoresis varied considerably between rats and dogs, polyclonal antibodies (rabbit anti-rat, rabbit anti-dog) against purified BBM from both species immunoprecipitated five identical polypeptides. Four bands were visualized between 70 kd and 170 kd; but the major polypeptide had an apparent molecular wt of approximately 460 kd. This high molecular wt constituent and three of the other peptides were bound specifically to lentil lectin column, confirming their glycoprotein nature. Only the 460 kd polypeptide was immunoprecipitated by monoclonal antibody against gp 330. Since both rat and dog BBM contain gp 330, believed to be the sole pathogenic antigen in Heymann Nephritis, we conclude that failure to produce active or passive Heymann Nephritis in the dog using the same protocol that is successful in rats cannot be attributed to differences in antigenic make-up of the brush border membrane. PMID- 3747350 TI - [Spondylitis in childhood]. PMID- 3747349 TI - Longitudinal follow-up of chronic hemodialysis patients without vitamin supplementation. AB - Vitamin supplementation for dialysis patients is still controversial. In our study, we followed longitudinally over a period of a year, 15 patients on chronic hemodialysis who were deprived of vitamin supplementation. Microbiological assays were used to determine the levels of five vitamins of the B group (folate, niacin, B12, B6, and thiamine). Vitamin C was measured chemically. During the observation period when vitamins were not supplemented, a marked drop of many of these vitamins in blood levels were encountered. For vitamins B12 and C, the plasma levels remained within the normal range in all the subjects studied. For the other vitamins, the blood levels were found to be low in a few patients. Our data suggest that vitamin supplementation is probably not needed in most stable hemodialysis patients as it is recommended now, and that perhaps, if supplementation is indicated, less should be given than is presently prescribed. Further research is needed in this area. PMID- 3747351 TI - [Emergencies in childhood. 3. Respiratory emergencies]. PMID- 3747352 TI - [Experiences with continuous cerebrospinal fluid drainage in premature infants with ventricular hemorrhage]. PMID- 3747353 TI - [Successful treatment of fetal tachycardia with verapamil (Falicard)--case report]. PMID- 3747354 TI - [Minerals and lipids--aspects of metabolic control in juvenile diabetic patients]. PMID- 3747355 TI - [Fate of children and adolescents in a chronic hemodialysis program]. PMID- 3747356 TI - [Experiences with the Hickman catheter in oncologic and hematologic patients]. PMID- 3747357 TI - [Complications after operations on the stomach conducted by the general surgical method and by laser scalpel]. PMID- 3747358 TI - [Surgical treatment of post-burn tendon-flexion contracture of the fingers]. PMID- 3747359 TI - [Spontaneous internal choledochoduodenal fistulas as a complication of cholelithiasis]. PMID- 3747360 TI - [A method of comparative evaluation of atraumatic dressing materials]. PMID- 3747361 TI - [Roentgenocontrast textile materials for medical use]. PMID- 3747362 TI - [A device for hyperoxygenation of solutions]. PMID- 3747363 TI - [Cyst of the thymus gland]. PMID- 3747364 TI - [Giant retroperitoneal liposarcoma]. PMID- 3747365 TI - [Determining fibronectin levels for the evaluation of the wound healing process]. PMID- 3747366 TI - [Treatment of suppurative wounds in patients with diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 3747367 TI - [Circulating immune complexes and indicators of nonspecific defense in surgical patients]. PMID- 3747368 TI - [Antibacterial suture and plastic surgery materials]. PMID- 3747369 TI - [Changes in water-salt homeostasis in patients with burns during treatment on a bed with pneumatic pillows]. PMID- 3747370 TI - [Renoportal venous anastomosis in the treatment of patients with arterial hypertension]. PMID- 3747371 TI - [Laparocentesis in clinical traumatology]. PMID- 3747373 TI - [Long-term naso-intestinal intubation in emergency surgery]. PMID- 3747372 TI - [Laparocentesis in emergency abdominal surgery]. PMID- 3747374 TI - [Routes of echinococcosis infection and its prevention]. PMID- 3747375 TI - [Mycotic lesions of the extremities]. PMID- 3747376 TI - [Proctological epidural-sacral anesthesia in middle-aged and elderly patients]. PMID- 3747377 TI - [Pathogenesis of gunshot wounds and the principles of their surgical treatment]. PMID- 3747378 TI - [A new approach to the treatment of colorectal cancer]. PMID- 3747379 TI - [Cancer of the colon in patients with diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 3747380 TI - [Functional evaluation of the results of surgical treatment of anal sphincter incompetence in children]. PMID- 3747382 TI - [Hemoperfusion in the clinical management of surgical diseases]. PMID- 3747381 TI - [Surgical treatment of patients with suppurative epithelial pilonidal cysts]. PMID- 3747383 TI - [Causes of fatal postoperative outcome in acute surgical diseases of the abdominal organs]. PMID- 3747384 TI - [Secondary complications of spontaneous internal fistulae of the biliary tract]. PMID- 3747385 TI - [Errors and complications in treating perforating duodenal ulcers by vagotomy]. PMID- 3747386 TI - [Closed intraoperative papillotomy under endoscopic control]. PMID- 3747387 TI - [Surgical drains made from polymer film]. PMID- 3747388 TI - [Removal of an echinococcal cyst from the hepaticocholedochus by endoscopy]. PMID- 3747389 TI - [Tumors of the extrahepatic bile ducts]. PMID- 3747390 TI - [Gallbladder torsion]. PMID- 3747391 TI - [Extensive damage to the liver against a background of total body overcooling]. PMID- 3747392 TI - [Cholesterosis of the gallbladder]. PMID- 3747393 TI - [Combined operations in calculous cholecystitis]. PMID- 3747394 TI - [Digital transhepatic exposure of the vascular secretory pedicles of the lobes and segments in anatomic resections of the liver]. PMID- 3747395 TI - [Is it necessary to use antibiotics in acute cholecystitis?]. PMID- 3747396 TI - [Fiber-optic cholangioscopy in the diagnosis of biliary tract diseases]. PMID- 3747397 TI - [Echinococcosis of the extrahepatic bile ducts]. PMID- 3747398 TI - [Pancreatic function before and after cholecystectomy]. PMID- 3747399 TI - [Analysis of the outcome in hemorrhagic forms of acute pancreatitis]. PMID- 3747400 TI - [Paraceliac block in the treatment of acute pancreatitis]. PMID- 3747401 TI - [Clinico-morphological rationale for the surgical treatment of chronic pancreatitis of the head of the gland]. PMID- 3747402 TI - [Computerized tomography in the diagnosis of cancer of the head of the pancreas]. PMID- 3747403 TI - [Surgical treatment of cancer of the head of the pancreas, Vater's ampulla and duodenum]. PMID- 3747404 TI - [Spontaneously draining pancreatic cysts]. PMID- 3747405 TI - [Experimental tests of intrascleral polyacrylamide implants in filtering operations on rabbit eyes]. PMID- 3747406 TI - [Late results of trabeculotomy in congenital glaucoma]. PMID- 3747407 TI - [Simultaneous surgical treatment of cataract and glaucoma in children]. PMID- 3747408 TI - [Lensectomy and aspiration in the treatment of congenital and traumatic cataracts in children]. PMID- 3747410 TI - [Implantation of intraocular lenses in adolescents]. PMID- 3747409 TI - [Surgical treatment of cataract in children by the anterior route]. PMID- 3747411 TI - [Analysis of complications after lensectomy in children]. PMID- 3747412 TI - [Late results of the treatment of congenital cataract in children]. PMID- 3747413 TI - [Surgical treatment of high myopia in children]. PMID- 3747414 TI - [Internal dacryocystorhinostomy with intubation of the lacrimal ducts in children]. PMID- 3747415 TI - [Clinical aspects of the treatment of persistent pupillary membrane by xenon photocoagulation]. PMID- 3747416 TI - Fibrinolytic activity in renal venous blood in man. AB - In 50 patients without renal insufficiency, fibrinolytic activity, as reflected by euglobulin lysis time, was determined in blood obtained from the renal veins, the renal artery and a peripheral vein. Fibrinolytic activity was found to be significantly higher in the renal veins than in the renal artery and the peripheral vein. Other coagulation and fibrinolysis parameters did not show such differences. In addition, a patient with acute oligoanuric renal failure was investigated. This patient demonstrated reduced overall fibrinolytic activity, but there were no differences between the activity in the blood of the renal veins and that of the renal artery or peripheral vein. It seems, therefore, that the kidneys release plasminogen activators into the systemic circulation. This may be decreased in renal failure, probably contributing to the well-known diminished fibrinolysis in some kidney diseases. PMID- 3747417 TI - [Tryptophan metabolism in liver diseases: a pharmacokinetic and enzymatic study]. AB - Tryptophan is considered to be one of the agents involved in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. In our study, we evaluated tryptophan metabolism in liver disease. A bolus of 1.5 g of L-tryptophan was administered intravenously to 14 patients with noncirrhotic liver disease, 40 patients with liver cirrhosis, and 8 healthy volunteers. As pharmacokinetic parameters, the half life, clearance, and volume of distribution of free and total tryptophan were determined using a biexponential formula. In addition, the activity of liver tryptophan pyrrolase, the key enzyme of tryptophan metabolism, was measured in liver biopsy specimens of 15 patients with noncirrhotic liver disease, 8 patients with cirrhosis of the liver, and 4 patients with histologically normal livers. Healthy subjects and patients with noncirrhotic liver disease both showed similar results in measured and calculated data. In contrast, patients with cirrhosis revealed significant alterations of the pharmacokinetic parameters of free and total tryptophan: the half-life was increased by 195% and 176%, the clearance was decreased by 73% and 34%, respectively, and the activity of tryptophan pyrrolase was decreased by 22%. The tryptophan transfer in cirrhosis amounted to only 0.75 +/- 0.03 g per 24 h compared with 2.6 +/- 0.34 g per 24 h in healthy individuals. The findings demonstrate that patients with cirrhosis show a marked reduction in their ability to metabolize tryptophan. This should be taken into account in the oral and parenteral nutrition of those patients. PMID- 3747419 TI - Estrogen-induced weight gain cannot be predicted in individuals. AB - The effect of high estrogen doses on weight was studied in 36 adolescent girls with familial tall stature treated to reduce adult height. Mean weight gain during the first year was 9.0 +/- 3.6 kg. Thereafter, there was no or minimal gain on continued treatment. The largest weight velocity occurred during the first 6 months. Within that period, it was most marked during the first 5 weeks, probably due to early water retention. The gain (total, in different groups of patients and in treatment periods of different duration) did not correlate with height and weight before treatment expressed in absolute values or standard deviation scores. It is concluded that the weight gain induced by long-term estrogen treatment cannot be predicted quantitatively before treatment in individuals, and that heavy or fat girls do not necessarily gain more weight than light and lean girls. PMID- 3747418 TI - Fructose-induced hyperlactemia in hyperosmolar syndromes. AB - Severe hyperlactemia of 8.7, 8.6 and 7.9 mmol/l, respectively, developed in three patients with hyperosmolar syndromes (two hypernatremic, 417 and 415 mosmol/kg H2O; one hyperglycemic 437 mosmol/kg H2O) during rehydration treatment with 5% fructose in water (fructose dosage 0.5 g/kg body wt. per hour). After resolution of the electrolyte disturbances, the infusion of fructose at the same dosage increased the plasma lactate concentration in two of the patients to 4.9 and 4.0 mmol/l, indicating near normalization of hepatic lactate utilization. Thus, in addition to peripheral insulin resistance and decreased muscular glucose utilization, the hyperosmolar state is associated with a reduced tolerance to fructose. This is most likely due to an osmolality-dependent impairment of hepatic gluconeogenesis. In rehydration therapy for hyperosmolar syndromes, fructose-containing infusion solutions should no longer be used. PMID- 3747420 TI - Aggressive fibromatosis infiltrating breast. Report of case and review of literature. PMID- 3747421 TI - [Hemodynamic changes in liver cirrhosis]. PMID- 3747422 TI - [Postoperative pancreatitis]. PMID- 3747423 TI - [Acute cholecystitis in middle-aged and elderly patients with concomitant diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 3747424 TI - [Hematological masks in kidney tumors]. PMID- 3747425 TI - [The disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome in patients with chronic renal insufficiency during hemodialysis]. PMID- 3747426 TI - [A case of malignant histiocytosis]. PMID- 3747427 TI - [Acute myopericarditis in herpes zoster]. PMID- 3747428 TI - [A case of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]. PMID- 3747429 TI - [Complete atrioventricular block in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 3747430 TI - [A case of successful treatment of Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome]. PMID- 3747431 TI - [Methods of evaluating kidney function]. PMID- 3747432 TI - [Use of isonit (nitrosorbide) in the treatment of ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 3747433 TI - [Objectives of infectious disease control in the light of the resolutions of the 27th congress of the CPSU]. PMID- 3747434 TI - [Evaluation of the effectiveness of new delayed-action isosorbide dinitrate preparations in patients with exertion-induced stenocardia]. PMID- 3747435 TI - [Effect of piracetam on cerebral hemodynamics in patients with arteriosclerosis and dyscirculatory encephalopathy]. PMID- 3747436 TI - [Long-term use of D-penicillamine in systemic scleroderma and rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 3747437 TI - [Lung diseases and hemostasis]. PMID- 3747438 TI - [Pulse therapy and hemosorption in the severe stage of bronchial asthma]. PMID- 3747439 TI - [Analysis of mortality in bronchial asthma]. PMID- 3747440 TI - [Psychopathological disorders in patients with stomach ulcer]. PMID- 3747441 TI - [Objectives of clinical medicine in the control of alcohol drinking and alcoholism]. PMID- 3747442 TI - [Prevention of thromboembolic complications in middle-aged and elderly patients after operations on the abdominal organs]. PMID- 3747443 TI - [Detection of central cancer of the lungs in a polyclinic]. PMID- 3747444 TI - [Various problems in the complex diagnosis of early stomach cancer]. PMID- 3747445 TI - [Endoscopy during the ambulatory care of patients with multiple polyps of the digestive organs]. PMID- 3747446 TI - Oncogenes as mediators of cell growth and differentiation. PMID- 3747447 TI - Pulmonary intravascular macrophages in sheep. Morphology and function of a novel constituent of the mononuclear phagocyte system. AB - Macrophages resident in the pulmonary capillaries of sheep avidly remove injected particles from the circulating blood. Both sheep and rats were injected intravenously with radiolabeled gold colloid and magnetic iron oxide particles. One hour later, particle uptake in various organs was quantified by gamma counting and magnetometry. Organ localization of both gold and iron oxide particles was predominantly hepatic in rats. In marked contrast, sheep had predominantly pulmonary uptake. Ultrastructural morphology showed that pulmonary iron oxide uptake was by intravascular macrophages. Pulmonary intravascular macrophages were present in ruminant lungs in large numbers. Lungs of sheep given no particles were fixed by intratracheal instillation of glutaraldehyde; randomly chosen tissue samples were routinely processed for electron microscopy and studied with stereological methods. We found that these macrophages occupied 15.3% of the intravascular volume, and had 15.9 m2 of free surface available for contact with blood. Intravascular macrophages were closely applied to 7.1% of the endothelial surface, including numerous short segments with 12 to 15 nm of membrane interspace, increased subplasmalemmal cytoplasmic density, and intercellular electron-dense material. We conclude that pulmonary intravascular macrophages in sheep comprise an important component of their mononuclear phagocyte system. Furthermore, we suggest that these macrophages, through phagocytic uptake of bacteria or endotoxin, may contribute to pulmonary inflammation and injury. PMID- 3747448 TI - Caveolar bands and the effects of sterol-binding agents in vascular smooth muscle plasma membrane. Single and double labeling with filipin and tomatin in the aorta, pulmonary artery, and vena cava. AB - The effects of single and sequential double treatment with the sterol probes filipin and tomatin were investigated in relation to the distribution of caveolae (flask-shaped membrane invaginations) in the smooth muscle plasma membrane of rabbit aorta, pulmonary artery, and posterior vena cava. The principal structural characteristics of vascular smooth muscle caveolae are documented, and the effects of filipin are quantitatively evaluated and compared in the three vessel types. Aortic and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells were found to resemble one another with respect to caveolar banding pattern and response to filipin. By comparison, however, the caveolar bands of vena cava smooth muscle were aligned with remarkable precision and regularity, and proved to be significantly (p less than 0.001) more sensitive to filipin than those of the arterial cells. The noncaveolar interband zones in all vessels were resistant to filipin action but sensitive to tomatin. Again, this sensitivity was more marked in vena cava smooth muscle than in arterial smooth muscle. The precision of caveolar banding, combined with the accentuated effects shown by each agent in the vena cava made the result of sequential double filipin-tomatin labeling outstandingly clear-cut in this vessel, with alternate filipin-affected and tomatin-affected zones superimposed, respectively, upon the caveolar bands and interbands. These findings strengthen the view that cholesterol distribution in the smooth muscle plasma membrane is homogeneous, and that the resistance of the smooth muscle interband membrane to filipin is a false-negative cytochemical result due to the presence of underlying membrane associated dense bodies. PMID- 3747449 TI - Effect of the combined lipase deficiency mutation (cld/cld) on ultrastructure of tissues in mice. Diaphragm, heart, brown adipose tissue, lung, and liver. AB - Lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase activities are very low in tissues of mice born with genetic combined lipase deficiency (cld/cld). Consequently, if allowed to suckle, the mice develop severe hyperlipemia and die within 3 days. The ultrastructure of capillaries and parenchymal cells in tissues that normally contain lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase was studied in tissues from cld/cld and unaffected mice 6 to 24 hours of age. Capillaries in tissues from suckled cld/cld mice were packed with numerous abnormally shaped chylomicrons. There was close contact between surfaces of chylomicrons and the luminal plasma membrane of endothelium. Chylomicrons were sometimes found between endothelial cells and in the subendothelial space in heart, lung, and liver, and in the lumen of lung alveoli. In contrast, capillaries of suckled unaffected mice contained very few chylomicrons, and the subendothelial spaces and lung alveoli were free of chylomicrons. Myocytes of diaphragm and heart from suckled cld/cld mice did not contain lipid droplets, whereas brown adipocytes contained a few small droplets. Parenchymal cells in diaphragm, heart, brown adipose tissue, and lung from suckled unaffected mice contained numerous large lipid droplets. Hepatocytes of suckled cld/cld mice contained small irregularly shaped lipoprotein particles (100 A) in endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi, numerous large lysosomes containing small lipoprotein particles, lipid spheres and lamellar structures, and no intracellular lipid droplets, whereas hepatocytes of suckled unaffected mice contained larger lipoprotein particles (400 A), large lipid droplets, and very few lysosomes. Triacylglycerol of chylomicrons from cld/cld mice was readily hydrolyzed by bovine lipoprotein lipase in vitro, and this effect was not augmented by heat-inactivated serum, indicating that the chylomicrons contained adequate amounts of apoprotein C-II. Thus, the large amount of chylomicrons in capillaries and small amount of lipid droplets in cells of suckled cld/cld mice reflect the very low level of lipoprotein lipase activity in these animals. The findings in hepatocytes indicate that lipoprotein metabolism in liver is markedly disturbed in cld/cld mice. PMID- 3747450 TI - Intracellular localization of the copper-zinc and manganese superoxide dismutases in rat liver parenchymal cells. AB - Both the copper-zinc (CuZn) and the manganese (Mn) containing superoxide dismutases (SOD) have been immunolocalized in rat liver sections using protein A gold labeling on ultrathin cryosections. The CuZnSOD was found to distribute uniformly throughout the nuclear and cytoplasmic matrix. The CuZn enzyme was excluded from membrane-bound compartments such as the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi elements, secretory vesicles, and mitochondria. The primary exception was that lysosomes frequently labeled heavily for CuZnSOD. The lysosomal nature of these membrane-bound bodies was confirmed by double immunolabeling with a lysosomal enzyme, cathepsin-D. The MnSOD was located in mitochondria, particularly the matrix between the cristae. Light but distinct labeling for the MnSOD occurred in the cytoplasmic matrix. PMID- 3747451 TI - Use of short, wide-bore capillary columns in GC toxicological screening. AB - The usefulness of wide-bore, thick film capillary columns for routine toxicological screening was assessed. Two such columns were examined: fused silica CPSil 5CB (i.d., 0.53 mm; length, 10 m; film thickness, 5.2 microns) and glass SPB-1 (i.d. 0.75 mm; length, 30 m; film thickness, 1.0 micron). A standard packed column filled with 3% OV-1 (i.d., 2 mm; length, 1.5 m) and a medium-bore fused silica column CPSil 5 (i.d., 0.32 mm; length, 25 m; film thickness, 0.4 micron) were examined for comparison. Mixtures of alkanes and drugs, as well as biological samples from routine casework, were analyzed. Both types of wide-bore columns proved to be very useful in routine toxicological practice, due to satisfactory efficiency, high capacity, and ease of installation. The retention index values of various drugs, examined on wide-bore columns, were in agreement with the reference database obtained from packed columns. PMID- 3747452 TI - A comparison of two methods for quantifying D-glucaric acid. AB - The relative usefulness of two spectrophotometric methods for quantifying urinary D-glucaric acid was evaluated. The enzyme inhibition method measures the inhibition of beta-D-glucuronidase by the 1,4-glucarolactone produced from D glucaric acid in urine by boiling at acidic pH. The glyoxylic acid method measures glyoxylic acid produced from the oxidation of D-glucaric acid which has first been separated from other urinary compounds by ion exchange chromatography. For a group of 61 healthy adults, the enzyme inhibition method gave a range similar to that of previously reported values: 0 to 6.44 mmol D-glucaric acid/mol creatinine (99% confidence limits). Similar values were obtained from standard solutions by the two methods. Recovery was approximately 105% by both methods. Urinary concentrations, however, were often from 3 to 10 times higher by the glyoxylic acid method. The higher values were probably due to interference from ascorbic acid and other glyoxylic acid-producing compounds, because the reduction of interfering compounds with sodium borohydride before chromatography resulted in concentrations of less than half of those originally observed. It is concluded that the modification of the enzyme inhibition method is preferable because it is less subject to interference and less labor intensive than the glyoxylic acid method. PMID- 3747453 TI - Identification of pyrilamine metabolites by ammonia chemical ionization mass spectrometry. AB - The ammonia chemical ionization mass spectrometric analysis of pyrilamine, the N oxide of pyrilamine, and related compounds is described. The use of ammonia as the reagent gas produced excellent [M + H]+ ions for these compounds. The suitability of this method for the analysis of two rat urinary metabolites of pyrilamine is demonstrated. PMID- 3747454 TI - Comprehensive toxicology screening in patients admitted to a university trauma center. AB - The utility of performing comprehensive toxicology screening in patients admitted to a university trauma center was evaluated by retrospective review of the results of such screening for a one-year period. Eighty-five percent of the screens were performed on males. Sixty-nine percent of the screens were positive for one or more drugs, and eighty-five percent of the positive screens occurred in males. More than half of the positives were in individuals 30 years of age or less. Ethanol was present in 81% of the positive screens, and of these it was the only drug found in 84% of the cases. Blood ethanol concentrations for the entire series ranged from 0.01 to 0.41% (mean, 0.15%; SD, 0.08%). Blood ethanol measurement alone is more cost effective than comprehensive toxicology screening and may be nearly as useful as the comprehensive screen in the majority of trauma cases. PMID- 3747455 TI - Ion cluster techniques in drug metabolism: use of a mixture of labeled and unlabeled cocaine to facilitate metabolite identification. AB - Cocaine disposition studies in the rat are described. A mixture of cocaine, cocaine-d3, cocaine-14C, and cocaine-3H was used as a dose. The urine was collected, extracted with organic solvents, and fractions collected using HPLC and TLC. The radioactive cocaine was useful in the separation of metabolites while the deuterium-labeled cocaine, creating an artificial isotopic cluster, provided specific identification of the metabolites by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Benzoylecgonine, ecgoninemethylester, ecgonidine, norcocaine, N hydroxynorcocaine, hydroxycocaine, and hydroxymethoxycocaine were found to be the major metabolites, while ecgonine, benzoylnorecgonine, and cocaine-N-oxide seemed to be present in trace amounts. Dimethoxyhydroxy cocaine was tentatively identified. Several of these newly identified metabolites of cocaine were present in significant concentrations and could contribute to the toxic effects of cocaine. PMID- 3747456 TI - Effect of parenterally administered ethanol on the tissue distribution of phencyclidine following percutaneous absorption. AB - At 1, 2, 3, and 4 hr after percutaneous absorption of phencyclidine hydrochloride in the hairless mouse, concentrations of the drug in blood, brain, liver, lung, and heart were much lower in mice that had been pretreated with hypertonic ethanol by intraperitoneal injection than in control mice pretreated with water. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that hypertonic ethanol inhibits the percutaneous absorption of phencyclidine. The relative pattern of tissue distribution of phencyclidine, however, appeared to be essentially the same for both groups. It appears that the magnitude of percutaneous absorption of phencyclidine does not alter its relative tissue distribution. PMID- 3747457 TI - Determination of morphine in the hair of heroin addicts by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection. AB - A procedure has been presented for the quantitative determination of morphine contained in the hair of heroin addicts, by means of heat-acid hydrolysis, pre column dansyl derivatization, straight phase liquid chromatography, and fluorescence detection. External standardization was used. Intra-assay and day-to day variation coefficients were 5.6 and 7.8%, respectively (n = 10), when hair containing 1 ng/mg of morphine was assayed. Hair samples of 22 heroin addicts showed positive results in the range 0.08 to 15.7 ng/mg. No false positive results were found in 20 control subjects. A close correlation was shown between high performance liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay results (y = 0.97x + 0.26)(r = 0.997, n = 15). Morphine hair content results significantly correlated with the grade of heroin use roughly estimated by means of serial determinations of morphine in urines during the last months before hair sampling. PMID- 3747459 TI - A rapid and efficient blood/urine opiate extraction procedure. PMID- 3747458 TI - The effects of paraquat dichloride on clinical chemistry measurements. AB - Although measurements in the clinical chemistry laboratory are routinely used to monitor renal and hepatic toxicity from paraquat, it is not known if paraquat, a strong oxidant, interferes with common laboratory tests. The authors analyzed the effects of paraquat (concentration range of 0 to 1000 mg/L) on the Beckman IDEAL and Technicon SMAC analyzers for 20 common analytes. Although 18 tests were unaffected by paraquat, creatinine values rose from 1.3 to 7.6 mg/dL on the SMAC and 1.3 to 3.0 mg/dL on the IDEAL. Also, LDH was unaffected, rising by 6 and 12% on the IDEAL and the SMAC, respectively. Values for these correlated positively with serum paraquat concentrations although little effect could be discerned at paraquat levels less than or equal to 10 mg/L. Thus, the magnitude of the effects were such that interference by paraquat with the measurements of creatinine and LDH can be considered insignificant in clinical circumstances. PMID- 3747460 TI - A quick, qualitative assay for alcohol in urine. PMID- 3747461 TI - Wechsler performance-verbal discrepancy and antisocial behavior. PMID- 3747462 TI - Viscoelastic properties of microvessels in rat spinotrapezius muscle. AB - In order to establish a quantitative model of blood flow in skeletal muscle, the mechanical properties of the blood vessels need to be measured. We present measurements of the viscoelastic properties of arterioles, venules, and capillaries in exteriorized rat spinotrapezius muscle. Muscles were perfused with an inert silicone polymer and a uniform static pressure was established by occlusion of the venous outflow. Vessel diameters were then measured as a function of the static pressure. This study provides the first measurements of the viscoelastic properties of microvessels in skeletal muscle in situ. Over a pressure range of 20-200 mmHg, the transverse arterioles are the most distensible vessels, while the arcade venules are the stiffest. In response to a step change in pressure, all vessels show an initial elastic deformation, followed by a nonlinear creep. Based on the experimental results for different pressure histories a constitutive equation relating vessel diameter to the local transmural pressure is proposed. Diameter changes are expressed in the form of a diameter strain, analogous to a Green's strain, and are related to the local transmural pressure using a standard linear solid model. This model has only three empirical coefficients and could be fitted to all experimental results for all vessels within error of measurement. PMID- 3747463 TI - Measurement of the extensional and flexural rigidities of a subcellular structure: marginal bands isolated from erythrocytes of the newt. AB - The elastic properties of marginal band, a microtubular structure isolated from the newt (notophthalmus viridescens) have been measured. Bands were isolated using Triton X-100 and pepsin at pH 6.8 according to the method of Cohen (1978). Isolated bands were manipulated with a glass microhook in a buffer-filled chamber under the microscope. Single bands were stretched between the hook and a thin glass fiber. The fiber was calibrated so that the force on the band could be calculated from the displacement of the fiber. The data pairs of force versus band deflection were analyzed according to the theoretical work of Libai and Simmonds (1983) to obtain the flexural and extensional rigidities of the band. Band dimensions calculated from the data were consistent with microscopically determined values. The average flexural rigidity of the bands (EI) was 5.3 X 10( 13) dyn X cm2 and the average extensional rigidity (EA) was 0.017 dyn. Compared to the cell membrane, the marginal band is nearly inextensible and has a much greater resistance to bending, indicating that the band makes an important contribution to the deformability of the circulating cell. PMID- 3747464 TI - Thermal pulse decay method for simultaneous measurement of local thermal conductivity and blood perfusion: a theoretical analysis. AB - Presented here is a theoretical analysis of the recently developed thermal pulse decay (TPD) method for a simultaneous measurement of local tissue conductivity and blood perfusion rate. The paper describes the theoretical model upon which the TPD method is based and details its capabilities and limitations. The theoretical aspects that affected the development of the measurement protocol are also discussed. The performance of the method is demonstrated with an experimental example which compares the measurements of local kidney blood perfusion rates made using the TPD method with the total renal blood flow obtained coincidentally using a blood flowmeter, in an anesthetized dog. PMID- 3747465 TI - Statistical data base for the biomechanical properties of the human shoulder complex--I: Kinematics of the shoulder complex. AB - In the last two decades, several multi-segmented mathematical models of the total human-body have appeared in the literature. While these models can handle very sophisticated load-motion situations, their effectiveness depends heavily on the proper biomechanical description and simulation of the major articulating joints of the human body. Among these joints, the most complicated and the least successfully modeled one has been the shoulder complex mainly due to the lack of an appropriate biomechanical data base as well as the anatomical complexity of the shoulder region. In 1984, the senior author and his associates proposed a new kinematic data collection methodology by means of sonic emitters and associated data analysis technique. Based on this data collection methodology, Part I of this paper establishes a statistical data base for the shoulder complex sinus of the male population of ages 18-32. Estimates for the population mean and standard deviation as well as their confidence intervals are presented. The results are expressed in functional expansion form relative to a locally defined joint axis system as well as relative to the torso-fixed coordinate system in the form of globographic representation. PMID- 3747466 TI - Statistical data base for the biomechanical properties of the human shoulder complex--II: Passive resistive properties beyond the shoulder complex sinus. AB - In mathematical modeling of multi-segmented articulating total-human-body, there is no doubt that the shoulder complex plays one of the most important roles. However, proper biomechanical passive resistive force data have been lacking in the literature. This paper presents determination of the three-dimensional passive resistive joint properties beyond the maximal voluntary shoulder complex sinus. A functional expansion with two spherical angular variables in the local joint axis system is proposed to fit the overall restoring force (moment) data. A constant restoring force (moment) contour map as well as a three-dimensional perspective view of the results are presented in a new coordinate system defined in this study. Finally, a statistical data base is established by utilizing the statistical analysis procedures discussed in Part I of this paper. PMID- 3747467 TI - Perfused phantom models of microwave irradiated tissue. AB - The theoretical basis, practical design considerations, and prototype testing of a perfused model suitable for simulation studies of microwave heated tissue are presented. A parallel tube heat exchanger configuration is used to simulate the internal convection effects of blood flow. The global thermal response of the phantom, on a scale of several tube spacings, is shown theoretically to be nearly identical to that predicted by Pennes' bioheat equation, which is known to give a reasonable representation of tissue under many conditions. A parametric study is provided for the relationships between the tube size, spacing and material properties and the simulated perfusion rate. A prototype with a physiologically reasonable perfusion rate was tested using a typical hyperthermia applicator. The measured thermal response of the phantom compares favorably with the numerical solution of the bioheat equation under the same irradiation conditions. This similarity sheds light on the unexpected success of the bioheat equation for modeling the thermal response of real tissue. PMID- 3747468 TI - Small-scale temperature fluctuations in perfused tissue during local hyperthermia. AB - We develop analytical expressions (scaling laws) for the local temperature fluctuations near isolated and countercurrent blood vessels during hyperthermia. These scaling laws relate the magnitude of such fluctuations to the size of the heated region and to the thermal equilibration length of the vessels. A new equilibration length is identified for countercurrent vessels. Significant temperature differences are predicted between the vessels and the immediately adjacent tissue when the equilibration length is comparable to or longer than the size of the heated tissue region. Countercurrent vessels are shown to have shorter equilibration lengths and produce smaller temperature fluctuations than isolated vessels of the same size. PMID- 3747469 TI - Phasic and spatial pressure measurements in a femoral artery branch model for pulsatile flow. AB - Phasic and spatial time-averaged pressure distributions were measured in a 60-deg femoral artery branch model over a large range of branch flow ratios and at physiological Reynolds numbers of about 120 and 700. The results obtained with an in-vivo like flow wave form indicated spatial adverse time average pressure gradients in the branch vicinity which increased in magnitude with branch flow ratio, and the importance of the larger inertial effects at the higher Reynolds numbers. Pressure losses in the branch entrance region were relatively large, and corresponding flow resistances may limit branch flow, particularly at higher Reynolds numbers. The effect of branch flow was to reduce the pressure loss in the main lumen. PMID- 3747470 TI - The effect of a turbulent jet on gas transport during oscillatory flow. AB - Axial mass transport due to the combined effects of flow oscillation and a turbulent jet was studied both experimentally and with a simple theoretical model. The experiments show that the distance over which turbulence enhances transport is greatly increased by flow oscillation, and is particularly sensitive to tidal volume. The jet flow rate and jet configuration are relatively less important. To analyze the results, the region influenced by the jet is divided into two zones: a near field in which the time-mean flow velocities are larger than the turbulent fluctuations, and a far field where the time-mean flow is essentially zero. In the far field, axial mass transport is increased due to the turbulence which decays in strength away from the jet. When oscillatory flow is superimposed upon the steady jet flow, the turbulence in the far field interacts with the flow oscillations to augment the transport of turbulence energy and of mass. This transport enhancement is modeled by introducing an effective axial diffusivity analogous to that used in laminar oscillatory flow. PMID- 3747471 TI - Three-dimensional strain fields in a uniform osteotomy gap. AB - Stable internal fixation usually results in a unique histological healing pattern which involves direct cortical reconstruction and an absence of periosteal bridging callus. While it has been suggested that longitudinal interfragmentary strain levels control this healing pattern, the complex, multiaxial strain fields in the interfragmentary region are not well understood. Based on an in-vivo study of gap healing in the sheep tibia by Mansmann et al., we used several finite element models of simplified geometry to: explore modeling assumptions on material linearity and deformation kinematics, and examine the strain distribution in a healing fracture gap subjected to known levels of interfragmentary strain. We found that a general nonlinear material, nonlinear geometric analysis is necessary to model an osteotomy gap subjected to a maximum longitudinal strain of 100 percent. The large displacement, large strain conditions which were used in the in-vivo study result in complex, multiaxial strain fields in the gap. Restricting the maximum longitudinal strain to 10 percent allows use of a linear geometric formulation without compromising the numerical results. At this reduced strain level a linear material model can be used to examine the extent of material yielding within a homogeneous osteotomy gap. Severe local strain variations occurred both through the thickness of the gap and radially from the endosteal to periosteal gap surfaces. The bone/gap interface represented a critical plane of high distortional and volumetric change and principal strain magnitudes exceeded the maximum longitudinal strains. PMID- 3747472 TI - Inflation waves induced by axial acceleration of the aorta. AB - The phenomenon of high-amplitude inflation waves resulting from a sharp axial acceleration of the aorta, as may occur in road accidents, is investigated theoretically. The aorta is modeled as an axisymmetric tapered membranic shell (tube) made of an incompressible, nonlinear viscoelastic material with cylindrical orthotropy. It is filled with an inviscid, incompressible fluid whose flow is considered as quasi-one dimensional along the tube axis. The equations of motion of the tube and of the fluid are solved numerically, by using a two-step explicit scheme, for several axial acceleration profiles. The solutions shows that an inflation wave is generated and it propagates in opposite direction to that of the acceleration. The wall stresses, deformations and their time derivatives as well as fluid velocity and pressure are determined along the tube at different time intervals. Peak axial and circumferential stresses are high, with the latter far exceeding the former. These stresses may cause rupture of the aorta. PMID- 3747474 TI - A review of the physique and performance qualities characteristic of games players in specific positions on the field of play. PMID- 3747473 TI - Branching pattern of pulmonary arterial tree in anesthetized dogs. AB - The geometry of the pulmonary arterial tree of six adult dogs was measured by a high-speed, volume-scanning, X-ray tomographic technique. After the dogs were anesthetized a catheter was advanced to the right ventricular outflow tract and 2 mL/kg Renovist contrast agent injected rapidly. During the subsequent pulmonary arterial phase of the angiogram the dogs were scanned. Three-dimensional geometry of the pulmonary arterial tree was measured in terms of vessel segment cross sectional area, branching angles and interbranch segment lengths along axial pathways. The effect of lung inflation and phase of the cardiac cycle on geometry was shown to be most marked on vessel cross-sectional area. The geometric branching patterns in all dogs were similar. The observed, in-vivo branching pattern behaved somewhat like the branching pattern predicted from optimized models proposed by Murray, Zamir, and Uylings. PMID- 3747475 TI - The anaerobic threshold of elite and novice cyclists. PMID- 3747477 TI - The correlation of performance variables in preadolescent tennis players. PMID- 3747476 TI - Physical fitness of South African school children. PMID- 3747478 TI - Menses and exercise: attitudes and actions. PMID- 3747479 TI - Electromyographic analysis of some muscles in cycling athletes. PMID- 3747480 TI - The effects of rapid weight loss and rehydratation on a wrestling performance test. PMID- 3747481 TI - Incidence of heart rate overshoot. PMID- 3747482 TI - Effects of short-term training on glycolytic intermediates in human erythrocytes. PMID- 3747483 TI - Effects of sleep deprivation on performance during submaximal and maximal exercise. PMID- 3747484 TI - Influence of exercise and of lifestyle education upon attitudes to exercise of older people. PMID- 3747485 TI - Physical fitness, anthropometric and metabolic parameters in vegetarian athletes. PMID- 3747486 TI - The effects of interval aerobic training on plasma lipid fractions of male and post-menopausal sedentary faculty. PMID- 3747487 TI - The effects of endurance swimming on the serum lipoproteins and the postheparin serum lipolytic activity in rats. PMID- 3747488 TI - Effects of dipyridamole on myocardial glucose uptake in the newborn lamb. AB - Carbohydrates are an important source of energy for the immature myocardium. Since dipyridamole (DPY) has been reported to facilitate glucose uptake in the adult heart, the present study was designed to determine whether DPY could enhance glucose uptake in the nonischemic newborn. In anesthetized, open chest lambs (n = 8), circumflex coronary blood flow (CBF), myocardial adenine nucleotide content, and aortic and coronary sinus concentrations of glucose, lactate, and pyruvate were determined before and after a single dose of DPY (0.2 mg/kg, intravenously). Adenine nucleotides were measured by HPLC. The consumption of substrates was calculated as the product of CBF and the aortic-coronary sinus difference in substrate concentration. Coronary blood flow averaged 114 +/- 6 ml/min/100 g in the untreated animals, and increased by 44% following treatment with dipyridamole (P less than 0.01). This was associated with a 32% decrease in coronary vascular resistance (P less than 0.01). Glucose uptake increased from 9 to 46 mumoles/min/100 g (P less than 0.01) following dipyridamole treatment; lactate uptake decreased by 97% (P less than 0.01). There was a net release of pyruvate from the neonatal hearts; this increased from 18 to 25 mumole/min/100 g (P less than 0.05). Myocardial ATP content averaged 4.08 mumole/g wet wt in the untreated animals, and increased 11% to 4.52 following DPY (P less than 0.01). The agent had no effect on the myocardial tissue levels of AMP or ADP. These data indicate that DPY is a coronary vasodilator in the newborn lamb and augments both glucose uptake and myocardial ATP content. These metabolic effects provide a rationale for further studies during periods of hypoxia and ischemia. PMID- 3747489 TI - Colonic mucosal dissection following electrocautery or laser polypectomy. AB - Mucosal proctectomy and ileoanal anastomosis is being increasingly performed on patients with familial polyposis, many of whom have undergone previous subtotal colectomy followed by endoscopic surveillance and polypectomy with monopolar electrocautery (MPEC) or, more recently, argon laser (AL). Our aim was to compare the ease of mucosal dissection following polypectomy with MPEC or AL in the canine colon. At celiotomy, two groups of fifteen 5- to 7-mm sessile polyps were surgically created in the descending colon of five mongrel dogs. Six weeks later, each animal underwent flexible colonoscopy and polyp fulguration with MPEC (15 polyps) and AL (15 polyps). Fulguration was performed weekly for 2-3 weeks until all polyps had been obliterated. Ten weeks later, mucosal dissection was performed with the operating team unaware of prior treatment. Mucosal dissection was scored for dissectability (1 to 4; 1 = facile, 4 = difficult), blood loss, operating time, and number of mucosal perforations with the last three parameters normalized to 100 cm2 of mucosa. AL and MPEC were equally effective at polyp obliteration; however, more AL-treated polyps required retreatment than MPEC treated polyps (P less than 0.05). After AL treatment, mucosal dissection was more facile [dissectability index (mean +/- SEM): 1.4 +/- 0.2 vs 2.6 +/- 0.2; P less than 0.05] and could be performed more quickly (15.1 +/- 2.4 min vs 23.6 +/- 2.7 min; P less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3747490 TI - Bradykinin causes a prolonged increase in skin microvascular permeability. AB - Bradykinin is an endogenous inflammatory mediator, and its mechanism of action is incompletely understood. It is controversial whether bradykinin causes a sustained increase in microvascular permeability, or has only a transient effect. In anesthetized dogs intraarterial infusion of bradykinin (0.14 to 0.54 micrograms/kg/min) produced an immediate increase in flow of protein-rich, hindpaw lymph. After 210 min of bradykinin infusion lymph flow was threefold greater than baseline, lymph protein concentration remained doubled, and in a dose-related fashion bradykinin produced a sustained increase in lymph protein flux. Lymph flow was then further increased with venous hypertension, and after 4 hr lymph protein flux remained greater from the bradykinin paws than from the control paws. This sustained increase in protein flux indicates that bradykinin produces an increase in permeability at the microvascular membrane by a mechanism that is different from how the initial increase in permeability was produced. PMID- 3747491 TI - Targeting of tumor-associated antigens (TAA) in experimental immunotherapy. AB - We have previously shown the superiority of tumor-associated antigens (TAA) to function as effective immunogens when administered with bilayer membrane vesicles called liposomes. The ability of liposomes to target TAA to host antigen presenting cells is analyzed here. 1-Butanol extracted TAA from two syngeneic rat colon cancer tumors (WB 2054 and W 1756) was radioiodinated (131I-TAA). Free 131I and 131I-TAA (2.8 X 10(7) cpm and 75 micrograms TAA per rat) were used as tracers, with or without incorporation into liposomes (composition: sphingomyelin, cholesterol, dicetyl phosphate at 70:24:6 molar ratio). Six groups of male rats (BN X WF for WB2054 and Wistar/Furth for W1756, n = 18 each group) were injected iv with either free tracers or the tracers incorporated into liposomes. Whole blood clearance curve was biphasic (half-life alpha = 5 min; half life beta = 12 hr), suggesting a two-compartmental model of distribution. Seven animals from each group were sacrificed at set times (15 min to 48 hr), organs harvested and cpm/g of tissue estimated. Liposome 131I and liposome 131I TAA were targeted to and retained preferentially in liver and spleen. Four animals from each group were imaged serially using a gamma camera. Matched pair analysis of regions showed persistently higher activity in liver-spleen area when liposomes were used (P less than 0.001). The uptake of radiolabeled antigens by plastic adherent mononuclear cells in liver and spleen was significantly higher when presented with liposomes (macrophage uptake index: liver = 1.65 vs 0.55; spleen = 5.85 vs 1.15; with and without liposomes, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3747492 TI - Carbohydrate diet-induced calcium bilirubinate sludge and pigment gallstones in the prairie dog. AB - Epidemiologic studies suggest that consumption of diets rich in carbohydrates may, in part, be responsible for the increasing incidence of pigment gallstone disease. The mechanism by which these dietary components lead to pigment stone formation remains obscure. Furthermore, investigative efforts in this area have been hampered by the lack of a suitable animal model. The present study was undertaken to study the role of complex carbohydrates in pigment gallstone formation in the prairie dog. Two groups of eight animals each were maintained on either a control, nonlithogenic chow, or a high carbohydrate (35% sucrose, 32% rich starch) diet for 2 months. Neither crystals nor gallstones were observed in any of the control animals. All of the carbohydrate fed animals (P less than 0.005 vs control) had calcium bilirubinate crystals and sludge, while microscopic, black stones were present in six of these eight animals (P less than 0.05 vs control). Although hepatic bile bilirubin was unchanged in the carbohydrate-fed group, these animals had a significant increase in hepatic bile calcium (P less than 0.005) and phospholipids (P less than 0.005) when compared to controls. Carbohydrate-fed animals also had a significant increase in gallbladder bile concentrations of phospholipids (P less than 0.001), calcium (P less than 0.001), unconjugated (P less than 0.005), conjugated (P less than 0.005), and total bilirubin (P less than 0.001) as compared to controls. These data indicate that in the prairie dog, carbohydrate feeding results in increased biliary concentrations of phospholipids, calcium and bilirubin, and formation of calcium bilirubinate crystals, sludge and microscopic gallstones.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3747493 TI - The effects of heparin and splenectomy on survival and plasma fibronectin levels in rat peritonitis. AB - Splenectomized patients are predisposed toward developing overwhelming bacterial infections. Administration of heparin is known to improve the survival of animals with intraabdominal sepsis and endotoxemia. The present study evaluates the effect of splenectomy and heparin administration on survival and plasma fibronectin (FN) levels in rats during acute bacterial peritonitis. Peritonitis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in 48 male Sprague-Dawley rats divided into four equal groups (12 each). Eight rats (66.7%) survived 10 days following CLP. When splenectomy was performed simultaneously (CLPS), the survival rate declined to 16.7% (P less than 0.05). Twenty units of heparin given subcutaneously daily for 5 days improved the survival rate to 66.7% following CLPS (P less than 0.05). When heparin was administered following CLP, the survival rate improved to 83.3% (not significantly higher than CLP alone). Plasma FN levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on Days 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, and 10 following surgery. The plasma FN levels in splenectomized rats (CLPS +/- heparin) and nonsplenectomized rats (CLP +/- heparin) peaked on the first and second postoperative days, respectively. In comparing FN levels, no significant differences were found between the groups except on the second day- the CLPS + heparin group had a significantly lower FN level on Day 2 than CLP +/- heparin. This suggests that heparin confers protection from intraabdominal sepsis not only in animals with normal spleens but also in splenectomized animals. Plasma FN levels are not strongly influenced by heparin administration and concomitant splenectomy. PMID- 3747494 TI - Incorporation of microporous Teflon tracheal prostheses in rabbits: evaluation of surgical aspects. AB - Because tracheal prostheses made of nonporous silicone rubber develop granulation tissue at the anastomoses, we tested a prosthesis made of a microporous material (polytetrafluoroethylene, Teflon) to see whether this problem could be avoided and the prosthesis could be successfully incorporated (luminal side covered by connective tissue and epithelium). At various times after implantation in the cervical trachea of rabbits, the prostheses were inspected macroscopically for obstruction of the prosthesis lumen (lumen reduced by one-third or more) and microscopically for incorporation and inflammatory reaction (concentration of inflammatory cells) of the prosthesis. The prosthesis was successfully incorporated within 2-4 weeks in most rabbits without granulation tissue at the anastomoses. Two complications were infection of the prosthesis before incorporation was completed and obstruction of the lumen in the center of the prosthesis by granulation tissue or a deformed prosthesis wall. Both problems can be overcome, the first by giving an appropriate antibiotic for a longer period and the second by making a stiffer prosthesis. Thus, the microporous Teflon prosthesis is potentially useful as a tracheal prosthesis in rabbits. PMID- 3747495 TI - An isolated skeletal muscle model suitable for acute ischemia studies. AB - A modified isolated canine gracilis model of acute complete muscle ischemia was developed and then tested metabolically and histologically in 25 animals to assess its validity. In each dog, both gracili were isolated on their major vascular pedicles. One muscle underwent ischemia and reperfusion by placing and removing microvascular clips on the artery and vein. The other gracilis muscle was used as a control. Total muscle blood flow measurements, blood samples, and muscle biopsies were taken every other hour for up to 11 hr after preparation. The fiber-type profile of the gracilis was determined bilaterally using a myosin ATPase stain (n = 10). The results verified these hypotheses: after surgical preparation, the right and left muscles in the same dog are equivalent metabolically, after a 2-hr stabilization period, gracilis blood flow, oxygen and glucose uptake, lactate release, and tissue glycogen, lactate, phosphocreatine, and ATP levels remain within normal limits and unchanged for the next 9 hr, the surgical isolation of the gracilis muscle on a single vascular pedicle does not result in significant metabolic changes, in this model, a 2-hr ischemia is reversible, but a 7-hr ischemia results in irreversible ischemic injury. As well, fiber-type profile, muscle blood flow, and metabolic parameters can very significantly among animals supporting the necessity of a contralateral control. Therefore, this modified gracilis muscle model with its contralateral muscle as a control is suitable for acute skeletal muscle ischemia experiments of at least 9 hr duration. PMID- 3747496 TI - The effects of prosthetic gallstones on gallbladder function and bile composition. AB - Diminished gallbladder emptying has been implicated in the pathogenesis of gallstone formation. This study assessed the effect of the physical presence of inert, prosthetic gallstones on gallbladder contractility, histopathology, and bile composition. Three glass beads, each 3 mm in diameter, were implanted in the guinea pig gallbladder. Six weeks later the in vitro contractility was assessed in response to cholecystokinin. Sham-operated animals underwent cholecystotomy without bead implantation. The gross and microscopic appearance of gallbladders from sham-operated and implanted animals was the same. The presence of stones moderately inhibited gallbladder contraction reaching 20.5% (P less than 0.05) at the maximally effective dose of cholecystokinin compared to sham-operated animals. Sham-operated and control (unoperated) animals had similar gallbladder contractility. Thus surgery itself did not alter gallbladder motility. The presence of stones had no effect on biliary lipid composition. It thus appears that gallstones, in the unobstructed gallbladder, cause only a moderate inhibition of gallbladder contractility and have little effect on biliary physiology. PMID- 3747497 TI - Field articulation testing: a predictor of technical skills in surgical residents. AB - The relationship between a specialized form of spatial ability known as "field articulation" and technical surgical skill was investigated. This form of spatial ability is operationally defined as the ability to differentiate a simple figure from a complex configurational surround. The relationship between Hidden Figures test scores and average ratings of technical surgical skill made by 17 academic surgical faculty members in two independent institutions was highly significant. Therefore, the use of this test to screen candidates for surgical residency, as well as to assess technical skill potential in junior residents, would appear to be based on valid statistical results. PMID- 3747498 TI - Chronic gastric ulcers are not predisposed to tumor formation when exposed to a low dose of carcinogen. AB - The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether chronic gastric ulcers in the rat are predisposed to tumor formation when exposed to a usually noncarcinogenic dose of the carcinogen, N-Methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Two groups of rats were prepared; one subjected to a standard ulcer producing operation, the other as control. Both groups were given oral MNNG (100 mg/liter as drinking water) for 12 weeks, the carcinogen was then stopped and replaced with tap water, and the experiment terminated at 52 weeks. Results showed that a low dose of carcinogen (200 mg) did not induce tumor formation in any of the normal rats. In the presence of a chronic gastric ulcer, only intestinal metaplasia and hyperplastic glandular nodules were observed, but there were no gastric tumors. It is concluded that the presence of a chronic gastric ulcer did not increase the likelihood of gastric tumor formation in rats treated with a noncarcinogenic dose of the carcinogen MNNG. PMID- 3747500 TI - The effect of microbial contamination on musculocutaneous and random flaps. AB - Although musculocutaneous flaps have been shown to have the ability to withstand a greater inoculum of bacteria than random flaps, it has not been shown that the musculocutaneous flap has any greater ability to decrease the bacterial population in a contaminated wound. In this series of experiments, granulating wounds were developed containing 10(4), 10(5), or 10(6) bacteria per gram of tissue. These contaminated wounds were then covered either with musculocutaneous flaps, random flaps, or left uncovered as a control. In the heavily contaminated wounds containing 10(6) bacteria per gram of tissue, neither type of flap was able to prevent bacterial proliferation and all flaps dehisced. In the minimally contaminated wounds containing 10(4) bacteria per gram of tissue, both the musculocutaneous and random flaps achieved wound healing and decreased the bacterial level in the wound. However, in the intermediate group containing 10(5) bacteria per gram of tissue, musculocutaneous flaps lowered the bacterial count and allowed wound closure, whereas the random flaps did not control the bacterial growth and failed. Therefore, in the moderately contaminated wound, musculocutaneous flaps are advantageous and can decrease bacterial counts and obtain successful closure when random flaps cannot. PMID- 3747499 TI - Comparison of prosthetic graft materials as intracardiac right atrial patches. AB - An experimental animal model was developed to study the fate of prosthetic graft materials within the heart. Autologous pericardium, bovine pericardium, polytetrafluoroethylene, woven Dacron, and autologous right atrium (control) patches were implanted into the wall at three sites on the right atrium in each of 10 dogs (six patches for each graft material). The atria were harvested 90-100 days later and histologic examination and quantitation of calcium were performed. Chronic inflammation and fibrosis were found in 29 of 30 grafts. Cartilage formed in 26 of 30 sites and was found both in the center and around the edges of the grafts. In addition to cartilage, bone including marrow elements formed in the two autologous materials at 4 of the 12 sites and in 1 of the Dacron graft sites. Calcium content was greater in the control and the bovine pericardial grafts than in the other graft materials (P = NS). The incidence and degree of inflammation, fibrosis, calcification and cartilage, and bone formation were similar in all materials. We conclude that the healing process of these intracardiac graft materials is a generalized phenomenon independent of the inherent properties of a specific graft material. PMID- 3747501 TI - Cytotoxicity of human brain tumors by hematoporphyrin derivative. PMID- 3747502 TI - The role of aspirin and dipyridamole on vascular DNA synthesis and intimal hyperplasia following deendothelialization. AB - Platelets are implicated both in acute thrombotic events and, through platelet derived growth factor, in the development of intimal hyperplasia. We have investigated, in vivo, the influence of aspirin and dipyridamole on vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and DNA synthesis following balloon catheter injury. Fifty-eight male, New Zealand white rabbits were divided equally into two groups; the test group was fed aspirin (14 mg/kg/day) and dipyridamole (9 mg/kg/day) from 2 days prior to surgery until sacrifice at 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 14, or 28 days after injury. All animals were sacrificed 1 h after injection of [3H]thymidine and the smooth muscle cell DNA specific activity and total kinetic activity were determined. Intimal hyperplasia was measured by light microscopy and intimal nuclear proliferation was determined by counting nuclei per millimeter of internal elastic lamina. Nuclear proliferation was maximal at 14 days (25 +/- 1.2) but intimal hyperplasia was still increasing at 28 days. DNA specific activity after 24 hr (test: 4 +/- 2 dpm/micrograms DNA; control: 3.3 +/- 3 dpm/micrograms DNA) was similar to basal levels in uninjured rabbits. DNA synthesis peaked in both groups between the second and third day (test: 177 +/- 27 dpm/micrograms DNA; control: 185 +/- 39 dpm/micrograms DNA) and then declined slowly toward baseline values. There was no significant difference between treated and normal rabbits in either [3H]thymidine incorporation, nuclear proliferation, or development of intimal hyperplasia despite 90% inhibition of platelet aggregation and a significant reduction (78%) in [14C]serotonin release following collagen challenge (6 micrograms/ml).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3747503 TI - Vertebral osteomyelitis due to Candida glabrata. A case report. PMID- 3747504 TI - Scapular fractures resulting from grand mal seizures in chronic hemodialysis patients. PMID- 3747505 TI - Popliteal artery injury associated with tibial fracture in a five year old. PMID- 3747506 TI - Right lower quadrant pain and tenderness: appendiceal abscess with appendicolith. PMID- 3747507 TI - Common X-linked disorders. PMID- 3747508 TI - Operating room injuries--not always a slip of the knife. PMID- 3747509 TI - Biochemical and immunological characterization of estrogen binding components in human neoplastic adrenocortical tissues. AB - The estrogen binding components in human adrenocortical tissues were examined. Two adrenocortical cancer cytosols were found to contain the binder with a relative low affinity (Kd 5 X 10(-9) M) for estradiol. The association of [3H]estradiol to these cytosols was inhibited by a large dose of unlabeled estrone, estradiol or estriol, but neither by diethylstilbestrol nor by dihydrotestosterone. Incubation of cultured cells derived from these cancers with [3H]estradiol also showed the presence of this low-affinity estradiol binder. The addition of bovine serum albumin into these cytosols surprisingly resulted in a marked increase in estradiol binding capacity in a concentration-dependent manner. This component sedimented at 5 S in the low salt sucrose density gradient. This binding ability was found to be heat-labile in the absence of estradiol, but preformation of complexes with estradiol markedly stabilized its binding ability against thermal inactivation. In addition, experiments using monoclonal antibodies to human estrogen receptor revealed that the estrogen binder from one adrenocortical cancer cytosol shared antigenic determinants with human estrogen receptor. These results suggest that the unique estrogen binder in some adrenocortical cancer has the characteristics similar to estrogen receptors in terms of thermal stability and immunological cross-reactivity to antibodies. PMID- 3747510 TI - Testicular responsiveness to human chorionic gonadotrophin during transient hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism induced by androgenic/anabolic steroids in power athletes. AB - Serum concentrations of testosterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, estradiol and several other unconjugated and sulphated steroids were analyzed before and after a single dose of hCG in 6 power athletes, who had used high doses of testosterone and anabolic steroids for 3 months. The study was carried out 3 weeks after cessation of drug use, but the study subjects were still characterized by hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. The mean concentrations of serum LH and FSH were 2.6 +/- 0.3 and 1.1 +/- 0.03 mIU/ml (mean +/- SEM), respectively, and the concentrations of several precursors and metabolites of testosterone were lower than those before drug use. In contrast, circulating concentrations of steroid sulphates were not decreased, with the exception of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate. After hCG injection serum testosterone and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone concentrations increased significantly, whereas no increases in estradiol and 17 hydroxyprogesterone concentrations were observed. These results demonstrate that during transient hypogonadotrophism in adult men, the testicular responsiveness to a single injection of hCG is similar to that in prepubertal boys without any sign of steroidogenic lesion at the 17,20-desmolase step. Therefore, the appearance of the possibly estradiol-mediated inhibition at the level of C21 steroid side-chain splitting in testosterone biosynthesis seems to be dependent on priming by gonadotrophins. PMID- 3747511 TI - Sex steroid hormone binding globulin levels and free 17 beta-estradiol and testosterone in cynomolgus monkeys during different reproductive states. AB - The effect of differences in sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels associated with reproductive status on free 17 beta-estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) was characterized in cynomolgus monkeys. Cycling female cynomolgus monkeys had higher SHBG levels than males, pregnant and lactating females (P less than 0.05). Ovariectomized females were not different than control females, suggesting no hypoestrogenic effect. The percentage of free T was elevated in pregnant animals (P less than 0.05) compared to normal males and females, but the percentage of free E2 was similar between these groups. Although a gender difference in the percentages of free E2 and T was not detected, there was a gender difference in the free T and E2 concentrations due to endogenous secretion. Increased free E2 concentrations during pregnancy were the result of endogenous secretion rather than the decreased binding capacity of SHBG; the increased percentage of free T during pregnancy significantly increased free T concentrations. These data suggest that the gender difference in SHBG levels in cynomolgus monkeys is due to androgenic influences and that estrogens have minimal influence. Furthermore, the decrease in SHBG levels during pregnancy and lactation may not be entirely dependent on these androgenic influences. PMID- 3747512 TI - Aromatase activity in human skin fibroblasts: characterization by an enzymatic method. AB - Human skin fibroblasts were incubated for 24 h with 10(-6) M androstenedione and the estrone + estradiol released in the culture medium were measured by an enzymatic assay. Aromatase activity was expressed as pmol (estrone + estradiol) formed in the medium per mg cell protein per day. Using this method we were able to investigate the kinetic properties of aromatase in different cell strains and its stimulation by dexamethasone. Values of 92 nM and 9.1 pmol/mg protein/day were obtained respectively for Km and Vmax in cultured fibroblasts derived from genital skin of normal prepubertal subjects. In patients with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome CAIS, the Km was 156 nM and the Vmax 42 pmol/mg protein/day. Aromatase activity varied from 7.9 +/- 1.2 pmol/mg protein/day (mean +/- SD; n = 19) in normal prepubertal boys to 24.5 +/- 4.7 pmol/mg protein/day (mean +/- SD; n = 11) in those from normal postpubertal boys. The values were even higher in fibroblasts cultured from genital skin of prepubertal patients with CAIS. Cell concentrations did not modify the pattern of estrogen formation and aromatase activity did not vary with serial subcultures. The stimulatory effect of dexamethasone on aromatase activity in cultured fibroblasts was measured after preincubation of the cells for 48 h with dexamethasone, by determining estrogen formation after 24 h incubation of the cells with androstenedione 10(-6) M using this enzymatic method. This data suggest that aromatase activity measured in cultured fibroblasts could be a useful tool for studying extraglandular estrogen formation in physiological and pathological conditions. PMID- 3747513 TI - Properties of the estrogen receptors contained in the MtTF4 tumor whose growth is inhibited by estradiol: 17 beta-estradiol, 17 alpha-estradiol and DNA bindings. AB - The steroid and the DNA bindings of the estrogen receptor of the MtTF4 tumor whose growth is inhibited by estradiol where characterized and compared to those of uterine estrogen receptors. In the tumor cytosol: E protects its binding sites against thermal denaturation, depending on the effects of sodium molybdate upon the dissociation rate of [3H]E at 20 degrees C and the ability of receptor to bind to DNA, the activation (or transformation) process, supposed to be necessary for the full action of estrogen ligand, occurs on estrogen receptor complexes and the calf thymus DNA interacts with estrogen receptor with an affinity similar to that of uterine estrogen receptor. Kinetic and equilibrium studies with 17 alpha [3H]E both in uterus and tumor indicate that this ligand is fast-associating, fast-dissociating and that its affinity for ER is 2- to 4-fold lower than that of 17 beta-[3H]estradiol one. Competition experiments between 17 beta-[3H]estradiol and the unlabelled 17 alpha epimer reveal, in both uterus and tumor, a time dependent decrease of the apparent potency of 17 alpha-E to inhibit the binding of [3H]E. It is concluded that the estrogen receptors are very similar in MtTF4 tumor and uterus and the diversity of the response of cell growth to E is due rather to differences at the post-receptor level. PMID- 3747514 TI - Identification of uterine nuclear type II estrogen binding sites in estrogen treated rats. AB - Uterine nuclear fractions from estrogen-treated rats contain both the estrogen receptor and a lower affinity estrogen binding site (type II site). In Scatchard plots of estrogen binding, two types of curves are seen. The hook-shaped form is composed of a linear component (the estrogen receptor) and a convex component (the type II site) while the curvilinear form is resolvable into two linear binding species (the estrogen receptor and a secondary site). To clarify the relationship between the two forms, we examined the curvilinear form from immature rats injected for 4 days with estradiol (E2) for type II site properties. Like the hook-shaped type II, this form could be detected in a nuclear exchange assay at both 37 and 4 degrees C, but at neither temperature in the presence of reducing agent. Additionally, the steroid specificity of the curvilinear form was identical to the hook-shaped form. The hook-shaped form was found in both immature and ovariectomized adult rats implanted for 6 days with an E2-releasing Silastic capsule to provide pharmacological E2 levels. When uteri from implanted animals displaying the hook-shaped form were mixed in various ratios with uteri lacking type II sites, the curvilinear form was produced. Animals given an E2 implant for 3 days, followed by a 3 day hormone-free period showed a curvilinear form. In vivo E2 dose-response experiments showed the curvilinear form at low E2 doses and the hook-shaped form at the high dose and in implanted animals. We conclude that curvilinear Scatchard plots result from the presence of authentic type II at lower concentrations than those giving rise to the hook-shaped form. PMID- 3747515 TI - Cytosol and nuclear levels of thymic progesterone receptors in pregnant, pseudopregnant and steroid-treated rats. AB - Cytosol and nuclear levels of progesterone receptors in rat thymus and uterus were compared in mature Sprague-Dawley rats under a variety of physiological (non oestrus, oestrus, pregnancy) and experimental circumstances (pseudopregnancy, oestrogen administration, oestrogen plus progesterone administration). Cytosols and nuclear extracts were charcoal treated to remove endogenous steroids, and incubated overnight at 4 degrees C with the synthetic progestin [3H]R5020 +/- greater than 100-fold R5020, in the presence of greater than 200-fold RU26988 (a highly specific synthetic glucocorticoid) to exclude tracer from glucocorticoid receptors. In the various states examined, levels of progesterone receptors in the uterus were an order of magnitude higher (350-1300 fmol/mg protein) than in the thymus (40-140 fmol/mg protein). In contrast, considerable parallelism between uterus and thymus was seen in terms of the effects of the various manipulations upon tissue levels of progesterone receptors, and of their distribution between cytosol and nuclear compartments. PMID- 3747516 TI - HPLC isolation and GC-MS characterization of a compound strongly cross reacting with tetrahydroaldosterone antiserum. AB - Urines from patients with hypertension and elevated aldosterone levels, i.e. primary aldosteronism due to adrenal adenoma or hyperplasia or carcinoma were extracted, paper chromatographed and thereafter chromatographed repeatedly with normal phase and repeatedly with reversed phase HPLC systems in an attempt to find new metabolites of aldosterone. Specific 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 beta tetrahydroaldosterone antiserum was used in a radioimmunoassay system to detect possible aldosterone metabolites in the HPLC fractions after each isolation step. The immunoactive HPLC fractions were derivatized and analysed by GC-MS. A relatively nonpolar compound, 11 beta:18(S),18:20 alpha-diepoxy-5 beta-pregnan-3 alpha-ol, was isolated and identified in this manner. This material was originally described by Kelly et al., in 1962 after loading human subjects with huge amounts (25-160 mg) of exogenous aldosterone. This material has not yet been described from endogenously produced aldosterone. Very small amounts, if any, were similarly isolated from the urine of a control subject. Therefore, this compound could prove to be a new marker for hypertension due to hyper-production of aldosterone. PMID- 3747517 TI - Endogenous progesterone and lordosis behavior in male rats given estrogen alone. AB - Male rats castrated as adults were given successive doses of estradiol benzoate (EB) combined or not, with dexamethasone (DEXA) at the end of estrogen treatment. Two experiments were done to determine if progesterone (P) of adrenocortical origin was involved in the display of lordosis behavior under these experimental circumstances. There was a significant rise in blood P concentration in animals given 0.5 and 1.0 microgram EB when compared with oil-control injected animals, an effect which was completely suppressed by DEXA treatment. An increase in the proportion of estrogen treated animals displaying lordosis responses to male mounts was found with increasing doses of EB and paralleled the effects of EB on P adrenocortical secretion. However, the number of feminized animals given 1 microgram EB + DEXA was reduced to the level corresponding to the effects of 0.5 microgram EB on lordosis behavior. These data show that the secretion of P by the adrenals is involved in the expression of lordosis behavior in castrated male rats primed with repeated doses of estrogen. PMID- 3747518 TI - Computer modeling of estradiol interactions with the estrogen receptor. AB - Two computer models for the binding of estradiol to estrogen receptors were constructed, based solely upon the thermodynamic constraints of the most likely equilibria involved and known equilibrium constants. Previous data had suggested that the positive cooperativity of the system was dependent upon a monomer-dimer equilibrium (Notides et al., Proc. natn. Acad. Sci., U.S.A. 78 (1981) 4926-4930). Using computer modeling, we confirmed that the thermodynamic constraints of a monomer-dimer equilibrium system result in convex Scatchard plots in agreement with experimental data, including the progression to linearity at low receptor concentrations. This technique yielded estimates of the equilibrium constant for dimerization (approx. 10(10) to 10(14) M-1). The dose-response characteristics of the monomer-dimer equilibrium system revealed steep dose-response curves that were sensitive to the receptor concentration. In contrast, the dose-response curves that did not undergo a monomer-dimer equilibrium system and had a single step equilibrium process were more gradual. PMID- 3747519 TI - Evidence for nuclear processing of progesterone receptors in rat placenta. AB - The distribution of the progesterone receptor (Rp) in cytosolic and nuclear compartments of placenta has been studied in intact and ovariectomized (Ovx) rats on the 14th day of pregnancy. Removal of estradiol (E) and progesterone (P) by Ovx caused a 50% decrease in progesterone receptors from cytosolic and nuclear compartments. Estradiol replacement restored binding to intact levels. Progesterone, given 19 h after E, induced an additional 3-fold increment in the number of cytosolic and nuclear binding sites 1 h later. Four hours after progesterone the number of receptor sites in the placenta fell 60%, signifying processing. This was followed 4 h later by reversal of processing mechanisms leading to full recovery of nuclear and cytoplasmic binding sites. Actinomycin D (0.6 mg/ani) was found to have no influence on these events. On the other hand cycloheximide (0.5 mg/ani) completely prevented processing of binding sites when administered at the same time as progesterone or 2 h before, but did not influence the unmasking of nuclear sites which occurred 1 h after a progesterone challenge. The cycloheximide block to processing was partial when given 2 or 3 h after progesterone (61 and 43% complete, respectively). The full complement of receptors was processed when cycloheximide treatment was delayed 3.75 h after progesterone administration. These findings have led to the view that processing represents rapid and reversible changes in binding properties of the receptor rather than a gain or loss of receptor protein per se. The findings of this study suggest that a hypothetical substance, "processin", whose production is blocked by cycloheximide binds to the receptor and in some undefined manner inhibits ligand-receptor interaction within 4 h after an in vivo progesterone challenge. Nuclear accumulation of receptor induced by progesterone was not accompanied by cytoplasmic depletion of receptor nor was the apparent loss of processed nuclear receptor due to recycling of receptor to cytoplasm. We propose that nuclear receptors continually recycle within the nucleus in masked and unmasked states regulated by delicate interplay between progesterone and processin. PMID- 3747520 TI - Molecular characterization of the sex steroid binding protein (SBP) of plasma. Re examination of rabbit SBP and comparison with the human, macaque and baboon proteins. AB - Physico-chemical characterization of the sex steroid-binding protein, SBP, of rabbit plasma reveals that it is a dimer of mol. wt 85,800 composed of similar subunits of mol. wt 43,000. These data confirm our original proposal for a dimeric structure. The protein contains 9% carbohydrate, comprised of mannose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine and sialic acid. It is devoid of N acetylgalactosamine and fucose. The protein binds one molecule of 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone per dimer with a Kd of 0.89 nM (12 degrees C). Comparison with the human, monkey and baboon SBPs indicates that all these proteins have the same dimeric molecular organization and exhibit microheterogeneity in SDS-PAGE and isoelectricfocusing. Rabbit SBP, however, contains less carbohydrate and has a higher polypeptide molecular weight than all the other SBPs. Spectrophotometric data also indicate that some tryptophan residues are in a different chemical environment than those in other SBPs. The observed microheterogeneity in all four SBP species is due for the most part to variable glycosylation of the subunit and variability at the amino-terminal region of the subunit. Combination of these and other phenomena will generate a significant number of isomeric forms of the SBP subunit which will then interact stoichiometrically to yield active dimeric SBP molecules. These differ slightly from each other depending upon the charge and size of the subunit comprising the dimeric structure, and will result in the observed microheterogeneity of pure SBP preparations. Based on these results along with more recent amino acid sequence data, we conclude that all four SBPs are dimers composed of identical polypeptide chains. PMID- 3747521 TI - Functional characteristics of nuclear 5 alpha-reductase from rat ventral prostate. AB - The subcellular distribution and functional characteristics of 5 alpha-reductase (3-oxo-5 alpha-steroid: NADP+ 4-ene-oxidoreductase, EC 1.3.1.22) from rat ventral prostate were studied and compared to the 5 alpha-reductase from female rat liver. Tissue fractionation retained main enzymic activity in the microsomal fraction of rat liver, while 5 alpha-reductase from rat prostate was localized in the nuclear membrane with a specific activity 160 times that of the initial homogenate. The purity of nuclear envelopes was checked by electron microscopy. Solubilization experiments indicated that the hepatic 5 alpha-reductase is attached to the endoplasmic reticulum as a peripheral protein, while the nuclear prostatic enzyme is an integral membrane protein. Incubation experiments with phospholipases suggested a decisive role of the surrounding phospholipids for the prostatic enzyme activity. To elucidate the characteristics of hydrogen transfer of the enzyme, the effect of flavins and different other cofactors on 5 alpha reductase activity in isolated prostatic nuclei were studied. Our findings indicate that in rat ventral prostate the conversion of testosterone to 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone proceeds by a direct hydrogen transfer from NADPH to testosterone. Concerning these parameters the behaviour of hepatic 5 alpha reductase is absolutely different from the prostatic enzyme. The localization of 5 alpha-reductase within the nuclear envelope of rat ventral prostate as an integral membrane protein seems to be of physiological significance with regard to the action of androgens. PMID- 3747522 TI - The effects of acute administration of cytotoxic anticancer agents on the capacity for subsequent hormonal responses in the mouse uterus. AB - The mouse uterus has been used as a model system with which to examine the interaction of anticancer agents with steroid hormone receptors and to evaluate the effect of a single exposure to a cytotoxic anticancer agent on the subsequent elicitation of the uterotrophic response to estradiol. The uterotrophic response was interpreted in terms of the induction of progesterone receptors, uterine weight gain and increased uterine DNA content. Evaluation of 34 cytotoxic agents selected for this study provided little evidence to substantiate the interaction of these agents with estrogen or progesterone receptors. Although prior treatment with certain cytotoxic agents partially inhibited the subsequent responses to estradiol, some capacity to respond to estradiol was always retained. The majority of cytotoxic agents had little impact on the capacity to respond to estradiol. Thus, in these studies where high sublethal concentrations of cytotoxic agents were administered prior to estradiol, there was no indication that the mechanisms regulating subsequent hormonal responses were compromised. PMID- 3747524 TI - Bis-trifluoromethylbenzoyl derivatives for steroid analysis by gas chromatography electron capture negative ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. AB - 3,5-Bis-trifluoromethylbenzoyl derivatives of eight monohydroxy steroids and eight dihydroxy steroids were synthesised. Under the reaction conditions described, the monohydroxy steroids each gave a single derivative while the dihydroxy steroids, with the exception of corticosterone, showed multiple product formation. The reactivity of hydroxyl groups relative to their stereochemistry is discussed. The electron capture negative ion chemical ionisation mass spectra of these derivatives were recorded. When the derivatised hydroxyl group was alicyclic or aromatic, a molecular ion was normally the base peak in the mass spectrum. Selected ion monitoring of molecular ions indicated that, in certain cases, as little as 1 pg of the parent steroid could be detected. The potential use of this derivative in the quantitative analysis of steroids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is discussed. PMID- 3747523 TI - Androgen metabolism in the human epididymis. Effect of in vivo estrogen administration. AB - Androgen metabolism in human epididymis was studied by incubating tissue fragments with isotopically labeled testosterone (T) and androstenedione (A) under batch and superfusion conditions. Epididymides were obtained from 16 patients with prostatic cancer, 5 of them treated with diethylstilbestrol (2.5 mg/d) for several months prior to castration. Results from batch incubations with [3H]T (100 nM) for 2 h at 25 degrees C indicated a markedly lower 5 alpha reductase activity in tissues from estrogen-treated patients, as evaluated by measuring the amounts of radioactive 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, 5 alpha androstanediols and 5 alpha-androstanedione present in tissue and medium at the end of the incubation period. Superfusion experiments confirmed this estrogen effect and also showed a shift of the interconversion between A and T towards the reductive direction and a diminished tissue retention of DHT after estrogen treatment. These effects may contribute to the marked regression of the epididymal epithelium that was noted in the estrogen-treated patients, which is thought to be mainly the result of the inhibition of androgen biosynthesis caused by chemical hypophysectomy. PMID- 3747525 TI - Steroid-carrier proteins in patients with multiple myeloma. AB - Patients with multiple myeloma have transcortin levels lower than normal. This is due in essence to a subgroup of patients producing IGG heavy chains with lambda light chains. Patients producing IGG with predominantly kappa light chains have almost normal transcortin levels. On the other hand, the binding activity of the steroid binding beta globulin (SB beta G) of the kappa type of multiple myeloma is significantly higher than the steroid binding of the lambda type of multiple myeloma. The serum levels of vitamin D binding protein (DBP) fall in the normal range. PMID- 3747526 TI - Characterization of the progesterone receptor solubilized by micrococcal nuclease and DNase I digestion. AB - In order to investigate the functional organization of the progesterone receptor in chromatin we characterized the physical-chemical properties of the receptor bound chromatin fragments released by micrococcal nuclease and DNase I digestion. The crude nuclear fraction was isolated from T 47 D cells, previously exposed to 0.1 microM [3H]ORG 2058. The parameters determined in low and high salt concentrated buffers were: sedimentation coefficients (S) on a sucrose gradient, Stokes radii (Rs) by gel filtration on a Sephadex G-200 column and the binding abilities to a DNA-cellulose column. The molecular weights (Mr) and frictional ratios (f/fo) were calculated from the S and Rs values. Micrococcal nuclease digestion solubilized a receptor form sedimenting as a single peak at 4.4 S with a Rs = 7.78 nm and an estimated Mr = 144,000. About 53% of the applied receptor bound to a DNA-cellulose column could be eluted by high salt concentrated buffer. 0.4 M KCl dissociated this receptor form into a smaller receptor sedimenting at 3.3 S with Rs = 5.53 nm and a calculated Mr = 76,000. A similar receptor form was extracted by 0.6 M KCl from the undigested crude nuclear fraction. DNase I digestion solubilized a receptor form sedimenting at 3.3 S with a Rs = 6.87 nm and a calculated Mr = 94,000. About 26% of the applied receptor bound to a DNA cellulose column could be eluted by high salt concentrated buffer. Dissociation of this receptor form by 0.4 M KCl resulted in a receptor sedimenting at 2.8 S with a Rs = 6.53 nm and an estimated Mr = 76,000. These results suggest: The progesterone receptor in chromatin is associated with several molecules probably proteins which complexed it to DNA. Some of these molecules still associated with the progesterone receptor could be released by nucleases digestion. Micrococcal nuclease releases a larger portion of these molecules than those release by DNase I. PMID- 3747527 TI - Multicomponent analysis of bile acids in faeces by anion exchange and capillary column gas-liquid chromatography: application in oxytetracycline treated subjects. AB - A method is described for the multicomponent analysis of bile acids in faeces. Following homogenization and extraction, bile acids are separated into several groups according to their mode of conjugation by anion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-25 in the acetate form. The different conjugate groups are then processed separately and quantified using capillary column gas-liquid chromatography (GC), the identity of the individual bile acid components being established by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The method permits the quantitative determination, with good precision, of unconjugated bile acids, their saponifiable derivatives, and their glycine-, taurine- and sulfated conjugates. In five healthy men the mean daily excretion of bile acids was 472 +/ 21.8 mumol (SEM) and the mean faecal concentration 7.74 +/- 1.07 mumol (SEM)/g dry weight. Free bile acids constituted 74.8% +/- 5.8% (SEM), saponifiable conjugates 23.5% +/- 5.8% (SEM) glycine-conjugates 0.7% +/- 0.2% (SEM), taurine conjugates 0.2% +/- 0.07% (SEM), and their sulfated conjugates 0.8% +/- 0.1% (SEM) of total faecal bile acids. In addition to a detailed description of the methodology the effect of antibiotics on faecal bile acid profiles is presented. Oxytetracycline consistently decreased faecal concentrations of saponifiable derivatives of bile acids while increasing the taurine- and sulfated conjugates. The concentrations of the primary bile acids, cholic- and chenodeoxycholic acid, were higher during the course of oxytetracycline. PMID- 3747528 TI - Cortisol 17 beta acid, transcortin, and the heterogeneity of rat brain glucocorticoid receptors. AB - Binding of tracer or competing steroids to transcortin can compromise specificity studies on receptors for adrenal steroids. Recently Alexis et al. have used cortisol 17 beta acid at high concentrations to prevent steroid binding to any transcortin possibly contaminating rat brain cytosol preparations. On the basis of limited specificity studies of [3H]dexamethasone and [3H]corticosterone binding under such conditions, it was claimed that binding sites for the two steroids are indistinguishable, and it is thus unnecessary to invoke distinct binding sites for each glucocorticoid. We have extended these competition studies in the presence of cortisol 17 beta acid, and shown that in rat hippocampus Type I, corticosterone-preferring glucocorticoid receptors can be clearly distinguished both from transcortin and from Type II, dexamethasone-binding glucocorticoid receptors. PMID- 3747529 TI - Abstracts of the VII International Congress on Hormonal Steroids. Madrid, Spain, 21-26 September, 1986. PMID- 3747530 TI - Sex differences in drinking among medical students: patterns and psychosocial correlates. AB - Societal changes in sex roles have led to an increased interest in the comparative drinking behaviors of men and women and in their psychosocial antecedents. The differential prevalence and psychosocial correlates of alcohol consumption in a cohort of 107 men and 46 women first-year medical students are addressed. Self-report questionnaires assessed quantity, frequency and variability in the consumption of beer, wine and distilled spirits; early parent child relationships; internal-external locus of control; interpersonal dependency; social supports; and depressive symptomatology. From analyses of variance, the data show that the men consume beer more frequently and in greater quantities. The sexes do not differ in the consumption of wine or distilled spirits. In addition, several psychosocial variables relate to drinking patterns in opposite directions for men and women. Heavier drinking among women is significantly associated with perceived childhood parental warmth and low depressive symptomatology. The opposite is true for men, although these relationships are much weaker. Future research should address sex differences in the symbolic meaning and implications of alcohol use in different socioeconomic and occupational groups. PMID- 3747531 TI - Subjective and objective measures of response to alcohol among young men at risk for alcoholism. AB - Biological sons of alcoholic men constitute one group at high risk (HR) for the development of alcoholism. A low dose of alcohol (0.5 g/kg) was administered to HR and control subjects. Measures based on self-ratings, an observer's assessment and visuomotor performance were used to compare the HR and control subjects before and after alcohol administration. Results showed HR subjects' self-ratings of intoxication and somatic symptoms were significantly lower than those of control subjects after alcohol administration. Measures based on an observer's assessment of the two groups did not distinguish them, but one measure of visuomotor performance did. Because the HR and control subjects did not differ in self-reported alcohol consumption or blood alcohol levels acquired in this study, it appears unlikely these factors could account for the differential responses to alcohol administration in HR and control subjects. PMID- 3747532 TI - Alcohol consumption, female sexual behavior and contraceptive use. AB - To examine the effects of alcohol consumption on female sexuality and contraceptive use, 69 sexually active women between the ages of 18 and 34 completed daily logs of their drinking behavior, sexual activity and contraceptive use over three consecutive menstrual cycles. In addition, participants completed a post-study questionnaire that assessed personal beliefs regarding alcohol use and sexual behavior. Although the results from the daily logs failed to show any significant effects of alcohol on subsequent sexual arousal, sexual pleasure or orgasm, female-initiated sexual activity appeared to be inversely related to alcohol use with women initiating significantly fewer sexual activities following the consumption of alcohol. On the contrary, the retrospective questionnaire data indicated that women believed alcohol enhanced sexual desire, enjoyment and activity. The findings further indicated that alcohol consumption immediately prior to sexual intercourse did not significantly alter the use of coitus-dependent contraceptives. These data suggest that women view alcohol as an aphrodisiac despite their physiological and reported behavioral responses. PMID- 3747533 TI - Effect of television programming and advertising on alcohol consumption in normal drinkers. AB - The drinking behavior of 96 male normal drinking college students was assessed after they viewed a videotape of a popular prime-time television program complete with advertisements. Different versions of the videotape were used to evaluate the effects of a television program with and without alcohol scenes as crossed with the effects of three different types of advertisements (i.e., beer, nonalcoholic beverages and food). After viewing the videotape, the subjects, who were led to believe that they were participating in two separate and unrelated sets of experimental procedures, were asked to perform a taste rating of light beers, which actually provided an unobtrusive measure of their alcohol consumption. The results provided no support for the widely held assumption that drinking scenes in television programs or televised advertisements for alcoholic beverages precipitate increased drinking by viewers. This finding, however, must be considered in the context of the laboratory setting of the study, and thus may not generalize to real-life television viewing. Further research in this area is clearly needed, including an evaluation of the effects of television program content and advertisements on other populations (e.g., alcohol abusers). PMID- 3747534 TI - Validity of an MMPI classification of problem drinker-drivers. AB - An empirical typology of problem drinker-drivers based on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was evaluated. Relationships were demonstrated between this typology and several kinds of external criteria: alcoholism symptoms, reasons for drinking, treatment participation and outcome and medical complications. Indicators of typological validity were further evaluated in the context of alternative means of scoring and categorizing MMPI profiles. Relationships of criteria with the drinker-driver typology were generally stronger than with other uses of the MMPI. They were, however, weaker than those formed with an unweighted combination of three scales: Psychopathic Deviate, Depression and the K (test-taking attitude) validity scales. Results suggest that the typology divides the population of drinking drivers meaningfully and more powerfully than several, but not all, alternative uses of MMPI profiles. PMID- 3747535 TI - Effects of antidepressants on histamine H1 and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in guinea-pig ileum. AB - The properties of some tricyclic and non-tricyclic antidepressants on antagonist histamine H1 and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors have been evaluated on guinea pig ileum. They act like competitive antagonists on histamine H1 receptors. Some of them show a competitive antagonism and others a non-competitive antagonism on muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. A few of them are very potent antagonists on histamine H1 and/or muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, while others, especially the non-tricyclic antidepressants, have a small potency. All antidepressants have a higher histamine H1 activity than muscarinic acetylcholine activity. These results cannot explain the therapeutic effect of these drugs, but they can account for some side effects and drug interactions. PMID- 3747536 TI - [Information systems for phase III and IV clinical trials]. PMID- 3747537 TI - [Methods for the evaluation of the action of drugs on digestive tract motility and gastric acid secretion]. PMID- 3747538 TI - [Methods for studying vasodilators in man]. PMID- 3747539 TI - [Organization of a unit for phase I studies]. PMID- 3747540 TI - [Detection of drug-induced nephrotoxicity]. AB - This is a report of a round table organized during the second meeting of Clinical Pharmacology held in Giens (France) in September 1985. At the beginning of the meeting, the clinical aspects of drug-induced nephrotoxicity were reviewed. Thus we tried to precise the real interest of the studies of proteinuria, urinary cytology, enzymuria and fractional clearances of lithium or magnesium. The most interesting part of our discussions was to know the point of view of men working in drugs companies when a renal abnormality is found during a clinical trial of a drug and when previous experimental studies did not find any renal adverse effects of the drug. It was suggested in a such situation to do particular studies. Methods generally used to study renal physiology as autoradiography micropuncture, microinjection had to be performed to localize the action of the drug along the nephron. It was also discussed of the use of isolated perfused kidney as a tool in drug disposition and the use of renal cells culture. A better understanding of the mechanisms of direct renal toxicity of drugs was obtained from the results of experimental models. It is not so easy, at the present time, to know the mechanisms of immunological drug-induced nephrotoxicity. It seems necessary to develop new experimental models. The results obtained in animals with Cl2Hg or D. Penicillamine or gold salts afford to suspect some mechanisms for these types of nephropathies. This aspect of drug induced nephropathy is more complex because there is a large interindividual variation in susceptibility to these drugs. PMID- 3747542 TI - Simultaneous modeling of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. PMID- 3747541 TI - [Evaluation of the posology of antibiotics]. AB - The determination of the dose regimen of a new antibiotic is difficult because a dose/effect relationship cannot be established in patients with an infectious disease. The optimal dose is usually extrapolated from combined data provided by in vitro and in vivo microbiologic toxicologic and kinetic studies. Additional data ought to be produced in the future such as: kinetics of cidal effect in vitro, of the post antibiotic effect, of drug concentrations at the sit of infections itself, of the cidal serum activity in volunteers and patients; how these parameters are modified when modulating the mode of administration of the drug ought to be studied as well. The optimal dose, once it is roughly evaluated from classical studies, has to be adjusted: either by decreasing the dose, through an appropriate program of clinical trials with non-threatening life infections; or by increasing the dose in severe infections, through an in-depth analysis of new data available because of the improvement of: the design of clinical trials, the sensitivity of analytical techniques, the standardized serum bactericidal tests, the sophisticated monoparametric animal models simulating human infections, our knowledge of drugs mechanisms of toxicity. Establishing a rational dose regimen obviously requires a long-term multidisciplinary approach of the problem. PMID- 3747543 TI - Analysis of one-component saturable systems such as ligand binding, enzyme kinetic, uptake, and transport data. AB - Statistical methods for analyzing enzyme kinetic or drug binding assays involving simple first-order kinetics have been reviewed. The Eadie-Hofstee format combines many attractive features. Specifically, this plot is as efficient as any of the alternatives, shows no tendency to produce grossly aberrant values, does not require explicit weighting, does not require an iterative fitting process, gives the parameters of interest and their errors of estimate directly, and is unbiased (after correction). A correction for the bias inherent in the Eadie-Hofstee format has been developed. A numerical example and computer program are given in appendices. PMID- 3747544 TI - A model of transient myocardial dysfunction in conscious dogs. Regional shortening in the presence of impaired coronary flow reserve and treadmill exercise. AB - An experimental model of treadmill exercise-induced regional myocardial dysfunction was developed in conscious dogs to mimic exertional angina pectoris in man. Twenty mongrel dogs, trained to run on a treadmill, were chronically instrumented with a miniature pressure transducer in the left ventricle and a hydraulic occluder placed around the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery. Two pairs of piezoelectric crystals for sonomicrometry were implanted subendocardially to measure regional myocardial function. Experiments were started 1 week after surgery. In the first group of ten dogs exercise with constant work load of 10 km/hr and 10% elevation during partial left coronary artery stenosis, induced by external filling of the occluder, produced comparable episodes of regional dysfunction in the left coronary artery area during five subsequent treadmill runs and recovery of function after each run. The second group of ten dogs, exercised with left coronary artery stenosis and increasing working load, exhibited minimal regional dysfunction in the left coronary artery area while running at 6 km/hr and 6% elevation, but maximal regional dysfunction during peak exercise (10 km/hr and 10% elevation). This load dependency and recovery of function after the runs was demonstrated during five identical consecutive exercise cycles. This model, in contrast to those using ameroid constrictors, enables various drugs to be tested in a single instrumented dog over a period of several weeks. PMID- 3747545 TI - Step-down-type passive avoidance- and escape-learning method. Suitability for experimental amnesia models. AB - A method for evaluating passive avoidance- and escape-learning responses simultaneously has been developed for the study of learning and memory in mice. Prolongation of the step-down latency and shortening of the escape latency in the retention test depended on the strength of the voltage of the electric shocks delivered during the training test. Therefore, the step-down latency and escape latency may be good parameters of learning and memory performance. By cycloheximide treatment immediately after training, the step-down latency and escape latency were shortened and prolonged, respectively, in a dose-related manner, and the relationship between the step-down latency and escape latency was significant. Treatment with cycloheximide within 30 min after training caused significant amnesia, but not after more than 60 min. Furthermore, amnesic action of cycloheximide developed 24 hr after the treatment, but not within 4 hr. On the other hand, the step-down latency and/or the escape latency in the training test were changed by pretreatment with diethyldithiocarbamate and scopolamine. Therefore, the amnesic action of these drugs administered before the training should be investigated in detail. The present method, simultaneously estimating passive avoidance- and escape-learning responses, may be useful for the development of experimental amnesia models. PMID- 3747546 TI - Coronary ligation-reperfusion arrhythmia models in anesthetized rats and isolated perfused rat hearts concentration-effect relationships of lidocaine. AB - A comparative study of two arrhythmia models was carried out using coronary ligation and reperfusion in anesthetized rats and in isolated rat hearts. Both models allowed evaluation of the concentration-effect relationships of lidocaine as an antiarrhythmic agent. The average free plasma-water concentration that reduced the incidence of ventricular fibrillation by 50% was comparable in both models: 1.9 mg/liter in vivo and 2.1 mg/liter in vitro, respectively. In isolated rat hearts significantly higher concentrations were required for 50% reduction of ventricular tachycardia than for the suppression of ventricular fibrillation (2.9 +/- 0.13 versus 2.1 +/- 0.11 mg/liter, p less than 0.05). The good agreement between effective lidocaine concentrations in vivo and in vitro suggests that the isolated rat heart preparation is suitable for the quantitative assessment of drug effects on occlusion-reperfusion arrhythmias. A better reproducibility and easier control of drug concentrations are the advantages of the in vitro model. PMID- 3747547 TI - An intracerebroventricular perfusion system developed for the study of centrally acting antihypertensive drugs in the rat. AB - A method for the complete construction and employment of an intracerebroventricular perfusion system for the rat brain is described. Rats maintained on the system for up to 7 hr displayed no detectable change in cardiovascular status. Penetration of intracerebroventricular-administered methylene blue dye into all areas of the cerebroventricles demonstrated the accessibility of the injection volume throughout the ventricular system. The hypotensive and bradycardic response produced by a 1.5-microgram/kg dose of clonidine (a centrally active antihypertensive agent) administered via the intracerebroventricular implant was of considerably greater magnitude and duration than an equivalent intravenous dose. Administration of [3H]-labeled clonidine via the intracerebroventricular implant resulted in relatively minor accumulation of the drug into peripheral organs, when compared to that found in the brain. These supportive data suggest the general applicability of this approach for studying the selective central effects of pharmacologic agents in a relatively inexpensive and easily procured laboratory animal. PMID- 3747548 TI - Pharmacokinetics of tritiated water in normal and dietary-induced obese rats. AB - Tritiated water disposition was characterized in normal and dietary-induced obese rats to assess pharmacokinetic concerns in calculating water space and estimating body fat. A monoexponential decline in serum tritium activity was observed in both groups of rats, thus facilitating use of various computational methods. The volume of distribution and the total clearance of tritium in obese rats were larger than in normal rats because of the increased body weight. The values of water space (volume of distribution) estimated from moment analysis or dose divided by serum tritium activity at time zero (extrapolated) or at 2 hr were all similar. Thus, obesity does not alter the distribution equilibrium time and distribution pattern of tritium, and the conventional 2-hr single blood sampling after intravenous injection is adequate to estimate the water space of normal and obese rats. PMID- 3747549 TI - Quantitative assessment of subcutaneous fibrinolysis in the rat. AB - A clot lysis model in the rat was described which was responsive to manipulation of the fibrinolytic system. By employing [125I]-labeled fibrinogen in homologous, plasminogen-deficient plasma, clots were prepared in Teflon-perforated cylinders and were implanted subcutaneously. After a brief lag phase, lysis proceeded essentially linearly with 70% of the clot resolved within 12 days. Enhancement of lysis was achieved with a stimulator of fibrinolysis, stanozolol; and inhibition, with the antifibrinolytic, tranexamic acid. Other drugs affecting blood pressure, inflammation, or connective tissue growth had no effect on lysis. Interstitial fluid collected from empty cylinders and fluid obtained from the recovered clots were monitored for plasminogen, alpha 2-antiplasmin, plasminogen activator, and plasminogen activator inhibitor using sensitive and specific assays. All of these fibrinolytic proteins were quantitated relative to their plasma concentrations. The most striking differences between the two fluids and plasma were a threefold higher concentration of the plasminogen activator inhibitor and only traces of free tissue plasminogen activator in the fluids. Nevertheless, significant tissue plasminogen activator was delivered to the clot. It was concluded that lysis occurred via delivery of the fibrinolytic system in interstitial fluid. It is suggested that this model is a technically simple and quantitative screen in vivo for potentially fibrinolytic or antifibrinolytic agents. PMID- 3747550 TI - A rapid and simple test system for the evaluation of the inhibitory activity of retinoids on induced ornithine decarboxylase activity in the hairless rat epidermis. AB - In mouse skin, antiproliferative agents including retinoids inhibit induction of ornithine decarboxylase activity by a variety of hyperproliferative stimuli. In the hairless rat skin, ornithine decarboxylase activity was induced by ten successive strippings with cellotape and by topical application of 12-O tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate. Topical application of all trans-retinoic acid (25 nmol/cm2) immediately after the tape stripping of the skin significantly inhibited the induction of ornithine decarboxylase activity at all time points measured. The inhibition by all trans-retinoic acid of ornithine decarboxylase induced by cellotape stripping was dose dependent as was found to be the case for arotinoid, retinol, Ro-10-1670, motretinid, 13-cis-retinoic acid, etretinate, and vitamin A. Oral administration of all trans-retinoic acid also inhibited the ornithine decarboxylase activity induced by cellotape stripping. We propose the assay of ornithine decarboxylase activity in the hairless rat epidermis after tape stripping for a rapid evaluation of new retinoids. PMID- 3747551 TI - Simple and precise method for counting ciliary beats directly from the TV monitor screen. AB - The modern optical microscopic technique together with the use of the small perfusion chamber allows the maintenance and observation of isolated ciliated epithelia for many hours in vitro. Counting ciliary beats is a good means for evaluating the behavior of these cells immediately under different environmental conditions and also for evaluating the pharmacologic or toxic action of drugs. Using a TV camera joined to a microscope equipped with the Nomarsky differential interference contrast set, it is possible to see on a TV monitor an image of the cilia at a very high magnification (over 1000 X), with a good resolution. This paper describes a method and an instrument, with a digital readout purposely designed to receive and count signals from a phototransistor placed directly on the protective screen of the TV monitor to correspond exactly with the point of passage of the coming and going movement of the selected cilia. In this way, it is possible to obtain (in real time and in a simple way through visual observation of the beat) the final count, which consists of the number of passages, in a prefixed time, in front of the phototransistors of the dark area which represents the ciliary body on the light background. PMID- 3747552 TI - Application of radio telemetry to cardiovascular monitoring in unrestrained animals. PMID- 3747553 TI - On the use of some multivariate statistical methods in pharmacological research. AB - Using an interaction experiment with apomorphine and scopolamine effects on exploratory behavior as an illustrative example, four multivariate statistical methods are described and compared with univariate statistical methods, with respect to their utility in pharmacological research. The utility of multivariate analysis of variance and Hotelling's T2 test is compared with univariate analysis of variance and Student's t-test. A novel use of principal component analysis is reported. This latter method transfers knowledge about the dose-response pattern of an agonist to subsequent interaction experiments involving the agonist and putative antagonists. The procedure considerably increases the sensitivity of the statistical analysis and reduces the risk for spurious results (statistical type I errors). Finally, some possibilities of a recently developed method for modeling with latent variables, the partial least squares method, are explored. It is demonstrated by the example how the interaction between apomorphine and scopolamine can be decomposed into one apomorphine-related pattern unaffected by scopolamine, one scopolamine-related pattern sensitive to apomorphine, and one interaction pattern. The similarities and differences between principal components and partial least squares analyses are also discussed. PMID- 3747554 TI - Gene networks in development. AB - A model is presented for the formation of temporal and spatial patterns of cell types during the development of organisms. It is demonstrated that very simple random networks of interactions among genes that affect expression may lead to the autonomous development of patterns of cell types. It is required that the networks contain active feedback loops and that there is limited communication among cells. The only elements of the model, gene interactions, are specified by the DNA nucleotide sequences of the genes. Therefore, the model readily explains how the control of development is specified by the organism's DNA. In the context of this model, the formation of positional information and its interpretation becomes a single process. PMID- 3747555 TI - Allele and locus classification in electrophoretic population studies. AB - The electrophoretic separation of protein variants having slightly different mobilities is a basic tool of biochemical population genetics. In certain situations it is difficult to determine how to classify the variants as alleles of a number of genetic loci, that is, as variant subsets within each of which the Mendelian laws hold. In this article, we develop and analyze a series of algorithms for solving various versions and generalizations of this problem of optimal classification. PMID- 3747556 TI - The role of multienzyme complexes in integration of cellular metabolism. AB - The notion of the "primary block" of cellular metabolism designated as "metabolic system" is introduced. Metabolic system is defined as a metabolic pathway which corresponds to the structurally ordered multienzyme complex. The complex of glycolytic enzymes which catalyzes the anaerobic reduction of glucose-6-phosphate with production of ATP may serve as an example of metabolic system (this complex does not contain hexokinase). The complex is formed on thin filaments of I-band of the muscle fibres or on the dimers of band 3 protein embedded in the erythrocyte membrane. The fixation of the multienzyme complex to the support of the biological nature provides the material basis for regulation of the metabolic system by chemical signals produced by the higher levels of metabolic control. Owing to interaction with anchor protein of the support the chemical signals exert the general control of functioning of the multienzyme complex (switching on switching off the metabolic system). It is assumed that glycolytic system in skeletal muscles is stimulated by Ca2+ ions which interact with the anchor protein of the support (troponin C). PMID- 3747557 TI - The immune response to proteins from extreme thermophiles. PMID- 3747558 TI - Screening of medicinal plants of Rwanda (Central Africa) for antimicrobial activity. AB - A series of 100 medicinal plants of Rwanda (282 plant samples) has been screened for antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella gallinarum and Staphylococcus aureus. Thirty percent of the plants tested showed activity against one or more microorganisms. PMID- 3747559 TI - Hepatoprotective properties of Crepis rueppellii and Anisotes trisulcus: two traditional medicinal plants of Yemen. AB - Pharmacological investigations were carried out to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of Crepis rueppellii and Anisotes trisulcus. Ethanolic extracts of these plants were investigated for their ability to reduce mortality of mice after ethanol intoxication and to lower the activities of plasma glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) after carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatitis in rats. Crepis and Anisotes extracts and a 50:50 mixture of both at 200 mg/kg presented significant hepatoprotective effects in both experimental situations. The traditional therapeutic indications of these plants have been largely confirmed. PMID- 3747560 TI - [Ethnobotany of Euphorbiaceae of West Africa]. AB - The following ethnobotanical study is a compilation of medicinal Euphorbiaceae in West Africa (Senegal, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Mali, Bourkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Niger, Nigeria), and includes 81 species distributed in 37 genera. It includes a reminder of the genera's principal characters, followed by the key of species, and a description of different ethnopharmacological applications. These species are used in the treatment of 87 symptoms; 46% are thought to have purgative properties, and 28% antidiarrhoeic and antidysenteric activities. PMID- 3747561 TI - Effect of Erythroxylum coca, cocaine and ecgonine methyl ester as dietary supplements on energy metabolism in the rat. AB - The effects of dietary supplements of cocaine, ecgonine methyl ester, a coca leaf extract and powdered coca leaves on body weight and overall body metabolism were studied in the rat. Respiratory quotient was measured to assess the relative utilization of fats, carbohydrates and protein. The effect of cocaine and ecgonine methyl ester on protein metabolism was also assessed in terms of changes in the relative state of nitrogen balance. Rats maintained on a low protein/high carbohydrate diet containing cocaine (1 mg/g) exhibited normal body weight gain on normal food intake. Rats on the same diet with 2 mg/g cocaine as the hydrochloride or as coca dextrin lost weight, which was apparently related to diminished food intake. In contrast, rats received the same high level of cocaine as coca leaf powder in the same diet had minimal weight gain in spite of a high food intake. In contrast, rats receiving the same high level of cocaine as ly, rats receiving the same high level of cocaine (2 mg/g) in a high protein diet had normal food intake and body weight gain. An adequate protein diet appears to compensate for whatever inhibiting effect is imposed on the body by the high levels of cocaine. Ecgonine methyl ester appears to have no significant effect on food intake or body weight. Rats fed the low protein/high carbohydrate diet containing either the low (1 mg/g) or the high (2 mg/g) cocaine level exhibited significantly depressed respiratory quotients (near 0.75) suggesting increased fat utilization. The magnitude of the reduction appeared to be dose-related. Yet, the respiratory quotient of the rats receiving the high level of cocaine in a high protein diet remained at normal control values. Also, in a separate nitrogen balance-type of experiment, rats receiving the low level of cocaine (1 mg/g low protein/high carbohydrate diet) exhibited a normal ability to accumulate body nitrogen, presumably protein. These results support the idea that under conditions of protein deprivation cocaine helps spare amino acids through the preferential utilization of fat. Coca leaf in the low protein/high carbohydrate diet equivalent to 2 mg/g cocaine had a small but significant positive effect on respiratory quotient possibly due to the availability of utilizable nitrogenous components in the coca leaf. The respiratory quotient effects were less obvious with an extract of coca leaf incorporated in the diet as coca-dextrin, but showed the same trend.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3747562 TI - Plants used in phytotherapy, cosmetics and dyeing in the Pramanda district (Epirus, North-West Greece). AB - Thirty plants used in phytotherapy, cosmetics and dyeing in the Pramanda district (North-West Greece) are reported. For many plants (myrtle, phlomis, daphne, etc.) the uses are localized and not noted for other phytotherapies; some uses coincide with those existing in other zones of the Mediterranean (mint, thyme, red juniper, Hypericum, etc.). The plants used are the most common and most easily found in this area. PMID- 3747563 TI - Ethnomedical and ethnobotanical investigations among some scheduled caste communities of Travancore, Kerala, India. AB - Investigations were conducted on the traditional life, culture and medical lore of some prominent scheduled caste communities, namely Pulayar, Kuravar, Vedar, Parayar and Nayadi, inhabiting the Travancore region of Kerala. These communities were perhaps some of the original inhabitants of Kerala who have evolved their own peculiar cultural traditions, religious customs, cults, totems, legends, myths, folklores and medicinal practices. But in recent years these communities are being enveloped in the rising tide of civilization and their age old cultural heritage and knowledge systems are fast disappearing. Considering the great importance of conserving/preserving this knowledge system the present study was undertaken. Much interesting information on the cultural life of these communities was gathered. Special attention was paid to the study of their medicinal practices which is essentially a magico-religious-herbal therapy. These tribals have an indepth knowledge of the surrounding flora and utilize over 500 plant species for treating various ailments. The present communication reports only those medical claims for plants that have not been previously published. PMID- 3747564 TI - Unani Joshandah drugs for common cold, catarrh, cough and associated fevers. AB - Joshandah, polypharmaceutical herbal preparations, are used in the form of a sweetened decoction for the treatment of common cold, catarrh, cough and associated fevers in Unani (Greco-Arab) medicine. The rationale of their therapeutic efficacy is discussed in the light of reported chemico pharmacological properties of the ingredients. PMID- 3747565 TI - Pharmacological evaluation of the folklore of Sphenostylis stenocarpa. AB - The pharmacological effects of an aqueous extract of Sphenostylis stenocarpa seed were investigated in albino mice. Acute toxicity testing indicated the LD50 to be 570 mg/kg, i.p. The extract significantly potentiated pentobarbitone-induced sleeping time. Increasing the dose of the extract correspondingly increased the sleeping time up to a dose of 60 mg/kg i.p. The extract did not protect mice from convulsions and death resulting from the administration of strychnine (2 mg/kg, i.p.) or leptazol (100 mg/kg, s.c.). PMID- 3747566 TI - A preliminary classification of the healing potential of medicinal plants, based on a rational analysis of an ethnopharmacological field survey among Bedouins in the Negev desert, Israel. AB - In the course of an ethnopharmacological survey carried out among the Bedouins of the Negev desert, it was noticed that in addition to the use of modern medical services, medicinal plants were also being employed. We deemed it worthwhile, therefore, to investigate the current status of herbal medicine among the Negev Bedouins and to evaluate the relative efficiency of the plants used. To evaluate plant effectiveness by enquiries among patients once treated was found to be difficult and impractical. Hence, each interviewed informant was first requested to volunteer information on the plants and their uses. Next, to avoid the risk of memory failure, a list of 50 commonly used species was read out and the informant was asked to provide information on any that were familiar to him as medicinal herbs. Of 81 plant species mentioned by our 27 informants, 41 were named or recognized by more than 3. These species were arranged in accordance with the percentage of informants suggesting the same medicinal use for a given species as compared with the total number of informants reporting any sort of use for that plant. The obtained ratio was defined as the fidelity level (FL). The rank-order priority (ROP) of the plants was derived from these FL values. The relative popularity level (RPL) of the plants encountered was determined and plants were accordingly designated as "popular" or "unpopular". FL values were further adjusted, according to RPL value. We found that the bark of Phagnalon rupestre is widely used to induce deliberate burns for the healing of various ailments (ROP = 100), while infusion of the shoots of Teucrium polium, or of Artemisia herba-alba is employed to a lesser degree (ROP = 66 and 56, respectively) to relieve stomach disorders. Because the latter two species show fairly high ROP and are seen to be directly curative, they merit further investigation. Additional findings and implications of our ethnopharmacological survey are duly discussed. PMID- 3747567 TI - St. Jude Medical valve replacement. An evaluation of valve performance. AB - St. Jude Medical cardiac valve replacement was performed in 791 patients: 335 had aortic, 330 mitral, and 126 had multiple valve replacements. Follow-up extended from 4 to 64 months (mean 34 months) with a cumulative postoperative survival of 2,111 patient-years. The overall actuarial survival rate at 5 years was 76% +/- 3%. Late valve-related mortality occurred in 28 patients (1.33%/pt-yr) and was most often caused by anticoagulant-related hemorrhage. The linearized incidences of valve failure, thromboembolism, thrombotic obstruction, prosthetic valve endocarditis, periprosthetic leak, and all valve-related complications were as follows: 1.80% /pt-yr, 2.45% /pt-yr, 0.52% /pt-yr, 0.33% /pt-yr, 0.14% /pt-yr, and 4.0% /pt-yr, respectively. Actuarially, 94% +/- 2% of patients were free of valve-related mortality at 5 years; the corresponding figures for valve failure, thromboembolism, thrombotic obstruction, and all valve-related complications were 91% +/- 2%, 89% +/- 2%, 96% +/- 1%, and 83% +/- 3%, respectively. Prosthetic valve endocarditis was uniformly fatal, and 45% of patients with thrombotic obstruction died. The greater incidence of thrombotic obstruction after mitral valve replacement was statistically significant. The performance of the St. Jude Medical valve compares most favorably with other substitute valves. Nevertheless, it retains all the imperfections and hazards of other mechanical valves, most notably, thromboembolism and thrombotic obstruction. PMID- 3747568 TI - The arterial switch operation. An eight-year experience. AB - Sixty-six patients (23 neonates with transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum, 33 infants and children with transposition and a large ventricular septal defect, and 10 with double-outlet right ventricle with a subpulmonary ventricular septal defect have received an arterial switch repair since 1977. Eight (one with transposition and intact ventricular septum, six with transposition and ventricular septal defect, and one with double-outlet right ventricle with subpulmonary ventricular septal defect) died in the hospital. All other patients have had follow-up as of June, 1985. Including the hospital deaths, the 11 month actuarial survival rate for the entire group was 81%, and no deaths have occurred among the 33 patients alive at that time and traced as long as 8 years. The hazard function for death has only a single early phase, and its 70% confidence limits overlap the hazard function of a matched general population by 12 months after the operation. Incremental risk factors for death included low birth weight (but not weight or age at operation), transposition of the great arteries with large ventricular septal defect, double-outlet right ventricle with subpulmonary ventricular septal defect, and presence of a patent ductus arteriosus. Coronary artery morphology and position of the great arteries were not risk factors. Long aortic cross-clamp time was possibly (p = 0.11) a risk factor. Early date of operation was a risk factor (p = 0.004); thus, predicted 1 year survival rate, including hospital deaths, after the arterial switch operation in 1985 is 99.9% (70% confidence limits 99.0%-100%) for neonates with transposition and intact ventricular septum and 99.7% (98.4%-99.9%) for those with transposition and a large ventricular septal defect or double-outlet right ventricle. The late functional status was excellent, and the rhythm was sinus in 96% of the 55 surviving patients. A formal comparison with the results of the atrial switch repair indicates that the arterial switch repair is superior. PMID- 3747569 TI - Severe right ventricular failure after Mustard or Senning operation. Two-stage repair: pulmonary artery banding and switch. AB - Since early 1981 I have been banding the pulmonary arteries of patients in whom severe right ventricular dysfunction has developed after atrial repair of transposition of the great arteries. The purpose of banding is to "retrain" the left ventricle. Of the four patients so treated, two developed adequate left ventricular pressures and have successfully undergone an arterial switch and takedown of the atrial repair. The early results are impressive. Right ventricular function has returned to normal in both patients and tricuspid valve regurgitation has resolved. In one patient moderate aortic valve regurgitation also appears to have largely resolved. PMID- 3747570 TI - Standardized patch infundibuloplasty for tetralogy of Fallot. AB - To preserve right ventricular function after intracardiac repair of tetralogy of Fallot, we developed a standardized patch infundibuloplasty with minimum ventriculotomy and myocardial resection. An experimental study suggested that short and medium-length patch infundibuloplasty, less than 50% of the right ventricular length, did not reduce the right ventricular function. A morphologic study showed that the ratio of the infundibular septal and the right ventricular lengths ranged from 0% to 34% with an average of 14% in 100 cases of tetralogy of Fallot. The optimal infundibuloplasty patch length was determined to be between 30% and 45% of the right ventricular length. The standard formulas for determining minimum (30%) and maximum (45%) patch infundibuloplasty lengths were as follows: 1.28 X body surface area (m2) + 1.10 cm (minimum) and 1.93 X body surface area (m2) + 1.65 cm (maximum). In clinical experience, a patch infundibuloplasty length shorter than 45% of the right ventricular length resulted in an intraoperative right ventricular to systemic arterial pressure ratio of 55% +/- 15% (n = 90). PMID- 3747571 TI - Persistent low cardiac output after the Fontan operation. Should takedown be considered? AB - Four of 44 patients who had undergone the Fontan operation had persistent low cardiac output necessitating takedown of the shunt 6 to 65 hours (average 23 hours) postoperatively. All four were in a group of 22 patients with complex lesions other than tricuspid atresia with ventriculoarterial concordance. The development of postoperative right atrial hypertension (average 24 torr), hepatomegaly, marked ascites, and decreasing lung compliance led to severe systemic hypotension with systolic arterial pressure ranging from 55 to 82 torr (average 68 torr), persistent metabolic acidosis, and oliguria despite massive colloid and crystalloid infusions (11,000 ml/m2/24 hr) and inotropic support. At reoperation the atriopulmonary anastomosis, which was found to be wide open, was taken down and an atrial septal defect was created in all patients. Three patients were left with a Glenn shunt and an aortopulmonary shunt to the left lung. One patient had bilateral aortopulmonary shunts. Two patients who survived reoperation had immediate postoperative improvement in systolic arterial and mean right atrial pressure (average 100 torr and 11.5 torr, respectively). Both are well 5 months and 4 years later. Repeat Fontan operation remains a possibility with acceptable risks because of the presence of the Glenn shunt in both patients. We believe that takedown should be considered in patients with persistent low cardiac output after the Fontan operation. PMID- 3747572 TI - Pulmonary embolectomy: a 25 year experience. AB - For the past 25 years an emergency pulmonary embolectomy service has been offered to the hospitals serving a conurbation of 1.5 million. Fifty-five of these procedures have been performed during a short period of normothermic circulatory standstill produced by clamping the superior and inferior venae cavae. Of 36 patients who underwent pulmonary embolectomy without an episode of asystole or ventricular fibrillation, 35 survived the operation (97.2%). However, there were seven deaths during the postoperative period, three related to pulmonary embolism and four to other causes (mortality 20%). Conversely, in a group of 19 patients who had an episode of cardiac arrest, 14 died during or after the operation of pulmonary embolism and two of unrelated causes (mortality 73.7%). In properly selected patients this technique achieves a satisfactory measure of success. It can be used in hospitals that do not have cardiac surgical facilities and, because of its simplicity, it can be performed during the early period after pulmonary embolism when the risk of death is greatest. PMID- 3747573 TI - Valve thromboembolism: a multifactorial puzzle. PMID- 3747574 TI - The effects of retrograde perfusion of cardioplegic solutions in cardiac operations. PMID- 3747575 TI - Studies of controlled reperfusion after ischemia. PMID- 3747576 TI - When is cardiac muscle damaged irreversibly? PMID- 3747577 TI - Biochemical studies: failure of tissue adenosine triphosphate levels to predict recovery of contractile function after controlled reperfusion. AB - This study tests the hypotheses that postischemic adenosine triphosphate levels are unreliable predictors of functional recovery, myocardial adenosine triphosphate concentration of less than 2 mumol/gm does not indicate irreversible damage, mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate generating capacity can be nearly normal despite low levels of tissue adenosine triphosphate and the failure to replenish adenosine triphosphate after ischemia is due to depletion of the adenosine nucleotide pool, which can be replenished partially by exogenous precursors (e.g., 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide ribotide [AICAR]). Myocardial adenosine triphosphate was depleted to less than 2 mumol/gm by either global ischemia (37 degrees C aortic clamping) or regional ischemia (acute coronary occlusion). Reperfusion was either with normal blood or with substrate-enriched blood cardioplegic solution during total vented bypass. Tissue adenosine triphosphate content and mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate generating capacity were measured, and functional recovery was determined by right heart bypass function curves or regional segmental shortening (ultrasonic crystals). Hearts undergoing 15 minutes of global ischemia and normal blood reperfusion had impaired functional recovery (stroke work index = 58 +/- 5%; p less than 0.05 of control) despite adenosine triphosphate concentration greater than 2 mumol/gm. Transmural mitochondrial State 3 respiration averaged 83% of control values despite adenosine triphosphate levels of 1 mumol/gm in hearts undergoing 45 minutes of 37 degrees C global ischemia and 2 additional hours of aortic clamping with multidose glutamate-enriched blood cardioplegia. AICAR increased adenosine triphosphate to 2 mumol/gm (p less than 0.05), but functional recovery was nearly complete (stroke work index = 94 +/- 2% of control) and was comparable with and without AICAR. Hearts undergoing 4 hours of regional ischemia recovered 31 +/- 5% systolic shortening after controlled reperfusion despite tissue adenosine triphosphate less than 0.5 mmol/gm (15% of control), and they retained 63% adenosine triphosphate generating capacity. Postischemic adenosine triphosphate levels correlate poorly with functional recovery, and adenosine triphosphate levels less than 2 mumol/gm do not indicate irreversible ischemic injury. Low postischemic levels may be repleted partially by adenine nucleotide precursor supplementation (AICAR).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3747578 TI - Histochemical studies: inability of triphenyltetrazolium chloride nonstaining to define tissue necrosis. AB - Triphenyltetrazolium chloride has been used to detect irreversibly damaged tissue after regional ischemia and reperfusion. We used this staining technique in our studies of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion and found that a transmural triphenyltetrazolium chloride nonstaining pattern is not an accurate predictor of myocardial necrosis: functional recovery occurs despite nonstaining. Mongrel dogs (n = 91) were anesthetized and made ischemic by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Regional myocardial function was assessed by means of ultrasonic crystals. Following 2, 4, or 6 hours of ischemia, the ligature was removed, and each heart was reperfused either in the working state or during total bypass with either normal blood or substrate-enriched blood cardioplegic solution of differing composition. The hearts were then removed and incubated in triphenyltetrazolium chloride at 37 degrees C for 20 to 40 minutes. The pattern of nonstaining in the area at risk varied from patchy subendocardial, to confluent subendocardial, to transmural and did not correlate with the recovery of regional contraction following ischemia. Mitochondrial ultrastructure was altered minimally in nonstained muscle, which regained contractile function after 6 hours of ischemia. Fifty-two of sixty-five hearts (80%) showing a transmural nonstaining pattern in the area of ultrasonic crystal placement recovered the capacity to shorten systolically immediately after controlled reperfusion during total vented bypass. These results show that the triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining method does not predict myocardial necrosis and that appropriate reperfusion following 2 to 6 hours of ischemia will result in recovery of myocardial shortening despite transmural nonstaining. PMID- 3747579 TI - Electron microscopic studies: importance of embedding techniques in quantitative evaluation of cardiac mitochondrial structure during regional ischemia and reperfusion. AB - This study applies the low protein-denaturation embedding technique for mitochondrial preparation to analyze control cardiac tissue, heart muscle subjected to 6 hours of regional ischemia without reperfusion, and myocardial tissue subjected to 4 to 6 hours of ischemia followed by reperfusion either with normal blood, with the heart in the beating, working state, or with substrate enriched blood cardioplegia during total vented bypass. Parallel specimens of cardiac tissue were analyzed for ultrastructure by the conventional osmium tetroxide fixation method. Results following conventional tissue preparation with osmium tetroxide showed extensive ultrastructural damage in all hearts subjected to ischemia, with no correlation between ultrastructural findings and methods of reperfusion or functional recovery. In contrast, results following tissue preparation by the low protein-denaturation method showed reperfusion with normal blood in working hearts to cause severe mitochondrial damage, cardiac mitochondria that were intact structurally after 6 hours of ischemia and after controlled reperfusion, a logical sequence of mitochondrial structural changes that may lead to irreversibility, and a new method of quantification of such changes. PMID- 3747580 TI - Superiority of surgical versus medical reperfusion after regional ischemia. AB - This study tests the hypothesis that surgical revascularization (i.e., simulating coronary artery bypass grafting) with control of reperfusion conditions (total vented bypass) and of reperfusate composition (substrate-enriched blood cardioplegic solution) produces better recovery than is possible in the non surgical setting (i.e., normal blood in beating, working hearts to simulate streptokinase and angioplasty). Eighteen dogs underwent 2 hours of left anterior descending coronary artery ligation (35% of the left ventricle at risk) followed by 2 hours of reperfusion. In five dogs the ligature was released to simulate streptokinase thrombolysis and angioplasty in working hearts (medical). In 13 dogs, surgical reperfusion was accomplished during total vented bypass, where six dogs received normal blood and seven others received substrate-enriched blood cardioplegic solution with 1 additional hour of aortic clamping (i.e., a total of 3 hours of ischemia). Segmental shortening with ultrasonic crystals, tissue water content, and vital staining (triphenyltetrazolium chloride) were assessed. Ischemia produced severe systolic bulging (-42% of control systolic shortening, p less than 0.05). Medical reperfusion resulted in failure to restore regional contractility (-27% systolic shortening, p less than 0.05), severe edema (82.4% H2O content, p less than 0.05), and extensive transmural nonstaining (44%, p less than 0.05). In contrast, surgical reperfusion with substrate-enriched blood cardioplegic solution during total vented bypass restored regional contraction to 46% of control values (p less than 0.05) and resulted in less edema (80.6% H2O content, p less than 0.05), and only mild nonstaining (21%, p less than 0.05) restricted to the subendocardial region. Surgical revascularization with controlled reperfusion conditions and reperfusate composition produces better myocardial salvage than is possible in the medical setting, despite a longer period of ischemia. PMID- 3747581 TI - Metabolic and histochemical benefits of regional blood cardioplegic reperfusion without cardiopulmonary bypass. AB - This study evaluates the capacity of regional substrate-enriched blood cardioplegic reperfusion (without bypass) to salvage cardiac muscle subjected to 40 minutes of regional ischemia. Results are compared with those obtained by normal blood reperfusion at either systemic or reduced perfusion pressure (i.e., simulating acute angioplasty or streptokinase thrombolysis). All studies were carried out in beating, working hearts when the conditions of reperfusion were not controlled. The results show that regional cardioplegic reperfusion without cardiopulmonary bypass reduces the incidence of perfusion ventricular fibrillation (15% versus 55%, p less than 0.05), increases recovery of subendocardial creatine phosphate (35.3 versus 14.0 mumol/gm, p less than 0.05) and adenosine triphosphate (6.0 versus 3.1 mumol/gm, p less than 0.05), reduces histochemical damage evaluated by triphenyltetrazolium chloride (0% versus 43% transmural nonstaining, p less than 0.05), and improves myocardial contractile reserve capacity (91% versus 41%, p less than 0.05). Normal blood reperfusion restored immediate systolic shortening in only 3 of 18 hearts (17%), and regional cardioplegic reperfusion without bypass produced early recovery of regional systolic shortening in only 10 of 16 hearts (63%, p greater than 0.05). Thus the value of controlling reperfusate composition without simultaneous control of reperfusion conditions is limited. PMID- 3747582 TI - High oxygen requirements of dyskinetic cardiac muscle. AB - This study assesses the regional oxygen requirements of muscle segments that are beating and working, beating and empty, arrested and decompressed, and nonischemic that move dyskinetically. Regional oxygen demands were evaluated by producing a dyskinetic segment by infusing regional cardioplegic solution through a left anterior descending coronary artery catheter with and without extracorporeal circulation. The results show that the O2 demands of the perfused dyskinetic cardiac muscle segment (4 to 8 ml/100 gm/min) are approximately 55% of the contracting (beating, working) segment (7 to 12 ml/100 gm/min) and are fivefold more than when the same muscle segment is arrested and decompressed by total vented bypass (0.8 to 1.2 ml/100 gm/min). Additional studies showed that ischemia for 2 hours (left anterior descending coronary artery ligation) produced severe dyskinesia (-24% control systolic shortening), which failed to recover after reperfusion with the heart in the beating, working state. In contrast, lowering O2 demands by reperfusion during bypass restored occasional contractile function as a consequence of left ventricular decompression. Dyskinetic muscle segments have a high oxygen requirement that may affect their capacity to be salvaged if reperfusion is conducted without left ventricular decompression. These observations suggest that the value of revascularization in the working heart (i.e., streptokinase with or without angioplasty) may be limited unless the left ventricle is decompressed during reperfusion and provide an explanation for the delayed recovery of mechanical function in hearts reperfused surgically with normal blood during cardiopulmonary bypass. PMID- 3747583 TI - Regional blood cardioplegic reperfusion during total vented bypass without thoracotomy: a new concept. AB - This study tests the hypothesis that immediate functional recovery is possible after 2 to 3 hours of regional ischemia by control of the conditions of reperfusion (i.e., total vented bypass) and the composition of the reperfusate (substrate-enriched blood cardioplegic solution) by either central cannulation with thoracotomy or peripheral cannulation without thoracotomy. Total vented bypass could be established successfully in each of 14 experiments (100%) in which the peripheral cannulation method was tested. Regional function (evaluated by ultrasonic crystals in open-chest animals) recovered comparably when substrate enriched blood cardioplegic solution was given either globally or regionally (46% versus 36%) and total vented bypass was accomplished by either central cannulation or peripheral cannulation technique (i.e., left ventricle decompressed through a transaortic vent catheter, right atrium cannulated through the femoral vein, femoral artery perfusion). In contrast, systolic bulging persisted (-23% control systolic shortening) following normal blood reperfusion in beating, working hearts. Controlled reperfusion (either global or regional) also minimized postischemic edema (81% versus 83% water content, p less than 0.05). The effectiveness of controlled reperfusion (substrate-enriched blood cardioplegic solution during total vented bypass) versus uncontrolled reperfusion (normal blood in beating, working hearts) was assessed also in closed-chest dogs with 3 hours of regional ischemia (i.e., balloon inflation in the left anterior descending coronary artery). Results after controlled reperfusion showed complete recovery of contractility (as shown by echocardiography) at 24 hours, in comparison with only minimal recovery in three of eight dogs receiving uncontrolled reperfusion, and minimal histochemical damage (less than 5% triphenyltetrazolium chloride nonstaining), in comparison with 34% necrosis after uncontrolled reperfusion. These studies suggest that control of the reperfusion conditions and reperfusate composition can be achieved comparably in either the catheterization laboratory or the operating room, and a proposed clinical model for the treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction is presented for evaluation. PMID- 3747584 TI - Reperfusate composition: benefits of marked hypocalcemia and diltiazem on regional recovery. AB - This study tests the hypothesis that improved muscle salvage is possible by markedly reducing the ionic calcium (Ca++) of the reperfusate (less than 250 mumol/L) and adding a calcium channel-blocking drug (diltiazem). Preliminary pilot studies showed that a 20-minute infusion of markedly hypocalcemic substrate enriched blood cardioplegic solution (less than 250 mumol/L Ca++) did not affect left ventricular function adversely and that a 150 to 250 mumol/L substrate enriched blood cardioplegic solution, delivered during total vented bypass with diltiazem, 300 micrograms/kg body weight, produced the most consistent functional recovery and the least histochemical evidence of damage (triphenyltetrazolium chloride nonstaining) after 2 hours of regional ischemia. Experimental studies of 2 hours of regional ischemia were followed by either regional normocalcemic (1000 to 1200 mumol/L) blood cardioplegic reperfusion in bypassed hearts, with or without diltiazem, or hypocalcemic (150 to 150 mumol/L) blood cardioplegic reperfusion with diltiazem for 20 minutes. Results showed that hypocalcemic blood cardioplegic solution with diltiazem produced superior recovery of systolic shortening (58% versus 11% systolic shortening, p less than 0.05) and limitation of histochemical damage (11% versus 54%, p less than 0.05), in comparison with normocalcemic blood cardioplegic solution without diltiazem. These studies suggest that modifying the regional reperfusate by markedly reducing ionic calcium levels and adding calcium channel-blocking drugs is safe and may improve myocardial salvage more than using substrate-enriched blood cardioplegic solution alone. PMID- 3747585 TI - Reperfusate composition: supplemental role of intravenous and intracoronary coenzyme Q10 in avoiding reperfusion damage. AB - This study tests the hypothesis that the oxygen radical scavenger coenzyme Q10 can be given both intravenously and in the cardioplegic solution and can improve muscle salvage following surgical revascularization. Pilot studies were carried out in dogs undergoing 40 minutes of coronary artery ligation with reperfusion with normal blood, with the heart in the beating, working state. Intravenous infusions of coenzyme Q10 (10 mg/kg) 5 minutes before reperfusion resulted in improved recovery of creatine phosphate, adenosine triphosphate, total adenine nucleotide, and myocardial function reverse estimated by postextrasystolic potentiation, in comparison with the degree of recovery in untreated dogs. Experimental studies were done on 27 dogs undergoing 2 hours of left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion and subsequent reperfusion with and without total vented bypass. Thirteen dogs received intravenous coenzyme Q10 10 minutes before extracorporeal circulation, six received substrate-enriched blood cardioplegic solution with added coenzyme Q10, and six received normal blood reperfusate. Six others had cardioplegic reperfusion without coenzyme Q10. The systolic bulging that occurred during ischemia (ultrasonic crystals) persisted after reperfusion with normal blood (-25% systolic shortening, p less than 0.05), and 44% transmural triphenyltetrazolium chloride nonstaining occurred in the area at risk. Conversely, hearts receiving substrate-enriched blood cardioplegic solution recovered 37% contractility (p less than 0.05), with the least, and only, subendocardial triphenyltetrazolium chloride nonstaining (25% of area at risk) occurring with intravenous coenzyme Q10 before bypass and coenzyme Q10 supplementation of the cardioplegic solution. Intravenous coenzyme Q10, given just before reperfusion (possibly in transit to the operating room), enhances the role of substrate-enriched blood cardioplegic solution (especially when added to the cardioplegic solution) in salvaging ischemic myocardium and allowing immediate functional recovery. PMID- 3747586 TI - Reperfusate composition: interaction of marked hyperglycemia and marked hyperosmolarity in allowing immediate contractile recovery after four hours of regional ischemia. AB - This study tests the hypothesis that improved muscle salvage after prolonged ischemia (4 hours) occurs when the substrate-enriched blood cardioplegic solution is markedly hyperglycemic (greater than 400 mg/dl) and markedly hyperosmotic (greater than 400 mOsm). Thirty-five dogs underwent 4 hours of occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery and reperfusion during total vented bypass with substrate-enriched blood cardioplegic solution, in which the glucose concentration and osmolarity were varied in relation to one another. Spontaneous systolic shortening recovered consistently (31 +/- 6%) only when glucose was greater than 400 mg/dl and osmolarity was greater than 400 mOsm. The least recovery occurred (only one of six dogs recovering spontaneous shortening) when cardioplegic glucose was greater than 400 mg/dl and osmolarity was greater than 400 mOsm. Regional segments reperfused with our standard substrate-enriched blood cardioplegic solution had lower transmural flow rates following reperfusion (56 versus 87 ml/100 gm/min, p less than 0.05), markedly reduced mitochondrial State 3 and State 4 respiration in epicardial and endocardial muscle (p less than 0.05), and the most extensive histochemical evidence of damage (63% area of nonstaining versus area at risk, p less than 0.05). We conclude that markedly increased levels of osmolarity (greater than 400 mOsm) and glucose (greater than 400 mg/dl) improve the capacity of substrate-enriched blood cardioplegic solution to salvage myocardium after prolonged ischemia. PMID- 3747587 TI - Effects of "duration" of reperfusate administration versus reperfusate "dose" on regional functional, biochemical, and histochemical recovery. AB - This study tests the hypothesis that improved myocardial salvage following regional ischemia occurs when attention is directed toward the duration of blood cardioplegic reperfusion rather than the reperfusate "dose". Pilot studies after global ischemia established the postischemic oxygen use pattern consistent with normal and impaired recovery; the best recovery occurred when postischemic muscle consumed oxygen in excess of basal demands. Experimental studies were then performed on 22 dogs undergoing 2 hours of left anterior descending coronary occlusion. Nine dogs received normal blood reperfusion, with the heart allowed to remain in the beating, working state. In 13 dogs, cardiac O2 demands were kept low during reperfusion by delivering a dose of 150 to 250 mumol/L Ca2++ aspartate glutamate-enriched blood cardioplegic solution containing 250 to 350 micrograms/kg body weight diltiazem during total vented bypass. This same reperfusate dose with diltiazem was given over 10 minutes in five dogs and over 20 minutes in eight others. Persistent systolic bulging (ultrasonic crystals) of 27% (p less than 0.05) of systolic shortening followed normal blood reperfusion without bypass. During blood cardioplegic reperfusion, regional O2 uptake exceeded basal demands by 24 ml/100 gm/min at 10 minutes (p less than 0.05) and did not return to baseline until 20 minutes had elapsed. Hearts reperfused with blood cardioplegia for 20 minutes had better recovery of systolic shortening (58% versus 30%, p less than 0.05), less edema (79.8% versus 80.9% water content, p less than 0.05), and less triphenyltetrazolium chloride nonstaining (12% versus 21%, p less than 0.05) than those reperfused for 10 minutes with the same solution containing the same diltiazem dose. Continuing blood cardioplegic reperfusion until myocardial oxygen uptake reaches control levels enhances regional functional recovery after acute coronary occlusion. These results indicate that attention should be directed toward the duration of reperfusion, as well as the "dose" of cardioplegic reperfusate. PMID- 3747588 TI - Reperfusion conditions: importance of ensuring gentle versus sudden reperfusion during relief of coronary occlusion. AB - This study tests the hypothesis that more muscle salvage after acute ischemia is possible by "gentle," temporary reperfusion than with sudden, complete revascularization. Ten dogs underwent 4 hours of left anterior descending coronary artery ligation with reperfusion during total vented bypass for 1 hour of the 2-hour reperfusion period. In five dogs, reperfusion was accomplished by release of the occlusion suddenly and completely. The five others received selective low-pressure (40 to 50 mm Hg) coronary reperfusion with normal blood for 20 minutes at 30 ml/min before the occlusion was relieved completely. Systolic shortening with ultrasonic crystals, triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, and myocardial wet and dry weights were measured. Sudden relief of occlusion failed to restore contractility spontaneously (-7 +/- 1% systolic shortening, p less than 0.05) or with inotropic infusion (-2 +/- 4% systolic shortening, p less than 0.05) and caused the greatest amount of edema (82.2%, systolic shortening, p less than 0.05) and triphenyltetrazolium chloride nonstaining (76% area at risk, p less than 0.05). In contrast, temporary, gentle reperfusion allowed slight spontaneous recovery in four of five hearts (4 +/- 2% systolic shortening), increasing to 26 +/- 12% systolic shortening (p less than 0.05) with inotropic stimulation, limited edema (80.7%, p less than 0.05), and reduced triphenyltetrazolium chloride nonstaining to 55% (p less than 0.05). Early temporary, gentle reperfusion limits the postischemic damage that occurs with sudden, complete revascularization (aortic unclamping without control of reperfusion pressure or flow). These findings may have implications during revascularization for acute myocardial infarction when perfusion pressure and flow can be controlled. PMID- 3747589 TI - Prognostic factors for survival of 194 patients with low infiltrate leukemia. AB - Prognostic factors were identified from the histories of 194 patients diagnosed as having low infiltrate leukemia (LIL) between 1973 and 1981, when the policy was to delay treatment until there was evidence of progressive disease or life threatening morbidity. Their median age was 59 yr; 63% were male; 30 had had a malignant disease previously. Presenting symptoms included anemia, 82%; infections, 15%; and hemorrhage, 16%. The group's median survival was 42 weeks, with high marrow cellularity and percentage of blasts, impairment of bone marrow, liver or renal function, age over 65 yr and performance status less than 80% associated with poorer survival. Cytogenetic changes associated with poor survival included loss of chromosome 5 or 7, additional chromosome 8, karyotypic instability, and presence of 100% abnormal metaphases. A regression model including terms for blood and bone marrow features, and age at hospital admission was able to stratify patients into prognostic groups in the same population and in an independent population admitted prior to 1973. Further prospective testing of the model is required. Twenty-six of the 78 patients who were eventually treated with combination chemotherapy achieved complete remission. The presence of Auer rods, diagnosis of acute leukemia or refractory anemia with excess blasts, rapid increase in marrow infiltrate and favorable cytogenetic karyotype were associated with response. Delaying treatment in all patients was found to have improved only modestly the survival of patients with LIL. PMID- 3747590 TI - Electron-cytochemical localization of succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity in Purkinje neurons and hepatocytes of the rat. AB - A method is presented for the ultrastructural demonstration of succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) activity in cerebellar Purkinje neurons and liver hepatocytes; SSADH is an enzyme involved in the degradation of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA). Incubation media originally used for light microscopy were considered. Reaction products were mainly detected when fresh tissue was used. In Purkinje cells, grains ascribable to SSADH activity were localized on the mitochondria (especially on the outer membrane); some extramitochondrial formazan deposits were also found. After brief fixation by immersion or perfusion, only a few formazan granules were detected in the cytoplasm. A similar distribution pattern was observed in hepatocytes, in which extramitochondrial grains and grains on the nuclear membrane were frequent. The actual existence and the possible meaning of extramitochondrial SSADH activity is critically discussed on the basis of the data in the literature. PMID- 3747591 TI - Anatomically selective peripheral nerve ablation using intraneural ricin injection. AB - Anatomically selective destruction of sensory and motor neurons based upon which nerve contains the corresponding axons can be accomplished by intraneural pressure microinjection of the toxic lectin, ricin. Ricin is taken up by axons at the injection site and axonally transported to perikarya resulting in destruction of the neurons. In the present report, we describe a reliable procedure for making such lesions using pressure microinjection of ricin into nerve trunks. Consistent, complete lesions restricted to the appropriate sensory and motor neurons are documented after injection of the vagus, hypoglossal, phrenic and sciatic nerves and the superior cervical ganglion. Complete vagal ablations could be achieved with 100 ng or less of ricin; whereas, 1-3 micrograms was required to obtain similar results with hypoglossal and sciatic nerves. Although most neurons are dead within 24 h after the injection, survival times of 10-14 days may be necessary for complete disappearance of poisoned neurons. This technique can be valuable in making highly selective lesions for anatomical, neurochemical and neurophysiological experiments. PMID- 3747592 TI - A method for repeated CSF sampling in the freely moving rat. AB - With the use of a holder mounted on the skull of rats, a cannula can be implanted so that one end rests on the atlanto-occipital membrane overlying the cisterna magna. Needles introduced through the cannula allow repeated access to the cisterna magna in the freely moving animal. This system is stable for periods of up to 4 weeks and is suited for repeated sampling of the cerebrospinal fluid. PMID- 3747593 TI - Prognostic variables in late follow-up of aortic valve replacement using the proportional hazard model: a study on patients using the Medtronic-Hall cardiac prosthesis. AB - An alternative approach to the study of the follow-up of patients with heart prostheses is the use of the reliability theory (hazard function) and proportional hazard model (Cox's model). In a population of 480 patients who underwent AVR in the period from June 1977 to January 1983, with a mean follow-up time of 2.8 years, 16 preoperative variables were considered. From this pool of variables, six entered the regression model in a time-independent mode. These were age at operation, sex, preoperative NYHA classification, presence of AI, presence of endocarditis and presence of atrial fibrillation on ECG, none of which entered the model in the time-related mode. Another multifactorial approach, using a stepwise regression analysis to examine primary predictive factors that independently correlate with survival, while simultaneously accounting for the other previous variables, showed that the variables with additive prognostic value were age at operation, presence of AI and presence of endocarditis. Based on this model, a forecast five-year survival rate ranging from 88 to 14 per cent was found at the end of the fifth year. For the most favourable and the worst combinations of these prognostic variables, a patient specific forecast five-year survival rate was drawn up. Our results were compared, using univariate and multivariate methods, with the results found in the literature, and the implications of this comparison were discussed. PMID- 3747594 TI - A simple breath pattern simulator. PMID- 3747595 TI - Destructive lasers in arterial disease. PMID- 3747596 TI - The evaluation of electromedical equipment in the United Kingdom; moving towards improved patient care? PMID- 3747597 TI - Statistical evaluation of commonly used tests for heparin monitoring. PMID- 3747598 TI - Alterations in host defense mechanisms associated with cardiopulmonary bypass. PMID- 3747599 TI - How much additional blood trauma is caused by haemofiltration during cardiopulmonary bypass? PMID- 3747600 TI - Flow distribution in membrane oxygenators: a preliminary study. PMID- 3747601 TI - Gaseous microemboli production of bubble and membrane oxygenators. PMID- 3747602 TI - Human tumor necrosis factor-alpha kills herpesvirus-infected but not normal cells. AB - Human recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) was found to recognize and destroy herpes simplex virus-infected cells while leaving uninfected cells unharmed, as determined by a 51Cr-release microcytotoxicity assay. In contrast, recombinant interleukins 1 and 2, alpha interferon and gamma interferon were not cytotoxic for virus-infected cells. The ability to discriminate between herpes virus-infected and uninfected cells suggests that TNF may be a beneficial antiviral agent. PMID- 3747603 TI - Modulation of human monocyte chemotaxis and procoagulant activity by human C reactive protein (CRP). AB - Experiments were performed to determine whether the acute phase reactant C reactive protein (CRP) influences the chemotactic and procoagulant activity (PCA) of human peripheral blood monocytes (MO). The results show that concentrations of CRP between 2.5 and 10 ug/ml increased MO chemotaxis approximately 3-fold in a serum free assay system. By contrast 25 and 50 ug/ml CRP did not result in MO chemotaxis. In other experiments MO preincubated for 18 hours with 50 ug/ml CRP demonstrated increased PCA compared to MO preincubated in medium alone. MO preincubated with CRP also displayed an additive increase in PCA when subsequently exposed to low concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or immune complexes. However, CRP did not increase the PCA of MO exposed to high concentrations of LPS or immune complexes, which triggered greater PCA. These data suggest that CRP may modulate these early host responses to inflammatory stimuli. PMID- 3747604 TI - The effect of secretin on the abdominal distribution of the cardiac output using radiolabelled microspheres in rats. PMID- 3747605 TI - Colonoscopic removal of juvenile polyps in children. PMID- 3747606 TI - Clinical diagnosis of right ventricular wall infarction. PMID- 3747607 TI - Bile duct cysts in children. PMID- 3747608 TI - Effects of simultaneous long-term pretreatment with adrenaline and either propranolol or regitine on the activity of thyroxine-5'-deiodinase in rat liver. PMID- 3747609 TI - Treatment of allergic respiratory tract diseases in underground salt chambers of Kinga Spa in Wieliczka salt mines. PMID- 3747610 TI - Pentagastrin effect on regeneration of experimentally damaged ileal mucosa in rats. PMID- 3747612 TI - Appropriate management of splenic trauma. PMID- 3747611 TI - Successful treatment of primary amyloidosis. PMID- 3747613 TI - Lymphadenectomy in the management of stage I malignant melanoma: a prospective randomized study. AB - A prospective randomized study was initiated at our institution in 1972 to determine the efficacy of routine elective lymphadenectomy in localized (stage I) melanoma. Included in the study were 171 patients, 62 of whom had no lymphadenectomy, 55 of whom had delayed lymphadenectomy, and 54 of whom had immediate lymphadenectomy. No significant difference was found among the three treatment groups with respect to survival or metastasis-free survival. Multifactorial analysis indicated that the level of invasion and the thickness of the lesion were the most important prognostic factors, followed by age (60 years or older), site (legs), and tumor type (nodular). A prognostic index based on these variables was highly predictive of metastasis or death. Even when this score was considered, no significant variation was noted among the three treatment groups. More subsequent complications of melanoma, however, occurred in the group with no lymphadenectomy--36 in this group but only 19 in each of the other treatment groups. This finding was not statistically significant but does indicate that a few additional problems may be associated with leaving regional nodes intact. Further studies are needed, and indeed are being conducted, to determine whether elective lymphadenectomy improves survival sufficiently to offset the costs and the complications associated with this approach. PMID- 3747614 TI - Adverse effects of vancomycin administered in the perioperative period. AB - Indications for the administration of vancomycin in the perioperative period have expanded in recent years. Used in this situation, vancomycin has caused adverse reactions, the most serious of which is hypotension. We describe five patients who had adverse reactions to vancomycin perioperatively. Vancomycin-induced hypotension usually results from a negative inotropic and vasodilator effect produced in part by a histamine-release phenomenon, which occurs most commonly with rapid intravenous infusion of the drug. Such a release of histamine may also produce an acute urticarial flushing of the upper torso (the "red neck syndrome") and symptoms of pain and muscle spasm in the chest or paraspinal muscles, which may mimic myocardial infarction. These effects usually abate promptly when the infusion of vancomycin is discontinued, and their resolution may be expedited by administration of an antihistamine. PMID- 3747615 TI - Use of Doppler techniques (continuous-wave, pulsed-wave, and color flow imaging) in the noninvasive hemodynamic assessment of congenital heart disease. AB - Doppler echocardiography is a relatively new technique that has become an integral part of the cardiovascular ultrasound examination. The hemodynamic information provided by the Doppler technique is complementary to the tomographic anatomy depicted by the two-dimensional examination and, in some patients, may obviate the need for cardiac catheterization. In this article, we focus on the role of Doppler echocardiography in the noninvasive diagnosis of congenital cardiac abnormalities. PMID- 3747617 TI - Pesticide poisoning, succinylcholine-induced apnea, and pseudocholinesterase. PMID- 3747616 TI - Cardiac involvement in Lyme disease: manifestations and management. AB - Cardiac involvement in Lyme disease may manifest as atrioventricular block, myopericarditis, and left ventricular dysfunction. Diagnosis depends on recognition of the systemic nature of Lyme disease, including cardiac involvement, and its natural history. Serologic tests that are both sensitive and specific may aid in diagnosis. Although current recommendations for the treatment of Lyme disease with carditis include antibiotics and salicylates or corticosteroids, these types of therapy have not been unequivocally demonstrated to alter the natural history of cardiac involvement. Supportive therapy may necessitate temporary transvenous cardiac pacing in symptomatic patients. PMID- 3747619 TI - Immunocytochemical localisation of caligulin-like immunoreactivity in rat tissues. AB - The cellular localisation of caligulin-like immunoreactivity (caligulin-LI) in rat central and peripheral tissues was studied using antibodies against bovine brain caligulin raised in rabbits. Both immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques were used to demonstrate caligulin-LI in paraformaldehyde fixed tissues. Certain neurons in the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia and brain stem contained caligulin-LI. In the cerebellum a majority of Purkinje cells were labelled with immunoreactive material localised to dendrites, perikarya and axons. In the gastrointestinal tract some neurons in Auerbach's and Meissner's plexa contained caligulin-LI. Ligation of the sciatic nerve caused accumulation of immunoreactive material both proximal and distal to the crush. A non-neuronal localisation of caligulin-LI could also be demonstrated, e.g., in parts of the renal tubular system, in the islets of Langerhans and in certain enteroendocrine cells. The specific localisation of caligulin-LI in some but not all neurons of the rat brain and gastrointestinal tract suggests a specific function of caligulin in central and peripheral nervous mechanisms. PMID- 3747618 TI - Alveolar clamp mechanism in the Valsalva maneuver. PMID- 3747620 TI - Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry of proenkephalin-derived peptides in septal neurons. AB - Specific antibodies against different opioid peptides derived from proenkephalin were used in light and electron microscopic studies to locate septal enkephalin containing cells. Immunoreactive neurons were demonstrated only after pretreatment of the animals with colchicine. They were found in all three subdivisions of the lateral septal nucleus and in the ventral limb of the nucleus of the diagonal band. The medial septal nucleus and the dorsal limb of the nucleus of the diagonal band were devoid of immunoreactive cells. Electron microscopy showed intracellular enkephalin-like immunoreactivity with all antisera used in this study. The reaction was found in the cytoplasm, sometimes associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Numerous enkephalin immunoreactive nerve terminals and fibres were detected in the lateral septal nucleus, but axon terminals making contacts with enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons did not contain enkephalin-like immunoreactivity. The results suggest that some septal neurons synthesise proenkephalin. These cells may be either local interneurons or output cells to areas which receive innervation from the septal complex. PMID- 3747621 TI - The spread of brain oedema in hypertensive brain injury. AB - Severe hypertension in humans may lead to fibrinoid necroses of cerebral blood vessels with small hemorrhages and cystic necroses. Similar lesions have also been reported in the experimental model of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). We examined the genesis and spreading pattern of the brain oedema in SHRSP. The extravasation of plasma proteins was visualized with the Evans-Blue or the immunoperoxidase method. Most commonly the leakage occurred in the grey matter of the cerebral cortex or basal ganglia. The spreading pattern followed that of vasogenic brain oedema with a local spread in the grey matter and an extensive one in the white matter. In addition, we detected a novel pathway upwards along the perivascular spaces of the penetrating vessels as well as laterally in the subpial zone. This route is likely to serve also as a drainage channel for the oedema into the cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoidal space. Transfer of the extravasated proteins from the white matter to the ventricles was also observed, confirming that this previously described pathway for the resolution of oedema fluid exists in the SHRSP model of vasogenic brain oedema. PMID- 3747622 TI - Immunohistochemical properties of the "floor plate glycogen body" of the human embryonic spinal cord and brain stem. AB - Prominent glycogen accumulations have been found in the floor plate radial glial cells of the human spinal cord and brain stem during the 6th to 13th week of intrauterine life. These glycogen-rich cells are totally negative to indirect immunoperoxidase staining with an antibody to glial fibrillary acidic protein, a protein that is strongly expressed in the remaining radial glial cells that border the central canal of the spinal cord. The glycogen-rich floor plate radial glial cells are, on the other hand, heavily stained by a monoclonal antibody against a vimentin-related protein. The neighbouring lateral radial glial cells do not express this protein. These and other distinctive features of the floor plate radial glial cells indicate an organoid specialisation of the floor plate during limited periods of intrauterine life. The function(s) of this specialised tissue remains obscure, but it may be related to cortico-spinal fibres crossing the midline through the floor plate, or to the transport of substances in both directions between blood vessels and the central canal. PMID- 3747623 TI - Relationship between pulse-wave velocity and arterial elasticity. PMID- 3747625 TI - Estimation of time-varying systolic properties of left ventricular mechanics. PMID- 3747624 TI - Estimation of arterial pulse wave velocities in the frequency domain: method and clinical considerations. PMID- 3747626 TI - Three-dimensional reconstruction of joint surfaces using a microcomputer. PMID- 3747627 TI - Development of microcomputer-aided pyroelectric thermal imaging system and application to pain management. PMID- 3747628 TI - Preliminary development of a radiotelemetry system for biological applications. PMID- 3747629 TI - Improved methods for studying the mechanical properties of biological systems with random length changes. PMID- 3747630 TI - Smart instrument for flexible digital signal processing. PMID- 3747631 TI - Modelling of thermal patterns of electrosurgical dispersive electrodes. PMID- 3747632 TI - phi Q diagram for a platinum electrode in vivo. PMID- 3747633 TI - Digital peak detector for intracellular action potentials. PMID- 3747634 TI - Split power rails for battery operated equipment--design alternatives. PMID- 3747635 TI - Methods for in vivo determinations of the impedance spectrum and reflection coefficients at the human aorta input: calculation of the characteristic impedance. PMID- 3747636 TI - Electronic simulator of panting manoeuvre signals generated in whole-body plethysmography. PMID- 3747637 TI - Quality of life in cancer patients. PMID- 3747638 TI - Development of new anti-cancer drugs. AB - In the first award lecture of the European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO) the topic of new drug development and the role of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) was highlighted. New aspects in each of the drug development steps are discussed: acquisition, screening, formulation, toxicology and phase I studies. In the search for new compounds to treat human solid tumors it is proposed to use human tumors as xenografts in primary screening. Phenomena related to doxorubicin resistance are presented together with a new approach to circumvent this in the clinic. The value of biochemical modulation is discussed, exemplified by the combination of 5-fluorouracil and uridine. The complexity of the biological response modifiers and the importance of evaluating them adequately in the clinic is stressed. The EORTC has recently decided on requirements for the minimum toxicology for phase I trials of a new cytostatic drug in order to ensure safe and rapid evaluation of new anti-cancer compounds. The therapeutic intents of phase I studies are questionable and therefore the main goals of these studies to be reached quickly; possibly supported by a pharmacokinetic rational. PMID- 3747639 TI - A biological marker, strongly associated with early oral contraceptive use, for the selection of a high risk group for premenopausal breast cancer. AB - In a population-based group of women, consecutively diagnosed, with premenopausal breast cancer there was a significant correlation between tumour size and plasma prolactin (r = 0.30; P less than 0.004). The concentration of estrogen receptor was negatively correlated to tumour size (r = 0.17; P less than 0.09). There were no substantial correlations between tumour size and progesterone receptor, plasma progesterone or estradiol. Adjustments for menstrual cycle day and age did not alter the above findings. The ratio of plasma prolactin and estrogen receptor was significantly greater (P less than 0.037) for the group of the patients that had started using oral contraceptives before the age of 20 as compared with the other patients. Consequently, the tumour size was significantly greater in the group of early users (P less than 0.003). The findings indicate that breast tumours developing in previous early users of oral contraceptives have a low estrogen receptor concentration, while these patients have higher plasma prolactin. The tumour size is greater in early users indicating a poorer prognosis than other women with breast cancer. As early use of oral contraceptives increases breast cancer risk and a high ratio of plasma prolactin and estrogen receptor concentration of the primary tumour characterize early oral contraceptive users the ratio may be a valuable marker for the breast cancer risk. PMID- 3747641 TI - Central and peripheral inhibitory effects of morphine on intestinal transit in mice. AB - In the present study, intestinal motility was measured by the transit of charcoal meal through the small intestine in mice. Morphine, given subcutaneously, caused a dose-dependent slowing of the rate of intestinal transit. This inhibitory effect of morphine was antagonised by prior subcutaneous administration of naloxone hydrochloride or its quaternary analog naloxone methylbromide. However, on a weight basis, naloxone methylbromide was only about half as potent as naloxone hydrochloride. Morphine given centrally, either intracerebroventricularly or intracisternally, caused a dose-related inhibition of intestinal transit, the intracerebroventricular route appearing to be more effective. The effects of centrally administered morphine were antagonised by prior subcutaneous administration of naloxone hydrochloride but not by naloxone methylbromide. The narcotic antagonists administered centrally were effective in suppressing the inhibitory effect of subcutaneously administered morphine. When given intracerebroventricularly naloxone methylbromide was as effective as naloxone hydrochloride, while by intracisternal route, it was about half as potent as naloxone hydrochloride. These results provide evidence that peripherally administered morphine inhibits intestinal transit by both central and peripheral mechanisms. Of the central routes of administration studied, it appears that the sites around the lateral ventricles play a more significant role in the intestinal inhibitory actions of morphine. PMID- 3747640 TI - Muramyl dipeptide and carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity in rats: involvement of plasma membrane and calcium homeostasis in protective effect. AB - The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of single and multiple doses of N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP) on CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity, and hence some of the mechanisms involved. MDP (8.26 mumol/kg i.v.) was administered to rats according to different protocols followed by a single dose of CCl4 (5.2 mmol/kg i.p.), and either the hepatocytes were subsequently isolated and tested for viability and lipid peroxides formation or the level of serum aminotransferases and lactate dehydrogenase (LD) was measured. The results clearly indicate that MDP pretreatment in a single dose reduced CCl4 hepatotoxicity as judged from viability tests as well as reduction of elevated lipid peroxides induced by CCl4 administration. The level of lactate dehydrogenase was also brought to normal value by single MDP administration. MDP also decreased significantly the CCl4-elevated Ca2+ content of isolated hepatocytes and postmicrosomal supernatant Ca2+. 14C-palmitic acid incorporation was increased significantly for neutral lipids and/or phospholipids in hepatocytes and certain subcellular fractions under MDP treatment in vivo. A different effect was seen after multiple MDP administration which further increased CCl4-induced elevation of aminotransferases. Even the repeated administration of MDP without CCl4 increased the level of the latter enzymes. It may be concluded that a single administration of MDP can protect liver cells from CCl4 injury by a mechanism affecting the plasma membrane. PMID- 3747642 TI - Parenteral penicillin model of epilepsy in the rat: a reappraisal. AB - A parenteral penicillin model of epilepsy in the rat was investigated with the aim of evaluating its reliability. Behavioral and EEG patterns were strongly variable in a group of 100 rats injected with 1,000,000 IU/kg of penicillin i.p. Gross counts of spikes were Fourier transformed and grouped into two time windows in 24 out of the 100 rats. Analysis of variance applied to compare the two time windows showed a sufficient suitability of the phenomenon for antiepileptic drug testing purposes. Five subsequent injections of penicillin performed in 8 rats showed that a spontaneous decrease of the response takes place, preventing a crossover design in pharmacological analyses. Evans Blue studies demonstrated that there was not a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier; this model can be used for testing anticonvulsants unable to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. PMID- 3747643 TI - The effect of age on the pharmacokinetics of pentazocine. AB - Pentazocine was administered intravenously to 18 subjects, surgical patients and volunteers, ranging in age from 22 to 90 years. When divided into a young group (10 subjects, age 22-48 years) and an elderly group (8 subjects, age 60-90 years), the total clearance decreased as function of age from 22.14 +/- 4.114 to 11.68 +/- 3.593 ml/min/kg, and the elimination half-life increased from 2.5 +/- 0.71 to 4.11 +/- 1.187 hours. No change in the apparent volume of distribution was observed. Implications of change in clearance and half-life on dosage regimen design are discussed. PMID- 3747644 TI - The bioavailability of Tamoplex (tamoxifen). Part 1. A pilot study. AB - Tamoxifen and N-desmethyltamoxifen plasma concentrations were found to be similar after a first single dose and during two months therapy with Tamoplex or Nolvadex in groups of 6 and 8 patients, respectively. Single dose absorption results in 10 healthy male volunteers demonstrated bioequivalence of Tamoplex and Nolvadex 10 mg tablets. A large interindividual variation in tamoxifen absorption data was observed, probably related to the dominating metabolic clearance of tamoxifen. PMID- 3747645 TI - Models of exogenous and endogenous sleep perturbation as diagnostic and therapeutic predictors in depression. AB - In a group of 60 samples divided into three subgroups: a) healthy, b) exogenic (non-psychotic) and c) endogenic (psychotic) depressives, nocturnal sleep (10 p.m. to 6 a.m.) was registered according to accepted standards. 130 parameters (variables) of hypnograms were exposed to exact statistical testing. Mathematical modes were formed through satisfactory conditions of N-distribution by the method of discriminative analysis ("step by step"). These models were called "The Discriminative Profile of Sleep" (DPS). The Model of Exogenic Perturbation of Sleep is characteristic of exogenic (reactive) depressive disturbances. The dominant discriminative factors of this model are: increased number of nocturnal awakenings (NAW) and fragmentation of nocturnal sleep. The Model of Endogenic Perturbation of Sleep is formed by: shortened REM-latency, reduction of delta sleep, increase of the Index of Endogenic Periodicity/Perturbation (IEP). These models contribute not only to the problem of correct differential diagnosis, but also to the accurate choice of therapy, the appraisal of therapeutic sensitivity insensitivity following the course of illness, and a more precise final result. According to these models, depression in relation to the structure of nocturnal sleep is defined as: hypnofragmentic exogenic (reactive) depression, and hypnodisrrhythmic endogenic depression (or where endogenic perturbation developed during the illness). PMID- 3747646 TI - [A questionnaire study carried out in the county of Vasterbotten. 32 percent of the population have suicidal thoughts sometime during their life]. PMID- 3747647 TI - [Abuse of nicotine chewing gum made a non-smoker into a snuff user]. PMID- 3747648 TI - [Total pancreatectomy in pancreatic cancer--strategy and tactics]. PMID- 3747649 TI - [Treatment with hydrophobic dressings hastens healing of infected wounds]. PMID- 3747650 TI - [A prospective psychometric study: patients with organic psychotic syndromes induced by solvents]. PMID- 3747651 TI - [Symptoms of meningitis after trimethoprim treatment]. PMID- 3747652 TI - [Moyamoya as the cause of intracerebral hemorrhage]. PMID- 3747653 TI - [Prevention of reinfarction with beta blockaders: socioeconomic effect of metoprolol treatment]. PMID- 3747654 TI - [Noninvasive pacemaker therapy--an old reestablished technic with advantages]. PMID- 3747655 TI - [Tumors of the central nervous system--12-year case material]. PMID- 3747657 TI - [New discoveries on Candida and vulvovaginal candidiasis]. PMID- 3747656 TI - [Surgery of transposition of the great vessels--experiences from 20-year case material]. PMID- 3747658 TI - [Clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment of Candida infections and vulvovaginal candidiasis]. PMID- 3747659 TI - [Intravenous amiodarone in life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias]. PMID- 3747660 TI - [Good results with the early surgical treatment of the thoracic outlet syndrome]. PMID- 3747661 TI - [Euphorbia and high chapparall--hazardous pot plants in fashion]. PMID- 3747662 TI - [He ended his fasting with wine and paracetamol. The patient's liver and kidney were damaged]. PMID- 3747663 TI - [Campylobacter pyloridis--a cause of gastritis/ulcer?]. PMID- 3747664 TI - [Adverse effects of prolonged treatment with hydralazine--a retrospective study]. PMID- 3747665 TI - [Severe diarrhea in primary amyloidosis and hypogammaglobulinemia]. PMID- 3747666 TI - [Autoimmune polyendocrinopathies in children]. PMID- 3747667 TI - [Current status of parathyroid gland transplantation]. PMID- 3747668 TI - [Results of conservative treatment of distal radius fractures]. AB - The results of conservative treatment of fractures of the distal radius in 303 patients over a period of two years are demonstrated. 226 patients could be followed-up. The healing of the fracture was satisfactory in 78%, while the results regarding the various age groups showed considerable differences. Along with the demonstration of the functional and anatomical results in relation to age, sex, and localization the technique of fracture treatment as well as follow up treatment are discussed. PMID- 3747669 TI - [Sphincter function following colo-anal anastomosis]. AB - The effect of colo-anal anastomosis (CAA) on the function of the anal sphincters was assessed in 27 cases by interview, sphincter manometry and a retention test. During an observation period of 3-12 months after closure of colostomy, the percentage of patients with perfect continence increased from 50 to 80%, of those with solid stool consistency from 30 to 90% and of those with solid stool consistency from 30 to 90% and of those with less than 5 b.o./day from 30 to 80%. The operation resulted in a significant reduction of the length of the anal canal from 4.0 +/- 0.3 to 1.7 +/- 0.2 cm (p less than 0.001) and a significant reduction of the resting tone from 85.5 +/- 7.9 to 30.3 +/- 6.1 cm H2O (p less than 0.001). The contraction pressure was hardly influenced, the recto-anal inhibition reflex was temporarily lost. Minute preoperative assessment of a normal sphincter function with anal manometry is an essential prerequisite for the evaluation of the indication for a CAA. PMID- 3747670 TI - [Velofacial hypoplasia and submucous cleft palate: histologic analogies. A comparative histologic and histomorphometric study of velum musculature]. AB - Velofacial hypoplasia (VFH) is particularly characterised by severe open nasalising with palate-throat insufficiency due to an abridged palatal velum. The cause of this disorder is unknown. Submucosal cleft palates (SMG), which may cause similar signs, are considered to be caused genetically, or acquired during pregnancy as an impedimental malformation. We compared histologically and histomorphometrically the palatal velums of patients with VFH and SMG, with normal specimens. In VFH and SMG, the muscle fibres of the palatal velums feature pathological variations of their diameters; moreover, these specimens contain more fibrous than muscle tissue compared with the controls. These changes do not indicate clearly either a neuropathogenic or a myopathogenic or other pathogenesis. However, the similarities of the clinical, histological and histomorphometric findings do indicate a common formal pathogenesis. Anamnestic examinations of the pregnancies (particularly of the first trimenon) of mothers of patients with VFH may reveal further findings supporting our assumption. PMID- 3747671 TI - [Silastic foam: a new dressing in otorhinolaryngology]. AB - A new technique of dressing using Silastic-foam which up to now has not been introduced to ORC is presented. This type of foam dressing is characterized by good adaption to the wound, high flexibility, avoidance of wound irritation and by supporting wound granulation. Several possibilities of application are described. PMID- 3747672 TI - [Diagnosis of a special form of hematotympanum with high resolution petrous bone CT. Case report]. AB - A case of spontaneous haematotympanon is introduced. The cause of that haematotympanon is a protruding bulb of the vena jugularis interna. The possible ways to diagnosis are discussed. PMID- 3747674 TI - [Value assessment of MIRA (multichannel infant reflex audiometry). 1. On response detection from activity curves]. AB - The activity curves (sucking, breathing, eye movements) of 18 babies were inspected for alterations which might indicate reactions of hearing. In 10 cases, 4 of them also confirmed by ABR findings, we found it possible to deduce the hearing threshold from alterations of the respective activities alone even without knowledge of the occurrence of the stimulus (blind experiment, addition of the stimulus time after identification of activity alterations). Greater discrepancies are discussed with respect to the experience of the investigator and to different methods of audiometry. PMID- 3747673 TI - [The problem of critical intensity]. AB - We investigated a total of 537 patients (68 men, 469 women) working in the textile industry to ascertain their hearing level in the conventional hearing range as well as in the HF range. The persons tested work at 3 different noise levels (80-84, 85-89 and 90-94 dB (A) Leq. The differences in the hearing thresholds of the three sound level groups mentioned above were checked by means of discrimination analysis. The first hearing level changes noise levels below 90 dB develop mainly in the HF range; in the conventional hearing range, however, the hearing levels remain unchanged even during long exposure times. Hearing level impairment in the conventional range occurs only in the sound level group of 90-94 dB (A) Leq without attaining any social importance. The tests clearly show that if the noise level damage risk criterion of 85 dB (A) Leq at which hearing is impaired, is not exceeded any hearing lesions involving social hearing loss are definitely avoided. PMID- 3747675 TI - [MIRA (multichannel infant reflex audiometry) with biofeedback]. AB - The MIRA is based on the simultaneous registration of sucking and breathing activities and of eye movements together with the stimulus indicator. Alterations of these activities are analysed in respect of stimulus time and intensity. The combination with biofeedback (frequency-modulation of the stimulus by the electrical analog of sucking, or chewing, activity) results in more distinct alterations of the activities than MIRA alone and furthermore points to the development of the feedback loop between articulation and hearing, a prerequisite of speech development. PMID- 3747676 TI - [Elongated transverse process of the atlas. A contribution to the differential diagnosis of cervical lymph node hyperplasia]. AB - In some patients the transverse process is palpable as a solid immobile knot in the angle of the mandible and is sometimes interpreted as an enlarged cervical gland or as a tumour of the parotid gland. The difficulties of differential diagnosis are illustrated by case reports. The possibilities of examination (full size radiogram, tomogram, computer tomogram) are shown. The results of cephalometric measurements concerning the size of the atlas and its relation to the base of the skull are also described. PMID- 3747677 TI - [Psychogenic vocalizations]. AB - In the first case we are dealing with an eight year old boy who made grunting noises. The second case describes a seventeen year old school girl who suffered from barking coughing attacks. It should be pointed out that the symptoms mentioned had been already observed several months before a diagnosis was made. The actual cause in both cases could be traced back to a disturbed family situation. After a specialized treatment with individual and group discussion as well as the recommendation for behaviour-patterns the complete disappearance of symptoms could be noted in both patients. The pathomechanism was probably a conscious reaction to family conflicts which, however, continued subconsciously after therapy. PMID- 3747678 TI - [Effect of aminoglycosides on experimentally induced endolymphatic hydrops]. AB - Gentamycin or kanamycin have no effect on endolymph formation in experimental induced endolymphatic hydrops. The increase of endolymphatic volume after obliteration of endolymphatic duct and sac is not influenced by aminoglycosides as well as the decrease of DC-potential and the increase of sodium-activity in endolymphatic hydrops. The way of action of intratympanal injected gentamycin seems to be in a partial chemical induced labyrinthectomy. PMID- 3747679 TI - [Histology and morphometry of explanted ear ossicles in man]. AB - Reoperations of the middle ear enable histological and morphometrical examination of explanted autogenetic or allogenetic ossicles. Histological and morphometric study of such ossicles showed a different osteogenesis. In autogenetic ossicles, angiogenetic and appositional osteogenesis could be seen; in allogenetic ones, angiogenesis was predominant. Connective tissue prevailed in allogenetic ossicles. The histological findings were in accordance with morphometric results and with statements from literature. PMID- 3747680 TI - [Kaposi's sarcoma of the larynx]. AB - Kaposi's sarcoma of the larynx is a rarely observed manifestation of AIDS. Possible concomitant symptoms are hoarseness up to aphonia, urge to cough or stridor. Expectoration of small parts of tissue of Kaposi's sarcoma may be an additional sign. Similar to Kaposi's sarcoma in the oral cavity Kaposi's sarcoma of the larynx is characterised by a purplish, spongy nodule. Its surface can be verrucous due to deposits of dry secretion. Local extirpation of Kaposi's sarcoma removes the laryngeal signs and symptoms. PMID- 3747681 TI - [Somatic, psychic and speech rehabilitation of laryngectomized patients. Round table discussion]. PMID- 3747682 TI - [Differential diagnosis of tumor-like changes in the external ear]. AB - Tumor-shaped auricular affections are rare. Usually the case history is little abounding, the symptoms are trifling in contrast to the local findings and the etiology is frequently settled in the borderdistrict to the internal medicine, the dermatology and the neurology. Therefore differential diagnosis can meet with difficulties. Basic on a relevant observation indications are given of the delimitation of such tumor-shaped auricular affections from each other. PMID- 3747683 TI - [How important is preservation of the accessory nerve in neck dissection?]. AB - Preservation of the spinal accessory nerve in radical or modified neck dissection is oncologically accepted in order to avoid the sequelae of the so called "shoulder syndrome". In 23 patients, on whom 29 neck dissections had been performed, the functional results were evaluated on an average 2.6 years postoperatively. 19 patients were radiated post surgery. Clinical and electromyographic examination revealed paresis of 62% of the preserved accessory nerves. Nevertheless, only 48% of the patients suffered from the shoulder syndrome, the remaining were able to innervate or compensate for the resulting deficit. Postoperative functional exercises are mandatory to prevent the shoulder syndrome and to make the preservation technique a worthwhile concept. PMID- 3747685 TI - [Establishment and closure of an epithelialized tracheostoma]. PMID- 3747684 TI - [Tracheal cannula with a detachable mucus container]. AB - The author gives an account of the development of a new-type tracheal cannula. The article discusses the mechanism of a modified tracheal cannula with press stud, attached to a mucus container. This container prevents mucus coughed accidentally on surrounding objects or people; makes it possible for its wearer to breath moist, body heated air. The apparatus can be concealed under a buttoned up shirt, which makes it aesthetically advantageous. According to first clinical experiences, this mucus container, together with the built-in deflector plates and ventilation holes gives--apart from the above benefits--unimpaired breathing. Its application may help those patients who--due to total removal of larynx or other reasons--are compelled to wear a tracheal cannula, to adapt to society. PMID- 3747686 TI - Congenital vascular lesions of the head and neck. AB - There is no universally acceptable classification or method of treating congenital vascular lesions of the head and neck. An historical perspective, the hemodynamics of arteriovenous fistulas, and the various modalities of treatment are presented. The importance of superselective angiography in studying these lesions is emphasized. Embolization represents a major advance in the treatment of these patients and cooperation between head and neck surgeon and the vascular radiologist is encouraged. The evaluation and treatment of 66 patients with congenital head and neck vascular lesions are presented. The rationale for various types of treatment is reviewed. PMID- 3747687 TI - Tracheoesophageal speech failure in the laryngectomee: the role of constrictor myotomy. AB - Drs. Singer and Blom pioneered the development of a valved voice prosthesis and controlled fistula between the tracheal and esophageal wall to generate fluent esophageal speech in laryngectomy patients. Since then numerous voice prostheses with different performance capacities have entered the marketplace. In spite of optimal choices and fitting of devices, there remains a population of patients refractory to this type of rehabilitation. It is our experience that a number of patients ultimately benefit from middle and inferior constrictor myotomy with marked improvement in their speech. Patient selection, evaluation, and operative techniques are discussed. Five patients who were unable to speak even after introduction of various commercially available devices showed marked improvement after middle and inferior constrictor surgical myotomy. Minimal complications were encountered even in irradiated patients. These patients were preoperatively injected with Xylocaine to produce a partial blockade. Their speech improved dramatically for the duration of Xylocaine blockade. Esophageal video fluoroscopy of attempted speech with the voice prosthesis in place confirmed constrictor spasm that opposed air flow to the oropharynx. Inferior and middle constrictor myotomy appears to be very beneficial in rehabilitation of failed alaryngeal speakers who demonstrate pharyngeal constrictor spasm. PMID- 3747688 TI - Malignant external otitis with optic neuritis. AB - Malignant external otitis (MEO) is a progressive necrotizing infection which spreads to the skull base. The causative organism is usually Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 90% of the patients are diabetic. The infection gains access to the skull base at the temporal bone. Cranial nerve involvement is common. We present a case of malignant external otitis causing blindness due to optic neuritis. Progressive vascular involvement along the skull base is the pathogenic mechanism that best explains spread from the temporal bone to the orbital apex. PMID- 3747689 TI - Temporalis muscle flap: an alternative in oropharyngeal reconstruction. AB - After resection of the ascending ramus of the mandible, the temporalis muscle is rendered functionless. It represents a viable and versatile bulk of tissue covered by stout fascia, which can be used in oral and oropharyngeal reconstruction after extensive excisional surgery. The surgical effort is reasonable, owing to the vicinity of the defect. The fascia, which resists the saliva, is left uncovered; epithelization is completed after 2 to 3 weeks. The cosmetic result is acceptable. Skin incisions are invisible because they are covered by hair; the flattening of the temporal fossa will be smoothed out by scarring after several months. The postoperative course was uneventful in 11 patients but for minor problems. The flap remained viable in all subjects. The temporalis muscle flap seems to be a valuable alternative among the techniques of oral and oropharyngeal reconstruction. PMID- 3747690 TI - A new way of carving cartilage grafts to avoid prolapse into the tracheal lumen when used in subglottic reconstruction. PMID- 3747691 TI - New instrument: illuminated bougie for use in cervical esophageal surgery. PMID- 3747692 TI - Mucosal melanoma of the head and neck. AB - Nine cases of primary malignant melanoma of the upper respiratory tract treated at the University Hospital over the past 10 years are presented. Of the 9 cases, 6 had primary lesions located in the nasal cavity with the remaining 3 presenting in the nasopharynx, hard palate, and larynx, respectively. The authors review presenting symptoms, diagnostic evaluation, current therapeutic modalities, and clinical course in these cases. Specific cases are discussed to emphasize items of clinical or therapeutic importance. PMID- 3747693 TI - Cholesteatoma staging. AB - Manuscripts reporting results of surgery for chronic otitis media would be more meaningful if standardized nomenclature were used in describing the type of surgery performed and if standardized classifications were used for the disease process. Standardized nomenclature for surgery type and classifications for chronic otitis media exists. A Classification for cholesteatoma, based on pathophysiology, location, eustachian tube function, ossicular defects, and presence or absence of complications is proposed. Congenital cholesteatoma is that which has its nidus of trapped squamous epithelium present at birth. Primary acquired cholesteatoma is associated with a defect in the pars flaccida, while secondary acquired cholesteatoma is associated with a defect in the pars tensa. Tertiary acquired cholesteatoma is defined as that which occurs behind a normal appearing tympanic membrane as the result of implantation or an antecedent middle ear inflammation. PMID- 3747694 TI - Tumefactive fibroinflammatory lesions of the head and neck. AB - We use the term "tumefactive fibroinflammatory lesion" to describe an unusual fibrosclerosing disorder that appears to be malignant clinically, yet it actually is a benign but destructive tumor. In 12 patients (6 men and 6 women; age at diagnosis, 33 to 71 years), the lesion sites were neck in 4 patients, parotid gland in 4, antrum in 2, nasal cavity in 1, tongue in 1, nasopharynx in 1, and buccal space in 1. Although the biologic behavior and the surgical findings suggest that this lesion is an invasive, aggressive malignancy, the histologic appearance is a benign lesion consisting of an admixture of fibrous tissue and inflammatory cells. Treatment has included surgical removal and radiation therapy. Dramatic resolution of these lesions has occurred with the use of steroids. PMID- 3747695 TI - Severity of sleep apnea as a predictor of successful treatment by palatopharyngoplasty. AB - As awareness and understanding of obstructive sleep apnea has increased so has the number of treatments for this disorder. Options include surgical procedures: tracheostomy, palatopharyngoplasty (PPP), and mandibular advancement. Other treatments are medication, nasal CPAP, Tongue Retaining Device, and a position alarm. With these numerous choices available, it is important that reliable indicators be developed to guide treatment choice. And although PPP surgery is a one-time intervention with possibility of permanent correction, reports of percentages of successful treatment have varied widely from 85% to 0%. This has led us to investigate predictors of successful treatment. Twenty-two patients treated with PPP following their diagnosis by standard clinical polysomnography were restudied an average of 8 weeks later. When 11 successful cases were compared to 11 unsuccessful cases, successes were found to be initially more severely apneic (mean AI = 90.55 versus 49.45). Palatopharyngoplasty appears to be most appropriate for the sleep apnea patient whose apnea index is 70 or above and less effective for milder cases. PMID- 3747696 TI - Amelioration of cisplatin-induced ototoxicity by fosfomycin. AB - The continued chemotherapeutic application of cisplatin (cis diamminedichloroplatinum [II]) necessitates reduction of its dose-limiting toxicity without decreasing its tumoricidal effect. This research project evaluated the efficacy of fosfomycin, a phosphonic acid antibiotic, in decreasing or ameliorating the ototoxicity (high frequency sensorineural hearing loss) and nephrotoxicity (renal tubular necrosis and interstitial nephritis) of cisplatin. Experimentally, fosfomycin effectively inhibits aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity in animals and humans. The efficacy of fosfomycin in blocking platinum-induced toxicity in the guinea pig was evaluated histologically and functionally using cytocochleography and light microscopy of the organ of Corti and the auditory brain stem evoked response (ABR), and light microscopy of renal corticomedullary tissues, small bowel, liver, lung, and peripheral nerve. The results demonstrate that fosfomycin ameliorates the acute renal tubular necrosis and interstitial nephritis and markedly inhibits the elevation of ABR thresholds and simultaneous outer hair cell loss that can result from cisplatinum administration. Fosfomycin should be considered a potential antidote for the dose-limiting ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity of cisplatin chemotherapy. PMID- 3747697 TI - Vocal restorative surgery: why wait? AB - The case histories of 36 laryngectomees with vocal restorative surgery from the Department of Otolaryngology were reviewed to determine the patient's current mode of speech and number and type of complications to recovery and rehabilitation. The patients comprised two groups: 21 with tracheoesophageal fistula (tef) at the time of laryngectomy (primary) and 15 with tef subsequent to laryngectomy (secondary). Results of the review indicated that while approximately 10% fewer patients in the primary group were using a surgically restored voice, none of the surviving primary group remained aphonic. In contrast, 27% of the surviving secondary group failed to develop some form of verbal communication. When the complication rate is identified, vocal restorative surgery at the time of laryngectomy appeared to be very successful in initiating the rehabilitation process without compromising sound oncological procedures. PMID- 3747698 TI - Microscopic fluorescence in photodynamic therapy. AB - The use of hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) as a photosensitizer has been studied in malignant tumor detection via fluorescence and in tumor destruction via a toxic photochemical reaction. Squamous cell carcinoma has been induced in hamster buccal mucosa utilizing the known carcinogen dimethyl-benzanthracene. HPD was injected intraperitoneally, then at 24 and 48 hours following injection, unstained frozen section specimens were studied with fluorescent microscopy and photographed. The same specimens were then stained with hematoxylin and eosin and the microscopy correlated. HPD fluorescence was documented in the fibrous stroma of the tumor and in the keratin layer. Essentially no fluorescence was noted in the malignant squamous cells themselves. No consistent differences between the two postinjection times were noted. These qualitative observations support the postulated mechanism of HPD accumulation in tumors. PMID- 3747699 TI - Endoscopic sizing: an attempt at uniformity. AB - The inside and outside diameters of all endoscopes and tracheotomy tubes in the endoscopy suite were systematically measured. These measurements were correlated with the manufacturer's stated size and comparisons noted. A lack of uniformity was noted often among and between all product lines. In addition, endoscopes and tracheotomy tubes were not uniformly labeled with inside and outside diameters. As a result, the proper choice of a tracheotomy tube or endoscope for a patient's size and age may be confusing. A chart was developed and included in order to allow quick and accurate recognition of tracheotomy tube and endoscope sizes across product lines to aid in the proper selection of tracheotomy tubes and endoscopic equipment. PMID- 3747700 TI - Factors influencing parathyroid allotransplantation in rats. AB - For nearly a century, researchers have sought to solve the problem of permanent hypocalcemia by allotransplanting the parathyroid glands. A thorough review of the literature revealed conflicting reports, many of which claim success but lack substantial data and sound criteria on which to base the success. At the present, there is no reproducible method of successfully transplanting parathyroid tissue to a nonimmunosuppressed host. The literature on the transplantation of other organs was reviewed in order to determine which methods might be tested on parathyroid tissue to achieve long-term graft survival. These methods include the use of fetal tissue and treatment of the host with cyclosporine. Cyclosporine is unique in that it affects graft rejection but does not alter the nonspecific defenses of the host. Five experimental groups were established to study variables influencing successful allotransplantation. Heterogeneic, parathyroid adult rats with calcium levels below 5.5 mg/dl were the graft recipients. Our criteria for successful parathyroid transplantation included biochemical, functional, and histologic data. Maintenance of serum calcium levels above 8.0 mg/dl was considered biochemical evidence of graft function. Excision of the graft site with the subsequent return to pregraft hypocalcemia was considered evidence of graft function. Histologic evidence of normal parathyroid tissue at the graft site was the final criterion used to prove a successful transplant. Graft failure was documented through serum calcium determinations and histologic examination of the graft site. Rats from group 1 received allotransplanted adult parathyroid glands and showed no evidence of graft function. Animals from group 2 received parathyroid allografts from newborn rats and responded with a transient rise in serum calcium levels. Group 3 rats demonstrated a short period of normocalcemia after receiving fetal parathyroid allografts. In addition to undergoing fetal parathyroid allotransplantation, the rats in group 4 were treated with a 7-day course of cyclosporine. Calcium levels rose quickly and remained elevated for 2 weeks after cessation of cyclosporine. Calcium levels then returned to pregraft levels. Group 5 rats received continuous cyclosporine for 40 to 90 days after receiving fetal parathyroid allografts. These animals showed long-term graft survival by biochemical, functional, and histologic analysis. PMID- 3747701 TI - [Peritoneovenous shunt in surgical therapy of ascites]. PMID- 3747702 TI - The rate of relapse in lepromatous leprosy following completion of twenty years of supervised sulphone therapy. PMID- 3747703 TI - Implementation of multidrug therapy in the ALERT Leprosy Programme in the Shoa Region of Ethiopia. First results with paucibacillary patients. PMID- 3747705 TI - Serological study of leprosy employing ELISA with arabinogalactan of Mycobacterium smegmatis as antigen. PMID- 3747704 TI - Monitoring dapsone self-administration in a multidrug therapy programme. PMID- 3747706 TI - Suppressor determinants of mycobacteria and their potential relevance to leprosy. PMID- 3747707 TI - Flow charts for use in leprosy control programmes. PMID- 3747708 TI - Six months MDT for paucibacillary leprosy: nerve damage and relapse. PMID- 3747709 TI - The medical student and leprosy. PMID- 3747710 TI - Neuroanatomical localization of structures responsible for seizures in the GEPR: lesion studies. AB - Identification of the neural substrates subserving audiogenic convulsions in the GEPR is an important task and while it is not yet complete, many laboratories employing various techniques have contributed importantly to our current understanding. The present review focuses on the use of lesions to identify the neural substrates of audiogenic convulsions. Lesions in brain stem nuclei appear to have a much greater ability to attenuate audiogenic convulsions than do forebrain lesions. In fact, some forebrain lesions (dorsal hippocampus, caudate, intralaminar thalamic nuclei) appear to enhance the severity of audiogenic seizures. On the other hand, bilateral lesions in the inferior colliculus (IC) have been shown to completely abolish audiogenic convulsions, while lesions in the pontine reticular formation (PRF nucleus) abolish all aspects except the running episode suggesting that these two brain stem structures are important neural substrates involved in the expression of audiogenic convulsions. Large bilateral lesions of the substantia nigra also appear to attenuate audiogenic convulsions. The effect of lesions on audiogenic convulsions is basically similar to their effect on other generalized seizure models and the data appear to support the hypothesis that there are two anatomical systems involved in the expression of all generalized convulsions: a forebrain system responsible for the expression of face and forelimb clonus; and a brain stem system responsible in the expression of running-bouncing clonus and tonus. PMID- 3747711 TI - Inferior colliculus neuronal response abnormalities in genetically epilepsy-prone rats: evidence for a deficit of inhibition. AB - The genetically epilepsy-prone rat (GEPR) is abnormally susceptible to induction of seizures by acoustic stimulation. The inferior colliculus (IC) is critically important to audiogenic seizure susceptibility. The GEPR is more susceptible to induction of audiogenic seizures at 12 kHz than at other pure tone frequencies. IC neurons in the GEPR exhibit significantly elevated response thresholds and broader tuning characteristics than normal. These findings along with previous neurophysiological and anatomical data suggest that a hearing deficit occurs in the GEPR. IC neurons in the GEPR exhibit a significantly elevated incidence of a response pattern with a peak of activity at the beginning and end of the stimulus, the onset-offset response. This response pattern occurs at 12 kHz and at characteristic frequency with high stimulus intensities and may represent an afterdischarge phenomenon. The onset-offset pattern may be a manifestation of central mechanisms developed to compensate for reduced peripheral auditory input that appears to be involved in the hearing deficit of the GEPR. Such compensatory mechanisms may involve alterations of the actions of neurotransmitters of the brain-stem auditory nuclei. GABA is implicated as an inhibitory transmitter in the IC. Iontophoretic application of GABA or a benzodiazepine produces significantly less inhibition of IC neurons of the GEPR than of the normal rat. Endogenous sound-induced (binaural) inhibition which is suggested to be GABA mediated is also significantly reduced in IC neurons of the GEPR. Iontophoresis of the GABAA antagonist, bicuculline, often converts normal response patterns in the IC to onset-offset responses seen with high incidence in GEPR IC neurons, suggesting that the decreased effectiveness of GABA may lead to the onset-offset prevalence. This reduced effectiveness of inhibition may be unable to compensate for the rise in the putative excitatory transmitter, aspartate, in IC during high intensity acoustic stimulation in the GEPR. These altered transmitter actions may be important mechanisms subserving initiation of audiogenic seizures in the genetically epilepsy-prone rat. PMID- 3747712 TI - The development of kindled seizures is accelerated in the genetically epilepsy prone rat. AB - The kindling phenomenon was examined in genetically epilepsy-prone (GEPR) and non epileptic control Sprague-Dawley rats. Kindling stimulations were administered three times a day until each rat had exhibited three Class 5 kindled motor seizures. The mean total number of kindling stimulations required for each experimental group to exhibit three motor seizures of each motor seizure class was determined. The results indicated that the early stage of kindling development was accelerated significantly in both the GEPR-3 and GEPR-9 rats, compared to non-epileptic control rats. Later stages of kindling development were accelerated in GEPR-9 but not GEPR-3 rats. Thus a differential acceleration of kindling development was exhibited by GEPR-3 and GEPR-9 rats. The results suggest the possibility that some brain region(s) involved in the early stages of kindling development may be hyperexcitable in both GEPR-3 and GEPR-9 rats. Other brain region(s) involved with the later stages of kindling development may be more excitable in GEPR-9 rats. These putative alterations may, in part, contribute to the seizure prone state of GEPR rats and the differential seizure responses of GEPR-3 and GEPR-9 rats. PMID- 3747713 TI - Auditory aspects of seizure in the genetically epilepsy prone rat. AB - The organ of Corti of Genetically Epilepsy Prone Rats was examined anatomically and electrophysiologically using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrophysiological recording of alternating current cochlear potentials (ACCP) and N1, a volume conductor recording of the primary auditory afferent action potentials. ACCPs for GEPRs with low intensity seizures (Acoustic Response Score (ARS) = 2 or 3) and high intensity seizures (ARS = 9) showed similar impairment in cochlear function. Approximately a 25-35 dB shift in input-output functions was present in GEPRs as compared to controls. SEM revealed several types of possible genetic abnormalities which explain the deficits in cochlear function and could serve as the basis for seizure predisposition in these animals. PMID- 3747714 TI - Alcohol, in a single pharmacological dose, decreases brain gangliosides. AB - Alcohol penetrates into cell membranes, fluidizing and disordering the microenvironment. Here we report that associated with the disordering is a reduction of the normal level of brain gangliosides of adult male rats. The maximum decrement occurred in all major classes of gangliosides at 4 to 8 hours after a single pharmacological dose (3 gm/kg, IP). Because gangliosides have diverse, important functions in cell membranes, this effect of alcohol might be a basis for some of its intoxicating and addicting properties. PMID- 3747715 TI - Dimethylnitrosamine metabolism: I. In vitro activation of dimethylnitrosamine to mutagenic substance(s) by hepatic and renal tissues from three inbred strains of mice. AB - The potential of hepatic and renal homogenates from three inbred strains of mice (BALB/c, C57BL and DBA) to activate dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) was investigated. Microsomal enzyme (S-9) preparations of liver and kidney from mature and immature mice were used in the Ames Salmonella mutagenicity assay. No age or sex-related differences in the formation of active mutagenic DMN Metabolites by liver microsomal enzymes were observed within any of the three inbred strains. In contrast, mature male kidney S-9 fractions from all three strains had a significantly greater potential to activate DMN than mature female and immature animals. Testosterone treatment resulted in no apparent changes in the ability of hepatic tissue to biotransform DMN to its mutagenic metabolites among age and sex classes. However, after testosterone treatment, renal microsomal fractions from mature female mice of all three strains did not differ significantly from their male counterparts in their ability to transform DMN to mutagenic metabolites. PMID- 3747716 TI - Dimethylnitrosamine metabolism: II. In vitro activation of dimethylnitrosamine by hepatic and renal tissues from crosses among BALB/c, DBA and C57BL mice. AB - Crosses among BALB/c, C57BL and DBA mice were performed to investigate the genetic mechanisms involved in metabolism of DMN by renal and hepatic tissues. Liver S-9 fractions from parental strain DBA had the greatest potential to activate DMN and liver fractions from parental strain BALB/c had the lowest. No age or sex-related differences were observed within strain. Crossing of either C57BL or DBA to BALB/c mice resulted in F1 hybrids with liver microsomal enzymes that gave results similar to the BALB/c parental strain. There were no sex or age differences within crossbred strains in the potential of liver to activate DMN. In contrast male DBA and C57BL parental mice renal S-9 fractions did not differ significantly from each other but did differ significantly from male BALB/c renal fractions and from female and immature animals of all strains. Crossing of either DBA or C57BL mice with BALB/c mice resulted in male F1 hybrids whose renal S-9 fractions did not differ significantly from males of the parental BALB/c strain. In all instances, male renal S-9 fractions had a significantly greater potential to activate DMN than female or immature animals. F1 DBA X C57BL hybrids had renal S-9 fractions that did not differ significantly from the parental strains. These data suggest that the gene(s) for low DMN metabolism of BALB/c mice are apparently dominant over the genes from both DBA and C57BL. The exact genetic or physiological mechanism needs further elucidation. PMID- 3747717 TI - Marked variation in diazepam sensitivity in Swiss albino mice. AB - Using the righting reflex as the critical level, sleep was measured in Swiss albino mice at a dose of 35 mg/kg diazepam, i.p. Sleep times varied markedly from zero to 120 min with a mean +/- s.d. of 44 +/- 37 (N = 202). The distribution is skewed to the left with a coefficient of skewness of 0.33 +/- 0.17. The sleep times of the two sexes, when analyzed separately, showed similar range, mean and s.d., except that the distribution tended to be more clearly bimodal in males than in females. These animals also exhibited marked variations in their response to either ethanol (4 g/kg) or pentobarbital (45 mg/kg). The diazepam sleep time failed to correlate with the ethanol sleep time. Significant correlation, however, was obtained between diazepam and pentobarbital sleep times. On further analysis with least-squares fit to a straight line, the data yielded a line with a slope of 0.16; thus despite the correlation reaching a significant level, there is no significant difference in the pentobarbital sleep times between mice that have the longest or the shortest diazepam sleep times. By monitoring the plasma and brain levels of diazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam in mice at awakening, it was found that the variations in sleep time cannot be explained by individual differences in drug disposition. The phenomenon is discussed in terms of individual variations in diazepam sensitivity and the possibility of development of tolerance to diazepam almost immediately after diazepam administration. PMID- 3747718 TI - Guinea pig 33-amino acid gastrin. AB - Only two 34 amino acid gastrin precursors have previously been purified and sequenced, those of pig and of human. The larger molecular form generally accounts for only about 5% of antral gastrin in most species. This report describes the purification of "big gastrin" from guinea pig (GP) antra. Two hundred grams of antra were defatted with acetone and the acetone cakes were extracted with 0.1M NH4HCO3. The extract was concentrated by adsorption onto and batch elution from QA-52 anion exchange cellulose. Fractionation on a mu Bondapak C18 cartridge resolved 3.6 nmol of the larger peptide from 61 nmol of immunoreactive gastrin in the original extract. Two additional HPLC steps brought the peptide to final purity. GP big gastrin is a 33 amino acid peptide with the following sequence: less than ELGPQVPAHLRTDLSKKQGPWAEEEAAYGWMDF# The GP peptide is different from pig G34 in 6 of the 17 NH2-terminal amino acids as well as in the previously reported deletion of a glutamic acid in the COOH-terminus. PMID- 3747719 TI - Kindling-like phenomenon in the isolated ileum of the guinea-pig. AB - Repeated bursts of low voltage electrical stimulation of the isolated ileum of the guinea-pig gradually leads to the development and progressive intensification of the tissue basal activity, culminating in spontaneous, sudden strong contractions of the preparation, which persist for several hours after the stimulation has been discontinued. The magnitude of these alterations are determined by the parameters of the stimulation, mainly by the number of electrical stimulations, the frequency of stimulation, and the interstimulus interval. Maximal alterations are obtained with periods of stimulation of 20 Hz for 10 sec, pulses of 3.0 msec, repeated every 20 min for 15 times. Phenytoin, flunitrazepam, diazepam, phenobarbital and carbamazepine effectively inhibited the fully developed phenomenon in the tissues. The effect described in this report may be related to kindling in the brain. PMID- 3747720 TI - Skin permeability of various non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in man. AB - The skin permeabilities of a series of eight salicylates and ten non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were investigated in human subjects. The logarithms of % absorption through intact skin and of n-octanol/water partition coefficients (log P) of the test compounds were plotted against one another, and a parabolic relationship was obtained in both compound series. PMID- 3747721 TI - Mescaline-induced motor impairment in rats, assessed by two different methods. AB - Motor impairment, especially ataxia, is often mentioned as a 'side effect' of doses of psychoactive drugs which depress animal behaviour; it is difficult to determine it accurately from visual observation, but relatively few attempts have been made to measure it objectively and quantitatively. Mescaline, in moderate to large doses, can induce biphasic--depressant followed by stimulant--effects on learnt and other performance of laboratory rodents. Motor impairment, using three doses, was accordingly measured during the depressant phase by two methods. An 'ataxia' test, involving analyses of footprints, showed few irregularities of gait splay due to mescaline, but the drug markedly reduced the length of steps ('stride') in a dose-related manner. In a 'tilt plane' test for general motor control, the animals' ability to cling to a tilted plane decreased with 25 mg/kg mescaline, at 30 and 40 minutes after administration. Deficits of this kind can be relevant to interpreting drug actions on forms of behaviour which involve movements for responding, and they also have interesting potential in their own right. PMID- 3747722 TI - Time course of ethanol's effects on brain prostaglandins in LS and SS mice. AB - Prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors antagonize behavioral responses to alcohols. Recent work has shown that ethanol increases brain prostaglandin (PG) levels. The study reported here examined the time course for ethanol-stimulated brain PGE and PGF production in Long Sleep and Short Sleep mice, animals bred selectively for high vs. low acute response to ethanol. Increases in brain PGE levels correlated highly with the absorption phase but only partially with the elimination phase of ethanol. PGF levels correlated significantly with blood ethanol levels across the entire three hour period. These results, plus sex and genotype interactions, provide further evidence to support the hypothesis that ethanol produces its intoxicating effects to a significant degree through a prostaglandin mediated mechanism. PMID- 3747723 TI - Conjugated and cross-conjugated mesomeric betaines. Correlation of electroreduction with structure and physiological activity. AB - Electroreduction studies were performed on several cross-conjugated mesomeric betaines containing the fused pyrazolium (2) and fused imidazolium (3) ring systems. Studies at acidic pH were of principal interest. Substituent effects for 2 were in line with prior findings, and reduction potentials were comparatively negative (-0.96 to -1.34 V). Reduction potentials fit the modified Hammett equation. Compound 3 was more readily reduced (-0.88 V). The related psi oxatriazoles (6) gave values in the range of -0.85 to -1.22 V. The electrochemical characteristics are compared with those of the mesoionic sydnones (4) and sydnoneimines (5). These mesoionic compounds were generally reduced at more positive potentials than 2 and 3. A relationship between electroreduction and physiological activity is proposed. The overall results are in keeping with the hypothesis of widespread participation of iminium-type species in biological systems. PMID- 3747724 TI - Age related decline in aluminum-activated human platelet adenylate cyclase: post receptor changes in cyclic AMP second messenger signal amplification in normal aging and dementia of the Alzheimer type. AB - Low, micromolar concentrations of aluminum (in the presence of NaF) were shown to strongly activate human platelet adenylate cyclase and provided a useful probe for evaluating cyclic AMP second messenger function distal to the receptor: The effect of normal aging and disease state on second messenger activity in man was studied by measurements of the aluminum-activated enzyme. A significant decline in aluminum-stimulated platelet adenylate cyclase activity in older, healthy subjects was observed. An age-associated decline in NaF-stimulated cyclic AMP synthesis was also demonstrated for normal, non-demented subjects. These findings suggest an age-associated lesion at the level of the guanine nucleotide regulatory protein/catalytic subunit of the adenylate cyclase complex. However, for patients with Alzheimer's disease no such decline in platelet adenylate cyclase activity was detected, and increased sensitivity to both aluminum and NaF was demonstrated. PMID- 3747725 TI - Release of cytotoxin by macrophages on treatment with human placenta lectin. AB - Human lectin purified from placenta induced release of cytotoxin from a murine macrophage cell line and human peritoneal monocytes. This activity was not due to contamination of the lectin preparation with lipopolysaccharide. PMID- 3747726 TI - Estrogen receptors and growth response in cultured human periodontal ligament cells. AB - The periodontal ligament (PDL) is a connective tissue involved in the remodeling process associated with tooth development and positioning. PDL cells grown in culture were analyzed for the capacity to specifically bind steroid hormones and for growth response to estradiol-17 beta. Using [3H]estradiol-17 beta as the ligand, PDL cells in first passage cultures exhibited a specific estrogen binding capacity of 881 fmol/mg cell protein. With [3H]dexamethasone as a ligand, the binding capacity of the glucocorticoid receptor was 143 fmol/mg protein. With [3H]R5020 as a ligand, the progestin receptor exhibited a binding capacity of 5 pmol/mg protein. Scatchard analysis of estradiol binding at 37 degrees revealed a dissociation constant of 2.7 X 10(-9) M, representative of the estrogen receptor. The addition of estradiol-17 beta at concentrations of 10(-9) and 10(-8) M to culture media induced a dose-dependent decrease in growth (DNA content) to 62% and 38% control values, respectively. The addition of the antiestrogens tamoxifen and 4-hydroxytamoxifen at concentrations of 10(-7) and 10(-6) M similarly depressed cell growth. These results show that PDL cells contain high affinity receptors for several steroid hormones and further that these cells are targets for the action of estrogens. PMID- 3747727 TI - The genetically epilepsy-prone rat: an overview of seizure-prone characteristics and responsiveness to anticonvulsant drugs. AB - The Genetically Epilepsy-Prone Rat (GEPR) is rapidly gaining support as a model of epilepsy. In addition to a marked sensitivity to both sound-induced and hyperthermic seizures, GEPRs exhibit unusual sensitivity to a number of seizure provoking modalities, including various forms of electrical and chemical stimulation. The existence of a moderate seizure colony (GEPR-3) and a severe seizure colony (GEPR-9) allows pathophysiological studies of seizure susceptibility and severity. The consistency of seizures within each colony allows for comparisons in seizure naive GEPRs and seizure experienced GEPRs. The consistent seizure responses of the GEPR are also ideal for the testing of anticonvulsant drugs. Further, the relative potencies of anticonvulsant drugs between the two colonies of GEPRs predict the clinical efficacies of traditional antiepileptic drugs and may be able to predict novel anticonvulsants. PMID- 3747728 TI - Neurobiology of seizure disposition: the genetically epilepsy-prone rat. PMID- 3747729 TI - Noradrenergic and serotonergic determinants of seizure susceptibility and severity in genetically epilepsy-prone rats. AB - Pharmacological studies demonstrate a reciprocal relationship between both noradrenergic and serotonergic transmission and audiogenic seizure severity and susceptibility in the genetically epilepsy-prone rat (GEPR). In contrast, drug induced changes in the neurochemical indices of dopaminergic activity do not result in alterations in seizure severity. These pharmacological investigations led to the hypothesis that both noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons are capable of regulating seizure severity in the GEPR. Pharmacological investigations also provided evidence that monoaminergic neurons serve as determinants of seizure susceptibility in these epileptic animals. The GEPR is susceptible to environmentally-induced seizures which cannot be precipitated in neurologically normal subjects. Drug studies suggest that monoaminergic decrements serve as one set of susceptibility determinants. However, non monoaminergic abnormalities also play important roles in the seizure predisposition which characterizes the GEPR. Pathophysiological studies have confirmed and extended the concepts generated by the pharmacological investigations. Noradrenergic and serotonergic deficits do indeed characterize the seizure naive state of the GEPR. These studies have provided a basis for tentative identification of areas of the brain in which monoaminergic abnormalities regulate seizure severity and susceptibility. Monoaminergic defects in some areas such as the thalamus may regulate both susceptibility and severity. In other areas, defects may regulate only severity or susceptibility. In the striatum, noradrenergic defects do not appear to be present and probably are not determinants of the epileptic state of the GEPR. PMID- 3747730 TI - Anatomical changes of the GABAergic system in the inferior colliculus of the genetically epilepsy-prone rat. AB - The number of GABAergic neurons as determined by GAD immunocytochemistry and total neurons as determined from Nissl preparations were counted and classified at the light microscopic level in the inferior colliculus (IC) of the genetically epilepsy prone rat (GEPR) and the non-epileptic Sprague-Dawley (SD) strain of rat. GAD-positive neurons are abundant in the IC and a significant increase in the number of GAD-positive neurons occurs in the GEPR as compared to the SD in all three subdivisions. However, the most pronounced difference occurs in the ventral lateral portion of the central nucleus, where there is a selective increase in the small (200%) and medium-sized (90%) GABAergic somata (10-15 microns in diameter and 15-25 microns in diameter, respectively). As determined from Nissl preparations an increase in total numbers of neurons also occurs. Thus, a 100% increase in the number of small neurons and a 30% increase in the number of medium-sized neurons occur in the adult GEPR as compared to the SD rat. A statistically significant increase in the numbers of small neurons also occurred in the IC of the young GEPR. At 4 days of age, a 55% increase in the number of small neurons was found, and at 10 days of age this increase was 105%. The numbers of the medium and large neurons were similar in the older group of rats. These data suggest that the increase in cell number observed in the adult GEPR is not compensatory to the seizure activity, but may either be genetically programmed or be a failure of cell death. Based on other studies of genetic models of epilepsy, we propose that the additional GABAergic neurons may disinhibit excitatory projection neurons in the IC. PMID- 3747731 TI - Electrophysiological assessment of monoamine synaptic function in neuronal circuits of seizure susceptible brains. AB - The following report reviews evidence suggesting a role for the monoamines, norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT), in the pathophysiology of seizure disorders and outlines a strategy for electrophysiologically evaluating monoaminergic function at the synaptic level in central neuronal circuits of two animal models of epilepsy. PMID- 3747732 TI - Effects of vanadium on reproduction, gestation, parturition and lactation in rats upon oral administration. AB - Sodium metavanadate was tested for its effects on fetal development, reproduction, gestation and lactation in Sprague Dawley rats. Male rats were administered NaVO3 po at doses of 0, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg/day for sixty days before mating with females which had received the same doses from 14 days previous to mating. These females received 0, 5, 10 and 20 mg NaVO3/kg/day during the periods of gestation and lactation. No significant adverse effects could be observed on: number of corpora lutea, implantations, live and dead fetuses, and resorptions. Significant decreases were observed in the development of the pups in all the vanadium -treated groups. All the doses used produced toxic effects in the offspring. PMID- 3747733 TI - Lipid methylation, sodium transport and the response to PTH in renal tubules. AB - The possible role of progressive methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine on sodium transport was examined in a suspension of rabbit proximal convoluted tubules. The relation between progressive methylation and the action of parathyroid hormone on sodium transport in this nephron segment was also determined. Incubation of the suspended tubules for 10 minutes at 37 degrees C with 200 microM S-adenosyl-L-[3H]-methyl methionine, a methyl donor, revealed a significant rate of de-novo phosphatidylcholine synthesis. The inactive adenosine analogue, 3-deazaadenosine (DZA), had a significant inhibitory effect on lipid methylation. Despite the inhibition of methylation by DZA, the ouabain sensitive component of oxygen consumption, an index of sodium transport, was not affected. PTH significantly inhibited ouabain sensitive oxygen consumption but had no effect on the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine. Inhibition of methylation by DZA, did not affect the inhibitory effect of PTH on oxygen consumption. These studies demonstrate that in the proximal convoluted tubule of the rabbit the progressive methylation pathway is present and that inhibition of this pathway does not affect sodium transport. In addition, these studies suggest that the inhibitory effect of PTH on sodium transport is not mediated by the methylation pathway. PMID- 3747734 TI - Bicuculline-pentobarbital interactions on [35S]TBPS binding in various brain areas. AB - The effect of in vitro addition of pentobarbital to brain membrane preparations from cerebellum and cortex of C57B1 mice was examined in the presence and absence of the specific GABAA receptor "antagonist" bicuculline. In the cortex pentobarbital produced a biphasic effect (stimulation followed by inhibition) on [35S]TBPS binding, whereas only inhibition of [35S]TBPS binding was observed in the cerebellum. When bicuculline was added to assay mixtures, the stimulatory action of pentobarbital was markedly enhanced in the cortex. In the cerebellum the presence of bicuculline uncovered a biphasic effect of pentobarbital on [35S]TBPS binding, that is lower doses of pentobarbital increased, while higher doses decreased [35S]TBPS to the membrane receptors from the cerebellum. PMID- 3747735 TI - Effect of different acids with delta 9,12-dienoic structures on delta 9 desaturation activity in rat liver microsomes. AB - The effect of oral administration, for 24 or 48 hr, of different octadeca fatty acids containing a 9,12-dienoic structure on the fatty acid composition and delta 9 desaturation activity of liver microsomes of rat fed a fat-free diet was studied. The ethyl esters of linoelaidic and gamma-linolenic acids, the methyl ester of linoleic acid and free columbinic acid were administered to rats maintained on a fat-free diet. The supplementation of the fat-free diet with linoelaidate produced no relevant changes in the fatty acid composition pattern of liver microsomes and did not modify the percentage of conversion of palmitic to palmitoleic acid. The addition of linoleate or gamma-linolenate to the fat free diet returned liver microsome delta 9 desaturation activity toward the control and partially restored the liver microsome fatty acid spectrum found in the fat-free diet. Columbinic acid (5-trans-9-cis,12-cis-18:3), which cannot be transformed into arachidonic acid, also decreased the delta 9 desaturation activity enhanced by the fat-free diet and evoked changes in the microsomal fatty acid composition similar to those produced by the omega 6 fatty acids. These results suggest that the modulation of delta 9 desaturase activity evoked by dietary administration of unsaturated acids of omega 6 series would depend on the cis double bond configuration of these acids. PMID- 3747736 TI - Effects of estradiol and environmental temperature changes on rat liver delta 6 microsomal desaturase activity. AB - The regulation of delta 6 desaturase activity by environmental temperature changes was studied in the microsomal membranes from female and ovariectomized female rat liver. Female rats adapted at 30-32 C for 20-25 days and then shifted to 13-15 C for 5 days showed an increased delta 6 desaturase system. Ovariectomized rats adapted under the same conditions did not show significant changes in this enzyme. The fatty acid compositions of microsomal phosphatidylcholine showed a decrease in arachidonic acid in female rats at 30 C compared to females at 15 C and ovariectomized rats at both temperatures. These results suggest that a modification of ovaric sex hormone levels might be responsible for the different delta 6 desaturase activity in female rats acclimated at both temperatures. In this regard, serum estradiol radioimmunoassay yielded slight differences between the two groups of female rats, suggesting that estradiol could play a role in the regulation of the delta 6 desaturase. The administration of a pharmacological dose of 17-beta estradiol to female and ovariectomized rats kept at 30 and 15 C decreased the delta 6 microsomal desaturase activity. These data suggest that estradiol levels are involved in the regulation of the delta 6 desaturase during cold adaptation. PMID- 3747737 TI - A liquid crystalline phase in human intestinal contents during fat digestion. AB - A viscous, gel-like phase was found in ultracentrifuged human upper intestinal contents collected during rapid fat lipolysis. This "gel" phase was layered in the ultracentrifuge tube between the micellar and oil phase. The gel contained lipids typical of the micellar and not the oil phase. The concentration of these lipids was higher and the ratio of total bile salts to lipids was lower in the gel than in the micellar phase. The gel, unlike the micellar phase, was birefringent between crossed polarizers. These data demonstrate that lipids in this gel phase can form liquid crystals in the gut during fat digestion. PMID- 3747738 TI - Metabolism and incorporation into glycerolipids of exogenous 18:3(n-3) and 18:3(n 6) by MDCK cells. AB - The extent to which exogenous 18:3(n-3) and 18:3(n-6) were desaturated and elongated and the degree to which they and their derivatives altered the unsaturation index of cell glycerolipids were compared using clone 4 MDCK cells grown in lipid- and serum-free medium. Despite differences in the degree of unsaturation of the individual polyunsaturated fatty acids produced from 18:3(n 3) or 18:3(n-6), the unsaturation index of phospholipids increased similarly from 0.7 in control cells grown in serum- and lipid-free medium to ca. 1.6 in those supplemented with fatty acid. The added fatty acids had little effect on cell growth. The conversion of 18:3(n-6) to 20:3(n-6) and 20:4(n-6) was more rapid than that of 18:3(n-3) to 20:4(n-3) and 20:5(n-3). No significant quantities of 20:3(n-3) or 18:4(n-3) were noted. When both 18:3 isomers were supplied simultaneously, marked differences in the amounts of some species of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids were observed. The presence of 18:3(n-6) and/or its derivatives suppressed levels of 20:4(n-3) and 20:5(n-3), perhaps through inhibition of the delta 6 and delta 5 desaturases responsible for their synthesis from 18:3(n-3). Similarly 18:3(n-3), and/or its longer more unsaturated derivatives, diminished the formation of 20:4(n-6) from 18:3(n-6). No marked effect on the products derived from elongation alone were observed. PMID- 3747739 TI - Effect of nutritional status on the fatty acid composition of rat liver and cultured hepatocytes. AB - The lipid concentration and fatty acid composition of the whole liver and of cultured hepatocytes isolated from the livers of rats fed ad libitum (fed), fasted for 24 hr (fasted), or fasted for 48 hr and then refed a fat-free, high carbohydrate diet for 48 hr (refed) was studied. Hepatocytes were maintained as monolayer cultures in serum-free, lipid-free media and their fatty acid composition was analyzed at 3, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr. The livers of fed animals, as well as their hepatocytes, contained less total lipid than those from animals on either of the other dietary regimes. Livers of fasted animals had three times the amount of lipid found in the livers of fed animals, and the livers of refed animals contained five times the amount of lipid as the livers of fed animals (all based on mg lipid/g wet weight of liver). The fatty acid composition of hepatocytes after 3 hr of culturing was very similar to that of fresh liver when compared in each of the dietary regimes. However, while the fatty acid compositions of livers and hepatocytes from fed and fasted animals were similar, the pattern in liver of refed animals was quite distinct from that of the fed animals. In the fed and fasted animals palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), oleic acid (18:1[n-9]), linoleic acid (18:2[n-6]) and arachidonic acid (20:4[n 6]) were the major fatty acids of the liver; in refed animals 16:0, palmitoleic acid (16:1[n-7]), 18:0, 18:1(n-9) and cis-vaccenic acid (the n-7 isomer of oleic acid) were the major fatty acids.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3747740 TI - Glycerolipid biosynthesis in rat adipose tissue. Influence of age and cell size on substrate utilization. AB - The conversion of [14C]-labeled compounds such as acetate, glucose, pyruvate and palmitate into CO2, glyceride-glycerol, glyceride fatty acids and total lipids was monitored in the average and matching adipocyte (with respect to size) preparations from young (6-9 wk) and old (age 56-60 wk) male Sprague-Dawley rats. The average cell size populations from young and old rats were 46 +/- 3 and 83 +/ 11 microns in diameter, respectively. The incorporation of [14C]acetate, pyruvate and glucose into fatty acids was significantly reduced in the adipocytes from older rats, irrespective of their sizes. The production of CO2 and glyceride glycerol did not change significantly as a function of either cell size or animal age. Palmitate incorporation into lipids was similar in the average cell population derived from old and young rats, but it was considerably lower in the smaller adipocytes (46-50 microns diameter) from old animals. Irrespective of the cell size, triacylglycerol formation from sn-glycerol-3-phosphate was also significantly diminished in the adipocytes from older animals compared to younger ones as evidenced by decreases in activities of several enzymes, including sn glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, Mg2+-dependent phosphatidate phosphohydrolase and diacylglycerol acyltransferase. However, triacylglycerol formation from monoacylglycerol did not change as a function of either cell size or age. These measurements of the metabolic and enzymic activities provide evidence that the synthesis of fatty acids from various precursors and triacylglycerol formation from sn-glycerol-3-phosphate are significantly reduced in adipocytes from older animals and that such changes occur independently of adipocyte size. PMID- 3747741 TI - Distribution of vitamins A and E in blood and liver of rats depleted of vitamin A or vitamin E. AB - Young Sprague-Dawley male rats (n = 150) were fed a semipurified diet, either without vitamin A (VA), without vitamin E (VE) or supplemented with both vitamins A and E (control). At the end of weeks 0, 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, groups of rats were anesthetized with methoxyflurane, and blood was collected by cardiac puncture until the rat was exsanguinated. The liver was excised. Whole blood (WB) from each rat was fractionated into plasma (PLA), leukocytes (LEU), platelets (PLT) and erythrocytes (RBC). Each blood component was extracted with heptane and livers were extracted with CHCl3/CH3OH (2:1, v/v). The extracts were analyzed for VA and VE by high performance liquid chromatography. The relationship among blood components in the loss of VA was PLT = LEU greater than WB greater than PLA. The relationship among blood components in the loss of VE was PLA greater than RBC greater than WB greater than LEU = PLT. VA and VE levels in other blood components decreased precipitously between weeks 0 and 4 in the animals placed on deficient diets. These results and correlation analyses between vitamin contents of blood components and of livers indicate inadequacies for the use of certain blood components as monitors of lipid-soluble vitamin status in the rat. PMID- 3747742 TI - Identification of 5,9-hexadecadienoic acid in the marine sponge Chondrilla nucula. AB - The fatty acid 5,9-hexadecadienoic was identified in the sponge Chondrilla nucula. This is the shortest fatty acid with the delta 5,9 unsaturation yet isolated from a marine sponge. PMID- 3747743 TI - Experimental anaerobic liver abscess: observations on treatment. AB - Various treatment modalities for solitary anaerobic liver abscesses were evaluated in a recently-described rabbit model. In the first phase of the experiment, 35 rabbits with liver abscesses induced with Bacteroides fragilis and Fusobacterium necrophorum were randomized into four groups: surgical drainage alone, drainage plus clindamycin 150 mg IM 8-hourly, clindamycin alone, and untreated controls. Serum clindamycin concentrations in rabbits were similar to those achieved in humans. The survival of rabbits receiving antibiotic chemotherapy alone was significantly better than controls, whereas the survival of those having surgical drainage with or without chemotherapy was not. However, successful surgical drainage was followed by weight gain in surviving rabbits. In the second phase of the experiment 18 rabbits with abscesses were randomized into the same groups. Aspirates of pus from all rabbits receiving clindamycin were sterile by day 7 of treatment, but high bacterial counts were still present in the abscess cavities of control rabbits and of those undergoing drainage alone. These findings illustrate the application of a new model for pyogenic liver abscess in laboratory investigation. Their relevance to management of human pyogenic liver abscesses remains to be assessed. PMID- 3747745 TI - The distribution of metastases of different primary tumors in the liver. AB - The distribution of the number and volume of liver metastases in both lobes of the liver was investigated. The density of the metastases and their volume were analyzed. The study of 71 human metastatic livers revealed an almost homogeneous pattern of metastatic distribution. There was no difference whether the spread of the tumor cells had occurred via the portal vein or the hepatic artery. Both sides of the liver were affected similarly. PMID- 3747744 TI - Hepatitis B virus infection in porphyria cutanea tarda. AB - Serum markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection were determined in 82 patients with porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT). Pathogenetic factors (alcohol, thalassemia minor, drugs) and clinical and histologic findings of PCT were taken into account. The prevalence of HBV infection was very high (70.7%). Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was positive in 14 patients (17%). Eight patients had HBV infection as the only documented acquired factor. The clinical picture and histologic findings were aggravated by HBV infection; primary hepatic carcinoma occurred in four patients with HBV infection. Liver siderosis was histologically documented in 82.6% of cases, serum ferritin was pathologically increased in 91%, confirming the role of iron overload in PCT. A correlation (p less than 0.02; chi squared method) was found between increased serum ferritin levels and HBV infection, suggesting a possible relationship between liver siderosis and HBV clearance. HBV infection appears to be a relevant additional factor in the pathogenesis of PCT liver disease. PMID- 3747747 TI - Monoclonal antibodies. PMID- 3747746 TI - Hypercholesterolemia: nutritional and pharmacologic management. PMID- 3747748 TI - Tumors and humors: current status of the immunology of cancer. PMID- 3747750 TI - Diabetic eye care 1986: education is the key. PMID- 3747749 TI - Postgastrectomy unresponsive iron-deficiency anemia. PMID- 3747751 TI - The role of cleft palate teams. PMID- 3747752 TI - [Determination of left ventricular volumes using radionuclide ventriculography]. AB - The authors described the use of radionuclide ventriculography in dynamic and static variants to determine left ventricle volumetric values. The results obtained were correlated with those of roentgeno-contrast ventriculography (the correlation coefficient R was 86.8%) and literature data on echocardiography. The end-diastolic, end-systolic and stroke volumes (EDV, ESV and SV), the mean ejection rate (MER) and the total ejection fraction (TEF) were determined in controls and patients with chronic CHD. With growing severity of disease, EDV, ESV were on the increase, whereas SV and MER were on the decrease. The determination of left ventricle volumetric values permitted improved diagnosis and differential diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. PMID- 3747753 TI - [Radionuclide diagnosis of postinfarction aneurysms using 113m InCl3]. AB - The authors conducted a scintigraphic study of the cardiac cavity in 140 patients to detect postinfarction aneurysms. 113m In Cl3 (185 MBq) and the conventional Picker I magna-scanner (USA) were employed. A conclusion has been made as to a good choice of the angiotropic marker 113m In for the diagnosis of postinfarction aneurysm of the left ventricle and the determination of a degree of its thrombosis. The use of the method for differential diagnosis between aortal aneurysm and a mediastinal tumor process was stressed. PMID- 3747754 TI - [Background correction in inhalation scintigraphy of the lungs using 133Xe]. AB - Based on the regularity of decreasing the blood volumes from the internal edge of the lung to its periphery the authors proposed a method of gradient background correction in inhalation scintigraphy of the lungs with 133Xe. The background is detached on each image line separately for the right and left lungs. Software was developed for the implementation of this technique of background correction for any computer with a FORTRAN-IV translator. PMID- 3747755 TI - [Reactions and complications in the radiotherapy of pancreatic cancer]. AB - Radiation reactions were assessed in 140 pancreatic cancer patients. They were noted in 103 (73.5%) patients: general radiation reactions in 62 patients and local reactions in 41. Noticeable radiation reactions were noted in 17.5%, moderate in 36.9% and insignificant in 45.6% of the patients. The use of braking radiation with the energy of 18-25 MeV caused a decrease in the total number of radiation reactions to 20%, the number of noticeable radiation reactions as compared to those in gamma-beam therapy reduced 3-fold. Changes of external secretory and insular function of the pancreas caused by irradiation were studied. It was established that radiation therapy caused no inhibition of these functions, and in 45.9% of the patients it brought about their improvement or normalization. Complications of radiation therapy were observed after 7-48 mo in 21 patients for gamma-beam therapy and presented with vertebral osteopathy in the exposed site, intestinal trophic ulcer and peptic ulcer recurrence. Radiation reactions caused the termination of therapy of 6 (4.3%) patients, a radiation therapy plan in 21 (15%) patients was changed and a 5-7-day interruption or a split course of irradiation was recommended. The main reaction was a general radiation reaction, and gastric or intestinal reactions were the second reason for the discontinuation or change of a radiation therapy plan. PMID- 3747756 TI - [Radiation injuries in patients with lymphogranulomatosis in prolonged clinical remission]. AB - The paper is concerned with a study of long-term side effects following radiation therapy in Hodgkin's disease patients with a complete clinical remission. A total of 98 patients (the 1st group) received betatron radiation-split course in 1973 1979 and 68 patients (the 2nd group) received gamma-therapy continuous course in 1968-1974. It was shown that radiation injuries in the 1st group were less frequent. Their development was influenced by a volume of irradiated tissues, the value of a total focal dose and a significant duration of the patients' life. The frequency of radiation injuries was insignificant as compared to the number of the cured patients or the patients fit for further work and studies. PMID- 3747757 TI - [Scintigraphy of the myocardium in postinfarct cardiac fibrosis]. AB - The authors conducted a scintigraphic study of 50 patients with a 2-7 year history of myocardial infarction and clinical findings of postinfarction myocardiofibrosis. 201Tl-chloride with the activity of 74 MBq and the Picker 500 magna-scanner (USA) were employed. Four projections were used in the study. It was stressed that in anterior myocardial infarction the best positions were the front and front-left-oblique ones (30 and 45 degrees) and in posterior myocardial infarction the front-left-oblique one (75 degrees). A conclusion has been made as to a high sensitivity of the method to confirm postinfarction myocardiofibrosis represented in the form of a zone with disturbed perfusion. The authors underlined a high value of the method in cases accompanied by conductive disorders as the information value of a scintigram exceeded that of ECG. PMID- 3747758 TI - [Comprehensive radionuclide diagnosis of hepatic hemangiomas]. AB - Colloid and tumoritropic radiopharmaceuticals are used now for radionuclide diagnosis of tumor hepatic lesions. They allow one to specify the nature of a pathological process of primary hepatoma. The authors have described a case of the diagnosis of hepatic hemangioma using comprehensive radionuclide investigations including scintigraphy with 113mIn-colloid, tumoritropic 75Se methionine and 113mIn-chloride. A scanogram obtained after the administration of 113mIn-colloid revealed a zone of the lowered accumulation of the radiopharmaceutical in the right liver lobe whose projection coincided with a 75Se-methionine accumulation defect zone indicating the benign nature of the tumor process. The vascular origin of the tumor was determined with the help of 113mIn-chloride which after its i.v. administration labeled transferrin and was circulating in the blood channel. Proceeding from the results of the comprehensive radionuclide study and the clinical findings the diagnosis of hepatic hemangioma was established. Later on it was confirmed at operation and on histological examination of the removed tumor. The proposed scheme of radionuclide study of patients with suspected vascular liver neoplasms can be used both under outpatient conditions and in hospitals fitted out with gamma topographic equipment. PMID- 3747759 TI - [Radionuclide evaluation of the cardiovascular system in arterial hypertension]. AB - Proceeding from a study of the nature of changes in hemodynamics during development of hypertensive disease (HD) at its different stages it was shown that hemodynamic changes in 42.1% of the patients with Stage I-IIA HD were of hypertensive type, in the patients with Stage IIB-III HD normal and hypokinetic types of the blood circulation prevailed. After bicycle ergometry exercise the reactivity of the cardiovascular system was revealed more completely. The transition of one hemodynamic type into another and its detection acquired a great importance. The definition of the types of hemodynamics at rest and of effort was very important in terms of adequate antihypertensive therapy and the prediction of a subsequent course of disease. The most complete information on function of the cardiovascular system and myocardial contractility can be obtained with the help of radio-angiocardiography and radionuclide ventriculography. However in the absence of a gamma-chamber radiocardiography can provide necessary information on function of the cardiovascular system in case it is used in one and the same patient over time using bicycle ergometry testing. PMID- 3747760 TI - Emotional abuse of children: a psychologist's contribution to legal establishment. PMID- 3747762 TI - A comparison of political and non-political murderers in Northern Ireland, 1974 84. PMID- 3747761 TI - Maternal filicide in Hong Kong, 1971-85. PMID- 3747763 TI - The use of trachea temperature as a means of determining the post-mortem period. PMID- 3747764 TI - Fronto-cranial suspension--an unusual form of hanging. PMID- 3747766 TI - The police and higher education: a review of federal reports. PMID- 3747765 TI - Death behind bars: an 11-year survey of prisoner deaths in South Australia. PMID- 3747767 TI - Violence and the doctor: 'ethics'. PMID- 3747768 TI - Paradoxical undressing and hypothermia. PMID- 3747769 TI - Comprehensive study of homicides in South Delhi, 1969-79. PMID- 3747770 TI - A question of privilege: reflections by a lawyer. PMID- 3747771 TI - Suicide trends in Singapore, 1975-84. PMID- 3747772 TI - Criminal disposition of persons involved in 72 cases of fatal child abuse. PMID- 3747773 TI - [Methods of recording threshold auditory evoked potentials]. AB - Presented in the paper are the technique and the device for detecting thresholds of auditory evoked potential (AEP) in the course of objective audiometry. The device reduces basic EEG components in the combined signal thereby increasing AEP to-EEG ratio. As a result, AEP thresholds can be more effectively detected and measured. PMID- 3747774 TI - [Criteria for evaluating and choosing a method of drying medical objects after steam sterilization]. AB - The dependence is derived to determine the duration of drying process for medical products in the course of steam sterilization. The drying index for assessing efficiency of different drying techniques is proposed. With the index, the most useful drying technique can be selected, and the duration of drying process can be determined. PMID- 3747775 TI - [Frequency characteristics of roentgenographic image detectors]. PMID- 3747776 TI - [Device for analyzing roentgen images]. AB - Analyzer of X-ray images includes a photodetector array with online memory, a single-purpose computer and an imager for the memory contents. The photodetector array incorporates 2 X (64 X 128) bistable photocells, their action potentials are adjusted for brightness. The analyzer is the most useful in verifying parallelism of absorbing plates in X-ray grids, in checking protective devices, and in processing mammograms. PMID- 3747777 TI - [Economic-organizational aspects of technical instrumentation for roentgenopulmonology]. AB - The introduction of X-ray endoscopic rooms (radiology treatment rooms) equipped with appropriate installations into pulmonologic departments provides more valid diagnosis of carcinoma of the lungs, the cost of examinations being increased only by 15.7%. The latter can be compensated for with improved instrumentation of both preventive and general X-ray rooms. PMID- 3747778 TI - [Concentration osmometer for determining the amount of water bound to the macromolecular substrate of blood substitutes]. AB - Consideration is given to the technique and the device for detecting water amount linked to high-molecular compounds presenting the base for blood substitutes. The device is simple in use, outputs reproducible data comparable to the well known results (e.g. for polyglucine). It should be recommended for evaluating hemodynamic parameters of newly developed blood substitutes. PMID- 3747779 TI - [Focusing a spherical acoustic pulse with an elliptic reflector in a medical device for non-invasive crushing of renal calculi]. AB - In developing medical device for transcutaneous destruction of renal stones in patients suffering from nephrolithiasis we have encountered some problems concerning the focusing of sound pulses. On the assumption of the linear diffraction theory the pressure pattern is computed that is produced when sound pulses are emitted by a source in the vicinity of the elliptic reflector focal point. Pressure pattern and wave-front shape versus radiator displacements off the focal point are studied. Radiator displacement is shown to have a marked effect on pressure amplitude and distribution within the area. Thus, a correcting acoustic lens should be mounted close to the reflector aperture. PMID- 3747781 TI - [Device for collecting bile]. PMID- 3747780 TI - [Rheographic electrodes made from graphitized conductive cloth]. PMID- 3747782 TI - [Radiodiagnostic system based on scintillation gamma-camera GKS-2 and system SAORI-01]. PMID- 3747783 TI - [Stomatologic chair KSEM-04]. PMID- 3747784 TI - [Dental unit US 30-02]. PMID- 3747785 TI - [New instruments for pediatric cardiovascular surgery]. AB - New instruments for heart and large vessel surgery in infants and young children are described. Instruments are all-purpose, easy to use, non-traumatic, they have decreased weight and dimensions, and can be adopted for use in child cardiovascular surgery. PMID- 3747786 TI - [Intestinal 2-channel polymer catheters]. AB - Gastrointestinal and colic catheters provide more effective aspiration from different intestinal sections, cause less postsurgical complications, and reduce recovery period after intestinal diseases followed by purulent and inflammatory processes. The catheters are useful in the management of gastrointestinal diseases, intestinal obstruction, rectum carcinoma. The use of catheters for evacuation and lavage enables fast regeneration of intestinal peristalsis and rapid patient recovery thus preventing possible bedsores. PMID- 3747787 TI - [Equipment and apparatus for physiotherapy produced by the "Khirana" concern]. PMID- 3747788 TI - [Weibull statistical distribution in physiologic research]. AB - An attempt is made to define more precisely the law of arterial pressure incidence rate in population of normal subjects and patients suffering from different diseases. The incidence rate is found to obey the Weibull three parameter law. PMID- 3747789 TI - [Recording the P300. Methodologic aspects and experimental data]. PMID- 3747790 TI - [Identification with the female figure in the Rorschach test in adolescents. Personal contribution]. PMID- 3747791 TI - [Suffering and ethos in medicine. Responsibility of medical psychology]. PMID- 3747792 TI - [An aspect of violence: the pathology of movement in the cognitive structure of neurotic and healthy subjects]. PMID- 3747793 TI - [Personality of the alcoholic: structure or defense?]. PMID- 3747794 TI - [Female alcoholism. Clinical study]. PMID- 3747795 TI - [The problem of multiple personality in hysteria]. PMID- 3747796 TI - [Diagnosis of schizophrenia in a mental hygiene service from 1968 to 1982]. PMID- 3747797 TI - [Bio-psychological reflections on music therapy]. PMID- 3747798 TI - Women athletes with menstrual irregularity have increased musculoskeletal injuries. AB - We have performed a retrospective three-phase study to evaluate the effect of menstrual status upon musculoskeletal injuries in women athletes. Initially, we collected the menstrual and running histories of women participants in a regional 10-km footrace. In this study, 61% of the respondents to our questionnaire reported a continuous running program, and 39% reported an interruption of at least 3 months of their running program. The most common cause for interruption was injury. Those who had interrupted their running were more likely to have had irregular or absent menses and less likely to have been using oral contraceptives than the group of continuous runners. Secondly, we obtained information on the relationship between bone injury and menstrual status by reviewing the sports medicine records of 207 collegiate women athletes. We found that X-ray-documented fractures occurred in 9% of women athletes with regular menses and in 24% of women athletes with irregular or absent menses. Subsequently, we collected data from a larger population of more serious, but still recreational runners, participating in a national 10-km race. Each portion of this study has yielded similar results: those women who had been injured during their running program were more likely to have had absent or irregular menses, were less likely to have used oral contraceptives, and had been running for more years. We conclude that premenopausal women who have absent or irregular menses, while engaged in vigorous exercise programs, are at increased risk for musculoskeletal injury. PMID- 3747799 TI - Breath holding during the turn in competitive swimming. AB - Breath holding times were measured during competition and averaged 5.0 sec in the breaststroke events, 4.3 sec in freestyle, 3.7 sec in butterfly, and 3.3 sec in backstroke. These times represented approximately 30% of the total time of swimming breaststroke and freestyle races but only 20% of the time of backstroke and butterfly events. Pulmonary gas exchanges of O2 and CO2 were studied in eight male swimmers during the first turn after the start of a swim and during the third turn after continuous swimming. It was concluded that biomechanical considerations of optimizing a turn are in most circumstances not limited by the increased PCO2 and the decreased PO2 in the alveoli related to the brief period of breath holding. In turns which last longer than about 5.5 s, the swimmers may experience a strong urge to breathe. This "breaking point" sensation is brief and need not compromise the conclusion of a well-executed turn. PMID- 3747800 TI - Reduced exercise time in competitive simulations consequent to low level ozone exposure. AB - Ten highly trained endurance athletes were studied to determine the effects of exposure to low ozone (O3) concentrations on simulated competitive endurance performance and associated physiological and subjective symptom responses. Each subject was randomly exposed to filtered air (FA), and to 0.12, 0.18, and 0.24 ppm O3 while performing a 1 h competitive simulation protocol on a bicycle ergometer. Endurance performance was evaluated by the number of subjects unable to complete rides (last 30 min at an intense work load of approximately 86% VO2max). All subjects completed the FA exposure, whereas one, five, and seven subjects did not complete the 0.12, 0.18, and 0.24 ppm O3 exposures, respectively. Statistical analysis indicated a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in the inability of subjects to complete the competitive simulations with increasing O3 concentration, including a significant difference between the 0.24 ppm O3 and FA exposure. Significant decreases (P less than 0.05) were also observed following the 0.18 and 0.24 ppm O3 exposures, respectively, in forced vital capacity (-7.8 and -9.9%), and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (-5.8 and 10.5%). No significant O3 effect was observed for exercise respiratory metabolism or ventilatory pattern responses. However, the number of reported subjective symptoms increased significantly following the 0.18 and 0.24 ppm O3 protocols. These data demonstrate significant decrements in simulated competitive endurance performance and in pulmonary function, with accompanying enhanced subjective symptoms, following exposure to low O3 levels commonly observed in numerous metropolitan environments during the summer months. PMID- 3747801 TI - The effect of extra-load conditioning on muscle performance in athletes. AB - Fourteen sprinters were assigned to an experimental group (N = 7) and a control group (N = 7) in order to study the effects of 3 wk of extra-load conditioning. The extra-load conditioning was achieved by the athletes wearing special vests containing weights (7-8% body mass). The vests were used from morning to evening and during 3-5 training sessions/wk for 3 wk. No changes in the ordinary training regime were allowed, except the use of the vest by the experimental group. A jumping test battery and short running test on a treadmill were utilized to measure explosive power characteristics and the anaerobic performance of the subjects. While the control group showed no changes in any of the variables studied, the experimental subjects significantly improved their jumping heights in squat jumps with and without extra loads; their jumping heights in drop jumps and mechanical power output in 15 s of jumps. No changes in lactate levels or in running times to exhaustion were observed in response to the extra-load conditioning. The improvement of jumping performances could be due to a fast neurogenic adaptation to the new requirements. PMID- 3747802 TI - Cardiac size and VO2max do not decrease after short-term exercise cessation. AB - We measured maximum oxygen uptake, estimated changes in plasma volume, and the cardiac dimensions of 15 male competitive distance runners (28.2 +/- 5.6 yr of age, mean +/- SD) before and after 10 days of exercise cessation. Subjects were habitually active but adjusted their training to run 16 km daily for 2 wk before the study. Subjects were maintained on defined diets for the week before and during the detraining period. Average body weight decreased 1.0 +/- 0.5 kg (P less than 0.001) within 2 days of exercise cessation and was accompanied by a 5.0 +/- 5.9% (P less than 0.01) decrease in estimated plasma volume. No additional changes in body weight and plasma volume occurred during the study, and estimated percent body fat did not change. Resting heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac dimensions were also unchanged with physical inactivity. In addition, maximum oxygen uptake was not altered although peak exercise heart rate was an average of 9 +/- 5 beats X min-1 (P less than 0.01) or 5% higher after detraining. We conclude that short periods of exercise cessation decrease estimated plasma volume and increase the maximum exercise heart rate of endurance athletes but do not alter their cardiac dimensions or maximum oxygen uptake. PMID- 3747803 TI - The reproducibility of VO2max, ventilatory, and lactate thresholds in elderly women. AB - The reproducibility of VO2max, ventilatory, and lactate thresholds in elderly women. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 425-430, 1986. This investigation examined the reproducibility of maximal (VO2max) and submaximal measures of fitness for elderly women. Eight subjects [age (yr): mean = 80.6 +/- 3.7; range = 73-86] volunteered to repeat three continuous, incremental maximal effort treadmill tests. Blood lactate determinations were made for each increment from blood samples taken from an indwelling venous catheter located in the back of the hand. Average VO2max values (ml X min-1 X kg X l-1) were 13.21 + 1.95 for test 1, 13.44 +/- 1.83 for test 2, and 13.62 + 2.95 for test 3. In all but one subject, a threshold was not definable by either ventilatory or lactate measurements. Maximal lactate values were low, with the average values for tests 1, 2, and 3 being 1.89, 1.46, and 1.86 mmol X l-1, respectively. The data demonstrates that VO2max is reproducible for older women and can, therefore, be used for fitness assessment and exercise prescription. The use of ventilatory or lactate thresholds as submaximal measures of fitness or as minimal intensities for exercise prescription was determined not to be applicable for women in the eighth and ninth decades of life. PMID- 3747804 TI - Co-activation of sprinter and distance runner muscles in isokinetic exercise. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent of co-activation of quadriceps and hamstring musculature in sprinters and distance runners. Nine female intercollegiate track athletes performed maximal knee extensions and flexions on a modified orthotron isokinetic dynamometer at two speeds (100 degrees and 400 degrees X s-1). Simultaneous recordings of torque, joint position, and agonist/antagonist electromyographic activity from the quadriceps and hamstrings were computer-processed. The results revealed the hamstrings to be considerably more active during knee extension than the quadriceps during flexion. The integrated electromyographic activity of co-contracting hamstrings and quadriceps, throughout the joint range, averaged 33 and 6%, respectively, of the same muscle group during its agonist phase. Hamstring co-activation increased sharply during the last 25% of knee extension, generating 58% of the integrated electromyographic agonist activity. Co-activation of the sprinters' hamstrings was four times that of distance runners (57/14%), however, the faster speed of movement (400 degrees X s-1) increased hamstring coactivation of distance runners more acutely than sprinters in the final phase of extension. The data suggest that the hamstrings are used to a much greater extent than quadriceps for limb deceleration and that the distraction of antagonist muscle tension should be considered when analyzing agonist isokinetic torques. Furthermore, the relatively high co-activation of the hamstrings, particularly during the last 25% of extension, may induce hamstring soreness or strain in vulnerable subjects. PMID- 3747805 TI - Intestinal water and electrolyte flux of glucose-polymer electrolyte solutions. AB - Carbohydrate-containing beverages, designed for consumption during physical activity, have been shown to improve endurance and performance during prolonged exercise. However, any solution consumed during exercise should allow rapid water absorption to ensure proper hydration. In this study, nine healthy volunteers were used to assess intestinal water and electrolyte flux characteristics of two carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions compared with water. One solution (GPF) contained 5.0% glucose polymers and 2.0% fructose, while the other (GPFS) contained 3.6% glucose polymers, 1.8% fructose, and 1.6% sucrose. Both solutions contained similar amounts of sodium, chloride, potassium, magnesium, and calcium (10, 10, 5, 1.2, and 3.2 mEq X l-1, respectively). Solutions were administered via a triple-lumen perfusion tube placed just distal to the ligament of Treitz in the small intestine. Polyethylene glycol (5 g X l-1) was employed as a non absorbable marker to measure water and mineral fluxes. Results indicated that: jejunal intestinal net water absorption was similar for the GPF carbohydrate mineral solution when compared with perfusion of plain water and replacement of a portion of the glucose-polymer with sucrose significantly slowed net water absorption when compared with perfusion of plain water. Net sodium, chloride, and potassium absorption also were not different for either of the two perfusates. These findings suggest that the water and mineral fluxes association with these solutions are not different from water alone. Therefore, the gastric emptying rate remains as the primary limiting factor in delivering water, carbohydrate, and minerals to the body. PMID- 3747806 TI - The growth of children's moment of inertia. AB - As children grow, their moments of inertia increase. The magnitude and timing of these changes can affect the rotations of the body. The present study evaluated inter-individual differences in the transverse centroidal moment of inertia for 12 boys between 5 and 16 yr, using intra-individual data from three successive years. Segmental masses and moments of inertia were estimated using the elliptical zone model and the model then repositioned into two configurations: a layout position from a back handspring and a tuck position from a back somersault. In each case, the mass centroid and the moment of inertia about the transverse axis were calculated. With growth indexed by age, it was shown that the rate of change increases with age. For the children 10 yr and younger, the rate of change of moment of inertia was approximately 30% of the rate for the older children. Also, at each age level, there was a wide range of moments of inertia. In order to improve the prediction of moment of inertia, height and mass were tried as predictors with a noticeable improvement in correlation and linearity. The best predictor, however, was found to be the product of mass and height squared (M X H2) with correlations of 0.99 and 0.97. It is suggested that, because of the effects of growth on the moment of inertia. M X H2 could be used in conjunction with age in order to better appreciate the potential effects of change of moment of inertia. PMID- 3747807 TI - A biomechanical analysis of racewalking gait. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the kinetic and kinematic properties of the lower extremity during the phases of the racewalking gait as defined by the rules and compare these to normal walking and running. Cinematographic and force plate data were gathered from 10 competitive racewalkers under four gait conditions. Temporal parameters, angular displacements of the lower extremity, ground reaction forces, path of the center of pressure, and the joint forces during the four gait conditions were compared using a repeated measures analysis of variance. Racewalkers exhibited significantly increased (P less than 0.01) maximal ankle dorsiflexion, maximal knee extension, angular displacements of the pelvis, medial ground-foot reaction forces, peak plantar flexion moment, and external peak knee hyperextension moment than did walking or running. Based upon the results of this investigation, it was determined that the gait of racewalking exhibits some biomechanical characteristics which are different from the gaits of walking or running. PMID- 3747808 TI - Towards optimizing rowing technique. AB - An equation is developed (and solved) to describe the speed of a rowing boat as a function of the movement of the sculler's center of mass relative to the boat and the force applied. A method is presented to determine the degree to which fluctuations in boat speed through the rowing cycle affect the amount of power necessary to propel the boat at some mean speed. By changing technique, it is possible to modify these fluctuations in order to achieve the higher mean speed for a given amount of propulsive power. An approximate calculation of the ratio of the power put into the boat's motion to the power lost as water movement in the oar "puddle" suggests that increasing the blade area of the oar will result in improved efficiency. A similarity analysis is undertaken to see if large rowers have an advantage over small rowers in races. Dependence of drag coefficients on scale suggest they do; however, this advantage is very small and would be largely compensated for if boats were made optimally light (in which case the ratio of boat mass to body mass decreases as body mass decreases). Regulations of international rowing fix a minimum boat mass regardless of the rowers mass, thereby discriminating against smaller rowers. Equations are developed to show how stroke rate should scale with body mass for geometrically similar rowers. The ratio of power expended in internal motions to power expended propelling the boat is investigated. PMID- 3747809 TI - Biomechanics of the squat exercise using a modified center of mass bar. AB - The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of load height on selected performance characteristics of a squat exercise. A lower center of mass bar was designed that allowed the integrity of the squat exercise to be maintained while possibly reducing the chances of injury. Five trials were performed with the center of mass of the bar was set at shoulder height (C1) and lowered 18% (C2) and 36% (C3) of the subject's height below the normal bar position using the inverted "U" bar. All trials were filmed as the subjects lifted on a force platform. A balloon catheter was inserted into the subject's recta to monitor intra-abdominal pressure (IAP). High correlations were found between IAP, joint moment, and force data. Many of the critical parameters occurred just after the lowest squat position. Significant differences (P less than 0.05) in trunk angle excursion and trunk angular velocity indicated a greater ease of hip extension for the center of mass bar conditions. No differences were observed between conditions for thigh and knee angles and joint moments indicating kinematic similarity for the lower extremity. IAP was always least for C2 and C3, while compression, shear, and back muscle forces did not differ. It was estimated that the greater IAP was responsible for relieving back muscle forces and compression by up to 15 and 21%, respectively, and increased stress with the weight at shoulder height stimulated a response for greater IAP to help alleviate the stresses on the spine. PMID- 3747810 TI - Biological and technological variability of residual lung volume and the effect on body fat calculations. AB - Ten subjects were studied to determine within-subject variance (Swi2), and its components, biovariability (Si2) and technological error (Se2) of residual lung volume (RLV). Each subject's RLV was determined 18 times using the oxygen dilution method (O2D) over a 5-day period. Se2 was measured using a 9.0 l spirometer as a simulated subject and estimating its added space by the O2D method for 20 repeat trials. The mean +/- SD of RLV across subjects was 1.408 +/- 0.3143 l. The average Swi2 for the 18 trials was 0.0054 (Swi = +/- 0.0735 l). The variance associated with a trend effect (variance of mean trial scores, Sc2) was 0.00050 (Sc = +/- 0.0224 l). Se2 was found to be 0.00104 (Se = +/- 0.0323 l). Si2 calculated by subtracting Se2 and Sc2 from Swi2, was 0.0039 (Si = +/- 0.0621 l). It was demonstrated that body fat weight calculations can vary because of the within-subject variability in RLV. The calculated reliability of RLV across subjects was r = 0.95. It is concluded that RLV determined by the O2D method is very reliable. Moreover, biological variance accounts for 72% of Swi2 while technological variance and trend effect variance account for 19 and 9% of Swi2 respectively. PMID- 3747811 TI - Modified crossed-ellipse radiofrequency coil for MRI. AB - New coil geometries obtained by computer simulations from the crossed-ellipse rf coil are reported. These geometries with elliptical transverse section improve the signal-to-noise ratio with respect to the classic ellipse and saddle coils. The increase of signal-to-noise ratio is mainly due to the reduction of coil losses and to the better B1 efficiency and distribution. PMID- 3747812 TI - A gross morphologic, histologic, hematologic, and blood chemistry study of adult and neonatal mice chronically exposed to high magnetic fields. AB - Six sets of Charles River CD-1 mice (3 sets of adults and 3 sets of offspring: 156 mice total) were raised for varying times (360 h over 1 month to 624 h over 3 months) in a 1.89-T magnetic field. Each set was divided into 3 groups: control group raised in the animal facility (Control); control group raised in the magnet room but not in the magnet (Magnet-Controls); experimental group raised in the magnet (Magnet). At the end of each predefined exposure period, the mice were euthanized and studied. Body and organ weights were lower in 3 of 6 sets in the Magnet groups when compared to Control groups, but they were not significantly different from age matched, sex matched Magnet-Controls. This seems to indicate that the decreased growth of mice was due to the laboratory environment surrounding the magnet, when compared to the animal facility environment, rather than to magnetic field effects. No consistent differences were found in gross and microscopic morphology, hematocrit and white blood cell counts, plasma creatine phosphokinase, lactic dehydrogenase, cholesterol, triglyceride, or protein concentrations in Magnet groups compared to the two control groups. PMID- 3747813 TI - Two-point T1 measurement: wide-coverage optimizations by stochastic simulations. AB - Stochastic reliability of T1 measurement from image signal ratios is examined in the ideal case by stochastic simulations in the context of wide-coverage optimizations. Precise measurements prove to be accurate, and accurate ones precise. Sign-preserved inversion-recovery (IR)/non-IR techniques are the best ratio method, reciprocal non-IR/IR ones being equivalent, but inconvenient. Wide coverage optima are relatively unsharp. Suggested guidelines for covering the 150 to 1500-ms T1 band are minimal relevant TE; TI about 400 ms; effective repetition times about in the ratio, TR2(IR)/TR1 (non-IR) = 2.5-3.0, and in a sum as long as possible up to about TR1 + TR2 = 3.5-4.0 s; signal-averaging after and only after TR1 + TR2 has been lengthened to the said region. Also suggested are different guidelines for covering T1 bands, 120-1200 and 200-1800 ms. Typically, precisions and accuracies improve linearly or faster with increasing S/N and (S/N)2, respectively. Unnecessarily high pixel resolutions or thin slicings exact great penalties in accuracies. Progressively shortening TR1 eventually transforms a wide coverage into a sharp targeting with small potential gains in a narrow T1 locality and large compromises almost everywhere else. The simulations yield an insight into applicabilities of standard error propagation analyses in two-point T1 measurement. PMID- 3747814 TI - Observation of intracellular potassium and sodium in the heart by NMR: a major fraction of potassium is "invisible". AB - Using 39K and 23Na NMR in conjunction with extracellularly localized shift reagents, we have determined the intracellular concentrations of NMR visible sodium and potassium in isolated, perfused rat hearts. We find this concentration to be 9.9 mM/kg cell water for sodium and 31 mM/kg cell water for potassium. Values of activity determined by ion-sensitive microelectrodes are in good agreement with our sodium value but do not agree with our potassium value. Our results mean that a major pool of intracellular potassium is, on average, significantly immobilized and that the mobile NMR visible fraction (31 mM/kg) is not in exchange with the NMR invisible pool (114 mM/kg). The immobilized fraction is characterized by T2 values which are too short to be observed by our conventional spectrometer. This fraction is, therefore, said to be "invisible" under our experimental conditions. PMID- 3747815 TI - 1/T1 NMRD profiles of solutions of Mn2+ and Gd3+ protein-chelate conjugates. AB - Bovine immunoglobulins (IgG) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were multiply labeled with multidentate ligands, either ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), and metal ions were inserted to form the ternary protein-ligand-ion conjugates. The NMRD profiles (the magnetic field dependence of 1/T1) of solutions of the ternary conjugates differ greatly from those of the corresponding binary ligand-metal-ion complexes, both in magnitude and functional form, exhibiting 5- to 10-fold greater relaxivities and prominent peaks near 20 MHz. The inference is that the protein-bound chelates are relatively rigidly attached to the macromolecules. The structure and metal ion affinities of these novel conjugates, as well as the relevance to contrast enhancement in NMR imaging, is discussed. PMID- 3747816 TI - In vivo 31P NMR studies of avian dystrophic muscles. AB - In vivo 31P NMR studies of normal and dystrophic pectoralis muscles of chicks were carried out in the age group of 2 to 8 weeks. It was observed that the ratios [PCr]/[Pi] and [PCr]/[ATP] were essentially the same in both normal and dystrophic muscles. The cellular pH for normal muscles however, was found to be higher (7.24 +/- 0.08) compared to the dystrophic muscles (7.0 +/- 0.07). PMID- 3747817 TI - Multipurpose NMR imaging using stimulated echoes. AB - STEAM (stimulated-echo acquisition mode) imaging techniques recently introduced by the authors are demonstrated to provide a versatile tool for improving the parametric specificity in NMR imaging. Stimulated echoes can be excited by a sequence of at least three rf pulses with flip angles of 90 degrees or less. The main characteristics of the STEAM method are based on the great functional flexibility of an imaging sequence comprising three rf pulses unequal to 180 degrees and three intervals prior to acquisition of the data. Major advantages are the easy access to contiguous multiplanar images, to CHESS (chemical-shift selective) images, and to T1 information. Moreover, the rf power deposition is considerably reduced as compared to spin-echo NMR imaging sequences. Here first in vivo results on human extremities are presented including contiguous multislice images, multiple CHESS images, and spin-lattice relaxation time images calculated from a series of simultaneously recorded T1-weighted STEAM images. PMID- 3747818 TI - Errors in the measurements of T2 using multiple-echo MRI techniques. II. Effects of static field inhomogeneity. AB - The accurate estimation of the spin-spin relaxation time T2 is an important goal in magnetic resonance imaging particularly because it can be used for quantitative tissue characterization. The spin-spin relaxation time T2 may be estimated using multiecho pulse sequences, but the accuracy of the estimate is dependent on the fidelity of the spin-echo amplitudes, which may be severely compromised by rf pulse and static field imperfections. In this paper, the effects of static field inhomogeneities are investigated. The propagation of the errors introduced by off-resonance effects are analyzed through computer simulations and analytical solutions of the Bloch equations. A series of experiments performed on a simple tissue phantom using a whole-body imaging system operating at 6.35 MHz corroborates the simulation and analytical results. For accurate measurements of T2 using a whole-body imaging system it is necessary to correct for these inhomogeneities. A correction scheme which would enable a more accurate estimate of T2 is currently under investigation. PMID- 3747819 TI - Pulse techniques for the suppression of individual components in multiexponential relaxation curves. AB - NMR pulse sequences have been investigated which selectively suppress undesired signal components from multiple-exponential spin-spin and spin-lattice relaxation curves. Suppression is achieved by exploiting differences in the relaxation times of sample components. Special attention is devoted to discussion of practical details necessary for implementation of these methods, as well as their relative advantages and disadvantages. The techniques are illustrated using multiple compartment aqueous phantoms and are then employed in measurements of proton T1 and T2 values for freshly isolated guinea pig lenses immersed in aqueous buffer solutions to prevent dehydration and maintain viability. These methods obviate many of the difficulties inherent in obtaining accurate relaxation times for minor components of multiple-exponential curves and should be useful in many applications of NMR to the study of intact tissue, both in vivo and in vitro. PMID- 3747820 TI - Counter rotating current local coils for high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. AB - A type of local coil (or surface coil) for magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy is described in which two circular loops of the same diameter are disposed axially with respect to each other and in which counter rotating currents (CRC) are supported in the two loops. This type of coil has been used for localized reception in a uniform circularly polarized excitation field produced by a whole-body coil of an imager functioning at 1.5 T. The CRC coil is decoupled from the transmitter coil by a combination of intrinsic (or geometrical) isolation (which functions during both excitation and reception) plus passive decoupling (which functions only during excitation). CRC coils of 7.5, 10, 12.5, and 15 cm diameter have been compared on a bench test setup with conventional surface coils of these diameters. Sensitivities are very similar. Q's have been measured as a function of coil diameter and both Q's and frequency shifts have been measured as a function of distance from a saline tank. The CRC coil appears to have advantages with respect to tuning and matching. A high resolution image of the rotator cuff is shown as an illustration of coil performance. PMID- 3747821 TI - The intrinsic signal-to-noise ratio in NMR imaging. AB - The fundamental limit for NMR imaging is set by an intrinsic signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for a particular combination of rf antenna and imaging subjects. The intrinsic SNR is the signal from a small volume of material in the sample competing with electrical noise from thermally generated, random noise currents in the sample. The intrinsic SNR has been measured for a number of antenna-body section combinations at several different values of the static magnetic field and is proportional to B0. We have applied the intrinsic and system SNR to predict image SNR and have found satisfactory agreement with measurements on images. The relationship between SNR and pixel size is quite different in NMR than it is with imaging modalities using ionizing radiation, and indicates that the initial choice of pixel size is crucial in NMR. The analog of "contrast-detail-dose" plots for ionizing radiation imaging modalities is the "contrast-detail-time" plot in NMR, which should prove useful in choosing a suitable pixel array to visualize a particular anatomical detail for a given NMR receiving antenna. PMID- 3747822 TI - An in vivo 31P NMR study of cerebral hypoxic hypoxia in rats. AB - Twenty minutes of hypoxic hypoxia in five anesthetized rats reversibly reduced cerebral PCr and pH while ATP stayed constant. Complete metabolic and neurologic recovery occurred after oxygen was restored. Careful control of physiological parameters resulted in metabolite changes that were the same, within errors, in each animal. PMID- 3747823 TI - Synthesis of [guanidino-13C]creatine and measurement of the creatine phosphokinase reaction in vitro by 13C NMR spectroscopy. AB - [guanidino-13C]Creatine has been synthesized by reaction involving synthesis of [13C]cyanamide followed by its condensation with sarcosine. The creatine guanidino carbon 13C NMR frequency shifts upon the formation of phosphocreatine by 0.83 ppm with a splitting (2JCP = 3.3 Hz) due to two-bond phosphorus-carbon coupling. The high 13C enrichment (99%) at the guanidino carbon of creatine gave rise to an adequate signal-to-noise ratio for both creatine and phosphocreatine so that a study of the time course of the creatine phosphokinase reaction could be performed and provided the means for a determination of the Km (15.5 mM) of the reaction. PMID- 3747824 TI - Optimum acquisition times of two spin echoes for MR image synthesis. AB - Spin-echo images can be synthesized at arbitrary values of echo time TEs if two images are acquired at the same repetition time and two different echo times TE1 and TE2. Depending on the value of TEs, the noise in the synthetic images can either be greater or less than the acquisition noise. This note shows that if the time between the acquired echoes TE2 - TE1 is equal to T2, the noise level in the synthetic images is no larger than the acquisition noise for TEs greater than or equal to TE1. This is the lowest possible noise bound for two-echo acquisition. Also, the noise bound for images synthesized with O less than or equal to TEs less than or equal to TE1 is minimized by making TE1 as short as possible. PMID- 3747825 TI - Double pulse echoes--a novel approach for fat-water separation in magnetic resonance imaging. AB - A novel method to obtain separate fat and water images is presented. It is based on the replacement of the first echo generating pi pulse by two pi/2 pulses separated by a time delay corresponding to one-half cycle of the resonance frequency difference between fat and water protons. PMID- 3747826 TI - Effect of a 1.5 T static magnetic field on body temperature of man. AB - Reports in the literature concerning the effect of static magnetic fields on the body temperature of mammals have been contradictory and confusing. A significant increase in body temperature in human subjects exposed to the static magnetic fields used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) would have important safety implications. Therefore, in two separate studies we determined body temperature in 20 subjects exposed to a 1.5 T static magnetic field. One group of subjects (Group I, N = 9) had sublingual pocket temperature measured immediately before and after a 60 min exposure, while another group of subjects (Group II, N = 11) had esophageal temperature determined at 2 min intervals during a 20 min exposure. No statistically significant changes in body temperature were observed in either Group I or II subjects during exposure to the 1.5 T static magnetic field. We conclude that a relatively intense static magnetic field has no effect on body temperature of normal human subjects. PMID- 3747827 TI - The prognosis of focal segmental glomerular sclerosis of adulthood. AB - We describe 46 adults with idiopathic focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS). The mean age was 36.9 years (range, 15 to 80 years). Males represented 61%, and 65.2% were white. Hypertension was a presenting feature in 63% and 32.6% had microscopic hematuria. Twenty-nine patients had nephrotic proteinuria (greater than or equal to 3.0 g/24 h) at presentation, and 13 had renal insufficiency (serum creatinine concentration greater than 1.5 mg/dl). A mean follow-up of 59.8 months (range, 3 to 255 months) was obtained. In addition to segmental sclerosis, glomerular hyalinosis was observed in 65.3% of biopsies, and this was similar irrespective of the severity of proteinuria. Sixteen of the 29 patients with nephrotic proteinuria received prednisone therapy (60 mg/day) for at least 1 month. Three received cytotoxic agents in addition. A response to therapy was observed in 50%, 5 achieving a complete remission and 3 a partial remission. No patient with non-nephrotic proteinuria received prednisone therapy. The clinical course of each patient was evaluated based on the slope calculated by the linear regression method using the inverse of serum creatinine from the time of presentation to follow-up. Patients with non-nephrotic proteinuria had a better prognosis than nephrotics (P less than .05). Nephrotic patients responding to therapy had a better course than non-responders or patients not treated (P less than 0.01). At the time of last follow-up, 8 patients had progressed to end stage renal disease, 6 of whom had presented with nephrotic proteinuria. No patient responding to therapy had progressed to end-stage renal disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3747828 TI - Anemia in alcoholics. AB - In order to develop a diagnostic approach to the common problem of anemia associated with alcoholism, 121 chronic alcoholics admitted to a general medical service with a low hematocrit were evaluated. Multiple contributing causes of anemia were present in most patients. Megaloblastic marrow change was found in 33.9% of patients, sideroblastic change in 23.1%, absent iron stores in 13.2%, aggregated macrophage iron in 81.0%, and acute blood loss in 24.8%. The MCV was of little value in predicting the presence of megaloblastic change unless markedly elevated (greater than 110 fl). In 15 of 41 patients with megaloblastic marrow morphology (36.6%) the MCV was normal or low. Among 40 patients with MCV values between 100 and 110 fl, megaloblastic change was not present in the bone marrow smears of 24 (60.0%). Neutrophil hypersegmentation was 95% specific but only 78% sensitive for megaloblastic change; in contrast, the presence of macroovalocytosis was 90% sensitive but only 68% specific. Serum lactic dehydrogenase, plasma folate, and erythrocyte folate levels had such low sensitivities and specificities for megaloblastic change as to be of little predictive value. Hematologic responses to folic acid were often inadequate in patients with megaloblastic morphologic changes, apparently because of associated acute and chronic illness. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that 2 mechanisms account for the development of megaloblastic hematopoiesis in alcoholics: induction of folate deficiency and a direct toxic effect of alcohol on erythroid precursors independent of folate depletion, as reflected by the presence of normal plasma and erythrocyte folate levels in several patients with megaloblastic change. In no patient was sideroblastic change the sole apparent cause of anemia. Megaloblastic hematopoiesis and aggregated macrophage iron frequently accompanied sideroblastic change. Examination of the blood smear revealed siderocytes in one-third of patients with sideroblastic marrows and dimorphic erythrocyte morphology in the majority. Dimorphic blood smears, however, were neither sensitive nor specific for sideroblastic change. Serum iron concentrations were usually not elevated in the group with sideroblastic abnormalities. In predicting marrow iron stores, serum iron and iron-binding capacity concentrations were often non-diagnostic or misleading. Serum ferritin levels less than 100 ng/ml, however, showed 100% sensitivity and 95% specificity for absent marrow iron stores despite the frequent presence of abnormal liver function. On the basis of our findings, practical guidelines have been formulated for the evaluation and therapy of anemia in alcohol PMID- 3747829 TI - [Comparative evaluation of the incidence of premature labor among female workers in plants with different work profiles]. AB - The incidence rate of premature births has been studied in 777 women employed at a chemical plant, 1430 women working in clothing industry, and 805 port women workers. In the mentioned groups 35,41 and women, respectively, had undergone premature births. This constituted 4.5, 2.87 and 3.85%. However, in women who had delivered, these percentages have gone up to 5.55, 4.18 and 5.24. With reference to the first as well as the second findings the above differences are statistically insignificant. In the test plants no workplaces exposing to a greater risk manifested by frequent premature births have been disclosed. In all the three plants the first premature birth was recorded almost at the same rate in women who previously had no pregnancy or delivered on time, while the subsequent premature births and most frequently been directly preceded by a premature delivery. Spontaneous abortion preceded the premature births over five, and the pregnancy interruption procedure over six times less frequently than the normal parturition. The direct and most often conjectural causes of premature births mentioned by the examined subjects include: premature flow of the amniotic fluid, physical effort disconnected with the work performed, serological incompatibility involving Rh factor, psychic trauma and gestosis. PMID- 3747830 TI - [Preliminary results of studies of the incidence, causes and effects of occupational accidents in the Belchatow Industrial District. I. Direct causes of occupational accidents]. AB - The work has been aimed at an analysis of accidents at work occurring throughout 1981-1982 at the Belchatow Industrial District. The most common causes of accidents at work have been direct factors resulting mainly from workers' inadvertence or recklessness, improper performance of occupational tasks, lack of appropriate tools, and settlement of private affairs at work. The incidence of accidents at work might be reduced by compliance with safety-and-hygiene-of-work rules, better supervision, work organization and efficient working tools. PMID- 3747831 TI - [Evaluation of various biochemical parameters in the urine and blood of painters in the carpentry business]. AB - The work has been aimed at investigating the effects of organic solvent-toluene upon the painters of the Building Joinery Factory. Studies carried out during 1978-1980 showed an increased level of toluene metabolite (hippuric acid) in painters' urine, as compared to the environmental control group. The highest level of hippuric acid in painters' urine was found in the first period (first six months) of their job. This was not related to an increase in toluene vapours at the workplace. In painters' blood some irregular and rather small modifications of enzymatic activity were exhibited. PMID- 3747832 TI - [Morphological evaluation of the lungs of rats exposed to soil dust]. AB - By histological (survey staining with hematoxylin and eosin) and analytical (determination of trace elements content) techniques, morphological evaluation of the lungs of rats affected by soil dust has been carried out. Experimental animals have been given intratracheally, with a blunt aspirating needle, a suspension of 50 mg of the test sample of soil dust in 0.6 ml of 0.9% NaCl solution. The material for studies, in form of small segments of lungs, has been collected 3 and 9 months after dusts application. The findings point to possible pathogenetic effects of soil dusts, which is related to their physico-chemical properties. PMID- 3747833 TI - [Toxicity of volatile thermal degradation products of conveyer belts studied in guinea pigs]. AB - The toxicity to guinea pigs of the thermal degradation products of conveyor belts, preliminarily filtered through mining gas-mask container, has been tested. The smoke from rubber belts was more toxic than that from polyvinyl chloride. Addition of coal during burning decreased the toxicity of smoke. The test products caused an increase in serum aspartate and alanine aminotransferase, and pulmonary emphysema and edema. In the animals that survived the early period post intoxication, bronchopneumonia as well as pneumonia of parenchymatous type and small degeneration lesions in the liver and kidney have been found. PMID- 3747834 TI - [Neutrophil agglutination test in sensitized guinea pigs]. AB - Guinea pigs sensitized with DNCB, K2Cr2O7, epidian 5, hardener Z1 and dye B, in which epidermal tests confirmed sensitization, exhibited, 24 hours after the test termination, increased agglutination of neutrophils. In the blood of animals sensitized with dye B using the Polak and Turk, as well as Magnusson and Kligman techniques, percentage indices of agglutination, whether spontaneous or induced by adding 25 micrograms of the allergen, were 2,40 and 8,90 for DNCB, 6,72 and 13.30 for K2Cr2O7, 7.61 and 12.59 for epidian 5, 8.69 and 11.63 for hardener Z1, 1.38 and 2.15 and 2.17 and 3.21 for dye B. The average (from 6 control groups) number of neutrophils, both those self-agglutinated and those induced by allergen, was 2.54 and 3.24, respectively. No increase in neutrophils agglutination in guinea pigs sensitized with the Alekseeva and Sumska technique exhibiting no allergy--was found. The results point to the usability of determinations of neutrophils agglutination in blood as an auxiliary index confirming sensitivity to a given allergen. PMID- 3747835 TI - Effect of catecholamines on the metabolic fate of nonesterified fatty acids in isolated hepatocytes from newborn rats. AB - Isolated hepatocytes from newborn rats are able to produce ketone bodies from added medium-chain and long-chain fatty acids. Carnitine enhances the rate of ketone body synthesis from palmitate as well as from caprinoate. The 3-OHB/AcAc ratios indicate a highly reduced state of the mitochondrial redox carriers in the presence of both fatty acids and carnitine. Ketogenesis from palmitate accounts for about 90% of the total beta-oxidation. At recovery of 95% of the radioactivity two thirds of totally fatty acid uptake are channeled into esterification, whereas the remainder is oxidized. alpha- and beta-agonists stimulate glycogen degradation and glucose release and reduce net lactate production in hepatocytes from newborn rats. The (1-14C)-palmitate uptake is not altered by alpha- and beta-agonists. Phenylephrine significantly enhances 14CO2 production from (1-14C)-palmitate. Neither of the agonists affects the rate of esterification or of ketone body production with palmitate as substrate. Isoproterenol, however, stimulates ketogenesis from caprinoate even in the presence of optimal carnitine concentrations. PMID- 3747836 TI - Metabolism of mammary, abdominal, and femoral adipocytes in women before and after menopause. AB - In 23 women before and 11 after menopause, adipocyte size, lipoprotein lipase activity, and lipolytic responsiveness to norepinephrine were compared in different regions of adipose tissue. In premenopausal women femoral adipocytes were characterized by a higher lipoprotein lipase activity than abdominal or mammary adipocytes. On the other hand, lipolytic responsiveness and sensitivity in the latter two was higher than in femoral tissue. In postmenopausal women no differences in lipoprotein lipase or lipolysis were found among the three regions. Consequently, menopause in women seemed to be associated with a diminution of not only the increased lipoprotein lipase activity of femoral adipocytes, but also of the high lipolytic response in abdominal and mammary adipose tissue. It is therefore suggested that female sex steroid hormones exert regionally specific effects, ie, increasing lipoprotein lipase in femoral adipocytes, which therefore become enlarged. It also seems possible that stimulation of lipolysis in abdominal and mammary adipocytes is an effect of sex steroid hormones. From the results obtained it is hypothesized that the secondary sex characteristics of adipose tissue distribution in women might be caused by regionally specific effects of sex steroid hormones on adipocyte metabolism. PMID- 3747837 TI - Parathyroid hormone and neonatal calcium homeostasis: evidence for secondary hyperparathyroidism in the Asian neonate. AB - Calcium, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 OHD), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations were measured in 11 Asian and ten Caucasian pregnant women at parturition and in their respective newborns following a full term normal delivery. Maternal calcium and 25 OHD concentrations were significantly lower while PTH concentrations were significantly greater in Asians than those in Caucasians. There was a significant inverse relationship between calcium and PTH and the relationship between 25 OHD and PTH concentrations. Neonatal calcium and 25 OHD concentrations were also significantly lower and PTH concentrations significantly higher in Asians than those in Caucasians. There was a highly significant inverse correlation between neonatal calcium and PTH concentrations. Three of the 11 Asian babies had supranormal concentrations of PTH in their cord blood. We conclude that PTH participates in neonatal calcium homeostasis and Asian newborns have frequent secondary hyperparathyroidism. PMID- 3747838 TI - Myo-inositol enhances the proliferation of human endothelial cells in culture but fails to prevent the delay induced by high glucose. AB - Evidence is accumulating, indicating that the abnormal metabolic milieu of diabetes might interfere with orderly replication of some cellular systems and in vitro studies point to a causal contribution of elevated glucose. We had previously shown that human umbilical vein endothelial cells cultured in 20 mmol/L glucose are delayed in achieving saturation density primarily as a consequence of decreased cellular proliferation. We have now addressed whether depletion of myo-inositol--a prevailing consequence of hyperglycemia in other tissues and overcome by provision of supplemental inositol--might play a role in the observed replicative abnormality. Control cultures (5 mmol/L glucose) displayed a dose-dependent response to myo-inositol supplementation that was maximal at concentrations (40 mumol/L) matching physiologic serum levels. The increment in cell number was (mean +/- SD) 141 +/- 20% of control (P less than 0.001), and saturation density was achieved at a cell number 160% higher than in nonsupplemented cultures. Thymidine incorporation and cell cycle studies documented that myo-inositol increased the number of cells cycle studies documented that myo-inositol increased the number of cells engaged in DNA synthesis. These effects of myo-inositol, as well as the dose-response relationship between ambient inositol levels and increments in cell number, were not significantly modified by 20 mmol/L glucose with the exceptions of a transient lesser effect of the physiologic doses during rapid proliferation (day 6) and a larger effect of all doses of myo-inositol in later stages of growth curve (day 12).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3747839 TI - Influence of molecular structure on half-life and hydrolysis of dipeptides in plasma: importance of glycine as N-terminal amino acid residue. AB - To investigate the effect of molecular structure on plasma disappearance and metabolism of dipeptides, rats were injected intravenously with individual dipeptides, and at various intervals after injection, dipeptide and amino acid concentrations were measured in plasma, tissues, and urine. In addition, plasma hydrolase activity against individual dipeptides was investigated. The half-lives of Ala-Leu, Ala-Tyr, and Ala-Gln were shorter than those of dipeptides with glycine substituting for alanine. Furthermore, the increases in plasma concentrations of leucine, tyrosine, and glutamine and rates of dipeptide hydrolysis by plasma enzymes were far greater with alanyl than glycyl dipeptides. In fact, Ala-Leu behaved like a mixture of corresponding free amino acids in raising the plasma concentration of leucine while Gly-Leu did not. There was no significant difference in either plasma half-life or hydrolysis when Leu-Gly and Leu-Ala were used as substrates, but both had rapid rates of hydrolysis in plasma. In comparison to Gly-Leu, Phe-Leu and Arg-Leu had shorter half-lives and greater rates of hydrolysis in plasma. On the other hand, Asp-Leu had a slower rate of plasma hydrolysis than Gly-Leu, but its excretion in the urine was much greater than that of Gly-Leu. In contrast to Gly-Leu and Ala-Leu, Gly-Pro was detected intracellularly in liver, muscle, and particularly, kidney. In fact, the intracellular concentration of Gly-Pro in kidney was either equal to or greater than Gly-Pro concentration in plasma. Increases in intracellular amino acid concentration after injection of individual dipeptides were considerably greater in the kidney than in either liver or muscle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3747840 TI - Meal composition and plasma amino acid ratios: effect of various proteins or carbohydrates, and of various protein concentrations. AB - We examined the effects of meals containing various proteins and carbohydrates, and of those containing various proportions of protein (0% to 20% of a meal, by weight) or of carbohydrate (0% to 75%), on plasma levels of certain large neutral amino acids (LNAA) in rats previously fasted for 19 hours. We also calculated the plasma tryptophan ratios (the ratio of the plasma tryptophan concentration to the summed concentrations of the other large neutral amino acids) and other plasma amino acid ratios. (The plasma tryptophan ratio has been shown to determine brain tryptophan levels and, thereby, to affect the synthesis and release of the neurotransmitter serotonin). A meal containing 70% to 75% of an insulin-secreting carbohydrate (dextrose or dextrin) increased plasma insulin levels and the tryptophan ratio; those containing 0% or 25% carbohydrate failed to do so. Addition of as little as 5% casein to a 70% carbohydrate meal fully blocked the increase in the plasma tryptophan ratio without affecting the secretion of insulin--probably by contributing much larger quantities of the other LNAA than of tryptophan to the blood. Dietary proteins differed in their ability to suppress the carbohydrate-induced rise in the plasma tryptophan ratio. Addition of 10% casein, peanut meal, or gelatin fully blocked this increase, but lactalbumin failed to do so, and egg white did so only partially. (Consumption of the 10% gelatin meal also produced a major reduction in the plasma tyrosine ratio, and may thereby have affected brain tyrosine levels and catecholamine synthesis).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3747841 TI - Relationship of thyroid hormones and norepinephrine to the lateral hypothalamic syndrome. AB - The role of thyroid hormones and norepinephrine in the elevated thermogenesis seen following lateral hypothalamic (LH) lesions was investigated by measuring serum thyroid hormone levels and urinary norepinephrine excretion during the 24 hours following placement of LH lesions and again one month later when body weight had stabilized at a reduced level. During the first 24 hours following LH lesions, serum thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) were significantly depressed. By one month postlesion, both T4 and T3 had returned to normal. In contrast, urinary excretion of norepinephrine (NE) was increased 100% during the 24 hours following LH lesions. By one month postlesion, NE had returned to normal levels. These results indicate that the elevated thermogenesis seen shortly following LH lesions does not reflect enhanced thyroid activity, but is probably a consequence of sympathetic nervous system stimulation. The return of NE to normal levels after one month is consistent with the observation that LH-lesioned rats are by one month postlesion no longer hypermetabolic, but display levels of heat production appropriate to the reduced body weight they then maintain. PMID- 3747842 TI - Sodium-dependent urinary acidification in patients with aldosterone deficiency and in adrenalectomized rats: effect of furosemide. AB - Urinary acidification during metabolic acidosis and in response to stimulation of sodium-dependent hydrogen ion secretion using furosemide administration was evaluated in 12 patients with hyperkalemic hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis associated with mild chronic renal insufficiency and aldosterone deficiency. During spontaneous metabolic acidosis, the urine of all patients was acidic (pH less than 5.5), but ammonium excretion was markedly reduced (6.6 +/- 1.3 mu Eq/min) comprising only about 20% of net acid excretion (30.5 +/- 5.7 mu Eq/min). Furosemide (80 mg orally) resulted in a further fall in urine pH (from 5.29 +/- 0.06 to 4.97 +/- 0.09, P less than 0.02) and a significant increase in net acid excretion (from 30 +/- 5.8 to 38 +/- 5.1 mu Eq/min, P less than 0.02) while plasma aldosterone did not change (from 9.8 +/- 1.7 to 9.7 +/- 1.6 micrograms/dL). To investigate whether the acute stimulatory effect of furosemide on distal acidification requires some degree of mineralocorticoid activity, studies were conducted in adrenalectomized rats. The fall in urine pH and the increase in net acid excretion elicited by furosemide in adrenalectomized rats were comparable to those observed in adrenal-intact animals (5.37 +/- 0.10 v 5.67 +/- 0.11 and 0.43 +/- 0.08 v 0.41 +/- 0.06 mu Eq/min, respectively). In contrast, in adrenalectomized rats given amiloride to inhibit sodium transport in the cortical collecting tubule, furosemide failed to lower urine pH (6.44 +/- 0.23) and to increase net acid excretion (0.07 +/- 0.06 mu Eq/min). These findings demonstrate that furosemide enhances hydrogen ion secretion in the absence of aldosterone provided that sodium-transport in the cortical collecting tubule is not impaired.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3747843 TI - Altered high density lipoprotein metabolism in patients with myeloproliferative disorders and hypocholesterolemia. AB - Patients with the myeloproliferative disorders (MPD), myeloid metaplasia and polycythemia vera, have significantly reduced concentrations of plasma low density (LDL) and high density (HDL) lipoprotein cholesterol (C). We have previously demonstrated that increased catabolism of LDL was associated with the low LDL-C levels. In the present study we have determined the rates of synthesis and removal of apolipoprotein A-1 (apoA-1) in five subjects with MPD who had markedly reduced HDL-C concentrations (18.2 +/- 4.1 mg/dL). Their results were compared to those obtained in six subjects with hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) with similar levels of HDL-C (19.7 +/- 3.9 mg/dL) and five subjects with normal (N) HDL-C concentrations (49.6 +/- 7.4 mg/dL). The results demonstrated that the fractional catabolic rate (FCR) for apoA-1 was significantly increased in the MPD group v N (0.38 +/- 0.15 v 0.21 +/- 0.03 day-1, P less than 0.05) while the synthetic rates for apoA-1 were similar in the two groups. The FCR for apoA-1 in the HTG group (0.36 +/- 0.07 day-1) was nearly identical to that in the MPD group, in spite of the large differences in their plasma triglyceride concentrations (406.2 +/- 217.9 v 117.0 +/- 29.8 mg/dL, P less than 0.05). Compositional studies indicated that the HTG group had very cholesterol depleted HDL while the HDL particles in the MPD group appeared to have a normal cholesterol content. These studies indicate that subjects with MPD have striking increases in HDL catabolism that can account fully for their markedly reduced levels of HDL cholesterol. The pathophysiologic mechanisms that are the basis of this alteration remain to be determined. PMID- 3747844 TI - Secretory patterns of growth hormone during basal periods in man. AB - Human growth hormone (hGH) concentrations in plasma often fall to levels not detectable by RIA. These so-called basal levels prevail during the greater part of the day. Since hGH is involved in the homeostasis of several metabolic processes, it is important to examine its exact plasma concentration and secretory pattern during basal periods. We used an immunoadsorbent technique to extract hGH from large plasma samples to precisely measure basal hGH concentrations and their variation with time. Blood samples (20 mL) were drawn from 12 normal subjects in the fasted and rested state every 15 minutes over a three-hour period. Plasma hGH levels varied over three orders of magnitude (range, 34 to 60,000 pg/mL). During basal periods, episodes of secretory pulses, of moderate sustained secretion, and of complete secretory inactivity occurred. Women had significantly higher overall hGH levels as well as basal hGH levels than men, but no significant sex difference in the pulse frequency during basal periods could be detected in the limited time allotted for study. No convincing relationship was noted between variations in plasma glucose and the secretory pattern of hGH, or vice versa. We conclude that hGH is secreted in an episodic fashion during basal periods. Conceptually, basal and stimulated hGH secretion may be viewed as extremes of a continuous spectrum of pituitary activity, basal hGH levels are lower than heretofore appreciated, the known tendency of women to higher hGH levels is also evident in the basal range, and oscillations in plasma glucose do not affect the microsecretory pattern of hGH, nor are endogenous hGH pulses followed by acute changes in glycemia. PMID- 3747845 TI - Psychological effects of progestogens in the post-menopausal years. AB - Progestogens are increasingly being advocated as a necessary and integral part of hormone replacement therapy. Yet few studies have measured the acceptability of these regimes. One factor profoundly affecting acceptability, and thus patient compliance, is the presence of adverse psychological effects of progestogens. There have been few double-blind trials which have evaluated such effects of progestogens and compared them with the effects of oestrogen administration alone. There is some evidence of less favourable effects when certain progestogens are added to oestrogen or used alone. Whilst the literature is limited there is an indication that adverse effects of progestogens may relate to dosage, type of progestogen and individual sensitivity of women to hormone provocation of symptoms. Further studies are needed to test these hypotheses. PMID- 3747846 TI - Climacteric complaints as influenced by progestogens. AB - A general assessment of the usefulness of progestogens in the treatment of climacteric complaints is made, based on evidence from the literature. The effects of progestogens in regard to vasomotor and mental symptoms are considered separately. PMID- 3747847 TI - A review of the role of progestogens in hormonal replacement therapy: influence on bleeding patterns. AB - Most post-menopausal hormone replacement regimens lead to endometrial bleeding in some women. However, the response to any one regimen varies greatly from individual to individual. With most regimens, some women will experience amenorrhoea, some will experience scheduled withdrawal bleeding and some will experience unscheduled breakthrough bleeding. The proportions of women in each case will depend on the oestrogen and progestogen dosages, the regimen and route by which these are administered and their respective 'potencies'. With appropriate counseling, many women will tolerate continued menstrual bleeding after the menopause, but most would still prefer not to have it if given the option. Much additional research needs to be done to determine which hormonal regimens are the most effective, safe and acceptable for different groups of women. PMID- 3747848 TI - Recent developments regarding steroid receptors and antihormones. PMID- 3747849 TI - Prevention of endometrial cancer with progestogens. AB - Unopposed oestrogen replacement therapy increases the risk of endometrial cancer in post-menopausal women. However, the addition of progestogen to the oestrogen therapy reduces the risk of endometrial carcinoma by preventing and effectively treating hyperplasia of the endometrium. In a 5-yr prospective study with a further 4 yr of follow-up (1975-83), 31 adenocarcinomas of the endometrium were detected over 27243 patient-years of observation, for an incidence of 113.8:100 000 women. The first report on the results of the study appeared in 1978; this paper presents further results. The lowest incidence of endometrial cancer (49.0:100 000) was observed among the oestrogen-progestogen users and the highest (390.6:100 000) among the unopposed oestrogen users. Not only was the incidence of endometrial carcinoma significantly lower in the oestrogen-progestogen users than in those using unopposed oestrogens (P less than or equal to 0.0001), but it was also significantly lower than that among the non-hormone users (245.5:100 000 with P less than or equal to 0.0005). Endometrial hyperplasia had been diagnosed previously in 12 of the 31 patients with adenocarcinoma (38.7%) from 4 mth to 8 yr before the detection of cancer. When given for 7-10 days each month progestogens are effective in reversing hyperplasia and restoring a normal endometrium in 94.5% of patients treated within 3-6 mth. The progestogen challenge test was devised to identify post-menopausal women at greatest risk for adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. It is concluded that the use of this test will reduce the risk of endometrial cancer in both oestrogen-treated post-menopausal women and women with increased endogenous oestrogens. PMID- 3747850 TI - Role of progestogens in the prevention of breast cancer. AB - The incidence of breast cancer has continued to decrease each year at Wilford Hall United States Air Force Medical Center with the ever-increasing use of combined progestogen-oestrogen replacement therapy over the past 12 yr. By 1983, the overall incidence of breast cancer had fallen to 53.9:100 000. The lowest rate for the 9 yr of a prospective study to 1983 was seen among the oestrogen progestogen users (66.8:100 000) although it was also slightly reduced in both the unopposed oestrogen users (142.3:100 000 and the oestrogen vaginal cream users (116.3:100 000). The incidence was significantly lower in both the oestrogen-progestogen users and the oestrogen users (P less than or equal to 0.01) as compared with untreated women (343.5:100 000). These data further strengthen the growing evidence that the addition of progestogen to oestrogen decreases the risk of mammary malignancy. PMID- 3747851 TI - Progestogens, an important component of hormonal replacement therapy in menopause. PMID- 3747852 TI - Study on crop adhesion genetic determinant in Lactobacillus reuteri. AB - The genetic determinant responsible for adherence in one strain of Lactobacillus reuteri isolated from chicken crop has been investigated. After curing experiments carried out on this strain, a plasmid-free derivative was obtained, resulting unchanged as regards adhesion ability and carbohydrate fermentation pattern, but showing a loss of antibiotic resistances. It is suggested a possible localization on chromosome of adhesion determinant. PMID- 3747853 TI - Effect of concanavalin A on early interactions of Sindbis virus with goose erythrocytes and BHK 21 cells. AB - The role of mannose containing molecules in Sindbis virus envelope glycoproteins and cell membrane receptors was investigated by means of concanavalin A (con A). Treatment of virus or BHK 21 cells with the lectin before infection reduced viral infectivity. Hemagglutination and hemolysis showed a different sensitivity to con A. Hemagglutination was not affected by the lectin and treatment of erythrocytes with con A produced an enhancement of agglutinability by the virus. Hemolytic activity was, on the contrary, strongly reduced by the lectin. The inhibition observed is due to an action on viral structures and not to an interaction with erythrocyte receptors because con A did not affect the hemolysis when preincubated with erythrocytes. PMID- 3747854 TI - Comparison of effects of penicillin minimal inhibitory and sub-inhibitory concentration on Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecium does not support the view that antibiotic sub-inhibitory concentrations can specifically interfere with bacterial virulence. AB - The effect of minimal (MIC) and sub-minimal (sub-MIC) inhibitory concentrations of penicillin on Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecium were compared. It was found that similar alterations in both cell shape and ultrastructure were found in the presence of penicillin MIC and sub-MICs, the only difference being that while in the presence of penicillin MIC all individual cells were altered, in the presence of sub-MICs the damaged portion was smaller the lower the penicillin concentration and the longer the incubation time. By testing the effect of inoculum size on the penicillin MIC, it was found that penicillin concentrations, which were sub-MICs for rather dense population, turned out to be the MICs for lower density populations. These findings do not support the view that sub-MICs of antibiotics can cause specific damage to bacterial cells which, although not leading to growth inhibition, lowers their virulence. On the contrary, it is suggested that penicillin sub-MICs have no specific effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecium cells, but simply differ from MIC in that they do not inhibit all cells. PMID- 3747855 TI - A comparative study of protoplast preparation and regeneration in Streptomyces rimosus and Streptomyces lividans. AB - One of the basic techniques for DNA cloning in Streptomyces is the preparation of protoplasts and the efficient regeneration of normal mycelia. In order to develop an oxytetracycline producing S. rimosus strain as a host for molecular cloning, the efficiencies of protoplast preparation and cell wall regeneration were compared with those obtained using S. lividans, the host for the majority of cloning experiments. The results presented suggest that the S. rimosus strain selected is a convenient host for the cloning of recombinant DNA, at least in relation to the preparation and regeneration of protoplasts. Interestingly, the size of the protoplasts was dependent upon the physiological age of the mycelium in S. rimosus; no such dependence was observed in S. lividans. PMID- 3747856 TI - Ability of Yersinia enterocolitica cells to inactivate bacteriophage I at 25 degrees and 37 degrees C. AB - The presence of receptors to bacteriophage I of Y. enterocolitica in Y. enterocolitica cells grown at 37 degrees C was investigated. Protein extracts obtained from bacterial cells (strain 4052) grown at 25 degrees or 37 degrees C produced a diminution of free bacteriophage. Cultures of this strain inactivated phage I at 37 degrees C, and high titre suspensions of this phage showed bacteriocin-like activity. According to these results receptor sites must be present in Y. enterocolitica cells incubated at 37 degrees C. PMID- 3747857 TI - Anatomy of a practice consultation. PMID- 3747858 TI - Collection service and credit card program trim receivables. PMID- 3747859 TI - Associations can hire PSG's administrative services. PMID- 3747860 TI - Amicus curiae brief filed for MSMS in Supreme Court case. PMID- 3747861 TI - Decline and fall? PMID- 3747862 TI - Isolation, and structural and chemical characterization of outer sheath carrying a polygonal array from Treponema phagedenis biotype Reiter. AB - An outer sheath was isolated from Treponema phagedenis biotype Reiter by our previously developed method (Masuda, K., and Kawata, T. 1982. J. Bacteriol. 150: 1405-1413). The isolated outer sheath was observed as a triple-layered, closed vesicle carrying a polygonal array by electron microscopy. The outer sheath was mainly composed of protein (41.0%), phospholipid (38.7%), and carbohydrate (11.0%). Sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of the isolated outer sheath in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol (EtSH) gave one major protein band with an apparent molecular weight of about 69,000 and several minor protein bands. On the other hand, in the absence of EtSH, the major protein band disappeared but two new protein bands at positions of molecular weights of about 65,000 and 72,000 appeared. The SDS-PAGE profiles of the minor protein bands did not change with or without EtSH. Sodium deoxycholate (DOC)-solubilized materials from the isolated outer sheath were reassembled into thin membranous sheets carrying a roughly polygonal array upon removal of DOC by dialysis against Tris-HCl buffer in the absence of Mg2+. PMID- 3747863 TI - Experimental infections of dogs with type C influenza virus. AB - A study was performed to determine if type C influenza infection could be established in dogs as a model for human cases. Mongrel dogs were infected with the Ann Arbor/1/50 strain of type C influenza virus and were examined for clinical symptoms, virus isolation and antibody response. After the first exposure to the virus, all infected animals developed nasal discharge and some of them also showed swelling of the eyelids, and suffusion of the eyes with tears and eye mucus, within 1 to 4 days. The animals showed an increase in hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) serum antibody, and recovery of the agent from the nasal swabs was successful. The symptoms lasted for as long as 10 days in most infected dogs, which was comparable to our human cases reported previously (Katagiri, S., Ohizumi, A., and Homma, M. 1983. J. Infect. Dis. 48: 51-56). After the second and third virus exposures at intervals of 50 days, all animals developed the same symptoms as those described above and the rise in antibody titer was evident. The virus could be recovered from four of the six dogs 2 to 5 days after the second exposure and from one dog as late as 10 days after the third exposure. Increases in antibody titer in the IgM fraction were observed after every infection. In control dogs which were mock-infected with UV inactivated virus, no symptoms were evident and recovery of the virus was not successful although an increase in HI serum antibody titer was seen. These results show that mongrel dogs are sensitive to type C influenza virus and that repeated infections characteristic of human influenza C can be experimentally produced in dogs. PMID- 3747864 TI - Number of hits necessary for complement-mediated hemolysis. AB - The number of hits necessary for the C8 and C9 steps of immune hemolysis was reexamined with a previously unemployed experimental design, in which various numbers of EAC1-7, excess of the supplementary component and a constant amount of the component tested were incubated in a constant volume (Inoue et al. 1976. Infect. Immun. 13: 337). Our results were consistent with previous findings; the steps of guinea pig C8 and C9, the human C8 each followed a one-hit mechanism, while that of human C9 showed ka multi-hit response. When lysis of sensitized erythrocytes (EA) by normal human serum was analysed in a similar way, one-hit curves were obtained. This result, taken together with the above results, suggests that immune hemolysis occurs by a single lesion including a single C8 and multiple C9 in the case of human complement and that normal human serum contains sufficient excess of C9. On the other hand, when C9-deficient human serum was used for lysis of EA, multiple-hit curves were obtained. The mechanism of lysis by C5b-8 may differ from that by C5b-9. PMID- 3747865 TI - Comparison of the fecal microflora in rural Japanese and urban Canadians. AB - The fecal microflora of nine rural healthy Japanese and eight urban healthy Canadians was examined. The two populations ate typical Japanese and western diets, respectively. The numbers of eubacteria (P less than 0.01), bifidobacteria (P less than 0.05), bacilli (P less than 0.01), lactobacilli and veillonellae and the frequency of occurrence of bifidobacteria were higher in the Japanese than in the Canadians. Higher numbers of bacteroides and lecithinase-negative clostridia were found in the Canadians. Twenty-three genera and over 75 species or biovars were isolated from the feces of Japanese and 18 genera and over 66 species or biovars from the Canadians. The numbers of Bacteroides vulgatus (P less than 0.05), Clostridium coccides (P less than 0.001), and C. tertium (P less than 0.05) and the incidence of B. uniformis (P less than 0.01), C. innocuum (P less than 0.05), and Bacillus spp. (P less than 0.01) were significantly lower in the Japanese than in the Canadians. In contrast, the numbers of Eubacterium aerofaciens (P less than 0.001), and the incidence of Bifidobacterium adolescentis biovar b (P less than 0.01) and Bacillus subtilis (P less than 0.01) were significantly higher in the Japanese than in the Canadians. These findings suggest that significant reductions in anaerobic gram-positive bacilli and increased numbers of bacteroides and clostridia in the feces were induced by the intake of a western diet. PMID- 3747867 TI - Test for sulfolipid formation from [35S]sulfate as an aid to differentiate mycobacteria from rhodococci and nocardiae. PMID- 3747866 TI - A novel rat monoclonal antibody directed against a population of activated mouse peritoneal macrophages. AB - A hybridoma clone secreting rat monoclonal antibody (MAB) designated as 3F3.5F and which reacted with a population of activated tumoricidal mouse peritoneal macrophage (M phi) was produced by the fusion of mouse myeloma cells with rat spleen cells immunized against adherent BCG-activated mouse peritoneal exudate cells (adherent BCG-PEC). The antibody was cytotoxic and of the rat IgM class. The specific reactivity of the antibody with mouse primary cells and cell lines was examined by complement-dependent cytotoxicity and indirect immunofluorescence flow cytometry analysis. The antibody was found to bind to about 40% of the adherent BCG-PEC activated in vivo and elicited peritoneal macrophages activated in vitro by lymphokine and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), to about 35% of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) 15 hr after intraperitoneal injection of BCG, to about 30% of bone marrow cells from BCG-infected mice, to about 10% of P815 mastocytoma cells and to thioglycollate-induced PEC to some degree. It did not bind to other cells tested including BCG-induced peritoneal lymphocytes, non tumoricidal PEC, thymocytes, spleen cells, resting bone marrow cells from normal mice, lymphomas, myelomas, fibroblasts, or macrophage-cell lines. Pretreatment of adherent BCG-PEC with MAB 3F3.5F and rabbit complement caused a considerable decrease in tumor cytotoxicity toward P815 cells, but the same pretreatment of non-adherent BCG-PEC had no inhibitory effect on natural killer activity for YAC 1 cells. PMID- 3747868 TI - [Characteristics of mutagenesis and repair following UV irradiation in the methylotrophic bacterium Pseudomonas methanolica]. AB - The methylotrophic bacterium Pseudomonas methanolica was shown to be very resistant to the bactericidal and mutagenic action of UV irradiation. The activity of reparation processes after UV irradiation was also detected as well as a weak photoreactivating activity in P. methanolica. The decrease in the survival rate of irradiated cells under the action of caffeine and acriflavine, reparation inhibitors, is indicative of the activity of the excision reparation systems and, possibly, the recombination branch of postreplicative reparation. No activity of the inducible reparation system was found. It has been concluded that the elevated resistance of P. methanolica cells to the bactericidal and mutagenic action of short-wavelength UV irradiation is associated with the activity of the reparation systems. PMID- 3747869 TI - [Effect of mineral salts on exotoxin formation and productivity of a Bacillus thuringiensis culture]. AB - The effect of ten mineral salts on the productivity and toxin synthesis was studied in Bacillus thuringiensis IPM-1140. Exotoxin synthesis was stimulated by Zn2+, Mn2+ and NH4+ ions as well as by potassium phosphates. The direct correlation between the number of viable spores and the exotoxin accumulation was disordered at extreme salt concentrations. Optimal salt concentrations in the yeast-polysaccharide medium were found using the method of a fractional factor experiment, which made it possible to increase the productivity of the culture to 5 X 10(9) spores/ml and the yield of the exotoxin to 730 micrograms/ml. The thermoresistance and the entomopathogenic activity of crystals increased when B. thuringiensis IPM-1140 was grown in this medium. PMID- 3747871 TI - The approaches to learning of students in a traditional and in an innovative problem-based medical school. AB - The way in which students approach their learning is dependent on a variety of factors including the characteristics of the departments and teaching to which they are exposed. These factors appear to influence whether the students adopt a surface, deep or strategic approach. In order to explore further the relationship between educational context and approach to learning, a comparison was made between students attending a traditional medical school and those attending a problem-based medical school. The results showed marked differences, with the problem-based school being higher on deep approach and lower on surface approach than the traditional school. This study provides one of the first pieces of evidence of a difference between students in the two types of medical school which can be directly attributed to the educational environment. Students in the problem-based school appear to have an approach to learning which more closely approximates the aims of most medical schools. The results provide support for the philosophies and strategies of the problem-based schools. PMID- 3747870 TI - [Bacteria decomposing technical oils]. AB - Fifty bacterial cultures were isolated from technical oils stored for different periods of time. Twenty out of the fifty strains decomposed technical oils. The bacteria were identified and classified as Bacillus strains. Bacillus subtilis, strains 7 and 10, and B. pumilus, strain 13, isolated from oils MK-8 + 10% Akor-1 and MT-16p as well as from AMG-10 were found to be most active and can be recommended as test cultures to study the resistance of technical oils against bacterial degradation. PMID- 3747872 TI - Preclinical anxiety: the stress associated with a viva voce examination. AB - It is shown that the state anxiety scores of 75 preclinical students taking a series of written and oral examinations, and measured just prior to taking a viva voce examination, were substantially raised. There was no correlation of anxiety with overall examination performance. PMID- 3747873 TI - Immediate and delayed recall of information presented in a live and a televised lecture. AB - This paper describes a study investigating medical students' responses and levels of recall from a live and televised version of the same lecture. Although no difference in immediate recall was found, a significant difference was found one week later. The groups who had seen the live lecture were able to recall significantly more from the lecture than those who had seen the televised transmission. No differences were observed in the amount and type of note-taking and in the levels of attention and interest of the two groups of students. Some possible reasons for this significant effect on delayed recall are discussed and directions for future work are identified. PMID- 3747874 TI - Career attitudes of preclinical medical students to the medical specialties. AB - This study set out to investigate the attitudes of preclinical medical students to various specialties. It specifically aimed to measure a range of attitudes to nine medical specialties, by nearly 200 students. Multivariate analysis showed that the scale has various interpretable dimensions which measured such things as the way the specialty is taught in medical school, the recognized efficacy of treatment, type of patients, etc. Univariate analysis revealed numerous significant differences between the subjects' perceptions of the different specialties. It was concluded that the questionnaire provided a reliable, robust and valid instrument for the measurement of medical student attitudes to any or all specialties and may be particularly useful for research in this field. PMID- 3747875 TI - Curriculum development: a strategy for change. AB - It is generally accepted that educational methods have a lot to offer to the development of teaching and learning in medical colleges. However, it is frequently reiterated that these offerings are theoretical and are either not feasible or have little impact in most settings. This conclusion comes as an inevitable result of frustrations associated with well-meaning attempts to introduce change in the teaching and learning environment. The main purpose of this article is to share with the reader some of the experiences of one medical college in the introduction of change. In this article the decisions and implementation of change in the teaching programme are described. An evaluation of curriculum development was based on the impact or outcome of these strategies. The criteria used in this evaluation were student orientation, problem-solving, integration and community orientation. In the early stages of this experience the main strategy focused on teacher-training, which aimed at 'critical mass development'. A cohesive core group of teachers was formed. Further strategies for the introduction of change were used and modified according to need. Utilization of sources of power and influence was resorted to so as to draw attention to issues and to expedite academic decisions. In many instances group activities utilized emotionally detached 'academic' settings to resolve curriculum issues. Conflicts were mainly dealt with in this setting. The advantages and disadvantages of these strategies for change are discussed. PMID- 3747876 TI - Attitudinal educational objectives at therapeutic consultation: measures of performance, educational approach and evaluation. AB - The study aims at measuring doctors' performance while giving therapeutic instructions and testing the effectiveness of an educational technique for affective objectives. For this purpose doctors' performance was analysed into nine components. Twenty-five trainees in internal medicine were observed and rated regarding the nine components, while instructing 40 patients with a chronic disease. Both doctors and patients were then questioned regarding the verbal components of the doctors' performance and the answers were compared to assess the degree of concordance. One to 3 months later the patients were interviewed to assess whether they complied with the instructions or not. Eighteen months later a 4-hour seminar on affective objectives was held, involving listening and small group discussion on tape-recorded doctor-patient consultations. After completion of the seminar, 25 doctors instructed 39 patients and were assessed as above. The findings suggest that the doctors' performance regarding the nine components did not predict patient compliance. However, sufficient doctor-patient concordance regarding the verbal components of the behaviour significantly predicted patient compliance. Following the seminar, significant improvement was noted in doctors' performance, in doctor-patient communication and in patient compliance. It is concluded that observing the doctors' behaviour independently of the patient does not predict patients' compliance; the analysis of the total doctors' behaviour into components is valid in predicting patient compliance if it is used in order to assess doctor-patient communication; and a programme based on audiotape assisted education is both simple and effective in improving the trainees' behaviour and communication skills. PMID- 3747877 TI - Patients' attitudes to student doctors. AB - The attitudes of 92 patients to student doctors in a maternity unit were assessed by questionnaire. A total of 76% of attitude statements by patients were favourable to the presence of student doctors. There was a significant trend for patients from lower social class groups to have more positive attitudes to student doctors (0.01 less than P less than 0.05). There was a slight tendency for male students to elicit more favourable attitudes than female students (0.05 less than P less than 0.05). PMID- 3747878 TI - The modified essay question: effect of author location on student performance. AB - The Department of Family Medicine at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia has utilized the modified essay question (MEQ) as an evaluative instrument in its required third-year clerkship since 1976. Previous analysis had indicated that students who participated in their clerkship at the university family practice centre (FPC) consistently performed at a higher level on their MEQ examinations than students who participated in clerkship activities at affiliated FPCs. In order to test the hypothesis that university-taught students had higher final examination scores because university teachers developed and graded the examinations, MEQs were developed by affiliate teachers and used for one half of five final examinations during the 1982-83 academic year. Students at the university-trained site continued to perform better than affiliated-trained students, even on MEQs developed by their own teachers. These results, as well as the significant administrative time involved in the project, have caused the Department of Family Medicine to revert to its previous policy of university teachers being responsible for the final examination. PMID- 3747879 TI - Harmonizing multiple choice question marks with essay marks. AB - Many examinations contain both a multiple choice question (MCQ) section, which has wide-marking and is often norm-based, and an essay or other section which is criterion-based and often close-marked. The necessary addition or averaging of the marks is unsatisfactory without adjustment. We propose a procedure that adjusts the MCQ marks to the essay marking scale by equating the interquartile ranges of the two sets of marks. PMID- 3747880 TI - Undergraduate psychiatry teaching in Ethiopia. AB - Many epidemiological studies have shown the magnitude and seriousness of mental disorders in developing countries. However, mental health care remains unsatisfactory owing to lack of skilled manpower and many other social and medical priorities. General practitioners and other health personnel can significantly help in extending mental health care provided they receive adequate training during their medical curriculum. With this aim, the Department of Psychiatry at Addis Ababa University runs a 6-week full-time course for undergraduate medical students. Its chief objectives, teaching methods, achievements and shortcomings are discussed in the paper. PMID- 3747881 TI - Does clinical clerkship alter students' attitudes to a career choice of psychiatry? AB - A 50-item questionnaire, designed to link attitudes to psychiatry directly with how these might influence a career choice of psychiatry, was administered to medical students before and after their clinical clerkship in psychiatry. Many of these changed in a positive direction, e.g. 'job satisfaction', 'life-style', 'training available' and 'multidisciplinary approach'. The influence of important people in their lives was predominantly negative; this may emphasize the impact of psychiatric 'role models'. Male and female students differed in how they changed. Males appeared influenced by external factors, e.g. 'work hours' and 'career structure', and females by internal ones, e.g. 'interest in knowing more about self'. Females were also more likely to wish for a career in psychiatry. Psychiatry was ranked higher in career choice at the end of the clerkship. PMID- 3747882 TI - Teaching and learning about terminal care. AB - Because the same three teachers at the London Hospital Medical College both taught and examined students over an 11-year period it was possible to compare what was taught with what was recalled at examinations. The results suggest that aspects of terminal care vary greatly in their perceived importance, at least as measured by their recall and selection for presentation in the final examination. Most aspects of the taught material increased their penetration into the students' recall over the 11 years. There is evidence that the caring aspects are stressed more by women; this difference was less for descriptions of pain, and absent from accounts of the pharmacology of analgesic drugs. PMID- 3747883 TI - How successful is teaching on terminal care? AB - Teaching on terminal care in the Dundee University Medical School is being evaluated over the next 4 years (1985-89). The paper describes the present course and the intended procedures of evaluation. A pilot evaluation was conducted on a class of fourth-year students during the academic year 1984-85. Students' recall of factual information presented 2 years and also 2 terms prior to the pilot evaluation was acceptable although questions relating to pain relief were not well answered. When asked to rate ten areas of medical management from most to least satisfying and worrying, the majority of students saw both the care of the terminally ill and speaking with those about to face bereavement as relatively high on worry and low on satisfaction. The overall results of the pilot study challenged teachers to consider the cost-effectiveness of their chosen methods of teaching on terminal care. PMID- 3747884 TI - Choice of general practice for postgraduate training among medical graduates and undergraduates in Nigeria. AB - A questionnaire survey of career choices was carried out among 112 medical graduates, after one year's internship (group I), during their National Youth Corps programme in Kaduna, Lagos, Cross River and Oyo states of Nigeria, and 365 final-year medical undergraduates (group 2) in the colleges of medicine in the corresponding states. A total of 13% in group I and 40% in group 2 were undecided as regards their first choice. Obstetrics and gynaecology was the most popular first choice in both groups. General practice ranked fifth among group I, but displaced surgery to rank second among group 2. The differences were statistically significant. A total of 41% of group I and 46% of group 2 preferred to work in a teaching hospital, reflecting the high preference for surgical specialties. Twenty-six per cent and 33.7% of respondents in groups 1 and 2 respectively wished to own their own practice or work in the private sector. General practice is a new specialty and its growth is supported by a national postgraduate training programme. A shift towards general practice is seen compared with previous studies of career preference among Nigerian medical graduates and students. This may be due to a changing balance of supply and demand in the medical work-force, or a better assessment of the nation's health problems and manpower needs. PMID- 3747885 TI - Ten questions to ask when planning a course or curriculum. AB - This brief practical aid to course or curriculum development cannot replace educational qualifications or experience, but it does examine ten basic questions, any of which may be all too easily neglected. These are: What are the needs in relation to the product of the training programme? What are the aims and objectives? What content should be included? How should the content be organized? What educational strategies should be adopted? What teaching methods should be used? How should assessment be carried out? How should details of the curriculum be communicated? What educational environment or climate should be fostered? How should the process be managed? Each aspect is illustrated through the analogy of car manufacturing. The ten questions are relevant in all situations where a course or curriculum is being planned, including an undergraduate degree course, a short postgraduate course or a 1-hour lecture. PMID- 3747886 TI - A second open letter to the General Medical Council. AB - In an open letter to the General Medical Council this independent group, drawn from several branches of the profession, expressed the belief that undergraduate medical education was failing in two respects; first, in the extent to which it equips doctors with the capacity to think critically for themselves; and secondly, in the degree to which it inculcates a broad and sensitive outlook towards the health of both individuals and communities. A remedy for both lies, in our opinion, in the better co-ordination of the different stages of medical education. Particularly important in this context is the period immediately after graduation. We therefore welcome the attention which the General Medical Council's Education Committee is now paying to this second stage. We welcome also the view which it has expressed that it is necessary to continue a broad education into the period when the qualified doctor is assuming responsibility for patient care. In this second letter we propose and discuss six aims for this period; and changes in educational organization needed if these aims are to be fulfilled. PMID- 3747887 TI - Student perceptions of the learning environment. PMID- 3747888 TI - Mammography in 1986: keeping abreast of the times. PMID- 3747889 TI - Dysplastic naevi. PMID- 3747890 TI - Coronary artery surgery in private hospitals. PMID- 3747891 TI - The misuse of mammography in the management of breast cancer. AB - In the six years from 1979 to 1985, a total of 735 women were referred to the Department of Radiation Oncology, Westmead Hospital, for the management of primary breast cancer. Of these, 218 had undergone mammography after the discovery of their breast tumour. In 95 of those patients with breast cancer the mammogram had failed to define the carcinoma. For almost 50% of the patients with a negative result of a mammogram, the negative report result had, in our opinion, led to a delay in definitive management and to the re-presentation of those patients at a later date with a disease of poorer prognosis. A false-negative result of a mammogram was particularly likely to be obtained in young premenopausal women with small tumours. When these women finally presented with breast cancer, the tumour was larger, and the prevalences of pathological involvement of the axillary nodes and of locally advanced disease were significantly greater. The misuse of mammography as a diagnostic tool in patients with symptomatic disease is dangerous in that it has a significant false-negative rate which carries with it the serious risk of postponing a biopsy. PMID- 3747892 TI - Cardiac surgery in a private hospital. With special reference to coronary artery surgery. AB - In a four-year period in a private hospital there were 1396 open heart operations of which 1275 were for isolated coronary artery disease. The various techniques that were used for coronary artery reconstruction were saphenous vein grafts and internal mammary artery grafts, both singly and sequentially, and endarterectomy. The operative mortality for isolated coronary artery surgery was 1.1% and the perioperative infarction rate was 2.1%. When combined with an endarterectomy of the right coronary artery, the mortality was 3% and the infarction rate was 4% (not significant); when combined with endarterectomy of the left anterior descending coronary artery, the mortality was 11.7% (not significant), and the infarction rate was 11.7% (not significant). The operative risk was no higher in patients with poor ventricular function. PMID- 3747893 TI - A sexual assault referral service based on a hospital in a small Australian town. AB - A sexual assault referral service was established in a hospital in a small Tasmanian town in late 1976. The objectives and resources of the service, and different forms of patient management, are discussed. A study has been made of 100 consecutive patients who presented to the service, and their experiences of the short- and long-term consequences of sexual assault are detailed. The special needs of the victims, and of the doctors who are involved in such a service, are defined and a recommendation is made for the establishment of similar services in small towns and country areas in other parts of Australia. PMID- 3747894 TI - The dysplastic naevus syndrome in patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma in Western Australia. AB - One hundred and three patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma responded to an invitation to attend a dermatology outpatient clinic. All patients with a family history of melanoma, a history of multiple melanomas, or histological evidence of a dysplastic naevus that was associated with their melanoma were invited. A random sample of other patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma was also invited to attend. First-degree relatives of patients with the dysplastic naevus syndrome (DNS) were invited for a similar examination. DNS was found in 27% of the patients with a family history of melanoma, multiple melanomas, or histological evidence of a dysplastic naevus in association with their melanoma, and in 6% of the remaining patients who were selected at random. DNS was estimated to be present in 12.8% of 17- to 55-year-old patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma in the Perth region, while familial DNS was present in 4.5%. Patients with melanomas with DNS were more likely to be young men and to have numerous naevi, particularly on the lateral surfaces of the arms, shoulders and trunk, than were patients with melanomas without the syndrome. PMID- 3747895 TI - The Dreyfus affair of British obstetrics. PMID- 3747896 TI - "To bury Caesar or to praise him?" The Savage affair as restoration drama. PMID- 3747897 TI - Diagnosis and management of hypothyroidism. PMID- 3747898 TI - Thiamin deficiency and prevention of the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. A major public health problem. AB - There has been long-standing debate in Australia about the role of thiamin deficiency in the aetiology of the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, the prevalence of the syndrome itself and the preventive measures that might be undertaken to reduce the prevalence rates. A literature review, and the results of a study of the follow-up arrangements of patients who were admitted with Korsakoff's syndrome to the two major South Australian psychiatric hospitals indicate that the syndrome is a major public health problem which requires immediate political intervention. Recommendations are made that a national policy of the fortification of flour and bread with thiamin, as well as of alcoholic beverages, should be implemented. PMID- 3747899 TI - The Agent Orange controversy after the Evatt Royal Commission. AB - The Evatt Royal Commission Report on the Use and Effects of Chemical Agents on Australian Personnel in Vietnam has authoritatively rejected the substantive claims that were made by the Vietnam Veterans' Association of Australia about the adverse effects of exposure to phenoxy herbicides in Vietnam on the health of Vietnam veterans and their families. The Commission concluded that Vietnam veterans were not exposed to toxic levels of chemicals in Vietnam; that they are not at any increased risk of fathering children with birth defects, or contracting cancer; and that, although they have slightly higher rates of psychiatric disorder, heart disease, alcoholism and alcohol-related disease, these effects are unconnected with exposure to chemicals in Vietnam. The reasons for these findings deserve to be given the widest possible publicity. Only by doing so is there any prospect of dissolving the misapprehension that Vietnam veterans have been poisoned by herbicides. PMID- 3747900 TI - The investigation and differential diagnosis of a 66-year-old woman with progressive neurological impairment. PMID- 3747902 TI - Should we delete the digraphs ("ae" and "oe") from Australian medical writing? PMID- 3747901 TI - Leiomyoma of Meckel's diverticulum. AB - Meckel's diverticulum is a common developmental abnormality of the midgut which may present clinically because of complications. This report describes an unusual clinical presentation of a patient with a large leiomyoma of a Meckel's diverticulum. PMID- 3747903 TI - The treatment of asthma. PMID- 3747904 TI - Chlamydia trachomatis and cervicitis. PMID- 3747905 TI - The treatment of osteoporosis. PMID- 3747906 TI - Metoclopramide. PMID- 3747907 TI - Cardiovascular risk factors--an integrated approach. PMID- 3747908 TI - Elderly people in hospital. PMID- 3747909 TI - The Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science. PMID- 3747910 TI - Elderly patients after they leave hospital. AB - A follow-up survey was conducted of 125 patients, aged 75 years and over, who had been discharged from a general teaching hospital in western Sydney. Assessments were made of the patients' functional status, living arrangements, reliance on family care and use of health and community services in the three-month period after discharge. Results indicate that immediately after leaving hospital more patients were living with family or friends than were prior to hospitalization and there was a slight increase in the number of patients who were living in nursing homes. However, by three months after discharge, the living arrangements resembled the pattern of arrangements before the hospital admission. At three months after discharge from hospital, 66% of patients were fully independent with regard to basic activities of daily living such as bathing, dressing and eating, but only 34% of men and 17% of women were fully independent in broader activities such as shopping and meal preparation. By this stage, 88% of patients were in daily contact with family carers who were providing for many of their elderly relatives' needs. A consideration of the needs of carers upon admission to hospital of elderly patients and the provision of support services for carers after discharge should become high priorities in comprehensive geriatric care. PMID- 3747911 TI - The influence of colonoscopy on the operative management of colorectal cancer. AB - Total colonoscopy was used in the evaluation of 85 patients with colorectal cancer, either preoperatively or within six months of surgery. Synchronous lesions (six carcinomas, 22 adenomatous polyps, one villous adenoma and nine cases of severe diverticular disease) were detected in 38 (44.7%) patients. The planned surgical procedure was altered in 10 patients (11.8%)--a more extensive resection being performed in each case. In particular, five of the six cases of synchronous cancers were located in different surgical segments. Colonoscopy is a necessary prerequisite in the evaluation of patients with colorectal cancer. PMID- 3747912 TI - Obesity, hypertension, carbohydrate disorders and the risk of chronic diseases. Is there any epidemiological evidence for integrated prevention programmes? AB - The major cause of coronary heart disease, hypertension, non-insulin-dependent diabetes and obesity in adults in developed countries appears to be the result of risk factors that are introduced by way of their life-styles. Many developing countries are also noting increases in morbidity and mortality from these diseases. There is increasing evidence of common risk factors in the aetiology of these chronic disorders and two or more of these diseases may coexist in the same subjects. This evidence provides a strong rationale for a community-based, integrated approach to the primary prevention of such non-communicable diseases by the reduction of the level of risk factors. This may be achieved by community based programmes which stress the importance of a healthy life-style, such as the practice of good nutrition, weight reduction in the obese, increased physical activity, the avoidance of stress and a reduction in alcohol and cigarette consumption. PMID- 3747913 TI - Is type A behaviour a cause of coronary heart disease? AB - If claims that stress from work may cause coronary heart disease are true, then the medicolegal implications are serious. These claims may be derived from suggestions in the literature that factors in the environment can induce type A behaviour in individuals and thus increase an individual's risk of coronary heart disease. Type A behaviour has been described as the behaviour of an individual who is constantly struggling to reach poorly defined goals, in the shortest time possible, and with the added elements of hostility and aggression. Two major prospective, non-randomized studies which support this concept are examined and criticized. Another, the largest and most recent study that was both prospective and randomized (the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial), did not confirm the results of studies which showed a higher incidence of myocardial infarction, recurrent infarction and mortality in patients with type A behaviour when compared with patients with type B behaviour. Methods of defining behavioural types are not consistent and there is no relationship between behavioural patterns, as defined by "type", and the extent of coronary disease as defined by coronary angiography. Pathophysiological pathways that have been postulated between type A behaviour and coronary heart disease are discussed and it is concluded that there is no scientific proof of a link that has been established between them. Recent suggestions of other psychosocial causes of coronary heart disease include outwardly directed hostility and inwardly directed anger. A genetic determinant has also been suggested, wherein both type A behaviour and coronary heart disease have a common but parallel course. The inability to prove that type A behaviour causes coronary heart disease does not rule out the possibility that other psychosocial causes may be related to coronary artery disease. PMID- 3747914 TI - Drug disposition and dosing in hepatic disease. PMID- 3747915 TI - Heel ulcers in patients with long-standing diabetes who wear antiembolism stockings. AB - Four patients with long-standing insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus developed heel ulceration while wearing correctly fitted antiembolism stockings after major surgery. These patients all had evidence of peripheral vascular disease and peripheral neuropathy. Heel ulceration appears to be a significant side-effect of this form of prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism in patients with long standing diabetes mellitus. The use of antiembolism stockings in such patients, who are likely to have vascular and neurological impairment, should be undertaken with great care, if at all. PMID- 3747916 TI - Blood lead levels. PMID- 3747917 TI - Munchausen's syndrome by proxy. PMID- 3747918 TI - Testicular cancer survey. PMID- 3747919 TI - After Chernobyl. PMID- 3747921 TI - Contact dermatitis to Australian native plants. PMID- 3747920 TI - Condylomata lata in aboriginal children. PMID- 3747922 TI - Coma and severe brain injury. PMID- 3747923 TI - Methadone--social control or health care. PMID- 3747924 TI - Neoplastic angioendotheliosis is an intravascular malignant lymphoma. PMID- 3747925 TI - [Industrial noise: evaluation of occupational exposure and risk profile]. PMID- 3747926 TI - [Sclerogenic effects attributable to occupational exposure to fiber-glass in a selected group of workers]. PMID- 3747927 TI - [Risk of coronary disease and psycho-socio-occupational factors in a group of assembly-line workers]. PMID- 3747928 TI - [Integrative proposal for methods of medico-legal evaluation of noise-induced hearing loss]. PMID- 3747930 TI - [Maximal increasing-load exertion test in the evaluation of maximal deficit in a group of stone-masons with non-complicated pulmonary silicosis]. PMID- 3747929 TI - [Spinal changes in drivers of heavy vehicles]. PMID- 3747931 TI - [Zinc--biologic, pathophysiologic and clinical aspects]. PMID- 3747932 TI - [How toxic are mercury salts in ointments?]. PMID- 3747933 TI - Action for victims of medical accidents. PMID- 3747934 TI - House calls: a rejection of the US approach. PMID- 3747935 TI - When should doctors go out on home visits? PMID- 3747937 TI - Carnitine. PMID- 3747936 TI - The management of psychiatric patients in the community--has it gone too far? PMID- 3747938 TI - Medical oncology manpower supply. AB - An explosion in the number of trained medical oncologists has led to concern that an overproduction will occur. A survey of 154 medical oncology training programs revealed 767 current trainees--316 first year, 307 second year, and 144 third year. Seventeen programs contained 301 persons (38.5%). After the 1985 certifying examination, 3,659 oncologists were certified. With approximately 750 eligible candidates for each examination, and assuming a 75% pass rate, by 1989 there will be 4,779 certified medical oncologists. By 1990, there will be no deficiency of clinical medical oncologists, but there appears to be a lack of academic oncologists. In order to assure the quality goals of oncology, and in an attempt to meet an adequate supply of medical oncologists, a position statement has been published by the American Society of Clinical Oncology. To avoid an overproduction of medical oncologists, an ongoing assessment of the number needed is warranted. PMID- 3747940 TI - Thyroid cancer following radiotherapy for Hodgkin's disease: a case report and review of the literature. AB - Improved survival resulting from advances in therapy in patients with Hodgkin's disease is associated with long-term morbidity, including the potential for the development of a second solid malignancy. We report a 44-year-old man with an unusually aggressive course of thyroid carcinoma 15 years after treatment for Hodgkin's disease. In a review of the English-language literature, we found 21 cases of thyroid cancer following radiotherapy for Hodgkin's disease, with latency periods ranging from 6 to 48 years. The development of secondary thyroid cancer after high-dose neck irradiation may be related to hypothyroidism, itself a complication of radiotherapy. Thyroid function should be measured at least once a year in all patients given neck irradiation, with initiation of thyroid hormone replacement if there is evidence of sustained hypothyroidism. PMID- 3747939 TI - Pulmonary function abnormalities in long-term survivors of childhood cancer. AB - Pulmonary function testing (PFT) was performed on 29 long-term survivors of childhood cancer. The patients, whose mean age was 11.7 years and whose mean age at diagnosis was 3.7 years, included 12 females and 17 males. Original diagnoses included 15 patients with leukemia and 14 individuals with solid tumors. Nine patients had received cyclophosphamide and 20 had received radiation therapy. Included in this latter group were five patients who had received radiation therapy to the thorax. Eight patients had acquired pneumonia during their treatment. Physical examination was normal in all the patients, and none had a history of acute or chronic pulmonary disease. PFT demonstrated an incidence of abnormalities in forced vital capacity (FVC) and/or total lung capacity (TLC) in 48% of the patients. Patients who were under 3 years of age at the time of diagnosis or who had received radiation to the thorax were more likely to demonstrate PFT abnormalities, but these differences did not reach statistical significance. The natural history of pulmonary function and subsequent respiratory disease in survivors of childhood cancer requires further definition. PMID- 3747941 TI - Extrarenal rhabdoid sarcoma. AB - Rhabdoid sarcoma is a tumor of unknown etiology that usually occurs in the kidneys of infants and small children. We report an adolescent with a rhabdoid sarcoma of the chest wall. In addition to the patient's age and the site of the tumor, other unusual features of this case were as follows: positive staining of tumor cells with neuron-specific enolase, the presence of chronic, active, hepatitis that apparently developed coincident with the sarcoma, and the presence of widespread hemosiderosis. Two of the patient's siblings died in infancy with degenerative neurologic disease, hepatomegaly, and multiple congenital anomalies. The histochemical findings and family history lend support to previous suggestions that some rhabdoid sarcomas may be of neural crest origin and may be heritable lesions. PMID- 3747942 TI - Massive adrenal hemorrhage secondary to metastatic lung carcinoma. AB - The adrenal glands are frequently metastatic sites of lung and other primary neoplasms. These metastases are usually clinically occult and secondary adrenal hemorrhage is extremely rare. Two patients who developed massive adrenal hemorrhage secondary to metastatic lung carcinoma to the adrenal glands are presented. PMID- 3747943 TI - Procarbazine-induced interstitial pneumonitis with a normal chest x-ray: a case report. AB - Pulmonary toxicity due to cytotoxic drugs is well described in the literature. This is most commonly described in association with bleomycin, busulfan, and methotrexate. This report presents a case of interstitial pneumonitis with a normal chest x-ray that is most certainly due to procarbazine. In addition, the role of gallium-67 citrate scintigraphy in early diagnosis is discussed. This is especially important since discontinuation of the drug before radiographic manifestations of pulmonary toxicity become evident may prevent permanent pulmonary injury and its sequelae. PMID- 3747944 TI - [Epidemiological characteristics of echinococcosis in the population centers of the Yakutsk ASSR with different types of water supply]. PMID- 3747945 TI - [Comparative effectiveness of erythrocyte diagnostic agents with whole and fractional echinococcal antigens in the indirect hemagglutination reaction]. PMID- 3747946 TI - [Determination of the diagnostic significance of the immunoenzyme method (the example of determining antibodies to echinococcal antigens)]. PMID- 3747947 TI - [Diagnosis of the early stages of echinococcosis. 2. The results of the clinico laboratory and instrumental examination of the inhabitants of a focus with a positive indirect hemagglutination reaction]. PMID- 3747948 TI - [Research results of the topical program to develop and introduce into practice improved methods of controlling human echinococcosis (1984-1985)]. PMID- 3747949 TI - [Effect of waterworks reconstruction on the parasitological situation in the USSR]. PMID- 3747950 TI - [Seasonality of the epidemic process in opisthorchiasis (the example of western Siberia)]. PMID- 3747951 TI - [Comparative effectiveness of mebendazole and flubendazole in experimental opisthorchiasis in golden hamsters]. PMID- 3747952 TI - [Effectiveness of coproovoscopic methods in the diagnosis of opisthorchiasis. 2. The sensitivity of the methods and an evaluation of their quantitative relations]. PMID- 3747953 TI - [2. Opisthorchiasis and diphyllobothriasis morbidity in the native population of the Kyshik settlement, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug]. PMID- 3747954 TI - [Characteristics of early phases in the development of the broad tapeworm and other tapeworms of the Amur River area]. PMID- 3747955 TI - [Characteristics of an immunoenzyme test system with Trichinella antigens]. PMID- 3747956 TI - [Circulating immune complexes in the blood serum in experimental trichinelliasis in guinea pigs]. PMID- 3747957 TI - [Action of carbamate benzimidazole derivatives on the primary immune response of mice (experimental research)]. PMID- 3747958 TI - [Clinico-epidemiological characteristics of tick-borne erythema annulare]. PMID- 3747959 TI - [Virus-carrying ixodid ticks in the Maritime Territory]. PMID- 3747961 TI - Premarket approval--pro and contra. PMID- 3747960 TI - [Importation of parasitic diseases into the Artek Pioneer Camp]. PMID- 3747962 TI - Derivation of spatial information from biplane multidirectional coronary angiograms. AB - Modern biplane multidirectional isocentric X-ray equipment delivers the image information necessary for spatial computations from two simultaneous 2 dimensional coronary angiographic pictures. Using the tools of analytical geometry, the spatial position of well definable points in the fields of view of the two image-intensifiers can be calculated from their corresponding projections knowing the geometrical properties of the system stands. The method developed is independent of the angle between the projections and is applicable even if hemiaxial views are used. The mathematical formulas necessary for these spatial computations are derived. By means of calculating the radiological magnification factor, the method was validated using a wire with known diameter as reference object. 360-diameter measurements of the wire filmed in 18 different simultaneous biplane projections resulted in a mean error of 3.14%. In addition, catheter measurements of routine coronary angiograms yielded a mean diameter of 2.64 +/- 0.19 mm (mean +/- SD, real diameter 2.66 mm). CONCLUSION: Using this algorithm, a reliable determination of spatial coordinates of distinct points of interest is possible as prerequisite for absolute quantitative measurements from biplane angiograms. PMID- 3747963 TI - Plasma cholinesterase in pregnancy--effect of enzyme activity on the duration of action of succinylcholine. AB - The duration of action of succinylcholine, 1 mg/kg and plasma cholinesterase activity were compared in 25 pregnant women undergoing cesarean section and 25 non-pregnant women undergoing elective surgery. Neuromuscular activity was assessed by observation of thumb adduction, following stimulation of the ulnar nerve at the wrist. The duration of action of succinylcholine was significantly longer and enzyme levels significantly lower in the pregnant women. Monitoring of neuromuscular function is recommended when succinylcholine is used in pregnant women. PMID- 3747964 TI - Evolution of cardiorespiratory variables in myxedema coma--a case report. AB - Normalization of hemodynamic, oxygen transport and oxygen consumption indices occurred within a week of treatment in a patient with myxedema coma. Ventilatory weaning and extubation was achieved using aminophylline, physical therapy and pleural drainage. Before extubation, naloxone was administered without any significant ventilatory improvement or change in endorphin levels. PMID- 3747965 TI - Reaction to radiocontrast material. PMID- 3747966 TI - Acrylic cement in hip arthroplasty. PMID- 3747967 TI - Cardiovascular collapse following intravenous fluorescein sodium. PMID- 3747968 TI - [Body weight at birth and neonatal mortality in Palermo for the years 1971, 1977, 1982]. PMID- 3747969 TI - [Diagnostic and therapeutic approach to neonatal polycythemia. A study of 650 newborn infants]. PMID- 3747970 TI - [Circadian rhythms of arterial pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate and body temperature in childhood. A cosinor analysis of the works of Imperato and Landucci (1948-1949)]. PMID- 3747971 TI - [Bone densitometry in childhood. Normal values between 2 and 19 years of age. Initial Italian data]. PMID- 3747972 TI - [Apo A and apo B values in childhood. A comparison between normal and obese subjects]. PMID- 3747973 TI - [Kawasaki syndrome. Case reports]. PMID- 3747974 TI - [Interstitial pneumonitis during Kawasaki disease associated with herpes simplex infection]. PMID- 3747975 TI - [Cardiorespiratory arrest in an exchange-transfused newborn infant with severe hypercalcemia. Report of a clinical case]. PMID- 3747976 TI - [Topical corticosteroid treatment of solitary eosinophilic granuloma of bone. A case report with localization in the frontal bone]. PMID- 3747977 TI - [Heart size in acromegaly and acromegalic gigantism]. PMID- 3747978 TI - [Galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia in patients with parasellar meningioma]. PMID- 3747979 TI - [Substrate competition: its role in insulin resistance]. PMID- 3747980 TI - [Relation between maternal metabolic status and the development of fetal macrosomy]. PMID- 3747981 TI - Male pseudohermaphroditism due to 5-alpha-reductase deficiency. Clinical and endocrinological data in a 17-year-old patient. PMID- 3747983 TI - Lyme disease. PMID- 3747982 TI - Autologous blood transfusion: past performance and current concerns. PMID- 3747984 TI - Hiring only non-smokers. An employer's legal right. PMID- 3747985 TI - Comprehensive protective care in the management of acute leukemia. PMID- 3747987 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging: interview with the Minnesota Radiological Society. PMID- 3747986 TI - Refractory choledocholithiasis treated nonoperatively by combined endoscopic sphincterotomy and percutaneous transhepatic drainage: report of a case. PMID- 3747988 TI - MMIE malpractice claim review. Radiology. PMID- 3747989 TI - [Intrinsic endotoxemia after massive hepatectomy--effect of intra-intestinal antibiotics]. AB - It is known that intrinsic endotoxemia is caused by two main mechanisms, reticuloendothelial system dysfunction and intestinal circulatory failure. We investigated the escape of endotoxin from the intestine under occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery 3 days after 70% liver resection in rabbits. Twelve rabbits were given intra-intestinal antibiotics (Antibiotics group) and other twelve rabbits were given saline only (Control group). The results were as follows. Indocyanine green clearance and lipid clearance were deteriorated in both groups after hepatectomy but the antibiotics group showed a better clearance rate than the control group. Serum endotoxin level was elevated slightly after hepatectomy and then grossly elevated after superior mesenteric artery occlusion, but the antibiotics group showed a lower endotoxin level than that of the control group. Seventy-two hours survival rate was apparently better in the antibiotics group. From those data we conclude that the administration of intraintestinal antibiotics contributed to the maintenance of reticuloendothelial function of remnant hepatic lobe and suppressed the serum endotoxin level after superior mesenteric artery occlusion. PMID- 3747990 TI - [A case of intrahepatic lithiasis associated with intestinal malrotation- consideration of its etiology]. AB - We report a case of intrahepatic lithiasis associated with intestinal malrotation, which showed some bile duct abnormalities, such as cystic dilatation accompanied with stenosis in its distal portion. The resected hepatic tissue was examined histopathologically. Cellular debris due to desquamation of the epithelium, hypersecretion of mucopolysaccharides from the proliferated intrahepatic glands, and periductal laminar or band-like fibrosis were present. The mixture of desquamated epithelium, mucopolysaccharides and bile juice occupied the bile duct lumen, suggesting intrahepatic immature gallstones. The timing of formation of the intrahepatic bile duct is nearly coincident with that of the rotation of the intestine. Intestinal malrotation is sometimes associated with the congenital biliary duct anomaly and therefore the present patient might were well be the case. PMID- 3747991 TI - [Experimental and clinical studies on the effects of supplemental administration of bile salts after relief of biliary obstruction]. AB - Changes of hepatic bile production and hepatocellular function such as bile acid and bilirubin excretion, BSP transfer rate constant, hepatic clearance of bile acid and ultrastructure of bile secretory apparatus after relief of biliary obstruction were investigated in both experimental rat model and clinical cases. The results were as follows: Increase in bile acid excretion after total bile fistula was significantly delayed in the jaundiced rats as compared with that of the control rats. In the jaundiced rats, bile salt-induced choleretic effect was significantly augmented and sodium taurocholate infusion caused a marked decrease in bilirubin excretion. Biliary transport of BSP was significantly decreased after biliary decompression, but showed remarkable restoration by simultaneous injection of sodium taurocholate. Hepatic clearance of 14C-taurocholic acid was disturbed in a group with long-term obstruction. The most remarkable morphological alterations were found in the bile canaliculus in the rat with relieved obstruction. Studies on clinical cases showed correlation between bile acid clearance and bilirubin excretion. In conclusion, effective elimination of plasma bilirubin after biliary decompression might be achieved by supplemental administration of bile salts, provided that bile acid clearance remains intact. PMID- 3747992 TI - [Carcinoma of the gallbladder--a clinical appraisal and review of 40 cases]. AB - Prognosis of 40 patients with gallbladder carcinoma who had undergone curative resection was investigated. Five-year survival rate calculated from Kaplan & Meier's method was 67% in 16 cases in Stage I, 43% in 8 cases in Stage II and 22% in 10 cases in Stage III, respectively. In 6 cases, classified as Stage IV, no case survived more than 2 years postoperatively. Most patients in Stage I had the tumors of papillary type in macroscopic appearance, papillary adenocarcinoma, and negative vascular and perineural invasions and showed better prognosis. In Stages II, III and IV, in contrast, most tumors were infiltrative or nodular type, tubular adenocarcinoma, and positive vascular and perineural invasions and demonstrated poorer prognosis. Patients in Stage I who had undergone simple cholecystectomy showed 5-year survival rate of 57%, and who underwent cholecystectomy with wedged resection of the gallbladder bed of the liver and regional lymphadenectomy (extended cholecystectomy) showed that of 100%. Extended cholecystectomy, therefore, is the procedure of choice in patients in Stage I. In patients in Stages II, III and IV, extended cholecystectomy yielded 5-year survival rate of 33%. More radical procedure or combined modality therapy must be indicated in advanced stage of the disease. PMID- 3747993 TI - [Reconstruction methods of anterior chest wall resection--comparison between acrylic resins and myocutaneous flaps]. AB - A total of 32 patients were treated by chest wall resection for primary and recurrent breast cancer or other malignant tumors of the chest wall. Reconstruction of the anterior chest wall was conducted using either acrylic resin plate or myocutaneous flap. Although acrylic resin plate proved to be satisfactory for maintaining stability of the chest wall and protecting important organs in the anterior mediastinum, some patients developed foreign body reactions including local infections, local retention of serous discharge and slight anterior chest pain during a prolonged observation. Reconstruction with myocutaneous flap achieved acceptable stability and caused no such foreign body reactions. We confirmed that myocutaneous flap was the best way to reconstruct the anterior chest wall after full thickness chest wall resection. PMID- 3747994 TI - [Surgical approach to abdominal aortic aneurysm with malignant alimentary tract tumor: report of three cases]. AB - The clinical courses of three cases with various alimentary tract malignant lesions coincidental with abdominal aortic aneurysm were reported. Of those three patients, a simultaneous resection of the malignant lesion and aneurysm was carried out in two patients, while an secondary abdominal aneurysmectomy following the resection of the malignant lesion was done in one patient. A 70 year-old man with cancer of the cecum and an infra-renal abdominal aneurysm, was diagnosed preoperatively, and a simultaneous right hemicolectomy and aneurysmectomy were carried out. In the other patient, a 77-year-old man, presence of the gastric cancer was incidentally found at laparotomy and a 75 percent gastrectomy and an aneurysmectomy were carried out. In the third patient, both gastric cancer and an abdominal aneurysm were detected preoperatively. Distal partial gastrectomy was performed first because of severe epigastralgia and an asymptomatic aneurysm. The abdominal aneurysmectomy was carried out six months later. All patients were treated by daily administration of Cefazolin sodium or cefalotin sodium (4-10 g) and Dibekacin sulfate (200 mg) for seven to ten days postoperatively. In the case of second look operation, however, Fosfomycin 2-4 g/day was added to the above mentioned drug following the aneurysmectomy. All tolerated surgery well without any signs of infections. The first patient died on the 57th postoperative day from panperitonitis carcinomatosa following an episode of intestinal obstruction. Selection of the operative approaches for patients having both an alimentary tract malignant tumor and an abdominal aortic aneurysm was difficult, although the initial surgical intervention for the more life threatening lesion would be better justified.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3747995 TI - [A case of successfully resected abdominal aortic aneurysm complicated by arteriocolic fistula]. AB - A 80 year-old man was admitted to our hospital with profuse rectal bleeding. Two weeks prior to admission he was diagnosed as having abdominal aortic aneurysm when he had first herald of rectal bleeding. Aortoenteric fistula was strongly suspected and patient underwent emergency operation. Bilateral axillofemoral bypass were first constructed in order to avoid contamination in hte peritoneal cavity. On laparotomy aneurysm was contaminated because of arteriocolic fistula and resection of aortoiliac aneurysm and Hartmann procedure were performed. In the postoperative course, formation of an intra-abdominal abscess, obstruction of the left axillo-femoral bypass graft and enlargement of a residual aneurysm occurred. The prolonged antibiotic therapy was successful and additional repair operations were performed. Abdominal aortic aneurysm complicated with arteriocolic fistula is a rare but lethal disease. To our knowledge, only 13 cases have been reported in the literature including our case. Eleven patients were operated but only 3 survived. Construction of an extra-anatomic bypass, avoidance of an anastomosis in unprepared bowel and aggressive use of antibiotics are recommended because fecal contamination to the aneurysm is inevitable in most cases. PMID- 3747996 TI - [Cellular immunity of patients with open heart surgery--with reference to the kinetics of functional subsets of lymphocytes by two-color analysis with monoclonal antibodies]. PMID- 3747997 TI - [Pulmonary resection of canines using the microwave tissue coagulator]. PMID- 3747998 TI - [Vagotomy does not cause pyloric spasm--vagotomy and gastric motility]. PMID- 3747999 TI - [The influence of ileo-jejunal transposition on intestinal mucosal growth and gut hormones after total colectomy]. AB - To clarify the effect of ileo-jejunal transposition on intestinal mucosal height and gut hormones, canine models undergoing total colectomy either with transection of the small intestine (control group) or ileo-jejunal transposition (transposition group) were compared, and the following results were obtained. There was no difference in body weight between control group and transposition group 18 weeks after operation. Significant increase of mucosal height was observed in transposition group but not in control group. Plasma levels of total GLI were significantly higher in transposition group but not in control group, whereas a count of GLI secreting cell was not changed in both groups. Plasma levels of gastrin after test meal were lower in transposition group than in control group. These results indicated that ileo-jejunal transposition induces hyperenteroglucagonemia, which may play an important role in intestinal adaptation after colectomy. PMID- 3748000 TI - [Spreads of gallbladder carcinoma: significance of histological classification of the tumor]. AB - Mode of spread of the primary gallbladder carcinoma was investigated in 40 curatively operated and 91 non-curatively operated patients. Fifty-seven percent of curatively operated patients showed papillary adenocarcinoma (pap.) and 44% of non-curatively operated patients did poorly differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma in histology. The curatively operated patients who showed pap. had the best prognosis, showing 5-year survival rate of 67%. It could be pointed out that pap. tended to limit in the gallbladder wall, since 61% and 74% of pap. showed negative serosal infiltration and hepatic invasion, respectively. Tubular adenocarcinoma (tub.), in contrast, tended to spread to adjacent viscera, since only 23% of cases showed negative serosal infiltration. In non-curatively operated patients, there was no significant difference in the survival period among different histological types of the tumor. Even in pap. with advanced stage, incidences of lymph node metastasis, invasion to the bile duct and peritoneal dissemination were closely similar to those in tub.. In conclusion, histological type of the tumor strongly influenced the spread of carcinoma and an outcome of the patients, consequently. PMID- 3748001 TI - [Study on extensive lymph node dissection: metastatic lymph nodes in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid]. AB - Bilateral cervical lymph node dissection was performed in 71 cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma, considered to be relatively early cases because of mobility, irrespective of the size of tumor or presence of node enlargement. Of these, 33 cases received additional node dissection of the anterosuperior mediastinum through longitudinal sternotomy. The number of lymph nodes examined per subject averaged 89.9, the number of metastatic nodes was 13.8, and metastasis was noted in 88.7% of all cases. Lymph node metastasis tended to be more frequent on the affected side, but was simultaneously scattered over the whole cervical area. As to sites, metastasis of paratracheal nodes on the affected side occurred at a frequency of 66.2%, inferior and superior jugular nodes at 62.0% and 59.0% respectively, pretracheal nodes at 50.7%, and tracheoesophageal nodes at 47.9%. The high incidence of para- and pretracheal nodes suggests that the lymph flow in this direction is of great importance in metastasis. In fact, lymph nodes in the mediastinum, which were directly continuous with these nodes, showed as high as 39.4% metastasis in cases of anterosuperior mediastinal extirpation. This extensive node dissection is considered to be very preferable as at least the agony of survival with carcinoma can be lessened. PMID- 3748003 TI - [Prevention of colonic ischemia following abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy by measurement of inferior mesenteric artery stump pressure]. AB - To prevent postoperative colon ischemia, the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) stump pressure measurement was performed in 60 patients undergoing unruptured abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy. IMA stump pressures were more than 40mmHg and IMA/systemic pressure ratios were more than 0.4 in 58 patients. The IMA was ligated in all of these patients. Colon ischemia developed in two of these 58 patients. In one, vigorous retractive trauma to the colon and the mesenterium seemed to be causative, and in the other, division of the branches of the IMA was causative. None of the other 56 patients developed colon ischemia. In remaining two patients, IMA stump pressures were less than 40mmHg and/or IMA/systemic pressure ratios were less than 0.4. In one of these two, reimplantation of the IMA was not performed until 12 hours after ligation of the IMA and postoperative ischemic colitis developed. In the other, the IMA was implanted into the prosthesis and colon ischemia did not develop. These results indicated that IMA stump pressure measurement is simple and very useful method to predict the risk of postoperative colon ischemia following abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy, and when IMA stump pressure or IMA/systemic pressure ratio is less than 40mmHg or 0.4, the IMA should be revascularised. PMID- 3748002 TI - [Methods of suppression of a myonephropathic metabolic syndrome after infra-renal aortic occlusion]. AB - Acute arterial occlusion of the extremities may result in severe and complex metabolic derangement. In order to evaluate the development and means of therapeutic control of metabolic derangements following the acute arterial occlusion of extremities, 32 adult mongrel dogs weighing between 7 and 15 kg underwent acute arterial occlusion by cross-clamping the infrarenal aorta. The experimental animals were divided into two groups: an untreated group, and treated group. The former was divided into three groups--12, 24 and 48 hour's arterial occlusive groups and the latter into two groups with 48 hour's arterial occlusion--tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (THAM) and perfusion groups. Biochemical and electrolyte analyses were measured before occlusion, immediately before, and 1, 3, 12, 24 and 48 hours after the release of the occlusion. The SGOT, CPK, aldolase, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels rose after the release of the occlusion and were significantly higher in the 48 hour's group than in the 12 and 24 hour's occlusive groups. Among these enzymatic changes, the creatinine and urea nitrogen levels were high 48 hours after the release of the occlusion, though the others decreased with time after the occlusion release. The blood pH level fell after the occlusion in the untreated groups and these levels increased slowly after the release of the occlusion. However, there were no significant differences in the blood pH among the untreated groups. The acute arterial occlusion by cross-clamping the infra-renal aorta caused severe renal damage among the various organs. In the groups treated with THAM and perfusion, the SGOT, CPK, aldolase, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels remained almost at preocclusion levels after the release of the occlusion. There were statistically significant differences in these enzymatic changes between the treated group and the 48 hour's occlusive group without treatment. The blood pH levels in the treated groups showed minimal changes after the release of the occlusive, although there were no significant differences in the blood pH between the treated groups and the 48 hour's occlusive group without treatment. It was concluded that the intravenous administration of THAM and peripheral washing were effective against untoward metabolic changes occurring in the ischemic extremities. PMID- 3748004 TI - [Study on developmental factors in anastomotic aneurysms]. AB - All clinical cases of vascular reconstruction were reviewed to determine the various cases of anastomotic aneurysm. The subjects were all in-patients between 1963 and 1984 whose clinical courses were observed for more than 5 years following vascular reconstruction. Anastomotic aneurysms were found in 17 (6.4%) out of the 267 regions of anastomosis. These aneurysms were further studied by classifying them according to suture materials, primary cause of diseases, synthetic grafts and anastomotic regions, etc. The incidence of anastomotic aneurysms was lower when non-absorptive synthetic fibers were used. There was less frequency of anastomotic aneurysms when double velour Dacron was used for synthetic grafts. Due to the small number of cases, it was difficult to evaluate synthetic grafts when anastomosis was completed past the point of articulation, however the results obtained by velour type synthetic grafts were seemingly favorable. The results were not favorable, however, when end to side anastomosis was performed, since anastomotic aneurysm developed past the point of articulation in most cases. Thus the latter was conceivably responsible for the development of this disease. The findings of this research seem to indicate that the condition of the existing blood vessels is of more important consideration than the synthetic material used. In other words, examination of in vivo blood vessels for weaknesses due to degeneration and thromboendarterectomy is necessary. Thus, the region for the placement of synthetic grafts must be carefully selected. Also worthy of consideration is the intensity of the outer layers of the synthetic grafts whose organization may have been compromised to some extent in favor of an improved patency ratio, particularly in recent years. PMID- 3748005 TI - [Ischemic colitis after surgery of abdominal aortic aneurysm]. AB - Ischemic colitis following aortic reconstruction for abdominal aortic aneurysm was discussed. The low morbidity rate of postoperative abdominal symptom was recognized significantly when meandering mesenteric artery (MMA) was shown clearly in angiography before surgery. When inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) was patent before surgery, furthermore when IMA was not reconstructed, it is necessary for preventing postoperative ischemic colitis that mean IMA/systemic pressure ratio is above 0.5 or 0.6. PMID- 3748006 TI - [Experimental study on androgen receptors in esophageal cancer]. PMID- 3748007 TI - [Intraoperative sclerotherapy of esophageal varices]. PMID- 3748008 TI - [3H]Dihydrotetrabenazine binding to bovine striatal synaptic vesicles. AB - [2-3H]Dihydrotetrabenazine (2-hydroxy-3-isobutyl-9, 10-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4,6,7 hexahydro-11bH-benzo[a]quinolizine) bound to a single class of binding sites in synaptic vesicles isolated from bovine corpus striatum, with an apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of 2.3 nM and a Bmax of 15.1 pmol/mg of protein determined at equilibrium. Kinetic determination of the equilibrium dissociation constant yielded a value of 5.4 nM. ATP had no effect on the apparent Kd or Bmax, nor did it alter the kinetics of association or dissociation. Dopamine, serotonin, and other substrates for transport into synaptic vesicles inhibited binding at concentrations that were several orders of magnitude higher than their Km values for transport in the presence of ATP. The potent uptake blocker reserpine inhibited with a Ki of 340 nM in the absence of ATP, but biphasic inhibition, with Ki values of 3.2 and 345 nM, was observed in the presence of ATP. With incubation times of 24 hr, the potency of reserpine as an inhibitor of binding in the absence of ATP is increased by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude, implying a slow association rate for reserpine in the absence of nucleotide. These results suggest that dihydrotetrabenazine interacts with the catecholamine/serotonin porter in synaptic vesicles, although the binding site is probably not identical to that involved in active transport of substrate. PMID- 3748009 TI - A theoretical study of the comparative binding affinities of daunomycin derivatives to a double-stranded oligomeric DNA. Proposal for new high affinity derivatives. AB - Theoretical computations were performed on the comparative binding affinities of daunomycin (DM, 1) and seven derivatives related to the double-stranded oligonucleotide d(CGATCG)2. The compounds investigated were 4-demethoxy DM (2), and its beta-anomer (3), 4-demethoxy-7,9-bis-epi DM (4) and its beta anomer (5), a derivative with glucosamine instead of daunosamine (6), and two additional hypothetical DM derivatives in which the cationic NH3+ group of the daunosamine moiety is replaced by either a CH2--NH3+ group (7) or a CH2CH2NH3+ group (8), so as to indicate the effect on the binding affinity of interposing one- or two methylene groups between the sugar and the cationic charge. The conformational angles of the hexanucleotide are fixed in values found in the representative crystal structure of the d(CGTACG)2-DM complex. The intermolecular drug hexanucleotide interaction energies and the conformational energy changes of the drug upon binding are computed and optimized in the framework of the SIBFA procedure (sum of interactions between fragments computed ab initio), which uses empirical formulas based on ab initio SCF computations. The overall binding affinity ordering of compounds 1-6 compares satisfactorily with the ordering of available experimental affinity constants. The binding affinities of compounds 7 and 8, for which no experimental results seem to be available yet, are predicted to be significantly higher than those of the parent compound DM, with the greatest affinity found for 7. Because of the overall correlation between binding affinity of anthracyclines to DNA and their antitumor activity, these last two compounds deserve an exploration of their chemotherapeutic efficiency. PMID- 3748010 TI - Oxidation of quinidine by human liver cytochrome P-450. AB - The anti-arrhythmic quinidine has been reported to be a competitive inhibitor of the catalytic activities of human liver P-450DB, including sparteine delta 2 oxidation and bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation, and we confirmed the observation that submicromolar concentrations are strongly inhibitory. Human liver microsomes oxidize quinidine to the 3-hydroxy (Km 4 microM) and N-oxide (Km 33 microM) products, consonant with in vivo observations. Both bufuralol and sparteine inhibited microsomal quinidine 3-hydroxylation. Liver microsomes prepared from DA strain rats showed a relative deficiency in quinidine 3-hydroxylase activity in females compared to males. These observations might suggest that quinidine oxidation is catalyzed by the same P-450 forms that oxidize debrisoquine, bufuralol, and sparteine; i.e., rat P-450UT-H and P-450DB. However, neither of these two purified enzymes catalyzed quinidine 3-hydroxylation, and anti-P-450UT H, which strongly inhibits human liver microsomal bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation, did not substantially inhibit quinidine 3-hydroxylation or N-oxygenation. P-450MP, the human S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase, also does not appear to oxidize quinidine but P-450NF, the human nifedipine oxidase, does. Anti-P-450NF inhibited greater than 95% of the 3-hydroxylation and greater than 85% of the N-oxygenation of quinidine in several microsomal samples. Quinidine inhibited microsomal nifedipine oxidation and, in a series of human liver samples, rates of nifedipine oxidation were correlated with rates of quinidine oxidation. Thus, quinidine oxidation appears to be catalyzed primarily by P-450NF and not by P-450DB. Quinidine binds 2 orders of magnitude more tightly to P-450DB, which does not oxidize it, than to P-450NF, the major enzyme involved in its oxidation. The substrate specificity of human P-450NF is discussed further in terms of its regioselective oxidations of complex molecules including quinidine, aldrin, benzphetamine, cortisol, testosterone and androstenedione, estradiol, and several 2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridines. PMID- 3748011 TI - Inhibition of complement by a series of substituted 2-aryl-1,3-indandiones: interaction with the fifth component of complement. AB - A series of substituted 2-aryl-1,3-indandiones were investigated for their ability to inhibit the complement system. Some of them were found to be considerably strong inhibitors. The inhibitory activity was mainly dependent on substitutions at positions 3 and 5 of the phenyl ring. 3,5-dichloro-(8), 3,5 bis(trifluoromethyl)- (7), 3,5-diisopropyl- (3) and 3,5-di-t-butyl- (5) phenylindandiones were the strongest inhibitors of the series. The generation of EAC1-5 cells from EAC1-3 cells and C5 was most strongly inhibited by these compounds although some inhibition of the interaction of EAC1-5 with C6-C9 and EAC1-6 with C7-C9 was also observed. Slight inhibition at other steps of complement activation was also seen but this was not considered to be appreciable. Dialysis of normal serum or purified C5 pre-incubated with compounds 3, 5, 7 and 8 did not cause recovery of the hemolytic activity of normal serum or purified C5. Thus, the main site of inhibition in the complement cascade appeared to be at C5. The total alternative pathway was also inhibited to some extent by these compounds, probably due to their interaction with C5. PMID- 3748012 TI - Immunochemical structure of the hepatitis B surface antigen vaccine--II. Analysis of antibody responses in human sera against the envelope proteins. AB - Antibody responses to the three envelope (env) proteins of hepatitis B viral particles (HB-VP): the S-encoded P25 polypeptide; the pre-S(2)- and S-encoded GP33/GP36 polypeptide; and the large entire env gene (pre-S + S) product, P39/GP42, were investigated using a Western immunoblotting assay (WIBA). HB-VP proteins separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and transferred to nitrocellulose by electroblotting were used as antigenic probes to determine the polypeptide specificity of these antibodies present in immune individuals. Antisera from human subjects either after a natural HBV infection or after active immunization with the hepatitis B vaccine licensed in France were selected on the basis of a positive serological RIA test for antibodies against hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). In all studied cases, the lack of reactivity of the anti-HBs/P25 antibodies in blots from reduced SDS gels confirms that the S-related-determinants have a conformation sensitive to denaturing agents. In contrast, the anti-pre-S(2)/GP33-GP36 antibodies and the anti-pre-S(1)/P39-GP42 antibodies can be easily detected in WIBA, providing these antibodies recognize the disulfide-bond independent pre-S determinants on the denatured env proteins. However, antisera raised in guinea-pigs against individual HBsAg polypeptides contain antibodies reacting with denatured S proteins, suggesting that the sequential S-determinants are lost during HBV morphogenesis. Antibody responses in HBV convalescing patients or vaccinated healthy donors are shown to be characterized by: an early transient polypeptide specific-antibody response to pre-S(2)-sequences (detected in WIBA); a persistent antibody response to conformation-dependent S-determinants (detected in RIA). This implies that effective long-term protection against HBV infection requires antibodies directed to native env proteins. PMID- 3748013 TI - Serologic and biochemical analysis of latent a1 IgG. AB - Immunization of rabbits with anti-allotype antibody (Ab) induces at least two populations of highly cross-reactive molecules. One of these populations bears the nominal VHa allotype of the producing rabbit and is designated the VHa positive anti-IdX Ab. The other population lacks the expected nominal allotype and thus could represent an induced latent allotype-bearing Ig. To define better the putative latent allotypes, they were subjected to serologic, electron microscopic and biochemical analyses. The induced latent-like population was compared to nominal a1 and found to be indistinguishable in inhibition assays incorporating both rabbit anti-a1 Ab and mouse monoclonal anti-a1 Ab. In contrast, the latent-like Ig was less inhibitory than normal a1 Ig in assays with goat and guinea-pig anti-a1 Ab. The isolated anti-IdX population was less inhibitory than either nominal or latent a1 Ig in all assays. Immunoelectron microscopic analysis indicates that complexes composed of latent-like a1 molecules and Fab anti-a1 ab resemble allotype/anti-allotype (i.e. a1/anti-a1) complexes. Tryptic digests of the putative latent a1 H-chains reveals that these molecules share an a1-specific peptide with digests of nominal a1 H-chain. The peptides from both nominal and latent a1 IgG appear to have blocked N-terminal residues and have a similar though not identical amino acid composition. The composition of these peptides is correlated with the first nine amino acids of the nominal a1 H-chain. The data suggest that the induced latent a1-like molecules share the same major a1 epitope with nominal a1 but may differ in some subtle respects. The possible genetic bases for these observations are discussed. PMID- 3748014 TI - Characterization of a chemically homogeneous tumor antigen from a methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma, Meth A. AB - A tumor antigen isolated from the cytosol of a methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma (Meth A) has been purified to homogeneity by the criteria of two-dimensional gel analysis and NH2- and COOH-terminal sequencing. The purified antigen has a mol. wt of 82,000 by SDS gel electrophoresis. However, the apparent mol. mass of the antigen was found to be 71,600 and 67,700 by gel filtration chromatography and sedimentation analysis, respectively. It is not a glycoprotein, possesses an acidic isoelectric point (6.0) and exists as dimeric and monomeric species. The dimer is not held together by disulfide bonds. The purified protein retains its ability to induce transplantation immunity in syngeneic hosts when challenged with Meth A sarcomas. Chemical analyses of the NH2- and COOH-termini gave the following sequences: NH2-PKPINVRVTTMDAELEFAIQPN and IDE(F,A)EM-COOH, respectively. PMID- 3748015 TI - Monoclonal anti-galactan IgA J 539 binds intercatenarily to its polysaccharide antigen. Observations on the binding of antibody to a macromolecular antigen. AB - Highly purified P. Zopfii galactan of mol. wt 2 X 10(5) binds monoclonal IgA J 539 with a Ka of 5.80 X 10(5) M-1 if the polysaccharide concn is expressed in blocks of 30 galactosyl residues. This is the same Ka as found for the antibody and methyl beta (1,6)-beta-D-galactopyranosyltetraoside, the ligand capable of filling the entire combining area of the immunoglobulin. This same polysaccharide precipitates monomeric IgA J 539 on agar-double diffusion. It is concluded that the antibody binds to intercatenary galactosyl residues of the antigen. PMID- 3748016 TI - The immunogenic properties of poly(dI).poly(dC) and poly(rI). poly(dC)--analysis by monoclonal antibodies. AB - Eight monoclonal antibodies were prepared from a C57/black mouse which had been immunized with poly(rI).poly(dC). Two of the antibodies were specific for the RNA DNA duplex but bound about 100-fold better to poly(rI).poly(dC) than to poly(rA).poly(dT). The other six antibodies were single-strand specific and bound to poly(rI) and in most cases to poly(dI) as well, but not to other single stranded nucleic acids. Similarly, 10 monoclonal antibodies were produced from mice immunized with poly(dI).poly(dC). Nine of these were specific for poly(dI) while the other had a strong preference for poly(dC). Thus, in contrast to poly(rI).poly(dC), the all DNA duplex poly(dI). poly(dC) only elicits duplex specific antibodies at very low frequency, if at all. PMID- 3748017 TI - [Reports from the 81st meeting of the German Society for Pediatrics. 1-4 September 1985, Frankfurt/Main]. PMID- 3748018 TI - [Physiologic, pathologic and manipulated body growth]. AB - On the basis of the Zurich growth studies the following aspects of growth are discussed: Multifactorial dependency. Secular trend in young men still present but no longer in infants. Normal distance and velocity curve. Sex dependency of skeletal maturation, pubertal growth-spurt and adult size, but sex independency of the mid-growth spurt around age 7. Independency of adult size from timing and height of the pubertal growth spurt. Growth standards, perinatal standards for intra- and extra-uterine growth, growth chart for each child. Correlation of present height with future adult height and with mean parental height. Estimation of future adult height and comparison with target height estimated from mid parent-height. Extreme normal variations of height and velocity, hormonal interventions. Catch-up-growth as compensatory growth acceleration after elimination of the cause of pathological growth retardation, and catch-down growth as compensatory growth retardation after elimination of the cause of pathological growth acceleration. PMID- 3748019 TI - [Forms of child abuse with regard to its forensic aspects]. AB - Civil legislation (Burgerliches Gesetzbuch = BGB) as well as the penal code (Strafgesetzbuch = StGB) contain a broad spectrum of laws to protect children against physical abuse, physical neglect, sexual abuse, emotional abuse and neglect: i.e. section 1666 BGB (failure to provide the necessities of life for the child); section 170d StGB (neglect of care and education); section 176 StGB (sexual abuse of children); section 223b StGB (physical as well as emotional abuse and neglect). From the forensic point of view statistical data and different mechanisms of child abuse and neglect are reported. The basic differential diagnosis concerns an accidental injury of a child and parental right to punish (so called "Zuchtigungsrecht" according to section 1631 BGB) in bona fide disciplinary effort. Emotional abuse and neglect are next to impossible to define and to be proved at court. The attending physician must carefully weigh the characteristics and presentation of any child injury or illness to determine the presence of child abuse or neglect. In the final analysis, the safety of children should be of greater concern than parental rights to privacy and protection from defamation or even criminal punishment. PMID- 3748020 TI - [Damage patterns in severe child abuse with and without fatal sequelae]. AB - In 62 battered children with involvement of the central nervous system clinically 3 patterns of impact to the skull, brain and its coverings could be distinguished: In 22 babies (mean age 6 months) the brain was damaged mainly by violent shaking. Many of those infants were in shock and epileptic status on admission. Retinal, subarachnoidal, and later subdural bleedings were recognizable. At first, all patients survived, but later 3 of them died in a vegetative state. Retinal bleedings are prompted by subarachnoidal hemorrhage due to shearing of bridging veins and by compression of the chest which immediately is followed by raise of venous pressure in the upper half of the body and by arteriospasms, leading to endothelial damage and increase of vascular permeability (Purtscher's disease). Both mechanisms result in severe retinal hemorrhage which might intrude into the vitreous body (Terson-syndrome). The consequences of violent shaking for the child might be disastrous mental retardation, microcephaly, spasticity, and epilepsies. The child might turn blind on one or both eyes; the visual failure is due to retinal scar formation, retinal detachment and fibrous organisation within the vitreous body on the one hand, due to raised intracranial pressure on the other hand, adding further damage to the visual pathway. In 19 children whose mean age was 13 months massive impact on the skull resulted in major brain damage: acute subdural hematoma, contusional bleedings, compound, diastatic or impression fractures. Ten of them died immediately or were picked up dead from home by different emergency services.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3748021 TI - [Diagnosis and clinical aspects of child abuse]. AB - Bruises of different age and localisation are common, mainly on the head. The case history explaining the cause of the injury is often implausible. Intracranial hemorrhage and intraabdominal injury play an important role as causes of death. Mostly children with brain damage and abnormal behavior are exposed to harm. The social status of the parents is of less importance. The medical approach to child abuse includes precise description of injuries, imaging, laboratory tests, neurological examination, psychological state, medical treatment and protection against repeated injury. PMID- 3748022 TI - [Criminologic knowledge about the forms, victims and perpetrators in child abuse and neglect]. AB - In order to clarify how and why this form of crime occurs, the different kinds of child abuse und neglect are presented from the criminological and factual standpoint. The causes are elucidated on the basis of pertinent investigations on the victim-perpetrator relationship, and the special characteristics of both victims and perpetrators are pointed out. PMID- 3748023 TI - [Psychological sequelae of child abuse]. AB - During the past decade personality development of abused children has been studied by several investigators. A comparative overview of the results allows to name a number of symptoms which appear to be characteristic. The symptomatology expresses an ongoing conflict between resistance and resignation by restlessness, aggressivity and withdrawal on the one hand, and by low self esteem, pseudo-adult behavior and perfectionism on the other. The psychological consequences are the result not only of parental personality and aggression but also of social conditions and of factors which are inherent to the child. Treatment needs to include all three pathogenetic areas. PMID- 3748024 TI - [Diagnosis and sequelae of sexual child abuse]. AB - This paper reviews briefly epidemiological and clinical data on prevalence and incidence of child-sexual-abuse. Individual symptoms and family factors of intra familial child sexual abuse are described and some possible psychopathological factors and vulnerability factors are listed. Two different forms of parasuicide and self-mutilating behaviour are distinguished and complicating factors of secondary traumatisation are described. PMID- 3748025 TI - [Therapeutic interventions in sexual child abuse]. AB - This article describes the steps in a therapeutic crisis intervention in cases of intrafamilial child sexual abuse. It is outlined how the form and organisation of the intervention can in itself be highly therapeutic or very harmful. Taking to children, physical examination, coordination of professionals, the disclosure with parents and a family meeting are described as part of an overall therapeutic approach in the disclosure of the abuse. The described therapeutic crisis intervention attempts to take into account paediatric-medical routine and does not refer to any specialist therapeutic techniques in order to enable any child health professional who dares to face the issue of child sexual abuse to undertake the intervention. PMID- 3748026 TI - [Significance of imaging procedures in diagnosis in pediatrics. Introduction]. AB - The development of highly efficient imaging systems has essentially improved the chance of diagnosis. This has limited the indication of invasive examinations. In the individual case the widespread possibilities of diagnostic procedures require critical choice of adequate methods. Strict criteria should be taken into consideration. If efficiency is comparable, the method with lower risks and costs should be preferred. New methods low in risk can replace certain conventional x ray examinations. Referring to this, especially the examination of the kidneys and the urinary tract is concerned. Technical development has achieved remarkable progress also on the area of conventional x-ray examination. Besides the improvement of diagnostics, the radiation dose has been reduced considerably. After all, the quality of examination is essentially influenced by the examinator's experience. PMID- 3748027 TI - [CT of the chest and abdomen]. AB - As a complementary and individualised method CT of the pediatric chest and abdomen facilitates or permits correct diagnosis. Evaluation of neoplasms is the most frequent indication and includes precise definition of the site of origin, the extent of disease and of possible metastases. Moreover, monitoring of the treatment and follow-up studies are made much easier. Traumatic lesions of parenchymal organs are easily estimated with high accuracy. However, the relevant contribution provided by the computer-tomographic cross-sectional display has to be carefully weighed against the effort required for and possible adverse reactions induced by the examination, which altogether may be considered as slightly rather than non-invasive, including the genetic risk of radiation. PMID- 3748028 TI - [Radiation biology risk of imaging procedures]. AB - The environmental radiation burden of man in Germany is about 1 mGy (Milligray) per year. This is, of course, also valid for children. Due to diagnostical procedures this burden is increased to about 1.3 mGy. The question arises wether this can be neglected, or important consequences have to be drawn. To give a clear answer, the action of ionizing radiation in living cells and in organisms is explained in detail. Many of the radiation actions at the DNA can soon be repaired by the cell, if the radiation dose was small. Some damage, however will remain irreparable for the cell and consequently leads to cell death, to mutations or to cell transformation. The number of these lesion increases or decreases linearily with radiation dose. Therefore, it must be expected that the risk of tumour induction is increased to above the normal background even by the smallest doses. This small but not negligible risk has to be compared with other risks of civilization or with other medical risks. But also the benefit and the efficacy of diagnostic procedures have to be considered. A suitable cooperation of all medical doctors--not only of the radiologists--is recommended. PMID- 3748029 TI - [Echocardiography as an imaging procedure in pediatrics]. AB - Since the introduction of echocardiography into paediatrics by Lundstrom at the end of the 1960's, this noninvasive technique has come a long way. The original m mode technique was followed by sector-echocardiography, which permits two dimensional visualization of the heart. By this means cardiac and great vessel anatomy can be studied in real time. Even complex congenital heart defects can be analyzed and, in contrast to angiocardiography, the atrioventricular valves are well visualized. The addition of doppler-echocardiography enables one to examine direction and velocity of blood flow, which helps to reveal shunts within the heart and between the great vessels as to detect valvular stenosis and insufficiency. The principal advantage of echocardiography lies in this ability to rapidly diagnose congenital and acquired heart disease without harm to the patient. In addition, size and dynamics of the cardiac chambers and the great vessels including valves can be adequately studied. PMID- 3748030 TI - [Nuclear magnetic resonance tomography in childhood]. AB - To our present knowledge, MR tomography is an imaging procedure with neither ionizing radiation nor invasiveness requiring in children a good preparation and sedation. Especially in the neuro-pediatric field, and in the diagnostics of diseases of the soft tissue the high sensitivity is just as it is of clinical significance in bone tumours and their differential diagnosis. Extensive clinical empirical examinations are still required to learn about the specificity of the different diseases. PMID- 3748031 TI - [Psychology of nutrition]. PMID- 3748032 TI - [Immunologic and ethologic aspects of breast feeding]. AB - Epidemiological studies have shown a marked protective effect of mother's milk (mostly against severe gastrointestinal infections) only under unfavorable conditions. Obviously functional antibodies are formed only in response to life threatening infections which are rare in conditions of good hygiene. From studies on the ontogeny of the immune system it is becoming increasingly clear that the mother protects her infant within a common enteromammary system, mother and infant thus forming a nutritional and immunological dyad. Specific and nonspecific defense mechanisms of mother's milk are described. Whenever possible, infants should be breast-fed exclusively for 4 months. Breast-feeding should and can be promoted. Around day 5 fully nursing mothers today reach the same amounts of milk as 100 years ago. PMID- 3748033 TI - [Toxicologic status in infant and child nutrition]. AB - Chlorinated hydrocarbon concentrations in adipose tissue of infants fed on mother's milk for 4 months are as high as those of their mothers after many years of deposition and accumulation. Both clinical experience and results of extensive experimental investigations with animal models indicate that these concentrations, which have decreased markedly in the last 10 years, are within the nontoxic range. Since these concentrations ought not be exceeded, it is advisable that, in nursing periods over 4 months, further loading be adapted to the increasing pesticide dilution occurring naturally in the tissue as the acquired residues are distributed in the growing body mass. A practical reference guide listing the allowable pesticide-dependent amount of mothers' milk per day for nursing periods exceeding 4 months was released by a Commission of Experts appointed by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. By contrast, the heavy metal burden in infants fed powdered formula is higher than that in infants fed on mothers' milk. Since at least 10% of our household plumbing systems are made up of lead pipes and 75%, of galvanized iron pipes that contain lead, the heavy metals are acquired from the water used to prepare the formula. Older children consume cadmium and lead vegetable foods and organic residues primarily in animal foods. A complicated network of food ordinances and laws ensures that our children are not exposed to a general hazard; occasional consumer-related risks, however, cannot be excluded. PMID- 3748034 TI - [Vitamin status of 11- to 17-year-old healthy adolescents. Data from a longitudinal study]. AB - In order to find out whether any age- or sex-related changes in vitamin nutrition or if any vitamin deficiencies can be detected in apparently healthy school children, blood vitamins (A, B1, B2, B6, C, and E) were determined in 111 children (54 boys and 57 girls), who took part in a longitudinal nutritional program. Most of the adolescents were examined yearly 5 times every year and afterwards two years later; at the begin of the study their age was 11 years, at the end 17 years. The results of vitamin determinations show for the most parameters age dependent changes, levels for Vitamin A, B1, and B2 becoming higher with increasing age, for Vitamin C in contrast markedly unfavorable. Using the criteria for risk for deficiency from adults a comparatively high percentage of adolescents must be considered to be at risk for deficiency (up to 30% for Vitamin B6). As this study shows partly statistically significant correlations between growth and some vitamin levels (e.g., for Vitamin A and E), age and sex related criteria for the assessment of vitamin status in adolescents should be made available. The results in general show that also in apparently healthy school-children subclinical biochemical vitamin deficiencies can be detected. This fact however, should be taken in consideration in planing and providing guidelines for an optimal nutritional program in adolescence. PMID- 3748035 TI - [Sociocultural aspects of child nutrition--food faddism]. AB - Today pediatricians are confronted with an increasing number of unconventional feeding practices. Most frequently encountered are the various forms of vegetarian diets. These as well as numerous other unconventional foods may result in a failure to thrive when fed to children routinely. Since in general it is not possible to influence the families' eating practices, physicians should know the risks of unconventional diets, such as hypoproteinemia, calcium deficiency and deficiencies of vitamin B12 and vitamin D and the respective clinical symptoms. Predominantly young people decide to change their life-style, unconventional eating practices being part of it. PMID- 3748036 TI - [Early prognosis of intracranial hemorrhage in premature infants]. AB - Between July 1979 and June 1984 an intracerebral haemorrhage developed in 87 premature infants (mean gestational age 29.5 weeks, mean birth weight 1156g). 46 of these died, 41 infants survived. Their psychomotoric development was followed up to a mean age of 19 months. In 63% of the patients the haemorrhage occurred during the first four days of life. Its frequency was highest in premature infants of 27 to 30 weeks of gestation. The survival rate was influenced by the gestational age and by the grade of haemorrhage. Early complications such as ventricular dilatation, hydrocephalus occlusus and porencephaly were seen especially in very immature infants (less than 31 weeks). The frequency of abnormal psychomotoric development in 55% of these infants contrasts with 13.5% in premature infants (less than 1 500 g) without intracerebral haemorrhage. PMID- 3748037 TI - [Peculiarities of intermediary metabolism in extremely premature infants]. AB - Based on own studies with labeled amino acids on very young animals and on numerous investigations of different authors on fetuses and prematures the high turnover rate of proteins, carbohydrates and fats in VLBW is emphasized. Thereupon some particularities of ammonia metabolism and the difficulties of exact determination of amino acid requirement are discussed. The inadequate activity of some enzymes and the immaturity of the transport processes, further, the question of the essentiality of taurine and carnitine in VLBW are debated. Briefly some dangers which result from the immaturity of the bowel mucosa are pointed out. The knowledge of the fat metabolism in VLBW has still many gaps. Beyond all doubts the unsaturated fatty acids play an decisive role for the synthesis of prostaglandins and the other derivatives, which are synthesized by the cyclooxygenases in all tissues, especially in brain. Probably the linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid for prematures. The influence of kidney immaturity on the metabolic processes in the entire organism is shortly outlined. Finally some references to the scarcely investigated field of the maturation of the biotransformation are presented, and the risky influence of some repeatedly used drugs on the intermediary metabolism and the inhibition of enzyme induction are pointed out. PMID- 3748038 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of cardiac rhabdomyomas]. AB - A diagnosis of primary cardiac tumors was achieved by two-dimensional echocardiography in 3 patients. Two of them were female neonates, born of the 29th and 40th gestational week who had shown intrauterine arrhythmias. Subsequently, we were able to diagnose tuberous sclerosis in both. The third child, a 121/2 year old boy, with already diagnosed tuberous sclerosis, presented an electrocardiographical preexcitation syndrome. Because of the multiplicity of the tumors and the association with tuberous sclerosis we presumed that the tumors were rhabdomyomas. As it is known that rhabdomyomas show no, or only a minimal postnatal growth, we decided neither to perform a heart catheterization nor to treat them surgically unless the children show hemodynamical deterioration, although the tumors were huge in both neonates. The subsequent 14 months showed a clear regression in the size of the tumors. One of the neonates was successfully treated with amiodarone because of ventricular tachycardia. The second neonate didn't require any treatment. We conclude that: Surgical management is only necessary in patients presenting with cardiac insufficiency and/or arrhythmias that are resistant to conventional medical treatment. Primary cardiac tumors should be looked for in patients presenting with arrhythmias, even when occurring already during intrauterine life. Diagnostic measures in order to diagnose tuberous sclerosis in patients with cardiac tumors are necessary and vice versa. PMID- 3748039 TI - [Defects of IgG subclasses as a cause of severe, recurrent respiratory tract infection]. AB - IgG Immunoglobulins can be differentiated into four subclasses with different structures and functions. Partial or complete defects of one or two subclasses can be related to an impaired immune defence. We describe four children with severe recurrent bacterial airway infections. Two children had developed bronchiectasia following recurrent bronchopulmonary inflammation. Prior to diagnosis of IgG subclass deficiency other common causes of recurrent airway infections were excluded. Defects of IgG 2 or IgG 4 antibodies as well as of both classes were found with compensatory elevation of IgG 1 and IgG 3. In repeated sputum cultures haemophilus influenzae and staphylococcus aureus were isolated. This might be due to an impaired antibody production against special antigens as alpha-toxin of staphylococcus or capsular polysaccharide of haemophilus influenzae. The four cases demonstrate that in children with severe recurrent airway infections including bronchiectasia and otitis media defects of IgG subclasses have to be considered. Diagnosis should be proved by repeated determinations of blood levels after exclusion of other common causes for infections. Diminution of IgG subclasses without clinical symptoms of airway infections is also possible. If diagnosis seems to be certain intravenous substitution with 7 s gammaglobulin beside symptomatic antibiotic therapy is recommended. PMID- 3748040 TI - [Dowling-Meara Epidermolysis bullosa herpetiformis]. AB - A new born girl perinatally suffered from a generalized blistering disease of the skin. By means of histological, in particular ultrastructural methods the diagnosis of Epidermolysis bullosa herpetiformis Dowling Meara could be confirmed in the first weeks of life. The Dowling Meara type is one of the epidermal variants of this group of inherited blistering diseases with a relative benign course. The early diagnosis is helpful in the prognostic assessment of the disease and in the medical and genetic advice for the parents. PMID- 3748041 TI - [Surgical therapy of interstitial pulmonary emphysema in a premature infant]. AB - Pulmonary interstitial emphysema is a frequent complication in the use of respirators in newborn infants suffering from respiratory insufficiency. If it is diffuse and bilateral, treatment often is without success; occasionally, interstitial emphysema may be localized in a lobe, in which case it may persist and lead to therapeutic difficulties. We report a successful surgical approach to a unilateral pulmonary interstitial emphysema in a premature infant. PMID- 3748042 TI - [Intraventricular cerebral hemorrhage in the fetus as a cause of congenital hydrocephalus. A contribution to the origin of congenital hydrocephalus]. AB - Three newborns with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus after fetal cerebral intraventricular hemorrhage are presented. In all 3 patients hydrocephalus internus was already prenatally diagnosed. Cerebral ultrasound postnatally performed revealed findings of old cerebral intraventricular hemorrhage. Severe factor VIII deficiency was found in one of the patients. The possible connexion of fetal intraventricular hemorrhage with coagulopathy of the fetus has not yet been defined. PMID- 3748043 TI - [Congenital piriformo-thyroid fistula as a cause of recurrent suppurative thyroiditis]. AB - A previously healthy five year old boy presented with suppurative, febrile thyroiditis of the left lobe with pronounced general and local signs of inflammation, normal thyroid function and lack of thyroid antibodies. Intravenous antibiotic therapy improved the condition quickly. Six and nine months later however recurrent left lobe thyroiditis occurred. Endoscopic examination showed an internal fistula from the left piriform sinus to the left thyroidal lobe which was cut out. The case report confirms previous communications, that recurrent suppurative thyroiditis is nearly always caused by a piriform sinus fistula, probably a fourth pharyngeal pouch remnant which can be cured surgically. PMID- 3748044 TI - [Aspartame: a sweetening agent with a high phenylalanine content]. PMID- 3748045 TI - [Surgical treatment of patent ductus arteriosus Botalli in the premature infant. Indications and results of treatment]. AB - 125 preterm infants with persistent ductus arteriosus (PDA) had surgical ligation between November 1978 and December 1984. In an additional case the situation was complicated by severe coarctation, which had not been diagnosed prior to surgery. The mean birth weight was 1340 +/- 448 g (85 infants weighed less than 1500 g). Gestational age was 30.6 +/- 2.5 weeks. Age at surgical ligation was 13 +/- 7 days for all patients. Preterm infants from our hospital were operated on with a mean age of 9.5 days. Indications for surgical ligation were clinical and radiographic signs of large PDA, during the last two years supported by the results of pulsed doppler ultrasonography. Only one preterm infant with PDA and coarctation died intraoperatively. The overall results showed a mortality rate of 21.6%. This rate has decreased from 30.4 to 11.7% in the last year. Important improvement could be obtained by early ligation, with carefully maintained body temperature during surgery. Preoperative ventilation parameters were kept constant and changes in arterial blood pressure during operation were avoided. The percentage of permanent handicaps was lowered from 15.2 to 5.9% in the last year of our study. According to failure of indomethacin therapy in the very beginning of PDA treatment, it is our policy now to ligate PDA in preterm infants early and without delay by a trial with indomethacin therapy. PMID- 3748046 TI - [16th annual meeting of the Working Group for Pediatric Nephrology. 13-15 March 1986, Erlangen. Abstracts]. PMID- 3748047 TI - Survival and mutagenesis of bacteriophage T7 damaged by methyl methanesulfonate and ethyl methanesulfonate. AB - We have examined survival and mutagenesis of bacteriophage T7 after exposure to the alkylating agents methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). It was found that although both alkylating agents caused increased reversion of specific T7 mutations, EMS caused a higher frequency of reversion than did MMS. Exposure of the host cells to ultraviolet light so as to induce the SOS system resulted in increased survival (Weigle reactivation) of T7 phage damaged with either EMS or MMS. However, after SOS induction of the host we did not detect an accompanying increase in mutation frequency measured as either reversion of specific T7 mutants or by generation of mutations in the T7 gene that codes for phage ligase. Neither mutation frequency nor survival of alkylated phage was affected by the umuD,C mutation in the Escherichia coli host nor by the presence of plasmid pKM101. This may mean that the mode of Weigle reactivation that is detected in T7 is not mutagenic in nature. PMID- 3748048 TI - Sensitivity of Deinococcus radiodurans to near-ultraviolet radiation. AB - Although Dienococcus radiodurans is notoriously resistant to far-ultraviolet radiation (FUV; 254 nm), it is highly sensitive to near-ultraviolet radiation (NUV; 300-400 nm), thus demonstrating that the mechanisms of damage (and/or recovery) by the two types of irradiation are different. This observed difference between FUV and NUV effects in D. radiodurans agrees with previous studies with Escherichia coli. Near-ultraviolet radiation produces DNA damage which is presumed to be single-strand breaks (SSB) in the DNA of D. radiodurans. Unique lesions, such as DNA-protein crosslinks could not be demonstrated in this study. Cells that were pre-irradiated with a small dose of NUV were subsequently protected against inactivating doses of NUV. The data presented are consistent with induced DNA repair following NUV damage in D. radiodurans; this is in contrast to FUV damage where DNA repair is constitutive but not induced. PMID- 3748049 TI - Site-specific mutagenesis in vivo by single methylated or deaminated purine bases. AB - The technique of site-directed mutagenesis has been used to investigate the mutagenicity of O6-methylguanine (O6-MeG) or hypoxanthine introduced as a single lesion at a specific locus in an M13mp9 RF molecule constructed in vitro. Following transformation of O6-MeG-containing RF molecules into E. coli JM101, mutant progeny phage were produced at a frequency not significantly different from that observed with wild-type M13mp9 RF. The mutant yield was greatly enhanced by exhausting cellular O6-MeG DNA-methyltransferase before transformation. In contrast, hypoxanthine exhibited miscoding mutagenesis in the absence of interference with cellular repair mechanisms. This indicates that cellular hypoxanthine-DNA glycosylase acts inefficiently in the removal of hypoxanthine from DNA in vivo. The precise mutational changes induced by hypoxanthine were determined by DNA sequence analysis. PMID- 3748050 TI - Unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat tracheal epithelial cells, hepatocytes and spermatocytes following exposure to methyl chloride in vitro and in vivo. AB - Measurement of DNA repair as unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in vitro following exposure in vivo in multiple tissues from the same treated animal can provide valuable information relating to the tissue- and organ-specificity of chemically induced DNA damage. UDS was evaluated in primary cultures of rat tracheal epithelial cells, hepatocytes and pachytene spermatocytes after exposure in vitro to methyl chloride (MeCl), and after isolation from the same treated animal following inhalation exposure in vivo. Concentrations of 1-10% MeCl in vitro induced UDS in hepatocytes and spermatocytes, but not in tracheal epithelial cells. Inhalation exposure to MeCl in vivo (3000-3500 ppm 6 h/day for 5 successive days) failed to induce DNA repair in any cell type. In vivo exposure to 15 000 ppm MeCl for 3 h also failed to induce UDS in tracheal epithelial cells and spermatocytes, but did cause a marginal increase in UDS in hepatocytes. Thus, MeCl appears to be a weak, direct-acting genotoxicant. While activity could be measured in hepatocytes and spermatocytes directly in vitro, only extremely high concentrations of MeCl elicited a response in the whole animal, and then only in hepatocytes. PMID- 3748051 TI - Incorporated bromodeoxyuridine enhances the sister-chromatid exchange and chromosomal aberration frequencies in an EMS-sensitive Chinese hamster cell line. AB - The mutant Chinese hamster cell line, EM9, is characterized by a high baseline sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency, increased sensitivity to cell killing, and a defect in DNA strand-break repair. The molecular basis for this pleotrophic phenotype is not known. We examined, at the chromosomal level, the increased sensitivity of this mutant to incorporated BrdUrd. By varying the amount of BrdUrd in template DNA and measuring the frequency of SCEs and chromosomal aberrations, we demonstrated the enhanced sensitivity of EM9 to BrdUrd present in the template strand of DNA. Our results show that a 6-fold increase in SCEs occurs due to DNA replication over a BrdUrd-substituted template relative to a dThd-substituted template. With regard to aberration production in EM9, there is a significant enhancement of aberrations and a specific bias toward damage for the chromatid with Brdurd in the template strand. While these cells share some phenotypic properties with cells from patients with Bloom's syndrome, the genotypic similarities have not yet been established. PMID- 3748052 TI - Induction of chromosome shattering by ultraviolet light and caffeine: the influence of different distributions of photolesions. AB - Cells of synchronized and of asynchronously growing cultures of a V79 Chinese hamster line were microirradiated with a low power laser-UV-microbeam of wavelength 257 nm. Ultraviolet light was either focused onto a small part of the nucleus (mode I) or distributed over the whole nucleus (mode II). Following microirradiation, the cells were incubated for 7-20 h with caffeine (1-2 mM) until chromosome preparation was performed. After both modes of microirradiation, shattering of the entire chromosome complement (generalized chromosome shattering, GCS) was observed. It is suggested that the probability by which GCS is induced depends on the total number of DNA lesions rather than on their distribution in the chromatin. The results are consistent with the prediction of a "factor depletion model" which assumes that in a given cell, GCS takes place both in irradiated and non-irradiated chromosomes if the total number of daughter strand-repair sites surpasses a threshold value. PMID- 3748053 TI - Induction of sister-chromatid exchanges by the replication of 5-bromouracil substituted DNA under conditions of nucleotide-pool imbalance. AB - The induction of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) by the replication of 5 bromouracil(BrUra)-containing DNA under conditions of nucleotide-pool imbalance was investigated. A modification of a protocol developed for the induction of mutations under these conditions (E.R. Kaufman, Mol. Cell. Biol., 4, 2449-2454, 1984) was used. To induce SCEs, Chinese hamster ovary cells were grown under non mutagenic conditions which allowed the uniform incorporation of BrUra into their DNA at specific levels of substitution for thymine residues (25, 50 and 75% BrUra substitution). After 4 and 5 days of growth, the cells, which had incorporated BrUra into their DNA, were washed free of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) and provided with fresh culture medium supplemented with various concentrations of thymidine (10 microM to 3 mM) and no BrdUrd. The cells were allowed to replicate their BrUra-containing DNA under these conditions, in the absence of BrdUrd, for two rounds of DNA synthesis to achieve sister-chromatid differentiation, and second-division metaphases were scored for SCEs. The results of these studies indicated that the SCEs observed were proportional to the level of BrUra substituted for thymine in the cellular DNA, were induced by increasing concentrations of thymidine in the culture medium during replication of the BrUra containing DNA, correlated well with the induction of mutations to thioguanine resistance and to ouabain resistance, correlated with increases in the intracellular levels of dTTP and dGTP generated by the high concentrations of thymidine. These findings provide direct evidence for the induction of SCEs by the replication of BrUra-containing DNA and for the importance of the pools of nucleoside triphosphate precursors for DNA replication in these processes. When the effects of 3-aminobenzamide, a potent inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis, were tested, it was found that 3-aminobenzamide significantly increased SCEs, but it had no effect on mutations induced. PMID- 3748055 TI - Rapid and complete degradation of thymidine by human peripheral blood platelets: implications for genotoxicity assays. AB - Small-scale washed cell preparations obtained by Percoll density-gradient fractionation of whole blood were used to study the metabolic fate of [3H]thymidine supplied to isolated human blood mononuclear cells and platelets incubated for up to 24 h in vitro. Two cell fractions were monitored: low molecular weight compounds which were soluble in Triton X-100 and TCA were investigated by thin-layer chromatography, and high molecular weight components, distinguished by their Triton and TCA insolubility, were examined by agarose-gel electrophoresis. Under the conditions used, greater than 99% of added [3H]thymidine was very rapidly degraded. Catabolites were recovered in the Triton soluble (cytoplasmic) fraction and the extracellular medium. A negligible proportion of added label was associated with Triton- and TCA-insoluble cell fractions. These results confirm and clarify previous data and have important implications for genotoxicity tests which employ in vitro leukocyte cultures. PMID- 3748054 TI - Clastogenicity in vitro of the Na, K, Ca and Mg salts of saccharin; and of magnesium chloride; consideration of significance. AB - The sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium salts of saccharin, and magnesium chloride, have been shown to be clastogenic to Chinese hamster lung (CHL) fibroblasts in vitro, but only at elevated dose levels (8-16 mg/ml). Saccharin acid was inactive to the limits of its solubility (4 mg/ml). When the data are expressed in terms of ionic concentration, each salt showed a similar clastogenic potency. This suggests that ionic effects induced by these salts in the assay medium may be the critical determinant of the clastogenic effects seen, rather than that the saccharin moiety presents a genotoxic insult to the chromosomes of the cells. The metal-chelating agents EDTA and EGTA were non-clastogenic, but the disodium salt of EDTA showed weak activity prior to toxicity at 0.5 mg/ml. The absence of a clastogenic response for the salts of saccharin at dose levels lower than 4 mg/ml is discussed within the context of the threshold-dependent tumour promoting activity of high dose levels of sodium saccharin to the bladder of male rats. The doubtful value of conducting in vitro clastogenicity studies at dose levels greater than 10(-2) M is discussed. PMID- 3748056 TI - Sister-chromatid exchanges in newborns: apparent drop immediately after birth. Does this reflect two different populations of lymphocytes? PMID- 3748057 TI - Hycanthone: an unresolved case study in risk assessment. PMID- 3748058 TI - Use of a copper-phthalocyanine membrane electrode for rapid preliminary detection of polycyclic mutagens. AB - Preliminary screening of polycyclic mutagens is achieved within 20 min by using a biomimetic electrode composed of an oxygen electrode and a copper-phthalocyanine membrane. When benzo[alpha]pyrene (0.05 mM) was added to the buffer solution in the presence of 0.98 M hydrogen peroxide, the current of the phthalocyanine electrode decreased. A linear relationship was obtained between the current decrease and the benzo[alpha]pyrene concentration over the range 0.19-0.60 mM. The minimum measurable concentration for benzo[alpha]pyrene was 0.01 mM. Such responses were not obtained for other organic compounds such as alcohol, ether, n hexane and cyclohexane. The copper-phthalocyanine membrane electrode has selectively detected polycyclic mutagens such as amino acid pyrolysis products. The current decrease was 1.18-1.46 microA when 0.05 mM amino acid pyrolysis products were employed. PMID- 3748059 TI - An in vivo assay for small intestine genotoxicity. AB - The induction of nuclear aberrations (NA) (apoptotic bodies and micronuclei) in duodenal crypts in a dose-dependent manner was associated with administration of agents known to induce tumours in the small intestine. These included X irradiation, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), and 1,2 dimethylhydrazine (DMH), which were found to induce NA in cells in the proliferative region of crypts 24 h after they were given to mice. Methylurea (MU) and benzo[e]pyrene (B[e]P), which are non-carcinogenic structural analogues of MNU and B[a]P, respectively, did not induce NA under similar conditions. Based on these results, the ability of an agent to induce NA in the small intestine appears to reflect of its oncogenic potential in that organ. PMID- 3748060 TI - Slide preparation and sampling as a major source of variability in the mouse micronucleus assay. AB - This paper describes the results of a study in which mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay slides were assessed for homogeneity of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MPE) among polychromatic erythrocytes (PE). The slides were prepared by 3 distinct methods and several methods of slide reading were assessed. Observations made using our slides were confirmed by re-analysis of slides from 3 independent laboratories. It is concluded that the method of slide preparation and assessment can significantly influence the variability of data obtained from a study. The extent of this variability casts doubt upon the validity of certain assumptions concerning this assay--such as sex differences in MPE incidence, responder variability, etc. Results are discussed within the context of the very recent literature for this assay. Some laboratories appear to have adequate methods of slide preparation and data accumulation, while others do not. Methods to improve the sensitivity of this assay are suggested within the context of the recommendations made by the Gene-Tox review group. In particular, it is suggested that individual investigators present evidence of the adequacy of their data accumulation techniques in order to enhance the value of future studies. PMID- 3748061 TI - A new micronucleus test using peripheral blood erythrocytes of the newt Pleurodeles waltl to detect mutagens in fresh-water pollution. AB - A model micronucleus test system using peripheral blood erythrocytes from larvae of Pleurodeles waltl is described. The most suitable larval stage for testing chemical treatments was determined. Larvae were reared in water containing one of the 4 compounds: benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS), diethyl sulphate (DES) and N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (ENNG). Response curves as a function of treatment duration over a period of 16 days were plotted for 3 different concentrations of the 4 compounds in order to optimize conditions for a low dose micronucleus test. This model can be used as a monitoring system for the detection of fresh water pollution and can also be employed for clastogen screening of chemical compounds. The test is sensitive, reliable and easy to use. PMID- 3748062 TI - Environmental Mutagen Society of Japan. Selected abstracts of the 14th annual meeting. 30 September-1 October 1985, Akita (Japan). PMID- 3748063 TI - Gesellschaft fur Umwelt-Mutationsforschung e.V. (GUM). A German-speaking section of the European Environmental Mutagen Society (EEMS). Abstracts of papers presented at the 9th meeting. 16-18 October 1985, Munchen-Neuherberg (F.R.G.). PMID- 3748064 TI - Mutagen effects on rat seminiferous tubules in vitro: induction of meiotic micronuclei by adriamycin. AB - Mutagen effect on male germ cells can be analyzed by micronucleus induction during meiotic divisions. These can be followed in vitro by culturing seminiferous tubular segments from stages of the epithelial cycle that contain late pachytene and diakinetic primary spermatocytes. We studied the formation of micronuclei in this test system using adriamycin as a model mutagen. Micronuclei were induced in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations of 1-10 ng/ml that were far below the dose that caused morphologically or biochemically detectable cytotoxic effects. The meiotic micronucleus induction in vitro is a potentially sensitive test system of male germ cell mutagenesis. PMID- 3748066 TI - Do curried foods produce micronuclei in buccal epithelial cells? PMID- 3748065 TI - Inability of chlorophenols to induce 6-thioguanine-resistant mutants in V79 Chinese hamster cells. AB - The induction of mutation at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase locus and cytotoxicities of 6 different chlorophenols (2,4- and 2,6 dichlorophenol, 2,4,5- and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol and pentachlorophenol) were examined in V79 Chinese hamster cells without exogenous metabolic activation. The chlorophenols were cytotoxic to V79 cells, but failed to produce significant increases in the frequency of 6-thioguanine-resistant mutants. PMID- 3748067 TI - A test of the bay-region mechanism in carcinogenesis for monomethyl benz[a]anthracenes in a self-consistent-field molecular orbital theory. AB - The relative carcinogenic activity of the isomeric monomethyl derivatives of benz[a]anthracene has been studied on the basis of their bay-region reactivity, and the subsequent ease of carbonium ion formation, as obtained from a suitable 'self-consistent-field' molecular orbital theory for the mobile pi-electrons. The predicted order of carcinogenic activity of these molecules is compared with the available experimental data. PMID- 3748068 TI - Frequency of sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) in bone-marrow cells of severely malnourished animals during early life. AB - The frequency of sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) was examined in bone-marrow cells of 21-day-old Wistar rats malnourished during lactation and well-nourished controls of the same age. Malnutrition was obtained by increasing the litter size to 15 pups per mother. SCE were scored in 25 consecutive second-division metaphases in the femoral bone marrow cells from each animal. The average SCE in the malnourished animals was significantly higher than in the control group (p less than 0.01). The distribution of SCE per mitosis was also significantly higher in the malnourished animals (p less than 0.001). These results indicate that malnutrition per se during early life can increase SCE in the bone marrow of experimental animals. PMID- 3748069 TI - [Developmental mechanisms of the cutaneous immune response in Trichophyton rubrum infection]. PMID- 3748070 TI - Hydrogen peroxide metabolism in Trypanosoma brucei. AB - Contrary to previous reports in the literature, bloodstream forms of the haemoflagellate protozoan Trypanosoma brucei brucei are not deficient in their ability to metabolize hydrogen peroxide, although they either lack or only possess the normal enzymes for H2O2 detoxification, catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) and glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9), at extremely low levels. The hydrogen peroxide which is consumed appears to be reduced by NADPH derived from glucose via the pentose phosphate pathway. This process requires the newly discovered cofactor trypanothione. PMID- 3748071 TI - Glutathione S-transferase in adult Dirofilaria immitis and Brugia pahangi. AB - Glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) was detected in the cytosolic and microsomal fractions of adult Dirofilaria immitis females at respective levels of 30 nmol and 3 nmol min-1 (mg protein)-1 activity with the substrate 1-chloro-2,4 dinitrobenzene (CDNB). The transferase activity in the cytosolic fraction of adult Brugia pahangi females was 10 nmol min-1 mg-1 with CDNB; determination of its activity in the microsomal fraction of this filariid was not attempted. These filarial glutathione S-transferases were further characterized after their purification by glutathione-affinity chromatography. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the cytosolic transferase from D. immitis, molecular weight 47000, yielded a single subunit of around 28 kDa. The cytosolic and microsomal transferases from D. immitis differed in their activity with CDNB, 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene, 4-benzylchloride and ethacrynic acid. The cytosolic transferase from B. pahangi was distinguished by its high activity with ethacrynic acid. Both glutathione S-transferases from D. immitis also functioned as a glutathione peroxidase, strongly preferring cumene hydroperoxide as a substrate over hydrogen peroxide. Both were equiactive inhibitors of malonaldehyde formation in the NADPH-microsomal lipid peroxidation system. Thus, in addition to the ability of filarial glutathione S-transferases to detoxify electrophilic xenobiotics, at least those from D. immitis also exhibited selenium independent glutathione peroxidase activity. Their glutathione S-transferase function suggests a potential role for these enzymes in the leukotriene synthetic pathway, if filariae can form such eicosanoids from arachidonate. Functioning as a glutathione peroxidase, they could serve to protect filarial membrane lipids from peroxidation. PMID- 3748072 TI - Clustering of teenage suicides after television news stories about suicide. AB - We examined the relation between 38 nationally televised news or feature stories about suicide from 1973 to 1979 and the fluctuation of the rate of suicide among American teenagers before and after these stories. The observed number of suicides by teenagers from zero to seven days after these broadcasts (1666) was significantly greater than the number expected (1555; P = 0.008). The more networks that carried a story about suicide, the greater was the increase in suicides thereafter (P = 0.0004). These findings persisted after correction for the effects of the day of the week, the month, holidays, and yearly trends. Teenage suicides increased more than adult suicides after stories about suicide (6.87 vs. 0.45 percent). Suicides increased as much after general-information or feature stories about suicide as after news stories about a particular suicide. Six alternative explanations of these findings were assessed, including the possibility that the results were due to misclassification or were statistical artifacts. We conclude that the best available explanation is that television stories about suicide trigger additional suicides, perhaps because of imitation. PMID- 3748073 TI - The impact of suicide in television movies. Evidence of imitation. AB - Increasing evidence suggest that imitative behavior may have a role in suicide among teenagers. We studied the variation in the numbers of suicides and attempted suicides by teenagers in the greater New York area two weeks before and two weeks after four fictional films were broadcast on television in the fall and winter of 1984-1985. The mean number of attempts in the two-week periods after the broadcasts (22) was significantly greater than the mean number of attempts before the broadcasts (14; P less than 0.05), and a significant excess in completed suicides, when compared with the number predicted, was found after three of the broadcasts (P less than 0.05). We conclude that the results are consistent with the hypothesis that some teenage suicides are imitative and that alternative explanations for the findings, such as increased referrals to hospitals or increased sensitivity to adolescent suicidal behavior on the part of medical examiners or hospital personnel, are unlikely to account for the increase in attempted and completed suicides. PMID- 3748074 TI - Monoclonal antibodies: progress is slow but sure. PMID- 3748075 TI - Does bad news about suicide beget bad news? PMID- 3748076 TI - The Baby Doe controversy. PMID- 3748077 TI - Ascorbic acid. PMID- 3748078 TI - Intraneuronal co-localization of silicon with calcium and aluminum in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism with dementia of Guam. PMID- 3748079 TI - Antimalarials and pneumococcal immunization. PMID- 3748080 TI - Risk of stroke in male cigarette smokers. AB - From 1965 to 1968, the Honolulu Heart Program began following 8006 men of Japanese ancestry in a prospective study of cardiovascular disease. Of the subjects who had not had a stroke by the time of study entry, 3435 were cigarette smokers and 4437 were nonsmokers. In 12 years of follow-up, 171 smokers and 117 nonsmokers had a stroke. As compared with nonsmokers, cigarette smokers had two to three times the risk of thromboembolic or hemorrhagic stroke, after control for age, diastolic blood pressure, coronary heart disease, and other risk factors (P less than 0.001). Subjects who continued to smoke in the course of follow-up had the highest risk of stroke. When these subjects were compared with those who never smoked, their risk of hemorrhagic events was increased four- to six-fold (P less than 0.001). Subjects who were smokers at study entry but stopped smoking in the course of follow-up had a slight excess risk of stroke. When these subjects were compared with those who continued to smoke, however, their risk was reduced by more than half after adjustment for risk factors (P less than 0.05), indicating that stopping smoking had significant benefits. PMID- 3748081 TI - How medical professionals evaluate expressions of probability. AB - Qualitative expressions of probability, such as "likely," have different numerical meanings to different people, which can lead to misunderstanding among physicians and between physicians and patients. In a study conducted through a nationwide interactive computer network based at Massachusetts General Hospital, we gathered information on the meaning of common expressions of probability. Three groups of medical professionals assigned percentage values to 12 expressions of the probability that a given symptom would appear in a patient with an unspecified disease. The median values assigned to these expressions by physicians, medical students, and other professionals were almost the same. Comparisons of the means for 7 of these 12 expressions with those found in an earlier study by other investigators showed that they were quantified in the same order, although they had not been assigned the same numerical values. This degree of agreement among professionals and between studies is encouraging for the future prospects of codifying the meaning of such expressions. The variation among five studies in the mean values assigned to 37 expressions in the medical literature and the variation among individual opinions show that such codification is necessary. In the meantime, the average numerical values presented here for various qualitative expressions of probability could well be used to enhance communication among medical professionals. PMID- 3748082 TI - Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency--a cause of bizarre behavior in a man. PMID- 3748083 TI - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 37-1986. A 50-year-old woman with back pain, extensive travel, and exposure to farm animals. PMID- 3748084 TI - Abnormal calcium homeostasis in sarcoidosis. PMID- 3748085 TI - Diagnosis of blastomycosis. PMID- 3748086 TI - Progressive nephropathy in a patient with cystic fibrosis and diabetes. PMID- 3748087 TI - Serial impedance plethysmography for diagnosis of symptomatic venous thrombosis. PMID- 3748088 TI - Determining optimal therapy--randomized trials in individual patients. PMID- 3748089 TI - Cola drinks and rehydration in acute diarrhea. PMID- 3748090 TI - Huffy-bike hematuria. PMID- 3748091 TI - Psychoactive drug use among practicing physicians and medical students. AB - We surveyed random samples of 500 practicing physicians and 504 medical students in a New England state during 1984-1985; 70 percent of the physicians and 79 percent of the students responded. Fifty-nine percent of the physicians and 78 percent of the students reported that they had used psychoactive drugs at some time in their lives. In both groups, recreational use most often involved marijuana and cocaine, and self-treatment most often involved tranquilizers and opiates. In the previous year, 25 percent of the physicians had treated themselves with a psychoactive drug, and 10 percent had used one recreationally. Although most of the use was experimental or infrequent, 10 percent of the physicians reported current regular drug use (once a month or more often) and 3 percent had histories of drug dependence. More physicians and medical students had used psychoactive drugs at some time than had comparable samples of pharmacists and pharmacy students. The results suggest a need for renewed professional education about the risks of drug misuse. PMID- 3748092 TI - The influence of diagnostic radiography on the incidence of breast cancer and leukemia. AB - Little accurate information is available on the influence of diagnostic radiography on the incidence of cancer in the general population, largely because of a lack of knowledge of the numbers and the age distributions of patients undergoing radiographic examinations. We used such information from a closed population in Maine that was followed for a year, along with data from the literature on the absorbed dose from typical examinations and a mathematical model linking dose to the incidence rate of cancer, to estimate the numbers of cases of radiologically induced cancer of the bone marrow and breast. Our data indicate that about 1 percent of all cases of leukemia and less than 1 percent of all cases of breast cancer result from diagnostic radiography. In addition, such tumors generally occur late in life; the incidence of radiation-induced leukemia was highest at 69 years, and the incidence of radiation-induced breast cancer was highest at 76 years. Thus, diagnostic radiography has only a small influence on the occurrence of leukemia and breast cancer. PMID- 3748093 TI - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 38-1986. A 73-year-old man with diffuse osteosclerotic lesions. PMID- 3748094 TI - Doctors and drugs. PMID- 3748095 TI - The danger of X-rays--real or apparent? PMID- 3748096 TI - Nuclear war and the 1985 Nobel Peace Prize. PMID- 3748097 TI - Purslane: a terrestrial source of omega-3 fatty acids. PMID- 3748098 TI - Therapeutic risks associated with pharmaceutical alternatives. PMID- 3748099 TI - Desmopressin acetate to reduce blood loss after cardiac surgery. PMID- 3748100 TI - More on danazol therapy for periareolar abscess. PMID- 3748101 TI - Blood pressure in the paretic arms of patients with stroke. PMID- 3748102 TI - Problems on Pennsylvania Avenue. PMID- 3748103 TI - Inhibition of atherosclerosis by cod-liver oil in a hyperlipidemic swine model. AB - We studied the effect of cod-liver oil on the development and progression of coronary artery disease in swine subjected to coronary balloon abrasion and fed an atherogenic diet for eight months. Sections from serial 3-mm segments of the coronary arteries were analyzed morphometrically in 7 pigs given a cod-liver-oil supplement and 11 control animals not given the supplement. Significantly less disease was seen in the sections from the animals fed cod-liver oil. The mean lesion area per vessel, mean luminal encroachment per vessel, and mean maximal luminal encroachment per vessel were reduced in animals fed cod-liver oil, as compared with controls, (P = 0.05, P = 0.016, and P = 0.011, respectively). Both groups of animals had severe hyperlipidemia throughout the study. Differences in the extent of coronary atherosclerosis were not related to differences in plasma lipid levels. Platelet arachidonate was markedly reduced, platelet eicosapentaenoic acid was increased, and serum thromboxane was decreased in the oil-fed group as compared with the control group. We conclude that in our animal mode, dietary cod-liver oil retarded the development of coronary artery disease, possibly through changes in prostaglandin metabolism. PMID- 3748104 TI - The case for the use of animals in biomedical research. PMID- 3748105 TI - Aerosols in chronic airway obstruction. PMID- 3748106 TI - The physician's role in preventing nuclear war. PMID- 3748107 TI - Asbestos in play sand. PMID- 3748108 TI - Dementia associated with human immunodeficiency virus with a negative ELISA. PMID- 3748109 TI - Decreased plasma choline concentrations in marathon runners. PMID- 3748110 TI - Congenital methemoglobinemia with cytochrome b5 deficiency. PMID- 3748111 TI - More on methotrexate-nitrous oxide interaction. PMID- 3748112 TI - Naming "malignant angioendotheliomatosis". PMID- 3748113 TI - Post-poliomyelitis neuromuscular symptoms. PMID- 3748114 TI - Further comment on clinical decisions in geriatric patients. PMID- 3748115 TI - Medical equipment on commercial airlines. PMID- 3748116 TI - Interactive medical telecomputing. PMID- 3748117 TI - New perspectives on the medical consequences of nuclear war. PMID- 3748118 TI - 2nd Symposium on Food Proteins--Structure, modification and functional properties of proteins for human food. Friedrichroda, GDR, 27-30 November 1984. PMID- 3748119 TI - Plasteins. Their preparation, properties, and use in nutrition. AB - The theoretical and practical aspects of the plastein reaction, which consist in the formation of a gel following the addition of an endopeptidase to a concentrated solution of a partial protein hydrolysate, are examined and the properties and possibilities of using plasteins in nutrition are discussed. It is shown that valuable protein food products can be obtained with the aid of the plastein reaction from proteins with an unbalanced amino acid composition and from chemically synthesized amino acids. Other applications of plasteins in nutrition are discussed and the studies carried out hitherto on the mechanism and driving forces of plastein formation are considered. PMID- 3748120 TI - Protein-polysaccharide complexes as surfactants. AB - A study has been made of surface pressure (pi) and maximum shear stress (Ps) (at a constant shear rate) of decane-water interface on which bovine serum albumin (BSA) and its complexes with dextran sulfate (DS) were adsorbed. The pi values have been monitored by the Wilhelmy plate technique. The Ps values have been measured with a surface viscoelastometer. The changes of pi with time for BSA and BSA-DS complexes in general takes place in two stages which can be attributed to two corresponding limiting factors: diffusion of molecules (or particles) to the interface, and rearrangements of adsorbed molecules. The diffusion-controlled stage for the BSA-DS complexes was found to be several times as long as for BSA. The relaxation time of the second stage is a function of protein concentration Cp, for the complexes having maximum value at Cp = 10(-3)-10(-2) g/l. These maxima are coincident with midpoints of the surface pressure isotherms. The latter one of the BSA-DS complexes is shifted towards greater protein concentrations in comparison with that of BSA. The Ps assumes maximum values at Cp corresponding to the midpoints of surface pressure isotherms. These values for the complexes are 15-20 times greater the that for free BSA. PMID- 3748121 TI - Production and characterization of protein fractions isolated from biomass of Aspergillus niger A-3. PMID- 3748122 TI - Effect of lipid hydroperoxides on animal proteins under conditions of storage and food preparation. PMID- 3748123 TI - Investigation of the dependence of certain functional properties of proteins on the degree of hydrolysis. PMID- 3748124 TI - The influence of protein components on maillard reaction in liver. PMID- 3748125 TI - Comparison between two methods for calculation of amino acid contents in foodstuffs (short communication). PMID- 3748126 TI - The influence of early postnatal overnutrition on postprandial energy expenditure in rats (short communication). PMID- 3748127 TI - Accumulation of sucrose polyesters in different organ lipids of rats in dependence on duration of application (short communication). PMID- 3748128 TI - [The water, fat and protein determination in milk powder with the NIR reflection apparatus "Infrapid 31"]. PMID- 3748129 TI - Studies on thermal treatment of hake. Part 2. Effects of thermal treatment and frozen storage on volatile ammonium bases content. AB - Dynamics of volatile ammonium bases (VAB) in minced meat of the Pacific hake (Merluccius productus) in function of heating temperature (40, 60, 80, 100, 120 and 130 degrees C) and of storage duration (3-8 months at -28 degrees C) was followed. A gradual increase in the VAB content was found with increasing temperature and frozen storage time; the increase proved statistically significant when compared to the VAB content in the control. PMID- 3748130 TI - An improved simple procedure for the determination of thiamine in food. AB - A modified fluorometric method for the determination of thiamine in food is described. The procedure is simple, reproducible, does not demand costly outfit and chemicals and is not susceptible to interference. The recovery of added thiamine is good. PMID- 3748131 TI - Evaluation of protein mixtures in adults on the basis of scoring pattern deduced from Kofranyi's results. AB - Minimum protein requirements for adult males found by Kofranyi in testing protein mixtures were compared with amino acid scoring pattern in which total non essential amino acids were also included. For protein mixtures composed of different ratios of animal and plant proteins the least minimum of protein required corresponded to the maximum of the courses of chemical score when non essential amino acids, lysine, sulfur amino acids or tryptophan respectively were taken as limiting. Particular comparisons indicate that total non-essential amino acids ought to be included in amino acid scoring pattern. PMID- 3748132 TI - Detection of soybean in soy-based meat substitutes. AB - The statistical analysis of the available data indicated that the straight line equations of protein, fat, fibre, calcium, methionine, and lysine could successively be used for forecasting the added soy percent in a given recipe. On the other hand, the areas of the identified bands in the electropherograms of the investigated samples were considered a reasonable tool for the quantitative determination of whole soybean in soy-based meat substitutes. PMID- 3748133 TI - Cobalt content of foods and diets in a Spanish population (short communication). AB - The WHO Expert Committee on Food Contaminants has pointed out the need of determining the content of foods in trace elements in order to ascertain their contribution to the total intake of oligoelements through the diet. Since the contents in trace elements depend on the environmental features, it is necessary to carry out systematic determinations of trace elements in foods of local origin in order to know the exposure level of population. This work intends to study the cobalt contribution through the diet. The element intake is calculated from the cobalt content in raw foods after elimination of the non-eatable moiety by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy, after formation of a chelate with ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC) and extraction with 4-methyl-2-pentanone (MIBK) according to a procedure developed and verified in a previous paper. PMID- 3748134 TI - Nuclear regulation. PMID- 3748135 TI - Israeli science. Medical schools seek US students. PMID- 3748136 TI - Chernobyl accident. Reactor design not perfect. PMID- 3748137 TI - Sequencing the human genome. PMID- 3748138 TI - Gene regulation. Fingers and DNA half-turns. PMID- 3748139 TI - Disease-gene relationship seen. PMID- 3748140 TI - Microtubule assembly in the axon. PMID- 3748141 TI - Mankind's genetic bottleneck. PMID- 3748142 TI - Synthesis of fast myosin induced by fast ectopic innervation of rat soleus muscle is restricted to the ectopic endplate region. AB - Skeletal muscle fibres, long multinucleated cells, arise by fusion of mononucleated myoblasts to form a myotube that matures into the adult fibre. The two major types of mature fibre, fast and slow fibres, differ physiologically in their rate of isotonic shortening. At the molecular level these type-specific physiological properties are ascribed to different isoforms of myosin, a major protein involved in shortening. Differentiation of fast and slow fibres seems to be under the control of motoneurones, and mature fibres are innervated by only one motoneurone. When rat soleus muscle (SOL, a slow muscle) is dually innervated with a fast nerve, it acquires some properties of a fast muscle, that is, low sensitivity to caffeine and high glycogen content. We report here that in dually innervated soleus muscle the foreign fast nerve induces synthesis of fast isoforms of myosin, but only in the segment of the muscle fibre that is close to the foreign endplate. The localized influence of the nerve endplates suggest that factors controlling the phenotypic expression of the muscle fibre have a short range of activity. PMID- 3748143 TI - The tight junction does not allow lipid molecules to diffuse from one epithelial cell to the next. AB - The tight junction (zonula occludens) links epithelial cells into a monolayer by forming a continuous belt of sealing contacts around the apex of each cell. They appear in thin sections as if they were 'fusions' between the apposed plasma membranes and in freeze-fracture replicas as patterns of complementary strands and furrows. These images have led to the proposal that the core of the tight junction is formed by a hexagonal cylinder of lipids. In this model, the cytoplasmic leaflet of the apical and basolateral plasma membrane domains would be continuous, whereas the exoplasmic leaflets of the two plasma membrane domains of the same cell would be separated at the tight junction and are instead predicted to be continuous between the plasma membranes of neighbouring cells. We demonstrate here that this prediction does not hold true. An endogenous glycolipid (Forssman antigen), present in the exoplasmic leaflet of the apical membrane of MDCK strain II cells, is unable to pass to MDCK strain I cells (which lack this glycolipid) under conditions where these cells are connected by tight junctions. In addition, fluorescent lipids which have been fused into the plasma membrane of one MDCK cell do not diffuse to neighbouring cells while the tight junctions between the cells are intact. PMID- 3748144 TI - Cryptic simplicity in DNA is a major source of genetic variation. AB - DNA regions which are composed of a single or relatively few short sequence motifs usually in tandem ('pure simple sequences') have been reported in the genomes of diverse species, and have been implicated in a range of functions including gene regulation, signals for gene conversion and recombination, and the replication of telomeres. They are thought to accumulate by DNA slippage and mispairing during replication and recombination or extension of single-strand ends. In order to systematize the range of DNA simplicity and the genetic nature of the regions that are simple, we have undertaken an extensive computer search of the DNA sequence library of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL). We show here that nearly all possible simple motifs occur 5-10 times more frequently than equivalent random motifs. Furthermore, a new computer algorithm reveals the widespread occurrence of significantly high levels of a new type of 'cryptic simplicity' in both coding and noncoding DNA. Cryptically simple regions are biased in nucleotide composition and consist of scrambled arrangements of repetitive motifs which differ within and between species. The universal existence of DNA simplicity from monotonous arrays of single motifs to variable permutations of relatively short-lived motifs suggests that ubiquitous slippage like mechanisms are a major source of genetic variation in all regions of the genome, not predictable by the classical mutation process. PMID- 3748145 TI - Nuclear factor III, a novel sequence-specific DNA-binding protein from HeLa cells stimulating adenovirus DNA replication. AB - Dissection and reconstitution of the adenovirus DNA replication machinery has led to the discovery of two HeLa nuclear proteins which are required in conjunction with three viral proteins. One of these, nuclear factor I (NF-I), recognizes an internal region of the origin between nucleotides 25 and 40 and by binding to one side of the helix stimulates the initiation reaction up to 30-fold. NFI-binding sites have been observed upstream of several cellular genes, such as chicken lysozyme, human IgM and human c-myc, and coincide in most cases with DNase I hypersensitive regions. Here we report the identification of a novel DNA-binding protein from HeLa nuclei, designated NF-III, that recognizes a sequence in the adenovirus origin very close to the NFI-binding site, between nucleotides 36 and 54. This sequence includes the partially conserved nucleotides TATGATAATGAG. NF III stimulates DNA replication four- to sixfold by increasing the initiation efficiency. Potential cellular binding sites include promoter elements of the histone H2B gene, the human interferon beta gene, the human and mouse immunoglobulin VK and VH genes and the mammal/chicken/Xenopus laevis U1 and U2 small nuclear RNA genes. Furthermore, a subset of the herpes simplex virus immediate early promoter specific TAATGARAT elements is homologous with the adenovirus 2 (Ad-2) NFIII-binding site. PMID- 3748147 TI - The mechanism of activation of porcine pepsinogen. PMID- 3748148 TI - Chernobyl made plain. PMID- 3748146 TI - The crystal structure of d(GGATGGGAG): an essential part of the binding site for transcription factor IIIA. AB - Most genes in higher organisms are activated by the binding of proteins called transcription factors. One such protein, transcription factor IIIA (TFIIIA) from the frog, activates the gene for 5S RNA by binding to the region of the gene between nucleotides 45 and 97. This binding site has been defined by a variety of biochemical studies, including base-deletion experiments and DNase I footprinting. The protein also binds to the gene product: in immature frogs it is stored as a complex with 5S RNA. From the observation that TFIIIA can bind to either double-helical DNA or RNA, and from their own measurements, Rhodes and Klug have proposed that the DNA-binding site for TFIIIA has an RNA-like structure. Here we present the crystal structure analysis of a part of the DNA binding site (nucleotides 81-89 of the gene) which forms a particularly strong interaction with the protein, and show that it has a conformation similar to the A' form of double-helical RNA. PMID- 3748149 TI - Environmental research. Making the most of Chernobyl. PMID- 3748150 TI - Official Chernobyl report. Timetable for a reactor disaster begins to emerge. PMID- 3748151 TI - Radionuclide deposition from the Chernobyl cloud. PMID- 3748152 TI - How many reactor accidents will there be? PMID- 3748153 TI - 131I in ruminant thyroids after nuclear releases. PMID- 3748154 TI - Oxytocin induces morphological plasticity in the adult hypothalamo neurohypophysial system. AB - The hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system offers a unique example in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) of a functional and structural plasticity related to a physiological state. During lactation, oxytocin neurones evolve a synchronized electrical activation which permits pulsatile hormone release at milk ejection. At the same time, in the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular nuclei, glial coverage of neurones diminishes, so that large portions of their surface membrane become directly juxtaposed; synaptic remodelling also associates pairs of neurones through the formation of common presynaptic terminals. These structural changes, reversible after weaning, affect exclusively oxytocinergic neurones and could facilitate their synchronized electrical activity. As several observations suggest that oxytocin itself is released centrally, we have examined the effect of prolonged intracerebroventricular infusions of oxytocin on the structure of the SON of non-lactating animals. We report here that the peptide indeed engenders the structural reorganization characteristic of the oxytocin system when it is physiologically activated. Similar infusion of vasopressin has no effect. Our observations thus demonstrate that a central neuropeptide can induce anatomical changes in the adult CNS, and suggest that oxytocin can regulate its own release by contributing to the dramatic restructuring of the nuclei containing the neurones responsible for its secretion. PMID- 3748155 TI - Interferon response sequence potentiates activity of an enhancer in the promoter region of a mouse H-2 gene. AB - The expression of class I transplantation antigens encoded in the major histocompatibility complex (H-2 in mouse, HLA in man) can be induced by alpha-, beta- and gamma-interferons. Both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms have been postulated. Recently, a common sequence has been found in the promoter region of several human genes responsive to IFN-alpha. The promoters of H-2Kb and several other mouse class I genes contain a similar interferon response sequence. We show here, in a transient assay, that the H-2Kb promoter can be induced by all three types of interferon and that the interferon response sequence is necessary for induction to occur. However, the response sequence is active only when associated with a functional enhancer sequence which we have recently identified in the promoter of H-2Kb and other class I genes. The combination of these two sequences can render a heterologous promoter responsive to interferon, irrespective of its orientation relative to the cap site. PMID- 3748156 TI - DNA loops induced by cooperative binding of lambda repressor. AB - It has been shown by Hochschild and Ptashne that lambda repressors bind cooperatively to operator sites separated by five or six turns of the helix. Cooperative binding is not observed if the sites are separated by a nonintegral number of turns, unless a four-nucleotide gap is introduced into one of the strands between the two sites. These and other facts suggested that repressors at the separated sites touch each other, the DNA bending smoothly so as to accommodate the protein-protein interaction. Here we use electron microscopy to visualize the predicted protein-DNA complexes. PMID- 3748157 TI - Propulsion of organelles isolated from Acanthamoeba along actin filaments by myosin-I. AB - Eukaryotic cells are dependent on their ability to translocate membraneous elements about the cytoplasm. In many cells long translocations of organelles are associated with microtubules. In other cases, such as the rapid cytoplasmic streaming in some algae, organelles appear to be propelled along actin filaments. It has been assumed, but not proven, that myosin produces these movements. We have tested vesicles from another eukaryotic cell for their ability to move on the exposed actin bundles of Nitella as an indiction that actin-based organelle movements may be a general property of cells. We found that organelles from Acanthamoeba castellanii can move along Nitella actin filaments. Here, we report two different experiments indicating that the single-headed non-polymerizable myosin isozyme myosin-I is responsible for this organelle motility. First, monoclonal antibodies to myosin-I inhibit movement, but antibodies that inhibit double-headed myosin-II do not. Second, approximately 20% of the myosin-I in homogenates co-migrates with motile vesicles during Percoll density-gradient ultracentrifugation. This is the first indication of a role for myosin-I within the cell and supports the suggestion of Albanesi et al. that myosin-I moves vesicles in this way. PMID- 3748159 TI - Private money for AIDS research. PMID- 3748158 TI - Chernobyl report. Drama of human perversity. PMID- 3748160 TI - Chernobyl accident. Fallout pattern puzzles Poles. PMID- 3748161 TI - Law and genetic testing. PMID- 3748162 TI - Risk analysis. PMID- 3748163 TI - Neurophysiology. Parallel channels and redundant mechanisms in visual cortex. PMID- 3748164 TI - Cytoskeleton. New views of the red cell network. PMID- 3748165 TI - Chernobyl fallout on Ioannina, Greece. PMID- 3748166 TI - A system of nomenclature for murine homoeo boxes. PMID- 3748167 TI - Frequency of dizygotic twinning. PMID- 3748168 TI - How to abbreviate recombinant genes. PMID- 3748169 TI - Functions of the ON and OFF channels of the visual system. AB - In the mammalian eye, the ON-centre and OFF-centre retinal ganglion cells form two major pathways projecting to central visual structures from the retina. These two pathways originate at the bipolar cell level: one class of bipolar cells becomes hyperpolarized in response to light, as do all photoreceptor cells, and the other class becomes depolarized on exposure to light, thereby inverting the receptor signal. It has recently become possible to examine the functional role of the ON-pathway in vision by selectively blocking it at the bipolar cell level using the glutamate neurotransmitter analogue 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (APB)1. APB application to monkey, cat and rabbit retinas abolishes ON responses in retinal ganglion cells, the lateral geniculate nucleus and the visual cortex but has no effect on the centre-surround antagonism of OFF cells or the orientation and direction selectivities in the cortex2-5. These and related findings6-11 suggest that the ON and OFF pathways remain largely separate through the lateral geniculate nucleus and that in the cortex, contrary to some hypotheses, they are not directly involved in mechanisms giving rise to orientation and direction selectivities. We have examined the roles of the ON and OFF channels in vision in rhesus monkeys trained to do visual detection and discrimination tasks. We report here that the ON channel is reversibly blocked by injection of APB into the vitreous. Detection of light increment but not of light decrement is severely impaired, and there is a pronounced loss in contrast sensitivity. The perception of shape, colour, flicker, movement and stereo images is only mildly impaired, but longer times are required for their discrimination. Our results suggest that two reasons that the mammalian visual system has both ON and OFF channels is to yield equal sensitivity and rapid information transfer for both incremental and decremental light stimuli and to facilitate high contrast sensitivity. PMID- 3748171 TI - Second chance for nuclear power? PMID- 3748172 TI - Fish-eating Eskimos? PMID- 3748170 TI - Probing the phagolysosomal environment of human macrophages with a Ca2+ responsive operon fusion in Yersinia pestis. AB - Several microorganisms, including Yersinia sp., Salmonella sp., Brucella sp., Mycobacterium sp. and Leishmania sp., have successfully adapted to grow within macrophage phagolysosomes. Infections caused by these intracellular pathogens are among the most difficult to treat. As part of an antimicrobial strategy directed at modifying the phagolysosomal environment to the disadvantage of these important pathogens, we are defining the ambient conditions within the organism containing phagolysosome. To probe this environment, we have used Yersinia pestis, whose expression of several virulence attributes is highly dependent on the Ca2+ concentration in its growth environment. We first genetically engineered a strain of Y. pestis which responds to a low-calcium environment by transcription of inserted structural genes of the Escherichia coli lac operon. Using this mutant organism as a relevant biological probe, we demonstrate here that the calcium concentration in Y. pestis-containing phagolysosomes is sufficiently low to permit virulence gene expression; this resolves the question of where Y. pestis might express its Ca2+-regulated genes in vivo. PMID- 3748173 TI - The growing immunoglobulin gene superfamily. PMID- 3748174 TI - Distinguishing true chirality from its accidental imitators. PMID- 3748175 TI - Haldane's rule back in the news. PMID- 3748176 TI - Radiation and fetal brain development. PMID- 3748177 TI - Chernobyl report. Coping with the human factor. PMID- 3748178 TI - Chernobyl: Soviet frankness creates sense of solidarity. PMID- 3748179 TI - Biological weapons: new view from the Pentagon. PMID- 3748180 TI - A brood parasitic catfish of mouthbrooding cichlid fishes in Lake Tanganyika. AB - Brood parasitism, where a brood of the parasitic species is fostered by the parents of another species, is well known among birds. In most cases, such offspring show a complete reliance upon their host parents for food, protection and warmth until their independence. In other vertebrate groups, however, such total dependence upon a host species is unknown. I report here the first example of true brood parasitic behaviour discovered among fishes. In Lake Tanganyika, an endemic mochokid catfish, Synodontis multipunctatus Boulenger, is a brood parasite of mouthbrooding fishes of the family Cichlidae. The eggs of the catfish are incubated in the mouths of any of several host species together with the host's eggs, but hatch earlier. Following absorption of their yolk sacs, the catfish fry feed upon the fry of the host while still in its mouth. Thus the early stages of development of this catfish not only depend upon their hosts for food and protection, but exploit almost their entire parental investment. PMID- 3748181 TI - Novel sex differences in linkage values and meiotic chromosome behaviour in a marsupial. AB - There have been few reported family studies of gene segregation in marsupials and no report on genetic linkage in a marsupial species. The paucity of such genetic data probably stems from the lack of marsupial species sufficiently well adapted to a laboratory environment to give the abundant progeny from controlled crosses which are required in such work. A colony of the fat-tailed insectivore Sminthopsis crassicaudata (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae), which was established in the R. A. Fisher Laboratories, University of Adelaide, more than 20 years ago, has now provided unusual linkage data. These data indicate that the linkage situation in this marsupial species differs markedly from that in eutherian mammals. Extremely large differences exist between the sexes in the values of the recombination frequencies, with much closer linkage occurring in females. Cytological examination of meiosis in males and females has revealed a major difference between the sexes in chromosome behaviour. PMID- 3748182 TI - The mechanism of rectification at the electrotonic motor giant synapse of the crayfish. AB - The synapse between the giant interneurone and the motor giant axon of the crayfish is a well-known example of the rare class of current-rectifying electrotonic synapses. One early proposal for the basis of this rectification was that rectifying junctions are like diodes. Biological correlates of diodes can exist, such as constant-field channels which rectify by very high-speed rearrangements of charge carriers, but these require high selectivity and large concentration gradients. Electrotonic synapses are believed to be composed of wide-bore (1-2 nm) gap-junction channels which have poor selectivity and bridge similar intracellular compartments. An alternative mechanism for rectification would be by voltage-dependent gates that sense trans-synaptic potential. These two mechanisms can be distinguished because a diode should rectify instantaneously (on a biological time-scale) while a gated channel should show kinetic processes. Although a gating model is more consistent with the known behaviour of channels than a diode model, previous work has failed to find any time course for the rectification. We have now developed a high-quality voltage clamp and by working at reduced temperatures we are able to demonstrate channel kinetics. These results support the hypothesis that this rectifying synapse contains voltage-dependent gates. PMID- 3748183 TI - Occupational trends in Britain to 1990. PMID- 3748184 TI - AIDS in Africa. PMID- 3748185 TI - Testis size and hermaphroditism. PMID- 3748186 TI - Faster than the eye can see. PMID- 3748187 TI - Noradrenaline hyperalgesia is mediated through interaction with sympathetic postganglionic neurone terminals rather than activation of primary afferent nociceptors. AB - In hyperalgesic states, observed commonly as a major symptom of tissue inflammation or after central or peripheral nerve injury, non-noxious stimuli produce pain and noxious stimuli are perceived as more painful than usual. The mechanisms underlying the generation of hyperalgesia are not known. In patients with causalgia (burning pain and severe hyperalgesia after a nerve injury) activation of sympathetic post-ganglionic neurones or application of noradrenaline to painful skin exacerbates pain and hyperalgesia while sympathectomy may afford complete relief. One suggestion is that noradrenaline released from sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons increases the discharge of damaged small-diameter afferents by a direct action on the primary afferents. Here we present a new model for noradrenaline-sensitive hyperalgesia and demonstrate that the site of action of noradrenaline is not on the primary afferents but rather is presynaptic on the sympathetic post-ganglionic terminals. PMID- 3748188 TI - Growth factor-like action of phosphatidic acid. AB - Phosphatidic acid (PA), an intriguing phospholipid that is rapidly produced during receptor-stimulated breakdown of phosphoinositides, has often been proposed to function as a Ca2+ ionophore in activated cells. The PA-ionophore hypothesis is supported by the fact that exogenously applied PA stimulates Ca2+ uptake in various cells and can evoke Ca2+-mediated physiological responses, but it is not known whether PA accumulation affects cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). Here we report that PA elicits a transient rise in [Ca2+]i in cultured cells, not by stimulating Ca2+ influx, but, surprisingly, by releasing Ca2+ from intracellular stores. We further show that PA evokes growth factor-like effects in that it raises cytoplasmic pH, induces expression of the c fos and c-myc proto-oncogenes and stimulates DNA synthesis. Our results indicate that, unlike an ionophore, PA acts by triggering the hydrolysis of phosphoinositides, with consequent formation of second messengers such as inositol trisphosphate signalling Cai2+ release. Furthermore, our data strengthen the notion that any Ca2+-mobilizing stimulus acting through phospholipase C may ultimately function as a growth factor. PMID- 3748189 TI - Reproductive technology. Ethical guidelines announced. PMID- 3748190 TI - [Biosensors]. AB - By the combination of transducers (thermistors, selective electrodes, field effect transistors, optical systems) with immobilized enzymes or antibodies specific sensors for biologically relevant substances are obtained. The construction, ranges, of linearity, response times and stability of biosensors are demonstrated. Examples are given for their application in clinical analysis and fermentation control. Finally limits and future possibilities are discussed. PMID- 3748191 TI - Prismatic dental enamel in theropod dinosaurs. PMID- 3748192 TI - Selective vulnerability of the two cerebral hemispheres under alcohol. PMID- 3748193 TI - Long loop mechanism or short reactions in human voluntary movement? PMID- 3748194 TI - Central adrenergic mediation of the cardiovascular effect of intraventricular bradykinin. AB - The lateral septal area of anaesthetized rats was perfused using a push-pull cannula and the effect of the intracerebroventricular injection of bradykinin on the release of 3H-noradrenaline from the lateral septal area studied. A significant increase in 3H-noradrenaline release concomitant to a cardiovascular response was observed after bradykinin administration, suggesting the involvement of septal noradrenergic mechanisms in the response to the peptide. Morphine, subcutaneously administered, blocked the increase in the effluent radioactivity and the cardiovascular response to bradykinin, suggesting that the bradykinin receptors in the septal area are similar to those found in the sympathetic ganglia. Intravenous injection of diphenhydramine blocked the cardiovascular response to bradykinin but not the 3H-noradrenaline release, indicating the involvement of histaminergic mechanism in a step posterior to the release of catecholamines in the septal area. PMID- 3748195 TI - Muscimol microinfused into the nigrotegmental target area blocks selected components of behavior elicited by amphetamine or cocaine. AB - We examined whether behaviors elicited by systemic administration of the stimulants amphetamine and cocaine involve the relay of outflow from basal ganglia to the target region of the GABAergic nigrotegmental pathway (nigrotegmental target area: NTT), in the region of the pedunculopontine nucleus. Bilateral microinfusions of the GABAA agonist muscimol (25 ng in each side) were administered into the NTT in stimulant-treated rats. Amphetamine- and cocaine induced stereotyped sniffing and repetitive head movements were totally abolished by muscimol infusions. In contrast, stimulant-induced locomotion and snout contact fixation were spared or enhanced. These observations, which extend those of Childs and Gale (1983b) with apomorphine-induced gnawing, further implicate the GABAergic nigrotegmental pathway in the mediation of basal ganglia-related motor dysfunction. On the other hand, cocaine- and amphetamine-induced locomotion and snout contact fixation do not appear to depend upon mediation through GABA receptive neurons in the NTT. Thus, the NTT may be selective for the processing of outflow from the basal ganglia. PMID- 3748196 TI - Effects of papaverine on calcium efflux and contractility in superfused rat left atria. AB - The effects of papaverine upon force of contraction, maximal rate of contraction, maximal rate of relaxation and 45Ca efflux were studied in isolated superfused rat left atria electrically driven at 1 Hz. Papaverine (3 X 10(-5) mol/l, increased developed tension (from 5.35 +/- 1.17 mN to 7.18 +/- 1.51 mN) by 1.8 +/ 0.41 mN (+33%, p less than 0.01) and maximal rate of contraction (+T) by 34.5 +/ 13% (p less than 0.05). In all experimental conditions tested, papaverine increased the rate of 45Ca efflux. The amount by which papaverine increased 45Ca efflux was 175 +/- 41 nmoles . g wet wt-1 and 304 +/- 76 nmoles . g wet wt-1, in the presence and in the absence of caffeine, respectively. The plot of changes in 45Ca efflux versus changes in developed tension fitted to a straight line (r = +0.56, n = 17, p less than 0.05), with a slope and intercept of 42 nmoles Ca . mN 1 . g wet wt-1 and -0.47 mN respectively, suggesting an association between the changes induced by papaverine in force development and increased 45Ca efflux. PMID- 3748197 TI - Differential effects of methylxanthines on local cerebral blood flow and glucose utilization in the conscious rat. AB - The aim of this study was to test the effects of the three "classical" methylxanthines, theophylline, caffeine and theobromine, on local cerebral blood flow and glucose utilization. Equimolar doses (1.6 mumol/kg/min i.v.) of theophylline and caffeine produced increases in local cerebral glucose utilization and decreases in local cerebral blood flow. These compounds, therefore, re-set the ratio of cerebral blood flow per unit of glucose utilization at a lower level. These results are interpreted with respect to the known adenosine antagonist properties of caffeine and theophylline. Theobromine, a substance with less significant adenosine antagonist properties, had minimal effects on local cerebral blood flow and glucose utilization at a dose of 1.6 mumol/kg/min i.v. These data may provide supportive evidence for the hypothesis that adenosine plays an important role in cerebral blood flow-metabolism coupling. PMID- 3748198 TI - Loperamide inhibits gallbladder inflammatory fluid secretion in experimental cholecystitis. AB - Fluid secretion by the gallbladder mucosa is suggested to have a key pathophysiological role in acute cholecystitis, since it causes distension of the obstructed gallbladder. The present study investigates the actions of loperamide on the gallbladder function in experimental cholecystitis. Gallbladder fluid transport and motility were studied in vivo with a continuous perfusion technique. A net fluid secretion by the gallbladder mucosa was seen in cats in which cholecystitis was induced whereas there was a net fluid absorption from the gallbladder lumen in the control animals. The net fluid secretion in experimental cholecystitis was inhibited by loperamide (1 mg/kg), an effect that was blocked by naloxone (1 mg/kg), suggesting an involvement of specific opiate receptors. Loperamide (1 mg/kg) relaxed the normal gallbladder but had no significant effects on its fluid absorption. Since loperamide reduces mucosal fluid secretion in experimental cholecystitis without contracting the gallbladder wall, it is suggested that this peripherally acting opiate agonist could be useful in the treatment of patients with acute cholecystitis. PMID- 3748199 TI - Discrimination by N-ethylmaleimide between the chronotropic and inotropic response to muscarinic receptor stimulation in rat atrium. AB - N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) rapidly blocked the negative chronotropic effect of carbachol on rat right atrium. In contrast, NEM did not reduce the negative inotropic response to muscarinic (M) receptor stimulation. Carbachol inhibited the specific binding of [3H]-N-methylscopolamine [( 3H]-NMS) to membranes of rat atria as reflected by a shallow inhibition curve. Both guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and NEM shifted the [3H]-NMS inhibition curves of carbachol to the right. Pretreatment of the atrial membranes with NEM abolished the GTP-induced rightward shift. However, when instead of the membranes the intact atria were pre-incubated with NEM, no interaction between NEM and GTP in the membranal preparation was observed. The results indicate that NEM sharply discriminated between the inotropic and chronotropic effects to M-receptor stimulation in rat atria. The inhibitory effect of NEM on the M-receptor-mediated negative chronotropic effect in rat atrium cannot be explained by an interaction of the sulfhydryl reagent with GTP-binding proteins, like Ni or No. PMID- 3748200 TI - [Acute disease with fever, headache, exanthema and diminished kidney function: an emergency case]. PMID- 3748201 TI - [Thrombolysis in patients with acute heart infarct]. PMID- 3748202 TI - [Autopsy: useful or useless?]. PMID- 3748203 TI - [Effect of the discontinuation of periodic roentgen population screening for lung tuberculosis on morbidity and mortality of patients hospitalized for bronchus carcinoma]. PMID- 3748204 TI - [The management of an AIDS patient in a nursing home]. PMID- 3748205 TI - [Birch pollen asthma in the Netherlands; an unknown phenomenon?]. PMID- 3748206 TI - [Airway infections in patients in intensive care units; pathogenesis and prevention]. PMID- 3748207 TI - [Revision of the treatment strategy in Parkinson's disease]. PMID- 3748208 TI - [Intestine-preserving surgery in Crohn disease: resection or strictureplasty]. PMID- 3748209 TI - [Toxoplasma gondii: a--mostly--silent companion]. PMID- 3748210 TI - [Laboratory diagnosis of toxoplasmosis]. PMID- 3748211 TI - [Refraction surgery of the cornea]. PMID- 3748212 TI - [Antegrade irrigation during surgery for disorders of the left part of the colon]. PMID- 3748213 TI - [Hemophilia B Leyden]. PMID- 3748214 TI - [Before and after chorionic villi sampling]. PMID- 3748215 TI - [Mammography, sometimes a fallible study]. PMID- 3748216 TI - [Primary leiomyosarcoma of the bladder]. PMID- 3748217 TI - [Intermittent claudication]. PMID- 3748218 TI - [Risks of irradiation for patients with cancer]. PMID- 3748219 TI - [Local protection against ultraviolet rays]. PMID- 3748220 TI - [Clinical and hemodynamic results of aortoiliac reconstruction]. PMID- 3748221 TI - [Treatment of patients with intermittent claudication with walking exercises]. PMID- 3748222 TI - [Severe methanol poisoning]. PMID- 3748223 TI - [Leptospirosis in a poultry slaughterhouse]. PMID- 3748224 TI - [Benign liver tumors and oral contraceptives; diagnosis and treatment]. PMID- 3748226 TI - [Alternative nutrition]. PMID- 3748225 TI - [Cimetidine or ranitidine?]. PMID- 3748227 TI - [Fever and neurologic manifestations; a combination worthy of consideration]. PMID- 3748228 TI - [Routine leukocyte differentiation test]. PMID- 3748229 TI - [Metastasis of skin tumors of the face and hairy scalp to the parotid area]. PMID- 3748230 TI - [Head injuries in bicyclists and moped riders in the 5 years before and after the introduction of the compulsory helmet regulation for moped riders]. PMID- 3748231 TI - [The sphincter prosthesis]. PMID- 3748232 TI - [Death certificates]. PMID- 3748233 TI - [Risk of rehospitalization of schizophrenic patients: urban versus rural areas]. PMID- 3748234 TI - [Cerebral infarcts as a complication of migraine]. AB - Among 33 young patients suffering from brain infarction we found five with the preceding history of migraine. In four cases the insult coincided with an attack of migraine. The lesions were related to an area supplied by the posterior cerebral artery. The clinical and radiological findings are discussed. PMID- 3748235 TI - [Reasons for admission of psychiatric patients to locked wards]. PMID- 3748236 TI - [Discordant syringomyelia twins in familial syringomyelia]. AB - A case is reported of a pair of monozygous twins who were discordant for and their syringomyelia, and whose brother also suffered from this disease. On the basis of this extraordinarily rare constellation, the role of heredity and the possible importance of environmental factors in the manifestation of syringomyelia are discussed. PMID- 3748237 TI - [Pathologic spontaneous activity in a foramen magnum meningioma]. AB - The case history over five years of a finally completely tetraplegic patient is described, in whose plegic muscles massive occurrence of positive sharp waves and fibrillation potentials could be found together with normal neurographic parameters. The mediosagittal MRT of the brainstem gave evidence of a tumor in the craniocervical region. The patient could be discharged in healthy condition ten weeks after removal of a foramen magnum meningioma. Evidence of so-called denervation activity was no longer present. For the clinical neurologist as well as for the electromyographer it is equally important to know that positive sharp waves and fibrillation potentials can also occur in central lesions. PMID- 3748238 TI - [Epidermoid in the 4th ventricle]. AB - A case of pearly tumor (cholesteatoma or epidermoid cyst) of the IV. ventricle in a patient aged 64 years is reported. The patient had been treated one year earlier for lumbar herniated nucleus pulposus. The symptoms, pathogenesis, CT appearance and operative therapy of the cyst are discussed. PMID- 3748239 TI - [The macula in homonymous hemianopsia]. PMID- 3748240 TI - [Hemorheology and ischemic brain infarct: what is established?]. PMID- 3748241 TI - [Initial manifestation of disseminated encephalomyelitis: MRT comparative study with established disseminated encephalomyelitis]. AB - 40 patients with a definite diagnosis and 16 patients with an initial manifestation of multiple sclerosis were investigated by cerebral nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMR) and compared. The initial manifestation is predominantly characterized in the NMR by significantly less periventricular involvement, especially within the region of the occipital horns, by significantly rarer appearance of confluent, periventricular lesions within the region of the pars centralis and the temporal horns of the lateral ventricles and by significantly rarer appearance of circumscribed non-periventricular lesions. Unlike those in definite multiple sclerosis, the morphology and distribution of the initial lesions do not show a stereotypical and diagnostically characteristic pattern. The importance of the cerebral NMR for the early diagnosis of multiple sclerosis lies primarily in the indication of disseminated lesions. PMID- 3748242 TI - [Results of the 2d study on the structure of neurologic inpatient facilities in West Germany]. PMID- 3748243 TI - [Neurologic symptoms in Legionella infection. A case report of the clinical aspects and diagnosis of legionellosis]. AB - In patients with infection from Legionella pneumophila, it must be taken into consideration that the nervous system may be involved. This involvement can precede the pneumonia by several days. Headache, acute mental status changes and cerebellar dysfunctions are the most common neurological symptoms. In the case reported, extrapyramidal disturbances were also observed that are rarely found in association with Legionella infection. There are grounds for the assumption that Legionella toxins cause impairment to the nervous system. The neurological symptoms are not specific enough to allow differentiation of this infection from pneumonia of other etiologies. PMID- 3748244 TI - Chlamydia trachomatis: the sexual transmission of a tricky agent. PMID- 3748245 TI - Ileoanal anastomosis with the construction of a reservoir. PMID- 3748246 TI - Disseminated aspergillosis in a patient with staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome. PMID- 3748247 TI - Gentamicin removal during intermittent peritoneal dialysis. AB - Gentamicin removal during intermittent peritoneal dialysis was studied in 13 uremic patients. The peak serum level after 80 mg of gentamicin intravenous drip was 6.00 +/- 1.3 micrograms/ml with a serum half-life of 13.6 +/- 4.07 h. The gentamicin dialysate level did not correlate with the corresponding serum concentration. The peritoneal gentamicin clearance (10.0 +/- 3.65 ml/min) correlated with the rate of protein loss, but not with the peritoneal clearances of urea and creatinine. When 4% glucose dialysate was used, the clearance of the drug increased considerably along with the ultrafiltration rate. Adding gentamicin (5 micrograms/ml) to the dialysate resulted in a sustained serum drug level. The mechanism of gentamicin transport through the peritoneal membrane is discussed. The study demonstrated significant removal of gentamicin during intermittent peritoneal dialysis. PMID- 3748248 TI - Idiopathic Goodpasture's syndrome. Fatal pulmonary haemorrhage and crescentic glomerulonephritis in the absence of immune-reactant deposition. AB - A 58-year-old woman was hospitalized with acute renal failure and unilateral pulmonary consolidation. Ten days later she developed massive pulmonary haemorrhage with diffuse pulmonary consolidation. Renal biopsy revealed 100% crescentic nephritis without immunofluorescence (IF) or electron microscopic evidence of immune reactant deposition. Circulating anti-glomerular basement membrane (antiGBM) antibody was not detectable by radioimmunoassay. Despite aggressive therapy pulmonary haemorrhage eventually proved fatal. IF of lung tissue revealed no immune-reactant deposition. This report represents a case of idiopathic Goodpasture's syndrome, both from an aetiological and an immunopathological viewpoint. It emphasizes that Goodpasture's syndrome (i.e. pulmonary haemorrhage and glomerulonephritis) occurs in a variety of situations which are not mediated by antiGBM antibody deposition and that alveolar haemorrhage should be considered in the differential diagnosis of all radiological pulmonary infiltrates, including unilateral opacities, when abnormalities of renal function coexist. PMID- 3748249 TI - Silicon metabolism. II. Renal handling in chronic renal failure patients. AB - In 36 patients suffering from chronic renal failure (mean creatinine clearance 26 ml/min), serum silicon levels were significantly increased (mean 0.52 microgram/ml compared with 0.265 microgram/ml in normals; p less than 0.005). Urinary silicon excretion per 24 h was significantly decreased (15.71 mg/24 h compared with 21.4 mg/24 h in normals; p less than 0.001). Fractional excretion of silicon (FESi) was significantly increased in chronic renal failure (p less than 0.001), with overall tubular secretion of silicon in 33% of patients. Urinary excretion of silicon was significantly related to urinary calcium excretion (p less than 0.0001) urinary magnesium excretion (p less than 0.0001) creatinine clearance (p less than 0.05) and sodium excretion (p less than 0.05). It is suggested that urinary silicon is in the form of orthosilicate, principally bound to calcium and magnesium; and that in chronic renal failure the increase in FESi, and the decrease in absorbed Si from the gastrointestinal tract, moderate the increase in plasma silicon levels and prevent excessive entry of silicon into the tissues. PMID- 3748250 TI - Pulmonary calcifications in children on dialysis. AB - Pulmonary calcifications are known to occur in patients with chronic renal failure. Recently, scintigrams with bone-seeking radionuclides have been used to detect subclinical pulmonary calcium deposits. We studied 18 children on maintenance dialysis without evidence of pulmonary calcification on chest X-ray. Four children (22.2%) had a positive technetium 99m hydroxymethylene diphosphate scan (group 1), and 14 children had a negative scan (group 2). Mean serum aluminum levels were 2.68 +/- 0.30 mumol/l (mean +/- SD) in group 1 as compared to 1.66 +/- 0.72 in group 2 (p less than 0.01). No significant difference was found between the groups with respect to serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, bicarbonate, magnesium and the calcium-phosphorus product as well as parathyroid hormone and vitamin D levels. The patients with pulmonary calcifications were on dialysis a significantly longer time than those of group 2 (62 +/- 15 versus 35.7 +/- 23 months; p less than 0.01). These data show that pulmonary calcification occurs with high frequency in children undergoing long-term dialysis. They seem to be related to high serum aluminum levels. We propose that pulmonary scintigrams with bone-seeking radionuclides be used routinely for the diagnosis and follow-up of uremic pulmonary calcification. PMID- 3748251 TI - Long-term prognosis for endocapillary glomerulonephritis of poststreptococcal type in children and adults. AB - The long-term clinical course of sporadic, acute endocapillary glomerulonephritis of poststreptococcal type is reported. In all cases, the diagnosis was established by renal biopsies and in most cases by clinical tests. The study is based on retrospective/prospective data from 36 children and 101 adults in the Federal Republic of Germany, Luxemburg, and Austria. In 72 patients (21 children, 51 adults) the disease course was clinically followed over periods of 2-13 years (clinical features: blood pressure, serum creatinine, proteinuria, hematuria). In this group, the number of clinical recoveries (i.e., all features within strictly defined normal ranges) increased with increasing length of observation. Children showed more rapid clinical recovery. 29% of the children and 41% of the adults showed no clinical recovery. Out of all 137 patients, 3 progressed to chronic renal failure, and 4 other patients died. Cases with an initial nephrotic syndrome had a significantly poorer long-term prognosis (p less than 0.005). Initial elevation of serum creatinine concentration due to acute renal failure did not influence the long-term prognosis. Our results indicate that the acute endocapillary glomerulonephritis of poststreptococcal type has a slow tendency towards clinical recovery under good hygienic conditions and if unaccompanied by nephrotic syndrome in the initial phase. PMID- 3748252 TI - Creatinine clearance in the elderly: a comparison of direct measurement and calculation from serum creatinine. AB - In 53 patients, aged over 70 years and admitted as urgent cases, creatinine clearance was determined biochemically in 24-hour urine and serum. The adjusted creatinine clearance value was compared with the values obtained by the formulas of Cockcroft and Gault [Nephron 16: 31-41, 1976], Kampmann et al. [Acta med. scand. 196: 517-520, 1974] and Hallynck et al. [Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 30: 414 421, 1981] where creatinine clearance can be estimated from the serum creatinine concentration. A significant connection was found between the adjusted creatinine clearance and the values by the formula of Cockcroft and Gault (r = +0.46), compared with the formula of Kampmann et al. (r = +0.53), although only a small correlation was seen in comparison with the formula of Hallynck et al. (r = +0.30). A very high correlation of the obtained values was found by the formulas of Cockcroft and Gault and Kampmann et al. (r = +0.99) and also a significant correlation with the formula of Hallynck et al., (r = +0.56). By comparing the values according to formulas of Kampmann et al. and Hallynck et al. a significant connection was obtained (r = +0.59). The method of Cockcroft and Gault could be used as a fast analysis of creatinine clearance in older patients with great individual variation, as could the formula of Kampmann et al., but the determination of creatinine clearance by a biochemical method is a reliable reference. PMID- 3748253 TI - Nifedipine and renal function. PMID- 3748254 TI - Intact parathyroid hormone assay offers increased sensitivity over C-terminal assays in the study of parathyroid graft function. AB - Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in 6 patients who had received parathyroid tissue autografts were studied. Samples were taken from graft and non-graft arms both pre- and post-dialysis. Each sample was analysed using two PTH assays, one measuring C-terminal PTH and the other measuring the intact PTH molecule. For both pre- and post-dialysis samples an appreciably greater difference was seen between the graft and non-graft arms using the intact assay. A patient with suspected ectopic PTH production showed a very much reduced differential between the two sampling sites with both assays. We suggest that the intact PTH assay is of greater clinical utility in the localisation of ectopic glands and monitoring of graft function than the commonly used C-terminal assays. PMID- 3748255 TI - Verapamil in arterial hypertension with renal disease. PMID- 3748256 TI - Renovascular hypertension. International Society of Hypertension Satellite Symposium. Zurich, Switzerland, June 25, 1984. PMID- 3748257 TI - Comparison of medical and surgical treatment of renovascular hypertension. AB - Controversy continues to surround the management of patients with hypertension secondary to renovascular disease. Older studies quote high mortality rates and graft thrombose rates with operative management and low rates of favorable blood pressure responses. These pessimistic reports have led to use of operation only when drug therapy does not provide adequate blood pressure control. This report summarizes these studies and provides more current information regarding changes in renal function during drug therapy and results of surgery and its potential role in both management of hypertension and control of progressive loss of renal function. PMID- 3748258 TI - Operative techniques in renovascular hypertension. AB - The operative technique used for correction of renovascular hypertension is described, basing on the experience with 73 patients operated upon during a 12 year period. Eight nephrectomies were performed, mostly because of irreversible glomerular and tubular atrophy. For arterial repair, three different procedures only were applied. The procedure of choice for most patients was widening of the artery by venous patch grafting, in case of arteriosclerosis combined with endarterectomy. In 7 cases the artery was transected and reimplanted into the infrarenal aorta. In 10 patients extracorporeal repair with replacement of the artery by a venous graft and replantation was performed. There was no operative or postoperative mortality in this series. The hypertension was cured or markedly improved in 96% of the patients with fibromuscular dysplasia, and in 88% of arteriosclerotic cases. PMID- 3748259 TI - Use of the xenon-133 washout technique in diagnosing renovascular disease in hypertension. AB - In this paper several aspects of the evaluation of renal perfusion by means of the xenon-133 washout technique are reviewed. Although the method requires arterial catheterization, and is difficult to carry out in the face of far advanced renal artery stenosis, in many patients it may provide useful information on the intrarenal hemodynamic pattern. In patients with renal artery stenosis the percentage of total flow perfusing the rapid compartment (= outer cortex) is maintained, but absolute flow in that compartment is reduced to a variable degree. It is suggested that this reflects recruitment of fast-flow nephrons in response to a fall in perfusion pressure. PMID- 3748260 TI - [Diagnosis and therapy of obstructions of the foramen of Monro]. AB - Occlusions or obstructions in the region of the interventricular foramen (also known as foramen of Monro) can be due to a variety of causes. Among these are lesions of the hypothalamus that can be operated on under present-day conditions and in certain cases. This article draws attention to the possibility of choosing between several surgical approaches. Analysis of our own material (27 cases) during the past ten years shows that good results can be obtained when using modern methods of diagnosis and treatment. Four case reports are presented of four typical patients with occlusion of the foramen of Monro. If there is an associated hydrocephalus, the transcortico-transventricular approach appears to be the most appropriate one. It seems it is not always possible to effect exact type-specific separation of the diseases in the third ventricle. The presence of blood in the CSF can be a pointer toward a tumour in the third ventricle. PMID- 3748261 TI - [Partial vertical nucleotomy as a modification of tractotomy of the trigeminal nerve]. AB - The authors report on partial vertical nucleotomy, a modification of tractotomy of the quintothalamic tract. In 1979 eight patients underwent this procedure. Three of them showed a recurrence of pain from genuine trigeminal neuralgia. Three patients had symptomatic trigeminal neuralgia, one patient atypical neuralgia of the face without organic cause, whereas in one case the neuralgia occurred subsequent to a herpes zoster. At the time of examination all patients were free from pain. PMID- 3748262 TI - [Computerized tomography of intracranial tuberculous lesions. 2 case reports]. AB - In contrast to the numerous publications on supratentorially located tuberculomas, reports on infratentorial tuberculomas, demonstrated by computed tomography, are relatively few in number. Although nowadays precise localization has become possible via computed tomography, a tuberculoma cannot be identified unequivocally by computed tomography. The appearance of tuberculous lesions in CT depends on the extent the lesion has advanced at the time of the investigation and whether or not tuberculostatics have already been administered. In the posterior cranial fossa, brain stem tuberculomas must additionally be distinguished from cerebellar tuberculomas and tuberculous brain abscess from solid tuberculomas. The problem of tuberculous lesions in computed tomography is discussed with reference to a left frontotemporal tuberculoma and a vermis tuberculoma demonstrated by computed tomography and removed surgically. PMID- 3748263 TI - Mega cisterna magna: a constant variation of the cerebellomedullary cistern associated with cerebral atrophy. AB - Data relating to 31 cases of mega cisterna magna studied by computed tomography are presented. The incidence and the relation of this condition to cerebral atrophy are examined. Mega cisterna magna has a constant incidence in routine CT material and is closely associated with cerebral atrophy. PMID- 3748264 TI - Arachnoid cyst of the quadrigeminal cistern. AB - Arachnoid cysts of the quadrigeminal region are rare. We report two new cases. The first is a 29-year-old woman, who had a recurrence five years after sub-total removal of the cyst wall. Initially it was communicating and was treated by a ventriculo-atrial shunt; later it became noncommunicating and direct drainage of the cyst cavity was required. The second was a 25-year-old female, successfully treated by wide removal of the cyst wall thus creating a large communication with the subarachnoid space. Diagnosis of these lesions, as regards either morphological or functional features, nowadays rests largely on CT. Choices about treatment are extremely difficult. The most radical one, namely, complete removal of the capsule, is not without risks and disadvantages. More prudent methods, such as partial removal of the capsule and/or drainage of the cyst and the ventricles, seem on the whole to be preferable, but careful pre- and post operative evaluation of CSF dynamics are essential for a satisfactory and long lasting outcome. PMID- 3748265 TI - Extradural multiple spinal meningioma. Literature review a case report. AB - A case is reported of recurring or multiple spinal meningioma and focuses again on the incomplete information at present available regarding this class of meningioma. Repeated operations were performed earlier in the extradural space at C2 and an intradural tumour at the same level was completely removed. After a six year interval, we diagnosed an intramedullary meningioma once again at C2, which was subtotally removed. Histological examination indicated an angioblastic tumour, the same type of meningioma as was previously found. Postoperative recovery was satisfactory. Two years later, an intradural extramedullary tumour at T2-3 level was totally removed. Again postoperative recovery went well. In view of the rare occurrence of this meningioma, and the reports on it, we envisaged the pathogenesis of our case as an invasion from the extradural into the intradural space and into the spinal cord. Its appearance in the thoracic region might have been by dissemination via the cerebrospinal fluid pathways or it may have occurred independently. PMID- 3748266 TI - [Analysis of estradiol and progesterone receptors in meningioma]. AB - 65% of all intracranial meningiomas and 80% of the intraspinal ones are seen in women. Meningiomas often grow larger and present an increased incidence of clinical signs and symptoms during pregnancy and also in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. In this study the oestradiol and progesterone receptors were determined in 30 patients for the first time via the double ligand assay. In about 10% of the patients we found slight oestradiol receptor activity, whereas approx. 63% of the meningiomas examined had specific progesterone receptors. So far there has been no evidence of a definite dependence of receptor concentrations on the sex and age of the patients or on the pathohistology and site of the tumours. Results can be compared with the previously published data on oestradiol and progesterone receptors in meningiomas to a limited extent only, since different biochemical techniques have been employed and also since pre operative glucocorticoid treatment has been different from study to study. However, we can safely assume that a specific progesterone receptor does exist. Since proliferation of meningiomas with high concentrations of circulating gestagens has been established, the occurrence of significant concentrations of progesterone receptors could imply therapeutic consequences (eg anti-gestagens) in a large proportion of tumours. We may neglect the clinical relevance of the oestradiol receptor because it occurs in low concentrations only. The epidemiological and clinical data on patients with meningiomas, as well as the existence of sex hormone receptors, may contribute to the development of a theory on the pathogenesis of this tumour. PMID- 3748267 TI - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and occupational heavy metal exposure: a case control study. AB - A retrospective case-control study of occupational heavy metal exposure was conducted using 66 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients and 66 age- and sex-matched controls. Cases were ascertained primarily through a neurology support and research clinic. The self-administered questionnaire probed potential exposure to nine heavy metals: aluminum, lead, lead alkyl, magnesium, manganese, mercury, mercury alkyl, nickel and selenium. Using McNemar's test and a Mantel Haenszel extended analysis, no association was found between heavy metal exposure and the pathogenesis of ALS in this patient population. Demographic factors, fracture history, immunizations, travel and other variables were similar in ALS patients and controls. PMID- 3748268 TI - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Limousin (Limoges area, France). AB - Several epidemiological studies of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis have suggested that this neurological disease is uniformly distributed throughout the world. We report here the only study providing data on the incidence of this disease in France. It is based on a retrospective study of the Limoges region (Limousin) which contains only one university department of neurology. The study, conducted from February 1, 1977, to February 1, 1985, was not limited to in- and out patients seen at this department, as we also contacted other non-hospital doctors who might have examined such patients. The average normal incidence was found to be 0.91 per 100,000 population. The male:female ratio was 1.16:1, and the median age of onset was 65 years. Median survival was 20.7 months. PMID- 3748269 TI - Quantitative analysis of dendritic networks of Purkinje neurons during aging. AB - This study examined quantitative parameters of Golgi-Cox stained Purkinje dendritic networks in Fischer 344 rats of three different ages. Topological patterns of branching, metric parameters of the networks, and spine densities on terminal dendritic branches of the networks were measured and analyzed relative to age of the animals. The data suggested that the networks were topologically stable at all ages, but decreases in spine density on terminal branches, in length per terminal branch, in total length of terminal branches, and in total length of the entire network were shown. Decreases in spine density were found in cells of both older groups of rats; however, decreases in length parameters were significant only in the cells of rats in the intermediate age group. PMID- 3748270 TI - Quantitative morphology of medium-sized caudate spiny neurons in aged cats. AB - These studies were designed to assess some of the morphological alterations that occur in medium-sized spiny neurons of the caudate nucleus in aged cats. Computer assistance was used to quantify in three dimensions the extent of the dendritic trees of 164 neurons from 11 cats (5 1-3 years and 6 over 10 years of age) stained by the rapid Golgi technique. In all animals beyond 10 years of age there was a decrease in the density of spines on distal dendritic segments. This decrease was moderate (16%) in 13 year old cats and reached about 50% in 15 and 18 year old animals. In addition, there was an increase in the frequency of occurrence of spines with enlarged heads in all aged cats. In cats over 13 years there was a marked loss of portions of distal dendritic segments. All measures of dendrite length displayed statistically significant decreases of 30-40% in cats 15 and 18 years of age. There were no significant age-related alterations in numbers of dendrites, number of branches per dendrite or soma diameter. These morphological results indicate that there is a sequence of age-related changes that occurs in caudate medium-sized spiny neurons and provides a basis from which to assess functional alterations. PMID- 3748271 TI - Number of neurons in nucleus locus ceruleus in demented and non-demented patients: rapid estimation and correlated parameters. AB - The total number of neurons in nucleus locus ceruleus (nLC) was counted in 20 patients with dementia (19 with dementia of the Alzheimer type) and 10 non demented patients with the assistance of an image analyzer. The average number of neurons in a single representative section of nLC through the site of maximal neuronal density was then determined in each case. Both the mean total neuronal count and the average number of neurons in single sections correlated significantly with age, severity of dementia and length of nLC. The mean total number of neurons for demented (5571.700 +/- 4151.073) and non-demented (12533.700 +/- 2336.320) subjects differed significantly. The mean number of neurons derived by averaging counts of single representative sections from demented subjects (67.9 +/- 31.19) correlated significantly with the total number of nLC neurons determined by Quantimet-assisted analysis and differed significantly from the mean number of neurons derived by averaging counts of single representative sections of non-demented subjects of comparable age (110.0 +/- 16.59). With both methods of estimating neuronal numbers, the number of surviving nLC neurons in demented patients fell into 2 distinct groups, with cut off points at 5,000 neurons (mean total counts) and 67 neurons (average of single representative section counts). These findings provide clear evidence that samples of the nLC neuronal population derived from single section counts produce data of comparable utility to those obtained from more laborious total neuronal counts in the human locus ceruleus. PMID- 3748273 TI - Relation of brain regional physostigmine concentration to cholinesterase activity and acetylcholine and choline levels in rat. AB - The relationship between physostigmine (Phy) concentration, acetylcholine (ACh), choline (Ch) and cholinesterase (ChE) activity was examined in whole rat brain after the administration of [3H]Phy (650 microgram/kg i.m.). Cholinesterase inhibition was found to be inversely related to Phy levels. Maximal inhibition (80%) was seen at 5 min and by 2 hrs ChE activity had returned to control levels. Acetylcholine levels in whole brain peaked at 30 min at a concentration (80 nmol/g) 2.3 times higher than controls (33 nmol/g). Choline levels were not significantly altered. The regional distribution of Phy concentration and ChE activity was studied in six areas of the brain following i.m. administration of three different dosages of ( 3H]Phy. Physostigmine concentration and ChE activity showed a dose dependency in each area examined except in SP (medial septum). Striatum (ST) showed the greatest relative increase of ACh up to 30 min, when compared to other areas. Choline levels were not changed in any area with the exception of ST at 5 min where a decrease was seen. There was a relationship between ChE activity, Phy concentration and ACh levels in all areas examined with exception of the medulla oblongata (MO). Our results indicate that even though ChE was inhibited practically uniformly in all brain areas, the percent increase with respect to control animals and the relative increase of ACh varied widely from area to area. This finding has clinical implications in cases in which cholinomimetic therapy is used to elevate ACh levels in specific brain areas which show a cholinergic deficit. PMID- 3748272 TI - Subcellular fractionation and distribution of cholinergic binding sites in fetal human brain. AB - Conventional subcellular fractionation techniques have been applied to human fetal brain (13-15 weeks gestation) and the fractions have been characterized by assaying for marker enzymes, cholinergic binding sites and electron microscopy. Fractionation of the homogenate resulted in a nuclear pellet (P1), a crude mitochondrial pellet (P2) and a supernatant (S2). Further resolution of the P2 fraction by density gradient centrifugation resulted in two bands at the gradient interfaces and a pellet. The P2 and subsequently the P2B fraction contained intact plasma membrane profiles as judged by the predominance of adenylate cyclase activity and the presence of occluded lactate dehydrogenase which constituted over 70% of the total activity in these fractions. Morphological examination of the gradient fractions revealed that the P2B fraction contains membrane bound structures which resemble synaptosomes prepared from neonatal rat brain. These structures have a granular matrix in which mitochondria and frequently, neurofilaments were observed. Very few synaptic vesicles were present and there was no evidence for post synaptic attachments. The cholinergic markers choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase and receptor sites defined by quinuclidinyl benzilate and alpha-bungarotoxin binding were enriched in fractions P2 and P2B which contained the bulk of nerve ending particles. This enriched preparation of fetal synaptosomes may be valuable for functional studies on pre synaptic terminals in developing brain. PMID- 3748274 TI - Acceptors for cyclic AMP-dependent and calcium ion-dependent protein kinases in rat brain cytosol fractions: a comparison of occluded (synaptosomal) cytosol with non-occluded cytosol. AB - Endogenous protein phosphorylation patterns were compared in occluded and non occluded cytosol fractions prepared from rat forebrain. The occluded fraction was taken as representative of synaptosomal cytosol. One- and two-dimensional autoradiographs revealed the presence in non-occluded cytosol of a substrate for cAMP- and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activities of Mr 300kD, corresponding to phosphorylated microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2); this protein was absent in occluded cytosol. In contrast, a major substrate for protein kinase C was observed exclusively in occluded cytosol after phosphorylation under basal conditions. However, after phosphorylation in the presence of exogenous lipids, approximately equal amounts of the 82kD substrate were detected in both fractions, suggesting that protein kinase C in the occluded fraction was present in a partially activated state. Other minor differences in phosphorylation patterns between the two fractions were observed. PMID- 3748275 TI - The distribution of [3H]kainate binding sites in primate hippocampus is similar to the distribution of both Ca2+-sensitive and Ca2+-insensitive [3H]kainate binding sites in rat hippocampus. AB - The distribution of [3H]kainate binding sites was determined by quantitative autoradiography in three vertebrate species: rat, monkey, and human. These animals displayed a similar pattern of binding site density in the hippocampus. Highest levels were found within the stratum lucidum and moderate levels in the inner portion of the dentate gyrus molecular layer. Although the distribution is similar, there is a lower density of binding sites in the stratum lucidum of primates than in rodents. Experiments using rat brain synaptic plasma membrane fractions indicated that inclusion of Ca2+ ions results in a selective reduction in binding at the high affinity sites. The Ca2+-inhibited and Ca2+-inhibited binding sites in the high affinity sites. The Ca2+ -inhibited and Ca2+ insensitive binding sites in the rat hippocampus exhibited a similar distribution. Together, these results suggest that in a variety of mammalian species kainate receptors exhibit similar regional distributions, and that the high and low affinity kainate binding sites also exhibit similar regional distributions. PMID- 3748276 TI - Optic nerve integrity is required for light to affect retina ganglion cell gangliosides. AB - The labeling of retina ganglion cell and optic tectum gangliosides after an intraocular injection of N-[3H]acetylmannosamine ([3H]ManNAc) is higher in chickens exposed to light than in those maintained in darkness. In the present work we studied whether the signal for the higher labeling of ganglion cells in light originates in the photoreceptor layer or comes from the nerve terminal. For this purpose the labeling of ganglion cell gangliosides was determined in light and dark in chickens with one optic nerve severed. The results showed that the effect of light occurred only in the eye normally connected to the optic tectum. In the eye with its optic nerve severed, no difference was observed between the labeling of gangliosides in animals in light and dark, having both groups the labeling values of the normal eyes exposed to light. The results indicate that the information that decreases labeling in darkness or accelerates it in light originates in the nerve terminal. PMID- 3748277 TI - Hemicholinium mustard derivatives: preliminary assessment of cholinergic neurotoxicity. AB - We have attempted to design novel neurotoxins based on the use of hemicholinium derivatives. Three compounds were tested for their neurochemical effects on cholinergic, gabaergic and catecholaminergic markers in the hippocampus, striatum and cortex following intracerebroventricular administration. The effects were compared with those of the non-specific alkylating agent (nitrogen mustard) and the previously reported ethylcholine mustard aziridinium ion (AF 64A). The results indicate that only one of these derivatives (HcM-9) exhibits comparable neurotoxic effects on cholinergic markers with a similar pattern of specificity to that of AF 64A. In addition, HcM-9 showed less overall toxicity, this being reflected in a higher survival rate. The present results indicate that hemicholinium derivatives could be good substrates for further molecular modifications, thus a step towards the design of a more specific cholinergic neurotoxin. PMID- 3748278 TI - Membrane-bound choline acetyltransferase from human brain: purification and properties. AB - Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT; EC 2.3.1.6) was separated from human caudate/putamen into three fractions by successive extractions into a potassium phosphate buffer, a high salt (NaCl) buffer and a buffer containing 0.6% Triton X 100. The Triton-X-solubilized fraction is the membrane-bound ChAT (mChAT) and represents about 40% of the total ChAT. After centrifugation, mChAT was precipitated by ammonium sulfate at 35-65% saturation. The crude enzyme preparation was fractionated in turn on a DEAE-Sepharose, a hydroxylapatite and a phosphocellulose columns. Finally, mChAT was applied to a CoA-Sepharose column equilibrated with buffer containing 100 mM choline chloride and was specifically eluted with buffer containing acetyl-CoA. The presence of both substrates greatly stabilized the enzyme and ChAT was recovered almost quantitatively. The final preparation of mChAT has a specific activity of 37.2 mumol of acetylcholine synthesized per min-mg protein. The purified mChAT has a pH optimum of 8.3. It migrated as two bands on SDS-PAGE with molecular weights of 67,000 and 62,000 daltons, respectively. Immunoblot autoradiography showed that an antiserum prepared previously against soluble ChAT also cross-reacted with both bands of mChAT, indicating that both forms of this enzyme are related. Furthermore, as previously reported for soluble ChAT, Fab-Sepharose chromatography could be used for the purification of mChAT and this preparation also resolved into two bands on 10% SDS gel. PMID- 3748279 TI - Ultrastructure of reconstituted membranes containing the muscarinic receptor. AB - In this paper the demonstration is made that membrane vesicles (liposomes) containing the muscarinic receptor can be formed by polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation of detergent extracts of bovine atrial membranes. The incorporation of the muscarinic receptor in these vesicles may be related to the restoration of the heterogeneity and nucleotide modulation of muscarinic agonist binding by PEG precipitation of atrial detergent extracts, previously reported. Vesicles are also formed when detergent solubilized asolectin lipids, alone or in combination with membrane detergent extracts, are precipitated by PEG. The structure of the vesicles seems depend on their lipid and protein composition and the procedure employed for the removal of the dispersing medium. These results indicate that PEG precipitation could be used for the reconstitution of the muscarinic receptor into the liposomes of exogenous lipids. PMID- 3748280 TI - [Surgical treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy (temporal lobectomy by microsurgical technic)]. PMID- 3748281 TI - [Grading and operative indication for hypertensive cerebellar hemorrhage]. AB - Fifty six patients with hypertensive cerebellar hemorrhage diagnosed by CT scan were hospitalized from November 1976 up to June 1984. The 35 male and 21 female patients ranged in age from 24 to 84 years, and 39 of them were operated on. The important factors related to prognosis of cerebellar hemorrhage were level of consciousness, size of hematoma on CT scan, and massive ventricular hemorrhage resulting in obstruction of the ventricular system. We classified the patient with cerebellar hemorrhage into 5 grades, according to the severity of these factors. Grade I indicates cerebellar signs without disturbance of consciousness and size of hematoma less than 25 mm measured by CT scan. Grade II indicates disturbance of consciousness (stupor), or progressive neurological deficits, and size of hematoma less than 50 mm without acute hydrocephalus. Grade III reveals disturbance of consciousness (stupor-semicoma), and size of hematoma less than 50 mm with acute hydrocephalus. Grade IV reveals severe disturbance of consciousness (semicoma), and size of hematoma less than 50 mm with massive ventricular hemorrhage. Grade V exhibits deep coma, and more than 50 mm diameter of hematoma. The prognosis of all of 9 patients in Grade I was good, Eleven out of 13 patients (85%) in Grade II and all of 9 patients in Grade III were alive. Fourteen out of 19 patients (74%) in Grade IV and all of 6 patients in Grade V expired in spite of operation. The patients of Grade I should be treated by conservative therapy. The patients of Grade II, Grade III, and Grade IV should be managed surgically. Surgical treatment for Grade V is not advisable. PMID- 3748282 TI - [Arteriovenous malformation. 3. Dynamic CT of arteriovenous malformation]. AB - Various methods have been reported for the purpose of measurement of hemodynamics of the cerebral arteriovenous malformations. In this paper, using a TCT-60A-30 scanner, dynamic computed tomography was performed on 18 cases with arteriovenous malformations. The initial scan of the dynamic CT was started simultaneously with the start of an intravenous injection of uniodinated contrast medium (8 ml/sec.), serial 4.5 sec. scan repeated 8 times. The data for each scan were segmented into three, and a series of 24 rapid-sequence scan images (CT-angiography) was generated. The time-density curve by use of Thompson's methods was analyzed with multiple ROIs which were bilaterally set up for the nidus and its surrounding areas considering each arterial supply. And the flow parameters, such as the peak concentration (PC), the mean transit time (MTT) and the PC/MTT were calculated. We thought that under the condition of normal state of blood-brain-barrier and fixed standards of multiple factors such as the cardio-pulmonary function, systemic blood volume, viscosity of the blood and many others, PC manifested vascular beds of ROIs, MTT brain circulating time, PC/MTT blood flow respectively. In the ROIs of the nidus, high values of PC (115.7 +/- 51.9 CT number) and PC/MTT (14.8 +/- 6.28 CT number/sec.), and reduction of MTT (8.47 +/- 2.28 sec.) were revealed in comparison with surrounding areas. The ROIs of the nidus showed enlargement of vascular beds and blood flow and reduction of brain circulating time. On the other hand, in the ROIs surrounding the nidus, MTT of affected areas (10.33 +/- 2.78 sec.) was slow compared with it nonaffected areas (9.33 +/- 2.09 sec.), however PC and PC/MTT were equal in both areas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3748283 TI - [Surgery of high-flow arteriovenous malformation: with special reference to normal perfusion pressure breakthrough phenomenon]. AB - Hemodynamic changes are of importance while removing large and high-flow arteriovenous malformations (AVM), because a phenomenon called "normal perfusion pressure breakthrough" may occur. In this report, we evaluated hemodynamic changes in 14 cases of high-flow AVM with cerebral angiogram and intraoperative monitoring of cortical-surface blood flow. The criteria we used for high-flow AVM are; nidus larger than 4 cm, a few large feeders, high-flow shunt in the nidus, and reduced circulation or dilated arteries in the adjacent brain tissue. For last 2 years, we experienced 14 cases of high-flow AVM which fulfilled the criteria, and 9 of these were operated on for total removal of AVM. Of those, 2 cases evolved postoperative local edema and hemorrhage and was thought to be due to "normal perfusion pressure breakthrough." Intraoperative monitoring of cortical-surface blood flow was useful to predict occurrence of "perfusion breakthrough", because blood flow in the adjacent brain tissue increased markedly with feeder clipping. Intraoperative barbiturate protection and postoperative controlled hypotension were thought to be useful for prevention of "normal perfusion pressure breakthrough", though the details of mechanisms are unknown. PMID- 3748284 TI - [Implantable continuous epidural morphine infusion system for relief of chronic cancer pain]. AB - Chronic cancer pain remains intractable by standard treatment in many patients and interferes with their mobility and independence. Epidural morphine infusion therapy is adopted for providing adequate analgesia in patients who are generally morphine independent and have intractable pain. A totally implantable pump system, Infusaid, has allowed continuous epidural morphine infusion without wound care or frequent percutaneous injections and with a potentially lowered risk of adverse reactions including respiratory suppression. Since December 1984, the authors have used this totally implantable drug delivery system for continuous epidural morphine infusion in two patients who had been suffering from chronic pain caused by pelvic cancer associated with metastatic and/or invasive lesions: Case 1: a 61-year-old man with rectum cancer; and Case 2: a 44-year-old man with colon cancer. Before system implantation, a therapeutic response to epidural morphine was confirmed by a one-shot test injection. Pain relief was evaluated by use of Visual Pain Analogue Scale Scores (VPASS). In spite of the presence of an artificial anus on the left abdomen in both patients and of pus discharge from a sacral infectious fistula on admission in Case 2, no infectious complication occurred in either case. Urinary retention developed after the implantation in Case 2, but this improved following the reduction of morphine concentration. No other adverse reaction was observed. In Case 1, the system was effective for 6 months until his death from advancing malignancy, and the patient was able to return to work three months after discharge.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3748285 TI - [Hydrocephalus in Paget's disease--a case report]. AB - A case of Paget's disease in an elderly female who had a favourable evolution following ventriculoperitoneal (V-P) shunt is reported. On May 28, 1983, a 52 year-old female was transferred and admitted to us from the Dept. of Neurology because of headache in the occipital region and ataxic gait. On admission, neurological examinations revealed remarkably increased tendon reflexes, ataxic gait, and mild dementia. Headache was also observed, but urinary incontinence was not present. Skull X-ray showed "cotton wool appearance", which was characteristic of Paget's disease. On chemical analysis of blood and urine, serum Al-P and urinary OH-proline level were elevated, which established a diagnosis of Paget's disease. Triventricular dilatation was found on CT scan, and neck tomography showed basilar impression. After admission, the patient was treated with calcitonin, but it was interrupted because of side effects such as nausea and vomiting. Then she gradually took a turn for the worse, particularly dementia became severer. On July 25, 1983, V-P shunt was performed. After operation, "soft landing maneuver" was employed, namely the intraventricular pressure was checked and was gradually lowered with external CSF drainage system for 7 days. Thereafter the patient's head was elevated gradually from supine to sitting position through 7 days. Her hospital course after operation was that of gradual improvement. The purpose of this maneuver was to prevent sudden change of intraventricular pressure that causes aggravation of basilar impression and sudden respiratory arrest. PMID- 3748286 TI - [A case of unruptured anterior temporal artery aneurysm showing pupil-sparing oculomotor palsy]. AB - The authors report a case of unruptured anterior temporal artery aneurysm showing pupil-sparing oculomotor palsy. The patient was a 55-year-old male with the complaints of left blepharoptosis and diplopia. He had a history of tuberculous meningitis 9 years previously, and since then he suffered from paraparesis of lower extremities and bladder and bowel disturbance. Neurological examination on admission revealed left blepharoptosis and disturbance of medial and vertical movement of the left eye ball, but the pupils were isocoric with normal light reaction. Carotid angiography demonstrated that the left internal carotid artery was tortuous toward the medial side in the C2 portion, and the saccular aneurysm was present in the anterior temporal artery 3 mm distal from the middle cerebral artery. At operation it was revealed that the aneurysm which had a diameter of 17 mm located in the proximal portion of the anterior temporal artery, and compressed the dorsal aspect of the oculomotor nerve. A month after operation the left oculomotor palsy disappeared. There had been no report of the case of unruptured middle cerebral artery aneurysm causing oculomotor palsy. Pupil sparing oculomotor palsy is characteristic of diabetic oculomotor palsy, and rare cases showing pupil-sparing oculomotor palsy are caused almost by aneurysms of the internal carotid-posterior communicating artery junction. Anatomical study revealed that the parasympathetic fibers which go to the pupil constrictor muscle were in the dorsomedial aspect of the oculomotor nerve in the subarachnoid portion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3748287 TI - [Spinal cord injury by a broken acupuncture needle--a case report]. AB - Acupuncture has been widely performed for the treatment of many different disorders in Japan. Several complications of acupuncture such as pneumothorax, cardiac tamponade, serum hepatitis have been reported. Accidentally broken needle is also one of the causes of complications of acupuncture. Usually it produces little problem, but may cause spinal cord injury, as presented by this report. The patient was a 49-year-old man who received an acupuncture procedure in his left nuchal region for shoulder pain. During acupuncture the needle was accidentally broken. The needle was tried to be removed by a surgeon on the same day but it could not be found. He was seen at our hospital with no neurological deficit 3 month later. Plain X-ray films and CT scan revealed a 4 cm long needle between C2 and C3 vertebrae penetrating into the cord. The needle was removed to prevent the possible neurological deficit which might be produced by the moving needle. The operative procedure was done under operating microscope with the aids of X-ray monitoring and injected dye. The direction to reach the tail of the broken needle is most important for avoiding further spinal cord injury during procedure. The post-operative course of the patient was uneventful and he was discharged with no deficit. PMID- 3748288 TI - [A case of pineocytoma presenting with symptoms like normal pressure hydrocephalus]. AB - A pineocytoma in an old man, whose initial symptoms resembled a normal pressure hydrocephalus, is reported. This 67-year-old man gradually became uncommunicative and difficult to walk alone in three months. Just before visiting our clinic, his family also noticed his nocturnal urinary incontinence. CT scan on admission disclosed tumor in the posterior wall of the third ventricle, and subsequent hydrocephalus. This oval, isodense tumor was homogeneously enhanced after the injection of contrast medium on CT scan. The vertebral angiography showed a mass in the pineal region with no vascular staining. Ventricular drainage, the opening pressure of which was 100 mmH2O, could not offer cytological verification of the tumor. By the infratentorial supracerebellar approach, the tumor was successfully extirpated, and the post-operative course was uneventful. The microscopic study revealed the nature of this tumor to be well compatible with that of a pineocytoma. PMID- 3748289 TI - [Saccular aneurysm arising from the basilar artery fenestration: a case report]. AB - This patient, 29-year-old female, had an attack of subarachnoid hemorrhage. On admission a cerebral angiogram showed a saccular aneurysm arising from the proximal origin of the fenestrated basilar artery (Fig. 1). The aneurysm was clipped successfully with two steps under a right retromastoidal suboccipital craniectomy (Fig. 2). Association of the fenestrated basilar artery and saccular aneurysm is rare. To our knowledge, 9 cases have been found in the literature and only 4 cases were operated. The authors discussed the pathogenesis and treatment of such aneurysms. PMID- 3748290 TI - [Bilateral agenesis of internal carotid arteries]. AB - The authors present angiographic and computed tomographic demonstration of bilateral agenesis of internal carotid arteries. The patient was a seventy-six years old man who had been admitted to our hospital because of right hemisparesis and disorientation. In addition to the left chronic subdural hematoma, computed angiotomography showed the dilated basilar artery and dilated posterior communicating arteries. However, the bilateral internal carotid arteries were not recognized. Burr hole and irrigation were performed, then neurological deficits and symptoms were disappeared. Hematoma was 150 ml. Though axial transverse computed tomograms of base of skull demonstrated the absence of bilateral carotid canals. On aortography, the right common carotid artery and vertebral artery were supplied from the innominate artery and the left common carotid artery and vertebral artery were supplied from the left dilated subclavian artery. Bilateral retrograde brachial angiograms demonstrated the internal carotid circulation, which was supplied through bilateral dilated posterior communicating arteries. Basilar artery was also in a large caliber. Bilateral ophthalmic arteries were opacified from external carotid artery via the middle meningeal artery. Ten cases of bilateral agenesis of internal carotid arteries have been reported previously. The findings of angiograms and computed tomograms on the agenesis of bilateral internal carotid arteries were discussed. This anomaly is important on cerebral hemodynamics and embryology. PMID- 3748291 TI - [A case of isolated fourth ventricle due to ruptured cerebral aneurysm]. AB - We present a case of isolated fourth ventricle which developed after massive ventricular hemorrhage, due to a ruptured cerebral aneurysm. In an adult an isolated fourth ventricle seems to be very rare, also the symptom of unconsciousness and respiratory arrest and the rapid development in this case seemed very unusual. The aqueductal occlusion was considered to be related to the intraventricular hematoma which remained as clots over a 2-month-period of time. This case was a 57-year-old woman admitted to our hospital in a state of coma. CT showed a massive ventricular hematoma and right carotid angiogram showed an aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery. Bilateral ventricular drainage was performed because of progressive decerebrate rigidity. Since consciousness gradually arose to the Japan Coma Scale 3, clipping of the neck of the aneurysm was performed 25 days after onset. Premature rupture occurred during the operation. After surgery, CT Showed ring-like high densities due to the premature rupture of aneurysm in both lateral ventricles, and also in the fourth ventricle as well. Although the lateral ventricles drainage functioned effectively, the fourth ventricle showed remarkable gradual dilatation. The patient was stuporous, but respiratory arrest occurred suddenly 43 days after onset. Since it was considered that the intraventricular hematoma blocked the aqueduct, the same as in the outlet of the fourth ventricle and that the dilated fourth ventricle compressed the brain stem, the ventriculostomy was performed through suboccipital craniectomy. The cerebellar hemispheres showed remarkable swelling bilaterally, and no cerebrospinal fluid was found in the cisterna magna.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3748292 TI - [Unusual case of depressed fracture of the posterior cranial fossa associated with the syndrome of acute central cervical spinal cord injury]. AB - Linear fractures through the occipital bone are common, whereas depressed fractures in the posterior cranial fossa are rare because the occipital bone is protected by the surrounding thick muscles. The authors describe an unusual case of depressed fracture localized in the posterior cranial fossa associated with the syndrome of acute central cervical spinal cord injury. A 50-year-old female struck her face against the table and fell backward, while drunk, resulting in the bruise over the occipital region. Three days after injury she was transferred to our hospital because of progressive disturbance of consciousness, brain stem dysfunction and tetraplegia. Neurological examination on admission showed that she was drowsy, had tetraplegia and could not speak. However, she could obey commands only by moving her eyes and the ocular movements were normal in all directions except for horizontal nystagmus. Plain skull x-ray revealed a conspicuously depressed fracture in the posterior cranial fossa, but cervical spine x-ray showed neither fracture nor dislocation. Immediately suboccipital craniectomy was done and there were a thin subdural hematoma on the cerebellar surface, cerebellar contusion, and subarachnoid hemorrhage around the cisterna magna. Soon after operation impaired consciousness and paraplegia were improved, but recovery of both arms was delayed. Five months after injury, she still had left IX, X and XI nerve paresis, bilateral arm weakness, dysarthria, swallowing disturbance and bilateral sensory disturbance below C4 level. These findings indicated that she had sustained brain stem and cerebellar compression by the depressed fracture and also had suffered an acute central cervical spinal cord injury. PMID- 3748293 TI - [Agenesis of the internal carotid artery with an unusual collateral pathway]. AB - A 65-year-old male developed severe headache of sudden onset 3 months prior to admission. The right retrograde brachial angiogram revealed that the right internal carotid artery was absent. The extremely dilated external carotid artery on the right side continued to the extracranial portion of the right internal carotid artery. No other collateral pathways were found. From an embryological point of view, it is speculated that the aortic arch III might have been mal developed and the distal portion of the dorsal aorta might have received a collateral circulation via a persistent aortic arch I or II. PMID- 3748294 TI - [Postoperative tension pneumocephalus--report of 3 cases]. AB - Three cases of tension pneumocephalus are reported and pathogenesis, clinical features and management of this complication is discussed. Case 1: A 12-year-old female underwent a craniotomy for a suprasellar tumor following V-P shunting. At that time, Mayfield's pin fixing head holder was used and a CSF leak from a puncture wound caused by the head holder was noted postoperatively. Although she showed uneventful recovery from the anesthesia, several hours after surgery, she developed general convulsions and deteriorated. CT scan revealed a huge bifrontal accumulation of air compressing the entire brain postero-caudally. No active measures were taken to treat the intracranial air and a follow-up CT scan revealed a hemorrhagic infarction in the right occipital lobe possibly caused by transtentorial herniation. The patient remained in a vegetative state until her death three years later. Case 2: A 55-year-old man had a pansinectomy for sinusitis. Seven days later he developed CSF rhinorrhea and a severe headache. A CT scan revealed air in the subarachnoid space as well as in the ventricles. After repeated spinal taps, he became stuporous. An emergency repair of the CSF leak was performed. Intraoperatively, the accumulation of air was noted in the subarachnoid space under extreme tension. He made a full recovery. Case 3: A 69 year-old woman underwent a neck clipping for a ruptured anterior communicating aneurysm 2 days after the onset. Shortly before the craniotomy, a continuous spinal drainage system was installed. Postoperatively she did not recover from the anesthesia and a CT scan showed an accumulation of air in the bifrontal subdural space compressing the brain posteriorly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3748295 TI - [A case of aneurysm at the junction of the vertebral artery and a spinal arterial branch]. AB - A 68-year-old male suffered from severe occipitalgia, nausea, and vomiting was admitted to our hospital. On admission, he complained only of headache and displayed no evidence of disturbed consciousness or neurological deficits. A computed tomographic (CT) scan revealed a subarachnoid hemorrhage in the basal subarachnoid cisterns, with the thickest, densest area in the bilateral ambient cisterns. Four-vessel angiograms disclosed no pathological findings. The patient was treated with bed rest and his blood pressure was maintained below 120 mmHg. Fortunately, no untoward events occurred during the period of bed rest, and a second vertebral angiogram was obtained 4 weeks after admission. At that time a vertebral artery aneurysm was discovered. At surgery a 3 X 3 X 3 mm aneurysm was found at the junction of the vertebral artery and a branch of the spinal artery. Small clots surrounding the aneurysm were removed. The aneurysm itself was easily clipped without destruction of the caudal cranial nerves and the patient recovered fully. The incidence of vertebral artery aneurysms is very small--about 5%. Moreover, to our knowledge an aneurysm on the proximal portion of the intracranial vertebral artery at the junction of the posterior-inferior cerebellar artery has never before been reported. On the other hand, our case might have been included among cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage of unknown etiology. The first cerebral angiogram revealed no aneurysm; it was found on the second set of angiograms. This case illustrates the importance of repeat angiography when the CT scan clearly shows a subarachnoid hemorrhage. PMID- 3748296 TI - [A case of central pontine myelinolysis]. AB - A case of central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) following rapid correction of hyponatremia is reported and a review of the literature is made. The patient was a 63-year-old non-alcoholic female who had no liver or kidney diseases in her past history. She was found unconscious after a series of convulsions and was admitted to the hospital. Eighteen months prior to admission, she had a surgery for a ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysm. Her postoperative course was uneventful except for an urinary incontinence and mild disorientation. She was initially lethargic with conjugate deviation toward right. Nine days after admission, she still remained lethargic, and laboratory studies showed a serum sodium value of 93 mEq/l, serum osmolarity 206 mOsm/l and urine osmolarity 270 mOsm/l when she was clinically diagnosed as having SIADH. She was treated by a strict elimination of water, and administration of sodium, dexamethasone and demeclocycline. In three days, serum sodium was corrected and returned to 137 mEq/l. However, she deteriorated in consciousness and became comatose and developed quadriplegia. CT scans and cerebral angiograms were normal. One month later, another CT scans demonstrated a well-defined hypodensity area in the pons. Brain stem auditory response (BSAR) showed a prolongation of III-V interpeak latency, especially IV-V interval. Her neurological state was essentially unchanged thereafter and she died of septic shock after 12 months' hospitalization. No permission for autopsy was obtained. The clinical course, CT scans and BSAR reported here are indicative of the diagnosis of CPM. PMID- 3748297 TI - [Spontaneous transection of a Raimondi peritoneal catheter--a case report with scanning electron microscopic study of the transected tube]. AB - Spontaneous transection of Raimondi peritoneal catheter is reported. A 6-month old boy with communicating hydrocephalus had ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery using Raimondi peritoneal catheter. Six months later, Raimondi catheter was found to be spontaneously transected in a peritoneal cavity. At the age of 5 year-old, the originally installed Raimondi catheter was again transected on the portion of chest wall. Scanning electron microscopic examination of the broken end of spring wire suggested that transection was caused by repetitive exertion of external forces. Mechanisms of transection of this catheter was discussed with review of the literature. PMID- 3748298 TI - [Two cases of intracerebral hemorrhage in full-term neonatal infants]. AB - Intracranial hemorrhage in neonatal infants is mostly noted in the subependymal or subdural space. The former is characteristically noted in premature infants and is attributed to hemorrhage from the subependymal germinal matrix layer. The latter is prevalently noted in full-term neonatal infants and is thought to be associated with injury in the vicinity of the falx cerebri or tentorium cerebelli. We report two cases of intracerebral hemorrhage, which is relatively rare in full-term neonatal infants. In both of them hematoma was located in the left frontal area adjacent to the coronal suture. Angiogram did not reveal any causative abnormality. From CT scan and intraoperative findings it is speculated that the hemorrhage was caused by moulding at the coronal suture. In other words, moulding made the frontal bone slipped in beneath the parietal bone at the coronal suture causing pressure over the brain. The hemorrhage is thought to be caused by contusion of fragile vasculature of neonatal infants. PMID- 3748299 TI - [Follow-up study on the relationship between age at onset of illness and outcome in patients with moyamoya disease]. AB - Follow-up studies over more than one and a half years (average 6.5 years) were performed in 51 patients with "moyamoya disease". Activities of daily living (ADL) was assessed and graded into five levels both at the time of admission into hospital and at the last assessment in the follow-up study, as follows. Grade I: Fully capable of work or study with no or minimal difficulty, II: Capable of limited work or study with difficulty, III: Incapable of work or study but capable of home life alone, IV: Incapable of home life without help, V: Vegetative state or dead. Patients were divided into three groups by the age of clinical onset: younger pediatric, less than 5 years old (21 patients); older pediatric, 5 to 15 years old (14 patients); and adult, 16 years old and over (16 patients). Although analysis of the angiographical and neurological pictures is important, the present paper concerns only the age of clinical onset and whether reconstructive vascular surgery was performed, because of the small number of clinical materials. Seven of 16 adults suffered hemorrhagic attacks and 2 of them died of hemorrhagic insults. In contrast, none of the pediatric cases had hemorrhagic attacks and none died. Both at the time of admission and last assessment, ADL of younger pediatric cases was much lower than that of older ones. These results suggest that clinical course in patients with "moyamoya disease" closely related with the age of the onset of illness, and the border age of onset of illness between patients with good outcome and with poor outcome is around 5 years.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3748300 TI - [Hyperthermia of malignant brain tumors--development of an interstitial microwave hyperthermia system and study of thermodosimetry and heat toxicity in a canine brain model]. AB - Hyperthermia is a promising important adjunct to conventional treatment of malignant brain tumors and available data suggest a strong biological rationale for its use. Hyperthermia has been shown to sensitize tumors to radiation, particularly radiation delivered at low dose rates typical of brachytherapy. To complement our clinical study of interstitial brachytherapy of malignant brain tumors, a microwave interstitial heating system with data acquisition has been constructed at UCSF. This system was evaluated in a phantom and in a series of non-survival and survival experiments for heating patterns and heat toxicity in 24 adult canine brains. A single 2450 MHz microwave heating antenna and 3 fiberoptic thermometry probes were placed stereotaxically into the frontal white matter of 24 dogs. Temperature measurements were made at 1 mm increments along the antenna length 5 mm from the antenna axis and radially away from the antenna junction. For the survival studies, minimum temperatures 43 degrees C, 44 degrees C, and 45 degrees C were maintained at points 5 mm from the antenna junction for 30 minutes. Hyperthermia-induced tissue damage was measured weekly following the heat treatment using CT. In general, it was easy to maintain a steady temperature state for a long time period. Heating patterns tended to be ellipsoidal, corresponding relatively well with those predicted by the phantom trials. Heat toxicity was examined by sequential quantitative CT scans in chronic trials and correlated with histopathology following sacrifice at 1-16 weeks. Neurological deficits were minimal and were restricted to the first day after treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3748301 TI - [Spinal epidural malignant lymphoma--report of two cases and review of the literature]. AB - Spinal epidural lymphoma is rarely found in Japan, comparing with Europe and America. We experienced two cases, who were suffered from intractable pain and gait disturbance. In both cases, a wide laminectomy and partial removal of the epidural tumor were performed because of the deteriorated paraparesis. After that, they were able to walk without support. These epidural tumors were supposed to be primary spinal epidural lymphomas, judging from the clinical course and some other examinations, that is, Gallium scintigram and CT scan, etc. There were few reports that mentioned CT findings of spinal lymphomas. In our two cases, we got the characteristic CT findings of spinal lymphomas. In case 1, plain CT demonstrated a high density mass at epidural space extending into the intra- and extra-foraminal region. CT scan following intravenous injection showed the tumor enhancement remarkably and homogeneously. Bone erosion was not found even on plain CT, in both cases. These findings were thought to be different from those of metastatic tumors. It may be possible to diagnose and decide the therapeutic planning preoperatively, when we get these characteristic CT findings of spinal lymphomas. PMID- 3748302 TI - [Myxopapillary ependymoma of the filum terminale with a holocord cyst: a case report]. AB - This paper describes a case of myxopapillary ependymoma of the filum terminale with a holocord cyst. A fifteen-year-old boy was admitted because of dysarthria, dysphagia and tetraparesis. He also suffered from severe lumbago and ankle pain for three years. On admission his vital signs were stable and neurological examination revealed lower cranial nerve palsies (from 9th through 12th), tetraparesis, bilateral impairment of vibratory and position sense of the lower extremities and urinary incontinence. All deep tendon reflexes were hypoactive bilaterally. Babinski reflex and Lasegue sign were negative bilaterally. The spine roentgenograms revealed widening of the interpedicular distance from C 1 to L5 except L2, 3 vertebrae. Lumber puncture at the L 1-2 interspace revealed a cyst at the site and the protein content of the cyst fluid was 2400 mg/dl. MRI demonstrated a syrinx extending from the medulla to the entire cervical cord. From these results, it was concluded that the medulla and the entire spinal cord were occupied by the tumor and some parts of the lesion were cystic. First Operation: After a suboccipital craniectomy and a laminectomy from C 1 to Th 2, the medulla and the cervical cord were decompressed by evacuating the cyst at the 4th cervical segment. After the first operation, the C 1-2 myelography and MRI confirmed that the medulla and the spinal cord above the Th 11 vertebra were decompressed and the lower end of the cyst was extending to the Th 11 level. Second Operation: After a laminectomy from Th 12 to L4, a solid tumor arising from the filum terminale was completely removed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3748303 TI - 1st International Congress of Neuroendocrinology. Abstracts. July 9-11, 1986, San Francisco, California. PMID- 3748304 TI - Chronic posterior pituitary lobectomy: prolonged elevation of plasma prolactin and interruption of cyclicity. AB - We previously reported that the posterior pituitary dopaminergic system participates in the inhibition of prolactin (PRL) secretion in both male and lactating female rats. However, posterior pituitary lobectomy (Lobex) of urethane anesthetized cycling rats resulted in an elevation in plasma PRL for a short time only. This raises a question regarding the importance of input from the posterior pituitary to the control of PRL secretion during the estrous cycle. The objectives of this study were to examine the chronic effects of Lobex on plasma PRL levels in conscious rats and to determine whether the absence of input from the posterior pituitary interferes with estrous cyclicity. Lobex or sham lobectomy were performed under Brevital anesthesia in estrous rats. Blood was collected from jugular cannula at hourly intervals on the day of surgery and at 09.00, 13.00, and 17.00 h during the following 4 days. Daily water consumption and vaginal cyclicity were monitored for 14 and 20 days, respectively. Within 2 h after Lobex, the plasma PRL levels rose 3- to 4-fold and remained elevated for 3 days before declining to near control levels on the 4th day. None of the Lobex rats resumed cyclicity within 3-4 days, 50% had an interruption of cyclicity for 4-10 days, and the remainder were noncyclic for more than 11 days. Upon resumption of cyclicity, Lobex rats had 11.3 +/- 0.4 oviductal ova which is within the normal range for intact ovulating rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3748305 TI - Electrophysiological and endocrinological aspects of aging in the rat pineal gland. AB - Previous morphological and biochemical studies point to an age-dependent loss of pineal gland function. In order to investigate the possible alterations of electrical activity of aged rat pineal glands, electrophysiological recordings in 3- and 18-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were undertaken at both daytime and nighttime. Extracellularly recorded action potentials were characterized according to discharge frequency and serum melatonin levels were determined concomitantly. Significant differences in the frequency distributions between young adult and old rats were found to occur at nighttime, with a shift towards lower frequencies in old animals. Serum melatonin levels were reduced significantly in old rats and the characteristic nocturnal peak was attenuated. These results demonstrate a distinct decrease of pineal electrical and secretory activity with advancing age, which may contribute to an age-dependent decline of neuroendocrine capacity. PMID- 3748306 TI - Probable extrapituitary source of the immunoreactive prolactin measured in the cerebrospinal fluid of unanesthetized rats by push-pull cannulation of the 3rd ventricle. AB - The dynamic pattern of the immunoreactive prolactin (PRL) concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the 3rd ventricle was explored by push-pull cannulation during either stimulation or blocking of PRL production in the plasma, which itself was sampled by chronic cannulation of the carotid. Some of the results were compared to the PRL concentrations in CSF samples obtained by 3rd-ventricle puncture. Ether stress, which induced a 4- to 6-fold rise in plasma PRL, altered neither the pulsatile circhoral pattern of PRL in the CSF nor the mean level and amplitude of its pulses. However, the sustained intense hyperprolactinemia induced by haloperidol increased the mean PRL level in the CSF and possibly its pulse rate. Surprisingly, hypophysectomy, which suppressed production of PRL in the plasma, did not alter its baseline level or cycling pattern in the CSF. The possibility that tuberal adenohypophysial cells and/or CNS prolactinergic neurons supply the CSF with PRL is discussed. PMID- 3748307 TI - The combination of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and 11-epicortisol prevents the delayed feedback effect of natural and synthetic glucocorticoids. AB - Subcutaneous injection of 400 micrograms/100 g body weight of corticosterone (B) 2 h previously in male rats prevented the stress response, as assessed by the ability of adrenal glands removed from these animals to produce endogenous B. Two injections of a combination of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and 11-epicortisol, the first given 30 min before and the second with the B, were able to block this inhibitory effect on the stress response. Neither of the steroids alone was effective in this regard. The combination was also effective against the early delayed feedback effects of 400 micrograms/100 g body weight cortisol, prednisolone or beclomethasone dipropionate in the same system. The minimum effective dose for reversal of feedback by B or beclomethasone dipropionate (2 mg/100 g body weight of each antagonist) was lower than that required for the same effect against prednisolone or cortisol (5 mg/100 g body weight). Previous injection of B also abolished the ability of anterior pituitary gland fragments to respond to corticotropin-releasing factors (CRFs) added in vitro, an effect which was not abolished by the injection of the combination of putative antagonistic steroids. From experiments designed to measure the ability of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and 11-epicortisol to compete with 3H-corticosterone in binding to macromolecular components in hypothalamic, hippocampal and pituitary cytosolic preparations, it was deduced that the competition seen in the hypothalamic and hippocampal, rather than the pituitary, preparations was in better accord with the effect seen on the stress response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3748308 TI - Changes in calcitonin release during sympathetic nerve degeneration after superior cervical ganglionectomy of rats. AB - To assess the role of peripheral sympathetic nerves in the regulation of calcitonin release, rats subjected to superior cervical ganglionectomy (SCGx) 16 28 h earlier were used. The time periods selected allowed us to examine C cell response during the supraliminal release of sympathetic transmitter that accompanies anterograde degeneration of nerve varicosities as well as during the neural paralysis that ensues thereafter. At the time intervals examined, SCGx did not result in significant changes of basal serum calcitonin or Ca levels. The intraperitoneal administration of CaCl2 brought about an impending increase of serum Ca to the same extent in SCGx and sham-operated rats. A significant depression of calcitonin release was observed in rats killed around the time of nerve terminal degeneration (16-21 h post SCGx) but not about 10 h later. Additionally a delay to achieve a maximal calcitonin response was apparent during nerve degeneration. Injection of the alpha-adrenoceptor blocker phenoxybenzamine significantly increased basal calcitonin levels and restored the depressed calcitonin response to hypercalcemia seen in SCGx rats. Treatment with the beta adrenoceptor-blocker propranolol counteracted phenoxybenzamine activity but was unable to modify per se calcitonin release in SCGx or sham-operated rats. Basal Ca levels and their increase after intraperitoneal CaCl2 were similar in all examined groups regardless of the drug injected. In an additional experiment phenoxybenzamine injected into SCGx rats in doses one-fifth those employed earlier still reversed both the depression in maximal calcitonin response as well as the delay to attain maximal release after CaCl2, but was unable to affect basal calcitonin levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3748309 TI - In vivo and in vitro studies of GABAergic inhibition of prolactin biosynthesis. AB - The inhibitory action of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on prolactin (PRL) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels was studied in vitro in rat anterior pituitary cells in culture and in intact rats in vivo. PRL mRNA levels were determined by hybridization of cytoplasmic RNA with a radiolabelled deoxyribonucleic acid probe complementary to rat PRL mRNA. Incubation of anterior pituitary cultures with GABA (10-100 microM) produced a dose-dependent decrease in PRL mRNA levels with half-maximal inhibition near 1 microM. The effect was time dependent and reversible after drug withdrawal. Inhibition by GABA was antagonized by bicuculline (10 microM) and mimicked by the GABAA receptor agonists muscimol and isoguvacine, but not with the GABAB agonist baclofen, indicating the involvement of GABAA receptors in the accumulation of PRL mRNA. To investigate the role of endogenous GABA on PRL biosynthesis in vivo, GABA levels were raised by using the GABA transaminase blockers vinyl GABA and ethanolamine-O sulfate. Injection of vinyl GABA into rats (100 or 800 mg/kg every 2nd day) resulted in a dose- and time-dependent decrease in PRL mRNA levels in rat adenohypophysis. Similar results were obtained by addition of ethanolamine-O sulfate to the drinking water (5 mg/ml, 250 mg/day). This treatment resulted in a rapid decrease of circulating PRL levels. This was followed by a delayed decrease in PRL mRNA concentrations in the adenohypophysis leading to a transient increase in hormone levels in the anterior pituitary. The results indicate that GABA has an inhibitory role on PRL secretion and PRL gene expression by a direct action at GABAA receptors on pituitary lactotrophs. PMID- 3748310 TI - Ovarian steroid modulation of norepinephrine action on luteinizing hormone release. Analogous effects in male and female rats. AB - The modulatory actions of ovarian steroids on the norepinephrine (NE) induced alterations in luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion were examined in male and female rats. Long-term (4 weeks) castrated male and female rats bearing chronic third-ventricle cannulae were implanted with intra-atrial catheters. Animals were bled sequentially at 5- or 15-min intervals for 4-6 h, and plasma LH secretory patterns were determined by radioimmunoassay. After a 2- to 3-hour control bleeding period, castrated unprimed rats received an intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of 0.3 mumol of arterenol bitartrate or vehicle. Blood sampling was continued for an additional 2-3 h after infusion. In female rats NE caused a rapid and potent inhibition of episodic LH secretion which was characterized by decreases in mean plasma LH, mean pulse amplitude, and pulse frequency. Similarly, ICV infusion of NE into male rats resulted in decreased mean plasma LH and pulse frequency. In a second series of experiments, castrated male and female rats were primed with estrogen and progesterone 2 days prior to the bleeding/infusion session. Animals were bled sequentially and infused with 0.3 mumol arterenol bitartrate or vehicle during a morning or afternoon session. ICV infusion of vehicle had no effect on plasma LH in either sex regardless of the time of day. NE infusion into estrogen and progesterone primed female rats resulted in significant elevations of plasma LH during both morning and afternoon periods. In estrogen and progesterone primed male rats, NE infusion resulted in a marked facilitation of LH release, similar to that observed in female rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3748312 TI - Caffeine mimics dopamine receptor agonists without stimulation of dopamine receptors. AB - The purpose of this study was to examine whether caffeine stimulates dopamine (DA) receptors. The effects of caffeine on the binding of [3H]spiperone to membranes from the striatum, accumulation of L-DOPA in the striatum in mice receiving gamma-butyrolactone, and regional levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in the brain of the rat were investigated and compared with those elicited by DA receptor agonists. Caffeine did not inhibit the binding of [3H]spiperone to membranes or the accumulation of L-DOPA in the striatum, produced by gamma butyrolactone. Caffeine decreased the levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid significantly in the striatum, olfactory tubercle and nucleus accumbens and slightly in the frontal cortex of rats, whereas it delayed utilization of DA in all those regions except the frontal cortex. Taken together these results suggest that caffeine fails to stimulate pre- or postsynaptic DA receptors. The possible mechanism by which caffeine mimics DA receptor in DA metabolism and behavior are discussed. PMID- 3748311 TI - Hyperprolactinemia attenuates ovarian steroid stimulation of region-specific hypothalamic serotonin synthesis and luteinizing hormone release in ovariectomized rats. AB - Hyperprolactinemia adversely affects reproductive functions, presumably through an effect at the hypothalamic level. Given the numerous published reports linking hypothalamic serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5HT) mechanisms to the regulation of gonadotrophin secretion, we sought to determine the effects of experimentally induced hyperprolactinemia on ovarian steroid-induced increases in serum LH levels and region-specific hypothalamic 5HT synthesis in ovariectomized rats. In the first study, bilaterally ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats either received two pituitary homografts implanted beneath the left kidney capsule or were sham grafted. Both groups of rats were injected subcutaneously with 5 micrograms/100 g of estradiol benzoate (E2) in corn oil vehicle at 08.00 h, 1 and 2 days before serum collection and 5 mg/100 g of progesterone (P) in corn oil vehicle at 07.00 h on the day of serum collection. Blood samples were collected via chronic indwelling jugular cannulae from each rat at 10.00, 12.00, 13.00, 14.00, 16.00 and 18.00 h. A statistically significant elevation in serum LH levels was detected at 13.00, 14.00 and 16.00 h. This increase in serum LH levels was significantly attenuated in rats bearing pituitary homografts, an effect attributed to the high serum PRL levels measured in these animals. In the second study, bilaterally ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three experimental groups: (1) rats bearing two pituitary homografts and injected with E2 and P on the schedule and at the dosages previously described, (2) sham grafted rats injected with E2 and P on the schedule and at dosages previously described and (3) sham-grafted rats injected with corn oil vehicle only.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3748313 TI - Cardiovascular responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation in morphine-treated rats. AB - The effects of morphine on the responses of blood pressure and pulse rate to stimulation of sympathetic nerves or to intravenous administration of noradrenaline were studied in female rats which had been treated with either an increasing concentration of morphine sulphate in their drinking fluid (5% sucrose solution), or an acute intraperitoneal injection of morphine. Sympathetic nerve excitation was effected by electrical stimulation of the thoracic segments of the spinal cord in pithed rats. Both sympathetic nerve stimulation and noradrenaline produced dose-dependent changes in blood pressure and pulse rate in naive rats and in the sucrose-drinking controls. Animals which had been chronically treated with morphine in their drinking fluid for 21 days showed significantly less intense responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation. However, these decreased responses were not observed in rats given acute treatment with morphine. Chronic treatment with morphine did not significantly influence the changes in blood pressure or pulse rate induced by noradrenaline. These findings suggest that chronic treatment with morphine lessens the cardiovascular responses to stimulation of peripheral sympathetic nerves in rats. The mechanism is not clear, but it seems unlikely to be due to changes in the sensitivity, or perhaps the number, of adrenoceptors. PMID- 3748314 TI - A GABA cardiovascular mechanism in the dorsal raphe of the rat. AB - An injection of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the GABA agonist, muscimol, into the dorsal raphe reduced both heart rate and blood pressure in the urethane anesthetized rat. Picrotoxinin (3.4 nmol) did not affect blood pressure and slightly reduced the heart rate when injected into the dorsal raphe, but it blocked the decrease in both cardiovascular responses produced by GABA. These decreases in heart rate and blood pressure most likely result from stimulation of a GABAA receptor, as the GABAB agonist, baclofen, appeared to elevate heart rate and blood pressure by a mechanism occurring outside the dorsal raphe area. The changes in blood pressure and heart rate induced by muscimol occurred whether or not respiration was supported. Finally, it can be inferred that these GABAergic actions on blood pressure and heart rate probably involve both an inhibition of central sympathetic outflow and an excitation of parasympathetic outflow, as the quaternary muscarinic blocker, atropine methyl nitrate, blocked the decrease in heart rate induced by muscimol, but not the decrease in blood pressure. PMID- 3748315 TI - Activation of thermogenesis of brown fat in rats by baclofen. AB - Injection of baclofen (0.5-5 micrograms) into the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) of anaesthetized rats produced marked increases in the temperature (over 2 degrees C) and thermogenic activity of brown adipose tissue (BAT). These effects were abolished by ganglionic or beta-adrenergic blockade, or denervation of the tissue, but unaffected by hypophysectomy, adrenalectomy or vagotomy. Injections into the hypothalamus close to, but outside the ventromedial hypothalamus did not affect brown adipose tissue. Intravenous administration of baclofen produced similar increases in the temperature of brown adipose tissue, but at larger doses (50-1000 micrograms), and a subcutaneous injection stimulated the metabolic rate in conscious rats. Chronic treatment with baclofen suppressed weight gain and stimulated activity of brown adipose tissue without affecting food intake. These effects of baclofen, which were not mimicked by injections of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), indicate a novel action of baclofen in the ventromedial hypothalamus, leading to marked increases in metabolic rate and body temperature by stimulating sympathetic outflow to brown fat. PMID- 3748316 TI - Sex difference in reward asymmetry and effects of cocaine. AB - Male and female rats with bilaterally implanted electrodes in the lateral hypothalamus were tested daily for self-stimulation of each side of the brain, and rotation (circling behavior) was recorded concomitantly. All rats rotated in a preferred direction, regardless of the side of the brain stimulated, and all rats had asymmetries in the sensitivity for self-stimulation (thresholds and rate intensity functions) related to the direction of rotation. However, the direction of the asymmetry of self-stimulation was sex-dependent: the side of the brain contralateral to the preferred direction of rotation was the more sensitive side in female rats, as reported previously, whereas the ipsilateral side was the more sensitive side in male rats. In both sexes, cocaine acted predominantly on the contralateral side: that is, cocaine lowered the thresholds and shifted the rate intensity functions to the left on both sides of the brain, but the effects were much greater on the side of the brain contralateral to the preferred direction of rotation. When compared to baseline parameters, cocaine enhanced the asymmetry of self-stimulation in female rats, but reduced or reversed the asymmetry of self stimulation in male rats; similar effects were produced by d-amphetamine. It is suggested that at least two separate systems (both lateralized) mediate self stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus, that the relative importance of these systems differs between the sexes and that cocaine selectively affects one of these systems. PMID- 3748318 TI - British Association for Psychopharmacology. Proceedings of the summer meeting. Bristol, 14-16 July, 1985. PMID- 3748317 TI - The generation of cortical slow potentials in the rat anaesthetised with urethane and their modification by nicotine. AB - This paper reports the generation of cortical slow potentials (SP), similar to the human contingent negative variation, in rats anaesthetised with urethane. Rats previously implanted with silver/silver chloride electrodes for recording slow potentials from the frontal cortex were anaesthetised with urethane, and given extensive associative conditioning in which a 100 msec, 70 dB tone (S1) preceded electric tail shock (S2). The S1-S2 interval was initially set at 0.5 sec, and increased over a number of training sessions to 3 sec. Negative slow potential responses developed during the interval between S1 and S2. Once the slow potential response was fully developed, it persisted without habituation during subsequent sessions. Withholding tail shock (S2) resulted in a rapid extinction of the slow potential response to S1 alone. In further experiments, rats (n = 8) that generated steady slow potentials under urethane, were injected with saline (n = 4) or nicotine (0.4 mg/kg, s.c.; n = 4), and their responses measured 0-10, 15-25 and 30-40 min after administration. While saline did not affect the magnitude of the slow potential responses compared with pre-saline control values, nicotine (0.4 mg/kg) caused significant decreases in the magnitude of slow potentials during all the measurement intervals. These results demonstrate that cortical slow potentials can be generated in rats anaesthetised with urethane, and that these slow potentials are sensitive to drugs such as nicotine. The slow potential responses measured in the rat anaesthetised with urethane thus have similar characteristics to those generated in the conscious rat. Such a preparation may therefore prove useful in carrying out experiments on slow potentials that were previously difficult or impossible in conscious animals. PMID- 3748319 TI - The effects of central injections of adenosine analogs on blood pressure and heart rate in the rat. AB - Rats were implanted with chronic indwelling cannulae into the lateral cerebral ventricle. After recovery from surgery, acute experiments on blood pressure were conducted under methoxyflurane/nitrous oxide anesthesia. Rats were injected intracerebroventricularly with two adenosine analogs, 5'-N ethylcarboxaminidoadenosine (NECA) and (-)-N-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)adenosine(L phenylisopropyladenosine) (L-PIA), and the effects on blood pressure and heart rate recorded. Both analogs produced dose-related reductions in blood pressure and heart rate with L-PIA producing a more potent depression of heart rate than NECA. These effects on blood pressure and heart rate were antagonized by parenteral injections of caffeine. In separate experiments, the responses of blood pressure and heart rate to microinjection of NECA into the brainstem of rats anaesthetized with methoxyflurane/nitrous oxide were also examined. Microinjection of 2.7 nmol/kg into the fourth ventricle in the region of the area postrema produced a profound and long-lasting depression of blood pressure and heart rate. These results show that central injections of analogs of adenosine can influence the areas of the central nervous system involved in the control of cardiovascular function. PMID- 3748320 TI - Naloxone antagonizes the hyperdipsic effect of sulpiride in a salt-preference test in male and female rats. AB - The consumption of saline and water in a two-bottle test of salt-preference was measured after the administration of sulpiride, a dopamine receptor antagonist and of naloxone, an antagonist at opiate receptors. The two drugs were injected alone, or in combination. Three concentrations of saline (0.125, 0.6 and 1.7% NaCl solutions) were used and the tests were carried out using both male and female, water-deprived rats. When the rats were allowed the choice between a highly-preferred 0.125% NaCl solution and water, sulpiride (30 mg kg-1, i.p.) produced an increase in the intake of the two fluids. When naloxone (1 mg kg-1, s.c.) was given alone, it had no effect in this test of salt preference, but when given in combination, completely eliminated the hyperdipsic effect of sulpiride, providing behavioural evidence of a significant interaction between sulpiride and naloxone. When choices of either 0.6 or 1.7% NaCl solutions and water were given, the baseline levels of the consumption of the fluids were increased. Under these circumstances, sulpiride did not significantly increase the consumption of fluids; instead, naloxone significantly reduced the level of fluid consumption. In a further experiment, apomorphine, at dose levels which stimulate dopamine autoreceptors, had no effect on either fluid intake or saline preference in water deprived male rats. Biochemical data showing that dopamine inhibits the release of beta-endorphin in the hypothalamus through the dopamine D-2 receptor, suggests a possible mechanism for a blockade of sulpiride-induced hyperdipsia by naloxone. PMID- 3748321 TI - Methysergide inhibits and facilitates lordosis behavior in the female rat in a time-dependent manner. AB - Reports in the literature have indicated a facilitatory effect of the serotonin antagonist methysergide on lordosis behavior, suggesting an inhibitory role for serotonergic activity. In the present series of experiments, methysergide (7 mg/kg) was found to inhibit lordosis behavior 30 min after intraperitoneal administration to females, treated chronically with estradiol benzoate, or acutely with estradiol benzoate and progesterone. However, methysergide was found to facilitate lordosis behavior 200 and 300 min after administration to female rats treated acutely with estradiol benzoate. These data suggest a time-dependent inhibitory effect of methysergide, and are consistent with the hypothesis that the activity of serotonin type 2 receptors facilitates lordosis behavior in the female rat. PMID- 3748322 TI - Effect of chronic administration of alprazolam and adinazolam on clonidine- or apomorphine-induced aggression in laboratory rodents. AB - The activity of chronic (3 weeks) treatment with the triazolobenzodiazepines, alprazolam and adinazolam, on clonidine- and apomorphine-induced aggression were studied. Adinazolam, like desipramine, potentiated aggression induced by clonidine while diazepam and alprazolam completely abolished it. In the apomorphine-induced aggression, adinazolam suppressed both aggressivity and stereotypy, while diazepam slightly potentiated it. Alprazolam did not modify the effect of aggression induced by apomorphine. On the whole, while adinazolam seemed to develop an activity closer to that of a classical antidepressant like desipramine, alprazolam appeared to be more similar to the benzodiazepines on clonidine-induced aggression in mice. Compared to desipramine and diazepam, adinazolam left these two effects induced by apomorphine almost unchanged. The experiments performed showed differences between the profiles of action of the two triazolobenzodiazepines studied. PMID- 3748323 TI - Electroencephalographic (EEG), EEG power spectra, and behavioral correlates in rats given phencyclidine. AB - The electroencephalogram (EEG), electromyogram (EMG) and behavior were monitored in rats with chronic cerebrocortical and temporalis muscle electrodes. They were injected acutely with 0, 2, 4 and 8 mg/kg of phencyclidine (i.p.). The EEG power spectra correlated in a dose-related manner, with the direct EEG and behavioral effects of phencyclidine. At 2 mg/kg, the EEG consisted primarily of low amplitude theta activity from 6 to 8 Hz, accompanied by behavioral arousal and hyperactivity. At 4 mg/kg, the EEG theta activity persisted and was superimposed on a background of high amplitude slow waves which were associated with the emergence of ataxia. Locomotion and stereotypy intensified at this dose. The power spectra of these changes in the EEG were characterized by two distinct spectral peaks lying between 0-5 and 5-10 Hz. After 8 mg/kg, EEG activity shifted predominantly to lower frequencies between 2 and 3 Hz. This shift produced a large increase in spectral power in the 0-5 Hz band which was accompanied behaviorally by severe ataxia, limited locomotion, and stereotypy of head and forepaw movements. Similarities and differences between these EEG changes induced by phencyclidine and the EEG effects of ketamine and SKF 10047 were obtained. PMID- 3748324 TI - 5-Hydroxytryptamine-mediated behaviour in male and female rats. AB - The responses of male and female rats to drugs causing the behavioural syndrome induced by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were compared. Preliminary experiments showed that females had largely similar responses to the releaser of 5-HT, p chloroamphetamine (PCA) and the 5-HT receptor agonist 5-methoxy-N,N dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT) at different stages of the oestrus cycle. The behavioural responses to 5-MeODMT (with and without the monoamine oxidase inhibitor pargyline) or to p-chloroamphetamine were not significantly different to those of males except for tremor after p-chloroamphetamine which was more marked in the females. However, concentrations of p-chloroamphetamine in brain in these animals, when killed immediately after behavioural recording were greater in the females. When rats, pretreated with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor, pargyline, were given the precursor of 5-HT, tryptophan, the females showed substantially greater hypothermia and larger scores for components of the 5-HT syndrome than the males. This sex difference may have been due to the moderately but significantly higher levels of 5-HT (and possibly tryptamine) in brain attained by the female rats, than by similarly-treated males. The results as a whole therefore suggest that the greater behavioural response of female rats to pargyline and tryptophan reflects a greater effect of this treatment on the synthesis of indoleamines than that occurring in males. PMID- 3748325 TI - Centrally administered neurotensin suppresses locomotor hyperactivity induced by d-amphetamine but not by scopolamine or caffeine. AB - The effects of intracisternally (i.c.) administered neurotensin (NT) on locomotor responses to scopolamine and caffeine, two psychomotor stimulants which do not depend on an intact mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system, were compared with the effects of the peptide on locomotion induced by d-amphetamine, which does depend on this DA system. Adult rats were injected intracisternally with 30 micrograms of neurotensin or vehicle. Immediately following these injections, the rats received intraperitoneal injections of either d-amphetamine (1, 2 or 3 mg/kg), scopolamine (0.25, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 mg/kg), caffeine (5, 15, 30 or 50 mg/kg) or the appropriate vehicle. After a 10 min recovery period, interruptions of photocells by ambulatory and non-ambulatory behavior were recorded every 30 min for 2 hr. Analyses of variance indicate that d-amphetamine and caffeine significantly elevated locomotor and non-locomotor activity at every dose tested. Scopolamine elevated locomotor activity at every dose and non-locomotor activity at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg. Statistical analysis revealed that neurotensin significantly suppressed the locomotor response to 2 and 3 mg/kg of d-amphetamine but did not suppress the locomotor responses to any dose of scopolamine or caffeine or the non-locomotor responses to any of the three stimulants tested. Behavioral ratings of stereotyped responses indicated that neurotensin altered none of these responses to any stimulant tested. These findings are consistent with previous behavioral and biochemical data which indicate that neurotensin modulates the activity of the mesolimbic, but not nigroneostriatal, DA system and moreover, demonstrate that neurotensin does not simply induce a non-specific impairment of locomotor activity. PMID- 3748326 TI - Desipramine induces yawning behaviour in rats. AB - Yawning behaviour in rats injected subcutaneously with antidepressant drugs was studied by direct observation. Desipramine (0.1-30 mg/kg) elicited yawning that began 15-20 min after injection and lasted for 60 min, and the dose-response curve showed a bell-shaped form. Desipramine (10 mg/kg) elicited the maximal effect (mean number of yawns 13.6). Haloperidol (0.02 mg/kg), spiperone (0.2 mg/kg), pimozide (4 mg/kg), reserpine (7.5 mg/kg), alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (250 mg/kg) and scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg) markedly reduced yawning induced by desipramine, whereas prazosin (1 mg/kg) and phenoxybenzamine (5 mg/kg) were without effect. These findings indicate that desipramine induces yawning by a dopaminergic mechanism, and that endogenous dopamine (DA) is necessary for its occurrence. Yawning was observed also after administration of imipramine, clomipramine, trazodone, its metabolite m-chlorophenylpiperazine and (+/ )sulpiride. These drugs given in a similar dose-range to desipramine produced a weaker effect than desipramine. Selective and potent inhibitors of the uptake of noradrenaline (NA) or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), (+)oxaprotiline and citalopram, did not elicit yawning. A possibility is considered that certain antidepressant drugs induced yawning through an influence on dopaminergic system. PMID- 3748328 TI - Optochiasmatic arachnoiditis with treatment by surgical lysis of adhesions, corticosteroids, and cyclophosphamide: report of a case. AB - A 24-year-old woman presented with progressive optochiasmatic arachnoiditis causing progressively worsening visual loss associated with headache and amenorrhea. Treatment with the standard initial therapy of dexamethasone, warfarin, and dipyridamole was unsuccessful at halting her disease process. Surgical lysis of adhesions led to a temporary improvement and then deterioration. A course of therapy with cyclophosphamide was initiated and her response to this therapy resulted in resolution of her headaches, return of her vision to normal, and resumption of her normal menstrual cycles. PMID- 3748327 TI - Thermoregulatory actions of centrally-administered vasopressin in the rat. AB - Dependent upon the route and/or site of administration, arginine vasopressin (AVP) evoked a number of thermoregulatory actions in the conscious rat. Infused into a lateral cerebral ventricle, arginine vasopressin produced short-lasting hypothermia of rapid onset. Injected into the preoptic area, arginine vasopressin caused long-lasting hyperthermia of rapid onset that was antagonized by the prior administration of a V1 receptor antagonist, [d(CH2)5 Tyr(Me)AVP]. Injections of arginine vasopressin into the nucleus accumbens, ventral septal area, substantia innominata and the dorsomedial hypothalamus were without effect on body temperature. Although the antipyretic action of arginine vasopressin within the ventral septal area has been well documented, these findings provide further evidence that this peptide exerts additional thermoregulatory actions that are both neuroanatomically and functionally specific. PMID- 3748329 TI - Primary Ewing's sarcoma of the base of the skull. AB - The authors report a case of primary Ewing's sarcoma of the petrous bone. The radiological features, including the computed tomographic scan and angiographic findings, are described in detail. PMID- 3748330 TI - Charcot's spine with neurological deficit: computed tomography as an aid to treatment. AB - A patient with Charcot's disease of the lumbar spine presented with weakness of one extremity. Myelographic and x-ray film studies indicated stenosis and compression due to degenerative changes. Although decompression and fusion were considered, computed tomographic scans indicated the wide extent and location of the destructive changes. Nonoperative treatment was elected because of the high risk of fusion failure and instability. PMID- 3748331 TI - Candida albicans shunt infection: report of two cases. AB - Infection of cerebrospinal fluid shunts with Candida albicans is reported in two patients. Scanning electron microscopy in one case demonstrates the relationship of the Candida hyphae to the white blood cells and to silicone plastic. A review of 10 previously reported cases of Candida shunt infection indicates that the infection usually follows a major bacterial infection or direct contamination or occurs spontaneously. Previous therapy has usually involved removal of the shunt, and the role of parenteral antifungal therapy is still unclear. Overall mortality to date is 25%. PMID- 3748332 TI - Pneumocephalus secondary to tension pneumothorax associated with comminuted fracture of the thoracic spine. AB - We present an unusual case of pneumocephalus secondary to a tension pneumothorax associated with fracture of the thoracic spine. Air from a pneumothorax entered the thoracic intraspinal compartment and the intracranial cavity through a comminuted fracture of the spine. The pneumocephalus and the pneumothorax resolved after aspiration of the intrathoracic air via an intercostal catheter. Diagnosis, therapeutic modalities, and potential complications of a pneumocephalus and of a communication between the thoracic cavity and the spinal dural space are discussed. PMID- 3748333 TI - Subarachnoid hemorrhage in the presence of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation and an intraventricular oligodendroglioma: case report. AB - The authors report a case of a ventricular oligodendroglioma associated with a cortical arteriovenous malformation. The patient presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Computed tomographic scan showed an intraventricular hyperdense lesion, mimicking a hematoma. Angiography revealed a superficial arteriovenous malformation in the right parietal lobe, unrelated to ventricular cavities. Both lesions were treated during the same operation. The diagnostic difficulties and the significance of this uncommon association are discussed. PMID- 3748334 TI - Perineurioma: a benign peripheral nerve tumor. AB - A unique benign peripheral nerve tumor, called a perineurioma, is described in this report. Light and electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry indicate that this tumor was derived from the perineurial cell. We discuss the ultrastructure, histogenesis, and management of this neoplasm. PMID- 3748335 TI - Anterior cerebral artery reconstruction. AB - Anterior cerebral artery end-to-end, end-to-side, and side-to-side anastomoses and grafting procedures including bypass and interposition using segments of the posterior cerebral artery harvested from the same specimen were performed. The reconstruction procedures were accomplished experimentally with the A1 and A2 segments of the anterior cerebral artery, the recurrent artery of Heubner (RAH), and the orbitofrontal and frontopolar arteries in end-to-end or end-to-side anastomosis to the A1 segment. Side-to-side anastomoses between both A2 or A3 segments were completed without difficulty. We utilized the anatomical and experimental reconstruction data in the performance of three surgical procedures for aneurysms in this area. An A1 to A2 end-to-end anastomosis, an A2 to A2 end to-side anastomosis, and an end-to-end anastomosis of the RAh were performed with no technical difficulties or complications. This study shows the feasibility of these microvascular reconstruction procedures in the anterobasal part of the interhemisphere, where cerebral aneurysms frequently develop. PMID- 3748336 TI - Effects of aerosolized methylprednisolone on experimental neurogenic pulmonary injury. AB - We examined the effects of graded doses of methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS)--0.05 (low), 0.5 (medium), and 5 mg/kg/hour (high)--on the development of neurogenic pulmonary injury in rabbits. The aerosolized drug was administered intratracheally for 5 hours beginning 10 minutes after a 2-minute elevation of the cerebrospinal fluid pressure (Pcsf) to 250 mm Hg. Compared to untreated control animals, the percentage of increase in pulmonary capillary permeability, as determined by 51Cr-labeled ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid clearance, was significantly less in the low and high dose MPSS groups. However, high dose MPSS was also associated with a significant decrease in compliance and increase in tissue hemorrhage (quantified by visual inspection). These results indicate biphasic effect of MPSS on alveolar capillary integrity after elevated Pcsf. The low dose minimized the extent of lung hemorrhage, pulmonary capillary leakage, and loss of lung compliance. In contrast, the high dose accelerated tissue hemorrhage and compliance loss, even though pulmonary capillary permeability was maintained near base line rates. PMID- 3748337 TI - Effects of induced hypotension during experimental vasospasm: a neurological, electrophysiological, and pathological analysis. AB - Vasospasm of the vertebrobasilar system was induced in seven dogs by the intracisternal injection of autologous blood. Somatosensory and brain stem auditory evoked potentials were recorded before and after the induction of angiographically confirmed vasospasm. Additionally, somatosensory evoked potentials were monitored during graded hypotension to 40 mm Hg. There was no significant alteration in the evoked potentials by vasospasm or hypotension. Detailed clinical examination and postmortem histopathological studies did not demonstrate any focal neurological deficit or infarction attributable to vasospasm. Previous studies have noted close correlations between decreased cerebral blood flow and evoked potential alterations. Induced hypotension to a mean arterial pressure of 40 mm Hg in the presence of documented vasospasm was not sufficient to cause evoked potential changes, focal neurological deficit, or pathological evidence of infarction in the canine model. PMID- 3748338 TI - Craniotomy versus transsphenoidal excision of large pituitary tumors: the usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging in guiding the operative approach. AB - Fifteen patients with large pituitary tumors were studied with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). CT was performed using General Electric 8800 and 9800 scanners (General Electric Co., Medical Systems Division, Milwaukee, Wisconsin). MRI was performed utilizing a Technicare superconducting scanner (Technicare, Cleveland, Ohio) at 0.5 tesla. Based on the operative findings, the tumors were divided into two groups. Tumors in Group 1 (n = 12) were described by the surgeon as soft or partially necrotic and easily removed by suction and curettage. Tumors in Group 2 (n = 3) were firm and required sharp dissection or the laser for removal. The tumors were divided into four categories based on MRI signal: (a) isointense with surrounding brain on spin echo (SE) 30 and SE 90, (b) increased signal intensity on SE 30 and SE 90, (c) decreased signal intensity on SE 30 and increased signal intensity on SE 90, and (d) isointense signal on SE 30 and increased signal intensity on SE 90. All three of the firm tumors were isointense with brain on MRI appearance. The tumor consistency (firm vs. soft) was not differentiable on CT scan. The transsphenoidal approach is less satisfactory than craniotomy in cases of firm, fibrous pituitary tumors. Based on our preliminary data, if the MRI signal in the tumor is isointense, then the surgeon should be prepared to deal with a fibrous tumor and might elect a transcranial rather than a transsphenoidal approach. PMID- 3748339 TI - Delayed epidural hemorrhage in hypotensive multiple trauma patients. AB - Despite the availability of high resolution computed tomography, severely head injured patients often present diagnostic dilemmas. An initially negative computed tomographic scan in the presence of severe multiple trauma does not predict an uncomplicated course. Early repeat scanning should be considered. We present three cases of delayed epidural hemorrhage in multiple trauma patients who initially were hypotensive secondary to hypovolemia. Possible etiologies for the hemorrhage as well as a list of indications for repeat scanning in the posttraumatic period are discussed. PMID- 3748340 TI - Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia in the neurosurgical patient. AB - Although thrombocytopenia occurs in approximately 10% of medical patients who receive heparin, this complication has not been described in neurosurgical patients. We report the clinical course of two patients who in the immediate postoperative period developed heparin-associated thrombocytopenia that resulted in significant morbidity. In these two cases, the origin of the heparin was in "flush" solutions used to maintain the patency of indwelling vascular catheters and was infused at a dose of 250 to 500 units/day. The minimal daily dose previously reported to result in thrombocytopenia is 9000 units/day administered in divided doses subcutaneously. The case reports indicate that heparin in "flush" solutions should be considered as a cause for unexpected thrombocytopenia and that platelet counts should be monitored in patients receiving heparin in any amount. PMID- 3748341 TI - Subdural electrodes for seizure focus localization. AB - Fifty patients with medically refractory partial seizure disorders have undergone subdural electrode placement for seizure focus localization. Standard scalp telemetry recordings of ictal events had failed to demonstrate accurately the site of seizure onset, and these patients were considered candidates for telemetry with intracerebral depth electrodes. Excellent recordings of interictal and ictal events were obtained, and localization of the epileptogenic focus was derived from recordings made during spontaneously occurring seizures. Electrocorticograms were monitored for up to 21 days. The recordings enabled a surgical decision to be made in 43 of 50 cases (86%). Thirty patients have subsequently undergone cortical excision of their foci with good results. Subdural electrode recordings are a significant addition to the armamentarium of the neurosurgeon attempting to localize surgical seizure foci, offering a low morbidity procedure as an alternative to depth electrode implantation. PMID- 3748342 TI - Somatosensory evoked potential monitoring of spinal cord ischemia during aortic operations. AB - Somatosensory evoked potentials were monitored in 22 consecutive patients undergoing surgical correction of an aortic coarctation. Induction of spinal cord ischemia by cross clamping of the aorta elicited a change in the evoked potential in 9 patients (41%). These alterations occurred within 5 minutes of aortic clamping in 3 cases and after 18 to 21 minutes in the remaining 6 cases. Loss of the somatosensory evoked potential for more than 14 minutes was associated with postoperative neurological deficit. Alteration of the evoked potential within 5 minutes of aortic cross clamping was significantly related to poor collateral circulation shown on the preoperative aortogram. The pathophysiology of evoked potential changes in spinal ischemia is discussed in detail. PMID- 3748343 TI - Motor evoked potential in cats with acute spinal cord injury. AB - We have previously reported that a motor evoked potential (MEP) can be produced by transcranial stimulation of the motor cortex in cats and humans. This signal travels in both dorsolateral and ventral spinal cord. We report here the evaluation of this evoked potential in comparison to the somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) in an acute spinal cord weight drop model. In all animals, the peripheral nerve signal was the component of the MEP most sensitive to injury. Often, it was significantly reduced in amplitude by incidental manipulation of the spinal cord during a careful laminectomy and then returned. It was lost first in animals with weight drop spinal cord injury and was abolished with as little as 50 to 75 g/cm of force. The spinal cord signal of the MEP was consistently more sensitive to injury than the SEP and was abolished at about 100 to 150 g/cm of impact. The cortical SEP was abolished at about 200 to 250 g/cm, and the spinal cord SEP was abolished at similar levels. The SEP returned earlier after injury than the MEP. Anesthetic agents had an effect on the MEP in the spinal cord and substantially changed the peripheral nerve signal, in both wave form shape and optimal stimulation frequency. Marginal cord injury and abnormal metabolic conditions caused the peripheral nerve signal to decrement in amplitude with increasing trial numbers during a run and become unstable. These latter effects need further characterization and are critical guides to investigative and clinical use of this test. This study indicates that the MEP is more sensitive than the SEP in detecting spinal cord injury. PMID- 3748344 TI - Intracranial rupture of a pressure monitoring transducer: technical note. AB - A solid state catheter tip transducer was used to measure intracranial pressure. During calibration, air escaped into the subdural space. Ways of recognizing and preventing this complication are discussed. PMID- 3748345 TI - Surgical correction of lesions affecting the second portion of the vertebral artery. AB - Substantial controversy has surrounded the diagnosis and management of vertebrobasilar ischemic events, with no consensus on the value of medical or surgical treatment of patients symptomatic with brain stem ischemia who have angiographically proven vertebral artery lesions. This report presents our experience with the surgical treatment of 12 of 88 patients with angiographically verified lesions in the vertebral artery who were symptomatic for 1 to 12 months before their evaluation. None experienced symptomatic relief with antiplatelet agents, nor did the administration of anticoagulants in 4 of the patients provide any benefit. The lesions included bilateral vertebral artery occlusion with distal reconstitution through muscular collaterals in 6 patients, unilateral vertebral artery hypoplasia with contralateral long-tailed lesions from the vertebral artery origin to C-5 in 3 patients, and severe bilateral vertebral artery origin lesions extending beyond the C-5 level in 3 patients. A vertebral endarterectomy and vertebral-carotid transposition in the second portion of the artery were successfully used to reestablish flow and obtain symptomatic relief in 10 of the 12 cases; 1 of these procedures had to be redone because of a persistent stenosis at C-4. Another patient had a saphenous vein graft from the common carotid to the vertebral artery at C-5. The remaining patient had an anastomosis of the distal external carotid to the vertebral artery at C-3, but this failed and an anastomosis of the occipital artery to the anterior inferior cerebellar artery had to be completed to reestablish flow.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3748346 TI - Nonpyramidal motor activation produced by stimulation of the cerebellum, direct or transcranial: a cerebellar evoked potential. AB - There is a need to monitor the functional status of the motor pathways well enough to predict the state of that function during operations and in injured or diseased patients. We previously reported that a motor evoked potential (MEP) can be produced by direct or transcranial stimulation of the motor cortex in both cats and humans. This signal descends through both the dorsolateral and ventral spinal cord and is primarily localized in the pyramidal tracts, producing a peripheral nerve signal and an electromyogram (EMG) response. It is more sensitive to injury than the somatosensory evoked potential (SEP). We report here that one can stimulate the cerebellar cortex, either directly or transcranially, and produce a descending signal in the spinal cord that has different characteristics from the MEP. The cerebellar evoked potential (CEP), located in the dorsolateral and the ventral cord, has an earlier latency and a faster conduction velocity than the MEP. It is predominantly ipsilateral with some contralateral components and also produces EMG responses. In the peripheral nerves, the CEP often produces a pattern of several waves that is different from the one or two predominant contralateral waves of the MEP. The CEP is not diminished by pyramidotomy. It arises from two sites on the cerebellar cortex, medial and lateral. The pathways activated may be the vestibulospinal, rubrospinal, reticulospinal, and fastigiospinal systems. This test seems to offer a monitor of selected motor pathways in the spinal cord largely separate from and complementary to the MEP. The ventral pathways activated probably include those demonstrated to be most essential to basic ambulation after spinal cord injury in primates. Also of importance, one type of evoked potential can facilitate another, which provides additional diagnostic tests. The CEP should be of investigative and clinical value. PMID- 3748347 TI - Barrier disruption in the major cerebral arteries during the acute stage after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. AB - The effects of experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) on the blood-arterial wall barrier in the basilar arteries were studied during the acute stage after SAH. SAH was induced in rats by injecting fresh autologous blood into the cisterna magna. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was given intravenously before killing the animals to assess the integrity of the barrier. In the basilar arteries taken from the animals that were killed 30 minutes after the cisternal injection of either mock cerebrospinal fluid or arterial blood, HRP reaction products were diffusely observed in the subendothelial spaces and smooth muscle layers. At 5 hours after the blood injection, no permeation of HRP into the subendothelial space was observed. Endothelial cell transcytosis seemed to be the important mechanism for HRP permeation into the subendothelial space rather than the opening of interendothelial junctions. The disruption of the blood-arterial wall barrier in the major cerebral arteries after SAH may be involved in the pathogenesis of vasospasm. PMID- 3748348 TI - Motilin-related immunoreactivity in mammalian adenohypophysis. AB - Motilin, a gut peptide recently demonstrated in the mammalian brain and anterior pituitary, was localized immunocytochemically in rat, guinea pig, and human anterior pituitary glands with two antisera to synthetic porcine motilin. Adjacent sections of normal glands were immunostained for motilin, growth hormone, and prolactin reactivity. Motilin reactivity was consistently seen in somatotrophic regions of the mammalian glands and in many instances was colocalized in individual somatotrophs traced in adjacent sections stained for growth hormone. There was no motilin activity discerned in prolactin-secreting regions of the gland. These studies reinforce the close relationship of motilin or a motilin-like peptide with growth hormone in normal somatotrophs. Further anatomical and in vitro studies with tumor material will be useful in elucidating the physiological relationship of motilin to growth hormone. PMID- 3748349 TI - Posterolateral approach and anterior spinal canal recalibration in severe spinal injury affecting T-12, L-1: a study of seven cases. AB - The authors present seven cases of spinal trauma at the T-12--L-1 level with severe spinal canal stenosis secondary to compressive, anterior discocorporeal lesions. Associated neurological disorders were of varying severity. Six cases were investigated by computed tomography, which enabled the degree of thoracolumbar spinal canal stenosis to be determined. In all cases, the surgical procedure involved rectification of spinal deformity, with an initial unilateral posterolateral approach permitting anterior spinal canal recalibration, either by impaction of protrusive fragments or ablation of ejected disc fragments. The stabilization was in all cases achieved by complimentary bilateral plates using Roy-Camille material, associated with posterolateral arthrodesis by grafting with reconstruction of the articulopedicular structure. The functional spinal result was excellent in all cases, and recalibration was verified by tomography. In those cases showing neurological deficiency, good and early recovery was attributable to the suppression of spinal canal stenosis. The application of this posterolateral approach for severe lesions of the thoracolumbar junction seems to represent, in all cases of recent lesions, an alternative to the anterior or combined methods, which present widely recognized difficulties at the thoracoabdominal junction. PMID- 3748350 TI - Surgical approaches for the correction of metopic synostosis. AB - Premature closure of the metopic suture results in a deformity ranging from a minor variation to a severe cosmetic deformity. The three principal abnormalities comprising metopic synostosis are trigonocephaly secondary to the restriction of growth of both frontal bones, deficient lateral supraorbital rims, and hypotelorism. Seventeen of 18 patients evaluated for metopic synostosis had surgical correction of their anomalies. For a minor degree of prominence at the metopic suture, a bicoronal flap followed by shaping at the suture with a shaping burr was sufficient and yielded favorable cosmetic results. A more extensive procedure for cosmetic resolution of trigonocephaly and hypotelorism was required for those patients with more pronounced deformities. In patients with moderate to severe metopic synostosis, the following procedures were important in achieving excellent cosmetic results: a bicoronal subgaleal flap down to the supraorbital rims with preservation of continuity of pericranium with an intact periorbita; bifrontal craniotomy with complete removal of the metopic suture; dural plication in midline to achieve an immediate aesthetically pleasing contour; removal or remodeling of the supraorbital rims and nasion with replacement of the remodeled frontal bone anteriorly in order to rebuild the orbital rim and release the supraorbital bar from the anterior cranial base; and securement of the bifrontal bones anteriorly and laterally, but not posteriorly, to allow further anterior and lateral displacement of the supralateral orbital margin. PMID- 3748351 TI - Use of extracranial-intracranial bypass in the management of symptomatic vasospasm. AB - Delayed ischemic deficits from vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage remain a major source of death and disability to patients surviving subarachnoid hemorrhage. Ideal treatment for this condition would prevent or reverse spasm in major subarachnoid vessels. This goal remains elusive. Considerable success has been obtained with augmentation of flow in ischemic regions by induced hypertension and hypervolemia. Some patients are not good candidates for this therapy because of underlying cardiovascular disease or the presence of unsecured aneurysms. A total of 11 patients have recently undergone extracranial intracranial bypass for the treatment of symptomatic vasospasm. Bypass was performed in 4 patients due to failure of medical management and in 7 patients due to our reluctance to induce hypertension in the setting of unsecured aneurysms. Eight of the 11 patients responded neurologically to the bypass procedure within 24 hours. In 6 cases, neurological deficits either improved or resolved. After operation, all 8 patients maintained their preoperative neurological status with lower mean arterial blood pressures than before bypass. Noncomatose patients with focal middle cerebral ischemic deficits and secured aneurysms in whom medical management has failed or in whom these measures are contraindicated may indeed benefit from extracranial-intracranial bypass. Patients with unsecured aneurysms remote from an ischemic middle cerebral territory should probably be revascularized if cautious hypertension fails to improve their conditions. PMID- 3748352 TI - Leptomeningeal metastasis from supratentorial malignant gliomas. AB - The clinical and diagnostic findings in 13 patients with leptomeningeal metastasis from supratentorial malignant gliomas are reported. Criteria for inclusion in this study were positive myelographic examination, positive cerebrospinal fluid cytology on two or more samples, or evidence of leptomeningeal seeding at autopsy. Eight patients had premortem symptoms of leptomeningeal metastasis, with the diagnosis confirmed during life in 5 patients. Average survival after the onset of symptoms was 3 months (range, 1 to 5 months). Comparison of the autopsied group with 10 concurrent autopsied patients without leptomeningeal gliomatosis did not reveal any significant differences in age, but leptomeningeal gliomatosis was more prevalent in patients with longer postoperative survival. Leptomeningeal involvement at autopsy was more extensive in symptomatic patients. Cerebrospinal fluid examination often gave nondiagnostic or nonspecific results. Computed tomography of the brain showed evidence of ventriculomegaly, periventricular contrast enhancement, or multifocal tumor involvement in every case. Iophendylate myelography was the most reliable diagnostic tool and established the diagnosis whenever performed. The natural history and clinical significance of leptomeningeal metastasis from supratentorial malignant gliomas are discussed. PMID- 3748353 TI - A new lightweight shunt clamp for use during carotid endarterectomy. AB - A technique is described for using a modified Drake aneurysm clip as a lightweight vascular clamp for securing the distal end of an intraluminal shunt during carotid endarterectomy. PMID- 3748354 TI - Inaccurate pressure readings for subarachnoid bolts. AB - The subarachnoid bolt has been used extensively to monitor intracranial pressure in a variety of conditions. We have had two patients who had subarachnoid bolts in place that were thought to be functional in whom evidence of increased pressure was present. In one case, the patient had Reye's syndrome with seizure activity, decerebrate posturing, fixed and dilated pupils, and cardiac arrest. Although autopsy revealed evidence of cerebellar and uncal herniation, verifying the presence of pressure cones, the subarachnoid bolt pressure was never elevated and had a good wave form. In the other case, the patient developed an epidural hematoma postoperatively while a subarachnoid bolt was in place. The subarachnoid bolt was measuring pressures of less than 15 mm Hg with a good wave form despite clinical and, subsequently, computed tomographic evidence of an evolving mass. The use of a pressure monitor such as the subarachnoid bolt should not replace frequent clinical assessment of the patient. PMID- 3748355 TI - Patient positioning and nasal intubation for carotid endarterectomy. AB - Exposure of a very rostral carotid bifurcation for endarterectomy may occasionally be difficult. We are reporting a simple yet effective way to gain several centimetres of exposure of the distal cervical portion of the internal carotid artery in this circumstance. PMID- 3748356 TI - Metamorphopsia and permanent cortical blindness after a posterior fossa tumor. AB - A case of posterior fossa tumor associated with supratentorial symptoms is presented. The pattern of symptoms that developed after operation follow the description of metamorphospsia. The condition progressed to permanent cortical blindness. Tumoral vasospasm is suggested as a possible etiological mechanism for the clinical picture. PMID- 3748357 TI - Coincidental pituitary adenoma and parasellar meningioma: case report. AB - We report a patient who had pituitary adenoma and parasellar meningioma coincidentally, with neither irradiation nor a history of head injury. Preoperative computed tomographic (CT) scan had shown a large intrasellar mass with ring-like enhancement; in contact with this mass, another well-enhanced mass had been shown. Histopathologically, the intrasellar mass was diagnosed as chromophobic pituitary adenoma and the other mass as meningotheliomatous meningioma. We present clinical, radiological, and histopathological findings and discuss previously reported cases of coincidental pituitary adenoma and meningioma without irradiation. This is the first case report since the advent of CT that pituitary adenoma and parasellar meningioma in contact with each other could be clearly demonstrated by CT. PMID- 3748358 TI - Surgically treated cerebral arterial ectasia with so-called moyamoya vessels. AB - The case of a 43-year-old woman with multiple intracranial arterial ectasia was reported. The arterial ectasia was accompanied by stenosis of the middle cerebral artery and so-called moyamoya vessels. After extracranial to intracranial bypass surgery, the size and contour of the arterial ectasia decreased. Because the arterial ectasia decreased in size after the extracranial to intracranial bypass surgery, this operation might be useful for space-occupying lesions due to arterial ectasia. PMID- 3748359 TI - Postoperative oculomotor palsy due to vasospasm in a patient with a ruptured internal carotid artery aneurysm: a case report. AB - Postoperative oculomotor palsy is not uncommon in patients with aneurysm, but delayed postoperative peripheral oculomotor palsy due to vasospasm has not been reported. This paper presents such a patient. Oculomotor palsy was successfully treated with volume therapy. The importance of recognizing this entity and initiating appropriate treatment for vasospasm as soon as possible in order to prevent permanent deficit is emphasized. PMID- 3748361 TI - Electrical injury to the central nervous system. AB - A case of delayed spinal cord damage due to high voltage electric shock is presented. The literature on the subject is reviewed and discussed. PMID- 3748362 TI - Multiple peripheral aneurysms of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. AB - Peripheral aneurysms of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) are rare. The authors describe a case in which five distinct peripheral aneurysms of the PICA were diagnosed and microsurgically clipped while preserving the parent vessel. One of the aneurysmal sacs was excised and examined pathologically, and no evidence of an infectious etiology was found. The surgical approach to peripheral PICA aneurysms is discussed and the literature concerning these unusual aneurysms is reviewed. PMID- 3748360 TI - Spontaneous hemorrhage in a mixed glioma of the cerebellum: case report. AB - An 8-year-old boy presented in coma and was found to have a massive posterior fossa hemorrhage on computed tomographic scan. Autopsy disclosed a large cerebellar hematoma within a mixed glioma containing both juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma. It is postulated that the hemorrhage originated from the oligodendroglial component of the tumor. PMID- 3748363 TI - Chronic subperiosteal hematoma of the skull in an adult: a case report. AB - A unique case of chronic subperiosteal hematoma of the skull in an adult is reported. The possible pathogenetic mechanisms involved in the slowly progressive enlargement of the lesion are discussed. PMID- 3748364 TI - Exertional rhabdomyolysis associated with decerebrate posturing. AB - A case is presented in which decerebrate posturing after a head injury led to rhabdomyolysis and renal failure. Exertional rhabdomyolysis is caused by an energy deficient state in overworked musculature that leads to a loss of integrity of the muscle cell. The resultant myoglobin in serum leads to acute renal failure. This condition should be suspected in a comatose patient with fever, brown discoloration of the urine, and edema of the extremities. Laboratory results will show orthotoluidine positive urine with a clear serum, elevated serum creatine phosphokinase, and serum creatinine elevation out of proportion to blood urea nitrogen. Management consists of fluids and diuretics with dialysis if necessary. Rhabdomyolysis with head injury and decerebracy may occur more frequently than has been previously reported. PMID- 3748365 TI - Three models of human language. AB - Three models of human language processing can be discerned in contemporary neurobiology: the Wernicke-Broca model, primarily derived from studies of stroke and other brain lesions; the model developed by Dr. George Ojemann from electrical stimulation mapping of the cerebral cortex; and the linguistic model, evolved from Noam Chomsky's linguistic theories. The Wernicke-Broca model employs a posterior-sensory anterior-motor conception of brain language processing that is substantially different from the more modular conception developed from electrical stimulation mapping. The linguistic model attempts to explain language in terms of hierarchical mental function. PMID- 3748366 TI - Neuropsychological phenomena of secondary stem dysfunction in patients with strokes of hemispheric localization. PMID- 3748367 TI - Dependence of defensive behavior of altricial nestlings upon alarm-signal parameters. Neuroethological approach. PMID- 3748368 TI - Role of the serotonin2-receptors in regulation of aggressive behavior. PMID- 3748369 TI - Phase relationships of cortical potentials in rabbits during motor reactions. PMID- 3748370 TI - Relationship between the level of conditioned-reflex activity and the serotonin concentration in the blood of normal and neurotized dogs. PMID- 3748371 TI - Changes in the functional relationships between close and distant neurons of the cat motor cortex during electrodefensive conditioning. PMID- 3748372 TI - Participation of hypothalamic monoamines in regulation of gonadotropin secretion. PMID- 3748374 TI - Morphological criteria of structural asymmetry in cortical and subcortical formations of the human brain. PMID- 3748373 TI - Psychotropic properties of oxytocin. PMID- 3748375 TI - Ultrastructural localization of lactate dehydrogenase activity in human embryo brain cells. PMID- 3748376 TI - Induction of a neurite-promoting factor in rat brain following injury or deafferentation. AB - Ablation of the entorhinal/occipital cortex in young adult rats caused a several fold increase in the neurite-promoting activity in extracts of the tissue surrounding the wound and in areas that had been deafferented by the lesion. The time course of induction closely paralleled reactive axon sprouting in the deafferented hippocampus, with maximal levels of neurite-promoting activity reached between 9 and 15 days post-lesion. Aged animals, in which reactive sprouting is deficient, showed no increase in activity by 12 days after deafferentation of the hippocampus. The neurite-promoting activity of brain extracts was non-diffusible, heat-labile, and sensitive to proteolysis. All of the activity bound to diethylaminoethyl (cellulose) and was eluted at 200 mM NaCl. The apparent molecular weight (by gel filtration) of the activity in extracts of uninjured brain was 9-17 kilodaltons, whereas the extracts of injured brain also had peaks or shoulders at 30, 70 and greater than or equal to 200 kilodaltons. These data suggest that the brain neurite-promoting activity resides in one or more proteins. Both the injury-induced and basal activities were different from laminin, nerve growth factor, and polyornithine-bindable neurite promoting factors. The injury-induced activity was sensitive to repeated freezing and thawing, but this inactivation was reversed by thiol reagents such as glutathione, thioglycerol, and mercaptoethanol. We report a neurite-promoting factor that is induced following brain injury or denervation, and may also be important for reactive axon sprouting after brain injury. The induction of this factor is abnormal in aged animals, as is the reactive sprouting response. The properties of the injury-induced activity distinguish it from the basal activity (found in uninjured brain) and from other characterized neurite-promoting factors. PMID- 3748378 TI - A study of the application of the Hodgkin-Huxley and the Frankenhaeuser-Huxley model for electrostimulation of the acoustic nerve. AB - By means of electrostimulation of the acoustic nerve profoundly deaf patients can, in the best cases, reach almost complete speech understanding without lip reading. In this paper the information content of the signals supplied to patients is examined by a study of action potential generation by means of the Hodgkin-Huxley and the Frankenhaeuser-Huxley equations solved by means of a digitally controlled analogue computer. The response to sinusoidal signals and to signals with the wave shape of certain vowels is investigated and compared with results from animal experiments and observation on patients. PMID- 3748377 TI - A semi-quantitative atlas of 5-hydroxytryptamine-1 receptors in the primate brain. AB - The regional distribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine-1 receptors in the primate brain was studied by semi-quantitative autoradiographic analysis of tritiated ligand binding. Areas showing the highest density of 5-hydroxytryptamine-1 receptors (greater than 200 fmol [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine bound per mg tissue), included the cerebral cortex (laminae I-II), claustrum, posterior cell group of the basal nucleus of Meynert, the infracommissural part of the globus pallidus, cortical amygdaloid nucleus, hippocampal formation (CA1-subiculum region, the anterior CA2, CA3 and CA4 regions and the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus), thalamic nuclei (parafascicular, parataenial, paraventricular and superior central lateral nuclei), substantia nigra pars reticulata, dorsal raphe nucleus and choroid plexus. The distribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine-1 receptors is compared to the distribution of both 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors and terminal fields of serotonergic projections as previously described in subprimates. PMID- 3748379 TI - Histochemical demonstration of a concomitant reduction in neural vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, acetylcholinesterase, and noradrenaline of cat uterus during pregnancy. AB - Noradrenaline, acetylcholinesterase, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) were visualized in uterine nerves of cats by histochemical techniques. Alterations were followed in different regions of the organs at various stages of pregnancy and compared with the situation in non-pregnant controls. Positively stained nerve fibres, the adrenergic type being particularly well developed, were found along the muscle bundles and around blood vessels in the smooth muscle layers, as well as in the mucosa, of both uterine horns and cervix. The nerve supply was especially prominent in the upper part of the cervix. The distribution of VIP-immunoreactive and acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve fibres resembled each other, but they were less numerous than the adrenergic fibres. In the course of pregnancy there was a marked reduction in the number of all positively reacting nerves, so that almost no fibres were visible in the uterine horns near term. A small number of positive nerve fibres was found to remain, however, in the wall of the sterile (empty) horn during unilateral pregnancy. The reduction was less prominent in the cervix, particularly its lower part. Distinct changes were encountered already during early and mid pregnancy in those parts of the uterine wall distended by the growing conceptus, where almost no fibres were seen. The nerve supply was more intact in the non-distended portions located between the fetuses, and especially in the empty horn of unilateral pregnancy. No overt reduction in the number of positively stained nerve fibres was found in the cervix at these pregnancy stages. The results show that marked alterations take place in the uterine autonomic innervation during such an entirely physiological event as pregnancy. There is reason to assume that the histochemical observations reflect both structural and functional alterations in the innervation related both to the type of nerves involved and to the localization of the conceptus. PMID- 3748380 TI - Altered distribution of dorsal root fibers in the rat following neonatal capsaicin treatment. AB - Distribution of primary afferent fibers was studied in intact and neonatally capsaicin treated rats by the application of horseradish peroxidase to the central branch of the transected lumbar dorsal roots. Coarse primary afferent fibers entered the spinal cord through the larger medial portion of the rootlet and arborized in the deeper part of the dorsal horn (laminae III and IV). Fine fibers reached the spinal cord through the smaller lateral portion of the rootlet and arborized in the superficial portion of the dorsal horn (lamina I and outer portion of lamina II). The technique used was inadequate to stain fine, unmyelinated primary afferent fibers terminating in the larger inner portion of lamina II. After neonatal capsaicin treatment (50 mg/kg) the flame-shaped arborizations of thick primary afferent fibers terminating in intact rat in laminae III and IV spread dorsally and occupied the inner portion of lamina II in the larger lateral sector of the dorsal horn. Medially the dense arborization of a different type of thick primary afferent fibers sprouted up to the white-gray border. The border between the lateral and medial sector was sharp and only slightly varied in localization from experiment to experiment. The sprouting fibers established complicated synaptic contacts with dendrites and axon terminals. The rearrangement of primary afferent fibers after neonatal capsaicin treatment confirmed earlier results and revealed a mediolateral difference in the fiber organization of the dorsal horn indicating differences in the projection from hairy vs non-hairy skin areas. PMID- 3748381 TI - Antibodies to brain proteins in paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. AB - A 68-year-old man had subacute cerebellar degeneration and a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Using an immunoblotting method, we found serum antibodies to rat cerebral 250-kd and 110-kd and cerebellar 110-kd acidic cytoplasmic proteins. The antibodies did not react unless the antigens were prepared soon after death with protease inhibitors. Two hundred fifty-kd and 110-kd proteins are minor components of soluble cytoplasmic proteins of the brain. The molecular weights differed from other soluble brain-specific proteins already characterized. PMID- 3748382 TI - Moyamoya pattern of vascular occlusion after radiotherapy for glioma of the optic chiasm. AB - We studied three children who suffered massive strokes 2 to 5 years after intracranial irradiation of optic chiasm gliomas. Arteriography showed moyamoya changes in all three. CTs showed dramatic reduction in tumor size in two patients, but we believe radiotherapy should only be used sparingly to treat optic chiasm gliomas in young children, because its efficacy is unproven, and side effects may be catastrophic. PMID- 3748383 TI - Heterogeneity of cognitive impairment in progressive supranuclear palsy, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. AB - Patterns of cognitive and behavioral impairment were analyzed in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), Parkinson's disease (PD), and senile dementia of Alzheimer's type (SDAT), matched for age, sex, manual laterality, educational level, and degree of intellectual deterioration. The scores of the three groups of patients were significantly lower than those of controls and were comparable on tests of verbal and visuospatial functions as well as global memory. Patients with SDAT could be distinguished by the severity of verbal memory disorders; patients with PSP, and to a lesser degree those with PD, by impaired performances on tests sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction. PMID- 3748384 TI - Neurologic outcome and blood glucose levels during out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. AB - We examined the interrelations of outcome, time elapsed during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and blood glucose levels drawn from 83 patients with out-of hospital cardiac arrest. Levels rose significantly during CPR. Although slope and intercept of regression lines differed for those dying in the field and those admitted, regression lines were similar for those who awoke and never awoke after admission. These results suggest that the previously reported association between poor neurologic recovery and high blood glucose level on admission after cardiac arrest is best explained by prolonged CPR, leading to both higher rise of blood glucose and worse neurologic outcome. PMID- 3748385 TI - AIDS: calcification of the basal ganglia in infants and children. AB - CT or postmortem examination demonstrated calcification of the basal ganglia in eight infants and children with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Serial CT studies documented progression of both bilateral symmetric calcium densities and cerebral atrophy. Clinical features included progressive encephalopathy with dementia, and pyramidal tract signs. Postmortem examination of four children revealed variable degrees of calcific vasopathy of the basal ganglia, involving predominantly the putamen and globus pallidus. PMID- 3748386 TI - Dietary essential fatty acids, vitamin E, and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. AB - Twenty patients with type I Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease received dietary supplementation with the essential fatty acids (EFA), linoleic and gamma linolenic acids, and vitamin E. A 3-month blinded trial of placebo (paraffin oil and vitamin E, 81.6 IU/d) was followed by 1 year of 3 grams daily of EFA and vitamin E. Serum fatty acid values doubled, but total esterified fatty acid proportions did not change. Arachidonic acid proportions correlated with the amount of prostaglandin-mediated lymphocyte suppression measured at the same times. Improvement demonstrated at the end of the placebo period by neuropsychological tests and neurologic examination was maintained during the 1 year of EFA supplementation. This effect may reflect a membrane stabilization benefit of vitamin E. PMID- 3748387 TI - Clinical and biochemical studies with controlled-release levodopa/carbidopa. AB - In five patients with parkinsonism, the optimal dosage of a controlled-release levodopa/carbidopa preparation (CR-3) was three times higher than the dosage of Sinemet and produced higher plasma levodopa concentrations, but did not reduce the fluctuations in plasma levodopa or clinical response. Plasma levodopa concentrations were higher and clinical responses better before the first dose of the day with CR-3. CR-3 treatment benefited two patients, reducing the severity of off periods and off dystonia. Two patients were worse on CR-3 despite higher plasma levodopa levels than those adequate for clinical response to Sinemet or levodopa infusions. CR-3 could benefit a few severely affected patients, but it is necessary to understand the factors that affect absorption of levodopa from sustained-release preparations, as well as the consequences of prolonged elevation of plasma levodopa levels. PMID- 3748388 TI - Ipsilateral forced head and eye turning at the end of the generalized tonic clonic phase of versive seizures. AB - We studied 61 spontaneous seizures in 27 epileptic patients with simultaneous EEG and video recording. Each seizure had an initial forced turning (versive) head and eye movement contralateral to the EEG location of seizure onset. Twelve of the 27 secondarily generalized versive seizures also had ipsilateral head and eye version at the end of the generalized convulsion. Initial contraversion and late ipsiversion both appeared to result from ictal activation of frontal contraversive areas in the hemisphere that, at the time, was predominantly involved in the seizure discharge. During initial contraversion, ictal activation was predominant in the hemisphere of seizure onset; during late ipsiversion, in the hemisphere involved by secondary generalization. Late version, unlike initial version, is frequently ipsilateral and cannot be assumed to indicate seizure onset in the contralateral hemisphere. PMID- 3748389 TI - Sleep patterns in the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. AB - Serial polysomnograms were performed on 11 children with primary Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS), 6 control children with other seizure disorders, and 12 who were developmentally normal. Five LGS children had abnormal polysomnograms with either complete absence or marked reduction of REM sleep; the other six LGS children had only a mild reduction of REM sleep. The percentage of REM in LGS children was less than in the controls with other seizure disorders (p less than 0.05) or the normal children (p less than 0.005). The scatter of REM percentages in LGS may imply heterogeneity of the syndrome, perhaps related to the severity of brainstem dysfunction or neurochemical derangement. PMID- 3748390 TI - Multisystem degeneration: drugs and square wave jerks. AB - We studied a 55-year-old woman with macrosquare wave jerks and macrosaccadic oscillations with a vertical component. The oscillations almost completely disappeared after administration of diazepam, clonazepam, thiamylal, or phenobarbital. A disorder of GABAergic tonic inhibitory system from the substantia nigra to superior colliculus probably plays an important the pathogenesis of these abnormal ocular movements. role in the pathogenesis of these abnormal ocular movements. PMID- 3748391 TI - "Orthostatic tremor' in familial-essential tremor. AB - We studied a family with essential tremor of the arms. Some members also had tremor of the trunk and legs on standing, but not on walking, sitting, or reclining. Tremor was evoked, regardless of body or limb position, by strong tonic contraction of the appropriate muscles; it was a type of static postural tremor. Beta-adrenergic blockers had no effect on the tremor of the trunk or legs, but clonazepam was beneficial. PMID- 3748392 TI - CT metrizamide myelography in syringomyelia: sensitivity and specificity. AB - In a retrospective study of 32 patients with "proven" syringomyelia and 15 patients with an alternate proven diagnosis, a change in the caliber of the spinal cord with different positions ("collapsing cord sign or cord collapse") had a sensitivity of 38% and a specificity of 87%. Central cord enhancement ("bull's-eye") on delayed CT had a sensitivity and specificity of 91% and 87%, respectively. The positive predictive value of cord collapse was 87%, while the positive predictive value of central cord enhancement was 94%. PMID- 3748393 TI - Cerebral sparganosis. AB - Cerebral sparganosis is caused by the migrating larva of Spirometra mansonoides. Only seven cases have been reported worldwide. We here report the second known case in the United States. Including our case, ages ranged from 24 to 46 years. Men and women were equally affected. Headache, convulsions, focal neurologic signs, and peripheral eosinophilia were common. CT often revealed an enhancing mass. Surgical resection of the parasitic granuloma gave excellent results. often revealed an enhancing mass. Surgical resection of the parasitic granuloma gave excellent results. PMID- 3748394 TI - Spatial contrast sensitivity in facial recognition. AB - Recognition and learning of complex images may depend on spatial processing characteristics of the visual system. Prosopagnosia, an impairment of visual learning and recognition of faces, might result from impaired perception in spatial channels carrying crucial information. We studied spatial contrast sensitivity (SCS) in two subjects with stable facial recognition defects. One had relative SCS reduction for high-frequency gratings but could process high frequencies in room light. The other had normal SCS. Both had intact spatial processing relative to image size. The results suggest that impairments in visual spatial channels are not necessary for the development of prosopagnosia. PMID- 3748395 TI - Basilar migraine: polarity-dependent alteration of brainstem auditory evoked potential. AB - We studied serial brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) in a patient who had episodic basilar migraine. During migraine attack, significant alteration of wave IV-V was revealed only by rarefaction clicks. The alteration remained unchanged throughout the headache and reverted to normal when the headache subsided. In contrast, BAEPs with condensation clicks were normal during and after the headache. PMID- 3748396 TI - Slow resolution of multifocal weakness and fasciculation: a reversible motor neuron syndrome. AB - A 25-year-old man with multifocal weakness and fasciculation was thought to have motor neuron disease. Signs progressed for 1 year, plateaued, and 3 years later resolved almost completely. There was no evidence of paraproteinemia, lymphoproliferative disorder, or vasculitis, and myelography was normal. Electrodiagnostic study disclosed multifocal, acute and chronic denervation that evolved into a picture consistent with residuals of old multifocal radiculopathy without active denervation. Prolongation of F response, absence of H-reflex, and conduction block in a proximal nerve segment suggested multifocal demyelination. A proximal motor neuropathy, perhaps demyelinating, may cause some of the benign motor neuron syndromes that simulate motor neuron disease. PMID- 3748397 TI - Total body irradiation not effective in inclusion body myositis. AB - Four patients with inclusion body myositis were treated with 150 rad of total body irradiation given in 5 weeks. One patient responded subjectively and transiently, but no patient showed clear benefit. This treatment is not recommended for inclusion body myositis. PMID- 3748398 TI - Anticonvulsive drugs and blood levels of lactate, pyruvate, and glucose in children with seizures. AB - Lactate, pyruvate, and glucose were determined in groups of 10 patients, each receiving single drug therapy for their seizure disorder with either phenytoin, valproic acid, carbamazepine, or phenobarbital, and in patients not taking medication. All drug levels were in their therapeutic ranges. The characteristics of the groups were similar, except for the phenytoin group being significantly older. No significant differences were found in glucose or pyruvate concentrations. However, patients on valproic acid had reduced lactate (p less than 0.05) and L/P ratios (p less than 0.05). The reduction in lactate in patients on valproate therapy may mask inborn errors of metabolism that normally result in an increase in blood lactate levels. PMID- 3748399 TI - Peripheral nerve involvement in multiple sclerosis. PMID- 3748400 TI - Neuroacanthocytosis syndrome, apraxia of eyelid opening, and progressive supranuclear palsy. PMID- 3748401 TI - Morphometric studies of the developing optic nerve in Wistar rats. PMID- 3748402 TI - Effect of serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease on the ultrastructural properties of rat striatum in vitro. PMID- 3748403 TI - Effects of intracerebral transplantation of the adrenal medulla in rats with experimental Parkinson's disease. PMID- 3748404 TI - [Morphological picture of the cerebellum in chronic alcoholism]. PMID- 3748405 TI - [Catecholamine levels in the brain of pt rabbits]. PMID- 3748406 TI - Degenerative neurites in experimental scrapie. PMID- 3748407 TI - Long survival with cerebellar aplasia and degenerative changes of CNS. A case report. PMID- 3748408 TI - Maturation of dopaminergic neurons in dissociated cultures of mouse substantia nigra. PMID- 3748409 TI - [Correlation between echocardiographic and angioscintigraphic methods in the study of the ejection fraction in subjects with dilated cardiomyopathy]. PMID- 3748410 TI - [Familial distribution of anterior systolic motion of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Study of 2 families]. PMID- 3748411 TI - [Relation between the duration of the electric systole and the severity of ventricular arrhythmias during dynamic electrocardiography in patients with previous necrosis of the myocardium and stable exertion angina]. PMID- 3748412 TI - [Post-infarct aneurysmectomy of the left ventricle. A protective role against ventricular fibrillation]. PMID- 3748413 TI - [Evaluation of the psychological stress test in ischemic cardiopathy]. PMID- 3748414 TI - [Occurrence and significance of so-called bites in the vectorcardiogram of the aged]. PMID- 3748415 TI - [Effects of isometric exercise (hand grip) on cardiac performance evaluated by a non-invasive polygraphic method in hypertensive and normotensive subjects]. PMID- 3748416 TI - [Aneurysm of the superficial femoral artery]. PMID- 3748417 TI - [Hemodilution and autotransfusion. Our experience in vascular surgery]. PMID- 3748418 TI - [Mondor's disease. Thrombophlebitis of the lateral thoracic and thoraco epigastric veins]. PMID- 3748419 TI - [Median arcuate ligament syndrome]. PMID- 3748420 TI - [Indications and treatment of popliteal aneurysm]. PMID- 3748421 TI - [Use of a non-ionic water-soluble contrast medium in ascending phlebography]. PMID- 3748422 TI - [Postoperative analgesia in cesarean section. Double-blind comparison between buprenorphine and pentazocine]. PMID- 3748424 TI - [A new approach to interscalene block. The "double needle" technic]. PMID- 3748423 TI - [The personality of patients with chronic pain. Comparison of 2 psychometric tests: Cattell's 16 Personality Factors and the Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire]. PMID- 3748425 TI - [Psychological effects of the preoperative informative session in patients undergoing hysterectomy]. PMID- 3748426 TI - [Rhabdomyolysis caused by general anesthesia in children. Evaluation of the use of creatine phosphokinase as a predictive parameter]. PMID- 3748427 TI - [Use of buprenorphine in general anesthesia. Methods of administration]. PMID- 3748428 TI - [Mixtures of bupivacaine and fentanyl in epidural blocks in orthopedic surgery. Effects on hemodynamic variations and tourniquet pain]. PMID- 3748429 TI - [Pleural effusion and central venous catheterization (6 cases)]. PMID- 3748430 TI - [Unusual complication of intratracheal intubation. Comments on a clinical case]. PMID- 3748431 TI - [Pregnancy and parturition in adolescents. Our experience]. PMID- 3748432 TI - [Histologic lesions caused by the use of oral contraceptives]. PMID- 3748433 TI - [Self perception and body image evaluation in mastectomized women]. PMID- 3748434 TI - [Psychophysical development of the post-mature newborn infant]. PMID- 3748435 TI - [Rupture of the pregnant uterus. Clinical considerations of 4 cases]. PMID- 3748436 TI - [Lipoma of the uterus. Observation of 3 cases]. PMID- 3748437 TI - [Idiopathic oligospermia. Incidence, characteristics, therapy and prognosis]. PMID- 3748438 TI - [Mammography: morphological aspects and oncologic classification]. PMID- 3748439 TI - [Follow-up of patients with tumors of the uterus treated with cobalt therapy and controlled for over 20 years]. PMID- 3748440 TI - [Clinico-epidemiological aspects of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium in the Vercelli province]. PMID- 3748441 TI - [Cisplatin in high-volume intraperitoneal treatment of ovarian carcinoma]. PMID- 3748442 TI - [Endometrial morphological changes in intrauterine device users]. PMID- 3748443 TI - [Clinical experience in the use of 0.5% and 1% benzydamine cream in vaginal inflammation]. PMID- 3748444 TI - [Sublingual nifedipine. A new approach to the therapy of hypertensive crisis in pregnancy]. PMID- 3748445 TI - External quality assessment in serological diagnostic virology in Norway 1982-84. AB - Serum specimens for external quality assessment in virology were sent as an open distribution to 10-13 clinical microbiological laboratories during the period 1982-84. Antibodies to rubella were tested by hemagglutination-inhibition (HI); other viral antibodies were tested by complement fixation (CF). The median of the antibody-titres for each annual batch of serum specimens is used to describe and evaluate the laboratory performance. Generally speaking the antibody titres in both tests were found to cover a wide range. PMID- 3748446 TI - Intraspecific chick/chick chimaeras: dystrophic somitic mesoderm transplanted to a normal host forms muscles with a dystrophic phenotype. AB - Intraspecific chick/chick chimaeras were prepared by transplanting thoracic somitic mesoderm from donor chick embryos with hereditary muscular dystrophy to replace extirpated brachial somites of normal host embryos at stage 13 (48-52 h in ovo). Since the wings of unoperated dystrophic embryos exhibit significantly reduced motility between day-10 in ovo (day-10E) to day-15E, this parameter was used as a marker both to verify the viability of the transplant and to assess if the dystrophic phenotype of impaired functional activity is preserved in the mutant wing muscles innervated by brachial nerves of normal embryos. Our motility analyses of the chimaeras confirmed that transplanted thoracic somitic mesoderm gives rise to brachial musculature and that the experimental muscles maintained the inherent dystrophic phenotype. PMID- 3748447 TI - Vasotocin fibers in the mesencephalon and pons of the domestic fowl. An immunohistochemical study. AB - Immunohistochemical analysis of the extrahypothalamic distribution of vasotocin like immunoreactive elements within the brainstem of the domestic fowl revealed several, topographically identifiable, mesencephalic and pontine target areas. In the considered regions numerous nerve endings were surrounding perikarya or large dendritic trunks. No extrahypothalamic immunopositive perikarya have been observed in normal birds. PMID- 3748448 TI - Development of sexual dimorphism in synaptic organization in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus in rats. AB - The ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus (VMN) were examined ultrastructurally in both male and female rats at 5, 20, 45 and 100 days of age. Synaptic number in the VMN was increased to 70-80% of that at 45 days of age during the first 20 days. At 5 days of age, sexual difference in the numerical density of dendritic shaft and spine synapses was not detected. Synaptic sexual difference developed by 20 days of age in the ventrolateral VMN where receptors for sex steroid were abundant. This tendency persisted until adulthood. However, no sexual difference in synaptic pattern was recognized in the dorsomedial VMN. From these results, it is suggested that sexual dimorphism in synaptic organization in the VMN develops from the early prepubertal period. PMID- 3748449 TI - The brain fibroblast growth factor (FGF) is localized in neurons. AB - The physiological role of fibroblast growth factor (FGF), like many other characterized growth factors, is poorly understood. Therefore, it would be useful to know in which cell type this growth factor is present. Using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against FGF, we have localized this molecule in rat brain. Interestingly, FGF is found exclusively in neuronal cells. Since FGF stimulates the proliferation and maturation of glial cells in vitro, its involvement in the interaction between neuronal and glial cells in vivo is likely. A role in the triggering of reactive gliosis can also be hypothesized. PMID- 3748450 TI - Dual efferent projections of the trigeminal principal sensory nucleus to the thalamic ventroposteromedial nucleus in the squirrel monkey. AB - Anterograde degeneration methods demonstrated two efferent components from the trigeminal principal sensory nucleus (PrV) to the thalamic ventroposteromedial nucleus (VPM) in the squirrel monkey: fibers from the dorsal PrV coursed within the central tegmental tract and terminated in a dorsoventromedial strip of the ipsilateral VPM; fibers from the ventral PrV mainly decussated caudal to the interpeduncular nucleus and terminated in the contralateral VPM exclusive of the sector receiving the dorsal PrV component, contralaterally. Adjacent Nissl sections showed an apparent increase in glial profiles accompanying an intense somal staining among the deafferented neuronal population in the VPM, coextensive with those regions in the VPM exhibiting terminal field degeneration. PMID- 3748451 TI - Specific, vascular localization of GABA-transaminase in the guinea pig lung. AB - The occurrence and distribution of 4-aminobutyrate:2-oxoglutarate transaminase (GABA-T) activity were examined in the guinea pig lung using biochemical and enzymehistochemical methods. Specific GABA-T reactivity was confined primarily to the arteries and to a lesser extent to the veins. No activity could be observed in association with bronchi, alveoli and nerve fibers. Our findings indicate that the GABA-T activity in the lung is specifically located in blood vessels. This study is the first to demonstrate GABA-T activity in peripheral blood vessels. PMID- 3748452 TI - Repeated neurotensin administration in the ventral tegmental area: effects on baseline and D-amphetamine-induced locomotor activity. AB - Microinjections of neurotensin (NT) into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the rat increases locomotor activity. This effect on locomotion is potentiated by daily infusions of NT; in contrast a different injection schedule, i.e. every 48 h, had no such effect. In addition, daily NT injections in the VTA do not alter the locomotor response to a relatively low dose (0.5 mg/kg) of D-amphetamine. These results provide further evidence that NT can modulate the mesolimbic dopamine pathway. PMID- 3748453 TI - Monoclonal antibodies raised against a subsequence of senile plaque core protein react with plaque cores, plaque periphery and cerebrovascular amyloid in Alzheimer's disease. AB - Four monoclonal antibodies (1D2/1/2, 1G10/2/3, 3B6/1/1, 4D12/2/6) were raised against a synthetic peptide consisting of residues 8-17 of a protein reported to be common to senile plaque cores, cerebrovascular amyloid and neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease. In an immunoperoxidase study of Alzheimer brain tissue, these antibodies stained plaque and vascular amyloid but not tangles, suggesting that the polypeptide chain in the region of residues 8-17 is exposed in the former two but, if present, inaccessible in the latter. In addition, staining of granular material in the plaque periphery was observed. These antibodies will be useful tools for future work on the origin of this protein. PMID- 3748454 TI - Localization of acetylcholinesterase activity at synapses of the rat striatum during the stages of recovery after inhibition in vivo. AB - A pharmacohistological method was used to study the ultrastructural localization of acetylcholinesterase in the rat striatum. Five hours after administration of an organophosphorous inhibitor (paraoxon), high activities of this enzyme were selectively found in some neurons and at numerous axo-spinous synapses of the asymmetrical type. The cholinergic nature of these synapses appeared unlikely. PMID- 3748455 TI - Acetylcholinesterase is regulated by action potential generation and not by muscle contractile activity per se in mouse muscle in vitro. AB - Dysgenic (mdg/mdg) skeletal muscle of the mouse, grown in primary cell culture, fires action potentials in the absence of contractions, thus allowing analysis of the role of electrical activity (without contraction) on the specific activity and molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Specific activity of AChE was assessed by the spectrophometric method of Ellman (Biochem. Pharmacol., 7 (1961) 88-95) and found to increase by 2-5 times in the active myotubes (contraction and action potentials in normal and action potentials, alone in dysgenic muscle) compared to quiescent muscle. Sucrose density sedimentation analysis of muscle homogenates revealed an increase, by 2-3 times, in the proportion of the asymmetric (16S) molecular form of AChE in active muscle of both genotypes. Thus, electrical membrane activity, and not contraction per se, is directly involved in the regulation of levels of specific activity of and accumulation of the asymmetric (16S) form of AChE in muscle cells in culture. PMID- 3748456 TI - A comparison of platelet monoamine oxidase activity and phosphatidylserine content between chronic paranoid schizophrenics and normal controls. AB - Mitochondrial monoamine oxidase (MAO), type B, has been implicated in the etiology of schizophrenia. We have found the phospholipid, phosphatidylserine (PS) to be a highly specific inhibitor of MAO-B, which has led us to postulate that the PS-MAO interaction might offer a basis for the lower MAO levels observed in platelets from certain schizophrenic populations. In this study we compared platelet MAO activity with phospholipid composition in a group of normals and chronic paranoid schizophrenics. The phospholipids in platelets and erythrocytes were extracted and separated by high-performance liquid chromatography into major classes phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and PS. The paranoid subjects showed statistically significantly lower MAO activity as well as higher mean levels of PS and lower levels of PC in both platelets and erythrocytes, consistent with our hypothesis. The Ca2+-stimulated synthesis of serine-lipid in platelets was also monitored by incorporation of radioisotope into lipid extracts from 14C-labelled serine substrate, and no significant differences were found between subjects groups with respect to this parameter. PMID- 3748457 TI - Evolution of triiodothyronine nuclear binding sites in hypothalamic serum-free cultures: evidence for their presence in neurons and astrocytes. AB - [125I]Triiodothyronine (T3) nuclear binding was studied in hypothalamic cultures from fetal mouse grown in serum-free medium. In enriched neuronal cultures, the apparent dissociation constant of the binding does not change with time in vitro (7 X 10(-11) M), but the maximum binding capacity (MBC) doubles between day 7 and day 14 in vitro. We show here for the first time that homologous astrocyte cell cultures, devoid of neurons as checked by tetanus toxin binding, also display T3 nuclear binding, with the same affinity as neuronal cultures. However, their MBC is 3 times lower than that of neurons after a week in vitro, and increases more quickly thereafter. PMID- 3748458 TI - Acute and repeated administration of sulpiride alters Met-and Leu-enkephalin content of rat brain. AB - Following acute administration of sulpiride (100 mg/kg, i.p.), Met-enkephalin levels were increased in striatum but decreased in substantia nigra and nucleus accumbens. No effect was observed in hypothalamus or frontal cortex. In contrast, Leu-enkephalin content was decreased in the nucleus accumbens but not elsewhere. Administration of sulpiride (10 or 100 mg/kg, i.p.) for 21 days, followed by 2 days drug withdrawal, caused a dose-dependent increase in Met-enkephalin in nucleus accumbens but decreases in hypothalamus and frontal cortex. No change was observed in the striatum or substantia nigra. Repeated sulpiride administration caused a decrease in Leu-enkephalin content of the hypothalamus and cortex but not elsewhere. PMID- 3748459 TI - Changes in human alpha-motoneuron excitability during sustained maximum isometric contractions. AB - Experiments were conducted to evaluate the change in alpha-motoneuron excitability during sustained maximum isometric contractions of human triceps surae. A test H-reflex was used to assess motoneuron excitability 10 ms after a conditioning reflex was generated. The test reflex was compared to a reference H reflex; both test and reference reflexes were of approximately equal amplitudes at the onset of the sustained maximum efforts. Both reflexes were assumed to be influenced by similar descending and peripheral inputs. In addition, the test reflex was influenced by the conditioning reflex. For the 4 subjects tested, the test reflex decreased in amplitude within the first 30-40 s of effort, while the reference reflex remained roughly constant or increased in amplitude. The decline of the test reflex relative to the reference was indicative of an inhibitory effect due to the conditioning reflex. In that the conditioning reflex was always generated 10 ms prior to the test reflex, the two factors most likely responsible for the inhibition would be recurrent inhibition and summation of motoneuron afterhyperpolarization. A combination of these two factors could also account for the associated slowing of motoneuron firing during sustained maximum efforts. PMID- 3748460 TI - Adaptation of postural response to voluntary arm raises during locomotion in humans. AB - Adaptation of the response to voluntary rapid arm flexion during 3 phases of the step cycle in humans are examined. The onset of arm movement was similar to the standing condition and was unaffected by the phase of the step cycle. The locomotor cycle in contrast was altered. These changes improved the stability of the subjects by shortening the appropriate stance or swing phase of the step cycle. Only the onset of the ipsilateral biceps femoris response which represents the postural adaptation was dependent on the phase of the step cycle. When the subjects were asked to flex their arm in early swing, the biceps femoris was enhanced after the onset of the arm movement. This suggests that the postural responses during locomotion may not necessarily be anticipatory in nature, but more functional. PMID- 3748461 TI - E-type prostaglandins depolarize primary afferent neurons of the neonatal rat. AB - The mechanism of action of prostaglandins (PGs) to sensitize sensory terminals to noxious stimuli was studied in the isolated spinal cord-tail preparation of the newborn rat. Application of a small amount of capsaicin to the tail induced a nociceptive reflex that was recorded extracellularly from the lumbar ventral root. Pretreatment of the tail with PGE1 or E2 (0.8-4 microM) markedly potentiated the capsaicin-induced nociceptive reflex. In the isolated spinal cord preparation of the newborn rat, application of PGE1 or E2 (10 nM-1 microM) induced a depolarization of the dorsal root. Based on these results we propose a hypothesis that PGs regulate the resting potential of the peripheral terminals of nociceptive primary afferent fibers and that the depolarization is associated with lowering of threshold for various noxious stimuli. PMID- 3748462 TI - Percutaneous microneurography in man does not cause pressure block of almost all axons in the impaled nerve fascicle. AB - Neural activity from the median nerve was recorded in 5 volunteers with a concentric needle electrode that has two recording surfaces in very close proximity at the tip. The aim of this study was to establish the probability of recording activity in the nerve from both surfaces simultaneously. We wanted to test one aspect of a recent critique of the microneurographic technique (Wall and McMahon, Pain, 21 (1985) 209-229), namely the suggestion that the recording electrode in these types of studies causes pressure block of almost all fibers in the impaled nerve fascicle. In 80% of our experiments it was possible to record neural activity at both surfaces simultaneously. These results indicate that the physiological state of the peripheral nerves during microneurographic explorations is not necessarily highly abnormal due to pressure block of nearly 100% of the nerve fibers close to the recording electrode tip. Our results thus speak against this aspect of the criticism of the microneurographic technique. PMID- 3748463 TI - Decreased numbers of dendritic spines on cortical pyramidal neurons in human chronic alcoholism. AB - Samples of the cerebral cortex (left hemisphere, area 6) were collected at autopsy, between 4 and 6 h after death in order to avoid artifacts related to fixation delay, from 5 chronic alcoholic patients (in which well-defined alcoholic-malnutritional encephalopathies were excluded) and 16 controls; samples were immediately processed according to the rapid Golgi method. The curves representing the average density of dendritic spines on the apical dendrites of layer V pyramidal neurons as a function of the distance from the cell body were adjusted to a logarithmical model which was shown to be similar in controls and alcoholic groups. Significant reduced numbers of dendritic spines were observed; however, in the alcoholic patients when compared to age-matched controls (P less than 0.001; Kruskall-Wallis chi 2 test). These results demonstrate noxious effects of ethanol on cortical pyramidal neurons in human chronic alcoholism. PMID- 3748464 TI - Promotion by sodium bromide of functional synapse formation from foreign nerves in the superior cervical ganglion of adult rat with intact preganglionic nerve supply. AB - The possible effect of sodium bromide (NaBr) (a substance with known inhibitory action on synaptic transmission) was studied on synapse formation with foreign nerves, implanted into the superior cervical ganglion of adult rats. It was found that in spite of the presence of preganglionic nerve supply, both implanted nerves (n.XII and n.X, respectively) were enabled to establish functional synapses with the principal ganglion cells in NaBr-treated animals. In contrast, synapse formation was almost absent in ganglia of sodium chloride drinking (control) rats with intact preganglionic nerve supply. This effect of NaBr is considered to be analogous to that of GABA, whose promoting action on synaptogenesis in adult rat superior cervical ganglion has been previously described. PMID- 3748465 TI - Effects of taste stimuli on the efferent activity of the gastric vagus nerve in rats. AB - The effect of taste stimuli on the efferent discharges in the gastric branch of the vagus nerve was studied in rats anesthetized with urethane-chloralose. An increase in discharge rate following taste stimulation with 5% NaCl over the tongue for 5 min, and a decrease of it following an application of 10% sucrose for the same duration were observed in normal as well as in decerebrated rats. The results indicate the existence of a pathway from the taste receptors to the gastric vagus nerve via the brainstem. The reflex effects of taste stimuli on gastric vagal outflow may be related to gastric acid output. PMID- 3748466 TI - Suprachiasmatic nucleus transplants function as an endogenous oscillator only in constant darkness. AB - Rats which sustained lesions of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) were transplanted with fetal hypothalamic tissue which included the SCN. After the graft, animals were kept under a 12:12 light-dark (LD) cycle during 6 weeks at which time half the animals were placed in constant light (LL) and half in constant darkness (DD). The results showed that all grafted rats recovered the photoperiod under LD, but under constant conditions rats began to free-run only in DD. The results suggest that the grafted tissue functions as a self-sustained oscillator only in darkness. PMID- 3748468 TI - Is 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol the major route of central norepinephrine metabolism in rat brain? AB - Central norepinephrine (NE) metabolism was assessed by measuring 3-methoxy-4 hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (MHPG) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (DHPG) in different rat brain areas after saline or probenecid (300 mg/kg) administration. Under probenecid, results showed an increased accumulation of total MHPG and DHPG, and a clear preponderance of DHPG levels over MHPG in almost all the brain areas examined. Estimation of their formation rates confirmed that in basal conditions DHPG is formed more rapidly. This study supports the notion that, without ruling out the importance of MHPG, brain DHPG may be a useful index of central NE activity. PMID- 3748467 TI - Measurement of stimulated dopamine release in the rat by in vivo voltammetry: the influence of stimulus duration on drug responses. AB - High-speed cyclic voltammetry at carbon fibre microelectrodes was used to monitor stimulated striatal dopamine (DA) release in the anaesthetised rat. The effects of metoclopramide, chlorpromazine, benztropine and dexamphetamine on DA release after 1 s and 10 s stimulations were investigated. The antagonists enhanced DA release most clearly with 1 s stimuli. Benztropine had no effect on DA release with the 10 s stimulations, but elevated release after 1 s trains. Dexamphetamine reduced release with 10 s stimuli but enhanced release after 1 s trains. The results are discussed in terms of neuronal DA uptake and releasable DA pool size. PMID- 3748469 TI - High-affinity agonist binding to rat brainstem muscarinic receptors is eliminated by low pH. AB - The effects of hydrogen ion concentration on high-affinity agonist binding to muscarinic receptors were determined in rat brainstem membranes using [3H]oxotremorine-M as a probe. [3H]Oxotremorine-M bound with high affinity to a small subpopulation of brainstem muscarinic receptors (10% of the receptors labelled by [3H]methylscopolamine). [3H]Oxotremorine-M binding was constant between pH 7.0 and 9.0; the number of high-affinity sites decreased below pH 7.0 and at pH 5.0 no binding was detected. This decrease was irreversible; when brainstem membranes were incubated for 1 h at low pH and then returned to pH 8.0, agonist binding was not restored. In contrast, the total number of receptors, i.e. the number of [3H]antagonist binding sites, was not affected by prolonged incubation at low pH. Agonist affinity for the surviving [3H]oxotremorine binding sites and the sensitivity of agonist binding to guanine nucleotides were not altered in media of low pH (pH 5.5). These findings suggest that [3H]oxotremorine M binds only to receptors which are functionally coupled to guanine nucleotide dependent regulatory proteins and that this coupling is irreversibly inactivated in media of low pH. PMID- 3748470 TI - Effect of calcium on the histochemical distribution and intensity of biogenic amine-containing neurons in the mouse brain. AB - The effect of calcium on the biogenic amine level and distribution in the mouse brain was investigated by a histochemical method using a microscopic photometer (Pl, Nikon). Histochemical fluorescence intensities in the corpus striatum and cortex cerebri regions were significantly increased by the intraventricular administration of CaCl2. This result suggests that calcium increases biogenic amine levels. These results are consistent with our previous pharmacological and biochemical findings. PMID- 3748471 TI - Neurons of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the hereditary microphthalmic rat: a Golgi study. AB - Neurons of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) in the microphthalmic rat were examined by the Golgi-Cox method. LGNd neurons in the microphthalmic rat were classified into the multipolar (I) and bipolar (II) types as in the normal rat. The multipolar type was further divided into two subclasses (Ia and Ib) on the basis of their dendritic patterns. The proximal portion of their primary dendrites was thinner than in normal LGNd neurons. The Ia cells had 6-7 primary dendrites extending radially, while the Ib cells had 3-4 primary dendrites spreading primarily parallel to the optic tract. Type II cells had two or three primary dendrites emerging from the cell bodies. In both types, primary dendrites were shorter in length or less branched than usual. These results suggested that LGNd neurons in the microphthalmic rat had smaller dendritic fields than those in the normal rat. PMID- 3748472 TI - Morphological changes in rat striatal boutons after chronic methamphetamine and haloperidol treatment. AB - Dopaminergic (DA) synaptic boutons were identified in rat striatum with an electron microscopic histochemical method. In rats which developed behavioral hypersensitivity after treatment with methamphetamine (MAP) for about 2 weeks, significantly fewer DA boutons were found. This effect was specific to DA boutons without mitochondria and was not seen in boutons with mitochondria. The density of granular synaptic vesicles in DA boutons, however, did not change significantly. These morphological changes would represent a high capability of nerve cells to reorganize synaptic connections under altered chemical environments, but they could not be related uniquely to behavioral hypersensitivity, as similar effects were observed in rats treated with haloperidol which did not develop behavioral hypersensitivity. Peculiarly, the effects of MAP treatment on both behavior and DA boutons were prevented by combined administration of haloperidol. PMID- 3748473 TI - Synaptic actions of cutaneous A delta and C fibers on primate hindlimb alpha motoneurons. AB - Postsynaptic potentials evoked in hindlimb alpha-motoneurons by stimulation of a cutaneous nerve (sural) with finely graded stimulus strengths were analyzed in the primate, monitoring the spinal cord potentials and afferent nerve volleys in the sural nerve. It was observed that activities in A alpha beta, A delta and C fibers of the cutaneous nerve elicited characteristic excitatory and/or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs and/or IPSPs) with different latencies and durations in extensor and flexor motoneurons. Volleys in A delta fibers of the cutaneous nerve produced EPSPs in 57% of flexor and 31% of extensor motoneurons tested, whereas IPSPs were produced by A delta volleys in 41% of flexor and 62% of extensor motoneurons. EPSPs with longer latencies and longer durations were evoked by cutaneous C fiber volleys in 55% of flexor and 34% of extensor motoneurons, whereas IPSPs due to C volleys were recorded in 9% of flexor and 14% of extensor motoneurons. A alpha beta and A delta volleys caused motoneurons to fire in several instances, and some motoneurons discharged repetitively during the depolarizations evoked by activities in C fibers of the nerve. Central latency for transmission in interneuronal chains in the spinal cord was estimated from the onset of the cord potential (N3 wave) to the onset of the postsynaptic potential evoked by A delta volleys. Ranges of central latencies of the EPSPs and IPSPs evoked by A delta volleys were 2.0-7.0 ms and 3.5-8.5 ms, respectively. It is postulated that there may be at least two interneurons interposed in the excitatory reflex pathway from A delta afferent fibers to motoneurons and the A delta inhibitory pathway may involve longer interneuronal chains. In a few motoneurons, however, sural volleys with strengths sufficient to activate A delta fibers produced EPSPs with a central latency of about 1 ms, suggesting activation of a disynaptic segmental pathway with one interposed interneuron. Stimulation of the sural nerve with strengths sufficient to activate cutaneous C fibers produced slow negative cord dorsum potentials with long latencies. It is proposed that primate motoneurons, which show characteristic postsynaptic potentials evoked by cutaneous A delta and C fiber volleys, may provide a suitable model for analyzing the role of high threshold cutaneous afferent fibers not only in the flexor withdrawal reflex but also in motor control functions. PMID- 3748474 TI - The role of primate putamen neurons in the association of sensory stimuli with movement. AB - Neuronal activity in the putamen of monkeys was recorded while they performed operantly conditioned body movements. Two categories of neurons were observed. Type I cells had tonic spontaneous discharges and responded to the sensory trigger stimuli for movements with excitation followed by inhibition or with only inhibition. These responses to the trigger stimuli disappeared when the conditioned movement was extinguished. Type II cells were characterized by phasic activity time-locked to the movement. Two subclasses of type II cells were observed. Type IIa cells exhibited phasic discharges before the first movement of a learned, repetitive sequence of arm or orofacial movements that were triggered by the sensory stimuli. Type IIb cells showed phasic activity modulation during each movement in one direction, either flexion or extension, in an unconditioned manner. Activity of the type IIa cells preceded the onset of EMG in prime mover muscles, while most type IIb cells were activated after the EMG had appeared. Thus, in both type I and type IIa cells the activity can be said to be behaviourally contingent. Type I cells show a movement contingent sensory response, and type IIa cells show movement-related activity that is contingent upon the triggering of the movement by a sensory stimulus. PMID- 3748475 TI - Hypermetria in forelimb target-reaching after interruption of the inhibitory pathway from forelimb afferents to C3-C4 propriospinal neurones. AB - Forelimb target-reaching in cats with a transection at C5/6 of the cortico- and rubrospinal tracts is known to depend on C3-C4 propriospinal neurones (PNs). An additional lesion transecting the dorsal column (DC) in C5/6, caudal to the C3-C4 PNs, gave pronounced hypermetria in lifting and protraction during target reaching. If the additional DC lesion instead was made in C2, rostral to the C3 C4 PNs, there was only small hypermetria in lifting and none in protraction. It is postulated that the hypermetria after the C5/6 DC lesion is due to interruption of the inhibitory pathway from the forelimb to the C3-C4 PNs. It is suggested that feedback control from the forelimb of the premotoneurones is an integral part of the control of normal target-reaching. PMID- 3748477 TI - Zinc and immunity. PMID- 3748476 TI - Effects of dorsal column transection in the upper cervical segments on visually guided forelimb movements. AB - Complete transection of the dorsal column in C2 in cat gave severe defects in forelimb target-reaching and food-taking tested with retrieval of food from a cylinder. Among the symptoms were marked dysmetria in all directions and dyscoordination of movements in different joints, with only slow recovery over weeks and months. It is postulated that normal visual guidance of forelimb movements to a stationary target depends on somatosensory information to the brain via the dorsal column. PMID- 3748478 TI - Liability insurance crisis. PMID- 3748479 TI - Type II diabetes mellitus update: diagnosis and management. AB - Diabetes mellitus type II (currently known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes) is apparently the result of genetically imposed insulin resistance. Type II diabetes is far more common than insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes, which is probably an autoimmune disease resulting in inadequate insulin production. The decade of the '80s has seen several changes in the management of type II diabetes, including: more widespread use of glycosylated hemoglobin and home blood glucose monitoring as surveillance tools; modification of the dietary regimen by advocating increased amounts of complex carbohydrates; use in this country of the second generation oral sulfonylureas; and therapeutic trials of tricyclic antidepressants for relief of painful diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes mellitus type II is potentially preventable through encouragement of weight loss and regular screening for those genetically at risk. PMID- 3748480 TI - Ethnocentrism: a barrier to effective health care. AB - The effective delivery of health care to growing ethnic populations within the United States is a challenge for nurse practitioners. A breakdown in cross cultural communication and understanding, which stems from the tendency of health care professionals to project their own culturally specific values and behaviors onto the foreign-born patient, has contributed significantly to non-compliance in this patient population. In order to remedy this situation, it is important for nurse practitioners to separate the values of their own cultural background from the cultural background and values of the patients for whom they provide care. PMID- 3748481 TI - New perspectives on social support. AB - Many health sciences, including nursing, have contributed to research and theory development in the area of social support. Because of this, social support is shared knowledge rather than borrowed knowledge. This article reviews the evidence that social support is a major determinant of health and illness. It is likely that, in the future, nurse practitioners will increase their use of social support theory in planning patient care. PMID- 3748483 TI - Hospital income from private patients. PMID- 3748482 TI - Estrogen replacement therapy. PMID- 3748484 TI - Compartment modelling in nuclear medicine: a new program for the determination of transfer coefficients. AB - In many investigations concerning transport/exchange of matter in a natural system, e.g. functional studies in nuclear medicine, it is advantageous to relate experimental results to a model of the system. This paper presents a new computer program for the determination of linear transfer coefficients in a compartment model from experimentally observed time-compartment content curves. The program performs a least-square fit with the specified precision of the observed values as weight factors. The resulting uncertainty in the calculated transfer coefficients may also be assessed. The application of the program in nuclear medicine is demonstrated and discussed. PMID- 3748485 TI - Which diphosphonate for routine bone scintigraphy (MDP, HDP or DPD)? AB - Of 790 patients, 772 with proven cancerous disease have been studied without any selection using either MDP (three different kits), HDP (two types) or DPD. The groups were identical in age distribution, male/female ratio, body weight and verified percentage metastatic involvement. Technical conditions (Mo/Tc-generator used, dilution volume, total activity of the final product per vial, preparation/injection and injection/examination delays) were identical. Analogous scintigrams according to qualitative criteria (image quality, bone delineation, soft tissue fixation, metastatic/normal tissue contrast, aspecific uptake by non target organs) and superior to MDP. Quantitative data were quite similar for all types of diphosphonates spine; metastatic/normal bone fixation ratio, bone/soft tissue ratio) have been evaluated. The results obtained showed that there was no criterion to demonstrate that HDP or DPD would be superior to MDP. Quantitative data were quite similar for all types of diphosphonates studied. Two out of the three MDPs were slightly superior to the other products with regard to detectability of metastatic lesions. Our results show, that in non-selected clinical routine work for bone scintigraphy HDP and DPD do not present any decisive qualitative or quantitative advantage in comparison to MDP. PMID- 3748486 TI - Indium-111 labelled neutrophil scintigraphic findings in a case of lymphoma. AB - A focal splenic defect was revealed during the investigation of a possible intra abdominal abscess. Focal splenic defects have been described on 99Tcm-sulphur colloid liver-spleen scintigraphy in cases of infarction, lymphoma, metastatic carcinoma and cyst. This case is presented and the differential diagnosis discussed. PMID- 3748487 TI - Maternal position during parturition in normal labor. AB - While controversy exists as to the relationship between maternal position in labor and such measures as the labor duration, subjective discomfort, and fetal outcome, little appears to be known about the positions women assume in labor when they are permitted to do so without coercion or instruction. To learn more about maternal position in labor, we observed 80 consecutive patients with uncomplicated normal spontaneous vaginal delivery over the course of labor to ascertain the positions volitionally chosen by each. Data were collected on position preferences and phase of labor. All labors were analyzed; a codified lexicon was established to describe the position pattern in each phase and the principal positions the patient assumed over the course of labor. The frequencies and distributions were determined for nulliparas and multiparas separately and rates of position change were assessed. It was found that gravidas chose a number of different principal positions in the early phases of labor, but that they became more narrowly selective in the deceleration phase and second stage; at the same time, they tended to change position more often in late labor. PMID- 3748488 TI - Transition from latent to active labor. AB - The transition from the latent to the active phase of labor, as defined by Friedman, was studied in all noncomplicated patients over a four-year period. Mothers studied were in spontaneous labor with a singleton fetus in the vertex position with intact membranes at admission. The independent variables were the parity and vaginal examination data, and the dependent variable was the rate of cervical dilation. The transition from latent to active labor was recorded and stratified by the cervical dilation where it occurred in a sample population consisting of 1060 nulliparous and 639 primiparous or multiparous women. There were no differences between nulliparous and multiparous patients. Less than 50% of labors became active by the time the cervixes had reached 4-cm dilation. By 5 cm, 74% of labors were active. However, when protracted and arrested labors were eliminated, 60% of the patients had reached the latent-active transition by 4 cm and 89% by 5 cm. We concluded that once a normal patient has reached 5 cm, she should be in the active phase of labor. If not, there is a high probability of labor dystocia. PMID- 3748490 TI - Computed tomographic pelvimetry in the evaluation of breech presentation. AB - The purpose of this investigation was to assess computed tomographic (CT) pelvimetry in the evaluation of breech presentation for trial of labor. Thirty two patients with singleton term breech deliveries formed the study group. Seventeen of the 32 (53.1%) patients fulfilled the criteria for attempted vaginal delivery. Fourteen of the 17 (82.4%) delivered vaginally. All infants so delivered had five-minute Apgar scores greater than or equal to 7. Three of the 17 patients required abdominal delivery: one for fetal distress and two for arrest of dilation. These results compare favorably with studies using conventional x-ray pelvimetry. The advantages of CT over conventional pelvimetry include ease of performance, ease of interpretation, and decreased radiation dose to the fetus. PMID- 3748489 TI - Pregnancy after 40 years of age. AB - Using a 1982-4 computerized data base from a perinatal network, 511 pregnancies in women whose age was 40 or more years at delivery were studied. The oldest woman was 52 years of age. This represented 1.2% of the 41,335 women delivering. Their pregnancy outcomes were compared with those in 26,759 whose age at delivery was 20 to 30 years. The older women were more parous and had higher weights. There was also an increased frequency of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and placenta previa in the older women. These changes had a significant impact on the fetus for the older women had an increase in infant macrosomia, male sex, stillbirths, and low Apgar scores. They also had a higher incidence of cesarean section and fewer forcep deliveries. The older women whose weight was less than 67.5 kg at delivery did not show any difference in hypertension, fetal macrosomia, fetal death rates, or low infant Apgar scores. Also older of low parity did not have an increase in placenta previa. The older women of normal weight and low parity showed a higher frequency of diabetes mellitus and cesarean section delivery, but their infant outcomes were not different from the control groups. Thus older women of low parity and normal weight managed by modern obstetric methods can expect a good pregnancy outcome. PMID- 3748491 TI - Analysis of birth weight percentile as a predictor of perinatal outcome. AB - Birth weight-gestational age tables are convenient methods for the neonatal evaluation of intrauterine growth, however, the limits of acceptable birth weight for gestational age are controversial. The purpose of this study was to identify the birth weight percentiles that accurately predicted poor perinatal outcome from 28 through 41 weeks' gestational age. In a homogeneous population of 44,811 patients, the birth weight percentile that predicted poor perinatal outcome varied with gestational age. The birth weight percentile that predicted normal outcome in 80% of normal patients declined from the 55th percentile at 28 to 29 weeks to the 24th percentile at 34 to 35 weeks. From 28 through 35 weeks' gestational age, possibly owing to the confounding effects of prematurity, patients classified as normal by birth weight criteria still had a significant risk of poor outcome. After 36 weeks' gestational age, poor perinatal outcome occurred in 3.9% of patients and tended to occur at the extremes of birth weight. Classification by birth weights approximating the tenth and 90th percentiles identified a population in which the majority of the poor perinatal outcome occurred. However, poor outcome occurred in only 10% of patients with birth weights below the tenth or above the 90th percentiles. Among those with birth weights between the tenth and 90th percentiles, outcome was normal in 98%. Therefore, from 36 through 41 weeks' gestational age, the prevalence of poor perinatal outcome was low, and birth weight percentile was a weak predictor of outcome in the individual patient. PMID- 3748492 TI - Birth weight percentile and perinatal outcome: recurrence of intrauterine growth retardation. AB - In 9596 patients followed throughout two pregnancies, recurrence of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) was evaluated as a function of previous birth weight percentile and attendant complications of pregnancy. Among 4623 patients with two uncomplicated pregnancies, the prevalence of recurrent IUGR was significantly related to the severity of growth retardation in the first pregnancy (P less than .0001). Those patients with both medical complications and IUGR in the first pregnancy remained at significantly increased risk for recurrent IUGR, even when the second pregnancy was uncomplicated. In second pregnancies, the combination of a previous history of an IUGR neonate and an additional current complication of pregnancy acted synergistically to increase the risk of recurrent IUGR to a level higher than that attributable to either risk factor alone. PMID- 3748493 TI - Fetal heart rate acceleration with fetal blood sampling. AB - One hundred three fetal heart rate (FHR) tracings in term fetuses with simultaneous fetal blood pH sampling were reviewed. In 71 fetuses accelerations were present in direct response to blood sampling or within 30 minutes of the sampling procedure, and in 70 of these the pH was above 7.20. Of 32 fetuses without FHR acceleration during fetal blood sampling, seven had pH values below 7.20, and in five of these the values were confirmed by cord pH measurement. PMID- 3748494 TI - Randomized comparison of five irrigation solutions at cesarean section. AB - A randomized double-blind study was undertaken to determine which irrigation solution might be best at cesarean section. A saline placebo was compared with ampicillin sodium and one each of three generations of cephalosporins: cephapirin sodium, cefamandole nafate, and moxalactam disodium. A total of 360 cesarean sections were studied, and comparisons made between antibiotic and control groups relative to demographics, possible risk factors, and multiple measures of postoperative morbidity. The total group was further divided into high- and low risk labor and repeat cesarean groups. Post-cesarean endometritis was diagnosed in the following frequencies for the group as a whole: placebo (24.6%), ampicillin sodium (8.5%), cephapirin sodium (11.4%), cefamandole nafate (4.6%), and moxalactam disodium (16.4%). Cefamandole nafate consistently demonstrated significant decreases in endometritis and other morbidity measures versus placebo both in laboring patients and the group as a whole. PMID- 3748495 TI - Appendectomy at cesarean section: a prospective study. AB - Appendectomy was performed on 40 consecutive consenting patients undergoing elective cesarean section in a clinic population. The control group consisted of all other patients undergoing elective cesarean section during the period of study. The populations were similar. Clinical infection, blood loss, gastrointestinal tract recovery rates were equal in both groups. Appendectomy added 15 minutes to the operation time and extended the hospital stay by about one-half day. There were no wound infections or serious morbidity. A fifth of the appendixes removed were abnormal, including two with inflammation and one with a carcinoid tumor. Prophylactic appendectomy does not seem to add to the risk of elective cesarean section. PMID- 3748496 TI - Pneumococcal polysaccharide antibody levels in patients with term and preterm pregnancies. AB - Serum antibody levels against 12 serotypes of pneumococcal polysaccharide were assessed in pregnant women as well as in cord bloods of their infants. Twelve women were evaluated during the first trimester, second trimester, and in labor at term, and eight women were assessed in the first trimester and in preterm labor. Antibody levels significantly decreased from the first trimester to delivery both in patients with term (339 versus 281 ng AbN/mL; P less than .001), and preterm (448 versus 299 ng AbN/mL; P less than .001) deliveries. There was no significant difference in mean antibody levels or their rate of decline between term and preterm pregnancies. PMID- 3748497 TI - Fetal biophysical profile versus amniocentesis in predicting infection in preterm premature rupture of the membranes. AB - A comparison between daily fetal biophysical profile determinations and amniocentesis (for Gram stain and culture) was studied prospectively in 58 patients who presented with preterm premature rupture of the membranes and no apparent infection or labor. The efficacy of these two methods in predicting infection outcome--as reflected by the development of clinical amnionitis and/or neonatal sepsis--was determined. These data suggest that daily fetal biophysical profile assessment is superior to amniocentesis in predicting infection outcome in these patients. The use of frequent biophysical profile determinations should replace amniocentesis in selecting those patients with premature rupture of the membranes who are more likely to develop infection with associated fetal/neonatal sepsis. PMID- 3748498 TI - Carcinoma in situ of the vulva: a review of 31 treated and five untreated cases. AB - Thirty six patients with carcinoma in situ of the vulva have been followed from two to 23 years. Among 31 patients managed by surgical excision, there were four recurrences of vulvar carcinoma in situ and one patient developed a vulvar carcinoma 17 years later. Four middle-aged and elderly women managed only by biopsy all progressed to invasive vulvar carcinoma in two to eight years; one additional patient progressed to invasion after inadequate primary treatment. These last five cases all represented multifocal lower genital tract neoplasia. Untreated vulvar carcinoma in situ, when seen as part of a multifocal lower genital tract neoplastic process, in middle and later life is likely to progress to invasion. PMID- 3748499 TI - Partial and total skinning vulvectomy in treatment of carcinoma in situ of the vulva. AB - From July 1974 to December 1984, 24 skinning vulvectomies (17 partial and seven total) were performed in 24 patients with carcinoma in situ of the vulva. The objective for partial skinning vulvectomy was preservation of the cosmetic and functional integrity of the vulva in younger and sexually active patients in whom a steady increase in the incidence of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia has been observed in the last decade. Two groups selected for partial skinning vulvectomy with skin graft were patients with multicentric vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia with colposcopic evidence of normal skin, and patients with localized but a wide surface area of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia such that poor cosmetic results would be unavoidable should excision be approximated with primary skin closure. Only patients with involvement of the entire vulva were subjected to total skinning vulvectomy with total skin graft replacement. Recurrence and/or persistence were observed in two patients, both treated with total skinning vulvectomy. At present, all 24 patients remain free of detectable neoplasia on follow-up of six months to 11 years and all have very good cosmetic and functional results. PMID- 3748500 TI - Correlation of cellular atypia and human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid sequences in exfoliated cells of the uterine cervix. AB - Restriction enzyme digestion and Southern blot hybridization were used to analyze deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extracted from exfoliated cervical cells for the presence of human papillomavirus sequences and these results were correlated with cytologic findings on Papanicolaou smears. Specimens (N = 204) were obtained from a nonselected population of women undergoing routine cytologic screening and human papillomavirus DNA sequences were detected in 33 (16%) women. Thirteen smears contained atypical squamous cells, ranging from very mild dysplasia to moderate dysplasia; all showed associated morphologic evidence of human papillomavirus infection characterized by koilocytosis, nuclear enlargement, wrinkling, and hyperchromasia, and human papillomavirus DNA was demonstrable in 12 (92%) smears. Of the remaining 191 samples with normal cytology, 21 (11%) also contained human papillomavirus DNA sequences. Reevaluation of the smears from these women resulted in a revision of the cytologic diagnosis to very mild dysplasia in four cases. These data suggest that human papillomavirus infection occurs more frequently than predicted by cytologic screening. PMID- 3748501 TI - Progesterone receptor levels and distribution in different phases of the menstrual cycle and in estrogen-primed postmenopausal endometrium. AB - Progesterone receptor levels were measured in the cytosol and in the 0.4 M KCl nuclear extract of normal cyclic endometria in 49 women, classified into four categories: proliferative, midcycle, secretory, and estrogen-primed (four to 11 days); [3H]R5020 was used as a ligand. The women in each category were further subdivided into test and control groups; the women in the test group received a progesterone injection one to three hours before tissue collection. Both the nuclear progesterone receptor levels and the portion of the progesterone receptor in the nuclear extract were significantly higher in the test than in the control groups; among the test groups in the four categories, however, these changes were significantly smaller in women in the secretory category than in the other three categories. These results indicate that the progesterone receptor activation translocation dynamics in human endometrium are dependent upon the hormonal status of the woman. PMID- 3748502 TI - Presacral neurectomy for chronic pelvic pain. AB - Over an eight-year period, 50 presacral neurectomies were performed at Madigan Army Medical Center for chronic pelvic pain failing response to medical management. Each hospital record was reviewed and 45 patients answered a questionnaire grading the severity of their pain from 0 to 10 for dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, and other pelvic pain before and after surgery. The results showed success rates of 73% in relieving dysmenorrhea, 77% in relieving dyspareunia, and 63% in relieving other pelvic pains. The addition of a bilateral uterosacral ligament resection to the presacral neurectomy did not increase the success rate. There was an 18% lateral pelvic pain recurrence rate, and no recurrence of dysmenorrhea. Complications occurred in 4%. PMID- 3748503 TI - Insemination with fresh donor semen. AB - Factors influencing the probability of conception after artificial insemination with donor semen were investigated in a series of 80 infertile couples. Overall, 46 pregnancies were achieved for a crude pregnancy rate of 58%. Life table analysis showed a cumulative probability of conception of 97.1% at the end of 12 cycles and an average fecundability of 15.1%. These results were achieved using a single insemination per cycle and individualizing the day of insemination based on the woman's basal body temperature. Women who had been pregnant previously had a significantly better fecundability than nulligravid women (P less than .05). The overall rates of conception in those women who required therapy for ovulatory dysfunction were the same as normal women although the fecundability was somewhat lower. Women who had abdominal pathology had an overall conception rate of 23%. PMID- 3748504 TI - Sympathoadrenal and cardiovascular responses to mental stress in pregnancy induced hypertension. AB - Nine patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension and nine healthy pregnant controls with similar gestational lengths were compared with regard to cardiovascular and sympathoadrenal reactivity during a standardized mental stress procedure (Stroop color word conflict test). The test induced increases in blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, arterial plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations, and a decrease in calf vascular resistance, but no changes in stroke volume or systemic vascular resistance. The responses of the two groups did not differ significantly with regard to any of the mentioned variables. Pregnancy-induced hypertension does not seem to be associated with an exaggerated cardiovascular or sympathoadrenal reactivity to mental stress when compared to normal pregnancy. PMID- 3748505 TI - Comparison of amniotic fluid disaturated phosphatidylcholine and the lecithin sphingomyelin ratio in the prediction of fetal lung maturity. AB - Although use of the lecithin-sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio has contributed to a reduction in the frequency of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), its accuracy in pregnancies complicated by fetomaternal disease has been questioned. Disaturated phosphatidylcholine is the major active component of surfactant and has been advocated as being a more specific indicator of fetal lung maturity. A study of 105 pregnancies in which a L/S ratio and disaturated phosphatidylcholine assay were performed on amniotic fluid was carried out to ascertain if amniotic fluid disaturated phosphatidylcholine is indeed a more accurate predictor of RDS. The results of this investigation reveal no significant difference in the reliability of these two tests in predicting neonatal RDS. Five infants developed RDS with a mature L/S ratio ranging from 2.0 to 3.36, suggesting that the disaturated phosphatidylcholine assay may be a helpful adjunctive test in instances in which the L/S ratio is less than 3.5. PMID- 3748506 TI - Release and lubricating properties of amniotic surfactants and the very hydrophobic surfaces of the amnion, chorion, and their interface. AB - Surface hydrophobicity of 17 fresh human chorioamniotic membranes was measured as the contact angle (theta) subtended when a drop of saline is placed upon any non wettable surface. The contact angle averaged 75.5 +/- 4.2 degrees and 76.8 +/- 5.6 degrees on the epithelial surfaces of the amnion and chorion, respectively. The interface proved to be particularly hydrophobic, averaging 108.2 +/- 8.7 degrees on the amnionic side and 121.7 +/- 4.2 degrees on the chorionic side, especially when compared with 108 degrees for Teflon. High surface hydrophobicity implies good boundary (solid-to-solid) lubrication, good release from neighboring tissues, and water repellency, which is a possible factor enabling the chorioamniotic membrane to retain amniotic fluid. Good release (68 to 71%) and boundary lubrication (coefficient of kinetic friction = 0.24 +/- 0.072) were obtained from oriented monolayers of the phospholipid extracted from samples of human amniotic fluid obtained from term patients by amniocentesis. These results support the concept that the amnionic and chorionic membrane surfaces exhibit good release and boundary lubrication probably imparted by adsorbed surfactant. PMID- 3748507 TI - Theophylline clearance during pregnancy. AB - Theophylline clearance was prospectively studied in eight pregnant asthmatic patients who were receiving maintenance doses of theophylline. The study was designed to analyze theophylline clearance on three occasions during pregnancy and once postpartum. Theophylline clearance during the third trimester was significantly lower than that postpartum. Six patients had clearance measured both during pregnancy and postpartum and of these, five displayed a reduction in theophylline clearance during pregnancy that ranged between 20 and 53%. Two patients required dosage reductions due to symptoms of toxicity. These results indicate that theophylline clearance is frequently reduced during pregnancy, resulting in excessive serum levels. Patients should be observed for toxicity, and theophylline serum levels should be measured more frequently during the last half of pregnancy. PMID- 3748509 TI - Older workers. PMID- 3748508 TI - Perinatal pertussis. AB - Pertussis (whooping cough), a highly contagious disease of childhood, is increasingly recognized among reproductive-age adults and neonates. Described are three cases of maternal-infant pairs in which mother-to-newborn transmission probably occurred and was the cause of extensive morbidity and cost. Means of recognition, treatment, handling, and prevention of this potentially lethal childhood illness are discussed. PMID- 3748511 TI - Organ donation program adjunct to state laws concerning consent. PMID- 3748512 TI - Obtaining health program support means learning more about management style. PMID- 3748510 TI - The future of OSHA, occupational medicine hinges on politics, economics. PMID- 3748513 TI - Protective clothing: a worthwhile precaution for asbestos workers. PMID- 3748514 TI - Air monitoring is not enough to estimate future asbestos hazards. PMID- 3748515 TI - Vacuum systems evolve to meet asbestos abatement needs. PMID- 3748516 TI - Hazardous materials insurance is a scarce industry commodity. PMID- 3748518 TI - Telephone answering service--you can't afford anything less than the best. PMID- 3748517 TI - Research inconclusive on long-term health effects of VDTs. PMID- 3748519 TI - How to manage your patient's psyche (even though you're not a psychiatrist). PMID- 3748520 TI - Claims made vs. occurrence: another insurance crisis for Ohio physicians?. Interview by Herbert E. Gillen. PMID- 3748521 TI - Mistakes to avoid when investing. PMID- 3748522 TI - What is a doctor? PMID- 3748523 TI - Gastric bubble therapy of obesity. PMID- 3748524 TI - Peptic ulcer update. PMID- 3748525 TI - Quality of care--quantity of care. PMID- 3748526 TI - Addictionology: why medicine needs this newest specialty. PMID- 3748527 TI - The physician's role. Treating alcohol and drug abuse. PMID- 3748529 TI - The gambling addict: improving the odds for a cure. PMID- 3748528 TI - The children of alcoholic parents. PMID- 3748530 TI - Ventricular arrhythmias following intravenous cancer chemotherapy. Arrhythmias and chemotherapy. PMID- 3748531 TI - Premenstrual syndrome: answers to commonly asked questions. PMID- 3748532 TI - Think ectopic pregnancy. PMID- 3748533 TI - [Induction of alpha- and beta-crystallin synthesis in organ cultures of the adenohypophyseal anlage of chickens as affected by 5-iododeoxyuridine and 5 bromodeoxyuridine]. AB - The effects of 5-iododeoxyuridine and 5-bromodeoxyuridine on differentiation of the cells of adenohypophysis rudiment from 3, 4, and 5 day old chick embryos were studied in the in vitro organ culture. On the 7th day of cultivation most explants from 3 and 4 day old embryos formed lentoids and individual cells with the lens phenotype among the adenohypophysis tissue. Alpha-, beta- and delta crystalline were immunochemically detected in them. When cultivating explants from 5 day old embryos, no lentoids formed. But the immunochemical study of serial sections made it possible to detect in individual explants single alpha crystalline-containing cells. There is a period in the development of chick adenohypophysis, which lasts five days of incubation and during which the adenohypophysis rudiment retained its capacity for lens differentiation despite the fact that it is already determined in the adenohypophysis direction. PMID- 3748534 TI - [Abstracts. 7th All-Union Scientific Conference: Characteristics of the ontogenesis of animals]. PMID- 3748535 TI - A thin issue. PMID- 3748536 TI - Persistent elevation in intraocular pressure after Nd:YAG laser treatment. AB - A bilaterally pseudophakic patient, who had no previous evidence of glaucoma, underwent Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy and dispersal of vitreous syneresis opacities of his left eye. The eye developed persistent intraocular pressure elevation and visual field loss, requiring medical therapy and argon laser trabeculoplasty. His fellow eye remained normotensive after Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy. Nd:YAG laser treatment can result in chronic intraocular pressure elevation and glaucomatous visual field loss. PMID- 3748537 TI - Effects of the pulsed neodymium:YAG laser on the posterior segment. AB - The posterior segments of eight eyes of New Zealand white rabbits were treated with the pulsed Neodymium:YAG laser and studied ophthalmoscopically and histopathologically. Following treatment, funduscopy revealed intraretinal and preretinal bleeding, and histopathologic studies disclosed full thickness destruction of the retina and underlying choroid. At two months after the insult, yellow chorioretinal scars could be seen in the treated areas. Microscopic examination of these lesions demonstrated the formation of a strong adhesion between the retina and choroid and replacement of most of these layers with fibroglial scar tissue. PMID- 3748538 TI - Three thousand YAG lasers in posterior capsulotomies: an analysis of complications and comparison to polishing and surgical discission. PMID- 3748539 TI - Neodymium:YAG laser iridectomy and acute cataract formation in the rabbit. AB - The Q-switched Neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG) laser in the single pulse mode was used to perform iridectomies in pigmented and albino rabbits. Seventy-one iridectomies were attempted. Seventy-six percent (54/71) of these were patent at the time of enucleation. Iridectomy closure was not noted during the 24-day study period. Lenticular damage was not detected in any case. Patency rates in pigmented (70%) and albino (78%) irides were similar. Energy levels of 6 mJ or greater resulted in a higher rate of patency. Settings below 6 mJ were associated with more significant bleeding and had a low rate of success. The histology of acute Q switched Nd:YAG laser iridectomy is characterized by fragmentation of the stroma and wide dispersion of the pigment epithelium. Minimal healing occurs with retention of normal iris architecture without atrophy or fibrosis. Results indicate that this procedure can be performed with minimal operative complications and without a tendency for closure. PMID- 3748540 TI - A case of epithelial ingrowth primarily involving the lens capsule. AB - We describe an unusual case of epithelial ingrowth primarily involving the lens capsule. Four years following removal of the lens and epithelial tissue the eye was quiet with 20/20 acuity. Histopathology showed intraocular epithelium attached to the anterior surface of the lens capsule. PMID- 3748541 TI - Preoperative prediction of hyphemas. AB - In a prospective study, 139 patients undergoing cataract extraction were evaluated preoperatively with a panel of coagulation studies: prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, platelet count, and total bleeding time. Patients were monitored postoperatively for the presence of a hyphema which was then correlated with the test results. There was an overall incidence of 10.8% hyphemas in the population, and a statistically significant correlation was revealed with abnormal test results only if all the tests were considered together. PMID- 3748542 TI - Long-term dislocation of a hard contact lens. AB - A 48-year-old female was fitted with hard contact lenses and lost the right lens the next day. She was asymptomatic for 62 months but then presented with a painful mass in the right superonasal orbital quadrant. Surgical exploration was non-diagnostic. Five months later the contact lens was found in the right upper fornix. This case emphasizes the importance of a thorough ocular examination, including double eversion of the lids and sweeping the fornices of patients with unidentified periocular masses or pain. PMID- 3748543 TI - A method for repositioning or extraction of lacrimal system silicone tubes. AB - A method of repositioning extruding silicone tubes is described by reintubation with a second Crawford intubation set. The method and indications are described. PMID- 3748544 TI - Eyelid necrosis in an anophthalmic patient. AB - A 72-year-old woman with chronic lymphocytic leukemia developed periorbital swelling, erythema, and discharge involving her anophthalmic left socket in the course of pseudomonas aeruginosa septicemia. Histopathologic examination of debrided eyelid tissues revealed ischemic necrosis of the eyelid margin and deeper eyelid tissues. Underlying malignancy, disseminated systemic infection, and alteration in the vascular supply to the eyelids following enucleation may have contributed to the development of ischemic eyelid necrosis in this patient. PMID- 3748545 TI - Prediction of postoperative visual acuity in cataract patients using the Flying Corpuscle Viewer. AB - One hundred one cataract patients were tested preoperatively for macular function using the Flying Corpuscle Viewer, a portable blue field entoptic device which utilizes the slit lamp as a light source. Preoperative appreciation of the "Flying Leukocyte Corpuscles" (FLC) indicated a high probability of good postoperative visual acuity, while lack of appreciation of the blue field entoptic phenomenon preoperatively had no predictive value for postoperative visual acuity. PMID- 3748546 TI - A convenient fluid-collection bag for cataract surgery. PMID- 3748547 TI - Stewart's lenticular nucleus snare. PMID- 3748548 TI - A stable slit lamp mounting device for 90 D lens use in non-contact ophthalmoscopy. PMID- 3748549 TI - Purulent anterior segment endophthalmitis following paracentesis. PMID- 3748550 TI - Ultrastructural study of rainbow trout lenses incubated under various conditions. AB - The pathology of rainbow trout lenses incubated in various media and at various temperatures was examined by electron microscopy. After incubation at 0 degrees C for 5 h, no changes were observed in transparency and cytology. Irreversible warm cataract occurred at 37 degrees C, which corresponds to the body temperature of mammals. The degree of turbidity increased depending on incubation time. The ultrastructure of warm cataract in short-term incubation was characterized by the appearance of dense substances in the epithelium and swelling of the lens fibers. When the incubation time was prolonged up to 3 h, the turbidity increased and cellular disorders became severe. The volume of the dense substances increased also. A slight but detectable haziness of the lens was observed after incubation with calcium-free medium. Pathological findings in this case consisted of disorders of the intracellular membrane system in the epithelium and swelling of the lens fibers. These results suggest that the rainbow trout lens has a lower optimum temperature compared to the mammalian lens but requires the same Ca2+ concentration. PMID- 3748551 TI - Ultrastructure of posterior subcapsular cataract in human lens. AB - In 20 eyes with posterior subcapsular cataract, ultrastructural changes were observed in the capsule and the subcapsular cortex. In 13 eyes, lens fibers of the subcapsular cortex were markedly swollen and liquefied, and contained granules of various sizes. In 4 eyes, various vacuoles or wide separations of the cell membrane were seen. In 3 eyes, the lens fibers became narrow and showed high electron density. The structure of human posterior subcapsular cataract affects the operation for posterior subcapsular cataract. In 1 case of posterior subcapsular cataract, a lamellar structure containing fine fibrils was observed in the deep layer of the posterior capsule and the epithelial cells which had a long nucleus and poor cytoplasm were scattered just under the posterior capsule. It is considered that these changes in the cells indicated a reduction of cellular function. PMID- 3748552 TI - Ophthalmooestriasis conjunctivae. AB - A case of ophthalmooestriasis externa in a young woman is presented. The natural hosts of Oestrus ovis are sheep and goat. Occasionally man serves as intermediate host but then the larvae cannot mature. These larvae can give rise to a varying degree of inflammatory reactions of the conjunctiva. As the O. ovis larvae have no burrowing habits, infestation is limited to the outer membranes of the eye. PMID- 3748553 TI - Autofluorescence and light transmission in the aging crystalline lens. AB - We quantitated blue-green light transmission and autofluorescence of the human crystalline lens in vivo, using an automated scanning fluorophotometer (Fluorotron) coupled with a lens system designed for high resolution of the ocular anterior segment. Lenses were scanned through the dilated pupil along the optical axis, generating a fluorescence profile consisting of anterior and posterior juxtacortical peaks and a central plateau. Fluorescence increased linearly with increasing age. We calculated percent transmission of excitation (410-500 nm) and emission (510-670 nm) as the ratio of posterior to anterior juxtacortical peaks. Light transmission decreased as a parabolic function of age and was correlated with both fluorescence increase and observed lens brunescence. PMID- 3748554 TI - The pattern-elicited electroretinogram. II. Retinal responses in retrobulbar neuritis. AB - The pattern ERG is recorded in 54 patients in the acute phase of an optic neuritis. No differences could be recorded between the group of patients and a group of normal test subjects. PMID- 3748555 TI - The 'flicker test' according to Aulhorn in the diagnosis of acute optic neuritis. AB - The flicker test, introduced by Aulhorn is a new simple method to detect acute optic neuritis. We examined 24 patients suffering from acute optic neuritis. 23 patients showed a pathological result. In 179 subjects (patients with other ophthalmological diseases and healthy persons) the flicker test always showed normal results. After restitution of acute optic neuritis the results of the flicker test return to normal while the visual evoked responses remain pathological in many cases. Thus the flicker test can be an efficient tool in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of acute optic neuritis. PMID- 3748556 TI - First results of the computer-aided classification of electroretinograms. AB - Some first experiences gained in the development of computer-aided electroretinogram classification are reported. The issues are explained on the basis of groups of patients at different stages of diabetic retinopathy. PMID- 3748557 TI - Myasthenia gravis and recurrent retrobulbar optic neuritis: an unusual combination of diseases. AB - A case is presented that illustrates the unusual concurrence of both myasthenia gravis and recurrent retrobulbar optic neuritis. The association of optic neuritis with myasthenia gravis might support the idea that there is a disorder of immune function in optic neuritis. PMID- 3748558 TI - Localized conjunctival amyloidosis: case reports and review of literature. AB - Two men in their 20s had flat, stable, pink, well-vascularized conjunctival lesions found unexpectedly which on biopsy proved to be primary localized amyloidosis. The diagnosis was made possible by the absence of systemic manifestations or antecedent ocular disease, the presence of diffuse homogeneous connective tissue deposits and characteristic histochemical staining properties. The cases were remarkable for their color, texture, location, and presentation and suggest that a high index of suspicion, if not an alacrity to biopsy, is needed for the diagnosis of primary localized amyloid to be made. PMID- 3748559 TI - A test bed for ocular drugs. AB - Corneal endothelium plays a vital role in maintaining corneal transparency. We describe here a new in vitro technique for detecting acute effects of ocular drugs on corneal endothelium from animal species and post-mortem human tissue. The technique is based upon trans-endothelial electrical activity and leads as a consequence, to rapid, unambiguous, quantitative assessments of pharmacological effects upon endothelial barrier function and fluid pump activity. PMID- 3748560 TI - The effect of refractive error on the accommodative response gradient. AB - The accommodative responses of early-onset myopes, late-onset myopes, emmetropes and hyperopes were measured over a range of 5 dioptres using an objective infra red autorefractor. Differences were found between the four refractive groups, with hyperopes accommodating more for near targets than emmetropes, followed by early-onset myopes then late-onset myopes. Moreover a strong correlation between the accommodative response gradient and refractive error was found, suggesting that hyperopes accommodate more to a particular target than do emmetropes or myopes. The results are interpreted in the context of a dual innervation to the ciliary muscle. PMID- 3748561 TI - Heterophoria: a vergence adaptive position. AB - Previous experiments have shown that as the adaptive change becomes more complete with prolonged wear of a prism, the adaptive decay during monocular occlusion (MO) becomes slower; at the same time, adaptation to a further prism disparity becomes faster. If phoria is an adapted position of the oculomotor system then, as with prism adaptation, it should demonstrate an adaptive decay during MO. The rate of this decay should be inversely related to the rate of adaptation to a prism. In the first part of the paper, changes in the horizontal and vertical phorias were demonstrated at distance and near during 4 hr of MO. In the second part, adaptation to various prism disparities (horizontal and vertical) was monitored. The rates of adaptation were found to be inversely related to the rates of phoria decay during MO. The phoria position is, therefore, an adapted position of the vergence system. PMID- 3748562 TI - Assessment of techniques for measuring contrast sensitivity in children. AB - Contrast sensitivity was measured in 10 children aged from 3 to 11 years using 4 psychophysical techniques in order to establish the best method of measurement for clinical use. Of the four methods, staircase, ascending continuous, modified Von Bekesy and two-alternate forced-choice, the staircase was selected as the most appropriate clinical technique and monocular contrast sensitivity functions of normal children were measured. PMID- 3748563 TI - Visual representation at the cerebral cortex: qualitative and quantitative aspects. AB - The cerebral representation of peripheral sensory surfaces is strictly ordered. In the case of the visual system, the scale of the cortical representation of visual space is non-linear: the area devoted to the fovea is greatly enlarged. Attempts have been made to quantify this retino-cortical relationship in animals and man: the result is the cortical magnification factor (M) which indicates the linear distance in mm along the striate cortex concerned with each degree of the visual field. The cortical magnification factor has indicated an alternative approach both to the theoretical interpretation of visual processing and to the clinical aspects of visual field examination. By M-scaling vision test stimuli, visual sensitivity, while quantitatively different at foveal and peripheral projections, remains qualitatively similar across the entire field. PMID- 3748564 TI - A longitudinal study of the age dependence of human ocular refraction--II. Prediction of future trends in medium and high myopia by means of cluster analysis. AB - A sample population of myopes with an initial correction of 2 DS or more is extracted from the longitudinal sample of ametropes reported by Saunders (1986). The myopes are partitioned by means of cluster analysis and, as a result, three distinct groups of myopes are identified. The time/regression equations which best describe the groups are stated. It is concluded that meaningful long-term prognosis of medium and high myopes is unlikely and that reasonable prediction of short-term trends requires at least two consecutive refraction data to determine the group allocation of a myope. PMID- 3748565 TI - Separation of the reflection by the inner limiting membrane. AB - A ray incident upon the inner limiting membrane is specularly reflected, whereas the other retinal structures reflect light diffusely into large solid angles. Thus by moving a small diaphragm inside the exit pupil, it is possible to separate the component of the reflected light which originates at the inner limiting membrane. To check that this light added to the aerial image is not caused by the specular reflection from an anterior surface (cornea or lens), interference fringes were projected onto the retina, and their modulation depth was measured in the plane conjugate with the retina: since the inner limiting membrane and the anterior media were the sources of modulated and unmodulated aerial images respectively, their contributions could be separately measured. PMID- 3748566 TI - Two factors affecting saccadic amplitude during vergence: the location of the cyclopean eye and a left-right bias. AB - Saccades occurring during vergence have been reported to differ in amplitude depending on whether the saccade drives the eyes leftward or rightward. Furthermore, this difference varies in degree and direction among individuals. We examined two explanations of the variation--that it is the result of the cyclopean eye being nearer to one eye, and that it is the result of a pervasive bias, within an individual, to make larger saccades either leftward or rightward. Examination of the saccades of 14 subjects, recorded during both divergent and convergent movements that required leftward or rightward saccades, shows that neither explanation alone provides an adequate account of the differences observed. However, statistical analysis (ANOVA) indicates that almost 60% of the total variation in the observed saccadic amplitudes is related to the two explanations taken together. We speculate that both influences act on the saccade in a given individual, and that the amplitude manifested depends on the relative magnitudes of the two influences within that individual. PMID- 3748567 TI - The effect of horizontal differential prism on the binocular contrast sensitivity function. AB - The photopic binocular contrast sensitivity function is measured using a two-way resolution choice sinusoidal-grating target with horizontal differential prism before the right eye of one subject (AHT). A significant drop in sensitivity occurred with 3 prism-dioptres base-out or 4 prism-dioptres base-in prism at an observation distance of 5.9 m, and with 2 prism-dioptres base-out or 8 prism dioptres base-in at 50 cm. An equivalent effect was confirmed with three additional subjects at a test distance of 2 m. The relationship between these results, the passive position, and the fusional reserves is discussed and reference is made to the effect of vertical differential prism. PMID- 3748569 TI - Effects of 0.1% cyclopentolate or 10% phenylephrine on pupil diameter and accommodation. AB - The mydriatic and cycloplegic effects of either one drop of 0.1% cyclopentolate or two drops of 10% phenylephrine were studied over a period of up to 6 hours after drug instillation, using 5 subjects aged between 25 and 43 years. The extent of mydriasis was determined from the horizontal diameter of the pupil. Dynamic accommodation responses were monitored with an infra-red, continuously recording optometer. Static measurements of the accommodation response/stimulus curve were made with a laser optometer. With either drug, dilation of the pupil occurred more rapidly than recovery of normal pupil diameter. Both drugs caused alterations in the dynamic and static accommodation responses. Response times were generally slowed, and the slope of the accommodation response/stimulus curve and the amplitude of accommodation were reduced. The time course of these changes was broadly similar to that of the pupil dilation. Cyclopentolate hydrochloride was more efficient as a mydriatic but exercised a greater unwanted cycloplegic effect. PMID- 3748568 TI - Different rates and amounts of vision function recovery during orthoptic therapy in an older strabismic amblyope. AB - Orthoptic therapy was instituted in an 11-year-old patient having deep amblyopia, constant small-angle esotropia with anomalous retinal correspondence, and a past history of minimal success with such therapy. This combination of factors pointed toward a poor prognosis for substantial recovery of vision function. Rate of recovery of several monocular and binocular vision functions was monitored during the course of 18 months of intensive orthoptic therapy. Results showed marked improvement in several monocular vision functions, suggesting presence of considerable residual neural plasticity of multiple sites in the visual pathways of this older amblyope. PMID- 3748570 TI - Contrast sensitivity during provoked visual impairment in multiple sclerosis. AB - Many patients with multiple sclerosis have subjective visual complaints that are intensified by exercise (Uhthoff's symptom). We report a case demonstrating the utility of contrast sensitivity testing in such visual complaints. Contrast sensitivity was measured before and after exercise in a multiple sclerosis patient with Uhthoff's symptom and in two healthy control subjects. A short exercise period reduced the patient's contrast sensitivity for some target sizes, but had no effect on his visual acuity; a longer exercise period produced a greater, more uniform loss of contrast sensitivity and also reduced visual acuity. Contrast sensitivities and visual acuities of the control subjects were not affected by exercise. PMID- 3748571 TI - The effect of prismatic spectacle and contact lens corrections on ocular rotation. AB - The effect of prismatic spectacle corrections on ocular rotation for different object distances is determined and evaluated. The same principles are applied for a correction fitted on the eye, that is, a contact lens correction. The latter must be considered as a thick lens system. The effects of different types of prismatic contact lenses on ocular rotation are considered. Assuming the contact lens to remain stationary and the eye behind the lens to rotate, it is shown that the theoretical effect on ocular rotation of prismatic contact lenses is practically equal to their prismatic effect in air. The effect for high-powered contact lenses is discussed. PMID- 3748572 TI - Optimized forms of negative power hydrophilic contact lenses having minimum volume. AB - A design is introduced for soft contact lenses of negative power, having a lenticular anterior surface and a conicoidal posterior surface. Mathematical formulae are derived to calculate the lens volume. The design results in a reduction in lens volume, especially for high powers, while potentially allowing a good fit to the individual cornea to be achieved. PMID- 3748573 TI - Age of cessation of the progression of myopia. PMID- 3748574 TI - Thyroid carcinoma. AB - The mode of presentation, initial findings, treatment, and survival in differentiated thyroid carcinoma were studied in 155 patients. The classic signs, symptoms, and scan findings were present in approximately 70 per cent of the patients, with the remaining 30 per cent displaying unusual manifestations or findings. The effects of neck metastases, extracapsular invasion, and recurrent laryngeal nerve involvement on long-term survival were studied in detail. Prognosis was dependent more on age at initial appearance than any other factor. Patients with prior exposure to radiation had more extensive disease and required more extensive surgery, but they ultimately had the same prognosis for 10-year cure. Treatment of distant metastatic disease by surgery, radioactive iodine, and external radiation resulted in long-term survival in certain cases. PMID- 3748575 TI - Nonsquamous tumors of the head and neck I. PMID- 3748576 TI - Difficult decisions in the management of thyroid carcinoma. AB - Five unusual case studies are presented. Each case is followed by solutions proposed by three authorities and a concluding commentary by the editor. PMID- 3748577 TI - Nonsquamous neoplasms of the larynx. AB - While squamous cell carcinoma is the most common neoplasm to involve the larynx, several other histologic tumor types can occur. The laryngologist should consider a nonsquamous neoplasm when the tumor is long-standing, pigmented, covered by intact mucosa, or there is a history of neoplasia. Careful endoscopy, often using microlaryngoscopy, and careful handling of the tissue will ensure accurate diagnosis. PMID- 3748578 TI - Fibro-osseous lesions of the head and neck. AB - Review and classification of fibro-osseous lesions of the head and neck is presented. The common denominator to all these pathologic entities is replacement of normal bone with fibrous tissue. PMID- 3748579 TI - Nonsquamous cell tumors of the minor salivary glands. AB - Tumors may develop from minor salivary glands present in the submucosa of the upper aerodigestive tract and from other glands of similar structure in the head and neck area. By far, the most common location for minor salivary glands is the oral cavity. PMID- 3748580 TI - Radiologic diagnosis of nonsquamous tumors of the head and neck. AB - Nonsquamous cell tumors of the head and neck can be reliably identified and often accurately diagnosed by proper state of the art radiologic assessment. For optimal diagnostic and preoperative work-up of head and neck lesions, complete radiologic analysis is now essential. PMID- 3748581 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of nonsquamous tumors of the head and neck. AB - Nonsquamous cell tumors of the head and neck can be reliably evaluated by MRI. In certain pathologic entities, it appears that MRI can provide more information than CT scan. PMID- 3748582 TI - Mucosal melanomas of the head and neck. AB - Mucosal melanoma is a rare tumor in the head and neck region. The presence of a pigmented lesion in the mucous membranes should raise the suspicion of malignant melanoma. It may at times be difficult for the pathologist to arrive at the diagnosis of malignant melanoma. It is mandatory, therefore, that the clinician provide the pathologist with a representative fresh biopsy specimen. One of the most intriguing features of this unusual tumor is the unpredictability of its clinical course. In some cases it is explosive, characterized by rapid, wide spread dissemination. At other times, long dormant periods of more than 10 years' duration may be followed by recurrence with a fatal outcome. Radical surgery is the preferred treatment. Postoperative radiotherapy is applied when doubt exists as to the radicality of the surgical procedure. Treatment of recurrences, both local/regional, and distant, can be of great value to the patient. Therefore, otolaryngologists should be acquainted with the many local and systemic treatment modalities which have recently become available for recurrent melanoma. The ultimate prognosis is poor. PMID- 3748583 TI - Adult head and neck soft-tissue sarcomas. AB - Adult soft tissue sarcomas of the head and neck are so rare that an accurate diagnosis and appropriate therapy are frequently delayed. A retrospective study of such patients seen at the University of Illinois over the last 15 years has helped to better characterize this disease entity. Patients with sarcoma of the neck, the most common anatomic location (37 per cent), had the highest 5-year disease-free survival rate (67 per cent). Fibrosarcoma was the most common histologic type (25 per cent). Aggressive fibromatosis patients experienced the longest mean survival time (93 months). The disease-free 2-year, 5-year, and 10 year survival rates were found to be 68, 54, and 28 per cent, respectively. Wide excision was the treatment of choice, with adjuvant radiotherapy or chemotherapy, or both, used in selected patients. The sarcomas of all long-term survivors were either well-differentiated or 5.0 cm or less in diameter. It is evident that aggressive therapy of adult head and neck sarcomas can provide good long-term results. PMID- 3748584 TI - Extracranial neurogenic tumors of the head and neck. AB - The vast majority of head and neck nerve tumors are benign. Proper management involves accurate preoperative evaluation and a high degree of suspicion. Ideal treatment involves complete resection but debulking procedures have a definite role. Microneural dissection and reconstruction should be attempted in all cases. Malignant tumors of neural tissue are aggressive and are treated with radical surgical resection followed by radiation. Chemotherapy is reserved for unresectable or metastatic disease. PMID- 3748585 TI - Star wars versus tar wars. PMID- 3748586 TI - Physician observes British medical practice. PMID- 3748587 TI - Neurosarcoidosis presenting as chronic lymphocytic meningitis. PMID- 3748588 TI - A developmental cognitive-biobehavioral approach to pediatric pain assessment. AB - Recent years have seen an increase in the study of pain in children. However, a comprehensive framework to help guide pediatric pain assessment has not been available. A developmental approach to facilitate cognitive-biobehavioral assessment of pediatric pain is presented and discussed. An illustrative literature review of pain assessment measures, cognitive development and conceptualizations of health and illness is provided. The developmental cognitive biobehavioral approach is offered as a guide for future research in pediatric pain assessment. PMID- 3748589 TI - Pressure-pain threshold in human temporal region. Evaluation of a new pressure algometer. AB - A hand-held pressure algometer with a pressure sensitive strain gauge at the tip was used to measure the pressure-pain threshold (PPT) in the temporal region of healthy volunteers. Various sizes of circular tips and various application rates were tested before selecting an area of 0.5 cm2 and a constant application rate of 0.68 N X sec-1 for future use. A highly significant correlation was found between PPT values obtained from the two sides (of the head) (P less than 0.001) and between PPT values obtained with a 3-week interval (P less than 0.001). In a series of 50 immediate consecutive measurements in the same individual, the mean PPT was 171 kPa (N = 6, 2 S.D. 24%). The mean relative change in PPT after a 3 week interval was 0 +/- 51% (N = 11, 2 S.D.). In the course of 5 repeated determinations at weekly intervals there was a significant increase in PPT (ANOVA, P less than 0.05). Subcutaneous lignocaine significantly elevated PPT compared to placebo. Due to the high inter-individual variation, determinations of PPT for group comparisons should include rather large population samples, whereas in paired studies, the intra-individual variation allows the investigation of much smaller groups (10-20 subjects). It is our experience that the pressure algometer is easy to operate in the hands of a skilled laboratory assistant. PMID- 3748590 TI - Activation of trigeminal brain-stem nociceptive neurons by dural artery stimulation. AB - Vascular head pain is thought to result from activation of trigeminal sensory nerve fibers innervating cranial blood vessels. Support for this hypothesis was sought by searching in the trigeminal brain-stem subnucleus caudalis (SNC) for neuronal responses evoked by electrical stimulation of the middle meningeal artery (MMA). Seventy-eight SNC neurons were found which could be excited by MMA stimulation of the facial skin. These results provide the first report of the existence and functional properties of brain-stem neurons likely to be involved in mediating vascular head pain. PMID- 3748591 TI - The neurovisceral and electrodiagnostic evaluation of patients with thoracic spinal cord injury. AB - We studied nine patients with complete thoracic spinal cord injury in order to investigate distal electrophysiologic and end organ function. Studies included motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities, spinal and cortical somatosensory evoked responses, bulbocavernosus reflex responses, cystometry and colonic compliance, motor and myoelectrical activity. These studies confirmed an intact peripheral nervous system, as well as normal nerve root, cauda equina, conus medullaris and distal spinal cord function. Cystometry demonstrated decreased bladder capacity and inability to suppress detrusor contractions. Colonic compliance was greatly reduced, compared to control subjects. While basal colonic motor and myoelectrical activity was normal, these spinal cord injury patients failed to demonstrate the postprandial increase in colonic motor and myoelectric activity seen in normal subjects. These tests allow the clinician to define and document the extent of neuronal injury distal to a transverse myelopathy and to evaluate visceral end organ function. PMID- 3748592 TI - The urological management of spinal cord damaged patients: a clinical algorithm. AB - A scheme for the management of the common urological presentations encountered in spinal cord damaged patients is provided in flow chart form. The diagrams indicate how urological investigations can be used to greatest effect. A simple computer programme based on these charts is available. PMID- 3748593 TI - Evaluation of the acute management of tetraplegia: conservative versus surgical treatment. AB - A retrospective study of 106 tetraplegic patients admitted consecutively to the Santa Clara Valley Medical Center (SCVMC) between August, 1981 and September, 1983 was conducted. The average age was 28; and 20 (19%) were female. The majority sustained their spinal cord injury in a motor vehicle accident (65%) or in a diving accident (19%). Forty-nine percent (52/106) of these patients had acute surgical intervention, and 63% (33/52) of these patients had this prior to admission to SCVMC. The majority (35/52) had posterior fusion alone. Twelve patients had an anterior fusion (11 at other hospitals) and four a laminectomy alone (three carried out at other hospitals). The length of rehabilitation stay was 133 days for those having surgery, and 119 days for non-surgical cases; statistically a non-significant difference. When acute medical/surgical hospitalisation and rehabilitation days were combined, those having surgery had a significantly longer stay (197 versus 153 days), but only when surgery was done other than at SCVMC. Complications occurred in 50/106 (47%) of the patients: 50% who had surgery and 44% who were treated conservatively. The most commonest complication was respiratory (43%), including 20% who had pneumonia. Complications were no greater in those patients who underwent posterior fusion than in those who had no spinal surgery. However, other types of surgery carried a higher risk of complications by approximately 20%. Anterior fusions and laminectomies, performed almost totally at other institutions (15/17), had a higher rate of complications. PMID- 3748594 TI - Extrinsic and common coagulation pathways in end-stage renal disease associated with spinal cord injury. AB - Data on the effects of combined long-standing spinal cord injury (SCI) and end stage renal disease (ESRD) on blood coagulation system are limited. We studied the extrinsic and common pathways of blood coagulation system in 9 men with SCI ESRD treated with maintenance hemodialysis. Plasma procoagulant activities of factors (F)VII, X and II were measured in a clotting assay using appropriate deficient plasmas as substrate. In addition, the antigen concentration of FII was measured using monospecific antibodies against human FII raised in goat in a gradient plate immunodiffusion system. Also measured were plasma fibrinogen concentration and platelet count. The results were compared with those obtained in a group of 10 ambulatory ESRD patients and 8 normal control volunteers. Plasma coagulant activity of FVII was markedly elevated and plasma fibrinogen concentration was moderately increased in SCI-ESRD patients. In contrast, plasma FII was mildly depressed while platelet count was within normal limits in SCI ESRD patients. The data indicate that the combination of SCI and ESRD can lead to the alteration of the extrinsic and common coagulation pathways. Further studies are needed to elucidate the precise mechanism and the clinical significance of the observed abnormalities. PMID- 3748595 TI - Spinal cord injuries following electrical accidents. AB - Injuries from high tension electrical current result in approximately 1000 deaths per year and account for 3% of all major thermal injuries in the United States. Even though the complications from electrical injury can affect almost every organ system in the body, a neurological complication is perhaps the most common non-lethal one. 116 cases of electrical accidents among 1206 burn patients admitted to Kansas University Medical Center were reviewed. There were 5 cases of spinal cord injury which were detected from a few days up to four weeks from the injury. All had incomplete lesions. Two of them had quadriparesis, and 3 paraparesis. Clinical manifestations included motor and sensory involvement, predominantly motor. Possible mechanisms for the spinal cord damage include heating effect, electrogenic changes and vascular damage. Spinal cord injury following an electrical accident is more frequently encountered than is generally recognized. PMID- 3748596 TI - Penile prostheses in spinal cord injured patients: combined psychosexual counselling and surgical regimen. AB - Since 1981, forty spinal cord-injured patients have received penile prostheses using a combined approach of early sexual counselling during the acute rehabilitative phase of injury, followed by implantation in suitable candidates no less than nine to twelve months following injury. Early counselling is begun in private and group sessions, and stresses reassessment of body image, sexuality and sexual alternatives. The penile prosthesis is mentioned briefly during the acute phase of rehabilitation. Further counselling at the patient's request following discharge from the unit identifies those patients with continued interest in a penile prosthesis. Suitable surgical candidates must have a stable bladder program, have had a recent urologic X-ray evaluation, have sterile urine at the time of implantation, and be free of decubiti. All preoperative patients undergo MMPI testing and are seen by a sexual counsellor. Both the semi-rigid and inflatable penile prostheses are offered to the patient with a thorough discussion along with printed material on the advantages and disadvantages of each prosthesis, as well as surgical and postoperative complications. Patients are given a preoperative parenteral antibiotic regimen along with supervised antibiotic cleansing of the genitalia. Surgical techniques for each prosthesis is discussed. Following surgery, the patients are continued on antibiotics and are instructed not to engage in intercourse for six weeks. They are also seen by a sexual counsellor postoperatively. There have been a total of forty implantations; thirty-four patients having had semi-rigid implants and six inflatable prostheses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3748597 TI - Omental transposition to the chronically injured human spinal cord. PMID- 3748598 TI - Early clinical experience with clonidine in spinal spasticity. AB - The centrally active, alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist clonidine was given to 12 spinal cord injury patients with problematic spasticity not adequately controlled by recognized spasmolytic drug therapy. Five patients had an excellent reduction and 2 patients had some reduction in clinical spasticity (average dose 0.39 mg daily). Four of the 7 responders discontinued clonidine because of adverse reactions after an average of ten weeks of therapy. Three responders have continued to tolerate the drug well with excellent control of spasticity for 18 to 34 months. Five patients had no change in clinical spasticity (average dose of 0.24 mg daily). Three of the non-responders discontinued clonidine because of adverse reactions after an average of three weeks of therapy. Significant associated adverse reactions included syncopal seizures (3), cerebrovascular accident (1), deep vein thrombosis (1), autonomic hyperreflexia (3), lethargy/drowsiness (3), and nausea/vomiting (1). Possible mechanisms of action for clonidine to affect spasticity and the unstable cardiovascular system of quadriplegics is discussed. While spinal cord injured patients with severe spasticity may benefit from clonidine, great caution is recommended during its use until further study establishes safe parameters of administration and efficacy is confirmed on controlled studies. PMID- 3748599 TI - External fixation of femoral shaft fractures in spinal cord injury patients. AB - External fixation was used to treat femoral shaft fractures in nine spinal cord injury (SCI) patients. One patient died of unrelated causes during fracture treatment. Of the remaining eight patients, seven healed their fractures. Two complications, one superficial pin-track drainage and one fracture comminution, occurred in the nine patients. Neither complication adversely affected the patient's final result. In patients with acute spinal cord injury, external fixation should be considered for the treatment of closed femoral shaft fractures with marked comminution, and for open femoral shaft fractures with significant contamination or soft tissue loss. In the chronic SCI patient, external fixation of a femoral shaft fracture may increase the patient's level of independence and mobility during fracture healing, and may permit a more rapid return to the patient's pre-fracture functional level. PMID- 3748600 TI - Spinal cord injury during windsurfing. AB - Two patients are described who developed severe pain in the thoracic region after windsurfing in rough weather. On examination there were signs of a thoracic cord lesion. Investigations revealed no evidence of cord compression and, since the symptoms and signs resolved spontaneously, an ischaemic aetiology is postulated. PMID- 3748601 TI - Early vesico-ureteral reflux following conus medullaris injury: case report. AB - The authors describe severe vesico-ureteral reflux and simultaneous renal insufficiency which occurred after a spinal cord injury to the conus medullaris. They point out the misleading character of these injuries when there are only minimal neurological signs in the trunk and limbs. The main clinical consequence may be an isolated neuropathic bladder which, if not detected, delays treatment. Additionally, they underline the role of mixed bladder and sphincter lesions in the development of renal insufficiency; also the role of increased intravesical pressure during filling and emptying with bilateral vesico-ureteral reflux. PMID- 3748602 TI - Interference between different serodemes of Trypanosoma congolense in the establishment of superinfections in goats following transmission by tsetse. AB - When domestic ruminants cyclically infected with Trypanosoma congolense are superinfected with a different serodeme of the same species, an interference phenomenon occurs which delays the development of the second cyclical infection. Experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of the time interval between the two infections on the degree of interference and to follow the course of the superinfection clinically, serologically and histologically. Goats infected with tsetse-transmitted T. congolense IL 1587 were either infected simultaneously or 7, 14, 18, 28 or 35 days later with a different serodeme, T. congolense IL 1180. Skin reactions due to superinfection were either absent or smaller in size and delayed in onset compared with control animals undergoing a primary infection with T. congolense IL 1180 which had been initiated by tsetse fly bites. All animals were treated with the trypanocidal drug Berenil 21 days after superinfection and 3 weeks later challenged with T. congolense IL 1180 using tsetse flies. The goats that had been infected simultaneously with the two serodemes were immune to the homologous challenge, but 11 (85%) of the animals that had been superinfected were not. The effect of interference on the host immune response to T. congolense IL 1180 was most marked in animals superinfected at day 7; thereafter there was evidence that the ability to respond immunologically against secondary infection was gradually recovered. Histological examination of skin removed 7 days after a simultaneous infection of goats with two serodemes, showed trypanosomes and a cellular reaction similar to that following infection with a single serodeme. In skin removed 7 days after superinfection of goats that had been infected for 7 days, the cellular response was less pronounced and trypanosomes were not seen, although by 14 to 16 days numerous trypanosomes were present and there was a marked cellular infiltrate. It is postulated that the presence or absence of a factor induced shortly after initiation of a trypanosome infection in the skin of goats might delay parasite development when metacyclic trypanosomes are deposited by tsetse following superinfection. PMID- 3748603 TI - [General patterns of the functioning of parasitic systems (the mechanisms of self regulation)]. AB - Parasitic system is determined as a parasite's population in interaction with its natural habitat (host's population). Epidemiology, epizootiology and epiphitology as well as virology, microbiology, protozoology and helminthology study applied aspects of parasitic systems. The latter are characterized by four general principals determining selfregulation mechanisms of these systems: heterogeneity of interacting populations, their dynamic variability, phase functioning, dependence on conditions. PMID- 3748604 TI - [Geographic range of the blood-sucking mosquito Aedes togoi]. AB - The distribution area of Aedes togoi (Theob.) stretches along the coast of the Pacific embracing the Indo-Malayan and Holarctic faunistic provinces. In the Indo Chinese subregion Ae. togoi penetrates the Indo-Chinese province and in the Malayan subregion into the Soenda province. Northwards this species inhabits the coastal regions of Holarctic, namely, these of Chinese-Korean and Central Japanese provinces in Chinese-Himalayan subregions. The habitat of Ae. togoi in western Canada is obviously cut off from the principal distribution area of the species and should be regarded as a secondary penetration of the species into a new territory due to casual delivery. In the USSR Ae. togoi is distributed in South Primorje, northwards along the coast to the settlement of Terney, occupies the southern half of Sakhalin and the southern Kuril Islands. PMID- 3748605 TI - [Revision of gadfly larvae of the group Tabanus bromius (Tabanidae)]. AB - New descriptions of three species and one subspecies of larvae of T. semenovi Ols., T. regularis Jaenn., T. laetetinctus laetetinctus Beck., and T. l. sordes Bog. et Sam. as well as a key to larvae of the group T. bromius, excluding two rare species T. armenicus Szil. and T. hissaricus Bar., are given. Such characters as shape and size of chaetoid fields on thoracic and abdominal segments and the character of pattern of the caudal segment are used. PMID- 3748606 TI - [Emergence of Thamugadia ivaschkini microfilaria from the stomach into the hemocoel of Sergentomyia arpaklensis sandflies]. AB - Regularities of migration of microfilarians from the stomach to haemocoel in connection with blood digestion and peritrophic membrane formation were studied in sandflies of S. arpaklensis experimentally infected with larvae of Th. ivaschkini. Whatever the number of swallowed parasites, the average number of larvae reaching the haemocoel does not exceed 5. Factors limiting the invasion are the thick layer of prosecretion of the peritrophic membrane and a peculiar way of clot formation during the feeding of S. arpaklensis sandflies with blood of reptiles. The results obtained are compared with data on members of the genus Phlebotomus and other bloodsucking Diptera. PMID- 3748607 TI - Eimeria tenella: immunogenicity of the first generation of schizogony. AB - The life-cycle of a precocious and attenuated line (WisF96) of Eimeria tenella, derived from the Wisconsin (Wis) strain, contained only the first of the three generations of schizogony undergone by the parent strain. The reproductive capacity of WisF96 was less than that of the parent strain by a factor of about 2000, but inoculation of chickens on two occasions with a large number of its oocysts induced resistance against challenge with oocysts, or with second generation merozoites of Wis. The immunizing abilities of the attenuated line and its parent were compared by priming groups of chickens with numbers of oocysts of WisF96 or Wis, designed to produce infections of equal magnitude in terms of oocysts production (standard inocula), and then challenging with oocysts of Wis. The results suggested that an equivalent parasite mass of WisF96 was more immunogenic than Wis. This was confirmed by the finding that, even when the priming dose of Wis was increased 10-fold, the standard inoculum of WisF96 still produced the greater protective effect. These results indicate that the first generation of schizogony of E. tenella is highly immunogenic. PMID- 3748608 TI - Hymenolepis diminuta: influence of metacestodes on synthesis and secretion of fat body protein and its ovarian sequestration in the intermediate host, Tenebrio molitor. AB - Female Tenebrio molitor infected with metacestodes of Hymenolepis diminuta exhibit elevated concentrations of female-specific proteins in their haemolymph and the origin of these has been investigated. Following a 4 h in vitro incubation with [14C]leucine, fat bodies from non-infected females secreted 13 times more protein than those from females 12 days post-infection. A comparison of the uptake in vivo of radio-isotope labelled amino acids by ovaries from non infected and infected beetles of various ages revealed no differences; however, a 51.5% decrease in protein sequestration was detected in females 12 days post infection. Electrophoresis of homogenates of radio-isotope labelled ovaries demonstrated that the majority of label was associated with vitellin sub-units. It is suggested that the decrease in vitellogenin sequestration associated with infection results in an increase in the haemolymph concentration of these proteins despite a concomitant reduction in their secretion by fat bodies. Both fat body synthesis and ovarian sequestration are under juvenile hormone control and it is proposed that metacestodes of H. diminuta may cause a reduction in the concentration of this hormone in the intermediate host. PMID- 3748609 TI - The seasonal occurrence of Trilocularia acanthiaevulgaris (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea) from spiny dogfish in the Irish Sea. AB - Trilocularia acanthiaevulgaris occurs in the stomach and spiral valve of the spiny dogfish. Statistical analyses show that the stomach and spiral valve worms of male fish and the stomach worms of female fish exhibit seasonal trends in prevalence and mean worm burden, with peaks occurring in May, June and July of each year. Spiral valve worms of female fish do not show this trend. Calculation of the product-moment correlation coefficient shows that the peak in the number of stomach worms occurs approximately 1 month before that of spiral valve worms in male fish. Strobilization of the adult spiral valve worms and development of the resulting free proglottides is also seasonal, and takes place in June/July in both sexes. Seasonal trends in prevalence, mean worm burden and maturation of T. acanthiaevulgaris may be related to water temperature, and the cyclical changes in levels of reproductive hormones and thyroid activity associated with migration and mating of spiny dogfish. It is suggested that the availability of infected intermediate hosts and diet of the dogfish may also be important in explaining the seasonality of infection. PMID- 3748610 TI - A comparison of the surface and secretions of Trichinella pseudospiralis and T. spiralis. AB - Intact, viable adults, infective and newborn larvae of Trichinella pseudospiralis were surface labelled with 125I by the chloramine T method and labelled proteins were compared with those obtained from equivalent stages of T. spiralis. Electron microscope autoradiography determined that labelled proteins were restricted to the cuticle for all stages of both isolates. Comparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS-PAGE), using thin gradient gel slabs, of proteins obtained from each stage, demonstrated that the profile of surface-labelled proteins of T. pseudospiralis were restricted in number, stage specific, and similar to equivalent proteins of T. spiralis both in size and in their organization into aggregates. The stage-specific profiles of surface-labelled proteins derived from newborn larvae were indistinguishable, but differences were noted between adults and infective larvae of the two isolates. These differences in protein structure were confirmed by two dimensional mapping of tryptic peptides. Stage-specific profiles were also obtained when [35S]methionine biosynthetically labelled secretions of the 3 stages of T. pseudospiralis were compared by SDS-PAGE. Comparison of the profiles obtained with secretions for respective stages of T. spiralis again failed to distinguish newborn larvae, but adults and infective larvae of T. spiralis and T. pseudospiralis displayed a mixture of common and species-specific proteins. These findings are discussed in relation to the different pathology associated with infection with two isolates. PMID- 3748611 TI - Epidemiology of Heligmosomoides polygyrus in mice: experiments on natural transmission. AB - An experimental system is described for the study of the community dynamics of helminth-host populations, using Heligmosomoides polygyrus in the laboratory mouse. The results of a preliminary experiment using closed populations of 50 mice revealed that coexistence of host and parasite occurs for at least 4 months in the absence of immigration, with the generation of epidemiological patterns similar to those observed in the real world. In well-nourished mice the prevalence and intensity of infection initially increased with time and then declined, probably as a result of acquired immunity. The prevalence and intensity of infection increased less rapidly among hosts fed on a low protein diet, but continued to rise over the entire duration of the experiment. This continued rise is interpreted as evidence of a negative effect of protein malnutrition on host immunocompetence. The frequency distributions of parasite numbers/host were over dispersed in each mouse population. No density dependence in parasite fecundity was detected. Aspiculuris tetraptera was also found to be present in the mouse populations. This parasite was not transmitted between mice fed on a high protein diet, but rose to a prevalence of 80% in protein malnourished animals. No association between the intensity of A. tetraptera and H. polygyrus could be detected in individual hosts. The results are discussed in terms of the future potential of the system for the investigation of the role of acquired immunity (and its genetic control) in the generation of epidemiological patterns. PMID- 3748612 TI - Faecal egg counts and nematode fecundity: Heligmosomoides polygyrus and laboratory mice. AB - The results are presented of an experimental investigation of the relationship between faecal egg counts and worm burden in outbred MF1 mice infected with Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Nematoda). The sex-ratio of the adult parasites was found to be significantly female biased, but independent of parasite burden. Evidence was also found to suggest a significant association between parasite density and mating success. The linear logarithmic relationship (gradient of approximately 2) between the variance and mean of repeated egg counts from individual mice could not be disrupted by controlled experimental conditions, and is therefore concluded to be an inherent feature of the biology of helminth-host interactions. A significant positive association was detected between host faecal output and parasite fecundity; further investigation of the cause of this association is now required. Average faecal production was found to be inversely related to worm burden. In combination, the above two factors account partly, but not completely, for the observed density dependence in the absolute rate of parasite egg production. Two epidemiological consequences of the relationship between faecal production and parasite fecundity are discussed. First, absolute rates of egg production can only be estimated by temporal egg counts (epd). Secondly, measurements of egg production/g of faecal material (epg) are more reliable indicators of worm burden than measurements of epd. Both faecal output and worm fecundity respond as might be predicted to a period of host food deprivation; faecal egestion and measurements of epd are significantly depressed, and measurements of epg are significantly increased. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that egg production and faecal output are causally associated, but that other factors relating to parasite density also influence egg production. Of the possible causes for the high variability in parasite egg production between mice harbouring low number of worms, the most likely explanation seems to be host heterogeneity (possible genetic in origin). This is discussed in relation to similar patterns observed in data collected from human populations in areas of endemic helminth infection. PMID- 3748613 TI - Patterns in helminth communities: why are birds and fish different? PMID- 3748614 TI - Evasion of macrophage microbicidal mechanisms by mature sporozoites of Plasmodium yoelii yoelii. AB - Sporozoites of Plasmodium yoelii yoelii were incubated for 40 min with BALB/c peritoneal macrophages in the presence of nitro-blue tetrazolium (NBT). While immature oocyst sporozoites triggered the macrophage respiratory burst, as visualized microscopically by the localized reduction of NBT to insoluble formazan, 97.6% of mature salivary gland sporozoites did not induce such a response. The macrophage oxidative response was also induced by 82.7% of heat inactivated and 95.7% of trypsin-treated salivary gland sporozoites. The relationship of these results to the infectivity and immunogenicity of malarial sporozoites is discussed. PMID- 3748615 TI - Diplostomum spathaceum (Rud. 1819): effects of physical factors on the infection of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) by cercariae. AB - The relationship between infection rates of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) by Diplostomum spathaceum and cercarial concentration, water flow rate and temperature were investigated by means of controlled infections within a flume. A linear relationship was obtained between cercarial concentration and mean abundance of metacercariae/fish. A biphasic relationship occurred between flow rate and abundance of metacercariae. Within the confines of the flume, it was possible to control the infection rate of trout with D. spathaceum cercariae by manipulating flow rate, suggesting that it may be a possible method of controlling diplostomiasis on fish farms. No infection occurred in fish infected and maintained below 10 degrees C and the optimum infection temperature was approximately 17.5 degrees C. Infections became established in fish infected at 7.5 and 5 degrees C but maintained at 15 degrees C prior to examination. Trout were infected at 7.5 degrees C for 10-50 min and all attached cercariae were washed off and removed from the flume. Following infection, fish were either maintained at 7.5 degrees C or 15 degrees C prior to examination. Using this method, it was possible to ascertain that it was migration and not penetration which was inhibited at water temperatures below 10 degrees C. PMID- 3748616 TI - A symposium on sclerosing duct lesions of the breast. PMID- 3748617 TI - The pathology of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma and verrucous carcinoma. AB - Squamous cell carcinoma is far more common than verrucous carcinoma in the vulva. The clinical and morphologic distinctions between these neoplasms are important to understand because of their contrasting biologic behavior and treatment. Both cancers present with symptoms of pruritus and a noticeable mass. On examination, both tumors commonly occur on the labia and are exophytic. If infection occurs in association with verrucous carcinoma, the resulting induration of the surrounding tissue as well as reactive regional lymph node enlargement may fool the clinician into making an erroneous diagnosis of advanced squamous cell carcinoma. In the 33 percent of cases in which a squamous cell carcinoma is flat and ulcerated, the gross distinction from verrucous carcinoma is easy to perceive. The microscopic analysis of squamous cell carcinomas should specify the neoplastic thickness, depth of stromal invasion, and presence or absence of lymphatic invasion since these parameters are important in predicting the probability of lymph node metastases in superficially invasive cancers. Verrucous carcinomas are thick neoplasms which may invade and compress the underlying stroma with "pushing" margins. It is therefore crucial to recognize the microscopic features of this well-differentiated squamous neoplasm in order not to mistake it for a squamous cell carcinoma which has the capacity to metastasize to inguinal lymph nodes. Human papilloma virus has been implicated in the development of both of these tumors. The treatment for verrucous carcinoma is wide local excision. Because recurrence may occur if the surgical resection margins are involved by the neoplasm, the pathologist must carefully evaluate these margins. It is important to note that recurrence of verrucous carcinoma connotes a poor prognosis. The treatment of a squamous cell carcinoma which is thicker than 2 mm or has a stromal invasion depth of more than 1 mm is vulvectomy and bilateral lymph node dissection. If the neoplasm is less than 2 mm in thickness, regional lymph node metastases have not been reported and lymph node dissection may not be necessary. The best treatment option is wide local excision and close follow-up. As our understanding of superficially invasive vulvar squamous cell carcinoma continues to evolve, however, these recommendations may change. PMID- 3748618 TI - [Effect of the chemical induction of lipid peroxidation on the contractile function of the heart]. PMID- 3748619 TI - [Possible mechanism of sudden death during a geomagnetic storm]. PMID- 3748620 TI - [Lipid peroxidation in the etiology of sudden death and the mechanisms of its activation in the myocardium of patients with ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 3748621 TI - [Protective effect of the antioxidant ionol in experimental cerebral ischemia with subsequent blood recirculation]. PMID- 3748622 TI - [Distribution of the antioxidant butylhydroxytoluene in areas of the brain and its effect on epileptiform seizures and lipid levels in KM rats]. PMID- 3748623 TI - [Lipid peroxidation in burn shock in rats adapted to high-altitude hypoxia]. PMID- 3748624 TI - [Effect of sera of convalescents recovering from burns on lysosomal membrane permeability in experimental thermal burns]. PMID- 3748625 TI - [Effect of high-fat load on lysosomal hydrolase activity in the liver, adipose tissue and thrombocytes in rats]. PMID- 3748626 TI - [Systemic mechanisms of development and compensation of acute hypoxemia in experimental methemoglobinemia in dogs]. PMID- 3748627 TI - [Stimulation of the rate of lactate utilization by the liver during long-term fasting as a factor in increasing resistance to hypoxic hypoxia]. PMID- 3748628 TI - [Effect of various protein hydrolysates on bile secretion]. PMID- 3748629 TI - [Relation between the secretory and enzyme activities of the gastric mucosa of dogs after intragastric administration of succinic acid]. PMID- 3748630 TI - [Evaluation of the form of application of laboratory indicators and the adequate methods of the analysis of variance in experimental resuscitation]. PMID- 3748631 TI - [Determining the rate of nerve regeneration using the electroneuromyographic method in experimental studies]. PMID- 3748633 TI - A qualitative analysis of emotional effector patterns and their feedback. AB - This paper is devoted to the study of the relationship between the subjective component (feelings) and the behavioral aspect of emotions. The following emotions were studied: fear-anxiety, anger-aggression, joy-laughter, love eroticism, love-tenderness, and sadness-tears. The observations were performed with three different groups of people: patients with anxiety neurosis, students under hypnosis, and drama students. Each emotion was characterized by a specific set of reactions in the respiratory pattern, heart activity, muscular activity, and facial expression. The feelings were correlated with the behavioral patterns and each time the behavioral patterns were interfered with a concomitant modification of the subjectivity component was observed. The direct performance of the behavioral emotional patterns in the absence of the emotogenic stimulus produced the feeling corresponding to the mimicked emotion. If the subjects were stimulated with an emotogenic stimulus during the direct performance of the behavioral patterns of another emotion, they confessed to have the feeling corresponding to the mimicked emotion, and not to the emotion belonging to the emotogenic stimulus. The role played by the feedback from the effector organs in the determination of the subjective emotional states is discussed. PMID- 3748632 TI - [Modeling proteolysis for the substantiation of rational treatment with protease inhibitors]. PMID- 3748634 TI - Determinants of tonic and phasic reactions in transswitching. AB - Forty-eight college students were assigned randomly to four groups in a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of phasic conditional stimuli (same vs. different) and tonic conditional stimuli (same vs. different) to receive 2 days of classical conditioning with a transswitching procedure. Tonic stimuli were a 5-minute projected white triangle or circle; phasic stimuli were a 5-second red or green square superimposed over the tonic stimuli. There were six tonic stimulus segments each day, separated by 20-second periods of no stimulus, three containing six trials of the phasic stimulus paired with shock and three containing six trials of the phasic stimulus alone, in the counterbalanced order. Tonic responding at the onset of the tonic stimuli or during brief periods following its onset were recorded, along with phasic responses to the phasic stimuli. Responses included magnitude of skin conductance responses, frequency of unelicited skin conductance responses, and tonic heart rate. Both skin conductance measures of responding to the tonic stimuli differentiated significantly between positive and negative tonic segments during Day 2, but only in the group with two different tonic stimuli and one phasic stimulus ("standard" transswitching). This supported the hypothesis that tonic stimulus differentiation would be absent when two different phasic stimuli were present. The heart rate data did not support this hypothesis, showing tonic differentiation in both groups with two tonic stimuli. Phasic differentiation controlled by the different phasic stimuli was observed on Day 1; on Day 2, phasic differentiation was present only in the group with two tonic and one phasic stimuli and the group with one tonic and two phasic stimuli.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3748635 TI - A possible treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PMID- 3748636 TI - Increased regularity of activity of cortical neurons in learning due to disinhibitory effect of reinforcement. AB - This paper reviews the author's studies on neurophysiologic mechanisms of conditioned reflex learning. Electroencephalograms, evoked potentials, activity of neocortical and hippocampal neurons and the rabbits' behavior in the course of elaboration of defensive and inhibitory conditioned reflexes to light flashes have been recorded. Electric shock (ECS) applied to the paw served as reinforcement. The study demonstrated three types of reinforcement effect on the activity of cortical neurons: activating, disinhibitory, and inhibitory. EEG activation due to reinforcement is accompanied by a change in phasic cortical neuronal activity from chaotic or irregular, typical of rest or inhibition, to regular tonic discharges (in neocortex and hippocampus) and group discharges in the stress rhythm, 5-7 Hz in the hippocampus. Following a number of conditioning trials, the effect of reinforcement is simulated by the effect of a conditioned stimulus. With EEG activation and increased regularity in impulses, facilitation of motor reactions is observed. PMID- 3748637 TI - The gynecologic examination of the pediatric patient. PMID- 3748638 TI - Hirsutism in young adolescent girls. PMID- 3748639 TI - Reproductive potential in adolescent girls with ambiguous genitalia. PMID- 3748640 TI - Asthma and allergy/Ige mechanisms. PMID- 3748641 TI - Pediatric gynecology. PMID- 3748643 TI - Genital tract injuries in the prepubertal child. PMID- 3748642 TI - Vulvovaginitis in the preadolescent girl. AB - Vaginal discharges in prepubertal girls can be categorized under two broad headings--those with specific microbiological causes and, in the absence of such, those that are nonspecific in origin. For specific vulvovaginitis, treatment should be tailored to the findings on cultures, wet mounts, KOH, or other slide preparations. For the sexually transmissible organisms resulting in a vaginal discharge, thorough social service investigation should be undertaken in addition to appropriate antibiotic therapy. When a microbiological cause cannot be found and a foreign body has been ruled out, one is left with a diagnosis of nonspecific vulvovaginitis; treatment goals should be aimed at reassuring and re educating the patient and parents in good hygienic practices as well as the elimination of potential irritants. PMID- 3748644 TI - Identifying the sexually molested preadolescent girl. PMID- 3748645 TI - Pneumatisation of the maxillary sinus in normal and symptomatic children. AB - The pattern of pneumatisation and normal width of the maxillary sinus in 191 Nigerian infants and children whose age range was 6 months to 14 years was determined. Fifty-four percent of children with no respiratory tract or sinus infection had an opaque maxillary sinus. A figure of 44.5% was obtained amongst children with suspected bronchopneumonia. Only 41.5% of suspected cases of sinusitis, acute and chronic middle ear disease had opaque sinuses. The highest rate of sinus opacity was seen in children under 2 years who were asymptomatic. The mean maximal width of the normally aerated sinus was 8.74 mm for children under 2 years, 16.5 mm for 3-6 years, 21.5 mm for 7-11 years and 25 mm for children 12 years and above. We conclude that maxillary sinus opacity in our experience is an unreliable index for the diagnosis of sinusitis in children. PMID- 3748646 TI - Retrocardiac pneumomediastinum in association with tracheal and esophageal perforations. AB - Retrocardiac pneumomediastinum was encountered in two premature infants; one had a tracheal perforation and one an esophageal perforation. Contrast studies showed communication between the sites of perforation and the retrocardiac air. Clinical signs suggestive of such perforation include abnormal course of tubes on plain chest films and bloody aspirates. PMID- 3748647 TI - Balloon-dilatation of esophageal strictures in children. AB - Dilatation of benign esophageal strictures by means of a balloon-catheter is a well-established procedure in adults. This method is also useful in children. The technique is described and the results of treatment in 10 children are reported. In all our patients the stricture developed after an operation for esophageal atresia with an end-to-end anastomosis. Dilatation with a balloon-catheter seems to have the same or an even better effect than the traditional dilatation with bougies. Complications following balloon-dilatations have been few and negligible in this series and dilatations can be performed using sedation instead of general anaesthesia. Therefore, this method is recommended. PMID- 3748648 TI - Radiographic features of appendiceal colic in children. AB - The concept of appendiceal colic was introduced in 1980 to explain the common problem of recurrent crampy abdominal pain (RAP) in children. Children with appendiceal colic often have inspissated casts of stool as foreign bodies of the appendix. The radiographic findings of 115 children operated upon for appendiceal colic have been reviewed. The radiographic features of this syndrome have included: filling defects of the appendix (83% incidence of inspissated casts of stool within the appendix); partial filling of the appendix (44% incidence of fecal casts); retained barium behind 72 h (92% incidence of fecal casts blocking egress of barium); non-visualization of the appendix (42% incidence of fecal casts); and distention of the appendix (100% incidence of fecal casts). The correlation of radiographic and operative findings will be presented. A rational approach to the radiographic workup of a child with RAP will be presented. PMID- 3748649 TI - An unusual tracheal foreign body in a neonate. PMID- 3748650 TI - Calcification of the heart: a rare manifestation of chronic renal failure. AB - A case is presented in which chronic renal failure led to intense visceral calcification, mainly to the lungs and heart. The discovery of cardiac calcifications on plain chest radiographs is exceedingly rare in renal patients. Punctate calcific deposits with an almost homogeneous distribution throughout the cardiac muscle were the main feature of this case. PMID- 3748651 TI - Non-functioning kidney associated with neonatal adrenal hemorrhage. Report of 2 cases. AB - Two neonates, with a palpable mass in the loin, turned out to have adrenal hemorrhage. Both of them had also hypertension and a poorly functioning or non functioning kidney on the same side. Surgery in one of them reverted blood pressure to normal. The cause for hypertension is discussed. PMID- 3748652 TI - A new type of achondrogenesis. AB - A new type of neonatal death dwarfism, resembling the achondrogenesis syndromes on clinical examination but presenting distinctive radiographic and microscopic features has been described. It presents another, new form of achondrogenesis. PMID- 3748653 TI - Unusual bone dysplasia featuring severe platyspondyly and vertebral "coronal cleft" in infancy, and changes of metaphyseal chondrodysplasia in childhood. AB - This is the report of a boy who presented at birth with severe generalized platyspondyly, a vertebral "coronal cleft", and an abnormal configuration of the pelvis with short and broad iliac and ischial bones and horizontal acetabular roofs. The rest of the skeleton was normal. In the ensuing years the vertebral bodies and pelvis assumed a near normal configuration, but the patient developed changes of metaphyseal chondrodysplasia in the long bones of the lower limbs with progressive shortness of stature. PMID- 3748654 TI - Proceedings of National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute pediatric cardiology workshop: pulmonary hypertension. PMID- 3748655 TI - Biosynthetic somatomedin C (SM-C/IGF-I) increases the length and weight of Snell dwarf mice. AB - An Escherichia coli derived somatomedin-C/IGF-I preparation (rec-IGF-I) with an amino acid sequence identical to the natural IGF-I derived from human plasma, increases body length and weight, as well as the growth of several organs of Snell dwarf mice, when administered for 4 wk. After 2 wk of treatment rec-IGF-I (22.2 micrograms/day) induced a significant increase over buffer treated controls, to a comparable degree as obtained with bacterially synthesized human growth hormone (bhGH; 8.4 micrograms/day). The weight/length ratio of rec-IGF-I and bhGH-treated dwarf mice after 4 wk of treatment were not significantly different. A significant increase over controls was obtained with both preparations. Organs with increased weights after bhGH treatment (brain; submandibular salivary glands; heart, liver, kidneys, thymus, and spleen) were also heavier after rec-IGF-I. Significance was only reached for the kidneys and the spleen and the musculus quadriceps femoris. Organ weights expressed as a percentage of body weight of bhGH and rec-IGF-I treated dwarfs were similar except for the relative weight of the heart of the bhGH group, which was significantly increased compared to the controls and the rec-IGF-I group. These data resolve the issue as to whether or not pure SM-C/IGF-I will induce growth in length and demonstrate the usefulness of recombinant IGF-I in the studies of growth regulation. PMID- 3748656 TI - Effect of Ca2+ antagonists on mechanical function in the neonatal heart. AB - The effect of verapamil and diltiazem on mechanical function was studied in the isolated arterially perfused neonatal and adult rabbit heart. The negative inotropic effect of these drugs in the newborn was significantly greater than in the adult. At concentrations 10(-7) M of verapamil and 10(-6) M of diltiazem, resting tension was significantly increased in the newborn, but not in the adult. In both age groups, verapamil and diltiazem inhibited the positive inotropy of staircase, but did not alter the inotropic effect of hyperosmolarity (116 mM mannitol). The positive inotropy of paired electrical stimulation was eliminated by these drugs in the newborn, but not in the adult. These data suggest that the neonatal heart as compared with the adult heart is more dependent on transsarcolemmal calcium influx for contraction and transsarcolemmal calcium efflux for relaxation. PMID- 3748657 TI - Biosynthesis of variant medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase in cultured fibroblasts from patients with medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. AB - We prepared monospecific antiserum in rabbits against medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) purified from rat liver and studied the biosynthesis of MCAD in cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with MCAD deficiency using the antibody. Cells were incubated with [35S]methionine. The labeled MCAD was immunoprecipitated using the anti-rat MCAD antiserum and Staphylococcus aureus cells and then analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We first demonstrated that antirat MCAD antibody crossreacted specifically with human MCAD. In 13 MCAD-deficient cell lines tested, the residual MCAD activity ranged from 5-12% of the mean of normal controls, but the variant MCAD in all of these cells was indistinguishable from the normal human MCAD on the basis of molecular size, indicating that MCAD deficiency in all of these patients is most likely due to point mutation(s) in the MCAD gene. PMID- 3748658 TI - Effect of passive smoking on the lung of young lambs. AB - The effect of passive smoking on lung histology, lung mechanics, and airway responsiveness (AR) was studied in 2-month-old lambs. Two groups of lambs were studied; 17 were exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) and 13 served as age- and sex matched controls. Starting at 1 month of age, CS lambs had 25 daily exposures to the smoke generated from eight cigarettes. A smoking machine was constructed for the study using a Bird Ventilator. Two days prior to lung function testing, lambs were anesthetized and a Silastic balloon was placed in the pleural space for later measurement of pleural pressure. At the beginning of each study, lambs were intubated with a nasotracheal tube over a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope. Lung mechanics (dynamic compliance, resistance of the lung, functional residual capacity) and AR were measured using a whole body plethsymograph. AR to inhaled histamine, carbachol, and citric acid was measured in each lamb on 3 separate days by giving five breaths of increasing concentrations of the aerosol in a noncumulative fashion. AR was measured both within 24 h of the final exposure to CS and at 3-7 days after CS. After the final AR was measured, lambs were anesthetized and an open lung biopsy performed. Control lambs had the same studies as CS lambs performed at an equivalent age. After 25 daily exposures to CS in 17 lambs, mean dynamic compliance was 0.024 +/- 0.009 liter/cm H2O, lung resistance was 2.56 +/- 1.32 cm H2O X liter-1 X s, and functional residual capacity was 0.725 +/- 0.234 liter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3748659 TI - Cerebral metabolic studies in situ by 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance after hypothermic circulatory arrest. AB - Cerebral high energy phosphates were studied in the intact rabbit brain using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The effect of hypothermia on degradation kinetics in total ischemia due to circulatory arrest was examined, measuring phosphocreatine, adenosine triphosphate, and inorganic phosphate as a function of time at three different temperatures (35, 24, 21 degrees C). Phosphocreatine- and ATP-decays followed single exponential functions at all three temperatures. The half-life times increased by approximately a factor of three upon lowering the temperature from 35 to 21 degrees C with activation energies of 15-20 kcal/mol, which corresponds to values of Q10 between 2.4 and 3.2. In the temperature range studied, no critical temperature was found below which metabolism would stop completely. We conclude that nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy allows, in the intact animal, quantitative assessment of the influence of hypothermia on energy metabolism in the brain. This influence is a major concern in the field of cardiac surgery in infants and children who are often operated in total circulatory arrest under deep hypothermia. PMID- 3748660 TI - Prolactin levels in umbilical cord serum and its relation to fetal adrenal activity in newborns of women with pregnancy-induced hypertension. AB - The effect of hypertension in pregnant women on fetal maturation is an issue of considerable importance. Because of a possible role of prolactin in fetal adrenal steroidogenesis and in fetal lung maturation, we have investigated the relationship between hypertension in pregnant women and levels of prolactin and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in serum of newborn infants. It was found that with the mild-to-moderate form of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), there was little effect on prolactin levels in newborn serum. In newborns of women with severe PIH, however, serum prolactin levels were significantly greater (p less than 0.01) than those in newborns of women with uncomplicated pregnancies. Conversely, umbilical serum concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in newborns of women with severe PIH were significantly less (p less than 0.05) than those in newborns of women with uncomplicated pregnancies. These findings are supportive of the view that pituitary function and adrenocortical function of fetuses of women with PIH are different from those of fetuses of normotensive women. These findings are suggestive that PIH alters the function of the fetal pituitary and adrenal cortex. PMID- 3748661 TI - Developmental aspects of renal beta-amino acid transport. V: Brush border membrane transport in nursing animals--effect of age and diet. AB - This study examines the Na+-dependent accumulation of the beta-amino acid, taurine, by brush border membrane vesicles isolated from nursing animals compared to uptake in adult animals. The diets fed to the mothers nursing these pups were altered so as to provide a low sulfur amino acid intake or a high taurine diet as well as conventional sulfur amino acid intake. Taurinuria is greater in nursing animals than in adult controls, but animals of all ages respond to exposure to the low sulfur amino acid intake by conservation of taurine and to the high taurine diet by hyperexcretion of taurine. Taurine uptake at 10 microM by brush border membrane vesicles is influenced by age in all groups and by diet in 14- and 21-day-old animals. A precession of uptake is seen both in terms of initial and peak rate of uptake with the lowest values in 7-day-old animals to the highest in adult. Greater brush border membrane vesicle uptake is found in 14- and 21-day-old rats after exposure to the low sulfur amino acid intake and reduced uptake after the HTD, whereas no dietary influence on uptake was found in 7-day-old rats. Neither the pattern of the time course of uptake nor the uptake values at equilibrium (45 min) are affected by age or diet. Kinetic analyses of concentration dependent uptake show that the maturational process involves a change in the Vmax of initial uptake.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3748662 TI - Dexamethasone increases superoxide dismutase activity in serum-free rat fetal lung organ cultures. AB - Dexamethasone (Dex) injected intraperitoneally to dams on gestational days 19 through 21 significantly enhances the normal late gestational rise of rat pulmonary superoxide dismutase activity. To study if Dex could act directly on lung cells to increase the activity of superoxide dismutase, rat fetal lung organ cultures were established from 21- or 22-day-old pups and maintained in serum free Waymouth 752/1 medium in 95% O2 for 72 h with and without 10 nM Dex in the medium. The cultures increased spontaneously in total superoxide dismutase activity from 17.5 +/- 3.1 to 33.5 +/- 6.2 U/mg DNA during this interval (+90%). The presence of 10 nM Dex caused an increase in enzyme activity to 40.1 +/- 9.3 U/mg DNA (+130%) demonstrating this hormone can act directly on the lung independent of the systemic metabolic consequences of corticosteroid administration. Dex decreased the rate of Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase synthesis (13.5 +/- 3.4 nmol Phe incorporated/mg DNA/h control vs 7.2 +/- 1.6, Dex) and seemed to also decrease the rate of enzyme degradation. PMID- 3748663 TI - Development of the immune system in very low birth weight (less than 1500 g) premature infants: concentrations of plasma immunoglobulins and patterns of infections. AB - Plasma immunoglobulin concentrations of premature infants of birth weight less than 1500 g were measured longitudinally from birth to 10 months chronological age. Infants were divided into two groups based on gestational age (group I: 25 28 wk; group II: 29-32 wk). In the 1st wk of life, plasma IgG levels correlated with gestational age (r = 0.5, p less than 0.001). At 3 months chronological age, the geometric mean plasma IgG levels were 60 mg/dl in group I and 104 mg/dl in group II infants. Most infants remained hypogammaglobulinemic at 6 months with seven of 11 infants in group I and 13 of 21 infants in group II having plasma IgG levels below 200 mg/dl. In the 1st wk of life, plasma IgM concentrations were 7.6 and 9.1 mg/dl in groups I and II, respectively. They rose to 41.8 and 34.7 by 8 to 10 months of life. Plasma IgA concentrations were comparable for groups I and II in the 1st wk of life (1.2 and 0.6 mg/dl, respectively), but at 1 month of age group I infants had a transient increase in IgA which was not seen in the group II infants (4.5 versus 1.9 mg/dl, respectively, p less than 0.02). This transient elevation in IgA did not correlate with type or route of feeding or amounts of transfused blood. Group I and group II infants had comparable rates of infections prior to discharge from the nursery (p = 0.27). After discharge, the 43 preterm infants followed until 10 months chronological age had a significantly higher incidence of infections than 41 term infants (p = 0.04).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3748664 TI - [Congenital arteriovenous fistulas of the extremities]. PMID- 3748665 TI - [Congenital torsion of the penis in children]. PMID- 3748666 TI - [Dextrocardia as a result of congenital anomalies of the respiratory system in children]. PMID- 3748667 TI - [Current methods of treatment of burns in children]. PMID- 3748669 TI - [Treatment of congenital diaphragmatic defects in children]. PMID- 3748668 TI - [Congenital diaphragmatic hernia]. PMID- 3748670 TI - [Salmonella agona infections in infants]. PMID- 3748671 TI - [Curling's ulcer in a 2-year-old girl]. PMID- 3748672 TI - Forensic evaluation of the sexually abused child. AB - Results of a 16-year forensic study of 162 cases are presented. A forensic examination protocol is delineated, laboratory specimens/evidence collection methods given, and an anatomical chart of the prepubescent female genitalia with a pictorial atlas of female abuse trauma provided. The number of child victims per 100,000 at-risk population was static v the population increase and increased v victim's age. More than 80% of all cases and 82.1% of positive cases involved girls. Of all victims, approximately 40% were positive based on history, physical evidence, laboratory evidence, and/or eyewitness deposition. Alleged incestual perpetrators accounted for 21.97% of female and 3.3% of male cases reported and 20% of female and 0% of positive for findings of sexual abuse. PMID- 3748673 TI - Perspectives in adolescent tuberculosis: three decades of experience. AB - Three hundred seventy-one adolescents and young adults, 10 to 20 years of age, were treated for tuberculosis during a 29-year period. There were 258 patients tuberculin positive without disease, 37 with calcifications on chest roentgenographs, and 76 with active tuberculous disease. All patients received chemotherapy. Active tuberculosis was more common in the 10- to 12-year-old patients. The greater number of tuberculin reactors in this age group suggests that endocrine factors related to the onset of puberty may play a role in conversion. No significant sex difference was apparent. Drug toxicity was rarely a problem. Pregnancy subsequent to therapy was not associated with progression or reactivation of disease. Two (possibly three) patients who were properly treated and compliant with the drug regimen had reactivation disease 4 to 14 years later. Cavitary pulmonary disease occurred in the two compliant patients. Meningitis, believed to be tuberculous, occurred in the suspected case. Two of these received isoniazid prophylaxis for skin test conversion only. In one patient, treated with two drugs for primary tuberculosis in the past, tuberculous pneumonia developed later. All three recovered. Although reactivation does occur, it is rare. Because most tuberculin reactors were discovered in the 10- to 12-year age group when screened routinely in high school, this procedure should not be abandoned. PMID- 3748674 TI - Correction of congenital auricular deformities by splinting in the neonatal period. AB - Many congenital ear deformities involve abnormal plical folding. This appears to be a result of deficient intrinsic and extrinsic auricular muscle activity as well as intrauterine pressure effects. These deformities can usually be corrected by appropriate splinting in the neonatal period, a time when estrogen activity is increased and the ear is very malleable. The methods used and the results of treatment are presented. PMID- 3748675 TI - Otitis media in early childhood and its relationship to later verbal and academic performance. AB - The relationship between the occurrence of otitis media with effusion during the first 3 years of life and subsequent verbal and academic performance was examined in 61 socioeconomically disadvantaged children who attended a research day-care program. Study children were participants in a longitudinal study of child development in which the number of episodes of otitis media and duration of each otitis episode were reported prospectively from infancy. The incidence of otitis media was highest during the first 2 years of life. Bilateral otitis media accounted for 66% of the days with otitis media with effusion. Standardized tests of intelligence and academic performance were administered to the children when they were 3 1/2 to 6 years of age. No evidence of associations between measures of early childhood otitis media experience and these measures of verbal or academic functioning was found in this study population. PMID- 3748676 TI - Pediatric education and the care of the person. AB - Pediatric education is preeminently concerned with the care of the person--the child, the parent, and the physician. Such personalized care can no longer be taken for granted. In both its scientific and humanistic qualities, it is being threatened by nonselective cost cutting. These changes will not spare pediatric education. The public, greatly concerned about the humanistic character of today's physicians, needs to better understand that pediatric education is fully committed to being humanistically as well as scientifically responsive to the needs of the times. Pediatrics should be defined as the specialty of growth, development, and adaptation, with adaptation offering a bridge between the biomedical and the psychosocial aspects of child health. Pediatric education needs both long- and short-term views. Opportunities to explore new pediatric roles have become time limited. A national strategic plan for pediatric education is needed. Because it takes more than the residency years to become a seasoned pediatrician, academic departments have a shared responsibility with the American Academy of Pediatrics, at the national and chapter level, to jointly fashion effective and relevant continuing education experiences. PMID- 3748677 TI - Incidence, presentation, and outcome of spinal cord disease in children with systemic cancer. AB - During a 40-month period, in 24 of 643 (4%) newly diagnosed patients with systemic cancer younger than 18 years of age (range: 3 months to 17 years) spinal cord disease developed. Patients with spinal cord disease included 21 children with metastatic spinal cord compression, two with treatment-related transverse myelopathies, and one with an anterior spinal artery stroke. Spinal cord disease occurred in 13 of 102 children (12%) with sarcomas, six of 82 (7%) with neuroblastomas, and four of 94 (4%) with lymphomas. Spinal cord compression occurred as the presenting sign of malignancy in six children (four with sarcomas and two with lymphomas). In the remaining 15 patients, cord compression occurred a median of 13 months after initial diagnosis, and in four patients it occurred at the time of first relapse. Symptoms of metastatic cord compression included back pain in 17 patients (80%), weakness in 14 (67%), sphincter dysfunction in 12 (57%), and sensory abnormalities in three (14%). Findings on plain radiographs of the spine were abnormal in only seven of 20 patients with cord compression, and myelography was needed to differentiate compression from other causes of spinal cord disease. Treatment included high-dose corticosteroids followed by operation (seven patients) or radiotherapy (14 patients). After treatment, nine of 15 nonambulatory patients became ambulatory, and five of 10 incontinent patients regained sphincter control. None of the patients with nonmetastatic spinal cord disease had a satisfactory outcome.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3748678 TI - Alcohol use in primiparous women older than 30 years of age: relation to infant development. AB - The effects of maternal alcohol use on mental development, growth, and dysmorphogenesis was studied in a sample of 1-year-old infants born to elderly primiparous mothers. Alcohol intake was measured using Jessor's AA score and a simple count of maximum number of drinks consumed in one day. Infant cognition was assessed using the Bayley Scale of Mental Development. Alcohol levels prior to, during, and following pregnancy were obtained. Alcohol intake was greatly reduced during pregnancy, returning to pregnancy levels following birth. A significant linear relationship between drinking prior to pregnancy and infant mental development was found. The average mental development score of infants whose mothers consumed less than or equal to 3, 3.3 to 29.7, or greater than or equal to 30 mL (less than or equal to 0.10, 0.11 to 0.99, or greater than or equal to 1.0 average fluid ounces) of absolute alcohol per day was 115, 108, and 95, respectively. Maximum number of drinks consumed in a day related to physical anomalies. No alcohol measure was significantly correlated with condition at birth, postnatal illness, or growth parameters of height, weight, and head circumference at 1 year. Deficits found were less pronounced than those reported in infants with fetal alcohol syndrome. PMID- 3748679 TI - Vascular steal: the pathogenetic mechanism producing sirenomelia and associated defects of the viscera and soft tissues. AB - Dissection of the abdominal vasculature in 11 cases of sirenomelia has demonstrated a pattern of vascular abnormalities that explains the defects usually found in this condition. The common feature is the presence of a single large artery, arising from high in the abdominal cavity, which assumes the function of the umbilical arteries and diverts nutrients from the caudal end of the embryo distal to the level of its origin. The steal vessel derives from the vitelline artery complex, an early embryonic vascular network that supplies the yolk sac. Arteries below the level of this steal vessel are underdeveloped and tissues dependent upon them for nutrient supply fail to develop, are malformed, or arrest in some incomplete stage. In contrast to the prevailing view that sirenomelia arises by posterior fusion of the two developing lower limbs, these studies suggest that the single lower extremity in sirenomelia arises from failure of the lower limb bud field to be cleaved into two lateral masses by an intervening allantois. PMID- 3748680 TI - Relationship of human milk pH during course of lactation to concentrations of citrate and fatty acids. AB - Human milk pH was measured in 309 samples obtained from 52 women who had delivered at term and lactated for as long as 10 months thereafter. The mean pH decreased from 7.45 for colostrum to a nadir of 7.04 during the second week of lactation. Thereafter, the pH of milk remained between 7.0 and 7.1 until 3 months postpartum and then increased gradually to 7.4 by 10 months. The change in hydrogen ion concentration in milk was associated with corresponding changes throughout lactation in the concentration of citrate but not with the concentration of lactose. Lactose concentration increased gradually for 3 weeks; the concentration of saturated medium-chain fatty acids increased more rapidly. One interpretation of these findings is that the hydrogen ions and citrate generated by mammary secretory cell metabolism are used after the second week of lactation for de novo synthesis of fatty acids more rapidly than they are synthesized. Milk samples from ruminants were found to have concentrations of hydrogen ions and citrate that are greater than and pH that is less than the respective measurements in human milk. The significance for the recipient infant of the predictable changes in human milk pH during lactation and of the higher pH of human milk throughout lactation relative to bovine milk is unknown. However, drug excretion into milk, milk enzyme activity, milk leukocyte function, and neonatal gastrointestinal function are affected by ambient pH and may be influenced by the pH of milk. PMID- 3748681 TI - Energy metabolism and substrate utilization in low birth weight neonates under radiant warmers. AB - We evaluated the metabolic response to the thermal demands of an open radiant warmer device, as distinct from convection incubator, in 13 healthy premature infants (1.395 +/- 169 g, 28 +/- 12 days of age, mean +/- SD). Metabolic rate was 10% higher for infants under the radiant warmer than in the incubator (2.60 +/- 0.4 v 2.36 +/- 0.3 kcal/kg/h; P less than .05). The radiant warmer also induced a small (4%), but significant, increase in nonprotein respiratory quotient (0.94 +/ 0.1 v 0.90 +/- 0.1; P less than .05) and a 13% increase in carbon dioxide production (8.26 +/- 1.1 v 7.31 +/- 1.1 mL/kg/min; P less than .05). Subcutaneous fat accumulation (estimated from 60-second skin-fold thickness measurements) was greater under the radiant warmer than in the incubator (0.08 +/- 0.05 v 0.04 +/- 0.04 mm/d; P less than .05). Under the warmer, the infant's mean skin temperatures and core temperatures were normal and similar to those found in the incubator, but the foot temperature was on average 0.6 degrees C cooler. The average rate of weight gain (18 g/kg/d) was the same in the radiant environment. The pattern of the elevated metabolic rate, shift of respiratory quotient coupled with the accumulation of subcutaneous fat, and cool extremities of infants under the radiant warmer may represent a physiologic adaptive response to thermal stress. However, the reasons for the elevated metabolic rate are unclear, because activation of the sympathetic nervous system with the release of catecholamines is not apparently involved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3748682 TI - Constipation and meconium ileus equivalent in patients with cystic fibrosis. AB - Constipation and its complications, particularly meconium ileus equivalent, may become management problems in patients with cystic fibrosis. The medical records of 168 patients with cystic fibrosis were reviewed for the prevalence of constipation and meconium ileus equivalent. Of 168 patients, 54 (32%) had experienced at least one episode of constipation which responded to oral or rectal laxative therapy. In 16 of the study group (9%) meconium ileus equivalent developed. Patients younger than 5 years of age had a lower prevalence and those older than 30 years of age had a much higher prevalence of both conditions. Those with prolonged histories of inadequately controlled steatorrhea appeared to be at higher risk for the eventual development of meconium ileus equivalent. Recurrences and complications of constipation may be avoided by instituting early and aggressive therapy. PMID- 3748683 TI - Utility of rheumatoid factor in the diagnosis of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Rheumatoid factor is commonly used by clinicians to assess children with possible juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. To assess its usefulness, we reviewed the case histories of patients in whom latex agglutinating rheumatoid factor was determined during 1981 to 1982 at our institution. A total of 437 charts were available for review. There were 11 patients with positive tests for rheumatoid factor, of whom five had juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, all polyarticular. A total of 426 children had negative results, of whom 100 had juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. This yields a sensitivity of 4.8% and a specificity of 98%. We then estimated the prevalence of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in three clinical settings: a primary practitioner's office, a tertiary children's hospital walk-in clinic, and a pediatric rheumatology center. The predictive values and marginal benefits for rheumatoid factor were then calculated in those settings using Bayes' theorem. In the two general outpatient settings, the primary practitioner's office and tertiary walk-in clinic, the positive predictive values were 0.7% and 0.5%, respectively; marginal benefits were 0.4% and 0.3%, respectively. Rheumatoid factor testing appeared to be of some benefit in the pediatric rheumatology center with a positive predictive value of 72.5% and marginal benefit of 22.5%. In no case was rheumatoid factor testing helpful in establishing a diagnosis of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis or in ruling it out. Testing for rheumatoid factor is a poor screening procedure for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in the general situations in which it is more likely to be requested and of supportive diagnostic value only in the highly restricted population of older children with polyarticular arthritis. PMID- 3748684 TI - Sibling grief in reaction to sudden infant death syndrome. AB - Much of the literature that exists regarding psychologic outcomes of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) has focused on parental grief or family response; at least two studies suggest that a SIDS death also affected siblings. It is believed that children who experience the death of a sibling due to SIDS do grieve. Factors related to bereavement are the child's age at the time of the sibling's death, special circumstances of the SIDS death, and explanations and grieving response of the parents. However, no information currently exists that characterizes the course of the grief response of these children. Studies have indicated that about 1 year is a normal grieving period for adults. This study was conducted to evaluate the time frame of children's grief response to the death of a sibling from SIDS. A questionnaire was designed that incorporated child grieving behaviors from several sources; 151 questionnaires were distributed to families in which a SIDS death had occurred in the past 16 years in Iowa and Illinois. Information was obtained from 43 families for 50 children who were older than 2 years of age at the time of the sibling's death. With respect to the length of children's grief response, 54% were reported to have grieved longer than 1 year and only 40% were reported to have grieved less than 6 months. Thus, it appears that the length of the grieving response for these children is similar to that described for adults. PMID- 3748685 TI - Patterns of walker use and walker injury. AB - Infant walkers have been described as a cause of unexpected trauma in the first year of life. We conducted a prospective study to determine the mechanism and pattern of walker injuries presenting to an urban pediatric teaching hospital. We also studied the patterns of walker use. All injuries sustained by infants in baby walkers during a 1-year period were reviewed. The 139 injuries included 29 fractures. The most severe injuries were caused by falls down stairs; these falls accounted for 123 of the injuries. Stair gates were present in one third of all falls. At follow-up 2 months later, two thirds of the children had been in the walker subsequent to the injury. One third were still in the walker at 2 months after their initial injury. Less than half of the homes that had not had stair gates in place had acquired them at the time of follow-up. Baby walkers represent a cause of significant injury in the infant population; studies of warning labels and anticipatory guidance are needed. PMID- 3748686 TI - Earring aspiration and other jewelry hazards. AB - Jewelry wearing among very young children is increasing. Ear piercing is being practiced even in neonates. Accompanying these phenomena is the ever-present risk of ingestions and aspirations of small jewelry items, notably earring pieces. We present two cases that illustrate some of the real and potential hazards of these small jewelry pieces. Relatively safe jewelry items and specific safety measures are discussed. PMID- 3748687 TI - Morbidity following minor head trauma in children. AB - Head trauma, the most common form of accidental injury among children, is a source of concern for parents and pediatricians. Parents worry about a child's loss of intellectual function. Pediatricians often see the well-documented sequelae of severe head trauma as a basis for parental instructions on observation of a child after minor head injury. A prospective study of 321 children, 6 months to 14 years of age, who had sustained minor head injury within the previous 24 hours was conducted in the emergency department of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Parents of all children completed a ten-minute triage questionnaire and received discharge instructions after their child had received standard medical management. One month after the injury, a questionnaire was administered in a telephone interview to assess the child's physical health status, social or functional limitations, and behavior problems. Physical morbidity was rare, and headache, the most frequent complaint, occurred in only 7% of the children. However, parents reported substantial functional morbidity, and there were significantly more behavioral problems in the 2- to 14-year-old head trauma patients than reported for the standard normal population. Therefore, children who have sustained minor head trauma manifest substantial functional morbidity despite the rarity of physical sequelae. This functional morbidity probably reflects parental overreaction and possibly family dysfunction. It is recommended that pediatricians who have determined that a child's head injury is mild should focus parental education on the rarity of physical sequelae and the importance of the child's returning to a normal routine. PMID- 3748688 TI - Lessons from the E-Ferol tragedy. PMID- 3748689 TI - Swallowing syncope in a child. PMID- 3748690 TI - Cultural "iatrogenic" cleft palate. PMID- 3748691 TI - Eosinophilic fasciitis presenting as inflammatory polyarthritis. AB - Eosinophilic fasciitis is an uncommon disorder characterized by peripheral blood eosinophilia, hypergammaglobulinemia, and scleroderma-like inflammation of skin and fascia. Joint contractures occur but typically without synovitis and effusion. Our patient presented with symmetric polyarthritis and subsequently characteristic features of eosinophilic fasciitis developed. It is important to consider this disorder in patients presenting with arthritis as well as those presenting with skin changes because prior treatment with corticosteroids can alter biopsy findings, leading to diagnostic confusion, and possible adverse effects on the long-term treatment regimen. PMID- 3748692 TI - Severe reactivation of sunburn following methotrexate use. PMID- 3748693 TI - Light and retinopathy of prematurity: what is prudent for 1986? PMID- 3748695 TI - American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Adolescence: Sexuality, contraception, and the media. PMID- 3748694 TI - American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition: Prudent life-style for children: dietary fat and cholesterol. PMID- 3748696 TI - American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Early Childhood, Adoption, and Dependent Care: Oral and dental aspects of child abuse and neglect. PMID- 3748697 TI - Doxapram and potential benzyl alcohol toxicity: a moratorium on clinical investigation? PMID- 3748698 TI - Ionized calcium, cardiac function, and electrocardiogram in preterm neonates. PMID- 3748699 TI - Comprehensive asthma care reduces hospitalization. PMID- 3748700 TI - Leukemia and hemophilia. PMID- 3748701 TI - Pleiotropy versus heterogeneity in Proteus syndrome. PMID- 3748703 TI - Overinterpreting sleep problems. PMID- 3748702 TI - Hazards of baby powder. PMID- 3748704 TI - [Non-paroxysmal (long-term) ectopic tachycardia in children]. PMID- 3748705 TI - [Electrophysiological studies of the heart in the differential diagnosis of syncopal conditions in children]. PMID- 3748706 TI - [Bradycardia-short PQ interval syndrome]. PMID- 3748707 TI - [Effect of motor activity on the incidence of cardiac rhythm disorders, vegetative homeostasis and physical work capacity of schoolchildren with arrhythmia]. PMID- 3748708 TI - [Clinico-echocardiographic characteristics of myocardial lesions in infants]. PMID- 3748709 TI - [Echocardiography in bronchial asthma in children]. PMID- 3748710 TI - [Status of microcirculation in patients with congenital heart defects associated with left-to-right shunt]. PMID- 3748711 TI - [Child Care Day]. PMID- 3748713 TI - [Value of dermatoglyphics in clinical practice]. PMID- 3748712 TI - [Neurohumoral regulation of the cardiovascular system and the status of metabolic processes in adolescents at high risk of developing ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 3748714 TI - [Hereditary and environmental factors in the formation of phenotypes of physical development in children under 1 year of age]. PMID- 3748716 TI - [Clinical variants of isolated mitral valve prolapse in children]. PMID- 3748715 TI - [Various difficulties in the diagnosis of rheumatism]. PMID- 3748718 TI - [Current problems of pharmacotherapy in pediatrics]. PMID- 3748717 TI - [Fucidin in the surgical treatment of acute suppurative destruction of the lungs in children]. PMID- 3748719 TI - [Experience with ambulatory care of children with unfavorable premorbid conditions]. PMID- 3748720 TI - [Problems of the ambulatory care of children in the digestive disease risk groups]. PMID- 3748721 TI - [Different methods of heparin therapy in glomerulonephritis in children]. PMID- 3748722 TI - [Gasterophilus-induced myiasis in children]. PMID- 3748723 TI - [Changes in the hemodynamics and respiratory functions in children during the 1st year after lung resection]. PMID- 3748724 TI - Onset and termination of accessory facial movements during stuttering. AB - In this study the onset and offset times of seven types of accessory facial movements during oral and silent prolongations were described in three severe stutterers. For each observed facial movement the onset and offset times were determined by means of slow motion analysis of video-recorded speech samples. For two of the three subjects significant differences in the onset and offset times at the various facial movements were found; however, no consistent patterns in the separate facial movements could be observed. On the contrary, the onset of most facial movements appeared to be located at the very start and their offset at the end of the stuttering moment. The implications of these findings with respect to the function of accessory facial movements in stuttering are discussed. PMID- 3748725 TI - Reaction and movement times in men of different ages: a population study. AB - Tests of psychomotor and motor speed at different levels of complexity were studied in random samples of men aged 31 to 35, 51 to 55, and 71 to 75 yr. The study was performed as a part of a larger research project on health and functional aging. Analyses indicated significantly slower responses among older men at all levels of test complexity (maximal knee extension velocity, tapping rate, simple and choice reaction and movement times). There were marked differences both between the youngest and the middle-aged groups and between the middle-aged and the oldest groups. Within the age groups high psychomotor and motor speed were associated with a favourable functioning of certain senses (vibration sensitivity and postural balance), with a high isometric muscular force, and with a high directly assessed aerobic capacity. The most important covariants of the speed functions within the age groups were, however, cognitive performance, length of education, and perceived health. PMID- 3748726 TI - Can learning disabled students effectively use separate answer sheets? AB - 101 regular class and learning disabled students were administered three subtests of the Comprehensive Test of Basic Skills for which all correct answers had been identified in the students' test booklet. Analysis of the completed separate answer sheets indicated that learning disabled students answered fewer total items than their nondisabled peers but did not differ with respect to percent of items answered correctly. In addition, nonsignificant differences were found for number of answer spaces filled in outside the line. Implications for further research and training are given. PMID- 3748727 TI - Evidence for early extraction of emergent properties in visual perception: a replication. AB - In conditions precluding focused attention, illusory conjunctions of triangles were more frequent when the emergent characteristic of closure was present in the display together with the component parts than when it was not. This replicates Treisman and Paterson's 1984 result, which is the strongest evidence available in favor of the notion of an early extraction of emergent properties. PMID- 3748728 TI - Prediction of differences in Rorschach protocols from the Personality Assessment System. AB - The Personality Assessment System (PAS) is derived from certain subtest scores on any Wechsler test by rather simple calculations. It purports to measure, among other personality attributes, developmental changes in the Internalized Externalized (I-E) dimension of personality, which is akin to the Introversion Extroversion construct reflected by some Rorschach measures. PAS scores from a tightly defined sample of normal adults were contrasted with Experience Balance (EB) and Body-image (B) scores derived from Rorschach protocols by "blind" scorers. Significant relations were found between EB ratios produced via the Exner and Klopfer scoring systems and the primitive (early childhood) I-E scores from the PAS. The B scores produced by the Body Image scoring system were related to the basic (adolescent) I-E PAS scores. Although significant, the PAS-Rorschach correlations were relatively poor, in part because it was difficult to define the center of the internalization-externalization continuum in terms of the Rorschach protocols. It is, nevertheless, provocative that traditional scorings of the Rorschach responses of adults assess differences not only in this personality trait, but also in its development, as determined from scaled scores on Wechsler subtests. PMID- 3748729 TI - Contribution of figural proportion, figural memory, figure-ground perception and severity of hearing loss to performance on spatial tests. AB - 348 adolescents, 176 male and 172 female, were administered six different spatial tests. Awareness of figural proportion, figural memory, and figure-ground perception contributed significantly to performance on spatial visualization tests but not to performance on spatial orientation tests. Similarly, severity of hearing loss was correlated with scores on visualization tests but not on spatial orientation tests. PMID- 3748730 TI - Interrelationships among three measures of preference for cognitive style based on hemisphere specialization theory. AB - Right and left cerebral hemisphere and limbic scores derived from the Herrmann Brain Dominance Profile were correlated with left, right, and integrated scores from the Torrance-Reynolds Your Style of Learning and Thinking and four cognitive style scores from the Kolb Learning Style Inventory. Coefficients from 40 students in occupational therapy indicated low moderate positive relationships between like-named hemisphere scores, lack of significant relationships between cognitive style and two independent measures of hemispheric preference, and relative independence of preferred hemisphere mode as well as relative independence between cerebral and limbic systems. The data are interpreted as requiring cautious concern about the validity of these measures by potential users. PMID- 3748731 TI - Perceptual ambiguity and stability of reversible figures. AB - In this work, the results of two experiments on ambiguous patterns are reported, which have been obtained by presenting a series of stimuli designed, in both cases, to reduce gradually the ambiguity of the patterns. Such reduction has been performed by respectively increasing or decreasing the amount of graphic details in the experiments. Data of both experiments show a lengthening of mean reversal time. The increase in the stability of one percept can be regarded as associated with the increasing difficulties encountered by an observer in organizing and restating the alternative "hypothesis" through the perceptual mechanisms. The loss of balance in the durations of percepts is discussed in terms of their different informational contents. Finally, in Exp. 1 an analysis is made to evaluate to what extent an addition of perceptual cues, designed to reinforce a three-dimensional interpretation of a pattern, can influence its figure-ground alternation. PMID- 3748732 TI - Effect of physical stimulation on motor inhibition in children. AB - The effect of physical stimulation on motor inhibition and cognitive performance of 70 third-grade children was examined. 46 subjects participated in a brief, but strenuous obstacle course. Their performance on two motor inhibition tasks, a short-term memory/attentional task, and a test assessing reflectivity was assessed before the stimulation, immediately afterward, and again after a 30-min. delay. A control group (n = 24) received comparable experience without the physical intervention. Physical stimulation facilitated fine motor inhibition at both the immediate and delayed retest. The intervention interfered with an apparent practice effect on the attentional task. No condition effects were noted for gross motor performance or reflectivity, although girls were significantly more reflective at retest. It is proposed that physical stimulation augments certain aspects of inhibitory control in children. PMID- 3748733 TI - Variability of voice fundamental frequency in elderly female speakers. AB - Three groups of women, of mean age 21, 72, and 84 yr. (ns = 34, 17, 17), were tape-recorded while describing the "Cookie Thief" picture of the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Test. Voice fundamental frequency (fo) was measured for a 30 sec. sample from the middle of their descriptions. Analysis showed that the two elderly groups' mean fo was significantly lower than the younger females', but no differences between means were significant for the older groups. Similar findings were obtained for variability of performance. Also, the older groups were more restricted in their vocal maneuvering below their average fo. Compared to past findings showing greater fo variability during reading, the current data suggest that the magnitude of variability of fo in elderly women is dependent upon both the vocal parameters measured and the method used to obtain the data. PMID- 3748734 TI - Effects of gross motor training on attention-deficit behavior in one learning disabled child. AB - The effects of gross motor training on attention-deficit behavior of one learning disabled boy were studied. An A-B-A-B reversal design was used with motor training administered during B phases and no motor training administered during A phases. At the end of each phase, data on motor coordination, self-concept, locus of control, and attention deficit were collected. Motor coordination, self concept, locus of control, and teacher's ratings of attention-deficit behavior were more positive at the end of B phases than at the end of immediately previous A phases. Mother's ratings of attention-deficit were also more positive at the end of the first B phase than at the end of the first A phase but worsened from the end of the second A phase to the end of the second B phase. PMID- 3748735 TI - Signal-detection analysis of recognition memory of obese subjects. AB - Obese and normal-weight subjects were run on a series of recognition-memory tasks with low and high meaningful CVC trigrams. Subjects received feedback or no feedback regarding the appropriateness of their answers during testing for recognition memory. A signal-detection analysis was used to examine a relatively pure index of memory (d') as compared to response-bias factors [Ln (beta)]. No significant main effect on memory of obese and control subjects was noted although a significant interaction indicated that obese subjects' memory increases over trials in a differential fashion from normal-weight individuals with poorer performance among the obese after 3 trials. Feedback facilitated memory for both groups. Analysis of response criteria [Ln (beta)] showed no significant difference between groups. Highly meaningful trigrams had a significantly lower response criterion than low meaningful trigrams and there was a significant interaction of meaningfulness by trials. An interaction of feedback by meaningfulness was also present. Advantages of using a signal-detection analysis in memory studies comparing obese and normal weight subjects are discussed. Ramifications of the present data for the internality/externality hypothesis of obesity are also discussed. PMID- 3748736 TI - Maximization of biofeedback following cognitive stress preselection in generalized anxiety. AB - 53 subjects, who scored high on an anxiety check list, were evaluated for their responsiveness to relaxation exercises and biofeedback. Each subject was cognitively stressed prior to the training phase by imagining anxiety-provoking situations. Analysis was done on pertaining/posttraining anxiety scores and physiological parameters (galvanic skin response, differences in finger temperature, and frontalis muscle activity). Subjects given feedback corresponding to that physiological parameter which changed the most when stressed, maximized that feedback more than subjects receiving nonrelevant or no feedback. All groups reported significant reductions in anxiety symptoms. Follow up analysis 15 mo. later showed 76% of the subjects were still symptom-free for anxiety regardless of type of feedback received. PMID- 3748737 TI - Change in perceived size with figure-ground reversal. PMID- 3748738 TI - Validation of two cognitive measures to assess field-dependence/independence. AB - The administration and scoring procedures for the Articulation of the Body concept Scale and the Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test were adapted to assess 3- to 8-yr.-old children's magnitude of field-dependence/independence. 300 3- to 5-yr. old and 480 6- and 8-yr.-old children were administered the appropriate forms of the Embedded Figures Test, Articulation of the Body-concept Scale, and Goodenough Harris Drawing Test. High reliability and validity estimates were found using a variety of procedures. Scores on these tests were correlated with each other to find the relationships among the tests for both the preschool and primary children. Correlations for the preschool children were stronger than those for the primary children. However, the results support the hypothesis that the administration and scoring procedures for the Articulation of the Body-concept Scale and the Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test can be used to determine preschool and primary children's field-dependence/independence. PMID- 3748739 TI - Early recollections of women preparing for nursing careers. AB - Early recollections of 35 nursing students were significantly different from those of a group of 38 nonnursing majors. Recollections of nursing students suggested more mastery and vigorous physical movements. The settings of the incidents of nursing students were less frequently inside their homes. Recollections of nursing students suggest that their actions are usually the results of their own decisions. If confirmed on cross-validation with larger and varied samples, such indicators might be used with other sources of information for vocational counseling. PMID- 3748740 TI - Field-dependence/independence: ability in relation to mobility-fixity. AB - Previous authors have pointed out that, while the classic Rod-and-Frame Test (RFT) yields a measure of ability to perform field-independently, it is unsuitable for identifying stylistic preference, such as mobility-fixity within the field-dependence/independence dimension. To relate mobility-fixity and ability aspects of field-dependence/independence, we compared data obtained from two versions of the test: one with a "free" instruction, on which the subjects were invited to adjust the rod to any position(s) they preferred on each of 10 trials and a process-oriented version (RFT-P), involving 20 trials with the standard instruction but with a constant rod-and-frame configuration, making possible analysis of the process of adaptation. Mobility versus fixity was defined in terms of more or less frequent changes of rod positions and choice of a high or a low proportion of nongeometrical positions in the RFT-Free. 38 female and 23 male university students completed first the RFT-Free and thereafter the RFT-Process. Women were more field-dependent than men throughout the RFT-Process trials; there were no differences between the sexes over trials or in choice of positions in the RFT-Free. Compared with field-dependent subjects, field independent subjects more often changed rod positions in the RFT-Free and preferred nongeometrical positions somewhat more. Among field-independent subjects, those with consistently low deviations in RFT-Process more often preferred a variety of nongeometrical positions in RFT-Free than did those with gradually increasing deviations. We conclude that field-independence is associated with mobility and field-dependence with fixity, as defined by the RFT Free variables, and that a prerequisite for high mobility is a relative stability of field-independence as reflected on the RFT-Process. Theoretical implications of this conclusion are discussed. PMID- 3748741 TI - Validation of a simple method of assessing cardiac preejection period: a potential index of sympathetic nervous system activity. AB - Traditional noninvasive assessment of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity in cardiovascular functioning has been confounded by concurrent parasympathetic influences. Analyses of specific intervals of the cardiac cycle have indicated that the systolic preejection period (PEP) may serve as a reliable index of SNS activity independent of parasympathetic inhibition. In the present study, PEP values derived from a technique employing peripheral pulse wave tracings were compared to values obtained from simultaneous impedance cardiograph recordings. Recordings were made on 15 male subjects who were instructed to rest quietly sitting in an upright position. Results indicated that values obtained from both methods were highly correlated and not significantly different when measurement adjustments on total systole were taken into account. These findings support the validity of the fingertip peripheral-pulse method in obtaining measures of systolic time intervals under resting conditions. PMID- 3748742 TI - Synchronization and knowledge of results in a ventilatory motor task. AB - The ability of healthy subjects to adopt a given value of inspiratory duration (TI) was examined in two different conditions: a knowledge condition in which subjects were informed of their performance on TI and synchronization of subjects' breathing rate to a periodic visual signal. The target value of TI was computed individually, by the same formula for all subjects in both procedures. 40 subjects were tested in a double-transfer design; each subject participated in two sessions 24 hr. apart. In addition to previous results showing better retention of the ventilatory task in subjects following the knowledge procedure after 24 hr., this study also shows better performance in this condition. No transfer could be evidenced, suggesting low similarity between the two tasks in spite of the fact that the resulting breathing patterns were nearly identical. The influence of the magnitude of the target on performance was also investigated. PMID- 3748743 TI - Relationship of field dependence-independence to documentation of nursing-process components by registered nurses in a clinical setting. AB - Scores on the Group Embedded Figures Test of 56 registered staff nurses were correlated with percentage of components of nursing process documented on care plans and progress notes. Education, age, and work experience were control variables. The mean embedded figures scores for associate degree, diploma, and baccalaureate nurses were 11.47, 9.47, and 12.83, respectively. Baccalaureate nurses had the most success in documenting components and diploma nurses had the least. A significant correlation was observed between test scores and percentage of nursing process chains completed by diploma nurses. For associate-degree nurses, a significant inverse correlation was observed between test scores and percentage of components used and percentage of chains with a nursing diagnosis. PMID- 3748744 TI - Students Perception of Ability Scale: comparison of scores for gifted, average, and learning disabled students. AB - On the Student's Perception of Ability Scale, comparison of scores for gifted, average, and learning disabled students differentiated the groups, thereby providing some construct validity as well as confirming the ceiling is high enough for use. PMID- 3748745 TI - Cigarette smoking, urinary acidity, and nicotine excretion under natural conditions. AB - For 40 males who smoked 20 cigarettes a day titratable acidity of the urine was significantly correlated with nicotine/cotinine excretion at several sample intervals, as was urinary pH, but not urinary acidity and daily cigarette consumption or serum COHB. PMID- 3748746 TI - Effects of exposure to psychophysical scaling on lingual vibrotactile magnitude estimation and magnitude production. AB - The purpose of the present study was to determine if the results obtained by the scaling methods of magnitude estimation and magnitude production could be influenced by providing subjects with prior exposure to psychophysical scaling in the form of magnitude estimation or magnitude production. Group 1 (n = 10, Mage = 21.1 yr.) performed lingual vibrotactile-magnitude estimation followed by lingual vibrotactile magnitude production. Group 2 (n = 10, Mage = 19.7 yr.) performed lingual vibrotactile-magnitude production (using the magnitude-estimation responses provided by Group 1), followed by lingual vibrotactile-magnitude estimation. For the magnitude estimations there was no over-all statistically significant difference between the two groups, but there was for the magnitude production values. Magnitude-estimation scaling was apparently not influenced by prior exposure to magnitude production, while magnitude-production scaling was influenced by prior exposure to magnitude estimation. The results are discussed in terms of how subjective scaling behavior in psychophysical experimentation may be influenced by the interaction between an absolute internal scaling mechanism and parameters set by the experimenter, such as scaling method and range of stimulus intensity. PMID- 3748747 TI - Sex differences in categorization of tactile stimuli. AB - This experiment investigated the effect of sex differences in categorization of tactile stimuli. 9 men and 9 women rated the perceived similarity between pairs of stimuli varying in texture and shape. The magnitudes of sex-related differences, using omega 2 and d, were relatively large and indicated that men had better categorical abilities in processing haptic information. PMID- 3748748 TI - Changes in heart rate during feedback control of respiration. AB - Subjects received one of eight treatments: practice at increasing heart rate with heart-rate feedback, practice at decreasing heart rate with heart-rate feedback, practice at increasing heart rate without heart-rate feedback, practice at decreasing heart rate without heart-rate feedback, practice at increasing respiration rate with respiratory feedback, practice at decreasing respiration rate with respiratory feedback, practice at increasing respiration rate with respiratory instructions only, practice at decreasing respiration rate with respiratory instructions only. Heart rate, Respiration rate, and Respiration depth were measured. Analysis indicated that subjects who controlled respiration with respiratory feedback reliably increased and decreased heart rate; subjects who controlled respiration with respiratory instructions only reliably increased but not decreased heart rate; subjects in the respiratory-feedback conditions showed higher heart-rate increase and decrease than heart-rate increase and decrease of subjects in the other six conditions. PMID- 3748749 TI - Implementation of a token economy by peer tutors to increase on-task physical activity time of autistic children. AB - The data generated in this study were graphed for visual inspection of the raw data and means. Of the 5 subjects, 4 improved their time on task on the balance beam in at least one of the intervention phases. The other subject did not improve during the intervention phases but, there was a positive slope in the final intervention phase which might have continued had the intervention been longer. Further study is required. PMID- 3748750 TI - Alcohol and vigilance performance: effect of small doses of alcohol on simple auditory reaction time. AB - This study explored whether a small dose of alcohol (0.67 ml/kg) would affect simple auditory RT as developed with time on task in a vigilance setting. Analysis indicated that absolute levels were not affected and no interaction with time on task was evident. Alcohol did, however, increase both number and mean duration of the extreme long reactions but this effect was not related to time on task. It was concluded that in many applied situations this effect of small alcohol doses may be critical. PMID- 3748751 TI - The contributions of smell and taste to overall intensity: a model. PMID- 3748752 TI - The effect of 3-D orientation and stretches on the detection of dotted planes. PMID- 3748753 TI - Within-set discriminations in a consistent mapping search task. PMID- 3748754 TI - Mixed-modality psychophysical scaling: double cross-modality matching for "difficult" continua. PMID- 3748755 TI - "Seeing" shapes that are almost totally occluded: a new look at Parks's camel. PMID- 3748756 TI - The effect of speed-accuracy tradeoff on sex differences in mental rotation. PMID- 3748757 TI - Imitation and production of interval ratios. PMID- 3748758 TI - Group movement produced by the short-range process. PMID- 3748759 TI - The basis of the Poggendorff effect: an additional clue for Day and Kasperczyk. PMID- 3748760 TI - Sighting dominance and utrocular discrimination. PMID- 3748761 TI - Distortions and deletions: word-initial consonant specificity in fluent speech. PMID- 3748762 TI - Subjective duration of simultaneous events. PMID- 3748763 TI - A motion aftereffect for long-range stroboscopic apparent motion. PMID- 3748764 TI - Visual lobe dimensions and search performance for targets on a competing homogeneous background. PMID- 3748765 TI - Recognition masking of auditory duration. PMID- 3748766 TI - Range and sequence effects in judgment. PMID- 3748767 TI - The startle response as an indicator of temporal summation. PMID- 3748768 TI - The auditory tau and kappa effects for speech and nonspeech stimuli. PMID- 3748769 TI - New horizons in psychoanalysis: treatment of necrosistic personality disorders. PMID- 3748770 TI - The impossible in medicine. PMID- 3748771 TI - Fluoride, the environment, and human health. PMID- 3748772 TI - Children's stories and adult attitudes toward the use of animals in biomedical research and testing. PMID- 3748773 TI - Varieties of imposture. PMID- 3748774 TI - "There was this one guy ...": the uses of anecdotes in medicine. PMID- 3748775 TI - Magnetic cortical responses evoked by tactile stimulation of the middle finger in man. AB - Topographic distribution of cerebral magnetic responses to air-puff stimulation of the hairy skin of the middle finger was studied in healthy humans. The magnetic response was biphasic, with peak amplitudes at 57 +/- 16 ms and 108 +/- 34 ms. The field distributions for both deflections were interpreted in terms of equivalent current dipole sources at SI; the sources were different for the two deflections, although spatially close to each other. The electric evoked response was more complex in waveform, possibly reflecting activation of additional radial or deep current sources. PMID- 3748776 TI - Apparent chloride conductance of subconfluent Madin Darby canine kidney cells. AB - In incompletely confluent Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK)-cells continuous measurements of the potential difference across the cell membrane (PD) were made with conventional microelectrodes during rapid changes of extracellular chloride concentration. During control conditions mimicking in vivo situation, PD averages -50.3 +/- 0.7 mV. Reduction of extracellular chloride concentration from 122 mmol/l to 64.5 mmol/l depolarizes the cell membrane by +1.8 +/- 0.2 mV while reduction to 16 mmol/l leads to a transient, variable depolarization followed by a hyperpolarization of the cell membrane by -11.8 +/- 1.4 mV. 1 mmol/l anthracene 9-COOH hyperpolarizes the cell membrane by -10.7 +/- 1.0 mV, and abolishes the effect of altered extracellular chloride concentration (-0.6 +/- 0.5 mV), 1 mumol/l diphenylamine-2-carboxylate hyperpolarizes the cell membrane by -11.7 +/- 1.4 mV. 10 mumol/l furosemide hyperpolarize the cell membrane by -11.4 +/- 1.4 mV. Step increases of extracellular potassium concentration from 5.4 to 20 mmol/l depolarize the cell membrane by +14.9 +/- 1.0 mV in the absence of inhibitors, by +24.2 +/- 1.3 mV in the presence of anthracene-9-COOH and by +28.8 +/- 0.7 mV in the presence of furosemide. 10 mumol/l isoproterenol depolarize the cell membrane by +2.4 +/- 0.3 mV and increase the depolarizing effect of reducing extracellular chloride concentration to 64.5 mmol/l (+2.9 +/- 0.4 mV). 1 mumol/l forskolin depolarizes the cell membrane by +5.8 +/- 1.0 mV. In conclusion, chloride conductance of subconfluent MDCK-cells may be small during control conditions, is apparently decreased by anthracene-9-COOH and reduction of extracellular chloride concentration but is enhanced by isoproterenol. PMID- 3748777 TI - Calcium action potentials in cultured adrenocortical cells. AB - Membrane potential has been recorded in Y-1 adrenocortical cells with intracellular microelectrodes. Resting potential averaged -68 +/- 13 mV (n = 63). Cells were silent at rest but depolarization by current pulses evoked repetitive action potentials of 80-120 mV amplitude and variable duration (between 10-300 ms). Action potentials were unaffected by removal of external Na or addition of TTX, however they were completely abolished by substitution of external Ca by Co. In Ca-free solutions with 2.4 mM Ba, action potentials had a lower threshold and lasted for the whole duration of the current pulse. PMID- 3748778 TI - Effects of skin temperature on cold defense after cutaneous denervation of the trunk. AB - In intact goats the core temperature threshold below which heat production increases with falling core temperature, is inversely related to the temperature of the water bath in which they stand and is therefore assumed to be indicative of the central integration of signals from skin and core temperature receptors. The present study shows that a difference in core temperature thresholds for bath temperatures of 35 degrees C and 40 degrees C persisted after denervation of about two-thirds of the skin of the trunk and limbs. Also, for a given combination of skin and core temperatures, heat production was as great or greater after cutaneous denervation as before. It is concluded that, following denervation of the trunk and upper limbs, intact temperature receptors in the non denervated skin of the legs and tail, and/or also in tissues between the skin and core, provide important and significant inputs to the temperature regulating system. But these inputs cannot explain fully the thermoregulatory responses observed unless it is assumed that the thermosensitivity of these tissues increased. PMID- 3748779 TI - Modifications in the histochemical and biochemical changes in tenotomized rat soleus by denervation. AB - Response of tenotomized rat soleus muscle to denervation performed at different time intervals, has been investigated. Tenotomized muscles showed typical central core lesions seven days post-operatively. These were not observed in m-ATPase stained sections of simultaneously denervated and tenotomized muscles, and muscles denervated 24 h after tenotomy. Central core lesions were not prevented in muscles denervated 28 h after tenotomy, indicating that tenotomy effects responsible for central lesions are completed by this time. Myosin light chain pattern of muscles denervated 28 h after tenotomy, and tenotomized only were similar showing increased LC3/LC1 ratio. Simultaneously denervated and tenotomized muscle however showed all the three light chains relatively equal in quantity. The results suggest that elimination of neural activation within 28 h prevents myofibrillar loss and minimized other changes which occur due to tenotomy. PMID- 3748780 TI - Reflex prolongation of stage I of expiration. AB - Experiments were performed on anesthetized cats to test the theory that the interval between phrenic bursts is comprised of two phases, stage I and stage II of expiration. Evidence that these represent two separate neural phases of the central respiratory rhythm was provided by the extent to which stage duration is controlled individually when tested by superior laryngeal, vagus and carotid sinus nerve stimulation. Membrane potential trajectories of bulbar postinspiratory neurons were used to identify the timing of respiratory phases. Stimulation of the superior laryngeal, vagus and carotid sinus nerves during stage I of expiration prolonged the period of depolarization in postinspiratory neurons without significantly changing the durations of either stage II expiratory or inspiratory inhibition, indicating a fairly selective prolongation of the first stage of expiration. Changes in subglottic pressure, insufflation of smoke into the upper airway, application of water to the larynx or rapid inflation of the lungs produced similar effects. Sustained tetanic stimulation of superior laryngeal and vagus nerves arrested the respiratory rhythm in stage I of expiration. Membrane potentials in postinspiratory, inspiratory and expiratory neurons were indicative of a prolonged postinspiratory period. Thus, such an arrhythmia can be described as a postinspiratory apneic state of the central oscillator. The effects of carotid sinus nerve stimulation reversed when the stimulus was applied during stage II expiration. This was accompanied by corresponding changes in the membrane potential trajectories in postinspiratory neurons. The results manifest a ternary central respiratory cycle with two individually controlled phases occurring between inspiratory bursts. PMID- 3748781 TI - Excretion-retention data of steady state gas exchange in tidal breathing. I. Dependency on the blood-gas partition coefficient. AB - The aim of this study is to investigate the steady state gas transfer properties of the lungs. These properties can be derived from excretion-retention (E-R) data of inert tracer gases that are infused intravenously. E = PE/Pv and R = Pa/Pv, where PE, Pa and Pv represent the partial pressures of the tracer gases in mixed expired gas, arterial blood and mixed venous blood, respectively. In this paper, special attention is paid to the effects of tidal breathing on E-R data sets of tracer gases with different blood-gas partition coefficients. To that end, E-R data sets have been simulated with a lung model that takes into account tidal breathing, the morphometric geometry of the airways, diffusion limited gas mixing and gas dissolved in superficial lung tissue. The simulated E-R data sets are compared with E-R data sets obtained from anaesthetized dogs. Both the simulated E-R data sets and most of the in vivo determined E-R data sets are incompatible with a model description of pulmonary gas transfer with parallel placed compartments with different ventilation-perfusion ratios. Concerning the simulated E-R data sets, this incompatibility is due to the large buffering capacity of lung tissue for highly soluble gases in combination with the within breath partial pressure oscillations in the airways. PMID- 3748782 TI - Excretion-retention data of steady state gas exchange in tidal breathing. II. Dependency on the diffusion coefficient. AB - The steady state gas transfer properties of the lung can be derived from excretion-retention (E-R) data of inert tracer gases that are infused intravenously. E = PE/Pv and R = Pa/Pv, where PE, Pa and Pv represent the partial pressures of the tracer gases in mixed expired gas, arterial blood and mixed venous blood, respectively. In this paper, we investigate the influence of diffusive gas mixing in the lung on E and R. To that end, E-R data sets were simulated with a lung model that takes into account tidal breathing, the morphometric geometry of the airways, diffusion limited gas mixing in the alveolar space and gas dissolved in superficial lung tissue. The results show a linear relationship between R/E and D-0.5, where D represents the diffusion coefficient of the tracer gases in the alveolar gas mixture. This is in contrast to the results of simulations with a lung model that describes the different gas transport mechanisms, including diffusion, as a constant rate process, where a linear relationship between R/E and D-1 is predicted. It is further shown that E R data of helium and sulphur hexafluoride cannot be used to demonstrate diffusion limited gas mixing in the lung, in particular, in the presence of a real shunt fraction. For that purpose, excretion data of pairs of tracer gases with different D but equal, medium blood-gas partition coefficients (1 less than lambda less than 30) should be used. For such pairs of tracer gases, the E values may differ by more than 10% when the D values for the two gases are 0.22 and 0.1 cm2s-1, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3748783 TI - Hexose transport by chicken cecum during development. AB - Hexose accumulation during development has been studied in tissue slices from chicken cecum. The age of birds ranged from 0 to 7 weeks after hatch. Ceca were divided into six portions according to their situation either proximal (PC), medial (MC) or distal (DC) to the ileocecal junction. In 0-day-old chicks all segments can accumulate 3-O-methyl-D-glucose (0.5 mmol/l) against a concentration gradient through a phloridzin-sensitive mechanism. Cumulative capacity is lower in DC than in PC and declines with development. Distal segments lose sugar transport ability 1-2 days after hatch whereas the medial region retains some concentrative ability in older birds. In 7-week chickens, PC slices have a similar cumulative ability to that of jejunum (yolk sac region). Kinetic studies showed that in PC the apparent Km for phloridzin-sensitive transport was half that in 1-day- than in 7-week-old birds; apparent Vm increased by 50% in this time range. The ability to transport sugars by the cecum was further confirmed in isolated enterocytes from 5- to 7-week-old chickens using alpha-methyl-D glucoside (0.1 mmol/l) as substrate. Cell sugar concentration was greater in PC than in jejunal cells and jejunal greater than MC enterocytes. Sugar present in cells from DC was the same as in phloridzin-treated cells. It is concluded that cecal epithelium may play a significant role in the absorption of sugars during development. PMID- 3748784 TI - An analysis of glomerular-tubular balance in the rat proximal tubule. AB - An analysis of glomerulo-tubular balance in the rat proximal tubule. Flow dependence of absolute proximal reabsorption (APR) or glomerulo-tubular balance (GTB) has been observed with spontaneous alterations in flow and attributed to both intraluminal and extraluminal factors. Flow dependent alterations in APR were demonstrated when 1. nephron filtration rate (SNGFR) was decreased by tubulo glomerular feedback mechanisms by increasing late proximal tubular microperfusion rates, and 2. when SNGFR was increased by addition of [Sar1, Ala8] angiotensin II to the adjacent peritubular capillary flow. Selective reduction in early proximal tubular flow rate by pump aspiration also resulted in flow dependent reductions in APR. However, selective additions of perfusion fluids of various native and artificial constituency to the early proximal tubule did not result in flow dependent increase in APR. Conclusions. 1. GTB with both increases and decreases in SNGFR can be demonstrated at the level of the single nephron, 2. selective reductions in luminal flow rate produces parallel reductions in APR; however, 3. increases in flow rate with either artificial or native fluids of different ionic concentrations did not result in increases in APR. This lack GTB may be due to lack of parallel changes in peritubular physical factors or that APR in the S2 segment is less sensitive to increase in flow rate. PMID- 3748785 TI - [A clinical usefulness of transcatheter embolization for the control of the retroperitoneal hemorrhage associated with pelvic fracture]. PMID- 3748786 TI - [Cerebral peak time mapping using dynamic CT]. PMID- 3748787 TI - [Computed tomography of omental cake]. PMID- 3748788 TI - [Hemorrhagic brain metastases. Analysis of computed tomography, predisposing factors and prognosis]. PMID- 3748789 TI - [Experimental and clinical studies of non-ionic isoosmolality contrast medium (iohexol 140)--I. The effect of isoosmolality contrast media on red cell shape]. PMID- 3748790 TI - [Diagnostic values and limits on X-ray computed tomography in untreated uterine cervical cancer]. PMID- 3748791 TI - [Morphological study on the effects of heat and radiation on mouse mammary carcinoma]. PMID- 3748792 TI - [MR imaging of intraspinal tumor--new extradural sign]. PMID- 3748793 TI - [Digital imaging of dose distributions by magnetic resonance]. PMID- 3748795 TI - Thymus dependent resistance against Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in mice following repeated low level inoculations. PMID- 3748794 TI - Total blood plasma CK enzyme activity related to myocardial degeneration in mink. PMID- 3748796 TI - Muscular and myocardial degeneration in silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes). PMID- 3748797 TI - Hereditary elliptocytosis: clinical, morphological and biochemical studies of 38 cases. AB - We report clinical, morphological and biochemical studies performed on 38 cases of hereditary elliptocytosis (HE). The major determinant of membrane shape and stability is a proteinaceous meshwork named membrane skeleton, composed mainly of spectrin, actin, protein 4.1 and ankyrin. Spectrin is a heterodimer composed of two chains alpha and beta. Two spectrin dimers associate head to head to form a tetramer. Spectrin tetramers are cross-linked by actin and protein 4.1 to form the skeletal meshwork. We observed two types of membrane defects in the 38 patients studied: 24 patients (13 kindreds) exhibited spectrin self-association defect (type I HE) and 14 patients (6 kindreds) displayed deficiency in protein 4.1. A mutation in the spectrin chain was mostly found in the cases of type I HE. These mutations were depicted on tryptic digest patterns of spectrin. Three pathological variants were thus identified and characterized by the appearance of an abnormal peptide, with a molecular weight of either 74,000 or 65,000, or 46,000 daltons. In one family, the spectrin self-association defect was related to a shortened spectrin beta chain. Deficiency in protein 4.1 was found in 14 patients by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of red cell membranes. In 12 heterozygous cases of HE, the decrease in the amount of protein band 4.1 was between 40% and 50%. In 2 homozygous HE cases, protein band 4.1 was totally absent. Immunoelectrotransfer blots of red cell membrane proteins using a monoclonal antibody against protein 4.1 allowed characterization of additional bands in two families. In some cases variations in the amount of glycophorin C were noticed. Comparative studies of the two types of membrane abnormalities in HE clearly showed the absence of correlation between clinical, morphological phenotypes, and specific molecular etiology. However, all HE patients with protein 4.1 deficiency were caucasian and most of the type I HE were of black extraction. A study of red cell deformability using an ektacytometer revealed that the cell deformability under isotonic conditions was decreased in all HE patients. When the deformability was studied as a function of the osmolality of the suspending medium, the curve obtained had a trapezoid shape. This typical profile appeared to be constant in type I HE. We showed that the molecular abnormalities of the spectrin alpha chain, found in most type I HE correlated well with the functional spectrin defect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3748798 TI - Renal failure in multiple myeloma. A study of the presenting findings, response to treatment and prognosis in 26 patients. AB - The presenting clinical features, response to treatment and survival duration of 26 consecutive multiple myeloma patients with renal failure at diagnosis were investigated. All but 1 of the patients had high tumour cell mass stage, as identified by one (3 cases) or more (22 cases) of the criteria defined by Durie and Salmon. Survival length of azotaemic patients was significantly shorter than that of stage III patients with normal renal function (median: 4 months vs 41 months, respectively, P less than 0.0005), and was positively affected by reversal of renal failure following treatment (P less than 0.0005). Of the 26 patients, 56% achieved reversal of renal failure. Recovery of normal renal function was prompt in most of the cases and appeared to be independent from both M component type and pretreatment serum creatinine levels. Finally, it was shown that patients with reversible renal impairment but with myeloma unresponsive to alkylating agents had early recurrence of impaired renal function and a shorter life expectancy than patients with a significant decrease in tumour cell mass. PMID- 3748799 TI - Application of flow-through cytochemistry utilizing the Technicon AutoSlide. AB - A fully automated procedure is described for combined stains of reticulocytes and other blood cells on whole blood smears. For this study, the Technicon AutoSlide, a device designed to operate synchronously with Technicon D/90 or H6000 systems to produce whole blood smears suitable for microscopic examination at the rate of 90 slides/hour, was utilized. Whole blood was mixed for 5 min with a new methylene blue solution in four mixing coils, smeared, and stained with Wright's stain. Preparations were mounted with an acrylic monomer that preserved stained smears indefinitely. The fully automated procedure is rapid standardized, and particularly suitable for use in large hematology laboratories. PMID- 3748800 TI - [Importance of standardization in the biological monitoring of anti-vitamin K therapy]. AB - The aim of this work was to study certain causes of variation in the results of laboratory monitoring of treatment with vitamin K antagonists. Four centers participated in the study. In the initial phase, each center performed fifteen measurements of prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) on the same standard lyophilized plasma using its own usual reagents and its own methodology (protocol I). In the second phase of this study, each laboratory performed PT and APTT measurements on 30 frozen plasma specimens from patients receiving long term treatment with vitamin K antagonists using protocol I and protocol II (common reagents but own methodology). In the third phase, plasma from 19 patients receiving long term therapy with vitamin K antagonists were tested with common reagents and a standardized methodology (protocol III). the intralaboratory reproductability was very good; however, the use of common reagents and the standardization of methods greatly improved the intercenter reproductability. The use of common reagents allowed a stricter and a less contradictory interpretation of the tests. PMID- 3748801 TI - [Hemoglobin club. 13 October 1984, Paris, France. Abstracts]. PMID- 3748802 TI - Characterization of a Xenopus laevis mitochondrial protein with a high affinity for supercoiled DNA. AB - A DNA binding protein of 31 Kd -mtDBPC- has been isolated from X. laevis oocyte mitochondria. It is present in large amounts in the organelle and does not show any enzymatic activity. Its binding to the superhelical form of a DNA is higher than for any other form, or for RNA. No sequence specificity could be found for any mtDNA fragments tested, including both origins of replication. It is able to introduce superhelical turns into relaxed circular DNA in the presence of a topoisomerase I activity. It could be a component of the mitochondrial nucleoids. PMID- 3748803 TI - Changes in intracellular levels of Ap3A and Ap4A in cysts and larvae of Artemia do not correlate with changes in protein synthesis after heat-shock. AB - Artemia larvae respond to a brief heat-shock between 28 degrees and 40 degrees C with an increase in the synthesis of two groups of proteins of Mr 68,000 and 89,000. At 40 degrees C synthesis of all other proteins is strongly repressed. Cysts, which are naturally thermotolerant, synthesise both heat-shock proteins at temperatures up to 47 degrees C but maintain normal protein synthesis. During pre emergence development, Ap3A is present in cysts at a concentration twice that of Ap4A. The maximum level of 7.6 pmol/10(6) cells is reached shortly before hatching of the larvae. After hatching, the levels of both nucleotides decline. A 40 degrees C heat-shock produces a 1.8-fold increase in both nucleotides within 20 min in cysts and larvae. A 2.8-fold increase results from a 47 degrees C heat shock to cysts. The rates of increase parallel but do not precede the increases in the heat-shock proteins. Since non-heat-shocked cysts possess higher levels of Ap3A and Ap4A than do heat-shocked larvae, the observed heat-induced changes in gene expression cannot be explained simply in terms of the intracellular concentrations of these nucleotides. PMID- 3748804 TI - The DNase I sensitive domain of the chicken lysozyme gene spans 24 kb. AB - We have determined the DNase I sensitive chromatin domain of the lysozyme gene in the hen oviduct. When nuclei were digested with DNase I, about 14 kb of upstream and 6 kb of downstream sequences in addition to the 4 kb long transcribed region were preferentially degraded. The transcription start site is located near the center of the approximately 24 kb long sensitive domain. At the 3' boundary there is a rather abrupt transition from the DNase I sensitive to the resistant chromatin configuration whereas at the 5' border this transition occurs in a gradual fashion over 6-7 kb of DNA. No obvious correlation between the boundaries of the domain and repetitive sequences could be established. DNase I hypersensitive sites are clustered within the boundaries of the sensitive domain which seems to represent a functional unit of the gene. PMID- 3748805 TI - Preparation of oligodeoxynucleotide-alkaline phosphatase conjugates and their use as hybridization probes. AB - Short synthetic oligonucleotides have been covalently cross-linked to alkaline phosphatase using the homobifunctional reagent disuccinimidyl suberate. The oligomers, twenty-one to twenty-six bases in length, are complementary to unique sequences found in herpes simplex virus, hepatitis B virus, Campylobacter jejuni and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Each oligomer contains a single modified base with a 12-atom "linker arm" terminating in a reactive primary amine. Cross linking through this amine results in oligomer-enzyme conjugates composed of one oligomer per enzyme molecule that have full alkaline phosphatase activity and can hybridize to target DNA fixed to nitrocellulose within 15 minutes. The hybrids are detected directly with a dye precipitation assay at a sensitivity of 10(6) molecules (2 X 10(-18) mol) of target DNA in 4 hours development time. The enzyme has no apparent effect on selectivity or kinetics of oligonucleotide hybridization and the conjugates can be hybridized and melted off in a conventional manner. PMID- 3748806 TI - Transcriptional inactivity of Alu repeats in HeLa cells. AB - The in vivo transcription of human Alu family members has been investigated by a sensitive primer extension method. The selected primers represent various regions of the Alu family consensus sequence, thus assaying the transcriptional activity of the entire family rather than the activity of an individual member sequence. Using this method, a very small number of RNA molecules per HeLa cell is found to have a distribution of 5' ends centered on the in vitro Alu transcription start site. The distribution of these 5' ends suggests that they are more likely the result of hnRNA degradation rather than transcription start sites. Therefore, despite their great numerical abundance, Alu family members are transcriptionally silent in HeLa cells. PMID- 3748807 TI - Improved synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotide using 3-methoxy-4-phenoxybenzoyl group for amino protection. AB - 3-Methoxy-4-phenoxybenzoyl group has been used for the protection of exocyclic amino group of nucleosides. In case of 2'-deoxycytidine it has been found to be highly selective under controlled conditions. The N-protected derivatives of 2' deoxyadenosine and 2'-deoxyguanosine have been found to be sufficiently stable towards acids minimising depurination under conditions of synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotide on solid support via phosphotriester approach. The high lipophilicity of the group and milder deprotection conditions are additional advantages. PMID- 3748808 TI - Efficient methods for attaching non-radioactive labels to the 5' ends of synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides. AB - The syntheses are described of two types of linker molecule useful for the specific attachment of non-radioactive labels such as biotin and fluorophores to the 5' terminus of synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides. The linkers are designed such that they can be coupled to the oligonucleotide as a final step in solid phase synthesis using commercial DNA synthesis machines. Increased sensitivity of biotin detection was possible using an anti-biotin hybridoma/peroxidase detection system. PMID- 3748809 TI - Solid phase synthesis of oligoribonucleotides using o-nitrobenzyl protection of 2'-hydroxyl via a phosphite triester approach. AB - The hepta and undecaribonucleotide were synthesized on a controlled pore glass beads using o-nitrobenzyl protection of 2'-hydroxyls via a phosphite approach. By using 5-p-nitrophenyltetrazole for the activation of nucleoside-phosphoramidite, the condensation reaction was carried out very rapidly (2.5 min). The time required for one cycle was only 16 min. The hepta-(UACUAAC) and undecaribonucleotides (GUAUGUUAAUA) were obtained in yields of 28 and 17% respectively from the original resin. PMID- 3748811 TI - A novel method for sucrose density gradient fractionation of polysomes and mRNA. PMID- 3748810 TI - Analysis of the RNA structural elements involved in the binding of the transcription factor III A from Xenopus laevis. AB - Xenopus laevis 5S rRNA isolated from 7S particles or transcribed in vitro is found to adopt two alternative conformations. These two conformers contain different structural elements within the major TF III A binding domain, which, when isolated as RNA fragments, still interact with the transcription factor. Chemical modification of easily accessible adenines in their N-1 position does not have any measurable effect on the binding of 5S rRNA to TF III A. These observations are in support of the idea that only a small amount of conserved sequence information is required for the binding of the transcription factor, whereas specific secondary structure features seem to be essential. PMID- 3748812 TI - Coronavirus MHV-JHM: nucleotide sequence of the mRNA that encodes the membrane protein. PMID- 3748813 TI - Structure of a processed gene of human cytoplasmic gamma-actin. PMID- 3748814 TI - Complete nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the Bombyx mori silk protein P25 and predicted amino acid sequence of the protein. PMID- 3748815 TI - Diversity in G + C content at the third position of codons in vertebrate genes and its cause. AB - Correlation was positive between the G + C content at the codon third position in genes of vertebrates and the G + C content of the genome portion surrounding each gene. Exons of genes with a high G + C% at the codon 3rd position are surrounded by G + C-rich introns and G + C-rich flanking sequences, and those with a low G + C% at the position by A + T-rich introns and flanking sequences. Analysis of G + C content distribution along DNA sequences using a DNA Sequence Data Bank supported the view that the vertebrate genome is a mosaic of regions with clear differences in their G + C content. The biological significance of the variation in G + C content throughout the vertebrate genome is discussed in connection with chromosomal banding. PMID- 3748816 TI - Prevention of guanine modification and chain cleavage during the solid phase synthesis of oligonucleotides using phosphoramidite derivatives. AB - Phosphoramidite reagents can phosphitylate guanine bases at the O6-position during solid phase synthesis and serious chain cleavage occurs if the base phosphitylation is not eliminated before the iodine/water oxidation step. This can be accomplished by blocking the O6-position with a 2-cyanoethyl protecting group for deoxyribonucleotides or with a p-nitrophenylethyl group for ribonucleotides, regenerating the guanine base with water or acetate ions, or using N-methylanilinium trifluoroacetate (TAMA) as the phosphoramidite activator. The effectiveness of these methods was demonstrated by both 31P NMR studies and by the synthesis of d(Gp)23G, (Gp)14G, and d-(Gp)13rG sequences. PMID- 3748817 TI - A non-radioactive in situ hybridization method based on mercurated nucleic acid probes and sulfhydryl-hapten ligands. AB - Mercurated nucleic acid probes can be used for non-radioactive in situ hybridization. The principle of the method is based on the reaction of the mercurated pyrimidine residues of the in situ hybridized probe with the sulfhydryl group of a ligand which contains a hapten. Next, the hapten is immunocytochemically detected. Previous experiments showed that stable coupling of the sulfhydryl ligands could only be obtained when positively charged amino groups are present in the ligand. On basis of this finding, ligands were synthesized containing a sulfhydryl group, two lysyl residues and hapten groups such as trinitrophenyl, fluorescyl and biotinyl. The ligands, free or bound to mercurated nucleic acids, were immunochemically characterized in ELISAs. The method was shown to be specific and sensitive in the detection of target DNA in situ on microscopic preparations and in dot-blot hybridization reactions on nitrocellulose. PMID- 3748819 TI - Application of new catalytic phosphate protecting groups for the highly efficient phosphotriester oligonucleotide synthesis. AB - An effective procedure for the synthesis of oligonucleotides by the phosphotriester method has been developed. The procedure is based on the use of phosphate protecting groups enabling O-nucleophilic intramolecular catalysis in the reaction of internucleotide bond formation under the action of arylsulfonyl chlorides and their derivatives. Using this new procedure, the time needed to perform one elongation step on polymer support is 7-8 min. The effectiveness of the methodology has been demonstrated in the synthesis of many oligodeoxyribonucleotides of different length with high yields. PMID- 3748818 TI - Deletion mapping of the testis determining locus with DNA probes in 46,XX males and in 46,XY and 46,X,dic(Y) females. AB - Eleven Y-specific DNA probes hybridizing with DNA from one or more 46,XX males were isolated from a recombinant phage DNA library constructed from flow sorted human Y chromosomes. Two probes hybridized with DNA from nine out of eleven, i.e. greater than 80% of these 46,XX males. The relative frequency of hybridization of the probes in the 46,XX males and in a 46,X,dic(Y) female, together with in situ hybridization data, allowed mapping of the probes on Yp in relation to a putative testis determining locus. Several of those probes were also absent in a 46,XY female, further refining a model for ordering the probes on Yp. The DNA of one XX male hybridized both with probes from Yp and probes from proximal Yq (excluding the pericentral region). This suggests that complex translocations may occur into the DNA of 46,XX males that involve not only parts of Yp but also parts of Yq. PMID- 3748822 TI - An amino acid sequence motif linking viral DNA polymerases and plant virus proteins involved in RNA replication. PMID- 3748820 TI - Caenorhabditis elegans DNA does not contain 5-methylcytosine at any time during development or aging. AB - DNA, isolated from age-synchronous senescent populations of Caenorhabditis elegans has been quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed for the presence of 5 methylcytosine. High performance liquid chromatography on two wild-type and several mutant strains of C. elegans failed to detect any 5-methylcytosine. The restriction endonuclease isoschizomers, HpaII and MspI, were used to digest genomic DNA after CsCl purification and failed to detect any 5' cytosine methylation at any age. We conclude that C. elegans does not contain detectable (0.01 mole percent) levels of 5-methylcytosine. PMID- 3748823 TI - Variants in clones of gene-machine-synthesized oligodeoxynucleotides. PMID- 3748821 TI - A left-handed (Z) conformation of poly(dA-dC).poly(dG-dT) induced by polyamines. AB - Blocks of potential Z-DNA forming alternating purine-pyrimidine (APP) sequences are widely dispersed in native DNAs. We have studied the effects of naturally occurring polyamines on the conformation of a synthetic APP sequence, poly(dA dC).poly(dG-dT) by circular dichroism spectroscopy. In the presence of micromolar concentrations of spermidine (125 microM) and spermine (16 microM), this polymer undergoes B to Z transition in low ionic strength (2 mM Na+) buffers. The concentration of polyamines required for B to Z transition increases with Na+ in the buffer and a straight line is obtained on plotting ln[Na+] vs. ln [spermidine 3+]. However, at concentrations of polyamines higher than those necessary to induce B to Z transition, Z-DNA converts to psi-DNA, an ordered, twisted, tight packing arrangement of the double helix. These results suggest a pathway for the transient formation of Z-DNA segments in vivo by interaction of the ubiquitous polyamines with naturally occurring blocks of APP sequences. PMID- 3748824 TI - tcRNA as a naturally occurring antisense RNA in eukaryotes. PMID- 3748825 TI - [Value and reliability of blood pool scintigraphy in liver hemangiomas]. AB - In a prospective study the importance and reliability of blood-pool scanning were checked. 40 patients were investigated. In 36 patients sonographical evidence of one or more hemangiomas was shown. 4 patients with 11 primary or secondary tumors in the liver were taken as control group. All tumors could be verified by histology or CT. Differentiation between hemangiomas and other space-occupying lesions (benign and malignant tumors) was possible with high accuracy. We found a sensitivity of 100% in hemangiomas larger than 4 cm, a sensitivity of 78% in hemangiomas larger than 3 cm and a sensitivity of 69% in hemangiomas larger than 2 cm. Falsely positive results were not observed. In conclusion, blood-pool scanning of the liver is a reliable method in the differential diagnosis of hemangiomas. PMID- 3748826 TI - [Evaluation of ventilation using 133Xe for improved nuclear medicine lung diagnosis]. AB - In 101 patients a combined examination of ventilation with 133Xe and of perfusion with 99mTc-HAM was performed. By using the device 101 (Veenstra) the wash-in, equilibrium and wash-out could be evaluated in one examination, the total time needed for one patient was about 10 min. In suspected lung embolism the specificity could be increased to 100% whereas the sensitivity remained constant at 93%. In patients with central obstruction, specificity could be increased from 60% to 87% and sensitivity from 54% to 70%. In the diagnosis of lung embolism, the additional examination of ventilation should be used in any case, in the diagnosis of central obstruction it is recommended. PMID- 3748827 TI - [Primary cardiomyopathies. I. Skin tests using cardiac antigen]. PMID- 3748828 TI - [Primary cardiomyopathies. II. Levels of immunoglobulins IgG, IgM and IgA and C 3 fraction of the complement in the serum of patients with primary cardiomyopathy]. PMID- 3748829 TI - [Changes in the peripheral nerves in chronic renal failure]. PMID- 3748830 TI - [Use of the blood glucose-controlled Biostator for intravenous infusion of insulin for optimal insulin therapy (so-called corrective feedback)]. PMID- 3748831 TI - [Rehabilitation after myocardial infarction: achievements, prospects and dilemmas]. PMID- 3748832 TI - [Lack of effect of parathyroid hormone on taste sensation in patients with acute and chronic renal failure]. PMID- 3748833 TI - [Effect of selective adrenergic stimulation on lipolysis in obese and slim women]. PMID- 3748834 TI - Left ventricular function in isolated rheumatic mitral stenosis in children. AB - A total of 18 patients with pure rheumatic mitral stenosis between the ages of eight and 14 years (average 11.8 years) were studied. Left ventricular angiograms in the right anterior oblique view were obtained in each. Moderate to severe pulmonary arterial hypertension was present in all but one. The mean left ventricular end-systolic volume index was 25.4 +/- 8.5 ml/m2; it was increased in five patients. The mean left ventricular end-diastolic volume index was 64 +/- 13.5 ml/m2. It was normal in all except one patient, in whom it was increased to 91 ml/m2. The left ventricular stroke volume index, 39.6 +/- 8.8 ml/m2, was within the normal range. The left ventricular stroke volume index, 39.6 +/- 8.8 ml/m2, was within the normal range. The mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 0.61 +/- 0.09 ml, with a range of 0.44-0.72. The mean left ventricular ejection fraction was lower than normal (P less than 0.05). The ejection fraction was low in five of the 18 patients. Four of the five patients with an ejection fraction below 0.60 had severe pulmonary arterial hypertension. There was no correlation between the ejection fraction and left atrial pressure or the mitral valve area. Segmental contraction analysis in the five patients with a low ejection fraction showed global hypokinesia in four and segmental hypokinesia, involving predominantly the posterobasal segment, in one patient. Our study suggests that even children with pure mitral stenosis may have left ventricular dysfunction in the absence of active carditis. PMID- 3748836 TI - Intravenous streptokinase in an infant with Kawasaki's disease complicated by acute myocardial infarction. AB - A seven-month-old boy with Kawasaki's disease developed an acute anterior myocardial infarction. Following intravenous thrombolytic therapy (streptokinase), complete resolution of echocardiographic wall motion abnormalities and significant reperfusion of the anterior wall on thallium-201 scintigraphy were noted. Discussion centers on the potential utility of intravenous thrombolysis in this condition. PMID- 3748835 TI - Architecture of the ventricular mass and atrioventricular valves in complete transposition with intact septum compared with the normal: II. The right ventricle and tricuspid valve. AB - After the Mustard or Senning procedure for surgical correction of complete transposition of the great arteries, the right ventricle and tricuspid valve have to support the systemic circulation for life. Consequently their function is of prime importance. In this (second) part, the detailed anatomy of the right ventricles and tricuspid valves is described in the same series of 50 normal hearts and a series of 77 with complete transposition and intact septum. 21% of the transposition specimens showed significant abnormalities of the tricuspid valve. Consistent deformities were observed in the structure of the trabecula septomarginalis and the membranous septum. The ratios of ventricular outlet to inlet lengths were increased. PMID- 3748837 TI - Perinatal myocardial infarction: a case report and review of the literature. AB - Myocardial infarction in the perinatal period is a rare occurrence, usually associated with congenital heart lesions or isolated coronary artery abnormalities. In the absence of structural heart disease the most common etiologies are intrauterine asphyxia and thromboembolic coronary occlusion. A paradoxical embolus usually arises from a thrombus in the ductus venosus or umbilical vein and reaches the coronary circulation via normal fetal circulatory pathways. We describe a case of perinatal myocardial infarction due to thromboembolism of the coronary artery secondary to an intrauterine renal vein thrombosis. The difficulties encountered in making an accurate premortem diagnosis are emphasized as well as the poor prognosis of myocardial infarction in the perinatal period. PMID- 3748838 TI - Dissecting ventricular septal aneurysm after open-heart surgery. AB - Pseudoaneurysm of the muscular ventricular septum has been reported after myocardial infarction and after transaortic septal myotomy. In our case, surgical repair for infundibular pulmonary stenosis and membranous ventricular septal defect (VSD) was complicated by a dissecting ventricular septal aneurysm with VSD. Echocardiography was the only diagnostic procedure that could demonstrate the lesion. ECG and body surface mapping suggested a local septal infarction, its etiology most probably due to the closing sutures of the initial VSD. PMID- 3748839 TI - Aortoventriculoplasty in a five-month-old infant: an alternative approach to the treatment of critical aortic stenosis in infancy. AB - A newborn with critical aortic stenosis and anular hypoplasia was treated with an aortic valvotomy using inflow occlusion. Five months later, important valvular insufficiency and residual stenosis necessitated aortic valve replacement. An aortoventriculoplasty using a 19 mm St. Jude Medical Valve was successfully performed with a good hemodynamic response. PMID- 3748840 TI - Anastomosis of systemic veins to pulmonary arteries for physiologic repair of asplenia syndrome. AB - In a patient with single ventricle, mitral atresia, common atrium, pulmonary stenosis, azygos continuation of the inferior vena cava and bilateral systemic artery--pulmonary artery anastomoses, the systemic veins were connected directly to the pulmonary arteries to achieve physiologic repair; the child was discharged five days after surgery and is asymptomatic three years postoperatively. This case illustrates the usefulness of azygos continuation of the inferior vena cava and emphasizes the need for low pulmonary artery pressure when a cavopulmonary anastomosis is done. PMID- 3748841 TI - Double aortic arch with atretic right dorsal segment. AB - A patient in whom there was a double aortic arch with atresia of the right dorsal arch segment between the right subclavian artery and right ductus arteriosus is presented. The radiographic and aortographic features are demonstrated and the embryology is discussed. PMID- 3748842 TI - AIDS-related complex following infant cardiac surgery. PMID- 3748843 TI - VIP and related substances. Second international symposium. Cap d'Agde, France, June 18-22, 1985. PMID- 3748844 TI - Structure and expression of the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) gene in a human tumor. AB - To identify the VIP biosynthetic pathways, we have isolated the human VIP gene, using synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides. These specific hybridization probes were constructed according to the neuroblastoma VIP-cDNA sequence and contained up to 39 bases. The gene structure was deduced by direct chemical nucleotide sequencing. Six exons were thus far discovered; among them two short exons, one encoding VIP and the second encoding PHM-27 (a peptide having a N-terminal histidine and C-terminal methionine amide, closely related in sequence and activity to VIP). As a model system for VIP gene expression, we used a human buccal tumor producing elevated amounts of VIP. In these cells, a major transcript of the VIP-gene was identified as a long RNA containing intron sequences. The occurrence of elevated quantities of a high molecular weight, intron containing, gene transcript which is not processed directly into mature RNA suggests that VIP gene expression may be regulated at the RNA processing level. PMID- 3748845 TI - Cycle of VIP in the human transformed colonic epithelial cells (HT-29) in culture. AB - The kinetics of VIP processing in different compartments (medium, plasma membrane and intracellular) by HT-29 cells was studied using direct biochemical methods and a homogeneous monoiodinated VIP. The compartmental radioactivity was characterized by HPLC fractionation and specific receptor binding. VIP once bound to the cell surface remains intact and is rapidly and maximally internalized (less than 10 min) at 37 degrees C. Then two different processes occur: (1) release of degradation products 125I and monoiodinated tyrosine in the medium; (2) VIP remains intact in the cells representing 67.2 +/- 4.7% of total radioactivity up to 90 min. The overall processing of VIP is time- and temperature-dependent and maximal internalization of VIP with minimal medium release is observed at 20 degrees C. Our results demonstrate a receptor mediated internalization of VIP and that at least two intracellular pathways may exist in the cycle of VIP. One is associated with a complete degradation of VIP detected in the extracellular medium and is optimal at 37 degrees C. The other results in the presence of intact intracellular VIP and is optimal at 20 degrees C. PMID- 3748846 TI - Purification and amino acid sequences of dog, goat and guinea pig VIPs. AB - VIP has been reported to be identical in pig, cow, human and rat but to differ in four amino acids in chicken. We report now on the purification and sequences of VIP from three other mammalian species, dog, goat and guinea pig (GP). The general method of purification of the three peptides was similar. The frozen intestines were extracted in five volumes of an organic solvent and the residual cakes re-extracted with acid or acid-ethanol. The VIPs were brought to final purity through a series of HPLC steps. Overall recovery using this methodology is in the range of 20-30%. The VIP sequences obtained were: Dog and Goat: (sequence in text) Dog and goat VIP are identical to, but GP VIP differs from, that of other mammalian species. Substitution of the four amino acids in positions 5, 9, 19 and 26 appears not to affect its biological activity. That GP VIP differs from other mammalian VIP's is further evidence that the GP gastroenteropancreatic axis has a unique evolutionary separation from other mammals. PMID- 3748847 TI - Purification and characterisation of VIP from two species of dogfish. AB - Acid extracts of intestine from the dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula and Squalus acanthius were purified by gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography, and reversed-phase HPLC. In radioimmunoassays, VIP-like material from both species of dogfish cross reacted with N-terminal, but not C-terminal antisera. Like porcine VIP, both Scyliorhinus and Squalus VIP were stimulants of exocrine pancreatic secretion in the turkey. The time course of the responses to dogfish VIP were, however, different from that seen with porcine VIP. The present study has developed methods for the isolation of VIP-like peptides from elasmobranchs and has demonstrated that elasmobranch VIP differs from Porcine VIP in the C-terminal region, and that these differences may affect biological activity. PMID- 3748848 TI - Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide relaxes pulmonary artery by an endothelium independent mechanism. AB - Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is a potent endogenous vasodilator. VIP induced vasodilation is independent of adrenergic or cholinergic receptors and, for the most part, of arachidonate metabolites, but its mechanism is still unknown. In view of the recently demonstrated essential role of endothelium in the relaxant effect of numerous vasodilators, we have investigated the importance of endothelium in the vascular relaxation induced by VIP. Vascular smooth muscle preparations were circular strips of the pulmonary artery of guinea pig, rat and rabbit, and rat thoracic aorta, previously contracted by a synthetic prostaglandin endoperoxide analog. VIP relaxed pulmonary artery of all species by an endothelium-independent mechanism, but relaxed rat thoracic aorta only in the presence of intact endothelium. PMID- 3748849 TI - Helodermin has a VIP-like effect upon canine blood flow. AB - The effect of helodermin on vascular physiology was studied in anesthetized dogs using a synthetic replicate of helodermin and helodermin related peptides. Intraarterial infusion of helodermin caused a dose-dependent increase in femoral blood flow. Helodermin was 16 times less potent than VIP and 5 times more potent than PHM (human PHI). The helodermin effect lasted significantly longer; the half life of the helodermin effect was 6.5 times longer than VIP. Synthetic helodermin (Hd) N-terminal fragment Hd(1-27)NH2 retained substantial activity similar to the full helodermin molecule but the prolonged effect was lost. Hd(7-35) and Hd(22 35) were inactive in this system. Intravenous injection of synthetic helodermin produced prolonged systemic hypotension and tachycardia; and, similar to VIP, it increased the common carotid arterial blood flow while those of the superior mesenteric and femoral arteries were decreased. The results demonstrate the VIP like vasodilating activity and cardiovascular effects of helodermin in anesthetized dogs. PMID- 3748850 TI - Oxyntomodulin and its C-terminal octapeptide inhibit liquid meal-stimulated acid secretion. AB - Oxyntomodulin (OXM), a 37-amino acid glucagon-containing peptide produced mainly in intestine and endocrine pancreas, is present in rat plasma and inhibits pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion in both the anesthetized and the conscious rat. In order to investigate the modifications in acid and water secretions in a physiological model, we set up a protocol which allowed us to study acid secretion in the conscious rat both under basal conditions (during an 18-hour fast) or after a physiological stimulus (a liquid meal). OXM (110 pmol X kg-1) did not modify the basal acid or water output in an 18-hour fasting state. When injected before the test meal, OXM (225 pmol X kg-1) sharply decreased the acid output stimulated by a liquid meal (milk), which represented 10 times the basal value. Results are compared to those obtained when pentagastrin was the stimulant. Synthetic C-terminal octapeptide of OXM was able to inhibit both basal and meal-stimulated secretions. We can conclude that OXM, or a closely related peptide containing the C-terminal octapeptide, may be a physiological regulator of gastric functions. PMID- 3748851 TI - Superactive amidated COOH-terminal glucagon analogues with no methionine or tryptophan. AB - The functions of the Trp-25 and Met-27 residues and the free carboxy terminus of glucagon have been debated for many years. Despite some semi-synthetic data to the contrary, comparison of the glucagon sequence with the other 5 members of this family of peptides, all of them amides and particularly growth hormone releasing factor(1-29) amide and its recently described analogues, suggests that alterations to these positions should be quite well tolerated in terms of biological activity. To test this prediction, [Phe-25,Leu-27]-glucagon amide was synthesized in high yield and was found to actually have superior glycogenolytic activity (196%) to glucagon in the rat. Replacement of Gly-4 by D-Phe, which has been shown to give much enhanced glycogenolytic activity than glucagon itself, also increased the activity of [D-Phe-4,Phe-25,Leu-27]-glucagon amide (518%). The L-Phe-4-analogue, [Phe-4,25,Leu-27]-glucagon amide, in contrast, was 20 times less active (30%), strongly suggesting the presence of a beta-bend in this N terminal region of glucagon. This was supported by Chou-Fasman structural predictions which indicate extensive folding in the 1-15 region. Indeed, additional conformational restriction by substitution of D-Ser in position 2 of glucagon also increased activity to 226%. [D-Gln-3]-glucagon was slightly less active (74%) than glucagon. Chou-Fasman calculations on glucagon were compared to similar treatments of the VIP, secretin, PHI, and GRF(1-29) sequences. PMID- 3748852 TI - Heterogeneity of xeroderma pigmentosum (XP); variability and stability within and between the complementation groups C, D, E, I and variants. AB - Thirty-two cases of xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) of the complementation groups C (7), D (12), E (3), I (2) and 8 variants are analyzed biochemically and clinically. There is some congruence of the cellular defects (UDS, CFA, SCE) and the clinical severity of the skin symptoms. Despite the large clinical variability within and between the complementation groups, several clinical features are to be attributed to one group or another. The most striking observation is the predominance of LMM in the D group and BCC in the mild E group as well as in the variants. This observation might stimulate research to find a cellular characteristic of the melanoma risk. PMID- 3748853 TI - The effect of high dose long-wave ultraviolet radiation (UVA) on epidermal melanocytes in human skin: a transmission electron microscopic study. AB - Five healthy subjects with skin type III and IPD (immediate pigment darkening reaction) were irradiated with a glass-filtered UVA-sun 2000 lamp and exposed to 50, 100 and 150 J cm-2 of UVA. Transmission electron microscopy showed a statistically significant increase in the number of epidermal melanocytes with enlarged Golgi apparatus with associated vesicles, predominantly of the coated variant, swollen mitochondria with ruptured cristae, and extensive endo/exocytotic activity. Cells with 2 nuclei were also observed. It is concluded that UVA alone, in doses producing erythema, can give rise to these ultrastructural changes, interpreted as an increased secretory activity in a portion of the epidermal melanocytes. PMID- 3748854 TI - Photoallergic and allergic contact dermatitis from dibenzoylmethanes. AB - Dibenzoylmethanes are widely used in Europe in UVA-absorbing sunscreens. We found that 2 of these, 4-isopropyl-dibenzoylmethane and 4-tert.butyl-4'-methoxy dibenzoylmethane caused allergic or photoallergic contact dermatitis. This is the first report on allergic and photoallergic reactions caused by dibenzoylmethanes. PMID- 3748856 TI - Solar urticaria: mechanism and treatment. AB - A patient with solar urticaria induced by wavelengths 290-420 nm is reported. Wheals appeared after a few seconds of exposure to the sun; longer exposure caused general malaise and syncope. Intradermal injection of in vitro irradiated plasma caused a local whealing which was not seen with plasma kept dark. The wheals induced by irradiation could be inhibited by local injection of an antihistamine. Local injection of lidocaine and hydrocortisone was ineffective. Depletion of substance P in the skin by topical application of capsaicin did not change the sensitivity to irradiation with 313 nm and a single PUVA treatment did not change the minimal urticarial dose (MUD). Sunscreens were in practice of limited value with the exception of a protective plastic helmet. Repeated daily irradiation with UVA in increasing doses normalized his response to sunlight. PMID- 3748855 TI - Non-replicative DNA synthesis detected in peripheral lymphocytes from a patient with actinic reticuloid. AB - A patient with actinic reticuloid has been followed with repeated investigations on DNA synthesis and immunology in blood lymphocytes. The spontaneous DNA synthesis of the patient's lymphocytes was increased to a level not previously recognized. Especially high values were observed at times when the patient was erythrodermic. The increased DNA synthesis cannot be explained by the presence of an increased number of mitotically cycling cells in the patient's blood. Normal subpopulations in blood lymphocytes were found by immunological investigations. PMID- 3748857 TI - The spectral emissions from ultraviolet radiation lamps used in dermatology. AB - The spectral power distributions from a wide variety of ultraviolet radiation lamps used for dermatological purposes have been measured using a high-quality spectroradiometer. The data presented here provide a comprehensive compilation of this fundamental (but often hard to come by) characteristic of ultraviolet lamps. PMID- 3748859 TI - Effect on psoriasis healing of a lubricating base applied prior to phototherapy: an open study. PMID- 3748858 TI - Photosensitivity to musk ambrette in Spain. PMID- 3748860 TI - Severe solar urticaria: active and passive action spectra and hyposensitizing effect of different UV modalities. PMID- 3748861 TI - Lack of NK-cell activity in control and irradiated rat epidermis. PMID- 3748862 TI - [Effect of exertion and physical training on the activity of marker enzymes in the blood]. PMID- 3748863 TI - [Morphology and hemodynamics of the heart in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with special reference to disorders of left-ventricular contraction]. PMID- 3748864 TI - [Selective coronary-sinus arterialization in the light of experimental studies]. PMID- 3748865 TI - [Sodium and potassium levels in the diet in hospital cardiological departments]. PMID- 3748866 TI - [Arterial hypertension in advanced age]. PMID- 3748867 TI - [Surgical therapy of diseases in patients over 80]. PMID- 3748868 TI - [Acute mechanical intestinal obstruction in patients of advanced age]. PMID- 3748869 TI - [Asymptomatic bacteriuria in elderly persons]. PMID- 3748870 TI - [Effect of heparin and venous stasis on the fibrinolytic activity of the blood]. PMID- 3748871 TI - [Copper levels of the plasma and erythrocytes of healthy infants, children and adults]. PMID- 3748872 TI - [Psychological characteristics of patients with neoplasms of the hematopoietic system treated with cytostatics]. PMID- 3748873 TI - Effects of estradiol and promegestone on human breast cell cultures. An ultrastructural study. AB - Effects of estradiol (E2) and promegestone (R 5020) were tested on primary cultures of epithelial human breast cells prepared from surgical specimens of reduction mammoplasty. Comparative morphological studies were performed by means of transmission and scanning electron microscopy in cells without any hormonal adjunction and in those previously treated with E2 or E2 + R 5020. The results were as follows: In basal medium used as control the majority of epithelial cells, although well-differentiated, remained flat with few microvilli, well developed Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum, was obvious. R 5020 added with E2 increased differentiation of epithelial cells covered with scarce long and branched microvilli, but reduced the turn-over of young cells. E2 seemed to generate more active proliferation of cells. R 5020 inhibited this effect and induced a higher differentiation of mammary epithelial cells. PMID- 3748874 TI - Ultrastructural morphometry of prolactin secreting adenomas treated with dopamine agonists. AB - 19 macroprolactinomas and 1 microprolactinoma were analysed by light microscopical, immunohistological and ultrastructural as well as morphometrical methods. 8 adenomas were removed from patients who were treated preoperatively with bromocriptine and/or Lisurid for different periods. 18 of 20 adenomas were positive for PRL on the immunohistological level. One case was negative. This patient showed a good response to the pharmacological treatment. The ultrastructure of this case revealed many secretory granules. A morphometric analysis of the ultrastructure could be performed in 19 cases; 1 case had to be excluded because of large necrotic areas. The following qualitative significant alterations after the treatment could be established: Reduction of the volume density of the rough endoplasmatic reticulum; Reduction of the size of the granula diameter; Increase of the volume density of the more irregular and indented nuclei. Other alterations were as follows: Reduction of the nuclear size; Increase of the number of secretory granules and of the volume density of lysosomes. These changes were to be observed in most of those tumors which responded to the dopamine agonist treatment. The non-responding adenomas and one which was removed 6 days after having discontinued a successful preoperative medical therapy were similar to the untreated adenomas. The results display the influence of dopamine agonist on the hormone synthesis, release and degradation in PRL secreting adenoma cells. PMID- 3748875 TI - DNA flow cytometry in human bladder carcinoma. AB - The cell kinetic fractions (G0/G1; S; G2 + M) were evaluated by DNA flow cytometry (DNA FCM) in 102 biopsies from bladder carcinoma, previously untreated by cytotoxic therapy, and in 25 biopsies taken at least 3 months after prior treatment (chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery). Non-diploid DNA-stemlines were most often found in tumours of a high T category and of a high histopathological grade. Also the number of tumours with a fraction of cells in S-phase above 10% correlated with the clinical stage and histological grade. When the cytotoxic treatment preceded the actual biopsy by 3 months or more the distribution of stemline ploidies in the recurrent or residual tumours were similar to that seen in previously untreated patients. Furthermore, 4 of 5 individual muscle infiltrating bladder tumours treated with surgery, radiotherapy or systemic chemotherapy had the same stemline ploidy before and after treatment. The analysis of ploidy and cell kinetic parameters obtained from DNA FCM offers a possibility to evaluate the prognosis and the therapy effects in human bladder carcinoma. PMID- 3748876 TI - Problems of pTNM classification of carcinoma of the stomach, colorectum and anal margin. AB - The pTNM classification of the UICC which has been valid since 1978 in some sections contains unclear definitions regarding gastro-intestinal tumours which require interpretation. In practice, this leads to variations in opinions and to a lack of uniform classification of tumour spread. The uniform measures which we have undertaken since 1969 at the University of Erlangen were described and explained. In the meantime these measures have been adopted by the DSK (German Speaking National TNM Committee) and will to a large extent appear in the fourth edition of the TNM classification of the UICC. PMID- 3748877 TI - TUR-prostatitis. Histological and immunohistochemical observations on a special type of granulomatous prostatitis. AB - On discussion of etiology and clinical significance of nonspecific granulomatous prostatitis versus specific forms, most recently in particular, nodular histiocytic, granulomatous patterns have been described, which were found mainly after electrosurgical transurethral resection for prostatic hyperplasia. In our own studies, the different developmental stages of this type of granulomatous prostatitis were examined. In the initial stage, there is a superficial thermonecrosis with carbonizations, which, sometimes over a period of several months, is resorbed by a cell-rich granulation tissue and finally ends in a fibre rich, sclerosed cicatrization. With iron stainings, in almost all cases characteristic carbonization inclusions can be detected. The differential diagnosis of centrally caseating tuberculosis and rheumatoid nodules is considered. Immunohistochemical analyses have shown that with increasing glandular destruction in the course of the purulent-granulomatous and sclerosing form of inflammation, the epithelial reaction to prostate specific antigen markers decreases. The diagnosis of the so-called TUR-caused granulomatous prostatitis is of clinical significance because, in this case, any nonspecific therapeutic management will be superfluous. On the other hand, the granulomatous, carbonized processes can be removed by so-called cold biopsies, and thus the cause of the chronic inflammatory process can be eliminated very soon. PMID- 3748878 TI - A fourteen year practice with the fine needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid in an endemic area. AB - In our institute from 1970 to 1983 12,829 fine needle aspiration biopsies (FNB) of the thyroid were cytologically examined. Cytologically unsatisfactory specimens were found in 17.7%. 2,709 patients with representative cytological findings were operated and histological examinations were performed. The cytological and histological findings were correlated. There was a false-negative rate of 2.0% and a false-positive rate of 18.4%. Furthermore we divided the results into two time periods (1970-1977 and 1978-1983) because of a change in the indication for surgery in the last years. Although the indication has changed, cytological findings of both time periods investigated were almost similar. PMID- 3748879 TI - Possible role of neuraminidase in the pathogenesis of arteritis and thrombocytopenia induced in rats by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. AB - The role of the neuraminidase produced by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (E. rhusiopathiae) in the pathogenesis of arteritis and induced thrombocytopenia was examined using young and adult rats. There was a close correlation between bacterial invasion, desialation and cell infiltration in the common iliac artery. E. rhusiopathiae induced arteritis from the second and third day after inoculation with 3 X 10(8) viable bacteria in the young and adult rats, respectively. This delay with age was closely related to the increase of free sialic acid in the plasma. The sites invaded by E. rhusiopathiae coincided with the desialated lesions, and the bacteria invaded the periarterial region which was always accompanied by desialation when examined with FITC-conjugated peanut lectin. The free sialic acid in the plasma was, at least partly, considered to originate from the desialation of the arterial wall caused by E. rhusiopathiae. The platelet number decreased significantly after inoculation. The sialic acid content of the platelets prepared from circulating blood at 12 and 18 hours after inoculation showed a slight decrease and decreased further when the platelets were incubated with the bacteria. Platelets obtained from circulating blood within 24 hours after inoculation or incubated with the bacteria had demonstrated desialated sites as detected by immunofluorescent staining with FITC-conjugated peanut lectin. In conclusion, free sialic acid in the plasma was considered to be a good marker of the desialation of the arteries caused by E. rhusiopathiae, and the neuraminidase produced by the bacteria would be a key to solve the pathogenesis of the arteritis and thrombocytopenia. PMID- 3748880 TI - Actinomycosis and nocardiosis. A morphologic study of 17 cases. AB - Actinomycosis and nocardiosis are bacterial infectious diseases with distinct morphologic features, that can be diagnosed in tissue sections. The clinico pathologic features of 17 cases are reported with emphasis on their histopathologic diagnosis by using a simple combination of common tissue stains. Actinomycosis was frequently observed as a secondary and localized infection often with lung involvement, especially in residual cavities or bronchiectasis; in these cases numerous actinomycotic granules and only occasionally individual bacterial filaments within the suppurative foci and/or granulomas with suppurative centers were identified. Nocardiosis was observed as an opportunistic infection in the three cases studied; in these, isolated filaments of acid-fast and Gram-positive bacteria were observed. The morphologic features and the differential diagnosis in tissue sections of both infections are discussed with emphasis on their identification by the general pathologist in the routine material. PMID- 3748881 TI - Tubal conjoined twin pregnancy. AB - A unique case of tubal conjoined twin pregnancy is reported. The embryos presented a lateral type of conjunction, which also is extremely rare, and were classified as symmetrical iliothroacopagus conjoined twins. PMID- 3748882 TI - Angiocentric pulmonary granulomas in tuberculosis. AB - An open-lung biopsy performed in a 15-year-old girl because of left sided pulmonary nodules revealed striking angiocentric necrotising granulomas. No acid fast bacilli (AFB) were cultured or demonstrated in tissue sections, however, the diagnosis of tuberculosis was suggested. Anti-tuberculous therapy resulted in both clinical and radiological cure within 12 months. The differential diagnosis of this type of lesion should include pulmonary tuberculosis as well as the non infective angiocentric granulomas such as lymphomatoid granulomatosis and has major therapeutic implications. PMID- 3748883 TI - Excessive epithelioid cell granulomatous reaction associated with a lymphoepithelial carcinoma (Schmincke-Regaud). AB - We report on a 56-year-old man in whom histologic examination of "granulation tissue" from the right lower meatus of the nose revealed the presence of an undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma of the lymphoepithelial type (Schmincke Regaud). The diagnosis was supported by serologic detection of antibodies against the Epstein-Barr virus. Approximately 3 weeks after the first excision, biopsy material was taken from the epipharynx. Histologically a marked epithelioid cell granulomatous reaction was found. As an unusual feature, granulomas were not located between tumor cell complexes, but rather contained tumor remnants in their center. At tissue site all transitions from well preserved to completely necrotic tumor cells were discernible. This unusual reaction probably represents a strong, favorable immunologic response against the neoplasm. PMID- 3748884 TI - The teaching of general pathology in European undergraduate education programs in medicine. AB - The need for a common platform of the teaching of pathology in Europe was agreed upon at the IXth European Congress of Pathology in Hamburg. We undertook to formulate the educational objectives of pathology for undergraduates, and outline the subject content necessary to achieve these objectives. It was decided to determine how much time is required to teach general pathology and when during the medical course the teaching should take place. In this symposium in Athens we concentrated on the teaching of general pathology as a subject of its own, apart from special or organ pathology. PMID- 3748885 TI - The activity of glutamate decarboxylase and the turnover of gamma-aminobutyric acid in spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - The activity of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) in the whole brain, hypothalamus, cerebellum, as well as in the brain after excision of the hypothalamus and cerebellum, is significantly lower in hypertensive rats (SHR) than in normotensive ones (NR). Moreover, the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) turnover rate is lower in the whole brain in SHR. The obtained results indicate that in the arterial hypertension the activity of GABA-ergic system is impaired. PMID- 3748886 TI - Investigations of central interaction of ethanol and clonidine. AB - The combined effect of ethanol and clonidine on rabbit EEG, and the effect of clonidine on ethanol sleep in mice, as well as on acute ethanol toxicity were investigated. Moreover, the effect of clonidine on ethanol level in rabbit blood and in mouse brain and the combined effect of ethanol and clonidine on rabbit arterial blood pressure were evaluated. It has been found that clonidine intensifies the effect of ethanol in EEG and prolongs ethanol sleep. Clonidine does not change acute ethanol toxicity and does not affect ethanol level in blood and the brain. Ethanol prevents the decrease of arterial blood pressure after an intravenous or intracerebroventricular administration of clonidine. PMID- 3748887 TI - Diazepam inhibits proliferation of the mouse spleen lymphocytes in vitro. AB - The effects of diazepam (1-100 microM) on the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA of the mouse spleen lymphocytes in vitro have been investigated. A dose dependent inhibition of lymphocyte DNA synthesis has been found. A 70% inhibition occurred with 100 microM diazepam concentration. PMID- 3748888 TI - Adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy. A rat model. AB - A rat model of adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy was elaborated. Adriamycin (ADR) in three total doses 21, 25 and 30 mg/kg ip injected in 15 equal partial doses caused the loss in body weight and hematocrite values, marked leucopenia and moderate elevation of SGOT activities as well as ECG changes. In histopathological examination cardiomyopathic changes were found in heart samples from rats treated with two higher ADR doses. The dose 25 mg/kg is suggested for further investigations concerning the limitation of ADR toxicity. PMID- 3748889 TI - Effects of chronic oral administration of imipramine in the rat forced swimming test. AB - Male Wistar rats were treated with imipramine hydrochloride (IMI) in a dose of 2 or 10 mg/kg/24 h in drinking water for 2 weeks, 1, 3 or 6 months. Two or 72 h after the final treatment forced swimming test was performed. It was shown that 2 h after the final dose of 10 mg/kg of IMI the immobility time was reduced following a period of 1-6 month treatment but not after 2 weeks of IMI administration. The dose of 2 mg/kg of IMI has not changed this type of behavior at any time after IMI treatment. After 24 h IMI (2 or 10 mg/kg) decreased the immobility of rats. This paper presents for the first time that also after long term treatment with IMI the evident effect on the time of immobility in the rat forced swimming test occurs. PMID- 3748890 TI - Studies on kininogen bioassay in human and rat plasma by means of trypsin and guinea pig ileum. AB - We studied further plasma kininogen bioassay, which is based on the cleavage of bradykinin from kininogen by trypsin and on bradykinin assay by guinea pig ileum. Bradykinin-like activities released from human and rat plasma in incubation did not reach constant levels at any trypsin concentrations from 200 to 2.500 micrograms/ml of plasma. With high trypsin concentrations bradykinin activity released, like the spontaneous formation of bioactivity when incubation is performed without trypsin, may be partly due to other bioactive materials than bradykinin. On the other hand, with trypsin concentration less than 500 micrograms/ml of plasma the formation of bradykinin from human plasma may be incomplete if the substrate concentration is increased. The sensitivity of guinea pig ileum to bradykinin in Tyrode medium is highest near the pH 7, while the response to unspecific bioactive material produced by trypsin rises when pH increases from 7 to 8. The temperature of Tyrode medium bath does not seem to be very critical. Though the method described here gives no absolute activities, in stable conditions we can obtain well comparable results on different kininogen concentrations in human and rat plasma. PMID- 3748892 TI - N-demethylase activity in the rat liver following morphine and haloperidol treatment. AB - A study of the liver N-demethylase activity in rats treated with different dosage schedule of morphine, or with a single dose of haloperidol was carried out. It was found that prolonged administration of morphine to rats inhibited the rate of ethylmorphine demethylation in vitro and diminished the liver cytochrome P450 level. Therefore, it could be assumed that the changes in N-demethylase activity did not play a substantial role in altering of morphine pharmacokinetics. Haloperidol, when given to rats, did not change the microsomal N-demethylase activity in vitro; however, when introduced into incubation mixture, it inhibited the rate of ethylmorphine dealkylation. This indicated that elevation of morphine level in rats by haloperidol was more likely due to a competitive mechanism. PMID- 3748893 TI - Derivatives of 2-N-arylalkylamino-2-methyl-1-propanol with antiarrhythmic activity. AB - Several aryl derivatives of achiral 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol have been obtained and tested for prophylactic and curative activity in different types of experimental arrhythmia. Interesting results were obtained for compounds 3 and 4 with activity and toxicity similar to those of quinidine. PMID- 3748891 TI - Furosemide antagonizes the contractile response to noradrenaline on isolated rat tail artery. AB - To determine the effect of furosemide (FUR) on the noradrenaline (NA) contraction of arteries, experiments were performed on isolated rat tail arteries according to Nicholas. FUR (300 mumol/l, 3 mmol/l) as well as Ca2+ transport system inhibitor, verapamil (VER), decreased the NA contractile force and FUR (3 mmol/l) antagonized the effect of VER (10 and 100 nmol/l). Calculated dose ratios according to Stephenson indicated that FUR and VER compete not only with NA but with each other. FUR decreased Ca2+ concentration in rat arteries studied in vivo by atomic absorption spectrophotometric method as well. It could be assumed that FUR depresses the sensitivity to NA and antagonizes NA induced contraction of arteries acting on transmembrane Ca2+ transport system. PMID- 3748895 TI - Characterization of androgen receptors in normal and malignant human prostatic tissues. AB - The aim of this work was to study the physico-chemical characteristics of androgen receptors of normal and malignant human prostatic tissues. Association (k+1) and dissociation (k-1) rate constants and sedimentation profiles on sucrose density gradients were determined on [3H]androgen receptor complexes. In the presence of 20 mM sodium molybdate, no significant difference in k+1 and k-1 values could be found between cytosolic receptor preparations from normal and malignant specimens. The values obtained for k+1 (mean +/- SD) were 5 +/- 2 X 10(6)M-1 min-1 (N = 3) and 5 +/- 2 X 10(6)M-1 (N = 5); k-1 values of 23 +/- 4 X 10(-4) min-1 (N = 4) and 25 +/- 3 X 10(-4) min-1 (N = 5) were obtained for normal and malignant tissues respectively. Similar Nmax values were also obtained for normal [(mean +/- SD) 26 +/- 10 fmol/mg cytosolic protein (N = 5)] and malignant [20 +/- 9 fmol/mg protein (N = 7)] tissues. A statistically significant difference was found however, between k-1 values measured on [3H]androgen receptor complexes of nuclear extracts; values of 15 +/- 3 X 10(-4) min-1 (N = 4) and 9 +/- 1 X 10(-4) min-1 (N = 6) were found for normal and malignant tissue preparations respectively. This was also accompanied by a higher level of androgen receptors in nuclear extracts of malignant [Nmax, 308 +/- 171 fmol/g of tissue (N = 8)] compared to normal [Nmax, 68 +/- 11 fmol/g of tissue (N = 5)] tissues. The cytosolic [3H]androgen receptor complexes prepared from normal tissues sedimented mainly in the 8-9S area on sucrose density gradient whereas those from malignant tissues sedimented 50% in the 8-9S area and 50% in the 4S area. In conclusion, in this study, we found a different sedimentation profile of androgen-receptor complexes from the cytosol of prostatic cancers compared to normal as well as a diminution of their dissociation rate constant in nuclei. PMID- 3748894 TI - Differential localization and androgen sensitivity of prostatic nuclear protein kinases in euchromatin and heterochromatin fractions. AB - We have examined the distribution and androgenic regulation of protein kinases and phosphoproteins in euchromatin and heterochromatin fractions of rat ventral prostate chromatin. Available procedures to prepare euchromatin and heterochromatin fractions were found to result in the loss of various chromatin associated protein kinases even though there was no gross change in the gel electrophoretic profile of proteins in these fractions. This loss was prevented by the addition of 0.5 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride throughout the preparative procedures, which indicates that the protein kinases associated with the chromatin may be particularly susceptible to proteolytic degradation during further subfractionation. By utilizing an improved method for fractionation of chromatin, we have demonstrated a marked enrichment of protein kinase activity (towards phosvitin and endogenous chromosomal proteins) in the euchromatin fraction as compared with heterochromatin. Both of these fractions were also examined for the incorporation of 32P into two main classes of nonhistone proteins (namely, H2SO4-soluble and -insoluble nonhistones). The amount of 32P incorporated into heterochromatin-associated proteins of both classes was markedly less than that in the euchromatin-associated proteins. Protein kinase activities (especially those active towards phosvitin and nonhistone proteins) in the euchromatin fraction as compared with the heterochromatin were significantly reduced within 24 h after androgenic deprivation in the animal. The decreased phosphorylation of nonhistone proteins could be attributed to the loss of endogenous protein kinase activity. The results indicate that not only are chromatin-associated protein phosphokinases preferentially localized in euchromatin fractions but also that these euchromatin-associated protein kinases display the greatest sensitivity to androgenic status of the animal. PMID- 3748896 TI - Design of cytotoxic steroids for prostate cancer. AB - Our object was to determine if the aromatic nucleus of estramustine (I) is optimal for binding affinity to prostate cytosolic proteins, and if C3 is the preferred position for the N-mustard carbamate moiety. To this end we have submitted 34 steroids for in vitro assay of binding affinity to total prostate cytosolic proteins. Our structures included aromatic and hydroaromatic steroids containing N-mustard carbamate and other substituents at C3, C6, C11, C16, C17, C20, and C21. Our results show that binding affinity to prostate proteins is optimally present in C3-nitrogen mustard carbamates attached directly to a totally planar aromatic ring as in (IV). Partial deviation from total planarity as in enol-carbamates (V) leads to some loss of binding affinity, which largely disappears in hydroaromatic structures (VI). Thus, our data lead to the Ring A aromatic structure (X) as a basis for the design of steroidal N-mustard carbamates with prostate selectivity. Preliminary in vivo studies using the Dunning R3327AT prostatic adenocarcinoma implanted in the Copenhagen rat generally support our in vitro data. PMID- 3748897 TI - Stromal and epithelial growth of the prostate during puberty. AB - In 30 male Chacma baboons, prepubertal, pubertal, and adult animals have been identified by their testicular and prostatic weights. The volume of the stromal and epithelial components of caudal prostate were calculated from morphometric determination of the percentage volume of each component and the total caudal prostate volume. Both stromal and epithelial volumes increased at puberty and plateaued at maturity. These increases could be fitted to logistic curves that support the conclusion that stromal pubertal growth precedes epithelial pubertal growth. The stromal contribution to prostates of increasing size followed a model distinct to that of the epithelial contribution, thus suggesting that the factors (e.g., androgens) controlling stromal and epithelial growth are not identical. Stromal growth may be a prerequisite for pubertal epithelial development of the prostate. PMID- 3748898 TI - Translunate, perilunate fracture-dislocation of the wrist. A case report. AB - The following case report presents an unusual translunate, perilunate fracture dislocation. To our knowledge, this occurrence has not been reported previously. PMID- 3748899 TI - A case report of a compressive neuropathy of the radial sensory nerve caused by a ganglion cyst at the elbow. AB - A case of an elbow ganglion cyst with compression of the radial sensory nerve is presented. The mass was noted on the anterior-radial aspect of the elbow after exertional trauma. Symptoms resolved following surgical excision. There has been no recurrence at one year. PMID- 3748900 TI - Apophyseal fracture. PMID- 3748901 TI - Limping toddlers. PMID- 3748902 TI - Multifocal eosinophilic granuloma in an adult with 20-year follow up. AB - A 50-year-old male with a 20-year history of eosinophilic granuloma is presented. His progressive chronic course is compatible with other reported cases. This is the first case of an adult with 20-year follow up. PMID- 3748903 TI - Dynamic post-surgical hallux varus after lateral sesamoidectomy: treatment and prevention. AB - Hallux varus and clawing are occasionally seen after a McBride procedure, due to the severance of the flexor hallucis brevis, when the lateral sesamoid is removed. The present study includes six patients, (involving ten feet), who developed hallux varus and great toe clawing after McBride procedures were performed by various orthopedic surgeons. Treatment utilized partial proximal phalangeal resection, with and without silicone single-stem implants, extensor hallucis longus tendon transfer to the great toe metatarsal, and interphalangeal joint arthrodesis, or tenodesis of the great toe to correct clawing. One patient eventually required a great toe metatarsophalangeal joint fusion. This reconstructive surgery is generally effective by correcting capsular malalignment, the "bowstringing" tendency of the extensor hallucis longus, and great toe clawing that develops simultaneously with hallux varus. Lateral sesamoidectomy is risky, and believed unnecessary as adductor hallucis tenotomy is effective in relieving hallux valgus. Although, it can occur with excessive excision of the medial emminence and distal advancement of the abductor hallucis. The author is unaware of hallux varus developing after adductor hallucis tenotomies. PMID- 3748904 TI - Head and neck carcinoma metastases to the hand and foot. A case report of simultaneous involvement. AB - Metastatic tumors to the foot are a rare phenomenon which are often initially misdiagnosed. This article reports two cases of head and neck carcinoma metastases to the foot which were initially diagnosed as infection. These tumors have not been reported previously as metastasizing to the feet. In addition, one of the cases had metastasis to the hand and foot. Only five previously reported cases of such a combination could be found in the literature. PMID- 3748905 TI - Early post-surgical prosthetic fitting with a pre-fabricated plastic limb. AB - Early prosthetic fitting and independent ambulation are major goals in the rehabilitation of amputees with early walking being extremely valuable in the physical and psychosocial rehabilitation of the amputee. With early resumption of weight bearing and ambulation, deterioration of postural reflexes can be prevented and the residual limb (stump) can be shaped for definitive prosthetic fitting. A new temporary prosthesis was evaluated in its use on new below-knee amputees. The prosthesis is a plastic, hollow form which fits over the conventional rigid, plaster postoperative dressing. It comes in one size and is cut to fit the patient. The prosthesis is readily available, needs little training for its application, can be re-used, and is inexpensive. Twenty-two consecutive patients treated at Hines Veteran's Administration Hospital and Loyola University Medical Center underwent below-knee amputations. All were determined to be potential walkers. The average age at surgery was 61 years with a range of 17 to 74 years. Amputation was performed for trauma in two patients and gangrene in the other 20. All wounds were dressed with conventional rigid, plaster dressings with cast changes five days postoperatively. The prefabricated temporary prosthesis was applied at the second cast application at an average of 8.1 days postoperatively with permanent prosthetic fitting at 7.7 weeks. There were no complications related to the use of the plastic temporary prosthesis. The use of a new plastic temporary prosthesis has been found to be advantageous in the early rehabilitation of below-knee amputees. PMID- 3748906 TI - Subungual exostosis. PMID- 3748907 TI - Elastic intramedullary nailing in shaft fractures of the femur and tibia. AB - The excellent results obtained in the stabilization of lateral and subtrochanteric fractures of the neck of the femur by the use of Ender nails have encouraged us to extend this method, with some technical modifications, to shaft fractures of the femur. It is proposed to be an alternative in the surgical treatment of such fractures. We propose to use this alternative when local conditions counterindicate, or the risk factor in other surgical techniques is too high. This method is simple, easily executed and assures a rapid and functional recovery. Ender intramedullary nailing achieves a dynamic stabilization controlled by the elasticity of the nails, muscle tone and weight bearing. The stabilization allows slight interfragmentary movements and produces the formation of periosteal bone callus. PMID- 3748908 TI - Bilateral fracture of the upper third of the fibula caused by indirect trauma. AB - A case of bilateral fractures of the upper third of the fibula caused by indirect trauma is reported. There was no associated ankle or knee injury. A probable mechanism of injury is discussed. PMID- 3748909 TI - Surgery for early stage osteochondritis dissecans of the knee in young adults: a preliminary report. AB - Results are reported of surgical treatment and a 7-year follow up of a group of seven young adults (average age, 17.9 years) suffering from early-stage osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the medial femoral condyle. A randomly selected group of patients was treated surgically by drilling and shaving the OCD lesion. Results of radiological examination demonstrated healing of the lesion within 4 to 7 months in all cases. Subjective and objective evaluation indicated that patients complained of pain, limitation of mobility and activity for 20.3 months prior to surgery, but were symptom-free 3.2 months following surgery and remained so for the 7 years of follow up. The role of early surgery for the early stage of the disease is discussed. PMID- 3748910 TI - Osteoid osteoma of the cervical spine. AB - Osteoid osteoma is a benign tumor of bone that occurs in children and adolescents, particularly in the femur and tibia. Osteoid osteoma of the spine accounts for approximately 10% of these lesions. There frequently is a delay in diagnosis because of its difficult visual appearance. Pain in the spine occurring at night that is relieved by aspirin, or painful scoliosis, should alert the physician to the possibility of its presence. Bone scan and tomograms are essential in making the diagnosis. Complete surgical excision of the lesion is the procedure of choice for immediate, lasting pain relief. PMID- 3748911 TI - Dislocation and failure of an articulated total hip replacement. A case report. PMID- 3748912 TI - Total hip replacement and sciatic nerve trauma. AB - Intraoperative injury to the sciatic nerve is a known risk during total hip replacement. Postoperative injury by an implant is rare. A case of sciatic nerve laceration possibly caused by a protrusio ring is presented. The presentation of the patient, the mechanism of injury, and the means to avoid it are discussed. PMID- 3748913 TI - An algorithm for the management of ligamentous injuries of the knee associated with common peroneal nerve palsy. AB - Peroneal nerve palsy is the result of traction of the nerve at the fibular head and can be seen after varus injuries of the knee. The complication is uncommon and spontaneous, useful recovery is unusual. The treatment of either the ligamentous injury or the nerve injury alone is uncomplicated. However, when these injuries are seen in combination, management is more complicated. The clinical and laboratory findings of the nerve palsy in such a situation are reviewed. In addition, an algorithm has been constructed that is useful in determining the appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic steps in managing combined injuries. PMID- 3748914 TI - Solitary eosinophilic granuloma of bone presenting with only referred signs and symptoms. A case report. AB - An unusual case of solitary eosinophilic granuloma of rib in a young adult man is reported. He presented only with referred signs and symptoms distant from the lesion. This is a unique presentation and demonstrates the ubiquitousness of this disease when localizing signs and symptoms are absent. PMID- 3748915 TI - Unicameral bone cyst. PMID- 3748916 TI - Preventive maintenance of the gastrointestinal tract. PMID- 3748917 TI - Fecal incontinence. Effective nonsurgical treatments. AB - Management of the patient with fecal soiling begins with a careful evaluation of possible contributing factors, followed by anorectal examination, neurologic and psychosocial testing, and workup for chronic diarrhea, if present. In many patients, these procedures should be supplemented by radiologic and manometric studies to determine if structural or functional anorectal abnormalities are present. Therapeutic approaches include behavioral, pharmacologic, and surgical methods, which should be carefully considered in relation to the underlying cause of incontinence. For the experienced physician, therapy can be gratifyingly effective in many patients with fecal soiling and can dramatically improve their quality of life. PMID- 3748918 TI - Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Evaluation with double-contrast barium examination and endoscopy. AB - Double-contrast barium examination of the colon can demonstrate the changes associated with inflammatory bowel disease more completely and specifically than the single-contrast barium study. However, endoscopy is slightly more sensitive than double-contrast examination for detection of disease. In general, between 18% and 20% of patients with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis may be expected to have normal radiographic findings but endoscopically detectable disease. However, most false-negative double-contrast colon studies are associated with mild or minimal findings at proctosigmoidoscopy. Although double contrast radiography may be less sensitive than endoscopy in detection of inflammatory bowel disease, it has similar accuracy for classification and differentiation. Most studies indicate an accuracy of 95% to 98% in differentiating Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, due to the fact that morphologic changes detected by the double-contrast mucosal study rarely overlap in the two diseases. Double-contrast barium examination and endoscopy are complementary studies, and the use of both may provide valuable information for evaluation of patients with suspected inflammatory bowel disease. PMID- 3748919 TI - Masked depression. Help for the hidden misery. AB - Depression that is hidden by somatic or other symptoms is called masked depression. Although one of the more common illnesses in medical practice, masked depression is often misdiagnosed or ignored and usually inappropriately treated. Treatment consists of many of the same measures used in any other major depression--a combination of antidepressant medication and psychotherapy. PMID- 3748920 TI - '...And in this corner, the patient'. PMID- 3748921 TI - Diabetes mellitus in Kenny's syndrome. PMID- 3748922 TI - Anticoagulation therapy. PMID- 3748923 TI - Cardiac arrhythmias. An update on identification and therapy. AB - Cardiac arrhythmias result from conduction block, abnormal impulse formation, or a combination of both. The decision to treat arrhythmias depends on symptoms, hemodynamic problems, the presence or absence of organic heart disease, and the presence of malignant arrhythmias. Holter monitoring, treadmill exercise testing, and electrophysiologic stimulation can facilitate identification. Control involves correction of precipitating or contributing factors and selection of an appropriate antiarrhythmic drug or surgical technique. PMID- 3748924 TI - Meningitis. Principles of diagnosis, advances in treatment. PMID- 3748926 TI - Adding life to later years through exercise. AB - Exercise should be part of everyone's daily routine. Most people can devise their own best program. However, geriatric patients often require the active participation of the physician, whose task is complicated by the special physical, psychologic, social, and economic needs of this age-group. A regular, safe program will make exercise more pleasant. Exercise and activity should be a way of life. Exercise can help to achieve better physical and mental health, thereby improving the quality of life. PMID- 3748925 TI - Hereditary hemochromatosis in a 46-year-old man. AB - A 46-year-old man experienced weakness, lassitude, and vague, aching abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant. Physical examination was notable for hepatomegaly and slight hyperpigmentation of the hands. Elevated levels were revealed on liver function tests, and massive iron deposition was shown on liver biopsy. The patient was started on a therapeutic regimen of 400-ml phlebotomies. Hereditary hemochromatosis is an iron-storage disease in which total body iron stores can reach incredibly high levels, leading to damage of the liver, heart, pancreas, and pituitary gland. The most specific screening test is measurement of the serum concentration of ferritin, and a transferrin saturation determination is also helpful in diagnosis. Phlebotomy is still the treatment of choice, although new ways of administering chelating agents are being investigated. PMID- 3748927 TI - Meningism following Salmonella virchow food poisoning. AB - Thirty six patients were admitted to hospital as a result of Salmonella virchow infection during an outbreak of food poisoning in Essex in 1984. Out of 12 patients with evidence of bloodstream invasion, one third presented primarily with meningism and attention is drawn to this unusual clinical picture. PMID- 3748928 TI - Pituitary apoplexy and haemorrhage into adenomas. AB - A review of 78 cases of surgically managed pituitary adenomas revealed that haemorrhage had occurred in 13. Frank haemorrhage or haemorrhagic infarction caused increasing headache, drowsiness, diplopia and visual failure. The correct diagnosis was suggested by skull X-rays and contrast studies leading to prompt surgical decompression. PMID- 3748929 TI - Trends in psychotropic prescribing in general practice and general medical patients. AB - Psychotropic drug prescribing in 1280 medical inpatients between 1973-75 was compared with that in 1200 similar patients during 1982-83. Three benzodiazepines accounted for 64% of prescriptions in 1973-75 and nine benzodiazepines for 82% of prescriptions in 1982-83. Over the decade, use of psychotropic drugs fell from 56% to 38% (P less than 0.001), primarily due to a reduction in patients treated only in hospital (34% vs 16%, P less than 0.001). Before admission, the proportions of patients receiving these drugs were similar (17% vs 18%). During admission, concomitant administration of similar drugs declined from 22% of patients in 1973-75 to 11% in 1982-83 (P less than 0.001), while concurrent prescribing before admission increased from 13 to 19%. The marked fall in psychotropic drug use and in inappropriate concomitant therapy indicates an encouraging trend towards more rational drug use at least in hospital. This was achieved without fiscal control and further rationalization of prescribing habits may be achieved by self-audit within the profession without legislative action. PMID- 3748930 TI - Cushing's syndrome--transitory immune deficiency state? AB - A 28 year old female patient with Cushing's syndrome due to an adrenal adenoma also suffered from recurrent urinary infections (proteus), tonsillitis (streptococcus), permanent candidiasis and perimandibular abscess (Staphylococcus pyogenes). Suppression of cellular and humoral immunity was confirmed by in vitro tests. After successful right adrenalectomy the clinical signs of Cushing's syndrome disappeared and no evidence of either bacterial or fungal infection were noted one year postoperatively. Immunological tests showed the restitution of both cellular and humoral immunity. The course of the disease in the patient supports the idea that Cushing's syndrome might be considered as a transitory immune deficiency state. PMID- 3748931 TI - Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism in a patient with a normal thyroid gland. AB - Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism can develop even in the presence of an otherwise normal gland. One of the less common sources of iodine is tablets of seaweed, sold over the counter without prescription. We report the case of a 72 year old female who developed clinical and laboratory evidence of hyperthyroidism while ingesting sea-kelp (Vitalia) tablets. Six months after stopping the tablets, the symptoms and laboratory evidence of hyperthyroidism had disappeared. No evidence of pre-existing thyroid disease was found. PMID- 3748932 TI - Septicaemia and pleural effusion due to Plesiomonas shigelloides. AB - Plesiomonas shigelloides is a rare cause of invasive infection, most clinically significant isolates being from the gastrointestinal tract of animals and man. Recently it has been implicated as an increasing cause of opportunistic infections. We report a case of P. shigelloides septicaemia and pleural effusion in a patient with pre-existing alcoholic liver disease. This case serves to illustrate the possible role of P. shigelloides as an opportunistic pathogen in a compromised host especially where there is co-existing liver disease. PMID- 3748933 TI - Primary liposarcoma of the heart. AB - A rare form of primary heart tumour, a liposarcoma, is reported. A discussion of diagnosis and modalities of treatment of primary heart sarcomas is presented. PMID- 3748934 TI - Femoral hernia causing pneumoperitoneum. AB - Richter's hernia, in which only a portion of the circumference of the intestine lies within the sac, is a common complication of femoral hernia. This case report is of 39 year old female who presented with a pneumoperitoneum and was found at laparotomy to have a right femoral Richter's hernia containing a knuckle of perforated small bowel. This is a previously unreported presentation of femoral hernia. PMID- 3748935 TI - Azathioprine shock. AB - Azathioprine has been used as an immunosuppressant for over 20 years in cancer chemotherapy, organ transplantation and diseases with confirmed or suspected immune mechanisms. A hypersensitivity reaction manifesting as fever, rash, myalgia and a neutrophil leucocytosis occurring about 2 weeks after exposure is well documented and has been confirmed by challenge testing. Hypotensive reactions are less common but potentially fatal; a case is reported where repeat exposure resulted in profound circulatory collapse responding only to intervention with inotropic agents. PMID- 3748936 TI - Big is best? PMID- 3748937 TI - Does stress cause heart attacks? PMID- 3748939 TI - How does stress exert its effects--smoking, diet and obesity, physical activity? AB - Using a job stress questionnaire a negative correlation was found between job stress and physical fitness and a positive one with Type A behaviour. No correlation was found between job stress and obesity, nutritional patterns or physical activity. Subjects with angina had higher scores on the job stress questionnaire than normal controls. The job stress score was not predictive of future coronary heart disease. PMID- 3748938 TI - Mechanisms by which stress can lead to coronary heart disease. AB - Much stress is of psychological origin and due to emotional arousal. The mechanisms by which anger, helplessness, or a sense of control and serenity exert their various neuroendocrine effects are discussed. Primacy is given to three systems; to the catecholamines, to testosterone and to cortisol. Evidence that they interact to accelerate the arteriosclerotic process is cited. The protective aspects of intimacy are discussed together with evidence that certain personality types promote it in the marital situation while others do not. It is suggested that the post-traumatic stress syndrome may relate to the coronary-prone personality for it involves an alexithymic disturbance of the emotional competence required for successful intimacy. PMID- 3748940 TI - Stress mechanisms in hypertension. AB - Recent studies of stress mechanisms in hypertension have focussed on the cardiovascular and neuroendocrine reactions to challenging or threatening psychosocial stimuli. Fixed hypertension may develop in some animal models following chronic exposure to psychosocial conflict. Acute experiments in humans show that marked sympathetically-mediated cardiovascular reactions accompany the performance of challenging tasks. Responses are more accentuated in hypertensives and in people at high risk for developing the disorder. The working hypothesis to emerge is that the haemodynamic responses that accompany attempts to cope with challenging environments may promote the spiral towards sustained hypertension in susceptible individuals. PMID- 3748941 TI - Levodopa withdrawal and the neuroleptic malignant syndrome. PMID- 3748942 TI - Spontaneous rupture of the bladder in a patient with cor pulmonale presenting as acute abdominal emergency. PMID- 3748943 TI - Accumulation rate in the whole blood of market turkeys fed prophylactic and therapeutic levels of sulfadimethoxine. AB - A study was conducted to determine the accumulation of sulfadimethoxine (SDM) in the blood of market turkeys. Fifty-two 12-week-old female turkeys were fed SDM at either prophylactic or therapeutic levels, .00625 and .03125% (w/w), respectively, for 24 days. A semiqualitative test, the Whole Blood Sulfa Test (WBST), was used to determine sulfa levels in the whole blood. Blood samples were obtained at 0, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hr for the first day for both groups after the incorporation of SDM in the feed. Blood sampling was continued at 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, and 24 days in the prophylactic treatment and at 2, 3, 12, and 24 days in the therapeutic treatment. Six birds were chosen at random from each drug level for the sampling period. The blood concentration of SDM reached a plateau of about 1 ppm after 15 days of feeding with the highest level of about 1.2 ppm attained at 14 days in the prophylactic treatment. In the therapeutic treatment, the level of SDM in the whole blood leveled at 24 hr at approximately 4 ppm, and the highest levels of 30 ppm were attained at 11 days on the drug. PMID- 3748944 TI - Response of broiler chickens to addition of zinc bacitracin to diets containing salinomycin and roxarsone. AB - Five trials were conducted at various locations to determine the response of broiler chickens to the addition of zinc bacitracin to diets containing both salinomycin and roxarsone. Results indicate that when a combination of salinomycin and roxarsone is used as an anticoccidial, the addition of zinc bacitracin at 33 or 55 mg/kg diet will improve growth rate and feed utilization by broiler chickens. Regression of body weight and feed utilization on dietary levels of zinc bacitracin indicated that each milligram of zinc bacitracin in the diet increased the 49-day weight of broiler chickens by .92 g and reduced the feed required per gram of gain by .0012 g. PMID- 3748945 TI - Individual and combined effects of aflatoxin and deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin) in broiler chickens. AB - The individual and combined effects of aflatoxin and deoxynivalenol (DON) were evaluated in young broiler chickens (Hubbard X Hubbard). The experimental design was a 2 X 2 factorial with treatments of 0 and 2.5 micrograms of aflatoxin/g of feed (ppm) and 0 and 16 micrograms of DON/g of feed. The broilers were maintained on these dietary treatments from hatching to 3 weeks of age in electrically heated batteries with feed and water available ad libitum. The aflatoxin treatment significantly (P less than .05) decreased body weight; weight gain; increased the relative weight of the spleen, liver, and kidney; induced hepatic hyperlipemia; decreased activity of lactic dehydrogenase; and decreased serum levels of protein, albumin, and phosphorus. The toxicity of DON was expressed through reduced growth rate, increased feed conversion; increased relative weight of the gizzard, anemia, decreased activity of lactic dehydrogenase, and decreased serum triglycerides. The interaction between aflatoxin and DON was characterized by reduced growth rates; increased feed conversion, increased relative weight of the proventriculus, gizzard, spleen, liver, and kidney, anemia, hepatic hyperlipemia, decreased activity of alkaline phosphatase, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, and lactic dehydrogenase, and decreased serum levels of protein, albumin, uric acid, cholesterol, triglycerides, and calcium. These data demonstrate that both aflatoxin and DON can limit broiler performance and adversely effect broiler health. The effects of the combination of aflatoxin and DON on broiler performance and health was more severe than the individual effects of these mycotoxins; however, the interaction was not severe enough to represent toxic synergy and can best be characterized as additive toxicity. PMID- 3748946 TI - Effect of dietary 7-ketocholesterol, pure, or oxidized cholesterol on hepatic 3 hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase activity, energy balance, egg cholesterol concentration, and 14C-acetate incorporation into yolk lipids of laying hens. AB - Experiments were conducted to study the effect of 7-ketocholesterol (7-k) in the presence or absence of pure cholesterol (PCH) or oxidized cholesterol (OCH) in diets of laying hens on reproductive performance and several parameters of cholesterol metabolism. In the first experiment, cholesterol synthesis and transport was examined by the in ovo incorporation of 14C-acetate into yolk triglycerides and cholesterol. Energy balances were also conducted. In the second experiment, hepatic 3 hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity was measured in vitro to evaluate potential cholesterol synthesis. In both experiments, reproductive performance and egg yolk cholesterol concentration were measured. Dietary PCH or OCH (.5%) significantly reduced relative acetate incorporation into yolk cholesterol, while 7-k (.025%) had no effect on carbon flow from acetate into egg cholesterol. While 7-k alone did not alter total yolk cholesterol concentration, it moderated the effect of PCH or OCH on increasing yolk cholesterol concentration. No consistent effects of dietary sterols on reproductive performance or energy balance were observed. Hepatic HMG CoA reductase activity was dramatically suppressed by feeding PCH or OCH and moderately suppressed by 7-k. In combination with PCH or OCH, 7-k did not further depress enzyme activity. The observations that 7-k alone depressed hepatic HMG CoA reductase activity, without changing relative acetate incorporation into yolk cholesterol while limiting cholesterol deposition in egg yolk from PCH or OCH, is interpreted to mean that 7-k may stimulate sterol transport and excretion while limiting cholesterol synthesis. PMID- 3748948 TI - Mechanical properties of the tibiotarsus of broilers and poults loaded with artificial weight and fed various dietary protein levels. AB - Bone strength comparisons were made on tibiotarsi of chicks and poults fed various levels of dietary protein and either loaded or not loaded with artificial weights. Stress and modulus of elasticity were evaluated for their ability to measure strength and rigidity differences in bones while accounting for various bone size. Often comparisons between birds of different ages and body weights are attempted despite various bone size and dimension. These terms identified the weaker, less rigid bones in a comparison between chicks fed a low calcium, low phosphorus diet and a control group matched for age, weight, and bone size. Stress values were not significantly different when ad libitum-fed controls and restriction-fed controls were compared even though body weights were significantly different. This suggests that bone strength comparisons can be made on bones that differ in size. Artificial weight loading of chicks or poults had no consistent effect on stress or modulus of elasticity. This would suggest that this type of exercise had no influence on bone strength. Turkey poults fed 28% dietary protein appeared to have stronger bones than those fed lower protein levels; however, when bone size and dimension are accounted for, no differences in bone strength resulted from the feeding of various protein levels. These findings suggest that stress and modulus of elasticity are better terms to use than force in making bone strength comparisons between groups of birds which may differ in body size and bone dimension. PMID- 3748947 TI - Effect of dietary fluoride and aluminum on laying hen performance and fluoride concentration in blood, soft tissue, bone, and egg. AB - Changes in laying-hen performance due to the effect of graded levels of dietary fluoride (F) have been documented earlier. The present study examined the effect of dietary F and aluminum (Al) on laying hen performance, and F levels in plasma, soft tissues, muscle, bone, and eggs. Two hundred and seventy Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL) layers were fed a basal diet containing the following F and Al levels: control; 100 ppm F; 80 ppm Al; 100 ppm F/80 ppm Al; 100 ppm F/40 ppm Al; 1300 ppm F; 1040 ppm Al; 1300 ppm F/1040 ppm Al, and 1300 ppm F/520 ppm Al. After 112 days of feeding, the blood, tissue, bone, and egg samples were collected for analysis. High F intake significantly depressed feed intake and hen-day production and elevated serum, tissue, bone, and egg F levels. Dietary Al minimized the effect of high fluoride feeding. The mean fluoride concentration for low (80 ppm Al diet) vs. high F (1300 ppm) intake was, respectively: plasma, .2 vs. 10.1 ppm; liver, 4.5 vs. 19.2 ppm; kidney, 2.9 vs. 31.8 ppm; pectoralis muscle, 3.6 vs. 6.7; tibia muscle homogenate, 3.9 vs. 21.1 ppm, and bone, 611 vs. 2600 ppm. The majority of the F transferred to the egg was incorporated into the shell (2.8 to 307.1 ppm). Low F levels were found in albumen (fresh, .4 to 1.0 ppm) and yolk (dry fat free, 3.1 to 18.4 ppm). The data suggested that dietary F is readily accumulated in bone and kidney; however, liver and muscle are less responsive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3748949 TI - Long-term effects of corn, soybean meal, wheat bran, and fish meal on manganese utilization in the chick. AB - A 7-week assay was conducted to investigate the long-term effects of several natural feed ingredients on Mn utilization. Chicks were fed a Mn-deficient casein dextrose diet supplemented with fish meal, wheat bran, or a corn-soybean meal mixture. Although these feed ingredients contain significant quantities of Mn, they actually depressed performance and reduced the Mn concentration in key tissues when dietary Mn was near the chick's minimal requirement. At deficient levels of dietary Mn, fish meal also had detrimental effects on those parameters, and it increased the severity of perosis as well. PMID- 3748950 TI - Studies of the renal excretion of the hydroxyl analogue of methionine by the chick. AB - Athens-Canadian Random Bred adult cockerels and chicks were used to compare the metabolism of the free acid form of the methionine hydroxyl analogue (HMB-FA) to L-methionine (LMET). The first experiment was to determine whether HMB-FA was excreted by the kidneys, thus reducing the amount available for protein synthesis. Fasted adult male chickens were given a single oral dose of HMB-FA or LMET containing a radioactive tracer. Urine was collected and analyzed for the amount of radioactive tracer present; blood samples were subjected to blood gas analyses to assess the physiological status of the bird. It was concluded that LMET was the major methionine analogue excreted from roosters dosed with either HMB-FA or LMET, and that HMB-FA was not excreted by the avian kidney. The second experiment was to determine whether the acid-base status of the diet influences the utilization of HMB-FA. Two levels of dietary LMET or HMB-FA and six levels of dietary base were fed to chicks in a complete 2 X 2 X 6 factorial design for a period of 20 days, after which weight gain and feed consumption were determined. The results indicated that the acid-base status of the diet can play a role in maximizing the gain of chicks fed HMB-FA. Optimal dietary conditions for comparing the efficacy of HMB-FA with LMET and the poor performance of HMB-FA in crystalline amino acid diets are discussed. PMID- 3748951 TI - Effect of sperm numbers per insemination following early or late initial inseminations in turkeys. AB - Large White turkey hens were used in this study to investigate sperm storage in the hen throughout a 20-week breeding cycle. Hens were initially inseminated early or late and subsequently at 7-day intervals with either 20, 50, or 100 million sperm each time. Early inseminations (EI) were performed on Days 14 and 17 postlighting, and the late inseminations (LI) were performed on Days 21 and 24 postlighting. Fertility (percent) was calculated weekly for 20 weeks following the second initial insemination in each group. Fertility was greatest in EI hens for the 20-week period; the largest difference occurred between EI and LI treatments of the 50 million sperm/insemination group. A significant interaction was observed between time of initial insemination and sperm numbers per insemination. Overall fertility was improved with each increase in sperm numbers/insemination. PMID- 3748952 TI - Comparison of monoamine concentrations in the brains of adult male and female Japanese quail. AB - A fluorometric assay measuring brain tissue concentrations of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin has been validated for Japanese quail. Accuracy, precision, specificity, and parallelism were determined. The sensitivity of the assays was 6 ng/tube, which allowed individual assay of 1 to 2 mg hypothalamic tissue. In Experiment 1, relatively large areas of brain from adult, reproductively active males and females were found to differ significantly in norepinephrine content in optic lobes and for dopamine in right telencephalon. A microdissection technique was used in Experiment 2 to sample small portions of hypothalamic tissue. Sex differences were observed for norepinephrine in the sections containing the lobus paraolfactorius and the preoptic, anterior, and medial hypothalamus. Differences in monoamine content were most apparent when smaller areas dissected by microdissection were analyzed. These results give evidence for sex differences in the monoamine content in specific areas of the brain. PMID- 3748953 TI - Effect of pelleting on vitamin A assay levels of poultry feed. AB - Twenty samples were collected before and after pelleting a 454-kg-lot of feed and assayed for vitamin A. Vitamin A assay levels were reduced 6.5% by pelleting at 80 C. The value reported here is one-fifth the value reported in 1958 and 30% lower than the value recently reported. PMID- 3748954 TI - A pneumatic device for attaching wing bands to day-old chicks. AB - A device for attaching aluminum bands to the wings of day-old chicks is described and illustrated. It is powered with compressed air and utilizes both hand and foot operated controls. Using this device, an operator can apply wing bands without an assistant at rates up to 300 chicks/hour. PMID- 3748955 TI - Atmospheric ammonia and incidence of blood spots in eggs. AB - A study was conducted to determine if atmospheric ammonia causes an increase in blood spots in eggs. Results show that atmospheric ammonia did not cause an increase in the number of blood spots in eggs. PMID- 3748956 TI - Pertussis and the wolf. PMID- 3748957 TI - Magnesium therapy in myocardial infarction. PMID- 3748959 TI - GPs assess hospital services. PMID- 3748958 TI - Fashion causes traction alopecia. PMID- 3748960 TI - Child psychiatry and general practice. PMID- 3748961 TI - Community management of schizophrenia. PMID- 3748962 TI - Recognition and treatment of alcohol-related disorders. PMID- 3748963 TI - The fat file syndrome or Briquet revisited. PMID- 3748964 TI - Drugs and breast feeding. PMID- 3748965 TI - Employing a psychologist in general practice. PMID- 3748966 TI - Nurses as co-practitioners: threat or promise? PMID- 3748967 TI - Inositol nicotinate in intermittent claudication. PMID- 3748968 TI - Why child cyclists should wear helmets. PMID- 3748969 TI - Ten 'A' commandments from the Good Health Symposium. PMID- 3748970 TI - A shipyard worker and intermittent claudication. PMID- 3748971 TI - Cough. PMID- 3748972 TI - Cystic fibrosis. PMID- 3748973 TI - Bronchodilator treatment. PMID- 3748975 TI - Helping patients to cope with chronic pain. PMID- 3748974 TI - Cor pulmonale and home oxygen therapy. PMID- 3748976 TI - Simple hydrocortisone creams for dermatitis in general practice. PMID- 3748977 TI - Supraglottitis in adults. PMID- 3748978 TI - Contra-indications to measles and whooping cough vaccination: reality and mythology. PMID- 3748979 TI - [Recommendations for a standardized routine method of determining the flow volume curve]. PMID- 3748981 TI - [Abscess-forming tuberculosis of the lymph nodes]. PMID- 3748980 TI - [Fibrosing alveolitis in collagenoses and sarcoidoses. On the value of functional analytic findings in follow-ups]. PMID- 3748982 TI - [Intrathoracic involvement in Hodgkin's disease. Diagnosis--therapy--prognosis]. PMID- 3748983 TI - [Computer tomographic findings in carcinosarcoma of the lung]. PMID- 3748984 TI - [Prospective study of the significance of chronic wheezing for the deterioration of FEV1]. PMID- 3748985 TI - [Serologic studies for Legionella, Mycoplasma and various viruses in pneumonia patients]. PMID- 3748986 TI - [Individual theophylline doses following ambulatory determination of theophylline clearance]. PMID- 3748987 TI - [Immunoreactivity in patients with pigeon breeder's lung. I: General immune status and specificity of the lymphocyte transformation test and intracutaneous test]. PMID- 3748988 TI - [Prevention of farmer's lung]. PMID- 3748989 TI - [Do obese children develop lower achievement motivation?]. PMID- 3748991 TI - [Transition of a therapy group with adolescents into a self-help group]. PMID- 3748990 TI - [Intercultural conflicts in 10-18-year-old girls of Turkish origin]. PMID- 3748992 TI - Estimation of the weight of chorionic villus samples obtained from first trimester pregnancies by transcervical aspiration. AB - Eight obstetricians experienced in chorionic villus sampling were asked to estimate the weight of samples of villi with and without a reference photograph. Referral to the photograph significantly improved the accuracy of their estimations. PMID- 3748993 TI - Chorionic villus culture for first trimester diagnosis of chromosome defects: evaluation by two London centres. AB - The maceration technique for the culture of chorionic villi has been applied by St Mary's Hospital and King's College Hospital, to a total of 225 villus aspirates of which 100 were from diagnostic cases. Two hundred and eighteen (96.8 per cent) of these were successfully karyotyped, and chromosome abnormalities were detected in 15 cases. Of the cases with a normal karyotype, 113 were male and 90 were female. Sixty-nine (77 per cent) of the female cultures were demonstrated to be fetal and a further two of these may be verified at delivery. The use of Chang medium was found to accelerate cell growth thereby reducing the interval between sampling and reporting to less than 2 weeks. An unlimited quantity of metaphase spreads was obtained suitable for the application of routine banding techniques, and comparable to those obtained from amniotic fluid culture. Experience with diagnostic cases reinforced our view that culture should always back up direct analysis and this is discussed with particular reference to the occurrence of mosaicism in the trophoblast. PMID- 3748994 TI - Kazal type trypsin inhibitor in amniotic fluid in fetal developmental disorders. AB - The amniotic fluid concentrations of the Kazal type trypsin inhibitor were studied in pregnancies with fetal developmental disorders. The samples were obtained by amniocentesis between 14 and 19 weeks of gestation. In cases with fetal malformations, the level was below the normal 10th centile in 15 out of 28 cases (54 per cent, p less than 0.05) and above the normal 90th centile in 2 cases (7.1 per cent). Low values were common in cases with intrauterine fetal death or congenital nephrosis. The levels were normal in fetal chromosomal aberrations. PMID- 3748995 TI - Inv dup (15): prenatal diagnosis and postnatal follow-up. AB - A de novo inv dup (15) was diagnosed at amniocentesis. No physical abnormalities were detected after birth. The boy developed severe mental and motor retardation, which became obvious at 16 months of age. PMID- 3748996 TI - Prenatal identification of a Y-chromosome deletion by Y-specific single copy DNA probes. AB - A sex chromosome deletion was identified in the course of prenatal diagnosis for maternal age. Ultrasound pictures revealed male fetal sex and a comparison with the father's Y chromosome suggested that the altered chromosome might be a de novo deletion of the Y chromosome. DNA hybridization with five human Y-specific probes shows that, among the Y-specific sequences recognized by the probes, only two of them are absent. The normal infant, at birth, was mosaic 46, XYq-/46,XY. PMID- 3748997 TI - Solubilization and purification of rat liver microsomal trans-2-enoyl-CoA hydratase. PMID- 3748999 TI - High-speed preparative-scale separation and purification of ribosomal 5S and 5.8S RNA's via Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration chromatography. AB - In this work we present a rapid and economical alternative to Sephadex and high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) for preparative-scale separation and purification of low molecular weight RNA's: 5.8S RNA, 5S RNA, and tRNA's. These three RNA species can be well resolved from each other and from higher molecular weight RNA species via Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration chromatography under mild eluting conditions: 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.5, containing 1.0 M NaCl. For a sample load of about 250 mg, the resolving power of a Sephacryl S-300 column (78 X 3.2 cm) is comparable to that of a 4.5 times larger Sephadex G-75 column (144 X 5 cm). Moreover, the total separation period is 2.5 times shorter for the Sephacryl method. Up to 500 mg or more of crude ribosomal RNA mixtures could be separated via two Sephacryl S-300 columns operated in tandem. PMID- 3748998 TI - Purification of six human vitamin K-dependent proteins in a single chromatographic step using immunoaffinity columns. AB - The major human vitamin K-dependent proteins were purified from plasma using immunoadsorbents made with antibodies specific for each protein. Monoclonal antibodies to Factor VII, Factor IX, Factor X, Protein C, and Protein S were prepared from mice immunized with isolated vitamin K-dependent antigens. Purified monoclonal antibodies and a purified burro polyclonal anti-prothrombin immunoglobulin were individually coupled to Sepharose and used in a tandem series of columns to purify each of the vitamin K-dependent proteins from eluates of barium citrate precipitates of plasma. The proteins were eluted from the columns by sodium thiocyanate and retained functional activity following dialysis. Prothrombin, Factor VII, Factor IX, Factor X and Protein C were essentially homogeneous as judged by NaDodSO4-PAGE; Protein S was isolated as a Protein S-C4b binding protein complex. These results indicate the utility of monoclonal antibody immunoadsorbents for purifying the human vitamin K-dependent proteins and represent a considerable simplification over other purification schemes. PMID- 3749000 TI - A source of error in the chromatographic study of 35S-sulfate labeled mucous glycoproteins secreted by the gill epithelium of Mytilus edulis. AB - HPLC combined with [35S]-sulfate/[3H]-glucosamine radiolabeling were employed to study the synthesis and secretion of mucous glycoproteins. The secreted radiolabeled glycoproteins were separated from the medium by precipitation with a mixture of trichloroacetic-phosphotungstic acids (TCA/PTA). The redissolved glycoproteins were chromatographed on an anion exchange protein column at varying pH of the mobile phase and fractions were collected for liquid scintillation counting. Varying the pH of the mobile phase from pH 3 to 7 resulted in a decrease of glycoprotein bound [35S] from 69.5 to 0.5% of the total recovered [35S]-sulfate with the remainder recovered as free [35S]-sulfate. The [3H] labeled glycoprotein recovered under the uV peaks at this pH range was 99.5%. When high performance size exclusion chromatography was performed the change in mobile phase pH did not affect the 100% recovery of either [35S]-or [3H]-labels under the uV peaks. No free [35S]-sulfate was obtained when [35S]-labeled glycoproteins were separated from the medium using dialysis. These data suggest that the standard method of TCA/PTA precipitation of [35S]-labeled glycoproteins may cleave the [35S]-sulfate ester linkages to the oligosaccharide chains. The [35S]-sulfate may then rebind to the macromolecule by a relatively strong noncovalent bond. This may prove critical in anion exchange protein HPLC studies. PMID- 3749001 TI - Uptake of vitamin A and retinol-binding protein by human placenta in vitro. AB - The mechanisms involved in the transplacental passage of vitamin A bound to serum retinol-binding protein (RBP) were investigated. Samples of full-term human placenta were incubated for up to 3 h with 125I-RBP or [3H]retinol-RBP. The tissue 125I activity was monitored in washed, whole samples, while [3H]retinol was extracted from homogenized samples and separated by high-pressure liquid chromatography before counting. An accumulation of [3H]retinol and, to a much lesser degree, of 125I-RBP was noted. The placental uptake of both compounds was dependent on temperature and could be inhibited by adding unlabelled retinol-RBP. About 40 per cent of the tritium activity consisted of retinyl esters formed after the uptake of [3H]retinol. When washed placental specimens were postincubated for a few hours in a tracer-free medium, about 25 per cent of the 125I activity and 80 per cent of the tritium activity were released into the medium, provided that it was supplemented with fetal serum. The results illustrate two possible mechanisms by which vitamin A can pass the placental membranes: a direct transfer of retinol-RBP involving cellular uptake and release of the protein-ligand complex; cellular uptake of retinol by a cell-surface receptor specific for RBP, transient esterification of retinol, and release of the vitamin into fetal serum. PMID- 3749002 TI - Microinjection of human placenta. I: Techniques. AB - An apparatus is described which has been used successfully to microinject the syncytiotrophoblast of chorionic villi, the mesenchymal core of chorionic villi, and cultured cells grown from first-trimester human trophoblast. It will accurately and repeatedly pulse picolitre quantities of injectate from the micropipette. PMID- 3749004 TI - Placental transfer of anticonvulsants in the rabbit: the effect of maternal protein binding and fetal flow. AB - The fetal-to-maternal ratios of carbamazepine, antipyrine and phenytoin are principally determined by maternal protein binding, though greater lipid solubility may enhance the transfer of valproate compared to that of other drugs at high flows. Placental clearance of all anticonvulsants showed flow-dependent characteristics. This is in line with our findings for basic drugs. PMID- 3749003 TI - Microinjection of human placenta. II: Biological application. AB - Using microinjection of probes detectable by epifluorescence light microscopy and electron microscopy we have provided direct evidence that syncytiotrophoblast is a true syncytium. We have investigated the freedom of movement of probes injected into the syncytiotrophoblast. These probes appear to move relatively extensively within the cytosolic compartment which forms a 'maze' through the membrane bounded organelles and reticula of the syncytium. Thus mathematical models of certain forms of transepithelial transport based on simple mean and harmonic mean histologically measured thickness of epithelia are unlikely to describe the transepithelial transport pathway of at least some larger molecules, particulates and organelles with great accuracy. Microinjection of probes directly into the mesenchymal core of chorionic villi has been used to demonstrate extensive freedom of movement in that compartment which is the region where exchange with elements contained in the fetal vascular tree takes place. PMID- 3749005 TI - Blood pressure determinants in a middle-class black population: the University of Pittsburgh experience. AB - The relationship between blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors including obesity, smoking, Type A behavior, anger, stress, geographic mobility, and socioeconomic status was assessed in 173 black college freshmen ages 16-22. In comparison with the overall black population of the United States, these students were generally from better educated, relatively affluent, black families. Among women, body mass index was a positive, independent predictor of systolic blood pressure, whereas alcohol consumption and state anger were inverse, independent predictors. Geographic mobility was found to be a positive, independent predictor of diastolic blood pressure among women. Among men, body mass index and heart rate were independent, positive predictors of systolic blood pressure. This study demonstrates important correlations between biological and psychosocial factors and blood pressure in an understudied population. PMID- 3749006 TI - Predictors of outcome in a general practitioner intervention against smoking. AB - Analysis of baseline population characteristics in a large-scale (N = 1,328), controlled trial of general practitioner intervention against smoking (including advice and advice plus nicotine gum groups) revealed significant associations between the probability of abstinence at 4 months and sex, longest previous abstinence, dependence, motivation to quit smoking, and cigarette consumption. Women did less well overall, and dependence had a greater negative relationship to outcome among women than among men. The positive association of motivation was greater for higher levels of cigarette consumption. In the nicotine gum group, the negative dependence relationship was smaller than that in the other two groups (advice and control). Longest previous abstinence had a curvilinear relationship to outcome, the positive association diminishing as length of abstinence increased. Notwithstanding the above interactions, the gum offer was universally beneficial, except at the lowest levels of dependence, where it had little effect. PMID- 3749007 TI - Relationship between baseline risk factors and coronary heart disease and total mortality in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. AB - The relationship between selected baseline risk factors and subsequent coronary heart disease (CHD) death and total mortality among participants in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) was studied in order to determine whether the three risk factors used to identify high-risk men for the trial were associated with CHD death; whether other risk factors measured at baseline, especially lipoprotein cholesterol levels, were associated with CHD and total mortality; and whether there were any differences between special intervention (SI) and usual care (UC) participants in the relationship of the specific levels of risk factors to CHD or total mortality. The three main risk factors (blood cholesterol, cigarette smoking, and diastolic blood pressure) and age were significantly associated with CHD mortality; age, diastolic blood pressure, and cigarette smoking were associated with total mortality. The risk score based on the multiple logistic equation developed from the Framingham Study was also strongly associated with CHD mortality. When the joint associations of selected baseline risk factors with CHD and total mortality were considered, age, diastolic blood pressure, cigarette smoking, and low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly associated with CHD mortality; age, cigarette smoking, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were positively associated with total mortality. Systolic blood pressure significantly improved the prediction of CHD mortality for SI and UC men when it was added to a regression model that included age, diastolic blood pressure, cigarettes smoked per day, body mass index, and lipoprotein levels, but improved the prediction of total mortality only for SI men. In similar analyses, serum thiocyanate improved the prediction of both CHD and total mortality for UC men. Among SI men the improved prediction gained by considering serum thiocyanate was less pronounced and not significant for CHD death. This latter finding may be due in part to the changes made in smoking behavior by SI participants during the course of the study. The estimated regression coefficients for CHD and total mortality endpoints were not significantly different between the SI and UC groups. PMID- 3749009 TI - Young adult cholesterol as a predictor of familial ischemic heart disease. AB - Family history for ischemic heart disease (IHD) was quantified from 229 questionnaires returned by the parents of young adults who had their total serum cholesterol levels determined as seventh graders in 1972-1973 and again 9 years later. The participants were divided into low- or high-cholesterol groups using quintiles. There were nonsignificant trends for higher prevalence of IHD in the families of individuals, principally the male participants, with persistently high total serum cholesterol levels; an excess of IHD in families of young adults with reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL); and a deficit of IHD in families of high-HDL participants. There was a significant interaction in family history scores between HDL and total cholesterol, such that there was an excess of IHD prevalence in families of individuals with high total cholesterol and low HDL levels, and significantly lower IHD prevalence in families of young adults with high total cholesterol and high HDL levels. Among individuals with low total cholesterol, lower family history scores were found in those with lower HDL levels. PMID- 3749008 TI - Personal and mediated health counseling for sustained dietary reduction of hypercholesterolemia. AB - Methods of effective cardiovascular risk reduction that are suitable for use in clinical settings are needed. Several behavioral interventions were designed to be compatible with office-based medical practice, to be delivered by paraprofessional counselors, and to be of low intensity and low cost. Eighty three hypercholesterolemic volunteers were assigned to one of three experimental conditions (face-to-face counseling, mail and telephone counseling, initial session only). Twenty-six nonrandomized subjects served as a no-contact group and were followed for 1 year. Participants in the first three groups received risk factor education, behavioral recommendations, and a packet of materials, while those in the face-to-face and mail/telephone counseling groups were contacted for five brief follow-up sessions over a 4-month period. At the 1-year follow-up evaluation, subjects in the face-to-face and mail/telephone counseling conditions showed decreases in plasma cholesterol of 6.2 and 4.6%, respectively (P less than 0.01), while the other two groups evidenced small increases. There were no differences by condition for plasma triglycerides, systolic or diastolic blood pressure, or weight. Low-intensity, low-cost behavioral interventions delivered by paraprofessionals can produce long-term decreases in a major cardiovascular risk factor. Physicians are encouraged to incorporate similar interventions into their practices. PMID- 3749010 TI - Ten-year evaluation of hypertension, overweight, cholesterol, and smoking control: the CHAD program in Jerusalem. Community Syndrome of Hypertension, Atherosclerosis and Diabetes. AB - Control of hypertension, overweight, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking is a major objective of the CHAD program, a multifactorial cardiovascular risk factor program built into a family practice, which has operated in a neighborhood of western Jerusalem since 1971. By 1975-1976, there was a significantly larger decrease in risk factors in this population than in a neighboring population receiving ordinary medical care. Follow-up based on clinical records of a cohort of 441 people exposed to the program until 1981 revealed that the mean blood pressures decreased and the prevalence of hypertension continued to decrease between 1976 and 1981, from 12.5 to 9.1%. Prevalence of cigarette smoking among people ages 30 years or more also decreased in this period, mainly due to a decrease in heavy smoking, at a time when national surveys provided no evidence of a smoking decrease in this age group. Effects on overweight and cholesterol were not demonstrated during this period. This 10-year evaluation demonstrates the effects of intervention by primary care practitioners in the framework of a community-oriented program. PMID- 3749011 TI - Ethical dilemmas in workplace health promotion. AB - In less than a decade, workplace health promotion programs designed to promote employee health and help reduce the high cost of health insurance premiums paid by business and industry have proliferated. Notwithstanding the latent benefits and cost savings that corporate management expects to gain from the investment in such programs, it is argued that workplace health promotion is not without potential misuse and that its goals and methods ought not to be above ethical scrutiny. Drawing on earlier work, we discuss how workplace health promotion may pose ethical problems related to social justice, protection of privacy, and social control. The attendant moral dilemmas for the professional whose responsibility it is to develop and implement such programs are also presented. PMID- 3749012 TI - Cancer control and the health-care system. PMID- 3749013 TI - [Water-salt homeostasis and space flight]. PMID- 3749014 TI - [Value of mass fluorographic examinations for the detection of patients with tuberculosis of the respiratory organs]. PMID- 3749015 TI - [Causes of the formation of groups of patients with chronic destructive pulmonary tuberculosis and means of reducing them]. PMID- 3749016 TI - [Errors in the diagnosis and treatment of extrapulmonary diseases in an phthisiopneumological clinic]. PMID- 3749017 TI - [Comparative analysis of the symptoms of tuberculosis and lung cancer]. PMID- 3749018 TI - [Diagnosis of chronic bronchitis in patients with newly detected destructive pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 3749019 TI - [External respiratory function in patients with tuberculosis and nonspecific lung diseases observed in a regional tuberculosis dispensary]. PMID- 3749020 TI - [Use of mass-chromatography spectrometry in the diagnosis of lung diseases]. PMID- 3749021 TI - [Immunological and biophysical parallels in determining specific reactivity of patients with tuberculosis]. PMID- 3749022 TI - [Status of immunity in patients with tuberculosis and schizophrenia and its changes during treatment]. PMID- 3749023 TI - [Use of a self-contained stent in the treatment of patients with cavernous renal tuberculosis with ureteral lesion]. PMID- 3749024 TI - [Results and characteristics of the BI-IM jet injector for conducting mass Mantoux tests with 2 TU]. PMID- 3749025 TI - [Mycotic pleurisy]. PMID- 3749026 TI - [Limited empyema as a complication of broncholithiasis]. PMID- 3749027 TI - The biological basis of maintenance and its relevance to assessing responses to nutrients. PMID- 3749028 TI - Effects of hypoxia on the small acetylcholinesterase-positive megakaryocyte precursor in bone marrow of mice. AB - The number of small acetylcholinesterase-positive (SAChE+) cells in the marrow of hypoxic mice was measured. Mice were exposed to 6-7% O2 levels by enclosure in cages covered with dimethyl-silicone rubber membranes for 1-14 days. The mice showed a linear increase in packed cell volumes with time in the hypoxic atmosphere, but platelet counts showed a characteristic biphasic response, i.e., increased platelet counts were observed after 1-3 days of hypoxia, and significantly (P less than 0.05-P less than 0.0005) decreased platelet counts were observed thereafter (6-14 days). The total number of megakaryocytes in the marrow of hypoxic mice decreased significantly (P less than 0.005) with time. In agreement with the data on platelet counts, hypoxia caused the total number of SAChE+ cells in the marrow of mice to be biphasic. At Day 2 there was a significant increase (P less than 0.05) in the total number of SAChE+ cells/mm3 of bone marrow; however, by days 10-14 the numbers had decreased markedly (P less than 0.005). These data indicate that hypoxia decreases platelet production by action on a precursor cell to the SAChE+ cell. The hypoxia-induced thrombocytopenia is probably caused by stem-cell competition between the erythrocytic and megakaryocytic cell lines. PMID- 3749029 TI - Glycosylation in livers of newborn mice homozygous for a lethal deletion. AB - Endogenous glycoprotein and lipid biosynthesis have been examined in slices of liver and other organs from normal and mutant mice homozygous for a perinatally lethal deletion in chromosome 7. Pronase digests of total glycoproteins, radioactively labeled with glucosamine, followed by Bio-Gel P-6 column chromatography of the resultant glycopeptides, indicate that glycosylation in mutant mouse liver is dramatically reduced compared to that of normal littermates. Pulse-chase experiments suggest that this reduction is not due to a processing event, but rather to reduced biosynthesis. In addition, a quantitative reduction of glycopeptides was observed in mutant livers, when the radioactive peaks from the Bio-Gel P-6 fractionation were pooled and analyzed on a Dowex 50 column, followed by separation on DE-52 columns. Analysis, by affinity chromatography, of radioactively labeled total lipids indicated that homozygous mutant and normal littermate livers have similar quantities of neutral and acidic lipids, including phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, cerebrosides, and phospholipids. Furthermore, the analysis of other organs indicates that the reduction of glycoprotein synthesis observed in the mutant liver is specific to this organ. PMID- 3749030 TI - Comparison of the actions of bombesin, gastrin-releasing peptide-27, neuromedin B, and gastrin-releasing peptide-10 in causing release of gastrin and gastric inhibitory peptide in rats. AB - The objective of this study was to compare the gastrin- and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)-releasing actions of bombesin, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP)-27, neuromedin B, and GRP-10 in rats. Both bombesin and GRP-27 are potent stimulants of gastrin and GIP release, whereas neuromedin B and GRP-10 are less effective, on a molar basis. PMID- 3749031 TI - Milrinone produces a positive inotropy but is not inhibitory to gastric ion transport. AB - The cardiac drugs ouabain and milrinone are positive inotropic agents. Since ouabain has inhibitory effects on ion transport in the gastrointestinal tract associated with vasoconstriction and hypoxia, milrinone needed to be tested also. This report indicates that therapeutic levels of milrinone on either side of the isolated stomach wall of the guinea pig has no significant effects on active chloride ion transport or the electrical parameters of the tissue. To verify that milrinone was active in the heart at these same levels, contractility of the isolated heart of the guinea pig was measured. Milrinone significantly increased ventricular pressure and pressure development. Thus milrinone may be expected to exert its inotropic stimulation of the heart during heart failure without compromising gastrointestinal functions. PMID- 3749032 TI - Female rats are protected against the fructose induced mortality of copper deficiency. AB - Experiments were conducted in copper deficient male and female rats fed diets containing fructose or starch in order to determine whether the same type of interaction between copper status and dietary carbohydrate found in male rats also occurs in the female rat. Mortality occurred only in the male rats fed the fructose diet deficient in copper with 40% of the animals dying during the 8 week study. Only anemia, hypercholesterolemia, increased BUN, heart hypertrophy and reduced body weight were observed in these animals which could be related to their mortality. Despite the increased mortality, plasma ceruloplasmin, erythrocyte SOD and hepatic copper concentrations were reduced to a similar extent in all rats regardless of the sex of the animals or of the type of dietary carbohydrate fed. The results of the present study indicate that although direct measurements of copper status of female rats fed fructose diet deficient in copper are similar to their male counterpart, they are apparently protected from the lethal consequences of the deficiency. PMID- 3749033 TI - Effects of gonadal steroids on tuberoinfundibular and tuberohypophysial dopaminergic neuronal activity in male and female rats. AB - The activities of tuberoinfundibular and tuberohypophysial dopamine (DA) neurons were estimated by measuring the turnover of DA in terminals of these neurons in the median eminence and in the neural and intermediate lobes of the pituitary, respectively. The rate of DA turnover (alpha-methyltyrosine-induced decline of DA) in the median eminence was two to three times faster in females than in males, but no sexual differences in DA turnover rates were noted in the neural and intermediate lobes. Two weeks following gonadectomy the rate of DA turnover in the median eminence was increased in the male but decreased in the female. These effects were reversed by testosterone and estrogen replacement in gonadectomized males and females, respectively. Neither gonadectomy nor steroid replacement altered DA turnover in the neural or intermediate lobes of either males or females. These results indicate that estrogen stimulates and testosterone inhibits tuberoinfundibular DA neuronal activity while neither steroid affects tuberohypophysial DA neuronal activity. PMID- 3749034 TI - The effect of transferrin saturation on internal iron exchange. AB - Radioiron was introduced into the intestinal lumen to evaluate absorption, injected as nonviable red cells to evaluate reticuloendothelial (RE) processing of iron, and injected as hemoglobin to evaluate hepatocyte iron processing. Redistribution of iron through the plasma was evaluated in control animals and animals whose transferrin was saturated by iron infusion. Radioiron introduced into the lumen of the gut as ferrous sulfate and as transferrin-bound iron was absorbed about half as well in iron-infused animals, and absorbed iron was localized in the liver. The similar absorption of transferrin-bound iron suggested that absorption of ferrous iron occurred via the mucosal cell and did not enter by diffusion. The decrease in absorption was associated with an increase in mucosal iron and ferritin content produced by the iron infusion. An inverse relationship (r = -0.895) was shown between mucosal ferritin iron and absorption. When iron was injected as nonviable red cells, it was deposited predominantly in reticuloendothelial cells of the spleen. Return of this radioiron to the plasma was only 6% of that in control animals. While there was some movement of iron from spleen to liver, this could be accounted for by intravascular hemolysis. Injected hemoglobin tagged with radioiron was for the most part taken up and held by the liver. Some 13% initially localized in the marrow in iron-infused animals was shown to be storage iron unavailable for hemoglobin synthesis. These studies demonstrate the hepatic trapping of absorbed iron and the inability of either RE cell or hepatocyte to release iron in the transferrin-saturated animal. PMID- 3749035 TI - Dietary nordihydroguaiaretic acid increases the life span of the mosquito. AB - Our previous findings indicated that a major characteristic of aging organisms is a decrease in reducing capacity. Our objectives were to correct this impairment by administration of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), a potent reducing agent, and to determine the effect on adult longevity of the mosquito. NDGA supplements were included in the axenic larval medium or adult diet of mosquitoes of different ages. The mean adult life spans of both sexes increased 42-64% over controls (P less than 0.025), and the most effective doses were 0.001% for females and 0.005% for males. This NDGA effect was dependent on the age when feeding was initiated, since only biosynthetically active larvae and young adults were responsive. Also the effect was not due to dietary restriction. These results confirm the life span-enhancement effect of NDGA using defined conditions and establish the importance of redox status in the aging process. PMID- 3749036 TI - Genetic toxicology of environmental chemicals. Part A: Basic principles and mechanisms of action. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Environmental Mutagens. Stockholm, Sweden, June 24-28, 1985. PMID- 3749037 TI - Oxidative DNA damage as related to cancer and aging. PMID- 3749038 TI - A somatic cell and molecular genetics approach to DNA repair and mutagenesis. PMID- 3749039 TI - The adaptive response to alkylating agents in mammalian cells: data from in vitro cell cultures. PMID- 3749040 TI - Species specificity in the induction and repair of DNA damage. PMID- 3749041 TI - Immunological analysis of structural DNA modifications induced by mutagenic and carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds. PMID- 3749042 TI - Alkylation-induced mutagenesis in higher eukaryotic systems: significance of DNA modifications and DNA repair with regard to genetic endpoints. PMID- 3749043 TI - Mutation studies in cells established from human cancer-prone syndromes. PMID- 3749044 TI - Role of DNA lesions and DNA repair in mutagenesis by carcinogens in diploid human fibroblasts. PMID- 3749045 TI - Aldehyde-induced inhibition of DNA repair and potentiation of N-nitrosocompound induced mutagenesis in cultured human cells. PMID- 3749046 TI - Mutation induction and DNA adduct formation by 1,8-dinitropyrene in Chinese hamster ovary cells. PMID- 3749047 TI - Transforming genes of human neoplasms. PMID- 3749048 TI - Repair pathways in mammalian cells: incision-ligation kinetics after UV, X-rays and mutagenic chemicals. Effects of 3-aminobenzamide and hydroxy urea + cytosine arabinoside. PMID- 3749049 TI - Cellular mechanisms of in-vitro cell transformation: role of blocked intercellular communication. PMID- 3749050 TI - Transformation of human fibroblasts by carcinogens or transfection of oncogenes. PMID- 3749051 TI - On the fine structure of the mitotic apparatus of mammalian cells. PMID- 3749052 TI - Regulation and compartmentalization of intracellular calcium-ions. PMID- 3749053 TI - The mechanisms of induction of chromosome aneuploidy as revealed by the study of aberrations of mitotic cell division. PMID- 3749054 TI - Chemical induction of spindle disturbances. PMID- 3749055 TI - Sequence of centromere separation: multicentric chromosomes, repetitive DNA and aneuploidy. PMID- 3749056 TI - Enhancing effect of acetaminophen on mutagenesis. PMID- 3749057 TI - Effects of inhibitors of DNA repair on the frequencies of chromosomal aberrations induced by X-rays or alkylating agents in cultured human lymphocytes. PMID- 3749058 TI - The role of human cytogenetics in studies of mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. PMID- 3749059 TI - Mutagenesis in vitro by DNA polymerases alpha, beta and gamma. AB - In an attempt to understand the molecular mechanisms of spontaneous and induced mutagenesis in higher organisms, the mutational specificities of highly purified DNA polymerases alpha, beta and gamma have been assessed for a single round on in vitro DNA synthesis with undamaged, biologically active DNA. A forward mutational assay in a nonessential gene has been used, which is capable of detecting frameshift and deletion errors in addition to all twelve possible base substitution errors at 96 different positions in a 250 base target sequence (the lacZ alpha gene in M13mp2 DNA). DNA sequence analyses of over 1000 mutants generated by these enzymes demonstrate the production in vitro of all three classes of errors. The frequencies and specificities of these mutations are highly distinctive for each class of DNA polymerase. These data point to properties of both the DNA and the enzymes themselves which are important in determining the frequency and specificity of spontaneous and perhaps induced mutagenesis. PMID- 3749060 TI - Mutational diversity at the human HPRT locus. PMID- 3749061 TI - Cell-specific activation of chemical carcinogens into mutagens for cultured human and rodent cells. PMID- 3749062 TI - The role of metabolism in benzo(a)pyrene carcinogenesis. PMID- 3749063 TI - Short-term and long-term modulation of the enzymatic control of mutagenic and carcinogenic metabolites. AB - Many mutagenic and carcinogenic metabolites are controlled by several enzymes including activating, inactivating and precursor-sequestering enzymes. These enzymes themselves are, in turn, also subject to control which, usually, is also multiple, including enzyme induction, repression, activation and inhibition. For several classes of chemicals strong influences of such enzyme modulations on the mutagenicity have been elucidated. The effects of modulation of individual enzymes contributing to the control of a given mutagenic metabolite can be mutually antagonistic or potentiating and can markedly differ in their time frame, ranging from very short-term to extremely long-term modulation. Therefore, the complex interaction between all these modulations must be considered when evaluating the enzymatic control of mutagenic metabolites. PMID- 3749065 TI - Effects of hydroxyurea on deoxynucleotide pools of mouse fibroblasts. PMID- 3749064 TI - Metabolic activation pathways of cyclopenta-fused PAH and their relationship to genetic and carcinogenic activity. PMID- 3749066 TI - Studies with unbalanced DNA precursor pools in vivo. PMID- 3749067 TI - Recessive mutant genes predisposing to human cancer. PMID- 3749068 TI - Chromosomal segments of critical significance in human neoplasia. PMID- 3749069 TI - Novel DNA rearrangement phenomena associated with DNA amplification in human neuroblastomas and neuroblastoma cell lines. PMID- 3749070 TI - Genetic toxicology of environmental chemicals. Part B: Genetic effects and applied mutagenesis. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Environmental Mutagens. Stockholm, Sweden, June 24-28, 1985. PMID- 3749071 TI - The value and limitations of short-term genotoxicity assays and the inadequacy of current cancer bioassay chemical selection criteria. PMID- 3749072 TI - Weight-of-evidence scheme for evaluation and interpretation of short-term results. PMID- 3749073 TI - Further studies on X-ray and chemically induced germ-line alterations causing tumors and malformations in mice. PMID- 3749074 TI - Mutagenesis, carcinogenesis and alkylating properties of nitrosamines and related compounds. PMID- 3749075 TI - Mechanisms involved in the formation of mutagen-induced chromosome aberrations as determined by premature chromosome condensation. PMID- 3749076 TI - Detection of gene mutations in a subcutaneous granuloma tissue in rats. PMID- 3749077 TI - Identification of individuals at risk: cytogenetic and molecular methods. PMID- 3749078 TI - Oncogene and chemical inhibition of gap-junctional intercellular communication: implications for teratogenesis and carcinogenesis. PMID- 3749079 TI - Genetically high-risk population for cancer and mutation by environmental mutagens. PMID- 3749080 TI - Transferrin C2 as an enhancer of cyto- and genotoxic damage. PMID- 3749081 TI - Self-poisoning as a model for the study of mutagenicity and teratogenicity of chemicals in human beings. PMID- 3749082 TI - Biomonitoring of cisplatin-DNA adducts in cancer patients receiving cisplatin chemotherapy. PMID- 3749083 TI - Macromolecule adducts, target dose and risk assessment. PMID- 3749084 TI - Monitoring of background levels of hydroxyethyl adducts in human hemoglobin. PMID- 3749085 TI - Genetic toxicology in Africa: problems and perspectives. PMID- 3749086 TI - Recent advances of genetic toxicology in China. PMID- 3749087 TI - Development of genetic toxicology in the Philippines: problems and perspectives. PMID- 3749088 TI - Relation between mutagenesis, carcinogenesis and teratogenesis--experience from the IARC monographs programme. PMID- 3749089 TI - Genetic toxicology perspectives in Latin America. PMID- 3749090 TI - Variation in baseline sister chromatid exchange frequencies in humans. PMID- 3749091 TI - Epidemiological studies concerning chromosomal aberrations in alcoholics and smokers. PMID- 3749092 TI - Effect of ascorbic acid prophylaxis in groups occupationally exposed to mutagens. PMID- 3749093 TI - Maternal influence on phenotypic differentiation of a mutant mouse susceptible to neoplasia and obesity. PMID- 3749094 TI - Possible genetic effects of cancer therapy, seen in surviving cancer patients' offspring. PMID- 3749095 TI - The nature of spontaneous and induced electrophoretically detected mutations in the mouse. PMID- 3749096 TI - The detection of gene mutations by electrophoresis, and their analysis. PMID- 3749097 TI - Protein-charge mutations in mice. PMID- 3749098 TI - Information from specific-locus mutants on the nature of induced and spontaneous mutations in the mouse. AB - Genetic and molecular analyses of mutations are increasing the qualitative capabilities of the specific-locus test (SLT). Some mutations are found to be deletions of large numbers of genes, including some that control survival at various developmental stages, neurological functions, enzyme syntheses, etc. Smaller (including possibly single-gene) deletions are also detected. A third group of SLT mutations represents intragenic lesions. -- For at least three of the loci, mutations may now be qualitatively grouped on the basis of simple phenotypic findings. Type of mutagen and germ-cell stage exposed strongly influence the nature of the lesions. The qualitative information from SLT results makes possible conclusions about relative potential harmfulness of different types of exposures that may yield equal mutation rates, about differences between induced and spontaneous mutations, etc. It also identifies genetic material suitable for basic studies. PMID- 3749099 TI - Induction of congenital malformations in the offspring of mutagen treated mice. PMID- 3749100 TI - Elimination processes and the future of meiotic chromosome damage after chemicals. PMID- 3749101 TI - Detection of chromosomal abnormalities in human sperm. PMID- 3749102 TI - Translocation and specific locus mutation response of mouse spermatogonial stem cells to fractionated and combined X-ray chemical mutagen treatments. PMID- 3749103 TI - Relationship between alkylation sites and induction of dominant lethals and heritable translocations in mice. PMID- 3749104 TI - Induction of gene mutations in mice: the multiple endpoint approach. AB - The multiple endpoint mammalian mutagenesis approach developed in our institute screens in the same animal for recessive specific locus alleles at 7 loci, approximately 30 loci coding for dominant cataract mutations, 23 loci controlling protein-charge changes and 12 loci for enzyme-activity alterations. Experiments to screen for the approximately 70 loci in the same offspring of treated male mice were performed with ethylnitrosourea (ENU), procarbazine and X-rays. Mutations were recovered for each genetic endpoint in all treatment groups where a sufficient number of offspring was scored. The observed per locus mutation rate for the different genetic endpoints after spermatogonial treatment with 250 mg/kg ENU was 93.6 X 10(-5) for specific locus mutations, 66.0 X 10(-5) for enzyme activity mutations, 6.1 X 10(-5) for dominant cataract mutations, and 3.1 X 10( 5) for protein-charge mutations. In all experiments the mutation rates to specific locus and enzyme-activity alleles were higher than the mutation rates to either dominant cataract or protein-charge alleles. The mutations were confirmed by breeding tests. PMID- 3749105 TI - Recommendations for screening for potential human germ cell mutagens: an ICPEMC Working Paper. PMID- 3749106 TI - The role of dominant visibles in mutagenicity testing. AB - Our results suggest that inclusion of growth retardation as one of the components of the dominant visible category will make this a useful end-point for mutational studies in which it is important to gauge the extent to which transmissible genetic damage of a particularly relevant kind is induced in mammals. These visibles are easily scored and the use of an automated weighing device would lessen subjectivity. In the present experiment with 5Gy + 5Gy spermatogonial X irradiation (24h interval) 7309 offspring have been examined at weaning age and 23 heritable dominant visibles identified. These included 12 with growth retardation, one of which was mutant at the steel (S1) locus, as were 3-4 others of normal size. However, only 46 out of 112 offspring recorded as small were actually kept for genetic tests, while only 30 (65%) of these could be fully tested because of death or infertility in the others. Thus this experiment throws some light on the induction of presumptive dominant sub-lethals which survive until weaning age, a little-studied category. Twelve out of the 30 fully tested small mice (40%) proved to carry dominant visible mutations. If this proportion is applied to the total recorded as small then we can derive an overall total of about 45 mutations for growth retardation. It is hoped to determine the actual rate of induction of these by further work. PMID- 3749107 TI - A comparison of the mutation rates to dominant and recessive alleles in germ cells of the mouse. PMID- 3749108 TI - Regulatory implications of a mobile animal monitoring unit. PMID- 3749109 TI - Researchers versus regulators--dilemma of a scientist and good human practice. PMID- 3749110 TI - Mutagenicity assays detecting recombination. PMID- 3749111 TI - Rational decision points in carcinogenicity bioassays based on mechanisms of mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. PMID- 3749112 TI - Analysis of the spectra of genetic activity in short-term tests. PMID- 3749113 TI - Progress in developmental biology. Part A. Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress of the International Society of Developmental Biologists. Los Angeles, CA, August 4-9, 1985. PMID- 3749114 TI - Morphogenetic activity prepattern in embryonic epithelia. PMID- 3749115 TI - Biochemical and ultrastructural studies on vitamin A induced proximalization of limb regeneration in axolotl. PMID- 3749116 TI - Developmental studies with a specific cell surface marker for limbic system neurons. PMID- 3749117 TI - Induction of neural connections in F9 embryonal carcinoma cultures. PMID- 3749118 TI - Selected optic lobe extracts stimulating retinal neurite outgrowth. PMID- 3749119 TI - Neuronal development in Drosophila embryonic cultures. PMID- 3749120 TI - Asparagine-linked glycoproteins on the cell surface as receptors responsive to the neural-inducing stimulus. PMID- 3749121 TI - Embryonic induction in amphibians. PMID- 3749122 TI - Trophic and regenerative effects of neural tube implants in the chick limb. PMID- 3749123 TI - Cell contacts between inducing tissue and targets cells during neural induction. PMID- 3749125 TI - Temperature dependent sex determination in the olive ridley turtle. PMID- 3749124 TI - On the study and control of sex differentiation. PMID- 3749126 TI - Temperature and estrogen dependent changes of sex phenotype and H-Y antigen expression in gonads of a newt. PMID- 3749127 TI - Regulation of the Dictyostelium ras gene during development and in transformants. PMID- 3749128 TI - Gonadal sex reversal of fetal mouse ovaries following transplantation into adult mice. PMID- 3749129 TI - Germ cells control sex determination in hydra. PMID- 3749130 TI - A time clock for meiosis initiation is programmed in avian germ cells. PMID- 3749131 TI - Polarity acquisition and progression during carrot and alpha-alpha somatic embryo development. PMID- 3749132 TI - Form and pattern: linkage through cellulose reinforcement as seen in flowering. PMID- 3749133 TI - Metabolic networks in developing pistachio embryos (Pistachia vera CV. Kerman). PMID- 3749134 TI - Differential induction of dopa decarboxylase activity by 20-OH ecdysone in sublines of the Drosophila Kc cell line. PMID- 3749135 TI - Regeneration within the insect thoracic segment. PMID- 3749136 TI - Kruppel and tailless affect complementary regions of the segmented Drosophila embryo. PMID- 3749137 TI - Growth patterns in Drosophila imaginal discs. PMID- 3749138 TI - Early morphogenesis of the metameric quail wing field and the development of vascular channels in the somatopleure. PMID- 3749139 TI - Exo utero survival of mouse embryos. PMID- 3749140 TI - A model for the role of interfacial tensions within cell sheets in the early morphogenetic events of amphibian development. PMID- 3749141 TI - The reaction-diffusion system--a spatial organizer in the vertebrate epidermis. PMID- 3749142 TI - Structural and functional interrelationships between hepatocytes and sinusoidal endothelium in the maturing process of rat liver. PMID- 3749144 TI - Facial morphogenesis and pattern formation. PMID- 3749143 TI - Cell-shape modification induced by exogenous mRNA in postnodal explants of chick embryo blastoderm. PMID- 3749145 TI - An ultrastructural study of plasma membrane lipid assembly during blastoderm formation in Drosophila. PMID- 3749146 TI - Assembly of tight junctions in cultured human epithelial cells. PMID- 3749147 TI - Identification of intergeneric nucleo-cytoplasmic hybrid fish obtained from the combination of carp nucleus and crucian cytoplasm. PMID- 3749148 TI - Differentiation of transmembrane ionic currents in the early embryonic chick heart. PMID- 3749149 TI - Control of lens cell differentiation and ion fluxes by growth factors. AB - The results of these studies suggest that an insulin-like growth factor, lentropin, present in the vitreous humor of the eye, is responsible for stimulating lens epithelial cells to differentiate into lens fiber cells during normal lens growth. Lentropin has been shown to stimulate embryonic lens epithelial cells to elongate, specialize for the synthesis of delta crystallin, the major protein synthesized in chicken embryo fiber cells, and to cease DNA synthesis and mitosis. Lentropin appears to decrease the permeability of the plasma membrane to potassium and, by this mechanism, may cause lens fiber cell elongation. PMID- 3749150 TI - Glucocorticoid receptors in developing mouse visceral yolk sac and liver. PMID- 3749151 TI - Embryonic mouse lung morphogenesis in serumless, chemically-defined medium in vitro. PMID- 3749152 TI - Ontogeny of a nerve growth factor-like substance in cultured mouse atrium. PMID- 3749153 TI - The study of gene dosage and position effects with exogenous globin genes in DNA transformed mice. PMID- 3749154 TI - Isolation and characterization of a growth regulatory factor from 3T3 cells. PMID- 3749155 TI - Involvement of the cytoskeleton in early gray crescent formation in axolotl oocyte: relationships with germinal vesicle breakdown. PMID- 3749156 TI - Experimental analysis of Rhodnius prolixus (Insecta, Hemiptera) embryogenesis. PMID- 3749157 TI - Blastocyst-uterus relationship in the Indian rhinopomatid, Rhinopoma hardwickei hardwickei (Gray). PMID- 3749158 TI - Common determinants of embryonic induction and transdifferentiation. PMID- 3749159 TI - Morphogenetic capability of epithelial and mesenchymal cells dissociated from swimming starfish embryos. PMID- 3749160 TI - Regeneration from discontinuous circumferences in axolotl limbs. PMID- 3749161 TI - Change in somite number following interspecific grafts of avian segmental plate mesoderm. PMID- 3749162 TI - Positional specification of blast cells in the leech embryo involves a stepwise commitment. PMID- 3749164 TI - Pattern formation in Dictyostelium as analyzed from movement of anterior-like cells. PMID- 3749163 TI - Pattern sensitivity to boundary and initial conditions in reaction diffusion models of pattern formation. PMID- 3749165 TI - cAMP-dependent protein kinase during development of D. discoideum. PMID- 3749166 TI - Mechanical and cellular aspects of gastrulation in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. PMID- 3749167 TI - Progress in developmental biology. Part B. Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress of the International Society of Developmental Biologists. Los Angeles, CA, August 4-9, 1985. PMID- 3749168 TI - Protein metabolism in preimplantation mouse embryos. PMID- 3749169 TI - Development of retinal central projection in Xenopus tadpoles. PMID- 3749170 TI - Investigating possible mechanisms of specific nerve regeneration in the axolotl. PMID- 3749171 TI - Cell movements and novel growth patterns during early healing in regenerating embryonic Xenopus retina. PMID- 3749172 TI - Studies on the development and growth of the mammalian nervous system by aggregation chimeras: analysis of corticohistogenesis in the cerebrum by reeler mutant mice. PMID- 3749173 TI - Alkaline phosphatase activity in the neural tube of the mouse embryo. PMID- 3749174 TI - Cadherins: their morphogenetic role in animal development. PMID- 3749175 TI - Network structure in the blastocoel of developing sea urchin embryos. PMID- 3749176 TI - Environmental control in pigment pattern formation of the axolotl larva. PMID- 3749177 TI - Extracellular cardiac proteins activate chick endothelial transition to prevalvular mesenchyme. PMID- 3749178 TI - Localization of surface associated antigens before and after tumor cell invasion through a basement membrane. PMID- 3749179 TI - A Ca2+-binding protein and an endogenous lectin from sea urchin embryos. PMID- 3749180 TI - Energy loss spectroscopic imaging of rat ameloblasts. PMID- 3749181 TI - Antibodies and a synthetic peptide that block cell-fibronectin adhesion arrest neural crest cell migration in vivo. PMID- 3749182 TI - Changes in the utilization of cell surface carbohydrates are implicated in the adhesion of Xenopus laevis melanophores in vitro. PMID- 3749183 TI - Reversal of a developmental restriction in neural crest-derived dorsal root ganglion cells of avian embryos by the tumor-promoting drug 12-O tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). PMID- 3749184 TI - Evidence of cranial neural crest contribution to the skeleton of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. PMID- 3749185 TI - Neural crest cell differentiation in vitro: factors affecting expression of the adrenergic phenotype. PMID- 3749186 TI - Clinical implications of the use of freeze thaw and donor oocyte embryos. PMID- 3749187 TI - Molecular basis for a pulmonary mesenchymal-epithelial interaction. PMID- 3749188 TI - Expression of alkaline phosphatase determinants in egg fragments and andromerogons of ascidians. PMID- 3749189 TI - Determination of dorsoventral polarity in the Xenopus egg requires microtubules. PMID- 3749190 TI - A reinvestigation of the process of grey crescent formation in Xenopus eggs. PMID- 3749191 TI - The ultrastructural organization of the isolated cortex of a molluscan egg. PMID- 3749193 TI - Molecular biology of extracellular matrix: strategy and redundancy. PMID- 3749192 TI - Ooplasmic determinants in amphibians. PMID- 3749194 TI - Autoradiographic study of the origin of basement membrane components in the avian embryo. PMID- 3749195 TI - Evidence for glycosaminoglycans (GAG) role in avian lung morphogenesis. PMID- 3749196 TI - Enamel protein and osteonectin in developing teeth. PMID- 3749197 TI - The osteoblast and osteoclast cytodifferentiation. PMID- 3749198 TI - Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) uncouples cell interactions in developing lung. PMID- 3749199 TI - Evidence that one of two cell-cell adhesion systems of chick myoblasts is required for myoblast fusion. PMID- 3749200 TI - Extracellular matrix maintains apical ectodermal ridge in culture. PMID- 3749201 TI - Development of the apical ectodermal ridge and changes in the subepidermal mesenchyme in mouse limb buds. PMID- 3749202 TI - Does pancreatic mesoderm elicit the appearance of endocrine cells in gastric epithelium? PMID- 3749203 TI - Ligating the embryonic ureter facilitates the induction of renal dysplasia. PMID- 3749204 TI - The specificity of chicken lactose lectin. PMID- 3749205 TI - Analysis of hydra interstitial cell potential using viable cell sorting. PMID- 3749207 TI - The role of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase in sea urchin sperm-egg interaction. PMID- 3749206 TI - Protein sulfhydryl reactivity and sperm activation. PMID- 3749208 TI - Centrosomes and microtubule organization during mouse and sea urchin fertilization. PMID- 3749209 TI - Partial characterization of a protein kinase activity that increases at germinal vesicle breakdown of starfish and surf clam oocytes. PMID- 3749210 TI - Actin-like protein associated with cortical cytoskeleton of moth oocytes (Hylaphora cecropia, Manduca sexta). PMID- 3749211 TI - [A platelet-activating factor--a physiologically active ether lipid]. PMID- 3749213 TI - [Chemoluminescence of triamterene]. PMID- 3749212 TI - [Testing of manufactured drugs in the pharmacy]. PMID- 3749214 TI - [Endogenous substances of fire and Alpine salamanders]. PMID- 3749216 TI - A possible role for oxytocin in the response to a psychological stressor. AB - Recent evidence suggests that oxytocin (OXT) potentiates corticotropin releasing factor-induced secretion of ACTH. The present study was therefore designed to investigate the possible role of oxytocin in the response to predictable and unpredictable novelty stress. The results clearly demonstrate that oxytocin produced a significant increase in corticosterone in all OXT treated animals. Repeated unpredictable exposure also produced a more substantial increase in corticosterone than predictable exposure to the same stressor. However, a significant interaction between stress and oxytocin was not obtained. It was concluded that whereas corticosterone is released in response to most types of stress, administration of oxytocin does not potentiate the corticosterone response to psychological stress. PMID- 3749215 TI - The lesion of serotonergic neurons does not prevent antidepressant-induced reversal of escape failures produced by inescapable shocks in rats. AB - The present study was aimed at testing the hypothesis (based mainly on biochemical evidence) of the implication of brain serotonergic neurons in the induction of learned helplessness (escape deficit) and its reversal by antidepressants in rats. After desipramine (25 mg/kg IP)-pretreatment rats were either sham-operated or infused with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT, 3 micrograms of free base in 0.4 microliter saline containing 0.02% ascorbic acid) into the midbrain raphe area. Three weeks later, experimental animals were exposed to 60 randomized inescapable shocks (0.8 mA; 15 sec duration), control rats being not shocked, and 48 hr later, they were subjected to daily shuttle-box sessions (30 trials/day; ITI = 30 sec) on 3 consecutive days in order to assess escape deficits. After inescapable shock pretreatment separate groups of rats were given twice daily injections of clomipramine (total daily dose: 32 mg/kg), desipramine (24 mg/kg), imipramine (32 mg/kg), nialamide (32 mg/kg) or saline. After behavioral testing, animals were sacrificed, and tryptophan hydroxylase activity was assayed in the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus and the striatum. We found that damage to serotonergic neurons associated with a 70% loss of tryptophan hydroxylase activity altered neither escape deficits produced by prior exposure to inescapable shock, nor the ability of either antidepressant studied to reverse escape failures in the shuttle-box paradigm. These findings cast some doubts on the hypothesized crucial role of serotonergic neurons in helpless behavior and its reversal by antidepressants. PMID- 3749217 TI - Relationship of plasma phencyclidine levels to phencyclidine discrimination in the pigeon. AB - Plasma phencyclidine levels were determined in pigeons trained to discriminate 1.5 mg/kg phencyclidine from saline under a second-order schedule using a color tracking procedure. With both cumulative and non-cumulative dosing procedures, pigeons reliably discriminated plasma phencyclidine levels above 200 ng/ml. When the time course of phencyclidine discrimination was determined and compared with the time course of phencyclidine levels in plasma in a different group of birds, a similar relationship between discrimination and plasma phencyclidine was generally observed. Plasma phencyclidine levels did not correlate well with position responding observed in some birds after lower phencyclidine doses. PMID- 3749218 TI - Effect of naloxone and naltrexone on the development of satiation measured in the runway: comparisons with d-amphetamine and d-fenfluramine. AB - A straight runway was used to monitor changes in measures of food motivation and food consumption in order to track and to characterise the development of satiation following administration of equianorectic doses of naloxone (5.0 mgkg 1), naltrexone (2.5 mgkg-1), dexfenfluramine (1.5 mgkg-1) and d-amphetamine (1.0 mgkg-1). Naloxone and naltrexone did not reduce motivational measures or block food consumption during the early trials. These drugs brought about a prompt cessation of intake only after some food had been consumed. Dexfenfluramine displayed an early effect on motivation and hastened the onset of satiation. The anorexic activity of d-amphetamine was virtually abolished. These results indicate that the runway is a useful device for analysing the effects of drugs on eating motivation. This study has further characterised the anorexic actions of naloxone and naltrexone; the profiles of these agents can be distinguished from both dexfenfluramine and d-amphetamine. The suppressive action on food intake exerted by these particular opioid antagonists appears to arise from an intensification of the feedback from food ingestion. The mechanisms through which this effect is achieved are not known. PMID- 3749219 TI - Pharmacological changes induced by repeated exposure to phenylethylamine. AB - Mice receiving daily injections of phenylethylamine (PEA) exhibited an enhanced PEA-induced motor stimulation, beginning on day 21 of administration. The mice receiving PEA were also more sensitive to the stimulatory effect of amphetamine and PCP. There was no change in brain or hepatic monoamine oxidase activity nor in hepatic mixed function oxidase after this treatment, indicating that altered metabolism was not a factor in the sensitization. Striatal dopamine receptors, labelled by spiroperidol, were increased after the long-term PEA, suggesting that the sensitization may be due to increased dopaminergic receptor activity. PMID- 3749220 TI - Induction of and recovery from tolerance to the discriminative stimulus properties of l-cathinone. AB - Rats previously trained to discriminate between 0.6 mg/kg l-cathinone and saline in a two-lever, food-motivated operant task were administered l-cathinone at the same dose, every 8 hours for 10 days. Discrimination testing during this chronic administration phase of experimentation indicated that the animals' ability to discriminate both 0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg l-cathinone decreased when compared to their discriminative ability prior to chronic administration. In contrast, discrimination of the non-drug state, i.e., saline, was not affected. Comparison of dose-response curves prior to and during chronic cathinone administration indicated a 3-4 fold shift to the right for the latter curve. Continued testing after termination of chronic treatment resulted in a return to pre-chronic discriminative performance by the fifteenth day after cessation. These results indicate that tolerance to the discriminative effects of l-cathinone can be produced within 10 days of chronic administration and recovery from this observed tolerance occurs within 15 days of cessation of chronic administration. PMID- 3749221 TI - Shuttlebox Sidman avoidance in rhesus monkeys: day of week and amphetamine effects. AB - Due to its stability and sensitivity, the Sidman avoidance schedule has been often used to characterize the psychotropic effects of drugs. In the present study, the effects of d-amphetamine (0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/kg IM) on shuttlebox Sidman avoidance by rhesus monkeys were investigated. Amphetamine resulted in increased avoidance rates as shown by both bin and mean inter-response time (IRT) analyses. These results demonstrate the potential usefulness of this combination of task, species, and apparatus for investigating the effects of psychotropic substances. In addition, analysis of baseline data indicated a small but significant day of week effect with more efficient performance at the end of the week. The implications of this finding for conducting drug studies involving repeated measurements (i.e., cross-over designs) are discussed. PMID- 3749222 TI - Effects of imipramine on responding reduced by methadone. AB - Interactions between methadone and acute and chronic imipramine were studied in pigeons key pecking under a multiple variable interval 15-sec variable interval 150-sec schedule of food presentation. Both drugs decreased response rates at the highest doses. The VI 15-sec schedule was slightly more sensitive to acute drug administration than was the variable interval 150-sec schedule. Acute combinations of the two drugs neither ameliorated nor exacerbated the effects of either drug alone. Chronic imipramine alone had no lasting effect on responding. Unlike acute combinations, chronic imipramine lessened the rate reducing effect of methadone. PMID- 3749223 TI - Contributions of dopamine terminal areas to amphetamine-induced anorexia and adipsia. AB - Systemic injections of amphetamine produce both anorexia and adipsia. Evidence suggests that it is the stimulation of activity by the drug in both noradrenergic and dopaminergic synapses that mediate these effects. The present study examined the contributions of dopamine terminal regions to these effects in rats by microinjecting amphetamine directly into one of six discrete sites (medial frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, anteromedial caudate nucleus, ventrolateral caudate nucleus, amygdala, or the region surrounding the area postrema) and observing the effects of the injections on eating or drinking. The rats were mildly deprived of either food or water and following microinjection of either amphetamine or saline, were given access to food or water. Injections of amphetamine into either the nucleus accumbens or amygdala caused both anorexia and adipsia but no effects were observed from the other sites. It is suggested that the amphetamine's action on these two sites contributes to the anorexia and adipsia that are observed after systemic injection of the drug. Possible behavioral mechanisms for the effects are discussed. PMID- 3749224 TI - Effects of muscarinic receptor antagonism upon two forms of stress-induced analgesia. AB - The present study assessed in rats the effects of muscarinic receptor antagonism upon analgesia induced by cold-water swims (CWS: 2 degrees C for 3.5 min) and 2 deoxy-D-glucose (2DG: 600 mg/kg). First, CWS analgesia was significantly reduced 30 min after the swim by scopolamine (0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg) and methylscopolamine (10 mg/kg) pretreatment, and was eliminated 60 min after the swim by scopolamine (0.01-10 mg/kg) and methylscopolamine (1,10 mg/kg) pretreatment. In contrast, scopolamine potentiated CWS hypothermia. Second, while scopolamine (1 mg/kg) and methylscopolamine (1,10 mg/kg) pretreatment prolonged 2DG analgesia, both antagonists dose-dependently reduced 2DG hyperphagia. Third, the changes in analgesic and hypothermic stress responses were not due to baseline shifts in jump thresholds or body temperatures. However the dose-dependent reductions by scopolamine and methylscopolamine in baseline food intake and 2DG hyperphagia were significantly correlated. Fourth, the dose-dependent reduction by scopolamine and methylscopolamine of pilocarpine analgesia differed in pattern from the other analgesic effects, suggesting heterogeneity in muscarinic receptor modulation of different analgesic responses. PMID- 3749225 TI - Transfer of conditioning in stress-induced analgesia. AB - Classical conditioning of stress-induced analgesia (SIA) resulted in higher tail flick latencies in BALB/c mice. Transfer of classical conditioning of SIA was evident when the same repetition rate (pulsed light or pulsed tone) characterized stimuli in different sensory modalities. This finding is discussed in terms of opioid production and of generalization of emotional reactions. PMID- 3749226 TI - Nicotine can attenuate the disruptive effects of phencyclidine on repeated acquisition in monkeys. AB - Patas monkeys acquired a different four-response chain each session by responding sequentially on three levers in the presence of four discriminative stimuli (numerals). The response chain was maintained by food presentation under a fixed ratio schedule. Errors produced a brief timeout but did not reset the chain. Each day there were four 15-min sessions, with a 10-min intersession interval. Cumulative dose-effect curves for phencyclidine were obtained by giving an IM injection before each of the four sessions; successive injections increased the cumulative dose by 1/4 log-unit steps. When phencyclidine was administered alone, overall response rate decreased and percent errors increased with increasing doses. When nicotine was administered alone (IM) before the first session, the higher doses initially produced large decreases in overall response rate. Unlike phencyclidine, nicotine alone generally had no effect on percent errors. When intermediate or high doses of phencyclidine were administered after pretreatment with certain doses of nicotine, both the rate-decreasing and error-increasing effects were smaller than those produced by phencyclidine alone. This attenuation of the disruptive effects of phencyclidine on acquisition occurred at a time when nicotine alone had little or no behavioral effect. PMID- 3749227 TI - Repeated acquisition and delayed performance as a baseline to assess drug effects on retention in monkeys. AB - As an extension of previous research on repeated acquisition, a new baseline was developed to assess the effects of phencyclidine on retention in patas monkeys. Each session was divided into three phases: acquisition, delay, and performance. During acquisition, the subject acquired a four-response chain (which was different each session) by responding sequentially on three keys in the presence of four geometric forms. When the acquisition criterion (20 consecutive correct responses) was met, the keylights turned off and the delay (retention interval) began. After the delay, the keylights and a white light above the keys were turned on for 10 min (performance). The white light indicated that the response chain was the same as the chain acquired before the delay. Retention of the acquired response chain, as measured by percent "savings" in errors to criterion, decreased as the delay was increased from 5 to 180 min, and this "forgetting curve" tended to shift to the left with increasing doses of phencyclidine (administered IM 5 min before the performance phase). "Overlearning" the response chain before the 180-min delay increased retention and attenuated the disruptive effects of the lower dose of phencyclidine. PMID- 3749228 TI - Quantitative analysis of naloxone antagonism of the discriminative stimulus properties of morphine in the pigeon. AB - Pigeons were trained to discriminate morphine (5.0 mg/kg) from saline under a second-order fixed ratio 10 (fixed-ratio 5) color-tracking schedule for food reinforcement. After reliable stimulus control was established, cumulative graded doses of morphine (0.3-30.0 mg/kg) were tested and resulted in dose-dependent increases in morphine-appropriate key pecking and decreases in response rate. Cumulative doses of naloxone (0.1-10.0 mg/kg) or consecutive injections of saline did not elicit morphine-appropriate responding or affect response rate. Pre treatment with naloxone (0.1-1.0 mg/kg) before determination of cumulative dose effect curves for morphine caused the morphine generalization curves to be shifted, in a parallel manner, rightward. Dose-ratio analysis of naloxone antagonism of morphine generalization, using a Schild plot with the slope constrained to -1, gave an apparent pA2 value (95% confidence limits) of 6.53 (6.18-6.89). PMID- 3749229 TI - Some effects of pimozide and of shifts in sucrose concentration on lick rate, duration, and interlick interval. AB - Multiple dependent measures were employed to characterize the licking behavior of rats exposed to shifts in reward magnitude or injected with pimozide (PIM). Nondeprived rats licked either a 32% (n = 14) or 4% (n = 15) sucrose solution in daily 10 min sessions. Rats in the 32% condition were then down-shifted to either a 16% (n = 7) 4% (n = 7) sucrose solution. Rats in the 4% condition were up shifted to either 16% (n = 7) or 32% (n = 8) sucrose solution. The response profiles generated by those rats shifted to a lower reward magnitude were contrasted with either rats shifted from a 32% sucrose solution to a no-reward (plain tap water) condition, or with rats maintained on a 32% sucrose solution and administered the neuroleptic PIM (0.5 mg/kg or 1.0 mg/kg). Rats down-shifted from a 32% to 4% sucrose solution generated response profiles more similar to rats shifted to plain tap water than rats maintained on a 32% sucrose solution and administered PIM. These results suggested that PIM treatment is not functionally equivalent to either a shift to no-reward or to a shift to reduced reward conditions. PMID- 3749230 TI - Verapamil does not antagonize LSD-induced stimulus control. AB - Discriminative stimulus control was established in rats (N = 6) with LSD (100 microg/kg) and saline using a 2-lever response choice task and an FR10 schedule of food reinforcement. Subjects were then tested once per week with either pizotyline (BC-105) or verapamil alone or in combinations with LSD. In In agreement with previous reports, pizotyline antagonized LSD and, when tested alone, exhibited modest agonistic effects (18% LSD-appropriate). In contrast, verapamil failed to block LSD at any dose tested. Verapamil alone appeared to have somewhat greater agonistic activity (35% LSD-appropriate) than did pizotyline but neither drug substituted completely for LSD. These data suggest that calcium channel antagonism by pizotyline is not essential to its anti-LSD effects. PMID- 3749231 TI - Behavioural and pharmacological investigations of 5-HT hypophagia and hyperdipsia. AB - Treatment with 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) reliably induced hypophagia in non deprived rats and in rats tested following a period of food-deprivation, regardless of the presence or absence of water during testing. The hyperdipsic effect of 5-HT, however, was sensitive to changes in the length of food deprivation, suggesting a possible interaction between 5-HT hyperdipsia and prandial drinking. Both 5-HT hypophagia and hyperdipsia were attenuated by methysergide pretreatment, thus confirming the involvement of peripheral post synaptic 5-HT receptors in both effects. Pretreatment with propranolol blocked 5 HT hyperdipsia, but did not alter 5-HT hypophagia, thus suggesting that 5-HT hypophagia and hyperdipsia are mediated by different mechanisms at some point subsequent to the stimulation of peripheral 5-HT receptors. These results are consistent with other evidence that 5-HT hyperdipsia is mediated by stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system. It is tentatively suggested that 5-HT hypophagia could result from 5-HT-induced inhibition of cephalic phase insulin secretion. PMID- 3749232 TI - Motor activity changes and conditioned taste aversions induced by administration of scopolamine in rats: role of the area postrema. AB - Three experiments examined the effects of centrally and peripherally acting scopolamine (scopolamine hydrochloride-SHC) or only peripherally acting scopolamine (scopolamine methyl nitrate-SMN), on motor activity levels and the ability of these agents to induce taste aversions. In Experiment 1 rats were injected with isotonic saline, 1 mg/kg SHC, or 1 mg/kg SMN. SHC produced significant increases in stabilimeter activity (p less than 0.025) and in rearing response frequency (p less than 0.01), whereas SMN resulted in significantly less activity (p less than 0.025). Both agents induced strong conditioned taste aversions to saccharin (p less than 0.01). Experiment 2 examined the role of the area postrema in mediating these drug induced behavioral changes. Sham lesioned and area postrema lesioned rats were given saline, SHC or SMN (1 mg/kg for both drugs) and examined for changes in activity, rearing response frequency and induction of taste aversions to saccharin. SHC again produced significant increases in activity (p less than 0.01), whereas SMN produced decrements in activity (p less than 0.05). However, the brain lesion did not consistently alter the effects of these drugs on activity but it did reduce the amount of the decrement observed in rearing responses in SMN treated rats. The brain lesion also altered the ability of the drugs to induce taste aversions. Both SMN and SHC produced strong taste aversions in the sham lesioned rats (p less than 0.01) but no significant aversions were observed in the area postrema lesioned rats. Experiment 3 examined the ability of the brain lesion to alter the effects of SMN by using a within groups design. Area postrema lesions were found to attenuate but not abolish, the inhibitory effects of SMN on both activity levels and rearing responses (p less than 0.03). The results of these experiments suggest that in the absence of the chemically-sensitive area postrema both SMN and SHC fail to induce taste aversions and the inhibitory effect of SMN on spontaneous activity is attenuated. PMID- 3749233 TI - Genetic differences in locomotor activation in mice. AB - Two highly inbred strains of mice were found to differ in habituation of activity repeatedly assessed in a toggle-box exploration task. The recombinant inbred (RI) strains derived from their cross resembled either one or the other parent strain, suggesting that a single gene exerts a marked influence on this behavior. The influence of an acute ethanol injection on activity in an open field was found to differ among 19 inbred strains. In 6 strains significant decreases in activity from the previous day's scores were seen; in two strains activity increased; and in 11 strains, no significant change was seen. Genetic specificity must, therefore, be considered in the interpretation of pharmacologic substrates for activity in mice. Lines of mice selectively bred for high and low open-field activity are suggested to offer an ideal subject population for neuropharmacologic studies. PMID- 3749234 TI - Alterations of amphetamine elicited perseveration and locomotor excitation following acute and repeated stressor application. AB - The effects of acute and repeated stressor application on amphetamine-induced Y maze perseveration and locomotor activity were assessed. When the stimulus context associated with an acute stressor (restraint or restraint plus shock) was distinctively different from that in which an amphetamine test was conducted 72 hr afterward, neither perseveration nor locomotor excitation were augmented. However, following three restraint sessions the amphetamine elicited perseveration was enhanced. With a more protracted regimen applied over 15 days the augmented perseveration was absent, whereas the amphetamine-provoked motor excitation was increased. While stimulus factors have been shown to be fundamental, it is provisionally suggested that the stressor induced enhancement of amphetamine-elicited perseveration is influenced by sensitization processes. However, the sensitization is apparent only under some stress regimens, and the behavioral expression of the sensitization may be obfuscated if the stressor is too severe. Furthermore, it appears that the mechanisms operative in enhancing the stressor provoked amphetamine motor excitation are independent of those which subserve the augmented perseveration. PMID- 3749235 TI - The effect of magnocellular basal forebrain lesions on circadian locomotor activity in the rat. AB - Locomotor activity (LMA) was assessed in rats given ibotenic acid lesions in the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (group NBM) or sham surgery (group OC). Two weeks after surgery, rats were monitored for 8 hours during the middle of either the 12 hr light (day) or 12 hr dark (night) period of the diurnal cycle. Six behavioral measures of LMA were examined: horizontal activity, vertical activity (rearing), distance travelled, movement time, movement velocity (distance/time) and revolutions (turning behavior). During the day, no statistically significant differences between the NBM and OC groups were observed in any of the measures. At night, both NBM and OC groups generally were more active than during the day, and the NBM group generally was more active than the OC group. Because the diurnal LMA of rats with NBM lesions was not significantly affected during the day, when laboratory animals are usually tested, hypotheses regarding lesion induced locomotor abnormalities cannot be invoked to account entirely for the impaired performance observed in NBM rats on tasks designed to measure learning and memory. PMID- 3749236 TI - Sodium pentobarbital-induced cross-tolerance to ethanol is learned in the rat. AB - Initially, rats were trained to walk on a treadmill to avoid footshock. Subsequently, rats given additional practice while pentobarbital-intoxicated became cross-tolerant to ethanol. However, rats given equivalent doses of pentobarbital after practice did not become cross-tolerant, nor did saline vehicle controls. These results challenge the theories of cross-tolerance which are based exclusively upon cellular adaptations to pharmacological stimulation of drug-responsive neurons. That all of the cross-tolerance measured was attributable to the intoxicated practice suggests that this observed cross tolerance was mediated by some form of learning. PMID- 3749237 TI - Effects of calcium antagonists on phencyclidine behaviors. AB - The calcium antagonists nifedipine and verapamil were evaluated for their potential behavioral interactions with phencyclidine induced changes in mouse rotarod performance and motor activity. Nifedipine (2 and 10 mg/kg) and verapamil (2 mg/kg) significantly potentiated impairment of rotarod performance produced by phencyclidine. These doses of nifedipine and verapamil did not by themselves affect rotarod performance. This action does not appear to be dependent on the hypotensive properties of these drugs, since hypotensive doses of prazosin did not alter the effect of phencyclidine on rotarod performance. Nifedipine, 4.0 mg/kg, antagonized increases in ambulatory motor activity, and potentiated decreases in vertical motor activity (rearing) induced by phencyclidine. The effects of calcium antagonists to alter the behavioral actions of phencyclidine in mice may occur through an interaction with the dihydropyridine calcium antagonist binding site present in the central nervous system. PMID- 3749238 TI - Antagonism of acute feeding response to 2-deoxyglucose and 5-thioglucose by GABA antagonists: the relative role of ventromedial and lateral hypothalamus. AB - The effect of GABA antagonists picrotoxin and bicuculline was studied on hyperphagia caused by 2-DG and 5-TG. The GABA antagonists were administered either SC or into the VMH or LH through stereotaxically implanted chronic cannulae. The peripheral as well as VMH injection antagonised the hyperphagia significantly. In contrast, injection of these agents into the LH failed to produce any effect. These findings show that in a glucoprivic state there might be an increased GABAergic activity in the VMH. PMID- 3749239 TI - Peripheral injections of bombesin and cholecystokinin affect dietary self selection in rats. AB - Patterns of dietary self-selection were examined in adult female rats following peripheral injections of either bombesin (BBS) (6, 10, 14 and 16 micrograms) or cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) (0.75, 1.5, 2.25, and 3.0 micrograms). Animals were food deprived for 18 hours and then offered three isocaloric diets (protein, carbohydrate, and fat) following injections of peptides. Each subject received each of 4 doses of both peptides in a within-subjects design. All doses of BBS decreased total food intake and fat intake 30 minutes following injections. Also at this time period the two highest doses suppressed carbohydrate intake, while protein was unaffected. Cumulative intake at one hour revealed that total intake remained suppressed. The two highest doses continued to suppress carbohydrate intake, while only the 14 micrograms dose continued to suppress fat intake. Additionally protein was now significantly suppressed by all doses. The three highest doses of CCK-8 produced a decrease in total food intake and fat intake 30 minutes after injections. By one hour, only total intake remained suppressed but only with administration of the highest dose. Results are interpreted as providing support for the notion that BBS and CCK are physiological satiety signals and that they maintain unique functions in regulating food intake. PMID- 3749240 TI - Conditional shifts in thermic responses to sequentially paired drugs and the "conditional hyperactivity" hypothesis. AB - Previous experiments have demonstrated that upward shifts in a rat's thermic response to certain drugs may be observed when these drugs have been paired on several occasions with agents that induce hypothermia. A "conditional hyperactivity" hypothesis suggests that these upward shifts may simply reflect drug elicited increases in body movements which translate into higher temperatures. The present experiment explored this hypothesis. Atropine sulfate (10 mg/kg) was paired with sodium pentobarbital (40 mg/kg) on multiple occasions and several tests were conducted with both drugs. This treatment yielded a conditional hyperthermic response to atropine, but the drug was not found to elicit an increase in gross motor movements. Of greatest interest was the finding that the atropine, when injected 30 min prior to a hypnotic dose of pentobarbital (80 mg/kg), attenuated the hypothermia normally induced by this barbiturate while leaving the duration of hypnosis unaffected. This upward thermic shift cannot be accounted for by the "conditional hyperactivity" hypothesis because the animals were immobile while under pentobarbital's influence. These findings suggest that autonomic events, as yet unspecified, may underlie certain conditional temperature increases. PMID- 3749241 TI - Free amino acids in bee hive product (propolis) as identified and quantified by gas-liquid chromatography. AB - Propolis is a natural resinous product collected by honey bees and containing, among other biochemical constituents, a variety of free amino acids. Acid extraction and quantification of these amino acids by gas-liquid chromatography reveals that their total concentration in this honey bee product is over 40% w/w, and that arginine and proline constitutes over 50% of the crude acid extract. As propolis was shown to stimulate mammalian tissue regeneration, we suggest that the physiological significance of arginine in the propolis product lies in its ability to stimulate mitosis and to enhance protein biosynthesis, and that the biochemical importance of proline in it, stems from its capability to promote build-up of collagen and elastin, two essential components in the matrix of connective tissues. PMID- 3749242 TI - Action of vinca alkaloides on calcium movements through mitochondrial membrane. AB - The antimitotic drugs Vinblastine and Vincristine partially counteract the decoupling effect of both calcium ionophore and Ca2+ on mitochondria. The partial restoration of respiratory control is mainly due to an action on oxidative rate in state 4. In the same manner the P/O ratio is partially restorated. Moreover Vinca alkaloides decrease both the calcium uptake rate and its amount into mitochondria during aerobiosis and slacken the calcium efflux. These results may be explained by a non specific effect of Vinca alkaloides on mitochondrial membrane and might lead to a change in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration. Recently, calcium influx blockers (calcium antagonists) have appeared to enhance the cytotoxicity of Vinca alkaloides and to circumvent the Vincristine resistance of some tumor cells (Takashi Tsuruo et al. 1981, 1983). Besides, ruthenium red is a membrane inorganic dye known to bind and inhibit some calcium carriers (mitochondrial carrier, ATP ase calcium dependent from sarcoplasmic reticulum and erythrocyte). This dye has proved to increase the Vinblastine cell accumulation and its toxicity on cells culture (Wilberding C. 1984). So calcium might be involved in the therapeutic activity of Vinca alkaloides. Therefore, in order to investigate this possible implication we studied the effect of these drugs on calcium movements in mitochondria. PMID- 3749243 TI - Verapamil intensifies neuromuscular blockade produced by gallamine and pancuronium at the chick neuromuscular junction. AB - Experiments were performed to study the effect of verapamil on neuromuscular transmission and muscle contraction at a chick skeletal muscle-nerve preparation. In addition, the effects and interactions of verapamil with some muscle relaxants were studied in the same preparation. These effects were explored by studying the effects of verapamil on: directly-and indirectly-elicited twitch contractions, and neuromuscular blockade produced by gallamine and pancuronium. The results showed that verapamil (2-200 microM) had a differential effect on the twitch responses; more reductions occurred in the indirectly-elicited twitch tension, whereas the directly-elicited twitch response was reduced only by 20-30% of maximum indirectly-elicited twitch tension. Furthermore, in low concentrations (1 20 microM), verapamil significantly increased the neuromuscular blockade produced by gallamine (28-1280 nM) and pancuronium (18-573 nM). In high concentrations (greater than 200 microM), verapamil completely blocked the indirectly-elicited twitch response and produced a marked contracture in the chick skeletal muscle (1.0 +/- 0.1 g, n = 6). It was concluded that by reducing twitch tension and inhibiting neuromuscular transmission, verapamil increases (intensifies) neuromuscular blockade produced by muscle relaxants, e.g. gallamine and pancuronium. PMID- 3749244 TI - Cardiovascular and pulmonary activity of platelet-activating factor (PAF-acether) and its derivatives. AB - Stereoselective synthesis and biological properties of PAF-acether, its enantiomer and some analogues of both are reported. The results clearly indicate that the ONIUM SIZE and SHAPE of the various compounds tested are important in determining guinea-pig bronchoconstriction and human platelet aggregation. PMID- 3749245 TI - Effects of chronic morphine treatment on opioid-induced inhibition and facilitation of acetylcholine release in guinea-pig thalamic slices. AB - The effect of chronic morphine treatment on acetylcholine (ACh) release from guinea-pig thalamic slices and on [3H]-dihydro-morphine binding to the brain of normal, tolerant and abstinent guinea-pigs was studied. Morphine (30 microM) inhibited the electrically-evoked ACh release to the same extent in normal and tolerant slices. This effect was antagonized by naloxone. Morphine (30 microM) in the presence of naloxone (10 microM) facilitated electrically-evoked release of ACh. This effect displayed tachyphylaxis in normal slices and was absent in the brain taken from tolerant animals. The reduction of [Ca++] in the medium increased the facilitatory response in normal slices and the inhibitory response in normal and tolerant tissue. The high and low affinity binding sites to [3H] dihydro-morphine were the same in the thalami, caudate nuclei and cortices of normal, tolerant and abstinent animals. It is concluded that the cholinergic structures of the guinea-pig thalamus are unlikely to be involved in morphine tolerance. In fact, the facilitation appears to be an ancillary phenomenon which quickly displays tachyphylaxis in normal tissue while the inhibition of ACh release remains unchanged. PMID- 3749247 TI - The shabby curate: medicine--a divided culture. PMID- 3749246 TI - Effects of mefenidil hydrochloride on cerebral blood flow in conscious and anesthetized rat. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the putative cerebral vasodilator, mefenidil hydrochloride (MF), on cardiocirculatory dynamics and the total distribution of cardiac output in the conscious rat. The radioactive microsphere technique was used to measure regional blood flow and cardiac output before (control) and during intravenous infusion of either MF (2.5, 5.0, 10.0 mg/kg) or vehicle (VH; saline, 0.0204, 0.0408. 0.0816 ml/min, respectively). Neither MF nor VH were found to have significant effects on cerebral blood flow or vascular resistance in conscious rats. MF significantly increased cerebral blood flow and lowered cerebral vascular resistance compared to VH in anesthetized animals without having significant effects in other circulatory regions. PMID- 3749248 TI - Notes from a sabbatical. PMID- 3749249 TI - AIDS: public health and private rights--a panel discussion. PMID- 3749250 TI - The courage to think. PMID- 3749251 TI - Internship's evils. PMID- 3749252 TI - Modernizing medicine with lessons from an ancient healing art. PMID- 3749254 TI - Theoretical approach to discrimination of atrial and ventricular septal defects when the left-to-right cardiac shunt is diagnosed by radionuclide angiography. PMID- 3749253 TI - Forces developed beneath hydrogel contact lenses due to squeeze pressure. AB - The hydrodynamic squeeze pressure in the fluid thin film beneath hydrogel contact lenses fitted onto an axisymmetric model eye were measured. These pressures were due to the contact lens relaxing after deformation by an applied force of similar magnitude to the human eyelid force. The distribution of pressure for contact lenses typically fitted to human eyes was negative with respect to atmospheric pressure at the corneal apex and became less negative at the corneo-scleral limbus. The force that the contact lens applied to the cornea was determined by integrating the pressure distribution from the corneal apex to the limbus. This force varied from 6.0 X 10(-4) N to -7.8 X 10(-1) N depending on the thickness, elastic modulus and bearing relationship of the contact lens. An expression was derived to determine the pressure developed beneath the annulus of the hydrogel contact lens overlapping the cornea, in terms of the measured force over the cornea beneath the contact lens and the chord diameters of the contact lens and cornea. It was found that the deformation of hydrogel contact lenses on the model eye did not follow a linear elastic shell theory. PMID- 3749255 TI - A general purpose dynamic phantom for modelling cardiac action in radionuclide ventriculography and angiocardiography. PMID- 3749256 TI - Skin beta-dose assessment with ultra-thin thermoluminescent detectors. PMID- 3749257 TI - Comments on range-energy relationships for a scanning beam electron linear accelerator. PMID- 3749259 TI - Practical aspects of ghosting in resistive nuclear magnetic resonance imaging systems. AB - The concept of 'ghosting' in NMR images is discussed and it is demonstrated that, among other things, any external modulation of the NMR signal can produce such effects. A simple theoretical model, based on elementary Fourier modulation theory is presented for saturation recovery imaging sequences. Both amplitude (AM) and frequency (FM) modulations are considered. The predictions of the theory with regard to the positions and amplitudes of the ghosts produced by such modulations are outlined. Appropriate AM and FM conditions are generated experimentally on a 0.1 T resistive NMR system and measurements on the concomitant ghost images verify the theoretical predictions. Some practical implications of the phenomenon, with particular relevance to resistive magnet systems, are highlighted. PMID- 3749258 TI - A proton NMR relaxation evaluation of a model of brain oedema fluid. AB - Using CSF/protein solutions as models of vasogenic extracellular fluid, the concentration dependences of longitudinal and transverse proton relaxation rates have been measured at 37 degrees C and 100 MHz for the serum proteins, albumin, IgG, a 2.8:1 mixture of albumin and IgG and human serum itself. These measurements have been used to determine the sensitivity of proton relaxation rates to the amount and the type of the protein in oedema fluid, and to establish the significance of both of these factors in relation to a separation of vasogenic from cytotoxic oedema. An extension of the two-environment rapid exchange model of solvent relaxation is presented, which accounts for the measurements on protein mixtures and which enables estimates to be made of the number and the transverse relaxation rate of water protons associated with the protein surface. PMID- 3749260 TI - Generalised use of contrast degradation and contrast improvement factors in diagnostic radiology. Application to vanishing contrast. AB - Although field area and object thickness are important parameters in comparisons of techniques for optimal reduction of scattered radiation to the image, they are in practice seldom varied. For this reason, we suggest that contrast degradation (CDF) and contrast improvement (CIF) factors be more frequently used and appropriately defined to make the dependence of CDF and CIF on field area (collimation) and object thickness (compression) explicit. Definitions are formulated and the results of experiments and Monte Carlo calculations (comprising effects of collimation, compression, air gap, antiscatter grid, detector thickness) cited to illustrate their usefulness. Currently used expressions for CIF (derived assuming monoenergetic radiation) lack a factor to account for the change in primary contrast caused by the antiscatter method when this affects the energy distribution of the transmitted primary photons (grids and compression) or the fractions of photon energy imparted to the detector (when comparing different detectors). Values of this factor are calculated for some cases. Also, the appropriate choice of physical quantity to be used in the formulae for CDF and CIF is discussed. The energy imparted to the detector is advocated since this is directly related to the detector signals forming the image on, e.g. the x-ray film. PMID- 3749261 TI - Influence of strong static magnetic fields on heart muscle contraction. PMID- 3749262 TI - ECG-gated T1 images of the heart. PMID- 3749263 TI - Gated cardiac imaging using low-field NMR. PMID- 3749264 TI - Radionuclide purity and radiation dosimetry of 124I used in positron tomography of the thyroid. PMID- 3749265 TI - The partial usage of wedge filters. PMID- 3749267 TI - Memorandum from the BCRU: effective quality factor for neutrons. British Committee on Radiation Units and Measurements. PMID- 3749266 TI - Comments on 'Instability of radiation protection quantities'. PMID- 3749268 TI - Comparison of lumbar curves when sitting on the Westnofa Balans Multi-Chair, sitting on a conventional chair, and standing. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine whether the Balans Multi-Chair (BMC) approximates the amount of standing lumbar curve better than a standard conventional chair (SCC) in seated subjects writing at a desk. The length of the curve from L1 to S2 was measured with a flexible ruler in 44 healthy subjects who were standing and sitting on both an SCC and a BMC. A one-way analysis of variance for repeated measures and the Student-Newman-Keuls test were used to examine the differences in the curves created in the three positions. The frequency of subjects sitting in lumbar flexion was compared using a chi-square test with those not in flexion. Lumbar curves measured in the three positions were significantly different (p less than .01). The BMC approximated the standing lumbar curve in seated subjects writing at a desk to a greater degree than the SCC. In addition, the BMC produced lumbar flexion less frequently (chi 2 = 4.33, p less than .05) than did the SCC. These data suggest that the BMC may be an appropriate adjunct in client care when minimal lumbar flexion or lumbar extension is indicated. PMID- 3749269 TI - Thermographic evaluation of the painful shoulder in the hemiplegic patient. AB - In this study, we investigated the applicability of thermography as a technique for evaluating the painful postcerebrovascular accident (CVA) shoulder in hemiplegic patients. A thermographic series was taken of the upper extremities and upper trunk of 27 female subjects. The four groups we evaluated were nonhemiplegic subjects (n = 9), post-CVA subjects with recovered function (n = 6), hemiplegic subjects with upper extremity motor impairment (n = 6), and hemiplegic subjects with both motor impairment and ipsilateral shoulder pain (n = 6). The data revealed a normal thermographic series in 8 of the 9 nonhemiplegic subjects, but only in 1 of the 18 post-CVA subjects. The majority of the abnormal thermographic series of post-CVA subjects showed a 1 degree to 5 degree C coolness on the involved side. No consistent thermographic patterns emerged that could be related to the severity or location of pain. Further studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of thermography as a means of determining the relationship between ipsilateral post-CVA coolness and hemiplegic shoulder pain. PMID- 3749270 TI - Comparison of gait of young women and elderly women. AB - The purpose of our study was to describe and compare free-speed gait patterns of healthy young women with healthy elderly women. The evaluation was completed with high-speed cinematography using synchronized front and side views of 26 healthy volunteers. One group was composed of 13 subjects 20 to 35 years of age, and the other group was composed of 13 subjects 60 to 84 years of age. Each subject participated in one test session consisting of three filmed trials of free-speed ambulation down a 14-m walkway. The processed film was analyzed for 10 gait characteristics. Differences in gait characteristics between the two groups were examined using a correlated t test (p less than .01). The elderly women demonstrated significantly smaller values of step length, stride length, ankle range of motion, pelvic obliquity, and velocity when compared with the younger women. The results of our study suggest that the physical therapist should not establish similar expectations for young women and elderly women during gait rehabilitation. PMID- 3749271 TI - Hypothesis-oriented algorithm for clinicians. A method for evaluation and treatment planning. AB - The purpose of this article is to introduce the hypothesis-oriented algorithm for clinicians (HOAC), which is designed to aid physical therapists in clinical decision making and patient management. The HOAC consists of two parts. The first part is a sequential guide to evaluation and treatment planning; the second part consists of a branching program used for reevaluation and the analysis of treatment effectiveness. Problem statements used in the HOAC are similar to those used for problem oriented medical records. The HOAC, however, requires therapists to state hypotheses about why the problems exist and to generate criteria that can be used to test the hypotheses. The benefits of the HOAC are that therapists must clearly state problems in a consistent manner, generate and list hypotheses and test criteria, develop treatment strategies and methods based solely on the hypotheses, and systematically review treatment. The rationale for treatment is identified clearly in the algorithm, facilitating the identification of inappropriate treatments (ie, those not related to the hypotheses). In addition, the branching program is used to identify where in the treatment process failures may be occurring and when a therapist needs to make a referral or seek assistance from a colleague. PMID- 3749272 TI - Guidelines for routine respiratory care of patients with spinal cord injury. A clinical report. AB - Pulmonary compromise is a leading cause of morbidity in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). Because these patients have such complex and massive needs, routine respiratory care is not always given the priority it deserves in a rehabilitation program. Our institution established a committee to formulate guidelines for the routine respiratory care of patients in our interdisciplinary Acute Spinal Cord Injury Program. The guidelines consisted of evaluation, treatment, and teaching interventions. The purposes of the guidelines were to increase staff awareness of the need for routine, prophylactic respiratory care of patients with SCI; to be an effective teaching tool for staff, thus resulting in a reduction of respiratory complications; and also to be a teaching tool for patients and their families so that routine respiratory care could be continued in the home. After using the guidelines for over a year, we believe that the quality of the respiratory care we provide our patients with SCI has improved. The respiratory care is more comprehensive, consistent, and coordinated among disciplines. PMID- 3749273 TI - Physical therapy management of the patient with post-polio syndrome. A case report. AB - This case report documents the treatment of a patient who experienced progressive muscle weakness and a decrease in function over time that did not appear to be related to any secondary neuromuscular disease. We discuss the relationship between age and maximal muscle function in addition to some general guidelines for rehabilitation. This type of patient can represent a challenge for the physical therapist. This case report, however, illustrates the degree of muscular and functional recovery that can result with a physical therapy program aimed at reducing levels and intensity of exercise, daily activity, and stress. Such a combination of short-term goals appears to be essential to the successful management of a patient with post-polio syndrome. PMID- 3749274 TI - Cybex II isokinetic dynamometer for passive load application and measurement. Suggestion from the field. PMID- 3749275 TI - Topical hyperbaric oxygenation in the treatment of recalcitrant open wounds. A clinical report. AB - This clinical report discusses various conventional wound-care treatments, discusses the effectiveness of topical hyperbaric oxygenation (THO) in treating ischemic lower extremity ulcers and preventing amputation of the limb, provides treatment guidelines for improving the quality of wound care for recalcitrant cases, and presents two case studies supporting the efficacy of THO. Although other factors in the treatment have important effects, I attribute the success and improved rate of healing to THO therapy in these two cases. Further studies are needed of the effectiveness of THO therapy in improving circulation in ischemic lower extremity wounds, thus preventing amputation and the loss of independence, mobility, and self-esteem. PMID- 3749277 TI - Declare your ICC type. PMID- 3749276 TI - American physical therapy students in Great Britain. A special communication. AB - This article presents a brief account of the University of Evansville's use of Harlaxton Manor, located in England. In 1984, an elective physical therapy course was established at Harlaxton to provide the American physical therapy student with an opportunity to study in Great Britain. The three primary objectives of the program were to introduce students to the National Health System as it operates in Great Britain, introduce students to some specialized physical therapy techniques of a British origin, and provide observational experiences in physiotherapy departments of both small local hospitals and larger district or teaching hospitals. The annual program admits physical therapy students from other universities, as well as from the University of Evansville. The students have responded enthusiastically to the program, which has enriched both their professional and personal lives. PMID- 3749278 TI - Agreement among reviewers. PMID- 3749279 TI - [Continuing education week: Phlebology. Paris, 14-19 October 1985. Organized by the French Society of Phlebology]. PMID- 3749280 TI - [Varices: sclerotherapy]. PMID- 3749281 TI - [Varices: surgical treatment]. PMID- 3749282 TI - [Thrombosis in disseminated lupus erythematosus]. AB - In the course of disseminated lupus erythematosus (DLE), the development of arterial or venous thrombosis is sometimes observed. They are rare in the course of hematological forms of DLE, in which the more or less constant leucopenia is accompanied to variable extent by the affection of the other blood-lines: thrombocytopenia and/or thrombocytopathy and/or hemolytic anemia. The discovery of a circulating anticoagulant seems to be correlated with the existence of thrombosis. In fact it involves antiphospholipid antibodies, responsible for the protraction of certain coagulation tests, which shows up their existence. Recent studies have shown recognition of the membrane phospholipids of the vascular endothelial cell. A functional imbalance in this would be observed to encourage the synthesis of factors favorable to thrombosis. PMID- 3749283 TI - [Left predominance of varices: myth or reality?]. AB - The study of 843 legs operated for major varices shows that they are equally distributed between the two lower limbs (48.6% on the right, 51.4% on the left). There is little sex-determined variation in this distribution (410 women - 184 men), the main difference being that found in men: +4.6% on the left. Other studies carried out in Europe come to much the same conclusion. Two of these studies do, however, note a much clearer predominance of left-leg varices in men (+10%). For some studies, the lack of information about the type of varices being considered has proved troublesome (for example the many isolated telangiectasis and varices) and means that it is impossible to come to any exact conclusion. Clinical quantification is therefore desirable: at least it takes into account the diameter of the varices studied. PMID- 3749284 TI - [Lichen aureus and vascular fragility]. AB - Our observation concerns a patient aged 29 who has presented for the last two years a smooth lesion, non-infiltrated, golden yellow, and situated on the interior surface of the left knee. This lesion recalls the lichen aureus confirmed by standard histology nad Perls' coloration. There is capillary fragility without plaque anomaly. There is, however, no sign of subjacent venous incompetence. PMID- 3749285 TI - [4th meeting of the Phlebology Section of the Dermatology Society of the German Democratic Republic. Abstracts]. PMID- 3749286 TI - A new diazirine for protein modification by flash photolysis: comparison with an azide. PMID- 3749287 TI - Photosensitization of Chinese hamster cells by water-soluble phthalocyanines. PMID- 3749288 TI - Wavelength dependence for ornithine decarboxylase induction in vivo. PMID- 3749289 TI - Photochemistry and photobiology of urocanic acid. PMID- 3749290 TI - Benzofurocoumarins: new monofunctional DNA-photobinding agents. PMID- 3749291 TI - Laser flash photolysis studies of DNA-complexed ethidium bromide. PMID- 3749292 TI - Drug sensitization: photobinding of sulfanilamide to bovine serum albumin. PMID- 3749293 TI - The cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of UVA radiation on L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells. PMID- 3749294 TI - Effect of mid-UV radiation of DNA-Cu2+ complex: absorption and circular dichroism study. PMID- 3749295 TI - Conformational changes of bovine lens crystallins in a photodynamic system. PMID- 3749296 TI - The effect of diet on food intake and adiposity in rats made obese by gestational undernutrition. AB - Undernutrition limited to the first two weeks (trimesters) of pregnancy in rats produces a delayed-onset enhancement of body weight and food intake in male but not female offspring. Adiposity measures (fat cell size, fat pad weight and carcass lipid content) however, were enhanced only in male offspring of previously deprived mothers maintained on a high-fat diet. Previous work had shown that although these adiposity differences are enhanced by this diet, hyperphagia was eliminated when animals were switched to the high-fat diet as adults. The current study demonstrates that if offspring of deprived animals are exposed to the high-fat diet early in life, hyperphagia ensues. Adipocyte number, and circulating triglyceride levels were unaffected by our nutritional manipulation. PMID- 3749297 TI - Reference and working memory of rats following hippocampal damage induced by transient forebrain ischemia. AB - Acquisition of reference and working memory was evaluated in an animal model of cerebral ischemia. Rats were subjected to 30 minutes of transient forebrain ischemia, allowed to recover, and then tested for 95 trials on an 8-arm maze with 5 arms baited. During the 95 trials post ischemic (PI) rats made significantly more working and reference errors than controls (p less than 0.05). However, an analysis of the last 20 trials (75-95) showed that while PI rats and control rats had comparable reference memory (p greater than 0.8). PI rats tended to have a persistent working memory deficit compared to controls (p less than 0.06). Subsequent morphologic analysis showed that PI rats had almost complete loss of pyramidal neurons in the anterior CA1 region of the hippocampus, moderate to severe loss in mid-dorsal posterior hippocampus, and less damage to the dorsolateral striatum. These results suggest that the PI animal is a reasonable model for the permanent behavioral impairment and pathologic damage found in some human survivors of cardiac arrest. PMID- 3749298 TI - Corticosterone, novelty-induced hyperglycemia, and chlordiazepoxide. AB - Rats moved to novel environments for a 20 minute period showed increased plasma corticosterone levels--the greater the difference between the housing context and the novel environment, the greater the increase in corticosterone. Plasma glucose levels (PGL) also increased with increasing environmental novelty and these PGL changes were moderated by pretreatment with chlordiazepoxide (10 mg/kg). The increases in corticosterone and PGL were greater in a context previously shown to lead to hyperglycemic conditioning following insulin administration than in a context previously shown to lead to hypoglycemic conditioning. These results imply that the directionality of glycemic conditioning may be related to the initial stressfulness of the conditioning environment. PMID- 3749299 TI - The effects of caffeine on caffeine users and non-users. AB - This work examined the effects of consuming relatively small amounts of caffeine, from 20 to 160 mg, on performance and self-reports of mood in a group of caffeine users. A group of non-caffeine users were studied after ingesting 160 mg of caffeine. At regular intervals after consumption subjects were tested on several behavioral measures and blood samples were taken for caffeine analysis. Results showed caffeine users had higher blood caffeine levels and lower blood pressure at some doses than did non-users. Regular caffeine users showed a tendency toward better performance on a rotary pursuit task than non-caffeine users given a placebo treatment. They also experienced a performance decrement, relative to users given placebo, when blood caffeine levels were relatively high. Caffeine users showed no sign of caffeine withdrawal when compared to non-users before caffeine treatment. Performance of non-users given caffeine was poorer than control performance, and they tended not to report altering effects of caffeine. However, in caffeine users, the ratio of alertness:tension self-ratings tended to roughly track plasma caffeine with the lowest ratios occurring when plasma caffeine peaked after 160 mg dose. Low ratios were also found after 0, 20, and 40 mg caffeine treatments. The ratio was highest after 80 mg caffeine, suggesting that an optimum caffeine dose might exist for peak alertness:tension, with higher or lower doses resulting in a decrease of that ratio. These data suggest that real or expected mood and perhaps performance benefits experienced by caffeine users contribute to the motivation for consumption. PMID- 3749300 TI - Distinct substrates influence the acquisition of self-stimulation of the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. AB - Self-stimulation (SS) of both the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and the dorsolateral hippocampus (HPC) is known to develop slowly, over a period of days. In both cases, the acquisition of bar-pressing can be markedly hastened by delivery of noncontingent electrical stimulation for several days prior to SS training. The similarity of these effects suggests that there might be a common substrate mediating the acquisition process. However, in the present experiment, pre-training noncontingent electrical stimulation of the MPFC had no effect on how rapidly rats acquired the bar-pressing response for HPC stimulation, or vice versa. A further dissociation of the elements governing the acquisition process for these two SS sites was suggested by the observation that pre-training noncontingent stimulation of the entorhinal cortex facilitated the speed of acquisition of SS of the HPC but not of the MPFC. It seems that the HPC and entorhinal cortex can be excluded from the subset of neural structures which are known to influence the acquisition process governing MPFC SS. These and other data suggest that the development of SS of the MPFC and HPC can be regarded, at least in part, as involving a process rooted in distinct substrates. PMID- 3749301 TI - The superior cervical ganglia and learning of a spatial memory task. AB - To assess the role of the superior cervical ganglia in learning and memory processes, rats underwent ganglionectomy or sham procedures. No effect was found on acquisition, performance, or reversal of an appetitive spatial/memory task. PMID- 3749302 TI - Corticosterone, choline acetyltransferase and noradrenaline levels in olfactory bulbectomized rats in relation to changes in passive avoidance acquisition and open field activity. AB - Consequences of olfactory bulbectomy in two behavioural situations, passive avoidance acquisition and activity in a brightly lit open field, were measured in the same animals for which data on four biochemical measures were also obtained. The biochemical measurements were on plasma corticosterone levels, noradrenaline (NA) levels in the midbrain and amygdala + pyriform cortex and the choline acetyltransferase (CAT) levels in the olfactory tubercle. Experimental variation in age groups of rats (7 weeks and 3 months) and in post-bulbectomy periods (1, 2 and 4 weeks) was made. The deficit in passive avoidance as a consequence of olfactory bulbectomy was evident in all groups of young animals and in older animals one and two weeks post-bulbectomy but not in older animals four weeks after bulbectomy. An increase in open field activity was similarly observed in all groups except in the older animals four weeks after bulbectomy. In contrast to reports by other investigators the basal plasma corticosterone levels were not increased in bulbectomized animals nor did we observe any diminution of NA levels in the amygdala (+ pyriform cortex). CAT levels were slightly increased in older animals two weeks after bulbectomy. The absence of a change in the plasma corticosterone level after bulbectomy is discussed in relation to the notion that the olfactory bulbectomized rat is in some way relevant as a test model for predicting efficacy of potential antidepressant drugs. PMID- 3749303 TI - Genital sensory feedback and sexual behaviour in male and female marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). AB - Local anaesthesia (using lidocaine) of the penis, or of the vagina and cervix caused marked changes in the sexual behaviour of marmosets. Penile desensitization did not affect sexual arousal or erectile capacity. However, intromission latencies increased and 7 out of 10 males failed to intromit during some post-lidocaine tests. Females failed to show several behavioural patterns which normally occur during intromission (shrugging body movements, head turning and opening the mouth) or exhibited them at reduced frequencies after intra vaginal application of lidocaine. The tendency of females to terminate mounts after ejaculation had occurred was also reduced with resultant increases in intromission duration in all cases. Desensitization of the females' external genitalia had no effect upon sexual behaviour. Co-ordination of copulatory behaviour in this primate species depends, in part, upon afferent stimuli from the penis and from the vagina or cervix. PMID- 3749304 TI - Learning and memory disabilities in young adult rats from mildly zinc deficient dams. AB - Three experiments were conducted to test the behavior of the offspring of rat dams (ZD) fed a mildly zinc deficient diet (10.0 micrograms Zn/g) during pregnancy and lactation. Since zinc deficiency causes anorexia, a second group of rat dams (PF) was fed the same quantity of the diet during gestation and lactation as was consumed by their ZD mates. A third group of rats (AL) was fed the diet ad lib during gestation and lactation. The PF and AL dams were given zinc supplemented (25.0 micrograms Zn/ml) drinking water whereas the ZD dams were given double distilled, deionized drinking water. After weaning, the offspring of all dams were fed Purina Laboratory Chow ad lib until they were 100 days old. The offspring were then reduced to 85% of their ad lib weight and tested on a 17-arm radial maze for memory and learning. In Experiments 1 and 2, the ZD males suffered a significant learning deficit when compared to the AL males. Whereas the PF males suffered a significant learning impairment in Experiment 1, the learning deficit of the PF group was not as severe as the deficit of the ZD group. There was no impairment in reference (long-term) memory for any of the groups. In Experiment 3, significant differences in working (short-term) memory were found among the three groups of females. The ZD group was significantly inferior in working memory when compared to the PF and AL groups. No significant differences in working memory were found between the PF and AL groups. PMID- 3749305 TI - Prepuberal social rearing conditions and sexual behavior in control and neonatally castrated male rats. AB - Male and female sexual behaviors were assessed in control and neonatally castrated male rats that had been housed with a female, a control male, or a neonatally castrated male from day 16 until adulthood. Prepuberal housing conditions had no differential effect on lordosis or ejaculatory potentials of neonatally castrated males tested as adults. A smaller percentage of control males raised with a neonatal castrate ejaculated than did animals housed with a female or a control male. However, a greater proportion of control males caged with a female showed lordosis than did those living with another control male or with a neonatal castrate. The data demonstrate the modulating effects which specific types of social stimulation experienced during early life have on sexual behaviors displayed in adulthood. PMID- 3749306 TI - Neuroestrogenic control of feeding behavior and body weight in rats with kainic acid lesions of the lateral septal area. AB - The role of the lateral septal area (LS) in the regulation of energy balance and the estrogenic control of feeding behavior in the female rat has been examined. Food intake (FI) and body weight (BWt) were measured daily following kainic acid (KA) LS lesions (KALS) to assess any regulatory changes in energy balance. In all animals KA lesions of the LS produced major cell loss in the LS; however the extent of damage was variable. Associated with KA lesions of the LS was the concurrent loss of CA3-CA4 cell groups in the hippocampus which was comparable for all the lesioned animals. The extent of septal damage was quantified morphometrically and correlated with changes in FI and BWt following estrogen treatment. The significant effects of the KALS lesions, relative to the control animals were: an increase in BWt which was statistically significant 22 days following brain surgery, an increase in daily FI which was significant by day 6 post surgery, an attenuation in the anorexic effects of estrogen on FI and BWt, and a significant decrease in the present days of vaginal estrus. Moreover, the anorexic effects of estrogen were significantly correlated with the extent of LS damage, but not the amount of hippocampal damage. The present study confirms that an increase in BWt is produced by KA lesions of the LS and further indicates that a sustained period of increased FI precedes the increase in BWt.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3749307 TI - Recovery of lordotic activity by dorsal deafferentation of the preoptic area in male and androgenized female rats. AB - Lordotic activity was examined in male and neonatally androgenized female rats following dorsal deafferentation of the preoptic area (POA). Female pups were injected with various doses (100, 250, 500, or 1000 micrograms) of testosterone propionate (TP) on day 3 postpartum. Ten weeks after birth, all animals were castrated, then half of the castrated males and females in each group were subjected to dorsal deafferentation of the POA (anterior roof deafferentation: ARD) by using an L-shaped Halasz knife in order to transect the dorsal forebrain efferents which are thought to exert an inhibitory influence on the lordosis mediating mechanism. Animals were implanted subcutaneously with Silastic tubes containing estradiol-17 beta (E2). Observations of lordosis behavior were carried out 5, 10, and 15 days after implantation of E2. Three to six hours before each behavioral test, all rats were injected with 0.5 mg progesterone. Regardless of the dose of TP given neonatally, androgenized females, as well as males, showed low levels of lordotic behavior. In contrast, males with ARD and androgenized females with ARD displayed lordosis more frequently than males without ARD, and androgenized females without ARD. Lordotic activity in the androgenized females with ARD was negatively correlated with the dose of TP given neonatally. The ARD females injected with a large dose (1000 micrograms) of TP neonatally were significantly less receptive than those injected with lower doses of TP and ARD males. These results suggest that a large dose of neonatal TP may cause permanent changes in not only the neural substrates for lordosis inhibition affected by ARD but also other structures involved in lordosis facilitation. PMID- 3749308 TI - Behavioral and adrenal responses and meal expectancy in rats with fornix transection. AB - The behavioral and corticosterone responses of control rats and rats with fornix transections were examined during eating sessions and when consummatory behavior was blocked but cues controlling the behavior were maintained. Rats with fornix transection exhibited increased frequencies of eating, trips away from the food cup, and exploration, but decreased durations of these behaviors, and differential organization of behavior during eating and blocked eating sessions. Control rats exhibited increased corticosterone levels to blocked eating; fornix transected rats did not. The groups did not differ on basal corticosterone levels or hormonal responses to deprivation, and neither group exhibited conditioned hormonal responses to repeated sampling. The results indicate that control rats, but not rats with fornix transection, respond to the violation of an expectation with increased corticosterone levels. PMID- 3749309 TI - Novel environment suppression of stallion sexual behavior and effects of diazepam. AB - Pony stallions were given sexual behavior trials in experimental "home" and "novel" environments, similar in all major features except location. In the novel environment, erection latency was increased and erection time decreased. Treatment with an anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative (diazepam) appeared to block these effects. PMID- 3749310 TI - Copulatory behavior of sexually naive and sexually experienced male rats following removal of the vomeronasal organ. AB - The question addressed was whether removal of the vomeronasal organ (VNO) of the male rat would produce observable deficits in sexual behavior. Both sexually naive and sexually experienced males were used and each animal was given more than 12 hours to mate with a receptive female. Although sexual arousal was depressed in both groups, and depressed more among naive than experienced animals, every male was eventually aroused by the receptive female and eventually ejaculated. We conclude that while the VNO contributes to arousal it is not indispensable for arousal. PMID- 3749311 TI - Diethylstilbestrol on urinary catecholamines and on food intake in castrated male rats. AB - Moderate changes in food intake produced by diethylstilbestrol in rats were not well correlated with changes in urinary norepinephrine, vanillylmandelic acid or epinephrine. Apparently moderate dietary restrictions are not capable of decreasing adrenergic activity, and the decreased urinary norepinephrine produced by diethylstilbestrol is not associated with decreased availability of dietary precursors. PMID- 3749312 TI - Effects of respiratory depth and rate on HR and TWA: an indirect assessment of the respiratory confound in cognitive task difficulty manipulations. AB - Manipulations of respiration depth and rate were performed in order to observe their effects on HR and TWA. The shallow breathing conditions were considered respiratorily similar to the conditions existing during the performance of an iterative subtraction task. Although significant HR increases and TWA decreases were noted in the deep breathing conditions, the changes in the shallow conditions were not of sufficient magnitude to account for the HR increases and TWA decreases which have been observed during the performance of subtraction tasks. Therefore it appears that respiratory confounds are not responsible for the effects that have been observed in previous studies. PMID- 3749313 TI - Noise-induced eating in rats facilitated by prior tail pinch experience. AB - In order to integrate the results of procedures that induce excessive nonregulatory eating, it is necessary to develop new procedures that elicit eating in satiated animals. To that end, the present study examined the effects of 90-dB white noise on eating in satiated rats. Twenty-four rats, including sixteen with prior tail pinch-induced eating experience, were presented with mash in baseline and noise conditions. Whereas white noise induced eating in tail pinch-experienced rats, noise did not do so in naive subjects. It was concluded that experience with eating in response to arousal increased the likelihood that an animal would respond to a different kind of arousal by eating. PMID- 3749314 TI - A comparison of saccade evoked potentials recorded during reading and tracking tasks. AB - The influence of visual processing demands on saccade-triggered evoked potentials was investigated at P3, P4 and Oz recording sites during reading and tracking tasks. To maximize the physical similarities between tasks, subjects tracked a series of lights that flashed in a stereotypic reading pattern behind a page of text; eye movements recorded during reading initiated the light sequence. In the first experiment, a significant decrease observed in the latency of the major positive peak recorded from Oz during tracking was attributed to the smaller amplitude of tracking, relative to reading, saccades. To confirm this interpretation, the experiment was repeated with modification to the light display. As anticipated, equating saccade amplitudes across tasks eliminated waveform differences in the second experiment. Although peak latencies and amplitudes were not influenced reliably by visual processing demands, tracking potentials exhibited a negative DC shift relative to reading waveforms that was significant at 174 msec at the Oz site. These data suggest that the saccade triggered evoked potential components generally are insensitive to task differences within the visual modality when visual configuration and eye movement parameters are controlled. PMID- 3749315 TI - Effects of gender, gonadectomy and social status on attack directed towards female intruders by resident mice. AB - Small unisexed groups (triads) of either male of female Swiss strain mice attack lactating intruders introduced into their home-cages. Female residents are, however, generally much more aggressive towards such intruders than are males. Ovariectomy of female residents (on day 15 or day 50 of life) has little effect on such responses, but castration of male residents significantly increases their attack on lactating intruders to a level resembling that of females. The introduction of the lactating female into the home-cage of sham-operated or gonadectomized male or female residents also enhances intragroup fighting with males (irrespective of their endocrine status) being the more aggressive. Finally, the social status of the male alters the response towards lactating females. Dominants generally show higher levels of attack, an effect that can be augmented by castration. PMID- 3749316 TI - Effects of two-stage lesions of the medial preoptic area on sexual behavior of male rats. AB - The effects of lesions of the medial preoptic area (MPOA) on sexual behavior of adult male rats were examined. Bilateral lesions were performed in either one or two stages. Bilateral, but not unilateral, destruction of the MPOA virtually eliminated mounts, intromissions, and ejaculation. No sparing of the male rats' sexual behavior was observed after two-stage MPOA lesions. PMID- 3749317 TI - Modification of REM sleep behavior by REMs contingent auditory stimulation in man. AB - Following studies about supposed relationship between rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep) and learning, a new approach, based on operant conditioning is introduced. We demonstrate that rapid eye movements (REMs) contingent auditory stimulation in man leads to some consistent (quantitative and qualitative) modifications of REM sleep behavior. Stimulating REMs in the frame of a continuous reinforcement schedule increases total REM sleep duration but decreases REMs density, and modifies hemispheric EEG symmetry. The contrasting effects of such sensory stimulations and results related to information processing hypothesis are discussed. PMID- 3749318 TI - Tactile stimulation inhibits locomotion produced by stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus in the anesthetized rat. AB - Rats were anesthetized with Nembutal and suspended in a stereotaxic apparatus so that their limbs contacted the outer surface of a 30-cm diameter wheel. Stimulation in the lateral hypothalamus (0.5 msec cathodal pulses at 50 Hz, up to 150 microA) produced locomotor stepping which turned the wheel. During continuous locomotion maintained by electrical stimulation, tactile stimulation was applied manually for 5-sec periods to various body regions in six subjects. Profound inhibition of locomotor stepping was produced in all subjects by mild pressure applied to the nose or the vibrissae pad. Vibrissae pad stimulation either ipsilateral or contralateral to the stimulation site was effective. Stroking of the vibrissae inhibited locomotion in only 2 of 6 subjects and in these cases the effective stimulation was contralateral to the brain stimulation site. With pressure applied to more caudal body regions, including the dorsum, the abdomen and the tail, the inhibition was less pronounced and less consistent than that produced by pressure on the snout region. The findings indicate that the tactile system provides an important modulation of locomotion and that the anesthetized locomoting rat offers a useful preparation for its further study. PMID- 3749319 TI - Sensitivity of corticosterone and some metabolic variables to graded levels of low intensity stresses in adult male rats. AB - Adult male rats were subjected to different acute stressors, whose intensity was gradually increased, and their corticosterone, glucose, and serum lipid levels were studied. Serum corticosterone was sensitive to graded levels of stress intensities. Glucose followed the same trend. However, serum lipid responses were not related to the intensity of stress. Our results indicate that these latter variables were not sensitive indices of the emotional arousal elicited by brief stress stimuli. PMID- 3749320 TI - Annual rhythm and hormonal control of predatory behavior in female ferrets. AB - The predatory behavior of female ferrets shows seasonal fluctuations which appear to be affected by estradiol. Under natural lighting conditions in the laboratory the annual rhythm of the behavior was observed during anestrus, estrus, pregnancy, pseudopregnancy and lactating period. Females in heat failed to show predatory behavior whereas females in anestrus killed their prey. Exposure of anestrous ferrets to a prolonged illumination (LD 16:8) during winter induced an estrus which inhibited predatory behavior. When estrus was terminated with human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), predatory behavior did not further regress as it did in control runs. Thus, during the period of estrus, when estrogen levels are presumably high, predatory behavior was inhibited. To prove a possible interdependency of estrogen and predatory behavior, estradiol-17 beta-valerat was chronically administered. This treatment induced the estrous cycle one day after the first injection. Inhibition of predatory behavior occurred following a delay of 28 days. Thus, fluctuations of estradiol levels are a factor which may affect fluctuations of predatory behavior in female ferrets. PMID- 3749321 TI - Changes in free fatty acids and triiodothyronine in response to feeding in pigs. AB - Ten pigs were surgically implanted with jugular venous catheters. Blood samples were acquired before, during and after meals that occurred ad lib or after 5-hr or 17-hr fasts. 3,3',5-Triiodothyronine (T3) concentration increased (p less than 0.05) from 0.49 +/- 0.04 to 0.91 +/- 0.13 ng/ml (mean +/- SE) following feeding only when the pigs had been fasted for 17 hr prior to the meal. In contrast, free fatty acid levels decreased (p less than 0.05) with feeding under ad lib, 5-hr fasted and 17-hr fasted conditions. Free fatty acid concentration decreased from 222 +/- 66 mEq/l to 91 +/- 20 mEq/l (mean +/- SE) in pigs fed ad lib. Free fatty acids may function as hunger signals or their decrease may serve as a satiety signal in free-feeding animals. T3 may buffer against a large caloric intake associated with large meals, by increasing dietary thermogenesis. PMID- 3749322 TI - Temporal patterns of reinforcer-induced general activity and attack in pigeons. AB - Three White King pigeons were exposed to fixed-time schedules ranging from 60 to 240 sec. General activity and attack against a conspecific target were measured separately at each interreinforcer interval value. Comparison of the temporal distributions of activity and attack revealed significant differences in their temporal locus and overall distribution between reinforcer presentations. At all interval values, attack was localized to the postreinforcer period, and peaked at the same absolute time (5-10 sec) following each reinforcer presentation. General activity was more uniformly distributed between reinforcers, and the peak level occurred later in the interval. As the interval length increased, peak levels of activity shifted to later times following reinforcement. These differences question traditional accounts which posit a unitary process underlying induced behaviors, while supporting Cohen, Looney, Campagnoni and Lawler's recent two state model of induced behaviors. PMID- 3749323 TI - Temperature preference of drinking water in rats. AB - The water temperature preference of adult male albino rats was studied. Deprived and normally hydrated animals were exposed at peak hours of consumption to a choice between 12 degrees C and 30 degrees C water or to 12 degrees C and 34 degrees C water. Food intake was not restricted. There was a clear preference for the warmer water. It is concluded that oropharyngeal temperature cues influence water intake. PMID- 3749324 TI - Facilitation of lordosis by estradiol in the mesencephalic central gray. AB - Ovariectomized female hamsters received unilateral implants of estradiol aimed at the mesencephalic central gray (MCG). Postoperative levels of lordosis and ultrasonic vocalization were used to evaluate implant effects on sexual receptivity and proceptivity. Females with large MCG implants showed higher levels of receptivity than females with similar implants at control sites. In addition, females with small MCG implants showed little receptivity while the implant served as the sole source of estrogen, but diverged from controls by showing elevated receptivity during supplemental treatment with low systemic doses of estradiol. These results suggest that estradiol implants in the MCG facilitate receptivity if, and only if, accompanied by exposure of other brain areas to low estrogen levels. In turn, this suggests that the MCG, though not a self-sufficient site for the hormonal priming of lordosis, does modulate sexual motivation by mediating facilitatory effects of estrogen on receptivity and mating. PMID- 3749325 TI - D-glucose suppression of eating after intra-third ventricle infusion in rat. AB - To clarify the hypophagic action of D-glucose, meal size, postprandial intermeal interval and eating rate were analyzed after infusion of glucose into the third cerebroventricle. The effects of glucose structure modification on feeding modulation were examined by comparing the effects of glucose to those of its epimers, D-mannose, D-allose and D-galactose. Glucose, infused in doses of 6 to 24 mumol, dose relatedly reduced meal size, but did not change other meal parameters. The minimum dose of glucose to induce feeding suppression was between three and 6 mumol. The epimers, at doses of 24 mumol, did not affect food intake or body weight. Drinking patterns and ambulatory activity were not changed by glucose infusion. These findings were consistent with neuronal activity observed in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. PMID- 3749326 TI - Possible influence of strain differences on pregnancy initiation in laboratory rats. AB - Recent research in this laboratory has failed to replicate previous findings that the first ejaculatory series of the male is sufficient to induce a high incidence of pregnancy in female laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus). The incidence of pregnancy and pseudopregnancy in albino and hooded females were compared in a standard experimental paradigm. Eight percent of Sprague-Dawley albino females exhibited a progestational response, while 45% of the Long-Evans hooded females became progestational. On the basis of these findings, and a lack of previous formal comparison of genetic strains, it is suggested that genetic differences among strains may be at least partially responsible for differences observed in the ability of a single ejaculatory series to impregnate female laboratory rats. PMID- 3749327 TI - Reproductive capacity of male laboratory rats. AB - The purpose of this research was to investigate the reproductive capacity (i.e., the ability to successfully transfer an ejaculate and induce a progestational response in the female) of male laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus). Males were individually mated to successive females in a single session for one ejaculatory series each. There was a marked decline in both the total number of sperm per ejaculate and the number of sperm transported to the uterus with repeated ejaculations. Dimensions of the copulatory plug of the male decreased over successive ejaculations, reflecting a diminished output of the secretions of the reproductive accessory glands. Male copulatory behavior changed over successive ejaculations. Actual fertility appeared somewhat diminished in late ejaculatory series. Such constraints on the reproductive capacity of the male may have implications for the mating strategy employed by wild males in the field. PMID- 3749328 TI - Functional reconfiguration of midbrain neurons by ovarian steroids in behaving hamsters. AB - Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of the midbrain, especially the tectum, in the sensorimotor control of the sexually-receptive posture, lordosis, in female golden hamsters. In the present study, midbrain single unit activity was recorded during hormonal induction of lordosis, to identify neuronal activity mediating the sensorimotor control of the response and to observe functional changes in these neurons associated with the hormones' behavioral effect. Progesterone administration to estrogen-primed hamsters initiated pronounced changes in neuronal activity levels, somatosensory responsiveness and movement related firing. These changes began in some neurons within 10 min of subcutaneous hormone injection and affected progressively more neurons until lordosis was elicitable 2-4 hr later. The pattern of these changes, including increased neuronal responsiveness to lumbosacral stimuli, appearance of lordosis-related firing (especially in the tectum) and reduced incidence of firing associated with lordosis-incompatible behaviors, constituted a transformation, or reconfiguration of midbrain sensorimotor function. It is proposed that this reconfiguration enables the elicitation and maintenance of lordosis by lumbosacral stimuli. Neural effects of comparable magnitude didn't result from control progesterone injections which failed to induce lordosis. PMID- 3749329 TI - Learned anticipatory rise in body temperature due to handling. AB - Hyperthermia produced by handling becomes evident at the initial daily measurement if temperature is measured at a consistent time. This hyperthermia may be a learned effect occurring in anticipation of handling. In Experiment One male Wistar rats were either unhandled or had their temperatures measured daily in the dark or the light part of the day. All animals had their temperatures measured on Day 29, in the dark. Rats usually tested in the dark were hyperthermic, 38.8 degrees C, relative to rats previously handled only in the light, 38.1 degrees C, and to naive rats, 37.9 degrees C. In Experiment Two rats were handled three times daily in either the light or the dark. On Day 9 each group was divided in two, and temperatures were measured at either the usual time or at the other time. Rats tested at their usual time were hyperthermic, relative to rats normally handled in the other part of the cycle. This suggests a conditioned hyperthermia occurs in response to stimuli predictive of handling. PMID- 3749330 TI - Mediation of male mouse urine marking and aggression by the vomeronasal organ. AB - The effects of vomeronasal organ removal (VNX) on male mouse urine marking and aggressive behaviors were investigated. In three different stimulus conditions VNX male marking rates were about half that of sham-operated males. Aggressive behavior was tested by pairing males with male-urine-swabbed castrate males. Only 1 of the 12 VNX males displayed normal levels of fighting behavior and 6 did not initiate any fights during the aggression tests. These results indicate that normal male aggressive and urine marking behaviors are dependent on the presence of an intact vomeronasal system for their expression. PMID- 3749331 TI - Stress selectively influences center region activity of mice in an open field. AB - Effects of immobilization and footshock stress on locomotor activity in different areas of an open field were examined in mice. Center region activity, peripheral region activity and total activity were used as measurement indices. These results indicate that both immobilization and footshock stress significantly increased total activity across 24 min of behavioral testing. Further analyses revealed that the difference in total activity between the experimental and control groups were mainly attributal to an increase in center region activity. Both stress manipulations markedly augmented peripheral region activity for only the first 6 min. More important, when the proportion of center to peripheral activity was used as an index, both experimental groups manifested an inverted U shape relationship with the maximum effect occurring between 13-18 min of behavioral testing. Similarities of these activity measures in response to different stressors suggests that common neurochemical and/or neurohormonal mechanisms may mediate these behavioral changes. PMID- 3749332 TI - A method for endoscopic visualization of rat fetuses in situ. AB - A procedure enabling the direct endoscopic examination of rat fetuses in utero without the need for surgical externalization of the uterus is described. PMID- 3749333 TI - Expression of F plasmid traT: independence of traY----Z promoter and traJ control. AB - We have shown, using an F-derived Tra+ cosmid in conjunction with the infected cell translational system and a time-course study, that one of the surface exclusion genes, traT, can be expressed independently of the promoter of the traY ---Z operon, PYZ, and in the absence of a normal quantity of traJ gene product. Studies with deleted derivatives of the cosmid pRS2405 confirmed this independence and also indicated that expression of traD can be independent of PYZ. We propose that the expression of traT by these deleted plasmids is directed from a traJ-independent promoter, PT, located adjacent to traT. PMID- 3749334 TI - The complete nucleotide sequence of the bacteriocinogenic plasmid CloDF13. AB - The complete nucleotide sequence of the bacteriocinogenic plasmid CloDF13 has been determined. The plasmid consists of 9957 base pairs (molecular weight 6.64 X 10(6] with a GC content of 54.4%. At this moment 16 identified biological functions can be assigned to the primary structure of the CloDF13 DNA. The functions include those of eight protein encoding genes, two untranslated RNA species, and six DNA sites. We discuss these functions in relation to the structure of CloDF13 DNA. For convenience we have divided the CloDF13 genome into five defined regions: region I (origin of vegetative replication, priming and control of replication, type I incompatibility), region II (cloacin DF13, cloacin immunity, cloacin release, cloacin operon control), region III (double-stranded DNA-phage interaction, type II incompatibility, multimer resolution), region IV (inhibition of male specific RNA phages and transfer of Flac), and region V (mobility proteins, basis of mobility). PMID- 3749335 TI - Sequence relations among the IncY plasmid p15B, P1, and P7 prophages. AB - Electron microscopic analysis of heteroduplex molecules between the 94-kb plasmid p15B and the 92-kb phage P1 genome revealed nine regions of nonhomology, eight substitutions, and two neighboring insertions. Overall, the homologous segments correspond to 83% of the P1 genome and 81% of p15B. Heteroduplex molecules between p15B and the 99-kb phage P7 genome showed nonhomology in eight of the same nine regions; in addition, two new nonhomologous segments are present and P7 carries a 5-kb insertion representing Tn902. The DNA homology between those two genomes amounts to 79% of P7 DNA and 83% of p15B. Plasmid p15B contains two stem loop structures. One of them has no equivalent structure on P1 and P7 DNA. The other substitutes the invertible C segments of P1 and P7 and their flanking sequences including cin, the gene for the site-specific recombinase mediating inversion. PMID- 3749336 TI - Antihepatotoxic actions of Allium sativum bulbs. PMID- 3749337 TI - Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of dioscorans A, B, C, D, E, and F; glycans of Dioscorea japonica rhizophors. PMID- 3749338 TI - Effect of oriental plant drugs on platelet aggregation; III. Effect of Chinese drug "xiebai" on human platelet aggregation. PMID- 3749339 TI - Effect of Eleutherococcus senticosus extract on human physical working capacity. PMID- 3749340 TI - [The effect of degradation products of valepotriates on the motor activity of light-dark synchronized mice]. PMID- 3749341 TI - [In vitro inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis by essential oils and phenolic compounds]. PMID- 3749342 TI - Anthracenic derivatives from Psorospermum febrifugum and their in vitro cytotoxicities to a human colon carcinoma cell line. PMID- 3749343 TI - [A follow-up study of young alcoholics]. PMID- 3749344 TI - [Outcome of schizophrenia--extended observation (more than 20 years) of 129 typical schizophrenic cases [I]]. PMID- 3749345 TI - [Suicidal behavior in childhood and early puberty--syndromatic nosologic aspects]. AB - The author points out the necessity to separate suicidal behaviour in childhood and early puberty on the one hand and of adults on the other hand. Suicidal acts (attempted suicides) of 100 suicidants at the age until sixteen are analyzed on syndromatic-nosologic aspects. Preventive-prophylactic measures are shortly mentioned. PMID- 3749346 TI - [Results of neurophysiologic studies in ophthalmic migraine]. AB - The influence in 8 of our patients with ophthalmic migraine of photic driving with sine-like flashing lights on EEG background activity was checked and the visually evoked potentials following the application of diffused simple light stimuli were analyzed using the recovery cycle technique. The results indicate a slightly increased tonic activity of the structures of the mesencephalic formatio reticularis, such as may be produced by slight functional disturbances. Some vegetative secondary symptoms of migraine attacks and some of the changes in EEG observed in patients with ophthalmic migraine are explicable by such an abnormality. PMID- 3749347 TI - [Subjective factor in EEG evaluation exemplified by the nonspecific hyperventilation effect]. AB - Subjective differences in EEG evaluation are demonstrated by means of a seven step scale for grading the unspecific hyperventilation effect in 3263 EEG of children. Intermediate steps of this scale allow to minimize such unavoidable differences. PMID- 3749348 TI - [Possibilities and initial results of the determination of reaction time in routine EEG recordings]. AB - The simple reaction timing method permits simultaneous observation of bioelectric factors affecting the times during synchronous EEG recording. The attention functions were checked during paroxysmal peak potential activity by measuring the reaction time. In only a few patients was there no change in the reaction time observed during paroxysmal peak activity. The first results, which are presented here, give rise to many questions in respect of diagnosis, therapy and medical opinion. PMID- 3749349 TI - [Communication-promoting exercise therapy in a closed male psychiatric ward]. AB - The use of the communication-promoting gesture therapy in a locked psychiatric men's ward led to the result, that a part of the restlessness and aggression potential of the patients could be commuted into a constructive social behaviour. Simultaneous increased frankness and confidence of patients in physicians and male nurses. A tied group doesn't seem to be a condition for that. PMID- 3749350 TI - [Case report of Shy-Drager syndrome]. AB - The most prominent symptom of Shy-Drager-syndrome is the asympathicotonic postural hypotension. Further vegetative signs are impotence and a loss of thermoregulatoric sweat. The range of complex symptoms which have so far been described have appeared in the vast majority of cases in combination with signs of parkinsonism or with symptoms of multisystemic neurological disturbances. The course of eight years of this disease picture is reported in combination with detailed clinical and electrophysiological examinations as pointers to this rare disease. PMID- 3749352 TI - [Theses on "The philosophical and methodologic principles in the neurosciences"]. PMID- 3749351 TI - [Simulated alcoholic delirium]. AB - Of 200 diagnosed cases of alcoholic delirium 5 (= 2.5%) involved, from the differential diagnostic viewpoint, simulation of alcoholic delirium with all the symptoms involved. The symptoms of the simulation case are compared with the acute symptoms, and points in common to all simulation cases are presented: Definite alcoholic anamnesis, wide experience of treatment for alcohol abuse, dynamics of a pronounced purposeful action when social complications are imminent and course of the symptoms when the interview turns to simulation. In connection with therapy, special attention is drawn to Distraneurin treatment, which is not indicated in such cases. PMID- 3749353 TI - [Attempts at classification in psychoses associated with pregnancy]. AB - The paper demonstrates that the nosological classification of psychoses associated with pregnancy, menstruation, etc., under conditions of approximately equivalent description of syndromes, has been treated quite variously, according to the prevalent attitude, in the last hundred years. The concept of puerperal psychosis has been used to denote a psychopathological syndrome connected with pregnancy, birth, and confinement. After a relapse, nosological classification is possible. PMID- 3749354 TI - [Sadomasochism and dreams in the background of Kafka's poetry]. AB - Kafka's detailed descriptions of individuals being physically and psychically tortured can only be understood when accepting a sado-masochistic background. On the other hand, the discrepancies and absurdities, appearing again and again in his poetic products, are due to his habit of taking dream and its illogical connections as a model. The specific feature of dream with its central and peripheral phenomena is often identifiable in Kafka's descriptions. Whether he intended to present symbols is uncertain. PMID- 3749356 TI - [Significance of psychopathological findings for early detection and prognosis of intracranial tumors]. AB - Psychic findings of 266 patients suffering from cerebral tumor have been analysed. Psychopathological findings, therefore, were among the most frequent symptoms, at the same time being the second most frequent primary symptom after headache. Disturbance of consciousness and orientation were primarily an indication of malign tumors with increase in cerebral pressure whereas disturbance of motive and cognitive functions were more an indication of slowly growing tumors. Despite the same kind of tumors, same localisation and same duration of anamnesis psychic primary symptoms and disturbance of consciousness and orientation have been found considerably more frequently in older patients than in younger patients. PMID- 3749355 TI - [Hysteria and psychosis]. AB - The relationship between endogenous-psychotic and hysterical behavior is presented in this paper on the basis of typical patients' accounts. Various patterns of behavior are revealed: chronic hysterical psychotic syndromes, acute hysterical psychotic syndromes, hysterical exalted psychotic episodes, simulated hysterical psychotic syndromes, hysterical behavior in the attempt to cope with psychosis, and pseudohysterical behavior in endogenous psychoses. The specific aspects of the doctor-patient relationship in the case of these patients are described. PMID- 3749357 TI - [Further development and restandardization of an approach to the diagnosis of aggressive social behavior in childhood]. AB - The present paper continues and concludes an investigation into the restandardization of a first attempt, checked in respect of content and method, at the diagnosis of aggressive social behavior initially concentrating on the 9 11 age group. The work has its origin in a paper by Petermann and Petermann (1980), which we consider could be of significance to gradual restandardization, both in methodological research and in practical clinical application. A previous article demonstrated under various aspects the fundamental suitability of the attempt to restandardization. Arising out of this and the present analysis, some fundamental consequences, both in content and in method, of a fuller development and the therapy oriented employment of the attempt are discussed. PMID- 3749358 TI - [Effect of stimulus frequency on the latency of acoustically evoked brain stem potentials in children]. AB - Acoustically evoked brain stem potentials (HSP) are employed as an additional neurological investigation in child patients. A standardisation of the conditions of derivation would be desirable for the application of the method. In a pilot study, the influence of the excitation frequency on the latency of the HSP of 25 organically and neurologically healthy children was studied. Results show that absolute latencies are prolonged by increase of stimulus frequency, with the peripheral, cochleo-encephalic, and central traveling times remaining virtually unaffected. PMID- 3749359 TI - [Patient goals and therapist behavior patterns in triadic partnership therapy]. AB - From various concepts of therapy an integrative attempt at a three-way partnership therapy (two partners and a therapeutist) has developed, with observable and testable interaction variables (concretised as patients' aims and therapeutists' behavior) being derived. Patients' aims (aims to advance the therapy) are regarded as one aspect of the relationship, which it is attempted to improve. Besides considering the verbal behavior of patients and therapeutist, patients' experience during treatment and experience outside of the therapy were examined. Empirical investigation has show that the integration of therapeutists' variables can frequently achieve certain targets in patients' behavior, and that a partial breakup of destructive communication patterns and alterations on the level of experience attitudes, ........, emotions, etc.) can be achieved. PMID- 3749360 TI - [Contradiction, incitement or hindrance to the development of knowledge]. AB - Based on sequences of psychological examinations and the analysis of mental functioning of school children with learning difficulties, the authors propose a discussion around the concept of contradiction, such as envisaged by Piaget as having a fundamental role in the process of access to knowledge. The manner in which the dysfunction is manifested leads them to define different forms of reactions to the contradiction which compromises more or less seriously the development of knowledge. Finally, faced by the quasi existential confrontation which the contradiction represents for these children, they weigh the extent of its consequences on thought mechanisms. PMID- 3749361 TI - [Reception of adolescents at an intersector dispensary. Retrospective study of 5 years of operation]. AB - The study of some characteristics (clinical and sociodemographic) of a population of adolescent clients and the modes of reception and therapeutic modalities which have been proposed for them introduces a discussion on: the contributions and the limits of so-called informal modes of reception and assigning to treatment, as well as the value of taking into consideration the ways the adolescents relate to their environment; the necessity for rapid agreement and the diversity of the observed evolutions which justify both the need for adequate identification of immediate movement and for a dynamic perspective; and, after considering the adequacy of the gathered information for our way of thinking and practicing, the pertinence of an epidemiological evaluation and its utility for clinicians. PMID- 3749362 TI - [Epilepsy, mourning and psychotherapy]. AB - The authors, starts with the apparent generalized lack of sense, the non sense, about everything to do with epilepsy; he tries to understand the meaning of this excess of non sense. He first tries to find the possible utility for the psychic economy of the patient and his environment. Then, based on beginnings of meaning which do emerge, particularly at the time of the first crisis, he sketches the broad lines for a possible framework of psychotherapy; this is followed by a more theoretical discussion. This attempted synthesis is based in particular on the frequency of observations of the patient's identification with a double of his death. The author adopts for his purpose the concept of the crypt from which is derived the notion of the double of the self. Finally, a hypothesis is proposed which aims at understanding the mechanism of the constitution of this double, based on the family secret. To construct this hypothesis the author uses the comparison between real and imaginary doubles, trying to find in that the sense of the lack of sense. PMID- 3749363 TI - A new biosensor for rapid BOD estimation by using immobilized growing cell beads. AB - A closed, reactor-type sensor system for rapid estimation of BOD by the use of immobilized growing whole cells of a facultative bacterium, Bacillus polymyxa D 21, in kappa-carrageenan and an oxygen electrode is described. This system consists of a transformer, a recorder, a thermostated water bath (30 +/- 1 degree C), a magnetic stirrer (200 rpm), an oxygen electrode, and a flask containing 10 g (wet weight) immobilized cell beads of 2-3 mm in diameter. The total time required for an assay is less than 15 min. The calibration curves obtained show a linear relationship between the rate of oxygen consumption and the concentration of standard wastewater solution which contains equal amounts of glucose and L glutamic acid each at a concentration below 10 mg/l. The measurement is independent of the pH of the wastewater solution under investigation. The rate of oxygen consumption was reproducible with an average relative error of 5.89% when a standard wastewater solution containing 12 mg/l of glucose and 12 mg/l of L glutamic acid was assayed 54 times. When the immobilized cell beads were suspended in a 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) and stored at 25 degrees C, the response of the sensor system remained unchanged for about 30 days. However, based on the observed linear relationship between the rate of oxygen consumption and the concentration of standard wastewater solution, the sensor system should remain usable for at least 2 months. There is a good correlation between BOD5 determined by a conventional method and BOD5 determined by the proposed method when wastewater samples from a local fermentation factory were assayed. PMID- 3749364 TI - Preferential adsorption of dopamine antagonist binding sites by fluphenazine agarose. AB - Separation of dopamine (DA) agonist and antagonist receptors was attempted by means of a covalently-bound fluphenazine-agarose (Flu-agarose). Incubation of striatal membranes with Flu-agarose resulted in loss of 3H-spiroperidol (3H-SPI) binding sites, while incubation with non-coupled agarose did not cause any change. The loss of 3H-SPI binding to the Flu-agarose treated membranes was not attributed to the release of fluphenazine from Flu-agarose as justified by several criteria. Flu-agarose adsorbed more effectively striatal membranes with 3H-SPI binding sites than those with 3H-DA binding sites. Following incubation of the membranes with Flu-agarose (2.5 ml beads/100 mg membrane protein), the density of 3H-SPI binding sites in the resulting membranes was reduced to 29%, whereas the density of 3H-DA binding sites to the same membranes was not changed. In addition, the potencies of DA antagonists to inhibit 3H-N-propylnorapomorphine binding to the membranes were decreased more than a hundred times, while the potencies of DA agonists were little affected. These results suggest that in the striatal membranes exist at least two populations of DA receptors. PMID- 3749365 TI - The relationship between hydrocephalus and Chiari type II malformation in the experimental rat fetuses with Arnold-Chiari malformation. AB - Spina bifida, Chiari type II malformation, cerebral aqueduct stenosis and hydrocephalus are the most frequent association anomalies in the congenital malformation of the central nervous system (Warkany et al., 1958). They are potentially treatable and of clinical importance. But the relationship between hydrocephalus and Chiari type II malformation is still a controversial subject. A single oral dose of 240 mg/kg of ethylenethiourea (ETU) was given to Sprague Dawley (SD) rats on the 11th day of gestation. Fetuses were removed in the 20th day of gestation by cesarean sections; high incidence of spinal dysraphism associated with hindbrain crowding was found in these fetuses. They are similar to Arnold-Chiari malformation in humans. We used these experimental models to analyze the relationship between hydrocephalus and Chiari type II malformation. From the present investigation, no hydrocephalus or cerebral aqueduct stenosis was found in the experimental rat fetuses with the Arnold-Chiari malformation. So we do not consider the hydrodynamic theory that Chiari type II malformation was induced by increasing intracranial pressure in hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus in the Arnold-Chiari malformation may not be the primary disorder but seems to be caused by plugging the foramen magnum in Chiari type II malformation. So the cerebrospinal fluid in the spinal subarachnoid space can not move upward to the cranial subarachnoid space for absorption to venous return. Cerebral aqueduct stenosis may be secondarily compressed by hydrocephalus and not be the primary development anomaly or acquired occlusion due to gliosis. This is in accord with the theory proposed by Russell and Donald (1935).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3749367 TI - The biological properties of black porgy (Acanthopagrus schlegeli) sperm and its cryopreservation. AB - This paper describes the general biology of the testes, milt and spermatozoa of the black porgy, Acanthopagrus schlegeli and reports some preliminary results in which the techniques for cryopreservation of spermatozoa were investigated. During the spawning season from December to February, the gonadosomatic index ranged from 2.0 to 3.5. The milt had an average pH value of 7.4 and osmotic pressure of 385 mOsm/kg. The head of the spermatozoon was apple-shaped and averaged at 1.6 microns in diameter. The best quality of milt was obtained only in the early spawning season. Good motility of spermatozoa could be maintained for up to 10 days in vials hanging in a water bath at 4 degrees C. For cryopreservation, an extender containing 5% glucose mixed with glycerol, serving as the cryoprotective agent (CPA), at a 4:1 ratio was used and the black porgy milt was diluted with the extender at a 1:1 ratio. After an equilibration period no longer than 10 minutes, straws containing this mixture were submerged in isopropanol at -10 degrees C and then frozen at a rate of 2 degrees C/min until the temperature reached -80 degrees C or were held in liquid nitrogen (LN) vapor (-90 to -100 degrees C) for 10 to 20 minutes. A total 720 of 0.5 ml straws were stored in LN at -196 degrees C for long term preservation. Between 50 and 90% of the post-thawed sperm were motile. After being cryopreserved for 1, 7, 7 and 342 days, sperm showed fertilities of 99.0, 93.2, 91.9 and 91.5% respectively. PMID- 3749366 TI - Experimental production of congenital malformation of the central nervous system in rat fetuses by single dose intragastric administration of ethylenethiourea. AB - Ethylenethiourea (ETU) is a degradation product from ethylenebisdithiocarbamate such as Zineb and Maneb which have been extensively used in food crops and ornamental plants. Khera (1973, 1975, 1977) reported that administration of ETU to pregnant rats could induce anomalies in the visceral organs and the central nervous system of fetuses in food toxicology. From this point, in an attempt to better understand the pathomechanism of teratogenesis in the central nervous system, we have studied the effects of ETU on the central nervous system of rat fetuses. In this study, pregnant Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were used and subjected to ETU. Various types of congenital malformations of the central nervous system are presented in rat fetuses including spinal dysraphism associated with hindbrain crowding, exencephaly, meningoencephalocele, microencephaly, hydraencephaly and hydrocephalus. Each depended on the gestation days of the ETU administration and dosages. PMID- 3749368 TI - The lipofuscin in neuroglial cells of the optic nerve of Formosan rock-monkey (Macaca cyclopis). AB - The ultrastructure of lipofuscin granules in neuroglial cells of the optic nerve of the Formosan Rock-Monkey was investigated by electron microscopy. In the cytoplasm of astroglial cells, numerous irregular lipofuscin granules were characterized by the presence of large lipid droplets, small electron-dense pigment granules, and some lamellar structures. The lipofuscin granules of the oligodendroglial cells were composed largely of dense, coarse pigment granules, multilinear structures, and a few small lipid droplets. The lipofuscin granules in microglial cells were characterized by numerous lipid droplets in various sizes, small electron-dense pigment granules, and prominent lamellar structures. It was reported that the lipofuscin granules are wear-and-tear materials and products from the cells in lower functional activity. However, our observations suggest that the presence of lipofuscin granules in the neuroglial cells of the optic nerve is likely a characteristic product of active phagocytosis. PMID- 3749369 TI - A simple purification procedure for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs) by monoclonal antibody immunosorbent affinity chromatography. AB - Using immobilized monoclonal antibodies (anti-HBs) to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs) as an immunosorbent affinity column, a simple and effective procedure for HBs purification has been developed. A serum sample containing high titer HBs (i.e. HBe-positive serum) is passed through the column without prior treatment. The HBs is further purified by cesium chloride gradient ultracentrifugation. The recovery of HBs is greater than 70% while the purity is very comparable to those obtained from several isopycnic and rate zonal ultracentrifugation procedures (Dreesman et al., 1972). Over a period of two months, the column was used repeatedly for thirty cycles without any noticeable deterioration. PMID- 3749370 TI - The influence of estrogen on the hyperglycemic action of alloxan in female rats. AB - The purposes of this study were to investigate (1) the relationship between estrogen and glucose levels in the circulation during an estrous cycle of the rat and (2) the effect of estrogen on the hyperglycemic action of alloxan. Three month old Long Evans strain rats were used. The present study established for the first time the correlation between estrogen and glucose levels in the circulation during an estrous cycle. A significant (p less than 0.01) negative correlation was observed with the lowest glucose level at the proestrus stage where estrogen is at peak. The severity of hyperglycemia induced by alloxan was positively correlated with the circulating level of endogenous estrogen, but was negatively correlated with the fasting glucose level. A similar pattern was observed in ovariectomized female rats that were followed by estradiol implantation to achieve a constant level of circulating estrogen. It may be concluded from the present study that estrogen, under physiological conditions, participates in the regulation of glucose metabolism during various stages of the estrous cycle in the rats, and that glucose is likely able to protect the pancreatic beta cells of the animals against the hyperglycemic action of alloxan. PMID- 3749371 TI - [Social environment of alcoholic patients after clinic discharge and its effect on treatment success]. AB - The study concerns the social situation of alcoholics after a 3- to 6-weeks in patient withdrawals. As central question appears that for the influence of the social situation on treatment outcome. We distinguish between the life-subjects work and occupation, partnership, spare time, living situation, financial situation and official and judicial problems. In order to register the treatment outcome we had catamnestic interviews 3 months after the patients left the hospital. The sample consist of 48 patients. The most important result is: the more disadvantageous the social situation, the patients relapse. Having an employment, a good partnership and enough income is must important for the treatment outcome. PMID- 3749372 TI - [Inpatient detoxification of alcoholic patients]. AB - In the present paper, we report about a 2-year-experience with in-patient withdrawal of alcohol addicts. Out of 465 addicted pts., 178 pts. were treated with oral Clomethiazol. No delirium was observed during a mean treatment period of 6.6 days. 39 pts. who were delirious at admission, were also treated with oral Clomethiazol. In all of these pts., the delirium disappeared within 3-4 days. Possible explanations for these favourable courses will be discussed. Early and sufficient treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome with Clomethiazol seems to be one of the major factors in treating and avoiding delirium. PMID- 3749373 TI - [Evaluation of the 11-year existence of an ambulatory residential group]. AB - The authors evaluated in a retrospective study the sociodemographic and sickness course specific data of 48 patients who had been discharged from inpatient psychiatric treatment to an outpatient residential community. Whereas in 50% of the patients after an average time in the community of 1 1/2 years it is usually possible for them to move into a home of their own, provided their mental condition has continued to stabilise, the other half of the patients have to be readmitted to the psychiatric hospital as inpatients, thus breaking off their ties to the residential community. Relevant criteria of prognosis are, in consideration of the medium-term rehabilitation success in the residential community, the duration and number of times of previous psychiatric hospitalisations and the age of the patient when the disease became manifest for the first time. No prognosis of rehabilitation success is possible on the basis of duration of stay in the residential community, previous professional activity, age and psychiatric diagnosis (endogenous psychoses versus personality disturbances and other syndromes). PMID- 3749374 TI - [Experiences with residential communities for psychiatric patients]. AB - We report about 3 1/2 years experience with sheltered apartments in Bern Switzerland. Now 53 psychiatric ex-patients have been living in 9 apartments. After a survey of the literature, we describe the organizational model and the goals of the project. A big mental state hospital and a small social-psychiatric service with different needs and views of the problems work together. The two different groups of residents, their social- and illness-data are analyzed and compared. Indications, the expense of care and the results are described. The most important effect seems to be the reduction of the need of hospitalization p.a. in the group of residents in a ratio of 10 to 1. PMID- 3749375 TI - Adolescent mothers' prenatal fantasies and working models of their infants. AB - Parents' perceptions of their children have long fascinated clinicians. During early infancy, parental perceptions are particularly interesting, largely because of the ambiguity of infant behavior and the possibility that there might be meaningful biases in parental interpretations of their infants' behaviors. In order to explore the early development of parental perceptions, the study described in this paper compared the prenatal and postnatal perceptions of adolescent mothers about specific characteristics and behaviors of their infants. Mothers' internal mental representations or "working models" of their infants are a fruitful area for further research. PMID- 3749376 TI - Personality change through life experience. (I): A model. AB - This paper offers a model for understanding personality change through life experience. The elements that led to the change in the patients described include a defective self-representation and a motivation to achieve an ideal self representation; a decision to test the self-representation through an action in real life; the felicitous presence of an important object who contributed to the consolidation of a new self-representation in the context of the test; and identification with this object. The contributions of Hartmann, Hendrick, and White offer a theoretical substrate for understanding such change. The special importance of crisis, the potential for the development of psychopathology under other circumstances, and the personality characteristics of patients amenable to change are discussed. PMID- 3749377 TI - The use of hypnosis in establishing a holding environment to facilitate affect tolerance and integration in impulsive patients. AB - This paper is concerned with the use of hypnosis in establishing a facilitating and holding environment in the treatment of impulsive behavior across a range of diagnoses. The reason for this cross-diagnostic viewpoint is to underscore the common sources of such action and the needs to be met in its treatment. Illustrations from work with two patients are presented: One was a hypomanic and bulimic woman who was successful in her profession; the other was an underemployed and sometimes unemployed schizophrenic man. Both were inclined to self-defeating impulsive action-bulimia in the woman, assault in the man. PMID- 3749378 TI - Six months in the treatment of two young chronic schizophrenics. AB - This paper presents the opening 6 months of dynamic psychotherapy with two chronically paranoid schizophrenic young men. It will focus on the use of metaphoric realms in which to meet patients, and on the vital role of identification in the conduct and motivation of therapeutic change. PMID- 3749379 TI - Work and defensive processes in small groups: effects of leader gender and authority position. AB - The effects of leader gender and degree of authority on work activity and group as-a-whole defensive processes were examined in two Tavistock-model group relations conferences. The small groups in each conference had two leaders with different degrees of explicit authority, a consultant and associate consultant. In one conference, males were designated as consultants and females as associate consultants. In the second conference these role assignments were reversed. Segments of group interaction following leaders' interventions were scored for primary group activity (dependency, fight/flight, pairing or work) and individual member work. High authority leaders elicited more fight/flight than leaders with secondary authority, who in turn evoked more pairing. High authority female leaders tended to evoke more fight/flight activity than the males paired with them. Groups periodically responded with dependency regardless of leader gender or authority position. Group-as-a-whole work occurred infrequently. Individual work occurred, with no significant difference in frequency, in response to all leaders and in the midst of each group-as-a-whole defensive process. PMID- 3749380 TI - Borderline defenses and countertransference: research findings and implications. AB - Among Main's (1957) several cogent insights about the nature of defensive and countertransferential reactions to those so-called "special" patients who ungraciously refuse to improve - patients who in today's parlance would most assuredly be diagnosed as borderline - is his hypothesis that some of us may flee some of the time into research activities to avoid the frustrations and disappointments of clinical work. Writing from the dual perspectives of researchers and psychotherapists, and with the interest of furthering the integration of these often split-off enterprises, we offer some observations on the amassing body of empirical data about the borderline patient, observations which bear upon and lend support for Main's speculation regarding the detachment of researchers from the emotionally charged dilemmas facing the therapist in working with the borderline patient. We also present some findings from our ongoing investigations of borderline dynamics in groups and organizations, which underscore the role of defensive and countertransferential processes in the psychotherapeutic treatment of borderlines. Finally, based upon our observations of the extant data as well as our own findings, we offer a suggestion about the direction of future research on borderline pathology, proposing a shift away from the largely descriptive-level diagnostic studies and toward the investigation of the therapeutic relationship, with a particular focus on countertransferential dynamics. PMID- 3749381 TI - Fluorinated psychopharmacological agents: noninvasive observation by fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance. AB - Fluorinated psychopharmacological agents were measured with fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the brain of intact rats that had been treated with fluphenazine. These in vivo experiments were compared to in vitro measurements of fluphenazine-treated rats. A high-field shift was observed in both in vivo and in vitro measurements. On the basis of the in vitro measurements, fluphenazine concentration in the brains of treated rats was estimated. Our observations demonstrate the feasibility of this technique for determining fluorinated neuroleptics in live mammals. PMID- 3749383 TI - Validity of the Hamilton Endogenous Subscale: an independent replication. AB - We calculated scores on the Hamilton Endogenous Subscale (HES) (Thase et al., 1983) for 252 depressed inpatients. The HES scores were bimodally distributed, and HES classification was significantly associated with endogenous (Research Diagnostic Criteria) and melancholic (DSM-III) subtyping. Based on a cutoff score of 8, HES classification was not associated with either family history of specific psychiatric illness or abnormal dexamethasone suppression test (DST) results. When the cutoff was raised to 10, DST nonsuppression was more frequent in HES endogenous depressives, although we again failed to find an association with a family history of psychiatric disorders. PMID- 3749382 TI - Consistency of pituitary-adrenocortical function across multiple psychiatric hospitalizations. AB - The dexamethasone suppression test (DST) was done in 53 psychiatric patients during at least two separate hospital admissions. The agreement between DST results on both admissions exceeded chance expectations: 69.8% of all patients and 72.3% of those with major depression had consistent DST results. PMID- 3749384 TI - Life stress as a correlate of depression among older adults. AB - Although there is some evidence that stressful life events are related to depression in the general population, there has been less research on this relationship with random community samples of older adults. The purpose of this study was to examine whether life stress (both stressful life events and chronic life strains) is correlated with depressive symptoms among a representative sample of noninstitutionalized elderly people. The findings indicate that chronic life strains (strains associated with financial and physical health problems) as well as bereavement are highly significant correlates of depression. Issues in the statistical estimation of these effects are also addressed. PMID- 3749385 TI - Lithium ratio in vitro: familial patterns of illness. AB - Psychiatric illness in first-degree relatives of psychotic patients with low, intermediate, and high red blood cell (RBC) in vitro lithium ratio (LR) was investigated using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia and DSM III. Fewer schizophrenic spectrum disorders were found in the first-degree relatives of high and low LR probands as compared to intermediate LR probands; high LR psychotic probands had families with an increased frequency of depressive spectrum disorder. Alcohol dependence and abuse was particularly prominent in the first-degree relatives of the higher LR probands. High LR may identify a disease that does not belong to the familial-genetic disorders of the schizophrenic spectrum; this illness may bear a closer relationship to disorders of the depressive spectrum. PMID- 3749386 TI - Abnormalities of fine motor control in schizophrenia. AB - Response time and fine motor control during a classification task were examined in schizophrenics and nonschizophrenics. The task involved decisions about either the sensory characteristics of auditory and visual stimuli or the referential meanings of spoken words and viewed pictures. Nonschizophrenics responded more quickly and exhibited a smoother and faster motor response on all tasks. Response time and motor control were influenced by stimulus modality and the complexity of the classification task in both groups. In the analysis of motor control, the schizophrenics differed from the nonschizophrenics in exhibiting a pattern suggestive of a specific difficulty with decisions involving referential meaning. The observed motor control dysfunction in schizophrenics is a psychomotor deficit similar to previously reported abnormalities in smooth pursuit eye movement. Further, the interaction of group and task variables in the motor response suggests that decisions about the abstract referential meaning of words and pictures produce greater cognitive loads in schizophrenics than in nonschizophrenics. PMID- 3749387 TI - Visual vigilance and psychopathology. PMID- 3749388 TI - Association performance and the DST. PMID- 3749389 TI - Cannabidiol in dystonic movement disorders. PMID- 3749390 TI - Intravenous diazepam fails to change growth hormone and cortisol secretion in humans. AB - Some, but not all studies have reported that a single dose of benzodiazepine affects growth hormone (GH) and cortisol secretion in healthy volunteers. The majority of studies that found GH elevations after benzodiazepine administration did not use placebo trials. The present placebo-controlled investigation determined plasma GH and cortisol levels after intravenous administration of diazepam (0.15 mg/kg) to 10 healthy volunteers. Neither GH nor cortisol secretion changed significantly after diazepam infusion. The lack of placebo trials and the presence of elevated baseline GH values may have been responsible for peak GH elevations reported in previous studies. PMID- 3749391 TI - Circulating levels of insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 and somatomedin B in alcoholic patients. AB - The levels of insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 (IGF-1 and IGF-2) and somatomedin B in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were investigated in alcoholic patients for 4 weeks after alcohol intake stopped. Throughout the observation period, CSF levels of IGF-2 were significantly decreased compared to those of healthy controls, whereas CSF levels of somatomedin B increased significantly 8 days after alcohol withdrawal and remained elevated throughout the observation period. CSF levels of IGF-2 were significantly correlated to measurements of ventricular enlargement on computed tomography. Somatomedin B levels were significantly correlated to clinical variables such as pulse, temperature, and agitation. No increase in the serum levels of somatomedin B were observed, but an increase in serum IGF levels was found in the patient group. PMID- 3749392 TI - Effects of bright incandescent light on seasonal and nonseasonal major depressive disorder. AB - Previous research has indicated that exposure to bright fluorescent light can benefit clinically depressed individuals. The present study, a 1- to 2-week open trial of bright (greater than or equal to 2,000 lux) incandescent light with seasonal (fall/winter) and nonseasonal depressives, produced a therapeutic effect on seasonal depression, as measured by three criteria for recovery: final score on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) less than 10; final HRSD score less than or equal to 50% of pretreatment HRSD score; no longer meets DSM-III criteria for major depressive disorder. Phototherapy was not effective in the nonseasonal patients, whose functioning was more impaired than that of the seasonal subjects even before the trial. No adverse effects were observed in any patient. PMID- 3749393 TI - Information processing and communication deviance in schizophrenic patients and their mothers. AB - Tests of attention/information processing, the continuous performance test (CPT) and the span of apprehension task (SAT), were given to 25 schizophrenic patients and their mothers. Measures of communication deviance also were obtained from the mothers. Comparison of these assessments in the mothers revealed different transactional profiles for good attenders and poor attenders on the CPT and on the SAT. The relationships between generations (patient and mother) differ from the within-individual relationships. CPT performance by the patient is not significantly correlated with scores from the mother. However, SAT performance by the patient could be related to SAT performance by the mother and specific communication deviance factor scores. PMID- 3749394 TI - Procedural validity of an abbreviated version of the SADS/RDC diagnostic process. AB - Formal diagnostic systems such as the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) and standardized diagnostic interviews such as the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS) have enhanced clinical psychiatric research over the past decade. Because of the cost and time factors, however, they are not routinely used in most clinical settings. The availability of reliable alternatives compatible with clinical practice would encourage more psychiatrists to engage in clinical research. This study describes the nature and procedural validity of two such alternatives based on the RDC. Acceptably accurate, less costly research diagnostic processes can be incorporated into clinically oriented short-term acute inpatient units. PMID- 3749395 TI - Notes on masochism: a discussion of the history and development of a psychoanalytic concept. AB - The concept of masochism is used in both descriptive and explanatory ways to cover a wide variety of clinical phenomena. Although the concept has been thought to refer to a ubiquitous, fundamental, and paradoxical phenomenon, recent discussions reveal growing uncertainty about the clinical value of the term. The origins of the problem are traced here to Freud's early reliance on concepts borrowed from Krafft-Ebing's sexology. Freud later emphasized structural and object-relations issues. This shift of emphasis was associated with the use of child behavior rather than perversion as the prototype of mental function. PMID- 3749396 TI - Psychoanalysis as a science: a response to the new challenges. AB - Few theoretical issues in psychoanalysis have been more constantly argued than the status of our discipline as a science. For long the attack has been from the logical positivists and the extensions of their argument by Karl Popper. Over recent decades the debate about the place of our metapsychology has intensified the concerns about our scientific status. In this paper I respond briefly to the logical positivist, the Popperian, and the information-processing systems theory arguments and then develop at greater length a response to the two current, most widespread philosophy-of-science assaults upon our credibility as science, that of the hermeneuticists (Ricoeur, Habermas, Gadamer, and others), and the newest, that of the philosopher, Adolf Grunbaum. PMID- 3749397 TI - Narcissism and the personal myth. AB - Kris (1956) described the concept of the personal myth as an autobiographical story built around a family romance fantasy seen specifically in obsessive characters and serving a defensive function. In this paper the concept of the personal myth was expanded to include similar defensive constellations originating from within the grandiose self, built around omnipotent and omniscient fantasies and occurring in character formations with pregenital, narcissistic pathology. The case of a known author and poet, Nikos Kazantzakis, was used to illustrate the thesis of the paper. The available biographical material and the work of the author offer evidence to support the claim that the author's personal myth was a protective shield against anxiety originating in early narcissistic traumata. PMID- 3749398 TI - Stereopsis and binocular rivalry. PMID- 3749399 TI - A spreading-activation theory of retrieval in sentence production. PMID- 3749400 TI - Human cognition in its social context. PMID- 3749401 TI - Neonatal exposure of female ferrets to testosterone alters sociosexual preferences in adulthood. AB - Sociosexual preferences in adult female ferrets, as measured in a choice arena, were altered by neonatal exposure to exogenous testosterone. Adult female ferrets showed a preference for males which did not depend on the presence of gonadal steroids, because gonadectomized and gonadectomized estrogen-treated females showed identical preferences for males. Adult castrated males showed no preference for females unless these males were treated with testosterone. A similar no-preference pattern was found in adult females that had received testosterone neonatally. Females exposed neonatally to dihydrotestosterone or estradiol exhibited the normal females' male-oriented preference. These results indicate that testosterone secreted by the testes in the developing male may interrupt the phenotypic female development pattern and hence prevent the emergence of a homosexual preference in adulthood in the male ferret. PMID- 3749402 TI - Age effects in serial hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal monitoring. AB - To evaluate age effects on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) regulation in depressives, we studied 65 patients with major depressive disorder, endogenous subtype. With each patient serving as his or her own control, we compared weekly dexamethasone suppression test (DST) results among three age subgroups (less than 40 years, n = 18; 40-70 years, n = 40; greater than 70 years, n = 7). The oldest patient group had higher mean post-dexamethasone plasma cortisol concentrations both before and after treatment, and more were DST nonsuppressors. Life table analyses revealed that elderly patients who were DST nonsuppressors had significantly slower patterns of normalization during treatment and that fewer elderly patients ever achieved normal suppression. The results indicate that age effects on HPA function may be confounded with other aspects of depression, such as severity, chronicity and number of previous episodes. PMID- 3749403 TI - No effect of naloxone on plasma oxytocin in normal men. AB - The role of endogenous opiates in the control of the secretion of oxytocin in the basal state in healthy male volunteers was investigated with the opiate antagonist naloxone. There was no change in plasma oxytocin levels, assessed for a 120 min period following the intravenous administration of naloxone (10 mg). Although there was no effect of opiate receptor blockade with naloxone in this basal situation, further studies are needed to evaluate the possible role of opioid regulation of oxytocin during lactation and parturition. PMID- 3749405 TI - Different effects of uncertainty and complexity on single trial visual ERPs and the SCR-OR in non-signal conditions. PMID- 3749404 TI - Fear imagery and text processing. PMID- 3749406 TI - Performance and sleepiness as a function of frequency and placement of sleep disruption. PMID- 3749407 TI - Effects of smoking on vegetative reactivity to noise in women. PMID- 3749409 TI - A dose-response study of sleep loss and spontaneous sleep termination. PMID- 3749408 TI - Physiological and subjective sexual arousal in pre- and postmenopausal women and postmenopausal women taking replacement therapy. PMID- 3749410 TI - P300 and recall in an incidental memory paradigm. PMID- 3749411 TI - Effects of stimulus omission and stimulus novelty on dishabituation of the skin conductance response. PMID- 3749412 TI - Diastolic blood pressure and heart rate biofeedback training during orthostatic stress. PMID- 3749413 TI - Predictability of individual differences in activation processes in a field setting based on laboratory measures. PMID- 3749414 TI - REM/NREM discrimination via ocular and limb movement monitoring: correlation with polygraphic data and development of a REM state algorithm. PMID- 3749415 TI - Proportional jerk: a new measure of motion as applied to eye movements in sleep and waking. PMID- 3749417 TI - The residual after correcting event-related potentials for blink artifacts. PMID- 3749416 TI - In vitro studies of the pulsatile radiometric signal. PMID- 3749418 TI - Differentiating premenstrual symptoms and syndromes. PMID- 3749419 TI - Psychophysiologic correlates of nocturnal penile tumescence in normal males. AB - Despite increasing clinical reliance on nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT) testing for the differential diagnosis of male impotence, little is known at present about the relationship between NPT and other aspects of sleep and waking psychophysiology. This study investigated patterns of NPT, sleep, and EEG hemispheric asymmetry in 20 male subjects, using standard polysomnographic laboratory procedures for the assessment of sleep and NPT, and a method of EEG amplitude integration developed by Goldstein. Additionally, the effects of daytime sexual activity and mood state on the duration and amplitude of NPT were studied. Overall, the results of this study confirmed the well-documented relationship between NPT and stage REM, as well as demonstrating a strong association between NPT phase and nondominant hemisphere activation. Furthermore, this association appeared to strengthen over the course of the night. Hemispheric asymmetry and stage REM were also closely linked throughout. On the other hand, no significant correlations were found between daytime sexual activity or mood state and NPT. It is suggested that concurrent assessment of hemispheric asymmetry may strengthen the diagnostic power of NPT testing in impotence cases involving central organic etiology. PMID- 3749420 TI - Suppressed anger and blood pressure: the effects of race, sex, social class, obesity, and age. AB - We studied 572 men and women who participated in a blood pressure screening program at a government unemployment office. Before having their blood pressures taken, the subjects completed a brief questionnaire that included two items measuring conflict over anger expression. Information was also obtained on obesity, race, sex, social class, and age. Across all subjects, systolic blood pressure was found to be significantly related to suppressed anger (p less than 0.016). Normotensive were twice as likely as hypertensives to be free of suppressed anger. This relationship remained after controlling for the covariates of age, social class, and obesity. The relationship between suppressed anger and systolic blood pressure was significant for white men, exhibited a trend in black men, and was not significant for women. In contrast to the systolic findings, suppressed anger was unrelated to diastolic pressure in all the analyses. PMID- 3749422 TI - [Psychodynamics of father-daughter relations in adolescence]. PMID- 3749421 TI - Mixed organic brain syndrome as a manifestation of systemic mastocytosis. AB - Systemic mastocytosis is a disease characterized by an excessive accumulation of mast cells, and associated with skin lesions, flushing, diarrhea, tachycardia, and psychiatric manifestations. In order to define more clearly the psychiatric manifestations, ten patients with this disorder underwent unstructured psychiatric interviews and a battery of psychologic testing. Both revealed a pattern of cognitive and affective changes in the majority of these patients, best categorized as an atypical or mixed organic brain syndrome. The cognitive changes consisted of diminished attention and memory, and the affective changes of anger, irritability, and, to a lesser extent, depression. These manifestations fluctuated with the level of disease activity, and appeared in some cases to respond to histamine antagonists and disodium cromoglycate, medications used to control the excessive mast cell activity. It is important for psychiatrists to be aware that mental status changes can represent psychiatric manifestations of mastocytosis, a readily treatable medical disorder. PMID- 3749423 TI - [Therapeutic control in autogenic training--effect of motivation and personality variables on successful treatment]. PMID- 3749424 TI - [From nursing service to psychotherapeutic assistant--experiences with a continuing education model]. PMID- 3749426 TI - [Episodic phenomena of sleep and dreams]. PMID- 3749425 TI - [Psychosocial effects of mastectomy and the need for psychosocial treatment--an empirical study of breast cancer patients]. PMID- 3749427 TI - [Physician-patient relations in ambulatory medical care]. PMID- 3749428 TI - Impact of a disaster on a burn unit. PMID- 3749429 TI - Psychiatric and ethical issues in the care of patients with AIDS. PMID- 3749430 TI - Combat stress, post-traumatic stress disorder, and associated psychiatric disturbance. PMID- 3749431 TI - Acceptance by arthritis patients of clinical inquiry into their sexual adjustment. PMID- 3749432 TI - Balint's syndrome mistaken for visual conversion reaction. PMID- 3749433 TI - Whooping cough in Wear Valley 1983 and 1984: a case control study. PMID- 3749434 TI - Accident and emergency departments--why people attend with minor injuries and ailments. PMID- 3749435 TI - Relationship of menopause to serum cholesterol and arterial blood pressure in some Nigerian women. PMID- 3749436 TI - The changing fortunes of community medicine. PMID- 3749437 TI - Providing services for teenage mothers: experiences from Camberwell. PMID- 3749438 TI - Drug regimens and fasting during Ramadan: a survey in Kuwait. PMID- 3749439 TI - BCG vaccination in infancy. PMID- 3749440 TI - Acute renal failure--the continuing challenge. PMID- 3749441 TI - Evoked potentials in clinical medicine. AB - Recent technological advances have facilitated the conduct of evoked potential studies, and permitted their wider use in a clinical context. Evoked potential studies are performed to determine the presence, extent and site of disease of the peripheral and central sensory pathways. This may be helpful for diagnostic purposes, and for characterizing more completely the changes occurring in various diseases. Certain evoked potential components have also been used in the evaluation of cognitive function. The major uses and limitations of evoked potential studies in clinical medicine are reviewed, but technical details are not provided in the interest of simplicity. PMID- 3749442 TI - Prognostic indicators in idiopathic IgA mesangial nephropathy. AB - Univariate survivorship analysis of a cohort of 365 patients with idiopathic IgA mesangial nephropathy and at least one year of further observation since the apparent onset (mean = 7.79 +/- 6.19 years; median = 6.16 years) has been performed. Observations for at least one year (mean = 5.05 +/- 3.66; median = 4.08 years) after biopsy was available for 292 of these. One immunohistological, four clinical, and six histological features were associated with increased risk of developing renal failure: (i) older at onset; (ii) no history of recurrent macroscopic haematuria; (iii) proteinuria of more than 1 g/day; (iv) arterial hypertension at the time of biopsy; (v) extent of glomerular obsolescence; (vi) extent of segmental glomerulosclerosis; (vii) presence of interstitial fibrosis; (vii) presence of diffuse intracapillary proliferation; (ix) presence of extracapillary proliferation; (x) presence of segmental thickening of glomerular basement membrane; (xi) extension of IgA deposits to the peripheral capillary loops shown by immunofluorescence. Only features (iii), (v), (vii) and (xi) proved to be independent prognostic indicators in the multivariate survivorship analysis (Cox regression model). PMID- 3749443 TI - Pregnancy in diabetic women who have proteinuria. AB - Pregnancy in diabetic women known to have proteinuria is thought to have a poor outcome. We report 22 pregnancies in 20 women with proteinuria in or before the first trimester culled from 396 diabetic pregnancies between 1974 to 1984. Despite a poor obstetric history all the present pregnancies were successful. Half were delivered before 37 weeks compared with 20 per cent of pregnancies in diabetic women without proteinuria. Hypertension precipitated two-thirds of the premature deliveries. The babies were small for dates with 65 per cent below the 50th centile, compared with 36 per cent in those without proteinuria. Serum creatinine levels were raised (greater than 150 mumol/l) in four of 19 patients in the third trimester. Since delivery one patient has died from renal failure, three have serum creatinine levels of 150 to 440 mumol/l, 11 have normal creatinine levels, and five have been lost to the study. The poor long-term maternal prognosis is an important reason for discouraging such pregnancies despite the good short-term results. PMID- 3749444 TI - Cyclophosphamide induces more chromosome damage than chlorambucil in patients with connective tissue diseases. AB - The potential for damaging chromosomes of the powerful and widely-used immunosuppressive agent cyclophosphamide has been tested by measuring sister chromatid exchanges in blood lymphocytes of patients with connective tissue diseases. This agent induces more chromosome damage than chlorambucil emphasising the need for sensitive means of predicting patients at particular risk of drug induced malignant disease. PMID- 3749445 TI - Inherited thrombocytopenia, elevated serum IgA and renal disease: identification as a variant of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. AB - A kindred with X-linked hereditary thrombocytopenia in association with elevated serum IgA and a mild nephropathy is described. Thirteen males with thrombocytopenia were identified in three generations amongst 49 family members who were available for screening. Serious infective sequelae were absent but five patients had suffered from severe eczema since infancy. The platelet volume as measured by an automated counter and electron microscopy was reduced compared with normal and in vitro tests demonstrated minor abnormalities of immune function in three patients. The disorder is identified as a novel variant of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome and comparisons are made with previously described kindreds showing different patterns of expression. PMID- 3749447 TI - Spontaneous reporting of adverse drug reactions. PMID- 3749446 TI - Cryptic miliary tuberculosis. AB - Fifteen patients with cryptic miliary tuberculosis seen over a six-year period in a large teaching hospital were reviewed. This form of tuberculosis tended to be difficult to diagnose and was most common in older people and those with underlying diseases such as malignancy or blood dyscrasias. Bacteriological investigation was of the little help in diagnosis while bone marrow and liver biopsies were more useful. The diagnosis was made during life in only seven (47 per cent) of the 15 cases, and the overall mortality was 80 per cent. Tuberculosis should be considered in all cases of pyrexia of unknown origin, and investigations performed to establish or exclude the diagnosis. A prompt and adequate therapeutic trial with antituberculous treatment even in the absence of definite evidence of tuberculosis can be life-saving. PMID- 3749448 TI - Extrapyramidal reactions to prochlorperazine and haloperidol in the United Kingdom. AB - The epidemiology of extrapyramidal reactions to prochlorperazine and haloperidol in the United Kingdom has been studied using reports in the Adverse Reactions Register of the Committee on the Safety of Medicines (CSM) and from general practitioner prescribing data. Between 1967 and 1982 there were an estimated 37.0 million prescriptions for prochlorperazine and 3.2 million for haloperidol; in this time there were 104 reports of adverse reactions to prochlorperazine and 62 to haloperidol. The predominant extrapyramidal reaction reported was dystonia dyskinesia (99 reports for prochlorperazine and 47 for haloperidol). The remaining reactions reported were of Parkinsonism. Dystonia-dyskinesia usually occurred within three days of commencing treatment, and for both drugs the incidence, expressed per million prescriptions, varied significantly with age, the highest incidence being in patients under 20 years. Thus young patients appear at particular risk of acute extrapyramidal reactions to dopamine receptor antagonists. PMID- 3749449 TI - Proteinuric glomerular disease in adults: cumulative life tables over twenty years. AB - Outcome in 425 patients with persistent proteinuria has been assessed over a period of five to 20 years. Nephrotics and non-nephrotics are analysed separately. Clinical and laboratory findings do not correlate with renal histology. Seventy-eight patients had minimal histological lesions and four died (only one in renal failure). Fifty-one patients had endothelial cell proliferation, and 20-year survival was 70 per cent; renal failure occurred within five years in all 17 who progressed, and was independent of nephrotic status. In both membrano-proliferative disease (98 patients) and membranous glomerulopathy (59 patients) 20-year survival was 20 to 30 per cent. Epithelial cell proliferation (85 patients) had the worst prognosis, and survival after 12 years was negligible. In these last three groups decay in survival was almost linear against time and independent of nephrotic status. In focal proliferative disease 20-year survival in nephrotics (31 patients) was only 30 per cent, contrasting with non-nephrotics (23 patients) with 80 per cent survival. Of 105 patients presenting with proteinuria without symptoms, in 30 the proteinuria was postural and biopsies were not done. The other 75 showed a range of histological changes and prognosis similar to the group with symptoms. PMID- 3749450 TI - Natural history of diabetes presenting age 40-69 years: a prospective study of the influence of intensive dietary therapy. AB - Two hundred and twenty-three newly-diagnosed symptomatic diabetic patients with onset age 40-69 years enrolled in a prospective study of intensive dietary management of diabetes were observed for a period of six years and the data obtained is analysed. The variables studied were weight and fasting levels of plasma glucose and insulin, and of serum total cholesterol and triglyceride. These tests were monitored throughout the study and in addition the oral glucose tolerance test was analysed at entry to the study, after six months intensive dietary management and again after 72 months. Blood pressure, electrocardiogram and the presence of posterior tibial artery pulsation were recorded at entry to the study and at 36 months and 72 months. Approximately 80 per cent of the patients were managed solely by dietary restriction for the entire six years, but 25 patients received oral hypoglycaemic drugs and 26 required insulin treatment. Weight, and fasting glucose and triglyceride values fell in the first few months of intensive dietary management. Analysis of possible risk factors in survivors and patients dead at six years showed no significant differences, apart from a higher mean age at diagnosis in those who died. During the six years of intensive dietary management the mortality from all causes in these diabetic patients was no greater than that for the general population of Northern Ireland. PMID- 3749451 TI - Acute respiratory distress related to chemotherapy of advanced pulmonary tuberculosis: a study of two cases and review of the literature. AB - Two patients with non-miliary pulmonary tuberculosis developed a syndrome resembling adult respiratory distress following initiation of drug treatment. They were studied clinically and with a representative range of in vitro and in vivo tests of immune function. Both were alcoholic, malnourished and presented with radiologically widespread, smear-positive disease and lymphocytopenia. One had cutaneous anergy in vivo and profound reduction on mononuclear cell proliferative and interferon responses to tuberculoprotein (PPD) in vitro; the other patient, who died two weeks after starting treatment, had relatively normal values for these measures of cell-mediated immunity. In both cases there was a progressive increase during treatment, in peripheral blood lymphocyte counts, skin reactions and in vitro cellular responses to PPD, and a sudden rise in ESR at the time of their deterioration. We propose that the reactions may represent local manifestations of heightened delayed hypersensitivity, mounted by increasing numbers of 'resuscitated' lymphocytes against immunogenic cell wall substances released from dying tubercle bacilli in patients whose level of cellular immunity is being enhanced as a result of chemotherapy. The likelihood of an acute respiratory reaction during treatment may therefore depend on the bacillary load, the extent of lung disease present, and its severity may be related to the pre-treatment immune status of the patient. PMID- 3749452 TI - Pulmonary aspergillosis in immunosuppressed patients with haematological malignancies. AB - Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis as a cause of mortality and morbidity in patients with haematological malignancies is becoming more common. Predisposing factors are powerful immunosuppressive chemotherapy, neutropenia and synergistic combinations of antibiotics of great potency and wide spectrum of activity. Clinical and radiological signs are heterogeneous, sometimes misleading and often absent. Treatment is often empirical on suspicion alone. Amphotericin B is the only effective drug but it has marked toxicity, mainly renal. Infection is usually fatal without adequate treatment. This paper describes eight cases of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis seen in one centre in two years, reviews the literature and assesses associated problems. PMID- 3749453 TI - Effects of cross-section structure on the dosimetric response functions for 0.4 to 10.0 MeV neutrons in the ICRU tissue sphere. AB - The effect of the fluctuating cross-section structure in the energy range of 0.4 to 10.0 MeV on the dosimetric response functions of neutrons in the ICRU standard tissue sphere is analyzed. A Monte Carlo method with point-energy cross-section values, including coupled transport for neutrons and secondary charged particles, was used in the direct estimation of the absorbed dose and the dose equivalent. An approach was adopted in which source-energy band-average responses were calculated instead of the more usual approach involving monoenergetic source neutrons. Data were obtained for the newly defined term, ambient dose equivalent, at various depths, as well as the older index quantities. Such data generated were compared with information from other research workers. In general, good agreement was found, with due consideration to the differences engendered by the use of the source-energy band-average approach. Agreement was poorest for very shallow depths, corresponding to outer skin thickness, this being a most difficult depth to calculate accurately. The dosimetric data generated in this study should contribute to the ongoing efforts for the standardization of neutron protection dosimetry. PMID- 3749454 TI - The range of high LET effects from 125I decays. AB - Track structure techniques are applied to calculate energy depositions in cylindrical targets 20 A in diameter (simulating the DNA duplex) containing, or near, 125I decays. Two problems are examined: (1) The possible effects of incorporated versus nonincorporated 125I are evaluated; (2) the extent of the radiological damage along the DNA is described and discussed for individual decays taking place in the DNA. The results of three different calculations are presented: (1) The distribution of the total energy deposited in the target per decay: Here it is shown that the 125I decays deposit considerably more energy than 5-MeV alpha particles when the decay occurs on the central axis of the cylinder. When the decay occurs at 40 A from the axis, the energy depositions are small and infrequent, showing that the iodine decay must occur within this distance to produce a high LET-like effect. (2) The distribution of average energy depositions around a curved cylinder simulating the DNA duplex encircling the nucleosome: There is a rapid decrease in the energy deposited in elements (of size resembling a base pair) away from the location of the decay. At approximately 17 A (approximately 5 bp) from the decay the mean energy deposited in an element is reduced by a factor of 10. (3) The energy deposited in individual elements of the cylinder is presented for single decays: The smooth decrease in average energy depositions with distance from the decay ((2) above) is not reflected in individual decays. PMID- 3749455 TI - Low levels of irradiation modify lipid domains in model membranes: a laser Raman study. AB - We have used Raman spectroscopy to study the effects of ionizing radiation on thermal transitions of dipalmitoyl lecithin + polyunsaturated fatty acid liposomes. Raman spectra in the CH (2800-3000 cm-1), C = C (1600-1680 cm-1), and C-C (1000-1150 cm-1) stretching regions are sensitive to ionizing radiation. The CH stretching of acyl chains yields three strong bands around 2850, 2880, and 2930 cm-1. The ratios of the relative intensities of 2880 and 2850 cm-1 bands, i.e., I2880/2850, when plotted against temperature show multiple infection points which correspond to multiple spectroscopic transitions. These are ascribed to a separate phase with distinctive proportions of lecithin and polyunsaturated fatty acids. We find these transitions sensitive to low levels of ionizing radiation. Doses as low as 5-15 rad after 48 h of 60Co gamma irradiation and 60 kVp X irradiation drastically broaden and shift the polyunsaturated rich phase which occurs at lower temperatures (-7 to +5 degrees C) than that of pure dipalmitoyl lecithin (39 degrees C). In addition a new transition around 46 degrees C also emerges upon irradiation (48 h postirradiation). These irradiation effects can be accelerated by the presence of catalytic amounts of Fe2+/EDTA +H2O2. The membrane transition modification is more sensitive to 60 kVp X rays in comparison to 60Co gamma rays owing to the high LET component of the former. The intensity of 1660 cm-1 band, assigned to C = C stretching in the cis-configuration, loses intensity upon irradiation. Concomitantly, a new band around 1675 cm-1, assigned to trans configuration, emerges. Similarly the increase in the "order parameter" as calculated from the relative intensities of C--C stretching bands indicates rigidification of membrane. Various factors such as reduction in unsaturation, increase in trans-configuration, and the formation of multiple peroxidation products are invoked as lipid phase modifiers. PMID- 3749456 TI - Radiosensitivity of human bone marrow granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells and stromal colony-forming cells: effect of dose rate. AB - Study of the radiation biology of human bone marrow hematopoietic cells has been difficult since unseparated bone marrow cell preparations also contain other nonhematopoietic stromal cells. We tested the clonogenic survival after 0.05 or 2 Gy/min X irradiation using as target cells either fresh human bone marrow or nonadherent hematopoietic cells separated from stromal cells by the method of long-term bone marrow culture (LTBMC). Sequential nonadherent cell populations removed from LTBMC were enriched for hematopoietic progenitors forming granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming unit culture (GM-CFUc) that form colonies at Day 7, termed GM-CFUc7, or Day 14 termed GM-CFUc14. The results demonstrated no effect of dose rate on the D0 or n of fresh marrow GM-CFUc (colonies greater than or equal to 50 cells) after plating in a source of their obligatory growth factor, colony-stimulating factor (CSF) (GM-CFUc7 irradiated at 2 Gy/min, D0 = 1.02 +/- 0.05, n = 1.59 +/- 0.21; at 0.05 Gy/min, D0 = 1.07 +/- 0.03, n = 1.50 +/ 0.04; GM-CFUc14 at 2 Gy/min, D0 = 1.13 +/- 0.03, n = 1.43 +/- 0.03; at 0.05 Gy/min, D0 = 1.16 +/- 0.04, n = 1.34 +/- 0.05). There was a decrease in the radiosensitivity of GM-CFUc7 and GM-CFUc14 derived from nonadherent cells of long term bone marrow cultures compared to fresh marrow that was observed at both dose rates. In contrast, adherent stromal cells irradiated at low compared to high dose rate showed a significantly greater radioresistance (Day 19 colonies of greater than or equal to 50 cells; at 2 Gy/min, D0 = 0.99 Gy, n = 1.03; at 0.05 Gy/min D0 = 1.46 Gy, n = 2.00). These data provide strong evidence for a difference in the radiosensitivity of human marrow hematopoietic progenitor compared to adherent stromal cells. PMID- 3749457 TI - Mutational extinction induced by sequential X irradiation and actinomycin D treatments in Chinese hamster ovary cells. AB - The interactions of sequential X irradiation and actinomycin D (AMD) treatments for mutagenesis to 6-thioguanine resistance were investigated in CHO cells. Cells were exposed to single doses of X rays followed immediately by 1-h treatments with 0.1 or 1 microgram/ml AMD. X Rays alone induced mutagenesis which increased monotonically with dose to at least 8 Gy. AMD-treated control cultures showed slight to moderate cytotoxicity and little induced mutation. X Rays followed by AMD treatment produced bell-shaped mutagenesis dose-response curves with maximal mutation at approximately 5 or 4 Gy for 0.1 or 1.0 microgram/ml AMD, respectively. Induced mutation frequencies then fell to a negligible level at fractional survival levels below 0.10 for either combination treatment. Application of a stochastic Poisson distribution model to these data led to the prediction that two possible components govern induced mutation frequencies. First, X ray +AMD induced mutations may be depleted progressively with dose from the surviving populations by selective lethality, which we term mutational extinction. Second, X ray +AMD treatments were calculated to induce potentially much greater than additive mutagenesis. However, due to the overriding mutational extinction effect, most of these mutations are not recovered as viable colonies. These studies suggest that AMD binding to DNA immediately following irradiation may cause considerably enhanced mutagenic and often lethal DNA damage, and that mutational extinction may occur because these types of damage are statistically correlated in a sensitive subpopulation of exponentially growing CHO cells. PMID- 3749458 TI - Induction of neoplastic transformation by low-dose-rate exposure to tritiated water. AB - Exponentially growing mouse BALB/3T3 cells seeded at low density were incubated with various concentrations of tritiated water (3HOH). A dose-dependent increase in the yield of transformants occurred in cells incubated for 100 h with 25 to 500 micrograms/ml of 3HOH. The dose-response curve rose linearly at low doses, with no evidence of a threshold or quadratic component. The transformation frequencies were similar when the same total dose of radiation was given over periods of 5 to 168 h, although survival was slightly lower with 5 h exposure compared with longer intervals. Acute X-ray exposure appeared to be more efficient in inducing transformation than protracted exposure to 3HOH at doses of 200-400 rad, but slightly less effective in the 25-100 rad range. When normalized for survival, 3HOH was more effective than X rays even at the higher doses. This result is very similar to previous findings with [3H]thymidine. A comparison of [3H]thymidine and 3HOH results suggest that the transmutational effect of tritium decay for radioactivity incorporated into DNA may be a significant factor in cytotoxicity but not in transformation; the enhanced effectiveness of both types of tritium exposure for transformation and mutagenesis may result from a higher relative biological effectiveness for the tritium beta particle for these end points. PMID- 3749459 TI - Effects of microwaves on the adrenal cortex. AB - Six-hundred-and-one male Long-Evans rats were used to study the effect of microwaves on adrenocortical secretion. Power density ranged from 0.1 to 55 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.02 to 11 W/kg). The microwave signal was 2.45 GHz amplitude modulated at 120 Hz. Serum corticosterone (CS) concentration was used as an index of adrenocortical function. Ten different exposure protocols were used to identify confounding factors influencing the sensitivity of adrenal cortex to microwave exposure. Increases in CS concentration were proportional to power density or colonic temperature and inversely proportional to the baseline CS. Increased CS concentration was never observed without increased colonic temperature and was not persistent 24 h after exposure. Acclimation (reduction in magnitude of response) could be noted after the tenth exposure. Facilitated heat loss attenuated the magnitude of CS increases by limiting the degree of hyperthermia. Ethanol enhanced the hyperthermic response and desensitized the adrenal response to microwave hyperthermia by increased baseline CS. Ether stimulated adrenal secretion irrespective of previous microwave exposure or adrenal stimulation induced by microwaves. Minor inhibition was also noted occasionally as decreased CS concentration at lower intensity (less than 20 mW/cm2) and decreased postexposure urinary CS excretion at 40 mW/cm2. Adrenal stimulation required minimally a 20 mW/cm2 (4 W/kg) or 0.7 degrees C increase in colonic temperature. An SAR lower than 4 W/kg may stimulate adrenal secretion by potentiating the hyperthermic effect if the ambient temperature is well above 24 degrees C. PMID- 3749460 TI - Nuclear protein following heat shock: protein removal kinetics and cell cycle rearrangements. AB - Nuclear protein and DNA content of HeLa cells was determined as a function of time following hyperthermia by staining isolated nuclei with two fluorescent dyes: fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) for protein content and propidium iodide (PI) for DNA content. Bivariate FITC and PI histograms were obtained by flow cytometry. Univariate flow cytometric analysis was shown to be inadequate for this study, because some of the nuclear protein changes were due to cell cycle redistribution. Posthyperthermia cell kinetics could be divided into two distinct phases: an early phase characterized by the removal of heat-induced excess nuclear proteins with little or no cell progression through the cell cycle; and a late phase characterized by a redistribution of cells in the cell cycle resulting in an accumulation of cells in G2. The duration of these phases was dependent upon the hyperthermia dose. In the early phase, the rate of removal of excess nuclear protein was found to vary with heating time and temperature for time temperature combinations which resulted in the same amount of excess nuclear protein. In the late phase, the cells blocked in G2 did not reduce their nuclear protein levels back to control values. PMID- 3749461 TI - Changes in vascular permeability following thorax irradiation in the rat. AB - A double isotope technique was used to measure changes in the vascular permeability surface area product (PS) for albumin after irradiation. PS was measured in several tissues of the rat during the first 38 days following 11, 13.5, 18, or 25 Gy whole thorax irradiation. After 18 and 25 Gy most irradiated and nonirradiated (shielded) tissues showed elevated permeability at 1 day after radiation, which declined to control levels by Day 4. All irradiated tissues showed a second wave of increased permeability between 14 and 38 days after radiation that varied in onset and extent depending upon tissue and dose. Lung and heart showed a direct response to dose between 11 and 18 Gy during this period. Peak lung values averaged three times control values at 19 days after 18 Gy. Peak heart values averaged twice control values at the same time and dose. The double isotope technique has proven to be a reliable means of quantitatively determining vascular permeability response to radiation over time. PMID- 3749462 TI - The action of caffeine on X-irradiated HeLa cells. VIII. Recovery from potentially lethal damage. AB - Recovery from potentially lethal radiation damage in HeLa S3 cells has been studied by irradiating synchronous cultures with 4 Gy at selected ages in the cell cycle, initiating treatment with 4 mM caffeine, which prevents recovery, at progressively later times up to 24-30 h after irradiation, and determining the plateau level of survival after incubation with the caffeine until 36-40 h after mitotic collection. Cell recovery appears to begin immediately after irradiation at any time during interphase: an accelerating increase in survival gives way after several hours to a linear increase which lasts for an additional several hours. The median recovery time is approximately 13 h after irradiation at any time during G1, but is markedly shorter (5-7 h) after irradiation in S or G2. The rate of recovery is slightly depressed if DNA replication is inhibited with aphidicolin after irradiation and slightly enhanced if protein synthesis is inhibited with cycloheximide. Both the rate and the extent of recovery are dependent on the location of the cells in the cycle at the time of irradiation- both functions increasing with cell age from the beginning of S, but having different age dependencies in G1. Blocking cell progression with a DNA-synthesis inhibitor before irradiation halts the age-dependent changes. PMID- 3749463 TI - Analysis of the heat and radiation interaction. AB - The amount and type of interaction between heat and radiation are evaluated for several sets of experiments using Chinese hamster ovary cells, subline HA-1, through the interaction coefficient derived by Roti Roti and Henle. As the duration of postradiation heat treatment is increased from 15 min to 2 h, the amount of interaction increases linearly with heating time from 15 to 60 min. From 60 to 120 min the amount of interaction remains relatively constant. For a given heat treatment the amount of interaction increases linearly with radiation dose over four decades of survival when the X-ray treatment immediately follows the heat treatment. The additivity of heat and radiation is also analyzed by use of the envelope of additivity method suggested by Steel and Peckham. The results imply that heat and radiation are not superadditive which suggests that this analysis is inapplicable to the interaction of these two modalities. Several possible reasons for the failure of this analysis are discussed. PMID- 3749464 TI - Reducing the cancer risk of 239Pu by chelation therapy. AB - Groups of adult female C57BL/Do mice were injected intraperitoneally with graded activities of monomeric 239Pu(IV) citrate at 10 weeks of age. Beginning 3 days after plutonium injection, some mice received repeated subcutaneous injections of Zn Na3 diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (Zn-DTPA). Each injection was 37 mumol Zn DTPA/kg body weight. To evaluate protection from bone sarcoma, brief, intermediate, or protracted chelation therapies were administered to groups of mice. The brief chelation therapy covered a 2-week period, the intermediate therapy 2 months, and the protracted therapy 1 year. The mice were followed throughout life and examined for bone sarcoma. Both skeletal dose and bone sarcoma risk were reduced by chelation. The bone sarcoma incidences in the mice given chelation treatments generally fell below the dose-response curve for the mice not given DTPA, indicating that the cancer risk was reduced more than that corresponding to the decreased skeletal dose. This results suggests that Zn-DTPA preferentially removed Pu from the most carcinogenic locations in the skeleton, such as on bone surfaces near living cells. PMID- 3749465 TI - A model-free way of representing hyperthermia cell survival data. AB - We present a method of fitting curves to cell survival data that is free from all model assumptions, requiring only that the fitted curves be decreasing and reasonably smooth, where the degree of smoothness is determined from considerations of experimental error. The fitted curves are then differentiated to yield frequency distributions of cell killing times, which may be of value in defining subpopulations with different sensitivities to the cytotoxic agent under study. In addition, confidence intervals on the fitted curves and frequency distributions are obtained by Monte Carlo simulation. The results allow the objective and model-free assessment of the effects of various experimental interventions on cell survival. PMID- 3749466 TI - Thermal adaptation in CHO cells at 40 degrees C: the influence of growth conditions and the role of heat shock proteins. AB - The kinetics of thermal adaptation at the nonlethal temperature of 40 degrees C was studied in CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) cells in vitro. Thermal resistance, demonstrated as an increase in mean 45 degrees C killing time or as an increase in the shoulder of the 45 degrees C survival curve, was fully developed by 2 h. Control cells in early logarithmic phase were more heat sensitive than those in stationary phase. Corresponding 45 degrees C killing time frequency distributions were unimodal with an increase in mean killing time from early logarithmic to stationary phase. Cells which were thermally adapted at 40 degrees C for 6 h had biphasic 45 degrees C killing time frequency distributions, and as cells progressed from early logarithmic to stationary phase the heat-sensitive subpopulation progressively declined. Exposure to 40 degrees C produced a 30% increase in total protein synthesis. Proteins with molecular weights 72, 89, and 109 kDa which correspond to those induced by lethal heat shock were synthesized at 40 degrees C, but there was no close temporal correlation between the development of heat resistance at 40 degrees C and synthesis of the heat shock proteins. Cycloheximide (100 micrograms/ml) reduced the mean 45 degrees C killing time but did not totally prevent the development of heat resistance at 40 degrees C. PMID- 3749467 TI - Hyperthermic radiosensitization of thermotolerant Chinese hamster ovary cells. AB - Synchronous G1 cells were given a priming dose of heat (45.5 degrees C for 15 min) and then heated and irradiated 6-120 h later. Compared to heat radiosensitization for cells irradiated 10 min after the priming heat dose (thermal enhancement ratio, TER of 2.6 for a 10-fold reduction in survival), heat radiosensitization 18-24 h after the priming heat dose was less (i.e., TER of 1.6 for radiation at 24 h compared with heat-radiation at 24 h). A thermotolerance ratio (TTR) at 24 h was calculated to be 2.6/1.6 = 1.6. TERs at 100-fold or 1000 fold reduction in survival and ratios of slopes of radiation survival curves also showed that the cells developed a similar amount of thermotolerance for heat radiosensitization at 18-24 h. Furthermore, since the TER for heat radiosensitization increased with heat killing either from the priming heat dose or the second heat dose in a similar manner for single or fractionated doses, the TER for nonthermotolerant and thermotolerant cells was the same when related to the heat damage (i.e., amount of killing from heat alone). When the radiation response of cells heated and irradiated 6-120 h after the priming heat dose was compared with the response of cells receiving radiation only, changes in TER as a function of time after the initial priming heat dose were shown to involve: recovery of heat damage interacting with the subsequent radiation dose, thermotolerance for heat radiosensitization, and redistribution of cells surviving the first heat dose into radioresistant phases of the cell cycle. In fact, redistribution resulted in a minimal TER at 72 h for heat-radiation compared with radiation alone, instead of at 24 h where maximal thermotolerance for heat killing was observed [P. K. Holahan and W. C. Dewey, Radiat. Res. 106, 111 (1986)]. These observations are discussed relative to clinical considerations and similar results reported from in vivo experiments. PMID- 3749468 TI - Late effects of abdominal radiation on intestinal uptake of nutrients. AB - The late effects of variable doses of abdominal irradiation on in vitro jejunal uptake were examined. The uptake of glucose, galactose, cholic acid, medium-chain length fatty acids, and decanol was studied 6 and 33 weeks following 300, 600, or 900 cGy abdominal irradiation. The intestinal morphological characteristics were similar 6 and 33 weeks after radiation. The uptake of cholic acid was unaffected by abdominal irradiation, but for glucose, galactose, and four fatty acids the direction and magnitude of the changes in uptake were influenced by the dose of irradiation and by the interval following exposure. The greater uptake of decanol at 6 weeks but lower uptake of decanol at 33 weeks reflected changes in the resistance of the intestinal unstirred water layer. These absorption changes suggest that the intestine may not be capable of correcting the transport abnormalities arising from sublethal doses of abdominal irradiation. PMID- 3749469 TI - PLD repair in rat rhabdomyosarcoma tumor cells irradiated in vivo and in vitro with high-LET and low-LET radiation. AB - Results are reported of studies to measure the extent of recovery of potentially lethal damage (PLD) in rat rhabdomyosarcoma tumor cells after irradiation both in vivo and in vitro with either high-LET or low-LET radiation. Stationary-phase cultures were found to exhibit repair of PLD following irradiation in vitro either with low-LET X rays or with high-LET neon ions in the extended-peak ionization region. Following a 9-Gy dose of 225-kVp X rays or a 3.5-Gy dose of peak neon ions, both of which reduced the initial cell survival to 6-8%, the maximum PLD recovery factors were 3.4 and 1.6, respectively. In contrast, the standard tumor excision assay procedure failed to reveal any recovery from PLD in tumors irradiated in situ with either X rays or peak neon ions. PLD repair by the in vivo tumor cells could be observed, however, when the excision assay procedure was altered by the addition of a known PLD repair inhibitor beta arabinofuranosyladenine (beta-ara-A). When a noncytotoxic 50 microM concentration of beta-ara-A was added to the excised tumor cells immediately following a 14.5 Gy in situ dose of X rays, cell survival in the inhibitor-treated cells was lower than in the untreated cells (0.018 compared to 0.056), resulting in a PLD repair inhibition factor of 3.1. Delaying the addition of beta-ara-A for 1, 2, or 3 h following tumor excision reduced the PLD repair inhibition factor to 1.6, 1.5, and 0.9, respectively. Following tumor irradiation in situ with neon ions in the extended-peak ionization region (median LET = 145 keV/micron), less PLD repair was observed than after X irradiation. For 5.8 Gy of peak neon ions, the PLD repair inhibition factors were 2.1, 1.5, 1.3, and 1.1 at 0, 1, 2, and 3 h, respectively. We interpret the absence of measurable PLD repair using the standard tumor excision assay procedure as resulting from undetectable repair occurring during the long interval (about 2 h) required for the cell dissociation and plating procedures. We conclude that at least for our tumor system, PLD repair does occur after irradiation of tumors in situ, even though it is not detectable using the standard tumor excision assay procedure. Thus a failure to measure such repair by this assay in a given tumor system does not necessarily mean the cells are incapable of PLD repair. PMID- 3749470 TI - Absence of contact effects in irradiated EMT6-Rw tumors. AB - Some cells have been reported to show greater resistance to drugs or radiation when growing with close intercellular contacts in spheroids or in solid tumors than when growing with few intercellular contacts in sparse cultures. In some cases this increased resistance reflects an increased capacity of cells in close contact to repair cytotoxic damage. However, not all tumors show contact effects, and in some tumors and spheroids the increased resistance appears to be produced by environmental factors, such as hypoxia, rather than by changes in the repair capacity of the cells. To assess whether EMT6-Rw cells showed increased intrinsic radioresistance when grown as solid tumors, we compared survival curves for cells in exponentially growing monolayers and in solid tumors in BALB/c mice. To avoid complications arising from regional heterogeneity in oxygenation within solid tumors, these irradiations were performed under conditions of uniform, maximal hypoxia. The two survival curves were indistinguishable. Moreover, survival curves for cells suspended from solid tumors, plated at low densities and irradiated immediately, after 5 h of incubation or after 24 h of incubation, were indistinguishable from one another and were indistinguishable from survival curves for cells suspended from exponentially growing monolayers and irradiated immediately using an identical protocol. It therefore appears that contact effects are insignificant for irradiated EMT6-Rw tumors and that the intrinsic radiosensitivity of these cells is similar in culture and in solid tumors. PMID- 3749472 TI - [Survival of clonogenic cells of Lewis lung carcinoma cells forming colonies in agar cultures in diffusion chambers during gamma-irradiation and exposure to gamma-neutron californium-252 irradiation]. AB - Clonogenic cells forming colonies in agar cultures in diffusion chambers and those isolated from subcutaneously transplanted Lewis lung carcinoma do not differ in their sensitivity to 60Co gamma-rays with respect to tumor growth stages. The dose-survival curves for all studied cells are S-shaped with a small shoulder. A cumulative dose-survival curve for malignant clonogenic cells is characterized by the average value of mean lethal dose D0 = 2.24 Gy and extrapolation number n = 2.0. When exposed to gamma-neutron-radiation (252Cf) malignant clonogenic cells exhibit a nearly exponential dose-survival curve with D0 = 0.56 Gy (with respect to a neutron component). The RBE of gamma-neutron radiation (252Cf) is 2.5. PMID- 3749473 TI - [Mechanism of action of small doses of radiation]. AB - Opposite changes occur in the intensity of UV-fluorescence (UVF) in irradiated (0.1 Gy and 5.0 Gy) HeLa cells. The radiometric study has demonstrated that there is a correlation between the number of tryptophan-containing proteins and UVF intensity in nonirradiated and irradiated (5.0 Gy) cells during culture growth. Such a correlation was absent in cells exposed to 0.1 Gy radiation. Low radiation doses (0.1 Gy) have maximum action on cytoplasm membrane fluorescence. Low-level radiation changes the intensity of the ANS probe fluorescence connected with cell membranes, and the intensity of the cell protein UVF. High radiation doses increase and low doses decrease the probe fluorescence. PMID- 3749471 TI - [Chromosome aberrations and reproductive death of mammalian cells. Quantitative relations between these effects]. AB - The data reported in the literature concerning the relationship between the yield of chromosome aberrations and the number of cells without aberrations, on the one hand, and the survival rate of mammalian cells, on the other, with a reference to different types of radiation are reviewed in this article. It is shown that the number of chromosome aberrations per one lethal damage, as to the results obtained by different authors, ranges from 0.5 to 1.5, this discrepancy is mainly due to different methods applied by different authors, and at least one chromosome aberration corresponds to a lethal damage caused by irradiation in the G1 phase. PMID- 3749475 TI - [Study of factors determining the clonogenic capacity of irradiated cells by computer simulation]. AB - The methods of the multifactor disperse analysis of the results of studies of the simulation model of the effect of ionizing radiation on cell populations were used to study the role of some characteristics of the stationary culture in its response to a single radiation effect. The clonogenic capacity of cells was used as a criterion for assessing the biological effect of radiation. "The share of resting cells" was a predominant factor influencing the survival of irradiated cell populations. PMID- 3749474 TI - [Postradiation changes in the thyroid gland and skeletal muscle after exposure to iodine-131]. AB - The functional status of rat skeletal muscles was studied at dormancy and during the intensive muscular work under conditions of repeated administration of iodine 131 in doses causing reversible and irreversible damages to thyroid gland (the absorbed doses were from 0.27 to 266 Gy). The biochemical changes in muscles were transient; they correlated with the thyroid gland status and lifetime of animals and were displayed during the first 15 days and 2-12 months after the start of the isotope injection. PMID- 3749476 TI - [Synergism in the effect of gamma-radiation and quinoid radiotoxins on mice and cultured lymphoid cells]. AB - A considerable increase in the lethal effect of gamma-radiation on mice was noted after postirradiation administration of nontoxic quantities of quinoid radiotoxins (synergism). The same synergistic effect was observed on human lymphoid cells Raji in culture. PMID- 3749477 TI - [Correctness of the microdosimetric approach in radiobiology]. AB - The application of Bernoulli model to describe the response of irradiated cell populations permits to formulate the task strictly in terms of the probability theory. The important results obtained are useful in analyzing more critically the applicability of the microdosimetric approach. The well known Kellerer-Rossi and Chadwick-Leenhouts theories were shown to have very serious contradictions in their basis. PMID- 3749478 TI - [Radiation protection effectiveness of various zootoxins]. AB - A study was made of the effectiveness of a new class of radioprotective agents, polypeptides, obtained from zootoxins of scorpion, tarantula, Lathrodectes tredecimguttatus, and bee under conditions of a short-term and long-term irradiation. The peptide fraction of the scorpion venom, butoxin, was most radioprotective: it provided 65% survival after LD98/30. Butoxin exerted a stimulatory effect on the hypophysis-adrenal system and haemopoiesis of intact and irradiated animals. PMID- 3749479 TI - [The use of image recognition methods in evaluating the degree of severity of radiation injury]. AB - The possibility of application of mathematical methods of the image recognition theory for the estimation of radiation damage severity (RDS) is grounded. The application of the method for the RDS estimation according to densito-geometrical parameters of the peripheral blood lymphocytes is described. The decisive rules for the estimation of the RDS within the feature space are developed. The obtained statistically valid linear discriminant functions possess a high descriptive and prognostic power. PMID- 3749480 TI - [Effect of short-term induced hyperglycemia on the effectiveness of x-ray and neutron irradiation]. AB - A study was made of the modifying effect of a short-term induced hyperglycemia on the effectiveness of X- and neutron-radiation. It was shown that relative biological effectiveness of 6.0 MeV neutrons emitted by cyclotron U-120 was 2.33, in relation to standard X-radiation, as determined by the survival rate of irradiated HeLa cells. The short-term induced hyperglycemia increased the effectiveness of both X- and neutron-radiation; the changeability of the latter, however, was decreased as compared to X-radiation. PMID- 3749482 TI - [Comparative study of chemiluminescence and resistance of serum and its components after radiation exposure]. AB - Kinetics of spontaneous chemiluminescence (CL) and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) and resistance of blood serum and its protein, lipid and carbohydrate components under the effect of X-rays (3 to 1622 Gy) and the indirect effect of radiation initiated by the addition of hydrogen peroxide (1.5 X 10(-5)-1.5%) was studied to estimate the contribution of each of the serum components to cumulative changes in the kinetics of free radical oxidation initiated by the effect of radiation. There was a parametric dependence between the absorbed dose, the rate of ECL and the resistance of blood serum and its components. As the absorbed dose or hydrogen peroxide concentration increased ECL contribution to the cumulative luminescence signal regularly decreased. Changes in CL and ECL of blood serum induced by ionizing radiation and H2O2 were qualitatively similar. The kinetics of free radical oxidation of blood serum initiated by irradiation was determined integrally (according to CL and ECL parameters) by a complex of changes in its components. PMID- 3749481 TI - [Effect of the gaseous hypoxic mixture GHM-10 on the radiosensitivity of the fetus and the development of offspring]. AB - A gas hypoxic mixture containing 10 percent of O2 and 90 percent of N2 was shown to exert a radioprotective action on pregnant rats and young rats of the first generation if animals were exposed to ionizing radiation during the periods of preimplantation, organogenesis and fetus development. The effect depended on the radiation dose and the period of the intrauterine development of fetus. PMID- 3749483 TI - [Effect of electron and steric interactions on the radioprotective properties of indolylalkylamines]. AB - Molecular mechanisms of radioprotective action of some substituted indolylalkylamines are discussed in terms of the statistical correlation analysis. It was established that electron and steric properties of the substituents are the factors influencing the radioprotective efficiency of these compounds. It was shown that the correlation obtained, relating the structure of the compounds to the radioprotective effect, may be applied in studies of the mechanism of action of the preparations and for the purposeful synthesis of new compounds. PMID- 3749484 TI - [Relation between the electron and information factors and the radioprotective effectiveness of sulfur-containing compounds]. AB - There is a simple relationship between the radioprotective effectiveness of sulfur-containing preparations and chemical structure of the compounds. It is established that the administration of the protector to the organism is just as effective as introduction of certain portion of information which should exceed some threshold for the effective radioprotectors. PMID- 3749485 TI - [Comparative characteristics of the modification of radiosensitivity of mice and rats by a hypoxic mixture]. AB - A comparative study was made of changes in radiosensitivity of mice and rats given hypoxic mixtures (GHM) containing 6 to 15% of oxygen. The radioprotective effect of the GHM was more pronounced in mice than rats. The dependence of the radioprotective effect of the GHM on the oxygen content was well approximated by the equations: (Formula: see text). In experiments on rats, the oxygen content of 13.8% was shown to be a threshold the exceeding of which removed the modifying effect of the GHM. PMID- 3749486 TI - [Cytogenetic effectiveness of the therapeutic beam of fast neutrons emitted by the cyclotron U-120]. AB - The data are reported on the effectiveness of the therapeutic fast neutron beam of the medicobiological complex U-120 (Institute for Nuclear Research, Academy of Sciences of Ukrainian SSR) as determined by the yield of chromosome aberrations in lymphocyte culture of human peripheral blood irradiated in the air and in the water phantom. PMID- 3749487 TI - Image contrast in nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. PMID- 3749488 TI - Personal monitoring period for radiographers. PMID- 3749489 TI - The John Scott memorial lecture 1985. Space invaders. PMID- 3749490 TI - Explanatory literature in the X-ray department: is it necessary? PMID- 3749491 TI - A biological approach to breast cancer. PMID- 3749492 TI - Guidance for counsellors for Module F of the HDCR. PMID- 3749494 TI - Computer memory. PMID- 3749493 TI - The selection interview: guidelines for applicants. PMID- 3749495 TI - Radionuclide localisation of parathyroid abnormality. PMID- 3749496 TI - Safe handling time for film in X-ray darkrooms. PMID- 3749497 TI - Conservative dentistry. PMID- 3749498 TI - Portal hypertension: angiographic and hemodynamic evaluation. AB - There has been a correlation of three hemodynamic parameters with the etiology of portal hypertension and one of the major determinants of therapeutic success, namely, the direction of portal flow. The presence of a 4 mm Hg or greater gradient between the right atrium and the intrahepatic inferior vena cava associated with a "lumpy" pull-back tracing between the wedged and free positions has been associated with alcoholic liver disease. Such patients have antegrade portal flow when their AoD/HWP ratio is in the range of 2.6 to 2.0, and flow becomes stagnant or reversed below this range. Nonalcoholic liver disease is characterized by the absence of a gradient between the right atrium and the inferior vena cava and by a pull-back tracing that falls smoothly and rapidly to the free hepatic vein value. These patients have antegrade portal flow with an AoD/HWP ratio in the range of 1.7 to 1.5. The correct characterization of the cause for diffuse liver disease and direction of portal flow applies to the selection process for patients being considered for the selective distal splenorenal shunt as well as for the newer procedure of orthotopic liver transplantation. It is hoped that the wider application of these physiologic parameters, in the context of an increasing array of imaging tools for the portal system, including high-resolution ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), will continue to offer all clinicians interested in the problem of portal hypertension a reliable guide to prognosis and the success of the particular treatment provided. PMID- 3749499 TI - [Determination of heart size and measurements of blood vessels in chest imaging of 4 to 15-year-old children with a healthy cardiovascular system]. AB - The standard heart size, i.e., heart diameters and heart volume, of normal children aged 4-15 years were obtained. In all cases requiring exact heart-size determination, heart volume calculation is mandatory in children as well as in adults. Statistical work to date has provided the precise calculation of heart volume from plain films in the upright position. Additional plain films in the prone position are unnecessary because there is no evidence of an orthostatic influence on heart volume in children. The percentiles of normal heart volume related to body weight, representing the best correlation to the individual data, are given as well as percentiles related to age. Furthermore, ratios of normal vessel size to the height of the 8th thoracic vertebral body, measured on the same plain film, are given. In addition, the ratio of upper-to-lower lung vessel size is calculated. These ratios are useful criteria in estimating normal vessel size and also in cases with increased pulmonary venous pressure. PMID- 3749500 TI - [Angiocinedensitometry with ECG-controlled injections in patients with healthy kidneys and kidney tumors]. AB - According to the method, the necessary equipment and actual attainment of measurements, the results of cinedensitometric evaluations are discussed. The results are based on angiographic examinations of 80 patients (41 hypernephroma and 39 normal kidneys) who have been studied using X-ray cinedensitometry. It could be proven that with the ECG-triggered injection of contrast-medium, measurements of the pulsatile flow in the renal artery during the various periods of heart-motions could be performed with a high degree of accuracy. Curves of the velocity of the bloodflow are therefore attainable. The average velocities of bloodflow show normal values of 8.5 ml/s in normal kidneys, which means 570 ml/min. In hypernephromas, there were increased velocities of bloodflow measuring up to 1400 ml/min, that is a maximal flow of 760 ml/min. Depending upon the pulsatile flow the curves of the bloodflow velocity are very distinctive. The examples of values of bloodflow velocity in hypertrophic kidneys or in hypervascularized renal tumors support these findings. The lower the measured flow velocity is, the more uniform the pattern of the flow profile will be. PMID- 3749501 TI - [Rippstein and Muller roentgenologic determination of the actual femoral neck shaft and antetorsion angle. 1: Correction of the conversion table and study of the effects of positioning errors]. AB - The femoral neck-shaft angle (CCD) and the angle of torsion (AT) are angles in space; in commonly used radiographs the angles are not portrayed in their actual true size (rCCD, rAT) but in their projected size, which deviates somewhat (pCCD, pAT). The formulas required for the conversion are explained in detail and the previous conversion tables have been corrected. The effects of minor deviations (5 degrees, 10 degrees and 20 degrees, increased/decreased abduction or flexion, exterior/interior rotation) from the prescribed position of the patient have been calculated and are displayed in diagrams. It is evident that determination of the angles according to Rippstein and Muller can be influenced to a considerable extend by minor discrepancies (+/- 5 degrees -10 degrees) in the positioning of the patient. If there are high AT-angle values or positioning of the patient causes problems, and where determination of the angle would involve major therapeutic measurements, another procedure will have to be used that should be almost independent from discrepancies in the positioning of the patient. PMID- 3749502 TI - [Roentgenologic determination of the actual femoral neck-shaft and antetorsion angle. 2: Alternatives to the Rippstein and Muller procedure]. AB - The method developed by Rippstein and Muller allows mathematically exact determination of the femoral neck-shaft angle (CCD) and the angle of torsion (AT); at a deviation of 5 degrees--10 degrees from the prescribed position of the patient considerable errors (up to more than 15 degrees) can occur. For this reason two alternative methods are cited and described in detail: cinematographic determination of the CCD and AT angle according to Schwetlick and the combination of determination of the AT angle in exterior rotation according to Rogers and an anteroposterior roentgenogram of the pelvis and hips in interior rotation of the size of the AT angle. Both methods are also mathematically exact, but, in addition almost independent from minor deviations in the positioning of the patient. It is advisable to apply one of the cited methods in cases of high AT angle values (much greater than 30 degrees), in cases where the placing of the patient is difficult and where the determination of the angles would require major therapeutic measurement. PMID- 3749504 TI - [X-ray diagnosis of foot deformities]. AB - In order to analyze foot deformities, the foot is divided into three compartments. Their normal and pathological positions are defined by the alignment of the bones' axes. The various foot deformities can be put down to a malalignment of the particular compartments. X-ray analysis of the malalignment allows a diagnosis to be made. The most important congenital and acquired foot deformities are discussed. PMID- 3749505 TI - [Isolated arteriosclerotic aneurysms of the iliac arteries. Clinical picture, diagnosis and therapy with special reference to x-ray findings]. AB - Isolated aneurysms of the iliac arteries (IA) represent a distinct clinical entity and must be differentiated in this regard from abdominal aortic aneurysms (AA). They may be well characterized within the spectrum of aneurysmic diseases by their localization and their close topographical relationship to neighboring organs. As they cannot be palpated as well as infrarenal AA, they are prone to develop to a considerable size without producing clinical symptoms. The difficulties in diagnosing an IA can be attributed to its relationship with the urogenital, the gastrointestinal and neuromuscular systems as well as with the large veins in the depth of the pelvis. The prognosis can be considered less favorable than that of other AA as iliac structures are involved and the evolution of the process is more advanced at the time of diagnosis. Four cases of arteriosclerotic IA are presented. They demonstrate the specific nature of the disease at different stages of evolution, characterized by clinical course and complications. It must be emphasized that distinct, staged imaging techniques should be used, applying conventional and modern radiological procedures, according to the urgency of the envisaged surgical approach. PMID- 3749503 TI - [Congenital and acquired foot deformities in the x-ray picture]. AB - In addition to general radiologic aspects there are special orthopedic considerations in interpretation of x-rays of the foot. This is especially important for the diagnosis of orthopedic foot diseases. In clubfoot x-rays are useful for therapeutic planning and control. Even in the first months of life radiographs can show important disturbances of growth of the foot and displacement of the bones of the tarsus. In other congenital foot deformities x rays are important for diagnostic reasons: they prove luxations or skeletal deformities. The most important acquired foot disease is the pronating foot. X rays do not only show the amount of joint damage and structural changes of bones but also allow to draw conclusions to be drawn about the causes of static and dynamic changes of the foot skeleton. Functional diagnostic radiological investigation is of decisive importance for evaluation of infantile pronating foot. X-rays allow the differentiation to be made between physiological and pathologic changes. Subtle radiographic investigation is essential while planning operative treatment in childhood, as in adults. PMID- 3749506 TI - The cardiovascular risk of diuretic-induced hypokalemia and elevated cholesterol. PMID- 3749507 TI - Nosology and diagnosis of alcoholism. Issues and perspectives in subtyping (DSM III) simple alcoholism and alcoholism associated with other psychopathologies. AB - The presence of psychopathological syndromes in alcoholic in-patients was assessed using the NIMH-Diagnosis. The most stricking finding of this study was the high percentage of additional psychopathological syndromes associated to alcoholism. Based on this finding, a tentative classification of alcoholism is proposed. The urgent need for a comprehensive diagnostic scheme for alcoholism is underlined. PMID- 3749508 TI - Alcohol dependence: a biobehavioral perspective. AB - The behaviorally based constructs of DSM-III have differentiated alcohol abuse and dependence, wherein the latter has been characterized by: a history of tolerance and physical dependence; and a history of pathological drinking patterns and/or problems consequent to drinking behavior (APA-DSM III 1980). In contrast, ICD-9 refers to an alcohol dependence syndrome which follows the model proposed by Edwards and Gross in 1976. The WHO memorandum on nomenclature and classification of drug and alcohol related problems has further proposed that alcohol dependence be defined along a continuum of severity, and that dependence be differentiated from severity of alcohol related disabilities (Edwards et al. 1981). In many respects, the alcohol dependence syndrome construct is consistent with Jellinek's disease concept of alcoholism which had its antecedents in medical writings of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries (Lender 1979). Commencing in the early 1960's, many behavioral and social scientists were critical of the disease model of alcoholism. Behavioral researchers found that the drinking behavior of alcoholic subjects could be controlled by its consequences in the laboratory, suggesting that drinking behavior was like any operant. Longitudinal studies of drinking practices suggested that relapse to dependent drinking did not appear to be inevitable. In general, these researchers have utilized behavioral and epidemiological data to prove the null hypothesis: that there was no biological disease behind alcohol addiction. In contrast to the operant studies which served to rebut the disease construct, Ludwig and associates employed a model of Pavlovian conditioning which suggested a relationship between an alcoholic's desire to drink and an increase in autonomic arousal associated with the presence of alcohol (Ludwig et al. 1977).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3749509 TI - Diagnosis and nosology of alcoholism. PMID- 3749510 TI - Use of chromosomally mapped and identified mouse brain proteins for behavioral genetic analysis of alcoholism. AB - A logical first place to look in order to identify loci determining behavioral differences between inbred and certain outbred strains of mice is among the proteins expressed in brain. Fourteen mouse brain proteins have been demonstrated to be genetically variant, four of these have been chromosomally mapped and an additional twelve have been identified and can be simultaneously screened by two dimensional electrophoresis. Certain genetic differences in behavior relevant to alcohol consumption and the effects of alcohol occur between inbred, recombinant inbred and selectively outbred strains. Two genetic correlations are reported, one between an isoelectric point variant of A7 (a 71 kd, pI 5.4 abundant protein) and resistance to signs of ethanol withdrawal and the other between A12 (a 28 kd, pI 5.6 protein) and ethanol intake. Though tentative, these findings illustrate the power of this approach for behavioral genetic analysis and may allow the biochemical genetic bases of these traits to be understood. PMID- 3749511 TI - P300 and alcohol consumption in normals and individuals at risk for alcoholism. A preliminary report. AB - Pairs of college student subjects (36 male, 36 female) were matched on age, sex, and personal drinking history. One pair member had a parent who met the DSM III criteria of alcoholism, while the other pair member had no close alcoholic relative. The P300 event-related brain potential (ERP) was obtained from each subject with auditory stimuli in an "oddball" paradigm. Target stimuli occurred randomly on 20% of the trials in a frequency discrimination task, a relatively easy intensity discrimination task, and a more difficult intensity discrimination task. Subjects indicated when the target items occurred by moving their index finger. No significant overall effects were obtained for family history for either P300 latency or amplitude. P300 latency increased and amplitude decreased with increases in the reported amount of alcohol consumption in all subjects only for the difficult intensity task but were statistically significant only for individuals with a negative family history for alcoholism. PMID- 3749512 TI - Correlates of increased risk for alcoholism in young men. AB - Healthy men, aged 21-28, were divided into two groups according to the DSM-III diagnosis of alcoholism in their biological fathers. Evoked potentials from each subject were measured according to a visual odd-ball paradigm designed to elicit large responses in the midline parietal, Pz, lead. Subjects with alcoholic fathers produced significantly smaller amplitudes of the P3 component compared to subjects with non-alcoholic fathers. Reaction time, task difficulty and subject drinking history did not distinguish the groups. Subject's drinking history was not related to P3 amplitude. PMID- 3749513 TI - The role of aldehyde dehydrogenase isozyme variance in alcohol sensitivity, drinking habits formation and the development of alcoholism in Japan, Taiwan and the Philippines. AB - It is known that aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) responsible for metabolism of acetaldehyde deriving from ethanol has two distinct forms of isozymes: ALDH-I (low Km ALDH) and ALDH-II (high Km ALDH), and that many Orientals lack ALDH-I isozyme genetically. In the present study, the role of ALDH isozyme variance in the alcohol sensitivity, drinking habits formation and the development of alcoholism was investigated in Japan, Taiwan and the Phillipines. Isozyme analysis using isoelectric focusing of hair roots specimens from normal volunteers or schizophrenics revealed that about 42% of Japanese, 35% of Taiwanese and 12% of Phillipines were ALDH-I deficient. Questionnaire study of Japanese volunteers indicated that ALDH-I deficient individuals showed flushing, palpitation and other uncomfortable somatic signs, due to reduced metabolism of acetaldehyde, much more frequently than ALDH-I positive ones. Consequently, it occurred that only 19% (8/42) of ALDH-I deficient persons, in contrast to 49% (29/59) of ALDH-I positive ones, were drinking habitually. Patients with alcoholism showed much smaller percentages of ALDH-I deficiency: 4% (5/113) in Japan and 10% (3/29) in Taiwan, than those of control subjects. Summarizing these data, a hypothesis can be presented that genetically derived difference of ALDH activities is one of the determining factors in the sensitivity to alcohol, formation of drinking habits, and finally in the development of alcoholism, at least among Oriental peoples. PMID- 3749514 TI - [Effect of methotrexate on 5-fluorouracil metabolism and clinical studies with methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil sequential therapy]. PMID- 3749517 TI - [Sadism and masochism]. PMID- 3749515 TI - [Law and history. On the psychoanalytic concept of knowledge]. PMID- 3749516 TI - [Americanism, antiamericanism--or what else?]. PMID- 3749518 TI - Some alterations of lipid metabolism in spontaneously hypertensive rats in relation to the stage of hypertension. PMID- 3749519 TI - [Serum IgA level--one more indicator of the morphological and functional state of liver cells]. PMID- 3749520 TI - [Triacylglycerol and glycogen levels in the gastric and duodenal mucosa in patients with different values of gastric acid secretion]. PMID- 3749521 TI - [Effect of hypotensive drugs on lipid metabolism]. PMID- 3749522 TI - [Leiomyosarcoma of Meckel's diverticulum]. PMID- 3749523 TI - Conservative treatment of breast cancer in Europe: report of the Groupe Europeen de Curietherapie. AB - These two meetings organised successively to discuss the conservative methods of treatment of breast cancer, made it possible to gather data on a substantial number of patients from an important number of European centers. It is encouraging to note that there is a general consensus among the various European centers concerning the basic principles of treatment and that long years of experience have led to the use of well defined technical protocols which are relatively similar from one center to another. Since serious complications have now become exceptional, we foresee that the conservative treatment of breast cancer will continue to evolve on a technical level as the indications for this approach continue to develop within the overall plan of patient care with the assurance that optimum results may be maintained. However, we must point out that the lack of a unified system of reporting irradiation doses in volumes corresponding to the possible and/or real extension of the tumor remains an obstacle in developing a truly unified attitude in the application of these techniques. Each center defines the radiation dose given by wide field techniques and the dose given by cone-down (boost) techniques in a relatively arbitrary way without true anatomic correlations. These correlations must be found and defined, so that a specified dose has a universal meaning. The role of the surgeon in the successful application of breast conserving techniques is far from negligible. Now that our colleagues who wield the scalpel have begun to gain confidence in the curative powers of irradiation, we may hope that a close collaboration between radiotherapist and surgeon will lead to the application of conservative techniques under optimal conditions in the breast, with the development of minimal tumorectomy and minimal curative cone-down dose; and in the axilla, with the development of axillary dissection limited to the lower border of the pectoralis minor and followed by radiation therapy only if more than two nodes show tumor involvement. However, it is important to point out that while it is possible to use radiation therapy alone to treat breast cancer and conserve the breast at all stages of the development of the disease, it is not possible to use conservative surgical techniques alone as a substitute for adequate irradiation. The development of protocols which routinely apply breast conserving methods in synonymous with the development and routine use of the best radiation therapy techniques. This article presents two separate and complementary studies of two different sets of data presented at two successive meetings.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3749525 TI - A rat lung cancer model based on intrapulmonary implantation of tumour material. AB - A lung cancer model based on implantation of tumour fragments in the posterior lobe of the right lung of WAG/Rij rats by a surgical procedure has been developed. Two transplantable squamous cell carcinomas which were induced by implanted iridium-192 wires in the lung, were used in this study. The characteristics of these tumours following intrapulmonary implantation are reported with respect to growth rate, invasiveness and metastasizing capacity. The tumour volumes are determined by X-ray chest radiographs. Mean tumour volume doubling times are about 9 days. This system provides a means to evaluate treatment regimens involving irradiation and chemotherapeutic drugs. PMID- 3749524 TI - Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas following radiation therapy alone for Hodgkin's disease. AB - We have recently treated three patients who developed a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma after therapy with radiation alone for Hodgkin's disease. The secondary non Hodgkin's lymphomas occurred 4 years (two patients) and 11.5 years after receiving irradiation. Thirteen additional cases have been reported and are reviewed with attention to the subsequent histology and response to treatment of these secondary non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The pathogenesis is unknown, but, may be therapy-related or part of the natural history of the lymphocyte predominance subtype of Hodgkin's disease. Possible mechanisms will be discussed. A subset of the patients with secondary lymphomas following radiation therapy alone are curable with chemotherapy. New sites of disease after apparent control of Hodgkin's disease require pathology for confirmation of the disease process and appropriate therapy. PMID- 3749526 TI - Intracerebroventricular injections of cholecystokinin octapeptide suppress feeding in rats--pharmacological characterization of this action. AB - Cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8), administered intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.), will suppress feeding. The aim of the present study was to determine the pharmacological characteristics of this satiety inducing effect in rats. For this purpose, we employed a feeding bioassay model in 24 h fasted rats and examined the effects of CCK-8 and a variety of structurally related analogs on latency to feed after i.c.v. injection and on the amount of food and water consumed as measured after the initiation of feeding in sequential 20-min epochs for 1 h. CCK-8, given in doses of 0.1, 1 and 10 nmol, produced a dose-dependent increase in feeding latency and a reduction of food intake during the first 20 min after initiation of feeding. Food intake during the next 40 min and water consumption were not altered. Plasma levels of CCK-like immunoreactivity after an i.c.v. injection of a dose of CCK-8 which blocked feeding (10 nmol) rose insignificantly from 117 to 125 pg/ml. In contrast, at the minimally effective dose of CCK-8 after i.v. administration (10 nmol), which also produced an inhibition of feeding, the plasma level was 1430 pg/ml. This difference indicates that plasma levels of CCK after i.c.v. CCK-8 are not adequate to produce the observed feeding suppression and suggests that the effects of i.c.v. CCK-8 are not mediated by a peripheral redistribution. Systematic dose response studies revealed the following rank order of potencies: CCK-8 greater than or equal to G 17 II much greater than CCK-8 NS = G-17 I greater than or equal to CCK-4 = CCK 26 29 = 0. Only gastrin-17 II (sulfated) produced an effect comparably significant to CCK-8. I.c.v. proglumide at 2500 nmol failed to modify the effects of CCK-8 at 10 nmol after i.c.v. injection. These data demonstrate that the structural requirements for feeding suppressive activity in rat brain are the carboxyterminus with a sulfated tyrosine residue, located 6 to 7 residues from the carboxyterminus, as present in CCK-8 and gastrin-17 II. PMID- 3749527 TI - Isolation and characterization of a neurotensin-like decapeptide from a canine upper small intestinal extract. AB - Neurotensin-like immunoreactivity can be detected in extracts of canine upper gastrointestinal mucosa when measured by carboxyl terminal but not by amino terminal antibodies to neurotensin. The nature of this immunoreactive material was characterized by complete purification on gel filtration and HPLC followed by peptide microsequence analysis. The structure obtained was Glu-Asn-Lys-Pro-Arg Arg-Pro-Tyr-Ile-(Leu), identical in structure to the carboxyl terminal decapeptide of neurotensin. It cannot, however, be excluded that this neurotensin decapeptide was generated from a larger neurotensin-like peptide during the extraction procedure by a physiological or artificial enzymatic process. Since carboxyl terminal neurotensin fragments containing eight or more residues have full biological activity, this peptide may be responsible for neurotensin-like biological activities within the mucosa of, or after release from, the upper gut. PMID- 3749528 TI - [Control system of stockers in radioisotopes storage room using a personal computer]. AB - This paper describes a control system of stockers for radioactive source in storage room at laboratory for tracer experiment. The system is composed of a personal computer, a locker controller, three card readers, a monitor TV, and a video tape recorder (VTR). The personal computer controls other equipment with a registered user's number. When a user inserts an identification card into the card reader, the computer memorizes assigned gate number, the user's number and the time; it processes those data and prints out a document. The locker controller releases the electric key of user's locker which is designated by the computer. The VTR records the person entering into the storage room to identity if he uses his card. This system proved to effectively prevent intrusion into the storage room of an unregistered person or to use carelessly other user's source; in addition it can record precisely the stock of radioactive source. PMID- 3749529 TI - [The application of intestinal 47Ca absorption test to the patients of hemodialysis with chronic renal insufficiency]. PMID- 3749530 TI - [Fundamental evaluation of aldosterone by aldosterone radioimmunoassay kit II]. PMID- 3749531 TI - [Isotope effects in the biological processes--isotope effect in the drug metabolism study]. PMID- 3749532 TI - [Study of comparison between neutron activation analysis and the other analytical methods]. PMID- 3749533 TI - [Development of neutral and bifunctional radiopharmaceuticals using 62Cu dithiosemicarbazone (DTS) chelate--basic studies on 64Cu chelates]. AB - Recent plausibility of generator produced 62Cu, a positron emitter is attracting the interest of those working in the development of bifunctional radiopharmaceuticals (BR). In our development of bifunctional radiopharmaceuticals containing a neutral dithiosemicarbazone (DTS) metal chelate, tertiary (p-DPA-DTS) and quaternary (p-TPA-DTS) amino DTS derivatives were synthesized. As for the basic understanding of their divalent metal (Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+) complex formation and stability, spectrophotometrical studies were carried out, comparatively with KTS. Upon assessment of preferential behavior of Cu chelate, the radiolabeled 64Cu-DTS derivative chelates were tested in mice, and potential use with 62Cu in positron nuclear medicine is discussed. PMID- 3749534 TI - [Fundamental and clinical evaluation of a HBsAg-IgM complex radioimmunoassay kit]. PMID- 3749535 TI - [Clinical evaluation of IgE 'Eiken' kit by a double antibody method]. PMID- 3749536 TI - [Fetal cardiac arrhythmia. Clinical experience with anti-arrhythmia drugs]. PMID- 3749537 TI - [Vertical distribution of zooplankton in Lake Bayano]. PMID- 3749538 TI - [Computerized axial tomography in pediatric neurosurgery]. PMID- 3749539 TI - [Epidemiologic characterization of the first native case of AIDS and use of the epidemiological interview for AIDS control in Panama]. PMID- 3749540 TI - [Rhinosporidiosis]. PMID- 3749541 TI - [Multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Saint Thomas Hospital]. PMID- 3749542 TI - [Otitis media with effusion]. PMID- 3749543 TI - [The problem of the cardiotoxicity of bupivacaine 0.75%]. AB - A survey of American publications on the problem of cardiotoxicity of bupivacaine 0.75% is given. It can easily be demonstrated that all investigations were done on animals. Furthermore the dosages used in these investigations are far above those which are applied in humans. It seems to be rather obvious that with increasing emotional discussions of the problem of bupivacaine 0.75% the conclusions of the investigators are becoming more and more "defensive". Even the same group of investigators who dealt with the problem previously explain their results more cautiously 3 or 4 years later! Besides these investigations some of the more positive publications of the last 2 or 3 years are discussed. Finally it is pointed out that all clinical or experimental investigations on humans did not show any negative results when bupivacaine 0.75% was used. Careful application and a dose of not more than 2 mg per kg body weight are mandatory. With this in mind there seems to be no justified reasons to withdraw bupivacaine 0.75% from the market. Finally recommendations for correct application of bupivacaine 0.75% for epidural anaesthesia in obstetrics and surgery are given. PMID- 3749544 TI - [Bupivacaine 0.5% and 0.75% for peridural anesthesia in operations on the extremities]. AB - The safety of bupivacaine in respect of its cardiotoxicity has been discussed recently. Especially the concentration of bupivacaine 0.75% has been heavily criticized, first of all in obstetrical anaesthesia. Therefore two groups of patients receiving bupivacaine 0.5% and bupivacaine 0.75% were compared according to complications and side effects related to the local anaesthetic. 749 patients undergoing varicose vein stripping were divided in two groups: 371 patients received bupivacaine 0.5% with adrenalin 1:200,000 and 378 patients bupivacaine 0.75% with POR-8 (0.1 i.U./ml) for epidural anaesthesia. The average age was 46 years (20-71 y.). The average height 168 cm (149-196 cm), and the average weight 72 kg (40-99 kg). There were 68.7% female and 31.3% male patients in these groups. The anaesthesia charts of these patients were evaluated retrospectively. The incidence of hypotension, breadycardia, tachycardia, extrasystoles, vomiting and muscle twirching were taken as side effects. The two groups were compared. The results showed in relation to age, risk-grouping and the dosage/kg no evidence of an increased cardiotoxicity of the higher concentration of bupivacaine. Thus bupivacaine 0.75% does not show any increase in complications or side effects as long as its application is done correctly. PMID- 3749545 TI - [Bupivacaine for peridural anesthesia in cesarean section]. AB - The question whether bupivacaine 0.75% is responsible for cardiotoxic reactions during epidural anaesthesia in obstetrics, and if so, to what extent was investigated in a retrospective study. Epidural anaesthesia with bupivacaine 0.5% and 0.75% for caesarean section were compared according to their circulatory and cardiac side effects. Contrary to American publications on the negative results with bupivacaine 0.75%, in our hands the drug proved to be very useful and reliable for epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. With 14-18 ml of bupivacaine 0.75% very favorable results were obtained. The control group with bupivacaine 0.5% showed anaesthesia to be less effective. Besides complete analgesia, the high degree of motor blockade should be mentioned. No negative influence on the newborn and mother could be found. As long as the technique for epidural blockade is performed correctly and the anaesthesist is experienced bupivacaine 0.75% for caesarean section can continue to be recommended. PMID- 3749546 TI - [Monitoring of cardiac output during use of bupivacaine 0.75% by ventriculography (99mTC)]. AB - Fifteen patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery on the lower limbs were give continuous epidural anaesthesia with bupivacaine 0.75%. It was looked after changes in heart frequency, beat volume and changes in heart rhythm. Changes in cardiac output were investigated by ventriculography with 99mTC during 4 periods- 10 min before and 10, 20 and 30 min after epidural blockade--the cardiac output was measured by a computer mathematically. Each patient received 2 mg/kg body weight of bupivacaine 0.75%. Besides the observation of blood pressure, heart rate and electrocardiogram the venous plasma levels of bupivacaine were measured up to 60 min after blockade. The results showed no changed in cardiac output. Except for one case with bradycardia--which could be treated with atropine--no changes in heart frequency occurred. Tachy- or bradycardia was not seen at all. Besides rare respiratory sinus arrhythmia no arrhythmia could be detected. The venous plasma levels of bupivacaine increased after 30 min up to 0.81 microgram/ml. The highest concentration measured was 1.45 microgram/ml 10 min after injection of bupivacaine. According to the results of the study the following statement can be given: Following bupivacaine 0.75% (2 mg/kg) given epidurally no changes in cardiac output, no changes in beat frequency, no pathological changes in cardiac rhythm and no specific cardiac toxicity related to bupivacaine 0.75% could be found in this study. PMID- 3749547 TI - [Holter ECG monitoring during peridural anesthesia with bupivacaine 0.75%]. AB - Electrocardiographic monitoring was undertaken in thirteen women and seven men before, during, and after epidural anaesthesia with bupivacaine 0.75%. The average surveying time lasted 18:28 h. Bupivacaine 0.75% was given in a dose of 1.5 mg/kg body weight (n = 8) and 2 mg/kg body weight (n = 12). Eleven patients (8 female/3 male) = 55% showed VES of category I of the LOWN-classification. Three subjects (3 female) suffered VES before and after injection of bupivacaine 0.75%. Five patients (3 female/2 male) showed VES before and three (2 female/1 male) only after epidural blockade. Serious arrhythmias or other signs of toxic actions on the myocardium were not registered. PMID- 3749548 TI - [Epidural anesthesia with carticaine in cesarean section. A comparison with bupivacaine]. AB - The feasibility of 1.5% carticaine, an amide-type local anaesthetic agent, for epidural anaesthesia for Caesarean section was studied in 15 parturients. As a control, epidural anaesthesia in 15 parturients was done with 0.5% bupivacaine. The quality of anaesthesia before delivery was good in both groups. One additional dose of carticaine had to be given after delivery in order for the anaesthesia to last until the end of the operation. Apgar-scores, maternal and fetal pH and blood-gas values were similar in both groups. Maternal arterial serum concentration of bupivacaine at the time of delivery was 1.25 microgram/ml, while that of carticaine was only 0.48 microgram/ml. The lower serum concentration of carticaine is due to its rapid metabolization. The ratio of the unmetabolized drug to that of the metabolite found in maternal serum at the time of delivery was 0.75. Umbilical venous-maternal arterial serum concentration ratio in bupivacaine patients was 0.28 and in carticaine patients 0.32. The results suggest that carticaine is a feasible drug for Caesarean section. PMID- 3749549 TI - [Hypoglycemia caused by lidocaine overdosage]. AB - Hypoglycaemia with manifest clinical symptoms has been observed in four patients with cardiac insufficiency after infiltration of high doses of lidocaine prior to surgery. The depressing influence of lidocaine on blood glucose levels has also been seen in six out of 12 patients to whom a pacemaker was implanted in local anaesthesia. The interaction between hepatic glucose- and lidocaine-metabolism could possibly be responsible for this effect. Therefore the evaluation of blood glucose level and iv. administration of glucose is advisable in patients with systemic toxic reactions following lidocaine overdosage to avoid unnecessary symptomatic therapy. PMID- 3749551 TI - [Topographic and developmental study of primary osteochondritis of the hip by x ray computed tomography]. AB - The authors have studied 40 normal hips and 69 hips affected by Perthes' disease by computerised axial tomography. A classification proposed into three groups according to the extent of epiphyseal involvement. Type A comprises peripheral and limited abnormalities. Type B is concerned with more or less extensive central necrosis with an unaffected posterior area. Type C comprises involvement of the whole epiphysis. This classification allows a prognosis to be made. Type C patients were sub-divided into two groups--before and after 5 years of age. It was only in the latter group that excentration was observed. The authors note the considerable advantage of computerised axial tomography in the assessment of the degree of excentration. PMID- 3749550 TI - [Total radiocarpal prosthesis. Preliminary study]. AB - The mechanical requirements before satisfactory muscular balance in a total wrist prosthesis have been studied in 25 cadavers. The centre of rotation was determined in X-Rays; it was localised in the sagittal plane crossing the axis of the forearm and in the frontal plane situated in front of the axis of the forearm. A graphic model of the wrist was then established. A total prosthesis was then designed, made up of two components with a torus surface. This prosthesis was found to be compatible with the wrist model. Movement required forces only slightly greater than normal muscular activity. One male was operated on using this prosthesis. The result was satisfactory after one year. PMID- 3749552 TI - [Fractures of the talus in children. Apropos of 23 cases]. AB - The authors have reviewed 23 fractures of the talus in children. They propose a classification based on the radiological maturity of the bone and the specific type of fracture. Group I: Children younger than 6 years (6 cases). The fracture line separates the bone into two parts. The diagnosis was difficult, with displacement being underestimated in some cases. Associated lesions in the same limb were present in 5 cases. Five fractures of the neck of the talus were treated conservatively with excellent or fair results. One comminuted fracture was treated surgically with a poor result. In all cases treatment should aim to maintain a good tibio-tarsal joint. Group II: Children older than 6 years (17 cases). Eight cases were osteochondral fractures, two were partial fractures and seven were complete fractures. Two of these developed subsequent avascular necrosis. The relationship between osteochondral fractures and osteochondritis is discussed. PMID- 3749553 TI - [Value of the assay of C-reactive protein in osteoarticular infection]. AB - The C-reactive protein is specifically increased in the acute phase of inflammation. Its level in the serum is measured by the use of immunonephelometry and is obtainable after 2.5 hours. It normally ranges between 3 and 22 mg/litre. The authors have measured the C-reactive protein after 50 surgical procedures in septic cases. They have compared its levels with other biological tests such as the sedimentation rate and the leucocyte count. The variations in C-reactive protein occurred very early and were very extensive, the increase ranging between 200 and 1500 per cent after the surgical procedure. In cases without septic complications the level returned to normal within seven days, while the sedimentation rate only became normal after three months. In cases with septic complications, the rise of C-reactive protein appeared before clinical signs. Therefore, such an increase should lead to a search for a persistent infective focus or the presence of an osteitis. However, this biological test cannot differentiate between an acute infective and a severe inflammatory process. PMID- 3749554 TI - [Application of the Ilizarov technic in the lengthening of the humerus]. AB - Lengthening of the humerus has been considered to be particularly risky because of the danger of neurological damage. The Ilizarov technique makes it possible to avoid complications. The authors have performed eight such lengthenings, with gains in length of 8 to 16 cms. Only one case was complicated by an ulnar and radial paralysis which recovered secondarily. PMID- 3749555 TI - [Mixed fractures of the posterior wall of the acetabulum. Value of x-ray computed tomography]. AB - The authors have studied three cases of fracture of the posterior wall of the acetabulum in which one fragment was separated and another was impacted. The nature of the lesions were not able to be appreciated on standard radiographs but was visualised by means of tomodensitometric studies. The patients were treated surgically to obtain an accurate reconstruction of the articular surface. The importance of tomodensitometry in the diagnosis of such lesions is stressed. PMID- 3749556 TI - [A case of osteoid osteoma of the femoral head epiphysis in a 9-year-old child]. AB - The authors describe an osteoid osteoma of the upper femoral epiphysis in a child of nine years. Healing was obtained after trans-articular curettage through an anterior approach. The authors have found no other similar case in the literature. PMID- 3749557 TI - [Isolated traumatic dislocation of the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon]. AB - The authors describe one case of post-traumatic dislocation of the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon. They found eleven other cases reported in the literature. The type of lesion should be looked for in cases of trauma to the wrist without a bony lesion. The treatment should be surgical when function is impaired, either shortly after the initial trauma or if the dislocation becomes habitual. The aim is to reconstruct a tendon sheath. The results were generally satisfactory. PMID- 3749558 TI - [Replacement of both cruciate ligaments with a single transplant from the extensor system. Bicross quadricipital ligamentoplasty]. AB - The authors describe a new procedure for replacement of both cruciate ligaments. They use a single anterior approach and a unique transplant, consisting of a long band including part of the patellar tendon, part of the patella and part of the quadriceps tendon. The technique is indicated in some cases of major instability of the knee. PMID- 3749559 TI - [Peri-acetabular pelvic osteotomy in the treatment of congenital hip dislocation in older children and adolescents]. AB - The author describes a double osteotomy combining a pelvic (Salter) type of osteotomy and a periacetabular (Pemberton) type of osteotomy performed in one procedure by an anterior approach and aimed at a re-orientation of the acetabulum and a correction of any dysplasia. The technique is indicated in older children and adolescents when other procedures are not possible. However, this operation is not possible in cases where the circumference of the upper part of the acetabulum is smaller than that of the femoral head. It was applied in 30 hips with satisfactory results after a mean follow-up of one year. PMID- 3749561 TI - [Proximal gastric vagotomy. A study of 34 recurrences in 1,150 operated patients since 1970]. PMID- 3749560 TI - [Statistics]. PMID- 3749562 TI - [Truncal vagotomy and estrogens in ulcus. Experimental study]. PMID- 3749563 TI - [Our experience in the treatment of hernia of the esophageal hiatus]. PMID- 3749564 TI - [Surgery of exeresis in acute pancreatitis]. PMID- 3749566 TI - [Primary hepatic carcinomas]. PMID- 3749565 TI - [Foreign bodies in the digestive tract]. PMID- 3749567 TI - [Leiomyosarcoma of the esophagus]. PMID- 3749568 TI - [Leiomyosarcoma of the small intestine with hepatic metastasis and eosinophilia]. PMID- 3749569 TI - [Fibronectins and hepatopathies (a new parameter in the evaluation of hepatocellular function]. PMID- 3749570 TI - [Obstructive icterus caused by a submucosal angioma of Vater's ampulla]. PMID- 3749571 TI - [Sphincterotomy and sphincteroplasty: a comparative study in a series of 257 patients]. PMID- 3749572 TI - [Spirometric parameters of the working population of young non-smoking males of the Murcia area]. AB - A prospective study on dynamic spirometric parameters on 195 healthy non-smoking men-workers, representing the non-smoking labor population from 16 to 40 years of age, in the Murcia Region (Spain), has been carried out. Men were selected upon two criteria: age and height. Lower normality limits, have been estimated with 95% reliability by developing regression equations for the following spirometric parameters: forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume (timed and relative), peak flow and forced mid-expiratory flow. PMID- 3749573 TI - The effect of estrogens on serum ferritin levels in duck. AB - Serum and tissue ferritin content is measured in duck by a RIA method before and after treatment with estrogens, as well as serum ferritin in laying and non laying hen. Both serum ferritin and tissue ferritin decrease after treatment with estrogens, while serum iron increases. A relationship between serum ferritin and iron stores in duck is shown. PMID- 3749574 TI - New method for quantitative evaluation of esophageal sensibility. AB - A method for quantitating esophagus sensibility by an electric stimulation test is described. Square stimulus waveform at different voltages and durations were transmitted to the esophagus, three series of electric stimuli being used in successive durations (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 ms); in each series the voltage discharge was increased progressively from 0 mV, until the subject noted the first sensation. This procedure was carried out at all esophageal levels. The following parameters were analyzed: sensitive threshold along the esophagus; the relation of threshold sensibility (mV) duration of stimulus (ms), and reobase and cronaxia for each esophageal level. At all esophageal levels, the sensitive threshold was regular and coherent; in the middle esophagus a zone was found having higher sensitive threshold than the proximal and distal esophageal zones. The relationship between sensitive threshold and inverse of the stimulus duration indicated that esophageal sensibility follows the basic law of excitation of WEISS, at least with this type of stimulus, reobase and cronaxia being representative of the sensibility threshold along the esophagus. Quantitative esophageal sensibility, therefore is concluded to be particularly suited to evaluation by electric stimulation. PMID- 3749575 TI - [Effects of partial hepatectomy on various blood and hepatic parameters in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii, Rich.)]. AB - After 36% of hepatic mass removal , rainbow trout recovered its initial liver weight in 20-30 days, i.e., with a regeneration rate clearly lower than in mammals. During early regeneration process hematocrit index and hemoglobin content were slightly decreased, but both parameters rapidly reached their normal values. The evolution of both glycaemia and hepatic glycogen content supported the idea of the existence of a late regeneration wave, which, in this case, could begin at about the 20th post-operative day. PMID- 3749576 TI - [Bile secretion in the chicken: effects of secretin, cholecystokinin- pancreozymin and duodenal mucosal extract]. AB - The effects of i.v. administration of secretin, CCK-PZ, acid extracts from the duodenal mucosa and the duodenal acidification of the intestine on bile secretion were studied in anaesthetized chickens. Secretin and acid extracts from the duodenal mucosa, which increase bile flow, caused comparable modifications in bile composition; infusion of HCl to the duodenum only induced slight modifications. CCK-PZ caused a pronounced cholecystokinetic effect and, to a lesser degree, it also showed choleretic effects. The results suggest that in the hormonal regulation of bile secretion in the chicken CCK-PZ is more important than secretin and furthermore that the choleretic activity of the latter must be carried out by other secretin-like peptides. PMID- 3749577 TI - [Histophysiologic aspects of the remnant intestine of rats subjected to partial resection of the small intestine]. AB - The effect of small bowel resection on the morphology, mucous secretion and alkaline phosphatase activity of the remnant intestine was studied five months after surgical operation. Distal small bowel resection produced hyperplasia and infiltration of lymphocytes. The intestinal neutral and acid mucosubstances, and the alkaline phosphatase activity were increased in resected animals, whilst the sulphomucins content of goblet cells was unaltered. The serum alkaline phosphatase activity two and five months after resection was also increased. PMID- 3749578 TI - Whole blood and serum copper levels in relation to sex and age. AB - The copper content in whole blood and serum was determined in healthy human subjects (240 males and 217 females) by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The mean level of copper obtained in whole blood was 104.8 +/- 20.5 micrograms/100 ml in males and 117.1 +/- 20.1 micrograms/100 ml in females. The mean level of copper in serum was 102.3 +/- 21.7 micrograms/100 ml and 123.9 +/- 30.4 micrograms/100 ml, in males and females respectively. The copper concentration in whole blood and serum in females proved to be significantly higher than in males (p less than 0.001). With respect to age, the copper level showed a slightly negative correlation which is only statistically significant in whole blood in females (p less than 0.05). PMID- 3749579 TI - [Body composition in boys and young males]. AB - The fat content from density, in 189 boys and young men, aged 8-23, has been determined in two ways: skinfold and underwater weighing. Since the residual volume was calculated theoretically, a comparative study has been made with the results obtained by each of the three different formulas given by Allen, Weng and Solymar. The possible relationship between density and other indexes such as relative body weight and body mass index has also been examined. PMID- 3749580 TI - [Melatonin radioimmunoanalysis: evaluation of the pineal function in hyperprolactinemic male rats and controls]. AB - A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for melatonin quantification in rat pineal and biological fluids is described. The assay utilizes a specific antibody and H3-melatonin as tracer. Bound and free fraction were separated by a saturated sulphate ammonium solution. The sensitivity of the method is 9 pg/ml. The intra and interassay variation coefficient were 10.4 and 13.6% respectively. By means of this RIA the content of melatonin in the pineal gland in male rats made hyperprolactinemic on day 30 of life and their respective sham-operated controls has been evaluated. The results showed that the melatonin content measured at 2 a.m. was reduced in the transplanted animals when compared to control group, not only shortly (48 hours) after the transplant operation, but also in the chronic situation; though suggesting that further investigations are necessary to deepen and understand the interrelationships between prolactin and pineal gland and their effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. PMID- 3749581 TI - [Changes in dehydrogenase glutamate in the rat brain caused by thyroid hormone deficiency]. AB - The dependent GDH-NADPH activity in adenohypophysis and other cerebral areas, has been studied in hypothyroid rats, in which hypothyroidism has been induced surgically. After thyroidectomy a decrease of GDH activity in limbic system (amygdala, septum and hippocampus), and an increase of this enzyme in cortex and hypothalamus have been found, with no changes in adenohypophysis. The alterations of GDH activity, induced by thyroidectomy, have been corrected, although not uniformly in the different brain areas after L-T3 treatment. PMID- 3749582 TI - Effect of luminal Na+ on the kinetics of intestinal absorption of sugars in vivo. AB - The effect of sodium concentration on the absorption kinetics of glucose, galactose and 3-o-methyl-glucose in rat and hamster jejunum in vivo has been studied. In consecutive 1 min periods the total absorption and absorption in presence of 0.5 mM phlorizin were measured. The difference between them was taken as the active transport rate. The perfusion rate value was 5.6 ml X min-1 and sugar concentrations in the perfusion solution ranged from 1 to 10 mM. The results for the different sodium concentrations show a nearly common Vmax for the same sugar and animal species, while the apparent KT values increase when the sodium concentration in the lumen decreases, mimicking a pure affinity-type activation system. The absorption of sugar when solutions without Na+ are perfused, is greater than that entering passively in the presence of phlorizin. An explanation may be that appreciable amounts of endogenous Na+ find their way to the intestinal lumen in favour of the gradient, making Na+-sugar cotransport possible. PMID- 3749583 TI - Electrochemical modifications induced by amino acids in rat pancreas isolated and perfused in situ. PMID- 3749584 TI - [Smoking: French pneumologists are too discreet]. PMID- 3749585 TI - [Pulmonary metastases in medullary cancers of the thyroid. Study of 4 cases. Originality of the lymphangitic form with amyloid stroma]. AB - We studied the clinical and radiological features of pulmonary metastases present in 4 out of 22 patients with medullary carcinoma of thyroid. Two patients presented with common metastases: macronodules in one, and micronodules in the other one. The other two patients presented initially with reticulonodular perihilar lesions on chest X-ray, leading to the diagnosis of sarcoidosis in both of them. The observation of such pulmonary metastases is original: initially latent, they progress very slowly, and they correspond to a lymphangitic spread of the tumour with amyloid deposition in peribronchovascular structures without alveolar involvement, as shown in one of our cases with pathologic study. PMID- 3749586 TI - [Technics for the exploration of pulmonary arteriovenous shunts in liver cirrhosis. Apropos of 2 cases]. AB - Pulmonary arterio-venous shunts represent a rare cause of hypoxia in cirrhosis. We present two cases, the first was an alcoholic cirrhotic with anthracosilicosis. This patient rapidly developed a picture of significant hypoxaemia with a raised alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient. The presence of this shunt was confirmed by a scintigraphic analysis. A porto-pulmonary localisation was excluded by a changing angiographic picture. Death supervened after refractory hypoxaemia. Post mortem microangiographic studies confirmed the pulmonary nature of the shunt and its pre-capillary localisation. The second patient was alcoholic, with a compensated cirrhosis and developed severe hypoxaemia which progressed to death in less than two months, when he was being treated effectively with corticosteroids for a diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis confirmed histologically. The pulmonary localisation of the shunt was confirmed by an analysis of the angioscintigraphs. The different techniques for the investigation of intra-pulmonary shunt are discussed, as well as the patho physiological mechanisms involved. The hormone levels measured (sex hormones, serotonin, prostaglandins, intestinal hormones) remained normal. The therapeutic trials tried out (oestrogen, CPD Choline, indomethacin) were ineffective. PMID- 3749587 TI - [Bronchial involvement disclosing Wegener's granulomatosis]. AB - The authors report a case of Wegener's granulomatosis, whose initial manifestation was an isolated endobronchial stenosis. In connection with this observation, it calls to mind, within the scope of the pulmonary granulomas (in view of such a rare clinical presentation) the difficulties of differential diagnosis, in particular with bronchocentric granulomatosis, and stresses the need for pulmonary histological examination to open lung biopsy. PMID- 3749588 TI - Post-polio sequelae: physiological and psychological overview. PMID- 3749589 TI - Efficacy of oral reading in aphasia treatment outcome. PMID- 3749590 TI - Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 3749591 TI - Renal tubular uptake of protein: effect of pH. AB - The present study was performed to determine to what extent pH influences protein reabsorption in renal proximal tubule cells. Rat surface proximal tubules were microinfused in vivo with 125I-labelled albumin in buffer solutions at different pHs. Tubular uptake was determined as the difference between microinfused and urinary trichloroacetic acid-precipitable radioactivity. In separate experiments the tubular uptake was followed by electron microscope autoradiography. The results showed that the uptake at pH 4.5 and 6.0 was about 15% higher as compared to uptake at pH 7.4. Furthermore, the electron microscope autoradiography demonstrated that albumin is taken up by endocytosis at acid pH as under normal conditions. PMID- 3749592 TI - Antihypertensive and bilateral renal responses to nifedipine in 2-kidney, 1-clip, Goldblatt hypertensive rats. AB - Experiments were performed to assess the effects of nifedipine, a calcium channel blocker, on the blood pressure and bilateral renal function in 2-kidney, 1-clip, Goldblatt hypertensive rats. Hypertensive rats were prepared 4 weeks prior to the acute experiments, Nifedipine was administered intravenously into hypertensive (n = 11) and control (n = 12) rats under pentobarbital anesthesia. In hypertensive rats, nifedipine (0.02 mg/kg) reduced the mean arterial pressure from 151 +/- 5 to 135 +/- 5 mm Hg. Despite the fall of arterial pressure, there were significant increases in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) from 1.36 +/- 0.13 to 1.80 +/- 0.22 ml/min, urine flow from 7.8 +/- 1.6 to 17.0 +/- 3.8 microliter/min, and excretions of absolute and fractional sodium from 1.07 +/- 0.43 mu Eg/min and 0.50 +/- 0.15% to 2.80 +/- 0.73 mu Eq/min and 0.92 +/- 17%, respectively, in the nonclipped kidney. No significant changes in these renal indices occurred in the clipped kidney. In control rats, administration of nifedipine (0.04 mg/kg) also significantly decreased the arterial pressure from 119 +/- 4 to 110 +/- 4 mm Hg. There were slight but insignificant increases in GFR and renal excretion of sodium and water. In both groups, nifedipine produced proportionate increases in osmolar clearance and free water reabsorption. These results suggest that nifedipine enhances glomerular filtration and suppresses the reabsorption of sodium and water by the proximal tubule and/or distal nephron segments. The resulting increase in excretory function of the nonclipped kidney may, in part, contribute to the blood pressure-lowering effect of this drug. PMID- 3749593 TI - Sodium chloride, water and urea handling in the rat renal medulla: a computer simulation. AB - A dynamic rat renal medullary model was employed to study how independent control of excretion of various substances is achieved. Salt and water reabsorptive coupling was heterogeneous in the distal nephron. Diversion of filtrate to juxtamedullary nephrons retained salt with little effect on water or urea, a response enhanced by concomitant reduction in inner medullary blood flow. Urine concentration required high permeability and low flow in medullary blood vessels and active inner medullary salt transport. Collecting duct urea movement was closely coupled to that of water and urea recycling was enhanced by incorporation of nephrovascular bundles. PMID- 3749594 TI - Protein digestion and amino acid absorption along the intestine of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), a stomachless fish: an in vivo study. AB - Protein hydrolysis to peptides and free amino acids and the apparent absorption of amino acids (AAaa) were evaluated in different segments of carp intestine. The AAaa analysed using Cr2O3 as a marker indicated that 73.2% of the amino acids were absorbed in the first 20% of the intestinal tract and 5.3 and 21.5, respectively, in the following segments (20% of gut length). Except for methionine and histidine, essential free amino acid concentration decreased significantly along the intestine. Of the nonessential amino acids, glutamate and aspartate concentrations increased in the hind gut. The absolute amount of the peptide amino acid fraction decreased towards the middle intestine but, expressed as a proportion of the total amino acid content, it changed little along the intestine: 49 and 54% in the anterior and posterior intestine, respectively. The molar concentration of the peptide amino acid fraction was much higher in carp intestine (543.9 mM) than in rainbow trout (147.3 mM) or human (143.9 mM) intestine. PMID- 3749595 TI - The influence of season and shade on oestrous behaviour, timing of preovulatory LH surge and the pattern of progesterone secretion in FFPN and Creole heifers in a tropical climate. AB - The aim of this work was to study the duration of oestrous behaviour, timing of the LH surge and the progesterone pattern with and without shelter during January and again in July in FFPN and Creole heifers in a tropical environment. From days 21 to 28 after a synchronization treatment (progesterone + PMSG), ten Creole heifers and ten FFPN heifers were checked for oestrus and sampled for blood every 3 h to assay plasma LH levels and every day from that oestrus to the following one to assay plasma progesterone content. Five heifers in each group were housed in a covered corral and five were exposed to the sun in a corral without shelter. The mean duration of oestrus for all the heifers was 14.0 h. There was a significant breed/season interaction: 21 h in July and 15 h in January for FFPN heifers. Sun exposure did not significantly affect the mean duration of oestrus. The distribution of onset of heat with respect to time of day was not uniform: 29% of the oestruses began between 5 and 8 a.m. and 19% between 8 and 11 p.m. The mean interval between onset of heat and maximal LH value (3.58 h) only varied significantly with the season (1.6 h in January and 6.0 h in July; P less than 0.05) but was equivalent to those obtained by other authors. The plasma progesterone levels of both breeds were lower than those described for cows in temperate countries and were lower for shaded FFPN heifers in January (2.8 ng/ml) than in July (3.93 ng/ml).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3749596 TI - Time of birth and daily activity mediated by feeding rhythms in the pregnant rat. AB - The temporal relationship between time of birth and daily physical activity has been studied in rats submitted to different feeding rhythms. Animals, put under 14 h of light and 10 h of darkness (lights on from 6 to 20 h), were isolated at mating (day 1 of gestation) and assigned from day 8 to one of five groups. Group C was fed ad libitum, and groups 2PF, 9PF, 14PF and 21PF had food available for three hours per day from 2, 9, 14 and 21 h, respectively. In groups 9PF and 14PF, births were clustered in one single period during the night between days 22 and 23 of gestation. In groups C, 2PF and 21PF, births were distributed into two periods, during the afternoon of day 22 before darkness and after dawn of day 23. The birth rates of these groups were 55.3, 74.2 and 27.6%, respectively, on day 22 and 44.7, 25.8 and 72.4% on day 23. No births occurred during the times that food was available; they were noted in all groups at times when the animals were least active according to records kept throughout gestation. Thus, restricting food availability to periods of normal inactivity (groups 9PF and 14PF vs group C) led to a major shift in the time of delivery as well as to a distortion of the normal activity patterns. These results confirm that feeding rhythms are potent entrainers of birth time in rats and that they interact with the light regime. Pregnant rats seem to be organized so that birth either precedes the main daily physical activity or follows it, depending upon the environmental conditions. PMID- 3749597 TI - Maternal testosterone and sexual differentiation of the male guinea-pig foetus. AB - The part of foetal testosterone originating from the mother was explored in the guinea-pig at the time of sexual duct differentiation on day 32 of gestation. Using constant intravenous infusion of tritiated testosterone in the maternal compartment, total radioactivity (RA) and radioactive testosterone ([3H] T) and dihydrotestosterone ([3H] DHT) were measured in the maternal plasma, whole foetus and various foetal tissues, including the genital tract and gonads, brain and liver. After [3H] T was infused to the mother, significant amounts of total RA were found in foetuses of both sexes. The two metabolites isolated from the whole foetus contributed in various amounts to the RA present: 8% for [3H] DHT and 2 to 3% for [3H] T; no significant differences in the amounts of foetal T derived from maternal T (around 5 pg/g) were found between male and female foetuses. The brain, liver and genital tract and gonads concentrated more RA than the whole foetus, but only the male genital tract and gonads concentrated more RA than maternal plasma. Only DHT was isolated from the brain and liver of both sexes (8 to 10% of the RA found), but neither of the two hormones was found in the genital tract and gonads of either male or females foetuses. The results indicated that maternal testosterone and its metabolite, DHT, were not directly involved in the differentiation of sexual ducts in the male guinea-pig foetus. PMID- 3749598 TI - Effects of valerate and isobutyrate on fatty acid secretion by the isolated perfused mammary gland of the lactating goat. AB - The isolated mammary glands of six lactating goats were perfused with heparinized and oxygenated blood for 8 to 11 h. Adequate quantities of glucose, acetate and amino acids (including valine) were added to the perfusate. Either unlabelled valerate or unlabelled isobutyrate was added in excess to the perfusate of one gland, while the respective symmetrical gland was used as a control. After the administration of valerate, the proportions of the odd-numbered fatty acids (C11:0, C13:0, C15:0) in the milk fat, collected every hour during perfusion, rose progressively after 5 h until the end. The synthesis of milk fatty acids from valerate is discussed. After isobutyrate was added to the perfusate, isoC12:O, isoC14:0 and isoC16:0 in the milk fat increased as compared to the control. The effect of isobutyrate indicated that valine acted as a precursor of milk iso-branched fatty acids after its metabolisation to isobutyryl-CoA. During perfusion in the presence of the complete substrate mixture, the proportion of certain major milk fatty acids (C10:0, C12:0, C14:0 and C16:0) increased, whereas the proportion of C18:0 and C18:1 decreased. These effects have been ascribed to the presence of acetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate in the substrate mixture. PMID- 3749599 TI - [Effect of prolactin on milk lipid secretion in epithelial mammary cells of the lactating rabbit]. AB - Milk lipids of lactating rabbit mammary epithelial cells were labelled in vitro during a 3-min pulse with 14C-Na butyrate. After 1 h of incubation in the presence or not of prolactin, the different classes of lipids, in the tissues and the incubating mediums, were separated by thin-layer chromatography. The radioactivity of spots corresponding to the different classes of lipids (compared with the standards) was counted by liquid scintillation. In the tissues, triglycerides were the most strongly labelled constituent (97.7% of the radioactivity was bound to triglycerides). In the medium, triglyceride radioactivity was less; only 70.9% was bound to the triglycerides. In the presence of prolactin (10 micrograms/ml) the distribution of radioactivity in the tissues was not modified but in the medium, secreted triglycerides were more radioactive than in the control medium. In the presence of protamine sulfate (100 micrograms/ml), an inhibitor of lipoprotein-lipase, radioactivity in the secreted triglycerides decreased less, suggesting that this decrease was due to hydrolysis by lipoprotein lipase, probably during the process of exocytosis. Morphological evaluation on electron micrographs of the number of intracellular and extracellular lipid globules showed that prolactin increased the number of extracellular lipid globules; this suggested a higher secretion. These results show that the radioactivity of neosynthesized lipid constituents was modified during the secretion of milk lipids. Prolactin, which increased the total labelled lipids secreted, had an effect on the distribution of the radioactivity of the different lipid classes. PMID- 3749600 TI - Uterine motor responses to an alpha-adrenergic agonist (phenylephrine) in the ewe during oestrus and at the end of gestation. AB - The alpha-adrenergic activity of the myometrium was studied by recording the electromyographic activity (EMG) of the uterus in 4 conscious cyclic ewes during oestrus and in 8 conscious pregnant ewes during the last 6 days of gestation. In the cyclic ewes, changes in intra-uterine pressure were recorded at the same time as the EMG. Motor responses to perfusions of phenylephrine, a specific alpha adrenergic agonist, were studied at three uterine sites. In the ewes in oestrus, uterine activity was stimulated at the three sites by perfusions with phenylephrine (0.6, 2.5, 5 or 10 micrograms/kg/min). The whole uterine horn was alpha-adrenergic-responsive. The effect of the drug was dose-dependent in that the uterine response increased with the dose and reached a plateau at 5 micrograms/kg/min. In the late pregnant ewes, the motor responses to the perfusion of phenylephrine at 10 micrograms/kg/min were studied at three uterine sites once a day during the last 6 days of gestation. Plasma levels of progesterone and total oestrogens were measured at the same time. Up to 48 h before parturition, the effect of phenylephrine depended on the uterine site. The drug had no or little effect at the tubal end of the horn. Phenylephrine stimulated uterine activity at the cervical end of the horn in at least 50% of the ewes. Thus, during this part of gestation, the alpha-adrenergic sensitivity of the myometrium was greater at the cervical than at the tubal end of the uterine horn. Forty-eight hours before parturition, phenylephrine stimulated uterine activity at all three uterine sites in all the ewes. Thus, alpha adrenergic sensitivity developed over the uterine horn beginning 48 h before parturition at the same time that the oestrogen level increased. PMID- 3749601 TI - [Effect of dietary supply of calcium on thyroid function in rats]. AB - To determine if calcium had a goitrogenic effect on the thyroid function in rats, weanling rats were fed, for three weeks, a diet containing either 0.5 microgram or 0.04 microgram iodine per gram of diet, or an adequate (0.47%) or an excessive (2%) amount of calcium. With an adequate iodine diet, the calcium load did not induce an increase in the weight of the thyroid or a decrease in serum thyroid hormone concentration. However, the rats given a calcium load had a lighter body weight and a lower iodine content in the thyroid tissue; they also had a higher thyroxine (T4) content in the liver and kidney tissues than the rats receiving an adequate calcium diet. With a low iodine diet, the calcium load brought out a decrease in growth and a lower serum triiodothyronine (T3) concentration and liver and kidney T3 contents. These changes suggest that the calcium load might have acted on the thyroid function through an inhibition of T4-T3 conversion in the serum as well as in liver and kidney tissues. PMID- 3749602 TI - Protein synthesis and retention in some tissues of the young pig as influenced by dietary protein intake after early-weaning. Possible connection to the energy metabolism. AB - Changes in fractional protein synthesis rates (FSR) of 4 tissues (muscle, liver, intestine and bone) were assessed in 2 groups of young pigs from weaning, 10 days postpartum, to one week later, after feeding equal amounts of dry diets at 2 levels of protein (15 and 30%). In the meantime, protein and energy balance measurements were performed on the whole body partitioned into 4 components (carcass, liver, digestive organs, other organs + blood). Whole body energy balances were strongly negative in both groups as a result of low metabolisable energy (ME) intakes and fat mobilization. Protein balance improved, with the increase in dietary protein, at the expense of additional body fat loss. Parallel to that, an increase in the efficiency of ME for protein deposition was noticed. With the lower protein intake, protein deposition remained significantly positive in digestive tissues but not in liver and carcass. Muscle and liver RNA: protein ratios decreased after weaning at rates consistent with the normal age-dependent variations regardless of diet. FSRs were directly related to protein intake and the high supply allowed these tissues to match the preweaning values. In contrast, intestine RNA: protein ratio did not change after weaning and FSR was increased in both groups, with a trend to a higher value with the lower protein supply. Bone RNA: protein ratio and FSR both decreased after weaning on the low protein diet; the effect of increasing dietary nitrogen could not be assessed in this tissue. The most typical effect of underfeeding associated with early weaning seems to be an exaggeration of the normal age-dependent increase in protein synthesis per unit of RNA, provided that an adequate protein diet is fed. The relevance of these findings to the variations in the ME efficiency for protein deposition needs further investigations. PMID- 3749603 TI - [Seasonal variation in the testis diameter and sperm morphology in the Vendean ram and Texel ram]. AB - Nineteen Vendean (V) rams (7 yearlings about 15 months old and 12 adults of greater than 2 years) and 13 Texel (T) adult (greater than 2 years) rams were controlled for body weight (BW), testis diameter (TD) and sperm morphology for two consecutive years (1982 and 1983) from February to June (T) or July (V) and from September to November the first year, from February to June and from September to October the second year. BW was recorded every month. TD was measured once weekly using a caliper. The percentage of abnormal spermatozoa (MA) was determined on each ejaculate (1 ej/ram/week) as described previously (Colas, 1980). BW increased rapidly (P less than 0.01) in the T rams the first 4 months and did not augment significantly any more afterwards. In the V breed, no significant variations appeared at any time of the experiment, except in the last month when BW decreased (P less than 0.05). However, in the yearlings (V), there was considerable body growth between February and October 1982 but no significant growth afterwards. In the adults, no statistical variations occurred at any time of the experimental period. TD varied greatly during the year in the V rams. During both years, it was minimal in May (59.0 +/- 5.7 m/m in 1982; 58.1 +/- 4.4 m/m in 1983); in September it was already regressing. There were also large seasonal variations in the TD profile of the T breed but its curve was different from one year to another: the mean value was minimal in February 1982 59.5 +/- 6.0 m/m) and from February (67.5 +/- 4.4 m/m) to May (68.6 +/- 5.0 m/m 1983. In both breeds, testicular growth always started in June, i.e. during the long days, whatever the year. The importance of the variations and their time of onset during the year suggest that both breeds were very sensitive to photoperiod. These results also permit a generalization of the idea that testicular activity in male sheep recommences in the long days. Both breeds showed large individual variations between the minimal values recorded in spring and the highest ones measured in September (2.7 to 78.0% and 2 to 100%, respectively, for V and T rams in 1982; 5.5 to 100% and 14 to 84% in 1983). On the whole, MA were more frequent from February to June than from September to October or November in both breeds. In the V breed, MA were highest in April (35.1% in 1982, 33.1% in 1983).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3749604 TI - Absorption of aluminum from aceglutamide aluminum in healthy adult males. AB - The absorption of aluminum was studied in twelve healthy male volunteers over a period of fourteen days in a placebo-controlled, double blind study. All subjects were institutionalized during the study. Eight subjects (treated group) received ascending doses of aceglutamide aluminum (N-acetyl-L-glutamine aluminum complex) administered in multiple daily doses. The remaining four subjects (untreated group) received placebo. Systemic absorption and excretion of aluminum were evaluated by measuring aluminum concentrations in serum, urine and fecal samples. Aluminum concentrations were determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. All serum aluminum concentrations were less than 16 micrograms/L for both groups. The mean urinary and fecal aluminum concentrations in the aluminum-treated group were significantly higher than in the untreated group during the study days the drug was administered. The total amount of aluminum (as aceglutamide aluminum) given to each treated subject during the 14 day study period as 3290 mg. The mean total fecal aluminum concentration was 3318 mg for the treated group and 269 mg for the untreated group during the study period. These findings are consistent with the view that some aluminum absorption from the gastrointestinal tract occurred following the administration of the drug. The absorbed aluminum appears to have been rapidly excreted in the urine and the feces. PMID- 3749605 TI - Inhibition of isoproterenol positive atrial chronotropic effect by methylmethacrylate polymer and monomer. AB - Atria from rats exposed in vivo to methylmethacrylate polymer or monomer were superfused and chronotropic responses to isoproterenol determined. Control and polymer-exposed atria superfused with oxygen-saturated buffer yielded dose response curves which were essentially identical with regard to maximal increase and potency of isoproterenol. Control atria superfused with buffer containing 70% of possible oxygen saturation showed a 10-fold decrease in isoproterenol potency and a maximal effect approximately 75-80% that of fully oxygenated atria. Atria exposed to methylmethacrylate polymer and superfused with 70% oxygen saturated buffer showed a 100-fold decrease in isoproterenol potency and a maximal effect approximately 25% that of fully oxygenated control atria. Exposure of rats to methylmethacrylate monomer in vivo resulted in complete abolition of the chronotropic response to isoproterenol in atria superfused with 70% oxygen saturated media. PMID- 3749606 TI - The influence of partial hepatectomy and carbon tetrachloride on rat stomachs. AB - Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injection, but not partial hepatectomy, significantly increased gastric acid secretion and ulceration in rats. Both procedures did not influence serum IgG levels, but markedly elevated serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferase activities. It appears that short-term liver injury produced by CCl4, but not hepatectomy, adversely affects rat stomachs. PMID- 3749607 TI - Liver regeneration in rats partially hepatectomized following massive organ enlargement induced by thianthrene. AB - Male rats were fed a diet supplemented with 0.12% thianthrene or control chow for a period of 10 days after which they were partially hepatectomized, two-thirds of the organ being removed and continued on the diet or switched to the other for the last 10 days. All animals were sacrificed on day 20 and the extent of liver regeneration determined. Intact males were also employed and the wet- and dry liver weight percentages compared. The thianthrene diet administered for 20 days or p.o. for 10 days elicited extensive regeneration but the effect did not extend to the group switched to the control ration. With the latter, the portion undergoing regeneration was markedly lower owing to the massive amount of tissue extirpated at surgery. The test agent was very stimulatory to the intact male including the group placed on the control diet for the last 10 days. For animals fed thianthrene for 20 days, liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 and aminopyrine demethylase were elevated significantly in the intact series and the last enzyme, in the operated males; the difference in benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase was not remarkable in either series. PMID- 3749608 TI - Effect of bile on cyclosporine absorption in dogs. AB - Oral absorption of cyclosporine was studied in dogs with and without bile diversion. Blood and bile cyclosporine concentrations were determined by a high pressure liquid chromatographic method. The absorption of cyclosporine was significantly impaired (p less than 0.05) in dogs with bile diversion. Bile and bile salts appear to be essential for the absorption of cyclosporine. PMID- 3749609 TI - Stevioside, the sweet glycoside of Stevia rebaudiana, inhibits the action of atractyloside in the isolated perfused rat liver. AB - Stevioside inhibits the action of atractyloside on energy metabolism in the isolated perfused rat liver. The effects of atractyloside on glycolysis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and oxygen uptake are decreased by stevioside. The concentration for half-maximal action is 0.5 mM. The site of the action is located on the outside of the cell. Possibly, stevioside affects the transport of atractyloside across the cell membrane. PMID- 3749610 TI - Acute aluminium intoxication: a study of the efficacy of several antidotal treatments in mice. AB - The effect of the chelating agents deferoxamine mesylate (DFOA), sodium salicylate, citric acid, Na2Ca-ethylendiaminetetracetate (EDTA), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), L-cysteine, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and 2, 3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) on the lethality, elimination and tissue retention of aluminum was investigated on male Swiss mice. To determine the effect of the various chelators on the lethality of aluminium, various doses of Al (NO3)3.9H2O (3.0 - 7.5 mmol/kg) were given intraperitoneally followed immediately by the ip administration of the chelator (at dose equal to one-third of their respective LD50). Survival was recorded at the end of 14 days. Significant increases in survival were noted with citric acid and DFOA. A decrease of the aluminium concentration in various tissues, and an increase in urinary and fecal elimination of aluminium were also noted with citric acid, DFOA, and sodium salicylate. Citric acid appear to be the most effective agent of those tested in the prevention of acute aluminum intoxication. PMID- 3749611 TI - Labial minor salivary gland biopsy: a highly discriminatory diagnostic method between sarcoidosis and Sjogren's syndrome. AB - Sixty labial minor salivary gland biopsies (lip biopsies) from 32 patients with sarcoidosis and 28 patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome were evaluated retrospectively and blindly. Six biopsies revealed typical sarcoid granulomata. All six belonged to patients with previously diagnosed sarcoidosis. Twelve lip biopsies, all from sarcoidosis patients, were classified as presenting 1+ or less lymphoid infiltrates according to Tarpley's classification. The biopsies of the remaining 14 patients with sarcoidosis showed normal tissues. Finally, 28 biopsies were classified as having 2+ or 3+ lymphoid infiltrates and/or fibrosis. All belonged to patients with Sjogren's syndrome. Our results indicate that lip biopsy has a rather low diagnostic yield in sarcoidosis (19%) but, more importantly, it can discriminate very well between sarcoidosis and Sjogren's syndrome. PMID- 3749612 TI - Variability of pulmonary responsiveness to aerosolized histamine in normal rabbits. AB - Considerable between-subject variability in pulmonary responsiveness to histamine has been reported in normal human subjects, dogs, guinea pigs, and rhesus monkeys, but rabbits have not been studied. We determined the between- and within rabbit variability of pulmonary histamine responsiveness in 34 anesthetized and mechanically ventilated New Zealand White rabbits. In 30 rabbits, 5 breaths of aerosolized histamine were delivered in 9 increasing concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 100 mg/ml. Eleven of 30 rabbits were rechallenged with histamine on 1-4 additional occasions over a 3-week period. In the remaining 4 rabbits, 9 doses of distilled H2O were aerosolized to determine the degree of spontaneous variability in measurements of lung resistance (RL) and dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn). We defined an increase in RL of greater than 50% of baseline (TD50RL) and a decrease in Cdyn of greater than 25% of baseline (TD25Cdyn) as being significant based on observations in these 4 rabbits. These limits exceeded the 99.9 percentile of spontaneous variability in RL and Cdyn. Pulmonary responsiveness to histamine varied widely, with a greater than 10,000-fold range in TD50RL and a 1,000-fold range in TD25Cdyn between the most and least sensitive rabbits. The variability of this responsiveness was log-normally distributed. It was not correlated with age, sex, or baseline RL and Cdyn. In contrast, within-rabbit responses to histamine challenge were quite reproducible. Five of 30 rabbits were killed at the conclusion of their histamine challenges for pathologic examination of their lungs. No evidence of airway inflammation was found.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3749613 TI - Pulmonary vascular responsiveness at rest and during exercise in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: effects of oxygen and nifedipine. AB - To detect whether pulmonary vascular responsiveness is a factor which can aggravate the pulmonary hypertension induced by irreversible pulmonary fibrosis, we examined the acute hemodynamic effects of low-flow oxygen and of nifedipine both at rest and during exercise in 8 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). During exercise, the increments in pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), and right ventricular stroke work index relative to resting values were blunted by both treatments. During exercise, both systemic vascular resistance and PVR decreased more significantly after nifedipine than on oxygen (p less than 0.001). At exercise, nifedipine administration induced a greater increment in oxygen delivery (CaO2 X CI) than that produced by oxygen breathing (p less than 0.01). Our results in patients with IPF seem to confirm that active vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels may contribute to the pulmonary hypertension during exercise. The evaluation of reversibility of pulmonary hypertension by nifedipine in IPF deserves further long-term studies. PMID- 3749614 TI - Responses of hypoglossal and phrenic nerves to decreased respiratory drive in cats. AB - Agents which depress respiration, such as alcohol, seem to increase the occurrence of obstructive apneas during sleep. It has been proposed that upper airway obstruction can result from an imbalance in the activity (or forces) produced by the upper airway muscles versus the chest wall muscles so that upper airway passages might be blocked when a disproportionate decrease in upper airway muscle activity occurs. This study examines the hypothesis that depression of respiration affects the activity of the hypoglossal nerve (the motor nerve to the tongue) more than the activity of the phrenic nerve (the motor nerve to the diaphragm). In addition, we examined the role of the putative central chemoreceptor area on the ventrolateral medullary surface (VMS) in maintaining phrenic and hypoglossal discharge. In chloralose-anesthetized, artificially ventilated, paralyzed cats, three methods of reducing respiratory drive were studied: hyperoxic hypocapnia (produced by mechanical hyperventilation), the application to the intermediate area of the ventral medullary surface of the respiratory depressant GABA and its agonist muscimol, and cooling the same area of the VMS (using a water-cooled thermode). All these interventions decreased hypoglossal nerve activity more than phrenic nerve activity (range of p values: p less than 0.001 to p less than 0.01). Moreover, the reduction in hypoglossal activity was greater with GABA and muscimol than with the other two maneuvers; this was statistically significant for both GABA versus VMS cooling (p less than 0.02) and muscimol versus VMS cooling (p less than 0.01). These results show that respiratory depression can differentially affect hypoglossal and phrenic nerve activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3749615 TI - Severe adult hypersomnia--sleep apnea syndrome in craniofacial dysostosis. AB - Polysomnography and blood gas measurements during sleep in a young man with craniofacial dysostosis, who presented with an extremely severe sleep apnea syndrome, are reported. Tracheostomy relieved all his complaints permanently, namely hypersomnia, deteriorated intellectual performance, automatic behaviour with hypnagogic hallucinations and snoring. Laboratory results also returned to normal. The polygraphic data of night sleep (and daytime naps) before and after surgery suggest that hypersomnia was primarily caused by severe nighttime oxygen desaturations and that the hypnagogic hallucinations were caused by apnea-induced chronic REM sleep deprivation. Furthermore, the periodic variation of central respiratory drive, which was also abolished after surgery, is interpreted as the cause of apnea-induced fluctuations between sleep stages in this case. PMID- 3749616 TI - Comparison of the effects of sequential or simultaneous administration of salbutamol and beclomethasone dipropionate. AB - The effect of the simultaneous administration of salbutamol and beclomethasone dipropionate, from a combination inhaler, was compared with the same doses given with an interval of 10 min, from separate inhalers, in a group of 40 asthmatic females. The double-blind parallel-group study was well balanced and lasted 4 weeks. Both groups showed a similar improvement in thrice-weekly lung function values and daily symptoms in week 4 compared to week 1. There were no other differences and no adverse reactions. The combination inhaler is a useful alternative for maintenance treatment in patients who require an inhaled steroid. PMID- 3749617 TI - [Underestimation of bronchial obstruction in sarcoidosis]. AB - We compared the frequency of airway obstruction in 27 patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis using both spirography (FEV1, FEF25-75) and plethysmography (Gus50). FEF25-75 was abnormal in 5 patients and Gus in 8 patients; however, only 3 of them showed abnormal values of both parameters. In the 2 patients with only a spirographic obstruction we observed an increase in static lung compliance. In 5 patients without spirographic obstruction we observed an increase of the elastic recoil of the lung, which probably balanced the decrease of Gus, leading to normal flow. In conclusion, airway obstruction is not frequent in sarcoidosis and can be masked in fibrosing forms, if spirographic measurements only are used. PMID- 3749619 TI - Germ line--soma differentiation. PMID- 3749618 TI - Aspiration lung biopsy with ultrathin needles. AB - Aspiration lung biopsy with ultrathin needles (gauge 24-25) was performed in 232 patients. A diagnosis was established with ultrathin needles in 134 of 164 patients with malignancy. Comparison of cytologic diagnosis and histologic diagnosis was made in 49 patients. There were no false-positive results, and histologic diagnosis was similar to cytologic diagnosis in 69% of cases. Only 8 of 55 patients with non-malignant conditions had the specific diagnosis established with ultrathin needle biopsy. Our data support the safety and efficacy of the procedure in patients with malignant disease. Although the yield in non-malignant conditions was low, the relative safety of the procedure justifies its use since patients may be spared of more invasive procedures. PMID- 3749620 TI - Retinal pigment epithelial hyperplasia assuming tumor-like proportions. Report of two cases. AB - Two patients who had highly elevated pigmented masses associated with a chorioretinal scar were observed clinically for several years. The scar was due to presumed histoplasmosis in one patient and toxoplasmosis in the other. Histopathological examination disclosed choroidal and subretinal masses consisting of hyperplastic retinal pigment epithelium. The difficulty in making the diagnosis of RPE hyperplasia in such instances is discussed. PMID- 3749621 TI - Peripheral retinal microaneurysms in patients receiving hemodialysis. AB - The fundi of 55 patients receiving hemodialysis were examined. Of 55 patients, six demonstrated peripheral retinal microaneurysms. They had hemodialysis treatments three times a week for several years and showed retinal arteriosclerosis, systemic hypotension, and anemia. It is possible that these systemic conditions may produce microaneurysms in hemodialysis patients. PMID- 3749622 TI - Hemorrhage of major branch retinal artery during vitrectomy. AB - A 45-year-old man had vitreoretinal surgery for intraocular foreign body. Five weeks postoperatively he developed severe proliferation of fibrous tissue from a chorioretinal scar at the site where the intraocular foreign body had lacerated the inferior temporal retinal artery. During a second vitreous surgical procedure, there was severe hemorrhaging from the previously lacerated inferior temporal retinal artery. Elevation of the intraocular pressure to 80 mm Hg after complete air fluid exchange, followed by repeated application of diathermy, resulted in permanent closure of the inferior temporal retinal artery. Elevation of intraocular pressure above the systolic blood pressure of the retinal artery following air fluid exchange offers a successful method for dealing with this serious complication of vitreoretinal surgery. PMID- 3749623 TI - Ocular histopathologic features of a presumed case of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. AB - The histopathologic ocular findings in a case of presumed Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) include retinal hemorrhages, vasculitis, and vascular occlusion. A review of earlier literature concerning the clinical ocular findings in the disease is presented. PMID- 3749624 TI - Gravity-dependent distribution of retinal pigment epithelial cells dispersed into the vitreous cavity. AB - Release of viable retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells into vitreous cavity and subsequent attachment to the retina may be the first steps in the occurrence of macular pucker and proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) complicating rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Gravity and post-operative position of the patient together may influence where the cells settle, and, thereby, the location of subsequent membrane formation. To study the effect of gravity on the location of RPE cell attachment, 3H-thymidine-labelled RPE cells were injected into 12 enucleated pig eyes after vitrectomy performed to create a posterior vitreous detachment. The eyes were then positioned to make either the macula or the inferior retina gravitationally dependent. Radioactivity was later measured from several locations on the retina to indicate the proportion of cells attached in each location. Radioactivity measured from the dependent part of the globe (mean 5985 +/- 1728) was always greater than that from other parts (mean 389 +/- 79). The experiment was repeated in live pig eyes with identical results. These findings suggest that patient positioning may affect the location of cellular membrane formation and subsequent retinal traction. PMID- 3749625 TI - Krypton red laser photocoagulation in selected cases of central serous chorioretinopathy. AB - Krypton red laser photocoagulation was carried out in 15 eyes with chronic, uncomplicated monocular central serous chorioretinopathy. All patients had vocations requiring excellent binocular vision, and could not work effectively with their current visual acuity. Krypton red was selected as the most suitable photocoagulative source, given the nature of the disease, the tissue selectiveness of krypton red laser on the retinal pigment epithelium, and the relative inability of the macular luteal pigment and capillary beds of the inner retinal layers to absorb the red wavelength. Visual acuity improved in all 15 eyes, and to at least 20/30 (6/9) in 12 eyes (80%). The visible effects of krypton red laser photocoagulation on the retinal pigment epithelium were minimal and, although nine eyes had had focal leaks within 100 microns of the foveal avascular zone and 12 eyes had been photocoagulated within the maculopapillar bundle, no adverse clinical effects were observed. In carefully selected cases, then, krypton red laser photocoagulation appears to be suitable and safe for the treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy in a tissue-specific manner. PMID- 3749626 TI - Acute retinal necrosis. AB - Five patients with the acute stages of acute retinal necrosis underwent vitrectomy, with acyclovir in the infusion fluid, and the placement of a 360 degrees scleral buckle after intravenous therapy with acyclovir. Anatomic reattachment was achieved in all patients, and improvement over preoperative visual acuity was obtained in four. Recommendations for the treatment of acute retinal necrosis include a high index of suspicion in healthy patients with retinitis, early diagnosis, early intravenous therapy with acyclovir, early pars plana vitrectomy with the use of intravitreal acyclovir in the infusion fluid, and a 360 degrees scleral buckling procedure. PMID- 3749627 TI - Neuroretinitis in presumed visceral larva migrans. AB - Neuroretinitis is a rate manifestation of toxocariasis that can occur as a late sequelae to the active disseminated phase of the disease visceral larval migrans (VLM). This case report describes a 14-year-old boy who developed VLM and concurrent neuroretinitis. During the acute illness, the patient's serum ELISA titer to Toxocara canis rose to greater than 256 and a lymph node biopsy revealed necrotizing lymphadenitis with eosinophilia. The constitutional symptoms of VLM may be mild and easily overlooked in children. Toxocariasis is an important diagnostic consideration in persons with acute neuroretinitis, since medical treatment may alter its course. PMID- 3749628 TI - Vitrectomy for excision of intraocular larva (hypoderma species). AB - A 2-year-old girl presented with a 2-month history of anterior and posterior uveitis associated with the presence of an intravitreal larva. A Hypoderma species larva was successfully removed using a pars plana vitrectomy technique. A combined traction/rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and epiretinal membrane formation occurred later, requiring a second operation, but a good visual result was obtained. PMID- 3749629 TI - [Biochemistry of pulmonary fibrosis]. PMID- 3749630 TI - [Pathogenesis of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia]. PMID- 3749631 TI - [Classification of lung injury by a proton magnetic resonance relaxation process]. PMID- 3749632 TI - [Changes in QT intervals--study on pupils of schools for the deaf using Holter ECG]. PMID- 3749633 TI - [Disturbances of pulmonary hemodynamics, tissue hypoxia and the effects of oxygen administration in patients with chronic pulmonary disease]. PMID- 3749634 TI - [Measurement of skin blood flow using inhaled hydrogen gas clearance method]. PMID- 3749635 TI - [Measurement of skin blood flow using the electrode with Peltier stack]. PMID- 3749637 TI - A longitudinal study of pulmonary distensibility in healthy adults. AB - To assess changes in pulmonary distensibility with age in a longitudinal study, 34 healthy non-smoking adults were examined on two or more occasions over an interval of 6.0 +/- 1.8 yr (mean +/- SD). Exponential analysis of static pressure volume data obtained during deflation of the lungs gave the exponent, K, an index of distensibility. Total lung capacity (TLC) was measured in a body plethysmograph and increased over the interval of study. The results were compared with findings in a previous cross-sectional study of 124 subjects. At entry into the longitudinal study, mean values for K and static recoil pressure were similar to those obtained for subjects in the cross-sectional study. Over the interval of study, K increased more in subjects with higher values for K (older subjects) supporting the use of a logarithmic analysis of K on age. Using a statistical model which allowed for a variable number of observations and for variance of K between subjects, the increase in ln K with age was similar to that found in the cross-sectional study. From the relationship between K and the average size of airspaces (mean linear intercept, Lm) demonstrated previously in excised lungs, it is shown that the reported increase in Lm with age suffices to explain the increase in K with age in intact subjects. PMID- 3749636 TI - [The assessment of the arrhythmogenicity of a newly synthesized inotropic agent, TA-064 in clinical cases]. PMID- 3749638 TI - Kinetics of the intrapleural distribution of a radioactive bolus. AB - Through the use of a gamma-camera placed horizontally over the chest of 5 supine, anesthetized and spontaneously breathing dogs we studied the kinetics of the intrapleural spreading of 1 ml saline containing 2 mg of 99mTc labelled albumin (250 microCi/kg) injected at various points on the costal side. From the postinjection sequence of gamma-camera images, we defined, along the intrapleural spreading pathways, some regions of interest (ROI) displaying a preferential label accumulation. In all the animals the ROI roughly corresponded to the apical, mediastinal and latero-diaphragmatic regions. The kinetics of the intrapleural label distribution, estimated from the time course of the activity under the ROI, displayed an initial rapid phase, lasting a few minutes, followed by a marked slowing down of the exchange processes. At 30 min regional counts reached an apparent steady state, the activity values greatly varying (even by 10 fold) among the animals, for the ROI corresponding to the same anatomical region, independently on the site of injection. The mathematical modelling of the regional activity curves required the assumption of a progressive decrease in the exchange coefficients to account for a marked slowing down of the exchange processes with increasing time. PMID- 3749639 TI - Effect of body temperature on the ventilatory responses in the lizard Gallotia galloti. AB - A new technique for recording ventilatory frequency on small lizards is described. This is based on the record of the electrical potential difference that spontaneously arises during the ventilatory cycle between an active stainless steel needle electrode, implanted on the membrane of the nasal cavity, and a reference stainless steel screw electrode implanted on the parietal bone. The nasal ventilatory signal coming from these electrodes, together with a simultaneous record of the electromyogram of intercostal muscles, was used to investigate the pulmonary ventilation of the lizard Gallotia galloti over the body temperature range 5-35 degrees C. The results suggest that the ventilation pattern of this lizard begins with a passive expiration, in which electromyographic activity is not present, followed by an active expiration and then an active inspiration, these being separated by a shorter muscular resting period. The active expiration lasts longer than the active inspiration over all the range of body temperatures studied. The ventilatory frequency increases exponentially with body temperature. The duration of the muscular activity during the ventilatory cycle, in the 10-35 degrees C range of body temperature, is approximately half the ventilatory period and decreases exponentially with body temperature at half the rate at which the ventilatory period decreases. The duration of several electromyographic events recorded during the ventilatory cycle also decreases exponentially with body temperature. PMID- 3749641 TI - Ratios of hatchling and adult mass-independent metabolism: a physiological index to the altricial-precocial continuum. AB - Measures of metabolism which are theoretically mass-independent (MIM values = BMR divided by M0.67) are calculated for non-passerine species from data in the existing literature. These MIM values are, in fact as the acronym implies, essentially mass independent, with only 8.2% of the variation in MIM values attributable to log mass. In 10 of the 12 orders for which data were analysed, the slopes of the regressions of MIM values on log body mass do not differ significantly from zero. A dimensionless index of the intensity of the energy metabolism of hatchlings relative to that of conspecific adults is derived based upon the mass-independent measures of metabolism for adults and hatchlings. This ranking of metabolic maturity at hatching, a physiological index, is compared with the most commonly used classification of the avian altricial-precocial continuum which is based upon morphological and behavioral characteristics. Several taxonomic groups appear more precocial metabolically than indicated by their ranking based upon morphological and behavioral criteria. PMID- 3749640 TI - Phasic respiratory activity in the fetal lamb during late gestation and labour. AB - We quantified the respiratory activity of 9 fetal lambs using computer-analysis of the diaphragmatic electromyogram (EMG) obtained during 2 h recording sessions interspersed over the last 13 days of gestation. The fetuses delivered unassisted at an average gestational age of 145 days (term = 147 days). During the last 2 h of labour the number of phasic EMG bursts (breaths) averaged 3% of the peak recorded earlier in the study. This decline in breathing began at least 2 days before labour and resulted predominantly from the fetus spending an increasing proportion of time in apnoea. Respiratory rate within epochs of breathing also fell significantly 1 day before labour, and the proportion of time spent in the low voltage electrocortical state declined once labour commenced. No significant change occurred in arterial PO2, PCO2 or pH over the study period. We conclude that fetal respiratory activity falls well before the onset of labour, largely as a result of increased apnoea, and that the decline does not result from the development of a progressive hypoxaemia associated with labour. PMID- 3749643 TI - Immunology and cancer. PMID- 3749642 TI - Anesthetic effects on [H+]a and muscle metabolites at rest and following exercise. AB - We determined the effects of ether, intra-arterial Na+ pentobarbital (SP) and decapitation on arterial [H+] and labile metabolites in plantaris, diaphragm and intercostal muscles of rats at rest and following exhaustive treadmill exercise. 30-60 sec post-analgesia arterial [Lactate] ([LA]a) increased with both anesthetics. SP rats retained CO2 resulting in mixed acidosis, while ether anesthetized rats hyperventilated and maintained pH. During recovery from exercise ether anesthesia had no effect but SP anesthesia caused CO2 retention. Decapitation of resting rats markedly decreased [CP] and elevated [LA] and [G6P] in all three muscles, thereby negating any subsequent exercise effects. The effects of ether differed from those of SP in that with ether anesthesia: [CP]/[Total Creatine] fell and [LA] rose significantly with exercise; resting [LA] was lower and increased with exercise; and metabolite variability was less with ether than with SP. We conclude that: anesthesia obscured the true effects of exercise on acid-base status by increasing [LA]a in the resting state; decapitation is unsuitable for the study of exercise effects on most muscle metabolites; ether anesthesia is most suitable for use in studies aimed at detecting exercise effects on muscle metabolites and for preserving arterial acid base status closest to the unanesthetized state. PMID- 3749644 TI - The complexity of unique tumor-specific antigens. PMID- 3749645 TI - Development of monoclonal antibodies reactive with the product of the neu oncogene. PMID- 3749646 TI - Medical education in France. PMID- 3749647 TI - Analysis of capillary fluid flow rate by vibration on a small vessel model. AB - In order to estimate the direct effect of the physical vibration on the peripheral blood flow rate, we measured the water flow rate in a silicon capillary tube whose end was vibrated. Three types of vibration were added to the tube and the frequency of the vibration covered 1-2000 Hz. It is shown that the water flow rate reduces under the vibration and this reduction strongly depends on the frequency and the type of the vibration. The main reason for this dependence is shown to be as follows. The vibration stretches the tube and the average length of the tube is longer under the vibration than when under no vibration, and the average tube radius is smaller under the vibration. This causes the reduction of the flow rate under vibration. Because the stretch of the tube strongly depends on the frequency and the type of the vibration, the above dependence of the water flow rate finally appears. PMID- 3749648 TI - A new generator for producing propylene oxide vapor in inhalation toxicity studies. AB - A vapor generator for propylene oxide which has a high vapor pressure (boiling point: 33.9 degrees C, vapor pressure: 442 mmHg at 20 degrees C) was developed. For inhalation toxicity studies, until now, there have been few generators capable of producing a low concentration of vapor from a liquid with high vapor pressure. In this study, the vapor was generated from the surface of a sintered sphere of glass beads filled with propylene oxide. The sphere was hung in a glass column which was installed in a Dewar vessel chilled with ice. The liquid of propylene oxide was automatically supplied from a reservoir to the sphere by capillary suction pressure caused by the evaporation of the liquid from the surface. The concentration of the generated vapor was able to be kept constant over a long period by using a carrier gas dried by a silica gel column, and could be regulated by the flow rate of carrier and dilution gas, and the sphere diameter. This generator is useful for the investigation of health effects of propylene oxide in inhalation toxicity studies. PMID- 3749649 TI - [A population survey on a mass screening program for gastric cancer. 1. Population characteristics related to examination rates for the screening program]. AB - The types of examination received for gastric cancer during the past 3 years have been surveyed by a self-administered questionnaire among residents of a small town near Kitakyushu City. Among 3660 surveyed, 2205 subjects who completed the questionnaire are analyzed in this study. Examination rates of mass screening for males were higher than those for females. Males in their forties and fifties and females in their forties through sixties have higher examination rates than other age groups. Higher examination rates were seen in public officials and employees who have opportunities to receive the screening program at work site. On the other hand, among people without a job and housewives who have opportunities to receive a screening program offered only by the town hall, examination rates of the mass screening program were low. More people with a family history of cancer death were examined than those without a similar family history. There was no difference in the examination rates by the mass screening program between the people who took care of their health and those who did not. In order to raise examination rates for the mass screening program, it is essential to improve the systems of this program which can be easily accepted, and to educate residents in order to stimulate motivation for screening. PMID- 3749650 TI - [Basic studies on colony formation of erythroid progenitor cells]. AB - Fundamental studies on CFU-E colony formation were done using bone marrow cells of mice by the methylcellulose culture method. The number of CFU-E colonies reached a peak after 48 hours of incubation. A linear relationship was observed between the number of CFU-E colonies and the number of inoculated bone marrow cells. The number of CFU-E colonies increased dependently on the concentration of erythropoietin (Epo) and reached almost a plateau above 0.25 U/ml. There was little difference in the CFU-E colony forming activity of the two sources of Epo (one partially purified from human urine at our laboratory and the other obtained from Connaught Laboratories Ltd. as Step III derived from plasma of anemic sheep). There was little difference in the number of marrow CFU-E of two strains of mice (ddY and BDF1). The best conditions in the concentration of culture medium were 10-30% in FCS, 0.5-1.0% in BSA, 10(-4) M in 2-mercaptoethanol, respectively. These observations are thought to be useful for the development of studies on CFU-E. PMID- 3749651 TI - [Basic studies on granulocyte-macrophage colony formation by mouse bone marrow cells]. AB - In order to study the growth of granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming unit (GM CFU), fundamental studies on in vitro colony formation were carried out using mouse bone marrow cells by the soft agar culture and the following results were obtained: The number of colonies increased to a maximum level after 4 days of incubation and decreased thereafter. There was a positive correlation between the number of colonies and that of cultured bone marrow cells. There was a linear dose-response relationship between the number of colonies and the concentration of colony stimulating factor (CSF), and the maximum response was obtained at the concentration of 10% CSF. As the fetal calf serum (FCS) dose increased, the number of colonies also multiplied. No significant difference was observed in the colony forming ability between non-separated and separated (non-phagocytic) cells in bone marrow cells. The addition of 2-mercaptoethanol increased doubled the number of colonies at the concentration of 1 X 10(-4) M. The results of these fundamental studies on GM-CFU are thought to be useful for the investigation of granulopoiesis. PMID- 3749652 TI - Thermoregulatory responses of the elderly population. AB - With a significant rise in the elderly population of the developed industrialized countries due to increased life span the harmful consequences of heat and cold stresses are expected to be more notable. Although effects of these harmful stresses on morbidity and mortality of the elder population are well documented in medical reports, relatively few studies are notable for the investigation of age-related effects on thermoregulation. In this report, data on responses of older individuals to heat stress during rest and exercise are summarized. When old men (60-86 years) were exposed to 40 degrees C and 40% relative humidity for 2 hr during rest, their total body sweat rate/m2 (SR) was similar to the young group (20-35 years). The onset of sweating was also similar in both groups. Regional SR was not uniform in either age group. Since the responses of both groups were similar, data were pooled to examine the relationship between age and physical fitness, as measured by aerobic capacity (VO2 max), to physiological responses. Only VO2 max and body fat were significantly related to age. The SR was related to fitness. When old men and women walked at a level costing 40% of their VO2 max in desert heat for 1 hr, total SR was similar in all age groups. The efficiency of walking was similar in young and old, but the least fit individuals were less efficient. In all our studies, the data clearly indicate that age per se does not decrease the functional capacity of the sweating mechanism and that problems encountered by the elderly in hot environments are primarily related to impairment of the cardiovascular functions. PMID- 3749653 TI - The percutaneous extraction of difficult renal stones. PMID- 3749654 TI - Use of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in staghorn calculi and other complex stones. PMID- 3749655 TI - Complications of percutaneous stone extraction: prevention and treatment. PMID- 3749656 TI - Complications of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy: prevention and treatment. PMID- 3749657 TI - Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy of ureteral stones. AB - Shock wave lithotripsy of upper ureteral stones is significantly more successful than ureteroscopy. Successful stone manipulation before ESWL increases the stone free rate, yet impacted stones disintegrate and pass in the majority of patients. Earlier ESWL treatment of symptomatic ureteral stones will decrease patient morbidity and subsequent complication of distal stone passage. Lithotripsy of small renal stones prior to migration and proximal ureteral stones early in their symptomatic course may significantly alter the incidence of distal ureteral calculi requiring hospitalization, cystoscopy, or ureteral endoscopy. Ureteroscopy will remain the treatment of choice for symptomatic distal ureteral stones. PMID- 3749658 TI - Complications of ureteroscopy. PMID- 3749659 TI - Percutaneous ureteral surgery. PMID- 3749660 TI - Flexible endoscopy in the urinary tract. PMID- 3749661 TI - Dependence of subjective traverse length on velocity of moving tactile stimuli. AB - Two series of experiments were performed to assess the effects of stimulus velocity on human subjects' perception of the distance traversed by a moving tactile stimulus. In all experiments, constant-velocity stimuli were applied to the dorsal surface of the left forearm; velocities ranging between 1.0 and 256 cm/sec were used. In some experiments the stimuli moved from distal to proximal over the skin, and in others they moved from proximal to distal. The length of skin contacted by the moving stimulus was defined by a plate having an aperture of 4.0 X 0.5 cm. In the first series of experiments, subjects were required to compare the distance traversed by a test stimulus delivered 2 sec after a standard stimulus, and also to report the on-locus and the off-locus of the brushing stimulus. In the second series of experiments, the subjects rated the perceived distance on the skin using a free-magnitude-estimation procedure. The data from both series of experiments defined the same relationship between stimulus velocity and perceived stimulus distance. More specifically, although the length of skin contacted by the stimulus was the same at all velocities, subjects' estimates of stimulus distance decreased with increasing stimulus velocity. In addition, the function relating estimates of stimulus distance to velocity was flat for velocities between 5 and 20 cm/sec, but possessed an appreciable negative slope at lower and higher velocities. It is interesting that the plateau of the relationship between perceived stimulus distance and velocity occurred within the range of velocities that human subjects employ to scan textured surfaces; it also corresponded precisely with the range of stimulus velocities at which the directional sensitivity of somatosensory cortical neurons and human subjects is optimal. PMID- 3749662 TI - Somatotopic organization of the second somatosensory area (SII) in the cerebral cortex of the mouse. AB - The somatotopic organization of the parietal cortex of barbiturate-anesthetized, adult mice was studied using tungsten microelectrodes. A complete representation of the contralateral face and body occupying approximately 4.0-4.5 mm2 was found immediately posterior and lateral to the representation of the face in the first somatosensory area (SI). Within this second somatosensory area (SII), the following findings were made: A relatively large region is devoted to representations of the paws and face, especially the sinus hairs associated with the anterior upper lip and mystacial vibrissae. Receptive fields on these body regions are among the smallest found in SII, though larger than corresponding receptive fields in SI. In particular, vibrissae receptive fields always include at least several adjacent whiskers, and paw receptive fields always include at least two adjacent digits. In regions representing proximal body parts, receptive fields are considerably larger, may include both contralateral and ipsilateral limb or trunk surfaces, and sometimes include the entire body and face. Responses to both somatosensory and auditory stimulation were consistently found in the body (i.e., trunk and limb) representation, but rarely found in the face region. The face is represented most anteriorly, and the hindlimb and tail most posteriorly. Forepaw and hindpaw digits and anterior aspects of the face (e.g., perioral sinus hairs and the incisors) are represented laterally, while the back, caudal head, and mystacial vibrissae are represented medially. Within SII, therefore, a "musculus" can be viewed as having an upright body orientation with the face area bordering the face representation within SI. By comparison with SI, SII is characterized by a less pronounced layer IV, which is of irregular thickness and packing density, and by less uniformity in the layering of pyramidal cells in lamina V. In addition, SII is generally thicker from pia to white matter than SI. These results are in general accord with earlier findings from evoked potential studies in mice, but are at variance with recent reports in mice and rats that the mystacial vibrissae have only a minimal, or no, representation within SII. Indeed, the present findings suggest that the representation of the whiskers in SII may have a specialized function paralleling that in SI. PMID- 3749663 TI - Electrocutaneous sensitivity: effects of skin temperature. AB - The effect of human skin temperature on electrocutaneous sensitivity was examined using brief capacitive discharges. Stimuli were designed to ensure that sensory effects would be independent of skin resistance and would reflect underlying neural excitability as closely as possible. Skin temperature was manipulated by immersing the forearm in circulating hot or cold air. Detection thresholds on the arm and fingertip were raised by cooling, but were not altered by heating. Temperature-related sensitivity shifts were described by the same multiplicative factors for both threshold and suprathreshold levels. The temperature coefficient (Q10) for cutaneous sensitivity under these conditions was approximately 1.3. PMID- 3749665 TI - [Management of patients with terminal heart disease]. PMID- 3749664 TI - The effectiveness of knee bracing for the prevention of sport injuries. PMID- 3749666 TI - [Is tryptophan a biological hypnotic?]. PMID- 3749667 TI - [Febrile status, cough, headache]. PMID- 3749669 TI - [Radiodiagnosis of gastrointestinal tumors]. PMID- 3749668 TI - [Radiologic or endoscopic diagnosis of gastrointestinal tumors]. PMID- 3749670 TI - [Recent surgical aspects and perfusion treatment of gastrointestinal tumors]. PMID- 3749671 TI - [Cytostatic treatment of gastrointestinal tumors]. PMID- 3749672 TI - [The stoma patient--counseling and management]. PMID- 3749673 TI - [Thromboangiitis obliterans--a clinical entity?]. PMID- 3749674 TI - [The permeability barrier of the skin]. PMID- 3749675 TI - [Food survey following femoral neck fracture: effect of a dietetic supplement on nutritional intake]. PMID- 3749676 TI - [Weakness, inappetence, vomiting]. PMID- 3749677 TI - [A case from practice (60). Patient: Mr. S.E., born 9-15-1918]. PMID- 3749678 TI - [Epidemiology of diabetes]. PMID- 3749679 TI - [Diagnosis of diabetes]. PMID- 3749680 TI - [Diabetic diseases and anesthesia]. PMID- 3749681 TI - [Cardiac surgery in diabetics]. PMID- 3749682 TI - [Perforating plantar lesions in diabetics: surgical treatment]. PMID- 3749683 TI - [Education of the diabetic patient]. PMID- 3749684 TI - [A passport for the diabetic]. PMID- 3749685 TI - [Lithotripsy and litholapaxy. Toward the disappearance of surgery of the renal calculus]. PMID- 3749686 TI - Infectious diseases in child day care: management and prevention. Minneapolis, Minnesota, June 21-23, 1984. PMID- 3749687 TI - Design and modification of the day care environment. AB - Transmission of infectious disease in day care centers may be influenced by the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical environment. Microbiologic studies of the day care environments showed that bacteria of fecal origin were frequently present on the hands of children and staff members, on environmental surfaces, and in air. In all three types of samples, the prevalence of fecal contamination was inversely related to the age of the children associated with the source of the samples. The high proportion of children in diapers and staff members whose hands were contaminated was of particular concern from the standpoint of disease transmission. These findings suggested that readily available hand-washing facilities; segregation of infants, toddlers, and older children; and wash-ability of surfaces were factors that might reduce the role of environmental contamination in the transmission of disease in day care centers. Centers incorporating these suggestions have been designed and constructed. Particular attention was devoted to design concepts and the selection of surface materials for such critical locations as kitchens, toilets areas, and diaper changing areas. PMID- 3749688 TI - A role for the infection control specialist in child day care? AB - Infection control services for child care are currently provided through the cooperative efforts of physicians, nurses, and other providers in the private health care sector; public health agencies; and academic-based infectious disease experts. However, the effectiveness of infection control practices is not uniform and varies considerably by locality. One approach to ameliorating these differences may be through the development of an "infection control specialist for child day care". Possible responsibilities for and uses of the infection control specialist in child day care include disease surveillance, outbreak control activities, implementation of primary prevention measures, and facilitation of communication among parents and day care and health providers. There are potential impediments to the development of this role, such as conflicts of interest and difficulties in obtaining adequate funding. PMID- 3749689 TI - Gaps and excesses in the regulation of child day care: report of a panel. AB - A panel representing the perspectives of providers, regulators, policy makers, and lawyers discussed day care regulation. The participants identified areas of overregulation caused primarily by the number of separate, uncoordinated regulators. In addition, they identified gaps where improved requirements are needed: smaller group size; emphasis on handwashing procedures; mandatory, ongoing training of providers; and more-defined policy on inclusion or exclusion of mildly ill and asymptomatic children. The number of routine standard-by standard inspections can be reduced when states identify a few significant standards, compliance with which correlates with compliance with all standards. Education by the state health agency is needed. Pediatricians should know when their patients use day care and be conscious of public health implications when diagnosing infectious disease. More frequent interaction between pediatricians and the day care programs of their patients is needed. PMID- 3749690 TI - Resources related to infectious illness for child care providers. AB - Providing current information related to infectious disease transmission to child care providers is a challenge for medical and public health practitioners. Because systems that deliver and support child care are so diverse, sharing information within and across various disciplines is problematic. While some resources do exist, there is a need for a national dissemination system that provides current and comprehensible information to child care providers and the families they serve. In the meantime, there is much a primary health provider can do to support parents and providers in their child-caring relationship and to promote the health and welfare of the children in care. PMID- 3749691 TI - Organizational approach to medication administration in day care. AB - Because young children have numerous infections and other conditions that require medication during the day, medication administration is an issue for every day care program. While all day care programs may not accept responsibility for administration of medication, every program must have a policy about it. Where medications are given in day care, care givers need training to handle their responsibility appropriately. Health professionals have a role in determining when the need for a medication is great enough to warrant the transfer of responsibility from parents to day care personnel and to attempt to adjust regimens to avoid the need for medication in day care, where possible. Health professionals should also help parents and care givers understand when to use medication, including over-the-counter medications, which are so strongly advertised. Safety precautions, intervals, doses, procedures, and techniques for administration of medication in day care are areas of knowledge and skill for which guidelines are available. PMID- 3749692 TI - Potential health benefits of child day care attendance. AB - Despite fears that child day care attendance enhances the transmission of infection among attending children, there are positive aspects of the day care experience that, from the standpoint of infectious diseases, directly and indirectly contribute to the child's well-being. Quality child day care first requires a preadmission physical examination and then requires that the child begin the series of prescribed immunizations, which might not have been received if care were provided at home by a care giver who was not knowledgeable of available mechanisms for the prevention of disease. Once enrolled, the child and parents can be exposed to health education, which benefits them in terms of overall good health for the entire family. The child day care environment, like every other place where children congregate, is subject to the transmission of infectious agents among child and staff. But the risk of infection can be minimized and the health benefits maximized, and child day care can make positive contributions toward the social and physical development of the child. PMID- 3749693 TI - Relationship between day care and health care providers. AB - Effective control and prevention of infectious diseases in child day care depend on affirmative relationships between parents, day care providers, public health authorities, and primary health care providers (especially pediatricians). The role played by each of these groups varies in accordance with the specific infectious disease problems, legal requirements, and voluntary relationships that exist in a given locality, but each of these roles is important. Major barriers to productive working relationships between day care and health providers are inadequacy of communication channels, uncertainty in role definition, and overlap in function of different health providers. Public health authorities can play a major role in improving the relationship between day care and health providers, largely by disseminating information regarding disease-reporting laws and other legal requirements, prescribed measures for control and prevention of diseases, and resources that are available for these activities. PMID- 3749694 TI - Infectious diseases in child day care: management and prevention. Summary of the symposium and recommendations. PMID- 3749695 TI - Requirements for pharmacokinetic evaluation of antibiotics in phase I studies. AB - Initial pharmacokinetic studies usually include healthy volunteers to minimize variation generated by diseases. Ethical aspects of initial studies are paramount. The guidelines of the Helsinki Declaration should be followed or even extended. Thorough toxicologic screening in animals is a prerequisite. The use of radioisotopes for pharmacokinetic studies should be limited. The basic design of studies includes cross-over administration of intravenous and oral doses of several sizes. Bioavailability, total area under the serum concentration curve, serum half-life, amount eliminated in urine as active drug, and metabolism are the most important data. The fate of the parent compound and of its possible metabolites in both healthy persons and ill individuals (including those with renal or hepatic dysfunction) should be monitored. Diet may have consequences with regard to recommended dosage schedules. When possible, tissue penetration of antibiotics should be assessed, preferably through the analysis of peripheral human lymph and of suction-blister and peritoneal fluids. Theoretical dosage schedules based on pharmacokinetic assessments in healthy persons should be tested in patients with infectious disease, particularly in those with reduced renal and/or hepatic function. PMID- 3749697 TI - [Intrathoracic extra-bone marrow hematopoiesis. Apropos of a case with thalassemia intermedia]. AB - The authors report the first case in Tunisia of intrathoracic extramedullary hematopoiesis concerning a 30-year old man with thalassemia intermedia. They insist on the value of 99 m Tc sulfur colloid marrow scan and computed tomography which avoid thoracotomy. PMID- 3749696 TI - Statistical aspects of clinical trials of antibiotics in acute infections. AB - Controlled clinical trials are important tools for evaluating antibiotics in acute infections. External and internal validity, definition of efficacy criteria, and size of the patient sample constitute special statistical problems in such studies. Critical issues regarding external validity pertain to the selection of patients and to the concept of consecutive patients. The internal validity of a study is influenced by the withdrawal of patients from the evaluation after randomization and the comparability of treatment groups with regard to prognostic factors. The definition of efficacy criteria on the basis of bacteriologic outcomes across control visits is not straightforward. Particularly, the evaluation of efficacy at the last follow-up visit must take into account the accumulated information rather than the cross-sectional information. The most common situation in comparative trials of antibiotics is that rather small differences in efficacy can be anticipated. Sometimes, the question at issue is the demonstration of antibiotic equivalence. For valid conclusions to be made in such situations, large samples must be used. A basic problem affecting many studies of antibiotics is that this criterion is not fulfilled. PMID- 3749698 TI - [Thoracic puncture guided by x-ray computed tomography. Apropos of 125 cases]. AB - A series of 125 CT-guided thoracic punctures performed over a 20-month period is reported. The only complications were pneumothorax in 14 cases, 5 of which were drained, and 1 case of hemomediastinum. For the diagnosis of malignancy the sensitivity of the method was 82%, its specificity 100% and its effectiveness 74%. The level of sensitivity rose to 86% in the last 90 cases. This method is an additional contribution to exploration of the lungs. In trained hands it gives rise to few complications and should result in a histological diagnosis in a large number of cases. PMID- 3749699 TI - [The forced expiration test from the pulmonary capacity usable in effort to the transit time]. AB - Since Tiffeneau's days the forced expiration test used qualitatively and quantitatively has undergone numerous changes. FEV1 remains useful to diagnose bronchial obstruction, but other, more sensitive parameters have been introduced for epidemiological purposes. Following a review of the data provided by flow volume curves, the authors discuss the pros and cons of its statistical analysis by the moment method, as expressed in the literature. PMID- 3749700 TI - [Significance of lactate dehydrogenases in pleural effusions]. AB - In order to determine the exact significance and origin of lactate dehydrogenases (LDH) present in pleural effusions, LDH and their enzymes were assayed in the serum and pleural fluid of 60 patients with wet pleurisy and in the main blood cells (haematocytes, polymorphonuclears mononuclears) found in pleural fluids. Our results showed that: a pleural fluid/serum LDH ratio above 0.7 indicates that the fluid is an exudate; however, in about 10% of inflammatory pleural effusions due to infection or cancer this ratio is comprised between 0.5 and 0.7; the enzyme profile of transudates only differs from that of normal serum by a slight increase in isoLDH 4 and 5; in exudates this profile is the reverse of the normal serum profile, with a decrease in isoLDH 1 and 2 and an increase in isoLDH 4 and 5; the enzyme profile provides little information on the origin of exudates, although a more than 30% rise in isoLDH 2 is in favour of a malignancy (mesothelioma excluded); polymorphonuclears contain more isoLDH 4 and 5 than mononuclears; activation of mononucleate cells is attended by a significant increase in intracellular isoLDH 4 and 5; the presence of red blood cells and/or haemolysis in an exudate cannot account for its high isoLDH 4 and isoLDH 5 content; the high content seems to be due, at least partly, to release of these enzymes by the polymorphonuclears and/or mononucleate cells involved in pleural inflammation. PMID- 3749701 TI - [Serum levels and bronchodilatation after intravenous administration of theophylline in asthmatic patients]. AB - Forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and serum theophylline levels were measured comparatively in 26 patients with stable bronchial asthma after a 240 mg theophylline infusion. The mean (+/- s.e.m.) elimination half-life and clearance of theophylline were 6.37 +/- 2.03 hours and 0.78 +/- 0.31 ml/min/kg respectively. A bronchodilator response (more than 20% increase in FEV1) was obtained in 17 patients whose pretreatment FEV1 was less than 30% of predicted normal values. No significant bronchodilator response was obtained in the other patients. There was no relationship in responders between changes in FEV1 and simultaneous serum theophylline levels. Maximal ventilatory response was apparent 1 to 2 hours only after the theophylline peak concentration. PMID- 3749702 TI - [Pleural mesothelioma. Developmental and therapeutic aspects apropos of 37 cases]. AB - Thirty-seven cases of pleural mesothelioma seen in our unit between 1974 and 1984 have been reviewed. In cases with limited lesions early thoracotomy with an attempt at pleurectomy/lung decortication seemed to be justified. Thereafter - or initially in patients with extensive lesions - we resort to radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. Although the final result was mediocre, we found it difficult to abstain from any treatment. Owing to the lack of large series and to the heterogeneity of those that have been published, no fixed rule can be laid down for the treatment of mesothelioma. Nevertheless, it would appear that using multiple therapeutic methods results in a somewhat longer survival. PMID- 3749703 TI - [Bioclinical conference on pneumology. Hopital Laennec. Case no 2--4 December 1984. Pulmonary opacity associated with episcleritis and rhizomelic polyarthritis]. PMID- 3749704 TI - [Acute appendicitis: critical study and treatment in 1,290 cases]. PMID- 3749705 TI - [Theophylline in apneas and periodic respirations in newborn infants: polygraphic evaluation]. PMID- 3749706 TI - [Repair of secondary cutaneous deformities of the nose]. PMID- 3749707 TI - [Cavernous fistula and aneurysm: occlusion with Prolo balloon catheter]. PMID- 3749708 TI - [Medico-social aspects of contraception]. PMID- 3749710 TI - [Chemotherapy of tuberculosis. Technical standards of the State Secretary of Health]. PMID- 3749711 TI - [A comparative study between classical lumbotomy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the treatment of renal lithiasis]. PMID- 3749709 TI - [Non-surgical treatment of mammary duct fistula]. PMID- 3749712 TI - [Right atrial catheterization for rapid volemic reposition: original maneuver]. PMID- 3749713 TI - [Frequency and adequacy in the use of contraceptive methods by women of Campinas]. PMID- 3749714 TI - [Treatment of pyogenic liver abscess]. PMID- 3749715 TI - [Malignant hyperthermia]. PMID- 3749716 TI - [Respiratory insufficiency with a bronchopulmonary fistula in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery. Use of high frequency ventilation in a 16-month-old child]. PMID- 3749717 TI - [Prothrombin complex obtained by chromatography on DEAE-trisacryl LS: protocol for the preparation and characteristics of the product]. PMID- 3749718 TI - [Standardization of methods for the preparation of blood components: examination of the operational characteristics of various centrifuges]. AB - For a better standardization and comparison of hemocomponents production methods, the A.A. consider the operative characteristics of eight centrifuges used to this purpose in the transfusional centers, according to the method of calculation of the gravities produced during the whole period of centrifugation. The data obtained are used to produce one kind of hemocomponent by several patterns of centrifuges. PMID- 3749719 TI - [The Duffy system in Algeria]. PMID- 3749720 TI - [Non-malignant monoclonal gammopathies]. PMID- 3749721 TI - [Human mobility and the current epidemiology of syphilis]. PMID- 3749723 TI - [Various aspects of intestinal parasitoses detected by routine parasitologic examination of the feces in a hospital unit in Oltenia]. PMID- 3749722 TI - [Immunologic modifications in patients with trichinosis]. PMID- 3749724 TI - [Canine measles virus infection as a risk factor in multiple sclerosis. Retrospective epidemiologic study]. PMID- 3749725 TI - [A typhoid vaccine dried by direct vacuum desiccation]. PMID- 3749726 TI - [Waste water from poultry coops, a potential source of human infection with Campylobacter coli]. PMID- 3749727 TI - [Use of minicomputers and statistico-mathematical methods for tracing standard straight lines in clinical laboratories]. PMID- 3749729 TI - Serum C4 concentration in the monitoring of systemic lupus erythematosus: requirement for C4 allotyping. AB - We have examined the influence of genetic and other factors on the serum concentration of the fourth component of complement (C4) in four patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) studied over 3 to 8 years. Complement allotyping was performed to determine the number of C4 null genes in each patient. Two patients with C4 null genes had relatively low serum C4 concentrations with normal serum anti-DNA binding and no evidence of active disease. By contrast two patients without null alleles appeared to be consuming C4 when the serum C4 concentrations were within the conventional reference range. We therefore propose the use of appropriate reference ranges adjusted for the number of null alleles. Such adjusted reference ranges may improve the utility of serum C4 concentration in monitoring disease activity. PMID- 3749728 TI - [Aeromonas hydrophila--the causative agent of 2 episodes of acute diarrheal disease in small children]. PMID- 3749730 TI - Proliferation of pannus tissue cells in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Proliferation of pannus tissue cells has been investigated under in vitro conditions after labeling of joint tissues with 3H-thymidine. It was demonstrated that there is only a minimal proliferation of chondrocytes as well as of pannus tissue cells. Slight increased proliferation was observed in granulation tissue poor in lymphocytes and plasma cells, and perhaps in those areas of destroying pannus tissue that exhibited polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMNs) at the pannus cartilage junction. These results are in contrast to the idea that pannus tissue is a tumor-like lesion, for the present observations, even within the limits of autoradiographic investigations on a heterogeneous tissue, and indicate that pannus tissue has to be regarded as an inflammatory granulation tissue. PMID- 3749731 TI - Saltatory ontogeny and evolution. PMID- 3749733 TI - The semantic approach to development. In reference to an Aldo Spirito article. PMID- 3749732 TI - Danger: analogies ahead. PMID- 3749734 TI - DNA as mediator. PMID- 3749736 TI - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies to Trypanosoma (T.) brucei evansi in camels (Camelus dromedarius) using peroxidase conjugated protein A. AB - Serum samples from dromedary camels naturally and experimentally infected with Trypanosoma (T.) brucei evansi were examined by means of the ELISA, using either an anti-camel or a protein A conjugate. The protein A horseradish peroxidase conjugate was found to bind to camel IgG and thus to be a suitable alternative to the anti-camel conjugate. Results obtained from both tests showed that the respective values correlate significantly. PMID- 3749735 TI - [Control of vectors by trapping and its impact on sleeping sickness in a zone of high density of Glossina fuscipes quanzensis (Lefini River, People's Republic of the Congo)]. AB - Tsetse control by trapping and its impact on the transmission of sleeping sickness in the high density area of Glossina fuscipes quanzenis (Lefini river, People's republic of Congo). The focus of human sleeping sickness of the Lefini river is of strategic importance for the People's Republic of Congo as it is located at an important junction which allows the trypanosomiasis to spread over the whole country. A campaign of tsetse control by trapping was undertaken in this focus, where an adjacent game reserve provides a continuous source of flies. The only practicable strategy was the use of a new model of trap with a permanent "killing cage" and which does not need to be impregnated with an insecticide. Transmission of sleeping sickness has been reduced by 1) decreasing the density of flies which are in close contact with man, 2) constantly eliminating flies likely to become infected and transmit the disease. PMID- 3749737 TI - Successful cryopreservation of adult male Onchocerca gutturosa in liquid nitrogen. AB - Experiments involved the use of methanol and ethanediol (ED) as potential cryoprotectants for the storage of adult male Onchocerca gutturosa at low temperatures. Worms were incubated with or without 20% (v/v) methanol for 15 min at 0 degrees C before cooling to -10 degrees, -25 degrees or -79 degrees C. Results of trials of storage from 1 to 14 days showed that prolonged survival could only be obtained by storing at -79 degrees C without the addition of cryoprotectant. However, worms were also successfully cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen (-196 degrees C) using a simple 2-step procedure in which ED was used as an essential cryoprotectant. This schedule involved an initial incubation of parasites in serum free media with 10% (v/v) ED at 37 degrees C for 15 min, followed by incubation in 40% (v/v) ED for 10 min at 0 degrees C on crushed ice. Worms were then transferred individually into 20 microliter drops of 40% (v/v) ethanediol on glass coverslips at 0 degrees C and immediately plunged into liquid nitrogen. A rapid thaw of the parasites resulted in normal motility and survival levels equivalent to unfrozen controls. This technique will be useful for the long-term storage and transportation of this and possibly other species of Onchocerca parasites. PMID- 3749738 TI - Localized onchocerciasis vector control in the Bahr el Ghazal Region of South Western Sudan. I. Precontrol. AB - Over a two year period, onchocerciasis vector biting and transmission rates were recorded from 11 sites within a 40 km radius of Wau, in the Bahr El Ghazal Region of South-Western Sudan. These data provide the baseline on which the efficacy of localized vector control in the third year of the study, has been assessed (Baker and Abdelnur 1986). During 1018 collection days, 59,660 Simulium damnosum s.l. vectors were attracted to man, 41,548 of which were dissected. 2.8% of the dissected flies were infective with head L3 Onchocerca with a mean of 2.4 head L3s per fly and a maximum of 19. Larval collections revealed that only Simulium sirbanum and S. damnosum s.str. were breeding in the study area. The results were analyzed to show the hourly, seasonal and annual patterns of biting and transmission. These patterns were found to be remarkably similar in both years even though vector biting and transmission was 24-28% lower in the second year. The sites could be divided into two groups. Those with Annual Transmission Potentials (ATPs) over 1000 lay beside fast flowing, well wooded stretches of river and those with ATPs below 500 lay near rivers flowing slowly in a wide grassy plain. Blinding onchocerciasis had been recorded only from the first group. PMID- 3749739 TI - Artificial feeding of West African Simulium damnosum Theobald s.l. (Diptera: Simuliidae) through membranes and their subsequent fecundity. AB - Simulium damnosum s.l. females were offered blood through artificial membranes using a feeding apparatus in which the blood is kept warm and stirred. Feeding rates and egg production were compared using a synthetic silicone or a latex membrane and ten different kinds of blood with and without added adenosine-tri phosphate (ATP). Feeding rates were usually higher with silicone than with latex membranes. Wild flies captured just before starting to feed on man, usually fed better than females that had emerged from pupae in the laboratory. Wild-caught flies showed best results when deep-frozen human blood with EDTA or fresh human blood from a blood bank was offered through a silicone membrane. Using a latex membrane they fed best on "instant" and fresh human blood from a blood bank. Laboratory-emerged females which were offered blood only through the silicone membrane, fed best on freeze-dried porcine blood or on human blood with EDTA, both with ATP. Optimal feeding rates were obtained with one day old flies and membrane temperatures between 37.0 and 39.5 degrees C. Real fecundity depended on blood-meal volume. Females that took a complete meal on man produced 377 eggs per fly. Since a higher percentage of flies fed through membranes took small or medium sized blood meals, their fecundity was correspondingly lower (295 eggs per fly). PMID- 3749740 TI - Does diethylcarbamazine have any worthwhile action against adult Onchocerca volvulus? PMID- 3749741 TI - Proceedings from the GTZ/WHO/AFRO seminar: Management and organization of schistosomiasis control in primary health care. December 9-14, 1985, Nairobi, Kenya. PMID- 3749742 TI - Data management in schistosomiasis control programmes. AB - Adequate data recording, processing, analysis and evaluation are all components of data management within schistosomiasis control programmes oriented towards reduction of morbidity. Without data management, the response to operational questions will remain subjective and vague. Different types of data related to the population and the environment are reviewed. Examples of data format and presentation are given. The importance of data management for proper short and long term evaluation of control measures is emphasized. PMID- 3749743 TI - Constraints within ministries of health to implement a national plan of action. PMID- 3749744 TI - Suppressive effects of neuroblastoma cells and conditioned media on in vitro granulopoiesis. AB - Bone marrow is the commonest site of metastasis in neuroblastoma. This results in minimal to total bone marrow suppression. To establish the mechanism of neuroblastoma suppression of granulopoiesis, the effects of murine C-1300 neuroblastoma cells on granulopoietic activity of normal syngeneic mice was examined. Using a double layer agar system, intact tumor cells, media conditioned by the culture of neuroblastoma cells (NCM) and homogenate of these cells were found to have significant suppressive effects on granulocyte macrophage colony formation (CFU-GM). The rate of production of the NCM was gradual, reaching a plateau by day 4 of the culture. No cell-cell contact was necessary to elicit the CFU-GM depression i.e. regardless of the location of the intact tumor cells or their homogenate in the same or separate layer of the culture, there was a significant linear suppression of CFU-GM (p less than .0005). This suppression proved to be dose dependent. NCM also caused a similar decline in colony formation (p less than 0.005) indicating the suppression is due to diffusible factor(s). The CFU-GM suppressive factor(s) are not dialyzable and cannot withstand 56 degrees C for 15 min. The granulopoietic suppression seen in neuroblastoma may be, at least in part, due to the suppressive effects of these factor(s). PMID- 3749745 TI - Differences in the pattern of endogenous lectins from spontaneous rat mammary tumors. AB - Three spontaneously occurring rat mammary tumors, a fibroadenoma and two tubulopapillary adenocarcinomas, differing in their degree of histologic differentiation and malignancy, were investigated. They revealed significant differences in the pattern of carbohydrate-binding proteins with specificities for alpha- and beta-galactosyl, alpha-mannosyl, and alpha-fucosyl moieties, respectively. Analysis was performed by affinity chromatography on resins with immobilized sugars or glycoproteins and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The patterns were divided into categories according to the dependence of binding activity on the presence of Ca2+ and to dependence on extraction conditions. In comparison with both adenocarcinomas, the fibroadenoma contained alpha- and beta-galactoside-binding proteins at apparent molecular weights of 74,000 and 130,000. These proteins were not found in either adenocarcinoma. Comparison between the two adenocarcinomas revealed qualitative differences for all classes of carbohydrate-binding proteins under investigation. These differences between tumors of the same tumor class (mammary tumors) and tumor type (tubulopapillary adenocarcinoma) allow for the proposal that the pattern of endogenous carbohydrate-binding proteins may be potentially useful as a diagnostic marker. PMID- 3749746 TI - A 16 deg. wedge pad for urography. AB - With the patient supine the long axis of the kidney has an average 16 deg. (SD 5,8 deg.) distal ventral inclination to the horizontal table top plane. A 100 cm long wedge shaped pad with a 16 deg. angle to be placed under the patient's shoulders and back during urography to bring the long axis of the kidney parallel to the horizontal plane is described. This method gives simultaneous good visualization of both the upper and lower outlines of the kidneys on a single tomographic cut. PMID- 3749747 TI - [Comparison of computer tomography and conventional roentgen diagnosis in benign and malignant bone tumors of the spine]. AB - The authors present the results of a performance comparison between CT and conventional x-ray film diagnosis (plain film and tomography) in 93 patients with benign, semimalignant and malignant bone tumours, basing on 124 CT examinations with 176 tumorous bone lesions of the vertebral column. The type, size and incidence rate of the superiority of CT in imaging tumorous bone lesions and its morphologic characterisation, are described. PMID- 3749748 TI - [Spontaneous rupture of an infected kidney cyst]. AB - Spontaneous or traumatic rupture of renal cysts is a rare occurrence. The contents of the cyst can perforate into the renal calyx system or into the perirenal space. Perforation into the peritoneal cavity has also been described (1, 2, 4, 5). PMID- 3749749 TI - [Daily life of diabetic children and adolescents]. PMID- 3749750 TI - [Conception and contraception in diabetics]. PMID- 3749751 TI - [The professional life of the diabetic]. PMID- 3749752 TI - [The daily life of the insulin-dependent diabetic treated with the insulin pump]. PMID- 3749753 TI - [Drug interactions in diabetics]. PMID- 3749754 TI - [Associations of diabetics in France]. PMID- 3749755 TI - [Development of concepts regarding essential arterial hypertension. An interview with Dr. Garay (by Jean Deleuze)]. PMID- 3749756 TI - [Hand injuries in children]. PMID- 3749757 TI - [Injuries of the epiphyseal cartilage]. PMID- 3749758 TI - [Course of diaphyseal and metaphyseal fractures. Therapeutic consequences]. PMID- 3749759 TI - [Skull injuries in children]. PMID- 3749760 TI - [Spinal injuries in children]. PMID- 3749761 TI - [Tooth injuries in children]. PMID- 3749762 TI - [Painless coronary insufficiency]. PMID- 3749763 TI - [Coronary insufficiency in women: epidemiological, clinical, ergometric and therapeutic characteristics]. PMID- 3749764 TI - [Ventricular tachycardia: definitions, mechanisms and treatment]. PMID- 3749765 TI - [Arterial hypertension in a hospital occupational environment]. PMID- 3749766 TI - [Hydatidosis in Avila Province in 1983. Clinical and epidemiologic aspects]. PMID- 3749767 TI - [Epidemiologic surveillance of occupational accidents in the Sagunto Hospital (1982-1983)]. PMID- 3749768 TI - [Reference bases for a school health plan in the autonomous community of La Rioja]. PMID- 3749769 TI - [Death certificates: their reliability]. PMID- 3749770 TI - [Results of the campaign for the control of food preservatives and the hygienic sanitary quality of mollusks, crustaceans and fish in the autonomous community of Extremadura]. PMID- 3749771 TI - [The activity of Culicidae mosquitoes in the primeval highland rain forest of the Ribeira Valley, Sao Paulo, Brazil]. PMID- 3749772 TI - [Ruralization of Lutzomyia intermedia, a possible case of pre-adaptation]. PMID- 3749773 TI - [Data preceding the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis and time elapsed till the beginning of treatment in patients enrolled at a health center, Sao Paulo (Brazil)]. PMID- 3749774 TI - [The inadequacy of indiscriminate periodical radiological examinations in occupational health: results of the 1984 census in a large firm]. PMID- 3749775 TI - [The Q technic as an instrument of measurement in the field of health education]. PMID- 3749776 TI - [Nutritional education in elementary schools: a proposal for Pernambuco (Brazil)]. PMID- 3749777 TI - [Socioeconomic aspects of malnutrition in Brazil]. PMID- 3749778 TI - Dynamic free-field headphone as hearing aid transducer. A preliminary report. AB - A comparison between a body-worn hearing aid with a conventional earphone/earmould system, and a free-field dynamic headphone demonstrated the significance of the coupling between the hearing aid earphone and the subject's ear. Measurement of the insertion gain revealed destruction of the ear-canal resonance with a conventional earmould, whereas the ear-canal resonance was preserved by the use of a dynamic headphone. The use of a body-worn hearing aid connected to a dynamic headphone showed a greater amplification at low as well as at high frequencies. Furthermore, a significantly better discrimination score and an improved sound quality were demonstrated with the dynamic headphone. PMID- 3749779 TI - A tympanometric approach to otosclerosis. AB - A formula has been elaborated to estimate the resonance frequency of the middle ear from non-simultaneously recorded susceptance and conductance tympanograms at 220 and 660 Hz. The formula is tested on 30 normal and 29 otosclerotic ears. From these experimental results one can conclude that the middle-ear model (proposed by Lutman), from which the formula was deduced, is too crude to assess the resonance frequency. Nevertheless a ratio of phase angles functions at 220 and 660 Hz, introduced in that formula, is always qualitatively linked to the resonance frequency. Experimental data proved that this ratio can be used to distinguish tympanograms from otosclerotic ears with normal tympanic membrane from those obtained from normals. A statistical treatment is proposed to estimate the probability of false-positive or false-negative cases as a function of the value of that ratio. PMID- 3749780 TI - The benefit of hearing aids: influence of hearing loss and age. AB - The relation between accessible benefit and hearing loss in combination with age of the patient is analysed. The degree of hearing loss and improvement derived by hearing aid use as found in this work is based on the individually determined speech reception threshold (SRT) for the condition with and without hearing aid in a noiseless environment. It was found that a significant correlation exists between hearing loss and SRT gain by the hearing aid (difference between unaided and aided speech reception threshold) for a pure-tone hearing loss of less than 40 dB at 500 Hz, irrespective of age, whereas for a hearing impairment of 40-60 dB, the gain by using the hearing aid is dependent on the age of the patient. A multiple regression analysis was performed to study the relation between benefit and hearing loss for the two groups of hearing impairment and different age groups. PMID- 3749781 TI - ABR in multiple sclerosis. Ipsi- versus contralateral derivation. AB - Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (ABR) were recorded simultaneously between vertex and ear lobe, ipsi- and contralateral to the stimulated ear in 53 subjects with confirmed (19) or undefined (34) multiple sclerosis. Results were compared with those obtained in a control group of 20 normal-hearing adults. The control group showed that significant latency differences exist between ipsilateral and contralateral recordings. Definition of abnormality was based on absence and separation of waves. The results showed that the use of contralateral derivation in ABR recordings increased detectability from 74% to 89% in patients with confirmed MS and from 9% to 21% in cases of undefined MS. It is proposed that parameters of contralateral ABRs be included among the criteria used for the otoneurological diagnosis of patients with CNS lesions. PMID- 3749782 TI - Quantifying psychoacoustic tuning curves for clinical use. AB - Psychoacoustic tuning curves (PTCs) were obtained in a number of normal-hearing and hearing-impaired subjects using a simultaneous tone-on-tone masking technique. PTCs at three different centre frequencies (500, 1,000 and 2,000 Hz) were studied. In order to estimate the degree of frequency selectivity of the inner ear, an algorithm for quantification of PTCs was constructed. The method of linear regression was used to calculate the slopes of the linearized curves. Three different parameters of the curve, the low and high frequency slope and the height of the curve, were calculated using computer programs which allowed automatic evaluation of the data. The values of these parameters concerning normal and hearing-impaired subjects are presented in terms of scores and percentages of normal values. The algorithm for quantification of PTCs presented in this paper may in clinical work serve as a method of evaluating auditory frequency selectivity, particularly for very abnormal PTCs. PMID- 3749783 TI - Quality assurance in clinical chemistry--time to go from theory to action. PMID- 3749784 TI - Plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline during orthostasis in man: the importance of arterial sampling. AB - Plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline were measured in arterial blood and in forearm venous blood during supine rest and after 30 min standing in normotensive, healthy 50-year-old men (n = 16). After 30 min standing, venous noradrenaline had increased from 1.61 +/- 0.11 to 4.22 +/- 0.30 nmol/l and arterial from 1.43 +/- 0.06 to 2.93 +/- 0.15 nmol/l. Orthostasis induced a seven fold increment in the forearm arterial-venous difference of noradrenaline from 0.18 +/- 0.08 to -1.29 +/- 0.25 nmol/l (p less than 0.001). Orthostasis more than doubled the forearm arterial-venous difference of adrenaline from 0.15 +/- 0.03 to 0.31 +/- 0.05 nmol/l (p less than 0.001) since arterial adrenaline increased from 0.31 +/- 0.03 to 0.53 +/- 0.05 nmol/l and venous from 0.16 +/- 0.02 to 0.22 +/- 0.02 nmol/l. Arterial adrenaline correlated significantly with venous in the supine (r = 0.64, p less than 0.01) but not in the standing position (r = 0.34, NS). The results indicate that arterial concentrations of adrenaline are a much better indicator of sympatho-adrenal activity during orthostasis than peripheral venous concentrations. For noradrenaline, measurements of arterial concentrations during the orthostatic manoeuvre seem to provide information about the total noradrenergic sympathetic reactivity, while the corresponding measurements in peripheral venous blood represent the forearm locally. PMID- 3749785 TI - Diagnostic value of ferritin analysis in pleural effusions. AB - Ferritin was analysed with an immunoradiometric assay using anti-spleen ferritin antibodies, in pleural effusions (Pl) from 28 patients with malignant effusions (18 carcinoma, 10 mesothelioma), 15 patients with non-malignant exudative effusions of unknown aetiology, and from 12 patients with transudative effusions due to congestive cardiac failure. Geometric mean Pl-ferritin was 617 micrograms/l in carcinoma, 1301 micrograms/l in mesothelioma (p less than 0.01 against carcinoma), 931 micrograms/l in non-malignant exudates, and 178 micrograms/l in transudates (p less than 0.0001 against malignant and non malignant exudates). There was no correlation between Pl-ferritin and Pl-protein, Pl-albumin or Pl-cell count. P1-ferritin displayed a wide overlap between the various groups, and was of no value in the discrimination between malignant and non-malignant exudates. In the differentiation between exudates and transudates, the diagnostic accuracy of Pl-ferritin was only slightly lower compared to Pl protein and Pl-albumin. With the present method, analysis of Pl-ferritin appears to be of limited value in the routine diagnostic evaluation of pleural effusions. PMID- 3749786 TI - Haematological laboratory findings in the elderly: influence of age and sex. AB - The effects of age and sex on haematological laboratory parameters were studied in connection with a population study in people over the age of 65 years (n = 347). Serum vitamin B12 was the only parameter which decreased significantly with advancing age. Blood leucocyte count, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, erythrocyte count, mean erythrocyte volume, mean erythrocyte haemoglobin and serum ferritin values were significantly higher in males than in females. Serum iron, serum transferrin, and plasma and erythrocyte folate levels did not differ between males and females. Thirteen subjects were anaemic and three of them had iron deficiency anaemia. Five subjects had iron deficiency based on serum iron and transferrin but no anaemia. Serum ferritin measurement did not reveal any further subjects with iron deficiency. No case of folate deficiency anaemia was revealed. Although many of the participants were on medication, most of them were living at home and taking care of themselves and represent relatively fit elderly people. Therefore we suggest that these laboratory data can also serve as reference values for the elderly people. PMID- 3749787 TI - Transcapillary forces in subcutaneous tissue of lower limbs with deep venous thrombosis. AB - Starling forces (interstitial fluid pressure, plasma- and interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressures) were measured in the subcutaneous tissue of legs in 22 patients with deep venous thrombosis (DVT). For comparison, measurements were obtained in the contralateral leg and in healthy controls as well. Interstitial fluid pressure (Pif) was measured with the 'wick-in-needle' technique and we found a significantly higher pressure in limbs with DVT compared to contralateral limbs and controls. Interstitial fluid was collected from subcutaneous tissue with the 'wick technique'. Colloid osmotic pressure was measured in wick interstitial fluid (COPif) and plasma (COPpl) with an osmometer. A significant reduction of COPif was found in limbs with DVT compared to the contralateral side and controls. The COPpl was also significantly reduced in patients compared to controls. Saphenous vein pressure (Pv) measured at the ankle was significantly increased in the thrombosed limb compared to the contralateral. We conclude that the main cause of subcutaneous oedema in DVT of the lower limbs is increased transcapillary filtration caused by a rise in Pv. This leads to a fall in COPif and rise in Pif which act as oedema-preventing mechanisms. PMID- 3749788 TI - The requirement for gastrin measurements. AB - In order to evaluate the clinical requirement for gastrin measurements, we examined all gastrin measurements requested over 1.5 years in a homogeneous population of 5.1 million inhabitants. Gastrin was quantitated with a radioimmunoassay that measured bioactive gastrins with equimolar potency. We received 1392 serum samples from 931 patients. In 394 samples from 121 patients the gastrin concentration was above the limit of the reference interval (50 pmol/l). Of the 121 patients, 19 were known Zollinger-Ellison patients followed for control of the therapy. In 11 previously unknown patients the gastrin analysis suggested presence of gastrin-producing tumours. Of these, four had classical Zollinger-Ellison syndromes, three had mixed endocrine tumours without peptic ulcer, and four were awaiting final confirmation of gastrinomas. Two vitiligo patients were hypergastrinaemic suggesting latent pernicious anaemia. Upon second measurement the plasma gastrin concentrations were within the reference interval in 14 previously hypergastrinaemic ulcer patients. In the remaining 75 patients the hypergastrinaemia was secondary to other gastrointestinal diseases. The results indicate that diagnosis, localization, and therapeutic control of gastrinomas require 200 gastrin measurements per million inhabitants per year. We suggest that this number be used in planning gastrin assay services. PMID- 3749789 TI - Influence of pH and temperature on the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes. AB - Human polymorphonuclear leucocytes were stimulated with the chemotactic peptide N formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine and the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence produced was measured as a function of pH in the interval 6.85-7.70 and as a function of temperature in the interval 21-37 degrees C. The time response of the chemiluminescence signal after addition of the peptide consisted of two peaks at 21 degrees C. The separation in time between the maxima of the two peaks and the width of the second peak decreased with increasing temperature. The two peaks coalesced at 37 degrees C. The intensity of the initial peak showed a strong pH dependence, whereas the second peak was rather insensitive to pH changes. The results point to the importance of a rigorous control of pH and temperature if quantitative luminol-dependent chemiluminescence measurements are to be made. The results of this work also support the view that the initial peak originates from reactions taking place at the outside of the cell and that the second peak is caused by intracellular reactions. PMID- 3749790 TI - Improved diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism by defining the inverse relationship between serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone and calcium. AB - Serum concentrations of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) measured with a mid-region specific radioimmunoassay and total calcium were correlated in 300 healthy subjects and 158 patients with surgically verified primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT). All the healthy individuals could be separated from the patients by a monoexponential declining curve in which iPTH at concentrations of 0.60 micrograms/l and 0.33 micrograms/l corresponded to calcium concentrations of 2.20 mmol/l and 2.60 mmol/l, respectively. In 22 patients more than one sample was analysed and serum iPTH and calcium were inversely correlated. In contrast, three patients with parathyroid carcinoma showed no reciprocal fluctuations between serum iPTH and calcium. Of 75 patients with hypercalcaemia due to malignant diseases (metastatic mammary carcinoma, bronchial carcinoma, renal carcinoma, myelomatosis), 62 had a normal iPTH/calcium relationship. Two patients with myelomatosis had a temporary elevation of serum iPTH and calcium due to renal impairment. One patient with bronchial carcinoma probably had ectopic production of iPTH. The remaining 10 patients (six mammary carcinomas and four bronchial carcinomas) were found in the pathological iPTH/calcium range. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that an inverse relationship exists between serum iPTH and calcium in patients with non-malignant, primary HPT. Evaluation of iPTH and calcium in the same serum sample gave a correct diagnosis in more than 90% of patients with primary HPT. PMID- 3749791 TI - Low density lipoprotein receptor determination in peripheral blood mononuclear cells: influence of differences in cell concentration. AB - Low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor determination in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) is influenced by differences in cell concentration. As the cell concentration increases, measured LDL receptor activity decreases. This inter-relationship is caused by a PBMC-induced modification of 125I-LDL. The PBMC modified 125I-LDL results from shedding of polyanionic cell membrane constituents that subsequently bind to 125I-LDL, and has reduced capacity of binding to the LDL receptors, to the cell membrane independent of the receptors and even to plastic. The cell membrane constituents contain sulphate, have a MW = 200,000 300,000, are heat stable and are rapidly released at 37 degrees C as well as at 4 degrees C. They probably represent a heterogeneous group of proteoglycans, glycoproteins and glycolipids. The higher the cell concentration is, the more polyanionic cell membrane constituents are released, and at high concentrations they may even form aggregates of LDL. We conclude that differences in PBMC concentration interfere with LDL receptor analyses through shedding of different amounts of polyanionic cell membrane constituents into the medium. Thus, standardisation of the experimental procedures with respect to cell number is of great importance in LDL receptor determination in PBMCs. PMID- 3749792 TI - Should evaluations of diagnostic reagent kits be published? PMID- 3749793 TI - Results of sphincteroplasty in patients with spastic sphincter of Oddi. Predictive value of operative biliary manometry and provocation tests. AB - The predictive value of different preoperative provocation tests and operative biliary manometry was studied in a series of 22 patients undergoing sphincteroplasty for suspected spastic sphincter of Oddi (SPO). The result of the operation was good in 59%, 54%, and 71% of patients in groups with a positive codein test, a positive endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography filling pain sign, and positive fentanyl test, respectively. Common bile duct pressure (CBDP) did not differ significantly between the SPO spasm group and control patients, but in the fentanyl test the CBDP elevation was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than in controls (7.7 versus 3.3 mm Hg). It was concluded that the operative fentanyl test seems to be useful in predicting the response to surgery (sphincteroplasty) in patients with post-cholecystectomy biliary-type pain and suspected SPO spasm. PMID- 3749794 TI - Pancreatic function and enzyme synthesis rates in mild chronic pancreatitis. AB - Incorporation of intravenous 75Se-methionine into duodenal juice proteins during pancreatic stimulation was measured as an index of pancreatic enzyme synthesis rates in 12 patients with a normal pancreatogram and in 6 with mild chronic pancreatitis. Isotope incorporation was significantly greater in subjects with mild chronic pancreatitis than in those with a normal pancreatogram. Thus in most patients in whom pancreatography demonstrates the characteristic radiological features of 'mild chronic pancreatitis' pancreatic acinar function is abnormal. The coexistence of morphological and functional abnormality implies that such patients do have chronic pancreatitis. PMID- 3749795 TI - Radiation dose in investigations of the large bowel. Comparison of radiation doses in examinations of the colon with double-contrast barium enema with the Welin modification and colonoscopy. AB - Because of the increasing and repeated application of colonoscopy and double contrast barium enema with the Welin modification in connection with the checking of patients who have been treated for neoplastic polyps, we have found it valuable to examine the amount of radiation that the patients are exposed to in the two kinds of examinations. The radiation dose in the examination of the colon with the Welin modification (35 examinations) and at colonoscopy (114 examinations) was, on an average, 387 and 10 mSv, respectively. Since colonoscopy gives a possibility not only of diagnosis but also of treatment and also exposes the patients to 40 times less radiation than X-ray examination with the Welin modification, we recommend colonoscopy for diagnosis and treatment of neoplastic colonic polyps. PMID- 3749796 TI - Electromyography of human oesophageal smooth muscle. AB - The aim was to study whether electromyography (EMG) activity is synchronous with oesophageal motor activity as assessed by manometry from the same oesophageal site. Patients with different motor disorders of the oesophagus and control subjects were investigated. EMG recordings were made by means of a suction capsule with silver/silver chloride spike electrodes. Slow EMG waves synchronous with respiration were recorded from the lower oesophageal sphincter and intermittently from the body of the oesophagus. Edrophonium increased spike discharges; atropine diminished or abolished spike discharges after swallowing. Swallowing caused a burst of spiking activity which began immediately after deglutition. Continuous sips of water produced constant EMG activity but no peristaltic contractions as seen by manometry. In a patient with scleroderma and aperistalsis, swallowing elicited vigorous electrical activity. The different EMG findings without simultaneous contractions at manometry are interpreted as a response to a swallow by the longitudinal muscle of the oesophagus. PMID- 3749797 TI - The clinical value of faecal bile acid determination in patients with chronic diarrhoea of unknown origin. AB - To evaluate the diagnostic value of faecal total bile acid determination in adult patients with chronic diarrhoea, output and concentration of 3 alpha-hydroxy-bile acids were determined in 28 patients. The patients had normal results of primary biochemical, radiologic, and endoscopic examinations. Stools were sampled for 3 days while on a standardized diet. The patients were observed until final diagnosis was obtained; Crohn's disease was diagnosed in 5 cases, osmotic diarrhoea in 4, bacterial overgrowth in 3, laxative abuse in 2, other specific causes in 3, and persisting lack of specific diagnosis in 11. No difference in output or concentration of faecal bile acids was found between the groups. Six patients with high bile acid outputs benefited from treatment with cholestyramine. Accordingly, determination of total bile acids in stools cannot be recommended as a primary test in patients with chronic diarrhoea. PMID- 3749798 TI - Life strain, life events, and autonomic response to a psychological stressor in patients with chronic upper abdominal pain. AB - The condition characterized by long-standing or intermittent upper abdominal pain despite absence of structural pathological findings was studied in 40 patients. Thirty-four control patients with long-standing, well-defined orthopedic diseases were studied in parallel together with 10 healthy controls. Fifty-five per cent of the abdominal pain patients versus 12% of the orthopedic controls had aggravation of symptoms in association with at least 1 of 14 events listed in a self-administered questionnaire. Forty per cent versus 6%, respectively, had experienced outbreak of symptoms in association with at least one of the events. Besides, they viewed themselves as living under a high time and performance pressure to a significantly higher extent than the controls. During experimentally induced stress (mental arithmetic) the increase in blood pressure and pulse rate were significantly more pronounced in the group of healthy controls than in either of the two other groups. The abdominal pain patients had the smallest increase. Calf blood flow measurements were not very informative. Plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline were measured in some of the subjects. Adrenaline concentrations were generally higher in the group of healthy controls than in either of the other two groups. It is concluded that the experience of life strain plays a role for the occurrence of symptoms in patients with chronic upper abdominal pain. They seem to have a generalized suppressed autonomic reaction to stress; this may contribute to a disturbed gastrointestinal function. PMID- 3749799 TI - The role of shorter than 24-h pH monitoring periods in the diagnosis of gastro oesophageal reflux. AB - We studied 20 patients with typical symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux, to determine whether the diagnostic accuracy of 24-h pH monitoring might be retained in a test using a shorter time. The duration and number of reflux episodes were used to calculate a frequency and duration score (FDS) for the 24-h period, the daytime period, the nighttime period, a 3-h postprandial period after eating a test meal (provocation test), and a 21-h period that excluded this 3-h postprandial period. The daytime FDS was significantly higher than nighttime FDS (p less than 0.02), and there was good correlation between the 21-h FDS and the 3 h postprandial FDS (rs = 0.695; p less than 0.01). We conclude that the 3-h postprandial testing after a standard meal provocation test is a practical, accurate, and well-tolerated method of diagnosing gastro-oesophageal reflux. The results also demonstrated the relative importance of daytime as opposed to nocturnal reflux in producing symptoms and oesophagitis. PMID- 3749800 TI - Influence of ampicillin, clindamycin, and metronidazole on faecal excretion of short-chain fatty acids in healthy subjects. AB - The faecal excretion of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) has been measured in groups of six healthy subjects before, during, and after they received the antibiotics clindamycin, ampicillin, or metronidazole perorally for 6 days. Intake of clindamycin reduced the median total concentration of SCFAs from 62.9 mmol/kg faeces (wet weight) to 7.3 mmol/kg (p less than 0.05). During therapy the relative amounts of acetic acid increased from 50% to 90% of the total concentration (p less than 0.05). Ampicillin reduced the median SCFAs concentration from 62.4 mmol/kg to 47.8 mmol/kg (p less than 0.05), whereas metronidazole did not change the SCFAs concentrations significantly. The SCFAs concentrations returned to normal within 5 weeks after the treatment in all subjects. Clindamycin was detected in high concentrations in faeces during therapy. Ampicillin was detected in only one faecal sample, which was from the only subject in the ampicillin group without detectable beta-lactamase activity in faeces. Metronidazole could not be detected in faeces from any subjects receiving this drug. Clindamycin and ampicillin, but not metronidazole, induce pronounced changes in faecal SCFAs, most likely reflecting severe changes in the colonic ecosystem. An antibiotic's influence on the colonic microflora may in part depend on its antimicrobial spectrum and the concentration of antimicrobially active drug in the gut. PMID- 3749801 TI - Bile acid metabolism in patients with Crohn's disease in terminal ileum. AB - Bile acid metabolism was studied by means of the fractional turnover rate or orally ingested 14C-labeled taurocholic acid and by gas chromatographic determination of fecal excretion of the bile acids cholic acid (CA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), and lithocholic acid (LCA). Thirty patients with Crohn's disease (CD) of the small bowel, of whom 19 had been operated on with limited ileal resections, were studied and compared with 11 healthy volunteers. The unoperated group of CD patients did not show significant increase in bile acid excretion in the stools in contrast to the CD patients with ileal resection. The fecal excretion consisted mostly of primary bile acids, and a significant correlation between length of resection and bile acid excretion was found (rs = 0.81, p less than 0.01). The fractional turnover rate of CA + DCA was significantly increased in both unoperated (0.21 l/day) and operated (0.44 l/day) patients compared with normal controls (0.06 l/day). The bile acid pool of CA + DCA, however, was normal in patients with ileal resections, indicating a compensatory increase in bile acid synthesis. In unoperated patients the bile acid pool of CA + DCA was slightly decreased (3.1 mmol) compared with operated patients (6.2 mmol) and normal controls (4.8 mmol). The pool size was not significantly correlated to mean transit time of dietary residue, feces excretion, loss of weight, or amount of fat in feces. The mean transit time of dietary residue was decreased in both operated and unoperated CD patients. PMID- 3749802 TI - Effect of serotonin on bethanechol-stimulated gastric acid secretion and gastric antral motility in dogs. AB - The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of serotonin on bethanechol-stimulated gastric acid secretion and antral motility in conscious dogs with gastric fistula. Bethanechol stimulated the acid secretion dose dependently and maintained the frequency and strength of the antral contractions at a high level. Serotonin inhibited the acid secretion dose-dependently, whereas the antral motility was stimulated. The acid inhibition was blocked by propranolol, and dose-response analysis showed inhibition of a non-competitive type. This study thereby shows that serotonin inhibits bethanechol-stimulated gastric acid secretion similarly to salmefamol (beta 2-adrenergic agonist)--that is, dose-dependently and non-competitively. Serotonin has been proposed to be a mediator of the beta-adrenergic influence on gastric function in vivo, but the counteracting effect of propranolol and the stimulatory effect of serotonin on motility contradict this hypothesis. PMID- 3749803 TI - Assessment of orocoecal transit time by means of a hydrogen (H2) breath test as compared with a radiologic control method. AB - The definition of the orocoecal transit time by means of the hydrogen (H2) breath test is not unequivocal. In this study the orocoecal transit time as measured with an H2 breath test was compared with that obtained with a radiologic method. Two definitions of orocoecal transit time by the H2 breath test were evaluated: the time from eating to the first of three consecutively rising H2 values, and the interval to H2 values 50% above 'small-bowel level'. Transit times measured in accordance with both definitions were closely correlated to that obtained with the radiologic method (A, r = 0.84; B, r = 0.90; for both, p less than 0.001), but transit time measured by definition A gave shorter values than the radiologic method (p less than 0.05). The mean transit time in patients with constipation was significantly longer than that in normal subjects and patients with functional diarrhoea (p less than 0.05). There was a significant correlation between the difference in transit time measured with the H2 breath test and the radiologic method and the transit time measured by the control method. This may indicate that rapid transit is associated with a delayed 'colonic' rise in H2 levels and slow transit with an early H2 rise. PMID- 3749804 TI - Acid gastro-oesophageal reflux episodes as related to the quality of preceding peristalsis. A study in normal subjects. AB - It has earlier been demonstrated after long-term monitoring of pH and peristalsis in the oesophagus that episodes of acid gastro-oesophageal reflux occur in normal volunteers. To determine whether there is a connection between gastro-oesophageal reflux and prior peristalsis, pH and peristalsis were monitored for 12 h in 26 asymptomatic subjects. The recorded peristalsis was divided into brief bursts of peristaltic contractions (less than or equal to 60 sec) and more prolonged continuous activity. Peristaltic periods were limited to prior and subsequent peristalsis by a non-peristaltic course of greater than 30 sec. Continuous peristalsis was defined as a sequence of peristaltic contractions with a mutual distance between individual peristaltic waves of greater than or equal to 30 sec. A total of 81 episodes of reflux were recorded, of which 67 were preceded by peristaltic activity. Brief bursts of peristalsis, unrelated to reflux episodes, were frequently terminated by bolus-transporting peristaltic waves (p less than 0.001). When the last contraction before reflux was considered, an increased frequency of non-propagating peristalsis was found (p less than 0.01). In addition, a closer time relationship was observed between peristalsis and reflux if the last contraction was of the upper segmentary type, as compared with propagating activity (p less than 0.001). In conclusion, reflectory sphincter relaxation producing reflux may possibly be triggered by contractions in the upper part of the oseophagus, not followed by a bolus-transporting peristaltic wave. PMID- 3749805 TI - Mandibular osteomas in colorectal adenomas. AB - Orthopantomography of the mandible was carried out on 50 patients with colorectal adenoma(s) without carcinoma or any known familial disposition. Four patients (8%) had osteomas, and we advance the hypothesis that individuals with both osteomas and adenomas represent a separate type of adenoma patient. Further studies are needed to evaluate the prognostic value of the association of adenomas and mandibular osteomas. PMID- 3749806 TI - Endoscopic sclerotherapy of esophageal varices in an experimental animal model. A histomorphologic study. AB - Endoscopic sclerotherapy with Aethoxysclerol 2% was carried out in rabbits with esophageal varices. Nineteen animals were injected paravenously, and 17 were injected intravenously. The animals were killed between 1 h and 4 weeks after injection for histologic examination of the esophagus. None of the animals showed an acute total occlusive thrombosis of the large vessels, whereas edema and later fibrosis compressed the varices in the paravenously injected animals. After 4 weeks an almost complete repair with patent varices was observed in the intravenously treated group, whereas the varices in the paravenously injected group either had shrunk totally or were surrounded by a dense envelope of connective tissue. The study suggests that paravenous treatment of esophageal varices provides a higher degree of efficacy. PMID- 3749807 TI - Mandibular osteomas in unaffected sibs and children of patients with familial polyposis coli. AB - Orthopantomography of the mandible (OTM) showed osteomas in 3 of 34 non-affected sibs and children of the probands in 14 families with polyposis coli. The observed to expected ratio with osteomas was 0.35, which is not significantly lower than 1.0 and in accordance with the frequency in the normal population. Although the result does not enable a definite evaluation of the diagnostic value of OTM, the finding suggests that this method may be used as a supplement to regular proctosigmoidoscopic screening of first-degree relatives of polyposis patients. PMID- 3749808 TI - Impaired renal water excretion in early hepatic cirrhosis. Lack of relationship between renal water excretion and plasma levels of arginine vasopressin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone after water loading. AB - An oral water load of 20 ml per kg body weight was given to 9 patients with hepatic cirrhosis and 11 healthy controls. Urinary output, free water clearance, and plasma concentrations of arginine vasopressin, angiotensin II and aldosterone were determined before and three times during the first 4 h after loading. In the cirrhotic patients urinary output was significantly lower after loading than in the control subjects, mainly because of a lower free water clearance, and, in contrast to the healthy controls, the cirrhotic patients did not have natriuresis after water loading. No differences were found between patients and controls in arginine vasopressin, angiotensin II, aldosterone, or creatinine clearance. It is concluded that patients with well-compensated cirrhosis of the liver have an impaired ability to excrete sodium and water. This phenomenon does not seem to be due to increased arginine vasopressin secretion, activation of the renin angiotensin-aldosterone system, or a decreased glomerular filtration rate. PMID- 3749809 TI - Peritoneal blood flow during acute experimental pancreatitis. The role of peritoneal exudate. AB - Peritoneal blood flow is closely related to the pathophysiology of peritoneal exudate during acute pancreatitis. Peritoneal blood flow was determined by the radioactive microsphere method before and 5 h after the beginning of the experiment in 39 piglets with acute hemorrhagic pancreatis, acute edemic pancreatitis, or slowly progressing hypovolemia. The effect of hemorrhagic ascitic fluid was also studied. Cardiac output was determined by thermodilution. Acute experimental hemorrhagic pancreatitis and intraperitoneally injected hemorrhagic ascitic fluid per se caused similar and significant increases in peritoneal blood flow, the increase being unaffected by the correction of the secondary hypovolemia in acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis. Laparotomy combined with duodenotomy also caused a similar increase in peritoneal blood flow. Hypovolemia alone caused only insignificant reduction in peritoneal blood flow. Peritoneal exudate accumulating in the peritoneal cavity during early acute experimental hemorrhagic pancreatitis causes a significant increase in peritoneal blood flow which is unaffected by the correction of the secondary hypovolemia during acute pancreatitis. The inflammatory increase in peritoneal blood flow during acute pancreatitis is evidently a major factor in the accumulation of peritoneal exudate during the disease. PMID- 3749810 TI - Effect of regulatory peptides on the vagally stimulated lower esophageal sphincter pressure in pigs. AB - The effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), enkephalin, neuropeptide Y, gastrin, cholecystokinin, neurotensin, somatostatin, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone on the lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) was studied in anesthetized pigs. The peptides were infused into the arterial supply of the lower esophageal sphincter in graded doses during electrical stimulation of the vagal nerve (9 V, 10 Hz, 3 msec). The vagally stimulated LESP was inhibited by VIP (0-40 pmol/kg/min) and enkephalin (0-200 pmol/kg/min) in a dose-dependent manner. The other peptides had no effect on the stimulated LESP regardless of the dose tested. The results suggest that VIP and enkephalin may influence the stimulated LESP under normal conditions and that the other peptides tested did not affect the physiological regulation of the LESP. Furthermore, the vagally stimulated LESP was inhibited by atropine (250 micrograms/kg intravenously) but not by guanethidine (1 mg/kg intravenously). PMID- 3749811 TI - Symptomatic recurrence of healed duodenal and prepyloric ulcers after treatment with ranitidine or high-dose antacid. A 1-year follow-up study. AB - Eighty-seven patients with duodenal (n = 49) or prepyloric (n = 38) ulcers healed with ranitidine (n = 44) or a high-dose liquid antacid (n = 43) completed a 1 year double-blind comparative study of symptomatic relapse without treatment. Both duodenal ulcers and prepyloric ulcers tended to remain true to their type of recurrence. Age, sex, history of ulcer disease, duration of initial treatment, and smoking habits were all without influence on the relapse rates. The subgroup of patients with a duodenal ulcer who had healed on either treatment regimen had a symptomatic relapse significantly more frequently than those with prepyloric ulcer (64% +/- 13 versus 34% +/- 15; p less than 0.025), but the estimated probabilities of relapse were unaffected (p greater than 0.05) by the initial type of medication (ranitidine group, 56% +/- 15; antacid group, 51% +/- 15). Thus the present study could not confirm the hypothesis that patients treated with H2-receptor antagonists tend to relapse earlier than those treated with antacids during the following year without treatment. PMID- 3749812 TI - Serum amyloid P-component levels in patients with malignancy. AB - The P component of amyloid is a normal serum protein designated SAP. SAP has substantial homology with C-reactive protein (CRP). However, unlike CRP, SAP is not an acute-phase reactant in man. Recent studies have established SAP as a major acute-phase protein in mice. Moreover, mice which have received tumour implants have also been found to have raised serum concentrations of SAP. The aim of the present study was to determine possible association between the serum level of SAP and human cancer. We found that patients with carcinoma of the breast have significantly increased serum concentrations of SAP. Moreover, in these patients SAP levels correlated with the severity of the disease. Patients with carcinoma of the colon, however, did not differ from healthy individuals in the serum level of SAP. Possible explanations for this discrepancy are discussed. PMID- 3749813 TI - Inhibition of drug-induced eosinophilia by cyclosporin A. AB - Administration of cyclophosphamide to Sprague-Dawley rats 2 days before immunization with ovalbumin in complete Freund's adjuvant resulted in a striking blood, bone marrow, and tissue eosinophilia. The number of circulating eosinophils reached a maximum (50-fold increase above normal) 2 weeks after immunization, and eosinophils were also prominent in bone marrow, lymph nodes (paracortical areas), spleen (white and red pulp), and liver. The eosinophilia could be inhibited by daily oral administration of cyclosporin A (CsA), although its effect was dependent both on the duration of treatment and on the dosage of CsA. A similar, inhibitory action of CsA was demonstrated with respect to methotrexate-induced eosinophilia. This experimental model may prove useful in the study of factors regulating eosinophil production and in examining the prospective value of CsA in the treatment of conditions where eosinophils play a central role. PMID- 3749814 TI - The interaction between cell-surface antigens and antibodies bound to monodisperse polymer particles in normal and malignant cells. AB - The interaction between polymer particles with an immune ligand on their surfaces and normal (hepatocytes) and malignant (Raji) cells with a corresponding membrane receptor was investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The influence of time, temperature, and anti-metabolites on this process was studied. The results indicate that when particles with an immunoligand are added to cells with a corresponding membrane receptor, three successive steps are initiated, the first two of which are not dependent on the temperature or the metabolic state of the cells. The first step in this process is the binding of particles to the cell surface through the immunoligand on the particle and the receptor on the cell surface. The initial binding formed by immunoligand and corresponding receptor is followed by a stronger interaction between cell and particle. This second step seems to be governed by a successive antibody-antigen interaction: the zipper mechanism. A third step in the particle-to-cell interaction is characterized by movements of the cellular surface, as revealed by membrane folds, pseudopods, and lamellae extending from the surface and enveloping large parts of the particle. PMID- 3749815 TI - The terminal complement complex in sera deficient in the eighth component of complement (C8). AB - The terminal complement complex (TCC) was quantified in sera from patients with a genetic deficiency of C8 alpha-gamma or C8 beta. The individual sera contained only trace amounts of TCC compared with a normal serum pool. The content of TCC increased after mixing the two sera, which was consistent with reconstitution of C8 activity. Only a moderate increase in TCC was obtained after zymosan activation of the individual sera, whereas activation of the mixture resulted in high amounts of TCC. C8 was demonstrated in the TCC of both deficient sera. These results may indicate that functional C8 is present in trace amounts despite the genetic deficiency, and that the terminal pathway may function to some extent although not enough to be detectable in less sensitive assays. PMID- 3749817 TI - Long-term survival in prostatic carcinoma, with special reference to age as a prognostic factor. A nation-wide study. AB - A total of 44,300 cases of prostatic cancer, comprising 90% of all newly diagnosed cases reported to the Swedish Cancer Registry in 1960 through 1978, constituted a cohort followed up for 1-19 years. Survival rates were adjusted for expected mortality in the general population, and were expressed as relative survival (RS). RS for the total cohort after 5, 10 and 15 years was 51, 34 and 24%, respectively, with an annual excess death rate of about 8% which persisted also after long-term observation. RS was similar in the age groups between 45 and 74 years, whereas among patients older than 74 at diagnosis, approximately 10% lower RS appeared early and was persistent. These data demonstrated that the highly varying natural course of prostatic cancer is only slightly related to patient age at diagnosis. The low long-term relative survival rate definitely contradicted the concept that biologically inactive (latent) tumours constitute a significant proportion of the prostatic cancers diagnosed in clinical practice. PMID- 3749816 TI - Retention of immune complexes by murine lymph node or spleen follicular dendritic cells. Role of antibody isotype. AB - Using monoclonal anti-trinitrophenyl (TNP) antibodies complexed to TNP-myoglobin coated gold particles, we analysed at the ultrastructural level the retention by follicular dendritic cells (FDC) of immune complexes containing various antibody isotypes. Gold-labelled immune complexes were injected subcutaneously or intravenously into naive mice and, after 24 h, germinal centres of draining lymph nodes or spleen were examined by electron microscopy. FDC generally retained complexes containing IgG2a and IgG2b better than those formed with IgG1 or IgG3. IgM was rarely retained. FDC isolated from lymph nodes or spleens were incubated in vitro with gold-labelled complexes in a serum-free medium. IgG2a and IgG2b complexes were also retained in vitro in large quantities by FDC; IgG1 and IgG3 complexes were retained in smaller quantities or in highly variable quantities compared with IgG2; IgM complexes were rarely seen on FDC. There was no difference between FDC isolated from lymph nodes or from spleen with respect to the Ig isotypes required for Fc-mediated retention of immune complexes. PMID- 3749818 TI - Management of neurogenic urinary incontinence with AMS artificial urinary sphincter. AB - The AMS artificial urinary sphincter was implanted in 33 patients with neurogenic urinary incontinence during a 10-year period. All sphincter types were employed, from the earliest AS 721 model to the latest AS 800. The mechanically unstable AS 721 and 761 types have all been removed and, when possible, replaced by later models. In 27 of the 33 patients the device is still in situ, and in 6 (18%) it was removed, mainly because of urethral erosion. Increasingly favourable sphincter survival rats have been obtained. The overall survival rate for model AS 742 was 55% (7 years) for first implant, while the 4-year survival rate for AS 791/792 was 90%. Successful control of voiding function, defined as complete continence or slight but not socially inconvenient incontinence, was obtained in 25 patients (76% of the series). PMID- 3749819 TI - Hydration affects the result of a desmopressin test in adults. AB - Desmopressin tests to measure renal concentrating capacity, preceded by two different fluid regimens, have been compared in 19 adult subjects. The results show that peak osmolality in urine after 40 micrograms desmopressin intranasally is higher after fluid restriction. This observation confirms the need of a standardised fluid restriction before the desmopressin test. PMID- 3749820 TI - Blue spotted bladder--a manifestation of bladder amyloidosis. A case report. AB - Bladder amyloidosis may represent a life-threatening condition, but may also be associated with milder clinical symptoms. Herein, we report two older males with a different type of apparently mild bladder amyloidosis, presenting as the "blue spotted bladder". PMID- 3749821 TI - Pyelocutaneous ileal conduit for endoscopic control of recurrent renal pelvic tumour. A case report. AB - In a patient with transitional cell carcinoma of the pelvis of a solitary kidney there were extensive recurrences in the ureter and bladder. The treatment consisted of total cystoureterectomy and pyeloileocutaneostomy for urinary diversion and endoscopic control of the pelvic neoplastic growth. PMID- 3749822 TI - Malakoplakia of the prostate causing fatal fistula to rectum. A case report. AB - A fatal case of malakoplakia of the prostate is described. The malakoplakia developed after 20 years of chronic prostatitis caused by E. coli and was not prevented by careful antibiotic treatment. Three years after the histological verification malakoplakia invasion caused fistula to rectum. Autopsy revealed no signs of any debilitating diseases. PMID- 3749823 TI - Circumcision for phimosis: a follow-up study. AB - All 117 boys circumcized for phimosis during one year at the Department of Pediatric Surgery in Lund were subject to a follow-up study five years postoperatively. In 45 cases the main operative indication was recurrent balanitis, in 25 cases scarring of the prepuce and in 41 cases an expressed ballooning at voiding. Early operative complications included 7 cases of postoperative haemorrhage which in 1 case necessitated reoperation. In 1 case there was a postoperative infection. 13/117 patients developed a stricture of the urethral orifice necessitating meatotomy. The study included a questionnaire which was answered by 97/117 patients, 92 of whom expressed complete satisfaction with the operation. The complaints of the others were cosmetic in nature. There was in no instance any sign of more severe psychological disorder than a certain shyness which was expressed in 8 cases. It is concluded that circumcision for phimosis in young boys is complicated by meatal stenosis in a certain frequency (13/117) but not loaded with serious complications. There seems to be no reason to fear psychological disturbances due to circumcision. PMID- 3749824 TI - Arthroscopy of the knee in juvenile chronic arthritis. AB - Arthroscopy of 35 knee joints in 29 children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA) was performed to aid in the overall evaluation of the joint and the decision on further medical or surgical treatment. Arthroscopy showed cartilage destruction earlier than radiography. In five knees, synovectomy was performed by another surgeon immediately after the arthroscopy and the findings at operation agreed with those made at arthroscopy. Thus the validity of the method seems good and arthroscopy is valuable for early information on the state of cartilage and synovial inflammation in juvenile chronic arthritic knee joints. PMID- 3749825 TI - Death certificate and mortality in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 500 males and 500 females, aged 40 years and over, together with an age- and sex-matched control population, were observed over a 10-year period. Altogether 208 male and 148 female RA patients died during the follow-up period. RA was mentioned on the death certificates of 111 men (53%) and for 96 women (65%). Serious underreporting of RA was observed when the main cause of death was malignant neoplasms and diseases of the circulatory system. The results show that analysis of the causes of death can be highly biased if the RA diagnosis is based only on information on the death certificate. PMID- 3749826 TI - Acute synovitis induced by preformed immune complexes. AB - The morphology of acute immune complex (IC) elicited synovitis in rabbit knee joints was studied, as well as IC-induced leukocyte activation in vivo and in vitro. Acute synovitis was induced by intra-articular injection of in vitro preformed, complement activating bovine serum albumin (BSA)-anti-BSA IC. Within 30 min, migration of polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMNGs) was observed. Scanning electron microscopy showed that adhering, apparently activated leukocytes were attached to the synovial lining, often forming clusters. Phagocytosis of IC was evident, as immunoglobulins were detected within the leukocyte cytoplasm by the direct immunofluorescence technique. At the peak accumulation of PMNGs, focal erosions of the synovial lining were observed. Later, monocytes and macrophages appeared and degenerated PMNGs were found, sometimes within the cytoplasm of large macrophages. Chemiluminescence experiments showed a maximum in vitro activation of leukocytes by complement activating IC formed near optimal precipitation proportions and in slight antigen excess, whereas IC in large antigen excess gave a smaller and later response. PMID- 3749827 TI - Urinary neopterin index as a measure of rheumatoid activity. AB - The urinary neopterin index (U-NEOPT-I), expressed as micro-moles of neopterin/moles of creatinine) of 67 patients with definite or classical rheumatoid arthritis was significantly higher than that of sex- and age-matched persons or of 24 non-matched patients suffering from osteoarthrosis or arthralgia (2p less than 0.001). Furthermore, the patients with active disease had statistically significantly increased U-NEOPT-I when compared with patients with a clinically less active disease. In this study, the U-NEOPT-I value was the equal of CRP as a measure of rheumatoid activity. We suggest that neopterin might be involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 3749828 TI - Diclofenac versus lidocaine as injection therapy in myofascial pain. AB - Twenty-four patients with localized myofascial pain were treated with injections, 11 with 2 ml lidocaine 1% and 13 with 2 ml diclofenac (Voltaren) (50 mg) given in the trigger-point. The effect of therapy was measured by visual analogue scale (VAS) during 5 h corresponding to the expected pharmacological period of effect. Despite the small number of patients a clear trend was seen towards better treatment results with diclofenac, and after 4 h the difference between the two treatments was significant (p less than 0.05). Compared with the pain score value at the start the treatment with diclofenac gave a significant alleviation (p less than 0.05) after 3 h, whereas treatment with lidocaine did not give any significant change in pain level. The demonstrated effect of a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor illustrates how inflammation is involved as an etiological factor in myofascial pain. PMID- 3749829 TI - Fasting and vegan diet in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 3749830 TI - Follow-up findings in three patients with spinal ankylosing spondylitis. PMID- 3749831 TI - Tendinitis and abnormal glucose tolerance. PMID- 3749832 TI - Breath analysis. Physiological basis and sampling techniques. AB - This paper examines the physiological basis for breath analysis and draws attention to the factors which may affect the blood:breath ratio. A review of recent breath analysis techniques is presented, and some consideration is given to the use of breath analysis in the biological monitoring of workers exposed to solvents. PMID- 3749833 TI - A case-referent study of lung cancer, occupational exposures and smoking. I. Comparison of title-based and exposure-based occupational information. AB - The role of occupational exposures and smoking in the development of lung cancer has been studied among 176 male incident lung cancer cases and 176 referents admitted to two county hospitals in southeast Norway during 1979-1983. After the allocation of all occupational titles in the Nordic Classification of Occupations into three exposure groups according to potential exposure to respiratory carcinogens and other contaminants, each subject was classified according to exposure status of main occupation and number of years in each exposure category. An excess risk of lung cancer was observed both among those in possibly exposed occupations and among those definitely exposed. A more than threefold excess risk was observed among subjects with more than 30 years in exposed occupations. Exposure to 22 agents/processes was further assessed by a separate questionnaire and estimated simultaneously in a logistic regression model. Elevated risks were associated with exposure to asbestos and several other agents/processes, which largely correlated to each other. Smoking was strongly associated with all histological subtypes of lung cancer, while for occupational exposures the risk ratio was highest for small cell carcinoma and lowest for adenocarcinoma. Very high risk ratios for lung cancer were observed among heavy smokers in exposed occupations. PMID- 3749834 TI - A case-referent study of lung cancer, occupational exposures and smoking. II. Role of asbestos exposure. AB - In a hospital-based case-referent study of 176 incident lung cancer cases, ascertained during a five-year period from two county hospitals, the role of asbestos exposure and smoking has been studied. Information on asbestos exposure was obtained from personal interviews, and allocated to four exposure categories, according to the intensity and duration of the exposure. Twenty-five percent of the cases and 10% of the referents had been moderately to heavily exposed to asbestos during their working career. A statistically significant trend in risk ratio related to the degree of exposure was observed, with a more than fourfold risk among the heavily exposed. The strongest association was found between asbestos exposure and small cell carcinoma, and the weakest association between asbestos exposure and adenocarcinoma. Very high risk ratios were observed among asbestos-exposed subjects who were heavy smokers, and the interaction observed between asbestos and smoking conformed more closely to a multiplicative model than to an additive one. The results suggest that the observed association between lung cancer and occupational exposures in this study was, to a large extent, due to asbestos exposure. Information on such exposure was missing in 90% of the medical records of these patients. PMID- 3749835 TI - A case-referent study of lung cancer, occupational exposures and smoking. III. Etiologic fraction of occupational exposures. AB - The proportion of lung cancer related to occupational exposure to respiratory carcinogens and other workplace contaminants has been studied in a hospital-based case-referent study of 176 incident cases and 176 referents, recruited from the medical ward of two county hospitals in southern Norway. On the basis of job title and exposure information, three different approaches for the estimation of etiologic fraction were used, all based upon a trichotomous categorization of the exposure variable. Among the definitely exposed subjects, the etiologic fraction for lung cancer related to occupational exposure factors was from 22 to 35%, increasing to 37-47% when the "possibly exposed" categories were included. When asbestos was the only factor to be eliminated, the etiologic fraction estimate suggested a 23% reduction in the lung cancer incidence in the study population. More than 90% of the lung cancer cases would theoretically have been prevented if smoking had been completely removed. The relative merits of preventing one or several of the study factors simultaneously is discussed. PMID- 3749837 TI - Immunoglobulin E antibodies against a reactive dye--a case report. AB - The presence of specific IgE (immunoglobulin E) antibodies against a conjugate between human serum albumin and a reactive azo dye (Levafix Goldgelb E-3GA, Reactive Orange 67) was demonstrated by the radioallergosorbent test (RAST), RAST inhibition, and skin prick tests in an occupationally exposed subject with symptoms of mainly rhinoconjunctivitis. PMID- 3749836 TI - Chronic effects of dichloromethane on amino acids, glutathione and phosphoethanolamine in gerbil brain. AB - Mongolian gerbils were exposed to dichloromethane for three months by continuous inhalation at 210 ppm. Total free tissue amino acids, glutathione, and phosphoethanolamine were determined in the vermis posterior of the cerebellum and the frontal cerebral cortex. These two brain areas were chosen because humans occupationally exposed to dichloromethane have shown abnormalities in the electroencephalogram of the frontal part of the cerebral cortex. This study showed that long-term exposure of gerbils to dichloromethane (210 ppm) for three months leads to decreased levels of glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and phosphoethanolamine in the frontal cerebral cortex, while glutamine and gamma aminobutyric acid are elevated in the posterior cerebellar vermis. PMID- 3749838 TI - Bronchial asthma due to exposure to potassium aluminumtetrafluoride. PMID- 3749839 TI - [Carcinoma in mature cystic teratoma of the ovary: pathology, therapeutic and prognostic problems]. AB - Carcinoma develops in about 1-2% of ovarian mature cystic teratomas, usually in postmenopausal women, squamous cell carcinoma being the most common tumor type. This study is based on a review of 300 published and 5 new cases. The carcinomatous tissue tends to invade adjacent organs, whereas lymph node metastasis has rarely been diagnosed. A five-year survival rate of about 15% testifies to the poor prognosis. The treatment of tumors confined to the ovary (stage Ia, Ib; FIGO) usually consists of bilateral oophorectomy and total hysterectomy. Exceptionally, in young women of childbearing age, treatment may be limited to unilateral oophorectomy. A thorough surgical, cytologic and bioptic examination of the abdominal cavity should be done to confirm an early tumor stage. In more advanced stages (FIGO Ic to IV), complete eradication of the malignant tissue offers the only chance of cure. The efficacy of chemo- and radiotherapy has not been studied systematically. We suggest that carcinoma in mature cystic teratoma be staged and treated according to the guidelines established for common epithelial neoplasms of the ovary. PMID- 3749840 TI - [Hypercalcemia in Addison's disease caused by bilateral adrenal hemorrhage]. AB - The case is reported of a 36-year-old woman presenting with progressive hypercalcemia which led to the diagnosis of adrenocortical insufficiency of recent origin. Adrenal failure developed soon after septic shocks in this heparin anticoagulated patient post leg amputation for Buerger's disease. The clinical, biological and radiological (CT scan) data are consistent with bilateral adrenal hemorrhage as the cause of primary adrenal insufficiency. The pathogenesis of hypercalcemia in this condition is discussed. PMID- 3749841 TI - [Choice and modalities of the treatment of biliary lithiasis]. AB - Western life-style and an older population make gallstones, "silent" or otherwise, a commoner problem than in the past. Whilst symptomatic gallstones should be treated surgically, "silent" gallstones usually remain that way and do not require prophylactic cholecystectomy. However, if common bile duct stones have been demonstrated or only suspected, surgery is the treatment of choice even in the absence of symptoms. Surgical mortality is very low at less than 1% for cholecystectomy and bile duct exploration. These figures apply to a population of whom half are over 70 years of age. Chemical dissolution of cholesterol gallstones is only of use in a small minority of patients, notably those at high surgical risk or who refuse surgery. Endoscopic sphincterotomy is useful as primary treatment in cases of cholangitis and gallstone-associated pancreatitis, and often allows removal of bile duct stones in inoperable patients. PMID- 3749842 TI - [Treatment of benign tumors of the liver]. AB - Benign hepatic tumors have today acquired an importance they did not have a few years ago. On the one hand, new X-ray techniques detect lesions unrecognized in the past, while on the other oral contraceptives increase the incidence of some and the clinical symptoms of others. Hemangioma, which is common and asymptomatic when small, may produce clinical symptoms or even severe complications when they become larger. The significant technical progress achieved in partial hepatic resection appears to allow even larger prophylactic hepatectomy. Adenoma may rupture and cause death due to intraperitoneal bleeding. In contrast to what has been claimed, interruption of oral contraceptives does not remove this risk. The following three circumstances require surgery for most large tumors: hemorrhagic risk, presence of malignant tumors (transformation? coincidence?) and impossibility and danger of attempting diagnosis by percutaneous puncture. In contrast, focal nodular hyperplasia seldom bleeds and involves no risk of malignancy, and thus surgery can be dispensed with except in the case of voluminous or compressive tumors. Solitary or multiple hepatic cysts call for surgery only when their volume discomfort. Percutaneous puncture with aspiration will gain time and allow cytologic investigation of the drained fluid. In our experience of over 140 hepatectomies in Geneva, only 22 were performed for benign tumors. Overall mortality in this survey was 11%, but there were no deaths among the 55 hepatectomies for benign lesions (including the 22 cases mentioned above).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3749843 TI - [Clinical approach to weight control]. AB - In defining the therapeutic strategy the clinical evaluation of obesity relies on ideal body weight tables and the calculation of the body weight index (kg/m2). The distribution of fat tissue must also be considered, since the increased risk of cardiovascular disease appears to be associated with the android type of obesity. A number of factors influence the development of obesity, including heredity, energy balance and appetite, which is under physiologic and psychological control. A balanced hypocaloric diet remains the basic approach to weight control as it alone provides nutritional education. Under medical supervision, unbalanced diets, such as the protein-sparing modified fast, have been shown to be very effective. The surgical treatment of morbid obesity is controversial, although good results are claimed for gastroplasty. Whatever the approach, appropriate supportive measures must be included in order to modify behavior towards food and maintain weight loss. PMID- 3749844 TI - [Swiss Society for Pathology. 51st annual meeting. St. Gallen, 8-9 November 1985. Abstracts]. PMID- 3749845 TI - [Thoughts on the position of veterinary medicine in Swiss agricultural research]. PMID- 3749846 TI - [ELISA serology of the blood and colostral milk: a possibility for monitoring enzootic pneumonia (EP) in swine herds]. PMID- 3749847 TI - [Inhibitor detection within the scope of bacteriologic meat inspection]. PMID- 3749848 TI - [Detection of alkaline phosphatase in the mucous membrane of the large intestine of cattle (Bos primigenius taurus) in fetal development]. PMID- 3749849 TI - [What is your diagnosis? What measures do you recommend?]. PMID- 3749850 TI - [The federal animal protection law--its goals and effects]. PMID- 3749851 TI - [Effects of the federal animal protection law on zoos and similar wild animal establishments]. PMID- 3749852 TI - [Annual evolution of the infestation of cattle with the tick Ixodes ricinus L. and infestation of these ectoparasites by Babesia divergens in Clos-du-Doubs (Jura, Switzerland)]. PMID- 3749853 TI - [Abstracts of dissertations of the veterinary medicine faculties, Bern and Zurich, 1986]. PMID- 3749854 TI - Transplantation in the central nervous system. PMID- 3749855 TI - The microwave problem. PMID- 3749856 TI - Predicting chemistry from topology. PMID- 3749857 TI - The blood-brain barrier. PMID- 3749858 TI - The colors of things. PMID- 3749859 TI - Risk factors and cardiovascular disease. PMID- 3749860 TI - The prospects for treating cancer with antibody. PMID- 3749861 TI - A new approach to the generation of pattern and form in embryology. PMID- 3749862 TI - Nutrition, environment and brain development. PMID- 3749863 TI - Cultural evolution of feeding behaviour in animals. PMID- 3749864 TI - [Cutaneous implantation metastasis after fine needle puncture of a pancreatic cancer]. AB - Case report of a cutaneous implantation metastasis 2 months after an ultrasound guided fine needle biopsy of a pancreatic carcinoma. 4 more cases of this kind of complication have been published. PMID- 3749865 TI - A preliminary study on the immunodiagnosis of paragonimiasis--the physico chemical and immunological characteristics of the crude and partially purified antigens of Paragonimus westermani (Liaoning). AB - We have now succeeded in preparing a partially purified antigen (Fr. 1). The positive rates of the indirect ELISA were 100% both for sera of proved human cases and dogs infected with Paragonimus westermani when Fr. 1 was used, whereas the positive rates of the test were 71.4% and 75% on sera from patients and infected dogs respectively when crude antigen was used. Moreover, it is also better than the crude antigen in specificity, so a more reliable test in immunodiagnosis of paragonimiasis is available in our laboratory. PMID- 3749866 TI - Electrophysiological identification of serotonergic neurons in the rat nucleus raphe magnus. AB - In the present study, antidromically activated raphe-spinal neurons in the nucleus raphe magnus are found to exhibit a wide range of conduction velocities and spontaneous discharge rates. The unit activities observed in control rats have been compared with those in 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (a specific neurotoxin to serotonergic cells)-pretreated animals. It is found that the units conducting at slower than 12 m/sec and discharging at rates of less than 3 Hz often found in control rats are not found in drug-pretreated animals, and are thus presumed to be serotonergic. In addition, the regularity of spontaneous discharges of units has been evaluated by testing the coefficient of variability of spike intervals. These results indicate that the slow-conducting units discharge less regularly than the fast-conducting ones. PMID- 3749867 TI - A model study on mode of bonding of cisplatin with DNA. AB - The interaction of cis-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2] with nucleosides, as constituents of DNA, was studied by spectrophotometric, 13C NMR and CNDO/2 methods. The apparent stability constants of the complexes formed and the initial rate of formation were determined. The sites of binding of nucleoside (or nucleotide) with Cisplatin were ascertained and the electronic structure of the model coordination compounds of Cisplatin and guanine was calculated by MO approach. On the basis of the obtained results, the mechanism of the antitumour action of Cisplatin was discussed, and a new possible mode of bonding of Cisplatin with DNA was proposed. PMID- 3749868 TI - 1H NMR investigation of the binding of methyl-beta-D-galactoses with sialic acid residues on hepatic binding protein--the effect of divalent calcium ions. AB - The present study is a proton NMR investigation of the influence of Ca2+ on the interaction between the intact sialic acid residues on HBP (Hepatic Binding Protein) and methyl-beta-D-galactoses. The proton NMR spectra of HBP and methyl beta-D-galactose mixing solution at different Ca2+ concentration have been measured. The analysis of the experimental results indicates that Ca2+ participates in the binding of sialic acid residues on HBP with methyl-beta-D galactoses and this enables the galactose molecules to be in stable bound state. The proton NMR spectra of the samples containing EDTA have confirmed this conclusion. PMID- 3749869 TI - Biological and dietary reference materials. PMID- 3749871 TI - Levels of cadmium, mercury and lead in otter and mink faeces from the United Kingdom. AB - Over 500 faeces of otter (Lutra lutra) from Britain, with a small sample from northeast Greece, were analyzed for Cd, Hg and Pb. A small sample of mink (Mustela vison) faeces was also analyzed. Mean concentrations of metals (mg kg-1 dry weight) in otter faeces ranged from 1.53 to 3.97 Cd, 0.25 to 0.74 Hg and 12.4 to 20.9 Pb. Mink faeces generally contained less Cd and Hg, but more Pb. Metal concentrations in faeces may reflect both natural and anthropogenic sources. Estimates of daily Cd and Pb intake were made from faecal concentrations and these were in good agreement with concentrations in major fish prey. The estimates of daily Cd and Pb intake are high, but nevertheless most samples came from thriving otter populations. The value of faecal analysis in assessing metal burdens during surveys of otters is discussed. PMID- 3749870 TI - Organic air pollutants in an aluminum reduction plant. AB - The content of organic pollutants, other than polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), was determined in air samples collected in the potroom of a Soderberg aluminum reduction plant. The neutral and the basic fractions of the sample extract were analysed, and aza-arenes, carbazoles, 1-nitropyrene and quinones as well as aromatic aldehydes and ketones were identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Selected compounds were quantified and the results indicate that the concentrations in the potroom atmosphere are high. Some of the identified compounds are known to have adverse health effects, and should therefore be included whenever air quality studies are carried out inside or near aluminum plants. PMID- 3749872 TI - Alpha-emitting, hot particles in Irish sea sediments. AB - Alpha-emitting, hot particles have been observed in samples of liquid effluent from the nuclear fuel reprocessing plant at Sellafield, U.K. Similar particles, thought to originate from Sellafield, have been found in environmental samples from sites near the plant. The occurrence and distribution of hot particles in surface sediments from the northeastern sector of the Irish Sea are described and the implications for predicting transuranium element behaviour are discussed. PMID- 3749873 TI - Transfer of environmental plutonium and americium across the human gut. AB - Data on gut transfer factors for environmental forms of radionuclides are essential for estimates of public radiation exposures following ingestion, and thus in decisions on controlling waste discharges. Dose estimates for transuranic nuclides are particularly sensitive to uncertainties stemming from gut transfer data being related to non-environmental forms and/or derived from animal experiments. We have measured human gut transfer factors for plutonium and americium in two experiments using marine foods obtained near Sellafield, Cumbria. Firstly, the urine of volunteer members of the critical group of shellfish consumers was analysed for transuranics and the results related to their consumption rates. Secondly, remotely-based volunteers ate single quantities of shellfish obtained near Sellafield, and their urine was analysed. An overall result for the gut transfer factor for environmental plutonium of 0.8 X 10(-4) indicates no need to increase the value of 1 X 10(-4), currently used by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) for soluble forms. Results for americium show that the ICRP value of 5 X 10(-4) is maximising, and that a value of 1 X 10(-4) would be supportable. The results from the study of critical group members provide confidence in our habits survey techniques and reassurance that there are no significant pathways for intake of transuranics by these people that have not been recognised. PMID- 3749874 TI - Effect of growth hormone on cows. PMID- 3749875 TI - Researchers grapple with problems of updating classic psychological test. PMID- 3749876 TI - Ethical guidelines proposed for reproductive technology. PMID- 3749877 TI - Aging and health: effects of the sense of control. AB - The relation between health and a sense of control may grow stronger in old age. This could occur through three types of processes: experiences particularly relevant to control may increase markedly in old age; the association between control and some aspect of health may be altered by age; and age may influence the association between control and health-related behaviors or the seeking of medical care. Studies show that there are detrimental effects on the health of older people when their control of their activities is restricted; in contrast, interventions that enhance options for control by nursing home patients promote health. With increasing age, however, variability in preferred amounts of control also increases, and sometimes greater control over activities, circumstances, or health has negative consequences including stress, worry, and self-blame. Mechanisms mediating the control-health relation include feelings of stress, symptom labeling, changes in the neuroendocrine and immune systems, and behavior relevant to health maintenance. PMID- 3749878 TI - Effects of alcohol on the generation and migration of cerebral cortical neurons. AB - Prenatal exposure to alcohol produces many developmental defects of the central nervous system, such as microcephaly, mental retardation, motor dysfunction, and cognitive deficiencies. Therefore, the generation of neurons in the cerebral cortex was examined in the offspring of female rats fed a diet containing ethanol. Prenatal exposure to ethanol delayed and extended the period during which cortical neurons were generated, reduced the number of neurons in the nature cortex with the same time of origin, and altered the distribution of neurons generated on a particular day. Thus, the proliferation and migration of cortical neurons are profoundly affected by in utero exposure to ethanol. PMID- 3749879 TI - Static and initiator protein-enhanced bending of DNA at a replication origin. AB - DNA bending has been suggested to play a role in the regulation of gene expression, initiation of DNA replication, DNA packaging, and the recognition of specific DNA sequences by proteins. It has recently been demonstrated that DNA bending can be sequence-directed. Bent DNA has also been observed as a consequence of sequence-specific binding of proteins to DNA. In this report DNA of plasmid pT181 is shown to contain a bend at the replication origin. Furthermore, this bend is enhanced by the binding of the pT181 replication initiator protein, RepC, to the origin. PMID- 3749880 TI - Human genome sequence. PMID- 3749881 TI - The lessons of Chernobyl. PMID- 3749882 TI - Growing focus on criminal careers. PMID- 3749883 TI - Viroids may be escaped introns. PMID- 3749884 TI - How unusual are unusual events? PMID- 3749885 TI - Neuronal population coding of movement direction. AB - Although individual neurons in the arm area of the primate motor cortex are only broadly tuned to a particular direction in three-dimensional space, the animal can very precisely control the movement of its arm. The direction of movement was found to be uniquely predicted by the action of a population of motor cortical neurons. When individual cells were represented as vectors that make weighted contributions along the axis of their preferred direction (according to changes in their activity during the movement under consideration) the resulting vector sum of all cell vectors (population vector) was in a direction congruent with the direction of movement. This population vector can be monitored during various tasks, and similar measures in other neuronal populations could be of heuristic value where there is a neural representation of variables with vectorial attributes. PMID- 3749886 TI - Amitotic neuroblastoma cells used for neural implants in monkeys. AB - The potential utility of cultured neuroblastoma cells as donor tissue for neutral implants into the mammalian brain has been examined. Cells from a human neuroblastoma cell line, IMR-32, were labeled with [3H]thymidine and chemically rendered amitotic. These differentiated IMR-32 cells were grafted into the hippocampi of five adult African Green monkeys, and graft survival was evaluated for up to 270 days after transplantation. Autoradiographically labeled grafted cells were identified in four animals. Processes from grafted cells could be followed for distances of up to 150 micrometers into the host brain. No evidence for neoplastic growth of the transplant was found. Thus, grafted neuroblastoma cells can survive for prolonged periods in the primate brain and may serve as a practical source of donor tissue for neural implants. PMID- 3749887 TI - Correspondence matching in apparent motion: evidence for three-dimensional spatial representation. AB - The path of an object in apparent motion depends on correspondence matching, the decision that images seen at different places and at different times represent the same object. One determinant of correspondence is proximity. Still debated, however, is whether proximity is defined in a two- or three-dimensional spatial representation. Observers judged the motion path taken by an object with two neighbors of different apparent depth. Given similar two-dimensional distances, objects moved toward the neighbor of the same apparent depth. This is evidence that correspondence operates in a three-dimensional spatial representation. PMID- 3749888 TI - Nucleosome structure. PMID- 3749889 TI - AIDS control. AB - In the briefing "Heavy water: Where did India obtain it" by Mark Crawford (News & Comment, 12 Sept., p. 1148), the journal Foreign Affairs was incorrectly cited as the publisher of an article by Gary Milhollin of the Natural Resources Defense Council. Milhollin's analysis appears in the fall issue of Foreign Policy, Suite 900, 11 Dupont Circle, NW, Washington, D.C. PMID- 3749890 TI - The M.D. class of '86: smaller, deeper in debt. PMID- 3749891 TI - New growth industry in human growth hormone? PMID- 3749892 TI - Does the binding of cyclosporine to calmodulin result in immunosuppression? AB - The cyclosporines are a family of cyclic endecapeptides that cause a profound suppression of primary immune stimulation both in vitro and in vivo. Recently, the regulatory protein calmodulin (CaM) has been implicated as a target for cyclosporin A (CsA) binding. This study utilized two less-active isomers of CsA to evaluate the specificity and biological significance of CaM binding. The three cyclosporines exhibited equivalent in vitro binding to CaM, regardless of immunosuppressive activity. Furthermore, CaM-dependent enzyme systems were inhibited equally by active and inactive cyclosporines, but only at concentrations 100 times those necessary to block lymphocyte activation. Thus the exquisite immunosuppressive stereospecificity displayed by cyclosporine isomers is not reflected in the binding to and inhibition of CaM, suggesting that inhibition of CaM-dependent processes is not sufficient to explain the immunosuppressive activity of CsA. PMID- 3749893 TI - Leucosulfakinin, a sulfated insect neuropeptide with homology to gastrin and cholecystokinin. AB - A sulfated, myotropic neuropeptide termed leucosulfakinin (Glu-Gln-Phe-Glu-Asp Tyr(SO3H)-Gly-His-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2) was isolated from head extracts of the cockroach Leucophaea maderae. The peptide exhibits sequence homology with the hormonally active portion of the vertebrate hormones human gastrin II and cholecystokinin, suggesting that these peptides are evolutionarily related. Six of the 11 amino acid residues (55 percent) are identical to those in gastrin II. In addition, the intestinal myotropic action of leucosulfakinin is analogous to that of gastrin. PMID- 3749895 TI - Youth suicide. PMID- 3749894 TI - Stimulation of neuronal acetylcholine receptors induces rapid gene transcription. AB - Cholinergic agonists rapidly and transiently induced transcription of the c-fos protooncogene and one or more actin genes in neuronally differentiated PC12 cells. Transcription was activated within minutes after stimulation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and required an influx of extracellular Ca2+ ions through voltage-sensitive calcium channels. Nicotine activation proceeded by a different pathway from activation by nerve growth factor, whose stimulation of these genes is independent of extracellular Ca2+ ions. These findings suggest that neurotransmitters may rapidly activate specific gene transcription in nondividing neuronally differentiated cells. They also suggest a functional role for neurotransmitter induction of c-fos and actin expression in the nervous system. PMID- 3749896 TI - Radiation effects research in Japan. PMID- 3749897 TI - NIH considers major change in definition of recombinant DNA. PMID- 3749898 TI - A clinical and pathologic study of cerebrovascular disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 3749899 TI - [Value of arthrography in the diagnosis of traumatic and degenerative changes in periarticular structures of the shoulder joint]. PMID- 3749900 TI - [Late results of unreduced acromioclavicular Tossy III ruptures]. PMID- 3749901 TI - [Functional treatment of humerus fractures by the Sarmiento method. Results after 3 years' experience]. PMID- 3749902 TI - [Intraosseous wire fixation as exercise-stable finger osteosynthesis]. PMID- 3749903 TI - [Simultaneous fracture of the femur shaft and femur neck in the children and adolescents]. PMID- 3749904 TI - [Stress roentgen study of the knee joint--an evaluation of status]. PMID- 3749905 TI - [Isolated rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament. Clinical and morphologic studies]. PMID- 3749906 TI - [The soleus muscle: its blood supply as the basis for muscle rotation flap plasty]. PMID- 3749907 TI - [Plate osteosynthesis in bicondylar fractures of the tibial head]. PMID- 3749908 TI - [Experimental studies of early functional stabilization aftercare of surgically treated ligaments of the outer ankle joint]. PMID- 3749909 TI - [Therapy of injuries of the exterior ankle joint ligaments. Randomized study of postoperative therapy and early functional treatment tactics]. PMID- 3749910 TI - [Irritation of the saphenous nerve as a cause of pain in the knee joint]. PMID- 3749911 TI - Nuclear medicine and the environment--Part II. PMID- 3749912 TI - Licensing criteria for nuclear medicine. AB - The use of radioactive materials in medicine is one of the most highly regulated areas the physician has to deal with. There are three basic types of licenses for use of radioactive material defined in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), chapter 10, part 35. These are the general license, which is mainly applicable to small volume in vitro work; the specific license, which is used in most medical facilities; and the broad license, which is suited for larger research-oriented practices. Licensing requires proof of competence of the user and of adequate provision for protection of public health. Materials used in medicine are grouped for convenience into three diagnostic categories and two therapeutic categories. A sixth group, for sealed implants, is not generally applicable in nuclear medicine. Training and experience of users may be documented in a number of ways, including board certification in nuclear medicine. Therapeutic applications require additional proof of direct personal experience. The radiation safety officer is a pivotal individual in the licensing procedure, being directly responsible for carrying out the highly detailed requirements for protection of personnel and patients. A radiation safety program based on the "as low as reasonably achievable" (ALARA) concept requires personal monitoring, inventory control, detection and control of contamination, and strict adherence to licensing rules. Training of personnel and proper maintenance of equipment and facilities are also vital parts of the licensing process. The requirements of licensing and for renewal are clearly spelled out by the various regulatory agencies and require meticulous record keeping with documentation that all prescribed procedures have been followed and duly recorded. PMID- 3749913 TI - The radioactive patient. AB - Patients containing diagnostic or therapeutic amounts of radionuclides present exposure problems for medical and technical personnel. It is essential that personnel be aware of the magnitude of exposure expected and the methods available for its reduction. The design of a nuclear medicine facility should consider patients as sources of exposure. The size of imaging areas may be increased to reduce exposure to attending personnel. Patients containing radioactivity should be segregated from other patients and their families. Hospitalized patients given therapeutic amounts of radionuclides represent sources of exposure and contamination to personnel providing care. The use of disposable materials and the monitoring of these materials for contamination will reduce contamination of the hospital environment. Adequate instruction of personnel is essential to programs using therapeutic amounts of radionuclides so that patients are not made to feel isolated because of the form of treatment they are receiving. PMID- 3749914 TI - Disposal of low-level radioactive wastes. AB - The generation of low-level radioactive waste is a natural consequence of the societal uses of radioactive materials. These uses include the application of radioactive materials to the diagnosis and treatment of human disease and to research into the causes of human disease and their prevention. Currently, low level radioactive wastes are disposed of in one of three shallow land-burial disposal sites located in Washington, Nevada, and South Carolina. With the passage in December 1980 of Public Law 96-573, "The Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Act," the disposal of low-level wastes generated in each state was identified as a responsibility of the state. To fulfill this responsibility, states were encouraged to form interstate compacts for radioactive waste disposal. At the present time, only 37 states have entered into compact agreements, in spite of the clause in Public Law 96-573 that established January 1, 1986, as a target date for implementation of state responsibility for radioactive wastes. Recent action by Congress has resulted in postponement of the implementation date to January 1, 1993. PMID- 3749915 TI - Institutional storage and disposal of radioactive materials. AB - Storage and disposal of radioactive materials from nuclear medicine operations must be considered in the overall program design. The storage of materials from daily operation, materials in transit, and long-term storage represent sources of exposure. The design of storage facilities must include consideration of available space, choice of material, occupancy of surrounding areas, and amount of radioactivity anticipated. Neglect of any of these factors will lead to exposure problems. The ultimate product of any manipulation of radioactive material will be some form of radioactive waste. This waste may be discharged into the environment or placed within a storage area for packaging and transfer to a broker for ultimate disposal. Personnel must be keenly aware of packaging regulations of the burial site as well as applicable federal and local codes. Fire codes should be reviewed if there is to be storage of flammable materials in any area. Radiation protection personnel should be aware of community attitudes when considering the design of the waste program. PMID- 3749916 TI - Transportation issues in nuclear medicine and the release of radioactivity into the environment. AB - Large volumes of radioactive materials are shipped daily over the nation's highways, by air, and by other transportation modes for a variety of purposes. These shipments include those intended for nuclear medicine applications. Shipments are governed by the Federal Department of Transportation, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and, for international shipments, the International Atomic Energy Agency. Knowledge of the regulations of these agencies is essential for maintenance of a viable radiation safety program. The use of radioactive materials is invariably accompanied by the potential for release of radioactivity into the environment. This potential is addressed in the recommendations and regulations of several voluntary and governmental agencies. Recently, new concepts have been introduced into these recommendations and regulations that use the concepts of "annual limit of intake," "committed effective dose equivalent," and "derived air concentrations." These concepts improve the applicability of present standards for the release of radioactive materials into the environment and for the protection of individuals from these materials. PMID- 3749917 TI - Radiation protection programs in nuclear medicine. AB - The development of radiation protection programs in nuclear medicine has been stimulated by the greater degree of regulation that exists in this form of medical imaging. A program within an institution will depend on the amount and type of work to be undertaken, the resources available, and the commitment of the individuals involved. These factors may be part of a licensing program or exist within a broader framework. General policy may be set forth in a manual or guidelines distributed to all employees. The continuing review and development of policy is the function of the institutional committee on radiation. This review must consider patients and workers with the objective of reducing overall dose while obtaining the maximum amount of clinical information. The responsibility for radiation protection is shared by the institution, the licensee, and the individual employee. PMID- 3749918 TI - Management of individuals accidentally exposed to radiation or radioactive materials. AB - Sources of ionizing radiation are being used with increasing frequency in a wide spectrum of applications in society. These uses are accompanied by the possible occurrence of accidents resulting in persons exposed to radiation and contaminated with radioactivity. These persons pose a risk to facilities and attending personnel upon their arrival at the hospital. This risk can be minimized without compromising the quality of patient care only if careful planning for such patients has been conducted by the hospital. Planning should include identification of a radiation emergency area within the hospital, delineation of a radiation emergency response team of individuals knowledgeable about radiation and radioactivity, and development of protocols for the medical care and decontamination of patients involved in radiation accidents. Various agencies, including the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals, have stressed the need for preparation and periodic testing of radiation emergency response plans for hospitals. PMID- 3749920 TI - The displaced spleen. PMID- 3749919 TI - Diffuse radioactivity in the thoraco-abdominal region seen in bone scintigraphy. PMID- 3749921 TI - "Hot" patella on bone images. PMID- 3749922 TI - Salivary scintigraphy: decreased activity. PMID- 3749923 TI - Salivary scintigraphy: unilateral increased activity. PMID- 3749924 TI - The reactor accident at Chernobyl: a nuclear medicine practitioner's perspective. AB - The radiation incident at Chernobyl, USSR, on April 26, 1986 was first detected in Sweden on April 29, when increased radioactivity was observed at a nuclear facility in that country. Subsequently, higher levels of radioactivity were observed in most of Eastern Europe and then in Western Europe. Increased radioactivity was eventually noted in the United States beginning about May 5. The three-day interval between the incident and its discovery outside the USSR caused great apprehension. This chain of events indicates the very important role for the nuclear medicine physician, the medical physicist and their colleagues. It is likely that this medical specialty area is staffed by personnel who are best qualified to interpret these findings and to determine the necessary course of action both for patients and the general public. The nuclear medicine specialist can provide valuable input in estimating the radiation dose impact resulting from such an incident. This estimate may be accomplished either by combining measured activity levels with the physiological and physical factors involved; or by actual in vivo counting and quantitation of radioactivity in individuals exposed to radionuclides. From the measured activities in air, water and food, and assumed intakes for various age groups, doses can be estimated both for inhalation and ingestion of radionuclides. In vivo measurements of radionuclides can be performed with conventional instrumentation used routinely in nuclear medicine laboratories. PMID- 3749925 TI - Long-term management of polycythemia vera with hydroxyurea: a progress report. PMID- 3749926 TI - Polycythemia vera: an update. II. PMID- 3749927 TI - Adverse effects of antiaggregating platelet therapy in the treatment of polycythemia vera. PMID- 3749928 TI - Essential thrombocythemia: an interim report from the Polycythemia Vera Study Group. PMID- 3749929 TI - Leukemia. I. PMID- 3749930 TI - Principles of viral leukemogenesis. PMID- 3749931 TI - Human leukemia: cell culture. AB - A number of culture systems are now in use to explore control mechanisms in normal and abnormal hemopoiesis. The combined use of these culture techniques with monoclonal antibodies, molecular probes, and growth-promoting activities have the potential to provide some insight into the mystery of leukemic proliferation. PMID- 3749933 TI - Fulminant hepatic failure. PMID- 3749932 TI - Assessment of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure. PMID- 3749934 TI - Incentives and disincentives used to affect demographic changes in fertility trends in Singapore. PMID- 3749935 TI - Respiratory function in cadmium battery workers. PMID- 3749936 TI - Dexamethasone suppression test and schizophrenia. PMID- 3749937 TI - Fibrin degradation products (FDP) and inhibitors in retroplacental blood. PMID- 3749938 TI - Some aspects of sexual knowledge and sexual behaviour of local women--results of a survey. VI--Extramarital coitus. PMID- 3749939 TI - Primary hyperparathyroidism at the Singapore General Hospital. PMID- 3749940 TI - Anaesthetic management for the removal of phaeochromocytoma with neuroleptanaesthesia using high dose fentanyl: a case report. PMID- 3749941 TI - Gastric stricture following zinc chloride ingestion. PMID- 3749942 TI - An acardius amorphus in a twin pregnancy. PMID- 3749943 TI - Nasopharyngeal tuberculosis presenting as a mass. PMID- 3749944 TI - Chylothorax due to filariasis--a case report. PMID- 3749945 TI - Giant inguinoscrotal hernia. A case report. PMID- 3749946 TI - First National Arthritis Foundation lecture. How to cope with arthritis. PMID- 3749948 TI - The Ninth International Conference on the Social Sciences and Medicine. Korpilampi, Finland, 8-12 July 1985. PMID- 3749947 TI - The art of the possible. PMID- 3749949 TI - Public and private sector interactions: an economic perspective. AB - The debate about the public-private mix for health care has been dominated by rhetoric and the failure to evaluate the characteristics of the outcomes of public and private health care systems and to relate these to policy targets. After a brief analysis of the competing, liberal (conservative) and collectivist (socialist), objectives, the nature of the private health care sector in Britain is described and it is shown that growth has faltered due to cost containment problems. This outcome is the product of characteristics of the private health care system, paralleled precisely in the NHS: asymmetry information, monopoly power, moral hazard and third party pays. The final section discusses briefly some remedies for the inefficient and inequitable outcomes which are seen in all health care markets and it is argued that competition within public and private health care systems may enable each system type to achieve its own particular objectives more efficiently. PMID- 3749950 TI - The child as a focus for health promotion in the developing world. PMID- 3749951 TI - From sneezes to adieux: stages of health for American men and women. AB - This article traces health from daily symptoms to death for American (U.S.) men and women in three age groups 17-44, 45-64, 65+. How do leading problems change as our perspective shifts from daily symptoms to annual incidence and prevalence rates of diseases and injuries; then to problems that induce long term limitations; to conditions brought to physicians for care; to diagnoses for hospital stays; and finally to causes of death? We study the top 15 conditions in each of these stages of health. Young adults are bothered most by acute and chronic respiratory diseases, but deaths among them are due to diseases and violent injuries that seldom figure in daily life. Fatal chronic diseases becomes more prevalent in middle ages and spur professional care, but they rarely cause daily symptoms. For older people, life threatening chronic conditions stretch through all stages of health. Arthritis also becomes a dominant facet of symptoms, social limitations and ambulatory care. Men's and women's leading daily symptoms are very similar; so are their leading acute and chronic conditions, limiting conditions, diagnoses for health care and causes of death. What distinguishes the sexes is the rate, not the ranks, of health problems they suffer. We elaborate the iceberg of morbidity metaphor, as a device to highlight stage, age and sex differences in health. PMID- 3749952 TI - The place of primary health care in a comprehensive health system. AB - In considering the place of Primary Health Care in a comprehensive health system, we must first consider what is meant by the term 'comprehensive'. Comprehensive systems take into account all phases of life from infancy to old age, and integrate all aspects of being, including physical, psychological, mental, social, environmental, political and so on. It is the task of those who deliver the primary health care system to evaluate and prioritize health needs in specific populations, and to implement programs which honor the community's unique priorities, taking into account all phases and aspects of life. Drawing upon data collected from a comprehensive field survey of community health activities in Hiketa, in Kagawa Prefecture in Shikoku, and other similar surveys carried out in Japan, as well as references such as the Report of the International Conference on Primary Health Care (Alma Ata), and the World Health Organization Global Strategy for Health for All by the Year 2000, this background paper will outline the critical aspects to be considered in implementation of primary health care in comprehensive health systems, as a context for further discussion. Aspects to be considered are as follows: Community representation and participation Evaluation of health needs Prioritization of health needs IMPLEMENTATION: consultation with specialists IMPLEMENTATION: utilization of local resources IMPLEMENTATION: health education IMPLEMENTATION: support of local government IMPLEMENTATION: co-ordination of laymen, specialists, officials and others Evaluation Follow through. Illustrative examples will be used to highlight problems and solutions as each aspects is considered. PMID- 3749953 TI - Symptoms, social stratification and self-responsibility for health in the United States and West Germany. AB - This study compares the responses of a sample of Americans in Illinois and West Germans in North-Rhine Westphalia on the basis of symptom perception, symptom experience, physician utilization and health-locus-of-control. The hypothesis that as socioeconomic status increases, the more likely the individual is to manifest and behavior favorable toward self-control and acceptance of personal responsibility in health care matters was tested. The hypothesis was supported by the American data, but not the West German. Possible trends in West German society accounting for a significant lack of socioeconomic variance in illness behavior are discussed. PMID- 3749954 TI - Traditional and modern medicine in South Africa: a research study. AB - This paper examines the relationship between traditional and modern medicine with reference to an experimental research study conducted in South Africa, which focused on interviews by traditional Zulu healers and modern clinical psychologists with the same group of psychiatric patients. Results indicated that while traditional and modern practitioners worked from different theoretical orientations, they were in significant agreement as to both diagnosis and treatment of patients when faced with the same limited choice of options. Furthermore, patients perceived both traditional and modern practitioners as being more or less equally helpful. Results are compared with those of other studies. Local and international implications for the relationship between traditional and modern medicine are discussed. PMID- 3749955 TI - Ethnicity and illness experience: ideological structures and the health care delivery system. AB - This paper analyses the experiences of Anglo-Canadian and immigrant Chinese families with a chronically ill child by using the idea that the social organization and ideology of health care services generate particular illness experiences. Immigrant families find the ideology dissonant with their customs for managing illness. The disjuncture between practices often leads to non compliance and ineffective treatment. Health professionals explain non-compliance by the obvious facts of cultural differences, but I argue that it should be understood by institutional practices that exclude families from participating in caretaking. I maintain that patients and families should be included in decisions that affect their lives. Pressures from government to economize by increasing home care services, and the increasing number of immigrants may force practitioners to negotiate culturally acceptable care with them. PMID- 3749956 TI - Menopause research: the Korpilampi workshop. AB - A workshop on menopause research focused on three topics: (1) problems and issues in the definition of menopausal status: (2) problems and issues in cross-cultural research: (3) the contributions which research in the behavioural sciences can make to clinical research and practice. Among the conclusions reached by the workshop was the recommendation that researchers should adopt a standard definition of menopause based on the cessation on menses. Yet, while standard definitions are essential to scientific comparison, it is also important to determine how women decide on their own status, particularly when working cross culturally. PMID- 3749957 TI - Sex differences in depression and satisfaction with self: findings from a United States national survey. AB - Using data from an American national quality of life survey, sex differences in depression and satisfaction with self were examined for married respondents. The findings indicate that structural (role and demographic) variables and experiential (cognitive-evaluative) variables reduce gender differences in these two areas of psychological well-being. Variables of particular importance are employment and satisfaction with family life. These findings are evaluated and integrated with previous findings in this area. PMID- 3749958 TI - Migration and biocultural adaptation: Samoans in California. AB - The consequences of migration for the Samoan population of California are discussed within the context of other studies focusing on Samoan native and migrant populations in Samoa and Hawaii. The social, cultural and economic characteristics of California Samoans are described and data are presented for body morphology, blood pressure, psychosocial stress and social support, general morbidity patterns and mortality rates for 1978-1982. Although the nature of disease risks appear profound in this population, particularly patterns of extreme obesity and psychosocial stress, mortality rates for heart disease and stroke are less than might be expected among other American groups. Such unexpectedly low mortality rates may represent the relatively healthy experience of older cohorts of migrants, or be a result of proportionally few individuals having lived long enough in California to develop cardiovascular and other chronic disease that have lengthy natural histories. We postulate that at present Samoan social structure, particularly the high status that accrues with aging in traditional Samoan society, may act as a buffer for the risk factors we observed and their expected outcomes. If so, the U.S.-born Samoans who are currently passing through childhood and early adult years with progressively less awareness of Samoan values of family and social structure will exhibit the same risks we describe here, but lack the available social buffers that currently exist for their parents. PMID- 3749959 TI - Malaria resurgence in India: a critical study. AB - In 1953, the Indian National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) was started. Encouraged by the results, and the fact that insecticide resistance in vector species may evolve and become an obstacle, in 1958 a control programme was converted to the National Malaria Eradication Programme (NMEP). By 1964, malaria was eradicated from 88% of the area and it was in the advanced stage of spraying in the remaining parts. At that time, focal outbreaks that occurred in 1965 and increased in later years, could not be contained due to the shortages of DDT. As a result, large areas in consolidation and maintenance phases were reverted to the attack phase. Besides, the infrastructure in general health services was not adequate and mature enough to take up surveillance and vigilance. This produced a large number of secondary cases due to the re-introduction and relapse of malaria. Added to this was the problem of urban malaria, the control of which was the responsibility of local bodies. Malaria cases increased in towns, and started diffusing to the rural areas, due to inadequate staff and the shortages of malarial larvicidal oil (MLO). Later, it turned out, that while it was technically feasible to eradicate malaria from 91% of the population, the strategy of indoor spraying of DDT to interrupt transmission did not succeed in 9.0% of the population, despite more than 12-14 years of regular spraying. During the years of resurgence, there was no research support to the programme, so that technical problems were not properly appreciated, understood and tackled. The reservoir of parasites that were present throughout the country started multiplying and spreading to newer areas due to the presence of vectors in high densities. Thus malaria resurged and re-established itself even in areas that were at one time freed from the disease. The analysis of the pattern of malaria resurgence revealed that malaria outbreaks preceded the true problem of insecticide resistance. It is noteworthy to mention that malaria resurgence occurred in towns where the control measures were non-insecticidal and in regions which were not under the influence of insecticide-resistant vectors. The study also revealed that resurgence occurred before the introduction of high-yielding varieties programme in the country, and had no relationship to either the cotton or rice growing or intensive agriculture. PMID- 3749960 TI - Population movement and malaria persistence in Rameswaram Island. AB - The role of population movement on the persistent transmission of malaria in Rameswaram Island was studied. Majority of the inhabitants of the island are fishermen, who engage in perennial fishing. They move from one coastal place to the other for fishing and stay in temporary camps depending on season and fish availability. Such seasonal fishing camps attract fishermen from the mainland coastal villages also. The parasitological and entomological studies carried out in these places reveal that some of the camps are highly vulnerable to the movement of individuals with malaria infection and highly receptive. Rameswaram being a holy place, receives pilgrims from all over India and Nepal. Plasmodium falciparum cases recorded from the pilgrims of North India indicate the danger of the possible introduction of chloroquine-resistant parasite in the island. Also, a large number of passengers in transit from various countries, many of which are at risk of malaria transmission, stay in the island before or after visiting Sri Lanka. Such population movements being a continuous and regular feature are significant and result in failures in the operational programmes. PMID- 3749961 TI - Creativity in illness: methodological linkages to the logic and language of science in folk pursuit of health in central Italy. AB - Field research in a rural section of central Italy provides the basis for this paper on the structuring of information about health and illness. Here a population is presently engaged in creating a grammar and rhetoric of health culture and life style that begins to link its own traditions to what it learns of medical scientific method, both in praxis and from media fare on the 'discourse' of medical science. We follow this thought modality in exploration of therapeutic choices and the evolving of ethnotherapies. PMID- 3749962 TI - Interviewing skills training--a study. AB - A randomized investigation was conducted to study the effect of a structural 10 week course on the development of interviewing skills of first year medical students. The experimental group (16 students) received interviewing skills training based on the Developmental Helping Model as described by Carkhuff in 1982. The comparison group (16 students) received traditionally focused training with emphasis on gathering information about the patient's presenting problem through the use of open-ended questions. The dependent measure was interviewing skills level. Each student was videotaped with a simulated patient during the initial (pre-test) and final (post-test) sessions of the course. Tapes were rated by blinded reviewers according to Carkhuff's five point scale of Developmental Helping. No pre-test differences were found between groups. At post-test, the experimental group showed significantly higher ratings. This data suggests that teaching specific interviewing skills is more effective than non-skill oriented training for development of medical students' ability to interview patients. PMID- 3749963 TI - Encouraging the development of integrated health centres: a critical analysis of lower referral rates. AB - Dutch government policy places considerable emphasis on the strengthening of the primary health care sector. In this connection, it has been shown that health centres tend to reduce costs. The referral rate for GPs in health centres is considerably lower than for GPs practising alone. The question this raises is whether the lower rates are due to the performance of the GPs or to intermediate variables. Three research projects which cast some light on this issue are examined. The first dealt with a possible explanation by means of structural variables, such as differences in the level of urbanization and the availability of hospital services. The second addressed itself to the question of 'patient mix' and asked whether this is responsible for differences in referral rates, which the third project put the same question in respect to the selection of physicians. All results supported rejection of the hypothesis that the statistical relation between the practice-setting and the referral rate was spurious. A clear result concerning the causality of the relation is not yet available. PMID- 3749964 TI - Who chooses risky jobs? AB - Empirical studies indicate that a disproportionate number of blacks are found in dangerous jobs. This study replicates this finding with new fatality rates within 353 occupations. A model implicating family background and race as determinants of risk and time preferences is developed to explain the result. Evidence is also produced suggesting that family background influences risk and time preferences and risky job choice. Policy implications for expenditures on Occupational Safety and Health are drawn. PMID- 3749965 TI - Health and mortality of migrant farm children. AB - This research examines preventive medical care, morbidity and mortality among children of migrant agricultural workers using a representative sample of migrant families in Wisconsin. Our findings support the view that this group is at substantially greater risk of health problems and early mortality than the general population. Fewer than half of migrant children under age 16 received the recommended annual physical checkup. Only one-third of migrant children under age 16 had received an annual dental checkup compared to 50% of children in the total population. A rough comparison between levels of chronic health conditions for migrant children and those reported for children in a national survey suggest that the incidence of chronic conditions is several times greater among migrant children. Childhood mortality appears to be 1.6 times higher than in the U.S. population. In analyzing variation in preventive care for migrant children, younger children are more likely to receive checkups, while older children are more likely to receive immunizations. In interpreting this finding, we suggest distinguishing between two types of preventive care: one under the direct control of the family, and the other controlled by the schools. Since immunizations are given to migrant children in schools, the older or school-age children are more likely to be immunized. In assessing reports of chronic conditions, we noted that mothers who spoke English were more likely to report that a child had a chronic condition. One possible interpretation is that women who do not speak English may not label various childhood conditions as chronic illnesses. Since a large proportion of women spoke only Spanish, the chronic conditions may be substantially under-reported among migrant children. The analysis of childhood mortality shows the level of mortality to be proportionally lower among women who spoke English, and higher among those who gave birth to a low birth weight child. But surprisingly, the most important characteristic related to loss of children was whether or not a mother smoked. Using smoking as one example of high risk behavior, we suggest that future studies should give closer attention to the impact of parental risk-taking behaviors on childhood morbidity and mortality experiences. PMID- 3749966 TI - Toward a behavioral model of the physician as case manager. AB - The search for means to contain rising health care costs has increasingly focused on the physician's key role in resource consumption decisions. A particularly explicit example of this is the new wave of interest in public and non-public programs which designate a primary care physician to be a 'physician case manager'. This title seems to reflect an attempt to assign and impute to the physician functions and responsibilities significantly beyond traditional clinical duties. This paper explores the multiple functions of the physician to develop a behavioral model of the physician case manager. This model is employed to identify a series of practice style orientations (PSOs) which represent differing emphases given to the core functions physicians are required to perform. Strong physician case management is characterized as those PSOs in which the rationer/resource allocator function is emphasized. The paper concludes by suggesting what types of external pressures and incentives may be useful in fostering strong case management. PMID- 3749967 TI - Rumor, misinformation and oral contraceptive use in Egypt. AB - Rumor and misinformation about oral contraceptives continue to prevail in much of Egypt. This study tests the hypothesis that rumor involvement can have a negative and independent impact on pill usage by focusing on a common misbelief that the pill causes 'weakness'. The data comes from a 1981-1982 national self-weighted sample survey of 3283 currently married men and women dealing with family planning and mass media behaviors. The analyses confirm that rumor involvement decreases the probability of current or future pill use by previous users and by those who have never used it. Correct knowledge about the pill is shown to enhance pill usage as do other determinants such as social support for birth control and the desire for no more children. The importance of providing strong contraceptive education programs giving deeper consideration to contraceptive and related health beliefs in delivering fertility regulation services is highlighted. PMID- 3749968 TI - Home away from home: the alternative birth center. AB - Hospital alternative birth centers (ABCs) were established in response to consumer demands for 'family-centered maternity care'. This paper considers the controversy among advocates of different childbirth alternatives, including ABCs, home birth and conventional hospital birth. The expectations and evaluations of a sample of women who chose ABC births are compared to attitudes towards the ABC of women who selected home births or conventional hospital births. Women who choose the ABC and those who select home birth share some critical views of conventional labor and delivery, but not the same overall ideology of childbirth. Women who choose the ABC and women who choose conventional labor and delivery share beliefs in the authority of hospital obstetrics and the expertise of physicians. PMID- 3749969 TI - Curative medicine, preventive medicine and health status: the influence of politics on health status in a rural Mexican village. AB - This paper examines a recent program which purports to address the health concerns of millions of poor rural Mexicans whose constitutional guarantees of health have been largely ignored. This new program asserts the importance of preventive medicine, but makes little effort to implement preventive measures. The curative medicine it does emphasize in practice may alleviate pain and suffering for a time, but ignores critical factors that contribute to the persistence of disease. This paper examines why underdeveloped countries are more likely to implement curative than preventive services for poor people, even while proclaiming the importance of preventive measures. In dependent capitalist economies, the rural penetration of state-directed health services perpetuates the privileged position of the political and economic elite. Based on research conducted in a highland Chinantec village in Oaxaca, this paper concludes that the recent health services program addresses symptoms rather than causes of disease and is not likely to significantly improve the health status of the people who are most in need of such assistance. PMID- 3749970 TI - Planning for primary health care in Nicaragua: a study in revolutionary process. AB - Recent changes in the political economy of Nicaragua have resulted in significant advances in public health. The improvements are due to changes in the health system which include comprehensive health planning, regionalization of health services and popular participation in health education and mass drug administration programs. Traditional structural approaches to the study of national health systems can benefit from an analysis of the process of change. The research reported herein focuses upon struggles between instructional actors who would professionalize primary health care and those who promote popular participation in the planning and execution of primary care programs. An analysis of decision-making within the Sistema Nacional Unico de Salud illustrates the process whereby a health system undergoes structural change from within. The Nicaraguan case suggests that the changing configuration of health systems is a dynamic process and the result of negotiation among several constituencies amid changing conditions in the world system. The role of a government seeking to democratize health delivery within a socialist political economy is to create and promote constituencies for the popular model and thereby institutionalize the debate. PMID- 3749971 TI - Family therapy workshops in the United States: potential abuses in the production of therapy in an advanced capitalist society. AB - A market for family therapy workshops has mushroomed in recent years. Treatment of families by therapists conducting such workshops, however, can be dispassionate and dehumanizing. Using the distinction between curing and healing, I do not question the curative potential of family therapy, but I question whether this kind of doctor/patient interaction promotes healing. Also, by demonstrating how the systems model tends to objectify patients and alienate therapists from those they treat, this paper challenges claims that family therapy recognizes the social nature of illness. The dehumanizing treatment cannot be attributed solely to the therapists, but requires further interpretation by analyzing the biases of the therapy model, the commodified context of the workshops, and epistemological issues arising from the application of general systems theory to a social model of treatment. Family systems therapy shares epistemological features with biomedicine, and like the biomedical model, alienates therapists from patients. This alienation, ironically, can be even greater when the family systems model is used than in biomedical treatment. Finally, I suggest that family therapy workshops have grown in popularity because the mechanistic features of the treatment model, drawn largely from cybernetics, promote the production and reproduction of a form of therapy compatible with the emphasis on 'functional health' favored in an advanced capitalist society. PMID- 3749972 TI - Community health and reform in Hong Kong. AB - In this paper I argue that the health crisis in the underdeveloped world today is not primarily one of shortages of services, but is a result of lack of power and control over economic, political and social institutions by the majority of the population. Hong Kong is presented as a case study in which a plural medical system is dominated by a political economy that shapes patterns of both sickness and health care. As an advanced capitalist colony, a financial center for the Pacific Basin, and a neutral area for China's foreign negotiations, social policies in Hong Kong aim at promoting business growth, often at the expense of the health of the population. Further, government and voluntary agencies attempts at reforming the health system have done little more than further solidify biomedicine and its social relations. Finally an attempt is made to define potential vehicles for change. PMID- 3749973 TI - The dynamics of cooptation in a feminist health clinic. AB - I examine the process of cooptation in a feminist health clinic, focusing on how the State shapes and absorbs the challenges of grassroots health activism. A familiar picture of of organizational change accompanies the clinic's decision to secure State funding: the erosion of collective decision-making, an immersion in service delivery to the exclusion of other activities, and a dependency on continued funding which decreases the political autonomy of the organization. Using Gramsci's analysis of hegemony, I demonstrate how the State's effect on this organization stemmed from both direct pressures for particular changes and the influence of dominant ideology and social relations in structuring the clinic staff's response to those pressures. Additionally, I explore the factors that laid the groundwork for a reversal of cooptive patterns and a revitalization of the clinic's social movement orientation and political goals. PMID- 3749974 TI - Rewriting the SES: demographic patterns and divorcing families. AB - Socioeconomic data are frequently included in health studies as indicators of social class. These data are used to measure the relationship between the behavior patterns, lifestyles and environments assumed to be associated with class and the topic under study. However, formulas currently used to calculate SES obscure rather than identify class position. This paper examines the Hollingshead SES score, comparing its view of the economic system with recent studies of the labor hierarchy of the United States. An alternative method for analysis and a socioeconomic scaling system which approximates class divisions within the United States today is then offered. A test case, using data from a study on divorcing families, is also presented to illustrate the kinds of information available through the alternative scaling system and show a comparison with the Hollingshead scale. PMID- 3749975 TI - Toward a critical medical anthropology. PMID- 3749976 TI - Toward a critical medical anthropology. PMID- 3749977 TI - Plea for acceptance: school refusal syndrome in Japan. PMID- 3749978 TI - The primary health center as a social system: PHC, social status, and the issue of team-work in South Asia. AB - Primary health care ideology is considered from the vantage point of health center field staff in South India and Sri Lanka. It is argued that professional and organizational role conflicts are fostered by primary health care inspired programs introduced without regard to the status and motivations of existing cadres of staff. Attention is focused on the health center as a social system and the need for social systems analysis as a preliminary step in planning for team work at the health center-community level. Inasmuch as team-work is the cornerstone of PHC implementation, more thought need be given to staff response to potential programs. PMID- 3749979 TI - Diarrhea and the social marketing of oral rehydration salts in Bangladesh. AB - An anthropological study of knowledge, attitudes and practices relating to child diarrhea and specifically to ORS was carried out in Bangladesh. The purpose of the study was to help design a culturally-sensitive social marketing program. Information was gathered on indigenous classification of diarrheas, patterns of therapy recourse and diarrhea management, and understanding of dehydration symptoms as well as use and attitudes regarding ORS. Among the findings were that 58% of households sampled had tried ORS at least once; ORS was perceived as a medicine with several positive attributes; literacy was positively related to ORS use; and there were no significant cultural barriers to ORS adoption. PMID- 3749980 TI - Herbalism and divination in southern Malawi. AB - Although contemporary anthropological studies of African medical systems have indicated their pluralistic and complex nature, many studies still suggest a stark contrast between folk and cosmopolitan medicine, implying that ethnomedicine is primarily concerned with mystical causation. The present paper outlines ethnomedical practices in southern Malawi, stressing the distinctiveness of herbalists and diviners, and the important role of herbal remedies in the empirical treatment of all illnesses. PMID- 3749981 TI - Traditional concepts of mental disorder among Indian psychiatric patients: preliminary report of work in progress. AB - In a medically pluralistic setting a range of health care providers offer not only different forms of treatment, but different ways of understanding illness. Even within a single tradition, these concepts evolve over time. Chapters in the classical texts of Ayurveda describe varieties of severe mental disorder (unmada) arising from a particular humoral imbalance (dosa) or arising in association with specific demons and deities (bhuta) that produce distinct character changes and symptom patterns. Patients currently presenting for treatment of mental disorder may describe their illness with reference to these concepts, but they also rely on other indigenous traditional concepts such as astrology, karma, the effects of other humoral relationships, such as semen loss and so forth; or they may rely on ideas derived from cosmopolitan medicine or both. Patients presenting to allopathic psychiatric centers in India were studied to determine whether patterns of help seeking could be predicted from the conceptual model by which they understood their illness. We elicited explanatory models from patients and obtained a history of prior consultations to other types of healer. Preliminary findings were notable for the pervasiveness of prior use of folk healers and the prominence of somatic symptoms among patients presenting to these allopathic physicians. Hypotheses regarding the impact of explanatory models on patterns of medical help seeking require further study from a larger and more diverse data base. PMID- 3749982 TI - Confidentiality expectations of patients in teaching hospital clinics versus private practice offices. AB - Two hundred and fifty patients at a university hospital teaching clinic and 200 patients in a small private medical office were questioned about their expectations for confidentiality. It was found that in general, subjects in both groups had similar expectations of how physicians handle confidential information. This included physician behavior in situations such as discussing cases with other physicians for second opinions, submitting cases to medical journals, and discussing cases at parties or with spouses and friends. The similarity existed despite demographic differences between the two groups and despite marked differences in the two practice settings. A few differences between the groups were noted, however. University clinic patients were more likely than private office patients (54.5% vs 38.5%) to expect that cases are discussed at large physicians' meetings. Private office patients were more likely (77.8% vs 67%) to expect physicians to discuss cases with nurses. Men in both practice settings were more likely than women to believe that physicians commonly submit cases to medical journals (75.8% vs 59.9%), or discuss cases with nurses (81% vs 67%), non-medical friends (10.9% vs 4.4%), spouses (53% vs 36.4%), and at parties with physicians (56.4% vs 39.6%). PMID- 3749983 TI - Further observations on social factors associated with duodenal ulcer in Soweto. AB - It has been postulated that urbanisation is an important factor in the genesis of duodenal ulcer. This study of 100 duodenal ulcer patients, and 100 hospital controls, matched according to sex, age, education and occupation, and an additional 50 unmatched endoscopically negative controls, confirmed that duodenal ulcer patients were mainly young men who were more likely to have been born in an urban area than the controls. Furthermore, a significant number of duodenal ulcer patients were born and reared in the smaller towns of South Africa and then moved to Soweto. It is suggested that frustrated aspirations in these towns might even be greater than in Soweto. In the context of the Soweto population where occupational and educational status is generally low, duodenal ulcer patients were of a higher educational and occupational category than Sowetans and unselected controls. Thus factors associated with urbanisation such as education and occupation and the pattern of urbanisation play key roles in duodenal ulcer. Investigation into particular aspects of the work situation such as the degree of autonomy exercised at work, authority over others and attitudes to supervision yielded no significant results. PMID- 3749984 TI - Reassurance reconsidered. AB - Reassurance is a therapeutic intervention that is commonly employed by physicians in their practice of medicine. Although physicians most often save reassurance for the patient with benign and transient disease, it is an appropriate therapeutic intervention in patients with chronic and progressive conditions as well. The goals of reassurance include relieving the patient's anxiety and restoring his sense of autonomy. This requires that the physician clarify the meaning that the perceived illness has for the patient, characterize the patient's information needs and convey a message that addresses these needs in an empathic and unambiguous way. Ultimately, the success of reassurance relies as much upon the physician's ability to effectively communicate with the patient and his commitment to the doctor-patient relationship as it does to his understanding of human pathology. PMID- 3749985 TI - Helen revisited. PMID- 3749986 TI - A comment on "Helen". PMID- 3749987 TI - Therapeutic effect of posture in sleep apnea. AB - Four patients with mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea were monitored first in the supine posture to establish a diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea (apnea indices 33, 12, 22, 36). A second polysomnogram, obtained while the patients slept in the lateral posture, showed a dramatic decrease in apnea (apnea indices 5, 0, 0.2, and 0) and snoring. Each patient had an enlarged uvula, which moved to the side in the lateral posture. We conclude that sleeping in the lateral posture may be therapeutic in some patients with obstructive sleep apneas. PMID- 3749988 TI - Obstructive sleep apnea treated with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty: a systematic follow-up study. AB - We evaluated ten consecutive cases of obstructive sleep apnea treated with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP). The preoperative all-night polysomnograms were compared to those done one to three months after surgery. Excessive daytime sleepiness, the main complaint of every patient, partially improved in three and was completely abolished in seven. The lowest oxygen saturation levels were below 80% in nine cases before UPPP and in only three afterward. The number of apneic episodes per hour of sleep, or apnea index, decreased in every patient and reached normal levels in five. Improvement of other sleep indices was not statistically detectable and may require large numbers of patients and longer follow-up for documentation. PMID- 3749989 TI - Needle aspiration biopsy as an adjunct to mediastinoscopy. AB - Conventional mediastinoscopy has a small but definite morbidity and mortality. Our continuing study was done to determine whether needle aspiration during mediastinoscopy is a safe and reliable procedure. In 14 consecutive patients having mediastinoscopy, needle aspiration biopsy was also done. There was a 100% correlation between diagnosis made by needle cytology and the final diagnosis, with neither false-positive nor false-negative results. This correlation was only 75% in the forceps biopsy group. In 90% of the cases, the cytopathologist correctly identified the final cell type. There were no complications, even in cases of superior vena caval (SVC) obstructions. The distinct advantages of the technique include high specificity, better tissue sampling, immediate availability of results, reduced morbidity, expanded indications in SVC syndromes, and higher yield than conventional punch biopsies. PMID- 3749990 TI - Booster effect in delayed hypersensitivity skin testing. AB - After a pilot study had suggested that a drug augmented delayed hypersensitivity, we conducted a control study in which 19 normal volunteers had the same skin test battery applied as in the pilot study, on two occasions one month apart with no intervening treatment. No change was observed in delayed hypersensitivity response to PPD, Candida, or tetanus antigens. However, a significant decrease in response to mumps antigen was observed, and there was a marked "booster" or augmented response to SKSD antigen. These observations have implications for studies of immunomodulation and the mechanism of action of delayed hypersensitivity response. PMID- 3749991 TI - Iron status and liver function in healthy adults: a multiracial pilot study. AB - We tested 157 apparently healthy, urban adults (78 black, 40 nonblack, 39 race not designated), and found that 7.7% of the entire group had high plasma ferritin levels (6.4%) or transferrin saturation levels (1.3%). Overall, men had significantly higher mean plasma ferritin, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and total serum bilirubin values than women. In this study 17.6% of black men had high plasma ferritin levels and another 11.8% had high transferrin saturation levels. Their mean serum iron and transferrin saturation levels were significantly higher than those of nonblack men. Black men had significantly higher mean serum iron, transferrin saturation, plasma ferritin, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and total serum bilirubin levels than black women. The same tests were not significantly different when black and nonblack women were compared. Likely causes of the laboratory abnormalities are occult inflammation and occult liver disease, but a primary disorder of iron metabolism is also possible. PMID- 3749992 TI - Short-term outcome among patients with leukemia and lymphoma admitted to a medical intensive care unit. AB - We report here the short-term outcome of medical intensive care unit (MICU) admissions of patients with leukemia or lymphoma. We reviewed the charts of 29 such patients. Of 21 patients with acute leukemia admitted to the MICU, seven survived to leave the hospital; of eight patients with lymphoma, two survived to leave the hospital. The acute physiologic score (APS) (a system in which 0 to 4 points are given for the degree of deviation from normal for several organ systems) was used to score each patient on day 1 of their MICU stay. The APS for all patients with leukemia and lymphoma admitted to MICU was 28 +/- 11. The mortality was 69%, which is not significantly different from the predicted mortality of 56% for patients with the same APS but no underlying malignant disease. Among the survivors, young age and early stage of disease were predictors of favorable outcome. PMID- 3749993 TI - Ancillary use of folk medicine by patients in primary care clinics in southwestern West Virginia. AB - At three urban and three rural primary care clinics in southwestern West Virginia, 170 patients were surveyed to ascertain the current extent of the practice of folk medicine. The study revealed that folk remedies continue to be used by a diverse population actively seeking medical care. Seventy-three percent of the respondents used one or more remedies during the preceding 12 months, with a mean use of 4.46 remedies per person. In addition, both the ailments treated and the remedies used had the potential for causing serious morbidity or mortality. PMID- 3749995 TI - Polythelia (supernumerary nipple): an update. AB - Supernumerary mammary gland, nipple, or areola (with neither nipple nor mammary tissue) have been well documented in the medical literature of the last two decades. Though predominantly a cosmetic blemish, the anomalous appendage may give rise to a neoplasm. Because of its atypical appearance and ectopic location, diagnosis of the anomaly may require a high index of suspicion and histologic verification. In our current concern with breast cancer, there is need to be aware of this entity. PMID- 3749994 TI - Contraction stress test by nipple stimulation: efficacy and safety. AB - During a one-year period, 838 nonstress tests, 425 nipple stimulation contraction stress tests (NS-CSTs), and 115 spontaneous CSTs were done. Results were compared to those of NSTs and CSTs done by classic methods during a previous one-year period. The results revealed no hyperstimulation from contraction stress testing with nipple stimulation, and a significant reduction in the time to perform both tests conducted simultaneously when compared to the nonstress test plus classic oxytocin challenge test. The time to perform the combined tests compared to the routine nonstress test was not significantly different. Moreover, a cost-saving was also demonstrated. The combination of the NST and nipple stimulation CST appeared to be safe, efficacious, and cost-effective. PMID- 3749996 TI - Medical psychotherapy: an evolving concept. AB - The term "medical psychotherapy" is gaining ascendancy in its use to describe the approach to therapeutic intervention used by psychiatrists who conceptualize their function as being at the more medical end of the spectrum of psychiatric practice styles. The following definition represents an attempt to crystallize a model that is in an active stage of evolution. I hope to stimulate continued debate and refinement of the concept. PMID- 3749997 TI - Life change stress factors in hospitalized otolaryngologic patients. AB - In this present era of specialty medicine and surgery, the physician should not lose sight of the total patient as he practices within the narrow limits of his specialty. Since there is evidence that stress created by life change factors may be associated with the onset of illness, we investigated life change factors in 100 patients hospitalized on an otolaryngology-head and neck surgery service to determine whether their stress scores were significantly higher than those of a nonhospitalized population of similar age and sociocultural background. The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) was used to measure life change units (LCU) in the experimental and control groups. Nonparametric statistics used to analyze the data showed that at the .01 level of confidence hospitalized patients had stress scores significantly higher than those of the control group. We conclude that a clustering of life changes may have a significant impact on a patient's disease history. Awareness of LCU levels could be useful in detecting a patient's vulnerability to disease, and may therefore be useful in a preventive medicine approach to understanding and treating the total patient. PMID- 3749998 TI - Continuous passive motion after total knee arthroplasty. AB - We established a clinical retrospective study to determine the benefit of continuous passive motion after total knee replacement. Nineteen patients who had continuous passive motion (CPM) after total knee replacement were compared to a control group of 15 patients who did not have CPM. The number of days to discharge was 16 for the CPM group and 20 for the control group. When the patients with complications from CPM were excluded from the CPM group, the average number of days to discharge for the CPM group was 12. The average number of postoperative days before reaching 90 degrees of knee flexion was nine in the CPM group as compared to 16 days in the control group. The average blood loss was not significantly different in the two groups. There were four wound healing complications in the CPM group. All four complications occurred in patients who achieved 90 degrees of knee flexion in less than six days postoperatively. We developed a protocol for maximal use of CPM without significant wound complications after total knee surgery. PMID- 3749999 TI - Lingual tonsillitis. AB - Lingual tonsillitis can cause various signs and symptoms including nocturnal or supine cough, constant discomfort in the throat, glossal pain, and otalgia. Most patients with lingual tonsillitis have already had palatine tonsillectomy. A lingual tonsil may be visible only by using a laryngeal mirror. An embedded foreign body can cause recurrent tonsillitis with abscess formation, and life threatening airway obstruction may result. Aberrant lingual thyroid may be the only functioning thyroid tissue. Cryosurgery and the CO2 laser have made lingual tonsillectomy a safe and simple procedure. An abscess of a lingual tonsil should be drained under general anesthesia, and lingual thyroid should be treated conservatively unless it produces obstructive symptoms. PMID- 3750000 TI - Helen. PMID- 3750001 TI - A modest proposal: board certification for medical educators (or quis custodiet ipsos custodes?). AB - So that medical educators themselves will not be deprived of the benefits of certification, a brief written examination is offered as a first step. While the examination questions initially appear to be as obscure as those found on other certifying examinations, on further consideration they are found to be illustrative of certain basic concepts of medical education that are thought to be enduring, though not currently popular. PMID- 3750003 TI - Maggot therapy for severe skin infections. PMID- 3750002 TI - Nonfatal chromobacterial sepsis. AB - We have described a case of multiple liver abscesses caused by Chromobacterium violaceum. This organism should be considered in any case of unexplained liver abscess occurring in the southeastern United States. Successful treatment of liver abscesses caused by this organism may be accomplished with appropriate antibiotic therapy. PMID- 3750004 TI - Acute water intoxication in healthy infants. AB - We have described two infants with profound hyponatremia and seizures due to metabolic derangements resulting from inappropriate feeding of large volumes of solute-poor liquids. All of the 23 similar cases in the current literature described children with normal renal and neurologic function before and after the episode of hyponatremia. The chronic feeding of solute-poor fluids in these infants impaired their ability to excrete free water, and continued feeding of solute-poor fluids resulted in progressive hyponatremia and convulsions. Upon reinstitution of normal sodium intake, all metabolic abnormalities disappeared. PMID- 3750005 TI - Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome: an oligosymptomatic form. AB - We have described a 35-year-old woman who had had recurrent episodes of swelling of the lips since the age of 14. The patient had a complete remission of symptoms between the ages of 20 to 30, but the swelling recurred, and she has had permanent swelling of both lips and cheeks for the past four years. Various treatments were ineffective. Biopsy of the lip mucosa showed histologic findings of Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome. This case probably represents an oligosymptomatic form of the syndrome. PMID- 3750006 TI - Rip Van Winkle syndrome: confusion and irresistible somnolence after stroke. PMID- 3750007 TI - Extravasation of contrast material due to rupture of the intrahepatic duct: eight additional cases. AB - We have reported eight additional cases of contrast extravasation due to rupture of the intrahepatic duct. Although this phenomenon is usually caused by blind instrumentation of the biliary ducts, it can also result from excessive pressure during injection of contrast material. Undetected extravasation can lead to transient hemorrhage, abscess formation, hematobilia, intraductal obstruction, and cholangitis. Rupture can best be prevented by increased care on the part of the surgeon. PMID- 3750008 TI - Colitis cystica profunda: diagnosis and management. AB - We have reported a case of colitis cystica profunda, an uncommon, benign disease of the colon presumably due to chronic inflammation, characterized by submucosal mucus-filled cysts. It may be premalignant, having been associated with ulcerative colitis and rectal adenocarcinoma. Diagnosis requires a high degree of suspicion and adequate biopsies, and treatment is by simple excision. PMID- 3750010 TI - Maprotiline-induced seizures. PMID- 3750009 TI - Primary thrombosis of the axillary/subclavian vein. AB - We have reported a case of primary thrombosis of the axillary/subclavian vein, also known as the Paget-Schroetter syndrome, complicated by pulmonary embolus. It was successfully treated, along with the pulmonary embolus, with streptokinase infusion. PMID- 3750011 TI - Amenorrhea-galactorrhea due to occult hypothyroidism. AB - A 25-year-old woman with galactorrhea, oligomenorrhea, hyperprolactinemia, and CT evidence of pituitary enlargement had transsphenoidal microsurgery with initial resolution of hyperprolactinemia, but persistent oligomenorrhea and galactorrhea. In retrospect, she had biochemical evidence of primary hypothyroidism before operation, despite being clinically euthyroid. Administration of thyroid hormone resulted in resolution of the pituitary enlargement and the symptoms. PMID- 3750012 TI - Myasthenia gravis caused by penicillamine and chloroquine therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. AB - We have described a unique patient who had reversible and dose-related myasthenia gravis after penicillamine and chloroquine therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Although acetylcholine receptor antibodies were not detectable, the time course was consistent with an autoimmune process. PMID- 3750013 TI - Automated leukocyte differentials in trisomy 13. AB - We have reported a case of a 4-month-old girl who died with trisomy 13. Nuclear projections in polymorphonuclear leukocytes are diagnostically important in this syndrome and are not identified by automated leukocyte differential counting. The presence of polymorphonuclear leukocyte nuclear projections on the blood smear was identified only after the results of karyotyping were known. Recently, the importance of physician review of blood smears in anemia has been challenged. We believe this case, however, reaffirms the importance of physician blood smear review in suspected cytogenetic disease. PMID- 3750014 TI - Disseminated blastomycosis treated with ketoconazole. AB - A patient with disseminated blastomycosis gave birth to an infant who died three weeks later of diffuse pulmonary blastomycosis. The infant most likely acquired the disease through intrauterine transmission. The patient's extensive skin lesions responded dramatically to ketoconazole. PMID- 3750015 TI - Mycosis fungoides of thyroid diagnosed by fine needle aspiration. AB - Fine needle aspiration of a poorly defined thyroid nodule in a patient with mycosis fungoides revealed convoluted mononuclear cells consistent with involvement by mycosis fungoides. I have briefly reviewed the literature on extracutaneous involvement, and discussed the potential usefulness of fine needle aspiration studies in diagnosing visceral or lymphatic mycosis fungoides. PMID- 3750016 TI - Acute aortic dissection. PMID- 3750017 TI - Air safety. PMID- 3750018 TI - Streptococcus bovis endocarditis with vertebral osteomyelitis. PMID- 3750019 TI - Adrenal insufficiency due to lymphoma. PMID- 3750020 TI - Toward a psychopathology of totalitarian relationships. PMID- 3750021 TI - Social class and psychiatric inpatient care: a twenty-five year perspective. PMID- 3750022 TI - Factors influencing assignment of patients to compulsory admission. PMID- 3750023 TI - Life circumstances and the use of mental health services. A five year follow-up. PMID- 3750024 TI - Psychological consequences for women sexually abused in childhood. PMID- 3750026 TI - [An automatic management system in resolving the problem of public health intensification]. PMID- 3750025 TI - Self-reported illness and general practice consultations in Asian-born and British-born residents of West London. PMID- 3750027 TI - [Improved prevention of injuries in children]. PMID- 3750028 TI - [Tasks of Soviet public health and medical science in view of the decisions of the 27th Congress of the CPSU]. PMID- 3750029 TI - [Improved information support in the public health management of a rural district]. PMID- 3750030 TI - [Topical aspects of professional medical morals]. PMID- 3750031 TI - [Medical health services for construction workers on the Urengoi-Uzhgorod and Urengoi-Center gas pipelines]. PMID- 3750032 TI - [The shaping of economic thinking of medical students]. PMID- 3750033 TI - [Public health problems in Ethiopia]. PMID- 3750034 TI - [Demographic characteristics of the population of the Mongolian People's Republic]. PMID- 3750035 TI - [Problems in dispensary care management]. PMID- 3750036 TI - [Prognostic value of concomitant diseases during the long-term treatment of epilepsy]. PMID- 3750037 TI - [Autonomic-vascular dystonia and cervical osteochondrosis]. PMID- 3750038 TI - [Chole-pneumo-duodenography in the study of organs in the hepato-duodeno pancreatic region]. PMID- 3750039 TI - [Endoscopic diagnosis and surgery of early gastric and colonic cancer]. PMID- 3750040 TI - [Immunologic aspects of erysipelas]. PMID- 3750041 TI - [Immunity indications in breast cancer]. PMID- 3750042 TI - [Factors governing the time of appearance of intra- and subcutaneous metastases of melanoma of the skin of the legs]. PMID- 3750043 TI - [Rare hernias of the right diaphragmatic cupola]. PMID- 3750044 TI - [Caroli's disease]. PMID- 3750045 TI - [Reproductive anamnesis and breast cancer]. PMID- 3750046 TI - [Delta hepatitis in different forms of HBV infection]. PMID- 3750047 TI - [The social health concept in the light of the present-day ideological struggle]. PMID- 3750048 TI - [Initial, ongoing and final assessment of the knowledge and skills of interns]. PMID- 3750049 TI - [Serum myoglobin in the early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarct]. PMID- 3750050 TI - [Characteristics of the course of myocardial infarct in unstable stenocardia]. PMID- 3750051 TI - [Effect of hypothiazide and furosemide on different types of metabolism in arterial hypertension]. PMID- 3750052 TI - [Differential diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases in cerebrovascular insufficiency]. PMID- 3750053 TI - [Functional state of the thyroid gland in primary hyperprolactinemia]. PMID- 3750054 TI - [Transcutaneous determination of oxygen tension of capillary blood in diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 3750055 TI - [Chronotherapy of patients with hypertension using anaprilin]. PMID- 3750056 TI - [Diagnosis of chronic hepatitis in polyclinic conditions]. PMID- 3750057 TI - [Possibilities of x-ray and endoscopic diagnosis of T1 esophageal cancer]. PMID- 3750058 TI - [Treatment of erosive-ulcerous disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract with dibunol]. PMID- 3750059 TI - Comparison of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in the diagnosis of upper cervical spinal cord compression. AB - Because of its ability to visualize soft-tissue structures in greater detail than any previous radiographic modality, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been heralded as one of the greatest advances in recent years. It is particularly well suited in diagnosis of spinal disorders since it can visualize the spinal cord and cerebrospinal fluid without intrathecal contrast agents. This is a preliminary report of our experience of NMR examination in 106 patients studied since November 1982 at Case Western Reserve University Hospital. One of the best applications of NMR is for compressive lesions of the upper cervical spine because "functional" images can be obtained. The information from NMR was compared with computed tomography (CT) in 14 patients with various etiologies of neural compression--atlanto-occipital subluxation in Down's syndrome, fixed post traumatic atlantoaxial subluxation, rheumatoid atlantoaxial subluxation and basilar impression of the odontoid, ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, Klippel-Feil syndrome, congenital spinal stenosis, cervical spondylosis, Arnold-Chiari malformation, etc. Unlike CT, NMR can directly image in the sagittal plane without computer reformatting of axial cuts. This readily provides direct images of the spinal cord in neutral, flexion, and extension to show the mechanism of neural compression. Disadvantages of NMR compared with CT include poorer image resolution, slightly increased imaging time, and no patients with intracranial aneurysm clips or cardiac pacemakers can be studied. Advantages include no radiation exposure, no intrathecal contrast agent is required to differentiate CSF from neural tissue, and direct sagittal, coronal, and oblique images can be obtained. As a result of this preliminary experience, computed tomography and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging appear to be complimentary studies--CT provides better osseous detail, whereas NMR offers superior soft tissue resolution. PMID- 3750060 TI - Subtotal vertebrectomy and spinal fusion for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. AB - To perform decompression of the spinal cord and stabilization of the cervical spine in the patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy, subtotal vertebrectomy and spinal fusion of the cervical spine were carried out in 30 patients. In 18 patients, three vertebrectomies and a spinal fusion were carried out, and in 12 patients, four vertebrectomies and a spinal fusion were carried out. Neurologic symptoms that were present before the operations ranged from transverse lesion type myelopathy to motor system syndrome. The patients' symptoms improved significantly after the operations. By the final consultation, the cervical spine motion reduced by about half in the four level vertebrectomy patients and about one third in the three level vertebrectomy patients. No patients reported cervical pain or pain in the arms. PMID- 3750061 TI - The cervical cord of children with meningomyelocele. PMID- 3750062 TI - Osseous anomalies of the craniovertebral junction. PMID- 3750063 TI - Familial congenital occipitoatlantoaxial malformation (OAAM) in the Arabian horse. AB - Familial occipitalization of the atlas with atlantalization of the axis was defined as a single congenital disease in Arabian horses following a clinical, radiologic, and morphologic study of 16 horses with congenital malformations of the occiput, atlas, and axis, and from a study of three reported cases. The constant morphologic features were interpreted as congenital atlantooccipital fusion, hypoplasia of the atlas and dens, malformation of the axis, and modification of the atlantoaxial joint. Atlantoaxial subluxation was also a frequent finding. The clinical syndromes shown by these horses were variable but were broadly classified into four groups. Neurologic signs varied from symmetric ataxia, with hypometria and tetraparesis to tetraplegia. These often progressive clinical signs were due to a progressive and focal compressive myelopathy of the proximal cervical spinal cord. Pedigree analysis demonstrated the familial nature of this occipitoatlantoaxial malformation seen in horses of only the Arabian breed. PMID- 3750064 TI - Hydrocephalus, cervical cord lesions, and spinal deformity. AB - Twenty-six children (4-16 years) had hydrocephalus and spinal deformity; 22 children had scoliosis over 50 degrees, and five children had kyphosis over 100 degrees. Twenty-one children had metrizamide enhanced cord CT scans, and 12 had additional head scans. Two children died, and one was autopsied. Three children had intracranial pressures monitored during spinal surgery. All children had Type I and II Arnold-Chiari malformations, 58% had cord cavitation (syringo/hydromyelia), 67% had cord tethering. The anatomic study showed extensive fibrosis and scarring of the upper cord and brain stem, but intraoperative studies showed that there is free transmission of fluid pressure wave from the cord across the foramen magnum with a consequent rise in intracranial pressure. This study documents frequent coexistence of spinal deformity and central nervous system lesions (hydrocephalus, Arnold-Chiari malformation, cord tethering with atresia, and cord cavitation). It supports the theory that the Arnold-Chiari malformation is a primary developmental deformity and that cord cavitation noted in these patients is primarily syringomyelia formed on the basis of ischemic necrosis within the cord. The free transmission of a fluid pressure wave from the cord to the lateral ventricle supports the Williams theory of propagation of syringomyelic cavities once they have developed. It is conjectural but likely that the CNS lesions cause spinal deformity by disrupting coordinating control of spinal musculature by the normal postural reflex mechanisms. Hydrocephalic patients who develop spinal deformity require thorough investigation for CNS lesions with head scans, CT scans, and metrizamide enhanced CT scans. NMR technology, however, may supplant techniques currently employed. PMID- 3750065 TI - The Arnold-Chiari malformation. AB - The Arnold-Chiari malformation is a developmental abnormality of the brainstem and cerebellum with displacement of these structures into the cervical spinal canal. Other anomalies involving the base of the skull and vertebral bodies are frequently present. In children, hydrocephalus and myelomeningocele may complicate the picture. In adults, symptoms usually do not occur until the third to fifth decade and then are often misdiagnosed as degenerative disease due to the presence of a syrinx in the cord. Treatment is focused on decompressing the spinal cord and brainstem. PMID- 3750066 TI - Occult respiratory and autonomic dysfunction in craniovertebral anomalies and upper cervical spinal disease. AB - Sudden unexplained death may be seen with treatment of craniovertebral anomalies and surgery of the upper cervical spine. Death is due to sleep-induced apnea, premonitored by periods of confusion, lethargy, and asthenia. There may be associated hypotension, bradycardia, hyponatremia, hypothermia, inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, and difficulty in micturition. The potential for respiratory failure may be predicted if a CO2 response test demonstrates an attenuated or abnormal response. Apnea during sleep may be reversed by arousal or may require ventilatory support for a period of time. The condition is self limiting, but remains the major life-threatening complication. Both apnea and autonomic dysfunction are treatable and curable with appropriate diagnosis and management. PMID- 3750067 TI - Use of a flexible epidural stimulating electrode for intraoperative monitoring of spinal somatosensory evoked potentials. AB - The use of an epidural stimulating spinal electrode has been adapted for recording spinal somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) during spinal surgery. This technique utilizes a flexible, 1 mm diameter electrode with four platinum contacts that is easily slipped into the epidural space both rostral and caudal to the exposed surgical field. The flexibility of the electrode assembly ensures against dural penetration. Incoming somatosensory spinal evoked potentials recorded using the lumbosacral electrode are compared with the SSEP recorded above the surgical site (rostral electrode). The spinal SEPs were generally triphasic (thoracic) or polyphasic (lumbosacral) with an amplitude of 5 microV. This system has been used for intraoperative monitoring during 33 major spinal operations. Waveform morphology, as well as the latencies and amplitudes of the component peaks of the spinal SEPs remained relatively constant compared with the cortical SEPs. PMID- 3750068 TI - Spinal and cortical somatosensory evoked potential monitoring during corrective spinal surgery with 108 patients. AB - To reduce the incidence of neurologic complications following spinal surgery, somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were monitored in 108 patients. An electrode with four in-line contacts was used to record spinal SEPs in the epidural space in 33 patients at locations both rostral and caudal to the surgical site. Cortical SEPs were successfully monitored in 107/108 patients and spinal SEPs in all 33 attempted epidurally. Spinal conduction velocities were found to range from 43.9 to 110.5 m/s depending on vertebral level and the time location of the measured peak in the response waveform. Frequency power spectra of the SEP waveforms were found to be a reliable adjunct to peak latency amplitude analysis in the time domain. Use of caudal and rostral epidural, subcortical, and cortical electrode sites were found to be the most reliable technique for the maximum patient safety. PMID- 3750069 TI - Anterior and posterior stabilization of the spine following vertebral body resection. A postmortem investigation. AB - Postmortem examination of a spine, which had been instrumented anteriorly at one level and posteriorly at another following vertebral body resections, showed that the posterior instrumentation was more effective in resisting torsion. Postmortem examination of a second case, where the anterior fixation had been strengthened by the addition of cement studs in the vertebral end-plates and a paravertebral modified and strengthened Zielke screw/rod system, showed this second anterior system to be an improvement for resisting torsion following the resection of one vertebral body. Anterior interbody devices become enveloped in a firm smooth fibrous capsule. A preliminary experiment on a cadaver spine had shown that anterior interbody fixation was better than posterior instrumentation for resisting flexion-compression forces. PMID- 3750070 TI - Posterior instrumentation of the spine. An experimental comparison of various possible techniques. AB - Fourteen variations of posterior instrumentation were tested experimentally, using models based on polyester imitation vertebrae, to determine the most effective method for stabilization of a section of the spine following fracture and, in particular, pathologic fracture. The most rigid construction was a well fitting steel rectangle fastened to the vertebrae with laminar wires. The addition of bone cement significantly improved rigidity. PMID- 3750071 TI - Lumbosacral spinal fusion with Knodt distraction rods. AB - Knodt distraction rods have been used in conjunction with lumbar spinal decompression and/or fusion to open the intervertebral foramen. A review was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of the Knodt Rods in 24 patients with multiple level foramenal canal stenosis. All 24 patients were treated by wide decompressive laminectomy, foramenotomies and bilateral-lateral fusion. One half of those 24 patients were treated with supplemental Knodt Rods and the other half was treated without Knodt Rods. Pre- and post-operative radiologic and clinical results were compared between the two groups. Although there were definitive roentgenographic trends that Knodt Rods provided flexion of the spine and more opening of the intervertebral foramina, there was no significant clinical benefit from the use of the Knodt Rods compared with those without Knodt Rods. PMID- 3750072 TI - Cryomicrotomy of the lumbar spine. AB - To investigate the pathogenesis of lumbar canal stenosis, a morphologic study was carried out by cryomicrotomy using 10 fresh lumbar spine specimens from the 3rd lumbar vertebra to the 1st sacral vertebra. The cryomicrotomy findings confirmed that anatomical relations were clearly demonstrated between dura, nerve root, osseous structure, disc and ligamentum flavum in frontal, sagittal, and transverse section. Furthermore, in sagittal section specimens, thickness of ligamentum flavum varies from extension to flexion. These conditions play a dynamic factor in the pathogenesis of spinal canal stenosis. PMID- 3750073 TI - New approach for diagnosis in herniated lumbosacral disc. Dermatomal somatosensory evoked potentials (DSSEPs). AB - Dermatomally activated somatosensory evoked potentials (DSSEPs) were recorded over the scalp of 50 healthy subjects and 40 patients who later underwent exploration for herniated lumbosacral disc. DSSEPs normally consisted of three negative peaks, N40, N56, and N78, and N41, N59, and N82 after bilateral stimulation of L5 and S1 dermatomes, respectively. In the patient group, the first two peaks were often abnormal in the presence of a clinical sensory deficit, whereas the third peak tended to remain normal. At surgery, herniated disc was confirmed in all but six patients. The findings in the myelogram were misleading in eight patients, showing either false-positive or false-negative results. The DSSEPs were normal in six patients with documented disc protrusion at the level of the L5 or S1 root. The test was also normal in another case with herniation at the level of the S2 root. In this series, DSSEPs accurately predicted the level and degree of lumbosacral root involvement. In addition to myelography and other electrodiagnostic tests, the DSSEPs are valuable non invasive diagnostic tool for the evaluation of herniated lumbosacral disc. PMID- 3750074 TI - Chemonucleolysis. The relationship of the physical findings, discography, and myelography to the clinical result. AB - Fifty consecutive patients undergoing chemonucleolysis with chymopapain at William Beaumont Hospital were analyzed with special reference to the following factors: the physical examination, the dye pattern noted on discogram, and the size of the preoperative myelographic defect. Discogram pattern was divided in four types: normal disc, degenerative pattern, degenerative pattern with extravasation, and annular injection. The myelograms were graded into a mild defect, a moderate defect, or a severe defect. Follow-up averaged 20 months. Conclusions of this study were Chymopapain can be considered as an alternative to lumbar laminectomy for relief of sciatica secondary to herniated disc. Statistically significant improved postinjection results were noted when patients presented with three out of four objective physical findings consisting of positive straight leg raising, reflex change, dermatomal paresthesia pattern, and/or mild motor weakness. Placement of the needle within the nucleus leads to a statistically significant improved result over placement of the needle into the annulus. A severe myelographic defect greater than 50% dura sac compression is a relative contraindication to the injection of chymopapain. PMID- 3750075 TI - Intervertebral disc impingement syndrome in a child. Report of a case and suggested pathology. AB - Nerve root impingement syndrome is rare in children and adolescents. The symptomatology of the pediatric group sometimes differs from that of the adult. An accurate diagnosis is often delayed because of concerns for neoplasm, infection, and spondylolisthesis. A case report of an 11-year-old boy with symptoms and myelographic findings consistent with a herniated disc is presented. A review of the literature disclosed only four cases of herniated disc in children under the age of 12 years. Our case represents one of the youngest patients with documented intervertebral disc impingement syndrome. Rather than a herniation due to degenerative changes in the annulus, a slipping of the entire disc, and vertebral end-plate (a "slipped vertebral apophysis") may precipitate a central disc impingement in children and adolescents. This has been reported in cases of trauma previously. However, the authors think that this slipped vertebral apophysis may, in fact, represent a large number of the so-called herniated discs in adolescents. It is also suggested that this may be an identifiable syndrome with a susceptible age range, activity level and body habitus. PMID- 3750076 TI - The thermal emission from the skin and the vascularity of the breasts in normal and scoliotic girls. AB - The vascularity of the breasts was examined by thermographic and diaphanographic methods in normal and scoliotic girls. The thermal emission from the skin registered with an AGA Thermovision 750 camera (Stockholm, Sweden) on black and white Polaroid film was evaluated visually by 10 independent observers. No significant differences between the thermal images of the left and the right breast were found in the control or scoliotic groups or in girls with a right convex thoracic curve, nor was there any significant difference between the groups in this respect. Image analysis of diaphanograms of the breasts using the GOP 300 system showed a significantly greater vascularity of the left breast than of the right, both in the scoliotic series as a whole and in the subgroup with a right convex thoracic curve, but not for the reference group. The vascularity of the left breast but not of the right one was significantly greater for the girls with a right convex thoracic curve than for the control group. The results of the diaphanographic study confirm earlier observations and together provide substantial evidence that unilateral stimulation of rib growth due to a greater vascularity of the left breast and the underlying costosternal junctions might be one initiating factor in the development of right convex thoracic idiopathic scoliosis in adolescent girls. PMID- 3750077 TI - The clinical value of Moire topography in the management of scoliosis. AB - An analysis of the diagnostic reliability and the clinical value of moire topography is presented. Moire topography was used as an adjunct to clinical assessment and roentgenographic examination in a consecutive series of 139 scoliosis observations. In 17%, the moire pattern lateral to the scapulae was impossible to analyze. One false negative finding and 23 false positive findings were observed. There was no correlation between the moire asymmetry and the Cobb angle. An asymmetry of one contour line implied a curve less than 25 degrees. (The location of the maximal moire asymmetry did not necessarily coincide with the apex of the scoliosis.) It is concluded that moire topography is loaded with pitfalls that must be considered. However, used in a designed way, the method is of clinical value, complementing physical examination in screening and longitudinal observation of scoliosis. PMID- 3750079 TI - The evaluation of liquid crystal thermography in the investigation of nerve root compression due to lumbosacral lateral spinal stenosis. AB - The role of liquid crystal thermography (LCT) in the investigation of nerve root compression due to lumbosacral lateral spinal stenosis was evaluated using a quantitative analysis technique. In 28 healthy volunteers, normal lower limb dermatomal asymmetry was found to follow a Gaussian distribution, with a normal range of less than 1.0 degree for the lower limbs and less than 1.9 degrees for the feet. The results of LCT from a patient group were compared with those from other investigations, with the following results: clinical assessment (107 patients), 53% agreement; myelography (60 patients), 45% agreement; computerized tomography (35 patients), 46% agreement; electromyography (27 patients), 41% agreement; and surgical findings (19 patients), 53% agreement. Each method of investigation was compared against the surgeon's final overall assessment. Clinical assessment agreed in 76%, myelography in 71%, computerized tomography in 71%, and electromyography in 70%. However, agreement could be demonstrated in only 48% of cases using LCT; therefore, it would appear that LCT is by far the least reliable of these techniques in the diagnosis of nerve root compression. PMID- 3750078 TI - Vertebral osteomyelitis. The surgical management of neurologic complications. AB - Twelve patients with neurologic complications of vertebral osteomyelitis are reported. Initial symptoms were due to diffuse intraspinal abscesses (epidural or subdural) in six patients and to kyphotic deformities in three. A localized anterior subligamentous abscess was found in one patient and a similar abscess with kyphosis in one. Kyphosis and diffuse epidural abscess were found in one patient. Operations were designed to relieve cord compression and maintain or improve spinal stability. Outcome was good in eight patients and poor in two; two patients died. Delayed neurologic deterioration after laminectomy occurred in two patients who presented with epidural abscess and minimal signs of osteomyelitis due to subsequent development of anterior abscess and spinal deformity. Therapy of this problem is discussed, with emphasis on choice of technique for neural decompression. Adequate decompression with attention to stability will yield a good result in the majority of cases. PMID- 3750080 TI - Diagnosis and decision making in lumbar disc prolapse and nerve entrapment. AB - This prospective study of 185 patients undergoing first-time lumbar surgery compared how accurately clinical criteria and water-soluble myelography predicted the operative findings. Clinical diagnostic criteria of nerve root pain, root irritation signs, and neurologic signs of root compression supplemented by myelography were shown to be much more accurate than myelography alone, both in predicting the presence or absence of nerve root involvement and in distinguishing disc prolapse from bony entrapment. Provided the clinical criteria were clearly defined, patients with three or more of the four criteria were usually found to have a disc prolapse while bony entrapment could frequently be identified with one or two criteria. It is concluded that although lumbar disc prolapse is well-recognized, in practice clinical assessment and diagnostic criteria need to be defined more clearly to match increasingly sophisticated radiology. PMID- 3750081 TI - Roentgenographic changes in 188 patients 10-20 years after discography and chemonucleolysis. AB - One hundred eighty-eight patients, 24% of those originally injected, were followed for 10-20 years after chemonucleolysis and discography. An attempt was made to correlate their clinical results with the degenerative changes seen on their follow-up x-rays. No relationship was found. Narrowing of the treated discs were routinely seen early, with little additional narrowing over the subsequent years. No long-term deleterious effects were seen. Discography without chemonucleolysis did not cause degenerative changes in a disc. PMID- 3750082 TI - Acute increase in lateral bending of the canine lumbar disc following chymopapain injection. AB - Twenty-four lumbar discs in six adult beagle dogs were injected with either 0.1 ml CP (ChymodiactinR) (200 U) (12 discs) or 0.1 ml saline (12 discs) under direct vision at laparotomy. All animals were killed 1 hour later; the lumbar spine was immediately excised en bloc and frozen until biomechanical testing. After overnight thawing, test specimens were prepared and consisted of a disc and half a vertebral body on each side. The posterior elements were discarded. Each motion segment was mounted on a testing plate, with bone cement used for fixation. Lateral bending of the motion segment was tested as an analog to the motion of a disc during correction of a scoliotic spine with a distraction force. Lateral bending forces of 2 kg and 4 kg were applied for 30 minutes each. Lateral bending, creep, and residual deformity (in degrees) were recorded. CP injected disc showed an acute increase in lateral bending of 28% and 26%, respectively (2 kg and 4-kg loads) (P less than 0.001). In addition, CP injected discs showed a 25% increase in their residual angular deformity compared with the control discs (P less than 0.001). No significant changes were noted in creep values between CP and saline injected discs. This study demonstrates a significant acute increase of 28% and 26% in lateral bending of the canine disc following enzyme injection. PMID- 3750083 TI - Vertebral motion measured using biplanar radiography before and after Harrington rod removal for unstable thoracolumbar fractures of the spine. AB - The use of Harrington distraction rods for stabilization of fracture dislocation of the thoracolumbar spine is well established. For better initial stabilization and later return of flexibility we routinely use a long rod but fuse over a short segment and then remove the rods at 1 year. A biplanar radiographic technique was used to assess vertebral motion both before and after removal of Harrington rods in five patients. The investigation showed the rod acted to restrict movement and relieved loads on the spine that they spanned. Although all the patients regained considerable spinal flexibility once the rods were removed, none of the intervertebral joints measured could be considered solidly fused. However, the pattern of movement remained abnormal 6 months after rod removal with many intervertebral joints exhibiting lateral flexion and axial rotation during voluntary flexion extension. Despite this, a long rod/short fuse stabilization with routine rod removal after 1 year combines the initial advantage of operative stabilization and is shown to allow a return of spinal flexibility subsequently. PMID- 3750084 TI - A study of lumbosacral orientation under varied static loads. AB - This paper describes a study of lumbar and sacrum orientations in select standing postures with the patient holding different loads in the hands. Vertebral rotation data were gathered from two young, healthy men and two young, healthy women while they performed static lifts at two load levels and in postures ranging from erect standing to deep squatting. The results disclosed a predictable reorientation of the sacrum and lumbar spine for both men and women as a function of torso and knee angles. Nonlinear second-order regression models of torso angle and knee angle versus reorientation angle were fit to the data with resulting r2 values of about 0.89. Load was not found systematically to affect the sacrum/lumbar reorientation. PMID- 3750085 TI - The bending stiffness of the trunk. AB - Much research is done on the physical properties of the isolated human spine. However, little knowledge exists about the relationship between the physical properties of an isolated spine and the physical properties of the whole trunk in vivo. The first part of this article is a literature review. The next part is a description of experiments performed to study the bending stiffness in flexion of the whole trunk in vivo. One hundred fifty measurements were made in unanesthetized subjects and 150 in anesthesized ones. The bending stiffness of the whole trunk in vivo was found to be about 10 times larger the mean bending stiffness of an isolated spine. PMID- 3750086 TI - Valsalva maneuver biomechanics. Effects on lumbar trunk loads of elevated intraabdominal pressures. AB - The ability of a partial or full Valsalva maneuver (voluntary pressurization of the intraabdominal cavity) to unload the spine was investigated in four subjects. During the performance of five isometric tasks, intraabdominal and intradiscal pressures and surface myoelectric activities in three lumbar trunk muscle groups were measured. The tasks were carried out without voluntary pressurization of the intraabdominal cavity and then when the subjects performed partial and full Valsalva maneuvers. A biomechanical model analysis of each task was made to help interpret the experimental measurements. Intraabdominal pressure was found not to be an indicator of spine load in these experiments. The Valsalva maneuvers did raise intraabdominal pressure, but in four of the five tasks increased rather than decreased lumbar spine compressions occurred. PMID- 3750087 TI - The vertebral cartilaginous endplate of the preadult rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). A correlative scanning electron-and light-microscopic study. AB - The microanatomy of the preadult rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) vertebral cartilaginous endplate was investigated with scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. The plate contains three zones: an outer noncalcified zone adjacent to the intervertebral disc, a middle zone of acellular islands of calcification surrounded by cellular hyaline cartilage, and an inner zone resembling a cartilaginous growth plate. Fibers from the annulus fibrosus pass through an outer zone into the middle zone. Trabecular bone of a developing annular epiphysis is present in the periphery of the plate. Vertical columns of cartilage traverse the nuclear region of the endplate and occasionally surround blood vessels. These columns and their associated blood vessels probably represent notochordal and fetal blood vessel remnants. PMID- 3750088 TI - Intraspinal synovial cyst simulating spinal stenosis. A case report. AB - Intraspinal synovial cysts are an unusual cause of lumbar nerve root compression. This case report describes one mimicking spinal stenosis. A differential diagnosis of other intraspinal cysts is discussed. When symptomatic, surgical excision of these cysts should provide good relief with minimal morbidity. PMID- 3750089 TI - Neuroblastoma presenting as a paravertebral mass and painful scoliosis in a 21 year-old woman. AB - Idiopathic scoliosis is a disease of unknown etiology. It presents in growing children, progresses slowly with time, and is painless. Any variation from the usual presentation warrants investigation. Extra dural pressure, tethering of the cord, tumors, and progressive neurologic lesions must be excluded as causative factors. PMID- 3750090 TI - Computed tomography in assessment of myelographic nerve root compression in the lateral recess. AB - Thirty patients with myelographic shortening of a single nerve root sheath without indentation of the dural sac were studied by CT. Lateral disc herniation was diagnosed by CT in 18 patients. The myelograms of these patients were considered suspicious of disc herniation in three patients, uncertain in seven, and misinterpreted as lateral recess stenosis due to bony encroachment in eight. CT is more reliable than myelography in assessment of the etiology of nerve root compression in the lateral recess. PMID- 3750091 TI - Complete thoracic segmental insensibility accompanying prune belly syndrome with scoliosis. PMID- 3750092 TI - A new instrument. The Harrington rod director. AB - To reduce flexion deformity in spine fractures operated with Harrington distraction rods, these rods have to be bent into lordosis. A "rod director" was constructed to facilitate the insertion of the lower, square end of the bent rod into the square-holed hook. This instrument makes it possible to reduce and stabilize the spine more efficiently. PMID- 3750093 TI - First thoracic disc protrusion. AB - First thoracic disc protrusion is rare. Only 12 cases have been described. The rarity of the condition is probably due to relative immobility of the spine at this level. The disc protrusion is invariably lateral causing radiculopathy. Antecedent trauma is rare. Horner's syndrome may be an associated feature. Good results follow disc excision using a posterior approach. PMID- 3750094 TI - The fate of the free fat graft. A prospective clinical study using CT scanning. AB - In a prospective clinical study, the fate of free fat grafts used in lumbar decompressive surgery to prevent epidural fibrosis was evaluated. The size of the fat graft was measured at operation and 2 years later by CT scanning. Of 26 consecutive patients, data were available from 21. In 15 patients the fat graft was unchanged, in three patients the fat graft contained fibrous bands, and in another three patients the fat graft was completely replaced by scar tissue. Blood loss at operation, the extent of surgical dissection, and thickness of the fat graft are important prognostic factors relating to the survival of the free fat graft. PMID- 3750095 TI - A three-level fracture of the axis in a patient with osteogenesis imperfecta. A case report. PMID- 3750096 TI - [Synopsis of plans to evaluate the quality of patient care]. PMID- 3750097 TI - [Models of medical care systems]. PMID- 3750098 TI - [Situational diagnosis in medical care systems]. PMID- 3750099 TI - [Rationalization of the cost of medical care]. PMID- 3750100 TI - [Current concepts of supervision in health services]. PMID- 3750102 TI - [Ambulatory surgery]. PMID- 3750101 TI - [Maternal-infant care as a basic instrument of medical services for the population in developing countries]. PMID- 3750103 TI - [Sociocultural factors of health in Mexico]. PMID- 3750104 TI - [Cartographic representation: an epidemiology tool]. PMID- 3750105 TI - [Analysis of the characteristics of a group of children with attention deficit disorders]. PMID- 3750106 TI - [Introduction of scientific investigation and technological results in the health area: alternatives and problems]. PMID- 3750108 TI - [Evaluation of medical technology in developing countries and industrialized countries]. PMID- 3750107 TI - [Research on the quality of medical care]. PMID- 3750109 TI - [A case of Sjogren's syndrome associated with monoclonal IgA gammopathy and subcorneal pustular dermatosis]. PMID- 3750110 TI - [A case of perforation of the small bowel due to rheumatoid arteritis]. PMID- 3750111 TI - [Scleroderma renal crisis]. PMID- 3750112 TI - [Pulmonary lesions in MRL/1 mice--arteritis, phlebitis, pneumonitis]. PMID- 3750114 TI - Failure of tuberculosis control in South Africa--the need for a unitary national health service. PMID- 3750113 TI - [The effects of alfacalcidol (1 alpha-OH-D3) on osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 3750115 TI - The need for training health professionals in epidemiological research methods. PMID- 3750116 TI - Aboriginal health. PMID- 3750117 TI - Polio unconquered. PMID- 3750118 TI - Tuberculosis screening in industry. PMID- 3750119 TI - Regional variations in tuberculosis policy in the Cape and Ciskei. AB - Regional variations in tuberculosis policy in Cape Town, Paarl and Ciskei, as well as problems experienced by health workers, are examined. South African policy is compared with modern trends and recommendations drawn from the international literature and is found to conform in many respects, although tuberculosis services are not always integrated with curative services. The most marked variation occurs in Ciskei, where policy requires hospitalization of as many patients as possible. The majority of problems in implementing policy relate to lack of funds and medical infrastructure. PMID- 3750120 TI - The implementation of tuberculosis policy in three areas in South Africa. AB - The implementation of tuberculosis policy at hospital and clinic level was examined in three areas (Cape Town, Paarl and Ciskei). Investigation showed that bacteriological diagnosis, standardized treatment regimens, supervision of therapy and contact tracing were not being correctly implemented. Compliance was also poor. PMID- 3750121 TI - Tuberculosis--the patients' perspective. AB - This, the last of three studies examining aspects of tuberculosis (TB) control in South Africa, ascertained the views of the consumer--the TB patient. Aspects such as the impact of contracting TB on employment opportunities and social life, difficulties in getting treatment, and knowledge of TB were studied in a sample population of urban black working-class TB patients. Patients had difficulties in getting treatment at centralized points, and health education was not effective. Poor socio-economic conditions were also important in the experience of the TB sufferer. PMID- 3750122 TI - Attendance compliance for short-course tuberculosis chemotherapy at clinics in Estcourt and surroundings. AB - The attendance compliance records of 50 consecutive patients with pulmonary tuberculosis referred to clinics in a rural area for supervised short-course chemotherapy showed that clinics in the remote areas had a much lower compliance rate than those in the town. This appeared to be partly due to poor in-service training, lack of encouragement, low morale and poor motivation of health personnel. The lack of communication and co-ordination between health authorities has resulted in an inefficient and unassessed policy and programme in the treatment of tuberculosis in rural areas. The study showed that the tuberculosis treatment programme in this rural area lacks overall co-ordination and is inefficiently administered. As a result patients are not treated effectively. PMID- 3750123 TI - Mortality rates of black infants in Soweto compared with other regions of South Africa. AB - Mortality rates (MRs)/100,000 for 1980 were calculated for black infants under 1 year of age for all causes of death and for the leading causes of death--gastro enteritis, ill-defined causes, perinatal conditions, and the pneumonias--in three regions, Soweto, the 34 'selected' magisterial districts (all urban) and the rural areas in the RSA. The results showed a low MR for all causes of death (2813,7/100,000) and a low ranking of gastro-enteritis (third) in Soweto. In contrast the infant health situation in the 34 'selected' magisterial districts showed an MR from all causes of death which was three times higher (8,594/100,000) than in Soweto and gastro-enteritis was the leading cause of death with an MR 10 times higher than in Soweto. If the infant deaths and infant population in Soweto are subtracted from these figures in the 34 'selected' magisterial districts the MR is 10,156,8/100,000. Valid comparisons between the MRs of the rural areas and either Soweto or the 34 'selected' magisterial districts cannot be made. The MRs of the causes of death in the rural areas of 3,456/100,000 are palpably incorrect and due to under-reporting. An estimation of the under-reporting is that at least 20,000 infant deaths in rural areas were not reported in 1980, compared with the 14,327 deaths which were reported. PMID- 3750125 TI - Day hospital fees and accessibility of essential health services. AB - Day hospital fee increases in April 1984 were followed by a fall in hypertensive, diabetic and asthmatic patients' attendances at the Bishop Lavis Day Hospital. The majority of the patients attending less often for treatment were not receiving medical care elsewhere, which resulted in a large number of hospital admissions with increased financial and long-term health costs for the patients. Increases in patient fees at the day hospitals have been far in excess of the inflation rate over the past 10 years, and a review of the tariff structure is required to bring fees to levels which are affordable by low-income patients. PMID- 3750124 TI - Community-based infant and child mortality rates for peri-urban Pietermaritzburg. AB - Infant and child mortality rates outside of hospital practice are not widely available for the black population of the RSA, since identification and recording of births and deaths within the community has not been widely established. This community-based study of peri-urban Pietermaritzburg is compared with similar studies covering other areas of the RSA. The recent literature is evaluated with a view to determining possible approaches to reducing mortality rates among infants and children under 5 years in the RSA. PMID- 3750126 TI - A geriatric service in East London. AB - The background and establishment of a geriatric service in East London are described. Data relating to 37 admissions for geriatric assessment to the long stay wards at Frere Hospital and 250 patients dealt with by the District Surgeon's community geriatric service staff are analysed to indicate the multifactorial nature of the assessments and care provided. Taken in conjunction with previous experience elsewhere, the indications are that effective services for care of the aged can be developed without special facilities, by re allocation of some duties of existing staff and without vast capital expenditure. Certain recommendations are made for the development of an effective network of services for hospital-based care of the aged throughout the RSA. PMID- 3750128 TI - Infant mortality rates in the RSA. PMID- 3750127 TI - Towards a national health service for South Africa. A personal view. AB - Circumstances are propitious for a new look at the Gluckman Report of 1942-1944 with a view to introducing a national health service for South Africa, including the homelands and national states. The circumstances relate to the ethical question of the patient's medical care, without economic disadvantage, being paramount in a health care system. Other issues concern doctors in a salaried service; a burgeoning population; the high cost of health care to the individual patient and to the State as a result of a proliferation of health bureaucracies. The issues are compounded by economic decline, unemployment and adverse socio economic factors, which militate against the privatization of health care. PMID- 3750129 TI - Hepatitis B virus in a culicine mosquito species in the RSA. PMID- 3750130 TI - 'Unrest'--a vital community health issue. PMID- 3750131 TI - Pain perception, analgesia and hyperalgesia. PMID- 3750132 TI - Malaria prophylaxis. PMID- 3750133 TI - Cholinesterase variants in a South African population. AB - Results of cholinesterase studies in 56 white and 22 black patients in Bloemfontein hospitals who developed suxamethonium apnoea between March 1974 and April 1985 are reported. Genotypes of patients and families are compared with figures for the UK and Denmark. A higher incidence of the silent cholinesterase allele is confirmed; the incidence of other variants is similar. Black patients were found to be only of the silent genotype. PMID- 3750134 TI - Thoracolumbar fractures. AB - Vertebrae from the 11th thoracic to the 2nd lumbar region are particularly vulnerable to fracture. Classification is based academically on the forces involved in the fracturing mechanism, and corresponding radiological features. The determination of the stability of the fracture influences management, which involves two schools of thought: the proponents of a conservative approach and those who believe in open reduction and internal fixation. Diagnosis and management are discussed. PMID- 3750135 TI - Epidural fentanyl in the management of postoperative pain. AB - Epidural fentanyl (Sublimaze; Janssen) in the management of postoperative pain, with particular attention to efficacy and safety, was investigated. A treatment group (group 1) of 31 patients and a control group (group 2) of 30 patients were used. Group 1 received epidural fentanyl 100 micrograms postoperatively, while in the control group pain was treated with intramuscular pethidine 1.5 mg/kg 4-6 hourly as required during the 11 hours in the recovery room. Epidural fentanyl started working within 20 minutes and provided excellent analgesia for 8 hours or more postoperatively, comparable to repeated doses of intramuscular pethidine. Of the patients in group 1 13% experienced tolerable pruritus and the incidence of nausea and vomiting was small relative to that recorded in group 2. PMID- 3750136 TI - Smoking and vascular impotence. A reason for concern. AB - Of the patients at an impotence clinic 39% were classified as having vasculogenic impotence. They were in a high age group and 93% smoked. The possible role of smoking in the pathogenesis of the impotence of ageing is discussed. PMID- 3750137 TI - Dipyrone-containing analgesics. AB - Analgesics containing dipyrone continue to be available throughout Africa, including South Africa and Zimbabwe. Although an effective analgesic and antipyretic, dipyrone may cause severe side-effects, including agranulocytosis. The mechanism of this hypersensitivity reaction has been well documented, and many reports of agranulocytosis associated with dipyrone use have been published. Use of this drug has been prohibited or restricted in several countries. Dipyrone is known by a variety of official names, which may contribute to confusion in deciding whether a particular preparation contains this drug. The prescribing information contained in the Monthly Index of Medical Specialities (MIMS) (South Africa) and the MIMS Desk Reference is inadequate for some of the products available, although the package inserts do provide more detailed information. The continued use of these products is difficult to justify when safer alternatives are available. PMID- 3750138 TI - Quantifying the risks of radiation exposure. AB - The considerations leading to the recommendation of dose-equivalent limits by the International Commission for Radiological Protection are outlined. The dose equivalent limits are based on radiation risk factors estimated from effects of radiation observed over many decades. These limits are designed to ensure that radiation exposure does not entail a greater risk than that experienced in other safe occupations or accepted by the general public in everyday life. The risk factors should, however, not be used to assess the risk to patients from diagnostic procedures. PMID- 3750139 TI - Plasmid profiles of clinical isolates of Campylobacter with no or weak catalase activity. AB - Over a 26-month period 24 strains of Campylobacter with no or weak catalase activity were isolated from patients with gastro-enteritis or septicaemia at Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town. Analysis has shown that 7 of the 24 isolates contained plasmids, and that 5 of them carried a common plasmid of 3.4 X 10(6) daltons. PMID- 3750141 TI - A comparison between right atrial and pulmonary arterial oxygen tensions. AB - Oxygen tensions of 50 simultaneously withdrawn blood samples from the right atrial orifice of a triple-lumen pulmonary artery catheter and from the pulmonary artery lumen were compared. Mixed venous oxygen tensions ranged from 21 mmHg to 44.9 mmHg. The correlation coefficient was 0.96 (t = 2.09; P = 0.01). The benefits and drawbacks of intermittent right atrial oxygen tension monitoring are discussed. PMID- 3750140 TI - [The influence of air pollution on health in the Sasolburg area]. AB - Excessive air pollution by industries in the Sasolburg area is suspected of affecting the residents' health in general and the respiratory system in particular. In the present investigation children from primary schools at Sasolburg were compared with those from the neighbouring rural towns of Parys, Heilbron and Frankfort, all with negligible air pollution levels. Although no important differences in the incidence of respiratory illness were evident from the questionnaire administered, there was a significant difference in the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) of boys in the two groups. In addition there was an observed trend for all lung functions to be slightly worse in the study area. This trend seemed to be unaffected by the smoking habits of families but the social class from which the children originated might have been a contributory factor. PMID- 3750142 TI - Progressive familial heart block. Part I. Extent of the disease. AB - Progressive familial heart block (type I) has been identified in the RSA. Since 1977 many families have been referred for pedigree tracing. The present probands of some 9 pedigrees are the descendants of specific children of an immigrant; other genetic diseases appear in these pedigrees. The necessity of identifying, diagnosing and possibly treating the descendants of carriers is emphasized. PMID- 3750143 TI - Progressive familial heart block. Part II. Clinical and ECG confirmation of progression--report on 4 cases. AB - Two types of progressive familial heart block controlled by a single gene have been described; 4 cases show that type I is progressive and that the pathogenesis is still unknown. PMID- 3750144 TI - Pregnancy complicated by maternal hydrocephalus. A report of 3 cases. AB - The obstetric management of 3 women with stable hydrocephalus is presented. The few obstetric complications were unrelated to the maternal hydrocephalus, and specific management of the maternal condition was not necessary. Better management of hydrocephalus in infancy, as well as of the other forms of non tumoral hydrocephalus, has led to more adults in a stable state with the condition and pregnancy will occur in some of these. A plea is made for all female patients with hydrocephalus to have a ventriculoperitoneal shunt rather than a ventriculoatrial one, with a view to reduction of complications in later pregnancies. PMID- 3750145 TI - Pulmonary mucormycosis presenting with Horner's syndrome. Report of a medical cure. AB - A patient with pulmonary mucormycosis caused by Rhizopus oryzae was treated with a total dose of intravenous amphotericin B 2060 mg which resulted in medical cure. This is the first reported medical cure in the RSA of pulmonary mucormycosis. Mucormycosis with brachial plexus involvement and Horner's syndrome has not been previously reported. PMID- 3750146 TI - Sick certificate guidelines. PMID- 3750147 TI - A national health service for South Africa. PMID- 3750148 TI - Paraffin poisoning. PMID- 3750149 TI - Opiates in the management of terminal pain. PMID- 3750150 TI - Body cooling as a method for reducing hyperthermia. PMID- 3750151 TI - Combined vaginal and caesarean delivery of twins. PMID- 3750152 TI - The nephrotic syndrome in black children at Kalafong Hospital. PMID- 3750153 TI - A case of headache. PMID- 3750154 TI - [Histochemical and ultrastructural analysis of the distribution of glycosaminoglycans in the renal papilla interstitium of the rat]. PMID- 3750155 TI - [Diagnostic course in primary hyperthyroidism. Presentation of a case]. PMID- 3750156 TI - [Clinical evaluation of cinoxacin in infections of the urinary tract in ambulatory patients]. PMID- 3750157 TI - [Primary carcinoma of the ureter. Presentation of 3 cases and review of the literature]. PMID- 3750158 TI - [Clinical experimentation with aztreonam in infections of the urinary tract]. PMID- 3750159 TI - [Incidence of malnutrition in chronic uremic patients in relation to sex, age and years in hemodialysis]. PMID- 3750160 TI - [Nutritional aspects and problems in the uremic patient under CAPD]. PMID- 3750161 TI - [Nutritional status and peritoneal dialysis: comparison between various hematochemical parameters in CAPD and IPD]. PMID- 3750162 TI - [Amino acids and CAPD]. PMID- 3750163 TI - [Percutaneous cannulation of the femoral vein as temporary vascular access for extracorporeal circulation]. PMID- 3750164 TI - [Retrospective and prospective evaluation of the use of the femoral vein as temporary vascular access for extracorporeal circulation]. PMID- 3750165 TI - [Review of the literature and personal experience in the use of calcitonin in the dialysed patient]. PMID- 3750166 TI - [Lead poisoning in personnel exposed to lead contamination]. PMID- 3750167 TI - [Chronological incidence of vaso-occlusive crises in hemoglobinopathy S]. PMID- 3750168 TI - [Effect of supplementation with iron on iron deposits in pregnancy, the puerperium and in the newborn infant]. PMID- 3750169 TI - [Involvement of the central nervous system in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas]. PMID- 3750170 TI - [Cerebral hemorrhage in children with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura]. PMID- 3750172 TI - [Visceral leishmaniasis and hemophagocytosis]. PMID- 3750171 TI - [Mott cells, a suspicious sign of African trypanosomiasis]. PMID- 3750173 TI - Actuarial status of the OASI and DI Trust Funds. AB - This article summarizes the current financial condition and actuarial status of the old-age, survivors, and disability insurance (OASDI) program, as shown in the 1986 Annual Report of the Board of Trustees. The Trustees note that the assets of the OASI and DI Trust Funds will be sufficient to permit the timely payment of OASDI benefits for many years into the future, on the basis of all four sets of assumptions shown in the report. For the next 75 years, the estimates show that the OASDI program, overall, is in close actuarial balance, based on the two intermediate sets of assumptions. The DI program by itself, however, is not in close actuarial balance for the next 75 years. The actuarial deficit for the DI program could be remedied by a small reallocation of the contribution rate from OASI to DI, in such a way that the OASI program would remain in close actuarial balance and OASDI benefits would not be affected. Although the Trustees do not at this time recommend such a reallocation, they note that the financial condition of the DI program will need to be carefully monitored for the next several years. PMID- 3750174 TI - Incidentally discovered mass of the adrenal gland. AB - Increasing numbers of asymptomatic masses of the adrenal gland are being discovered by high resolution computed tomography (CT) scanning. The significance of these masses and the question of further evaluation or treatment, or both, have posed a dilemma. From 1976 to 1983, an incidental finding of adrenal gland mass was identified in 88 patients undergoing abdominal CT scanning for unrelated problems. Adrenelectomy was performed upon 23 patients (26 per cent), including three adenomas (2.5, 3.0 and 6.5 centimeters), five carcinomas of the adrenal gland (6 to 20 centimeters), two hyperplasias and three adenocarcinomas of unknown origin. Thirty-eight (43 per cent) of the nonfunctioning masses were observed with repeat scans for an average of 25.1 months (three to 60 months), revealing no change in size. Twenty-seven patients (31 per cent) were lost to follow-up study. Silent primary (nonmetastatic) masses 3.5 centimeters or less manifested benign behavior without exception. Based upon these data, we conclude that all solid metabolically inactive lesions in the adrenal glands greater than 3.5 centimeters on CT abdominal scan deserve exploration. Lesions less than 3.5 centimeters may be safely followed with serial CT scans. PMID- 3750175 TI - Influence of autonomic drugs on the motility of the sphincter of Oddi in the opossum. AB - We have evaluated the effect of various autonomic drugs on the electromyographic activity of the sphincter of Oddi and the small intestine of seven opossums. Hexamethonium bromide and atropine sulfate abolished and bethanechol increased the frequency of spike bursts in the sphincter of Oddi and duodenum. Phenylephrine and epinephrine increased the number of spike bursts in the sphincter of Oddi after a short period of stimulation. No spike potentials were seen in the duodenum after infusion of norepinephrine. Clonidine and dobutamine decreased spike burst activity in the sphincter of Oddi and duodenum. Terbutaline also decreased the frequency of spike bursts in the sphincter of Oddi but did not change the number in the duodenum. Prior infusion of antagonists blocked partially or totally the effect of all respective agonists except for yohimbine, which did not inhibit the effect of clonidine. These findings suggest that the sphincter of Oddi may have cholinergic, alpha 1, alpha 1, beta 1 and beta 2 adrenergic receptors. Cholinergic agonists stimulate and alpha 2, beta 1 and beta 2-adrenergic agonists inhibit the motility of the sphincter of Oddi and the small intestine. Alpha-adrenergic agonists stimulate the motility of the sphincter of Oddi and inhibit the motility of the small intestine. PMID- 3750176 TI - Ureteral involvement secondary to diverticulitis of the colon. AB - Ureteral involvement in instances of diverticulitis of the colon is quite unusual. The left ureter is more commonly involved but right sided and bilateral instances have been reported. There are three types of involvement: fistula, stricture and compression, the latter being the most frequent. Roentgenographic characteristics and the effects of various treatment modalities on the affected ureter are presented herein. PMID- 3750177 TI - Nutritional status, function of the small intestine and jejunal morphology after total gastrectomy for carcinoma of the stomach. AB - We studied the nutritional status and the prevalence of malabsorption in 12 patients one to three years after total gastrectomy (TG) for gastric neoplasm. The Roux-en Y technique was used for reconstruction. A correct dietary regimen according to the recommended daily allowance was suggested and patients were seen quarterly on an out patient basis. The nutritional status was evaluated by measuring serum albumin levels, total iron binding capacity, cholinesterase, area muscular circumference, triceps skinfold and delayed hypersensitivity response. Work-up studies for the small intestine included: stool fat, D-xylose and glucose tolerance tests, Schilling test (phase II and III), serum iron levels, serum vitamin B12 levels and biopsy of the jejunum. Malnutrition, defined as the occurrence of two or more abnormal nutritional parameters, was observed in one patient; glucose and D-xylose tolerance tests were normal in all. A mild degree of steatorrhea was observed in four patients. The second phase of the Schilling test was abnormal in eight patients, but urinary excretion of vitamin B12 increased in three of four patients after use of antibiotics. Low serum vitamin B12 levels were common after the twentieth postoperative month. Serum iron levels were initially low and returned to normal six months after TG. All patients had normal jejunal histologic findings. These data indicate that malnutrition after TG is not common if an adequate dietary intake is maintained. Malabsorption, possibly due to bacterial overgrowth, is not a major clinical problem. PMID- 3750178 TI - Recurrence and survival after anterior resection of the rectum using the end to end anastomotic stapler. AB - With the introduction of the end to end anastomotic stapler there has been an increase in the number of sphincter saving resections for carcinoma of the middle and distal part of the rectum. The results of earlier reports have indicated an increasing number of local recurrences possibly due to less extensive dissection of the lower pelvic area. Ninety-six patients, 46 males and 50 females, with a median age of 68 years (a range in age of 33 to 86 years) were operated upon between 1978 and 1981 for carcinoma of the rectum with anterior resection and stapled anastomosis have been analyzed. All patients were observed for more than three years (a median of 65 months and a range of 36 to 82 months). The hospital mortality rate was 5 per cent. The median distal margin was 2.5 centimeters (a range of 1 to 10 centimeters). Local recurrences occurred in 17 patients. No correlation between the grade of malignant disease and classification according to Dukes' staging and local recurrence was found. The median time between operation and the diagnosis of a local recurrence was 14 months (two to 62 months). Distant metastases developed in 14 of 83 patients who underwent operation for cure. The over-all five year survival rate was 64 per cent. The survival rate for 83 patients who underwent operation for cure was 71 per cent (96 per cent of Dukes' A, 72 per cent for Dukes' B, 45 per cent for Dukes' C and zero per cent for Dukes' D). It is concluded that the use of stapling devices has not been followed by a higher rate of local recurrence or a decreased five year survival rate and that this new technique can be used whenever technically possible. PMID- 3750179 TI - The effect of surgical procedures on monocyte function in patients with carcinoma of the colon and rectum. AB - The whole blood monocyte count (WBMC), migratory response (MMR), phagocytic index (MPI), chemiluminescence (MCL) and serum opsonic activity (SOA) were measured in a group of 31 patients before and after undergoing elective operation for carcinoma of the colon and rectum (group 1). In the early postoperative period, there was a reduction of the WBMC (preoperatively: 54.1 +/- 41.8, 24 hours; 38.4 +/- 24.8, 48 hours, and 39.1 +/- 24.2 X 10(4) per milliliter, both p less than 0.05), impairment of MMR (preoperatively, 72.2 +/- 34.4; 24 hours, 56.7 +/- 28.6, and 48 hours, 54.7 +/- 30.8 cells per high power field [HPF], both p less than 0.01), enhancement of the MPI (preoperatively, 208.1 +/- 44.1, 24 hours, 225.9 +/ 45.6, p less than 0.05, and 48 hours, 242.0 +/- 48.0, p less than 0.01) and an increase of the MCL (preoperatively, 26,091 +/- 14,419; 24 hours, 30,896 +/- 13,741, and counts per minute [CPM], not significant and 48 hours: 33,576 +/- 18,167 CPM, p less than 0.02). There was also a small reduction in monocyte SOA during this period (preoperatively, 89.4 +/- 13.9; 24 hours, 83.0 +/- 20.1, and 48 hours, 78.3 +/- 29.3 per cent control, both p less than 0.05). At one week after operation, monocyte function tended to return to the normal range in patients who had undergone uncomplicated curative resection. These functions tended to be increased in those patients with complications. The administration of the immunostimulant levamisole (5 milligrams per kilogram) preoperatively to a group of 20 patients with carcinoma of the colon and rectum (group 2) did not result in any significant differences of the postoperative monocyte functions when compared with the patients in group 1. PMID- 3750180 TI - Outcome of subsequent pregnancies following antibiotic therapy after primary or multiple spontaneous abortions. AB - The course of the subsequent pregnancy and the maternal and fetal complications were evaluated in 254 couples who were seen in an infertility clinic after primary or multiple spontaneous abortions. The 100 couples who were treated with antibiotics after pregnancy loss showed a significantly better chance of achieving a subsequent pregnancy. The outcome of pregnancy was significantly better in the antibiotic treated group and the rate of spontaneous abortion recurrence was significantly lower (10 versus 38 per cent). The number of maternal complications was significantly less in the treated group--premature rupture of membranes, three (4 per cent) versus 30 (46 per cent), and postpartum fever, three (4 per cent) versus 23 (35 per cent), respectively. The untreated group experienced a significantly lower percentage of vaginal delivery (56 versus 69 per cent) (p less than 0.001). In the antibiotic treated group, there were significantly lower rates of fetal complications, including fetal distress, meconium, respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal infection and hyperbilirubinemia. The mean birth weight of infants in the antibiotic treated group was significantly higher (3,529 versus 3,090 grams; p less than 0.001). Prematurity and postdatism were significantly less frequent in the antibiotic treated group, and the corresponding Apgar scores were significantly better. We, thus, postulate that certain spontaneous abortions may be caused by bacteria present in the genital tract at the time of conception. These bacteria may have an adverse effect on the course of pregnancy and result in increased maternal and fetal complications. PMID- 3750181 TI - Operation for late complications of aortic grafts. AB - In a period of seven years, 120 revision operations were performed for complications occurring in 1,284 aortic bifurcation grafts. The reasons cited for operation were: graft limb occlusion or stenosis in 82 patients, false aneurysm in 28 and symptomatic disease distal to the graft in ten. Preferred operations were replacement of the graft and distal anastomosis for occlusion or complete reconstruction of the anastomosis with fresh graft material for a false aneurysm. The operative mortality rate was 1.6 per cent and three patients (2.5 per cent) underwent amputation after multiple procedures. This group of 120 patients with complications was compared with a random sample of 300 patients with aortic bifurcation grafts with no complications. In the group with complications, there were significantly fewer patients who underwent sympathectomy or profundaplasty and significantly more with an iliac rather than a femoral artery graft insertion. Those patients who had graft complications develop also had a significantly higher hematocrit level at the first procedure. PMID- 3750182 TI - Carotid endarterectomy. PMID- 3750183 TI - Hepatic parenchymal suction dissector. AB - A new instrument for hepatic parenchymal dissection has been developed. It is used to suction dissect tissue from around vessels and ducts to minimize blood loss during hepatic operations. The instrument is inexpensive, feels comfortable in the hand and supplied with a blunt or sharp tip. It may be a useful adjuvant to hepatic surgical procedures. PMID- 3750184 TI - Sacral resection with preservation of continence. AB - High sacral resections may best be performed with the use of fine rongeurs to divide the fused sacral laminae at the proposed line of transection of the bone posteriorly. Thus, the sacral canal is opened, and with gentle dissection, the dural sac and sacral roots at this level are displaced superiorly and laterally. At this level, the fused sacral bodies may then be divided with an osteotome. For large chordomas extending into the soft tissues, wider resection becomes necessary and the sciatic and pudendal nerves may be exposed. Dissection along the pudendal nerve and the ipsilateral sacral root or roots will secure their continuity if they are not found to be involved with tumor and, thus, continence will be assured. PMID- 3750185 TI - Intraoperative testing for anastomoses of the gastrointestinal tract. PMID- 3750186 TI - A home made colostomy bag. PMID- 3750187 TI - Partial splenectomy with a tourniquet of falciform ligament. PMID- 3750188 TI - Preperitoneal synthetic mesh placement for recurrent hernias of the groin. AB - In order to improve the results and avoid the testicular complications attending the standard repair of recurrent hernias of the groin, we have used the preperitoneal route to reduce the hernia and place a veil of Teflon to act as a new "fascia transversalis." This technique has been used in 50 such operations and the results have been presented herein. PMID- 3750189 TI - Radiologic evaluation of extracranial to Sylvian middle cerebral artery bypass. AB - At this institution a new procedure has been developed that involves anastomosing one of the branches of the superficial temporal artery to one of the major trunks of the middle cerebral artery in the Sylvian fissure. This procedure has been performed in 22 cases to date. Clinical indications for this procedure have fallen into four major categories. This new type of anastomosis produces greater bypass flow than conventional cortical middle cerebral artery anastomoses, and may be a better therapeutic alternative in certain clinical situations. The preoperative and postoperative angiographic evaluation of these patients is discussed. The radiologic results in this series of patients are reviewed. PMID- 3750190 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging of the sella turcica and parasellar region. A clinical radiographic evaluation with computed tomography. AB - Thirty-one magnetic resonance (MR) scans and computed tomography (CT) scans were obtained on 25 patients in whom lesions involving the sella turcica or parasellar region were clinically suspected. Surgical pathologic studies were available in 19 cases. Twenty-two of the MR scans were of diagnostic value equivalent to that of the corresponding CT studies. In two small meningiomas, an empty sella, and a sphenoid-middle fossa tumor, MR technology failed to delineate the pathologic process adequately. In the remaining five patients, MR either more convincingly demonstrated the pathologic anatomy or yielded diagnostic information not present in the CT study. In view of the absence of ionizing radiation, high degree of tissue contrast and spatial resolution, and multiplanar capability, magnetic resonance scanning will probably become the initial imaging modality of choice in patients suspected of harboring sellar and parasellar tumors. PMID- 3750191 TI - Treatment of prolactinoma based on the results of transsphenoidal operations. AB - Ninety-eight patients (16 male, 82 female) with prolactinomas were treated by transsphenoidal operation. The postoperative course was closely related to the tumor size and the preoperative levels of serum prolactin. In 37 (74%) of 50 patients with microadenomas, the levels of serum prolactin returned to normal postoperatively. There were 48 patients with macroadenomas; 27 of these were expansive and 21 were invasive. In 9 (33%) of the 27 patients with expansive macroadenomas, the postoperative levels of prolactin returned to normal; this was not the case in any of the 21 patients with invasive macroadenomas. Of 81 premenopausal women, 35 (43%) resumed normal menstruation postoperatively. All patients with preoperative deficits in the visual field experienced postoperative improvement. There were no postoperative deaths or serious complications in this series. Our data indicate that microprolactinomas are highly curable by transsphenoidal operation alone. In women who plan to have children, prolactinomas should be removed immediately. On the other hand, in patients with macroprolactinomas who manifest high levels of serum prolactin, initial treatment with bromocriptine should be considered because there is little hope for surgical cure and postoperative bromocriptine treatment might be necessary. PMID- 3750192 TI - Direct surgical treatment of intracavernous internal carotid artery aneurysms: report of four cases. AB - The authors have operated directly on four cases of intracavernous internal carotid artery aneurysms by opening the cavernous sinus. Surgery was performed using a semisitting position, in which the upper half of the patient's body was elevated approximately 20 degrees from the horizontal plane. The superior wall of the cavernous sinus was opened through the pterional approach, and an aneurysmal neck clipping was successfully performed on three patients. A coating of the aneurysm was carried out on one patient. The results obtained were excellent in all cases. The authors believe that the operative technique reported is useful for surgical treatment of intracavernous lesions. PMID- 3750193 TI - Traumatic stenosis of the internal carotid artery in children. AB - Two cases of stenosis of the internal carotid artery after blunt craniocervical trauma in children are described. Their neurological symptoms developed a few hours after the injury. A superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery anastomosis was performed in one, and the other was conservatively treated because of the spontaneous resolution of the stenosis. The pathophysiology and treatment of this clinical entity, especially in children, are discussed. PMID- 3750194 TI - Persistent primitive trigeminal artery aneurysm. AB - The trigeminal artery is the most common persistent carotid-basilar anastomotic channel observed in adult life, and its occurrence probably represents a defect in cerebrovascular development. It can be associated with other congenital abnormalities such as cerebral aneurysms, but only rarely do aneurysms of the primitive trigeminal artery itself arise. The authors present a new case of an aneurysm arising directly from the primitive trigeminal artery and discuss its significance and treatment. PMID- 3750195 TI - Intracerebral arteriovenous malformation fed by both ethmoidal arteries. AB - A case of right-sided frontal intracerebral arteriovenous malformation fed mainly by both ethmoidal arteries is reported. The nidus was located intracerebrally, although its main feeders were dural arteries. It was drained partially through an intracerebral abnormal vein with aneurysmal dilatation of its proximal portion into the vein of Rosenthal and the straight sinus. An acute spontaneous intracerebral hematoma was the cause of the clinical symptoms. The etiology, neuroradiology, and surgical treatment of this rare entity are discussed. PMID- 3750196 TI - Acute aggravation of traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula after venography through the inferior petrosal sinus. AB - A report is presented on a patient with acute aggravation of traumatic carotid cavernous fistula after venography through the inferior petrosal sinus. After direct puncture of the internal jugular vein and insertion of the catheter tip to reach the inferior petrosal sinus, venography was conducted, but immediately thereafter bruit decreased and proptosis and chemosis increased. Though the fistula may have been occluded through the endarterial approach, the cause of acute aggravation is considered to have been thrombosis of the inferior petrosal sinus. The risk involved in venography or the transvenous approach for traumatic carotid-cavernous fistulas is discussed. PMID- 3750197 TI - Meningeal neurosarcoidosis mimicking convexity en-plaque meningioma. AB - A 34-year old man presented with headaches. Computed tomography scanning revealed an enhancing subdural mass extending from the skull base to the convexity, thought to represent an en-plaque meningioma. Pathologic study revealed extraaxial subdural granulomatous inflammation consistent with neurosarcoidosis. PMID- 3750198 TI - Lead encephalopathy: symptoms of a cerebellar mass lesion and obstructive hydrocephalus. AB - The neurologic signs and symptoms of lead intoxication are quite varied. We review a case of lead poisoning in a 9-month-old child who presented clinically and radiographically with a posterior fossa mass effect and obstructive hydrocephalus. The predominance of edema of the cerebellum sufficient to achieve obstruction of the ventricular system represents a particularly unusual presentation of this disease process. Review of the literature for similar cases of lead encephalopathy is included. PMID- 3750199 TI - Bilateral symmetrical middle cranial fossa arachnoid cysts in a neonate. AB - A newborn girl was admitted suffering from convulsive seizures in both legs. A computed tomography (CT) scan revealed bilateral symmetrical middle cranial fossa arachnoid cysts and intraventricular hemorrhage. In the course of a year, only the cyst on the right side became gradually larger; the cyst on the left side was reduced in size. At the age of 1 year and 2 months, her intellectual development was normal, but she could not stand by herself. On metrizamide-enhanced CT cisternography, the cyst on the right side was of a noncommunicating type. Membranectomy of the right-sided cyst was performed and the cyst proved to be of the intraarachnoid type. The postoperative course was uneventful and a CT scan, taken 10 months after the operation, revealed no abnormality on either side. The intellectual and motor development was normal, and no abnormality was observed by electroencephalography. This may be the first report of arachnoid cysts found in a neonate. It gives us clues for understanding the etiology of this disease, which has not been fully clarified. PMID- 3750200 TI - Recurrent cystic meningioma. AB - The authors report a case of recurrent meningothelial meningioma with a large cyst. At the first operation, the mural nodule was totally resected and the cyst wall was removed as much as possible. This cystic tumor recurred six years later at the site where the first operation was performed. Histologically, the cyst wall contained islands of the same neoplastic cells as were previously found in the mural nodule. The authors discuss the preoperative diagnosis and mechanism of cyst formation, and emphasize the importance of complete removal of the cyst wall for permanent cure. PMID- 3750201 TI - Familial trigeminal neuralgia. AB - The authors present the cases of four brothers and sisters, two women and two men, who had trigeminal neuralgia, with the onset of pain occurring between the ages of 24 and 31 years. Three of them were treated surgically. A review of the literature reveals that familial trigeminal neuralgia is a very rare condition. PMID- 3750203 TI - End of the golden age? PMID- 3750202 TI - Subacute cervical spine instability. AB - A case of delayed onset of C5-6 subluxation after a motor vehicle accident, with normal initial cervical spine roentgenograms and neurological findings consistent with concomitant cerebral trauma, is presented. Damage to the cervical spine was due to fractures of the C-6 body and superior articular facet undetected by routine radiologic studies. PMID- 3750204 TI - Intermittent pupillary dilation in a young woman. AB - A 28-year-old woman presented with a history of unilateral throbbing headache associated intermittently with transient pupillary dilation. The differential diagnosis and suggested method of investigation are discussed. Therapeutic recommendations are mentioned for the treatment of common migraine. PMID- 3750205 TI - Ear injuries in sports. PMID- 3750206 TI - Giant omental cysts presenting as pseudoascites in children. PMID- 3750207 TI - Possible claim? Role of insurer and legal counsel. PMID- 3750208 TI - Medical control of EMS in San Antonio. PMID- 3750209 TI - Medical education in the 1980s: increasing demands, decreasing resources. PMID- 3750210 TI - Traditional beliefs and use of health care services by Vietnamese and Laotian refugees. PMID- 3750211 TI - The split latissimus dorsi flap with functional preservation. PMID- 3750212 TI - Evaluation of outpatient blood pressure readings. PMID- 3750213 TI - Lung and breast cancer death rates in Texas women. PMID- 3750214 TI - Competence and quality assurance in medicine. PMID- 3750215 TI - Modifiers of mutation rate: a general reduction principle. AB - A deterministic two-locus population genetic model with random mating is studied. The first locus, with two alleles, is subject to mutation and arbitrary viability selection. The second locus, with an arbitrary number of alleles, controls the mutation at the first locus. A class of viability-analogous Hardy-Weinberg equilibria is analyzed in which the selected gene and the modifier locus are in linkage equilibrium. It is shown that at these equilibria a reduction principle for the success of new mutation-modifying alleles is valid. A new allele at the modifier locus succeeds if its marginal average mutation rate is less than the mean mutation rate of the resident modifier allele evaluated at the equilibrium. Internal stability properties of these equilibria are also described. PMID- 3750216 TI - [The identity of general surgery]. PMID- 3750217 TI - [General surgery at the non-university A hospital]. PMID- 3750218 TI - [Possibilities and limits of general surgery from the viewpoint of a B hospital]. PMID- 3750219 TI - [Possibilities and limits of general surgery from the viewpoint of the independently practicing surgeon]. PMID- 3750220 TI - [Thoughts on the process of specializing in general surgery]. PMID- 3750221 TI - [The area of surgery--problems caused by specialization?]. PMID- 3750222 TI - [Accident surgery in the tension field between specialization and integration]. PMID- 3750223 TI - [The general surgeon]. PMID- 3750224 TI - [Is the general surgeon dying out?]. PMID- 3750226 TI - [Hypnotics and sleep: review and therapeutic guidelines]. PMID- 3750225 TI - [Structure of surgery from the viewpoint of hospital administration]. PMID- 3750227 TI - [Exanthemas of infectious origin in childhood]. PMID- 3750228 TI - [Lyme disease (erythema migrans disease)]. PMID- 3750229 TI - [Stenosing infections of the upper airways: epiglottitis and pseudocroup]. PMID- 3750230 TI - [Animal bite injuries and local wound infections in children]. PMID- 3750231 TI - [Current aspects of streptococcal infections in childhood]. PMID- 3750232 TI - [Cervical lymphadenitis in childhood: a surgically simple problem?]. PMID- 3750233 TI - [Juvenile chronic arthritis--rheumatic fever]. PMID- 3750234 TI - [New Swiss vaccination schedule]. PMID- 3750235 TI - [Elimination of measles in Europe]. PMID- 3750236 TI - [Tuberculosis and BCG vaccination]. PMID- 3750237 TI - [Suspected diagnosis of immunodeficiency. Study program in the evaluation of children with recurrent infections]. PMID- 3750238 TI - [Immunoglobulin therapy in general practice]. PMID- 3750239 TI - [Antibiotic therapy in childhood]. PMID- 3750240 TI - Immunoglobulins in the lung. PMID- 3750241 TI - Concentration, biosynthesis and degradation of collagen in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. AB - Despite several studies both in vitro and in vivo, the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis is unclear and some findings related to the biochemistry of collagen are controversial. Collagen metabolism was studied in 11 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and in six control subjects. There was an increase in collagen concentration (mean 327 (SD 76) compared with control values of 185 (18) micrograms/mg dry weight, p less than 0.001), normal values for biosynthesis (mean 2.2% (0.8%) v 2.08% (0.5%), and a noteworthy decrease in collagenolytic activity (mean 0.07 (0.04) v 0.23 (0.04) micrograms of collagen degraded per mg of collagen incubated, p less than 0.001). These results suggest that an alteration in enzymatic breakdown of collagen plays an important role in the maintenance and progression of interstitial fibrosis in this disease. PMID- 3750242 TI - Quantitative assessment of the value of spirometry. AB - To determine the value of simple spirometric measurements in the diagnostic assessment of breathless patients, doctors requesting such tests were asked to predict the likely ventilatory abnormality, expressing these pretest predictions as probabilities. Comparison of these pretest predictions with the test results allowed an analysis of the doctors' ability to identify lung function abnormalities and an assessment of the diagnostic usefulness of the test. Predictions and spirometric measurements were made in 123 patients. Doctors expressed preference for a particular spirometric category in 112 cases, of which 13 were predicted to have a restrictive defect, 77 were predicted to have an obstructive defect, and 22 were predicted to be normal. Spirometry showed that nine patients had a restrictive defect, 79 had an obstructive defect, and 24 had normal indices. The study showed that 61% of the tests gave a result that doctors predicted as being unlikely. The study also showed that doctors had difficulty in identifying the reversibility of airflow obstruction in patients in whom they correctly predicted obstruction. Spirometry fulfils a useful role in the diagnosis of breathless patients. PMID- 3750243 TI - Effect of aerosol particle size on bronchodilatation with nebulised terbutaline in asthmatic subjects. AB - The bronchodilatation achieved by the beta 2 agonist terbutaline sulphate given as nebulised aerosol from different devices has been measured in seven patients with mild asthma (mean FEV1 76% predicted) over two hours after inhalation. The subjects were studied on four occasions. On three visits they received 2.5 mg terbutaline delivered from three different types of nebuliser, selected on the basis of the size distribution of the aerosols generated; and on a fourth (control) visit no aerosol was given. The size distributions of the aerosols expressed in terms of their mass median diameter (MMD) were: A: MMD 1.8 microns; B: 4.6 microns; C: 10.3 microns. The aerosols were given under controlled conditions of respiratory rate and tidal volume to minimise intertreatment variation. Bronchodilator response was assessed by changes in FEV1, forced vital capacity (FVC), peak expiratory flow (PEF), and maximal flow after expiration of 50% and 75% FVC (Vmax50, Vmax25) from baseline (before aerosol) and control run values. For each pulmonary function index all three aerosols gave significantly better improvement over baseline than was seen in the control (p less than 0.05) and had an equipotent effect on FEV1, FVC, and PEF. Aerosol A (MMD 1.8 microns) produced significantly greater improvements in Vmax50 and Vmax25 than did B or C (p less than 0.05). These results suggest that for beta 2 agonists small aerosols (MMD less than 2 microns) might be advantageous in the treatment of asthma. PMID- 3750245 TI - Human tumour xenografts growing in immunodeficient mice: a useful model for assessing chemotherapeutic agents in bronchial carcinoma. AB - Xenografts from eight human bronchial carcinomas have been established in CBA/Lac mice rendered immunodeficient by neonatal thymectomy followed three weeks later by whole body irradiation (7.35 Gy (735 rads)) after a priming dose of cytosine arabinoside. Growth rates of individual tumour lines remain constant and the histological and chromosomal characteristics of the original tumour are maintained through multiple serial passages over many months. With specific growth delay as the principal end point this system may be used to assess the response of histologically different lung tumours to chemotherapeutic agents. PMID- 3750244 TI - Are cardiovascular reflexes more commonly impaired in patients with bronchial carcinoma? AB - Non-invasive tests of cardiovascular autonomic function were performed in 69 patients with histologically proved bronchial carcinoma and the results compared with those obtained in a group of age and sex matched controls. Only two patients were under 50 years of age, and with the exception of the heart rate response to deep breathing the tests performed have no accepted normal ranges in patients of this age. None of the patients had features of florid, disabling autonomic neuropathy. All the tests of autonomic function showed declining performance with age but in addition there were significant differences in the results when the two groups were compared. In the group with carcinoma the resting heart rate was higher (p less than 0.05), the resting supine blood pressure lower (p less than 0.01), and the postural fall in blood pressure greater (p less than 0.01). Test results were not related to tumour histology, the presence of finger clubbing, drug history, or symptoms suggestive of autonomic dysfunction. Abnormal responses in tests of cardiovascular autonomic function are commonly found in elderly patients but bronchial carcinoma appears to have an additional effect. The precise mechanism of this effect remains a matter for speculation. PMID- 3750247 TI - Preoperative clinical predictors of long term survival in mitral stenosis: analysis of 200 cases followed for up to 27 years after closed mitral valvotomy. AB - Two hundred patients aged 17-40 years undergoing closed mitral valvotomy during 1955-60 were studied by actuarial survival analysis. The period of follow up was 22-27 years. The following preoperative features were found to be independent predictors of long term survival: sinus rhythm (p less than 0.05); pulmonary arterial pressure below systemic pressure (p less than 0.01); absence of congestive cardiac failure (p less than 0.01) and pure mitral stenosis (p less than 0.01). A better long term survival was found for mitral valvotomy with a Tubb's dilator than finger splitting or Brock's method. The presence of calcification at the time of valvotomy adversely affected survival (p less than 0.01). Anticoagulation improved survival (p less than 0.01). It is concluded that closed mitral valvotomy gives good results if performed before the onset of established atrial fibrillation and congestive cardiac failure and that all patients should have anticoagulation. These results have important implications for selection of patients in countries with limited facilities for open heart surgery. PMID- 3750246 TI - Antibiotic prophylaxis in cardiothoracic surgery in the United Kingdom: current practice. AB - A survey was conducted of the current practice of antibiotic prophylaxis in cardiac surgery throughout the United Kingdom. Most surgeons (84%) use a regimen covering a broad spectrum of bacterial species that is continued for two to three days after the operation. The most used regimens are a combination of beta lactamase resistant penicillin with an aminoglycoside (44%) or a single broad spectrum cephalosporin (30%). Just 16% of surgeons preferred a narrow spectrum regimen effective against only the Gram positive organisms commonly responsible for postoperative infection in these patients. Antibiotic prophylaxis has been adopted by all cardiac surgeons in the United Kingdom but is sometimes continued longer than is indicated by the clinical or experimental evidence. PMID- 3750248 TI - Plasma nicotine concentration and the white blood cell count in smokers. PMID- 3750249 TI - Acute hydrocortisone myopathy in acute severe asthma. PMID- 3750250 TI - Massive haemoptysis as the presenting symptom in mitral stenosis. PMID- 3750251 TI - Absence of refractoriness in asthmatic subjects after exercise with warm, humid inspirate. PMID- 3750252 TI - Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease after chemotherapy. PMID- 3750253 TI - [Plasma protein binding of 3-(S) or 3-(R) hydroxylated derivatives of quinidine and dihydroquinidine]. PMID- 3750254 TI - [Optimal conditions of the biological study of cardiotonic glycosides]. PMID- 3750255 TI - [Pharmacokinetics of ranitidine in cirrhotic patients with or without ascites]. PMID- 3750256 TI - [Pharmacokinetics of netilmicin in elderly subjects]. PMID- 3750257 TI - [Pulmonary diffusion of netilmicin]. PMID- 3750258 TI - [Dose-effect relationship of metoprolol on the cardiac rate in hyperthyroidism]. PMID- 3750259 TI - [Anticoagulant treatment with fluindione. Relation between the decrease of vitamin K-dependent factors and blood fluindione]. PMID- 3750260 TI - [Imputability of a teratogenic effect]. PMID- 3750261 TI - [Imputability is not a synonym for responsibility]. PMID- 3750262 TI - [Severe ventricular arrhythmia after ingestion of sotalol. Apropos of 3 cases]. PMID- 3750263 TI - Platelet activation induced by a human neuroblastoma tumor cell line is reduced by prior administration of ticlopidine. AB - Ticlopidine (250 mg twice daily) was administered to human volunteers for seven days and the response of their heparinized platelet-rich plasma to SKNMC (ADP dependent) human neuroblastoma cells was examined. The first wave of platelet aggregation, characteristic of ADP-dependent human tumor cell lines, was completely abolished but was replaced by a lag period prior to the onset of aggregation. In the Baumgartner perfusion apparatus there was a marked inhibition in the thrombus generated by the presence of SKNMC cells with a concomitant increase in the percentage of surface coverage. These results suggest that the administration of ticlopidine could be useful to prevent some of the steps of metastatic dissemination in which activated platelets may play a role. PMID- 3750265 TI - Binding of various thrombin fractions to fibrin and the influence of AT-III on their adsorption. AB - Human thrombin with high affinity for fibrin was obtained by subjecting purified thrombin to affinity chromatography on Sepharose insolubilized fibrin monomers, after addition of a radioiodinated subsample of thrombin, molar ratio 1:600. As judged by radioprofiling of the electrophoretic distribution of high-affinity thrombin on 10 per cent polyacrylamide gel containing urea/SDS, the preparation consisted of 70 per cent alpha-thrombin, 28 per cent beta-thrombin and only 2 per cent gamma-thrombin. Although alpha-thrombin was bound more strongly to insolubilized fibrin monomers than the other subfractions, complete separation of the individual components could not be achieved. High-affinity thrombin was employed for studies on thrombin adsorption to polymerized fibrin, assuming equal behaviour of labelled and unlabelled thrombin. To avoid passive entrapment of thrombin within the fibrin meshwork at physiological pH, ionic strength and calcium concentration, the optimal fibrinogen concentration was found to be 2.94 umol/l. During such conditions, adsorption of thrombin to polymerized fibrin did not exceed 65 per cent of added thrombin, despite an increasing availability of fibrin-related thrombin binding domains obtained by reducing the thrombin concentration. Adsorption of thrombin to polymerized fibrin increased by 25 per cent when the ionic strength was reduced to 0.05 mol/l. These findings suggest the presence of thrombin subfractions with different affinities for polymerized fibrin. Aggregates of high-affinity thrombin formed during its preparation by affinity chromatography, but were prevented by adding polyethylene glycol (m.w. 6,000, final conc. 6.6 g/l). Such aggregates were not inactivated by AT-III, but could still adsorb to polymerized fibrin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3750266 TI - Alpha 2-antiplasmin: functional characterization and metabolism in a heterozygote deficient patient. AB - An 81-year-old male with a mild life-long bleeding history and an alpha 2 antiplasmin (alpha 2-AP) plasma level of 55% biological activity and 41% antigen activity (normal range 80-140%) was studied. The ratio of plasminogen binding (PB):non-plasminogen binding (NPB) alpha 2-AP assayed by modified crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) was 7.3/2.7 (controls 6.3 +/- 0.49 SD/3.7 +/- 0.49 SD). The patient's alpha 2-AP showed decreased affinity for fibrin, i.e. 8.3% versus 32.4% of normal control alpha 2-AP associated with fibrin during clotting of plasma. A metabolic study performed with human purified 125I-alpha 2-AP (PB/NPB 7.7/2.3) showed a plasma radioactivity disappearance half-life of 72.9 h (n 60.1 +/- 5.3 h) with a normal fractional catabolic rate and a reduced absolute catabolic (synthetic) rate of 0.70 mg/kg/day (n 2.10 +/- 0.60 mg/kg/day). The exchange between the central and third compartment was increased. The increased alpha 2-AP PB form and the increased plasma radioactivity disappearance half-life are suggestive of a slower conversion of the PB form into the NPB form and/or slower degradation of the PB form. The bleeding tendency in this patient could be explained by decreased synthesis of alpha 2-AP and decreased binding to fibrin. PMID- 3750264 TI - A low molecular weight heparin alters the fetal coagulation system in the pregnant sheep. AB - Standard heparin and a LMWH, CY222 do not cross the placenta nor alter fetal coagulation when injected into the pregnant ewe. We found that another LMWH, Pharmuka-10169 (PK-10169) alters fetal coagulation without crossing the placenta in the pregnant sheep. To characterize this anticoagulant we measured the in vitro and in vivo effects of 125I-PK-10169 in maternal and fetal plasmas following administration of PK-10169 to the mother or fetus. The fetal anticoagulant activity was not neutralizable by protamine sulphate and was attributable to the inhibition of thrombin but not factor Xa. In vitro, the fetal anticoagulant activity had properties similar to dermatan sulphate; both catalyzed the inhibition of thrombin but not factor Xa by sheep plasma; and neither was neutralizable by protamine sulphate. These effects were due to the enhanced neutralization of thrombin by heparin cofactor II. We conclude that PK 10169 does not cross the placenta, but does induce the release of an endogenous dermatan sulphate-like substance which alters fetal coagulation. PMID- 3750267 TI - Calibration of BCT/441, the ICSH reference preparation for thromboplastin. AB - An international collaborative exercise has been undertaken to calibrate a secondary international reference preparation (IRP) of thromboplastin on behalf of the International Committee for Standardization in Haematology (ICSH). This preparation of British Comparative Thromboplastin (BCT/441) is required because supplies of the WHO primary IRP (BCT/253) are necessarily limited. The calibration was performed at seven centres with only a small degree of interlaboratory variation. As a result of this study an ISI value of 1.04 has been assigned to the preparation. Opportunity was also taken to assess the reliability of a simplified calibration based on lyophilised plasmas. The results of the latter appeared reliable. BCT/441 will be available to officially designated National Control Laboratories for calibration of local thromboplastins to promote prothrombin time standardization in oral anticoagulant control. PMID- 3750268 TI - Differences in coagulation and haemostatic parameters in normal women of childbearing age from different ethnic groups and geographical locations. Task Force on Oral Contraceptives--WHO Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction. AB - A comparative study of coagulation and fibrinolytic laboratory parameters was undertaken in four countries (Salvador, Brazil; Singapore; Santiago, Chile and Dublin, Ireland) among apparently healthy women of reproductive age. A continuous external quality control scheme of the laboratory measurements was employed to permit comparison among centres. Significant and consistent differences were found between the four centres. In Dublin, the prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) were accelerated, and the specific factor assays showed more activity, whereas the antiprotease levels were higher than in the other centres. In Salvador, a contrasting tendency was found with longer prothrombin times and APTT and lower Factor VII and antiprotease levels. The results from the other two centres were approximately midway between these two extremes. The study has revealed important differences in the coagulation and haemostatic tests between women from widely diverse geographical areas. It is not certain whether these are due to ethnic, nutritional or economic factors but they may be related to the apparent varying incidence of thrombosis in these ethnic groups. PMID- 3750269 TI - A pasteurised concentrate of human plasma factor XIII for therapeutic use. AB - A therapeutic concentrate of factor XIII containing both A and B sub-units has been prepared from 300 kg pools of human plasma. The process starts from a cold ethanol fraction from cryoprecipitate supernatant and therefore does not interfere with the recovery of other clinically valuable plasma proteins. Factor XIII is purified approximately 600-fold from plasma by precipitation with sodium citrate and by the removal of fibrinogen by brief heating. The product has been pasteurised in sorbitol solution to inactivate blood-borne viruses, ultrafiltered to remove sorbitol, adsorbed with bentonite and freeze-dried in a formulation meeting requirements for intravenous injection. PMID- 3750270 TI - Further studies on the modulation of blood coagulation by human serum amyloid P component and its acute phase homologue C-reactive protein. AB - Serum amyloid P component (SAP), and its acute phase homologue C-reactive protein (CRP), prolonged activated partial thromboplastin times (APTT) in cell free plasma when assayed at physiological concentrations in the presence of heparin. SAP also inhibited clot formation initiated through the extrinsic and terminal phases of coagulation in heparinized cell free plasma, an activity not shared with CRP. When CRP and SAP were similarly evaluated in whole blood using the thromboelastograph (TEG), CRP delayed the onset of coagulation and the initial rate of fibrin formation/polymerization; final clot patency was unaltered. SAP suppressed the anticoagulant activity of heparin in the TEG assay, unlike results obtained in heparinized cell free plasma, by facilitating a more rapid onset of coagulation, increasing the rate of fibrin formation/polymerization, and correcting clot patency. The data provided offer further evidence that these homologues can intercede in blood coagulation. PMID- 3750271 TI - A comparison of the antithrombotic and haemorrhagic effects of a low molecular weight heparin (LHN-1) and conventional heparin. AB - The antithrombotic effects after intravenous administration of a low molecular weight heparin (LHN-1) and conventional heparin were compared in a rabbit model of experimental thrombosis, where thrombus formation was induced by a combination of endothelial damage and stasis. Both compounds were able to prevent thrombosis completely. However, LHN-1 was significantly less potent than conventional heparin, the ratio between doses with the same antithrombotic effect being 2.4:1 on a weight basis. Bleeding times after administration of LHN-1 and conventional heparin were determined by tail transsection in anaesthetized rats and by template bleeding in the ear of conscious pigs. Given intravenously at a dose ratio of 2.4:1 (w/w), LHN-1 affected APTT less than conventional heparin, whereas the effects on haemostasis were not significantly different. In conclusion, it was found that after intravenous administration LHN-1 prevented experimental thrombosis as effectively as conventional heparin. However, the correlation between antithrombotic and haemorrhagic effects of LHN-1 was the same as that of conventional heparin. The corresponding relation in man remains to be determined. PMID- 3750273 TI - Desmopressin induces decrease in platelet count in uremia. PMID- 3750272 TI - Rheological aspects of thrombosis and haemostasis: basic principles and applications. ICTH-Report--Subcommittee on Rheology of the International Committee on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. PMID- 3750274 TI - Ticlopidine and platelet function--rejoinder. PMID- 3750275 TI - Discrepant elimination of fibrin des-AA and des-AABB in man. PMID- 3750276 TI - Adhesion and aggregation of thrombin prestimulated human platelets: evaluation of surface-bound fibrinogen and surface-bound albumin. AB - The effect of prestimulation of human washed platelets with thrombin on their ability to adhere to and form aggregates on fibrinogen- and albumin-coated glass has been studied. Prestimulation of platelets does not alter platelet adhesion to surface bound albumin and fibrinogen. Our data for both protein coatings support a mechanism of adherence of single prestimulated platelets before formation of surface-bound aggregates from single platelets arriving from the flow. When whole blood contacts an artificial surface, thrombin will likely influence the platelet component of thrombus formation. PMID- 3750277 TI - Reaction of thrombins with human antithrombin III. I. Enzyme activity losses unrelated to the inhibitory reaction and their prevention. AB - Adsorption loss of thrombin may produce considerable systematic error when quantitative evaluation of its reaction with antithrombin III is based on measurements of changes in enzyme activity with time. At 25 degrees C, pH 7.8 (0.1 M NaCl, 0.01 M TRIS, 0.01 M HEPES) glass, siliconized glass, polypropylene and polystyrene surfaces adsorb thrombin in a similar manner. Its adsorption is a saturation reaction reaching an equilibrium after about three hours. At initial concentrations of enzyme convenient for assay with chromogenic substrate (10 nM or less) a large fraction of activity is lost. Binding of alpha thrombin to polypropylene is very tight. The association constants (Ka) were found to be 12.6 X 10(9) M-1 and 4.0 X 10(9) M-1 for human and bovine alpha thrombin respectively. The adsorbed enzyme has hardly any ability to hydrolyze chromogenic substrate. A small part of its activity can be recovered by displacement with PEG 6000, more when the substrate is present. The addition of non-ionic detergents and continuous stirring allows recovery of up to 30% of the enzyme activity and accelerates this process. Complete and long term (more than 20 hours at 25 degrees C) prevention of adsorption loss of human alpha and bovine alpha and beta thrombin at pH between 7.0-8.3 is achieved by the addition of 0.1% PEG 6000 to the buffer and use of tubes precoated with PEG 20,000. Alternative use of non ionic detergents (BRIJ-35, TRITON X-100) to modify the solvent also appears effective but their possible interference with reactions studied should be borne in mind. PMID- 3750278 TI - Quantitation of urokinase antigen in plasma and culture media by use of an ELISA. AB - An ELISA was set up using polyvinylchloride microtiter plates coated with rabbit anti-UK IgG's and affino-purified goat anti-UK IgG's as second antibody. Detection occurred with rabbit anti-goat IgG antibodies conjugated with alkaline phosphatase. The assay is specific for urokinase (UK) with a detection limit of 100 pg/ml sample. Tissue-type plasminogen activator, up to concentrations of 100 ng/ml, does not interfere. The assay measures the antigen of the inactive zymogen pro-UK, the active enzyme UK and the UK-inhibitor complex with equal efficiency and gives the total UK antigen present, irrespective of its molecular form. Culture media of fibroblasts, endothelial- and kidney cells showed, despite the absence of active UK, antigen levels of 1.2, 23 and 65 ng/ml, respectively. In human plasma the UK concentration was found to be 3.5 +/- 1.4 ng/ml (mean +/- SD, n = 54). The inter- and intra-assay variations were 20% and 6%, respectively. PMID- 3750279 TI - [Physicians and their calling]. PMID- 3750280 TI - [What do we know about patient satisfaction. For what can we use this knowledge?]. PMID- 3750281 TI - [Scandinavia's voice among European physicians]. PMID- 3750282 TI - [Scandinavian cooperation with results]. PMID- 3750283 TI - [Physicians' strike in Finland, 1984]. PMID- 3750284 TI - [The medical society's role in the development of the health system]. PMID- 3750285 TI - [Physicians' continuing and postgraduate education. Specialty education--from collegial advertisement stories to law-based specialist competence]. PMID- 3750286 TI - [Council for medical ethics 1961-86]. PMID- 3750287 TI - [Physicians and the medical society]. PMID- 3750288 TI - [Physicians and nurses--partners or opponents?]. PMID- 3750289 TI - [Future considerations]. PMID- 3750290 TI - [Femoral neck fractures in Oslo and Troms. A comparative study]. PMID- 3750291 TI - [Abdominal aortic aneurysm]. PMID- 3750292 TI - [Calcareous tendinitis of the long peroneal tendon]. PMID- 3750293 TI - [Effect of enteric-coated tablets of acetylsalicylic acid on platelet function]. PMID- 3750294 TI - [Ventricular ulcer and duodenal ulcer. An epidemiological study based on a radiological study in Troms]. PMID- 3750295 TI - [Primary tumors of the appendix]. PMID- 3750296 TI - [Congenital cutaneous candidiasis]. PMID- 3750297 TI - [A training program in group psychotherapy]. PMID- 3750298 TI - [Falls in a geriatric department]. PMID- 3750299 TI - [Epicrisis delays. What can be done to improve the conditions?]. PMID- 3750300 TI - [Arsenic, cadmium, mercury, lead and selenium in slaughtered animals: an overview of a 10-year study]. AB - A large number of organs of slaughtered animals were examined for heavy metals, arsenic and selenium during the period from 1970 to 1980. In the present paper, the arsenic, cadmium, mercury, lead and selenium levels determined in porcine and bovine kidneys and livers as well as in porcine brain are reviewed. The following median levels (in mg/kg of fresh product) of the various elements were determined: (table; see text) In a number of cases, organs and meat from the same animal were studied; the levels in meat were much lower than those in organs in every case. A constant ratio between the levels of the elements in meat and those in organs was not observed. PMID- 3750301 TI - [Monensin/sulfachlorpyrazine poisoning in turkeys]. AB - Symptoms of paralysis were observed in seven-week-old turkeys on a farm following administration of sulphachlorpyrazine for coccidiosis. Paralysis was particularly common in the females which were separated from the male birds. Of monensin 122 ppm were found to be present in the feed, whereas the amount stated on the label was 100 ppm. When a new batch was substituted for this feed, the symptoms abated. As the result of a possible interaction of monensin and sulphachlorpyrazine, mortality was 1.7 per cent in the male and 11.2 per cent in the female birds. PMID- 3750302 TI - Acupuncture analgesia. PMID- 3750304 TI - [Homeopathy: faith, science or medicine?]. PMID- 3750303 TI - [General Financial Schedule of universities and colleges 1986-1990]. PMID- 3750305 TI - [The hygienic disposal and rendering of dead animals and animal waste]. AB - In this publication an overview is made of both the fundamental and practical approaches laid down in the 'WHO Guidelines on the hygienic disposal and rendering of dead animals and animal wastes to protect human and animal health'. It describes methods that can be used both in developed and developing countries for the hygienic disposal and rendering of contaminated animal materials. In view of the various veterinary-hygienic measures that might be taken a distinction is made between low-risk materials (for instance slaughter offal of healthy animals) and high-risk materials (for instance animals that died because of infectious diseases). The hygienic disposal of low-risk materials is usually done by sterilisation in autoclaves or by cooking, so that proteins and fat may be re used, mostly in the form of animal feed components. High-risk materials should at the least be sterilised or otherwise be burnt. Attention is also paid to the hygiene in rendering plants, particularly concerning the avoidance of cross contamination from raw to decontaminated materials. Finally aspects of environmental hygiene are discussed and attention is paid to the protection of the personnel that is involved in the hygienic disposal and rendering of dead animals and animal wastes. PMID- 3750306 TI - [Determination of progesterone levels in the milk of mares: a useful aid in the diagnosis of early pregnancy]. AB - The concentration of progesterone in milk was determined in 327 mares to establish pregnancy in an early stage (sixteen days or more). The 5 ng/ml-level of progesterone as a threshold in the EIA-system used resulted in a very useful aid in the diagnosis of early pregnancy in mares. The results of testing were not in accordance with the confirmed reality in fourteen out of 327 mares (4.3 percent). The result of the test was false non-pregnant in five mares (1.5 percent) and false pregnant in nine mares (2.8 percent). PMID- 3750307 TI - [Homeopathy and isopathy, science or faith?]. AB - The present paper is the result of a study of the literature investigating the effectiveness of potentiated agents. The object is to supply an answer to the question of the extent to which homeopathy and isopathy have a scientific basis. The most universally accepted requirements which scientific research has to comply with having been enumerated and explained, a number of experimental studies in the fields of homeopathy and isopathy are put to the test of these requirements. An important consideration is the extent to which a scientific approach to these methods of treatment is possible. In addition, the question is asked what can be the background of the increasing popularity of this method of treatment. The conclusion emerges that the literature available does not make it possible to pass a verdict on the question whether homeopathy and isopathy are scientifically justified or not. With the possible exception of one experiment, none of the studies are up to the standards set in every respect. PMID- 3750308 TI - [Epidemic traumatic reticulitis]. PMID- 3750309 TI - [What is left of the farmer-veterinarian relationship in the year 2000?]. PMID- 3750310 TI - [Cardiovascular disorders with respiratory distress in childhood]. AB - Because of their low prevalence cardiovascular abnormalities are an easily overlooked cause of persistent respiratory distress in childhood. A review is presented of the most common cardiovascular disorders that give rise to respiratory distress by compression of the airway at various levels. At tracheal level the double aortic arch and the aberrant right subclavian artery are the most frequent anomalies. Bronchial compression is mostly due to left to right shunting through either a persistent ductus arteriosus or a ventricular septal defect. Compression of the lung parenchyma itself is in most cases caused by dilatation of the left ventricle. Anatomy, symptomatology, diagnosis and therapy of the cardiovascular disorders are described. PMID- 3750311 TI - [Incidence of cheilognathopalatoschisis in the Netherlands]. AB - Until now, data on the incidence of cleft lip and/or palate in the Netherlands are scarcely available. For this study data were used from the National Medical Registration (NMR) and the National Obstetric Registration (NOR) over the years 1982 and 1983. Only children born in a general hospital have been registered. In the years 1982 and 1983 the NMR registered 295 children with the malformation just mentioned. The incidence calculated from these figures is between 1,38 and 1,77. The age distribution of mothers with a child with a cleft lip and/or palate (CLP) was compared to the total group of mothers. No correlations were found between the age of the mother and the birth of a CLP-child. The necessity of an accurate registration of congenital malformations in general in the Netherlands is emphasized. PMID- 3750312 TI - [Experiences with a completely implantable intravenous system in children]. AB - A totally implantable system for venous access has been implanted in 65 children with chronic disease requiring repeated or/and prolonged intravenous therapy. The experiences are described. They indicate that the use of wide catheters (internal diameter greater than or equal to 0.76 mm) and a position of the catheter in the vena cava superior/right atrium rarely give complications, besides a relatively low incidence of sepsis. The children accept the use of the system very well and the easy venous access decreases their emotional stress during a long period of intensive therapy. PMID- 3750313 TI - H-Y antigen is not expressed on purified rat erythrocytes. AB - The presence of H-Y antigen on male rat erythrocytes was investigated using a high-titre H-Y antiserum in both ELISA, cellular absorption and syngeneic male to female erythrocyte transfusion studies. No evidence was found to suggest that H-Y antigen is expressed on rat erythrocytes. These data are in accord with recent findings of other investigators studying mouse H-Y serology. PMID- 3750314 TI - DNA synthesis of adult mammalian cardiac muscle cells in long-term culture. AB - Adult rat cardiac ventricular muscle cells were isolated and cultured in monolayer for 30-45 days. Most of the cardiac muscle cells undergo external and internal structural alterations, resembling embryonic/neonatal cardiac muscle cells in culture (Nag and Cheng, 1981; Nag et al., 1983). These cultured cells underwent DNA synthesis and mitosis as revealed by autoradiography studies that involved the exposure of the cells to [3H]-thymidine for 24 hr prior to the termination of the culture at selected intervals. During the first week of culture, cardiac muscle cells showed less than 5% labeled cells. The labeling index of myocytes attained a peak in the second week of culture, exhibiting approximately 23% labeled cells. The labeling indices of cardiac muscle cells declined over the period of 30 days of culture. During the end of the incubation period, approximately 4% of the myocytes were labeled. When the extent of the total cell population involved in DNA synthesis was examined by exposing the cells to [3H]-thymidine continuously for long periods of time, it was observed that approximately 26% of the cardiac muscle cells regained the capacity for DNA synthesis during 1-10 days of culture. From day 1 to day 14, approximately 29% of the total muscle cell population was labeled. When the cells were exposed to the radioactive isotope continuously for 30 days, approximately 31% of the cells incorporated radioactive isotope, showing their capacity for DNA synthesis. Approximately 90% of the cardiac muscle cells in long-term culture contained more than one nucleus. The nuclei were often observed in multiples of two. Labeled mitotic apparatus was observed in cardiac myocytes, indicating the replication of DNA, followed by karyokinesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3750315 TI - Alignment of cilia in immotile-cilia syndrome. AB - Alignment of cilia in nasal epithelial cells from eight human subjects suffering from immotile-cilia syndrome was compared with that of cells from five control subjects. Individual cilia were assessed according to the orientation of their basal feet. The range of orientation of basal feet on a single cell varied from 26 degrees to 261 degrees and 54 degrees to 275 degrees in controls and patients respectively. Less than 10% of the cells from each group supported cilia that were aligned randomly. Alignment was worse in subjects with immotile-cilia syndrome but this could well have been due to secondary characteristics of the disease, such as common viral infection. Very accurate alignment of mucus propelling cilia may be unnecessary. Measurements from control subjects and some invertebrates suggest that ranges of 140 degrees are common and do not seriously impair mucus propulsion. PMID- 3750316 TI - Internalized proteins directed into accumulative compartments of mosquito oocytes by the specific ligand, vitellogenin. AB - We have investigated the internalization pathways for a specific protein, vitellogenin, and a non-specific protein, horseradish peroxidase, in the mosquito oocyte in vivo. The internalized proteins were localized by electron microscopical immunocytochemistry or autoradiography; the relationship of their destination compartments with lysosomes was monitored by visualization of acid phosphatase. Proteins internalized by the oocyte follow either a specific accumulative route or a lysosomal degradative route. Via coated vesicles, both proteins enter the same compartment, the endosome, where they dissociate from membrane-binding sites. The route to their final destination depends on the presence of the specific ligand. In its absence, the degradative route is followed, and the endosome with non-specific protein fuses with lysosomes. In the presence of the specific ligand, the accumulative route is followed, and both specific and non-specific proteins are delivered into an accumulative compartment, the transitional yolk body. During the transformation of the transitional yolk body into the final storage compartment, a mature yolk body, vitellogenin undergoes crystallization, whereas the non-specific protein is concentrated in small vesicular extensions of the compartmental membrane. These vesicles are separated from the yolk bodies and apparently deliver the non specific protein into the lysosomal system. We concluded that any protein bound to the membrane would be internalized by the oocyte, but only binding of the specific ligand to its receptor serves as a transmembrane signal stimulating the formation of accumulative compartments. PMID- 3750317 TI - The beneficial effects of 40% and 100% O2 inhalations on acutely-induced myocardial ischemia in dogs. AB - The effectiveness of O2 inhalation on the acutely-induced ischemic myocardium in dogs was investigated. In 22 open-chest mongrel dogs, the left anterior descending coronary artery was partially occluded to reduce coronary flow. The regional coronary vein accompanying the artery was cannulated to obtain coronary venous blood. Switching of inspiratory gas from room air to 40% O2 produced an elevation of coronary venous O2 saturation from 35.8 +/- 12.7 (S.D.) to 41.1 +/- 11.9% and shifting of myocardial lactate production to utilization (from -0.9 +/- 36.9 to 5.0 +/- 36.7%), indicating that 40% O2 inhalation ameliorated ischemia. Application of 100% O2 inhalation caused even more beneficial effects; coronary venous O2 saturation was elevated to 50.6 +/- 12.6% and myocardial lactate extraction was improved to 7.8 +/- 40.5%. The present study indicated that 40% O2 inhalation was effective and 100% O2 inhalation even more effective in ameliorating acutely-induced myocardial ischemia. Decreases in myocardial contractile force and left ventricular size and suppression of sympathoadrenal activity might be possible mechanisms for these beneficial effects. PMID- 3750318 TI - Vitamin A transport in plasma of diabetic patients. AB - The effects of diabetes on the vitamin A metabolism were studied. The concentrations of plasma retinol and retinyl ester were measured in diabetic patients using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In diabetic patients, the mean level of retinyl ester was significantly elevated compared to that of normal subjects (diabetes, 68.3 +/- 42.5 IU/100 ml of plasma; study I, 87.6 +/- 64.3 IU/100 ml of plasma; study II vs. normal, 29.8 +/- 10.3 IU/100 ml of plasma). The ultracentrifugal and column chromatographic studies were carried out to examine the distribution of retinyl ester in patient's plasma. Ultracentrifugation study showed that the mean of 72.6% of retinyl ester was recovered in the lipoproteins of density higher than 1.006 and the remainder was recovered in the chylomicron (d less than 1.006). Gel filtration profiles for the separation of plasma vitamin A demonstrated that retinyl ester presented in the HDL, LDL and larger molecular size lipoprotein (suspected to be VLDL) as well as in the chylomicron. PMID- 3750319 TI - Hyperchloremia in patients with chronic renal failure. AB - The electrolyte and acid base composition of steady state chronic renal failure patients were studied. A particular comparison was made between the group of hyperchloremic and normochloremic patients, matched for sex, age, serum creatinine concentration and the etiology of the disease. Hyperchloremia was constantly seen in any stage of the disease in hyperchloremic patients, and they were found to be more acidemic, with lower anion gap, than normochloremic patients. A greater degree of tubular dysfunction than glomerular dysfunction was considered as the cause of acidosis and hyperchloremia in any stage of the disease. Hyperchloremia could be an indication to initiate alkali therapy to protect against further loss of bone mineral and the progression of the disease itself. PMID- 3750320 TI - Antibodies specific for methylated DNA elicited in rabbits recognize only a single strand region of DNA containing 7-methylguanine. AB - Immunogenicity of methylated DNA (Me-DNA) was investigated in connection with the changes of the high order structure. Antibodies specific for Me-DNA were elicited in the rabbits with DNA methylated at different extents. When Me-DNA was chromatographed on a hydroxyapatite column and was separated into single and double stranded forms, Me-DNA eluted at single strand position was found to react only with the anti-Me-DNA antibodies. In order to examine the immunogenicity of both single and double stranded forms, each form was injected in rabbits respectively. No specific antibodies were produced for the double stranded form, whereas the single stranded form showed a potent immunogenicity. On the other hand, the antigenicity of the single stranded Me-DNA was decreased or lost in parallel with the extent of the release of 7-methylguanine residues from the molecule on heating under the neutral condition. These results revealed that single stranded structure of Me-DNA is immunogenic or antigenic and that 7 methylguanine residues of Me-DNA play an important role in forming a characteristic structure required for the manifestation of its specific antigenicity. PMID- 3750321 TI - Determination of safe interval of circulatory arrest from the cerebral metabolic aspect. AB - To determine the safe interval of hypothermic total circulatory arrest, the cerebral metabolic state was evaluated in 30 dogs. Surface cooling was achieved by deep ether anesthesia and the animals were assigned to three equal groups. Group I: 30 min circulatory arrest and surface rewarming. Group II: 60 min circulatory arrest and surface rewarming. Group III: 60 min circulatory arrest and perfusion rewarming. Brain tissue gas tension was monitored and cerebral O2 consumption was calculated. Cerebral O2 consumption reduced with cooling, parallel to the decrease in cerebral blood flow. Rapid increase in Po2, elevation of PCO2, and decrease of pH in the brain tissue were observed during circulatory arrest. Brain tissue PO2 increased significantly after circulatory arrest in Group I, but it remained low during rewarming in Groups II and III. Cerebral O2 consumption was at reduced levels in all groups during rewarming and it remained at 29% of the precooling control level in Group II at the end of rewarming, whereas it recovered to 71% and 57% of the precooling levels in Groups I and III, respectively. It was estimated that cerebral metabolism may be recovered after 30 min circulatory arrest, despite a transient reduction in cerebral O2 consumption. On the other hand, after 60 min circulatory arrest, the recovery of cerebral metabolism was delayed in Group II and organic failure might have occurred in this group. However, even after circulatory arrest for 60 min, cerebral metabolism was recovered in Group III. The safe period of circulatory arrest is considered to be prolonged by use of extra-corporeal circulation. PMID- 3750322 TI - Social life factors affecting stillbirth, and infant and adult-disease mortality. AB - The effects of a wide variety of social life factors on stillbirth rate as well as infant and adult-disease mortality rates in 46 prefectures in Japan were analyzed by stepwise regression analysis twice at a 5-year interval. Adult disease mortality was calculated by summing age-adjusted mortality from five major causes of death. The results indicated that rural residence was the key factor affecting infant and adult-disease mortality; low income, together with social mobility, was the principal factor for stillbirth. International differences in the effects of urbanisation on these mortality rates are discussed in the light of these findings. PMID- 3750323 TI - Social life factors affecting major malignant neoplasms in Japan. AB - The effects of a wide variety of social life factors on the mortality of five major malignant neoplasms, i.e. those of the stomach, lung (and trachea and bronchus), breast and uterus, and leukemias, in 46 prefectures in Japan were analyzed by stepwise regression analysis twice at a 5-year interval. The results indicated the following three predisposing factors for malignant neoplasms: rural residence for leukemias; urban residence for the remaining four neoplasms including those of the uterus and stomach; and low income for the neoplasms of the uterus and lung (and trachea and bronchus). On the other hand, old age was assumed to be the protective factor for the mortality of the neoplasms of the breast. It is suggested that urban residence is the principal factor affecting the mortality of various malignant neoplasms in Japan. PMID- 3750324 TI - Metabolism and excretion of orally and intraperitoneally administered gallium arsenide in the hamster. AB - This study deals with the metabolism of gallium arsenide (GaAs). GaAs was shown to be soluble in various media. Since this compound could dissolve in aqueous solvents, in vivo dissolution was investigated. Hamsters were used to study the dissolution and subsequent pharmacokinetics of any liberated arsenic species. The fecal and urinary excretion data following oral and intraperitoneal administration showed that GaAs, when administered orally, is mostly excreted in the feces but poorly in the urine, and that the compound, when administered intraperitoneally, is poorly excreted in both the feces and urine. Analysis of tissues for arsenic levels yielded concentrations in the ppb range, which further verified this fact. Most interesting was the fact that dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA) and methylarsonic acid (MAA) along with inorganic arsenic were found in the urine and tissues. GaAs was shown to dissolve in vivo and the released arsenic species were metabolized as other inorganic arsenics were found in the urine and tissues. GaAs was shown to dissolve in vivo and the released arsenic species were metabolized as other inorganic arsenic containing compounds. The low solubility and poor oral absorption may make this compound less toxic than other inorganic arsenic compounds. PMID- 3750325 TI - Chlorambucil induced congenital renal hypoplasia: effects on basal renal function in the developing rat. AB - Administration of chlorambucil to pregnant rats on day 11 of gestation induced dose-related alterations in renal growth and function in the postnatal offspring. These effects occurred above and beyond the reductions in body growth and were evident in animals that displayed no overt malformation of the urogenital tract. Reductions in overall growth amounted to 0, 6 and 15% in the 3,4.5 and 6 mg/kg groups, respectively, while kidney weights were reduced by 7, 15 and 23%. The weights of the kidneys relative to the body were reduced 5, 9 and 10% with increasing dose. Although basal renal function was not affected by the degree of hypoplasia seen in the low dose group, reduced glomerular and tubular function were evident following a basal clearance test in the 2 highest dose groups. The data indicate that chlorambucil induced renal hypoplasia results in reductions in renal function that persist for at least the first 3 weeks after birth in the rat and that physiological assessment of developmental toxicity can provide an extremely useful addendum to the more classical morphological criteria. PMID- 3750326 TI - Effect of lead on electrophoretic mobility of rat erythrocytes. AB - Lead often affects the erythrocyte membrane. The relationship between the changes in erythrocyte membrane and the anemia caused by lead is still unclear. Initially, the effect of lead injected intraperitoneally on the electrophoretic mobility of rat erythrocytes was investigated in order to study the relationship between them. As indices of lead exposure, hemoglobin (Hb) levels, hematocrits (Ht), delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) activities and blood lead (blood Pb) levels in the injected rats were also examined. Exposure to lead significantly decreased the mobility of rat erythrocytes. The changes in mobility seemed to be less sensitive than those in ALA-D activity, however, the decreases in mobility were simultaneous with or prior to those in Hb level and Ht. The decreases in mobility were evident to some extent below a blood Pb level of 100 micrograms/100 ml and generally present at a level of 100 micrograms/100 ml and over. In the rats exposed to lead a significant negative correlation was found between the mobilities and the logarithms of blood Pb level. PMID- 3750327 TI - Protection against cadmium toxicity by zinc: decrease in the Cd-high molecular weight protein fraction in rat liver and kidney on Zn pretreatment. AB - The amounts of cadmium, associated with high molecular weight proteins, metallothionein and low molecular weight fractions obtained on Sephadex G-75 gel filtration, were determined in the liver and kidneys of rats treated with Cd. When rats were pretreated with zinc 24 h prior to the Cd injection, Cd associated with the high molecular weight proteins was decreased in both the liver and kidneys. Although the Cd concentration in the liver was increased, the liver showed less morphological damage in Zn-pretreated rats. The above results suggest that Cd-toxicity toward the liver and kidneys may be related to the accumulation of Cd in the high molecular weight proteins. PMID- 3750328 TI - The toxicity of gossypol to the male rat. AB - When (+/-) gossypol acetic acid was administered to male Sprague-Dawley rats for 26 weeks, the most significant toxicological finding was marked suppression of body weight gain in rats receiving 25 mg/kg per day. Minor biochemical changes were noted at this dosage level. Terminal studies showed 6 out of 20 rats receiving 25 mg/kg per day to have varying degrees of testicular pathology. Five mg/kg per day was shown to be a "no effect" level. PMID- 3750329 TI - Consequences of cadmium toxicity in rat hepatocytes: mitochondrial dysfunction and lipid peroxidation. AB - Cadmium (Cd) (10-100 microM) decreased the ATP/ADP ratio and enhanced lipid peroxidation (LPO) (measured as thiobarbituric acid reactants) in incubated rat hepatocytes. Analysis of the subcellular distribution of Cd indicated its preferential attachment to the inner membranes of mitochondria. Incubation of isolated mitochondria with 0.005-0.05 microM Cd resulted in increased formation of formazans from nitroblue tetrazolium salts, indicating enhanced membrane permeability to succinate. These Cd-concentrations also diminished mitochondrial ATP. LPO in mitochondria strongly increased only after Cd-exposures above 1 microM Cd. Similarly, in Cd-treated hepatocytes decreases in ATP/ADP ratios corresponded to increases in LPO stimulation only at 30 and 60 min but not at 15 min of incubation when ATP/ADP ratios were already affected. Moreover, neither hepatocellular ATP/ADP decrease nor mitochondrial formazan formation due to Cd were prevented by (+)-cyanidanol-3, an effective inhibitor of Cd-induced LPO. These data suggest that even low Cd-concentrations in the hepatocyte disturb the integrity of its mitochondrial membranes concomitantly impairing the hepatocellular energy supply. LPO, only observed at higher Cd-concentrations, is not responsible for these adverse Cd-effects. PMID- 3750330 TI - Role of structure in diphenyl ether teratogenesis. AB - The fetotoxicity of nitrofen and 5 analogous diphenyl ethers was compared in mice, using survival on postnatal day 5 to evaluate prenatal and perinatal toxicity. The effect of each chemical on the Harderian gland weight of surviving pups was also assessed, since decreased Harderian gland weight is seen in nitrofen-exposed pups at levels of treatment that do not cause mortality. All treatments were percutaneous. 2,4,5-Trichlorophenyl 4'-nitrophenyl ether was significantly more fetotoxic than nitrofen, but 2,4,6-trichlorophenyl 4' nitrophenyl ether (CNP) was not fetotoxic at the doses used. Neither of the 2 monochlorinated 4'-nitrophenyl ethers nor the unchlorinated 4'-nitrophenyl ether were fetotoxic at the doses tested. Absent Harderian glands resulted only from exposure to nitrofen (71% of litters) or to 2,4,5-trichlorophenyl 4'-nitrophenyl ether (22% of litters), which were also the only compounds to decrease Harderian gland weight significantly. PMID- 3750331 TI - Epidermal carcinogenesis studies of synthetic fossil fuel materials in mice. AB - Skin tumor response in mice to solvent fractions of heavy distillate (HD) from a solvent-refined coal (SRC-II) process indicated that the basic tar and neutral tar were the most carcinogenically potent fractions. Assays of another SRC-II coal liquid that had been fractionally distilled indicated that the carcinogenicity of this material for mouse skin is due to that portion boiling above 371 degrees C (700 degrees F), and that the carcinogenic potency of the material increased with boiling point. Samples of the 399-427 degrees C (750-800 degrees F) distillate were nitrosated to destroy primary aromatic amines and were chemically fractionated to assess the carcinogenicity of chemical class fractions of these complex mixtures. Data from these assays indicated that neutral polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic compounds (NPAC) both contribute to the carcinogenicity of this distillate. PMID- 3750332 TI - Benoxaprofen induced toxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes. AB - The toxicity of benoxaprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compound was investigated using rat hepatic microsomal and isolated hepatocyte suspensions. In microsomes, benoxaprofen produced a Type I binding spectra and competitively inhibited (ki 380 microM) the oxidative metabolism of aminopyrine. Marked toxicity was observed following incubation of benoxaprofen with isolated hepatocytes from either untreated, phenobarbitone (PB) or 3-methylcholanthrene (3 MC) pretreated male rats. In untreated hepatocytes increases in the intracellular lactate/pyruvate (L/P) ratio and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) release were related to the benoxaprofen concentration and duration of incubation. Alterations in L/P ratio preceded the release of cytosolic ALT and at 4 h a well defined dose response relationship existed between the benoxaprofen concentration and the observed increases in the L/P ratio and ALT release. Pretreatment of animals with either PB or 3-MC did not affect the temporal nature nor the magnitude of the hepatocyte response to benoxaprofen. In addition, inhibitors of cytochrome P-450 isozymes (SKF-525A, metyrapone and alpha-napthoflavone) were ineffective with regard to modifying the observed toxicity. The results of this study suggest that hepatic cytochrome P-450 mediated metabolism may not be implicated in the toxicity of benoxaprofen in isolated hepatocytes. However, alterations in the cellular redox state and evidence of plasma membrane bleb formation suggest that benoxaprofen may uncouple oxidative phosphorylation and disturb intracellular calcium ion homeostasis. PMID- 3750333 TI - Significance of increase in urinary metallothionein of rats repeatedly exposed to cadmium. AB - Cadmium chloride was injected subcutaneously (s.c.) into female Wistar rats at a dose of 1 mg Cd/kg body weight, 5 times a week up to 10 weeks. At specified intervals, 24-h urine was collected and the excreted amounts of metallothionein (MT), cadmium, copper, zinc and several indicators of renal damage were determined. Concentrations of cadmium and MT in the livers and kidneys of rats were also determined. Both cadmium and MT in the livers and kidneys were increased upon cadmium exposure. The urinary MT excretion started to increase within a week after the start of exposure. This increased excretion preceded those of enzymes and total protein as well as histopathological abnormalities in the proximal tubular cells. After the occurrence of tubular damage that disturbs reabsorption of MT, MT in urine was drastically increased. These results indicate that urinary MT levels may be an indicator not only of cadmium exposure but also of tubular damage. PMID- 3750334 TI - Absorption of mercuric sulphide following oral administration in mice. AB - Mercuric sulphide or its counterpart cinnabar occurring in nature has long been associated with Chinese traditional medicine. Because of the reputed insolubility of this compound it has been assumed that it would not be significantly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration. In this study groups of mice were fed a diet containing either mercuric sulphide or cinnabar. Their urine was collected on alternate days for a 1-week period at the end of which they were killed and their livers and kidneys assayed for mercury by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The mercury contents in their urine and organs were found to be significantly higher compared to control mice (P less than 0.001) indicating that significant absorption of mercury from the gut has occurred. PMID- 3750335 TI - Image analysis of hepatocyte nuclei in assessing di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate effects eluding detection by conventional microscopy. AB - The effect of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) administered in single intraperitoneal doses of 30, 300 and 3000 mg/kg in Syrian golden hamsters was studied by means of routine pathologic investigations, electron microscopy and image analysis. The morphological evaluations did not show apparent differences between the control and treated animals. Such differences, however, were recognized by using image analysis. They concerned morphology of the hepatocyte nuclei and were defined by quantitative parameters reflecting geometrical, optical and structural properties. Of importance for differentiating dose/effect relationships were features of chromatin structure. In order to describe those features we developed special algorithms capable of identifying and characterizing regions of condensed chromatin as subimages. These were distinguished by their size, shape and optical density and showed typical distributions within the nucleus. As our results demonstrate, image analysis methods permit detection of DEHP related pathology in animals which, as far as is evident from routine morphologic evaluations, belong to the no-effect experimental group. PMID- 3750336 TI - Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins: quantitative in vitro and in vivo structure activity relationships. AB - There were marked effects of structure on the activities of 14 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) as competitive ligands for the 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) receptor and as inducers of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) in rat hepatoma H-4-II E cells in culture. 2,3,7,8-TCDD was the most active compound in both assays and several PCDD congeners which were fully substituted in the lateral 2, 3, 7 and 8 positions but also contained additional chlorosubstituents in non-lateral 1, 4, 6 and 9 positions were less active. It was also evident that there was a decrease in in vitro binding and induction activities with decreasing lateral chlorine substitution. Although comparable structure-activity relationships (SARs) for the PCDDs were observed for the induction and receptor binding assays, there was not a linear or rank order correlation between the 2 sets of data. Several in vivo biologic and toxic activities of 2,3,7-trichloro-, 2,3,7,8- and 1,3,7,8 tetrachloro-, 1,2,4,7,8- and 1,2,3,7,8-pentachloro- and 1,2,3,4,7,8 hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin were determined in a dose-response fashion in immature male Wistar rats. The ED50 values for hepatic microsomal AHH and EROD induction, body weight loss and thymic atrophy were obtained. There was an excellent linear correlation between the -log EC50 values for AHH or EROD induction in cell culture and the -log ED50 values for enzyme induction, body weight loss and thymic atrophy in the rat. The in vitro enzyme induction data could be used to quantitatively estimate the toxicity of the PCDD congeners in the rat: this latter correlation has previously been observed for a series of polychlorinated dibenzofurans. PMID- 3750337 TI - Increase of cadmium-thiolate clusters as a measure of morphological non-toxic cadmium accumulation in the rat liver. AB - When cadmium is chronically administered to rats, an increase by more than 10% of protein bound disulphides and cadmium-thiolate clusters appears to be an indicator for non-toxic accumulation of cadmium in liver and kidney and probably in other organs as well. Using enzyme histochemistry, no damage could be observed in these livers, on the contrary, even signs of increased cellular activity could be demonstrated with specific staining for single stranded RNA. It is clearly demonstrated that in the case of 2 livers with the same quantity of accumulated cadmium morphological damage is completely dependent on dose and schedule of administration. However, despite the fact that cadmium is retained very well in rat livers showing an increase in protein-bound disulphides and cadmium-thiolate clusters, there are still small morphological changes, especially in cells and tissues that appear to have a relatively small potency for producing cadmium binding proteins. PMID- 3750339 TI - Transmission electron microscopy of jejunum, ileum, and caecum tissues from rats fed with gums arabic, karaya and tragacanth. AB - Transmission electron microscopy has been used to study the ultrastructure of rat jejunum, ileum and caecum after dietary supplementation with 10% (w/w) gum arabic, 7% (w/w) gum karaya, 4% (w/w) gum tragacanth for 45 days. Scrutiny of 65 micrographs, undertaken independently by 2 specialists, revealed no abnormalities in any of the organelles in any of the micrographs. Twelve representative micrographs are reproduced here. PMID- 3750338 TI - Modulation of high-dose methotrexate toxicity by a non-toxic level of 5 fluorouracil. AB - High-dose methotrexate (MTX) toxicity is reduced by a non-toxic dose of 5 fluorouracil (FU) when these agents are used in combination. Changes in the hematopoietic system (platelets, erythrocytes, leukocytes, hemoglobin, and hematocrit), ileal tissue, body weight, and mean survival were used as parameters to assess toxicity. For all parameters studied, there were no significant differences between the scheduling of MTX (245 mg/kg) after a priming dose of FU (25 mg/kg), simultaneous MTX and FU, FU alone, and control. However, sequential treatment with MTX followed by FU, and MTX alone resulted in: a marked decrease in the hematopoietic parameters; significant morphological changes in ileal tissue; a reduction of body weight; and increased mortality of animals. Hence, this study suggests that FU, a cytotoxic agent, may protect against MTX toxicity and improve its therapeutic index when FU administration precedes MTX or when these agents are given simultaneously. PMID- 3750340 TI - Comparison of the protective effects of N-acetylcysteine, 2 mercaptopropionylglycine and dithiothreitol against acetaminophen toxicity in mouse hepatocytes. AB - The effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), 2-mercaptopropionylglycine (MPG) and dithiothreitol (DTT) on the metabolism and toxicity of acetaminophen (APAP) were examined in isolated mouse hepatocytes maintained in primary culture on collagen coated dishes. Both NAC and MPG increased the formation of the glutathione and sulfate conjugates of APAP and decreased the covalent binding of the APAP reactive metabolite to cellular protein. DTT did not increase APAP metabolism but did decrease covalent binding. NAC, MPG and DTT decreased plasma membrane damage, as measured by leakage of lactate dehydrogenase from hepatocytes, during a 4-h incubation in 5.0 mM APAP. NAC, MPG and DTT also reduced the APAP-induced fall in glutathione levels in these cells. In other experiments, hepatocytes were exposed to 5.0 mM APAP for 1 h and then incubated during a post-exposure period in APAP free medium. Damage increased during this post-exposure incubation. Addition of DTT, but not NAC or MPG, after APAP exposure protected the hepatocytes from plasma membrane damage during the post-exposure period. These results indicate that NAC and MPG exert their protective effects by their action on the reactive metabolite of APAP. As well as its effect in reducing the formation of the reactive metabolite, DTT has a potent protective effect against the toxic processes initiated by the APAP reactive metabolite. PMID- 3750341 TI - Structure-function relationships of phospholipases. I: Prediction of presynaptic neurotoxicity. AB - The hydropathic indexes of 24 phospholipases have been calculated from their amino acid sequences. The presynaptic neurotoxic potential of venom phospholipases can be predicted by the use of hydropathy profiles. The presynaptically acting phospholipases have a distinct hydrophobic region around the residues 80-110 which is probably involved in the interaction with the presynaptic membranes. This region is present as a separate helix in the tertiary structure of phospholipases. Such a hydrophobic region is absent in non neurotoxic phospholipases. PMID- 3750342 TI - Monoclonal antibody specific for cyanoginosin-LA: preparation and characterization. AB - The toxin cyanoginosin-LA (MW 909), isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa, was successfully conjugated with polylysine and muramyl dipeptide to form a high molecular weight complex consisting of a hapten, a carrier and a built-in adjuvant. This complex was used for the immunization of mice. Monoclonal antibodies specific for cyanoginosin-LA were produced using the hybridoma technique. The ten most efficient producers of these antibodies were further characterized and the monoclonal antibody produced by them was found to be identical on the basis of additivity test, isoelectric focussing and sub-class immunoglobulin typing results. The anti-cyanoginosin-LA monoclonal antibody focussed at a pH of approximately 6.55 and was found to belong to the mouse immunoglobulin subclass IgM. Large scale production of the antibody (in vivo) was followed by purification with ammonium sulphate precipitation and high performance liquid chromatography. The anticyanoginosin-LA monoclonal antibody, when reacted with six variants of cyanoginosin (other than cyanoginosin-LA), bound all with equal efficiency. PMID- 3750343 TI - Potentiation of the toxicity of basic peptides from rattlesnake venoms by sodium acetate. AB - The potentiating effect of sodium acetate on the toxicity of crotamine from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom, E toxin from Crotalus horridus horridus venom, and myotoxin a from Crotalus viridus viridis venom was examined. Subcutaneous injection of 6.3 mg/kg body weight of either crotamine or E toxin in 0.6 ml of water or myotoxin a in 0.6 ml of 0.05 M Tris/0.1 M NaCl buffer, pH 9.0, failed to produce lethality in mice. Injection of either E toxin or crotamine at doses of 4.0 mg/kg in 0.6 ml of 20 mM phosphate, pH 7.2, containing 1 M sodium chloride also failed to produce lethality. However, when any of the toxins were injected in 0.4 ml of 1 M sodium acetate, pH 7.0, lethality was observed. LD50 values of 1.43 mg/kg for E toxin, 1.39 mg/kg for crotamine and 0.56 mg/kg for myotoxin a were determined under these conditions. Lethality was also observed when either sodium propionate or sodium butyrate was used as a carrier for E toxin. The effect of these two buffers on crotamine and myotoxin a was not examined. Injection of E toxin s.c. in water followed at various time intervals with i.p. injections of 1 M sodium acetate produced lethality, even when the acetate was injected up to 4 hr after the toxin challenge. PMID- 3750344 TI - Effect of Escherichia coli hemolysin on permeability of erythrocyte membranes to calcium. AB - The extracellular hemolysin produced by porcine strains of E. coli effects a marked increase in the calcium permeability of erythrocyte membranes. This hemolysin promotes both calcium efflux from either calcium-loaded erythrocytes or erythrocyte ghosts and calcium accumulation during the pre-lytic period. Erythrocyte membrane calcium permeability was determined using either the radioisotope 45Ca or a calcium electrode. When similar concentrations of erythrocytes (35% packed cell volume) were treated with increasing amounts of hemolysin there was an increase in both the rate and the extent of calcium accumulation by the erythrocytes. These increases were due to increased numbers of erythrocytes becoming permeable to calcium as hemolysin concentrations increased, rather than increasing amounts of calcium being accumulated by individual erythrocytes. Hemolysins produced by porcine strains of E. coli from five geographical areas all increased calcium permeability of erythrocyte membranes. PMID- 3750345 TI - Isolation of antihemorrhagic factors in opossum (Didelphis virginiana) serum using a monoclonal antibody immunoadsorbent. AB - The antihemorrhagic factor in opossum (Didelphis virginiana) serum isolated by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration and DEAE A-50 ion exchange chromatography was used as antigen to immunize BALB/c mice. Hybrid cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies against antihemorrhagic factor were produced by fusion of Sp2/0 myeloma cells with spleen cells of the immunized mice. The ascites fluid was produced in BALB/c mice. The monoclonal antibody in the ascites fluid was partially purified by DEAE A-50 ion exchange and coupled to CNBr-activated isolation of isolation of antihemorrhagic factor. The neutralization capacity of the conventionally isolated antihemorrhagic factor was 14.6 times and the affinity isolated antihemorrhagic factor was 16.8 times that of crude opossum serum. Both antihemorrhagic factors were homogeneous, with one fast migrating band in the area of albumin shown by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. However, the antihemorrhagic factor showed one heavy band and one faint band in SDS polyacrylamide electrophoresis, as well as in isoelectric focusing. The molecular weight of the heavy band was estimated to be 65,000 with a value of p1 4.8 and the faint band was 57,000 with a value of pI 4.1. PMID- 3750346 TI - Muscle necrosis caused by the sub-units of crotoxin. AB - The effects of the basic (CB) and acidic (CA) subunits of crotoxin on rat skeletal muscle in vivo have been studied. CB caused muscle necrosis, with damage limited to an outer rim of muscle fibres in rat soleus. The inflammatory response was relatively small. CA was apparently inactive, but the effect of CB was potentiated if injected in combination with CA. Not only were more muscle fibres damaged, but the damage was more diffuse. There was no relationship between the number of muscle fibres damaged and the extent of the oedema (measured as increase in wet weight. PMID- 3750347 TI - Metabolism of T-2 mycotoxin by cultured cells. AB - T-2 mycotoxin is a small (i.e. mol. wt 466), non-protein toxin. We studied its metabolism in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, African green monkey kidney (VERO) cells, human fibroblasts and mouse connective tissue cells (L-929). Confluent cells were exposed to [3H]-T-2(0.01 micrograms/ml) for 1 hr at 37 degrees C. The toxin was removed, cells rinsed, and unlabeled culture media added for 4 hr (37 degrees C). Cell monolayers were extracted and media and cell extracts were spotted on thin-layer chromatography plates with known standards. Thin-layer plates were developed and scanned for radioactivity, and metabolites were identified based on co-migration with known standards. CHO and VERO cells metabolized T-2 to a greater per cent and to a wider variety of metabolites than the other two cell types. In CHO, fibroblast and L-929 cells, the major metabolite was HT-2 toxin, while in VERO cells an unknown metabolite, more polar than T-2, was the major metabolite. Cell and media extracts of CHO and VERO cells revealed smaller amounts of T-2 triol, T-2 tetraol and several unknowns. In both cell types, metabolites were detected in labeled media by 1 hr and in increasing amounts in unlabeled media by 4 hr. Under the above conditions, 37-58% of the radioactivity remained as T-2 toxin after 4 hr in both cell types. The data suggest that some cultured cell lines possess enzyme systems capable of limited metabolism of T-2 mycotoxin to a variety of known and some as yet unidentified metabolites. PMID- 3750348 TI - High toxin content in the dinoflagellate Gonyaulax excavata in nature. AB - Measurements of toxin content in motile cells of the marine dinoflagellate Gonyaulax excavata were made during its annual blooms in the Bay of Fundy in 1980 through 1983. Plankton organisms were collected with a 20 micron mesh net, filtered to remove zooplankton, centrifuged and extracted by boiling in 0.1 N HCl. Toxin content was measured by mouse bioassay. The plankton material was dominated by G. excavata, with Scrippsiella trochoidea sometimes co-dominating. Before extraction, G. excavata cells were counted microscopically. Toxin values ranged from 2.7 X 10(-6) to 1.1 X 10(-3) micrograms saxitoxin (STX) equivalents per G. excavata cell. The mean of 32 determinations was 2.1 X 10(-4) micrograms STX equivalents per cell (+/- 0.5 X 10(-4) S.E.), which is four times greater than the maximum toxin content recorded for seven strains of G. excavata from the Bay of Fundy when grown in culture. Results show that G. excavata motile cells can contain high levels of toxins in nature and strongly suggest their toxin content in nature can be much greater than under normal laboratory culture conditions. This implies that toxin level data derived from Gonyaulax cultures should be interpreted with caution. Calculations suggest the toxins are major constituents of wild G. excavata cells, accounting on average for about 4% of the total dry weight. PMID- 3750349 TI - Gastric mucosal damage induced by endotoxin shock and its prevention by naloxone and anti-ulcer drugs in rats. AB - Administration of endotoxin (20 mg/kg i.p.) produced a moderate degree of gastric mucosal damage in rats. The lesions remained confined to the glandular mucosa and consisted of small punctiform lesions, erosions and petechial hemorrhage. The characteristic feature of these lesions was a typical submucosal ecchymosis in the glandular stomach observed in about 30% of the animals. Pretreatment with ranitidine, pirenzepine, proglumide, sucralfate and naloxone produced varying degrees of protection. The ulcerogenic effect of endotoxin shock is apparently mediated through the release of endorphins. PMID- 3750350 TI - Biological properties of Pyrularia thionin prepared from nuts of Pyrularia pubera. AB - Pyrularia thionin is a 47 amino acid basic peptide which resembles wheat purothionin and mistletoe viscotoxin. It is toxic to mice, with an LD50 of 1.5 mg/kg body weight and is cytotoxic to tumor and normal cells in culture, with ID50 values ranging from 0.62 to 17 micrograms/ml. Against seven bacterial species it was toxic only to Micrococcus luteus. The toxin did not protect mice against transplanted B16 melanoma, nor did it show any mitogenic activity with mouse spleen lymphocytes. PMID- 3750351 TI - Enzymatic activities of Calloselasma rhodostoma (Malayan pit viper) venom. AB - The enzyme contents of four venom samples of Calloselasma rhodostoma were analyzed. The venoms contained phosphodiesterase, alkaline phosphomonoesterase, 5'-nucleotidase, protease, phospholipase A, L-amino acid oxidase, hyaluronidase, arginine ester hydrolase, arginine amidase, fibrinogenase and coagulant enzyme activities. There is significant variation in the contents of coagulant enzyme, arginine ester hydrolase, hyaluronidase, protease, phosphodiesterase, alkaline phosphomonoesterase and L-amino acid oxidase. DEAE-Sephacel ion exchange chromatography of the venom resolved it into eight major protein fractions. The eight fractions were heterogeneous and exhibited more than one type of enzymatic activity. The 5'-nucleotidase, alkaline phosphomonoesterase, protease, coagulant enzyme, arginine ester hydrolase, arginine amidase and fibrinogenase exist in multiple forms. PMID- 3750353 TI - Modified clearing method to show sieve tubes in minor veins of leaves. AB - Leaf samples of Glycine max and numerous other dicotyledonous species were cleared by a common, well established procedure modified by using more concentrated (10% w/v) aqueous NaOH, and by leaving samples in NaOH for 2-4 weeks and in chloral hydrate for 3 days, all at room temperature. A single dye, chlorazol black E (1 g/100 ml absolute ethanol), is used to stain for 3-6 min. Samples are mounted with the lower epidermis upward. Sieve tubes in favorable material can be seen in minor veins and vein endings. PMID- 3750352 TI - A method for visualizing the acrosome by light microscopy. AB - A silver staining technique applied to squash preparations of material previously fixed in 3:1 ethanol:acetic acid produces differential staining of the acrosomal region of spermatids during spermiogenesis in orthopteroid species. The method includes treatment with saline sodium citrate solution for 15 min at 60 C, and staining with 50% aqueous silver nitrate adjusted to pH 2.9 with formic acid. PMID- 3750354 TI - An alginate matrix double-embedding method for paraffin sectioning of minute specimens. AB - A method has been devised for placing minute specimens in viscous aqueous sodium alginate solution, which is polymerized in 0.25 molar calcium chloride. The resulting matrix can then be dehydrated, embedded, and sectioned, maintaining the orientation of the specimens. The sectioned alginate can be dissolved in 0.1 molar EDTA if desired. Tissue sections respond to normal staining procedures. PMID- 3750355 TI - Rapid bleach for melanin. AB - Complete bleaching of melanin in strongly pigmented specimens embedded in paraffin or polystyrene, and sectioned and mounted on slides, is possible in 1-3 hr at 37 C in a solution of 20 ml of benzyl alcohol, 10 ml of acetone, 5 ml of 10% hydrogen peroxide and 4 drops of a 25% ammonia solution. The bleached tissues are well preserved and tolerate further histochemical treatments. All the stains and reactions tested give results identical to or better than those obtained after 24-48 hr oxidation in 10% hydrogen peroxide. PMID- 3750356 TI - Flat, adherent, well-contrasted semithin plastic sections for light microscopy. PMID- 3750357 TI - Use of contraceptives for birth spacing in a Nigerian city. AB - This paper examines the use of contraceptives among women aged 15-35 in the urban area of Ilorin, Nigeria, with particular focus on use for the purpose of spacing births. Approximately 19 percent of ever-married women in the sample had used contraceptives at some time and approximately 6 percent were using at the time of the survey. Results suggest that some women have used or are using contraceptives as a substitute for prolonged periods of postpartum sexual abstinence. Whereas all groups of women in the study prefer to maintain an interval of two years between births, less traditional women no longer prefer to observe long periods of postpartum sexual abstinence. For some women, therefore, there is a wide gap between the length of preferred birth interval and the length of preferred abstinence. The magnitude of this gap is significantly associated with both ever use and current use of contraceptives. Other variables found to have a significant independent effect on contraceptive use were total number of children desired, maternal age, and maternal education. PMID- 3750358 TI - Physician attitudes and family planning in Nigeria. AB - This study examines family planning attitudes and practices of 681 Nigerian physicians selected from cities in which large university teaching hospitals are located. About half of the physicians were practicing family planning; the method of choice was the IUD. Obstetrician/gynecologists and general practitioners were more likely to provide methods to their patients than were other types of physicians. The physicians were concerned about population growth and favored family planning, yet a substantial minority believed that family planning is foreign to the culture and that it promotes promiscuity. Physicians were reluctant to promote family planning on a wide scale; many disapproved of non physicians providing oral contraceptives or IUDs. PMID- 3750359 TI - Implications for adolescent sex education in Taiwan. AB - This first Taiwan-wide sample survey of adolescent sexual awareness, knowledge, attitude, and behavior shows that secondary school students there: lack basic knowledge about contraception and reproduction, are often not being taught adequately about these subjects in school, have fairly permissive attitudes about sexual relationships, particularly males, are sexually active, particularly males and those in the private vocational high schools (although less so than their US counterparts), want to learn more about the nature of intimate relationships between males and females, and look to school and public health agencies to be more active sources of information and education. PMID- 3750360 TI - Sterilization approval and follow-through in Brazil. AB - The purpose of this study was to examine the factors that affect approval for and completion of sterilization in Rio de Janeiro. Of 2,186 new female family planning clients, 1,256 requested sterilization and 925 were approved for surgery. Among the approved women, 639 scheduled surgery and, of these, 595 were sterilized within three months of approval. While approval is dependent mainly on demographic variables, especially age and parity, follow-through by a woman is related to her education and income. The steps that a woman must complete to obtain a sterilization also affect whether she ultimately undergoes surgery. Almost no women were scheduled for sterilization during their initial clinic visit. Women who were not scheduled because they lacked certain documentation were more likely to follow through than women who, in addition to lacking documentation, were asked to switch from an inefficient contraceptive method (or no method) to a more modern one. The lessons to be learned from this study provide useful information to programs in other countries that are concerned about maintaining high standards but do not want to discourage women in their efforts to be sterilized. PMID- 3750362 TI - Biology of suicide. PMID- 3750361 TI - Family planning in Jordan: 1983 survey data. AB - Data from the 1983 fertility survey in Jordan indicate that 26 percent of married women were using contraceptives, reflecting a very small relative increase in use in the seven years before the survey. Only 5 percent of nonusers stated that they desired to use a method. Other data from the same survey suggest a potential demand for contraception, for spacing as well as limiting births, among those not using. For example, many recent pregnancies were reported to be unplanned. Also, among nonusers who did not desire to use a method, many stated they did not desire to become pregnant, yet were exposed to the risk of pregnancy. A pool of potential users exists who can be considered in need of contraception (i.e., fecund, not pregnant or desiring pregnancy, and not using contraceptives)--20 percent of all currently married, childbearing-age women--who may become contraceptive users as attitudes toward contraception change. PMID- 3750363 TI - A mathematical model of evolutionary pressures regulating self-preservation and self-destruction. PMID- 3750364 TI - Pharmacokinetic aspects of drug therapy in the elderly. PMID- 3750365 TI - Interlot variability in gentamicin and tobramycin concentration and its possible significance. AB - Aminoglycoside therapy is routinely monitored at many institutions. It is widely known that serum concentrations of gentamicin and tobramycin may differ markedly among patients receiving the same doses of these drugs. One possible source of this variability may be interlot variation in the concentration of these drugs in commercial preparations. A study was designed to evaluate inter- and intralot variation in gentamicin and tobramycin concentrations at the labeled concentrations of 10 and 40 mg/ml. Multiple samples from six to 10 lots of commercially available gentamicin sulfate injection (Elkins-Sinn, Inc.) and tobramycin sulfate injection (Eli Lilly & Co.) were studied at each concentration. The actual percentage concentration of gentamicin in various lots ranged from 101 to 134% of the labeled concentrations; the actual percentage range was 101-109% at 10 mg/ml and 102-134% at 40 mg/ml labeled concentration. The actual percentage concentration of tobramycin in various lots ranged from 103 to 122% of labeled concentration; the actual percentage range was 107-117% at 10 mg/ml and 103-122% at 40 mg/ml labeled concentration. The intralot variation was less than 4% for both drugs at two concentrations. Based on these results, an 80 mg dose may in fact contain 107 mg of gentamicin or 98 mg of tobramycin. This may be clinically important in the care of patients and may at least in part explain the large variation in serum concentrations and difficulty in prediction of dosage requirements from routine monitoring. Furthermore, the available literature on pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and toxicity has not considered this interlot variation in aminoglycoside concentration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3750366 TI - Effects of development, aging, and renal and hepatic insufficiency as well as hemodialysis on the plasma concentrations of albumin and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein: implications for binding of drugs. AB - The concentrations of total proteins, albumin, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) were measured in the serum of 21 newborn infants and 13 children, aged 1-13 months, and in the plasma of 31 volunteers, 25 patients with renal failure, 27 patients with cirrhosis, 39 uremic patients undergoing hemodialysis, and 20 elderly subjects. The concentration of albumin in the volunteers was higher than in all other groups. The concentration of AGP in the volunteers was higher than in newborn infants but lower than in elderly subjects, patients with renal failure, and those with chronic uremia. The concentration of NEFA in volunteers was higher than in newborn infants and patients with renal failure and lower than in elderly subjects and patients with cirrhosis. PMID- 3750367 TI - Pharmacokinetic comparison of cisplatin in solution with common lyophilized cisplatinum (Platinol). AB - Total platinum kinetics were studied after the administration of two formulation products of cisplatin: the lyophilized form and a ready-to-use solution. Twelve patients received both preparations during two successive cycles in a randomized crossover study. Platinum concentrations in plasma and urine were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. Data were analyzed by means of a mixed-effect analysis of variance. Areas under the concentration-time curves up to 96 h were increased (p = 0.026) and slopes of the elimination phase were decreased (p = 0.035) during cycle 2 when compared with cycle 1. However, no difference in these two parameters was observed when comparing the two formulations. Three-day urinary platinum excretion was not related to either the treatment cycle or the formulation used. Because of its convenience of use and reduced risk of aerosolization, the ready-to-use formulation seems preferable. PMID- 3750368 TI - Evaluation of the effect of variability in the volume of distribution of theophylline on the predictability of the iterative and the Chiou methods using computer simulations. AB - The effect of variations in the volume of distribution on the precision of the ability of two methods--the Chiou and the iterative--to predict the total body clearance (TBC) of theophylline was evaluated utilizing computer simulations. Pharmacokinetic data [volume of distributions (V), elimination constants (k)] measured in a group of 55 adult bronchitic patients were utilized to conduct the simulations. An average V of 0.45 L/kg was utilized to calculate TBC with the Chiou and the iterative methods. Separate simulations were conducted utilizing initial (C1) serum concentrations of 2 and 10 micrograms/ml. At the C1 = 2 micrograms/ml condition, the iterative method was statistically significantly more precise (mean squared prediction error, 379.5 vs. 508.5). There were no differences when the initial serum concentration was 10 micrograms/ml under the simulated conditions. At the lower initial condition (C1 = 2) the mean prediction error was 62.3 and 54.9% for the Chiou and the iterative methods, respectively, and it ranged from 0 to 477%. It is recommended that caution be utilized when theophylline doses are individualized using these methods. PMID- 3750369 TI - Two-point method for determination of aminoglycoside pharmacokinetics: theoretical and practical considerations. AB - A method is described that utilizes any two serum concentrations obtained during a multiple dosage regimen to estimate aminoglycoside pharmacokinetics. The accuracy of this method was tested theoretically using simulated patient data. In addition, the ability of this method to estimate gentamicin pharmacokinetics and predict serum gentamicin concentrations (SGC) in individual patients was evaluated and compared with the method of Sawchuk and Zaske. Based on the theoretical and patient data evaluations, reasonably accurate pharmacokinetic parameters were derived by the present method, especially when a pair of peak and trough SGC were utilized. In addition, the prediction error of this two-point fitting method (using pairs of peak-trough SGC) was not significantly different from that of the Sawchuk-Zaske method. These results indicate that the present two-point method (when using a pair of peak-trough SGC) provides a convenient and useful approach in individualization of aminoglycoside therapy in patients. PMID- 3750370 TI - Effects of smoking on nortriptyline plasma concentrations in depressed patients. AB - The pharmacokinetic parameters of half-life, volume of distribution, and steady state nortriptyline plasma concentration normalized to a 100-mg/day maintenance dose were calculated in nine smokers and 15 nonsmokers. The mean normalized total nortriptyline concentration for the smokers of 118 +/- 33 ng/ml was significantly lower than the nonsmokers' mean value of 158 +/- 35 ng/ml. The mean normalized free plasma concentrations for the smokers of 11.4 +/- 3.5 ng/ml was not different from the nonsmokers' mean concentrations of 11.5 +/- 2.6 ng/ml. The smokers had a slightly higher percentage free drug values of 10.2 +/- 4.0% (p = 0.08) as contrasted to 7.4 +/- 1.5% free nortriptyline for the nonsmokers. The nortriptyline half-life figures for both the free and total drug concentrations did not differ. Multiple linear regression analysis utilizing age, smoking status, sex, liver function, and the presence or absence of enzyme-inducing or inhibiting drugs as the potential independent variables and percentage free nortriptyline or total nortriptyline concentration as the dependent variable, found that smoking status explained 21% of the variation in the percentage free nortriptyline in the patients and 26% of the variation in the total nortriptyline concentrations. These preliminary data suggest that smokers ideally should be dosed at the lower end of the nortriptyline therapeutic range, whereas nonsmokers should be dosed at the upper end to maximize the antidepressant effect and minimize adverse effects. PMID- 3750371 TI - Hemodialysis clearance of chloroquine in uremic patients. AB - The hemodialysis blood clearance of chloroquine was studied in four patients with chronic renal failure undergoing chronic hemodialysis. The patients were administered chloroquine (600 mg base) orally after a light breakfast. Blood samples were then obtained from arterial blood entering and venous blood leaving the dialysis machine at 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0 h, and at 24.0 and 48.0 h post dialysis. The blood flow rate varied between 200 and 275 ml/min, while the dialysate flow rate was maintained at 500 ml/min. The samples were analyzed for chloroquine by high pressure liquid chromatography, and the dialysis clearance was calculated utilizing the formula: ClD = QB[(CA - CV)/CA]. The mean extraction ratios for chloroquine were 0.238, 0.317, 0.207, and 0.216 in the four patients during the 6-h dialysis period. The calculated dialysis clearances were 57.2, 77.0, 56.1, and 48.3 ml/min. Chloroquine hemodialysis clearance was 14.5% of total body clearance in normal subjects and in patients with chronic renal failure not on hemodialysis. PMID- 3750372 TI - Factors influencing simultaneous concentrations of total and free carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide in serum of children with epilepsy. AB - Various factors that may influence the simultaneous concentration of total and free carbamazepine (CBZ) and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide (CBZ-E) in serum of 68 children (mean age 11.8 +/- 4.5 years) with epilepsy were assessed. Separation of free and bound drug fractions was achieved by ultrafiltration, and CBZ and CBZ-E concentrations were determined using a sensitive high pressure liquid chromatographic technique. Thirty children were on CBZ monotherapy. Both total CBZ and CBZ-E serum concentrations correlated significantly with their respective free serum concentrations. CBZ was 81 +/- 3% and CBZ-E 63 +/- 9% bound. There was no correlation between the CBZ dose and either CBZ total or free serum concentrations. A statistically significant correlation was, however, observed between CBZ dose and simultaneous CBZ-E total and free concentrations. CBZ total and free concentrations correlated significantly with those of total CBZ-E. A significant negative correlation was observed between age and total (r = -0.49, p less than 0.01) and free (r = -0.43, p less than 0.025) CBZ-E/CBZ ratios. Concomitant drug therapy (phenytoin, phenobarbitone, and sodium valproate) significantly elevated CBZ-E/CBZ ratios. PMID- 3750373 TI - Comparative pharmacokinetics of zonisamide (CI-912) in epileptic patients on carbamazepine or phenytoin monotherapy. AB - Zonisamide (CI-912) is an experimental antiepileptic drug. Since this drug is to be evaluated initially as an add-on medication, an investigation was conducted to study its kinetics in the presence of two standard antiepileptic drugs. Patients in two groups, one on maintenance phenytoin (PHT) monotherapy and the other on maintenance carbamazepine (CBZ) monotherapy, each received a single dose of four 100-mg capsules of zonisamide; and blood samples were obtained at periodic intervals. Plasma and red blood cell (RBC) concentrations of zonisamide were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Plasma and RBC areas under the curve produced by single doses of zonisamide in patients receiving CBZ were significantly higher than those receiving PHT (p less than 0.05). Clearance values, although not statistically significantly different, were lower for the CBZ group; and consistent with this, plasma and RBC concentrations decreased more rapidly in the PHT group. The approximate values for t1/2 were 36.4 h in plasma and 54.2 h in RBC for patients treated with CBZ, and 27.1 h in plasma and 35.8 h in RBC for patients treated with PHT. The RBC/plasma ratio varied eightfold within a given curve. These findings suggest that the dosage of zonisamide in epileptic patients might need to be varied depending on the comedication. PMID- 3750374 TI - Clinical pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine and its epoxy and hydroxy metabolites in humans after an overdose. AB - In five cases of carbamazepine (CBZ) intoxication, the time curves of the plasma concentration and of the renal excretion rate of carbamazepine and its metabolites carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide (CBZ-epoxide) and trans-10,11-dihydro 10,11-dihydroxy-CBZ (CBZ-diol) were measured. Pseudo-steady-state or plateau-like plasma concentration-time curves were observed when doses of 12 or 18 g of CBZ were ingested. Hemoperfusion lowers the plasma concentration of CBZ and its metabolites by affecting the half-life. The effect of hemoperfusion is reduced by the continuous absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and redistribution from the tissues. The renal clearances of CBZ and of CBZ-epoxide are low (1 and 8 ml/min, respectively); both are flow dependent. The renal clearance of CBZ-diol is approximately 160-350 ml/min and is independent of the urine flow. Although urine stimulation increases the renal clearance of CBZ by 100%, the overall amount excreted increases only 1-2% of the dose. Protein binding of CBZ is approximately 80%, of CBZ-epoxide 50%, and of CBZ-diol 70%. PMID- 3750375 TI - Rapid determination of platinum by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry following the administration of cisplatin to cancer patients. AB - An improved flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometric method for the analysis of platinum in plasma is described. Following a simple dilution with Triton X-100, the sample is directly injected into the graphite furnace with a total analysis time of less than 2 min. The assay is precise (CV less than 4.3%) and linear (r greater than 0.9922) in the ranges 0.05-1 and 1-4 mg/L for cisplatin. The applicability of the method is examined by analyzing samples obtained at different intervals from two patients treated with cisplatin. PMID- 3750376 TI - Direct measurement of salicylphenolic glucuronide in human urine. AB - Indirect measurement of salicylphenolic glucuronide (SPG) has suggested that the formation of this metabolite from therapeutic doses of salicyclic acid (SA) is capacity-limited in humans. A direct high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay for SPG in human urine is described. SPG was prepared by a published method and purified by HPLC. On treatment with beta-glucuronidase, SPG yielded the expected amount of SA. Spectroscopic data, melting point, and optical rotation of the glucuronide and/or its triacetyl dimethyl ester derivative were consistent with the proposed structure. SPG was assayed using a 5-micron C18 column (temperature 55 degrees C) and fluorescence detection. A nonlinear gradient mobile phase at a flow rate of 2 ml/min was used, beginning with 100% 0.1 M pH 2.1 phosphate buffer and finishing with 84% buffer, 16% acetonitrile. Total run time was 25 min. Urine (10 microliter) was injected directly on the column, and quantitation was performed using urine standards. Within-run precision for SPG ranged from 1.2% at 150 mg/L to 2.4% at 5 mg/L. The limit of detection was less than 1 mg/L. A pilot study in two volunteers, each receiving a single 500-mg dose of sodium salicylate, was carried out to validate the usefulness of the assay. PMID- 3750377 TI - Simplified high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of clonazepam and other benzodiazepines in serum. AB - A convenient and sensitive high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for determination of clonazepam in serum using a C-18 reverse-phase column, and mobile phase consisting of a 50:35:15 mixture by volume of pH 6.0 phosphate buffer:methanol:acetonitrile. Quantitation was performed at 313 nm with flunitrazepam as the internal standard. Using 1 ml of serum for extraction, the assay is linear for clonazepam concentrations between 10 and 250 ng/ml. The relative recovery averaged 100.3%, and the coefficient of variation for between day and within-day assays was less than 7%. A simple modification permits analysis of 200 microliter of serum, with little loss of precision and with a detection limit of 20 ng/ml. Only three drugs tested (nitrazepam, methaqualone, and norchlordiazepoxide) interfered with the assay, and none are likely to be used therapeutically with clonazepam. Importantly, carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide do not interfere under the conditions of the assay. The method is equally suitable for the determination of nitrazepam. By adjusting the mobile phase so that volume ratios of phosphate buffer, methanol, and acetonitrile are 45:35:20, and using nitrazepam as the internal standard, seven other benzodiazepines (demoxepam, oxazepam, chlordiazepoxide, norchlordiazepoxide, temazepam, diazepam, and nordiazepam) can be resolved at 254 nm. PMID- 3750378 TI - Degradation of clonazepam in serum by light confirmed by means of a high performance liquid chromatographic method. AB - The degradation of clonazepam (CZP) in serum during exposure to light can markedly decrease the concentration of the drug. Decay of CZP was studied after exposure to artificial UV light, sunlight, and room light. Serum was extracted with diethylether at pH 9.1. A reversed-phase (RP-8) column was used, with acetonitrile and water as the mobile phase. CZP was detected at 320 nm. The linearity of this high performance liquid chromatographic method is guaranteed to at least 700 nM. The recovery of CZP was 93%, and the day-to-day coefficients of variation were 7.7% (at 75.0 nM) and 6.0% (at 211.4 nM), respectively. PMID- 3750379 TI - Economical modification of a radioimmunoassay of digoxin with negligible interference from cord and neonatal sera. AB - The Amerlex digoxin radioimmunoassay was modified to reduce the running cost by five times. The modified method compared well with the original method (y = 1.0138x + 0.00916, r = 0.9936). Using the modified method, the performance with the American Association for Clinical Chemistry quality control program was consistently satisfactory for 1 year. When normal cord and neonatal sera were tested with the modified method, 41% of the 22 samples of cord serum and 68% of the 19 samples of neonatal serum produced digoxin levels less than or equal to 0.05 ng/ml. The highest digoxin level produced by cord and neonatal sera was 0.3 ng/ml. PMID- 3750380 TI - Falsely elevated theophylline value with the Ames Seralyzer. PMID- 3750381 TI - Feedback regulation of the secretion of a thymic hormone (thymulin) by human thymic epithelial cells in culture. AB - The production of the thymic hormone, thymulin (FTS), was studied in primary cultures of human thymic epithelium by immunofluorescence using monoclonal anti thymulin antibodies. The number of thymulin-containing cells and the thymulin level in the culture supernatant increased gradually during the culture. Addition of synthetic thymulin to the culture medium reduced significantly the increase of thymulin-containing cells. Conversely, addition of monoclonal anti-thymulin antibody from the beginning of the culture exacerbated the spontaneous increase of thymulin-containing cells and abrogated the effects of thymulin. Combined with similar data previously reported in vivo, these results demonstrate that thymulin is actively produced by cultured thymic epithelial cells and that its synthesis can be down-regulated by the hormone itself. PMID- 3750382 TI - Alterations in bone marrow cell cycle kinetics by diphenylhydantoin and folate deficiency are restored by thymic peptides. AB - We have previously shown that the anticonvulsant drug, diphenylhydantoin (DPH), causes impaired humoral immunity and host resistance in subchronically treated mice as a consequence of myelotoxicity. The bone marrow is a primary and sensitive target for this drug, which causes a selective loss of stem cells in S phase. The present report describes the restoration of stem cell kinetics by thymosin in both drug-treated and folate-deficient mice. Thymosin and the thymic peptide, FTS (facteur thymique serique), were also able to protect the progenitor stem cell, CFU-GM, from DPH inhibition in vitro, indicating a direct effect of both drug and thymic factors on stem cells. Although the mechanism of this protection is not yet understood, the observation may have important implications concerning immunotherapy of DPH-treated epileptics, who are at increased risk of infectious diseases and malignancies. PMID- 3750383 TI - Rat thymus macrophages: an immunohistochemical study on fetal, neonatal and adult thymus. AB - The pre- and postnatal development of the macrophage population of rat thymus is investigated applying enzyme-histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques, both on tissue sections and cell suspensions. A set of three monoclonal antibodies (ED1, ED2 and ED3), each of which recognizes cells of the monocyte macrophage lineage in the rat, enabled us to distinguish between macrophages in the various compartments of the thymus. The medulla is characterized by ED1 positive dendritic cells, the corticomedullary region comprises numerous monocyte like ED1-positive macrophages and the cortex contains a particular subpopulation of branched ED2-positive macrophages. Both the medullary dendritic cells and the cortical branched cells show Ia-membrane staining. ED3-positive cells are only occasionally present. During fetal life ED1-positive monocyte-like macrophages and dendritic cells are present. Just after birth ED2-positive cortical macrophages start to develop. Their number increases strongly during the first week after birth. The role of the various subpopulations of thymic macrophages is discussed. PMID- 3750384 TI - Lymphocyte subpopulations in the neonate: high percentage of circulating B73.1+, HNK-1- cells. AB - The reactivity of B73.1 monoclonal antibody was evaluated on unseparated and on T cell-depleted and T cell-enriched fractions of both cord blood lymphocytes (CBL) and adult peripheral blood lymphocytes (a-PBL). The reactivity of this monoclonal antibody with the E-, OKT3-, OKT8+, HNK-1- subset of CBL, previously demonstrated to have NK activity, was also studied. The data show that B73.1+ cells were present in similar percentages in CBL and a-PBL while HNK-1+ cells were very low in CBL. In addition the B73.1 monoclonal antibody reacted with about 50% of the E , OKT3-, OKT8+, HNK-1- CBL and within this subset the majority of the B73.1+ cells were PNA-. These data support the hypothesis that part of this neonatal subpopulation, belongs to the NK cell lineage. Moreover the results obtained by double-labelling with B73.1 monoclonal antibody and PNA suggest that the E-, OKT3 , OKT8+, HNK-1- CBL include either different subsets or various differentiation stages of the same subset. PMID- 3750385 TI - Long-term survival and immunological tolerance of human epidermal allografts produced in culture. AB - Human epidermal cells from a small skin specimen can be grown in culture into multilayered sheets suitable for the permanent coverage of large burn wounds when used as epidermal autografts. We report here on the long-term survival of such cultured epidermal sheets used as epidermal allografts (EAG) across a major histocompatibility barrier in three nonimmunosuppressed adult patients, suffering from large chronic grafted leg ulcers, where the EAG have been placed to cover the conventional split-thickness skin autograft donor site. The absence of rejection was based upon clinical, histological, and immunopathological observation of the allografted sites at various intervals after grafting of the EAG. The identity of the epidermal cells on the grafted area with cultured cells from allogeneic donor was then established after blood substance typing by indirect immunofluorescence. Furthermore, epidermal cells from cultured sheets, but not control human cells from freshly excised normal epidermis, failed to stimulate the recipient peripheral blood cells in the mixed epidermal cell lymphocyte culture reaction, a finding that is related to the complete absence of class-II-antigen-bearing cells in cultured epidermis. This absence of T cell stimulation was noted not only on the day of grafting but throughout the follow up. Altogether, these findings show that Langerhans cell and other class-II antigen-bearing cell-depleted cultured epidermal allografts, are tolerated in unrelated recipients. EAG may serve as a skin substitute in patients with large wounds or burns. Since EAG may be grown continuously, the coverage of burns may not then be limited by the availability of the donor site, or by the time necessary to produce epidermal tissue in cultures. PMID- 3750386 TI - Suppression of the immune response to allogeneic histocompatibility antigens by a single exposure to ultraviolet radiation. AB - Sensitization of C3H mice with allogeneic BALB/c spleen cells after a single exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation renders the mice incapable of generating an effective delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response against BALB/c cells. In addition to the depressed DTH response, spleen cells from the UV-irradiated mice are unable to proliferate to alloantigen in a one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). This inability to respond to alloantigen appears to be mediated by suppressor T cells, in that nylon-wool-nonadherent cells from the spleens of the UV-irradiated mice could suppress the MLR response of normal spleen cells to allogeneic spleen cells. In addition, the amount of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in the supernatants of the suppressed MLR cultures was also decreased. In all cases, the observed suppression was specific for the antigen used to sensitize the UV irradiated animals. These data suggest that UV radiation can be used as an agent to induce a selective suppression of immune reactivity against allogeneic cells. PMID- 3750388 TI - Neurological complications following acute viral conjunctivitis: a new profile. AB - A study of eleven patients presenting with neurological complications following acute viral conjunctivitis, mostly haemorrhagic, is reported and the literature reviewed. A Guillain-Barre syndrome-like profile was seen in six patients while the remaining had features of radiculomyelitis. Besides asymmetrical neurological deficits, protein cell reaction and residual muscle wasting, the occurrence of dysautonomias was the striking feature noted in the patients with a Guillain Barre syndrome-like profile. The dysautonomic features included fatal paroxysmal hypertensive and hypotensive crises in one patient and self limiting tachycardias, episodic profuse sweating, abnormal expiration-inspiration ratio and valsalva ratio in four patients. High antibody titers to EV-70 virus were seen in five patients. A follow up of one and a half year revealed poor neurologic recovery in patients with radiculomyelitis as compared to good functional recovery in others. The importance of early recognition and appropriate treatment of dysautonomias is emphasised. The probable aetiopathogenesis of the neurological complications including dysautonomias is discussed. PMID- 3750387 TI - Enhancement of induction of intestinal adenocarcinomas by cyclosporine in rats given a single dose of N-methyl N-nitrosourea. AB - Dietary administration of cyclosporine (CsA) to rats induces lymphoproliferative disorders involving the gut lymphoid plaques with frequent mucosal ulceration. In this study, we investigated whether administration of a known chemical carcinogen prior to CsA treatment modifies the development of the lesions induced by CsA. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given either a single i.p. injection of N-methyl N nitrosourea (MNU) (25 mg/kg) or the solvent--and one week thereafter they were fed a diet containing 0.011% CsA. Control rats were fed a basal diet with or without prior MNU treatment. Of the rats that received MNU and CsA, 60% developed adenocarcinomas of the small and large intestine arising in the regions of the intestinal lymphoid plaques. Only 1 of 12 rats given MNU followed by a basal diet developed adenocarcinoma. No tumors developed in rats treated with CsA alone, but there was atypical proliferation of the intestinal mucosa in conjunction with lymphoid hyperplasia of the gut. The mucosal damage secondary to CsA-induced lymphoid lesions probably acted as a promoting stimulus for the development of intestinal carcinomas. PMID- 3750389 TI - The pattern of rape in Benin City, Nigeria. AB - A retrospective study of 330 female victims of alleged rape seen over a 3-year period [1981-1983] in Benin City, Nigeria revealed that children of elementary school age (6-12 years) and adolescent girls (13-19 years) were the major victims; 48.2 percent of the reported cases occurred in children below 13 years of age. Major differences were noted in the pattern and clinical presentation of rape between the child and adult victims. Group rape involving multiple assailants was encountered mostly in adult victims amongst whom the incidence was 47%. Physical injuries following rape were seen in 33% of the alleged victims; injuries to the genital area occurred in 45% of the child rape victims and in 16% of the adult victims while injuries to extragenital areas of the body were found mostly in the adult victims. PMID- 3750390 TI - The status of human onchocerciasis in the Kainji reservoir basin areas 20 years after the impoundment of the lake. AB - A study was made in January 1985 to assess the post-impoundment status of onchocerciasis around the man-made Lake of Kainji, Nigeria, about 20 years after the formation of the lake. The overall prevalence of the infection in the 13 major villages surveyed was 28.5%. The endemicity of onchocerciasis was sporadic (less than 10%) in three of these villages, low (10-39%) in six and medium (40 69%) in four. Although the available pre-impoundment data is inadequate to make a definite conclusion of the impact of the lake formation on the status of onchocerciasis in the area, it is apparent that here, as in most other parts of the country, the prevalence, manifestations, complications and public health significance of onchocerciasis justify the ongoing campaign for the urgent implementation of a nation-wide onchocerciasis control programme in Nigeria. PMID- 3750391 TI - A serological survey of the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in dogs and cats in Saudi Arabia. AB - The prevalence of Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in dogs and cats were determined by an indirect haemagglutination (IHA) test. 3% of the dogs' sera and 15.2% of that of the cats showed titres diagnostically significant of toxoplasmosis in humans; their possible role in transmission of toxoplasmosis to humans in Saudi Arabia is discussed. PMID- 3750392 TI - Reference values for serum folate, erythrocyte folate and serum cobalamin in Nigerian adolescents. AB - Concentrations of serum folate, red cell folate and serum cobalamin were studied among 240 normal healthy Nigerian adolescents aged 12-17 years. Serum folate level was generally low with a mean of 2.8 nmol/l while red cell folate level was not low with a mean of 369 nmol/l. Mean serum cobalamin was 615 pmol/l. A negative significant correlation was observed between serum folate and red cell folate among the adolescents (r = 0.24). Another significant correlation was observed among the 14 year olds between red cell folate and serum cobalamin (r = 0.404). The folate parameters were significantly lower in the adolescents with HbAS genotype with mean serum folate of 2.2 nmol/l and red cell folate of 326 nmol/l but these differences were more marked among the girls. All the girls in the study had significantly higher serum cobalamin than the boys (p less than 0.001) but the advantage of this is not clear. These results suggest that serum cobalamin may be under some hormonal influences and the high values indicate that cobalamin may be involved in other metabolic functions from the puberty period. PMID- 3750393 TI - Twin birthweight in Nigeria and the effect of sex-pair and parity. AB - In a retrospective study the mean birthweight, mean birthweight sum and their variation within parity and sex-pair are determined for 622 consecutive twin pairs among 17.726 deliveries conducted over an 18-month period at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria. Overall mean birthweight 2.5 +/- 0.5 kg, and birthweight sum 4.9 +/- 1.1 kg are obtained. First twin weighed 2.52 +/- 0.5 kg, slightly heavier than second twin, 2.48 +/- 0.5 kg. 55% of all twins weighed 2.5 kg or less. Male twins were heavier than females in unlike-sex pairs. Male co-twins weighed more than female co-twins, and unlike-sex twins weighed more than like-sex twins. Mean birthweight, and mean birthweight sum were lowest in para: 1, increasing gradually to a plateau in para: 4 and above. Several factors including preponderance of maleness and unlike-sex pairs in the twinning incidence in Nigeria, and the high proportion of our patients registered for antenatal care, may have positively influenced the overall mean birthweight. PMID- 3750394 TI - Food poisoning from insecticide-treated beans. AB - Nine adults presented at the hospital with symptoms of food poisoning ten minutes to four hours after ingesting cooked beans. Investigation revealed that they came from three different households and had not eaten from the same source of prepared food. Rather they purchased raw insecticide-treated beans which was intended for planting but diverted to the market. The potential for a widespread outbreak from such a source is emphasised. PMID- 3750396 TI - Dilated cardiomyopathy in Saudi Arabia: a review of 55 cases. AB - A review of 55 cases with dilated cardiomyopathy seen at King Abdul Aziz University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia between 1404-1405 (1984-1985) was carried out. These 55 cases were analyzed and compared with cases of clinically identifiable ischaemic heart disease. The diagnosis was established on clinical grounds as well as electrocardiographic and echocardiographic studies. The findings suggest that dilated cardiomyopathy is a frequent cause of heart disease in this area. PMID- 3750395 TI - Experience on follow-up of registered rheumatic fever patients in the Zimbabwean Midlands. AB - A total of 75 patients with rheumatic fever, 49 acute (ARF) and 26 acute-on chronic (A-C-RF), registered in the Zimbabwean Midlands during a 7 year period [1973-1980], followed up for 1-12 years where each one had a potential of follow up of at least 5 years, were reviewed. Their mean age at diagnosis was 13.2 +/- 7.9 (range 3-39) years and 5 of them were over thirty years old. Thirty five percent were followed up regularly although only 20% realised the full potential. 12% of ARF who initially had no carditis, developed it on a recurrence. The disease was more florid among defaulters than among regulars; chronic valvular lesions being clinically established in 2.8 +/- 1.8 (range 1-6) years; chronic heart failure developing in 5.2 years and death occurring in relatively young patients aged 10.9 +/- 3.0 years old. There were more recurrences among defaulters than among regulars (p less than 0.001). The follow-up was better in those with clinically established valvular lesions, worse in the asymptomatic ones and it was unrelated to age or residence. In addition to improving social economic conditions, parenteral penicillin prophylaxis should be continued until one is at least 40 years old. PMID- 3750397 TI - Distribution of red cell G6PD and 6PGD phenotypes in Saudi Arabia. AB - A total of 1112 randomly selected Saudi Arabs, of both sexes living in Jeddah and the surrounding areas, were studied for the distribution of red cell G6PD and 6PGD phenotypes by the methaemoglobin reduction test and starch-gel electrophoresis. The overall G6PD deficiency was 8.4% in males and 7.0% in females. No deficiency of 6PGD was detected. The gene frequencies at the G6PD locus were as follows: in males [GdB+ - 0.86; GdA+ - 0.05; GdB- - 0.06, GdA- - 0.02] and those in females [GdB+ - 0.85; GdA+ - 0.07; GdB- - 0.06; GdA- - 0.01] respectively. The hyperactive allele, GdBKRT originally detected in the Sudan was also present in a low frequency in Saudi Arabs. The frequency of PGDA and PGDC alleles were found to be 0.94 and 0.06 respectively. There was a significant deviation from the Hardey-Weinberg Equilibrium in the distribution of PGDC alleles with an excess of homozygotes (chi 2(1): 54.0) and lack of heterozygotes (chi 2(1): 7.31) probably due to the practice of inbreeding for many generations. PMID- 3750398 TI - Two cases of otosclerosis in Kumasi, Ghana, case report. AB - The incidence of otosclerosis in relationship to race has been established in North America; however, there are no reliable data about its occurrence among negro Africans. Over a period of three years 650 consecutive cases of hearing loss excluding those with acute and chronic otitis media, Eustachian tube dysfunction, wax, foreign bodies, and traumatic perforations, were studied in Kumasi, Ghana. Only two cases of otosclerosis were detected. It is postulated that the rarity among people of the black race may be related to the flat occipital protuberance of the skull among African people. PMID- 3750399 TI - A fatal pneumococcal infection in a vaccinated 9-year-old child with sickle cell disease. AB - A fatal case of pneumococcal septicaemia and meningitis is described in a vaccinated nine-year-old Saudi child with sickle cell disease. Non-compliance to prophylactic penicillin might have been the cause of its fatal illness. PMID- 3750400 TI - Tuberculoma of the eye; a case report. AB - A case of tuberculoma of the eye is reported occurring in a 3-year-old girl. Clinically presenting as a case of leucocoria a pre-operative diagnosis of retinoblastoma was made, necessitating enucleation of the eye. Post-operatively a diagnosis of intraocular tuberculosis was made. The differential diagnosis is discussed and the importance of inclusion of intraocular tuberculoma in the differential diagnosis of retinoblastoma is stressed. PMID- 3750401 TI - Saudi Arabian type of homozygous sickle cell (SS) disease in the Netherlands: a case report. AB - Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an imported disease in the Netherlands. The diagnosis of homozygous sickle cell (SS) disease in almost all patients has been made in the country of origin or soon after arrival or birth in the Netherlands. This also applies to patients with sickle cell beta zero-thalassaemia (S beta zero thal) disease. We report a patient from Turkey whose haemoglobinopathy posed diagnostic difficulties with regard to the type of SCD, which appeared to be benign Saudi Arabian type of SS disease. PMID- 3750403 TI - Netherlands Society of Parasitology. Spring meeting, jointly with the Belgian Society of Parasitology. Brussels, April 1-3, 1985. Abstracts. PMID- 3750402 TI - Foot abscess due to Salmonella typhi: a case report. AB - A case of foot abscess due to Salmonella typhi is reported in a 37-year-old Yemeni man. The abscess was surgically drained and the wound healed without antibiotic therapy. PMID- 3750404 TI - [Frequency of acrocentric chromosome associations in a long-term human lymphocyte culture]. AB - The frequency of acrocentric chromosome associations (ACA) in the long-term culture of lymphocytes progressively decreases by 25% (on the average) for one mitotic cycle. As a result proliferous lymphocytes after 3-4 divisions contain either no associations or not more than 2 associating acrocentrics. The diversity of the peripheral blood lymphocytes as to the frequency of ACA in the first mitosis is connected with their different proliferative activity in the organism. PMID- 3750405 TI - [Possible mutagenic action of a tularemia vaccine]. AB - No increase in the number of chromosome aberrations in the bone marrow cells of the Wistar rats was observed on the 1st, 2nd, 7th and 15th days after epidermal and intradermal immunization by tularemic live vaccine. Subcutaneous injection of great quantities of tularemic microbic cells which were not used in practice increased the number of cells with chromosome aberrations only on the second day. PMID- 3750406 TI - [Determination of the efficiency of reparative processes in the chromosomes of bone marrow cells in vivo by using test irradiation]. AB - The method developed on rats was applied to estimate the effectiveness of reparative processes in myelokaryocyte chromosomes using the test-irradiation in vivo (0.5 Gy, gamma-rays of 137Cs). The method is based on the comparison of the curves demonstrating the chromosome aberration yield in the first mitosis following the test-irradiation of experimental and control animals. PMID- 3750407 TI - [Stages of endotheliocyte differentiation in the genesis of capillaries in human prenatal morphogenesis]. AB - Blood microvessels of the functionally different human organs were studied by electron microscopy to reveal regularities of cytodifferentiation of endotheliocytes in prenatal morphogenesis. Such stages of differentiation of endotheliocytes were determined: mesenchymal cells----endotheliocytes of pre existing capillaries ("marginal" cells, primordial endotheliocytes, mature endotheliocytes of pre-existing capillaries)----specialized types of endothelium (somatic, fenestrated, sinusoidal, sinusal types of endothelium, high endothelium of post-capillary venules). PMID- 3750408 TI - [Dose dependencies of mutations of germ cells in mice]. AB - The data are presented in favour of nonthresholdness of the dose-effect relationships in exposure of mouse germ cells to chemical mutagens. The data were obtained by the method of dominant lethal mutations and by the analysis of specific locus mutations with single and fractionated treatment at different germ cell stages. PMID- 3750409 TI - [Behavior of the cell center during epithelial cell spreading]. AB - In the epithelial cells of mouse embryo renal channels, centrioles are located near the plasma membrane of the apical part of the cell. In most of the cells an active centriole carries a cilium, which comes out into the channel lumen. In the epithelial cells, suspended after trypsinisation and in single cells adhering to the substrate, the centrioles are located near the nucleus, and the outcoming cilia are not observed. In the spread cells of epithelial islets, the centrioles are also found near the nucleus, and in most cases an active centriole carries a cilium, which comes out of the cytoplasm at the upper side of the cell. In the peripheral cells of the islet, centrioles are positioned between the nucleus and the active edge of the cell. In the epithelial cells in situ, a relatively small number of microtubules radiate from the active centrioles. In the suspended cells, the activation of microtubule formation is observed in the cell center. In the spread cells of the epithelial islets there occurs a further increase in the number of microtubules radiating from the active centrioles. In the peripheral cells which cause translocation of the epithelial islet in the culture, the number of microtubules, radiating from the centrioles does not differ significantly from that of the inner cells of the islet. The cell center of the epithelial cells does not seem to be actively involved in the locomotion of the epithelial cells in the culture. PMID- 3750410 TI - [Characteristics of the submicroscopic structure of hybrid clone cells obtained by the fusion of mouse hepatoma cells and mink fibroblasts and containing different numbers of mink chromosomes]. AB - Four hybrid clones obtained by fusion of mouse hepatoma cells with mink fibroblasts treated with polyethyleneglycol were studied morphologically and morphometrically using electron microscopy. The clones studied contained a double set of mouse chromosomes and different numbers of mink chromosomes. It is demonstrated that clones containing different mink chromosomes differ considerably from each other and from the parental cells in the manifestation of some morphological characters (form and type of cell growth, form of the nucleus, structure of mitochondria, distribution of membranes of the granular endoplasmic reticulum), as well as in some quantitative parametres of organelles (area of the cut of the cell and of the nucleus, a relative volume of the nucleus). The data obtained witness for the fact that some morphological traits characteristic of cells of a certain parental type may appear in hybrids independently of each other, and that the degree of their manifestation may depend on the number of chromosomes of one of the parents or, possibly, on one particular chromosome. PMID- 3750411 TI - [Analysis of the DNA content of urethane-induced liver tumors in mice]. AB - Administration of urethan (three times per 1 mg calculated per 1 g of the animal mass) after partial hepatectomy resulted in the development of liver tumours classified as adenomas in 62.8 per cent of mice 12 months after treatment. In the cells isolated from 85 adenomas and from the surrounding liver, DNA-fuchsin content was determined cytophotometrically. Three types of DNA distribution were distinguished, with the mode in the region of near-diploid (26%), near-tetraploid (71.8%), or near-octaploid (2.2%) DNA value. Most commonly DNA distributions were polymodal, but unimodal ones also occurred. The number of binucleated cells in tumours was significantly decreased. In the liver of one of the same animal, morphologically similar tumours of all the three types of DNA distribution could be found. The increase in the hepatocyte ploidy level in the initial parenchyma by preliminary repeated treatments with CCl4, had no effect either on the occurrence of tumours, or on their ploidy level. No correlation was found between the DNA content, the size and histological structure of tumours. PMID- 3750412 TI - [Effect of chronic CCl4 poisoning in the rat and of partial hepatectomy of the pathologically altered organ on glycogen levels of hepatocytes]. AB - A cytofluorometric study was made of total glycogen in rat liver cells in the norm and upon the chronic intoxication with CCl4. The liver cells were obtained from rats by means of intravital needle aspiration biopsy at the beginning of the experiment, after 3, and 6 months, and 1 month after partial hepatectomy of control and cirrhotic livers. Glycogen contents in liver cells were attributed to dry weight measured interferometrically. Upon the long-term chronic intoxication of rats with the hepatotropic poison the glycogen content increased by 1.4-2.5 times, and in some cells of cirrhotic livers even by 5-5.5 times compared to the normal level. 1 month after the resection both glycogen content and rat liver cell morphology were seen almost close to the normal. The data are discussed in terms of results earlier reported elsewhere on the increase of glycogen content in liver cells of patients with chronic hepatitis. PMID- 3750413 TI - [Genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of L-line cells resistant to ethidium bromide]. AB - Stable mutants resistant to ethidium bromide in concentrations of 1 and 3 micrograms/ml have been selected in a single step in L cells. The frequency of spontaneously occurring ethidium bromide resistant clones after the exposure to 1 microgram/ml of the drug has been established as 5.10(-5). Resistant variants were induced following treatment with mutagen N-methyl-N-nitro-N nitrosoguanidine. The resistant clones were shown to be resistant to higher concentration of the agent then which was used for selection. In multistep selection, a number of clones resistant to ethidium bromide in concentration up to 50 micrograms/ml was obtained. The alteration in the permeability of plasma membrane to the drug is the clue mechanism of the resistance. PMID- 3750414 TI - [Effect of erythrocytes isolated from the blood of animals with experimental tumors on the proliferative activity of cultured tumor cells]. AB - It has been established that erythrocytes taken from blood of mice with experimental tumors being in the active phase of growth, or of mice with a recidivation of the primary tumor intensify proliferative processes in the culture of tumor cells. Erythrocytes from animals with tumors being in the stationary phase of growth did not reveal such a capacity. The authors connect such an effect with the erythrocyte transport function due to which they can store up those factors excreted by tumors which stimulate proliferation. It is supposed that the test defining the peculiarities of the effect of erythrocytes on the proliferative capacity of tumor cells in the tissue culture can be used for the judgement about an individual activity of the growth of primary tumors as well as for the diagnostics of recidivation of tumor growth. PMID- 3750415 TI - [Motion sickness]. PMID- 3750416 TI - [Retinitis pigmentosa. Its occurrence and incidence of blindness in various hereditary forms of retinitis pigmentosa]. PMID- 3750417 TI - [Registration of pain]. PMID- 3750418 TI - [131-I therapy of thyrotoxicosis in a non-subspecialized medical department]. PMID- 3750420 TI - [Urethral stricture in patients after cardiac surgery]. PMID- 3750419 TI - [Thiamine status in geriatric patients and the effect of intramuscular thiamine]. PMID- 3750421 TI - [Familial recurrence of the Potter I syndrome]. PMID- 3750422 TI - [Splintered glass from ampoules after opening]. PMID- 3750423 TI - [Traumatic retrosternal dislocation of the clavicle]. PMID- 3750424 TI - [Vascular complications of chronic pancreatitis]. PMID- 3750425 TI - [Hyperlipemia in a neonate following administration of Diazemuls]. PMID- 3750426 TI - [Motorcyclists' mortality in Denmark 1978-1982. I. Epidemiology and circumstances of the accidents]. PMID- 3750427 TI - [Motorcyclists' mortality in Denmark 1978-1982. II. Alcohol]. PMID- 3750428 TI - [Hospitalization of mentally ill mothers together with their infants. A review of the literature]. PMID- 3750429 TI - [Early child psychiatric intervention in the primary health sector. Requirements and possibilities]. PMID- 3750430 TI - [Fatal accidental fires caused by electric pillows and blankets]. PMID- 3750431 TI - [Clinical diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis]. PMID- 3750432 TI - [Chronic bronchitis is not an obstructive pulmonary disease]. PMID- 3750433 TI - [Monoclonal antibodies to human breast epithelium]. PMID- 3750435 TI - [Intraarticular fracture dislocation of the base of the 5th metacarpal bone]. PMID- 3750434 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of osteoid osteoma]. PMID- 3750436 TI - [Alterations in the acid-base balance in blood following whole gut irrigation]. PMID- 3750437 TI - [Hunger edema in a woman aged 73 years]. PMID- 3750438 TI - [The anterior interosseous nerve syndrome. A condition which may be confused with spontaneous rupture of a flexor tendon]. PMID- 3750439 TI - [Ogilvie's syndrome--acute colonic pseudoobstruction]. PMID- 3750440 TI - [Cefsulodin (Monaspor)]. PMID- 3750442 TI - [Compulsory removal of children and adolescents from their homes. A study of all cases treated in the Municipality of Copenhagen in 1982]. PMID- 3750441 TI - [Services in general practice. Complaints received by the National Board of Health 1980-1984]. PMID- 3750443 TI - [Follow-up study of the value of brief family therapy in a child psychiatric outpatient department. Results of a new child psychiatric outpatient department in its first 4 years]. PMID- 3750444 TI - [A study of an outpatient department in the County of Funen]. PMID- 3750446 TI - [Reye's syndrome]. PMID- 3750445 TI - [Amblyopia in schoolchildren in the 5th grade]. PMID- 3750447 TI - [The permanent pacemaker and myopotential inhibition]. PMID- 3750448 TI - [Protein C deficiency and thrombosis. Physiological and clinical aspects]. PMID- 3750449 TI - [Use of the Port-a-cath subcutaneous central venous catheter in patients with malignant blood diseases]. PMID- 3750450 TI - [Metastatic fractures of the femur]. PMID- 3750451 TI - [Hydronephrosis in childhood caused by ureteropelvic obstruction]. PMID- 3750452 TI - [Psychosis due to an overdose of disulfiram (Antabus)]. PMID- 3750453 TI - [Rhabdomyolysis related to bodybuilding]. PMID- 3750454 TI - [Postoperative headache after epidural analgesia]. PMID- 3750455 TI - [Mercury levels of sweat. Its use in the diagnosis and treatment of poisoning]. PMID- 3750456 TI - [Isolated rupture of the gallbladder due to blunt abdominal trauma]. PMID- 3750457 TI - [Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma with metastasis to the right heart ventricle]. PMID- 3750458 TI - [Desmoid tumor]. PMID- 3750459 TI - [Urinary incontinence after alpha-1 receptor blockade]. PMID- 3750460 TI - [Occurrence of acute and chronic pulmonary disease in the tobacco industry]. PMID- 3750461 TI - [Consumption of psychopharmaceuticals, antiepileptics and central stimulants in a department of child psychiatry. Preparations prescribed for children referred to the Psychiatric Children's Hospital in Risskov in 1983]. PMID- 3750462 TI - [An epidemiological study of patients with Parkinson's disease from an outpatient clinic]. PMID- 3750463 TI - [Agricultural injuries]. PMID- 3750464 TI - [The conscripts' contact with health services. Referral pattern and rejections]. PMID- 3750465 TI - [Male and female psychiatrists. Family circumstances and course of training]. PMID- 3750466 TI - [Treatment of tetanus. Review of the cases of tetanus treated in the Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Copenhagen, 1962-1981]. PMID- 3750467 TI - [Changes in the sleep EEG of women with premenstrual dysphoria. Possible relationship with a manic depressive state]. PMID- 3750468 TI - [Mortality of lower extremity amputees]. PMID- 3750469 TI - [The value of echocardiography in suspected systemic arterial embolism of cardiac origin]. PMID- 3750470 TI - [Significance of conventional radiography of the colon in patients with hemorrhoids]. PMID- 3750471 TI - [Total hip arthroplasty in patients over 75 years]. PMID- 3750472 TI - [Oxygen and purines]. PMID- 3750473 TI - [Knee exarticulation in arteriosclerotic gangrene]. PMID- 3750474 TI - [Recurrent anterior dislocations of the shoulder treated by the Eden-Hybbinette method]. PMID- 3750475 TI - [Hartmann's procedure in perforated diverticulitis]. PMID- 3750476 TI - [Treatment of familial hypokalemic paralysis with carbon dioxide anhydrase inhibitors]. PMID- 3750477 TI - [Sepsis, disseminated intravascular coagulation and renal failure caused by dysgonic fermenter-2 (DF-2)]. PMID- 3750478 TI - [Bacterial coxitis as a complication of intestinal infection]. PMID- 3750480 TI - [Traumatic brain stem lesion. A case with remarkable recovery]. PMID- 3750479 TI - [Cysts of the round ligament. Differentiation from an irreducible inguinal hernia]. PMID- 3750481 TI - [Subcutaneous rupture of the anterior tibial tendon]. PMID- 3750482 TI - [The role of natural healers in our health system]. PMID- 3750483 TI - [Why do patients consult natural healers?]. PMID- 3750484 TI - [Medical patients' contacts with alternative therapeutic systems]. PMID- 3750485 TI - [Pattern of injuries in Danish karate championships]. PMID- 3750486 TI - [Karate injuries in relation to the qualifications of participants and competition success]. PMID- 3750487 TI - [Demonstration of bacteriuria with a combined nitrite and leukocyte strip]. PMID- 3750488 TI - [Screening for urinary tract infections in a urological department. A prospective study]. PMID- 3750489 TI - [Anesthesia and emptying of the stomach]. PMID- 3750490 TI - [Injuries in windsurfing]. PMID- 3750491 TI - [Prognosis in subarachnoid hemorrhage of unknown origin]. PMID- 3750492 TI - [Operative treatment of traumatic vascular injuries of the extremities]. PMID- 3750494 TI - [Pathomimia. Course and therapeutic problems]. PMID- 3750493 TI - [Femoropatellar endoprosthesis. Blazina type II method in 11 patients]. PMID- 3750495 TI - [Acute retroperitoneal hemorrhage caused by an angiolipoma]. PMID- 3750496 TI - [Anuria resulting from the obstruction of a ureter in an otherwise normal pregnancy]. PMID- 3750497 TI - [Herniation of the small bowel through a defect of the broad ligament]. PMID- 3750498 TI - [Bilateral sclerosing osteitis in the clavicle]. PMID- 3750499 TI - [What do we know about school accidents?]. PMID- 3750500 TI - [The smoking habit in pregnant women. Nicotine and condensate of chosen brands of cigarettes]. PMID- 3750501 TI - [Treatment of acute injuries in a rural general practice]. PMID- 3750503 TI - [Arterial surgery in Denmark 1978-1983]. PMID- 3750502 TI - [What do elderly patients think about the medical services in nursing homes?]. PMID- 3750504 TI - [Necrotizing fasciitis. A severe soft tissue infection]. PMID- 3750505 TI - [Acute radiographic examination of the chest in patients admitted for bronchial asthma]. PMID- 3750506 TI - [Proximal fractures of the humerus. An epidemiological and descriptive study of fractures]. PMID- 3750507 TI - [CT of the lumbar spine]. PMID- 3750508 TI - [Evaluation of blood glucose determination and 24-hour urinary glucose excretion as indicators of mean blood glucose as expressed by HbAIc in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 3750509 TI - [Penetrating injuries of the neck]. PMID- 3750510 TI - [Dural penetration in stab wounds]. PMID- 3750511 TI - [Fatal burns among nursing home patients]. PMID- 3750512 TI - [School accidents in the municipality of Arhus 1982-1983. I. Frequency of accidents and nature of injury]. PMID- 3750513 TI - [School accidents in the municipality of Arhus 1982-1983. II. Severity of injuries]. PMID- 3750514 TI - [Admissions for alcohol problems and subsequent treatment of addiction in a medical department. A 1-year prospective study]. PMID- 3750515 TI - [Health for all by year 2000. A questionnaire study of the significance of the program for forms of training related to health]. PMID- 3750516 TI - [Chronic subareolar abscess of the breast. A clinical and histological entity]. PMID- 3750517 TI - [Etiology and possible prevention of sporadic puerperal breast abscess]. PMID- 3750518 TI - [Immunotherapy in allergic diseases. Indications and clinical effects of immunotherapy in allergy to insect stings]. PMID- 3750520 TI - [Pregnancy and treatment with glucocorticoids]. PMID- 3750519 TI - [Anesthesia and metoclopramide]. PMID- 3750521 TI - [Primary complications after surgery of abdominal skin laxity]. PMID- 3750522 TI - [Empyema of the gallbladder as a complication of acute cholecystitis]. PMID- 3750523 TI - [Hemobilia. A rare cause of occult gastrointestinal hemorrhage]. PMID- 3750524 TI - [Humidifier fever--a differential diagnostic problem]. PMID- 3750525 TI - [Avoidable deaths in Denmark 1970-1983. Variations with hospital district and period]. PMID- 3750526 TI - [School accidents in the municipality of Arhus 1982-1983. III. Accidents during the school semester]. PMID- 3750527 TI - [School accidents in the municipality of Arhus 1982-1983. IV. Sports accidents]. PMID- 3750528 TI - [Procollagen peptide in the serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and liver diseases]. PMID- 3750529 TI - [Determination of IgM rheumatoid factors by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)]. PMID- 3750530 TI - [Depression of respiration following a therapeutic dose of dextropropoxyphene. A case in a somatically healthy elderly woman]. PMID- 3750531 TI - [The bacteria Dysgonic fermenter 2 (DF-2). A new bacterial infection which frequently runs a fatal course]. PMID- 3750532 TI - [Sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis]. PMID- 3750533 TI - [Shortening of the extremities after neonatal osteomyelitis]. PMID- 3750534 TI - [Joint infection caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria]. PMID- 3750535 TI - [Antimycotics for systemic use]. PMID- 3750536 TI - [Frequency of consultations because of sore throat]. PMID- 3750537 TI - [Assessing the need for a medical detoxication center in a large provincial town]. PMID- 3750538 TI - [The frequencies of complications and interventions in deliveries in a surgical department. A retrospective study from a hospital with 4 specialties in the county of Arhus]. PMID- 3750539 TI - [What do the Danish women know about their genitalia?]. PMID- 3750540 TI - [Acute theophylline poisoning]. PMID- 3750541 TI - [Cytostatic treatment of advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck]. PMID- 3750542 TI - [Advanced head and neck carcinoma treated with combined cisplatin and fluorouracil infusions]. PMID- 3750543 TI - [Spontaneous intracerebral hematoma. A review of 54 patients treated surgically]. PMID- 3750544 TI - [Torsion of the uterine tube]. PMID- 3750545 TI - [Polycythemia and uterine fibromyoma]. PMID- 3750546 TI - [Adenomatous tumor in the breast]. PMID- 3750547 TI - [Passive smoking and risk of cancer]. PMID- 3750548 TI - [Emergency referrals of unemployed persons to the Department of Psychiatry in the Frederiksberg hospital. A follow-up study]. PMID- 3750549 TI - [The function of a gerontopsychiatric ward]. PMID- 3750550 TI - [Casualties from Tivoli]. PMID- 3750551 TI - [Rubella as the reason for termination of pregnancy after the 12th week of pregnancy]. PMID- 3750552 TI - Characterization of biological media by means of their non-linearity. AB - This review presents the state-of-the-art in applications of the second order acoustic non-linearity parameter, B/A, for the characterization of biological media. The close relationship between B/A and the molecular structure of certain liquids, as well as the influence of the inhomogeneous nature of biological materials on B/A, are discussed. The finite amplitude and the thermodynamic methods are presented, and their advantages, disadvantages and accuracy of data produced are discussed. A new and promising procedure, real time non-linear parameter tomography, is critically evaluated and its prospective application for in vivo studies is treated in some depth. B/A values covering a broad variety of biological materials are presented and a world-wide collaborative research scheme is suggested for systematic and in-depth studies of non-linearity of biological media and for clinical exploitations of the results of these studies. PMID- 3750553 TI - Ultrasound speed and attenuation in homogenates of bovine skeletal muscle. AB - The attenuation and speed of ultrasound were measured in homogenates of post rigor bovine skeletal muscle, and found to increase in proportion to the concentration of muscle. Extrapolation of the data to tissue concentrations yielded an attenuation of 7.5 dB cm-1 at pH 5.7, 20 degrees C and 7.3 MHz. This was close to that measured in the minced tissue, 8.3 dB cm-1, and between values previously recorded across and along the fibres of intact muscle. Corresponding measurements for the speed of ultrasound in homogenates, extrapolated to the native tissue concentration, were: 1555 +/- 9 m s-1 at 0 degree C, 1592 +/- 10 m s-1 at 20 degrees C and 1616 +/- 9 m s-1 at 37 degrees C. These were not significantly different from measurements of minced muscle at the same temperatures. Measurements of the attenuation of 7.3 MHz ultrasound in suspensions of myofibrils indicated that attenuation by the myofibrils caused at least 64% of the attenuation in muscle homogenates at pH 5.7. Re-analysis of the viscous loss arising from relative movement of the myofibrils in their surrounding fluid, indicated that this mechanism could account for no more than 15% of the attenuation in muscle homogenates. Attenuation due to scattering was calculated to be at least two orders of magnitude smaller than that observed in either homogenates or suspensions of myofibrils. It was concluded that the contribution of scattering to the attenuation was small, and that the attenuation was caused by processes involving an absorption of energy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3750554 TI - Myocardial perfusion defects in contrast echocardiography: spatial and temporal localisation. AB - The position and size of experimental myocardial perfusion defects can be detected by using the echocardiographic contrast-medium Echoson together with digital image processing techniques. Video tapes showing the important sequences before, during and after cardial inflow of echo-enhancing agents are fed in total length into a digital image processing unit. The myocardial circumferences are then chosen interactively. All the frames are analysed and a synthetic picture is compiled, and shows the myocardial echo densities in a single, highly condensed form. Digital subtraction of blank values (condensed sequences before injection of contrast medium) greatly improves readability. Further concentration of the remaining information yields the following diagrams: flow/circumferential position (time summation); flow/time (position summation), which contain the desired information on homogeneity or defects of echo density against time and myocardial position. PMID- 3750555 TI - [Study of the stability of current plaster substitutes]. AB - In connection with company independent test series the clinically required usefulness of four different modern plaster substitutes were examined. A comparison of breakage resistance, deformation and relation of price versus stability of plaster bandages were considered. The advantage of using these materials, especially in case of prolonged cast immobilization, is-despite of higher financial costs - more appropriate because of lower weight, increased durability and hygienical comfort for the patients. PMID- 3750556 TI - [Treatment of chronic osteomyelitis with a collagen-antibiotic compound- preliminary report]. AB - A compound of collagen and gentamicin was used in a controlled examination on 67 patients for the treatment of posttraumatic as well as postoperative osteomyelitis and, when applying cement-free endoprostheses, for hemostasis and local prevention of infection in the bed for implantation. Even in case of relatively high doses, the gentamicin concentration measured was only at the threshold value of detectability, due to the local application of the absorbable antibiotic compound. In most of all cases (n = 63), the healing of infection is demonstrated by clinical and radiobiological investigation. PMID- 3750557 TI - [Treatment of chronic osteomyelitis with gentamicin PMMA chains]. AB - In the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis radical removal of sequestrated bone fragments is of essential importance. Any antibiotic therapy - whether systemically or locally applied - can only be a supplementary measure. By implantation of gentamicin-PMMA-chains into infected cavities high local concentrations of the antibiotic can be achieved which are far above the minimal bactericidal concentrations of most common pathogens. As result of the very low concentrations of gentamicin in the serum and urine there is no hazard of nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Chronic sequestrating osteosyntheses and infected non-unions are the most important indications for the application of gentamicin PMMA-chains. PMID- 3750558 TI - [Gentamicin PMMA minichains in infections of the hand]. AB - Hitherto a prolonged treatment and immobilization was necessary in case of bone and soft tissue infections of the hand. The result was frequently a poor function of the hand due to ankylosis. The infection period can be shortened by an early, carefully performed sequestrotomy with additional temporary implantation of gentamicin-PMMA minichains. The evaluation of 200 cases shows the good results of this therapy method. PMID- 3750559 TI - [Concomitant osseous and ligamentous injuries of traumatic shoulder dislocation and its significance for the pathogenesis of habitual dislocation]. AB - 161 consecutive patients with traumatic shoulder luxation between 1975 and 1983 are followed, concerning their evolution to recurrent shoulder dislocation. In 26 patients there was a recurrent shoulder dislocation in a mean time of 19 months after the first luxation. In literature the common level of recurrent dislocation is higher than our 16.1%, despite of the shorter immobilising time after the first shoulder luxation in our center. When there is no evolution to recurrent dislocation, a stable shoulder and a normal shoulder function without pain can be expected in 95%. The compression fracture of the humeral head and the avulsion of the glenoid margin were made responsible for the recurrent dislocation, mostly appearing in adult men, younger than 35 (55% of all recurrent dislocations). Because avulsion fractures of the tuberculum majus don't lead to an unstable fracture neither the existence of a compression defect in the humeral head is pathognomonic for an unstable shoulder, nor a lack of such radiological appearance excludes a recurrent dislocation. In first instance rotatory cuff injuries could be responsible for the instability of the shoulder joint. All patients with this invalidating injuries should be stimulated to an operative procedure, because after correction of an unstable shoulder by a derotation osteotomy of Weber or the elevation of the anterior margin of glenoid in the technique of Trillat good results with normal functional capacities of the shoulder can be expected. PMID- 3750560 TI - [Percutaneous management of osseous avulsions of extensor tendons and lateral ligaments of the fingers with the hooked wire]. AB - A new method of percutaneous treatment of some fractures of the fingers is being described. With the use of a magnification table, fitted onto the X-ray intensifier, evulsion fractures of extensor tendons or collateral ligaments can be reduced and fixed by means of a K-wire. After insertion, the end of the wire is being bent in the shape of a hook ("wire hook"), into which a pull-out wire is inserted. By anchoring the wire-hook at the opposite side of the finger under tension, the fragment is held in position by the hook. After four weeks the wire hook is cut below its anchorage and can easily be removed by the pull-out wire. Technique and results of 85 patients are being presented. PMID- 3750561 TI - [Primary management of patients with chest injuries at the scene of the accident]. AB - The role of emergency medicine concerning the management of thoracic trauma patients at the site of accident is described, as well as the underlying causes of the development of the mediastinal shock as there are chest wall instability, tension pneumothorax, cardiac tamponade and cardiac contusion. Diagnosis and emergency treatment of these acute situations and the technique of safe chest tube placement are described. The role of volume support, artificial respiration and suction drainage of the chest at the site of accident are emphasized. PMID- 3750562 TI - [Penetrating carotid artery laceration--case report]. AB - Immediate repair of carotid artery lacerations are imperative not only to prevent exsanguination but also for restoration of impaired cerebral blood flow. The preoperative neurological situation is responsible for the expected cerebral damage. We are reporting the case of a five year old boy, who survived without cerebral damage despite deep preoperative unconsciousness. PMID- 3750563 TI - [Bilateral spontaneous rupture of the patellar tendon in systemic lupus erythematosus. A case report and review of the literature]. AB - A rupture of the patella ligament occurs after acute trauma or if there are factors that could have predisposed to the rupture like former injuries or operations of the knee or systemic diseases. If symptoms like loss of active extension, no patella tendon reflex, and a proximally displaced patella in radiograph appear in cases of those diseases, it should be thought of the rare rupture of the patella ligament. It will be treated operatively by suture of the tendon supporting by a wire, applying a cast for six to eight weeks and following physical therapy. PMID- 3750564 TI - [Cholecystitis in accident surgery]. AB - Out of a large number of cholecystectomies four cases are reported. In some cases, the gallbladder was involved in the traumatic lesion itself but there are also cases, in which the cholecystitis developed independently of the primary lesion. Beside abdominal trauma which leads to a disruption of the organ wall we also see an inflammatory disease of the gallbladder after perforation during liver blind punction. In another case a patient with gall stone history developed acute cholecystitis after operative treatment of a collum femuris fracture. The fourth case shows acute cholecystitis which also arose after operative treatment of bone fracture in an acalculous bile vesicle. Acute cholecystitis after severe trauma not inflicting the organ itself is a severe, life threatening complication. One step to acute acalculous cholecystitis is the sludge formation in the gallbladder which can be recognized by ultrasonography. The pathogenetic mechanisms which lead to sludge phenomenon and later to acute cholecystitis are multifactorial. Some theories which try to explain this phenomenon are discussed. In each case the development of cholecystitis after trauma is a dangerous complication which urgently demands nonconservative treatment. PMID- 3750565 TI - [Cardiology. New problems to solve, new therapies to validate]. PMID- 3750566 TI - [Angina pectoris: classification and differential diagnosis]. PMID- 3750567 TI - [Angina pectoris: 1st-line electrocardiographic exercise test and 2nd-line isotopic and echocardiographic exercise test]. PMID- 3750569 TI - [Informed consent and the right to refuse medical and psychiatric treatment in Quebec]. PMID- 3750570 TI - [Alcohol and acute intoxication]. PMID- 3750568 TI - [Risk and prognosis in preventive and therapeutic medical decisions]. PMID- 3750571 TI - [Human umbilical artery as a substitute for the infra-renal aorta in the rat]. PMID- 3750572 TI - [Cytology of expectorations in steel and asbestos workers. Evaluation from 1980 1984]. PMID- 3750573 TI - [Carbamazepine: a new perspective in the treatment of affective diseases]. PMID- 3750574 TI - [Problem-oriented teaching. A successful experience]. PMID- 3750575 TI - Studies on therapy of metabolic alkalosis during experimental uremia. Influences of arginine-hydrochloride on the intra- and extracellular acid-base status of the rat. AB - Severe metabolic alkalosis, combined with acute renal failure or uremia presents a difficult problem for the clinician. The standard treatment modalities of metabolic alkalosis are then limited and infusion of arginine-HCl is often tried in these cases. It was the purpose of this investigation to study the effects of arginine-HCl on the whole-body acid-base status during experimental uremia. While the extracellular acid-base status was determined from blood-gas measurements, the intracellular pH was calculated from the distribution of 5,5-dimethyl-2,4 oxazolidinedione. It was found that administration of arginine-HCl leads to a significant increase of intracellular pH though extracellular plasma pH decreases, and that arginine-HCl causes only an insignificant reduction of the intracellular bicarbonate concentration. The observed intracellular pH increase may have adverse consequences for patients and raises objections to the further use of arginine-HCl in the treatment of metabolic alkalosis, especially during renal failure or uremia. PMID- 3750576 TI - Sphincteric action of the pelvicalyceal junction and pacemaker activity in human kidney. AB - The effect of elevation of renal pelvic pressure on pacemaker activity was examined in 5 isolated human kidneys. Pressure fluctuations transmitted from renal pelvic contractions first appeared in pressure tracings from the upper renal calyx as renal pelvic pressure exceeded 25 cm H2O. This finding suggests that the pelvicalyceal junction acts as a sphincter which can withstand pelvic pressures of about 25 cm H2O. The upper renal calyx contracted rhythmically at a rate of 10 times per minute when the pelvic pressure was low. At high pelvic pressures, upper calyceal contraction frequency decreased although its rhythm remained regular. As renal pelvic pressure increased, the frequency of renal pelvic contractions increased to a level that corresponded in a 1:1 ratio with contractions of the upper calyx. PMID- 3750577 TI - The role of ureteral peristaltic rate and bolus volume on increasing urine flow. AB - Electromyogram (EMG) and bolus volume of ureteral peristalsis were measured during gradual and rapid urinary flow increase in mongrel dogs. In acute diuresis induced by furosemide, the ureteral peristaltic rate rose and then the bolus volume increased with a consequent increase of urine flow. During a course of gradually increasing urine secretion, the ureter showed varying responses in respect to peristaltic rate (i.e., increase, no change and decrease) but changes in the bolus volume consistently made up for the rate alterations, thereby eventually maintaining an efficient equilibrium of these two urodynamic parameters to effect an increase in urine flow. The ureteral peristaltic rate increases only several times in polyuria as compared to the rate in oliguria, whereas the bolus volume of urine increases by a factor of 100. This indicates that it is not so much the ureteral peristaltic rate as the bolus volume which plays a principal part in the transport of urine through the ureter. PMID- 3750578 TI - Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. A review with 2 case reports. AB - Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is a rather peculiar and rare form of chronic pyelonephritis and is usually caused by calculous urinary tract obstruction. The characteristic pathological finding is the presence of foam cells. We present 2 cases and give special attention to the clinical diagnosis and the phenomenon of nephrogenic hepatic dysfunction. A new series of 200 cases has been analyzed, and the most typical features of this inflammatory condition are compared with the findings in earlier series from the world literature. PMID- 3750579 TI - [Tumor-associated mononuclear cell infiltrate and recurrence rate in the superficial urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder]. AB - Investigation on the absence or presence of malignancy-associated mononuclear cell infiltration in correlation to the recurrence rate after topic adriamycin chemotherapy was made in 53 patients with a superficial urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder after transurethral resection. The tumor recurrence rate, after an average observation period of 2.8 years, was 55%. Malignancy-associated mononuclear cell infiltration was found in 18 cases (34%) and of these, 6 (33%) showed recurrence. Absence of cell infiltration was found in 35 cases (66%) and of these, 23 (66%) showed recurrence. In those tumors which showed recurrence, cell infiltration was absent in 83%, whereas it was absent in only 46% of the tumors without recurrence. PMID- 3750580 TI - Pressure evaluation of the antireflux ability of the rat ureterovesical junction. AB - The bladder pressure necessary to cause vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) was measured in 16 female rats. Under general anesthesia, the ureters were exposed via an abdominal incision and a pressure catheter was placed near the ureterovesical junction. Values of bladder distension and bladder pressure increase to cause VUR were obtained by injecting isotonic saline in one ureter until VUR in the opposite ureter was detected as a sudden pressure increase. After 5 min the same procedure was done on the contralateral side. This procedure was repeated eight times in each rat with a 15-min intermission. The bladder pressure at which VUR occurred was measured through a ureteral catheter. Two groups were studied: G1, control, and G2, administration of intravenous metoclopramide (0.007 mg/100 g body weight) four times. PMID- 3750581 TI - Detrusor instability in children with recurrent urinary tract infection and/or enuresis. I. Clinical conditions and symptomatology. AB - Forty-one children, aged 5-15 years, were referred because of recurrent urinary infections and/or enuresis. They were examined prospectively by means of cystometry. CO2 cystometry revealed detrusor instability in 18 children (44%), but if complete reproducibility were to be requested in repeated tests, only 7 children (17%) would have presented instability. Detrusor instability was not significantly related to definite pathological changes in the urinary tract or to irritative bladder symptoms. PMID- 3750582 TI - Detrusor instability in children with recurrent urinary tract infection and/or enuresis. II. Treatment. AB - Of 41 children, aged 5-15 years, referred consecutively because of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) and/or enuresis, 18 (44%) showed detrusor instability (DI) in at least 2 of 6 CO2 cystometries. One child was excluded from the study because of lack of follow-up. Four children with less pronounced DI (instability during less than or equal to 50% of the cystometries performed) and frequent UTIs were given antibiotics prophylactically for 3 months. In the remaining 13 children, DI was found during more than half the cystometries performed, and 11 of these children, who also had urge incontinence, were treated with emepronium bromide, 400-600 mg daily (10-12 mg/kg) for 3 months. In 7 of the patients this treatment was supplemented by antibiotics prophylactically because of frequent UTIs. Two children with special problems received other types of treatment. All children were free from symptoms at a clinical check-up 6 months later, 95% confidence limits 0-20%. PMID- 3750583 TI - Transvesical phenolisation of the pelvic plexuses: a simple technique for the treatment of refractory detrusor instability and hyperreflexia. AB - A simple endoscopic technique for the infiltration of pelvic plexuses with phenol is described. The results suggest that this is a useful technique in the management of detrusor hyperreflexia and for the older patient with detrusor instability when standard conservative measures have failed. It is contraindicated in male patients because of the risk of impotence. PMID- 3750584 TI - Blood gas analysis in drug-induced penile erection. AB - To elucidate the hemodynamic changes during erection, we measured corporeal blood gases in 6 monkeys before, during, and after erection induced by either papaverine or phentolamine or a combination of the two. Papaverine alone caused a strong erection (maximal tumescence and rigidity) by means of a rapid, large increase in pO2 and pCO2 with a pH drop to the acidic range. Phentolamine alone caused 'delayed' tumescence with less rigidity; the intracorporeal pO2 level increased, but pCO2 and pH values did not change significantly. The combination of both drugs offered no advantage over papaverine alone. We conclude that papaverine is a potent erection-inducing drug that acts in a bimodal manner, namely, it increases the arterial inflow and, at the same time, decreases the venous outflow. Phentolamine affects the arterial component of erectile function only. PMID- 3750585 TI - Hemorrhagic infarction of the kidney. An uncommon presentation of infiltrating urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis. AB - A case of infiltrating urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis presenting the pathologic picture of hemorrhagic infarction of the kidney is reported. The physiopathologic mechanisms of this presentation are discussed. It is suggested that urothelial carcinoma be included in the differential diagnosis during the work-up of renal lesions suspected of being papillary necrosis or hemorrhagic infarction. PMID- 3750586 TI - Renal angiomyolipoma presenting as a rupturing abdominal aortic aneurysm. AB - A case of renal angiomyolipoma with massive retroperitoneal hemorrhage, presenting as a rupturing abdominal aortic aneurysm, is reported. A lesion in the caval wall lead to a fatal outcome. Clinical, diagnostic and therapeutical aspects are discussed. PMID- 3750588 TI - Reno-colic-cutaneous fistula. AB - A case of reno-colic-cutaneous fistula is presented. Of several diagnostic methods, fistulography combined with computerized tomography was the most useful to locate the precise anatomical site of involvement. Total nephrectomy, resection of the descending colon and excision of the retroperitoneal abscess were successfully performed. PMID- 3750587 TI - A case of bilateral metastatic renal tumor originating in a cervical carcinoma. PMID- 3750589 TI - Recurrent transitional cell carcinoma in an ileal conduit. AB - We report a new case of recurrent transitional cell carcinoma developing in an ileal conduit. Only 7 cases have been reported thus far. These have occurred within 15 months of urinary diversion. Although this is an uncommon urologic lesion, awareness of the possibility requires continued surveillance of patients with an ileal conduit. PMID- 3750590 TI - Unusual presentation of metastatic carcinoma of prostate. AB - An unusual case of metastatic carcinoma of prostate, which presented as a huge abdominal mass and responded extremely well to endocrine therapy, is presented. The literature is reviewed. PMID- 3750591 TI - A case of 48,XXYY Klinefelter's syndrome with incurable skin ulcer. AB - A 40-year-old male was referred to the Chiba University Hospital for hypogonadism. He showed many of the phenotypic features of Klinefelter's syndrome. Cytogenetic studies revealed a 48,XXYY karyotype. The significance of the association of this karyotype with incurable skin ulcer is discussed. PMID- 3750592 TI - Oncogenes and malignant transformation. PMID- 3750593 TI - Transforming activity of DNA extracted from human urological tumours. AB - The transforming activity of DNA extracted from one testicular cancer, one benign prostatic hyperplasia, two malignant prostatic adenocarcinomas, six renal cell carcinomas, two tumours of the renal pelvis, a specimen of normal urothelial tissue, two benign papillomas of the bladder and five malignant bladder carcinomas, was investigated using a DNA transfection assay on primary cultures of hamster kidney cells (HK cells) and mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF cells). Transformation was scored under light microscope by the appearance of foci of morphologically transformed cells and by evaluating the ability of the transfected cells to from colonies in soft agar. Primary HK cells were unable to support transformation by human tumour DNA because of their very limited lifespan in vitro; MEF cultures, on the contrary, had a much more prolonged life: but were only abortively transformed by DNA from four out of six renal cell carcinomas and four out of seven malignant urothelial tumours, suggesting that transforming genes are present but not activated in the DNA from these urological malignancies. PMID- 3750594 TI - In vitro chemosensitivity of J-82 human bladder cancer cells. AB - While chemotherapy offers a valuable adjunct to surgery in the management of intravesical bladder cancer, an accurate in vitro predictive test for chemosensitivity has yet to be developed. Drug sensitivity of the human bladder cancer cell line J-82 was assessed using monolayer, stem cell and [3H]thymidine incorporation assays. The 72-h monolayer assay provided a rapid reflection of in vitro drug sensitivity and when combined with the labeling index the results generally paralleled those obtained with the soft agar stem cell assay without the associated large commitment of time and labor. It is suggested that 72-h monolayer assay alone or in combination with [3H]thymidine labeling index may offer valuable insight into the chemotherapeutic response of bladder tumors. PMID- 3750595 TI - Abstracts. European Society of Urological Oncology and Endocrinology, 5th congress. 18th-20th August 1986, Edinburgh, UK. PMID- 3750596 TI - Retrospective study of efficacy of intravesical BCG alone in treatment of superficial bladder cancer. AB - This is a review of 100 patients at our institution who were treated for superficial bladder cancer. In those patients with carcinoma in situ of the bladder who were treated with conventional therapy (resection and/or fulguration) and intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) without intradermal BCG, and those patients who were treated with conventional therapy alone, we found a response rate of 60 per cent versus 40 per cent at the end of three months. In comparing those patients with superficial papillary cancer, we found a response of 39 per cent after conventional therapy and 63 per cent after conventional therapy and intravesical BCG. This suggests that intravesical BCG without intradermal BCG can be an important adjunct to the conventional therapy of bladder tumors. PMID- 3750597 TI - Percutaneous intrapelvic pressure registration in patients with ureterointestinal urinary diversion. AB - Intrapelvic pressure registration using percutaneous needle renal pelvic puncture in 4 patients with intestinal loop diversion was done to determine whether or not there is loop-ureteral reflux under physiologic condition in loop diversion without any urinary tract obstruction. There was no pressure elevation related to reflux on pressure recording. We concluded that loop-ureteral reflux in intestinal loop diversion does not occur without obstruction. PMID- 3750598 TI - Role of transurethral resection in dissemination of cancer of prostate. AB - Recent studies have suggested an adverse impact on disease progression and survival in patients with prostatic cancer who undergo transurethral resection (TURP). Four hundred fifteen patients with prostatic carcinoma were reported to a Tumor Registry from 1965 to 1971. Of these, 184 charts had sufficient follow-up data to assess the impact of TURP in each stage of prostatic cancer. In Stage A the five-year survival difference between the TURP group (87.5%) and the open prostatectomy group (88%) was not significant (P = 0.54). In Stage B the five year survival difference between the TURP group (38.7%) and the needle biopsy group (68%) was significant (P = 0.02). In Stages C and D there was no significant difference in survival between the TURP group and the needle biopsy group (P = 0.44 and P = 0.2, respectively). Our data reinforce the importance of diagnosing Stage B prostatic cancer preoperatively when curative treatment modalities may be utilized and TURP avoided. Finally, in advanced stages TURP may be efficacious in relieving prostatic obstruction while not adversely influencing survival. PMID- 3750599 TI - Magnified penile surface scanning in diagnosis of penile condyloma. AB - To determine the incidence of penile condyloma in a group of high risk males, we have performed magnified penile surface scanning and biopsy of suspicious lesions in 51 men. All men were partners of women with proven condyloma. Of these men, 45 were found to have histologic evidence of condyloma, only 8 of which were grossly visible. PMID- 3750600 TI - Urinary calculous disease in Southeast Asian immigrants. AB - Recent immigrants from Southeast Asia accounted for 39 of 149 hospital admissions for treatment of urinary tract stones. Presumptive diagnosis of a urinary calculus was possible in only 19 per cent of the refugees compared with 60 per cent of other patients treated at the same hospital (p less than 0.005). Calculi in Southeast Asian immigrants were larger (p less than 0.001), and surgical procedures were required more often (p less than 0.05) than for other patients with calculi. Urinary stones should be considered a likely cause of abdominal or urinary tract complaints in recent immigrants from Southeast Asia. PMID- 3750601 TI - Diabetic secondary impotence: neuropathic factor as measured by peripheral motor nerve conduction. AB - Fifty-six type II diabetic males (mean age 52) were studied. Nineteen (33.9%) were diagnosed as having secondary impotence (SI); there was no correlation with age, diabetic control, and the use of insulin versus oral antidiabetic agents. Positive correlation was found between slow (less than 42 M/sec) motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) and SI at p less than 0.02, amounting to 58 per cent of the 19 cases. SI did not correlate with a standard list of peripheral neuropathic symptoms alone in the absence of slow MNCV. Correlation with SI was greatest when slow MNCV coexisted with neuropathic symptoms (p less than 0.04). MNCV testing may improve diagnosis and cost-effectiveness in assessing diabetic men with impotence. PMID- 3750602 TI - New method for management of detrusor instability: transdermal scopolamine. AB - We report on the results of a pilot study using transdermal scopolamine in the management of detrusor instability (DI). Numerous agents have been used for the management of DI, however, many are associated with poor patient compliance and significant side effects. We have successfully used transdermal scopolamine on 3 patients with DI with good subjective and objective results. PMID- 3750603 TI - Monitoring radiation exposure to medical personnel during percutaneous nephrolithotomy. AB - To ascertain radiation exposure to medical personnel during percutaneous nephrolithotomy, lithium fluoride thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) were utilized for the radiographic monitoring of 7 consecutive patients. Average fluoroscopy time per procedure was 27.8 minutes of which 15.1 minutes were for nephrostomy tube insertion and 12.7 minutes were for calculi extraction. The 2 radiologists received 4.5 and 5.1 mrad per procedure, while the 2 urologists received 2.5 and 3.7 mrad. All other ancillary personnel received less than 2.1 mrad per procedure except the anesthesiologists whose mean exposure was 4.7 mrad. By taking appropriate precautions and using the proper equipment, percutaneous nephrolithotomy can be performed with a low level of radiation exposure for all involved physicians and personnel. PMID- 3750604 TI - Calculocutaneous sinus. AB - Extrusion of a urinary calculus is a rare occurrence, and to date only 7 cases have been previously documented. Three patients are described, all of whom had a persistent discharging calculocutaneous sinus as a manifestation of the extruded calculus. The 3 cases had similar features of presentation with a perinephric abscess, a staghorn calculus within a nonfunctioning kidney, and a classic radiologic feature of a portion of calculus clearly distinct from the main bulk of the stone. PMID- 3750605 TI - Primary malignant lymphoma of urinary bladder. AB - A case of primary malignant lymphoma of the urinary bladder is described. The classic presentation of gross hematuria and dysuria with a benign clinical course is illustrated. From a review of the literature and our experience, we conclude that localized primary lymphoma of the bladder, especially those with favorable histologic findings, often does not require medical or surgical intervention. Persistent irritative bladder symptoms can be palliated adequately with external beam radiotherapy, while surgical intervention is rarely indicated. PMID- 3750606 TI - Single ectopic ureter: unusual presentation in adult male. AB - We present a case of an unusual and late presentation of a single ectopic ureter in an adult male. The patient presented with gross painless hematuria. The left ureter draining a dysplastic kidney terminated in the ipsilateral seminal vesicle. PMID- 3750607 TI - Tourniquet as hemostatic aid in repair of hypospadias. PMID- 3750608 TI - Simplified checkflow device for percutaneous nephroscope sheath. PMID- 3750609 TI - Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of penis. AB - A case of epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the penis in a sixty-year-old patient is reported. This is a rare vascular tumor of borderline malignant potential. Local excision of this tumor with a cuff of normal tissue and careful follow-up of the patient is the accepted procedure. PMID- 3750610 TI - Epithelioid sarcoma of penis. AB - A case of epithelioid sarcoma of the penis in a thirty-two-year-old man is presented. It had been present for two and one-half years as a small nodule on the ventral aspect at the base of the penis that eventually grew to large dimensions causing pain and extreme dysuria. A local resection was done; however, when tumor recurred, penectomy was undertaken followed by an incomplete course of radiotherapy. Fifteen months after surgery the patient was free of local recurrence but was in poor condition with metastases to regional and distant lymph nodes, lungs, and scalp--a pattern of spread characteristic of these tumors. This is a typical example of epithelioid sarcoma clinically, histologically, and ultrastructurally, despite the rare location. PMID- 3750611 TI - Unusual presentation of urinary calculi. Profile. PMID- 3750612 TI - Preoperative assessment of retroperitoneal pathology by magnetic resonance imaging. Primary leiomyosarcoma of inferior vena cava. AB - A woman with a retroperitoneal mass was found to have a leiomyosarcoma arising in the wall of the inferior vena cava. The extensive preoperative radiologic findings were compared with those of magnetic resonance imaging. The latter allowed a more precise preoperative diagnosis and determination of tumor origin and extent than any of the other diagnostic techniques. PMID- 3750613 TI - Urethral syndrome. PMID- 3750615 TI - [Status of hearing in patients with otosclerosis shortly after conservative therapy with sodium fluoride]. PMID- 3750614 TI - [Indications for transnasal removal of pituitary tumors in acromegaly]. PMID- 3750616 TI - [Experience with the conservative treatment of patients with chronic tonsillitis using low-frequency ultrasound]. PMID- 3750617 TI - [Principles of the combined treatment of patients with suppurative complications at an ORL clinic]. PMID- 3750618 TI - [Combined treatment of productive forms of chronic polysinusitis]. PMID- 3750619 TI - [Effect of the inhalation of prodigiozan on the incidence of inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract]. PMID- 3750620 TI - [Voice disorders in thyroid gland dysfunction]. PMID- 3750621 TI - [Clinico-immunological characteristics of malignant tumors of the ORL organs in middle-aged and elderly patients]. PMID- 3750622 TI - [Characteristics of the clinical course of precancerous conditions and cancer of the larynx with marked background pathological processes]. PMID- 3750623 TI - [Mechanism of development of cancer of the larynx]. PMID- 3750624 TI - [Incidence of otoneurologic diseases among workers in various professions in Sofia]. PMID- 3750625 TI - [Use of intracavitary low-energy laser therapy in the complex treatment of inflammatory diseases of the sphenoid sinus]. PMID- 3750626 TI - [A case of primary mastoiditis]. PMID- 3750627 TI - [Congenital syndrome of the nose and face]. PMID- 3750628 TI - [Chondroma of the posterior wall of the pharynx]. PMID- 3750629 TI - [Subcutaneous emphysema of the face and neck following tonsillectomy and adenotomy]. PMID- 3750630 TI - [Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the nasopharynx]. PMID- 3750631 TI - [Jaksch-Wartenhorst syndrome]. PMID- 3750633 TI - [Effect of hemosorption on blood coagulation system factors in patients with severe suppurative infection]. PMID- 3750632 TI - [A rare combination of congenital ear-neck fistula]. PMID- 3750634 TI - [Remote results of the treatment of hemophilic contractures of the knee joint in children]. PMID- 3750635 TI - [Acute pancreatitis after intraductal occlusion of the pancreas]. AB - The clinical and experimental material has shown that curative intraductal occlusion of the pancreas is followed by the development of acute pancreatitis of different degree depending on the viscosity of the polymer mixture used, degree of filling the duct system of the gland, stimulation of the pancreas secretion and other factors. The curative occlusion should be accompanied by a complex of prophylactic measures. PMID- 3750636 TI - [Gangrene of the upper extremity as a complication of catheterization of the subclavian vein]. PMID- 3750637 TI - [Cholecystolithiasis after vagotomy]. AB - On the basis of experiments in animals (examination of bile after vagotomy), results of clinical observations of 450 patients after vagotomy and the state of motor and evacuatory functions of the gallbladder the authors make a conclusion that vagotomy in itself does not cause cholecystolithiasis. PMID- 3750638 TI - [Determining the extent of gastric cancer by the thermographic method]. AB - In an analysis of findings of thermographic examinations of the anterior abdominal wall in 167 patients with gastric cancer four types of thermograms were established: the 1st type of thermographic picture with focal hyperthermia in the epigastric area and left hypochondrium was characteristic of gastric tumors not exceeding the limits of the organ. Carcinomatosis of the abdomen is characterized by the 2nd type of the thermographic picture. The third and fourth types characterized by intensive infrared radiation along all the anterior abdominal wall indicate mostly inoperable tumoral process. Thus, thermography should be recommended for diagnosis of gastric cancer in combination with other methods of examination. PMID- 3750639 TI - [Optimal anion composition of the perfusate for preservation of the liver]. AB - The search for optimal concentrations of fumarate, malate, acetate, lactate, asparginate and sulphate in the perfusate was performed in 187 experiments with 2 h perfusion of the isolated rabbit liver at different temperature regimens of conservation. Nonlinear relation between the optimal anion composition of the perfusate and temperature of the liver conservation was found. The critical point in changes of the optimal concentrations of anions in the perfusate was shown to be 10-12 degrees C. PMID- 3750640 TI - [Resection of the anterior hepatic plexus for preventing chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis in patients with protracted cholestatic hepatitis]. AB - Good nearest and remote results after resection of the anterior hepatic plexus obtained in 17 patients with viral cholestatic hepatitis showed expediency of performing this operation at the stage of long-standing hepatitis before the development of irreversible alterations in the liver. PMID- 3750641 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of acute pancreatitis]. AB - In diagnosis of acute pancreatitis of special importance is determination of the activity of transamidinase, phospholipase A, lipase, concentration of copper, calcium and triglycerides in blood serum as well as laparoscopy with biopsy and local thermometry of the pancreas. The dosage of 5-fluoruracil in the complex treatment of patients should be differentiated corresponding to the form of the disease: 3 mg/kg in the endomatous form, 5 mg/kg in the destructive form. The general lethality was 1.4%. In conservative treatment there were no lethal outcomes. PMID- 3750642 TI - [Condition of the operated-on stomach in patients with acute complications of gastroduodenal ulcers]. AB - On the basis of results of examination of 1094 patients the authors consider that normal functioning of the operated stomach is ensured due to adequate acid formation within the limits of hypo- and normochlorhydria, normal evacuatory function and absence of pronounced gastric alterations of the mucosa. Functional disorders and severe postoperative syndromes were most frequently observed in patients after extensive gastric resections which is associated with the suppression of compensatory-adaptational mechanisms due to cutting of both endocrine and neurocrine regulation. The best functional results in the remote period were obtained after selective proximal vagotomy without draining operations. PMID- 3750643 TI - [Computerized tomography in the differential diagnosis of cancer of the body and tail of the pancreas]. AB - Computer tomography with the 3d generation apparatus was used for the examination of 35 patients. It was shown that the method could detect tumors as little as 2 cm and make topical diagnosis. Main topographic symptoms of tumors of the gland and of other diseases are described. PMID- 3750644 TI - [Effect of hyperbaric oxygenation on hemodynamics in patients with infection]. AB - The stage-wise character of the course of sepsis is substantiated on the basis of an analysis of the central venous pressure parameters, central and peripheral hematocrite, pulse rate, respiration, ECG data and rheohepatograms in 81 patients with surgical sepsis. The stage-wise course of sepsis is also confirmed by specific hemodynamic reactions of the organism in response to the first session of HBO which allows to differentiate the indications for this kind of treatment. PMID- 3750645 TI - [Predicting the results of revascularization of the extremities through the deep femoral artery]. AB - Immediate results of revascularization of the extremity through the profound femoral artery were compared with data of an analysis of pressure gradients along the extremity. The value of the profound femoral-popliteal collateral index as a method of prognosis of results of profundoplasty was determined. It was found that the index equal to 0.5 or more showed profundoplasty to be not a promising procedure. PMID- 3750646 TI - [A rare cause of mechanical jaundice]. PMID- 3750647 TI - [Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis associated with small-intestinal torsion]. PMID- 3750648 TI - [Combined plastic surgery in retroperitoneal fibrosis]. PMID- 3750649 TI - [Characteristics of the diagnosis and prevention of pulmonary complications of severe cranio-cerebral injuries]. AB - Under study was the clinico-roentgenological dynamic of the lung state in 79 patients with severe cranio-cerebral trauma. High continuous peridural blocade performed from the moment of admission to the hospital was shown to prevent the development of hard reactive alterations in the lungs. This method however fails to control acute severe aspiration pneumonia. PMID- 3750650 TI - [System of regulating the aggregative properties of blood in closed trauma of the chest]. AB - The investigation of the system of control of the aggregation properties of blood was carried on in 50 patients with closed traumas of chest in early terms after trauma. Activation of hemostasis was detected which was developing by the type of subacute syndrome of disseminated intravascular coagulation. The cause of these changes is thought to be a release of activators of the coagulating system and thrombocyte aggregation factors into the blood flow from the injury focus. High hemostatic potential is responsible for the disturbed microcirculation participating in pathogenesis of complications observed in closed traumas of the chest. PMID- 3750651 TI - [Organ-sparing operations in pyloroduodenal stenosis caused by peptic ulcer]. AB - An experience with the treatment of 106 patients with pyloroduodenal stenosis of ulcerous etiology by vagotomy with draining operations has shown high efficiency of these measures resulting in lower rate of postoperative lethality. Selective proximal and stem vagotomy does not aggravate gastric atony in patients with stenosis. Electro-stimulation was found to be an effective method of treatment of this complication in the postoperative period of patients with gastric atony. PMID- 3750652 TI - [Post-traumatic cholecystitis]. AB - The authors have studied causes of the appearance of acute cholecystitis after a critical multiple trauma complicated by shock. Problems of diagnosis, treatment and prophylactics of the disease are discussed on the basis of 4 personal observations and literature data. PMID- 3750653 TI - [Effectiveness of biological dressings made of porcine skin in the treatment of burns]. AB - The observation and estimation of results of treatment of 145 patients with burns have shown high efficiency of a biological dressing of porcine skin treated with chemical anticeptics (formaldehyde). PMID- 3750654 TI - [Characteristics of facial hemangiomas in young children and sclerosing therapy]. AB - The article is devoted to specific clinical manifestations of hemangiomas in sucklings and babies of early age and their treatment. The biochemical examinations of main liver functions and intravascular hemolysis have proved the use of 70% alcohol-novocain mixture to be admissible in considerably great doses (2.5-3 ml per 1 kg of the baby's body weight). PMID- 3750655 TI - [Inflammatory diseases of the greater omentum in children]. AB - The authors' experience with the treatment of 46 patients with secondary and primary omentitis is presented. Operations were performed in all the children. Resection of the altered portion of the omentum was fulfilled in primary omentitis. Draining operations were performed in cases with secondary omentitis. It was found that primary omentitis was caused by a hematogenic infection of peripheral portions of the greater omentum, the secondary omentitis being due to a residual inflammatory process in the resected omentum stump or not correct assessment of its state and rejection of resection while performing appendectomy. PMID- 3750657 TI - [Experience with the treatment of peptic ulcer]. AB - Results of the surgical treatment of ulcer disease in 3979 patients (during 35 years) are presented. The tactics and technique of different kinds of resection of the stomach are developed in the clinic. The author's experience shows that there is every reason to give up vagotomy as the method of choice in the treatment of ulcer disease. This tactic allowed to reduce lethality during the recent 10 years to 0.6% and to obtain good long-term results in 99.3% in the treatment of gastric ulcer and in 93%--in duodenal ulcers. PMID- 3750656 TI - [Functional state of the recto-anal segment in normal conditions and in various diseases in children]. AB - The functional state of the anorectal segment was studied in normality and in chronic constipation and incontinence of feces of different genesis. Continuous profilometry of rectal pressure, registration of motility of the rectum and sphincters, EMG and reflexometry were performed. A complex assessment of the findings helps to reveal the pathogenetic essence of the disease, to make differential diagnosis between organic and functional disorders, to find the rational tactics of treatment. PMID- 3750658 TI - [The vesico-ureteral junction in children: its topography, structure and significance]. AB - The author has studied the vesicoureteral junction in 86 corpses of children and described its muscular and connective structures. The vesicoureteral junction is thought to include the visceral and intramural portions of the ureter, neck, fundus and part of the body (muscular-fascial centers) of the urinary bladder whose myofascicles and connective plates form this segment of the urinary tracts. Boari operations and ureterocystoneostomies were fulfilled in 72 puppies. Their functional results were shown to depend on the technique of the surgery. PMID- 3750659 TI - [Ovarian cystoma in a child]. PMID- 3750660 TI - [Obstructive calculous pyelonephritis in children]. PMID- 3750661 TI - [Remote results of the surgical treatment of urinary calculi in children]. AB - An analysis of 144 case histories of children operated upon for calculi in urinary ducts has shown that in most cases technical errors and complications resulting from surgery were responsible for recidivation of urolithiasis in children. PMID- 3750662 TI - [Cancer of the mucous membrane of the left side of the mouth associated with congenital hypoplastic Fanconi's anemia in a 14-year-old boy]. PMID- 3750663 TI - [Chromaffin tumors of the adrenal glands in a 14-year-old boy]. PMID- 3750664 TI - [Multiple fragmentary injuries in a child]. PMID- 3750665 TI - [Plastic surgery using split skin flap in the primary surgical treatment of crural injuries]. AB - An experience with skin plasty in 127 patients is described. Special attention is called to necessary excision of non-viable tissues in fractures of the skin bone and reapplication of the rejected skin. PMID- 3750666 TI - [Possibilities of individual one-pole endoprosthesis of the joints]. AB - Experimental studies and an analysis of 72 organ-preserving operations fulfilled with individual endoprosthesis have shown that for each patient an individual one pole endoprosthesis should be created. PMID- 3750667 TI - [Dermatoplasty in post-traumatic necrosis of soft tissues of the hand and fingers]. AB - Early necrectomy followed by skin plasty allows preserving impaired parts of the hand and working capacity of the patients in posttraumatic necrosis of soft tissues of the hand and fingers. The method of skin plasty and time of its fulfilling should be dependent on the character of injuries, their localisation and degree of necrosis. In the absence of wound infection skin plasty must be fulfilled immediately after necrectomy. In necrosis accompanied by suppuration skin plasty is indicated after preparing the wound surface with vacuum and ultrasonic treatment, controlled abacterial environment. Positive results of reestablishing working capacity were obtained in 88.6% of the patients examined in remote periods after treatment. PMID- 3750668 TI - [Use of hypothermic protection of the body during surgical correction of congenital heart defects]. AB - The article presents an experience with using the method of general moderate hypothermia (28-30 degrees C) in 260 patients operated for congenital heart failures aged from 3 to 45. The duration of the isolation of the heart from blood circulation was from 3 till 25 minutes. The significance of preoperative topical diagnosis, perfect surgical technique and adequate narcosis is emphasized. PMID- 3750669 TI - [Effect of hemosorption on the effector factors of immunity in suppurative-septic diseases]. PMID- 3750671 TI - [Experience with setting up a perforated card file for the storage of information on surgical patients]. PMID- 3750670 TI - [Use of epidural-sacral anesthesia and long-term morphine analgesia in proctological patients]. PMID- 3750672 TI - [Ruptured echinococcal cysts of the lungs]. AB - In 10 of 102 patients with Echinococcosis of the lung the cysts were opened in to the bronchus or pleural cavity. Diagnostics and treatment are described. PMID- 3750673 TI - [Combined treatment of breast cancer]. AB - His experience with the treatment of patients with breast cancer enabled the author to show great efficiency of combined methods and to recommend wider application of X-ray therapy in the preoperative period especially as concentrated irradiation. PMID- 3750674 TI - [Clinico-endoscopic evaluation of the results of vagotomy in duodenal ulcers]. AB - A comparative analysis based upon studying results of clinico-endoscopic examinations of 376 patients with duodenal ulcers after different kinds of vagotomies evidences high efficiency of fibrogastroduodenoscopy in diagnosis of functional and morphological lesions after surgical procedures. Results of operations are dependent not only on the correct selection of surgical methods, adequate vagotomy and effective drainage, but also on a disturbance of the barrier function of the pylorus. PMID- 3750675 TI - [Pathogenesis of chronic productive peritonitis]. AB - Experiments in animals have shown that the pathoimmune component or sensibilization of organism followed by the inflow of the challenge factor into the abdominal cavity plays an important role in pathogenesis of chronic peritonitis with a productive reaction (adhesive process, fibrose capsule, pseudotumors). PMID- 3750676 TI - [Exposure to external pain in the treatment of various functional diseases]. AB - The method of exposure to external pain was used in 143 patients. It was shown to be highly efficient in treatment of a number of functional diseases. The authors emphasize the importance of further multilateral investigation of prospects of using this method in medicine. PMID- 3750677 TI - [Enteral detoxication of patients with peritonitis and acute intestinal obstruction]. AB - Detoxicating therapy is necessary to patients with diffuse purulent peritonitis and acute ileus. One of the simplest methods of detoxication is an intraintestinal administration of sorbents, Enterodesis in particular. The application of this drug reduced toxicity of blood serum controlled by protozoa which facilitated rapid recovery of the intestine function. Most pronounced effect of enterosorption was observed in cases with acute ileus. In more severe cases the dosage of the medicine was greater without visible sequellae in the patients. The effect of detoxication was positive as a whole. PMID- 3750678 TI - [Selection of the most effective method of lateral subcutaneous sphincterotomy in the treatment of fissure in ano]. AB - Under study were results of treatment of 203 patients with chronic anal fissures operated upon with the use of lateral subcutaneous sphincterotomy: 159 patients were subjected to the open variant of this operation, 44 patients--to the closed variant. An analysis of the results has shown advantages of the open technique of the lateral subcutaneous sphincterotomy. PMID- 3750679 TI - [Crossed femoro-femoral shunts]. AB - The article analyzes 100 operations of crossed femoro-femoral shunts in patients with atherosclerotic occlusion of iliac arteries. It is concluded that the operation is indicated to patients with high operative risk as well as to patients with acute thrombosis of the iliac artery or a branch of the bifurcation prosthesis in cases with impossible adequate thrombectomy. The syndrome of "overflow" was shown to appear, but it had a subclinical course. Long-term results of the operation show that the operation of crossed femoro-femoral shunt must be given its due place among reconstructive operations. PMID- 3750680 TI - [Role of thermography in the evaluation of the results of the surgical treatment of patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans]. AB - The Soviet thermovision device "Rubin-2" supplied with a special set for quantum processing of the thermovision picture was used for examination of 60 patients with obliterating atherosclerosis, 30 of them were subjected to restorative operations on the lower extremity vessels, 30--to uni- or bilateral lumbar sympathectomy. Results of thermovision examinations were compared with findings of the clinical examination, angiography, length-wise rheography. High degree correlation between normalized peripheral blood circulation and data of thermography is noted. The method of thermovision allows to objectively estimate results of the surgical treatment of obliterating atherosclerosis of the lower extremity vessels and may be successfully used in practical medico-occupational examinations. PMID- 3750681 TI - [Oxygen tension in tissues of the extremities during lumbar sympathectomy]. AB - Measurements of oxygen tension in the lower extremity skin in patients with obliterating atherosclerosis has revealed the basal decrease of tissue oxygenation. Lumbar sympathectomy caused a temporary aggravation of regional hypoxia resulting from reflex responses to mechanical irritation of autonomic ganglions during operation. A preliminary injection of pentamine, blockade of lumbar ganglia with novocaine, sparing technique of ganglionectomy considerably reduced or even prevented hypoxic reaction of tissues. The efficiency of the operation is dependent on the degree of basal arterial ischemia, stage of the disease and technique of performing sympathectomy. PMID- 3750683 TI - [Embolization and filling of the splenic artery in erosive hemorrhages in patients with pancreatitis]. PMID- 3750684 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of multiple and combined gastroduodenal ulcers]. PMID- 3750682 TI - [Effectiveness of teonikol in the treatment of patients with suppurative surgical infection and diabetes mellitus]. AB - The investigation of peripheral blood circulation in 103 patients with a purulent surgical infection and concomitant diabetes mellitus has shown it to be considerably altered. A direct correlation of parameters of peripheral hemodynamics has been established both with the degree of diabetes mellitus and with the character and degree of the purulent process. Teonikol when used in the complex treatment results in positive shifts in hemodynamic parameters. PMID- 3750685 TI - [Plication of the small intestine as a method of preventing adhesive obstructions]. PMID- 3750686 TI - [Primary carcinoid tumor of the liver with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]. PMID- 3750688 TI - [Morphometric topography of soft tissues of the hand and a method of surgical treatment of paronychia]. PMID- 3750687 TI - [Development of cancer in chronic osteomyelitis]. PMID- 3750689 TI - [Diascopy of penile tissue]. PMID- 3750690 TI - [Perspectives of the further improvement of services for burn patients]. PMID- 3750691 TI - [Early surgical treatment of deep thermal burns in children]. AB - Early one-step dissection of the crust in deep burns of about 40% of the body square surface within 3-7 days after trauma allowed to shorten the period of treatment at the hospital and to improve immediate results of plasty. Lethality was also reduced. PMID- 3750692 TI - [Complications of injuries of the pancreas]. PMID- 3750693 TI - [Effect of levamisole on nonspecific resistance of patients in the early post shock period]. AB - The authors consider that the application of Levamisol in the treatment of patients decreases the amount of complications if the degree of shock was not great. In greater degree of shock Levamisole failed to exert a favorable effect. PMID- 3750695 TI - [Graded pneumocompression in the complex conservative therapy of large hernias of the umbilical cord in children]. PMID- 3750694 TI - [Closed injuries of the duodenum in children]. PMID- 3750696 TI - [Reconstructive plastic surgery of bladder exstrophy in children]. PMID- 3750697 TI - [Phreno-pericardial hernia in conjunction with multiple developmental anomalies in a child]. PMID- 3750698 TI - [Strangulated Treitz's hernia in a child]. PMID- 3750699 TI - [Clinical and experimental bases for the use of Acryloxide in restorative surgery of the joints]. AB - Experimental and clinical investigations showed good prospects of further studies of deformation characteristics of Akryloxide, particularly the elasticity module to judge of the degree of biological destruction of the plastics and possible prognosis of working efficiency of the polymer in individual endoprosthesis of joints. PMID- 3750700 TI - [Possibilities and outlook for wrist joint endoprosthesis]. AB - On the basis of his experience with the treatment of 23 patients with diseases and sequellae of injuries the author has determined indications for endoprosthesis in the wrist joint. Butakryl, protokryl or silicon rubber are recommended as a material for endoprosthesis. Good long-term results were obtained in 23 patients subjected to operation. PMID- 3750701 TI - [Alloplasty of long-standing injuries of the knee ligaments and evaluation of its efficacy]. PMID- 3750702 TI - [Mechanical hemolysis in patients with mitral and aortic valve prostheses]. AB - The examination of 25 patients operated upon has shown that alterations of functions of the artificial prostheses of the heart valves can be timely detected by a complex of laboratory studies (determination of activity of lactate dehydrogenase, osmotic resistance of erythrocytes, reticulocyte content, hemoglobin and morphological features of erythrocytes). PMID- 3750703 TI - [Determination of the magnitude of blood loss in emergency surgery]. AB - Six most frequently used methods of determination of the blood loss value are compared. The method of determination by the blood specific weight is shown to be unreliable in stab-cut wounds. For early stages of the surgical aid calculations by shock index are more reasonable, for the prehospital stage the circulating blood volume should be determined by the method of dilution of indicators allowing to determine the severity of posthemorrhagic hypovolemia, the degree of blood loss being calculated by the globular volume deficit. PMID- 3750704 TI - [Therapeutic plasmapheresis in acute burn toxemia]. AB - Curative plasmapheresis was used in 10 critically burned patients at the stage of acute burn toxemia with the delirious syndrome with the unfavourable prognosis. Good immediate results were obtained in all the patients: psychic disorders were arrested by the end of the procedure. Clinico-laboratory data have shown the curative plasmapheresis to be an effective detoxicating method resulting in the elimination of various toxic substances from the organism. PMID- 3750705 TI - [Prospects of treating acute circulatory hypoxia with perfluorocarbon emulsions]. PMID- 3750706 TI - [Spontaneous rupture of the spleen affected by angiosarcoma]. PMID- 3750707 TI - [Hemodynamic indices in refractory anemia subsequent to lung resection]. AB - Results of the investigation of hemodynamics in 208 patients three days after resection of the lungs are presented. Reduction of the stroke volume and cardiac output was established as well as increased respiration energy, expansion of fluid volume which increased with reduction of oxygen capacity of blood despite the unaltered blood volume and were independent of the volume of surgery. To prevent these alterations of special significance are the restoration of oxygen blood capacity with the help of hemotransfusions. PMID- 3750708 TI - [Experience in the treatment of acute purulent lactation mastitis]. AB - An analysis of data of 228 patients with different pathomorphological forms of acute purulent lactation mastitis has shown that clinical manifestations of purulent mastitis are due to the pathomorphological form of the inflammation. Complex treatment of acute purulent lactation mastitis including the timely radical operations followed by antibacterial and detoxicating therapy and immunotherapy ensures recovery of the patients and maximal preservation of milk producing tissues. Selection of the magnitude of operation for purulent mastitis is made with regard for their form. PMID- 3750709 TI - [Prognosis of the long-term results of selective proximal vagotomy]. AB - A selective proximal vagotomy risk map was created on the basis of risk factors of selective proximal vagotomy (SPV). The severity of initial state of the patient was determined by the map and expressed in scoring system. Four degrees of risk of unfavourable remote results of the operative procedure were established. The result was found to depend on the sum of scored points and risk degree. It was found that recurrent ulcers were most probable after isolated SPV, dumping syndrome followed SPV with the Finney pyloroplasty, other functional disorders took place after SPV with gastroduodenostomy after Jabuley. PMID- 3750710 TI - [Estimation and evaluation of the long-term results of vagotomy]. AB - The authors call attention to difference in methods of the calculation and assessment of recurrences of ulcers and disorders resulting from surgery and associated with digestive organs. The authors stress that it is necessary to take into account the incidence of recurrent ulcers appearing at strictly definite terms after operation. The method of obtaining information from the patient, problems of its estimation due to inevitable subjectiveness of the patient and the physician as well as means to reduce the influence of the subjectiveness on the conclusions of the investigations performed are considered. PMID- 3750711 TI - [Differential diagnosis of jaundice based on antipyrine metabolism]. AB - The investigation of detoxicating function of the liver in 85 patients has shown that the indices of antipyrine clearance in patients with one-month-long parenchymatous jaundice and obstructive cholestasis were reliably different. However, longer terms of mechanical jaundice with concomitant pronounced cholangiohepatitis made the liver metabolism progressively worse. The authors recommend using antipyrine tests in differential diagnostics of parenchymatous and mechanical jaundice. PMID- 3750712 TI - [Supraduodenal choledochoduodenostomy in complicated forms of cholecystitis in middle-aged and elderly patients]. AB - An analysis of immediate and remote results of supraduodenal choledochoduodenostomy used in 310 patients with acute cholecystitis and diseases of extrahepatic bile ducts enabled the authors to establish exact indications and contraindications to supraduodenal choledochoduodenostomy as one of the methods of finishing choledochoduodenostomy. This method is recommended for elderly and senile patients when elimination of the obstacle for bile outflow in the terminal part of hepaticocholedochus was thought to be impossible or not reliable. PMID- 3750713 TI - [Therapeutic tactics in colonic diverticulosis]. AB - Based on an analysis of results of treatment of 556 patients the authors think operative measures to be indicated in cases with the perforation of diverticula, chronic peridiverticular infiltration and failure of the conservative therapy. In noncomplicated diverticulosis resection of the altered segment of the intestine should be added by serosomyotomy by an original authors' method. PMID- 3750715 TI - [Social and occupational rehabilitation of patients after amputation for vascular diseases of the extremities]. AB - Complex examinations of 352 patients with amputation defects of lower extremities for vascular diseases have revealed the possibilities of socio-occupational rehabilitation of such patients. Special attention is paid to teaching the amputees to self-service, training to keep independence in public places, returning to labour at common enterprises, under special conditions and at home. PMID- 3750714 TI - [Use of a delayed rechanneling anastomosis in colonic surgery]. AB - An original method of delayed anastomosis of the colon is proposed. The use of the proposed kind of anastomosis might be an alternative to the Hartman operation for carcinoma of the left half of the colon complicated by intestinal obstruction. PMID- 3750716 TI - [X-ray evaluation of the results of mitral valve bioprostheses]. AB - An analysis of results of investigations performed in 66 patients has shown that roentgenometric examinations facilitate obtaining an objective estimation of the dynamics of postoperative period in patients with bioprostheses of the mitral valve. After performing such operations many roentgenological signs of the defect undergo involution, the duration of the process being determined by the character of the defect and the initial state of the myocardium. The dynamics of volumetric alterations of the heart were shown to reflect specific functioning of the bioprosthesis. PMID- 3750717 TI - [Treatment of phlegmonous and necrotic forms of erysipelas]. AB - Clinical observations, bacteriological examinations in 220 patients operated upon for phlegmonous and necrotic erysipelas and investigation of the immunological background (in 48 of them) have shown that phlegmono-necrotic erysipelas develops due to the displacement of streptococci from the inflammatory center of the secondary infection against the background of the venous and lymphostasis with reduced local immunity. PMID- 3750718 TI - [Complex treatment of erysipelas in a surgical clinic]. AB - The erysipelatous inflammation is characterized by a persistent course, tendency to increase of complicated forms, often followed by cases of the development of elephantiasis and frequent recidivations. The method of scraping of the epidermis is thought to be most informative. The complex treatment should include endolymphatic injections of antibiotics which is found to shorten the period of treatment and reduce the amount of recurrences. PMID- 3750719 TI - [Surgical treatment of chronic suppurative sacroiliitis]. AB - An original method of surgical treatment of purulent sacroiliitis is described. It was used in 8 patients and reduced the period of treatment from 3-6 to 1-1.5 months. Good remote results were noted during 2-10 years of follow-up observations. PMID- 3750720 TI - [Rupture of a parapharyngeal abscess into the mediastinum and pleural cavity simulating a perforated gastric ulcer]. PMID- 3750721 TI - [The yataghan syndrome in a 43-year-old patient]. PMID- 3750722 TI - [Torsion of the greater omentum]. PMID- 3750723 TI - [Intubation decompression of the small intestine in the complex treatment of peritonitis]. PMID- 3750724 TI - [Use of liquid crystals for determining burn depth]. AB - The article describes results of the application of liquid-crystal thermoindicating films for obtaining an objective assessment of the burn depth in 30 patients. The proposed method is recommended as an additional objective test of the true burn depth. The method is harmless for the patient, simple, does not require expensive apparatus and may be used both at the hospital and at the prehospital stage. PMID- 3750725 TI - [Surgical treatment of 4th degree frostbite of the extremities]. AB - The aim of the operative treatment of IV degree frostbite is not only to save the bone stump, but also to achieve its functional fitness after primary surgery or in future due to creation of favourable conditions for the following reconstructive operations. Dermo-plastic operations, both well-known and modified ones were used. The experience of the authors includes 347 patients. PMID- 3750726 TI - [Laser therapy of mandibular fractures]. AB - Results of a comparative analysis of treatment of 46 patients with mandible fractures show the laser radiation (1 mv/cm2) to enhance the activity of serum alkaline phosphatase, to accelerate fixation of the mandible fracture, to shorten the period of disability of the patients, to prevent inflammatory complications. PMID- 3750727 TI - [Surgical treatment of magistral vein injuries]. AB - The article generalizes the experience with the surgical treatment of 83 patients with injuries of major veins. The integrity of injured veins in 71 patients was restored by reconstructive operations. Good and satisfactory results were obtained in 71 patients. The method of choice of the surgical treatment of major veins is reconstructive operation on the vessels. PMID- 3750728 TI - [Rupture of the axillary artery in shoulder dislocation]. PMID- 3750729 TI - Paranasal meningioma in the dog: a clinicopathologic study of ten cases. AB - Paranasal meningiomas were diagnosed in ten dogs based on gross and light microscopic examinations of tissue specimens, and, in one case, electron microscopic examination. Seven of ten dogs were female (average age was 13 years). Most dogs (7/10) had seizures on examination. Two dogs with meningioma located in the nasal cavity had nasal discharge, and one had epistaxis. Tumors originated in the nasoparanasal region (eight) and frontal region of the cranial cavity (two). The histologic types of meningioma included psammomatous (two), transitional (three), meningotheliomatous (two), fibroblastic (two), and angioblastic (one). Tumors were malignant and extended to the brain in eight cases. These tumors differed from intracranial meningiomas mainly in their more anaplastic nature and aggressive behavior. PMID- 3750730 TI - Intracranial meningioma: a comparative pathologic study of 28 dogs. AB - Intracranial meningiomas were identified in 28 dogs based on histologic examination of tissue. The average age of the dogs was 11 years, and 83% (20/24) were 10 years old or older. German shepherd and mixed breed were most common (31% each, 8/26). Grossly, meningiomas were oval, dome-shaped and flattened masses adherent to the dura and compressing the brain. Forty-eight percent (15/26) of the tumors affected the dorsal surface of the brain, and two thirds of these were located in the anterior half. Histologically, tumor types were transitional (13), meningotheliomatous (11), angioblastic (three), and fibroblastic (one). There was direct invasion of the brain in 27% (6/22) although we observed neurologic signs and pathologic changes in 88% (23/26) and 90% (18/20) of the dogs, respectively. Intracranial meningioma can be compared and contrasted with this tumor in man and cats. PMID- 3750731 TI - Cerebellar vermian hypoplasia in dogs. AB - Six dogs with cerebellar dysplasia, in which the cerebellar vermis was hypoplastic, are described. Clinical signs in these dogs were noted around 2 weeks of age and included ataxia, dysmetria, and intention tremors. A variable portion of the caudal cerebellar vermis was absent in each dog; portions of the cerebellar hemispheres and flocculus also were absent in some of them. Neurons in certain brain stem nuclei that project to the cerebellum were either chromatolytic or vacuolated. Cerebellar vermian hypoplasia of dogs is analogous to the Dandy-Walker syndrome of human beings. PMID- 3750732 TI - Distinctive peripheral lymph node hyperplasia of young cats. AB - Peripheral lymph node enlargement was found in 14 of a series of 132 feline lymph node biopsy specimens. Six of nine cats tested had antibodies for feline leukemia virus (FeLV). Half of the cats were clinically normal while the remainder had fever, lethargy, anorexia, and hepatosplenomegaly. There was severe distortion of lymph nodal architecture with variable loss of discernible follicles and sinuses. Histiocytes, lymphocytes, immunoblasts, and plasma cells were present in expanded paracortical regions which encroached on, and occasionally effaced, lymphoid follicles. Postcapillary venules were numerous and prominent throughout the paracortex. The lymphadenopathy was most commonly transient (86% of cases) with subsequent development of lymphoma in one cat. Lymph nodes from seven kittens with experimental FeLV infection were compared with spontaneously enlarged lymph nodes; four of seven had B and T lymphocyte hyperplasia with normal nodal architecture. Three had partial loss of nodal architecture as a result of expanded paracortical regions populated largely by histiocytes and lymphocytes. Proliferation of postcapillary venules was not prominent in nodes from FeLV infected cats. The cause of spontaneous lymph node hyperplasia of young cats was not determined. However, the similarity of lesions to those of kittens with experimental FeLV infection and the association with FeLV by serologic tests in six of nine cats suggest that this retrovirus may be involved in the pathogenesis of the lesion. PMID- 3750733 TI - Pathology of the vertebral column of horses with cervical static stenosis. AB - Specimens of ligamentum flavum, joint capsule, and dorsal lamina were collected at surgery or necropsy from 25 horses with cervical static stenosis. All horses had myelographic evidence of dorsal compression of the spinal cord caused by soft tissue and/or bone in the caudal cervical area, primarily at C6-7. Most horses also had radiographic evidence of degenerative joint disease of articular facets. Histologically 19 horses had osteosclerosis and cartilage retention in the dorsal lamina, and 24 horses had increased fibrocartilage at the ligamentum flavum attachment to dorsal lamina. The ligamentum flavum and joint capsule had fibrovascular tissue in 20 horses. Fibrocartilaginous tissue, old hemorrhage, and fat necrosis were not unusual. One horse each had a synovial cyst, eosinophilic granulomas in the joint capsule, and osteochondrosis of articular facets. These findings indicate that abnormal biomechanical forces or instability of articulations result in stretching and tearing of the ligamentum flavum and joint capsule with subsequent fibrovascular and fibrocartilaginous proliferation, osteosclerosis of the dorsal lamina, and osteophyte formation on the articular facets. PMID- 3750734 TI - Hereditary myopathy in Labrador retrievers: a morphologic study. AB - Skeletal muscle and peripheral nerve were obtained over several years from 12 Labrador retrievers with signs of hereditary myopathy. Biopsy and necropsy samples were examined by histology and histochemistry. Despite normal findings in peripheral nerves, a wide range of morphologic changes were observed in muscle including features generally considered characteristic of neurogenic disease. These included small and large muscle fiber group atrophy, presence of small angular fibers, and occasional fiber type grouping. Other prominent changes in muscle were increased numbers of internal nuclei, architectural disturbances, type II fiber deficiency, necrosis, regeneration, and fibrosis--all of which are more usually associated with destructive myopathies or muscular dystrophies. The pathology of this condition, therefore, includes features of both neurogenic and myopathic disease, while the underlying pathophysiology remains unclear. PMID- 3750735 TI - Morphology and behavior of primary ocular melanomas in 91 dogs. AB - Primary ocular melanocytic neoplasms from 91 dogs were divided into two groups by histologic criteria. Seventy-five were benign and composed of spindle-shaped and large polyhedral melanocytes similar to those of human ocular melanocytomas. Fifty-nine of these originated in the uvea where most resulted in uveitis, glaucoma, or hyphema prior to enucleation. None metastasized. Nineteen melanocytomas were limbal tumors. None metastasized, but three of nine incompletely excised tumors were found within the anterior chamber 2 to 3 years after the initial removal. Sixteen uveal melanocytic neoplasms were histologically malignant. Three had confirmed metastases, all within 3 months of enucleation. Cell type or pattern of growth within the globe were not predictive of biologic behavior. Our data suggest that the mitotic index is the best criterion for histologic identification of ocular melanomas with high metastatic potential. We propose that the classification of primary ocular melanomas be simplified to include only two categories: melanocytoma (benign) and melanoma (potentially malignant). Further behavioral data may justify a grading scheme for melanomas based upon mitotic index. PMID- 3750736 TI - Generalized amyloidosis in rhesus monkeys. AB - Necropsy materials from 57 cases of generalized amyloidosis in rhesus monkeys were reviewed. Clinically, animals with the disease were characterized by cachexia with muscle wasting, recurrent diarrhea, and arthritis. Gross lesions included hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, chronic/active colitis, fibrous strictures of the cecocolic junction, osteoarthritis, and generalized muscle atrophy. Histologic examination revealed minimal to severe deposits of amyloid in the small intestine (100%), spleen (93%), large intestine (67%), liver (40%), lymph nodes (71%), stomach and/or adrenal gland (32%). More amyloid was deposited in the spleen, liver, and small intestine than in other organs. Shigella sp. were isolated from feces in 23% of the cases and 84% had histologic evidence of colitis. Other findings indicated that 100% of the animals had lung mites, 25% had strictures of the cecocolic junction, and 40% had osteoarthritis. Thirty percent of the cases occurred in animals 10 months to 5 years of age, 10% in ages 6 to 10 years, and 60% in animals greater than 10 years old. PMID- 3750737 TI - Incidental lesions in nonhuman primate placentae. AB - Twenty-one placentae from uncomplicated pregnancies of rhesus macaques in the third trimester (124-164 days) were examined to determine placental incidental lesions. Placental weight (PW) generally correlated with fetal weight (FW); PW:FW equaled approximately 1:3. Most placentae were bidiscoid (9.5% monodiscoid) with eccentric cord insertion and marginal or circummarginate membrane insertion. Macroscopically, there was in varying degrees, subchorionic, perivillous, and perilobular fibrin deposition, focal infarction, retroplacental hematoma, and calcification. Histologic changes included fibrinoid necrosis of villi, multifocal acute inflammation, excessive cytotrophoblasts, formation of syncytial knots, and intimal proliferation in umbilical vessels. Volume density of fibrinoid necrosis and calcification in terminal villi showed nonstatistically significant increases to term. However, calcification in reference to entire placental tissue increased significantly to term. All lesions seen in the rhesus are also seen incidentally in human placentae, but may become significant in correlation with pregnancy wastage if present to a large degree. PMID- 3750738 TI - A nephrotic-like syndrome with an associated mesangio-proliferative glomerulopathy in a cow. AB - A 3-year-old Limousin cow was admitted to the University of Georgia Teaching Hospital with a history of chronic weight loss and diarrhea of more than 1 year's duration. Clinical laboratory findings included proteinuria and hypoproteinemia and were suggestive of a nephrotic-like syndrome. Necropsy findings included generalized edema of the visceral organs and diffuse red glistening foci on the capsular and cut surfaces of the cortex of both kidneys. Microscopically, the kidney had hypercellular and hypersegmented glomeruli, focal glomerulosclerosis, periglomerular fibrosis, and tubular nephrosis. The glomerular hypercellularity was confirmed by electron microscopy to be due to increased mesangial cells. PMID- 3750739 TI - Enterocolitis caused by Ehrlichia sp. in the horse (Potomac horse fever). AB - Potomac horse fever was reproduced in 15 ponies by transfusion of whole blood originally from two natural cases and subsequently from ponies infected by the transfusions. Incubation periods varied from 9 to 15 days. Affected ponies developed varying degrees of fever, diarrhea, anorexia, depression, and leukopenia. Eleven affected ponies were killed, three died in the acute phase of the disease, and one did not show clinical signs. The most consistent post-mortem findings were fluid contents in the cecum and large colon, and areas of hyperemia (of inconstant degree and distribution) in mucosae of both small and large intestines. Multifocal areas of necrosis occurred in mucous membranes. Ehrlichial organisms were most common in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells, macrophages, and mast cells of the large colon. PMID- 3750740 TI - Pathology of vitamin D deficiency in growing turkeys. AB - Turkey poults were fed a vitamin D-deficient diet and examined for clinical signs and structural changes of bone and parathyroid glands. Vitamin D-deficient poults developed ricketic changes during days 10 to 14. Control poults (deficient diet plus vitamin D) did not develop rickets. In deficient poults, lengths of proliferating-prehypertrophied zones of growth plates increased significantly in the proximal tibiotarsus but were only slightly elongated in the distal tibiotarsus. Unmineralized hypertrophic chondrocyte zones increased in length rapidly in conjunction with a decrease in the length of mineralized hypertrophic degenerative zones; this occurred more rapidly in proximal than in distal tibiotarsus. Other ricketic changes included decreases in bone ash, total femoral bone ash (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium), bone length, and body weight. Plasma alkaline phosphatase was increased, calcium was normal, and phosphorus was normal or elevated. Parathyroids were hyperplastic and had foci of degeneration. Vitamin D3 metabolites 25OHD3, 1,25(OH)2D3, and 24,25(OH)2D3 were rapidly depleted. Increase in bone ash Ca/P ratios in deficient poults suggests that phosphorus may be selectively released from ricketic bone. Low 25OHD3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 of control poults early in the experiment suggests that 1,400 IU of vitamin D3/kg of feed may not be an adequate level of vitamin D3 for growing turkey poults. PMID- 3750741 TI - Focal symmetrical poliomalacia of the spinal cord in Ayrshire calves. PMID- 3750742 TI - Post-mortem findings in a Shetland sheepdog with dermatomyositis. PMID- 3750743 TI - Solar elastosis associated with neoplasia in two dalmations. PMID- 3750744 TI - Spontaneous craniopharyngioma in a mouse. PMID- 3750745 TI - Adenoma and adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder in aged laboratory mice. PMID- 3750746 TI - Megakaryoblastic leukemia in a dog. PMID- 3750747 TI - Local and peripheral eosinophilia in a dog with anaplastic mammary carcinoma. PMID- 3750749 TI - Should the microscopic evaluation of slides from toxicity and carcinogenicity studies in animals be conducted in a "blind" fashion. PMID- 3750748 TI - Cystadenoma lymphomatosum-like lesion in the parotid salivary gland of a mouse. PMID- 3750750 TI - Absence of Mycoplasma bovis in unprocessed frozen bull semen from Canadian artificial insemination centres. AB - From 1979 to 1984 approximately 2950 unprocessed frozen semen samples from nine Canadian artificial insemination centres were cultured for Mycoplasma bovis. M bovis was not detected in any of them. PMID- 3750751 TI - Use of porcine dermal collagen in the repair of perineal hernia in dogs--a preliminary report. AB - Porcine dermal collagen was used for the repair of 27 perineal hernias in 21 dogs. The material was generally well tolerated and the overall success rate was 59.3 per cent. PMID- 3750752 TI - Control of virus diseases in bulls in artificial insemination centres in Britain. PMID- 3750753 TI - Fleas on hedgehogs and dogs in the Dublin area. PMID- 3750754 TI - Rabies in Anambra State, Nigeria. PMID- 3750755 TI - Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986. PMID- 3750756 TI - Revivon reaction. PMID- 3750757 TI - Alimentary tract ulceration in a pony. PMID- 3750758 TI - Badger savings. PMID- 3750759 TI - Bracken poisoning: a theory. PMID- 3750760 TI - Kangaroo gait. PMID- 3750761 TI - Diagnostic kits for fish. PMID- 3750763 TI - Round-the-clock cover. PMID- 3750762 TI - Discount neutering. PMID- 3750764 TI - Sea transport of livestock. PMID- 3750765 TI - Clinical experiences with isoflurane in dogs and horses. AB - The inhalational anaesthetic agent isoflurane was administered to 22 dogs and 21 horses undergoing a variety of surgical procedures. Satisfactory anaesthesia was produced in all the animals. The cardiopulmonary changes were similar to those observed with halothane. Rapid changes in the depth of anaesthesia were achieved and recovery from anaesthesia was rapid in both dogs and horses, which was a reflection of the relative insolubility of isoflurane. Recovery from anaesthesia in the horses was particularly smooth and rapid with the animals spending a greater part of their recumbency in the sternal position, as opposed to lateral recumbency, before standing in a well coordinated manner. PMID- 3750766 TI - Aetiology of diarrhoea in young calves. AB - Faeces samples were collected from 302 untreated calves on the day of onset of diarrhoea and from 49 healthy calves at 32 farms experiencing outbreaks of diarrhoea. At least four diarrhoeic calves were sampled on each farm, and samples were examined for rotavirus, coronavirus, cryptosporidium, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella species. Although all these enteropathogens were excreted more frequently by the diarrhoeic than by the healthy calves, the difference was significant overall only for rotavirus. Rotavirus was excreted by 18 per cent of healthy calves, coronavirus by 4 per cent, cryptosporidium by 14 per cent, and no enterotoxigenic E coli or Salmonella species were detected. The most common enteropathogen in diarrhoeic calves was rotavirus, which was excreted by more than half the diarrhoeic calves on 18 farms. Coronavirus was excreted at a similar high prevalence on one farm, cryptosporidium on five farms and enterotoxigenic E coli on three farms. Concurrent infection with two or more microorganisms occurred in 15 per cent of diarrhoeic calves. There was no difference in the isolation rate of campylobacters between diarrhoeic and healthy calves. PMID- 3750767 TI - Microbiology of calf diarrhoea in southern Britain. AB - Faeces samples from calves with diarrhoea in 45 outbreaks were examined for six enteropathogens. Rotavirus and coronavirus were detected by ELISA in 208 (42 per cent) and 69 (14 per cent) of 490 calves respectively; calici-like viruses were detected by electron microscopy in 14 of 132 calves (11 per cent). Cryptosporidium were detected in 106 of 465 (23 per cent), Salmonella species in 58 of 490 (12 per cent) and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli bearing the K99 adhesin (K99+ E coli) in nine of 310 calves (3 per cent). In the faeces of 20 per cent of calves with diarrhoea more than one enteropathogen was detected; in 31 per cent no enteropathogen was found. Faces samples from 385 healthy calves in the same outbreaks were also examined. There was a significant statistical association of disease with the presence of rotavirus, coronavirus, Cryptosporidium and Salmonella species (P less than 0.001). Healthy calves were not examined for calici-like viruses and the association of K99+ E coli with disease was not analysed because there were too few positive samples. Rotavirus infections were more common in dairy herds and single suckler beef herds whereas Salmonella infections were more often found in calf rearing units. Cryptosporidium were more common in single and multiple suckler beef herds. K99+ E coli were found in one dairy herd and one multiple suckler beef herd both with unhygienic calving accommodation. Variations in coronavirus detection among different farm types were not statistically significant. In this survey rotavirus was the most commonly detected agent in calf diarrhoea and Cryptosporidium were found in approximately one quarter of affected calves. Infection with Salmonella species was widespread, but K99+ E coli infections were less common in the United Kingdom than in other countries. PMID- 3750768 TI - Nymphal pentastomiasis in a cat. PMID- 3750771 TI - Anaesthesia of cat-sized animals. PMID- 3750769 TI - Should Chernobyl bring down the price of British lamb? PMID- 3750770 TI - Veterinary education: the tide turns? PMID- 3750772 TI - Tuberculosis lesions in reactor cows. PMID- 3750773 TI - Round-the-clock cover. PMID- 3750774 TI - Canine distemper. PMID- 3750775 TI - Ritual slaughter. PMID- 3750776 TI - Inherited congenital myoclonus of polled Hereford calves (so-called neuraxial oedema): a clinical, pathological and biochemical study. AB - Thirty-four newborn polled Hereford and polled Hereford cross calves affected with a condition previously described as neuraxial oedema and six normal calves were examined. None of the affected calves were seen to stand after birth and when first examined the calves were in lateral recumbency, with extension and crossing of the hindlimbs. All the affected calves were bright and alert, could lift their heads and apparently could see and hear. When the calves were encouraged to stand spontaneous and stimulus-responsive myoclonic extensor spasms, with whole body rigidity, were consistently observed. Thirty-two of the affected calves had macroscopic lesions in the coxae. No significant pathological or biochemical lesions were observed in the central nervous system of any of the calves. The water content of the cerebellum did not differ between normal and affected calves. As oedema of the central nervous system is not a feature of this condition it is more appropriate to describe it as inherited congenital myoclonus. PMID- 3750778 TI - Johne's disease in sheep. PMID- 3750777 TI - Clinical significance of thrombocytopenia in dogs. PMID- 3750779 TI - Nematodiriasis in lambs. PMID- 3750780 TI - Immunopathology of canine and feline joint disease. PMID- 3750781 TI - Veterinary graduate numbers: trends in UK and USA. PMID- 3750782 TI - Your business vehicle and insurance. PMID- 3750783 TI - Pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime in the dog. AB - Each of five dogs was given cefotaxime at a dose rate of 50 mg/kg by intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous routes, in three separate treatments. Plasma concentration time profiles were characterised by a linear two-compartment model after the intravenous administration. After intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous injections the mean biological half-lives were 0.74, 0.83 and 1.71 hours, respectively. The apparent steady state volume of distribution was 0.48 litre/kg and body clearance after intravenous injection was approximately 0.63 litre/hour/kg. After intramuscular and subcutaneous injections peak plasma cefotaxime concentrations were 47 +/- 15 and 29.6 +/- 16 micrograms/ml at 0.5 and 0.8 hours, respectively. The average bioavailability of cefotaxime given by intramuscular injection was 86.5 per cent and for cefotaxime given subcutaneously it was approximately 100 per cent. After two hours, the cefotaxime plasma concentration remained higher after subcutaneous than after intramuscular administration. PMID- 3750784 TI - Problems associated with the serological diagnosis of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo infection in bovine populations. AB - Data combining sequential bacteriology and serology from a longitudinal study of a dairy herd were used to demonstrate the limitations of serology as a diagnostic method in cross-sectional sampling of bovine populations. Whole-herd point serological prevalences showed considerable variation over a two-year sampling period (38.8 to 76.2 per cent), and this was mainly due to varying age-specific prevalence. Owing to the rapid decline in titres and the varying persistence of infection, point serological prevalences failed to approximate to cumulative infection rates (either past or present) at different times of the year. A higher estimate of the number of susceptible animals in the herd than is the case results in inaccurate information on true incidence rates and can confuse assessments of the susceptibility of different age groups, especially if only small numbers are sampled. A sampling exercise demonstrated that a 10-cow sample usually provided little useful information other than establishing the presence or absence of hardjo in the herd. Increasing the sample size markedly improved epidemiological information, investigations of clinical disease, assessments of vaccination needs and public health tracebacks. Preferably 10 sera from each of the yearling, first calver, second calver and older age groups should be tested. Serology was an inadequate indicator of infection in individual animals. Group geometric mean titres taken from a mean serological response curve were shown to have limited application in the interpretation of field data, unless infection had occurred in the previous two months. PMID- 3750785 TI - Therapeutic control and economic aspect of porcine pleuropneumonia in finishing units. PMID- 3750786 TI - Evidence of immunosuppression in turkey poults affected by rhinotracheitis. PMID- 3750787 TI - Serotypes of Pasteurella haemolytica from cattle. PMID- 3750789 TI - RCVS Bristol meeting. PMID- 3750788 TI - Pulmonary hypertension syndrome associated with ascites in broilers. PMID- 3750790 TI - RVC medical associations. PMID- 3750791 TI - Clenbuterol hydrochloride in calves with a natural bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection. AB - The effect of clenbuterol hydrochloride on the course of disease in calves with a natural bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection was examined. Six calves (three to nine months of age) originating from four herds with respiratory tract disease and serological evidence of a bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection were used in this study. The calves were injected intravenously with clenbuterol hydrochloride. The effect of clenbuterol on the course of disease was measured using the PO2 in blood taken from an indwelling canula inserted in the caudal auricular artery and by clinical signs. Clenbuterol did not improve clinical signs. After clenbuterol administration arterial PO2 values decreased significantly in five out of six patients. Six to eight hours after medication the mean arterial PO2 values were higher than initial values. The moderate positive effect of clenbuterol after six to eight hours may be caused by enhancing ciliary activity and by the secretolytic activity of clenbuterol. PMID- 3750792 TI - The synergistic activity of tiamulin and chlortetracycline: in-feed treatment of bacterially complicated enzootic pneumonia in fattening pigs. AB - The antibacterial effects of a combination of tiamulin and chlortetracycline in vitro against a number of field isolates of Pasteurella multocida, Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae and Bordetella bronchiseptica were examined. There was a marked synergism between the two antibiotics against all eight isolates of P multocida, against seven of nine isolates of H pleuropneumoniae and against the single strain of B bronchiseptica tested. Two field trials were carried out on a herd with a history of complicated enzootic pneumonia where the presence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and P multocida had been established and subsequently the presence of H pleuropneumoniae was discovered. Feed containing tiamulin at 100 ppm combined with chlortetracycline at 300 ppm was given for seven days to pigs affected with pneumonia, and the results were compared with untreated controls and pigs receiving chlortetracycline at 300 ppm. There was a follow-up observation period of three weeks when all groups received unmedicated feed. During the medication period the combination treated groups showed a statistically significant increase in average daily weight gain of 156 g (20.4 per cent) and in feed conversion efficiency of 0.576 (20.8 per cent) and a numerical improvement in average disease score in comparison with the untreated controls. These improvements were approximately double those observed in the groups treated with 300 ppm chlortetracycline which showed improvements of 93 g (12.2 per cent) in average daily gain and 0.301 (10.9 per cent) in feed conversion efficiency. During the following three weeks most of the initial gains were lost, probably owing to the reinfection of the treated groups by the untreated controls. PMID- 3750793 TI - Adequate concentration of circulating colostral proteins for market calves. PMID- 3750794 TI - Religious slaughter. PMID- 3750795 TI - Vaccination reactions. PMID- 3750796 TI - Clinical significance of thrombocytopenia in dogs. PMID- 3750797 TI - Tail docking. PMID- 3750798 TI - Irish subsidy for students. PMID- 3750799 TI - Demonstrating Borellia anserina: 'A can of worms'. PMID- 3750800 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of acquired diaphragmatic hernia by thoracotomy in 49 dogs and 72 cats. AB - Diaphragmatic hernia frequently occurs as a consequence of traffic accidents. The 'pendulating' or 'inspiratory abdominal' respiration and the sinistro- or dextrocardia are often diagnostic. Palpation of the apex beat proved to be reliable way of determining whether median, left- or right-sided thoracotomy was indicated. In this paper the results of surgical treatment of 49 dogs and 72 cats by means of a thoracic approach are presented. In 46 dogs full recovery was achieved, three animals died. From the 72 cats 10 patients died and 62 recovered. Based upon the comparison of these figures and reports from the literature using the abdominal approach, we consider thoracotomy superior to the abdominal approach for this type of patient. PMID- 3750801 TI - Some observations on the use of the morantel sustained-release bolus in first season-grazing calves on a Belgian dairy cattle farm. AB - The efficacy of the morantel sustained-release bolus (MSRB) in controlling gastrointestinal parasites in first-season grazing calves was evaluated on a dairy cattle farm in Belgium. The calves grazed a pasture which had been used by bolus-treated animals in the three previous years. The effect of bolus administration was determined with respect to live weight gain, faecal egg shedding, herbage larval counts, serum pepsinogen levels and ELISA antibody titres. In spite of an incomplete reduction of faecal egg shedding during the first months of the grazing season, bolus administration resulted in the prevention of parasitic gastro-enteritis in the calves. A weight gain advantage of 35,2 kg of the bolus-treated animals over the controls was noted already at two months after turnout. This weight gain advantage was maintained until housing. The usefulness of serum pepsinogen values and ELISA antibody titres as parameters in prevention experiments is stressed. Both serological parameters gave more information concerning infection level than did the faecal egg output and the herbage larval counts. PMID- 3750802 TI - Investigation into the pathogenesis of atrophic rhinitis in pigs. I. Atrophic rhinitis caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida and the meaning of a thermolabile toxin of P. multocida. AB - In two groups of swine herds, herds with and without clinical AR the presence of Atrophic Rhinitis (AR) correlated with the presence of toxinogenic Pasteurella multocida (PM) and not with the Bordetella bronchiseptica (BB) infection. Six BB- and eighteen PM-strains have been investigated for AR pathogenicity. Broth cultures were injected intradermally in guinea-pigs (GPST) or intranasally in 3 week-old colostrum deprived specific pathogen free (SPF) piglets. The average atrophy of the ventral conchae (AVC) correlated with the GPST in 4 BB-and 7 PM strains. One BB- and 2 PM-strains were qualified as doubtful, the others as non AR pathogenic. With AR pathogenic BB-and PM-strains clinical AR could be induced in 3-and 6-week-old piglets. AVC lesions (gradation greater than 1) could be induced with BB in piglets of 6 and with pathogenic PM in 16-week-old piglets. Six of seven AR pathogenic PM-strains resembled Carter-type D and one resembled type A. No significance was found between AR pathogenicity and somatic serotypes. Intranasal instillations of cell-free broth culture filtrates of AR pathogenic PM strains also caused AR in piglets. These filtrates also caused lethality in piglets and in mice lethalitytest (MLT) and induced a positive GPST. After heating the pathogenic effects of the filtrates disappeared. The name AR toxin has been introduced for this thermolabile, haemorrhagic dermonecrotic (HDNT) fraction of the AR inducing filtrates. The severity of the AR lesions depended on the amount of the AR toxin intranasally instilled in pigs. Cross protecting antibodies obtained in rabbits against the AR toxins of two PM strains could be demonstrated by a toxin neutralisation test in the MLT and the GPST. Broth cultures were injected intradermally in guinea-pigs (GPST) or intranasally in 3 week-old colostrum deprived specific pathogen free (SPF) piglets. PMID- 3750803 TI - Investigation into the pathogenesis of atrophic rhinitis in pigs. II. AR induction and protection after intramuscular injections cell-free filtrates and emulsions containing AR toxin of Pasteurella multocida. AB - The intramuscular administration of the cell-free culture filtrates of two AR pathogenic Pasteurella multocida (PM) isolates caused Atrophic Rhinitis (AR) in piglets. The culture filtrate of a non-AR-pathogenic PM isolate did not cause AR lesions after intramuscular injection. The severity of the AR lesions appeared to be correlated with the quantity of injected toxin. As the quantity of administered toxin increased, the piglets showed clinical growth retardation, icterus and mortality. Besides lesions typical of AR, severe liver degeneration was observed at necropsy; this liver degeneration was sometimes accompanied by fibrosis. After emulgation of the cell-free culture filtrates in incomplete Freunds adjuvant, AR was caused by administration of the toxin-containing emulsions in piglets of 3 and 6 weeks of age. An experimental water-in-oil emulsion containing the AR toxin of Pasteurella multocida caused AR when intramuscularly injected in 1- to 4-week-old piglets. A PM-AR toxin challenge method is described. After injection of the toxin into piglets born from sows vaccinated against AR, protection was demonstrated. Ten of the 12 piglets (83%) challenged at the age of 3 weeks showed protection. Six animals of the 12 pigs (50%) injected with the toxin at the age of 6 weeks, showed no protection. Differences in protection were noted between and within the litters. After injection with the toxin, all piglets of 3 and 6 weeks of age born from non vaccinated sows showed deviations typical of AR. PMID- 3750804 TI - Pharmacokinetic, residue and irritation aspects of chloramphenicol sodium succinate and a chloramphenicol base formulation following intramuscular administration to ruminants. AB - The disposition of chloramphenicol (CAP) and of its glucuronide metabolite in plasma and milk was studied following a single intramuscular injection of a chloramphenicol base formulation (Amicol Forte; product A) and of chloramphenicol sodium succinate (product B) to dairy cows. The dose applied of both formulations was equivalent to 50 mg CAP base/kg body weight. The HPLC determined CAP concentrations were microbiologically active. Product A revealed 30% higher plasma CAP peak concentrations (13.0 vs 9.0 micrograms/ml) and 36% larger areas under the plasma concentration-time curves than product B, whereas their absorption and elimination half-lives were of the same order of magnitude. In the onset phase (during 4 h p.i.) unhydrolysed CAP sodium succinate could be detected in plasma and the glucuronide fraction was 26% of the parent drug. After 25 h p.i. the glucuronide fraction equalled that of the parent drug. The maximum CAP concentration in milk was for product B equal to, and for product A 80% of, the CAP plasma concentration. In milk no chloramphenicol glucuronide metabolites could be detected. HPLC methods for detecting ultra-trace CAP concentrations in edible tissues were developed by the employment of extraction with or without a clean-up procedure. Seven days after i.m. administration of product A and B to calves, the CAP residue concentrations in the kidney, liver, and muscle were less than 2 nanogram/g tissue. Traces of CAP residues could be still found at the injection site and in the urine. Chloramphenicol sodium succinate (product B) caused extensive tissue irritation at the injection site, while in the case of product A the irritation was limited.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3750805 TI - Efficacy of parvaquone and long-acting oxytetracycline in Theileria annulata infection. AB - Therapeutic and prophylactic efficacies of parvaquone and long-acting oxytetracycline were tested against Theileria annulata infection, induced by injecting a suspension of infected ground tick tissues (GUTS) into groups of 4 or 5 calves. This infection killed two of four control calves, while all the animals given a single intramuscular dose of 20 mg kg-1 parvaquone or long-acting oxytetracycline on the day of infection underwent mild reactions and recovered. Two separate doses of parvaquone of 10 mg kg-1 administered on the first and second days of fever protected four out of five calves. All the recovered animals from both treated and control groups resisted a homologous challenge with GUTS on Day 45 post-infection which killed three out of four susceptible unimmunized control calves. PMID- 3750806 TI - Identification by transfer blot of antigens reactive in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in rabbits immunized and a calf infected with Cryptosporidium sp. AB - Soluble and particulate fractions of Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts from cattle were obtained by homogenization and sonication. Electrophoresis of the soluble fraction in polyacrylamide gels with sodium dodecyl sulfate and silver staining revealed the presence of 41 bands. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of sera from rabbits immunized with either fraction and from a calf 40 days after infection showed that the animals produced specific antibodies. Enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot tests revealed the presence of five antigens with the rabbit sera and nine with the calf serum. ELISA proved to be an appropriate test for diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis. Selection of reactive antigens may improve the quality of diagnosis and/or reveal the presence of protective materials in the parasite. PMID- 3750807 TI - The sequential development of type I and type II ostertagiasis in young cattle with special reference to biochemical and serological changes. AB - The sequential development of Type I and Type II ostertagiasis over a 2-year period in the same naturally infected cattle is described for the first time. Particular reference is made to biochemical and serological changes. Positive relationships were demonstrated between the clinical signs of both Type I and Type II disease, and marked increases in the levels of plasma pepsinogen, plasma gastrin and antibody titres to adult Ostertagia antigen. At necropsy, there were significant relationships between the combined total of adult and developing 5th stage larvae of Ostertagia spp. and the levels of both plasma pepsinogen and gastrin. By the end of the second grazing season the cattle had acquired an immunity to infection with Ostertagia spp. and had very low burdens of this parasite at necropsy. However some of these cattle maintained elevated plasma pepsinogen levels when under natural challenge by Ostertagia spp. larvae and the aetiology of these changes and the problems of diagnosis using this parameter are discussed. Similar trends of infection were observed for Cooperia oncophora, although resistance to the parasite developed more rapidly. PMID- 3750808 TI - Influence of transport stress on trichostrongylid infection in feedlot beef cattle. AB - The influence of stresses due to transport of beef cattle and their allotment to feedlots on trichostrongylid infection was studied. The greatest increases in worm egg counts and serum pepsinogen levels were seen at 5 h and 30 days after allotment. These apparently resulted from reactivation of arrested larvae which the animals ingested while grazing during late autumn at the breeding farm. PMID- 3750809 TI - Experimental fluorosis in sheep: alleviating effects of aluminum. AB - Five groups of 4 sheep were given for 33 mo a daily oral dose of 0, 1.9 or 4.7 mg fluoride (F)/kg body weight with or without 13.5 mg aluminum (Al)/kg. In all treated animals the general health status was disturbed and osteo-dental symptoms appeared while F levels were increased in teeth, bones and organs. In sheep given the higher F dose, pathologic lesions were observed in kidney and liver. Most disturbances were dose-related and alleviated by simultaneous administration of aluminum sulfate, mainly for the lower F dose. PMID- 3750810 TI - Renal resistance to mercuric chloride toxicity during prolonged exposure in rats. AB - An attempt was made to develop a model of chronic renal disease in the rat through repeated administration of a nephrotoxin specific for proximal tubular epithelium. Mercuric chloride was administered by subcutaneous injection in gradually increasing amounts over a period of 21 weeks. The dose ranged from 1.125 mg/kg once a week to 2.0 mg/kg twice a week. Measured parameters of renal function include plasma urea nitrogen, plasma creatinine, 24-hour urine output volume, and 24-hour urinary protein excretion. When compared to their own pretreatment values and those of the age/weight-matched control animals, the mercuric chloride-treated rats exhibited no significant abnormalities in these parameters of kidney function with the exception of a mild proteinuria at 21 weeks. Light microscopic examination of the kidneys of the mercury-treated rats revealed mild tubular, interstitial, and glomerular lesions which were significantly worse than those in the kidneys of the controls. This study demonstrates the ability of the kidney to sustain a considerable degree of resistance to inorganic mercury toxicity when exposure is continuous over a prolonged period of time. It also demonstrates the inability of commonly measured clinical laboratory parameters of kidney function to identify the effects of chronic mercuric chloride toxicity in the rat. PMID- 3750811 TI - Evaluation of normal brain sodium levels in cattle. PMID- 3750812 TI - Toxicosis from and possible adaptation to Galega officinalis in sheep and the relationship to Verbesina encelioides toxicosis. AB - Galega officinalis L (goatsrue), a plant introduced from Europe and found in abundance in northern Utah, was tested for toxicity in ewes (Ovis aries). Clinical signs of poisoning induced by doses as small as 0.8 g of dried plant/kg body weight/day included dyspnea, anoxia, and foaming nasal discharge. Pathologic signs in animals that died following overdose of the plant included severe hydrothorax, generalized lung congestion, foamy exudate in bronchioles and trachea, epicardial and endocardial petechiation, and pericardial effusion in severely affected ewes. Microscopic lesions included a severe diffuse alveolar and interlobular edema. No significant alterations in blood constituents were observed in treated animals. Ewes administered the plant on several consecutive days developed an apparent adaptation to the toxin of the plant and were thereby able subsequently to tolerate levels 5-10 times the pre-treatment lethal dose with no discernible adverse clinical or pathological effects. PMID- 3750813 TI - Acute Pinesol toxicity in a domestic cat. AB - The clinical, pathological and toxicological findings in a cat poisoned with Pinesol, a household cleaning agent, are reported. Clinically severe depression, with unresponsive pupils and extreme ataxia were observed prior to death. Pathologic changes consisted of severe acute centrilobular hepatic necrosis and renal cortical necrosis. Pinesol specific fatty acids and isopropanol were found using gas chromatographic analysis of kidney and fat. It was concluded that the cat died of Pinesol intoxication. PMID- 3750814 TI - Chloropicrin toxicity involving animal and human exposure. PMID- 3750816 TI - Guidelines for conducting mixer/loader-applicator studies. National Agricultural Chemicals Association. Field Exposure Assessment Subcommittee of the Public Health and Toxicology Committee. PMID- 3750815 TI - Comparative metabolism of 14C-decoquinate in chickens, quail and sheep. AB - Removal of pulse doses of 14C-decoquinate from blood was studied in chicken hens, quail hens, and ewe lambs. Estimated clearance before the first post-injection sample at 1 1/2 hr was 96% for sheep, 99% for chickens and over 99% for quail. Half-times for removal of the remaining radioactivity from the blood were 26.8 hr for sheep, 144.7 hr for chickens and 27.2 hr for quail. Treating the chicken data as biphasic yielded a 3.4 hr half-time for an initial fast phase and 210 hr for a later slow phase. Radioactivity disappeared from sheep blood between 2 and 7 d, from chicken blood between 7 and 14 d, and from quail blood between 1 and 2 d. Urine accounted for 35% of the radioactivity administered to sheep. It did not contain detectable activity after the third day. PMID- 3750817 TI - Experimental trials on the use of radioimmunoassay for the detection of leptospiral antigens in urine. AB - Trials were conducted on the use of the solid phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) to detect leptospires or their antigens in simulated urine samples. The procedure was relatively simple to perform and appeared to be specific in detecting certain numbers of leptospiral organisms or their antigens in experimentally prepared samples. With this technique, it was possible to examine individual or pooled urine samples for the presence of leptospires within half a day. This technique may be of value for the detection of leptospiruric animals if the sensitivity of the technique could be further increased. Suggestions for the improvement of the procedure are discussed. PMID- 3750818 TI - Ecology of Rhodococcus (Corynebacterium) equi in soil on a horse-breeding farm. AB - The ecology of Rhodococcus (Corynebacterium) equi in soil was studied on a horse breeding farm. R. equi was cultured from soil at a depth of 0, 10, and 20 cm on the six sites of the farm at monthly intervals for 10 months from March to December of 1983. The highest numbers of R. equi were found in the surface soil. The mean number of bacteria in soil samples at every depth increased remarkably from 0 or 10(2) to 10(4) colony-forming units (CFU) g-1 of soil in the middle of April, and later decreased gradually. R. equi inoculated into six soil exudate broths prepared from surface soils at separate sites yielded suspensions with different optical densities, indicating differences in growth. The distribution of serotypes in the soil was similar to that in the horses on the farm. These findings indicated that R. equi could multiply in the soil and flourish in the cycle existing between horses and their soil environment. PMID- 3750819 TI - [X-ray diagnosis of subluxations and dislocations of the shoulder and hip joints with a quantitative assessment of the extent of displacement of the articular heads]. PMID- 3750820 TI - [X-ray diagnosis of closed subcapital fractures of metacarpal bones II-V]. PMID- 3750821 TI - [Bone changes in primary myogenic sarcomas of the extremities]. PMID- 3750822 TI - [Zonography of the maxillofacial area on the Zonark panoramic tomograph]. PMID- 3750823 TI - [Differential x-ray diagnosis of skull lesions in hyperparathyroid and deforming osteodystrophy, fibrous osteodysplasia, multiple myeloma and malignant tumor metastases to the bones of the skull]. PMID- 3750824 TI - [Pneumoencephalographic changes following resection trepanations of the skull]. PMID- 3750825 TI - [Methodological difficulties in the angiographic diagnosis of traumatic intracranial hematomas in a city hospital]. PMID- 3750827 TI - [Methods for eliminating the image of structures lying outside the selected layer in linear tomography of the skull]. PMID- 3750828 TI - [Lymphography in posttraumatic edema of the leg]. PMID- 3750826 TI - [Aims and means of accelerating scientific and technical progress in roentgenology in light of the decisions of the 27th Congress of the CPSU]. PMID- 3750829 TI - [Standard 2-phase method of x-ray study of the stomach in diagnosing chronic gastritis]. PMID- 3750830 TI - [X-ray and radionuclide diagnosis of polycystic and multicystic kidneys in children]. PMID- 3750831 TI - [Dosage loads and quality of the image in mammography]. PMID- 3750832 TI - [Informative value of pneumoarthrography of the hip joint in congenital hip dislocation]. PMID- 3750833 TI - [Partial aseptic subchondrial necrosis of the talus]. PMID- 3750834 TI - [Left-sided triplication of the upper urinary tracts and the upper calyx syndrome on the right]. PMID- 3750835 TI - [Method for the thermal fixation of electroroentgenograms]. PMID- 3750836 TI - [Attachment for spot electroroentgenography]. PMID- 3750837 TI - [Mobile unit for mammography based on the Elektronika apparatus]. PMID- 3750838 TI - Diarrhea in pigs. Proceedings of a workshop. 27 September 1983, Lelystad, The Netherlands. PMID- 3750839 TI - Thermostable factor(s) in soya producing a net excess of secretion in the ligated gut test in pigs. AB - The ligated gut test (LGT) is the standard method for the examination of Escherichia coli strains for enterotoxin production in pigs. As solid pig feed has been associated with diarrhea, soya products (the main protein source for piglets) were investigated with the same test as E. coli strains. After injection of different soya products into ligated segments of the small intestine fluid accumulation was observed, indicating a net excess of secretion. The factor in soya products responsible for this effect was found to be thermostable, as its effect was unaltered after heating at 120 degrees C during an hour. No indications of a possible allergic phenomenon accounting for the fluid accumulation were found. From the results of this study it is concluded that soyabean products can produce results in the LGT similar to those produced by enterotoxigenic E. coli strains. PMID- 3750840 TI - Enteropooling in piglets induced by soya-peptone mediated via an increased biosynthesis of prostanoids. AB - The enteropooling activity of soya-peptone was studied in germfree piglets. The enteropooling activity was restricted to the proximal part of the jejunum and was found to be blocked by aspirin. The hypothesis that soya-peptone acts via an increased biosynthesis/release of prostanoids was further studied using guinea pig lung parenchyma. In this tissue soya-peptone induces the release of TXB2, which was inhibited by indomethacin (3 microM). The involvement of cholinergic, histaminergic and serotonergic pathways in the soya-peptone-mediated response was excluded, using antagonists. The conclusion was reached that soya-peptone can stimulate/modulate the biosynthesis of cyclic eicosanoids and that it exerts its enteropooling activity via the same mechanism in the jejunum of piglets. PMID- 3750842 TI - Molecular cloning and physical characterization of integrated equine infectious anemia virus: molecular and immunologic evidence of its close relationship to ovine and caprine lentiviruses. AB - Molecular clones of the integrated form of the genome of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), the etiologic agent of a naturally occurring, worldwide disease of horses, were obtained. The restriction map of a full-length genome was determined. Additional evidence for the close evolutionary relationship between EIAV and a prototype lentivirus (caprine arthritis encephalitis virus) was acquired by Southern blotting and immunological analyses. An interspecies radioimmunoassay was developed in which EIAV and ovine and caprine lentiviruses could be detected equally well. These studies make available precisely defined reagents to pursue the study of the mechanisms of pathogenesis of lentiviral induced diseases. PMID- 3750841 TI - Histopathological predictive factors in Ewing's sarcoma of bone and clinicopathological correlations. A retrospective study of 261 cases. AB - A retrospective multifactorial analysis on 261 previously untreated patients with Ewing's sarcoma (Es) of bone has been carried out in order to ascertain the prognostic value of several histological variables on survival. Among those cases accepted as Es, 208 (80% of the patients) were considered to be "typical Es", while 40 (15%) displayed a large cell predominance, being subclassified as "atypical large cell Es". Furthermore, 13 patients (5%) possessed tumours of endothelial-like appearance. Eleven cases which displayed a mixed histological configuration were finally included within one of the three previous groups according to their predominant histological pattern. After adjustment for therapeutic regimens and initial location of the tumour, only two histological characteristics remain significant; i.e. the presence of necrosis (p = 0.002) and, to a lesser degree, the presence of filagree "en damier" pattern (p = 0.08), both of which are of poor prognostic value. From this study, it can be assumed that the morphological (and possibly histogenetical) heterogeneity of Es of bone has no prognostic influence on survival. PMID- 3750843 TI - Sequence analysis of the E2 gene of a hyperglycosylated, host restricted mutant of Sindbis virus and estimation of mutation rate from frequency of revertants. AB - SVap15/21, a strain of Sindbis virus (SV) derived from our standard laboratory strain of SV (SVstd) after repeated passage on Aedes albopictus cells, grows normally in mosquito cells but is host restricted (hr) in vertebrate cells. It is also temperature sensitive (ts) and produces pinpoint plaques on vertebrate cells (sp). E2 glycoprotein of SVstd differs from that of the more widely used SVHR (from which SVstd was derived) by an additional (i.e., third) N-linked glycan. The E2 of SVap15/21, in turn, differs from that of SVstd by the addition of a fourth glycan. We have determined the nucleotide sequence of the E2 genes of SVap15/21 and of SVstd, as well as that of our isolate of SVHR. The nucleotide sequence of the SVstd E2 gene predicted the occurrence of an additional N-linked glycan attachment site, not present in the SVHR E2, at Asn232 (Asp in SVHR). The sequence of the SVap15/21 E2 gene demonstrated three mutations relative to the SVstd gene, including one that predicted the occurrence of another potential N linked glycan attachment site at Asn275. Sequence analysis of 15 revertants of SVap15/21 which are no longer host-restricted revealed that all had lost the glycosylation site at Asn275, confirming the connection between the hyperglycosylation and the host dependent block in assembly. Most of these revertants had also lost the temperature sensitivity and small plaque traits (i.e., were ts+ and lp). Each revertant of this class was characterized by one of three different mutations in two separate codons (Asn275 and Thr277), resulting in the loss of the glycosylation site at Asn275. A fourth mutation, resulting in an Asn275----Tyr substitution, was associated with a hr+ ts phenotype in three isolates. Finally an additional mutation in a different part of the E2 gene was found in two hr+ ts sp isolates that had also lost the glycosylation site at Asn275 through a mutation resulting in a Thr277----Ile substitution. Knowledge of the nucleotide sequences associated with the ts defect in SVap15/21 and with its reversion permit an estimation of the mutation rate of this virus. This calculation indicates a mutation rate of less than 10(-6) errors per base incorporation. PMID- 3750844 TI - Nucleotide sequence of the glycoprotein gene and intergenic region of the Lassa virus S genome RNA. AB - Two overlapping cDNA clones corresponding to the 5' region of the Lassa virus S genome RNA were isolated and their nucleotide sequences determined. Similar to Pichinde and lymphocytic choriomeningitis viruses (LCMV), Lassa virus has an ambisense S RNA. The precursor to the viral glycoproteins (GPC) is encoded in viral RNA sequence originating at position 56 and terminating at position 1529 from the 5' terminus of the S RNA. A short, noncoding, intergenic region capable of forming a hairpin structure separates the termination codons of the nucleoprotein (N) and GPC genes. Hydropathic analysis of the GPC gene product of Lassa virus indicates the presence of hydrophobic domains near the amino and carboxy termini as previously noted in the corresponding proteins of Pichinde and LCM viruses. A comparison of the nucleotide sequences on the 3' termini of the viral and viral-complimentary S RNA species of Lassa, LCM, and Pichinde viruses reveals slight sequence differences that may possibly be involved in the regulation of RNA synthesis and gene expression. PMID- 3750845 TI - Assembly site of the virus PBCV-1 in a Chlorella-like green alga: ultrastructural studies. PMID- 3750846 TI - Identification of defects in the neuraminidase gene of four temperature-sensitive mutants of A/WSN/33 influenza virus. AB - Four influenza (A/WSN/33) mutants, temperature sensitive (ts) for neuraminidase (NA) (Sugiura et al., 1972, 1975) were analyzed. All four ts mutants were found to be defective at the nonpermissive temperature (39.5 degrees) both in enzymatic activity and in transport to the cell surface. Upon shift down to the permissive temperature (33 degrees), enzymatic activity and transport to the cell surface were both restored suggesting that the mutational defect is reversible. Comparative sequence analysis of the NA gene from ts mutants, their revertants and wild type WSN viruses revealed that in each case single point mutations causing amino acid substitutions were associated with the ts defect. The positions of each point mutation when mapped in the three-dimensional structure of NA varied. However, all four amino acid substitutions were located in beta sheet strands of the head region. Several other amino acid changes not essential for the ts phenotype were found in each mutant NA. The nonessential changes were localized either in the stalk region or in the loop structures of the head, but none in the beta-sheet strands. Because both enzymatic activity and transport of NA were affected in all four mutants, we propose that the mutational phenotype is caused by a change in overall conformation rather than a localized change in the sialic acid binding site. PMID- 3750848 TI - Light induced sodium dependent accumulation of calcium and potassium in the extracellular space of bee retina. AB - Intense illumination of long duration induced a large transient increase in extracellular calcium (delta[Ca2+]o) and potassium (delta[K+]o) during and after light in bee retina when measured with ion-selective microelectrodes. Whenever a large delta[Ca2+]o appeared, it was accompanied by a transient afterdepolarization (TA). Both the increase in [Ca2+]o, [K+]o and the TA were reduced or abolished when sodium was replaced by arginine, choline or lithium (Li+) ions. At 0-Na conditions a Na independent decrease in [Ca2+]o was observed during illumination only. A pronounced transient depolarization of the photoreceptor in the dark due to transient anoxia did not result in a significant change in [Ca2+]o. In some retinae the elevated level of [K+]o after light was absent, however a small Na-dependent TA was still observed. The above findings suggest that intense long illumination induces a large Ca2+ influx into the photoreceptors which is followed by Na-dependent Ca2+ efflux due to Na-Ca exchange. The light-induced afterdepolarization arises mainly from K+ accumulation in the extracellular space but partially from the electrogenicity of Na-Ca exchange. PMID- 3750847 TI - Accumulated measles virus mutations in a case of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: interrupted matrix protein reading frame and transcription alteration. AB - Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a fatal disease affecting the human central nervous system several years after acute measles infection. Measles virus (MV) genomes replicating in SSPE brains do not give rise to budding particles and present various defects in gene expression, mostly concerning the matrix (M) protein. For one SSPE case (K), shown previously to be devoid of M protein expression, we examined here in detail the features involved in this defect. In the brain of patient K the normal, monocistronic MV M mRNA was completely substituted by a bicistronic RNA containing the coding sequence of the preceding phosphoprotein (P) gene in addition to the M coding sequence. Analysis of the P-M intercistronic region by direct cDNA sequencing showed that the consensus sequence at this RNA processing site was unaltered but revealed several distant point mutations. cDNA cloning and sequencing of the entire M coding region established that one of the point mutations leads to a stop codon at triplet 12 of the M reading frame. It is unknown whether this defect, explaining by itself the lack of M protein, is related also to the block of M mRNA formation. In addition we note that as much as 1% of the nucleotides differed between two overlapping clones from the same brain. This high sequence variability could possibly account for the diversity of defects observed in MV gene expression in SSPE brains and may be a general phenomenon associated with RNA virus persistence. PMID- 3750849 TI - Rhodopsin and retinochrome in the retina of a marine gastropod, Conomulex luhuanus. AB - Photopigments in the conch retina were examined with special attention given to the photic vesicles characteristic of gastropod photoreceptors. Three different fractions of visual cell fragments were prepared from the retina: the MV-fraction containing the rhabdomal microvilli, and the PVH- and PVL-fractions containing the photic vesicles located in the visual cell body. Rhodopsin was found in the MV-fraction (lambda max = 474 nm), and yielded a photoequilibrium mixture with metarhodopsin (lambda max = 512 nm) on irradiation with blue light. Retinochrome was found in both of the PVH- and PVL-fractions (lambda max = approximately 510 nm), and was bleached into metaretinochrome by exposure to orange light, showing no marked shift of the absorption peak. Unlike the PVH-fraction, the PVL-fraction contains much aporetinochrome in addition to retinochrome, suggesting that the large mass of photic vesicles around the nucleus may serve as storage for retinal in retinochrome and for newly synthesized aporetinochrome. The total amount of retinochrome in the retina was several times higher than that of rhodopsin, distinguishing the gastropod eye from the cephalopod eye. PMID- 3750850 TI - Scotopic sensitivity of the two-month-old human infant. AB - The 2-month-old human infant is known to be less visually sensitive than the adult by a factor of 50, if sensitivity is measured by the threshold for detecting a test light in the dark. In the present experiment, visual sensitivity of infants and adults did not differ significantly when sensitivity was measured by the ability of an adapting light to elevate test threshold. This result suggests that the infants' insensitivity to test flashes is due to immaturities proximal to the site of light adaptation, while the more distal stages of visual processing, including the adaptation process itself, are relatively mature at that age. PMID- 3750851 TI - Stimulation of rods can increase cone flicker ERGs in man. AB - Recent psychophysical studies in man and electrophysiological studies in lower vertebrates show that dark adapted, unstimulated rods inhibit cone mediated flicker. This investigation uses comparable psychophysical and ERG procedures in man to demonstrate rod-cone interaction of this type. With either procedure the rod cone interaction cannot be demonstrated with Ganzfeld stimulation. A single small, red, flickering test field, which is a common psychophysical stimulus for testing rod-cone interaction, elicits an immeasurably small cone ERG. But an array of many such targets, flickering synchronously, is an effective psychophysical stimulus and produces an ERG with larger cone than rod components. With such an array, it can be shown that a steady, rod-stimulating background selectively enhances cone ERG components. PMID- 3750852 TI - Choroidal stress and emmetropization. AB - Human eyes of all ages were partly denuded by removing sclera behind, in front of, or about the equator. Inflation of the eyes, up to 14 mm of Hg, was followed by axial elongation rather than the radial expansion expected. Markers proved that the elongation was the result of ciliary muscle stretch; the strain of the choroid behind the equator was so slight that tracings of the posterior segment before and after loading could be superimposed. The axial expansion of the choroid supports a crucial point in a theory of emmetropization and demonstrates the potential significance of ciliary muscle tone on choroidal tension and scleral stretch. PMID- 3750853 TI - Saccadic undershoot is not inevitable: saccades can be accurate. AB - Saccades normally take the eye 90% of the way to a target, followed by a 10% corrective saccade. An exception to this rule occurs with the range effect. When targets appear in a set of positions, saccades overshoot the near positions and undershoot the far. This phenomenon, previously reported, was confirmed with more accurate methods. The range effect increases if a visual discrimination task is added. It is established rapidly in only a few trials. Latencies of corrective saccades from overshoots and undershoots were the same. Centripetal saccades were more accurate than centrifugal. Thus, undershooting is not inevitable. PMID- 3750854 TI - Reaction times to different spatial frequencies as a function of detectability. AB - Simple reaction time to sine-wave gratings of 1, 4 and 10 c/deg was measured as a function of the detectability of the gratings. Reaction time increased with spatial frequency over a range of detectabilities. Assuming that equally detectable gratings produce equivalent levels of response in the visual system, this increase in reaction time reflects an increase in perceptual latency as spatial frequency is increased. PMID- 3750855 TI - Local and global visual processing. AB - The fundamental sinusoidal components of a chequerboard pattern are oriented at 45 degrees to the orientation of the chequerboard edges. Removal of one of the fundamental sinusoids (at +45 degrees) creates a useful pattern for studying the mechanisms of visual analysis. Close up, the pattern appears to be oriented +45 degrees, although there is no global energy at that orientation, implying local analysis. At a distance, the perceived diagonality switches to -45 degrees implying access to global information. Measurements show that contrast thresholds for seeing diagonality at +45 degrees follow closely those for detecting the 5th harmonic component of the pattern, over a wide range of spatial frequencies and luminances. Low pass filtering also causes the pattern to be perceived according to its global energy, provided that the cutoff frequency is set to remove the fifth harmonic. We conclude that, at least for this particular stimulus, the visual system performs a local analysis if the fifth harmonic is visible and a global analysis if not. PMID- 3750856 TI - Induced desensitization. AB - Viewing of annuli modulated in color in a sawtooth fashion in time results in differential threshold elevations for the detection of color changes of inscribed disks. The elevations are of nearly the same magnitude as those resulting from viewing modulated disks. However, the differential effects on thresholds for complimentary colors are reversed. The differential effects, thus, are correlated with the variation in appearance of the test area. PMID- 3750857 TI - Additivity of yellow chromatic valence. AB - The additivity of yellow chromatic valence was investigated by the hue cancellation method for two normal observers. Additivity held in 530-550 nm and 600-630 nm pairs, while additivity failure of reduction type occurred in 530-570 nm pair for both observers. Additivity failure of enhancement type occurred in 530-600 and 530-630 nm pairs in which one observer showed reduction type failure when mixture ratio of 530 nm is greater than 600 or 630 nm. The results suggest a nonlinear property of the yellow-blue process and are discussed in an interaction between the two opponent processes. PMID- 3750858 TI - Background adaptation in human infants. AB - Human infants' thresholds for detecting 10 degrees diameter 50 and 1000 msec stimuli in the dark adapted condition and in the presence of steady red backgrounds were determined using a preferential looking method. Dark adapted sensitivity and the slope of the linear portion of the increment threshold function increased with age. The slope was 0.5 at 4 weeks, but by 10 weeks it was not different from the adult value (approximately 1.0). At all ages the eigengrau was approximately the same as that of adults (-2.3 log scot. td). These results suggest that visual mechanisms involved in detection of flashes and adaptation to steady background lights mature postnatally. PMID- 3750859 TI - Contrast and phase processing in amblyopia. AB - Contrast-coding was investigated in amblyopic, fellow non-amblyopic and control eyes. Using a contrast-matching paradigm similar to Georgeson and Sullivan [J. Physiol. 252, 627-656 (1975)], amblyopic eyes were found to have a high frequency contrast-coding deficit not only at threshold but also at suprathreshold levels up to at least 0.45 contrast. The results do not support the claim of Hess and Bradley [Nature 287, 463-464 (1980)] and Hess, Bradley and Piotrowski [Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B217, 309-330 (1983)] that amblyopes have normal or near-to-normal suprathreshold contrast-coding. By taking this contrast-coding deficit into account we demonstrate that previously reported poor phase discrimination [Lawden, Hess and Campbell, Vision Res. 22, 1005-1016 (1982); Pass and Levi, Invest. Ophthal. Visual Sci. 23, 780-786 (1984)] in amblyopia may, in part, reflect a more basic deficit in contrast-coding across spatial frequencies. The possible involvement of contrast processing mechanisms in phase discrimination is discussed. PMID- 3750860 TI - Spatial resolution of the Galago. AB - The spatial vision of two adult galagos (Galago crassicaudatus) was assessed using a two choice discrimination task to determine their contrast sensitivity. Both contrast sensitivity functions exhibited low and high spatial frequency attenuation with the peak sensitivity at 1%. For one animal, the peak occurred at 0.5 c/deg and the extrapolated cutoff frequency was 2.6 c/deg; for the other, the peak was 1 c/deg and the cutoff was 4.3 c/deg. For this animal, grating acuity was also tested and, depending upon definition of threshold, yielded threshold estimates from 4.8 to 6.0 c/deg. The data supports the conclusion that the spatial vision of the galago and the cat is quite similar, a congruence that presumably reflects their adaptation to a nocturnal niche, rather than their divergent phylogenetic origins. PMID- 3750861 TI - The distribution of human motion detector properties in the monocular visual field. AB - The detection of coherent movement in stroboscopically (100 Hz) displayed moving random checkerboard ("Julesz-") patterns is studied psychophysically for eccentricities up to 48 degrees in the temporal visual field. Starting from the assumption that the studied visual subsystem consists of ensembles of 'bilocal' movement detectors ("Reichardt-detectors"), the parameters of these elementary detectors are deduced from the experimental results. This leads to the following interesting insights into the functional architecture of the system. At any eccentricity there is a critical velocity value Vc (near the center of the range of detectable velocities) at which both the spans and the delays reach their minimum value. Thus Vc can be defined as the ratio of the minimum span to the minimum delay values. At velocities below Vc the spans are constant and the delays are inversely proportional to V. At velocities above Vc the delays are constant and the spans increase proportional to V. The critical velocity Vc at any given eccentricity equals N times Vco, where Vco, is the critical velocity for foveal vision and N an eccentricity scaling factor. (N is the inverse normalized "cortical magnification factor"). Thus there is a complete structural invariance in terms of eccentricity-scaled units. Given the eccentricity scaling factor, the determination of two subject dependent constants of foveal vision, the minimum span and minimum delay, suffices to predict the main properties of the motion detection system at any eccentricity. PMID- 3750862 TI - The Saturn illusion: a new stereokinetic effect. AB - When a 2-D pattern composed of a solid ellipse with two symmetrical semi-rings (corresponding to the visible parts of a contour ellipse whose major axis is perpendicular to that of the solid ellipse) is slowly rotated about an axis coincident with the line of sight, a compelling 3-dimensional impression occurs. Subjects report seeing an egg-shaped object which is inserted into a circular ring: the two objects move solidly into 3-D space and a moving visual phantom is generated so that the ring appears completed by an illusory curved segment in the region nearer to the observer during rotation. A sequence of nonrigid and rigid percepts (both 2-D and 3-D) precedes this Saturn-like configuration. PMID- 3750863 TI - On the gekko pupil and Scheiner's disc. AB - The four pinhole apertures of the constricted gekko pupil are an adaptation for decreasing the depth of field of the eye, while decreasing the total light flux to the retina. This may be useful for distance estimation at high light levels. PMID- 3750864 TI - Irradiation: implications for theories of edge localization. AB - In a vernier alignment task, observers judged the relative positions of two blurred edges placed one above the other. If the two edges were given the same blur width and contrast polarity, their relative positions were perceived veridically. If the two edges were given different blur widths or opposite contrast polarities, reliable errors in perceived position were revealed, as if each edge were shifted into its dark phase by an amount proportional to its blur. The magnitude of shift varied from zero for sharply defined edges, to over 1 min arc for blurred edges. These illusory shifts in position are consistent with the well-known phenomenon of "irradiation". Implications for current models of edge localization are discussed. PMID- 3750865 TI - The relation between sensitivity changes and response time scale in the barnacle photoreceptor. AB - Responses to brief light flashes were recorded intracellularly from the photoreceptors of the barnacle in order to study the relation between changes in sensitivity and latency. Conditioning lights either increased the response to a test flash (facilitation) or reduced it (desensitization). In both cases there was a shortening of the response latency. Similar observations were made when background illumination was used instead of conditioning lights. These effects were not qualitatively altered when the extracellular Ca2+ concentration was lowered. The results suggest that facilitation is not the result of a reduction of intracellular Ca2+ concentration; i.e. it is not the reverse of desensitization. Since during facilitation there is an increase in photoresponse associated with latency shortening it can be suggested that the underlying mechanism is an enhancement of the effective light intensity. The experiments do not provide quantitative evidence for this idea. PMID- 3750866 TI - Rod influence on cone flicker detection: variation with retinal eccentricity. AB - Previous studies have shown that cone flicker thresholds are influenced by the adaptation state of the rod system. We have examined how the properties of this rod-cone flicker interaction differ with retinal eccentricity. The threshold for detecting 25 Hz flicker was measured in the dark-adapted eye, against a rod saturating Ganzfeld background and following a Ganzfeld bleach. The magnitude of the interaction, defined as the difference between light- and dark-adapted flicker thresholds, covaries with changes in rod absolute threshold across the visual field. At a given eccentricity, the magnitude of the interaction is constant for test diameters ranging from 7' to 1.7 degrees, indicating that variations in magnitude with eccentricity do not result from changes in spatial summation properties. The measurement of cone flicker thresholds during bleaching recovery provides evidence that variations in the magnitude of the rod-cone flicker interaction with retinal eccentricity may result from differences in the channel capacity of the pathway carrying the threshold-elevating signal from rods. PMID- 3750867 TI - Characteristics of rod driven off-responses in cat ganglion cells. AB - The off-response of dark adapted cat ganglion cells shows a tripartite response intensity function in the optic nerve response (ONR) as well as in extracellular recordings of single cells. While responses increase when stimuli of low or high intensities are increased, the rod driven off-response shows a strong decrease (dip) for intermediate intensities before the cone part of the function starts to rise. In contrast, on-responses increase monotonically or stay at a maximum. The dip in the response-intensity function of the off-response has a constant shape with test lights of increasing as well as of decreasing irradiance. The action spectrum of the descending part of the function peaks at 500 nm, indicating that a rod driven mechanism is responsible for the response reduction reflected by the dip. Changing the stimulus diameter from 24 deg to a 1 deg test field centred on a ganglion cell's receptive field has minimal effect on the response reduction. This points to a temporal rather than a spatial mechanism being responsible for the dip. PMID- 3750868 TI - A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the human fovea during development. AB - The anatomical development of the human fovea has been sampled from 22 weeks gestation to adulthood, using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The foveal depression continues to deepen after birth until 15 months, due to the migration of the cells of the inner retina toward the periphery. Before birth the rod-free zone or foveola is over 1000 microns in diameter, but it becomes progressively narrower after birth because of a centralward migration of cones. It reaches the adult diameter of 650-700 microns by 45 months of age. Postnatally, foveolar cone development is characterized by maturation, elongation, and an increase in packing density. Foveolar cone diameter changes markedly after birth, going from 7.5 microns at 5 days postnatal to 2 microns by 45 months. During this time the foveolar cone develops both its outer segment and basal axon process (fiber of Henle). This combination of elongation and centralward migration results in an increase of foveolar cone density from 18 cones/100 microns at 1 week postnatal to 42 cones/100 microns in the adult. Measures of foveola width and cone diameter reach the adult stage of development at 45 months of age, but the two important visual factors of outer segment length and cone packing density still are only half the adult values at 45 months of age. PMID- 3750869 TI - Visuomotor fields of the superior colliculus: a quantitative model. AB - Electrophysiological and electrical stimulation studies in the monkey have disclosed that both the retinal surface and the metrics of saccades are topographically represented in the superior colliculus. This mapping of sensory and motor space onto the colliculus is nonhomogeneous in that the central region is over-represented in both the visual and the motor map. Single unit studies have revealed that visual receptive fields of collicular neurons are typically quite large and are characterized by a skewed (asymmetrical) sensitivity profile. Analyses by McIlwain [J. Neurophysiol. 38, 219-230 (1975)] in the cat have suggested that this skewness property reflects mainly the spatial distortion inherent in the afferent mapping. In this paper we describe a quantitative model, based on a logarithmic mapping function combined with a Gaussian connectivity function in the colliculus, which can account for the extent and the shape of collicular receptive fields. Collicular neurons in the deeper layers have movement-related bursts of activity for saccades in a limited amplitude and direction range related to their location in the collicular map. These movement fields, like visual receptive fields, may be quite extensive and typically have a skewed profile. In our model, an efferent-mapping function is defined, which relates the locus of a population of recruited cells to the metrics of the ensuing saccade. The parameters of this function, which was taken to be identical with the afferent mapping function, were estimated from Robinson's [Vision Res. 12, 1795-1808 (1972)] electrical stimulation data. Based on the assumption that the population-activity profile resembles a two-dimensional Gaussian function, the shape and the size of movement fields can then be described with just 2 or 3 free parameters. Electrophysiological data recorded from a small sample of collicular visuomotor neurons were used to illustrate the procedure, which we designed to enable application of our model to the experimental data. The best fit was obtained when the mapping function was slightly anisotropic. Suggestions on how the model could be improved and extended are offered in the Discussion. PMID- 3750870 TI - Monocular deprivation in kittens differently affects crossed and uncrossed visual pathways. AB - The effects of monocular deprivation (MD) on the crossed and uncrossed visual projections were studied using both electrophysiological and behavioural criteria. Our results show that Visual Evoked Potentials (VEPs) from the deprived eye (DE) in response to contrast reversing gratings are more reduced in the ipsilateral than in the contralateral cortex. This suggests a different sensitivity of the crossed and uncrossed visual pathways to MD. In the behavioural experiments comparable findings were obtained. PMID- 3750871 TI - The spectral sensitivity of blue-sensitive pigeon cones: evidence for complete screening of the visual pigment by the oil-droplets. AB - The relative spectral sensitivity of blue-sensitive pigeon cones was determined using flicker-photometry based on mass ERG-responses from intact subjects during high-level light adaptation. The resulting spectral sensitivity curve can be mimicked by a P460 nomogram screened by an oil-droplet that absorbs 50% at 466 nm. Comparison of the curve with the nomogram indicates that on the average less than 10% of the light that excites the blue-sensitive cones is guided past or diffracted around their oil-droplets. PMID- 3750873 TI - Brightness shift in drifting ramp gratings isolates a transient mechanism. AB - A brightness shift is demonstrated for moving ramp stimuli. The data suggest that the transient visual response to changing luminance is combined with the sustained response to produce an overall impression of brightness. We attribute the brightness shift to the saturation of the transient response: a limitation on the maximum transient when responding to rapid brightening or dimming. The brightness shift provides a new technique for isolating the responses of the transient mechanisms. PMID- 3750872 TI - Temporal properties of brightness and color induction. AB - With a matching procedure, we studied the temporal properties of direct brightness (or lightness) and chromatic changes (produced by modulation of the region being matched) and induced brightness and chromatic changes (produced by modulation of the surround of the region being matched). The amount of direct brightness and color change was found to vary only slightly with temporal frequency over the 0.5-8 Hz range studied, whereas induced changes were found to occur only at low temporal frequencies, below about 2.5 Hz. With high temporal frequency modulation of the surround, the induced patterns appeared to flicker but not to change in brightness or color. Despite the fact that chrominance and luminance temporal contrast sensitivity functions are very different, the temporal induction curves for color and brightness were very similar. However, brightness induction was found to increase approximately linearly with increasing surround modulation up to very high levels, whereas the amount of color induction was much less dependent on the modulation depth of the surround. PMID- 3750874 TI - The development of visual acuity in normal fullterm and preterm infants. AB - The development of visual acuity during the first year of life was assessed in 91 normal fullterm infants and 36 preterm infants with minimal perinatal complications, using the forced-choice preferential looking technique. Acuity in the preterm infants lagged behind that of the fullterm infants up to the age of 6 8 months if age was calculated from birth, and then reached equal levels. When age was corrected for prematurity, acuities in the two groups were very similar at all ages, but mean preterm acuity was consistently slightly higher than in the fullterm infants. The results suggest that early visual experience of preterm infants in the period up to the expected date of term may lead to a slight acceleration of the development of behavioural visual acuity. This is discussed in relation to electrophysiological studies which report a greater effect of prematurity on acuity development. PMID- 3750875 TI - Spatial extent of rod-cone and cone-cone interactions for flicker detection. AB - Over a large range of light adaptation levels, sensitivity to 25 Hz flicker improves as the light level of the background increases. Using small background discs and annular surrounds, this effect was shown to be mediated by the surround and not the average luminance of the test region, in agreement with recent reports. The effect is due to two types of lateral interaction: at mesopic light levels (from 0.1 to 1.0 td), cone-mediated flicker resolution is enhanced by the stimulation of surrounding rods; at photopic light levels (above 10 td), flicker sensitivity improves with light stimulation of adjacent cones. The spatial zone, or extent, over which the surround contributes to the flicker threshold was measured. The spatial area over which rods influence the cone 25 Hz flicker threshold is larger than the analogous spatial area of cone influence. In the parafovea, at 5 deg eccentricity, cone flicker sensitivity for a 20' spot is influenced by cones in a 1 deg diameter area centered on the spot; the corresponding area of rod influence is about 3 deg. In the fovea, flicker sensitivity for a 10' spot is influenced by cone stimulation in an area of about 20' diameter. Rods which affect foveal flicker sensitivity appear to occupy an annular zone with about a 2 deg outer diameter and 1 deg inner diameter, centered on the fovea. PMID- 3750876 TI - Dynamic interactions between accommodation and convergence are velocity sensitive. AB - Aftereffects of accommodation and vergence occur following approximately 1 min of adaptation to lenses and prisms respectively. This observation can be interpreted to mean that accommodation and vergence responses have phasic and tonic components. We have examined the role that these proposed subcomponents play in mutual interactions between accommodation and vergence. Both accommodative vergence (AV) and vergence accommodation (VA) were unresponsive to low temporal frequency variations (less than 0.1 Hz) in defocus and disparity respectively. However, both AV and VA were responsive to higher temporal frequency stimuli (up to 0.5 Hz). When negative feedback to the stimulated system was cancelled electronically, both AV and VA become responsive to low temporal frequency stimuli. The ratio or gain of accommodative vergence/accommodation (AC/A) and vergence accommodation/vergence (CA/C) increased nonlinearly with stimulus amplitude. Vergence aftereffects resulted from stimulation of AV and accommodative aftereffects resulted from stimulation of VA. These results are interpreted to mean there could be a complementary relationship between the amplitude of the AC/A ratio and proposed tonic adaptation of accommodation, and between the amplitude of the CA/C ratio and proposed tonic adaptation of vergence. A low saturation limit or stimulus window for tonic adaptation may account for the amplitude dependent nonlinearities of the AC/A and CA/C ratios. PMID- 3750877 TI - Smooth-pursuit initiation in the presence of a textured background in monkey. AB - Smooth pursuit eye movements in the monkey were studied by measuring the average eye acceleration in the first 100 msec of the ocular response to suddenly moving constant velocity discrete visual targets. The tracking target's motion was initiated on or eccentric to the fovea against a very dimly lit homogeneous background or an illuminated, highly textured, large-field background. The effect of the textured background was always to reduce the initial eye acceleration as compared to that present in the homogeneous background case. Movement of the background in the opposite direction to target spot movement also reduced the initial eye acceleration. In contrast, steady-state tracking measured several hundred msec after the onset of pursuit under the same conditions was only marginally reduced by the presence of the textured background. PMID- 3750878 TI - Stimuli for accommodation: blur, chromatic aberration and size. AB - We investigated the frequency response of the accommodative system (0.05-1 Hz) using three stimuli: defocus blur, the effects of the chromatic aberration of the eye, and changing target size. A high-speed infrared optometer monitored accommodation while the subject viewed a target in a Badal optometer. Blur was provided by moving the target sinusoidally towards and away from the subject (1-3 D) and the size of the target was varied at the same frequency. Chromatic aberration was controlled by using either monochromatic (590 nm) or white light (3300 K). Gain and phase plots changed systematically as we varied the number of stimuli presented together. This suggests that besides defocus blur both chromatic aberration and changing size are involved in accommodative control. PMID- 3750879 TI - Tradeoffs between stereopsis and proximity luminance covariance as determinants of perceived 3D structure. AB - A 2D polar projection of a 3D wire cube (Necker cube) in clockwise rotation can be perceived either veridically as a clockwise-rotating cube (rigid percept) or as a counterclockwise-rotating rubbery, truncated pyramid (nonrigid percept). The 3D percept is influenced by various cues: linear perspective, stereo disparity, and proximity-luminance covariance (PLC, the intensification of edges in proportion to their proximity to the observer). Perspective, by itself or in combination, is a very weak cue whereas PLC is a powerful cue [Schwartz and Sperling (1983) Bull. Psychon. Soc. 21, 456-458]. Here we determined psychometric functions for perceptual resolution in static displays and dynamic rotating displays (with and without a static preview) as determined by stereopsis and PLC in isolation and with both cues jointly, possibly in conflict. Stereopsis was the dominant cue in static displays and in most dynamic displays. When a static display preceded a dynamic display, it strongly influenced the subsequent dynamic percept. Perceptual resolution in all conditions was accurately described by a winner-take-all model in which the strength of evidence for each percept from different cues is simply algebraically added. PMID- 3750880 TI - A comparison of contrast detection and discrimination. AB - In order to complement previous studies of contrast detection, we have examined the effects of three stimulus variables (spatial frequency, retinal illuminance, retinal locus) and one visual disorder (amblyopia) on contrast discrimination. Although each factor has a profound effect on the detection of gratings on otherwise unpatterned displays, we find a similar dipper-shaped contrast discrimination function and similar supra-threshold Weber fractions for contrast under all these conditions. PMID- 3750881 TI - Hypermetropia in dark reared chicks and the effect of lid suture. AB - Two experimental groups of domestic fowl chicks were reared in darkness. One group was normal (DR) and the second had unilateral lid closure (DRC). A control group was reared in normal illumination (LR). The optical components of the eye were examined by retinoscopy, keratometry and phacometry while physical measurements were made using ultrasonography and micrometry. The DR chicks developed a significant hyperopia (+3.11 D) compared to the LR chicks (+0.65 D), attributed to a significant decrease in corneal height and lens thickness. A significant increase in the anteroposterior axis of the DR chicks tends to reduce the dark induced hyperopia. Lid closure in the DRC chicks increases the hyperopic effect by +3.07 D due to additional corneal flattening. These results reinforce our proposal of the chick eye as a model for research in the various forms of ametropia. PMID- 3750882 TI - Total serum cholesterol levels of adults 20-74 years of age. PMID- 3750883 TI - Use of antimicrobial drugs in office-based practice. United States, 1980-81. PMID- 3750884 TI - Maternal weight gain and the outcome of pregnancy. PMID- 3750885 TI - [Scientific and technical revolution and the physician factor in medicine]. PMID- 3750886 TI - [Optimal ways of teaching military surgery and military therapeutics at a medical institute]. PMID- 3750887 TI - [Hyperbaric oxygenation in surgical practice]. PMID- 3750888 TI - [Classification of postoperative complications of abdominal injuries]. PMID- 3750889 TI - [Scientific and technological progress in surgery]. PMID- 3750890 TI - [Difficulties in the diagnosis of acute leukemia]. PMID- 3750891 TI - [Epidemiological analysis of the significance of the means of transmitting dysentery]. PMID- 3750892 TI - [Clinical course of legionnaires' disease]. PMID- 3750893 TI - [A method of evaluating students' body functions]. PMID- 3750894 TI - [Prognosis of blastomogenic activity of chemical substances]. PMID- 3750895 TI - [Experience with sanitary control of living conditions of personnel mobile airports]. PMID- 3750896 TI - [Effect of increased doses of vitamin C on the adaptation and working ability of sailors in the tropical climate]. PMID- 3750897 TI - [Technical aspects of medical thermometry]. PMID- 3750898 TI - [Effect of ionizing radiation on sulfur-containing drugs]. PMID- 3750899 TI - [Use of hyperbaric oxygenation in the treatment of tuberculosis patients]. PMID- 3750900 TI - [Treatment of suppurative diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue with dimexide in a polyclinic]. PMID- 3750902 TI - [The aspirator "Effekt" for drainage of the pleural cavity]. PMID- 3750901 TI - [A method of evaluating the measures with regard to anti-epidemic protection of the personnel of military units]. PMID- 3750903 TI - [An improved spirograph the Spiro 2-25]. PMID- 3750904 TI - [The leading medical unit]. PMID- 3750905 TI - [A gauge device for sclerotomy and sinusotrabeculectomy in anti-glaucoma operations]. PMID- 3750906 TI - [Dislocation of the mandible during tonsillectomy]. PMID- 3750908 TI - [Organizational experience with the correspondence training of military therapists in functional diagnosis (2)]. PMID- 3750907 TI - [Hyperbaric oxygenation in cerebrovascular disorders of ischemic nature]. PMID- 3750909 TI - [Organization of rehabilitative treatment of peptic ulcer patients]. PMID- 3750910 TI - [Loyalty to professional duty and the heroic traditions of the military medical service]. PMID- 3750911 TI - [Let us raise the efficiency of health inspection in the army and navy]. PMID- 3750912 TI - [Characteristics of the clinical course of hypertension in middle-aged and elderly persons]. PMID- 3750913 TI - [Modern principles and methods for the surgical treatment of chronic suppurative otitis media]. PMID- 3750914 TI - [Principles and methods for examining proctology patients]. PMID- 3750915 TI - [Prevention of acute intestinal infections]. PMID- 3750916 TI - [Method of organizing health inspection in a military district]. PMID- 3750917 TI - [Diagnosis of fatigue and overexhaustion in flight personnel]. PMID- 3750918 TI - [Injuries during mooring operations on board ship]. PMID- 3750919 TI - [Deontological problems in the practical work of the dentist]. PMID- 3750920 TI - [Subperiosteal manifestations of radicular cysts of the jaw]. PMID- 3750921 TI - [Changes in the phagocytic activity of the neutrophils during the immunotherapy of chronic pyoderma patients]. PMID- 3750922 TI - [March myoglobinuria]. PMID- 3750923 TI - [Comparative results in the implantation of different models of artificial lenses]. PMID- 3750924 TI - [Fulfilling the recommendations of the All-Army Conference on Improving the Living Conditions of Troops in a military unit]. PMID- 3750925 TI - [Characteristics of the health inspection of sports installations]. PMID- 3750926 TI - [Changes in the internal organs of alcoholic patients]. PMID- 3750927 TI - [Current problems in health resort pulmonology]. PMID- 3750928 TI - [Ultrasound in the treatment of patients with obstructive diseases of the lungs]. PMID- 3750929 TI - [Rehabilitation of patients with pre-asthma and bronchial asthma at local sanatoria in the Far East]. PMID- 3750930 TI - [Organization and efficacy of the sanatorium-health resort stage in the rehabilitation of patients with chronic nonspecific diseases of the lungs]. PMID- 3750931 TI - [Optimization of the movement regimen in preparation for mental work after lung surgery]. PMID- 3750932 TI - [Changes in the functional status of the myocardium in ischemic heart disease patients during sanatorium treatment using hyperbaric oxygenation]. PMID- 3750933 TI - [Optimization of methodology of electrosleep treatment of myocardial infarct patients in the reconvalescent stage]. PMID- 3750934 TI - [Mud-bath treatment of patients with chronic encephalopathies]. PMID- 3750935 TI - [Experimental study of lidocaine phonophoresis compared with lidocaine electrophoresis]. PMID- 3750936 TI - [Use of a low-frequency magnetic field in the complex treatment of patients with lumbar osteochondrosis]. PMID- 3750937 TI - [Effect of vibromassage of the thorax on respiratory function and pulmonary hemodynamics of children with mucoviscidosis]. PMID- 3750938 TI - [Efficacy of using iodobromine baths in ischemic heart disease patients taking into account the mineralization of the water]. PMID- 3750939 TI - [Selection of effective regimens of pneumocompression for treatment of post traumatic lymphovenous insufficiency of the lower extremities]. PMID- 3750940 TI - [Changes in the electrical parameters of the surface of the human body as a result of baths]. PMID- 3750941 TI - [Distribution of marine aerosols in the coastal zone of the western shore of the Crimea and the extent of their deposition in the human lung]. PMID- 3750942 TI - [Use of arsenous carbonate waters in patients with ischemic heart disease undergoing sanatorium treatment]. PMID- 3750944 TI - [Health resort zone of Gastein (Austria): resources, treatment, scientific research]. PMID- 3750943 TI - [Deontology in physiotherapy]. PMID- 3750945 TI - [Effect of ultrasound and the combined use of ultrasound and mud applications on the pituitary-adrenal and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in chronic nonspecific diseases of the lungs]. PMID- 3750946 TI - [Early morphofunctional changes in the liver after administration of nitrosodiethylamine]. PMID- 3750947 TI - [Potential hazard of the organochlorine pesticide hexachlorobutadiene in the mother-fetus-progeny system]. PMID- 3750948 TI - [Clinico-morphological analysis of the neurological manifestations of brain edema in bacterial meningoencephalitis]. PMID- 3750949 TI - [Effect of water improvement works on the activity of natural foci of tularemia in the Rovno district]. PMID- 3750950 TI - [Clinical aspects of acute intestinal infection caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus]. PMID- 3750951 TI - [Scientific and organizational basis of gradual change to ambulatory care of patients with a history of acute infectious diseases]. PMID- 3750952 TI - [Characteristics of mental status of patients in the premorbid period of myocardial infarction]. PMID- 3750953 TI - [Prevalence of systemic connective tissue diseases]. PMID- 3750954 TI - [Erythrocyte membrane resistance after exposure to yellow phosphorus and its compounds]. PMID- 3750955 TI - [Effect of complex treatment on indicators of lipid metabolism in patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans]. PMID- 3750956 TI - [Clinico-morphological characteristics of mycosis fungoides as a rare form of non Hodgkin's lymphoma]. PMID- 3750957 TI - [Status of various components of the oxygen-transport function of the blood in smokers]. PMID- 3750958 TI - [Use of fibrinolysis activators and inhibitors in the complex treatment of patients with acute pneumonia]. PMID- 3750959 TI - [Differential diagnosis of recurrent pneumonia and exacerbation of chronic bronchitis]. PMID- 3750960 TI - [Diagnostic significance of the lysozyme level in serous cavity fluids]. PMID- 3750961 TI - [Pleural mesothelioma after therapeutic artificial pneumothorax]. PMID- 3750962 TI - [Roentgenological diagnosis of pleural mesothelioma]. PMID- 3750963 TI - [Effectiveness of treatment of newly detected destructive pulmonary tuberculosis among rural and urban populations]. PMID- 3750964 TI - [Chromium metabolism in patients with diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 3750965 TI - [Normalization of sorbitol dehydrogenase activity--an important factor in the treatment of neuropathies and angiopathies in patients with diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 3750966 TI - [Status of vascular permeability in patients with thyrotoxic and post-thyrotoxic encephalo-ophthalmopathy]. PMID- 3750967 TI - [Estradiol-17 beta and progesterone levels in the blood of patients with infertility of inflammatory origin]. PMID- 3750968 TI - [Immunoglobulin level and antibody titer after immunization with staphylococcal anatoxin and plasmapheresis of donors]. PMID- 3750969 TI - [Pathomorphosis of prostatic cancer after regional endolymphatic polychemotherapy]. PMID- 3750970 TI - [Urinary polyamines and hydroxyproline in patients with breast cancer]. PMID- 3750971 TI - [Use of local methods of ambulatory and polyclinical treatment of patients with an uncomplicated form of peptic ulcer]. PMID- 3750972 TI - [Results of stomach resection in duodenal ulcer]. PMID- 3750973 TI - [Morphofunctional criteria of the processes of adaptation to physical loads]. PMID- 3750974 TI - [Inflammatory tumor-like lesions of the large intestine and their differential diagnosis]. PMID- 3750975 TI - [Complex treatment of patients with vegetovascular dystonia of the hypertensive type]. PMID- 3750976 TI - [Coordination disorders in the solar-plexus-hypothalamic syndrome]. PMID- 3750977 TI - [Immune complexes in various intestinal infections]. PMID- 3750979 TI - [Hygienic assessment of the quality of gaseous oxygen produced by electrolysis of water in a system with a solid polymeric electrolyte]. PMID- 3750978 TI - [Late cerebellar atrophy of the Marie-Foix-Alajouanine syndrome]. PMID- 3750980 TI - [Health status of female workers in the electroplating shops of modern machine building]. PMID- 3750981 TI - [Temporary disability in vibration disease]. PMID- 3750982 TI - [Organization of mass preventive examinations for early detection of diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 3750983 TI - [Various data on the prevalence of chronic nonspecific diseases of the lungs among the rural population]. PMID- 3750984 TI - [Experience in training subinterns in a polyclinic]. PMID- 3750985 TI - [Express-diagnosis of the functional capacity of the cardiorespiratory system during the mass screening of students]. PMID- 3750986 TI - [Mechanism of the immunostimulating action of an antitumor antibiotic from a plant]. PMID- 3750987 TI - [Lesions of the joints in meningococcal infection and their connection with the system of tissue antigens]. PMID- 3750988 TI - [Role of different microorganisms in the development and course of acute pneumonia]. PMID- 3750989 TI - [Differential diagnosis of destructive processes in the lungs]. PMID- 3750990 TI - [Respiration and immune reactivity of patients with intrathoracic sarcoidosis after using hemosorption]. PMID- 3750991 TI - [Inhalation of galidor in the treatment of chronic obstructive bronchitis]. PMID- 3750992 TI - [Prognostic significance of cytologic and immunologic indices of sputum in chronic bronchitis patients]. PMID- 3750993 TI - [Experience with the use of enterosorption in the complex treatment of bronchial asthma patients]. PMID- 3750994 TI - [Lung tissue biopsy in patients with congenital heart defects and severe pulmonary hypertension]. PMID- 3750995 TI - [Use of verapamil in essential hypertension]. PMID- 3750996 TI - [Role of intramyocardial tension in hemodynamic provisions for physical loading in essential hypertension patients]. PMID- 3750997 TI - [Use of acetylcholine in occlusive diseases of the arteries of the lower extremities]. PMID- 3750998 TI - [Efficacy of intra-articular administration of hydrocortisone immobilized in liposomes in rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 3750999 TI - [Case of systemic lupus erythematosus in a child]. PMID- 3751000 TI - [Morphologic changes in the myocardium in metastatic melanoma]. PMID- 3751001 TI - [Teratoblastoma of the ovary with signs of nervous system involvement]. PMID- 3751002 TI - [Sigma-ESR as a screening test in patients with internal diseases]. PMID- 3751003 TI - [Cationic proteins of peripheral blood neutrophils in patients with diseases of the liver and biliary tract]. PMID- 3751004 TI - [Diagnosis, clinical picture and treatment of peptic ulcer]. PMID- 3751005 TI - [Rheologic properties of the blood of peptic ulcer patients]. PMID- 3751006 TI - [Prevention of pulmonary complications after surgical treatment of peptic ulcer]. PMID- 3751007 TI - [Use of helium-neon laser radiation in the complex treatment of peptic ulcer]. PMID- 3751008 TI - [Mechanism of action of "Naftusia" water on acid formation in the stomach]. PMID- 3751009 TI - [Diagnosis of schizophrenia in alcoholism]. PMID- 3751010 TI - [Effect of prolonged intake of decamevit on the body]. PMID- 3751011 TI - [Differential diagnosis of total craniostenosis and microcephaly]. PMID- 3751012 TI - [Clinico-electrophysiologic features of injuries of peripheral nerve trunks of the extremities]. PMID- 3751013 TI - [The two new subspecies of Streptomyces]. PMID- 3751014 TI - [The conditions of ampicillin acylase production by AS 1.586]. PMID- 3751015 TI - [Studies on the serogroup of Yersinia enterocolitica. I. Investigations on the antigenicity of "non-groupable" strains]. PMID- 3751016 TI - [To inquire into the classifiable position of Streptomyces erythreus 2577]. PMID- 3751017 TI - [A new insect virus of Pieris rapae. III. Nucleic acid properties of the virus]. PMID- 3751019 TI - Essential drug kits for rural Kenya: an interview with Dr Wilfred Koinange. PMID- 3751018 TI - Seventy-seventh session of the WHO Executive Board. Highlights of the Executive Board. PMID- 3751020 TI - Sessions of the WHO Regional Committees--3. PMID- 3751021 TI - Atenolol overdosage in a patient with progressive renal failure. PMID- 3751022 TI - Rebound hypertension associated with transdermal clonidine and contact dermatitis. PMID- 3751023 TI - Evaluation of impotence. PMID- 3751024 TI - Smokeless tobacco--an overview for physicians. AB - This is one of a series of articles from western state public health departments. PMID- 3751025 TI - Alternative birth practices and settings--indications of prevalence and use among California obstetricians. AB - Interest among women and families in "alternative" birth practices and settings has grown steadily in recent years, but little information has been available about the response of the medical profession to the desire for a more "natural," self-directed and family-centered childbirth experience. Data from a recent survey of California obstetricians, however, indicate that although home birth and delivery in freestanding alternative birth centers are discouraged or not permitted by most respondents, a large majority encourage and/or permit routinely or on request a wide variety of practices that represent departures from previous norms of clinical practice. Results of this study suggest that as long as the safety of the mother and infant are not jeopardized and unacceptable liability risks are not posed, physicians are increasingly willing to accommodate the preferences of patients and families for a more "high-touch" approach to counterbalance the increasing utilization of high technology in obstetrics. PMID- 3751026 TI - Greater vertebral bone mineral mass in exercising young men. AB - Peak bone mass at skeletal maturity may be an important factor in the relative quantity of skeletal mass in old age. We have studied bone mineral in 46 young men, 28 of whom engage in regular and vigorous exercise programs. Spinal trabecular bone mineral density and spinal integral bone mineral content are significantly greater in the exercise group as compared with the 18 control subjects. Of the exercise group, subjects participating in both aerobic and weight-bearing regimens have the greatest spinal bone mineral mass, followed by those engaging in strictly weight-bearing exercise and those in a primarily aerobic program. An analysis of variance across all subject groups, including the control group, shows a significant difference in spinal trabecular bone density based on the type of physical activity. PMID- 3751027 TI - Outpatient treatment of lumbar disc sciatica. AB - Of 47 patients with lumbar disc disease and sciatic radiculopathy (L-5 or S-1), 39 were successfully managed at home and as outpatients in an ambulatory care facility designed for the treatment of arthritis and back pain. When these patients were evaluated one to three years following discharge, they maintained their maximum level of activity and functional improvement noted at discharge. The average total cost per patient including physician's fees, x-rays, laboratory and therapy was approximately equivalent to the day rate for 1(1/2) days in hospital. PMID- 3751028 TI - Lung cancer--bad news, good news. PMID- 3751029 TI - Digitalis--a bicentennial progress report. PMID- 3751031 TI - [Clinical course and treatment of bacterial endocarditis]. PMID- 3751032 TI - [Remote results of the surgical treatment of cardiospasm by the Heller-Rudler method]. PMID- 3751030 TI - Pseudoinfarction in patients with massive pulmonary embolism. PMID- 3751033 TI - [Cobalt-activated acylase activity in the serum of patients with tuberculosis treated with antitubercular agents]. PMID- 3751034 TI - [Tuberculin and distreptase tests in children with bronchial asthma]. PMID- 3751035 TI - [Results of treatment by Co-60 irradiation of patients with bladder cancer]. PMID- 3751036 TI - [The course of intratracheal anesthesia in relation to the phases of the menstrual cycle in gynecological operations]. PMID- 3751037 TI - [Arrhythmogenic effect of caffeine]. PMID- 3751038 TI - [Successful surgical treatment of a ruptured aneurysm of the abdominal aorta after 2 cardiac arrests]. PMID- 3751039 TI - [Plasmacytoma of the stomach]. PMID- 3751040 TI - [Complete rupture of the stomach after blunt abdominal injury]. PMID- 3751041 TI - [Epidermolysis bullosa with a fatal course]. PMID- 3751042 TI - [Passage of drugs and other substances from mother's milk during breast feeding]. PMID- 3751043 TI - [Properdin level in preserved blood]. PMID- 3751044 TI - [Preliminary characteristics of the electrodermal reaction (GSR)]. PMID- 3751045 TI - [Usefulness of bacteriological studies in the diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infections]. PMID- 3751046 TI - [Breast cancer in young women]. PMID- 3751047 TI - [Hyperthyroidism as a risk factor in pregnancy]. PMID- 3751048 TI - [Accidental hypothermia in a 24-year-old narcotic user]. PMID- 3751049 TI - [Superior vena cava syndrome caused by tuberculosis of the hilar lymph nodes]. PMID- 3751050 TI - [A case of tuberculosis of the pancreas and peritoneum in alcoholic liver cirrhosis]. PMID- 3751051 TI - [Endometriosis of the small and large intestine]. PMID- 3751052 TI - [Torsion of the testicular peduncle]. PMID- 3751053 TI - [Shared paranoid disorder]. PMID- 3751054 TI - [Errors related to anesthesia]. PMID- 3751055 TI - [The value of blood pressure control centers for detection and control of the treatment of hypertension]. PMID- 3751056 TI - [Effect of sanatorium rehabilitation on physical fitness and left-ventricular function evaluated by echocardiography and the incidence of second hospitalization for recurrent anginal pains and acute myocardial infarction in patients with unstable angina]. PMID- 3751058 TI - [Evaluation of mucosal energy substrates in patients with stomach cancer. II. Triacylglycerol levels]. PMID- 3751057 TI - [Immunostimulating effect of levamisole on the reactivity of peripheral blood granulocytes in patients after long-term treatment with corticosteroids]. PMID- 3751059 TI - [Collagen metabolites in the serum and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis with positive or negative Waaler-Rose reaction]. PMID- 3751060 TI - [Stevens-Johnson syndrome in 2 children with acute renal failure]. PMID- 3751061 TI - [Unusual location of a gelatinous cyst (ganglion)]. PMID- 3751062 TI - [A case of short bowel syndrome after subtotal resection of the small intestine 11 years previously]. PMID- 3751063 TI - [A case of coexistent multiple neoplasms of the female genital organs]. PMID- 3751064 TI - [A case of extensive hemangioma of the hypertrophic auricle]. PMID- 3751065 TI - [Legal principles of organ transplantations]. AB - In 1982 organ donation from deceased persons was put on a statutory footing, thus eliminating to a large extent any relevant legal uncertainty that had existed formerly. Organ donation from corpses is now legal - provided the patient or his legal guardian does not object to such donation before the former's death. Special permission is not required. Any objection voiced by a family member who is not acting as a legal guardian may be dismissed altogether. Before organ donation, proof of the onset of death has to be furnished by a physician authorized to exercise his profession. Detailed provisions under the law stipulate a ban on any profit-making action, the guarding of professional secrecy, as well as the appropriate keeping of records. Contrary to organ donation from deceased persons, organ donation from persons yet alive is still considered bodily injury under the penal code; such action can only be within the law if the donor him- or herself gives express permission in advance. PMID- 3751066 TI - [Hepatitis A outbreak in a shelter for the homeless in Vienna]. AB - An outbreak of hepatitis A was observed in a shelter for the homeless in Vienna with about 200 inhabitants. Twenty-two cases occurred within a period of 6 months. The outbreak could not be brought under control by measures of general hygiene. However, after the administration of hepatitis A immunoglobulin (120 IU/ml), at a dosage of 0.05 ml/kg body weight, to 102 of the 105 seronegative inhabitants and members of staff, no further clinical cases of hepatitis A were reported from this group. Nevertheless, 8 of these 102 "protected" persons showed signs of subclinical infection at subsequent follow up. Apart from these, 2 further cases of hepatitis A occurred among the non-immunised children at risk, whose parents had refused permission for serological investigation or immunoglobulin administration. PMID- 3751067 TI - [Problems of gastroesophageal reflux in childhood]. AB - Gastro-esophageal reflux is common in infancy. However, in most of those children reflux disappears spontaneously at the end of the first year or during the second year of life. Thus, the authors suggest the hypothesis that gastro-esophageal reflux in infancy represents a delay in maturation of central structures for the motor function of the esophagus. Therefore conservative therapy during infancy is the treatment of choice for most of the infants. Additional factors however, such as severe cerebral or neurological damage, esophageal atresia, failure to growth and esophagitis make an early operative intervention often necessary. Likewise operative therapy is the treatment of choice in older children with symptoms of esophagitis or stenosis. Different diagnostic procedures are discussed briefly. PMID- 3751068 TI - [Treatment of gastroduodenal ulcers in children]. AB - Gastroduodenal ulcers are probably no rarity in children. Clinically relevant are only those showing complications: either bleeding or perforation. They should be taken into consideration in the differential diagnosis of vague or chronic abdominal pain. Endoscopy is a reliable way of examination. Treatment should be conservative, leaving surgical therapy only for unmitigable bleeding, perforation and failing conservative management. The treatment of 34 children (in an age between one day and 14 years) is discussed. 26-17 of whom had bleeding ulcers- were treated conservatively, 8 had to be operated upon. 5 children suffered from a relapse (2 with bleeding), but conservative therapy led to the lesion's healing in these cases. PMID- 3751069 TI - [Chronic abdominal pain in childhood]. AB - Recurrent abdominal pain in childhood can be caused structurally, functionally, metabolically or psychosomatically. In the neonatal period there occur malformations, in infancy chronic inflammations of bowel as well as obstructions due to adhesions following laparotomies or chronic intussusceptions or volvulus. In pre-school and school-age symptoms of appendicitis, lymphadenitis, Crohn's disease or Colitis ulcerosa occur. But every 8th to 9th child of school-age suffers from functional abdominal pain without structural origin, probably caused by an "irritable colon". PMID- 3751070 TI - [Diagnosis of functional anorectal disorders in childhood]. AB - Constipation of all degrees is a frequent complaint in childhood. Differentiation between constipation with or without normal ganglia necessitates the following investigations: clinical examination, manometry, rectoscopy, rectal mucosal biopsy, rectal full thickness biopsy. The technique of these investigations as well as their risks are discussed. PMID- 3751071 TI - [Chronic constipation in childhood--only crux medici or diagnostic pitfall?]. AB - Severe chronic constipation in children is always a burden to the whole family. The typical steps of investigation such conditions are demonstrated. The most common forms of organic causes for chronic constipation are explained by examples; it is important to know them in order to avoid misdiagnosis. Step-by step-examination is important to find out all organic possibilities. PMID- 3751073 TI - [Recurrent angioedema (Quincke's edema)-a constant problem]. PMID- 3751072 TI - [Benign and malignant intra-abdominal tumors in childhood]. AB - 31 children with intraperitoneal masses were operated upon during a 10 year period between 1975 to 1985, 15 tumors were malignant (3 hepatoblastomas, 6 NHL, 3 RMS, 1 mesothelioma, 1 teratocarcinoma of the ovary, 1 haemangioendothelioma of the liver). 16 benign lesions included 3 solitary liver cysts, 2 haemangiomas of the liver, 2 parasitic cysts, 3 ovarian cysts, 2 choledochal cysts, 2 intraperitoneal encapsulations, 1 mesenteric cyst, 1 duplication of the intestine. Half of the benign masses were found in the first month of life, two thirds (69%) under 1 year of age, later the malignant tumors are more frequent. PMID- 3751075 TI - [Breech birth in a small obstetrics department]. AB - More often than not obstetrical results in breech presentation births are published by big clinics and great obstetricians, and thus represent model function for the type of delivery. In the present article methods and results of a small ward (35 beds, 2 gynecologists) in the period between 1980 und 1985 are described and compared with others. The management adheres to the principles practised by Hochuli (Munsterlingen, Switzerland). The abdominal version of the foetus from breech presentation to vertex presentation in the 37 th gestational week is carried out, if possible, as is recommended to reduce the frequency of breech presentation. The results of 205 breech-births are described; the frequency of caesarian sections amounts to 62%, unclarified perinatal mortality to 29 degrees/00, the share of advanced and serious acidosis (ph below 7.10) to 2.4%. In the event of premature births before the 32 nd gestational week the frequency of caesarian sections is very low (11%) and will have to be higher in future. PMID- 3751074 TI - [10 years' obstetric medicine at a district hospital. Methods and results]. AB - Between July 1st, 1975 and June 30th, 1985 9669 deliveries seen were evaluated according to parameters of obstetric efficiency, particular risk factors, perinatological proceedings including a trend analysis. A significant diminuation of perinatal mortality and morbidity could be registered. Since there has been an obvious augmentation of cases with higher obstetrical risks in the time mentioned, these results may be underlined positively. After all, the high taint of the results by preterm deliveries still remains an unsolved problem. PMID- 3751076 TI - [Modern aspects of contraception]. AB - As the ideal contraceptive has not been found after a quarter century of global contraception research, this is an attempt to assess the advantages and drawbacks of the so-called "safe" methods of contraception currently in use. The most persuasive arguments in favour of oral contraceptives which other reversible methods cannot claim are their unsurpassed safety as well as the simplicity of their application. The disadvantage of potential damages through the perennial intake of hormones can be minimized with the low dosages of modern compounds. Recommendations are made concerning the controlled use of the various kinds of ovulation-inhibitors. Likewise, the use of ovulation-inhibitors with adolescents, at the end of reproductive age, and with women afflicted with diabetes mellitus are discussed. Advantages and drawbacks of contraception through the exclusive use of progestagen are briefly stated. Despite good applicability in single cases, intrauterine contraception should rather be viewed as a second choice only. Yet the standard problems, such as menstrual disturbances, increased tendency toward inflammations and individual incompatibility remain unsolved. Moreover, the rate of failure of 3% is ten times as high as with the ovulation inhibitors. In their instructions some producers recommend too short a period of placement of the device in the uterus. Most IUD's can stay in place for a longer period of time. Repeated references to the possible complications of the use of IUD's with nulliparous women are made. As an emergency method to prevent a pregnancy after intercourse without contraceptives a hormonal method as well as the post-coital insertion of an IUD are discussed. After completed family planning the definitive sterilization presents itself as the ideal method of contraception, either through tubal sterilization in case of the woman, or vasectomy in case of the man. Rates of complications, failure rates, and chances of reversibility of both methods are specified. PMID- 3751077 TI - [Hirsutism--diagnosis and therapy]. AB - Hirsutism is a frequent anomaly of the female hair follicles, which produces psychological problems. The pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and metabolism of the androgens are discussed. A way of diagnosis which is practicable for clinical purpose as well as for practice is described. Finally two interesting cases are demonstrated. PMID- 3751078 TI - [Treatment of malignant tumors in gynecology]. PMID- 3751079 TI - Another look at sex differences in the use of medical care: illness orientation and the types of morbidities for which services are used. AB - The purpose of this investigation is to build on the findings of earlier studies and, focusing on specific disease categories, further explore the factors which may contribute to the sex differential in medical care utilization rates. In pursuing this objective, the study attempts to differentiate those types of disease categories for which illness orientation has a significant effect on utilization rates from those where the effects are minimal. The study population includes 1648 adults between the ages of 18 and 59. Medical record data covering 7 years of outpatient services are linked with survey data on the respondents. The findings show that the largest sex differences in utilization rates occur in those categories which represent more mild morbidities and those where there is more discretion in defining illness and/or the need for care. It is in these categories showing the largest sex differences in doctor office visits in which illness orientation factors appear to be most influential. Thus, the findings provide further evidence for the hypothesis that sex differences in morbidity reports and utilization rates are due to differences in the way symptoms are perceived, evaluated and acted upon. Interpretations and implications are discussed. PMID- 3751080 TI - Utilization of health services by Mexican immigrant women in San Diego. AB - The limited empirical data available on maternal health problems among Mexican immigrant women in the United States suggest that they underutilize health services, especially general preventive care. Research conducted among legal and undocumented women in the Mexican immigrant population in San Diego, California, support these findings. Among undocumented mothers, 11.5% of their births in the U.S. occurred with no prenatal care or care sought in the third trimester, which is much higher than Mexican women legally in the country (3.6%) and the general San Diego maternal population (3.8%). When we examine births which occurred within the last five years by immigration status, we find that women legally in the country have a much higher rate of cesarean delivery of both undocumented women and women in the general San Diego maternal population. Undocumented women in our sample were much less likely than their legal counterparts to return for postpartum examinations for themselves, to seek neonatal care for their infants, and to have had Pap examinations or carry out breast self-examinations. PMID- 3751081 TI - Re-evaluating the medical risks of late childbearing. AB - A critical review of the scientific literature linking advanced maternal age to eight adverse pregnancy outcomes commonly believed to increase with advancing age revealed little support for the pessimistic medical view that late childbearing is necessarily riskier. Most studies (61% of the 104 studies reviewed) were seriously flawed methodologically, primarily by confounding age with other factors; many reached conclusions without statistical verification (29% of the studies reviewed). Results concerning the advantages or disadvantages of late childbearing were inconsistent as well. Evidence from the sound research studies strongly suggests that many of the adverse outcomes found by some researchers to increase at an older maternal age may be reflecting the particular circumstances surrounding late childbearing (altered medical management, pre-existing diseases, subfertility, unplanned pregnancy, high parity birth) rather than a biological condition of aging. Further research must move away from looking at maternal age as an isolated variable because of the temptation to impute causality to the factor when other associated factors are not controlled. A better understanding of the reproductive aging process is urgently needed. PMID- 3751082 TI - Progression of depression in the prenatal and postpartum periods. AB - Studies of birth related emotional disorders, which track a cohort of women prospectively throughout the prenatal and postpartum periods, have rarely been undertaken. We measured depression at six separate intervals in the prenatal and postpartum periods among an experimental cohort (n = 57) and at two separate intervals in a nonpregnant control cohort matched on age. Subjects with high levels of prenatal depression were three times more likely to report a past history of depression and two and one-half times more likely to have high depression levels at six weeks postpartum (indicating risk for a puerperal depression). However, they were only one-third more likely to experience transient postpartum depression. Prenatal depression may be another facet of a more encompassing maladjustment which includes past depressive episodes and increased risk for puerperal depression. PMID- 3751083 TI - Multiple roles and women's mental and physical health: what have we learned? AB - Research on the effects of multiple roles on women's health has in the past been conducted within the context of two competing hypotheses: the scarcity hypothesis and the expansion hypothesis. Empirical evidence is more supportive of the expansion than the scarcity hypothesis, i.e., women who occupy several roles are healthier than those with few. However, this generalization obscures important health differentials related to types of roles occupied and attributes of those roles. Research on multiple roles is now shifting from examining numbers of roles to analyzing the effects of specific role combinations, patterns, and characteristics. Further research is needed to identify ways in which rewards and stresses within each role interact to produce health outcomes. PMID- 3751084 TI - Wrongful life cases and the courts. PMID- 3751085 TI - Results of adrenal surgery for Cushing's syndrome: 10 years' experience. PMID- 3751086 TI - Localization and surgical resection of metastatic parathyroid carcinoma. PMID- 3751087 TI - DNA distribution pattern in intestinal carcinoid tumors. PMID- 3751088 TI - Current results of conservative surgery for differentiated thyroid carcinoma. PMID- 3751089 TI - False-negative errors in fine-needle aspiration biopsy of dominant thyroid nodules: a prospective follow-up study. PMID- 3751090 TI - Primary hyperaldosteronism caused by adrenocortical carcinoma. PMID- 3751091 TI - Reoperation for secondary hyperparathyroidism in hemodialysis patients. PMID- 3751092 TI - Treatment of toxic multinodular goiter (Plummer's disease): surgery or radioiodine? PMID- 3751093 TI - A computer-assisted thyroid follow-up system. PMID- 3751094 TI - Mediastinal parathyroid exploration: a clinical and pathologic study of 47 cases. PMID- 3751095 TI - Relation between changes in clinical and histopathological features of primary hyperparathyroidism. PMID- 3751096 TI - Intraoperative scintigraphy in surgical treatment of thyroid carcinoma: evaluation of a new technique. PMID- 3751097 TI - Thyroid function after hemithyroidectomy for benign nodules. PMID- 3751098 TI - Secretory pattern and blood pressure in pheochromocytoma. PMID- 3751099 TI - Decrease in serum uric acid level following parathyroidectomy in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. PMID- 3751100 TI - Lyme disease: an infectious disease which results from the bite of a certain species of tick. PMID- 3751101 TI - Lyme disease: its neurologic manifestations and its presentation in Wisconsin. PMID- 3751102 TI - The world leprosy situation. PMID- 3751103 TI - Analysis of trends in the occurrence of leprosy. PMID- 3751105 TI - World malaria situation 1984. Malaria Action Programme. World Health Organization, Geneva. PMID- 3751104 TI - Mortality from acute respiratory infections in children under 5 years of age: global estimates. PMID- 3751106 TI - International trends in mortality rates for bronchitis, emphysema and asthma during the period 1971-1980. PMID- 3751107 TI - The rate of N-demethylation of N,N-dimethylanilines and N-methylanilines by rat liver microsomes is related to their first ionization potential, their lipophilicity and to a steric bulk factor. AB - The N-demethylation of a series of 12 p-substituted N,N-dimethylanilines, nine m substituted N,N-dimethylanilines, one o-substituted N,N-dimethylaniline and four p-substituted N-methylanilines by rat-liver microsomes was studied. For each compound, the apparent Vmax and Km values were determined and these parameters were correlated with their electronic, lipophilicity and steric bulk parameters reported in the literature. Multi-parameter linear regression analysis showed a good correlation between log Vmax and these parameters for the p-substituted N,N, dimethylanilines. A lower degree of correlation was observed with the meta substituted N,N-dimethylanilines. PMID- 3751108 TI - Enzyme activities of the hindgut microflora of laboratory animals and man. AB - A comparison was made in six species of animal (rat, mouse, hamster, guinea-pig, marmoset and man) of five enzyme activities associated with the hindgut microflora. Marked differences were found in the caecal activities of azoreductase, beta-glucosidase, beta-glucuronidase, nitrate reductase and nitroreductase in the four rodents, with no one species exhibiting consistently higher or lower enzyme activity. None of the laboratory animals, including the marmoset, provided an approximation of the enzyme profile associated with human faecal flora. The results indicate that it may be invalid to extrapolate the results of bacterial metabolic studies between closely related species, or from animals to man. PMID- 3751109 TI - A procedure for the analysis of S-benzyl-N-acetylcysteine and S-(o-methylbenzyl) N-acetylcysteine in human urine. AB - Analytical methods for mercapturic acids, the end-products of glutathione metabolism of the industrial solvents toluene and o-xylene (i.e., S-benzyl-N acetylcysteine and S-(o-methylbenzyl)-N-acetylcysteine), added to human urine have been developed. The sensitivity is 2 ng/microliter (R.S.D. = +/- 13%) and 1 ng/microliter (R.S.D. = +/- 6.4%) urine for S-benzyl-N-acetylcysteine and S-(o methylbenzyl-N-acetylcysteine, respectively, when using the h.p.l.c. method. The corresponding sensitivities for the g.l.c.-mass spectrometric method are 0.5 and 0.3 ng/microliter urine, respectively. PMID- 3751110 TI - The hepatic metabolism and biliary excretion of benzo[a]pyrene in guinea-pigs fed normal, high-fat or high-cholesterol diets. AB - Approx. one-third of an i.v. dose of 14C-benzo[a]pyrene was excreted within four hours in the bile of guinea-pigs fed a normal diet. The extent of excretion was not altered by feeding high-fat or high-cholesterol diets. Hepatic cytochromes P 450 and b5, and benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activity were unaltered by the administration of high-fat and high-cholesterol diets. Pretreatment with low oral doses of benzo[a]pyrene (6 X 3 mg/kg) did not induce these parameters in animals given any of the diets. High-fat and high-cholesterol diets altered the pattern of benzo[a]pyrene metabolites in the bile, with significantly increased excretion of dihydrodiol glucuronides in both the high-fat and high-cholesterol groups. Hepatic epoxide hydrolase activity and glutathione content were unaltered by the high-fat or high-cholesterol diets, and therefore cannot explain the alteration in the profile of biliary metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene. The altered pattern of biliary excretion in animals fed high-fat or high-cholesterol diets would lead to an increase in the delivery to the colon of dihydrodiol metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene. PMID- 3751112 TI - Practolol: aspects of its metabolism and ocular binding in the hamster. AB - The metabolism and ocular binding of practolol were investigated after oral administration of 14C-practolol to hamsters treated with three modifiers of mixed function oxidase activity: piperonyl butoxide, cobalt chloride or phenobarbitone. The major urinary metabolites of practolol were 3-hydroxypractolol and polar metabolites which included glucuronide conjugates. A number of unidentified metabolites constituted a minor portion of urinary radioactivity. Each pretreatment modified both the urinary excretion pattern (0-24 h) of practolol and its metabolites and also the metabolite profile of eye extracts 24 h after an oral dose. None of the modifiers of mixed-function oxidase activity had any significant effect on the ocular binding (both extractable and non-extractable components) of practolol and its metabolites. The results indicated that the non extractable component was neither practolol nor 3-hydroxypractolol. PMID- 3751111 TI - The intestinal metabolism and DNA binding of benzo[a]pyrene in guinea-pigs fed normal, high-fat and high-cholesterol diets. AB - Strains of intestinal bacteria were capable of deconjugating benzo[a]pyrene metabolites in vitro. The hydrolysis products, and other primary oxidative metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene, were stable to further degradation by the strains tested. Cytochromes P-450 and b5 were detectable in the mucosa of the guinea-pig small intestine, but not in the mucosae of the colon or rectum. The concentrations were unaltered by administration of benzo[a]pyrene and/or the feeding of high-fat or high-cholesterol diets. Benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase was measurable in the mucosa of the upper intestine, but was present in the lower gut only at very low levels in some animals. The activity was inducible, by oral administration of benzo[a]pyrene, in the small intestinal mucosa of guinea-pigs fed normal diet but not in those fed high-fat and high-cholesterol diets. Low levels of covalent binding of 3H to DNA of liver and gut mucosa were obtained in guinea-pigs dosed orally with 3H-benzo[a]pyrene. Comparison with data for animals given 3H2O suggested that approx. one quarter of the binding was probably due to 3H exchange during metabolism. The feeding of high-fat and high-cholesterol diets did not increase this binding. Guinea-pigs fed high-fat and high-cholesterol diets excreted a greater proportion of an oral dose of 3H-benzo[a]pyrene in urine, and less in faeces than animals fed a normal diet. Due to the low, and apparently non-inducible, levels of benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activity and of covalent binding in the colonic mucosa, the administration of benzo[a]pyrene to guinea-pigs fed high-fat or high-cholesterol diets appears unlikely to provide a novel animal model for studies on mechanisms of colon carcinogenesis. PMID- 3751113 TI - Metabolic N-hydroxylation of substituted acetophenone imines. I. Evidence for formation of isomeric oximes. AB - A series of chemically stable substituted acetophenone imines and their potential N-hydroxylated metabolites (i.e., oximes) have been synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic methods. The enzymic N-hydroxylation of acetophenone imines in vitro has been demonstrated as a general metabolic pathway in several mammalian species including the guinea-pig. The oxime metabolites were formed as mixtures of two geometric isomers, Z (syn-phenyl) and E (anti-phenyl), wherein the phenyl and hydroxyl group are cis and trans to each other respectively. The E (anti phenyl) isomer was the quantitatively predominant isomeric form metabolically produced by all species studied. The relative proportions of the E and Z isomers in metabolic mixtures were found to be species dependent. PMID- 3751114 TI - Effects of brotizolam on mixed-function oxidases and glutathione metabolism in the rat. AB - Intra-gastric administration of brotizolam (0.1-200 mg/kg) daily for three days to rats resulted in no significant changes in the hepatic and intestinal cytochrome P-450-dependent or P-448-dependent mixed-function oxidases, or in the hepatic flavoprotein dimethylaniline N-oxidase. Liver microsomes from mouse, rat and man metabolized brotizolam by hydroxylation of the diazepine ring and of the methyl group at rates which were greater for mouse greater than rat greater than man. Brotizolam and its metabolites generated by rat-liver microsomes in vitro were not mutagenic in the Ames' test. Brotizolam, at 200 mg/kg per day for two to six weeks, depleted liver glutathione concentration and markedly increased liver gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione transferase activities. Similar changes were not seen at the lower dose of 0.3 mg/kg. The observed increases in glutathione metabolism and the decreased tissue concentration of glutathione are indicative of high levels of glutathione conjugation, and provide a possible explanation for the equivocal increase in tumorigenicity seen in rats receiving brotizolam at high dosage. PMID- 3751116 TI - Aromatic hydroxylations in peroxidations by haemoglobin systems. AB - The catalytic activity of haemoglobin on aromatic substrates was studied in three systems: NADH-methylene blue-haemoglobin, ascorbic acid-haemoglobin, and red blood cells. Aniline and phenol but not acetanilide or p-toluidine are hydroxylated by haemoglobin. Dealkylations are not observed. Hydroxylations are postulated to be intermediate reactions in peroxidations catalysed by haemoglobin. The lifetime of the products depends on the presence of electron donors, such as NADH or ascorbic acid, in the medium. In the red blood cells where endogenous electron donors are recycled, levels of the products are higher and their lifetime is longer. This could have implications on drug metabolism by haemoglobin, as haemoglobin is present in large quantities in the organism. PMID- 3751115 TI - Mercapturic acid formation in the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). AB - Benzylmercapturic acid is a major metabolite of [methylene-14C]benzyl chloride in the marmoset, as in the rat. The excretion of the minor metabolites benzylmercapturic acid sulphoxide and benzylcysteine accounted for a greater proportion of the dose than in the rat. Excretion of hippuric acid as a metabolite of benzyl chloride was variable in the marmoset. Acetylation of S benzyl- and S-pentyl-L-cysteine to the corresponding mercapturic acids was extensive in the marmoset. Trace amounts of the sulphoxides of these acids were also excreted. PMID- 3751117 TI - The trans-cis isomerization of trans-4'-(2-hydroxy-3,5-dibromo benzylamino)cyclohexanol in vivo and in vitro in different species. AB - Isomerization of trans-4'-(2-hydroxy-3,5-dibromo-benzylamino)cyclohexanol (HDBC) in vivo has been investigated in horse, cow, dog, rat and man. Following oral administration of 4'-trans-HDBC to the horse, a very efficient first-pass trans cis isomerization was observed. In the urine of the horse and cow, 40% and 29% respectively of the conjugated alcohols consisted of the 4'-cis isomer. Isomerization in rat and dog took place only to a small extent, and in man no 4' cis isomer was detected. Oxidation of HDBC to the corresponding ketone, at pH 9.0, was highest with horse- and rat-liver 10 000 g supernatants and lowest with dog-liver supernatant. Reduction of the ketone with 10 000 g liver supernatants and with cryst. horse-liver alcohol dehydrogenase led to the formation of the alcohol containing 42-69% as the 4'-cis isomer, whereas after reduction with NaBH4 the alcohol contained only 20% of the 4'-cis isomer. This indicates that the conformer with the lower energy (1' and 4' position equatorially substituted) preferentially formed only during chemical reduction. A correlation between the formation of the ketone in vitro and the formation of 4'-cis-HDBC in vivo was observed in the horse, cow and dog. No similar correlation was found in the rat, where a high in vivo trans-cis isomerization might have been expected from the in vitro data. PMID- 3751118 TI - Main excretion metabolites of 7-methoxy-2-nitronaphtho[2,1-b]furan (R 7000) in rats. AB - Major metabolites, isolated from rat bile and urine after administration of a single dose of 7-methoxy-2-nitronaphtho[2,1-b]furan (R 7000; MNNF) labelled with 14C on the furan ring and on the methoxy group, were identified by comparison of their chromatographic behaviour and mass spectra with synthetic authentic reference compounds. Analysis of metabolites indicated three metabolic pathways for this compound in vivo, namely, demethylation of the methoxy group, hydroxylation of the aromatic ring and cleavage of the furan ring, followed by the reduction of the nitro group to amine. PMID- 3751119 TI - N-methylation and quaternization of pyridine in vitro by rabbit lung, liver and kidney N-methyltransferases: an S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent reaction. AB - The N-methylation of pyridine in vitro, using dialysed and undialysed hepatic, pulmonary, renal and brain preparations from rabbits, is described. Analysis of the quaternary metabolite, N-methylpyridinium ion, was carried out by selective ion-pair extraction and cation-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.) using a u.v. detector, and also by direct cation-exchange h.p.l.c. of incubates containing S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-3H]methionine using a flow-through radioactivity detector. N-Methylation of pyridine could be readily demonstrated with dialysed homogenates, 9000 g and 100 000 g supernatant fractions from lung, kidney and liver, but not with any of the brain preparations. 'Pyridine N methyltransferase' activity was confined to the tissue cytosol, and this enzyme utilized S-adenosyl-L-methionine as the methyl donor. Since the activity of the 'pyridine N-methyltransferase' in rabbit tissues is increased many fold by dialysis, this enzyme, in common with most other N-methylating enzymes, is subject to inhibition by a low-molecular-weight endogenous substance. PMID- 3751120 TI - Effects of ethanol ingestion on the metabolism of a hepatotoxic dose of paracetamol in mice. AB - After administration to mice of a hepatotoxic dose of paracetamol (400 mg/kg body wt, p.o.) peak plasma concentrations of the drug and its glucuronide were approximately 900 microM around one hour. Corresponding levels of the sulphate, mercapturate and cysteine conjugates were approximately 100, 35 and 20 microM, respectively. Urinary excretion accounted for 55% of the administered drug 31 h after dosing. Of this total, 64.7% was paracetamol glucuronide, 17.9% paracetamol cysteine, 10.4% paracetamol sulphate, 0.5% paracetamol mercapturate and 6.5% unchanged drug. One hour after acute ethanol administration (3 g/kg, p.o., concomitantly with paracetamol) plasma levels of the glucuronide, cysteine and mercapturate conjugates were decreased by approximately 50%. There were reductions in the urinary excretion of the glucuronide (-13%) and cysteine conjugates (-24%), but increases in the amounts of mercapturate (+52%), sulphate +11%) and unchanged drug (+81%). Chronic ethanol ingestion (15 g/kg per d for 28 d) caused a transient initial increase in plasma paracetamol cysteine (+32%) and mercapturate (+41%) concentrations, but the only substantial change in urinary excretion was a 29% increase in the amount of paracetamol glucuronide. After chronic ethanol consumption, acute ethanol administration had a transient inhibitory effect on paracetamol mono-oxygenation, but glucuronidation was unaffected (as judged by plasma concentrations). Only paracetamol mercapturate excretion was substantially affected (+64%). PMID- 3751121 TI - Metabolism of methapyrilene by rat-liver homogenate. AB - The metabolism of methapyrilene(I) in rat-liver 9000 g supernatant fraction produced four new metabolites positively identified by comparison of g.l.c. retention times and mass-spectral fragmentation patterns with those of authentic materials. These compounds are 2-thiophene-methanol(VI), 2-thiophenecarboxylic acid(VII), N-2-pyridyl-N'-dimethylethylenediamine(IX) and 2-aminopyridine(X). In addition, the previously known metabolite 2-[(2-thienylmethyl)amino] pyridine(VIII) was also positively identified. Six other metabolites were tentatively identified by analysis of the mass-spectral fragmentation patterns of both the trimethylsilyl and the tertiary butyldimethylsilyl derivatives of each compound. These compounds are tentatively identified as: normethapyrilene(II), (hydroxypyridyl)-methapyrilene(XII), methapyrilenamide(XIV), (hydroxypyridyl) normethapyrilene(XVI), (hydroxypyridyl)-desmethylmethapyrilenamide(XVII), and (hydroxypyridyl) methapyrilenamide(XVIII). Quantification of II, VI-X, XII and XIV account for approx. 65% of the metabolized methapyrilene. PMID- 3751122 TI - Lidocaine metabolism by rabbit-liver homogenate and detection of a new metabolite. AB - Metabolism of lidocaine in rabbit liver 9000 g supernatant fraction was examined. A capillary g.l.c. assay was developed to separate seven known metabolites of lidocaine, and all seven metabolites were identified in extracts of incubations of lidocaine with rabbit-liver fractions. These metabolites were monoethylglycinexylidide(I), glycinexylidide(II), 3 hydroxymonoethylglycinexylidide(III), 3-hydroxylidocaine(IV), 4 hydroxylidocaine(V), xylidine(VI) and 4-hydroxyxylidine(VII). A new metabolite, 2 amino-3-methylbenzoic acid(VIII), was identified in extracts of incubations of lidocaine with rabbit-liver fractions, by comparison of the mass-spectral fragmentation patterns and g.l.c. retention time with those of the authentic compound. The formation of VIII is dependent on protein, NADPH, time, O2, and the presence of soluble enzymes. Quantitative analysis of metabolites I-VIII after a two hour incubation accounts for 89% of the metabolized lidocaine. PMID- 3751123 TI - The metabolism of 1-phenyl-2-(N-methyl-N-benzylamino)propane (benzphetamine) and 1-phenyl-2-(N-methyl-N-furfurylamino)propane (furfenorex) in man. AB - The metabolic fate of 1-phenyl-2-(N-methyl-N-benzylamino)propane (benzphetamine) and 1-phenyl-2-(N-methyl-N-furfurylamino)propane (furfenorex) in healthy volunteers has been investigated. Nine metabolites with traces of the unchanged drug were detected in human urine after oral administration of benzphetamine, and five metabolites were found following administration of furfenorex. The major metabolites were 1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(N-benzylamino)propane for benzphetamine and 1-phenyl-2-(N-methyl-N-gamma-valerolactonylamino)propane for furfenorex. In both cases, methamphetamine, amphetamine and their hydroxylated metabolites were also excreted as minor metabolites. Identified metabolites excreted in three days after administration of benzphetamine accounted for 30-44% of the dose and those excreted after administration of furfenorex, 31-46%. PMID- 3751124 TI - Bone marrow examination: adventures in diagnostic hematology. PMID- 3751125 TI - Survey of the airborne pollens in Seoul, Korea. PMID- 3751126 TI - The effect of corticosteroid on the fetal pulmonary maturation of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. PMID- 3751127 TI - A case of Evans syndrome, successfully treated with 6-mercaptopurine. PMID- 3751128 TI - Inadvertent dural puncture during epidural anesthesia by an epidural catheter with a plastic stylet. PMID- 3751130 TI - Bone and joint circulation. Physiological basis for clinical practice. PMID- 3751129 TI - Aggressive fibromatosis arising in temporal muscle. PMID- 3751131 TI - An international symposium to debate current issues in thermal physiology. Part Two. June 23-27, 1985, New Haven, Connecticut. PMID- 3751132 TI - A case supporting the proposal that cardiac filling pressure is the limiting factor in adjusting to heat stress. AB - Progressively increasing heat stress ultimately results in heat stroke, a medical emergency leading to death if not treated properly. Initially in heat stress, enormous increases in blood flow and volume in skin (and muscle if exercising) are achieved by the diversion of blood away from the splanchnic bed, kidneys, and probably fat and muscle, and in some species such as man, there is also an increase in cardiac output. The onset of heat stroke is thought to involve a decrease in central venous pressure, which is defended by constriction in both arterioles and veins of the skin via low-pressure baroreceptors in the cardiopulmonary region. Body heat loss is thereby reduced and the consequent rise in body temperature causes death due to thermally evoked critical changes in central nervous system activity and/or fatal embolization following disseminated intravascular coagulation and erythrocyte sphering. Evidence is presented, which supports the proposal that cardiac filling pressure is the limiting factor in adjusting to heat stress. PMID- 3751133 TI - An inquiry into the role of cardiac filling pressure in acclimatization to heat. AB - During the first exposure of exercising subjects to hot environments (30-50 degrees C), cardiac output, heart rate, and body temperature increase over that seen in cool environments, while stroke volume decreases. If daily heat exposures occur, during the second heat exposure, heart rates and rectal temperatures are decreased from day 1 while cardiac output is maintained. This decrease in physiological strain occurs with little or no increase in evaporative heat loss. The alleviating agent appears to be an expansion of plasma volume. Several brief studies have indicated decreases in cardiac filling pressure during exercise in heat, and though inferential, it appears that the progressive increase in plasma volume during the first five to six days of heat exposure assists in maintaining cardiac filling pressure. Later, with increased evaporative heat loss due to increased sweat secretion, the mechanism of supplying increased volume to maintain cardiac filling is changed; fluid is transferred from extravascular to intravascular compartment, thus protecting venous return and cardiac filling pressure. These statements are based on limited data, and there is need of experiments designed to confirm or deny certain conclusions as to the role of cardiac filling pressure in acclimatization to heat. PMID- 3751134 TI - The cardiac filling pressure following exercise and thermal stress. AB - Under heat stress, a decrease of the central venous pressure (CVP) was regularly observed, raising the question of whether this reaction is a limiting factor for the circulation. In animal experiments it could be shown, however, that despite a lowered CVP, which depended on the elevated body temperatures, a high cardiac output (CO), as well as an elevated stroke volume could be maintained. A low CVP went hand in hand with a low total peripheral resistance. It was argued that under these circumstances the low CVP was not limiting because the intrinsic factors of the heart (sympathetic stimulation) were capable of maintaining a high CO. In human experiments the lowered CVP had to be seen in relation to the degree of dehydration. Regardless of whether the plasma volume remained constant, as in exercise, or declined, as in thermal stress (sauna), the CVP followed the volume depletion of the vascular and extravascular space, and it might well be that under these circumstances CVP is limiting. In this case, however, the altered CVP must be seen first as a monitor for the fluid deficit and not as a factor controlling cardiac function. PMID- 3751135 TI - Is cardiac filling pressure the limiting factor in adjusting to heat stress? AB - The concept that a specific level of central venous pressure (CVP) limits man's adjustment to heat stress has been debated. Evidence was presented that identifies a true limit of adjustment as being more related to factors affecting evaporative cooling, such as level of hydration, release of active vasodilation substance (AVS), and sweat gland fatigue. However, it was conceded that decreases in CVP and subsequent low-pressure baroreceptor activation modify cutaneous blood flow and subsequently reduce conductance of heat from the core to the periphery. It was suggested that CVP merely reflects a downstream pressure, which must be allowed to reach a pressure lower than that observed in the peripheral venous bed during active cutaneous vasodilation, to insure adequate venous return. However, a loss of evaporative cooling has been observed during prolonged progressive dehydration of subjects in the supine position, resulting in 3 to 4 percent loss of total body weight. This loss of evaporative cooling was not apparent when euhydration was maintained. As it was unlikely that CVP was reduced in these experiments in the supine position, it was concluded that CVP was not the limiting factor in man's adjustment to heat stress. PMID- 3751137 TI - Non-thermal influences on the control of skin blood flow have minimal effects on heat transfer during exercise. AB - During exercise, circulatory reflexes ensure that the cardiac output is sufficiently elevated to meet the oxygen delivery requirements of the contracting skeletal muscles and the heat delivery requirements of the body to the skin. The latter requirements are met by increasing skin blood flow. These increases are largely driven by elevations in the body temperatures, although non-thermal effects on the control of skin blood flow occur in certain conditions. These effects are largely the consequence of high and/or low baroreflex stimulation. Even in the face of such non-thermal effects, which occur during exercise in the heat, the body's requirements for heat transfer from core to skin are largely met by the increased skin blood flow. Thus, non-thermal effects on the control of skin blood flow are relatively unimportant in the body's overall regulatory response to exercise. PMID- 3751136 TI - Are non-thermal factors important in the cutaneous vascular response to exercise? A proponent's view. AB - Direct forearm blood flow measurements showed that the threshold for vasodilation is shifted to a higher core temperature and that the slope describing the relationship between skin blood flow and core temperature is reduced during submaximum exercise in comparison with supine resting conditions. These changes in skin blood flow characteristics have been shown to be proportionately related to work load in at least one study, but not in others. With heavy exercise, indirect evidence was obtained for the elicitation of vasoconstriction after body core temperature had attained a level of 39 degrees C; this caused a dramatic rise of T core to above 40 degrees C. In other studies, such terminal vasoconstriction was not observed; the subjects stopped exercising (75 percent VO2 max), independently of its duration, when rectal temperature had reached about 39 degrees C. Such inconsistent results in regard to the importance of extrathermal control of skin blood flow may be traced to variations in the motivational and emotional state; moreover, a phenomenon described as "short-term adaptation" may be responsible for some discrepant results. In conclusion, there is evidence for the concept that blood pressure control by peripheral vasoconstriction may have, under certain circumstances, preference over the demands of temperature regulation. PMID- 3751138 TI - Do black-box models of thermoregulation still have any research value? Contribution of system-theoretical models to the analysis of thermoregulation. AB - The aims and the usefulness of modelling the thermoregulatory system are outlined by demonstrating applications and results of simulation on different levels of complexity. It is shown that both very simple one-loop models and complex models based on spatially distributed parameters have contributed to a better understanding of the system, but that current issues primarily require the latter type. However, mathematical modelling must be performed in conjunction with experimental studies and must be adapted to the amount of basic physiological data. Future fields of modelling are the adaptive mechanisms and the interactions of systems. PMID- 3751139 TI - Are black-box models of thermoregulatory control obsolete? The importance of borrowed knowledge. AB - Black-box models of thermoregulatory control have gained increasing importance in describing the properties of the biological thermostat and in devising working hypotheses for further experimental analysis. Incorporation of knowledge acquired independently from the systems analysis approach into black-box models of thermoregulation has proven useful in improving their predictive ability. The pieces of "borrowed knowledge" from independent analysis which are currently utilized in devising models of homeothermic thermoregulation comprise: the proportional control property of the biological thermostat, the Sherringtonian principles of synaptic interaction, the multiple input control of thermoregulatory effectors with differential input-effector coupling, the lack of significant thermosensory contribution from the hypothalamus in birds, the existence of warm and cold receptors and the thermal characteristics of their responses, and the Q10-type temperature dependence of temperature signal transmission within the central nervous system. Consideration of these pieces of borrowed knowledge has resulted in black-box models of temperature regulation in which explicit set-point terms are avoided. PMID- 3751140 TI - Problems with neuronal models in temperature regulation. AB - Neuronal models in temperature regulation are primarily considered explicit statements of assumptions and premises used in design of experiments and development of descriptive equations concerning the relationships between thermal inputs and control actions. Some of the premises of current multiplicative models are discussed in relation to presently available experimental evidence. The results of these experiments suggest that there is no skin temperature compatible with life which completely suppresses a rise of heat production in response to low internal temperature. The slope of heat production versus internal temperature at a given skin temperature is not constant but depends on internal temperature and the level of heat production. Therefore, a concept involving additive interaction of central and peripheral temperature signals appears more flexible in accepting data obtained even under extreme conditions. PMID- 3751141 TI - [The critical life event "admission to a retirement and nursing home" and the problem of self help]. AB - By showing us the admission of seniors to a home for aged people the authors have given a topical example for the explanation that social self-help plays an important role for mastering this problematic situation. The for-life capability of the individual to manage the appearance of living-problems very consciously, the authors remark, represents the new quality of aged peoples self-help in socialism. They refer to the comprehensive possibilities for aged people to develop their personal active potencies and self confidence in a home for aged people. Individual unfolding that depends on the sociable conditions is mainly discussed in two parts of interrogation: What form and idea of aged people does the society have? How do the seniors think about the specific sociable function of homes for aged people? The direct importance of the individual conditions of self-help is emphasized by giving notes which refers to the age, sex, social status and state of health of the aged people in the homes for aged people of today. PMID- 3751142 TI - [Animals as models in experimental gerontology--comparative aspects]. AB - In experimental gerontology animal models are of fundamental importance in further development of knowledge. The comparison between different models and between model and conditions in man depends on the individual position in the hierarchy of phylogenetic evolution and the examined process. In comparison with man short lived mammals are the most useful models. Nevertheless the comparison with more distant classes and species offers an additional insight and a more critical consideration of basic processes and of hypotheses of ageing in the general understanding of biological ageing. PMID- 3751143 TI - [Effect of thyroid hormones on lipogenic liver enzymes in relation to age]. AB - The influence of the thyrohormone status and of a nutrition rich in cholesterol on the hepatic enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, malate enzyme, and citrate cleavage enzyme was examined in female Wistar rats aged 3 and 18 months. Contrary to the findings in young animals, hyperthyreosis does not cause any significant increase in the activities of the malate enzyme and of the citrate cleavage enzyme. A nutrition rich in cholesterol induces a decrease of the activity of the malate enzyme in 3-month old rats; not, however, in the old rats. PMID- 3751144 TI - [Quantitative detection of the differentiation processes of cartilage tissue]. AB - The onset of ageing during childhood and adolescence is accompanied by a variety of differentiation processes, whereas ageing later in life is characterized by dysdifferentiation. One of the subjects in the present discussion is the "Dysdifferentiation hypothesis of ageing". So far differentiation has been described only in qualitative terms. The paper uses the example of hyaline cartilage development (chondrogenesis) to show that a quantitative approach to differentiation is possible, which at the same time enables random-critical study. The method used for this is stochastic geometry. PMID- 3751145 TI - [Characteristics of disease and involution-induced changes in intestinal absorption]. AB - With advancing age functional and morphological changes take place within the intestinal tract. The absorption rate (constant k12), the time of appearance of the relative maximum of the D-xylose concentrations in the blood serum after oral administration (time tm), and especially the extent of the relative absorption in the small intestine until the time tm RR (tm) determined by graphic-mathematical evaluation of the blood levels kinetics of D-xylose after oral and intravenous administration, are useful parameters for differentiation between involutively and pathological changes in intestinal absorption. Absorption disorders in old age are due to morbidity and not, sui generis, to involution. PMID- 3751146 TI - [Effect of obesity and food restriction on health and aging]. AB - Based on experiences in animal studies, an attempt is made to illustrate all those mechanisms influencing the ageing process of human beings. The experimental part especially investigates the influence of food restriction in obese on the cardiovascular system and biological age. In middle-aged obese patients a normalization of initially altered noninvasive cardiodynamic parameters was achieved by isocaloric reduction diet. The biological age was influenced by food restriction too. If there is a correlation of overweight, food restriction and expectation live with human beings should be subject of further investigations. PMID- 3751147 TI - [Hemorheologic effect on the long-term course of peripheral arteriosclerotic circulatory disorders in the elderly]. AB - The authors report the progress of arteriosclerotic circulatory disturbances of the legs (stage II according to Fontaine) in 32 male patients aged between 47 and 60 years. According to the risk factor profile (smoking, hyperlipoproteinaemia, or hypertension), 2 patients each were linked to form matched pairs. It showed that in the group of patients with raised haematocrit reading the reactive circulation through the legs decreased significantly with constant intermittent claudication within 4 years. The group with lower haematocrit reading, however, showed no significant decrease of the peak flow, the walking ability increased considerably. PMID- 3751148 TI - [Use of placental suspensions in geriatric practice]. AB - A number of scientifically substantiated indications of the application of placental suspension in man of higher age, the positive results of the studies of the effectiveness of placental therapy on metabolic processes and physiological functions of the aging organism, and the experience won in the application of placental suspension in the complex therapy of some diseases frequently occurring at old age allow us to consider this kind of treatment an effective therapy and thus to recommend tissue therapy with a placental suspension for the introduction into geriatric practice. PMID- 3751149 TI - [Value of electromyography in various forms of myopathies]. PMID- 3751150 TI - [Validity of the stress ECG in an asymptomatic population. 1: The ST criteria oriented stress test]. PMID- 3751151 TI - [Labor laws in the area of health and social conditions]. PMID- 3751152 TI - [Diagnostic bronchoalveolar lavage in comparison with gallium-67 scintigraphy in the diagnosis and treatment of lung sarcoidosis]. AB - The value of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and Gallium-67-scintigraphy in the diagnosis of sarcoidosis is discussed. Both methods complete themselves and do not compete. Both are good indices for the activity of the disease and for corticoid treatment surveillance. There is not a direct correlation of SACE and Ga-67-scan in active disease. Ga-67-scan is the method preferred to establish the spread of granulomas. This radiological method allows the detection of invisible dissemination in the lungs and other organs. BAL allows a cell differentiation. With this method it is possible to survey the course of the disease and give further informations of the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis. PMID- 3751153 TI - [Peculiarities of respiratory mechanical studies in spontaneously breathing newborn infants. 3: Practical experiences with respiratory mechanical studies in premature and newborn infants]. AB - The experiences with three different measuring devices for the analysis of respiratory physiology in spontaneously breathing newborns are reported, the construction and the properties of the measuring devices are described, the preparations and the performance of the analysis are explained. Finally, the suitability of each of the measuring devices for the routine application is valuated. The equipments are suitable for the bed-side long-term measurement of mechanics of breathing under spontaneous and CPAP-respiration in order to use the advantages of the analysis of the respiratory physiology for the prophylaxis, therapy and metaphylaxis especially in the neonatology. PMID- 3751154 TI - [Long-term effect of oral immunization against influenza with a gamma ray inactivated vaccine in mice]. AB - NMRI-mice were immunized orally twice within 10 days with an influenza vaccine (A/PR/8/34), inactivated by gamma radiation (total doses = 1.5 kGy). The immunization with a relatively low doses (about 20 micrograms hemagglutinin/mouse) led to the occurrence of low specific antibody titer in the lung lavage fluid till 6th month. Despite of the low titer, immunized mice were protected against aerogenic infection for about 6 months. Protection was demonstrated in comparison to non-immunized mice by a limited increase of cells in broncho-alveolar lavage, low virus titer in the lung and survival of most animals after a lethal aerosol challenge with the live virus. PMID- 3751155 TI - [No information gain by registration of oscillatory resistance against volume]. AB - The value of volume related registration of oscillatory resistance for early diagnosis of obstructive impairment of lung function was tested in a screening of dust exposed workers in foundries. Compared with conventional, easier to measure mean Ros, registration of Ros against volume did not reveal advantages in studying dose-effect-relationships in groups with different dust exposure. PMID- 3751156 TI - Vitamin E deficiency in rabbits receiving a high PUFA diet with and without a non absorbable antioxidant. 1. Incorporation of [1-14C]glycine into skeletal muscle proteins. AB - Previous studies of metabolic changes in vitamin E-deficient animals were often difficult to interpret because the vitamin E-free, high PUFA diets used in such studies may have contained high levels of peroxides. Presumed effects of vitamin E deficiency could have been effects of peroxide consumption. Addition of the non absorbable polymeric antioxidant Anoxomer to a semisynthetic vitamin E-free diet containing cod liver oil was found to suppress peroxide formation. Nevertheless, this diet produced necrotizing myopathy, characterized by high urinary creatine excretion, muscular weakness, and increased rate of incorporation of [1-14C] glycine into muscle proteins. These effects were prevented by vitamin E supplementation. The increased rate of muscle protein turnover is obviously the result of vitamin E deficiency, not the result of consumption of dietary peroxides. PMID- 3751157 TI - Vitamin A and ciliated cells. I. Respiratory epithelia. AB - To estimate the role of vitamin A on ciliated cells we investigated whether ciliated cells undergo any alteration during vitamin A deficiency. The epithelia examined include the ciliated cells of the respiratory tract and the ciliated sensory cells of the inner ear, the tongue, and the olfactory cells. This part of the paper will describe the ciliated epithelium of the tracheobronchial tract and its relation to vitamin A status. During vitamin A deficiency a partial loss of ciliae can be observed before any squamous metaplasia (which usually occurs during longer lasting vitamin A deficiency) develops. The scanning electron microscopic data illustrate the altered surface of the epithelium during vitamin A deficiency better than transmission electron microscopy. PMID- 3751159 TI - The effects of sorbitol on the gastrointestinal microflora in rats. AB - The influence of dietary sorbitol on the quantity and quality of faecal microflora was studied in Wistar albino rats. The animals were gradually adapted to 20% dietary sorbitol or sucrose and faecal samples were analyzed for the numbers of major bacteria. No major changes in the numbers of total aerobic or anaerobic bacteria, aerobic streptococci and yeasts were observed after sorbitol feeding but sucrose appeared to decrease the total aerobes and anaerobes in the faeces. However, sorbitol feeding caused a clear shift in the rat faecal microbial population from gram-negative to gram-positive bacteria. All animals were capable of adapting to 20% dietary sorbitol or sucrose and withstood sorbitol treatment without problems. PMID- 3751158 TI - Biochemistry of human milk in early lactation. AB - With the analysis of more than 550 human milk samples we showed that triglycerides (accounting for 96-99% of the total lipids) increased from 2 to 3.5 g/100 ml mainly during the first week postpartum and remained constant thereafter. In contrast, both cholesterol and vitamin E concentrations decreased from 35 to 20 mg/100 ml and from 1.7 to 0.30 mg/100 ml, respectively. The phospholipids remained constant (40 mg/100 ml). Also the fatty acid composition of total lipids changed. Mid chain fatty acids (C10, C12, C14) increased, whereas the long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased. The P/S-ratio of 0.32 remained constant throughout lactation. The mean protein content of human milk decreased from approximately 2 g/100 ml at day 2 to approximately 1 g/100 ml at day 36 of lactation. The content of each individual amino acid decreased likewise. However, when we expressed the amino acid values in relation to the protein value--that is as g amino acid per g protein--some decreased, some remained constant and some increased indicating a changing protein pattern. From these data we computer-calculated a sharp decrease in IgA content, a moderate decrease for lactoferrin and constant values for casein and a-Lactalbumin. Throughout the whole period of investigation, non protein nitrogen accounted for about 20% of total nitrogen. Although the absolute values decreased according to total nitrogen, the sum of free amino acids, as well as the amount of taurine, remained constant. Lactose increased from about 4 g/100 ml to 6 g/100 ml during the first days of lactation. The calcium content increased from a mean value of 25 mg/100 ml at day 1 to 32 mg/100 ml at day 5 and remained constant at 30 mg/100 ml up to day 36. Phosphorus content increased from 10 mg/100 ml at day 1 to 17 mg/100 ml at day 8 and then continuously decreased to 13 mg/100 ml at day 36. The protein-bound part of the calcium remained constant during the period investigation, the fat-associated part increased from 11% to 26%. Protein-bound phosphorus decreased from 45% in colostral milk to 29% in transitional and 23% in mature milk. PMID- 3751160 TI - The effect of improper feeding on the lipid peroxidation of meat animals. AB - Pigs of 50 kg bodyweight were fed without premix for two months before slaughtering. Their loin samples showed a lower degree of lipid peroxidation (indicated by a higher antioxidative capacity) than other pig groups which had consumed various premix levels. Malonaldehyde concentration increased in the blood sera and livers of 7-week-old chickens treated with a high dose of an ionophoric coccidiostatic agent, Salinomycin. Premix deprivation resulted only in a trend to decrease lipid peroxidation. The possible effects of lipid peroxidation and its degradation products on the physico-chemical characteristics of meat and human health is discussed. The results urge that improper feeding practices should be avoided and optimal premix applications should be found which correspond to the actual requirements. PMID- 3751161 TI - [Is figural perception indeed additive?]. PMID- 3751162 TI - [Experiments with Fechner's paradox of binocular brightness]. PMID- 3751163 TI - [Event-correlated EEG potentials as indicators of cognitive processing]. PMID- 3751164 TI - Spectrophotometric determination of toxic trace elements in milk: a review. PMID- 3751165 TI - [Principles of chemical disinfection in the dairy industry and a method for rapid determination of disinfection components]. PMID- 3751166 TI - [Stress-induced changes in the time interval ECG pulse wave in the detection of adjustment reactions in the cardiovascular system to static muscle work]. PMID- 3751167 TI - [Results of biologic exposure tests in relation to passive dosimetry measurements of room air concentrations in occupational exposure to tetrachloroethane in chemical dry-cleaning establishments]. PMID- 3751168 TI - [Comparison of work incapacity in a Soviet region with analogous East German values]. PMID- 3751170 TI - [Value of occupational medicine fitness and monitoring studies in adolescents with regard to prevention of occupationally-induced diseases]. PMID- 3751169 TI - [Physical development and functional capacity of adolescents in the transition from school to vocational training]. PMID- 3751171 TI - [Occupational physiologic limits of continuous performance of male adolescents between the ages of 16 and 18]. PMID- 3751172 TI - [Recommendations for the use of noise dosimeters in occupational health measuring practice]. PMID- 3751173 TI - [Achievements in the development and realization of occupational noise prevention programs]. PMID- 3751174 TI - [Dust exposure and possibilities of its reduction in thermal separation of materials containing asbestos]. PMID- 3751175 TI - [Procedures for the determination of asbestos in the environment]. PMID- 3751176 TI - [Meteorotopy of odontogenic pain states]. PMID- 3751177 TI - [Fitness for tropical climate from the otorhinolaryngologic viewpoint]. PMID- 3751179 TI - [How can the informative effect of a manuscript be increased?]. PMID- 3751178 TI - Neurotoxicity effects of some agglutinins extracted from two edible legumes--lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) and groundnut (Arachis hypogea)--in growing albino rats. PMID- 3751180 TI - Isolated liver cells and primary liver cell cultures in the biochemical study of drug metabolism. PMID- 3751182 TI - [Ozone and room air]. PMID- 3751181 TI - [Effect of hand-arm vibrations on the spontaneous rhythm of circulation in the fingers]. PMID- 3751183 TI - [Effect of carbon monoxide at the work site in kitchens--a cause of occupational diseases]. PMID- 3751184 TI - [Cadmium burden following exposure to cadmium sulfide dust (a case report)]. PMID- 3751185 TI - [Sampling equipment for the determination of traces of sulfuric acid in the atmosphere. A short report by the Institute of Medical Technology and the Karl Marx City District Health Institute]. PMID- 3751186 TI - [Histologic changes caused by the intake of mercury from yeast-containing mixed feed by albino rats]. PMID- 3751187 TI - [Toxicity of mercury from yeast biomasses in albino rats]. PMID- 3751189 TI - [Possibilities of therapy-oriented diagnosis in abnormal social behavior in childhood]. PMID- 3751188 TI - [Effect of mercury in yeast-containing mixed foods on mercury accumulation in tissues and organs of the albino rat]. PMID- 3751190 TI - [Experimental studies of the disinfection of ultrasound inhalation equipment (TUR Dresden) using hydrogen peroxide aerosols]. PMID- 3751191 TI - [Forensic medicine autopsy in cremation--experiences, trends, perspectives]. PMID- 3751192 TI - [Therapeutic principle of organ replacement--artificial organs]. AB - The natural or artificial replacement of organs provides the aimed influence on terminal phases of organ diseases. The hitherto obtained solutions for the replacement in diseases of kidneys, the heart, the lungs, the pancreas and the liver are developed in a different way. For the natural replacement of organs ameliorations in the fields of recipient conditioning, immunotherapy, prophylaxis against infections in operative and technical prerequisites given are subject of further efforts. The complex of problems artificial replacement of organs in the sense of the influence on global and partial organ dysfunctions organ-related reveals different consideration and development. The most advanced perfectioning is existing for the artificial kidney. The elementary and relatively high need of replacement of organs is another challenge to medical and technological sciences. PMID- 3751193 TI - [Current status and future perspectives of extracorporeal blood purification]. AB - After the description of the main indications for an extracorporeal blood purification the authors enter the at present existing and applied detoxication methods on the basis of membranes and absorbents, respectively. A short characterization of the most important membrane separation techniques peritoneal dialysis, haemodialysis, haemofiltration, haemodiafiltration and membrane plasma separation, respectively, is given. Moreover, an estimation of the cascade methods is given, i.e. the application of several separation filters. As adsorptive methods the haemoperfusion and the plasma perfusion, respectively, are assessed with their advantages and disadvantages and the authors enter the possibility of the combination of the procedures mentioned. As problems which are to be solved still in the first place the deficient blood compatibility, selectivity, individualization and continuity are discussed and ways of solution are shown which up to now are entered upon for the improvement and optimization, respectively, of the problems mentioned. In this case particularly the surface modification of materials and the search for new materials, respectively, as well as the use of special models is emphasized as important for future. In the field of selectivity adsorptive methods are to be developed in the first place which without danger of complications remove relevant metabolites from the organism. For the future is above all to be reckoned with the further development of so called hybrid organs, since such organs may best repeat biological processes. PMID- 3751194 TI - [Clinical aspects of the use of the artificial kidney]. AB - During the last years the haemodialysis treatment in chronic uraemia has been admirably developed and improved. At now as ever high expenditure for the chronic dialysis programme the capacity at our disposal must optimally be used. For this it is necessary to detoxicate the patients in relatively short times of treatment as effective as possible. But the increase of the efficacy of the haemodialysis is limited, which is revealed in the fact that the patient under the highly effective treatment shows complications such as decrease of blood pressure, muscle spasms, nausea and vomiting as well as headache. The clinical findings of the patient may further depend on the age, on the dialysis technique being at our disposal, on the composition of the dialysis solution, the biocompatibility of the dialysis membrane, the level of the retention values as well as on nutrition, training condition of the patient, psychic factors and others. The scientific efforts for optimization of the haemodialysis treatment have the aim to realize a haemodialysis treatment adapted individually to each patient, in order to treat the individual patient as effective as possible, however, without complications. PMID- 3751195 TI - [Possibilities of endoprosthetic joint replacement]. AB - Nowadays arthroplastic operations determine the everyday work in the orthopaedic clinic. The good primary results show a distinct change of indications in favour of the artificial joint replacement. After a longer duration of implantation is to be reckoned with a failure quote of 10% and more. Here the problems of the durable anchoring of the prosthesis, the late infection and the exhaustion of the material are in the foreground. In the development of endoprosthesis in the GDR as carriers of the power the nickel-free cobalt-basis alloy Prothecast and as sliding partner the highly pure Hermsdorf aluminum oxide ceramic material were used as implant materials. These biomaterials best stood the test. PMID- 3751196 TI - [Primary cancer of the vermiform appendix--case report and literature review]. AB - The case history of an eighty one year old white male with progressive cachexia and massive ascites is given. Autopsy revealed the rare finding of a primary adenocarcinoma of the appendix with multiple metastases as the cause of the rapidly deteriorating clinical condition. The incidence, clinical findings and therapeutic options in carcinoma of the appendix are discusses based on a review of the literature. PMID- 3751197 TI - [Endorectal mucosectomy, endorectal ileal pull-through and ileoanal anastomosis]. AB - Ileoanal anastomosis has evolved as a true alternative to proctocolectomy with permanent ileostomy over the past decade and has made a major impact on the operative treatment of patients with ulcerative colitis and familial polyposis. Experimental studies and clinical experience support the addition of a proximal ileal reservoir to the ileoanal anastomosis. Several types of reservoirs have been proposed of which the U-shaped reservoir has found the widest acceptance and the most frequent application. This reservoir constitutes an adequate replacement for the rectum by providing a low-pressure, compliant, peristaltically quiescent reservoir which still can be triggered to evacuate spontaneously at a reasonable threshold volume. Overall, the ileoanal anastomosis with proximal ileal reservoir fulfills the set clinical requirements: the underlying disease (polyposis, ulcerative colitis) is dealt with in a curative manner. An ileostomy is avoided. Anal continence is preserved. The operative procedure is safe and of comparable mortality and morbidity to the proctocolectomy with ileostomy. It is reasonable to expect that this procedure, i. e. ileoanal anastomosis with proximal ileal reservoir, will become the operation of choice for patients with ulcerative colitis and familial polyposis. PMID- 3751198 TI - Electronic endoscopy--fibres or chips? AB - The video endoscope represents a new generation of endoscopic instruments. The main feature is an intragastric CCD-chip transforming the optical impulses into electronic signals. The latter are transmitted without any optical fibre bundle, transformed by a video processor and visualized on a television screen. The present experience show drawbacks in respect to mechanical properties of the endoscopes, to reproduction of colors (esp. red) and photographic documentation. On the other hand the excellent image quality guarantees convenient handling for investigator, information for attending persons (doctors, nurses, students), improved conditions for documentation and control of quality. Although the video endoscope is not replacing fibre endoscopes at present, further improvement will promote its general acceptance. PMID- 3751199 TI - [Familial dysphagia]. AB - The etiology of achalasia and diffuse esophageal spasm remains unknown. We report on two families (father/son, mother/son) with achalasia and esophageal spasm, respectively, who were examined by radiology, endoscopy and manometry. One patient (mother) died from aspiration pneumonia. These observations support the hypothesis of a genetic trait in some cases of esophageal motility disorders. In addition, the coincidence of familial achalasia and esophageal spasm is in support of a close relationship of both diseases. Achalasia is a potentially letal disorder. PMID- 3751200 TI - [Incidence and significance of the gastric mucosal constellation in pernicious anemia]. AB - 1977 cases with gastric complains but without localized findings like ulcer or cancer were investigated by gastroscopy with biopsies of corpus and antrum ventriculi. We found in 5.5% an isolated mucosal atrophy of the gastric corpus (mean age 67.2 years compared to 59.4 years in cases with normal mucosa). 0.7% showed an atrophic gastritis of the antral mucosa, 0.9% an atrophic gastritis of the body and the antrum. Most of the cases with an isolated atrophy of the gastric body gave findings of hematologic disturbances. In all cases with isolated atrophy of the gastric body, including localized findings in the stomach, we found in 10.8% neoplastic processes, in another 3.9% hyperplasiogenic polyps. It seems to us of clinical importance to evaluate the gastric histology of the antral and body mucosa routinely because of the high incidence of pernicious anemia-like gastric atrophy and its relation to gastric neoplasias. PMID- 3751201 TI - [Etiology of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases]. AB - Furthermore the aetiopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is unknown. The familial accumulation makes a genetic disposition probable. Presumably, the development of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis is contingent upon several factors, including perhaps environmental factors in the broadest sense. A large number of microorganisms have been implicated, but there is still no convincing proof that any of them have an important role in the aetiopathogenesis of IBD. The observed immunological phenomena are as yet difficult to interpret. PMID- 3751202 TI - [Procedure for the biological testing of substances in the guinea pig subcutaneous test. I. The results of an improved semiquantitative assessment of the histological criteria]. AB - Different materials were implanted into the subcutaneous connective tissue of guinea pigs to evaluate biotolerance by means of the tissue response. The investigations were carried out with reference materials and newly developed implant materials in short-term studies and in case control studies. The semiquantitative valuation standards lead mostly only to informing statements in the sense of a compatibility degree. Alternative assertions are possible when comparing very different materials. PMID- 3751203 TI - [Procedure for the biological testing of substances in the guinea pig subcutaneous test. II. The results of mathematical evaluation and modelling of the morphometric data on the area of reaction]. AB - The extent of the reaction area around implanted materials (connective tissue capsule) was measured by the electronic device system Densitron and was represented in its temporal dependence after implantation. A histocompatibility index (referring to titanium as reference material) was deduced from the course of the connective tissue adaptation (healing in process). Linear regression calculation shows that the healing in process can be described very well by means of a power function for the most of the investigated materials. A clear demarcation and classification of the tissue tolerance of the different materials was managed for the histocompatibility index and also by the obvious integral values of the experimentally found out and mathematically modelled subsidence curves of the connective tissue reaction (selected period: 90th to the 200th day after the implantation). PMID- 3751204 TI - [Procedure for the biological testing of substances in the guinea pig subcutaneous test. III. The results of the quantitative determination of the cell division pattern in the area of reaction]. AB - The counting of the type of cells in the surroundings of implanted materials enables the estimation of specific material effects and improved the statement of the biologic testing methods. The explained method is described in the example of reference materials and is applied to different new materials for the estimation of their histocompatibility. PMID- 3751205 TI - [Recording of cell-mediated immunity in patients with gliomatous brain tumors]. AB - The cell-mediated immunity state by detecting lymphokine in the macrophage electrophoresis mobility test (MEM-test) was supervised in 9 patients with gliomatous cerebral tumors and 12 normal subjects. A positive lymphokine proof was provable by application of 100 micrograms antigen in 8 of 9 patients of the tumor group, however, in the control group in 1 of 12 probands. The MEM-test is a practical improvement of the immunodiagnosis especially for tumors of the nervous system despite the high technical and temporal expense. PMID- 3751206 TI - [Electrical control activity during and after mechanical ileus--an animal experimental study on the reversibility of ileus-induced motility disorders]. AB - The electrical control activity in the pre- and poststenotic intestine segment was recorded in rabbit during a mechanical high-located small-bowel ileus of 24 hours duration and after its release. The ligature of the intestine caused an immediate decrease of frequency in the poststenotic segment and in the prestenotic segment only after an ileus duration of 24 hours. The sw-frequencies (slow waves) normalized themselves in both bowel segments after the removal of the occlusion 48 hours later. The control activity in the control group of sham operated animals normalized itself after a transitory decrease already 24 hours later. PMID- 3751207 TI - [Animal experimental scintigraphic observations of the course of secondary fracture healing without and with ultrasound stimulation]. AB - The scintigraphic course observation until the biologic fracture healing took place on the fracture model of the closed lower leg fracture with secondary fracture healing in rabbit. 151 scintigraphic investigations were carried out by means of 99mTc HEDP. The ROI activity quotient increased significantly on the 14th day after the fracture up to the maximum value Q = 6.44. 61 fractures of the lower leg were treated by ultrasound from the 14th to the 28th day after the fracture. These stimulated fractures showed a biologic healing on the 168th day already. The fractures treated without ultrasound could not be proved any more scintigraphically after the 203rd day after the fracture. PMID- 3751208 TI - [Differential diagnosis of pruritus]. PMID- 3751209 TI - [Steroid hormone receptors in normal skin]. AB - Hormonal influences modulate various skin functions. Despite of skin manifestations indicative of increased androgenic influence, many cases show normal hormone serum levels. The target organ sensitivity of skin may be figured out by hormone receptor analysis. Our study presents data from 60 volunteer patients regarding estrogen (ER), androgen (AR), and gestagen (PgR) receptor analysis in normal skin. The highest percentages of AR and ER were found in the face of male and female patients followed by the lower extremities. Equal AR levels in both sexes indicate equal androgenic stimulability at the cellular level in both sexes. ER levels were higher in female than in male patients. PgR was negative in 14 cases. Nor could we prove any receptors in the youngest group of patients. Our results correspond with the clinical observation of different hormonal stimulability in various skin regions. PMID- 3751210 TI - [Effect of various kinds of tar and tar concentrations on anthralin erythema]. AB - The effect of tar on anthralin-induced erythema was epicutaneously tested in ten patients. 3%, 5%, or 10% crude coal tar or coal tar solution was added to vaseline containing anthralin. A 5% or 10% tar preparation significantly suppressed the anthralin erythema induced by 0.5 to 1.0% anthralin having been applied for 24 hrs. In these concentrations, coal tar solution was at least as effective as coal tar itself. PMID- 3751211 TI - [Endometriosis of a scar]. AB - We report on a case of cutaneous endometriosis having developed in the scar of a cesarean section. The slowly growing cutaneous nodule did not cause any cyclic pain or swelling. Histologic examination showed mainly histiocytic granulation tissue without multinuclear cells and extensive phagocytosis of hemosiderin. Only few tubular glands were seen. PMID- 3751212 TI - [Necrotizing circumscribed scleroderma after cupping therapy in arterial occlusion]. AB - A 50-year-old man suffering from arterial occlusion developed deep ulcerations after cupping therapy of circumscribed scleroderma on his right thigh. PMID- 3751213 TI - [A case of skin myiasis caused by Dermatobia hominis]. AB - A case of erysipelas-like symptoms in a 26-year-old female student of medicine having returned from Nicaragua to Germany is reported. On the removal of the scurf covering the supposed entrance of the erysipelas, a larva of Dermatobia hominis, the human bot fly, was extracted from the head skin, and the inflammation completely disappeared within a short period of time. PMID- 3751214 TI - [Kyrle's disease in diabetes mellitus and chronic terminal kidney failure]. AB - The diagnosis of Kyrle's disease is based on both clinical and histological findings. The penetration of the keratin plug into the dermis is no pathognomonic feature but the result of pathologic events. Kyrle's disease may be caused and promoted by association with other diseases going along with hyperkeratosis and causing damage to tissue proteins by non-enzymatic glycosylation (e. g., diabetes mellitus and renal failure). PMID- 3751215 TI - [The increase of nuclear DNA in the cells of the malpighian layer in pemphigus vulgaris]. AB - A scanning absorbance cytophotometry of nuclear DNA in the cells of Malpighian layer was made of biopsies obtained from the perilesional areas of 23 patients with different severity of pemphigus vulgaris. The quantity of DNA was expressed in relative units of ploidy with regard to peripheral blood lymphocyte diploid nuclei. The ratio of cells with diploid to tetraploid DNA-values in the Malpighian layer of 30 controls was 71.4 +/- 2.5% to 24.6 +/- 2.7% (p less than 0.05). A statistically significant greater number of cells with tetraploid DNA content and a corresponding lower number of those with the diploid value of DNA was revealed in all the examined patients with pemphigus vulgaris. These changes were most pronounced in the group of seven patients in whom the course of the disease was particularly severe. In these patients the mean ratio of the diploid to tetraploid DNA nuclei was 39.2 +/- 0.8% to 54.6 +/- 2.3% (p less than 0.01). PMID- 3751216 TI - [Mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome. A retrospective study of 60 patients with correlation between histologic classification and survival time]. AB - 47 patients suffering from mycosis fungoides and 13 with Sezary's syndrome were retrospectively studied with regard to prognosis in relation to the histologic substrate of cutaneous lesions. On account of the wide spectrum of T-cell cytomorphology as well as the pattern and composition of the infiltrate, we distinguished 4 histopathological types: small cell lymphoid type (45%), mixed cell polymorphic type (40%), large cell type (immunoblastic and pleomorphic, 10%), and medium-sized cell type (5%). Statistical analysis revealed survival rates of 10 years in 68.3% for the small cell lymphoid type and in 30.3% for the mixed cell polymorphic type. All patients showing the large cell type died within 6 years after diagnosis; those bearing the medium-sized cell type died within 2 years after diagnosis. The forms of mycosis fungoides showing the last two types of infiltrate may be classified as lymphomas of extreme malignancy. The different histological features are not only significant with regard to the diagnosis but also permit prognostic estimation before systemic signs have become evident. PMID- 3751217 TI - [Choice of heart valve prosthesis--1985]. AB - Improvement of materials, prosthetic function and perioperative treatment has led to positive results with regard to life expectancy, quality of life and complication rates in heart valve replacement. While mechanical valves are still associated with the risks of thromboembolism and anticoagulant bleeding, there is a continuing risk of early valve dysfunction in bioprostheses. We have preferred the latter during the last 8 years; however, certain disadvantages have become obvious during the follow-up of a group of 132 patients beyond the 6th postoperative year. Anticoagulant treatment has been withheld in some patients in spite of a clear indication while others have received coumadin in the absence of obvious reasons. Valve degeneration as discovered by echocardiography often was not recognized in time, resulting in a significant reoperative mortality. As a result the indication for biological valve replacement, especially in the mitral position, has become more restrictive in our hands. PMID- 3751219 TI - [Tricuspid valve insufficiency in patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease: angiographic diameter of the tricuspid ring and function of the right ventricle]. AB - Dilatation of the right ventricle and a consecutive enlargement of the tricuspid valve ring are thought to be the main causes of functional tricuspid regurgitation in patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease. To study the effect of right ventricular dilatation as well as the dimension of the tricuspid valve ring, right ventricular volume indices, ejection fraction, regional shortening, pulmonary artery pressure, and the diameter and systolic shortening of the tricuspid valve were determined in 67 patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease (NYHA class II and III) from biplane ventriculographies. Patients with right ventricular enlargement (greater than 90 ml/m2) were divided into groups with (group IIA) and without (group IIB) tricuspid regurgitation and compared with patients with normal right ventricular size and function without tricuspid regurgitation (group I). There was no difference in the end-diastolic volume index, in the afterload or in the diameter of the tricuspid ring. Right ventricular ejection fraction was decreased in group IIA (51 +/- 9% vs. 59 +/- 10% (IIB) and 61 +/- 6% (control); (p less than 0.05). Regional function was also decreased in group IIA. 73% of the patients with tricuspid regurgitation had right ventricular enlargement, but only 44% of the patients with right ventricular enlargement had tricuspid regurgitation. Thus right ventricular dilatation promotes the development of a tricuspid insufficiency, but is not the only cause. Additional factors like decreased local wall motion, alterations of the valve or the valve apparatus may also account for functional tricuspid regurgitation. PMID- 3751218 TI - [Late complications following Bjork-Shiley and Carpentier-Edwards heart valve replacements]. AB - Valve related and valve induced, fatal or non fatal complications after Bjork Shiley valve replacement (n = 50) are compared with complications following Carpentier-Edwards valve replacement (n = 113). These patients had been operated upon between 1976 and 1982 and were followed up until 1985. Estimated actuarial cumulative survival following Carpentier-Edwards valve replacement (53 +/- 12% after a 100-month period) did not differ significantly from the estimate following Bjork-Shiley valve replacement (80 +/- 6% after a 100-month-period), and subgroups of the cohort did not differ in survival after Carpentier-Edwards or Bjork-Shiley valve replacement either. However, the estimate of actuarial cumulative event-free survival following Carpentier-Edwards valve replacement in patients under 40 years of age (46 +/- 14% after a 92-month period) was significantly worse (p less than 0.05) than with Bjork-Shiley valves (100 +/- 0% after a 92-month period), (n = 30). The leading cause of clinical complications following Carpentier-Edwards valve replacement was a demonstrable degeneration of the bioprosthesis in 12 cases. The diagnosis of degeneration was established a mean of 73 months postoperatively (range 42-101 months). PMID- 3751220 TI - [Single vessel disease of the anterior interventricular branch as a cause of combined anterior and posterior wall infarct in comparison with 2-vessel disease of the RIVA and RCA]. AB - Only few studies deal with the problem of an isolated stenosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) leading to a combined anterior and inferior myocardial infarction in the ECG and VCG. In the present study patients with electrocardiographic signs of anterior and inferior myocardial infarction and either one-vessel disease of the LAD branch (n = 27; group I) or two-vessel disease including the LAD and the right coronary artery (RCA) (n = 29; group II) were investigated. Due to the anterior myocardial infarction present in all patients, unequivocal signs of posterior and posterolateral infarct location were missing in the ECG and VCG. There was a distinct variability with regard to Q wave duration and amplitude in the inferior leads of the ECG and of the Q/R relation in the scalar lead Y of the VCG (Frank-leads) in patients with isolated LAD disease when compared to those with combined LAD and RCA disease, but no reliable parameter was found in the ECG and VCG which allowed to allocate patients to one of the two groups. On the other hand, there were significant differences in hemodynamics and left ventricular function between the two groups. Group I patients showed a significantly higher left ventricular ejection fraction (mean 49 +/- 15%) than patients with two-vessel disease (group II) (mean 42 +/- 12%) (p less than 0.05). Left ventricular end-diastolic pressures at rest (13 +/- 7 mm Hg).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3751221 TI - [A new echocardiographic procedure for calculation of the accurate volume of the right atrium]. AB - The right atrial (RA) volume can be determined angiographically from two perpendicular projections. Up to now volume calculations by means of two dimensional echocardiography (2-DE) have only been attempted in a single plane, the apical four-chamber view. Our study reports a new method for RA volume calculation using two intersecting cross-sectional echocardiographic views. For this purpose silicone rubber casts of 20 human necropsy hearts were obtained and thin walled natural rubber moulds of the RA casts were prepared. Totally filled with and immersed in water, the mouls could be visualized in the apical four chamber view and an additional echocardiographic plane, the latter corresponding to the subcostal view in vivo. In this view the vertical extension of RA could be estimated. Areas and length of RA were determined in the respective planes and RA volume was calculated by applying the formula: - Area X Length - to two intersecting planes. Finally, the latex moulds were filled with diluted contrast agent and the volume was determined angiographically using a biplane disc method. Real volume of RA was 112 +/- 23 ml (mean +/- 1 SD). Angiographically, an overestimation resulted: the calculated volume amounted to 119 +/- 24 ml, the mean difference was 7 +/- 2 ml (p less than 0.001). The regression equation was y = 1.04 X + 2.34, r = 0.995, SEE = 2.3 ml. Volume determination from the apical four-chamber view using a monoplane disc method resulted in a mean volume of 62 +/- 17 ml. The mean difference to the real RA volume was 50 +/- 17 ml, p less than 0.001.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3751222 TI - [Cardiogenic embolisms following silent anterior wall infarct]. AB - A 33-year-old man had suffered recurrent arterial embolisms. Echocardiography identified as the most likely cause a large mobile mass in the left ventricle. Initially a primary heart tumor was discussed, but the ECG finding of an anterolateral scar and an angiographically proven LAD-stenosis were suspicious of an organized thrombus of the left ventricle. After surgical excision, histological analysis classified the mass as an organized thrombus. PMID- 3751223 TI - [Bicoronary-pulmonary fistula with aneurysms of the left coronary artery]. AB - Bicoronary-pulmonary fistulae are extremely rare cardiac malformations with only ten cases reported. We describe the case of a 46-year-old woman who was referred to our hospital because of a continuum of subfebrile temperature between 37 and 39 degrees C. On chest X-ray there were no signs of right ventricular volume overload or pulmonary congestion, the electrocardiogram showed no abnormalities. Auscultation revealed a 3/6 systolic-diastolic murmur with maximal intensity in the second and third intercostal space at the left parasternal border. At catheterization a coronary-pulmonary fistula of the left coronary artery at the end of the proximal third of the anterior descending branch with an aneurysm of the left main coronary artery and the proximal part of the anterior descending artery was found. Additionally an abnormal conal branch of the right coronary artery was found draining into a venous convolute around the pulmonary artery stem. A left-to-right shunt of 15 percent was calculated. To our knowledge this is the first case report of such a combination of a bicoronary-pulmonary fistula. PMID- 3751224 TI - CK-isoenzyme activity in cerebrospinal fluid as a marker of central nervous system pathological process. PMID- 3751225 TI - [Neuron-specific enolase and craniocerebral injuries]. PMID- 3751227 TI - [The Widal microagglutination reaction]. PMID- 3751226 TI - [Characterization of erythrocyte deformability by means of filtration technics. 3. Effect of hematocrit and homogeneity of the measured sample]. PMID- 3751228 TI - [A measuring stage for the routine determination of the gas permeability of synthetic membranes]. PMID- 3751229 TI - [Sodium and potassium determination with ion-sensitive electrodes using the biological alkali microanalyser BAM-OP-266]. PMID- 3751230 TI - Scanning electron microscopy of Leishmania major in Phlebotomus papatasi. AB - The morphology of Leishmania major parasites and their interactions with various regions of the alimentary canal of Phlebotomus papatasi were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Parasites were observed to undergo development initiated with the ingestion of amastigotes and culminating in a characteristic distribution of four distinct morphological forms in various parts of the alimentary canal: namely, large numbers of elongate nectomonads in the abdominal mid-gut, haptomonad forms attached to the cuticle of the stomodeal valve, small spherical forms attached to the esophagus and masses of short promastigotes, believed to be the infective forms, lying free in the anterior thoracic mid-gut and the esophagus. PMID- 3751231 TI - Susceptibility of rats to infection with Toxocara pteropodis. AB - Infective eggs of Toxocara pteropodis were administered to Wistar rats via oral and parenteral routes. Third-stage larvae were recovered from the livers of suckling young 8 days after oral infection, and from livers and lungs after intraperitoneal or subcutaneous inoculation of eggs. These larvae were short lived as none were found in suckling mice killed 2 weeks post-infection. Larvae were not recovered from tissues of rats aged 22 days or more when inoculated orally, indicating that refractoriness to infection develops rapidly with growth. Small numbers of larvae were recovered from the lungs of older rats 4 days after subcutaneous but not after oral inoculation. Adult male Buffalo and Fisher rats were also totally resistant to oral infection. Hence, rats differ from mice in their susceptibility to T. pteropodis. PMID- 3751233 TI - Fine structure of adult Litomosoides carinii (Nematoda: Filarioidea). AB - The fine structure of the body wall and the intestine of male and female Litomosoides carinii was studied in sections through the middle and posterior regions of the worms. In the sublateral cells of the female hypodermis the organelles are arranged in regular layers. The zone with the basal labyrinth is the most prominent layer. The intestinal epithelium of the female worm varies considerably in thickness. The cytoplasm of these cells contains many large droplets. The lateral hypodermal chords of the male worm are very narrow bands. The muscle cells of the male worm are of the circomyarian type, without an afibrillar portion. The intestinal lumen of the male worm is very narrow, and the epithelial cells contain very large droplets. In both sexes the hypodermis contains bacteria. Larger glycogen deposits were absent in the hypodermal chords and in the muscle cells of the midbody regions. PMID- 3751232 TI - Antibody and cellular immune responses to microfilarial antigens in ferrets experimentally infected with Brugia malayi. AB - Eleven of 15 ferrets experimentally infected with Brugia malayi became amicrofilaremic after a brief patency; only four ferrets remained patent after 6 months of infection and two of these ferrets developed a high, persistent microfilaremia. Blastogenic responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes to antigens of microfilariae (mf), assayed in vitro, demonstrated an antigen sensitivity at prepatent, patent and postpatent periods of infection. Lymphocytes from ferrets with high microfilaremia had elevated background responses in culture which were directly correlated with the number of circulating mf. This background response was attributed to antigenic stimulation by mf present in the lymphocyte cultures; addition of mf to cultures of lymphocytes from postpatent ferrets induced responses equivalent to those observed in microfilaremic ferrets. Lymphocyte responses to the mitogen, concanavalin A, did not differ significantly among microfilaremic, amicrofilaremic and uninfected ferrets. Antibody in IgG to antigens of mf measured by ELISA and by immunoblots from SDS-PAGE showed similar patterns of response in ferrets which became amicrofilaremic and in the few ferrets which remained microfilaremic. prausnitz-Kustner tests demonstrated no consistent differences in titers to microfilarial antigens between patent and amicrofilaremic ferrets. The results suggest a high level of immune responsiveness to antigens of mf in infected ferrets with no evidence of immunosuppression associated with prolonged microfilaremia or of major changes in immune responses with development of amicrofilaremic infections. PMID- 3751234 TI - Chemotactic activity of soluble extract of Schistosoma japonicum eggs for human and monkey eosinophils. PMID- 3751235 TI - Small intestinal sucrase activity during experimental infections with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and/or Eimeria nieschulzi in rats. PMID- 3751236 TI - [Treatment of hip joint dislocation with the Hanausek apparatus]. AB - The Hanausek apparatus has been used for reposition and retention of luxation of the hip joint in the Orthopadische Klinik Hessisch Lichtenau in 37 cases aged up to 2 years, if there was no hindrance of reposition in arthrography. It is a functional method which avoids the extreme Lorenz position that is claimed to endanger the caput femoris respecting necrosis. In a retrospective roentgenological observation it became evident, that the method of Hanausek leads generally to a good development of the acetabulum. The rate of necrosis in our patients was high (17%). Our patients started treatment later (38% aged more than one year). 2/3 of the patients had a high luxation of the hip joint. PMID- 3751237 TI - [A new technic in the surgical treatment of congenital hip dislocation]. AB - A new technic has been developed on the surgery of congenital hip dislocation. The properties of the technic and the majority of the operation are explained. PMID- 3751238 TI - [Analysis and results following replacement surgery of loose, cemented hip endoprostheses]. AB - Between 1971 and May 1981 2380 Total Hip Replacements were performed at the Orthopedic Clinic of the University of Vienna. In 145 patients (6,1%) a revision arthroplasty had to be done, because of loosening of the prostheses. 10 of these patients had to be reoperated once more because of a second failure. All together 76% of the patients were either very or almost content with the result of the operation. Considering only patients with one revision arthroplasty we saw 87% good and very good results. The average hip movement was 93 degrees in flexion, 20 degrees in abduction and 24 degrees in adduction. They had a fairly good walking capacity and have not been reduced in their daily work. The revision arthroplasty of a loosened total hip replacement can be advised to the patients, even though the second operation is larger and of higher risk to the patients than the first one. PMID- 3751239 TI - [Doubled semitendinosusplasty in the replacement of the anterior cruciate ligament]. AB - Sport injuries very often carry on ruptures of the anterior crucial ligament. Our operative method for compensation is a double tendon procedure of the Semitendinosus-Tendon. In this way it is possible to raise the stability of the knee. PMID- 3751240 TI - [In vitro studies of the load bearing function of the interosseous membrane and fibula in relation to total stress capacity of the lower leg]. AB - The present paper illustrates the importance of the interosseous membrane and the loadbearing function of the fibula in relieving stress on the tibia. The author's theoretical and experimental studies, as well as clinical observations, confirm that the intact interosseous membrane and fibula relieve the tibia by approx. 30%. PMID- 3751241 TI - [Experimental in vitro studies optimizing the tibial portion of knee joint alloplasty]. AB - The tibial component of knee-joint prostheses loosens more frequently than the femoral portion. In the study reported here it was attempted to define a physiological pressure distribution on the substantia corticalis of the tibia in a comparison using prostheses of various shapes. According to the results of the investigations the prosthesis plate should extend to the corticalis margins, and optimal shaft length is in the range between 8 and 10 cm. PMID- 3751242 TI - [Arthrodesis of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the large toe]. AB - Since it was first described by Clutton in 1894, numerous techniques for arthrodesis of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe have been proposed; the most common methods are described. At the Orthopedic Clinic of Lubeck Medical School, arthrodesis of this joint has been performed since 1975 using a small fragment plate. The surgical technique and postoperative management are outlined. The results are described on the basis of follow-up examination of 76 patients (95 arthrodeses). They are in conformity with other figures cited in the literature, with a high consolidation rate of over 95%. The positive rating by the patients thus treated (80% very good and good) are, in our opinion, strong arguments for adopting this method on a broader scale in Europe also. PMID- 3751244 TI - [Pneumatic extension neck collar in the treatment of intervertebral disk-induced diseases of the cervical spine]. AB - We report on an orthesis for the treatment of illnesses caused by intervertebral discs of the cervical column. New is a integrated pneumatic mechanism for extension which can be handled by the patient itself. PMID- 3751243 TI - [Diagnostic value of roentgenologic study methods in idiopathic spasmodic torticollis]. AB - Only in static forms of idiopathic spasmodic torticollis should the cervical spine be X-rayed for differential diagnosis. There is no indication for cranial roentgenograms. CAT of the skull may occasionally help in distinguishing idiopathic from symptomatic-striatal forms. Repeat films of the skull and the cervical spine contribute nothing to diagnosis. PMID- 3751245 TI - [Experiences with external fixation of the cervical spine in the halo-yoke system]. AB - The Halo-Yoke-System allows an external fixation, reposition and immobilisation of the cervical spine. Indications for application of application of Halo-Yoke exist in conservative or operative treatment of acute traumatic lesions and protection of results after surgical treatment in cases of instability of different etiology (tumour, spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, congenital deformities). The experience basing on 28 own cases is reported. PMID- 3751246 TI - [Spondylolisthesis and related conditions; pathology, clinical aspects and treatment]. AB - Close pathogenetic and morphologic relationships exist between the alterations of the lumbosacral spine designated as spondylolysis, spondylolisthesis and praespondylolisthesis. The initial management of 105 patients with such conditions was conservative. However, of this group 34 patients with persistent instability and/or intractable neurologic symptoms were subsequently treated surgically, and the majority of them obtained lasting benefits. PMID- 3751248 TI - [Generalized laxity of the ligaments in children]. AB - Authors reviewed the literature about the nomenclature and classification of ligamentous laxity syndrome. They are using the term "Generalized ligamentous laxity". They prefer the methods, with total body points-system to the extensometry of the fingers. On the basis of 890 healthy children they determined the statistic characteristics of the score of the generalized ligamentous laxity in relation to age and sex. They suggest, on the basis of the obtained data, the way of clinical application. PMID- 3751247 TI - [A diagnostic sign in so-called epicondylitis humeri radialis]. AB - With a simple test - the "finger-snapping-test" - it is possible to narrow down the etiology of lateral epicondylalgia of the humerus. On the basis of a group of 196 patients it is shown that a positive result of this test is characteristic for an enthesopathy of the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle, whose insertion is at the radial epicondyle. If the test is negative it must be assumed that the pain is caused by spondylogenic, arthrogenic, or neurogenic phenomena. The importance of the test for the therapeutic approach and with regard to the indication for operation after Hohmann ist pointed out. PMID- 3751249 TI - [Regulation of in vitro metabolism of human spongiosa by parathyroid hormone and calcitonin]. AB - A method was developed to investigate in vitro metabolism of human trabecular bone and its hormonal regulation. Human and bovine parathyroid hormone 1-34 caused an increase in the release of calcium and magnesium out of human bone. Human, salmon and porcine calcitonin caused a decrease in the release of calcium and magnesium and inhibited the effect of parathyroid hormone. PMID- 3751250 TI - [Studies of explanted shot-peened osteosynthesis plates]. AB - Shot peening is a cold-working process to increase the fatigue life of osteosynthesis plates. Using ceramic particles for this process we observed no change in the corrosive properties of the plates. Up to now we implanted 37 shot peened osteosynthesis plates for fixation of intertrochanteric osteotomies. 13 plates were explanted after an average time of 14,2 months. We investigated the plates as well as the tissue surrounding the implants. Metallurgic specimens showed not so many pittings at the shot peened plates in the region of the screw hole as were seen at the polished plates after the same period of implantation. By histological investigation corrosive products or fretting particles were detected mostly in the region of the screws. Only a few metal particles were found in the region between the screw holes. Analysing the elements which were black or red-brown coloured in histological specimens by scanning electron microscopy we identified these particles as metal components. But there was a great difference in the relation of the particles found in the tissue compared to the components forming the plates alloy. This is due to the difference of distribution of the metal components at the surface of the implant in comparison with the central part of the plate. These austenitic stainless steels are protected by an enrichment of Cr in the surface layer. This could be shown in the shot peened plates as well as in the polished plates. The results of our investigations show a corrosive behaviour which is at least equal at both plates types in laboratory investigations as well as after implantations in men.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3751251 TI - [Aggressive fibromatoses in orthopedics]. AB - Aggressive fibromatoses which may develop either in soft tissue or in the bone present considerable problems for the pathologist trying to establish a diagnosis as well as for the radiologist and surgeon. In radiographs, a destruction of the soft and osseous tissue is seen which suggests a malignant tumor. Histologically a monomorphic connective tissue prevails in the biopsy showing no essential signs of malignancy. Under pathoanatomical aspects often a benign proliferation of the connective tissue is assumed. Surgically the tumor may either be removed in a too radical and mutilating way, or the excision may remain incomplete. Two cases of desmoplastic bone fibroma (aggressive fibromatosis in the ulna and in the sacrum) are described in which the complete tumor removal led to healing, whereas the incomplete excision of the tumor resulted in recurrences. Aggressive fibromatosis represents a semimalignant tumor which has a locally destructive and invasive growth tendency but does not metastasize. The various fibromatoses are defined with regard to their biological growth tendency and the therapeutic consequences are discussed. PMID- 3751252 TI - Idiopathic edema. PMID- 3751253 TI - Carpal tunnel syndrome and gout: case report. PMID- 3751254 TI - The doctor as teacher. PMID- 3751255 TI - [European multicenter study of aged patients with arterial hypertension]. PMID- 3751256 TI - [Coumarin derivatives inhibit the synthesis of coagulation factors and of non coagulation proteins]. PMID- 3751257 TI - [Methodological problems of modern anesthesiology]. PMID- 3751258 TI - [Comparative characteristics of the hemodynamic effects of single-lung artificial ventilation under ataralgesia and intravenous combined ketamine anesthesia]. PMID- 3751259 TI - [Effect of combined electroanesthesia on the hemodynamic function of children]. PMID- 3751260 TI - [Adaptation of the circulatory system and changes in the regional blood flow in acute loading of the myocardium and its abolishment]. PMID- 3751262 TI - [Medicine and the socioeconomic progress of society]. PMID- 3751261 TI - [Evaluation of potentials in using fluorocarbon cardioplegia for protecting the myocardium against ischemia]. PMID- 3751263 TI - [Characteristics of the restoration of the electromechanical properties of the isolated myocardium following fluorocarbon cardioplegia]. PMID- 3751264 TI - [Comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of different types of general anesthesia in children]. PMID- 3751265 TI - [Segmental and supraspinal effects of peridural analgesia with morphine]. PMID- 3751266 TI - [Behavioral and autonomic components of the pathogenesis of homeostatic disorders in mild mechanical injuries and their correction]. PMID- 3751267 TI - [Modern diagnosis and choice of methods for the combined therapy of patients with acute liver and kidney failure]. PMID- 3751268 TI - [Drug-free preoperative preparation of cancer patients in a polyclinic]. PMID- 3751270 TI - [Effect of linethol on the ultrastructure of the epidermis in the guinea pig]. PMID- 3751269 TI - [Disorders of cardiovascular function in immobilization stress]. PMID- 3751271 TI - [Mechanism of action of sulfones in Duhring's herpetiform dermatitis]. PMID- 3751272 TI - [Morphofunctional status of mast cells of the skin outside the focus of an experimental wound]. PMID- 3751273 TI - [Functional activity of leukocytes in syphilis patients]. PMID- 3751274 TI - [Experimental study of the local irritating action of cidipol]. PMID- 3751275 TI - [Biological properties and cross-reacting antigens of staphylococcus in allergic vasculitis]. PMID- 3751276 TI - [Characteristics of the immune status of eczema patients]. PMID- 3751277 TI - [Condition of the rheologic properties of the blood of patients with disseminated neurodermatitis undergoing treatment]. PMID- 3751278 TI - [Clinico-immunologic basis for using a collagen preparation in the treatment of trophic ulcers]. PMID- 3751279 TI - [Effect of Apsheron industrial oils on sebaceous gland function]. PMID- 3751280 TI - [Features of the course of psoriasis in children]. PMID- 3751281 TI - [Association of scleroderma and psoriasis]. PMID- 3751282 TI - [Clinical course of tertiary syphilis with lesions of the liver and skin]. PMID- 3751283 TI - [Clinical observation of patients with fresh forms of syphilis during treatment with doxycycline and placental extract]. PMID- 3751284 TI - [Comparative study of the effect of laser radiation on histidase activity and lipid peroxidation in the skin of experimental animals]. PMID- 3751286 TI - Studies on the temperature sensitivity of influenza A virus reassortants nonpathogenic for chicken. AB - Influenza A virus reassortants which are nonpathogenic for chickens are like mammalian influenza A viruses in that they are temperature sensitive for growth at 41 degrees C. We have investigated the mechanism of this temperature sensitivity using reassortants between the two highly pathogenic strains A/FPV/Rostock/34 (FPV, H7N1) and A/turkey/England/63 (TE, H7N3). These reassortants show a strict correlation between the pathogenicity for chickens and the constellation of the genes coding for the ribonucleoprotein complex, RNP. Evidence is presented which shows that all viral components are synthesized in sufficient amounts and that the block in the viral replication cycle at the nonpermissive temperature is a late one affecting virus maturation. It is suggested that the RNP, although still enzymatically functional, may lose its ability to interact normally with viral surface components, thus interfering with the process of virus maturation. Some of the nonpathogenic reassortants which possessed the neuraminidase of TE showed an interesting temperature-dependent phenomenon: the haemagglutinin synthesized at the elevated temperature could only agglutinate erythrocytes at 20 degrees C, when the neuraminidase was inhibited or the infected cells vigorously disrupted by ultrasonication. This phenomenon is possibly not directly related to the temperature-sensitive block. PMID- 3751285 TI - Inhibitors of protein synthesis inhibit both La Crosse virus S-mRNA and S genome syntheses in vivo. AB - The effect of drugs such as puromycin and cycloheximide, which inhibit protein synthesis, on the accumulation of La Crosse virus S genome RNAs in vivo has been examined. We have found that if these drugs are added to the cultures before infection, minuscule amounts of S-mRNA can be detected late in infection. Genome replication, on the other hand, cannot be detected at any time. When these drugs are added later in infection when RNA synthesis is well established, S-mRNA accumulation decreases in a dose-dependent manner proportional to the effect of these drugs on protein synthesis. This decrease cannot be accounted for by increased turnover of the mRNA in the presence of the drug. S genome replication, curiously, was found to be hypersensitive to the effects of these drugs. Our results confirm those of Abraham and Pattnaik (1983) that ongoing protein synthesis is required for the accumulation of complete bunyavirus S-mRNA. PMID- 3751287 TI - Additional methylation at the N(2)-position of the cap of 26S Semliki Forest virus late mRNA and initiation of translation. AB - Cap analysis of the late 26S Semliki Forest viral mRNA reveals that almost 30% of the caps possess both a methyl group at the N(7)-position and one at the N(2) position. We have compared the degree of methylation of the caps of polysomal and non-polysomal 26S mRNA in order to check whether this feature is responsible for its translation late in infection. It was found that extra methyl groups on the caps cause a lower rate of initiation. Polysomal 26S mRNA contained less m2,7G- and m2,2,7G-caps than free 26S. The cap analog m2,2,7Gp was slightly less inhibitory than m7Gp in an in vitro translation system. PMID- 3751288 TI - Measles virus nucleic acid sequences in human brain. AB - We constructed a measles virus genomic recombinant DNA library, and used clones coding for portions of the viral P, M and H proteins to probe for measles virus nucleic acid sequences in post-mortem multiple sclerosis, SSPE and control brains. By dot blot hybridization, the probes detected measles virus nucleic acid sequences in as little as 3 nanograms of total RNA extracted from measles virus infected cells and also in highly diluted RNA extracted from SSPE brain, but did not detect measles virus sequences in RNA extracted from 11 multiple sclerosis or 8 control brains, even at a 1 000-fold higher concentration of RNA. By in situ hybridization, these probes detected measles virus nucleic acid sequences in virtually every cell and the surrounding neuropile of SSPE brain, but again did not detect such sequences in multiple sclerosis or control brains. Our findings using these highly specific probes confirm that measles virus is found in SSPE brains and indicate that measles virus genome is unlikely to be present in multiple sclerosis or normal brains. PMID- 3751289 TI - [Superslow oscillations of the indices of the state of a human-operator as a result of monotony]. AB - Infralow oscillations were studied of psychophysiological parameters appearing at one-minute wave range at different levels of human operator's nervous system in conditions of monotony. In experiments on recognition of noisy visual images presented with the frequency of 6-9 signals per hour, 22 subjects took part. The following was found: a) correlation between superslow components of pulse rate and the coefficient of brain potentials synchronization, established in 20-30 min after the beginning of the experiment; b) a tendency to deterioration of the quality of recognition at the stages of slowing down of infralow waves of the pulse rate and to its improvement at the phases of the increase of their frequency. Main results were obtained by the method which needs neither unartifact electrodes nor DC amplifiers. Possible mechanisms of stated dependences are discussed. PMID- 3751290 TI - [Integral evaluation of the population variability of human behavioral markers]. AB - In eight human populations with different extent of isolation and different ethnic belonging, four groups of cues have been studied: Mendel and anthropogenetic markers, anthropometry, neurodynamics and psychodynamics. Integral estimates are obtained of phenotypic and genetic correlation of groups of anthropometric, neurodynamic and psychodynamic cues in examined populations. Their values vary significantly in different populations; in isolates they are higher than in heterogeneous populations. Multidimensional dispersion analysis of the studied groups of cues allows to establish significantly higher intrapopulation variability than interpopulation one (about 14%). The revealed interpopulation differences are presented in the form of generalized values of phenotypic and genetic resemblance of examined populations by four groups of cues. PMID- 3751291 TI - [Effect of learning on EEG characteristics of children during the third year]. AB - Characteristics were studied of frequency spectrum and spatial-temporal organization of bioelectrical cerebral activity and also of heart rate dynamics in children of the third year of life in the state of quiet wakefulness and during orienting reaction. Changes were recorded in the parameters of the cerebral activity under the influence of developing learning and in particular of formation of symbolic thinking function. It has been established that the involvement of the child in the process of learning leads to definite shifts of the EEG of quiet wakefulness testifying to acceleration of the process of the CNS functional maturation. Mastering of a high degree of play symbolization causes not only changes in the EEG but also an increase of the child orientating investigatory activity. PMID- 3751292 TI - [Development of a baby's cry]. AB - The work is dedicated to studying of development of babies cries forms (systems of acoustic characteristics) during first half-year of life. The main cry functions in the system of baby's interaction with mother is being considered and the acoustic parameters to which mother reacts determining the cause of cry are being revealed. PMID- 3751293 TI - [Disruption of elaborated motor coordination after destruction of the parietal and premotor association areas of the dog]. AB - In experiments on seven dogs with a previously elaborated complex food-procuring reflex consisting of two instrumental movements, isolated damage of the parietal and premotor cortical areas deteriorated the achievement of exact movement- lifting and holding of the foreleg at the set level for a certain period of time. A second movement of lifting and holding the leg, similar to the first one, but with simultaneous lowering of the head during eating (altered inborn coordination) remained unaffected through the holding of the leg was also less stable. Successive damage of the parietal and premotor areas, worsening, but not significantly, the exact movement carried out in the natural posture, led to decomposition of the elaborated motor coordination revealed earlier (M. E. Ioffe, 1975) in case of the sensorimotor area damage. The role of the associative cortical areas in organization of elaborated coordination program is discussed. PMID- 3751294 TI - [Interdependence of learning and paradoxical sleep in the cat]. AB - The effect of learning sessions on the structure of the sleep-wakefulness cycle, as well as the effect of paradoxical sleep (PS) deprivation (PSD) following learning sessions, on the acquisition and extinction of instrumental alimentary reflexes to two feeders with sound discrimination, were studied on cats. The analysis of the data obtained led to following conclusions: The above learning sessions have no marked effect on the structure of the sleep-wakefulness cycle in the post-learning period, i.e. the percentage ratio of its phases is not altered by the increase of one of them. When PSD by non-emotional awakening is used, the number of PS onsets is not affected by learning sessions. This indicates that learning does not produce any considerable effect on the formation of PS need. PSD by non-emotional awakening following learning sessions does not retard the acquisition and extinction of the instrumental alimentary reflexes. The above data are interpreted as indicating that PS has no specific significance in memory trace consolidation during formation of long-term memory. PMID- 3751295 TI - [Establishment of the afferent function of the striatum in the rabbit during early ontogenesis]. AB - The study is dedicated to electrophysiological analysis of development of the caudate nucleus afferent function in rabbits in early postnatal ontogenesis. By amplitude-temporal parameters of the evoked potentials (EPs) of the caudate nucleus, recorded in response to stimulation of afferent inputs from the cortical regions (motor and limbic) and substantia nigra, similar dynamics of these afferent pathways functional maturation is revealed from the beginning of functioning (in the age of 3-5 days) to the definitive level (by the 30th day of life). The most significant changes of the amplitude-temporal parameters of the evoked potential, particularly of latencies are observed during the 3d week of postnatal life. On the basis of the obtained data, the conclusion is made on the formation of a common system of striatum sensory integration in the 3d-4th week of rabbits life. This age period is considered as critical. PMID- 3751296 TI - [Effect of dalargin on the processes of memory and learning in the rat]. AB - In experiments on rats, the influence was studied of dalargin on the elaboration and preservation of various homogeneous and heterogeneous conditioned reflexes (CRs) elaborated in single and multiple pairings. The effect of dalargin on the processes of learning and memory was compared with the action of the peptide on the activity of hypothalamic neurones. Administration of dalargin delayed the elaboration of maze defensive CRs and practically did not affect the elaboration of two-way avoidance. The preservation of CR also deteriorated under the influence of dalargin. Administration of dalargin 10 min before the CRs testing did not prevent their reproduction. When using CRs elaborated in a single pairing, dalargin disturbed the preservation of the drinking CR and improved that of passive avoidance CR. Dalargin in this dose affected the emotional state of animals in the open field and did not significantly affect their motor activity. Dalargin suppressed impulse activity in 17 out of 22 tested neurones of the lateral hypothalamus, with maximum effect in 20-50 min after its administration. The obtained data show that the character of dalargin action on the elaboration of CR and mainly on its consolidation, depends on the character of the elaborated CR and is probably due to great extent to the effect of the peptide on the brain emotional mechanisms. PMID- 3751297 TI - [Behavioral reactions to stimulation of the emotiogenic zones of the brain in the rats with different individual experience]. AB - Emotional reactions evoked by electric stimulation of the hypothalamus and amygdala were studied in white outbred rats, grown either in conditions of isolation or in community. The method of self-stimulation in shuttle box was used. The values of self-stimulation reaction were significantly lower and those of avoidance reactions were higher in animals bred in isolation. Their food procuring behaviour disappeared faster at stimulation of the negative emotiogenic zones. The observed differences are due to plastic reorganization of the brain reinforcing systems. PMID- 3751298 TI - [Development of certain innate reflex reactions in mice selected for brain weight]. AB - The rates of functional differentiation of the CNS were studied in mice, selected for high (H-line), and low (L-line) brain weight. Four tests were used, based on most distinct reflex responses. Comparison of ages of responses accomplishment in all the tests indicates that mice from L-line meet the test criteria on average 0.5 day earlier than those from H-line. The obtained data suggest that the low adult brain weight in L-line originates from genetically controlled early CNS maturation. PMID- 3751299 TI - [Age dynamics of visually guided behavior and visual evoked potentials of altricial nestlings]. AB - Comparative study has been carried out of factors of organization of visually guided feeding behaviour (observation method) and the degree of maturity of the visual mechanisms by the criterion of Wulst EPs formation and of their recovery cycles in normally developing and visually deprived nestlings. In has been established that during the period following the opening of the eyes (5-9th day) the feeding behaviour is connected with diffuse photo-sensitivity of visual mechanisms. Diffuse photo-sensitivity fully provides for natural feeding behaviour at the corresponding stage of development of visual functions. Complete visual deprivation during the whole period of diffuse photo-sensitivity does not influence subsequent development of the visual system. PMID- 3751300 TI - [Temporal organization of interneuronal relations in the cerebral cortex of the cat in relation to the level of alimentary motivation]. AB - By means of records of multicellular activity, interneuronal relations and their modifications in two cortical zones (Visual and motor) were studied in cats at different levels of alimentary motivation. For quantitative evaluation of interneuronal relations the statistic method of cross-correlation analysis of impulse trains was used in determining the probability of the appearance of the discharge of one neurone after the impulse of the other one. For groups of neurones in both investigated cortical areas, three-neurones microsystems were singled out and their activity was analyzed by temporal parameters of interaction between neurones at the interval of 120 ms, both within one microarea (intraanalyzer connections) and between microareas of two cortical zones. The correlation of temporal parameters of interneuronal connections (temporal delays in the activity of neuronal pairs) changed depending on spatial localization of neurones and functional condition of the animals. The existence is suggested of "informational" (1-30 ms) and "motivational" (90-120 ms) values of interneuronal relations for interanalyser connections. PMID- 3751301 TI - [Cross-correlation analysis of the background activity of visual cortex cells separated by different distances in the alert rabbit]. AB - Values of correlation coefficients (CC) and forms of cross-correlation functions of impulse activity were studied in neurones recorded with one microelectrode or simultaneously with two sticked together microelectrodes with tangential distance between tips of 70 and 140 mcm. Three main types of cross-correlation functions were singled out differing by peaks form and modes positions. The greatest variety of forms and the greatest percentage of significantly correlated discharges of cellular pairs were found among the neurones recorded with one electrode. Mean CC of cells recorded with one electrode was significantly greater than mean CC of the neurones recorded with two microelectrodes. Comparison of the character of intercellular correlation with amplitudes of recorded spikes showed that discharges of neurones with greater amplitude mainly forestalled discharges of cells with low amplitude. PMID- 3751302 TI - [Spectral-correlation characteristics of the electrical activity of the brain of the rabbit in a state of calm wakefulness]. AB - Inter- and intrahemispheric relations of electrical activity of the pre-motor, sensorimotor (representation of forelimb and blinking) and visual zones of rabbit's cerebral cortex in calm alertness was studied by method of spectral correlative analysis. Mean coherence levels of the EEG of tested hemispheric symmetric points and symmetric pairs of leads in the left and right hemispheres were characterized by a high temporal stability in the state of calm alertness and during sensory stimulation. A comparison of mean coherence values of EEG in symmetric leads, revealed a tendency to left-side dominance of statistical bonds of electrical processes. A tendency was shown towards interhemispheric asymmetry by mean parameters of EEG power spectra: the left hemisphere of the rabbit is characterized by a lower mean frequency of electrical activity and a more narrow effective frequency of the spectrum. PMID- 3751304 TI - [Therapeutic action of an antioxidant in chronic emotional-pain stress in the rat]. AB - Chronic emotional pain stress in rats causes disturbances of the cardiovascular system function (increase in arterial pressure and in heart rate), typical of neuroses-like state, and changes of the vegetative nervous system reactivity tested with functional load by two-hour hypokinesis. Increase in spleen weight is observed as well as a tendency to adrenals weight increase, a decrease of Na, K ATPase activity and activation of lipid peroxidation in cortical and hippocampal homogenates. Administration of F-801 antioxidant according to therapeutic scheme after the end of stress action, restores normal function of the cardiovascular system, normal reactivity of the vegetative nervous system, decreases adrenals weight and increases the weight of thymus and also normalizes ATPase activity and the level of lipid peroxidation. A backward correlation dependence of the Na, K ATPase activity on the level of malondialdehyde in the brain tissue has been established. PMID- 3751303 TI - [Dissociation between movement disorders and EEG shifts in amphetamine-induced stereotypy in the cat]. AB - In experiments on cats it is established that between the degree of EEG desynchronization in the sensorimotor cortex and expressiveness of the stereotype movements, a dissociation is possible which is most distinctly revealed in comparative studies of haloperidol, clozapine and metoclopramide--neuroleptics with different correlation of antipsychotic and extra-pyramidal properties. Local destruction of the ventral parts of the caudate nucleus head enhances motor disturbances resulting from amphetamine administration, but weakens its effect on the cortex. Elimination of the dorsal parts produces an opposite effect. It is suggested that the cause of the dissociation consists in different sensitivity to amphetamine of the dorsal and ventral parts of the neostriatum which are differently involved in organization of stereotype movements and EEG disturbances in amphetamine stereotypy. PMID- 3751305 TI - [Asymmetry of the voluntary regulation of emotional facial expression]. PMID- 3751306 TI - [Characteristics of the interaction between short and long-term memory in schoolchildren]. PMID- 3751307 TI - [Features of the formation of stereotypical reactions during elaboration of visual differentiations in the laboratory rat]. PMID- 3751308 TI - [ Study of the energy metabolism of the sensomotor cortex and hippocampus by the (14C)2-deoxyglucose method during the development of dissociated states]. PMID- 3751309 TI - [Effect of electroshock amnesia of a conditioned passive avoidance reaction on protein concentration in brain structures of the rat]. PMID- 3751310 TI - [New television setup for automatic recording of intraspecific contacts of laboratory rodents]. PMID- 3751312 TI - National health development networks in support of primary health care. PMID- 3751311 TI - [Mathematical formulation of a problem and an algorhythm for determination of the components of an evoked potential]. PMID- 3751313 TI - The potential of the traditional birth attendant. PMID- 3751314 TI - An evaluation of dai training in Andhra Pradesh. PMID- 3751315 TI - An evaluation of the training of traditional birth attendants in Sierra Leone and their performance after training. PMID- 3751316 TI - Evaluation of a programme to train traditional birth attendants in Ghana. PMID- 3751317 TI - Birth and tradition in the Philippines. PMID- 3751318 TI - Traditional birth practices and pregnancy avoidance in the Americas. PMID- 3751319 TI - Can literacy instruction contribute to the training of traditional birth attendants? PMID- 3751320 TI - Supervising trained traditional birth attendants. PMID- 3751321 TI - [The adrenocortical system in different species of domesticable animals]. PMID- 3751322 TI - Formation of biogenic amines in herring and mackerel. AB - The formation of biogenic amines (histamine, cadaverine, putrescine and spermidine) was followed during vacuum packed storage at 2 degrees C or 10 degrees C in the scombroid fish mackerel and in the non-scombroid fish herring. Also the changes in the content of free amino acids and in the organoleptic and microbiological qualities were followed. At 10 degrees C the amine contents were 2-20 times higher at the time of rejection as compared with samples stored at 2 degrees C. In herring and mackerel similar amounts of histamine were accumulated, whilst cadaverine was formed at much higher levels in mackerel compared with herring. The high contents of cadaverine in mackerel can possibly explain why mackerel and not herring are often implicated in incidents of scombrotoxic poisoning. PMID- 3751323 TI - Lipid composition of fresh and frozen-stored krill. AB - Lipid classes in seven krill (Euphausia superba D.) samples, fresh and after various periods of storage at 251 K were compared. Fresh krill lipid composition differed from that determined in frozen samples, depending on storage duration, season of harvest, and developmental stage (as determined on a few samples only). Phospholipids proved most susceptible to changes, as opposed to triglycerides, which were most resistant; diglycerides and cholesterol esters were also destroyed. The freezing process per se affected the lipid composition only slightly; however, after 30 days storage the amount of free fatty acids almost doubled. After 6 months storage at 251 K, 70% of phospholipids were decomposed and the amount of free fatty acids increased by a factor of 6 to 20. Monoglycerides, absent from fresh krill, appeared after several months of frozen storage. Juvenile krill were more susceptible to lipolytic changes. Females bearing mature eggs contained stable phospholipids; it was only triglycerides that were hydrolysed. It seems probable that discrepancies encountered in the literature data on krill lipid composition are the result of frozen krill being analysed. PMID- 3751324 TI - Average total dietary intakes of organochlorine compounds from the Finnish diet. AB - As a contribution to the FAO/WHO organochlorine monitoring programme, samples of milk, eggs, beef pork, chops, game, animal livers as well as fish-liver oils were analysed for PCB-, DDT- and toxaphene compounds, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), heptachlor and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH). From the annual consumption of the foodstuffs investigated average intakes of organochlorines were estimated and compared with the acceptable daily intakes (ADI) as set by FAO/WHO. Intakes from the sources studied were then compared with those from fish, butter and margarine. Total average dietary intakes were determined to be 14.4 micrograms/day for PCB, 2.9 for DDT, 2,3 for gamma-HCH, 1.7 for HCB, and 0.5 micrograms/day for heptachlor representing 0.08% of the ADI for DDT, 0.3% for HCH, 4.2% for HCB and 1.4% of the ADI for heptachlor. PMID- 3751326 TI - [Determination of vitamin A in food using high-pressure liquid chromatography. Results of a collaborative study of the Vitamin Analysis Working Group following The LMBG Paragraph 35]. AB - A standard method using HPLC for the quantitative determination of vitamin A in food is described. The test material is saponified with aqueous ethanolic potassion hydroxide, and the vitamin A alcohol liberated is extracted with n hexane. After concentration of the extract, the residue is dissolved in methanol and the vitamin A content determined, after HPLC separation on a RP-C-18 column, by means of an UV or fluorescence detector. The analytic method had been developed by the working group "Vitamin Analysis" within the frame-work of section 35 LMBG; reproducebility and agreement in results between laboratories were checked in vitamin A enriched milk powder and gruel in a collaborative study in which 13 laboratories participated. The statistical evaluation of the results of the collaborative study has shown sufficient reliability to recommend the method for inclusion in the Official List acc. to section 35 LMBG. The method is applicable for the determination of natural vitamin A and vitamin A ester added to dietetic food. PMID- 3751325 TI - Pesticide residues in black tea. AB - An investigation of residues of organochlorine and organophosphorous pesticides, as well as of a number of fungicides and of inorganic bromide in 99 samples of black tea taken on the Danish market is reported. The type of pesticide residues involved appear to be very uniform within each country of origin, whereas there are distinct differences between individual countries. Tea from Sri Lanka seems to contain less and fewer residues than tea from the other big tea producing countries. A great many of the samples contained alpha-HCH, lindane and DDT. The use of alpha-HCH and DDT is prohibited in Denmark. Only few other pesticides were detected and at a much lower frequency. None of the teas contained residues that may be regarded as being injurious to health. PMID- 3751327 TI - [Determination of mono- and diethylene glycol in wine by two-dimensional gas chromatography]. AB - By the aid of two-dimensional gaschromatography and the application of the live GC-technic monoethylenglycol (MEG) and diethylenglycol (DEG) from wine can be separated and detected. After the treatment of samples ("Salting-out") the indication value for MEG is 10 mg/l and 1 mg/l for DEG. The security of small quantities occurs with GC-MS-coupling. PMID- 3751328 TI - Specific detection and determination of azide in wine. AB - In view of false-positive results obtained with the azide-detection method based on complex-formation with ferric ions, a specific liquid-chromatographic azide determination was adapted for the analyses of wine. The samples are distilled free of alcohol under alkaline conditions and acidified, and a new distillate is collected. The distillate is buffered (pH 4.7) and treated with 3,5 dinitrobenzoylchloride and the derivative thus formed is detected and determined by HPLC. PMID- 3751329 TI - Monitoring of Maillard reactions in soy products. AB - Chemical mechanism and the analytical methods suggested in the literature for the analysis of early Maillard reactions are summarised and critically evaluated. The applicability of our method for the measurement of the Maillard reactions - the soluble raffinose oligosaccharides and the basic amino groups of proteins - are illustrated by following early Maillard reactions in differently denaturated soya bean samples. The quantitative relations of Maillard reactions taking place in natural matrices could be clarified by monitoring both of the reactants by means of methods not requiring correction factors. PMID- 3751330 TI - [Detection of wheat gliadins in heated food by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography]. AB - To recognize and determine the wheat gliadins in unheated gluten-free food for coeliac patients the immunological methods such as ELISA can be used. In heated food (above 80 degrees-90 degrees C) these methods fail wholly or in part to achieve the quantitative determination of wheat gliadin. The changes in protein patterns after heat treatment are also revealed by the RP-HPLC of wheat gliadins and some peaks appear, which are characteristic for heat treated wheat flour. Using these peaks, about 2% admixture of wheat flour (T. aestivum, T. durum) as well as of rye flour can be detected. In foods which contain more than 50% skim milk the addition of only at least 5% of these flours can be detected. The ethanolic extracts of foods were concentrated by freeze-drying prior to analysis by HPLC. The ethanol-soluble non-dialysable food components affect the quantitative determination of wheat or rye proteins by means of peak areas. Selective enrichment is a possibility. The RP-HPLC-analysis of ethanol-soluble proteins makes it possible to detect heated flours of wheat and rye (cooked, roller-dried, extrusion-cooked) in glutenfree food. PMID- 3751331 TI - [Isolation of antibodies against soy protein from the eggs of immunized laying hens]. AB - The authors report on their experiences with immunization of laying hens with alpha-, alpha'- and beta-conglycinin, and on the isolation of specific antibodies from the yolks. Activity and specificity of the immunoglobulins were tested by an enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA). This method of antibody production proved to be very convenient, especially in regard to the high yield of antibodies and the easy handling of the animals. The necessity of using specific antisera for quantitative immunoassays is pointed out. PMID- 3751332 TI - [Self medication]. PMID- 3751333 TI - [Problems of self medication]. AB - Self-medication is practised in 60 to 80% of the cases of distress, disturbed health or sickness. The advantages and disadvantages of self-medication are listed up and recommendations as regards the safe use of self-medication are given. PMID- 3751334 TI - [Self medication with drugs in everyday complaints]. AB - The occurrence of incidents of illness and their surmounting by the medical layman are an integral part of everyday life. Amount and importance of self medication depend greatly on the actual health disturbance. Self-medication is above all employed against headache and minor ailments. With small restrictions of everyday activities, as was observed for headache, the concerned persons show already little symptom tolerance. About 4 persons out of 10 assume a treatment strategy using drugs. PMID- 3751335 TI - [Medication risks and social psychology aspects of risk awareness]. AB - The Data used in this research are from a representative survey of 1819 adults from the Swiss-German speaking part of Switzerland. Data were collected by using a questionnaire designed to gather information on symptoms, methods of treatment, prescribed and nonprescribed medicines, health-related attitudes, and motives. Incidence rates for incorrect indication, contra-indication, interaction of substances and abuse were obtained. Data on distribution channels show a high rate of persons in risk-groups being in contact with health-professionals which could be used more effectively for preventive purposes. A comparison between high risk and low-risk groups indicate lower risk-awareness of persons in high-risk groups. Possible social psychological factors and measures are discussed. PMID- 3751336 TI - [Status of drug knowledge in the population]. AB - In the 'Self-Medication' NFP-8 Study (National Research Programme No.8: 'Efficiency and Effectiveness in the Swiss Health Service') an attempt has been made to assess the population's basic knowledge about the proper way of dealing with drugs. The study shows that nearly a third of the adult population has insufficient knowledge. Women and better educated people have above average knowledge whereas old people and, paradoxically, those belonging to specific risk groups (e.g. diabetics, hypertensive persons, regular consumers of alcoholic drinks etc.) tend to underestimate the potential dangers of self medication. The study further suggests that a greater knowledge of drugs promotes a more active attitude to information. On the other hand a comparison with the results of other surveys leads to the conclusion that the existing basic knowledge about the risks of self-medication is often not translated into the appropriate attitude. This is why it is considered all the more important to develop strategies specific to consumer groups which are geared to motivating individual drug consumers to adopt the proper attitude to the problem. PMID- 3751337 TI - [Thoughts on the qualitative improvement of self medication]. AB - Self medication is a necessary and important aspect of health care and is frequently and successfully used. The citizen has a certain right to reasonable self medication. A small percentage of our population however uses self medication in a risky and uncritical way. This has medical and economical consequences. The characteristics of drugs, symptoms and diseases which lend themselves to self medication therefore have to be defined. This has consequences for regulatory decisions (prescription vs non-prescription-drugs) and reimbursement of costs by health insurance systems, but also for the training of physicians, pharmacists, government agencies and drug industry. An important aspect of a qualitative improvement of self medication is the information, education and counseling of the patient. In this regard the pharmacist plays an important role in the self medication with non-prescription drugs. PMID- 3751338 TI - [Contribution of the pharmacist to safety in self medication]. AB - Dispensing medicaments, including non-prescription items, is permitted only to persons with adequate professional training. An important task is therefore assigned to the pharmacist. Also in self medication, patients may run considerable risks, which are due to the drugs applied on the one hand, and to the specific situation of the patient on the other hand. Pharmaceutical advice to patients represents the most effective instrument to minimize these risks. The three elements of pharmaceutical advice (analysis, direction and control) are discussed in detail. Pharmaceutical advice is completed by package inserts. Patients should be incited to demand more pertinent advice from pharmacists. Drug advertisement should be handled more carefully. Compared to other countries, self medication has reached a leading position in Switzerland. Pharmacists have accepted this challenge and are increasingly adjusting their education to the problems of self-medication. PMID- 3751339 TI - [Does self involvement promote self medication? A comparative study of 6 countries of the European community]. AB - Discussing cost-sharing in health care as a means to arrive at certain cost retrenchments is nowadays a popular topic in Switzerland. This also holds true for patient part-payment of medicines, through which the level of reimbursement of prescription medicines by sick-funds may be decreased. This paper reviews recent changes in the patient part-payment system for drugs in 6 countries of the European Community. It is investigated whether the rate of self-medication increases, when patient part-payment systems for drugs are intensified. Especially the English situation seems to prove the validity of this correlation. However, one should be cautious, because many other factors--such as whether a medicine has a prescription-only status or not--may also play a prominent role. PMID- 3751340 TI - [Status of self medication in West Germany]. AB - The position of self-medication in the health care system of the Federal Republic of Germany has become more important during the last years. The possibility of self-treatment of minor illnesses is accepted by the majority of the consumers. Associations concerned and the legislature are in favour of self-medication particularly in view of political principles and health economical reasons within a limit which does not endanger the security of medication. At present self medication medicines amount to 18 per cent of the sale of medicines in pharmacies. There has been a lot of discussion lately on the distinction between prescribed and non-prescribed medicines as well as on the risks of pharmaceuticals available for self-service. But the principle of self-medication itself is not in doubt. PMID- 3751341 TI - [Greece and the European Economic Community: relations between mortality rates by cause and indices of development]. AB - Greece is member of the European Economic Community since 1981. This paper analyses the existing relationships between mortality rates and several indices of socio-economic development; these indices deal with the rythm of industrial development, the level of urbanization, the quality and quantity of individual consumption. These indices show marked differences within EEC. Among the factors studied, those related to nutrition show strong association with cancer and coronary mortality; the level of urbanization is associated with mortality from cardiovascular and acute respiratory causes. The employment and the BIP are directly associated with mortality from accident, intoxication and respiratory diseases. PMID- 3751342 TI - [The course of respiration in death caused by obstructive asphyxia]. AB - Experiments were carried out on 30 dogs to investigate the course of respiration during obstructive asphyxia. They were asphyxiated by occlusion of the exposed trachea. Intrathoracic pressure, blood pressure in the femoral artery, electrocardiogram and electroencephalogram readings were registered. In most cases, the respiration course during the dyspnea stage by occlusion of the trachea generally had an inspiratory character. In a few animals, when the trachea was occluded in the expiratory phase, there were a few positive expiratory respirations with moderate inspiratory movement and thereafter the respirations were inspiratory during the dyspnea stage. The terminal respirations, which occurred 1-2 min before the circulatory breakdown, were generally inspiratory, but in a few dogs they were expiratory. PMID- 3751343 TI - [Gunshot injuries of the brain caused by air pressure guns]. AB - The article describes the historical and legal basis, as well as the ballistic criteria of injuries caused by air-rifle shots to the head. Six of our own cases of craniocerebral air-gun pellet injuries are discussed and critically assessed, using the results communicated in other papers as the basis of the discussion. The different post-traumatic complications, including the histopathological reaction of the brain to lead-pellets, are considered. The literature is reviewed and the indications for stereotactic removal or craniotomy of intracranial air gun pellets are discussed. Air rifles, while occasionally the cause of serious head injuries, are rarely thought of as lethal weapons. However, this article illustrates the potential penetrating power of the air-gun pellet, a fact not always appreciated by physicians. PMID- 3751344 TI - A caliber-persistent artery of the gastric wall resulting in fatal haemorrhage. AB - A 12-year-old girl was admitted to hospital with haematemesis. Her family suffered from histidinaemia. Due to her numerous injuries the police suspected a crime. After a short period of clinical treatment she died. Autopsy showed the left ureter to be narrowed and a consecutive abscedens pyelonephritis. Pyloric ulcer caused erosion of a caliber-persistent artery which led to death with haemorrhage. The death had nothing to do with violence. Adequate surgical treatment could have saved the patient's life. PMID- 3751345 TI - [Sudden cardiac death following psychoemotional stress]. AB - Sudden death from cardiac arrest is described, which occurred after a minor accident. Morphologically, a coronary change was found in the sense of "juvenile coronary atherosclerosis" in connection with intramural bleeding postmortem. As there were no injuries in connection with the accident but psychoemotional stress had occurred, it is concluded that affective resonance resulting from the accident initiated the death. The pathological and pathophysiological relationships are discussed. PMID- 3751346 TI - "New" phenotypes in the human red cell isozyme system ADA. AB - Two rare ADA phenotypes were observed in a German mother and her child. These phenotypes may be due to the allele ADA *9 previously found in Bulgaria. PMID- 3751347 TI - [Deaths following wasp stings]. AB - Two cases of death have been reported following a wasp sting. In both cases an anaphylactic reaction after sensitization can be assumed (positive RAST result). In one case an expert witness report was required because of questions concerning insurance law (accident at work?) in addition to the cause of death. The stinger of the wasp was examined from the zoological aspect and is compared with that of the honeybee and hornet. PMID- 3751348 TI - Forensic toxicologic analysis of methamphetamine and amphetamine in body materials by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. AB - Qualitative and quantitative analysis of methamphetamine and amphetamine in biologic materials was carried out by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. A deuterium-labeled methamphetamine was employed as an internal standard with a detection limit of 50 pg and absolute stability and reproducibility. Blood was found to be the best material for estimation of the toxicity of the stimulant drug. It can be replaced by muscle which contains methamphetamine concentrations close to those of blood. The authors' classification of the toxic blood levels of methamphetamine from therapeutic to fatal doses was confirmed by additional data obtained from new case studies. PMID- 3751349 TI - [Early detection of arthrotic changes in animal experiments and clinical medicine]. AB - With arthroscopy cartilage changes are being detected more and more frequently which must be classified as early arthrosis. Similar changes (stage II) could be induced in 17 rabbits 6 weeks after lateral meniscectomy. Extraction (4M-GuHcl) and gel chromatography (Sepharose 2B) of 35S-proteoglycans resulted in typical elution profiles. Aggregates were remarkably, monomers slightly reduced, and a third population of nonaggregated proteoglycans increased. In 81 patients undergoing knee arthroscopy 98 small cartilage biopsies were taken from standardized regions and analysed biochemically. Elution profiles were correlated to anamnestic and clinical data (Wilcoxon-test, cluster analyses). Irrespective of the grade of osteoarthrosis (OA) the ratio of aggregated and nonaggregated 35S proteoglycans varied. Almost half of the samples from macroscopically "normal" cartilage revealed a depression of aggregates. No correlation to anamnestic or clinical data was found. The profiles probably represent different metabolic stages in developing OA. By analysis of 35S-proteoglycans in cartilage biopsies it seems possible to detect early metabolic changes at the onset of osteoarthrosis. PMID- 3751350 TI - [Acetylcholine receptor antibody in D-penicillamine therapy]. AB - Since 1978 a 63-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis received D-penicillamine (D-PA) in a daily dose of 250-500 mg (mean 300 mg/d). In 1982 the patient complained of diplopia for several days, the ophthalmological and neurological examinations three days later were normal. In July 1983 she developed a myasthenic syndrome, D-PA was stopped and treatment with mestinon was started. At this time anti-acetylcholine-receptor-antibodies (anti-AChR) were detectable in the patient's serum. The examination of sera stored at -80 degrees C since 1978 revealed anti-AChR existing since 1981 -1 1/2 years, however, before the temporary diplopia. Therefore in 13 other patients receiving D-PA for more than one year anti-AChR were examined. In two of these patients anti-AChR were found. The electroneurological tests were (still?) normal. The question arises whether anti-AChR should be measured routinely in patients with D-PA. PMID- 3751351 TI - [Pneumonia in cyclosporin A-treated chronic polyarthritis (a case report)]. AB - A 71 year old patient with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis developed rapidly progressive pneumonitis with bilateral pulmonary infiltrations and severe hypoxemia. At this time the patient was treated with cyclosporin A, indomethacin, chlorthalidone, amitriptyline and chlordiazepoxide. After these medicaments were discontinued and prednisone therapy was initiated a rapid remission of the pneumopathy was observed. It is probable that the reversible pneumopathy was induced by the treatment with cyclosporin A. Among the other medicaments which were stopped at the same time as cyclosporin A no comparable side effects are known. PMID- 3751352 TI - [Computer tomography in the assessment of neurologic complications in ankylosing spondylitis (the CT triad in the cauda equina syndrome)]. AB - Cauda equina syndrome is a rare complication in advanced ankylosing spondylitis. To avoid invasive examinations a diagnostic triad is given so that etiological diagnosis can be achieved by CT. PMID- 3751353 TI - Atypical spontaneous osteonecrosis of both knees. A case report. AB - One case of spontaneous osteonecrosis (S.O.N.) of the femoral condyles is described. Lesions were seen in both lateral femoral condyles; this implies a local, microtraumatic or circulatory factor. It is interesting that the patient was so young (a 14 year old girl). She presented with persistent pain in the right knee and at examination only a mild tenderness was noted. Radiography showed a radiolucent "halo" in the lateral condyles with a surrounding sclerotic reaction. Femoral condyles at arthroscopic examination appeared with a slight flattening over the articular cartilage. The diagnosis of S.O.N. was made by a bone scan that demonstrated an increased uptake of the tracer in the lateral femoral condyle bilaterally. A conservative therapy was successful after 18 months. PMID- 3751354 TI - [Determination of the percent of exchanged plasma in continuous membrane separation and substitution with human albumin]. AB - In the plasma separation simultaneously with the filtering off of patients' plasma a substitution solution is infused. A part of this substitution solution is also filtered off in the sequel. Therefore the volume measured of the filtered plasma only partly consists of the original plasma of the patient. The exact size of this part is calculated by the authors from the globulin concentrations in the patients' plasma before and after the plasma separation. In this case they proceed from the prerequisites that albumin is used as substitution solution and that the plasma volume remains constant during the plasma separation. PMID- 3751355 TI - [Determination of cellulose-processing bacteria in the intestines of rats fed feed with different cellulose contents]. PMID- 3751356 TI - Resting metabolic rate of rats: regressive estimation from total energy expenditure and physical activity--short-communication. PMID- 3751357 TI - Naturally occurring respiratory mycoplasmosis in rats in experimental departments: laboratory diagnosis and detection by means of a micro ELISA test. PMID- 3751358 TI - [The chimney test. Experiences with the use of a behavioral test in the evaluation of drugs]. PMID- 3751359 TI - [Overcoming the selection plateau in the parameters of litter size and litter mass on the 1st day of life]. PMID- 3751360 TI - Melatonin content in the pineal gland of different rat strains and stocks. PMID- 3751361 TI - Mortality rate and body mass development of premature rats delivered by caesarean section. PMID- 3751362 TI - [Technic and results of clavicular medullary wiring]. AB - Pseudo-arthrosis was recorded from 13 per cent of patients whose clavicular fractures had been treated by wire fixation. Too short fragmental splinting, postoperative diastasis, use of too thin wires (2 mm in diameter) or intricate shapes of fracture (fragmental) were causes of poor results. Neither parallel nor sagittal skin incision was cosmetically acceptable. Kirschner's wire fixation, when applied to short fractures in the central third of the clavicula--has proved to be a simple and promising method of stabilisation. PMID- 3751363 TI - [Primary treatment of chest injuries in polytrauma]. AB - Lung damage in the wake of thorax trauma has often occurred with delay. Treatment of such cases is difficult, and pulmonary failure has often been the result. Extended shock phase due to haemato-pneumothorax is one of the causes involved in this type of complication. Surgical treatment is often necessary of abdominal and thoracic injuries which occur in combination. The severity of haemorrhagic shock can be detected by early drainage of the thorax as a way of lung relief, and it will provide some safety for prolonged diagnostic and therapeutic action and for situations of obstruction. The lung can thus be more effectively protected. Hence, some generosity should be exercised in deciding primary thorax drainage for patients with multiple injuries, with suspicion of polytraumatisation, unconsciousness, and with artificial respiration. PMID- 3751364 TI - [Treatment of joint infections of the hand]. AB - Treatment of 27 patients for wrist infections is reported in this paper. Several days of intermittent rinsing and early mobilisation are recommended. 7 days of rinsing and 10 days of immobilisation are done, on average, to cope with uncomplicated articular empyema without concomitant injury or septic destruction. Patients had to stay away from work for 31.5 days, on average. Treatment was usually on an outpatient basis, and 85 per cent of the cases treated this way for articular empyema were restored to normal. PMID- 3751365 TI - [Errors and risks in osteosynthesis of forearm fractures in childhood]. PMID- 3751367 TI - [Compartment pressure measurements with a wick catheter]. AB - There is no generally accepted method for compartmental pressure measurement, as yet. Substantial disadvantages are implied in methods based on outflow resistance measurement, and, above all, these methods are hardly suitable for long-time pressure measurement nor for objectivation of dynamic pressure alterations. Described in this paper is the authors' own method, using a wick catheter. It is highly reproducible and is characterised by high measuring dynamics. A comparatively large amount of hardware is required. Evidence is produced to the impact of differentiated conditions of examination on measuring results. Values measured by means of this method in the anterotibial compartment of the lower leg did not normally exceed a pressure level of 2.0 kPa. PMID- 3751366 TI - [Errors and risks in the detection and treatment of dislocations in the area of the wrist]. PMID- 3751368 TI - [A change in aneurysm surgery--the acute operation]. AB - Patients who have undergone aneurysmal rupture may be endangered by recurrent haemorrhage and consequences of vasospasm. The risk of recurrent bleeding may be ruled out and favourable conditions provided for active treatment of vasospasm by immediate surgical action on a ruptured aneurysm of a cerebral artery. Such action, however, should be taken not later than three days from the event of rupture. Reported in this paper is experience obtained from eleven acute operations in a total of 110 aneurysmal operations over the past seven years. Acute operation is recommended, provided that certain conditions are met. PMID- 3751369 TI - [Surgical correction of atypical aortic coarctation with hypertension]. AB - Atypically localised coarctation of the aorta is one of the very rare pathological findings. Hypertension of unknown aetiology, atypical vascular sounds, and symptoms of collateral circulation are indicative for diagnosis. Vascular surgery is justified in any case by the juvenile age of the patients concerned and by poor quoad vitam prognosis. Generally, surgical intervention should be undertaken with patients between eight and 14 years of age. Surgical methods and results are reported. PMID- 3751371 TI - [Aneurysms in autogenic vein transplantations. Report of 3 cases]. PMID- 3751370 TI - [Significance of preoperative prognosis]. AB - The granulocyte phagocytosis test, Karnofsky index, and ASA standard were used in the context of 287 patients for general surgery, for the purpose of retrospective elucidation of the relationship between presurgical prognostication and postsurgical complications. Sensitivity, specificity, and "predictive values" were calculated. The highest information potential in terms of prognostication was recorded from objectively measurable granulocyte phagocytosis. Presurgical prognostication was found to be of clinical relevance only to surgical problem patients. PMID- 3751372 TI - [Unnatural death in the hospital--some issues of legal evaluation]. AB - Cases of unnatural death are notifiable in two respects. A certain code of conduct has to be observed by the medical practitioner. Reports and memos are likely to trigger off the same kind of investigation, which is described in this paper. An account is given of legal aspects relating to cases of unnatural death in hospital. PMID- 3751373 TI - [Potentialities and limits of cryosurgery of vulvar cancer--12 years' results of therapy]. AB - From 1971 to 1982 146 patients suffering from vulvar carcinoma have been cryosurgically treated at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of the Medical Academy of Erfurt. There were primary inoperable, progressive, metastatic or recurrent cases after preliminary operative or radiation therapy. The 5-years surviving rate by cryotherapy, rarely combined with other methods of therapy (cytostatic therapy with Bleomycin, x-radiation, operative lymphonodectomy) was 38.5%. Our results show that cryosurgery extends the possibilities of conventional treatment of vulvar carcinoma both in palliative therapy of progressive cancer and in primary treatment, especially in patients, who cannot be charged by other complicated operations. According to every other cancer therapy cryosurgery should be performed only in a gynaecological centre for cancer treatment. PMID- 3751374 TI - [Cryosurgical treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia following cervical smears and curettage]. AB - 65 patients exhibiting colposcopically and cytologically atypical epithelium in the cervix were treated by cryosurgery with liquid nitrogen. 63 of whom were confirmed histologically after surface scraping and curettage of the cervix. The patient then were followed cytologically and colposcopically 8 and 12 weeks after cryosurgery. According to that the definitive histological diagnosis was performed after conization (48 patients) hysterectomy (12 patients) and surface scraping and curettage of the cervix (8 patients). Colposcopical, cytological and histological findings after surface scraping of the cervix showed a correlation rate in the 95% range. Treatment failure rate following cryosurgery showed an increased percentage with increased grade of CIN. A complete destruction of ectocervical pathologic tissue in CIN 1 and 2 is opposed to a persistent disease rate of 20 percent in patients with CIN 3. The failure rate was significantly higher in cases without fully visualization of squamocolumnar junction. Cytological follow-up predicted all cases with histologic diagnosis of persistent disease. Colposcopical evaluation was frequently unsatisfactory after cryosurgery. Cryosurgery of CIN should be reserved for the treatment of those patients in whom the criteria for patient selection are performed and the benefits of this method outweigh the possible drawbacks. PMID- 3751375 TI - [Growth dynamics of breast cancer. Comparison of cytohistologic parameters of the primary tumor, lymph node metastases and recurrent tumors]. AB - The dynamic of tumor growth has been estimated in breast cancer using cytologic and histologic criteria. There were definite differences between primary tumors with simultaneously observed metastases and tumors which had metastasized within the first two years following primary treatment. The primary tumors of the recurrent diseases were receptor positive more seldom, and they had a significant lower receptor concentration. Morphologically they were composed of larger cells with polymorphism and more mitoses. Between primary tumors and metastases there were no significant differences. We suspect the grade of malignancy is a typical attribute of a tumor not changing after having metastasized or recidivation. Changing tumor growth is caused by other reasons like general resistance. PMID- 3751376 TI - [Experiences with a cytologic method of diagnosing endometrial cancer]. AB - A method to gain endometrium cells by lavage of the uterus cavity and subsequent aspiration is shown. The insertion of a 4.0 mm cannula without dilatation couldn't be managed successfully up to 14% of 256 examinations. From 220 washings 18.6% of smears couldn't be commented on. 179 smear preparations were commented and the recognition rate concerning the endometrial carcinoma commented to 69.2%. PMID- 3751377 TI - [Therapy of paraaortic lymph node metastases of cervix cancer]. AB - Report about 52 patients with uterine cervical carcinoma and lymphographically positive paraaortic lymph nodes. 30 of these patients have been irradiated, 22 not. Survival times of these two groups did not differ significantly. Reasons for this result have been discussed. A more invasive diagnosis in curable cases is proposed. PMID- 3751378 TI - [Autoradiographic determination of 3H-thymidine incorporation in ovarian tumor cells and the value of this in vitro study for tumor chemotherapy]. AB - According to our experiences the incorporation of 3H-thymidine in ovarian cancer cells determined by autoradiography represents a method of additional tumour characterization. The in-vitro-tests allow roughly hints about the efficiency of an intended therapy in 49 patients suffering from ovarian cancer. High risk patients may be excluded from a chemotherapy, if the incorporation of thymidine is low. For this decision we also evaluate the results of oncobiogram and clinical parameters. The 3H-thymidine incorporation enables to elect an individual kind of therapy for any patient with regard to success and duration of treatment. PMID- 3751379 TI - [Measurement of uteroplacental circulation--methods of determination and clinical evaluation]. AB - Numerous factors influence the rate of transfer of various substances across the placental barrier between mother and fetus. Placental metabolism is of eminent importance. The metabolic exchange capacity is dependent decisively from placental blood flow. Different methods have been tested measuring uteroplacental blood supply, but for clinical purpose only isotope techniques are suitable. PMID- 3751380 TI - [Hepatitis B screening in pregnant patients and their children--a Greifswald perinatal-pediatric study]. AB - During a period of one year with systematic screening performed in 1,401 pregnant women 8 cases positive for HBs-antigen could be detected. For the investigation we used a counter electrophoresis method. In 500 serial specimens an additional examination was performed by aid of a RIA as well. With an incidence of 0.57% the number of HBs antigen positive pregnancies in the territory of Greifswald was found to be significantly higher than reported previously from other regions of the GDR. Our results claim for a mass screening for hepatitis B during pregnancy. Because of the possibility of virus excretion with human milk, HBs positive mothers should not be used as milk donors. Other results related to our investigations give evidence for the significance of obtaining specific hygienic regulations when medical care is given to asymptomatic HBsAg carriers. They also underline the necessity of interdisciplinary cooperation for teaching medical staff in health care centers and giving correct advice to those detected as hepatitis B carriers. PMID- 3751381 TI - [Comparative evaluation of carticaine and bupivacaine in epidural anesthesia in cesarean section]. AB - Lumbar epidural anaesthesia with Carticain (Ultracain) has been applied in 25 Caesarean Sections. The resulting data (waiting period, effective length and quality of the analgesia, blood pressure drop, postoperative phase, newborn state, side effects) have been compared with those of Bupivacain (Marcain) used for the same purpose. Carticain is fitted for purposes of obstetrical anaesthesia, even more than Bupivacain, owing to its slighter blood-pressure diminishing effect, and shorter waiting period. PMID- 3751382 TI - [Value of cardiotocographic studies in threatened premature labor and intrauterine retardation. A contribution to respiratory placental insufficiency]. AB - The authors evaluated a total of 1,237 cardiotocograms obtained from 138 pregnancies where premature delivery was imminent, 49 pregnancies with intrauterine retardation and 10 pregnancies without pathological findings from a clinical and anamnestic point of view. The cardiotocograms resulted from antepartal screening, and the Fischer score was used for evaluation. Restricted fetal respiration was assumed in all cases where prepathological CTGs were significantly more frequent in the course of pregnancy (24%) and where there was a significant increase in such findings immediately before delivery (41%) in the event of imminent premature birth, compared with normal controls (10%) and pregnancies with intrauterine retardation in the absence of premature uterine contractions (13%). Similar findings were also obtained for individual parameters of the fetal heart frequency such as the oscillation frequency, oscillation amplitude, acceleration and deceleration. By way of comparison with normal controls of the same age it is insured in each case that the disturbance observed expresses a respiratory insufficiency in the feto-placento-maternal unit rather than an immature fetal heart and circulatory system. In this connection, particular hazards exist during early gestation where a premature delivery is imminent, whereas IUR carries only a limited risk. This assumption is reinforced by the greater number of prepathological findings encountered in pregnancies which have successfully been prolonged (beyond the 37th week), compared with normal controls of the same age. The connections shown between a prepathological CTG (particularly in the last week before delivery) and a greater frequency of intra- and postnatal disturbances (hypoxia, acidosis morbidity, impaired adaptation) confirm the value which must be attached to a prepathological cardiotocographic finding. In this connection it is important to include results gained in the course of monitoring and to see if the antepartal CTG is normal at all times, prepathological at all times or, in the case of variations, normal or prepathological in the end. PMID- 3751383 TI - [Effect of frequent amnioscopies on the course of labor and the puerperium]. AB - It is reported on 230 pregnant women who had been examined with the amnioscope shortly before the delivery 5 times and more. The type of delivery, the course of delivery and childbed are analysed and compared with a group of the same number of patients who were examined with the amnioscope only once. A higher operative frequency of deliveries or an increasing number of feverish courses of delivery and childbed could not be recognized with the frequently examined patients. The correctness of the amnioscopy in the present procedure has been emphasized. PMID- 3751384 TI - [Lung edema as a complication of tocolysis in twin pregnancy]. AB - It was reported about a case of acute pulmonary oedema during tocolytic therapy with beta 2-stimulator Fenoterol. The aetiologic factors of the isotonic hyperhydration by beta-mimetic drugs, medicamentous influences and favoured factors have been discussed. Diagnostic and therapeutic consequences have been concluded. PMID- 3751385 TI - [Thrombosis of the umbilical vein]. AB - Among 7,600 pregnancies between 1980 and 1985 five stillbirths were noted caused by umbilical vein thrombosis for an incidence of 1:1,500. Demonstration of a typical case. Umbilical vein thrombosis in gestation has previously been thought to be a fatal condition. In future chances of sufficiently well-timed intervention may be possible via closely meshed checkup controls with umbilical vein flow measurement. PMID- 3751386 TI - Humoral immune response following Rinderpest vaccination in cattle and sheep. PMID- 3751387 TI - Changes in the protein pattern in the salivary glands of paralysis inducing female Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi during infestation. PMID- 3751388 TI - [Different biological properties of 4 rhabdovirus isolates pathogenic to cyprinid fishes]. PMID- 3751389 TI - Studies on transplacental transmissibility of a bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD) vaccine virus in cattle. III. Occurrence of central nervous system malformations in calves born from vaccinated cows. PMID- 3751390 TI - Investigations into the localization of pheromone emission of male Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi during infestation. PMID- 3751391 TI - [Method of the spread of larvae of Ancylostoma caninum Ercolani 1859 (Ancylostomidae) in the definitive host (beagle)]. PMID- 3751392 TI - [Seasonal dynamics of intermediate hosts and survivability of eggs of the sheep tapeworm Moniezia expansa (Rudolphi, 1810)]. PMID- 3751393 TI - Study of the origin of an epizootic of classical swine fever. PMID- 3751395 TI - [Bacteria of the genus Acinetobacter. Their systematics and ecological analysis]. AB - The content of A. lwoffi and A. calcoaceticus in water and sewage has been determined. A considerable prevalence of A. lwoffi in both objects has been revealed. The most definite results have been obtained with the use of selective media: ethanol-ammonium medium and Baumann's modified nitrate-acetate medium. The seasonal dynamics of both species in water has been determined, the peak being observed in June and the decrease (and with A. calcoaceticus even disappearance), in August. PMID- 3751394 TI - A sero-epidemiological survey of infections with the bovine respiratory syncytial virus in first-season grazing calves. PMID- 3751396 TI - [Achievements and prospects of biotechnology in the fields of microbiology and immunology]. PMID- 3751397 TI - [Effect of the viable cell count on the growth parameters of Leptospira cultures]. AB - The influence of the amount of live cells on the growth characteristics of 41 Leptospira pathogenic strains belonging to 4 serogroups at different stages of growth has been studied. The study has revealed that under the conditions of batch cultivation the maximum concentration of pathogenic leptospires in the inoculum decreases the duration of the lag phase and determines the highest specific growth rate characterizing the individual features of leptospires in the serogroups under study. PMID- 3751398 TI - [Isolation of a nonclassical virus and a study of its etiological role in human amyotrophic leukospongiosis]. AB - The study of the brain of a patients with amyotrophic leukospongiosis and the brain of squirrel monkeys with the experimentally induced disease has resulted in the isolation of an agent which, in accordance with its physicochemical and biological properties, can be classified with unconventional viruses. The results of the experimental reproduction of the disease in laboratory animals have confirmed its etiological role in the development of the disease. PMID- 3751399 TI - [Ultrafiltration characteristics of immunobiological preparations]. AB - The removal of ammonium sulfate from the bulk product of fermented antitoxic serum by continuous diafiltration was not accompanied by changes in the stability of the solution. To concentrate immunoglobulin, eluted from DEAE cellulose, by diafiltration, the stabilization of the solution by adding sodium chloride at high concentration was necessary. The use of membranes purchased from different manufacturers and having similar selectivity characteristics permitted obtaining transfer factor preparations somewhat differing in their biological activity. The process of ultrafiltration, carried out in the atmosphere of compressed carbon dioxide, made it possible to obtain such preparations from donor blood plasma. PMID- 3751400 TI - [Detection of mite antigens in house dust in Moscow]. AB - The acarological+ study of dust samples from the homes of allergic patients and normal persons in Moscow mite antigens were detected, respectively, in 66.7% and 38.1% of homes. The indirect mast cell degranulation test and the brain gliacyte volume change test in white rats gave similar results. The occurrence of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus was approximately twice as great of D. farinae, and the numerical prevalence of the former species over the latter one was 1.3 fold. Dermatophagoides mites occurred in the homes of allergic patients 1.8-2.3 times as frequently as in the homes of normal persons. PMID- 3751401 TI - [Reactogenic properties and immunogenicity of measles and mumps vaccines when used by different procedures]. AB - In the controlled epidemiological trial the reactogenic and immunogenic properties of live measles vaccine (LMV) and live parotitis vaccine (LPV) were evaluated in identical groups of children immunized in accordance with different schedules: only LMV or LPV, the injection of these preparations mixed in one syringe or with the use of separate syringes, or at an interval of 3 months. The highest number of febrile reactions, rash and catarrhal symptoms was registered among children immunized with LMV, and the lowest number of such reactions in the groups of children immunized with LPV. The injection of LMV and LPV with one syringe or simultaneously with separate syringes decreased the intensity of immune response to the injection of the antigens. Immunization against measles and parotitis by the injection of monopreparations at an interval of 3 months is believed to be most expedient. PMID- 3751402 TI - [Leukocyte migration inhibition reaction--an index of the antibacterial effectiveness of stimulants of the body's nonspecific resistance]. AB - The presence of correlation between the protective action of prodigiosane and yeast RNA and the character of reaction in the direct capillary variant of the leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) test, made with the blood of mice immunized with tularemia vaccine, has been revealed. The possibility and expediency of using the LMI test for evaluating the effectiveness of the stimulators of the nonspecific anti-infective resistance of the body has been shown. PMID- 3751403 TI - [Allergenic action of inactivated influenza vaccines]. AB - The allergenic action of influenza vaccines was evaluated by the determination of the capacity of sera, taken before and after immunization, for inducing the degranulation of rat mast cells in the presence of the vaccine preparation. In this test sera from three groups of volunteers immunized with experimental and commercial batches of influenza inactivated vaccines, purified and concentrated by gradient centrifugation, was studied. The absence of immediate-type allergization after a single administration of the vaccines under study was shown. PMID- 3751404 TI - [Conditions for forming ascitic tumors in hybridoma cultivation in vivo]. AB - The conditions of the formation of ascitic cells in BALB/c mice injected with hybridoma cells were studied. All the hybridomas under study, producing monoclonal antibodies to viral antigens, induced the formation of ascitic tumors when introduced into the abdominal cavity of BALB/c mice pretreated with sensitizing agents. In the mice pretreated with pristane hybridoma cells took at a rate of 43-80% and in the mice pretreated with Freund's complete adjuvant, 31 70%. Angara oil and perfume oil, as well as Bayol F, were less effective. The time of the formation of ascites was inversely proportional to the dose of the injected cells, while the volume of ascitic fluid depended rather on the type of hybridoma and not on the dose of the injected cells. The study showed that the use of physiological saline or culture medium without serum for washing the abdominal cavity of mice after withdrawing ascites permitted the additional collection of 2.6-13.7 million hybrid cells, as well as a considerable amount of immunoglobulins. PMID- 3751405 TI - [Purine and pyrimidine metabolism in Francisella tularensis]. AB - The assimilation and mutual transformation of exogenous purine and pyrimidine bases and their nucleosides in the known subspecies of F. tularensis have been studied by means of radio-labeled compounds. The possibility of using the specific features of the metabolism of these compounds in F. tularensis, established in this study, for taxonomy and differential diagnosis has been demonstrated. PMID- 3751406 TI - [Immune structure of the population in some regions of the USSR with respect to Legionella pneumophila]. AB - For the first time in the USSR the structure of the immunity of different population groups to L. pneumophila was studied. Antibodies to L. pneumophila were detected in the passive hemagglutination test with the use of erythrocyte diagnosticum prepared at the Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology (Moscow). The survey covered the total number of 2,902 persons in differ nt regions of the USSR, among them 2,430 adults and 472 children. Among the healthy adult population antibodies to L. pneumophila were detected, on the average, in 5.9% of persons. The highest number of persons with antibodies in diagnostic titers was detected among the population of the Baltic Republics (15.9%) and Kazakhstan (10.2%). The survey revealed an essential difference in the number of children aged 3-7 years, found to have antibodies to L. pneumophila, in the Brest region of the Byelorussian SSR (31.4%) and in the Turkmen SSR (1.3%). The high risk groups exposed to L. pneumophila infection were found to include narcological patients with the changed reactivity of the body and healthy adults professionally employed in earth-moving works. PMID- 3751407 TI - [Relation between the clinical polymorphism of epilepsy and the circadian rhythm of seizures (according to the results of a genetic-epidemiologic study)]. AB - The authors compare the factors, parameters and typology of the clinical polymorphism of epilepsy in two groups of patients from an epidemiological sample: 265 patients with a synchronous and 251 patients with an asynchronous circadian pattern of attacks. It has been found that the asynchronous circadian pattern of attacks significantly correlated with a belated psychomotor development, hyperexcitability premorbid characteristics, convulsive manifestations of the disease, marked changes in the personality, the progressive type of the disease course and a number of other unfavourable signs. PMID- 3751408 TI - [Cerebral blood flow in children and adolescents with epilepsy]. AB - 133Xe clearance and REG were used in 90 children and adolescents with epilepsy to study pMK, pMCC and the responsiveness of the cerebral vessels in the interparoxysmal period. If the disease takes a relatively favourable course, there is a compensatory intensification of the blood flow in the area of epileptic foci whereas in patients with an unfavourable course, marked chronic dyscirculatory hypoxia and disorders of the responsiveness of the cerebral vessels indicate the decompensation of the vascular component and, possibly, the primary organically induced insufficiency of the brain blood supply. PMID- 3751409 TI - [Epilepsy in children and adolescents after sustaining a neuroinfection]. AB - The author studied 312 subjects who had had neuroinfection in childhood or adolescence. In 37 subjects epilepsy was diagnosed, the rate being 20 times higher than in the general population. Another 90 subjects presented individual clinical symptoms which should be interpreted as factors of risk for epilepsy development. Thus, individuals with a history of neuroinfection require outpatient follow-up. Parents of children and adolescents with a history of neuroinfection should be trained in detecting the early signs of epilepsy. Subjects in whom factors of risk of epilepsy development have been identified should be subjected to primary prophylaxis to prevent the disease. PMID- 3751410 TI - [Neurotic states in children with epileptic parents]. AB - On the basis of neurological, encephalographic and clinico-anamnestic examinations of 106 children with a family history of epilepsy the authors have specified a group of children (n = 38) suffering from different neurotic disorders which included neurotic ticks, sleep disturbances, affective-shock reactions and signs of asthenization. The role of familial factors in the formation of neurotic states of children is emphasized. The authors consider the time during which the child was exposed to psychotraumatic circumstances and the relationship between the severity of epileptic process in parents and the development of neurotic disorders in their progeny. A conclusion has been made that the disease of the parents can exert both direct and indirect influence on the nervous system of the child, this leading to the development of different neurotic states. The prophylaxis of neurotic disturbances in children should include the creation of healthy psychic atmosphere in families where one of the parents suffers from epilepsy. PMID- 3751411 TI - [Clinical characteristics of various paroxysmal states in young children]. AB - The overwhelming majority among paroxysmal states in young children belongs to febrile attacks and their combination with other paroxysms as well as to respiratory-affective attacks and syncopes. The hereditary factor and perinatal disorders are essential factors in the genesis of infantile paroxysms. In rare cases syncopic and respiratory-affective paroxysms may be life-threatening. Electroencephalography often reveals epileptic activity and other disturbances of the cortical rhythm. The prognosis of the development of epilepsy should be made with due consideration for the etiological factors, heredity, characteristics of the course of paroxysms, premorbid development of the child, electroencephalographic findings and the results of a follow-up. PMID- 3751412 TI - [Affective disorders of temporal lobe epilepsy patients according to follow-up findings]. AB - An analysis of the clinical time-course of affective disorders in the presence of temporal epilepsy (100 patients) has shown that at the initial stages of the disease epileptic paroxysms prevailed over affective disorders. With the further development of the epileptic process the progression of the paroxysmal symptomatology correlated with the deterioration of affective disturbances. In the progressive course of the disease the affect becomes more monotonous and viscous. The frequency of affective disorders (dysphorias) increases and prevails over the incidence of epileptic attacks. An early institution of a combined therapy (combination of anticonvulsants with psychotropic drugs) at the initial stage of the disease effectively controls affective disturbances, which somewhat palliates the development of their severe forms at the subsequent stages of the disease course. PMID- 3751413 TI - [Prognostic significance for disability of catatono-delusional and catatonic psychoses in epilepsy patients]. AB - Examination of 145 epileptic patients revealed the clinical characteristics of the formation of psychoses with the predominance of catatonic disturbances. The latter correlated with a paroxysmal and chronic course of psychosis. When catatonic symptomatology was combined with chronic affective-delirious disorders the outcome was usually more favourable than in paroxysmal psychoses. PMID- 3751414 TI - [Family situation of epilepsy patients]. AB - The study is devoted to the investigation of the marital status of epileptic patients as a major parameter of the patient's social adaptation. The author analyzes the marital status of 17,236 epileptic patients aged 16 years and over registered at 18 psychoneurological outpatient centres. The obtained results are compared to the earlier published analogous data. It was found that over 50% of epileptic patients aged 16 years and over are married, which agrees with the investigations conducted previously. It is emphasized that a high percentage of married patients correlates with their stable occupational compensation. PMID- 3751415 TI - [Temporal lobe epilepsy after birth injury with atrophy of the occipital lobe of the brain]. AB - The authors describe a rare case of temporal epilepsy developing in a child after a birth injury. An X-ray examination revealed a large porencephalic cyst in the posterior portion of the left cerebral hemisphere. PMID- 3751416 TI - [Oscillating visual evoked potential in epilepsy]. AB - The authors studied visual evoked potentials (VEP) at the O, P, C and T leads in response to light flashes of 0.09, 0.18 and 0.36 W/s in 19 normal and 43 epileptic subjects. In 75% of the patients the VEPs were characterized by a high amplitude oscillatory response (OVEP) in the form of a series of 5.5 oscillations with a 10 Hz frequency, the mean latent period of its development being 230 ms. In the normal subjects the OVEP was observed in only 30% of cases and had a lower amplitude, longer latent period and corresponded to the normal after-discharge according to all parameters. Some common features characteristic of the OVEP in epilepsy and the after-discharge in normal conditions suggest that the OVEP is generated by thalamic rhythmogenic mechanisms which are involved in the reaction earlier and more actively as a result of disinhibition of the subcortical multisynaptic systems. The OVEP is an indicator confirming the diagnosis of epilepsy. PMID- 3751417 TI - [Phenomenon of "paradoxical poisoning" during antiepileptic therapy]. AB - The article deals with a serious complication of antiepileptic treatment, namely, an increase in the frequency of epileptic attacks as a result of drug overdosage. The author considers the causes of this phenomenon. The most common of these causes include malpractice of the dosage build-up in the absence of the clinical effect, polytherapy--not infrequently with drugs of the same chemical group, and insufficient attention to the potentiating drug interaction. Of particular importance is the phenomenon of "paradoxical intoxication" consisting in an increase in the frequency of epileptic attacks without any other evident signs of drug poisoning when the blood concentrations of the drug exceed the therapeutic level. The author emphasizes the importance of the early detection of electroencephalographic and clinical initial manifestations of drug poisoning the necessity to monitor the plasma concentrations of the drug and the advantages of monotherapy. PMID- 3751418 TI - [Effect of neuroleptics on the epileptic process]. AB - Using the parameters of the special synchronization of cortical biopotentials, the authors studied changes in the function of the cerebral cortex in patients with the generalized form of epilepsy with a further progression of the disease and under the effect of the typical neuroleptic haloperidol and atypical neuroleptic clozapine. These drugs have been found to act differently on the epileptic process and on the effects of the hyperventilation test, which appears to be due to their differing ability to block receptors of the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic systems. The data have shown that haloperidol increases the risk of the development of epileptic attacks while clozapine reduces epileptic manifestations. PMID- 3751419 TI - [Use of cavinton in epilepsy]. AB - The authors studied the effect of cavinton (15-45 mg/day) and its combinations with different anticonvulsants on the time-course of different forms of epilepsy. In 20 of the 31 patients studied treatment with cavinton either significantly decreased the frequency of attacks or led to their complete disappearance; in 7 patients the improvement was insignificant and in 4 the condition deteriorated. The greatest effect of cavinton was observed in generalized tonic-clonic convulsions and when they were combined with absences. Clinical improvement not always correlated with EEG normalization. A suggestion is made that the mechanism of the anticonvulsive action of cavinton may be explained both by the normalization of the cerebral blood flow and elimination of hypoxia and by the fact that the drug may possess anticonvulsive properties unrelated to the normalization of the cerebral hemodynamics. PMID- 3751420 TI - [Concentration of benzonal in the blood of epileptic patients at different daily doses and with other anticonvulsants]. AB - A study involving 36 epileptic patients and 8 control subjects was devoted to the optimization of antiepileptic drug therapy with the help of determining the blood levels of anticonvulsants (benzonal, phenobarbital). The daily dose of an anticonvulsant directly correlated with its blood levels. Blood levels of benzonal increased upon the additional administration to patients of hexamidine or hexamidine and diphenylhydantoin mixtures. A reduction in the daily dose of benzonal by 2/3 was attended by a 50% decline in its blood levels. PMID- 3751421 TI - [Evaluation of comatose states]. AB - The most informative neurological symptoms allowing the differentiation of 7 phases of consciousness disorders have been identified on the basis of clinico physiological correlations and mathematical processing. In the first phase of coma the patient cannot be waken up. Addition of muscle atonia characterizes the transfer to the second phase of coma and of bilateral mydriasis indicates the transfer to the third phase. Eye opening in response to sound or pain points to awakening and transfer to the phase of apallitic syndrome. The performance of simple instructions is characteristic of the phase of deep stupor. Responses to questions characterize stupor, and recovery of orientation in the environment indicates clear consciousness. PMID- 3751422 TI - [Status of nonspecific brain systems in various hypothalamic syndromes]. AB - The nonspecific systems of the brain and their role in neuroendocrine regulation were studied and the nature of some neuroendocrine and metabolic disorders was specified. Examination of 41 women with the hypothalamic syndrome showed that they had ergotrophic insufficiency expressed both in the specific hypothalamus pituitary system (hyperprolactinemia) and in nonspecific systems (deficiency of the activation systems of the brain sympathetic activity at the periphery and the emotional syndrome), which suggests the deficit of dopamine not only in the tuberoinfundibular but also in mesolimbic systems. PMID- 3751423 TI - [Diagnostic significance of inherent and disintegration reflexes mediated by the frontal lobes of the brain in the clinical picture of nervous diseases]. AB - On the basis of many years investigation of reflexes of the forebrain conducted with the help of electrophysiological, biogenetic and clinical analysis, the author has identified a group of homolateral automatisms being a part of a functional system of vertical walking. Having considered the mechanisms of formation of the above-mentioned reflexes from a semiological viewpoint, the author suggests to identify 2 groups of frontal automatisms: inherent and disintegrative . In modern neurology use is made of not only the principles of topic diagnosis but those of functional analysis, which is based on the known discrepancy between the notions "localization of the symptom" and "localization of the function". PMID- 3751424 TI - [Electrophysiologic analysis of the selectivity of action of anticholinesterase preparations in hereditary ataxias]. AB - The selectivity of action of anticholinesterase drugs (ACE drugs) in hereditary ataxias was studied using methods of registration of short latent stem-induced potentials to acoustic stimulation and assessment of the parameters of visual motor coordination. The findings obtained show the involvement in the pathological process of the brain stem in hereditary ataxias and the heterogeneity of action of ACE drugs. Thus, amiridine acted predominantly on efferent while galanthamine on afferent conduction of impulses. PMID- 3751425 TI - [Compression-ischemic peroneal neuropathy (Guillain-de Seze-de Blondin-Walter syndrome)]. AB - Fifty-two cases of Guillain-Seze-de Blondin-Walter syndrome are analyzed. The causes of selective sensitivity of peroneal nerves to the impact of various damaging factors are discussed. It is emphasized that along with factors of compression and ischemia, a considerable role is played by topographo-anatomical and histological characteristics of peroneal nerves and by the peculiarities of their evolutional-phylogenetic development. PMID- 3751426 TI - [Integrative index of the results of functional studies in patients with neuritis of the radial nerve during rehabilitation]. AB - The authors propose a principle of a comprehensive approach to the assessment of neuromuscular and hemodynamic disorders in patients with radial neuritis of nontraumatic genesis. It has been established that the integrative parameter of the results of functional studies makes it possible to predict the outcome of the disease and to objectively evaluate the severity of the disease and the adequacy of the rehabilitation treatment. PMID- 3751427 TI - [Multiple primary tumors of the brain (rare case)]. AB - The author describes clinical and morphological findings about a combination of 2 brain tumors--preventicular astrocytoma of the right hemisphere and giant cell tumor of the pons (giant cell sarcoma?, giant cell glioblastoma?) which gave a metastasis into the area of the interventricular foramen. The author notes the rarity of such a combination and the difficulty of clinical interpretation of the case which became clear only after autopsy. The difficulties of the histological verification of pons tumor and its possible histogenesis are discussed. PMID- 3751428 TI - [Neurometameric innervation of the human skeleton]. AB - The status of the sclerotomic pain sensitivity was studied in 719 patients with spondylogenic radiculites. A map of the neurometameric sclerotomic innervation was drawn up on the basis of the findings obtained. PMID- 3751429 TI - [Mental disorders in migraine patients]. AB - The mental state was studied in patients with different forms of migraine. Using experimental psychological, electroencephalographic, rheoencephalographic, echoencephalographic and dermatoglyphic methods patients with simple and associated migraine were examined. Characteristic mental disturbances were identified. The authors emphasize the significance of psychodiagnosis for selection of the correct management of patients and the selection of adequate therapy. PMID- 3751430 TI - [Affective disorders in alcoholic patients during periods of abstinence]. AB - On the basis of a clinico-psychopathological examination of 158 patients with chronic alcoholism in the period of abstinence the author has specified 4 types of affective disturbances: astheno-vegetative sub-depression, dysphoric sub depression, melancholic sub-depression and dissociated sub-depression. The phenomenology of these disorders is described. The present a series of disorders with an increasingly complicated structure, which make up the internal picture of alcoholic addiction and, to a certain degree, determine it. PMID- 3751432 TI - On the mechanism of the pseudocatalatic degradation of hydrogen peroxide by lactoperoxidase/iodide. AB - Hydrogen peroxide is catalytically disproportionated by lactoperoxidase in the presence of iodide ions, Km = 55 microM in 100 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.00, 25 degrees C. Products formed are water and molecular oxygen. The reaction is competitively inhibited by hydrogen sulfite, Ki = 0.24 mM in 100 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.00, 25 degrees C. The stoichiometry of the reaction is identical with the corresponding catalase reaction but the mechanism differs. A mechanistic model for lactoperoxidase-iodide dismutation of hydrogen peroxide is discussed. PMID- 3751431 TI - [Acute traumatic subdural hematoma associated with delirium tremens]. AB - The article is devoted to the difficulties of diagnosing a combination of delirium tremens with acute subdural (epidural) traumatic hematoma. The possibility of such a combination is known from the literature and is confirmed by the author's own observation of 3 cases. Hallucinational excitement of delirium tremens not infrequently masks the symptomatology of subdural hematoma in its latent period. This symptomatology is best expressed in the pre- and post delirium states. The above pathological state should be differentiated from febrile delirium tremens, alcoholic encephalopathy and a combination of delirium tremens with other neurological diseases. PMID- 3751433 TI - Efficient synthesis of mutagenic imidazo[4,5-f] quinoxalin-2-amines via readily accessible 2,1,3-benzoselenadiazoles. PMID- 3751434 TI - Patellar chondropathy. II. Ultrastructure, scanning electron microscopic studies. AB - A scanning electron microscopic study of the chondropathy of the patellar articular surfaces following knee injury was made. The early signs of degeneration were evident in the superficial membrane. Here, the fibres running parallel with the surface then turning deep become irregularly arranged, i.e. the amount of matrix embedding the fibres was reduced and the uncovered fibres became fragmented causing degeneration of the superficial membrane. During the progressive pathological process, as a result of the gradual deterioration of the interterritorial substance of the uncovered hyaline cartilage, spaces, fissures and deep pits were formed in the upper, then the lower, articular layers. The degeneration involved also the chondrons. With the disintegration of the chondrons the external and internal cell areolae disappear, the cell nests of chondrocytes are opened and the cells degenerate. Finally, the irregular cellular and fibrous structures and their remnants as well as the elements of connective tissue proliferation initially associated with the degenerative process can be visualized ultrastructurally. PMID- 3751435 TI - Partial experimental autotransplantation of the spleen. AB - The authors performed autotransplantation of the spleen in 45 dogs. They found that, the pieces of the transplanted spleen underwent necrosis, but new malphigian bodies formed on their surface. These latter took over the sepsis inhibiting function of the spleen. Thus the grafting of spleen can be useful and worth doing. Spleen should be transplanted in thin slices since in case of a larger piece they may necrotize and give rise to abscesses. PMID- 3751436 TI - Thermographic study of haemodynamic changes due to arteriovenous shunt. AB - The authors made thermographic studies on the haemodynamic changes due to arteriovenous shunt in animal experiments under different conditions. The effects due to acute and chronic fistulas in reaction-free and inflammatory environments were registered. Observations of diagnostic value were made on the haemodynamic changes due to arteriovenous shunt. These are of differential diagnostic importance also in human medical practice, therefore thermography is recommended to be used as new noninvasive diagnostic tools. PMID- 3751437 TI - Combined use of bioplast and tissue adhesive in experimental nephrectomies in in situ renal hypothermia. AB - In transvenous regional hypothermia wedge-shaped and flat lower pole resections were made in dogs. The cut surface of the kidney was covered by the combination of tissue adhesive and bioplast without sutures. It was found that the polymerization time of the tissue adhesive almost doubled. The usual rigidity of the adhesive was more expressed than in normothermia and it was not influenced by re-heating. Recovery conditions were more favourable; a larger portion of the parenchyma could be preserved than with the traditional closure with needle and thread. PMID- 3751438 TI - [Septicemia caused by Arcanobacterium haemolyticum (Corynebacterium haemolyticum) and Streptococcus milleri]. PMID- 3751439 TI - How should we proceed when confronted with headache? PMID- 3751440 TI - Rhabdomyolysis in Bartter's syndrome. PMID- 3751441 TI - [Septicemia caused by Campylobacter fetus SSP fetus introduced through the skin]. PMID- 3751442 TI - Estrogen receptor measurement in breast cancer samples--importance of continuous storage of specimens in liquid nitrogen until assay. PMID- 3751443 TI - Cardiovascular epidemiology: lessons from the community trials. PMID- 3751444 TI - Low-dose cytosine arabinoside in myelodysplastic syndromes. PMID- 3751445 TI - Respiratory, haemodynamic and haematologic characteristics in two patients with myxoedema coma and hypothermia. PMID- 3751446 TI - Serum enzymes of lysosomal origin as indicators of the metabolic control in diabetes: comparison with glycated hemoglobin and albumin. AB - Several lysosomal enzymes (beta-N-D-acetylglucosaminidase, beta-D-glucuronidase, alpha-D-galactosidase, beta-D-galactosidase, alpha-L-fucosidase, alpha-D glucosidase, alpha-D-mannosidase, beta-D-glucosidase), glycated albumin and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were determined in the serum of 81 insulin-dependent diabetics with different degrees of metabolic control (optimal, 21 patients; good, 39 patients; poor, 21 patients) and without signs of complications, and in 42 control subjects. All parameters examined increased in serum in inverse proportion to the degree of metabolic control. A highly significant correlation (p less than 0.01) was found between lysosomal enzymes and both glycated albumin and HbA1c. All parameters correlated with hyperglycemia, glycated albumin having the highest r-value (0.586) and lysosomal enzymes the lowest one. Unlike glycated albumin and HbA1c, serum levels of lysosomal enzymes in patients with optimal metabolic control were undistinguishable or even lower than those of controls. A 2-month longitudinal monitoring of a patient who was hospitalized in conditions of poor metabolic control and adequately treated, proved that lysosomal enzymes diminished in serum parallel to glycated albumin and HbA1c in relation to improvement of the metabolic situation. The conclusion is drawn that serum lysosomal enzymes are good indicators of the metabolic control of diabetic patients probably reflecting the overall metabolic state connected with insulin action rather than hyperglycemia. PMID- 3751447 TI - Relationship between metabolic control and HDL2-cholesterol in type I diabetic patients. AB - The relationship of the degree of metabolic control to the serum lipoprotein pattern has been studied in 62 young insulin treated diabetic patients. Stable HbA1 and 24-h mean blood glucose, but not daily insulin dosage, were positively correlated to VLDL-TG (p less than 0.001) and negatively correlated to HDL2-C (p less than 0.05). HDL2-C was higher in patients with HbA1 less than 10% than in patients with HbA1 greater than 10%. In 13 patients, in whom an improvement of metabolic control was achieved, a significant increase of HDL2-C was recorded after three months. Our data are consistent with the view that in insulin-treated patients, good metabolic control is associated with low VLDL-TG and high HDL2-C levels. PMID- 3751448 TI - Peripheral neuropathy in tropical pancreatic diabetes. AB - Electrophysiological evaluation of peripheral neuropathy was done in 16 patients with tropical pancreatic diabetes (TPD) and the data compared with those of a matched group of 16 NIDDM patients. Peripheral neuropathy was present in 6 TPD and 5 NIDDM patients. Abnormal motor conduction velocity in the lateral popliteal nerve was seen in 9 TPD patients and in 8 NIDDM patients and biothesiometry was abnormal in 7 patients in each group. One TPD patient had an abnormal F wave in the lower limb. An abnormal sensory potential was recorded in the sural nerve in 6 TPD and 8 NIDDM patients. The study showed that occurrence of peripheral neuropathy in TPD was similar to that in NIDDM. Subclinical neuropathy could be detected by electromyographic recording in both groups of patients. PMID- 3751449 TI - Chronic continuous intraperitoneal insulin infusion (CIPII) in type I diabetic patients non-satisfactorily responsive to continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). AB - Six unstable C-peptide negative type I diabetic patients who had been previously treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) for at least one year without achieving satisfactory metabolic control, were admitted to this study and switched to continuous intraperitoneal insulin infusion (CIPII). The results obtained with the two treatments have been compared from the metabolic and clinical points of view. CIPII produced a decrease in HbA1c (p less than 0.05), in MAGE value (p less than 0.005), in the percentage of blood glucose determinations above 14 mmol/l (p less than 0.05) and below 3.9 mmol/l (p less than 0.05); an increase in serum cholesterol, and a decrease in HDL-cholesterol (p less than 0.05) due to a reduction of the HDL2 fraction (p less than 0.01). A mean body weight reduction of 3 kg was observed during CIPII (p less than 0.01), not related to dietary changes or to a reduction of the daily insulin dose. Twenty-four hour metabolic profiles during CIPII showed lower mean plasma glucose (p less than 0.001), serum free insulin (p less than 0.001), blood beta-OH butyrate (p less than 0.001), and higher serum glycerol (p less than 0.001) as compared to CSII. It is concluded that CIPII may be of clinical value in the out patient management of unstable type I diabetic patients, and that metabolic modifications induced by CIPII are not limited to changes in glucose utilization and production, but include changes in triglyceride, cholesterol and lipid metabolism which may have clinical relevance. PMID- 3751450 TI - Pentoxifylline, albumin excretion rate and proteinuria in type I and type II diabetic patients with microproteinuria. Results of a short-term randomized study. AB - An association between renal microvascular complications and hemorheological alterations has been suggested in diabetes mellitus. Therefore, a hemorheologic approach in the treatment of diabetic microproteinuria has been proposed. Eighty two type I and type II diabetic patients with microproteinuria were randomized and assigned to two different protocols: protocol A, patients treated with pentoxifylline (Trental 400); protocol B, patients without hemorheologic treatment, in whom hypoglycemic therapy was just more strictly enforced. A significant improvement of the hemorheologic pattern and a significant marked reduction of albumin excretion rate and proteinuria was found in diabetic patients treated with pentoxifylline, independently of the degree of metabolic control. These results were readily achieved and were confirmed throughout the study. Moreover, these results were comparable to those obtained in diabetic patients of protocol B. Pentoxifylline might therefore be considered as the first useful therapeutic agent in the treatment of diabetic microproteinuria. PMID- 3751451 TI - Hypothalamic defects in two adult patients with septo-optic dysplasia. AB - Two adult patients with unilateral hypoplastic optic nerves, absent septa pellucida and hypopituitarism are described. Patient 1, aged 20, presented with diabetes insipidus due to partial vasopressin deficiency. Patients 2, aged 29, presented with focal epilepsy. Both had short stature. They showed absent growth hormone (GH) response to insulin-hypoglycaemia or glucagon, but responded to 100 micrograms growth hormone releasing factor (GRF-44) with a rise in circulating GH, suggesting a hypothalamic defect in GH release though a co-existing pituitary defect cannot be excluded. Other hypothalamic-pituitary functions were normal. These two patients probably represent the milder form of the clinical spectrum of septo-optic dysplasia which, with the extensive use of CT brain scans, will be increasingly encountered by physicians attending adult patients. PMID- 3751452 TI - Thyrotropin--an episodically secreted hormone. AB - A recently developed highly sensitive immunoradiometric thyrotropin (TSH) assay capable to distinguish between euthyroid and hyperthyroid TSH-levels was used to evaluate the secretion-pattern of TSH in 10 healthy male subjects by taking blood via an indwelling venous catheter at 10 min intervals over 24 h. Visual analysis revealed a pulsatile pattern of hormone release with an average of 10.3 peaks/24 h. Evaluation by computer assisted programs such as the Santen-program (8.9 peaks/24 h, amplitude 0.60 mU TSH/l), the 'Pulsar'-program (6 peaks/24 h, amplitude 0.61 mU TSH/l) or power-spectrum analysis (11.9 peaks/24 h) showed similar results. These data suggest a pulsatile mechanism of TSH secretion similar to other pituitary hormones. PMID- 3751453 TI - Cushing's disease coexisting with a single macronodule simulating adenoma of the adrenal cortex. AB - A rare case of Cushing's disease coexisting with a single macronodule simulating adenoma of the adrenal cortex is presented. The basal and dynamic tests supported the diagnosis of Cushing's disease, whereas the CT-scan, ultrasound and iodocholesterol uptake were suggestive of a left adrenal adenoma. Treatment consisted of extirpation of the nodular gland followed by pituitary irradiation. The examination revealed a single macronodule with no histological membrane, surrounded by hyperplastic adrenocortex. Together with the three similar ones reported in the literature this case suggests that nodular hyperplasia may be an intermediary stage between diffuse hyperplasia and the appearance of an autonomous adenoma after long-term stimulation of the hyperplastic gland. PMID- 3751454 TI - Aldosterone in panhypopituitarism: dynamic studies and therapeutic effects in Sheehan's syndrome. AB - To appreciate the aldosterone secretion status in panhypopituitarism, the steroid response to stimulation was studied in a homogeneous group of 20 female patients presenting with global hypopituitarism. Specific effects of glucocorticoid and thyroid hormone deficiencies were also assessed by studying the same patients before and after cortisol (F) and cortisol plus thyroid hormone (F + T) substitution. The patients were submitted to two stimulation tests before and after each treatment: the orthostasis test (O-T) and the furosemide test (Furo T). The results obtained in the 3 situations were compared, each patient serving as her own control. Comparison was also established with the results obtained in healthy women serving as control group. Basal plasma aldosterone levels in the untreated patients were not significantly different from those of the control group (5.43 +/- 0.51 vs 7.16 +/- 0.80 ng/100 ml, mean +/- SEM). They were significantly lower after F (3.91 +/- 0.42) and F + T substitution (3.31 +/- 0.23) than those of untreated patients and controls. Response to both stimulations was blunted in the untreated patients (O-T: 14.10 +/- 2.81; Furo-T: 9.78 +/- 1.35) as compared to the control group (O-T: 26.46 +/- 4.67; Furo-T: 23.96 +/- 3.30). F treatment did not improve the response to either tests, (O-T: 11.42 +/- 2.55; Furo-T: 10.32 +/- 1.23). F + T treatment normalized the orthostasis response (20.83 +/- 3.59) and increased the response to furosemide which remained, however, lower (15.28 +/- 1.83) than in the control group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3751455 TI - Development of gastric somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in response to corticosterone acetate and dietary changes in young rats. AB - The effects of dietary changes from breast milk to solid food and corticosterone acetate administration on somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) in the gastric antrum and corpus were studied in young and adult rats. At 7 days of age, a single dose of corticosterone acetate (250 mg/kg of body weight) was injected in one group of rats, and a single dose of physiological saline was injected in another group. Each group was divided into two subgroups; one was fed only rat breast milk until 25 days of age and the other weaned (solid food alone) at 21 days of age. Gastric antrums and corpora were removed at various ages for assay of SLI concentrations by radioimmunoassay. In non-corticosterone treated rats, antral and corpus SLI increased gradually until 20 days of age, and after changing from breast milk to solid food on day 21 antral SLI increased 2-fold to the adult level, whereas corpus SLI remained constant. In corticosterone-treated rats, antral and corpus SLI on day 11 was 5-fold that on day 7, and thereafter remained constant before changing from breast milk to solid food; after weaning (solid food alone) antral SLI increased again to reach the adult level at 25 days of age whereas corpus SLI remained constant after weaning. Prolonged breast milk feeding alone did not influence antral or corpus SLI levels in either corticosterone-treated or nontreated rats as compared to levels on day 20.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3751456 TI - Long-term trophic action of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone on the zona glomerulosa of the rat adrenal cortex. AB - The effects of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) on the rat adrenal cortex were investigated by coupled morphometric and radioimmunological techniques. Short-term alpha-MSH administration provoked a significant increase in the aldosterone plasma level along with a notable lipid droplet depletion in zona glomerulosa cells. Long-term alpha-MSH treatment induced a notable hypertrophy of zona glomerulosa cells and a further rise in the blood concentration of aldosterone. alpha-MSH did not affect zona fasciculata morphology and corticosterone plasma level. The possibility is discussed that alpha-MSH may be specifically involved in the control of the growth and steroidogenic capacity of rat adrenal zona glomerulosa. PMID- 3751457 TI - Serum and urinary oestrone sulphate in pregnancy and delivery measured by a direct radioimmunoassay. AB - Serum and urinary levels of oestrone sulphate in pregnancy and delivery were measured by a direct radioimmunoassay without hydrolysis. The serum and urinary oestrone sulphate increased as pregnancy progressed. The mean level of serum oestrone sulphate increased to the highest peak of 494 pmol/ml at the 35th gestational week and then decreased. The mean level of urinary oestrone sulphate increased to the highest peak of 1.28 mumol/l at the 34th gestational week and then decreased. At vaginal deliveries, the mean level of maternal peripheral serum oestrone sulphate increased hourly at as high a level as 979 pmol/ml. The mean serum level of oestrone sulphate was 204 pmol/ml in the umbilical artery and 145 pmol/ml in the umbilical vein. At Caesarean section, on the other hand, the maternal peripheral serum level of oestrone sulphate averaged 362 pmol/ml. The mean serum levels of oestrone sulphate were 90.7 pmol/ml and 171 pmol/ml in the umbilical artery and umbilical vein, respectively. These results suggest a maternal origin of oestrone sulphate in pregnancy, with fluctuations in the levels being of interest in relation to labour pain. PMID- 3751458 TI - Splanchnic extraction of oestrone and oestradiol and production of oestrone sulphate in man. AB - The plasma concentrations of oestrone (Oe1), oestradiol (Oe2) and oestrone sulphate (Oe1S) were measured in the femoral artery (FA), femoral vein (FV) and hepatic vein (HV) in seven men and three postmenopausal women undergoing catheterization for the evaluation of cardiac arrhythmias. None of the persons had congestive heart failure; conventional liver function tests were normal, and they were without any medication. The plasma concentration (mean +/- SD) for Oe1 was 34.6 +/- 19.5 pM in HV, 134 +/- 71.6 pM in FV and 93.4 +/- 48.5 pM in FA. The plasma concentration of Oe2 was 29.9 +/- 19.7 pM in HV, 80.3 +/- 42.7 pM in FV and 55.2 +/- 28.1 pM in FA. The results support the concept of peripheral formation of Oe1 and Oe2 and hepatic removal. The plasma concentration of Oe1S was 980 +/- 469 pM in HV, 945 +/- 463 pM in FV and 937 +/- 461 pM in FA. The small difference in plasma level of Oe1S between FA and FV was insignificant. In all persons the plasma level of Oe1S was higher in HV than in FA and FV (2P less than 0.01) indicating a net formation of Oe1S in the splanchnic area. PMID- 3751459 TI - Hormone levels in the foetal and neonatal prostate. AB - The prostates of 41 foetuses and neonates have been assayed for testosterone, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), oestradiol and oestriol and the presence of these hormones has been demonstrated in all cases. Oestriol was found to be present in the highest concentration. A highly significant correlation was found between testosterone and DHT as well as between DHT and oestradiol. The correlation between oestriol and oestradiol was also significant. It has been pointed out that the presence of these hormones is essential for the growth and development of the prostate gland. PMID- 3751460 TI - Absorption of 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin from different regions of the gastrointestinal tract in rabbits. AB - By using a specific radioimmunoassay for 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP), plasma concentrations were measured in rabbit plasma at various times after intra-gastrointestinal injections. Five anatomically distinct regions were employed to administer the peptide, namely: the stomach, the duodenum, the mid part of the ileum, the ileo-coecal junction and the mid-part of the colon. In each case immunoreactive DDAVP could be demonstrated in plasma. The highest concentrations were observed after duodenal and ileo-coecal administration. Absorption was rapid; peak levels were reached after 10-20 min. PMID- 3751461 TI - Pharmacokinetics in the human of a new synthetic vasopressin and oxytocin uterine antagonist. AB - The pharmacokinetics in the human of 1-deamino-2-D-Tyr(OEt)-4-Thr-8-Orn-vasotocin (dE-TVT), was studied after iv and intranasal administration in 11 subjects at 12 experiments each route. The plasma concentration of the analogue was analysed by means of an arginine vasopressin antibody, which cross-reacted with dE-TVT to 4.7%. When given intravenously as bolus injection (10 nmol/kg/body weight), the total body clearance amounted to 0.623 +/- 0.099 (SEM) l/h kg and the half-life to 16.2 +/- 2.4 min. After intranasal administration (100 nmol/kg/body weight), the bioavailability was 10.5 +/- 2.9%. Peak concentrations in plasma appeared 2-8 min after iv and 10-45 min after intranasal administration. At the end of an observation period of 2 h measurable amounts in plasma were still found in one of the iv and seven of the intranasal experiments. It is concluded that the moderately long half-life is suitable for the treatment of hospitalized patients in premature labour where promising results with intravenous infusion (50 micrograms/min) of dE-TVT have been obtained. It is still uncertain whether or not the absorption of dE-TVT is sufficient for intranasal administration to out patients with uterine hyperactivity in late pregnancy and to patients with primary dysmenorrhoea, where significant relief of symptoms were seen after iv administration (10 micrograms/kg body weight). PMID- 3751462 TI - Bromocriptine treatment of prolactin secreting macroadenomas: a radiological, ophthalmological and endocrinological study. AB - Twelve patients, six women and six men, with macroprolactinomas characterized by extrasellar extension and basal plasma prolactin levels greater than 6 U/l were treated with 10-20 mg bromocriptine daily in four divided doses for a mean period of 2.4 years (range 0.5-3.5 years). The following observations were made: Plasma prolactin levels fell dramatically in all patients and values in the low normal range were obtained in 10 patients. Tumour size was reduced by more than 75% in 11 patients and by 50-75% in one patient. Tumour-reduction was associated with the development of a partial empty sella in eight cases. In four cases the pituitary became visible. Diminished visual acuity (three patients), bitemporal hemianopia (three patients), unilateral or bilateral central scotomas (three patients) and oculomotor palsy (two patients) restored to normal. Hypogonadism (all patients), hypothyroidism (six patients) and hypocorticism (three patients) improved or normalized in most cases. It is concluded that in the medical treatment of macroprolactinomas 10-20 mg bromocriptine in four divided doses effectively reduces both plasma prolactin level and tumour size. PMID- 3751463 TI - Response of total and 'free' thyroid hormones and diiodotyrosine to bovine TSH in subclinical hypothyroidism. AB - Thirty-three patients with Addison's disease were studied. Twenty-two had idiopathic Addison's disease; within this group, 14 patients had clinical or subclinical hypothyroidism, and 16 had increased titres of thyroid autoantibodies. Five patients had tuberculous, and eight had unclassifiable Addison's disease; only one patient in the latter group had evidence of thyroid autoimmunity. A stimulation test with 15 mU bTSH/kg was performed in three patients with Schmidt's syndrome (coexisting Addison's disease and manifest primary hypothyroidism), 15 patients with either subclinical hypothyroidism or increased titres of thyroid autoantibodies, 10 patients without thyroid involvement, and 10 normal controls. There was no detectable increase of 'free' and total thyroid hormones in Schmidt's syndrome. The mean increases after 3-4 h of T4, fT4, T3 and fT3 were 22, 35, 63 and 66%, respectively, in patients without thyroid involvement, and 13, 24, 46 and 45% in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. 'Free' but not total thyroid hormones rose significantly (P less than 0.01) higher in patients without signs of thyroid involvement than in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and/or thyroid autoantibodies. Thyroid hormone response to bTSH in Addison's disease with apparently healthy thyroid glands was not different from normal controls. Serum diiodotyrosine rose in all groups except in hypothyroidism; hypothyroid patients had, however, basal levels well within the normal range. Thus, thyroid hormone synthesis appears to be blocked at a point distal to diiodotyrosine formation in this particular situation. These results support the assumption that TSH elevation in idiopathic Addison's disease is due to coexisting thyroid autoimmunity and that it reflects incipient thyroid failure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3751464 TI - Thyroxine monodeiodination in normal human kidney tissue in vitro. AB - The present study deals with thyroxine monodeiodination in normal human kidney. To allow for comparison with previous reports, the present methods are similar to those used by others in rat tissue studies. The microsomal cell fraction of normal human kidney tissue was obtained by differential ultracentrifugation. The microsomes were incubated under various conditions and the deiodination products assayed with radioimmunoassay. A type I 5'-monodeiodinase was demonstrated, pH optimum around 6.5. Competitive inhibition was observed of T3 generation from T4 by rT3 with a Km of 3.0 microM and a Ki of 4 microM. Vmax was 26.1 pmol/min/mg protein. Likewise rT3 was generated from added T4, but it was rapidly degraded, while T3 was relatively stable as is the case in rat tissue preparations. Propylthiouracil inhibited 5'-deiodination in a dose dependent fashion with complete abolishment of deiodination at propylthiouracil concentration of 10(-4) M. Ipodate inhibited the reaction with complete inhibition at 10(-2) M. The data demonstrate that a human kidney particulate cell-fraction contained considerable amounts of T4 deiodinases, very similar to the type I deiodinase of various rat tissue, although the handling of rT3 and the inhibitory action of this iodothyronine on T4 to T3 conversion seem to be slightly different in the two species. PMID- 3751465 TI - Renal tubular reabsorption of calcium in familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia. AB - To investigate the nephron site of the enhanced tubular calcium reabsorption in familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia (FHH), the renal plasma clearance of lithium and calcium and the glomerular filtration rate were determined simultaneously after an overnight fast in nine FHH patients and ten healthy controls. As the renal plasma clearance of lithium equals the rate of the proximal tubular fluid delivered into the thin descending loop of Henle's loop, the reabsorption of calcium in the proximal and distal tubule, respectively, could be calculated. We found that the FHH patients had a significantly higher fractional calcium reabsorption in the proximal tubule (77.6 +/- 4.7 (%) vs 73.3 +/- 3.1, P less than 0.05). The same held true for the absolute proximal calcium reabsorption (1.49 +/- 0.12 (mmol/l) vs 1.07 +/- 0.05, P less than 0.001). There was a significant linear correlation between the increased tubular capacity for calcium reabsorption and the absolute proximal calcium reabsorption (r = 0.70, P less than 0.05). The distal tubular calcium reabsorption did not differ in the two groups. Our results therefore suggest that the enhanced tubular calcium reabsorption in FHH takes place exclusively in the proximal renal tubule. PMID- 3751466 TI - Circulating growth hormone forms in type 1 diabetic subjects: comparison with normal subjects and acromegalics. AB - The molecular forms of growth hormone (GH) in serum from 18 Type 1 diabetic patients with poor metabolic control were analysed using sephadex G-100 chromatography. The profiles obtained were compared with those from normal subjects whose GH secretion was stimulated by exercise and hypoglycaemia and eight acromegalic patients. In the three groups three distinct GH forms were found: little (monomeric), big and big-big-GH. Samples from normal subjects contained 45% little-GH which was less than samples from the diabetics and acromegalics (53% and 65%, respectively, P less than 0.01). Further samples from normal subjects after the onset of hypoglycaemia showed an increase in little-GH. In the three groups, the higher the proportion of little-GH, the lower the proportion of big-big-GH, while the proportion of big-GH remained similar. In the acromegalics the proportion of little-GH was strongly correlated with the log concentration of serum GH. As little-GH is cleared from the circulation quicker than the larger forms these data indicate that the main component of the frequent surges of GH secretion in poorly controlled Type 1 diabetic subjects is little-GH (monomeric forms). The sustained release of GH found in acromegaly is composed largely of monomeric forms. PMID- 3751467 TI - Identification and measurement of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG) in human saliva. AB - Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG) were detected by specific immunoassays in mixed-saliva taken from normal men and women. The immunochemical identity of both proteins was demonstrated by parallelism between dose response curves generated by serial dilutions of saliva and standards in the immunoassays. In addition, the specific removal of both proteins by incubation with steroid affinity-chromatography gels demonstrated the integrity of their steroid binding activity. The mean +/- SD concentrations of SHBG (pmol/l) and CBG (microgram/l) in mixed-saliva taken from normal volunteers were as follows: men (n = 6) 19 +/- 10 and 38 +/- 18; women (n = 6) 63 +/- 60 and 72 +/- 71 and women during late pregnancy (n = 6) 282 +/- 168 and 92 +/- 80, respectively. The data indicate that the concentrations of SHBG and CBG in saliva represent approximately 0.1% of plasma concentrations. It is suggested that these proteins pass from the blood to saliva in a non-specific manner, and may influence the steroid content of saliva under certain physiological circumstances. PMID- 3751468 TI - The death of a newborn twin: how can support for parents be improved? AB - The experiences and needs of mothers who lose a newborn twin were explored by sending semistructured questionnaires to 14 bereaved mothers. All mothers continued to think of the surviving child as a twin. Six had feelings of resentment towards the survivor. All felt their loss had been underestimated. Support could be improved by acknowledging the mother's grief and encouraging her to talk about the dead baby. Zygosity should be determined and reminders, such as photographs (of the babies together) and ultrasound scans, provided. All parents should be offered counselling and the opportunity to meet similarly bereaved parents. PMID- 3751469 TI - Adaptation to maximal effort. PMID- 3751470 TI - Genetic variation and plasma creatine kinase activity. AB - The distribution of plasma creatine kinase (CK; E.C.2.7.3.2) is known to be skewed, and this has made it difficult to analyse the sources of variation. We have studied plasma CK in 206 pairs of twins and have analysed the results after separating them into what appear to be two Gaussian frequency distributions. The results in the main distribution (CK less than 300 iu/1) are apparently affected by genetic factors common to both men and women, and by environmental factors which are of much greater effect in men. The tendency for some men to have very high CK values may also have a genetic basis. PMID- 3751471 TI - Twin research. PMID- 3751472 TI - Possible mechanism of the heredity of twinning. PMID- 3751473 TI - The offspring of twins as sampling units in pedigree analysis of congenital anomalies. AB - A statistical model was developed to determine the likelihood of a twin kinship, that is, the offspring of a pair of monozygotic or dizygotic twins under three types of inheritance: sporadic, single locus fetal genetic, and single locus maternal genetic. Samples of 8,000 kinships were simulated for a discrete trait under various hypotheses, and the likelihood determined for each type of etiology. The results indicated that the pedigree analysis procedures formulated here could efficiently detect sporadic or single locus effects with a power approaching 100%, although the parameter estimates obtained were slightly biased. Further analyses revealed that the type of pedigree analysis formulated in this study was found to have equivalent power for equal or unequal frequencies of kinships by the sex and zygosity of the twin parent. It was suggested that further studies be carried out that included the twins and spouses in the likelihood equations, as well as tests of more sophisticated models. PMID- 3751474 TI - The secular trend of twinning in Australia, 1853-1982. AB - The incidence of twinning in Australia from 1853 to 1982 is described. The overall trend was determined by changes in the dizygotic rate and, for more than a century, it has been similar to that found in Finland and the South of Italy. It is not explained by demographic changes and there is no clear relationship with industrialisation or psychosocial factors. Monozygotic twinning has increased, most markedly in the 1970s. No adequate explanation has been given for this increase, so continuing surveillance in many different populations is necessary. PMID- 3751475 TI - Familial and individual influences on blood pressure. AB - Although familial aggregation of blood pressure is well documented, few studies have considered the changing contribution of genetic and environmental influences during adulthood. Applying maximum likelihood model fitting to blood pressure covariation in balanced pedigrees including both parents and their young adult twin offsprings (25 MZ, 32 DZ, aged between 16 and 24 years), it is shown that the increased variation in parents is explained by such developmental changes. For DBP, an apparent reduction in heritability from 68% to 38% from young adulthood to middle age results from the increasing impact of individual environmental experience (E1), with little or no influence from shared family environmental (E2). For SBP, shared environmental effects may play a part. Given the relatively small size of the present sample, the conclusions are to be seen as tentative. An augmented family study, incorporating middle aged twins and their young adult offspring, will clarify the causation of these developmental changes. PMID- 3751476 TI - Monoamniotic twin pregnancy. AB - The course and outcome of 23 monoamniotic (MA) twin pregnancies, delivered in Tampere University Central Hospital during the years 1964-1984, were studied retrospectively and compared to 1056 diamniotic (DA) twin pregnancies. The frequency of MA twins was 2.1% of twin pregnancies. Polyhydramnion complicated the pregnancy in 26% of MA vs 6% of DA pregnancies. Two cases were defined as acute polyhydramnion. Preterm labour was stated in 70% of MA pregnancies and deliveries before the 34th week were 4 times more common in MA than DA pregnancies. The cesarean section rate was more than double in MA pregnancies (39%). Entanglement of the umbilical cords was noted four times, and prolapse of the cord in three vaginally delivered cases. Perinatal mortality was 28% in MA vs 5% in DA twins. The most common causes of death were respiratory distress syndrome, congenital malformation and feto-fetal transfusion. PMID- 3751477 TI - The selection of anesthesia induction agents with respect to intubation induced bradycardia. AB - During induction of anesthesia and intubation dangerously low heart rates sometimes occur. In this study the short term influence of various commonly used anesthetics on heart rate was investigated, before, during and immediately after intubation. Various combinations of the drugs Fentanyl, nicomorphine, etomidate, thiopentone, succinyldicholine and vecuronium were studied in patients of ASA class I and II. The drugs nicomorphine, thiopentone and vecuronium did induce only minimal and short term heart rate changes. They are therefore safer in this respect and should probably be preferred for anesthesia induction of patients with known small cardiovascular safety margin. PMID- 3751478 TI - Necrotic skin lesion following therapy of severe metabolic alkalosis. A case report. AB - An outward side effect of HCl infusion during the treatment of severe metabolic alkalosis is reported. Solution of 0.2 n hydrochloric acid, infused via a peripheral vein caused necrotic lesions of skin and subcutaneous tissue. In case that the central parenteral route is precluded, oral therapy with diluted HCl solution may be considered. PMID- 3751479 TI - The peroperative management in multiple organ donors: a crucial phase in organ transplantation. AB - Recent developments in organ transplantation led to the fact that any potential cadaver donor might be considered as a multiple organ donor (MOD). The anesthesiologist's role is to maintain good hemodynamic conditions during the long and complex harvesting procedure, taking into account that in renal cadaver transplantation, donor's stable hemodynamic conditions play a crucial role in the immediate function of the graft. Taking the opportunity of a case of simultaneous liver, pancreas and kidneys procurement in the same cadaver donor performed for the first time in our country, we are reviewing the different phases of the donor peroperative management. This implies a strict control of the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and central venous pressure (CVP). The first step was to maintain the blood volume: during the 3 hours procedure, 5.5 liters of crystalloid, 1.2 liters of colloid and 1 liter of blood were perfused to maintain a CVP higher than 8 mm Hg and a SBP above 110 mm Hg. To obtain the best possible renal and hepatic perfusion, 4 micrograms/kg/min. dopamine is injected continuously, along with 100 mg phenoxybenzamine since the beginning of the operation in order to avoid any local arterial spasm. After heparinization (3 mg/kg 10 minutes prior to clamping), all organs are simultaneously perfused in situ with 3 liters of Euro Collins solution at 4 degrees C, for cold storage in optimal conditions. The pancreas along with one kidney was transplanted in a diabetic women in preterminal end-stage renal disease: current creatinine (2 months post transplant) is 1.3 mg/dl and C-peptide is 0.8 pmol/ml. The other kidney was successfully transplanted in another center. The liver graft was implanted in a cirrhotic patient: current bilirubin is 6 mg/dl, S.G.O.T. and S.G.P.T. respectively 50 and 149 U.I.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3751480 TI - Ultrastructural features of sensory receptors in gingiva of new-born rats. AB - The ultrastructure of the sensory receptors in the gingiva is described on the basis of material taken from ten new-born rats. The defined fine structure of the receptors at day zero suggest that they can be susceptible to tension and pressure changes. They also can play a role in the ante-occlusal growth of the mandible. PMID- 3751481 TI - Erythropoiesis and granulopoiesis in the West Indian manatee, Trichechus manatus (Mammalia: Sirenia). AB - The West Indian manatee, Trichechus manatus, has amedullary, pachyostotic long bones. Since marrow cavities of the long bones typically are the locations of hemopoiesis in adult mammals, the manatee has evolved an alternative primary site of hemopoiesis. Histological examinations of spleens, livers, kidneys, and vertebral bodies indicate that the last-named location is the main site of erythropoiesis and granulopoiesis in T. manatus. This conclusion is based on the presence in the vertebrae of bone-marrow-containing diagnostic cell types including erythroblasts, megakaryocytes, and myelocytes, which are the precursor cells of erythrocytes, platelets, and granular leukocytes, respectively. No developing lymphocytes were found, so that the location of lymphopoiesis remains unknown. PMID- 3751482 TI - Ultrastructural and morphometric studies of nonsecretory neurons of the rat supraoptic nucleus. AB - Ultrastructural and morphometric studies were made on nonsecretory and complementarily neurosecretory neurons of the rat supraoptic nucleus. 6% of perimeter of nonsecretory neuronal perikarya was covered by presynaptic endings. The value was well in agreement with that of interneurons elsewhere. The covering ratio of neurosecretory neurons was 12%. The perikarya of nonsecretory and neurosecretory neurons bear an average of 14 and 49 axon terminals, respectively. Nonsecretory neurons should be interneurons, receiving much less information than neurosecretory neurons. PMID- 3751483 TI - Fibronectin distribution during lymph node development in guinea pig: an immunohistochemical study. AB - We carried out an immunohistochemical study on mesenteric guinea pig lymph nodes, from the 10th day prepartum till the 26th day postpartum, to assess the role of fibronectin in their organization during development. This glycoprotein is diffusely distributed in embryonic lymph nodes, suggesting a primer function during organogenesis. After birth, in fact, it is less widespread and is mainly localized around sinuses and vessels. Our data, supporting the important role of this glycoprotein during lymph node organization, are in agreement with the results obtained in other tissues and organs. PMID- 3751484 TI - A comparison of muscle fiber characteristics at different levels of the vertebral column in the rhesus monkey. AB - The vertebral muscle fiber characteristics of adult female rhesus monkeys have been examined. Muscle samples were obtained from precisely defined superficial and deep sites on both sides of the vertebral column. In particular, samples were collected from three different levels of the column and the muscle fiber characteristics from all these different sites were compared. It is clear that in the rhesus monkey at least, muscle fiber characteristics are dependent on the vertebral level although not necessarily on the side of the vertebral column. PMID- 3751485 TI - The accessory middle cerebral artery--a variant of the recurrent artery of Heubner (A. centralis longa)? AB - Three accessory middle cerebral arteries are described in two out of 75 brains dissected under the operating microscope. Each artery originated from the anterior cerebral artery, lateral to its junction with the anterior communicating artery, followed the proximal segment (A1, pars precommunicalis) of the anterior cerebral artery, then the horizontal portion (M1, pars sphenoidalis) of the middle cerebral artery towards the lateral sulcus. Each supplied the lateral orbital gyrus, the gyrus longus of the insula, part of the putamen, the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior limb of the internal capsule. The presence of the accessory middle cerebral artery is discussed with regard to the recurrent artery of Heubner (A. recurrens, A. centralis longa). PMID- 3751486 TI - [Vascularization of liver metastases: a corrosion cast study]. AB - 22 livers with multiple metastases from different primaries were injected with acrylate resin and examined stereoscopically. All metastases had developed an individual pattern of vascularization. The metastases of 8 out of 12 livers injected via the portal vein showed a distinct blood supply by the portal vessels. In all 16 livers with arterial hypervascularized metastases the development of pathological tumor vessels could be demonstrated. All metastases of the same liver showed an identical pattern of vascularization. Larger branches of the hepatic vein always were displaced by the growing tumor. It was impossible however to infer from the vascularization pattern of the metastases to the primaries. The clinical relevance of these anatomical findings will be discussed. PMID- 3751487 TI - Stereological analysis of ultrastructural changes of surrounding tissues to neuroectoderm during chick embryo neurulation. AB - The cytometric evolution of different subcellular components in the epiblast and the mesoderm of chick embryo during neurulation has been studied with stereological methods. The coefficient of cellular form (CFc) has specific values for each type, the epiblast having a mean CFc of 0.474, while the mesoderm, which has ellipsoidal cells, has a mean CFc of 0.643. The nucleus does not show any change of its coefficient of form although its surface density increases significantly. The proportion of mitochondria, present in the cells of each embryonic layer, remains constant during the 4 stages, being higher in the mesoderm cells (epiblast 3.6%; mesoderm 4.3%). The epiblast cells show a stable vitelline reserve, though the relative proportions of lipid bodies and yolk droplets vary: the volume density of yolk droplets increases from stage 5 (3.1%) to stage 8 (7.7%), while the lipid bodies diminish from 7 to 3.6% during this period. The mesoderm cells undergo a remarkable loss of vitelline volume during the same period. The rough endoplasmic reticulum of each cellular type has a remarkable length density increase, the significance of which is discussed in relation to production of extracellular matrix. PMID- 3751488 TI - Biostatistical study on the arrangement of the superficial veins of the cubital fossa in Iraqis. AB - A study of the arrangement of the superficial veins of the cubital fossa was made on 300 students and staff of the Military Medical College and the AlMustansiriya College of Medicine. Six types of variations of arrangement of the veins were found, two of which have not been mentioned before. The commonest type was that the median vein of the forearm divides in the cubital fossa into 2 veins, one of which joins the basilic vein, and the other the cephalic vein, although in a few cases this joining (or arrangement), occurred above the cubital fossa. The arrangements which have not been mentioned before were that the communication between basilic and cephalic veins was through a horizontal venous connection between 1 of the tributaries of these 2 veins and the basilic vein, and that the median vein of the forearm divides into median cephalic and median basilic, and a vein from the front of the forearm drains into the median basilic vein. PMID- 3751489 TI - Quantitative studies of rat carotid body type I cells. AB - The general structure and results of quantitative studies of rat carotid body type I cells are described. In contrast to previous reports, there was no change in mitochondrial V/v% on stimulating the carotid body with 10% oxygen. The volume of cytoplasm occupied by electron-dense cored vesicles was significantly increased, whilst their density per square micrometre of cytoplasm was decreased during hypoxia. Thus, the size of vesicles is increased by hypoxic stimulation. On the basis of vesicle diameter and density we were unable to find evidence of more than one variety of type I cell. PMID- 3751490 TI - Marginal zone bridging channels as a pathway for migrating macrophages from the red towards the white pulp in the rat spleen. AB - The spleen of (PvG/c X DA)F1 rats, intravenously injected with carbon, was investigated. Large heavily carbon-laden (LHC) macrophages, which were found only in the red pulp at 30 min, appeared along marginal zone bridging channels (MZBC) from the red pulp towards the white pulp side successively during 1-6 h after carbon injection. After this time, they appeared in the periarterial lymphatic sheaths (PALS) near MZBC and then in the deeper PALS along the arteries by 5-10 days. Frequently, they were found in rows from MZBC into the white pulp. These findings suggest migration of LHC macrophages from the red towards the white pulp trough MZBC. Possible migration of LHC macrophages through MZBC was observed for a long period--at least 3 months examined. LHC macrophages came together preferentially in PALS and in and around the germinal centers consisting of large pyroninophilic lymphoblastoid cells. Occasionally, possible migration of LHC macrophages from regions around sinuses crossing the marginal zone vertically (vertical sinus) was also observed. Sinuses accompanied by LHC macrophages often ran parallel in close association with MZBC, particularly at sites of MZBC near the red pulp. PMID- 3751491 TI - Secretory glycoproteins of major vestibular glands (Bartholin's glands) in female calves. Studies with usual histochemical methods and with lectin-horseradish peroxidase conjugates in normal animals and in animals implanted with anabolic drugs. AB - The nature of mucins synthetized by the major vestibular glands of normal female calves and animals treated by anabolic drugs was investigated by usual histochemical methods and by lectin conjugate methods: Canavalia ensiformis (Con A), Limulus polyphemus (LPA), Lotus tetragonolobus (LTA), Arachis hypogaea (PNA), Ricinus communis (RCA I), Glycine max (SBA) and Triticum vulgaris (WGA). Two main secretory cell types, i.e. acinar and tubular cells, could be distinguished. The former produced sialomucins, whereas the latter produced neutral mucins. WGA and PNA showed strong binding to all secretory cells while LTA, RCA I and SBA exhibited a weaker affinity. Treatment with anabolic drugs enhanced O-acetyl sialic acid synthesis and we noted de novo synthesis of sulfomucins. However, the staining intensity of LTA was stronger than in control calves. Tubular secretory cells of treated animals revealed an intense secretion of neutral mucins but, in contrast, all tested lectins were less intensively bound. The present study provides additional histochemical information on Bartholin's glands. A shortened procedure is proposed to detect animals treated with anabolic drugs when morphological changes are lacking. PMID- 3751492 TI - [Morphological significance of the supracostal muscles, and the superficial intercostal nerve--a new definition]. PMID- 3751493 TI - [Four cases with the splenic artery of abnormal origins]. PMID- 3751494 TI - Scanning and transmission electron microscopy studies on the lingual dorsal epithelium of chickens. PMID- 3751495 TI - [Segmental differences and age-related changes in the clear cells of the mouse epididymal duct: a qualitative and quantitative study]. PMID- 3751496 TI - Effect of phloridzin on lipid biosynthesis by Cladosporium tenuissimum Cooke. AB - A local strains of Cladosporium tenuissimum was found unsuitable as a producer of lipid. Addition of phloridzin to the fermentation media induced this organism to accumulate a moderate level of lipid, especially sterols increased highly in the presence of phloridzin. The promoting effect of phloridzin may be due to directing the sugar breakdown towards lipid biosynthesis and/or transforming the free fatty acids and oxalacetic acid to acetyl-Co A. PMID- 3751497 TI - Vibratory perception thresholds in shipyard workers exposed to solvents. AB - Vibratory perception thresholds were determined for 90 subjects working at a shipyard with industrial solvents. The duration of exposure varied from 1 to 44 years (mean 19.6 years). Four of the men but none of women had bilaterally significantly increased thresholds in the lower limbs. In addition, seven subjects had increased thresholds in the upper extremities only. Fifteen subjects were further examined at a neurophysiological laboratory to determine the degree of possible peripheral polyneuropathy. The following measurements were made at the laboratory: motor and sensory conduction velocities, electromyography and heart rate variation during normal and forced breathing. The laboratory investigations revealed abnormalities in most of the subjects with increased vibratory perception thresholds in the lower limbs. On the other hand the laboratory measurements were normal for all subjects with increased thresholds in the upper limbs only. It is concluded that when peripheral polyneuropathy is suspected, quantitative vibratory perception threshold measurement is an easily applicable screening method for selecting subjects for further laboratory investigations. PMID- 3751499 TI - Increased glutathione peroxidase activity in erythrocytes in patients with Alzheimer's disease/senile dementia of Alzheimer's type. AB - Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in erythrocytes was studied in 9 patients with Alzheimer's disease/senile dementia of Alzheimer's type (AD/SDAT) of ages 34-64 years and compared with that in 16 healthy controls of ages 21-66 years. The median GSH-Px activity in erythrocytes from AD/SDAT patients was 408, mu kat/1 (range 338-500 mu kat/1) and that from healthy controls 348, mu kat/1 (range 258-439 mu kat). This difference was significant (p less than 0.005) Wilcoxon rank test. Since there are great clinical and pathological similarities between AD/SDAT and the dementia of Down's syndrome (DS) patients and since both these groups of patients have increased activity of the selenium-dependent enzyme GSH-Px, it is suggested that there could be a similar metabolic background of the dementia. Many findings in the oxidative metabolism of DS suggest increased oxidative damage with an elevation of the turnover of superoxides to peroxides within cells and with a secondary biochemical modification such as increase in tissual GSH-Px activity. A similar mechanism with elevated peroxidation within cells might be responsible for the present finding of increased GSH-Px activity in erythrocytes and for the development of dementia in AD/SDAT. PMID- 3751498 TI - Normal pressure hydrocephalus. Predictive value of the cerebrospinal fluid tap test. AB - Twenty-seven patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus were operated upon by a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt. Selection for shunt surgery was based on typical symptoms (gait disturbancy, mental deterioration and urgency incontinence) and characteristic changes at cranial computed tomography and/or radionuclide cisternography. Prior to operation a cerebrospinal fluid tap-test (CSF-TT) was performed with measurements of psychometric functions and gait pattern before and after a lumbar puncture of 50 cc CSF. Nineteen patients improved and 5 were unchanged after shunt operation. Three patients could not be evaluated. Improvement in the psychometric functions and gait pattern after lumbar puncture correlated to improvement after the shunt operation (r = 0.64, p less than 0.01: r = 0.96, p less than 0.001, respectively). Improvement in 2 or more of the 4 tests used (3 psychometric and 1 gait test) at CSF-TT implied in all cases successful result of the shunt operation. It was concluded that CSF-TT could predict which NPH patient will improve by a shunt operation, and albeit to envisage the degree of improvement. PMID- 3751500 TI - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to extractable muscle antigens in myasthenia gravis. AB - A purified citric acid soluble extract from human skeletal muscle (AEMA) and a phosphate-buffered saline extract from rabbit muscle acetone powder (EMA) were used to coat polystyrene beads in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). From 54 patients with myasthenia gravis, positive results were observed in 14. Five of 6 patients with thymoma had high levels of antibodies. With the diagnostic difficulties in detecting small and medium-sized thymoma, a sensitive assay for detection of antibodies to muscle antigen may be an important supplementary tool to detect tumors at early stages. PMID- 3751501 TI - Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of the CNS. AB - This paper reports on 10 patients (4 male, 6 female) with primary non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of the brain (CNS-NHL--mean age 46.8 years, mean postdiagnostic survival 10 months). Pathological CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) was found in all 8 patients examined (positive cytology in 7/8 cases). Solitary tumors, diffuse periventricular infiltration or diffuse cerebral infiltration were demonstrated in cerebral computer-assisted tomography (CAT). Angiographical findings were unspecific. The histologic subtypes were lymphoplasmacytoid immunocytoma (4), unclassified low grade (1), centroblastic (1), B-immunoblastic (1), T immunoblastic (1), lymphoblastic convoluted T-cell type (1), unclassified high grade (1) NHL. Patients who had received radiotherapy (+/- surgery) in this group had a mean survival of 15.66 months (sigma = 7.63). In addition, an overview of 83 well-documented, cases of the literature tries to characterize main histological and topographical distributions, histology-, patient's age-, and therapy-related survival. Patients with primary CNS-NHL have a 5-year survival expectancy of 30% compared with 2.3% in secondary CNS-manifestations of systemic non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. In this report, the beneficial effect of radiotherapy (mean survival 30.3 months) compared to surgery or symptomatic treatment (3.6 or 3.3 months) could be confirmed. It is concluded that primary CNS-NHL frequently present with atypical neuropsychiatric syndromes; diagnosis should be established preferentially with CAT and CSF-examinations or stereotactic biopsies, whereas open surgery should be avoided. An approach to exact classification should be attempted, as survival is clearly related to histological subtypes. PMID- 3751502 TI - Reversible ischemic neurological deficit and minor strokes before and after EC/IC bypass surgery. A neuropsychological study. AB - Thirty-three patients with reversible ischemic deficits or completed minor strokes had their cerebral function measured neuropsychologically a few days before and 3 months after extra-intra cranial bypass surgery. Three months post operatively bypass patency was demonstrated by angiography. Ten patients were operated on the right side and 23 on the left side. The right hemisphere patients were found to be neuropsychologically intact or only slightly impaired before, as well as after, the operation whereas the left hemisphere patients pre-operatively had impaired verbal sequential thinking, reduced capacity for repetition, verbal learning, and mental arithmetic. Post-operatively they improved significantly on 5 of 15 tests and performed no worse on any test than the control group. Consequently, they, too, had post operatively no or only slight neuropsychological impairment. PMID- 3751503 TI - Neuropsychological deficits in arterial hypertension. AB - Sixty subjects with uncomplicated essential hypertension and 60 matched normal subjects were submitted to neuropsychological tests in order to establish whether some impairment of cognitive functions can be evidenced even in those hypertensive subjects that are in this respect asymptomatic on standard examination and interview. The hypertensive subjects obtained significantly poorer results than normotensive subjects on memory, visuo-motor and performance tests. In the control group, the classic negative correlation pattern between age and scores was observed, while in the patient group this correlation could be confirmed only in a few tests. Subgrouping of patients according to hypertension duration and treatment showed that the impairment of cognitive functions manifested itself very early and did not tend to progress within 6-10 years of hypertension duration. PMID- 3751504 TI - Thymectomy in late-onset myasthenia gravis. AB - Two cases of late-onset myasthenia gravis were successfully treated by thymectomy using a sternal splitting technique, in spite of the fact that no thymomas could be detected preoperatively. One patient was seriously ill, the other patient responded to medical treatment. Thymolipoma and malignant thymoma, respectively, were removed from the patients. It is stressed that not all thymomas produce antibodies to striated muscles and that CT-scan of the mediastinum is of limited value in the diagnosis of thymoma. It is suggested that patients with late-onset myasthenia gravis be offered thymectomy, even in the absence of detectable thymomas. PMID- 3751505 TI - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AB - A patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome treated with prochlorperazine and droperidol developed neuroleptic malignant syndrome, characterized by akinetic mutism, resting tremor, cogwheel rigidity, and elevated serum creatine phosphokinase. An identical syndrome reappeared with subsequent administration of haloperidol. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome has not been previously reported in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. PMID- 3751506 TI - Unusually large epidermoid cyst of the skull: a case report. PMID- 3751507 TI - Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in multiple sclerosis. PMID- 3751508 TI - The follow-up in patients with pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule with and without glaucoma. 2. The development of glaucoma in persons with pseudoexfoliation. AB - 102 persons with pseudoexfoliation without glaucoma, not attending follow-up controls, underwent re-examination. The time elapsed since last control was greater than or equal to 5 years in 39%. In those with monocular pseudoexfoliation, 30% became binocularly affected. Only 3 persons had developed glaucoma (2.9%). Probable explanations for this low figure are discussed. IOP measurements of the total group and the subgroup of persons remaining monocularly affected during the observation period, revealed similar or lowered values at re examination compared with the last control. A retrospective analysis of a capsular glaucoma group (208 eyes), disclosed that 84% had glaucoma at their initial visit, 38% of the remaining patients developing glaucoma during 1.5 years. PMID- 3751509 TI - Repeated argon laser trabeculoplasty. AB - In 20 eyes (18 patients) with simple or capsular glaucoma in which a first full circumference argon laser trabeculoplasty resulted in early or late failure, laser trabeculoplasty was repeated. In 12 eyes the second trabeculoplasty was clinically successful. At an average follow-up time of 30 months after second trabeculoplasty, the treatment was still successful in six patients. Early failure after the first treatment seems to be unfavourable for the outcome of secondary treatment. No correlation was found between the accumulated dose of laser energy delivered into the trabecular meshwork and the degree of intraocular pressure reduction after the second trabeculoplasty in this retrospective study. PMID- 3751510 TI - Technique for testing the patency of laser iridotomies. AB - With laser iridotomy it may often be difficult to achieve total penetration of the iris, particularly in very light or very dark irides. It may be impossible to determine with the slit-lamp whether a small laser iridotomy is functionally penetrating. We describe a straightforward method to test iridotomies for aqueous flow patency. Transcorneally introduced fluorescein is used to delineate any aqueous bulk flow from the posterior to the anterior chamber. PMID- 3751512 TI - Indications of trabeculectomy in open angle glaucoma. AB - The indications and frequency of trabeculectomy operations in Swedish eye clinics in 1980 and 1981 were assessed. The incidence of operations are significantly higher in the north than in the south of the country. The geographical influence was eliminated by excluding the 6 northernmost clinics, but the frequency of operations still varied with a factor of nearly 5 between the clinics. Most clinics seemed to allow individual modifications and exceptions to the rules of indication for surgery. An IOP surpassing a certain limit, locally fixed but varying greatly between clinics, was an indication in most places, even if the visual field was normal. An optic disc defect alone was an indication for surgery in one clinic only. In most clinics a progression of the glaucoma visual field defect with or without disc damage was an indication of surgical intervention. PMID- 3751511 TI - The laser power needed for optimum results in argon laser trabeculoplasty. AB - Ninety-five successive argon laser trabeculoplasties to as many patients were followed 6 to 18 (mean 8) months. Forty-eight eyes had capsular glaucoma and 35 simple glaucoma. The power used ranged from 100 mW to 1000 mW and the total energy from 1.0 J to 5.0 J. The success rates between groups were tested with a chi 2-test. With laser power of more than 500 mW and energy level more than 3.0 J, the success rates were maximal (77% and 75%). PMID- 3751513 TI - Glaucomatous disc haemorrhages photographed at short intervals. AB - Fundus photography was performed at an interval of 1-2 weeks on two glaucoma patients with disc haemorrhages (hh). It was shown that Haemorrhages (hh) appear again and again at the same place over a long period, which may, if the observations are made at long intervals, give the false impression of one, very slowly resorbed h. The opinion that hh are caused by a singular vascular acute disorder is not supported. The blood is seen propagating peripherically along the nerve fibres. After resorption of the papillary part the h may remain only outside the disc, thus giving the impression of a completely extrapapillary h. The resorption of blood occurs probably more rapidly over the papillary tissue than in regions outside the disc. PMID- 3751514 TI - Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy. AB - Five patients with acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE) have been subject to a follow-up study. All the patients had bilateral lesions. The follow-up period ranged from 1 month to 8 years (mean 4 years). All had resumed their previous work, although two patients had severe visual loss in one eye (6/36). No recurrences were observed. Automatic perimetry of the central visual field revealed moderate central scotomata between 5 and 10 db, corresponding to derangement of the pigment epithelium. This may indicate that the pigment derangement may be caused by alterations in the pigment granules in the pigment epithelial cells, and that the pigment epithelial cells have recovered. There were absolute scotomata in two eyes corresponding to chorioretinal atrophy. PMID- 3751515 TI - Retinal break in an area with medullated nerve fibres. AB - Two cases of retinal breaks in areas with medullated nerve fibres are reported. The breaks were secured by argon laser treatment. A vitreous detachment may cause a slit-like tear by vitreoretinal traction in such areas. PMID- 3751516 TI - Frequent disc photography and computerized perimetry in eyes with optic disc haemorrhage. A pilot study. AB - Two patients (one with glaucoma with field loss, one with ocular hypertension) with previously known optic disc haemorrhage were followed with frequent disc photography, computerized perimetry and tonometry for a period of one year. Nine haemorrhages were seen in three of the four eyes studied. Three bleedings showed sudden enlargements, interpreted as re-bleedings, during the absorption phase. Haemorrhages were not associated with any stepwise localized or general worsening of the visual field, nor did the fields deteriorate during the period of the study. No structural changes of the optic nerve head were seen after the bleedings during the observation time of one year. The duration of the haemorrhages varied, but no bleeding lasted less than one week. Before disappearing they were often so small that they could only be detected when series of photographs were examined in chronological order. Haemorrhages large enough to be discernible on isolated slides were present in 20% of the disc photographs. Thus disc haemorrhages are transient and easy to overlook. Many careful observations may be necessary before the first haemorrhage is seen. Each individual bleeding is a minor vascular incident which usually leaves no measurable functional or structural trace. PMID- 3751517 TI - Possible retinotoxic effect of carbamazepine. AB - Two cases of retinopathy possibly caused by the antiepileptic drug, carbamazepine (Tegretol) are presented. Two female patients in middle age with epilepsy had been treated with carbamazepine for more than 7 years when they experienced sudden visual disturbances and reduction of visual acuity without known concomitant systemic toxic effects. Ophthalmoscopy, fundus colour photography and fundus fluorescein angiography disclosed in one patient discrete, and in the other patient extensive lesions of the retinal pigment epithelium in the posterior poles of the eyes including the macular regions. Discontinuation of carbamazepine led to improvement of visual function and of the morphological changes in the fundi of the patient with the most pronounced lesions. It is suggested that carbamazepine, a drug nearly chemically identical with the tricyclic psychotropic agents, might cause damage of the retinal pigment epithelium in long-term treatment. Further clinical controlled studies of the possible retinotoxic effect of this agent are, however, required. PMID- 3751518 TI - Study of tear film flow and break up time (BUT) in trachoma. AB - Tear film flow and stability studies were carried out in patients suffering from cicatrizing trachoma by Schirmer test I and tear film break-up-time (BUT) measurements, respectively. Both Schirmer test I and BUT values were decreased significantly (t-test, P less than 0.001) depicting aqueous as well as mucin deficiency and hence, an unstable tear film in this condition. PMID- 3751519 TI - A preliminary study of corneal penetration of 125I-labelled idoxuridine liposome. AB - We compared corneal penetration of idoxuridine (IDU) to liposome-encapsulated IDU. Liposomes of phosphatidic acid, phosphatidyl choline, and alpha-tocopherol in a molar ratio 1:8:1 were prepared using the reverse phase evaporation method. New Zealand albino rabbits received either 0.1% solution of I125-labelled aqueous IDU or liposome-encapsulated IDU topically every 2 min for 6 min. Corneal, aqueous, and vitreous samples were assayed for I125 radioactivity at 15 min and at 1, 2, 3, and 6 h following drug application. Our results indicated that corneal penetration of liposomal IDU was significantly increased over the regular form of the drug for a time interval of 6 h. PMID- 3751520 TI - Eye symptoms and signs in buildings with indoor climate problems ('office eye syndrome'). AB - Break-up time measurements and Lissamine green staining were performed on 169 office workers in 4 town halls in Copenhagen where the occupants complained about the indoor air quality. In a questionnaire investigation one year before the study it was found that 25% of all the employees had eye irritation several times a week. A statistically significant association (P less than 0.025) was found between eye irritation and unstable precorneal film (reduced break-up time) and/or lissamine green stained epithelial damage. There was a significant rank correlation between eye irritation and different degrees of dry eyes (P less than 0.00006). The investigation proved that eye irritation associated with indoor climate problems can be related to objective pathological changes in the eyes as found in the dry eyes. The findings constitute a new syndrome which I propose to name the 'office eye syndrome'. PMID- 3751521 TI - Low-luminance myopia and dark vergence. AB - In normal binocular vision, under photopic conditions, accommodation and convergence act in synergy. We examined the relationship between these two functions in darkness, in the absence of all accommodative and fusional stimuli. Accommodation was measured as it is expressed in low-luminance myopia. There was no strong positive correlation between accommodation and vergence in darkness. Rather, the two systems were dissociated, and appeared to assume independent resting states with accommodation generally exceeding convergence. PMID- 3751522 TI - Morphological changes after extracapsular cataract extraction with implantation of posterior chamber lenses. A prospective clinical study. AB - Morphological changes and lens position were examined in 66 patients 3 to 5.5 (mean 4) months after extracapsular cataract extraction with intended implantation of posterior chamber lenses in the ciliary sulcus. Important findings were: capsulotomy-requiring secondary cataract (3%), iris-lens synecchiae (18%), iris-capsule synecchiae (14%), pupillar capture (2%) and haptic malposition (17%). The lens optic was slightly decentered in 33%. The internal anterior chamber depth was measured with optical pachymetry and averaged 3.5 mm (range 2.3-4.5 mm). The central distance between the posterior lens surface and the posterior capsule (LPCD) was measured pachymetrically and averaged 0.14 mm (range 0-0.6 mm). PMID- 3751523 TI - Contrast sensitivity in amblyopia. I. Changes during CAM treatment. AB - Contrast sensitivity of 29 children (mean age 8 years) was measured at the beginning, at the end, and during the follow-up of CAM treatment. The deficiency in contrast sensitivity of amblyopic eyes was most notable at high spatial frequencies, but in some cases it also occurred at intermediate and low spatial frequencies. Individually no distinct association was noticed between various CSF types and different groups of amblyopia, but on average in anisometropia the deficiency at low spatial frequencies was more pronounced than in purely strabismic cases. During treatment contrast sensitivity improved significantly, most notable at high frequencies. Correlation between visual acuity and contrast sensitivity was poor. During follow-up visual acuity deteriorated in most cases, but contrast sensitivity remained on the level where it was at the end of the treatment. Our modification of measuring contrast sensitivity was tested in two samples of normal subjects. Between 1-11 c/deg contrast sensitivity was statistically significantly better in the adults (n = 25) than in the children (n = 20). PMID- 3751524 TI - Visual acuity measurement using evoked potentials and fast Fourier transform. AB - Visual evoked cortical potentials (VECP) were recorded from 10 subjects with normal visual acuity (VA) 1.0. Reversing square-wave gratings of 16 different spatial frequencies were used as stimuli. In all 10 subjects significant increase in power at the stimulation frequency was observed in the Fourier spectrum. The VA, calculated from the Fourier spectra, ranged from 0.4 to 1.0. The described method for VA measurement is entirely objective, and the examination can be performed very rapidly and conveniently with the aid of a computer. However, the results indicate that the reliability of the measurement in individual cases may be doubtful. PMID- 3751525 TI - Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and isoproterenol dose-outflow facility response relationships in cynomolgus monkey eyes with and without ciliary muscle retrodisplacement. AB - Intracameral slowly mixed bolus doses of 10 micrograms of 1-epinephrine or 1 norepinephrine bitartrate significantly increased total outflow facility by similar percentages in ciliary muscle disinserted and non-disinserted living cynomolgus monkey eyes (approximately 20% for epinephrine, 30% for norepinephrine); smaller or larger bolus doses (0.1, 1, 50 micrograms) either had no effect or tended to decrease facility. Bolus doses of dl-isoproterenol sulphate (0.1, 0.2, 10, 50 micrograms) or 1-isoproterenol hydrochloride (0.1, 1, 10 micrograms) had no effect in either type of eye. Rapidly mixed relatively maintained intracameral concentrations of dl(0.1, 1 micrograms/ml)- or l(0.1, 1, 10 micrograms/ml)-isoproterenol had no effect in surgically untouched eyes. All catecholamine solutions were stable under the experimental conditions. PMID- 3751526 TI - Optic nerve injury after sudden traumatic rotation of the eye. A case report. AB - Optic nerve injury is regularly accompanied by signs of local facial or ocular injury, fractures or unconsciousness. The energy of the blow is thought to be delivered to the optic nerve directly by stretching and tearing and by shock wave forces and secondarily as sequelae of contusion. A case is described in which optic nerve injury is caused by a sudden traumatic duction of the eyeball, with all signs of local or systemic contusion missing. During observation the primarily healthy optic nerve head developed subtotal optic atrophy. This case strengthens the belief that the optic nerve is particularly vulnerable to stretching, tearing and torsion. PMID- 3751527 TI - [Symposium: The larynx. Function studies. 7 December 1985]. PMID- 3751528 TI - [Aerodynamic studies of the upper respiratory tract]. AB - The usefulness of flow-volume curves for the assessment of upper airway function is emphasized. The different behaviour of intra- and extra-thoracic airways, submitted to different transmural pressures, results in the reduction of maximum expiratory flows in cases of variable intrathoracic airways stenosis, whereas in the presence of an extrathoracic stenosis, the inspiratory maximum flows are mainly affected. Sleep apnea syndrome and "asthma-like" syndromes with a glottic origin are further examples of the potentials of flow-volume loops in the assessment of upper airway function. PMID- 3751529 TI - Aerodynamics of phonation. AB - An overview is given of the results of simultaneous measurements of mean air flow rate, mean subglottal pressure, and sound intensity in 45 test-persons and 64 voice patients. From these values the efficiency of voice production is calculated. The measuring procedure as well as the use of data from test-persons as reference values is described. Comparing the results of voice patients with these reference values showed that the diagnostic usefulness of measuring aerodynamic data in voice production is generally low. Aerodynamic data from patients with slight adduction disturbances, however, lead to a better understanding of the pathophysiology in cases with an incomplete dorsal glottis closure and give directions to a more adequate therapy programme. PMID- 3751530 TI - Electromyography of the larynx and related technics. AB - Electrodiagnosis of the laryngeal muscles by electromyography, neuromyography and reflexmyography enables diagnosis, follow up and prognosis of vocal cord palsies as well as indications for surgery. The development of new endoscopes now permits direct inspection of the oropharyngeal and endolaryngeal muscles. A method of transoral electromyography of laryngeal muscles in the awake patient has been established using these zoom-endoscopes for supervision of the transoral placement of needle or hooked-wire electrodes into the muscular agonists and antagonists of the larynx. Both spontaneous and voluntary activity may be recorded since the patient can follow instructions. Combined with this endoscopic electromyography of the larynx neuromyography by electrostimulation of the laryngeal nerves with surface electrodes considerably enhances diagnosis and prognosis of recurrent nerve lesions. Furthermore, the reflex arc of the upper and lower laryngeal nerves can be tested with electric stimulation and measurement of the response activity during reflex glottic closure. Classification of degenerative and nondegenerative palsies is enabled by these procedures. In addition, these neurophysiological methods are useful for diagnosis of functional larynx disorders of other origin. PMID- 3751531 TI - [Acoustic analysis of voice production. Production trial from a clinical perspective]. AB - This article presents an overview of relevant methods for acoustic analysis of voice from a clinical point of view: Mean speaking frequency and fundamental frequency in singing; frequency range of phonation; pitch perturbations; intensity range of phonation and phonetogram; cycle-to-cycle amplitude variations; Sound spectrography (Visible Speech) and Long-Time-Average-Spectrum. PMID- 3751532 TI - [Pretreatment of the speech signal and parametric description of laryngeal pathology on the acoustic level]. AB - We give an overview about several experiments on the incidence of laryngeal pathology on the speech signal. More precisely, the results presented here are related to the impact on the overall discrimination performance between normal and dysphonic subjects of the speech material choice and of several possible pretreatments of the speech signal. The features extracted from isolated sentences do not necessarily seem more discriminative, provided that the pretreatments applied allow for a sufficiently large band width. Moreover, the results reveal slight inter-vowel differences. Finally, all pretreatments do not appear equally well adapted to speech signals provided by both sexes. PMID- 3751533 TI - Transglottal pressures in professional singing. AB - Using high-frequency miniature pressure transducers, direct measurements of sub- and supra-glottal pressure are taken on two sopranos singing high notes, in a range where F1 is close to F0. When the peak in supraglottal pressure occurs well into the open phase of the glottal cycle, the instantaneous transglottal pressure approaches zero. When this peak occurs later in one of the subjects as a feature of the vibrato modulation, the transglottal pressure even drops appreciably below zero. The implications of these findings for the glottal volume velocity waveform, as well as for the singer's experience of the second "passaggio" point, are discussed. PMID- 3751535 TI - [Videostroboscopy of the larynx]. AB - The technique of telescopic videostroboscopy permits simultaneous audio and video recording of a laryngoscopy and a subsequent stroboscopy of the larynx during the same examination. The combination of laryngoscopy and stroboscopy is very favorable not only because stroboscopy is not possible in all pathological cases, but also because each of both methods can reveal facts the other does not. In addition, the possibility of playing back the video tapes as often as desirable is an important diagnostic and pedagogic advantage. PMID- 3751534 TI - Exploration of glottic function before and after injection of collagen for rehabilitation of the vocal cord. AB - After more than one year's use of injectable collagen for vocal and glottic rehabilitation, the subjective and objective results have been presented for a series of 18 patients, 17 of whom had paralysis of one vocal cord, while one patient had a post-traumatic atrophy of the left cord. The assessment is based on rigid and flexible fibroscopy, stroboscopy, the objective phonatory assessment with measurement of the phonatory quotient and mean flow rate, EMG of the vocal cords and frequential analysis of the voice. Apart from the improvement in the phonatory quotients and outputs after injection, the noteworthy results have been the persistence of flexibility and undulation in the cord injected, visible by stroboscopy, and also the reappearance of the fundamental and 2 or 3 first harmonics on frequential analysis of the voice. The mean follow-up was 6.5 months, with a maximum of 14 months and minimum of 1 month. At the medium term, injectable collagen would appear to be a worthwhile alternative to Teflon because of its simplicity of use, its very great tolerance and the quality of the functional results obtained. PMID- 3751536 TI - [Average spectral analysis of the voice. A comparison between the normal voice and the voice altered by various categories of laryngeal pathology]. AB - Long-time spectral analysis shows a highly significant difference between a sample of normal voices, a sample of voices of nodule- and polyp-carriers, and a sample of voices of small malignant lesion-carriers. Schematically, pathologic voices due to lesions of the vocal folds have a relative excess of noise in the high part of the spectrum (6-10 kHz), but, in cases of small malignancy, this high-frequency noise also extends to the region 4-6 kHz. No clear difference appears between spectra of voices from nodule-carriers and voices of polyp carriers. A standardized, phonetically selected text, seems to improve the discrimination power. PMID- 3751537 TI - [Value of videostroboscopy in indicating phonosurgery]. PMID- 3751538 TI - Localized aspergillosis involving the nose and paranasal sinuses. AB - Two patients with non-invasive aspergillosis of the paranasal sinuses are reported. One patient had this disease in the maxillary sinus while the other had it in the ethmoid and sphenoid sinus. Caldwell-Luc and a transnasal ethmoidectomy operation were performed. The treatment and prognosis of this rare nasal infection are discussed. PMID- 3751539 TI - [Carcinoembryonic antigen and laryngeal carcinoma: sensitivity and predictive value for metastases]. PMID- 3751541 TI - [Significance of the nasal provocation test in the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis]. PMID- 3751540 TI - [Changes in nasal function after rhinoplastic intervention]. PMID- 3751542 TI - [Biphasic stapedial reflex]. PMID- 3751543 TI - [Comparative analysis of the effect of glycerol and histamine on the auditive loss in Meniere's disease]. PMID- 3751544 TI - [Retropharyngo-esophageal tumors: an unusual pathology]. PMID- 3751545 TI - Sudden infant death syndrome and post perinatal mortality in Norwegian birth cohorts 1967-1980. AB - The well established effects of maternal age and birth order in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) formed the basis for a comparison with other categories of post perinatal death in an attempt to shed some light on the etiologic roles played by ante and postnatal factors. A total of 826,162 children, born 1967 through 1980 and recorded at the Medical Birth Registry of Norway was at risk to die during the post perinatal period (ages 7 through 364 days). Out of the 3,582 infants who died, 1,062 were considered SIDS. Strong effects of maternal age (negative) and birth order (positive) were found in the SIDS group, but not to the same extent in the non-SIDS group or the group of congenital malformations. Likewise, the excess risk in children of unmarried mothers was higher in the SIDS group. The suggested effects of postnatal factors in the causation of SIDS may seem promising from a preventive point of view. The strength of the effects of maternal age and birth order necessitate adjustment for these variables in future epidemiological studies of SIDS. PMID- 3751546 TI - The value of serum IgE assay in milk aspiration and the sudden infant death syndrome. AB - Global serum levels of IgE (PRIST, Phadebas) and specific anti-cow's milk IgE (RAST) were measured in populations of infants with a history of one or more episodes of milk aspiration (n = 12), victims of the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) (n = 18), "near miss" SIDS infants (n = 23), siblings of a SIDS victim ((n = 21) and control infants (n = 38). Only the infants with a past history of milk aspiration had significantly raised global and specific IgE. The absence of raised specific IgE in the subjects who died from SIDS argues against the hypothesis of sensitisation to cow's milk proteins during a previous episode of aspiration. Nasopharyngeal reflux is frequently seen in near-miss infants. This reflux is more often responsible for reflex apnoea due to stimulation of the laryngeal chemo-receptors than to a fatal aspiration. PMID- 3751547 TI - Malformations in 10,000 consecutive births in Tunis. AB - Malformations were assessed in 10,000 consecutively born infants, dead or alive, at the Wassila Bourgiba Maternity Hospital in Tunis. The medical and social history including the rate of consanguinity was studied in the malformed group as well as in a control group of 229 infants. Three hundred and ninety-six infants were malformed; 248 had major malformations and 148 had minor ones. Thirteen per cent of the stillborn were malformed compared to 3.7% of the liveborn. The rates of most specific malformations were comparable to those in other studies but a relatively high rate of neural tube defects, 2.2/1000, can be noted. There is a significant overrepresentation of consanguinity (65%) in parents of non syndromic multi-malformed infants. PMID- 3751548 TI - Free and erythrocyte-bound bilirubin in neonatal jaundice. AB - Serum free bilirubin and erythrocyte-bound bilirubin concentrations were estimated in 53 jaundiced neonates with a total serum bilirubin concentration of 227.4 +/- 80.4 mumol/l. The serum free bilirubin and erythrocyte-bound bilirubin concentrations were 8.7 +/- 5.6 nmol/l and 23.8 +/- 6.0 mumol/l, respectively. Both, the serum free bilirubin (r = 0.741, p less than 0.001) and erythrocyte bound bilirubin (r = 0.754, p less than 0.001) correlated directly with bilirubin albumin molar ratio. There was a direct correlation between free and erythrocyte bound bilirubin concentration (r = +0.657, p less than 0.001). The prediction of serum free bilirubin concentrations from the known erythrocyte-bound bilirubin value was unreliable. PMID- 3751550 TI - Plastic blankets and heat shields decrease transmission of phototherapy light. AB - An in vitro study showed that the use of transparent plastic insulation to decrease heat loss from newborn infants substantially decreases the transmission of phototherapy light. The decrease is proportional to the number of plastic layers between the light source and the baby because of reflection from the surface of the plastic. This increases if the surface is irregular. Thickness and the type of plastic used had no effect. PMID- 3751549 TI - Reduced albumin binding of MADDS--a measure for bilirubin binding--in sick children. AB - The reserve albumin concentration for binding of MADDS (monoacetyldiaminodiphenyl sulphone) in plasma is used as a measure of the reserve albumin concentration for binding of unconjugated bilirubin. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether a reduction in the reserve albumin concentration for binding of MADDS could exist in sick children after 5 months of age, where the bilirubin binding properties of the albumin has reached the adult level. The material included 75 children, 1-15 years of age with mild infections, severe bacterial infections, acute viral hepatitis, chronic hepatic diseases or uraemia, and a control group of 22 healthy children. The reserve albumin concentration was significantly lower in children with severe bacterial infections, acute viral hepatitis, and uraemia, than in healthy children (p less than 0.01), while the reserve albumin concentration in children with mild infections and chronic hepatic diseases did not differ significantly from that of the control group (p greater than 0.05). The total albumin concentration in plasma in either of the groups of sick children did not differ significantly from that of the healthy children. The plasma concentration of unconjugated bilirubin was elevated in the group of children with acute viral hepatitis, but not enough to influence the concentration of reserve albumin for binding of MADDS to a significant degree. The reserve albumin concentration was significantly lower in children with acute viral hepatitis than in children with severe bacterial infections (p less than 0.05). PMID- 3751551 TI - Breastfeeding and socioeconomic status in Southern Brazil. AB - Patterns of breastfeeding were studied in a cohort of 5 914 infants followed from birth in Pelotas, Southern Brazil. Overall, 92% of the babies commenced breastfeeding and 54% were still breastfed by 3 months of age. This proportion dropped to 30% by 6 months, 20% by 9 months, and 16% by 12 months. The prevalence of breastfeeding soon after birth, and at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of age was studied according to socioeconomic status as measured by family income. Children from the poorest families were less likely to be breastfed from birth than those from the richest families (89% and 97%, respectively), and also showed lower prevalence of breastfeeding at 3 and 6 months. By the age of 12 months poor children showed the highest prevalence of breastfeeding. PMID- 3751552 TI - Echocardiographic measurements in normal preterm and term neonates. AB - To the purpose of better defining normative data on intracardiac dimensions and systolic time intervals in very low birth weight infants, we collected M-mode echocardiograms from 210 healthy preterm and term neonates with birth weights between 780 and 5,350 g and gestational ages ranging from 26 to 43 weeks. Fifty nine neonates were less than 24 h, 62 were 25-48 h, and 89 were 48-144 h of age. Diastolic and systolic left ventricular dimensions increased gradually with advancing birth weight (r = +0.84 and 0.78). Left atrial and aortic root dimensions tended to show a parabolic relationship with birth weight, increments were reduced at higher birth weights (r = +0.92 and 0.85). The shortening fraction of the left ventricle (mean +/- SD 33.8 +/- 4.9%) and the left atrial/aortic ratio (1.16 +/- 0.10) were constant throughout all weight subgroups. Pre-ejection periods and ejection times of both ventricles were reduced in preterm infants due to their higher heart rates, but left and right ventricular PEP/ET ratios in preterm and term infants were comparable. Septal thickness in diastole and in systole tended to increase slowly with advancing birth weight, but correlation coefficients were low. This information is currently used as data base for a computer program to interpret M-mode echocardiograms performed in our nursery. PMID- 3751553 TI - A prospective comparative study of the aetiology of cerebral palsy and epilepsy in a one-year birth cohort from Northern Finland. AB - The one-year birth cohort from Northern Finland comprises 12 058 children, representing 96% of all live births in 1966 in the two northernmost provinces of Finland, Oulu and Lapland. Only 14 children, 1.2 per thousand, were lost during the follow-up to 14 years of age, in which data were collected prospectively on development, mortality and morbidity using questionnaires and registers. When all 47 children with cerebral palsy fulfilling the criteria of the Little Club of London (1959) were included, a prenatal risk factor was detected in 13 infants (27.7%) and a perinatal one in 25 children (53.2%), whereas 9 children (19.1%) represented an untraceable form of this disorder. There were 208 children with epilepsy, among which 18 (8.7%) had a prenatal risk factor, 38 (18.2%) a perinatal one, 33 (15.9%) a postnatal one, and 119 (57.2%) no identifiable risk factor. Among the 11 320 healthy children in the cohort alive at 14 years of age, there were 992 (8.8%) with risk factors for cerebral palsy and epilepsy. The relative risk attached to these aetiological factors was lower for epilepsy than for cerebral palsy. PMID- 3751554 TI - GH deficient children receiving GH replacement do not grow during intermittent infectious illness. AB - Five growth hormone deficient children, aged 5.3 to 12.6 yrs, were measured regularly once or twice weekly by knemometry, a novel and noninvasive technique of accurate lower leg length measurement. The total period of observation was 40 months in the 5 children. During this time all children received replacement therapy with extractive human pituitary growth hormone 12 IU/m2/week by daily s.c. injections. 11 intermittent infectious illnesses occurred within the observation period of 40 months. During the infectious diseases a significant decrease of the mean lower leg growth velocity down to -0.012 mm/day was observed. During the following convalescent period (14 days) mean lower leg growth velocity rose up to +0.107 mm/day (p less than 0.001). Growth hormone substitution was not changed throughout the period of observation. PMID- 3751555 TI - Children with inborn errors of phenylalanine metabolism: prognosis and phenylalanine tolerance. AB - Twenty-three children, who were detected by neonatal PKU screening, were followed for 8-18 years in one paediatric centre. Dietary treatment was started if the blood phenylalanine level exceeded 0.72 mmol/l. All 23 infants were initially given a low phenylalanine diet. The growth and development rates of the children did not differ significantly from those in a reference population, although one child had mild mental retardation and another had a short attention span. Fourteen children were still on a strict phenylalanine-restricted diet on their last follow-up (at 8-18 years of age). In nine children who were initially put on a low phenylalanine diet, it was possible to normalize the diet between 1/2 and 10 years of age, while maintaining the blood phenylalanine levels between 0.25 and 0.72 mmol/l. It seems likely that those of our patients who markedly increased their phenylalanine tolerance during childhood had a regulatory mutation of the phenylalanine hydroxylase system. A continuous reevaluation of each child treated with a low phenylalanine diet reduces the use of unnecessarily restricted diets. PMID- 3751556 TI - The daytime breath hydrogen profile in children with abdominal symptoms and diarrhoea. AB - The daytime breath hydrogen profile (DBHP) enables the study of breath hydrogen (BH) excretion in children under normal dietary and environmental circumstances. We studied the DBHP in 43 children with abdominal pain and (or) diarrhoea in order to evaluate its use in the detection of carbohydrate malabsorption (CHM). The results were compared to those of the lactose BH test. The DBHP was abnormal in 16 patients (37%), 8 of whom also had an abnormal lactose BH test. Five other patients with an abnormal lactose BH test had a normal DBHP. In 7 out of 10 children with an abnormal DBHP, the recorded abdominal symptoms coincided with a sharp increase in BH excretion. Abnormal DBHPs were most frequently found in children with functional abdominal complaints and with giardiasis. Our findings indicate that CHM is more frequently encountered in children with abdominal symptoms than can be detected by the lactose BH test. The DBHP offers new possibilities in the investigation of gastrointestinal conditions by correlating the symptoms directly to the effect induced by CHM. PMID- 3751557 TI - Malnutrition: a cause of elevated sweat chloride concentration. AB - In order to document the frequency and causes of elevated sweat chlorides we reviewed all sweat chloride determinations performed over a 2-year period. Seven hundred and thirty-five quantitative tests were performed. Three hundred and three positive or borderline results were obtained from 133 patients. Thirty three of these patients did not have clinical evidence of CF. Fourteen of them (42%) suffered from malnutrition or growth stunting when tested. The remaining patients who were normally nourished, represented a very heterogeneous group with no unifying diagnosis. Initial sweat chlorides in 11/14 malnourished children were in the abnormal range (greater than 60 mmol/l). These tended to revert to normal coincident with improvement in nutritional status. Less remarkable elevations in sweat chloride levels were noted in the normally nourished patients, since almost 50% (9/19) were in the intermediate range (50-60 mmol/l). We conclude that malnutrition can be the cause of elevated sweat chlorides, which may lead to an erroneous diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. Clinicians should be aware of this association and adhere to strict criteria for the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. Also, repeated sweat chloride determinations should be obtained, preferably following re-nutrition. PMID- 3751558 TI - Acute diarrhoea and asymptomatic infection in Chilean preschoolers of low and high socio-economic strata. AB - Preschoolers who belonged to the high (Group I, n = 112) or the low (Group II, n = 90) socio-economic stratum were followed prospectively for six months. Mean monthly incidence of diarrhoea was 3 and 7 episodes per 100 children for Group I and Group II respectively (p less than 0.001). Episodes were shorter and affected a smaller proportion of children in Group I (p less than 0.002 and p less than 0.05), respectively). Bacterial enteropathogens were recovered in 12.6% and 13.5% of the episodes in Group I and Group II and parasites in 15.4% and 62.8%, respectively. Rotavirus was detected once in each group. Asymptomatic carrier rates for enteropathogenic bacteria were 12.0% in Group I and 7.2% in Group II. The corresponding figures for parasites were 28.2% and 62.8% (p less than 0.001). Nutritional status was normal in all children. These results suggest that socio economic stratum plays an important role in the characteristics of diarrhoeal illness in the groups which conform the population of the less developed countries. Acute diarrhoea is less frequent in preschoolers living in Santiago than in other developing areas. Rates of asymptomatic infection are high. PMID- 3751559 TI - Sweat sodium related to amount of sweat after sweat test in children with and without cystic fibrosis. AB - The sweat concentration of sodium was found to be inversely correlated with the amount of sweat obtained after a sweat test according to the method of Gibson & Cook in children without and with cystic fibrosis. Reference intervals for sweat sodium overlapped for the two groups but two-dimensional reference distributions for the amount of sweat (range 20-440 mg) correlated with its sodium content were completely separated. The establishment of similar distributions in centres carrying out sweat tests could serve to assess the performance of this investigation at local level. PMID- 3751560 TI - Pulmonary function and oxygen uptake during exercise in 11-year-old patients with cystic fibrosis. AB - Ten patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), 5 girls and 5 boys, 11 years of age, underwent pulmonary function and bicycle exercise testing. The material includes all but 2 CF patients in this age group in southern and eastern Norway. The CF children had a moderately reduced pulmonary function, the girls more pronounced than the boys. The mean maximal oxygen uptake (max VO2) in the CF boys was 55 ml/kg/min (94% of age predicted value; range 79-105%), and the CF girls 42 ml/kg/min (79% of age predicted value; range 67-89%). The mean maximal peak heart rate was 195 beats/min. Only one CF girl showed apparent pulmonary limitation during exercise. Increased ventilatory equivalent for oxygen was found during both rest and exercise for the CF girls, but only during rest for the CF boys. Max VO2 was fairly well related to the habitudinal physical activity of the children (r = 0.79). PMID- 3751561 TI - Mild anaemia in African school children: effect on running performance and an intervention trial. AB - Blood haemoglobin concentrations and reticulocyte counts were determined in 430 school children in grades 1, 3 and 5 in a small township in rural Zambia at the end of the rainy season. Running capacity was estimated by the 12-min running test. Age, sex, height, weight, social and nutritional indicators were recorded. Mean haemoglobin was 125.3 g/1 +/- 12.3 SD. Low haemoglobin was associated with indicators of a traditional way of life. After a controlled trial of iron, folic acid, tetrachlorethylene and chloroquine lasting for 6 weeks, mean haemoglobin in all the children was 128.8 g/1 +/- 10.0 SD. The mean haemoglobin was significantly higher in the 218 children who received iron than in the 212 children who did not receive iron. There were no other significant differences among the treatment groups. In a subgroup of 377 children who completed two running tests, those with lower haemoglobin ran significantly shorter distances, even when possible confounding factors were partialled out. The effect was reduced by excluding 12 children with haemoglobin less than 100 g/1 or 48 children with reticulocyte counts of 15% or more, but remained statistically significant. PMID- 3751562 TI - Precocious puberty associated with oral-facial-digital syndrome type I. AB - A girl with the oral-facial-digital syndrome type I (OFD I) developed precocious puberty at early infancy. This is presumed to be due to a hamartoma in the tuber cinereum region. Hypothalamic hamartomas have not been described in OFD I earlier, whereas lingual hamartomas are a common feature in this condition. PMID- 3751563 TI - Riboflavin responsive multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenation deficiency. Assessment of 3 years of riboflavin treatment. AB - A boy with riboflavin-responsive beta-oxidation deficiency (multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenation deficiency) was assessed clinically and biochemically after 3 years of continuous riboflavin medication. He was diagnosed at the age of three years after an attack of a Reye's syndrome-like disease. During the 3 years of assessment he has experienced no serious disease; although short episodes of fatigue and loss of appetite have been noted. His mental and physical development has been normal. Biochemically the abnormal excretion of organic acid metabolites, characteristic of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenation deficiency, has been continuously present. Quantitatively there has been a trend to a more simple picture with ethylmalonic acid as the predominant metabolite. However, because of the large within-day variation in the excretion of all the metabolites, changes following diet and riboflavin trials must be interpreted with caution in these patients. PMID- 3751564 TI - Renal tubular acidosis in a case of Shwachman's syndrome. AB - We describe metabolic acidosis in a 15-month-old girl with clinical features of Shwachman's syndrome. Renal function tests indicated that the patient had type 1 renal tubular acidosis. Based on our findings and other reports of renal tubular dysfunction in patients with Shwachman's syndrome, we conclude that it is important to look for a possible renal tubular defect in this syndrome. PMID- 3751566 TI - Experimental studies on hepatic cirrhosis and hepatocarcinogenesis. I. Production of hepatic cirrhosis by furfural administration. AB - Changes of the liver following either single or repeated oral administration of furfural were studied histopathologically. Following single administration, the livers showed scattered eosinophilic globular formation and increased mitotic figures without zonal or massive necrosis. Both changes were most prominent 6 hours after administration, gradually decreasing in number thereafter. In the repeated administration experiment, furfural was mixed with basal diet for 90 or 120 days. The livers on the 90th day showed cirrhotic changes with formation of pseudolobules, widening of Glisson's sheath, and destruction of limiting plates. In the parenchyma bridging necrosis and hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes were striking. In the livers on the 120th day, pseudolobule formation was more prominent but parenchymal damage was reduced. No cancerous or precancerous changes were observed. Cirrhotic changes seen in the chronic experiment resembled Nagayo-Miyake's A' type hepatic cirrhosis in man, and the result suggested that furfural-induced hepatic cirrhosis is an appropriate model for studying the interrelation between hepatic cirrhosis and hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID- 3751565 TI - Participation of bone marrow stromal cells in hemopoietic recovery of rats irradiated and then parabiosed with a non-irradiated litter mate. II. Scanning and transmission electron microscopic observations. AB - A light microscopical study on the recovery process after lethal irradiation and parabiosis has been made. Electron microscopically, in the bone marrow of lethally irradiated rats, hemorrhage occurred due to detachment of sinus endothelial cells. Afterwards, reticulum cells with small intracytoplasmic lipid droplets appeared. On day 3, these cells were rapidly replaced by the reticulum cells with large lipid droplets, and resulted in fatty marrow within 7 days. Spindle-shaped fibroblastoid reticulum cells were also observed. In the bone marrow of lethally irradiated rats parabiosed with non-treated litter mates, hemopoiesis was initiated by adhesion of nucleated blood cells to intricate fine cytoplasmic pseudopods of fat-storage cells. On days 3 to 5, in parallel with progressive hemopoietic recovery, fibroblastoid and reticulum cells with large lipid droplets decreased whereas those with small droplets increased. On day 8, reticulum cells with lipid droplets were seldom seen, and hemopoietic distribution became the same as normal. These results suggested that bone marrow stromal cells, namely reticulum, fat-storage, and fibroblastoid cells share a common cellular origin, and also that they regain their structure and function when fat-storage cells were placed in contact with hemopoietic precursor cells. PMID- 3751567 TI - Minimal change renal disease associated with thymoma and pancreatic carcinoma. AB - A case of minimal change renal disease associated with thymoma and pancreatic carcinoma is reported. A clinical manifestation of nephrotic syndrome developed about 5 weeks before the patient's demise and two different primary tumors were revealed only at the time of autopsy. Circumstantial evidences support that minimal change disease was a paraneoplastic process related to thymona rather than either the one related to pancreatic carcinoma or a mere coincidence. Review of the literature disclosed five cases of thymona with associated nephrotic syndrome. Herein, we report another case of such an unusual association and compare the present case with the previously reported. PMID- 3751568 TI - Paratesticular liposarcoma: coexistence with urinary bladder cancer. AB - A 58-year-old man with liposarcoma originating from the right paratesticular area was reported. Histologically, liposarcoma showed a well-differentiated sclerosing type. Coexistence of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder and liposarcoma was also revealed. The cases of paratesticular liposarcoma in the literature are briefly reviewed. PMID- 3751569 TI - Systemic hemangiomatosis. AB - An autopsy case of unusual vasoformative tumor is presented. The distribution of this tumor was restricted to the organ of the hematopoietic system such as the spleen, liver, and whole bone marrow. Although it may be considered as a variant of certain splenic hemangiosarcoma because of widespread dissemination, both the benign-looking histological features and specific distribution of this tumor suggest its hamartomatous nature. Several additional similar cases in the literatures are briefly reviewed from the viewpoint of systemic hemangiomatosis. PMID- 3751570 TI - Participation of bone marrow stromal cells in hemopoietic recovery of rats irradiated and then parabiosed with a non-irradiated litter mate. I. Light microscopic observations. AB - All rats were exposed to whole-body irradiation (1,000 rads by X-rays) to induce aplastic marrows. Control rats received no further treatment. Experimental rats were conjugated three days after irradiation with a non-irradiated healthy litter mate by aortic anastomosis. Control rats died within seven days due to irradiation injury. In these animals, bone marrow reticulum cells were easily distinguished from other stromal cells, such as macrophages or sinusoidal endothelial cells. Three to seven days after irradiation, reticulum cells accumulated lipid droplets in the cytoplasm and showed increases in size and number, resulting in fatty aplastic marrows. On the other hand, parabiosed rats showed hemopoietic recovery and lower levels of lipid droplets in reticulum cells at five to eight days after parabiosis. Progressive fibrosis followed after irradiation but a regression followed after parabiosis. This suggested that fibroblastoid reticulum cells aided in producing collagen fibers. It was also suggested that bone marrow stromal cells, namely, perisinusoidal and intersinusoidal reticulum cells, fat-storage cells, and fibroblastoid cells, shared a common cellular origin. The deserted alterations in reticulum cells after irradiation and the hemopoietic recovery after parabiosis might be due to hemopoietic cells stimulating reticulum cells to induce and sustain the hemopoiesis. PMID- 3751571 TI - Alteration in density, morphology and parathyroid hormone release of dispersed parathyroid cells from patients with hyperparathyroidism. AB - Dispersed parathyroid cells from normal human and bovine glands and from 10 patients with primary (7 adenomas, 3 hyperplasias) and 4 patients with uraemic hyperparathyroidism (HPT) have been investigated with respect to density, morphology and parathyroid hormone (PTH) release. Percoll density gradients enabled an efficient isolation of viable parathyroid cells which generally banded between 1.035-1.090 g/ml. The average density was significantly higher in cells from the normal than the abnormal glands. The pathological glands contained large chief cells, oxyphil and transitional oxyphil cells and, in one case, water-clear cells which were enriched in fractions with densities below 1.055 g/ml. Measurements of cell diameters revealed an increased proportion of enlarged cells in the preparation of abnormal glands. Nuclear diameters were similar in the normal human glands, adenomas and hyperplasias, but the variability was greater among the adenomas. In comparison to normal bovine parathyroid cells, PTH release of cells from the pathological human glands was reduced and abnormally insensitive to extracellular calcium. The oxyphil and water-clear cells secreted similar amounts of PTH as the chief cells of the abnormal glands. The disturbed PTH release in secondary HPT seemed to be confined mainly to cells within nodules of the hyperplastic glands. The results show that the disturbed hormone regulation in HPT is related to morphological changes of the cells and that buoyant density gradients can be used to accumulate the abnormal cells. PMID- 3751572 TI - Adult rhabdomyoma of the oropharynx recurring three times within thirty-five years. AB - A case of recurrent rhabdomyoma in the oropharynx of a 72-year-old man is presented. Diagnosis was based on routine histology, and in the third and last recurrence it was further established by electron microscopy, immune peroxidase staining for myoglobin, actin and fibronectin, and special strains. All recurrences were histologically identical and metastases were never observed. The adult rhabdomyoma is almost exclusively located in the head/neck region, often adjacent to vital organs, complicating radical surgery. The present case indicates that recurrences can be expected often at extraordinarily long intervals. PMID- 3751573 TI - Localization of atheromatous lesions in normal and hypercholesterolaemic pigeons. AB - Computerised morphometry was used to define the distribution of aortic atheroma in 10 normal White Carneau pigeons (age 42 months) and in groups of 10 weanling or mature birds given a cholesterol coated diet for 24 weeks. Mean serum total and HDL-cholesterol was substantially higher in cholesterol fed animals (15 v 8 mmol/l). The spatial distribution of disease was identical in each group. Lesions developed just proximal to the first major abdominal branch and were more plentiful on the right hand side. The major histological component of the lesions was fibrous intimal thickening and when studied separately its distribution closely matched that of the overall lesion. Foam cell aggregates were more plentiful on the right. This distribution pattern is very similar to that seen in early human atheroma and supports the hypothesis that lesions form in regions of low flow velocities. PMID- 3751574 TI - Malignant histiocytosis in childhood. Clinicopathological study of 4 cases. AB - Clinicopathological features of four paediatric cases of malignant histiocytosis (MH) are described. The patients all presented with fever, lymphadenopathy and anaemia. Two died from widespread disease within one month. Two patients, who received combination chemotherapy, were brought into remission and are currently without disease after 30 and 60 months, respectively. Diagnosis was made on the basis of infiltration by a mixture of anaplastic and well-differentiated phagocytic histiocytes in skin, lymph node, bone marrow and spleen. Immunohistochemical studies showed variable presence of lysozyme, alpha 1 antitrypsin (AT), and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (ACT). Concanavalin A (Con A) receptors, recently suggested as a histiocyte marker, were found in the proliferating cells in all cases. S-100 protein was absent. The findings suggest that the prognosis in childhood MH remains guarded but not hopeless with aggressive combination chemotherapy. The presence of Con A receptors in paediatric MH cells with a more constant occurrence than lysozome, AT and ACT seems promising as an additional diagnostic tool although further studies are needed to examine the specificity of Con A receptors in relation to various other disorders of histiocytic proliferation. PMID- 3751575 TI - Clinical strains of Enterobacter agglomerans (synonyms: Erwinia herbicola, Erwinia milletiae) identified by DNA-DNA-hybridization. AB - Using DNA-DNA-hybridization it could be shown that 52 of 86 clinical isolates of Enterobacter agglomerans were closely related to each other, to the type strain of the species and also to the type strains of Erwinia herbicola and Erwinia milletiae. Most of the strains investigated were of the biogroups 1 and G1 of Ewing & Fife. All strains of the genetically defined group belonged to these two biogroups; none of these isolates fermented dulcitol, and with few exceptions they were also cellobiose, lactose and sorbitol negative. PMID- 3751576 TI - Reinvestigation and reclassification of a collection of 56 human isolates of Pasteurellaceae. AB - Incorrect diagnosis of species belonging to the family Pasteurellaceae Pohl 1981 is often due to inadequate laboratory identification techniques. Reinvestigations of 56 human isolates of Pasteurellaceae and comparison of the results obtained with those obtained from nine reference strains in 65 different tests allowed classification of 26 strains as P. multocida ssp. multocida, 11 strains as P. multocida ssp. septica, 12 strains as P. canis, 4 strains as P. dagmatis and 1 strain as P. stomatitis. Two strains were tentatively classified with P. haemolytica biogroup 2(T) and the SP-group, respectively. The present investigation also showed that the type strains of P. gallinarum and Haemophilus aphrophilus were phenotypically related. Members of the family Pasteurellacea Pohl 1981 should be considered as potential etiologic agents of any local infection following animal bites or scratches. PMID- 3751577 TI - Sorbitol increases the growth inhibition of xylitol on Strep. mutans OMZ 176. AB - It was observed in a previous study that the growth of Streptococcus mutans strain OMZ 176 on sorbitol was inhibited by xylitol. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanisms involved in this inhibition. It was shown that the uptake of 14C-sorbitol was delayed when the cells had been pre-exposed to xylitol, and that the only labelled substance found intracellularly was sorbitol; no further metabolization occurred. This is in contrast with untreated normal cells, where sorbitol is taken up by a specific phosphotransferase system (pts). The 14C-xylitol metabolism of the cells was qualitatively unchanged in the presence of sorbitol; an intracellular accumulation of 14C-xylitol-phosphate (xylitol-P) and 14C-xylulose-phosphate (xylulose-P) was observed. However, a reduced uptake of xylitol was observed in the presence of sorbitol. Xylitol thus appears to change the pathway by which sorbitol is taken up by the cells. An inducible permease may replace the normal sorbitol pts when xylitol is present. No further metabolization of this intracellular sorbitol seemed to occur in the resting cell suspensions. It was furthermore observed that the presence of sorbitol enhanced the inhibitory potential of xylitol. The accumulation of intracellular sorbitol coincided with markedly increased xylulose-P/xylitol-P ratio. It may be speculated that, if xylulose-P were the major inhibitor of the glycolysis instead of xylitol-P, as previously assumed, an increased concentration of xylulose-P induced by sorbitol could explain that sorbitol enhances the inhibition potential of xylitol. It is not evident, however, how intracellular sorbitol could affect the xylulose-P/xylitol-P ratio. PMID- 3751578 TI - Xylitol metabolism in xylitol-sensitive and xylitol-resistant strains of streptococci. AB - The metabolism of xylitol in xylitol-sensitive strains (strains whose growth is inhibited by xylitol) and xylitol-resistant strains (growth not inhibited) of oral streptococci was compared. Both xylitol-sensitive and xylitol-resistant strains took up xylitol. In the sensitive cells, the xylitol was probably transported via a phosphotransferase system. This resulted in intracellular accumulation of xylitol-5-phosphate and xylulose-5-phosphate. These metabolites were not detected in the xylitol-resistant strains, which probably transported xylitol via a permease system. It appeared that the resistant strains were able to utilize xylitol as carbon and energy source in the absence of other carbohydrates. PMID- 3751579 TI - Serotyping of Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus and C. fetus subsp. venerealis by passive hemagglutination technique based on soluble autoclaved antigens. AB - Antigens for sensitization of sheep erythrocytes were released from C. fetus subsp. fetus and C. fetus subsp. venerealis suspensions by autoclaving in alkaline and neutral saline and by boiling in alkaline but not in neutral saline. Serotyping with rabbit antisera showed the same two serotypes of O-antigens, A and B, as shown by tube agglutination of heated bacteria. All C. fetus subsp. venerealis strains had the A antigen. The C. fetus subsp. fetus strains tested had either the A or B antigen. All ten human isolates tested were of the A type. PMID- 3751580 TI - Chemical composition and biological properties of a lipopolysaccharide from Bacteroides intermedius. AB - Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) from an oral strain of Bacteroides intermedius was isolated by phenol extraction and purified by ultracentrifugation and gel filtration. The preparation was essentially free from contaminating nucleic acid and protein. The LPS contained rhamnose, fucose, mannose, glucose, galactose, glucosamine, and an unidentified sugar (approximate molar ratios 9:1:6:3:1:7:2). Neither heptose nor 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate was detected. The major fatty acids were 3-hydroxy-15-methylhexadecanoic acid and 3 hydroxyhexadecanoic acid. The LPS was homogeneous with regard to molecular size, and its polysaccharide chain appeared short compared to the E. coli 055 LPS which was used as reference. A molecular weight of approximately 7,800 was estimated from gas chromatography data and by gel filtration in the presence of sodium deoxycholate. The B. intermedius LPS demonstrated low potency in the Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay, and in the chick embryo and mouse lethality tests and gave negative response in the local Shwartzman reaction. PMID- 3751581 TI - A staphylococcal alpha-toxin fragment. Its characterization and use for mapping biologically-active regions of alpha-toxin. AB - A fragment (alpha-13) of Staphylococcal alpha-toxin was compared with intact alpha-toxin as regards biochemical and biological properties, and the resulting information was used for mapping biologically-active regions of alpha-toxin. The alpha-13 fragment had an apparent Mr of 18,500, judged by sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. However, it showed the same relative mobility as alpha-toxin when subjected to gel filtration on Biogel P60, high pressure liquid chromatography or electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gradient gel. The fragment had roughly the same specific hemolytic activity as intact alpha-toxin. In contrast to intact alpha-toxin, the fragment was neither membrane-damaging to mouse adrenocortical (Y 1) tumour cells nor lethal to mice. However, a short treatment of Y 1 cells with the fragment completely blocked intoxication by subsequently-added alpha-toxin. Likewise, the lethal effect of alpha-toxin was inhibited when the fragment was injected prior to the toxin. Thus, the fragment had lost the active region(s) responsible for Y 1 cell intoxication and lethality, while the region(s) for binding to these targets, as well as the region responsible for hemolysis, were retained. On the basis of these findings and previous reports concerning tryptic fragments of alpha-toxin, a hypothetical map of the different biologically-active regions of alpha-toxin was established. PMID- 3751582 TI - Group JK diphtheroid bacteremia. The successive isolation of an antibiotic susceptible and an antigenically different multi-resistant strain. AB - A 71-year-old man with a permanent, subcutaneously implanted, intra-cardial pacemaker suffered from prolonged bacteremia with an antibiotic-susceptible group JK diphtheroid rod. He died in spite of the formation of specific serum antibody and parenteral treatment with ampicillin, cephradine and gentamicin. A second multi-resistant, but otherwise similar group JK strain was isolated post-mortem from the aseptically removed pacemaker electrode tip. The susceptible and the multi-resistant strains differed antigenically in crossed immunoelectrophoresis assays, and fatty acid isomer patterns were dissimilar. The theory that a multi resistant group JK clone emerged by simple mutation in susceptible, indigenous group JK skin flora is rejected. The concept of major structural differences among group JK bacteria, possibly affecting cell-wall permeability, is supported. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis is suggested as a means for strain comparison in epidemiological surveys. Vancomycin is regarded as the antibiotic of choice for the treatment of potentially fatal, deep-seated infections. PMID- 3751583 TI - Same-day confirmation of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia by a thermonuclease test. AB - A test to detect thermostable DNase activity (TDNase test) was evaluated for rapid confirmation of S. aureus bacteraemia, using toluidine blue O DNA agar plates for the testing. A total of 226 blood cultures which grew bacteria were examined. S. aureus was identified in 76 of the cultures. All of the S. aureus isolates showed positive TDNase test after 2 h of incubation of the test plates. The remaining isolates examined, most of them coagulase-negative staphylococci, showed a negative test. The TDNase test enables reliable same-day confirmation of S. aureus bacteraemia. PMID- 3751584 TI - Optimal conditions for the opsonophagocytosis test with Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes 3, 6A, 7F and 19F and human granulocytes. AB - There are great variations in test systems used to measure pneumococcal opsonophagocytosis; therefore, in the present study, a detailed analysis of the human granulocyte opsonophagocytosis test with pneumococci was made. Variables affecting the test were evaluated. These were the amount of bacteria, the amount of antipneumococcal antibody and complement in the test. Correlation between phagocytosis percentage (percentage of cells taking part in the phagocytosis) and phagocytosis index (mean amount of bacteria phagocytosed per cell) was shown. The conclusion is that, after precise test-adjustment, weak phagocytosis is better detected by phagocytosis percentage and high phagocytosis activity is best shown by phagocytosis index. PMID- 3751585 TI - The tissue distribution of NK-9 positive lymphoid cells including NK and AK cells and their precursors. AB - The distribution of NK-9 antigen presenting cells in human lymphoid tissues including spleen, tonsil, lymph node, and thymus was studied. The staining were done on formalin-fixed, histological sections. In peripheral blood NK-9 antigens are expressed on allospecific (CTL) and nonspecific (NK and AK) cytotoxic lymphocytes. In lymphoid tissues, the distribution of NK-9 positive cells was definitely different from "normal" T cell distribution, measured by pan T monoclonal markers. In tonsils and lymph nodes NK-9 positive cells were mainly located in and around germinal centers. However, only a proportion of these areas were NK-9 positive. In spleen NK-9 positive cells were located mainly in periarteriolar lymphocyte sheats and in germinal centers. Thymuses were practically NK-9 negative. These results support the earlier suggestions that cytotoxic cells take part in the immunoregulation in lymphoid tissues. PMID- 3751586 TI - Duration of delayed-type autoimmunity against arterial vessel-wall antigens following acute hypertensive damage to arterial vessels in rats. AB - Acute hypertensive damage to small arteries and arterioles in rats was induced by intravenous injections of Hypertensin. The in vitro immunological method of the agarose migration technique was used to demonstrate delayed-type autoimmunity against arterial vessel-wall antigens. By this technique the autoimmunity could be demonstrated for about 16 weeks after the acute hypertensive damage to the arterial vessels. The results of the autoimmunity were given as migration indices. These were lowest during the first 4-5 weeks after the damage to the vessels whereupon they showed higher and higher values, and finally the migration indices were identical with those of the control rats after about 16 weeks. PMID- 3751587 TI - Intrathecal synthesis of antibodies to staphylococcal antigens in multiple sclerosis patients. AB - Human serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) antibodies against three staphylococcal antigens were measured using the ELISA technique. Antibody levels in sera from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) were lower than those found in sera from patients with other neurological diseases (OND) and from healthy individuals (N). The CSF antibody mean titres for patients with relapsing remittent MS were about twofold higher than those found for the other groups. Both serum and CSF antibodies were of the IgG class while IgM could only be detected in serum samples. Elevated IgG-indexes, indicating intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis, were found only among individuals in the MS patient groups. Some of the patients also had elevated indexes of specific antibodies to the staphylococcal antigens used, i.e. lipoteichoic acid (LTA), peptidoglycan (PG) and beta-ribitol teichoic acid (beta-RTA). This indicates that some MS patients have synthesized staphylococcal antibodies intrathecally. PMID- 3751588 TI - [Synthesis of octahydroindolo [2,3-a] quinolizine derivatives]. PMID- 3751589 TI - [Structure of rabdophyllin H]. PMID- 3751590 TI - [Application of orthogonal function spectrophotometry to the determination of total diterpene orthoesters in yuanhua (Daphne genkwa Sieb. et Zucc.) root injection]. PMID- 3751591 TI - [Studies on factors affecting the disintegration of a compound tablet of aminopyrine and phenacetin]. PMID- 3751592 TI - [Studies on a new sampling scheme by variables for the content uniformity of tablets]. PMID- 3751593 TI - [Morphological and histological studies on the Chinese medicinal aconite roots, caowu group]. PMID- 3751594 TI - [Studies on uranium mobilization agents. II. Synthesis of polyaminopolycarboxylic acid amides with catechol moieties]. PMID- 3751595 TI - [The sandwich ELISA for the thrombin-like enzyme of Agkistrodon acutus venom]. PMID- 3751596 TI - [Effects of fluorocarbon emulsion on the cardiovascular system]. PMID- 3751597 TI - [Study on the pharmacokinetics of phenithionate after a single oral dose in rats by the quantitative TLC scanning technic]. PMID- 3751598 TI - [Effects of estrone and 16, 17-pyrazoleestrone on estrogen receptor of the rat uterus]. PMID- 3751599 TI - Liver parameters during administration of a combined contraceptive pill and its components. PMID- 3751600 TI - [Disintegrating- and hardness-increasing effect of Avicel PH 101S]. PMID- 3751601 TI - [Interaction between phentolamine and adenosine in the guinea pig atrial muscle]. PMID- 3751602 TI - Ouabain binding of the rat's heart muscle cells after neonatal glucocorticoid (triamcinolone) treatment. AB - In adult rats the ouabain-sensitive ATP-ase activity of the heart muscle as well as the amount of specifically bound 3H-ouabain decreased by 1/3 as a result of a single triamcinolone treatment undertaken in the neonatal period. Neonatal ouabain treatment did not alter the triamcinolone binding of the thymus of adult animals. The experiments again call attention to the phenomenon that the steroid hormones, even though specific for their target cells, are able to induce "alien" imprinting when administered in the neonatal period. They are also able to bind to steroid receptors of other cells altering, thereby, the responsiveness of these cells in adulthood. PMID- 3751603 TI - Embryonic survival in mice exposed to X-rays during the preimplantation period. AB - The intrauterine development of embryos after exposure of mice to X-rays during the preimplantation period of gestation was investigated. Porton mice were whole body-X-irradiated with a single dose of 500 R on the first, second, third or fourth day of the preimplantation period of pregnancy. Uterine contents were examined on the nineteenth day of gestation. As compared to non-irradiated control, in the uteri of irradiated female mice, a smaller number of live 19-day old fetuses and a greater number of resorptions and non-implanted embryos were confirmed. Not all irradiated females had live 19-day-old fetuses in the uteri. Taking into consideration mice in whose uteri live fetuses were found, smaller mean numbers of 19-day-old fetuses in the uterus were calculated in irradiated females than in non-irradiated control. The adverse effects of X-irradiation in the preimplantation period depended upon the day on which the pregnant females were irradiated. These effects were most apparent in the case when the mice were irradiated on the first and third days of pregnancy, and less apparent after X irradiation of females on the fourth and second days of gestation. PMID- 3751604 TI - Changes in the rat's motor behaviour during 4-hr inhalation exposure to prenarcotic concentrations of benzene and its derivatives. AB - Group motility was recorded continuously in male rats during the inhalation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-, m- and p-xylene vapours. The solvents were applied in at least six concentrations, up to those inducing anaesthesia. Minimum narcotic concentrations (ppm) were: 5940 (benzene), 3590 (toluene), 2180 (ethyl benzene), 2180 (0-xylene), 2100 (m-xylene), and 1940 (p-xylene). The results indicate that prenarcotic concentrations of these structurally related aromatic hydrocarbons and also the xylene isomers elicit qualitatively and quantitatively different acute behavioral effects. Except o-xylene which caused depression only the agents produced bell-shaped concentration-action curves characteristic of the biphasic effect, i.e., activation at lower and depression at higher concentrations. The curves differed in form and magnitude depending on the stimulatory potency and on the range of effective concentrations. Based on arbitrary assessment of central excitation, the five aromatics may be ranked as follows: benzene and toluene (striking activation), p-xylene (marked activation), ethylbenzene (moderate activation), m-xylene (slight activation). At the same time, high degree of motor incoordination, and in the case of benzene and p xylene, also marked tremor could be seen. PMID- 3751605 TI - Oxygen uptake during early life in the fresh water fish, Esomus danricus (Ham) (Pisces, Cypriniformes). AB - O2 uptake in Esomus danricus has been determined in relation to body weight, length and thickness of the water-blood diffusion barrier at 27-28 degrees C temperature. Total O2 consumption in larvae was 1311 ml/kg/h but decreased significantly in juvenile fishes (720 ml/kg/h). The increase in the thickness of water-blood diffusion barrier at the secondary gill lamellae of the fish was found to be an important factor for the decrease in VO2. Logarithmic analyses of data for O2 uptake in relation to body weight gave a slope of 0.8865 for larvae and 0.5053 for juveniles. The exponent values of O2 uptake against diffusion barrier for larvae and juveniles were 1.7383 and 2.0956, respectively. The results obtained indicated that fish have an extra device which helps in extracting about 24% of the total VO2 required for the fulfilment of the metabolic oxygen demand of the body. PMID- 3751607 TI - Oestrus suppression in wild mice: source of pheromonal cue. AB - Regularly cycling female mice attained anoestrus when they were exposed to voided urine or to urine directly collected from the bladder of intact females. In contrast, the urine of spayed females or the clitoral gland homogenate from intact females was found ineffective in suppressing oestrus. The findings thus clearly elucidate the presence of an oestrous-suppressing pheromone in the urine of intact females whether voided or collected directly from the bladder and confirm the oestrogen dependence of the pheromone. Clitoral glands do not seem to have a role in production of this pheromone. PMID- 3751606 TI - A study on the tonotopic organization in the auditory cortex of the cat; an application of the glycine labelling method. AB - 3H-glycine was locally applied to the auditory cortex of chloralose anaesthetized cats. Upon tonal stimulation the 3H-glycine was taken up and incorporated into the proteins of nerve cells. The selectively activated neurons were visualized by serial light microscopic autoradiography. Systematic application of this experimental setup revealed tonotopic organization in the primary auditory cortex. The distribution of nerve cells responding to spectrally pure, continuous tones of 0.34, 3.3, 8.0, 16 and 30 kHz was mapped. At these frequencies, distinct but overlapping representations were found, whose area increased in parallel with the elevation of frequencies. Tone pips and ramp stimuli resulted in generalized labelling, independently of pitch. PMID- 3751608 TI - Infusion of amino acids decreases the hyperglycaemic effect of per- and postoperative glucose infusion: an experimental study in the rabbit. AB - The effects on blood glucose concentration of 10% glucose with amino acid solution at low (18%) and high (25%) concentration of branched chain amino acids were studied, two days after laparotomy in fasted rabbits. During the whole study period, saline infusion was associated with normoglycaemia. Among the other infusion combinations peroperative infusion of amino acid solution high in branched chain amino acids with 10% glucose was the least hyperglycaemic. An amino acid solution low in branched chain amino acids with 10% glucose had the lowest hyperglycaemic effect 24 hours postoperatively. After 48 hours an infusion of 10% glucose produced the weakest hyperglycaemia. In preoperatively and 24 hours postoperatively 10% glucose was more hyperglycaemic than 10% glucose with the two amino acid solutions. After 24 and 48 hours, infusion of 10% glucose with amino acids high in branched chain amino acids was more hyperglycaemic than 10% glucose with amino acids low in branched chain amino acids. PMID- 3751609 TI - Study of binding of twelve cephalosporins to human serum albumin by fluorescent probe technique. AB - The binding constants and per cent binding of twelve cephalosporins to human serum albumin were determined using a fluorescence probe method. Binding is enhanced by hydrophilic substitutions on the basic molecules. PMID- 3751610 TI - Effect of plaster-cast immobilization on the bone. AB - Plaster-cast of the right hind limb resulted in immobilization osteoporosis in rats. The alteration was characterized by loss of the bony substance as well as by a partial transformation of lamellar bone to primordial osseous tissue. In the basis of histological and histomorphometric findings, an accelerated osteoclastic activity, an increased osteocytic osteolysis and a decreased ossification are responsible for the observed changes. PMID- 3751611 TI - Postnatal development of progeny after 5-HT and/or 32P treatment of mice on the first day of gestation. AB - C57B mice were injected intraperitoneally with 5-HT (serotonin-creatinine sulphate) in a dose of 40 mg/kg body weight and/or radioactive phosphorus in the form of natrium orthophosphate Na2H32PO4 in a dose of 1 microCi/g body weight, on the first day of gestation. Litter size of newborns as well as growth and mortality of progeny during the postnatal thirty days were determined. As compared with controls, the litter size of newborns was smaller in mice treated with 32P or 5-HT; the smallest one was found in those injected with 5-HT and 32P. The sex ratio of newborns was disturbed only, in animals treated with 5-HT. The mortality of progeny during the postnatal thirty days occurred only in mice injected with 32P. Body weight of the progeny throughout this period, in relation to the controls, was lower in mice injected with 5-HT and 32P, and also in those treated with 32P only, but greater during lactation in those treated with 5-HT. Under these experimental conditions, 5-HT did not show a radioprotective role. PMID- 3751612 TI - Distribution and daily fluctuation of the available glucocorticoid binding sites in different areas of the quail brain. AB - The distribution and daily fluctuation of available glucocorticoid binding sites was studied in the brain of the quail Coturnix coturnix japonica, under physiological circumstances. A high level of triamcinolone acetonide binding was observed in some limbic structures (hippocampus and archistriatum), in the nucleus medialis and lateralis posterioris hypothalami and in the cerebellar cortex. The daily fluctuation of the available glucocorticoid binding sites in the preoptic area, hippocampus, archistriatum and cerebellar cortex can be described with a curve antiphased to the daily rhythm of plasma corticosterone concentration and seems to be synchronized by the plasma corticosterone level. PMID- 3751613 TI - Independence of postprandial serum gastrin concentrations on gastric emptying rate in healthy subjects. AB - Changes in serum gastrin concentration after ingestion of meals containing 5 g of guar gum or 5 g wheat flour were studied in 15 healthy subjects for up to 120 minutes postprandially. The results showed that the postprandial gastrin response was independent of changes in gastric emptying rate. A two-fold increase in serum gastrin concentration prevailed for 60 to 90 minutes postprandially. In addition, was serum gastrin concentration was independent of the amount of food in the stomach. PMID- 3751614 TI - Changes of small bowel motility and noradrenaline content of the intestinal wall in response to alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade in dog. AB - In experiments on dogs, the spontaneous movements of the small bowel were in all cases enhanced by the alpha 2-blocker phentolamine, while they were not influenced, or were slightly decreased, by the beta 1-blocker practolol. Neither drug caused a change in the noradrenaline content of the intestinal wall. In the same animals, the joint administration of phentolamine and practolol led to a considerable increased small bowel motility, and to a significant decrease in the noradrenaline level of the intestinal wall. The results are in agreement with experimental data indicating that presynaptic alpha-receptors play a primary role in the sympathetic regulation of small bowel motility. PMID- 3751615 TI - Isolation and identification of prostaglandins of the E and F series in testes and semen of lowland-black-white breed of bulls. AB - The prostaglandins of E and F series were obtained from testes and semen of sexually mature bulls of lowland-black-white breed. From 1 g of fresh testes tissue we obtained 7.01 X 10(-9) M prostaglandin of the F series (PGF) and 20.65 X 10(-9) M prostaglandin of the E series (PGE): from 11 of semen 3.28 X 10(-6) M of PGF and 10.58 X 10(-6) M of PGE were obtained as well. The prostaglandins thus obtained displayed biological activity in experiments on the isolated small intestine of the rabbit. PMID- 3751616 TI - Measurement of platelet monoamine oxidase activity in healthy human volunteers. AB - Platelet MAO activity of 176 healthy volunteers was studied. Activity of the enzyme was found intraindividually stable, repeated measurements in the same individuals performed 3 weeks and one year later revealed only minimum changes. Platelet MAO activity was found to be significantly higher in females than in males. No age dependence of the measured values could be demonstrated. Enzyme activity values determined with different substrates showed a significant positive correlation. A significant activation of the enzyme was found after the addition of platelet poor plasma to the platelet preparation. PMID- 3751617 TI - Myocardial injuries mediated by free oxygen radicals. AB - Dog experiments were performed to establish the lipid peroxidation of heart tissue (measured by formation of malone-dialdehyde--MDA) and the natural scavenger action (measured by determination of superoxide dismutase--SOD and of reduced glutathione--GSH). Experimental groups were: control dogs having intact heart, dogs ventilated with hypoxic gas (N2O and O2 at a ratio of 10:1) for 1, 2 and 3 hours and dogs having acute coronary ligature for 1, 2, 3 and 24 hours. Acute hypoxia caused a gradual increase of MDA concentration, a moderate increase of the GSH level and a sharp decrease in SOD activity. In ischaemic heart tissue, these changes were very distinctive. High MDA values were found after 3 hours. GSH level and SOD activity decreased continually. Increased MDA formation indicates breakdown of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the membranes, decreased GSH and SOD levels indicate impairment of the natural scavenging, clearly outlining the extent of disintegration of the membrane structure and function due to the effect of toxic free oxygen radicals. PMID- 3751618 TI - Heavy metal pollutant induced changes in some biochemical parameters in the freshwater fish Clarias batrachus L. AB - The data on the effects of Hg(II), As(V) and Pb(II) on the biochemical parameters of the freshwater fish. Clarias batrachus L., showed an increased protein content in the liver, kidney, stomach, intestine, testis and ovary, and a decreased content of it in the muscle as compared to control values. A decrease in dry weight and an increase in free amino acid and tissue permeability were recorded in all the organs after treatment with Hg(II), As(V) and Pb(II). In general, the organs were affected by the treatments in the order: Pb(II) greater than As(V) greater than Hg(II) and their effects were pronounced in the liver and kidney, followed by intestine, stomach, muscle, testis and ovary of the species. PMID- 3751619 TI - Obesity induced by kainic acid microlesion in the ventromedial hypothalamus in rats. AB - The neurotoxin kainic acid was injected bilaterally into the ventromedial hypothalamus of female rats in doses of 100 or 200 ng. The injections produced microlesions which led to progressive body weight gain and fat deposition in dose dependent manner. The histological examination revealed that the lesions were mainly located in the region between the ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei and the fornix. PMID- 3751620 TI - Depressant action of Ca-antagonists on slow action potentials in guinea pig ventricular muscles. AB - The depressant action of four Ca antagonists, including a novel drug, tiapamil, on Ca channels was investigated using a conventional microelectrode technique. "All or none" slow action potentials were recorded in K+-depolarized guinea-pig papillary muscles. Verapamil and diltiazem decreased the amplitude and maximum rate of rise (Vmax) of the slow action potentials at concentrations up to 2 microM. The depressant effect of a novel Ca-antagonist, tiapamil, on the slow action potentials was as marked as that of verapamil and diltiazem. However, prenylamine was less potent than the other 3 drugs. In addition, the action of all drugs on the slow action potentials was enhanced as the frequency of stimulation was increased between 0.0083 and 1 Hz. It was concluded that tiapamil, as verapamil and diltiazem, produced a frequency-dependent blockade of the slow Ca channel. PMID- 3751621 TI - Effect of lignocaine on intestinal smooth muscle of rat ileum. AB - The effect of lignocaine on tone and contractility of intestinal smooth muscle, and on contractures produced by ACh or TEA, was studied in isolated ileum of the rat. Lignocaine (0.1-100 microM) produced concentration-dependent contractures in the rat ileum. In low concentrations, lignocaine increased the amplitude of spontaneous contractions and contractions produced by transmural stimulation. High concentrations of lignocaine abolished all contractile responses and produced a marked contracture in rat ileum. Lignocaine (10 microM) also reduced the contractures produced by ACh (0.01-10 microM). In contrast, the contractures produced by TEA (0.1-10 mM) were markedly increased by lignocaine. Furthermore, the contracture produced by lignocaine was reduced by lowering the external calcium from 2.5 mM to 1.5 mM. It was concluded that lignocaine in moderate and high concentrations produces a contracture in rat intestinal smooth muscle. Whereas lignocaine reduces the ACh-induced contracture, it increases that produced by TEA in the same preparation. The results further suggest that lignocaine modifies cholinergic responses and affects excitation-contraction coupling in rat intestinal smooth muscle. PMID- 3751622 TI - Modulation of visual excitability cycles in some brain structures by high frequency stimulation of raphe dorsal nucleus in cats. AB - The effect of high-frequency electrical stimulation of the raphe dorsal nucleus on the excitability cycles of the visual evoked potentials was studied. The evoked potentials to flash stimuli were recorded simultaneously in the lateral geniculate nucleus, centrum medianum, mesencephalic reticular formation, visual and associative parietal cortical areas. During stimulation of the raphe dorsal nucleus a facilitation of the visual excitability cycles in all structures studied occurred as compared to the cycles obtained before the stimulation. The analysis of the excitability cycles of the main two or three components of the visual evoked potentials revealed that the nonspecific structures were likely more involved in this activating effect than the specific ones. The data suggest that the raphe dorsal nucleus is involved in the modulation of the excitability of the visual afferent pathway and that this modulation after high-frequency stimulation of the nucleus is probably related to the increased excitability level in the nonspecific brain structures. PMID- 3751623 TI - Effects of alcohol aqueous extract from Rhodiola rosea L. roots on learning and memory. AB - The effect of alcohol-aqueous extract (1:1) from Rhodiola rosea L. roots on the processes of learning and memory is studied on rats. Several methods of active avoidance with negative and positive reinforcements are used, as well as of passive avoidance. Using the maze-method with negative (punitive) reinforcement, it has been found that Rhodiola extract in a single dose of 0.10 ml per rat essentially improves learning and retention after 24 hours. Significant improvement of the long-term memory is also established in memory tests after 10 day treatment with the same dose of the extract. In the other two doses tested (0.02 and 1.0 ml per rat) the extract has no substantial effect on learning and memory. In a dose of 0.10 ml per rat the Rhodiola extract had a favourable effect on the training process using the "staircase" method with positive (food) reinforcement as well. With the other methods used (active avoidance method with negative reinforcement "shuttle-box" and passive avoidance methods "step down" and "step through") Rhodiola extract in the dose used (0.10 ml per rat) had no substantial effect on learning and memory (a certain deterioration of the training process was even observed using the "shuttle-box" method, while the "step-down" method resulted in deterioration of the memory). The great significance of the method used for studying the effects of the pharmacological agents on learning and memory for the results obtained is evident. PMID- 3751624 TI - The effects of aspirin, indomethacin and their copper complexes on phospholipase activity and on lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes. AB - Aspirin and indomethacin decreased the hydrolysis of microsomal phospholipids by exogenous soluble phospholipase A2 and increased lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes. Copper chelates of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs tested more strongly decreased the activity of soluble phospholipase A2 as compared to the ligands. In contrast to the stimulant effects of aspirin and indomethacin these chelates exerted dose-dependent inhibitory effects on enzymatic and non enzymatic lipid peroxidation. The effects of CuSO4 were similar to those of Cu(II)-aspirin and Cu(II)-indomethacin. Bathocuproine sulfonate, a specific chelator for Cu+, completely prevented the inhibitory effects of copper complexes and of CuSO4 both on lipid peroxidation and on microsomal NADPH-oxidation. Therefore, cupric ions, free or chelated, as well as their reduction to Cu+ by microsomes did not affect the activity of NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 reductase. These data are explained by drug-induced changes in the membrane structure as well as by the redox cycling of cupric ions in the copper complexes of aspirin and indomethacin and the subsequent and/or simultaneous interaction of Cu2+/Cu+ with some component(s) of the reaction medium. PMID- 3751626 TI - Effect of chronic copper loading on the activity of rat liver antioxidative enzymes. AB - The activity of antioxidative enzymes SOD, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and the related glutathione reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADPH isocitrate dehydrogenase was examined in liver cytosol and large granule fraction (mitochondria) from control and copper-loaded rats. An increase of SOD activity (more than 100%) and a decrease of both catalase (by 60%) and glutathione peroxidase activity (by 30%) in large granule fraction were observed after copper loading. The cytosolic glutathione peroxidase activity was also markedly decreased: glutathione peroxidase I (EC 1.11.1.9)--by 35% and glutathione peroxidase II (EC 2.5.1.18)--by 75%. Cytosolic catalase activity and the glutathione reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADPH-isocitrate dehydrogenase activities in cytosol and in mitochondria of copper-loaded rats were unchanged. It is concluded that under chronic copper loading the primary mechanisms of copper toxicity are accompanied by disturbances of the antioxidative enzyme function. PMID- 3751625 TI - Heterogeneity of copper-induced superoxide dismutase in rat liver lysosomes. AB - Preparations of liver large granule fraction from control and copper-injected rats were treated with digitonin (0.01-0.16 mg/mg protein) and supernatants rich in lysosomal matrix and in mitochondrial intermembrane space were obtained. After copper injection the superoxide dismutase activity in all supernatants was significantly increased. The granular CuZn-superoxide dismutase in the two animal groups was localized in lysosomes only. The cytosolic and lysosomal CuZn superoxide dismutase in control preparations showed an equal electrophoretic pattern (two peaks with Rf = 0.42 and 0.47). After copper injection three new electrophoretic peaks of the lysosomal CuZn-superoxide dismutase activity (with Rf = 0.37, 0.52 and 0.62 respectively) appeared. The increased heterogeneity of the granular CuZn-superoxide dismutase activity after copper injection is explained by the oxidative degradation of the CuZn-superoxide dismutase in lysosomes. PMID- 3751627 TI - Binding of cytosol 3H-17, beta-estradiol to cytosol receptors in the liver of female rats. AB - The article is a study of the specific binding of 3H-17, beta-estradiol to cytosol receptors in the liver of female, sexually mature albino rats: sham operated, ovariectomized and treated after the ovariectomy with 17-beta-estradiol (in doses of 20 micrograms/100 g body weight for 11 days). The binding of the labelled hormone in the liver cytosol isolated from ovariectomized rats is considerably reduced compared with the sham-operated animals. In the cytosol from the liver of the estradiol-treated rats the formation of a hormone-receptor complex is substantially increased compared with the ovariectomized animals. It is assumed that the formation of estradiol-receptor complexes in the liver depends on the concentration of the cytosol receptors, which is determined by the concentration of oestrogens in the blood. PMID- 3751628 TI - Changes of adrenal vasopressin during hemorrhagic shock in rats with hereditary diabetes insipidus (Brattleboro strain). AB - The adrenal gland of the Brattleboro rat contains AVP-like immunoassayable material in amounts equal to those of the normal Long Evans animal--6.180 ng/g fresh tissue in LE and 6.108 ng/g fresh tissue in the Brattleboro rats. After an activation of sympathetic NS and vasopressin secretion by hemorrhagic shock, the adrenal AVP-like material in LE increased by 54% and in Brattleboro rats--by 58%. After hemorrhagic shock plasma AVP in LE rats increased 3.5 fold, but in Brattleboro rats remained undetectable. The possible physiological role of adrenal AVP was discussed. PMID- 3751629 TI - Capillary permeability in rat hindquarters as determined by estimations of capillary reflection coefficients. AB - Osmotic reflection coefficients (sigma) for a variety of solutes ranging from NaCl to albumin were determined in perfused maximally vasodilated rat hindquarters employing the osmotic transient method (Vargas & Johnson 1964). Measurements were performed at high flows and using short tubings with small volumes. Intracapillary solute concentrations of the osmotic transients were measured or estimated for solutes of the size of inulin or smaller. The PS for Cr EDTA and cyanocobalamine were determined repeatedly in half of the experiments using an on-line modification of the single injection (indicator diffusion) method (Rippe & Stage 1978) and capillary filtration coefficients (CFC or LpS) were followed in all experiments. The capillary osmotic reflection coefficient was determined to 0.05 for NaCl, to 0.08 for sucrose, to 0.39 for inulin, to 0.57 for myoglobin and to 0.87 for albumin. These reflection coefficients were compatible with a 'small pore radius' of approximately 40 A (slit width (w) of approximately 50 A) according to modern hydrodynamic theories for the reflection coefficient and the parallel transcapillary pathway hypothesis. The best fit of the osmotic transient data to current theories for the reflection coefficient occurred if the major portion (86-87%) of the hydraulic conductivity (Lp) was accounted for by this paracellular 'small pore' (slit) pathway and if 3.0-4.1% of Lp could be ascribed to a transcellular pathway (sigma approximately I) while the remaining fraction (10%) of Lp was accounted for by a non-selective paracellular pathway (sigma approximately o); that is, by 'large pores'. PMID- 3751630 TI - Renal overflow of noradrenaline and dopamine to plasma during hindquarter compression and thoracic inferior vena cava obstruction in the dog. AB - Efferent renal nerve activity was assessed by measurements of the overflow of endogenous noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) to plasma in the kidney. To obtain correct estimates of the renal contribution to the renal venous outflow of NA and DA, corrections for the renal extraction of catecholamines in arterial plasma were performed by use of tracer amounts of [3H]NA. Hindquarter compression (previously known to cause a neurogenically mediated blood pressure elevation) increased the concentrations of NA, adrenaline and DA in arterial and renal venous plasma. The renal overflow of NA increased from 83.7 +/- 32.0 to 361.3 +/- 119.4 pmol min-1 (P less than 0.05) during hindquarter compression. When compared to the renal NA overflow during electrical renal nerve stimulation, this corresponds to an increase in average renal nerve impulse activity from approximately 0.4 to 1.6 Hz. Hindquarter compression also increased the renal overflow of DA to plasma. When venous return to the heart was reduced by obstruction of the thoracic inferior vena cava, the mean arterial blood pressure fell and all catecholamines in plasma increased gradually during the first 10 min of obstruction. The renal overflow of NA was only slightly increased, indicating a minor increase in renal nerve activity. The overflow of DA to plasma was not altered by obstruction of the thoracic inferior vena cava. Neither maneuver substantially altered the DA/NA ratio for renal overflow rates or for renal venous plasma concentrations indicating that there was no preferential activation of either noradrenergic or putative dopaminergic nerve fibres. PMID- 3751631 TI - Regional differences in evoked response latencies in the cat motor cortex (area 4 gamma). AB - The latencies of responses evoked in the cat motor cortex (area 4 gamma) on contralateral forelimb nerve stimulation were measured. In the caudolateral part, the latencies were 4-5 ms on ulnar and superficial radial nerve stimulation. Further, rostromedially the response latencies were longer, 7-9 ms. The latency to-peak of the evoked responses was also measured and showed a parallel increase. In many cases, inflexions could be observed on the rising phase of the evoked potential, indicating that it consisted of several components. In most experiments, four components (I-IV) were observed. Their mean latencies were 4.3, 6.0, 7.2 and 8.5 ms, respectively. The early components were largest in the caudolateral part of area 4 gamma and decreased when recording further rostromedially such that, in the anterior sigmoid gyrus, usually only component IV could be recorded. The findings suggest that the cat motor cortex is functionally divided into regions which can be identified by their peripheral input latencies. PMID- 3751632 TI - Interstitial compliance and transcapillary fluid balance in renal hypertensive rats. AB - Local interstitial fluid volume (IFV) and pressure (IFP) were used to estimate interstitial compliance (= delta IFV/delta IFP) in skin and skeletal muscle of normotensive (NT) and renal hypertensive rats (HT). The IFV was measured as the extravascular 51Cr-EDTA space, and IFP with micropipettes (tip diameter 2-4 microns) connected to a servocontrolled counter-pressure system. After control measurements, overhydration was induced by infusion of saline, 10% of body weight i.v. with or without venous stasis. Alternatively, dehydration was induced by peritoneal dialysis with 20% glucose or by furosemide infusion with or without 24 h fluid deprivation. Control ECV averaged 24.94 and 24.73 ml per 100 g in NT and HT, respectively (P greater than 0.05). Control PV averaged 2.81 and 3.28 ml per 100 g in NT and HT, respectively (P = 0.061), and control IFP was more positive in HT than in NT: 0.4 mmHg in skin (P less than 0.05) and 0.2 mmHg in skeletal muscle (P greater than 0.05). Dehydration changed PV significantly more in HT than in NT (P less than 0.05). The interstitial volume-pressure curve was linear in dehydration and the initial part of overhydration but gradually levelled off, and the maximal rise in IFP was 1-1.5 mmHg in skin and muscle. Interstitial compliance was calculated from the dehydration part of the volume-pressure curve and was in NT 14% per mmHg both in skin and skeletal muscle. In HT, compliance during dehydration was 10.2 and 20.7% reduction in IFV per mmHg fall in IFP in skin and muscle, respectively, not significantly different from corresponding values in NT (P greater than 0.05). We conclude that HT had unaltered ECV and a tendency to higher PV, and that interstitial compliance was not significantly different in normotensive and hypertensive rats. PMID- 3751633 TI - The dipsogenic effect of intracerebroventricular infusion of hypertonic NaCl in the sheep is mediated mainly by the Na ion. AB - In order to examine the importance of the chloride ion in the dipsogenic effect of intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of hypertonic NaCl, the water intake in response to 30-min ICV infusions of hypertonic solutions of different Na salts (0.25 M NaCl, NaI, NaSCN and 0.125 M Na2S2O3), mannitol (0.5 M) and choline chloride (0.25 M) was studied in the sheep. All solutions of the Na salts caused significant water drinking compared with ICV control infusions of isotonic artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), except Na thiosulphate (Na2S2O3), which was much less effective, even after equilibration of its osmolality with the other sodium solutions by adding mannitol (0.125 M Na2S2O3/0.25 M mannitol). An inconsistent and small intake of water was induced by ICV hypertonic mannitol and choline chloride. It is concluded that the dipsogenic effect of ICV infusion of hypertonic NaCl in the sheep is mainly caused by the increased Na rather than the Cl ion concentration or the hyperosmolality in the extracellular fluid of juxtaventricular brain tissue. PMID- 3751634 TI - Temperature-induced changes in metabolic and hormonal responses to intensive dynamic exercise. AB - Seven male subjects performed intensive cycle exercise to exhaustion at subnormal muscle temperature (Tm, 29 +/- 2.8 degrees C). Exercise at exactly the same rate of exercise and duration (370 +/- 34 W, 1.5 +/- 0.15 min) was then repeated with normal Tm (35 +/- 0.9 degrees C). During exercise both the arterial (a) and femoral venous (fv) contents of oxygen were significantly higher at subnormal than at normal Tm, because of the higher haemoglobin concentration, but the a-fv oxygen difference was the same in the two situations. The rate of increase in lactate concentration in both arterial and venous blood during exercise was the same in two situations. During exercise the plasma concentrations of adrenaline and noradrenaline in arterial and venous blood were significantly higher at subnormal than at normal Tm. At rest and after exercise the calf blood flow was significantly reduced at subnormal Tm. At the end of exercise the concentrations of glucose-6-phosphate and lactate in the muscle were significantly higher at subnormal Tm than in the muscle of normal temperature. These findings suggest that there was a greater increase in glycolysis in the muscle of subnormal temperature during exercise, possibly as a result of impaired work efficiency and/or reduced blood flow in the cold muscle. PMID- 3751635 TI - Redistribution of glomerular filtration and renal plasma flow in CNS-induced natriuresis. AB - Infusion of hypertonic sodium chloride solution into the third cerebral ventricle results in a marked increase in renal sodium output, indicating an important regulator of extracellular volume homeostasis. The intrarenal events governing the enhanced excretion have not been thoroughly studied previously. In 12 anaesthetized male rats a stainless steel cannula was introduced stereotaxically into the right lateral cerebral ventricle. Urine volume and excretion rates, Na, K, and osmotically active particles were measured during control infusion of artificial cerebrospinal fluid and during stimulation of central mechanisms with I M NaCl (520 nl min-1). At the end of the stimulation period, regional renal plasma flow (86RbCl) and glomerular filtration rate (51Cr-EDTA) were measured with single injection techniques. A second group of 12 non-stimulated rats served as controls. During ICV stimulation, the urine flow rate increased from 1.8 +/- 0.19 to 6.4 +/- 1.01 microliter min-1 (P less than 0.001). The urinary concentrations of Na and K increased, leading to a rise in the excretion rates of these ions from 0.12 +/- 0.025 to 0.96 +/- 0.352 mumol min-1 (P less than 0.001) and 0.40 +/- 0.083 to 1.70 +/- 0.196 (P less than 0.001), respectively. The osmolar excretion rate was 2.9 +/- 0.35 mu Osm min-1 before stimulation and 9.6 +/- 1.09 higher (P less than 0.001) during stimulation. Simultaneously the inner medullary plasma flow rose two-fold from 0.7 +/- 0.06 to 1.4 +/- 0.12 microliter min-1 tissue (P less than 0.008).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3751636 TI - Intracellular free Mg2+ in Balanus photoreceptor measured with eriochrome blue. AB - Intracellular free Mg2+ (Mgf) in darkness and during illumination was measured in the Balanus photoreceptor using the Mg2+ sensitive dye Eriochrome Blue SE (EB). The EB was pressure injected in the cell and Mgf determined from measurements of absorption changes at 570 nm and 600 nm. Mgf is 1.7 mM in the dark-adapted photoreceptor. There was no indication of a change in Mgf when the cell was illuminated with bright light, indicating that Mgf is not elevated during the phototransduction. Changes less than 5 X 10(-5) M could have occurred and remained undetected. The spectrophotometric properties of the indicator were studied at 10(-4) and 10(-3) M, at ionic conditions relevant to the intracellular measurements. Both the differential molar absorption coefficient for the EB-Mg complex at 600 nm (delta epsilon 600EBMg) and the apparent dissociation constant (KD) for the complex formation were different at 10(-4) and 10(-3) M EB. PMID- 3751637 TI - Effects of blood volume distribution on ventilatory variables at rest and during exercise. AB - Ventilatory variables and heart rate (HR) were investigated in eight supine subjects during dynamic leg exercise at 0 and 100 W with and without the lower portion of the body exposed to a pressure of -50 mmHg (lower body negative pressure, LBNP). Resting values of inspired minute volume (V1), and respiratory drive in terms of mouth occlusion pressure (P0.1) were unchanged, whereas HR was higher during LBNP than in the control condition. Exercise values for HR in steady state were not affected by LBNP, whereas V1 was 15 and 11% lower and P0.1 was 20 and 11% lower in this condition at the 0 and 100 W workload levels, respectively. Time courses for V1 at the onset of 100 W exercise were similar with and without exposure to LBNP, indicating that the sudden increase in venous return occurring upon onset of pedalling during LBNP affords no significant stimulus in the initial development of exercise hyperpnoea. That exercise ventilation and P0.1 in steady state were reduced by LBNP suggests diminished humoral and/or locally induced chemical drive due to improved blood flow in exercising muscles resulting in reduced production of muscle metabolites or facilitation of their removal. PMID- 3751638 TI - On the patterns of blood pressure, heart rate, and blood levels of noradrenaline and adrenaline during haemorrhage in the rat. AB - Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and blood levels of noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (A) were studied in Sprague-Dawley rats during haemorrhage. The bleeding was performed in different ways towards complete exsanguination or into a reservoir kept at a constant pressure of 35 mmHg. Awake, unstressed rats or rats anaesthetized with different anaesthetics were examined. Four different phases in the reaction patterns were observed during bleeding. The first phase with the parameters studied expected to be at steady state, was found to be very shortlasting. Only very small blood volumes could be drawn without giving signs of interference with sympathetic activity. The second phase with signs of increased sympathetic activity, as increased HR, also was very shortlasting. Thereafter the marked third phase followed with signs of evident sympathetic inhibition, involving marked decreases in MAP, HR, and blood levels of NA. The last period, phase four, showed signs of a second period of increased sympathetic activity with increased HR and blood levels of NA (and A). On bleeding into a reservoir for 4 h signs of all four phases could be observed. PMID- 3751639 TI - Afferent projections to human tibialis anterior motor units active at various levels of muscle contraction. AB - The synaptic efficacy of muscle and cutaneous afferents on single tibialis anterior motoneurones in man was derived from changes in the firing probability of single, voluntarily activated, motor units in response to electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves or skin. The motor units were recorded with a Macro EMG electrode. The Macro motor unit potential (Macro MUP) recorded with this electrode reflects the electrical activity of all of the muscle fibres in a single motor unit. The amplitude of the Macro MUP is positively correlated with the recruitment threshold of the unit. Motor units with different Macro MUP amplitudes were examined at approximately the same level of voluntary contraction (less than 20% of maximum). The synaptic efficacy of muscle and cutaneous afferents was similar for units with small and with large Macro MUP amplitudes. Single motor units were examined at several different levels of muscle contraction. There was no consistent change in the facilitation from muscle afferents but there was less facilitation from cutaneous afferents during stronger contractions. This was not simply a consequence of the units faster firing rate. It is concluded that, with increasing voluntary drive to tibialis anterior motoneurones in man, there is a reduction in transmission in the pathways from cutaneous afferents to tibialis anterior motoneurones. There is no evidence that low and high threshold units (judging from their Macro MUP amplitudes) have different afferent connections. PMID- 3751640 TI - [Synthesis and biological effect of various derivatives of 2 imidazolidinoacetonitrile]. PMID- 3751641 TI - [Electrophysiological contributions to the study of attention]. AB - A selective review of electrophysiological studies of attention and attentional behavior is presented. The emphasis is placed on the contribution of cerebral event-related potentials (ERP) (evoked potentials) to the clarification of major issues, such as the role of peripheral versus central mechanisms and testing of hypotheses regarding selective attention. A number of clinical studies dealing mostly with diagnostic applications and therapeutic trials is discussed. The difficulties of interpretation and integration with other sources of knowledge on behavioral physiology are briefly discussed. PMID- 3751642 TI - [The relationship between the physician and the psychotherapist in the treatment of somatic diseases]. AB - Different points of view in regard to psychosomatic approaches to illness are still a deem and questionable matter. Even though recognizing the psychogenic component of certain diseases, it appears that the therapeutic approach to the patient is, as yet, a debatable question, where both physician and psychotherapist, are disputing primacy. The old question of psychogenesis and somatogenesis was displaced to who is the main responsible for the patient's treatment. The psychosomatic old dichotomy became nowadays a physician psychotherapist divergence. Again, the patient ignored as a person and exercising a therapeutic "power" becomes paramount. It becomes again evident the lack of psychological knowledge on the physician's side, as well as rejection of a somatic reality on the psychotherapist's side. The patient finds, in this "external" conflict, an easy way to project his own anxieties in a very self damaging confusing manner, into those who are supposed to be the helpers. It looks like a new, bizarre and distorted edition of the Oedipical conflict, which shall remain unsolved, perpetuating disease. Both professionals reject themselves in several levels. Rivalry, jealousy, envy, and even psychotic aggression come into the picture in disputing the triumph over the sick body. The concept of "bodyness" should be restudied from a psychological and a somatic perspective, in order to allow for an understanding of a real therapeutic endeavour. Relationship physician-psychotherapist will rally be therapeutic when both will be able to diminish fantasies of omnipotence, possessiveness of the patient, and also when both will realize that the patient is also an active participant of the therapeutic process as human being, integrating the dynamic process structuring his/her own personality in a dialectic action with those who can assist and help professionally. PMID- 3751643 TI - [A model of clinical intervention in a mental hospital]. AB - The purpose of this paper is to present a clinical model of intervention in a mental hospital which refers to a psychosocial treatment and rehabilitation program for acute hospitalized psychotic patients. A method of applied research was utilized for the development of the model. The theoretical framework, objectives and areas of the program are described as well as the research and treatment team, the structure and functioning of the program. Some preliminary results and conclusions are also included. PMID- 3751644 TI - [Depression in alcoholic patients]. AB - Eighty-six alcoholic patients in hospital (average age: 44 years, range: 24-60), were evaluated with the Hamilton Scale for depression and it turned out that 57% were non-depressed alcoholic patients and 43% were depressed alcoholic patients, this being a statistically significant difference. In addition, personal and demographic data was obtained which contributed to the object of the study. PMID- 3751645 TI - [16 PF: personality differences between men and women in a Spanish sample]. AB - In this paper we try to examine the hypothesis that there exists differences due to variable sex in the 16 PF (Form A) between two Spanish samples. The first sample consists of 60 general neurotic subjects and the second sample consists of 60 control subjects. The thesis is confirmed, finding in the first sample (general neurotic subjects) significative statistical differences between men and women in the A, G, I, Q3 and Q11 personality factors. In the control sample the differences are found in the A, F, O, Q2, Q1 and Q11 personality factors and in the random scale. PMID- 3751646 TI - The world test: pathological traits in the arrangement of miniature toys. AB - The World Test, according to the rules set by Kamp and Kessler (1970), was administered to 30 children, ranging in age from 10.3 to 11.6 years. Fifteen children (group P) were under residential psychiatric treatment, the other fifteen children (the comparison group C) were recruited from a primary school. Both groups were matched for age and sex. In the children from the P group 8 signs were found more frequently to a significant degree. A sociographic investigation throws some light on the meaning of the two specific signs, which occasionally occurred in the C group. PMID- 3751647 TI - [Dexamethasone suppression test repeated after a suicide attempt]. AB - The authors performed 3 consecutive DSTs in 54 non-endogenous depressives admitted after a suicide attempt. The DST results are not correlated with the lethality of the suicide attempt. Stress and numerous drug interactions are most probably responsible for the high proportion of DST nonsuppressors among our patients. PMID- 3751648 TI - [In unipolar depression does the response to the dexamethasone suppression test predict a symptomatic recurrence after clinical cure?]. AB - We assessed the length and the quality of the remission of 13 unipolar endogenous depressed DST nonsuppressors before treatment in a 2-year prospective study. During this period, we recorded stressful life events. Persistent dexamethasone non-suppression after treatment and complete clinical recovery correlated highly with early clinical relapse. All six nonnormalizers but only one normalizer were rehospitalized within the following two years for a major depressive relapse. Persistent DST nonsuppression was unrelated to any impact of drug discontinuation, to the occurrence of stressful life events or to the length of illness-free intervals in the patient's prior course of illness. Persistent DST non-suppression appears to have a significant prognostic value. PMID- 3751649 TI - The diagnostic performance of the L-tryptophan/competing amino acids ratio in major depression. AB - L-tryptophan (L-TRP), the competing amino acids (CAA) valine and leucine and the cortisol levels taken at 8 a.m. after administration of dexamethasone on the previous day, were determined in 160 patients suffering from depression. The ratio between the L-TRP values and the sum of the competing amino acids was calculated. The clinical relevance of the L-TRP/CAA ratio in the case of major depression (DSM-III) versus minor depression (dysthymic disorder, atypical depression and adaptation disorder with depressive mood) was studied in comparison with the DST. Patients suffering from major depression showed a significantly decreased (p = 0.0006) L-TRP/CAA ratio. The combination of a decreased L-TRP/CAA ratio (cut off point less than or equal to 0.130) or an abnormal DST (cut off point greater than or equal to 3.5 micrograms/dl) is the best criterion which allows 59.0% of the patients suffering from major depression to be identified correctly with a specificity of 90.9%; the above-mentioned criterion permits 70.0% of the patients to be classified correctly into their actual group. PMID- 3751650 TI - [The adult mentally handicapped in psychiatry. Etiologic study with research on the fragile X chromosome]. AB - The origin of mental retardation is up to now largely unknown. The present study stows the traditional diagnosis away and insists on new genetic notions such as the fragile X chromosome. These new methods may offer help and advice to the family of the mentally handicapped. PMID- 3751651 TI - [Cognitive therapies of depression]. AB - Among brief psychotherapies of depression, cognitive therapy, a theoretical model which was proposed by A.T. Beck as early as the sixties, holds that depression comes from a distorted view of the environment: depressed patients view themselves, the world and the future negatively (cognitive triad). This conception is based upon cognitions, preconscious schemes and faulty information processing, that cognitive therapy corrects, using in a pragmatic way cognitive and behavioral techniques requiring an active collaboration of the patient. Cognitive therapy is indicated, alone or combined with anti-depressants, in neurotic depressions (DSM-II) and in most of major depressions (DSM-III) treated on an outpatient basis. Comparative outcome studies prove the effectiveness of cognitive therapy. PMID- 3751652 TI - Severity and duration of obsessive-compulsive complaints. Results of treatment. AB - There is no clear indication of how the severity and duration of obsessive compulsive complaints can affect treatment results. Various studies seem to indicate that success or failure of treatment cannot be attributed to severity and duration of complaints. In this article, a bi-variant model is postulated, representing severity in combination with duration, and treatment results. Relatively short duration and relatively less severe complaints might, taken together, have predictive significance. PMID- 3751653 TI - Hierarchical cluster analysis of emotional concerns and personality characteristics in a freshman population. AB - An investigation was conducted to examine correlates of emotional concerns and personality characteristics in a general freshman population. The scores were analysed using agglomerative and divisive hierarchical clustering methods. The results indicate the presence of a coherent group which concerns emotional factors, and show a distinct user group strongly related to the first group. The data do not determine the importance of various personality factors in influencing emotional concerns. PMID- 3751654 TI - Alcohol and drug addiction in northern Nigeria. AB - This paper shows that the major psychiatric syndromes encountered in the West with the exception of personality disorder and sexual deviation are represented among patients in northern Nigeria. It draws attention to the increasing problem of alcohol and drug (Indian hemp) addiction in a predominantly Moslem society. 17% of the male cases were treated for alcohol or drug addiction. PMID- 3751655 TI - Suicidal communication of persons attempting suicide and responses of significant others. AB - Forty consecutively admitted suicide attempt patients in an intensive care unit, their therapists, and 70 significant others of 37 of the patients, were investigated by means of 300 semi-structured interviews. The patients belonged to three diagnostic groups: neurosis, alcohol and drug abuse, and prepsychosis/psychosis. Thirty-seven of the patients had communicated their suicidal intentions to people around them. All patients used protracted indirect verbal communication. Immediately before the suicide attempt, most of the neurotics continued often to indirect verbal communication, amplified by demanding behaviour. Drug and alcohol abusers, moreover, also employed direct verbal communication, and prepsychosis/psychosis patients indirect non-verbal communication. The majority of significant others understood the patients' suicidal communication and responded with near-total silence. Ambivalence about continuing the relationship characterised most partners of patients in all diagnostic groups, and also persons other than partners in the abuse group. Ambivalence about helping the patient, and aggression expressed by significant others were most prevalent in the abuse group. PMID- 3751656 TI - The dexamethasone suppression test in depressed and non-depressed geriatric medical inpatients. AB - The frequency of an abnormal response to the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) was examined in 38 geriatric patients hospitalized for medical illnesses and affected by depressive disorders diagnosed according to the DSM III, and in 18 medical patients (used as controls) hospitalized in the same ward. Only 11% of the controls and 11% of those affected by dysthymic disorder had an abnormal DST vs 73% of the patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). The sensitivity of the DST for MDD, in this particular setting, was found to be about 73% and the specificity 89%. The importance of this clinical adjunct in diagnosing the severe depressive disorders is discussed. PMID- 3751657 TI - Social determinants of aggression in a sample of Chinese primary school children. AB - The aim of the present study was to relate children's aggression levels to social determinants of interest (i.e., child-rearing measures, day-care attendance, peer group influence, and TV-watching) in a sample of Chinese children in the People's Republic of China. A sample of 290 primary school students (155 boys and 135 girls, mean age 10.3) in grade four in Beijing were investigated using the Multi Faceted Aggression Inventory. The children's parents were asked about child rearing measures and day-care experience for the child. Teachers rated the children's aggression, school achievement level, and membership in the Young Pioneers. Despite acknowledged limitations, the findings in this study gave evidence that according to a person-environment interaction perspective, the Chinese children's individual differences in aggression were influenced by the restricted environment. As aggressive behaviour is undesired and suppressed in the Chinese culture in and outside the home, the Chinese children seemed to show lower levels and less variation of aggression behaviour than children in permissive environments (e.g., Sweden). However, when analysing sex differences in aggression environmental influences alone might not explain the differences. PMID- 3751658 TI - General behavior inventory: measurement of subclinical changes during depression and lithium prophylaxis. AB - A new self-rating scale, the General Behavior Inventory (GBI), was lower in eight controls and 61 patients in remission than in 32 depressed patients. Scores of depressed patients decreased over treatment time. GBI score correlated significantly with the past occurrence of manic plus depressive symptoms per visit and past mean mood shift per visit. PMID- 3751659 TI - An assessment of the Newcastle Anxiety Depression Index. AB - The Newcastle Anxiety and Depression Diagnostic Index (NADDI) has been reviewed, and its advantages and disadvantages discussed. One hundred eighty-seven patients were examined, and grouped into three categories by means of the NADDI, which produced a unimodal distribution of score. These three groups were studied in respect of the Hamilton Depression and SCL-90 self-rating scales. Significant profile differences were found on both scales. Patients with pure anxiety and pure depression were more distressed than the intermediate group of mixed anxiety depressed patients. The NADDI scale items were compared in four clinical groups of primary endogenous, primary nonendogenous depression, generalized anxiety, and panic disorder. Most differences were found when panic disorder was compared to the other three groups, and generalized anxiety disorder received minimal validation. Treatment response was also examined. PMID- 3751660 TI - The Montgomery-Asberg Depression Scale: reliability and validity. AB - The Montgomery-Asberg Depression Scale was evaluated in 44 depressed inpatients. All items of the scale occurred frequently in the sample; the scale exhibited construct validity (internal homogeneity) and concurrent validity relative to the Hamilton Depression Scale and the concepts of endogenous and nonendogenous depression. Sleep disturbance, reduced appetite, and suicidal thoughts, correlated poorly with the remainder of the scale. Reasons for this finding are discussed. Inter-rater reliability was demonstrated between a psychiatrist and a nurse on individual item and total scale scores. PMID- 3751661 TI - Dental anxiety--the development of a measurement model. AB - A more detailed measurement instrument for dental anxiety has been developed. To investigate the dimensionability of the response, two instruments were administered to 452 persons. The first set of items (33) concerned stimuli which might prove fearsome to patients. Some of these were dental specific, others were not. A second instrument (20 items) elicited the anxiety symptoms experienced. By comparing separate Kaiser-Caffrey Alpha Factor Analyses two factors were identified within each instrument. These were labelled "generalized" phobias and "dental specific" phobias; and "endogenous" and "exogenous" (anticipatory) anxiety symptoms. Four scales were constructed using simple summations of highly loaded variables. The scales are quite reliable. Although correlations among the scales proved to be significant they are all quite low, indicating that the four scales give more or less non-redundant information about the patient. The scale had discriminating validity in differentiating between patients who acknowledge experiencing spontaneous panic/anxiety attacks and those who did not. The data confirm that dental fears are relatively independent of other generalized anticipatory fears. The results cast doubt on previously held assumptions regarding the unidimensionality of anxiety. They are consistent with a new classification of anxiety and phobic disorders presented elsewhere. The implications for research and patient management are discussed. PMID- 3751662 TI - Computed tomography and pattern reversal visual evoked potentials in chronic schizophrenic patients. AB - Eighteen chronic schizophrenic subjects treated with a uniform dosage (4-6 mg/day p.o.) of haloperidol were submitted to computed tomography (CT) and to pattern reversal visual evoked potentials (VEPs). Compared to age-matched controls, schizophrenic patients showed lateral and third ventricular enlargement, greatly delayed VEP latencies and reduced amplitudes. These abnormalities were not related to diagnostic subgroups. Schizophrenic patients with a positive family history for major psychiatric disorders showed normal CT scan measures and greatly abnormal VEP measures, whereas patients with a negative family history showed CT scan signs of atrophy and less pronounced VEP abnormalities. PMID- 3751663 TI - Measurements of the perceived ward milieu: a reevaluation of the Ward Atmosphere Scale. AB - From a theoretical perspective the effect of hospital treatment depends on how the ward milieu is perceived by the patients. An objection against the measurement of patient perceptions has been that lack of reliability would invalidate the assessment. To investigate this objection 49 inpatient wards were evaluated with the Ward Atmosphere Scale (WAS). The real ward (WAS-R) scores proved to have acceptable reliability both for patients and for staff. For the ideal ward (WAS-I) scores the reliability was mostly unacceptable for both groups. The content validity of the WAS subscales was found to be acceptable by a group of experienced psychiatrists. Criterion oriented and construct validity were also acceptable, even if the WAS lacks some seemingly important variables. A comparison of WAS scores from four different countries indicated that the WAS has excellent cross-cultural properties. The WAS seems to measure fairly stable aspects of the atmosphere. The WAS scores proved to be fairly stable, even on wards where patients and staff desired considerable changes. PMID- 3751664 TI - Factors influencing the ward atmosphere. AB - On 35 short-term wards the connection between ward atmosphere as perceived by patients and various setting and treatment characteristics was explored by the use of a hierarchical multiple regression analysis. The most important variables proved to be: mean age of patients, percentage of psychotic patients, number of patients, staff turnover rate, and interaction score. A higher mean age of patients was associated with changes in the ward atmosphere preferred by older patients. An increased percentage of psychotic patients and an increased number of patients were associated with changes which were probably anti-therapeutic for psychotic patients. Increased staff turnover was paralleled by changes which were probably unfavourable for both psychotic and nonpsychotic patients. An increased emphasis on interaction was paralleled by changes which were probably beneficial for nonpsychotic patients, but partly unfavourable for psychotic patients. PMID- 3751665 TI - Pathoplastic influences on symptoms of schizophrenia. A comparative study in Libya and Malta. AB - Libya and Malta are Mediterranean neighbours, but have very different cultures and histories. Compared with 97 Libyan schizophrenics who exhibited poor symptomatology, 100 Maltese cases were similar to those of other European countries. PMID- 3751666 TI - Relative activity of metabolic pathways for norepinephrine in endogenous depression. AB - Thirteen patients with endogenous depression, compared to 25 normal controls, had a significantly greater ratio of the urinary excretion of norepinephrine plus its metabolite normetanephrine to either the sum of the two urinary norepinephrine metabolites 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol plus vanillylmandelic acid or to the sum of urinary norepinephrine and all of its metabolites. As urinary levels of norepinephrine and normetanephrine are derived from an extraneuronal metabolic pathway, while levels of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol and vanillylmandelic acid are more representative of total norepinephrine metabolism, these results suggest that there is a shift in endogenous depression to extraneuronal metabolic pathways for norepinephrine and its metabolites. PMID- 3751667 TI - Influence of pregnancy and child-rearing on amphetamine-addicted women. Five-year follow-up after delivery. AB - A group of 69 amphetamine-addicted women who all abused during part of or the whole pregnancy have been followed since the birth of the index child born in 1976 or 1977. Seventeen of the mothers gave up drug abuse in early pregnancy. Ten of these succeeded to stay off drugs and excessive alcohol, while six relapsed into drug abuse. In addition, three women have been off drugs since delivery and 12 for at least 1-3 years. Twelve of the 25 mothers who were drug-free at the end of the period had retained the custody of their children, while 11 mothers who were drug-free at the end of the period had their children placed in foster homes. In contrast to this, 16 drug-using mothers were still caring for their children. A criminal record and a story of psychiatric in-patient care was common, especially among the mothers who had lost custody of their children. On the other hand, mothers who had retained custody more often lived with a drug free man and had regular employment. PMID- 3751668 TI - Depressive disorders in Ethiopia. A standardized assessment using the SADD schedule. AB - Fifty-two depressed patients were selected from out-patients at the psychiatric department of St. Paul's Hospital in Addis Ababa. A clinical assessment on each patient was carried out using a slightly revised SADD schedule. The findings were very similar to those from previous SADD studies in different cultures. The same "core" of depressive symptomatology could be detected in Ethiopian depressed patients. Most patients presented with somatic complaints. An interesting finding was that more women than men admitted aggressive feelings or acts. Remarkably few "culture-specific" data were found, which probably is not surprising when using a diagnostic tool with a cultural bias. Suggestions are put forward to explain the difference in frequency of some symptoms in Ethiopian patients compared with patients from other countries. PMID- 3751670 TI - Clinical aspects of hysteria. AB - This is a clinical study of 80 patients, diagnosed as suffering from hysteria, who attended the psychiatric clinic in Khartoum Hospital over a period of 3 years. The incidence of hysteria was 10%, the female-male ratio 15:1, and young age-groups predominate. 60% were essentially of normal personality. The clinical picture was fairly consistent. Hysterical conversion was the commonest clinical form (76%) and the dissociative type was rare. The patients with recurrent and vague bodily complaints could be labeled as histrionic. PMID- 3751669 TI - Topography and possible physiological significance of EEG amplitude variability in psychosis. AB - The topography and possible physiological significance of EEG average amplitude and amplitude variability in time were examined in 10 chronic psychotic patients and several groups of healthy volunteers. In confirmation of previous reports, the patients showed more slow (5.2-7.6 Hz) activity, particularly in frontal areas, and less alpha rhythm variability in posterior areas, compared to matched controls, chiefly during the resting state, while eye opening, and particularly structural sensory input, made the groups more similar. The same two EEG variables showed significant correlations with ratings of psychopathology, in the expected direction. The EEG amplitude variability is increased by unstructured perception, probably as an expression of readiness or search for structures in the input, and shows persistent topographic patterns over time in individuals. It appears to reflect a functional dimension which is different from the one represented by the average amplitude and is one of several spontaneous oscillatory functions which are diminished in chronic psychosis, perhaps as consequence of prefrontal malfunction. The results suggest a diminished guiding function by the anterior cortex, and a diminished readiness for perception of exogenous structured information, in chronic psychosis. PMID- 3751671 TI - Growth hormone and somatomedin serum levels in patients with major depressive illness undergoing electroconvulsive therapy. AB - Thirty-three patients with major depressive illness received electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), and serum growth hormone (GH) levels were measured 30, min before and 1, 5, 15, 30 and 60 min after treatment. Six of the patients were studied 2 days before the first ECT (ECT-1) while receiving anaesthesia only. The anaesthesia given appeared to depress GH levels, which were significantly lower at 1 and 5 min after ECT than before treatment. When ECT was given there was a recovery of the GH level at 60 min, indicating a stimulatory effect of ECT on GH secretion. In 26 of the patients also investigated during the sixth and last ECT (ECT-6) in a series, no such recovery was observed. This may be due to changes in the sensitivity of intracerebral monoaminergic receptors in neurons controlling GH secretion from the pituitary gland. Since inhibition of GH secretion is mediated via beta-adrenergic pathways, the depression of GH secretion may be due to ECT-induced supersensitivity of postsynaptic beta-adrenergic receptors. In 27 of the patients serum somatomedin A, measured by radioreceptorassay (SMA-RRA), was analysed before ECT-1 and in 19 patients before ECT-6. In seven subjects the SMA-RRA was measured 30 min before and 1, 5, 15, 30, and 60 min after ECT-1. SMA RRA levels were mainly within the normal range for age and did not change during ECT. No difference in SMA-RRA levels was observed before ECT-1 and ECT-6. This indicates that, although abnormalities in the GH-response to challenge stimuli have been reported in adults with major depressive disorder, their GH production is normal. PMID- 3751672 TI - Iohexol and metrizoate in urography of insulin dependent patients. AB - A double blind urographic study with the ionic contrast medium metrizoate or the non-ionic medium iohexol was performed on 69 insulin dependent diabetic patients. Metrizoate caused 24 per cent and iohexol 11 per cent mild adverse reactions and metrizoate a significant decrease in creatinine clearance values. Thus iohexol turned out to be better tolerated by these diabetic patients than metrizoate. PMID- 3751673 TI - Polysorbate 80 and low-osmolality water-soluble contrast medium enema in diagnosis and treatment of faecal obstruction in malignant phaeochromocytoma. Report of a case. AB - Stercoral obstruction in a young woman with disseminated phaeochromocytoma was diagnosed and treated successfully using an enema of isosmolar iohexol (Omnipaque) and 1% polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) without complication. Surgical intervention was thus avoided. A low osmolality water-soluble contrast medium (iohexol 150 mg I/ml) with a wetting agent (1% Tween 80) was used because a barium suspension would have inspissated, exacerbating the constipation and a hyperosmolar contrast medium might have precipitated a hypertensive crisis and destabilized her critical salt and water balance. PMID- 3751674 TI - Selective streptokinase fibrinolysis in femoro-iliac arterial obstruction. AB - Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of iliac and femoral arteries was in 17 patients combined with selective intra-arterial streptokinase treatment. The patients were divided into two groups, one given low dose long-term therapy and the other high dose short-term therapy. The experiences obtained during an observation period of over one year revealed greater benefit from high dose short term therapy. It seems that the major cause of complications must be attributed to the development of a high level of streptokinase antibodies during low dose long-term therapy. PMID- 3751675 TI - Computed tomographic angiography of the liver via the coeliac axis. AB - Sixty computed tomographic angiographic (CTA) examinations of the liver were performed with contrast injection into the coeliac axis. Data from both an arterial and a portal venous phase were recorded. In 41 patients it was possible to compare the results of CTA with palpation of the liver during laparotomy. The results from CTA and laparotomy were the same in 35 patients (85%). In one patient CTA disclosed verified liver lesions not diagnosed at laparotomy. There were 2 false negative and 3 false positive CTA examinations. In the remaining 19 patients, a clinical follow-up period of at least 6 months was used to evaluate the results of CTA. In the 7 patients in whom CTA showed benign lesions or a normal liver parenchyma, the clinical follow-up revealed no evidence of tumour growth in the liver. PMID- 3751676 TI - Elevation of the pharynx and the width of the pharyngo-esophageal segment during swallow. AB - The elevation of the pharynx and larynx at swallowing in 10 patients with a defective relaxation of the cricopharyngeal muscle, was compared with that in 10 normals. The pharynx and larynx moved higher among patients with a defective relaxation of the cricopharyngeal muscle. Therefore, it can be concluded that a defective relaxation of the cricopharyngeal muscle at swallowing has no relationship to a defective pharyngo-laryngeal elevation. PMID- 3751677 TI - Detection of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. The clinical value of a barium examination after food stimulation. AB - In a prospective study a barium examination combined with food stimulation was compared with the acid reflux test in 30 consecutive patients with symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux. Both methods were further compared with endoscopy and histology. Gastro-oesophageal reflux could be demonstrated by the radiologic examination in 22 patients and by the acid reflux test in 23 patients. By combining the two methods gastro-oesophageal reflux could be demonstrated in 27 patients. Comparing the two methods with symptoms, endoscopy, and histology they seemed to be of equal value. Accordingly, a food-stimulated barium examination is recommended as the first method for demonstrating gastro-oesophageal reflux because it is simple and well-tolerated by the patient. PMID- 3751678 TI - Radiologic evaluation of the continent (S-pouch) ileal reservoir with anal anastomosis. AB - A radiologic investigation was performed in 26 patients subjected to colectomy, mucosal proctectomy and endorectal ileo-anal anastomosis after the creation of an ileal reservoir. The patients had suffered from ulcerative colitis or familial polyposis. The reservoir and its efferent leg was best demonstrated by contrast enema. The size and position of the reservoir and the efferent leg was demonstrated, and stenoses, abscesses and fistulae could be identified. Examination of the small bowel with a contrast medium showed slight dilatation of the ileum orally to the reservoir in all instances and one patient had a stenosis at the junction of the afferent leg of the reservoir. Erect and supine projections of the abdomen showed gas in the intestine and fluid levels in the reservoir. These radiographic findings should not be confused with ileus or pelvic abscess. Radiology was of great value in disclosing postoperative complications. PMID- 3751679 TI - Computed tomography and 131I-MIBG scintigraphy in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. AB - In order to evaluate the usefulness of computed tomography (CT) and 131I meta iodobenzylguanidine (131I-MIBG) scintigraphy for the localization of pheochromocytoma, a prospective study was undertaken in 23 patients with possible pheochromocytoma. Seventeen tumors were identified in 13 patients. Two tumors were extra-adrenal. CT was superior for locating tumors in the adrenal glands while 131I-MIBG scintigraphy was more useful in the detection of extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma. Together with adrenal and extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma, the sensitivity for locating the tumor was calculated as 82 per cent (14/17) for CT and 76 per cent (13/17) for 131I-MIBG scintigraphy, respectively. One adrenal tumor (1 cm in size) only was missed by both methods. No false positive CT scans of 131I-MIBG scintigraphy were obtained in the remaining 10 patients who had possible pheochromocytoma but were excluded. These results indicated that CT and 131I-MIBG scintigraphy were both useful tools for detecting pheochromocytoma. PMID- 3751680 TI - Computed tomography of pelvic lipomatosis. Report of a case. AB - Pelvic lipomatosis is a non-malignant condition of unknown etiology characterized by an overgrowth of non-encapsulated fatty tissue in the perirectal and perivesical spaces of the pelvis. The symptoms are generally vague and the condition is often diagnosed accidentally. It may cause obstruction of the ureters, inferior vena cava and pelvic veins and may be associated with cystitis glandularis. The typical conventional radiographic findings, though not pathognomonic, are a high-positioned and pear-shaped bladder, tubular narrowing of the rectum and distal sigmoid colon and reduced attenuation of the pelvic soft tissues. Computed tomography demonstrates a non-encapsulated fatty mass surrounding the pelvic organs symmetrically and with an attenuation similar to that of subcutaneous fat. The fatty tissue may contain strands with a higher attenuation than that of fat. The findings at computed tomography seem to be pathognomonic for this condition and eliminate the need for routine surgical biopsies. PMID- 3751681 TI - The topographic relations of the high jugular fossa to the inner ear. A radioanatomic investigation. AB - The radioanatomy of high jugular fossae and their topographic relations to the inner ear structures were investigated in 245 unselected temporal bones. One hundred and fifty specimens were submitted to multidirectional and 10 to computed tomography. After careful chemical and fermentative maceration plastic casts were made, using polyester resin and silicone rubber. With the use of vacuum, even minute structures became filled with the casting material. The specimens offered a three-dimensional view of the jugular fossae and surrounding structures. Fifty eight (24%) of the total 245 specimens had high jugular fossae at a level above the lower border of the round window. Five casts showed a dehiscence of the peripheral portion of the vestibular aqueduct caused by the high jugular fossa. In 2 casts the proximal portion of the cochlear aqueduct was affected. In some casts the posterior semicircular canal, the facial canal, the stapedial muscle and the round window lay so close to the fossa that a dehiscence could not be excluded. In a clinical material of 102 high fossae the radiographic findings were in accordance with the experimental results. High jugular fossae were predominantly found in pyramids with low-grade mastoid bone pneumatization and sparse or no perilabyrinthine air cells. PMID- 3751682 TI - The semicircular canals of the inner ear and the pneumatization of the temporal bone. A radioanatomic investigation. AB - In an investigation of 94 plastic casts of temporal bone specimens a wide range of variations both in the general outline of the pyramid and in the anatomy of its specific structures was found. Attempts were made to estimate the transverse and vertical dimensions of the petrous bone. Both the mastoid and the perilabyrinthine pneumatization correlated to the dimensions of some structures, but not to the size and shape of the semicircular canals. PMID- 3751683 TI - Normal and abnormal temporomandibular joints as demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging. AB - Magnetic resonance imaging of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) was performed on two normal volunteer subjects and two symptomatic subjects using a 0.15 T resistive magnet. A spin echo pulse sequence with a TE of 38 ms and a TR of 500 ms was employed. The TMJ meniscus is a low signal structure, and the bilaminar zone behind it is a relatively high signal structure. In normal closed mouths, the demarcation between meniscus and bilaminar zone is located at the vertex position above the mandibular condyle. When the condyle translates, the posterior portion of the meniscus bulges into the joint space. Dislocated meniscus can be identified by a gray mass anterior to the condylar head. The joint space is filled with the higher signal of the bilaminar zone. In non-reducible dislocations, the meniscus remains anterior to the condylar head with opening of the mouth. Reduced dislocations appear similar to normal joints in the open mouth. PMID- 3751684 TI - Amount of bone and bone remodelling in normal subjects and in patients with chronic renal failure. AB - Quantitative radiologic measurements of the second left metacarpal bone were performed on 63 normal men and 71 normal women, 105 patients with non-dialyzed chronic renal failure and on 32 chronic hemodialyzed men and women. For prospective analysis 42 non-dialyzed patients and 31 patients on chronic hemodialysis were available. Measurements of the total width, medullary cavity and combined cortical thickness at the midshaft of the metacarpal bone were made on postero-anterior hand radiographs with a readout of 0.1 mm using a direct reading needle-tipped calliper. Hereafter the cortical area and metacarpal bone mass were calculated. Mean values of the various parameters in the patient groups were compared with mean values of age-matched normal controls. For the prospective analysis the calculated, yearly change of the various parameters during the observation period were compared with the yearly change in normal persons, being estimated by regression analysis between age and radiologic values. Measurements of the amount of bone in normals and in patients with chronic renal failure were reliable, the intraobserver variation coefficient varying from 0.7 to 2.5 per cent and the interobserver variation coefficient from 1.0 to 5.8 per cent. Changes in thickness of the soft tissue of the hand only slightly affected the values, a change of 10 mm resulted in a change of one per cent of the measured and calculated values. Metacarpal bone mass was significantly reduced in normal men and women older than 50 years of age compared with younger persons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3751685 TI - Teletransmission of radiographic images. Preliminary report. AB - A digital system for transmission of images over telephone lines using a 256 X 256 X 6 bits matrix provided for communication between a county hospital and a university hospital is presented. During a three-month period radiologic diagnostic problems encountered in 62 patients (computed tomography in 46 and conventional radiography in 16) were referred by transmitting selected images from each examination. Transmission of computed tomograms was performed without significant degradation of image quality and there was no loss of diagnostic information. Deterioration of image quality was noticed when conventional films especially those of the chest, were digitized and transmitted, though in no instance were they non-diagnostic. The consultations gave valuable information to the transmitting radiologist in approximately 50 per cent of the cases. Review by the consulted radiologists of all original films in each of the examinations 6 months later did not improve the diagnostic results. Thus, a few carefully selected images, digitized and transmitted over telephone lines, may be sufficient for adequate consultation. PMID- 3751686 TI - The appearance of liquid surfaces and layers in routine radiographs. AB - Image features in the radiograph produced by deformation of a liquid surface by surface tension and by the density gradient in a diffusion layer may present unexpected difficulty of interpretation. Such features have been analysed in model experiments, which have been reported earlier. The aim of the present investigation was to examine the occurrence and the clinical implications of corresponding phenomena in routine radiographs. In the human body liquid surfaces and diffusion layers can occur only in cavities, both normal and abnormal. A liquid surface tends to extend up a cavity wall to form a meniscoid or, if the cavity is small enough, a discoid. The liquid surface continues further up the wall as a liquid film. The shape of the meniscoid and the discoid varies with the shape and inclination of the wall. Most of the image features of interest are produced by rays that are tangential to a horizontal surface, a meniscoid, a discoid or a concave wall, any of which is visualized as an internal boundary with a light Mach line. When the wall is convex towards the cavity the meniscoid is saddle-shaped and an external boundary with a dark Mach line is produced. The horizontal part of a liquid surface can be touched only if it is at the same level as the focus of the roentgen tube. A liquid surface at any other level can be touched in its meniscoid only by rays that are not horizontal. It is reproduced as an internal boundary, slightly concave upwards; above this boundary the rest of the liquid surface is reproduced as a wedge field.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3751687 TI - Topographical representation of the jaw muscles within the trigeminal motor nucleus. An HRP study in the mallard, Anas platyrhynchos. AB - The location of the trigeminal motoneurons of the jaw muscles has been determined in the brainstem of the mallard utilizing retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Injections with HRP into the jaw muscles or application of HRP to the mandibular nerve showed that the trigeminal motor nucleus can be subdivided into five subnuclei, mV1-mV5. Three functional groups of jaw muscles are represented in separate subnuclei. The most lateral subnucleus mV2 innervates all but one adductor muscles, the intermediate mV1 innervates the pterygoid muscles + one adductor and the medial mV4 the two protractor muscles. The most ventral subnucleus mV3 contains the neurons innervating two extrinsic tongue muscles as well as some perikarya of adductor muscles. Subnucleus mV5 lies dorsomedial to mV4 and contains the motoneurons of the depressor muscle of the lower eye lid. Elements of the proprioceptive system, viz. presumptive gamma neurons and mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus cells, could also be visualized. The topological and functional aspects of the subdivision of the motor nucleus are discussed. PMID- 3751688 TI - The intestinal loops of bluegill fish, Lepomis macrochirus. AB - The structural configurations of the intestinal loops of bluegill fish (Lepomis macrochirus) and a correlation of their probable functional significance have been investigated. The bluegill fish accommodates its relatively large intestine in its smaller body cavity by developing two intestinal loops. Regional variations in the intestinal wall exist due to the presence of the intestinal loops. The structural complexity of the intestine by loop formation has apparently created a problem by posing an obstruction as well as deviation to the smooth flow of food. In order to solve this problem structural modifications in the walls of the intestinal loops are needed, as is observed by the variation in muscle thickness of greater and lesser curvature of both the intestinal loops. PMID- 3751689 TI - Proceedings of the 132nd meeting of the Netherlands' Anatomical Society. Groningen, October 26-27, 1984. Abstracts. PMID- 3751691 TI - Proceedings of the 134th meeting of The Netherlands' Anatomical Society. Wageningen, June 8, 1985. Abstracts. PMID- 3751690 TI - Proceedings of the 133rd meeting of the Netherlands' Anatomical Society. Amsterdam, January 25-26, 1985. Abstracts. PMID- 3751692 TI - Proceedings of the 135th meeting of the Netherlands' Anatomical Society. Ghent, Belgium, October 11-12, 1985. Abstracts. PMID- 3751693 TI - Further experience with ultrasound examinations in the postoperative brain. AB - Ultrasound examinations (US) of the brain are possible in the presence of an acoustic window in the skull, either after craniotomy or through an open fontanelle. In this study 19 children were examined, 11 via a suboccipital craniectomy; 9 cases were examined more than once. Via this suboccipital route most of the contents of the posterior fossa, the third and lateral ventricles could be made visible. In two patients with a temporal or parietal craniotomy the involved hemisphere could be visualized. Six patients were examined via the open fontanelle after insertion of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS). In three of these cases the examination was undertaken to evaluate also a posterior fossa cyst. The findings were compared with CT if the findings were equivocal. PMID- 3751694 TI - Specific selection of osteosynthetic material in the treatment of thoracic or lumbar spinal injuries by the posterior approach. A review of 165 cases. AB - The authors report 165 cases of thoraco-lumbar lesions with neurological dysfunction. All the patient were operated. They analyze the neurological and mechanical results and indicate the use of different osteosynthesis apparatus according to the type and level of lesions. Harrington's rods seem to give more precise repositioning while Roy Camille's plates give more stability. When the posterior wall of the spinal canal is intact, Kempf's compression rods can be used. Thoraxic spine injuries seem to be an indication for Harrington's rods, while lumbar injuries seem to call for Camille's plates. PMID- 3751695 TI - Carpal tunnel syndrome: neurographical parameters in different stages of median nerve compression. AB - In a series of 47 cases and 55 hands operated upon for carpal tunnel syndrome, the pre-operative electrodiagnostic findings have been compared retrospectively with the morphological findings within the carpal tunnel during operation. As a main result there was no significant correlation between the degree of electrophysiological changes and the degree of median nerve compression. Only the lack of any motor or sensory response seems to indicate a more severe median nerve compression. In about 20% of cases with operatively proven marked median nerve compression, both distal motor latency and motor nerve conduction velocity were well within normal limits and would not have led to the diagnosis of a carpal tunnel syndrome in these cases. The diagnosis, therefore, cannot be made on the basis of electrodiagnostic pathological values only of distal motor latency and motor nerve conduction velocity, but has to take into account as well the sensory nerve conduction velocity as well as the clinical picture and neurological findings. PMID- 3751696 TI - Hyperhidrosis and its surgical treatment. AB - 111 sections of high thoracic sympathectomies in 60 cases suffering from primary palmar hyperhidrosis are reported. Surgical results and postoperative complications are discussed in detail. Complications were few in number and were of a transitory nature. No mortality occurred in our series. Various surgical and nonsurgical procedures of treatment are reviewed. Surgical intervention remains the treatment of choice in essential idiopathic hyperhidrosis. PMID- 3751697 TI - Evaluation of histological appearance of tissues removed by cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator (CUSA). AB - Histological appearances of the tissue fragments obtained by cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator (CUSA) were studied in 25 cases to determine whether the aspirated tissue could be used for diagnosis. It was found that a definite diagnosis could be made on the tissue removed by this method. PMID- 3751698 TI - Supratentorial lobar pilocytic astrocytomas: report of 45 operated cases, including 9 recurrences. AB - 45 cases with supratentorial, lobar--mainly temporo-parietal--pilocytic astrocytoma are analysed. The mostly highly vascularized tumours frequently present with histologically different tissue components. Formation of cysts of various size was found in 67%. The tumour usually ran a benign clinical course with a comparatively low incidence of recurrence. Malignant transformation of recurrent tumours was not observed. Radiotherapy of conventional dosage did not prove to have any influence on survival, neither post-operatively nor after re operation. Transformation of persisting pluripotential cells of the subependymal periventricular plate after migration to the surface of the brain is being discussed as the origin of this variant of pilocytic astrocytoma. PMID- 3751699 TI - Brain death. AB - Following the research of Giessen Neurosurgery on primary and secondary lesions of the hypothalamo-pituitary system and the brainstem over a period of more than 30 years, cerebral failure and death does not represent a uniform syndrome but consists of several, well characterized syndromes of irreversible hypothalamo pituitary, mesencephalic and bulbar failure. The specific syndromes are described in detail. The diagnosis is based on establishing complete irreversible damage of specific vital basal functions such as hypothalamo-pituitary transmission, water- and electrolyte metabolism, temperature regulation, circulation and respiration. The common feature of all types is the irreversible break-down of the complex central neurogenous and/or neurohumoral regulatory system. The permanent and irreversible loss of central regulation and modulation means at the same time the complete cessation of the specific human cortical function, the death of the whole brain. Only in bulbar failure with primary irreversible cessation of respiration artificial respiration can maintain the autonomous functions of the heart for a limited time. It is indicated when organ explantation is to be considered. Complete and irreversible isolated loss of cortical function abolishes the normal human life, but does not mean death of the remaining vegetating human being. PMID- 3751700 TI - Surgical treatment of multiple intracranial aneurysms. AB - Patients with multiple intracranial aneurysms present a great challenge to neurosurgical practice. The presence of one or more additional aneurysms, whether recognized or unrecognized, along with the source of the haemorrhage profoundly changes the outcome. It also alters the timing and strategy of surgery. In this study the experiences gained from 138 cases with a total of 317 aneurysms are discussed. The analysis of the clinical data, our results and the factors influencing the outcome suggest that the risk of clipping all aneurysms simultaneously are less than the risk of a rebleed from an untreated, previously silent sac even in the early postoperative period. PMID- 3751701 TI - Intraventricular aneurysm of the medial posterior choroid artery clipped via the contralateral transcallosal approach. AB - In lesions located in the lateral ventricle of the dominant hemisphere the contralateral transcallosal approach provides maximum protection of the dominant side as well as excellent visualization of the cella media of the contralateral lateral ventricle. We demonstrated this safe approach in a rare case with intraventricular aneurysm of the left medial choroid artery. The literature on aneurysms in the lateral ventricle is discussed. PMID- 3751702 TI - Management of associated primary cerebral neoplasms and vascular malformations: 1. Intracranial aneurysms. AB - 18 patients harbouring a primary cerebral tumour associated with one or more intracranial aneurysms are presented. Initial symptoms were caused in 10 cases by the tumour, in 8 cases by aneurysmal rupture. In 2 cases the tumour was discovered years after the exclusion of the aneurysm. The tumour was supratentorial in 14 cases, and was more commonly a meningioma (44% of cases) or glioma (38% of cases). A total of 25 aneurysms were observed in the 18 patients: 8 had ruptured and 17 were incidental. The aneurysms were more commonly on the internal carotid artery (40%). Surgical treatment was undertaken in 13 patients, and consisted of: a) tumour resection plus aneurysmal exclusion in 6 patients, b) only tumour resection in 5 patients with incidental aneurysms, and c) only exclusion of the aneurysm in 2 patients later developing malignant gliomas. Rupture of incidental aneurysms was never observed. The prognosis was linked mainly to the nature of the tumour in cases with malignant tumours, and to the evolution of subarachnoid haemorrhage in patients with ruptured aneurysms. As a whole, a satisfactory recovery was observed in 7 patients, and death occurred in 11 patients, mainly due to progressive evolution of the malignant tumour (in 6 cases) or to fatal aneurysmal rebleeding (in 3 cases). It is concluded that tumours associated with aneurysms should be operated on at the same time whenever possible, and decisions regarding exclusion of incidental aneurysms should be balanced against the risks of the procedure. PMID- 3751703 TI - Chronic facial pain following diseases affecting the maxillary antrum. The influence of peripheral impulses from the maxillary air sinus is not significant in their maintenance. AB - For the purpose of examining the significance of a pain focus in the maxillary air sinus denervation of the mucosa of the sinus by transantral maxillary nerve section was performed. The material comprises 20 patients with pain in the distribution of the infraorbital nerve and previous disease of the relevant sinus. All patients had been treated previously without any benefit from peripheral surgery of the infraorbital nerve. Only 20% had any benefit of the proximal avulsion for more than three months. It is concluded that impulses from the mucosa of the maxillary sinus do not play any part in the occurrence or persistence of facial pain in this highly selected material. PMID- 3751704 TI - Changes in intracranial pressure (ICP) pulse wave following hydrocephalus. AB - The pulse pressure (PP) of the intracranial pressure pulse wave (ICPPW) was measured in experimental and clinical hydrocephalus: namely, obstructive and kaolin-induced hydrocephalus as an experimental study, and noncommunicating and communicating hydrocephalus as a clinical study. At approximately the same ICP level, the PP was much higher in the obstructive hydrocephalus group and slightly higher in the kaolin-induced hydrocephalus group than in the controls. Also the PP level in noncommunicating hydrocephalus patients [3.19 mm Hg (SD: 1.04)] was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher than that in the communicating hydrocephalus patients [1.88 mm Hg (SD: 0.60)]. The results of our research suggest that the stronger the disturbance of the communication of the CSF between cranial cavity and spinal cavity the higher the PP of ICPPW. This results from the distensibility of the spinal dural sac and exerts a great influence on the elasticity and the PP of the cranial system. It is reasonable, therefore, to suggest that a marked increase in the ratio of the PP to the ICP in the normal or slightly high ICP hydrocephalus may indicate disturbance of the CSF flow, especially loss of CSF communication between the cranial and spinal compartments. PMID- 3751705 TI - Peripheral nerve autografts to the rat spinal cord: study on the origin and course of regenerating fibres. AB - Autologous sciatic nerve grafts were implanted to the lower thoracic spinal cord (SC) of adult rats. The grafts were longitudinally placed on both sides of the SC midline over the dura mater and their cut ends were inserted into the dorsal white matter of the SC. Eight to 60 weeks later the grafts were exposed. In a first experimental group (A) either horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or lectin conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) was injected into the grafts in order to investigate the origin and the course of regenerated fibres entering the grafts. In a second experimental group (B) the SC was acutely transected between the upper and lower graft insertions and either HRP or WGA-HRP was injected into the caudal stump of the SC in order to investigate the ability of regenerating axons once entered the grafts to re-enter the SC. In group A retrogradely labelled cells were found in the SC scattered in proximity of both the caudal and rostral graft insertions and in the ventral horns as far as 30 mm rostrally to the grafts. Labelled cells were also located in the spinal ganglia, at the level of the grafts and up to 6 segments caudal to them. In group B retrogradely labelled cells were present in the SC rostrally to the transection, both in proximity of the upper graft insertions and in the ventral horns as far as 30 mm rostrally to the grafts. These findings demonstrate that PN grafts implanted to the SC of adults rats can be innervated by regenerated axons arising from both intraspinal neurons and dorsal root ganglion cells (group A); furthermore axons from intraspinal neurons entered and elongated in the grafts can re-enter the SC (group B). PMID- 3751706 TI - Monobloc mobilization of the fronto-temporo-pterional bone flap. Technical note. AB - The authors described the monobloc fronto-temperal-pterional flap bone technique. They underline its usefulness in the treatment of aneurysms at an early stage on account of the highly tangential approach used. PMID- 3751707 TI - Nimodipine and early aneurysm operation in good condition SAH patients. AB - A prospective open multicenter study on the preventive effect of nimodipine on symptomatic vascular spasm was performed in 120 (consecutive) patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). All patients underwent early surgery (i.e. within 72 hours post SAH) and were in neurological grades I-III in Hunt and Hess. Grade IV and V as well as patients with significant intracerebral haematoma are not included. On preoperative CT, SAH was mild in 28 cases, moderate in 56 and severe in 36 cases. 25 patients (21%) were in grade I, 63 patients (53%) in grade II and 32 patients (26%) in grade III. The ruptured aneurysm was located on the anterior cerebral artery complex in 57 patients, on the internal carotid artery complex in 35, on the middle cerebral artery in 24 patients and on the basilar artery in 4 patients. After occlusion of the ruptured aneurysm, the lipophilic calcium channel blocker nimodipine was administered in the following manner: Intraoperative, topical irrigation of the exposed arteries. Intravenous infusion until day 7-14 after SAH followed by peroral medication for another week. Nimodipine was well tolerated and neither significant hypotension nor any other adverse reaction attributable to the drug was observed. Ischaemic cerebral dysfunction of delayed onset with permanent neurological deficit occurred in 2 patients (2%). Another 8 patients showed transient ischaemic symptoms. At 6 months follow-up, 93% of the patients were classified as having made a full recovery, 16% as being minimally disabled, 5% as being moderately disabled and 3% as being severely disabled. Three patients had died. The present study supports the concept that preventive nimodipine treatment may reduce delayed ischaemic deficit in early aneurysm surgery. PMID- 3751708 TI - [Use of Dormia's catheter: review of 100 cases]. PMID- 3751709 TI - [Stenosis of the urethra: endoscopic treatment in 40 patients]. PMID- 3751710 TI - [Shockwave lithotripsy. Indications and results]. PMID- 3751712 TI - [Reno-ureteral gunshot injuries]. PMID- 3751711 TI - [The renal adenoma-adenocarcinoma dilemma]. PMID- 3751713 TI - [Leydig cell tumor as a finding in the infertile male]. PMID- 3751714 TI - [Retroperitoneal abscess secondary to pancreatitis. Diagnostic considerations]. PMID- 3751715 TI - [Prostatic infiltration by chronic lymphatic leukemia]. PMID- 3751716 TI - [Percutaneous nephrolithotomy: dilatation of the nephrostomy canal using Olbert's balloon-catheter: preliminary note]. PMID- 3751718 TI - Genetic systems. PMID- 3751717 TI - [Bladder carcinosarcoma in the adult]. PMID- 3751719 TI - Transcription signals and factors of the silk genes. PMID- 3751720 TI - Molecular mechanism of tissue-specific expression of alpha-crystallin gene. PMID- 3751721 TI - Gene organization of Mycoplasma capricolum. PMID- 3751722 TI - Myocardial and skeletal muscle bioenergetics. Proceedings of the Second International Congress on Myocardial and Cellular Bioenergetics and Compartmentation. February 16-18, 1984, Los Angeles, California. PMID- 3751723 TI - The effect of reperfusion and streptokinase on ischemic myocardium serum creatine kinase activity, MM subtypes and myocardial blood flow. PMID- 3751724 TI - Post-contracture reperfusion: effect of elevated potassium and verapamil. PMID- 3751725 TI - Ultrastructure of the human myocardium after intermittent ischemia compared to cardioplegia. AB - A lot of reports informed about the detrimental effects of intermittent ischemia nevertheless this method is still used during coronary surgery. We investigated the myocardial protection due to cardioplegic arrest compared to intermittent ischemia in 120 patients undergoing coronary surgery. In all patients we took myocardial biopsies from the left ventricle before and after ischemia. Electron microscopic studies of all biopsies were performed and the degree of ultrastructural alteration was determined. The ischemic period in the cardioplegic group was 61 +/- 15 minutes and in the group with intermittent ischemia the total ischemic time was 45 +/- 21 minutes. After ischemia the myocardium showed most time only damage of moderate or light degree, while after intermittent ischemia the most biopsies showed severe ultrastructural damage. From our results we conclude, that intermittent ischemia is unable to protect the myocardium in a sufficient amount and should therefore no longer be used as a method of myocardial protection. PMID- 3751726 TI - Cellular injury in phosphate depletion: pathogenesis and mechanisms in the myocardium. PMID- 3751727 TI - Phosphorylated nucleotides and glycolytic intermediates in diabetic and non diabetic rat uterus in late pregnancy. PMID- 3751728 TI - Effect of calcium antagonists on vasopressin induced changes in myocardial and renal pyridine nucleotides in the intact rat. PMID- 3751729 TI - The effect of creatine analogue substitution on the post tetanic response of fast muscle. PMID- 3751730 TI - Ca++-dependent and Ca++-independent effects of Mg++ on canine right atria. PMID- 3751731 TI - The effect of short chain fatty acid administration on hepatic glucose, phosphate, magnesium and calcium metabolism. AB - Intra peritoneal administration of the short chain fatty acids, acetate, propionate and butyrate, in amounts calculated to reach 20 mM in total body water were given to fed and 48 hour starved male Wistar rats. One half hour after administration, the livers were freeze-clamped and the hepatic contents of various intermediary metabolites were measured. The liver content of total glycolytic intermediates was elevated by short chain fatty acids. In fed animals, the portion of glycolysis from fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) to PEP was elevated 2 to 4 fold. In 48 hour starved animals, where gluconeogenesis is active, the portion of the gluconeogenetic pathway from FBP to glucose was elevated 1.5 to 3.5 fold with the exception of the butyrate treated animals where blood glucose was not elevated. The metabolites of the hexose-monophosphate pathway that were measured, namely 6-phosphogluconate, ribulose 5-phosphate and xylose 5-phosphate were increased in both fed and starved animals. The free cytoplasmic [NAD+]/[NADH], [NADP+]/[NADPH], and [epsilon ATP]/[epsilon ADP] X [epsilon Pi] ratios were all decreased in both fed and starved animals after short chain fatty acid administration. The liver content of calcium increased 1.2 to 2 fold in fed animals and 2 to 3 fold in starved animals while total liver magnesium was either unchanged or increased only 1.2 times. The liver pyrophosphate (PPi) content increased a minimum of 10 fold in fed animals and over 100 fold in starved animals. In all cases no PPi could be detected in vivo by 31P NMR even though in the starved rats the PPi levels approached those of ATP. The liver content of inorganic Pi increased 1.3 to 1.5 fold in fed animals and 1.5 to 2 fold in starved animals. The total "rapidly metabolizing" Pi pool, that includes adenine and guanine nucleotides, glycolytic and shunt intermediates, Pi and PPi increased 1.3 times in fed animals (from 13.8 mumole/g fresh weight) and 1.5 to 1.7 fold in starved animals (from 15.7 mumol/g fresh weight). The total phosphate taken up from blood and entering the rapidly turning over pool of liver phosphate ranged between 4 and 12 mumols/g of liver.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3751732 TI - Metabolic depletion preceding cytolysis induced by antibody and complement as revealed by 31P-NMR spectroscopy. PMID- 3751733 TI - The relationships among alcohol availability, alcohol consumption and alcohol related damage in the Province of Ontario and the State of Michigan 1955-1982. AB - This study examines the relationships among the relative price of alcohol, per capita alcohol consumption and liver cirrhosis mortality rates over a 28 year period in Ontario and Michigan. A high, positive association between per capita consumption and liver cirrhosis mortality was observed for both jurisdictions. In both areas, changes in the relative price of alcohol were inversely related to changes in consumption and cirrhosis mortality. Although causal inferences from these data must be made with caution, the results are strong enough to suggest that policy initiatives concerning the economic availability of alcohol should consider public health consequences. PMID- 3751734 TI - Importance of models for recovery from alcoholism: another view. AB - Models of alcoholism abound providing unicausal explanations of this complex problem and leading to narrow perspectives on treatment of alcoholics. All models contain elements of truth and there is a trend toward considering the role of various factors in alcoholism. Some effort has been made to incorporate more than one model into a treatment approach. This paper is another effort at synthesis and integration of various models into a comprehensive treatment plan. It recommends the addition of the sociological and familial interaction models to medical, psychogenic and moral ones, and suggests that focus of treatment should be shifted from an individual alcoholic to the alcoholic-in-his-social-situation. PMID- 3751735 TI - The clinical pharmacology of pentazocine and tripelennamine (T's and Blues). AB - The incidence of abuse of pentazocine and tripelennamine (T's and Blues) suggests that the mixture has greater abuse potential than does either agent alone. Pentazocine (40 and 80 mg), tripelennamine (50 and 100 mg), alone and in combination, and placebo were administered in random order to volunteering experienced drug users. Pentazocine alone and tripelennamine alone were identified as opioids and produced euphoria. The large dose of pentazocine produced sedation and dysphoria. Pentazocine and tripelennamine both raised blood pressure; pentazocine constricted pupils, tripelennamine did not. The addition of 50 mg of tripelennamine increased the euphoric effects of pentazocine and attenuated the dysphoric effects seen at higher doses. Adding 100 mg of tripelennamine did not appreciably increase further the euphoric effects and did not alter the dysphoric effects of high doses of pentazocine. The combination significantly increased the systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and the increase was at least additive. In combination, pupillary constriction was slightly antagonized. These studies suggest that the antihistamine tripelennamine has abuse potential, and that in combination with pentazocine, the euphoric effects of the opioid are enhanced and its dysphoric properties attenuated. PMID- 3751737 TI - The distribution of consumption approach to the prevention of alcohol-related damage: an overview of relevant research and current issues. PMID- 3751736 TI - Factors related to the treatment success of drug addicts enrolled in a residential rehabilitation facility. AB - Twenty-one young adult drug addicts stipulated to a residential treatment center and judged to have successfully completed the center's therapeutic program were compared with another group from the same center who had failed to successfully complete the program. The two groups were matched as closely as possible on sex, race, age at admission, and marital status, and they were compared, using a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), on the dimensions of family instability, criminal record, severity of drug use, prior treatment, educational level, self concept, and family self concept. Analysis revealed that two groups significantly differed as a function of the dependent measures, with educational level and prior treatment accounting for most of the difference. PMID- 3751738 TI - [Current data on the secular trend in body height in Jena school children and students]. PMID- 3751739 TI - [Common standards for the study of stress in students in the pedagogic process]. PMID- 3751740 TI - [Educational development of so-called problem children]. PMID- 3751741 TI - [Clumsiness in the school age]. PMID- 3751742 TI - [Physical performance of students participating in different sports]. PMID- 3751743 TI - [Experiences in instructing students in measuring blood pressure]. PMID- 3751744 TI - [Health hazards for children and adolescents in South America: studies on rheumatic fever]. PMID- 3751745 TI - Head injury in the elderly. AB - Accounts of head injury tend to be dominated by the findings in young males who constitute the majority of victims. We compare 1571 patients aged under 65 years admitted to the Head and Spinal Injury Unit, Edinburgh in one calendar year with 449 patients aged 65 years or over admitted during two one-year periods. In the elderly group: the sex ratio was equal; falls accounted for the great majority of cases, with pedestrian accidents responsible for serious injuries; alcohol was commonly involved in males; injuries were most frequent on Thursdays; intracranial haematomas and mortality rates were higher; and the length of hospital stay more prolonged. The provisions necessary to meet the needs of the elderly within a head injury service are discussed. PMID- 3751746 TI - Levels of some biological risk indicators among elderly men in Finland. AB - A 25-year follow-up survey of the Finnish men examined in the Seven Countries Study and now 65-84 years old was carried out in the East and the South-West of Finland in 1984. The follow-up examinations were carried out as in the previous surveys. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were now significantly lower in the East than in the South-West of Finland. Serum total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol were on the same level in both areas. The East/South-West difference in serum cholesterol, observed in previous studies, had levelled off and that in the blood pressure level had even reversed among the study cohorts. The mean fasting serum glucose was higher in the East than in the South-West of Finland. The mean serum calcium level was the same in both areas. PMID- 3751747 TI - Low indoor temperatures and morbidity in the elderly. AB - Low ambient temperatures are particularly harmful to the elderly and in the winter in the UK temperatures in some dwellings may fall to 6 degrees C. The World Health Organization recommends a minimal indoor temperature of 18 degrees C and a 2-3 degrees C warmer minimal temperature for rooms occupied by sedentary elderly, young children and the handicapped. Below 16 degrees C, resistance to respiratory infections may be diminished. Both low and high relative humidities promote respiratory illnesses. At temperatures below 12 degrees C, cold extremities and slight lowering of core temperature can induce short-term increases in blood pressure. Raised blood pressure and increased blood viscosity in moderate cold may be important causal factors in the increased winter morbidity and mortality due to heart attacks and strokes. Deep body temperature does not usually fall until resting clothed elderly people are exposed for two or more hours to an ambient temperature of 9 degrees C or below. Statistics available for the UK population do not support the view that there are large numbers of elderly people suffering from clinical hypothermia, though there may be a larger number in whom hypothermia is undiagnosed when the condition occurs secondary to other disorders. PMID- 3751748 TI - Age-adjusted normal tolerance limits for cardiovascular autonomic function assessment in the elderly. AB - Autonomic nerve function was assessed in 85 normal subjects (mean age 66.1 +/- 10.2 years) by a series of standard tests based upon cardiovascular reflexes. Age adjusted normal tolerance intervals were established for each test. The clinical application of autonomic function assessment in the elderly is discussed, with particular reference to patients with diabetes mellitus, ocular hypertension, and primary glaucoma, which represent a significant proportion of the aged population. PMID- 3751749 TI - Pyrexia in infection in the elderly. AB - This prospective study investigated the common belief that pyrexia is frequently absent in elderly patients with infection. Oral temperature was closely monitored using both a mercury and an electronic thermometer in 150 ill elderly patients (mean age 81 years) of whom 80% were new admissions to this Unit. A scoring system was devised, based on investigation results and excluding temperature, to assess objectively the likelihood of infection. Seventy-one patients (47%) had 'definite' infection: 95% were pyrexial. A further eight of the nine patients with probable infection were pyrexial. There were no significant differences in mean temperature or other indices of infection between those who died of their infection and those who survived. Ten per cent of all pyrexias were detected only on the electronic thermometer, not on mercury measurement. In 12% of pyrexial patients, the pyrexia first appeared more than 12 h after temperature measurement started. With effective monitoring, pyrexia is detectable in the vast majority of infected elderly patients. PMID- 3751750 TI - Adverse drug reactions: an investigation on an acute geriatric ward. AB - A total of 521 patients consecutively admitted to an acute geriatric unit were kept under surveillance by one observer during their stay. All drugs given to them and the occurrence of adverse events were recorded. One hundred and seventeen adverse drug reactions occurred in 94 patients representing 18.8% of the 500 patients receiving drugs. Thirteen of these reactions were considered severe. Each patient received an average of 6.1 drugs, not necessarily simultaneously. Altogether 212 different drug preparations were used. Diamorphine and insulin had the highest adverse reaction rates, diamorphine having the highest risk of a severe adverse reaction. Antibiotics and diuretics caused the most adverse reactions, and were by far the most commonly prescribed drugs (26.5% of the sample). Of the patients receiving eight or more drugs, 41% suffered an adverse drug reaction. PMID- 3751751 TI - Pharmacological studies of antigen-induced arthritis in BALB/c mice. I. Characterization of the arthritis and the effects of steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. AB - Chronic monoarticular allergic arthritis was induced in BALB/c mice using methylated BSA as antigen and Freund's complete adjuvant, together with Bordetella pertussis as a secondary adjuvant. The optimum conditions for induction of chronic persistent arthritis and the histological characteristics of the arthritic lesion are described. Both the synovitis and erosive progression of the arthritis could be suppressed by daily treatment with prednisolone (1-10 mg/kg) or dexamethasone (0.5-2.5 mg/kg) for 4 weeks commencing 2 weeks after the induction of arthritis. In contrast, daily treatment with the non-steroidal anti inflammatory agents ibuprofen (50-100 mg/kg), flurbiprofen (1-9 mg/kg) or indomethacin (0.1-3 mg/kg) had no significant effect on either the synovitis or erosions as judged histologically. Synovial fluid differential leukocyte counts were altered by treatment with ibuprofen and indomethacin but not by flurbiprofen or the corticosteroids. The suppressive effect of the corticosteroids was not due to either suppression of antibody synthesis or alteration of the number of leukocytes in the peripheral circulation. PMID- 3751752 TI - Pharmacology of an extract of salai guggal ex-Boswellia serrata, a new non steroidal anti-inflammatory agent. AB - Pharmacological evaluation of alcoholic extract of salai guggal (AESG) has been carried out in experimental animals. AESG displayed marked anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced oedema in rats and mice and dextran oedema in rats. It was equally effective in adrenalectomised rats. In formaldehyde and adjuvant arthritis, AESG produced prominent anti-arthritic activity but no significant effect was observed in cotton pellet-induced granuloma test. It inhibited inflammation induced increase in serum transaminase levels and leucocyte counts but lacked any analgesic or anti-pyretic effects. The gestation period or parturition time in pregnant rats or onset time of castor oil-induced diarrhoea was unaffected by AESG and no significant effect was seen on cardiovascular, respiratory and central nervous system functions. No ulcerogenic effects were found in the rat stomach. The oral and intraperitoneal LD50 was greater than 2 g/Kg in mice and rats. PMID- 3751753 TI - [Clinical application of time-dependent perimetry (1). The design of the perimeter and the characteristics of normals]. PMID- 3751754 TI - [A study of latent nystagmus by electro-oculogram--fixation, pursuit eye movement, and optokinetic nystagmus]. PMID- 3751755 TI - [Spectral sensitivities in highly myopic eyes]. PMID- 3751756 TI - [Histopathological and histochemical study of tissue response to Faden operation and related surgeries. Report 2. Histochemical study of muscle fiber changes after Faden operation and related surgeries]. PMID- 3751757 TI - [Basic study on ocular manifestation of Niemann-Pick disease. Part 1. Morphological study of the retina and choroid of "Niemann-Pick" mice]. PMID- 3751758 TI - [Effects of surgery in glaucoma on visual field volume]. PMID- 3751759 TI - [Investigation of the vitreo-retino-ciliary barrier by vitreous fluorophotometry. 5. Alteration of the inward permeability of the blood-retinal barrier and the diffusion coefficient of fluorescein in the vitreous with aging in normal subjects]. PMID- 3751760 TI - [Clinical study of rhegmatogenous vitreous haemorrhage in the evaluation of prognosis and treatment]. PMID- 3751761 TI - [Morphological studies on the effects of the free running mode Nd:YAG laser on the primate retina and choroid]. PMID- 3751762 TI - [The relationship between the amount of vitreous gel and a healing process of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment]. PMID- 3751763 TI - [Clinicopathological studies of retinal nerve fiber layer defects in glaucoma]. PMID- 3751764 TI - [Analysis of heavy molecular weight proteins of Nakano mouse lenses]. PMID- 3751765 TI - [Growth effects of alpha 1 acid glycoprotein (human) on human skin fibroblasts in culture]. PMID- 3751766 TI - [Experimental study on local cooling of the eyeball in ocular surgery]. PMID- 3751767 TI - [An electrophysiological study on a neural pathway from the cerebellar flocculus to the oculomotor nucleus via the group y nucleus of the vestibular nuclei in cats]. PMID- 3751768 TI - [Effect of retinal photocoagulation on guinea pig hyalocytes]. PMID- 3751769 TI - [Clinical study on retinal vein occlusion. Part 1: The collateral circulation in branch retinal vein occlusion]. PMID- 3751770 TI - [Lysosomal activity of cultured human retinal pigment epithelium]. PMID- 3751771 TI - [Crystalline retinopathy]. PMID- 3751772 TI - [Choroidal circulation on ocular contusion. II. Histopathologic changes of outer retinal layers in commotio retinae]. PMID- 3751773 TI - [Human trabecular meshwork cells in culture--an electron microscopic study]. PMID- 3751774 TI - [Investigation of simple correction methods for vitreous values in vitreous fluorophotometry]. PMID- 3751775 TI - [Experimental study on changes in intraocular pressure by the application of forskolin. 1. Intraocular pressure change after 1% forskolin application and morphological study of alpha-chymotrypsin- induced glaucoma]. PMID- 3751776 TI - [The physiological analysis of the pupillo-constrictor EMG and the pupillary light reflex in the cat]. PMID- 3751778 TI - [Migration of cultured chick retinal pigment epithelial cells--chemotactic effect of melatonin]. PMID- 3751777 TI - [Studies on disease susceptibility and disease resistance in Behcet's disease]. PMID- 3751779 TI - [Uhthoff's sign associated with postmeningitic bilateral optic neuritis]. PMID- 3751780 TI - [Effects of photocoagulation on macular edema in diabetic retinopathy. Part 2. Changes in visual acuity in non-proliferative retinopathy]. PMID- 3751781 TI - [Blood sugar control and cataract extraction in diabetic patients treated with insulin]. PMID- 3751782 TI - [A study of the correlation between pattern ERGs and pattern VEPs]. PMID- 3751783 TI - [The features of juvenile retinal detachment]. PMID- 3751784 TI - [Histopathology of congenital macular coloboma]. PMID- 3751785 TI - [Morphological studies of the Q-switched Nd-YAG laser application to the eye]. PMID- 3751786 TI - [An analysis of congenital nystagmus, velocity characteristics of the slow eye movements of pursuit stimulation in four families]. PMID- 3751787 TI - [The study of various viscous substances for protecting the corneal endothelium. Part 2. The reactions of rabbits' eyes by injection of methylcellulose, sodium hyaluronate isolated from bacterium and collagen isolated from bovine skin into the anterior chamber]. PMID- 3751788 TI - [The effect of d-timolol on intraocular pressure in the normal subjects]. PMID- 3751789 TI - [Plasma fibrinopeptide A and fibrinopeptide B beta 15-42 levels in patients with Behcet's disease]. PMID- 3751790 TI - [Negative wave in human pattern ERG and its suppression in glaucoma]. PMID- 3751791 TI - [Experimental study on the retinal tear. 6. Observation on retinal vessels around the retinal tear by trypsin digestion method]. PMID- 3751792 TI - [A comparative study of effects of photocoagulation with the argon blue-green and krypton red lasers on the retina and choroid. III. A scanning electron microscopic study of the choroidal vascular casts]. PMID- 3751793 TI - [Urine polyamine in patients with malignant urological diseases using a polyamine test enzyme kit]. AB - Using a polyamine-test enzyme kit, the urine polyamine concentration was determined in 74 patients with malignant urological disease (12 with renal cell cancer, 13 with pelvic-ureter cancer, 24 with bladder cancer and 25 with prostate cancer), 7 patients with BPH, 20 patients with benign urological disease and 20 normal subjects. The urine polyamine level was significantly elevated in all the patients with any malignant urological disease compared to normal subjects. It was also significantly high in the patients with BPH. Defining the mean +/- 3SD (= 50 mumole/g Cr.) of 20 normal subjects as an upper limit, slightly higher levels not exceeding 100 mumol/g Cr. were frequently observed in the patients with BPH or with benign urological disease. Setting the upper limit at 100 mumole/g Cr., the positive rate amounted to 33% (low stage 17%) in renal cell cancer, 23% (low stage 14%) in pelvic ureter cancer, 13% (low stage 0%) in bladder cancer and 4% (low stage 0%) in prostate cancer. The positive rate was low especially in low stage cases. PMID- 3751794 TI - [Circadian rhythms of lithogenic and inhibitory substances in the urine]. AB - The diurnal variations of urine composition with respect to urinary pH, volume, creatinine, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, uric acid, citrate and oxalate were studied in five healthy men. Generally, there was considerable variations in the excretion of the different urine constituents with meal related peaks except phosphate, which was most pronounced after dinner. The analysis of a 24-hour urine collection cannot account fully for the crystallization properties of urine and a fractionated urinalysis might be of value for therapeutic decisions. However, such procedures probably will not be possible in clinical practice and more reliable methods for evaluation of the crystallization propensity in whole 24-hour urine have to be developed. PMID- 3751795 TI - [Transcatheter embolization in the management of pain from metastatic uroepithelial cancer]. AB - Arterial embolization was performed for the relief of pain in 4 patients with symptomatic osseous metastases associated with extensive soft tissue tumors. Two patients had metastatic transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and renal pelvis, and 2 had metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Three of the 4 patients experienced significant relief of pain and improved performance status. Decrease of tumor size or healing of osteolytic metastasis did not occur. Errant embolization occurred in one patient but did not become a serious problem. In 3 patients post-infarction pain occurred, but subsided within 36 hours. This therapeutic approach may be useful to control the pain associated with a massive advanced uroepithelial cancer. PMID- 3751796 TI - [Diagnosis of renal trauma]. AB - We experienced 25 cases of renal trauma in our hospitals during the past 5 years, 20 cases were male and 5 cases were female, ranging in age 10 to 51 years old with average 26 years old, and the chief complaints were gross-hematuria and pain of renal region. We studied the IVP and CT patterns of these cases. IVP revealed 13 cases of renal contusion, 11 cases of renal lacerated wound and 1 case of renal fragmentation. The CT scan of 14 cases showed that it was useful for the diagnosis of the degree of renal trauma, especially, for hematoma surroundings the kidneys. The hematoma surrounding the kidneys was clearly noted in 7 cases by CT scan, but the unclearness of renal contours and iliopsoas muscle was considered to suggest the existence of hematoma surrounding the kidneys by IVP. All of the hematoma surrounding the kidneys was absorbed by conservative therapy, but 5 of the 7 cases were treated within 3 months. PMID- 3751797 TI - [Recurrence of acute uncomplicated cystitis--criteria for the evaluation of recurrence after antimicrobial chemotherapy]. AB - The recurrence of female acute uncomplicated cystitis was investigated clinically. The criteria for the evaluation of recurrences were proposed, as follows; PATIENTS: Target infection is acute uncomplicated cystitis (AUC) which had satisfied the specifications of AUC Criteria by the UTI Committee of Japan and showed the excellent effects of an antimicrobial agent after a definite period of administration. Treatment period: Seven days; after 3 days' administration to evaluate the drug efficacy, patients shall take an additional 4 days' treatment. Interval of follow up proposed was 7 days. Evaluation of recurrence: Parameters of criteria are pyuria and bacteriuria. Recurrence: Pyuria greater than or equal to 10 WBCs/hpf and bacteriuria greater than or equal to 10(4)/ml. Evaluation of the day of recurrence: Evaluation should be made 14 days after the start of treatment. Urine sampling: After 7 days of treatment, midstream urine is collected and in cases with positive findings, catheterized urine should then be collected. Using these criteria it will be possible to evaluate and compare the ability of various antimicrobial agents to cure acute uncomplicated cystitis. PMID- 3751798 TI - [Studies on the cellular immune response in patients with urinary bladder carcinoma. XI: Evaluation of specific ADCC activity]. AB - We previously reported that the activity of antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) of lymphocytes from the patients with urinary bladder carcinoma was lower than that of normal subjects. We performed the specific ADCC assay using SRBC as the target cells, coated with tumor extract from the urinary bladder carcinoma. At the same time, the antiserum was collected from the immunized rabbit by the same tumor extract. The addition of the antiserum from the immunized rabbit gave the highest value for the patient sub-group that produced a precipitin band (Ouchterlony gel diffusion assay). Therefore it is suggested that the reaction of lymphocytes to tumor associated antigens is maintained to a considerable extent, although ADCC activity of the patient group was decreased. However, the antibody producing phenomenon toward the tumor associated antigen might be restrained. PMID- 3751799 TI - [Bilateral renal cell carcinoma: report of a case]. AB - A case of asynchronous bilateral renal cell carcinoma is reported. The patient was a 71-year-old man who visited our clinic with complaints of asymptomatic macrohematuria and fever on November 20, 1960. Clinical diagnosis was left renal tumor and left nephrectomy was performed on December 4, 1960. Histological diagnosis was renal cell carcinoma (common type, clear cell subtype, alveolar type and G1). The postoperative course was uneventful until complaints of diarrhea and weight loss in November, 1983. He visited our clinic again with a right abdominal mass on January, 1984. Right renal selective angiography revealed an enlargement and abnormal vascularity with tumor stain, hypervascularity and pooling in the whole kidney except for the upper pole lesion. CT scan revealed a space occupying lesion. Right radical nephrectomy was performed on March 6, 1984. Histological diagnosis was renal cell carcinoma (common type, mixed subtype, alveolar and tubular type, G2). He was treated by hemodialysis and steroid therapy after right nephrectomy but he died of massive gastro-intestinal bleeding on April 22, 1984. The paper is the 15th report of a bilateral renal cell carcinoma in Japan. PMID- 3751800 TI - [Adrenal cyst: report of a case]. AB - A 32-year-old woman was admitted because of a large abdominal mass in the right upper quadrant. Laboratory findings including hormonal studies were within normal ranges. CT scan and various X-ray examinations revealed a large adrenal cyst on the right side. On May 2, 1984, an adrenal cyst was removed through the right flank incision. Histological study showed that the wall of the cyst consisted of fibrous tissue with endothelial linings and dilated lymphatic vessels. Thus it was classified as a lymphangiomatous adrenal cyst. PMID- 3751801 TI - [A case of ganglioneuroma of the adrenal gland]. AB - Computerized tomography accidentally revealed a huge retroperitoneal mass in a 53 year-old male. The mass was located between the liver and the right kidney. Laboratory tests including endocrinological studies were done but the diagnosis was not clearly confirmed before operation. The specimen weighed 410 g, was 12.5 X 8 X 5 cm and did not show any evidence of malignant degeneration histologically. Fourteen cases of the ganglioneuroma of the adrenal gland including our were accumulated from the Japanese literature. A review of the literature showed that cases of this tumor widely ranged from 1 to 65 years of ages, and its incidence was over twice higher in females than in males. Mainly the abdominal mass was the only symptom in these cases. The tumors were generally so well encapsulated that they could be removed completely. PMID- 3751802 TI - [Pyeloureteritis cystica: report of a case]. AB - A 68-year-old female patient was admitted for the examination of duplication of right ureter and right hydronephrosis. Antegrade pyelography showed multiple, small, round defects in the ureter from the upper pole of right kidney. Ureteroureterostomy was performed under the diagnosis of ureteritis. Including our case, 25 cases of pyeloureteritis cystica have been reported in Japan. PMID- 3751803 TI - [A case of combined anomaly of horseshoe kidney, retrocaval ureter and pelviureteric stenosis]. AB - A case of combined anomalies of the urinary tract, horseshoe kidney, retrocaval ureter and pelviureteric stenosis, is presented. Routine urological examination of a three-year-old girl who complained of recurrent cystitis, showed horseshoe kidney and right hydronephrosis. Surgical exploration revealed the retrocaval ureter, and the isthmus of the horseshoe kidney lying between the aorta and the inferior vena cava. The pelviureteric junction itself was also stenotic and compressed from behind by the aberrant vessels. In addition to the dismembered pyeloplasty in front of the vena cava, isthmotomy was performed. The literatures on such combined anomalies were reviewed. PMID- 3751804 TI - Non-hormonal adrenocortical adenoma with oncocytoma-like appearances. AB - We report a case of non-hormonal adrenocortical adenoma. The tumor was removed en block with the adrenal gland. The specimen was 5.0 X 4.5 X 3.0 cm, weighed 30 g and was solid. Histologically, this tumor had an oncocytoma-like appearance. However, as there is no concept of oncocytoma in connection with adrenocortical adenoma, this case was diagnosed as adrenocortical adenoma. A case with such histological findings has never been reported. PMID- 3751805 TI - [A case of megaureter]. AB - The terminology of megaureters, their histological findings and etiology vary greatly in the literature. We encountered an obstructed megaureter in a 39-year old man. He complained of epigastral and left flank pain. X-ray examination showed a right marked hydronephroureter which compressed the bladder and left ureter. We performed right nephroureterectomy. Postoperative course was uneventful and his clinical condition improved. PMID- 3751806 TI - [A 46, XX true hermaphrodite with H-Y antigen]. AB - A 23-year-old man was admitted to Osaka University Hospital with complaints of breast enlargement and defect of bilateral scrotal content. A gonad-like organ could be palpable at bilateral inguinal area and pubic hair was a female escutcheon in spite of complete male phenotype for both external genitalia and posterior urethra by retrograde urethrogram. Decreased serum value of testosterone and increased the serum value of estradiol and progesterone were found by endocrinological evaluation. Karyotype derived from skin fibroblast and peripheral lymphocyte was 46, XX and H-Y antigen was detected. Exploratory laparotomy disclosed uterus and bilateral ovotestis with epididymis, seminal vesicle and Fallopian tube. The patient received gonadectomy, hysterectomy and insertion of testicular prosthesis. PMID- 3751807 TI - Survival of thermotolerant campylobacters in water. PMID- 3751808 TI - A comparison of selenomethionine and sodium selenite as a supplement in chicken feeds. PMID- 3751809 TI - Efficacy of toltrazuril in the prevention of coccidiosis in naturally infected lambs on pasture. PMID- 3751810 TI - Summer mastitis in heifers: observations on the effect of insect attacks on the teats of heifers. PMID- 3751811 TI - Influence of amperozide on disease occurrence in a pig fattening unit. PMID- 3751812 TI - Improved agar plate assays of bovine lysozyme and haemolytic complement activity. PMID- 3751813 TI - Bisection of post-compaction bovine embryos: the difference in viability between the two monozygotic halves. PMID- 3751814 TI - Serology of Haemophilus (Actinobacillus) pleuropneumoniae serotype 5 strains: establishment of subtypes a and b. PMID- 3751815 TI - Rapid immunoassay for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts. PMID- 3751816 TI - Experimental cryptosporidiosis in mice, calves and chicken. PMID- 3751817 TI - Sporadic cryptosporidiosis in a rural population is asymptomatic and associated with contact to cattle. PMID- 3751818 TI - Nocardiosis--a five-year Huntsville experience. PMID- 3751820 TI - How do deaf children learn about prereading? PMID- 3751819 TI - A study of the criteria used in hiring teachers of the hearing impaired. PMID- 3751821 TI - American sign language in education of the deaf. PMID- 3751822 TI - Building a language base in hearing-impaired students. PMID- 3751823 TI - An alternative view of education for deaf children: Part II. PMID- 3751824 TI - A survey of teacher preparation programs in education of the hearing impaired. PMID- 3751825 TI - Hemispheric specialization and implications for the education of the hearing impaired. PMID- 3751826 TI - A case for the semantic processing of the deaf reader. PMID- 3751827 TI - Two factors related to effective voice interpreting. PMID- 3751828 TI - Reading habits and preferences of deaf students beginning postsecondary programs. PMID- 3751829 TI - Management of gastrointestinal foreign bodies. AB - Sharp, irregular objects or long, thin objects pose the most danger and need immediate attention. Otherwise, objects impacted in the esophagus should be removed within 12 hours. Objects that have advanced into the stomach usually pass without problems and should be observed for up to two weeks. Symptoms of bowel perforation, bleeding or obstruction call for immediate surgery. PMID- 3751830 TI - Broncholithiasis. PMID- 3751831 TI - String test for diagnosing giardiasis. AB - The "string test" permits definitive diagnosis of giardiasis in the physician's office. If giardiasis is present, microscopic examination of the sample of duodenal fluid obtained on the string will reveal Giardia lamblia in the trophozoite stage. Use of this simple test may eliminate some of the difficulties in diagnosing giardiasis. PMID- 3751832 TI - Evaluation of the carpal scaphoid. AB - Fracture of the carpal scaphoid usually results from a fall on an outstretched dorsiflexed wrist. Snuffbox tenderness is an important clue. Because the fracture line may not be visible on the initial roentgenograms, follow-up films are often required. Direct palpation of the distal pole of the scaphoid can enhance the evaluation of wrist pain. PMID- 3751833 TI - Pneumococcal vaccine failure. AB - Polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines are not 100 percent effective in preventing pneumococcal disease. In the case reported, pneumococcal meningitis and bacteremia developed about two years after the patient received the vaccine. When a patient presents with an illness that is consistent with pneumococcal infection, this etiology must be considered, regardless of the immunization history. PMID- 3751835 TI - Meralgia paresthetica in women. PMID- 3751834 TI - Agents for antithrombotic therapy. PMID- 3751836 TI - Radial keratotomy and pilot training. PMID- 3751838 TI - Prevention of atherosclerosis in children. PMID- 3751837 TI - Doctors and lawyers. PMID- 3751839 TI - Infantile apnea. AB - Infants who are found apneic, limp and cyanotic or pale and who require resuscitation must be hospitalized for cardiorespiratory monitoring and medical evaluation. If no cause is found, the diagnosis of idiopathic infantile apnea is made. The impedance pneumocardiogram is often helpful in diagnosis and management. Home monitoring limits asphyxia and may prevent death in infants thought to be at risk for recurrent apnea. PMID- 3751840 TI - Clinical aspects of genital herpes. AB - The clinical course is highly variable. The chance of recurrence is about 60 percent. Patients are infectious when lesions are present and, to a lesser extent, when asymptomatic virus shedding occurs. The chain of transmission can be difficult to ascertain. Transmission to the neonate is the most feared complication. Acyclovir--topical, oral or intravenous--is effective when used appropriately. Counseling and education by a supportive and informed physician can be of great benefit to patients with this sexually transmitted disease. PMID- 3751841 TI - Aortic dissection in adolescence. AB - Although aortic dissection is rare in children, it does occur, particularly in those with congenital heart disease, connective tissue disorders or severe trauma. Prompt diagnosis is essential. Aortic dissection should be considered in children and adolescents with severe abdominal pain, especially pain that migrates. The patient is often much more uncomfortable than can be explained on the basis of physical findings. Criteria have been established for choosing medical or surgical therapy. PMID- 3751842 TI - Occupational cancer. AB - When cancer is possibly related to occupation, the family physician's task is to put the matter in perspective by educating the patient and carefully documenting the appearance of the tumor and the patient's work history. Occasionally, physicians are the first to recognize new associations between chemicals and cancer and can help to bring hazards under control. PMID- 3751843 TI - Exercise prescriptions for the elderly. AB - The decline in physical function that occurs with aging affects all systems, especially the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems. Exercise may improve cardiovascular fitness, increase bone density, improve flexibility and enhance mental outlook. Exercise of adequate intensity should be performed three to five times per week. Elderly persons require longer periods of activity because of their inability to tolerate intense levels of exertion. PMID- 3751844 TI - Suicide risk: evaluation and management. AB - Inadequate assessment of the suicidal patient can have tragic consequences. Reliance should be placed on a comprehensive evaluation, including social profile, mental and physical status, suicidal ideation, intent and behavior, and current social support systems. Heightened awareness, combined with a knowledge about risk factors for suicide and intervention techniques, will help prevent these tragedies. PMID- 3751845 TI - Nasal septal perforation from illicit drug use. PMID- 3751846 TI - Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy. AB - Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP) is a distinct dermatosis characterized by onset in the third trimester. Lesions generally begin on the abdomen, particularly in the striae distensae. Primigravidas are disproportionately affected by this dermatosis. There is no associated fetal or maternal morbidity. Etiology and pathogenesis are unknown. The natural history is one of spontaneous resolution, and most patients respond well to symptomatic treatment with topical corticosteroids. PMID- 3751847 TI - Guillain-Barre syndrome. PMID- 3751848 TI - Drug therapy for peripheral arterial disease. PMID- 3751849 TI - Use of drugs for unlabeled indications. PMID- 3751850 TI - Colorectal cancer screening. PMID- 3751851 TI - Family physicians and obstetric care. PMID- 3751852 TI - Silent myocardial ischemia. PMID- 3751853 TI - Pyomyositis. AB - Pyomyositis is a bacterial infection of skeletal muscle that is usually accompanied by abscess formation. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common causative organism. Pyomyositis should be suspected in any patient who presents with fever, muscle pain and leukocytosis. It is confirmed by needle aspiration and culture of the suspected muscle group. Treatment entails incision and drainage of abscesses and appropriate antibiotic therapy. PMID- 3751854 TI - Acute gastric volvulus. PMID- 3751855 TI - Determinants of the changes in left ventricular end-diastolic volume during upright exercise in patients with coronary artery disease. AB - We examined the changes in left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic volume (EDV) during symptom-limited upright exercise in 160 patients with coronary artery disease. Patients were divided into three groups based on the degree of exercise induced LV dilation: group I (n = 66) had no increase in EDV (less than 10% change), group II (n = 38) had mild increase (10% to 24%), and group III (n = 56) had moderate or severe increase (greater than or equal to 25%). The patients with exercise-induced LV dilation had smaller resting EDV (p = 0.0001), higher resting LV ejection fraction (EF) (p = 0.008), and a greater decrease in EF with exercise (delta EF) (p = 0.007). A significant correlation was found between resting EDV and the degree of LV dilation with exercise (r = -0.45, p less than 0.001), and a weaker correlation between the degree of LV dilation and delta EF (r = -0.28, p less than 0.01). Multivariate discriminant analysis of important clinical, anatomic, and exercise descriptors identified three variables that best predicted the presence or absence of LV dilation during exercise: resting EDV (F = 38.2), resting EF (F = 24.2), and delta EF (F = 21.5). Thus, the degree of LV dilation during upright exercise is not related to age, gender, and extent of coronary artery disease, but is determined by the resting EDV, the resting EF, and the EF response to exercise. PMID- 3751856 TI - Serial assessment of circumferential regional left ventricular function following complete coronary occlusion. AB - The effect of abrupt coronary artery occlusion on regional left ventricular (LV) function is well known, but serial changes in circumferential regional function over the first few hours have not been extensively investigated. Circumflex coronary artery occlusion was produced in nine closed-chest, conscious dogs and changes in LV circumferential function were assessed using two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) performed in the short-axis projection at the mid papillary muscle level. End-diastolic and end-systolic frames were manually digitized and regional area ejection fractions at 22.5-degree intervals were calculated using a fixed diastolic center of mass. Endocardial motion abnormality was measured from a circumferential regional ejection fraction map. The extent of wall motion abnormality was measured as that exceeding 95% confidence limits of normal controls; the degree of dyssynergy was measured as the planimetered area of the extent of wall motion abnormality. Following circumflex coronary artery occlusion, a wall motion abnormality was well defined with a minute of occlusion and its circumferential extent measured 146 +/- 16 degrees with 11 +/- 2 cm2 absolute degree of dyssynergy. These parameters did not change over the course of the coronary artery occlusion. We conclude that circumferential regional abnormalities produced by coronary occlusions are well defined early and do not change over the first 3 hours of acute ischemia and infarction. PMID- 3751857 TI - Relation of atherosclerosis to arterial wall shear in the left anterior descending coronary artery of man. AB - Low fluid dynamic shear acting on the vascular endothelium has been suggested as a factor in atherogenesis. This study describes qualitatively differences of wall shear rate in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) of man and relates the distribution of wall shear to that of atheromatous plaques. Selective coronary arteriograms of 21 patients without obstructive LAD diseases were reviewed. Blood velocity, and therefore wall shear in the LAD, was assessed qualitatively based upon the rate of clearance of contrast material. There was a rapid clearing of contrast material along the outer wall of the LAD as it curved around the border of the heart. A much slower clearing occurred along the inner wall, bordering the myocardium, which persisted two to six cardiac cycles after the outer wall had cleared. This suggests that velocity, and therefore shear rate, is lower along the inner wall of the LAD than along the outer wall. In 27 patients who died of noncardiac disease, an uneven distribution of atheromatous plaques in the LAD was observed histologically, with greater involvement of the inner wall. These observations demonstrate an association between the lower shear rate along the inner wall of the LAD and the site of higher concentration of atherosclerosis. PMID- 3751858 TI - Unstable angina pectoris evolving to acute myocardial infarction: significance of ECG changes during chest pain. AB - We retrospectively evaluated 32 patients with unstable angina (UA) and no evidence of increased oxygen demand during episodes of chest pain (no significant changes in heart rate and blood pressure), who developed an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) during the same hospitalization. Based on the type of ST changes during anginal pain, two groups were defined: Group A included 19 patients who developed ST elevation during AMI; 15 of these 19 patients (79%) were in Killip class I, two were in class II, and there was one patient each in classes III and IV, respectively. Only one of the 19 patients died. Group B included 13 patients who developed ST depression during AMI; nine of these 13 patients were in Killip class IV and the remaining four patients died before they could be evaluated. Ten patients died (77%) (p less than 0.01), seven in electromechanical dissociation and three in cardiogenic shock. Postmortem examination, performed in four patients, revealed total obstruction of the left main coronary artery. It is concluded that patients with UA who, during attacks of chest pain, develop ST depression and no evidence of increased oxygen demand may have a poor prognosis when they develop an AMI. This selected group of high-risk patients appears to need immediate intensive medical care and most probably early surgical treatment. PMID- 3751859 TI - Unstable angina: the significance of ST segment elevation or depression in patients without evidence of increased myocardial oxygen demand. AB - We evaluated 46 patients with unstable angina (UA), who showed no significant changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and double product (as evidence of increased oxygen demand) during episodes of chest pain. Coronary angiography was performed in all patients during the same hospitalization. Of 26 patients with UA and ST depression (group A), 10 had left main coronary artery disease (CAD) and eight had left main equivalent CAD. Of 20 patients with UA and ST elevation (group B), only one had left main CAD and one had left main equivalent CAD. All patients in group A had ST depression in leads V4 and V5, and all patients in group B had ST elevation in leads V2 and V3. The presence of ST depression in leads V4 and V5 in UA patients without evidence of increased oxygen demand may be suggestive of significant left main or left main equivalent CAD. Therefore, coronary angiography is recommended during the same hospitalization. PMID- 3751860 TI - Bradycardia and hypotension following reperfusion with streptokinase (Bezold Jarisch reflex): a sign of coronary thrombolysis and myocardial salvage. AB - Acute myocardial infarction, particularly of the inferior wall, is frequently associated with bradycardia and hypotension. This study reports the occurrence of transient bradycardia hypotension (TBH) (Bezold-Jarisch reflex) following thrombolytic therapy with intravenous streptokinase. Of the 52 patients, 42 had successful reperfusion, and 12 of the latter developed reflex TBH. The Bezold Jarisch reflex occurred in 10 of 24 patients with inferior wall acute myocardial infarction and in 2 of 28 patients with anterior wall infarction (p less than 0.05). The reflex was associated with significantly more non-Q wave infarctions (p less than 0.05) and also with reduction of left ventricular damage, as evidenced by a lower QRS score (4 +/- 3.8 vs 8.9 +/- 5.6, p less than 0.01) and a higher ejection fraction (61 +/- 13% vs 49 +/- 16%, p less than 0.05). Patients with inferior wall acute myocardial infarction were divided into those with TBH (10 patients) and those without TBH (14 patients). TBH was associated with a significantly higher infarct-related regional ejection fraction (60 +/- 19% vs 35 +/- 18%, p less than 0.05). The results of this study confirm previous findings that reperfusion of the inferoposterior myocardium is capable of stimulating reflex TBH. Furthermore, TBH is associated with patency of infarct-related coronary arteries and myocardial salvage. PMID- 3751861 TI - Increased myocardial infarct size by thiopental after coronary occlusion in the dog. AB - The effect of a single dose (10 mg/kg) of intravenous thiopental (TP), during acute myocardial infarction, on infarct size was studied in conscious dogs randomized 10 minutes after left circumflex coronary artery occlusion to either the TP group (n = 10) or a control group given 0.9% saline solution (n = 10). During the first hour following therapy, myocardial blood flow (microspheres), arterial pressure, left atrial pressure, and arterial blood gases were similar in the two groups, but the heart rate (140 +/- 3 vs 110 +/- 3 bpm; p less than 0.001) and rate-pressure product (15,090 vs 12,210 bpm X mm Hg; p less than 0.025) were greater in the TP group. Infarct size (planimetry) and occluded bed size (postmortem coronary arteriography) measured 2 days later revealed that: the slope of the relation between infarct and occluded bed mass, as a percentage of the left ventricle (% LV) was greater with TP than with saline solution (1.10 vs 0.61; p less than 0.001); excluding hearts (four TP and three saline solution) with small occluded beds (less than 22% LV), infarcts were also larger with TP (n = 6) than with saline solution (n = 7), both as a percentage of the left ventricle (26.4 vs 12.2%; p less than 0.02) or occluded bed (61.5 vs 28.9%; p less than 0.005); and transmural and endocardial extents of the infarcts on topographic maps were greater with TP than with saline solution. In 12 other conscious dogs, increasing the heart rate between 10 and 70 minutes after left circumflex coronary artery occlusion to the average rate of the TP group (140 bpm) by atrial pacing resulted in infarcts larger than those in control dogs but similar to those in the TP group. Thus, TP therapy after left circumflex occlusion increased infarct size in dogs. This effect appeared to be due mainly to the increased heart rate, probably via increased myocardial oxygen demands. PMID- 3751862 TI - Utility of echocardiography for the early assessment of patients with nondiagnostic chest pain. AB - A two-dimensional (2D) echocardiogram was recorded shortly after admission in 46 patients with nondiagnostic chest pain. Eighteen patients were studied during chest pain and 28 were studied following the resolution of chest pain. Of the 18 patients studied during chest pain, six of the eight patients who had a regional wall motion abnormality (RWMA) evolved an acute infarction and the remaining two patients had evidence of significant coronary artery disease. Only 1 of 10 patients without a RWMA evolved an infarction and none had significant coronary artery disease. Of the 28 patients studied following the resolution of chest pain, 8 of the 10 patients with a RWMA evolved an acute infarction and one patient had evidence of significant coronary artery disease, whereas of 18 patients without a RWMA, none evolved an acute infarction and five had evidence of significant coronary artery disease. These data suggest that in patients presenting with nondiagnostic chest pain, an early assessment of regional wall motion by 2D echocardiography can reliably differentiate patients with myocardial ischemia or early infarction from patients with nonischemic chest pain when performed during an episode of chest pain; can also identify those patients with early acute myocardial infarction, even when performed following the resolution of chest pain; but is not useful for the detection of patients with significant coronary artery disease without infarction when performed following the resolution of chest pain. PMID- 3751863 TI - The response of patients with complex ventricular arrhythmias secondary to dilated cardiomyopathy to programmed electrical stimulation. AB - A prospective study was undertaken to assess the response of patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy to programmed electrical stimulation (PES). Fifteen patients undergoing evaluation of congestive heart failure were studied. All patients underwent cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography as well as endomyocardial biopsy to exclude known causes of heart failure. No patient had a history of syncope or sustained ventricular arrhythmias. All patients were found to have severe left ventricular dysfunction (mean ejection fraction 17%), as well as nonsustained ventricular tachycardia on ambulatory monitoring or exercise testing. A protocol using up to two premature stimuli and burst pacing, from two right ventricular sites, induced up to four repetitive ventricular responses but failed to induce a sustained ventricular arrhythmia in any patient. Patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, advanced ventricular arrhythmias, and depressed left ventricular function respond differently than do patients with coronary artery disease, advanced ventricular arrhythmias, and depressed left ventricular function, to PES. PES appears to have limited value in the evaluation of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and nonsustained ventricular arrhythmias. PMID- 3751865 TI - Value of respiratory variations of right ventricular dimension in the identification of small atrial septal defects (secundum type) not requiring surgery: an echocardiographic study. AB - In search of reliable criteria that could help differentiate insignificant atrial septal defects (ASDs) from those with a large shunt, M-mode echocardiograms of three groups of patients were studied retrospectively: group I = 10 normal children (mean age 5.7 years); group II = 10 patients (mean age 7 years) with small ASD in whom the decision was taken not to proceed to surgical closure, based on hemodynamic and angiographic criteria; and group III = 15 patients (mean age 7 years) with an "operable" shunt, who underwent corrective surgery. The results showed that right ventricular end-diastolic dimensions during expiration (RVDDE) were increased in all patients in group III but were normal in only 3 of the 10 patients in group II. A normal septal movement was found in all patients in groups I and II but also in five patients in group III. The variation in right ventricular diastolic dimension with respiration (RVDVR) was always normal in group II. However, in group III all patients but one had a small RVDVR (less than 6%). It was concluded that a normal RVDDE is very specific (100%) but not sensitive (30%), a normal septal movement is very sensitive (100%) and moderately specific (70.6%), and a normal RVDVR is both very sensitive (100%) and specific (94.4%) as a criterion for identification of small ASDs not requiring surgery. PMID- 3751864 TI - Left ventricular function in normal newborn infants and asymptomatic infants with neonatal polycythemia. AB - Digitized M-mode echocardiography was used to evaluate left ventricular (LV) function in normal neonates and to document subtle abnormalities of LV function in 19 asymptomatic newborn infants with polycythemia and hyperviscosity. Echocardiograms were performed before and after partial exchange transfusion and at 48 hours of age. Results were compared to those obtained from analysis of echocardiograms from 18 normal infants with normal hematocrits at 12 and 48 hours of age. In the normal group there were no differences between the digitized indices of LV function at 12 hours and those at 48 hours of age. In the polycythemic group, prior to hemodilution, the peak rate of LV emptying was low compared to normal values (-3.1 +/- 0.7 sec-1 vs -3.6 +/- 1.0 sec-1, p less than 0.05) and normalized following the procedure to -3.7 +/- 1.3 sec-1. The peak rate of left ventricular posterior wall (LVPW) thickening also increased following partial exchange transfusion (3.2 +/- 0.6 sec-1 to 3.7 +/- 1.0 sec-1, p less than 0.05). At 48 hours of age peak rates of change for the left ventricle (-2.9 +/- 0.8) and LVPW (3.0 +/- 0.7) were abnormally low in the polycythemic infants, all of whom had undergone partial exchange transfusion. Also, at 48 hours, the LVPW time to peak rate of thickening and time to the end of thickening were prolonged. In addition, the peak rate of LV filling in diastole was low in the polycythemic group (3.0 +/- 0.9 sec-1 vs 3.9 +/- 1.3 sec-1, p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3751866 TI - Abnormal cardiovascular response to exercise in young asymptomatic diabetic patients with retinopathy. AB - Heart rate, blood pressure, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were measured by means of Au 195 m first-pass angiocardiography, during maximal supine bicycle exercise in 20 young asymptomatic patients with insulin-dependent diabetes (IDD) (10 retinopathic and 10 uncomplicated) and in 10 control subjects. Five patients with retinopathic IDD also had mild subclinical autonomic neuropathy. Exercise capacity was diminished, although not significantly, in patients with retinopathic IDD. Heart rate and LVEF were similar in all groups at rest and at submaximal exercise. At peak exercise patients with retinopathic IDD had significantly lower heart rate (134 +/- 4 bpm) and LVEF (62.9 +/- 3.7%) than those with umcomplicated IDD (158 +/- 8 bpm and 76.6 +/- 2.4%, respectively) and control subjects (152 +/- 6 bpm and 73.5 +/- 1.9%, respectively). LVEF increased vs baseline in all control subjects and patients with uncomplicated IDD, but in only three with retinopathic IDD. Leg muscle blood flow (MBF) was also evaluated at rest and during exercise by 133Xe washout. Exercise MBF was significantly lower in patients with retinopathic IDD (40.5 +/- 2.23 ml X min-1 X 100 gm-1) than in control subjects (49.9 +/- 1.87 ml X min-1 X 100 gm-1) and in those with uncomplicated IDD (49.0 +/- 1.87 ml X min-1 X 100 gm-1). Diffuse microangiopathy, alone or in combination with neuropathy, might be responsible for the impairment of cardiovascular function in diabetes. PMID- 3751867 TI - Exercise radionuclide ventriculography in evaluation of coronary artery disease. AB - The ability of radionuclide variables obtained at rest and at peak exercise to discriminate the number of stenosed (greater than or equal to 70% luminal diameter narrowing) major coronary arteries was evaluated in 296 patients undergoing supine exercise radionuclide ventriculography. Stepwise linear discriminant analysis of the data from the first 200 patients identified a significant (p less than 0.001) discriminatory combination. Application of this function to the remaining 96 patients provided correct classification of arteriographically determined zero, one, two, and three stenosed arteries in 59%, 18%, 14%, and 60% of cases, respectively. The discriminant function classified minimal stenoses (zero or one artery) and multivessel stenoses (two or three arteries) correctly by arteriography in two thirds of cases in each group. Arteriographic presence of three stenoses was unlikely in those classified as having no stenosis, and absence of stenosis was rare in those classified as having three stenoses. Exercise radionuclide ventriculography is most helpful in identifying minimal and multivessel coronary disease rather than number of stenosed major coronary arteries. PMID- 3751868 TI - Evaluation of coronary artery disease by an improved method of exercise electrocardiography: the ST segment/heart rate slope. AB - Analysis of the rate-related change in exercise-induced ST segment depression, the ST/HR slope, has been shown to significantly improve the accuracy of the exercise ECG for the identification of patients with coronary artery disease and for the recognition of patients with stable angina pectoris who have anatomically or functionally severe coronary artery obstruction. This method, in effect, normalizes the extent of ST segment depression for heart rate, which serves as an index of exercise-induced augmentation of myocardial oxygen demand. While preserving the specificity of the exercise ECG at greater than 90%, an ST/HR slope value of 1.1 microV/bpm as an upper limit of normal improved exercise test sensitivity from 57% to 91% in patients with stable angina who were examined using standard Bruce protocols and three monitoring leads. In addition, an ST/HR slope value of 6.0 microV/bpm was found to partition patients with and without three-vessel coronary artery disease with a sensitivity of 78%, specificity of 97%, positive predictive value of 93%, and overall test accuracy of 90%. No other criteria based on standard ECG interpretation performed as well as the ST/HR slope for the recognition of three-vessel disease in these patients. Further, patients with high ST/HR slopes who did not have three-vessel coronary disease could be shown to have functionally severe two-vessel disease by radionuclide cineangiography. These data suggest that the ST/HR slope can improve the evaluation and management of patients with possible coronary disease. Additional improvement in ST/HR slope accuracy and applicability is likely to result from modification of exercise protocols to reduce heart rate increments between stages, an increase in monitoring leads to include CM5, and computer analysis of the ST segment depression. PMID- 3751869 TI - Pediatric cardiology manpower in the 1980s. AB - The allocation of professional time of board-certified pediatric cardiologists in 1980 to 1981 was compared with that of pediatric cardiologists in 1967, by use of a similar questionnaire. At both times, the majority of pediatric cardiologists were in a full-time academic or hospital setting. In 1980 to 1981, the number of hours devoted to professional activities was significantly less than during the earlier period, with the reduction being principally in amount of time devoted to research, either clinical or basic, and teaching. This change has implications for manpower and the scientific aspects of pediatric cardiology. An average of 40 physicians enter pediatric cardiology yearly. With the current number of certified pediatric cardiologists, and a modest number of pediatric cardiologists who will leave the field in the next half decade, we project 900 pediatric cardiologists in 1990. A number of factors are discussed that will influence the needs for pediatric cardiologists. PMID- 3751870 TI - Possible role of parasympathetic nervous system in the pathogenesis of exercise induced coronary artery spasm. PMID- 3751871 TI - Anterior and inferior myocardial infarction in a young woman with angiographically normal coronary arteries. PMID- 3751872 TI - Serum myoglobin measured by latex agglutination: rapid test for exclusion of acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 3751873 TI - Hyperventilation-induced coronary artery spasm. PMID- 3751874 TI - Observations on QRS alternans in a patient with two types of narrow QRS tachycardia. PMID- 3751875 TI - Dual-chamber transvenous pacemaker implantation via anomalous left superior vena cava. PMID- 3751876 TI - Resolution of congestive cardiomyopathy caused by supraventricular tachycardia using amiodarone. PMID- 3751877 TI - Echocardiographic detection of a left atrial thrombus in an infant with complex congenital heart disease. PMID- 3751878 TI - Tricuspid valve endocarditis cured by excision of a single vegetation. PMID- 3751879 TI - Cardiac involvement by lymphoma: detection and follow-up by two-dimensional echocardiography. PMID- 3751880 TI - Trends in cardiac pacing 1970-1983. PMID- 3751881 TI - Pharmacists' 'Helping Smokers Quit' program. PMID- 3751882 TI - Smoking and pregnancy. PMID- 3751883 TI - A question of confidentiality. PMID- 3751884 TI - Third party contracting and buying groups across the United States. PMID- 3751885 TI - Executive summary of the petition. Requesting recognition of clinical pharmacy as a specialty. Committee on Clinical Pharmacy as a Specialty. PMID- 3751886 TI - Performance appraisals. PMID- 3751887 TI - Hazard evaluation of monochloroacetone. AB - Monochloroacetone was introduced in 1914 as a war gas, and presently it has a number of uses as a chemical intermediate. Apart from its biological properties as a lacrimator and vesicant, it is not a well-studied compound toxicologically. A series of acute toxicity studies were done using different routes of administration. An Ames mutagenicity test also was performed. These data were compared to manufacturing use information and data published in the literature. It is recommended that direct contact with liquid and vapor be prevented through strict engineering controls and that air concentrations be kept below 1 ppm as a ceiling concentration. PMID- 3751888 TI - Size and concentration measurement of an industrial aerosol. AB - Several real-time particle sizing instruments were evaluated for measuring the size distribution and concentration of the aerosol produced during the high speed grinding of gray iron castings. Aerosol was sampled in the airstream entrained by the motion of a spinning grinding wheel in a pilot grinding operation. Measurement methods based on differing physical principles were selected for evaluation and compared: particle inertia (aerodynamic particle sizer and quartz crystal microbalance cascade impactor); light scattering (laser aerosol spectrometer); and projected-area microscopy (scanning electron microscope). Inferences of aerodynamic diameter based on measurements by the laser aerosol spectrometer consistently undersized that determined by the aerodynamic particle sizer by a factor of 1.5. Estimates of aerodynamic diameters from projected area diameters determined by scanning electron microscopy differed from those obtained by the aerodynamic particle sizer by a factor of 2. Differences appeared to be a non-linear function of particle diameter. Estimates of respirable mass determined from mass-weighted particle size spectra varied by a factor of 6 between the largest estimate (scanning electron microscope) and the smallest estimate (laser aerosol spectrometer). PMID- 3751889 TI - A simple mathematical model for diffusional sampler operation. AB - A simple mathematical model of the molecular basis for the function of a diffusional sampler for dilute mixtures of gaseous contaminants in supporting gases is presented. The model is based on the movement of single molecules of the contaminant between sections of a tubular diffusion path on a step-by-step basis; the length of the step and of each section of the tube are equal to the mean free path, lambda, under the specified conditions. When the model is used, the coefficient of diffusion, D, can be calculated from lambda and the average velocity, v, of the contaminant molecule. Both lambda and v were calculated independently using equations which involved the minimum number of assumptions. The value of D so estimated was of the same order as that in the literature, differing by a factor of less than 2. It should be emphasized that the model represents a statistical, thermodynamic approach to understanding diffusional samplers, and its utility is independent of the means of estimating lambda and v for specific gas pairs. PMID- 3751890 TI - The distribution of gram negative bacteria and endotoxin on raw cotton components. AB - The botanical composition of representative raw cottons from seven different growing regions was determined by manual removal and identification of all trash components greater than 50 micron in size. The number of gram negative bacteria (GNB) and the amount of endotoxin present in each of the separated raw cotton components were quantified. Low middling cotton contained significantly more bract-leaf trash than that found in higher quality cottons such as those in the middling grade division. Significantly more GNB and endotoxin were found in botanical trash components as well as lint of raw cotton derived from the southwest and southeast growing regions as compared to similar botanical components from far west cottons. For representative raw cottons from the 1980 USA crop we determined that 67% of the GNB and 89% of the endotoxin resided on white lint itself, from which all particulate larger than 50 micron in size had been removed manually. PMID- 3751891 TI - Production of vinylidene chloride from the thermal decomposition of methyl chloroform. AB - This study investigated the extent to which methyl chloroform undergoes thermal decomposition to form vinylidene chloride. The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions that approximate those found in industrial environments. Methyl chloroform vapors at approximately the TLV concentration of 1910 mg/m3 were passed through a heated quartz tube packed with glass or copper beads. In the presence of glass, the decomposition reaction began at 350 degrees C and was essentially complete at 605 degrees C. Vinylidene chloride was detected in nearly stoichiometric amounts. In the presence of copper, the reaction occurred initially at 180 degrees C. At 442 degrees C no methyl chloroform was detected. Once again, the conversion to vinylidene chloride was nearly complete. Two major conclusions have been derived from this study. First, under these experimental conditions, methyl chloroform undergoes thermal decomposition to yield substantial quantities of vinylidene chloride. Second, the dehydrohalogenation reaction proceeds at much lower temperatures in the presence of copper. PMID- 3751892 TI - Investigation of a fatal heatstroke. AB - On June 30, 1981, a young, apparently healthy, obese white male suffered a fatal heatstroke. This was the beginning of summer in southern Ohio, when mid-day temperatures can reach into the 30s degrees C (90s degrees F) and the humidity can climb above 70%. The predisposition of the individual in terms of acclimatization, physical size and dietary intake, along with strong motivation to perform well on a job requiring a heavy workload in a hot environment, pushed him beyond his physiologic capacity. Of those people who attended him, only professional rescue personnel recognized the illness and properly treated the man. The death may have prevented by acclimatization and training as to the hazards, recognition and treatment of heat illness. PMID- 3751893 TI - Mesophilic microorganisms and endotoxin levels on developing cotton plants. AB - Healthy cotton leaf, bract, fiber and soil were collected twice each week during growing season. These samples were studied to determine the epiphytic total and gram-negative bacterial (GNB) populations and endotoxin levels from seedling development to harvest. Since bract is a significant trash component of raw cotton, a study of the epiphytic bract fungi was performed also. Bract and soil had the highest total bacterial count (TBC) until senescence, when the bract count increased significantly over that of the soil. Leaf TBC was usually third while fiber had the least TBC. Leaf senescence did not result in an increase in TBC as with bract. GNB counts paralleled, but were approximately 10-fold lower than that of the TBC. Enterobacter agglomerans was the most predominant bacterium on leaf and bract. Gram-positive rods were the most common bacteria on fiber with E. agglomerans second. Gram-positive rods were by far the predominant species in soil. Senescence affected the population levels of the various genera on leaf and bract. Endotoxin varied greatly for all sample types. Soil usually gave the highest amounts, followed by bract, fiber leaf surface. Statistical analysis showed some minor correlations between the presence of certain bacteria with other bacteria. No correlations were found between weather data and bacterial types present or endotoxin levels. The epiphytic fungal population on bract was studied through the growing season. Though different genera appeared, the predominant genus throughout the study was Cladosporium. PMID- 3751894 TI - Critique of 1985 ACGIH report on particle size-selective sampling in the workplace. AB - The criteria recently proposed by ACGIH for judging the acceptability of respirable and other dust fraction samplers are analyzed. Implications on the sampling of workplace aerosol are determined. With the consideration of both bias and imprecision, the overall accuracy limited by the criteria is estimated for the sampling of coal mine dust as characterized by various researchers. The accuracy limits thus found appear to be excessively broad. As an example with actual workplace dust distributions in the sampling of a single aerosol (mass median diameter = 18.6 micrometers and geometric standard deviation = 2.3) with respirable dust concentration near 2 mg/m3, two samplers acceptable according to the proposed criteria could be found giving respirable dust measurements equal to 0.71 mg/m3 and 4.3 mg/m3 (even after excluding 5% of the low and high measurements from each sampler, respectively). Large variation in samplers acceptable according to the criteria is found for many other distributions as well; this indicates that tighter requirements are necessary. Seldom attained are both the single-sample +/- 25% accuracy at the 95% confidence level required of sampling/analytical methods endorsed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the tighter ISO dust fraction measurement requirement that 67% of the measurements of a sampled dust fall within 10% of a true value. Suggestions are given for sharpening the criteria without eliminating all samplers from acceptability. PMID- 3751895 TI - The characterization of a black light device: a hazard evaluation process. AB - The results of an occupational hazard evaluation process to assess the potential ultraviolet radiation exposure from broad-band sources of optical radiation are compared with the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) guidelines for occupational exposure to ultraviolet radiation. A black light fluorescent lamp device, evaluated according to these criteria, exceeded the ACGIH-TLV for UVA and UVB. Design modifications resulted in acceptable occupational exposure levels without compromising the performance of the device. PMID- 3751896 TI - Determination of organic vapor respirator cartridge variability in terms of degree of activation of the carbon and cartridge packing density. AB - The protection provided by carbon-containing organic vapor respirator cartridges depends in part on the packing density of the carbon in the cartridges and its degree of activation. Large variations in these parameters could have significant effects on the service-life of respirator cartridges. Variability among commercially available organic vapor respirator cartridges was examined with regard to the following characteristics: the particle size distribution, amount of carbon and packing density of the carbon in the cartridges and the degree of activation of the carbon. The degree of activation was determined by measuring the maximum adsorption space and the structural constant of the carbon. These two parameters--Wo (cm3/g) and k (cal/M)-2--are constants in the Dubinin/Radushkevich (D/R) model from which physical absorption onto microporous adsorbents, such as activated carbon, are described. Respirator cartridges from three different suppliers were examined. Significant variability (11-40%) in the amount and the degree of activation of the carbon occurred between cartridges of different manufacturers, as well as among cartridges of an individual manufacturer. PMID- 3751897 TI - Prediction of activated carbon performance for sequential adsorbates. AB - A packed bed of carbon granules was exposed to benzene and carbon tetrachloride sequentially to determine the adsorption characteristics of the bed under dynamic flow conditions. We found that the total adsorption space of the carbon was invariant at a fixed relative pressure and temperature. This finding allowed us to predict carbon performance for adsorbates introduced concurrently and/or sequentially. PMID- 3751898 TI - A symposium: Detection, quantification and clinical significance of silent myocardial ischemia in coronary artery disease. November 10, 1984, Miami Beach, Florida. PMID- 3751899 TI - Character of transient ischemia in angina pectoris. AB - There is growing interest in the possible therapeutic and prognostic significance of silent myocardial ischemia in coronary artery disease (CAD) and its detection by ambulatory electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring. In 100 apparently healthy normal subjects (20 with angiographically normal coronary arteries), Holter monitoring revealed significant ST-segment depression in only 2 (both over 40 years, one with positive treadmill test, the other with risk factor for CAD). No significant ECG changes were found in those with normal coronary vessels. In 30 patients with documented CAD, significant ST-segment depression during 1,934 episodes over 446 days of monitoring over 18 months was found. Only 24% of the episodes were associated with angina. Asymptomatic and symptomatic episodes were associated with comparable changes in perfusion detected by positron emission tomography. Heart rate increases greater than 10 beats/min preceding the onset of the ST-segment changes occurred in only 23% of the episodes. There was considerable variability in the ST-segment changes in the same patient monitored serially over long periods of time. The data indicate that it is extremely uncommon for patients without CAD to exhibit silent myocardial ischemia, whereas patients with stable angina exhibit frequent, variable and often asymptomatic ECG evidence of myocardial ischemia rarely triggered by increases in heart rate. These findings are likely to be of therapeutic and prognostic significance. PMID- 3751900 TI - Characteristics and clinical significance of silent myocardial ischemia in unstable angina. AB - The frequency and duration of transient myocardial ischemia on Holter recordings, analyzed by the compact analog technique, were determined in 41 patients (all men, mean age 54) with unstable angina (33 with angiographic evidence). There were 781 episodes of ischemia: 392 (50%) with ST-segment depression, 242 (31%) with ST elevation, 45 (6%) with ST elevation and depression in different leads, 70 (9%) with pseudonormalization of T waves and 32 (4%) with T-wave augmentation. Ventricular arrhythmias were associated with 18% of the episodes. The mean duration of ischemic episodes was 14 minutes (range 30 seconds to almost 12 hours); most were less than 5 minutes. Only 154 (20%) of the 781 episodes of ischemia were associated with pain. Conversely, 77 episodes of chest pain were not associated with electrocardiographic changes. Analysis of the temporal sequence of heart rate during the development of ischemia (analyzed in 415 episodes) showed that in only 43 (10%) the heart rate at the beginning of ischemia was significantly (greater than 6 beats/min) higher than that at 5 minutes (baseline) before the onset of ischemia. At the peak of the ischemic abnormality, the mean heart rate increase was 10% and returned to baseline at the end of the ischemic episode. The data indicate that 80% of ischemic episodes in unstable angina are silent and over 90% are not triggered by increases in heart rate; apparently increased oxygen demand is an uncommon cause of ischemia in unstable angina. Although most of the episodes were short-lived, some were extremely protracted without the development of myocardial infarction. The findings are of therapeutic significance. PMID- 3751901 TI - Hemodynamic and electrocardiographic correlates of symptomatic and silent myocardial ischemia: pathophysiologic and therapeutic implications. AB - Numerous hemodynamic, electrocardiographic, metabolic and radionuclide measurements in various subsets of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) reveal that ischemia does not always occur on the basis of increases in myocardial oxygen consumption. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring indicates that most episodes of myocardial ischemia are not preceded by increases in such major determinants of oxygen consumption as heart rate or blood pressure, but that these usually increase in response to the development of ischemia. The development of pain during ischemia is a late feature and most episodes are silent. There are no significant differences in the hemodynamic characteristics of symptomatic versus asymptomatic episodes of myocardial ischemia in patients with angina at rest or between those associated with ST-segment depression and those with ST-segment elevation. Continuous Holter recordings analyzed by compact analog technique in hospitalized and ambulatory patients with ischemic heart disease indicate that in both unstable and chronic stable angina, over two-thirds of myocardial ischemic episodes are clinically silent. Symptomatic and silent episodes do not differ significantly with respect to duration. Most symptomatic and asymptomatic episodes are not triggered by increases in the determinants of oxygen demand. Such episodes may arise on the basis of a critical reduction in the lumen of the diseased coronary artery leading to a primary reduction in blood flow. Intermittent obstruction due to changes in coronary vasomobility or possibly formation of thrombi may be a common mechanism for the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia in patients with a varying spectrum of coronary artery lesions. At present, the precise clinical and prognostic significance of silent ischemia in CAD is not completely defined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3751902 TI - Symptomatic and silent myocardial ischemia during exercise testing in coronary artery disease. AB - During exercise by patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial ischemia may precede the onset of angina or may be unassociated with angina, even at peak levels of stress. However, neither the precise incidence of silent versus symptomatic ischemic episodes nor their interrelation in this setting has been clearly defined. The prevalence of silent and symptomatic myocardial ischemia during treadmill exercise testing was determined in 92 patients with angiographically documented CAD. The study group comprised 77 men (84%) and 15 women (16%) of mean age 57 years (range 32 to 79). Exercise testing resulted in ischemic ST-segment depression (greater than or equal to 1 mm for greater than or equal to 80 ms) only or in association with delayed (greater than or equal to 1 minute) angina in 39 patients (42%); angina only or in association with delayed ST-segment depression occurred in 42 patients (46%); and simultaneous occurrence of angina and ST-segment depression was noted in 11 patients (12%). Analysis of clinical, exercise and angiographic factors (age, sex, history of myocardial infarction, heart rate, maximal ST-segment depression, extent of CAD and left ventricular ejection fraction) revealed no significant correlation with the frequency of symptomatic and silent myocardial ischemia during exercise. Asymptomatic myocardial ischemia occurred commonly during exercise in patients with CAD, but there were no differences in the characteristics of patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic episodes. PMID- 3751903 TI - Myocardial ischemia during daily activities and stress. AB - Twenty-four-hour, 2-channel Holter monitoring during daily activities was performed in 210 patients; during the same day a Bruce protocol treadmill test was also performed and the electrocardiogram was recorded using the same Holter system. Significant ST-segment depression was observed during daily activities in 97 patients, while similar changes were recorded during the treadmill test in 122 patients. Thus, 77% of patients with ST depression during the provocation of the treadmill test had ischemic episodes during their everyday life. On the other hand, 3 patients with proven significant coronary artery disease had spontaneous ischemic episodes during daily activities, but had a negative stress test. The ischemic changes during daily activity developed at a lower heart rate than during stress testing (94 beats/min vs 109 beats/min, respectively, p less than 0.05). A total of 351 ischemic episodes were recorded during daily activities, 241 (69%) of these were asymptomatic. In 46 patients all episodes were asymptomatic, in 15 all were symptomatic, while in 36 both symptomatic and silent episodes were detected. The mean duration of the symptomatic episodes was 13.7 minutes and that of the asymptomatic ones was 14.9 minutes (difference not significant). The degree of ST depression in these 2 groups was also similar. Because of more advanced symptomatology in 143 patients, coronary arteriography was performed; 43 had normal and 100 had pathologic coronary arteries. In this selected group, the sensitivity of Holter monitoring during daily activity was 87% and during stress 97%; the specificity during daily activity was 95% and during stress 88%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3751904 TI - Prognostic significance of asymptomatic coronary artery disease. AB - Prognosis in the various forms of asymptomatic coronary artery disease is not precisely defined but available data suggest that it may not be as benign as previously thought. This is especially true in patients with silent myocardial ischemia, 3-vessel disease and poor exercise tolerance, because many of these patients may go on to sudden death or myocardial infarction. It is also true in patients with silent myocardial infarctions, because prognosis in this type of myocardial infarction is similar to that of patients with symptomatic infarctions. PMID- 3751905 TI - Variable spectrum and prognostic implications of left and right ventricular ejection fractions in patients with and without clinical heart failure after acute myocardial infarction. AB - To determine the spectrum and prognostic implications of left and right ventricular (LV and RV) ejection fractions (EFs) in acute myocardial infarction (AMI), radionuclide ventriculography was performed in 114 consecutive patients, admitted without (Killip class I, 78 patients) or with (killip class II, 36 patients) clinical signs of pulmonary congestion within 24 hours of onset of symptoms of a transmural AMI. Mean LVEF was significantly lower in patients in Killip class II than in those in class I (0.32 +/- 0.11 vs 0.46 +/- 0.15, p less than 0.001) and in patients with anterior than inferior AMI (0.34 +/- 0.11 vs 0.52 +/- 0.14, p less than 0.001). Of the 36 patients with a severely depressed (0.30 or less) LVEF, 15 (42%) were in Killip class I. Mean RVEF did not differ significantly between Killip class I and II patients (0.42 +/- 0.11 vs 0.40 +/- 0.12, difference not significant) but was significantly lower in patients with inferior than anterior AMI (0.38 +/- 0.09 vs 0.44 +/- 0.11, p = 0.005). In patients with inferior AMI, a depressed RVEF (0.38 or less) was associated with a normal LVEF in 30% and a depressed LVEF in 20%, whereas in those with anterior AMI, a depressed RVEF, observed in 25% of patients, occurred only in association with a depressed LVEF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3751906 TI - Prognostic implications of regional hyperkinesia and remote asynergy of noninfarcted myocardium. AB - To determine the clinical significance of regional hyperkinesia and remote asynergy of noninfarcted areas in patients with a first acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 2-dimensional echocardiography was performed in 113 consecutive patients within 12 hours after admission to the coronary care unit. In 98 patients (87%) all segments of the left ventricular wall were recorded. Infarct associated asynergy was anterior in 63 and inferior in 35 patients. Regional hyperkinesia was present in 66 patients (67%)--44 of 63 with anterior (69%) and 22 of 35 with inferior (63%) infarcts--and was more frequently seen in patients with 1- and 2-vessel coronary artery disease (CAD) than in patients with 3-vessel CAD (87 and 72% vs 25%, p less than 0.001). In contrast to enzymatic infarct size, absence of regional hyperkinesia was significantly associated with a higher left ventricular wall motion score (p less than 0.01). Twenty patients died within 30 days after onset of AMI; in 15 (75%) regional hyperkinesia was absent. Absence of regional hyperkinesia, especially in anterior infarcts, was associated with a high mortality rate (13 of 19 patients [68%]). Remote asynergy, i.e., not adjacent to the infarct area and supposed to be related to another vascular region, was present in 17 of 98 patients (17%)--11 of 63 with anterior (17%) and 6 of 35 with inferior (17%) infarcts. Remote asynergy was present only in patients with multivessel CAD and was significantly related to a higher wall motion score (p less than 0.001), but not to enzymatic infarct size.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3751907 TI - Relation between Q-QS changes on the rest electrocardiogram and left ventricular function with healed myocardial infarction. AB - In the Program of Surgical Control of Hyperlipidemia, the relation of the Minnesota Q-QS codes for rest electrocardiograms to left ventricular (LV) function was studied in patients with healed myocardial infarction (MI). Of 838 subjects enrolled in the study, 477 (57%) had codable Q-QS patterns at the time of randomization. There was an extremely high correlation between the level of the Minnesota code and concurrent LV function, the latter being determined on left ventriculography by both ejection fraction and the number of segmental wall motion abnormalities. Subjects without a Q-QS code had less myocardial damage than did those with a code present in a single cardiac area. Extent of LV damage correlated with the level of significance of the Q-QS code, and when the code was present in only 1 cardiac location damage was greatest if the anteroseptal area was involved. Q-QS codes present in 2 rather than 1 cardiac area were associated with an even greater degree of LV damage. A previous study has shown a strong correlation between LV function and the Minnesota codes when the latter were recorded 0.5 to 5 years (mean 2.2) earlier at the time of the acute MI. The present data show that the relation between LV function and the Minnesota codes after an acute MI persists over time and is even stronger when both are determined in the healed state at a time remote from the acute event. PMID- 3751908 TI - Spontaneous changes in regional wall motion abnormalities in acute myocardial infarction. AB - The incidence of improvement in regional wall motion of segments with severe contractile abnormalities in the first 10 days after a first acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was assessed with serial gated blood pool scans in 95 patients who received standard medical therapy. Regional wall motion was quantitatively assessed as percent chord shortening in 4 segments in the anterior view and 4 segments in the 45 degree left anterior oblique view. Among 237 segments with no more than 15% shortening (severely hypokinetic or akinetic [SH/A] segments), 59 (25%) improved at least 15% at 10 days, 166 (70%) did not change and 12 (5%) deteriorated by at least 15%. Among 91 patients who had SH/A segments, 37 (41%) had improvement in at least 1 SH/A segment (group 1) and 54 had no improvement in SH/A segments (group 2). Group 1 had a higher initial ejection fraction (EF) (50 +/- 12%) than group 2 (45 +/- 13%, p less than 0.05). The changes in percent shortening of SH/A segments were compared with coronary anatomy in 37 patients who underwent coronary angiography. The 17 patients with 1-vessel coronary artery disease (CAD) had significantly improved wall motion (8.2 +/- 13.4%, p less than 0.005), in contrast to the 20 patients with multivessel CAD (1.8 +/- 11.5%, difference not significant). Among patients with 1-vessel CAD, the improvement was greater in patients with right coronary or left circumflex artery disease (12.8 +/- 14.4%) than in those with left anterior descending disease (4.1 +/- 13.4%, p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3751909 TI - Importance of early initiation of intravenous streptokinase therapy for acute myocardial infarction. AB - The importance of timing of intravenous streptokinase (SK) administration in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was evaluated. Intravenous SK, 750,000 U, was administered within 4 hours of the onset of ischemic chest pain to 72 consecutive patients having their first AMI. Six days later, cardiac catheterization was performed to calculate global ejection fraction (EF), and computer-derived infarct-related regional EF and dysfunction index were also determined; electrocardiograms were recorded, from which QRS scores could be calculated to estimate infarct size. Of 19 patients who had an anterior AMI, 12 (63%) who received intravenous SK within 2 hours after onset of pain sustained only minimal damage in terms of global EF, infarct-related EF, dysfunction index and QRS score. All 10 patients who received SK 2 to 4 hours after pain onset had large infarcts (p less than 0.001). Of the former group, 11 of 12 patients (91%) whose pain was relieved within 1.5 hours of intravenous SK administration (presumably due to successful reperfusion) had a good outcome, whereas all 7 whose pain lasted longer did poorly (p less than 0.001). Furthermore, among patients with anterior AMI, 11 of 14 (79%) whose pain was relieved within 3.5 hours of onset had small infarcts, compared with none of the 12 patients whose pain lasted longer (p less than 0.0001). In inferior AMI, the critical time between onset of pain and initiation of intravenous SK was 1.5 hours (p less than 0.05). The timing of initiation of thrombolytic therapy and the total pain duration are critical in determining outcome in AMI, and time intervals vary depending on infarct localization. PMID- 3751910 TI - Prediction of multivessel coronary artery disease and prognosis early after acute myocardial infarction by exercise electrocardiography and thallium-201 myocardial perfusion scanning. AB - Exercise electrocardiography and thallium scanning were performed a mean of 24 days after uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction in 103 patients, aged 36 to 60 years, who also underwent coronary angiography. The purpose of the study was to determine the ability of the noninvasive tests to predict multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD) and prognosis. Patients were followed up to document medical complications (incidence 12%: 3 deaths, 1 resuscitated cardiac arrest, 4 recurrent infarctions, 4 admissions with unstable angina) and combined events (medical events or bypass surgery, incidence 23%). The sensitivity, specificity and predictive accuracy for predicting multivessel CAD were 64%, 77% and 64% for a positive exercise electrocardiographic (ECG) response, 64%, 88% and 80% for a remote thallium defect, and 42%, 96% and 88% for a combination of the 2 tests. With 2 tests yielding negative findings the probability of multivessel CAD was 13%. No variable (positive exercise ECG response, remote thallium defect and presence of multivessel CAD) predicted medical events, although there were nonsignificant trends to more events in patients with any of those findings. The relative risk of combined events was 2.5 (p less than 0.05) for a positive exercise ECG response; 1.8 (NS) for a remote thallium defect; 2.6 (p less than 0.05) for multivessel CAD; and 3.1 (p less than 0.025) for both positive ECG response and remote defect. A combination of exercise electrocardiography and thallium scanning early after acute myocardial infarction helps to identify subsets of patients with high and low probabilities of multivessel CAD and combined medical or surgical events. PMID- 3751911 TI - Diagnostic significance for coronary artery disease of abnormal Q waves in the "lateral" electrocardiographic leads. AB - To determine the diagnostic significance for coronary artery disease of abnormally large Q waves in leads I, aVL, V5 and V6--the "lateral" electrocardiographic leads--the electrocardiograms of 240 patients who had undergone cardiac catheterization were studied. First, the electrocardiograms of 99 subjects proved normal by cardiac catheterization (group 1) were studied to determine the values of the durations of Q waves in leads I, aVL, V5 and V6 that should be exceeded to be considered abnormal. These values were 30, 30, 20 and 25 ms, respectively. Then, 67 patients were identified who had abnormal Q waves in at least 1 of these leads (group 2) and 74 patients with at least 1 angiographic abnormality but without abnormal Q waves in any of these leads (group 3). Group 2 had generally more extensive left ventricular disease and a higher prevalence of anterior, inferior and apical healed myocardial infarction (MI) than group 3. However, compared with group 3, group 2 had lower prevalences of significant narrowing of the coronary arteries that supply the left ventricular lateral wall. Within group 2, abnormal Q waves in leads I and aVL (traditionally designated high lateral MI) were associated with anterior as well as apical MI, and abnormal Q waves in leads V5 and V6 (traditionally designated anterolateral MI) were associated with inferior as well as apical MI. Thus, abnormal Q waves in leads I, aVL, V5 and V6 tend to reflect apical rather than lateral MI and the term anterolateral MI is especially misleading. PMID- 3751912 TI - Abnormalities of endocardial activation pattern in patients with previous healed myocardial infarction and ventricular tachycardia. AB - Endocardial catheter mapping was performed in 27 patients with anterior wall acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and in 10 patients with inferior wall AMI. All patients had a history of ventricular tachycardia. Left ventricular breakthrough occurred at 10 +/- 4 ms after the QRS complex in inferior AMI and 11 +/- 7 ms after the QRS complex in anterior AMI. Total electrical activity recorded during sinus rhythm was 164 +/- 46 ms in inferior and 144 +/- 28 ms in anterior AMI (p = 0.05). Nine of the 10 patients with inferior AMI had complete activation of the anterior wall within the initial one-half of the QRS complex, compared with only 15 of the 27 patients with anterior AMI (p = 0.05). All 10 patients with inferior AMI had activation of the ventricular septum within the initial half of the QRS complex compared with only 13 of 27 with anterior AMI (p less than 0.005). None of the patients with inferior AMI had activation of the inferoposterior base within the initial one-half of the QRS complex, compared with 21 of 27 patients with anterior AMI (p less than 0.001). Complete activation of the anterior wall occurred at 33 +/- 15 ms in inferior and 58 +/- 30 ms in anterior AMI (p less than 0.005). Complete activation of the septum occurred at 38 +/- 12 ms in inferior and 63 +/- 28 ms in anterior AMI (p less than 0.005). Complete activation of the inferoposterior base occurred at 100 +/- 38 ms in inferior and 50 +/- 21 ms in anterior AMI (p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3751913 TI - Terminal cardiac electrical activity in adults who die without apparent cardiac disease. AB - Prolonged electrocardiographic (Holter) recording was performed to analyze terminal electrical events in 23 hospitalized adults who died without apparent cardiac disease. Most patients showed a gradual slowing of heart rate with shifting of cardiac pacemaker downward from the sinus node or atria to the atrioventricular junction and ventricles, resulting in cardiac asystole. Dominant bradyarrhythmia was more common than ventricular tachyarrhythmia (83 vs 17%). Agonal ST-segment elevation was not uncommon (26%). These terminal electrical events became manifest from 1 to 450 minutes (mean 62) before cessation of cardiac electrical activity. Forty-eight percent of the patients continued to show deteriorating sinus or atrial activity up to the last moment. The mechanism of bradycardiac asystole in patients with no apparent cardiac disease may be attributed to generalized anoxic and toxic depression of the sinus node and subsidiary pacemakers, together with neurogenic suppression of these structures. PMID- 3751914 TI - Effects of quinidine versus procainamide on the QT interval. AB - Eighteen patients were given quinidine and procainamide separately to evaluate whether prolongation of the QT interval by type Ia antiarrhythmic agents is a drug-specific phenomenon. Doses were titrated to achieve standard trough therapeutic levels of quinidine (2 to 5 micrograms/ml) and procainamide (4 to 12 micrograms/ml). In 16 of the 18 patients, the increase in corrected QT interval (QTc) was greater with quinidine than with procainamide, averaging 78 +/- 10 ms (+/- standard error of the mean) with quinidine and 39 +/- 7 ms with procainamide (p less than 0.001). The greater degree of QTc prolongation with quinidine than with procainamide was not due to differences in sinus cycle length, QRS duration, serum potassium level or concomitant drug therapy. Differences in relative drug level did not appear to account for the greater effect of quinidine. Thus, at frequently used plasma levels, quinidine prolongs QTc to a greater degree than does procainamide. This effect does not appear to be due to the comparison of "nonequivalent" drug levels. PMID- 3751915 TI - Cardiovascular findings in quadriplegic and paraplegic patients and in normal subjects. AB - Seven normal, 7 paraplegic and 7 quadriplegic patients underwent cross-sectional cardiovascular evaluation, including recording of sitting heart rate, blood pressure and echocardiography. Quadriplegic patients had a 26% lower left ventricular (LV) mass index (75 +/- 13 g/m2, p less than 0.01) compared with normal volunteers (102 +/- 16 g/m2) or paraplegic patients (110 +/- 26 g/m2). Six quadriplegic patients and 3 paraplegic patients had an unusual pattern of LV posterior wall asynergy, which was associated with a significant rightward shift of the frontal-plane QRS axis (92 +/- 22 degrees vs 42 +/- 41 degrees, p less than 0.005) and smaller left atrial dimensions (2.4 +/- 0.4 vs 3.0 +/- 0.3 cm, p less than 0.005). The quadriplegic group was characterized by a significantly reduced mean blood pressure (67 +/- 7 vs 88 +/- 8 mm Hg in normal subjects, p less than 0.002), high normal peripheral resistances (22 +/- 5 vs 17 +/- 5 units in normal subjects, difference not significant) and a markedly reduced calculated cardiac output (3.2 +/- 0.6 vs 5.4 +/- 1.4 liters/min in normal subjects, p less than 0.01). Hemodynamic data for the paraplegic patients were similar to those in the normal group. A decrease in LV wall stress, mediated primarily by a decrease in venous return, appeared to result in the "adaptive" cardiac atrophy seen in these quadriplegic patients. LV asynergy was common and also may be related to a decrease in cardiac filling. PMID- 3751916 TI - Left ventricular diastolic filling and its association with age. AB - Thirty normal subjects, aged 22 to 80 years, were studied by radionuclide ventriculography to determine the age dependence of cardiac ventricular diastolic function and to evaluate the association of other factors with ventricular diastolic performance. A strong negative correlation was found between peak diastolic filling rate and age (r = -0.82, p less than 0.0001). Partial correlation analysis was used to factor out the strong age dependence and yielded additional significant correlations of peak filling rate with heart rate (r = 0.48, p less than 0.01) and time to peak filling rate (r = -0.48, p less than 0.01). Time to peak filling rate is also correlated with heart rate but not definitely with age. Analysis by multiple linear regression yields an equation predicting peak filling rate from age and heart rate. Thus, the rate of rapid diastolic filling declines markedly with age in normal subjects. The association of peak filling rate with age and with other factors indicates the need for careful consideration of these factors in the interpretation of scintigraphic findings in patients with heart disease. PMID- 3751918 TI - The broad spectrum of unstable angina pectoris and its implications for future controlled trials. PMID- 3751917 TI - Effects of nifedipine on hemodynamics and cardiac function in patients with normal left ventricular ejection fraction already treated with propranolol. AB - The interaction between nifedipine and propranolol on cardiac hemodynamics and function was investigated in 9 patients with normal left ventricular (LV) function who were undergoing cardiac catheterization for complaints of chest pain. Only 2 patients had angiographic evidence of significant coronary artery disease but no patient had clinical evidence of ischemia during the study. All patients were pre-treated with propranolol, 30 to 320 mg/day (mean +/- standard deviation 210 +/- 122); the propranolol serum level ranged from 43 to 246 ng/ml (mean 203 +/- 62). The administration of nifedipine resulted in a decrease in blood pressure (from 94 +/- 11 to 85 +/- 13 mm Hg, p less than 0.05), increase in heart rate (from 59 +/- 6 to 65 +/- 7 beats/min, p less than 0.05), and an increase in both mean right atrial and mean pulmonary artery wedge pressures (from 8 +/- 3 to 9 +/- 3 mm Hg and from 13 +/- 3 to 14 +/- 4 mm Hg, respectively, both p less than 0.05). Cardiac index increased (from 2.3 +/- 0.3 to 2.7 +/- 0.2 liters/min/m2, p less than 0.01). Stroke volume index also increased significantly (from 39 +/- 5 to 43 +/- 6 ml/m2) and systemic vascular resistance decreased (from 1,715 +/- 369 to 1,255 +/- 271 dynes s cm-5, p less than 0.01). No significant change was noted in pulmonary vascular resistance (148 +/- 94 vs 140 +/- 62 dynes s cm-5), LV stroke work index (44 +/- 9 vs 42 +/- 10 g-m/m2), LV end-diastolic pressure (15 +/- 2 vs 16 +/- 2 mm Hg).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3751919 TI - Peripheral embolization during thrombolytic therapy for left atrial thrombus. PMID- 3751920 TI - Acquired coronary artery fistula to the left ventricle after acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 3751921 TI - Corticosteroid therapy and late right ventricular rupture after temporary pacing. PMID- 3751922 TI - Initial presentation of sustained ventricular tachycardia after resection of left ventricular aneurysm. PMID- 3751924 TI - Paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia with syncope during pregnancy. PMID- 3751923 TI - Noninvasive cardiac pacing for termination of sustained, uniform ventricular tachycardia. PMID- 3751925 TI - Death due to transprosthetic catheterization of a Bjork-Shiley prosthesis in the aortic position. PMID- 3751926 TI - Left ventricular abnormalities in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. PMID- 3751927 TI - The senile cardiac calcification syndrome. PMID- 3751928 TI - Effect of nicardipine on rest and exercise hemodynamics in chronic congestive heart failure. AB - The hemodynamic response to vasodilation induced by the new calcium channel antagonist nicardipine was studied in 10 patients with severe, chronic congestive heart failure. Rest and exercise hemodynamics were evaluated in the baseline state and after 1 week of oral nicardipine therapy (30 mg 3 times daily). In addition, respiratory gas exchange and arteriovenous oxygen difference were measured to assess changes in oxygen utilization. The responses of the sympathetic nervous system were evaluated by measuring plasma norepinephrine concentrations at rest and during maximal exercise. At rest, nicardipine administration was associated with significant reductions in mean systemic arterial pressure, systemic vascular resistance, pulmonary artery wedge pressure and pulmonary arterial pressure, and significant increases in cardiac index and stroke volume index. These effects were maintained during exercise. In contrast to findings with other calcium channel antagonists, no negative inotropic effect of nicardipine was identified. Nicardipine administration was associated with reduction of arteriovenous oxygen difference. Nicardipine had no effect on plasma norepinephrine concentrations, suggesting absence of reflex sympathetic nervous activation. Thus, nicardipine-mediated vasodilation leads to significant improvements in both rest and exercise cardiac performance. PMID- 3751929 TI - Effects of CI-914 in congestive heart failure due to coronary artery disease or idiopathic cardiomyopathy. AB - The hemodynamic effects of CI-914, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, were studied in 12 patients with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction who were undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization. CI-914 was infused intravenously at a rate of 0.8 to 7.0 micrograms/kg/min for 30 to 60 minutes; hemodynamic values were measured every 10 minutes. No effect was seen in the patient receiving 0.8 microgram/kg/min. At infusion rates of 1.2 to 2.4 micrograms/kg/min, cardiac index increased by 14% (p less than 0.025). At infusion rates of 4.5 to 7.0 micrograms/kg/min, cardiac index increased by 21% (n = 8, difference not significant [NS]). Among 4 patients (group B) with an initial pulmonary artery wedge pressure greater than 20 mm Hg and cardiac index less than 2.5 liters/min/m2, cardiac index increased by 50% (p less than 0.001); it did not change among the 4 patients with an initial pulmonary artery wedge pressure of less than 20 mm Hg and cardiac index of more than 2.5 liters/min/m2 (group A). Although systemic vascular resistance decreased in all 8 patients by 26% (p less than 0.01), the reduction was greater in group B (33%, p less than 0.01) than in group A (16%, NS). Peak +dP/dt increased in all 8 patients by 13% (p less than 0.01). Mean stroke work index increased from 29 +/- 15 to 34 +/- 13 g-m/m2; the double product fell from 101 +/- 31 to 91 +/- 23 (NS). In all 12 patients, a linear correlation between peak venous blood concentration and peak effect on cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance and pulmonary artery wedge pressure was observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3751930 TI - Use of maximal bicycle exercise testing with respiratory gas analysis to assess exercise performance in patients with congestive heart failure secondary to coronary artery disease or to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. AB - Analysis of respiratory gases during maximal treadmill exercise testing has been used in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) to detect the lactate threshold, presumed to reflect the onset of skeletal muscle underperfusion, and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2), the point at which VO2 plateaus with increasing work due to exhaustion of peripheral oxygen delivery capacity. To determine if this approach is also useful during maximal bicycle exercise testing, ventilatory, hemodynamic and systemic lactate responses to bicycle exercise were measured in 48 patients with CHF. Ventilatory responses also were assessed in 12 normal subjects. Exercise increased VO2 to 24.8 +/- 3.9 ml/min/kg in normal subjects and 13.9 +/- 3.7 ml/min/kg in patients with CHF (p less than 0.001). In all but 1 patient the VO2 increment over the last 3 minutes of exercise was comparable to that in normal subjects exercising over identical work times, suggesting that maximal VO2 was not achieved. Moreover, in patients who exercised for less than 6 minutes, a ventilatory lactate threshold could not be identified. In the 33 patients who exercised longer, a ventilatory lactate threshold was identified in 31 and correlated well (r = 0.81) with blood lactate threshold, as defined by the VO2 at which lactate increased 5 mg/dl over rest levels. However, the 95% confidence limit for predicting blood lactate threshold from ventilatory data was +/- 200 ml/min, a large range relative to the measured ventilatory threshold (570 +/- 132 ml/min). These data suggest that in patients with CHF, respiratory gas analysis during maximal bicycle exercise cannot be used to measure maximal VO2 and provides only a general index of blood lactate behavior. PMID- 3751931 TI - Prospective evaluation of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity by rest and exercise radionuclide angiography. AB - The role of rest and exercise radionuclide angiography (RNA) in predicting the cardiotoxic effects of doxorubicin was assessed prospectively in 48 patients who received a mean total doxorubicin dose of 522 mg/m2 (range 480 to 600). Thirty three of these patients also received cyclophosphamide (mean 5,220 mg/m2). Left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) at rest progressively decreased from the baseline value of 55 +/- 9% to 52 +/- 8% after 338 mg/m2 to 47 +/- 8% after completion of doxorubicin therapy (p less than 0.001). In 42 patients (88%) EF at rest decreased after doxorubicin administration. Although no patient had known prior heart disease, the EF response to exercise was abnormal in 11 patients before doxorubicin. EF at rest after doxorubicin was significantly lower (41 +/- 6% vs 49 +/- 8%, p less than 0.02) in these 11 patients than in the 29 patients in whom the pretreatment EF response to exercise was normal, and in 4 of the 11 patients congestive heart failure developed. While age was an independent risk factor, cyclophosphamide did not appear to enhance the cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin. By multivariate analysis, age (p = 0.01) and EF at the midcourse of doxorubicin therapy (p less than 0.001) were the most significant predictors of final EF after completion of doxorubicin therapy; neither rest nor exercise EF before doxorubicin appreciably improved the predictive value of age and EF at midcourse of therapy. Thus, some depression of LV function occurs in most patients receiving doxorubicin, and patients with abnormal baseline function appear to be at greater risk of clinical congestive heart failure after doxorubicin therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3751932 TI - Creation and maintenance of an adequate interatrial communication in left atrioventricular valve atresia or stenosis. AB - Patients with left atrioventricular (AV) valve atresia or stenosis were studied retrospectively to determine the incidence of early and late failures of procedures to enlarge an interatrial communication. The 61 patients underwent 80 procedures: 5 balloon atrial septostomies, 12 blade atrial septostomies and 63 surgical septectomies. No balloon septostomy provided adequate long-term palliation. Of 12 blade septostomies, 4 resulted in gradients across the atrial septum of 5 to 8 mm Hg and 8 in gradients 3 mm Hg or less. Results from blade septostomy were unrelated to underlying diagnosis, age, gradient before the procedure, number of previous procedures, pulmonary blood flow or size of the postprocedure defect by balloon sizing, but were related to size of the postoperative defect estimated by echocardiography. Among 8 patients with gradients of 3 mm Hg or less after blade septostomy, 7 were followed 9 +/- 7 months and showed no evidence of restenosis. Of 63 surgical septectomies, 11 (17.5%) were inadequate, and in at least 7 cases the failure was due to restenosis of the defect as documented by serial catheterizations or echocardiograms. Outcome after surgical septectomy was unrelated to underlying diagnosis, age or number of previous procedures, but was related to size of the defect created. Our results reveal improved results in terms of residual gradient for blade septostomy compared with previous studies and the need to follow these patients carefully, even those undergoing surgical septectomy. PMID- 3751933 TI - Ventricular septal defect with normally connected and with transposed great arteries. AB - The morphologic characteristics of 50 hearts with ventricular septal defect (VSD) and ventriculoarterial (VA) discordance were compared with those of 105 hearts with VSD and VA concordance. Of the 7 VSD types in VA concordant hearts, the 3 that occur most frequently--central muscular (26%), perimembranous with leftward malalignment of the outlet septum (18%) and perimembranous with overriding posterior artery (15%)--were absent in VA discordant hearts. Of the 6 with VA discordance, 2 principal VSD types (perimembranous with rightward outlet septum malalignment [25%] and muscular infundibular with leftward outlet septum malalignment [15%]) did not occur in VA concordant specimens. Thus, 4 VSD types occurred with VA concordance as well as with VA discordance: subarterial (12% concordance, 3% discordance); perimembranous inlet (15%, 27%); muscular inlet (10%, 27%); and membranous (4%, 3%). Of these 4 common groups, perimembranous inlet VSD with VA concordance was accompanied by tricuspid valve anomalies; however, mitral valve anomalies complicated this type of VSD with VA discordance. It is concluded that in hearts with VA concordance vs hearts with VA discordance the spectrum of VSD and ventricular morphology is different. PMID- 3751934 TI - Percutaneous pericardial catheter drainage: report of 42 consecutive cases. AB - Test results of 42 consecutive patients with pericardial effusion treated with percutaneous pericardial drainage were analyzed. Intermittent (79%) or continuous (21%) drainage through a 60-cm pigtail catheter (No. 6Fr to 8Fr) was used. Clinical indications were urgent or semiurgent treatment of large (38%), life threatening (24%), recurrent (21%) or acute (traumatic) (17%) pericardial effusion. Sixteen patients had a malignant cause for the effusion. Mean duration of use of the indwelling pericardial catheter was 3.5 days (range less than 1 day to 19 days). Two of the 9 catheters in patients on continuous drainage but only 1 of 33 catheters in patients on intermittent drainage became occluded. There was only 1 possible infective complication. Six patients had subsequent elective surgical intervention for persistent or recurrent effusion. Placement of an indwelling pericardial catheter guided by 2-dimensional echocardiography is safe and effective for initial treatment of selected pericardial effusions. PMID- 3751935 TI - Postprandial alterations in hemodynamics and blood pressure in normal subjects. AB - The effects of a standardized mixed meal, a self-selected meal and a sham meal on heart rate, arterial pressure, cardiac output, total systemic resistance and echocardiographic indexes of left ventricular performance were examined in normal volunteers. Supine heart rate and cardiac output increased after the meals (p less than 0.07 to 0.001), but not after the sham meal. Supine diastolic blood pressure and total systemic resistance decreased after the meals but not after the sham meal (p less than 0.05 to 0.001). Ejection fraction and mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening increased after the standard meal (p less than 0.01) and tended to increase after the self-selected meal, but did not increase after the sham meal. Meals of normal size may induce splanchnic vasodilation and a decrease in total systemic resistance. Ingestion of food also significantly affects heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac output and echocardiographic indexes of left ventricular performance. Patients should not eat during short-term evaluation of cardiovascular interventions because the cardiovascular effects of a meal may compromise interpretation of the cardiovascular effects of the primary intervention. The hemodynamic effects of food may also interact with the effects of cardiovascular disease processes. PMID- 3751936 TI - Variant angina pectoris with prolonged electrical and mechanical stunning. PMID- 3751937 TI - Role of echocardiography in suspected infective endocarditis in intravenous drug abusers. PMID- 3751938 TI - Correlation of aortic cuspal and aortic root disease with aortic systolic ejection murmurs and with mitral anular calcium in persons older than 62 years in a long-term health care facility. PMID- 3751939 TI - Scimitar syndrome in childhood. PMID- 3751940 TI - Fatal infective endocarditis in a young adult with persistent truncus arteriosus and a bicuspid truncal valve. PMID- 3751941 TI - Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the left sinus of Valsalva. PMID- 3751942 TI - Frequency and clinical significance of anomalous origin of septal perforator coronary artery. PMID- 3751943 TI - Echocardiographic findings in right ventricular myxoma. PMID- 3751944 TI - Diagnosis of wide QRS tachyarrhythmias: poor atrial echogram specificity in cases of atrioventricular association. PMID- 3751945 TI - Electrocardiographic criteria for diagnosing inferior myocardial infarction. PMID- 3751946 TI - QT prolongation and recurrent "torsades de pointes" during erythromycin lactobionate infusion. PMID- 3751947 TI - Association of mesenchyme with attenuated basement membranes during morphogenetic stages of newt limb regeneration. AB - The interface between epithelium and mesenchyme may be involved in inductive interactions which occur during development. This interface within the growth bud, or blastema, of a regenerating limb has been examined to determine whether changes in basement-membrane structures are visible in regions of putative epithelial-mesenchymal inductive interaction. Regenerating forelimbs of adult newts were fixed by perfusion with osmotically balanced aldehydes. Late-bulb to early-digit stage regenerates were collected and processed either for light and transmission electron microscopy or for scanning electron microscopy. Light microscopy confirmed that regions characterized by increased numbers of subepithelial mesenchymal cells were covered by a diffusely stained basement membrane. Transmission electron microscopy of these regions revealed two structural components of the basement membrane. The thin basal lamina was continuous in all regions of all stages examined, but it was attenuated apically in areas of mesenchymal cell accumulation. The thicker underlying reticular lamina was markedly attenuated in these regions near the blastemal apex. Scanning electron microscopy of de-epithelialized blastemas revealed that, apically, the reticular lamina formed only a delicate lacelike network. On the base of the blastema, it formed a dense fibrillar meshwork which was further organized into a geometric pattern in the adjacent stump skin. Cumulatively, these observations suggest that physical contact between epithelial and mesenchymal cells is not essential at these stages, but that regions of putative epithelial-mesenchymal interaction are characterized by a distinctly diminished reticular lamina. Structural changes in basement-membrane components may be related to termination of local inductive events. PMID- 3751948 TI - The ultrastructure of the rat primary decidual zone. AB - The rat primary decidual zone (PDZ) is a transitory, avascular region of transformed fibroblasts surrounding the implanting embryo. Tracer studies have indicated that the PDZ is selectively permeable to macromolecules, permeability decreasing with increasing molecular weight of the tracer. To clarify the morphological basis of the permeability barrier, we have studied the ultrastructure of the PDZ with particular emphasis on the intercellular features and cellular junctions. The cells of the PDZ were large and tightly packed; their apposed membranes showed extensive interdigitations in some regions, but elsewhere they were relatively straight. Tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomelike junctions were observed between decidual cells. The tight junctions usually consisted of one or two points of membrane fusion, and they were oriented both parallel and perpendicular to the long axis of the PDZ. These junctions were frequently associated with gap junctions. Scattered pockets of dilated extracellular space between decidual cells contained collagen fibrils and an amorphous, dense material. These extracellular components were also sequestered by the decidual cells in deep invaginations of the cell surface that were continuous with the extracellular space. Decidual cells also exhibited flangelike processes that penetrated the basal laminae of the adjacent epithelium and capillary endothelium. Our present observations indicate that decidual cells are connected by tight junctions, and a previous study demonstrated that macromolecules up to 40 kDa readily cross the PDZ; hence, the tight junctions appear to be discontinuous. We suggest that the structures restricting the movement of large macromolecules (66 kDa and larger) across the PDZ from blood vessels to the embryo may include discontinuous tight junctions, membrane interdigitations, and amorphous intercellular material. PMID- 3751949 TI - The structure of the osteoderms in the Gekko: Tarentola mauritanica. AB - Histological and cytological analysis reveals that the osteoderms of Tarentola mauritanica are composed of an outer part superimposed on a basal region. The structure of both parts can be related to that of the surrounding dermis. The basal part of the osteoderms, inserted in the dense dermis, is made up of abundant closely packed collagen fibrils that orient the mineral deposit. The outer part, located in the superficial loose dermis, is crossed by few bundles of mineralized collagen fibrils arising from the basal part. These bundles connect the osteoderm to the overlying loose dermis. The outer superficial part is characterized by the presence of mineralized globules surrounding the mineralized collagen bundles. In these globules, the crystals are deposited on a microfibrillar matrix rich in acidic mucosubstances and composed of radially oriented, tangled microfilaments that lie among the collagen bundles. The two different mineralizing systems in the osteoderms of Tarentola mauritanica may reflect two different organic matrices. The mineral is deposited in a preexisting dermal tissue, as a "metaplastic ossification," and is another expression of the potential retained by the reptilian dermis to form mineralized structures. PMID- 3751950 TI - Development of aortic and mitral valve continuity in the human embryonic heart. AB - The anatomic relationship of the aortic and mitral valves is a useful landmark in assessing congenital heart malformations. The atrioventricular and semilunar valve regions originate in widely separated parts of the early embryonic heart tube, and the process by which the normal fibrous continuity between the aortic and mitral valves is acquired has not been clearly defined. The development of the aortic and mitral valve relationship was studied in normal human embryos in the Carnegie Embryological Collection, and specimens of Carnegie stages 13, 15, 17, 19, and 23, prepared as serial histologic sections cut in the sagittal plane, were selected for reconstruction. In stage 13, the atrioventricular valve area is separated from the semilunar valve area by the large bend between the atrioventricular and outflow-tract components of the single lumen heart tube created by the left interventricular sulcus. In stages 15 and 17, the aortic valve rotates into a position near the atrioventricular valves with development of four chambers and a double circulation. In stage 19, there is fusion of aortic and mitral endocardial cushion material along the endocardial surface of the interventricular flange, and this relationship is maintained in subsequent stages. Determination of three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates of the midpoints of valve positions shows that, while there is growth of intervalvular distances up to stage 17, the aortic to mitral distance is essentially unchanged thereafter. During the period studied, the left ventricle increases in length over threefold. The relative lack of growth in the saddle-shaped fold between the atrioventricular and outflow tract components of the heart, contrasting with the rapid growth of the outwardly convex components of most of the atrial and ventricular walls, may be attributed to the different mechanical properties of the two configurations. It is postulated that the pathogenesis of congenital heart malformations, which characteristically have failure of development of aortic and mitral valve continuity, may involve abnormalities of rotation of the aortic region or malpositioning of the fold in the heart tube. PMID- 3751951 TI - Demonstration of differential immunohistochemical localization of the neuron specific enolase antigen in rat pinealocytes. AB - A refined method for the immunohistological demonstration of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) on 1- to 2-micron Epon-812 section gave characteristic staining of cerebral and cerebellar neurons. This method has made it possible to obtain a more detailed characterization of the heterogeneity of rat pinealocytes in the superficial portion of the rat pineal complex. Thirty adult male rats have been studied, five of which were used in a photometric analysis of the distribution of NSE. Pinealocytes stained either intensely or weakly for the NSE antigen and exhibited an uneven distribution within a given region. Further analysis of the gland revealed a distal to proximal decrease in stain intensity. It is suggested that the more strongly stained cells, being concentrated distally, are under sympathetic control. PMID- 3751952 TI - Ultrastructure of the submandibular gland in the rabbit. AB - The secretory endpieces of the rabbit submandibular gland are unusual in that they consist of seromucous acini (not demilunes) that empty into serous tubules that in turn drain into intercalated ducts. Seromucous granules consist of a moderately dense spherule in a fibrillogranular matrix. Serous granules contain a feltwork of filaments, which are liberated as a tangled skein during exocytosis. Peculiar granulated cells that have secretory granules of complex morphology are present at each end of the serous tubules. Intercalated ducts are, cytologically speaking, relatively simple, but the duct cells may contain a few oblong secretory granules. Striated ducts are typical in structure, although postfixation with ferrocyanide-reduced osmium reveals significant amounts of glycogen in the basal processes. Modified mitochondria are present in striated duct cells, but their frequency varies from rabbit to rabbit. Such mitochondria contain either an array of parallel, rigid cristae linked by intermembranous bridges, or a bundle of helical filaments within an expanded crista. Interspersed with the striated duct cells, especially near the duct origin, are some highly vacuolated cells with sparse mitochondria. Excretory ducts consisting of stratified columnar (sometimes pseudostratified) epithelium often show bleb formation of the luminal surface of the tall cells. PMID- 3751953 TI - Adenohypophysis of the elephant seal (Mirounga leonina): morphology and seasonal histological changes. AB - Changes in adenohypophyseal cell populations over a 12-month period were studied in the seasonally breeding elephant seal (24 adult males, 3 adult females, and 5 neonates) at Macquarie Island. The glands were weighed and fixed in formol sublimate. Selected sections were stained with the oxidation-alcian blue-periodic acid Schiff-orange G technique. Gonadotropic, thyrotropic, lactotropic, and somatotropic cells were readily identifiable; whilst corticotropes, inactive secretory cells of all types, and stellate cells were not stained and were counted collectively as chromophobic cells. Hypophyseal weight was low throughout autumn and winter, but increased significantly during the spring breeding season and the summer. Thyrotropes were distributed evenly throughout the pars distalis, but the other secretory cells showed areas of concentration. Acidophils were common peripherally, particularly lactotropes, while gonadotropes were largely confined to the 'basophilic wedge,' a narrow, central superior zone. In males, lactotropic and gonadotropic cells showed significant seasonal changes in number. Gonadotropes were more common in sexually active males than sexually quiescent ones, while lactotrope numbers were much greater at midsummer than midwinter. This lactotrope cycle appeared to be related to photoperiod but unrelated to breeding. PMID- 3751954 TI - Fatty acid composition of mature human milk of Egyptian and American women. AB - Fatty acid composition of mature human milk of rural Egyptian and American women was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Milk of Egyptian women contained significantly higher percentages of capric, lauric, myristic, linoleic and arachidonic acids, saturated fatty acids (SFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Conversely, milk of American women contained higher percentages of stearic and oleic acids, total unsaturated fatty acids, and monounsaturated fatty acids. The PUFA:SFA ratio in Egyptian samples was 0.54 +/- 0.18 compared to 0.47 +/- 0.22 in American samples. Increased percentages of medium-chain SFA in Egyptian milk suggested increased mammary gland lipid synthesis. Analysis of Egyptian diets indicated high-carbohydrate and low-fat intakes may have resulted in limited availability and incorporation of dietary fatty acids into milk triglycerides. Thus, increased percentages of medium-chain SFA observed in Egyptian milk may reflect mammary gland synthesis in an attempt to maintain lipid concentrations in milk. PMID- 3751955 TI - Prediction of glycemic response to mixed meals in noninsulin-dependent diabetic subjects. AB - Recent studies suggest the glycemic response of different mixed meals cannot be predicted from the glycemic index (GI) of individual carbohydrate foods. Postprandial glucose levels following five different mixed meals in six noninsulin-dependent diabetic volunteers were therefore assessed. Each meal comprised 50% carbohydrate, 30% fat, and 20% protein, varying only in type of carbohydrate. The carbohydrate exchanged in each meal (potato, white bread, rice, spaghetti, or lentils and barley) contributed 37% of total meal calories. The correlation between predicted glucose response and postprandial glucose area was highly significant; estimated meal GI was virtually proportional to the actual mean glycemic response. These results demonstrate that the relative glycemic effects of mixed meals can be predicted from the GI of their carbohydrate components, again stressing the importance of type of carbohydrate in regulating postprandial blood-glucose levels. PMID- 3751957 TI - Changes in nutritional status associated with obstructive jaundice and biliary drainage in rats. AB - Effect of bile duct ligation (BDL) and internal biliary drainage on food intake and nutritional status was studied in rats and compared with sham and pair-fed animals. During week 1, food intake of BDL animals was reduced (p less than 0.05), resulting in weight loss (p less than 0.05). In weeks 2 and 3, food intake, nitrogen balance, and weight gain were similar in all groups. Internal biliary drainage or sham operation after 3 wk produced transient changes in food intake and N2 balance. Serum albumin fell in all groups, returned to normal in sham (3.2 +/- 0.1 g/dl) and pair-fed (3.1 +/- 0.1 g/dl), but persisted in BDL rats (2.4 +/- 0.2 g/dl, p less than 0.001). Jaundice was associated with anemia. Although BDL produces transient changes in food intake, weight gain, and N2 balance, anorexia and malnutrition are not features of this animal model. Nutritional risk factors associated with hyperbilirubinemia are probably due to changes in intermediary metabolism. PMID- 3751956 TI - Sterol excretion and cholesterol absorption in diabetics and nondiabetics with and without hyperlipidemia. AB - Fecal neutral and acidic sterols and cholesterol absorption were measured in 12 normal control subjects, 40 diabetic subjects with and without hyperlipidemia, and 27 subjects with hyperlipidemia but without diabetes mellitus. All subjects were on a low-cholesterol diet (less than 300 mg cholesterol/day). Fecal excretion of neutral and acidic sterols was increased in patients with hypertriglyceridemia and was more marked in diabetic patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Cholesterol absorption was decreased in diabetic patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Otherwise, there were no significant differences in sterol excretion or cholesterol absorption in diabetic and nondiabetic subjects compared with control groups with similar lipid levels. The best predictors of fecal neutral- and acidic-sterol excretion and of estimated cholesterol synthesis were very low [corrected]-density lipoprotein triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Correction of hyperlipidemia may be beneficial in decreasing cholesterol synthesis and, thereby, in decreasing the risk of atherogenesis. PMID- 3751959 TI - Plasma carnitine and renal-carnitine clearance during pregnancy. AB - This study assessed the time course of decrease in plasma carnitine during pregnancy and compared the renal clearance of carnitine during late pregnancy with nonpregnant women. As early as the 8th wk of pregnancy, the mean (+/- SD) value of total plasma-carnitine concentration in 19 women was significantly decreased from 39.0 +/- 6.3 to 32.8 +/- 4.6 mumol/l and the values continued to fall to 17.3 mumol/l by the 36th wk. The pattern was due to a fall in free carnitine level; acylcarnitine remained unchanged. In 12 other women examined during late pregnancy, the renal clearance of acylcarnitine was significantly higher than in nonpregnant women, 53.9 +/- 29.4 versus 13.3 +/- 3.0 ml/min, in contrast to free carnitine, 3.5 +/- 2.8 versus 2.8 +/- 1.9 ml/min. Urinary excretion of carnitine (expressed per mol creatinine) did not differ between the two groups. Pregnant women showed sustained excretion of carnitine in the presence of low plasma-carnitine concentrations. PMID- 3751958 TI - The relationship of serum cholesterol and vitamin A in hospitalized patients with and without cancer. AB - Interrelationships among circulating levels of cholesterol, vitamin A, and selected transport proteins, as well as other nutritional variables were examined in a large population of hospitalized cancer (CA, n = 94) and noncancer (NONCA, n = 432) patients in order to help clarify a relationship between serum cholesterol and vitamin A. Serum cholesterol and vitamin A levels were positively correlated (r = 0.39; p less than 0.001) in both CA and NONCA groups. One hypothesis that might explain such a relationship was investigated. Results suggest that serum transport protein levels and nutritional status are important factors that lead to a correlation between serum cholesterol and vitamin A by virtue of their mutual associations with both substances. Results suggest also that NONCA patients may have a more complex relationship of variates to serum-vitamin A levels than CA patients and that low levels of both cholesterol and vitamin A in CA patients may be related more to nutritional status than to the presence of cancer. PMID- 3751960 TI - Vitamin A status of preterm infants: the influence of feeding and vitamin supplements. AB - Consecutive weekly determinations of plasma retinol, alpha-tocopherol, retinol binding protein, prealbumin, and zinc were performed on a group of 58 infants weighing less than 2000 g at birth in an intensive-care nursery. Data were classified by the feeding regimen of the preceding week: parenteral, premature formula, or own mother's milk. Mean plasma-retinol values were less than 20 mcg/dl, the lower limit of normal for adults, with the highest values in the formula-fed group. Retinol-binding protein and prealbumin values were lowest in the parenterally-fed group. Alpha-tocopherol concentrations were consistently maintained at levels higher than 500 mcg/dl only in infants fed their own mother's milk. Mean zinc concentrations above 70 mcg/dl, the lower limit of normal for adults, occurred only in parenterally fed infants. Doubling the recommended vitamin supplement in formula-fed infants did not produce a significant increase in plasma retinol or tocopherol. PMID- 3751961 TI - Seasonal differences in breast-feeding in rural Egypt. AB - Two surveys in Upper and Lower rural Egypt allowed an analysis of the seasonality of infant feeding. The first, including 937 children, was conducted during the relatively cool season of low diarrhea incidence in January-April 1978; the second, including 976 children, took place during the hot season of high diarrhea incidence in August-September 1980. Of infants 6-11 mo old, the proportion exclusively breast-feeding was greater in the hot-season survey (40% vs 16% in Lower Egypt, p less than 0.01; 36% vs 22% in Upper Egypt, p less than 0.01). Of children 12-17 mo old, a higher proportion were completely weaned during the hot season in Lower Egypt only (28% vs 14%, p less than 0.01). This difference was explained by an increase in pregnancy rates during the hot season resulting in less breast-feeding. Seasonal variation must be considered in the interpretation of infant-feeding surveys. PMID- 3751962 TI - Overweight adults in the United States: the behavioral risk factor surveys. AB - Using data on 19,405 adults from telephone interviews across the US, 1981-1983, we examined the sociodemographic characteristics, health-risk behaviors, body image, and dieting of overweight adults classified by the 1959 Metropolitan Life Insurance tables for weight and height. By self-report, 23% were overweight vs 29% in 1960-62. This modest decline in overweight remained after age-adjusting the 1981-1983 rate to the 1960 population. In 1981-1983, more blacks and Hispanics than whites were overweight [rate ratio (RR) = 1.43]. After adjustment for age and education, more over- than average-weight adults had uncontrolled hypertension, were binge drinking, and had a sedentary lifestyle. Among overweight men and women, 72% and 52%, respectively, were not dieting. Overweight adults acknowledging they were overweight were dieting more often than those without this perception (RR = 1.53). Results are discussed in light of research documenting weight gain and overweight as independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality. PMID- 3751963 TI - Quantitation of cellular retinol-binding protein in human organs. AB - Levels of cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP) have been determined for a number of human tissues by a sensitive radioimmunoassay. The protein was detectable in at least one sample of every tissue examined. Samples with the highest levels were obtained from adrenal, liver, ovary, pituitary, and testis. The relative abundance of CRBP was significantly different from the relative abundance for rat organs. The wide distribution of CRBP in human organs stresses the importance of this protein in the metabolism of vitamin A throughout the body. PMID- 3751964 TI - Does cyclophosphamide (CPM) improve survival rates in patients with solid tumors? AB - Cyclophosphamide (CPM) was first synthesized in 1958 by Arnold and Bourseaux as part of a program to develop new anticancer agents with fewer side effects and greater efficacy than those in existence. There are now many reports of good response rates obtained with CPM in patients with both hematological and solid malignant conditions, and it has been widely accepted as an important component of multi-drug regimens. What remains to be proven, however, is whether CPM significantly improves survival expectancy when used either alone or in combination with other agents. It should be remembered that evidence of efficacy as a single agent in terms of response rate or even complete remission may not be translated into improved survival when that agent is incorporated into a multi drug regimen. Before a chemotherapeutic agent is evaluated as part of a multi drug regimen there should be adequate evidence of efficacy against the relevant tumor. In addition, the agent must be used at a dosage that has been established as adequate. Despite these safeguards, it is not necessarily true that the addition of the drug either alone or as part of a multi-drug regimen will improve survival. Further use of the agent alone or in combination would then be illogical, just as it would be to use agents that have been shown to be ineffective, or to use an agent at too low a dose. The purpose of this article is to review the accumulated experience with CPM in both adult and pediatric oncology in the treatment of solid tumors with the above considerations in mind. PMID- 3751965 TI - Cancer of the nasopharynx in British Columbia. AB - The Chinese population in British Columbia has been increasing in recent years due to the migration of the Chinese from Southern China, which has tripled during the last decade. From 1939 to 1980, 296 cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) were seen at the Cancer Control Agency of British Columbia (CCABC). Of these, 167 (56%) were Chinese and 119 (40%) were Caucasians. The incidence of cancer of the nasopharynx in the Chinese born in China was 115 times greater than Caucasians before 1970 and 107 times greater in the 1970s. The incidence of NPC in the Caucasian population remained unchanged as did that of the North American-born Chinese (six times greater than that of the Caucasians) for the last 2 decades. The overall survival for all cases was 39% at 5 years and 28% at 10 years. The survival of cases was better in patients treated after 1970 (48% at 5 years and 36% at 10 years) than in patients treated before 1970 (34% at 5 years and 20% at 10 years). The survival was 50% at 5 years for all N0 cases but it was only 27% in patients with nodal metastasis. The survival of NPC was related essentially to initial staging, type and dose of irradiation, and pre-irradiation biopsy of neck metastasis. The survival was not significantly related to birth place, race, or histological grade. PMID- 3751966 TI - CT evaluation of patients during treatment of advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma. AB - Twenty-one patients with Stage III non-small cell bronchogenic carcinoma were studied by chest radiograph and computed tomography (CT) before and after chemotherapy. In three patients (14%), the prechemotherapy CT showed measurable disease not seen on chest radiograph. Postchemotherapy CT scans showed additional measurable disease not seen on chest x-ray films in nine of 56 (16%) follow-up exams. This represented additional disease in seven of the 21 patients (33%). The CT findings resulted in a significant change in therapy in six of the 21 patients (29%). PMID- 3751967 TI - A phase II trial of cisplatin and methylglyoxal bis-guanylhydrazone (MGBG) in recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. AB - Thirty-one patients with unresectable squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, 28 with local or distant recurrences following primary surgery and/or radiation and three with distant metastases at diagnosis, were treated with cisplatin and methylglyoxal bis-guanylhydrazone (MGBG). Cisplatin was given at 60 mg/m2 i.v. every 21 days X 3, followed by 80 mg/m2 every 28 days in responding patients. MGBG 500 mg/m2 i.v. was given weekly X 5, then every 14 days. Each dose of MGBG was to be escalated in the absence of toxicity, but in the majority of patients doses greater than 500 mg/m2 resulted in unacceptable toxicity. Gastrointestinal symptoms were the major side effects of this combined treatment. In 28 evaluable patients there were two complete remissions and nine partial remissions. This 39% response rate is not different from that reported with either drug alone. Combined cisplatin and MGBG as administered in this study had no apparent advantage compared to either agent alone in this group of patients. PMID- 3751968 TI - Extended-field radiation therapy for prostatic carcinoma with para-aortic lymph node metastasis. AB - The finding of involvement of para-aortic lymph nodes in patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate has been considered so ominous that further therapy has often only been palliative. What is the proportion of patients with carcinoma of the prostate with regional metastasis limited to the infra diaphragmatic lymph nodes who might be cured or at least offered long-term progression-free survival by aggressive treatment? From June 1970 through March 1983, 114 patients were treated with curative intent for adenocarcinoma of the prostate, clinical Stage III, at the Medical College of Wisconsin Affiliated Hospitals. Twenty-three of these patients had evidence of metastasis to the para aortic lymph nodes. These patients were treated aggressively with external radiation therapy to the entire pelvis and para-aortic region. The median dose to the prostate was 70 Gy, the pelvis 54 Gy, and the para-aortic region 50 Gy. The median period of observation after treatment was 53.5 months. The actuarial survival was 90% at 5 years and progression-free survival was 73% at 5 years. The rate of major complications was 4.3%. Although the number of patients is small, the data suggest that extended field radiation therapy can result in prolonged progression-free survival and perhaps cure many patients with juxtaregional dissemination of adenocarcinoma of the prostate. PMID- 3751969 TI - The importance of dose intensity of doxorubicin administration in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. A case report. AB - A 30-year-old woman with Stage IIIA diffuse non-Hodgkins lymphoma was treated with doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) every 3 weeks. When the cumulative doxorubicin dosage after nine courses of chemotherapy was 515 mg/m2 (average, 57 mg/m2/course and 19 mg/m2/week), the doxorubicin was discontinued. She relapsed 4.5 months later while receiving vincristine, prednisone, and an escalated dosage of cyclophosphamide (CVP) every 3 weeks. Single-agent chemotherapy consisting of weekly doxorubicin was administered for 15 courses (average dose 29 mg/m2/week) and resulted in a complete remission after nine courses. The cumulative dosage of doxorubicin was 955 mg/m2 at the end of the 15 courses. Mild cardiomyopathy was noted on left ventricular gated scan and electrocardiogram (ECG) at the cessation of therapy. Mild congestive heart failure occurred shortly after the discontinuation of the doxorubicin. It responded to treatment with digoxin and diuretics. At present, she has no dyspnea on exertion and no evidence of cardiomegaly on chest x-ray films; she continues to use digoxin alone. She remains in complete remission 29 months after discontinuation of intensive, weekly, single-agent doxorubicin administration (compared to a remission of only 4.5 months from the end of less intensive administration of doxorubicin every 3 weeks as part of combination chemotherapy). This case illustrates that intensive doxorubicin administration may be superior to conventional doxorubicin administration for the treatment of lymphomas, and raises the possibility that weekly administration could be superior to administration of doxorubicin every 3 weeks. Further studies investigating the efficacy of weekly versus conventional scheduling of doxorubicin are warranted in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, particularly in light of published evidence that weekly doxorubicin administration is also less cardiotoxic than treatment given every 3 weeks. PMID- 3751971 TI - Aminothiadiazole (NSC 4728) in patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma. A phase II study of the Gynecologic Oncology Group. AB - Thirty-two evaluable patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer were treated with aminothiadiazole at a dosage of 125 mg/m2 weekly. Two patients had partial responses, 12 had stable disease, 16 had increasing disease, and two were inevaluable for response. Aminothiadiazole used in this dosage and schedule has minimal activity in ovarian carcinoma patients previously treated. PMID- 3751970 TI - ICRF-159 (razoxane) in patients with advanced nonsquamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. A Gynecologic Oncology Group study. AB - Twenty-seven patients with measurable, advanced nonsquamous cell carcinoma of the cervix were entered into this Phase II study evaluating the efficacy of ICRF-159 (razoxane). Eighteen of the 27 had adenocarcinoma. Thirteen patients had no previous chemotherapy. One patient was ineligible because she was never treated. One patient was inevaluable for response. Thus, 25 evaluable patients were given ICRF-159 orally at a starting dose of 1.5 g/m2 weekly until response could be determined. Grade 4 hematologic toxicity in two patients was the only life threatening toxicity. One study patient had a partial response, 13 patients were regarded as having stable disease, and 11 had increasing disease. We conclude that ICRF-159 administered at this dose and schedule has no significant clinical activity against advanced adenocarcinoma of the cervix. PMID- 3751972 TI - The value of radiation therapy as an adjuvant to surgery in intracranial meningiomas. AB - Our experience with benign and malignant intracranial meningiomas between 1970 and 1983 is reported. Fourteen cases were treated after surgery, 10 benign and four malignant, following complete or incomplete resection or recurrence after resection. Two of 10 benign meningiomas have recurred and one of the two has been controlled by reoperation. None of the malignant meningiomas have been cured, but disease-free intervals up to 4 years were noted. The mean radiation dose was 5,400 rad, given with complex fields and shrinking field technique with no major complications. Adjuvant radiation after resection of meningiomas results in frequent cure of benign meningioma and may extend the interval of recurrence in malignant variants. PMID- 3751973 TI - Verapamil reversal of clinical doxorubicin resistance in human cancer. A Wilshire Oncology Medical Group pilot phase I-II study. AB - A pilot study of the use of verapamil and adriamycin in patients with advanced malignancy was conducted to determine if the two drugs could be safely combined and to explore whether antitumor responses were frequent. The dosage of adriamycin was 50 mg/M2 every 3 weeks. Eight doses of verapamil were given orally every 6 hours, with adriamycin being administered after the fourth dose. In five patients 240 mg of verapamil taken every 6 hours produced unacceptable nausea, vomiting, hypotension, and arrhythmia. In eight patients, 120 mg of verapamil taken every 6 hours was tolerated moderately well. In four adriamycin-resistant patients, the combination of adriamycin and verapamil produced one partial response and two minor regressions. Further studies using this combination are warranted. PMID- 3751974 TI - Ewing's tumor in brothers. An unusual observation. AB - Ewing's sarcoma in two brothers is described. This has not been previously reported in the literature. Hypotheses which might explain this association are discussed. Genetic factors predisposing to the development of neoplasia are a very attractive possibility, although viral factors and chance association cannot be excluded. PMID- 3751975 TI - Complete remission with combination chemotherapy in metastatic breast carcinoma. PMID- 3751977 TI - Cell repair after irradiation. PMID- 3751976 TI - Chemotherapy of head and neck cancer. PMID- 3751978 TI - Extranodal lymphoma of the head and neck area. PMID- 3751979 TI - Comparison of the usefulness of histochemistry and ultrastructural cytochemistry in the identification of neuroendocrine neoplasms. AB - Neuroendocrine (NE) neoplasms range from well to poorly differentiated types. These neoplasms usually contain neurosecretory (NS) granules demonstrated by either transmission electron microscopy (TEM) or silver reduction methods. By using the uranaffin reaction, one can differentiate NSG from other membrane-bound organelles. Recently, a variety of antibodies reactive against specific peptides or neurotransmitter substances have been advocated as being diagnostically useful. Using the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) or Avidin-Biotin technics, we studied 41 NE neoplasms using anti-sera specific for neurospecific enolase (NSE), bombesin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), calcitonin, and serotonin. All cases were shown to contain NS granules with a positive uranaffin reaction. In all 25 well-differentiated cases, at least one anti-serum gave a positive reaction. NSE was positive in 22 of the 25. In the poorly differentiated group, 7 (43.2%) of 16 were negative for all anti-sera tested. In these negative cases TEM using the uranaffin reaction remains an important diagnostic test. PMID- 3751980 TI - Quantitation of hypertensive nephrosclerosis on an objective rational scale of measure in adults and children. AB - The development of a precise, mathematical relationship between blood pressure and renal microvascular abnormalities would be highly desirable. Such a relationship would require that abnormalities be quantitative on a rational scale. The dominant abnormality in nephrosclerosis occurs in arcuate and cortical arteries of 50 to 400 micron outer diameter. This abnormality consists of acquired inner layers of fibroplastic tissue accompanied by variable fibrosis or withering of the preexisting vessel wall. It is this pathologic variable of interest, the amount of fibroplasia, that can be measured by its thickness in a direction perpendicular to the arterial axis. A method for quantitating the fibroplasia is described. Use of this method in a series of 93 autopsies suggests two tentative conclusions. The outer diameter of 141 micron marks the size of artery in which fibroplasia best correlates with blood pressure. The linear function, mean blood pressure = 1.60 X microvascular lesions +79.7, with correlation coefficient 0.698, governs a relationship similar at all ages. This relationship can be used to compute expected blood pressure from measurements of microvascular abnormalities in kidneys obtained at autopsy. Because all ages include ages 14 to 21 years, the observations imply that the initial tissue changes of hypertensive disease occur early in life. PMID- 3751981 TI - Squamous cells in needle aspirates of subcutaneous lesions: a diagnostic problem. AB - Analysis of 1,000 cases of fine-needle aspiration biopsies of subcutaneous lesions revealed 430 cases diagnosed as malignant. Squamous cell carcinoma represented 37% of the malignant neoplasms, and many of these cases were highly differentiated tumors. Although the presence of keratinized squamous cells in superficial aspirates is strongly suggestive of squamous cell carcinoma, other lesions may produce atypical squamous cells on aspiration biopsy and should be considered in the differential diagnosis. These include acanthotic ameloblastomas, metaplastic adenocarcinomas and Warthin's tumors, branchial cleft cysts, odontogenic keratocysts, and epidermal inclusion cysts. Two-needle aspirates from these cases were incorrectly interpreted as squamous cell carcinoma. The cytologic and some of the histologic characteristics of these lesions that may pose a diagnostic problem are presented. Careful evaluation of nuclear and cytoplasmic features, cellular background, clinical findings, and history is essential to avoid a false positive diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma. PMID- 3751982 TI - Presence of cytoplasmic progesterone receptors in hepatic adenomas. A report of two cases. AB - Two cases of hepatic adenomas observed in young women with (Case 1) or without (Case 2) prior history of oral contraceptive use are investigated for the presence of cytoplasmic estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) by dextran-coated charcoal method. Such a study reveals the presence of PR and the absence of ER in adenomatous tissue from both the cases, while both ER and PR are detected in the normal liver adjacent to adenoma. The significance of these findings is discussed, and the presence of PR is interpreted as a biologic response to estrogens, even in the apparent absence of ER. PMID- 3751983 TI - The clinical significance of stool isolates of aeromonas. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical significance of different Aeromonas species isolated from stool. During a 17-month period, 29 strains of Aeromonas were isolated and identified to species with the following results: 22, A. caviae, 5, A. hydrophila, and 2, A. sobria. Clinical significance was determined independently of knowledge of speciation result. Nineteen isolates represented colonization, implying that Aeromonas can be recovered from the gastrointestinal tract without causing primary disease. The remaining 10 isolates were of indeterminate significance and may have played a role in infection, but pertinent tests to rule out other enteric pathogens had not been done. A correlation between species and clinical significance could not be established. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on the 29 isolates. A. caviae showed an unexpected resistance to cefazolin and cefoxitin, whereas representatives of all three species displayed resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. PMID- 3751984 TI - Plasma hemoglobin determination by recording derivative spectrophotometry. AB - Recording derivative spectrophotometry (DS) is a technic for analyzing absorbance curves by measuring the derivative (slope) of those curves. The derivative is a mathematical function that enhances rapid changes of direction of a curve and suppresses slow changes. We are presenting a simple, rapid, and reproducible method for determining plasma hemoglobin concentration, even in the presence of bilirubin, myoglobin, or marked turbidity. No toxic reagents are used and, since the analysis is purely physicomathematic, the sample is not altered and can be used for additional tests. PMID- 3751985 TI - Densitometric scanning of high-resolution electrophoresis of serum: methodology and clinical application. AB - The recent introduction of high-resolution electrophoresis into many clinical laboratories has expanded the information available about protein abnormalities. While most laboratories interpret high-resolution electrophoresis patterns by direct visual examination of the stained electrophoresis strips, much useful information can be attained by supplemental densitometric scanning of these preparations. In the present report, we detail a method to perform densitometric scanning of high-resolution electrophoresis strips, and compare these results to those performed by standard cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Further, we evaluate the quantitative information by comparing the results from the densitometer scans with nephelometric quantification of specific monoclonal proteins. The present method gives a correlation coefficient of 0.97 when the gamma region densitometric scan is compared to the quantification of IgG by nephelometry in patients with known gamma-migrating IgG monoclonal gammopathies. Further, twofold dilution studies of these specimens showed excellent linearity. By providing objective, reliable, quantitative information, densitometric scanning of high-resolution electrophoresis strips is a useful adjunct to direct visual examination of these specimens. PMID- 3751986 TI - Ultrastructural features in active chronic hepatitis with changes resembling Wilson's disease. AB - A case of chronic hepatitis with ultrastructural changes resembling alterations usually occurring in Wilson's disease is presented in an elderly man. At the time of the diagnosis, the patient did not show clinical and laboratory data consistent with the diagnosis of Wilson's disease. Subsequently, the patient developed neurologic symptoms similar to that resulting from hepatolenticular degeneration. The possibility that such lesions are caused by an abnormal copper metabolism in consequence of acquired liver disease is considered. PMID- 3751987 TI - Goals for allowable analytic error better based on medical usefulness criteria. PMID- 3751988 TI - Serum osmolality in acute intoxication. PMID- 3751989 TI - Anatomic point of contention. PMID- 3751990 TI - Anti-HBc in acute viral hepatitis B. PMID- 3751991 TI - The epithelial antigen phenotype of glomerular crescent cells. AB - There is controversy over the origin of cells in glomerular crescents. Although crescent cells were once considered to be of epithelial lineage, recent data have suggested that they are derived from the mononuclear phagocyte system. To further define the histogenesis of crescents, the authors evaluated 26 renal biopsy specimens having cellular crescents, using immunoenzyme and immunofluorescence microscopy, and a battery of 11 antibodies reactive with renal epithelial cells and 5 antibodies reactive with leukocytes. Although minor populations of macrophages were present in most crescents, in only 1 of 23 specimens evaluated with anti-macrophage antibodies were these the major cell type. Of 23 specimens evaluated with anti-epithelial antibodies, all but one had crescents with most of the cells expressing one or more epithelial antigens. Crescent cells shared antigens with glomerular and tubular epithelial cells, but the antigen phenotype of crescents often differed from that of normal tubular or glomerular epithelial cells. PMID- 3751992 TI - Fine-needle aspiration of the liver. A comparison of smear and rinse preparations in the detection of cancer. AB - Fifty-nine successive cases of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of the liver were reviewed to determine the efficacy of various rinse and smear preparations in rendering a diagnosis of cancer. Preparations included Papanicolaou- and Diff Quik-stained smears, Millipore filters, cytocentrifugation, and cell blocks. Of 33 of 59 cases diagnostic for cancer, 90% were positive on rinse, 78% on smear, and 69.6% on both rinse and smear. Seven cases (21.2%) were diagnostic on rinse preparation only and would otherwise have been interpreted as equivocal. Papanicolaou smears and cell block rinses were most valuable to evaluate malignancy in the liver, using the FNA technic. The authors believe rinse preparations justify their cost for assessment of cancer and are essential to establish the diagnosis in a significant number of cases. PMID- 3751993 TI - Hodgkin's disease: diagnosis by fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Analysis of cytologic criteria from a selected series. AB - Two hundred thirteen cases in which a lymph node aspirate and subsequent surgical biopsy had been performed were studied independently by four observers. Each observer attempted to discriminate involvement by Hodgkin's disease from involvement by other processes. The material included 18 cases of histologically confirmed Hodgkin's disease. The remaining 195 cases included a wide range of pathologic processes. All four observers were able to distinguish Hodgkin's disease from other processes in the great majority of cases. Two observers reviewed the aspirate material from the 18 cases of Hodgkin's disease to determine the presence and significance of elements known to characterize this disease, i.e., multinuclear and mononuclear Reed-Sternberg cells, polyploidal cells, granulomatous elements, metachromatic material, necrosis, eosinophils, neutrophils, and plasma cells. Reed-Sternberg cells were present in most but not all cases. Reed-Sternberg-like cells also were occasionally encountered in other processes. Polyploidal cells were invariably present and were useful in recognizing the disease. Granulomatous elements, metachromatic material, necrosis, eosinophils, and neutrophils were frequently present and, while not specific for the process, helped to draw attention to or substantiate the diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease. PMID- 3751994 TI - The clinical utility of the leukocyte differential in emergency medicine. AB - Leukocyte differentials from 468 emergency room patients were assessed for clinical value by determining their associations with diagnosis, disposition, therapy, and prognosis. The test efficiency of an elevated band count as an indicator of infectious or inflammatory disease is 86%. However, all but 2 of the 99 patients in this disease category had additional indicators of inflammation, including elevated temperatures and/or white blood cell (WBC) counts. The band count lacks utility beyond this limited function. The remaining parameters of the differential count correlate poorly with all diagnostic subsets. The use of antibiotics correlates well with fever and WBC count (r = 0.95) and less well with the differential count, bands (r = 0.85), and granulocytes (r = 0.5). Elevations in the total WBC count and the band count are each associated with an increased likelihood of hospitalization. However, in the absence of leukocytosis, an elevated band count was instrumental in suggesting admission for only one patient. The patient's outcome correlates poorly with the total WBC and differential count. It is concluded that most leukocyte differentials performed for emergency room patients provide information that is no more clinically significant than that obtained from the medical history, physical examination, and absolute leukocyte count. PMID- 3751995 TI - Prevalence and clinical implications of heparin-associated false positive tests for serum fibrin(ogen) degradation products. AB - An electrophoretic method has been applied to characterize specific fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products (FDP) in 135 serum samples from 59 consecutive patients having a positive latex agglutination test for serum FDP in the evaluation of consumption coagulopathy. In 20 of 135 positive samples, the principal fibrinogen derivatives present were not degradation products of fibrinogen or fibrin but were instead residual fibrinogen or fibrin monomer and polymers (FFMP) due to incomplete clotting. Heparin exposure was common in patients with positive FDP tests occurring in 29 of 59 patients (49%) with 81 of 135 samples (60%). Heparin exposure by parenteral administration or catheter was significantly correlated with a false positive serum FDP test because of residual FFMP occurring in 19 of 81 (23%) samples from heparin-exposed patients but in only 1 of 54 (2%) samples from patients without exposure (P less than 0.005). Treatment of the false positive samples with reptilase, an enzyme unaffected by heparin, resulted in complete removal of the residual FFMP, and in vitro experiments demonstrated that heparin-containing plasma samples could be completely clotted with either reptilase or protamine sulfate plus thrombin. Survey of 20 regional laboratories showed that only 10% used reptilase or protamine sulfate to prepare serum if heparin exposure had occurred and that this was done in only 22 of 5,049 (0.4%) of samples in the last calendar year. Greater attention should be given to proper preparation of serum from heparin-exposed patients, and physicians should be aware of the possibility of falsely positive or falsely elevated serum FDP tests in evaluation of consumption coagulopathy in heparin-exposed patients. PMID- 3751996 TI - A monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for quantitation of plasma thrombospondin. AB - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to quantitate the platelet secretory glycoprotein, thrombospondin (TSP), in plasma. Specificity of the assay was provided by using an anti-TSP monoclonal antibody (McAb) to coat 96 well polystyrene assay plates. The effective range of the standard curve for the assay was between 2.5 ng/mL and 500 ng/mL. Interassay and intraassay variations were 6.9% and 7.5%, respectively. To avoid spontaneous release of TSP from platelets after the blood was drawn, and to obtain a valid measurement of plasma TSP concentration, it was essential to place and maintain blood samples on ice immediately after blood was drawn and to separate plasma from cellular constituents within two hours. The mean plasma TSP concentration of 24 healthy adults was 64.3 +/- 18.0 ng/mL (mean +/- SD). The TSP concentration of pooled normal human serum (n = 6) was 15.9 micrograms/mL. Interference occurred when undiluted plasma or serum samples were assayed. This interfering effect could be eliminated completely by a tenfold dilution of plasma or serum samples before the assay. The assay also was applied successfully to quantitate TSP release from platelets after induction of aggregation by different platelet-aggregating agents. PMID- 3751997 TI - Legionella feeleii-associated pneumonia in humans. AB - Legionella feeleii has been implicated by serologic studies as the causative agent in an outbreak of Pontiac fever and has been recovered from an institutional water source. Pneumonia caused by this agent has not been described previously. The authors have isolated L. feeleii from two immunosuppressed patients with community-acquired pneumonia and from an institutional water source. One patient survived after treatment with erythromycin. The other patient was leukopenic and died of pneumonia. Isolates exhibited typical cultural and biochemical features of L. feeleii and reacted with L. feeleii serogroup 1 antiserum. L. feeleii serogroup 1 is now known to cause not only Pontiac fever but also pneumonia in humans. PMID- 3751998 TI - Serum hepatitis B virus DNA in acute hepatitis B. AB - With the use of the dot blot hybridization technic, sera from 30 consecutive patients with acute hepatitis B were examined for the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-DNA. In an additional five patients with acute hepatitis B, serial serum samples, beginning before the serum alanine amino transferase elevation to the clearance of hepatitis B surface antigen, also were tested for various hepatitis B virus markers, including HBV-DNA. Thirteen of the 30 patients (43%) had circulating HBV-DNA and HBeAg at the time of their first clinic visit. However, 11 additional patients with HBeAg did not have HBV-DNA in their sera. In the 13 patients with HBV-DNA, there was no correlation between the titers of HBeAg and the levels of HBV-DNA. Examination of the serial serum samples from the additional five patients showed HBV-DNA and HBeAg to be present several days before the peak of serum alanine amino transferase. In all five patients, HBV-DNA was present in the serum before the appearance of IgM anti-HBc. However, HBsAg was present in all these patients' sera at the time of HBV-DNA positivity. None of the patients in this study became chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus. PMID- 3751999 TI - Delayed reaction of Bence Jones proteins to sulfosalicylic acid. AB - The present investigation was undertaken in order to elucidate the delayed reaction of Bence Jones proteins to sulfosalicylic acid. The author observed this interesting phenomenon in 2 of 32 untreated patients with multiple myeloma who excreted Bence Jones proteins. Their urine samples contained a large amount of Bence Jones proteins with alpha 2 mobility on electrophoresis, which is rarely encountered in urinary Bence Jones proteins. The delayed reaction may be linked, in part at least, to the chemical properties of Bence Jones proteins responsible for alpha 2 mobility. PMID- 3752001 TI - Can we use results of better statistical approaches to method comparison studies? PMID- 3752000 TI - Primary lymphadenopathic Kaposi's sarcoma in an immunocompetent 23-year-old man. AB - An aggressive visceral form of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) has been reported in immunosuppressed populations, most notably in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This presentation contrasts from the indolent skin lesions on the extremities of older males and is distinct enough in the young adult American population to have been included in the working definition of AIDS. The authors describe a case of primary lymphadenopathic KS in an immunocompetent heterosexual 23-year-old man with no epidemiologic, immunologic, or serologic evidence of AIDS. This report emphasizes that a diagnosis of KS in a young American male is not synonymous with the diagnosis of AIDS. PMID- 3752002 TI - A case of malignant lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma (immunocytoma) of the skin with cerebriform nuclei. PMID- 3752003 TI - Statistical analysis of red blood cell distribution: its importance in recognizing spuriously elevated platelet counts. PMID- 3752004 TI - Predicting iron stores from serum ferritin concentration: just a hypothesis needing confirmation. PMID- 3752005 TI - Cognitive and affective components of life events: their relations and effects on well-being. AB - A model of how five key facets of life events are related to one another and influence mental health and functioning was examined. The facets are the experience of control over, anticipation of, pleasantness from, stress generated by, and adjustment to life events. Multivariate analyses of data from 420 adult male respondents yielded results that were largely consistent with the hypothesized model. The results suggested that control over and anticipation of life events influenced the perceived stress produced by the events and the ability to adjust to them. In turn, it appeared that such stress and adjustment influenced mental health and functioning. The effects of control and anticipation on mental health and functioning were indirect only. Contrary to our hypothesis, control seemed to heighten perceived stress; but control, as well as anticipation, appeared to increase the ability to adjust. Whereas previous studies found no effect of desirable events on well-being, this study found that pleasant events had a beneficial effect. The discussion examines the implications of the findings for future research. PMID- 3752006 TI - Dimensions of the Group Environment Scale. AB - Student teachers in yearlong mental health consultation groups completed Moos's Group Environment Scale (GES) and three semantic differential ratings of their satisfaction with the group experience. Factor analysis of the GES yielded four dimensions, the first two corresponding to Moos's hypothesized dimensions of Relationship and System Maintenance/System Change. Intercorrelations of factor composite scores with the differential ratings provided concurrent validity evidence for the factored dimensions. Results were interpreted as supporting a multidimensional rather than unidimensional structure for the GES. PMID- 3752007 TI - Job stress and task interest: two factors in work life quality. AB - A study of how stressful job events and task interest are associated with quality of work life was conducted through interviews and questionnaire assessment of 56 members of the nursing staff at a psychiatric hospital. Factor analyses of work life satisfactions revealed two separable factors, one that accounted for satisfaction with the work itself and another that identified level of satisfaction with the work context. As predicted by a two-factor model, the number of stressful work events correlated with dissatisfactions with the work context but not with satisfaction with the work itself. Level of task interest was associated with higher ratings of satisfaction with the work itself and was uncorrelated with level of work context satisfaction. Turnover was predicted by both the number of stressors on the job and a lack of interest in tasks. An interaction was found between these two variables predicting turnover; employees tended to stay at work even if the job was stressful when the tasks were interesting. PMID- 3752008 TI - Social networks and adult social identities: profiles and correlates of support and rejection. AB - The growth of interest in social networks has underscored the need for integrative analyses of network dimensions. A three-pronged strategy to achieve this objective was pursued in a study of 261 married women nurses. First, network variables related to important adult social identities were differentiated. Factor analyses revealed four network interaction factors: work support, work rejection, general support, and general rejection. An additional factor analysis differentiated work associates from nonwork network members. Second, cluster analysis of these factor scores identified five different network profiles. The profiles differed in the importance of the woman's work to her nonwork ties as well as the frequency and pattern of different positive and negative interactions. Third, individuals with these contrasting network profiles differed on levels of life satisfaction and psychological symptomatology. The discussion emphasizes social network differences within the broader context of the ecology of human development. PMID- 3752009 TI - Social support as a buffer of anxiety: an experimental analogue. AB - The anxiety-buffering role of social support was investigated using an experimental analogue. Undergraduate females (N = 75) were assigned to one of three conditions: tested alone, tested with a stranger, or tested with a friend. Subjects first completed the Perceived Social Support Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and a palmar sweat measure. They were then told that after a 5-min waiting period they would be asked to answer a number of personal questions while being videotaped. Subjects accompanied by a friend showed a smaller increase in state anxiety than the other two groups. There was no group difference on the palmar sweat measure. No significant relationship between perceived social support and changes in state anxiety was found. PMID- 3752010 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging compared with computed tomography in adrenoleukodystrophy. AB - Adrenoleukodystrophy was diagnosed in two siblings and confirmed by analysis of very-long-chain fatty acids in skin fibroblasts. Both boys had computed tomograms (CTs) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain. In the most severely affected child, the CT and MRI examinations were both abnormal, but in the other child, the CT was mildly abnormal but the MRI was unequivocally abnormal. This suggests that MRI is more sensitive than CT in detecting the acute demyelinating changes of adrenoleukodystrophy and, in conjunction with very-long-chain fatty acid analysis, should be useful in screening unaffected or mildly affected siblings of patients with this disease. PMID- 3752011 TI - Abnormal sleeping ventilatory pattern in infants of substance-abusing mothers. AB - Infants born to opiate-abusing mothers have a decreased ventilatory response to carbon dioxide and a five to ten times increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). These abnormalities of ventilatory control may be associated with abnormal sleeping ventilatory patterns. Therefore, 28 overnight pneumograms (respiratory pattern recording and electrocardiogram) were obtained from 27 infants of substance-abusing mothers (ISAM) (five opiate, seven phencyclidine hydrochloride, three cocaine, and 12 polydrug abusers) and compared with pneumograms from 43 control infants. Pneumograms were quantitated for total sleep time, greatest duration of apnea, total duration of apnea greater than or equal to 6 s, periodic breathing, and mean heart and respiratory rates. The ISAM had a longer total sleep time, greater durations of apnea, a higher total duration of apneas greater than or equal to 6 s, more periodic breathing, a higher mean respiratory rate, and a lower mean heart rate. Thirty-two percent of pneumograms from ISAM were abnormal compared with 9.3% of the control pneumograms. We conclude that ISAM have abnormal sleeping ventilatory patterns that may be related to their increased SIDS risk. PMID- 3752012 TI - Tinea in tiny tots. AB - Dermatophyte infections in infants and toddlers, with the exception of tinea capitis, are considered rare. We describe representative patients to illustrate the broad clinical spectrum of these infections in this age group. We review possible pathophysiologic mechanisms, diagnostic modalities, and therapeutic regimens. Our experience suggests that involvement of areas other than the scalp may be more common than current estimates suggest. Recognition of affected patients is important in view of the wide differential diagnosis and the efficacy of current treatment. PMID- 3752013 TI - Upper airway obstruction in infants with fetal alcohol syndrome. AB - Fetal alcohol syndrome is a well-known entity, but its association with upper airway anomalies has not been established. We describe three patients, all of whom had fetal alcohol syndrome and upper airway obstruction. Recognition of this problem is important, as it may help to prevent serious complications such as obstructive apnea, sudden infant death syndrome, or pulmonary hypertension in these already compromised infants. PMID- 3752014 TI - Lorazepam in the treatment of refractory neonatal seizures. A pilot study. AB - Seven neonatal patients with severe seizures unresponsive to conventional anticonvulsant therapy were treated with lorazepam. Immediate cessation of seizure activity occurred in all patients within five minutes. Although seizures recurred in two infants eight hours later, frequency and severity diminished. There were no apparent significant side effects attributed to the medication. PMID- 3752015 TI - Antecedents of seizure disorders in early childhood. AB - One or more nonfebrile seizures occurred between the ages of 1 month and 7 years in eight per 1000 white and in nine per 1000 black children enrolled in a large prospective study. We examined hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors as predictors of childhood seizure disorders. Congenital malformations of the fetus (cerebral and noncerebral), family history of certain neurologic disorders, and neonatal seizures were the major predictors identified. Forty percent of children with postneonatal seizures and 68% of children with minor motor seizures had one or more of these risk factors compared with 21% of the seizure-free population. More than half of the children with minor motor seizures and a third of the infants with neonatal seizures had congenital malformations. Based on the prenatal and perinatal factors examined, prediction of postneonatal seizures carried a high rate of false-positive identification, indicating that our knowledge of the etiology of childhood seizure disorders is still very limited. PMID- 3752016 TI - Effects of maturation and gastric acidity on gastroesophageal reflux in infants. AB - Using prolonged esophageal pH monitoring, we examined 42 infants referred for gastroesophageal reflux (GER) over a 16-month interval. Eighteen of these infants were also examined with intragastric pH monitoring following a standard formula meal. We found that prematurity and postcibal gastric acidity were significantly correlated with the amount of GER observed. Historical symptoms appeared to have little correlation with the amount of GER as measured by prolonged intraesophageal pH monitoring. PMID- 3752017 TI - Radiological case of the month. Chronic granulomatous disease. PMID- 3752018 TI - Cushing's syndrome resulting from primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease. AB - In a 10-year-old boy with Cushing's syndrome, the dexamethasone suppression test, the metyrapone test, and both basal and corticotropin-releasing factor-stimulated corticotropin levels all indicated a primary adrenal disorder. However, a computed tomographic scan failed to detect an adrenal tumor. At surgery, the adrenal glands were not enlarged but were studded with small pigmented nodules composed of enlarged nonmalignant adrenocortical cells. This unusual abnormality, referred to as primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease, is associated with autonomous hypersecretion of cortisol primarily in children and young adults. Our patient was cured by total bilateral adrenalectomy and corticosteroid replacement therapy, the treatment of choice for this condition. PMID- 3752019 TI - Reye syndrome and aspirin therapy. PMID- 3752020 TI - Peptic ulcer disease in cystic fibrosis: an unusual occurrence in black adolescents. PMID- 3752022 TI - Circumcision and genital hygiene. PMID- 3752021 TI - Wet lung syndrome. PMID- 3752023 TI - Posthitis, balanitis, and circumcision. PMID- 3752024 TI - Babesiosis in two infants from Eastern Long Island, NY. PMID- 3752025 TI - Myelodysplasia and the Arnold-Chiari malformation. PMID- 3752026 TI - The 'altered states' foreign body. PMID- 3752027 TI - Loss of voice as sole symptom of subglottic foreign-body aspiration. PMID- 3752028 TI - Palatal grooves in orally intubated newborns. PMID- 3752029 TI - Digoxin therapy in the fetus. PMID- 3752030 TI - Adolescents' seat belt use and car telephones. PMID- 3752031 TI - Can (should) the pediatrician wage preventive medicine war against coronary heart disease? PMID- 3752032 TI - Controversies continue in the treatment of learning disabilities and attention deficit disorder. PMID- 3752033 TI - Trends in medical education. PMID- 3752034 TI - The changing pattern of neonatal mortality in a regionalized system of perinatal care. AB - Neonatal deaths in Iowa were reviewed for the years 1982 and 1983. As in a similar review of deaths in 1978 and 1979, respiratory distress syndrome, bacterial sepsis, asphyxia, lethal malformations, and extreme immaturity accounted for approximately 90% of deaths. Fewer deaths occurred in 1982 and 1983 and the causes of death shifted toward the nonpreventable. Lethal malformations became the leading cause of death and showed an increased incidence over the previous period. The greatest reduction of deaths was in level 1 hospitals. Ability to effect further reduction in neonatal deaths was estimated by calculation of an idealized neonatal mortality rate for the state and each level of care. These calculations suggest that future reduction in mortality must come primarily from improved care in level 2 and 3 centers rather than from further change in level 1 provider behavior. PMID- 3752035 TI - Transcutaneous bilirubinometry. III. Dermal bilirubin kinetics under green and blue light phototherapy. AB - Using the transcutaneous bilirubinometer, we studied the response of cutaneous bilirubin to different colors of light during phototherapy. Three groups of ten infants were exposed to blue, green, and blue-green lights at a mean postnatal age ranging from 50 to 77 hours. Patched areas served as controls. Every 15 minutes during four hours of phototherapy, we obtained simultaneous measurements from exposed and covered areas. After the onset of phototherapy, transcutaneous bilirubinometer values from the covered areas in all groups remained stable. The overall rate of bleaching was lowest in the green light group and highest in the blue-green combination group. In this group of infants, green light appeared to enhance the effectiveness of blue light in reducing dermal bilirubin concentrations as measured by the transcutaneous bilirubinometer. PMID- 3752036 TI - Abnormal esophageal pressures in reflux esophagitis: cause or effect? AB - Thirteen patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease underwent esophageal manometric evaluation during acute exacerbations and disease remission to evaluate lower esophageal sphincter and peristaltic pressure in response to treatment. No change was noted in lower esophageal sphincter pressure (15.2 +/- 2.6 mg versus 14.3 +/- 1.8 mm Hg) or peristaltic pressure (64.1 +/- 6.9 versus 62.1 +/- 7/8 mm Hg) with remission while both lower esophageal sphincter pressure and distal amplitude were lower in reflux patients than controls (p less than 0.05). Short-term treatment resulting in endoscopic and symptom improvement of gastroesophageal reflux disease does not appear to improve lower esophageal sphincter and peristaltic pressure. PMID- 3752037 TI - Japanese technique of early gastric cancer diagnosis. PMID- 3752038 TI - Factors affecting fasting breath hydrogen levels in healthy adults: a study in two continents. AB - Factors affecting fasting breath hydrogen (FBH) levels, which are known to vary in healthy individuals, have not been clearly identified. To study the effect of dietary habits on FBH levels, we tested 102 healthy adults in the United States (n = 33, group A) and India (n = 69, group C). Twenty-two Indian immigrants in the United States (group B) were also tested to study the effects of migration on FBH levels. Volunteers in groups A and B had similar FBH levels in comparison to those noted in group C, which were significantly higher. Orocecal transit time determined in these three groups supported our hypothesis that shorter transit times are associated with higher FBH levels. We recommend that the "normals" for FBH levels in population groups with different dietary habits be established for their diagnostic usefulness. PMID- 3752039 TI - Gallstone pancreatitis: pathogenesis and clinical forms--the emerging role of endoscopic management. PMID- 3752040 TI - Effects of alcohol on the liver in HBsAg carriers. AB - The frequency of anti-HBe and the effects of alcohol on the liver were serologically and histologically assessed in 28 nondrinking HBsAg carriers (group I), 33 mildly drinking HBsAg carriers (group II), and 21 moderately to heavily drinking HBsAg carriers (group III). The frequency of anti-HBe was significantly different in these groups (p less than 0.001). The frequency of chronic active hepatitis was significantly less in group III than in groups I or II (p less than 0.05). The frequency of HBeAg-positive carriers with chronic hepatitis was significantly less in group III (p less than 0.02). Histologically, the patients in group II mainly showed viral hepatic changes, whereas the patients in group III chiefly revealed alcoholic changes. Micronodular cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma were seen in group III alone. These results suggest that increasing alcohol consumption is related to increasing prevalence of seroconversion from HBeAg to anti-HBe and to increasing prevalence of alcoholic liver disease and decreasing prevalence of chronic hepatitis. PMID- 3752041 TI - Hepatobiliary pathology in hemodialysis patients: an autopsy study of 78 cases. AB - Necropsy findings of hepatobiliary system from 78 patients with end-stage renal disease maintained on hemodialysis are reported. Ninety percent of the patients exhibited some abnormalities. Multiple abnormalities often coexisted in each patient. Hepatomegaly was found in 50% of the patients and could be attributed to a discernible cause in all but two of the affected patients who had isolated hepatomegaly. Hepatic congestion was also prevalent and was complicated by fibrosis, cardiac cirrhosis, and centrilobular necrosis and hemorrhage in some patients. This was associated with chronic fluid overload, hypertension, and/or cardiovascular disease in the affected patients indicating the importance of adequate control of these factors. Mild periportal hepatic fibrosis, fatty metamorphosis, triaditis, hemosiderosis, and cystic changes were also seen with some frequency--the latter were associated with polycystic kidney disease and were complicated by massive intracystic hemorrhage and abscess formation, each in one patient. Chronic active hepatitis was found in three patients and was associated with chronic HBs antigenemia in one patient and presumed non-A, non-B infection in two. Nearly 22% of the patients showed either cholelithiasis at autopsy or before cholecystectomy due to complications. Significant negative findings included lack of acute viral hepatitis, silicone hepatosis, and recently described focal anoxic lesions associated with erythrocyte sludging. In conclusion, the present study has demonstrated the spectrum of hepatobiliary pathology in a large group of patients with end-stage renal disease maintained on hemodialysis. PMID- 3752042 TI - Gastric ascariasis. AB - Despite the ubiquity and varied manifestations of Ascaris lumbricoides infestation in man, gastric ascariasis is rare. Herein, three patients are described all of whom presented with features of chronic intermittent gastric outlet obstruction caused by roundworms inhabiting the stomach. The ascarides were demonstrated in the stomach by radiology in two patients and by endoscopic examination in one. The possible explanations for the rarity of "gastric ascariasis" include the "housekeeping" peristaltic activity and the acid milieu of the stomach. PMID- 3752043 TI - Adenocarcinoma of the duodenum in a patient with nontropical sprue. AB - Celiac sprue is associated with an increased risk of malignant lymphoid tumors. A patient is presented with celiac disease and adenocarcinoma of the duodenum; this association suggests that a careful search for complicating malignant tumors be undertaken in those patients with sprue whose clinical course has changed or deteriorated. PMID- 3752044 TI - Juvenile onset pernicious anemia, partial intestinal villous atrophy, ulcerative colitis, and squamous metaplasia of the stomach. AB - We report a case of a 13-yr-old white boy with juvenile onset pernicious anemia in association with IgG deficiency. He had marked gastric atrophy, intestinal metaplasia of the stomach, and an intractable antral ulcer that required surgery. In addition, his gastric mucosa showed evidence of a progressive squamous metaplasia. Diffuse squamous metaplasia of the stomach, a very rare gastric lesion, has not previously been described either in association with pernicious anemia, atrophic gastritis, or hypogammaglobulinemia. This patient also has ulcerative colitis involving the entire colon and partial villous atrophy noted on small intestinal biopsy. PMID- 3752045 TI - Exudative ascites complicating infectious mononucleosis. AB - A case of Epstein-Barr virus mononucleosis with the unusual complication of exudative ascites is presented. The patient was a 22-yr-old man with the typical symptoms and physical findings of hepatitis secondary to infectious mononucleosis. Extensive evaluation including liver biopsy, failed to show another cause for the patient's ascites. The ascites and hepatitis disappeared with resolution of the acute mononucleosis infection. He is well 12 months after this illness with no evidence for chronic liver disease. This case adds to the list of causes for exudative ascites associated with acute hepatitis. PMID- 3752046 TI - Pyloric stenosis: an unusual complication of Behcet's disease. AB - A 20-yr-old Japanese man with longstanding Behcet's disease had pyloric stenosis and multiple duodenal ulcers. The pyloric stenosis was due to edematous hypertrophy of the pyloric ring and was unrelated to duodenal ulceration. The evidence suggests that the pyloric stenosis and multiple duodenal ulceration were a manifestation of Behcet's syndrome and not merely incidental peptic ulcer disease. PMID- 3752047 TI - Does drinking alcohol hurt the chronic hepatitis B carrier? PMID- 3752048 TI - Is herpes esophagitis actually Johnson's disease? PMID- 3752049 TI - Esophageal cancer: a cause of pyrexia of unknown origin. PMID- 3752050 TI - The distribution of type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus by age, sex, secular trend, seasonality, time clusters, and space-time clusters: evidence from Montreal, 1971-1983. AB - The etiology of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus remains obscure. In an attempt to clarify some aspects of the epidemiology, including its compatibility with an acute infectious process, the authors undertook in-depth analyses of childhood cases accumulated in a population-based register in Montreal during the period from 1971-1983. Incidence rates increased with age until puberty, at which point they plateaued and decreased. There was no overall difference in incidence between males and females; however, the rate for females peaked approximately two years before the rate for males. While there was some variation over time, there was no evidence of a long-term trend, nor was the yearly variation impressive in magnitude. The findings further indicate that the disease is not characterized by explosive outbreaks. There was slight seasonality, with a 28% higher rate of onset in fall and winter than in spring and summer. There was some evidence of space-time clustering in 1971-1973, but not thereafter. Taken as a whole, these findings do not support the hypothesis that a significant portion of insulin dependent diabetes is caused by an acute infectious process. PMID- 3752051 TI - Wood-related occupations, wood dust exposure, and sinonasal cancer. AB - A case-control study was conducted to examine the relations between type of woodworking and the extent of wood dust exposure to the risks for specific histologic types of sinonasal cancer. In cooperation with the major treatment centers in the Netherlands, 116 male patients newly diagnosed between 1978 and 1981 with primary malignancies of epithelial origin of this site were identified for study. Living controls were selected from the municipal registries, and deceased controls were selected from the national death registry. Interviews were completed for 91 (78%) cases and 195 (75%) controls. Job histories were coded by industry and occupation. An index of exposure was developed to classify the extent of occupational exposure to wood dust. When necessary, adjustment was made for age and usual cigarette use. The risk for nasal adenocarcinoma was elevated by industry for the wood and paper industry (odds ratio (OR) = 11.9) and by occupation for those employed in furniture and cabinet making (OR = 139.8), in factory joinery and carpentry work (OR = 16.3), and in association with high level wood dust exposure (OR = 26.3). Other types of nasal cancer were not found to be associated with wood-related industries or occupations. A moderate excess in risk for squamous cell cancer (OR = 2.5) was associated with low-level wood dust exposure; however, no dose-response relation was evident. The association between wood dust and adenocarcinoma was strongest for those employed in wood dust-related occupations between 1930 and 1941. The risk of adenocarcinoma did not appear to decrease for at least 15 years after termination of exposure to wood dust. No cases of nasal adenocarcinoma were observed in men whose first exposure to wood dust occurred after 1941. PMID- 3752053 TI - A short diet history for assessing dietary exposure to N-nitrosamines in epidemiologic studies. AB - A short diet history for use in assessing dietary nitrosamine exposure in epidemiologic studies has been developed by using data from a case-control study of diet and stomach cancer carried out in Ontario, Manitoba, and Newfoundland between 1979 and 1982. The method gives excellent correlations for seven dietary components with estimates based on a full diet history, and also performs well when tested on a different data set from a case-control study of diet and colorectal cancer carried out in Ontario and Alberta between 1976 and 1978. PMID- 3752052 TI - Life-style and occupational risk factors in cancer of the lower urinary tract. AB - In a matched case-control study of cancer of the lower urinary tract in northern Germany in which 340 male and 91 female case-control pairs were interviewed between 1977 and 1982, cigarette smokers were found to have an odds ratio of 2.3 for males and 2.9 for females compared with nonsmokers. A significant dose response relation was observed for increasing cigarette consumption, and a significant decrease in risk was shown for ex-smokers. Employment in rubber, plastics, dye, textiles, and mining industries was associated with a higher risk, and increased odds ratios were also observed for exposure to spray painting, coal pitch, chromium, and zinc. Controlling for smoking, an elevated risk of 2.3 for drinking more than four cups of coffee per day and significant odds ratios of 2.1 and 2.8 for a daily consumption of 0.5-1.0 liter and above 1.0 liter of beer, respectively, were noted among men. A highly significant odds ratio of 4.0 was found for a daily fluid intake of more than 2 liters. Dietary habits such as the frequent consumption of canned food and fatty meals were associated with a higher risk, whereas a regular consumption of fruits and vegetables was associated with a lower risk. Fourteen determinants found to be important in this case-control series were analyzed by using multiple logistic regression. PMID- 3752054 TI - Methylxanthines and benign breast disease. AB - The relation between methylxanthine consumption and biopsied benign breast disease was investigated by using data from a case-control study which included 1,569 cases and 1,846 controls identified between 1973 and 1980 through a nationwide screening program. There was no evidence of an association between methylxanthine consumption and benign breast disease in the total study population. When histologic types of benign breast disease were examined, there were no trends in risk according to methylxanthine consumption among the 813 cases with fibrocystic disease, the 508 cases for whom detailed pathology data were not available, the 172 cases with benign neoplasms, or the 156 cases with other benign conditions. When cases with fibrocystic disease were examined according to presence of atypia, hyperplasia, sclerosing adenosis, or cysts, there was, again, no association between methylxanthine consumption and risk of disease. In addition, no relation was found between methylxanthine consumption and menstrual breast tenderness among premenopausal women with fibrocystic disease or unknown conditions. PMID- 3752055 TI - Is the level of serum triglyceride a significant predictor of coronary death in "normocholesterolemic" subjects? The Paris Prospective Study. AB - Since the relation between serum triglyceride level and coronary heart disease after adjustment for cholesterol and other risk factors remains controversial, the authors have tested the hypothesis that it could be different according to the level of serum cholesterol, i.e., that there may be an interaction between cholesterol and triglyceride level in prediction of coronary heart disease risk. The data of the Paris Prospective Study were used to carry out a survival analysis, by using the Cox model, with coronary heart disease death as the end point and triglyceride and different risk factors as the predictor variables. In this study, during a mean follow-up of 11.4 +/- 2.2 years, 157 coronary heart disease deaths occurred. Serum triglyceride level is not an independent predictor of coronary heart disease death after adjustment for serum cholesterol. However, when cholesterol, triglyceride, and their interaction term are introduced in the regression equation, all variables contribute significantly to the risk. This is also true when other risk factors are taken into account. As a consequence of this interaction, among the 3,585 subjects with a serum cholesterol level lower than 220 mg/100 ml, serum triglyceride level is an independent predictor of risk, even after adjustment for all other risk factors. PMID- 3752056 TI - Association of low birth weight with passive smoke exposure in pregnancy. AB - In a prospective study of 3,891 antenatal patients at Yale-New Haven Hospital between 1980 and 1982, one fourth (23.6%) had not smoked cigarettes during pregnancy but had been exposed to sidestream smoke for at least two hours per day. Among the nonsmokers, passive smoke exposure was significantly related to delivering a low birth weight (less than 2,500 g) newborn. This relation only occurred in term (greater than or equal to 37 weeks) deliveries. Compared with unexposed women, the relative risk of low birth weight after adjustment for confounding factors was 2.17 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.05-4.50). Those exposed to passive smoke delivered infants 24 g lighter on average. There was no additive effect of passive smoking on smokers themselves. Repeating the analysis on all women with term deliveries, therefore, resulted in a slightly diminished risk of low birth weight due to passive smoking of 1.52 (95% CI = 0.90-2.56). The risk of low birth weight at term due to direct cigarette smoking was 3.54 (95% CI = 1.62-7.71). Gestational age was unrelated to passive smoking, which appears to exert its effect primarily through growth retardation in term newborns. PMID- 3752057 TI - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia on Guam: a 25-year prospective case-control study. AB - Familial and genetic studies of high-incidence amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia among the Chamorro people of Guam were initiated in 1958 with the establishment of a prospective case-control registry. The major objective of this registry was to determine if first-degree relatives and spouses of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or parkinsonism-dementia had an increased risk of developing disease compared with relatives of nonaffected controls individually matched for age, sex, and village. At the time of its closing in 1963, the registry included 126 patients (77 with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 42 with parkinsonism-dementia, and seven with both amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia) and an equal number of controls; 994 living first-degree relatives (parents, siblings, and offspring) of patients and 1,218 of controls; and 88 living spouses of patients and 101 of controls. The present analysis of the 25-year follow-up study (1958-1983) demonstrated a significantly increased risk of developing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or parkinsonism dementia among parents, siblings, and spouses of patients, but not among relatives of controls. Offspring of both patients and controls showed no significantly increased risk of developing disease. The increased risk among spouses of patients and the lack of increase among their offspring, together with recent histochemical findings, support the contention that exogenous factors are strong contributors to the etiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia. The present results also demonstrate a declining incidence of both diseases. PMID- 3752058 TI - A critical evaluation of the clinical diagnosis of anemia. AB - Three physicians independently assessed whether 180 medical or surgical inpatients were anemic. The assessments were based on inspection of skin, nail beds, and conjunctivae. The observers made a positive diagnosis with significantly different frequency. Overall agreements between pairs of observers were 0.76-0.87. Agreement on negative diagnoses was higher than agreement on positive diagnoses. The overall agreements were adjusted for chance agreement, and kappa values which ranged from 0.23-0.47 were obtained. The overall accuracy of the clinical diagnoses was determined with the blood hemoglobin concentration as the "true" standard. For the three observers, the overall accuracy ranged from 0.78-0.79, the predictive value of a positive diagnosis ranged from 0.51-0.61, the predictive value of a negative diagnosis ranged from 0.81-0.84, the sensitivity ranged from 0.27-0.44, and the specificity ranged from 0.88-0.95. For each observer, the probability of detecting anemia was estimated as a function of the blood hemoglobin concentration. Compared with the "true" diagnosis, the observers were reluctant to call a patient anemic, and even in patients with the lowest blood hemoglobin concentrations, the expected probability of detecting anemia did not exceed 0.75. PMID- 3752059 TI - Homicide and race in Erie County, New York. AB - Medical examiner records of homicides in Erie County, New York, in 1972-1984 were analyzed, comparing homicides of whites with homicides of blacks. Black victims were younger than white victims, had more alcohol in their blood, and were less often killed with bare hands. The killer of a black victim was more likely to be female and less likely to have killed in connection with another crime. This is interpreted to mean that a higher proportion of black homicides arose from personal disputes. PMID- 3752060 TI - Reye's syndrome and spruce budworm insecticide spraying in Maine, 1978-1982. AB - Studies have associated insecticides used for spruce budworm control with Reye's syndrome. In Maine, spruce budworm insecticide spraying began in 1954, and an annual spray program was started in 1972. Reye's syndrome incidence information (1978-1982), obtained from hospital discharge data, death certificates, and reports to the Bureau of Health, was compared with the geographic distribution of spruce budworm insecticide spraying. No association between Reye's syndrome and spruce budworm spraying was found, although some geographic clustering of Reye's syndrome cases was observed. PMID- 3752061 TI - Application of odds ratio regression models for assessing familial aggregation from case-control studies. AB - A regression model for estimating covariate effects on odds ratios to test for familial aggregation of common disease in first-degree relatives of cases and controls is presented and illustrated by using family data from a study of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. These estimators are in essence an extension of the Mantel-Haenszel estimator of odds ratio but do not require the assumption of independence among relatives. A robust test statistic for possible effects of covariates such as the matching variables for cases and controls on odds ratio is also presented. In data on 156 adult first-degree relatives of 28 cases with demonstrated airway obstruction and 28 controls matched for age, sex, race, and hospital status, there appeared to be a difference in the odds ratio among families of black and white case-control pairs. However, the small sample size available prevents conclusive interpretation of this observation. PMID- 3752062 TI - The exposure odds ratio in nested case-control studies with competing risks. AB - A nested case-control study, also known as an ambidirectional study, is a case control study within a cohort study. Although distortion by competing risks is well-recognized in follow-up studies, the problem has not been as widely appreciated in nested case-control studies. This paper extends previous work concerning the bias associated with competing risks for nested case-control studies. Specifically, the distorting effect of competing risks is illustrated for three methods of control selection. Assuming the proportional hazards model, the authors derived formulas for the bias of the odds ratio when competing risks cannot be ignored. Examples illustrate the magnitude of bias that occurs when the exposure of interest is associated with competing causes of death or withdrawal. PMID- 3752063 TI - Matched case-control designs and overmatched analyses. AB - In a 1:1 matched-pairs case-control study, several pairs may have the same matching criteria. The objective of this paper is to consider various analytic approaches for odds ratio estimation in this situation. One approach is to perform the usual matched-pairs analysis; the alternative is to combine pairs into strata and compute the conditional maximum likelihood or Mantel-Haenszel estimate. Matched-pairs analysis based on theoretic and simulation results may give misleading inferences, although on average it performs nearly as well as the stratified analysis. The occasional poor performance of the matched-pairs analysis results from the possibility of obtaining an extreme number of discordant pairs due to the random pairing within a stratum. It is concluded that the prudent policy is to perform a stratified rather than a paired analysis, even at the expense of additional computation. PMID- 3752064 TI - Changes in plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol after changes in cigarette use. PMID- 3752065 TI - Serum markers for type IV collagen and type III procollagen in the myelofibrosis osteomyelosclerosis syndrome and other chronic myeloproliferative disorders. AB - Myelofibrosis is characterized by excessive deposition of interstitial and basement membrane collagens in the bone marrow. In this study, specific radioimmunoassays for the aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen and for the 7S collagen domain of type IV (basement membrane) collagen were used to determine how this accumulation is reflected in serum. Of the 41 patients with chronic myeloproliferative disorders studied, the highest levels of both parameters were found in idiopathic myelofibrosis and in chronic myelogenous leukaemia associated with bone marrow fibrosis. Increasing degrees of bone marrow fibrosis were accompanied by increasing serum concentrations of both markers, except for osteomyelosclerosis, where notably low values were seen. Pathologically high values of one or both parameters were also found in a few patients with polycythaemia vera or a transitional myeloproliferative disorder. The antigens related to type III procollagen and type IV collagen correlated significantly with each other and with the leucocyte count. These parameters should provide noninvasive means for following the accumulation of interstitial and basement membrane collagens in the bone marrow. PMID- 3752066 TI - Sp alpha I/65 hereditary elliptocytosis in North Africa. AB - The Sp alpha I/65 variant of the spectrin has been recently described in black people with hereditary elliptocytosis (HE). The present study reports on a similar Sp alpha I/65 variant in nine North African persons belonging to four unrelated families. The abnormality was associated with a variable degree of elliptocytosis. In one case, red cell morphology was normal. In the nine carriers of the biochemical abnormality, the spectrin dimer self-association was defective. The association constant was reduced: 0.65 to 1.7 X 10(5) M-1 (controls: 4.6 +/- 0.5 X 10(5) mM-1 (n = 21)); in six cases, there was a higher level of spectrin dimer in the low ionic strength extract at 4 degrees C: 13.0 to 19.7% (controls: 6.4 +/- 2.1% (n = 7)). Limited tryptic digests of spectrin from the nine persons revealed a decrease of the 80,000-dalton alpha-1 domain, and the concomitant appearance of a peptide with a molecular weight of 65,000 daltons and an isoelectric point ranging from 5.0 to 5.1. There was a correlation between the proportion of the 65,000-dalton fragments, the defect of spectrin self association, and the extent of morphological alteration. This is the first large series concerning a spectrin abnormality in non-black persons. In North Africa, cases of HE that are not due to a protein 4.1 defect have turned out so far to be associated with the Sp alpha I/65 variant. PMID- 3752067 TI - Microcytosis in Hodgkin disease associated with unbalanced globin chain synthesis. AB - A review of 162 patients with Hodgkin disease disclosed 36 with microcytic anemia (mean corpuscular hemoglobin values [MCV] less than 80 fl). Three patients had iron deficiency, and one had beta-thalassemia. Of the remaining 32 patients, 24 had microcytic anemia at the time of diagnosis of Hodgkin disease, and ten, including two patients with this finding initially, developed microcytic anemia in association with recurrence of Hodgkin disease. Seven patients with Hodgkin disease and normal MCV had normal alpha-to-beta-globin chain ratios (1.0 +/- 0.14). Seven patients with Hodgkin disease and MCV less than 80 fl had significantly lower alpha-to-beta chain ratios (0.66 +/- 0.05). Twelve normal controls and four with iron-deficiency anemia and MCV less than 80 fl had normal ratios. Anemia was corrected, and MCV returned to normal in all patients who responded to therapy for Hodgkin disease. In the two patients studied sequentially, abnormal alpha-to-beta-chain ratio was corrected along with the anemia. PMID- 3752068 TI - Comparative activity of erythrocyte adenosine deaminase and orotidine decarboxylase in Diamond-Blackfan anemia. AB - It previously has been reported that red blood cells (RBC) of patients with Diamond-Blackfan syndrome (DBS) have increased activity of orotidine decarboxylase (ODC) and adenosine deaminase (ADA). The studies reported here compared the activity of these two enzymes in DBS erythrocytes, cord blood, and reticulocytes. The activity of ODC, although increased in some DBS erythrocytes, was not significantly different from that seen in cord RBC or reticulocytes. In contrast, RBC-ADA activity was increased in 23 of 26 DBS patients; and this enzyme elevation was distinct from that seen in cord blood and reticulocytes. Moreover, ADA activity was normal in 26 of 27 patients with transient erythroblastopenia of childhood (TEC). Taken together, these data indicate RBC ADA activity is more sensitive than ODC as a marker of DBS. In addition, RBC-ADA activity continues to be useful for distinguishing DBS and TEC in most patients with RBC hypoplasia. PMID- 3752069 TI - Platelet-associated immunoglobulins IgG, IgM, IgA and complement C3 in immune and nonimmune thrombocytopenic disorders. AB - A two-stage radioactive antiglobulin test--using unlabelled antisera specific for IgG, IgA, IgM and C3 followed by binding of 125I-staphylococcal protein A--was applied to determine platelet-associated immunoglobulins (PAIg) and complement (PAC3) in thrombocytopenias of various etiologies. One hundred and one patients with immune thrombocytopenia (chronic autoimmune, 48; acute autoimmune, 37; Evans syndrome, nine; connective tissue diseases, seven) and 20 patients with presumed nonimmune thrombocytopenia (bone marrow aplasia or malignancy, six; septicemia, five; hypersplenism, five; cirrhosis of liver, three; others, one) were studied. Increased levels of PAIg/C3 were found in 76% of patients with immune thrombocytopenia. PAIgG was raised in 66%, PAIgM in 57%, PAIgA in 44%, and PAC3 in 29%. Isolated elevation of PAIgG and of PAIgM was found in four and three cases, respectively; PAIgA and PAC3 were elevated in one case each. PAIgG was associated with PAIgM in 56%, with PAIgA in 34%, and with PAC3 in 27%. Both patients with Evans' syndrome and patients with connective tissue diseases had significantly higher PAIgM levels than the other patients with immune thrombocytopenia. In patients with nonimmune thrombocytopenia, increased rates of PAIg/C3 were also encountered. Positive test results were found in 88% (PAIgG 88%, PAIgM 47%, PAIgA 35%, and PAC3 24%). In immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, we observed a significant inverse correlation between platelet counts and PAIgG, PAIgA, and PAC3, but not with PAIgM. In contrast, no such correlation was found in patients with nonimmune thrombocytopenia. Our data indicate that the evaluation of neither parameter alone nor the combination of PAIg/C3 will discriminate between immune and nonimmune thrombocytopenia. Preferential coating with certain immunoglobulins, however, may be present in some subgroups of immune thrombocytopenias. PMID- 3752070 TI - Acute renal failure in sickle-cell disease. AB - Two patients with reversible acute oligoanuric renal failure in the setting of sickle-cell crisis are presented. The renal failure could not be attributed to volume depletion, urinary tract obstruction, or exogenous nephrotoxins. There were several features in each case that suggested the presence of nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis. The possible role of pigmenturia in the pathogenesis of the reversible renal failure in sickle-cell crisis is discussed. PMID- 3752071 TI - Penicillamine-induced rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis: successful treatment of two patients and a review of the literature. AB - Although D-penicillamine has been used effectively in the management of a variety of diseases such as cystinuria, Wilson's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and progressive systemic sclerosis, several toxic drug reactions have been observed with prolonged administration of this agent. One of the most serious side effects is the renal changes that occur following several months of use. We now report two patients with scleroderma who developed serologic evidence of lupus and crescentic glomerulonephritis during treatment with D-penicillamine. Both patients responded to pulse methylprednisolone and subsequent daily steroids. We also review the current information available on the variety of penicillamine nephropathies. PMID- 3752072 TI - Hypomagnesemia and renal magnesium wasting in patients treated with cisplatin. AB - Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II), a chemotherapeutic agent used against epithelial neoplasms, is known to cause hypomagnesemia and renal magnesium wasting. In order to further characterize the effect of multiple doses of this drug upon serum magnesium levels and renal magnesium handling, we prospectively studied 28 patients who received a total of 82 doses of cisplatin. All patients developed hypomagnesemia that was dose-related (r = .66, P less than .001, n = 101); the lowest serum magnesium level reached in individual patients ranged from 0.3 to 1.7 mg/dL. Renal magnesium wasting was documented in 19 patients, with urinary fractional excretion of magnesium ranging from 2.9% to 22.3% despite serum magnesium levels of greater than or equal to 1.5 mg/dL. Evidence of renal tubular injury (renal tubular epithelial cells or tubular cell casts) was detected in 47 of 47 urine sediment examinations performed two to four days after cisplatin administration. There was no clear evidence that cisplatin caused defects in renal handling of electrolytes other than magnesium; in fact, 16 of the 28 patients demonstrated avid renal reabsorption of one or more other electrolytes despite significant magnesium wasting. We conclude that cisplatin alters renal tubular handling of magnesium, resulting in significant prolonged dose-related hypomagnesemia. PMID- 3752073 TI - Comparison of eosinophilia in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis. AB - Eosinophilia (E) has been noted in hemodialysis (HD) patients, but its etiology is not clear. In an effort to clarify this phenomenon, we prospectively studied patients initiating dialysis in our outpatient HD and peritoneal dialysis programs. Rate of E was greatest for a small group of four continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis patients (75%), less for 63 HD patients (41%), and least for 66 continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients (21%, P less than .05, HD v CAPD). Increasing E rates among the groups paralleled increased frequency of tubing changes. There were no differences in etiology of renal disease, medications, types of dialyzers, types of access, or transfusion frequency that could account for the E. IgE levels did not correlate with E. The data suggest that the dialysis procedure or the tubing changes may be causing the E, but the possibility that uremia, itself, is important in the pathogenesis of dialysis E is also discussed. PMID- 3752074 TI - Use of magnesium hydroxide and low magnesium dialysate does not permit reduction of aluminum hydroxide during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. AB - In an effort to reduce the ingestion of aluminum in phosphate-binding antacids, we treated seven patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) with low magnesium dialysate and phosphate binders containing both aluminum and magnesium hydroxide. The total amount of phosphate binders prescribed was adjusted to maintain the serum phosphorus at normal levels. The dose of magnesium hydroxide was limited by intolerable gastrointestinal side effects in six of the seven patients. One patient also developed symptomatic hypermagnesemia. When magnesium hydroxide was prescribed in tolerable doses, the mean aluminum dose was not significantly decreased compared with the dose when taking aluminum hydroxide alone. We conclude that substitution of magnesium hydroxide for aluminum hydroxide as a phosphate binder fails to reduce the dose of aluminum in most patients on CAPD. PMID- 3752075 TI - Regional anticoagulation: hemodialysis with hypertonic trisodium citrate. AB - We have developed a simplified method for performing regional citrate anticoagulation during hemodialysis. High ultrafiltration rates and specialized equipment were obviated by the use of a 1.6-mol/L trisodium citrate solution and a standard calcium-containing dialysate. Thirty-six dialyses were performed with this technique on 14 stable and 22 high bleeding risk patients. There was no significant decline in plasma-ionized calcium during citrate dialysis, ie, 3.85 +/- 0.34 mg/dL (mean +/- SE) predialysis, to 3.31 +/- 0.26 postdialysis; furthermore, no patient developed neuromuscular symptoms or evidence of cardiovascular instability from hypocalcemia. Serum sodium rose with this procedure, but not to hypernatremic levels. This method of citrate dialysis is safe and effective during continuous blood flow (double-needle) hemodialysis, and is no more difficult to perform than conventional heparin dialysis. Single-needle (reciprocating blood flow) hemodialysis was successfully performed by the additional use of a calcium-free dialysate and separate calcium chloride infusion (10% calcium chloride), but risks the production of unexpected hypercalcemia. PMID- 3752076 TI - Inflow time and recirculation in single-needle hemodialysis. AB - The recirculation of previously dialyzed blood in the lumen of the single-needle catheter reduces dialysis efficiency and is a drawback of single-needle dialysis. We reasoned that using maneuvers that would augment the volume of blood drawn in during the inflow phase of each dialytic cycle would decrease recirculation. We tested this hypothesis by progressively lengthening the inflow time and measuring the recirculation rate in three patients undergoing single-needle hemodialysis with a single-lumen subclavian hemodialysis catheter during five separate dialyses. Inflow time was varied with a time-time single-needle device (Gambro SN 10-2D). Percentage recirculation decreased progressively from 23% +/- 3% at an inflow time of 1 second to 7% +/- 2% at an inflow time of 4 seconds (P less than .03, n = 5). With a time-time single-needle device, recirculation did not vary, with a change in pump speed from 106 to 250 mL/min (8.2% v 8.4%, n = 6). With other single-needle devices, however, inflow time varied inversely with pump speed, and at higher pump speeds, recirculation tended to increase, although not uniformly, in every patient. Maximizing the inflow volume is essential for minimizing recirculation in single-needle hemodialysis. Clinically insignificant recirculation ensues when inflow time is maintained between 3 to 5 seconds and time-time single-needle devices are used, even in patients dialyzed with single lumen subclavian catheters. PMID- 3752077 TI - Molecular analysis of an unbalanced deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5 that produces no phenotype. AB - A family has been identified in which an interstitial, apparently unbalanced deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5 could be traced through six individuals in 3 generations. Remarkably, all of the individuals with the deletion are completely asymptomatic and show no physical or mental abnormalities. The deletion was confirmed at the molecular level by identifying DNA probes that mapped within the deleted portion of chromosome 5. Through the use of somatic cell hybrids and quantitative Southern blots, we demonstrated that these individuals do indeed have an unbalanced deletion and are haploid for several million base pairs of DNA in 5p14 without showing any discernable phenotype. PMID- 3752078 TI - Probability and paternity testing. AB - A probability can be viewed as an estimate of a variable that is sometimes 1 and sometimes 0. To have validity, the probability must equal the expected value of that variable. To have utility, the average squared deviation of the probability from the value of that variable should be small. It is shown that probabilities of paternity calculated by the use of Bayes' theorem under appropriate assumptions are valid, but they can vary in utility. In particular, a recently proposed probability of paternity has less utility than the usual one based on the paternity index. Using an arbitrary prior probability in the calculation cannot lead to a valid probability unless, by chance, the chosen prior probability happens to be appropriate. Appropriate assumptions regarding both the prior probability and gene or genotypic frequencies can be estimated from prior experience. PMID- 3752079 TI - Empirical validation of the Essen-Moller probability of paternity. AB - The validity of the Essen-Moller formulation probability of paternity is supported by demonstrating its correctness in a model genetic system--the ABO system. An analysis was made of 1,393 paternity cases typed uniformly for HLA-A and -B, ABO, Rh, and MNSs, in which the mother named one man only as the child's father and in which both mother and putative father identified themselves as Caucasian. For purposes of analysis, putative fathers not excluded from paternity by the four systems tested were regarded as actual fathers. The joint distribution of observed triplets of ABO phenotypes is shown to be statistically consistent with expected values, and the fractions of "true" fathers for a given triplet closely approximated the probability of paternity calculated using a realistic prior probability. Recent allegations of fallaciousness of the method by Li and Chakravarty and Aickin are discussed in terms of the results presented. PMID- 3752080 TI - Argininosuccinate lyase deficiency: evidence for heterogeneous structural gene mutations by immunoblotting. AB - Argininosuccinate lyase (AS lyase) deficiency is an inborn error of the urea cycle with extensive clinical and genetic heterogeneity. We investigated the biochemical basis of the enzyme defect and the genetic heterogeneity in this disorder using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE) and immunoblotting of fibroblast extracts. The AS lyase monomer in control fibroblasts was present in two bands of approximately 51 and approximately 49 Kd. Each of 28 mutant strains had some cross-reactive material (CRM) of the lower (approximately 49 Kd) MW, in quantities ranging from trace to substantial levels. The approximately 51 Kd band was found in only six mutants with near-normal amounts of AS lyase CRM or high residual enzyme activity. The residual AS lyase enzyme activity in a mutant did not necessarily reflect the amount of the 49-51 Kd monomer in that strain. In contrast, there was a strong general correlation between the quantity of 49-51 Kd CRM in a mutant and the frequency of complementation by that mutant. In addition to the CRM of normal molecular weight (MW) (49-51 Kd), the majority of mutants (but not controls) had significant CRM present in one to five bands of MW less than 49 Kd. The immunoprecipitation of at least one of these low MW bands was inhibited by purified human AS lyase. Mutants indistinguishable by clinical, enzymatic, or complementation analysis have been shown to be heterogeneous in their content of AS lyase CRM, greatly extending the number of distinct mutant alleles identified at this locus. These data demonstrate that multiple unique mutations in the structural gene coding for the monomer cause AS lyase deficiency and that the AS lyase monomers made by these mutants may be unstable. Integration of these findings with enzymatic and complementation data has indicated the functional domain of the AS lyase monomer likely to be altered in certain mutants. PMID- 3752081 TI - Nonexpression of cartilage type II collagen in a case of Langer-Saldino achondrogenesis. AB - A lethal short-limbed dwarfism was diagnosed at autopsy as the Langer-Saldino variant of achondrogenesis by radiological, histological, and gross pathological criteria. Cartilage was obtained for biochemical and ultrastructural analyses from the ends of long bones, from ribs and from a scapula of the newborn infant. At all sites, it had an abnormal gelatinous texture and translucent appearance. Biochemical analyses of the cartilages to identify pepsin-solubilized collagen alpha-chains and collagen-specific CNBr-peptides failed to detect type II collagen at any site where it would normally be the main constituent. Instead, type I was the predominant collagen present. However, three cartilage-specific minor collagen chains identified as 1 alpha, 2 alpha, and 3 alpha chains by their electrophoretic mobility were present at about 10% of the total collagen. Cartilage-specific proteoglycans also appeared to be abundant in the tissue judging by its high hexosamine content and high ratio of galactosamine to glucosamine. The findings indicate that a chondrocyte phenotype had differentiated but without the expression of type II collagen. In addition to the skeletal abnormalities, the severe pulmonary hypoplasia was also felt to be directly related to the underlying pathology in collagen expression. The term chondrogenesis imperfecta rather than achondrogenesis should be considered a more accurate description of this and related conditions. PMID- 3752083 TI - Genetic origins of the Dogon population in the Arrondissement of Boni (Mali). AB - A study of probabilities of origin of genes was carried out on a Dogon population in Mali, spread over four massifs separated from each other by about 20 kilometers. Within each village, the founder contributions are very disparate and show that each village has a very specific origin. Therefore, the exchange of wives between massifs has not resulted in a homogenization of the population, which has remained strongly structured into four relatively independent isolates. PMID- 3752082 TI - The relationship between maternal age and chromosome size in autosomal trisomy. AB - The pattern of maternal age-specific incidence of autosomal trisomy in spontaneous abortions was examined for each chromosome for which a sufficient number of trisomies was observed. This included chromosomes 2, 4, 7-10, 13-16, 18, and 20-22. The rate of increase after age 30 for each of the small chromosomes (groups D-G) was similar, with the exception of chromosome 16, which showed a significantly shallower rate. The C group chromosomes tended to have an intermediate rate of increase after age 30, with the exception of chromosome 7, which had a pattern similar to the smaller chromosomes. The larger chromosomes (2 and 4) had the smallest rate of increase. There was a significant relationship between chromosome size and rate of increase after age 30 (after excluding chromosome 16), but not with rate of increase before age 30. The results suggest that autosomal trisomies may be of heterogeneous origin, with a maternal age related factor associated with chromosome size and other sources unrelated to chromosome size. Additional evidence for and against this hypothesis is discussed. PMID- 3752084 TI - The number of families required to detect or exclude linkage heterogeneity. AB - Under the assumption of two family types, one with linkage and one without linkage, the number of phase-known double-backcross families required to detect heterogeneity is investigated. The case of testing for heterogeneity with two offspring per family is shown to be formally equivalent to testing for inbreeding effects in a sample of unrelated individuals. PMID- 3752085 TI - The gene for human liver arginase (ARG1) is assigned to chromosome band 6q23. AB - The human liver arginase gene, whose deficiency is responsible for argininemia (McKusick no. 20780), has been assigned to 6q23 through a combination of somatic cell hybrid analysis and in situ hybridization using a 1,550-base pair (bp) human DNA probe for this gene. PMID- 3752086 TI - Existence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-like locus on chromosome 17. AB - Hybridization of DNA samples prepared from flow-sorted human chromosomes with a cDNA probe for the X-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) suggested the existence of the G6PD-like locus on chromosome 17. Southern hybridization analysis of endonuclease-digested DNA samples from the human-mouse hybrid cell line with human chromosome 17, and from control human and mouse cells, proved that not only X chromosomes, but also chromosome 17, contain DNA sequences that are hybridizable with the G6PD cDNA probe. The G6PD-like locus on chromosome 17 could be a putative pseudogene or a functional gene for the fetal brain-specific G6PD isozyme or other protein. PMID- 3752087 TI - Geographical survey of beta S-globin gene haplotypes: evidence for an independent Asian origin of the sickle-cell mutation. AB - The haplotypes of 152 beta S-chromosomes were characterized in six different population groups. The chromosomes of individuals from Nigeria and from the southwest of the Arabian peninsula have the haplotype - - - - + + - + previously found in west African, Jamaican, and U.S. American blacks, whereas those from the eastern oases of Saudi Arabia and from the west and the east coast of India showed a different haplotype not found in Africa (+ + - + + + + -). These data are most consistent with an independent Asian origin of the sickle-cell mutation and provide further information about the geographic distribution of beta S haplotypes in the Old World. The distribution of the Asian beta S-haplotype corresponds to the reported geographic distribution of a mild clinical phenotype of homozygous SS disease. PMID- 3752088 TI - Translocation of the nucleolus organizer region to the human X chromosome. AB - We report the unique finding of a satellited X chromosome in a woman with Turner syndrome and a mosaic karyotype 45,X/46,X,mar(X)(sat,QFQ55),var(21)(sat,QFQ55). In PHA-stimulated lymphocytes and in lymphoblast culture, the satellited X chromosome was consistently late replicating. The translocated nucleolus organizer region (NOR) genes in the stalk of the satellite, however, remained transcriptionally active, and an unusual, late-replicating band was seen at the distal end of Xp. Analysis of fibroblast clones containing the satellited X chromosome suggests that the mar(X) is relatively stable. PMID- 3752089 TI - Clients' interpretation of risks provided in genetic counseling. AB - Clients in 544 genetic counseling sessions who were given numeric risks of having a child with a birth defect between 0% and 50% were asked to interpret these numeric risks on a five-point scale, ranging from very low to very high. Whereas clients' modal interpretation varied directly with numeric risks between 0% and 15%, the modal category of client risk interpretation remained "moderate" at risks between 15% and 50%. Uncertainty about normalcy of the next child increased as numeric risk increased, and few clients were willing to indicate that the child would probably or definitely be affected regardless of the numeric risk. Characteristics associated with clients' "pessimistic" interpretations of risk, identified by stepwise linear regression, included increased numeric risk, discussion in depth during the counseling session of whether they would have a child, have a living affected child, discussion of the effects of an affected child on relationships with client's other children, and seriousness of the disorder in question (causes intellectual impairment). Client interpretations are discussed in terms of recent developments in cognitive theory, including heuristics that influence judgments about risks, and implications for genetic counseling. PMID- 3752090 TI - A note on Cannings and Thompson's sequential sampling scheme for pedigrees. AB - We consider sequential sampling of pedigrees for genetic analysis. Cannings and Thompson (1977) gave simple, general guidelines for valid sequential sampling schemes. We show that their formulation of the likelihood contains an error, which is, however, easily corrected so as to maintain the validity of the sequential scheme. We also point out that although sequential and fixed-structure pedigree sampling do have the same likelihoods (as Cannings and Thompson showed), and therefore yield the same maximum likelihood point estimates of genetic parameters, they do not necessarily yield the same significance tests or confidence intervals. PMID- 3752091 TI - Consanguinity and heterogeneity: cystic fibrosis need not be homogeneous in Italy. PMID- 3752092 TI - Homogeneity vs. heterogeneity of cystic fibrosis in Italy. PMID- 3752093 TI - Likelihood inference of paternity. PMID- 3752094 TI - Microsomal enzyme induction and heme synthesis abnormalities may offer new indicators for biological monitoring in occupational and environmental medicine. PMID- 3752095 TI - An outbreak of N-hexane induced polyneuropathy among press proofing workers in Taipei. AB - The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and the etiology of polyneuropathy observed among press proofing workers in Taipei. Neurological examinations of 59 workers, from 16 press proofing factories, were conducted. Fifty-four of those workers subsequently underwent studies of nerve conduction velocities. Samples of bulk solvent from the involved factories were analyzed for their contents using gas chromatography. Fifteen (25%) of the study group were found to have polyneuropathy. All 15 patients with polyneuropathy were from factories in which solvents containing n-hexane were regularly used, and there was a significant association between n-hexane concentration in the bulk samples and prevalence of polyneuropathy. The air concentration of n-hexane in one factory in which all six employees developed polyneuropathy was 190 ppm. Workers who were exposed to n-hexane at air levels of less than 100 ppm but who frequently worked overtime showed a significant slowing of motor nerve conduction velocities on median, ulnar, and peroneal nerves. Of 13 workers who regularly slept in the factory, 12 (92%) had polyneuropathy compared to three (7%) of 46 workers who did not sleep in the factory. The outbreak of polyneuropathy was attributed to a combination of the use of solvents with high contents of n hexane, poor ventilation, and the practice of sleeping in the factories between shifts. PMID- 3752096 TI - Malignant melanoma in the printing industry. AB - In an occupational mortality surveillance study, cause-specific mortality patterns by occupation and industry, among Rhode Island residents who died during the period 1968-78, were examined using the age-standardized proportionate mortality ratio (PMR) method. A noteworthy finding was an elevated PMR for malignant melanoma among white males in the printing industry (PMR = 460, observed deaths = 6, p less than .01). When the results of other epidemiologic studies are reviewed in aggregate, they are consistent with this finding. A wide variety of chemicals, some of which are known or suspected human or animal carcinogens, are used in the printing industry. There is also potential exposure to ultraviolet radiation. The hypothesis of a relationship between malignant melanoma and occupational exposures in the printing industry should be investigated further. PMID- 3752098 TI - Information responsibilities of generic drug companies. PMID- 3752097 TI - Chronic cadmium intoxication: tissue response in an occupationally exposed patient. AB - This case report describes the natural history of chronic cadmium intoxication in a woman who was exposed to excessive cadmium in her occupation. We document the clinical, laboratory, and tissue response to the toxicant. PMID- 3752099 TI - Chemical destruction and disposal of antineoplastic drugs. PMID- 3752100 TI - Pharmacist participation in cardiopulmonary resuscitation attempts. PMID- 3752101 TI - Audit criteria for drug-use review. PMID- 3752102 TI - Reading with a critical eye. PMID- 3752103 TI - Activity analysis of decentralized pharmacists in a unit dose dispensing and drug administration program. AB - The relative amount of time spent by pharmacists on specific activities related to a pharmacy-coordinated drug administration and dispensing program in a 1000 bed tertiary-care teaching hospital was determined. Discrete activities of decentralized pharmacists involved in the program were defined using information from published reports and a short pilot study. Using a work-sampling technique, two pharmacy residents who had been trained to work as decentralized pharmacists performed instantaneous observations of the activities of pharmacists on five patient-care floors over a one-month period. Neither weekend nor night-shift activities were observed. Approximately 26% of a pharmacist's time was spent coordinating drug administration activities, and another 25% was spent providing clinical consultation or drug information services or performing research. The remainder of pharmacists' time was spent in activities related to drug distribution, interprofessional communication, or miscellaneous tasks. A work sampling method proved useful in quantifying the amount of time associated with pharmacists' activities in a pharmacy-coordinated drug administration program. PMID- 3752104 TI - Activity analysis of pharmacy-directed drug-administration technicians. AB - The percentage of time required by drug-administration technicians to perform predefined activities was determined using a work-sampling technique. Two trained pharmacists used random-sampling techniques to estimate the amount of time technicians spent performing activities in each of four major work categories. These categories, which included drug administration and related activities, clerical, communication, and "other," were divided into 24 activity elements, and technicians were randomly observed during the first or second work shift (8 1/2 hours) for 20 days in a one-month period. Drug-administration technicians spent the most time in the drug administration and related activities category (40.4 +/ 2.5%), followed by "other" (24.1 +/- 2.2%), communication (17.9 +/- 2.0%), and clerical (17.6 +/- 2.0%) activities. In the "other" category, technicians were not observed 11.6 +/- 1.7% of the time, but this was expected since the technicians were granted a 30-minute lunch period and two 15-minute breaks. A work-sampling technique was effective in quantifying activities performed by drug administration technicians. PMID- 3752105 TI - Costs of training drug-administration technicians. AB - The costs associated with training drug-administration pharmacy technicians in a 1000-bed university teaching hospital were determined. Data were collected between January 1 and December 31, 1983, for the personnel acquisition phase and four training phases of the technician training program. The study phases were further divided into direct and indirect costs. The pharmacy department interviewed 56 applicants for the training program, of which 19 were accepted; 15 of the 19 (79%) trainees successfully completed the program and were hired. Four nine-week training sessions were conducted. The cost per training hour was $15.69, the cost per trainee was $5,683, and the total training cost of the program was $85,245. Although these cost data are specific to this hospital, they may assist other hospitals in the financial management of pharmacy technician training programs. PMID- 3752106 TI - Comparison of three algorithms used to evaluate adverse drug reactions. AB - The consistency of three algorithms in evaluating adverse drug reactions (ADRs) was studied. As part of a hospital's ADR protocol, doctor of pharmacy students were required to collect and summarize all ADR data. Algorithms by Kramer, Naranjo, and Jones were used to evaluate all ADRs between January and May 1984. Kramer's algorithm was used for every reported ADR; Naranjo's and Jones' algorithms were used to check consistency in scoring among ADRs already scored with the Kramer algorithm. The two numerical scales (Kramer and Naranjo) were compared using linear regression. The results of all three algorithms were translated into categories of suspicion (A = definite or probable; B = probable; C = possible; and D = unlikely, doubtful, or remote) and evaluated for consistency with a weighted kappa (kw) statistical test. A total of 28 ADRs were evaluated, and the correlation (r = 0.87) between the total numerical scores of the Kramer and Naranjo algorithms was significant. Comparison of the Kramer and Naranjo algorithms showed 67% agreement with a kw value of 0.43 (-1 = perfect disagreement and +1 = perfect agreement). Similarly, there was 67% agreement (kw = 0.48) between Kramer's algorithm and Jones' algorithm. Agreement between Naranjo's and Jones's algorithms was 64%, but the kw value was only 0.28. The simpler and less time-consuming Naranjo algorithm compared favorably with the Kramer algorithm in scoring ADRs; more data are needed to support the use of the Jones algorithm. PMID- 3752107 TI - Psychoactive-drug use among adolescents with psychiatric disorders. AB - Demographic and medical data and data on the use of prescribed and illicit psychoactive drugs were collected retrospectively from medical records of patients admitted for the first time to the adolescent unit of a psychiatric hospital between July 1974 and June 1984. The frequency with which adolescents used prescribed and illicit drugs before admission, during hospitalization, and at discharge from the facility was examined. Data were analyzed for the entire study period and for three time intervals within the 10-year period. Of 204 adolescents between the ages of 11 and 17, 52% were male and 86% were white. The percentage of patients using prescribed psychoactive agents increased during the study period, with the third time interval (1982-84) accounting for the majority of the increase. The use of antidepressants significantly increased over the 10 year period while the use of neuroleptic agents remained fairly constant. Use of at least one illicit drug before admission to the psychiatric facility was reported by 45% of the patient population studied; marijuana was the most frequently used illicit drug. The prescribing patterns reported may be related primarily to individual variation among prescribers. Other factors possibly influencing these prescribing patterns include improved history-taking over the time period studied and less resistance to taking psychoactive medications. PMID- 3752108 TI - Development of an operating room pharmacy substation on a restricted budget. AB - Pharmaceutical services implemented in an operating room (OR) pharmacy substation without addition of staff in a 764-bed teaching hospital with 22 operating rooms are described. In 1984 an interdepartmental task force recommended that pharmacy take control of responsibility for controlled drugs used in anesthesia. The anesthesia department contributed space for a pharmacy substation and some of the necessary equipment. Two technicians staff the substation (1.5 full-time equivalent positions); pharmacy contributed 0.5 FTE and the additional FTE was obtained through staffing adjustments in other departments. Anesthesiologists and nurse anesthetists obtain controlled drugs directly from the technicians, and records of drug disposition are compared with inventory twice daily. The substation also handles exchange carts for noncontrolled drugs for anesthesia and for other drugs used in the operating rooms. Total cost (additional cost to pharmacy and other departments) for operating the substation for its first year was +2161, and there were no unresolved discrepancies in controlled drug accounting. Undocumented use of noncontrolled drugs has been reduced by 67%, and cooperation and communication between the pharmacy and anesthesia departments has improved. Substation personnel do not prepare intravenous admixtures or provide clinical services. An operating room substation staffed by technicians 10.5 hours daily Monday through Friday provided cost-effective pharmacy control of drugs used in the OR. PMID- 3752109 TI - Stability of levodopa in 5% dextrose injection at pH 5 or 6. AB - The stability of solutions of levodopa 1 mg/mL in 5% dextrose injection adjusted to pH 5 or 6 and stored at one of three temperatures was determined. Solutions were adjusted to pH 5 or 6 with sodium acetate injection or sodium phosphate injection, respectively. Three samples of solution adjusted to pH 5 were stored at each of three temperatures (4, 25, and 45 degrees C), and three samples of solution adjusted to pH 6 were stored at 25 degrees C. Samples were assayed for levodopa concentration by high-performance liquid chromatography at various times during the 21-day study period. All solutions maintained at least 90% of the initial concentration of levodopa for seven days. Discoloration of all solutions except those stored at 4 degrees C was noted at some point during the study period; solutions stored at 45 degrees C began to darken within 12 hours. The pH values of the solutions did not change during the study period. Under the conditions studied, solutions of levodopa 1 mg/mL in 5% dextrose injection adjusted to pH 5 or 6 are stable for seven days. Slight degradation of levodopa may cause a brownish-black discoloration of the admixtures. PMID- 3752110 TI - Stability of vancomycin hydrochloride in 5% dextrose and 0.9% sodium chloride injections. AB - The stability of vancomycin hydrochloride mixed with 5% dextrose and 0.9% sodium chloride injections was studied. Vancomycin hydrochloride powder was mixed with each of the two diluents in final concentrations of 5 mg/mL. Duplicate samples of each admixture were divided into four parts and stored at 24 degrees C in glass and in plastic i.v. bags for 17 days and at 5 degrees C and -10 degrees C in glass for 63 days. To additional samples, hydrochloric acid or phosphate buffer was added; these were stored at 24 degrees C for 17 days. At various storage times, clarity and pH of the samples were recorded and vancomycin concentrations were measured in triplicate by high-performance liquid chromatography. Except for the buffered samples, all solutions remained clear and pH was unchanged. Vancomycin concentrations decreased less than 6% during 17 days at room temperature. In the refrigerated and frozen samples, vancomycin concentrations decreased less than 1% throughout the study. Vancomycin hydrochloride is stable in admixtures with 5% dextrose injection and 0.9% sodium chloride injection for 17 days at 24 degrees C and for 63 days at 5 degrees C and -10 degrees C. PMID- 3752111 TI - Stability of sterile aqueous lidocaine hydrochloride and epinephrine injections submitted by U.S. hospitals. AB - The stability of lidocaine hydrochloride and epinephrine injections that had been stored in hospital pharmacies across the United States was studied. Through a voluntary drug stability program, the Food and Drug Administration selected 220 samples (representing four manufacturers) from hospital pharmacies representing an adequate cross section of the country. The samples were analyzed for strength, identification, pH, and physical condition. Six samples failed to meet USP requirements for strength of epinephrine, but all six of these samples had passed the expiration dates. Of the 62 samples that were analyzed for the presence of the d-isomer of epinephrine, approximately 95% had less than 5% d-isomer present. Only one sample had greater than 10% d-isomer present, and this sample had a low epinephrine content (26%) and had passed the expiration date. Lidocaine hydrochloride and epinephrine injections appear to be stable after storage under actual marketplace conditions. PMID- 3752112 TI - Stability of sterile aqueous epinephrine injections submitted by U.S. hospitals. AB - The stability of sterile aqueous epinephrine injections stored in hospital pharmacies across the United States was studied. Through a voluntary drug stability program, FDA selected 254 samples of epinephrine injection submitted by hospital pharmacies. The samples were analyzed for strength, identification, d isomer content, related impurities, pH, total acidity, and physical condition. Of the 254 samples tested, 23 samples did not meet USP requirements for epinephrine strength. Four of these samples were still within their expiration dates and seven had no expiration dates, indicating they were manufactured before 1975. An additional 19 samples did not meet USP requirements for total acidity. Some samples were found to be racemic; it appears that the racemic mixture originates from using d,l-epinephrine as the starting material rather than from racemization during shelf-life. Epinephrine injections obtained from hospital pharmacies appear to be stable within their expiration dates. PMID- 3752113 TI - Stability of betamethasone sodium phosphate, hydrocortisone sodium phosphate, and prednisolone sodium phosphate injections submitted by U.S. hospitals. AB - The stability of betamethasone sodium phosphate, hydrocortisone sodium phosphate, and prednisolone sodium phosphate, injections stored in hospital pharmacies across the United States was studied. Through a voluntary drug stability program, FDA selected 58 samples (representing two manufacturers) from pharmacies representing a cross section of the country. The samples were analyzed for strength, identification, pH, and related impurities. All of the hydrocortisone sodium phosphate and prednisolone sodium phosphate samples met USP requirements for strength and pH. Assays of the betamethasone sodium phosphate injection samples yielded results that were in compliance with the manufacturer's strength and pH limits; there are no USP requirements for betamethasone sodium phosphate injection. All samples were within USP limits for related free steroids. Betamethasone sodium phosphate, hydrocortisone sodium phosphate, and prednisolone sodium phosphate injections obtained from hospital pharmacies appear to be stable after storage under actual marketplace conditions. PMID- 3752114 TI - Standardization of dosage strengths in a pediatric unit dose drug distribution system. PMID- 3752115 TI - Twenty-four-hour clinical services provided by an on-call pharmacist. PMID- 3752116 TI - Effect of a preprinted chart note on appropriate cefazolin prescribing. PMID- 3752117 TI - Nurses' attitudes toward computer-generated drug information reports. PMID- 3752118 TI - Substance-abuse questions answered by a drug information service. PMID- 3752119 TI - Stability of terbutaline sulfate admixtures stored in polyvinyl chloride bags. PMID- 3752120 TI - ASHP's position on direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drug products. PMID- 3752121 TI - ASHP report on the status of women in hospital pharmacy. PMID- 3752122 TI - Impact of federal reimbursement changes on clinical pharmacy education and training. PMID- 3752123 TI - Pharmacists involvement in cefazolin prescribing. PMID- 3752124 TI - When lucrative drugs go generic. PMID- 3752125 TI - Why I am leaving the field of hospital pharmacy. PMID- 3752126 TI - Receiving and transcribing telephone orders. PMID- 3752127 TI - Differences between two thiopental sodium for injection kits. PMID- 3752128 TI - Collecting i.v. workload data. PMID- 3752129 TI - Documenting i.v. admixture product waste. PMID- 3752130 TI - What is a Pharm.D.? PMID- 3752131 TI - Harvey A.K. Whitney lecture. The art of growing professionally. AB - The paths for professional development are described using past recipients of the Harvey A.K. Whitney Lecture Award as examples. Past recipients were able to improve their performance by accepting the help of others, including their families. Most of these individuals were guided by mentors who taught them how to think and supported their character. Their growth was enhanced through memberships in professional associations. As members of regional and national organizations, they were able to observe pharmacy practice outside their own communities. An attempt to grow professionally is in effect a search for excellence. One way that past recipients achieved excellence was by participating in continuing education. One of the most important factors contributing to their professional growth was their relationships with other people. Hospital pharmacists have been influenced by such persons as Harvey A.K. Whitney, Donald Francke, Donald Brodie, and Evlyn Gray Scott. Past recipients of the Harvey A.K. Whitney Lecture Award have exemplified professional growth. PMID- 3752132 TI - Comparison of seven methods of preparing and administering cefazolin sodium small volume injections. AB - The time and costs of preparing and administering cefazolin sodium small-volume injections using automated and manual systems were compared. Doses of cefazolin sodium 1 g were prepared in batches of 100 using each of seven methods, and preparation and administration times were recorded during five time trials. Personnel time and total material costs were determined. Bulk-vial reconstitution methods included manual piggyback, manual 24-hour piggyback, and manual syringe systems and one automated syringe infusion method (Bard programmable dispensing pump). Three prefilled container systems (Faspak flexible plastic bags, manufacturers' partial-fill glass bottles, and cefazolin sodium 1-g vials reconstituted using the ADS 100 Physio-Control peristaltic pump and administered via the IVAC CRIS system) were compared with each other and with the bulk reconstitution methods. Of the bulk-vial methods, total preparation process times were significantly shorter for the 24-hour piggyback system. Of the prefilled container systems, total preparation process time was significantly shorter for the Faspak system. Total daily administration process time was shortest for the IVAC CRIS system. Material costs per dose were lowest for the IVAC CRIS system and highest for the syringe pump systems (manual syringe and Bard syringe). Although lowest cost per dose was identified with the IVAC CRIS system, the 24 hour piggyback system was the system of choice on the basis of similar cost savings, its ability to manage primary fluids, and practicality of use at this institution. PMID- 3752133 TI - Factors influencing the rate of job turnover among hospital pharmacists. AB - Factors influencing the rate of job turnover among hospital pharmacists were studied. In June 1982, pharmacists and pharmacy directors in acute-care hospitals in the Chicago area with more than 100 beds were asked both open-ended and multiple-choice questions pertaining to reasons for accepting and staying at current jobs, reasons for leaving previous and possibly current jobs, career goals, and demographic data. From the sample of 529 pharmacists, 217 (41%) usable responses were received. Pharmacy directors' responses indicated that the turnover rate for pharmacists was 14.4% and that relocation and layoffs or job termination were the most common reasons for job turnover. Overall, pharmacists' pay and benefits and opportunity for promotion or advancement were the reasons pharmacists cited most frequently both for leaving a job and for staying at a job. Men ranked pay and benefits as the most important reason for taking and staying at a position and for leaving, whereas women cited hospital location as the most important reason for taking, staying at, or leaving a job. Other factors cited as important were working hours, professional challenge, job duties, and continuation of education. Pharmacists who had been in the current job for more than two years were less likely to leave. Pregnancy of the employee or spouse was not a strong reason for leaving, and relocation was a more important reason for women than for men. Approximately half the respondents indicated they had a career goal; promotion to management and continuation of education were the goals most frequently mentioned. Regional or national studies should be conducted to gain further understanding of why pharmacists accept, remain in, and change jobs. PMID- 3752134 TI - Sampling for airborne fluorouracil in a hospital drug preparation area. AB - Fluorouracil content was studied in air samples from a hospital pharmacy work area where a vertical laminar-airflow biological safety cabinet (BSC) vented into the work area was used for the preparation of antineoplastic drugs. The BSC was run 24 hours per day and used approximately 6 hours per day. During one 56-hour period and one 95-hour period, a portable pump delivering room air at 2 L/min was positioned 12 inches outside the BSC. Fluorouracil content in extracts from 0.5 micron Teflon filters housed in the pump was assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The assay's lower limit of fluorouracil detection was 0.2 ng/cu m air. In the 56-hour sampling period and the 96-hour sampling periods, 25.4 g and 25 g, respectively, of fluorouracil were prepared. No fluorouracil was detectable in the filter extracts. Use of an appropriate biological safety cabinet in conjunction with good aseptic technique and the recommended procedures for safe handling of antineoplastic drugs may reduce the potential for dispersal of drug into the pharmacy workroom environment. PMID- 3752135 TI - Legal implications of hospital resales of pharmaceuticals. American Hospital Association Office of General Counsel. AB - The legal implications of and restrictions on hospital resales of pharmaceuticals are analyzed to help hospital managers distinguish between legitimate drug redistribution and illegal drug diversion and, thus, enable them to conform to the law in their own resale practices. The requirements of the Robinson-Patman Act regarding resales are discussed, and the application of those requirements is explained. Particular attention is given to descriptions of dispensations that are permissible, those that are not permissible, and those that result from group purchasing arrangements. Other legal issues that must also be considered as possible problems are breach of contract suits; fraud, not only according to state law but also under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act; exposure to product liability; adverse tax consequences; and violations of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. Many resale practices are legitimate, but others may constitute illegal drug diversion. Hospital managers should review their institutions' procedures and correct those activities that may be inappropriate or questionable. At a time when concern is being focused on potential public-health risks created by illegal drug diversion, hospitals must play a constructive role in helping to solve the diversion problem. PMID- 3752136 TI - USP packaging and labeling issues. PMID- 3752137 TI - Prostaglandins and cellular restitution in the gastric mucosa. AB - Topical application of "barrier breakers," including drugs such as aspirin and ethanol, produces widespread destruction of the surface epithelium of the stomach. Such damage does not usually develop into hemorrhagic erosions because the integrity of the surface epithelium is reestablished within a few minutes to hours by the process of epithelial restitution. This process involves active migration of cells from the gastric pits and upper regions of the glands. Restitution is independent of cell division but probably requires an intact basal lamina (basement membrane). The process also depends, in vivo, on adequate microvascular perfusion and can be prevented by high local concentrations of acid. Prostaglandins do not appear to directly affect the restitution process. It is unlikely that prostaglandins either "cytoprotect" the epithelium or accelerate the rate of epithelial migration. Exogenous prostaglandins can, however, protect against the development of hemorrhagic erosions by maintaining an environment in which restitution can proceed. By preventing disruption of the mucosal microvasculature, prostaglandins ensure that the migrating epithelial cells are provided with nutrients and oxygen necessary for cellular activity. PMID- 3752138 TI - Renal effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Proceedings of a symposium. March 24-25, 1986, Aspen, Colorado. PMID- 3752139 TI - Evaluation of malignant lymphomas using three classifications and the working formulation. 482 cases with median follow-up of 11.9 years. AB - Three classifications and the Working Formulation for non-Hodgkin's lymphomas have been studied in 482 patients with a median follow-up of 11.9 years. Each classification was evaluated independently, and their similar and discrepant aspects were analyzed by comparing subgroups in the different schemes. Clinical staging was essential in the evaluation of some categories. There are several differences between the classifications that are not readily reconcilable. The Rappaport classification's principal groups are heterogeneous. Separation of follicular lymphomas into small and large cleaved cell types (Lukes-Collins) is significant. The addition of a follicular mixed cell type (Rappaport, Working Formulation) detracts from this significance. Centrocytic and lymphoplasmacytic tumors (Kiel) are well-defined categories and important in understanding some deficiencies in the other classifications. The small cleaved cell type, diffuse (Lukes-Collins, Working Formulation) is heterogeneous. Diffuse lymphomas of mixed cell types are poorly defined subgroups. Excluding lymphoblastic types, the presence of plasmacytic differentiation is important in identifying the high grade lymphomas with the poorest prognosis. These results suggest that adjustments should be made in the classifications and in the Working Formulation. PMID- 3752140 TI - Transfusion-related sepsis after prolonged platelet storage. AB - The antecubital fossa venipuncture site in frequent blood donors can become scarred or "dimpled" and colonized with surface and deep bacteria that are not sterilized by standard iodophor preparation techniques. These microorganisms can be introduced into blood or platelets at the time of donation. Recent advances that permit the prolonged storage of platelets at room temperature before transfusion allow proliferation of these contaminating bacteria, particularly gram-positive microorganisms. Documented are three episodes of platelet contamination with gram-positive organisms and four cases of sepsis in recipients of these platelets, which were obtained through the "dimpled" site of a single donor and stored for at least 80 hours at 22 degrees C before transfusion. In contrast, platelets harvested from this donor's "dimpled" site and stored for not more than 50 hours were transfused to 25 patients without complication. Therefore, the extended storage of platelets at 22 degrees C prior to transfusion demands strict awareness of any possible sources of extrinsic contamination, since gram-positive bacteria can proliferate under these conditions and result in infectious complications in recipients. PMID- 3752141 TI - Abnormal renal sodium handling in essential hypertension. Relation to failure of renal and adrenal modulation of responses to angiotensin II. AB - This study assessed renal sodium handling in a group of patients with essential hypertension in whom control of the renal blood supply and aldosterone release by angiotensin II is abnormal ("non-modulating") because of recent evidence that these patients have sodium-sensitive hypertension. Sixty-one patients were studied, 25 as balance was achieved with a daily sodium intake of 10 meq and 36 after a shift from a 10 meq to 200 meq sodium intake for five days. Renal and adrenal responsiveness to angiotensin II was assessed by measurement of para aminohippurate clearance and plasma aldosterone prior to and during the infusion of 3 ng/kg per minute of angiotensin II, to identify the non-modulator group (n = 32). The half-time of the exponential function relating sodium excretion to time during the three to five days when external balance was being achieved with a 10 meq sodium intake was 23.9 +/- 0.3 hours in 60 normal subjects, 24.5 +/- 1.8 hours in the patients with essential hypertension in whom renal responsiveness to angiotensin II was normal, and prolonged (p less than 0.001) to 36.6 +/- 2.1 hours in the non-modulating patients. A prolonged half-time suggests that, with a shift to a high sodium intake, more time will be required to achieve external sodium balance and at the expense of more retained sodium. During the shift from a 10 to 200 meq sodium intake, the non-modulator group showed a delayed rate at which external sodium balance was achieved, greater cumulative positive sodium balance, more weight gain, and a greater frequency of blood pressure rise. The abnormality in the rate at which external sodium balance is achieved in non modulation results in a difference in total body sodium that varies with sodium intake and that may well contribute to, or cause, sodium-sensitive hypertension. PMID- 3752142 TI - Renal tubular function in cyclosporine-treated patients. AB - Renal tubular function was studied in 32 consecutive patients treated with cyclosporine for autoimmune uveitis. Cyclosporine dosage was modified to maintain the serum creatinine level at less than 2 mg/dl. No evidence of aminoaciduria, glucosuria, hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, or hypouricemia indicative of the Fanconi syndrome was detected during three to six months of observation. The renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate, determined by renal threshold phosphate concentration (TmPO4/GFR), remained unchanged. An early decrease in the serum magnesium level was accompanied by a decrease in daily urinary magnesium excretion. Concurrent with the development of a mild reduction of the glomerular filtration rate, the fractional excretion of magnesium was slightly higher and that of calcium was lower than pretreatment values. There were modest elevations of serum uric acid and potassium values. Furthermore, lysozymuria was not observed. Thus, the alterations in tubular functions observed in our cyclosporine treated patients are comparable to those associated with mild chronic renal insufficiency of various causes and are not specific manifestations of cyclosporine tubular toxicity. PMID- 3752143 TI - No increase in serum digoxin concentration with high-dose diltiazem. AB - The effect of incremental diltiazem dosing during concomitant digoxin administration over a four-week period in eight healthy adult volunteers (mean age, 28 +/- 4 years) was studied. The study group received 0.25 mg of digoxin twice daily for two days, after which they received 0.25 mg daily for the duration of the study. Following baseline electrocardiographic evaluation and measurement of trough digoxin levels, all subjects received 120 mg of diltiazem daily for one week, then 240 mg daily for one week, followed by 360 mg daily for one week. Resting electrocardiographic parameters (heart rate, P-R interval), renal function, electrolyte values, and digoxin and diltiazem concentrations were measured weekly. Daily administration of 360 mg of diltiazem plus 0.25 mg of digoxin resulted in a significant decrease in heart rate (from 68 +/- 9 beats per minute to 61 +/- 10 beats per minute; p less than 0.05), a marginal increase in P R interval (from 169 +/- 22 msec to 179 +/- 21 msec; p = 0.08), and no significant change in trough serum digoxin concentration (from 0.85 +/- 0.08 ng/ml to 0.90 +/- 0.08 ng/ml; p = NS). The administration of up to 360 mg of diltiazem per day with 0.25 mg of digoxin per day was not associated with significant increases in serum digoxin concentrations in healthy subjects. PMID- 3752144 TI - Prediction of left ventricular ejection fraction using simple quantitative clinical information. AB - The left ventricular ejection fraction is useful in characterizing cardiac performance and evaluating prognosis in patients with known or suspected cardiac disease. The purpose of this study was to determine if simple, quantitative clinical information generated as part of a routine patient evaluation could be used to predict ejection fraction determined by radionuclide ventriculography. Multiple regression analysis was used to study a group of 64 patients selected to represent the full range of ejection fraction values. All patients had undergone cardiac catheterization and standard chest radiography in addition to resting and exercise radionuclide ventriculography. Using easily determined clinical variables, a regression formula was developed that predicted the radionuclide ventriculographic ejection fraction (r = 0.73). Plain film heart volume, heart rate, pulse pressure, and thoracic width were highly significant terms in the optimal regression equation. For validation, the formula was applied to a second, independent verification data set composed of 41 cases and revealed similar correlation (r = 0.78). A radionuclide ventriculographic ejection fraction below 40 was identified in the verification data set with a sensitivity of 87 percent and specificity of 83 percent. Use of this method, requiring only direct heart rate, blood pressure, and chest radiographic measurements and simple calculations, may assist physicians in patient management and facilitate the optimal use of more invasive and expensive studies. PMID- 3752145 TI - Corticosteroids for prevention of adverse reactions to intravenous immune serum globulin infusions in hypogammaglobulinemic patients. AB - Severe adverse reactions to intravenous immune serum globulin occurred repeatedly in four of 10 hypogammaglobulinemic patients. Treatment-limiting symptoms included fever, chills, headache, hypertension, and chest pain. Pretreatment of patients with hydrocortisone immediately prior to infusion prevented subsequent adverse reactions and permitted these patients to receive immune serum globulin intravenously. PMID- 3752146 TI - Hiatus hernia and esophageal contraction abnormalities. AB - The relationship of hiatus hernia to esophageal motility pattern was examined in patients referred for evaluation of esophageal symptoms. Results from standard esophageal motility studies were compared with findings on barium radiography of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Of 169 patients without radiographic evidence of esophagitis, 53 (31 percent) had normal motility of the esophageal body, whereas 116 (69 percent) demonstrated esophageal contraction abnormalities, a classification that includes the pattern of diffuse esophageal spasm at the severest extreme. Hiatus hernia was significantly more common in those with contraction abnormalities (25 percent) than in those with normal patterns (8 percent) (p = 0.01). Hiatus hernia increased in prevalence with increasing severity of contraction abnormalities, such that hiatus hernia was present in nearly half of patients with the pattern typifying diffuse esophageal spasm. Thus, hiatus hernia and esophageal contraction abnormalities are associated once other associations with hiatus hernia (e.g., esophagitis and scleroderma) have been excluded. These findings may help explain the recognized relationship of esophageal symptoms to hiatus hernia in patients without significant gastroesophageal reflux. PMID- 3752147 TI - Patients with severe nonthyroidal illness and serum thyrotropin concentrations in the hypothyroid range. AB - This report compares three patients with severe nonthyroidal illness and serum thyrotropin concentrations in the range normally associated with hypothyroidism (greater than 20 microU/ml) and a severely ill patient with primary hypothyroidism. No evidence for primary thyroid disease was found among the severely ill patients. Serial studies showed that, in general, the elevated thyrotropin level was associated with an increase in serum thyroxine concentration. Serum free thyroxine concentration, triiodothyronine-to-thyroxine ratio, and thyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone were in the range reported in severe nonthyroidal illness and clearly different from that in the severely ill patient with primary hypothyroidism. Serum thyrotropin concentration in severe nonthyroidal illness may be elevated in the range previously thought to be diagnostic of primary hypothyroidism. PMID- 3752148 TI - Increased body fluid purine levels during hypotensive events. Evidence for ATP degradation. AB - Tissue ischemia leads to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) breakdown with elevation of body fluid ATP metabolites. This study tests the hypothesis that there is a direct relationship between periods of hypotension and body fluid uric acid and oxypurine levels in 19 prospectively studied patients. Significant elevations in urine oxypurine/creatinine clearance were found during periods of hypotension as compared with nonhypotensive periods (p less than 0.05). During severe episodes of hypotension, the serum urate level was significantly elevated as well (p less than 0.05). The increase in these body fluid products of ATP degradation may reflect cellular ischemia during hypotensive periods. There was a weak correlation (r = -0.31, p less than 0.001) between the systolic blood pressure and urine oxypurine/creatinine clearance. However, variability in the appearance of body fluid ATP breakdown products during episodes of hypotension suggests the interplay of multiple factors in the degradation of ATP. The use of ATP degradation products to quantitate the physiologic significance of clinical events remains tantalizing but not proved. PMID- 3752150 TI - Factors affecting compliance for general medicine consultations to non internists. AB - For a general medicine consultation service to be effective, compliance with recommendations is essential, as is an understanding of the factors that improve compliance. Residents in a general medicine consultation service attempted prospectively to improve their skills as consultants and to enhance compliance by implementing the following steps, reported to influence compliance: identify critical recommendations; make early, direct oral contact with the referring surgeon; limit the number of recommendations; and render definite recommendations. At the end of the study period, recommendations were tabulated and categorized as to whether each was diagnostic or therapeutic and critical or noncritical, and the time of contact with the referring surgeons was noted when applicable. Multivariate analysis of the factors, in relation to the type of recommendation, demonstrated that compliance can be improved, especially if a consultant clearly identifies the critical recommendations and makes contact with the referring physician within 24 hours. PMID- 3752149 TI - Racial differences in serum creatine kinase levels. AB - Total creatine kinase was measured in serum samples obtained from 307 asymptomatic healthy subjects, 112 men and 195 women, during screening visits to the Yale University Hypertension Clinic or the Yale-New Haven Hospital Primary Care Center or during pre-employment physical examinations at the Yale-New Haven Hospital Personnel Health Clinic. The group consisted of 147 blacks, 132 whites, and 28 Hispanics. Blood pressure was measured in all patients, and weight, height, and serum potassium and creatinine levels were determined in most. Any subject who had engaged in any vigorous exercise in the 12 hours prior to the visit was excluded. The mean total creatine kinase level for black men was 146.5 +/- 136.9 units/liter (median, 108 units/liter), the mean level for white men was 60.8 +/- 26.1 units/liter (median, 51 units/liter), and the mean level for Hispanic men was 84.5 +/- 70.6 units/liter (median, 57 units/liter). The mean level for black women was 66.4 +/- 50.0 units/liter (median, 53 units/liter), the mean level for white women was 37.0 +/- 18.2 units/liter (median, 32 units/liter), and the mean level for Hispanic women was 41.5 +/- 36.0 units/liter (median, 30 units/liter). Using the testing laboratory's normal values for total creatine kinase (8 to 80 units/liter for men and 5 to 50 units/liter for women), 37 black men (64.9 percent) and 49 black women (54.4 percent) had abnormal values for total creatine kinase. Although sex, race, diastolic blood pressure, serum creatinine level, and presence of hypertension correlated significantly with total creatine kinase levels in the entire population, only sex did so in blacks. Multivariate analysis using linear regression techniques clearly demonstrated that sex and race were the only variables that independently predicted the total creatine kinase level. These findings show that healthy asymptomatic blacks have higher total creatine kinase levels than whites or Hispanics, with the majority having values in the abnormal range. Thus, different normal values should be used for blacks, just as they are for men and women, and elevated total creatine kinase levels should be interpreted with considerable caution. PMID- 3752151 TI - Inadvertent administration of streptokinase to patients with pericarditis. AB - Two patients with acute pericarditis who received intravenous streptokinase for presumed acute myocardial infarction are described. Although the administration of streptokinase did not cause an immediate increase in pericardial effusion, delayed nonhemorrhagic pericardial tamponade developed in both. Since pericarditis and other disease entities may mimic the pain and early electrocardiographic manifestations of acute myocardial infarction, precautions should be taken if thrombolytic therapy is given when there are no angiographic data to confirm the myocardial infarction. Pericarditis should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients with chest pain and ST segment elevation for the sake of diagnostic accuracy to avoid inappropriate therapy that may have some inherent risk. PMID- 3752152 TI - Brown tumor in secondary hyperparathyroidism causing acute paraplegia. AB - The first known case of a "brown tumor" associated with secondary hyperparathyroidism causing paraplegia is described. A 69-year-old white woman with chronic renal failure due to hypertension was admitted for back pain, and while she was under observation, paraplegia developed. A complete block was demonstrated by myelography. Computed tomography confirmed a mass at the level of obstruction, and results of biopsy were consistent with "brown tumor." Neurologic symptoms were markedly improved with high-dose corticosteroids and a debulking procedure. This entity is important to recognize because prompt treatment of the hyperparathyroidism or decompression of the tumor mass by surgical means or corticosteroid administration can provide marked improvement in symptoms. PMID- 3752153 TI - Severe recurrent alkalemia in a patient undergoing continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis. AB - Chronic renal failure is commonly associated with acid-base disorders that are corrected with the institution of maintenance peritoneal dialysis. Severe shifts in systemic pH that occur in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis are usually acidemic shifts due to inadequate replacement of the kidney's ability to excrete acid and regenerate bicarbonate. This report describes a severe alkalemic shift in pH in a patient undergoing continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis due to a failure of dialysis to substitute for the kidney's normal response to simple respiratory alkalosis. This case emphasizes that in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis, physicians must actively provide the "renal compensation" for an acid-base disorder and change the dialysis prescription. PMID- 3752154 TI - Reactive arthritis and psittacosis. AB - A 54-year old man had severe inflammatory polyarthritis 10 days after the onset of an acute febrile illness that was serologically documented to be psittacosis. The pattern and chronicity of the articular symptoms, the response to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, and the presence of HLA-B7-CREG strongly suggest that this was a reactive arthritis. The association of psittacosis and reactive arthritis has previously been reported in the British literature, but this may be the first reported North American case. PMID- 3752155 TI - Impotence. PMID- 3752157 TI - More on unusual forms of meningococcal disease: septic polyarthritis. PMID- 3752156 TI - Monoclonal hypergammaglobulinemia without malignant transformation in angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia. PMID- 3752158 TI - Teaching differential diagnosis to beginning clinical students. PMID- 3752159 TI - Effects of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone on pituitary deiodinase activity and thyrotropin secretion in the rat. AB - The effect of acute administration of amiodarone, its major metabolite desethylamiodarone and iodine in an amount equal to that contained in amiodarone on serum thyroid hormone and thyrotropin (TSH) concentrations and hepatic and pituitary 5' deiodination of thyroxine (T4) in the euthyroid and hypothyroid rat was evaluated. Amiodarone, desethylamiodarone and iodine all caused a decrease in serum T4 and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations in euthyroid rats, while serum TSH concentrations and pituitary and hepatic 5' deiodinase activities were decreased only in the amiodarone and desethylamiodarone-treated animals. Serum TSH was increased in the iodine treated rats. Amiodarone, but not iodine, decreased serum T3 and TSH concentrations and pituitary and hepatic 5' deiodinase activities in hypothyroid rats. Inhibition of hepatic 5' deiodinase activity was also observed by the addition of amiodarone in vitro in the absence of dithiothreitol (DTT) but not in the presence of DTT. The decrease in the serum T4 concentration observed with amiodarone and desethylamiodarone administration is probably secondary to the inhibitory effect of iodine released from the drugs on thyroidal T4 synthesis and secretion. Iodine inhibition of thyroidal T3 synthesis and secretion, decreased T4 substrate for a peripheral generation of T3 and inhibition of T4 to T3 conversion all contribute to the decrease in serum T3 observed. The decrease in the serum TSH concentration, despite low serum T4 and T3 concentrations and inhibition of pituitary 5' deiodinase, suggest that amiodarone may function as a thyroid hormone agonist in the pituitary.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3752160 TI - Hereditary red cell disorders in Southeast Asian refugees and the effect on the prevalence of thalassemia disorders in the United States. AB - This investigation established the frequency and prevalence of hemoglobin E, alpha and beta thalassemia, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in a group of Southeast Asian individuals and determined the impact upon the prevalence of thalassemia disorders in the United States. The resettlement program of Southeast Asian refugees has significantly increased the total number of serious thalassemic disorders in the United States. For several generations Southeast Asian children will be the principal thalassemic group. PMID- 3752161 TI - Cardiac function of neonates with congenital hypothyroidism before treatment. AB - Because of previous reports of myocardial dysfunction in adults and children with hypothyroidism, 12 newborns with congenital hypothyroidism were studied using standard electrocardiographic and echocardiographic techniques. The infants were between the ages of 7 and 28 days at the time of study. Five infants were athyrotic, and of these two had delayed skeletal maturation. Electrocardiogram revealed normal heart rates and QRS voltages in all children, while five had abnormal dome-shaped T-waves and absent ST-segments (Mosque sign). Echocardiograms were normal in all patients indicating no myocardial dysfunction or pericardial effusion. This study suggests that myocardial dysfunction is not present in the immediate newborn period of infants with congenital hypothyroidism. It is reasonable to conclude that early detection of congenital hypothyroidism by mass screening may prevent the cardiac affects of hypothyroidism as well as the other known sequelae. PMID- 3752162 TI - Alterations of blood group antigens in angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia. AB - Antigen analysis of the red cell membrane in a patient with angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia (AILD) with red cell autoantibody revealed that four blood group antigens had been acquired. These four antigens consisted of S of MNSs blood group, Lua of Lutheran blood group, and K and Kpa of Kell Cellano blood group. These antigens disappeared and the Coombs' test became negative after complete remission induced by combination chemotherapy. Free amino acid analysis after Dispase treatment of red cell membrane suggested that the antigenic modifications were associated with abnormal composition of amino acids. PMID- 3752163 TI - Hepatic failure in adult Niemann-Pick disease. AB - The case of a 29-year-old man with Niemann-Pick disease and hepatic failure is presented. Massive hepatomegaly with hepatic calcification were noted in association with a course of persistent hepatitis B serum antigenemia with rapid hepatic decompensation, ascites, encephalopathy and renal failure. The possible relationship of the clinical course to the underlying disease process is discussed, and a review of Niemann-Pick disease is presented. PMID- 3752164 TI - Characteristics of thyroxine 5'-deiodinase activity in human liver. AB - The conversion of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) was studied in homogenates and subcellular fractions of 10 human liver specimens obtained postmortem. Preliminary studies indicated that T4 5'-deiodinase activity did not decline in rat liver kept at 5 degrees C for 6 and 24 hr after death. All human liver homogenates but one catalyzed T3 production, although the quantity of T3 produced varied greatly, from 8-fold in the absence of dithiothreitol (DTT) to 100-fold in its presence. The wide variation in activity found may reflect either postmortem loss or premortem decline in enzyme activity due to unrecognized nonthyroidal illness. The amount of T3 produced was dependent on substrate availability, protein concentration, time, pH and temperature, and enzyme activity was greatest in the microsomal fraction. T3 production was stimulated by DTT and inhibited by propylthiouracil (PTU). Thus, human liver T4 5'-deiodinase has properties very similar to the same enzyme in rat liver. These data suggest that results of studies of the effects of nonthyroidal illnesses and drugs on T4 5'-deiodinase activity in rat liver may be extrapolated to humans. PMID- 3752165 TI - The urine anion gap: a clinically useful index of ammonium excretion. AB - In patients with a normal plasma anion gap type of metabolic acidosis, knowledge of the rate of ammonium excretion can provide valuable information to determine if there is a renal cause for the disorder. Unfortunately, few hospital biochemistry laboratories offer routine determination of the urine ammonium concentration. Data are presented that demonstrate a direct linear relationship between the urine anion gap (Na+ + K+ - Cl-) and the urine ammonium concentration. In a 24-hour urine collection, the relationship is urine ammonium equals -0.8 (urine anion gap) +82 (r = 0.97 p less than 0.01). The applications of this index of ammonium excretion are discussed. PMID- 3752166 TI - The importance of the abdominal viscera to peritoneal transport during peritoneal dialysis in the dog. AB - The authors sought to evaluate the dialyzing surfaces important for peritoneal dialysis. They reasoned that the most definitive way to evaluate whether any of the gut and associated membranes contributed to transport was to see if transport changed when they were removed. Paired studies measuring rates of peritoneal uptake of glucose, urea, and inulin were carried out in dogs. In the morning, the animals were tested with all peritoneal membranes intact. In the afternoon, the studies were repeated after evisceration. The mass transfer coefficients (MTC ml/min)--glucose (viscera 4.4 +/- 0.7, no viscera 4.9 +/- 0.3)--urea (viscera 16.8 +/- 2.4, no viscera 13.8 +/- 1.0);--inulin (viscera 1.6 +/- 0.6, no viscera 2.2 +/- 0.7) were not changed nor was the amount of mass absorbed significantly different. MTC and peritoneal absorption were unaffected by omentectomy, mesenterectomy, or evisceration. Whether these results were due to nonparticipation of these structures in peritoneal transport or other mechanisms await further studies. PMID- 3752168 TI - Women in transition. Presidential address. PMID- 3752167 TI - Evaluation of a thiazide-allopurinol drug interaction. AB - Allopurinol toxicity has been associated with the use of this drug in patients with renal insufficiency, a situation where the half-life of oxipurinol, the major metabolite of allopurinol, is prolonged. Allopurinol toxicity has also been associated with the concomitant use of allopurinol and thiazide diuretics. In the present study, the effect of hydrochlorothiazide administration on the renal clearance and serum half-life of oxipurinol has been studied in eight normal volunteers to determine if thiazides delay the clearance of oxipurinol. Oxipurinol's renal clearance and serum half-life were measured in each volunteer during a control period and again while the volunteer was receiving 50 mg/day hydrochlorothiazide for 1 week. No change in renal oxipurinol clearance (21.1 +/- 5.9 vs. 20.4 +/- 8.7 ml/min) or serum oxipurinol half-life (23.7 +/- 4.2 vs. 23.4 +/- 4.4 hours) was noted with the addition of thiazides. The association previously noted between the use of thiazide diuretics and the development of allopurinol toxicity cannot be explained by alterations in oxipurinol pharmacokinetics. PMID- 3752170 TI - Factors affecting pregnancy rates in a donor insemination program using frozen semen. AB - The results of therapy of 226 women receiving frozen and fresh donor semen are reported. Overall, 45.6% of patients conceived with a monthly fecundability of 0.102. The effect of a variety of factors on fertility rates was analyzed in life table analysis of 1000 cycles. Optimal pregnancy rates were obtained in couples with azoospermia (0.17) or no female infertility factors (0.2). Patients with ovulatory dysfunction treated with clomiphene also had optimal pregnancy rates (0.17 per cycle). Endometriosis reduced fecundability significantly (0.04 per cycle). There was no significant difference in pregnancy rates per cycle between fresh (0.12) and frozen (0.09) semen. Acceptable pregnancy rates were obtained with frozen semen therapy and in patients with treated ovulatory dysfunction. PMID- 3752169 TI - Premature rupture of the membranes before 28 weeks: conservative management. AB - The maternal and fetal outcomes of 70 consecutive singleton pregnancies with prolonged premature rupture of the membranes before 28 weeks, which were managed expectantly, were evaluated; 58.6% of the mothers developed chorioamnionitis and 13% postpartum endomyometritis. No long-term maternal sequelae were noted. None of the 22 infants born before 25 weeks survived the neonatal period. The weights of the 35 surviving infants ranged between 800 and 4100 gm. Only 29.4% of the 17 infants with long-term follow-up were both physically and developmentally normal at 6 months of age or more. PMID- 3752171 TI - Alterations in platelet concentration and aggregation in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. AB - Platelets were evaluated in normal pregnant women and in pregnant subjects with mild and severe preeclampsia, nonpregnant control subjects, and pregnant subjects with chronic hypertension. The parameters studied included platelet count, presence of circulating platelet aggregates, and in vitro platelet aggregability by means of a variety of agonists of platelet aggregation. When subjects with a normal pregnancy were compared to nonpregnant controls, they demonstrated a significantly lower platelet count and an increase in circulating platelet aggregates and in vitro hypoaggregability. Significant differences among the groups of pregnant subjects could not be found. These studies suggest the occurrence of platelet activation in pregnancy. This activation causes in vivo platelet aggregation followed by exhaustion of platelets. PMID- 3752172 TI - Arteriographic management of uterine arteriovenous fistula. AB - A 21-year-old woman had an arteriovenous fistula of the uterus diagnosed by arteriography after several episodes of profuse uterine bleeding. Arteriographic embolization of the uterine vessels was performed twice with the resumption of normal menses after the second procedure. 15-Methyl-prostaglandin F2 alpha was used effectively for short-term control of hemorrhage. PMID- 3752173 TI - Glycosylated serum protein level as a screening and diagnostic test for gestational diabetes mellitus. AB - Glycosylated serum protein assay was examined as an alternative to standard glucose screening and glucose tolerance testing. In a comparison of two groups of gravid women having abnormal 1-hour 50 gm glucose screening tests, there was no difference in glycosylated protein level in the group with abnormal glucose tolerance test results (9.4% +/- 2.0%, mean +/- SD; n = 8) versus normal results (9.2% +/- 1.07%, mean +/- SD; n = 11). Furthermore, correlation of glycosylated serum protein level with glucose screening test results was poor (r = 0.185, p = 0.23, n = 17). Glycosylated serum protein assay is not useful in detecting mild metabolic aberrations associated with gestational diabetes. PMID- 3752174 TI - Intestinal injury in gynecologic surgery: a ten-year experience. AB - From 1973 to 1982, a total of 128 incidents of intestinal injury were recorded in patients undergoing gynecologic operations. Of all lacerations, 37% occurred during entrance into the peritoneal cavity, 35% during lysis of adhesions or performance of pelvic or abdominal dissections, 10% during laparoscopy, 9% during vaginal operations, and 9% during dilatation and curettage and dilatation and evacuation. Injury involved the small intestines in 75% and the large intestines in 25% of the cases. Sixty-nine percent of all lacerations were minor, and 31% were major. Seventy-two percent of the lacerations occurred during uncomplicated gynecologic operations. All lacerations were repaired with one or more of four basic procedures: one- or two-layer closure of intestinal lacerations, partial bowel resection, intestinal reanastomosis, and colostomy. It is suggested that gynecologists acquire basic knowledge in the prevention of intestinal injury and the principles of repair of intestinal lacerations. The role of animal surgical laboratories for the training of residents practicing gynecologic surgery is emphasized. PMID- 3752175 TI - Effect of maternal-fetal disorders on lung maturation. I. Diabetes mellitus. AB - Amniotic fluid for fetal lung maturity studies was obtained from 287 healthy and 198 diabetic women. Classes of diabetes were as follows: Class A, 111; Class B, 58; Class C, 13; Class D, 11; Class F, 4; and Class R, 1. The regression lines representing the relationship of amniotic fluid lecithin phosphorus concentration to gestational age at amniocentesis in each of the groups of diabetic patients were not statistically different from those of the control subjects. Each of the diabetic patients was then matched with a control subject of the same race, sex of newborn infant, and gestational age at amniocentesis. The regression lines of the nonhypertensive, hypertensive, and all diabetics were not different from those of their respective matched control subjects. Also there was no difference in the proportion of mature lecithin phosphorus concentrations at different weeks between diabetic and normal women. The absence of a significant influence of diabetes on fetal lung maturation is probably due to improvement in diabetic control resulting in normalization of the fetal metabolic environment. PMID- 3752176 TI - Urethral axis and sphincteric function. AB - Position and mobility of the urethral axis are considered factors influencing urethral competence. Specific correlation between the urethral axis and its sphincteric function is lacking. Eighty-four patients with the symptom of stress urinary incontinence and 31 patients with sensory symptomatology but not urinary incontinence underwent clinical and urodynamic evaluation. This included objective assessment of urethral axial positions and mobility with use of a specially designed protractor. Comparative analysis of urethral axial data was done between 70 incontinent women with objective evidence of sphincteric incompetence and 24 continent women without it. The urethral axis at rest, during bearing down, and in its total excursion were found to be not significantly different and distributed similarly between both groups. Assessment of the urethral axis was found to be not predictive of urethral function. PMID- 3752177 TI - Extraperitoneal lymph node dissections with use of a midline incision in patients with female genital cancer. AB - Recent investigations have suggested that extraperitoneal, as compared to transperitoneal, lymph node dissections may result in significantly less morbidity in patients who later have external beam irradiation. Some incisions designed to perform such dissections do not afford easy access to the opposite side. With use of a midline incision carried down to the preperitoneal space, 30 patients underwent bilateral pelvic lymph node dissections. When necessary, access to the para-aortic nodes by an extraperitoneal approach was accomplished by use of a modification of this midline incision. Operating time to complete the pelvic dissection ranged from 35 to 90 minutes. The mean estimated blood loss for the dissection was 135 ml. The advantages of this extraperitoneal approach include easy access to lymph nodes on either side, ability to use the peritoneum as a pack, and an easier access to the obturator space nodes. PMID- 3752178 TI - Drug prescribing for chronic medical disorders during pregnancy: an overview. AB - Women of reproductive age with chronic medical disorders are often concerned about hazards from drug exposure during pregnancy. The avoidance of any medication after conception may be ideal but is often unwise for maternal well being. Adverse fetal effects are often not clinically apparent. Current standards for prescribing these medications during pregnancy are discussed from a review of the recent literature. PMID- 3752179 TI - A community under siege. PMID- 3752180 TI - Iatrogenic ureteral injury: aggressive or conservative treatment. AB - Many different approaches are advocated for management of iatrogenic (operative) ureteric injury. We herein report our experience with 28 ureteral injuries in 26 patients. In six patients, seven injuries were recognized at the time of the initial operation; four end-to-end anastomoses and three ureteroneocystostomies were successfully performed. In 20 patients the diagnosis of injury was delayed. In 14 of them a ureteroneocystostomy with or without Boari bladder flap was performed. The other six patients were first treated by percutaneous nephrostomy, which was successful in only two cases. The other four needed subsequent operative management. The main point that has emerged from our review is that early definitive operative repair is both feasible and preferable. PMID- 3752181 TI - Amniotomy and oxytocin treatment of functional dystocia and route of delivery. AB - The details of clinical management were examined in 101 nulliparous patients with functional dystocia who underwent amniotomy and were treated with oxytocin in the first stage of labor. It was our hypothesis that if the alleged "high" rate of cesarean sections was the result of mediocre or flawed practices, these should be most evident in patients delivered abdominally. A group of 68 patients delivered vaginally are compared with 33 patients delivered by cesarean section. The means of many variables were statistically similar. The cesarean group was characterized by less cervical dilatation at admission, greater birth weights, larger maximum doses of oxytocin, and longer durations of oxytocin therapy. We conclude from our analysis that the decision to perform cesarean section in nulliparous women with functional dystocia arises from disabilities of the patient and not from differences in the application of our management principles, services, or treatments. PMID- 3752182 TI - Telephone transmission of fetal heart rate monitor data. The experience at the University of Connecticut Health Center. AB - This report reviews the experience at the University of Connecticut Health Center using the Fetal Assessment Consultative Transmission Service (FACTS) system during a 2 1/2-year period. This system, which permits direct transmission of antepartum and/or intrapartum fetal heart rate tracings via a telephone line, allows the obstetric staffs of smaller community hospitals to obtain an immediate consultation from the University of Connecticut Health Center on a 24 hour per day basis. A total of 511 fetal heart rate tracings were analyzed. Two hundred forty-five were intrapartum, 206 antepartum, and 60 were transmitted for educational purposes. The results indicate an imperative need for such a service from a tertiary care center to improve the quality of regional perinatal care and to determine the future direction of the regional educational program for physicians and nurses. PMID- 3752183 TI - Diabetes in pregnancy: evaluating self-monitoring performance and glycemic control with memory-based reflectance meters. AB - Reflectance meters modified by the addition of a memory microchip that stored glucose values were used to measure the difference between self-reported and actual blood glucose data in 34 pregnant diabetic women. Overall two thirds of the patients reported values that were significantly lower and less variable than those recorded in the memory meters. PMID- 3752184 TI - Severe peripheral arteriospasm following oxytocin administration. AB - A parturient patient with imminent gangrene of the extremity caused by oxytocin induced arteriospasm is described. The appliance of conventional measures such as anticoagulation and vasodilatation produced an immediate and sustained reversal of the arteriospasm together with dramatic relief of symptoms and signs. PMID- 3752185 TI - Uterine arteriovenous malformation successfully embolized with a liquid polymer, isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate. AB - A uterine arteriovenous malformation was diagnosed angiographically in a 27-year old woman presenting with recurrent menometrorrhagia. Bilateral hypogastric artery embolization with a liquid polymer, isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate (Bucrylate), resulted in subsequent normal menses. Bucrylate offers a number of advantages over other agents previously used to embolize uterine arteriovenous malformations. PMID- 3752186 TI - Midtrimester diagnosis of endocardial fibroelastosis and atrial septal defect: a case report. AB - We present a case report of endocardial fibroelastosis combined with atrial septal defect in which the diagnosis was strongly suspected at 25 weeks of gestation. To our knowledge the only previous report of prenatal diagnosis of endocardial fibroelastosis was of one made at 36 weeks of gestation. PMID- 3752187 TI - Effect of oxytocin on spontaneous electrical and mechanical activities in pregnant human myometrium. AB - Spontaneous intracellular electrical activity and contraction of pregnant human myometrium were recorded by the single sucrose-gap method, and the effects of oxytocin on the muscle were studied. In pregnant human myometrium at term, both plateau and spike types of action potentials were observed. All contractions were well synchronized with each action potential. Oxytocin, 10(-2) U/ml, potentiated spontaneous contractions by enhancing the plateau part of action potentials; spike-type configuration became plateau. When extracellular ionized calcium was removed, spontaneous activities disappeared, while 10(-2) U/ml of oxytocin could evoke action potentials and contractions but these were smaller than those of the controls. Spontaneous activities also disappeared when ionized calcium was increased to 5 mmol/L, but oxytocin evoked plateau potentials and contractions remarkably. Diltiazem (ionized calcium antagonist), 10(-6) gm/ml, suppressed the spontaneous activity, but oxytocin evoked action potentials and contractions in high frequency, the duration of the action potential being short and the contraction being small. In the presence of 10(-4) gm/ml of diltiazem, 10(-2) U/ml of oxytocin could not evoke any action potentials but did evoke small and long contractures, while in a high ionized potassium contracture experiment, oxytocin potentiated the tonic phase. These results suggest that oxytocin can increase spontaneous contractions by enhancing plateau potentials and that this effect requires sufficient extracellular ionized calcium. In this potentiation, the effects on frequency and amplitude of contractions might vary. It is also suggested that oxytocin may evoke a contracture in the absence of an action potential by releasing calcium from intracellular storage sites. PMID- 3752188 TI - Uterine fluid and prolactin secretion in the ovulating cynomolgus monkey. AB - Immunoreactive prolactin is produced by late secretory human endometrium in vitro. Human myometrium in explant culture also produces prolactin. A primate model with the use of the cynomolgus monkey is described that allowed repeated samplings of uterine secretions in vivo. The uterine secretory prolactin thus measured appears immunoreactively similar to human serum prolactin, and the pattern of secretions reflects the previously described pattern of endometrial prolactin production in vitro. PMID- 3752189 TI - Human chorionic gonadotropin assay sensitivity on screening for ectopic pregnancy. PMID- 3752190 TI - Computerized tomography in cases of lipoid cell tumor causing virilization. PMID- 3752191 TI - Prophylactic posterior culdoplasty. PMID- 3752192 TI - Elective repeat cesarean delivery and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. PMID- 3752193 TI - Ocular involvement in chronic sarcoidosis. AB - Although spontaneous remissions often occur in sarcoidosis, chronic persistent disabling disease is also observed. Of a series of 183 patients with chronic sarcoidosis, 47 (26%) had ophthalmic involvement. In this series, chronic sarcoid was defined as disease for a minimum of five years. Patients were followed primarily for their systemic disease for a mean of 13 years. Uveitis developed in 35 patients (19%) and was an early manifestation in 32 (91%). The course of the ocular disease did not necessarily parallel that of the systemic disease. Despite the chronic nature of the underlying disease, the anterior uveitis did not pursue a chronic course in 15 of 33 patients (45%) and was generally characterized by a single episode at the onset of disease. Chronic uveitis and secondary glaucoma were poor prognostic signs, as eight of 11 patients with uveitis and glaucoma suffered severe visual loss. PMID- 3752194 TI - Involvement of orbital tissues by sarcoid. AB - Of 15 biopsy specimens identified as showing sarcoid involving the extraocular orbital tissues, three were from patients known to have systemic sarcoidosis before biopsy. Of the other 12 patients who were not known to have systemic disease at the time of biopsy, 11 were found to have evidence of systemic sarcoidosis after the biopsy. One patient, however, had no evidence of sarcoidosis at the time of the biopsy nor did she develop sarcoidosis during a seven-year follow-up period. Our results suggest that most patients with sarcoid involving the orbit will be found to have evidence of systemic sarcoidosis, but that rare patients exist in whom the orbital lesion appears to represent an isolated process. There was no histologic difference between orbital specimens from patients with systemic sarcoidosis and the specimens from the patient with isolated sarcoid of the orbit. PMID- 3752195 TI - Surgical management of orbital lymphangioma with the carbon dioxide laser. AB - Lymphangiomas of the ocular adnexa, especially those in the orbit, are difficult to treat because the unencapsulated tumor freely interdigitates with normal orbital tissue, obliterating any potential surgical plane. Because of the hemorrhagic and friable nature of the tumor, conventional surgical techniques are frequently complicated by bleeding. We used the CO2 laser to remove these lesions subtotally by controlled vaporization in six patients (four girls and two boys, 5 to 17 years old). Three pupils remained dilated postoperatively because of damage to the ciliary nerves and symblepharon formation occurred in one case. None of these has produced any symptoms. In one case, however, laser treatment may have produced corneal anesthesia. PMID- 3752196 TI - Oncocytoma of the caruncle. AB - The oncocytoma (oxyphil adenoma) is an uncommon tumor composed of transformed epithelial cells of the ducts of salivary glands and other organs. In two men, 66 and 75 years old, oncocytomas originated in the caruncle where they assumed rather characteristic features. The caruncular oncocytomas clinically appeared to be cystic. Light microscopy showed that the tumor cells (oncocytes) had eosinophilic granular cytoplasm; electron microscopy demonstrated that the cytoplasm contained densely packed abnormal mitochondria. PMID- 3752197 TI - Pseudophakic pupillary block with angle-closure glaucoma in diabetic patients. AB - Six diabetic patients (five women and one man, 63 to 79 years old) developed pseudophakic pupillary block with angle-closure glaucoma two days to one year after undergoing extracapsular cataract extraction. None of the six had had a peripheral iridectomy during the procedure. Symptoms included pain and visual loss. Corneal edema and intraocular pressures as high as 80 mm Hg were also present. Laser iridotomies decreased the intraocular pressure in three cases but failed in a fourth. In one case corneal edema prevented laser treatment but a surgical peripheral iridectomy was successful. One eye with central retinal vein occlusion was treated with panretinal photocoagulation and trabeculectomy. PMID- 3752198 TI - Pattern-reversal visual-evoked potentials in the diagnosis of amblyopia in children. AB - We assessed the potential clinical usefulness of pattern-reversal visual-evoked potentials in the diagnosis of amblyopia. Twenty-seven children with anisometropic amblyopia and four children without amblyopia participated. Estimates of visual acuity for each eye (Snellen visual acuity) were obtained by conventional psychometric methods. Visual-evoked potentials to reversing checks subtending 15 minutes of visual arc were also obtained. Visual-evoked potential testing and interpretation were done in a masked fashion. Ten of the 31 children were retested seven to 21 days after the first test to estimate reliability of the procedures. Of the 27 amblyopic children, 22 were correctly identified by the visual-evoked potential test alone. In four patients initial visual-evoked potential tests failed to identify the disparity in visual acuity between the eyes and retests in two of the four again had false-negative results. In one child initial visual-evoked potential testing incorrectly identified the amblyopic eye but repeat testing did identify it. Of the four children with symmetrically good vision, three were correctly identified as normal by the initial visual-evoked potential test. The other normal child was incorrectly identified by the visual-evoked potential test as having amblyopia. PMID- 3752199 TI - Compliance and results of treatment for amblyopia in children more than 8 years old. AB - Our prospective study of 350 amblyopic children divided them into three age groups: 2 to 5 1/2 years, 5 1/2 to 8 years, and 8 years and older. Treatment consisted of occlusion of the good eye. Compliance with treatment was analyzed by age group for the whole study population, but visual acuity results were evaluated only in children who complied fully with treatment and who cooperated at the initial visual acuity test with a Snellen chart. Younger children were significantly more compliant than older ones. This was probably the primary reason for the high incidence of treatment failure in older children. Children older than 8 years who complied with treatment showed a marked improvement in visual acuity--one almost as good as that in the younger children. A better initial visual acuity can be taken as a good prognostic sign, especially for this age group. In each group, most of the improvement occurred during the first three months of treatment. Improvement after this period was marginal. PMID- 3752200 TI - Ocular abnormalities in the Freeman-Sheldon syndrome. AB - Ocular abnormalities were present in five of 11 patients with Freeman-Sheldon syndrome. The predominant ocular findings were strabismus and blepharoptosis. Stiffness of the extraocular muscles, demonstrated in three patients by forced duction testing, made surgery difficult. Two patients underwent frontalis muscle sling surgery and a third underwent levator palpebrae superioris muscle resection. Although all three remained exotropic, the cosmetic results were good. PMID- 3752201 TI - Abnormal sensory findings secondary to monocular cataracts in children and strabismic adults. AB - Three children between the ages of 4 and 6 years had untreated monocular traumatic cataracts, for several years. Although amblyopia did not develop, there was a disruption of fusion that resulted in horror fusionis after cataract surgery. Two adults with strabismus and amblyopia since childhood developed cataracts as adults. The occlusion caused by these long-standing cataracts appeared to eliminate suppression and resulted in horror fusionis. PMID- 3752202 TI - Foveal densitometry as a diagnostic technique in Stargardt's disease. AB - Foveal densitometry was performed in eight patients with Stargardt's disease. Their visual acuities were between 20/200 and 20/16. All eight had low two-way densities, ranging from 0.07 to less than or equal to 0.01 (mean value for a control group, 0.32 +/- 0.03). Two patients had poor visual acuities combined with ophthalmoscopically normal maculas. Because two-way densities were very low in these patients, ranging between 0.04 and less than or equal to 0.01, foveal densitometry may be a useful diagnostic technique in the diagnosis of Stargardt's disease. Foveal densitometry was also performed in two patients with fundus flavimaculatus and good visual acuities for the sake of comparison. Two-way densities were between 0.09 and 0.24. One patient with cone dystrophy and poor visual acuity had low two-way densities (0.02 bilaterally). Three patients with vitelliform dystrophy and vitelliform cysts on ophthalmoscopy had two-way densities between 0.07 and 0.14 and increased half-times of regeneration (between 90 and 126 seconds). One patient with a vitelliform cyst in one eye showed only fine pigmentations in the other eye, which had a normal two-way density (0.32). PMID- 3752203 TI - Abnormal glucose metabolism and parafoveal telangiectasia. AB - Parafoveal telangiectasia is a microvascular abnormality of the macula that may be developmental or acquired. Twenty-eight patients with this condition and normal fasting blood glucose levels underwent ophthalmologic evaluation and glucose tolerance testing. Bilateral telangiectasia was more frequently associated with laboratory evidence of abnormal glucose metabolism than unilateral disease (five of eight cases vs six of 17 cases). In five of our patients, results of glucose tolerance testing were consistent with diabetes even though fasting blood glucose levels were normal. Right-angle venules, which have been reported to be an important sign of bilateral disease, were also found in unilateral telangiectasia. Unilateral telangiectasia occurs in females as well as males. Glucose tolerance testing should be performed in all patients who have bilateral parafoveal telangiectasia. PMID- 3752204 TI - Floppy eyelid syndrome and blepharochalasis. AB - Floppy eyelid syndrome and blepharochalasis may represent a spectrum of one underlying disease. Two patients with floppy eyelid syndrome and one with blepharochalasis shared important clinical similarities. All three patients displayed eyelid laxity associated with papillary conjunctivitis and ocular surface abnormalities. Histopathologic findings were similar in the three cases, characterized by chronic conjunctival inflammation with normal tarsal collagen. In all three patients surgical horizontal eyelid shortening led to improvement in symptoms and findings. PMID- 3752205 TI - Attack blindness! PMID- 3752206 TI - HLA antigens in Fuchs' heterochromic iridocyclitis. PMID- 3752207 TI - Ocular pseudomigraine after posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation. PMID- 3752208 TI - Welding arc maculopathy. PMID- 3752209 TI - Portable transducer for measurement of episcleral venous pressure. PMID- 3752210 TI - Disposable parafilm cover for the applanation tonometer. PMID- 3752211 TI - Tilted convex mirror for viewing the tip of a pars plana infusion cannula. PMID- 3752212 TI - A simple technique to facilitate laser application in obese women. PMID- 3752213 TI - Comparison of visual field defects in normal-tension glaucoma and high-tension glaucoma. PMID- 3752214 TI - Comparison of the effects of viscoat and healon on postoperative intraocular pressure. PMID- 3752215 TI - Linear regression software for intraocular lens implant power calculation. PMID- 3752216 TI - Correction of upper eyelid retraction using tissue removed in blepharoptosis repair. PMID- 3752217 TI - Retinal fluorescein leakage in retinitis pigmentosa. PMID- 3752218 TI - AOTA's Ad Hoc Commission on Occupational Therapy Manpower. Part 2: Summary of recommendations. PMID- 3752219 TI - Purposeful activity and performance. AB - Fifteen male and 15 female subjects performed activities designated as purposeful and nonpurposeful that required the same muscle function. Subjects continued each activity to a predefined level of perceived exertion. The number of repetitions performed, the heart rate, and electromyogram (EMG) recordings were compared for the purposeful and nonpurposeful activities. Results showed a significantly greater number of repetitions performed on the purposeful activities (p = .001) recorded at equal levels of exertion. The hypothesis that individuals will be motivated to perform longer when the activity is purposeful was supported empirically, thereby substantiating a basic premise of occupational therapy. PMID- 3752220 TI - Beliefs, perspectives, and activities of psychosocial occupational therapy educators. AB - This article reports on descriptive survey study designed to provide information on the content of psychosocial occupational therapy courses, the professional beliefs of instructors, and relationships between their beliefs and decisions regarding course content. All currently accredited professional programs were surveyed; the data analysis was based on 64% of these programs. The survey found that despite a prevalent endorsement of occupational behavior theory, teaching practices were eclectic in terms of theoretical and skill emphases. This eclecticism appeared inconsistent with educators' perceptions that a major problem facing practice in mental health is a lack of a unifying theory to define the direction of occupational therapy practice. PMID- 3752221 TI - The relationship between articulation disorders and motor coordination in children. AB - This study was designed to examine the relationship between articulation disorders, soft neurological signs, and motor abilities. Fifteen children with articulation problems, as measured by the Templin-Darley Articulation Screening Test and a connected speech sample, were compared with a normal control group (matched for sex and age) on the Quick Neurological Screening Test, the Imitation of Postures test (from the Southern California Sensory Integration Tests), and the 1984 version of the Stott Test of Motor Impairment that has been revised by Henderson. A significant difference was found between the groups on the Motor Impairment Test and the Quick Neurological Screening Test, supporting the hypothesis that the articulation disorder children would have more motor coordination problems and soft neurological signs than the normal children in the control group. There was no between-group difference on the Imitation of Postures test, suggesting that as a group, children with articulation deficits are not dyspraxic. This study supports other research findings stating a relationship between articulation problems and motor impairment, but it also indicates that this motor impairment is not necessarily dyspraxia. PMID- 3752222 TI - A review of entry level education in gerontology. AB - This study investigated the current state of gerontological instruction in entry level occupational therapy curricula. Four educational needs relating to content inclusion and emphasis, clinical experience, and instructional time were identified through a needs assessment. PMID- 3752223 TI - Continued construct validation of the St. Marys CVA evaluation: Brunnstrom arm and hand stage ratings. AB - The purpose of the study was to test whether evaluations of cerebral vascular accident (CVA) patients show a significant relationship between ratings of Brunnstrom's arm and hand stages and scores on Schenkenberg's Line Bisection Test of unilateral neglect. Spearman rho correlation coefficients for 20 acute care right CVA subjects showed a highly significant relationship between performances on the two measures. Results can be interpreted to further the construct validity of the St. Marys CVA evaluation. PMID- 3752224 TI - The predictive validity of the functional capacities evaluation. AB - This study tested the predictive validity of the Functional Capacities Evaluation (FCE), which included the following three components: a Medical History Review, a Client Activity Interview, and the Smith Physical Capacities Evaluation (SMITH PCE) as the performance component. The FCE is used in conjunction with the Physical Demands and Environmental Conditions specified by the U.S. Department of Labor to predict a subject's ability to return to work. The study used a random sample of 52 subjects. An employment questionnaire served as a criterion measure of predictive validity. The data from the questionnaires were compared with predictions from the evaluations, and a lambdab test was applied to the data. Results suggested that for the sample analyzed, trained registered occupational therapists could use the FCE to predict a client's ability to return to work more accurately. The study was limited in that the sample used was drawn from clients seen in only one private practice and that only 42% of the questionnaires were returned. PMID- 3752225 TI - The boxplot: a screening test for research data. PMID- 3752226 TI - Language should not be barrier to professional entry. PMID- 3752228 TI - Age at death of the Neanderthal child from Devil's Tower, Gibraltar and the implications for studies of general growth and development in Neanderthals. AB - This study combines traditional methods of assessing dental developmental status based upon modern human standards with new techniques based upon histological observations in order to reassess the age at death of the Gibraltar child from Devil's Tower. The results indicate that the most likely age of this individual at death was 3 years of age. This result is in agreement with an independent assessment of the age of the temporal bone of this specimen (Tillier, AM [1982] Z. Morphol. Anthropol. 73:125-148) and is concordant with dental developmental ages given for modern humans. Moreover, the fact that this specimen appears at the low end of the age scale for calcification stages in modern humans is also supportive of the findings of Legoux (Legoux, P [1970] Arch. Inst. Paleontol. Hum. Mem. 33:53-87) and Wolpoff (Wolpoff, MH [1979] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 50:67 114) that dental eruption schedules in Neanderthals were also accelerated. If the cranial bones from Devil's Tower are associated with the dental material, as we believe, they indicate a remarkably precocious brain growth in this individual, which is consistent with what is known about general growth and development in Neanderthals. PMID- 3752227 TI - Comparative genetic variance and heritability of dental occlusal variables in U.S. and Northwest Indian twins. AB - Genetic variance analysis of 15 dental occlusal and arch variables is based on cross-cultural comparison of twin variances (U.S. Whites and Northwest Indian Punjabis). Both samples exhibit high genetic versus environmental partition of variance. However, monozygotes and dizygotes have unequal variance, which invalidates conventional genetic variance ratios. The pattern of environmental biases on the zygosities is quite different in the two groups. Revised estimates that acknowledge zygosity heterogeneity (hence unequal environmental influences) are generally much lower for occlusal traits, whereas arch size measurements are unaffected. PMID- 3752229 TI - An elemental analysis of archaeological bone from Sicily as a test of predictability of diagenetic change. AB - Cortical human bone samples from three tightly dated components of a single Sicilian site were chemically analyzed employing the highly sensitive technique of inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy. Although the skeletons appeared to be excellently preserved, significant diagenesis was detected. Moreover, a majority of the elements tested showed no constant or linear variation over time, implying that diagenetic change tends not to be a predictable function of duration of interment. Variation among major long bones of a single skeleton was quite high, as was variation across the cortex. The latter may reflect chemical inhomogeneity in bone tissue or may be an artifact of postmortem change. The results demonstrate the hazards of unsuspected and unpredictable diagenesis, which must be controlled before reliable dietary inferences can be drawn. PMID- 3752230 TI - Maxillary molar occlusal polygons in five human samples. AB - Angular and linear measurements of maxillary first molar occlusal polygons are given for young San (Bushmen), Sotho, Asiatic Indians, Whites, and Papago Indians. Angular and linear measurements are inseparably related. Much greater variation occurs in widths than in lengths. Maximum variation occurs between San and Papago. Papago maxillary first molars are separable from Old World molar samples in two of four angles and eight of 13 indices. PMID- 3752231 TI - Bone chemistry and prehistoric diet: strontium studies of laboratory rats. AB - Strontium analysis of prehistoric human bone for the reconstruction of past diets is a relatively new technique in anthropology. In order to evaluate certain assumptions of the method, diets with low and high levels of strontium were fed to male, virgin female, and pregnant female laboratory rats. Analysis of the femurs of these rats by inductively coupled plasma/atomic emission spectrometry indicates that dietary intake is directly reflected in levels of strontium in bone ash. When dietary strontium levels were low, the observed ratio for bone:diet in the laboratory rats averaged 0.26, a value similar to that observed by other investigators. Among the groups fed high levels of strontium, pregnant females accumulated the most and virgin females accumulated the least strontium in bone. Males were intermediate. Gender differences in bone strontium among prehistoric human populations are considered in these terms. PMID- 3752232 TI - Effects of altitude, ethnicity-religion, geographical distance, and occupation on adult anthropometric characters of eastern Himalayan populations. AB - With a view to estimating the effect of altitude on body dimensions vis-a-vis ethnicity-religion, geographical distance, and occupation, a comprehensive multivariate statistical analysis was performed on data pertaining to 16 anthropometric characters collected from 1,103 individuals (643 males and 460 females) belonging to two ethnic groups-Sherpa and Lepcha. Samples were drawn from several locations in the eastern Himalayan region-Darjeeling and Kalimpong in West Bengal (India), and Nepal, situated at low (1,000-2,000 meters) and high (above 3,500 meters) altitudes. The individuals sampled practice different occupations and follow different religions. Significant age and sex effects were observed. The data were age-adjusted, and sexes were treated separately. A test of equality of mean vectors indicated heterogeneity among population groups. Almost all characters were found to contribute significantly to the ability to discriminate between the groups. The overall probability of correctly classifying an individual based on body dimensions into the group in which she or he actually belongs was high (between 0.64 and 0.77). Shape and size factors could be identified that explained about 50% of the total variance and yielded a reasonable separation of the groups. Results of four different types of multivariate statistical analyses were in agreement, and showed that altitude is most highly associated with body dimensions. PMID- 3752233 TI - The use of nonmetric variation in estimating human population admixture: a test case with Brazilian blacks, whites, and mulattos. AB - Measurements in populations which serve as valid indicators of biological relationship should be proportional to genetic distance. In order to test the utility of discrete cranial traits for estimating genetic distances among populations, estimates of admixture are obtained for gene frequency data and nonmetric cranial data in Sao Paulo mulattos (M). The gene frequency data serve as a control that the three populations are related as stated: estimates of admixture are obtained by using Sao Paulo whites (W) and blacks (B) as parental populations and by estimating the parameter of admixture, m, in the model pM = (1 - m) pW + mpB (Elston, 1971) where the p's are either gene frequencies or nonmetric trait frequencies. A test of goodness of fit of the model provides a means of ascertaining whether or not the data fit this linear model. While the gene frequency data indicate distances among the three populations which are highly compatible with the linear model of admixture, the nonmetric data show significant deviations from the model. This implies that the frequencies of the nonmetric traits in the populations used in this analysis are not a linear function of genetic distance. This discourages the use of nonmetric traits in making quantitative conclusions about genetic relationships. It also suggests the need for investigation of the use of other skeletal characters for estimating genetic distance, as well as approaches for such investigations through the study of hybrid individuals. PMID- 3752234 TI - Force-velocity curves for smooth muscle: analysis of internal factors reducing velocity. AB - In tracheal smooth muscle, we obtained quantitatively different force-velocity (F V) curves at early (2 s) and late (8 s) stages of an isometric tetanus whose contraction time was 12 s. These were essentially two samples from a continuum of F-V curves operating between 0 and 12 s. The cross-bridge cycling velocity at 8 s was slower and less sensitive to external load change compared with that at 2 s. This is possibly due to the presence of two types of cross bridges with different F-V characteristics; at 2 s most of the bridges resemble a cycling type, whereas at 8 s there is a population of what Dillon et al. have called slowly cycling or latch type interactions. Another possibility is that, due to some intrinsic factors, the whole population of cross bridges gradually change their F-V characteristics. Functions a(t) and b(t) were obtained by applying load clamps at 1-s intervals throughout a tetanus (a and b are asymptote values derived from the F-V hyperbolic curves): a increased with time, b remained constant. Analysis suggested that a/b was a valid index of internal factors that affect shortening velocity of unloaded muscle, and it is progressively increased in value during contraction. PMID- 3752235 TI - Mitochondrial reticulum in limb skeletal muscle. AB - High-voltage electron microscopy at 1,500 kV was used to examine mitochondrial morphology in three skeletal muscles of the rat. The soleus, deep portion of the vastus lateralis, and superficial portion of the vastus lateralis muscles were examined to represent slow-twitch oxidative, fast-twitch oxidative, glycolytic, and fast-twitch glycolytic skeletal muscle fiber types, respectively. Muscle samples were removed from six female Wistar rats. The tissues were fixed using standard electron microscopic techniques and were sectioned transversely with respect to muscle fiber orientation to approximately 0.5-micron thickness. The sections were stained on grids with uranyl acetate and Reynolds' lead citrate. Results revealed a mitochondrial reticulum in all three skeletal muscle fiber types. Stereological analyses of the electron micrographs were performed to measure volume densities and surface-to-volume ratios of mitochondria in the muscle samples. Cross-sectional volume densities of mitochondria in the soleus (15.5 +/- 1%) and deep portion of the vastus lateralis (16.1 +/- 2%) were significantly greater (P less than 0.05) than in the superficial portion of the vastus lateralis (8.7 +/- 1%). Surface-to-volume ratios of mitochondria were not significantly different between fiber types. It was concluded that the mitochondria in mammalian limb skeletal muscle are a reticulum, or network. PMID- 3752236 TI - Time dependence of shortening velocity in tracheal smooth muscle. AB - It seems fairly well established that in the early phase of smooth muscle contraction cross bridges cycle at a relatively rapid rate. Later on these are replaced by very slowly cycling cross bridges or "latch bridges," operating with high economy. We describe a method to identify the time at which the transition occurs. By abruptly applying a light afterload at varying time intervals after stimulation of a canine tracheal smooth muscle, a point in time could be identified when cross-bridge cycling slowed. This was called the transition time. Because this transition was load dependent, the study was repeated with the preload abruptly reduced to zero. This permitted analysis of data in terms of cross-bridge activity. Maximum zero load velocity (Vo) of the contractile machinery was plotted against time and yielded a biphasic curve. The descending limb of the curve was fitted by a curve of the form Vo(t) = alpha e-K1t + beta e K2t; K1 was almost three times greater than K2. We speculate that the faster rate constant represented activity of the early rapidly cycling cross bridges, and the slower constant reflected cycling rates in the latch state. These results are consistent with the latch bridge hypothesis put forward by Dillon et al. and enable us to provide a first approximation of the relative velocities of the two types of cross bridges. PMID- 3752237 TI - Estimates of activation in arterial smooth muscle. AB - We have previously described the onset of a "latch" state in the swine carotid media after K+ depolarization. This state was characterized by maintained stress after a decrease in shortening velocities and in the level of cross-bridge phosphorylation. The present experiments were designed to determine whether there were changes in other mechanical properties in swine carotid media associated with the onset of the latch state. Medial strips (less than 500 microM thick), incubated in physiological salt solution (PSS) at 37 degrees C at their optimal length (Lo), were subjected to ramp stretches (5.86 mm/s) of 5% Lo. The active stress (Sa) response to stretch was computed by subtraction of the passive element contribution (as determined from identical stretches after 30 min incubation in Ca2+-free PSS) from the total response in the activated muscle. Transitions in the total and active stress responses to stretch were observed in strips stimulated with 109 mM K+ for 1 min or longer and were interpreted as yielding of the contractile apparatus. Active dynamic stiffness (dS/dLo) calculated from the initial 1% Lo portion of the stretch response, correlated linearly with active stress over a wide range. Maximal stress and dynamic stiffness were reached by 1 min and were maintained for at least 30 min in K+ depolarized preparations. However, yield stress increased significantly between 1 and 10 min, and there was a large increase in the length at which yield was observed (1.09 +/- 0.06 to 1.86 +/- 0.10% Lo; n = 9). These increases were maintained between 10 and 30 min.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3752238 TI - Effects of thyroid hormones on calcium contents and 45Ca exchange in rat skeletal muscle. AB - In 4-wk-old rats, pretreatment with L-triiodothyronine (T3) increased calcium content by 100% and the 30-min 45Ca uptake by 64% in the soleus, whereas the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle showed no significant change. The stimulation of 45Ca uptake was resistant to dantrolene and methoxyverapamil (D600) and could not be attributed to altered permeability of the plasma membrane to calcium, but appears to reflect increased net accumulation of calcium in intracellular pools. The stimulating effect of high K0 (20 mM) on 45Ca uptake was more pronounced in soleus than in EDL and could be suppressed by dantrolene and D600. The results indicate that the effects of T3 on calcium content and 45Ca exchange are primarily exerted on muscles containing a large proportion of slow twitch, oxidative fibers. In soleus muscle from hyperthyroid rats the stimulating effects of high K0 on 45Ca uptake and lactate production were, respectively, 3.4 and 4.5 times larger than in those obtained from controls. These observations further support the earlier proposed idea [C. van Hardeveld and T. Clausen. Am. J. Physiol. 247 (Endocrinol. Metab. 10): E421-E430, 1984] that the metabolic effects of thyroid hormone depend on the availability of cellular as well as extracellular calcium. PMID- 3752239 TI - Increased formation and keeping of ribosomes during dietary recovery of mouse kidney. AB - In the kidney of 5-day protein-depleted mice there is a decrease of 23% in the rRNA mass. When these animals are fed with a complete diet, rRNA content is restored to its normal value after 24 h of refeeding. The mechanisms that underlie this phenomenon were studied. It was found that the activity of rRNA polymerase I in the nuclei of kidneys from refed mice showed an increase of about twofold compared with the activity in normal and protein-depleted nuclei. The in vivo incorporation of a large dose (nontrace) of [14C]orotic acid into rRNA was also twofold enhanced in kidneys from refed mice. Ribosome degradation (measured by the disappearance of radioactivity from either ribosomal proteins or rRNA previously labeled by the injection of NaH14CO3 and [14C]orotic acid to the mice, respectively) stopped during the 1st day after refeeding. The estimation of the difference between the rRNA synthesis rate and the net rRNA increase also demonstrated a decrease in the rRNA degradation rate in refed mice. PMID- 3752240 TI - Splanchnic and renal contribution to disposal of infused epinephrine in humans. AB - To evaluate the role of splanchnic and renal tissues in epinephrine disposal, we infused epinephrine (60 ng X kg-1 X min-1) into nine human volunteers during hepatic (n = 6) and/or renal (n = 4) vein catheterization. During the infusion plasma epinephrine rose higher in the artery (1,345 +/- 126 pg/ml) than in the hepatic (218 +/- 42 pg/ml) or renal vein (528 +/- 95 pg/ml). Splanchnic plasma flow increased by 43% (P less than 0.001), whereas renal plasma flow was unchanged. Net epinephrine uptake increased to a greater extent (3-fold) in the splanchnic area as compared with the kidney, amounting to 32 +/- 3% and 10 +/- 2% of the infused epinephrine load, respectively. The splanchnic epinephrine clearance also increased by 50-60%, while fractional extraction remained stable at 80-85%. Renal epinephrine clearance and extraction was not significantly altered, however. Epinephrine infusion caused splanchnic norepinephrine uptake to increase as well, partially because of the increased plasma flow. In contrast, the kidney showed net norepinephrine production throughout. We conclude that the splanchnic area plays a much more important role than the kidney in the disposal of circulating epinephrine. The great efficiency of splanchnic epinephrine removal is further enhanced by epinephrine-induced hemodynamic changes that also promote the splanchnic uptake of norepinephrine. PMID- 3752241 TI - Exercise and diet reduce muscle insulin resistance in obese Zucker rat. AB - Two treatments that increase skeletal muscle insulin action are exercise training and high-carbohydrate diet. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether exercise training and a diet high in carbohydrates could function synergistically to reduce the muscle insulin resistance in the obese Zucker rat. Obese rats 4 wk of age were randomly assigned to an exercise or sedentary group. Each group was subdivided by diet with one-half of the rats fed a high carbohydrate diet and one-half fed a high-fat diet. Lean Zucker rats fed the high fat diet were used as controls. Muscle insulin resistance was assessed during hindlimb perfusion with a submaximally stimulating concentration of insulin. Exercise training and the high-carbohydrate diet increased the rate of muscle glucose uptake in the obese rat by 46 and 53%, respectively. More importantly, the combined effect of exercise training and high-carbohydrate diet was greater than the sum of their individual effects. Glycogen synthesis paralleled glucose uptake and was the major pathway for intracellular glucose disposal. Muscle glucose uptake for exercise-trained, high-carbohydrate fed obese rats was comparable with that of lean controls. It is concluded that exercise training and the high-carbohydrate diet functioned synergistically to reduce the muscle insulin resistance in the obese rat. PMID- 3752242 TI - Trioctanoin infusion increases in vivo leucine oxidation: a lesson in isotope modeling. AB - We have reported that infusion of trioctanoin in conscious dogs had little effect on leucine oxidation but decreased the rate of appearance (Ra) and interconversion of leucine and its alpha-keto acid, alpha-ketoisocaproate (KIC). To verify that these conclusions were independent of the leucine tracers and isotope models employed, the studies were repeated using [1-14C]leucine and [4,5 3H]KIC rather than [1-14C]KIC and [4,5-3H]leucine. In the present study, leucine oxidation calculated using the plasma [14C]leucine or [14C]KIC specific activities (SA) increased nearly twofold (P less than 0.001) during trioctanoin infusion in direct contrast to our previous results. When the data from either study were analyzed using the plasma SA of the leucine moiety reciprocal to the infused tracer as a potential indicator of the intracellular leucine SA, similar conclusions were obtained from either study: trioctanoin infusion in conscious dogs appears to increase whole-body leucine oxidation and does not decrease proteolysis. These studies challenge the validity of previously used isotope models of leucine metabolism and suggest that the plasma KIC SA during infusion of labeled leucine may most accurately reflect changes in whole-body leucine metabolism. PMID- 3752243 TI - Variance weighting functions in radioimmunoassay calibration. AB - Software packages for radioimmunoassay calibration assume that expected counting rate is a function of ligand dose. Previous studies have indicated that variances of counting rate are also related to dose, but the structure of individual assays does not permit precise estimation of counting rate variances at individual doses. The method described here uses results from an accumulation of assays to characterize the relationship between mean and variance of counting rate, thus providing a variance weighting function for the calibration. Analysis of 140 cortisol assays, all with two replicates of each of 50 sources (9 standard doses, 3 quality control preps, and 38 unknowns), led to an asymmetric rising ogive relating variances to means of counting rates. A rectangular hyperbola provided an adequate characterization of this relationship in an accumulation of 21 testosterone assays. Relationships between mean and variance of counting rate in 19 growth hormone assays and 7 triiodothyronine assays were characterized by a straight line and a rising exponential curve, respectively. Calibration curves, such as the commonly adopted logistic ogive in relation to log dose, are fitted by weighted least squares to observed counts directly using empirical weights proportional to the reciprocal of estimated counting variance. The advantage of this method is that all observations contribute to the calibration in accordance with their merit. PMID- 3752244 TI - Ovarian increase in kinin-generating capacity in PMSG/hCG-primed immature rat. AB - Ovarian kinin-generating capacity was determined during induced ovulation in immature Wistar rats. The onset of ovulation was monitored by counting the number of ova in the oviducts at 2-h intervals after the administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Ova began to appear in significant numbers at 14 h after hCG, with an average of 7.6 +/- 2.3 ova/rat. By 16 h after hCG, the oviducts contained 32.7 +/- 4.1 ova/rat. The ovaries from each group of animals were homogenized in phosphate-buffered saline, and extracts of this tissue were incubated for 200 min to allow the generation of kinins from endogenous kininogen. The amount of kinin generated by this procedure was measured by radioimmunoassay. At 0 h (i.e., just before the administration of hCG), the ovaries contained 5.90 +/- 0.60 pg kinin/micrograms protein per 200 min in the ovarian extract. By 4 h after hCG, the kinins increased significantly (P less than 0.05) to 13.16 +/- 3.61 pg kinin/micrograms protein. The kinins progressively increased (P less than 0.001) to 67.88 +/- 23.26 pg kinin/micrograms protein by 16 h after hCG. Indomethacin and cycloheximide significantly inhibited both kinin-generating activity and ovulation. These data suggest that kinin-forming activity and kinins may have a role in the ovulatory process of mammals. PMID- 3752245 TI - Chromatographic and immunochemical studies on postsecretory processing of gastrin in the pig. AB - Immunoreactive forms of gastrin in antral mucosal extracts and in gastric venous plasma of the pig were compared using ion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography and radioimmunoassay using three region-specific antiserums. In antral mucosal extracts, gastrin heptadecapeptide (G-17) accounted for over 90% of the total C-terminal immunoreactivity, but in gastric venous plasma it accounted for only 47% of total C-terminal immunoreactivity. The remaining C terminal immunoreactivity was accounted for by shorter C-terminal forms. Unsulfated and sulfated G-17 contributed 44.1 and 49.2%, respectively, of C terminal immunoreactivity in antral mucosa. In contrast, they contributed 14 and 30%, respectively, to total C-terminal immunoreactivity in gastric venous plasma. Incubation of antral extracts with plasma in vitro resulted in a slow loss of intact G-17 (32.3% in 60 min) that could not account for the production of C terminal fragments in vivo. Moreover, when antral extracts were infused into the gastroepiploic artery, over 90% of the gastrin present in the antral venous outflow corresponded to G-17. These observations suggest that it is unlikely that enzymes involved in the generation of the C-terminal forms are located either in blood or on the luminal side of the endothelial membrane. It is proposed, then, that antral gastrin is converted into shorter C-terminal fragments at or before the time it enters the circulation and that the major storage forms of gastrin in tissue account for less than 50% of the material in the gastric venous outflow. PMID- 3752246 TI - Regional blood flow in newborn piglets during environmental cold stress. AB - Regional blood flow, oxygen delivery, and vascular resistance were determined in newborn piglets during a successful homeothermic response to environmental cold stress. Eight 3- to 4-day-old awake piglets were studied in a thermoneutral environment and 30, 45, and 60 min after onset of environmental cold stress. During cold stress, blood flow was significantly increased to skeletal muscle, the thermogenic organ, and decreased to the small intestine (P less than 0.05). Because arterial oxygen content (CaO2) was stable during the study, changes in oxygen delivery (CaO2 X blood flow) paralleled blood flow. Vascular resistance during cold stress was significantly decreased in skeletal muscle and increased in both the adrenals and the small intestine (P less than 0.05). We conclude that, during successful thermogenesis, the redistribution of cardiac output toward the thermogenic organ (skeletal muscle) is associated with a significant decrease in intestinal blood flow and oxygen delivery. This is not a passive process as evidenced by the coincident observation of increased intestinal vascular resistance. PMID- 3752247 TI - Lymph pressure in rat intestinal lymph duct with lymphatic obstruction. AB - Lymph pressure (PL) in the main intestinal lymph duct with obstruction of lymph flow was determined. Under various conditions, the rate of lymph flow (JL) was essentially the same in either A rats (with communications between hepatic and intestinal lymphatics) or B rats (without such communications), but PL of A rats was significantly lower (P less than 0.01) than that of B rats. When the intestine was in the basal state, JL of A and B rats was 0.2-0.3 ml/h per rat, and PL was 1.5 +/- 0.2 and 3.3 +/- 0.2 mm/Hg, respectively. During fluid absorption, JL of A and B rats increased to 0.8-0.9 ml/h, and PL was 2.1 +/- 0.4 and 6.4 +/- 0.7 mmHg, respectively. During intravenous saline infusion, JL of A and B rats increased greatly to approximately 14 ml/h, and PL was 3.1 +/- 0.3 and 10.4 +/- 1.1 mmHg, respectively. The lower PL in A rats is apparently due to the possibility that during lymphatic obstruction most lymph could be drained off by the hepatic lymphatics. In A rats, luminal distension pressure had no effect on PL but in B rats PL decreased when distension pressure was 20 mmHg or higher. Furthermore, lymph pressure waves indicate the occurrence of rhythmical contractions of the lymph duct or its surrounding tissues, which may play a role in the propulsion of lymph. PMID- 3752248 TI - Postnatal development of protein absorption in conventional and germ-free mice. AB - In the jejunal epithelium of adult animals, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is transported via two functional pathways: a major route involving lysosomal degradation and a minor route allowing transport of the intact protein. The postnatal development of HRP absorption and the influence of conventional microflora were studied in vitro, using jejunal epithelium of conventional and germ-free suckling mice mounted in Ussing chambers. In conventional mice, tritiated peroxidase ([3H]HRP) transport from mucosa to serosa did not change with age except during days 3 and 4, when it increased fivefold. This increase was entirely due to the rise in intact HRP transport and was not related to a decrease in lysosomal cathepsin B and D activities. In germ-free mice, HRP transport developed similarly but decreased by 75% along both pathways. This reduced absorption was associated with lower cathepsin B and D activities. These results strengthen the existence of two transcellular pathways in nonimmunoglobulin protein absorption by the proximal gut with a limiting step situated before the lysosomal system, presumably at the brush-border membrane. Their development is not parallel and does not correlate with gut closure to immunoglobulin transfer. PMID- 3752249 TI - Mechanism of inhibition of glutathione efflux by methionine from isolated rat hepatocytes. AB - We studied mechanism of inhibition of glutathione (GSH) efflux by methionine with freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. Inhibition was specific for L-methionine and was not due to changes in membrane potential or cell volume. Methionine (100 microM) inhibited GSH efflux from cells having 20-60 nmol GSH/10(6) cells. Inhibition was overcome in cells with greater than 75 nmol GSH/10(6) cells. Kinetics of control and inhibited efflux were sigmoidal saturable and were fitted well with the Hill model having three cooperative binding per transport sites. Vmax was the same for both cases (0.24 +/- 0.013 nmol X min-1 X 10(6) cells-1), implying that the inhibition was competitive. Apparent Km of efflux was 3.3 +/- 0.20 mM for controls but was shifted to 5.6 +/- 0.14 mM (P less than 0.01) in the presence of 100 microM methionine. Kinetic analysis of the inhibition by varying concentrations of methionine estimated Ki = 61.3 +/- 6.0 microM and n = 1.2 +/- 0.07, suggesting involvement of a single inhibition site. Methionine uptake was independent of GSH concentration, and blocking its uptake with 2-amino-2 norbornanecarboxylic acid did not affect inhibition. When methionine-preloaded cells were resuspended in methionine-free buffer, GSH efflux rapidly returned to control levels, whereas digitonin-releasable cellular methionine remained nearly constant. Thus, inhibition appeared to be exerted from outside the cell, possibly through an allosteric mechanism. A consequence of inhibition of GSH efflux by methionine was decreased uptake of cysteine equivalents from extracellular cystine. PMID- 3752250 TI - Effect of food intake on intestinal cholesterol synthesis in rats. AB - The mechanism by which diabetes results in an increase in small intestinal cholesterol synthesis is unknown. Previous studies have demonstrated that limiting food intake prevents the increase in intestinal cholesterol synthesis, and it has therefore been proposed that the stimulation of cholesterol synthesis in the small intestine is secondary to the hyperphagia that is associated with poorly controlled diabetes. To shed further light on the role of hyperphagia we have studied the effect on cholesterol synthesis of a variety of conditions that increase food intake. In third-trimester pregnant animals, lactating animals, obese animals, and in animals infused intragastrically with 16 g glucose/day vs. 8 g glucose/day, we have observed that an increase in food intake is associated with an increase in small intestinal cholesterol synthesis. Furthermore, these findings support the hypothesis that hyperphagia is the chief stimulus for the increase in cholesterol synthesis in the small intestine of diabetic animals. Additional studies have demonstrated that simply increasing the bulk of food ingested by adding Alphacel to the diet does not alter cholesterol synthesis in the small intestine. Lastly, in animals in whom Thiry fistulas were surgically constructed we observed that cholesterol synthesis is increased in the diabetic animals in both the segment of the small intestine in contact with the food stream and the segment of the small intestine that is excluded from contact. This observation suggests that the direct contact of the intestinal mucosa with caloric sources is not the sole trigger for increasing small intestinal cholesterol synthesis in hyperphagic diabetic animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3752251 TI - Mechanism of induction of mucosal ornithine decarboxylase by food. AB - Refeeding fasted rats dramatically increases ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity in the mucosa of the small intestine and colon. The agents responsible for that activation and pathways leading to activation, however, have not been identified. The current work examines whether stimulation of ODC activity is mediated humorally or directly and whether dietary amines might be in part responsible for activation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used 1 wk after they were surgically prepared with Thiry-Vella jejunal loops. Two hours after refeeding rats fasted for 48 h, ODC activity increased 40-fold in mucosa from the intact jejunum and 4-fold in the mucosa of the bypassed segments. The injection of intestinal contents (obtained from additional fed rats) into the bypassed loop caused a 10-fold increase in ODC activity in the loop measured 2 h later. Injection of gut contents, lyophilized to remove dietary amines, produced no change in enzyme activity. The addition of 400 mol dimethylamine to lyophilized gut contents restored enzyme activation to 80% of the previous level. These data allow the following conclusions: following a meal mucosal ODC is activated by both humoral and direct mechanisms, direct stimulation by dietary constituents appears to be the predominant mechanism involved, and dietary amines may be one of the agents involved in directly increasing enzyme activity. PMID- 3752252 TI - Localization of intrahepatic portal vascular resistance. AB - The pressure drop from the portal vein to the vena cava occurs primarily across a postsinusoidal site localized to a narrow segment (less than 0.5 cm) of hepatic veins (roughly 1.5 mm diam) in the anesthetized cat. Portal venous pressure (PVP = 8.9 +/- 0.3 mmHg) and lobar hepatic venous pressure (LVP = 8.7 +/- 0.4 mmHg) are insignificantly different, and pressure changes imposed from the presinusoidal or postsinusoidal side are equally transmitted to both pressure sites. Several types of experiments were done to validate the LVP measurement. The portal vein, hepatic sinusoids, and hepatic veins proximal to the resistance site are all under a similar pressure. Previously reported calculations of hepatic vascular resistance are in error because of incorrect assumptions of sinusoidal pressure and localization of the portal resistance site as presinusoidal. Stimulation of hepatic sympathetic nerves for 3 min caused LVP and PVP to increase equally, showing that the increased "portal" resistance is postsinusoidal across the same region of the hepatic veins that was previously localized as the site of resistance in the basal state. PMID- 3752253 TI - Effect of age on renal conservation of phosphate in the rat. AB - Renal handling of phosphate (Pi) was examined in male Wistar-derived rats, 2-3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 mo of age. We observed a significant age-related phosphaturia [i.e., elevated urinary excretion (UPi V) and fractional excretion (FEPi)] in rats fed a normal phosphorus diet (NPD; 0.5% Pi). Concomitantly, plasma Pi decreased significantly and progressively with age. The mechanism of this age related decrement in Pi conservation was examined by determining the initial (5 s) rate of Na+ gradient-dependent uptake of Pi in renal brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV). Pi uptake significantly declined with increasing age. No consistent age-related decrease was seen in the Na+ gradient-dependent uptakes of glucose and proline by the same BBMV preparations, demonstrating the specificity of the Pi transport decrement. Pi transport kinetics revealed a significant age related decrease in Vmax. No difference in Km of Pi was seen between age groups. These kinetic findings suggest either a decreased number of Pi carriers or decreased turnover of Pi carriers. Elevated parathyroid hormone did not explain the alteration in Pi conservation since urinary cAMP was not elevated in the intact senescent rat, and Pi uptake was not normalized in 24-mo-old rats 3 days after parathyroidectomy. The senescent 24-mo-old rat as well as the young adult 6 mo-old animal adapted to a low-phosphorus diet (LPD; 0.1% Pi) with a striking (greater than 100%) increase in Pi uptake by BBMV compared with NPD. thus the senescent kidney retained the capacity to respond appropriately to a LPD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3752254 TI - Protection by thyroxine in nephrotoxic acute renal failure. AB - Thyroxine (T4) protects against ischemic and nephrotoxic experimental acute renal failure (ARF). This study examined functional, biochemical, and morphological markers of uranyl nitrate (UN)-induced renal injury in the rat to determine the cellular site at which T4 exerts its protective effect. In experimental group UNT4, 1-thyroxine (10 micrograms/100 g body wt) was given for 10 days prior to and for 4 days following a single subcutaneous injection of UN (0.5 mg/kg body wt). Group UN received only UN, and group CT4 received only T4 for 14 days. Five days after UN administration, plasma creatinine rose from base line in group UNT4 (0.52 +/- 0.30 to 0.84 +/- 0.08 mg/dl, P less than 0.025) and group UN (0.52 +/- 0.03 to 1.64 +/- 0.13 mg/dl, P less than 0.001) but not in group CT4 (0.47 +/- 0.02 to 0.48 +/- 0.04 mg/dl, NS). However, plasma creatinine in group UNT4 was significantly lower than group UN (0.84 +/- 0.08 vs. 1.64 +/- 0.13 mg/dl, P less than 0.001). T4 administration stimulated the basolateral membrane-bound enzyme Na-K-ATPase in the renal cortex homogenate in group UNT4 (13.9 +/- 0.5 micron X mg protein-1 X h-1, P less than 0.005) and group CT4 (16.3 +/- 0.6 micron X mg protein-1 X h-1, P less than 0.001) when compared with controls (11.7 +/- 0.5 micron X mg protein-1 X h-1). Na-K-ATPase activity fell in group UN to 10.0 +/- 0.6 micron X mg protein-1 X h-1 (P less than 0.025).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3752255 TI - Effects of parathyroid hormone on urinary acidification. AB - Recollection micropuncture experiments were carried out in plasma-replete euvolemic thyroparathyroidectomized rats to examine the effects of a purified bovine parathyroid hormone (PTH) infusion on urinary acidification. After a 60 min equilibration period, PTH administration had the following effects: reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule was inhibited 13% for total CO2, 31% for chloride, and 28% for water; early distal delivery, however, remained unchanged for bicarbonate, chloride, and water principally as a result of stimulation of bicarbonate and chloride absorption in Henle's loop; the urinary bicarbonate and chloride excretion rates did not vary significantly, but the urinary pH decreased from 6.78 +/- 0.11 to 6.39 +/- 0.07 and titratable acid and ammonium excretion increased from 63 +/- 18 to 405 +/- 45 and from 422 +/- 30 to 647 +/- 44 nmol X min-1 X g kidney wt-1, respectively. In another group of rats, the bicarbonate urinary excretion rate increased more than twofold during the first 60 min of PTH infusion and then returned to control levels as was observed in the other groups; the transient increase in bicarbonaturia was attributable to a PTH-induced transient augmentation in glomerular filtration rate and bicarbonate filtered load. Finally, no change was noted in micropuncture or whole kidney data in time-control rats. We conclude that PTH only transiently enhances the bicarbonate filtered load and urinary excretion rate during the first 60 min of administration secondary to an early hemodynamic action but that the steady effect is to stimulate urinary acidification and net acid excretion, which could generate metabolic alkalosis; and that the inhibition of the proximal bicarbonate and chloride reabsorption induced by PTH is counterbalanced by stimulation of reabsorption in Henle's loop. PMID- 3752256 TI - Effect of dietary NaCl on chloride uptake in rat collecting duct segment. AB - To explore further the mechanism of the effect of dietary NaCl intake on collecting duct (CDS) chloride uptake, we compared late distal chloride delivery to and urinary 36Cl recovery (the latter as an index of unidirectional efflux) from the CDS in four groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Groups were prepared for 7-10 days as follows: group 1, drinking 0.15 M NaCl; group 2A, regular diet; group 2B, regular diet plus deoxycorticosterone (2 mg im) (at 24 and 2 h before micropuncture); and group 3, low-NaCl diet. To increase tubule fluid flow rate and produce natriuresis without chloruresis, 0.15 M NaHCO3 at 5% body wt/h was infused in all groups except group 3, in which an infusion of 150 mM Na+, 55 mM Cl-, and 85 mM HCO3- was required to maintain a plasma chloride concentration equal to that in other groups. Plasma chloride concentration and arterial pH did not differ between groups before infusion. Urinary 36Cl recovery increased in parallel with dietary NaCl content (P = 0.0001). By analysis of multiple covariances, neither tubule fluid chloride concentration nor chloride delivery to the CDS correlated with urinary 36Cl recovery within any of the groups or for all animals studied. High doses of mineralocorticoid did not alter chloride uptake in group 2. These data suggest that progressive restriction of dietary NaCl enhances chloride uptake in the CDS of the rat unrelated to changes in plasma chloride concentration or chloride delivery from the superficial late distal tubules. PMID- 3752257 TI - Na-K-Cl cotransport in apical membrane of rabbit renal papillary surface epithelium. AB - The renal papillary surface epithelium is exposed to pelvic urine on its apical surface and to inner medullary interstitium on its basolateral surface. To investigate transport in this epithelium, we dissected it free from the renal papilla of rabbits and mounted it in a chamber that allowed both sides to be bathed independently. Cell volume was measured at 25 degrees C utilizing computerized quantitative microscopy. Addition of ouabain (10(-4) M) to the basolateral solution induced a 20% volume increase. This volume increase was completely inhibited by the removal of apical bath NaCl, Na+, K+, or Cl- but not by the removal of urea. Bumetanide, down to 10(-9) M in the apical bath, completely inhibited the ouabain-induced swelling. Changes in apical bath osmolality, resulting from addition or removal of NaCl, caused cell volume changes that were greater than could be accounted for by osmotic water flow alone. This hyperresponse was blocked by bumetanide and was stimulated by vasopressin (10(-8) M). These observations are consistent with the presence of Na K-ATPase in the basolateral membrane and a bumetanide-sensitive, vasopressin responsive Na-K-Cl co-transporter in the apical membrane. PMID- 3752258 TI - Effect of vasopressin on ependymal and capillary permeability to tritiated water in cat. AB - Ependymal cells line the cerebral ventricles forming the interface that separates the cerebrospinal (CSF) and interstitial fluids (ISF). Extracellular molecules move between ependymal cells, whereas lipid soluble molecules pass both between and through cells. We measured the transfer of tritiated water (TOH) from CSF to blood across the ependymal and capillary interfaces by ventriculocisternal (VC) steady-state tissue clearance. Adult cats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium underwent VC perfusion with the extracellular marker [14C]sucrose and TOH added to the artificial CSF. Brain tissue was analyzed for depth of penetration of the isotopes into periventricular gray matter. We found that TOH distribution space was lower than expected from water content measurements, whereas sucrose space was normal. Using VC steady-state equations we calculated an ependymal permeability that was similar to the permeability of the cerebral capillary. When arginine vasopressin (AVP) was added to the perfusate in different amounts, both capillary transfer times and ependymal permeability increased. Our results show that the ependyma may be important in water movement in the brain and support the suggestion that AVP influences water exchange in mammalian brain tissue. PMID- 3752259 TI - Renal response of newborn dog to potassium loading. AB - The renal response to potassium loading was studied in 14 newborn (6-20 days of age) and 14 adult mongrel dogs in order to determine the capacity of the newborn to excrete potassium load. Eight newborn and eight adult dogs were infused with 20 mueq of potassium chloride X min-1 X kg body wt-1 for 240 min. Adults excreted a significantly greater proportion of the potassium load during the 240-min infusion than did newborns (72 +/- 4 vs. 52 +/- 4%, P = 0.003). The infusion resulted in a significantly greater increase in plasma potassium concentration in the newborn (3.9 +/- 0.3 meq/liter) than in the adult (2.8 +/- 0.4 meq/liter), P = 0.05. Average potassium excretion rate per body weight was greater in the adult than newborn during potassium loading (15.0 +/- 1.0 vs. 10.4 +/- 0.7 mu eq X min 1. kg body wt-1, P = 0.003); however, average potassium excretion corrected for glomerular filtration rate was not significantly different between the adult and newborn (3.2 +/- 0.2 vs. 3.0 +/- 0.2 mu eq/ml filtered, P greater than 0.20). In another six newborn and six adult dogs, blockade of distal nephron potassium secretion with amiloride in the potassium-loaded state inhibited more than 90% of potassium excretion in both the newborn and adult.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3752260 TI - Glomerular capillary permeability in developing canines. AB - The changes in glomerular permeability that occur during development were assessed in 1- and 6-wk-old canines by analyzing dextran-sieving curves obtained in six animals at each age. The fractional clearance of the smallest dextran molecules (18 A) was 0.97 +/- 0.02 (+/- SE) in both 1- and 6-wk-old animals, and it became progressively less at larger molecular sizes. The sieving curves were consistent with an isosporous model of a glomerular capillary. When axial changes in protein concentration were included in the mathematical model, the apparent pore radius was 62.7 +/- 1.7 and 61.7 +/- 1.69 A in 1- and 6-wk-old puppies, respectively (P greater than 0.7). The effects of developmental changes in hydrostatic pressure and renal blood flow were balanced by the increases in serum protein concentration and filtration fraction leaving the fractional clearances of macromolecules unchanged. In contrast, the total cross-sectional pore area per unit path length (Aw/delta x) increased during this 6-wk period by approximately 7.5-fold (from 1.39 +/- 0.2 to 10.55 +/- 3.0 10(-5) cm, P less than 0.0001), and the ultrafiltration coefficient rose from 0.012 +/- 0.002 to 0.093 +/- 0.012 ml X s-1 X mmHg-1 (P less than 0.0001). The findings reveal constancy of pore size and an increase in total pore area as a function of age. Analysis by classical pore theory yielded similar findings. We conclude that the predominant factor determining the rise in glomerular filtration rate during development is the large increment in Aw/delta x, which in turn is due to increases in the surface area and pore density of the glomerular capillaries. PMID- 3752261 TI - Effect of bumetanide on potassium transport and ionic composition of the arterial wall. AB - Bumetanide (B) (1 mM) decreased K content of dog carotid arteries (Ka) by 11-15%, K turnover (lambda 2) by 31%, and steady-state K fluxes (JK) by approximately 48%. The drug also reduced intracellular (ic) Cl, H2O, and occasionally ic Na. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration of B on JK was close to 40 microM. However, 10 microM still fully reduced ic K, Cl, and H2O but not ic Na. Replacement of external Cl by sulfate or nitrate mimicked the B effects on JK and reduced its capacity of inhibition by approximately 40 and approximately 80%, respectively. Replacement of Na by choline decreased Ka and JK by 90 and 96%, respectively, and rendered B totally ineffective. B also decreased Cl uptake and content of cultured vascular smooth muscle and ic Cl and H2O of whole arteries. Ouabain (Ou) (1 mM) decreased Ka 90%, accelerated lambda 2 four- to fivefold, and reduced JK 45%. Addition of B or removal of external Na or Cl in the presence of Ou returned lambda 2 to normal levels and reduced the residual JK by approximately 90% but failed to further decrease the Ka. According to these data, B mainly inhibits a coupled KCl passive self exchange plus a smaller active net KCl influx. Ou abolished the active component without affecting the passive self exchange. The presence of Na is necessary for the operation of the KCl-coupled self exchange, and Na gradients may provide the energy for the uphill KCl movements. PMID- 3752262 TI - Renal tissue citrate: independence from citrate utilization, reabsorption, and pH. AB - During alkalosis in vivo, renal tissue [citrate] [( citrate]t) increases and citrate reabsorption (Tcit) and utilization (Qcit) simultaneously decrease. The decrease in Qcit is interpreted to cause the increased [citrate]t, which in turn decreases Tcit X Renal citrate handling and [citrate]t could be regulated by other mechanisms, since alkalosis changes [substrate] and [H+] in extracellular (ECF) and intracellular (ICF) fluid. Also, since high plasma [citrate] decreases ionized [Ca2+] (Cai), it is not possible to determine in vivo whether there is a maximum for Tcit or Qcit and whether change in extracellular fluid (delta ECF) pH affects these maxima. We perfused the substrate-limited isolated rat kidney for either 110 (n = 36) or 50 min (n = 44) at pH 7.2, 7.4, or 7.6; pH was changed by varying [HCO3-]; Cai was held constant at approximately 2.5 meq/liter. When citrate was the only substrate available in a Krebs-Ringer-HCO3 perfusate containing 6% substrate-free albumin, both Qcit and Tcit had maximal rates: Qcit much greater than Tcit; at pH 7.6, Qcit and Tcit were significantly reduced below their values at pH 7.2 or 7.4. In contrast to in vivo observations, [citrate]t was not significantly increased at high ECF pH. To test whether [citrate]t in the perfused kidney can increase in alkalosis, 11 additional perfusions were done in the presence of glucose plus lactate plus malate but without added citrate: [citrate]t = 0.6 mumol X g-1 at pH 7.6 and 0.3 mumol X g-1 at pH 7.2 (P less than 0.01); no citrate was detectable in the perfusate, and urinary citrate excretion was negligible. Thus, in the isolated rat kidney, an increase in [citrate]t occurred in alkalosis and was derived from precursors and not from citrate in the ECF. Overall, when only citrate was available to the isolated kidney during alkalosis, a significant rise in [citrate]t did not occur, although Vmax for Tcit and Qcit decreased. These effects of alkalosis on Tcit are consistent with observations in brush-border vesicles, where divalent citrate is the preferential substrate for luminal Na+-coupled transport; by contrast, high ECF pH and [HCO-3] apparently decrease Qcit by a direct effect on the utilization of citrate. PMID- 3752263 TI - Total vascular pressure-volume relationship in conscious rats with chronic heart failure. AB - To define the changes in the venous circulation in chronic left ventricular (LV) failure, we measured the mean circulatory filling pressure (MCFP), blood volume, and effective vascular compliance in conscious rats with heart failure, 3 wk after coronary ligation. Rats with myocardial infarction and LV end-diastolic pressure (EDP) greater than 15 mmHg were considered to have chronic heart failure. Rats with chronic heart failure (n = 11) showed an increase (P less than 0.001) in LV EDP to 24 +/- 2 mmHg compared with 6 +/- 1 mmHg in sham-operated (n = 9) and 7 +/- 1 mmHg in normal (n = 6) rats. In the rats with chronic heart failure the MCFP was increased to 9.9 +/- 0.2 mmHg (P less than 0.001) compared with 7.6 +/- 0.2 mmHg in the sham-operated and 7.7 +/- 0.2 mmHg in the normal rats. Effective vascular compliance was determined from MCFP-blood volume curves. In rats with chronic heart failure, the effective vascular compliance was decreased to 2.40 +/- 0.08 ml X mmHg-1 X kg-1 from 3.34 +/- 0.16 in sham-operated rats and 3.35 +/- 0.22 ml X mmHg-1 X kg-1 in normal rats. The blood volume and the unstressed vascular volume of the rats with chronic heart failure were not statistically different from the sham-operated rats. These results suggest that venous capacitance is decreased in chronic heart failure, due to a decrease in effective vascular compliance with no significant change in unstressed vascular volume. Hexamethonium chloride did not alter the effective vascular compliance of the rats with heart failure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3752264 TI - Modulation of synchrony of left ventricular contraction by regional adrenergic stimulation in conscious dogs. AB - The sympathetic innervation of the left ventricle provides a potential mechanism for modulation of synchrony of myocardial contraction. Dogs were instrumented to measure left ventricular pressure and segment length in the posterior region of the left ventricle perfused by the circumflex artery (PSL) and in an anterior region perfused by the anterior descending artery (ASL). Norepinephrine (NE) was injected into the circumflex artery using an indwelling catheter in bolus doses sufficient to produce no direct systemic effects. Intracoronary injection of NE resulted in significant increases in percent segment shortening and mean shortening velocity in the PSL. Duration of shortening in the PSL was significantly reduced. Percent shortening, velocity of shortening, and shortening duration in the ASL were unchanged. While there was no change in left ventricular systolic pressure, +dP/dtmax and -dP/dt min increased with intracoronary NE. These results demonstrate alterations in the synchrony of myocardial contraction following regional myocardial stimulation with intracoronary injections of NE at doses within the expected physiological range and suggest that activation of localized sympathetic neural pathways may result in problems involving mechanical performance of the heart. PMID- 3752265 TI - Distribution of capillary blood flow in rat kidney during postischemic renal failure. AB - Changes in distribution of intrarenal blood flow were studied in anesthetized rats during the acute phase of postischemic renal failure (1 h renal artery occlusion, 1 h reflow). Distribution of capillary plasma flow was determined by injecting fluorescein-isothiocyanate-globulin and lissamine-rhodamine-B200 globulin 1, 3, or 10 min prior to rapid freezing of the kidney. In histological sections it was possible to differentiate among the vessels perfused during the time of labeling because of their respective fluorescence. In these experiments all glomeruli became labeled within 1 min, although in contrast to the controls, the glomerular capillary network itself was not filled completely in the postocclusion organs. Incomplete labeling was far more pronounced, however, in the postglomerular network of the occlusion experiments. Due to this effect in the cortex and in the medulla, 11 and 58% of tissue, respectively, were found lying at a distance of more than 60 microns from the next vessel labeled after 1 min of dye circulation. In the control experiments there was no tissue within this distance. Prolonging the time of labeling up to 10 min caused little change in this pattern of distribution. In the occlusion experiments, the globulins were observed in nearly all Bowman spaces, but in less than half of the tubular lumina. The results strengthen the view that the ischemic insult leads primarily to disturbance of the postglomerular perfusion, which then results in trophic damage of the tubular system mainly within the renal medulla. PMID- 3752266 TI - Modulation of endothelium-dependent responses by chronic alterations of blood flow. AB - To determine whether the blood flow and O2 tension to which a blood vessel is chronically exposed could modulate endothelium-dependent responses, these parameters were altered in the dog either by causing partial occlusion of the femoral artery or by creating a fistula between the femoral artery and vein. Blood flow was reduced by 75% in the clamped artery; mean arterial pressure was unchanged. In the vessels proximal to the fistula, blood flow was elevated and O2 tensions were similar in the vein and artery. After 6 wk the femoral arteries and veins were excised, and their endothelium-dependent responses were studied in vitro. The endothelium-dependent relaxations to acetylcholine, adenosine diphosphate, and alpha 2-adrenergic stimulation were augmented in fistula operated compared with sham-operated arteries. The responses to these agents in the clamp-operated vessels were not different from those of the sham-operated ones. Relaxation to arachidonic acid in the arteries showed an inverse relationship to blood flow. In the veins proximal to the fistula, the endothelium dependent relaxations to acetylcholine were augmented and an endothelium dependent relaxation to alpha 2-adrenergic stimulation was present; only a contractile response was observed in veins from the sham-operated limb in response to the latter. These studies suggest a pattern of increased endothelium dependent relaxation in vessels exposed to chronically elevated blood flow. PMID- 3752267 TI - Cardiac sympathetic nerve activity and heart rate during coronary occlusion in awake cats. AB - Responses in efferent cardiac sympathetic nerve activity (CSNA) and heart rate (HR) to a 100-s anterior descending coronary artery occlusion were measured in cats under awake, atropinized, anesthetized, or anesthetized and atropinized states. In the conscious state, at 20 and 90 s of occlusion, CSNA increased by 23% and then decreased by 7%, respectively, whereas HR decreased by 5 and 17%, respectively. With atropinization and/or anesthesia, the initial increase in CSNA was inhibited and the later decrease in CSNA was enhanced, whereas the bradycardia was diminished. HR changed in proportion to CSNA responses with high correlations, i.e., r = +0.89, +0.90, +0.96, and +0.91 for the four states, respectively. In the conscious state, the CSNA-HR relation line shifted toward bradycardia, but this shift was blocked by atropinization and anesthesia. This finding suggested that, in the conscious state, cardiac vagal nerve activity (CVNA) increased immediately and did not decrease during occlusion. At the early stage of occlusion, HR response (bradycardia or tachycardia) was determined by the relative contribution of enhanced CSNA and CVNA. At the later stage of occlusion, bradycardia was induced by a combination of decreased CSNA and enhanced CVNA. In anesthesia and/or atropinization it was induced mainly by the decreased CSNA. PMID- 3752268 TI - Contribution of area postrema to pressor actions of angiotensin II in dog. AB - To generate quantitative data on the contribution of the area postrema (AP) to the pressor activity of angiotensin II (ANG II), the peptide (7 ng X kg-1 X min 1) was infused intravenously in 10 conscious dogs for 6 h before, and several weeks after, AP lesion. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded continuously, and plasma renin activity (PRA), ANG II immunoreactivity (ANG II-IR), aldosterone (ALDO), arginine vasopressin (AVP), norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (EPI), and serum Na+ and K+ were measured at 3 and 6 h. Three hours into the infusion, MAP averaged 123 +/- 2 compared with 96 +/- 2 mmHg for controls (P less than 0.01). The increases in pressure were associated with unchanged HR, but increased lability of MAP and HR. PRA fell, whereas plasma levels of ANG II-IR and ALDO rose. Plasma levels of AVP, NE, serum Na+ and K+ did not change, but plasma EPI was significantly elevated at 6 h. Removal of the AP produced mild hypotension and decreased lability. Within 8 to 21 days after AP ablation, a significant decrease in the plateau phase (3-6 h) of the ANG II pressor response was recorded in all dogs. The attenuation of the pressor effects was not sustained, since 4-7 wk after AP lesion, the increases in pressure were equivalent to those obtained during the control period. These data indicate that the AP participates in the production of the pressor response to intravenous infusion of ANG II in conscious dogs. However, in the absence of this structure, alternative mechanisms are brought into play to restore the loss of its function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3752269 TI - Lack of sympathetic vasoconstriction in hypoxemic humans at rest. AB - A three-part experiment was designed to show whether hypoxemia alters splanchnic vasomotor responses to other stresses by vasodilating splanchnic organs, preventing norepinephrine (NE)-induced vasoconstriction, or altering total sympathetic nervous activity (SNA) assessed by plasma levels of NE and epinephrine (Epi). Splanchnic blood flow (SBF) was measured by plasma clearance and hepatic extraction of indocyanine green (constant infusion). Part I: two degrees of hypoxemia [fractional concn of inspired O2 (FIO2) = 10.4 and 7.6%, arterial PO2 (PaO2) = 34.8 and 27 Torr] caused a small splanchnic vasodilation; resistance fell 16 and 26%, respectively, in five men; and SBF rose from 1.78 to 2.04 (10.4% O2) and to 2.02 1 X min-1 (7.6% O2). Plasma NE was unaffected by hypoxemia and by a fall in mean arterial pressure from 82 to 63 Torr at FIO2 = 7.6%. Part II: NE infused intravenously to raise pressure by 20 Torr in five subjects breathing air and 10.3% O2 caused splanchnic vasoconstriction irrespective of PaO2. Part III: in six subjects, two levels of hypoxemia (FIO2 = 10.4 and 7.7%) did not increase NE levels in five men, and Epi increased in two men only at FIO2 = 7.7%. We conclude that hypoxemia caused only a small splanchnic vasodilation not mediated by Epi, did not prevent transient NE-induced vasoconstriction, and either did not significantly increase SNA or prejunctionally inhibited NE release. Severe hypoxemia abolished the rise in NE and heart rate in response to falling pressure. PMID- 3752270 TI - Platelets reduce coronary microvascular permeability to macromolecules. AB - Several studies in organs other than the heart suggest that platelets play a role in maintenance of microvascular integrity. In an earlier study, we reported that coronary microvascular permeability to macromolecules was reduced when blood cells were added to a Krebs-albumin perfusate. At that time, we could not differentiate the contributions made by red cells and platelets. To examine the specific role of platelets in the cell effect, isolated rat hearts were perfused with a mixture of Krebs, albumin [2 g/100 ml bovine serum albumin (BSA)], and rat plasma that was either rich in platelets (PRP) or poor in platelets (PPP). For the nine PRP hearts studied, the perfusate contained an average of 10(4) platelets/microliter. For the nine PPP hearts, the perfusate contained 5 X 10(1) platelets/microliter. The left ventricular epicardial microcirculation was observed directly using intravital fluorescence microscopy, and coronary microvascular permeability to macromolecules was assessed by monitoring the transcoronary extravasation of fluorescent albumin (FITC-BSA). We found that the measure of transcoronary FITC-BSA extravasation, the (O/I) ratio, was 0.57 +/- 0.02 (n = 70 fields) for the PPP perfused hearts and 0.47 +/- 0.02 (n = 70) for the PRP hearts (P less than 0.05). The value for the PRP group was similar to that observed earlier with the red cell perfusate (0.45 +/- 0.02). These findings support the concept that platelets help maintain the normal semipermeable membrane characteristics of the coronary exchange vessels. PMID- 3752271 TI - Estimation of total arterial compliance: an improved method and evaluation of current methods. AB - Determination of arterial compliance in vivo has long interested physiologists. Most current methods for estimating this parameter assume that compliance is constant, i.e., that arterial pressure-volume (P-V) relations are linear, and they also assume that diastolic aortic pressure decay is an exponential function of time. Both of these assumptions, however, are questionable. This study proposes improved methods of estimating compliance based on a Windkessel model of the arterial system but which utilize the area under the pressure tracing rather than the waveform itself. Formulations accounting for both linear and three hypothetical nonlinear arterial P-V relations (exponential, logarithmic, and parabolic) are presented. Data from patients with congestive heart failure and hypertension are used for illustration. Compliances assuming linear P-V relations are reasonably close to those assuming nonlinear P-V relations only at mean aortic pressure. At end-diastolic pressure the linear assumption underestimates and at peak systolic it overestimates the compliances obtained assuming nonlinear P-V relations. The simpler linear assumption still allows a first approximation to compliance, but we show that existing methods for obtaining compliance under this assumption have severe theoretical as well as practical shortcomings. Our proposed method avoids these shortcomings primarily because deviations from an exact exponential form of the pressure wave have less influence on these compliance estimates than currently used methods. PMID- 3752272 TI - Phasic effects of postganglionic vagal stimulation on atrioventricular nodal conduction. AB - The effects of postganglionic vagal stimulation (PGVS) on atrioventricular nodal conduction were studied in 15 rabbit atrial-atrioventricular nodal preparations. PGVS was introduced, and sinus cycle length was scanned as independent bursts of subthreshold stimuli were produced in the sinus node and atrioventricular node (AVN). Changes in conduction of atrial impulses to the bundle of His were studied under the following experimental conditions: changes in sinus cycle length resulting from vagal influence on the sinus node, direct vagal stimulation exclusively to the AVN, and during both simultaneous or nonsimultaneous vagal stimulation to sinus node and AVN. The results of the present study showed that the direct effect of PGVS on AVN conduction time at a constant sinus cycle length is phase dependent with maximal prolongation achieved in the first or second beat after introduction of the burst. The interval between the onset of PGVS producing maximal prolongation of conduction time and the following atrial beat was designated the "optimal effective phase." It was shown that the optimal effective phase was a constant parameter for a given preparation and in the present experiments was 321 +/- 16 ms. However, when PGVS was introduced in combination to both nodes while scanning the cycle length, AVN conduction was variable, reflecting both the direct effects of PGVS on the AVN as well as the indirect effects resulting from changes in the sinus cycle length. Notably, it was found that simultaneous PGVS to both the sinus node and AVN usually diminished, whereas appropriate nonsimultaneous PGVS accentuated the typical phasic dependency of AVN conduction time. Additionally, vagally induced prolongation of the sinus cycle length was found to be accompanied by changes in the time of depolarization of the inputs to the AVN, thus influencing AVN conduction and facilitating reentry. These interactions between changes in the sinus cycle length and concomitant changes in the effectiveness of vagal influence on the AVN can be used to explain complexities of AVN conduction during increased vagal activity. PMID- 3752273 TI - Vagally induced hyperpolarization in atrioventricular node. AB - The effects of postganglionic vagal stimulation on atrioventricular nodal conduction were studied in 12 rabbit atrial-atrioventricular nodal preparations. Vagal stimulation was introduced in the sinus and atrioventricular nodes, separately or in combination, using single bursts of subthreshold stimuli. The sinus cycle length was scanned to identify the phasic effect of vagal stimulation. Action potentials from cells in the AN, N, and NH regions of the atrioventricular node were recorded by microelectrode techniques. Vagally induced hyperpolarization of cells in the atrioventricular node resulted in a phase dependent prolongation of conduction time and reflected the level of residual hyperpolarization at the moment of arrival of the next atrial beat at the atrioventricular nodal input region. Vagally induced hyperpolarization was membrane potential dependent, although its overall time course was similar at different phases. Increased diastolic depolarization followed the maximal hyperpolarization. This "rebound" observed at certain phases was responsible for paradoxical shortening of the conduction time after vagal stimulation. The predominant effects of local vagal stimulation in the atrioventricular node were observed in cells in or near the N region. Slower rate of rise, shorter amplitude and duration, as well as step formations were among the changes in action potentials recorded from these cells. The effects of vagal stimulation were inhomogeneous between different regions of the atrioventricular node as well as within the N region, producing alternative pathways of conduction and the potential for reentry. The concomitant changes in sinus cycle length resulting from vagal stimulation in the sinus node region altered the phasic effects of vagal stimulation introduced in the atrioventricular node. This was related to a direct influence of the prolonged sinus cycle length on atrioventricular nodal refractoriness as well as an indirect effect on the degree of residual vagally induced hyperpolarization at the moment of arrival of the delayed atrial beat. These findings provide mechanistic explanations for the complex effects of vagal stimulation on atrioventricular nodal conduction. PMID- 3752274 TI - Sites at which vasopressin facilitates baroreflex inhibition of lumbar sympathetic nerve activity. AB - We recently reported that intravenous vasopressin in anesthetized rabbits facilitates baroreflex inhibition of lumbar sympathetic nerve activity. The purpose of this study was to determine the possible sites of this facilitation. We found that intravenous infusion of vasopressin (16-32 mU X kg-1 X min-1) caused greater inhibition of lumbar sympathetic nerve activity than did phenylephrine for a given increase in aortic baroreceptor activity, suggesting a "central" action of vasopressin. A central action was supported also by the observation that the carotid baroreflex inhibition of lumbar sympathetic nerve activity was augmented by intravenous infusion of vasopressin when the carotid sinuses were isolated, filled with saline, and distended (aortic depressor and vagal nerves were cut). On the other hand, vasopressin also facilitated baroreflex inhibition of lumbar sympathetic nerve activity through an influence on arterial baroreceptors, because intravenous vasopressin caused greater afferent activity of the aortic depressor nerve per unit rise in arterial pressure than did phenylephrine. In a separate group of rabbits, intravenous infusion of vasopressin also elevated the level of afferent aortic depressor activity during increases in arterial pressure induced by intra-aortic balloon inflation. Furthermore, when vasopressin was confined to the isolated carotid sinuses, the reflex inhibition of lumbar sympathetic nerve activity during distension of carotid sinuses was augmented. We conclude that circulating vasopressin facilitates baroreflex inhibition of sympathetic nerve activity through a central nervous system action as well as through an effect on arterial baroreceptors. PMID- 3752277 TI - On the spectral analysis of blood pressure variability. PMID- 3752275 TI - Myocardial mechanics in allylamine-induced myocardial fibrosis. AB - To examine the effect of fibrosis on myocardial mechanics, we studied isolated left ventricular papillary muscles from 18 rats given 0.1% allylamine, an agent known to cause myocardial fibrosis, in drinking water for 4-8 wk. Six control rats were given tap water. Left ventricular hydroxyproline concentration was higher in the allylamine-treated group [3.47 +/- 2.12 vs. 2.10 +/- 0.66 (SD) micrograms/mg dry wt; P less than 0.01]. Because of variable and heterogeneous involvement of the ventricle by fibrosis, preparations from allylamine-fed rats were divided into two subgroups; data from four papillary muscles with more than 25% fibrosis by point counting (AL-B group) were compared with eight control muscles from nonallylamine-treated rats. A third subgroup of nine muscles from allylamine-treated rats but with normal left ventricular hydroxyproline concentration and fibrosis as determined by point counting served as another control group (AL-A) for the evaluation of effects of allylamine not due to fibrosis. Myocardial fiber diameters of AL-B preparations were significantly larger than other groups (controls, 12.1 +/- 1.7 microns; AL-A group, 12.7 +/- 1.7 microns; AL-B group, 18.0 +/- 1.2 microns; P less than 0.01). Passive and active stiffness constants in AL-B muscles were significantly increased compared with control and AL-A preparations (P less than 0.05). Electromechanical delay plus time to peak tension and the time for tension to fall from its peak to one half of that value at the peak of the length-tension curve were significantly prolonged in AL-B muscles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3752276 TI - Hydraulic conductivity of venous endothelium as measured with a volume clamp method. AB - Hydraulic conductivity (Lp) of cava vein endothelium was obtained with a new method that measures fluid flow at constant volume. Dogs were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. A vessel segment was removed, cannulated, and hung free from a force transducer calibrated to measure weight. Hydraulic pressure difference drove fluid across the vessel wall. This fluid was washed out from the vessel surface by external perfusion, causing a weight loss that was transmitted to a Grass polygraph through the force transducer. Shifting the polygraph balance caused a voltage output which was used to activate a controller operating a microsyringe pump. By injecting fluid into the vessel lumen, this servomechanism counteracted weight changes and kept volume and pressure at a fixed level. Recording the volume injected allowed continuous monitoring of fluid flow. This avoided the problems caused by frequent pressure and volume resetting in previous methods. Fluid flow was a linear function of the applied pressure (r = 0.87). Lp was 0.91 +/- 0.05 (SD) X 10-7 cm X s-1 X cmH2O-1. This value was very similar to those in continuous capillaries and arterial endothelium. PMID- 3752278 TI - Circadian urinary excretion rhythms in adrenalectomized rats. AB - The impact of the adrenal system on urinary rhythms was investigated in adrenalectomized (ADX) rats under various experimental conditions. During a 12:12 light-dark cycle the acrophases were shifted in ADX rats with respect to control rats. Under constant light conditions ADX rats displayed free-running rhythms, similar to those of control rats. The periods were stable in blind rats but not in rats maintained on a constant light cycle. The abrupt change in period, which occurred after approximately 8 days, suggests a stage of internal desynchronization. A 6-h delay in the administration of corticosterone to ADX rats caused a delay shift of the acrophases. A single intraperitoneal injection of corticosterone in blind free-running ADX rats caused delay or advance shifts so that we could construct phase-response curves for the various excretory rhythms. These observations indicate that the adrenals are not essential for the establishment of the urinary rhythms; however, corticosterone influences the phase setting of these rhythms. The site of action is probably the X pacemaker (controlling the body temperature rhythm), although we cannot totally exclude an additional effect on secondary (renal) oscillators. PMID- 3752279 TI - Thermal and metabolic adaptation to first cold-water immersion in juvenile penguins. AB - Juvenile king and macaroni penguins are terrestrial seabirds and must face an intensive and prolonged energetic demand during their passage from shore to marine life in cold subantarctic seawater. Evidence for progressive thermal adaptation was sought by measurement of metabolic rate (MR) and body (Tb) and skin (Tsk) temperatures in unrestrained, fully immersed penguins. Steady-state responses obtained after the 3rd h of immersion in never-immersed (NI) penguins were compared with those of penguins acclimatized to seawater temperature (A). NI macaroni penguins, unlike NI king penguins, showed a fall in Tb on their first immersion but, once acclimatized, were able to maintain their homeothermy due to an increase (greater than 3.2 W/kg) in regulatory thermogenesis. In NI king penguins, during a simulation of seawater adaptation by 10 successive immersions, MR at 7 degrees C water temperature (Tw) rose from 6.0 to 9.4 W/kg (becoming 3-5 times higher than in air), whereas Tb rose from 37.6 to 38.4 degrees C. In both species occurrence of peak MR at much lower Tw, progressive increase in thermogenesis capacity, and lower conductance in water after adaptation to marine life (28 and 36% less in A king and macaroni penguins, respectively) showed that the passage from shore to marine life consisted of a true cold acclimatization. PMID- 3752280 TI - Na-dependent D-glucose and L-alanine transport in eel intestinal brush border membrane vesicles. AB - Brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) were prepared from eel (Anguilla anguilla) intestine by a Mg-ethylene-glycol-bis(beta-aminoethylether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid precipitation technique; the BBMV were enriched 16, 12, and 13 times in leucine aminopeptidase, maltase, and alkaline phosphatase activities with respect to the starting mucosal scraping. D-[3H]glucose and L-[3H]alanine transport by these vesicles was studied by a rapid filtration technique. D-Glucose uptake was stimulated by a transmembrane Na gradient but not by an identical Na gradient in the presence of phloridzin or by a choline gradient. The Na-dependent D-glucose uptake was increased by rendering the vesicle interior electrically negative, suggesting electrogenic cotransport of the sugar with Na+. Kinetic analysis gave an apparent affinity constant (Kapp) of 0.20 mM and maximal rate (Jmax) of 6.87 nmol X mg protein-1 X min-1 for glucose influx in the presence of a Na gradient. In addition, a significant apparent diffusional permeability of these membranes to glucose (1.41 microliters X mg protein-1 X min-1) was observed. L-Alanine uptake in eel BBMV was shown to occur via 1) saturable Na-dependent pathway (Kapp = 1.29 mM, Jmax = 3.61 nmol X mg protein-1 X min-1), 2) a saturable Na independent pathway (Kapp = 0.59, Jmax = 1.49), and 3) a nonsaturable component representing apparent diffusion (permeability coefficient P = 0.57 microliter X mg protein-1 X min-1). These findings suggest that similar transport systems for glucose and alanine are found in the fish and mammalian intestinal brush border membrane. PMID- 3752281 TI - Perinatal anatomic development of alveolar type II cells in rats. AB - We studied the perinatal development of rat alveolar type II cells. The volume density (Vv) of lamellar bodies increased twofold from gestational day 21.5 to postnatal day 1 and 1.6-fold between age 1 and 60 days. The Vv of glycogen areas fell sharply between late gestation and postnatal day 1; this decrease was greater in pups delivered from dexamethasone- compared with diluent-treated dams. In utero administration of glucagon to fetuses on gestational day 21.5 caused a decline in the Vv of glycogen areas within 4 h. Pups from dams underfed in late gestation had a higher Vv of glycogen areas and a lower Vv of lamellar bodies on the first 2 postnatal days compared with pups from dams allowed food ad libitum. We conclude that rat alveolar type II cells are somewhat immature at birth; prenatal maternal underfeeding slows the pre- and postnatal maturation of alveolar type II cells; and 3) exogenous glucagon causes a fall in the Vv of glycogen areas in type II cells of fetal rats at gestational day 21.5. PMID- 3752282 TI - Activation of the central vasopressin system: a common pathway for several centrally acting pressor agents. AB - Hypertonic saline (HS) and angiotensin II (ANG II) administered centrally or peripherally produce a forebrain-mediated central nervous system-(CNS) dependent pressor action. Although the majority of these effects are due to increased central sympathetic drive and inhibition of the cardiac baroreceptor reflex, evidence from peripheral infusions of vasopressin (Vp) receptor antagonists have suggested that part of the blood pressure increase may be due to circulating Vp. We now report that blockade of CNS Vp receptors in rats, via a fourth ventricle infusion of a Vp receptor antagonist, attenuated greater than 70% of the pressor response to lateral ventricle infusion of HS, ANG II, or hypertonic glucose (HG). Intravenous administration of the Vp antagonist could block only 40% of the HS response. When lateral ventricle infusion of HS was performed in rats with a hereditary lack of Vp (diabetes insipidic rats) no pressor response was obtained. Because centrally administered Vp has autonomic nervous system effects that are similar to those induced by HS or ANG II, our results suggest that CNS Vp may provide a link between forebrain acting pressor agents and autonomic nervous system regulation. Finally, HG produced a pressor effect that had an equivalent peak response to HS. However, unlike the HS response, the pressor effect to HG returned to base line within approximately 5 min during a 10-min infusion. Thus there appears to be a quantitative difference in the pressor responses produced by activation of sodium vs. osmoreceptors. PMID- 3752283 TI - Recovery of blood volume and osmolality after thermal dehydration in rats. AB - Changes in blood volume and fluid intake were assessed continuously during recovery from thermal dehydration (approximately 6 ml/100 g body wt) in rats. Catheters chronically implanted into the jugular vein and descending aorta were connected with the system for continuous monitoring of blood volume. Changes in blood volume and fluid consumption were recorded for 2-6 h while tap water (TW group) or 0.45% NaCl solution (Na group) was provided ad libitum. As soon as the fluids became available, the rats in both groups drank a relatively large volume (2-3 ml/100 g) within 10 min. Thereafter, Na group consumed approximately 1 ml X 100 g body wt-1 X 30-60 min-1 and regained almost all water loss in 2 h, whereas TW group drank only approximately 50% of their water deficit. The percent of ingested fluid that remained in vascular space was 17% on average in both groups. Thus TW group replenished 80% of the depleted blood volume, whereas Na group regained almost all of it. Rehydration for 2 h decreased plasma Na concentration to the control level in TW group, whereas in Na group the level remained high. These results suggest that the lower fluid intake in TW group is due to the dilutional inhibition of drinking and that the osmoregulation has priority over blood volume regulation in restitution from thermal dehydration. PMID- 3752284 TI - Lesions in lateral parabrachial nucleus enhance drinking to angiotensin II and isoproterenol. AB - The lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) has been shown to be anatomically linked to a number of forebrain nuclei and medullary structures implicated in the control of body fluid balance and cardiovascular regulation. Although these connections suggest a role for the LPBN in body fluid homeostasis, there is currently little or no physiological or behavioral data to support this notion. The purpose of the present series of experiments was to determine the importance of the ventrolateral region of the LPBN (VLLPBN) in the behavioral response to various thirst challenges. Rats with electrolytic lesions of the VLLPBN and control rats were studied after administration of angiotensin II (ANG II) (1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg), isoproterenol (30 and 100 micrograms/kg), polyethylene glycol (20%) and hypertonic saline (4 and 12%). It was found that rats with lesions drank more in response to ANG II and isoproterenol administration than did control animals. PMID- 3752285 TI - Brown fat mediates increased energy expenditure of cold-exposed overfed neonatal rats. AB - Genetically lean rat pups, overfed by being raised in small litters of three from day 1 postpartum, rapidly become obese compared with pups raised in standard sized litters of eight. Because of the rapid onset of their obesity, we expected that overfed pups would exhibit defective brown fat thermogenesis as is seen in neonatal genetically obese rodents. O2 consumption (VO2) was measured in 2-, 4-, 6-, and 8-day-old homozygous lean (Fa/Fa) Zucker pups from each treatment. We determined minimum rate of VO2 at thermoneutrality and maximum VO2 in response to progressively colder ambient temperatures. Overfed pups were fatter than standard fed pups (P less than 0.001). But contrary to our prediction, overfed pups had a significantly increased maximum VO2 in response to acute cold exposure. To test the hypothesis that brown fat mediated the increased VO2 in the overfed pups, scapular brown fat lipectomies were performed on a new group of overfed pups at 2 days of age and compared with sham-operated littermate controls. On day 8, no differences in minimum VO2 were seen at thermoneutrality when brown fat is turned off. But maximum VO2 in response to cold, when brown fat is turned on maximally, was significantly reduced in the lipectomized overfed pups compared with sham operated overfed littermates. These data suggest that manipulations of diet, accomplished by raising pups in small litters, can increase brown fat thermogenic function. The results of the lipectomy experiment imply that brown adipose tissue is a primary mediator of the increased energy expenditure in response to acute cold exposure in the overfed pups. PMID- 3752286 TI - Metabolic sources of energy for hummingbird flight. AB - It has been known for some two decades that hovering flight in hummingbirds is the most energetically expensive muscle work known among vertebrates, but the metabolic support for such work has never been clarified. Measurement of the maximum activities of key enzymes of carbohydrate, fat, and amino acid catabolism in flight muscle and heart of rufous hummingbirds (Selasphorus rufus) reveals that the high ATP requirements of short-term hovering flight can only be supported by the oxidation of carbohydrate. Fat oxidation can support a substantially lower maximum rate of ATP turnover, indicating that this process can power only the lower +.++energetic requirements of long-term forward or migratory flight. Mitochondria isolated from flight muscle oxidize pyruvate and palmitoyl-CoA equally well. The inhibition of pyruvate oxidation by palmitoyl-CoA oxidation provides a mechanism by which fat oxidation inhibits carbohydrate oxidation in the transition from short- to long-term flight. PMID- 3752287 TI - Effect of adrenodemedullation on metabolic responses to high-intensity exercise. AB - To determine the role of epinephrine in glycogenolysis during high-intensity exercise, rats were adrenodemedullated (ADM) or sham operated (SHAM) and run for either 30 min at 38 m/min or for 5 min at 27, 38, or 48 m/min up a 15% grade. At the end of exercise the rats were anesthetized by intravenous injection of pentobarbital sodium. Liver, blood, and muscle samples were obtained. Plasma epinephrine values were 5.9 and 0.3 nM for SHAM and ADM animals, respectively, after 30 min of exercise. Liver glycogen decreased by 16 and 21 mg/g in the SHAM and ADM groups, respectively, and liver cAMP increased significantly in both groups. Glycogen in the soleus muscle decreased 80% in the SHAM but only 43% in the ADM animals after 30 min of exercise. The exercise-induced hyperglycemia observed in the SHAM animals was not present in the ADM animals. The responses of cyclic AMP, soleus glycogen, and blood glucose were similar in both the 5- and 30 min exercise groups. During intense exercise, epinephrine is unessential for stimulating liver glycogenolysis but does play an important role in stimulating glycogenolysis in the soleus muscle and in establishing exercise-induced hyperglycemia. PMID- 3752289 TI - Epithelial responses of rabbit tongues and their involvement in taste transduction. AB - The response of rabbit tongue, placed in a modified Ussing chamber, to salts [KCl, NaCl, NH4Cl, tetraethylammonium chloride (TEACl)], sweeteners (D-glucose, sucrose), acid (HCl), and a bitter tastant, quinine, was investigated for the first time. These experiments were conducted to further explore the new paradigm of taste transduction that correlates changes in the electrical behavior of lingual epithelia with neural responses. In addition, the responses of rabbit tongue data were compared with previously published data on dog and frog tongues. When increases in short-circuit current (Isc) for rabbit tongue induced by hyperosmotic concentrations of several salts were compared, the following sequence was found: KCl greater than NH4Cl greater than NaCl greater than TEACl. These results are consistent with previously published integrated chorda tympani responses (ICTR) as well as behavioral studies that showed that rabbits prefer KCl to NaCl with their natural diet. Pharmacological studies using ouabain and amiloride suggest that K and Na are traversing rabbit tongue through different pathways. The maximal stimulation of Isc by D-glucose and sucrose (in 50 mM NaCl) was significantly smaller than those measured for KCl and NaCl. The rabbit tongue was sensitive to HCl at concentrations less than 1 mM in agreement with ICTR measurements. PMID- 3752288 TI - Plasma volume changes during head-out water immersion in conscious dogs. AB - Blood volume (51Cr-erythrocyte dilution method), hematocrit, and arterial (Pa), central venous (Pv), plasma colloid osmotic (IIpl), and interstitial fluid hydrostatic (Pcps, Guyton's capsule method) pressures were measured continuously to determine the kinetics of the transvascular fluid shift during 100 min of water immersion (WI) at 37 degrees C in six splenectomized dogs. Urine flow increased by 180% above control levels (P less than 0.05) by 30 min of WI. Plasma volume (PV) started to increase at 5 min of WI and rose by 7.2% (P less than 0.05) above control levels by 35 min of WI, and then it decreased gradually. PV returned to control levels immediately after WI. Plasma protein concentration and IIpl decreased significantly by 0.2 g/100 ml and 1.2 mmHg, respectively, at 35 min of WI, while plasma osmolality and Na+ concentration were constant. Pa and Pv increased (P less than 0.05) by 25 and 12 mmHg, respectively. Mean capillary pressure, which was calculated from Pa, Pv, and an estimated pre-to-postcapillary resistance ratio of 5-12, increased by 13-14 mmHg while Pcps increased (P less than 0.05) by 17 and 26 mmHg at upper hindlimb and lower forelimb, respectively. The changes in mean capillary pressure and IIpl tend to promote capillary filtration in WI; however, the greater elevation of Pcps more than offsets these forces and leads to a net transvascular shift into the plasma compartment. PMID- 3752290 TI - Cardiac receptors, vasopressin, and corticosteroid release during arterial hypotension in dogs. AB - The relative roles of cardiopulmonary and sinoaortic baroreceptors in the regulation of vasopressin and corticosteroid release were evaluated in conscious dogs. The dogs were prepared with inflatable cuffs around either the ascending aorta, proximal to the brachiocephalic trunk, or the pulmonary artery. Inflation of the cuffs was adjusted to cause a reduction of mean systemic arterial pressure (MAP) of 0, 5, 10, 20, or 30% of control for 1 h in separate experiments. In spite of the profound systemic hypotension caused by constriction of the ascending aorta, plasma vasopressin failed to increase and corticosteroids increased only in response to a 30% decrease in MAP. In contrast, a 5% reduction in MAP during pulmonary arterial constriction increased plasma vasopressin and corticosteroid concentrations significantly. The apparent paradox in these results is correlated with different effects of the two maneuvers on left atrial pressure. Left atrial pressure increased dose dependently during inflation of the ascending aortic cuff but decreased during inflation of the pulmonary arterial cuff. In contrast, graded inflation of the pulmonary arterial cuff caused dose dependent increases in right atrial pressure, plasma vasopressin, and corticosteroids. Therefore, we conclude that powerful inhibitory signals, arising from the left heart, can inhibit vasopressin and hypotension release in response to systemic hypotension. PMID- 3752292 TI - Circadian principles and design of rotating shift work schedules. AB - Circadian rhythms may be disrupted when shift workers rotate from one work schedule to another. It has been suggested that in order to minimize the time needed to readjust circadian rhythms to a new work schedule the work time of shift workers should be rotated in a delaying rather than an advancing direction. However, delaying or advancing the work time does not imply that the sleep-wake cycle is also shifted in a similar manner. Indeed, after a complete rotation between the day, evening, and night shifts the sleep time will be advanced once, delayed once, and not shifted once, regardless of whether the workers are on a delaying or an advancing work rotation schedule. Thus circadian rhythms are likely to be perturbed in a similar manner whether the work schedule is rotated in a delaying or an advancing direction. PMID- 3752291 TI - Volume influences on thirst and vasopressin secretion in dehydrated sheep. AB - The contribution of extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) to water consumption and plasma vasopressin concentration (PAVP) after water deprivation for 52 h was examined in sheep. Intravenous infusion of isotonic NaCl, equivalent to either estimated ECFV loss or total body water loss, significantly reduced water intake by 37% when water was offered 3 h after infusion but not when water was offered 1 h after infusion. Plasma osmolality (POsm) was reduced after 3 h. Infusion of 200 mM NaCl, which maintained POsm, decreased water consumption by the same degree as isotonic NaCl infusion. Thus large decreases in POsm had no effect on water intake in this experimental protocol. Lack of inhibition of drinking 1 h after infusion suggests that the decrease observed after 3 h may have been mediated by receptors in the interstitial fluid (ISF) compartment and not the intravascular compartment. PAVP was reduced 3 h after infusion of NaCl but not at 1 or 2 h after infusion. POsm was also decreased at 3 h. Thus reduction of PAVP by NaCl infusion may have been caused by either ISF or intracellular fluid volume expansion. PMID- 3752293 TI - A DSM-III family study of the nonschizophrenic psychotic disorders. AB - The authors conducted a blind DSM-III family study based on probands diagnosed from long-term follow-up information as having schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder, or psychotic affective illness. The pattern of psychopathology in relatives of schizophreniform probands closely resembled that found previously in relatives of schizophrenic probands. Relatives of schizoaffective probands had an excess risk for schizophrenia, other psychoses, and bipolar illness. The pattern of illness found in relatives of the probands meeting Research Diagnostic Criteria for mainly schizophrenic schizoaffective disorder appeared indistinguishable from that of relatives of schizophrenic probands. Relatives of probands with psychotic affective disorder had an excess risk for schizophrenia and for unipolar and bipolar affective disorder. PMID- 3752294 TI - Spectrum and frequency of use of statistical techniques in psychiatric journals. AB - Educators in psychiatry face an important challenge in deciding what quantitative skills to teach and where in the educational agenda to teach them. One strategy is to focus the quantitative training of psychiatrists on techniques they need to be effective consumers of their literature. The authors catalogued the statistical methods described in 15 major psychiatric journals during 1983 and 1984. A dozen procedures, typically encountered in intermediate-level statistics courses, accounted for approximately 95% of all the statistical methods reported. Readers of psychiatric journals also routinely encounter multivariate, nonparametric, and categorization techniques. Educators might apply these results in designing exposure to statistical skills for future psychiatrists. PMID- 3752295 TI - Psychiatrist-patient sexual contact: results of a national survey. I: Prevalence. AB - In a nationwide survey of U.S. psychiatrists, 7.1% (N = 1,057) of the male and 3.1% (N = 257) of the female respondents acknowledged sexual contact with their own patients. Eighty-eight percent of the sexual contacts occurred between male psychiatrists and female patients. All offenders who had been involved with more than one patient were male. Forty-one percent of the offending psychiatrists sought consultation because of their sexual involvement with patients. The authors compare these results with those of previous surveys of psychiatrists and psychologists and discuss the need for addressing this problem within the psychiatric profession. PMID- 3752296 TI - Symptom profiles of patients with DSM-III anxiety disorders. AB - The authors used symptom profiles, demographic data, and other variables to compare 316 patients representing all specific DSM-III anxiety disorders except posttraumatic stress disorder to each other and to published norms for both an unselected psychiatric outpatient population and normal subjects. The results support the grouping of these disorders, with the possible exception of obsessive compulsive disorder, into one general diagnostic category of "anxiety disorders." The distinction between the specific diagnoses of simple phobia and social phobia was also supported; however, the differentiation between panic disorder, agoraphobia, and generalized anxiety was only weakly supported. PMID- 3752297 TI - Depression and depressive symptoms in preschool children from the general population. AB - This multiphasic study used four independent sources of information to investigate depression and depressive symptoms in a sample of preschool-age children from a general population. The study provides evidence that major depressive disorder exists in preschoolers and that stressful life events are associated with depressive symptoms; it underscores the importance of the teacher's report for identifying the presence of depression in this age group. Details of the findings, including a new scale for rating depression in young children, are discussed. PMID- 3752298 TI - The doctor-patient covenant and the threat of exploitation. PMID- 3752299 TI - Neuroleptic dose and desipramine concentrations during combined treatment of unipolar delusional depression. AB - The relationship of response to neuroleptic dose and desipramine plasma concentration was examined in 31 patients with unipolar delusional depression. The patients received either perphenazine or haloperidol for 1-2 weeks, after which desipramine, 2.5 mg/kg of body weight per day, was added. Neuroleptic dose varied among patients but was constant within individuals. Global response was rated retrospectively on the basis of outcome during the fourth week of combined drug treatment. Responders had higher plasma desipramine concentrations and had received higher neuroleptic doses than nonresponders had. The effective threshold level for desipramine was similar to that previously described for nonpsychotic melancholic patients, suggesting a similar mode of action for the drug in the two disorders. PMID- 3752300 TI - Agitated depression, alprazolam, and panic anxiety. AB - Three patients with agitated depression showed rapid and persistent response to alprazolam. At least two of the patients had prior panic disorder. Several lines of evidence suggest that agitated depression may sometimes be caused by unremitting panic anxiety. PMID- 3752301 TI - Pharmacokinetics of desipramine in Caucasian and Asian volunteers. AB - The plasma levels of 20 healthy Asian subjects who received a single dose of desipramine were compared with those of 20 healthy Caucasian subjects who received such a dose. The groups differed significantly only in that Asian subjects had an earlier time of peak serum concentration. PMID- 3752302 TI - Lorazepam and manic agitation. PMID- 3752303 TI - Hyponatremia associated with carbamazepine therapy. PMID- 3752304 TI - Akathisia associated with carbamazepine therapy. PMID- 3752305 TI - Lithium-aggravated nocturnal myoclonus and restless legs syndrome. PMID- 3752306 TI - Handling suicide threats in children and adolescents. PMID- 3752307 TI - The etiologic model of alcoholism. PMID- 3752308 TI - Withdrawal syndrome in a depressed patient treated with trazodone. PMID- 3752309 TI - Lorazepam for the treatment of psychotic agitation. PMID- 3752311 TI - Negative symptoms and cognitive deficits in schizophrenic patients. PMID- 3752310 TI - Variations in plasma drug levels from different laboratories. PMID- 3752312 TI - Is standard deviation always the right choice? PMID- 3752313 TI - Indications for CAT scans of psychiatric patients. PMID- 3752314 TI - The dexamethasone suppression test, poststroke depression, and the validity of DSM-III-based diagnostic criteria. PMID- 3752315 TI - Legal liabilities of long-distance intervention. PMID- 3752316 TI - Posttraumatic stress disorder, partial complex seizures, and alcoholism. PMID- 3752317 TI - Prostaglandins and mental disorder. PMID- 3752318 TI - Community health services for mentally retarded adults. PMID- 3752319 TI - Newborn screening: a potpourri of policies. PMID- 3752320 TI - Planning for community physician services prior to deinstitutionalization of mentally retarded persons. AB - This study assessed the need for physician services among a group of institutionalized mentally retarded individuals in anticipation of their transfer to community residential facilities and subsequent management of their care by community-based physicians. The clients' personal physicians in the institution identified every chronic condition which required physician services, and recommended the kind of physician and frequency of visits for the management of each condition. Key informants reviewed these estimates and determined if there were sufficient physicians in their communities to provide this care. Thirty-two per cent of the conditions but only 8 per cent of the clients could be managed by a primary care physician. The most frequently required specialties were neurology, orthopedics, and ophthalmology. While primary care services and many of the necessary specialty services were available in the community to meet the needs of these individuals, several specialties essential to the medical care of this group were not available. These included orthopedics for the multiply handicapped, neurology including behavioral neurology, and psychiatry. Deinstitutionalization policies which rely solely upon community physician services will lead to inadequate medical care in the community for some mentally retarded individuals. In these situations, alternative approaches to care must be developed. PMID- 3752321 TI - Two simple methods of spatial analysis and their applications in location oriented health services research. AB - This paper illustrates the usefulness of cartographic and centrographic methods in examining the locational characteristics of health care resources, such as specialist physicians' offices. Cartographic analysis involving map comparisons not only describes the nature of particular spatial patterns, but it also suggests relevant hypotheses on the basis of observed locational relationships among the mapped phenomena. Centrographic analysis generally substantiates the findings of simple map analysis by providing certain objective quantitative measures regarding the basic characteristics of a point distribution; additionally, it generates a graphic summary, the Standard Deviational Ellipse (SDE), which offers a convenient means for direct comparison of multiple spatial patterns. The essentially complementary nature of the two methods is highlighted, and it is concluded that they are most useful when used in conjunction with one another. PMID- 3752322 TI - Changes in Spanish surname cancer rates relative to other whites, Denver area, 1969-71 to 1979-81. AB - Cancer incidence rates for persons of Spanish surname and other Whites in the Denver, Colorado area were derived for two time periods, 1969-71 and 1979-81. The substantial deficits in total cancers for Spanish surname males and females relative to other Whites in 1969-71 diminished considerably for all age groups by 1979-81. The major determinants of this pattern were the rapidly rising Spanish surname rates for cancer of the colon and rectum, lung cancer, kidney cancer, female breast and uterine cancers, and male prostate, bladder, and hematopoietic cancers. There was a convergence of Spanish surname rates toward the other White rates for nearly all sites, regardless of whether other Whites showed increasing, decreasing, or stable rates. Notable exceptions occurred for cervical cancer, which dropped more slowly among persons of Spanish surname than among other Whites, and Spanish surname female stomach cancer rates which rose during the 1970s in contrast to a decrease among other Whites. The overall pattern is consistent with acculturation of persons of Spanish surname towards the majority's lifestyle, suggesting the value of more detailed studies of specific cancer determinants in the Spanish surname population. PMID- 3752323 TI - The effect of prescription eyewear on ocular exposure to ultraviolet radiation. AB - Several studies have suggested that ultraviolet radiation in sunlight may cause cataracts and other eye disease. We evaluated the effect of prescription eyewear in attenuating ocular exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in the sunlight portions of the ultraviolet spectrum (295-350 nm). Using natural sunlight as the source, the attenuation was measured with two ultraviolet detectors, one sensitive to only UVB (295-315 nm) and one sensitive to both UVA and UVB (295-350 nm). A random sample of spectacles, spectacle lenses, and contact lenses was examined. The average transmission, as measured with either detector, was highest for soft contact lenses, followed by glass spectacle lenses, untinted hard contact lenses, and plastic spectacle lenses. Measurements performed with mannikins wearing spectacles showed that an average of 6.6 per cent of incident radiation reached the eye even when the lenses were covered with black opaque tape. The amount of exposure was increased substantially when the spectacles were moved 0.6 cm away from the forehead. The results show that the protection against ultraviolet exposure provided by prescription eyewear is highly variable and depends largely on its composition, size, and wearing position. PMID- 3752324 TI - Do the sisters of childbearing teenagers have increased rates of childbearing? AB - In 1983, 89,000 children were born to United States women aged less than or equal to 16. To reduce teenage fertility rates, public health workers will need to identify teenagers at elevated risk for childbearing. We tested the hypothesis that the sisters of childbearing teenagers may form such a group. We performed an historical cohort study of 3,767 teenagers aged 12-16 years who were enrolled in Arkansas Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), 1978-81; they had 247 pregnancies. Multivariable log-linear hazard models were used to control and study age, race, number of AFDC-eligibles per household, and county urbanization and family planning services. Teenagers whose sisters bore children had elevated rate ratios (RR) for childbearing (RR = 1.8; 95% Confidence Limits [CL] = 1.2 2.6), as did Blacks (RR = 3.1; 95% CL = 2.0-4.8), and members of households with more than nine AFDC-eligibles (RR = 1.7; 95% CL = 1.1-2.6). Because they may have elevated childbearing rates, and would be easy to contact, the sisters of pregnant teenagers could form an important target population for family planning efforts. PMID- 3752325 TI - The prevalence and health impact of shiftwork. AB - Data from the National Center for Health Statistics National Survey of Personal Health Practices and Consequences were analyzed to determine the impact of variable shift schedules on health-related behaviors of persons in the United States labor force. Twenty-six per cent of men and 18 per cent of women in the US labor force reported working a variable shift in Spring 1980. As compared to men working non-variable work schedules, those working variable shifts exhibited higher rates of heavy drinking, job stress, and emotional problems. Female variable shift workers reported higher rates of sleeping pill, tranquilizer, and alcohol use, as well as lower social network scores, more job stress, and more emotional problems. PMID- 3752326 TI - Identification and classification of carcinogens: procedures of the Chemical Substances Threshold Limit Value Committee, ACGIH. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. AB - The Chemical Substances Threshold Limit Value Committee of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists has refined its procedures for evaluating carcinogens. Types of epidemiologic and toxicologic evidence used are reviewed and a discussion is presented on how the Committee evaluates data on carcinogenicity. Although it has not been conclusively determined whether biological thresholds exist for all types of carcinogens, the Committee will continue to develop guidelines for permissible exposures to carcinogens. The Committee will continue to use the safety factor approach to setting Threshold Limit Values for carcinogens, despite its shortcomings. A compilation has been developed for lists of substances considered to be carcinogenic by several scientific groups. The Committee will use this information to help to identify and classify carcinogens for its evaluation. PMID- 3752327 TI - Newborn screening for hemoglobinopathies: the benefit beyond the target. AB - As a result of New York State's Newborn Screening Program 4,565 neonates with trait hemoglobinopathies were identified and 3,200 families were notified of the results of testing their infants in New York City in 1982. Of the 1,531 families (2,190 parents) tested and counseled, 22 parents were diagnosed with sickle cell disease and 39 couples were found to be at-risk for having a child with sickle cell disease. Amniocentesis was performed in 14 of the 28 at-risk pregnant women and three of the four affected pregnancies were terminated. MCH-331001-01 to 04 PMID- 3752328 TI - Trichinosis in Southeast Asian refugees in the United States. AB - Between 1975 and 1984, the incidence of trichinosis in the United States (per million person years at risk) was 25 times greater for the Southeast Asian refugee population than for the general United States population. Cases in the southeast Asian refugees differed from those reported previously in the general population in geographic distribution and source of infected meat. Cambodians and Laotians accounted for over 90 per cent of the cases in the Southeast Asian refugees, but comprised less than 50 per cent of that total population. PMID- 3752329 TI - Firearms and youth suicide. AB - The firearm suicide rate for persons aged 10 to 24 has increased from 2.3 per 100,000 in 1933 to 5.5 per 100,000 in 1982. Over the same period, the suicide rate for this age group by all methods other than firearms has only risen from 2.5 to 3.3. The most dramatic rise in the firearm suicide rate has occurred primarily since 1970, notably among males aged 15 to 24. During the 1960s and 1970s there was a substantial increase in the number of civilian firearms in the United States. PMID- 3752330 TI - The impact of 'Bottle Bill' legislation on the incidence of lacerations in childhood. AB - We studied the effect of legislation requiring deposits for beverage containers on the incidence of lacerations in urban children. Records of emergency room visits for lacerations and fractures were reviewed for three years pre legislation (1980-82) and the immediate post-legislation period (1983). The incidence of total sutured lacerations did not change substantially after the legislation, but glass-related lacerations fell by 60 per cent, due to a reduced incidence in lacerations occurring outside of the home. PMID- 3752331 TI - Some properties of saliva cotinine measurements in indicating exposure to tobacco smoking. AB - The studies reported herein were designed to investigate some properties of saliva cotinine measurements in indicating exposure to tobacco smoke. Such measurements were found to be minimally affected by saliva flow rate or time since smoking as well as being sensitive to a low level of exposure to tobacco smoke. Results supported the view that the saliva cotinine assay is the most useful currently available method for objectively measuring exposure to tobacco smoke. PMID- 3752332 TI - When people and governments ignore disaster warnings. PMID- 3752333 TI - Geographic variation of female lung cancer in China. PMID- 3752334 TI - New Mexico's premarital rubella test program. PMID- 3752335 TI - Child safety seat Co-op in New Hampshire. PMID- 3752336 TI - Is the Oklahoma child restraint law effective? PMID- 3752337 TI - Stress factors in children. PMID- 3752338 TI - Passively acquired immunity in the newborn of a marsupial (Monodelphis domestica). AB - A colony of fully pedigreed Monodelphis domestica has been used to investigate the maternal-fetal relationship in this unique marsupial species. To determine how immunity is transferred from mothers to young in M. domestica, we hyperimmunized females with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) before and during gestation. Offspring from these females were collected at various times after birth, and saline extracts of the neonates were assayed for hemolysins against SRBC. Antibodies were present in extracts of newborn that had been allowed to suckle their mothers; none were detected in extracts of infants that were not allowed to suckle. Antibodies were present in the milk of immunized mothers, but were not detected in the milk of nonimmunized mothers. The titer of antibodies in the extracts of newborns generally increased proportionately to the time that the newborn had been allowed to suckle. We conclude that the transfer of passive immunity from mothers of M. domestica to their offspring occurs primarily via the milk. PMID- 3752339 TI - Production of immunosuppressor factor(s) by preimplantation human embryos. AB - Embryonic loss prior to implantation appears to be a significantly frequent phenomenon and this is further reinforced by the very low pregnancy rates reported by in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer programs. Implantation failure may possibly be the result of rejection of the antigenic embryo by the hostile maternal immune system. The mechanism by which embryos in successful pregnancies escape these rejection responses may depend upon their ability to produce factor(s) that suppress in vitro mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation. Only 43% of cleaved embryos demonstrated this ability. We postulate that successful pregnancies are dependent upon the production by embryos of immunosuppressor factor(s) that has a direct suppressive effect on the maternal immune response. PMID- 3752340 TI - A preliminary study on the measurement of static and dynamic motion at the glenohumeral joint. AB - Measurement of glenohumeral joint motion has, for the most part, been performed with the simple goniometer. The purpose of this paper is to describe a method for measuring and recording static and dynamic external rotation of the glenohumeral joint using the Cybex II Isokinetic Dynamometer and an MFE model 815 X-Y plotter. Static range of motion was assessed at 60 deg/sec using a slow arm action externally from a 90 degree abduction position. Dynamic motion was recorded at 300 deg/sec using a rapid rotational whipping action from a 90 degree abducted position. Measurements were recorded on three groups of athletes, and the influences of sex, hand dominance, overarm activity, and surgery were analyzed. The subjects in the first two groups were divided according to sex and their participation in overarm versus nonoverarm (control) activities. Static and dynamic motion in both groups was significantly influenced by sex and hand dominance (P less than 0.05). Although there was no overall difference in the motion measurements between the control and overarm groups, the interaction of this factor with sex and type of measurement was significant. Males who participated in overarm activities had, on the average, more static range of motion than males in the control group. A third group that had undergone a modified Bristow procedure for recurrent dislocation/subluxation of the shoulder demonstrated that static and dynamic range of motion were significantly reduced by the surgery (P less than 0.05). The average differences in static and dynamic motion between the surgical arm and its nonsurgical counterpart were 17.5 degrees and 21 degrees, respectively, resulting in an overall range of motion difference of 19 degrees.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3752341 TI - The effect of muscle stimulation during resistive training on performance parameters. AB - This study compared changes in movement velocity, force, and work from bilateral quadriceps muscle stimulation during resistive squatting exercise to identical exercise without stimulation. Both the group undergoing resistive training over 24 sessions (N = 9) and the group receiving the same treatment in conjunction with stimulation during the last 12 sessions (N = 9) showed significant improvements in measures of movement velocity, force, total work, power, sprint time, and vertical jump distance when compared to a control group receiving no treatment (N = 9). All subjects were baseline tested and tested at 3, 6, and 7 week intervals. Both experimental groups improved significantly for all measures, but the electrical stimulation group did not produce more significant changes overall than those with resistive training alone. However, when compared to control measures, the effect of electrical stimulation-augmented responses among some measures was more pronounced than the effect of resistive training alone. PMID- 3752342 TI - The effect of exercise on anterior-posterior knee laxity. AB - A commercial knee laxity testing device was used to quantitate anterior and posterior laxity before and after exercise. Measurements were made at 20 degrees of knee flexion and with a displacement force of 133 N (30 pounds). In sedentary controls no significant change in laxity was noted over 2 hours. Squat power lifters sustained no significant change in laxity after a series of squats (0.4 to 0.7 cm) using 1.6 times body weight. However, 18% to 20% increases in mean anterior and posterior laxity were noted in college basketball players after 90 minutes of practice and in recreational runners after a 10 km race. The role of muscle relaxation in such tests was also evaluated by measuring laxity in normal knees before and during general anesthesia. Negligible laxity change was noted. Thus, functionally "complete" muscle relaxation can be obtained during testing in the cooperative individual. In conclusion, basketball players and distance runners experienced a transient increase in anterior and posterior laxity during exercise. Power lifters doing squats did not demonstrate a significant change in laxity. It appears that repetitive physiologic stresses at a high strain rate produce significant ligamentous laxity, while a relatively few large stresses at a low strain rate do not. PMID- 3752343 TI - Exercise-related knee joint laxity. AB - Knee injuries are the topic of increasingly sophisticated research because of the importance in professional athletics as well as increasing participation in recreational sports. The role of conditioning and fatigue in these injuries remains controversial. Ligaments have high collagen content, and a viscoelastic response to stress would be expected. Because of the postulated relationship between laxity and knee ligament injuries, an experiment was designed using highly motivated athletes to test the hypothesis that exercise to the point of muscular fatigue may cause laxity of the knee and thereby place athletes at risk for ligamentous injury to the knee when fatigued. An exercise protocol was designed to produce muscle fatigue in the hamstring and quadriceps muscle groups. Knee ligament laxity was tested prior to and subsequent to the exercise protocol. To document muscle fatigue, isokinetic testing of right knee flexion and extension power was used several times during the exercise protocol. A knee arthrometer (KT-1000) was used to quantitatively document ligamentous laxity before and after exercise. The results indicated a significant lengthening in knee joint laxity between preexercise and postexercise in the left knee as measured at 15 and 20 pounds of passive displacement force (P less than 0.05). Maximum manual displacement also demonstrated a significant increase in joint laxity (P = 0.02). The right knee, which had undergone isokinetic testing, demonstrated a similar tendency but without a statistically significant difference before and after exercise. There was no significant preexercise side to side difference, but postexercise measurements demonstrated a left-right difference at 15 pounds, 20 pounds, and maximum manual displacement of statistical significance (P less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3752344 TI - Long-term results of nonoperative treatment of isolated posterior cruciate ligament injuries in the athlete. AB - The long-term results of 25 patients treated nonoperatively with isolated posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries were evaluated. Mean followup was 6.2 years (range, 2.2 to 16 years). All patients were evaluated both subjectively (questionnaire) and objectively (clinical examination, x-ray films, Cybex II dynamometer, and KT-1000 Knee Arthrometer). At followup, 80% of the patients were satisfied with their knees and 84% had returned to their previous sport (68% at the same level of performance, 16% at a decreased level of performance). Mean torque Cybex II quadriceps values for three velocities of testing (45, 90, and 180 deg/sec) in patients fully returned to sport and satisfied with their knees was greater than 100% of uninvolved quadricep; conversely, those not satisfied with their knees all had values less than 100% of uninvolved knee. The amount of knee instability as determined by the KT-1000 Arthrometer was not related to the patient's return to sport nor to knee satisfaction. We concluded that the majority of athletes with isolated PCL injuries who maintain strength in musculature return to sports without functional disability. PMID- 3752345 TI - The anatomy of the iliopatellar band and iliotibial tract. AB - Based on an extensive review of the literature and dissections of 17 fresh-frozen knee specimens, the authors divide the lateral fascia lata of the knee into two functional components: the iliopatellar band and the iliotibial tract. Aponeurotic, superficial, middle, deep, and capsulo-osseous layers contribute to these two functional components. The superficial layer of the iliotibial tract, combined with the deep, and capsulo-osseous layers, is hypothesized to function as an anterolateral ligament of the knee. The iliopatellar band provides stabilization of the patella against a medially directed force and is dynamically influenced by the vastus lateralis. The relationship of the iliotibial tract to extraarticular reconstructions of the knee with anterolateral rotatory instability is discussed. PMID- 3752346 TI - Prepatellar bursitis in wrestlers. AB - As part of a larger retrospective study examining all knee injuries sustained by the University of Iowa wrestling team over 6 years, prepatellar bursitis was found to be the most frequent injury and, therefore, was examined in depth. Of the 136 wrestlers studied, 13 developed an initial case of prepatellar bursitis. This represented 21% of all initial episodes of knee injuries. Five of these wrestlers had no recurrences, but the other eight together had 20 recurrences. Median time lost for the initial injury was only 4 days, but recurrences and surgeries added significantly to the total time lost. There were only two cases of septic prepatellar bursitis, but there have been six cases (in four wrestlers) in the three seasons since the end of the larger study period. The infecting organism in all but one case was Staphylococcus aureus and was penicillin resistant in all but one. There was no clinical evidence of infection in 50% of the cases, emphasizing the need to do a Gram's stain and culture (and, therefore, an aspiration) on all cases of prepatellar bursitis. The prognosis appeared better if the wrestler had no previous history of bursitis, suggesting that pathologic changes in the bursal wall may impair its defense mechanisms. In sharp contrast to all other knee injuries, most prepatellar bursitis cases occurred in the off-season. Most developed insidiously, but direct impact during a takedown maneuver is suspected as being the most frequent cause.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3752347 TI - Patterns of knee injuries in wrestling: a six year study. AB - Data on knee injuries sustained by the University of Iowa wrestling team over a 6 year period were compiled. There were a total of 136 wrestlers during this time. Fifty-one different wrestlers sustained 136 injuries (64 knees). Multiple parameters were examined for each injury, including date of injury; days lost; diagnosis; side injured; mechanism; occurrence during competition or practice; whether the wrestler was in control, "on the bottom," or both wrestlers standing; type of move being made at the time of injury; how far into a match or practice the injury happened; initial versus recurrent injury; principal form of management; weight-bearing status; and presence of knee pads. Each wrestler's weight class, years of experience, rank on the team, lead leg, and compliance were noted. We found an incidence of 30 knee injuries per 100 wrestlers per year. There were 11.5 knee injuries per 100 wrestlers per year requiring a week or greater time loss. This comprises over one third of all serious wrestling injuries. Exposure data revealed injury rates in matches to be almost 40 times those of practice. Wrestlers with previous knee injuries were at high risk for reinjury. Early season competition is an extremely high risk period. The most frequent injuries were prepatellar bursitis, lateral and medial sprains, and lateral and medial meniscal tears. We noted a relatively higher rate of lateral versus medial meniscal tears compared to other sports and a somewhat common presentation of a meniscal tear resulting from minimal trauma. The lead leg was injured most often. The takedown was the most frequent situation where any injury occurred. Defensive wrestlers appeared to be at higher risk during takedowns. The wrestler "underneath" was also injured more often. Compliance correlated with decreased recurrence of injury. Approximately 50% of wrestlers were found to be noncompliant with medical recommendations. Junior varsity wrestlers lost significantly more time than varsity wrestlers with equivalent injuries. There was no correlation of injury rate with weight class, period of match, timing in practice, or years of experience. PMID- 3752349 TI - Fine wire electromyography analysis of muscles of the shoulder during swimming. AB - Fine wire EMG of the shoulder was performed on 11 swimmers; 5 performed during dry land studies and 7 during aquatic studies. One individual underwent both studies. A cinematographic analysis was synchronized with the EMG data to determine what muscles were firing at each phase of the swim stroke. Eight muscles were studied: biceps, subscapularis, latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, serratus anterior, and deltoid. Three strokes were analyzed: freestyle, breaststroke, and butterfly. The freestyle and butterfly are frequently associated with impingement type syndromes in swimmers. It was determined that the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, middle deltoid, and serratus anterior were predominately recovery phase muscles. The latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major were predominately pull-through phase muscles. The biceps had mixed inconsistent activity during both phases. From dry land quantifications of the EMG signal it was determined that the serratus anterior functions near maximal muscle test during each stroke, and theoretically may fatigue with repetition. It is hoped that a training program aimed to strengthen the scapular rotators may help alleviate impingement syndrome in swimmers. PMID- 3752348 TI - The epidemiology of aerobic dance injuries. AB - Aerobic dance is currently the largest organized fitness activity primarily for women in the United States. In an attempt to identify and characterize the health problems associated with it, 351 students and 60 instructors from six facilities were followed for 16 weeks with weekly telephone calls. Of the 327 medical complaints reported during 29,924 hours of documented activity, only 84 (0.28 per hundred hours) resulted in any disability and only 2.1% required medical care. The shin/leg, foot and ankle accounted for nearly two-thirds of the injuries. Instructors were twice as likely to be injured as students. Both a history of prior orthopaedic problems and a lack of involvement in other fitness activities resulted in higher injury rates. Injury rates were influenced by the design and conduct of the aerobic program but not by brand of shoe or type of flooring. Aerobic dance appears to offer students the potential for fitness enhancement with a minimal risk of injury. PMID- 3752350 TI - The effect of wearing the complete Lenox Hill Derotation Brace on energy expenditure during horizontal treadmill running at 161 meters per minute. AB - Ten volunteer subjects (means age = 26.6 +/- 4.9 years, means height = 177.9 +/- 5.6 cm, and means weight = 76.9 +/- 11.2 kg) who had been wearing the Lenox Hill Derotation Brace (LHB) for a mean time of 23.9 +/- 28.0 months were familiarized with horizontal treadmill running at 161 m/min with and without the LHB. They were then tested randomly for four runs, two with the LHB and two without the LHB. Metabolic measurements using a device that counted footstrikes on the treadmill were taken during the 3rd and 6th minutes of each run. Regardless of sampling time, wearing the LHB produced significantly higher values for VO2 (4.58%, P less than 0.025) and heart rate (5.10%, P less than 0.004) compared to the no brace condition. Regardless of whether or not the subjects were wearing the LHB, 6 minute values were significantly higher than 3 minute values for VO2 (5.89%, P less than 0.0004), VE (10.8%, P less than 0.004), heart rate (5.35%, P less than 0.0000), and R (2.17%, P less than 0.038). The mean 6 minute values of VO2 with (37.42 +/- 3.55 ml/kg/min) and without (35.54 +/- 2.17 ml/kg/min) the brace fall within the range of expected values of 28.1 to 39.3 ml/kg/min derived from regression equations from the literature which predict VO2 response to horizontal treadmill running. Mean stride lengths while wearing the LHB (97.85 cm) were not significantly different from mean stride lengths without the LHB (98.56 cm). It is concluded that wearing the LHB produces a 4.58% increase in energy expenditure during horizontal treadmill running at 161 m/min which cannot be attributed to changes in stride length or to time of sampling during the run. PMID- 3752351 TI - Skeletal muscle profiles among elite long, middle, and short distance swimmers. AB - Skeletal muscle profiles of fiber composition and leg power and strength were obtained in 30 national caliber swimmers (20 males, 10 females). Subjects were classified into three groups based upon the distance of their primary events [long distance (LDS), middle distance (MDS), and short distance (SDS) swimmers]. Intergroup analyses showed that the LDS group had the highest values of percent Type I muscle fiber composition (percent Type I and percent Type I area), and the lowest values of leg power and strength values (vertical jump and torque-velocity relationships). In addition, when grouped by Type I fiber composition, subjects having greater than or equal to 50% Type I fibers had significantly lower vertical jump and torque values than those having less than 50% Type I fibers. Overall, the compositional and functional measurements were consistent with the specific metabolic and contractile demands of the different swim groups. PMID- 3752352 TI - Strain within the anterior cruciate ligament during hamstring and quadriceps activity. AB - The objectives of this study were to measure strain in the ACL during simulated: hamstring activity alone, quadriceps activity alone, and simultaneous quadriceps and hamstring activity. Seven knee specimens removed from cadavers were studied. Heavy sutures applied to load cells were attached to the hamstring and quadriceps tendons. Loads were then applied manually (hamstrings) and/or with an Instron testing machine (quadriceps) to simulate isometric contractions of the various muscle groups. Strain was measured using a Hall effect transducer. Acting alone, the isometric hamstring activity decreased ACL strain relative to the passive normal strain at all positions tested. Thus, hamstring exercises are not detrimental to ACL repairs or reconstruction and can be included early in the rehabilitation program after ACL surgery. Acting alone, at flexion angles of 0 degree to 45 degrees, the quadriceps significantly increased the strain within the ACL relative to the passive normal strain. Strain in the ACL during simultaneous hamstring and quadriceps activity was significantly higher than that during passive normal motion from full extension to 30 degrees of flexion. The hamstrings are not capable of masking the potentially harmful effects of simultaneous quadriceps contraction on freshly repaired or reconstructed ACLs unless the knee flexion angle exceeds 30 degrees. PMID- 3752353 TI - The diagnostic accuracy of ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament comparing the Lachman test, the anterior drawer sign, and the pivot shift test in acute and chronic knee injuries. AB - Eighty-five patients with knee injuries were included in a 4 month retrospective study that compared the relative accuracy of the Lachman test, the anterior drawer sign, and the pivot shift test. All examinations were performed under anesthesia and followed by arthroscopy, which confirmed 22 injuries. Of all ACL injuries occurring within 2 weeks of arthroscopy (N = 9), the pivot shift test was the most sensitive (88.8%), followed by the Lachman test with a 77.7% sensitivity. The anterior drawer sign was the least sensitive at 22.2%. All had specificities more than 95%. For all injuries of more than 2 weeks (N = 13), the Lachman and pivot shift tests were 84.6% sensitive, while the anterior drawer sign increased to a sensitivity of 53.8%. Again, all were specific to more than 95%. For all ACL injuries, irrespective of age, the Lachman test was 81.8% sensitive and 96.8% specific; the anterior drawer sign was 40.9% sensitive and 95.2% specific; and the pivot shift was 81.8% sensitive and 98.4% specific. The data support an accurate preoperative diagnosis in ACL deficient knees when the Lachman and pivot shift tests are positive, and essentially rules out this type of injury when these tests are negative. The anterior drawer sign, although widely used, is a poor diagnostic indicator of ACL injuries, especially in the acute setting. PMID- 3752354 TI - Chronic repetitive unrecognized flexion injury of the cervical spine (high jumper's neck). AB - Unrecognized flexion injuries of the cervical spine may lead to late instability and neurologic damage. These hidden flexion injuries may be from acute or chronic traumatic episodes. Cervical spine instability was seen in an amateur high jumper as a result of chronic repetitive flexion loading of her cervical spine due to incorrect landing technique. The instability from these types of flexion injuries is generally unrecognized on a routine lateral radiograph. The presence of slight anterior subluxation, simple compression fractures, or subtle kyphotic angulation at one cervical level should alert the physician to this diagnosis. Flexion extension views are useful to demonstrate this instability. Occupations and sports which involve repetitive flexion stress to the cervical spine are at risk for this type of late instability. Therefore, in high jumping careful attention to safe techniques of landing is of utmost importance. PMID- 3752355 TI - Acute compartment syndrome (anterior, lateral, and superficial posterior) following tear of the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle. A case report. AB - This case report documents an acute tear of the gastrocnemius muscle which resulted in an acute compartment syndrome of the anterior, lateral, and superficial posterior compartments of the leg. Prompt diagnosis by physical examination and Wick catheter, followed by surgical compartment release, resulted in a well-functioning extremity. Followup at 18 months revealed a normally functioning extremity, and Cybex evaluation revealed increased muscle strength in the involved extremity. PMID- 3752356 TI - Operative treatment of posterior shoulder dislocations by posterior glenoidplasty, capsulorrhaphy, and infraspinatus advancement. AB - Posterior dislocations of the shoulder are rare, comprising only 4% of shoulder dislocations. Several operative procedures have been described in treating recurrent dislocations, and results have been varied. A retrospective review of eight shoulders in eight patients treated by posterior glenoidplasty with capsulorrhaphy and infraspinatus advancement revealed generally good results. Followup ranged from 10 to 114 months, with an average of 36 months. Seven patients were classified as recurrent traumatic dislocators and one as a recurrent atraumatic voluntary dislocator. Results graded as good, fair, and failure were based on pain, range of motion, return to activities, recurrence, and roentgenograms. Six patients had good results with return to full activity, full range of motion, no pain, no recurrence, and no degenerative changes of roentgenograms. One patient, who has not returned to athletic activities and has occasional pain and limited range of motion, was graded as a fair result. The patient classified as an atraumatic voluntary dislocator has occasional feelings of instability and slight pain with strenuous activity, but has not had a recurrence and has no difficulty with activities of daily living. She was also classified as a fair result. There have been no recurrences or degenerative changes on followup radiographs. Computerized tomography performed on two patients documented a definite change in orientation of the glenoid. We feel that glenoidplasty with capsular reefing and infraspinatus advancement, if performed carefully, provides an excellent operative treatment for recurrent posterior dislocations of the shoulder. PMID- 3752357 TI - The operative treatment of scapulothoracic bursitis in professional pitchers. AB - Four professional pitchers with resistant scapulothoracic bursitis who have required surgical excision of the thickened bursa are reported. The average time duration of symptoms prior to surgery was 18.8 months. Conservative therapy consisting of rest, shoulder exercises, antiinflammatory medications, and cortisone injections failed to resolve the bursitis, and each pitcher was unable to compete secondary to pain. The incision was posterior, just distal to the tip of the scapula. The specimens contained cleft-like spaces lined by synovial tissue consistent with a bursa. All four pitchers returned to professional baseball the year following surgical excision of the bursa. We recommend early, aggressive, conservative therapy for scapulothoracic bursitis in the throwing athlete. Pitchers with a thickened, resistant scapulothoracic bursitis should have the bursa surgically excised. PMID- 3752358 TI - A mechanical and electromyographical analysis of the effects of various joint counterforce braces on the tennis player. AB - Biomechanical data on most bracing and protective equipment systems is lacking. To better understand the clinical success of counterforce bracing, a biomechanical analysis of braced and unbraced tennis players (serve and backhand strokes) was undertaken. Three-dimensional cinematography and electromyographic techniques were used. Three commonly used counterforce braces (lateral elbow, medial elbow, and radial-ulnar wrist) were compared with the unbraced condition. The overall results basically reveal positive biomechanical alterations in forearm muscle activity and angular joint acceleration dependent upon the brace and joint area analyzed. PMID- 3752359 TI - A new operative approach to snapping hip and refractory trochanteric bursitis in athletes. AB - This report concerns seven patients that had a painful hip due to snapping of the iliotibial band over the greater trochanter and resultant trochanteric bursitis, and whose symptoms were refractory to nonoperative treatment. An operative procedure that has not been previously described was performed. It involved the excision of an ellipsoid-shaped portion of the iliotibial band overlying the greater trochanter and removal of the trochanteric bursa. Five of the seven patients were evaluated at the time this report was prepared; the average length of followup was 55 months. Four were significantly improved or relieved of their symptoms, and the fifth was an operative failure with complete recurrence. This final patient underwent a second, more extensive partial excision of the iliotibial band, and was asymptomatic 1 year later. A review of the clinic records of the remaining two patients that could not be contacted revealed that they both had been doing well at their 6 month evaluation. For those patients with a symptomatic snapping hip and trochanteric bursitis unresponsive to conservative therapy, the procedure described is an effective method of treatment. PMID- 3752360 TI - Followup of the acute nonoperated isolated anterior cruciate ligament tear. AB - This report is an attempt to analyze what happens to an isolated ACL tear that is treated nonoperatively. The results of 40 patients treated initially by nonoperative means for this injury and followed an average of 4 years are reported. A very small percentage of these patients had associated meniscal pathology. Secondary reconstructive surgery was necessary in 12 patients (30%). Primary meniscal tears were present in 4 of 25 knees (16%) and secondary meniscal tears occurred in an additional four of the patients. Giving way was a problem for 36 (86%) of the nonoperated patients, but pain and swelling were not significant problems for most. Full return to unlimited athletic activities was possible for only four (14%) of the patients. Objective signs of ACL insufficiency could be demonstrated on all patients upon clinical examination at followup. Overall grading of the knees revealed 87.5% fair or poor results. PMID- 3752361 TI - Arthroscopic treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus. AB - A retrospective study of the arthroscopic treatment of transchondral fractures of the talar dome in 18 patients was conducted. Followup ranged from 3 months to 3 years; 10 patients had an average followup of 2 years (Group A) and 8 of 6.5 months (Group B). The 10 male and 8 female patients ranged in age from 14 to 40 years. Thirteen lesions were posteromedial while five were anterolateral. Fourteen of the 18 patients reported an inversion type injury to the ankle from playing various sports on weekends. One patient had a bimalleolar fracture of the ankle sustained in a car accident 18 months prior to referral, while the last patient in the series had a bilateral fracture of the os calcis from a work related falling incident. All patients underwent conservative care for at least 4 months prior to referral. Arthroscopic treatment consisted of partial synovectomy, debridement of osteochondral lesions with removal of loose fragments, curettage, abrasion, and, in one case, drilling. For analysis of postoperative management, patients were divided into two groups, 10 with the 2 year followup comprising Group A and the 8 with the 6.5 month followup in Group B. Group A was nonweightbearing for 6 weeks while Group B was ambulatory 2 weeks postoperatively. Group A was fully ambulatory when the 6 week nonweightbearing period expired. All patients had a full range of motion at the time of suture removal (1 week to 10 days). Both groups were evaluated objectively and subjectively. Excellent or good results were obtained in 88% of the patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3752362 TI - Athletic injuries: comparison by age, sport, and gender. AB - Injuries treated at the University of Rochester Section of Sports Medicine over a 7 year period were surveyed. Patients were drawn from professional, intercollegiate (Division III), high school, intramural, and unorganized athletics at the University and the surrounding community. Data on injury diagnosis was available for 4,551 cases, with data on age, gender, and sport of injury available for 3,431 of the cases. The average patient age was 21.6 years, with a peak in the 16 to 19 age group. Patients with fractures had an average age below the overall mean, while those with internal derangement of the knee, patellofemoral pain syndrome, and inflammatory injuries were significantly older than average. Males accounted for 80.3% of all injuries. For both sexes the most common areas injured were the knee and ankle, with sprains/strains the most common injuries. Injuries involving the patellofemoral articulation were significantly more frequent among females. The most common sport of injury was football, with greater than 12 times the number of injuries seen in the next most common sport. PMID- 3752363 TI - Outdoor and indoor soccer: injuries among youth players. AB - The incidence of injuries among youth soccer players (under age 16) participating in indoor soccer was 4.5 times that of youth players in outdoor soccer when calculated per 100 hours of team play, and 6.1 times greater when calculated per 100 hours of player game participation. Injuries were few among players under age 10 in either game, and the number of injuries increased with age in the older players. Medical assistance was required for 6.5% of the injuries among outdoor players and for 24.3% among indoor players. Overall, 66.6% of the injuries were the result of physical contact between players. No relationship was observed between the risk of injury and playing position, conduct of warm-up exercises, or the team having a licensed coach. PMID- 3752364 TI - Distal biceps brachii tendon avulsion. A simplified method of operative repair. AB - Rupture of the distal insertion of the biceps brachii may lead to severe functional impairment of the upper extremity on the basis of resultant weakness of elbow flexion and supination. When the diagnosis of a posttraumatic distal biceps tendon avulsion is made, a simple method of reattachment is possible and functionally warranted. PMID- 3752365 TI - Bilateral simultaneous patellar tendon rupture in a female collegiate gymnast. A case report. PMID- 3752366 TI - Stress fracture of the proximal phalanx of the great toe. A report of three cases. PMID- 3752367 TI - Posterior dislocation of the sacral apophyseal ring. A case report. PMID- 3752368 TI - The intestinal and rectal epithelial lymphocyte in AIDS. An electron-microscopic study. AB - Injury to the gastrointestinal tract may be mediated in part by the intraepithelial lymphocyte. In this study, we utilized electron microscopy to define the morphological appearance of 86 intestinal and 55 rectal intraepithelial lymphocytes observed in 11 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and one patient with AIDS-related lymphadenopathy syndrome. The data obtained from intraepithelial lymphocytes of AIDS are compared to those from 106 normal intestinal epithelial lymphocytes and 52 untreated celiac sprue epithelial lymphocytes. The AIDS epithelial lymphocyte possesses more organelles and appears "activated." Eighty-four percent of AIDS epithelial lymphocytes and 44% of normal epithelial lymphocytes possess lysosomal granules. There are 3.3 lysosomal granules/AIDS epithelial lymphocyte and 1.0 lysosomal granule/normal epithelial lymphocyte. Lymphocytes in AIDS usually possess multiple surface projections, which indent and make point contact with adjacent epithelial cells. Thirty-four percent of AIDS epithelial lymphocytes, 23% of sprue epithelial lymphocytes, and 2% of normal epithelial lymphocytes appear "activated." Lymphocytes in AIDS are "activated" in both the presence and absence of gastrointestinal pathogens. Epithelial lymphocytes are increased in intestinal, but not in rectal, AIDS tissue. Mucosal injury, including single cell necrosis, is minimal in the AIDS tissue. We speculate that the "activated" epithelial lymphocyte in AIDS, often possessing large lysosomes, could function as a cytotoxic effector in the development of gastrointestinal immune injury reported to be present in some patients with AIDS. PMID- 3752369 TI - Pulmonary and extrapulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Report of a case with bilateral renal angiomyolipomas, multifocal lymphangioleiomyomatosis, and a glial polyp of the endocervix. AB - The authors report an extraordinary case of a 33-year-old female who had pulmonary and extrapulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis, bilateral renal angiomyolipomas, multifocal lymphangioleiomyomatosis involving the uterus, ovaries, periadrenal vessels, and liver. The patient also had a glial polyp of the endocervix which represented retained fetal parts from an abortion 15 years earlier. Both ovaries showed multiple follicle cysts which may have been a source of endogenous estrogen. The classical stigmata of the tuberous sclerosis complex were absent. The multifocal lymphangioleiomyomatosis of the various organs described presents an extremely rare manifestation of this disorder. PMID- 3752370 TI - Intrathyroid thymoma. PMID- 3752371 TI - Localized intraarterial streptokinase therapy. AB - In a retrospective study, 26 patients underwent 34 episodes of selective intraarterial streptokinase infusion for peripheral arterial thromboembolic occlusive disease. Thrombolytic therapy was beneficial in 23 instances (67 percent), caused no change in 7 instances, and caused deterioration in 4 instances. Nine patients (26 percent) had a major complication and 15 (44 percent) had a minor complication. Puncture site hematoma, which occurred in 11 cases (32 percent), was the most frequent complication. Local thrombolytic therapy is an effective primary or adjuvant method of treatment for thromboembolic occlusive disease in properly selected patients. Protocols for the safe use of streptokinase therapy are necessary. Enthusiasm for thrombolytic therapy must be tempered by the recognition of its potential for serious complications, the requirement for intensive care monitoring, and the availability of dedicated radiologists and vascular surgeons. PMID- 3752372 TI - Chondritis of the burned ear: a preventable complication. AB - Chondritis may occur in up to 25 percent of burned ears and commonly follows a superficial partial-thickness injury. The onset is usually insidious and often delayed. Prevention is the key, as the treatment of an established infection frequently leads to disastrous consequences. Herein, we have reviewed 136 consecutive inpatients with burns of the ear. The burned ear was managed by careful, twice daily washing with minimal debridement, frequent application of mafenide acetate, and avoidance of pressure on the affected ear. Exposed cartilage was treated in the same manner, with surgical debridement of grossly nonviable tissue followed by skin grafting as necessary. There were no cases of chondritis in the series. Recognition of the potential for chondritis in any burn of the ear underscores the need for careful wound management, even for relatively minor injuries. The extreme difficulty of prospectively identifying the ear that will become infected coupled with the risks associated with more aggressive methods of prevention make these methods unwarranted. PMID- 3752373 TI - Amputation after extremity injury. AB - Extremity injury is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the trauma patient. The decision to amputate is a difficult one to make in a patient population still in the productive years of life. At the University of Louisville Hospital from 1976 to 1984, 37 patients with traumatic extremity injury required amputation. Ninety percent of these injuries were to the lower extremities. A decision for amputation was based on the absence of neurovascular function, the presence of fracture of the involved extremity, the presence of a large soft tissue defect, and the presence of severe contamination. Prompt amputation of such severely damaged limbs may be preferable to attempts at salvage. Early amputation offers the opportunity for prosthetic replacement and good long-term functional recovery. PMID- 3752374 TI - Esophagocoloplasty for cicatricial stenosis after chemical injury. AB - Our experience with esophageal replacement by transposition of the right colon with a segment of ileum in patients with cicatricial esophageal strictures caused by the ingestion of caustic agents has been discussed. We demonstrated, by means of the D-xylose test, that the length of ileal segment did not adversely affect the absorptive ability of the intestine, which returned to the preoperative level shortly after the operation and even exceeded that level 12 months thereafter. PMID- 3752375 TI - Free colonic perforation without dilatation in ulcerative colitis. AB - Free perforation occurred in only 7 of 702 patients with ulcerative colitis (1 percent) without toxic dilatation seen at The Mount Sinai Hospital from 1960 to 1981; however, these seven patients represented 30 percent (7 of 23) of all colonic perforations seen in patients with ulcerative colitis in our institution during the same period. Classic physical signs of peritonitis (silent, rigid abdomen and rebound tenderness) were absent in six of the seven patients, but all had a marked deterioration in general condition after perforation. Other signs included a sudden increase in severity of abdominal pain (three patients), marked abdominal distention (four patients), and a sharp decrease in frequency of bowel movements (six patients). Mortality was high (four of seven patients, 57 percent) and characterized by comparatively longer patient histories of colitis, longer current attacks, slightly greater delays between presumed perforation and operation, much higher transfusion requirements, and a 100 percent incidence of coagulopathy (thrombocytopenia and increased prothrombin time in three of four patients, and increased partial thromboplastin time in all four patients). The possibility of free perforation in ulcerative colitis must be considered in fulminating cases, even in the absence of colonic dilatation. Careful clinical monitoring and early surgical intervention may be the keys to reducing mortality. PMID- 3752376 TI - Results of surgical treatment for familial polyposis coli. AB - Seventy-seven patients with polyposis coli operated on at The Mount Sinai Hospital in the last 40 years were studied. Forty-two patients had a subtotal colectomy. Sixteen were found to have colon cancer at the time of operation, and a second rectal cancer developed in 50 percent of the survivors within 1 to 13 years after subtotal colectomy. Rectal cancer subsequently developed in only 3 of 23 patients without colon cancer. Thirty-five patients had total proctocolectomy or total colectomy with mucosal proctectomy and ileoanal anastomosis. Recurrent adenomatous polyps developed in two patients after mucosal proctectomy. A villous adenoma with carcinoma in situ of the ileum developed in one patient 30 years after total proctocolectomy and ileostomy. Another patient died from a periampullary carcinoma 24 years after subtotal colectomy. It seems that as the life expectancy of patients with polyposis improves, the incidence of small bowel and duodenal cancers may be expected to increase. PMID- 3752377 TI - Congenital and acquired internal hernias: unusual causes of small bowel obstruction. AB - Fourteen cases of small bowel obstruction caused by congenital or postoperative internal herniation of bowel and treated at the University and Veterans Administration Medical Centers, Jackson, Mississippi between 1970 and 1983 were reviewed retrospectively. Of the total, eight were congenital (three transomental, two paraduodenal, one foramen of Winslow, one ileocecal transmesenteric, and one paracecal) and six acquired (three transmesenteric, one behind a Roux-Y esophagojejunostomy, one behind a Roux-Y pancreaticojejunostomy, and one between limbs of an end colostomy mucous fistula). Gangrenous bowel was present at exploration in nine cases (64 percent, five congenital and four acquired). In no case was a correct preoperative diagnosis of incarcerated or strangulated internal hernia made. In each patient, except for one who died before celiotomy could be performed, reduction of the hernia contents, resection of necrotic bowel, primary anastomosis or, on occasion, enterostomy, and correction of the anatomic defect leading to the herniation were performed. Postoperative mortality was 31 percent (four patients). Each of the four patients had presented initially with gangrenous bowel. The clinical features and management of congenital and acquired internal hernias have been reviewed and correlated with therapeutic outcome. In addition, the difficulties in diagnosis and the features of various types of these hernias have been discussed with comments made regarding prevention of the acquired forms of these rare hernias, along with the embryologic background and methods of management of the various congenital defects. PMID- 3752378 TI - Computerized tomography in the evaluation of the late complications of acute pancreatitis. AB - The role of computerized tomography in the diagnosis and treatment of late complications of acute pancreatitis was evaluated in 25 patients with acute pancreatitis. The clinical severity of the pancreatitis was assessed by Ranson's criteria. In each patient. the scan showed abnormalities of the pancreatic and at least one intraabdominal extrapancreatic extension of the disease. The scan precisely locates the intraabdominal extensions secondary to acute pancreatitis, and thus can guide surgical drainage, but it is less accurate in differentiating solid infiltration of fat planes from necrotic collections. However, in most of our patients, the association of general signs of sepsis with a collection shown on computerized tomographic scan indicated necrosis requiring surgical drainage. PMID- 3752379 TI - Liver atrophy complicating benign bile duct strictures. Surgical and interventional radiologic approaches. AB - The hepatic atrophy and hypertrophy complex has been described in a selected group of nine patients with benign bile duct stricture. The clinical features common to this group were a high biliary stricture and a long-standing history of cholangitis and intermittent jaundice. A history of multiple surgical procedures and associated vascular damage or portal hypertension is strongly suggestive of the atrophy and hypertrophy complex. The radiologic criteria for the diagnosis of this condition are presented. Computerized tomography and HIDA scintigraphy were valuable as noninvasive means to diagnose lobar liver atrophy. The atrophy and hypertrophy complex described herein poses significant therapeutic problems and demands approaches other than those normally applicable for high biliary strictures. A combined surgical and radiologic approach with additional interventional radiologic procedures may be appropriate in patients in whom hilar anastomosis is difficult or impossible. PMID- 3752380 TI - Leaks and obstruction after gastric resection. AB - Postoperative gastric retention may be minimized by avoiding the use of the Billroth I reconstruction when a large duodenal ulcer must be retained. Postoperative gastric retention is more likely to remit with conservative therapy if the procedure was a Billroth I reconstruction with a vagotomy. In other instances where there is difficulty in gastric emptying, a mechanical cause should be strongly suspected. The optimum duration of a conservative trial with suction for postoperative gastric retention may be debatable, and contrast radiography or endoscopy may be helpful; however, patience and suction are not long-term substitutes for a needed operation. PMID- 3752381 TI - Clinical results of reoperation after failed highly selective vagotomy. AB - The results after reoperation after failed highly selective vagotomy during a 10 year period have been reviewed retrospectively. Forty of 306 patients (13 percent) underwent reoperation due to recurrent ulcer (25 patients), severe dyspepsia without proved recurrence (12 patients), and gastric stasis without recurrence (3 patients). In the first two groups, 16 patients had a second vagotomy and 17 underwent partial gastrectomy, 10 with gastroduodenostomy and 7 with gastrojejunostomy. The need for a second reoperation was disquietingly high after both revagotomy (5 of 16 patients) and partial gastrectomy with gastroduodenostomy (4 of 10 patients). These results contrasted with a successful outcome in all seven patients who underwent reoperation with partial gastrectomy and gastrojejunostomy. At the time of follow-up, 85 percent of the reoperated patients (34 of 40 patients) were in Visick grade 1 or 2 as determined by their own judgement. PMID- 3752382 TI - Recurrence after highly selective vagotomy should be treated by gastric resection. PMID- 3752383 TI - Valvuloplasty plus fundoplasty to prevent esophageal regurgitation in esophagogastrostomy after proximal gastrectomy. AB - To prevent regurgitation esophagitis in esophagogastrostomy after proximal gastrectomy, valvuloplasty plus fundoplasty was carried out in 17 patients with stomach cancer or cancer of the abdominal esophagus. For this purpose, an equilateral triangular flap of 2.5 cm per side was formed at the upper margin of the remaining stomach along the greater curvature. The flap was inverted into the stomach only to serve as a valve. After the esophagogastrostomy was properly performed, fundoplasty was carried out, lifting and suturing the uppermost edge of the stomach to the esophagus along the greater curvature. To prevent pylorospasm as a result of reduced gastric volume, pyloromyotomy was also performed. The results were excellent in those followed for more than 1 year. The technique is simple and effective and, we believe, deserves further clinical evaluation. PMID- 3752384 TI - Jejunal interposition gastroduodenostomy with automated suturing devices. AB - An innovative technique utilizing staplers for jejunal interposition gastroduodenostomy has been presented. The merit of our method is the simplification of the original manual procedure, including easier maneuvers, while preserving operative safety. Seven patients were operated on with the technique described, and functional results were good to excellent 5 or more years postoperatively. PMID- 3752385 TI - Arteriography performed in the emergency center. AB - Arteriography is a sensitive, accurate diagnostic tool for the evaluation of suspected peripheral arterial injuries. A single hand injection study in the emergency center offers a simple, cost-effective, and time-saving maneuver for accomplishing this goal. It is noteworthy that the techniques described are performed with only a minimum of equipment and demand no special training on the part of the radiologic technician. Emergency center arteriography can be beneficial for ruling out suspected peripheral vascular injury in the massively injured patient who will require other extensive procedures. However, the procedure described is probably most beneficial for excluding potential injury in the patient who has no sign of arterial injury other than anatomic proximity of a blunt or penetrating injury to a peripheral vessel. It is true that many surgeons will not order formal arteriograms on an emergency basis for the asymptomatic patient with normal distal pulses, yet we have found that 13 percent of such patients require operative intervention for an arterial injury. It is in precisely this setting that the surgeon can perform a rapid arteriogram in the emergency center. After a negative arteriogram is obtained, the patient can be discharged from the emergency center or admitted for observation with the assurance that arterial injury is absent. PMID- 3752386 TI - Occlusion of a hepatic arterial aneurysm with gianturco coils in a patient with the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. AB - Successful transcatheter occlusion of a proper hepatic arterial aneurysm in a patient with type IV Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is reported. This patient also had multiple, small intrahepatic arterial aneurysms, stenosis, and vascular occlusions. A spontaneous colonic perforation brought this patient to medical attention. PMID- 3752387 TI - Blood transfusions and surgery for cancer. PMID- 3752388 TI - Cisplatin: evaluation of its ototoxic potential. AB - The ototoxic potential of cisplatin was analyzed in an organ culture model exposing the hair cells and other inner ear structures to cisplatin doses from 0.1 to 10 micrograms/ml. Selective hair cell degeneration was obvious at concentrations of 0.1 microgram/ml. Incubation with 1 microgram/ml caused morphologic damage in the supporting cells in both the cochlear and vestibular parts of the labyrinth. Exposure to 10 micrograms/ml during five days caused a total collapse of the membranous labyrinth. The morphologic degeneration pattern at the ultrastructural level is nonspecific, except that nuclear chromatin was either swollen and disintegrated or considerably condensed. Based on inner ear concentrations equivalent to aminoglycoside antibiotics in the range of 0.1 to 10 micrograms/ml, cisplatin is, in the in vitro model used in this study, the most ototoxic drug known. However, because of its single dose administration and long intervals between administration, clinical ototoxicity is less pronounced than that from aminoglycoside antibiotics. PMID- 3752389 TI - Cochlear hair cell damage from intermittent noise exposure in young and adult guinea pigs. AB - A comparative study of age-dependent damage to cochlea from intermittent noise exposure was carried out on five-week-old and one-year-old pigmented guinea pigs. Hair cell loss in the organ of Corti was studied after five weeks' exposure to a pure tone stimulus (95 dB SPL at 2 kHz, one hour per day for five weeks). The noise-induced damage was sharply limited to the 7- and 11-mm marks from the apex. Damage was more marked in younger guinea pigs and was distinct from natural age induced cell loss. When the 7- to 11-mm zone was further analyzed, outer hair cell damage appeared highly significant in both age groups but more severe in younger animals. Inner hair cell damage in this area was severe in both groups but statistically insignificant. PMID- 3752390 TI - Volumetric changes of the aerated middle ear and mastoid after insertion of tympanostomy tubes. AB - Volumetric changes of the middle ear and mastoid were measured monthly by the direct volumetric method in 28 ears from 21 patients (12 children and nine adults) with otitis media with effusion. The mean volumetric increase immediately after the insertion of the tubes was 1.56 ml and was attributed to the volume of effusion aspirated from the tympanic cavity and mastoid antrum. The volume increased significantly for three months (P less than 0.01). The increase was speculated to be due to disappearance of the mucosal edema and of effusion in the tympanic cavity and mastoid. The volumetric changes showed little increase thereafter. PMID- 3752391 TI - Familial incidence of labial pits. AB - Congenital pits of the lower lip are rare malformations, inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion (penetrance approximately 80 per cent), and closely associated with cleft lip, cleft lip/palate, or isolated cleft palate. The phenomenon of paramedian labial pits is discussed, and an example of inheritance pattern is reported. PMID- 3752392 TI - [Assessment of the risk for developing the neonatal respiratory distress syndrome by using the amniotic fluid with blood and meconium from a normal pregnancy]. PMID- 3752393 TI - [Monitoring control possibilities for assessing and managing premature labor]. PMID- 3752394 TI - [Serum level of folic acid in mother and newborn infant--relation to body weight at birth]. PMID- 3752395 TI - [Surgical treatment of inflammatory diseases in gynecology and the inflammatory complications of obstetrical and gynecological operations]. PMID- 3752396 TI - [Drug treatment of inflammatory postoperative complications]. PMID- 3752397 TI - [Experience of the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of the 1st Workers Hospital in Sofia in preventing vaginal prolapse in vaginal hysterectomy]. PMID- 3752398 TI - [Methods for improving the efficacy of total hysterectomy performed at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of the 1st Workers Hospital in Sofia]. PMID- 3752399 TI - [Electron microscopic research in condylomatous lesions of the cervix uteri]. PMID- 3752400 TI - [Ultrastructural research on human spermatozoa in 2 cases of severe disorders of motility]. PMID- 3752402 TI - [Selection of spermatozoa in the cervical mucus]. PMID- 3752401 TI - [Treatment of oligoasthenozoospermia with vitamin B12]. PMID- 3752403 TI - [Antenatal diagnosis of intrauterine hypotrophy--methods and results]. PMID- 3752404 TI - The medical malpractice "insurance crisis". PMID- 3752405 TI - Endometriosis 1985. PMID- 3752406 TI - Medical pathology conference. Altered level of consciousness and right hemiparesis in a 24-year-old woman. PMID- 3752407 TI - Advances in detection, localization, and treatment of abdominal abscesses. PMID- 3752408 TI - Current status of whole body imaging with magnetic resonance. PMID- 3752409 TI - Neoplastic angioendotheliomatosis and prostatic carcinoma coexisting in a patient. A case report. PMID- 3752410 TI - Collaboration between a U.S. university and institutions and agencies abroad. The Sparkman Center experience. PMID- 3752411 TI - Local anesthesia and arthroscopic surgery of the knee. PMID- 3752412 TI - Infant apnea syndromes. Part III. PMID- 3752413 TI - Incest in Alaska: a legal and ethical dilemma for the physician. PMID- 3752414 TI - Cost savings of regionalized perinatal care for low birthweight infants: Part I. Mortality. PMID- 3752415 TI - Pollen seasons: forecasts of the most important allergenic plants in Finland. AB - Occurrence of airborne pollen in Finland has been studied for 10 years in Turku (southern Finland), 8 years in Oulu, 4 years in Kuopio (central Finland) and 7 years at Kevo (northern Lapland). Observations on the pollen seasons of alder, birch, grasses and mugwort are presented. All these pollens occur in south and mid- Finland in quantities capable of causing allergy symptoms. Except for birch pollen, allergenic pollens occur in far lower concentrations than in central Europe. In northern Lapland only birch and pine pollen concentrations are high. Pollens may occur without signs of local flowering when there are southerly winds. This finding suggests that long-distance transport is an essential contributing factor to the occurrence of pollens. There are wide year-to-year variations in the start of pollen seasons and the quantities of pollens. The variations in the start of birch and grass pollen seasons could very much depend on the mean temperature in April. However, a forecasting model based on this and other spring-time temperature parameters often fails to give sufficiently accurate forecasts. PMID- 3752416 TI - Comparison of two assays for the determination of specific IgE in serum of atopic and nonatopic subjects: the Allergenetics FAST and the Phadezym RAST. AB - The FAST assay (Allergenetics) for the determination of specific IgE has recently been introduced. The results of this test, graded in classes 0 (negative), 1 (equivocal) and 2 to 6 (positive) were compared with those of another commercially available test (Phadezym RAST, Pharmacia), graded from class 0 (negative) and classes 1 to 4 (positive). In 52 adults suffering from rhinitis/asthma, a total of 114 positive skin prick tests (SPT) were obtained for common respiratory allergens. In 67% of these tests the Phadezym RAST was positive and in 63% the FAST was positive (classes 2 to 6). In these patients there were 151 negative SPT: 6% corresponded to a positive Phadezym RAST (all class 1) and 34% to a positive FAST (classes 2 to 6). The serum of nine nonatopic volunteers who had negative SPT for 12 common allergens were tested. In none did the Phadezym RAST give any positive results; the FAST was positive in all nine sera, detecting between five and 11 allergens. When both assays were performed on 14 unselected cord blood samples, the Phadezym RAST was positive in three samples (with class 1 results to a maximum of two allergens), and the FAST was positive in 12 samples, detecting between one and seven allergens. Thus, in our hands, the FAST gave an abnormally high number of positive results in patients with negative SPT, in nonatopic volunteers, and in cord blood. PMID- 3752417 TI - The in vitro and in vivo effect of a new non-halogenated corticosteroid - budesonide - aerosol on human ciliary epithelial function. AB - The in vitro and in vivo effect on the ciliary epithelial function of a new corticosteroid (budesonide), with a high topical and negligible systemic activity, was investigated. Ciliary function is an important factor in the nasal clearance mechanism. It must not be hampered by drugs or additives. Ciliary beat frequency (CBF) was measured in vitro with a photo-electric method. CBF appeared to be only slightly decreased by the budesonide and placebo aerosols. As there is no significant difference in ciliotoxicity between the aerosols, the small decrease may be caused by the solubilizing excipient. The influence of the aerosols in vivo was measured in human volunteers as changes in mucus transport time (MTT) with the indigocarmine/saccharine sodium method. Ciliotoxicity in vivo could not be found. PMID- 3752418 TI - Intestinal permeability as assessed with polyethyleneglycols in birch pollen allergic children undergoing oral immunotherapy. AB - Twenty-four children with rhinoconjunctivitis due to birch pollinosis were treated in a double-blind manner with enteric-coated capsules containing either a high dose of a birch pollen preparation (n = 11) or placebo (n = 13). The permeability of the small intestine was analysed at three different occasions with a mixture of differently sized polyethyleneglycols (PEG 400 and PEG 1000), before the start of oral immunotherapy (OIT), at the moment of maximum allergen dose, and after 3 months of therapy which was at the beginning of the pollen season. The actively treated children did not significantly change their permeability characteristics as determined from PEG recovery in the urine. By contrast, in the control group of patients the recovery of larger PEG molecules was decreased after 3 months of therapy, possibly due to the commencing pollen season. In addition, small bowel biopsies were taken at the time of maximum allergen dose from two children openly treated with OIT. Both specimens were normal. PMID- 3752419 TI - A longitudinal study of the influence of azathioprine on natural killer cell activity. AB - Natural killer (NK) cell activity against K562 target cells was studied in six patients with definite or classical rheumatoid arthritis before and during treatment with azathioprine. Azathioprine induced suppression of NK cell activity, but treatment with azathioprine for 5-8 months was necessary before NK cell activity was completely suppressed. In vitro incubation of mononuclear cells from a healthy donor with azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine in concentrations not reducing cell viability did not inhibit NK cell activity, nor did sera from patients treated with azathioprine for more than 6 months. PMID- 3752420 TI - Clinical and immunological effects of oral immunotherapy with a standardized birch pollen extract. AB - Oral immunotherapy (IT) was evaluated in a pilot study in two centres in children aged 8-15 years with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. High doses (up to 20 X 10(6) BU monthly) of a defined freeze-dried birch pollen extract administered in enteric-coated gelatine capsules were given either daily for seven consecutive days every month or once weekly. Symptom scores, as assessed by sneezing, dripping and blockage of the nose, and redness, itching and swelling of the eyes, were significantly lower in treated patients compared to untreated, or placebo treated controls after 3 to 5 months of therapy. In all the 16 treated, but only in three of eight untreated patients, the scores were lower during the pollen season 1982 than during the pollen season preceding the treatment period, despite comparable pollen counts during the two seasons. One year after beginning treatment the reactivity in conjunctival provocation tests was decreased about 10 fold (P less than 0.001) in the patients receiving more than 2 X 10(5) BU monthly compared to about two-fold in patients receiving lower doses, or placebo. Increased levels of IgE antibodies directed against birch pollen were recorded in the serum and saliva of most patients after 3-4 months of active IT. In contrast, IgG antibody responses were poor in most of the patients. Side effects, particularly from the gastrointestinal tract, appeared in all treated children. In one of them a systemic reaction occurred during IT. The study indicates that properly performed oral IT with a potent birch allergen extract in enteric-coated capsules may be effective. PMID- 3752421 TI - Maternal smoking leads to increased cord serum IgG3. AB - IgG subclass levels in cord serum of unselected European newborns were studied in relation to parental smoking. Cord IgG3 was significantly (P less than 0.01) higher in newborns of smoking mothers (n = 18; geom.mean = 87.0%) compared to those of non-smoking mothers (n = 66; geom.mean = 61.0%). Maternal smoking did not influence (P greater than 0.10) cord IgG2 or cord IgG4. Paternal smoking did not affect any of the three immunoglobulins in cord serum (P greater than 0.10). These data suggest that tobacco smoking affects IgG3 synthesis in some direct or indirect way. PMID- 3752422 TI - [Plasma concentration and amnesia following lormetazepam and flunitrazepam in i.v. premedication]. AB - The correlation between serum levels and degree of amnesia following 0.03 mg/kg lormetazepam or 0.02 mg/kg flunitrazepam was analysed in a prospective randomised single-blind study evaluating 20 patients with ASA classification I in each group. Blood specimens were drawn and amnesia tests performed 20, 40 and 60 min. after drug administration. The plasma level of lormetazepam was 1.8 to 2.0 times higher than that of flunitrazepam; however, the difference of lormetazepam concentrations was considerably large between the investigated individuals. There was no difference in the degree of amnesia, but also no correlation with plasma levels was measured. A serum level breakpoint for the occurrence of amnesia could not be defined. PMID- 3752423 TI - [Intraoperative monitoring in artificial respiration of premature and newborn infants. II. Monitoring of arterial oxygenation]. AB - Monitoring of adequate arterial oxygenation serves to avoid periods of hypoxaemia and hyperoxaemia with potentially life threatening or organ-damaging sequelae. Basic clinical monitoring, i.e., inspection and auscultation, is mandatory. In all infants, paO2 may be continuously and indirectly monitored by measurement of transcutaneous pO2 (tcpO2). The use of pulse oximetry for non-invasive measurement of arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) is still undergoing clinical testing. Invasive monitoring of gas exchange is essential in prolonged or intrathoracic interventions as well as in neonates with cardiopulmonary problems. paO2 can be estimated by capillary blood gas analysis; arterial blood gas analysis, however, is required for exact determination of paO2 and of the arterio cutaneous pO2 gradient (atcDO2). Intraarterial fibre optic determination of oxygen saturation or determination of paO2 with an intraarterial Clark electrode does not appear to be well suited for intraoperative conditions. PMID- 3752424 TI - [Thoughts on alarm processing in intensive care medicine and anesthesia monitoring]. AB - The experiences in alarm processing gained during computerised arrhythmia detection are transferred to the field of intensive care and anaesthesia, and are developed further. Here, the number of considered alarms has to be held as low as possible because there are many more different parameters and devices that can cause an alarm. Within the considered alarm, the number of false alarms must also be minimized. We tried to develop a methodology of alarm processing. Great effort has been spent on a uniform and effective notification, resetting, and documentation of alarms. As a means for alarm notification, acoustical devices with different sounds, lamps with different colours, alphanumeric and graphical screen displays are discussed. The manner of resetting (true/false) determines the subsequent alarm path. Besides special alarm history reports, documentation must connect alarm events with the normal patient records. PMID- 3752425 TI - [Thiopental levels in the plasma during induction of anesthesia]. AB - The thiopentone sodium surge in plasma was investigated in 15 elderly surgical patients and 10 young adults during injection, over a period of 1 minute, of 4 mg of anaesthetic per kg of fat-free body weight (in 18 patients), and 5 mg per kg of fat-free body weight (7 patients). In keeping with prolonged circulation time in old age, thiopentone sodium reached the sampling site faster in the younger patients than it did in the older patients. In the majority of cases, thiopentone sodium concentrations in plasma reached a maximum of between 60 and 80 micrograms/ml. Mean thiopentone sodium concentrations in the older patients were 10% higher, but here values differed so widely that this result must be regarded as coincidental. It was, accordingly, impossible to establish any statistically verifiable differences between young and old patients by estimating the volume of thiopentone sodium distribution shortly after the end of injection. Plasma protein binding, 85% on average, with extremes ranging from 79% to 89% did not depend on thiopentone concentration or age. In the group of patients studied, it was not possible to confirm statistically that the plasma protein concentration influenced the rate of binding. Dosage according to fat-free body weight did not diminish inter-individual differences in plasma concentration-time profiles. PMID- 3752426 TI - [Partial remission of fulminant thrombotic-thrombopenic purpura (Moschcowitz syndrome) by infusion of fresh plasma]. AB - In addition to the typical manifestations of thrombotic-thrombocytopenic purpura like thrombocytopenia, haemolysis, fever, coma and renal failure, signs of a beginning DIC could be seen in a patient after abdominal surgery. Haemostatic, cardiovascular and respiratory data are presented. Pulmonary angiography by using a Swan-Ganz-catheter revealed multiple filling defects reversible with therapy. Treatment with fresh whole blood aggravated thrombocytopenia. Daily infusions of fresh frozen plasma combined with heparinisation and antithrombin III because of DIC, induced haematologic remission. Renal failure and cerebral symptoms could not be influenced. Diagnosis, monitoring and therapy are discussed. PMID- 3752427 TI - [High frequency jet ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure. A comparison with conventional artificial respiration]. AB - The major advantage of High Frequency Jet Ventilation (HFJV) in the treatment of patients with ARDS was commonly seen in better oxygenation and lower airway pressures, compared to conventional ventilation. Furthermore, HFJV seemed to be successful even in those patients in whom conventional ventilation had failed. We compared HFJV (f = 100/min, inspiratory time 40% to 50%) to conventional ventilation (f = 10/min, PEEP 5 to 10 cm H2O). For mean airway pressure and FIO2 equal values were chosen in both ventilatory modes. With HFJV paO2 was significantly (P less than 0.01) lower (82.2 +/- 28.2 mmHg compared to 139.2 +/- 23.5 mmHg), intrapulmonary shunting higher (29.2 +/- 19.6% compared to 15.3 +/- 6.4%) than with CV. Ventilatory volume required for normocarbia under HFJV was 25.6 +/- 5.4 l/min approximately equal to 341 +/- 81.8 ml/kg B.W. Pulmonary artery pressure (PAP 25.0 +/- 5.0 mmHg compared to 19.9 +/- 4.7 mmHg), central venous pressure (10.5 +/- 4.2 mmHg compared to 8.8 +/- 3.0 mmHg), pulmonary capillary pressure (13.3 +/- 4.4 mmHg compared to 11.3 +/- 3.7 mmHg), pulmonary vascular resistance (131.4 +/- 55.0 dyn . s . cm-5 compared to 96.7 +/- 33.7 dyn . s . cm-5) and right cardiac work index (1.38 +/- 0.55 kg . m/m2 compared to 1.05 +/- 0.33 kg . m/m2) were significantly increased (P less than 0.01) under HFJV. The other haemodynamic variables showed no difference between the two ventilatory modes. HFJV was inferior to conventional artificial ventilation in all patients and caused severe hypoxia in several patients, leading to pulmonary vasoconstriction and increased work of the right heart.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3752428 TI - [Course of central body temperature in the laminar airflow operating room in various anesthesia procedures]. AB - The oesophageal body temperature of 130 patients was measured pre- and intraoperatively. 92% (n = 116) of the operations (implantation or replacement of hip prostheses) were performed in an operating room having a laminar air flow system with horizontal air flow. 9% (n = 14) of the operations (laparotomies) were performed in a room of identical design without an air circulation system. Three different forms of anesthesia were investigated with regard to their influence on interior body temperature: 1) general anesthesia with a volatile anesthetic (INH); 2) peridural anesthesia with additional general anesthesia (KPDA+ITN); and 3) neuroleptic anesthesia (NLA). A drop in temperature during the operation was found in all patients. In the conventional operating room the mean drop was 0.3 degrees C/h. In the operating room with laminar air flow the INH patients sustained the greatest decrease in temperature; the mean value in the first hour was 1.1 degrees C/h, and up to 4.6 degrees C/3 h toward the end of the operation. There was a comparable drop in temperature in the first hour in patients anesthetized with KPDA+ITN, but the rate slowed down toward the end of the investigation (2.2 degrees C/3 h). NLA caused a characteristic temperature behavior, with an initial fall in temperature, plateau phase, and subsequent rise (total: -1.0 degrees C/3 h) Temperature regulation was influenced least by NLA in the operating room with laminar air flow; thus, in this context, NLA proved to be a favourable form of anesthesia. PMID- 3752429 TI - [Tolerance of 3.5 percent plasma protein solution]. AB - In a prospective study we found 112 patients out of 9549 who had been given 3.5% plasma protein solution during the preceding year but no other blood derivatives and who had not received any immunosuppressive treatment. 68 patients agreed to be tested for sensitisation to 3.5% plasma protein solution. An intracutaneous test was performed as screening test. Two patients had a false positive reaction, but one of them had urticaria factitia and therefore a positive reaction to NaCl 0.9%. The other patient showed circumscribed reddening in the early phase only, whereas later readings were negative. Neither the test of total IgE by Paper Radio Immuno Sorbent Test (PRIST) nor the test for specific IgE antibodies by Radio Allergo Sorbent Test (RAST) showed any positive results. According to these findings there was no sensitisation to 3.5% plasma protein solution. PMID- 3752430 TI - [Acute renal failure in abdominal infection. Comparison of hemodialysis and continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration]. AB - 58 patients with peritonitis and acute renal failure (ARF) were treated either by haemodialysis (HD, n = 22), continuous arteriovenous haemofiltration (CAVH, n = 9), or continuous pump-driven haemofiltration (CPDHF, n = 27). In contrast to HD, which led to severe hypotension in 31.9% of procedures and to cardiac arrest in 3 cases, CPDHF caused neither haemodynamic nor metabolic alterations. Control of uraemia was most effective in the CPDHF group, too. Mean daily BUN and creatinine values fell significantly (p less than 0.005) and remained at 60 mg % and 2.0 mg %, respectively, whereas during HD no significant changes were found. During CAVH serum creatinine showed an insignificant decline, whereas BUN even increased. Despite higher costs CPDHF seems to be a promising alternative to HD or CAVH for treatment of ARF in septic patients, as mortality was lower in the CPDHF group and recovery of renal function occurred in 48.2%, whereas during HD only 27.3% recovered from ARF. PMID- 3752431 TI - [Modification of intracranial pressure by urapidil following experimental cold lesions in the cat]. AB - The action of the antihypertensive agent Urapidil was investigated in an experimental animal model of vasogenic brain oedema. Animals with normal or raised intracranial pressure received Urapidil as a bolus injection (0.25 mg/kg body weight) followed by a continuous infusion of Urapidil (1 mg/kg body weight). The bolus injection of the drug was followed by a sharp fall in systemic blood pressure, paralleled by a rise in intracranial pressure, resulting in a shortlasting decline of cerebral perfusion pressure. During continuous infusion of Urapidil in both groups with normal or elevated ICP there was a long-lasting significant fall in the systemic blood pressure without any significant alteration of the intracranial pressure. PMID- 3752433 TI - The confidential enquiry into maternal deaths. PMID- 3752432 TI - [Intravascular monitoring by axillary artery cannulation in infants]. AB - In patients with respiratory failure and shock serial arterial blood analyses are important to calculate adequate respiratory therapy. During circulatory insufficiency punction of a radial artery can be difficult or impossible, especially in very young patients. The case report of a 9-month old female infant with septic shock and Waterhouse-Friderichsen's syndrome illustrates these problems and is helpful to describe an alternative technique. Percutaneous axillary arterial catheterization with a disposable venous cannula proved to be a simple and quick method to obtain the possibility of arterial monitoring in very young patients with severe hypotension. PMID- 3752434 TI - Triazolam premedication. A comparison with lorazepam and placebo in gynaecological patients. AB - A randomised, double blind study, of 58 female patients undergoing laparoscopic investigation was carried out to compare triazolam 0.25 mg, lorazepam 2 mg, or placebo as oral premedication. Each patient was assessed by only one of the authors both pre- and postoperatively with regard to anxiolysis, sedation and rapidity of recovery. Triazolam and lorazepam were each associated with a significant reduction in anxiety compared to the initial assessment, whereas placebo had no anxiolytic effect. Sixty minutes after premedication, patients who had received triazolam were significantly more sleepy than patients given placebo or lorazepam. Two hours after the operation, the patients who had had triazolam or lorazepam were significantly more sleepy than those who received placebo. However, at 6 hours postoperatively there was no difference between triazolam and placebo, whilst those who had been given lorazepam were still significantly more sleepy than those given placebo. Triazolam appears to offer advantages over either lorazepam or placebo in patients who require rapid recovery, sedation and reduction in pre-operative anxiety. PMID- 3752435 TI - The anaesthetist and the obstetric flying squad. Could complacency creep in? AB - The demands made upon the Bristol obstetric flying squad over the past 14 years have been analysed. During this period, the number of calls received per year has decreased dramatically. The reasons for this are discussed in the context of current obstetric practice. The management of retained placenta is reviewed. Of importance to anaesthetists is the gross reduction in the number of cases where it is necessary to give anaesthesia 'in the field'. This may lead to complacency and lack of familiarity with the equipment carried by the flying squad. PMID- 3752436 TI - Repeated deep accidental hypothermia. A comparison of active or passive treatment in one patient. AB - Deep accidental hypothermia after self-poisoning with drugs occurred twice in the same patient within 25 days. Initial rectal temperatures were 22.0 degrees C and 23.3 degrees C, respectively; the clinical conditions were otherwise identical. In the first instance, active rewarming by means of peritoneal irrigation was performed, while spontaneous rewarming was allowed on the second occasion. Normothermia was attained within 24 hours in both cases, and the patient was discharged in her habitual state of well-being. The course of these nearly identical cases illustrates the possibility of a passive treatment for deep hypothermia. PMID- 3752437 TI - Suxamethonium-induced hyperkalaemia following cold injury. AB - Within the space of 9 days, a 4-month-old baby requiring cardiac surgery was exposed to two periods of hypothermic circulatory arrest for surgery, and prolonged surface cooling postoperatively. At the end of this period, the administration of suxamethonium was associated with a marked rise in serum potassium. PMID- 3752438 TI - Cardiac dysrhythmias during oral surgery. Comparison of hyoscine and droperidol premedication. AB - The incidence of cardiac dysrhythmias during inpatient dental anaesthesia under halothane was studied following either hyoscine or droperidol as a supplement to papaveretum for premedication. Forty-three percent of patients given hyoscine exhibited cardiac dysrhythmias compared to 23 percent of the group given droperidol (p = 0.03). The incidence of dysrhythmias bore no relationship to the age, sex or weight of the patient, nor to the end tidal carbon dioxide tension. PMID- 3752439 TI - Cardiac surgery in Jehovah's witnesses. A review of 36 cases. AB - Between January 1971 and January 1985, 31 Jehovah's witnesses underwent 24 bypass and 12 non-bypass cardiothoracic operations at the National Heart Hospital. Fifty eight% of the group were under 16 years of age. There was one death in the non bypass group unrelated to blood loss. Six deaths occurred in the bypass group. In one of these, blood loss contributed to the cause of death and in two patients, blood loss was directly related to the cause of death. The anaesthetic management of Jehovah's witnesses undergoing cardiac surgery is discussed. PMID- 3752441 TI - Continuous infusion epidural analgesia in obstetrics. PMID- 3752440 TI - Plasma morphine levels produced by continuous infusion in children. AB - Blood samples were taken from six children aged between 10 months and 15 years, at intervals over a period of 40 hours while they were receiving continuous morphine infusions. The plasma morphine values obtained showed similar and consistent levels 15-30 minutes after starting the infusions. PMID- 3752443 TI - Paradoxical air embolus. PMID- 3752442 TI - An unusual complication of thiopentone administration. PMID- 3752444 TI - Bell's palsy during epidural anaesthesia. PMID- 3752445 TI - Marcain shakes. PMID- 3752446 TI - Test doses for epidural analgesia--are we fooling ourselves? PMID- 3752447 TI - Perineural morphine for the relief of chronic pain. PMID- 3752448 TI - Complication of central venous cannulation. PMID- 3752449 TI - Multiple cannulation of a single vein. PMID- 3752451 TI - Lanz valve--a method of circumventing a leaking valve. PMID- 3752452 TI - Location of the adjustable pressure limiting valve. PMID- 3752450 TI - Radiological contrast media and atrial fibrillation. PMID- 3752453 TI - Minitrach in airway obstruction. PMID- 3752454 TI - The Haemonetic cell saver. PMID- 3752455 TI - In vitro buffering capacity of Alka Seltzer Effervescent. PMID- 3752456 TI - Distortion by sterilisation. PMID- 3752457 TI - Peri-operative fluid administration. PMID- 3752458 TI - Microfiltration of blood. PMID- 3752459 TI - Thermal injury to the respiratory tract. PMID- 3752460 TI - Intradermal testing. PMID- 3752461 TI - The pulse oximeter and the collateral circulation. PMID- 3752462 TI - Alarms and excursions. PMID- 3752463 TI - The work of the Leeds Malignant Hyperpyrexia Unit, 1971-84. AB - A detailed account of the procedure of muscle biopsy for screening patients suspected of being susceptible to malignant hyperpyrexia is given, together with a review of the results obtained from 1127 patients screened over the last 14 years. The information should help anaesthetists to discuss the investigation fully with probands and other members of their families before referral for further specific investigation. PMID- 3752464 TI - Ventilation and the oculocardiac reflex. Prevention of oculocardiac reflex during surgery for squints: role of controlled ventilation and anticholinergic drugs. AB - A randomised prospective study was carried out in children undergoing surgery for squint correction, to determine the value of controlled ventilation as a prophylaxis against the occurrence of the oculocardiac reflex. One hundred patients anaesthetised with nitrous oxide/oxygen and halothane were randomly assigned to either ventilated or spontaneously breathing groups of 50 each. Half the patients in each group received glycopyrronium 7.5 micrograms/kg intravenously at the time of induction of anaesthesia. Heart rate, rhythm, blood pressure and end tidal CO2 concentration were monitored throughout. A positive oculocardiac reflex, defined as a fall in heart rate of 20% or more and/or the occurrence of dysrhythmias, was observed in 72% of spontaneously breathing patients and in 100% of ventilated patients not receiving prophylactic intravenous glycopyrronium. The incidence of a positive reflex in patients receiving glycopyrronium was 10% (4 and 16% respectively in spontaneously breathing and ventilated patients). It is concluded that controlled ventilation is of no value as a preventive measure against the occurrence of the oculocardiac reflex in patients undergoing squint surgery and that prophylaxis is safely achieved with the use of intravenous glycopyrronium. PMID- 3752465 TI - Acquired C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency. AB - A case of acquired C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency and its anaesthetic implications is presented. Prophylaxis against angioneurotic oedema using danazol and tranexamic acid is described and the resultant complication of mesenteric venous thrombosis reported. PMID- 3752466 TI - Atypical plasma cholinesterase. Case clustering. AB - The plasma cholinesterase status of 22 people resident in the same small town was investigated. A high incidence of the atypical cholinesterase gene was found. PMID- 3752467 TI - Prolonged neuromuscular blockade following suxamethonium in a patient with a normal genotype. AB - A patient is described who developed prolonged apnoea following a single normal dose of suxamethonium which was shown by nerve stimulation to be due to persistent neuromuscular blockade. The plasma cholinesterase profile demonstrated a normal genotype. PMID- 3752468 TI - Accidental subdural catheterisation. AB - A case of accidental subdural catheterisation is presented, and its course is compared with previously reported subdural injections of local anaesthetic agents. The importance of obtaining proof of the site of malposition of an epidural catheter is stressed. PMID- 3752469 TI - Intercostal neuralgia following stellate ganglion block. An infrequent complication. AB - The case is described of a 78-year-old female patient who experienced temporary but severe chest wall pain following stellate ganglion block. The possible mechanisms and treatment of this complication are discussed. PMID- 3752470 TI - Epidural anaesthesia in von Hippel-Lindau disease. Management of childbirth and anaesthesia for caesarean section. AB - The management of childbirth, including epidural anaesthesia for Caesarean section is described in a patient with von Hippel-Lindau disease. The reasons for the choice of epidural anaesthesia are explained and the anaesthetic significance of the disease is discussed. PMID- 3752471 TI - New syringes for arterial blood sampling. AB - Two new syringes for arterial blood sampling were compared. Fifty syringes of each type were randomly tested in awake patients and no significant differences were found regarding time taken to collect samples, or the pain experienced by the patient. Air bubbles were found in, and blood leaked, from the Pulsator syringes significantly more often than from the Radiometer B 129 syringes (p less than 0.005). PMID- 3752472 TI - Psychomotor testing of on-call anaesthetists. AB - The critical flicker fusion frequency and choice reaction times of 16 on-call anaesthetists were measured between 1400 and 1600, at 2300 and at 0200 hours. Critical flicker fusion decreased between the afternoon and 2300; there was no further change between 2300 and 0200. No significant differences in choice reaction times were found on any of these different occasions. PMID- 3752474 TI - Postoperative nausea and vomiting. PMID- 3752473 TI - Convulsions after adrenaline administration during enflurane anaesthesia. PMID- 3752475 TI - A defective Tuohy needle. PMID- 3752476 TI - Force exerted on epidural catheters. PMID- 3752478 TI - Unusual damage to a Bain system. PMID- 3752477 TI - Median epidural septum and multiple cannulation. PMID- 3752479 TI - Location for delivery in a patient with Eisenmenger's syndrome. PMID- 3752480 TI - [Hemodynamics of coronary surgery patients under isoflurane and neuroleptanalgesia]. AB - The haemodynamic effects of isoflurane- and modified neurolept-anaesthesia were evaluated in 24 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. 12 patients (isoflurane group) were anaesthetized after an induction with 1.5 mg/kg methohexital and a unique dose of 0.005 mg/kg fentanyl with isoflurane (0.5-1.5 Vol%), N2O/O2 and pancuronium. 12 patients (neurolept group) received fentanyl (0.04 mg/kg), flunitrazepam, pancuronium and N2O/O2. Haemodynamic measurements were made before anaesthesia, in steady state anaesthesia, after sternotomy, after extracorporal circulation, after thoracic closure and one, two and four hours after the end of the operation. Between both groups we could not find significant differences in the haemodynamic parameters RAP, PAP, PCWP, PVR, CI, SVI, AP and CPP. However in the isoflurane group the peripheral vascular resistance (TPR) was significantly lower in steady state anaesthesia and after sternotomy. In the neurolept group the heart rate (HR) was significantly higher after bypass than in the isoflurane group. We believe, that at this time fentanyl analgesia was reduced. Before extracorporal bypass, patients with isoflurane anaesthesia had a lower arterio-mixed venous oxygen content difference (AVDO2) than patients with neurolept anaesthesia. Therefore it can be supposed that isoflurane lowers the oxygen demand more than neurolept anaesthesia. After surgery neurolept anaesthetized patients showed postanaesthetic shivering more frequently than those in the isoflurane group. We suggest that the vasodilating effect of isoflurane induces a homogeneous heat gain during warming the patients up, and that, therefore, in patients of the isoflurane-group AVDO2 and TPR were lower than in the patients of the neurolept-group during the first postoperative hours.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3752481 TI - [Increase in somatosensory evoked potentials during anesthesia induction with etomidate]. AB - In 43 patients the time-dependent behaviour of somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) before and during induction of anesthesia with 0.3 mg/kg etomidate was studied. The SSEP components could be reliably recorded in one-minute intervals and the modulations of SSEP (early and middle latencies) following bolus injection with its pharmacokinetically non-stationary states could be quantified. The central conduction time (CCT) between the cervical N13- and the cortical N20 component was less prolonged (from 5.6 ms to 6.4 ms) than known from other anesthetics. Middle latency SSEP exhibited a more marked increase and were reduced in amplitude. All patients showed a 2- to 12-fold increase of the primary complex N20/P25 2-3 min after bolus injection. This amplification cannot be explained either by muscle artifacts nor exclusively by activation of muscle afferents. Myoclonia as a side effect of etomidate coincide with the increase of SSEP-components. The combination of myoclonia and SSEP-enhancement is known to be associated with the familial progressive myoclonus epilepsy. This observation therefore may indicate a cortical excitatory or disinhibitory effect, although no spike-wave complexes have been reported in the EEG after etomidate. PMID- 3752483 TI - [The "trend magnifier"--a methodological tool for patient monitoring]. AB - In different fields of patient monitoring there is an increasing knowledge about the clinical importance of variations of short-term patterns in the courses of vital parameters. They can be used as diagnostic hints and warning signs as well as means for therapy control. This paper first gives a critical survey of methods suitable to meet the resulting requirements in the operation theater and the postoperative intensive care unit. Then it presents a methodological tool which gives improved possibilities for detecting and analyzing meaningful patterns. Minicomputers or microcomputers are used to sample and to display both the primary signals and the courses of vital parameters (courses of extracted features) in three steps: The first step corresponds to the trend registration in conventional monitoring systems. The vital parameters are registered with sampling intervals between 10 and 30 seconds, and are held for the whole staying period of the patient. In the second step the same parameters are registered for a limited time span with sampling intervals in the order of a beat-to-beat registration. In the third step the primary signals are registered for a certain time span (in a ringbuffer). The sampling interval depends on the individual signal. It should be in the order of 10 ms. After having detected an interesting event, it can be located and studied in more detail by using the second- and third-step-display. From each display, a hardcopy on a multi-color plotter may be produced to overcome the display limitations of the CRT and to obtain legal documents. PMID- 3752482 TI - [Differential block of peripheral nerve fibers: the effect of lidocaine and potassium deficiency]. AB - The combined effects of lidocaine and lack of glucose and potassium on conduction in A and C axons were investigated in vitro in rabbit vagus nerve. Extinction times of compound action potentials of A and C axons were determined in glucose and potassium deficient medium in the absence (group I, n = 6) or presence (group III, n = 6) of 0.1 mmol/l lidocaine hydrochloride. In group I, A fibers lost excitability within 120 +/- 9 min (mean +/- SEM) and the C axons within 133 +/- 6 min. In group III lidocaine prolonged significantly extinction times of both A and C axons (p less than 0.001); however, the conduction ceased in the unmyelinated (C) axons about 120 min later than in the myelinated (A) ones (p less than 0.05). In group II (n = 6) nerves were exposed to lidocaine for the same length of time as group I; these nerves exhibited an amplitude depression of the A and C potentials of less than 50%. In group IV, where 2 or 4 mmol/l KCl was present (n = 6 with each concentration) but no lidocaine, the extinction times decreased; the decrease was statistically significant for C axons but not for A axons. The analysis of nerve core electrolytes at the end of the exposures revealed the highest sodium and the lowest potassium contents in group III nerves. The controls (group I) contained more sodium and potassium than the nerves of group II. Thus a low concentration of lidocaine prolonged excitability in A and C axons deprived of glucose (group III).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3752484 TI - [How safe is rectal anesthesia induction with methohexital in pediatric anesthesia?]. PMID- 3752485 TI - [Pain as a problem?]. PMID- 3752486 TI - [Legal aspects of pain]. AB - Since years legal demands towards patients information are extensive and highly refined. Recently, however, pain--a permanent companion of human life since ever- was included by two sentences as an additional item. Following legal categories, the physician before diagnostic interventions is obliged to evaluate the ability of the severely suffering patient fully to understand and judge the given information. Additionally patients have to be informed on possibly appearing engraved pains. Concerning therapeutical interventions normally the same legal rules have to be considered. Furthermore doctors are obliged to inform the patient on the foreseen development of pain either with or without medical intervention. PMID- 3752487 TI - [The effect on barbiturates on hemodynamics during extracorporeal circulation: thiopental versus methohexital]. AB - We studied the effects of thiopentone (3 vs 6 mg/kg) and methohexitone (1 vs 2 mg/kg) on TPR during hypertensive episodes (m BP greater than 80 mmHg) under the conditions of ECC and hypothermia: T led to an initial shortlasting increase of TPR up to 114% and 125% from baseline for the dosages tested. This was followed by a decrease to 67% and 56% respectively. After 5 min TPR returned to control. The effect of M on TPR is less pronounced (maximum reduction of 35%) but of longer duration. In contrast to thiopentone we did not observe a biphasic course of TPR following administration of methohexitone. PMID- 3752488 TI - [Cardiorespiratory problems in the use of calcium antagonists for vasospasm prophylaxis in subarachnoid hemorrhage]. AB - Since studies by Allen et al. [1] calcium antagonists have been commonly used for prevention of cerebral vasospasm in patients suffering from acute subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Vasodilatation-induced hypotension, increase of cardiac output and intrapulmonary shunting (Qs/Qt) are wellknown cardiovascular effects. These problems are discussed in light of previous reports and present case study of a 34-year-old woman treated with the calcium antagonist nimodipine after SAH. Reproducible results from invasive haemodynamic monitoring (Swan-Ganz thermodilution catheter) indicated correlation between nimodipine application and increased intrapulmonary shunting. This effect can be hazardous for SAH patients because preexisting cerebral ischemic hypoxia makes them particularly susceptible to additional decrease in oxygen supply. PMID- 3752489 TI - Airway obstruction following second operation for carotid endarterectomy. PMID- 3752490 TI - Anaesthesia for caesarean section in the presence of primary pulmonary hypertension. PMID- 3752491 TI - Magnesium sulphate injection in the management of early ischaemic contracture of the myocardium. PMID- 3752492 TI - Anaesthetic machines and monitoring equipment. PMID- 3752494 TI - Blockage of spill valve. PMID- 3752493 TI - Tachycardia in anaphylactic reactions. PMID- 3752495 TI - Hemineurin for induction. PMID- 3752496 TI - Anaesthesia for the patient with an unstable neck. PMID- 3752497 TI - Alternative methods for fluid warming. PMID- 3752498 TI - Ventilator malfunction. PMID- 3752499 TI - Are sulphites safe? PMID- 3752500 TI - Theoretical studies of a chiral stationary phase used in column chromatography. PMID- 3752501 TI - Liquid chromatographic determination of the enantiomeric composition of methamphetamine prepared from ephedrine and pseudoephedrine. PMID- 3752502 TI - Sampling considerations for on-line microbore liquid chromatography of brain dialysate. PMID- 3752503 TI - Determination of fentanyl and related compounds by capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detection. PMID- 3752504 TI - Dependence of ion formation upon the ionic additive in thermospray liquid chromatography/negative ion mass spectrometry. PMID- 3752505 TI - Utility and limitations of electron ionization and chemical ionization for the determination of position and extent of labeling for 18O- and 13C-containing permethylated alditols by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. PMID- 3752506 TI - Ionization probability variations due to matrix in ion microscopic analysis of plastic-embedded and ashed biological specimens. PMID- 3752507 TI - Surface analysis of filter papers used in room-temperature phosphorimetry. PMID- 3752508 TI - Measurement of aluminum in neuronal tissues using electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrophotometry. PMID- 3752510 TI - Enhanced stability of glassy carbon detectors following a simple electrochemical pretreatment. PMID- 3752509 TI - Solvent suppression in high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance based on control of transverse relaxation rate. PMID- 3752511 TI - Serum lithium analysis by coated wire lithium ion selective electrodes in a flow injection analysis dialysis system. PMID- 3752512 TI - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for paraquat and its application to exposure analysis. PMID- 3752513 TI - Liquid chromatographic determination of penicillins by postcolumn degradation with sodium hypochlorite. PMID- 3752514 TI - Trace element analysis of biological samples. PMID- 3752515 TI - Spy dust. Detecting a chemical tracking agent. PMID- 3752516 TI - Multielement atomic absorption with a continuum source. PMID- 3752517 TI - Analysis of ECE-type electrode reactions by chronocoulometry: anodic hydroxylation of tetrahydrocarbazoles. PMID- 3752518 TI - Voltammetric determination of platinum from aqueous solutions and from urine. PMID- 3752519 TI - Infrared screening technique for automated identification of bulk organic mixtures. PMID- 3752520 TI - Ratios of first-derivative maxima and compensated derivative absorption curves. PMID- 3752521 TI - Amperometric enzyme electrode system for extracorporeal lactate monitoring based on lactate dehydrogenase. PMID- 3752522 TI - Phthalic anhydride as an impurity in industrial atmospheres: assay in air samples by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. PMID- 3752523 TI - Differential-pulse polarographic determination of some organolead compounds in dimethyl sulphoxide. PMID- 3752524 TI - Differential-pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry of food and cosmetic synthetic colouring matters and their determination and partial identification in tablet coatings and cosmetics. PMID- 3752525 TI - Measurements of low concentrations of diltiazem by adsorptive stripping voltammetry and flow amperometry. PMID- 3752526 TI - Improved routine method for the determination of total iodine in urine and milk. PMID- 3752527 TI - Determination of vincamine in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with voltammetric detection. PMID- 3752528 TI - Determination of efrotomycin in feeds by high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 3752529 TI - [Computerized tomography studies of normal morphology and volumetry of parenchymatous epigastric organs in humans]. AB - Variations in the area and dimensions of the liver and spleen in the craniocaudal direction show a similar behaviour despite individual differences in the size and shape of the organs. The liver has its largest areal extent in the upper half of the organ. In the case of the spleen, it is not possible for the largest areal extent to be assigned to a particular region of the organ. The 5-type liver classification of FROMMHOLD and KOISCHWITZ (1982) provided the basis for a study of the frequency distribution of those types among a total of 116 organs. Type 2 (location of the greater part of the liver to the right of the vertebral column) was found to be the most frequent type, whereas type 5 (left lobe of the liver larger than the right one) could not be found. Of the 183 splenic organs included in these studies, 21% showed lobulation and 6%, an accessory spleen. The morphological studies of 334 adrenal glands enabled the most frequent variants of form to be represented summarily. The determination of liver dimensions, which was done on 37 organs, yielded a mean value of 16.6 cm for the craniocaudal extent, 15.5 cm for the dorsoventral extent, and 16.6 cm for the lateromedial extent. From the examinations performed on 38 individuals it was possible to determine a mean value of 11.1 cm for the craniocaudal extent of the spleen, 11.8 cm for the anatomical length of the spleen, 10.4 cm for the width of the spleen, and 4.2 cm for the thickness of the spleen. The mean value of the width of pancreas was 20.5 mm at the head, 19.6 mm at the corpus, and 18 mm at the tail. The mean length of pancreas was of the order of 129 mm. These results were obtained from examinations made on 96 pancreatic organs. Evaluation of a total of 200 computer tomograms yielded mean values of 22 mm for the length. 14 mm for the width, and 5 mm for the leg thickness of the left adrenal gland. The respective mean values obtained for the right adrenal gland were 28 mm, 9 mm, and 4 mm respectively. Determination of the volume of liver on 37 organs yielded a mean value of 1,331 cm3. For the spleen, examinations performed on 38 organs showed the mean volume to be in the order of 169 cm3. For the volume of pancreas, a mean value of 40.4 cm3 was determined. PMID- 3752530 TI - Arterial submucous plexus of duodenum (1st 2.5 cm): vascular etiology in duodenal ulcers. AB - The arterial submucous plexus in 5 human duodena (1st 2.5 cm of duodenum) were studied by injecting India-ink. The submucous plexus was richly vascular, which excluded the possibility of the end arteries to be the causative factor in production of ulcers in this region. Perhaps, the ulcers in this region may be due to obstruction of blood flow caused by traction of an over filled stomach. PMID- 3752531 TI - Morphological findings at the carotid bodies of humans suffering from different types of systemic hypertension or severe lung diseases. AB - Post-mortem studies of the carotid bodies of 62 humans were carried out using light microscopic and morphometric methods. According to the clinical and autopsic data the subjects were divided into 5 groups: normotensives, essential hypertensives, renal hypertensives, chronically hypoxic persons with severe lung diseases, and people who suffered from both lung diseases and essential hypertension. Carotid body volume showed age-dependence in the normotensive group; the biggest glomera carotici were found at an age of 40-60 years, whereas younger and older people exhibited smaller carotid bodies. In the group with the essential hypertensives only old patients exhibited enlarged carotid bodies. In younger essential hypertensives but also in the renal hypertensives an increase of carotid body size was not demonstrable. The people with severe lung diseases regularly had greater carotid bodies when compared with age-matched normotensive subjects. In addition, chronically hypoxic patients had a proliferation of type II cells, perhaps with involvement of Schwann cells and fibrocytes. This increases of elongated cells was only seldom observed in the other groups. The results are discussed with respect to the alterations known so far of arterial chemoreceptor function and reflex effects in systemic arterial hypertension. PMID- 3752532 TI - Casual light microscopic observations on the intracommissural elements (ICE) of the subcommissural complex in some primates. AB - OKSCHE (1969) described secretory processes in glial cells of the canine subcommissural complex which form strands crossing directly from the hypendyma to the membrana limitans gliae superficialis; these observations were corroborated by STERBA et al. (1982). According to OKSCHE (1969) the secretory material is discharged into the blood vessels of the pia mater; empty vesicles are found in widened leptomeningeal spaces. Structural elements of the subcommissural complex situated in the commissura caudalis, but which are actually not intrinsic elements of the latter, should be called "Intercommissural elements" (ICE); they traverse radially the commissura caudalis (nerves, glial cells, blood vessels), thus causing the striped appearance of the commissure in sagittal section. The striation depends on different elements (nerves, astroglia), which can be demonstrated by different techniques. The strands originate out of cone-like projections of the hypendyma which contain numerous cells having the appearance of ependymal cells of the SCO sunk into the hypendyma. The strands consist of bipolar astroglia, which develop the endfeet forming the membrana limitans gliae superficialis. PMID- 3752533 TI - Non-metric traits of the infracranial skeleton. AB - The authors have studied the right and left incidence of 30 non-metric infracranial variations in 2,103 dry bones of Brazilians and have concluded that the bilateral asymmetry is not significant in all but 2 traits: "The lateral tibial squatting facet" (X2 = 7.93) and "The peroneal tubercle present" (X2 = 20.35). PMID- 3752534 TI - [Skull deformities following unilateral mandibular imbalance. V. Discussion of results]. AB - The unilateral dysbalance induced artificially in the mandibles of Beagles yields information regarding the action of the masticatory musculature as a local factor affecting craniofacial growth. Time is an important factor, particularly the age and maturity of the animals at the time of the operation and the length of the post-surgical interval prior to the measurements being taken. The time factor and differences between chewing types provide some explanation for the lack of uniformity and, sometimes, the contradictory nature of the available information regarding the secondary changes to the skull following the elimination of masticatory muscles in experimental animals. The cranial scoliosis observed as a result of mandibular dysbalance suggests strongly that the viscerocranium responds plastically to functional influences. The neurocranium, in contrast, whose shape is governed largely by the brain, is to great extent immune to such postnatal manipulations. The fact that growth of the residual mandibular stump is retarded shows that the condylar cartilage is not a primary growth centre. Postnatal mandibular growth is mainly periosteal and governed by functional stimuli. Any attempt to apply these results obtained with animal models to man must naturally take the differences between the structures of the maxillo mandibular apparatuses into account. PMID- 3752535 TI - Study of motor units of M. pectineus of the dog (Canis familiaris). AB - Cross sections of M. pectineus of 6 adult dogs were used to study the number of motor units. Our results revealed that M. pectineus possesses 29,451 muscle fibres and 165 large nerve fibres. Since 60% of these latter fibres are motor fibres, the number of fibres per motor unit of M. pectineus is 294. This fact suggests that this muscle executes finely adjusted movements. PMID- 3752536 TI - [A case of brain malformation without a change in skull configuration]. AB - The brain of a 5-months old female baby was investigated. The baby died following operation for myelomeningocystocoele of the lumbosacral region. The post mortem finding showed that there were no other malformations present besides the changes at the level of the central nervous system. Lack of the falx was observed on the dura mater, while the tentorium cerebelli was well developed. The cerebrum was on the whole of a bulbular form with a larger transversal diameter and was not divided into 2 hemispheres. A complete lack of the rhinencephalon was observed on the basal aspect of the brain. Between the dorsal surface of the cerebral trunk and the cerebrum there was a specious transversal fissure through which a considerable part of the choroidal plexus emerged from the ventricle and was positioned extraventricularly. The posterior edge of this fissure is formed by the commissura hippocampi behind which there are well developed gyri dentati which are interconnected in the medial line. The cerebellum is normally developed but antepositioned, with a considerably pronounced vermis cerebelli. Frontal sections of the brain showed an emphasised contrast between the gray and the white brain substance which is indicative of a higher level of brain maturity. The third brain ventricle, as well as the frontal horns of the lateral ventricle were missing, and there was a developed central common cavity and the temporal horns. The basal ganglia were merged with the central gray matter spread in a transversal direction which was separated from the cortex by an arc-formed white brain substance. PMID- 3752537 TI - [The phenomenon of coiled spermatozoan tail]. AB - The phenomenon of tail coiling in human spermatozoa is demonstrated by means of some clinical cases. The coiling of the free tail below the head is differentiated from the coiling of the axonema around the head and within a cytoplasmic droplet. The first phenomenon is caused probably by exogenous factors outside the testes such as pH-value and chemical constitution of the fluids in the seminiferous pathway; the latter may be caused genetically. The morphological alterations concern mainly the axonema in the tail and the organization of the middle piece and the head. Possible causes for the symptom of the coiled tail in spermatozoa are discussed. PMID- 3752538 TI - The effect of neonatal vasectomy on testicular function. AB - The effect of unilateral or bilateral vasectomy on testicular weight and basal testosterone production in vitro was studied in neonatal intact and hemicastrated rats. Five days after right-side vasectomy ipsilateral to vasectomy testicular weight increased, and basal testosterone production decreased. Ten days postvasectomy the changes were opposite, and affected both testes. In hemicastrated animals hemivasectomy did not interfere with compensatory hypertrophy but induced a significant decrease in basal testosterone production. The data of the present study suggest that in neonatal animals intact ductus deferens bundle(s) is also required for the full control of testicular weight and basal testosterone secretion. PMID- 3752539 TI - Ultrastructure of the testis in an XX-male with normal plasma testosterone. AB - Hormonal and ultrastructural examinations of the testis were performed in an XX male. Plasma levels of testosterone and prolactin were within the normal range, but FSH and LH were higher than the normal range. The response of testosterone to the administration of HCG is within the normal range. In the interstitium marked hyperplasia of Leydig cells was observed. The presence of paracrystalline inclusions and the absence of Reinke's crystals were representative changes in Leydig cells. Seminiferous tubules were filled with Sertoli cells and spermatogenesis was completely abolished. Intermediate filaments were abundant and annulate lamellae were absent in Sertoli cells. PMID- 3752540 TI - Investigations on the motility of human spermatozoa in a defined medium in the presence of metabolic inhibitors and of carnitine. AB - When washed human sperm were incubated in a modified Krebs-Ringer buffer solution in the absence of exogenous metabolizable substrates at 30 degrees C they maintained progressive motility for at least six hours. Under these conditions the spermatozoa apparently utilize endogenous substrates but addition of exogenous substrates (glucose, fructose, acetate, short-chain fatty acids, branched chain amino acids) did not affect the % progressive motility or % total motility of the cells. The phospholipase inhibitors, quinacrine and Upjohn No. 1002, inhibited progressive motility when added to sperm utilizing endogenous substrate, and subsequent addition of oxidative or glycolytic substrates did not reverse the inhibition. In contrast, the inhibition by KCN of progressive motility based upon utilization of endogenous substrate was reversed upon addition of glycolyzable compounds (glucose or fructose). The addition of carnitine or its acetyl-, propionyl-, isobutyryl-, valeryl- or isovaleryl esters did not consistently affect progressive or total motility of sperm samples. The inhibitor, octylsulfobetaine, inhibited sperm motility at a concentration higher than that required for inhibition of carnitine acetyltransferase or translocase activity. On the basis of these results it does not appear that exogenous carnitine has an effect on the motility of human sperm incubated under the conditions described here. PMID- 3752541 TI - Human sperm morphology and the outcome of modified Kremer tests. AB - The outcome of homologous in vitro tests of human sperm penetration into cervical mucus in couples undergoing infertility investigations have been shown to be correlated with the proportion of morphologically normal spermatozoa in the semen samples used for the tests. In addition, the ejaculates producing poor tests contained significantly more spermatozoa with defective tails than those semen samples producing normal or, surprisingly, negative tests. PMID- 3752542 TI - The split ejaculate: assessment of fertility potential using two in vitro test systems. AB - Semen samples (split & whole ejaculates) were obtained from 12 normal men (group A) and 8 oligospermic infertile men with sperm concentrations of less than 20 x 10(6) sperm/ml (group B). All samples were evaluated by standard semen analysis, bovine cervical mucus penetration assay (CMPT), and, in all cases with sufficient sperm, in the human spermatozoa zona-free hamster in vitro penetration assay (SPA). In group A the motile sperm concentration was significantly higher in the ejaculated material of the first two contractions (fraction I or FI) than in the remainder of the ejaculate (fraction II or FII) (p less than 0.02). No significant differences were observed in sperm penetration into zona-free hamster ova or bovine cervical mucus by sperm from FI, FII or the whole ejaculate. Motile sperm concentration was significantly correlated with sperm penetration into bovine cervical mucus (r = 0.65, p less than 0.01), but not into zona-free hamster ova (r = 0.01 NS). In the samples collected by group B, the mean sperm concentration and motile sperm concentration were higher in the first (FI) than in the second (FII) fractions of the split ejaculate or the whole ejaculate (p less than 0.05). No significant differences were found among the FI, FII and the whole ejaculate semen samples for penetration of sperm into bovine cervical mucus. Sperm concentration and motile sperm concentration were significantly correlated with sperm penetration into bovine cervical mucus (r = 0.58, p less than 0.01 and r = 0.57, p less than 0.01, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3752543 TI - Cyclic variations of the density dispersion pattern of the spermatozoa population. AB - Spermatozoa were separated into fractions by density on a Percoll column and were used to created a density dispersion pattern by plotting the number of the spermatozoa in the different fractions. This pattern varies daily in every healthy individual. In order to find the sequence of the variations, dispersion patterns of the spermatozoa were prepared during a period of 3 to 11 days following abstinence. The density distribution pattern of the spermatozoa of the normozoospermic donors, after a few days of abstinence was found to be unimodal; the pattern becomes multimodal for the following 2-4 days, after which it returns to its unimodal form for a single day. These variations show a cyclic sequence with individual periodicity (3-5 days). A density dispersion pattern received from healthy donors after 3 days of abstinence is considered "normal" and is presented. PMID- 3752544 TI - [Examination of the fertility of patients with malignant testicular cancer at the time of orchiectomy. The question of the opinion on cryopreservation]. AB - Semen analyses from 29 patients with testicular tumours were done, 19 were examined before and after orchidectomy but before any other treatment. There was no evident difference in both of these examinations. Therefore it is possible to obtain enough time for cryopreservation, because the stricken patients can be first treated by unilateral orchidectomy without loss in quality of the semen. Hendry et al. (1983) accepted for sperm freezing only samples with more than 10 mill/ml spermatozoa and more than 30% motility. 17 of our 29 patients (58.6%) fulfilled that condition. Thus, in more patients cryopreservation can be considered. PMID- 3752545 TI - The effects of long-term colchicine therapy on male fertility in patients with familial Mediterranean fever. AB - Four out of 19 male patients suffering from familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) had fertility problems while on colchicine therapy (0.5-2.0 mg daily for as long as 11 years). Three of the patients had had children while off therapy but their wives could not conceive while they were on therapy. In one patient primary sterility remained one year after cessation of colchicine. In this and two other patients the spermiogram was normal but the sperm penetration test was pathological. The fourth patient had azoospermia. Patients should be informed about this possible risk of colchicine therapy. The need for continued follow-up and the value of the sperm penetration test in the detection of fertility problems in male patients on long-term colchicine therapy are stressed. It is concluded however, that overall the benefits outweigh the danger of long-term colchicine treatment in male patients with FMF. PMID- 3752546 TI - The effect of estradiol on enzymatic activity and androgen secretion in Leydig cells in vitro. AB - The effect of estradiol-17 beta (E2) on cultured Leydig cells isolated from mice testes was studied histochemically and radioimmunologically. Both analyses showed low activity of the enzymes studied and a decrease of the androgen level in E2 treated cultures. When the dose of estradiol preceded LH addition the androgen response to LH was attenuated. These results suggest direct inhibition of Leydig cell function by exogenous estradiol. PMID- 3752548 TI - Effect of etomidate on the electroencephalogram of patients with epilepsy. AB - Etomidate was given intravenously to 12 epileptic patients undergoing craniotomy for surgical removal of their seizure focus. Electroencephalograms were recorded by means of subdural electrodes. Nine of the 12 patients showed an increase in epileptiform activity. In six of the nine patients, the activity was marked. PMID- 3752547 TI - [Spermiogram studies to be performed at outside laboratories?]. AB - Again and again we must observe that doctors practising andrology refer patients to a laboratory for semen analysis because they are not able to do it in their own laboratory. In such cases the doctor performs the clinical investigation including the past history, while the spermatogram is performed in a laboratory. This practice should be rejected because many mistakes as well as misinterpretations are possible. PMID- 3752549 TI - Maternal cortical vein thrombosis and the obstetric anesthesiologist. AB - Maternal cortical vein thrombosis is a potentially fatal complication of pregnancy and the puerperium. Patients may present with focal neurologic deficits, seizures, or symptoms indicating increased intracranial pressure. Associated conditions include maternal dehydration and preeclampsia or frank eclampsia. Parturients may require anesthesia for various types of delivery. Safe administration of appropriate anesthesia must take into account the possible presence of a coagulopathy or reduced intracranial compliance. Case presentations, a literature review, possible pathogenetic mechanisms, and specific anesthetic considerations are discussed to enable the obstetric anesthesiologist to develop a rational plan of management. PMID- 3752550 TI - Comparison of resuscitation of sheep and dogs after bupivacaine-induced cardiovascular collapse. AB - This study evaluated interspecies sensitivity and ability to resuscitate pentobarbital anesthetized sheep and dogs after cardiovascular toxic doses of bupivacaine. Every minute, 3 mg/kg of bupivacaine was injected into the right atrium over the course of 10 sec until cardiovascular collapse occurred. While the bupivacaine was given, the animals were made apneic for 90 sec and then ventilated with 100% oxygen. After the bupivacaine administration, cardiovascular collapse occurred in the form of electromechanical dissociation progressing to asystole in dogs, whereas in sheep the predominant rhythm was ventricular fibrillation leading to asystole. Resuscitation was performed using open chest heart massage, bretylium for treatment of ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation, and epinephrine with atropine for treatment of electromechanical dissociation or asystole. The initial dose of bupivacaine used to cause cardiovascular collapse was 3.5 +/- 1.2 mg/kg in sheep and 24.6 +/- 8.5 mg/kg in dogs (P less than 0.01). All sheep and dogs were resuscitated from the first cardiovascular collapse. The resuscitation time was 2.1 +/- 1.0 min in dogs and 36.9 +/- 15.4 min in sheep (P less than 0.01). All dogs could be resuscitated after two additional cardiovascular collapses induced by bupivacaine, but no sheep could be resuscitated after a second cardiovascular collapse. Concentrations of bupivacaine in cardiac tissue and serum levels of bupivacaine after the last resuscitation attempt were significantly greater in the dogs than in the sheep. We conclude that sheep are more sensitive to bupivacaine than dogs, but that even sheep can be resuscitated after cardiovascular collapse produced by bupivacaine. PMID- 3752551 TI - Epidural morphine improves pain relief and maintains sensory analgesia during continuous epidural bupivacaine after abdominal surgery. AB - Twenty patients scheduled for elective major abdominal surgery were matched into two groups with regard to age, sex, height, body weight, and surgical procedure. Both groups received general anesthesia plus lumbar epidural analgesia with similar loading doses of bupivacaine 0.5% (23.1 +/- 1.0 and 23.3 +/- 0.8 ml) (mean +/- SEM) followed by continuous infusion of plain bupivacaine 0.5% (8 ml/hr) plus, in one group, epidural morphine (0.5 mg/hr). Pain score on a 5-point scale and sensory analgesia (pin prick) were assessed hourly for 16 hours after skin incision. If sensory analgesia decreased more than 5 segments from preoperative levels or if pain scores reached 2 (moderate pain), the patients were removed from the study, and pain was treated with other methods. Preoperative mean (+/- SEM) sensory levels of analgesia were similar in the bupivacaine and the bupivacaine-morphine groups (T3.4 +/- 0.5 and T3.3 +/- 0.4, respectively). In the group receiving only bupivacaine, sensory analgesia regressed over time with a simultaneous increase in pain score. Thus, within 10 hr after skin incision, seven patients in this group were discharged from the study, and 16 hr after incision only one patient maintained initial level of sensory analgesia. In contrast, each patient receiving bupivacaine plus morphine had stable sensory analgesia and was completely free of pain as indicated by a mean pain score of zero during the 16-hr observation period. Thus epidural morphine may improve pain relief and maintain analgesia during continuous epidural bupivacaine administration after abdominal surgery. PMID- 3752552 TI - Failure of the tourniquet-twitch test as a diagnostic or screening test for malignant hyperthermia. AB - We have performed the tourniquet-twitch test of Roberts and Ryan in normal and in malignant hyperthermia (MH) patients and relatives. This test measures the ratio of electrically induced thumb twitches noted after 10 min of ischemia with those noted immediately prior to the ischemia. We found no significant differences in this ratio between normal subjects and those who have had MH reactions, or relatives of such individuals. Furthermore, we have observed no significant differences in tourniquet-twitch ratios between those with normal caffeine halothane contractures and persons with caffeine-halothane contractures tests positive for MH. These findings do not agree with those of Roberts and Ryan, who reported that tourniquet-twitch ratios were higher in MH patients than in normal patients. We have, however, determined that subjects with tourniquet-twitch ratios greater than or equal to 1.8 are substantially younger than those with tourniquet-twitch ratios less than or equal to 1.0. Therefore we do not believe that the tourniquet-twitch test is useful as a diagnostic, or even as a screening test for MH. PMID- 3752553 TI - Physostigmine reversal of general anesthesia for intraoperative neurological testing: associated EEG changes. PMID- 3752554 TI - Posterior dislocation of the shoulder complicating regional anesthesia. PMID- 3752555 TI - A serious complication due to gastrointestinal malfunction in a patient with myotonic dystrophy. PMID- 3752556 TI - Lumbar epidural anesthesia for operative and postoperative pain relief in infants and young children. PMID- 3752557 TI - Cardiovascular collapse in an infant after caudal anesthesia with a lidocaine epinephrine solution. PMID- 3752558 TI - Infiltration of a neuromuscular relaxant in diagnosis and treatment of torticollis. PMID- 3752559 TI - Total airway occlusion and superior vena cava syndrome in a child with an anterior mediastinal tumor. PMID- 3752560 TI - Spontaneous cardiac herniation after pneumonectomy. PMID- 3752561 TI - A method for monitoring pulse rate changes during test doses of epidural anesthetic solutions in obstetrics. PMID- 3752562 TI - Spinal and epidural anesthesia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. PMID- 3752563 TI - A regional anesthetic technique compared to general anesthesia for outpatient knee arthroscopy. PMID- 3752564 TI - Safety of Lacri-Lube. PMID- 3752565 TI - Transtracheal jet ventilation during fiberoptic intubation under general anesthesia. PMID- 3752566 TI - Loss of resistance technique for transaortic celiac plexus block. PMID- 3752567 TI - Obstetric anesthesia coverage--a continuing problem. PMID- 3752568 TI - Uptake and distribution of bupivacaine in fetal lambs. AB - Direct continual measurement of placental drug transfer was introduced to evaluate more precisely the fetal uptake of a commonly used local anesthetic in obstetrics. Bupivacaine, 2.7 mg X kg-1 (base), was infused at a constant rate over 1 h into a maternal jugular vein of five chronically prepared pregnant ewes. Blood was sampled simultaneously from the umbilical vein (UV), fetal aorta (FA), and a maternal artery (MA). Fetal uptake rate was determined from the product of the bupivacaine UV-FA blood concentration difference and the umbilical flow rate (Qu). Total fetal accumulation was determined by integrating uptake rate over 5 h. Correlation of total fetal uptake and the infused mean maternal dose (r = 0.993, P less than 0.001) indicated that during the infusion, mean fetal uptake was a constant fraction (0.16) of the maternal infused dose. Total fetal uptake was linear despite wide individual changes in Qu, suggesting that within limits fetal accumulation is not Qu-dependent. Mean ovine protein binding of bupivacaine by maternal and fetal whole blood was 85.49% +/- 2.61 (SD) and by fetal blood, 40.43% +/- 9.60 (SD). Back-transfer of bupivacaine to the mother proceeded against a higher total bupivacaine concentration because unbound unionized drug concentrations in maternal blood were less than in fetal blood. At maternal-fetal equilibrium when UV and FA total blood concentrations were equal, the calculated fetal/maternal concentration ratio (f/m) (0.36) determined from the maternal and fetal protein binding and pH closely approximated the observed (0.35). The f/m increased during both fetal uptake and back-transfer and cannot be considered a good index of placental transfer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3752569 TI - Nifedipine or verapamil counteracts hypertension in gravid ewes. AB - Hypertension frequently complicates endotracheal intubation in the severely preeclamptic parturient. The calcium entry-blocking drugs nifedipine (N) and verapamil (V) are effective antihypertensive agents in nonpregnant patients. The authors studied the maternal and fetal hemodynamic effects of these drugs in chronically instrumented gravid ewes made hypertensive with an infusion of norepinephrine (NE). Initially NE was infused to increase maternal mean arterial pressure (MAP) by 20%. The NE infusion was continued and either N, 2 mg, or V, 10 mg, was administered intravenously. MAP decreased promptly to control values following both drugs. Maternal heart rate (MHR) decreased significantly following NE infusion. MHR returned to control values following V administration, and increased significantly above control following N administration. Uterine blood flow decreased 50-60% during NE infusion, and there was no further change following either N or V. Fetal hemodynamics were unchanged throughout the study. These results suggest that both N and V may be effective antihypertensive agents in the parturient. V did not produce maternal tachycardia and may be the preferable drug. PMID- 3752570 TI - Changes in lung volume and lung-thorax compliance during cardiac surgery in children 11 days to 4 years of age. AB - To examine the effects of cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on the lung, functional residual capacity (FRC) and lung-thorax compliance were measured at four stages during open heart surgery in 15 children. The patients were anesthetized with fentanyl/droperidol and N2O/O2, paralyzed, and ventilated with volume-controlled mechanical ventilation at 20-30 breaths/min. FRC was measured by tracer gas washout. Static lung-thorax compliance (CLT) was calculated as tidal volume divided by the airway pressure difference between the end of the postinspiratory pause and the end of the expiration, and also from the increase in FRC caused by adding 5 cmH2O of PEEP (CLT[FRC]). Before skin incision, both FRC and compliance were closely correlated with weight and length. During this stage, FRC was 21 +/- 5 ml/kg, CLT 0.90 +/- 0.21, and CLT(FRC) 1.28 +/- 0.35 ml X cmH2O-1 X kg-1 X PEEP 5 increased FRC by 34 +/- 9%. In patients with intact pleural cavities throughout the operation (n = 10), FRC increased by 4 +/- 2 ml/kg when the sternum was retracted (P less than 0.01). During CPB, FRC decreased by 4 +/- 3 ml/kg (P less than 0.01), and FRC at the end of surgery was 5 +/- 4 ml/kg less than before skin incision (P less than 0.01). In these ten children, there was a 13% and 6% decrease in mean CLT and CLT(FRC), respectively, during the operation (P less than 0.05) and mean CLT(FRC) was at least 40% greater than CLT during all four stages (P less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3752571 TI - Effects of inhalational anesthetics on verapamil pharmacokinetics in dogs. AB - Six dogs were chronically instrumented in order to collect aortic blood samples and record mean arterial pressure, cardiac output and heart rate. Each animal received verapamil 200 micrograms X kg-1 by 10-min intravenous infusions on four occasions in random sequence: awake, and during halothane 1.2%, enflurane 2.5%, and isoflurane 1.6% anesthesia. Rate of initial distribution of verapamil was reduced during anesthetic exposure. Verapamil intercompartmental clearance from the central compartment to the peripheral compartment was decreased during exposure to halothane and isoflurane, and tended to decrease during enflurane exposure as well. Verapamil terminal volume of distribution at steady-state was reduced by halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane exposure as compared with awake: 65 +/- 10, 80 +/- 9, and 93 +/- 191, respectively, versus 132 +/- 121 (mean +/- SEM; P less than 0.05). Verapamil total clearance was also reduced by halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane as compared with awake: 37 +/- 4, 39 +/- 2 and 41 +/- 31 X h-1, respectively, versus 64 +/- 71 X h-1 (P less than 0.05). Verapamil administered to awake animals resulted in a decrease from baseline in mean arterial pressure; 95 +/- 8 mmHg versus 108 +/- 4 mmHg (P less than 0.05): and an increase in cardiac output; 2.60 +/- 0.33 1 X min-1 versus 1.93 +/- 0.22 1 X min 1 (P less than 0.05). During halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane anesthesia, verapamil administration resulted in a similar decrease in mean arterial pressure; however cardiac output decreased, in contrast to the increase noted in awake animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3752572 TI - Preservation of cerebral metabolites by etomidate during incomplete cerebral ischemia in dogs. AB - Changes in cerebral high-energy phosphate stores and lactate concentration (as evidence for cerebral protection) were studied in dogs treated with etomidate during incomplete global ischemia, which was of a magnitude insufficient to abolish neuronal synaptic activity (as evidenced by electrical activity on EEG). In six dogs the effects of etomidate (5 mg X kg-1) on the rates of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and phosphocreatine (PCr) depletion and lactate accumulation during 9 min of oligemic hypotension to 31 mmHg were compared with six untreated dogs. In the dogs treated with etomidate the cerebral energy stores of ATP and PCr and the cerebral energy charge were maintained at higher levels than in the untreated dogs, and the cerebral lactate accumulation was significantly less. This effect of etomidate is similar to that of other anesthetics (thiopental and isoflurane) in this model. The authors conclude that in circumstances of ischemia that are insufficient to abolish neuronal synaptic activity, etomidate may improve tolerance of the brain to ischemia by decreasing cerebral metabolism through its suppression of neuronal synaptic activity. PMID- 3752573 TI - Electrophysiologic effects of halothane and quinidine on canine Purkinje fibers: evidence for a synergistic interaction. AB - The authors studied possible interactions between halothane and quinidine on the action potentials of canine Purkinje fibers superfused with Tyrode's solution. Using standard microelectrode techniques and a physiologic pacing rate (2 Hz), halothane in concentrations from 0.5% to 2% decreased the action potential duration to 50% repolarization (ADP50). Total ADP (APD100), in contrast, increased after 1% and 2% halothane. Resting membrane potential (RMP) and action potential amplitude (APamp) increased after 0.5% halothane, but returned to control with higher halothane levels. Conduction time (CT) increased at each halothane level. Pacing at faster (3 Hz) or slower (1 Hz) rates did not markedly alter the effects of halothane. Quinidine 1 X 10(-5)M decreased the phase O upstroke (Vmax) and prolonged APD100 and CT. When halothane was added, RMP and APamp decreased, Vmax decreased further, and APD100 and CT were markedly prolonged. This resulted in conduction block or inexcitability, especially at faster pacing rates (3 Hz). Synergistic interactions between halothane and quinidine were found on RMP, APamp, APD100, and CT. Effects on Vmax, APD50, and action potential duration to 90% repolarization (APD90) were additive. It is concluded that quinidine and halothane act synergistically to decrease action potential amplitude, lower RMP, and prolong conduction. Severe depression of conduction often progressed to conduction block or inexcitability when halothane, 2%, was administered during superfusion with therapeutic concentrations of quinidine. PMID- 3752574 TI - Obstetric anesthesia: a national survey. AB - To assess obstetric anesthesia in the United States, and to determine why more anesthesia personnel are not involved in this subspecialty, a questionnaire was sent to the heads of obstetric and anesthesia services in 1,200 hospitals. Both obstetric and anesthesia respondents agreed on several characteristics of obstetric anesthesia that inhibit more participation by anesthesia personnel. Among others, they identified that: the unpredictability of labor and delivery makes scheduling difficult; obstetricians tend to dictate type and timing of anesthesia; the risk of malpractice claims is increased for obstetric anesthesia; and, finally, larger obstetric services would make it more practical to provide anesthesia services. Regarding availability of personnel and procedures, obstetric units with less than 500 deliveries per year were considerably more under-staffed than the larger units in most areas studied. When general anesthesia was used for cesarean section in these units, it was provided by, or given under the direction of, an anesthesiologist only 44% of the time, whereas in the hospitals with more than 1,500 deliveries per year, an anesthesiologist was present 86% of the time. Likewise, in the small units, personnel classified as "others" were responsible for newborn resuscitation in 24% and 43% of instances after cesarean section and vaginal delivery, respectively. In the hospitals with more than 1,500 deliveries, comparable figures were 4% and 2%, respectively. PMID- 3752576 TI - Clinically significant muscle weakness induced by oral dantrolene sodium prophylaxis for malignant hyperthermia. PMID- 3752575 TI - Effect of age on the solubility of volatile anesthetics in human tissues. AB - To determine the effect of age on the solubility of volatile anesthetics in human tissues, the authors measured the solubilities of isoflurane, enflurane, halothane, and methoxyflurane in vitro at 37 degrees C in 35 postmortem human tissue specimens. Specimens were taken from neonates, and young (20-50 yr), middle-aged (50-70 yr), and elderly adults (greater than 70 yr). Brain/gas, heart/gas, and liver/gas partition coefficients for all four anesthetics increased significantly (P less than 0.05) between birth and adulthood, although brain/gas partition coefficients in young adults tended to be higher than those in middle-aged and elderly adults. Heart/gas and liver/gas partition coefficients tended to increase with aging. Muscle/gas partition coefficients for the four anesthetics increased linearly with age. Fat/gas partition coefficients did not change significantly with age. Tissue/blood solubilities for the four anesthetics were of the same order of magnitude for a given tissue and age group. Tissue/blood solubilities for enflurane were 30% lower than those for isoflurane in the same tissue and age group. In summary: the solubility of volatile anesthetics in human tissues increases with age; the lower solubility of anesthetics in neonates partially explains the more rapid increase of alveolar and tissue anesthetic partial pressures in neonates; despite the higher blood solubility of enflurane, its lower tissue solubility may explain a rate of recovery comparable with that of isoflurane. PMID- 3752577 TI - A new technique of scavenging exhaled nitrous oxide. PMID- 3752578 TI - Intravenous regional anesthesia: evaluation and prevention of leakage under the tourniquet. PMID- 3752579 TI - Bradycardia delays the onset of action of intravenous atropine in infants. PMID- 3752580 TI - Effect of droperidol pretreatment on postanesthetic vomiting in children undergoing strabismus surgery. PMID- 3752581 TI - Acute steroid therapy does not alter nondepolarizing muscle relaxant effects in humans. PMID- 3752582 TI - Effects of isoflurane on visual evoked potentials in humans. PMID- 3752583 TI - Surgical analgesia for cesarean delivery with epidural bupivacaine and fentanyl. PMID- 3752585 TI - Hypertension from smokeless tobacco. PMID- 3752584 TI - Traumatic pseudoaneurysm of a pulmonary artery: anesthetic considerations. PMID- 3752586 TI - Support of the arms during ESWL. PMID- 3752587 TI - On the clinical relevance of an experimental study on neurotoxicity of local anesthetics. PMID- 3752588 TI - Central venous cannulation: a new and efficient device. PMID- 3752590 TI - Sniffing position for tracheal intubation. PMID- 3752591 TI - Use of the epidural blood patch in the treatment of chronic headaches. PMID- 3752589 TI - A new use for the pulse oximeter. PMID- 3752592 TI - Computer-assisted infusions of drugs. PMID- 3752594 TI - Securing an endotracheal tube. PMID- 3752593 TI - Bupivacaine cardiotoxicity is related to increased brain sensitivity. PMID- 3752596 TI - Abstracts of scientific papers. 1986 annual meeting. American Society of Anesthesiologists. PMID- 3752595 TI - Treatment of hyperkalemia with epinephrine. PMID- 3752597 TI - [Status of hemostasis during microsurgical procedures using general combined electropharmanesthesia]. PMID- 3752598 TI - [Controlled heparinization during heart surgery using artificial circulation]. PMID- 3752599 TI - [Cyclic nucleotides as one of the criteria of anesthetic adequacy during lung surgery]. PMID- 3752600 TI - [Evaluation of the efficacy of epidural analgesia with narcotic analgesics]. PMID- 3752601 TI - [Treatment of hepatic failure using hemoperfusion through a suspension of live isolated hepatocytes]. PMID- 3752603 TI - [Features of changes in the central hemodynamics and O2 transport of late middle aged patients with severe mechanical injuries]. PMID- 3752602 TI - [Changes in the functional status of the sinus node and atrioventricular conduction during neuroleptanalgesia]. PMID- 3752604 TI - [Functional criteria for discontinuation of artificial pulmonary ventilation in patients with acute respiratory insufficiency]. PMID- 3752605 TI - [Ventriculo-ventricular dissociation induced by high-voltage stimulation of the heart]. PMID- 3752606 TI - [Vasoactive substances and hemodynamic shifts during changes in the vascular bed of the lungs and bronchial patency]. PMID- 3752607 TI - [Feasibility of sensometry in evaluating the efficacy of postoperative analgesia]. PMID- 3752608 TI - [Relation between the level of central venous and left ventricular pressure and changes in the preload and functional activity of the heart]. PMID- 3752609 TI - [Low gas flow during semi-closed artificial ventilation of the lungs during general anesthesia]. PMID- 3752610 TI - [Pharmaceutical forms of the local anesthetic pyromecaine]. PMID- 3752611 TI - [Clinical course of general anesthesia in children after different methods of intravenous administration of fentanyl]. PMID- 3752612 TI - [Changes in respiration during general anesthesia with ketamine]. PMID- 3752613 TI - [Central hemodynamics in parturients with late toxemias during premedication and induction anesthesia for cesarean section]. PMID- 3752614 TI - [Infectious and thromboembolic complications during infusion of solutions into the subclavian veins, ways of preventing them]. PMID- 3752615 TI - [Complications of prolonged peridural anesthesia in obstetric and gynecologic practice]. PMID- 3752616 TI - [Prevention and treatment of early post-intubation complications using lysozyme]. PMID- 3752617 TI - Recurrent oral and genital ulcers and herpetic infection. PMID- 3752618 TI - Immunotherapy in allergy to dog. Immunologic and clinical findings of a double blind study. AB - Twenty-seven dog-allergic asthmatic children with no pets in the home were included in the study. The clinical trial was performed as a double-blind study using a commercial standardized aluminum hydroxide-bound dog dander and hair extract or histamine-placebo. The patients were randomized into the active treatment or the placebo group on the basis of the RAST (e5) and the provocation test with aqueous dog dander and hair extract. The good clinical response of immunotherapy with dog dander and hair extract has been reported earlier. The specific immunotherapy resulted in an increase in the serum level of antigen specific IgG antibodies (P less than .01) and a decrease in the skin sensitivity to dog extract (P less than .001) in the active treatment group when compared with the placebo group. The treatment was well-tolerated. No systemic reactions occurred and local reactions were mild. The results show a good immunologic response with a standardized dog dander and hair extract. There were no major changes in the course of bronchial asthma in either group. After 1 year of immunotherapy the subjects had no symptoms on a dog-exposure of short duration. This must be carefully emphasized when considering the indications for immunotherapy. PMID- 3752619 TI - High theophylline doses required for asthma control. AB - Two patients are presented who required higher than usual doses of theophylline to control their asthma. The clinical course of the patients and the risks of high theophylline are briefly discussed. PMID- 3752620 TI - A study on airborne allergenic pollen content in the atmosphere of Ascoli Piceno. AB - The results of 4 years (1981-1984) of monitoring airborne pollen concentration, using a volumetric trap, in the atmosphere of Ascoli Piceno (central Italy) are reported. Pollen production wasn't constant during the studied years, showing in 1982 and 1984 a very high concentration in comparison to 1981 and 1983. This is due to a dry period from April to June in 1982 and from June to July in 1984. We found that the most important allergenic pollen is Gramineae with a principal period of pollination occurring from April to July. After Gramineae, Parietaria plays an allergenic role frequently in association with the pollen of Olea, which is the most important allergenic pollen of all the trees in this area. From August to October we observed the pollination of mugwort, which was found in small quantities but nevertheless an offender in localized cases of pollinosis in Ascoli Piceno. PMID- 3752621 TI - Skin test and radioallergosorbent test with extracts of larval and adult midges of Tokunagayusurika akamusi Tokunaga (Diptera: Chironomidae) in asthmatic patients of the metropolitan area of Tokyo. AB - Prick test and radioallergosorbent test to extracts of larval and adult midges, Tokunagayusurika akamusi (Tokunaga) were done in randomly selected asthmatic patients in the metropolitan area of Tokyo, Japan. Thirty-eight percent of 303 asthmatic patients were prick-test positive to either larval or adult midges, and 32.4% of 105 asthmatic patients were positive to either extracts by RAST, while only one out of 20 normal individuals was positive to RAST. These positive rates in the asthmatic patients were the second to the positive rates of prick test and RAST using mite antigen. Antigens from midges seem to be the second important allergens in the metropolitan area of Tokyo. PMID- 3752622 TI - Pulmonary hypersensitivity to nalfon. AB - Bilateral pulmonary infiltrates developed in a 77-year-old woman. These were associated with chills, fatigue, a high spiking temperature, leukocytosis, and eosinophilia. Clinical symptoms abated after 24 hours, and radiologic abnormalities cleared several days after discontinuing Nalfon, plus administering prednisone. The most likely cause of these pulmonary infiltrates was a hypersensitivity or idiosyncratic reaction to Nalfon. PMID- 3752623 TI - The spectrum of food allergy in infancy and childhood. PMID- 3752625 TI - Albuterol nebulizer solution for the treatment of asthma. PMID- 3752624 TI - Cow's milk allergy in infants: some clinical and immunologic features. PMID- 3752626 TI - [Assay of urinary iodides by specific electrodes: its value in dysthyroidism]. AB - A simple and reliable electrochemical urinary iodides determination method, using a crystalline membrane specific electrode is proposed. Normal adult values are determined. Determinations performed on 74 patients with an excess iodine induced hyperthyroidism show that urinary iodides determination is a good clinical evolution marker. PMID- 3752627 TI - [Adaptation of the Autobac system to the determination of serum concentrations of antibiotics]. AB - Adaptation of the Autobac system to the determination of antibiotic concentrations in the serum. In face of increasing interest in antibiotic assays, particularly for those effective within a narrow range, we have combined the Autobac system with a rapid microbiological assay in liquid medium which involves the use of a laser nephelometer. This method is rapid, simple, accurate and inexpensive. It allows laboratories with the Autobac system to monitor closely antibiotic treatments. PMID- 3752628 TI - Evaluation of radioimmunoassays using mono- and polyclonal antibodies for the quantitation of human chorionic gonadotropin in early pregnancy. AB - Five commercial kits for the quantitative determination of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were evaluated for use in an In Vitro Fertilization program. We focused on practicability, precision, sensitivity and the early detection of pregnancy. The IRE method uses purified antiserum against complete hCG and requires overnight incubation. Precision is poor but hCG results agree closely with the other assays. Three other kits use a beta-subunit specific antiserum (Amersham, Becton-Dickinson, Clinical Assays). All these assays have acceptable precision especially in their mid-range. The Amersham assay has the shortest assay time, while the Clinical Assays method requires the least manipulation. The Becton Dickinson assay is precise, less sensitive and has the highest frequency of slightly elevated hCG levels in males and non pregnant females. The Hybritech kit is an immunoradiometric assay based on two monoclonal antibodies. It was tested with a two-step incubation procedure needing a longer assay time than the beta-subunit specific assays but it has the best precision at low hCG levels and is the most sensitive test with the least interference in samples obtained from males and non-pregnant females. For the early detection of pregnancy all assays performed equally well. PMID- 3752629 TI - High performance liquid chromatographic determination of paracetamol in human serum. AB - A method has been developed for the determination of acetaminophen in human serum. Samples are extracted with ethyl acetate. Beta-hydroxyethyl theophylline is used as internal standard. The solvent is evaporated under nitrogen and the residue is analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography on Lichrosorb RP 18. Extraction efficiency, linearity and assay precision have been determined. The method is rapid and can be easily applied to determine the plasma level of patient having taken overdose of paracetamol. PMID- 3752630 TI - [Choice of sample for studying blood amino acids: plasma or serum?]. PMID- 3752631 TI - [Macromolecules of the extracellular matrix]. AB - In this introductory paper, the authors review the macromolecular basis of extracellular matrix. 4 principal groups of macromolecules are known: collagen, elastin, proteoglycans and structural glycoproteins. The phylogenetic evolution lead to the great complexity of this matrix. The interest of a more specific pharmacology directed towards this extracellular matrix is emphasised. PMID- 3752632 TI - [Collagens of the joint]. AB - Collagen heterogeneity is now well recognised. 11 different types are known, corresponding to 25 polypeptidic chains. In joints, almost all types of collagen are found. Type II collagen is however predominant, due to its fundamental role in cartilage physiology. PMID- 3752633 TI - [Biomechanics of the connective tissue]. AB - The authors discuss the collagen biomechanical properties. Firstly they recall the technical devices used in biomechanics and the mechanical data usually explored. Next, they review the mechanical properties of the various collagens found in tendons, joints, bone, vascular walls, skin and pulmonary alveoli. PMID- 3752634 TI - [Ultrastructural aspects of collagen]. AB - Collagen knowledge is relevant to the combination of three technologies: biochemistry, crystallography and ultra-structural studies. Its fibrillar nature has been early recognised by electron microscopy. The author presents the various ultra-structural aspects of collagen according to the various known types. Fibrillar, micro-fibrillar structures are described as well as basement membranes. PMID- 3752635 TI - Definition of the terms certification, licensure and accreditation in clinical chemistry. IFCC Document Stage 2, Draft 3. PMID- 3752636 TI - Guidelines (1985) for clinical chemists for effective communication of clinical chemistry laboratory data. IFCC Document Stage 2, Draft 3. PMID- 3752637 TI - A critique of impedance measurements in cardiac tissue. AB - The specific impedance of cardiac tissue cannot be measured directly. Instead, the investigator obtains voltage and current measurements and places them into a model of the tissue's structure to infer the impedances of elements of the model. If the model fails to describe major aspects of the real tissue, the results may be worthless, although possibly self-consistent. In the literature of impedance measurement in cardiac tissue, only rarely is the model explicitly described; more commonly, the tissue model is adopted implicitly when equations giving the impedance in terms of voltage and current measurements are adopted. This paper examines the series of models that have been used in specific impedance measurements of cardiac tissue and shows how the same or similar measurements can accurately describe tissue impedivity or can lead to significant errors when inadequate models such as isotropic and anisotropic monodomains (although a part of work of historical merit) are used. PMID- 3752638 TI - Jet-directed catheter for interventional radiology. AB - A new catheter of dual lumen construction, suitable for clinical use, is capable of navigating acute vessel branches by selective retrojet fluid thrusts issuing from cowlings built into its distal sidewalls. Conventional radiopaque liquids can be used both to drive the system and to fluoroscopically locate its position relative to the vascular network. In vitro studies have shown the catheter to traverse straight vessels and negotiate difficult lateral turns over short radii in the process of entering progressively smaller branches. In vivo studies have verified these capabilities and suggest a means for embolizing tumors and arteriovenous malformations located at otherwise inaccessible regions. For arterial infusion of drugs to treat tumors, the turbulent jet action is utilized to enhance mixing within the blood stream to overcome the streaming phenomenon common to other catheters. The result is better distribution of the agent and increased opportunity for the drug to reach more of the tumor. The catheter system is undergoing clinical trials. PMID- 3752639 TI - Development and use of a remote-controlled mitral valve. AB - A remote-controlled mitral valve was designed and constructed to occlude the mitral or tricuspid orifice at any time in the cardiac cycle. It is used to study ventricular properties in the anesthetized dog by controlling ventricular filling, atrial properties by controlling atrial emptying and interaction of the two chambers by uncoupling them. The device can produce transient or steady-state perturbations in filling volume which make possible studies of intrinsic control of cardiac output. When filling volume is transiently reduced, stroke volume and end-systolic volume are reduced. A compensatory increase in stroke volume of the next cycles occurs due to increased ventricular preload and reduced afterload. The compensation continues until the lost stroke volume is regained, at which time the system returns to its previous steady state. PMID- 3752640 TI - Effects of training on human tracking of electrocutaneous signals. AB - The effects of training on a person's ability to perceive, interpret and utilize information presented via the tactile sense were examined by using a dual-channel electrocutaneous tracking approach. The electrocutaneous code studied was linear pulse rate encoding of information. The stimulus had a pulse width of 200 microseconds and a pulse rate between 2 and 50 pulses per second. Three tracking tasks--visual tracking, one-dimensional electrocutaneous tracking and two dimensional electrocutaneous tracking--were performed by 20 subjects during eight to nine daily training sessions. The effects of this training regimen were found to be highly significant for both electrocutaneous tracking tasks (p less than 0.00005). The overall average improvement between successive training sessions was 21.6% for one-dimensional electrocutaneous tracking and 22.9% for two dimensional electrocutaneous tracking. Furthermore, the rate of improvement was fastest during the initial training sessions with a slower rate of improvement seen in most subjects beginning with their fifth session. The cumulative effects of training were also reflected in the lesser amounts of practice and review required by the subjects with each succeeding test session. Results from this study can be used to estimate the amount and rate of improvement that one can expect using a typical training program for tactile sensory aids. PMID- 3752641 TI - A model of deposition and embolization of proteins and platelets on biomaterial surfaces. AB - A theoretical model for the deposition and detachment of protein and platelets on biomaterial surfaces is presented here. This work is an extension of the model previously reported. Two mechanisms of protein and platelet removal are assumed: A characteristic time elapses before adsorbed protein detaches from the surface, carrying away platelets and protein which have deposited on top of it; and thrombi that attain a critical size are subject to hydrodynamic forces which embolize them from the surface. A theoretical distribution of thrombus sizes is assumed. Analysis of the effects of varying model parameters on predicted protein and platelet deposition reveals that the addition of the embolization process does not change the overall structure of the deposition profiles, but does significantly affect the finer details. PMID- 3752643 TI - Lack of efficacy of naloxone in a fixed-volume hemorrhage model. AB - Animal studies using a reservoir model of hemorrhagic shock have shown the narcotic antagonist naloxone to be of value in reversing the hemodynamic effects of severe hemorrhage. We conducted a study to evaluate the ability of naloxone to limit the deleterious effects of a fixed-volume hemorrhage. Fifteen mongrel dogs were bled 50% of their estimated blood volumes during one hour. This was followed by a one-hour stabilization period; reinfusion during a 30-minute period; and finally, an additional one-hour monitoring period. Eight dogs received 2 mg/kg IV naloxone 30 minutes prior to hemorrhage and 2 mg/kg/hr for the duration of the study. Seven control dogs received an equivalent volume of saline without naloxone. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, central venous pressure, cardiac output, heart rate, blood pressure, arterial and mixed venous blood gases, and serum lactate were measured at 19 intervals throughout the study period. Mean arterial pressure, cardiac index, and systemic vascular resistance were calculated for each sampling period. With the exception of serum lactates, which were higher in the naloxone group, there were no significant differences between the groups in the mean values calculated for each sampling interval (P less than .05, two-tailed independent t test). Furthermore, the changes in hemodynamic parameters observed during the hemorrhage, stabilization, reinfusion, and monitoring periods were not significantly different. We conclude that in this fixed-volume hemorrhage model, naloxone does not prevent or reverse hemodynamic deterioration. PMID- 3752642 TI - Comparative effect of graded doses of epinephrine on regional brain blood flow during CPR in a swine model. AB - Cerebral blood flow (CBF) with conventional closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CCPR) has been measured at only 2% to 11% of prearrest values. The purpose of our study was to determine whether the peripheral administration of higher doses of epinephrine than currently recommended during CCPR following a prolonged cardiac arrest improves CBF compared to CCPR using a standard dose of epinephrine. Fifteen swine were randomized to receive CCPR plus 0.02 mg/kg, 0.2 mg/kg, or 2.0 mg/kg epinephrine through a peripheral IV line following a ten minute cardiopulmonary arrest and three minutes of CCPR. Regional CBF measurements were made by radionuclide microsphere technique during normal sinus rhythm (NSR), CCPR, and following epinephrine administration. The adjusted regional blood flows (in mL/min/100 g) following epinephrine administration for the 0.02-, 0.2-, and 2.0-mg/kg groups were, respectively, left cerebral cortex (3.3, 13.1, 11.8); right cerebral cortex (3.9, 13.8, 12.2); cerebellum (9.2, 32.0, 33.1); midbrain/pons (9.9, 32.1, 32.3); medulla (10.6, 61.5, 54.2); and cervical spinal cord (12.2, 53.8, 35.8). In this swine model, 0.2 mg/kg and 2.0 mg/kg epinephrine significantly increased regional CBF over that seen with standard doses. Because neuronal survival is dependent on flow rates of 10 to 15 mL/min/100 g, this preliminary evidence suggests that these higher doses of epinephrine may help improve neurological outcome in CCPR. PMID- 3752644 TI - Central and peripheral catheter flow rates in "pediatric" dogs. AB - Several authors have reported flow rates for various catheters in vitro, but these studies may not reflect differences in vivo because of intravascular pressure, valves, and/or venous tortuosity, particularly in the small vessels of the child. We studied flow rates of four small-gauge catheters in a "pediatric" dog model. We found that flow rates were less in vivo than in vitro, less in peripheral than in central veins, and equal in hypovolemic and normovolemic dogs. Our data indicate that the results of in vitro studies cannot be extrapolated directly to predict achievable flow rates in clinical practice. In particular, a small-diameter catheter in the central circulation may allow delivery of fluid under pressure at a faster rate than does a catheter of larger diameter in a peripheral vein. Thus decisions about site, type, and size of catheter for fluid resuscitation should be based on data obtained in vivo. PMID- 3752645 TI - Myocardial tissue iron delocalization and evidence for lipid peroxidation after two hours of ischemia. AB - Ischemic tissue injury has been proposed to be in part due to oxygen-radical mediated lipid peroxidation. In vitro studies of such reactions show that they are thermodynamically unfavorable unless catalyzed by transitional metals such as iron in low molecular weight species (LMWS iron), ie, the iron-ADP complex. This study tests for iron delocalization into a LMWS pool during myocardial ischemia and for increased tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), a product of lipid peroxidation. Anesthesia was induced in eight dogs (weighing 20 to 30 kg) with ketamine and maintained by ventilation with 1% halothane. The left anterior descending coronary artery was ligated in four animals, and the circumflex coronary artery was ligated in the other four. Two hours after ligation, the animals were sacrificed by a central venous injection of KCl. Tissue samples were immediately taken from the ischemic zone and from the corresponding nonischemic zone. MDA was determined by the thiobarbituric acid assay. LMWS iron was determined on a tissue ultrafiltrate by the o-phenanthroline assay. Statistical data analysis used the matched-pair two-tailed t test. LMWS iron was 18.3 nM/100 mg in ischemic tissue versus 13.1 nM/100 mg in nonischemic tissue (t = 4.14; P less than .01). MDA was 0.91 nM/100 mg in ischemic tissue versus 0.83 nM/100 mg in nonischemic tissue (t = 7.27; P less than .005). We conclude that there is a significant increase in tissue LMWS iron and in MDA after two hours of regional myocardial ischemia. This iron might be the catalyst for maturation of tissue injury during reperfusion as observed by other investigators.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3752646 TI - Use of bretylium tosylate as prophylaxis and treatment in hypothermic ventricular fibrillation in the canine model. AB - We conducted a study to determine if bretylium tosylate (BT) is effective in the prophylaxis and treatment of hypothermic ventricular fibrillation (VF) in the setting of various maneuvers thought to induce this lethal arrhythmia. Twenty-two mongrel dogs were cooled to 24 C after being placed in a cold room. At 24 C, a double-blinded placebo or BT solution was infused. The dogs then were removed from the cold. They underwent the following sequential maneuvers: oral endotracheal extubation and intubation, central line and nasogastric tube placement, vigorous movement, and Swan-Ganz catheter insertion. If VF ensued, arterial blood gases were drawn, and BT was given only if refractory to countershock and epinephrine. Of the dogs that were given placebo, six of 11 (55%) fibrillated with manipulation, as compared with one of 11 (9%) dogs pretreated with BT (P = .067). Three of the 11 dogs that received BT fibrillated within minutes of its infusion. In the placebo dogs that fibrillated, four required BT and two defibrillated with countershock alone or with epinephrine prior to achieving stable rhythms. PMID- 3752647 TI - High-yield criteria for urgent cranial computed tomography scans. AB - We conducted a study to establish high-yield criteria for urgent cranial computed tomography (CT) scanning in both medical and surgical conditions. Patients were scanned on an emergency basis and were entered in the study if they met preestablished criteria. The clinical findings of the 407 patients in this study were correlated with CT findings. The majority were scanned on an emergency basis for the following reasons: trauma, seizures, altered mental status, hemiparesis, headache, and coma. The yield for CT scans that altered patient management was moderate to high for each of the following categories: coma, 46%; trauma, 30%; seizures, 23%; hemiparesis, 22%; and headache, 21%. The yield for altered mental status and reasons outside the established criteria were fairly low, 8% and 7%, respectively. The specific clinical correlation with CT results in each category is discussed. PMID- 3752649 TI - Considerations for improving survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. AB - Since the implementation of a paramedic system in Seattle, yearly survival rates from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation have averaged 25% without any significant increase over the years. Outcome for cardiac arrest associated with other rhythms has been poor: when asystole was the first rhythm recorded, only 1% of patients survived; when electromechanical dissociation was initially present, only 6% survived. For cases of electromechanical dissociation, neither the type of rhythm nor the rate appear to influence outcome. Survival from ventricular fibrillation can be improved by shortening the delay to initiation of CPR and to defibrillation. When outcome in 244 witnessed arrests was related to the times to beginning CPR and to initial defibrillation, mortality increased 3% each minute until CPR was begun and 4% a minute until the first shock was delivered. New strategies that minimize delays appear to have the greatest promise for improving survival after cardiac arrest. PMID- 3752648 TI - Asymmetry of the odontoid-lateral mass interspaces: a radiographic finding of questionable clinical significance. AB - Asymmetry of the interspaces between the odontoid process and the lateral masses of the atlas is a finding occasionally noted on anteroposterior open-mouth radiographs obtained following trauma. Controversy exists as to the clinical significance of this finding in minimally symptomatic patients. Some believe this asymmetry is a normal variant, while others suggest that pathological rotation of the atlas on the axis may be present. This condition has been termed atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation (ARS), and when not corrected by 15 degrees head rotation, is said to be "fixed." Recent experience has shown that some patients with radiographic findings of ARS do not exhibit clinical signs or symptoms, leading us to question the significance of the radiographic diagnosis. A study was performed to evaluate the incidence of atlantoaxial asymmetry in normal subjects, the effect of rotation on the atlantoaxial relationship, and the ability to correct asymmetry by rotation. Eleven normal volunteers were evaluated with the following anteroposterior open-mouth views: without tilt or rotation (neutral); 15 degrees rotation in each direction; 15 degrees head and neck tilt to the right; right rotation with right tilt; and left rotation with right tilt. Six normals (54%) demonstrated atlantoaxial asymmetry in the neutral position despite proper positioning. No predictable change in the atlantoaxial relationship was produced by any of the manipulations described. Two normal subjects fulfilled the radiographic criterion for fixed atlantoaxial subluxation (asymmetry not corrected by rotation). We conclude that the radiographic finding of atlantoaxial asymmetry is common and not in itself abnormal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3752650 TI - Ventilation skills of emergency medical technicians: A teaching challenge for emergency medicine. AB - We assessed the ability of 64 emergency medical technicians (EMTs) to ventilate a resuscitation manikin with a bag valve mask and with a pocket face mask to determine if their skill levels met the American Heart Association standard of 12 ventilations per minute, each with a tidal volume of 800 mL or more. All ventilation attempts were made during ongoing chest compressions (60 per minute). A successful ventilation was defined as a tidal volume of 800 mL +/- 40 mL. In a preliminary skills assessment, EMTs averaged 4.8 attempts with the bag valve mask and 2.9 attempts with the pocket face mask before a successful ventilation (P less than .01). In a formal skills assessment that lasted two minutes, successful ventilations per minute averaged 8.3 with the bag value mask and 9.9 with the pocket face mask (P less than 0.1). EMTs passed if they averaged ten or more successful ventilations per minute; 67% passed with the bag valve mask and 77% with the pocket face mask (NS). During a ten-minute extended skill assessment the EMTs averaged 9.6 ventilations per minute with the bag valve mask and 9.5 with the pocket face mask (NS). EMTs achieved initial success and maintained continued success better with the pocket face mask, but a reasonably high percentage (67%) met an objective standard when using the bag valve mask. We propose that objective standards be used to test the skills of EMTs for any ventilatory adjunct that they are permitted to use. PMID- 3752651 TI - The effects of various antishock trouser inflation sequences on hemodynamics in normovolemic subjects. AB - In an attempt to maximize the hemodynamic effects of antishock trousers, a pair of such trousers was modified to a five-bladder trouser (one abdominal, two thigh, and two calf bladders) and inflated using three different inflation sequences. These three sequences were simultaneous inflation of all five bladders; concurrent inflation of the calf and thigh bladders and then inflation of the abdominal bladder (standard inflation); and sequential inflation of the calf, thigh, and abdominal bladders. Simultaneous inflation resulted in the greatest increase in blood pressure and the smallest increase in end-diastolic volume, stroke volume, and cardiac output. The standard inflation sequence resulted in slightly higher increases in end-diastolic volume, stroke volume, and cardiac output than the sequential inflation sequence, and a significantly larger increase in cardiac output than the simultaneous inflation sequence. Our study indicates that of the three sequences used, the standard inflation sequence produces the greatest blood return to the heart. PMID- 3752652 TI - Application of microcomputers in the emergency department: experience with a computerized logbook. AB - The regulations of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals stipulate that every emergency department must maintain a control register or logbook of patients seen. The retrieval of handwritten logbook data characteristically is a slow and tedious task that is prone to error. A computerized logbook has been developed for use on personal microcomputers using an economical database management system. Each patient record consists of 16 fields, including basic identifying data, chief complaint, diagnosis, physicians involved, and disposition. The daily log of patients seen is a computer-generated printout containing nearly four times the number of patients per printed page as our handwritten log system. It is now possible to obtain listings of admissions, mortalities, daily radiographs, laboratory cultures, and physicians patient lists 24 hours a day. The system is a valuable resource in an emergency medicine residency, and allows our program to generate interesting case and radiograph listings. Research data can be obtained in a fraction of the time and with a fraction of the effort usually required by manual methods. PMID- 3752653 TI - Abdominal pain and weakness in an elderly woman. PMID- 3752654 TI - Cathartic-induced magnesium toxicity during overdose management. AB - A 39-year-old women was admitted to the hospital following a large ingestion of a tricyclic antidepressant. The administration of magnesium citrate in repeated doses with activated charcoal resulted in a striking increase in serum magnesium levels followed by acute neuromuscular deterioration and respiratory depression. The patient required dialysis for control of hypermagnesemia. Her clinical condition improved slowly without further complication and she was discharged to a rehabilitation center. PMID- 3752655 TI - Hypermagnesemia and perforated viscus. AB - Reported is an unusual case of hypermagnesemia secondary to exogenous intake in the presence of a perforated viscus and normal renal function. The patient's neurological and cardiovascular complications resolved with repair of a duodenal ulcer and correction of hypermagnesemia. The presentation of hypermagnesemia can be subtle, but should be considered in patients with gastrointestinal complications who present in shock. PMID- 3752656 TI - Massive diltiazem overdose. AB - A 74-year-old man presented with bradycardia, diaphoresis, mental confusion, and slurred speech. He developed asystole and was managed successfully with temporary emergency transvenous pacing and support of ventilation and blood pressure. He later was found to have ingested approximately 1,500 mg diltiazem, apparently as the result of an error created by his blindness and chronic confusion. PMID- 3752657 TI - Ciguatera poisoning: a report of three cases. AB - Confirmed ciguatera poisoning is reported in three Canadian adults who ingested grouper imported from Florida. Two required hospitalization for management of marked gastrointestinal, neurological, and cardiovascular disturbances. Outside of endemic areas, the recognition of this type of fish poisoning may be inadequate. The pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy of the disease are outlined. PMID- 3752658 TI - Reversal of clonidine toxicity by naloxone. AB - Clonidine is a centrally acting antihypertensive agent used in the management of essential hypertension. Oral clonidine loading is now used frequently in the management of hypertensive urgencies (ie, increases in arterial pressure not associated with acute, life-threatening end-organ injury). We report the case of a patient with an acute inferior myocardial infarction associated with blunt chest trauma who developed an abrupt and unexplained increase in arterial pressure 24 hours after admission and who was treated with oral clonidine (0.5 mg in divided doses over two hours). Drug therapy was followed by prolonged (four hours) systemic arterial hypotension (mean arterial pressure less than 70 mm Hg). Four milligrams of naloxone in two divided doses was given. Each naloxone bolus was followed by a 15-mm-Hg increase in mean arterial pressure and a return to values that were normal for this patient. Naloxone may be of value in reversing clonidine toxicity when clonidine is given to treat an acute rise in arterial pressure. PMID- 3752659 TI - Penetrating abdominal wounds in pregnancy. AB - Despite the fact that penetrating abdominal wounds in late pregnancy are becoming increasingly common, there are few such reports in the medical literature. We report the case of a Cambodian woman injured in the border fighting between the Vietnamese and Khmer troops in 1980. Our case is unique in that the fetus survived with a relatively minor fragment wound in the leg. To our knowledge, this is the first report of such a case. PMID- 3752661 TI - Definition of emergency medicine and the emergency physician. American College of Emergency Physicians. PMID- 3752662 TI - Analysis of cervical spine injury. PMID- 3752660 TI - Acute urinary retention as a presenting sign of spinal cord compression. AB - The cases of three patients with spinal cord compression who presented with acute urinary retention are discussed. Two patients had previously diagnosed carcinoma; in one, acute urinary retention was the first sign of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Two patients had a history compatible with prostatic hypertrophy. All had either paresthesias or sensory or motor deficits on initial presentation. All three patients were left with permanent hypotonic bladders. Two patients had permanent lower extremity paresis as well. PMID- 3752663 TI - Head trauma and CT scans. PMID- 3752664 TI - NMB usage survey. PMID- 3752665 TI - Use of trauma scores. PMID- 3752666 TI - Resuscitation of hypovolemic shock. PMID- 3752667 TI - "Disaster Emergency Medical Services". PMID- 3752668 TI - Modification of cricothyroidostomy. PMID- 3752669 TI - Meaningful statistical analysis. PMID- 3752670 TI - Oculomotor nerve compression. PMID- 3752671 TI - Longevity of colonies of Anaplasma marginale in midgut epithelial cells of Dermacentor andersoni. AB - Colonies of Anaplasma marginale in midgut epithelial cells of experimentally infected Dermacentor andersoni were studied in adult ticks 1, 3, and 6 months old. Longevity of the parasite in ticks was assessed by evaluating its infectivity for splenectomized calves; calves were exposed by feeding ticks and by inoculation of tick gut homogenates. Longevity was also evaluated by determining size, type, and density of colonies in male and female ticks. The effect of incubation (2.5 days at 37 C) on colony density was also examined for ticks at each age period. All methods used to assess longevity of A marginale in ticks (tick transmission, calf inoculation, and histologic studies) indicated a decrease of the numbers of organisms in 6-month-old ticks. Furthermore, when tick gut homogenates from 6-month-old nonincubated ticks were not infectious for susceptible calves, incubation of ticks before dissection restored infectivity of homogenates. Colonies of A marginale were detected in gut tissues of 6-month-old ticks that were not infective; therefore, infectivity of ticks could not be confirmed merely by presence of A marginale colonies. PMID- 3752672 TI - Percutaneous infection of nymphal Dermacentor andersoni with Anaplasma marginale. AB - Newly replete nymphal Dermacentor andersoni (principals) were percutaneously exposed to Anaplasma marginale by injection of either intact or lysed infected bovine erythrocytes. Control nymphs were fed on calves with anaplasmosis. The subsequently molted adults were examined for infection by light microscopy, and companion ticks were tested for infectivity by allowing them to feed on susceptible calves. When they fed as adults, both control ticks and percutaneously inoculated principals transmitted A marginale to susceptible calves. Prepatent periods in calves varied according to the method by which nymphs were infected. Colonies of A marginale were found in all ticks that acquired infection by feeding, but colonies were not observed in any ticks exposed percutaneously. The possible developmental cycle of A marginale in artificially infected ticks is discussed. PMID- 3752673 TI - Efficacy of clorsulon against mature, naturally acquired Fasciola hepatica infections in cattle and sheep. AB - Clorsulon (3.5 or 7 mg/kg of body weight) was given orally to mature cows (dairy or beef) and to mature mixed-breed sheep harboring patent infections of Fasciola hepatica. Eighteen animals of each species were assigned to a control group (drug vehicle) or to 1 of 2 treatment (3.5 or 7.0 mg/kg) groups of 6 animals each. On posttreatment days 8 (cows) or 14 (sheep), the animals were slaughtered for recovery of flukes. In cows, the efficacy (P values for treatment groups vs control) of clorsulon against infections of mature F hepatica was 99.21% (P less than or equal to 0.0065) at 3.5 mg/kg and was 100% (P less than or equal to 0.0039) at 7 mg/kg. In sheep, the efficacy was 93.33% (P less than or equal to 0.0104) at 3.5 mg/kg and was 100% (P less than or equal to 0.0039) at 7 mg/kg. These results indicate that clorsulon is a highly effective compound for the treatment of mature F hepatica in cows and sheep. PMID- 3752674 TI - Susceptibility of fourth-stage Ascaris suum larvae to fenbendazole and to host response in the pig. AB - Fenbendazole given at the rate of 2.5 g/kg of feed for 3 days had 100% efficacy against 4th-stage Ascaris suum larvae in 8 pigs. Eight control pigs had a total of 108 A suum. In 6 pigs infected 3 times with 3rd-stage A suum larvae and treated with fenbendazole after the larvae molted to the 4th stage, the challenge exposure-derived population was decreased by 64%. Similar sequential infections in 6 pigs similarly infected, but not treated with fenbendazole, decreased the challenge exposure-derived population by 98%; however, developing and/or adult worms from the vaccinating infections were present. PMID- 3752675 TI - Seasonal occurrence of infective nematode larvae in California Sierra foothill pastures grazed by cattle. AB - Worm-free Holstein tracer calves were used to assess the seasonal variation in number and course of development of nematode parasites of cattle on an irrigated pasture located in the California Sierra foothills. The most common genera of nematodes found in the abomasum and small intestine were Ostertagia and Cooperia, respectively. The infective Ostertagia larvae on herbage were most numerous in early spring and lowest in summer months. Arrested development of Ostertagia occurred in mid-to-late spring. The percentage of the population of Ostertagia found to be arrested larvae was constant (73% to 95%) over 4 years, even though the total number of nematodes in the genus was markedly different. Levels of infection with Ostertagia and Cooperia were found to correlate with pasture contamination occurring in the preceding fall and concurrent winter months. In the cecum and large intestine, Oesophagostomum venulosum was found to be the most common nematode. It is suggested that this species may replace Os radiatum as the cattle nodular worm in regions where climate is similar to that of the southwestern coast of North America. Evidence of seasonal hypobiotic development of Oe venulosum was found. Other genera of nematodes observed in tracer calves were Trichostrongylus, Haemonchus, Bunostomum, Trichuris, and Dictyocaulus. PMID- 3752676 TI - Strongylid parasites of horses: experimental ecology of the free-living stages on the Canadian prairie. AB - Each month for a 1-year period (October through September), equine fecal masses containing eggs of strongylid nematodes were placed outdoors on small grass plots in Saskatchewan, Canada. Thereafter, feces and grass from the plots were sampled after intervals of 1 week or longer, and the strongylid eggs and larvae recovered were counted. These observations were made over a 2-year period. Development of eggs to infective larvae occurred in all experiments, except those established in October, December, and January. Infective larvae from experiments set up in April through September survived that winter. During the summer, there was a gradual build up of infective larvae in the fecal masses, which reached a peak in August and September and then decreased into the winter. These results are discussed in the context of the control of strongylid parasites of horses on the Canadian prairie and in other areas of the world with a similar climate and similar horse management practices. PMID- 3752677 TI - Isolation of leptospires from the genital tracts of Iowa cows. AB - Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo was recovered from 5 of 11 nonpregnant cows chosen at random from an Iowa slaughterhouse. Isolations were made from the kidney in each instance, the genital tract of 3 cows: uterus from 1 cow, oviduct of another, and oviduct and uterus of a 3rd cow. PMID- 3752678 TI - Colonization of the nasal passages of calves with Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 and regeneration of colonization after experimentally induced viral infection of the respiratory tract. AB - Healthy nonstressed calves were inoculated intranasally with or subjected to aerosol exposure to Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1. Only 4 of 28 calves harbored the bacterium in enough numbers to be isolated from the nasal passages for more than 7 days. After apparent clearing from the nasal passages, 8 calves were inoculated intranasally with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus; 2 of these calves shed the P haemolytica during clinical illness due to the virus. The remaining 20 calves were aerosol-exposed to parainfluenza-3 virus; 6 of these calves shed P haemolytica during clinical illness due to the parainfluenza-3 virus. PMID- 3752679 TI - Molecular and genetic comparisons of two serotypes of epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer virus. AB - The virus-specific double-stranded genome RNA of 2 serotypes of epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer virus (EHDV) was evaluated by use of coelectrophoresis in polyacrylamide and agarose gel systems. The molecular weights of virion RNA segments were 0.32 to 2.57 X 10(6) for EHDV-1 and 0.33 to 2.54 X 10(6) for EHDV-2. Seven of 10 double-stranded RNA segments of the 2 serotypes had different electrophoretic mobilities in the polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis system. Although the individual RNA segments of each serotype contained unique RNA sequences determined on the basis of 2-dimensional polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis analysis of oligonucleotides, the corresponding segments of the 2 serotypes were found to be comparable and at least 1 pair of RNA segment was almost identical. Virus-specific polypeptides for the 2 serotypes were compared by use of gel electrophoresis. Eleven polypeptides were detected for EHDV-1 and 10 for EHDV-2. Six corresponding polypeptides of these 2 serotypes had different electrophoretic mobilities, indicating that these corresponding polypeptides differ in their molecular weights. A genetic relationship was not determined between the 2 EHDV serogroups and the blue-tongue serogroup viruses, using oligonucleotides mapping. PMID- 3752680 TI - Susceptibility of colostrum-deprived swine of various ages to streptococcic lymphadenitis. AB - The effect of age on susceptibility of young pigs to streptococcic lymphadenitis was investigated. Twenty-nine cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs were allotted to 7 groups exposed to type IV group E Streptococcus (GES) at 5, 14, 28, 35, 56, 70, and 84 days of age. Four cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs were maintained as nonexposed controls. Six naturally farrowed, susceptible controls were exposed to GES at 63 to 84 days of age. All exposed pigs were killed and necropsied 28 days after exposure. Lesions of streptococcic lymphadenitis were not observed in pigs exposed at 5 or 14 days of age, except for 1 microabscess in a mandibular lymph node in a pig exposed at 14 days, but GES was recovered from 11% of lymph nodes examined from pigs of those age groups. Lesions and GES-positive lymph nodes were frequent in cesarean-derived, colostrum deprived pigs exposed at 28 days and older and in susceptible controls. Serologic response to exposure, as determined by microtitration agglutination test and bactericidal test, was observed only in pigs exposed at 14 days and older. The absence of abscess development in pigs exposed at 5 or 14 days of age was not caused by antibody or failure of infecting organisms to reach the target organs. PMID- 3752681 TI - Pharmacokinetics of metronidazole given to horses by intravenous and oral routes. AB - Serum and peritoneal fluid concentrations of metronidazole were determined in 6 healthy adult horses given the drug (25 mg/kg) by IV or oral routes. The disposition of metronidazole in horses given the drug by the IV route conformed to a 2-compartment model with a distribution half-life of 0.16 hours, an elimination half-life of 2.9 hours, and a body clearance of 0.40 +/- 0.05 L/kg/hr. The oral absorption half-life was 0.40 hours, and the bioavailability, 85.0 +/- 18.6%. Peritoneal fluid concentrations were approximately equal to serum concentrations at all times, regardless of the route of administration. On the basis of reported minimal inhibitory concentrations for anaerobic bacteria, a dosage of 15 to 25 mg/kg given orally 4 times daily was recommended. PMID- 3752682 TI - Pharmacokinetics and body fluid and endometrial concentrations of cefoxitin in mares. AB - Four healthy adult mares were each given a single injection of sodium cefoxitin (20 mg/kg of body weight, IV), and serum cefoxitin concentrations were measured serially during a 6-hour period. The mean elimination rate constant was 1.08/hour and the elimination half-life was 0.82 hour. The apparent volume of distribution (at steady state) and the clearance of the drug were estimated at 0.12 L/kg and 259 ml/hr/kg, respectively. Each mare and 2 additional mares were then given 4 consecutive IM injections of sodium cefoxitin (400 mg/ml) at a dosage of 20 mg/kg. Cefoxitin concentrations in serum, synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid, CSF, urine, and endometrium were measured serially. After IM administration, the highest mean serum concentration was 23.1 micrograms/ml 30 minutes after the 2nd injection. The highest mean synovial concentration was 11.4 micrograms/ml 1 hour after the 4th injection. The highest mean peritoneal concentration was 10.4 micrograms/ml 2 hours after the 4th injection. The highest mean endometrial concentration was 4.5 micrograms/g 4 hours after the 4th injection. Mean urine concentrations reached 11,645 micrograms/ml. Cefoxitin did not readily penetrate the CSF. Bioavailability of cefoxitin given IM was 65% to 89% (mean +/- SEM = 77% +/- 5.9%). One of the 6 mares developed acute laminitis during the IM experiment. PMID- 3752683 TI - Pharmacokinetic disposition of dimethyl sulfoxide administered intravenously to horses. AB - Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was administered IV to 6 Thoroughbred horses at 2 dosages: 1.0 g/kg and 0.1 g/kg. The pharmacokinetics seemed linear, with biological half-lives of 8.6 +/- 0.3 hours and 9.8 +/- 2.2 hours for the 1.0 g/kg and 0.1 g/kg dosages, respectively. This was further substantiated by mean residence times of 9.8 +/- 0.44 hours and 13.8 +/- 4.25 hours, areas under the curve of 12.55 +/- 1.42 mg/ml/hr and 1.63 +/- 0.49 mg/ml/hr, and the clearances of 0.081 +/- 0.009 L/kg/hr and 0.066 +/- 0.022 L/kg/hr for the large and small dosages, respectively. At 12 hours after 1.0 g/kg was administered, 26.6% of the DMSO dose was excreted unchanged into the urine; at 12 hours after 0.1 g/kg was administered, 25.3% of the DMSO dose was excreted unchanged into the urine. It was predicted that 29.4% and 40.6% of the total DMSO dose would be excreted into the urine for the 1.0 g/kg and 0.1 g/kg dosages, respectively. A 10% DMSO concentration in normal saline solution was safe to give as rapid IV infusion. Slow administration is recommended for more concentrated solutions. Based on the half-life, DMSO should be administered 2 times a day IV for the treatment of increased intracranial pressure and/or cerebral edema in horses. PMID- 3752684 TI - Pressure-induced changes in fibular motor nerve conduction velocity and fibularis (peroneus) tertius muscle-evoked potentials in a goat model of the downer cow syndrome. AB - A study was conducted to determine the acceptable fibular motor nerve conduction velocity (NCV) in goats and to characterize pressure-induced changes in conduction velocity and muscle-evoked potentials (MEP). The acceptable motor NCV in the adult goat was determined to be 95.9 +/- 6.8 m/s. Limb compression in recumbent cows was modeled by application of external compression to the goat pelvic limb to increase IM pressure to a minimum of 50 mm of Hg. This pressure, when applied for a 6-hour period, caused a 30% to 100% reduction of fibular motor NCV and a 10% to 100% reduction of amplitude of MEP measured from fibularis (peroneus) tertius muscle. The reduction of motor NCV and MEP was associated with clinically evident limb dysfunction. The changes detected by the electrodiagnostic tests were proportional to the magnitude and duration of the locomotor deficits. The limb dysfunction was accompanied by muscular damage indicated by an increase of serum creatine kinase activity. PMID- 3752685 TI - Crystalloids versus colloids: implications in fluid therapy of dogs with intestinal obstruction. AB - Responses of jejunal transcapillary and transmucosal fluid fluxes to IV infusion of crystalloid or colloid solutions were evaluated in 12 dogs. One isolated intestinal segment in each dog was used as the control segment, and 2 segments were distended to a intraluminal hydrostatic pressure of 10 cm of H2O. The artery supplying 1 of the 2 distended (autoperfused) segments was cannulated and perfused with blood from the femoral artery. One of the 2 distended segments was autoperfused from the femoral artery. Intraluminal pressure was increased in the autoperfused segment and in 1 other segment for three, 20-minute periods after administration of the crystalloid or colloid solution. Net transmucosal fluid flux was estimated, using a volume recovery method. In each autoperfused segment, blood flow, capillary pressure, lymph flow, and plasma protein and lymph protein concentrations were measured during each 20-minute distention period. Systemic arterial pressure was monitored throughout the procedure. Plasma and tissue oncotic pressures were calculated from the plasma protein and lymph protein concentrations. Total vascular resistance and precapillary and postcapillary resistances were determined. Capillary pressure increased after infusion with colloids and crystalloids, with the effects being more prolonged in the colloid group. Plasma oncotic pressure transiently increased after infusion with colloids and decreased after infusion with crystalloids. Lymph flow increased only in crystalloid-treated dogs. Due to alterations in transcapillary fluid filtration, crystalloids induced a net loss of fluid into the intestinal lumen, whereas the fluid absorptive capacity of the jejunum was unaltered by colloid treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3752686 TI - Normal motility of the cecum and right ventral colon in ponies. AB - To study the normal motility of the cecum and right ventral colon (RVC) in 3 mature Shetland ponies, a 6-part, indwelling, intraluminal catheter system was used to measure intraluminal pressure changes. Three catheters were placed in the cecum at 10, 25, and 40 cm from the cecocolic orifice, and 3 catheters were placed in the RVC at 10, 20, and 30 cm from the cecocolic orifice. Recordings were made during the interdigestive period beginning 2 weeks after surgical operation was done. Frequent, low-amplitude peaks (0.35 +/- 0.13 coordinated peaks/min) were seen involving the cecal body and caudal cecal base, which represented a haustra-to-haustra mixing pattern. Coordinated pressure peaks originated in the cecal body and progressed to the cranial cecal base (0.07 +/- 0.01/min) or originated in the cranial cecal base and progressed to the cecal body (0.07 +/- 0.04/min). Associated with a loud rush of ingesta heard on transabdominal auscultation and progression of liquid ingesta confirmed with barium contrast radiography, there was a series of coordinated, progressive pressure peaks which originated in the cecal body, sequentially involved the cecal base, traversed the cecocolic orifice, and extended into the RVC (0.36 +/- 0.05/min). It seemed that a pacemaker region existed in the cecal body and initiated the important aborally propagated progressive pattern responsible for the transit of ingesta from the cecum to the RVC. A separate mechanism for the transit of gas was not identified. In the RVC, infrequent, nondirectional, low amplitude segmental pressure peaks (0.12 +/- 0.06/min), and aborally progressive coordinated pressure peaks originating at the beginning of the RVC (0.09 +/- 0.02/min), occurred.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3752687 TI - Effects of naloxone in treating hemorrhagic shock in dogs with maintained baroreceptor responsiveness. AB - The efficacy of treating hemorrhagic shock with naloxone in conjunction with fluids, compared with fluid therapy alone, was studied. Previously instrumented dogs were anesthetized with 0.04 mg of fentanyl/kg + 2.2 mg of droperidol/kg and pentobarbital sodium (to effect). Blood was withdrawn from each animal to achieve and maintain a mean arterial blood pressure of 40 to 50 mm of Hg for the first 2 hours of the experiment (t = 0 to 120 minutes). At t = 120 minutes, IV fluid administration was begun (all dogs) and continued for 1 hour (lactated Ringer's solution at a dosage of 70 ml/kg/hr). Hypothermia was corrected. Control dogs were given no other treatment. Dogs in the naloxone plus fluids group were given an IV bolus of naloxone (1 mg/kg) at t = 120 minutes and 1 mg of naloxone/kg/hr in the fluids from t = 120 to t = 180 minutes. Treatment (either naloxone plus fluids or fluids alone) was stopped at t = 180 minutes, and measuring of response was continued for an additional hour (posttherapeutic period). Significant differences were not seen in mean arterial pressures, left ventricular peak systolic pressures, dP/dt max, time constant T (a measure of left ventricular elasticity), and mean pulmonary arterial pressures between the dogs given naloxone and fluid therapy and those given fluid therapy alone. All dogs in both groups survived the procedure. PMID- 3752688 TI - Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in blood and cerebrospinal fluid from healthy beagles. AB - Serum and CSF lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and LDH isoenzyme profile, as well as total protein, were measured in samples obtained from 26 healthy Beagles. The LDH activity in serum was approximately 10 times that in the CSF. The CSF LDH isoenzyme profile was a mirror image of the serum LDH isoenzyme profile. Age was negatively correlated (ie, as age increased, the activity decreased) with LDH3 in CSF and LDH5 in serum and was positively correlated with LDH1 in serum. Seemingly, simultaneous measurement of serum and CSF LDH activity and LDH isoenzyme profile can aid in establishing status of the blood-brain barrier, whether brain damage exists and whether other organ systems are involved. PMID- 3752689 TI - Femoral venipuncture for collection of multiple blood samples in the nonanesthetized rat. AB - A technique for blood collection via the femoral vein was developed for use in nonanesthetized rats. The technique was useful for single or serial blood collection. Volumes of 0.1 to 1 ml were collected for serum biochemical or venous blood gas determinations. The technique was effective, reproducible, did not require anesthesia, and was less stressful than other methods of blood collection in the rat. PMID- 3752690 TI - Percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin and serum concentration of glucose in the blood of Japanese macaques and in three exotic ruminant species. AB - Serum glucose concentrations and percentages of glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb) were determined in 16 Japanese macaques and in 19 exotic ruminants (4 markhor, 5 mouflon, 10 aoudad). Mean (+/- SD) serum glucose concentration and GHb percentage in the Japanese macaques were 73 +/- 21.8 mg/dl and 4.7 +/- 0.82%, respectively. Serum glucose concentration was considered within the normal range for this species. The mean GHb percentage was within the normal range for man, indicating that GHb may be a valid indicator of long-term mean serum glucose concentration in the Japanese macaque. Mean serum glucose concentrations in the markhor, mouflon, and aoudad were 110 +/- 23.2, 111.4 +/- 37.1, and 132.5 +/- 38.5 mg/dl, respectively, and were considered within the normal ranges for these species. Mean GHb percentages for each of the 3 ruminant species were 0.425, 1.04, and 0.74%, respectively, which may have been below the range of accuracy for the testing procedure used, probably due to low erythrocyte permeability to glucose rather than to a shortened erythrocyte lifespan. PMID- 3752691 TI - Histamine inhalation provocation test: method to identify nonspecific airway reactivity in equids. AB - After inhalation of increased concentrations of histamine solutions, equids had a decrease in dynamic compliance (Cdyn) and an increase in airway resistance, work of breathing, and maximum intrathoracic differences in pressure. Because the change in Cdyn correlated best with the inhaled histamine concentrations, airway reactivity was assessed by the decrease in Cdyn. With the use of linear regression, histamine concentrations were calculated; this resulted in a 35% reduction of Cdyn and these concentrations were defined as 35% provoking concentration Cdyn. The histamine inhalation provocation test was carried out in 40 equids. Nonspecific airway hyperreactivity was not present in equids that did not have clinical signs of respiratory tract disease, but it was present in 25% of the equids with low-grade lung disease and in all equids with severe lung disease. PMID- 3752692 TI - Ultrastructural study of the equine cecum during onset of laminitis. AB - The morphologic and pathologic changes which occurred within the cecal mucosa of 4 horses during the onset of laminitis were determined from cecal biopsy materials obtained via a cecal fistula; the laminitis was induced with carbohydrate overload. The cecal epithelial mucosa specimens were obtained at 0 (base line), 24, 32, 48, and 72 hours after horses were given carbohydrate overload, and these were fixed and subsequently photographed. Changes in the cecal epithelium were examined by transmission electron and scanning electron microscopies. These histopathologic changes indicated that the mucosal barrier was substantially damaged by the carbohydrate overload. PMID- 3752693 TI - Feed aversion induced by intraruminal infusion with larkspur extract in cattle. AB - Twelve Hereford heifers were infused with larkspur extract (group 1, n = 4), lithium chloride solution (group 2, n = 4), or sodium chloride solution (group 3, n = 4). After 3 weeks of being fed basal ration (meadow grass hay), all heifers were offered a ration of alfalfa pellets (3,400 g) in a 2-phase, single-day feeding regimen. In phase 1, the amount eaten within 45 minutes was measured by weigh-back of uneaten pellets. In phase 2, cattle that ate greater than 150 g of pellets in phase 1 were offered the balance of uneaten pellets and were infused with their respective designated solution. Five pairings of pellet feedings and appropriate infusions were given at 2- or 3-day intervals to initially induce feed aversion. Heifers in groups 1 and 2 developed a strong aversion to pellets by the 5th feeding. Persistence of aversion was tested twice at weekly intervals. Infusion of cattle with larkspur extract or lithium chloride solution induced a persistent aversion to an otherwise palatable feed. PMID- 3752694 TI - Histochemical staining characteristics of normal horse skeletal muscle. AB - The histologic and histochemical staining characteristics of the triceps brachii (long head), extensor carpi radialis, gluteus medius, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and extensor digitorum longus muscles of 8 Thoroughbreds, 2 Quarter Horses, 1 Arabian, 1 Paso Fino, and 1 Shetland Pony are described. Muscle fiber morphology, staining distribution and intensity, amount of IM connective tissue, number of IM blood vessels and IM nerves, calcium activated adenosine triphosphatase activity (CaATPase), percentage of fibertype population, percentage of relative fibertype area, mean fiber diameter, nonspecific esterase activity, alkaline phosphatase activity, and acid phosphatase activity were evaluated, using 10 common histochemical and histologic stains. Two fiber types (I, II) and 3 subtypes (IIA, IIB, IIC) were observed, using CaATPase-, nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide-tetrazolium reductase-, periodic acid-Schiff hematoxylin-, and nonspecific esterase-stained frozen serial muscle sections. Type I muscle fibers in general had low CaATPase activity, high oxidative capacity, low glycogen capacity, and low esterase activity. Type IIA muscle fibers had high CaATPase activity, intermediate oxidative capacity, high glycogen concentration, and high esterase activity. Type IIB fibers had high CaATPase activity, low oxidative capacity, high glycogen concentration, and a high esterase activity. Type IIC muscle fibers had high CaATPase activity, high oxidative capacity, variable glycogen concentration, and high esterase activity. Type II (IIA and IIB) muscle fibers predominated in the muscles. The percentage of muscle fiber population, mean minimal muscle fiber diameter, and percentage of relative muscle fiber area were determined for each sampled muscle. Type IIA and IIB muscle fibers predominated in the percentage of muscle fiber population and percentage of relative muscle fiber area. Type IIB muscle fibers had the greatest minimal fiber diameter, type IIA muscle fibers had intermediate minimal fiber diameter, and type I muscle fibers had the smallest minimal fiber diameter. The percentage of relative muscle fiber area was less variable (P less than or equal to 0.05) than the percentage of muscle fiber population. Mean muscle fiber diameter did not significantly differ between breeds. Alkaline and acid phosphatase activities were at low levels in all muscles biopsied and were limited to the IM connective tissue fibrocytes, macrophages, and capillaries.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3752695 TI - Neutralization of African swine fever virus by sera from African swine fever resistant pigs. AB - Sera from African swine fever-resistant pigs with infection-inhibitory activity decreased virus replication in infected porcine buffy coat cultures. This same effect was observed even after virus was adsorbed. The infection-inhibition was not reversed by removing the immune serum from the assay cultures. Reduction of African swine fever virus replication by immune sera was demonstrated by fluorescent focus assay on MS cell line cultures. Virus-neutralization tests showed a persistent fraction of non-neutralized virus, which was not demonstrable by infection-inhibition tests. One hypothesis for explaining this difference is proposed. PMID- 3752696 TI - Toward a just society. Lessons from observations on the primary prevention of psychopathology. PMID- 3752697 TI - Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare--rational therapy of chronic pulmonary infection? PMID- 3752698 TI - The science and humanity of the solitary pulmonary nodule. PMID- 3752699 TI - Medical therapy of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare pulmonary disease. AB - Fifty-four patients meeting strict criteria for invasive pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex have been treated and followed at San Antonio State Chest Hospital during the past 15 yr. Chemotherapy with standard antituberculosis drugs was successful in effecting sputum conversion in 32 (59%) of the 54 patients. Regimens containing 2 drugs were successful in only 1 of 10 patients. If 3 or more drugs were given, 91% of those with moderately advanced cavitary disease and 64% of those with far advanced disease responded. There was no correlation between sputum conversion and use of a drug to which the organism exhibited susceptibility in vitro. No particular drug or combination of drugs was uniquely effective. PMID- 3752700 TI - Estimating the probability of malignancy in solitary pulmonary nodules. A Bayesian approach. AB - Decisions about managing solitary pulmonary nodules often involve estimates of the likelihood that the nodule is malignant. We used Bayes' theorem to devise a simple scheme for estimating the likelihood that a solitary pulmonary nodule is malignant based on the diameter of the nodule, the patient's age and history of cigarette smoking, and data on the overall prevalence of malignancy in solitary nodules. This method may improve the accuracy of estimating the likelihood of malignancy for individual patients with solitary pulmonary nodules. PMID- 3752701 TI - Managing solitary pulmonary nodules. The choice of strategy is a "close call". AB - The best approach to the initial management of solitary pulmonary nodules is controversial. Using decision analysis, we compared the average life expectancy produced by alternative strategies for managing the patient with a solitary pulmonary nodule: thoracotomy for diagnosis and potential resection (IMMEDIATE SURGERY); needle aspiration biopsy or bronchoscopy (BIOPSY) followed by either thoracotomy or extended observation, depending on the results of the biopsy; and serial chest films with thoracotomy if the nodule grows at a potentially malignant rate (OBSERVATION). IMMEDIATE SURGERY produced a slightly longer average life expectancy when the probability of cancer was very high; BIOPSY had a narrow advantage when the probability of cancer was intermediate; and OBSERVATION produced slightly longer average life-expectancy when the probability of malignancy was very low. But the differences between strategies were so small that, in most circumstances, the decision was a "close call." Therefore, when choosing between these management strategies, physicians should give greater weight to considerations besides life expectancy, and should encourage patients to actively participate in the decisions about how to manage their solitary pulmonary nodules. PMID- 3752702 TI - A population-based case-control study of mesothelioma deaths among U.S. railroad workers. AB - We have completed a case-control analysis of mesothelioma deaths among current and retired U.S. railroad employees. Cause-specific death certificates were obtained for 87% of 15,059 deaths reported by the railroad retirement board, and 20 mesotheliomas were identified according to death certificate diagnosis. A 10:1 matched analysis with railroad workers dying of nonmalignant, nonaccidental causes yielded a very strong association with prior railroad work in jobs with potential asbestos exposure (odds ratio = 7.2, 95% lower confidence limit = 3.3). Consideration of railroad occupations with regular asbestos exposures (e.g., skilled trades, steam locomotive repair) yielded an odds ratio of 21.4 (95% lower confidence limit = 8.7), but the occupations with potential intermittent exposure (e.g., engineers, firemen, carmen) yielded a nonsignificant odds ratio of 2.3 (95% lower confidence limit = 0.5). Applying mesothelioma mortality rates from this study to the population of U.S. railroad workers at risk yields an estimate of 416 cases of mesothelioma occurring among U.S. railroad workers between 1981 and 2000. PMID- 3752704 TI - Alternative partial respiratory disability rating schemes. AB - There is no standardized method for rating "percentage partial disability" for persons with respiratory impairment of a degree less than totally disabling. Twelve alternative schemes for using results of clinical physiologic testing for "rating" partial respiratory disability are compared by examining their effects on "ratings" of 650 actual asbestos lung disease compensation claimants. The schemes differ by basis (function remaining or function lost), presence of a quantitative "threshold," and "standard" for comparison; some estimate future disability rather than current. Large differences in performance between schemes were noted. The average ratings ranged from 17 to 57 "% Disability." The relative effects on subjects with high versus low degree of physiologic impairment differed between rating schemes. The ratings were different for subjects with different patterns of physiologic abnormality. PMID- 3752703 TI - Personal and family history of respiratory disease and lung cancer risk. AB - Lung cancer risk associated with family and personal history of respiratory diseases was assessed in a population-based, case-control study that included incident cases in New Mexico, 1980 to 1982. The study questionnaire ascertained previous diagnoses of major chronic respiratory diseases in the index subjects, their parents, and their grandparents and of lung and other respiratory cancers in the parents and grandparents. Physician diagnoses of chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, and other chest illnesses were reported significantly more often for cases than for control subjects. For 6.9% of the cases, at least 1 parent had a diagnosis of lung cancer, whereas only 2.2% of the control subjects' parents were similarly affected (p less than 0.001). In multiple logistic regression models that excluded never smokers and included variables to control for the effects of cigarette smoking, we found significantly increased risks for a personal history of chronic bronchitis or emphysema (odds ratio = 2.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.4 to 2.8) and a parental history of lung cancer (odds ratio = 5.3; 95% confidence interval, 2.2 to 12.8). The present study complements the results of previous investigations, which demonstrated that lung cancer risk in smokers is modified by characteristics of the smoker and by family history. PMID- 3752705 TI - Inspiratory muscle function in unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis. AB - Pulmonary function has been extensively studied in unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis (UDP), but there is scarce information regarding inspiratory muscle function in this condition. We therefore studied inspiratory muscle function in 8 patients with UDP (Group 1: age 48.3 +/- 2.1 yr of age, means +/- SD) as well as in 7 patients with UDP and concomitant cardiopulmonary disease (Group 2: 60.6 +/- 13 yr of age). Twelve young normal subjects were also studied (32.3 +/- 7.7 yr of age). Maximal static transdiaphragmatic and inspiratory mouth pressure were measured at FRC. Gastric (Pga), esophageal (Pes), and transdiaphragmatic (Pdi) pressure swings were measured during quiet breathing. There was no difference in inspiratory muscle function in left-sided versus right-sided UDP. Paradoxical gastric pressure swings were observed in 4 patients from Group 1 and in 5 from Group 2. In 2 patients from Group 1 and 1 from Group 2, Pga did not change during quiet breathing. In the remaining 3 patients, Pga swings were similar to those observed in the normal subjects. Maximal Pdi was reduced in half of the patients from Group 1 and in all of the patients from Group 2. Maximal inspiratory pressure was below normal values in 2 patients from Group 1 and in all patients from Group 2. We conclude that unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis is associated with an abnormal pattern of use of respiratory muscles during quiet breathing, characterized by the use of intercostal and accessory inspiratory muscle or compensatory use of abdominal expiratory muscles. Inspiratory muscle strength was impaired in some of the patients, and it worsened when cardiopulmonary disease was present. PMID- 3752706 TI - Noninvasive lung water quantitation by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. AB - Three models of volume-dependent pulmonary edema were used in rabbits. Changes in lung water were measured by proton (1H) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) using a surface coil system, topical magnetic resonance. The anesthetized rabbits were ventilated with high frequency jet ventilation to minimize lung motion, and the surface coil was placed on the rabbit chest wall over the right lung. The rabbit preparation was placed in an Oxford Research Systems TMR-32 20 cm bore magnet. There was a close correlation (r greater than or equal to 0.90) between the gravimetrically determined lung wet to dry weight ratios and the percent change in the spectral areas as measured with 1H NMR, in all 3 experimental models. PMID- 3752707 TI - Physiologic growth and development of the lung during the first year of life. AB - Pulmonary function tests were performed on a total of 125 healthy infants younger than 25 postconception (pc) months of age. Maximal expiratory flow at functional residual capacity (VmaxFRC) was measured from partial expiratory flow-volume curves, and functional residual capacity (FRC) was measured by the helium dilution technique. There was a highly significant (p less than 0.01) linear regression for both VmaxFRC and FRC with increasing body length. The highest size corrected flows (VmaxFRC/FRC) were obtained in the healthy premature (2.7 FRC/s, n = 6) and full-term (2.5 FRC/s, n = 5) infants, and there was a relatively constant value between 13 and 25 pc months of age (1.2 FRC/s), which was similar to those reported in older children and adults. In an age-matched group of infants 10 to 16 pc months of age, females had both higher absolute flows (126 versus 102 ml/s, p less than 0.03) and size-corrected flows (1.4 versus 1.0 FRC/s, p less than 0.001) than did males. These physiologic data support the concepts that neonates have proportionately larger airways relative to their lung volume at FRC, infants have size-corrected flows similar to those in older children and adults, and female infants have proportionately larger airways relative to their lung size than do male infants. PMID- 3752708 TI - Indomethacin and acetylsalicylic acid reduce intrapulmonary shunt in experimental pneumococcal pneumonia. AB - Arterial hypoxemia in acute experimental pneumococcal pneumonia is caused primarily by persistence of pulmonary blood flow to lung regions consolidated by pneumonia, which results in an intrapulmonary shunt. In order to test the hypothesis that in acute pneumonia indomethacin or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) would improve gas exchange, as has been observed in some other disease models, 15 pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs with acute lobar pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3 were studied. After baseline measurements of pulmonary gas exchange, central hemodynamics and radionuclide-labeled microsphere determination of regional distribution of pulmonary blood flow, the dogs were randomly assigned to receive an intravenous infusion of indomethacin (2 mg/kg, n = 5), ASA, (100 mg/kg, n = 5) or a saline infusion (control, n = 5). All measurements were then repeated 30 and 60 min after infusion. Although there were no significant changes in the control group, PaO2 during O2 ventilation increased from a mean +/- SD value of 104 +/- 46 mmHg at baseline to 180 +/- 73 mmHg after ASA and from 262 +/- 173 to 361 +/- 134 mmHg after indomethacin. These improvements in PaO2 were associated with a decrease in shunt from 0.38 +/- 0.12 to 0.23 +/- 0.03 with ASA and from 0.29 +/- 0.21 to 0.21 +/- 0.08 with indomethacin. The reduction in shunt in both treatment groups was attributable to a fall in the fraction of the pulmonary blood flow perfusing the consolidated lung regions, from 33 +/- 8 to 21 +/- 5% after ASA and from 33 +/- 12 to 22 +/- 9% after indomethacin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3752709 TI - Increased cathepsin B-like activity in alveolar macrophages and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from smokers. AB - Cathepsin B-like activity was determined in alveolar macrophages (AM) and cell free bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) obtained from volunteers who were current cigarette smokers and compared with that found in lifetime nonsmokers. Enzyme activity was determined with benzyloxycarbonyl-Leu-Leu-Arg-2-naphthylamide as the substrate. Specific activity of the enzyme was more than twice as high in AM from smokers than in cells from nonsmokers (35,600 +/- 2,250 versus 16,000 +/- 860; p less than 0.001) and about 10 times as high in BALF from smokers than in that from nonsmokers (3,060 +/- 380 versus 300 +/- 25; p less than 0.001). Because cathepsin B is capable of degrading structural lung proteins and inactivating alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor, and the elastinolytic activity of AM may be mediated through cysteine proteinases such as cathepsin B, the finding of high concentrations of an enzyme with cathepsin B-like activity in AM and BALF from smokers suggests the need to explore the role of the enzyme in structural lung damage associated with cigarette smoking. PMID- 3752710 TI - Studies of membrane receptors, phagocytosis, and morphology of subpopulations of rat lung interstitial macrophages. AB - Recent data suggest that pulmonary macrophages may be heterogeneous. Several studies have demonstrated that alveolar macrophages are functionally and biochemically heterogeneous. In addition, interstitial macrophages, which are believed to be the precursors to alveolar macrophages, have been suggested to be heterogeneous. Therefore, this study was undertaken to determine if density defined interstitial macrophages (DD-IM) are heterogeneous with respect to receptors for zymosan, immunoglobulin, and complement as well as morphologically. Furthermore, avidity for IgG was defined by opsonizing sheep red blood cells (SRBC) with different amounts of IgG. Interstitial macrophages were harvested and separated into 18 DD-IM subpopulations by centrifugation through a continuous iso osmotic gradient of colloidal silica. Interstitial macrophages showed marked heterogeneity in cellular volume. Furthermore, macrophages of density 1.046 to 1.075 g/ml exhibited higher receptor activity capability of attaching and phagocytizing SRBC opsonized with small amounts of IgG and towards zymosan. All DD-IM exhibited similar abilities to attach complement-coated SRBC. These results demonstrate the functional heterogeneity of interstitial macrophages with respect to IgG and zymosan. PMID- 3752711 TI - Pulmonary vascular response to platelet-activating factor in awake sheep and the role of cyclooxygenase metabolites. AB - We examined the effects of platelet activating factor (PAF) (1.0 microgram/kg infusion for 15 min) on pulmonary hemodynamics and lung fluid balance and the role of cyclooxygenase metabolites in mediating these responses in unanesthetized sheep prepared with lung lymph fistulas. Platelet activating factor infusion resulted in immediate and transient increases in pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, and pulmonary lymph flow. The lymph-to-plasma protein concentration ratio did not change significantly from baseline. Circulating platelet and leukocyte counts decreased immediately after PAF infusion; the leukopenia was the result of a rapid decrease in both the neutrophil and mononuclear leukocyte counts. Arterial thromboxane B2 (TxB2) concentration increased after the PAF infusion, but the 6-keto prostaglandin F1 alpha (a prostacyclin degradation product) concentration did not change from baseline. A chemically similar substance, Lyso-PAF, had no effect on the pulmonary hemodynamic, lymph, and hematologic parameters or the TxB2 generation. Administration of cyclooxygenase inhibitors, meclofenamate or indomethacin, prior to PAF infusion prevented thromboxane B2 generation and attenuated the pulmonary hemodynamic response. The initial pulmonary lymph flow and transvascular protein clearance (lymph flow times lymph-to-plasma protein concentration) responses to PAF were attenuated after cyclooxygenase inhibition. However, there were time dependent increases in pulmonary lymph flow and transvascular protein clearance in the cyclooxygenase-inhibited groups. These results indicate that PAF induces pulmonary vasoconstriction mediated by cyclooxygenase metabolites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3752713 TI - Increase in number and decrease in size of mitochondrial profiles in myocytes of the right ventricle of dogs with experimental emphysema. AB - An ultrastructural study of the myocardium in control dogs and in dogs with papain-induced emphysema of 6 months duration without signs of right ventricular hypertrophy was undertaken to determine the number, size, and relative volume of the mitochondria. In the right ventricle of the emphysematous dogs, the number of mitochondrial profiles was greater per unit area of tissue (46.18 +/- 1.28/100 micron 2 versus 41.20 +/- 1.60/100 micron 2, p less than 0.05), but the mitochondria were smaller in size (mean mitochondrial profile area: 0.39 +/- 0.01 micron 2 versus 0.46 +/- 0.02 micron 2, p less than 0.05; mean mitochondrial "diameter": 0.65 +/- 0.01 micron versus 0.71 +/- 0.02 micron, p less than 0.05) than in control dogs. A highly significant negative correlation was found in the right ventricle of control and emphysematous dogs between the number per unit area and the size (area) of the mitochondrial profiles (r = -0.92; p less than 0.001). The increase in number but decrease in size of the mitochondrial profiles resulted in an unchanged relative volume of mitochondria in the right ventricle of the emphysematous dogs. In the subendocardium and in the subepicardium of the left ventricle of the papain-treated dogs, these changes were smaller and did not reach significance. These ultrastructural changes in the myocardium of the emphysematous animals are considered to be a response to a situation of prolonged increase in work of the right ventricle and may represent an early stage of a developing right ventricular hypertrophy. PMID- 3752712 TI - A comparison of the effects of almitrine or oxygen breathing on pulmonary arterial pressure and right ventricular ejection fraction in hypoxic chronic bronchitis and emphysema. AB - Almitrine bismesylate is a new, orally administered, respiratory stimulant that improves arterial blood gas tensions in patients with chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and it may have an effect on the pulmonary circulation and on right ventricular performance. We have, therefore, compared the effects of Almitrine with those of oxygen (given as 3 L/min by nasal prongs) on arterial blood gas tensions, mean pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa), and right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) measured both at rest and during exercise in patients with chronic hypoxemia caused by chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Arterial oxygen tension improved significantly both at rest and during exercise after either 100 mg Almitrine by mouth or when breathing oxygen, both at rest and during exercise. Almitrine increased the mean Ppa at rest from 22 +/- 4 to 35 +/- 5 mmHg (p less than 0.001), and mean Ppa rose further during exercise from 38 +/- 5 mmHg before Almitrine to 49 +/- 7 mmHg (p less than 0.001) after Almitrine. In contrast, oxygen breathing did not change Ppa when at rest but reduced the amount of rise in Ppa during exercise. The change in Ppa after Almitrine correlated with the plasma Almitrine concentration (r = 0.69, p less than 0.05) and was associated with a fall in RVEF at rest from 0.38 +/- 0.03 to 0.32 +/- 0.02 (p less than 0.001). In 5 of the patients who received 50 mg of Almitrine by mouth twice daily for 3 months, the Ppa both at rest and during exercise remained significantly higher than in the control study before receiving Almitrine, but RVEF was unchanged.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3752714 TI - In vivo human tracheal pressure-area curves using computerized tomographic scans. Correlation with maximal expiratory flow rates. AB - In order to develop a simple technique to measure in vivo pressure-area (P-A) curves of the extrathoracic trachea in humans, we studied 14 normal male subjects. Valsalva and Mueller maneuvers were performed at FRC, and tracheal cross-sectional area (TXSA) was measured using computed tomography. Extrathoracic tracheal transmural pressure (TMP) was obtained as airway opening minus atmospheric pressure (Pat). Tracheal "compliance" (TC) was measured on the "inflation" limb of the P-A curve. Tracheal compliance was not a significant predictor of maximal expiratory flow rates, and TXSA at zero TMP was a significant predictor of peak expiratory flow rate but not of FEV1 or Vmax50. P-A curves showed an unexpected configuration characterized by a plateau or an increase in TXSA with TMP lower than -15 cm H2O. P-A curves obtained in 5 subjects using extrathoracic esophageal pressure as tracheal external pressure instead of atmospheric pressure did not show a plateau or an increase in TXSA with Mueller maneuvers. In these 5 subjects, TC using esophageal pressure rather than Pat did not aid in the prediction of flow. We conclude that extrathoracic tracheal external pressure is not Pat because this pressure is probably affected by transmission of pleural pressure to the cervical interstitial tissue as well as by the contraction of cervical accessory inspiratory muscles. Therefore, true tracheal compliance cannot be simply measured since it requires placement of an esophageal balloon. PMID- 3752715 TI - Pneumothorax associated with lymphoma. AB - Pneumothorax in patients with lymphoma has rarely been reported. We have encountered 8 patients with lymphoma with 17 episodes of pneumothorax; these episodes occurred 3 months to 8 yr in 7 patients after the diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease (HD) and in 1 patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). The observed incidence of pneumothorax among 1,977 patients with lymphoma was 10-fold higher than expected; this included a significantly higher incidence in patients younger than 30 versus those older than 30 yr of age (1:552 versus 1:5,788 patient-years, p less than 0.001), and a higher incidence in patients with HD than in those with NHL (1:708 versus 1:5,072 patient-years, p less than 0.005). There was a strong suggestion of increased risk for pneumothorax in patients treated with radiotherapy as compared with patients treated without irradiation (1:1,016 versus 0:1,963 patient-years, p = 0.065). Apparent additional contributing factors in 6 patients were lung involvement with lymphoma (n = 2), radiation fibrosis (n = 3), and infection (n = 1). Pneumothorax was persistent in 5 patients, bilateral in 4, and recurrent in 2. The occurrence of pneumothorax in 2 patients heralded death. Management commonly required placement of chest tube (n = 9) or major surgical procedures (n = 5). We conclude that pneumothorax may be more common among patients with lymphoma than previously appreciated. Young age, HD, and probably radiotherapy are predisposing factors. The pneumothoraces associated with lymphoma are more complex and ominous and more difficult to manage than the usual spontaneous pneumothorax. In patients with lymphoma, pneumothorax is likely to be secondary to underlying abnormality of the lung. PMID- 3752716 TI - Respiratory dysrhythmia. A new cause of central alveolar hypoventilation. AB - An infant developed chronic respiratory failure after aseptic meningoencephalitis at 5 months of age. Neurologic evaluations at 16 and 17 months were normal except for an abnormal pharyngeal stage of swallowing, lower extremity hypotonia, and a mild left hemiparesis. Spontaneous breathing during sleep at 16 months was characterized by alveolar hypoventilation, athetoid truncal movements, and disorganized respiratory muscle activity. At 27 months of age, improvement in sleep-related breathing was accompanied by a change in respiratory pattern characterized by alternating inspiratory and expiratory muscular activation. The findings indicate that disorganized as well as diminished output from the central respiratory pattern generator may result in central alveolar hypoventilation. PMID- 3752717 TI - Human respiratory mucus. AB - Respiratory mucous glycoproteins may serve a number of protective functions for the airways; however, excessive secretions contribute to the morbidity of a variety of diseases including asthma, chronic bronchitis, and cystic fibrosis. Respiratory secretions are a mixture of cells, fluid, transudated and locally produced proteins, and mucous glycoproteins. The mucous glycoproteins give these secretions their characteristic viscosity and elasticity. While the physiologic control of mucous glycoprotein secretion is not completely understood, cholinergic, alpha-adrenergic, and beta-adrenergic stimuli may all contribute. Respiratory mucus hypersecretion seen in immediate hypersensitivity or inflammatory states may be due to reflex hypersecretion, to a variety of mediators (including histamine and cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenase pathway metabolites of arachidonic acid), or to substances released from phagocytic cells (such as macrophages, monocytes, or neutrophils). The limited number of specific approaches currently available for treating respiratory mucus hypersecretion include therapy of any underlying or intercurrent disease, improving clearance of secretions, and reducing mucus secretion with the use of glucocorticosteroids or anticholinergic drugs. PMID- 3752718 TI - Pulmonary function laboratory personnel qualifications. PMID- 3752719 TI - Quality assurance in pulmonary function laboratories. PMID- 3752720 TI - Computer guidelines for pulmonary laboratories. PMID- 3752721 TI - Single-breath helium dilution method in obstructive lung disease. PMID- 3752722 TI - Bronchodilator response in COPD. PMID- 3752723 TI - Sources of Staphylococcus epidermidis at the inguinal incision during peripheral revascularization. AB - Staphylococcus epidermidis has been implicated as a major etiologic agent of delayed synthetic vascular graft infection and/or pseudoaneurysm formation at the femoral anastomosis. The source of possible operative graft contamination is debated. Forty-five inguinal incisions in consecutive patients undergoing elective peripheral revascularization were studied. No opening cultures were positive: 30 per cent showed positive nodal cultures; 25 per cent showed positive arterial wall cultures; and 20 per cent showed positive closing cultures, 95 per cent of which were S. epidermidis. There was no correlation with preoperative transfemoral angiography. This high incidence in the tissues of the inguinal incision may be related to the delayed development of S. epidermidis graft infections. PMID- 3752724 TI - Intravenous infusion of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) in management of limb ischemia. AB - Twenty-three patients who had advanced arteriosclerotic disease of the lower extremities as manifested by rest pain, nonhealing ischemic ulcers, or impending gangrene and who were not candidates for direct arterial revascularization procedure underwent intravenous infusion of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1). Thirty-nine per cent of the patients showed subjective and/or objective improvement in the blood supply, and in 22 per cent (5 patients) amputation was avoided. Complications were minor and disappeared once the infusion was discontinued. PGE1 in prescribed dosages can be safely infused intravenously. Even though the results are not as encouraging as when PGE1 is given by the intra-arterial route, IV therapy improves the ischemic symptoms and avoids the necessity of amputation in some patients. PMID- 3752725 TI - Complications of carotid endarterectomy. A military hospital experience. AB - The Naval Hospital Oakland (NHO) carotid study is a review of the morbidity and mortality of an 8-year experience of 201 consecutive carotid endarterectomies (164 patients). Arteriographic findings, risk factors, method of patient management, and all major and minor complications are discussed. Patient groups are categorized by indication for surgery and by the Mayo Clinic classification of Sundt. A credentialed attending surgeon assisted a senior general surgery resident (81.6%) or performed the operation himself (18.4%). Resident and staff adverse occurrences are compared. Complications in the NHO study were present in 35.8 per cent of cases (8.9% major). Elimination of myocardial infarction and transient ischemic attacks reduced this to 4 per cent. The experience is compared to one in a university setting, a Veteran Administration study, community hospital studies, and a study performed in another major military medical center. PMID- 3752726 TI - Assessment of intra-aortic balloon pumping by ocular pneumoplethysmography. AB - The ocular pneumoplethysmograph (OPG-Gee) has been used to screen for unsuspected carotid disease in candidates for cardiac operations. This article demonstrates that the validity of such screening is maintained, even if the patient is sustained by an intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP). An unexpected observation is the apparent reduction of ocular blood flow during IABP, which was reduced in this series of 56 patients by an average of 11.6 per cent. PMID- 3752727 TI - Use of absorbable collagen for hemostasis in general surgical patients. AB - Absorbable collagen sheet hemostat was used to obtain hemostasis in 62 general surgical patients. It was unusually effective in controlling profuse capillary, venular, and arteriolar bleeding in 61 of the 62 patients, with a mean time to hemostasis of 2.2 minutes. Collagen hemostat was particularly effective in the gallbladder bed after cholecystectomy, at liver and pancreatic biopsy sites, and on the cut surface of the thyroid gland. Collagen hemostat was also effective in inducing hemostasis in three patients with altered coagulation parameters associated with liver disease and in another patient with von Willebrand's disease. The material was easy to handle when wet with blood and did not stick to gloves, surgical instruments, or sponges. The collagen sheet hemostat also conformed well to tissues. None of our 62 patients experienced foreign body reaction, infection, or allergic manifestations. PMID- 3752728 TI - Selective surgical management of perforated duodenal ulcer. AB - In an effort to clarify the preoperative indications and factors predisposing to an increased operative morbidity for "definitive" ulcer procedures, the medical records of 114 patients with perforated duodenal ulcers were reviewed. One hundred nine patients underwent operation, with 55 patients treated with ulcer closure (Group 1) and 54 underwent a "definitive" operation (Group 2). Thirty-two complications developed in 27 patients (25%), with major infectious complications occurring in 9 per cent and 7.5 percent in the simple ulcer closure and definitive surgery groups, respectively. This study demonstrates that preoperative shock, operation delayed greater than 48 hours, and patient age greater than 60 years were significant factors increasing morbidity. The importance of peritoneal soilage and positive cultures are unreliable in predicting subsequent clinical infection and do not contraindicate definitive surgical management. PMID- 3752729 TI - Comparison of right colon, left colon, and rectal carcinoma. AB - Three hundred fifteen cases of adenocarcinoma were analyzed for differences between lesions in the right colon, left colon, and rectum for the period 1978 to 1983. The right colon cancers accounted for 1/3 of the cases and were associated with a higher incidence of anemia. The incidence of obstruction was the same between the right and left colon but lower for the rectal lesions. Left colon and rectal cancers had a higher incidence of gross bleeding than right colon cancers, but all had a high rate of occult blood in the stool. The Duke stage of the lesions, which was similar throughout the colon and rectum, is a reliable prognostic indicator. PMID- 3752731 TI - [Annual meeting of the Section of Pediatric Pneumology of the Spanish Association of Pediatrics. Barcelona, April 1985. Abstracts]. PMID- 3752730 TI - Thyroid disorders and steroid receptor proteins. AB - 65 patients with various thyroid disorders were studied for estrogen and progesterone receptor binding proteins. Two-thirds of all patients with both benign and malignant disease demonstrated positive protein receptor assays. No differences were seen among disease processes, sex, or age. While the therapeutic implications of this random association between steroid receptors and thyroid disorders are unknown, the authors recommend that patients with thyroid malignancies be studied for estrogen and progesterone receptor binding proteins and potential inhibitory or therapeutic steroid responses. PMID- 3752732 TI - [10th annual meeting of the Section on Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition of the Spanish Association of Pediatrics. Madrid, 27 May 1985. Round tables and reports. Digestive endoscopy]. PMID- 3752733 TI - [5th joint annual meeting of the Spanish Society of Neuropediatrics and the Section on Neuropediatrics of the AEP (Spanish Association of Pediatrics). Santiago de Compostela, 11 October 1985. Abstracts]. PMID- 3752734 TI - [12th national meeting on pediatric nephrology and 1st national ATS meeting on pediatric nephrology. Zaragoza, 20-23 November 1985. Abstracts]. PMID- 3752735 TI - [Reye's syndrome: 23 years later]. PMID- 3752736 TI - [Metastatic neuroblastomas: factors influencing survival]. AB - Sixty-two patients with metastatic neuroblastoma admitted to the Hospital Infantil "Valle de Hebron" de Barcelona during the period of October 1966-March 1985 are reviewed. The survival rate was 16% with an overall cure rate of 9.6%. The age, sex, site of primary tumor, site of metastases, and urinary catecholamine excretion were not independent prognostic factors. Patients with initial stage I, II or III and late evolution to stage IV had a worse prognostic (survival rate 13%, p less than or equal to 0.05). We compare five treatment protocols. We obtain a better response by a multichemotherapy made of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, adriamycin, DTIC combined in a sequential order with cis-platin and VM-26. The median survival for this group was 19.9 months and the survival rate 57.1% (p less than 0.001). PMID- 3752737 TI - [Anthropometric study of the body composition of a childhood population in Madrid]. AB - Results of some anthropometric variables related to body composition of school children, in Madrid, aged 6 to 14, are reported. Measures were taken by a well trained staff with accurate instruments and following international proceedings. Data directly obtained were: arm circumference and skinfolds thickness: bicipital, tricipital and subscapular. Results deduced from the former ones, show the composition of an hypothetic mid-arm section and they are: total surface, fat surface, % fat, fat free surface and % fat free substance. These values obtained from a population with an adequate feeding under control, are a data contribution for future studies on collectivities with similar characteristics. PMID- 3752738 TI - [Gastroesophageal reflux in neurologic patients]. AB - Sixteen among the 129 children operated upon for GER in the last 9 years had neurologic diseases with psychomotor retardation. Average age at diagnosis was advanced (90 months) although most patients vomited since infancy and more than 50% had haemorrhage as a sign of oesophagitis which was endoscopically confirmed in 10 cases. Prolonged acid exposure as proven by extended pH-metry was due to motor failure with incompetence of the LES and abnormal peristalsis (aside with other minor factors) as we could demonstrate manometrically. Surgical treatment achieved good results in almost all cases and we think that there is no reason not to offer its benefits to this group of patients. GER is more frequent and severe in brain damaged patients than it can be judged by the scarce number of them operated upon in our country. It must be looked after in them and treated appropriately whenever complications make it advisable. PMID- 3752739 TI - [Colonic atresia]. AB - Nine cases of colonic atresia, treated in the Departament of Pediatric Surgery of "La Paz" Pediatric Hospital, are reported. They account for 11% of all our intestinal atresias. We review the different etiologic and pathologic theories and classificate our group according to the LOUW and HAYS method. In two cases their digestive anomalies and in one renal anomalies were found to be associated mortality was 11%. PMID- 3752740 TI - [Primary care in maternal-child health]. PMID- 3752742 TI - [Cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome. Apropos of a new case]. PMID- 3752741 TI - [Cerebral arteriovenous fistula as a cause of neonatal cardiac insufficiency. Presentation of 3 cases]. AB - The CAVF with aneurysm of the vein of Galen is an uncommon malformation, leading to the wrong diagnosis of congenital heart disease. We present the clinical and hemodynamic findings in three cases. Cranial echography has been useful as a noninvasive diagnostic tool. Surgical treatment can be difficult and the general outlook is poor. PMID- 3752743 TI - [Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia associated with myopia and palatine fissure]. PMID- 3752744 TI - [Acute neurologic dysfunction associated with a hypodensity of the basal ganglia]. AB - A previously healthy five years old boy, following a mild nonspecific upper respiratory infection developed, fever (39 degrees C), vomiting, clouding of consciousness and focal seizures. The CSF showed a mononuclear cell reaction with negative bacterial and viral cultures. A cranial CT scan on the 4th day of admission showed bilateral low density lesions on the basal ganglia region. After 30 days of severe involvement of muscle tone (rigidity) which kept the patient immobilized in bed and without a meaningful communication with his surroundings, improvement was noticed. A repeated CT scan 40 days after admission, was considered normal. Two months after the beginning of disease, patient's physical examination was normal. This case shows striking clinical and radiological similarities to the ones described by Aicardi and Goutieres in 1982 and most likely is explained by bilateral basal ganglia edema complicating viral encephalitis. Mumps virus, being so far, the most commonly implicated. PMID- 3752745 TI - [Chondrodysplasia punctata. 3 new cases and review of the Spanish literature]. AB - Authors report three new cases of "chondrodysplasia punctata" two of them probably corresponding to Conradi-Hunerman's type and the third to rhizomelic type of Spranger. Series of cases published in Spain are reviewed. They conclude that clinic types of illness accepted according to Spranger (1971), in majority of spanish cases, have difficult application--own authors' opinion--because this differentiation does not solve clinic heterogeneity of illness. Genetics aspects of reviewed cases do not agree with expected and accepted results, probably because familiar antecedents were not well studied or genetics aspects are not yet well known. PMID- 3752746 TI - [Abdominal pain in childhood due to a Cryptosporidium parasitosis]. AB - Three cases of cryptosporidiosis in children are described. Abdominal pain without concomitant acute diarrhoea, was the main clinical symptom. No other intestinal pathological agent was isolated. All children were males, aged between 25-27 months, living in urban area and with a high socioeconomic level. They went to day nurseries and only one was contacted with home animal. This last child had a previous giardiasis treated with metronidazole. Nutritional status was normal. Neither humoral nor cellular immunodeficiency was detected. Cryptosporidium muris isolation was performed with Ziehl-Neelsen modified technique. All recovered with negativity of abdominal pain and bacteriologic controls, using solely dietetic measures. PMID- 3752747 TI - [Choledochal cyst. Presentation of 5 cases in childhood]. AB - Five cases of choledochal cyst diagnosed from 1976 to 1983 are presented. Four patients began in the neonatal period as a cholestatic syndrome resembling biliary atresia and one patient began later on as a cholangitis. It is important for diagnosis the use of ultrasounds and radionuclide hepatobiliary. Clinical course depends on early diagnosis and treatment, because there is often an atresia of the common hepatic duct associated. PMID- 3752748 TI - [Leiomyosarcoma of the colon in childhood. Contribution of a case and review of the literature]. PMID- 3752749 TI - [Fibrous hamartoma of childhood, a tumor of unusual presentation at the scrotal level. Presentation of a case]. PMID- 3752750 TI - [Intravenous immunoglobulins in pediatrics]. PMID- 3752751 TI - [Tubular handling of potassium in cystinosis]. AB - Seven patients with cystinosis (Ccr between 30 and 90 ml/m/1.73 m2), were studied attempting to delineate renal tubular handling of potassium. Ks, Ck/Ccr X 100, Aldou and UAldo V/Ks were determined in basal conditions; tubular handling of water and sodium, and clearance of potassium were studied during hypotonic saline diuresis. Results obtained in cystinosis were compared with normal values and with values found in renal insufficiencies in the same range of GFR. Studies performed indicate that in cystinosis Ks is lower and Ck/Ccr X 100 and UAldo V/Ks higher than in normal children. During hypotonic saline diuresis, patients with cystinosis presented higher fractional water, sodium and potassium clearances than control children with the same range of GFR. PMID- 3752752 TI - [Febrile convulsions and meningitis]. AB - A hundred clinical records of children between the ages of 6 and 18 months were examined. These previously healthy children, were hospitalized after having their first febrile seizure. Lumbar puncture were performed on 42 of them, showing the existence of meningitis in 4 cases, 2 of which were bacterial meningitis. Previously, clinical criteria for meningitis diagnosis were: alteration of general condition, irritability, vomiting, bulging fontanelle and meningeal signs; in these 4 cases, the clinical criteria were noticed. In 17 puncture patients who did not fulfil clinical criteria, the cerebrospinal fluid was normal. The sensitivity and negative predictive value of these clinical criteria were 100% and their application in this series would have avoided the lumbar puncture in 40% of cases. The utility of peripheral white blood cell counts following TOOD's patterns for the bacterial meningitis diagnosis was low, with a sensibility of 50%. We conclude that the lumbar puncture in these children should not be performed as a routine measure. PMID- 3752753 TI - [Congenital generalized fibromatosis. Presentation of a case and review of the literature]. AB - We report a case of congenital generalized fibromatosis in a newborn who presented with a solitary subcutaneous tumour, developing subsequently a widespread generalization (soft tissues, bone and lung). The tumours were found to be fibromatosis pathological on study. A review of the literature related to the clinic aspects and to the prognosis is made. PMID- 3752754 TI - Flecainide in the treatment of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. AB - Thirty-two patients received flecainide acetate for nonsustained ventricular tachycardia after having had unsuccessful treatment with a mean of four antiarrhythmic drugs. The mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 41% in 27. Thirty-one patients had organic heart disease, and 22 patients had arrhythmia related symptoms. Total suppression of ventricular tachycardia occurred in 22 patients. Thirty patients were discharged from the hospital receiving flecainide at a mean (+/- SD) dosage of 315 +/- 76 mg/d and 26 of these patients attained a mean trough plasma drug level of 567 +/- 254 ng/mL. One patient had proarrhythmia and 3 had worsening of heart failure. Twenty-two patients remained in the trial for a mean follow-up of 13 +/- 7 months. Five patients died (1 suddenly) during the follow-up period. Our data indicate that flecainide suppresses refractory nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in 69% of patients who have organic heart disease. Serious adverse effects were minimized by initiation of treatment in the hospital and careful surveillance of electrocardiograms and plasma drug levels. PMID- 3752755 TI - Primary pulmonary hypertension: radiographic and scintigraphic patterns of histologic subtypes. AB - The chest radiograph and perfusion lung scans were evaluated in 39 consecutive patients with primary pulmonary hypertension to see if these noninvasive methods could distinguish among the histologic subtypes. Chest radiographs were categorized as having either normal lung fields or increased bronchovascular markings. Blood flow on lung scans was graded as normal or as having diffuse, nonsegmental, patchy abnormalities. These patterns were then correlated against pathologic specimens obtained from 19 patients, which were graded on vascular changes and microthrombi. Plexogenic arteriopathy was characterized by a normal chest radiograph and normal distribution of tracer on lung scan. Thromboembolism was characterized by a normal chest radiograph but patchy distribution of tracer on lung scan. Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease was characterized by increased bronchovascular markings on chest radiograph as well as patchy distribution of tracer on lung scan. Distinguishing patients on the basis of their histologic characteristics may be important so that vasodilators or anticoagulants can be selected as therapy. PMID- 3752756 TI - Higher risk of lung cancer in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A prospective, matched, controlled study. AB - To assess the risk of lung cancer in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, we matched, on the basis of age, sex, occupation, and smoking history, 113 persons ("cases") who had a forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) of 70% or less of predicted normal with 113 control persons who had an FEV1 of 85% or more. All persons were observed from 1973-74 through 1984 for a diagnosis of lung cancer, death from lung cancer, and death from any cause. At entry, subjects had an age range of 45 to 59 years; men numbered 186 and women 40. Histologically proven lung cancer developed in 9 cases and in 2 controls, all men. The rate of development of lung cancer was significantly different in the two groups (p = 0.024): the 10-year cumulative percentage was 8.8% for cases and 2.0% for controls. Overall 10-year survival was estimated to be 74.0% for cases and 91.1% for controls (p less than 0.001). PMID- 3752757 TI - The rumination syndrome in adults. A characteristic manometric pattern. AB - The rumination syndrome is defined as a process in which a person chews regurgitated gastric contents and then either partially ejects or swallows them. We report 12 cases of rumination in which the clinical diagnosis was supported by esophageal and gastrointestinal motility studies. These patients showed a characteristic pressure spike-wave pattern that was associated with regurgitation and was recorded simultaneously at all manometric sites. These spike waves increased significantly in frequency (p less than 0.001) and amplitude (p less than 0.04) during the postprandial period. The underlying gastrointestinal motility was normal except for a small decrease in postprandial antral motility index, with mean (+/- SE) values of 13.2 +/- 0.3 for patients compared with 14.2 +/- 0.3 for eight healthy adult controls (p less than 0.03). Nine patients had significant personality disturbances, including six whose scores on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory for hypochondriasis and depression were significantly above the reference population (p less than 0.02). The rumination syndrome should be considered in adult patients with long-standing postprandial vomiting. The manometric pattern is characteristic. PMID- 3752758 TI - Sodium morrhuate delivery to the lung during endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy. AB - We determined quantitatively the amount of sodium morrhuate that reaches the pulmonary vascular bed during endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy to ascertain whether this affects the diffusing capacity of the lung to carbon monoxide (DLCO). Eleven patients had measurements of DLCO and specific diffusing capacity (DLCO/VA) before and after sclerotherapy. In ten of these patients sclerotherapy was done using sodium morrhuate mixed with 99mTc-labeled albumin microspheres followed by quantitative radionuclide scanning. Most of the sodium morrhuate, 80 +/- 18% (SD) of the total dose, remained in the region of the esophagus. Only 20% of the injected dose reached the pulmonary circulation. There were no changes in DLCO or DLCO/VA. We conclude that most of the sclerosing solution injected during endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy remains at the site of injection. As a result, the pulmonary endothelium is exposed to small amounts of sodium morrhuate and no change in diffusing capacity occurs. PMID- 3752759 TI - Symptomatic osteoporosis in a man with hyperprolactinemic hypogonadism. AB - A 66-year-old man presented with height loss, back pain due to an L4 vertebral compression deformity, and marked osteopenia shown by radial photon absorptiometry. The patient had small testes and a long history of infertility and impotence. Plasma testosterone was low (130 ng/dL; normal, 300 to 1000 ng/dL) with marked elevation of serum prolactin (590 ng/mL; normal, 0 to 15 ng/mL). High resolution computed tomography showed an invasive pituitary macroadenoma with a secondary empty sella turcica. Bone histomorphometry showed low-normal trabecular bone volume with normal formation and resorption indices. The patient was treated with calcium carbonate supplements, testosterone replacement, and bromocriptine mesylate without subsequent progression of the osteoporosis. This first report of hyperprolactinemic hypogonadism in a man who presented with overt osteoporosis shows the importance of evaluating gonadal function in all osteoporotic men. PMID- 3752760 TI - Hepatitis B virus DNA in fulminant hepatitis B. PMID- 3752761 TI - Bilateral Horner's syndrome secondary to multinodular goiter. PMID- 3752762 TI - Utility of the routine electrocardiogram before surgery and on general hospital admission. Critical review and new guidelines. AB - No consensus has been reached regarding the need for a routine 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) preoperatively or on general admission in adult patients. Critical review of relevant studies reveals important weaknesses and gaps in the data needed to formulate definitive recommendations. Available data, however, do not support the necessity for obtaining a baseline or screening ECG in all adult patients before surgery involving general or regional anesthesia or on hospital admission for other indications. To reduce costs related to unnecessary tests and false-positive results, routine use of the ECG is warranted only in selected subsets of hospitalized patients, including those with cardiac signs or symptoms and those at risk for occult heart disease, particularly older patients. PMID- 3752763 TI - Calcium and cardiac arrest. AB - Calcium has a central role in regulating both cardiac automaticity and myocardial contractility. The ability of calcium to increase tension in normal myocardium is well known. These properties of calcium have led to its use in the setting of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, especially in the presence of electromechanical dissociation or asystole, but evidence of benefit from this therapy is lacking. During cardiac arrest, disturbances in the control of calcium movement in myocardium would likely result in elevations in cytosolic calcium and the disturbances in myocardial function that occur with calcium overload. Administration of calcium and the subsequent elevation in serum calcium concentrations under these conditions may have further detrimental effects on the heart and vascular smooth muscle. The routine use of calcium in cardiac arrest is not recommended. PMID- 3752764 TI - Tobacco smoke and lung disease: who is susceptible? PMID- 3752765 TI - The genetics of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. PMID- 3752766 TI - Immunologic treatment of digitalis toxicity: a tale of two prophecies. PMID- 3752767 TI - Provision of health care to the young. PMID- 3752768 TI - Certification of the essential components of clinical competence by the American Board of Internal Medicine. PMID- 3752769 TI - Medicine in Cambodian refugee camps. PMID- 3752770 TI - Sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. PMID- 3752771 TI - Wide complex tachycardia. PMID- 3752772 TI - Bretylium tosylate and ventricular fibrillation in hypothermia. PMID- 3752773 TI - Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in alcoholics. PMID- 3752774 TI - Empyema and Legionella bozemanii. PMID- 3752775 TI - The activated partial thromboplastin time. PMID- 3752776 TI - Bone measurement in osteoporosis. PMID- 3752777 TI - Malignant melanoma and diabetic cutaneous atrophy. PMID- 3752778 TI - Lyme-disease meningitis treated with tetracycline. PMID- 3752779 TI - Therapy for recurrent herpetic whitlow. PMID- 3752780 TI - Carbon monoxide poisoning presenting as hyperventilation syndrome. PMID- 3752781 TI - Aminoglutethimide, alveolar damage, and hemorrhage. PMID- 3752782 TI - Clonidine and diabetic patients with leg pains. PMID- 3752783 TI - Examinations and the medical literature. PMID- 3752784 TI - [Italian parasitology on the 50th anniversary of the Istituto Superiore di Sanita and the 25th anniversary of the Societa Italiana di Parassitologia. 13th meeting of the Societa Italiana di Parassitologia. Rome, 3-5 December 1984]. PMID- 3752785 TI - [Problems with rodents in areas protected by conservation regulations]. PMID- 3752786 TI - [Avian hemoparasites in Ticino Park and in other Italian regions]. PMID- 3752787 TI - [Blood-sucking arthropods in the Migliarino-S. Rossore-Massaciuccoli nature preserve]. PMID- 3752788 TI - [The chironomid problem (Diptera, Chironomidae) in the Lagoon of Venice]. PMID- 3752789 TI - [Anti-coccidial drugs and their use]. PMID- 3752790 TI - [The UTM System for the Italian region and the organization of its use in Italian thematic cartography conforming to the national and European models]. PMID- 3752791 TI - [Problem of the basic biology of Plasmodia]. PMID- 3752792 TI - [Genetic and molecular aspects of drug resistance in Schistosoma mansoni]. PMID- 3752793 TI - [Changes in the newborn larvae of Trichinella spiralis during maturation]. PMID- 3752794 TI - [Antimalarial campaign program in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso): the Anopheles gambiae complex in the city of Ouagadougou and surrounding villages]. PMID- 3752795 TI - [A rapid, specific and sensitive method for the identification of anthelmintic drug residues in milk and meat using mass spectrometry MS/MS]. PMID- 3752796 TI - [Levels of sensitivity of Anopheles gambiae s.l. to traditional insecticides and evaluation of the efficiency of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus]. PMID- 3752797 TI - [Morphological identification of the alate forms of Anopheles merus in Mozambique in a zone sympatric with An. gambiae and An. arabiensis]. PMID- 3752798 TI - [Laboratory observation of inversion polymorphisms originating from the crossing of various populations of Anopheles gambiae s.s]. PMID- 3752799 TI - [Behavior during biting and at rest of Anopheles melas and its chromosomal variants]. PMID- 3752800 TI - [Oral protozooses found in 1984 at the Niguarda-Ca Grada Hospital, Milan]. PMID- 3752801 TI - [Possible pathogenic role of Trichomonas tenax in chronic periodontitis ]. PMID- 3752802 TI - [Routine investigation of human intestinal helminthiasis in Italy should be continued indefinitely]. PMID- 3752803 TI - [Epidemiologic survey of intestinal parasitoses in a closed community in Somalia: prevalence of Trichuris trichiura, Ancylostoma and Giardia intestinalis]. PMID- 3752804 TI - [Survey of resistance to phosphorus esters in the Italian Culex pipiens population]. PMID- 3752805 TI - [Criteria for the toxicological evaluation of anticoccidial and antiparasitic agents in animal husbandry]. PMID- 3752806 TI - [Repellence of various insecticides for Musca domestica]. PMID- 3752807 TI - [Larval biotypes and isolation of the pre-imaginal stage of Leptoconops (Holoconops) gallicus Clastrier, 1973 (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae)]. PMID- 3752808 TI - [Initial observation in Italy of episodes of mange caused by Notoedres muris (Megnin, 1877) in Cricetus cricetus]. PMID- 3752810 TI - [Coccidiostats: unsolved analytical problems]. PMID- 3752809 TI - [Geographic distribution and hosts of Anisakis simplex and Anisakis simplex B (Ascaridida: Anisakidae)]. PMID- 3752811 TI - [Immune response of the mouse in infestation by Hymenolepis nana: behavior of intestinal mast cells]. PMID- 3752813 TI - Investigations on safety problems for man and animals with veterinary anthelmintics. PMID- 3752812 TI - [Role of the mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen in infestation by Hymenolepis nana in the mouse]. PMID- 3752814 TI - [Survey of cases of human hydatidosis operated on in Sardinia 1974-1981]. PMID- 3752815 TI - [Trichinella spiralis: evidence of pulmonary retention of the newborn larvae]. PMID- 3752816 TI - [Possibility of antigenic variation in newborn larvae of Trichinella spiralis]. PMID- 3752817 TI - [Experimental infection of swine with an Italian strain of Trichinella sp. and resistance of the larvae in various delicatessen products]. PMID- 3752818 TI - [In vitro interaction between immunocompetent cells and L2 larvae of Toxocara canis: immunologic aspects]. PMID- 3752819 TI - [The L2 larva of Toxocara canis as an immunomodulating agent]. PMID- 3752820 TI - [Coprologic survey in cattle bred in the province of Rome]. PMID- 3752821 TI - [Use of chaetotaxy for the identification of trematode cercaria in natural infestation by fresh-water gastropod mollusks]. PMID- 3752822 TI - [Biological development of the stage III larvae of Gasterophilus spp. under laboratory conditions]. PMID- 3752823 TI - [Round table on the safety and effectiveness of anthelmintics and anti-coccidial agents for veterinary use]. PMID- 3752824 TI - [Parasitoses of cattle in the Appenine region: survey of an inland area of Pesaro]. PMID- 3752825 TI - [Biology of a colony of Phlebotomus perniciosus (Diptera, Psychodidae) ]. PMID- 3752826 TI - Genetic isolating mechanisms between different forms of the sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae). PMID- 3752827 TI - [Biology of Iberian sandflies (Diptera, Psychodidae) under natural conditions]. PMID- 3752828 TI - [Interaction of domestic and wild ruminants in the epidemiology of helminthiasis]. PMID- 3752829 TI - ["Manuale di biosicurezza in laboratorio." Translation of the "Laboratory Biosafety Manual" (publication of the World Health Organization, 1983)]. PMID- 3752830 TI - Minisymposium on metal ions--health and food. Florence, June 18, 1983. In the framework of the 1st International Conference on Bioinorganic Chemistry. PMID- 3752831 TI - The role of aluminium in experimental osteomalacia. Preliminary results: Aluminium content and bone mineralization. PMID- 3752832 TI - A pharmacological analysis of aluminium effects on the central nervous system. PMID- 3752833 TI - [Infections of the urinary tract in a zonal hospital: preliminary research to a surveillance program]. PMID- 3752834 TI - Diffusion of influenza viruses in Italy in years 1982-83-84. Laboratory investigations at the National Influenza Centre of WHO. PMID- 3752835 TI - Further studies on the exposure of welders to fumes, chromium, nickel and gases in Dutch industries: plasma welding and cutting of stainless steel. PMID- 3752836 TI - Personal monitoring of exposure to ultraviolet radiation in the car manufacturing industry. PMID- 3752837 TI - Personal exposures to wood dust of woodworkers in the furniture industry in the High Wycombe area: a statistical comparison of 1983 and 1976/77 survey results. PMID- 3752838 TI - Airborne asbestos concentrations in buildings. PMID- 3752839 TI - Assessment of dust and endotoxin levels in the working environment of Dutch pig farmers: a preliminary study. PMID- 3752840 TI - Verticillium lecanii. Allergological and toxicological studies on work exposed personnel. PMID- 3752841 TI - Lead in plasma and its relationships to other biological indicators. PMID- 3752842 TI - A philosophy on engineering controls for workplace protection. PMID- 3752843 TI - Hygiene assessment of new products--a company view. PMID- 3752844 TI - Vapour emission from rotary shaft seals in petro-chemical plants. PMID- 3752845 TI - Engineering design of solvent recovery and air treatment plants. PMID- 3752846 TI - Lead oxide emissions--a case history. PMID- 3752847 TI - Passive sampling. PMID- 3752848 TI - Extending the range of the surgical keratometer. AB - Interest in optical precision in ocular surgery has been increasing recently. The surgical keratometer is central to the practice of ocular surgery, and research is needed to increase the precision of surgical keratometry techniques. Animal corneas used for these purposes may be outside the range of the surgical keratometer. Extension of the lower range of the Terry keratometer is achieved by substituting a 200- or 250-mm-focal-length objective lens for the standard 175-mm lens on the Zeiss operating microscope. Conversion equations and graphs are presented that allow conversion of the values obtained with these lenses. PMID- 3752849 TI - Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion after cataract extraction under local anesthesia. AB - We report a case of a patient who underwent bilateral cataract extractions under local anesthesia. In both operations, the patient developed signs, symptoms, and laboratory data consistent with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. In this era of outpatient cataract surgery, we believe this diagnosis should be entertained postoperatively in the proper clinical setting. PMID- 3752850 TI - Treating the complications of diabetic retinopathy with pars plana vitrectomy. AB - The results of 150 cases of pars plana vitrectomy performed at the Clinica Barraquer, Bogota, Colombia were studied as a treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Factors considered in this study were age, indication for surgery, type of surgery, insulin dependence, risk of complication, and postoperative treatment. PMID- 3752851 TI - Results of laser trabeculoplasty performed by residents. AB - Although there have been numerous reports on the results of argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT) since 1979, few have reported the results of this mode of therapy in an ophthalmology resident clinic population. We retrospectively studied 32 eyes of 25 people with phakic open-angle glaucoma who had received ALT performed by ophthalmology residents at University Hospitals of Cleveland under the supervision of a staff physician. Subgroups based on race, initial (pretreatment) intraocular pressure, and follow-up interval were analyzed. There was a significant difference in mean intraocular pressure from pretreatment to posttreatment for all subgroups, except when the initial intraocular pressure was 36 mm Hg or greater. Argon laser trabeculoplasty performed by residents in a university training program can obtain comparable results with those reported from major glaucoma referral practices. PMID- 3752852 TI - [Report on perinatal mortality in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the S. Gerardo Hospital in Monza during the triennium 1982-1984]. PMID- 3752853 TI - [Histo-prognostic classification of undifferentiated carcinoma of nasopharyngeal type. Importance of the study of the stroma]. AB - A total of 102 cases of undifferentiated carcinoma of nasopharyngeal type (UCNT) were reviewed to attempt their classification into histologic forms of different prognosis. Each slide reviewed was evaluated for predominant tumoral tissue architecture, and the quality, amount and topography of the stroma. Immunoperoxidase studies in 80 cases allowed definition of the immunologic profile of the lymphoplasmocytic stroma. For equivalent clinical stages, the different histologic types are defined as a function of the architecture: cordonal or diffuse, compact or fragmented; these forms, when combined with cytologic characteristics and quality of stroma distinguished 3 microscopic groups of different evolution. The fragmented diffuse forms appear to have the best prognosis (85.5% survival at 5 years), the compact cordonal forms the worse prognosis (13.2% survival at 5 years): the intermediate or diffuse compact forms were of fair prognosis (42.8% survival at 5 years). Application of histology to determine prognosis of UCNT should allow future adaptation of treatment (radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy) to each case. PMID- 3752854 TI - [Giant cell lesions of the mandible: problems of differential diagnosis apropos of 3 cases of central giant cell reparative granuloma]. AB - Three cases of central giant cell reparative granulomas of the mandible are reported. The first shows classic manifestations. The second illustrates the role of traumatism in the genesis of these lesions. The third highlights the effect of pregnancy in their growth. The bilateral character of the lesions in this last patient led us to evoke the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism and cherubism. They were ultimately discarded. A diagnostic approach is proposed which takes into account the location of the lesion and the medical history of the patient. Both experimental data concerning the potential of the cells found in the ramus of the mandible in laboratory animals and notions which apply to the periodontal bone remodelling enable one to better understand and differentiate between the central giant cell reparative granuloma and the genuine cell tumor of the mandible. PMID- 3752855 TI - [Determination of sialic acid in cancer of the upper aero-digestive tract]. AB - The determination of serum lipid sialic acid (LSA) in subjects with laryngeal and oral cavity carcinomas demonstrated an important correlation between the presence of carcinoma and tumor marker elevation. 90% of positivity has been found in 60 cases of laryngeal carcinoma; 100%, on the contrary in 19 cases of oral cavity. The authors affirm the importance of LSA as a tumor marker, in particularly in monitoring patients submitted to surgical excision. PMID- 3752856 TI - [Laryngeal lesions after prolonged intubation. Anatomo-pathologic study]. AB - Laryngeal lesions produced during prolonged intubation were studied in 11 larynxes from consecutive patients dying during intensive care. A constant finding was ulceration of the vocal process, combined in 7 cases with inter- or pre-arytenoidal subglottic ulcerations. Histology failed to reveal signs of lesions of the cricoarytenoid joint or chondritis of the posterior arch of the cricoid cartilage. PMID- 3752857 TI - [The electronystagmographic examination in the study of migraine]. AB - The association of dizziness and headache is quite frequent and it has been known for a long time. The visual and auditory evoked potentials and EEG had already shown a damage of CNS in migrainous. The vestibular tests with ENG, which is enclosed in the routine study of the patients of the Headache Centre of Modena University (Italy), has shown a high percentage of alterations in different tests. Out of crisis a decrease of VOR and troubles of OKN and pursuit are noted. During crisis the reflectivity increases above all in the same part of the pain and a further alteration of smooth pursuit is observed. The Nomiphensine test suggest that these alterations of CNS are caused by changes in biochemistry of CNS, above all in the monoamines. PMID- 3752858 TI - [Juridical regulations concerning the civil liability of the physician]. PMID- 3752859 TI - [Lipoma of the larynx]. AB - Cancer is the most frequently observed tumor of the larynx, benign laryngeal tumors being as rare as they are varied. A case is reported of lipoma of larynx revealed by a respiratory distress syndrome. PMID- 3752860 TI - [Linear scleroderma in children (apropos of 27 cases)]. AB - Twenty-seven cases of linear morphoea are reported and compared with 218 cases collected from the literature. The various parameters studied, including clinical features and laboratory results, were identical in both series. The aetiology of linear morphoea is unknown, even though injuries or fever have been noted as triggering factors in 20 p. 100 of the cases. Linear morphoea is a childhood disease: it begins at the age of 7 or 8 and predominates in females (63 p. 100 of the cases). Its onset is marked by the abrupt occurrence of sclerosis in most cases, although a solitary morphoea or a trophic plaque may precede the disease proper. In our series, muscular or articular involvement appeared from the start in 40 p. 100 of the patients at the same time as the initial cutaneous lesions. The active stage lasts 3 years and sometimes longer. It is characterized by extension (37 p. 100) or both extension and multiplication (63 p. 100) of the initial lesions. Regional complications aggravate linear morphoea and are more frequent in patients whose lesions extend and multiply. Their incidence was lower among the published cases than in our series. Depending on the author, retractile myositis is present in 37 to 59 p. 100 of the cases, joint stiffness in 18 to 40 p. 100 and shortening of a limb in 10 to 22 p. 100. These complications often regress incompletely, leaving sequelae which persist in the steady state in 75 p. 100 of the patients. Antinuclear antibodies, present in 37 p. 100 of the cases, are either of the homogeneous or of the speckled type. Jablonska has met them more frequently (50 p. 100), and they were often of the speckled type. The significance of these antibodies in linear morphoea is unclear since they appear inconstantly and later than clinical signs. The skin lesions associated with linear morphoea show that the other forms of scleroderma--i.e. plaque morphoea, erythematous atrophic or dyschromic plaques and guttate scleroderma--belong to the same family. The same associations are found in frontoparietal "coup de sabre" scleroderma. The treatment of linear morphoea is not yet standardized. At the moment, the best and most regular results are obtained with systemic corticosteroids and local physiotherapy. PMID- 3752861 TI - [Cutaneous pigmentation induced by minocycline: 2 cases]. AB - Two new cases of cutaneous pigmentation induced by minocycline are reported, in addition to the 38 cases collected in the literature. Our first case was a 50 year old man with a history of multiple orthopaedic operations for injuries sustained in road accidents. Arthritis of the elbow, probably of bacterial origin, was treated with cephalexin and gentamicin, followed by minocycline 300 mg/day. After a total dose of 60 g of minocycline had been reached, a bluish-grey pigmentation was observed on the internal aspect of the left tibia and on the scars left by the orthopaedic operations. Subsequently, lenticular lesions of the hands developed, together with a blue area on the palate. Our second case was an 18-year old girl who presented initially with nodulo-cystic acne. Minocycline 200 mg/day was prescribed, then withdrawn on account of dizziness; no pigmentation was observed. The acne was cured after 7 months of treatment with 13-cis-retinoic acid in doses of 30 mg/day (for a patient's weight of 50 kg). A second course of minocycline 100 mg/day was prescribed; after a total dose of 3 g all the acne scars had become pigmented. A pathological study performed in the first case confirmed the data found in the literature: light microscopy displayed hyperpigmentation of the basal layer of the epidermis with Masson's silver stain, and an intrahistiocytic pigment coloured by Turnbull's stain; electron microscopy showed an increase in melanosomes within the basal keratinocytes, and a pathological accumulation of pigment in the dermis in the form of electron-dense granules usually surrounded by a membrane.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3752862 TI - [Onychoheterotopia with polyonychia associated with Pierre Robin syndrome: apropos of a new case. (Trial of classifying nail ectopia)]. AB - The authors report the second case in the English language literature of a rare abnormality of the fingers and nails associated with Pierre Robin syndrome. The patient was born at term to non-consanguineous parents. The only potentially toxic drug taken by the mother during the first months of pregnancy was Sympathyl, a combined preparation of phenobarbitone, methenamine and plant extracts (boldo, crataegus) used as sedative. The child presented at birth with typical Pierre Robin syndrome responsible for respiratory distress, associated with hypotonia, dysplasia of the right hip and cardiac murmur. His development was marked by pronounced psychomotor retardation. At the age of four the patient was referred for congenital malformations of the hands, and notably bilateral and symmetrical abnormalities of the 5th finger consisting of inflammatory-like tapering, soft tissue hypotrophy, sucked appearance of the ungual phalanx, absence of palmar flexion folds and skin ridges and above all, presence of an ectopic supernumerary nail on the volar aspect of the ungual phalanx. This extra nail was not fused with the dorsal nail, although both met at their lateral edges. Other abnormalities were camptodactylia of the 4th fingers, clinodactylia of the 4th and 5th fingers and irreducible extension of the 5th fingers contrasting with hyperlaxity of their metacarpophalangeal joint. The karyotype (46 XY) was normal. Avulsion of the ectopic nails confirmed that they were distinct from the dorsal nails, having their own matrix.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3752863 TI - [Blue rubber bleb naevus with arteriovenous aneurysm]. PMID- 3752864 TI - [Dowling-Degos disease (reticulate pigmentation of the flexures)]. PMID- 3752865 TI - [Clear cell melanoacanthoma]. PMID- 3752866 TI - [Prolonged losses of consciousness disclosing mastocytosis of the telangiectasia macularis eruptiva perstans type]. PMID- 3752867 TI - CT features of peritoneal and mesenteric involvement in pediatric malignancies. Experience from thirteen cases. PMID- 3752868 TI - Percutaneous thin needle biopsy of pediatric tumors. PMID- 3752869 TI - The chest film in immotile cilia syndrome in children. PMID- 3752870 TI - Laryngospasm and sudden unexpected death syndrome. PMID- 3752871 TI - Addison disease in children: associated anomalies. PMID- 3752872 TI - Computed tomography diagnosis of extradural involvement of paraspinal tumors in children. PMID- 3752873 TI - Isolated fourth ventricle: ultrasonic diagnosis and follow-up. PMID- 3752874 TI - Posterior fossa cystic malformations: ultrasonic approach. PMID- 3752875 TI - Infectious pathology of the brain in pediatric age: ultrasound evaluation. PMID- 3752876 TI - Stress related widening of the radial growth plate in adolescents. PMID- 3752877 TI - Spinal cord abnormalities in congenital scoliosis. PMID- 3752878 TI - Quantitative spinal mineral analysis in children. PMID- 3752879 TI - Pseudarthroses of the long bones in inherited disorders. A report of two cases. PMID- 3752880 TI - Percutaneous nephrostomy for malignant ureteral obstruction in children. Report of six cases. PMID- 3752881 TI - Radionuclide voiding cystography in intrarenal reflux detection. PMID- 3752882 TI - [Early exercise test after myocardial infarction]. AB - Exercise tests of coronary function at the tenth day of an uncomplicated myocardial infarction offer objective evaluation of short-term benefits of an early accelerated physical retraining program. They also allow better individual adaptation of exercises prescribed at the start of convalescence at home. Exercise test results show significant correlation with clinical data and bicycle ergometer tests carried out two months after infarction, with respect to physical aptitude, reasons for discontinuation of test and lethality risk two months after infarction. This suggests that exercise tests performed after the acute phase of myocardial infarction are of diagnostic and prognostic value. PMID- 3752883 TI - [Septal subaortic hypertrophy. Apropos of 23 cases]. AB - Septal subaortic enlargement is seen by two-dimensional echography and involves localized hypertrophy of the basal part of the interventricular septum, the thickness of which is greater than or equal to 13 mm. The present study relates to 23 septal subaortic enlargements. Means thickness of the enlargement was 17.0 mm and the longitudinal parasternal length was 22.1 mm. SAM was noted in 2 cases and mesosytolic closure of the sigmoid sinuses in one case. Left ventricular volume was much reduced in one third of cases, especially when enlargement was great. Compliance disorders were marked in one third of cases. Only the longest and thickest enlargements caused obstruction, which was noted in 18% of cases. Enlargement was most often associated with valvular (56% of cases) or hypertensive (48 P of cases) pathologies. No specific clinical, radiologic or electrical signs were noted; anomalies were due to pathology associated with the enlargements. A stable trend was generally seen in subaortic hypertrophy after a mean period of 33 months. Nevertheless, moderate increases in hypertrophy were seen in 20% of cases. In the great majority of cases, enlargement did not correspond to obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy according to Goodwin's criteria, and etiology remains uncertain due to lack of histological data. PMID- 3752884 TI - [Isotopic exercise tests and selection of cases of inferior infarction requiring coronarography]. AB - Exercise tests involving isotopes were evaluated in 38 subjects presenting inferior myocardial necrosis. Cardiographic data were used to calculate sensitivity and specificity of the method in detection of subjects requiring surgical treatment. Sensitivity was 90% and specificity 62% when three criteria were employed: ECG of positive exertion, reversible diminished accumulation of thallium 201 outside the necrotic site or decrease in the fraction of ejection force. Examination of the fraction of ejection force improved the results of myocardial scanning using thallium and increased detection of subjects requiring surgery from 61% to 90%. PMID- 3752885 TI - [Auricular fibrillation in the elderly. Indicators of risk and cerebral prognosis]. AB - Cardiovascular anomalies contributing to development of atrial fibrillation (AF) and subsequent cerebral repercussion have been studied by analysis of clinical, electrocardiographic and anatomicopathological data for 131 elderly (85.16 +/- 6.7 years) medium- and long-term hospital patients. AF was seen in 22.14% of cases and seems more frequent in the ninth decade than in the eight. Predisposing factors were coronary alterations of repolarization (p less than 0.001), myocardial hypertrophy (less than 0.01), hypertension with cardiac repercussions (p less than 0.01), intraventricular conduction disorders, left anterior hemiblock excepted (p less than 0.05) and mitral valvulopathy. AF developed in 12% of cases without apparent cardiopathy. The risk of cerebral infarct was marginally greater in the presence of AF than in its absence; the risk was clear for paroxysmal forms and nil when AF developed in a healthy heart. In contrast, intellectual deterioration and cerebral hypotrophy were significantly more marked (p less than 0.01) in patients presenting AF. This affirmation is evidence for long-term hemodynamic repercussions of arrhythmia affecting cerebral blood flow and constitutes an argument for re-establishment of sinusal rhythm. PMID- 3752886 TI - [Carotid sinus syndrome of mixed cardioinhibitory and vasodepressive form. Value of sequential atrioventricular stimulation]. AB - The authors report an observation of cardioinhibitory and vasodepressive carotid sinus syndrome. The vasodepressive response was analyzed by electrophysiological exploration with determination of changes in arterial pressure. This pressure is increased automatically by the "pacemaker effect of a ventricular corrective response. The pressure drop can be limited by sequential stimulation. A review is given of the results and methods of cardiac stimulation in sinocarotid hypersensitivity. PMID- 3752887 TI - [Left intraventricular and right auricular double thrombus. Apropos of a case with favorable development under medical treatment]. AB - The authors report a case of right auricular and left intraventricular double thrombus involving the tricuspid valve, diagnosed by two-dimensional echocardiography. This double thrombus developed in a male of 54 years presenting dilated cardiomyopathy with heart failure who was admitted as an emergency case due to cerebral embolism. Surgery and fibrinolytic agents were contraindicated and heparin treatment was initiated. The right auricular mass subsided in 24 hours without symptomatology. Only venous pulmonary digitalized angiography showed a moderate defect. Bearing in mind literature reports, the present observation is particularly interesting on three counts: simultaneous double localization, the fortuitous detection of a right auricular clot before development of pulmonary embolism and the rapid subsidence of the thrombus under heparin treatment as wall as the satisfactory progress without symptomatology of pulmonary embolism. PMID- 3752888 TI - [Copious pericardial and pleural effusion of hypothyroid origin. Report of a case and review of the literature]. AB - The authors report the case of a female of 57 years presenting hypothyroidism with pericardial tamponade followed by development of copious pleural extravasation. The present observation and those reported in the literature are used to evoke the characteristics of copious pericardial and pleural extravasation during hypothyroidism. The authors emphasize the importance of cardiac echography during myxedema. A few exceptional observations aside, extravasation is reduced by supplementary hormone therapy. PMID- 3752889 TI - Major hepatic diseases. PMID- 3752890 TI - Clinical significance of enhanced sensitivity in detecting HBsAg by Biotin-Avidin ELISA. AB - The Biotin-Avidin System (BAS) was incorporated into enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique to increase the sensitivity of the standard ELISA for the detection of HBsAg. We compared the sensitivity of Biotin-Avidin ELISA (BA-ELISA) with monoclonal antibody reverse passive hemagglutination assay (McAB RPHA), standard ELISA and solid phase radioimmunoassay (SPRIA). BA-ELISA was most sensitive. Out of 276 healthy individuals who were HBsAg negative by polyclonal antibody RPHA (PcAB-RPHA), 10(3.60%) were HBsAg positive by the BA-ELISA. Out of 123 acute hepatitis patients who were HBsAg negative by PcAb-RPHA and anti-HBc positive by ELISA, 64(52.03%) were found to be HBsAg positive by BA-ELISA. This study indicates that enhanced sensitivity of BA-ELISA in detecting HBsAg significantly increases the correctness of diagnosis of HBV infection. PMID- 3752891 TI - Liver disease in asymptomatic hepatitis B surface antigen carriers. AB - Fifty-five Chinese healthy asymptomatic Hepatitis Bs Antigen carriers, 49 males and 6 females, were studied over a six year period, 1978 to 1984. Seventeen patients (30.9%) had normal transaminases, and 38 patients (69.1%) had fluctuating levels of transaminases throughout the period of study. 83.6% of patients were below 40 years, and mean age was 29.5 years (range 18 to 49 years). Twenty three patients (41.8%) had liver biopsy, and a spectrum of chronic liver diseases was seen, with Chronic Lobular Hepatitis (CLH) and Chronic Persistent Hepatitis (CPH) being the commonest. Six patients (26.1%) had normal histology, seven patients (30.4%) had CLH, seven patients (30.4%) had CPH, two patients (8.7%) had Chronic Active Hepatitis (CAH), and one patient (4.4%) with Active Cirrhosis (AC). An attempt to correlate the severity of histological changes with the levels of transaminases at the time of biopsy failed to show any definite correlation. However, three patients with transaminases of more than four times normal had severe liver diseases (2 CAH and 1 AC). PMID- 3752892 TI - Treatment of chronic active hepatitis B (CAH B) with chloroquine: a preliminary report. AB - Corticosteroids, azathioprine and antiviral agents have a questionable effect on CAH B. Chloroquine, a lysosomotropic agent, was used to treat 7 patients with histologically confirmed CAH B. All were HBeAb positive. A working hypothesis considering cellular death in CAH B as the result of lysosomal enzyme liberation by activated Kupffer cells was the basis for treatment. In this model T lymphocytes have only an immunoregulatory role. Clinical and laboratory follow-up was done for 6-16 months (median 12 months). Serum chloroquine levels were recorded by a fluorimetric method. 150-450 mg of chloroquine base were administered according to bio-chemical disease activity. In all patients AST and ALT values returned to normal and there was a fall in serum delta GT and improvement of prothrombin time. an increase of globulins was noted. Inadvertent drug withdrawal resulted in aminotransferase increase in 3 patients with prompt restoration of normal values on readministration. One patient refused to continue the drug and died after two months. Variceal bleeding was the cause of death of a second patient. No side effects were noted. A repeat liver biopsy, a year later (4 patients) revealed inactive cirrhosis in all. Chloroquine administration is a safe treatment for patients with CAH B. Further studies are justified. PMID- 3752893 TI - Liver abscess--a clinical study. AB - Forty consecutive cases of liver abscess from the Department of Medicine III, Singapore General Hospital, from 1978 to July 1983 were reviewed. Nineteen (47.5%) were amoebic, 15 (37.5%) pyogenic and 6 (15%) of unknown aetiology. Of the first 20 cases from 1978 to 1980, amoebic abscesses (60%) predominated. An increased incidence of pyogenic abscess constituting 50% was seen in the next 20 cases. Though all racial groups were affected, a predilection among Indians was seen. Males outnumbered females (4:1), and peak incidence occurred in the 40 to 70 age group (62.5%). Fifty percent presented early (less than one week of symptoms) to hospital. Common physical signs were fever (97.5%) and hepatomegaly (92.5%). Investigations showed leucocytosis in excess of 10,000 WBCs/cmm (87.5%), an ESR of 80 mm/hr (80%) and an elevated alkaline phosphatase of at least twice normal (73.6%). Single abscesses (72.5%) located in the right lobe were more likely to be amoebic. Where abscesses were multiple, they were more likely to be pyogenic (63.6%). Two-thirds of the pyogenic abscesses were due to either Klebsiella species or E. coli. Medical treatment consisted of broad spectrum antibiotics, usually in combination with metronidazole. Aspiration or drainage (open or closed) was employed when indicated. These were carried out more often for pyogenic than amoebic abscesses. Amoebic abscesses responded faster to treatment compared to pyogenic abscesses. Mortality in the first 20 cases prior to 1981 was 30%, being mainly confined to pyogenic abscesses. However, after 1981, there has been no mortality in the ensuing 20 cases. PMID- 3752894 TI - Wilson's disease revisited in the tropics. AB - The clinical features and investigations of 17 patients were analysed. Thirteen of them were Chinese and the rest Indians. Their ages at presentation ranged from 8 to 63 years (mean 18.35 years). Thirteen patients (76%) were symptomatic; 8 with predominantly hepatic manifestations and 5 with neurological features. Four were asymptomatic siblings. At diagnosis, however, 10(59%) had features of liver involvement singly, 3 (18%) had neurological involvement alone and 4 (27%) had mixed presentations. Family histories were available in 15 patients; 26.9% of siblings had Wilson's Disease. Serum ceruloplasmin was low in 82% of the patients. 24-hour urinary copper was measured in 16 patients and was raised in all of them. About half the patients (41%) had evidence of concomittant renal tubular dysfunction with hypouricaemia and aminoaciduria. Three patients (18%) had joint involvement at presentation. All 17 patients were treated with Penicillamine. Complications due to therapy included pemphigus in one and toxic epidermal necrolysis and later a lupus like syndrome in another. The features of clinical improvement included fading of K-F rings, improvement of neurological signs and the normalisation of serum transaminases. One patient developed primary hepatocellular carcinoma 5 years after presentation. Delay in diagnosis was encountered in half of the patients reviewed. Being a treatable condition, Wilson's Disease, although rare, should always be thought of in patients with haemolysis, liver diseases or extrapyramidal disorders. PMID- 3752895 TI - Liver disease in blood donors with raised transaminases. AB - 1000 consecutive blood donors had their liver functions studied. 110 donors (11%) were found to have raised ALT of more than twice normal levels. 29 donors had liver biopsies done. Histologically 23 had fatty change, 5 had chronic persistent hepatitis and 1 had liver cirrhosis. Fourteen out of the 23 donors with fatty change also had hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. Viral serology of the 110 donors showed that 3 donors were HBsAg positive, 5 donors were Anti-HAV (IgM) positive and 20 donors were Anti-HBc (IgM) positive. Majority of donors with raised ALT had fatty liver on biopsy with only 6 donors having significant findings of chronic persistent hepatitis and cirrhosis. Serologically, most of the donors (74.5%) with raised ALT had no markers of Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, CMV or EBV. An interesting finding is the high incidence (18%) of positive, Anti HBc (IgM) in donors with raised ALT. PMID- 3752896 TI - Liver biopsies from psoriatics treated with methotrexate. AB - To study the effects of Methotrexate (MTX) on the liver, light microscopic examination of liver biopsies from 18 consecutive patients with moderate to severe psoriasis receiving MTX seen between 1981-1985, were carried out. All patients received MTX (mean dosage of 1808 gm, mean duration of 88 months) prior to biopsy. There were 12 males, 6 females, with mean age of 55.1 yrs (range 39-77 yrs). All patients were HBsAg negative, non diabetic, and with no significant drug history or alcohol intake. Twenty liver biopsies were examined. Attempts to correlate severity of histological changes to dosage and duration of MTX therapy; and to the levels of raised SGPT at biopsy, failed to show any definite relationship. A variety of histological changes were seen in liver biopsies of MTX treated psoriatics, with 2 patients showing progression of histological changes following repeat biopsy. PMID- 3752897 TI - Effects of adenine arabinoside and corticosteroid on replication of duck hepatitis B virus DNA in the liver. AB - Adenine arabinoside (Ara-A) therapy and abrupt withdrawal of corticosteroids have both been used in the treatment of chronic infections due to hepatitis B virus (HBV). In order to better understand the effects and mechanism of action of these treatments, we treated ducks chronically infected with duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) with different dosage regimens of the two therapies. We measured endogenous DNA polymerase activity and used sensitive molecular biological techniques to monitor serum and intrahepatic viral replicative forms during and after drug treatment. Ara-A had a transient, dose related inhibitory effect on DHBV replication. Viral plus strand synthesis was disproportionately affected. Following the cessation of Ara-A treatment markers of viral replication returned to their baseline values. We conclude that Ara-A exerts its effect through inhibition of viral DNA polymerase. Corticosteroid treatment results in an increase in DHBV replication, but steroid withdrawal results in a short-lived transient decrease in markers of viral replication to below pretreatment values. Our results suggest that steroid withdrawal decreases hepadna virus replication through a mechanisms of immune modulation. On the basis of these results and previous trials in HBV infected patients, we predict that neither agent will efficiently eliminate viral replication in chronic hepadna virus infection when used as the sole therapeutic modality. We suggest that the differences in the mechanisms of action of Ara-A treatment and corticosteroid withdrawal be exploited, and the use of combination therapy be explored. PMID- 3752898 TI - Congenital enzymopenic methaemoglobinaemia. AB - Methaemoglobin is haemoglobin in which the sixth coordination position of heme iron is in the ferric state, having lost an unpaired electron. In normal human blood the level of methaemoglobin is 1% or less. This stable level results from an equilibrium between the rate at which ferric heme is formed and the rate at which it is reduced back to the ferrous state. Congenital methaemoglobinaemia caused by a deficiency or absence of methaemoglobin reductase represents a disturbance of this equilibrium wherein the methaemoglobin formed at physiological rate is not efficiently reduced. A chronically elevated level of oxidized haemoglobin results. Methaemoglobin is incapable of binding oxygen. Instead of the bright red colour imparted by oxyhaemoglobin, blood containing more than 10% methaemoglobin is dark brown. A concentration exceeding 1.5 g/d1 gives rise to cyanosis. The majority of patients with congenital enzymopenic methaemoglobinaemia are asymptomatic despite the intense cyanosis. This is a very important differentiating point from the cyanosis of cardiopulmonary causes. Methaemoglobin reductase deficiency is uncommon. Most proven cases had been in persons of European descent with sporadic reports of non-Caucasoid patients. We report here a Chinese patient whom we believe is the first in South East Asia to have methaemoglobin reductase deficiency unequivocally documented. PMID- 3752900 TI - [11th meeting of the Association Europeenne et Mediterraneenne de Coloproctologie. Florence, 14-15 June 1985]. PMID- 3752899 TI - Eosinophilic purpura--the syndrome of acquired platelet dysfunction with eosinophilia--a tropical phenomenon. AB - Eosinophilic purpura, the syndrome of acquired platelet dysfunction with eosinophilia was first recognized in Singaporean children and later described in Thai children. It is a benign, transient thrombopathy associated with significant eosinophilia and characterized by the sudden onset of a superficial bleeding tendency. The first young adult with this haemostatic disturbance was documented in a National Servicemen 4 years ago. We report here our experience with 16 such patients (13 males, 3 females) and concur with the original observers on the benign nature of this syndrome. Stool helminths were present in 50% of the cases but the duration of symptoms and platelet dysfunction appeared unaffected by the rapidity with which the eosinophil count returned to normal following antihelminthic treatment. If platelet aggregation study is readily available it is desirable to document the presence of an abnormal platelet response to one or more aggregating agents but without it, it is still possible to diagnose this syndrome fairly confidently in the healthy, young patient in the first or second decade of life who develops recent onset bruising with or without mucosal bleeding, whose preliminary blood cell counts are normal apart from a moderate to marked absolute eosinophilia. PMID- 3752901 TI - [Sequelae of colectomy]. PMID- 3752902 TI - [Ileostomy after total colectomy]. AB - Ileostomy is a safe operative procedure following total colectomy, when the small intestine remains intact. Most problems are essentially psychological, occasional dietetic considerations apart. In contrast, the effects are totally different once resection, even minimal, of the small intestine has been performed. In this case continuous enteral feeding of variable duration is essential. Oral feeding within very strict dietetic constraints may be resumed upon adaptation of the small intestine. Intensive surveillance remains necessary in the long term. PMID- 3752903 TI - [Ileo-rectal anastomoses]. AB - Ileorectal anastomosis is a classical method for re-establishing continuity after total colectomy. It is usually immediate and terminoterminal, but if local circumstances or emergency considerations demand it is carried out secondarily using mechanical sutures. The effects of colic suppression are rapidly compensated and the minimal functional sequelae are compatible with a normal life. Any change in intestinal rhythm or flow suggests organic alteration of the anastomosis or of the under- or overlying intestine. Ileorectal anastomosis is indicated whenever rectal resection is not obligatory. If this is not the case (polyadenomastosis-ulcerative coloproctitis) ileoanal anastomosis with reservoir currently allows definitive ileostomy to be avoided. PMID- 3752904 TI - Restorative proctocolectomy with ileal reservoir. AB - 119 patients (ulcerative colitis 98, polyposis 20, Hirschsprung's disease 1) were treated between 1976 and 1985. There were 1 operative death (0.8 per cent) and 7 failures (5.9 per cent). Three- (68), two- (13) and four-loop (37) reservoirs were constructed. The ileoanal anastomotic complication rate was 25, 15 and 8 per cent respectively. Mean frequency of defaecation was 4.2 +/- 1.3. Continence was normal in 77 per cent; 4 per cent had a significant faecal leakage. Modification in reservoir design has completely avoided the need to catheterize. Quality of life after the operation was preferred to an ileostomy by 96 per cent of patients with an intact reservoir. PMID- 3752905 TI - [The problem of fecal and urinary incontinence after extensive resection of the sacrum and 2d metamere]. AB - Sacral resection was carried out in two patients presenting chordoma. Clinical and laboratory results are reported, with particular reference to preservation of anal and vesical continence. In the first case, double continence was virtually unaltered after unilateral resection of S2. In the second, continence was markedly perturbed by bilateral resection of S2. PMID- 3752906 TI - [Replacement function of the ileum in resections of the colon and rectum]. AB - Use of ileal segments to re-establish intestinal continuity after colorectal resection is a well-established method but indications are rare. Rectal lesions are nowadays treated more and more often by anterior resection or "pull-through" methods are increasingly common and have benefited from improvement of anastomotic techniques and use of mechanical suture devices. Ten years ago rectal lesions were still treated by abdominoperineal resection. During colorectal resection, with or without evagination, ischemic complications of the colon may compromise preservation of the sphincteral apparatus. In this case it is impossible to avoid colostomy by substitution of an ileal segment for the colon. Treatment can involve surgical restoration of the colon, ileum and rectum or of the colon, ileum and anus. The different operative steps are analyzed. The functional results were the same as those seen with transanal lowering of the colon with evagination. PMID- 3752907 TI - [Natural history of diverticular disease of the colon]. AB - Diverticular disease of the colon is frequent in developed countries, probably due to diets poor in fiber. Prevalence increases with age, reaching 65 percent at 70 years. The preferred seat of the disease is the sigmoid colon. The disease is usually asymptomatic, but inflammatory signs are seen in 10 to 25 percent of cases. Diagnosis of diverticulitis is difficult since correlation between clinical signs and histological data is often mediocre. Surgery is carried out in 15 to 30 percent of patients presenting severe disorders, i.e. in 1 to 2 percent of the overall population presenting diverticulosis of the colon. The most efficacious method of preventing complications may be the implementation of a fiber-rich diet. PMID- 3752908 TI - [Prevention of complications of surgery of diverticular disease]. AB - Results are reported for 335 patients hospitalized for diverticular disease of the symptomatic colon: bowel movement disorders, abdominal pains and/or rectorrhagia. Of 81 patients that received operative surgery, 62 presented inflammatory stenosis or perforation. Recurrence is prevented by surgical treatment combining sigmoidectomy and exeresis of the rectosigmoid junction. PMID- 3752910 TI - [Diagnostic explorations in constipation]. AB - In 40 patients affected with ano-rectal diseases and presenting with severe constipation, the following tests have been performed: ano-rectal manometry, measurement of the sensitivity to rectal distention, study of intestinal transit time; also in some cases a defecography, double contrast barium enema, biopsies, neurological examination, and blood sugar. In 45% of the cases, the examinations enabled to specify the cause of the constipation and establish corresponding therapeutic indications. PMID- 3752909 TI - [Undesirable colorectal effects of drugs]. AB - The most severe adverse reactions associated with medicinal treatment of the colon involve pseudomembranous colitis following antibiotic treatment, notably with clindamycin, lincomycin and betalactamine. The frequency of this adverse reaction is poorly defined: 1 per 100 to 1 per 5 000 treatments depending on the study. Lesions are explained by the cytotoxic effect of Clostridium difficile toxin. Necrotizing anorectitis has been seen in cases of abuse of suppositories containing propoxyphene. The mechanism involved is still unknown. PMID- 3752911 TI - [Pseudomembranous rectocolitis]. AB - The following conclusions were drawn from a study of 15 cases of pseudo membranous coloproctitis (PMCP): PMCP was seen in subjects of both sexes and all ages. The causative agent was found in all antibiotic classes. Clinical signs comprised constant diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain, toxic shock and, more rarely, pseudo-occlusive, pseudo-perforative surgical evidence. Diagnosis involved visualization of pseudo-membranes by endoscopy. Lesions were most frequent in the left colon and increased in severity towards the distal end. Three stages were distinguished by histological examination: superficial necrosis of the mucous membranes, interruption of glands, complete necrosis of the mucous membrane. Without preparation the abdomen did not provide specific information; nor did barium enema which revealed lesions that were frequently diffuse but more marked in the left colon. Conventional coprocultures did not provide diagnostic information. Only a more sophisticated technique will be capable of detecting the pathogen currently considered to be the cause of PMCP: Clostridium difficile. The course of the disorder is generally satisfactory under medical treatment (parenteral feeding, vancomycin) but may sometimes call for surgery. PMID- 3752912 TI - [Anal abscesses]. AB - Infectious anal abscesses occur at high frequency and are important to understand since they are invariably accompanied by fistulous complications. Knowledge of the anatomy of the anal canal and the distal section of the rectum is important in the choice of therapy. Indeed, treatment varies with the classification of the fistulae. Between 1975 and 1984 the authors treated 105 cases of anal abscesses; a recurrence rate of less than 1 percent was noted. PMID- 3752913 TI - The use of parental isonymy in inbreeding in two Outer Hebridean populations. AB - The use of isonomic associations between the parents of spouses is described. Scottish marriage registers contain information on the natal surnames of all four parents of spouses and enable all the four possible types of isonymy between pairs of parents to be identified. Thus assumptions about the sex labelling of pedigrees may be tested and inbreeding coefficients calculated using either each type of isonymy singly or by pooling all types to give 'overall' coefficients. By this latter method the number of potential isonomous events is increased to four times the number of marriages. Assumptions about the randomness of migration with regard to sex may also be tested by comparing coefficients of relationship by isonymy calculated using either paternal or maternal natal surnames. Within populations the coefficients should be lower for the more migrant sex: between populations the reverse should be the case. Similarly the intergenerational 'fluxes' of surnames in parents of either sex may be compared as may be similar variation in surname frequencies. Two small Outer Hebridean islands, Scalpay and Berneray were used to test these assumptions. It was concluded that while the sex labelling of pedigrees appeared to be at random, there was considerable variation in the isonymy inbreeding coefficients and that because of the 4 X greater amount of data, 'overall' coefficients are more reliable. In both islands there appeared to be a greater lability in migrational terms of the female population, although it was impracticable to examine all marriages involving residents of the two islands. PMID- 3752915 TI - Stability of anthroposcopic and anthropometric estimates of physique in Belgian boys followed longitudinally from 13 to 18 years of age. AB - The stability of physique determined by the anthroposcopic 'Atlas' technique and the anthropometric Health-Carter method was examined in a sample of 210 healthy Belgian schoolboys studied longitudinally at yearly intervals from 13 to 18 years of age. The two rating systems were also compared. Results indicate that components of the same type in the two methods do not measure the same underlying factors, particularly for mesomorphy (anthroposcopic technique) and the second component (Health-Carter method). The methods cannot be considered as equivalent. The stability analysis reveals that the 'athletic' component tends to be less stable than the other two components, especially in the anthroposcopic Sheldon technique. In general, however, the constancy of the three somatotype components is fairly high during the growth period considered. PMID- 3752914 TI - Linear growth of Zapotec schoolchildren: growth status and yearly velocity for leg length and sitting height. AB - The growth status and yearly growth velocity for sitting height and leg length of mild-to-moderately undernourished Zapotec schoolchildren from Oaxaca, Mexico, are described and compared with well-nourished black and white North American boys and girls. Zapotec children between 6 and 13 years of age are significantly smaller than their North American counterparts. Differences in sitting height between the three samples are maintained throughout the age range; their yearly growth increments are comparable. Yearly growth velocity in leg length of the Zapotec children is lower, which increases variation in growth status with age. Age-specific relative leg length (leg length/stature) for the Zapotec sample is 1 5% smaller than well-nourished North American children. The results show that statural growth differences between Zapotec and North American schoolchildren are accounted for by diminished growth rates of leg length. PMID- 3752916 TI - Recalled age of menarche in Britain. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine recalled age at menarche from the National Child Development Survey of all children born in Britain in one week of 1958. All subjects were questioned at the same age (16 years); mean age at menarche was estimated as 13.3 +/- 0.02 years. The data deviate significantly from normality. Marked regional variation occurred but very little social class differentiation was apparent. PMID- 3752917 TI - Ethnic difference in duration of pregnancy. AB - It is suggested that the observed difference in duration of pregnancy between Blacks and Whites is partly physiological since it is not entirely explained by social inequities alone. This study compares women with well-defined gestational periods seeking attention at the Antoine Beclere Maternity Clinic. Group A consists of French women of European ancestry, Group B, those born in the French Antilles of mixed ancestry, and Group C black African women with insignificant European admixture. When compared to Group A, within each socio-economic class, group B and C have shorter gestational periods. These differences persist after adjustment for socio-economic variables, so that other explanations should be considered, specifically genetic determinants. PMID- 3752918 TI - ABH secretion polymorphism in Icelanders, Aland Islanders, Finns, Finnish Lapps, Komi and Greenland Eskimos: a review and new data. AB - The secretion of the ABH antigens in saliva was tested in indigenous individuals of several populations: Icelanders in Reykjavik and Husavik (northeastern Iceland), Aland Islanders, Finno-Ugrians (Finns, Finnish Lapps, Komi) and Eskimos (Augpilagtok, northwestern Greenland). The frequencies of ABH non-secretors among the Icelanders (28-36%) were among the highest ever noted in Europeans. Among Alanders and Swedes on the Finnish mainland the frequency (around 20%) was comparable to Swedish values but considerably higher than among Finns (13-14%). The values among northeastern Finns and Komi (about 9%) were intermediate between values among Lapps (below 5%) and Scandinavians (15-26%), excluding Icelanders (28-41%). The average frequency of non-secretors among Lapps in Finland (2.2 +/- 0.5%) was the lowest observed among white populations. Like many other arctic populations of the Mongolian race, the Greenland Eskimos had a very low frequency of non-secretors. It is probable that the non-secretor allele ABH*se was absent from the ancient Lapps and Greenland Eskimos but introduced by invading populations. It is concluded that the ABH*se allele frequencies vary much more among northern European populations than hitherto appreciated. Recent studies indicate that the non-secretor status of the ABH blood group substances in mucous body fluids is associated with pathological conditions of the mucous membranes of the embryologically related digestive and respiratory systems, particularly with duodenal ulcer and gastric (pre)malignancies but probably also with pulmonary dysfunction. In view of these disadvantages of the ABH non-secretor status the high frequency of ABH*se in Icelanders is a paradoxical phenomenon. The frequency of ABH non-secretors among the founders (Vikings) of Iceland may have been considerably higher than among the present populations in northwestern Europe. The increase in northwestern direction of the ABH*se allele frequencies supports this hypothesis; the dilution effect has not been as strong in Iceland as on the European continent. PMID- 3752919 TI - The influence of sex chromosomes on finger dermatoglyphic patterns. AB - Finger pattern frequencies for patients exhibiting various sex chromosome aneuploidies were obtained from literature sources. The sample consisted of 141 XO, 500 XX, 68 XXX, 9 XXXX, 500 XY, 93 XYY, 30 XXYY and 6 XXXXY. Pattern frequencies were converted to radial and ulnar loop frequencies, and these in turn were used to construct four variables; pattern intensity; radial-ulnar difference; radial loop asymmetry; and ulnar loop asymmetry. The relationship between the dermatoglyphic variables on to the sex chromosomes was examined by regressing the dermatoglyphic variables on to the number of X and Y chromosomes. Radial-ulnar difference and radial loop asymmetry showed the strongest relationship with the number of X and Y chromosomes. The X and Y chromosomes had about equal influence on radial-ulnar difference, but the Y had a stronger effect on radial loop asymmetry. It is postulated that sex chromosomes influence dermatoglyphic development by controlling tissue sensitivity to fetal sex steroids. PMID- 3752920 TI - A cline in the acid phosphatase1 distribution in the Iberian Peninsula. AB - Blood samples from autochthonous and unrelated persons were examined for acid phosphatase (ACP1) phenotypes. The subjects were 143 Spanish Basques, 118 people from Leon and 295 from Castile. The samples were typed using starch gels, with one surface coloured with phenolphthalein diphosphate (Na5 salt) and the other surface revealed with 4-methylumbelliferyl-dihydrogenphosphate. The gene frequencies observed are compared with those obtained by other authors. PMID- 3752921 TI - Serum and semen zinc levels in normozoospermic and oligozoospermic men. AB - Zinc is necessary for growth, sexual maturation and reproduction. Because high concentrations of zinc are found in the male reproductive system, a relationship between zinc and male infertility has been suggested. We studied 11 unselected men who presented to a Reproductive Endocrinology Clinic with histories of infertility and low sperm counts. Reproductive hormones and semen and serum zinc levels were measured. All men had semen analyses performed on at least three separate occasions. A similar set of laboratory evaluations were performed on 11 other men who had normal semen analyses and no history of infertility. No abnormalities of reproductive hormones were found in either group. Mean serum zinc levels were significantly lower in the infertile men (p less than 0.05). Mean semen zinc levels were not significantly different. There was no correlation between serum and semen zinc levels in either group. A significant correlation was found between sperm count and semen zinc (r = 0.66, p less than 0.05) in the volunteers with normal counts, but not in the oligozoospermic men. The results obtained in this study suggest that lowered serum zinc is more common than formerly appreciated in unselected patients with infertility. The high level of zinc found in semen is due primarily to the secretions of the prostate gland and reflects prostatic stores. Serum zinc is thought to be a reasonable indicator of zinc status. The lack of correlation between serum zinc and semen zinc found in our study suggests that mild zinc deficiency may lower serum zinc while the larger prostatic zinc stores remain unaffected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3752922 TI - Tolerance of low and high dietary selenium throughout the life span of Syrian hamsters. AB - In lifetime studies on the effects of dietary selenium (Se) levels, Syrian hamsters were fed diets containing low (unsupplemented torula yeast), adequate (0.1 ppm Se supplemented from sodium selenite), or excessive (5 ppm Se supplemented from sodium selenite) levels of Se. A commercial ration was fed to separate groups. Male and female hamsters were assigned to each diet, and blood samples were collected at 54 and 79 weeks of age for determination of Se status. Body weights of male hamsters were generally highest in those fed unsupplemented diets and lowest in those fed 5 ppm Se supplements. Female weights did not differ between the three semipurified diets. Erythrocyte and plasma glutathione peroxidase and blood Se values increased with the increments in dietary Se at the 54- and 79-week measurements. Survival was approximately 40-45% lower in hamsters fed the commercial ration than in those fed semipurified diets, but was not altered by the Se level in the semipurified diet. PMID- 3752923 TI - Subcellular distribution of selenium in the liver from rats fed selenium from fish: selenocystine and inorganic selenite. AB - Four groups of rats of a normal selenium status were given different selenium compounds during a long-term feeding experiment (28 days). The selenium supplementations (per kg diet) were sodium selenite (1 mg), selenocystine (2 mg), and two different concentration levels of selenium from fish (0.1 and 1 mg). Differential pelleting of liver homogenates demonstrated that selenium was present in all the subcellular fractions, with a recovery of 55-60% in the cytosols. Gel permeation high-performance liquid chromatography of the cytosol fractions demonstrated the presence of protein-bound selenium at a molecular weight of 70,000 daltons. The subcellular distributions as well as the protein binding of selenium in the cytosols were identical in all dietary groups. This indicates a similar long-term liver metabolism of the four selenium compounds tested in the rat. PMID- 3752924 TI - Increased platelet aggregation during alimentary hyperlipemia in normal and hypertriglyceridemic subjects. AB - The influence of 2 different fatty meals, rich in either saturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids, on platelet aggregation in 7 normolipemic subjects and in 10 patients with phenotype IV hyperlipemia, was studied. 3 h after ingestion of a saturated- or polyunsaturated-fat-rich meal, plasma triglycerides were similarly increased in both groups. 5 h after ingestion of fat of either origin, the plasma triglyceride level in normal subjects returned almost to the fasting level, whereas in patients with hypertriglyceridemia it was still elevated. Platelet aggregation induced by ADP in platelet-rich plasma significantly increased in the normal group 3 h after both meals, whereas in the patient group it increased only after the saturated-fat-rich meal. These results were not changed 5 h after the meals. Postprandial elevated platelet activity was not correlated with increased plasma triglyceride concentration. No changes were found in washed-platelet aggregation in normal subjects, whereas the patient derived washed platelets showed increased aggregation after the saturated-fat rich meal. Plasma chylomicrons prepared from both groups during alimentary hyperlipemia inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation as well as thrombin induced platelet 14C-serotonin release. This study indicates that the intake of fatty meals induces acute disturbance in platelet aggregation, favoring thrombosis. These changes are more comprehensive in hyperlipemic patients and after a saturated-fat-rich meal. PMID- 3752925 TI - Dietary sucrose affects plasma HDL cholesterol concentration in young men. AB - Fourteen young male volunteers measured their habitual dietary intake for 2 weeks, then were told to increase their dietary sucrose while decreasing their other carbohydrates for 2 weeks and finally told to revert to their habitual diet while continuing to record their intake. Measurement of plasma constituents revealed a significant fall in HDL-cholesterol concentration after the period on the high sucrose diet, and a return to the higher concentrations after resumption of the habitual diet. Twenty-six young men whose habitual diet contained more than an average quantity of sucrose followed a similar regime, except that they were told to reduce their sucrose for 2 weeks and to compensate by increasing the intake of other carbohydrates. In the event, unlike the volunteers in the first experiment, they were found not to have made the compensatory change when lowering their sucrose intake. Measurement of their plasma constituents showed that the reduction in dietary sucrose resulted in a significant fall in the mean concentration of triglycerides. There was no significant change in the mean concentration of HDL cholesterol, although there was an increase in the concentration in 11 of the 26 subjects. PMID- 3752926 TI - Vitamin D status of children and adolescents in Finland. AB - 3-,9- and 15-year-old children were studied in autumn in order to evaluate their serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25-OH-D) concentration and their vitamin D intake. The 25-OH-D was significantly lower in the 15-year-old than in the other children, but it was satisfactory in all groups as compared to the 25-OH-D of healthy, young adults. The mean dietary vitamin D intake as well as the mean total vitamin D intake including supplements was low in all groups of children. With a vitamin D intake as low as in this study, every house-bound child would be at risk of vitamin D deficiency. PMID- 3752927 TI - Modulation of very low-density lipoprotein secretion by dietary protein is age dependent in rats. AB - The Triton WR-1339 technique was used in order to study age-dependent changes of the rate of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) lipid secretion in rats consuming either casein or soy protein isolate. There was a significantly higher influx of lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides into the plasma compartment (of fasted animals) after a casein than after a soy diet, both in 10-week-old animals (cholesterol: 0.78 +/- 0.06 vs. 0.52 +/- 0.03 mmol X 1(-1) X h-1) and 25-week-old animals (cholesterol: 0.50 +/- 0.07 vs. 0.32 +/- 0.05 mmol X 1(-1) X h-1), but secretion rates diminished with age. The higher secretion rates following casein were paralleled by higher serum cholesterol levels in the fasted younger animals and also, though to a lesser degree, in the fed animals. These data contribute further evidence to our earlier proposal that dietary protein may induce different serum lipid levels by the modulating rate of lipid influx into the plasma compartment. PMID- 3752928 TI - Hypocholesterolemic effect of gamma-linolenic acid as evening primrose oil in rats. AB - The hypocholesterolemic effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids was compared in male rats given high-cholesterol diets containing either evening primrose oil (EPO, linoleic plus gamma-linolenic), safflower oil (SFO, linoleic) or olive oil (OLO, low linoleic) at the 10% level. EPO with a phytosterol content of 1.47% was found to be more hypocholesterolemic than SFO (phytosterols 0.34%), and rats given EPO excreted more neutral (cholesterol and its metabolites) but not acidic steroids during the first 2 weeks of the feeding. Even when the phytosterol content of EPO and SFO was adjusted to be the same (0.67%), EPO was still more hypocholesterolemic than SFO but to a lesser extent, although fecal neutral steroid excretion was comparable in these two dietary fat regimens. The results indicate a significant hypocholesterolemic efficacy of gamma-linolenic acid. PMID- 3752929 TI - Metabolism of 3H-proline in riboflavin deficiency. AB - Riboflavin deficiency and food restriction were associated with greater solubility and lesser total and insoluble collagen concentration in rat skin. Studies using 3H-proline suggest that the lower collagen concentration under these conditions could be due to a decrease in synthesis as well as slow maturation of collagen. The mechanisms underlying defective cross-link formation appear to be different in food-restricted and riboflavin-deficient rats. Half life of soluble collagen was not affected in riboflavin deficiency, but it was slightly shorter in food-restricted weight-matched animals. PMID- 3752930 TI - Investigation into the relative effects of riboflavin deprivation on iron economy in the weanling rat and the adult. AB - Young rapidly-growing weanling rats accumulate ferritin iron in the liver; riboflavin deficiency inhibits this process and is associated with reduced in vitro iron-mobilising activity at the gastro-intestinal mucosa. Adult rats that are not growing tend to maintain existing stores of iron. Whereas riboflavin deficiency reduces in vitro iron-mobilising activity at the gastro-intestinal mucosa, this has no impact on body iron stores in these animals. Levels of circulating iron, on the other hand, are significantly reduced, possibly due to some interference with iron release from the reticuloendothelial system. The magnitude of the impact of riboflavin deficiency on iron mobilisation from body stores and iron absorption may depend upon a number of factors, likely to include the size of existing hepatic iron stores and the demand for rapid iron turnover. PMID- 3752931 TI - Effect of ascorbic acid on the availability of iron in weaning foods. AB - Three types of baby weaning foods including a soy-based (Fortifex) and two milk based, high-protein (Farlene) and low-protein (Farex) products were obtained from a local supermarket. Their levels of iron were standardized at 1.0 and 1.5 mg of daily rat intake. Similarly, ascorbic acid was added at 5 and 10 mg/100 g of diet. The diets were fed to weanling albino rats for a period of 28 days. Plasma iron was determined by the bathophenanthraline method, and hemoglobin was measured using the Sahil hemoglobinometer. The results showed that ascorbic acid influenced a significant increase (p less than 0.01) of hemoglobin concentrations in the high-protein diet. The soy-based meal did not show this difference. The results support the views that since weaning foods in the developing countries are mainly of cereal origin, both iron fortification and ascorbic acid supplementation should be incorporated in the formulation of infant foods. PMID- 3752932 TI - Estimation of minerals and trace elements provided by beverages for the adult in France. AB - The total average amount of beverages absorbed daily (1,378 ml) is split up as follows: tap water (650 ml where from 170 ml are used for the preparation of coffee and tea); bottled water (190 ml); alcoholic drinks (481 ml) and soft drinks (57 ml). Under these conditions, the intake is estimated at (mg/day): Na: 50, K: 450, P: 83, Ca: 141, Mg: 54, Fe: 2.9, Zn: 0.64, Cu: 0.46, Mn: 0.40, F: 0.64, I: 0.09, Cr: 0.013, Se: 0.031. The most significant supplies for both quantity and quality are those of calcium (18% of the needs), iron (29%), copper (19%), fluorine (24%) and magnesium (16%) for the adult. Alcoholic drinks represent 35% of the daily intake of beverages; they are likewise the main source of minerals such as: iodine and iron (wine), selenium (beer), fluorine, calcium and copper (in all alcoholic drinks). Calcium and fluorine are the main minerals provided by the different types of water. We have shown the influence of the geographical origin of the tap water on the Ca and F intake, as well as the influence of individual behaviour with respect to the selection of his main drink. PMID- 3752933 TI - Examining the functionality of the idiotypic network. PMID- 3752934 TI - 13th forum in immunology. The origin and nature of autoantibodies. PMID- 3752936 TI - Intratumoral distribution of microspheres. AB - Fifteen mu carbonized microspheres injected in two transplantable rat tumors, a hepatoma transplanted to the dorsum of one hindpaw and an adenocarcinoma transplanted into the liver, were found to be unevenly distributed and often in aggregates that seemed to fill intratumoral vessels. This finding can partly explain the increased vascular resistance in tumors after microsphere injection and makes the technique with repeated injections of microspheres disputable. PMID- 3752935 TI - Potential of bromovinyldeoxyuridine in anticancer chemotherapy. AB - Bromovinyldeoxyuridine (BVDU) is a highly potent and selective antiherpetic agent which offers great potential for the treatment of severe herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infections in cancer patients. BVDU inhibits the replication of HSV-1 and VZV at a concentration as low as 1-10 ng/ml; and the proliferation of tumor cells transformed with the HSV-1 thymidine kinase gene is even inhibited by BVDU concentrations lower than 1 ng/ml. Moreover, BVDU is inhibitory to Epstein-Barr virus replication in vitro at a concentration of 0.02 micrograms/ml. Due to the action of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylases, BVDU is rapidly degraded to the free pyrimidine base bromovinyluracil (BVU). In contrast to BVDU, which is cleared from the bloodstream within 2-3 hours, BVU persists in the plasma for at least 24 hours. During this period BVU can be converted again to BVDU upon administration of deoxythymidine, deoxyuridine or any other deoxyribonucleoside capable of transferring its deoxyribosyl moiety onto BVU. BVU owes its long persistence in the bloodstream to the fact that it does not act as substrate for dihydrothymine dehydrogenase, the enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the catabolic pathway of pyrimidines. On the contrary, BVU acts as an efficient inhibitor of this enzyme and thereby prevents the degradation of fluorouracil (FU), a well-known anticancer agent. As a consequence, BVDU via BVU enhances the antitumor activity of FU, as has been demonstrated in the murine P388 leukemia model. Thus, BVDU may be useful in anticancer chemotherapy from several viewpoints, e.g. for treatment of intercurrent herpesvirus infections, and, in combination with FU, for treatment of those malignant diseases that are amenable to FU therapy. PMID- 3752937 TI - Early changes accompanying development of adriamycin resistance in spheroids of a mouse mammary carcinoma line. AB - The early changes accompanying development of ADR resistance were studied in a mouse mammary adenocarcinoma cell line sensitive to ADR (S). Resistant cells (R) were derived from S by five separate exposures to 1 microgram/ml ADR for 1 hr. The R cells had a 3-fold increased resistance to ADR, a higher proportion of larger cells, higher numbers of chromosomes per cell and higher incidence of minute chromosomes. R spheroids had a higher degree of differentiation. They were more compact, had increased numbers of gap-junctions, and altered membranes. An inversion in the X chromosome in S cells was corrected in the R cells. PMID- 3752938 TI - Pleiotropic drug resistance, protein overexpression, and cytogenetic signs of gene amplification in mouse tumor cells. AB - We have isolated pleiotropic drug resistant mouse tumor cell lines with resistance-associated double minute chromosomes (DM) or homogeneously staining regions (HSR). In resistant cells, two-dimensional protein electrophoresis revealed elevated levels of a 21,000 dalton protein. Two resistant lines, with cytogenetically unstable (DM) and stable (HSR) gene amplification, were grown in the absence of drug for several weeks. The resistance and the protein overexpression was correlated to the presence of either HSR or DM. This suggests that the 21,000 dalton protein is a gene amplification product, and its importance for the resistance is discussed. PMID- 3752939 TI - Reduced cellular uptake of cis-dichlorodiammine-platinum by benzaldehyde. AB - Synchronized human NHIK 3025 cells were treated with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (cis-DDP) either alone or in combination with benzaldehyde as a 2 h pulse in G1 phase. After this pulse, the cells entered S-phase and the rate of DNA synthesis was measured by DNA-flow cytometric recordings of serial samples. After treatment with 10 microM cis-DDP alone, the rate of DNA synthesis was 38% of the control rate. If 3.2 mM benzaldehyde was present together with 10 microM cis-DDP, the rate of DNA synthesis was 56% of the control rate, this being similar to the rate measured following treatment of cells with 5 microM cis-DDP alone. Thus, the simultaneous presence of benzaldehyde with cis-DDP mitigates the inhibition of DNA synthesis induced by cis-DDP. However, when cells were electropermeabilized during the treatment pulse, benzaldehyde did not protect the cells from cis-DDP induced cell inactivation. The protective effect of benzaldehyde thus seems to reside with the cell membrane and it seems that benzaldehyde, when present together with cis-DDP, partially inhibits the uptake of cis-DDP into cells. Atomic absorption spectroscopy confirmed that the simultaneous presence of 5 mM benzaldehyde halved the amount of cell-bound platinum from that measured following treatment with cis-DDP alone. PMID- 3752940 TI - Efficacy of extraction and incubation of ER and PgR with different solvent systems from rabbit uterus. AB - Methods for improving the estrogen receptor (ER) and progestin receptor (PgR) assay were studied. Using DCC procedure as the basis, the extraction and incubation of ER and PgR is more efficiently achieved by phosphate buffer as compared with water, tris and veronal buffers. The multiple extractions of hormone receptors by any solvent system used is more complete than a single operation of homogenization and centrifugation. The utilization of combined extraction first with water and then phosphate buffer, followed by incubation of the cytosol in phosphate buffer with hormone is also an efficient procedure for the assay of both ER and PgR. PMID- 3752941 TI - Electrochemistry of potential bioreductive alkylating quinones: its use in the development of new aziridinylquinones. AB - The concept of bioreductive alkylation as a mechanism of action of quinone containing anticancer agents was investigated, using electrochemical techniques. According to this concept, an electrochemical step (reduction of the quinone ring) is followed by one or more chemical steps, leading to formation of the actual alkylating species. The proper use of electrochemical analysis of potential bioreductive alkylating quinones in the design of new analogs is limited. Up to now, the only electrochemical parameter frequently used in structure-activity relationship studies, is the half-wave potential of the quinone reduction. However, reliable information can only be obtained from the found value of this parameter when the reduction mechanism has been elucidated. Furthermore, it only gives information about the first step of the model. More detailed electrochemical analysis of potential bioreductive alkylating quinones, in combination with a biological evaluation, is required to gain more insight in their mechanism of action and to yield quantitative information about substituent effects on both the electrochemical and the chemical step(s) of the model. Results of such studies of a series of aziridinylquinones indicate, that the biological activity in vitro is correlated with the ease of protonation of the aziridines after quinone reduction, which is in accordance with the concept of bioreductive activation. No correlation with the ease of protonation of the aziridines prior to quinone reduction or with the quinone reduction step itself can be found. PMID- 3752942 TI - International comparisons concerning breast cancer and steroid receptors. AB - In 1060 Japanese patients, 58 and 36% of breast tumors contained estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR), respectively. These rates are somewhat lower than those in Western countries. The slightly lower incidence of receptors in Japanese patients is due to significantly lower incidence of receptor positive tumors in postmenopausal Japanese patients than in postmenopausal Western patients. However, in postmenopausal overweight (greater than or equal to 60 kg) Japanese patients the rate of ER + breast cancer was comparable to that in postmenopausal Western patients. The effect of overweight on an increased incidence of Japanese breast cancer was found to be confined to postmenopausal women. In 260 Japanese breast cancer patients, the regression rates to endocrine therapy were 10% for ER-tumors, 48% for ER + tumors, and 66% for ER +, PR + tumors, which are similar to those reported in Western countries. PMID- 3752943 TI - Reverse effect of guanine on the inhibitory action of mycophenolic acid during nucleic acid synthesis. AB - Mycophenolic acid (MPA) was demonstrated to inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis in L1210 cells strongly; however these effects were remarkably reduced by guanine. The presence of MPA in the medium decreased the guanine nucleotide contents (GMP, GDP, GTP) of the cells, but the addition of guanine reversed this effect. We have reported previously that MPA had no inhibitory effect on hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRTase) activity. Together these findings suggest that the decrease of guanine nucleotides induced by MPA is restored by GMP, which is formed from guanine by HGPRTase in the cells. It is speculated that a suppressor of HGPRTase activity, such as 6-mercaptopurine, may protect the antitumor activity of MPA by preventing the conversion of guanine to GMP. PMID- 3752944 TI - Changes in biophysical parameters and in phospholipid composition associated with resistance to doxorubicin. AB - Friend leukemia cells (FLC) resistant to different concentrations of doxorubicin were used to investigate the biochemical and biophysical changes associated with resistance. We have found that fluorescence polarization of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5 hexatriene analyzed on single cell level increased in resistant as compared to sensitive FLC. Furthermore, phospholipid analysis of sensitive and doxorubicin resistant cells revealed changes in ratios of phosphatidyl-choline to phosphatidyl-ethanolamine and phosphatidyl-choline to sphingomyelin. These results correlate with decreased electrophoretic mobility in resistant cells. Our results indicate that changes in cell structure occur with the level of resistance to doxorubicin. These changes are probably the consequence rather than the cause of resistance. PMID- 3752945 TI - Recombinant human leukocyte interferon induces alterations in the antigen phenotype of human breast carcinoma cells. AB - Three tumor antigens, TAG-72, carcinoembryonic antigen and a 90 Kd antigen, recognized by monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) B72.3, B1.1 and B6.2, respectively, are differentially expressed on the surface of four human breast carcinoma cell lines. These cell lines, MCF-7, BT-20, MDA-MB-231 and ZR-75-1, also expressed normal surface antigens such as the class I major histocompatibility and a second antigen found on the surface of all human cells by the binding of MAb B139. Treatment of these cells with human recombinant clone A leukocyte interferon (IFN aA) usually resulted in an enhanced expression of the surface antigens constitutively expressed. For example, the level of B6.2 reactivity to the surface of the ZR-75-1 cells was increased more than 3-fold following IFN-aA treatment. In contrast, ZR-75-1, BT-20 and MD-MB-231 were all negative for the TAG-72 antigen both before and after IFN-aA treatment. The IFN-aA induced tumor antigen expression on the MCF-7 cell surface was shown to be time and dose dependent and consisted of a heterogeneous population of cells that exhibit clonal diversity in their response to tumor augmentation by IFN-aA. The diversity among the MCF-7 clones could not be explained by differences in the surface IFN aA receptor. PMID- 3752946 TI - Protective effect of L-carnitine on cardiac metabolic damage induced by doxorubicin in vitro. AB - Carnitine, a naturally occurring compound which is an important cofactor in the transport of fatty acids within inner mitochondria, aids myocardial cells in efficiently meeting energy requirements. L-Carnitine has been texted in this study as a possible protective agent against doxorubicin-induced cardiac toxicity. Rat heart slices were incubated with doxorubicin (14 micrograms/ml), L carnitine (600 micrograms/ml), and L-carnitine plus doxorubicin for 60 min at 38 degrees C. Cellular oxygen uptake, ATP, intracellular Ca2+, and 14C-Leucine incorporation were measured. L-carnitine pre-incubation significantly reduced (p less than 0.001) the metabolic cardiac impairment due to doxorubicin. The inhibition of oxygen uptake declined from 38% to 7%; of ATP cellular concentration from 78% to 27%; and that of protein synthesis from 11% to 6%. L carnitine moreover acts to eliminate completely the Ca2+ increase induced by doxorubicin. Thus, it appears L-carnitine may be useful in the prevention of doxorubicin-induced cardiac toxicity. PMID- 3752947 TI - The potential of the Familial Cancer Registry for anticancer research and medical practice. AB - The Basel Familial Cancer Registry was established in 1982. Detailed pedigree data are obtained from 200 cancer patients every year. Analysis of familial clustering is performed by comparing the tumor spectrum of different family groups defined by the probands' cancer sites and by comparing tumor incidence and spectrum in the families with tumor incidence and spectrum in the population (data from the population - based Basel Cancer Registry). A nonrandom distribution of cancer in first-degree relatives of cancer patients and significant familial cancer aggregations point to underlying genetic mechanisms. The association of cancer and minor anomalies in children points to common mechanisms of carcinogenesis and teratogenesis. Laboratory investigations revealed an impaired DNA-repair synthesis in lymphocytes of breast cancer patients and their relatives. Patients and their relatives are counselled. They show interest and cooperate well. An early detection program is being developed in colorectal cancer. Administrative work is centrally organized and the screening work is performed by the family physicians. PMID- 3752948 TI - The kidney invasion test: its application to the Lewis lung carcinoma system. AB - Implantation of fragments from subcutaneously grown Lewis lung carcinoma 3LL under the renal capsule of syngeneic mice results in invasion of the kidney parenchyma. The synthetic microtubule inhibitor tubulozole blocks or decreases this malignant invasion in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibition of the invasion rate caused by tubulozole can be macroscopically quantified, and has been confirmed histologically. PMID- 3752949 TI - Effects of aminoglutethimide plus hydrocortisone on the genital tract of postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer. A clinical and cytologic survey. AB - In this study we compared the effects of either Aminoglutethimide (AGL) or Tamoxifen (TAM) therapy on the genital tract of postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer. Thus, 15 patients treated with AGL, and 10 patients treated with TAM underwent gynaecological examination, during which vaginal smears were taken. All smears were reviewed in blind by one pathologist for determination of karyopycnotic indices (KI). Under TAM, no significant clinical abnormality was observed, except in one patient who had a small (histologically benign) endocervical polyp, easily removed during the examination. As reported by others, smears made under TAM therapy were generally characterized by high KI, indicating that an hormonal, estrogen-like stimulation remained present in these patients. On the contrary, most women under AGL had some evidence of vulvovaginal atrophy, which was unvariably associated with low KI on smears. Among the latter, four had severe dystrophic lesions consisting of leukoplasia (1), kraurosis (2) or lichen sclerous and atrophicus (1). It is therefore recommended not to neglect the systematic practice of gynaecological examination in patients with advanced breast cancer under endocrine therapy. These observations also indicate that AGL and TAM exert entirely opposite effects on the vaginal mucosa, which is a very sensitive estrogen-target tissue. In good agreement with former endocrine studies, AGL acts as a potent suppressor of estrogens resulting in severe mucosal atrophy. On the contrary, TAM seems nearly always to display some agonistic hormonal stimulation. PMID- 3752950 TI - Tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA): usefulness in urological neoplasia. AB - Urine and serum samples from a group of 359 individuals were studied in order to evaluate the usefulness of TPA in patients with urological cancers. Serum was taken from 110 people at 12 noon (S1), 5 pm (S2), and 8 am the following day (S3), while urine samples were collected from 73 individuals over three time intervals: 8 am to 12 noon (U1), 12 noon to 5 pm (U2), and 5 pm to 8 am the following morning (U3). In addition, there were 24-hour urine samples from 176 persons. TPA concentrations in S1, S2, or S3 were not correlated with the presence of a tumor. In contrast, good correlation was observed between TPA concentrations in U1, U2, or U3 and disease status and an even better correlation existed between TPA in 24-hour urine samples and disease status. It is proposed that the judicious use of 24-hour urinary TPA levels should prove valuable in monitoring the course of urological cancers. PMID- 3752951 TI - Evaluation of water soluble and lipid soluble sialic acid levels as tumor markers. AB - Serum sialic acid and lipid-soluble sialic acid was measured in 39 cancer patients, 16 patients with Crohns disease, 13 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 28 patients with osteoarthritis, and 40 normal patients. Sialic acid was also determined in several patients who had undergone extensive chemotherapy or radiation. Elevations of sialic acid were observed in 33 of 39 cancer patients (sensitivity = 85%). No elevations were observed in the normals (specificity = 100%). However, 11 of 13 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 9 of 16 patients with Crohns disease had elevated sialic acid. Patients undergoing extensive chemotherapy or radiation for two months prior to sialic acid measurement frequently had normal values even though tumor was present. Four patients, who were found to have cysts instead of cancer on biopsy or pathological examination, had normal sialic acid values. Three patients with active leukemia had elevated sialic acid, but three patients whose leukemia was in remission had normal sialic acid levels. Correlations were also found between sialic acid from an enzymatic total sialic acid and the Ehrlich sialic acid, and also between total sialic acid measured by the Ehrlich method and lipid soluble sialic acid. PMID- 3752952 TI - Mastectomy stimulates prolactin release in breast cancer patients. AB - Hyperprolactinaemia has been described to occur after mastectomy in breast cancer patients, but whether it may be the result of surgery or breast cancer is particularly unknown. Plasma prolactin levels were measured in 51 patients one day before, and 1, 7, 30, and 180 days after mastectomy (23 primary breast cancer patients), tumourectomy (10 patients with benign or malignant breast lesions), and cholecystectomy (18 patients with cholelithiasis). Elevated prolactin levels were found on the 7th and 30th postoperative day in mastectomized and laparotomized patients, but not in patients who underwent tumourectomy of benign or malignant breast lesions (p less than 0.01). The prolactin levels were in the normal range one day before and again 180 days after surgery in all patients. We conclude, therefore, that postoperative hyperprolactinaemia in breast cancer patients is a result of surgery rather than the disease. PMID- 3752953 TI - The metabolism of 3-aminobiphenyl and 3-acetamidobiphenyl in vitro. AB - The metabolism of 3-aminobiphenyl (3-ABP) and 3-acetamidobiphenyl (3-AABP) has been studied using fortified rat liver microsomal preparations. Metabolites in concentrates of ether extracts from hepatic microsomal preparations were analysed by TLC and GLC. The metabolites were characterised by a comparison of their chromatographic characteristics with synthetic compounds and response to detection reagents. 3-ABP appeared to be hydroxylated predominantly at the 2- and 4-ortho positions and to a minor extent at the 6-position, whereas 3-AABP was converted to 3-acetamido-6-hydroxybiphenyl as the major metabolite. 3-ABP was also converted to the corresponding hydroxylamine, nitroso and nitro compound although the latter may have arisen via a non enzymic process. PMID- 3752954 TI - Effects of 5-fluorouracil treatment of rat leukemia with concomitant inactivation of cobalamin. AB - The cytostatic activity of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) can be modified by the addition of reduced folates, as well as antifolates. This is indicative of the complex involvement of folate metabolism in the effects of 5-FU. In the BN rat leukemia model, 5-FU treatment was combined with the inactivation of cobalamin (vitamin B12) by nitrous oxide (N2O). Exposure to nitrous oxide causes severe disturbance of folate metabolism through the inhibition of the cobalamin-dependent enzyme methionine synthetase, and leads to loss of folates from the cell. With regard to the effects on growth of leukemia, the addition of nitrous oxide did not antagonize 5-FU. On the contrary, therapeutic effects were enhanced by combined treatment, as was evident from a further reduction of leukemic infiltration in spleen and liver, from a decrease or even disappearance of leukemic cells in the peripheral blood, and from extended survival of rats. These findings were in accordance with metabolic studies in isolated leukemic cells of treated rats, in which combined treatment caused further impairment of thymidylate and DNA synthesis. Pretreatment with nitrous oxide, for a period of 3 days, was more effective than treatment after the administration of 5-FU. Folate levels, in plasma and intracellular, were reduced after combined treatment. It is concluded that in this leukemia, unlike observations in some models of solid tumors, the activity of 5-FU is enhanced with a depletion of folates. This effect is probably comparable to the combination of methotrexate pretreatment with 5-FU, and might be important to applications of 5-FU in combination chemotherapy of hematological neoplasms. PMID- 3752955 TI - Banding and preparational techniques in normal and neoplastic tissue. I. Human lymphocyte and bone marrow cultures. AB - The usefulness of in vitro banding techniques depends on the yield of suitable metaphases and the quality of the induced bands. This paper describes optimal synchronization and R-banding techniques for human lymphocyte and bone marrow cultures. Chromosome analysis of leukemic bone marrow is summarized. The lymphocyte and bone marrow cell systems are compared with regard to optimal culture time and banding potential. It is suggested that banding potential for a certain cell type depends on cell cycle time in vitro and the degree of differentiation. PMID- 3752956 TI - Distribution and inhibition of dihydrouracil dehydrogenase activities in human tissues using 5-fluorouracil as a substrate. AB - Dihydrouracil dehydrogenase activity, with 5-fluorouracil used as the substrate, was measured in human tissues and leukemic cells. The liver had the highest enzyme activity (mean, 705 nmoles/g tissue/hr) with minimal activity found in the kidneys, spleen, lung, colon, colon tumors, pancreas, breast tissue, breast tumors, bone marrow cells, and peripheral leukemic cells. Wide variations in the enzyme activities were noted in samples collected from different subjects. 5 diazouracil inhibits the enzyme activity with the concentration required for inhibiting 50% (IC50) of the liver enzyme being 3 microM. Other compounds, thymine, thymidine, 6-methoxydiazouracil, and cyclo-5-diazouridine were also tested for their effect on this enzyme. With the exception of cyclo-5 diazouridine, all others produced inhibitory effect. The inhibitory effect of 6 methoxydiazouracil is similar to that of diazouracil. Thymidine and thymine are less active with identical values for IC50 of 80 microM. PMID- 3752957 TI - Effects of dietary selenium compounds on benzo (a)-pyrene-induced forestomach tumours and whole-blood glutathione peroxidase activities in C3H mice. AB - Selenium (Se) compounds have shown an inhibitory effect on chemically induced tumours in several laboratory models and there is an inverse epidemiological relationship between Se status and certain types of cancer. Little is known about the influence of Se on the development of stomach cancer. Three different forms of dietary Se, selenomethionine, sodium selenite, and high-selenium yeast were investigated as possible inhibitors of benzo(a)pyrene-induced forestomach tumours in mice. The effects of sodium selenite in combination with vitamin E, and of Se deficiency were also studied. None of the dietary modifications had any effect on tumour incidence or number. Marked elevations of whole-blood glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were observed in animals supplemented with all Se compounds. High-selenium yeast caused the largest increase of GSH-Px activity followed by sodium selenite and selenomethionine. The results indicate that the inhibitory effect of Se on carcinogenesis may be specific with respect to organ site or tumour cell examined. PMID- 3752958 TI - Risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. AB - In an effort to assess the relative importance of various risk factors of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), which includes antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus capsid antigen (anti-VCA) and early antigen (anti-EA) as well as other environmental factors, a multivariate logistic regression method was applied to analyze previously collected data from an epidemiologic study on 343 cases with NPC and 1017 neighborhood controls. Anti-VCA and anti-EA titers were found significantly associated with NPC. The relative risk increased with the increase of antibody titers. Individuals who smoked 30 or more cigarettes per day had more than 3.4 times higher risk than those who never smoked, while no increase in the risk was observed for those smoking less than 20 cigarettes per day and ex smokers. Use of herb drugs, working under poor ventilation and nativity were also found to increase the NPC risk. In cases other than smoking 20 or more cigarettes per day and the frequent use of herb drugs, the synergistic interaction was not observed. In addition, male NPC individuals and Mainland Chinese were found to have relatively lower antibody titers as compared with female individuals or native Taiwanese. PMID- 3752959 TI - 5-Fluorouracil treatment of rat leukemia and a reappraisal of its application in human leukemia. AB - 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), an effective pyrimidine antimetabolite was evaluated in the BNML rat model of human acute myeloid leukemia. Single injections of 5-FU, 15 50 mg/kg i.p., caused a sharply dose-related reduction of leukemic growth as measured by liver and spleen weights and leucocyte counts. Similar results were obtained with three doses of 5-FU over a period of 10 days. No apparent toxicity was observed in these experiments. A schedule of 25 mg/kg every 5 days extended the survival time of leukemic rats to 156%, as compared to untreated controls. In the BNML model such an increase in lifespan is equivalent to a 10,000 fold reduction of the tumor mass. These results indicate a potential value of 5-FU treatment in human myeloid leukemia. 5-FU, however, is not used in the clinical treatment of leukemia. A review of the literature revealed that there have been very few relevant studies of this application of 5-FU, while the more unique activity of this drug against some solid tumors has been investigated extensively. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is no clear evidence of the ineffectiveness of 5-FU against leukemia, and that further investigations should find out whether the disregard of 5-FU in this respect is justified. PMID- 3752960 TI - The isolation of colon cancer organ specific neoantigen by the use of the leukocyte adherence inhibition assay and monoclonal antibodies. AB - The LAI reactivity of a colon organ specific neoantigen (OSN) was recovered from the urine of advanced colon cancer patients. In this study three physico-chemical steps were employed; precipitation by 80% ammonium sulfate, ion exchange, and molecular sieve chromatography. Each isolate was tested for activity and specificity by the direct tube leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) assay employing leukocytes from colon and breast cancer patients. The OSN enriched isolate was then used to generate monoclonal antibodies (Mab). Hybridomas were screened by ELISA. One hybridoma designated Bac 18.1 reacted preferentially with colon OSN and not with the urine from normals or patients with breast cancer. Affinity purification of colon OSN was achieved and it was shown to consist of a single band in SDS-PAGE with an apparent molecular weight of 30,000. The eluted polypeptide was specifically reactive in ELISA as well as in the LAI assay. PMID- 3752961 TI - Direct effects of chemotherapeutic agents on rat prostate tumor clonogenic cells. AB - A semisolid agar assay to determine the number of colony forming cells in monodispersed cell suspensions of the rat prostate hormone independent tumor variant R3327-Mat Lu was established. Using this technique the effects of several chemotherapeutic agents upon the clonogenic potential of the tumor cells were investigated. Adriamycin and cisplatinum proved to be effective in reducing the number of colonies formed, in a dose dependent manner. The combined, sequential incubation with adriamycin and cisplatinum did not have a synergistic effect. Cyclophosphamide. Hydroxyurea, 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate were not effective in the reduction of the number of colonies in vitro at concentrations as high as 500 micrograms/ml. Interestingly treatment with these agents increased the number of colonies formed, compared to control. PMID- 3752962 TI - New alkylating agents: butyrophenone derivatives. AB - The antimitotic properties associated with the bis (2-chloroethyl) amino group are well known, a number of compounds bearing this group being of therapeutic interest. The choice of a suitable supporting moiety for this group is important. Our experiments on a butyrophenone derivative, ketocaine, which possesses local anesthetic activity, showed that this drug is able to modify the oxygen consumption by tissues with prevailing anaerobic metabolism and to inhibit the mitotic activity of human lymphocytes in culture stimulated by phytohemagglutinin. These observations prompted us to prepare compounds by the general formula reported in Tables I and II. All compounds were tested in mice implanted i.p. with 10(6) Ehrlich ascites tumour cells. After 24 h the animals were treated with a single dose of the compound. The antitumor activity was correlated with: position (2, 4) and length (n = 0-2) of the chain with carbonyl group; presence (R' = H, ND2) and position (2, 4) of nitro group; monofunzional or bifunzional compound. Some of these show a potent antitumor activity. PMID- 3752963 TI - Bone marrow recuperation by AM3 in breast cancer patients submitted to aggressive adjuvant treatment. A preliminary report. AB - The results of a prospective randomized study of 46 patients with breast carcinoma are presented. Twenty six patients were treated with AM3 (biological response modifier) associated with adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Bone marrow hypoplasia was observed in 26.9% of the patients treated with AM3 compared with a 65% incidence in the control group (P less than 0.05). All patients showed leukopenia in peripheral blood count; however, the nadir of leukocytes was 4,000 leu/mm3 in the test group, compared with 1,900 leu/mm3 in the control group. None of the patients in the AM3 group showed thrombocytopenia, whereas 55% in the control group did. In none of the AM-3-treated cases was it necessary to modify the therapeutic schedule of adjuvant treatment. PMID- 3752964 TI - Combined 1H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies of bicuculline-induced seizures in vivo. AB - Using a 1.89-Tesla spectrometer, 1H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were acquired from the brains of paralyzed rabbits ventilated with 30% oxygen in nitrous oxide. Intracellular pH and changes in lactate concentration in the cerebrum were monitored by nuclear magnetic resonance methods during and after bicuculline-induced seizures, together with the electroencephalogram, heart rate, and arterial blood pressure. During seizures lasting more than an hour, cerebral intracellular pH became acidic, the cerebral lactate level rose rapidly, and both changes persisted as long as 2 hours without signs of recovery. After less prolonged seizures, lactate elevations were no less persistent, despite nearly complete recovery of intracellular pH and the electroencephalogram. PMID- 3752965 TI - Selective saccadic palsy caused by pontine lesions: clinical, physiological, and pathological correlations. AB - Two patients suffered a selective deficit of voluntary saccades and quick phases of nystagmus after hypoxic-ischemic insults during open-heart surgery. All voluntary saccades, in both horizontal and vertical planes, were slow, and quick phases of vestibular and optokinetic nystagmus were absent. Smooth pursuit, the vestibuloocular reflex, the ability to hold steady eccentric gaze, and vergence eye movements were all preserved. Pathological studies in 1 patient confirmed neuronal necrosis and gliosis, consistent with ischemic lesions involving the median and paramedian pontine reticular formation and median basis pontis but sparing the rostral mesencephalon and rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus. These findings, taken with data from experimental studies, support the hypothesis that each functionally defined class of horizontal eye movements is controlled by a separate neural substrate that projects independently to the abducens nuclei. In addition, these data suggest that the rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus is dependent on inputs from the paramedian pontine reticular formation for the programming of normal vertical saccades. PMID- 3752966 TI - Type 2 and type 3 Gaucher disease: a morphological and biochemical study. AB - Glucocerebroside levels were measured in the brains of patients with neuronopathic forms (types 2 and 3) of Gaucher disease and compared to those obtained from control brain. Nine separate brain regions (frontal, temporal, occipital, and cerebellar cortices; thalamus; corpus striatum; pons; medulla; and dentate nuclei) were analyzed. In all the Gaucher brains studied, the greatest glucocerebroside accumulation occurred within the occipital cortex, with lesser amounts in the temporal and frontal areas. The cerebellar cortex, corpus striatum, and thalamus in Gaucher brains had mildly increased levels of glucocerebroside, especially when the values were expressed as a percentage of total non-hydroxy fatty-acid cerebroside. Brainstem structures (pons and medulla) and dentate nuclei did not have increased glucocerebroside levels when compared to levels from similar control areas. However, when glucocerebroside concentration was expressed as a percentage of total non-hydroxy fatty-acid cerebroside, the type 2 Gaucher brainstem structures did show a slight increase in glucocerebroside levels over control levels. Neuropathological studies demonstrated the presence of Gaucher cells, gliosis, and microglial nodules within the type 2 brains. The neuropathological findings correlated with the glucocerebroside accumulation in the type 2 brains. Despite the similar pattern of glucocerebroside accumulation in the type 3 brain, no neuropathological abnormalities were seen. Thus, this study demonstrated that within several brain regions, both neuronopathic forms of Gaucher disease have elevated glucocerebroside levels, and that in the type 2 brains, the glucocerebroside accumulation correlated positively with the neuropathological findings. PMID- 3752967 TI - Adult-onset autosomal dominant limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. AB - We describe a kindred with a rare autosomal dominant myopathy limited to the limb girdle muscles, beginning insidiously any time from the late second through the sixth decades and followed by slow progression. Pelvifemoral precedes scapulohumeral weakness, and proximal appendicular involvement antedates limited distal paresis. Expressivity varies and includes an asymptomatic myopathy (preclinical or subclinical) and a nonmanifesting carrier state that extends well into the eighth decade. A variety of nonspecific changes are present in muscle on light, enzyme histochemical, and electron microscopic examination; of these changes, "rimmed" or autophagic vacuoles are the most characteristic. We identified one very similar previously reported genealogy. The similarities between the two unrelated families clearly establish this dystrophic process as a distinct genetic entity; their differences suggest genetic heterogeneity. PMID- 3752968 TI - Duodenal delivery of levodopa for on-off fluctuations in parkinsonism: preliminary observations. AB - The pathogenesis of on-off motor fluctuations in parkinsonism remains incompletely understood, but slowed or erratic gastric emptying of orally administered levodopa may be involved. In 3 patients with resistant on-off fluctuations, direct duodenal continuous infusion of levodopa via a nasoduodenal tube resulted in a heightened therapeutic effect, including a reduction in motor fluctuations. In 1 of these patients, continuous duodenal levodopa infusion produced greater benefit than did intermittent duodenal levodopa administration. Direct duodenal delivery of levodopa lessens the problems with gastric emptying and may be suitable for long-term therapy in selected patients with resistant on off motor fluctuations. PMID- 3752969 TI - Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 3752970 TI - Another differential to mutism. PMID- 3752971 TI - Carbamazepine and eosinophilia. PMID- 3752972 TI - Therapeutic efficacy of cefadroxil and cephalexin for pneumonia in a rat test model. AB - The therapeutic efficacies of cefadroxil and cephalexin were compared in a Streptococcus pyogenes-induced lung infection in rats. Although MICs, rates of in vitro killing in rat serum, and antibiotic serum levels after oral administration were similar for both drugs, cefadroxil was about eight times more effective than cephalexin in reducing the number of viable streptococci at the site of infection. This excellent in vivo bactericidal activity of cefadroxil in lung tissue and bronchial secretions was reflected in the 50% protective dose (PD50) after single or multiple oral treatments. A single treatment given 24 h after infection resulted in a PD50 of 2.8 mg of cefadroxil per kg, compared with 21 mg of cephalexin per kg. When treatment was administered three times, at 24, 27, and 30 h postinfection, the PD50s of cefadroxil and cephalexin were 0.7 and 8.0 mg/kg, respectively. In infected animals, treated 24 h postinfection, the area under the lung tissue concentration versus time curve for cefadroxil was significantly greater than that of cephalexin. This difference in pharmacokinetic behavior may account, at least in part, for the superior therapeutic results obtained with cefadroxil in this experimental pulmonary infection. PMID- 3752973 TI - Occurrence of clindamycin-resistant anaerobic bacteria isolated from cultures taken following clindamycin therapy. AB - MICs of clindamycin were determined by the agar dilution method against anaerobic organisms isolated from endometrial cultures in women with pelvic soft tissue infections. Cultures were obtained from 100 women both before and after clindamycin therapy, from 107 women before therapy with clindamycin or another antimicrobial agent or after treatment with an antimicrobial agent other than clindamycin, and from 9 women 1 to 9 weeks after they were discharged from the hospital following clindamycin therapy. Only 5 (0.7%) of 685 isolates tested from women who had not received clindamycin therapy were resistant to clindamycin. From the 100 cultures taken immediately after clindamycin therapy, 57 anaerobic bacteria were isolated from 28 cultures. Of the 40 anaerobic organisms for which MICs of clindamycin were determined, 25 (62.5%) were resistant to clindamycin (MIC greater than or equal to 8 micrograms/ml). The most common organisms isolated after therapy were the anaerobic gram-positive cocci (of which 32 isolates were discovered); of 28 coccal isolates tested, 64% were clindamycin resistant. Four of seven (57%) of the Bacteroides isolates tested, one unidentified gram-positive nonsporing rod, one unidentified gram-negative coccus, and one Mobiluncus sp. were also clindamycin resistant. Of 18 anaerobic isolates from the nine cultures taken 1 to 9 weeks after hospital discharge, 55% were resistant to clindamycin. The clinical significance of these findings is unknown since all patients recovered without incident and remained well. However, the data suggest that physicians need to be aware that patients with recent exposure to clindamycin may have clindamycin-resistant anaerobic organisms in a current infection. This may prevent the infection from responding to clindamycin treatment. PMID- 3752974 TI - Metabolism of ribavirin in respiratory syncytial virus-infected and uninfected cells. AB - The metabolism of ribavirin to its mono-, di-, and triphosphate derivatives was examined in uninfected and respiratory syncytial virus-infected cells. The degree of phosphorylation was dose dependent upon extracellular ribavirin concentration. The major species formed was the triphosphate, with mono- and diphosphates being approximately 12 and 4% of the triphosphate, respectively. Amounts of triphosphate formed in infected cells were up to 2.6-fold greater than those in uninfected cells. Upon drug removal, ribavirin triphosphate degradation was very rapid, with decay half-lives of 70 to 100 min. Actinomycin D inhibited triphosphate production and also neutralized the antiviral effect of ribavirin. PMID- 3752975 TI - Factors influencing the in vitro activity of two new aryl-fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agents, difloxacin (A-56619) and A-56620. AB - The in vitro activity of difloxacin (A-56619) and A-56620, two new aryl difluoroquinolones, was decreased by magnesium at 9 mM and in assay at pH 5.5 or in urine. Resistance was seen with members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus repeatedly exposed to subinhibitory concentrations of the compounds. The frequency of resistance was similar to that found for other new quinolones. PMID- 3752976 TI - Disposition of cefotaxime and desacetyl cefotaxime during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. AB - The disposition of cefotaxime (CTX) and desacetyl cefotaxime (DAC) was studied in eight noninfected patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Each patient received a single intravenous (i.v.) infusion and an intraperitoneal (i.p.) instillation of 2 g of CTX. Multiple blood and dialysate samples were collected during the 72-h period after drug administration. The half-life, steady state volume of distribution, and total body clearance of CTX following i.v. administration were 2.2 +/- 1.0 h (mean +/- standard deviation), 0.17 +/- 0.03 liters/kg, and 81.0 +/- 31.0 ml/min, respectively. No significant differences were observed in these parameters after i.p. administration. The continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis clearances of CTX and DAC were 1.82 +/- 0.43 and 2.84 +/- 0.70 ml/min, respectively, after i.v. administration. The bioavailability of CTX after i.p. instillation was 74.6 +/- 21.3%. Peak peritoneal dialysate CTX and DAC concentrations of 264.3 and 25.8 mg/liter, respectively, were observed after i.p. dosing. Administration (i.v.) of 2 g every 12 h or i.p. instillation of 2 g every 24 h may be used for the treatment of i.p. infections with highly susceptible organisms (MIC less than 1.0 microgram/ml). PMID- 3752977 TI - Lack of antibacterial activity of pentoxifylline. AB - Pentoxifylline was inactive when tested against 70 fresh clinical bacterial isolates, as well as when tested alone and in combination with erythromycin, vancomycin, or rifampin against Escherichia coli PC1349 (wild type) and its heptose-deficient outer membrane mutant E. coli PC2040. No antibacterial activity of pentoxifylline or its metabolites could be detected in sera from patients receiving pentoxifylline or its metabolites could be detected in sera from patients receiving pentoxifylline. PMID- 3752978 TI - Frequency of aminoglycoside 6'-N-acetyltransferase among Serratia species during increased use of amikacin in the hospital. AB - The incidence of tobramycin-resistant, gentamicin-susceptible Serratia species at the Minneapolis Veterans Administration Medical Center decreased from an average 42.1 to 2.5% (P less than 0.001) during a 4.5-year period despite the predominant use of amikacin. These organisms were shown to express a 6'-N-acetyltransferase modifying enzyme (EC 2.3.1.82). Resistance was not shown to be plasmid mediated. PMID- 3752979 TI - Comparative in vitro evaluation of cefonicid, cefazolin, and penicillin against viridans group streptococci isolated from blood. AB - The in vitro activity of cefonicid against 60 strains of viridans group streptococci isolated from blood of patients with bacteremia and infective endocarditis was compared with those of cefazolin and penicillin. Cefonicid was less active than cefazolin, and both cephalosporins were less active than penicillin. The MIC50 and MIC90 for the strains tested were 0.06 and 1 microgram/ml for penicillin, 0.125 and 8 micrograms/ml for cefazolin, and 4 and 32 micrograms/ml for cefonicid. PMID- 3752980 TI - Code names for new compounds. PMID- 3752981 TI - Vancomycin enhancement of experimental tobramycin nephrotoxicity. AB - The influence of vancomycin on tobramycin nephrotoxicity was assessed in male Fischer rats. Treatment groups included controls receiving diluent and groups receiving vancomycin alone at a dosage of 200 mg/kg (body weight) per day, tobramycin alone at a dosage of 80 mg/kg per day, and a combination of vancomycin and tobramycin at the above dosages. All regimens were injected on a twice-a-day schedule. The animals were sacrificed on days 1, 3, 10, 14, 17, and 21. When compared with controls, animals receiving vancomycin alone exhibited no detectable renal toxicity. Compared with the case with controls, tobramycin alone was toxic, as manifested by lower mean animal weights, increased blood urea nitrogen concentrations on days 14 and 17 (P less than 0.005), increased serum creatinine concentrations on days 17 and 21 (P less than 0.005), and the presence of renal cortical tubular necrosis and regeneration. When compared with tobramycin alone, the combination of vancomycin and tobramycin caused earlier and more severe toxicity. By day 10, the magnitude of weight loss, the rise in blood urea nitrogen, and the increase in serum creatinine concentration were all greater in the rats given the combination of vancomycin plus tobramycin than in the animals given tobramycin alone (P less than 0.005). In addition, there was more proximal tubular necrosis and regeneration in rats given vancomycin plus tobramycin compared with those given tobramycin alone. In this animal model, vancomycin alone caused no detectable renal injury, tobramycin alone produced minimal proximal tubular damage, and the combination of vancomycin and tobramycin resulted in a greater degree of kidney injury than observed with tobramycin alone. PMID- 3752982 TI - Steady-state serum pharmacokinetics of novobiocin and rifampin alone and in combination. AB - Because of the potential of novobiocin-rifampin for oral therapy of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection, we evaluated the pharmacokinetics of novobiocin and rifampin, alone and in combination, in a randomized, crossover, multiple-dose evaluation (500 mg of novobiocin and 300 mg of rifampin administered orally, twice a day, for 27 doses) in 10 volunteers. The half-lives of novobiocin and rifampin when administered alone were 5.85 +/- 1.20 and 1.46 +/ 0.30 h, respectively; when administered in combination, the half-lives were 2.66 +/- 0.65 and 1.43 +/- 0.29 h, respectively. This difference was significant for novobiocin. The area under the curve also differed significantly for novobiocin when administered in combination. No significant differences were seen in the maximum concentration of drug in serum, the time to maximum concentration of drug in serum, or both for either drug when single and combination therapy groups were compared. A change in clearance of novobiocin rather than a change in absorption is the more likely explanation for these findings. The mechanism remains to be elucidated. Nevertheless, the trough serum concentrations of both novobiocin and rifampin were in excess of the MIC for 90% of strains tested of methicillin resistant S. aureus, even when coadministered. PMID- 3752984 TI - Large-scale recovery and purification of L-asparaginase from Erwinia carotovora. AB - A large-scale process was developed to purify gram quantities of a therapeutic enzyme, L-asparaginase, from submerged cultures of Erwinia carotovora. Cells were harvested from 150 L of fermentation broth and washed. A cellular acetone powder was prepared and extracted with pH 9.5 borate buffer. After continuous centrifugation and filtration to remove cell debris, the acetone powder extract was adjusted to pH 7.7 and adsorbed onto a 16-L CM-Sepharose Fast Flow column, with a precolumn packed with Cell Debris Remover. The enzyme was desorbed from the catin-exchange column at pH 9.0 and further purified with an affinity column of L-asparagine Sepharose CL-4B. After dialysis-concentration to remove buffer salt, the enzyme was depyrogenated, formulated, sterile filled, and lyophilized as a single-dose final product. The final-product evaluation included analysis of the content of protein, sodium chloride, glycine, sodium, glucose hydrate, phosphate, and endotoxin, as well as reconstitution, potency, pH, specific activity, uniformity of fill, and sterility. The product was further subjected to visual examination, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, native gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, amino acid analysis, N-terminal sequencing, peptide mapping, and immunological comparison. PMID- 3752983 TI - In vitro and in vivo studies of the effect of aztreonam on platelet function and coagulation in normal volunteers. AB - The in vitro effects of aztreonam on platelet aggregation were compared with those of cefotaxime, moxalactam, piperacillin, and carbenicillin. In addition, the in vivo effects of intravenously administered aztreonam on blood coagulation and platelet function were examined in 10 normal male volunteers in a randomized crossover study. In vitro, at concentrations of greater than 6.25 mM (2.7 mg/ml), aztreonam inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation in a dose-dependent manner. The effect was less than that produced by equimolar concentrations of cefotaxime, moxalactam, piperacillin, or carbenicillin. At all concentrations tested, aztreonam and cefotaxime inhibited epinephrine-induced aggregation least. All antibiotics inhibited collagen-induced aggregation, but only at inordinately high concentrations (25 mM). In vivo studies in 10 male subjects, randomly infused intravenously with 2 g of aztreonam or saline placebo every 6 h for 21 consecutive doses in a single-blind crossover study, revealed no evidence of bleeding or visible adverse side effects. Although plasma coagulation and platelet adhesion remained within normal limits in all subjects throughout the study, inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation significantly (P less than 0.0001) increased on days 3 and 6, but still was below 40%. With the exception of one subject who had a mean template bleeding time of 7.3 min (normal, 2 to 7 min at 95% confidence limits) on day 6 of aztreonam administration, all volunteers exhibited bleeding times within the normal range. No abnormalities in platelet morphology were observed. Mean peak serum aztreonam concentrations on days 1 and 6 were 90.1 +/- 16.7 and 95.9 +/- 13.7 micrograms/ml, respectively; accumulation did not occur. Thus, in normal volunteers, aztreonam produced no significant recognizable abnormalities of hemostasis after 6 days of maximal recommended doses. PMID- 3752986 TI - Field-based generation and social validation managers and staff competencies for small community residences. AB - Characteristics and competencies for four staff positions in community residences for individuals with mental retardation were identified utilizing multiple empirical and deductive methods with field-based practitioners and field-based experts. The more commonly used competency generation methods of expert opinion and job performance analysis generated a high degree of knowledge and skill-based competencies similar to course curricula. Competencies generated by incumbent practitioners through open-ended methods of personal structured interview and critical incident analysis were ones which related to personal style, interpersonal interaction, and humanistic orientation. Although seldom included in staff, paraprofessional, or professional training curricula, these latter competencies include those identified by Carl Rogers as essential for developing an effective helping relationship in a therapeutic situation (i.e., showing liking, interest, and respect for the clients; being able to communicate positive regard to the client). Of 21 core competency statements selected as prerequisites to employment for all four staff positions, the majority (17 of 21) represented interpersonal skills important to working with others, including responsiveness to resident needs, personal valuation of persons with mental retardation, and normalization principles. PMID- 3752985 TI - Liquid-liquid extraction of lactate dehydrogenase from muscle using polymer-bound triazine dyes. AB - An extract from porcine muscle containing soluble enzymes has been partitioned between the two liquid phases of an aqueous, biphasic system consisting of dextran, polyethylene glycol, and water. The influence of polymer-bound triazine dyes (Cibacron blue F3G-A and Procion yellow HE-3G) on the partition of lactate dehydrogenase and total protein was studied. The effects of pH and concentrations of polymers and buffer on this so-called affinity partitioning were also determined. The two-phase systems were used in extraction procedures for purification of lactate dehydrogenase to a specific activity of 456-494 U (7.6 8.4 mukat) per mg protein. The use of these systems for extraction of enzymes in technical scale is discussed. PMID- 3752987 TI - Differential diagnosis of epileptic versus pseudoepileptic seizures in developmentally disabled persons. AB - One-hundred and twenty-four mentally retarded persons with behaviors suggestive of epilepsy were monitored with an 8-channel radiotelemetered electroencephalograph-video recording system (TEEG-VR). Target behaviors were identified by the clinical description of the primary care providers before the TEEG-VR sessions. Whenever possible, the known antecedents of those behaviors were replicated. The target behaviors were considered epileptic when they were observed simultaneously with epileptiform EEG patterns, and pseudoepileptic when nonepileptiform patterns were observed. Twenty persons were classified as epileptic, 50 as pseudoepileptic, 11 as both epileptic and pseudoepileptic, and 43 as inconclusive. Among the pseudoepileptics there were 15 with abnormal EEGs and 4 with epileptiform EEGs. The most frequent topographies of behavior were not significantly related to diagnosis. These included myoclonus, eye blink, head drop, cessation of ongoing activity, and hand and arm automatisms. The diagnosis of epilepsy in mentally retarded persons, on the basis of clinical description, interictal EEG, and medical history, may be inaccurate. TEEG-VR is extremely useful for obtaining a definitive diagnosis of each target behavior. PMID- 3752988 TI - Behaviors that contribute to entry-level employment. A profile of five jobs. AB - Research has identified many behaviors that appear to be related to the employment success of mentally retarded workers. In this study, competitive employment supervisors who were drawn from five entry-level occupations judged the importance and frequency of 23 work-related behaviors. Differences were found between the jobs in the relative importance and frequency of some behaviors. Moreover, there was a set of important core skills that was found to be generally applicable across entry-level jobs. The data are discussed in terms of their relevance for developing employment preparation curricula for entry-level workers. PMID- 3752989 TI - The role of reinforcement in reactive self-monitoring. AB - The role of reinforcement in reactive self-monitoring was investigated. Subjects for this study were three mentally retarded adults employed in a sheltered workshop. Changes in productivity rates in a party hat assembly task across experimental conditions (reinforcements, self-monitoring, and self-monitoring plus reinforcement) were evaluated. Findings showed that while reinforcement alone increased productivity, it was to a lesser degree and with less consistency than when combined with self-monitoring. In addition, self-monitoring alone did not increase productivity. These results support the Rachlin and Nelson and Hayes hypotheses that reactive effects of self-monitoring are dependent upon environmental contingencies. The results also showed that self-monitoring increases the salience of reinforcement. PMID- 3752990 TI - A critical examination of intra-agency relocation effects. AB - Behavioral effects of intrainstitutional relocation of adults with mental retardation were evaluated over a 12-month period using two independent methods of measurement and a multiple baseline across two relocating groups and one matched control group. Clients grouped together on the basis of relatively high levels of aggressive or destructive behavior exhibited an increase in social isolation following relocation. However, as a whole, relocation effects were subtle and individualized in nature. Behavior adjustment following relocation and methods for avoiding "transition shock" following rapid environmental change are discussed. PMID- 3752991 TI - Modified satiation reducing ruminative vomiting without excessive weight gain. AB - Satiation procedures involving increased food intake recently have been used to reduce rates of ruminative vomiting in mentally retarded children. Use of these nonaversive intervention procedures has been limited almost exclusively to clients who are seriously underweight since excessive weight gain is a common side effect. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether modified satiation, provided by unlimited quantities of low calorie foods, could decelerate ruminative vomiting to clinically acceptable rates without producing undesirable weight gain. The two subjects were a severely mentally retarded man and a profoundly mentally retarded woman whose histories of ruminative vomiting were extensive but whose body weights were within their ideal ranges. A multiple baseline-across-subjects combined with a withdrawal design demonstrated significant reductions in both subjects' rates of ruminative vomiting while their body weights remained within the middle of their ideal weight ranges. The results are discussed in terms of their clinical utility and the need for future analyses of the critical components of food satiation techniques. PMID- 3752992 TI - Parental nonparticipation in program planning for mentally retarded children. An empirical investigation. AB - This study examined differences in family characteristics, maternal knowledge about the educational program planning process, and maternal knowledge about children's individualized educational plans (IEPs) among families where parents never attended program planning meetings, inconsistently attended these meetings, or attended all of their children's IEP meetings. Nonattending families tended to have lower incomes and less parental education and included more single parent families and nonwhite families. Mothers from nonattending families placed more responsibility for their children's educational programs on professionals and had less information about the program planning process than mothers from other families. These mothers also knew less about their children's educational goals and objectives, the assessment data available on their children, and the support services received by their offspring. Mothers who attended program planning meetings believed that they benefited from attending, but many believed that their presence made no difference as to the outcome of the meeting. Suggestions for increasing parent involvement are presented. PMID- 3752993 TI - Microbial release of 226Ra2+ from (Ba,Ra)SO4 sludges from uranium mine wastes. AB - 226Ra2+ is removed from uranium mine effluents by coprecipitation with BaSO4. (Ba,Ra)SO4 sludge samples from two Canadian mine sites were found to contain active heterotrophic populations of aerobic, anaerobic, denitrifying, and sulfate reducing bacteria. Under laboratory conditions, sulfate reduction occurred in batch cultures when carbon sources such as acetate, glucose, glycollate, lactate, or pyruvate were added to samples of (Ba,Ra)SO4 sludge. No external sources of nitrogen or phosphate were required for this activity. Further studies with lactate supplementation showed that once the soluble SO4(2-) in the overlying water was depleted, Ba2+ and 226Ra2+ were dissolved from the (Ba,Ra)SO4 sludge, with the concurrent production of S2-. Levels of dissolved 226Ra2+ reached approximately 400 Bq/liter after 10 weeks of incubation. Results suggest that the ultimate disposal of these sludges must maintain conditions to minimize the activity of the indigenous sulfate-reducing bacteria to ensure that unacceptably high levels of 226Ra2+ are not released to the environment. PMID- 3752994 TI - Effects of microcosm salinity and organic substrate concentration on production of Vibrio cholerae enterotoxin. AB - The effects of aquatic processes on production of cholera toxin by Vibrio cholerae were studied with seawater microcosms. Several salinity and organic nutrient concentrations were employed. At 10 g of organic nutrient per liter of seawater, toxin production increased as the salinity was increased. At lower organic nutrient concentrations, toxin production was markedly enhanced when the salinity was 20 and 25%. Toxin concentration increased with salinity, independent of cell concentration and toxin stability. From the results obtained in this study, it is concluded that physical and chemical parameters of the aquatic environment affect not only the physiological state of V. cholerae, but also its potential pathogenicity. PMID- 3752995 TI - Lipoteichoic acids in Lactobacillus strains that colonize the mouse gastric epithelium. AB - Extracts of cells of 22 strains of Lactobacillus species, and of fluids from cultures in a defined medium of two of the strains, were assayed by hemagglutination inhibition for lipoteichoic acids. A total of 10 of the preparations gave positive tests for the acids, including those from eight strains known to adhere to the keratinized squamous epithelium of the mouse stomach. These findings are consistent with an hypothesis that lactobacilli colonize the epithelial surface via adhesive interaction with the keratinized cells mediated by macromolecular complexes containing lipoteichoic acids. PMID- 3752996 TI - Comparison of pectic enzymes produced by Erwinia chrysanthemi, Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora, and Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica. AB - Erwinia spp. that cause soft-rot diseases in plants produce a variety of extracellular pectic enzymes. To assess the correlation between patterns of pectic enzyme production and taxonomic classification, we compared the enzymes from representative strains. Supernatants obtained from polygalacturonate-grown cultures of nine strains of Erwinia chrysanthemi, three strains of E. carotovora subsp. carotovora, and three strains of E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica were concentrated and subjected to ultrathin-layer polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing. Pectate lyase, polygalacturonase, and exo-poly-alpha-D galacturonosidase activities were visualized by staining diagnostically buffered pectate-agarose overlays with ruthenium red after incubation of the overlays with the isoelectric focusing gels. The isoelectric focusing profiles of pectate lyase and polygalacturonase were nearly identical for strains of E. carotovora subsp. carotovora and E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica, showing three pectate lyase isozymes with isoelectric points higher than 8.7 and a polygalacturonase with pI of ca. 10.2. Isoelectric focusing profiles of the E. chrysanthemi pectic enzymes were substantially different. Although there was considerable intraspecific heterogeneity, all strains produced at least four isozymes of pectate lyase, which could be divided into three groups: basic (pI, ca. 9.0 to 10.0), slightly basic (pI, ca. 7.0 to 8.5), and acidic (pI, ca. 4.0 to 5.0). Several strains of E. chrysanthemi also produced a single form of exo-poly-alpha-D-galacturonosidase (pI, ca. 8.0).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3752997 TI - Influence of para-substituents on the oxidative metabolism of o-nitrophenols by Pseudomonas putida B2. AB - Pseudomonas putida B2 is able to grow on o-nitrophenol (ONP) as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen. ONP was converted by a nitrophenol oxygenase to nitrite and catechol. Catechol was then attacked by a catechol 1,2-dioxygenase and further degraded through an ortho-cleavage pathway. ONP derivatives which were para-substituted with a methyl-, chloro-, carboxy-, formyl- or nitro-group failed to support growth of strain B2. Relevant catabolic enzymes were characterized to analyze why these derivatives were not mineralized. Nitrophenol oxygenase of strain B2 is a soluble, NADPH-dependent enzyme that is stimulated by magnesium, manganese, and calcium ions. It is active toward ONP, 4-methyl-, 4-chloro-, and to a lesser extent, 4-formyl-ONP but not toward 4-carboxy- or 4-nitro-ONP. In addition, 4-formyl-, 4-carboxy-, and 4-nitro-ONP failed to induce the formation of nitrophenol oxygenase. Catechol 1,2-dioxygenase of strain B2 is active toward catechol and 4-methyl-catechol but only poorly active toward chlorinated catechols. 4-Methyl-catechol is likely to be degraded to methyl-lactones, which are often dead-end metabolites in bacteria. Thus, of the compounds tested, only unsubstituted ONP acts as an inducer and substrate for all of the enzymes of a productive catabolic pathway. PMID- 3752998 TI - Protoplast fusion of Lactobacillus fermentum. AB - Tetracycline-resistant (Tetr) erythromycin-resistant (Eryr) fusants of Lactobacillus fermentum 604 carrying a 10-megadalton Tetr plasmid and L. fermentum 605 carrying a 38-megadalton Eryr plasmid were obtained by means of polyethylene glycol-induced protoplast fusion. PMID- 3752999 TI - Susceptibility of members of the family Legionellaceae to thermal stress: implications for heat eradication methods in water distribution systems. AB - To ascertain the feasibility of heat inactivation as an eradication method applicable to all members of the family Legionellaceae, we tested the heat resistance of 75 isolates which represented 19 members of this family of organisms. The ranges of thermal death times at 60, 70, and 80 degrees C were 1.3 to 10.6, 0.7 to 2.6, and 0.3 to 0.7 min, respectively. These data suggest that the method of heat eradication will be effective against all members of the family Legionellaceae. PMID- 3753000 TI - Evaluation of a tangential-flow multiple-filter technique for detection of Giardia lamblia cysts in water. AB - A system of tangential-flow filtration was evaluated for use in the detection of Giardia cysts in drinking water. This method was more sensitive in recovering cysts than a frequently used wound-orlon system of through-filtration. PMID- 3753001 TI - Phenotypic and genotypic adaptation of aerobic heterotrophic sediment bacterial communities to mercury stress. AB - The effects of mercury contamination of lake sediments on the phenotypic and genotypic mercury resistance of the indigenous heterotrophic aerobic bacterial communities were investigated. Strong positive correlations between mercury sediment concentration and the frequency of the gene coding for mercury volatilization (mer) (r = 0.96) or the phenotypic mercury resistance (r = 0.86) of the studied communities suggested that the inheritance via selection or genetic exchange of the mer gene had promoted bacterial adaptation to mercury. Failure to detect the mer gene in one mercury-contaminated sediment where phenotypic expression was low suggested that other mechanisms of resistance may partially determine the presence of mercury-resistant organisms in mercury contaminated sediment or that the mercury in this particular sediment was very chemically limited in its availability to the microorganisms. PMID- 3753002 TI - Inhibition of glycine oxidation by pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and branched chain alpha-keto acids in rat liver mitochondria: presence of interaction between the glycine cleavage system and alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complexes. AB - Pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and branched-chain alpha-keto acids which were transaminated products of valine, leucine, and isoleucine inhibited glycine decarboxylation by rat liver mitochondria. However, glycine synthesis (the reverse reaction of glycine decarboxylation) was stimulated by those alpha-keto acids with the concomitant decarboxylation of alpha-keto acid added in the absence of NADH. Both the decarboxylation and the synthesis of glycine by mitochondrial extract were affected similarly by alpha-ketoglutarate and branched chain alpha-keto acids in the absence of pyridine nucleotide, but not by pyruvate. This failure of pyruvate to have an effect was due to the lack of pyruvate oxidation activity in the mitochondrial extract employed. It indicated that those alpha-keto acids exerted their effects by providing reducing equivalents to the glycine cleavage system, possibly through lipoamide dehydrogenase, a component shared by the glycine cleavage system and alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complexes. On the decarboxylation of pyruvate, alpha ketoglutarate, and branched-chain alpha-keto acids in intact mitochondria, those alpha-keto acids inhibited one another. In similar experiments with mitochondrial extract, decarboxylations of alpha-ketoglutarate and branched-chain alpha-keto acid were inhibited by branched-chain alpha-keto acid and alpha-ketoglutarate, respectively, but not by pyruvate. NADH was unlikely to account for the inhibition. We suggest that the lipoamide dehydrogenase component is an indistinguishable constituent among alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complexes and the glycine cleavage system in mitochondria in nature, and that lipoamide dehydrogenase-mediated transfer of reducing equivalents might regulate alpha-keto acid oxidation as well as glycine oxidation. PMID- 3753003 TI - A complete amino acid sequence for the basic subunit of crotoxin. AB - The complete amino acid sequence of the basic subunit of crotoxin from the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus has been determined. Fragmentation of the protein was achieved by using cyanogen bromide and arginine- and lysine-specific endoproteases. Sixteen Glx and Asx residues reported by Fraenkel-Conrat et al. (1980) in Natural Toxins (D. Eaker and T. Wadstrom, eds.), pp. 561-567, Pergamon, Oxford.) have been resolved as Glu or Gln and Asp or Asn residues, respectively. Most of the remaining sequence is identical to that reported by the foregoing authors although several significant differences were evident in our protein. Tyr 61 was not present; thus the correct sequence is Lys-60, Trp-61. The latter sequence aligns with sequences of all other known viperid and crotalid phospholipases A2 (S. D. Aird, I. I. Kaiser, R. V. Lewis, and W. G. Kruggel (1985) Biochemistry 24, 7054-7058). Other differences include Asx-99, which is Ser, and Asx-105, which is Tyr. Some positions display allelic variation. In some lots of venom Glx-33 is Gln, while in others it is Arg. Positions 37 and 69 occur as mixtures of both Lys and Arg. Amino acid sequence comparisons between the basic and acidic subunits of crotoxin and between the basic subunit and other phospholipase A2 molecules indicate that the basic subunit is structurally most similar to the monomers of nontoxic, dimeric phospholipases A2 from the venoms of Crotalus adamanteus, Crotalus atrox, and Trimeresurus okinavensis, and to the toxic monomeric phospholipase A2 from the venom of Bitis caudalis. PMID- 3753004 TI - The effect of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate on the solubility of deoxyhemoglobin S. AB - Although highly charged polyanions, such as inositol hexaphosphate, have been clearly shown to decrease the solubility of deoxyhemoglobin S, the effect of 2,3 diphosphoglycerate (DPG), the endogenous allosteric effector within the red cell, has been more controversial. In this work we have compared the effect of DPG on the solubility of native deoxyhemoglobin S and a derivative in which the DPG binding site is blocked by cross-linking the two beta 82 lysine residues. At pH 6.6 and 30 degrees C the solubility of deoxyhemoglobin S was found to be decreased by 15% (i.e., from 18.8 to 16.0 g/dl) in the presence of saturating concentrations of DPG. Under the same conditions DPG had no effect on the solubility of the cross-linked derivative. This result establishes unequivocally that the binding of DPG within the beta cleft directly facilitates the polymerization of deoxyhemoglobin S. Under physiological conditions, the solubility of deoxyhemoglobin S was found to be decreased by 6% in the presence of an equimolar concentration of DPG. A solubility decrease of this magnitude is sufficient to enhance the tendency of SS cells to sickle and may exacerbate the clinical symptoms of sickle cell disease. PMID- 3753006 TI - Amino acid sequence of a unique neuronal protein: rat olfactory marker protein. AB - A neuron-specific protein, the olfactory marker protein (OMP), has been sequenced. This was achieved by gas phase sequencing of peptides isolated by HPLC following chemical and enzymatic cleavages of the intact rat protein. The amino terminus of the intact protein is acetylated. This has been determined by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry of the amino terminal dodecapeptide isolated following BrCN cleavage of the OMP. Comparison of the sequence reported here with over 3000 protein sequences stored in the NBRF protein data base indicates no significant homology with any previously sequenced protein. This, coupled with the occurrence of OMP only in mature olfactory neurons of many vertebrate species, suggests that this protein has a olfactory neurons of many vertebrate species, suggests that this protein has a unique function in the metabolism of these neurons. PMID- 3753005 TI - Cytochrome P-450 isozymes from the marine teleost Stenotomus chrysops: their roles in steroid hydroxylation and the influence of cytochrome b5. AB - Two new cytochrome P-450 forms were purified from liver microsomes of the marine fish Stenotomus chrysops (scup). Cytochrome P-450A (Mr = 52.5K) had a CO-ligated, reduced difference spectrum lambda max at 447.5 nm, and reconstituted modest benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activity (0.16 nmol/min/nmol P-450) and ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase activity (0.42 nmol/min/nmol P-450). Cytochrome P-450A reconstituted under optimal conditions catalyzed hydroxylation of testosterone almost exclusively at the 6 beta position (0.8 nmol/min/nmol P-450) and also catalyzed 2 hydroxylation of estradiol. Cytochrome P-450A is active toward steroid substrates and we propose that it is a major contributor to microsomal testosterone 6 beta hydroxylase activity. Cytochrome P-450A had a requirement for conspecific (scup) NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase and all reconstituted activities examined were stimulated by the addition of purified scup cytochrome b5. Cytochrome P-450B (Mr = 45.9K) had a CO-ligated, reduced difference spectrum lambda max at 449.5 nm and displayed low rates of reconstituted catalytic activities. However, cytochrome P 450B oxidized testosterone at several different sites including the 15 alpha position (0.07 nmol/min/nmol P-450). Both cytochromes P-450A and P-450B were distinct from the major benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylating form, cytochrome P-450E, by the criteria of spectroscopic properties, substrate profiles, minimum molecular weights on NaDodSO4-polyacrylamide gels, peptide mapping and lack of cross reaction with antibody raised against cytochrome P-450E. Cytochrome P-450E shares epitopes with rat cytochrome P-450c indicating it is the equivalent enzyme, but possible homology between scup cytochromes P-450A or P-450B and known P-450 isozymes in other vertebrate groups is uncertain, although functional analogs exist. PMID- 3753008 TI - The effects of elevated pH and high salt concentrations on tubulin. AB - The effects of incubating phosphocellulose-purified bovine tubulin at 4 degrees C in nucleotide-free buffers at alkaline pH or at high concentrations of NaCl, KCl, (NH4)2SO4, or NH4Cl have been studied. At pH greater than or equal to 7.5 or at NaCl concentrations greater than or equal to 0.7 M, tubulin releases bound nucleotides irreversibly and loses, with apparent first-order kinetics, the ability to assemble into microtubules. In 0.1 M 1,4-piperazinediethanesulfonic acid buffer, pH 6.9, in the presence of 1.3 M NH4Cl, tubulin undergoes more rapid loss of capacity to assemble than it does in NaCl and KCl, but 1.3 M (NH4)2SO4 causes no detectable change in tubulin after 1-h incubation. Incubation at high pH or at high neutral salt concentrations also causes an apparently irreversible change in the ultraviolet difference spectrum and in the sedimentation velocity profile of tubulin. At elevated salt concentrations a decrease of approximately 10% in the molar ellipticity within the wavelength range 220-260 nm is observed. The changes that occur during 1-h exposure to pH 8.0 can be completely prevented by including 1 mM guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP) or 4 M glycerol in the buffer, but those which occur at pH 9.0 cannot be prevented by these additions. In 1 M NaCl when the ratio of bound guanine nucleotide to tubulin reaches approximately 1.0, tubulin loses the abilities to assemble into microtubules and to bind colchicine. The rate of loss of nucleotide in 2 M NaCl is decreased in the presence of 1 mM GTP, and tubulin is protected almost completely from 1 M NaCl induced loss of GTP (and retains the ability to exchange [3H]GTP as well) in the presence of bound colchicine. Investigators who anticipate exposing tubulin to buffers of elevated pH or high concentrations of chaotropic salts should be extremely cautious in interpreting the resulting data unless they can demonstrate that irreversible alteration of the protein has not occurred. PMID- 3753007 TI - Stretch-induced myosin light chain phosphorylation in rat uterus. AB - Stretching of rat uterine strips induced phosphorylation of the 20,000-Da light chain of myosin to the same extent as was observed in strips contracted by carbachol or oxytocin. Stretching also reversed the partial dephosphorylation of light chain caused by treatment with ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether) N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) for 1 min. However, complete dephosphorylation of the light chain with 50-min EGTA-treatment could not be reversed by stretch. When stretched uterine strips containing light chain with a phosphate content greater than 0.75 mol/mol were quick-released, active force developed. On the other hand, when the phosphate content of light chain was reduced to less than 0.25 mol/mol, quick-release of the stretched strips did not produce active force. It is shown that Ca2+ mobilized from intracellular sources is involved in stretch induced phosphorylation. The data indicate that myosin light chain phosphorylation is a prerequisite for active force development in smooth muscle. PMID- 3753010 TI - Determination of the concentration of protein by dry weight--a comparison with spectrophotometric methods. AB - A protocol for dry weight determination of the concentration of protein, using 0.2-1.0 mg of protein per sample, has been presented and applied to nine proteins: bovine serum albumin, ovalbumin, bovine carbonic anhydrase B, galactoside binding protein (rabbit), lens calinaris lectin B, green pea lectin, soy bean agglutinin-m, wheat germ agglutinin, and antithrombin III. Dry weights, combined with spectrophotometry, have been used to calculate A1% 1 cm values at 280 nm for these proteins in dilute salt solutions and are compared with published values. From absorptivities at 288 and 280 nm in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride, the number of tryptophan residues per molecule has also been calculated and compared with literature values. These results demonstrate the utility of the present method of dry weight determination. PMID- 3753009 TI - Comparison of the enzymatic behavior of high molecular weight and free lysyl-tRNA synthetase from rat liver: kinetic analysis of lysylation of tRNA. AB - Lysyl-tRNA synthetase occurs in the high molecular weight form in rat liver. The high molecular weight lysyl-tRNA synthetase has been previously demonstrated to exist as multienzyme complexes of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. The multienzyme complexes can be dissociated by hydrophobic interaction chromatography and yield fully active, free lysyl-tRNA synthetase. The free form is found to be twice as active as the complexed form in lysylation. Bisubstrate and product inhibition kinetics of lysylation are systematically carried out for highly purified free lysyl-tRNA synthetase and the 18 S synthetase complex. Surprisingly, the two enzyme forms exhibit distinctly different kinetic patterns in bisubstrate and product inhibition kinetics under identical conditions. The 18 S synthetase complex shows kinetic patterns consistent with an ordered bi uni uni bi ping pong mechanism, while the results of free lysyl-tRNA synthetase do not. We conclude that structural organization of lysyl-tRNA synthetase beyond quaternary structure of proteins may alter the enzyme behavior. PMID- 3753011 TI - Secretion of a lipolytic protein aggregate by barley aleurone and its dissociation by starchy endosperm. AB - Acidic and basic lysophospholipase activities (LPL) have been separated by ion exchange chromatography of barley extracts. The basic activity predominates in the starchy endosperm of germinating barley and in the medium of hormone stimulated half-seeds; the acidic activity is the predominant form in the medium of hormone-stimulated aleurone layers. Addition of either starchy endosperm or EDTA to the acidic activity produces the basic activity. The two activities display the same pH optimum and have similar Km values. Inactivation profiles of LPLs with immunoglobulin G (IgG) prepared against the purified basic LPL are the same. The acidic LPL obtained from the incubation medium from stimulated aleurone layers appears in the void volume on gel filtration with Bio-Gel P100. Acid phosphatase and alpha-amylase in the same incubation medium appear at their expected elution volumes on this column. Gel filtration in the presence of EDTA results in the acidic activity eluting in a volume characteristic of the basic LPL (Mr, 40,000). On Bio-Gel P300 the acidic activity peak is centered at Mr, 160,000. SDS-gel electrophoresis of fractions across this peak shows a simple distribution of proteins eluting with Mr greater than or equal to 160,000. The potential role of an aggregate in the secretion of lipolytic proteins is discussed. PMID- 3753012 TI - Distribution of lipids and apolipoproteins in human plasma by vertical spin ultracentrifugation. AB - A study on the fractionation of human plasma into various lipoprotein classes was performed by single spin vertical ultracentrifugation. Detailed apolipoprotein (A I, A-II, B, C-III, and E) and lipid (cholesterol, cholesterol ester, and triacylglycerol) analyses were performed on the fractions obtained by single spin vertical ultracentrifugation. ApoB was located primarily in the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) fraction whereas Lp(a) was detected in the fractions extending into the high-density lipoprotein region. The distributions of ApoA-I and ApoA-II varied among individuals, suggesting heterogeneity in the composition of HDL, and this was confirmed by the distributions of ApoC-III, ApoD, and ApoE. ApoC-III and ApoD were associated primarily with HDL3 while ApoE showed the most variation among subjects, spreading across the entire density spectrum. Distributions of cholesterol and cholesterol ester coincided with the elution of major apolipoproteins A-I and B while the distribution of triacylglycerol was variable. An immunoassay for lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) demonstrated that the majority of LCAT was present in the high- to very high-density lipoprotein region, but LCAT was also detected in LDL and the immunoreactivity extended into the very low-density lipoprotein region. The presence of apolipoproteins A-I and A-II, as well as LCAT in the intermediate lipoprotein density region (LDL1) was consistent with these species representing lipolytic remnants. This study indicated that rapid (3 h) single spin vertical ultracentrifugation offers insights into the heterogeneity of lipoproteins and offers a useful tool for monitoring perturbations of the plasma lipid transport system. In conjunction with immunosorbers, immunoassays, and micro lipid analyses, this procedure offers a method to isolate and characterize various lipoprotein subspecies. PMID- 3753013 TI - Elicitor stimulation of the defense response in cultured plant cells monitored by fluorescent dyes. AB - Addition of fungal elicitors to plant cells in suspension is known to stimulate biochemical changes in the plant cell leading to production of defense compounds. In this paper we demonstrate that introduction of elicitors from the pathogenic fungus Verticillium dahliae to cultured cotton, tobacco, or soybean cells leads to a rapid, dramatic change in the fluorescence of several membrane-associated potentiometric or pH-sensitive dyes. The fluorescence transitions occur abruptly following a brief (0 to 10 min) lag period in apparently most cells of the suspension simultaneously. Furthermore, both the length of the lag period and the rate of the subsequent fluorescence change were shown to be highly dependent on elicitor concentration. When the crude elicitor extract was separated by gel filtration chromatography into several active fractions, the ability of each fraction to stimulate phytoalexin production in the cotton cell suspension was found to correlate directly with the rate of the fluorescence decrease in the fluorescence assay. Because the assay is rapid, simple to perform, quantitative, and reproducible, it represents an attractive alternative to the more cumbersome and perhaps less quantitative elicitor assays currently in use. The fact that membrane-potential-sensitive dyes of different structure respond to elicitation of plant cells similarly further suggests, but does not prove, that asymmetric ion fluxes into or out of the plant cell are involved in the initial events of elicitor signal transduction. PMID- 3753014 TI - Molecular basis of the isozymes of bovine glucose-6-phosphate isomerase. AB - Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase occurs in different bovine tissues as multiple, catalytically active isozymes which can be resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and isoelectric focusing (IEF). Most differentiated tissues have five distinct forms with apparent pI values of 7.2, 7.0, 6.8, 6.6, and 6.4. Young, mitotically active, cells of the intestinal mucosa and the epithelium of the eye lens show only the two more basic isozymes, while old cells in the cortex and nucleus of the eye lens accumulate the more acidic isozymes. All of the isozymes exhibit equal separation based on charge-to-mass ratio (PAGE) and charge (IEF), thus indicating only charge changes. The isozyme patterns are unchanged in the presence of reducing agents or protease inhibitors. Each isozyme was purified to homogeneity and shown to exhibit identical subunit molecular weights (59,000) on SDS-gel electrophoresis. Each of the isolated isozymes, when subjected to PAGE or IEF, exhibited a single band, indicating that the isozymes are not generated as a result of electrophoresis. When the most basic isozyme was incubated in vitro under mild alkaline conditions, there was a spontaneous generation of the more acidic isozymes with properties identical to those found in vivo. The isozymes, thus, appear to be the result of spontaneous, postsynthetic modifications involving the addition of equal numbers of negative charges and are consistent with the deamidation of specific asparagine and/or glutamine residues. PMID- 3753015 TI - Single turnover studies with oxy-cytochrome P-450cam. AB - The catalytic step of bacterial cytochrome P-450cam, i.e., the step of the reaction cycle in which the product 5-exo-hydroxycamphor is formed and released by the enzyme, has been studied by stopped-flow spectrophotometry. Our approach has been to observe a single-turnover reaction between reduced putidaredoxin and oxygenated camphor-bound cytochrome P-450cam. Multiple turnovers are prevented by using the inhibitor metyrapone to trap the cytochrome after product release, which prevents binding of another camphor molecule. The time course of the reaction has been measured at several wavelengths and has been found to be biphasic. The relatively slow second phase of the reaction is the reduction of ferric, metyrapone-bound cytochrome P-450cam. The first phase coincides with the formation of product stoichiometrically with cytochrome P-450cam, as measured by gas chromatography. A detailed kinetic study of the first phase reveals a hyperbolic dependence of initial rate upon putidaredoxin concentration at a fixed, limiting concentration of cytochrome P-450cam. The Vmax is 53 microM per second per microM cytochrome, and the Km for putidaredoxin is 33 microM. The hyperbolic relationship between initial rate and putidaredoxin concentration supports a model in which the cytochrome rapidly binds putidaredoxin, then undergoes one or more slower intracomplex steps. PMID- 3753017 TI - Gonadotropin release and redistribution of calcium-activated, phospholipid dependent protein kinase in phorbol-stimulated rat pituitary cells. AB - The effect of phorbol esters on calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent kinase (protein kinase C) and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion was examined in cultured rat anterior pituitary cells. The potent tumor promoter 12-O-tetra decanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) stimulated LH secretion and activated pituitary protein kinase C in the presence of calcium and phosphatidylserine. The enzyme activity present in cytosol and particulate fractions was eluted at about 0.05 M NaCl during DE52-cellulose chromatography. Preincubation of pituitary cells with TPA markedly decreased cytosolic protein kinase C activity and increased enzyme activity in the particulate fraction. The maximal TPA-induced change in enzyme activity, with a 76% decrease in cytosol and a 4.3-fold increase in the particulate fraction, occurred within 10 min. The dose-dependent changes in protein kinase C redistribution in TPA-treated cells were correlated with the stimulation of LH release by the phorbol ester. These results suggest that activation of protein kinase C by TPA is associated with intracellular redistribution of the enzyme and is related to the process of secretory granule release from gonadotrophs. PMID- 3753016 TI - A kinetic analysis of biosynthesis and localization of a lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein. AB - The biosynthesis and subcellular distribution of a major lysosomal membrane glycoprotein of mouse embryo 3T3 cells, LAMP-1, have been examined by [35S]methionine pulse-labeling, sucrose density gradient fractionation, and oligosaccharide analysis. Mature LAMP-1, immunoprecipitated after labeling for 4 h, had a molecular mass of about 110,000 Da. It comigrated during sucrose density fractionation with lysosomal markers, consistent with previous electron microscopic evidence for its localization in lysosomal membranes. Precursor molecules, pulse-labeled for 5 min and extracted during the first 15 min of post translational processing, were concentrated in the rough endoplasmic reticulum fraction as a species of 92,000 Da. Within 30 min after synthesis, LAMP-1 was found in fractions enriched in Golgi and lysosomal marker enzyme activities as the mature 110,000-Da glycoprotein. Oligosaccharide processing was complete by 1 h after synthesis, and the mature glycoprotein remained in a fraction bearing lysosomal markers. Treatment of the 92,000-Da precursor with endo-beta-N-acetyl glucosaminidase H produced a core polypeptide of 43,000 Da. Pulse-labeling in the presence of tunicamycin yielded a 42,000-Da form of LAMP-1, which was converted within 30 min to a 43,000-Da molecule. Bio-Gel column chromatography and hexosamine/hexosaminitol analyses indicated that the mature 110,000-Da molecule contained both complex-type and high-mannose N-linked oligosaccharides. PMID- 3753018 TI - Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C of murine lymphocytes. AB - Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-phospholipase C) was found primarily in the cytosolic fraction of murine splenic lymphocytes. However, small but significant amounts of the activity of the enzyme were detected in the microsome and plasma membrane fractions. Both the cytosolic and membrane-bound phospholipases C specifically hydrolyzed inositol phospholipids, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. PI-Phospholipase C activity was detected in the cytosolic and microsome fractions from both T-cell-enriched and B-cell-enriched spleen cells. The membrane-bound enzyme was distinguishable from the cytosolic enzyme in the following properties. The cytosolic PI-phospholipase C showed optimal activity at pH 6.0 while the membrane-bound enzyme had two pH optima between pH 5.0 and 7.0. The activity of the cytosolic enzyme was first detected at 1 microM Ca2+, and maximum activity was observed at 100 microM Ca2+, while the membrane-bound PI phospholipase C required higher Ca2+ concentrations, of millimolar order. The membrane-bound enzyme could hardly be extracted with 1 M NaCl but was extracted with 0.4% cholate.A portion of the membrane-bound PI-phospholipase C activity in the cholate extract was absorbed by concanavalin A-Sepharose and specifically eluted with an alpha-methylmannoside solution. The cytosolic enzyme, which was water soluble, did not bind to concanavalin A-Sepharose. Trypsinization of lymphocytes before subcellular fractionation caused a significant decrease in the PI-phospholipase C activity in the microsome fraction but almost no loss at all of the cytosolic enzyme activity. PMID- 3753019 TI - [Surgical treatment of gastric cancer based on biological behavior]. AB - In this paper, we discuss the biological behavior considered important in surgical treatment for gastric cancer. Of the types of early gastric cancer, the Borrmann type, the histologically well differentiated type and that with metastasis to the lymph nodes belong to the high-risk group. In pm gastric cancer where cancer has infiltrated to the muscularis gropia, nearly 50% metastasis to the lymph node is observed. This is a therapeutic group for which removal of the lymph nodes is most effective. Of pm gastric cancer, the prognosis of the well differentiated type is poor. Adjuvant chemotherapy proves considerably effective for this type. When the relationship between the histologic type and prognosis is examined, the prognosis of the well differentiated type in pm is poor. As the cancer infiltrates to ss, and se, the prognosis of the poorly differentiated type, particularly the scirrhous type, becomes poor. Of the Borrmann IV type with the poorest prognosis among the various types of gastric cancer, there are two kinds, namely, that with a relatively good prognosis and the other with a very poor prognosis. The two can be classified macroscopically. These two groups appear to be different from each other in their biological behavior. Gastric cancer in the aged has a high percentage of metastasis to the lymph nodes, being characterized by a high incidence of Borrmann II type and multiple cancer. The prognosis is not necessarily poor. PMID- 3753020 TI - [Treatment of breast cancer based on its specific biological behavior]. AB - Breast cancer is one of the types of malignant tumor which have hormonal dependency and anti-tumor treatments utilizing this characteristic are widely performed. ER-positive breast cancer responds well to ablative surgery or administration of anti-estrogenic compounds. In contrast, high-dose administration of estrogen is also effective in postmenopausal patients. Inflammatory breast cancer is a rapidly growing and spreading type of tumor and for these types of cancers preoperative chemo-endocrine therapy is effective. However, the prognosis of cases with liver metastases is not good and therapeutic methods for such patients should be investigated. PMID- 3753021 TI - [Individualization of treatment based on biological behavior in uterine cervical cancer]. AB - There are operative method and radiotherapy and immunotherapy in the treatment for the uterine cervical cancer. For the satisfactory treatment, several conditions must be considered, such as, the extension of the cancer, age, physical status or complication of the patient, side effect of the treatment and sensitivity to the radiation or anti-cancer agent. In the present time, without the profound understanding of the characteristics and biological behaviors of the uterine cervical cancer, we can not treat the cancer patient correctly. From the several clinical and follow-up data, in this article, time course of the uterine cervical cancer is estimated, and individualization of the treatment for the uterine cervical cancer will be shown. PMID- 3753022 TI - [Treatment of malignant lymphoma under consideration of its biological behavior]. AB - Malignant lymphoma is very heterogeneous in terms of its biological behavior. A strategy for the treatment of malignant lymphoma fundamentally requires a multidisciplinary field of treatment including mainly chemotherapy and radiotherapy in collaboration with surgical procedure and immunotherapy. The expressions of biological behavior such as histologic type, immunologic type, and stage of disease which influence the therapeutic effect and prognosis are actually very important in deciding a plan of treatment. Recent advances in chemotherapy have made it possible to cure advanced lymphoma patients, especially those with Hodgkin's disease. In this article the present state of treatment for malignant lymphoma is briefly reviewed from the viewpoint of its biological behavior. PMID- 3753023 TI - [Development of experimental meningeal gliomatosis models using nude mice]. AB - Experimental models of meningeal gliomatosis (MG) have been produced by intracisternal inoculation of human glioma cell lines into nude mice. The tumor growth was steady and fast in MG nude mice if 10(7) cells were implanted. Median survival time (MST) of nude mice inoculated with tumor cells was inversely related to the number of cells inoculated. There was a correlation between in vitro and in vivo (MG models) growth rate, which means that the cell kinetics in vitro are reflected in vivo. The clinicopathological features observed in nude mouse MG models were similar to those seen in diffuse leptomeningeal involvement of gliomas in humans. The models will be useful for investigating the pathophysiology of meningeal gliomatosis and the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents. PMID- 3753024 TI - [Phase II study of etoposide (VP-16-213) in genitourinary tumors. VP-16-213 Genitourinary Study Group]. AB - A co-operative phase II study of the semisynthetic podophyllotoxin derivative Etoposide (VP-16) was undertaken in patients with genitourinary tumors. A total of 83 out of 115 patients entered into the study were evaluable for response. Antitumor effects were evaluated according to "Standards for the Evaluation of Direct Effects of Chemotherapy in Solid Tumors" (otherwise known as the Koyama Saito Group Criteria). Objective response was noted in 2 patients (6.3%) out of 32 with testicular cancer, whereas no responders were seen in bladder and renal cancer patients. In patients with prostatic cancer, 1 out of 13 (7.7%) responded. Major clinical side effects were alopecia and gastrointestinal toxicities (anorexia, nausea and vomiting). Mucositis, abdominal pain, diarrhea and general fatigue were also noted. Anomalies in laboratory test findings were mainly myelosuppression-related, with leukopenia being observed in 66.3% of patients. PMID- 3753025 TI - [A phase II study of mitoxantrone in acute leukemia. Hanshin Cooperative Study Group of Hematological Disorders]. AB - A phase II study of mitoxantrone was conducted on acute leukemia. Mitoxantrone 4 mg/m2/day was administered for 5 consecutive days in most cases. For cases showing insufficient decrease of leukemic cells even at nadir, a second course of the same regimen was given. Enrolled were 38 cases in total, of which 34 were evaluable. In 14 cases for first remission induction, the drug efficacy was evaluated at the completion of the first or second course, then further combination drug therapy followed immediately. Of 14 cases for first remission induction, 6, or 43%, achieved CR and of 20 cases for reinduction of remission, 4, or 20%, achieved CR. Two out of 7 cases of ALL (29%) and 8 out of 27 cases of ANLL (30%) achieved CR. Of 19 cases with previous anthracycline therapy, 4 cases, or 21%, achieved CR, showing that the cross-resistance was partial. Gastrointestinal symptoms were the main side effects, but cases of symptoms severer than grade 3 were very rare. Cardiotoxicity occurred at a rate as low as 11%. Mitoxantrone thus appears to be a promising drug for the treatment of acute leukemia. PMID- 3753026 TI - [A phase II study of mitoxantrone in refractory and relapsed malignant lymphomas. Cooperative Study Group of Mitoxantrone in Malignant Lymphomas]. AB - A phase II clinical trial of mitoxantrone in refractory or relapsed malignant lymphomas was conducted by a cooperative study involving 17 institutions. Of 46 patients entered, 33 were evaluable for responses and toxicity. Thirty-one of the 33 had been previously exposed to adriamycin at a median dose of 220 mg/m2 (range 21-489 mg/m2), and two additional patients had each been given THP-adriamycin at a dose of 80 mg/m2 or 4'-epi adriamycin at a dose of 69 mg/m2. Mitoxantrone was administered in 3 different schedules: 8-12 mg/m2, every 3-4 weeks in 23 patients; 4-6 mg/m2, weekly, in 3 patients; and 2-4 mg/m2, for 5 days, in 7 patients. Summarizing the responses obtained in the 3 schedules, there were 2 partial responders among 5 with Hodgkin's disease, while there were 8 complete responders and 4 partial responders among 28 with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The overall response rate for all the evaluable patients was 42% with a complete response rate of 24%. The median response duration was 7+ weeks (range 4-27+ weeks) for complete responders and 7 weeks (range 4-46+ weeks) for partial responders. The major toxicity was myelosuppression: leukocytopenia less than 3,000/microliter occurred in 79% of patients, and thrombocytopenia less than 75,000/microliter in 35%. Other toxic effects were minimal, mild nausea and/or vomiting occurred in 39%, and diarrhea in 3%. Possible drug-related liver and renal dysfunctions were observed in 19% and 10%, respectively. The favorable response to mitoxantrone in patients with prior anthracycline antibiotic therapy suggests that the drug is not fully cross-resistant with anthracycline antibiotics, and that this drug is of value in combination with other drugs as a salvage therapy for patients with refractory or relapsed malignant lymphomas. PMID- 3753027 TI - [Antiemetic therapy with timiperone in cisplatin-induced vomiting]. AB - A new neuroleptic drug, Timiperone, is able to exert an antiapomorphine effect at doses smaller than cataleptogenic doses. Nineteen patients with urologic malignancy undergoing chemotherapy with cisplatin in combination with other agents were studied for the antiemetic efficacy of Timiperone. Six of 8 patients over 46 years old treated with Timiperone 6 mg/day p.o. from the day before undergoing DDP therapy to the last day of the therapy had no episode of vomiting and 2 patients had a few episodes of emesis (one and two episodes during 5 days of undergoing DDP, respectively). Five patients under 45 years old given Timiperone 6 mg/day by the same method had few episodes of vomiting, but suffered from extrapyramidal symptoms. Finally 6 patients undergoing DDP with Timiperone in combination with trihexyphenidyl suffered no symptoms of catalepsy but sometimes had mild vomiting episodes (1-4 times a day). We would like to propose that in antiemetic therapy with Timiperone for cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting, a dose of 4.5 mg/day be given from two days before undergoing chemotherapy because of the cumulative effect of Timiperone. PMID- 3753028 TI - [Intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy in combination with angiotensin II in advanced bladder cancer]. AB - Intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy in combination with angiotensin II was performed in 5 patients with advanced bladder cancer (all T3M0). The infusion catheter was inserted from a femoral artery into the internal iliac artery. The basic dosage was 70 mg/m2 of Cis-diammine-dichloroplatinum (CDDP) and 40 mg/m2 of Adriamycin (ADM) or 4'-0-tetrahydropyranyl-ADM (THP) in combination with 20-40 micrograms angiotensin II over a total duration of 20 minutes for both sides. Of the 5 patients, 3 CR and 2 PR were obtained by only one or two courses of intra arterial infusion chemotherapy. Histological examination showed no viable cells in the three CR cases. Intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy in combination with angiotensin II may thus be clinically useful for advanced bladder cancer. PMID- 3753029 TI - [A case of asthma attack induced by high-dose metoclopramide]. AB - A 39-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital for further investigation of an abnormal shadow on chest X-ray film. The chest X-ray film showed mass shadow in the right upper lung field and multiple nodular shadows in the whole lung. Histologic examination of a bronchofiberscopy biopsy specimen revealed bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. A combination chemotherapy with cis-platinum and vindesine was started. After high-dose metoclopramide (2 mg/kg) administration for the prevention of cis-platinum-induced nausea and vomiting, laryngeal obstructive sensation, stridor and expiratory dyspnea appeared. After metoclopramide was stopped, and aminophylline injected, symptoms began to disappear slowly. The above symptoms developed again following a provocation test of high-dose metoclopramide. Arterial blood gas analysis showed hypoxemia. We concluded that the asthma attack in this patient was caused by high-dose metoclopramide therapy. PMID- 3753030 TI - [A case of advanced esophageal cancer resected curatively by preoperative chemotherapy with cisplatin]. AB - A case of highly advanced esophageal cancer with bilateral multiple cervical lymph-node metastasis is reported. The largest size of lymph node was 5.0 cm in diameter, and intramural metastasis to the cardia of the stomach and provable invasion to the aorta were also seen. After treatment, with 100 mg/m2 cisplatin on two occasions these lesions were resected curatively. This preoperative chemotherapy would be expected to increase the resectability rate and possibly the survival rate. PMID- 3753031 TI - [Targetting therapy of human tumor cell line xenografts in nude mice using pullulan coated liposome encapsulated with adriamycin]. PMID- 3753032 TI - The carcinogenic properties of topical PUVA. A lifelong study in mice. AB - The tumorigenic properties of topical methoxsalen (8-MOP) and trioxsalen (TMP) plus ultraviolet light A (UVA) were studied in NMRI female mice. The animals were treated three times weekly for 9 months, and followed up for 18 months. Acetonic solutions of TMP (0.1 mg in 0.2 ml) and 8-MOP (0.6 mg in 0.2 ml) were applied to the shaved back skin of the mice and irradiated with UVA. The doses needed to elicit equivalent phototoxic effects were 0.29 J/cm2 in the TMP group and 1.09 J/cm2 in the 8-MOP group. Papillomas, keratoacanthomas, and squamous cell carcinomas developed in the 8-MOP group only, and the first tumor was seen at 10 months after the beginning of the study. The results suggest that the carcinogenicity of these two modes of photochemotherapy may differ. PMID- 3753033 TI - Differential analysis of experimental hypermelanosis induced by UVB, PUVA, and allergic contact dermatitis using a brownish guinea pig model. AB - In moderately colored guinea-pig skin, UVB, PUVA, and allergic contact dermatitis were shown to induce hyperpigmentation that resembled the pigmentary changes observed in mongoloid human skin. Using this model, we examined the effects of chemical agents, including tyrosinase inhibitors and sunscreen agents, on the color changes induced by UV irradiation. The daily exposure of brownish guinea pig skin to UVB irradiation at a variety of energies for 3 successive days induced clearly visible black pigmentation on the irradiated rectangular areas of the flank within a few days of irradiation, the maximum being reached about 1 week after irradiation, i.e., similar to the changes that occur in pigmented human skin. Split epidermal sheets prepared from untreated pigmented guinea pigs exhibited 200-400 melanocytes/mm2; 1 week after UV irradiation, the applied areas show an increased number of strongly dopa-positive melanocytes with stout dendrites (800-1,000 cells/mm2). UVA irradiation following an intraperitoneal injection of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) also produced black pigmentation 1 week after irradiation, and this was paralleled by a marked increase in the number of dopa-positive melanocytes in dopa-reacted split epidermal sheets. Allergic contact dermatitis produced by the application of 1-phenylazo-2-naphthol induced hyperpigmentation after an interval of about 14 days in 10 of the 21 allergy acquiring animals examined. This induced pigmentation was accompanied by an increase in the number of dopa-positive melanocytes as compared to the number seen in controls. In contrast, allergic contact dermatitis produced by the application of dinitrochlorobenzene failed to induce such a high ratio of postpigmentation, with only 3 of the 21 allergy-acquiring animals showing hyperpigmentation and 5 showing depigmentation; in the latter, there was a slight decrease in the number of dopa-positive melanocytes. To study the preventive effect of tyrosine inhibitors on UVB-induced pigmentation, daily topical applications of these compounds were performed after three daily UVB irradiations. Treatment with 10% hydroquinone for 10 days interrupted UVB-induced pigmentation and resulted in a marked reduction in the number of epidermal melanocytes as compared to the number found in UVB-irradiated, untreated control skin. PMID- 3753034 TI - Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in calf-snout epidermis. AB - The biochemical characteristics of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in calf snout epidermis were investigated. The activity of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase was higher in the lower layer than the upper layer of epidermis. The supernatant of homogenates of the lower layer of calf-snout epidermis was fractionated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and contained two major peaks of protein kinase activity stimulated by cyclic AMP. This chromatographic pattern is similar to that referred to as Type I and Type II of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in bovine muscle. Both peaks of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in calf-snout epidermis could phosphorylate keratin polypeptides in vitro. The phosphorylation reaction was activated by cyclic AMP and inhibited by a heat stable inhibitor of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. When Type II enzyme of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase was incubated with [gamma-32P]ATP in the absence of substrates, such as histone or keratin polypeptides, the 54,000 dalton protein was phosphorylated and this autophosphorylation was inhibited by the addition of 10 microM cyclic AMP. These results suggest that cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in calf-snout epidermis has properties similar to those in bovine muscle and plays an important role in the phosphorylation of keratin polypeptides in calf-snout epidermis. PMID- 3753035 TI - The ultrastructure of congenital nevocytic nevi. II. Nevus cell morphology and contacts with nerve fibers. AB - As only few previous investigations considered size-dependent differences in the histology of congenital nevocytic nevi (CNN) or focused on their ultrastructure, a light- and electron-microscopic study of six giant and six medium-sized CNN was performed. Histologically, giant CNN showed minimal junctional nevus elements and a pandermal, diffuse nevus cell extension including the subcutaneous tissue, while medium-sized CNN exhibited more abundant junctional nests and a rather focal pattern of nevus cell extension into the reticular dermis. Ultrastructurally, giant CNN often showed nevus cells with irregular and indented nuclei and also nevus cells with highly complicated dendrites. Nuclear inclusions, multiple cilia and centrioles, and collagen phagocytosis in nevus cells were found in both groups of CNN. Direct contacts between nevus cells and nerve fibers were observed in medium-sized CNN only. The findings provided no clear morphological indication why giant CNN have a higher risk for malignant degeneration than medium-sized CNN or acquired nevocytic nevi (ANN). On the other hand, the histological differences speak in favor of a different ontogenesis of the various size classes of CNN and ANN. PMID- 3753036 TI - A novel synthetic vitamin-A-like compound (a polyprenoic acid derivative: E-5166) inhibits UVB-stimulated epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity. AB - Irradiation of skin with ultraviolet B (UVB) stimulates epidermal activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), a rate limiting polyamine biosynthesing enzyme. The maximum stimulation of ODC activity by UVB was found at 24 after irradiation. Systemic administration of a polyprenoic acid derivative (E-5166) significantly inhibited the UVB-stimulated ODC activity in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory effect of E-5166 on the UVB-stimulated ODC activity was found to begin at 5 mg/kg body weight. These results indicate that because it inhibits ODC activity E-5166 can be utilized for the treatment of hyperproliferative skin diseases. PMID- 3753037 TI - Antibodies to histones and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus: a comparative study with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting. AB - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblotting were used to define comparatively the frequency of antibodies to total histones and different histone fractions - H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 - in 16 patients with idiopathic systemic lupus erythematosus. H1 and H2B showed the most prominent antigenic properties; H3's were weaker, while antibodies to H2A and H4 were rarely detected and only with the more sensitive ELISA on microtiter plates. Detailed specification was carried out of the antigenic determinant on fragments obtained by specific cleavage of purified H1 at phenylalanine-106. Antibodies were detected against both the NH2 and COOH terminal halves of the molecule. The presence of antihistone antibodies was not associated with any particular clinical symptoms, but an obvious link with disease activity has been proved. PMID- 3753038 TI - A wound model for ischemic ulcers in the guinea pig. PMID- 3753039 TI - Heavy metal toxicity to fish and the influence of water hardness. PMID- 3753040 TI - Pesticide residues in human colostrum: seasonal variations, Yugoslavia. PMID- 3753041 TI - Influence of aquatic humus on the bioavailability of chlorinated micropollutants in Atlantic salmon. PMID- 3753042 TI - Effect of sublethal pentachlorophenol on early oogenesis in maturing female rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). PMID- 3753043 TI - Permeation of water contaminative phenols through hairless mouse skin. PMID- 3753044 TI - [Adrenal cysts and pseudocysts]. PMID- 3753045 TI - [Coffee and analgesics as risk factors for cancer of the bladder]. PMID- 3753046 TI - [Ureteral triplication with reflux and ureterocele]. PMID- 3753047 TI - [Ileo-vesico-vaginal fistula secondary to Crohn disease]. PMID- 3753048 TI - [Renal leiomyosarcoma. Apropos of a case. Therapeutic options and bibliographic review]. PMID- 3753049 TI - [Presence of oxolinic acid in a renal calculus]. PMID- 3753050 TI - In vitro cultivation of African stocks of Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei evansi. PMID- 3753051 TI - [Analysis of the frequency distribution of cellular volumes of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense developing in the blood and cerebral interstitium of mice]. PMID- 3753052 TI - Influence of heat stress on experimental Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection in mice. PMID- 3753053 TI - Potential enteropathogens in fish from Lake Kivu. PMID- 3753054 TI - Treatment of acute pelvic inflammatory disease with penicillin and chloramphenicol in a developing country. PMID- 3753055 TI - [Snake bites in the Congo. Estimation of morbidity in Brazzaville and in the rural areas of the Pool and Mayombe regions]. PMID- 3753056 TI - [Duration of the preventive action of diminazene aceturate on experimental infection of NMRI mice with metacyclic forms of Trypanosoma brucei brucei]. PMID- 3753057 TI - Monoclonal antibody imaging of human melanoma. Radioimmunodetection by subcutaneous or systemic injection. AB - Fab fragments of monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) to melanoma, radiolabeled with 131I, were evaluated as diagnostic reagents to determine their ability to localize systemic--MoAb injected intravenously (IV)--or nodal metastatic disease- injected subcutaneously (SQ) at a site proximal to draining lymph nodes. Sixty one scans were performed (40 IV, 21 SQ) in 59 patients who had injections of 0.2 50 mg of 131I coupled (0.2-12 mCi) antibody. These included 48.7, which identifies a high molecular weight antigen (HMW), or 96.5, which identifies a transferrin like molecule, p97. 125I coupled nonspecific Fab 1.4, reacting with murine leukemia virus, or the whole antibody BL3, reactive with a human B cell idiotypic determinant, was generally used in tandem with the patients injected SQ as a nonspecific control. All patients had immunohistochemical studies performed on biopsied lesions and demonstrated binding to the antibodies injected. Of the IV patients, 22/38 (58%) had (+) scans, 13 at SQ or nodal sites, four at visceral sites, and five at visceral and SQ sites. Patients with clinical stage II disease had SQ injection of MoAb, including 11 additional patients injected with the whole antibody 9.2.27 (anti-HMW) labeled with 111In (6 patients) or 131I (5 patients). Nodal dissection was performed 2-4 days later. All 111In coupled antibodies demonstrated excellent nodal delineation without specific identification of tumor deposits. Of the 21 patients injected SQ with MoAb, 17 had confirmed tumor in nodes. Of patients injected with Fab fragments, 4/8 (50%) had specific uptake of MoAb, although only two were successfully imaged. Increased uptake of antimelanoma antibodies was observed in some patients in lymph nodes not containing tumor and was possibly related to antigen shedding. Clearance of labeled antibody from the injection site occurred with a half life of 16-50 hours. Toxicity was limited to local discomfort at the site of SQ injection. Melanoma metastases can be identified with IV or SQ injection or radiolabeled antibodies. These reagents may be useful in the diagnosis or therapy of human melanoma. Further evaluation will be required before they could be considered clinically useful. PMID- 3753058 TI - Prompt eschar excision: a treatment system contributing to reduced burn mortality. A statistical evaluation of burn care at the Massachusetts General Hospital (1974-1984). AB - Mortality at the Adult Burn Center of the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) has declined from 24% in 1974 to an average of 7% for 1979-1984. From 1974 to 1976, prompt eschar excision and immediate wound closure therapy was initiated and standardized. After 1976, this therapy was the standard treatment. Detailed statistical analysis is necessary to determine the influence of this treatment on the improved survival. Therefore, logistical regression analysis was used to examine the influence of variables such as burn size, age, and treatment on mortality for 1103 patients during 1974-1984. Survival rates during the treatment development phase (1974-1977) were compared to the survival rates of the last 5 years of standardized excisional treatment (1979-1984). Survival rates for the standardized excisional treatment were also compared to the results of previously published studies from this hospital that were probit analyses of burn mortality for 1939-1955 and 1955-1970. This latter comparison provided 45 years' experience with burn mortality at a single institution. Results of the statistical analysis of the survival data from 1974 to 1984 indicate that mortality strongly depends on burn size, age, and treatment (p less than 0.001 for each independent variable). In addition, length of stay (LOS) for the total group decreased significantly from 32 to 22 days. The improved survival for 1974-1984 occurred independently of changes in the annual distributions of burn size, age, or sex. Comparison of survival rates shows improved survival during standardized excisional treatment when compared to the treatment development phase. The most extensive increases in survival during 1974-1984 were seen in the treatment of elderly patients and patients with massive burn injuries. Survival for the period 1974-1984 was markedly improved as compared to the 1939-1970 published experiences. PMID- 3753059 TI - Classification and treatment of chronic nonhealing wounds. Successful treatment with autologous platelet-derived wound healing factors (PDWHF). AB - Previous animal data showed that platelets contain growth factors that stimulate capillary endothelial migration (angiogenesis), fibroblast proliferation and migration, and collagen synthesis. This study utilized autologous platelet derived wound healing factors (PDWHF) to treat 49 patients with chronic nonhealing cutaneous ulcers. Patients were classified on the basis of 20 clinical and wound status parameters to generate a wound severity index. Forty-nine patients--58% diabetic (20% with renal transplants); 16% with trauma, vasculitis, etc.; 14% with decubitus ulcers; and 6% each with venous stasis or arterial insufficiency--with a total of 95 wounds had received conventional wound care for an average of 198 weeks (range: 1-1820 weeks). After informed consent was obtained, patients received autologous PDWHF. Mean 100% healing time for all patients was 10.6 weeks. There was no abnormal tissue formation, keloid, or hypertrophic scarring. A multivariant analysis showed a direct correlation to 100% healing with initial wound size and the initiation of PDWHF therapy. This is the first clinical demonstration that locally acting growth factors promote healing of chronic cutaneous ulcers. PMID- 3753060 TI - Middle aortic syndrome. Effectiveness and durability of complex arterial revascularization techniques. AB - Middle aortic syndrome typically occurs as severe hypertension in young patients who have weak or absent femoral pulses and an abdominal bruit. It results from a diffuse narrowing of the distal thoracic and abdominal aorta, commonly involving the visceral and renal arteries. The clinical presentation, angiographic assessment, and surgical outcome of 10 patients (mean age: 19.5 years) who underwent one-stage revascularization for middle aortic syndrome were reviewed to determine the effectiveness and durability of one-stage revascularization techniques to relieve these complications. All patients were hypertensive (mean blood pressure: 176 mmHg); six (60%) had severe, poorly controlled hypertension, two of whom had previous failed operations for renovascular hypertension and one who presented with malignant hypertension and acute renal failure. Five patients had disabling myocardial insufficiency, only one of whom had documented coronary artery disease. Four patients had intermittent claudication. Aortography showed variable length high-grade midaortic stenosis, nine had visceral artery involvement, and eight had renal artery involvement. All patients underwent one stage revascularization by a variety of autogenous and prosthetic techniques. The postoperative recovery was uncomplicated in eight of nine patients and was often associated with dramatic reduction in blood pressure. There was a single death from disruption of the thoracic anastomosis in a patient who had diffuse cystic medial necrosis of the aorta. Arterial biopsy in nine patients indicated evidence for both acquired and congenital origins of the midaortic stenosis. Late follow up evaluation (mean: 4.1 years) showed normal growth and development, preservation of renal function, and relief of myocardial insufficiency in all patients. Seven patients (77%) are cured of their hypertension, and two (23%) have only mild hypertension. These results indicate that one-stage revascularization of patients with middle aortic syndrome can result in effective and durable relief of these severe life-threatening complications. PMID- 3753061 TI - Affinity of antimalarial drugs for stacked haematin linked on sepharose. AB - The affinity to haematin of antimalarial drugs and of some closely related compounds has been measured by the use of a polymeric haematin linked to an agarose gel. Haematin-drug interaction shows a low specificity and does not exhibit the sharp structure-activity relationship observed in the biological activities of the compounds. It is suggested that a chloroquine-haematin interaction does not explain the biological properties of this antimalarial, although it constitutes a necessary step in the concentration of the drug in the parasitized erythrocyte. PMID- 3753062 TI - Vascular changes in human leishmaniasis: a light microscope and immunohistological study. AB - The study of human cutaneous leishmaniasis from Saudi Arabia (37 cases), and of Sudanese mucosal (52 cases) and visceral (27 cases) leishmaniasis revealed the occurrence of vascular alterations. Vasculitis with or without fibrinoid necrosis and fibrin thrombi were found in both the arteries and veins within the area of inflammation in cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis; whereas subendothelial oedema, hyalinosis and intimaproliferation were seen in the small arteries of the various organs in visceral leishmaniasis. Immunoperoxidase staining of the cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions showed the presence of IgG and IgA within the endothelial cells, in the media, and in the perivascular space of the diseased vessels. The formation of immune complexes, locally in cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis and circulating in visceral leishmaniasis, is considered responsible for these vascular lesions. PMID- 3753063 TI - Differentiation between three species of Amblyomma ticks (acari: Ixodidae) by analysis of cuticular hydrocarbons. AB - Cuticular lipids were extracted from three species of Amblyomma ticks in hexane: dichloromethane and analysed by gas-liquid chromatography using both packed and capillary columns. Unlike many of the reported insect hydrocarbons, those of the Amblyomma ticks consisted mostly of branched paraffins and olefins and all three species of ticks are well differentiated on the basis of numbers and carbon-chain lengths of the hydrocarbons. Amblyomma maculatum has more olefins and A. cajennense has more paraffins than the other species, including A. americanum. PMID- 3753064 TI - Strain of mouse and Toxoplasma used in the mouse model of congenital toxoplasmosis at Strathclyde University. PMID- 3753065 TI - Laboratory studies on the desiccation of immature stages of the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata. PMID- 3753066 TI - Circadian variation in the susceptibility of Bulinus tropicus to standard doses of molluscicide. PMID- 3753067 TI - Does secondary amyloidosis occur with human hydatid disease? PMID- 3753068 TI - Surface ultrastructure of a strobilate form of the horse strain of Echinococcus granulosus cultured in a monophasic medium. PMID- 3753069 TI - Perforation of the esophagus. PMID- 3753070 TI - The economy of perioperative infections in cardiac surgery. PMID- 3753071 TI - Diagnosis and recommended management of esophageal perforation and rupture. AB - Over the past 47 years (1937 to 1984), a total of 127 patients with esophageal perforation or rupture were evaluated at Duke Medical Center or the Durham Veterans Administration Medical Center. In 13 patients, the diagnosis was established at the time of autopsy and in the remaining 114, the diagnosis was established clinically. The etiology, radiological findings, underlying esophageal disease, time interval between onset of symptoms and therapy, and eventual outcome were evaluated. Patients with anastomotic leaks and those in whom carcinoma resulted in perforation or fistula were excluded. Iatrogenic causes were responsible for 55% of perforations, followed by spontaneous rupture in 15%, foreign body perforation in 14%, and traumatic perforation in 10%. Of the 127 patients, 114 underwent treatment involving primary closure (43%), drainage alone (28%), resection (9%), or nonoperative therapy (20%). The overall mortality among these 114 patients was 21%. Fourteen patients sustained a major complication requiring additional operative intervention. The overall mortality among patients requiring reoperation was 57%. Survival was significantly influenced by a delay in treatment of greater than 24 hours. With the exception of nonoperative therapy, survival was improved for all forms of treatment instituted within 24 hours. Primary closure within 24 hours resulted in the most favorable outcome (92% survival). In addition to early treatment, other factors associated with a favorable outcome included traumatic perforation (100% survival), foreign-body perforations (94% survival), and iatrogenic causes (80% survival). Spontaneous rupture resulted in the lowest survival (37%). The incidence of esophageal perforation has increased dramatically since 1967.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3753073 TI - Management of broncholithiasis: is thoracotomy necessary? AB - Endoscopic treatment of broncholithiasis is controversial. From 1953 through 1984, 66 operations were performed on 40 patients with broncholithiasis in an endemic area for histoplasmosis. They are reviewed here retrospectively. All patients had cough; wheeze, hemoptysis, and lithoptysis were present in 60%, 45%, and 26%, respectively. Bronchoscopic stone removal was successful in 19%, whereas 21% of patients required no treatment. The 25 patients who were affected more severely required thoracotomy and operations varying from simple lung wedge resection to repair of a bronchoesophageal fistula. Optimum preservation of lung function was a major treatment guideline. All survived, and most have returned to normal preoperative activity. For selected patients, bronchoscopy and stone removal may be all that is required for broncholithiasis. PMID- 3753072 TI - Surgical revascularization of acute (1 hour) coronary occlusion: blood versus crystalloid cardioplegia. AB - This study compares blood versus crystalloid cardioplegia in restoring contractile function, and high-energy phosphate and tissue water content in a myocardial segment after 1 hour of coronary artery occlusion. Anesthetized dogs underwent instrumentation with the chest open to measure left ventricular and aortic pressures, and systolic shortening in the myocardium perfused by the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was measured with ultrasonic crystals. In 21 dogs, the LAD was occluded for an hour, thereby replacing systolic shortening with passive lengthening averaging -28.7 +/- 6.2% of control shortening in both groups. The dogs were then placed on total bypass, and arrest was achieved with multidose crystalloid (N = 10) or blood cardioplegia (N = 11). The ligatures were released just prior to the second infusion of cardioplegic solution. Postischemic subendocardial levels of adenosine triphosphate were comparably depleted with crystalloid and blood cardioplegia (55.2% and 44.0%, respectively, of control). Subendocardial increases in water content were similar for crystalloid (3.62%) and blood (3.16%) cardioplegia. Recovery of segmental shortening was significantly greater with blood than crystalloid cardioplegia (31.5 +/- 8.2% versus 4.9 +/- 6.6% of control, respectively). We conclude that the composition and the delivery of blood cardioplegia used in this study restore greater postischemic function than crystalloid cardioplegia in acute evolving myocardial infarction. PMID- 3753074 TI - Complete atrioventricular canal and tetralogy of Fallot: surgical considerations. AB - A review of 13 autopsy specimens and of 13 patients who were operated on for complete atrioventricular (AV) canal and tetralogy of Fallot between 1975 and 1985 revealed a number of anatomical details that are important in the successful repair of this combined lesion. A bridging anterior leaflet was present in 25 hearts. A septum primum was present and attached to leaflet tissue in 13. In all 26, a ventricular septal communication was present beneath the bridging anterior leaflet and extended anteriorly, but in 14 there was no ventricular septal defect underneath the posterior leaflet. Additional pathological features included the following: leaflet tissue deficiency (4 hearts), single left papillary muscle (3), accessory valve orifice (4), and left ventricular (4) or right ventricular (RV) (1) dominance. All 26 had infundibular stenosis, and 10 had hypoplastic pulmonary annuli. One had pulmonary atresia, and 6 had branch pulmonary artery stenosis. Surgical technique was modified to include incision of the septum primum in 7. Because of rightward displacement of the anterior ventricular septum and also to minimize the risk of causing subaortic stenosis, the bridging anterior leaflet was divided more toward the tricuspid orifice so as to parallel the crest of the ventricular septum. Transannular RV outflow patches were used in 10 patients, and a right ventricle-pulmonary artery conduit was placed in 1 patient. Three required repair of branch pulmonary artery stenosis. There were no hospital deaths. Three patients died late of residual AV valve regurgitation and branch pulmonary artery stenosis (2) and sepsis (1).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3753075 TI - Surgical management of patients with pulmonary valve dysplasia. AB - Pulmonary valve dysplasia is a distinct pathological entity consisting of markedly thickened, deformed, and largely immobile pulmonary valve leaflets. The clinical features and surgical management of 21 consecutive patients operated upon between 1975 and 1985 were reviewed. Mean age at operation was 26.7 months (range: 1 month to 9.5 years). Initial surgical intervention in 3 patients consisted of closed valvotomy or systemic pulmonary artery shunt. One of these patients subsequently had a partial pulmonary valvectomy; the other 2 had total valvectomy and pulmonary annuloplasty. Two patients had partial valvectomy as a primary procedure, and 1 has subsequently required total valvectomy and annuloplasty. Sixteen patients initially had total pulmonary valvectomy, 4 with a simultaneous transannular outflow tract patch. One patient subsequently required a transannular outflow tract patch. Therefore, definitive repair consisted of partial valvectomy in 2 patients, total valvectomy in 19, and a transannular outflow tract patch in 9 patients with a hypoplastic pulmonary annulus. There were no operative deaths, and all patients are asymptomatic at a mean follow-up of 37.9 months. Five patients who underwent total valvectomy were catheterized postoperatively. The mean residual gradient was 25 mm Hg. Pulmonary valvectomy appears to provide both effective relief of stenosis and long-term asymptomatic status in patients with pulmonary valve dysplasia. Total excision of all valve leaflets is recommended. Careful consideration should be given to a simultaneous transannular outflow tract patch if the annulus is hypoplastic. PMID- 3753076 TI - Prevention of reperfusion injury of the ischemic spinal cord: use of recombinant superoxide dismutase. AB - We investigated the effect of recombinant superoxide dismutase, an oxygen free radical scavenger, on the prevention of reperfusion injury of the ischemic spinal cord. Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were obtained in 23 dogs. Spinal cord ischemia was produced by cross-clamping the descending thoracic aorta just distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery through a left thoracotomy. Mean proximal aortic blood pressure was maintained between 90 and 100 mm Hg by partial exsanguination. Serial SEPs were obtained at 60-second intervals until the SEP disappeared. Aortic cross-clamping was continued for 10 additional minutes after the disappearance of the SEP. In Group 1 (N = 8), no medication was given when the aortic cross-clamp was removed. In Group 2 (N = 8), a bolus of 25,000 units of superoxide dismutase was injected into the proximal aorta prior to removal of the aortic cross-clamp, and was followed by 5,000 units per minute for 10 minutes after release of the cross-clamp. In Group 3 (N = 7), 50,000 units of superoxide dismutase was administered as a bolus prior to removal of the aortic cross-clamp, followed by an additional 10,000 units per minute for 10 minutes as in Group 2. The postoperative neurological status was assessed by Tarlov's criteria. There was no significant difference in aortic cross-clamp time among the three groups. Paraplegia developed in 4 animals in Group 1; the remaining 4 dogs had paraparesis. In Group 2, paraparesis developed in 2 of 8 dogs; the other 6 had no neurological injury. All the animals in Group 3 had complete recovery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3753077 TI - Resectional management of airway invasion by thyroid carcinoma. AB - Invasion of the trachea by thyroid carcinoma is best managed by resection with airway reconstruction. Localized extension of tumor may also require esophageal resection or radical resection including laryngectomy with mediastinal tracheostomy. Twenty-two patients (12 with papillary, 3 with follicular, 4 with mixed papillary and follicular, and 3 with undifferentiated carcinoma) underwent resection--16 with airway reconstruction and 6 with cervicomediastinal en bloc resection with mediastinal tracheostomy. Eleven had prior thyroidectomy. Ten of those having airway restitution required cylindrical tracheal resection, 5 had resection of trachea with a portion of the larynx, and 1 had wedge resection. Three undergoing laryngotracheal resection also needed esophagectomy. Colon reconstruction was used. Fifteen of the 16 having airway reconstruction had good surgical results with speech preservation. One died of complications due to prior irradiation. One of 6 undergoing radical resection died postoperatively. Six of the 20 survivors died of recurrence in 1 2/3 to 9 years, and 2 others died of other diseases. Three who had known pulmonary metastases at the time of palliative operation are alive between 2 and 3 2/3 years postoperatively, and a fourth who has pulmonary metastases is alive 6 1/6 years later. Eight patients are alive without disease from 1/12 to 8 3/4 years. Only two patients had airway recurrence. Resection and primary reconstruction of the trachea invaded by carcinoma of the thyroid should be done in the absence of extensive metastases when technically feasible. It offers prolonged palliation, avoidance of suffocation due to bleeding or obstruction, and an opportunity for cure. In carefully selected patients with massive regional involvement, radical excision with laryngectomy and esophagectomy is also appropriate. PMID- 3753078 TI - Aortico-left ventricular tunnel: late follow-up. AB - Since 1970, 6 patients have undergone repair of aortico-left ventricular tunnel. Four (67%) had repair in childhood. The technique of closure was by direct suture (5 patients) or patch closure (1 patient). Associated anomalies were seen in 5 patients (83%); absent right coronary ostium (1), commissural fusion (stenosis) (2), valvular regurgitation (3), leaflet defects (2), and healed endocarditis (1). All patients survived operation. At early postoperative review, 67% had mild aortic regurgitation regardless of the technique of surgical repair. Late follow up revealed that 3 patients (50%) underwent aortic valve replacement (AVR) for progressive aortic regurgitation at a mean of 10 years following initial operation. A review of the literature and our results lead us to conclude that progressive aortic regurgitation is common; it is due to associated valve abnormalities and changes in the valve mechanism secondary to the aortico-left ventricular tunnel. Long-term clinical follow-up is necessary, since 50% of patients will require AVR eventually. Early operation is indicated not only to prevent heart failure but also to prevent progression of damage to the aortic valve. PMID- 3753079 TI - The hypoplastic left heart syndrome: evidence of preoperative myocardial and hepatic infarction in spite of prostaglandin therapy. AB - From February, 1983, to November, 1984, 11 infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome were managed medically prior to operative intervention. Only 2 of the 11 infants appeared to be in mild distress at birth. Despite relatively normal Apgar scores, 9 of the infants were seen in shock. All patients were managed medically with fluid restriction, diuretics, and the institution of prostaglandin E1. There was a marked improvement in arterial pH from a mean value of 7.13 prior to prostaglandin to 7.42 following prostaglandin infusion. There was also a dramatic decrease in the serum creatinine level from a mean pretreatment level of 1.5 mg/dl to 0.7 mg/dl following infusion. Ten of the 11 infants were operated on at a mean age of 4 days with a Norwood or conduit procedure. Three infants who died at 3, 13, and 24 days of age had sustained myocardial infarctions prior to operation. Three patients also had multiple infarcts of the liver. Three patients are alive 23, 22, and 6 months after operation, and are growing and developing normally. The ability to maintain the infant with hypoplastic left heart syndrome in a stable hemodynamic condition has made surgical palliation a realistic option for this otherwise fatal anomaly. Nevertheless, preoperative infarctions of the heart and viscera continue to play a major role in mortality. PMID- 3753080 TI - Indications for replacement of the Beall 103 and 104 disc valves. AB - Because of the unpredictable risk of failure of the Beall 103 and 104 valves, 29 patients who had such a valve implanted between 1969 and 1975 were identified in 1979 and studied to determine clinical status, degree of hemolysis, and valve function by cinefluoroscopy and echocardiography. Seven had valve replacement early after initial study because of cardiac symptoms or severe hemolysis or both. Of the 22 patients followed from January, 1980 to August, 1985, 13 experienced new symptoms or hemolysis, and had valve replacement. Serial observations over a mean of 2.8 years in patients with an isolated Beall valve eventually requiring operation for severe valve wear showed increasing hemolysis frequently concomitant with onset of cardiac symptoms. There were no perioperative deaths in 20 Beall valve replacements, which included 9 multiple valve operations. The mean interval to replacement for all patients was 8.5 years. When the only prosthetic valve was the Beall mitral valve, severe valve wear was associated with higher levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (1,117 +/- 67 IU [+/- standard error]) than those with mild or moderate valve wear at reoperation (LDH, 565 +/- 68 IU; p less than 0.01). Cinefluoroscopy identified abnormal disc motion in 3 patients, all with clinical deterioration; all patients with disc to cage ratios of 0.90 or less had severe valve wear, but more patients with severe wear had normal ratios. Cardiac catheterization frequently did not show major abnormalities. The onset of new cardiac symptoms or evidence of increasing hemolysis from serial serum LDH determinations or evidence of abnormal disc size or motion by cinefluoroscopy indicate a high probability of severe Beall valve wear.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3753081 TI - Surgical treatment of congenital distal tracheal stenosis involving the carina. AB - Untreated congenital stenosis of the distal trachea frequently results in lethal airway obstruction. A 3-year-old boy with segmental stenosis of the distal trachea and a 2-year-old girl with segmental stenosis involving the carina and the right main bronchus were treated successfully with resection and reanastomosis. Operative techniques, anesthetic management, postoperative care, and tracheal growth after anastomosis are discussed. PMID- 3753082 TI - Transfemoral removal of a chronically implanted pacemaker lead: report of a case. AB - A transfemoral angiographic technique was used to remove a chronically implanted, infected pacemaker wire that could not be withdrawn by using direct traction. The case and a description of the technique are detailed, and the principles of nonsurgical extraction of chronically implanted pacemaker wires are discussed. PMID- 3753083 TI - Inflammatory pseudotumor of the thymus. AB - A 44-year-old man with inflammatory pseudotumor of the thymus is reported. The patient was seen with fever, myalgia, and dyspnea and was found to have an anterior mediastinal mass and bilateral pleural effusions. The resected lesion consisted of a well-circumscribed mass of chronic inflammatory and fibrous tissue that virtually replaced the thymus. There was no morphological evidence of neoplasia. The patient's symptoms and roentgenographic abnormalities resolved with excision of most of the mass. To our knowledge, this report is the first instance of inflammatory pseudotumor of the thymus. PMID- 3753084 TI - Gelfoam occlusion of peripheral bronchopleural fistulas. AB - A technique for occlusion of peripheral bronchopleural fistulas using Gelfoam as a temporary endobronchial blocker is described. PMID- 3753085 TI - Alternative method to improve exposure for difficult mitral valve procedures. AB - Although the classical approaches for mitral valve surgery have remained standard over the years, variations have been described and implemented in an attempt to improve exposure of the mitral valve apparatus. A technical alternative that affords excellent exposure of the roof of the left atrium, allowing for an enlarged left atriotomy and precluding the need for more radical surgical maneuvers and their potential complications, is described. PMID- 3753086 TI - Treatment of thoracic injuries. PMID- 3753087 TI - Late follow-up of mitral valve bypass by valved conduit. PMID- 3753088 TI - Fluorocarbon treatment for cerebral air embolism. PMID- 3753089 TI - A mathematical model of survival kinetics. I. Theoretical basis. AB - A mathematical model of mortality and survival kinetics is proposed based upon the two main aspects of survival data, namely, the rate of vitality reduction with age and its statistical distribution. Certain mathematical assumptions are made on the time-course of both vitality and its distribution. Then, these two aspects are integrated in a single model which can be used to describe survivorship, cumulative mortality or dying. The model is capable of fitting empirical curves even at very advanced ages, where the widely used Gompertz law fails. Examples are provided, derived from populations having rather different lifespans such as rotifers, flies, rats and horses. The model maintains one of the most interesting characteristics of Gompertz law, namely, the possibility to estimate the 'design constant for longevity' relating maximum lifespan to one of the parameters of the model. It also has the potential characteristics enabling it to be used to judge the statistical significance of the difference between two empirical survival curves. PMID- 3753090 TI - A mathematical model of survival kinetics. II. Parameter estimation. AB - Procedures for the estimation of the four parameters of a new mathematical model of survival and mortality kinetics are given. A formulation of the model has been found which had the advantage of maintaining three of four parameters independent of the unit chosen for the age; in addition, two of these parameters have values falling in a narrow range, even when the model is applied to rather different curves. Since, in any problem of this type, the initial estimate of the parameters plays a major role in the achievement of good final estimates, some simple methods of estimation are indicated based upon the characteristics of the function. The initial estimates may enter three different types of procedures; the best one can be chosen according to the precision of the initial estimates. The method is capable of fitting both survivorship and dying functions directly to the empirical data. An interactive approach to the computer facilities has been used as at each step the operator has to decide whether or not to apply a corrective factor. Goodness of fit, usually high, is estimated by chi 2 test. PMID- 3753091 TI - Age-dependent decrease of the lateral diffusion constant of proteins in the plasma membrane of hepatocytes as revealed by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching in tissue smears. AB - When fresh liver is smeared on slides and incubated in Krebs-Henseleit Ringer solution containing 1 mM H2O2 at 37 degrees C, a yellowish-green autofluorescence develops in the hepatocyte plasma membrane. Indirect evidence shows that this peroxide-induced autofluorescence (PIAF) is due most probably to chemical reactions between proteins and the malondialdehyde produced by the membrane lipid peroxidation. Although the chemical nature of the PIAF has not been clarified yet, it is suitable under certain conditions for the measurement of the average lateral diffusion constant of the membrane proteins by means of the fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) technique without the addition of any external fluorescent label. Analysis of four age groups for both sexes of Fischer 344 rats (3-5 rats per group, total 32) from 2 to 31 months of age revealed a significant negative linear correlation of the lateral diffusion constant of proteins with age in both sexes, with the slope of the females being somewhat smaller. Young males showed a diffusion constant about 2.8 X 10(-10) decreasing to 1.7 X 10(-10) cm2 X s-1 by 31 months of age at 37 degrees C, whereas the respective values in females were 2.7 X 10(-10) and 1.9 X 10(-10). The results are consistent with the predictions of the membrane hypothesis of aging, according to which an age-dependent loss of the passive permeability of the cell membrane for potassium (and probably for water) is the crucial point of the cellular aging. PMID- 3753093 TI - Information theoretical aspects of the aging process of organismic systems. AB - The aging process is understood as the temporally changing ability of the organism to maintain the degree of inner order and organisation which is necessary for viability. This inner order and organisation may be represented by a multidimensional state variable 'vitality'. The quantity 'vitality entropy' is defined in a manner similar to information theoretical or thermodynamical entropy. It is an aggregate measure of the age-dependent distribution of vitality in the state space. In these terms a mathematical description of the aging process may be given as temporal changes of the extension of this distribution. In an initial phase of differentiation of an organism the vitality entropy decreases to a minimum as the distribution becomes concentrated at the optimal states. With aging in the narrower sense, the distribution spreads in the state space with the decrease of order and organisation, and the consequent increase of vitality entropy. PMID- 3753092 TI - The effect of different fat supplemented diets on the erythrocyte ghosts and plasma lipid composition of geriatric subjects. AB - The responses of the lipid composition of erythrocyte ghosts and plasma phospholipid fatty acids of 20 female donors, aged older than 70 years, to different margarine and butter supplemented diets were investigated. On a low level of daily caloric intake (1900 kcal) there were no changes in phospholipid and cholesterol content of the red cell membranes, but statistically significant changes were found in erythrocyte and plasma phospholipid fatty acid patterns. These results demonstrate the influence of the fatty acid composition of the dietary fats with special reference to saturated, trans-isomeric monoene, and polyunsaturated acids. PMID- 3753094 TI - Studies on epinephrine-induced lung edema in the rat. II. Hemodynamic changes. AB - In order to elucidate the pathogenesis of epinephrine (E)-induced lung edema (LE) as well as the mechanism of protection afforded by alpha-adrenoceptor blockade in urethane-anesthetized and bivagotomized rats, we investigated the influence of phentolamine (Phe) and prazosin (Praz) on arterial hypertension and LE provoked by continuous intravenous infusion of E and on blood pressure changes in left (LHV) and right (RHV) heart ventricles caused by a bolus injection of E at a LE producing dose (1800 nmol/kg). Our results show that neither LE nor death are related to E-induced hypertension and also that LE-induction is accompanied by significant increases in LHV (telediastolic and systolic) as well as in RHV (systolic) pressures, of which the LHV telediastolic and the RHV systolic pressure increases are prevented by Phe and Praz at a dose capable of counteracting E-induced LE. The significance of this finding is briefly discussed. PMID- 3753095 TI - The anti-inflammatory effect of a crude aqueous extract of the root bark of "Ficus elastica" in the rat. AB - An investigation has been carried out to determine whether the aqueous extract of Ficus elastica is active as an anti-inflammatory agent in the carrageenin-induced oedema and adjuvant-induced arthritis in the rat. This investigation was prompted by the fact that practitioners of herbal medicine in West Africa use the plant for the treatment of muscle and joint pain. The results of the investigation clearly indicated that orally administered Ficus elastica extract markedly inhibited the experimentally induced inflammation in the two test models. This effect of Ficus elastica was very similar to that of indomethacin. Thus in the carrageenin-induced oedema Ficus elastica (2-10 mg/kg) and indomethacin (1-5 mg/kg) produced inhibition of the magnitude of 5.41-68.92% and 27.03-69.26%, respectively. Similarly, both the extract of Ficus elastica and indomethacin inhibited the primary as well as the secondary lesions of adjuvant arthritis in the rat. The extract used in this study was coloured buff and there is considerable evidence that flavonoids of plant origin possess anti-inflammatory activity. Therefore it may be concluded that the anti-inflammatory activity of the extract of Ficus elastica was probably due to the presence of a pigment of the flavonoid class. Further studies are in progress to elucidate the chemical characteristics of this active principle. PMID- 3753096 TI - Effect of skimmianine on animal behavior. AB - Skimmianine, a component of Rutaceae plants, was found to have a significant inhibitory effect on spontaneous motor activity, exploratory behavior, cataleptogenic activity, conditioned avoidance response and long-term isolation induced fighting of animals. A mild antimethamphetamine activity was also observed. Its neuroleptic activity was less potent than that of chlorpromazine. PMID- 3753097 TI - Effects of trapidil on diltiazem-induced changes of mechanical and electrical properties in isolated rabbit myocardium. AB - Effects of trapidil on diltiazem-induced changes of myocardial properties were investigated mechanically and electrophysiologically in tissues isolated from rabbit hearts. Application of diltiazem (10(-6) M) on right atria significantly decreased both force development and contraction rate. Additional administration of trapidil (10(-4) M) in the presence of diltiazem significantly restored the magnitude of force development without changes in contraction rate. Electrical stimulation to left atria and papillary muscles with varying frequencies produced a frequency-dependent increase in force developments (Bowditch's staircase). Diltiazem (10(-6) M) caused a depression of contractile force hence inhibited the staircase upon increasing frequency of stimulations. Additional application of trapidil (10(-4) M) partially but significantly restored the staircase. Intracellular recordings with microelectrodes clarified that trapidil increased the amplitude of slow responses which was being depressed by the treatment of diltiazem. Our findings suggest that trapidil, when applied successively to diltiazem, may diminish the inhibitory effects of diltiazem on hearts. PMID- 3753098 TI - The action of AD6 on experimental arrhythmias and on action potentials of cardiac fibers. AB - AD6 is a coumarinic derivative which increases both coronary blood flow and prostacyclin production, while it decreases platelet responsiveness. We tested its action on experimental cardiac arrhythmias. AD6 (2.5-10 mg/kg) was able to antagonize the arrhythmogenic action of aconitine in rats and of adrenaline in cats. AD6 action was also tested in vitro. The drug (20-50 microM) prolonged the functional refractory period of guinea-pig atrial and ventricular muscle and lengthened the refractory period shortened by hypoxia. Intracellular electrophysiological experiments showed that AD6 prolongs action potential duration (APD) of guinea-pig atrial myocardium, sino-atrial node and cat Purkinje fibers. The results obtained in vitro may explain the effect on experimental arrhythmias, therefore suggesting a protective action on cardiac rhythm disturbances. PMID- 3753099 TI - Pharmacological analysis of vasoconstrictor responses to ATP of isolated, perfused dog mesenteric arteries. AB - The stainless steel cannula inserting method was used to analyze the characteristics of the vasoconstriction induced by ATP in isolated, perfused dog mesenteric arteries. A dose of 100-1000 micrograms of ATP induced vasoconstriction. It was produced repetitively at 20-min intervals. The vasoconstriction was not modified by phentolamine in doses which completely inhibited norepinephrine-induced vasoconstriction. Aminophylline significantly suppressed ATP-induced vasoconstrictions. KCl-induced vasoconstriction was significantly depressed by a potent Ca antagonist, diltiazem. ATP-induced vasoconstriction was also significantly suppressed by diltiazem but to a lesser degree. ATP-induced vasoconstriction was not significantly suppressed by 30 and 100 micrograms of dipyridamole. After treatment with intraluminal saponin (0.3-3 mg) which caused a disappearance of the vascular endothelium, the ATP-induced vasoconstrictor response was significantly enhanced. From these results it is concluded that ATP-induced vasoconstriction may be mediated via P1-purinoceptors and be partially due to increases in activation of Ca inward current. PMID- 3753100 TI - Effects of route of administration on the dose-dependent metabolism of acetaminophen in rats: relationship with its toxicity. AB - The urinary metabolic excretion profile of acetaminophen (A) was reexamined in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats after administration of a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) or per oral (p.o.) dose of 100 or 750 mg/kg to 4 groups of animals, followed by collecting urines at 8, 24, 48 and 72 hr. The higher dose was administered in the form of a micronized suspension. The amounts of glucuronide, sulfate and mercapturate of A and unchanged A excreted in the urines were measured as a function of time. The pattern of urinary metabolic excretion of A was found to be dependent not only on the dose, but also on its route of administration as well as on the time of urine collection. When A was administered orally, the drug appears to be subjected to a gut and/or gut-wall first-pass elimination. The mean total urinary recovery of the drug was 70% after 72 hr following the administration of the higher dose of A. The hepatorenal toxicity was assessed by measuring the levels of serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity and of urinary creatinine. The higher dose of A showed the potential to produce hepatic and renal toxicity when given i.p., but not when given orally. These toxic effects seem to be related with a high percentage of urinary A mercapturate and unchanged A when A was given i.p. as compared to those when it was given orally. PMID- 3753101 TI - Effects of lithium salts on lipid peroxidation activity of synaptosomes and kidney homogenates. AB - Lithium carbonate increased the lipid peroxidation while lithium sulphate and lithium chloride had no significant effects on lipid peroxidation activity of rat cerebral cortex synaptosomes and kidney homogenates. However, lithium chloride plus sodium carbonate significantly increased the lipid peroxidation activity of kidney homogenates. It is concluded that accompanying anions of lithium salts might play a major role in the increase of lipid peroxidation of both synaptosomes and kidney homogenates. PMID- 3753102 TI - Measurement of ischemic changes in cerebral blood flow by the hydrogen clearance technique and brain cortical temperature. Influence of flunarizine. AB - In dogs global cerebral ischemia was produced by clamping reversibly the left subclavian and brachiocephalic arteries, supplying the head. The intercostal arteries were ligated permanently. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured discontinuously using a hydrogen saturation-desaturation technique. Clamping of the former two vessels caused an increase in systemic blood pressure. When this increase was not blunted by previous splenectomy and blood withdrawal a still important CBF remained during the clamp. However, if this rise in blood pressure was impaired, CBF decreased to 9 +/- 8% (mean +/- S.D., n = 14) of the pre ischemic value. Flunarizine is known to have anti-hypoxic/ischemic properties. The influence of this drug (0.1 mg/kg i.v.), injected 10 min after the beginning of a 30-min ischemia period, on the post-ischemic CBF was investigated. Two-three hour after ischemia CBF was significantly lower in the solvent-treated animals than in the flunarizine-treated group, in which CBF approached the preischemic values. Changes in CBF were also followed continuously by measurement of the variations of brain versus aortic temperature. It was analyzed what information this can provide on CBF. PMID- 3753103 TI - Effects of anesthesia and phenoxybenzamine on responses of dogs to IV subtoxic doses of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA). AB - Racemic 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine HCl (MDA) was tested for acute intravenous (i.v.) lethality in mongrel dogs. The LD50 and 95% confidence limits were 8.1 (7.0-9.4) mg/kg, and the LD1 and LD99 were approximately 5 and 14 mg/kg. Subtoxic doses (0.1, 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg, i.v.) were tested for acute effects on cardiovascular and respiratory functions in conscious dogs prepared surgically under local anesthesia and also in dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital (30 mg/kg, i.v.). Four experimental groups were constituted, by pretreating or not, both conscious and anesthetized dogs with phenoxybenzamine HCl (15 mg/kg, i.v.). Arterial and left ventricular pressures tended to be elevated more by MDA in the anesthetized than in the conscious dogs. These and other cardiovascular parameters tended to be more fully antagonized by phenoxybenzamine in anesthetized than in conscious dogs. Respiratory rate was increased by higher doses, more so in the conscious group, but the increase was fully blocked by phenoxybenzamine. Possible clinical implications of the data are suggested. PMID- 3753104 TI - Hopantenate interference on the adaptation of muscular energy metabolism to intermittent hypoxia. AB - In rat gastrocnemius muscle, the concentrations of glycolytic fuels, intermediates and end-products; Krebs cycle intermediates and related free amino acids; ammonia; energy store and mediators; and the energy charge potential were evaluated in normoxia or after repeated, alternate hypoxic and normoxic exposures (12 hr of hypoxia daily; for 5 days) with or without treatment with hopantenate (HOPA). Furthermore, in the crude extract and/or mitochondrial fraction the maximum rate (Vmax) of some muscular enzymes related to the anaerobic glycolytic pathway; the tricarboxylic acid cycle; and the electron transfer chain were evaluated. Hopantenate was administered daily at the dose of 250 mg.kg-1 i.p., for 5 days, 30 min before the beginning of the experimental normobaric hypoxia. The biochemical adaptation to intermittent normobaric hypoxic-normoxic exposures was characterized by the decrease of the muscular concentrations of citrate, alpha-ketoglutarate and glutamate, in absence of changes in the Vmax of the muscle enzymes related to energy transduction. In gastrocnemius muscle from hypoxic rats, by HOPA treatment, both citrate and alpha-ketoglutarate maintained normal values, aspartate decreased, while glutamate remained reduced to subnormal values. In the muscle from hypoxic animals, by hopantenate treatment the Vmax of the mitochondrial enzymes tested (citrate synthase, malate dehydrogenase, total NADH cytochrome c reductase, cytochrome oxidase) decreased in comparison with both hypoxic and normoxic untreated animals. This behaviour could be tentatively related to a mitochondrial sparing action concomitant with an intervention of the glutamate group of amino acids, even if the results do not allow a clear interpretation of the mechanism of HOPA action. PMID- 3753106 TI - Training internists in ambulatory settings. Four problems to resolve. PMID- 3753105 TI - Effect of diethyl maleate pretreatment on biliary excretion and choleretic action of sulfobromophthalein in rats. AB - The effect of intraperitoneal administration of diethyl maleate on biliary excretion and choleretic action of sulfobromophthalein (BSP) was investigated in rats. Diethyl maleate was injected 60 min prior to the administration of the dye to avoid interferences with the organic anion transport system. The glutathione content of the liver was decreased by 75% following diethyl maleate treatment. Diethyl maleate had no influence on the biliary excretion of BSP after injection of its conjugate with glutathione, though there was a significant reduction after free BSP administration, with a lowered percentage of the conjugate in bile. The choleretic effect of the dye was not changed after conjugated BSP, but a marked cholestasis appeared following free BSP injection. These results confirm that diethyl maleate decreases the hepatic transport of BSP by reducing the conjugation of the dye and that free BSP induces an inhibitory effect on bile flow. PMID- 3753107 TI - Tumoral hyponatremia. PMID- 3753108 TI - Necropsy evidence of detection bias in the diagnosis of lung cancer. AB - The correct diagnosis had not been made during life in 26% of 153 patients with lung cancer found in necropsies performed between 1971 and 1982. The likelihood of a correct antemortem diagnosis showed distinctive gradients in relation to the patients' history and amount of cigarette smoking, symptomatic manifestations, and anatomic extensiveness of the cancers. However, cigarette smoking still exerted a diagnostic effect in patients with similar symptoms and similar degrees of anatomic spread. Furthermore, if a lesion was present, chest films were more likely to be radiologically interpreted as a cancer in smokers. The results suggest that smokers receive preferential consideration regarding the diagnosis of lung cancer. This detection bias can have adverse scientific consequences in depriving nonsmokers of suitable therapy, in leading to falsely high estimates of the true magnitude of the smoking/lung cancer association, and in distracting etiologic attention from other agents that may cause lung cancer. PMID- 3753109 TI - Diagnosing pulmonary embolism using clinical findings. AB - To determine the value of clinical findings in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism, we analyzed the records of 82 patients from three different hospitals who underwent pulmonary arteriography to rule out pulmonary embolism. We recorded 92 items of clinical information, including lung ventilation-perfusion scan results, for each patient. Although the diagnostic power of any single variable was marginal, an eight-item decision rule derived using discriminant analysis correctly predicted the outcome of arteriography in 82% of the cases. When tested on a different group of 68 patients from four hospitals, the rule accurately identified patients with low or high likelihood of having positive arteriograms. Clinical use of such a rule could reduce the need for arteriography in this population and would expedite decisions about anticoagulant therapy and further diagnostic testing. PMID- 3753110 TI - Parathyroid hypertension. A reversible disorder. AB - A retrospective study of 75 patients who were surgically cured of primary hyperparathyroidism from 1976 to 1984 was performed to evaluate the blood pressure and metabolic responses to parathyroid surgery. Published data on the population prevalence of hypertension (HT) in South Africa were used for comparison. The overall prevalence of HT before surgery was 47%, compared with 23% in the general population. Hypertension was most frequent in patients older than 60 years (62% vs 39% expected). Renal insufficiency was found in 13 of 35 hypertensive patients and in two of 40 normotensive patients. However, the prevalence of HT in patients with normal creatinine levels (37%) exceeded that expected. The frequency of urolithiasis and mean levels of serum and urine calcium and phosphate were similar in normotensive and hypertensive patients. Parathyroidectomy resulted in a substantial fall in both mean systolic and mean diastolic blood pressures in 54% of the hypertensive subjects, unrelated to improvement in renal function. PMID- 3753111 TI - Colonic transit and anorectal manometry in chronic idiopathic constipation. AB - Twenty-one patients with refractory idiopathic constipation underwent studies of segmental colonic transit of radiopaque markers and anorectal manometry to determine the utility of these tests in planning therapy and in predicting subsequent clinical outcome. Colonic transit studies defined three groups: normal transit (n = 6), colonic inertia (n = 8), and distal slowing (n = 7). Normal transit was universally associated with evidence of psychosocial disturbances. During follow-ups ranging from 23.2 to 26.7 months, six of eight patients with colonic inertia failed to improve compared with only one of seven with distal slowing. Anorectal manometry was useful in excluding abnormalities of anorectal function. Segmental colonic transit of radiopaque markers is a simple and useful test in the evaluation of refractory idiopathic constipation and appears to have both prognostic and therapeutic utility in selected cases. PMID- 3753112 TI - Unexpected findings and complications at autopsy after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). AB - To evaluate the importance of diagnoses undetected before cardiac arrest in the hospital, we studied autopsy findings on 130 patients who died after an attempt at cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). We also studied the complications that occurred in these patients as a result of CPR. Twenty-one percent of the patients had at least one complication as a result of CPR. Patients resuscitated on the wards were more likely to have a complication than those treated in the intensive care unit. This suggests that more proficient technique in CPR may reduce morbidity from this procedure. In 14% of the cases, there was a major missed diagnosis. The two diseases most frequently undetected clinically were ischemic bowel and pulmonary embolus, which together accounted for 89% of all major missed diagnoses discovered at autopsy. We conclude that diseases that require a high prior clinical suspicion (bowel infarction and pulmonary embolus) are common accompaniments of cardiac arrest in the hospital. Consideration of these diagnoses in critically ill patients may prevent future cardiac arrest and death from pulmonary embolus and ischemic bowel. PMID- 3753113 TI - Chronic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion and hypertension in a patient with olfactory neuroblastoma. Evidence of ectopic production of arginine vasopressin by the tumor. AB - A 28-year-old man with the chronic syndrome of Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion and hypertension was found to have an olfactory neuroblastoma. We demonstrated evidence of elevated circulating arginine vasopressin levels, significantly elevated arginine vasopressin and vasopressin neurophysin levels in the tumor extract, and immunohistochemical staining for arginine vasopressin and vasopressin neurophysin in the tumor cells. The patient's clinical syndrome, including hypertension, resolved following subtotal removal of the tumor and radiation therapy. This study identified olfactory neuroblastoma as a definite cause of ectopic arginine vasopressin secretion causing the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. PMID- 3753114 TI - Disseminated gonococcal infection in elderly patients. AB - Four elderly patients (71, 53, 57, and 62 years old) had disseminated gonococcal infection. Three patients presented with suppurative arthritis and the fourth with fever, skin lesions, and malaise. Although the signs and symptoms did not differ from those in the younger age group, the diagnosis was not considered clinically. All gonococci were susceptible to penicillin. PMID- 3753115 TI - Amantadine prophylaxis during an institutional outbreak of type A (H1N1) influenza. AB - In January 1984, an outbreak of influenza caused by A/Victoria/7/83-like virus, a new H1N1 variant, occurred in an institution for mentally handicapped children and adults. During the first 18 days of the outbreak, 35 (81%) of 43 residents in two housing modules became ill, nearly all of whom had received influenza vaccine the previous autumn. Amantadine hydrochloride prophylaxis was initiated in two other housing modules and was continued for 28 days. While factors influencing the risk of introduction and secondary spread of influenza virus were comparable in all four modules, only ten (16%) of 63 residents who received amantadine were infected, only one of whom became symptomatic. Most side effects associated with amantadine were mild, but residents with active, preexisting major-motor seizure disorders demonstrated an increase in seizure activity compared with the previous eight-month period; those who took the maximum daily dose of amantadine hydrochloride (200 mg) and those who were also taking anticonvulsants other than phenobarbital were at highest risk. PMID- 3753116 TI - Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training. Consequences for family members of high-risk cardiac patients. AB - A prospective, controlled trial was conducted to document the psychological risks and benefits of teaching cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) techniques to family members of patients at high risk for a sudden death event. Clinical outcomes for the high-risk patients were also measured. Cardiac patients (n = 65) and their family members (n = 69) were randomized to one of three groups: CPR training, risk factor education, and control. Patients did not attend either intervention group. No adverse psychological effects for family members were documented. The patients in the CPR group, however, were more anxious at three months' follow-up than patients in either the educational or control groups. Patients in both CPR and risk factor education groups reported poorer adjustment to illness at six months' follow-up than did control patients. These results suggest that CPR training for family members may have an adverse psychological effect on high-risk cardiac patients. PMID- 3753119 TI - The doctor as gatekeeper. PMID- 3753118 TI - What is a 'restrictive' defect? AB - We studied 211 sets of pulmonary function data to evaluate spirographic findings in patients with restrictive defects, and to determine the significance of the spirographic interpretation of restriction. A combination of clinical and body plethysmographic data was used as the standard for the diagnosis of restriction. Restriction was diagnosed spirographically when forced vital capacity (FVC) was low and the ratio of one-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1) to FVC (FEV1/FVC%) was normal. With these criteria, using 70% as the lower limit of normal for FEV1/FVC%, the spirogram had a 93% sensitivity and an 82% specificity for the detection or exclusion of a restrictive defect. Ten percent of patients with pure obstructive defects by clinical and plethysmographic criteria showed a restrictive defect on the spirogram. Combined obstructive and restrictive defects were rare; in these cases the spirogram showed a restrictive defect but missed the obstructive component. PMID- 3753117 TI - Lack of significant long-term sequelae following traumatic myocardial contusion. AB - We assessed the possibility of long-term functional cardiac sequelae in patients who had sustained a traumatic myocardial contusion (group 1) by comparing this group with a cohort group of patients with similar traumatic injuries but exclusive of the cardiac component (group 2). More than one year following injury, patients in group 1 were qualitatively indistinguishable from patients in group 2 according to the New York Heart Association classification. Both the left and the right ventricular ejection fractions, less in group 1 than in group 2 immediately following trauma, were similar between groups during follow-up study at rest. During exercise to maximal work load at follow-up, changes in the mean right and left ventricular ejection fractions were also similar between the two patient groups. We therefore concluded that traumatic myocardial contusion to the left and/or right ventricle almost always resolves without significant functional sequelae within one year of injury. PMID- 3753120 TI - Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. PMID- 3753121 TI - The training of physicians outside the hospital. AB - The current ambulatory training of medical residents in the primary care program and the traditional program of the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, are described. All residents are assigned to work in a single medical group practice unit during their three years of training. Block outpatient rotations make up 32% of the primary care program and 6% of the traditional program schedules, while total ambulatory experiences, including weekly continuity sessions, make up 39% and 15%, respectively. Several components are important for a successful program. Above all is a vigorous group practice providing a sizable panel of patients with complex clinical problems from which residents can learn. Also important are financial support from the hospital and government or private grants and a commitment to outpatient teaching by the medical and nonmedical specialty staff. PMID- 3753122 TI - Reversible acute sensorineural hearing loss associated with essential thrombocytosis. AB - The isolated occurrence of reversible acute sensorineural hearing loss associated with thrombocytosis without other neurologic or hematologic manifestations has not been previously reported in the English literature, to our knowledge. We treated a patient with essential thrombocytosis who developed acute sensorineural hearing loss associated with marked thrombocytosis and in whom the hearing loss reversed after plateletpheresis. PMID- 3753123 TI - Polyuric prerenal failure after reduction from high to normal dietary intake of sodium. AB - In a patient with renal amyloidosis secondary to chronic urinary tract infection with nephrotic syndrome, polyuric acute renal failure developed after reduction from a high to a normal dietary intake of sodium and was reversed by salt replacement therapy. As documented by functional and morphological studies, the patient had a marked defect of tubular sodium reabsorption at the proximal site and along the ascending limb of Henle's loop, a distal tubular unresponsiveness to aldosterone, and severe tubulointerstitial damage in the medulla. We propose that the sodium dietary reduction in conjunction with severe tubular dysfunction and hypovolemia due to nephrotic syndrome is responsible for this unused form of polyuric acute prerenal failure. PMID- 3753124 TI - Hyperpyrexia associated with intravenous cimetidine therapy. Report of a case. AB - Fever as a drug reaction is common. It has, however, not been widely recognized as a complication of cimetidine therapy. We observed a patient who, during the administration of intravenous cimetidine, became hyperpyretic and confused. Six hours after cimetidine therapy was discontinued, he became afebrile. The potential for hyperpyrexia to occur with cimetidine should be considered in patients with unexplained fever who are receiving this drug. PMID- 3753125 TI - Minimal-change nephrotic syndrome associated with malignant mesothelioma. AB - A 68-year-old man presented with nephrotic syndrome. Renal biopsy revealed minimal-change glomerular disease. The proteinuria did not respond to treatment with prednisone and cyclophosphamide. On further workup, the patient was found to have a malignant mesothelioma of the pleura. The proteinuria then improved during treatment with doxorubicin hydrochloride and dacarbazine, without noticeable improvement in the tumor. This case suggests an association between mesothelioma and minimal-change glomerular disease with nephrotic syndrome, previously unreported to our knowledge. Our review revealed only ten previous cases of minimal-change glomerular disease associated with carcinoma. PMID- 3753126 TI - Cholestatic hepatic injury related to warfarin exposure. AB - Despite the widespread use of oral anticoagulants derived from 4-hydroxycoumarin, there have been only a small number of well-defined cases of hepatotoxicity. We report a well-defined case of cholestasis following exposure to warfarin sodium (Coumadin). Inadvertent rechallenge reproduced the syndrome. Cholestasis may occur in response to exposure to derivations of 4-hydroxycoumarin. PMID- 3753127 TI - The missing gap. A pitfall in the diagnosis of alcohol intoxication by osmometry. AB - An osmolal gap (a disparity between measured and calculated serum osmolality) may accompany alcohol intoxication. We encountered a patient with methanol toxicity in whom no such gap was present, despite a markedly elevated serum methanol level. Further investigation revealed that serum osmolality had been measured with a vapor pressure osmometer; this technique may not detect volatile solutes such as alcohols. In vitro testing confirmed the insensitivity of vapor pressure osmometry to toxic ranges of both methanol and ethanol. When alcohol toxicity is suspected, an osmolal gap should be sought only if freezing point osmometry is available. PMID- 3753128 TI - Transition from peristaltic esophageal contractions to diffuse esophageal spasm. AB - A patient with dysphagia and chest pain was shown by manometry to have high amplitude peristaltic esophageal contractions (nutcracker esophagus). Worsening symptoms over the next two years led to the performance of repeated manometric studies, which showed diffuse esophageal spasm. This demonstration of a transition from nutcracker esophagus to diffuse esophageal spasm lends further support for consideration of the nutcracker esophagus as a manometric disorder associated with chest pain or dysphagia. Furthermore, it suggests a pathophysiologic relationship between the nutcracker esophagus, a disorder with preserved peristalsis, and diffuse esophageal spasm, the classic dysmotility considered to be of neurogenic origin. PMID- 3753130 TI - Serum gastrin level increased by chronic hypercalcemia. PMID- 3753129 TI - Cushing's syndrome from the therapeutic use of intramuscular dexamethasone acetate. AB - We present, to our knowledge, the first case of Cushing's syndrome due to large doses of intramuscular dexamethasone acetate. Dexamethasone levels after intramuscular dexamethasone administration were measured in two patients. Serial determination of the dexamethasone levels demonstrated prolonged serum half-lives of seven and 33 days in the two patients, respectively. Furthermore, pharmacologic levels of dexamethasone were present as long as seven months after the initial injections. The present recommendation for the use of intramuscular dexamethasone acetate is as frequent as every one to three weeks. However, our patients demonstrate that supraphysiologic levels of dexamethasone may still be present well beyond the three-week period. PMID- 3753131 TI - Streptokinase skin testing. PMID- 3753132 TI - Division of physician-provider time between ambulatory and in-bed patients in the various medical specialties. PMID- 3753133 TI - Severe postmenopausal osteoporosis and thyroid hormones. PMID- 3753134 TI - The new medical ethics: a second opinion. PMID- 3753135 TI - Renal handling of uric acid: hypouricemia and tubular urate secretion. PMID- 3753136 TI - Effect of fast moving stimuli and saccadic eye movements on cell activity in visual areas V1 and V2 of behaving monkeys. AB - Extracellular recordings were carried out in the visual cortex of behaving monkeys trained on a fixation/detection task, during which a target light was displayed stationary or suddenly moving on a tangent translucent screen. The responses of visual cortical cells to fast moving stimuli during steady fixation and those obtained during rapid eye movements (saccades) which moved their receptive field across a stationary stimulus, were studied. Areas V1 and V2 were explored. When tested with rapidly moving stimuli (500 deg/sec) during steady fixation, neurons in each area behaved in almost the same way. About one fourth of them were activated, the remainder showing either no response (little more than a half of them) or a reduction of the spontaneous firing rate. In both areas, some of the neurons activated during steady fixation did not respond or responded very weakly during eye motion at saccadic velocity (500 +/- 50 deg/sec). Neurons of this type, which we refer to as 'real motion' cells, could somehow contribute to the maintenance of visual stability during the execution of large eye movements. PMID- 3753137 TI - Effect of xylocaine and carbachol applied to the caudate nucleus of rats on barbiturate sleeping time. AB - Since lesion of subcortical structures may affect the barbiturate sleeping time (bST), we decided with the present study to elucidate the role of the caudate nucleus in the determination of central sensitivity to barbiturates. Rats implanted with a cannula in the caudate nucleus of one or both sides, as well as with a jugular cannula, were utilized. Intravenous injections of sodium pentobarbital (40 mg/kg), intracerebral injections of Xylocaine (0.04 microgram), carbachol (0.2 micrograms) or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACF) into the caudate nucleus were performed. Both Xylocaine and carbachol, but not ACF, increased the bST regardless of the preparation used, the only exception being Xylocaine which did not alter the bST, if injected into the left caudate nucleus. The results suggest that the caudate nucleus may act as a modulator of the central sensitivity to barbiturates. PMID- 3753138 TI - A sensitive, fast, durable, highly selective method for the determination of amino acids and biogenic amines in the cerebrospinal fluid and other body fluids and tissues. AB - A sensitive, fast, durable HPLC method with high resolution for the determination of amino acids and some biogenic amines is described. It allows the simultaneous determination of more than 40 substances in the cerebrospinal fluid or other body fluids or tissues. The method allows to measure both, the free and the conjugated amino acids. It detects 5 X 10(-13) g of most amino acids and measures the relevant substances in their physiological concentrations with less than 0.1 ml cerebrospinal fluid. The precision is 1-2%. PMID- 3753139 TI - Electrophysiological projections of pulvinar-lateralis posterior complex (P-LP) upon superior colliculus units in the cat. AB - The effect of Pulvinar-Lateral Posterior (P-LP) electrical stimulation on superior colliculus unitary responses and eye movements is analyzed in 17 encephale isole cats. Twelve of them were curarized. Out of a total of 190 recorded units, 117 were localized in the superior colliculus and 73 units in the Mesencephalic Reticular Formation (MRF) below the superior colliculus. Thirty eight per cent (n = 45) of the collicular units modified their discharge frequency when the ipsilateral P-LP was electrically stimulated. The current intensity thresholds of transynaptic activation had a range between 0.5 and 2.0 mA. Most of the orthodromic responses were produced by ipsilateral P-LP stimulation and were localized in the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus. Three types of responses were obtained: short latency responses between 2 and 10 ms (57%); intermediate latency responses between 15 and 40 ms (29%), and long latency responses between 50 and 200 ms (14%). Thirty one per cent (n = 18) of the units recorded in the MRF responded to P-LP stimulation with 10 ms pulse-trains duration. In the MRF 3 types of responses were observed: 1) a decrease or blockade in the resting discharge during 20 to 100 ms after stimulation (20%); simple responses with a latency between 25 and 150 ms (40%), and complex responses with an early response and a latency between 15-40 ms, and a late response with a latency between 150 and 200 ms (40%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3753140 TI - Higher density of mental capacities in the left cerebral hemisphere of man: a quantitative investigation in children with localized cerebral lesions. AB - 51 children with localized cerebral lesions were investigated with the British Ability Scales, Wechsler test, Porteus Mazes, Conners Teacher Rating Scale, and computerized tomography. The extent of the lesions was quantitatively determined. The IQ was 10 points lower in the left hemispheric lesions, although the right hemispheric lesions were larger. When corrected for size of lesions, the IQ is 17 points higher (p less than 0.05) in children with right than with left hemispheric early lesions. The children with left hemispheric lesions had also significantly more behavioural problems (Conners Scale). Children with bilateral lesions had 15 points lower IQ than those with unilateral lesions, although from the slightly larger extent one could expect only 3 points difference. There was no influence of hemiparesis or of epilepsy of the IQ independent of the extent of lesion. There was more plasticity of the hemisphere than of the lobes as shown by Wisconsin Card Sorting data. The higher density of mental capacities in the left cerebral hemisphere of man is explained by more efficient programs, and more dense packing of functions due to more training of the left cerebral hemisphere. PMID- 3753141 TI - Cortical neurons projecting to the posterior part of the superior temporal sulcus with particular reference to the posterior association area. An HRP study in the monkey. AB - Corticocortical connections from the posterior association area to the posterior part of the superior temporal sulcal cortex (STs area) were studied in the monkey by means of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or wheatgerm-agglutinin-conjugated HRP (WGA-HRP). After injecting 0.05-0.2 microliter of 50% HRP or 5% WGA-HRP into the STs area, labeled cells were examined in various cortical regions. The dorsal wall of the STs receives fibers mainly from the inferior parietal lobule (area 7) and superior temporal gyrus (area 22), whereas the ventral wall and floor part of the STs receive fibers from the posterior inferotemporal gyrus (area TEO) and prestriate cortex (areas 18 and 19). The deeper parts of the dorsal wall close to the floor region of the STs area also receive many fibers from the cortical walls surrounding the intraparietal, lunate and lateral sulci. Both the dorsal and ventral cortical walls of the intraparietal sulcus send fibers mainly to the deep dorsal wall of the STs. The ventral wall of the STs, on the other hand, receives fibers only from the ventral wall of the intraparietal sulcus. The medial surface of the prestriate cortex and the parahippocampal region send fibers to both walls of the STs. In the prestriate-STs projections originating from areas around the parieto occipital sulcus, a topographic correlation is present; area 19 located anterior to the sulcus projects to the dorsal wall, whereas area 18 situated posterior to the sulcus projects to the ventral wall. Only the dorsal wall receives fibers from the cingulate (areas 23 and 24) and subparietal gyri (area 7). The deeper part of the dorsal wall and the ventral wall of the posterior STs area are interconnected with each other, while the upper part of the dorsal wall does not appear to receive fibers from the ventral wall. PMID- 3753142 TI - Nickel-content of urease from Bacillus pasteurii. AB - Urease from Bacillus pasteurii DSM 33 was purified 34-fold to a maximum specific activity of 996.5 mumol urea min-1 mg-1 at 30 degrees C. Homogeneity was demonstrated by isoelectric focussing which showed a single protein zone corresponding to a pI of about 4.6. The native enzyme was demonstrated to have a molecular mass of 230,000 and to consist of identical subunits of 65,500, as measured by SDS electrophoresis. Radioactive 63Ni-nickel co-chromatographed with urease through gel filtration, ion-exchange, and affinity chromatography. Measuring specific radioactivity, the nickel content was found to be 1.00 (+/- 0.1) g-atom Ni per mol of subunit, and 0.82 g-atom Ni per mol as measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. This indicates that 1 atom of nickel is present in each of four subunits of the enzyme. PMID- 3753143 TI - Degradation of various amine compounds by mesophilic clostridia. AB - From 60 species of the genus Clostridium tested 26 species were able to degrade one to three of the following compounds: betaine, choline, creatine, and ethanolamine. Degradation of betaine and choline was always associated with the formation of trimethylamine as one of the products. Creatine was converted to N methylhydantoin and with one species (Clostridium sordellii) to sarcosine in addition. The diagnostic value of the ability of clostridial species to degrade the compounds mentioned is discussed. N,N-dimethylglycine, N,N dimethylethanolamine or sarcosine were not metabolized by the strains tested. PMID- 3753144 TI - [Toxic oil syndrome. Experimental poisoning in the rabbit]. PMID- 3753145 TI - [Visual evoked potentials in Parkinson disease]. PMID- 3753146 TI - [Pupillary dysfunction without external ophthalmoplegia in a case of Guillain Barre syndrome]. PMID- 3753147 TI - [Psychological aspects of neoplastic pain in childhood]. PMID- 3753148 TI - [Perinatal factors in mucous otitis]. AB - From the retrospective study of 141 children suffering from mucous otitis requiring drainage, the percentage of 40% perinatal factors (birth by cesareans, prematurity, neonatal intensive care) has been found much higher than in the general population. This suggests: 1. that there is, under these conditions, a deficiency of ventilation of the middle ear linked to a pathology of the "surfactant", and/or to a poor resorption of the intra-auricular fluid and mesenchyma of the drum of the ear; 2. that preventive measures should be taken in this high risk population, consisting of systematic ear examinations with pneumo otoscopy during compulsory health examinations and tympanometry if an abnormality of the ear drum is found. PMID- 3753149 TI - [Value of plasma fibronectin in pediatric intensive care]. AB - This work was undertaken to demonstrate the pathophysiologic and prognostic value of plasma fibronectin measurement in critically ill children. Fibronectin was measured by laser-nephelometry in 25 children (group 1) whose ages ranged from 1 month to 12 years (mean: 13.8 months). All presented with severe infections. The control group consisted of 16 children with various benign disorders, whose ages ranged from 3 months to 13 years (mean: 3.6 years). Fibronectin plasma levels in group 1 (mean: 0.16 g/l +/- 0.08) and in the control group (mean: 0.28 +/- 0.10) were significantly different (alpha less than 0.001). The initial concentration and the kinetics of this protein during evolution seem to have a good diagnostic and prognostic value in severe infections in children. PMID- 3753150 TI - [Etiologic diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism and plasma thyroglobulin]. AB - Plasma thyroglobulin (Tg) measurement at the time of screening has a great value in the classification of congenital thyroid defects. Tg was measured in a group of 100 children with congenital hypothyroidism (athyreosis n = 15, ectopic n = 59, eutopic n = 26). Tg was undetectable in athyreosis. These values were significantly different (2.46 +/- 2.52 ng/ml) from those in the group of ectopic (111 +/- 139 ng/ml) and in the group of eutopic (196 +/- 312.1 ng/ml). Four patients with eutopic glands had non measurable Tg and may represent cases with congenital Tg defect. PMID- 3753151 TI - [Plasma thyroglobulin in treated hypothyroidism in children]. AB - In order to appreciate the value of the dosage of thyroglobulin (Tg) in the reappraisal of the classification of hypothyroidism after the onset of substitutive treatment and the supervision of patients treated with L-thyroxin (LT), plasma Tg and FT4 levels were studied in 42 samples from 21 hypothyroid children (ages ranging from 18 months to 16 years) under LT treatment. These patients were divided into 2 groups according to the results of scanning: group I: a thyroid (n = 8) and group II: ectopic or hypoplastic thyroid gland (n = 13). A control group consisted of 60 apparently healthy children of the same ages. Tg was undetectable in 11 samples of 6 children but significant levels (6.8 to 17 ng/ml) were found in 5 samples of 2 children. In group II, Tg could be measured in 20 of 26 samples, the mean level (+/- SEM) not being different from that in the control group (14.32 +/- 2.25 and 18.12 +/- 1.28 ng/ml, respectively). However, in this group, Tg levels seemed to be lower (9.75 +/- 3.94 ng/ml) in samples from patients with LT excess than in euthyroid or hypothyroid patients whose values of Tg were 15.8 +/- 3.36 ng/ml and 16 +/- 3.91 ng/ml, respectively. PMID- 3753152 TI - [Apnea disclosing Chlamydia trachomatis infection in a premature infant]. AB - The authors report a peculiar type of maternofetal Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection in a 34 week-premature neonate. The revealing sign was the occurrence, at age 11 days, of frequent apneas with bradycardia, needing mechanical ventilation associated with adapted antibiotic therapy for 14 days. Diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of CT in tracheal secretions. Immediate evolution was favorable. Literature data are reviewed and a short epidemiological survey is reported. PMID- 3753154 TI - [Crohn's disease in children]. PMID- 3753153 TI - [Differential diagnosis of a cutaneous eruption of nonbacterial etiology in the newborn infant: incontinentia pigmenti]. PMID- 3753155 TI - Some reflections on treating schizophrenics. AB - Until recently, most mental health professionals and society generally have been reluctant to provide the community care and treatment needed by schizophrenics. To understand this, some of the recurrent and underlying issues that often impede treatment are briefly discussed: our expectations of schizophrenics and of ourselves; how to derive gratification from working with schizophrenics; dealing with issues of dependency and independence; providing asylum; taking into account the needs of families; and the barriers to setting limits and involuntary treatment. If mental health professionals pursue goals and use techniques that are not consistent with clinical reality, the recently revived interest in the chronically mentally ill will be lost out of frustration, staff burnout, and the disappointed hopes of administrators and the general public. PMID- 3753156 TI - Secular changes in affective disorder and variations in the psychosis gene. PMID- 3753157 TI - Akathisia variants and tardive dyskinesia. PMID- 3753158 TI - Toward a more reliable diagnosis of akathisia. PMID- 3753159 TI - Psychiatric disorders in the biological and adoptive families of adopted individuals with affective disorders. AB - To investigate the contribution of genetic and environmental factors in the etiology of mood disorders, a study was initiated to examine the frequency of psychiatric disorders in the biological and adoptive relatives of adult adoptees with mood disorders and in matched normal adoptees. Psychiatric evaluations of the relatives were made on the basis of independent blind diagnoses based on mental hospital and other official records. Analysis of the data showed an eightfold increase in unipolar depression among the biological relatives of the index cases and a 15-fold increase in suicide among the biological relatives of the index cases. These data demonstrate a significant genetic contribution to unipolar depression and suicide. They fail to disclose a significant contribution of family-associated transmission in the genesis of the mood disorders. PMID- 3753160 TI - Impact of severity and chronicity of parental affective illness on adaptive functioning and psychopathology in children. AB - We report on the impact of specific indexes of the severity and chronicity of parental depression, measures of familial discord, and demographic variables as predictors of impaired adaptive functioning and psychopathology in children. Seventy-two children and their mothers from 37 families were interviewed in person. At least one biological parent in each family had a depressive disorder but neither parent had a history of mania, schizophrenia, or schizoaffective disorder. Almost every measure of severity and chronicity of depression in the biological parents has a statistically significant association with currently impaired adaptation and the presence of a DSM-III-diagnosed disorder in the children, as do the measures of increased discord among married or separated parents. Depression in the mother is more strongly associated with increased psychopathology in the children than is depression in the father. PMID- 3753161 TI - San Diego Suicide Study. II. Substance abuse in young cases. AB - Fifty-three percent of 133 consecutive young suicides had a principal psychiatric diagnosis of substance abuse. Twenty-four percent had an additional principal diagnosis of atypical depression, atypical psychosis, or adjustment disorder with depression. The relationship of the substance abuse to the additional diagnosis was usually obscure, though this subgroup was similar to the group with only substance abuse on a number of factors. Typically, substance abuse was a chronic condition present for nine years. Multiple substance abuse was the norm in these cases, and marijuana, alcohol, and cocaine were the most frequently abused substances. Substance abusers without other principal diagnoses received psychiatric care less frequently than those with additional principal diagnoses. PMID- 3753162 TI - Dopamine metabolism in the cerebrospinal fluid of drug-free schizophrenic patients with and without cortical atrophy. AB - Cortical atrophy measured with computed tomography was observed in ten of 53 schizophrenic patients. Levels of homovanillic acid, dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid (DOPAC), conjugated DOPAC, and dopamine sulfate (DASO4) were measured in the cerebrospinal fluid of these patients during a drug-free evaluation. Patients with cortical atrophy had lower cerebrospinal fluid levels of homovanillic acid, DOPAC, and conjugated DOPAC but higher DASO4 levels. Combined measures of dopamine utilization were significantly lower in patients with cortical atrophy. We did not find significant clinical or demographic differences between the patients with and without cortical atrophy. Patients without brain atrophy who had dopamine utilization above the mean showed more psychotic symptoms and shorter duration of illness, while those with dopamine below the mean had more negative symptoms. We propose that both state- and trait-dependent variables affect dopamine turnover. PMID- 3753163 TI - A comparative study of manic vs schizophrenic speech disorganization. AB - Recent studies have indicated that thought disorder occurs among manics at least to the same degree as among schizophrenics. The present study assumes that thought disorder can be considered as an abnormality of language whereby listeners are unable to organize speech into a single, coherent "whole." A model of language processing is presented that predicts that the incoherence of manic speech is due to shifts from one coherent discourse structure to another, while the ability of schizophrenic speakers to construct any discourse structure is deficient. A discourse analysis was applied to normal, manic, and schizophrenic speech samples. The two hypotheses were supported. The implications of these findings in light of other investigations of mania and schizophrenia are discussed. PMID- 3753164 TI - Phototherapy of seasonal affective disorder. Time of day and suppression of melatonin are not critical for antidepressant effects. AB - Seasonal affective disorder is characterized by recurring cycles of fall-winter depression and spring-summer hypomania (or euthymia). In winter, depressed patients with seasonal affective disorder respond to daily treatments with five to six hours of bright artificial light in two to three days. They relapse two to three days after light is withdrawn. In this study carefully controlled experimental conditions were used to determine whether phototherapy acts via a photoperiodic mechanism in which the timing of light is critical for its therapeutic effect. Photoperiodism is a common regulatory mechanism in animal seasonal rhythms and depends for its effect on light-induced changes in the pattern of nocturnal melatonin secretion. The results reported herein of "skeleton photoperiod" experiments indicate that the efficacy of phototherapy may not depend on its timing or its effect on melatonin secretion. PMID- 3753165 TI - Polysomnographic findings in recently drug-free and clinically remitted depressed patients. AB - Thirteen patients were examined by sleep polysomnograph (PSG) and the dexamethasone suppression test when clinically depressed and later when clinically remitted for six months and no longer receiving antidepressant medication for two to five weeks. None of the PSG variables (rapid eye movement [REM] latency, total sleep time, stage 1 through 4 times, REM time, and REM densities in periods 1 through 3) was significantly changed between symptomatic depression and symptom remission. While symptomatic, 11 of 13 patients exhibited a reduced REM latency (65 minutes or less). After clinical remission, eight of the 11 continued to exhibit reduced REM latencies, whereas the dexamethasone suppression test tended to show nonsuppression only during clinical depression. These data represent either longer-term (ie, slow to normalize) biologic consequences of a depressive episode or biologic antecedents of clinical depression that may herald a return of the depression in individuals vulnerable to recurrence. Whether PSG abnormalities identify clinically remitted patients who are prone to develop another depressive episode requires longitudinal follow up studies. PMID- 3753166 TI - Electroencephalographic sleep in psychotic depression. A valid subtype? AB - Electroencephalographic (EEG) sleep patterns were examined in 27 psychotic and 79 nonpsychotic subjects with major depression to evaluate the validity of the psychotic-nonpsychotic subtype dichotomy. Sleep in psychotic depression was characterized by increased wakefulness, decreased rapid eye movement (REM) sleep percentage, and decreased REM activity even after controlling for clinical differences in age, severity, and agitation. Psychotic depressive subjects also were more likely to have extremely short sleep-onset REM latencies. In psychotic depression EEG sleep varied as a function of total illness duration. Patients with recent-onset syndromes had profiles characterized by marked initial insomnia, increased stage 1 sleep percentage, and long REM latency; patients with illnesses of longer duration had extremely short REM latencies. Demonstration of selected EEG sleep variables discriminating between psychotic and nonpsychotic depression further supports psychotic depression as a distinct subtype of major affective disorder. PMID- 3753167 TI - Effects of one night's sleep deprivation on mood and behavior in panic disorder. Patients with panic disorder compared with depressed patients and normal controls. AB - The effects of one night's sleep deprivation on mood and behavior were evaluated in 12 patients with panic disorder, ten depressed patients, and ten controls. In contrast to the improvement in symptoms of anxiety and depression shown by the majority of depressed patients, the response of patients with panic disorder as a group did not differ from that of normal controls, although a subgroup did experience noticeable worsening in their symptoms of anxiety, with 40% experiencing panic attacks on the day following sleep deprivation. Electroencephalographic recordings with nasopharyngeal electrodes on the day following sleep deprivation were normal, further suggesting that patients with panic disorder do not have seizure activity characteristic of temporal lobe epilepsy. PMID- 3753168 TI - Holzman's fences. Chauvinism or confusion? AB - Psychiatric syndromes are defined psychologically. Why then has Holzman written that psychiatry maintains a wall between itself and psychology? Why does the Archives publish so few articles on psychological topics? And why does psychiatry neglect psychology in other ways? Holzman has suggested that chauvinism is at fault, but for Archives this is not the case. It seems more likely that the problem reflects difficulties with our understanding of the nature of teleonomic explanations. PMID- 3753169 TI - [Comparative morphological studies of cervix cancer and adjacent tissue following preoperative intracavitary contact therapy using Cf-252 or Co-60]. AB - The effects of Cf-252 and Co-60 radiation have been compared by investigating radiation response and radiation pathomorphosis of the cervical carcinoma and surrounding normal tissue. The effectiveness of radiotherapy treatment was evaluated by comparison of Cf-252 and Co-60 irradiated patients (each arm 18 patients) with a non-irradiated control group (15 patients), suffering from epithelium carcinomas of the cervix uteri. The total dose in point A was 60 isoGy in either case given in 3 fractions at 28 days using the after-loading units "ANET" (neutrons) and "AGAT V" (gamma). Two to three weeks after irradiation, extended extirpation of the uterus and its adnexa was performed. The therapeutic effect was strongest in both comparative groups with superficially located exophytic forms of the cervical carcinoma and with carcinoma in situ. With invasive growth forms, signs of therapeutic pathomorphosis were found in both groups predominantly in the superficial tumor areas. However, the extent of the remaining tumor complexes was much greater with Co-60 than with Cf-252 radiation. Adenocarcinomas were more sensitive to Cf-252 independently of the invasion depth of the tumor. The observed alterations in the surrounding normal tissue of the uterus, both in the immediate proximity of the Cf-252 source (endometrium) and at some distance (myometrium, perimetrium) reflect the more severe alterations following irradiation as compared with Co-60. The lower values of the volume density of the tumor parenchyma remaining after radiotherapy and the high damage index (95.5%) give evidence for the pronounced biological and therapeutic effectiveness of high dose rate Cf-252-radiation. They allow to expect improvement of late results in the treatment of patients with epithelium carcinoma of the cervix uteri, and it seems to be reasonable to make further studies in that direction. PMID- 3753170 TI - [A possible cause of cancer pain]. AB - Under normal conditions, the pH of the brain and the nervous tissues is independent of the blood glucose concentration in the circulation but constantly lowered to values around 7.0. The latter is due to an 8-9% contribution of aerobic glycolysis to the entire energy metabolism of these tissues. However, this proportion as well as the pH value remain unchanged when the blood glucose increases, because the blood-brain barrier and the blood-nerve barrier, which is formed by the myelin sheaths, prevent an excess glucose penetration. If the blood nerve barrier is damaged, the glucose transport toward the nerve fibres is markedly increased, followed by increased glycolysis, strong acidification of the affected nervous region and, consequently, generation of pain. The destruction of blood-nerve barriers by the outrageous growth of a tumor and the following pH drop in the nervous tissue might be considered an important cause of cancer pain. As was observed in experiments, there is a correlation between blood glucose level and intensity of pain. Therefore, cancer pain can be relieved by measures that either equalize deviations (peaks) of the blood glucose level or even reduce it as such. PMID- 3753171 TI - Alterations in the number of large granular lymphocytes in patients with carcinoma of the breast and uterine cervix prior to and after radiotherapy. AB - The relative as well as absolute number of large granular lymphocytes (LGL) in the peripheral blood of patients with carcinomas of the breast and cervix uteri were significantly (p less than 0.05) declined compared to the healthy controls. The reduction in LGL was more pronounced in patients with far advanced carcinoma. Clinical remission following radiotherapy is associated with mild increase in the number of LGL in the blood of both groups of cancer patients. PMID- 3753172 TI - Experimental osteotomy fixed with composite resins. AB - In connection with osteosynthesis carried out on the tibias of rats we compared acrylic and bis-GMA plastics (CMW and Silar) and acrylic emulsion and acrylic dispersion used as intermediary material. A total of 80 rats of both sexes were used. The rats were divided into four groups, in which different intermediary material combinations were tested. The observation times were 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 weeks. Macroscopical, radiological, histological, oxytetracycline fluorescence, and scanning electron-microscopical studies were done. Histologically, the Silar proved to be the more reliable fixation material and acrylic dispersion the better intermediary material. Furthermore, the radiological results were better (P less than 0.05) when acrylic dispersion was used as the intermediary material and Silar as the plastic. PMID- 3753173 TI - The New Jersey Low-Contact-Stress Knee Replacement System: biomechanical rationale and review of the first 123 cemented cases. AB - A mobile-bearing element, metal-backed, interchangeable knee replacement system has been designed to combine low constraint forces with low contact stresses (LCS), allowing nearly normal joint articulation and loading as well as long-term wear resistance of the implants. The system is versatile, including a large number of component options in variable sizes, and it may be used in both primary and revision arthroplasties. The overall results in the first 123 cemented cases (97 patients) with 2- to 7-year follow-up (average 3.7 years) were good to excellent in 88.6%, fair in 3.3%, and poor in 8.1%. Fair and poor results were seen predominantly in multiply operated and implant revision cases. The best results were noted in primary cases, 97.4% of which had good to excellent results. There have been no mechanical implant failures and no meniscal bearing dislocations in this series. Pain relief and restoration of function have been very gratifying with this system. PMID- 3753174 TI - Sacral osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma: a report of 13 cases. AB - The authors present 13 cases (nine males and four females) of osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma of the sacrum. All patients were less than 20 years old. Clinical and radiographic findings, histological features, and therapy of these rare lesions are discussed. Surgical excision with a posterior approach is considered the treatment of choice, except for tumors localized in the body of S-1, which require an anterior approach. The prognosis is good, even when the neoplasm has been incompletely removed. Nevertheless, a marginal or wide resection is the recommended surgical treatment. Radiotherapy is necessary only for inoperable tumors. PMID- 3753175 TI - Biomechanical and biochemical studies of tendon healing after conservative and surgical treatment. AB - Based on clinical studies, it has been proposed that conservative treatment of Achilles tendon ruptures is feasible. However, no biomechanical or biochemical confirmation of this proposal has been presented. In the present investigation the biomechanical and biochemical properties of tendons treated surgically and conservatively after transverse tenotomy were studied. Sixty-eight New Zealand White rabbits were used. A transverse tenotomy of the plantaris longus tendon of the left hind leg was performed. In half of the animals the tenotomy was repaired with a criss-cross silk suture and the limb was immobilized; the other half were treated with immobilization alone. The immobilization was maintained for 4 weeks with a long-leg plastic splint in both groups. After 4, 8, and 16 weeks the tendons were examined regarding biomechanical and biochemical parameters. There were no detectable differences in biomechanical parameters or in tendon elongation between the groups, nor was there any difference in the total hydroxyproline content, the amount of mature and of immature collagen, or the water content. The present findings are compatible with previous favorable reports on conservative treatment of Achilles tendon ruptures and thus suggest interesting clinical possibilities. PMID- 3753176 TI - Lesions in different types of anterior glenohumeral joint dislocation. An experimental study. AB - Three different kinds of anterior shoulder joint dislocation were studied in an experimental setup including 15 shoulder joint specimens. Lesion to the anterior inferior part of the capsule was the most frequent finding in anterior dislocation. In anterior-superior dislocation lesions to the anterior-inferior part of the capsule and the posterior part of the cuff were equally prominent. Anterior-inferior dislocation was associated with lesions to all capsular structures including the glenohumeral ligament and both the anterior and posterior part of the cuff. From a clinical point of view, the study indicates that in some types of anterior dislocation a severe lesion of the posterior part of the capsule and cuff must also be considered. PMID- 3753177 TI - Eriksson-Ellison reconstructions. The results of a combined intra- and extra articular procedure for anterolateral instability and a lesion of the anterior cruciate ligament. AB - A rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament will give rise to the signs and symptoms of anterolateral instability after secondary insufficiency of the lateral capsule and the iliotibial tract have developed. Untreated knee instability predispose to meniscal lesions, chondromalacia, and osteoarthritis of the knee. Other reasons for reconstruction are the patient's wish to return the knee to near-normal function and rejection of life-long utilization of a brace. A combination of an intra-articular Eriksson-Drez procedure and an extra-articular Ellison procedure was carried out in 27 patients with anterolateral instability. Follow-up evaluations were performed, with an average follow-up of 4 years and 5 months. The subjective and objective results are encouraging and similar to those obtained with other combined techniques. PMID- 3753179 TI - When is surgery indicated in anterior knee instability? Considerations on operative and functional treatment. AB - Rupture of the ACL may result in chronic anterior knee instability. However, in the majority of patients the secondary stabilizers of the joint such as collateral ligaments, menisci, and the capsule will compensate for this instability. We recommend surgical reconstruction of the acute rupture of the ACL only in the young, active athlete. Concomitant ruptures of capsuloligamentuous structures do not indicate surgical treatment: they may be treated by a plaster cast or a splint with good results. Chronic symptomatic anterior knee instability should first be treated by a vigorous muscle-training program. Surgery is performed only for those patients who cannot compensate for their instability after this rehabilitation program. PMID- 3753178 TI - Cervical disk injuries in athletes. AB - Cervical disk injuries are defined as a cervical injury associated with neurological deficits, radicular symptoms, or radiological evidence of disk degeneration, but not with a fracture or a dislocation of the cervical spine. Thirty cases covering the period from July 1982 to June 1984 were analyzed, and the following findings are presented. Fifty percent of the injuries were sustained in American football. Sixty percent of radicular signs and symptoms were from the fourth and fifth cervical root. The roentgenographic changes were most common at the fourth and fifth intervertebral disk spaces. Most of the cases responded satisfactorily to a simple cervical collar and cervical traction. The athletes who presented radicular signs and symptoms required 5 months to return to full sports activities, and 60% of these had some residual symptoms after completion of treatment. The athletes who had a block vertebra of the cervical spine were not suited for contact sports. Recognition of the seriousness of cervical disk injuries in athletes is emphasized. PMID- 3753180 TI - A correlative assessment of photon interaction and histomorphometric measurements of bone density. AB - Thirty-four femoral necks from human cadavers were measured by techniques assessing bone density and bone mineral density, and by the Singh index. These methods are based on photon interaction with biological components and can be applied noninvasively for clinical evaluation of changes in skeletal status. Trabecular bone volume, mineralized bone volume, and relative osteoid volume were evaluated histomorphometrically using undecalcified histologic sections obtained from the same samples. The trabecular and mineralized bone volumes showed significant correlations with the bone density and mineral density. These results enhance the validity of recently developed photon-interaction techniques for evaluating bone properties. PMID- 3753181 TI - A consecutive series of 64 halo-vest-treated cervical spine injuries. AB - A consecutive series of 64 halo-vest-treated unstable cervical spine injuries is described. We agree with earlier investigators on the advantages of halo-vest treatment. For several types of injuries affecting the cervical spine we prefer the halo-vest method, which has a low rate of technical failures and complications. The healing rate was found to be high. Hospitalization was very short with the halo-vest method. PMID- 3753182 TI - Quincke's edema in a dialysis patient after administration of acrylic bone cement: possible role of ethylene oxide allergy. AB - A 33-year-old female dialysis patient suffered from osteomyelitis and luxation of the dens axis with cervical myelopathy. In the past she had had three attacks of anaphylaxis after treatment with dialyzers that had been sterilized with ethylene oxide. IgE-type antibodies directed against human serum albumin-ethylene oxide complexes could be demonstrated in the patient's serum by radioallergosorbent techniques. Immediately after an operation in which acrylic bone cement (Palacos R) sterilized with ethylene oxide was implanted for stabilization of the cervical spine, the patient developed massive edema of the larynx, pharynx, and tongue, suggesting Quincke's edema. It is concluded that ethylene oxide present in acrylic bone cement may induce acute allergic reactions in sensitized patients. Dialysis patients may be at special risk, since the incidence of ethylene oxide allergy in this patient population is about 10%. PMID- 3753183 TI - Intraspinal spur and scoliosis. AB - An unusual case of scoliosis, associated with an osteocartilaginous spur producing narrowing of the spinal canal, is reported. Routine physical examination and radiography revealed no abnormality apart form an absent left ankle reflex. The defect was discovered at autopsy following death during operation. In order to discover this rare associated defect in scoliotic patients, myelography is recommended whenever a minor neurological defect is present. PMID- 3753184 TI - Studies on the secretion of amino acids and of urea into the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. 3. Secretion of urea determined by continuous intravenous infusion of 15N-urea. AB - Three pigs, of 34 kg live weight, were each fitted with re-entrant cannulas both in the duodenum and terminal ileum and catheters in the jugular vein and in the carotid artery. Pigs received a diet based on wheat and dried skimmed milk in equal amounts at 12 h intervals. During the preliminary period the digesta flowing from both duodenal and ileal cannulas were collected over 12 h after feeding on two consecutive days and half of them were reintroduced into the gut and half were stored at -20 degrees C. During the experimental period 15N-urea was infused into the jugular vein for 12 hours starting with the morning meal. Total amount of urea infused was 5 g containing 1.22 g 15N-excess. The digesta from both proximal duodenal and ileal cannulas were collected and stored, while the digesta from the preliminary period were reintroduced into the respective distal cannulas. Blood samples were taken at different time of infusion. At the end of infusion period the animals were sacrificed and samples of the contents of the digestive tract and tissues were taken. Urea flux calculated according to atom-% 15N-excess of urea N in plasma was 1.23 to 2.37 g/kg body weight/day. In the duodenal digesta 94.5 +/- 0.2 and in ileal digesta 57.1 +/- 7.39 per cent of 15N were in the TCA soluble fraction. The total amount of 15N in the duodenal digesta was 1.7 to 6.3 times greater than in the ileal digesta. Only small amount of 15N was found in the caecum and almost none in the contents of colon and rectum. It is concluded that urea is secreted into all parts of the digestive tract, the main sites of urea secretion being pancreatic juice and/or bile as well as the small intestine. The total amount of urea secreted is assumed to be similar to the daily urea excretion. PMID- 3753185 TI - [Nitrogen and amino acid absorption in the small intestine of growing pigs. 2. Apparent and true crude protein digestibility and amino acid absorption to the end of the small intestine]. AB - Studies of the apparent and true ileal digestibility of crude protein and the apparent and true amino acid (AA) absorption were carried out with 7 female pigs in the live weight range between 22 and 34 kg after ileorectostomy. Protein sources of varied quality with regard to the method of treatment (toasted) and untoasted soybean oilmeal) and to the AA composition (vital gluten or vital gluten + L-lysine X HCl) were used. Distinct differences regarding the apparent ileal digestibility of crude protein and the apparent absorption of amino acids were discovered between the protein sources, the cause of which is to be seen in the different amounts of endogenous N. The true ileal digestibility of crude protein and amino acid absorption were partly distinctly higher than the values of the apparent ileal digestibility of crude protein and AA absorption. On the whole one can say that the results of the investigation gained by means of ileorectostomy can be compared to the values gained from cannulated animals. Thus the experimental method used is suitable for studying the absorption process to the end of the small intestine of pigs. PMID- 3753186 TI - [Use of sugar beet in porcine nutrition. 1. Effect of various methods of treatment on the gastrointestinal tract]. AB - The influence of the size of particles, of steaming and preserving (formic acid) of the sugar beet 'Rosamona' was studied with respect to apparent digestibility and tract parameters. Digestibility measuring only resulted in an improvement for crude protein due to the cutting up into small pieces. Tract measures and fillings, microbial activity and an estimate of the absorption rates of nutrients indicate that the bigger part of fresh and silaged coarse particles is digested in the colon but that the nutrients of steamed (and partly mashed) beets are predominantly pre-caecally digested. PMID- 3753187 TI - [Relation between vitamin E supply and the fertility of laying hens]. AB - In 4 experiments with a total of 1296 laying hens it was ascertained that a laying hen requires 1 mg vitamin E/kg feed for egg production if the ration contains sufficient selenium and is not rich in multiply unsaturated fatty acids. For the fertilization of the eggs little more of this vitamin is required. There were close relations, however, between the amount of vitamin E supplement to the feed and the number of hatched chickens in % of the fertilized eggs. With the help of the experiments carried out so far the exact requirement could not yet be ascertained. Based on the results of our experiments we recommend 20 mg vitamin E/kg feed for breeding hens of the laying variant. There is a close relation between the vitamin E content of the feed and that of the yolk. A supplement of 7 or 14% resp. of vitamin-free sunflower oil decreases -in dependence on the vitamin E supplement-hatching in particular without diminishing the vitamin E content of the yolk. The vitamin E content of the yolk sac, however, was drastically reduced. The influence of polyene fatty acids in hatching is smaller when sunflower oil rich in vitamin E is supplemented. Vitamin-free sunflower oil has an influence on the vitamin content of the yolk, but it diminishes drastically the vitamin content of the yolk sac and, provided that vitamin E supply is low, prevents hatching. PMID- 3753188 TI - [Urea utilization in growing lambs. 3. Effect of urea and straw on carcass composition]. AB - Subsequent to a growth experiment with intensively fattened lambs the value of the carcasses of 4 animals each from 7 groups was determined. The control groups with mixed fattening feed for lambs and the groups with wheat and barley mixtures containing urea showed higher carcass yields, net gains, fat percentage and padding, dry matter and fat content of the carcass and lower quotas of important cuts as well as a lower crude protein content in the carcass than groups with grain without urea and groups with straw. This is due to the higher weight gains of the first-mentioned groups. There were no significant differences in the carcass characteristics between the animals of the control group and the grain urea groups. The carcass quality of the male lambs was better than that of the female ones. PMID- 3753189 TI - Some attempts to improve the nutritive value of urea for dairy cows. 3. Its adjunction to fermentable carbohydrates: starea. AB - Starea, an intimate mixture of gelatinized wheat starch and urea, was tested again urea with regard to the ammonia release in the rumen, the amount and composition of the nitrogen fraction reaching the intestine, the nitrogen and energy balances, and the performance of lactating cows. Maize silage was the basal feed in all experiments. The ammonia concentration in the rumen liquor was measured in two cows fitted with a permanent rumen cannula. The curve of the ammonia concentration was about the same with both nitrogen supplements, and peaked at about 250 mg/l (14.7 mmol/l) two hours postfeeding. Two dry cows fitted with a re-entrant cannula at 10 cm from the pylorus were fed with maize silage supplemented with increasing amounts of either urea or starea. The duodenal nitrogen flow rapidly levelled off with both supplements and no significant difference between them could be detected. The amount of ammonia in the duodenal digesta remained very low. Nitrogen digestibility measured in lactating cows was not noticeably affected when starea instead of urea was added to maize silage. However, nitrogen excretion in the urine tended to decrease, while nitrogen secretion in milk was augmented with starea. The digestibility of the rations and their metabolizable energy supply were not significantly affected, and milk production was quite the same with both supplements, apart from the higher amount of milk protein obtained with starea compared with urea. As a general conclusion from the whole work conducted on the nutritive value of urea for lactating cows, it can be stated that the decline in performance of the animals after substitution of urea for conventional protein is mainly due to a decrease of the metabolizable energy concentration in the diets. None of the attempts tested in an effort to improve the nutritive value of urea was able to overcome this difficulty. PMID- 3753190 TI - [Protein and amino acid metabolism in the digestive tract of growing bulls. 6. Apparent digestibility of the amino acids entering the duodenum and of amino acid from feed]. AB - After studies with young bulls provided with duodenal cannulas the apparent digestibility (AD) of the individual amino acids getting into the duodenum (AAD) was ascertained on the basis of 28 different rations. The AD of the AAD is defined as follows: AAD--AAfaeces/AAD X 100. The results thus obtained show a relative constancy, only insignificantly impaired by the consideration of the dependence of the AD of the AAD on the AA concentration in the ration. The average value for the AD of the sigma AAD was 72.5 +/- 4.9%. The dependence of the AD of the sigma AAD on the sigma AA concentration in the ration is: y = 67.8 + 0.51x +/- 4.6; r = 0.355x. In addition, the relation between AD AAD and AD AAfeed protein' each in % of AA intake and AA concentration in the ration, was studied and reported on. PMID- 3753191 TI - Cytomorphological changes in liver cells exposed to allyl and benzyl isothiocyanate and their cysteine and glutathione conjugates. AB - Since allyl isothiocyanate has been reported to be a bladder carcinogen and benzyl isothiocyanate is a known anti-carcinogen, it is important to know the mode of their cytotoxic action. This was investigated in a RL-4 hepatocyte cell line by studying the morphological effects of increasing concentrations of the isothiocyanates and their glutathione and cysteine conjugates. These effects were compared with those induced by tert-butylhydroperoxide which supposedly has its primary effect upon the cytosolic glutathione status and thus upon the integrity of Ca2+-sequestrating mitochondria. The results agree with the previously postulated role of conjugation in the exposure of cells to isothiocyanates: Conjugates show effects similar to those produced by the free parent compounds because conjugates release free isothiocyanates in aqueous solution. The cytomorphological effects increase in a more or less dose-dependent manner with increasing concentrations of isothiocyanate or exposure time. Probably due to increased exposure, suspended RL-4 cells are more sensitive to the toxic action than cells growing on a substrate. No qualitative differences were found between the effects of allyl and benzyl isothiocyanate, indicating that their different effects in vivo are perhaps related to organ-specific differences in equilibrium between the conjugated and unconjugated forms of the test substances. The first cytomorphological effects of isothiocyanates consist of surface blebbing (zeiosis) and swelling of dictyosomal cisternae. At higher concentrations swelling extends to vesicles of endoplasmic reticulum. Mitochondria are not affected until the cells reach the necrotic phase of injury.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3753193 TI - Genotoxic effects of ketamine on CHO cells. AB - Ketamine, a non-barbiturate anaesthetic agent, was studied for its genotoxic potential using the SCE assay. It was genotoxic in the in vitro system at concentrations comparable to the plasma levels achieved during steady state anaesthesia. It had no effects on cellular kinetics in CHO cells. PMID- 3753192 TI - Histological demonstration of wheat germ lectin binding sites in the liver of normal and ANIT treated rats. AB - Wheat-germ lectin peroxidase conjugate was used to stain the liver of normal rats and rats given alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT). Changes in patterns in bile duct and canalicular staining were compatible with the hypothesis that cell damage caused by ANIT is essentially restricted to bile ducts. PMID- 3753194 TI - Toxicity studies on clove cigarette smoke and constituents of clove: determination of the LD50 of eugenol by intratracheal instillation in rats and hamsters. AB - Eugenol, eugenol acetate, beta-caryophyllene, and alpha-humulene are constituents of clove and clove cigarette smoke. The toxicity of these compounds was evaluated by intratracheal instillation in male F-344 rats. Eugenol was most toxic in this assay. The LD50 of eugenol was 11 mg/kg in male F-344 rats and 17 mg/kg in male Syrian golden hamsters. Congestion of the lung with interstitial hemorrhages, acute emphysema, and acute pulmonary edema were among the macroscopic and histologic findings observed in the animals after intratracheal administration of eugenol. Similar effects were not observed with male Syrian golden hamsters exposed to clove cigarette smoke. The estimated daily intake of eugenol for those hamsters exposed to clove cigarette smoke was below 2 mg/kg. PMID- 3753195 TI - Excretion, distribution and metabolism of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene in rats. AB - 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene (TCB) labeled with C-14 was given perorally to rats at a dosage of 50 mg/kg for excretion and distribution studies. About 66% and 17% of the oral dose was excreted in the urine and feces, respectively, within 7 days. Trapped radioactivity in the expired air amounted to 2.1% of the dose, but production of labeled carbon dioxide was negligible. Tissue residues were evenly distributed throughout the organs and tissues examined, except for the adipose tissue which consistently had a little higher concentration. The urinary, fecal and expiratory metabolites were identified. Free 2,4,5- and 2,3,5-trichlorophenol (TCP) and their conjugates were mainly detected in the urine. 5- or 6-Sulfhydryl, methylthio, methylsulfoxide and methylsulfone derivatives of TCB were also detected as minor metabolites. Dichlorobenzenes and unchanged TCB were confirmed in the expired air. Reductive dechlroination seems to be catalysed by intestinal microflora enzymes. PMID- 3753196 TI - Pre- and postnatal carbohydrate metabolism of rat lung tissue. The effect of maternal nicotine exposure. AB - The effect of maternal nicotine exposure on fetal and neonatal lung metabolism was investigated. Nicotine (0.25 and 1.0 mg/kg body weight/day) administered subcutaneously to the mother animal from day 7 of gestation until weaning led to retarded glycogenolysis of fetal lung. This was due to an inhibition of lung glycogen phosphorylase. Exposure until 2 weeks after birth had no effect on the in vitro oxygen consumption of lung tissue, but the total glucose turnover of rat neonates exposed to 0.25 and 1.0 mg nicotine/kg body weight per day was increased to 78.96 +/- 3.92 and 121.09 +/- 7.36 mumol/g per h, respectively, as compared to controls (64.95 +/- 4.56 mumol/g per h). In contrast to the marked increase in total glucose turnover, the in vitro lactate production was significantly lowered, suggesting an inhibition of the glycolytic pathway. The lung lecithin content of control neonates (day 1 post-partum) was 1.94 +/- 0.30 mg/g wet tissue mass. Nicotine administration to the mother resulted in a 92% higher lung lecithin content (3.72 +/- 0.06 mg/g). The results suggest that although nicotine will have no effect on the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome due to a lack of lecithin, it may have a detrimental effect on the functional development of the lung as a result of its inhibitory effect on glucose oxidation via the glycolytic pathway. PMID- 3753197 TI - Strain difference in mercury excretion in methylmercury-treated mice. AB - The strain differences in mercury excretion and organ distribution after administration of methylmercuric chloride (5 mg/kg) were studied in male mice of four strains, C57BL/6N, BALB/cA, C3H/HeN and AKR. The urinary excretion rate of mercury for 5 days following administration was 3.9-4.7 times higher in the C57BL strain than in the other three strains, whereas the mercury level in feces was highest in the AKR strain. Although the blood mercury concentration in the C57BL strain was almost half that in the others up to the 5th day, the plasma levels did not vary so widely. C57BL showed the highest ratio of plasma to whole blood mercury level, which was thought to originate from the lower affinity of methylmercury for hemoglobin. The variation of the plasma/whole blood ratios was rather small throughout the experimental period in each strain examined. In the C57BL strain, the mercury levels in brain, liver, kidney and blood were significantly lower on and after the 5th day than in the other three strains, probably because of the rapid elimination of body mercury into urine, but the mercury uptake by the brain and kidney 5 min after administration was at a rather higher rate than in the other strains. On the other hand, the highest tissue levels were shown by the C3H strain in the brain and liver, and by the BALB/c strain in the kidney. It was suggested that in the C57BL strain, the higher mercury distribution in plasma and rapid uptake by the kidney might result in higher urinary excretion. PMID- 3753198 TI - Analysis of the structure of fish lymphocystis disease virions from skin tumours of pleuronectes. AB - Virions of fish lymphocystis disease (FLDV) from tumour-carrying-fishes (flounder, dab, plaice and gurnard) collected in the North Sea were isolated directly from the tumours and purified by sucrose and subsequent caesium chloride gradient centrifugation. They were studied by electron microscopy using embedding methods, negative staining and using metal shadowing methods. Tumours of dermal connective fish tissue showed particles with hexagonal outlines. Occasionally, an "empty structure" was observed. Subunits of the virus membrane were identified after 3 per cent phosphotungstic acid (PTA) or 0.2 per cent Ruthenium red (RR) staining. FLDV measures 199-227 nm in diameter. PMID- 3753199 TI - Characterization of orbiviruses of the Kemerovo serogroup: isolations and serological comparisons. AB - Nine Orbiviruses of the Kemerovo serogroup were isolated from ticks collected in seabird colonies situated in the U.K., Faeroe Islands, Norway, Morocco and California, U.S.A. Comparison by serological tests with previously reported members of the Kemerovo serogroup demonstrated that viruses isolated from the hard tick, Ixodes uriae, were members of the Great Island subgroup, whereas viruses from soft ticks, Argas monolakensis and Ornithodoros maritimus, belonged to the Chenuda subgroup. Members of the Chenuda group differed from the Great Island group in their ability to produce plaques in Xenopus cell cultures and in the time taken to produce clinical signs in infected mice. PMID- 3753200 TI - Characterization of antigenic structures on arabis mosaic virus with monoclonal antibodies. AB - Seven different epitopes on arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) were discerned. Neo-, crypto-, and epitopes exposed on the virion and isolated coat protein were differentiated by their reactivity with monoclonal antibodies in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The monoclonal antibodies, produced in vitro and in vivo, were of IgGl, IgM and IgA isotype. No epitope exclusively specific for one isolate was found. One epitope was specific for ArMV isolates only. With the common epitopes an operational antigenic map was devised. An immunological relationship between nepoviruses of different serological subgroups was demonstrated. Grapevine fanleaf virus, a member of the ArMV subgroup could not be shown to expose crossreactive epitopes. For serotyping ArMV isolates were discriminated by comparing the reactivity of two or more monoclonal antibodies specific for different epitopes. PMID- 3753201 TI - Establishment of a variant type of turkey herpesvirus which releases cell-free virus into the culture medium in large quantities. Brief report. AB - A variant turkey herpesvirus (HVT/VT) which releases 10(5.0) plaque-forming units per 0.1 ml of cell-free virus into the culture medium was established from the prototype HVT FC 126 strain (HVT/WT). Many enveloped and naked virions of HVT/VT but only naked virions of HVT/WT were found in the culture medium. By the HindIII restriction cleavage patterns, the HVT/VT DNAs were almost identical to those of HVT/WT. The HVT/VT was replication-defective in chickens. PMID- 3753202 TI - Chicken strain G-B1 exhibits a relative resistance to avian osteopetrosis. AB - The disease induced by the avian myeloblastosis associated virus MAV-2-O in the susceptible chicken strains Brown Leghorn (BLH) and Prague CB (CB) was compared with that induced in the resistant G-B1 strain. Osteopetrosis, stunting and lymphoid organ atrophy were more severe in BLH than in CB chickens. G-B1 animals remained superficially normal until the end of the experiment. In contrast to the other two strains, the histopathological changes were very mild and there was no sign of immunosuppression. After 4 months, however, nephroblastomas could be detected in more than 50 per cent of the infected G-B1 chickens. Similar tumors were also found in CB birds kept for up to 5 months. Antibodies against MAV-2-O specific viral proteins were detected in plasma from infected G-B1 chickens but the titers were less than in plasma of convalescent birds. Virus could be demonstrated in peripheral blood until the end of the experiment (at 8 weeks). Therefore the resistance of the G-B1 strain is due neither to a restriction at the receptor level nor the result of a humoral immune reaction, but represents a new type of relative resistance at the cellular level. From (CC X G-B1)F1 and (CC X G-B1)F2 crosses the resistant phenotype is determined by a single genetic factor. This gene is not linked to the major histocompatibility complex. There is also a sex-dependent factor, possibly hormonal, involved in the resistant phenotype. PMID- 3753203 TI - MAV-2-O replicates at a reduced rate in cells from the osteopetrosis resistant G B1 chicken. AB - The replication of the avian osteopetrosis virus MAV-2-O was compared in chick embryo fibroblasts from two strains of chicken. These were G-B1 which is relatively resistant to MAV-2-O and CB which is susceptible. The production of MAV-2-O was delayed in G-B1 cells (compared with CB cells). The same result was observed after infection with Rous sarcoma viruses of subgroups B, C, and D. In addition, the transforming viruses induced foci on G-B1 fibroblasts 24 to 48 hours later than on CB fibroblasts. In G-B1 cells there was also a delayed kinetics of intracellular viral RNA production. Integrated and linear unintegrated MAV-2-O DNA species were also present in lower amounts in G-B1 than in CB fibroblasts at 3 days postinfection. In vivo studies confirmed the in vitro situation. There was a marked difference in the amount of virus present in the osteoid bone matrix and the osteocytic lacunae of osteopetrotic bones from susceptible and G-B1 chickens. In contrast to the bone lesions from susceptible animals, budding virus particles were not detectable in lesions from G-B1 chickens. There was no difference in the amount of virus in osteopetrotic and non osteopetrotic bone of susceptible chickens suggesting that virus replication alone is not sufficient for induction of osteopetrosis and that an additional specific virus-cell interaction is required. The relative resistance of strain G B1 may therefore, be a consequence of a reduced frequency of this interaction. Its basis may be the lower amount of integrated, as well as unintegrated, viral DNA. PMID- 3753204 TI - Cold-adapted reassortants of influenza A virus: pathogenicity of A/Ann Arbor/6/60 X A/Alaska/6/77 reassortant viruses in vivo and in vitro. AB - Cold-adapted reassortants of A/Ann Arbor/6/60 X A/Alaska/6/77 viruses made in MDCK cells have recently been assessed genotypically and for temperature sensitive and cold-adapted phenotypes. These reassortants were used to infect ferrets and hamsters and to inoculate organ cultures of hamster tracheal rings, in order to assess their degree of virulence. Virulence in the three model systems corresponded quite well, and a correlation between loss of virulence and particular A/AA/6/60 genes present in the reassortants was noted. Two different reassortants containing either RNA 2 or RNA 5 (NA gene) alone from A/AA/6/60 showed little attenuation from the wild-type parent. A reassortant containing both RNA 2 and the NA gene from A/AA/6/60 and all remaining wild-type genes showed some small decrease in virulence compared to the wild-type virus. However a reassortant containing these two A/AA/6/60 genes and RNA 3 as an additional gene from this parent, had a level of attenuation comparable to that of the cold adapted virus. PMID- 3753205 TI - [Evaluation of release fluoroimmunoassay (RFIA) for the determination of specific IgE antibody]. PMID- 3753206 TI - Studies on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline and its effect on respiratory impedance in asthmatic patients after multiple oral dosing of a sustained-release theophylline tablet formulation. PMID- 3753207 TI - [Analysis of occupational allergy induced by mouse dander]. PMID- 3753208 TI - [Studies of food allergy--blastogenesis of lymphocytes to food allergens]. PMID- 3753209 TI - [Study on the environmental and background factors affecting allergic conjunctivitis]. PMID- 3753210 TI - Bronchodilation caused by nasopharyngeal stimulation in child-asthmatics. A possible activation of nonadrenergic noncholinergic inhibitory nerve system. PMID- 3753211 TI - [Structuro-functional features of different links in the microhemocirculatory bed of the myocardium]. AB - Morphofunctional peculiarities of various elements of the microhemocirculatory bed (MHCB) of the myocardium performing correction of the nutritive blood stream, structures and mechanisms of the microvessel permeability have been studied. The investigation has been performed on 20 mature rabbits and 5 mongrel dogs, transmissive electron microscopy and certain cytochemical techniques applied for revealing ATP-ase, lactate-, malate-, succinate-dehydrogenases, cytochrome-C reductase and glycosamine glycans. Structural differences in microvessels of various range are described. Together with smooth muscle cells in arterioles and precapillary sphincters, specialized endotheliocytes and valve-like formations, situating in the orifices of blood capillaries, participate in regulation of hemoperfusion of the MHCB functional units. The data have been obtained characterising cytolemma of the endotheliocytes as a complex system, where plasmolemma, being the bearer of ATP-ase and a complex of oxidoreductase, regulates physical-chemical properties of the paraplasmolemmal layer and ensures the control of all the forms of the transcapillary transport. Micropinocytic vesicles are proved to differentiate into two functionally asynonymous populations: one of them performs the energy-dependent transport, while the other reserves the plasmolemma. PMID- 3753212 TI - [Lymphoid structures in the wall of the human esophagus during postnatal ontogenesis]. AB - Lymphoid aggregates in the wall of the human oesophagus have been studied in corpses of 107 persons died a sudden death and who had not any disease in the digestive organs and in the immune system (total plane preparations, slices stained with hematoxylin--eosin, azure-2-eosin and after van Gieson). The lymphoid aggregates are arranged as longitudinal chains. Their number increases from birth towards the second childhood, and then decreases towards the old age. In the upper oesophageal parts these aggregates are more numerous than in the lower ones. The lymphoid aggregates look like convexoconvex lenses. Their size is maximal during the second childhood, the longitudinal dimensions are nearly two times as great as their thickness. With time, the sizes of the formations become small. The arrangement density of the lymphoid cells in the subepithelial layer of the mucous membrane is maximal in newborns, and then it decreases up to the old age. The lymphoid aggregates are situated in the oesophageal wall, mainly, near the ducts of the oesophageal glands. PMID- 3753213 TI - [Myocytes of the inguinal lymph nodes]. AB - Owing to the method for making total plane preparations of the capsule after A. V. Borisov, it is possible not only to prove presence of myocytes in the capsule and in the trabeculae of the inguinal lymph nodes in the man and rat, but to open out general regularities of their distribution and orientation. In the capsule areas, corresponding to the places, where the lymph nodules are adjacent to (zone A), the number of myocytes is the least. They are oriented in various directions and are in close contact with each other (fascicular-reticulate principle of distribution of myocytes). In the capsule areas, surrounding A zones (named B zones) the myocytes are situated in tight layers and have circulatory orientation. At the place where the afferent lymphatic vessel gets into the capsule, precapsular lymphangion makes an infundibular dilatation and its myocytes along the sloping spiral get into the capsule, where they are arranged circulatory and form a muscular "constrictor". While studying ultrastructure of myocytes in the rat inguinal lymph nodes, it has been found out that their structure is typical for the smooth muscle cells. There are numerous myo-myocytic contacts of nexus type, that unite the myocytes of the node into a single functional complex. PMID- 3753214 TI - [Ultrastructure of large granule-containing lymphocytes possessing natural killer activity]. AB - By means of light and electron microscopy, ultrastructural cytochemistry and immune cytochemistry methods, contents and ultrastructure of large granule containing lymphocytes (LGL) have been studied in human blood--this is cell population possessing natural killer and, partly, antibody-depending cytotoxicity. The LGL concentrates are isolated from blood applying successive physical-chemical methods, differential centrifugation in the density gradient of pack-phycoll and percoll included. Separate LGL populations are marked by means of rosette-forming reaction with sheep erythrocytes and monoclonal antibodies OKT4 and OKT8. Relative and absolute amount of the LGL in 1 1 of blood is 5.4 +/- 0.5% and 0.319 +/- 0.28 X 10(9), respectively. The LGL ultrastructure is characterized with a low nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, with presence of osmiophilic (azurophilic) granules in cytoplasm and specific parallel-tubular structures, with a well developed Golgi complex, an essential number of mitochondria, vesicles with smooth wall and vacuoles, as well as multivesicular bodies and Gallo bodies. The LGL subpopulations, expressing various membrane antigens (E+, E , OKT8+, OKT8-) differ in their ultrastructure, that is evidently stipulated by the degree of their differentiation and their function. PMID- 3753215 TI - [Changes in the ultrastructure of muscle fibers of the diaphragm in response to physical loading (morphometric analysis)]. AB - Red and white fibers have been investigated in the diaphragm of white rats, normal and under effect of physical loadings, various in intensity and duration. Relative volume and amount of lipid inclusions and mitochondria and their profiles and amount of glycogen granules have been estimated per one unit of the fiber section area. In unadapted animals acute physical loadings result in exhaustion of the reserves in the areas with a high volumetric density of mitochondria. These changes are mostly pronounced in the red fibers. Under a prolonged effect of the physical loadings of the training regimen, muscle fibers of both types have similar ultrastructural changes, demonstrating certain increase in their oxidative potential. PMID- 3753216 TI - [Effect of acetylcholine on the ultrastructure of interneuronal synapses]. AB - Effect of 10(-4) M solution of chlorous acetylcholine (ACh) on ultrastructure of the leech (Hirudo medicinalis) cerebral synapses has been studied. ACh can produce an increased adhesion in membranes of the neuropil, nearly similar to that observed at its electrostimulation. The main manifestations of the increased membrane adhesion are: association of the electron opaque substance on the surface of organelles and in the submembrane layer, aggregation of synaptic vesicles, their adhesion with mitochondria, aggregation of the electron opaque material on the external surface of plasmalemmas (in intercellular clefts) and formation of glio-neuronal contacts. Variousness of the effects mentioned and participation of different membrane types in them demonstrate that the increased adhesion a reaction is not specific. Not only membrane (lipid-containing) structures participate in it, but also a structural matrix of cytoplasm and submembrane layer, the bases of the latter make certain proteins. It is possible to think that the leading mechanism of the adhesive changes mentioned is the reaction of membrane and cytoplasmic proteins. This coordinates with the data of previously performed intravital direct ultraviolet cytospectrophotometric and interferometric investigations. PMID- 3753217 TI - [Changes in myosatellitocytes in response to injuries of the muscles of the esophagus]. AB - Processes occurring in the striated muscle tissue in the rat oesophagus have been studied light- and electron-microscopically under various lesions of the oesophageal muscles. Stages of the regenerative process are described. The muscle tissue in the oesophagus is revealed to possess the ability of myosatellitogenesis. Ultrastructural peculiarities of various types of myosatellitocytes are reported. Segregation of nucleo-sarcoplasmic segments from some injured muscle fibers is demonstrated. Owing to these data, it is possible to consider the striated muscle tissue in the oesophagus as one of the varieties of the somatic muscle tissue. PMID- 3753218 TI - [Age and changes in the number of endocrine cells in the stomach and their role in senile atrophy of the gastric glands]. AB - In the gastric mucous membrane of 40 rats representing 4 age groups (pubertal, mature, old and very old age) per 10 animals in each, thickness of the mucous membrane has been measured by the argyrophil method of Grimelius and the argentaffin method of Masson - Hamperl and the number of the endocrine cells has been counted. The thickness of the mucous membrane and the length of its glands, as well as the number of argyrophil cells increase from the pubertal towards the mature age. From the mature up to the old age the number of argyrophil cells rises in the antral part, and in the acid-producing zone it significantly decreases. The number of argentaffin cells in the stomach does not change from the pubertal towards the old age. In the very old age, against the background of atrophy of gastric glands, the number of both argyrophil and argentaffin cells decreases in both parts of the stomach studied. The data obtained are discussed taking into consideration functional role of various types of endocrine cells, producing biologically active peptides and monoamines. PMID- 3753219 TI - [Veins of the pancreas (in vivo angiographic study)]. AB - Vital roentgenocontrast investigation of the pancreatic veins has been performed in 125 selective phlebographies of the portal system performed by means of probing through the skin and hepatic catheterization, as well as by means of blood samples from the pancreatic veins. Standard points of the ostia position of the most constantly revealed veins are demonstrated. Accordance between the veins and the glandular parts they drain is described. This makes it possible to localize with certainty hormonally active neoplasms in the organ. PMID- 3753220 TI - [Method of biomicroscopy of the hemocirculatory bed of the myocardium of the isolated heart of the rabbit]. PMID- 3753221 TI - [Various problems in the structural organization of the thyroid gland]. PMID- 3753222 TI - [Patterns in the development of the ultrastructure of elements of the microcirculatory system in the early stages of human embryogenesis]. AB - By means of transmissive electron microscopy methods, general regularities in development of the microcirculatory system have been studied at early stages of the human prenatal ontogenesis in functionally different organs. Ultrastructure of two cell types has been described in the mesenchyme of human embryos. Formation mechanisms of the primary blood vessels belonging to the protocapillary type are revealed. Structural peculiarities of the primary protocapillary network differentiating into various links of the secondary organospecific hemomicrocirculatory bed are distinguished. Certain stageness in development of the microcirculatory system is stated, its blood circulatory compartment including. Two stages are determined in development of the microcirculatory system: prevascular and vascular microcirculation. The latter includes the precirculatory and circulatory phases. PMID- 3753223 TI - [Neurons of the central nervous system innervating the lips and oral area of the pond snail]. AB - By means of retrograde transport methods, CoCl2 and horseradish peroxidase, localization and morphological peculiarities of the CNS neurons, that innervate lips and oral area, have been studied in the pond snail (Gastropoda). The neurons, sending their processes into the anterior and middle labial nerves, are found nearly in all ganglia of the parapharyngeal nervous ring on the distal and ventral surface. In the cerebral ganglia they situate as several symmetrical groups. Among the neurons revealed, there are cells with rather local distribution of the terminal branches of the processes in the CNS neuropil and neurons with vast branching areas in the neuropil not only of its own ganglion, but also of the neighbouring ones. The problem concerning the zones of possible intersensory interaction in the cerebral ganglia is discussed and presence in them, together with complex reflectory arches, of bisegmental reflectory arches is considered. PMID- 3753224 TI - [Sources of the vascularization of the human interatrial septum of the heart with different variants of the atrial blood supply]. AB - Angiograms of 110 preparations of the human hearts at various ages have been studied. In order to reveal vessels of the coronary bed, roentgen contrast lead mass has been used. Peculiarities of vascularization have been described in all parts of the interatrial septum and in the fossa ovalis area at various variants of branching of the atrial vessels: right coronary, left coronary and even. With age, in the fossa ovalis area certain decrease in the number of the blood vessels is observed and the network they form becomes less dense. In the interatrial septum its middle part and the fossa ovalis area are the regions which contain the least amount of vessels. In the antero-inferior part of this septum a comparatively dense vascular network is revealed. PMID- 3753225 TI - [Tissue composition of the sinoauricular area of the human heart (a quantitative electron microscopic analysis)]. AB - An original technique for fixation, treatment and oriented embedding of the sinoauricular area material of the human heart makes it possible to study ultrastructure of the conducting myocardial in the sinus node (SN) and that of the parasinusoid working myocardium in the right atrium (RA), while the spatial interrelations, between the structures of the area examined are fully kept intact. Quantitative analysis of the SN and RA myocardial tissue composition has been performed. Contents of muscular, connective tissue, vascular and nervous components in the SN and RA have been estimated in hearth of 8 men died from causes not connected with any heart disease. Informativity degree of each component studied is discussed for differentiating the SN conducting myocardium from the RA working myocardium in ultrastructural investigations of the human heart in autopsies. PMID- 3753226 TI - [Hemomicrocirculatory bed of the muscles of the shoulder and forearm]. AB - By means of classical anatomical techniques: injection of contrast masses into the vascular network, macro-microscopic preparation, translucency, roentgenography, and some histological techniques, peculiarities of the hemomicrocirculatory bed in muscles of the human arm and forearm have been revealed. Small arteries of the 3d-4th order run along the muscle fiber fasciculi. In the center of the 2d order muscle fasciculus, in its internal perimysium, arteriole and venule (or 2 venules) run; from them into the 1st order fasciculus, precapillary arterioles and postcapillary venules, connected by means of capillaries, run. The arteriole and the venule, accompanying it, together with the precapillary arterioles and postcapillary venules, branching off them, form a unit of the microcirculatory bed of the arm and forearm muscles (module). Well developed intramuscular arterial anastomoses, presence of isolated structural functional units of the hemomicrocirculatory bed ensure functional prosperity of the human muscles. PMID- 3753227 TI - [Structural changes in popliteal lymph nodes in the graft vs. host reaction to H Y antigen in male C57BL/6-strain mice]. AB - Regional popliteal lymph nodes in intact, control and experimental (I, II, III groups, respectively) have been studied by means of the morphometric method in male C57Bl/6 line mice at the pick of the reaction produced by injection of spleen cells and mesenteric lymph nodes obtained from syngenic females and repeatedly immunized to H-Y antigen (10 animals in each group). Injection of the cell suspensions from the immunized and intact females of the C57Bl/6 mice result nearly in two-fold increasing mass of the regional popliteal node at the expense of enlarged size of all its zones. Changes in cytoarchitectonics of the node structural components result from redistribution of certain cellular elements. The essential changes in the cell composition of the lymph nodes in the II and III male groups are accompanied with an increasing part of the stromal reticular cells. Simultaneously, content of small lymphocytes decreases significantly. In the III group of mice there is a sharp increase in the content of young forms of the lymphoid line cells in all structural components of the node, as well as in eosinophilic granulocytes in medullary cords. In the dark cortical zone of the nodes (III group) there occur tissue basophils (mast cells), that, together with increasing number of acidophilic granulocytes and appearance of neutrophilic cells, demonstrates that there is an inflammatory reaction in the organ studied as a response to the lymphocytic suspension injected. In the experimental group of the animals a complete disappearance of plasma cells is noted in the node cortex, but some increase of their part takes place in the medullary cords. PMID- 3753228 TI - [Possibilities of indirect electroroentgenolymphography of the mediastinum in an experiment]. AB - Using various roentgen contrast preparations and different means of their administration, an optimal contrasting of the mediastinal lymphoapparatus is obtained, when colloid solutions (thorotrast) are injected intraperitoneally. Electroroentgenography with multiple magnification by means of the apparatuses REIS-D and ERGA-02 reveals lymph nodes in the mediastinum of small laboratory animals. Owing to the results of the investigation, it is possible to plan further steps for perfection of the experimental and, later on, clinical lymphography of the mediastinum. PMID- 3753229 TI - [Variants of the suspensory muscle of the duodenum (Treitz's ligament) and the anatomical basis for its effective dissection in duodenal stasis]. AB - Depending on peculiarities of the duodenum fixation to the posterior abdominal wall, normal (normoduodenum), dolichoduodenum and duodenoptosis variants are distinguished. The m. suspensoris duodeni (ligament of Treits) in each variant has its peculiarities. At the normoduodenum and dolichoduodenum, the ligament of Treitz contains a considerable amount of striated muscle tissue. At the duodenoptosis--it consists of a loose fibrous connective tissue with single smooth (non-striated) muscle fibers. As demonstrate anatomical experiments for dissection of the normal ligament of Treitz and of its two variants, dissection of the ligament of Treitz at duodenoptosis eliminates essential anatomical prerequisites of duodenostasis. PMID- 3753230 TI - [Changes in the acid phosphatase activity in skeletal muscles in temporary acute ischemia of the extremities and in early postischemic recirculation]. AB - Acid phosphatase (APh) activity has been experimentally studied on 69 dogs in the musculus soleus during ischemic and postischemic periods. Absence of an essential APh activation demonstrates a complete adaptation and stabilization of the intracellular mechanisms of homeostasis under an acute 3 hours' ischemia. Under a prolonged (6, 9, 12 h) ischemia APh activity in sarcoplasm of the muscle fibers increases considerably. This is, probably, one of the signs demonstrating structural-metabolic disadaptation and beginning of irreversible lesions. The data obtained make it possible to conclude that it is necessary to perform operative restoration of the blood stream in the extremities at early stages of ischemia. PMID- 3753231 TI - [Structural adaptations of the articular cartilage in fur-bearing animals under conditions of mobility]. AB - Adaptive properties of the articular cartilage and plasticity of its structures under various conditions of static-dynamic loading on joints have been studied when the data obtained in sables and minks, living in natural biocenosis and in cages, are compared. By means of optic, raster electron microscopy and microroentgenological analysis, peculiarities of structural formation of the articular cartilage have been revealed in ontogenesis, as well as succession in formation of its zonal architectonics. Conditions of prolonged hypodynamia are manifected as a number of anomalies in distribution of the cartilagenous integument of the joints affecting cellular and tissue levels of adaptation. PMID- 3753232 TI - [Tissue basophils in thermal damage to the skin in an experiment (morphometric analysis and statistical modelling)]. AB - By means of quantitative morphological analysis tissue basophils (TB) (mast cells) in the derm and in the subcutaneous loose connective tissue have been studied at various degree of thermal lesion of the skin. Average diameter, amount of the cells per 0.1 mm2 of the slice area and distance between them serve as criteria for estimation of the TB functional activity. Certain differences have been revealed in the TB state at a weak and severe thermal lesion of the skin. At a threshold thermal action, metabolic processes in the TB become active. Burns of the skin of the II and IIIa degree result in an increased discharge of the granular component from cytoplasm and often in death of the cells. By means of multiple linear regression equations certain dependence of the degree of the thermal skin lesion on the state of the TB population in various dermal layers and in the subcutaneous loose connective tissue is stated. PMID- 3753233 TI - [Cytoarchitectonics of the hematoparenchymal barrier of the normal liver and in disordered bile outflow]. AB - When 56 patients suffering from obstructive jaundice and 30 white rats with a model of mechanical jaundice have been investigated, several types of cells, undergoing certain changes at the pathological state, have been revealed in the hepatic capillary walls. After 10 days of the disturbed bile outflow, in the endothelial cells micropinocytosis increases, and satellite reticuloendotheliocytes (Kupffer cells), evidently, already at early stages of jaundice actively participate in rendering harmless bile components. Formation and renovation of the hepatic reticular carcass are connected with function of fat-containing cells. Development of intralobular fibrosis of the liver after 20 days of jaundice in patients and after 10 days of jaundice in the experiment depends on a sharp activation of fibroblast-like cells. Two successively arranged links of the cells are revealed: endotheliocytes and satellite reticuloendotheliocytes, directly participating in formation of the sinusoid wall and in transcapillary metabolism, and perisinusoid cells, situating in the perisinusoid space (Disse). They contain fat-cells, fibroblast-like cells and niche-cells. PMID- 3753234 TI - [Relation between morphometric criteria of the functional status of the arterial and microcirculatory bed of the myocardium in acute coronary insufficiency and the type of blood supply]. AB - Criteria of myocardial microcirculatory bed functional state under 3 types of blood supply of the heart with non-stenotic and stenotic coronary sclerosis were studied by the stereomorphometric method on 51 autopsies. These were cases of sudden death of acute coronary failure (men from 41 to 70 years old). Different degrees of total and specific volume decrease was found to be in correlation with the decrease in the quantitative parameters of "cardiomyocyte-capillary system". The specific features of interrelationship between parenchyma and capillaries under different types of blood supply show the variants of microcirculatory compensatory potential and explain the reasons for more frequent deaths in the extreme types. There was a direct relationship between the progressive coronary artery atherosclerosis, structure of microarterial bed rearrangement, myocardial circulation and the type of blood supply. PMID- 3753235 TI - [Evaluation of the status of the myocardium during surgical correction of congenital heart defects by simultaneous study of ultrastructure and macroergic phosphates (in biopsies of the human heart)]. AB - During surgical correction of Fallot's tetrad the authors discovered the decrease of macroergic phosphate concentration and moderately marked signs of cardiomyocytic ultrastructural changes, such as mitochondrial injuries, decrease of glycogen levels, insignificant intracellular edema, no increase of membrane penetration. Changes of endothelial cells were absent. In children not over 1 year old under myocardial protection with hypothermic perfusion (at low volume rates) some decrease of macroergic phosphates occurred, as well as a moderate decrease of the mitochondrial index, glycogen content decrease, there was no intracellular edema. The discovered structural changes are minimal and reversible. A close correlation was found between the electron microscopic data and the character of myocardial energetic metabolism, the biochemical changes preceding the ultrastructural ones. Comparison of morpho- and biochemical changes in the myocardium of the majority of patients with impaired myocardial function confirmed the existence of a complex relationship between them. PMID- 3753236 TI - [Ultrastructural changes in the capillaries of the placenta during hypoxia]. AB - To investigate early stages of hypoxia, the authors studied fetal capillaries of the terminal cilia in the placenta of women without clinical manifestations of fetal hypoxia in such pathologic states as protracted labor, uterine fibromyoma, late toxicosis of pregnancy. The capillaries are shown to have the same typical changes: the increase of nuclear volume, of the number of cytoplasmic organellae (mitochondria, cysternae of the granular endoplasmic reticula, polysomes and free ribosomes, pinocytic vesicules) and cytoplasmic appendages, which come into active contact with the blood cells. These changes are directed to normalization of oxygen and nutrient supply to the fetus. PMID- 3753237 TI - [Pathomorphology and differential diagnosis of intracerebral hemorrhages in newborn infants]. AB - Eleven cases of intracerebral hemorrhages (ICH), 9 of which were of hematoma type, were studied morphologically. On the basis of topography 2 main types of ICH were recognized: subcortical-cortical and periventricular. It is suggested, that ICH can be not only so-called the "main focus", but also the result of the blood penetration into the cerebral matter from the subpial and subependial hemorrhages, as well as a complication of the ischemic brain infarctions, including periventricular leukomalacia. The authors outline some criteria of differential diagnosis of ICH with hemorrhagic cortical infarctions, periventricular hemorrhagic (venous) infarction and hemorrhagic leucoencephalopathy. PMID- 3753238 TI - [Angiofollicular hyperplasia of the lymph nodes]. AB - Clinicomorphologic features of the hyaline-vascular and plasmacytic variants of lymph nodes angiofollicular hyperplasia are defined on the basis of literature data and the authors' own observations. Problems of morphologic diagnosis and nosology of this kind of the lymph node lesion are discussed. PMID- 3753239 TI - [Immunohistologic study of the localization of organ-specific antigens of the stomach and intestine and carcinoembryonic antigen in normal and pathologically altered stomach tissues]. AB - Localization of organospecific gastric and intestinal antigens, as well as of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was studied by an indirect immune peroxidase method on the sections of fetal stomach, normal definitive stomach, gastric mucosa with features of superficial and deep gastritis, enterolysis and dysplasia, as well as in gastric tumours. Normally, pepsinogen was found to localize in zymogen cells and to disappear in enterolysis and dysplasia of gastric mucosa. Intestinal antigen is absent from the normal mucosa, but is found in all the cases with enterolysis and dysplasia. CEA is most specific for dysplasia of gastric epithelium. In cancers of intestinal type pepsinogen was found in 54%, intestinal (colonic) antigen in 37.5%, CEA in 62.5%. In diffuse type cancers pepsinogen was absent, intestinal antigen was found in 76.9%, CEA in 92% of tumours. PMID- 3753240 TI - [Morphologic features and biological properties of melanomas in children]. AB - A complex morphologic study was made of primary skin melanoma, its metastases to the lymph nodes in a boy of 8, as well as of the tumour inoculate from the lymph node of the child on nude mice BALB/c in passages 1-6, 9, 10 and 44. The mitotic regimen of the material was studied. The data obtained show that childhood and adult melanoma is characterized by the same clinical-morphologic features. The electron microscopic study provided additional information for the confirmation of the histogenesis and identification of the melanoma type. To study individual sensitivity to antitumour drugs, it might be more reasonable to use first passages of the tumour, as the ultrastructural cell differentiation in them is maximally similar to the original one. PMID- 3753241 TI - [Effect of the adenohypophysis on structures of the breast and the development of dyshormonal processes in it]. AB - An analysis of the morphofunctional relationships between hypophysis and female mammary gland is performed in 146 patients aging between 8 and 25 years. Both organs are studied using various histological, histochemical, morphometric and statistical methods. It is established that hypophysis influences actively on the mammogenesis not only in the incipient (12-16 years) and late (22-25 years) periods of sexual maturation but at other age periods as well. However the degree and character of this pituitary influences on the mammary gland are not the same this being shown by the results of a correlation analysis of relationship between pituitary and mammary gland indices. This seems to be due to both a direct and indirect influence of pituitary hormones on the mammogenesis as well as to the individual variability of mammary gland responses on the mammogenic effects. In rare cases mammary gland reacts on the ordinary hormonal stimulus by the development of pathological process. PMID- 3753242 TI - [Teaching of pathology in the countries of Western Europe according to materials of the Council of the European Association of Pathologists]. PMID- 3753243 TI - [Chronic fibrous mediastinitis with a superior vena cava compression syndrome]. AB - An observation of chronic fibrous mediastinitis in a woman of 32 with the previous history of puerperal sepsis with bilateral pneumonia is described. The disease manifested clinically by a syndrome of v. cava superior compression. Chronic inflammatory process in the mediastinal adipose tissue with the development of a rough fibrosis was found morphologically. PMID- 3753244 TI - [Pathology of microhemocirculatory vessels in congenital heart defects with left to-right shunt]. AB - Pathology of microcirculatory vessels of greater omentum and bulbar conjunctiva in children with congenital heart disease presenting with a left-to-right shunt was studied by biomicroscopic and morphologic methods. It has been shown that in this disorder of central hemodynamics the progressive reduction of true capillaries arises both in bulbar conjunctiva, and especially in the omentum. The authors believe that such deficit of tissue blood supply leads to reduction of density in terminal vascular networks and to the simplification of the construction of microcirculatory, in which the number of main microvessels (capillaries) increases, thus combining directly arterioles and venules, resulting in blood flow centralization and decrease of the efficiency of microcirculation. PMID- 3753245 TI - [Method of emergency cytomorphologic diagnosis of basal deciduitis]. AB - A possibility of early cytomorphologic diagnosis of postnatal endometritis is shown on 57 observations: the number of lymphocytes and granulocytes and their ratio was determined from the scrapings of the placental basal lamina. PMID- 3753246 TI - [Prognostic criteria in renal cell cancer]. AB - Survival of 94 patients with hypernephroma is evaluated kinetically. The following factors were analysed: sex, age, tumour size, tumour invasion in the fibrous renal capsule, venous invasion, morphologic variant of the tumour, differentiation degree, angiographic tumour type. The main factors affecting the prognosis appeared to be tumour invasion in the fibrous renal capsule and the degree of tumour differentiation. Adenocarcinoma has a better prognosis. PMID- 3753247 TI - [Histospectrophotometric characteristics of renal cell cancer (based on the data on DNA content)]. AB - Histospectrophotometric study of DNA content in hypernephroma has shown that specificity of DNA distribution is related rather to the degree of tumour differentiation than to its morphologic appearance. Thus, diploidy, characteristic of high differentiated cancer, in line with lower differentiation degree is followed by the prevailing tetraploid and octaploid cells, the emergence of polyploid cell clone, reflecting marked wide-range aneuploidy on the DNA histogram. Moderately differentiated variants of hypernephroma, according to the pattern of DNA distribution, occupy the intermediate position, approximating either to high differentiated, or low differentiated tumours. PMID- 3753248 TI - [Acral melanoma]. AB - Basing on 18 observations, histological features of malignant melanomas on the soles and the terminal phalanges of the toes were revealed and described in detail. A specific character of melanomas with such localization is evident from the histological pattern and clinical manifestations. It is suggested to distinguish the described acral lentiginous melanoma as a separate clinico morphologic form of melanoma. PMID- 3753249 TI - [Morphological characteristics of multiple polyps of the large intestine]. AB - Morphologic characteristics of multiple colonic polyps from 155 patients were analysed. In 23.5% of cases the polyps were proximally localized. The histologic structure in 98.1% out of 316 polyps showed them to be adenomas with different atypical changes of the epithelium, including carcinoma in situ, or invasive cancer. With the increase in adenoma size its histologic structure became more complicated and atypical changes more prominent. Different forms of colonic mucosa multiple adenoma are reviewed, the incidence of malignancy being 11.6%. It is concluded, that thorough examination of the colon and active surgery is indicated in this group of patients. PMID- 3753250 TI - [Nosological characteristics of the morphogenesis of nephrosclerosis]. AB - Morphology of nephrosclerosis at its early stage is characterized by nosologic specificity. Morphogenetic mechanisms of glomerulosclerosis vary greatly and depend on the specific feature of the disease pathogenesis, underlying nephrosclerosis. Stromal sclerosis of renal cortex stroma is associated with the increase in collagen-synthesizing function of interstitial fibroblasts. At the late stages of nephrosclerosis all renal tissue structures are equally affected with sclerosis, resulting in loss of nosologic specificity of the process. Arterial hypertension favours the progression of nephrosclerosis. PMID- 3753252 TI - [Acinar cell carcinoma of the soft palate]. AB - An observation of acinocell carcinoma of the soft palate with metastases into the submaxillary lymph node is described. This is a rare tumour as to its histology and localization. PMID- 3753251 TI - [Morphofunctional status of the lungs in extrinsic allergic alveolitis]. AB - Morphological changes in the lungs of 57 patients suffering from exogenous allergic alveolitis (EAA) are described, the majority of patients had a contact with birds. Interstitial edema, microcirculation disturbances and abundant lymphoid infiltration were observed at an acute initial stage of the disease in 5 patients. Sarcoid-like granulomas in the lung interstitium and bronchiolar wall were found at a subacute stage of the disease in 10 patients along with edema, microcirculatory disturbances and lymphoid infiltration. Predomination of fibrosis with a deformation of all lung structures were observed in 42 patients with a chronic course of the disease. PMID- 3753253 TI - [Malignant hemangioendothelioma of the superior vena cava]. AB - An observation of haemangioendothelioma of v. cava superior found at the necropsy is presented. Clinical manifestations of the v. cava superior syndrome were lacking. PMID- 3753254 TI - [Intravital diagnosis of Niemann-Pick disease in an adult]. AB - An observation of the Niemann-Pick disease in a male of 53 is described. The disease developed latently, acute clinical symptoms were provoked by spontaneous rupture of the spleen containing numerous "accumulation" Pick cells. Diagnosis was established after histological examination of the operatively removed spleen. PMID- 3753255 TI - Kinetics of hemodialysis. PMID- 3753256 TI - Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. PMID- 3753258 TI - Evolution of artificial organs: extracorporeal removal of drugs. PMID- 3753257 TI - New insights about uremia through its attenuation by dialysis. PMID- 3753259 TI - Complement activation by dialyzer membranes--in vitro assessment. PMID- 3753260 TI - Functional disability associated with major neurologic disorders. Findings from the Copiah County Study. AB - The prevalence of functional disability in persons with cerebral palsy, epilepsy, stroke, Parkinson's disease, and severe dementia was assessed in a survey of every household in Copiah County, Mississippi, and all chronic-care institutions serving that county. Of the 23,842 residents evaluated, 246 had moderate to severe functional impairment accompanied by one or more of the aforementioned neurological disorders; 108 were not fully ambulatory; 59 required constant supervision because of cognitive difficulties; 54 were having at least one afebrile seizure monthly; and 25 experienced some combination of these impairments. Overall, prevalence ratios for these impairments increased markedly with age. PMID- 3753261 TI - Quantitative histopathology of the inflammatory myopathies. AB - This study quantitatively assessed skeletal muscle histopathology in 57 patients with inflammatory myopathy, including 20 patients with polymyositis (PM), 19 patients with dermatomyositis (DM), and 18 patients with evidence of an additional connective-tissue disease. No histologic criteria for invariably distinguishing patients with inflammatory myopathy were established because of overlap in individual measurements, but general histopathologic distinctions were confirmed. In PM, endomysial mononuclear cell infiltration (fibers bordering on inflammation) was usual, whereas in DM inflammation of large vessels, fibers with circumscribed areas of myofibrillar loss, and perifascicular atrophy were seen. Patients with evidence of an additional connective-tissue disease were most similar to the DM patients, with a greater prevalence of perivascular inflammation than in the PM patients. Because of varying histopathology (and presumed varying pathogenesis), future therapeutic trials would be more informative if they were designed using patients with homogeneous histologic features. PMID- 3753262 TI - Minimal oculomotor nerve paresis secondary to unruptured intracranial aneurysm. AB - In 12 patients with minimal oculomotor nerve deficits due to unruptured intracranial aneurysm, the nerve-related findings were incomplete and at least one element (ptosis, mydriasis, or extraocular muscle weakness) was spared in every patient. Although symptomatic, the affected cranial nerve III functions were only partially lost. Six patients had ptosis and mydriasis, three had ptosis and diplopia, two had mydriasis and diplopia, and one had mydriasis alone. Eleven patients had accompanying headaches that were remarkably variable and difficult to categorize. Cerebral angiography showed the aneurysms, but computed tomography missed one third of them. The symptomatic aneurysm arose from the internal carotid artery in six patients, and from the distal basilar artery in six. Fragments of a cranial nerve III palsy associated with recent onset and ipsilateral headache suggest an enlarging internal carotid or distal basilar artery aneurysm. PMID- 3753263 TI - Segmental myoclonus. Clinical and pharmacologic study. AB - We observed 37 patients (mean age at onset, 48.5 years; range, 13 to 84 years) with segmental myoclonus (18 branchial, 19 spinal). Etiologies for branchial myoclonus included brain-stem demyelination, cerebrovascular disease, Meige's syndrome, cerebral arteritis secondary to bacterial meningitis, central nervous system Whipple's disease, acute cervicomedullary trauma, and cerebellar degeneration. Spinal myoclonus was associated with laminectomy, remote effect of cancer, spinal cord injury, post-operative pseudomeningocele, laparotomy, thoracic sympathectomy, poliomyelitis, herpes myelitis, lumbosacral radiculopathy, spinal extradural block, and myelopathy due to demyelination, electrical injury, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and cervical spondylosis. The latency between the predisposing condition and the onset of myoclonus ranged from immediate to 33 years (mean, 2.9 years). In six patients, the myoclonus was the presenting symptom of a serious underlying disease. Treatment with clonazepam, tetrabenazine hydrochloride, or other medications provides a satisfactory control in most patients. PMID- 3753264 TI - Male sexual function. Impairment after right hemisphere stroke. AB - If the right hemisphere is dominant for activation and this capacity is critical for normal sexual function, one might expect to find a greater incidence of impaired sexual function after right than after left hemisphere stroke. We found that the prevalence of major sexual dysfunction was significantly greater after right (9/12) than after left (4/14) hemisphere stroke in 26 men with unilateral stroke. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that activation is critical for sexual function as well as the hypothesis that the right hemisphere is dominant for sexual function. PMID- 3753265 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging of brain anatomy in severe developmental dyslexia. AB - The brain anatomy of ten men (aged 18 to 28 years) with persistent, severe developmental dyslexia was examined with magnetic resonance imaging to explore the possibility of visualizing pathology not seen in previous computed tomographic scan studies. Nine of the ten examinations were clinically normal. One showed a focal finding thought to be incidental to dyslexia. The volume of the temporal lobes was judged to be symmetrical in nine of ten examinations, a finding supportive of previous computed tomographic scan and neuropathologic reports of unusual symmetries of posterior brain regions. Thus, despite its sensitivity, magnetic resonance imaging failed to identify a common focal pathology. The choice of imaging planes (particularly coronal) and lack of bone artifact may, however, prove useful for studying macroscopic asymmetries in dyslexia. PMID- 3753266 TI - Mesolimbocortical dementia. A clinicopathologic case study of a putative disorder. PMID- 3753267 TI - Demonstration of superior sagittal sinus thrombosis by indium-111 platelet scintigraphy. AB - Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis, documented by cerebral angiography, was demonstrated by indium-111 platelet scintigraphy in a 40-year-old man presenting with seizures and intracerebral hematoma. Early scintigraphy demonstrated focal increased indium-111 activity at the two ends of the thrombus, while later scintigraphy showed diffuse increased activity in the area of the sinus. This initial experience suggests that platelet scintigraphy may provide unique information regarding the natural history of intracranial venous thrombosis. PMID- 3753268 TI - High-field magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of cavernous sinus thrombosis. PMID- 3753269 TI - Brain asymmetries in situs inversus. A case report and review of the literature. PMID- 3753270 TI - Pilomotor seizures. Magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalographic localization of originating focus. PMID- 3753271 TI - Swine influenza vaccine and Guillain-Barre syndrome: lies, damn lies, and ... PMID- 3753272 TI - Pyrazinamide in treatment of tuberculous meningitis. PMID- 3753275 TI - Calculations of intraocular lens power. PMID- 3753273 TI - Dementia in Parkinson's disease. AB - Estimates of the prevalence of dementia in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) vary considerably. Dementia in PD has been linked to a visuospatial disturbance, impairment of memory, and depression. Previous research suggests that visuospatial deficits and depression do not vary with severity of intellectual decline and thus are not useful measures to distinguish demented from nondemented patients. We examined immediate, recent, and remote memory in patients with PD and found that unlike visuospatial performance and depression, a qualitatively distinct pattern emerged, which did vary with severity of intellectual decline. PMID- 3753274 TI - Pathologic correlates of dementia in Parkinson's disease. AB - Histopathologic studies of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and three subcortical nuclei were performed in four patients with Parkinson's disease whose mental status had been evaluated by neuropsychologic testing. Clinicopathologic correlations suggest that dementia with marked visuospatial disturbance as well as severe aphasia may be associated with severe neuronal loss in subcortical nuclei, without significant numbers of plaques or tangles in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Furthermore, memory loss may not be consistently related to neuronal loss in the nucleus basalis of Meynert, particularly in non-Lewy body parkinsonism. PMID- 3753276 TI - Bilateral acute retrobulbar optic neuropathy associated with epidemic keratoconjunctivitis in a compromised host. PMID- 3753277 TI - Spontaneous regression of a choroidal melanoma? PMID- 3753278 TI - The negative impact of government regulation on medicine. PMID- 3753279 TI - Deteriorating vision: an occupational risk for the medical student. PMID- 3753280 TI - Soft contact lenses and corneal infection. PMID- 3753281 TI - Preparations for eye care in the 21st century. PMID- 3753282 TI - Acanthamoeba sclerokeratitis. Determining diagnostic criteria. AB - Acanthamoeba infection of the cornea is an entity now recognized with increasing frequency. We saw two cases of Acanthamoeba sclerokeratitis in contact lens wearers in whom scleritis (anterior and posterior) played a central role in the clinical course of the disease. Scleritis is probably a more common component of Acanthamoeba infection than has generally been acknowledged. Posterior scleritis has not, to our knowledge, been reported previously in this disorder. The clinical diagnosis of Acanthamoeba infection has often been missed due to lack of a definition of the historical and clinical criteria by which this disease is characterized. We reviewed the 26 previously reported cases and suggest a set of criteria that can be used to establish an early diagnosis. Historical criteria include minor corneal trauma, exposure to soil or standing water, or contact lens wear. Clinical characteristics include severe pain, infiltrative (often ring shaped) stromal keratitis, variable anterior uveitis, epithelial erosion, scleritis, standard bacterial culture negativity, chronicity, and lack of response to antimicrobial agents. PMID- 3753284 TI - Visual acuity loss in patients with Usher's syndrome. AB - Using a life-table analysis, visual acuity loss with age was determined for a population of 106 patients with type 1 (N = 35) and type 2 (N = 71) Usher's syndrome. The cumulative percentage of patients maintaining visual acuity of 6/12 (20/40) or better in at least one eye by age 29 years was 69% for type 1 patients and 94% for type 2 patients. The cumulative percentage maintaining visual acuity of 6/24 (20/80) or better at this age was 89% for type 1 and 98% for type 2 patients. Within each subtype, the cumulative percentage maintaining 6/60 (20/200) or better was similar to the percentage maintaining 6/24 (20/80) or better. Knowledge of these data provides an objective basis for counseling patients with Usher's syndrome about their probability of developing loss of central visual acuity with age. PMID- 3753283 TI - X-linked recessive retinitis pigmentosa. Clinical characteristics of carriers. AB - We evaluated 46 carriers of X-linked recessive retinitis pigmentosa for the prevalence of fundus changes, refractive errors, central visual impairment, and electroretinographic abnormalities. Of the 46 carriers, 40 (87%) could be identified by characteristic fundus changes and 37 (86%) of 43 by reductions in electroretinographic amplitude. Interestingly, 36 carriers (78%) had a refractive cylindrical correction of +1.50 diopters (D) or greater in at least one eye, while 25 (54%) had a best corrected visual acuity of 20/30 or less in at least one eye. Fundus examination coupled with an electroretinographic recording was diagnostic of the carrier state in virtually all 46 patients. The presence of a refractive cylinder of +1.50 D or greater should appreciably increase the index of suspicion when assessing the possibility of the carrier state in X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. PMID- 3753285 TI - Autofluorescence of the crystalline lens in diabetes. AB - Lenticular autofluorescence in a diabetic population was quantitated by scanning ocular fluorophotometry. Measurements were made through the lens along the optical axis. The profile of the scan from front to rear was characterized by anterior and posterior juxtacortical peaks and a central plateau. Maximum fluorescence values were compared with those of nondiabetic control subjects. Fluorescence increased linearly with age in both populations, but was significantly higher in the diabetic population of all ages. Posterior to anterior fluorescence peak ratios decreased as a parabolic function of age in both populations, but peak ratios were lower in the diabetic population. We conclude that in vivo measurements of lens autofluorescence correlate with premature lenticular senescence in diabetes. PMID- 3753286 TI - Psammomatoid ossifying fibroma. AB - Fibro-osseous lesions represent a variety of bone proliferations each characterized by different morphologic patterns of osteoid production. Psammomatoid ossifying fibroma (POF) is characterized histologically by numerous small round ossicles resembling psammoma bodies and is a locally invasive lesion of facial and cranial bones. Two cases of POF arising in the ethmoid sinus and involving the orbit are presented to emphasize the importance of complete surgical removal of involved bones. Histologically, portions of POF may demonstrate other patterns of osteoid production, which resemble fibrous dysplasia and Paget's disease of bone. The variation in radiodensity in POF on computed tomography is a function of the density of psammomatoid ossicles and of the coexistence of other "minor" forms of bone proliferation. PMID- 3753288 TI - Molluscum contagiosum. PMID- 3753289 TI - Simultaneous external subretinal fluid drainage and intravitreal gas injection in nonvitrectomized eyes with a special 27-gauge needle. AB - In 12 patients with retinal detachment requiring a scleral buckle, simultaneous external subretinal fluid drainage, and intravitreal gas injection were performed to prevent "fishmouthed" retinal breaks in six patients and to achieve more complete drainage of subretinal fluid in six others with chronic inferior detachments. To simplify this technique in all of these nonvitrectomized eyes, we used a special 27-gauge needle sutured to the sclera. PMID- 3753287 TI - Corneal endothelial injury in rabbits following excimer laser ablation at 193 and 248 nm. AB - We performed a morphologic investigation of the corneal endothelium following in vivo excimer laser ablation at 193 and 248 nm in rabbit eyes. Control experiments were performed in eyes with incisions of similar depth made with a diamond surgical knife, and normal control eyes were studied in parallel. We found that 193-nm excimer laser incision to 90% of corneal depth produces endothelial alterations similar to those seen underlying diamond knife incisions of similar depth. Scanning electron microscopy revealed an incisional ridge and endothelial cellular edema; endothelial cell loss was not observed. In contrast, 248-nm ablations of similar depth and energy density revealed loss of underlying endothelial cells and a surrounding zone of severe cellular damage. PMID- 3753290 TI - Binaural beats and frequency-coding. AB - Binaural beats were studied before and during a situation of temporary threshold shift, and no frequency shift could be found. In contrast, subjective binaural frequency comparison revealed a distinct shift. These findings demonstrate the two known modes of perception. PMID- 3753291 TI - Idiopathic sudden progressive hearing loss and round window membrane rupture. AB - We investigated 24 cases of idiopathic sudden progressive deafness (ISPD) in which worsening of sensorineural hearing loss after initial examination was confirmed by audiometry. Exploratory tympanotomy was performed in 10 of 24 patients, and revealed perilymphatic leak in 4 patients. However, there was a higher incidence and a more severe degree of vertigo and imbalance in the group that was operated on than in the non-operated group. Our study has shown that there was no clear difference in the degree of hearing improvement between the operated group and the conservatively treated group. In both of these groups, an abruptly falling audiometric configuration was frequently found in the audiogram obtained at the stage of fixed hearing perception, suggesting the possibility that both groups may have a common lesion at the basal turn of the cochlea. PMID- 3753292 TI - Ultrastructural characteristics of mesenchyme in the middle ear. AB - Prior to pneumatization of the middle ear, the mesenchyme present undergoes marked changes until it is transformed via a precollagenous step into the tunica propria of the mucosa. The ultrastructural characteristics of the middle ear mesenchyme in the rat reinforce previous light microscopic studies on human temporal bones. The possible interaction between middle ear mesenchyme and its epithelium in pneumatization and in the etiology of cholesteatoma is discussed. PMID- 3753293 TI - Calcium antagonists in the treatment of sudden deafness. AB - In the treatment of patients with sudden deafness, we found no significant difference between an oral calcium antagonist (nifedipine) and intravenous naftidrofuryl given concomitantly with vitamin A, vitamin E, and zinc. This prospective randomized study in 50 patients again shows that recovery to useful hearing levels tends to be spontaneous and independent of the type of medical treatment given. Irrespective of their capability to prevent contractions of cerebral vascular smooth muscle induced by neurotransmitter and vasoconstrictor substances and of their rheological properties, currently available calcium antagonists of the nifedipine type are unable to enhance hearing recovery at the present time. PMID- 3753294 TI - A personal experience with subtotal and conservation surgery as treatment for laryngeal cancer. AB - A personal technique for laryngeal cancer reconstructive surgery is presented and discussed. The functional and therapeutic purpose of this surgery is to broaden its indications and to improve functional results. In particular, our surgical technique involves removal of the soft internal part of the cricoid cartilage (mucosa, submucosa and perichondrium), which is otherwise conserved. Satisfactory functional results can be achieved by: modeling of two symmetrical pseudoarytenoids; an anterior epiglottiplasty or the use of a Hiranandani base-of the-tongue flap to close the anterior gap (if present); muscular flap lateral plasty avoiding a cricoidhyoidpexy. PMID- 3753295 TI - An experimental study using sodium salicylate to reduce cochlear changes induced by furosemide. AB - Furosemide is a loop diuretic which has been found to be ototoxic in humans and experimental animals. The ototoxic effects seem to be directed primarily towards the stria vascularis, since its shrinkage and extracellular edema have been observed in correlation with electrophysiologic changes. The present study was designed to examine the interaction of sodium salicylate and furosemide on the cochlear microstructures. Chinchillas weighing 400-600 g were used in all tests performed. The endocochlear potential (EP) was monitored continuously through a microelectrode inserted through the basilar membrane. A control group of animals was injected with 0.5 ml saline intravenously (IV) 30 min before 25 mg/kg furosemide was given. The experimental group of animals was injected with 50 mg/kg sodium salicylate IV 30 min before 25 mg/kg furosemide. The control animals were found to have a mean decrease in EP of 61.1 +/- 7.0 mV. In contrast, the experimental group had very little alteration of the EP following furosemide injection (18.7 +/- 3.9 mV). These findings suggest that sodium salicylate markedly reduces the ototoxic effect of furosemide. This effect may be mediated by an alteration of local or systemic prostaglandin metabolism, or may be due to inhibition of organic acid uptake in the cochlea. PMID- 3753297 TI - Bilateral chronic otitis media. AB - We have compared the clinical presentations and results of operative treatment in 86 patients with bilateral chronic otitis media with findings in 641 patients with unilateral disease. Concomitant conditions such as cleft palate, rhinitis and chronic adenotonsillitis were found significantly more frequently in those patients with bilateral chronic otitis media than in the patients with unilateral disease. Additionally, cholesteatomas in the cases in which both ears were involved were larger than in those cases which only one ear was involved. The overall results of surgery were similar in the bilateral and unilateral cases. The timing of operation in cases of bilateral chronic otitis media and the special problems of operation on an only hearing ear are discussed. PMID- 3753296 TI - The kinetics of penicillin diffusion in serum and middle ear effusions in experimentally induced otitis media. AB - The kinetics of penicillin diffusion in serum and middle ear effusions (MEE) was studied in experimentally induced serous otitis media (SOM) and purulent otitis media (POM) after systemic injection of procaine-penicillin G. A higher rate of diffusion of penicillin into the middle ear cavity was found in POM than in SOM. The time to reach peak concentrations in MEE was also shorter in POM. Elimination of penicillin from the middle ear cavity was slower in SOM than in POM. PMID- 3753298 TI - A comparative study of mumps deafness and idiopathic profound sudden deafness. AB - We performed a 10-year comparative study on 95 cases (98 ears) of mumps deafness and 97 cases (97 ears) of profound sudden deafness and found the following results. The age of onset of deafness was less than 9 years in the majority of patients with mumps deafness, while it was frequently 30-50 years in those patients with sudden deafness. Among these latter patients, no cases occurred under 9 years of age. The incidence of tinnitus and vestibular symptoms was more frequent in the patients with sudden deafness, but no significant difference was noted in cases over 10 years of age. When determining prognosis, no cases of hearing improvement were encountered in mumps deafness, while about 70% of sudden deafness showed improvement. PMID- 3753299 TI - Correlative studies of cochlear neuronal loss with speech discrimination and pure tone thresholds. AB - Correlations were made between speech discrimination scores, pure-tone thresholds, and neuronal populations in 28 cochleae which were removed postmortem from elderly patients who had known premortem audiometric records. The predominant pathology present was loss of cochlear neurons. The capability for speech discrimination correlated directly with the innervation density of the 15- to 22-mm region (segment III) of the cochlea. Speech discrimination scores showed an inverse relationship to pure-tone thresholds in the middle frequency range of 1 kHz to 2 kHz. PMID- 3753300 TI - Abnormal mucociliary function in a mucocele of the maxillary antrum. AB - We have examined the mucociliary function present in a mucocele of the maxillary antrum and have found certain abnormalities in the tissues studied. Our findings also indicate that the mucocele's intrinsic pathology is too complex to be improved by any conservative treatment and justifies its surgical removal. PMID- 3753301 TI - On prediction of hearing disability. AB - The present investigation was performed in order to evaluate the pure-tone frequency and/or averages of frequencies best correlated with speech intelligibility measured by the discrimination score (DS) in quiet and in background noise, and, in addition, indicate a valid low fence of the DS when correlated to a self-assessment procedure. The material comprises 158 male subjects with a median age of 60 years, range 52-72 years, drawn from an ongoing longitudinal epidemiological investigation. By self-assessment 36% indicated hearing disability in noisy backgrounds, while 64% had no hearing problems. The pure-tone frequency that correlated best with the speech intelligibility in quiet was the 2-kHz pure-tone frequency. In background noise the best correlation was found with the 3-kHz pure-tone frequency. In the group of subjects with complaints of hearing problems, the median discrimination score in background noise was 84% (IQR 72-92), while in the group of subjects with no complaints the median discrimination score in noise was 92% (IQR 88-96). Based on the results it is concluded that DS in background noise is a valuable measure in the assessment of hearing disability, but no low fence value can be indicated on the basis of the present results. PMID- 3753302 TI - Effects of middle-ear disease and cleft palate on high-frequency hearing in children. AB - High-frequency hearing loss in children with cleft palate has been documented recently. The present study was designed to investigate whether hearing loss can result solely as a consequence of middle-ear disease in early life or as a result of cleft palate and its sequelae which include middle-ear disease. Our results demonstrate that auditory functions for test frequencies 250-6 000 Hz were not significantly different among the two investigational groups of children with high incidence of middle-ear disease, and a control group of children with virtually no middle-ear disease. However, for high-frequency thresholds (8 000-20 000 Hz), both groups of children with high incidence of middle-ear disease were statistically different from the control group. Moreover, the children with cleft palate had high-frequency hearing that was statistically similar to that of children with normal orofacial structures and high incidence of middle-ear disease. Middle-ear disease alone, then, is a sufficient condition for loss of high-frequency sensitivity. PMID- 3753303 TI - Tympanometric gradient measured from normal preschool children. AB - Tympanometric gradient is a quantitative expression of the shape of a tympanogram in the vicinity of the peak. Previous work suggests that gradient measures may be diagnostically and prognostically useful in the assessment and management of middle ear disease. However, since almost all previous work on the subject was performed on tympanograms recorded in 'arbitrary compliance units' which are not comparable to the physical admittance units provided by currently available instrumentation, at this point the tympanometric gradient can only be viewed to be a potentially-useful clinical measure. In this investigation, eight tympanometric gradient measures were calculated from tympanograms obtained from normal preschool age children. The measures were evaluated on the basis of distribution characteristics, relation to static admittance, and effect of pump speed. One of the measures--the pressure interval defined by a 50% reduction in peak eardrum admittance--appears to be the procedure of choice. Measurements obtained from abnormal ears are needed to evaluate the clinical utility of this measurement. PMID- 3753305 TI - Quantification of the parameters of the acoustic reflex in normal ears. AB - Measurement of the acoustic stapedial reflex parameters has proved to be a useful tool for evaluating the function of the acoustic-facial reflex. However, there is no agreement about the definitions of the parameters; moreover, most of the data have been obtained by manual measurement methods. The authors describe a computerized analytical method which permits the parameters to be measured according to the definitions and methods suggested by others and according to the new analytical method described, which is performed on the basis of the derivative of the stapedial reflex curve. The two methods are compared in 40 normal subjects. PMID- 3753304 TI - Immittance screening in black preschool children attending day-care centres. AB - Immittance screening was performed on 736 black children between the age of 2 and 6 years attending four day-care centres. It was found that 14.9% of these children failed the immittance screening. Problems encountered when attempting to apply the available standard immittance screening pass/fail criteria to a specific black race group are discussed. PMID- 3753306 TI - Stimulus duration and waves of auditory brainstem response. AB - This study was conducted to investigate the effects of stimulus duration on auditory brainstem response (ABR) waveform. Stimuli were 3-kHz tone bursts with 1 ms rise/fall times and durations of 5, 10, 20 and 30 ms. They were delivered at interstimuli intervals ranging from 80 to 140 ms. Latency and amplitude increases were observed in waves V and VI as the stimulus duration increased, whereas wave III showed no increase in latency, but decreased in amplitude. Animal experiments showed that the slowly rising curve of the response with increasing stimulus duration results in an increase in the peak latency and in the amplitude of the slow component of the ABR. Thus the change in ABR waveform observed when the duration of the stimulus was increased is not explained by a recovery process of the nervous system, but is possibly mediated by the slow component of the ABR. PMID- 3753307 TI - Low-frequency hearing loss: auditory brainstem response-derived band analysis. AB - Conventional (0.125-8 kHz) and high-frequency (8-20 kHz) audiometry, together with brainstem response audiometry supplemented with derived-band studies have been performed in 6 patients with sensorineural hearing loss: 1 with narrow-band, 3-4 kHz, and 5 with low-frequency threshold elevations. The derived-band results in the latter indicate that the low-frequency audiometric thresholds are spurious, and represent the low-frequency tails of viable high-frequency neurons. Threshold preservation in the 4- to 8-kHz frequency band proved necessary for generation of a normal auditory brainstem response at suprathreshold stimulus levels. PMID- 3753308 TI - Intensive care unit audit. Prince Henry's Hospital 1983-4. PMID- 3753309 TI - Peer review for doctors in smaller rural hospitals. PMID- 3753310 TI - Medical records in nursing homes. PMID- 3753311 TI - Peer review for hospital administrators. PMID- 3753312 TI - Pharmacist involvement in the Concord Hospital clinical review programme. AB - Drug audits have continued at Concord Hospital and the Pharmacy Department now contributes to the Clinical Review Programme on a frequent basis. Drug audits are descriptive observational studies which provide information as a tool for discussion, and the opportunity to review prescribing habits. From this very simple beginning the pharmacy has progressed to a series of more complex criteria based audits. PMID- 3753313 TI - Criteria audit of surgery for carcinoma of large bowel. A comparison between Melbourne teaching hospitals and Royal Perth Hospital. PMID- 3753314 TI - Audit by computer in a surgical department. A review of the process. PMID- 3753315 TI - Quality assurance in The Netherlands: Part 2. An evaluation of the CBO peer review experience in hospital care. PMID- 3753316 TI - "An independent centre of excellence?". PMID- 3753317 TI - The evolution of quality assurance professionals in Australia. PMID- 3753318 TI - Changing investigation patterns in stroke patients. PMID- 3753319 TI - Allergic rhinitis and sinusitis. PMID- 3753320 TI - Complications of sinusitis in the paediatric age group. A review. PMID- 3753321 TI - Management of epistaxis. PMID- 3753322 TI - Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy: a review. PMID- 3753323 TI - Otitis externa. PMID- 3753324 TI - Otic barotrauma in general practice. PMID- 3753325 TI - Rational therapy for common ear disorders. PMID- 3753326 TI - Organic disorders. A decision tree approach to psychodiagnostics. PMID- 3753327 TI - Oral contraception. PMID- 3753328 TI - Jehovah's Witnesses. PMID- 3753329 TI - Coronary artery spasm. PMID- 3753330 TI - Sexual abuse of children. PMID- 3753331 TI - Basal cell carcinoma. PMID- 3753332 TI - Living and coping with a hyperactive child. A follow up. PMID- 3753333 TI - Homeopathy. PMID- 3753334 TI - Use of the ear wick. PMID- 3753335 TI - An awful earful. PMID- 3753336 TI - Neurological curiosities. PMID- 3753337 TI - Varicella. PMID- 3753338 TI - A reappraisal of the complement fixation test using soluble Mycobacterium avium antigen for the detection of M. paratuberculosis infection in cattle. AB - Serums from 263 cattle suspected of having paratuberculosis on the basis of clinical signs, were tested for antibodies to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis with a complement fixation test (CFT) employing a heat extracted, soluble M. avium antigen. Microscopic examination confirmed that 172 (65.4%) clinically affected animals had paratuberculosis, the remainder being disease-free. The specificity and sensitivity of the CFT was 92.3% and 74.4% respectively. Phenol treatment of serums before testing was compared with no treatment and was found to have no significant effect on the CFT titres. Results obtained are discussed in relation to the cause of false negative and false positive reactions. PMID- 3753339 TI - Survey of anthelmintic resistance in Western Australian sheep flocks. 1. Prevalence. AB - Between July 1981 and December 1983, 116 randomly selected sheep farms in the south west of Western Australian were surveyed for resistance to anthelmintics. A faecal worm egg count reduction test was carried out on each farm. Anthelmintics tested were thiabendazole (44 mg/kg) and levamisole (7.5 mg/kg) given by intra ruminal injection and comparisons were made with an untreated group on each farm. Successful tests were carried out on 84 farms and 68% of these had resistant worms present. The prevalence of thiabendazole resistant populations was for H. contortus 18%; Teladorsagia, 41% and Trichostrongylus, 48% and for levamisole resistant populations H. contortus, 10%; Teladorsagia, 41%; Trichostrongylus, 24%, and Nematodirus, 10%. Multiple resistant populations were found on 17% of farms. Although the distribution of nematode genera varied between the 400 to 750 mm and the greater than 750 mm rainfall zones there was no significant difference in the prevalence of resistance between zones. About one third of resistant populations were severely resistant (less than 60% reduction). It is likely that resistant worms were present on many farms without causing clinical disease and continued anthelmintic selection pressure will result in further development of resistance. PMID- 3753341 TI - Improved fertility in dairy cows after treatment with selenium pellets. AB - Dairy cows on 3 New South Wales dairy farms with herd mean blood glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities of less than 70 U/g haemoglobin, showed a significant improvement in first service conception rates following treatment with oral selenium pellets. Treated cows had significantly higher blood GSH-Px activities compared with control cows, with a lag phase of 4 to 5 months to reach peak mean levels of 88 to 159 U/g haemoglobin. PMID- 3753340 TI - Survey of anthelmintic resistance in Western Australian sheep flocks. 2. Relationship with sheep management and parasite control practices. AB - Owners of 116 farms, whose flocks had been tested for anthelmintic resistance, were interviewed to determine their use of various sheep management and parasite control practices and their knowledge and adoption of recommended procedures for the prevention and control of resistance. Farmers knowledge of current recommendations related mainly to changing drenches and drench groups. Other aspects of the recommended program including reduction of drenching frequency and the use of alternative management strategies were not considered as important by farmers. For most questions a high proportion of farmers (greater than 20%) had no opinion. Associations between various strategies for nematode control and resistance of Trichostrongylus and Teladorsagia to thiabendazole and levamisole were examined. These relationships differed between anthelmintics and nematode genera. A number of factors were related to resistance of one or both nematode genera to one or both anthelmintic groups. These factors included flock size, percentage of ewes in the flock, cattle number, main sheep production activity, grazing strategy, frequency of drenching, changes in the frequency of drenching, number of summer drenches and the method of estimating dose rates. It was concluded that the methods employed to control anthelmintic resistance may vary with the nematode, its resistance status and the anthelmintic to which it is exposed. Modifications to the previously recommended program have been proposed which incorporate selection of the anthelmintic to be used following a test for anthelmintic resistance. PMID- 3753342 TI - Melioidosis in intensive piggeries in south eastern Queensland. AB - The epidemiology of melioidosis was investigated in 8 intensive piggery units which used water from the same river in south eastern Queensland. In 3 consecutive years cases of disease followed heavy rainfall and flooding. Although Pseudomonas pseudomallei was not isolated from water or soil samples the water supply was suspected as the source of infection. Affected pigs were detected at slaughter by the presence of abscesses most commonly in the bronchial lymph nodes (40%) and spleen (34%). One hundred and fifty nine cases were observed at slaughter from a total of 17,397 animals at risk. Infection by inhalation of water aerosols derived from nipple drinkers, hose sprays and a water misting cooler was considered to be responsible for the bronchial lymph node lesions. These outbreaks occurred outside the area in which melioidosis is generally regarded as being endemic. PMID- 3753343 TI - Bovine abortion associated with Bacillus licheniformis. PMID- 3753344 TI - Use of neomycin for treatment of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals. PMID- 3753345 TI - Experimental induction of vaginitis in heifers by infection with Haemophilus somnus. PMID- 3753346 TI - Time required for elevated blood lead concentrations to return to normal in dogs. PMID- 3753347 TI - Mycoplasmosis in racing pigeons. PMID- 3753349 TI - Melioidosis in Sika deer (Cervus nippon nippon). PMID- 3753348 TI - Infectious sinusitis associated with Mycoplasma gallisepticum in game-birds. PMID- 3753350 TI - Epidermolysis bullosa--a new subgroup. PMID- 3753351 TI - Multifocal fibrosclerosis: cutaneous associations. Case report and review of the literature. PMID- 3753353 TI - Norwegian scabies in a girl with psoriasis. PMID- 3753352 TI - The free androgen index and mild hirsutism. PMID- 3753354 TI - Eumycotic mycetoma due to Madurella grisea. PMID- 3753355 TI - Manned space program in Japan. PMID- 3753356 TI - A conceptual model for predicting pilot group G tolerance for tactical fighter aircraft. AB - A static model based on eye-heart vertical distance has been developed which predicts group mean G tolerances relative to the application of any of the following anti-G methods and/or physiologic responses: a) anti-G suit, b) reclined seat, c) anti-G straining maneuver (AGSM), d) positive pressure breathing (PPB), e) gradual onset of G, f) isometric muscular contraction, and g) leg elevation. This model was validated with published data. A variation of this model (derived equation) predicts the amount of AGSM (in mm Hg) required, in combination with any of the anti-G methods/responses at any G level. This calculated effort of AGSM can be equated to level of fatigue and performance decrements. A level of 50 mm Hg or an increase of 2 G in the upright seat was the maximum AGSM recommended for routine use as an anti-G method for operational fighter pilots. PMID- 3753357 TI - Women's G tolerance. AB - G tolerances of 102 women and 139 men subjected to Standard Medical Evaluation (Medeval) G Profiles were compared. Unpaired t-tests revealed no significant difference between the women and men in either relaxed or straining G tolerance. Covariance analysis controlling for differences in tolerance due to age, height, weight, and activity status revealed the women to have marginally lower tolerance; the analysis also identified height as a factor having a strong negative influence on G tolerance, and weight as having a positive influence. When the women were matched only by height to the men in the comparison group, the women's mean G tolerances were significantly lower than the men's. On Standard Training G Profiles 88% of 24 women and 80% of 213 men completed the runs, but this difference was not significant. G tolerances of 47 women were measured on the Medeval Profiles both during and between menses, but no significant differences related to menstruation were found. No important differences between women and men in signs or symptoms of G stress were observed, except for two instances of urinary stress incontinence in women during the Training Profiles. We conclude that women should not categorically be excluded from aircrew duties for reasons of G intolerance. PMID- 3753358 TI - Effect of hypoxia on heart glycogen utilization during exercise. AB - An investigation was made into the effects of physical exercise upon heart glycogen change in rats exposed to decreased barometric pressure in hypobaric chamber simulating the effects of 3,000 m and 5,000 m altitude. Blood and cardiac tissue samples were examined after 1 h and 5 h of treadmill running at sea level and at 3,000 m, and after 1 h at 5,000 m. At sea level, cardiac glycogen level showed a classic biphasic evolution which was not affected by running. At 3,000 m, 1 h of running promoted an initial increase of 16% from control values, while a secondary decrease of 15% was measured after 5 h of running. Running for 1 h at 5,000 m induced a total depletion in cardiac glycogen level, the latter being depressed by 90% from control values. Free fatty acid (FFA) plasma level was increased by physical exercise at all barometric pressures, but the response was gradually enhanced by hypoxia. These data indicate that heart glycogen utilization during prolonged physical exercise is stimulated by acute altitude exposure, which suppresses the sparing effect observed at sea level upon dependence of enhanced FFA availability. The great differences in cardiac glycogen utilization support the views that enhanced glycogenolysis during hypoxia is promoted by different parameters, thus affecting various pathways. The slight decrease at 3,000 m suggests a moderate increase in anaerobic metabolism while the exhaustion observed after 1 h of running at 5,000 m indicates a decrease in cellular respiration response and enhanced heart anaerobic metabolism. PMID- 3753359 TI - Validation and application of single breath cardiac output determinations in man. AB - Cardiac outputs by single breath (Qsb) and Fick (Qf) procedures were compared in five healthy males during supine rest and exercise with Qf ranging from 6-19 L X min-1. The prolonged exhalation (SB) was not controlled. The Qsb calculations incorporated an equation of the CO2 dissociation curve and a "moving spline" sequential curve-fitting technique to calculate the instantaneous R from points on the original expirogram. The resulting linear regression equation for all 38 comparisons obtained (r = +0.76, p less than 0.001, mean difference +/- S.D. = 2.93 +/- 2.72 L X min-1) indicated a 24% underestimation of Qf. A substantial portion of the variability during exercise (n = 28) was due to a difference in alveolar ventilation between the time of the mixed expired (E) gas collection and the SB maneuver. When Qsb was corrected (Qsb) by a linear regression based on the difference between Re and Rsb during exercise and by adding 2.44 L X min-1 at rest (the mean difference), the relationship was greatly improved (Qsb = 0.14 + 0.99 Qf, r = +0.93, mean difference +/- S.D. = 0 +/- 1.47 L X min-1). A subsequent study during upright rest and exercise to 80% of VO2max in 6 subjects indicated a close linear relationship between Q'sb and VO2 for all 95 values obtained (r = +0.94), with slope and intercept close to published studies utilizing invasive cardiac output measurements. Considerations of measured blood gases in relation to estimated values suggested that underestimates of Qf arose, at least in part, from arterial desaturation during the SB maneuver. Detailed computational procedures are provided for implementing this improved Qsb procedure. PMID- 3753360 TI - Effects of nitrogen and helium at pressure on drug-induced stereotypy and locomotion in mice. AB - Stereotyped behavior was induced in mice by apomorphine (5-50 mg X kg-1 s.c.) and d-amphetamine (3-5 mg X kg-1 i.p.), and increased locomotor activity was induced by d-amphetamine (8 and 10 mg X kg-1 i.p.) and by morphine sulfate (15 and 30 mg X kg-1 i.p.). Experiments were conducted at 1, 4, and 7 ATA. All mice were myringotomized under ether anesthesia 3 d before behavioral studies to minimize disturbances due to pressure differences across the tympanic membrane during compression. Compressed air significantly increased locomotor activity induced by d-amphetamine and morphine sulfate whereas He/O2 had no effect, suggesting that the change was due to the narcotic effect of N2. Drug-induced stereotyped behavior was affected variably (usually depressed) by compressed air and not by He/O2. Since both stereotypy and locomotor activity induced by these drugs involve dopamine receptor systems, the results suggest that compressed air does not influence all such membrane receptors in like manner. Evidence for receptor plasticity is discussed. PMID- 3753361 TI - Amphetamine as a protective agent against oxygen-induced convulsions in mice. AB - Male mice exposed to hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) at 4.5 ATA O2 exhibit a number of toxic symptoms including convulsions, diminished respiration and an acoustic reaction controlled by the central nervous system. To study whether stimulation of the nervous system could offer protection against the convulsions, mice were injected i.p. with various doses of d-amphetamine before HBO. At a dose of 1.0 mg X kg-1 of d-amphetamine the mice could stay at 5 ATA O2 without convulsions about three times as long as those injected with saline only. At high doses, 4 and 8 mg X kg-1, there was a weak protective effect or the time to convulsions was shortened. Amphetamine increases the release of dopamine in the brain and it is possible that the mechanisms of protection against HBO induced convulsions are involved in that process. The degree of protection, however, depends on the dose; therefore, it also is supposed that amphetamine in low doses acts on the autoreceptors with a presynaptic effect, which in this case is protective against the convulsions without affecting the respiration. PMID- 3753362 TI - The combined effects of hypoxemia and mechanical ventilation on renal function. AB - The combined effects of hypoxemia and mechanical ventilation on renal function were investigated in anesthetized dogs. Spontaneously breathing dogs (S) and dogs mechanically ventilated with a volume-ventilator (V) were made hypoxemic by breathing hypoxic gas to achieve PaO2 values of 35 and 22 mm Hg. At a PaO2 of 35 mm Hg, urine output and sodium excretion were increased in both groups. These responses closely followed the blood pressure response, which was greater in the V group. Renal blood flow (RBF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and fractional sodium excretion (FNA) were unchanged. At a PaO2 of 22 mm Hg, both groups demonstrated a reduction in urine flow, sodium excretion, FNA, RBF, and GFR. However, the mechanism involved was different and ventilator-dependent. At this low PaO2, arterial blood pressure was reduced in the S group with no change in renal resistance, while blood pressure increased in the V group with a marked increase in renal resistance as a result of the modification of the cardiovascular effects of lung inflation reflexes by mechanical ventilation. These results indicate that renal function is well-maintained at low PaO2 values (35 mm Hg) and reduced at more severe hypoxemia, mainly in response to systemic hemodynamics. PMID- 3753363 TI - The effect of spironolactone on the cardiocirculatory responses to upright tilt at sea level and at simulated high altitude. AB - The objective of this study was to determine if spironolactone (S) alters the cardiocirculatory responses to upright tilt at sea level (SL;50 m) and during 44 h of simulated altitude (HA;4,600 m). In a double-blind, crossover-designed study, 9 male subjects (age range: 18-25 years) received 25 mg orally, four times per day of either S or an identically-appearing placebo (P) 2 d prior to and during HA. The crossover was separated by 2 weeks. Heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, calf blood flow, total peripheral resistance and systemic blood pressure were obtained during supine rest and after 10 min of 60 degrees head-up tilt using an impedance monitor and an electro-sphygmomanometer. The 24-h determinations of urinary volume, sodium and potassium as well as venous plasma values for sodium, potassium and chloride were obtained daily. There were no statistically significant differences between P and S treatment periods for: caloric, electrolytes or fluid ingestion; urinary volume or electrolytes; plasma electrolytes; or any of the cardiocirculatory parameters measured in the supine or upright position at SL or during HA. It was concluded that S did not induce a significant diuresis or significantly alter vascular responsiveness to negatively effect the normal cardiocirculatory responses to upright tilt at sea level or simulated high altitude. PMID- 3753364 TI - Comparative effects of whole-body vibration on sensorimotor performance achieved with a mini-stick and a macro-stick in force and position control modes. AB - The aim of this investigation was to assess the performance of subjects in a target recentering task, performed under both normal and vibration conditions. A conventional helicopter stick and an arm-side controller were used in both position and force control modes. The task was designed to simulate instrument flying. The results showed that in the no-vibration situation, the highest performance was achieved in the force control mode and little difference was observed between the two sticks. They also showed that vibration impaired the velocity control of the performance. It is suggested that the subject might be switching over from a visual and arm afferent and efferent control in the no vibration situation, to a visual control only under vibration condition. From this study, it appears that the more efficient stick to execute the designed task is the mini-stick operating in the force control mode. PMID- 3753365 TI - Sprain and strain injuries in the Navy: the possible role of physical fitness in their prevention. AB - This investigation was undertaken to determine the nature and extent of sprain/strain (S/S) injuries in the Navy and identify occupations that are at high risk of sustaining these injuries. Hospitalization data, including discharge diagnosis and number of days hospitalized, were obtained from inpatient medical records provided by the Naval Medical Data Services Center, Bethesda, MD, and maintained at the Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA. All hospitalizations for enlisted personnel in each occupational rate were counted and total number of hospitalizations for each diagnostic category were determined. During the period July 1965 through December 1976, 5584 Navy male enlisted personnel were hospitalized for S/S injuries sustained while on duty. Approximately 56% of these injuries involved the back, 37.5% involved the leg, and 2.9% represent arm and hand injuries. The total number of days hospitalized, i.e., noneffective days, compiled by Navy personnel during this time period, was 82,451. Back injuries accounted for 54.4% of the total number of non-effective days. Findings suggest a relationship between high occupational physical demands and increased S/S injury incidence. PMID- 3753366 TI - Cases from the aerospace medicine residents' teaching file. Case #14. An aviator with Hodgkin's disease. PMID- 3753367 TI - Human tumor testsystems: a new screening approach. AB - Recently, a new screening system which is mostly based on the use of human tumor material has been developed. This system uses various in vitro or in vivo test systems, such as the human tumor clonogenic assay, the subrenal capsule assay and the human tumor xenograft model to evaluate the potential clinical effectiveness of new drugs on human tumors. The predictive value of those test systems indicated by a reasonable correlation between test results and clinical activity has been shown in retrospective and even prospective clinical trials. To overcome the tumor heterogeneity and to circumvent the questionable preselection of drugs using fast proliferating tumors, this human tumor based test system uses a broad panel of slow proliferating human tumors which are established in nude mice to allow repeated tests. Recently some drugs being preferentially active in this human tumor based test system which are at the same time only marginally active in the usual NCI animal tumor screening system have been developed. PMID- 3753368 TI - Sibling imitation and contrast effects. PMID- 3753370 TI - Roman high- and low-avoidance rats: present status of the Swiss sublines, RHA/Verh and RLA/Verh, and effects of amphetamine on shuttle-box performance. PMID- 3753369 TI - Dyslexia in 47,XXY boys identified at birth. PMID- 3753371 TI - Behavior genetics of audiogenic seizures in DBA/2J and Rb-1 mice. PMID- 3753372 TI - Fitness and the risk of illness and "spectrum disorder" in offspring, parents, and siblings. PMID- 3753373 TI - A remark on the generalized effects of assortative mating. PMID- 3753374 TI - A comment on the evidence for learning in diptera. PMID- 3753375 TI - Further evidence for learning in diptera: a reply to Holliday and Hirsch. PMID- 3753376 TI - Genetic and environmental contributions to the covariation between the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) subtests: a study of twins. PMID- 3753377 TI - Heterosis of adult mouse (Mus musculus) ultrasonic vocalizing. PMID- 3753378 TI - Sexual responses to consenting and forced sex in a large sample of rapists and nonrapists. PMID- 3753379 TI - A behavioral procedure for increasing compliance with self-exercise regimens in severely burn-injured patients. PMID- 3753380 TI - Preparedness and resistance to extinction to fear-relevant stimuli: a failure to replicate. PMID- 3753381 TI - Concordance and discordance in speech anxiety assessment: the effects of demand characteristics on the tripartite assessment method. PMID- 3753382 TI - Assessment of dysmenorrhea using the Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire: factor structure and validity. PMID- 3753383 TI - Biological models of panic disorder and agoraphobia--a review. PMID- 3753384 TI - Somatic response to stress, physical symptoms and health service use. PMID- 3753385 TI - The utility of the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule (ADIS) in the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Vietnam veterans. PMID- 3753386 TI - Social transmission of natural variations in pain behaviour. PMID- 3753387 TI - Morbid preoccupations, health anxiety and reassurance: a cognitive-behavioural approach to hypochondriasis. PMID- 3753388 TI - Essay-writing phobia in undergraduates. PMID- 3753389 TI - Evidence against systolic intramural forces as the primary cause of subendocardial preponderance of ischemia. AB - Verification of the current view that subendocardial preponderance of ischemia is due to greater forces generated in the deep myocardial layer during systole was undertaken. In anesthetized mongrel dogs transient ischemia was produced in two different situations of altered systolic forces. First, in order to remove that part of the systolic force which is related to intracavitary pressure, left ventricular bypass was created and the left ventricle vented. Second, in order to even out the transmural distribution of the remaining part of the forces, which is due directly to distortion and displacement of contracting fibers, ventricular fibrillation was induced in addition to venting under conditions of total cardiopulmonary bypass. In both series of experiments the ischemic area was then reperfused, normal circulation re-established and the animal allowed to survive for 3-5 days. After sacrifice, ischemic necrosis was found almost exclusively in the subendocardium. The persistence of subendocardial preponderance of ischemia under conditions of left ventricular venting and absence of coordinated contraction shows that uneven distribution of intramural forces generated during systole is not the primary cause of this preponderance. PMID- 3753390 TI - The microvascular response to growth factors in the hamster cheek pouch. AB - Implicit in attempts to characterize and purify biologically active factors is the premise that the bioassay system employed will show a progressive increase in the response as the concentration of the responsible factor increases. We employed the hamster cheek pouch to assay the neovascularization potential of growth factors, including endothelial cell growth supplement (ECGS), epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Each growth factor was applied to the system in graded concentration and two approaches used to assess neovascularization: first, direct serial inspection of the cheek pouches at 40 power; second, tritiated thymidine incorporation into endothelial cells, assessed by radioautography. PDGF induced a dose-related increase in neovascularization, with a threshold dose of 17.5 micrograms/ml and a peak, 56% response, at a PDGF concentration of 175 micrograms/ml. Progressive increases in PDGF concentration, thereafter, induced progressive reductions in the neovascularization rate. Under some conditions optimal bioassay requires serial dilutions of the assay material over a wide range. PMID- 3753391 TI - Changes in myocardial substrate and energy metabolism by S-(4) hydroxyphenylglycine and an N-(6)-derivative of adenosine. AB - In 15 mongrel open chest dogs oxidative myocardial carbohydrate utilization was stimulated by activation of pyruvatedehydrogenase with S-(4)-hydroxyphenylglycine (HPG) or by inhibition of lipolysis with N(6)-allyl-N(6)-cyclohexyladenosine (PAA). HPG and PAA shifted cardiac respiratory quotients (RQ) from 0.83 to 0.89 and 0.99, respectively. Oxygen extraction ratio of lactate was significantly increased by both interventions. Arterial nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentration decreased significantly only by PAA. The oxygen saving potency of both interventions was quantified over a wide hemodynamic range by comparing the directly measured myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) with the myocardial energy requirements calculated from its hemodynamic determinants according to the Bretschneider formula during base conditions and beta-stimulation. Inhibition of peripheral lipolysis with PAA reduced MVO2 by 14%, enzyme activation with HPG by 8%. The results show that the efficiency of the myocardial energy supply can be influenced by manipulation of the oxidative substrate metabolism. PMID- 3753392 TI - Intracellular trapping of adenosine during myocardial ischemia by L-homocysteine. AB - Experiments were carried out to test the hypothesis whether adenosine produced by ATP catabolism during ischemia can be trapped with L-homocysteine and be re utilized during reperfusion. During intraatrial infusion of L-homocysteine (100 mg/kg/h), the ischemic accumulation of adenine nucleosides and oxypurines in dog myocardium was found to be less than 50% of that during control ischemia. A high proportion of adenosine was recovered as S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. On reperfusion, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. On reperfusion, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine tissue content remained high. After 3 hours of reperfusion approximately 50% of the accumulated S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine were still found in the tissue. Infusion of L-homocysteine did not cause an accumulation of S-adenosyl-L homocysteine in the nonischemic myocardial tissue. L-homocysteine treatment caused a further depletion of ATP during reperfusion after 30 minutes of ischemia, which can be interpreted as a toxic effect. We conclude that L homocysteine is indeed able to trap adenosine produced by ATP breakdown, but the reaction is not readily reversible and is therefore not useful for quick restoration of postischemic ATP levels. PMID- 3753394 TI - Pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis from exogenous cytidine in the isolated rat heart. AB - The rate of incorporation of exogenous cytidine into the pyrimidine nucleotides of isolated perfused rat hearts bears a Michaelis-Menten kinetic relationship to the extracellular concentration of the precursor, with an apparent Km of 10 microM and a maximal rate of incorporation of about 60 nmol per gram (ww) per 30 minutes. The myocardial cytosine nucleotide content was significantly increased by a 30 minute supply of 15 microM cytidine and more than doubled after a 2 hour administration period of 50 microM cytidine. In the latter case, the rate of cytidine incorporation fell by 30% (with respect to the initial uptake) during the last 30 minutes of administration. These results suggest that the uptake of cytidine can play an important part in the myocardial cytosine nucleotide metabolism under physiological conditions. PMID- 3753393 TI - The influence of fish oil diet and norepinephrine treatment on fatty acid composition of rat heart phospholipids and the positional fatty acid distribution in phosphatidylethanolamine. AB - The effect of chronic norepinephrine (NE) administration with increasing dosage from 1-4 mg/kg over a period of 2 weeks was studied on cardiac phospholipids and their fatty acid distribution in rats. Animals were fed a control diet or a 10% cod liver oil (CLO)-enriched diet. The relative distribution of various polyunsaturated fatty acids esterified to the 1- and 2-position of the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction was estimated. NE stress during control feeding significantly reduced the total phospholipid content in rat heart. No differences in the phospholipid class distribution were found. However, CLO feeding as well as chronic NE administration resulted in a decrease of omega 6 fatty acids, mainly C 18:2 omega 6 and C 20:4 omega 6, which was compensated with an increase in omega 3 fatty acids, mainly C 20:5 omega 3 and C 22:6 omega 3. The changes in fatty acid composition qualitatively agree with those reported by Gudbjarnason et al. (23), except that the mortality in our NE-treated control or CLO-fed groups was considerably lower. It can probably be attributed to a different mode of NE administration. On the other hand, at the end of the CLO feeding period in rats treated with NE or not, comparing with control fed rats without NE treatment, the incidence rate of ST segment elevation in electrocardiogram (ECG) recorded under light diethylether-induced anesthesia was higher. Independent of whether the fatty acid composition of myocardial phospholipids was dietary or pharmacologically manipulated, most of the polyunsaturated fatty acids were found at the 2-position of the phosphatidylethanolamine molecules. The polyunsaturated fatty acids account for 45-50% of the fatty acyl residues and preferentially occupy the 2-position, where they can exchange for each other. PMID- 3753396 TI - Teacher presentation rate and point delivery rate. Effects on classroom disruption, performance accuracy, and response rate. PMID- 3753398 TI - Psychiatric aides' perceptions of a patient's assertive behaviors. PMID- 3753397 TI - If I say I'll talk more, then I will. Correspondence training to increase peer directed talk by socially withdrawn children. PMID- 3753399 TI - Assertive, empathic assertive, and conversational behavior. Perception of likability, effectiveness, and sex role. PMID- 3753395 TI - Effect of calmodulin antagonists on hypoxia and reoxygenation damage in isolated rabbit hearts. AB - The effect of calmodulin antagonists trifluoperazine (2.5 X 10(-7) M and 2.5 X 10(-6) M) and R 24571 (10(-8) M and 10(-7) M) on Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts subjected to 180 min hypoxia and 30 min reoxygenation was studied. Coronary flow, force of contraction, oxygen consumption and release of lactate, noradrenaline and LDH were measured. Both drugs were found to reduce some of the deleterious consequences of hypoxia, i.e., they caused: marked reduction in the hypoxic LDH release; reduction in hypoxic contracture; increased recovery of active tension, oxygen consumption and coronary flow upon reoxygenation as compared to those in the untreated controls. The drugs prevented reoxygenation induced LDH release in the drug-pretreated hearts and had no effect when given only during reoxygenation. This suggests that the drugs do not prevent reoxygenation damage as such, but only some changes developing during hypoxia, which make myocardium vulnerable to the reoxygenation damage. Although other interpretations are possible (e.g., the effects are related to the membrane stabilizing action of the drugs), our data are consistent with the hypothesis that a calmodulin-sensitive process is involved in the hypoxia damage of the myocardium. PMID- 3753400 TI - Improving mealtime behaviors through token reinforcement. A study with mentally retarded behaviorally disordered children. PMID- 3753401 TI - Overcorrection of spelling deficits in moderately mentally retarded children. PMID- 3753402 TI - [Autotransfusion and its clinical use]. PMID- 3753403 TI - [Current transfusion medicine--infection, thrombocytes, granulocytes. Symposium of the German Society for Blood Transfusion and Immunohematology. Marburg, West Germany, 26-28 September 1985]. PMID- 3753404 TI - Morphological changes associated with pH changes during storage of platelet concentrates. AB - The platelet injury and loss of viability that has been shown to occur with storage of platelet concentrates (PC) under conditions with increasing or falling pH were examined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. After storage of PC in first (PL-146) and second generation containers (PL-1240 and PL 732), samples were taken for measurement of pH value, platelet count and size distribution, release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) into plasma, and for SEM and TEM. After storage of 83 PC in first generation containers for 4 days increased levels of LDH were observed in PC with pH above 7.3 (n = 2) and below 6.1 (n = 4). The electron microscopic pictures confirmed previous suggestions that platelet disc-to-sphere transformation and cytoplasmic swelling occur when pH falls below 6.7-6.8 during storage. In PC with pH below 6.1 the morphological change was irreversible with the appearance of more than 90% lysed and balloon platelets. In PC with pH above 7.3 because of low platelet concentration this was related to an increased number of platelets that were lysed of had a swollen disintegrated internal structure (balloons) as seen with TEM. SEM and Coulter counter studies also showed that platelet fragmentation and formation of microvesicles were prominent in PC with pH above 7.3. Second generation containers maintained the pH during 5-day-storage at higher levels but had enhanced risk of pH increase. A strong tendency for the platelets to become alkaline upon subsequent storage could be demonstrated as a result of excessive forces or prolonged centrifugation during the second spin of the preparation procedure. Whereas the platelet injury caused by low pH is easy to recognize because of the absence of swirling the morphological changes associated with high pH cannot be detected directly. PMID- 3753405 TI - [Thrombocyte function by storage in PVC bags with increased gas permeability]. PMID- 3753406 TI - [Intraoperative autotransfusion--current status]. PMID- 3753407 TI - [Clinical aspects of thrombocyte transfusion]. PMID- 3753408 TI - [Effect and therapy in the control of thrombocyte-induced hemorrhage with phospholipids (exemplified by Fibraccel)]. PMID- 3753409 TI - [Autologous blood donation in improvised technic]. PMID- 3753410 TI - Qualitative and quantitative assessment of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) functions. AB - The current status on human PMNL separation, storage conditions, and quantitative assessment of cell functions is discussed. Human peripheral blood PMNLs are multifunctional cells which may be activated by several soluble and particulate stimuli. A variety of methods for the isolation of PMNLs and testing of cell functions is described which may be used in the clinical and the research laboratory. Detailed information on the quantitative assessment of PMNL motility, phagocytosis, microbial killing, exocytosis, and oxygen metabolite generation is given. Recently developed biochemical and immunological methods which may be employed for detection of structural and metabolic changes in normal and pathological PMNLs are also included. PMID- 3753411 TI - [Chemiluminescence of granulocytes--methodologic variables and effect of roentgen irradiation on leukocyte preparations]. PMID- 3753412 TI - [Granulocyte function modified by antibiotics]. PMID- 3753413 TI - [Granulocyte functions in infection in the neonatal period]. PMID- 3753414 TI - [Thrombocyte collection with the cell separator. Determination of status and perspectives]. PMID- 3753415 TI - [Thrombocyte preparation from whole blood stores. Data on yield and leukocyte contamination]. PMID- 3753416 TI - [Thrombocyte function in vitro using the Fenwal CS-3000 and Haemonetics V50 cell separators]. PMID- 3753417 TI - Platelet storage for transfusion. AB - An overview is given about the different variables which are of influence during platelet storage. After reinfusion of 51Cr-labeled platelets of PRP stored in first generation containers and evaluation of in vivo recovery and half life optimum, range of storage temperature was found to be 20-24 degrees C. Storage of PC in first generation containers showed a significant fall of pH which was in a clear relationship to platelet concentration, lactate production, and glucose consumption. If pH fell below 6.0 irreversible morphological changes and decrease of in vivo recovery/survival was observed. The second generation containers (PL 732, CLX, PL-1240) resulted in superior pH maintenance which was due to superior O2 and CO2 transport through the walls of the bags and a lower rate of glycolysis. In vivo recovery showed a gradual decline from 57% for fresh platelets to 42% after 7-day-storage. Platelet survival curves after 7-day storage lay just at the lower limit of the range for fresh platelets. The success of prolonged storage depends critically on the mode of agitation used which was demonstrated by comparing three different agitators. A lot of questions remain still to be answered concerning the substrates of the oxidative metabolism, the morphological changes, and especially the in vitro function of platelets after prolonged storage. PMID- 3753418 TI - [Psychological performance tests in neurology and psychiatry. Methods and normal values]. PMID- 3753419 TI - [Use of external fixation]. PMID- 3753420 TI - [Determination of hip force orientation of the fracture surface of hip joint prostheses]. PMID- 3753421 TI - [Arthrographic findings in diseases and injuries of the shoulder joint]. PMID- 3753422 TI - [Experiences with wrist endoprostheses in chronic polyarthritis]. PMID- 3753423 TI - [Chronic malignant polyarthritis]. PMID- 3753424 TI - [Roentgen changes in the cervical spine in chronic polyarthritis and therapeutic consequences]. PMID- 3753425 TI - [Management of fractures of the coxal end of the femur in the elderly]. PMID- 3753426 TI - [Treatment of tendinitis in the horse]. PMID- 3753427 TI - [Classification criteria for the epithelium cycle of the seminiferous tubule, based on studies in the cat (Felis catus)]. PMID- 3753428 TI - [Residue behavior of chloramphenicol in trout using the radio-immunoassay test]. PMID- 3753429 TI - The equine protease inhibitory system (Pi): abnormal expressions of PiF, PiL, and PiS1. AB - Three cases of abnormal expression of the equine protease inhibitory alleles, Pi F, L, and S1, were observed following the examination of 30,000 plasma samples by one-dimensional acid (pH 4.6) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Characterization of the abnormal proteins in terms of isoelectric point, molecular mass, inhibitory spectra, and sialic acid content was performed using one- and two-dimensional electrophoretic techniques. The Pi F and S1 abnormalities were postulated to be the result of amino acid substitutions causing alterations in the processing of the carbohydrate side chains. No explanation could be offered for the Pi L abnormality other than a charge shift mutation. Abnormal types, F*, L*, and S1* behaved as alleles but the distribution of L* in offspring from one stallion (present in only 6 of 83 offspring) differed significantly from expectation. PMID- 3753430 TI - The sensitivity of isoelectric focusing and electrophoresis in the detection of sequence differences in proteins. AB - Fourteen myoglobins of known sequence were examined by isoelectric focusing with and without urea. The 14 sequences formed six distinct mobility classes on gels without urea and three classes on those with urea. For these proteins, isoelectric focusing provides no advantage over single, nonequilibrium, nondenaturing gels in the total number of distinguishable mobility classes. Only major charge differences, resulting from the changes in the total numbers of acidic and basic amino acids, can be detected on gels with urea, indicating that denaturation by urea alters proteins so that small differences in ionization are eliminated. PMID- 3753431 TI - Genetic variation in natural and laboratory populations of the marsupial Sminthopsis crassicaudata. AB - Gel electrophoresis of blood proteins has detected allelic variation at five loci (TRF, PGD, SOD, ADA, GPI) in a laboratory colony of the dasyurid marsupial Sminthopsis crassicaudata. Family data show no significant departures from Mendelian expectations. Analysis of blood from wild-caught progenitors of the colony revealed significant differences in gene frequency between groups of animals captured from different parts of southern and central Australia and showed that there are two major population clusters. These interpopulation differences are particularly marked at the TRF locus and indicate that the river Murray is a barrier for this species. PMID- 3753432 TI - Gene-dependent flavonoid 3'-hydroxylation in maize. AB - The influence of the gene Pr on flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase activity in maize is described. Specific activities are presented for the hydroxylase in seedlings and aleurone tissue homozygous dominant and recessive and heterozygous for Pr. Specific activity levels in both tissues increased in a nearly direct proportion with the increase in Pr dosage, which is consistent with Pr being the structural gene for the hydroxylase. Regression analysis of the gene dosage:enzyme activity comparison yielded correlation coefficients of 0.979 and 0.959 for the seedlings and aleurone, respectively. Quantitative identification of the cyanidin and pelargonidin in the aleurone indicated that cyanidin increased with an increase in dominant Pr, while pelargonidin decreased, although the increases and decreases observed were not directly proportional to the gene dosage. Comparison of the cyanidin/pelargonidin ratio to the gene dosage ratio in the different tissues showed a strong correlation (0.998), which demonstrates that the dosage of Pr controls the ratio of cyanidin to pelargonidin. Cyanidin was found at a low concentration in aleurone homozygous for pr. Hydroxylase activity in maturing field plants reaches its peak concentration near anthesis and is present at an appreciable concentration in mature plant tissue homozygous for pr, as well as in seedlings homozygous for pr. Suggestion is made that pr could be a hypomorphic allele or that a duplicate gene for Pr could exist to account for the hydroxylase activity in homozygous pr tissue. Evidence for the hydroxylase in the aleurone and the seedlings and the pigment ratio data from the aleurone suggest that Pr is indeed a structural gene for NADPH:flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase. PMID- 3753433 TI - Intestinal metallothionein in lethal-milk mice with systemic zinc deficiency. AB - Lethal-milk (C57BL/6J-lm) mice over 12 months of age exhibit clinical signs of systemic Zn deficiency. Such lm mice have increased concentrations of metallothionein (MT) in the intestinal mucosa. Various concentrations of Cd or Zn were added to the drinking water. MT was assayed using the Cd saturation/hemolysate method and for sulfhydryl concentration (MT has 33% cysteine residues) with Ellman's reagent. As assayed by both methods, mucosa from untreated lm mice contained approximately twice as much MT as did the C57BL/6J (+lm/+lm) (B6) controls. Treatment with 150 and 500 ppm Zn removed the genotypic differences observed for the untreated and Cd-treated mice. These results are consistent with the lm mutation affecting Zn metabolism through impaired MT metabolism as measured for the intestinal mucosa. These studies do not eliminate the possibility that the liver may also contribute. PMID- 3753434 TI - Characterization of three-fraction mycobacillin synthetase. AB - Mycobacillin synthetase lacks aspartic acid racemase, alanine racemase and glutamic acid racemase activities. The enzyme also does not respond to ATP [32P]Pi exchange, nor does it catalyse the antibiotic synthesis in presence of amino acids of configuration opposite to that present in the molecule. Preincubation with optical isomers of opposite configuration inhibited the ATP [32P]Pi exchange reaction to the extent of 60-90%. None of the three fractions of mycobacillin synthetase contained a pantothenic acid arm. Two molecules of ATP are required to synthesize one peptide bond of mycobacillin. Intermediate peptides of mycobacillin are not covalently linked to the three-fraction mycobacillin synthetase. PMID- 3753435 TI - Isolation and characterization of latherin, a surface-active protein from horse sweat. AB - A protein, latherin, with unusual surface activity was isolated from horse sweat by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The protein has a Stokes radius, determined by gel filtration, of 2.47 nm, and in the ultracentrifuge sediments as a single species with S20,W 2.05 S, indicating an Mr of 24,400. On SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis the molecule behaves as a single peptide chain of apparent Mr 20,000. Latherin contains a high proportion of hydrophobic amino acids (37.2%), and the leucine content (24.5%) is exceptionally high. The unusual composition of the protein may account for apparent anomalies in the Mr of latherin determined by empirical methods. Evidence indicating that latherin is responsible for much of the surface activity of horse sweat was obtained by a simple assay for surface tension and by contact-angle measurements. Latherin adsorbs very readily at hydrophobic surfaces, rendering them wettable. A possible role for latherin in thermoregulation is proposed. PMID- 3753436 TI - Lysosomes, but not mitochondria, accumulate iron and porphyrins in porphyria induced by hexachlorobenzene. AB - In female rats with porphyria induced by hexachlorobenzene, the amounts of non haem iron and porphyrins in liver mitochondrial fractions were increased almost 3 fold and greater than 500-fold respectively compared with that of untreated animals. A considerable fraction of both iron and porphyrins in this fraction was shown to be located in lysosomes. Thus mitochondrial preparations, which were further depleted of lysosomes by Percoll-density-gradient centrifugation, contained 2.78 +/- 0.75 and 2.99 +/- 0.49 nmol of non-haem iron/mg of protein when isolated from the liver of control rats and hexachlorobenzene-treated rats respectively. Mitochondria isolated from the liver of hexachlorobenzene-treated animals contained a pool of iron (about 1 nmol/mg of protein) that was available for haem synthesis in vitro. This pool is similar to that previously reported for mitochondria isolated from the liver of rats with normal haem synthesis. Hexachlorobenzene treatment, therefore, does not affect the iron status of the mitochondria. PMID- 3753437 TI - Fractionation of rat liver plasma-membrane regions by two-phase partitioning. AB - Rat liver plasma membranes, enriched in blood-sinusoidal or bile-canalicular regions by differential and sucrose-gradient centrifugation, were further purified by partitioning in an aqueous polymer two-phase system. This method separates membranes according to differences in surface properties rather than size and density. A several-fold increase in the ratio of leucine aminopeptidase (a bile-canalicular marker) and 5'-nucleotidase to asialo-orosomucoid binding (a blood-sinusoidal marker) was obtained in one fraction, whereas another fraction gave a 2-3-fold increase in ratio of blood-sinusoidal to bile-canalicular markers. Furthermore, the markers for both regions of the plasma membrane, as well as markers for Golgi membranes and lysosomes, showed a heterogeneous behaviour on counter-current distribution. PMID- 3753438 TI - Vectorial product concentration obtained with a permeable immobilized enzyme membrane. A new approach to the analysis of biological transport systems. AB - The theoretical analysis of the distribution on both sides of a flat porous membrane of the product generated by an enzyme covalently bound only on to one side of the membrane separating two compartments of widely different volumes is presented. Contrary to what occurs with heterogeneous symmetric systems, the diffusional limitations at the enzyme level play a prominent role, not only on the apparent enzyme activity, but also on product flux-splitting. The mathematical model developed shows that it is possible to concentrate the reaction product in the compartment opposite to that where the reaction occurs. The influence of the parameters and of the physical characteristics of an asymmetrical system on product distribution is analysed. This theoretical analysis is in excellent agreement with experimental data obtained with glucose oxidase immobilized on a porous collagen membrane. PMID- 3753439 TI - Lysosomal degradation of glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans. Efflux and recycling of sulphate and N-acetylhexosamines. AB - Lysosomal degradation of the carbohydrate portion of glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans produces monosaccharides and sulphate, which must efflux from the lysosomes before re-entering biosynthetic pathways. We examined the degradation of glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans by lysosomes isolated from cultured human diploid fibroblasts. Cells were grown for 24 h in medium containing [3H]glucosamine and [35S]sulphate. When lysosomes are isolated from these cells, they contain label primarily in macromolecules (glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans). Glycoprotein degradation by isolated lysosomes was followed by measuring the release of tritiated sugars from macromolecules and efflux of these sugars from the organelles. Glycosaminoglycan degradation was monitored by the release of both tritiated sugars and [35S]sulphate. During macromolecule degradation, the total amounts of free [35S]sulphate, N-acetyl[3H]glucosamine and N-acetyl[3H]galactosamine found outside the lysosome parallels the amounts of these products released by degradation. The total degradation of glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans by intact cultured cells was also examined. The lysosomal contribution to degradation was assessed by measuring inhibition by the lysosomotropic amine NH4Cl. After 48 h incubation, inhibition by NH4Cl exceeded 55% of glycoprotein and 72% of glycosaminoglycan degradation. Recycling of [3H]hexosamines and [35S]sulphate by intact cells was estimated by measuring the appearance of 'newly synthesized' radioactively labelled macromolecules in the medium. Sulphate does not appear to be appreciably recycled. N-Acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine, on the other hand, are reutilized to a significant extent. PMID- 3753440 TI - Purification of cathepsin B by a new form of affinity chromatography. AB - Human cathepsin B was purified by affinity chromatography on the semicarbazone of Gly-Phe-glycinal linked to Sepharose 4B, with elution by 2,2'-dipyridyl disulphide at pH 4.0. The product obtained in high yield by the single step from crude starting material was 80-100% active cathepsin B. The possibility that this new form of affinity chromatography may be of general usefulness in the purification of cysteine proteinases is discussed. PMID- 3753441 TI - Effects of dietary copper supplementation of rats on the occurrence of metallothionein-I in liver and its secretion into blood, bile and urine. AB - The appearance and excretion of metallothionein-I (MT-I) was studied in rats given a diet containing 1000 mg of Cu/kg for several weeks. No significant increase in MT-I concentrations in liver, plasma or bile was detected in rats with liver copper concentrations less than 600 micrograms of Cu/g fresh wt. Above this concentration, liver MT-I concentrations increased in proportion to the increase in hepatic copper content. Plasma and bile MT-I concentrations were directly related to those in the liver and were about 10 times those in normal rats. Urinary MT-I concentration also increased 10-fold within 1 week. Fractionation of bile and urine on Sephadex G-50 revealed the presence of monomeric MT-I and a range of possible degradation products of the isoprotein. PMID- 3753442 TI - Uric acid-iron ion complexes. A new aspect of the antioxidant functions of uric acid. AB - In order to survive in an oxygen environment, aerobic organisms have developed numerous mechanisms to protect against oxygen radicals and singlet oxygen. One such mechanism, which appears to have attained particular significance during primate evolution, is the direct scavenging of oxygen radicals, singlet oxygen, oxo-haem oxidants and hydroperoxyl radicals by uric acid. In the present paper we demonstrate that another important 'antioxidant' property of uric acid is the ability to form stable co-ordination complexes with iron ions. Formation of urate Fe3+ complexes dramatically inhibits Fe3+-catalysed ascorbate oxidation, as well as lipid peroxidation in liposomes and rat liver microsomal fraction. In contrast with antioxidant scavenger reactions, the inhibition of ascorbate oxidation and lipid peroxidation provided by urate's ability to bind iron ions does not involve urate oxidation. Association constants (Ka) for urate-iron ion complexes were determined by fluorescence-quenching techniques. The Ka for a 1:1 urate-Fe3+ complex was found to be 2.4 X 10(5), whereas the Ka for a 1:1 urate-Fe2+ complex was determined to be 1.9 X 10(4). Our experiments also revealed that urate can form a 2:1 complex with Fe3+ with an association constant for the second urate molecule (K'a) of approx. 4.5 X 10(5). From these data we estimate an overall stability constant (Ks approximately equal to Ka X K'a) for urate-Fe3+ complexes of approx. 1.1 X 10(11). Polarographic measurements revealed that (upon binding) urate decreases the reduction potential for the Fe2+/Fe3+ half-reaction from 0.77 V to -0.67 V. Thus urate slightly diminishes the oxidizing potential of Fe3+. The present results provide a mechanistic explanation for our previous report that urate protects ascorbate from oxidation in human blood. The almost saturating concentration of urate normally found in human plasma (up to 0.6 mM) represents 5-10 times the plasma ascorbate concentration, and is orders of magnitude higher than the 'free' iron ion concentration. These considerations point to the physiological significance of our findings. PMID- 3753443 TI - Determination of gangliosides as 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazides by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A specific, sensitive and easily performed method for the determination of gangliosides in tissue was developed. After removal of water-soluble compounds, total lipids were extracted from tissue and then treated with 2,4 dinitrophenylhydrazine hydrochloride and dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide in dimethylformamide at 0 degrees C to form ganglioside hydrazides. After removal of excess reagents by column chromatography on silicic acid, the ganglioside 2,4 dinitrophenylhydrazides were eluted from the column and analysed by h.p.l.c. with the use of a silica-gel normal-phase column eluted with an isocratic chloroform/methanol/water/acetic acid system. The addition of CaCl2 improved the separation of GM3 ganglioside containing N-acetylneuraminic acid from that containing N-glycollylneuraminic acid. 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazide peaks were measured by the absorbance at 342 nm. Quantification of GM3, GM2, GM1, GD1a, GD1b, GT1b and LM1 gangliosides was linear in a range 0.02-1.6 nmol. GM4, GD3, GT1a and GQ1b gangliosides also yielded distinct peaks, although the range of linearity was not examined. This method was applied to the analysis of the total lipids of rat brain and hepatocytes. PMID- 3753444 TI - A subclass of glutathione S-transferases as intracellular high-capacity and high affinity steroid-binding proteins. AB - The distribution of glucocorticoids incubated with rat liver cytosol preparations or administered in vivo to adrenalectomized rats was analysed by chromatographic procedures. Corticosterone or dexamethasone was co-eluted with Yb-type GSH S transferases in anion-exchange and gel-permeation chromatography systems, and these glucocorticoids also were bound to Yb forms in analyses by immunoadsorbent and lysyl-GSH affinity matrices. Pretreatment of cytosol with lysyl-GSH to extract GSH S-transferases or incubation with excess bilirubin, which is expected to compete with steroids for binding to the protein, yielded preparations that were devoid of this major steroid-binding component. In mixtures of the multiple rat GSH S-transferases, corticosterone preferentially interacted with Yb forms rather than Ya and Yc subgroups. All of the multiple Yb forms resolved by chromatofocusing procedures retained the steroid-binding capacity. It is suggested that these abundant proteins can account for a considerable share of intracellular glucocorticoid binding and represent a high-affinity non-saturable binding component with potential to function in steroid-hormone metabolism and action. PMID- 3753445 TI - Multiple forms of histone H2B from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. AB - The complete amino acid sequence of histone H2B from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was determined. The protein as obtained by us is a mixture of multiple forms. Approx. 90% of the molecules consist of a polypeptide chain of 122 amino acids with alanine as N-terminal residue and proline at the second position. In the remaining 10% alanine is lacking and the chain starts with proline. In addition to the heterogeneity of chain length, polymorphism occurs at the positions 7 (Ala/Lys), 14 (Ala/Lys) and 72 (Ala/Ser) of the major chain and at position 6 (Ala/Lys) of the shorter chain. In the N-terminal third of the molecule there is a high degree of sequence homology to the corresponding region in H2B from Drosophila (insect), Patella (mollusc) and Asterias (starfish). In contrast, this part of the molecule differs considerably from mammalian histone H2B. PMID- 3753446 TI - Conformational changes induced by polyanions in haemoglobin from Camelus dromedarius. Studies on the ferric derivatives. AB - The effect of inositol hexakisphosphate on the redox equilibria and on the c.d. spectra of ferric derivatives of haemoglobin from Camelus dromedarius has shown that: two distinct functionally relevant binding sites for polyanions are present on the protein; conformational changes promoted by inositol hexakisphosphate are largely dependent on spin state of the iron; tertiary and quaternary changes are not necessarily linked; structures induced by polyanions can be mixed forms that are neither T-state nor R-state. PMID- 3753447 TI - Error structure as a function of substrate and inhibitor concentration in enzyme kinetic experiments. AB - Optimal design of experiments as well as proper analysis of data are dependent on knowledge of the experimental error. A detailed analysis of the error structure of kinetic data obtained with acetylcholinesterase showed conclusively that the classical assumptions of constant absolute or constant relative error are inadequate for the dependent variable (velocity). The best mathematical models for the experimental error involved the substrate and inhibitor concentrations and reflected the rate law for the initial velocity. Data obtained with other enzymes displayed similar relationships between experimental error and the independent variables. The new empirical error functions were shown superior to previously used models when utilized in weighted non-linear-regression analysis of kinetic data. The results suggest that, in the spectrophotometric assays used in the present study, the observed experimental variance is primarily due to errors in determination of the concentrations of substrate and inhibitor and not to error in measuring the velocity. PMID- 3753448 TI - Proteoglycans from pig aorta. Comparative study of their interactions with lipoproteins. AB - Different proteoglycans (PGs) were isolated from pig aorta for aggregation studies with hyaluronic acid and human low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Extraction of the intima-media with 4M-guanidinium chloride and digestion of the residue with collagenase solubilized 91% of aortic hexuronic acid content. From the guanidinium chloride extract two PGs were isolated by ion-exchange and gel permeation chromatography: proteochondroitin sulphate (PGI) with a protein-core apparent Mr of 250 000 and proteodermatan-chondroitin sulphate (PGII) with a protein-core apparent Mr of 55 000. Only PGI forms high-Mr aggregates with hyaluronic acid. From the collagenase digest two other PGs were isolated: proteoheparan sulphate and proteochondroitin sulphate (PGIII and PGIV respectively). PGIV had a smaller hydrodynamic size than PGI. PGI and PGII formed insoluble complexes with human LDL in the presence of Ca2+. PGIII or PGIV did not form precipitates with the LDL. PGI and PGII, but neither PGIII nor PGIV, were bound to LDL-Sepharose. The main peaks of PGI and PGII were eluted from LDL Sepharose with 60 mM- and 90 mM-NaCl respectively. The results indicate that aortic PGs have different interacting potentials with lipoproteins, depending on their Mr and their glycosaminoglycan composition. PMID- 3753449 TI - Metabolism of the diacetyl derivatives of stereoisomeric monoacyl-sn-glycerols by rat adipocytes in vitro. AB - Diacetyl long-chain 1(3)- and 2-acyl-sn-glycerols containing either [9,10 3H]oleic acid or [1-14C]palmitic acid were synthesized by partial hydrolysis of the corresponding labelled triacylglycerols and acetylation. They were obtained in a high degree of stereochemical purity by preparative h.p.l.c. on a column containing a diol bonded phase. Each compound was rapidly metabolized by adipocyte preparations in vitro, and a high proportion of the label was recovered in the unesterified fatty acid and triacylglycerol fractions. Negligible amounts of intermediate products of hydrolysis were detected. Triacylglycerols were formed from [9,10-3H]oleic acid and from diacetyl-1(3)-[9,10-3H]oleoyl glycerol precursors at about the same rate, but the 2-isomer was metabolized rather more slowly. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that essentially complete hydrolysis occurred in the medium or at the plasma membrane, through the actions of lipoprotein lipase and monoacylglycerol lipase, and that subsequent esterification took place within the cell. To confirm that no putative intermediate monoacylglycerols were utilized for triacylglycerol biosynthesis via the monacylglycerol pathway, the positional distributions of fatty acids in triacylglycerols from each substrate were determined. No positional selectivity was observed. It was concluded that monoacylglycerols, of an origin exogenous to the tissue, e.g. those derived from plasma triacylglycerols, were not utilized to a significant degree for triacylglycerol biosynthesis in adipose tissue. The diacetyl derivatives of monoacylglycerols may serve as useful stereochemical probes in studies of triacylglycerol biosynthesis via the monoacylglycerol pathway in other tissues. PMID- 3753450 TI - Purification and characterization of a previously unreported form of cytochrome P 448 from the liver of 3-methylcholanthrene-pretreated rats. AB - At least four hepatic isoenzymes of cytochrome P-450 were purified and characterized from rats treated with 3-methylcholanthrene. A monoclonal antibody developed against one of the forms (designated cytochrome P-450 MC-B) and polyclonal antibodies against others were used to demonstrate that form MC-B is immunologically distinct from other methylcholanthrene-inducible forms. Limited N terminal amino acid sequencing showed that cytochrome P-450 MC-B has a primary structure that differs from the N-terminal sequences of other established rat isoenzymes. Cytochrome P-450 MC-B has a minimum Mr of 53,000, a CO-reduced spectral maximum at 448 nm, a Soret maximum of 417 nm in the absolute oxidized spectrum and a pattern of substrate preferences that differs from those of the other methylcholanthrene-induced forms. The other forms (MC-A, MC-C and MC-D) share characteristics with isoenzymes previously reported by other investigators. PMID- 3753451 TI - Pig heart fumarase really does exhibit negative kinetic co-operativity at a constant ionic strength. AB - The kinetics of the action of fumarase on L-malate and fumarate were investigated at constant ionic strength. This was done to evaluate reports that fumarase follows simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics. However, when pH, buffer concentration and ionic strength are all maintained at constant values, the Lineweaver-Burk plots exhibit pronounced downward curvature, characteristic of negative kinetic co-operativity. PMID- 3753452 TI - The human erythrocyte anion-transport protein. Further amino acid sequence from the integral membrane domain homologous with the murine protein. AB - Sequences from the human erythrocyte anion-transport protein homologous with residues 417-449 and 794-813 of the murine erythrocyte anion-transport protein have been determined. The former sequence includes the putative transmembrane helix closest to the N-terminus of the protein. The latter sequence traverses almost all of the lipid bilayer and is located towards the C-terminus of the protein. Sites have been identified by alignment with the murine sequence in the integral membrane domain that are accessible to proteolytic enzymes. Sequences from the integral membrane domain of the erythrocyte anion-transport protein are highly conserved. PMID- 3753454 TI - Site-specific modification of albumin by free radicals. Reaction with copper(II) and ascorbate. AB - Exposure of albumin to Cu(II) (10-100 microM) and ascorbate (0.1-2 mM) results in extensive molecular modifications, indicated by decreased fluorescence and chain breaks. The rate of utilization of molecular oxygen and ascorbate as a function of Cu(II) concentration is non-linear at copper/albumin ratios of greater than 1. It appears that Cu(II) bound to the tightest albumin-binding site is less available to the ascorbate than the more loosely bound cation. SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reveals new protein bands corresponding to 50, 47, 22, 18 and 3 kDa. For such a cleavage pattern, relatively few (approximately 3) and rather specific chain breaks occurred. Repeated addition of portions of ascorbate to the albumin/Cu(II) mixture results in increased intensity of the new bands. The absence of Cu(II) or the presence of metal chelating agents is inhibitory. There was no evidence of intermolecular cross-linking or of the formation of insoluble, albumin-derived, material. A mechanism is proposed wherein the loosely bound Cu(II) participates in a Fenton-type reaction. This generates OH. radicals, which rapidly inter-react with the protein and modify it in a 'site-specific' manner. PMID- 3753453 TI - The effect of colchicine on the development of lithocholic acid-induced cholestasis. A study of the role of microtubules in intracellular cholesterol transport. AB - The pathogenesis of lithocholic acid (LCA-Na)-induced cholestasis involves a rapid accumulation of cholesterol in the bile canalicular membrane. Since microtubules play an important role in the intracellular transport of many materials, including cholesterol, the present study was undertaken to assess the extent to which they participate in the development of LCA-Na-induced cholestasis. Rats were pretreated with either colchicine (0.2 mumol/100 g body wt.) or saline solution 90 min before injection with LCA-Na (12 mumol/100 g body wt.). Colchicine, although not increasing bile flow by itself, significantly reduced the cholestasis caused by LCA-Na (57-32% reduction in bile flow) without affecting its metabolism into less toxic bile acids or its distribution in blood, liver or bile. Bile canalicular membranes isolated from animals treated with a combination of colchicine and LCA-Na contained less cholesterol than those treated with LCA-Na alone. However, membranes obtained from rats treated with colchicine alone contained much less cholesterol than did controls. It was found that the total amount of cholesterol accumulated within the bile canalicular membrane following LCA-Na treatment (LCA-Na + colchicine versus colchicine alone compared with LCA-Na versus controls) was unchanged by colchicine treatment. In view of these findings it is suggested that the total amount of cholesterol present within the bile canalicular membrane determines the extent of LCA-Na induced cholestasis, LCA-Na probably moves cholesterol to the bile canalicular membrane via a microtubule independent pathway, and microtubules are unlikely to function in the transcellular transport of LCA-Na. PMID- 3753455 TI - Primary alkylsulphatase activities of the detergent-degrading bacterium Pseudomonas C12B. Purification and properties of the P1 enzyme. AB - The P1 primary alkylsulphatase of Pseudomonas C12B was purified 1500-fold to homogeneity by a combination of streptomycin sulphate precipitation of nucleic acids, (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and chromatography on columns of DEAE-cellulose, Sephacryl S-300 and butyl-agarose. The protein was tetrameric with an Mr of 181000-193000, and exhibited maximum activity at pH 6.1. Primary alkyl sulphates of carbon-chain length C1-C5 or above C14 were not substrates, but the intermediate homologues were shown to be substrates, either by direct assay (C6 C9 and C12) or by gel zymography (C10, C11, C13 and C14). Increasing the chain length from C6 to C12 led to diminishing Km. Values of delta G0' for binding substrates to enzyme were dependent linearly on chain length, indicating high dependence on hydrophobic interactions. Vmax./Km values increased with increasing chain length. Inhibition by alk-2-yl sulphates and alkane-sulphonates was competitive and showed a similar dependence on hydrophobic binding. The P1 enzyme was active towards several aryl sulphates, including o-, m- and p-chlorophenyl sulphates, 2,4-dichlorophenyl sulphate, o-, m- and p-methoxyphenyl sulphates, m- and p-hydroxyphenyl sulphates and p-nitrophenyl sulphate, but excluding bis-(p nitrophenyl) sulphate and the O-sulphate esters of tyrosine, nitrocatechol and phenol. The arylsulphatase activity was weak compared with alkylsulphatase activity, and it was distinguishable from the de-repressible arylsulphatase activity of Pseudomonas C12B reported previously. Comparison of the P1 enzyme with the inducible P2 alkylsulphatase of this organism, and with the Crag herbicide sulphatase of Pseudomonas putida, showed that, although there are certain similarities between any two of the three enzymes, very few properties are common to all three. PMID- 3753456 TI - A study of the role of metallothionein in the inherited copper toxicosis of dogs. AB - The role of metallothionein (MT) was assessed in the copper-loading disease prevalent in Bedlington terriers. Fractionation of tissue supernatants over Sephadex G-75 showed that most of the additional cytosolic copper present in liver tissue of these dogs was bound to MT, and that substantially more MT-bound copper could be solubilized by detergent plus mercaptoethanol. Zinc contents were only slightly raised, although most of the extra zinc was associated with a 4000 Mr ligand. Ion-exchange chromatography revealed two isoproteins, MT1 and MT2, in all the dog liver samples examined. In Bedlington terrier liver, copper associated with both isoproteins was increased, although the increase for MT2 was greater than for MT1. The content of MT protein was also raised, although cell free translations and RNA blots of total liver RNA showed that this increase was not associated with a rise in MT mRNA. The significance of these results to the mechanism of copper accumulation in the Bedlington terrier disorder is discussed. PMID- 3753457 TI - Differential effect of glucagon on gluconeogenesis in periportal and pericentral regions of the liver lobule. AB - The effect of glucagon on gluconeogenesis was measured in periportal and pericentral regions of the liver lobule by monitoring changes in rates of O2 uptake on the surface of the perfused liver with miniature O2 electrodes after infusion of lactate. When lactate (2 mM) was infused into livers from starved rats perfused in the anterograde direction, O2 uptake was increased 2.5-fold more in periportal than in pericentral regions, reflecting increased energy demands for glucose synthesis. Under these conditions, glucagon infusion in the presence of lactate increased O2 uptake exclusively in periportal regions of the liver lobule. Thus, when perfusion is in the physiological anterograde direction, the metabolic actions of glucagon predominate in periportal regions of the liver lobule under gluconeogenic conditions in the starved state. When livers were perfused in the retrograde direction, however, glucagon stimulated O2 uptake exclusively in pericentral regions. Thus glucagon only stimulates gluconeogenesis in 'upstream' regions of the liver lobule irrespective of the direction of flow. PMID- 3753458 TI - Nutritional and hormonal regulation of malic enzyme synthesis in rat mammary gland. AB - Cytosolic malic enzyme was purified from rat mammary gland by L-malate affinity chromatography. The pure enzyme obtained was used to produce a specific antiserum in a rabbit. Relative synthesis of malic enzyme in the mammary gland of mid lactating rats was 0.097%, measured by labelling the enzyme in isolated acini. When food was removed, malic enzyme synthesis decreased to 35% and 20% of the control value at 4 and 6 h respectively. Incorporation of [3H]leucine into soluble proteins was constant during the first 6 h of starvation. When lactating rats (maintained with their pups) were starved for 24 h and then re-fed, the relative rate of enzyme synthesis increased 2.5-, 4-, and 4.5-fold at 3 h, 6 h and 18 h respectively after initiation of re-feeding. The relative rate of malic enzyme synthesis was about 50% of normal at 15 h after weaning, whereas the rate of synthesis of soluble proteins did not change. Administration of bromocriptine or adrenalectomy of lactating rats decreased the relative rate of synthesis of malic enzyme by 40% or 30% respectively; these effects were counteracted by hormone supplementation. Hormone therapy also caused an increase in the rate of incorporation of [3H]leucine into soluble proteins and in malic enzyme activity. PMID- 3753459 TI - An investigation of arterial insufficiency in rat hindlimb. A combined 31P-n.m.r. and bloodflow study. AB - A small animal model of arterial insufficiency is presented which involves unilateral femoral artery ligation and section. Invoked alterations in metabolism and perfusion of the affected muscle mass have been investigated 12 h, 4, 7 and 14 days post-ligation by 31P-n.m.r. and microsphere infusion, both at rest and during isometric muscle contraction at 1 Hz. At rest, the concentration of phosphocreatine was similar to the mean control value (36.0 +/- 1.0 mM) from 4 days post-ligation, but was significantly lower at 12 h (28.5 +/- 3.6 mM). Inorganic phosphate concentrations were significantly elevated for 7 days post ligation. No significant differences were noted in intramuscular pH. Upon stimulation of the affected muscle mass, a time-dependent improvement in phosphocreatine utilization was observed such that 14 days post-ligation phosphocreatine utilization was not significantly different from mean control values. A similar amelioration was noted for the contraction-induced fall in intramuscular pH. At rest, no significant differences in bloodflow to the muscles of the ligated limb compared with the unaffected contralateral limb were observed. However, isometric contraction of the affected muscle mass resulted in a markedly reduced hyperaemic response 12 h post-ligation. Thereafter, a time dependent improvement in tissue perfusion during stimulation was observed which paralleled the improvements in phosphocreatine utilization and intramuscular pH changes. The results presented are discussed with respect to the interrelationship between oxygen delivery, high energy phosphate utilization and force maintenance. PMID- 3753460 TI - An investigation of arterial insufficiency in rat hindlimb. An enzymic, mitochondrial and histological study. AB - A small animal model of arterial insufficiency has been used to investigate enzymic alterations in the gastrocnemius, plantaris and soleus muscles of the hypoperfused limb. At 7 days after induction of arterial insufficiency by unilateral femoral artery ligation, there were significant increases in the maximal activities of hexokinase, phosphorylase and 6-phosphofructokinase, whereas the activities of citrate synthase and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase remained unchanged. Similar increases in hexokinase, phosphorylase and 6 phosphofructokinase were still apparent 8-10 weeks after unilateral artery ligation, although only hexokinase remained significantly higher than contralateral control values. No enhancement of oxidative enzyme activities was observed. The results are discussed in relation to the conflicting findings reported by other groups investigating enzymic adaptations in patients with arterial insufficiency. PMID- 3753461 TI - The catabolism of plasmenylcholine in the guinea pig heart. AB - The hydrolysis of the alkenyl bonds of plasmenylcholine and plasmenylethanolamine by plasmalogenase, followed by hydrolysis of the resultant lysophospholipid by lysophospholipase, has been postulated as the major pathway for the catabolism of these plasmalogens. However, the postulation was based solely on the presence of plasmalogenase activity towards plasmenylethanolamine and plasmenylcholine in the brain. In this study we have demonstrated the absence of plasmalogenase activity for plasmenylcholine in the guinea pig heart under a wide range of experimental conditions. Plasmenylcholine was hydrolysed by phospolipase A2 activities in cardiac microsomal, mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions. Phospholipase A2 activities in these fractions had an alkaline pH optimum and were enhanced by Ca2+. The enzymes also displayed high specificity for plasmenylcholine with linoleoyl or oleoyl at the C-2 position. Lysoplasmalogenase activity for lysoplasmenycholine was also detected and characterized in the microsomal and mitochondrial fractions. Since the cardiac plasmalogenase is only active towards plasmenylethanolamine but not plasmenylcholine, the catabolism of these two plasmalogens must be different from each other. We postulate that the major pathway for the catabolism of plasmenycholine involves the hydrolysis of the C-2 fatty acid by phospholipase A2, and hydrolysis of the vinyl ether group of the resultant lysoplasmenylcholine by lysoplasmalogenase. PMID- 3753462 TI - Acylation of 1-alkenyl-glycerophosphocholine and 1-acyl-glycerophosphocholine in guinea pig heart. AB - The deacylation-reacylation process has been shown to be an important pathway for phospholipids to attain the desired acyl groups at the C-2 position. The acylation of 1-acyl-glycerophosphocholine (-GPC) in mammalian hearts has been well documented, but the acylation of 1-alkenyl-GPC has not been described. In this paper, we demonstrate the presence of acyl-CoA: 1-alkenyl-GPC acyltransferase for the acylation of 1-alkenyl-GPC in mammalian hearts; the highest activity is found in guinea pig heart. The guinea pig heart 1-alkenyl-GPC acyltransferase has only 10-40% of the 1-acyl-GPC acyltransferase activity, and both activities are located in the microsomal fraction. However, these two enzymes respond differently to cations, detergents and heat treatment, and the two enzymes also display different acyl specificity. Kinetic studies indicate that both reactions could not be accommodated by the same catalytic site. The results provide strong evidence that the two activities are from separate and distinct proteins. The specificity of 1-alkenyl-GPC acyltransferase for unsaturated species of acyl-CoA may play an important role in the maintenance of the high degree of unsaturated acyl groups found in guinea pig heart plasmalogens. PMID- 3753463 TI - Kinetics of substrate hydrolysis and inhibition by mipafox of paraoxon preinhibited hen brain esterase activity. AB - For the purpose of assessing the neurotoxic potential of organophosphorus compounds, it has been determined that paraoxon-preinhibited hen brain has both neurotoxicant (mipafox)-sensitive (neurotoxic esterase; NTE) and -insensitive esterase components. Several experiments designed to investigate the kinetic parameters governing the reaction of these esterases with two substrates and one organophosphorus inhibitor are presented. First, kinetic parameters for the hydrolysis of phenyl valerate and phenyl phenylacetate were measured. At 37 degrees C, the Km values of NTE for phenyl valerate and phenyl phenylacetate were found to be about 1.4 X 10(-3) and 1.6 X 10(-4) M respectively. At 25 degrees C, the Km of NTE for phenyl valerate was determined to be about 2.4 X 10(-3) M. Secondly, the kinetic constants of NTE for mipafox were measured at both 25 degrees C and 37 degrees C. With either phenyl valerate or phenyl phenylacetate as substrate, the Km at 37 degrees C was determined to be about 1.8 X 10(-4) M, and the phosphorylation constant (k2) was about 1.1 min-1. For phenyl valerate only, the Km at 25 degrees C was found to be about 6 X 10(-4) M, and the k2 was about 0.7 min-1. The data obtained at 25 degrees C were analysed by using a two component model without formation of Michaelis complex, a two-component model with formation of Michaelis complex on the second component (NTE), or a three component model without formation of Michaelis complex. The fact that the Michaelis model fit the data significantly better than either of the other two models indicates that the higher apparent Ki values that occur with low concentrations of mipafox are due to formation of Michaelis complex at high concentrations, rather than because of the presence of two NTE isoenzymes, as has been suggested by other investigators. PMID- 3753464 TI - Concentration and relative molecular mass of hyaluronate in lymph and blood. AB - Human lymph was collected from patients with leaking lymph vessels after thoracic surgery. Ovine lymph was obtained from the mesenteric, lumbar, popliteal and prescapular lymph ducts by cannulation. The concentration of hyaluronate varied considerably (between 0.2 and 50 mg/l) and the highest concentrations were found in mesenteric lymph. The Mr of the polysaccharide showed a great polydispersity and variation between individuals and in different regions of the lymphatic system. High-Mr hyaluronate (greater than 10(6) was present in lymph both from man and sheep. Hyaluronate was also isolated by affinity chromatography in 70-80% yield from human serum and plasma obtained from healthy individuals and patients with rheumatoid arthritis and primary biliary cirrhosis. The weight (Mw)- and number (Mn)-average relative molecular masses were roughly the same in the three groups [(1.4-2.7) X 10(5) and (2.1-5.7) X 10(4) respectively]. The low Mr of hyaluronate in blood compared with that in lymph is explained by a preferential uptake of the large molecules by the liver endothelial cells. PMID- 3753465 TI - Rat liver pyruvate carboxylase. Purification, detection and quantification of apo and holo forms by immuno-blotting and by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. AB - A simple scheme for the purification of pyruvate carboxylase from rat liver mitochondria is described. It is rapid and provides high-purity pyruvate carboxylase with excellent yield and reproducibility. The final enzyme preparations appear to be homogeneous by the following criteria: elution behaviour on molecular-sizing matrix, SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, Ouchterlony double-diffusion analysis and Western blotting. Detection and quantification of nanogram amounts of pyruvate carboxylase (apo and holo forms) in total tissue homogenates by immuno-blotting and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay are described. The data provided suggest that under normal physiological conditions (both in vivo and in vitro) essentially all the pyruvate carboxylase molecules are biotinylated. PMID- 3753467 TI - Structural study of the copper and zinc sites in metallothioneins by using extended X-ray-absorption fine structure. AB - Zn-metallothionein 1 from rabbit liver was investigated by means of Zn K-edge extended X-ray-absorption fine structure (e.x.a.f.s.). Also, the Cu and Zn K-edge e.x.a.f.s. were measured for two samples of mixed Cu Zn-metallothionein 2, with Cu/Zn ratios of 5:2 and 6:3, from pig liver. Detailed simulation of the Cu sites shows a primary co-ordination with three sulphur atoms, presumably from cysteine residues at 0.225 nm +/- 0.001 nm (2.25 +/- 0.01 A). The data for the Zn sites are best reproduced by four Zn-S separations at 0.233 +/- 0.001 nm (2.33 +/- 0.01 A). The Zn K-edge e.x.a.f.s. recorded for rabbit metallothionein 1 at 77 K shows, in addition to the primary co-ordination shell, evidence for two Zn-Zn separations at approx. 0.50 nm (5.0 A). This latter result provides the first information concerning the internal arrangement of zinc atoms in Zn7 metallothionein. PMID- 3753466 TI - NADP-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase from the citric acid-accumulating fungus Aspergillus niger. AB - NADP-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase [threo-DS-isocitrate: NADP+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating), EC 1.1.1.42] was purified 200-300-fold from the citric acid accumulating fungus Aspergillus niger. The enzyme consists of a single polypeptide chain with a molecular mass of 60 +/- 4 kDa and has a pI of 5.9 +/- 0.2. Only a single enzyme protein was found, although the enzyme appears to occur both in the mitochondrion and in the cytoplasm. Growth on organic acids as carbon sources or on NO3- as nitrogen source led to increased activities, whereas the presence of amino acids led to lower activities. The enzyme exhibits hyperbolic kinetics with respect to its substrates isocitrate and NADP+. Mn2+ and Mg2+ are obligatory for enzyme activity. The enzyme is inhibited by its products alpha oxoglutarate and NADPH. Among various metabolites, ATP and citrate appear to inhibit the enzyme at a concentration considered to occur intracellularly. In both cases, however, the mechanism is a removal of the metal ion cofactor from the substrates. It is concluded that under physiological conditions, where the Mg2+ content is around 10 mM, the observed inhibition by ATP or citrate is of poor regulatory significance. PMID- 3753468 TI - An experimental method to determine the substrate protection of enzyme against deactivation in a reversible reaction. AB - The substrate protection effect on an enzyme in a reversible reaction was studied by using glucose isomerase immobilized in small particles (radius less than 100 micron). Deactivation of the enzyme at various substrate concentrations in Tris buffer, pH 8.25, at 62.1 degrees C was studied in eight-column reactor sets. At set times the immobilized enzyme in one of the eight reactors was taken out and rinsed thoroughly, and then its residual activity was determined. The conclusions are, first, that the protection by the reactant is equal to the protection by the product, and, secondly, that the half-life of the enzyme increases slowly at high sugar concentrations. Thus the experimental method described here appears to be a useful one for the determination of substrate protection of enzyme deactivation in reversible reactions. PMID- 3753469 TI - Purification of mouse brain ornithine decarboxylase reveals its presence as an inactive complex with antizyme. AB - Mouse brain ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) was purified to near-homogeneity by using (NH4)2SO4 precipitation and chromatography on heparin-Sepharose, pyridoxamine phosphate-agarose and DEAE-cellulose. On SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, the final preparation gave one protein band similar to that obtained for purified mouse kidney enzyme, corresponding to an Mr of 53.000. The overall yield of the purification exceeded about 50-fold the total activity of the enzyme in the starting material. By affinity chromatography on ODC-bound Sepharose, the extra enzyme activity was shown to originate, at least partly, from the enzyme-antizyme complex. These results demonstrate that ODC in mouse brain occurs mainly in an inactive form and is activated during purification. PMID- 3753470 TI - Chemical synthesis of octadeoxyribonucleotides containing sequence-specific 3' deoxy-3'-chlorouridine residues and 2'-5' internucleotide linkages by the phosphite chloridite approach. AB - 3'-Deoxy-3'-chlorouridine has been chemically incorporated into two octanucleotides at various positions using in situ prepared phosphite chloridite intermediates. The behaviour of these modified selfcomplementary DNA fragments containing 2'-5' internucleotide bonds in the neighbourhood of 3'-deoxy-3' chlororibose in respect to chemical sequencing, polynucleotide kinase and T4 DNA ligase has been studied. PMID- 3753471 TI - The vulnerable period of perinatal hypoxia with regard to dopamine release and behaviour in adult rats. AB - The relations between a perinatal exposure schedule and the outcome of dopamine (DA) release from striatum slices on the one hand and behaviour on the other, were studied in order to identify the vulnerable period. A mild chronic postnatal hypoxia (2nd-10th day of life) induces long-term effects on the DA release rate (FER) from striatum slices. A 10 h daily exposure to hypoxia for 5 days (2nd-6th day of life) induces the same long-term effects. Adult rats exposed to hypoxia (pO2 8.6 kPa) for 16 h respond with a drastic decrease of FER of DA. Exposure to early postnatal hypoxia prevented this drastic decrease of FER of DA when adult rats were again exposed to hypoxia. 3 ten h periods of hypoxia within the first 10 days of life were enough to the long lasting effects. Prenatal hypoxia as well as hypoxia during the adolescent period did not show any long-term effects on the dopaminergic system. Alterations in behaviour (decreased learning capacity as well as decreased reaction to stimuli after prolonged stress in adulthood) were found after 3-9 days of hypoxia between the 2nd and 10th day of life. PMID- 3753472 TI - Effect of naloxone on the basal 3H-noradrenaline outflow from adrenal gland slices of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - The adrenal medulla provides one of the most convenient preparations for studying the mechanism and control of neurosecretion. It has been suggested that neuropeptides including opioid peptides control the catecholamine secretion from adrenals and may play an important role in the maintenance of hypertension. In the present study the basal outflow of 3H-noradrenaline (3H-NA) from adrenal gland slices of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats in the presence and without naloxone was examined. The amount of the basal 3H-NA outflow from adrenal gland slices of SH-rats was significantly higher compared with WKY rats, whereas the outflow on slices of Wistar-rats was significantly lower compared with WKY-rats. Naloxone reduced the elevation of the basal 3H-NA outflow in a concentration-dependent manner, both in SH- and WKY-rats, but the absolute reduction was dependent from the level of elevation. These data suggest a functional interaction between opioid peptides and the basal catecholamine outflow during maintenance of hypertension. PMID- 3753473 TI - Lateral geniculate cells of different channels of the rat's visual pathway: response changes and functional plasticity. AB - Potentials of single cells of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) were recorded extracellularly in albino rats by means of micropipettes filled with trypan blue for iontophoretic marking of tip localization. The cells were grouped concerning their response latencies to photic stimuli, their response patterns, and their localization within the dLGN. It could be shown in a conditioning paradigm that combination of light with electrical tail stimulation resulted in temporary response changes of "fast" OFF-cells which are mainly localized in the rostroventromedial part of dLGN. "Fast" ON-cells had mainly stable response patterns to light. Changes which persisted after the end of tail stimulation trials occurred in "slow" oN- and oFF-cells located in the dorsolateral and caudal part of dLGN. PMID- 3753474 TI - Glucose in human semen. AB - The glucose content of normal human semen amounts to 0.41 +/- 0.09 mmol/l. As there is a negative correlation between this sugar and sperm motility, it must have an important role on the metabolism of these cells. Cervical mucus is very rich in glucose and does not contain fructose. This confirms utilization of glucose by spermatozoa. PMID- 3753475 TI - Hydroxyapatite columns as an in vitro system to study demineralization processes. AB - Acetate buffers were passed through small hydroxyapatite columns and the column effluents were analysed for calcium and phosphate. Changes in the pH of the column effluents were also measured. As long as the pH of the column effluent was higher than about 5.5, only calcium was eluted from the column. However, when the pH fell below 5.5, the rate of calcium elution decreased and phosphate elution increased until calcium and phosphate elution reached constant values. Pretreating the hydroxyapatite with sodium fluoride or 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1 bisphosphonate accelerated the drop of the pH and reduced the initial Ca/P ratio in the column effluent. We suggest that these results are due to the formation of a pH gradient along the progressing buffer fron with calcium and phosphate liberated from the hydroxyapatite reprecipitating to form calcium-poor minerals. PMID- 3753476 TI - Effect of phosphoprotein on precipitation and crystallization of calcium phosphate salts. An in vitro study using an agar gel matrix model. AB - The effect of dentin phosphoprotein (DPP) over a wide concentration range on precipitation and crystallization of calcium phosphate was studied in supersaturated solutions at pH 7.8 and 25 degrees C with a gel matrix model. The protein was isolated and purified from dentin of unerupted pig teeth. Depending on the incubation conditions the protein showed opposite effects on the life-time as well as on the relative particle size of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP). This may be due to different conformation states of the protein. In the presence of Mg2+ the inhibitory effect of the protein on the lifetime is pronounced. An inhibition of the amount of ACP precipitate and the crystal growth rate by the phosphoprotein seems to be independent of its conformation state. PMID- 3753477 TI - Purification of phospholamban and characterization of its antibodies. AB - Phospholamban was extracted from pig heart microsomal membranes with a methanol chloroform (2:1) mixture. The proteolipid was further purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by chromatography in organic solvents and in SDS-containing medium. Purification was about 50-fold with respect to specific 32P-phospholamban radioactivity. Antisera were produced in rabbits against phospholamban. Electroblot analysis demonstrates specific binding of the antisera to purified phospholamban and to phospholamban in preparations of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum and sarcolemma. PMID- 3753478 TI - Membrane hyperpolarization following chronic exposure of FL-cells to low doses of ouabain. AB - The transmembrane potential (TMP) of FL-cells (monolayer cultures) in Eagle's medium with ouabain concentrations from 10(-4) to 10(-11) M was measured by means of glass microelectrodes over 96 h. High ouabain concentrations caused total depolarization of the cell membrane with subsequent cell death after 24 to 48 h. A level of 10(-7) M ouabain was tolerated by the cells over 96 h, and the TMP was decreased about 50% vs. controls in ouabain-free medium. Ouabain at concentrations from 10(-11) to 10(-8) M increases TMP by 20-40%, which decayed after 24 to 48 h. The low glycoside concentrations are assumed to cause, if only part of the glycoside receptors (Na+ pumps) is blocked, an activation of the still active pumps (turnover) and enhanced formation of transport enzymes and their incorporation into the membrane (replacement) so that the overall result is a stimulation of the cell membrane transport systems. PMID- 3753479 TI - 22Na and 86Rb effluxes from bull spermatozoa. AB - Active transport of sodium and potassium has been postulated for bull sperms by various authors. In the present paper the sodium and rubidium efflux was determined by tracer kinetics. For uninhibited sodium and rubidium efflux a rate constant of 8.9 +/- 2.13/min and 13.9 +/- 3.89 min, respectively, was found for a bull sperm suspension (20 vol.%, 310 K). After ouabain treatment (0.1 mM), a reduction of the rate constant of sodium efflux to 5.1 +/- 1.06/min was found. After cryopreserving (pelletizing process) the majority of samples investigated did not exhibit any inhibition of sodium and rubidium efflux as compared with fresh bull sperms. The inhibition of sodium efflux observed in some cases corresponds to the reduction of the rate constant of sodium efflux caused by ouabain. At storage in seminal plasma (24 h, 278 K) the rate constant of sodium efflux is reduced to 2.7 +/- 0.25/min. Both after ouabain treatment and after cryopreserving of sperms having a reduced rate constant the motility of bull sperms is reduced. It is concluded from the results that in bull sperms there exists an ouabain-sensitive sodium efflux, the inhibition of which reduces the rate constant of sodium efflux by 42%. The ouabain-sensitive sodium efflux is related to the motility of the bull sperm cell. PMID- 3753480 TI - Plasma lipid lipoproteins and biliary lipid composition in female gallstone patients. AB - The relationships between biliary lipid composition and cholesterol or triglyceride concentration in plasma lipoprotein fractions (i.e., very-low density, low-density, high-density, HDL2 and HDL3) have been studied in normolipaemic female gallstone patients. Univariate and multivariate stepwise statistical analyses were used to correlate biliary-tested variables against lipid lipoprotein concentration. Cholesterol saturation index was found to be positively and independently associated with total triglycerides, very-low density lipoprotein triglycerides, very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and furthermore, negatively, with HDL3-cholesterol. Percent biliary deoxycholate was positively correlated with both cholesterol saturation index and plasma very-low density cholesterol or triglycerides. Neither cholesterol saturation index nor percent biliary deoxycholate showed any correlation with total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL2 cholesterol. The present findings suggest a linkage between biliary deoxycholate, biliary cholesterol saturation and plasma very-low-density lipoprotein levels in gallstone patients. Furthermore, since the lipoprotein risk factors for coronary heart disease showed no correlation with cholesterol saturation index, these results were considered a biochemical proof against the supposed association between coronary heart disease and gallstone disease. PMID- 3753481 TI - [Continuous monitoring of subcutaneous glucose concentration using implanted enzyme electrodes]. AB - The subcutaneous glucose concentration was continuously monitored in the neck of healthy unanaesthetized dogs employing a miniaturized glucose oxidase/H2O2 sensor. Under steady state conditions it amounted to approximately 50% of the circulating level. Induced alterations (oral or intravenous glucose loads) were mirrored with a delay, which was mainly determined by the sensor characteristics. Minor alterations in circulating glucose concentration (e.g. from 4.5 up to 7.5 mmol/l within 60 min) as induced by the oral load do not alter the concentration ratio between interstitial glucose and glycoemia. PMID- 3753482 TI - [The influence of the small intestine on the metabolism of 3-methylhistidine in the rat]. AB - 20 male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were fed exclusively parenterally. After achieving metabolic equilibrium they received a duodenoileostomy and subtotal resection leaving only 8-10% of the small gut. On the 1st pop. day the urinary 3 MH excretion rose to 1.5-1.7 of the preoperative level, but on the 12th-14th pop. day it fell again and was equal to the preoperative basal level. A control group of 10 rats undergoing a small gut anastomosis without resection yielded similar results. We conclude that the small gut source does not make a significant contribution to 24 h-urinary 3-MH excretion in the adult rat. The transient postoperative increase in urinary 3-MH excretion is probably due to post-injury metabolism. PMID- 3753483 TI - Blood pressure adjustment, left ventricular weight and carotid body size in young spontaneously hypertensive rats growing up in hypoxia. AB - Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) of the Okamoto-Aoki strain grew up in low pressure chambers at a simulated altitude of 4000 m from their 5th to their 18th week of age. Both the sea-level control rats and the hypoxic rats were divided into groups with and without additional hypertonic salt solution. Due to chronic hypoxia the development of systemic hypertension and the left ventricular hypertrophy were diminished in young SHR. In contrast to adult SHR, these effects were attenuated but not abolished by addition of salt. Independently of the salt availability, exposure to long-lasting hypoxia increases the carotid body volume significantly. The data indicate that chronic hypoxia has a stronger effect on carotid body enlargement than different levels of the systemic arterial blood pressure. PMID- 3753484 TI - Novel prolactin related mRNAs in rat pituitary cells. AB - From cytoplasm of rat pituitary GH4C1 tumour cells, anti prolactin anti-serum precipitates a polypeptide with apparent molecular weight of 75.000 in addition to prolactin. In vitro translation of size fractionated RNA shows that a 82.000 molecular weight PRL-like polypeptide is encoded by a mRNA larger than the 1 kb prolactin mRNA. Northern blot analysis shows that a rat prolactin cDNA probe hybridize to a 3.2 kb RNA and a 1.5 kb RNA in addition to the 1 kb PRL mRNA. The 82.000 molecular weight translation product and the 3.2 kb mRNA is also detected in rat anterior pituitary cytoplasm. We conclude that at least one high molecular weight mRNA which code for a prolactin-like polypeptide, is present in normal rat anterior pituitary gland and in GH4C1 cells. PMID- 3753485 TI - Characterization of structural unit of phospholamban by amino acid sequencing and electrophoretic analysis. AB - The partial amino acid sequence of phospholamban from canine cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum was determined by sequence analysis of the peptides obtained from the protein cleaved by cyanogen bromide and with TPCK-trypsin. The sequence determined initiated with N alpha-acetylated methionine followed by 44 amino acid residues intervening two unidentified residues. This polypeptide would represent a structural unit (protomer) of phospholamban. Analysis of temperature-dependent conversion of phospholamban from 26 kDa to lower molecular weight form (6 kDa) suggested that phospholamban holoprotein is composed of five identical protomers. PMID- 3753486 TI - Poly(ADP-ribose) biosynthesis and suicidal NAD+ depletion following carcinogen exposure of mammalian cells. AB - Hepatocytes were found to be remarkably resistant to suicidal NAD+ depletion due to consumption for chromatin-associated poly(ADP-ribose) biosynthesis, which normally follows infliction of DNA damage in mammalian cells. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N nitrosoguanidine treatment, which depleted NAD+ levels of confluent fibroblasts to about 40% of controls, did not reduce hepatocellular NAD+ pools, although poly(ADP-ribose) concentrations were concomitantly elevated by 21-fold. This differential behavior, demonstrable also with other carcinogens, can be attributed to the different NAD+ biosynthetic capacities of these cells. PMID- 3753487 TI - Dynamic assessment of hexose monophosphate shunt activity in the intact rabbit lens by proton NMR spectroscopy. AB - A proton nuclear magnetic resonance technique is demonstrated for ascertaining the real-time contribution of the hexose monophosphate shunt to glucose metabolism in the intact incubated rabbit lens. This measurement requires incubation of the tissue in medium supplemented with [1-13C]glucose, and depends on the presence of the 13C label in the methyl position of lactate which creates satellite resonances by way of 13C - 1H spin-spin scalar coupling. The assumptions required to make the measurement are presented. For lenses maintained under control conditions, a basal level corresponding to 5% hexose monophosphate shunt activity was determined. An eight-fold increase in activity was observed under conditions known to stimulate the shunt. PMID- 3753488 TI - Presence of 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo [4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) in dialysate from patients with uremia. AB - MeIQx (2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo [4,5-f]quinoxaline), a carcinogenic heterocyclic amine, was found to be present in dialysis fluid of 8 patients with uremia, but not in fresh dialysis fluid before dialysis treatment. Concentrations of MeIQx in dialysates ranged from 14 to 32 pM. The mean absolute contents of MeIQx in dialysates (6 to 40 liters) was 334 p mole. These results indicate that the carcinogenic heterocyclic amine is present in the plasma of all patients with uremia. PMID- 3753489 TI - Phosphatidylinositol liposomes opsonized by concanavalin A stimulate phosphatidylinositol turnover in macrophages. AB - We have previously found that concanavalin A binds specifically to inositol and phosphatidylinositol. In the present study we demonstrate that binding of concanavalin A to liposomes containing phosphatidylinositol influences the uptake of such liposomes by macrophages. Although resident mouse peritoneal macrophages normally ingest liposomes only to a slight extent, attachment of concanavalin A to the liposomes caused a marked enhancement of phagocytosis. Furthermore induction of phagocytosis of concanavalin A-opsonized liposomes was associated with increased phosphatidylinositol turnover. We conclude that (a) concanavalin A can serve as an opsonizing agent for liposomes; (b) opsonization results from binding of concanavalin A to phosphatidylinositol on the liposomal surface; and (c) concanavalin A-induced phagocytosis is associated with increased phosphatidylinositol turnover in the macrophages. PMID- 3753490 TI - Demonstration of elevated type I and type III procollagen mRNA levels in cutaneous wounds treated with helium-neon laser. Proposed mechanism for enhanced wound healing. AB - To assess laser modulation of wound healing, full-thickness cutaneous wounds were produced in the backs of pigs, and subjected to treatment with helium-neon laser. For comparison, some wounds were treated with non-laser energy source (a tungsten light) or left untreated as controls. Type I and type III procollagen mRNA levels were determined in the wounds by molecular hybridization with cDNA probes. The results indicated that type I and type III mRNA levels were markedly increased at days 17 and 28 of the healing in wounds treated with He-Ne laser, when compared to control or tungsten light-treated wounds. The results suggest that helium-neon laser stimulates wound healing by enhancing procollagen gene expression. These observations may have relevance to previous clinical studies suggesting that helium-neon laser stimulates wound healing. PMID- 3753491 TI - Prolactin administration stimulates rat hepatic DNA synthesis. AB - Prolactin is an important growth modulatory hormone in fetal and adult tissues. Its administration stimulates enzymatic markers of the G1 phase of cell cycle in rat liver and other tissues. To determine the effects of prolactin administration on hepatic DNA synthesis (S phase), rats received prolactin at 12 hour intervals for 48 hours and DNA synthesis was assessed by [3H]-thymidine incorporation. Prolactin administration stimulated DNA synthesis 2-4 fold above controls in the livers of adult and weanling animals. Increased incorporation of radiolabel was associated with the nucleus of hepatoparenchymal cells. These data support the hypothesis that prolactin may be a physiological regulator of hepatic DNA synthesis. Further, since stress stimulates prolactin secretion, we suggest that prolactin may participate in the hepatic compensatory hyperplasia elicited by the stress associated with partial hepatectomy. PMID- 3753492 TI - On tight junction structure: Forssman glycolipid does not flow between MDCK cells in an intact epithelial monolayer. AB - One model of tight junction structure suggests that lipids might flow from cell to cell within shared exoplasmic membrane leaflets. We tested this proposal by co culturing two clones of MDCK epithelial cells, which differed in their content of Forssman glycolipid, and then staining by immunofluorescence with rabbit anti Forssman Ig. In co-cultures grown on glass cover slips and on nitrocellulose filters, positive Forssman staining was restricted to sharply demarcated clusters of cells formed by the Forssman-positive clone. Integrity of tight junctions between the two clones was indicated on cover slips by the presence of individual domes (hemicysts) composed of both clones and on filters by the generation of transepithelial potential differences. These results suggest that glycolipids in the exoplasmic leaflet of cells in a tight epithelium do not flow to adjacent cells. PMID- 3753493 TI - Rapid expression of novel proteins in goldfish retina following optic nerve crush. AB - Polyadenylated messenger RNA was isolated from goldfish retinas at various times following unilateral crush of the optic nerve. RNA was translated in a cell-free system and product proteins analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and autofluorography. Poly(A)+ mRNA-directed protein synthesis revealed an 8-fold increase in the labeling of polypeptides of about 30 kd Mr and a pI of 5.5 in retinas 2 d following optic nerve crush, compared with control retina mRNA translation products. In vitro labeling of retinal proteins revealed the enhanced synthesis of comparable 30 kd proteins in 2 d post-crush retinas. Evidence presented suggests that this 30 kd protein cluster may correspond to fish 30 kd stress or heat-shock proteins (hsp-30). PMID- 3753494 TI - Inhibin A-subunit gene expression in the ovaries of immature female rats is stimulated by pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin. AB - We have used a bovine cDNA probe for the A-subunit of inhibin to demonstrate the presence of inhibin in the ovaries of immature female rats: the levels of mRNA were increased following treatment of the rats with pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG), suggesting modulation by PMSG of ovarian inhibin synthesis at least at the level of transcription. Furthermore, we report the unexpected finding of significant levels of inhibin mRNA in the corpora lutea of mature female rats. No inhibin mRNA was demonstrable in the uterus or placenta. PMID- 3753495 TI - Platelet-activating factor in normal rat uterus. AB - Platelet-activating factor (PAF) was found in normal rat uterus and identified as 1-0-hexadecyl/octadecenyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. PAF was purified by several successive chromatographic procedures. It showed platelet aggregating activity, which was inhibited by CV 3988, and had no effect on platelets desensitized with 1-0-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. The tert butyldimethyl-silylderivative of 1-0-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol, which was obtained by hydrolysis of uterine PAF with phospholipase C, was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. One rat uterus contained approximately 21.3 ng of 1-0-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. This is the first report of the occurrence of a significant amount of PAF in a normal animal tissue. PMID- 3753496 TI - 3,4,5-Triiodobenzoic acid affects [3H]verapamil binding to plant and animal membrane fractions and smooth muscle contraction. AB - 3,4,5-Triiodobenzoic acid, known as auxin transport inhibitor, stimulates specific [3H]verapamil binding to zucchini microsomes by 100% (EC50 = 1 microM). This stimulatory effect is due to a decrease of the apparent equilibrium dissociation constant KD for verapamil from 60 nM to 33 nM without significantly changing the maximum number of binding sites. 3,4,5-Triiodobenzoic acid also increases specific [3H]verapamil binding to rabbit skeletal muscle membranes (EC50 greater than or equal to 20 microM) without affecting [3H]nitrendipine and [3H]-d-cis-diltiazem binding. If 3,4,5-triiodobenzoic acid is added to isolated rings of rabbit A. saphena contracted by potassium depolarization, a dose dependent relaxation is observed with an IC50 value of about 8 microM. Contractions initiated by the addition of 3 microM norepinephrine can also be abolished by 3,4,5-triiodobenzoic acid with half maximal inhibition at 40 microM. PMID- 3753497 TI - Impaired basal and noradrenaline-induced iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase activity in brown adipose tissue from pregnant and lactating rats. AB - Basal iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase activity is lowered in brown fat from 20-day pregnant, 5 and 15-day lactating rats when compared with virgin controls. Acute noradrenaline treatment caused a seven fold increase in 5'-deiodinase activity in brown fat from virgin control rats. Late pregnant and lactating rats showed a reduction in noradrenaline-induced 5'-deiodinase activity in brown adipose tissue and the maximum impairment was observed in 15-day lactating rats. Lowered 5' deiodinase activity in brown fat during late pregnancy and lactation correlates with the known reduction in the thermogenic activity of the tissue during these situations and agrees with the proposal that the rate of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine generated in situ because of thyroxine 5'-deiodination could be an essential event related to thermogenesis in brown fat. Even though the relationship between 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine generation in the tissue and the specific thermogenic mechanisms of brown fat is unknown, present results indicate a close link between the thermogenic and 5'-deiodinase activities in physiological situations when brown adipose tissue needs to adapt to a low activity, such as that of the breeding cycle. PMID- 3753498 TI - Prediction of transcriptional activity based on gene association with the nuclear matrix. AB - In this report, we show that androgen-dependent genes expressed in rat ventral prostate, C1, C2 and C3, are enriched in residual DNA extracted from the nuclear matrix of ventral prostate. The enrichment is androgen-dependent and is likely to be related to their transcriptional activity. While this finding corroborates other data demonstrating that transcriptionally active genes can be protected from nuclease digestion by their association with the nuclear matrix, we have extended this analysis to show that nuclear matrix protection experiments can be used both to analyze tissue-specific expression among members of a highly related gene family and also to predict transcriptional activity of genes in particular tissues. PMID- 3753499 TI - A role for disulphide bridges in the protein core in the interaction of proteodermatan sulphate and collagen. AB - Proteodermatan sulphate from bovine skin retarded precipitation of fibrils from solutions of purified acid-soluble bovine skin collagen. The isolated protein core was as effective as the intact proteoglycan. Thermal denaturation leading to almost complete loss of the native secondary structure, (determined by circular dichroism spectroscopy to consist of about 60% beta structure) did not diminish the effect unless accompanied by reduction of disulphides, of which there were shown to be three per molecule. The reduced and alkylated protein core was totally ineffective. Electron-microscopy revealed a D-periodic arrangement of glycosaminoglycan on the surfaces of collagen fibrils precipitated in the presence of proteodermatan sulphate. Dermatan sulphate (with attached small peptide) prepared from the proteoglycan, had no effect on the rate of fibrillogenesis and was apparently not bound to the fibrils. PMID- 3753500 TI - Accumulation and specific cleavage of 5S RNA in the isthmus of laying hen oviduct. Evidence for three chicken 5S RNA. AB - RNA extracts from the isthmus of laying hen oviduct contain truncated 5S RNA molecules that were found to be shorter at their 5' terminus as compared to native 5S RNA I and II. Moreover one of the truncated species differs from 5S RNA I by the absence of the 3' end nucleotide. The truncated forms increase of about 70% the total 5S RNA (intact + truncated) in the isthmus, as compared to the other studied tissues. Furthermore 5S RNA I is heterogeneous: 25% have A instead of U at the 3' end, and some evidence was obtained for the existence of two 5S RNA I conformers. PMID- 3753501 TI - Serum lipid peroxide levels of albino rats administered naphthalene. AB - When naphthalene was administered at a daily dose of 1 g/kg body weight to Wistar strain rats, their serum lipid peroxide levels were increased on the 4th day after the first administration and reached a maximum on the 7th day. This seems to be due to lipid peroxidation in the liver, in which lipid peroxide levels were increased in a similar pattern as those in the serum. The content of reduced glutathione in lenses of naphthalene-administered rats decreased on the 4th day. These results suggest that in naphthalene-induced cataract in albino rats increased lipid peroxides in the bloodstream may play a role in cataractogenesis. PMID- 3753502 TI - Stimulation of testicular ornithine decarboxylase activity by arginine vasopressin. AB - Intratesticular injection with arginine vasopressin caused stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase activity in the testes of immature rats. The increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity in response to arginine vasopressin was dose and time dependent. Maximal stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase activity occurred at 2 h after injection with 0.1 micrograms of arginine vasopressin. It was observed that stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase activity occurred in seminiferous tubules and in Leydig cells of the testis in response to arginine vasopressin. PMID- 3753504 TI - Elevation of blood lipid peroxide (TBA-reacting substance) level in developing chick embryos after glucocorticoid administration. AB - When 15-day-old chick embryos were administered 0.25 mumol of hydrocortisone hemisuccinate sodium (HC) the lipid peroxides (LPO) level increased after a lag time and reached about 9-fold of control level at 48 h after the treatment. Thereafter, the amount of LPO decreased to near control level by 72 h. Data obtained by using various steroids indicated that the marked elevation of LPO in blood was related to glucocorticoid effects caused by a high dose administration. The elevation of LPO level in blood was prevented by triple administration of ascorbic acid (20 mumol/egg) at 3, 10 and 20 h after HC treatment. PMID- 3753503 TI - Phytanoyl-CoA ligase activity in rat liver. AB - The enzymatic activation of phytanic acid to phytanoyl-CoA by rat liver preparations was studied using [1-14C] phytanic acid. Subcellular fractionation studies indicated that phytanoyl-CoA ligase activity was present in both mitochondrial and microsomal fractions. The enzyme activity required ATP, Mg2+, and CoA in addition to phytanic acid. The activity was ATP specific. Among the various tissues examined, the highest activity was in rat liver followed by heart and kidney. The specific activity was, however, high in liver and adipose tissue. The ligase activity was inhibited by AMP, N-ethylmaleimide and iodoacetic acid. At 10 microM concentration, palmitate or stearate did not inhibit the activity. The kinetics of heat inactivation of phytanoyl-CoA ligase (in the presence of unlabeled palmitate) and palmitoyl-CoA ligase yielded a T1/2 of 3-5 min for the former and 25-35 min for the latter suggesting that phytanoyl-CoA ligase may be different from long chain acyl-CoA ligase. PMID- 3753505 TI - Identification of calmodulin in new-born rat calvaria. AB - The extract of new-born rat calvaria was chromatographed on DEAE-cellulose. Calmodulin activity was eluted at 0.3 and 0.4 M NaCl and markedly inhibited by trifluoperazine and W-7, calmodulin antagonists. The fractions with calmodulin activity contained a protein the electrophoretic migration of which on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel was accelerated by Ca2+. Its apparent molecular weight was about 18 or 20K in the presence or absence of Ca2+, respectively. With 45Ca-autoradiography, the protein was shown to have a high affinity for Ca2+. Thus calmodulin could be readily identified in new-born rat calvaria. PMID- 3753506 TI - Effects of temperature, aurintricarboxylic acid and cibacron blue on 2',5' oligoadenylate binding protein (RNase L) activity in rabbit reticulocyte lysates. AB - The binding of p3A4,3'-32P [pCp] to rabbit reticulocyte RNase L can be displaced by the trimer and tetramer triphosphates of 2',5'-oligoadenylates (2-5A). Using assay conditions of protein synthesis, 2-5A trimer or tetramer triphosphates are shown to be equally effective when the displacement is done at 4 degrees C (on ice). In contrast, at 30 degrees C, the tetramer triphosphates still displace whereas the trimer triphosphates become ineffective. When lysates are preincubated at temperature ranging from 4 degrees-37 degrees C, the same results are obtained even when the subsequent displacement is done on ice. Incubation temperature also significantly affects the ability of metabolically stable dyes cibacron blue and aurintricarboxylic acid to inhibit RNase L binding activity. Taken together, these results suggest that rabbit reticulocyte RNase L may assume multiple conformations which are differentially affected by various forms of 2-5A or other compounds. PMID- 3753507 TI - A rat epididymal sialoglycoprotein with alpha-lactalbumin activity. AB - A major sialoglycoprotein from rat epididymal fluid was radiolabeled by NaIO4/[3H]KBH4 method and purified by chromatography using DEAE-Sepharose and chromatofocusing columns. Its Mr was 21,000 and its pI value was 4.9. Since it possessed a high sialic acid content and an alpha-lactalbumin-like activity, it was proposed to be a sialylated form of epididymal alpha-lactalbumin-like protein. PMID- 3753508 TI - Adenine nucleotides, glutamate and respiratory function of heart mitochondria during acute hypoxia. AB - The effect of acute hypoxia on adenine nucleotides, glutamate, aspartate, alanine and respiration of heart mitochondria was studied in rats. The losses of intramitochondrial adenine nucleotides (ATP+ADP+AMP) during hypoxia were related to depression of state 3 respiration supported by glutamate and malate, as well as decrease in uncoupled respiration. Hypoxia had less prominent effect on succinate-dependent state 3 respiration. Non-phosphorylating (state 4) respiratory rates and ADP/O ratios were slightly affected by oxygen deprivation. Glutamate fall in tissue and mitochondria of hypoxic hearts was concomitant with significant increase in tissue alanine and mitochondrial aspartate. The losses of intramitochondrial ATP and respiratory activity with NAD-dependent substrates during hypoxia were related to a decrease in mitochondrial glutamate. The results suggest that hypoxia-induced impairment of complex I of respiratory chain and a loss of glutamate from the matrix may limit energy-producing capacity of heart mitochondria. PMID- 3753509 TI - The identification of a glutathione S-transferase isozyme in fetal rat livers which is absent from adult livers. AB - The subunit composition of adult and fetal rat liver glutathione S-transferase was investigated by affinity chromatography followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecylsulphate. Adult livers contained four major GSH S-T subunits. A previously unidentified subunit was detected in fetal livers. This subunit(s), which differed from that found in rat placenta, had a molecular weight of about 25,500 daltons, gave two bands of pI 8.0 and 8.5 on isoelectric focussing, and reacted on "Western blots" with antibodies raised against the major GSH S-T subunits of adult liver. Densitometric measurements suggest that the newly detected transferase subunit accounted for as much as 26% of GSH S-T in fetal livers. PMID- 3753510 TI - Kinetics of reabsorption of nutrients in renal brush border membrane vesicles from rats with experimental ascending pyelonephritis. AB - The uptake of nutrients was investigated in the renal cortical brush border membrane (BBM) vesicles at different stages of ascending pyelonephritis. There was significant difference (p less than 0.05) in the uptake of D-glucose, L alanine, L-aspartate, L-lysine and L-proline 3 days postinfection and onwards in both right unobstructed and left obstructed experimental kidneys as compared to the sham operated control. The uptake of D-glucose, L-lysine and L-proline was found to be significantly decreased (p less than 0.05) during the course of infection. While uptake of L-alanine and L-aspartate increased (p less than 0.05) in early stages and decreased (p less than 0.05) in later stages of infection. The differential effect was attributed to the compensatory measure and different kinds of transport systems for different types of amino acids. PMID- 3753511 TI - On the differential release of glycolytic enzymes from cellular structure. AB - In an endeavour to extend the available information on the biological significance of the interactions between glycolytic enzymes and cellular ultrastructure, the role of release of enzymes from digitonized fibroblasts has been studied. Lactate dehydrogenase and phosphofructokinase were rapidly and quantitatively eluted under the experimental conditions, while glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase and aldolase were retained to an appreciably greater extent by the cells. This differential release of glycolytic enzymes has been related to the known binding propensities between those enzymes and subcellular structures, and are interpreted as providing additional confirmatory evidence of the importance of aldolase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, in particular, to these associations. The data also shed light on the order of binding of these glycolytic components - phosphofructokinase being indicated as binding subsequently (and probably separately) to aldolase and glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase. These results have been discussed in relation to the available data on the associations between glycolytic enzymes and cellular structure, the possible physiological significance of this phenomenon, and the access to these problems provided by the present technique. PMID- 3753512 TI - Cytosolic sulphoxidation of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine in mammals. PMID- 3753513 TI - Biliary excretion of linamarin in the Wistar rat after a single dose. AB - The biliary excretion of linamarin (2[beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy]isobutyronitrile) was studied in male albino Wistar rats injected i.p. with single doses of 300 mg linamarin/kg following cannulation of the bile duct in vivo; 24 hr faeces of uncannulated rats, similarly dosed, was examined for excretory products. Enzymatic and spectrophotometric analyses of the bile exudate showed that glucosidic cyanide (linamarin, and non-glucosidic cyanide were excreted; the elimination of both cyanide forms exhibits biphasic kinetics. Thiocyanate ion was undetectable. T.l.c. of the test bile followed by enzymatic and chemical investigation of the chromatogram confirmed the presence of unchanged linamarin, and four different u.v. fluorescent non-glucosidic cyanide metabolites. Neither linamarin nor cyanide ion was detectable in faeces of the uncannulated rats. PMID- 3753514 TI - Amiodarone induced modifications of the phospholipid physical state. A fluorescence polarization study. AB - The effects of an antiarrhythmic and antianginal drug, amiodarone, on the physical state of membrane phospholipids was investigated by means of fluorescence polarization using the apolar probe 1,6 diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene incorporated in the hydrocarbon core. Multilamellar vesicles were prepared from neutral phospholipids (egg phosphatidylcholine, synthetic saturated phosphatidylcholine) alone or mixed with cholesterol or various lipids representative of the main lipid classes. Amiodarone reduces the temperature of the gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition and either increases or decreases lipid mobility in the gel or liquid-crystalline phase. In the gel state, the lipid mobility depends on drug concentration, degree of ionization and the length of the lipid acyl chains. In the liquid-crystalline state, the decreased lipid mobility which is concentration-dependent is essentially due to hydrophobic interactions. Amiodarone increases the lipid order parameter to the same extent as cholesterol. The data suggested that amiodarone is a rigid molecule deeply buried in the hydrocarbon core of the lipid and that amiodarone-lipid interactions are mainly hydrophobic. PMID- 3753515 TI - Further evidence for an amphetamine-like mechanism of action of the alkaloid cathinone. AB - The alkaloid (-)cathinone is a potent stimulant with pharmacological properties closely resembling those of (+)amphetamine. Since (-)cathinone is capable of inducing release at physiological catecholamine storage sites, it has been suggested that (-)cathinone and (+)amphetamine have the same mechanism of action. In the present study, the potency of (-)cathinone in inducing the release of radioactivity from 3H-dopamine prelabelled tissue of the rat caudate nucleus was compared to that of several structural analogs, i.e. to that of four other aminophenones. (-)Cathinone was found to be the most potent of the compounds under investigation, and among these only demethylcathinone had an effect that was within the same order of magnitude as that of (-)cathinone. Furthermore, ( )cathinone and two of its analogs were evaluated in behavioral experiments with regard to their ability to substitute for (+)amphetamine in rats trained to discriminate between (+)amphetamine and saline. It was found that, unlike the other aminophenones, (-)cathinone is capable of producing (+)amphetamine-like stimulus effects, and these can be antagonized by haloperidol in a dose-related manner. Taken together, these findings support the hypothesis that (+)amphetamine and (-)cathinone produce their central stimulant effect via the same dopaminergic mechanism. PMID- 3753516 TI - Possible role of endogenous histamine in mediation of LPS-induced secretion of corticosterone in mice. AB - Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced a strong secretion of corticosterone in C3H/HeN mice with a concomitant increase in the splenic histidine decarboxylase activity. Treatment of the mice with alpha-fluoromethyl histidine, a suicide substrate for the enzyme, markedly attenuated both the secretion and the increase. In C3H/HeJ mice, LPS provoked little corticosterone release and induction of the enzyme. However, these mice responded to tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate with a large increase in both this secretion and enzyme activity. Injection of LPS produced a comparable increase in the serum histamine and corticosterone level and activity of histidine decarboxylase in various tissues of genetically mast-cell-deficient W/WV mice and in closely related +/+ mice. These results suggest that secretion of corticosterone caused by LPS is mediated by histamine produced through induction of histidine decarboxylase in non-mast cells. PMID- 3753517 TI - Efficacy of paracetamol-esterified methionine versus cysteine or methionine on paracetamol-induced hepatic GSH depletion and plasma ALAT level in mice. AB - The effect of paracetamol-N-acetyl-DL-methionate (PAM) in preventing paracetamol induced hepatic glutathione (GSH) depletion and hepatic cell damage assessed by plasma ALAT level, was compared to those of concomitantly administered paracetamol and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) or N-acetyl-DL-methionine (NAM) and paracetamol 400 mg/kg (P) alone. PAM, NAM and NAC reduced hepatic GSH depletion compared to P. The concomitant administration of GSH precursors in either form apparently maintained hepatic cell integrity as evaluated by plasma ALAT compared to predose and 16 hr control measurements. No statistically significant difference between PAM, NAM and NAC was observed. In group P a statistically significant, but transitory, rise in plasma ALAT level following dosage was seen. NAC was more effective than PAM and NAM in the prevention of GSH depletion 1 hr after dosing but was less effective in promoting de novo GSH synthesis towards 16 hr. There was no statistically significant difference between PAM and NAM with respect to effect on GSH depletion or hepatic cell integrity. PAM and NAM increased the GSH level significantly above control level 16 hr after dosing. PAM is rapidly cleaved to paracetamol and methionine following dosage as shown by the observed plasma paracetamol level. PAM compares favourably in hepatoprophylactic effect, to concomitant administration of equimolar doses of free N-acetyl-DL methionine added to the paracetamol formulation. PMID- 3753518 TI - Changes in theophylline metabolism during postnatal development in rat liver slices. AB - The metabolism of theophylline was studied in liver slices of young and adult rats. Theophylline and six metabolite fractions were recognized in adult liver by thin-layer radiochromatography and high performance liquid chromatography: 1 methyluric acid; 1-methylxanthine; 1,3-dimethyluric acid and/or 3-methylxanthine; caffeine; a uracil derivative and two unknown polar compounds. Preincubation with caffeine or theobromine inhibited theophylline metabolism. Allopurinol decreased the formation of three metabolite fractions but markedly increased the production of 1-methylxanthine. SKF 525-A inhibited the overall metabolism of theophylline. The specific activity of the enzyme system was 3.2 +/- 0.4 nmoles X (g liver)-1 X hr-1 in the 4- to 5-day-old rat and increased to a peak of 25.7 +/- 1.7 in the 28 day-old; values for Km and Vmax in the 7- and 28-day-olds were 132.1 and 67.5 microM, and 23.9 and 52.1 nmoles X (g liver)-1 X hr-1 respectively. Theophylline and the same six metabolites were identified in young and adult rats, but the development pattern was not uniform. Peak age-related activity and involvement of mixed-function oxidase system are features which are common to theophylline and caffeine metabolism. Xanthine oxidase played a role in theophylline metabolism. Formation of caffeine from theophylline was not dependent on a lack of activity of other pathways. PMID- 3753519 TI - Elevated choline levels in brain. A non-cholinergic component of organophosphate toxicity. AB - The role of cholinergic and non-cholinergic mechanisms in mediating organophosphate cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor-induced elevations in choline levels in brain was investigated. The nerve agents soman and sarin, when administered to rats at doses greater than the IC50 for acetylChE inhibition, significantly increased the levels of choline and acetylcholine in both the striatum and hippocampus. The elevation in choline levels was evident 1 hr after injection with a maximal increase at 2 hr. Levels of choline returned to control by 4 hr. In contrast, the administration of diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate at doses greater than the IC50 for acetylChE inhibition increased the levels of acetylcholine, but did not alter the concentration of choline during the first 3 hr. Between 4 and 24 hr after injection, however, a significant decrease in choline levels was apparent. This effect persisted for 48 hr. When rats were pretreated with the anticonvulsant diazepam, the sarin- and soman-induced increases in choline levels were attenuated significantly. Results indicate that the organophosphates differentially alter the levels of choline in brain and suggest that the effect of soman and sarin to elevate choline levels is not a reflection of excessive cholinergic activity, but rather may be a consequence of the excitotoxic actions of these compounds. PMID- 3753520 TI - Inhibition of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase in mouse liver by misonidazole. AB - The mechanisms of toxicity and sensitization by the radiosensitizer misonidazole [1-(2-nitro-1-imidazolyl)-3-methoxy-2-propanol] are not well understood. We report here on the inhibition of total glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), selenium dependent glutathione peroxidase (selenium-GSHPx) and glutathione transferase (GSHTx) activities by misonidazole. Mouse liver cytosol GSHPx and selenium-GSHPx were inhibited in vitro with 0.5 mM misonidazole. On administration of the drug intraperitoneally (800 mg/kg) to mice, it was found that GSHPx, selenium-GSHPx, and GSHTx were inhibited in homogenate, cytosol, and microsomal fractions of mouse liver. GSHPx was depressed in all fractions up to 60-70% of control values, with maximum depression occurring in the cytosol and homogenate fractions in less than 2 hr. Recovery of activity was slower in the microsomes. In general, the pattern of depression of selenium-GSHPx was parallel to that of GSHPx except in microsomes, where GSHPx is minimal. Quantitatively, selenium-GSHPx was least affected. GSHTx was inhibited 70-80% of control values in cytosol and homogenate with recovery by 24 hr, whereas a second period of depression occurred at 24 hr in the microsomes. The inhibition of peroxide-metabolizing enzymes may lead to elevation of intracellular peroxide levels, contributing to the radiosensitizing effect and/or toxicity of misonidazole. PMID- 3753521 TI - The role of the hepatocellular redox state in the hepatic triglyceride accumulation following acute ethanol administration. AB - The role of the increased hepatocellular redox-state [( NADH]/[NAD+] ratio) as a mechanism underlying hepatic triglyceride deposition after acute ethanol dosing has been investigated in the rat. Following a single dose of ethanol (2 g/kg i.p.) in fasted rats, increases were observed at 1.5 hr in the hepatic [lactate]/[pyruvate] (133%), [3-hydroxybutyrate]/[acetoacetate] (69%) ratios, and the liver triglyceride concentration (129%). At the same time point, ethanol increased radioactivity incorporated into hepatic total lipid and triglyceride, after an injection of [U-14C] palmitic acid, by 76% and 158% respectively. Treatment of animals with Naloxone hydrochloride (2 mg/kg i.p.) at 1.0 hr and 2.5 hr after ethanol abolished these ethanol-mediated redox-state changes, without inhibiting ethanol oxidation or affecting hepatic acetaldehyde levels. This, however, did not prevent completely the triglyceride accumulation in the liver or reverse the enhanced uptake of radio-labelled palmitate caused by ethanol. Administration of sorbitol (3.5 g/kg i.p.) caused 109%, 57% and 200% increases in the hepatic [lactate]/[pyruvate], [3-hydroxybutyrate]/[acetoacetate] ratios and glycerol-3-phosphate concentrations respectively. However, the hepatic triglyceride concentration and the incorporation of [U-14C] palmitic acid into hepatic lipids were not influenced by this treatment. In vitro studies in which rat liver slices were incubated with [1-14C] palmitic acid also indicated that the altered [NADH]/[NAD+] ratio was not responsible for the decreased rate of fatty acid oxidation seen after ethanol administration or after the addition of ethanol to the incubation medium. In conclusion, these experiments indicate that increases in the hepatic [NADH]/[NAD+] ratio resulting from ethanol oxidation may not be directly implicated in the altered hepatic fatty acid utilisation and triglyceride deposition observed after acute ethanol administration in rats. PMID- 3753522 TI - Purification of a desmethylimipramine and debrisoquine hydroxylating cytochrome P 450 from human liver. PMID- 3753523 TI - Monooxygenase activity of systems reconstituted with fractions from rats fed standard and low protein diets. PMID- 3753524 TI - Effect of 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) on transferrin and iron uptake by reticulocytes. PMID- 3753525 TI - Influence of the route of administration on the protective effect of L-carnitine on acute hyperammonemia. PMID- 3753526 TI - gamma-Acetylenic GABA antagonizes the decrease in synaptosomal GABA concentrations but not the seizures induced by 3-mercaptopropionic acid in rats. PMID- 3753527 TI - Effect of dietary ascorbate on covalent binding of benzene to bone marrow and hepatic tissue in vivo. PMID- 3753528 TI - Endocytosis of proteins by kidney tubule cells: inhibition by the aminoglycoside gentamicin. PMID- 3753529 TI - Brain temperature measurements in rats: a comparison of microwave and ambient temperature exposures. AB - In an effort to understand microwave heating better, regional brain and core temperatures of rats exposed to microwave radiation (2450 MHz) or elevated air temperatures were measured in two studies. In general, we have found no substantial evidence for temperature differentials, or "hot spots," in the brain of these animals. In the first study, after a 30-min exposure, no temperature differences between brain regions either after microwave or ambient air exposure were found. However, a highly significant correlation between brain and core temperatures was found and this correlation was the same for both microwave and ambient air heating. In the second study, time-temperature profiles were measured in rats exposed to either 30 mW/cm2 or 36.2 degrees C. In this study, the 30-min exposure period was divided into seven intervals and the change in temperature during each period was analyzed. Only the cortex showed significantly different heating rates between the air heating and microwave heating; however, this difference disappeared after the initial 5 min of exposure. PMID- 3753530 TI - Use of the loss-tangent function in dielectric spectroscopy. AB - A new method for finding the dielectric parameters of biological substances is presented. The method makes use of the loss-tangent as a function of frequency to identify the dominating relaxation process. The method was tested for a few cell suspensions (blood and lymphocytes) and two tissues (liver and spleen). The obtained parameters agree well with those calculated from Maxwell-Wagner theory (beta dispersion). PMID- 3753531 TI - Effects of in vivo ultrasound hyperthermia on natural killer cell cytotoxicity in the hamster. AB - The effects of in vivo ultrasound irradiation of the spleen on immunological functions were assessed with an in vitro natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxic assay. Anesthetized hamsters were exposed to 1 MHz ultrasound at intensity levels currently being used clinically for therapeutic diathermy and hyperthermia (1-5 W/cm2, for 500 sec with constant beam scanning). Hyperthermic levels in the spleen ranged from 38-43 degrees C. Significant depression of natural killer (NK) cell activity was seen 4 h after spleen irradiation as compared to sham irradiated and normal animals. A return towards normal levels was observed in experimental groups at 24 h after exposure. Sham and normal animals were not significantly different in NK activity, indicating no significant stress-related immunosuppressive effects due to handling. Differential leukocyte counts taken for each exposure condition showed significant lymphopenia at 4, 8, and 16 h after exposure, near normal levels at 24 h, and complete recovery by 48 h. The number of circulating mononuclear cells at 4 h showed a dose-related suppression as the exposure intensities were increased. PMID- 3753532 TI - Measurement of small mechanical vibrations of brain tissue exposed to extremely low-frequency electric fields. AB - Electromagnetic fields can interact with biological tissue both electrically and mechanically. This study investigated the mechanical interaction between brain tissue and an extremely-low-frequency (ELF) electric field by measuring the resultant vibrational amplitude. The exposure cell is a section of X-band waveguide that was modified by the addition of a center conductor to form a small TEM cell within the waveguide structure. The ELF signal is applied to the center conductor of the TEM cell. The applied ELF electric field generates an electrostrictive force on the surface of the brain tissue. This force causes the tissue to vibrate at a frequency equal to twice the frequency of the applied sinusoidal signal. An X-band signal is fed through the waveguide, scattered by the vibrating sample, and detected by a phase-sensitive receiver. Using a time averaging spectrum analyzer, a vibration sensitivity of approximately 0.2 nmp-p can be achieved. The amplitude of the brain tissue vibrational response is constant for vibrational frequencies below 50 Hz; between 50 and 200 Hz resonant phenomena were observed; and above 200 Hz the amplitude fall-off is rapid. PMID- 3753533 TI - Effects of sinusoidal 60-Hz electric and magnetic fields on ATP and oxygen levels in the slime mold, Physarum polycephalum. AB - We have previously reported that exposing the vegetative plasmodia stage of Physarum polycephalum to either individual or simultaneously applied electric and magnetic fields (45-75 Hz, 0.14-2.0 G, and 0.035-0.7 V/m) lengthens their mitotic cycle, depresses their rate of reversible shuttle streaming, and lowers their respiration rate. In this article we report the effects of simultaneously applied electromagnetic fields (60 Hz, 1.0 G, 1.0 V/m), electric fields only (60 Hz, 1.0 V/m), magnetic fields only (60 Hz, 1.0 G) on the haploid amoeba of Physarum exposed for 120-180 days. Statistically significant depressions (about 8-11%) in ATP levels were observed with all field conditions; however, respiration was significantly decreased only when amoebae were subjected to either combined fields or electric fields alone. Magnetic fields alone failed to induce a significant decrease in respiration. PMID- 3753534 TI - Intermittent exposure of rats to 2450 MHz microwaves at 2.5 mW cm2: behavioral and physiological effects. AB - Long-Evans male adult rats were intermittently exposed for 14 weeks to continuous wave (CW) 2450-MHz microwaves at an average power density of 2.5 mW/cm2. The mean specific absorption rate was 0.70 W/kg (+/- 0.02 SEM). The rats were exposed 7 h/day, 7 days/week in a radiation chamber with a monopole above ground, while housed in Plexiglas cages. Weekly measures of body mass and food intake did not indicate statistically significant effects of microwave irradiation. Assessments of threshold for electric-footshock detection revealed a significant difference between microwave and sham-exposed animals. Assessments of cholinesterase and sulfhydryl groups in blood and 17-ketosteroids in urine did not distinguish the two groups of rats. Behavioral measures made at the end of the 14-week exposure included an open-field test, shuttlebox avoidance performance, and schedule controlled lever-pressing for food pellets. Statistically significant differences between microwave- and sham-exposed rats were observed for these measures. Examination of adrenal tissue, plasma electrolytes, and organ masses after 14 weeks of exposure revealed no difference between the two groups of rats. PMID- 3753535 TI - Behavioral monitoring of rats during exposure to air ions and DC electric fields. AB - Air ions and direct current (DC) electric fields have been reported to exert subtle behavioral and biological effects on rodents and humans. These effects often appear inconsistent, yet there have been few attempts to resolve these inconsistencies by experimental replication. Rats exposed to negatively or positively charged air ions over a wide range of concentrations and exposure periods have been reported to show alterations in their level of locomotor activity. In this study, locomotor activity of Sprague-Dawley rats was quantified during exposure to either unipolar air ions and DC fields of the same polarity or DC fields alone. Both polarities were studied. Air ion concentrations were 5.0 X 10(3), DC fields were 3 kV/m, and exposures lasted 2, 18, or 66 h. In one experiment rats were exposed to DC fields of 12 kV/m. No exposure condition exerted any effect on locomotor activity or rearing behavior. In addition, no behavioral perturbations were observed after the onset of any of the exposure conditions, suggesting that the rats may have failed to detect the altered environment. PMID- 3753536 TI - Thermoregulation in rodents exposed to high-intensity stationary magnetic fields. AB - Rectal temperatures were recorded in mice and rats during exposure to a stationary 7.55 Tesla (1 T = 10(4) Gauss) homogeneous magnetic field, and to magnetic field gradients ranging from 58.1 - 58.6 T/m. Contrary to observations reported recently by other investigators, no evidence was found for a change in the body temperature of rodents exposed to strong homogeneous or gradient magnetic fields. PMID- 3753537 TI - Urinary neopterin reflects clinical activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Neopterin is a marker for activation of cellular immunity. Urinary neopterin levels were measured in 106 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and in 45 patients with osteoarthritis. Levels were significantly higher in RA patients than in osteoarthritis patients and were strongly dependent on stage and activity of RA. Correlations with other laboratory parameters were weak. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that urinary neopterin levels reflected clinical activity better than did other laboratory findings. Thus, urinary neopterin determination might be useful in monitoring RA patients. PMID- 3753538 TI - Autoantibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - Autoantibodies may play an important role in the pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS) disease in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We obtained cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and, in some cases, sera from 19 SLE patients with CNS lupus and from 12 SLE patients without CNS lupus. Autoantibodies to saline soluble cellular antigens were detected in the CSF of lupus patients and reflected those present in the serum. These antibodies were distinct from the previously described antineuronal antibodies. Analysis of the fine specificities of the anti-saline soluble cellular antigen antibodies revealed that the antiribosomal P protein antibody was present in 4 of 4 patients with lupus psychosis and was enriched in the CSF of 1 patient. Sera containing antiribosomal P protein showed prominent cytoplasmic staining of human cortical neurons, as well as an epithelial cell substrate. These observations, together with the increase in intrathecal IgG synthesis detected in 71% of patients tested, suggest that several populations of antibodies may contribute to the enhanced immunologic activity in the CSF of CNS lupus patients. PMID- 3753539 TI - Murine type II collagen arthritis. Association of an acute-phase response with clinical course. AB - The acute-phase reactant, C-reactive protein, is a good index of disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. We examined the murine acute-phase reactant, serum amyloid P, as an index of disease in type II collagen-induced arthritis in 3 mouse strains. The onset of type II collagen-induced arthritis, which is characterized by paw swelling, is associated with a significant, but transient, elevation of serum amyloid P. Anticollagen antibody titers are not temporally associated with the onset of disease. Although murine type II collagen arthritis fails to show the chronic acute-phase reactant elevation that is characteristic of arthritis in humans, the transient elevation of the acute-phase reactant is a reliable indicator of the onset of disease. PMID- 3753540 TI - Eosinophilic synovitis: clinical observations on a newly recognized subset of patients with dermatographism. AB - Eosinophilia of synovial fluid is uncommon. Using the identification of Charcot Leyden crystals to alert for the presence of eosinophils, we have increased by a factor of 5 the detection rate of synovial fluid eosinophilia. We describe here our clinical and laboratory findings in 7 patients with this feature. We believe they constitute a defined syndrome. Typically, the patients were young (ages 18 51) and had a personal and family history of allergy. They developed an acute, painless monarthritis after a minor trauma, and had no concurrent allergic symptoms. Each episode resolved in 1-2 weeks without therapy, and 3 patients had recurrences. All had pronounced dermatographism. The synovial fluid was mildly inflammatory: 10,850 +/- 3,665 white blood cells/mm3, with 41 +/- 5% eosinophils (mean +/- SEM). The cellularity and chemistry of the peripheral blood was unremarkable, except for a mild elevation of IgE levels (370 +/- 104 IU/ml). The exact pathophysiologic mechanism underlying this benign entity is not clear, but we suspect a nonimmunologic triggering event is operant, i.e., synovial trauma which mimics the cutaneous dermatographism. PMID- 3753541 TI - Retinopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus: relationship to disease activity. AB - Forty-three patients taking chloroquine for systemic lupus erythematosus were followed by one ophthalmologist over a 5-year period. Visual field testing, color vision testing, and fluorescein angiography were performed. Retinopathy was detected in 7 patients (16%), none of whom had hypertension or diabetes mellitus. Retinal abnormalities included cotton-wool spots in 4 patients, microaneurysms in 3, and vascular tortuosity in 4. In 4 patients, these abnormalities were associated with retinal dysfunction, measured in terms of abnormal hue discrimination. In 6 of the 7 patients, the finding of retinopathy coincided with a flare of lupus activity. In 5 patients, retinopathy improved when the disease was controlled. PMID- 3753542 TI - Wegener's granulomatosis in the elderly. AB - Wegener's granulomatosis is a systemic necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis in which the average age at onset is in the forties. The disease has an excellent response to treatment with cyclophosphamide. We proposed that the tendency to accept multisystem disease in elderly patients (greater than or equal to 60 years old) and a reluctance to administer aggressive therapy would be reflected in the diagnosis and treatment of Wegener's granulomatosis in the elderly, and that as a consequence, the delay in diagnosis and implementation of therapy could result in a needlessly higher morbidity and mortality rate for this population of patients. PMID- 3753543 TI - Development of severe limited scleroderma in complicated Raynaud's phenomenon after limb immobilization: report of two cases and study of collagen biosynthesis. AB - We describe 2 patients with Raynaud's phenomenon who developed severe sclerodermatous changes after immobilization. The scleroderma was confined to the immobilized limb. Histologic examination of tissue samples of the affected skin showed mononuclear cell infiltrates and marked collagen deposition in the dermis and subcutaneous adipose tissue. In vitro biosynthetic studies demonstrated a dramatic increase in collagen production by cultures of involved skin from one of the patients. These results suggest that immobilization resulted in activation of dermal fibroblasts (perhaps mediated by inflammatory cells) and in the subsequent development of fibrosis in both of these patients. PMID- 3753544 TI - Lipid microspherule-associated acute monarticular arthritis. AB - We describe the fifth reported case of acute monarthritis associated with lipid microspherules. A 33-year-old obese man developed acute knee arthritis with a synovial fluid white blood cell count of 11,700/mm3 (97% polymorphonuclear leukocytes). The fluid contained numerous strongly positively birefringent intra- and extracellular spherules that measured 2-6 microns in diameter and had the appearance of Maltese crosses. No systemic lipid disorder or local trauma could account for the attack, which responded promptly to the administration of colchicine. PMID- 3753545 TI - Early radiologic manifestations of destructive spondylarthropathy in hemodialyzed patients. PMID- 3753546 TI - Preliminary evidence for the presence of an inhibitor on the surface of natural monosodium urate crystals. PMID- 3753547 TI - Adverse drug reactions: working toward more appropriate monitoring models. PMID- 3753548 TI - Paradoxical elevation of LDL apoprotein B levels in hypertriglyceridaemic patients and normal subjects ingesting fish oil. AB - Twenty-three hypertriglyceridaemic patients treated with 15 g/day of a fish oil concentrate (Maxepa) showed the expected reduction in serum triglyceride concentration but levels of LDL apoprotein B (apoB), measured by radial immunodiffusion, increased significantly. Increases in LDL apoB did not correlate with lipoprotein phenotype or changes in serum triglyceride. Studies in eight normal volunteers demonstrated that the effect of fish oil on LDL apoB was not restricted to hypertriglyceridaemic subjects. In view of the evidence that LDL apoB may be a risk factor for coronary heart disease these findings raise questions regarding the use of fish oil in the treatment of hypertriglyceridaemia. PMID- 3753549 TI - The effect of age, sex, alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking on serum concentrations of lipids and apolipoproteins in Zimbabwean blacks. AB - Serum concentrations of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides and apolipoproteins A-I and B were studied in black subjects with no known risk factor for coronary heart disease and in subjects with a single risk factor. The concentrations of lipids and apolipoproteins were sex-dependent. HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I were age-dependent in females (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.01, respectively). There was a dose-related association between alcohol consumption and serum concentrations of triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, apolipoproteins A-I and B in males (P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.002, respectively in the heavy drinkers). The effects of cigarette smoking on the concentrations of serum lipids and apolipoproteins appear to be prominent in the heavy smoking subjects (P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.001, respectively). This work suggests that HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I may discriminate black subjects at risk of developing atherosclerosis. PMID- 3753550 TI - Body fat distribution and cardiovascular risk in middle-aged people in southern Italy. AB - Skinfold thickness, % body fat content, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, plasma glucose, serum cholesterol and triglycerides have been measured in 132 middle-aged men (mean age 39.8 +/- 9.9, range 20-59 yr) and in 114 middle-aged women (mean age 39.1 +/- 9.3, range 20-59 yr). Anthropometric data were related to blood pressure and biochemical parameters by using a straight-line regression analysis. Body mass index, % body fat content, subscapular and suprailiac skinfold thickness, consideral as indicative of splanchnic fat distribution, were positively correlated to blood pressure, plasma glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides. Triceps skinfold thickness, an index of peripheral fat distribution, showed weaker or no correlation with these parameters. These preliminary observations in the Neapolitan area support the hypothesis that, in addition to body mass index and % body fat content, preferential splanchnic fat distribution is associated with cardiovascular risk factors. PMID- 3753551 TI - Development of experimental models for meningeal neoplasia using intrathecal injection of 9L gliosarcoma and Walker 256 carcinosarcoma in the rat. AB - Two models for meningeal neoplasia have been developed in rats using intrathecal injection of 9L gliosarcoma and Walker 256 carcinosarcoma cells. Tumor cells were injected in unanesthetized animals through an indwelling catheter inserted at the cisterna magna to the level of the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord. Survival of rats was dependent on the number of tumor cells injected. Spread of tumor was quantified by histology using a grading scale, and functional and behavioral changes were measured. Rats injected with 10(6) 9L gliosarcoma cells showed progressive weight loss, flaccid paralysis, and neurogenic bladder dysfunction and had a median survival of 11 days. The tumor frequently grew as a mass compressing the spinal cord. The 9L gliosarcoma tumor cells markedly invaded the Virchow-Robin spaces but exhibited only minimal invasion of the central nervous system parenchyma. The tumor reached the brain by day 10. Rats injected with 2 X 10(5) Walker 256 carcinosarcoma cells showed progressive weight loss and weakness and had a median survival of 6 days. The tumor grew within the leptomeninges in a discontinuous multifocal fashion and reached the brain by day 4. There was extensive invasion of the central nervous system parenchyma by Walker 256 tumor cells along the Virchow-Robin spaces resulting in hemorrhage and necrosis of grey and white matter. Hot plate and tail flick response times were significantly delayed only in the days immediately preceding death of animals with either 9L or Walker 256 tumor and were not good indicators of tumor progression. Loss of motor coordination and failure of the stepping and placing reflex on the other hand showed good correlation with spread of tumor measured histologically. Control animals injected with 0.9% NaCl or with lethally irradiated tumor cells showed no significant weight loss or functional or behavioral changes. The intrathecal 9L gliosarcoma and Walker 256 carcinosarcoma models show different characteristics of human meningeal carcinomatosis and will be used for studies of experimental chemotherapy with intrathecally administered antitumor drugs. PMID- 3753552 TI - Rhizoxin, a macrocyclic lactone antibiotic, as a new antitumor agent against human and murine tumor cells and their vincristine-resistant sublines. AB - Rhizoxin, isolated from a plant pathogenic fungus which causes rice seedling blight, inhibits the mitosis of the tumor cells in a manner similar to that of Vinca alkaloids as revealed by morphological study and flow cytometry analysis. This new 16-membered macrocyclic lactone showed similar chemotherapeutic effects to those of vincristine against L1210 and P388 leukemia-bearing mice. The drug is also effective against B16 melanoma inoculated i.p. or s.c. Rhizoxin, in contrast to the ansamacrolide, maytansine, was effective against human and murine tumor cells resistant to vincristine and Adriamycin in vitro and in vivo. A maximum 60% increase in life span was obtained in mice inoculated with P388 leukemia resistant to vincristine. Rhizoxin showed greater cytotoxicity in cultured tumor cells than did vincristine. Rhizoxin seems to bear consideration for further development as a new chemotherapeutic agent. PMID- 3753553 TI - Embryotoxicity of benzo(a)pyrene and some of its synthetic derivatives in Swiss mice. AB - We have studied the teratogenicity of benzo(a)pyrene (BP), benzo(a)pyrene-4,5 oxide, and a racemic mixture of 7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha,10 alpha-epoxy 7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene, a proximal metabolite and ultimate carcinogenic metabolite of BP, respectively, and of 6-methylbenzo(a)pyrene after direct injection into embryonal Swiss mice. The compounds were dissolved in acetone and trioctanoin (1:1) and injected at doses ranging from 0.4 to 16.0 nmol/embryo on days 10, 12, and 14 of development. The transplacental effects of BP given at the same gestational days and at comparable dose levels were also evaluated. The control groups received 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 microliter/embryo of vehicle on days 10, 12, or 14 of pregnancy, respectively. The fetuses were examined when they were 18 days old. On the basis of gross external and internal malformations, 7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha,10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10 tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene appeared to be the most potent embryotoxic and teratogenic compound tested, causing 85% of embryolethality and 100% of malformed fetuses in the group treated on day 10 of intrauterine development. There were 61 and 27% of malformed fetuses following 7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha,10 alpha epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene treatment on days 12 and 14 of gestation, respectively. The effects of this BP metabolite were very specific and malformations such as exencephaly, thoraco- and gastroschisis, phocomelia, and edema were found. The administration of BP (both transplacental and direct intraembryonal injection) and benzo(a)pyrene-4,5-oxide caused no significant increase of malformed fetuses in any of the developmental stages considered. 6 Methylbenzo(a)pyrene induced multiple malformations (among these a high percentage of protruding tongue) in 50, 46 and 31% of the fetuses treated on days 10, 12, and 14 of gestational age, respectively. These results combined with previous data concerning the induction of lung tumors by the tested compounds in 15-day-old Swiss mouse embryos, emphasize the requirement of a common metabolic derivative of BP to induce both teratogenesis and carcinogenesis in mice. Furthermore present data show that midgestation Swiss embryos are also highly sensitive to the 6-methyl derivative of BP. PMID- 3753554 TI - Comparative pharmacokinetics and metabolism of doxorubicin and 4-demethoxy-4'-O methyldoxorubicin in tumor-bearing mice. AB - It has been reported that 4-demethoxy-4'-O-methyldoxorubicin (4-dm-4'-O-methylDX) is more potent than doxorubicin (DX), equally active in some murine leukemias and solid tumors, and almost devoid of cardiotoxicity. We used HPLC to investigate the metabolism and the disposition of this drug in comparison with DX in mice bearing colon 38 adenocarcinoma SC and treated with IV doses of the two drugs that were equiactive and equitoxic (4-dm-4'-O-methylDX 1 mg/kg; DX 10 mg/kg). 4 Dm-4'-O-methylDX was metabolized to a polar metabolite, presumably 4-demethoxyDX, which was eliminated more slowly than the parent drug from all the organs and accounted for 25%-50% of total fluorescence; traces of two metabolites less polar than the parent drug (2% of total fluorescence) were found only at early times in the liver. In DX-treated mice traces of doxorubicinol (1%-3% of total fluorescence) were found in tumor and organs, and two aglycones were detected only at early times in the liver. In plasma both drugs declined biexponentially and 4-dm-4'-O-methylDX was eliminated slightly faster than DX. The rate of elimination of the new analogue from lung, kidney, spleen, and small intestine was faster than that of DX; in heart and liver 4-dm-4'-O-methylDX was detectable for only up to 24 h, while DX was detectable for up to 7 days. In the tumor the kinetics and the elimination patterns of the two drugs were similar. The distribution of 4-dm-4'-O-methylDX, as a percentage of the administered dose, was 1.3-2 times higher than that of DX in the organs and 3 times higher in the tumor, which suggests an improved selectivity of the new analogue for the tumor compared with DX. PMID- 3753555 TI - Xanthine oxidase inhibitors attenuate ischemia-induced vascular permeability changes in the cat intestine. AB - Previous reports indicate that allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, largely prevents the injury produced by reperfusion of ischemic tissues. In order to further assess the role of xanthine oxidase in ischemia-reperfusion injury, we examined the influence of another inhibitor of the enzyme (pterin aldehyde) on the increased vascular permeability produced by intestinal ischemia. Vascular permeability estimates in autoperfused segments of cat ileum were derived from the relationship between lymph-to-plasma protein concentration ratio and lymph flow. One hour of intestinal ischemia increased vascular permeability to 0.43 +/- 0.02 from a control (nonischemic) value of 0.08 +/- 0.005. In ischemic ileal segments pretreated with purified pterin aldehyde, vascular permeability increased to only 0.15 +/- 0.02. Pretreatment with commercially prepared folic acid, which is contaminated with pterin aldehyde, also attenuated the ischemia induced increase in vascular permeability (0.16 +/- 0.04). These findings support the hypothesis that xanthine oxidase is a major source of oxygen-free radicals produced during reperfusion of the ischemic small bowel. PMID- 3753556 TI - Human placental production of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: biochemical characterization and production in normal subjects and patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism. AB - Biochemical characterization of placental 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1 alpha hydroxylase was performed in placentas from eight normal women. Production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] was linear with time; the mean production rate was 282 +/- 74 (+/- SE) pg/mg protein X h. Only the fetally derived trophoblasts had significant 1 alpha-hydroxylase activity, and this was located solely in mitochondria. Kinetic analysis of 1 alpha-hydroxylation in isolated mitochondria from normal placentas disclosed a Km for 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 of 0.57 microM. To assess whether placentas from women with disorders of vitamin D metabolism could also produce 1,25-(OH)2D3, we measured the placental production rates of 1,25-(OH)2D3 in three women with PTH-resistant hypoparathyroidism (pseudohypoparathyroidism) during four separate pregnancies. Their mean production rate of 1,25-(OH)2D3 was 353 +/- 184 pg/mg protein X h, a value not significantly different from that of normal placentas. Therefore, placental production of 1,25-(OH)2D3 may provide a significant contribution to the circulating concentration of 1,25-(OH)2D3. In women with PTH-resistant hypoparathyroidism, in whom the renal capacity to synthesize 1,25-(OH)2D3 is impaired, placental production of 1,25-(OH)2D3 is not compromised. PMID- 3753557 TI - Relationship of estrogen and pregnancy to calcium homeostasis in pseudohypoparathyroidism. AB - The relationship of estrogen administration and pregnancy to vitamin D metabolism and Ca homeostasis was examined in two young women with pseudohypoparathyroidism. Estrogen, which is believed to inhibit PTH-mediated bone resorption, caused a consistent dose-related reversible reduction of serum Ca in these patients. This finding supports the concept that PTH-mediated bone resorption may contribute to the maintenance of serum Ca in normocalcemic pseudohypoparathyroidism. Paradoxically, these two patients remained normocalcemic throughout pregnancy, a high estrogen state. They were studied during four pregnancies, and each time a similar pattern emerged. Despite a primary derangement of the renal 1 alpha hydroxylase, serum 1,25-dihydrovitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D] concentration increased 2- to 3-fold, while the serum PTH level was nearly halved during pregnancy. After delivery, serum Ca and 1,25-(OH)2D decreased, and serum PTH rose appropriately. Placental synthesis of 1,25-(OH)2D may have contributed to the maintenance of normocalcemia in these patients. PMID- 3753558 TI - Beneficial effect of testosterone in the treatment of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis in rats. AB - Early thymectomy and sublethal irradiation of normal rats consistently induces a sex-dependent chronic autoimmune thyroiditis. Females are much more susceptible to this autoimmune disorder than are males. The possible therapeutic effects of testosterone (Te) on established autoimmune thyroiditis has been investigated in this model. The pathologic condition of the gland before treatment was monitored by a thyroid grafting and extirpation techniques. Te administration by either parenteral injection or implantation caused significant regression of established thyroiditis. Repeated doses of Te ester in oil were found to be more effective than powdered free-Te given by implantation, and frequently produced complete resolution of chronic lesions involving the entire gland. In these thyroids, there was reappearance of normal thyroid architecture and complete absence of mononuclear cellular infiltration. However, no inhibitory effect on serum autoantibody production to thyroglobulin was noted with any form of Te treatment. These observations strengthen the concept that cellular rather than humoral mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of thyroiditis. PMID- 3753559 TI - Cellular immunity to sperm in infertile women. PMID- 3753560 TI - Retinopathy of prematurity, intraventricular hemorrhage, and oxidative damage. PMID- 3753561 TI - Nutrition study design questioned. PMID- 3753562 TI - The use of relative operating characteristic (ROC) curves in test performance evaluation. AB - Relative (or receiver) operating characteristic (ROC) curves are a graphical representation of the relationship between sensitivity and specificity of a laboratory test over all possible diagnostic cutoff values. Laboratory medicine has been slow to adopt the use of ROC curves for the analysis of diagnostic test performance. In this tutorial, we discuss the advantages and limitations of the ROC curve for clinical decision making in laboratory medicine. We demonstrate the construction and statistical uses of ROC analysis, review its published applications in clinical pathology, and comment on its role in the decision analytic framework in laboratory medicine. PMID- 3753564 TI - Office laboratory testing. PMID- 3753563 TI - Comparison of thyrotropin assays by relative operating characteristic analysis. AB - We compared two versions of a commercial double-site immunoradiometric assay for human thyrotropin, one of them claimed to show superior ability in apportioning euthyroid and hyperthyroid populations. Relative operating characteristic (ROC) analysis permits the calculation of the area under the ROC curve as an unbiased unit measure of diagnostic validity, and also yields an optimal decision point for separating the two populations, based on relative prevalences and locally perceived utilities of test outcomes. We examined 48 hyperthyroid and 50 euthyroid subjects with the original assay and with a later version from the same manufacturer and conclude that the latter demonstrates a small but significant superiority in diagnostic performance throughout the clinical range of interest. Furthermore, peak diagnostic efficacy is attained when the boundary between the two populations is set at 0.3 mIU/L. At this decision point, sensitivity is 58%, specificity is 96%, and the predictive value of a positive test is 75%. PMID- 3753565 TI - Rheumatoid pleural effusion cytology. PMID- 3753566 TI - Initial bone marrow findings in multiple myeloma. Significance of plasma cell nodules. AB - A retrospective review of bone marrow specimens from 235 patients with multiple myeloma and 148 patients with reactive plasmacytosis was performed in an attempt to evaluate the usefulness of bone marrow sections in distinguishing between these conditions. Although the presence of large homogeneous nodules and/or infiltrates of plasma cells in bone marrow sections remains the best criterion for the diagnosis of myeloma, a few specimens (2%) from patients with reactive plasmacytosis also showed this feature. In addition, 26% of the patients with myeloma had bone marrow sections that were considered nondiagnostic in that they lacked recognizable homogeneous nodules and/or infiltrates of plasma cells. Finally, distinguishing multiple myeloma from bone marrow involvement by lymphoplasmacytic lymphomas can be very difficult, if not impossible, based on findings in the sections alone. PMID- 3753567 TI - Open lung biopsy in Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. AB - Pathologic descriptions of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in humans are scarce, and most descriptions are from autopsy studies. We studied open lung biopsy specimens from six patients with proved or probable M pneumoniae pneumonia and reviewed the findings on M pneumoniae pneumonia that have been reported in the literature, as well as the electron microscopic characteristics of the organism, to document the morphologic spectrum. Five of our six cases showed a typical but nonspecific polymorphonuclear leukocyte-rich exudate in the bronchiolar lumina, metaplastic cells that lined the bronchioles, a lymphoplasmacytic bronchiolar wall infiltrate, peribronchiolar septal widening, and adjacent hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes. In one patient, diffuse alveolar damage was superimposed on the above bronchiolar lesion, and the sixth patient had a nonspecific organizing pneumonia. PMID- 3753568 TI - Histopathology of human lymph node tularemia caused by Francisella tularensis var palaearctica. AB - Histopathology of tularemia, caused by type-B strain, tuberculosis, and sarcoidosis were compared in lymph node biopsy specimens from ten patients with tularemia, 26 with tuberculosis, and 14 with sarcoidosis. In very early tularemia there were only reactive changes without necrosis. Abscess necrosis with or without epithelioid cell reaction was observed during the second week and caseous necrosis during the fourth week. Argyrophil fibers were absent from necrotic lesions in tularemia, but, often, also in tuberculosis. In most cases of tularemia and in half the cases of tuberculosis, the inflammatory process extended beyond the capsule of the lymph node. In some cases, tularemia could not be histologically differentiated from tuberculosis, but tularemia was always differentiated from sarcoidosis. Our series of lymph node tularemia seems to represent a milder disease than those cases published earlier. Tularemia should be considered in the differential diagnosis with tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis, and cat-scratch disease. PMID- 3753569 TI - The pathologic findings of the fetal membranes in very prolonged amniotic fluid leakage. AB - We examined the fetal membranes in five patients with prolonged amniotic fluid leakage. Four patients had a clinical history of fluid leakage of at least six weeks' duration, while, in the fifth patient, prolonged leakage was only an inferred diagnosis. Four of the infants died within the first two days of life, while one infant survived. The pathologic findings were varied. Two cases showed, to our knowledge, a previously unreported subchorionic accumulation of squames, which were presumably from cells that were shed into amniotic fluid. One other case showed a subchorionic foreign-body reaction. The two remaining cases showed only necrosis and hemorrhage. PMID- 3753570 TI - Silicone-induced endocarditis. A complication of transvenous cardiac pacing catheterization. AB - We report a case of silicone-induced endocarditis as a newly recognized complication of transvenous cardiac pacing catheterization. Silicone was found embedded in thrombotic vegetations on the tricuspid valve of a patient who had a long-standing pacing catheter in the right side of his heart. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray analysis confirmed the presence of silicone in the vegetations and in the catheter tip. PMID- 3753571 TI - The influence of age, sex, race, and body habitus on kidney weight in humans. AB - The impact of age, sex, race, and body build on kidney weight was examined in 357 normal individuals who died suddenly. Mulivariate, stepwise linear-regression analysis demonstrated that kidney weight was best predicted by body surface area. Age, sex, and race had no additional impact on kidney weight once differences in body build were taken into account. Similar results were obtained with heart and liver weights. These findings were confirmed using a second, independent paired sample of 16 lean and 16 massively obese adults. Body build-associated changes in kidney weight were paralleled by changes in both glomerular and tubulointerstitial areas. Body build is the major determinant of kidney weight and nephron size in normal humans. PMID- 3753572 TI - Epididymitis nodosa. An epididymal lesion analogous to vasitis nodosa. AB - We studied eight cases of an epididymal lesion resembling vasitis nodosa. Four cases were encountered among a group of patients who underwent epididymectomy for pain following vasectomy. The other four cases occurred in the absence of that history. The lesion probably represents a regenerative effort following rupture of a duct resulting from long-standing obstruction, either locally or at some point distally in the ductal system. Recognition is important to prevent misdiagnosis as a neoplasm. PMID- 3753573 TI - Amyloid deposition in a gastric arteriovenous malformation. AB - A large gastric arteriovenous malformation was an incidental finding at autopsy in a 74-year-old man. Gastric arteriovenous malformations are themselves unusual, and this one was even more so, as there were massive deposits of amyloid in the walls of the constituent vessels. The nature of the amyloid was confirmed by histochemical and electron microscopic techniques. This appears to be an unusual form of localized amyloidosis. PMID- 3753574 TI - Widely differing plasma digoxin values in patients with congestive heart failure and severe liver dysfunction. A method-dependent problem. AB - We studied plasma digoxin levels by three methods in patients with congestive heart failure who had no, mild to moderate, and severe liver dysfunction secondary to the heart failure. Our results indicate that in patients with severe liver dysfunction, marked discrepancies in plasma can occur, depending on the methodology employed. The discrepancy is likely due to the presence of a digoxinlike immunoreactive substance. PMID- 3753575 TI - Ovarian cavernous hemangioma. AB - Vascular tumors of the female genital tract are rare, especially those of the ovary. Most cases are small lesions that are discovered incidentally. We describe a 68-year-old woman with a benign hemangioma that presented clinically as a very large ovarian mass. PMID- 3753576 TI - Extraovarian pelvic serous tumor with marked calcification. AB - We report two cases of low-grade extraovarian pelvic serous tumor. Each contained large numbers of psammoma bodies. The tumors belong to the small group of serous carcinomas that arise from the peritoneum. In both cases the tumor permeated the myometrial lymphatic vessels extensively. One patient is well eight years after surgery. PMID- 3753577 TI - Herpes simplex virus encephalitis. A case with dysplastic plasma cell infiltration. AB - A case of herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis was diagnosed by means of a brain biopsy specimen on the 31st day of the illness. The infiltrate showed dense plasma cells, with dysplastic features that mimicked plasma cell neoplasm. The diagnosis of HSV encephalitis was substantiated by the finding of intranuclear virus particles and by seroconversion with HSV-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests in blood serum and cerebrospinal fluid. This histologic appearance correlated temporally with the time of peak seroconversion. Extensive plasma cell infiltrate may be an unrecognized variant of the histopathology of HSV encephalitis in its subacute phase, and only careful electron microscopic study will establish the diagnosis. PMID- 3753578 TI - Mixed malignant mesenchymoma metastatic to the central nervous system. AB - A unique case of central nervous system metastases of mixed malignant mesenchymoma in an 84-year-old man is described. The tumor exhibited an osteogenic appearance in the cerebral lesion and a primitive mesenchymal appearance in lesions of the brain stem and cerebellum. The primary site was apparently the chest wall, and there were also metastases to the lung and liver. PMID- 3753579 TI - RSU 1069, a nitroimidazole containing an aziridine group. Bioreduction greatly increases cytotoxicity under hypoxic conditions. PMID- 3753580 TI - Comparing the reduction of nitroimidazoles in bacteria and mammalian tissues and relating it to biological activity. PMID- 3753581 TI - Purification of human erythropoietin to homogeneity by a rapid five-step procedure. AB - Human urinary erythropoietin (Ep) has been purified using a simple five-step procedure to yield preparations with potencies of 80,000 U/mg in 25% yield. The five steps involve: (1) affinity chromatography on CM Affi-Gel Blue, (2) chromatofocusing, (3) wheat germ lectin (or hydroxylapatite) chromatography, (4) reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a phenyl column, and (5) preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Ep activity was determined at each stage using a highly sensitive and specific in vitro assay that measures [3H]-thymidine incorporation into erythroid cells from spleens of phenylhydrazine-treated mice. The step 5 material was also tested with the in vivo polycythemic mouse assay procedure and was found to have a similar potency to that obtained in the [3H] thymidine in vitro assay. SDS-PAGE analysis of the step 5 material revealed a single 38.5-kd band that comigrated with Ep bioactivity. Homogeneity was confirmed by amino acid sequence analysis. Starting with urine containing approximately 13 U/mg of protein, the cumulative degrees of purification achieved with each step were: step 1,25-fold; step 2, 75-fold; step 3, 300-fold; step 4, 1,500-fold; and step 5, 5,000-fold. Corresponding overall recoveries after each step were: greater than 100%, 70%, 45%, 30%, and 25%. These recoveries could be obtained when as little as 5,000 U of starting urinary Ep were processed because of the introduction of Tween 20 and SDS into buffers used at various stages of the purification procedure. In addition, a rapid method for determining Ep purity which involves reverse-phase HPLC of trypsinized 125I-labeled Ep is presented. This allows the establishment of purity with far less material than is required for amino acid sequencing. PMID- 3753582 TI - Improved survival in the treatment of advanced Hodgkin's disease at a nonuniversity institution (1970-1979). AB - From 1970 through 1979, 89 patients with Hodgkin's disease were treated at the Marshfield Clinic/St. Joseph's Hospital. After the pathologic material was reviewed, the patients were analyzed to compare Group I (1970-1973) with Group II (1974-1979). Demographic characteristics in the two groups were similar. In the decade, 76% of patients achieved complete remission. In advanced-stage disease, 50% of patients achieved complete remission in Group I compared with 68% in Group II. At 5 years, 50% of patients were alive without COPP (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, prednisone) chemotherapy; with this treatment, 75% of patients survived (P = 0.02). There was improved survival comparing Group I (56% at 5 years) with Group II (76% at 5 years) patients with advanced disease (P = 0.004). More aggressive combination chemotherapy (COPP) was related to the improvement in survival (P less than 0.001). The advances in treatment made by cooperative groups and universities are being transferred to nonuniversity institutions, with appropriate improvement in survival of Hodgkin's disease. PMID- 3753583 TI - Inhibition of experimental pulmonary metastasis of mouse colon adenocarcinoma 26 sublines by a sialic acid:nucleoside conjugate having sialyltransferase inhibiting activity. AB - The total and sialidase-releasable sialic acid contents of murine colon adenocarcinoma 26 sublines of high (NL-17) and low (NL-44) metastatic potential were found to be positively correlated with their ability to undergo metastasis. Furthermore, sialyltransferase activity of intact NL-17 cells was higher than that of NL-44 cells. These findings suggest that sialic acid on the cell surface may play a role in the metastasis of these cells. Therefore, the effect of a sialyltransferase inhibitor, 5-fluoro-2',3'-isopropylidene-5'-O-(4-N-acetyl-2,4 dideoxy-3,6,7,8-tetra -O -acetyl-1-methoxycarbonyl-D-glycero-alpha-D galactooctapyranosyl)u ridine (Kl-8110), on the experimental lung metastasis of NL-17 or NL-44 cells was examined. Kl-8110 inhibited the transfer of sialic acid to its endogenous acceptor in NL-17 and NL-44 cells. NL-17 or NL-44 cells were injected into the tail veins of mice, and the metastasis-inhibiting activity of Kl-8110 was evaluated on the basis of both the lung weight and the number of pulmonary surface nodules about 3 wk after the tumor cell injection and of the survival ratio of mice inoculated with the tumor cells. Pretreatment of tumor cells with Kl-8110 together with i.v. injection of Kl-8110 caused significant inhibition of pulmonary metastasis of both NL-17 and NL-44 cells. Inhibition of metastasis and prolongation of survival were also observed on i.v. injection of Kl-8110 without pretreatment of the tumor cells with Kl-8110, but the degree of inhibition was lower than that in the case of the two treatments together. Kl 8110 itself had neither cytostatic nor cytotoxic effects on NL-17 and NL-44 but reduced the retention of tumor cells in the lungs. This antimetastatic effect of Kl-8110 may be due to modification of the tumor cell surface resulting from inhibition of sialyltransferase by Kl-8110. In addition, a beta-linked sialic acid:nucleoside conjugate (Kl-8111) and an equimolar mixture of Kl-8110 and Kl 8111 (Kl-414) also inhibited the metastatic ability of NL cells to the same extent as Kl-8110 did. PMID- 3753584 TI - Deletion mapping of Sindbis virus DI RNAs derived from cDNAs defines the sequences essential for replication and packaging. AB - Defective-interfering (DI) genomes of a virus contain sequence information essential for their replication and packaging. They need not contain any coding information and therefore are a valuable tool for identifying cis-acting, regulatory sequences in a viral genome. To identify these sequences in a DI genome of Sindbis virus, we cloned a cDNA copy of a complete DI genome directly downstream of the promoter for the SP6 bacteriophage DNA dependent RNA polymerase. The cDNA was transcribed into RNA, which was transfected into chicken embryo fibroblasts in the presence of helper Sindbis virus. After one to two passages the DI RNA became the major viral RNA species in infected cells. Data from a series of deletions covering the entire DI genome show that only sequences in the 162 nucleotide region at the 5' terminus and in the 19 nucleotide region at the 3' terminus are specifically required for replication and packaging of these genomes. PMID- 3753585 TI - An internal signal sequence: the asialoglycoprotein receptor membrane anchor. AB - The human asialoglycoprotein receptor H1 is anchored in the membrane by a single stretch of 20 hydrophobic amino acids; the hydrophilic amino terminus faces the cytoplasm, and the carboxyl terminus is exoplasmic. We show here that glycosylation and insertion of the asialoglycoprotein receptor into the endoplasmic reticulum membrane is cotranslational and SRP-dependent and occurs without proteolytic cleavage. The membrane-anchor domain is necessary for membrane insertion, since a receptor with the segment deleted is neither inserted nor glycosylated. The segment is also sufficient for membrane insertion, since it will initiate translocation of a carboxy-terminal domain of rat alpha-tubulin across the membrane. We propose that a helical hairpin mechanism of membrane insertion is used both by cleaved amino-terminal and uncleaved internal signal sequences. PMID- 3753587 TI - Standardizing clinical laboratory data for the development of transferable computer-based diagnostic programs. AB - The existence of systematic differences between test results obtained at different laboratories can compromise the development of generally accessible reference databases for interpretive pathology. We review approaches to the elimination of inter-laboratory bias from pathology test results through the use of standard unit transformations. A general transform procedure is described that will permit laboratories serving a common population to make use of reference data, decision rules, and computer-based interpretive programs developed around a larger clinical database than each of these test centers could amass for themselves. PMID- 3753586 TI - The effect of contractility and preload on matching between the canine left ventricle and afterload. AB - We define matching between ventricle and afterload to imply that the ventricle is adapted to its afterload to yield maximum external work output. For the ventricle, this optimal adaption will depend on end-diastolic dimension, heart rate, and contractility. Because contractility is impaired during ventricular failure, we propose that the adaption between ventricle and load is not as good during failure as during normal conditions. According to our definition, this implies that during failure external work output is less than maximum. Ventricle load matching is then not present, i.e., a mismatch exists between ventricle and load. This hypothesis was tested in a canine preparation in which arterial load of the left ventricle was varied from one beat to the next. Left ventricular depression was induced by injections of 50 micron microspheres into the left coronary bed. We observed left ventricular stroke volume and external work during afterload variations at three different preload levels before and after microembolization. Before embolization the control observations of work and stroke volume were positioned at the apex of parabolas relating work to stroke volume. After embolization, however, control observations fell down along the left limb of the parabolas. These observations were independent of preload. Thus this study, carried out in a preparation with the heart in situ, supports the idea that the normal left ventricle is matched to its load and demonstrates ventricle-load mismatch when the left ventricle is failing. PMID- 3753588 TI - Specific interaction between antidigoxin antibodies and digoxin-like immunoreactive substances in cord serum. AB - Digoxin-like immunoreactive substances (DLIS) have been quantified by two different digoxin radioimmunoassays (RIA) in 47 cord sera. The mean DLIS value (in digoxin equivalents) ranged from 0.960 (SD 0.184) to 0.181 (SD 0.104) nmol/L between the two different kits and different lot numbers of the reagents. One of the RIA methods showed an obvious lot-to-lot effect. The use of a longer incubation interval and a higher incubation temperature markedly decreased cross reactions with DLIS. The effect of modifying the incubation conditions in RIA is similar to that described for assays of steroids because the dissociation rates of the immunocomplex play a critical role. Data suggest a specific interaction between DLIS and digoxin antibodies. Control of the incubation conditions is recommended, to decrease or increase the amount of the DLIS in cord serum specimens. PMID- 3753589 TI - Bilateral salpingitis, hydrosalpinx and oophoritis in a mare. AB - Bilateral salpingitis, hydrosalpinx and oophoritis were diagnosed in a mare with concurrent lymphosarcoma. Salpingitis, hydrosalpinx and oophoritis are rare in the mare (1,2,3,5,8,9,11-13). Bilateral salpingitis is an important cause of infertility in all species and is most often due to ascending infection (3 5,10,11). The source of salpingitis in this mare probably was ascending infection from the uterus after parturition. The apparent infertility of the mare was attributed to debilitation from the lymphosarcoma and multiplicity of genital pathoses. PMID- 3753591 TI - [Hereditary disorders of vitamin D metabolism]. PMID- 3753590 TI - Bedside respiratory analysis by pocket computer. AB - A computer program is presented which analyzes acid-base and respiratory variables. This program's advantages include limited data input, hand-held portability, error identification, and succinct analysis statements. It is a useful adjunct to daily care of the critically ill. PMID- 3753592 TI - Differential expression of alpha-tubulin mRNA in rat cerebellum as revealed by in situ hybridization. AB - Nucleotide sequence analysis of two rat alpha-tubulin cDNA clones showed a marked divergence in their 3'-untranslated regions. However, each of the alpha-tubulin isotypes shows a high interspecies homology in this region, when compared with an isotubulin sequence from human and Chinese hamster. In situ hybridization of rat cerebellum with alpha-tubulin cDNA revealed differential expression in various cell layers. The mitotically active cells in the external granular layer show the highest level of alpha-tubulin mRNA, while lower levels are observed in the migrating cells in the molecular layer and in the differentiating cells in the internal granular layer. Very low levels of the mRNA are observed in the prenatally differentiated Purkinje cells. PMID- 3753593 TI - Role of oxygen radicals in ischemia-induced lesions in the cat stomach. AB - Ischemia in a stomach that contains acid may produce severe gastric mucosal injury. The extent to which oxygen-derived free radicals are involved in the pathogenesis of this injury was investigated in the present study. Local gastric ischemia was achieved by reducing celiac artery pressure to 30 mmHg for 1 h. Ischemic injury was assessed by recording the loss of 125I-albumin and 51Cr-red cells across the gastric mucosa. Cats were treated with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor (allopurinol), a superoxide radical scavenging enzyme (superoxide dismutase), and a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals (dimethyl sulfoxide). The damage associated with ischemia only occurred during reperfusion of the stomach and was worst in the antrum. The level of xanthine oxidase in the antrum was twice that of the corpus. Treatment with allopurinol, superoxide dismutase, and dimethyl sulfoxide reduced 51Cr-red cell loss to 15%, 25%, and 21% of control (untreated) animals, respectively. The data indicate that oxygen-derived free radicals play a role in ischemic injury to the stomach and that the hydroxyl radical, a secondary radical produced from the superoxide anion, appears to be the major oxygen radical contributing to ischemic damage. PMID- 3753594 TI - Peptide YY abnormalities in gastrointestinal diseases. AB - Plasma concentrations of peptide YY (PYY), a newly isolated peptide produced by ileal and colonic endocrine cells, were measured in several groups of patients with digestive disorders after a standardized normal breakfast. Peptide YY levels were found to be grossly elevated in patients with steatorrhea due to small intestinal mucosal atrophy (tropical sprue). Basal levels in these patients were 79 +/- 18 pM, which was nearly 10-fold higher than those seen in healthy controls (8.5 +/- 0.8 pM). Patients with steatorrhea due to chronic destructive pancreatitis also had substantially increased basal PYY levels (47.5 +/- 6.3 pM), and their postprandial response was also greater than that of normal subjects. Moderately elevated plasma PYY concentrations were seen in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and patients recovering from acute infective diarrhea. In contrast, patients with diverticular disease, duodenal ulcer, and functional bowel disease had normal PYY responses. These changes in the secretion of PYY responses. These changes in the secretion, may shed light on the physiologic role of this newly discovered peptide and on intestinal adaptation to common digestive disorders. PMID- 3753595 TI - Chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction as a complication of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. AB - We report a case of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy complicated by intestinal pseudoobstruction. The patient had recurrent attacks of nausea, vomiting, and abdominal distention for many years, and abdominal films repeatedly showed a dilated and fluid-filled small intestine and colon. Barium studies showed an esophageal diverticulum, reduced esophageal and gastric motility, and a dilated small bowel and colon. Pathologically, the entire gastrointestinal tract had smooth muscle fibrosis, but this was most marked in the esophagus and stomach. We conclude that Duchenne's muscular dystrophy may involve intestinal smooth muscle and produce pseudoobstruction. PMID- 3753596 TI - Influence of cerebroventricular injection of dopamine on plasma prolactin and LH levels of postlaying and broody turkey hens. AB - Dopamine (DA), a well-known inhibitor of prolactin secretion in mammals, was injected into the third cerebroventricle of turkey hens in two distinct physiological states. Nonbroody postlaying turkeys had preinjection plasma prolactin (Prl) levels of about 68 ng/ml. Prolactin levels were significantly elevated 20 and 40 min after intraventricular injection of 10 micrograms of dopamine and then returned to basal levels. Incubating turkey hens, in contrast, showed the typical hyperprolactinemia characteristic of this physiological state. Mean preinjection Prl levels ranged from about 1290 to 1860 ng/ml. Injection of 10 or 30 micrograms of dopamine neither increased nor decreased plasma Prl levels over the 120-min time course of this experiment. Plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were increased in nonbroody postlaying hens within 40 min after intraventricular injection of 10 micrograms of DA and then declined. Levels in vehicle-injected hens did not change significantly up to 120 min after injection. Dopamine injection had no effect on LH levels of broody turkey hens. These data clearly show that DA is not an inhibitor of Prl secretion in nonlaying turkeys with moderate Prl levels and in fact it appears to stimulate its release. PMID- 3753597 TI - Correlation of macrophage-mediated tumor-cell lysis with the production of macrophage cytolytic factor (CF). Preliminary characterization of a factor inhibiting CF production. AB - Macrophage-mediated cytolysis of thymidine-prelabelled murine A9 fibrosarcoma cells was compared to the level of cytolytic factor (CF) present in the cultures by assaying supernatant aliquots on actinomycin (AcD)-treated A9 fibrosarcoma cells. A good correlation between the level of A9 killing and CF titer was observed when different concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were added to various macrophage populations: murine peritoneal cells, short-term bone-marrow (BM)-derived macrophages and JBM phi macrophage lines. Optimal A9 killing and CF secretion, equivalent to the killing of about 1000 AcD-pretreated A9 cells by a single macrophage, were obtained following activation of JBM phi by LPS. CF production by BM-derived macrophages was enhanced in serum-free medium when compared to its release in the presence of fetal calf serum. The LPS-activated macrophages could be restimulated by the activating agent to produce CF following one week of propagation in the absence of LPS. On the other hand, CF activity was absent from the supernatants of activated macrophages co-cultured with normal embryonic fibroblasts, which are resistant to macrophage-mediated killing. This effect could be attributed to a factor, secreted by normal fibroblasts but not by A9 cells, which suppressed CF release from the activated macrophages. Our data strongly support earlier observations, suggesting that CF [which appears to resemble the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)] is responsible for LPS-induced macrophage-mediated tumor cell lysis. It is suggested that suppression of the latter process by the fibroblast-derived factor proceeds via inhibition of CF/TNF production from the macrophage. PMID- 3753598 TI - Rhizobium sp. strain ORS571 grows synergistically on N2 and nicotinate as N sources. AB - Rhizobium sp. strain ORS571 conducts synergistic, free-living N2 fixation and nicotinate oxidation. Explicitly, ORS571 is able to fix N2 aerobically because 6 OH-nicotinate acts as an intracellular O2 sink. Because 6-OH-nicotinate oxidation is mandatory for aerobic, free-living N2 fixation and because the synergistic processes yield ammonium from substrates (as the nitrogen source for growth), ORS571 is not a diazotroph. PMID- 3753599 TI - Structural analysis of N-linked oligosaccharides from glycoproteins secreted by Dictyostelium discoideum. Identification of mannose 6-sulfate. AB - The N-linked oligosaccharides found on the lysosomal enzymes from Dictyostelium discoideum are highly sulfated and contain methylphosphomannosyl residues (Gabel, C. A., Costello, C. E., Reinhold, V. N., Kurtz, L., and Kornfeld, S. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 13762-13769). Here we report studies done on the structure of N linked oligosaccharides found on proteins secreted during growth, a major portion of which are lysosomal enzymes. Cells were metabolically labeled with [2-3H]Man and 35SO4 and a portion of the oligosaccharides were released by a sequential digestion with endoglycosidase H followed by endoglycosidase/peptide N glycosidase F preparations. The oligosaccharides were separated by anion exchange high performance liquid chromatography into fractions containing from one up to six negative charges. Some of the oligosaccharides contained only sulfate esters or phosphodiesters, but most contained both. Less than 2% of the oligosaccharides contained a phosphomonoester or an acid-sensitive phosphodiester typical of the mammalian lysosomal enzymes. A combination of acid and base hydrolysis suggested that most of the sulfate esters were linked to primary hydroxyl groups. The presence of Man-6-SO4 was demonstrated by the appearance of 3,6-anhydromannose in acid hydrolysates of base-treated, reduced oligosaccharides. These residues were not detected in acid hydrolysates without prior base treatment or in oligosaccharides first treated by solvolysis to remove sulfate esters. Based on high performance liquid chromatography quantitation of percentage of 3H label found in 3,6-anhydromannose, it is likely that Man-6-SO4 accounts for the majority of the sulfated sugars in the oligosaccharides released from the secreted glycoproteins. PMID- 3753600 TI - Regioselectivity of catechol O-methyltransferase. The effect of pH on the site of O-methylation of fluorinated norepinephrines. AB - Selectivity of catechol O-methyltransferase has been examined for the three ring fluorinated norepinephrines to elucidate the role of acidity of the phenolic groups in their methylation. Substitution of fluorine at the 5-position of norepinephrine reverses the selectivity of catechol O-methyltransferase so that p O-methylation predominates. The 5-fluoro substituent also causes the pKa of the p hydroxyl group to decrease substantially. In contrast, 2- and 6 fluoronorepinephrines are methylated predominantly at the m-hydroxyl group. These results suggest that acidity of a phenolic group can play an important role in its ability to be methylated by catechol O-methyltransferase. Percentages of p-O methylation of norepinephrine and its fluorinated derivatives increase with pH. This relative increase in p-O-methylation appears to accompany ionization of a group with pKa of 8.6, 7.7, 7.9, and 8.4 for norepinephrine and its 2-, 5-, and 6 fluoro derivative, respectively. These pKa values are the same as or similar to the pKa values of a phenolic hydroxyl group of these substrates. 3,4 Dihydroxybenzyl alcohol and its 5-fluoro derivative are O-methylated by catechol O-methyltransferase to form p- and m-O-methyl products in approximately 1:1 and 4:1 ratios, respectively, at all pH values. Based on the above results, a catechol-binding site model for catechol O-methyltransferase is proposed in which the two phenolic hydroxyl groups of catechol substrates are postulated to be approximately equally spaced from the methyl group of the cosubstrate S adenosylmethionine. PMID- 3753601 TI - Tissue distribution of rat angiotensinogen mRNA and structural analysis of its heterogeneity. AB - The tissue distribution and the structural heterogeneity of the rat angiotensinogen mRNA have been investigated with the aid of a previously cloned cDNA as well as a genomic DNA for rat angiotensinogen as analytical probes. The angiotensinogen mRNA is expressed not only in the liver but also in various tissues including the brain, kidney, adrenal gland, ovary, and lung. The relative levels of the mRNA in the above tissues have been estimated to be 3-4, 20-30 (for the next three tissues), and around 100 times less than that in the liver, respectively. The mRNAs in both hepatic and extrahepatic tissues are encoded by a single gene in the rat genome. At least four different size classes of the angiotensinogen mRNA that start with a single 5' terminus and differ only in the lengths of their 3'-untranslated regions have been identified, and these multiple mRNA species are most likely generated by using the polyadenylation signals AAUAAA and AUUAAA found 10-30 nucleotides upstream from the four polyadenylation sites. Because the structures of these multiple mRNA species do not vary among the tissues of the liver, brain, and kidney, angiotensinogen synthesized locally is structurally identical to that produced in the liver and may have some biological roles independent of the circulating angiotensinogen, mainly derived from the liver. In addition, the sequence of the 5'-flanking region of the angiotensinogen gene has been determined, and some features common to other steroid hormone-responsive genes have been discussed. PMID- 3753602 TI - Primary translation products, biosynthesis, and tissue specificity of the major surfactant protein in rat. AB - Rat lung tissue was labeled with [35S]methionine and the major surfactant associated proteins immunoprecipitated using a specific antiserum. The protein pattern obtained was very similar to that seen in rat bronchoalveolar lavage. Rat lung mRNA was subsequently translated in an in vitro rabbit reticulocyte system, and surfactant-associated protein-related polypeptides were immunoprecipitated. A 26-kDa polypeptide was identified and characterized as follows. (a) Unlabeled surfactant proteins added to the immunoprecipitation mixture completely inhibited its immunoprecipitation. (b) Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the 26-kDa protein resolved it into 3 isoforms. (c) Inclusion of dog pancreatic microsomes in the translation mixture resulted in the formation of two distinct higher molecular weight groups of isoforms, suggesting that the 26-kDa protein is destined to become a glycoprotein. Immunoprecipitation of [35S]methionine-labeled rat lung tissue proteins after tunicamycin treatment resulted in 3 isoforms, identical to the ones seen in the primary translation products. In addition, expression of the surfactant proteins appears specific to the lung. PMID- 3753603 TI - cDNA and deduced protein sequence for the beta B1-crystallin polypeptide of the chicken lens. Conservation of the PAPA sequence. AB - The nucleotide sequence of two cDNA clones corresponding to the beta B1 crystallin mRNA (formerly beta 35) of the chicken eye lens has been determined. The derived amino acid sequence of the chicken beta B1 polypeptide fits well with the two-domain, four "Greek Key" motif structure common to the beta gamma crystallin superfamily of proteins. The calculated molecular weight of the encoded chicken beta B1 protein is 27,267. The beta B1 polypeptide has both an N- and C-terminal extension and is highly homologous to the mammalian beta B1 crystallin polypeptide. There is a 72% homology between the core regions of the chicken and bovine beta B1 polypeptides; by contrast, there is only 27% homology between the N-terminal extensions of these polypeptides. The N-terminal extension of chicken beta B1 contains a short alternating proline-alanine (PAPA) sequence, like that in the mammalian beta B1, and has some homology with the N-terminal region of histone H1.4, myosin light chain, prokaryotic outer membrane protein A, and adenovirus 24/28-kDa early protein. At the nucleic acid level, the chicken beta B1 crystallin gene has an atypical polyadenylation signal, AATTAAA. This appears to be associated with microheterogeneity of the polyadenylation site by comparison of two cDNA clones, suggesting an additional level at which diversity in crystallin gene expression may arise. PMID- 3753604 TI - Isolation and characterization of high-buoyant-density proteoglycans from semilunar menisci. AB - Proteoglycans were extracted from adult canine menisci in high yield and were purified, and the major species were characterized biochemically. Most proteoglycans in menisci were isolated in the high-buoyant-density fraction. By agarose-acrylamide composite gel electrophoresis, two proteoglycans were seen in this fraction. Although they were smaller than those from porcine laryngeal hyaline cartilage and had shorter chondroitin sulphate and keratan sulphate chains and a lower carbohydrate-to-protein ratio, they were functionally similar to those in hyaline cartilage in their specific interaction with hyaluronate. PMID- 3753605 TI - The role of the meniscus in the anterior-posterior stability of the loaded anterior cruciate-deficient knee. Effects of partial versus total excision. AB - The effects of progressive removal of the menisci on the anterior-posterior force versus-displacement response of the anterior cruciate-deficient knee were studied in fresh cadaver specimens at 20 degrees of flexion without and with tibial femoral contact force (joint load). In the absence of joint load, removal of the medial meniscus increased total anterior-posterior laxity measured at 200 newtons of applied tibial force by 10 per cent, and subsequent lateral meniscectomy produced an additional 10 per cent increase. When a bucket-handle tear of the medial meniscus was removed, the application of joint load caused the tibia to displace (subluxate) forward on the femur, thereby changing the balance condition of the knee. Subsequent removal of the remainder of the medial meniscus and complete lateral meniscectomy both produced additional smaller anterior tibial subluxations. Changes in total anterior-posterior laxity due to progressive meniscectomy in the loaded knee were dependent on both the amount of applied anterior-posterior force and the level of compressive force. At 200 newtons of anterior-posterior tibial force, increases in laxity in the loaded knee due to progressive meniscal removal were not significantly different than those recorded in the unloaded condition. At applied forces of fifty newtons or less, the laxities for loaded specimens were always significantly less than those for unloaded specimens at comparable stages of meniscal removal. Bilateral meniscectomy had no significant effect on the posterior response curve, as posterior tibial translation was effectively checked by the intact posterior cruciate ligament.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3753606 TI - Experimental methods of repairing injured menisci. AB - A longitudinal incision resembling a bucket-handle tear was made in the menisci of 8 rabbits, 6 dogs, 11 pigs and 12 sheep. In some of the animals of each species the cut was repaired by suturing, and in others it was not. Gross inspection, as well as examination by light and electron microscopy, showed that no healing had occurred after six months in the sutured or the unsutured wounds and that the meniscus was incapable of significant intrinsic repair. In a second experiment longitudinal, transverse and T-shaped cuts were made in the menisci of 12 sheep, and a flap of synovium was sutured into the wound. Three months later there was clear evidence of healing by the formation of cartilaginous tissue. Examination by light and electron microscopy showed that the newly formed repair tissue, possibly derived by metaplasia from the synovium, had a morphology intermediate between hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage. Synovial implantation may therefore be considered as an alternative to meniscectomy in the management of the torn meniscus. PMID- 3753608 TI - Kinetic study of immunoreactive human thyroglobulin. AB - Thyroglobulin (Tg) can be detected in the circulation of normal subjects. Serum Tg is increased in patients with various thyroidal disorders including Graves' disease; however, little is known about Tg metabolism. Therefore, a kinetic study of human Tg was carried out in 13 normal men, 19-28 yr old, and 6 untreated hyperthyroid patients with Graves' disease, 3 men (22 to 25 yr old), and 3 women (21 to 63 yr old). Ten milligrams of Tg were injected as a bolus dose. Blood samples were collected before and 10 min, and 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 h and every 12 h up to 72 h after injection. Concentrations of serum Tg were measured by an RIA method developed in our laboratory. Anti-Tg antibody was not detected in any subject. Various indices of this kinetic study were calculated using single compartmental analysis. In 13 normal subjects, the mean serum concentrations of Tg were 17 +/- 12.6 (SD) ng/ml; mean half-life was 29.6 +/- 2.8 h; distribution volume was 11,210 +/- 3,076 ml/60 kg body weight; fractional decay was 2.40 +/- 0.22%/h; MCR was 268.9 +/- 87.8 ml/h X 60 kg; and release rate was 100.3 +/- 50.2 micrograms/day X 60 kg. Serum concentrations of Tg were increased in four of the six untreated hyperthyroid patients with Graves' disease. Their Tg half-lives and MCR were within the normal range. In the two patients who had normal serum concentrations of Tg, the Tg half-lives were shorter and MCR were greater than in normal subjects. The release rates of Tg were increased in all six of these patients. In summary, in hyperthyroid patients, Tg release is significantly greater than normal, whereas Tg metabolism is similar to that in normal subjects. PMID- 3753607 TI - Studies on the mechanism of membrane fusion: site-specific mutagenesis of the hemagglutinin of influenza virus. AB - Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis of a cDNA encoding the hemagglutinin of influenza virus has been used to introduce single base changes into the sequence that codes for the conserved apolar "fusion peptide" at the amino-terminus of the HA2 subunit. The mutant sequences replaced the wild-type gene in SV40-HA recombinant virus vectors, and the altered HA proteins were expressed in simian cells. Three mutants have been constructed that introduce single, nonconservative amino acid changes in the fusion peptide, and three fusion phenotypes were observed: substitution of glutamic acid for the glycine residue at the amino terminus of HA2 abolished all fusion activity; substitution of glutamic acid for the glycine residue at position 4 in HA2 raised the threshold pH and decreased the efficiency of fusion; and, finally, extension of the hydrophobic stretch by replacement of the glutamic acid at position 11 with glycine yielded a mutant protein that induced fusion of erythrocytes with cells with the same efficiency and pH profile as the wild-type protein. However, the ability of this mutant to induce polykaryon formation was greatly impaired. Nevertheless, all the mutant proteins underwent a pH-dependent conformational change and bound to liposomes. These results are discussed in terms of the mechanism of HA-induced membrane fusion. PMID- 3753609 TI - Guidelines for selecting a dietary analysis system. AB - Microcomputers provide an effective and efficient method for dietary data management and analysis. Since the selection of an appropriate software system is a confusing task, prospective users must have a clear statement of needs. Selection of software is simplified when specific data management tasks are defined. This article provides a model for listing dietary analysis needs and priorities. Sample dietary analysis tasks are listed for five areas of responsibility. Prospective users should consider the following characteristics for each system: validity of the data base, soundness of the program's internal operating procedures, clear and complete documentation, an easy-to-read computer output, and credibility of the developer. Characteristics that may vary in importance depending on the user's situation include ability to alter the data base, standard operating procedures, output features, and service policies. By looking carefully at needs and matching needs to available systems, dietitians can apply sophisticated dietary data management and analysis techniques to the nutrition needs of their clients. PMID- 3753610 TI - Computer-aided microtomography with true 3-D display in electron microscopy. AB - A novel research system has been designed to permit three-dimensional (3-D) viewing of high resolution image data from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The system consists of front-end primary data acquisition devices, such as TEM and SEM machines, which are equipped with computer-controlled specimen tilt stages. The output from these machines is in analogue form, where a video camera attached to the TEM provides the sequential analogue image output while the SEM direct video output is utilized. A 10 MHz digitizer transforms the video image to a digital array of 512 X 512 pixel units of 8 bits deep-stored in a frame buffer. Digital images from multiple projections are reconstructed into 3-D image boxes in a dedicated computer. Attached to the computer is a powerful true 3-D display device which has hardware for graphic manipulations including tilt and rotate on any axis and for probing the image with a 3-D cursor. Data editing and automatic contouring functions are used to enhance areas of interest, and specialized software is available for measurement of numbers, distances, areas, and volumes. With proper archiving of reconstructed image sequences, a dynamic 3-D presentation is possible. The microtomography system is highly versatile and can process image data on-line or from remote sites from which data records would typically be transported on computer tape, video tape, or floppy disk. PMID- 3753612 TI - Computer languages for generalists. PMID- 3753611 TI - Effect of blood pressure on the progress of renal deterioration in rats with renal mass reduction. AB - The effect of hypertension on the progress of renal deterioration with renal mass reduction was investigated in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Nephrectomies of five sixths, two thirds, and one third were performed. The antihypertensives guanethidine and hydralazine were given to half of the rats. Increase in urinary protein excretion and decreases in serum total protein and albumin were greater in rats with a larger nephrectomy. With the same extent of nephrectomy, these changes were severe in the group of rats with untreated hypertension, as compared with findings in rats given the antihypertensive drugs (AHD). Similar changes were obtained in BUN and creatinine levels. Only the animals with a five-sixths nephrectomy and hypertension became uremic. Glomerulosclerosis in five-sixths nephrectomized rats with hypertension was present in 71% of the glomeruli, whereas it was reduced to 34% in rats treated with AHD. The diameter of normal appearing glomeruli increased significantly in rats with a large nephrectomy, but did not differ between the groups given or not given AHD. Medical thickening of the arterial walls, which increased with the reduction of renal mass, was significantly greater in five-sixths nephrectomized rats with hypertension than in those treated with AHD. These results indicate that a hyperdynamic state of the glomeruli, that is, a prominent urinary protein excretion and compensatory glomerular hypertrophy, may play a causative role in the progress of glomerulosclerosis in rats with extreme renal mass reduction. The hypertensive state may aggravate these renal dysfunctions. PMID- 3753613 TI - Functional cDNA library for efficient expression of measles virus-specific gene products in primate cells. AB - A cDNA library designed for high-level expression of measles virus-specific gene products in mammalian cells was generated. From this library, functional clones which contained the entire protein-coding sequences of the nucleocapsid (N) and the phosphoprotein (P) genes were isolated. By DNA-mediated gene transfer into a line of simian virus 40-transformed monkey kidney cells, the N-specific cDNA was expressed into a single polypeptide of about 60,000 Mr, which was immunoprecipitated by monoclonal antibodies against the measles virus N protein. In contrast, the P-specific cDNA could be expressed into either one or two species of polypeptides of 75,000 or 70,000 Mr, both of which were immunoprecipitated by monoclonal antibodies against the measles virus P protein. PMID- 3753615 TI - Reviewing the software: microcomputers and the clinician. PMID- 3753614 TI - Molecular mimicry: frequency of reactivity of monoclonal antiviral antibodies with normal tissues. AB - More than 600 monoclonal antiviral antibodies made against 11 different viruses were screened against 14 different organs from normal uninfected mice. Of these antiviral antibodies, 21, or approximately 3.5%, reacted with specific cells in these organs. Several of these antibodies were of the multiple-organ-reactive type and recognized antigens in more than one organ. It was concluded that the reactivity of monoclonal antiviral antibodies with normal tissues is a common phenomenon. PMID- 3753616 TI - Chemotherapy for advanced gastric carcinoma. PMID- 3753617 TI - Campylobacter infection associated with raw milk. An outbreak of gastroenteritis due to Campylobacter jejuni and thermotolerant Campylobacter fetus subsp fetus. AB - Raw milk is identified with increasing numbers of outbreaks of gastroenteritis and is an important vehicle for transmission of Campylobacter infection. Unlike Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter fetus subsp fetus has not been associated with common-source outbreaks of gastroenteritis. This report describes an outbreak of gastroenteritis involving C jejuni and a thermotolerant strain of C fetus subsp fetus associated with raw milk. Fifteen (39%) of 38 persons who attended a banquet in Wisconsin in June 1982 developed acute gastroenteritis. Stool specimens were obtained from nine ill guests; four yielded C jejuni and three yielded C fetus subsp fetus. The C fetus subsp fetus isolates were identified fortuitously, in part because of unusual thermotolerance (growth at 42 degrees C), permitting isolation at temperature appropriate for C jejuni. Survey results implicated raw milk as the source of the outbreak. Findings provide evidence of a potentially emergent milkborne pathogen contributing to the risk of raw milk consumption and suggest that current diagnostic laboratory techniques may fail to identify significant foodborne agents. PMID- 3753618 TI - Lead mobilization during pregnancy. PMID- 3753619 TI - Mallory-Weiss tear and cytotoxic-induced emesis. PMID- 3753620 TI - The use of alkaline elution procedures to measure DNA damage in spermiogenic stages of mice exposed to methyl methanesulfonate. AB - The ability of methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) to induce DNA breakage in spermiogenic stages of the mouse was studied using an alkaline elution technique. At daily intervals over a 3-week period following i.p. injection of 50 mg MMS/kg, mature spermatozoa were recovered from treated (3H-labeled) and control (14C labeled) animals, lysed together on polycarbonate filters, and eluted with a high pH (12.2) buffer. Elution of germ-cell DNA from MMS-treated animals was found to increase in stages in which genetic damage from MMS is greatest. In general, the pattern of DNA elution from treated, spermiogenic stages paralleled the pattern of sensitivity to dominant lethals, specific-locus mutations and heritable translocations found by other investigators. It also paralleled the pattern of sperm-head methylation and protamine methylation measured in an earlier study (Sega and Owens, 1983). At 9 days post treatment (sperm sampled were in mid-to late-spermatid stages at the time of MMS exposure) the elution of sperm DNA did not change significantly over a pH range of 11.6-12.8, suggesting that, at the time of assay, DNA breaks were already present in the sperm. Because of the parallelism found between increased sperm DNA elution and increased genetic damage after mutagen treatment, alkaline elution may prove useful in monitoring potential genetic damage in human sperm. PMID- 3753621 TI - Optimization of the production of hCG beta-like material by CaSki human cervical carcinoma cells in roller bottle culture. AB - This study was aimed at optimizing large-scale roller bottle culture conditions for CaSki human cervical carcinoma cells, to produce ectopic hCG beta-like material in quantities sufficient for subsequent characterization studies. Several cell culture techniques contributed to the achievement of this goal: (1) use of serum-free culture medium; (2) use of intermittent recovery periods in presence of serum; and (3) ultrafiltration of the serum-free medium pool for initial concentration of 100-fold. PMID- 3753622 TI - Superficial mycoses. Therapeutic agents and clinical applications. PMID- 3753624 TI - Appearance of Pantopaque on MR images. AB - Pantopaque was shown to be both a radiographic and magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agent in two patients with suspected cord abnormalities who underwent MR examination following myelography. The Pantopaque appeared as a linear band of high signal intensity along the dependent portion of the spinal canal on MR images obtained with a repetition time of 500 msec and an echo time of 30 msec. MR images of two dogs--one injected with Pantopaque in the cervical subarachnoid space and the other with Amipaque--confirmed that the high signal arose from the Pantopaque. This high signal intensity is due to Pantopaque's short T1 relaxation time. Although Pantopaque will probably not be used as an MR contrast agent, it is important to recognize this property so that its high signal is not mistaken for fat or hemorrhage in the subarachnoid space on MR images. PMID- 3753623 TI - Uterine leiomyomas: correlation of MR, histopathologic findings, and symptoms. AB - Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, symptoms, and pathologic findings were correlated in 59 uterine leiomyomas from 23 patients. The tumors varied from less than 1 cm to 18 cm in diameter. Fifty-seven leiomyomas were identified in the corpus uterus, one was located within the broad ligament, and another was detected in the cervix. Among the corpus lesions, 9 were correctly identified on MR images as subserosal and 37 as intramural. Of 11 tumors assigned at surgery to the submucosal group, 10 had been accurately defined with MR. On MR, myomas associated with hypermenorrhea produced an anatomic disruption of the "junctional zone" (the low-intensity band seen at the myometrium-endometrium junction on T2 contrast images). Long TR (2 sec) and TE (56 msec) parameters (T2 contrast images) yielded the best contrast resolution between leiomyoma and surrounding myometrium. Correlation of MR with histologic features demonstrated 2 groups of lesions. Leiomyomas free of degenerative changes emitted homogeneous signals of low intensity. Contrast between tumor and myometrium was -16% on the T1 contrast image and increased to -44 +/- 16% on the T2 contrast image. Leiomyomas with hyaline, myxomatous, or fatty degeneration demonstrated various degrees of inhomogeneity, best seen on images obtained with long TR and TE. It is concluded that MR is an accurate modality for imaging uterine leiomyomas, since it clearly demonstrates tumor number, size, location, and the presence and extent of degeneration. PMID- 3753625 TI - In vivo MR spectroscopy of human subjects with a 1.4-T whole-body MR imager. AB - A 1.4-T magnetic resonance (MR) imager was modified to perform MR spectroscopy measurements. The implementation involved only a few additions in hardware and practically no change in software. Procedures for acquiring the MR spectra are similar to those for MR images. Both sensitivity and homogeneity were found to be adequate over a region 12 cm in diameter. Typical scanning times are 4.5 minutes for human brain, 2.8 minutes for muscle, and 20-35 minutes for solid tumors. Preliminary spectral studies of the metabolism of human brains, tumors, and a muscle of the forearm during exercise obtained with the modified system are presented. PMID- 3753626 TI - Radiotherapy planning: direct tumor location on simulation and port films using CT. Part I. Principles. AB - Although there have been great advances in cancer diagnosis in recent years, it remains difficult to transfer tumor location information from cross-sectional computed tomographic (CT) scans or magnetic resonance images to the simulation and verification films used in planning radiotherapy. A newly developed system uses radioopaque markers attached to the patient as reference points. These markers are identified on both CT scans and simulation films and their locations entered into the treatment planning computer. The tumor and any desired normal structures are then outlined manually on each CT section. Transparent overlays produced by the computer show the position of the reference markers and tumor outlines for any combination of gantry angles and source-film distance. Because the overlays are scaled to the simulation films, the reference points enable precise alignment of overlay and film. The tumor outline thus appears on the simulation or verification films exactly as it is "seen" by the therapy beam, making field verification straightforward and accurate, even on oblique films. PMID- 3753627 TI - Dural infolding during C1-2 myelography. AB - Inward buckling of the dura at C1-2 may occasionally occur with hyperextension of the neck and can result in a difficult or unsuccessful puncture when the posterior lateral C1-2 approach is used for cervical myelography. In this circumstance, placement of the head in a neutral or slightly flexed position may widen the posterior subarachnoid space and facilitate the needle puncture. PMID- 3753628 TI - Blindness of prematurity unexplained. PMID- 3753629 TI - Nucleotide sequence of the Bunyamwera virus M RNA segment: conservation of structural features in the Bunyavirus glycoprotein gene product. AB - The complete nucleotide sequence of the Bunyamwera virus M RNA segment was determined from four overlapping cDNA clones and by primer extension. The RNA segment is 4458 bases in length, and encodes a single gene product in the viral complementary RNA. The predicted protein is 1433 amino acids long (mol wt 162,065), contains four potential glycosylation sites, and is relatively cysteine rich. It is presumed that the three proteins G1, G2, and NSM which have been mapped to the M RNA segment are synthesized as a precursor polyprotein which is subsequently proteolytically cleaved. A putative hydrophobic signal sequence at the amino terminus and a hydrophobic anchor sequence at the carboxy terminus of the predicted protein have been identified, in addition to internal regions of hydrophobicity of unknown function. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the Bunyamwera virus M segment have been compared with those of the snowshoe hare virus M segment (Y. Eshita and D. H. L. Bishop, Virology 137, 227-240, 1984). Common features include the overall architecture of the RNAs, single cysteine rich primary gene products, and conservation of hydrophobic domains in the gene products. When aligned the amino acid sequences are 43% homologous, and 66 of 70 cysteine residues can be matched. The evolutionary significance of these findings is discussed. PMID- 3753630 TI - Evidence that AGUAUAUGA and CCAAGAUGA initiate translation in the same mRNA region E3 of adenovirus. AB - We described a simple method to introduce site-specific mutations into region E3 of adenovirus (Ad). Mutations are made in cloned Ad2 EcoRI-D (map position 76 83), then ligated between Ad5 EcoRI-A (map position 0-76) and EcoRI-B (map position 83-100) to complete the viral genome. We have used this method to isolate a viable virus mutant (dl702) that is relevant to the problems of translation initiation and gene organization in the E3 complex transcription unit. mRNA a in region E3 encodes an abundant glycoprotein termed gp19K. There are two AUGs in mRNA a that are 5' to AUG1204 which initiates gp19K. One of these, AUG1022, could initiate a 6.7K protein, although this protein has not been identified in infected cells. Mutant dl702 has a deletion such that the 6.7K gene is fused in-frame to the gp19K gene. We report that the 6.7K-gp19K fusion protein is synthesized both in dl702-infected cells and after cell free translation of infected cell RNA. The quantity of fusion protein made is much less than that of wild type gp19K. The sequence context of AUG1022 for 6.7K is AGUAUAUGA, and that of AUG1204 for gp19K is CCAAGAUGA. The consensus sequence of eukaryotic initiation codons is CCPuCCAUGG, with the Pu at -3 being important (M. Kozak, Nucleic Acids Res. 12, 857-872, 1984). Our results suggest that (i) AUG1022 can initiate translation in vivo and therefore the 6.7K protein probably is made in infected cells, (ii) that mRNA a is a dicistronic mRNA encoding the 6.7K and gp19K proteins, and (iii) that the initiation codon for 6.7K may be much less efficient than that for gp19K. Thus, the E3 genes may be organized such that the relative abundance of the 6.7K and gp19K proteins is controlled by the efficiency of their initiation codons in the same mRNA. PMID- 3753631 TI - Hb Bicetre or alpha 2 beta(2)63(E7)His----Pro in a white male: clinical observations over a period of 25 years. AB - A description is given of clinical observations over a period of 25 years for a 26-year-old white male with a heterozygosity for the beta-chain variant, Hb Bicetre, in which beta 63His is replaced by Pro. The variant was identified through analysis of tryptic peptides from a digest of the beta X-chain isolated by PCMB precipitation and purified by chromatography. Similarity between the clinical histories of the first (French) heterozygote and our patient was most striking, including improvement after splenectomy. PMID- 3753632 TI - Hoarseness, dysphagia, and goiter in a young woman. PMID- 3753633 TI - Macular development in the premature infant. AB - To classify the ophthalmoscopic appearance of the developing macula, I performed retinal examinations on 129 premature neonates. In normal infants, the classification ranged from 34 weeks of gestational age when pigment was first evident in the macula, through the development of the annular ring reflex of the macula and foveolar reflex, to a mature (adult-appearing) macula at 42 weeks. This sequence allowed the observer to estimate the gestational age of the older premature neonate from the appearance of the macular area. Babies who had, or subsequently developed, retinopathy of prematurity showed a statistically significant two-week delay in macular development in the later stages. This may be the first evidence of a direct macular insult in retinopathy of prematurity. PMID- 3753634 TI - Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment after neodymium-YAG laser capsulotomy in phakic and pseudophakic eyes. AB - A retrospective study of 18 eyes in 17 patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachments after neodymium-YAG laser posterior capsulotomy was performed to determine operative settings and to describe anatomic changes after the procedure in an effort to assess their relationship to subsequent retinal detachment. The laser energy required to create a capsulotomy did not appear to be excessive and the capsulotomy openings were not unusually large. The time between YAG capsulotomy and diagnosis of retinal detachment ranged from four to 82 weeks (mean, 28 weeks). The characteristics of the retinal detachments were similar to those after routine cataract extraction. Retinal reattachment surgery was ultimately successful in all 18 eyes. Both YAG laser and knife-needle posterior capsulotomies may increase the risk of subsequent rhegmatogenous retinal detachment as a result of opening the capsule. PMID- 3753635 TI - Calcitriol corrects bone loss induced by oophorectomy in rats. AB - The effects of calcitriol on histomorphometric parameters of bone structure, formation, and resorption were evaluated in 21 normal or oophorectomized rats. Twelve rats were oophorectomized; six of these received daily subcutaneous injections of 135 pmol of calcitriol for 14 wk starting 38 wk after oophorectomy. Nine rats were sham operated; five of these received the same treatment with calcitriol. There were no differences in serum calcium and phosphorus between sham-operated and oophorectomized animals and rats with or without calcitriol. Calcitriol treatment of sham-operated rats produced an increase in cancellous and cortical bone mass. Oophorectomy resulted in decreased cancellous and cortical bone mass and in a decreased ratio between mineralized and nonmineralized bone. There was no difference in bone-osteoclast interface and osteoid seam width among all groups of rats. Calcitriol corrected, at least in part, the bone loss in oophorectomized animals, normalized the ratio between mineralized and nonmineralized bone, and restored mean growth plate width to normal. PMID- 3753636 TI - Heterogeneous mechanical response of rat knee menisci to thermomechanical stress. AB - Thermodilatometric, dynamic thermomechanical, and light-microscopic analyses were done on the anterior and posterior regions of the rat knee menisci to correlate regional differences in morphology and extracellular matrix composition with regional mechanical behavior. Following the administration of a general anesthetic, menisci were excised from 12 young female Sprague-Dawley rats. During thermodilatometric and thermomechanical testing, tissue temperature was increased at a constant rate of 3.5 degrees C/min from 30 to 100 degrees C. Light microscopy revealed regional differences in cell density and proteoglycan content. The anterior horn was significantly heavier (greater than 87%) and thicker (greater than 60%) than the posterior region. During thermal analyses, both the anterior and posterior horns decreased in tissue thickness as the temperature increased from 30 to 73 degrees C. After 73 degrees C, however, the posterior horn expanded significantly, whereas the anterior remained in a comparatively contracted state. The rates of linear contraction and expansion of the posterior horn were seven times those of the anterior horn, and the stiffness of the anterior horn was significantly greater than the posterior horn. PMID- 3753637 TI - Atracurium and pheochromocytoma. PMID- 3753638 TI - Single versus divided doses of atracurium: does 0.05 + 0.10 equal 0.15? PMID- 3753639 TI - Survey of undergraduate emergency medical education in the United States. AB - To determine the status of undergraduate education in emergency medicine, questionnaires were sent to 141 medical schools. Of the 135 schools responding, 15.2% require emergency medicine courses in the fourth year (mean, 164 hours); 11.9% require these courses (average, 84 hours) in the third year. Emergency medicine is offered in 21.8% of second-year and 37.9% of first-year curriculums. Training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation is offered in 96% of the schools responding, and certification is required in 53%. Training in advanced cardiac life support is offered in 73% of schools, with 23% requiring it for graduation. Training in advanced trauma life support is offered in 17.2% of schools. Osteopathic schools require more time for emergency medicine in the clinical years but less time in formal lectures. Schools with a residency program in emergency medicine more frequently offer emergency medicine in the preclinical years. This survey provides some basic data on the status of undergraduate emergency medicine education in medical school curriculums, and it encourages medical educators to review the undergraduate curriculum to ensure that students receive adequate exposure to the essentials of emergency medicine. PMID- 3753640 TI - Core content survey of undergraduate education in emergency medicine. AB - One hundred forty-one medical schools were surveyed to determine the emergency medicine core content topics and skills being taught in the curricula. Responses were obtained from 96 schools through two mailings and a telephone followup. Most topics surveyed were offered in the vast majority of medical schools (greater than 92%) with the exception of emergency medical services (offered in 79% of schools). Emergency medicine topics were a required part of the curriculum in a much smaller percentage of schools. No subtopics in toxicology, ophthalmologic emergencies, or emergency medical services were required in more than 30% of schools. The survey showed a similar pattern of these skills being offered in most schools, but required in a smaller number. For example, while C-spine immobilization is taught in 90% of schools, it is required in only 46%. Educators must consider a coherent, interdisciplinary knowledge base and skills list for their medical school curricula. PMID- 3753641 TI - [Study on human lymphoblastoid interferon-alpha (MOR-22): Part III. Antitumor effect on nude mouse-transplanted human tumors]. AB - The effects of human lymphoblastoid interferon-alpha (MOR-22) on the growth of xenografted human tumors in nude mice were examined. IFN-alpha was administered subcutaneously to mice with renal tumor (ACHN), intratumorally for glioblastoma (U-373MG) or intravenously with uterine cervical tumor (HeLa S3). The dosages of IFN-alpha were 2 X 10(4)-5 X 10(5) IU/mouse for ACHN tumor, 1 X 10(5)-5 X 10(5) IU/mouse for U-373MG tumor and 3 X 10(4)-1 X 10(5) IU/mouse for HeLa S3 tumor. IFN-alpha inhibited the growth of these tumors in a dose-dependent manner. PMID- 3753642 TI - [Combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine and prednisolone (VEPA) for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma]. AB - Combination Chemotherapy with Adriamycin (VEPA) was applied to 16 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The effects of VEPA therapy were compared with those of combination chemotherapy without Adriamycin (non-VEPA). Complete remission rate achieved with VEPA therapy was 37.5% while that with non-VEPA therapy was 27.6%. Histologically, the complete remission rate in cases of large-cell type treated with VEPA therapy was 40%, while that with non-VEPA therapy was 14.3%. No cases of stage IV showed complete remission, whereas the complete remission rate for cases of stage III was 37.5% for VEPA therapy, but 27.6% for non-VEPA therapy. From these results we concluded that VEPA therapy is more effective for non Hodgkin's lymphoma, especially large-cell type, than non-VEPA therapy. PMID- 3753643 TI - [Combination of etoposide with cisplatin or cyclophosphamide in the treatment of mouse Lewis lung carcinoma]. AB - The effect of sequential combination of etoposide with cisplatin or cyclophosphamide on mouse Lewis lung carcinoma was investigated. Tumor cells were inoculated i.v. on day 0. Drugs were administered i.p. In combined treatment etoposide was consecutively administered once daily for 5 days on days 1 to 5 and 2 to 6 when cisplatin or cyclophosphamide were administered singly on days 6 and 1, respectively. In the combination of etoposide with cisplatin a highly synergistic effect was observed irrespective of the day of cisplatin administration. In the other combination with cyclophosphamide, a synergistic effect was similarly observed but the degree was much higher when cyclophosphamide was administered prior to etoposide administration. PMID- 3753644 TI - Unusual locations of localized myxedema in Graves' disease. Report of three cases. AB - Three patients with Graves' disease had very unusual locations of localized myxedema. One patient had localized myxedema on the pretibial and shoulder areas after sodium iodide I 131 therapy. The second patient had localized myxedema on his neck, shoulders, and upper part of the back as well as on the pretibial area. The third patient had localized myxedema on the pinnae, also following sodium iodide I 131 therapy. After surgical removal followed by intralesional triamcinolone acetonide injections, the first patient's lesions recurred. The lesions in the second case did not respond to topical steroid cream. The third patient had a partial response to intralesional steroid injections. PMID- 3753645 TI - Successful treatment of meningeal myeloma with combination of radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and intrathecal therapy. AB - Meningeal involvement is a rare complication of multiple myeloma. None of the previously described patients presenting this syndrome had responded to treatment. We describe a 64-year-old man with meningeal myelomatosis. A favorable response to treatment was produced by radiation therapy administered to the head and by intrathecal and systemic chemotherapy including high-dose corticosteroids. PMID- 3753646 TI - Lens injury following iridotomy with a Q-switched neodymium-YAG laser. AB - By scanning electron microscopy, we studied eight lenses from eyes that had received a neodymium-YAG laser iridotomy one day prior to elective intracapsular cataract extraction. In some of these cases, pitting lesions were found on the anterior-equatorial lens surface, thereby showing that lenticular damage may occur following this procedure if the iridotomy is applied too centrally. It is recommended that care be taken to ensure that the iridotomy be placed at a site peripheral to the outer circumference of the lens. PMID- 3753647 TI - (Z)-2-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)methyl-3-fluoroallylamine (MDL 72638): a clorgyline analogue with surprising selectivity for monoamine oxidase type B. PMID- 3753648 TI - Problems with atracurium for short day care procedures. PMID- 3753649 TI - Low protein C in the neonatal period. AB - Protein C was measured by electroimmunoassay in 47 infants within 24 h of delivery. Gestational age ranged from 28 to 43 weeks. The mean level was 27% (range less than 10-67%) of the normal adult mean. In the 22 infants who had no clinical problems, protein C levels correlated significantly with gestational age. In the 25 who were sick there was no correlation, and the mean level was significantly lower than that of the healthy infants. Postnatal rise was slow; on day 7 the mean was 32% and on day 28, 31%. Levels of protein C correlated significantly with prothrombin in both the healthy and sick infants. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis in the presence of calcium ions gave one protein C peak of the same electrophoretic mobility as is seen in plasma of healthy adults, indicating that the infants' protein C is gamma carboxylated. It is concluded that: (1) Protein C in neonates is in or below the range associated with thromboembolism in patients congenitally deficient in this protein; (2) protein C levels correlate with gestational age; and (3) the low levels during the neonatal period are not due to decreased gamma carboxylation but may reflect decreased synthesis when compared to the older child or the adult. PMID- 3753650 TI - Studies on immunological assay of vitamin K dependent factors. II. Comparison of four immunoassay methods with functional activity of protein C in human plasma. AB - We describe and compare five assay systems for Protein C (PC) in human plasma; a functional assay for PC activity, Laurell electroimmunoassay with EDTA or calcium (EDTA-Laurell or Ca-Laurell), radioimmunoassay (RIA) and immunoradiometric assay (IRMA). The lower limit of sensitivity of PC in normal reference plasma was 2 X 10(-3) units/ml by RIA and 1 X 10(-4) units/ml by IRMA, but the ratio of maximum binding to blank binding was superior in RIA. In normal plasma (n = 20), there was no significant discrepancy of PC levels between RIA, Laurell (EDTA- and Ca-) and functional assay. In normal serum, PC antigen (PC:AG) measured by Ca-Laurell showed a high value (1.37 +/- 0.24 units/ml) compared to the other assays. PC:AG of a purified sample increased its level by Ca-Laurell method during activation by thrombin. Activated PC (PCa) has decreased affinity for anti-PC rabbit IgG, similarly to decarboxy (warfarinized) PC. In warfarin-treated individuals (n = 12) who were anticoagulated orally for more than 3 weeks, functional activity was lower (0.27 +/- 0.12 units/ml) than that measured by RIA (0.64 +/- 0.12 units/ml) or EDTA-Laurell (0.62 +/- 0.06 units/ml), whereas PC:AG measured by CA-Laurell had a normal value of 0.96 +/- 0.40 units/ml. After stopping administration, the activity showed a gradual increase to the normal at 2 weeks, while PC:AG increased more rapidly to normalize in 1 week. PMID- 3753651 TI - Electron-transfer complexes of Ascaris suum muscle mitochondria. II. Succinate coenzyme Q reductase (complex II) associated with substrate-reducible cytochrome b-558. AB - A succinate-coenzyme Q reductase (complex II) was isolated in highly purified form from Ascaris muscle mitochondria by detergent solubilization, ammonium sulfate fractionation and gel filtration on a Sephadex G-200 column. The enzyme preparation catalyzes electron transfer from succinate to coenzyme Q1 with a specific activity of 1.2 mumol coenzyme Q1 reduced per min per mg protein at 25 degrees C. The isolated complex II is essentially free of NADH-ferricyanide reductase, reduced CoQ2-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome c oxidase and consists of four major polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 66 000, 27 000, 12 000 and 11 000 and two minor ones with Mr of 36 000 and 16 000. The complex II contained cytochrome b-558, a major constituent cytochrome of Ascaris mitochondria, at a concentration of 3.6 nmol per mg protein, but neither other cytochromes nor quinone. The cytochrome b-558 in the complex II was reduced with succinate. In the presence of Ascaris NADH-cytochrome c reductase (complex I-III) (Takamiya, S., Furushima, R. and Oya, H. (1984) Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 13, 121 134), the cytochrome b-558 in complex II was also reduced with NADH and reoxidized with fumarate. These results suggest the cytochrome b-558 to function as an electron carrier between NADH dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase in the Ascaris NADH-fumarate reductase system. PMID- 3753652 TI - Exofacial photoaffinity labelling of the human erythrocyte sugar transporter. AB - The 4-azidosalicylate derivative of 1,3-bis(D-mannos-4'-yloxy)-2-[2 3H]propylamine (ASA-[2-3H]BMPA) has been tested as a photoaffinity label for the sugar transporter in human erythrocytes. When photolysed in the presence of intact erythrocytes, ASA-[2-3H]BMPA covalently binds to the exofacial surface of the transporter. This labelled protein appears as a broad band in the 4.5 region in sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The peak of radiolabel incorporation gives an apparent Mr of approx. 50 000 on 5-20% acrylamide gels. The binding is 80% inhibitable by 320 mM 4,6-O-ethylidene-D glucose, by 320 mM D-glucose and by 50 microM cytochalasin B. Photoirradiation of a saturating concentration of ASA-BMPA in the presence of erythrocytes results in a 25-30% loss of D-galactose transport activity. From transport inactivation data and estimations of the amount of ASA-[2-3H]BMPA binding to the transporter it is calculated that there are approx. 220 000 exofacial hexose-transport binding sites per erythrocyte. The labelling of the transporter has been carried out using freshly drawn blood and 4-weeks-old transfusion blood. No change in the binding profile on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was observed. Proteolytic digestion of the ASA-[2-3H]BMPA-labelled transporter with either trypsin or alpha-chymotrypsin results in the appearance of a labelled 19 kDa fragment on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. PMID- 3753653 TI - The application of 8-aminoguanosine triphosphate, a new inhibitor of GTP cyclohydrolase I, to the purification of the enzyme from human liver. AB - GTP cyclohydrolase I from human liver and Escherichia coli is competitively inhibited by 8-aminoguanosine triphosphate with a dissociation constant (Ki) of 0.25 mumol/l. 8-Aminoguanosine triphosphate, prepared from GTP and hydroxylamine O-sulfonic acid, was coupled to Sepharose 4B and used as an affinity adsorbent for a 309-fold purification of GTP cyclohydrolase I from human liver. GTP cyclohydrolase I from human liver is a relatively heat-stable enzyme with a half life of 2 min at 80 degrees C, an isoelectric point (pI) of about 5.6, and a Km for GTP of 31 mumol/l. Addition of KCl (0.3 mol/l) increased the Km to 153 mumol/l. No cofactors were required for activity. L-erythro-5,6,7,8 Tetrahydrobiopterin, L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin, L-sepiapterin and 8 aminoguanosine triphosphate were strong inhibitors. PMID- 3753654 TI - Crossed divergent axon collaterals from cerebellar nuclei to thalamus and lateral medulla oblongata in the rat. AB - The divergent collateralization of the ipsilateral descending limb of the brachium conjunctivum was here studied in the rat by means of fluorescent retrograde double-labeling. Tracer injections in the lateral part of the medulla oblongata were combined with injections of another tracer in the contralateral thalamus. Retrogradely single-labeled cells, as well as a relatively high number of double-labeled ones, were found in the lateral part of the interpositus and in the dorsolateral hump in the cerebellar nuclei ipsilateral to the medullary injections. The present results demonstrate that the same cerebellar cells interconnect by means of axon collaterals the ipsilateral medulla oblongata and the contralateral thalamus. PMID- 3753655 TI - Muscarinic cholinergic receptor subtypes in the human brain. II. Quantitative autoradiographic studies. AB - The distribution and characteristics of M1 and M2 muscarinic cholinergic receptors as defined by their affinity for the antagonist pirenzepine were studied in the human brain using in vitro quantitative autoradiographic techniques. The binding of N-[3H]methylscopolamine ([3H]NMS) to cortical and striatal microtome tissue sections was saturable and presented a Kd of 0.25 nM. The sensitivity of [3H]NMS-binding sites to 100 microM carbachol and 300 nM pirenzepine was analyzed in 30 brain areas. In selected brain regions, complete competition curves using carbachol, pirenzepine and atropine were analyzed. Finally, the regional distribution of M1 sites was studied using [3H]pirenzepine ([3H]PZ) as ligand. The binding of [3H]NMS to striatum, hippocampus and amygdala was very sensitive to pirenzepine but not to carbachol. The opposite situation was found in thalamus, hypothalamus, substantia innominata, pons and medulla, while intermediate sensitivity to both displacers was observed in different layers of the cortex and in the claustrum. Competition experiments showed that [3H]NMS binding was displaced with the same affinity by atropine in all the regions studied, while the IC50 of carbachol varied from 5 microM in the nucleus facialis to 830 microM in the caudate. Pirenzepine IC50 values for [3H]NMS sites varied from 66 nM to 1 microM. Results using [3H]PZ further confirm this pattern of distribution, with high densities of binding observed in the striatum, hippocampus and amygdala and very low in thalamic and brainstem areas. These results show that the putative M1 and M2 muscarinic receptor subtypes present a differential anatomical distribution in the human brain. This differential distribution is comparable to that observed in the rat brain. Some basal ganglia and limbic areas are enriched in M1 sites, while thalamus, brainstem, medulla and also the hypothalamus and substantia innominata contain predominantly receptors of the M2 type. The cerebral cortex is an example of a region containing a mixed population of M1 and M2 sites. These results provide an anatomical description of the distribution of subtypes of the muscarinic receptor in the human brain, which can be related to the known pharmacological effects of muscarinic agents in brain function. PMID- 3753656 TI - Mitoxantrone, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil combination chemotherapy as first line treatment in stage IV breast cancer. AB - Fifty patients with Stage IV breast cancer were entered into a prospective Phase II trial of combination chemotherapy that consisted of mitoxantrone (10 mg/m2), methotrexate (40 mg/m2), and 5-fluorouracil (600 mg/m2) given in a 3-weekly schedule. Objective response to treatment was seen in 18 of 48 assessable patients (38%). Responses were seen predominantly in the lung and pleura and the node and soft tissue sites of disease. The median duration of response was 7 months. Toxicity from treatment consisted predominantly of reversible leukopenia. Other toxicities such as nausea and alopecia occurred in less than one half of the patients in the study group. The combination was well-tolerated, and appears to be moderately effective. PMID- 3753657 TI - Central nervous system prophylaxis with combined intravenous and intrathecal methotrexate in diffuse lymphoma of aggressive histologic type. AB - With the use of a multivariate regression model, 21 patients with diffuse lymphoma were identified as having greater than 15% risk of experiencing relapse in the central nervous system (CNS). The efficacy of a combination of sequential intravenous methotrexate (MTX) (1 g/m2) and intrathecal MTX in preventing relapse in the CNS and improving survival times was assessed. A comparable historical control group of patients with similar risk of CNS relapse and who did not receive any CNS prophylaxis was used. The CNS relapse-free survival rate (RFS) was improved in patients who received CNS prophylaxis (95% versus 59% at 2 years; P = 0.01). Pretreatment serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) levels correlated with the incidence of relapse in the CNS in the control group (P = 0.01). In patients with high pretreatment serum LDH levels (greater than 225 U/L), CNS RFS was improved in those who received CNS prophylaxis (RFS at 2 years: 91% versus 46%; P = 0.02). Both CNS RFS (100% versus 38% at 2 years; P = 0.03) and survival rates (100% versus 38% at 2 years; P = 0.02) were improved in six patients with histologic type other than large cell. In 15 patients with large cell lymphoma, no significant differences in CNS RFS (93% versus 75% at 2 years; P = 0.29) and survival rates (43% versus 44% at 2 years; P = 0.56) were observed. Cerebrospinal fluid MTX levels were above the therapeutic level of 1 X 10(-6) M for at least 20 hours in 90% of courses of combined MTX. The MTX combination used is an effective and non-neurotoxic CNS prophylaxis method. Because the comparison between different methods of CNS prophylaxis is difficult to make without a precise idea of the expected CNS relapse rate, use of the multivariate regression technique is recommended. PMID- 3753658 TI - Reversible mechlorethamine-associated hearing loss in a patient with Hodgkin's disease. AB - Mechlorethamine, when administered in massive doses (0.6-1.5 mg/kg) to cancer patients in several early studies, caused severe irreversible hearing loss. There have been no reports of ototoxicity with doses of 0.4 mg/kg or less. The authors describe a 36-year-old man who developed profound sensorineural hearing loss during his first cycle of MOPP chemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease. Cyclophosphamide was substituted for mechlorethamine in subsequent cycles and his hearing deficit resolved. This is the first reported case of reversible ototoxicity associated with currently recommended doses of mechlorethamine. PMID- 3753659 TI - Variation of SCE frequency in lymphocyte cultures from patients with Hodgkin's disease before, during, and after treatment. AB - Seven patients with newly-diagnosed Hodgkin's disease, having standard mustine vinblastine-prednisolone-procarbazine therapy, had a large and regular pattern of rise in SCE frequency in their peripheral lymphocytes, which apparently started to fall before the end of the course (32 wk). In contrast, SCE frequency fell below normal in the lymphocytes of nine patients having mantle radiotherapy. Twenty-eight patients studied 2-13 yr after initial chemotherapy or radiotherapy for Hodgkin's disease had normal or near normal SCE frequencies. PMID- 3753660 TI - Antagonistic effect of glucocorticoids on retinoic acid induced growth inhibition and morphological alterations of a human cell line. AB - When the human cell line NHIK 3025 was exposed to retinoic acid (1 nM; 10 microM), the cell cycle time was prolonged. Experiments using cells synchronized by mitotic selection showed that the retinoic acid induced growth delay was barely seen within the first cell cycle after exposure to 10 microM retinoic acid, whereas the next cell cycle durations were increased 30-60%. The effect was reversible as normal growth rate was restored after removal of the drug. DNA histograms indicated a prolongation of G1 of the cell cycle. We have shown earlier that glucocorticoid steroids also induce a prolongation of the cell cycle, located within G1. When the cells were exposed to the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, in addition to retinoic acid, no additive effect was found; on the contrary, growth inhibition was less than that with retinoic acid alone. Dexamethasone from 1 nM upwards antagonized the growth inhibitory effect of retinoic acid. This glucocorticoid mediated effect seemed to be mediated via the glucocorticoid receptor, as no effect was seen when the receptor was blocked by the antagonist 17 beta hydroxy-11 beta, 4-dimethylaminophenyl-17 alpha-propynyl estra 4,9 diene-3-one [RU 38486]. The growth inhibition studies were supported by morphological observations showing that dexamethasone induced cytoskeletal alterations dominated when the cells were exposed to both drugs simultaneously. These findings might be of importance in cancer therapy where both drugs are used. PMID- 3753661 TI - Promoting effect of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate on the in vitro malignant transformation of fetal rat brain cells exposed in utero to ethylnitrosourea. AB - In order to investigate the possibility that the theory of two-stage carcinogenesis can be applied to neurogenic carcinogenesis, we analyzed the promoting effect of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) on the in vitro malignant transformation of fetal rat brain cells exposed in utero to ethylnitrosourea (ENU). Rat brain cells were transferred to a cultured system at 72 h after a single pulse of ENU (50 mg/kg body weight) to pregnant SD-JCL rats on the 18th day of gestation. The positive findings of glial fibrillary acidic protein and S-100 protein in primary cultured cells by the analysis of immunohistochemistry revealed the neuroglial origin of transformed cells. These cells were divided into 12 groups and were treated twice per week with or without TPA at concentrations from 0.1 to 50.0 ng/ml. From the results of cellular morphology, Concanavalin A agglutinability, colony forming capacity in semisolid soft agar, and tumorigenicity in vivo, malignant transformation of fetal rat brain cells appeared earlier in the ENU group treated with TPA than in the untreated ENU group. On the basis of these observations, it is suggested that TPA might be effective as a tumor promoter on ENU-induced neurogenic carcinogenesis. PMID- 3753662 TI - Potential roles for preclinical pharmacology in phase I clinical trials. AB - Concepts elucidated from preclinical pharmacology studies have made a substantial impact on the clinical use of anticancer drugs. However, the majority of animal pharmacology results have not been available until after drugs have entered clinical trials. Since clinical pharmacokinetic measurements are already part of many phase I trials, human data could be directly compared with mouse data if mouse pharmacology studies were completed before clinical trials were initiated. Once the starting dose in a phase I clinical trial has been evaluated, subsequent doses are escalated until the maximum tolerated dose is reached. The rate of escalation is empirically defined by a modified Fibonacci series. This universal escalation scheme is applied to all drugs, with no modifications based upon pharmacology or other factors. If the starting dose is far removed from the maximum tolerated dose, a large number of dose escalations are required. Consequently, most patients receive subtherapeutic doses, and the amount of resources allocated to each drug increases. We are exploring potential strategies for controlling the rate of dose escalation based upon pharmacokinetic determinations in mouse and man. Retrospective analyses indicate that 20%-50% savings in the total number of dose escalations are possible. PMID- 3753663 TI - A chicken-yeast chimeric beta-tubulin protein is incorporated into mouse microtubules in vivo. AB - The role of divergent primary sequences in restricting tubulin function was tested in vivo by a gene transfection experiment. A chicken-yeast chimeric beta tubulin DNA was introduced into 3T3 cells using the transfection vector pSV2. The 5' end of this gene, from chicken, is similar but not identical with that of mouse beta-tubulins; the 3' end, from yeast, contains a carboxyl terminus that is very different from other known beta-tubulin sequences. The chimeric protein is incorporated efficiently into each of the microtubule structures and each of the microtubules in the host cells. The presence of the protein has no apparent effect on either growth rate or cell morphology. The results suggest that the divergent sequences in this chimeric tubulin molecule place no restrictions on its activities in mouse cells. PMID- 3753664 TI - The inhibitory effect of 4-hydroxy-nonenal on DNA-polymerases alpha and beta from rat liver and rapidly dividing Yoshida ascites hepatoma. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine firstly whether the isolated enzyme DNA polymerase alpha, which functions within the DNA replicase system, exhibits different sensitivity against the thiol-blocking agent 4-hydroxy-nonenal (HNE) when adult rat liver and the rapidly dividing Yoshida ascites hepatoma were used as enzyme sources and, secondly, whether the reaction catalysed by DNA polymerase is the most sensitive step of the DNA replicase system of native cells. DNA polymerase alpha as well as the non-replicative DNA polymerase beta, isolated from both sources, were remarkably similar with regard to their sensitivity against HNE, as indicated by the incorporation of radioactive label from [3H]deoxy-thymidine-triphosphate into DNA. The transport of [14C]thymidine through the plasma membrane and the incorporation of this precursor into DNA were studied with neonatal hepatocytes and with hepatoma cells. The incorporation of thymidine was inhibited at lower concentrations of HNE in both cell lines than the transport process and the reaction catalysed by DNA polymerase alpha. It was concluded that in the DNA replicase system of native liver and hepatoma cells another process different from the reaction catalysed by DNA polymerase alpha is more sensitive to HNE. PMID- 3753665 TI - Improved fluorescence polarization assay for use in evaluating fetal lung maturity. I. Development of the assay procedure. AB - We describe a fluorescence polarization assay for use in predicting fetal lung maturity, which is suitable for the TDx Analyzer (an automated fluorescence polarimeter). The assay requires 0.5 mL of amniotic fluid and approximately 30 min, and involves the fluorophore 1-palmitoyl-2(6-[(7-nitro-2, 1, 3-benzoxadiazol 4-yl)amino]caproyl) phosphatidylcholine. Reproducible polarization measurements depend on proper regulation of incubation time and temperature, but variations in the concentrations of fluorescent probe and amniotic fluid have little effect on measured polarization and therefore little effect on assay precision. Working solutions of the fluorescent probe are stable for at least nine months when stored at -20 degrees C and pH 5. Interferences include erythrocytes, serum, bilirubin, meconium, and lidocaine. PMID- 3753666 TI - Improved fluorescence polarization assay for use in evaluating fetal lung maturity. II. Analytical evaluation and comparison with the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio. AB - We assessed the analytical performance of an improved fluorescence polarization assay for use in evaluating fetal lung maturity and compared results with the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio. During a three-month period 150 patients' samples were assayed by clinical laboratory personnel with both techniques. Values for the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio correlate closely with net fluorescence polarization values (r = -0.85), less closely with net fluorescence intensity (r = 0.65). Background fluorescence intensity and polarization varied widely, indicating a need to correct measurements for endogenous fluorescence. Net fluorescence polarization values have a CV of 0.32% within-run, 1.07% between day. A comparison of two amniotic fluid centrifugation procedures showed no significant difference in such values. For both methods, however, such values are slightly but significantly higher than those obtained for amniotic fluids without prior centrifugation. Short-term storage (less than 30 days) of uncentrifuged amniotic fluid samples at -20 degrees C does not significantly affect results. PMID- 3753667 TI - The alkaline reducing activity of glycated serum proteins and its relevance to diabetes mellitus. AB - We investigated the ability of the fructosamine assay to detect glycation of serum proteins. We incubated both whole human serum and serum protein fractions in vitro with [14C]glucose, and analyzed for reducing activity and for uptake of 14C by protein. In all experiments, the reducing activity increased linearly with time for seven days and was correlated with 14C uptake (r = 0.94-0.98). Protein ketoamines were about fivefold more actively reducing than equimolar concentrations of deoxymorpholinofructose, the fructosamine standard, which explains why values for fructosamine in serum are higher than the expected concentration of protein ketoamines. We also used [14C, 2-3H]glucose to assess the contribution of the aldimine component to 14C uptake. Whole human serum and albumin incubated with [14C, 2-3H]glucose showed little uptake of 3H in relation to 14C. We conclude that glycated protein can be simply and reliably quantified by the fructosamine assay, and we discuss the relevance of this conclusion to the monitoring of diabetes. PMID- 3753668 TI - Alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme reactivity with wheat-germ agglutinin. PMID- 3753669 TI - Pancytopenia with myelofibrosis. An unusual presentation of childhood Hodgkin's disease. PMID- 3753670 TI - Evaluation of an enkephalin analog in men with castor oil-induced diarrhea. AB - This study was a parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of acute doses of nifalatide, an enkephalin analog, in subjects with castor oil-induced diarrhea. Seventy-two subjects completed the study. The time to first stool after castor oil administration was significantly greater after the 16 and 48 mg doses of nifalatide as compared with placebo dosing. The same doses of nifalatide also decreased the overall stool frequency, the frequency of abdominal cramping, and the incidence of nausea and vomiting. There were no clinically significant, drug related changes in the physical examination results, ECG, vital signs, or clinical laboratory parameters. The only increased adverse experiences that appeared to be related to the drug were dizziness and mild dry mouth. PMID- 3753671 TI - Evaluation of a potential drug interaction between sucralfate and aspirin. AB - Recent studies have demonstrated a cytoprotective effect of sucralfate on gastric mucosa in patients receiving aspirin. The potential drug interaction between sucralfate and aspirin was evaluated in a randomized crossover manner in 12 healthy men. Subjects were initially given a single dose of aspirin alone or in combination with sucralfate for 2 days. The drug dosing schedule was then reversed after 1 week. Sixteen blood samples were drawn after each aspirin dose for HPLC assay of aspirin and its metabolites. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated for aspirin, salicylic acid, and salicyluric acid. None of these parameters demonstrated any statistically significant differences between the two treatment groups. The combined use of sucralfate and aspirin is therefore not likely to result in a clinically significant pharmacokinetic drug interaction. The systemic therapeutic effect of aspirin is not expected to be altered when sucralfate is used concurrently in patients receiving chronic aspirin therapy. PMID- 3753672 TI - Acetabular fractures: three-dimensional computer tomographic imaging and interactive surgical planning. AB - Three-dimensional imaging can provide a valuable perceptual link between conventional radiographs and axial computed tomographic scans in the evaluation of complex acetabular fractures. With the 3D83 computer program, three dimensional images can be generated to correlate with standard radiographic views. Unique images can also be created that offer perspectives unobtainable by conventional radiography. More sophisticated interactive techniques allow computer simulation of surgical approaches. PMID- 3753673 TI - Computed tomography in the evaluation of tubo-ovarian abscesses in children. AB - There are many reports in the literature describing ultrasonic features of tubo ovarian abscess. Computed tomography characteristics of these lesions are less frequently described. This presentation shares our experience with computed tomography findings in two girls, aged 6 and 14 years, with tubo-ovarian abscesses. PMID- 3753674 TI - Acute pseudo-obstruction of the colon (Ogilvie's syndrome). An analysis of 400 cases. AB - This study analyzes 400 cases of acute pseudo-obstruction of the colon (Ogilvie's syndrome). Seven cases were reported at St. Elizabeth Hospital Medical Center between October 1982 and February 1985; 393 cases were reported in the literature from 1970-1985. Ogilvie's syndrome is most commonly reported in patients in the sixth decade, and is more predominant in men. It is caused by an unknown disturbance to the autonomic innervation of the distal colon, and is associated with different conditions. Plain abdominal roentgenogram is the most useful diagnostic test. If the cecal diameter is 12 cm or greater, or conservative management is unsuccessful, colonoscopic or operative decompression is needed. The mode of treatment, age, cecal diameter, delay in decompression, and status of the bowel significantly influence the mortality rate, which is approximately 15 percent with early appropriate management, compared with 36 to 44 percent in perforated or ischemic bowel. PMID- 3753675 TI - Relaxin treatment alters the kinetic properties of myosin light chain kinase activity in rat myometrial cells in culture. AB - Relaxin treatment altered the kinetic properties of rat myometrial cell myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) by increasing the K50 of the enzyme for calmodulin (CaM) from 1.1 +/- 0.1 to 38 +/- 14 nM. When MLCK was assayed in the presence of 7 nM CaM to maximize the effect of the decreased affinity for CaM between control and relaxin-treated groups, a rapid concentration-dependent effect of the hormone was observed. Relaxin decreased MLCK activity significantly within 1 min. The ED50 of the effect was 0.4 microgram/ml. In addition to its effect on Ca2+-CaM dependent activity, relaxin also decreased Ca2+-CaM-independent MLCK activity. This decrease was not attributable to a decrease in the affinity of the enzyme for myosin. There was a temporal association between the effects of relaxin on mean cell length, elevation of cAMP levels in the presence of 0.4 microM forskolin previously shown in other studies, and the alteration of MLCK activity. All three parameters were changed significantly within 1 min after exposure to relaxin. The ED50 of relaxin for cell shape changes, cAMP elevation, and effects on MLCK activity were all approximately 0.4 microgram/ml. Relaxin may act in part by a cAMP-mediated phosphorylation of MLCK, thereby decreasing its affinity for CaM. The effect on MLCK may be linked to a decrease in the phosphorylation of myosin light chains and the promotion of uterine relaxation. PMID- 3753676 TI - Reversibility of vitamin D-induced human leukemia cell-line maturation. AB - HL-60 cells are induced to differentiate along a monocytic pathway by the active metabolites of vitamin D3, e.g. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3]. All such differentiated cells share a number of features in common but are heterogeneous in their ability to adhere to solid substrates and to resorb devitalized bone matrix. Here, we show that, in addition, as compared to the nonadherent, adherent cells are smaller, less likely to be in the S phase, more enriched in the human monocyte-specific cell surface antigen, 63D3, and contain less cmyc messenger RNA (mRNA). In addition, we document that removal of the hormone leads to dedifferentiation. For these susceptible mononuclear cells, removal of 1,25 (OH)2D3 results in a reversion to a more myeloblastic phenotype, renewed cell proliferation, and the rapid appearance of elevated levels of cmyc mRNA. Finally, we report that the cells that do not revert upon 1,25-(OH)2D3 removal are those that became multinucleated during treatment. PMID- 3753677 TI - The villus gradient of brush border membrane calmodulin and the calcium independent calmodulin-binding protein parallels that of calcium-accumulating ability. AB - We have recently proposed that calmodulin (CaM) may mediate calcium transport across the intestinal brush border membrane. Since calcium transport across this membrane varies as a function of cellular location on the villus (the highest rates of transport occur across the brush border membrane from cells near the tip), we tested this hypothesis by determining whether CaM and its principal binding protein in the brush border membrane [a 102,000 mol wt (102K) protein] also showed this gradient of activity along the villus. Cells were sequentially eluted from the tip to the base of the villus, brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) were prepared from the eluted cells, and CaM, CaM binding, and calcium accumulating ability were determined for each preparation of BBMV. We observed that BBMV prepared from cells originating near the tip of the villus possessed the greatest calcium-accumulating activity, CaM content, and CaM binding by the 102K protein. All three measurements were reduced in parallel in BBMV prepared from cells originating from more basal regions of the villus. Calcium accumulating ability correlated with CaM content (r = 0.876) and CaM binding to the 102K protein (r = 0.788); likewise, CaM correlated with CaM binding to the 102K protein (r = 0.928). When 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D was administered to vitamin D-deficient chicks, the binding of CaM to the 102K CaM-binding protein appeared to increase more rapidly in BBMV from cells near the tip of the villus than in cells from more basal regions, comparable to our previously reported data for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-stimulated calcium accumulation by similarly prepared BBMV. These data support the hypothesis that CaM and the 102K CaM-binding protein are involved in the regulation of calcium flux across the intestinal brush border membrane. PMID- 3753678 TI - Detection of Mullerian inhibiting substance in biological samples by a solid phase sandwich radioimmunoassay. AB - Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS) is a 140,000-dalton glycoprotein responsible for regression of Mullerian ducts in a male embryo. It has recently been demonstrated that MIS inhibits the growth of tumors in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we have constructed a sensitive, solid phase sandwich RIA using monoclonal antibodies raised to bovine MIS. The amount of MIS detected was based on the protein concentration of Green 3, the most purified fraction of MIS available. The assay could detect 20 ng Green 3 or 0.14 pmol in physiological samples. There was no evidence of cross-reactivity of the antibodies raised to bovine MIS with chicken, rat, mouse, or human MIS. PMID- 3753679 TI - Sodium arsenite potentiates the clastogenicity and mutagenicity of DNA crosslinking agents. AB - To see if sodium arsenite enhances the clastogenicity and the mutagenicity of DNA crosslinking agents, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and human skin fibroblasts were exposed to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (cis-Pt(II)) or 8 methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) plus long-wave ultraviolet light (UVA) and then to sodium arsenite. The results indicate that the clastogenicity of cis-Pt(II) and 8-MOP plus UVA are enhanced by the post-treatment with sodium arsenite. Chromatid breaks and exchanges are predominantly increased in doubly treated cells. Furthermore, the mutagenicity of cis-Pt(II) at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase locus is also potentiated by sodium arsenite in CHO cells. PMID- 3753680 TI - Purification and complete primary structures of the heparin-, cell-, and DNA binding domains of bovine plasma fibronectin. AB - The complete amino acid sequences of the heparin-, cell- and DNA-binding domains of bovine plasma fibronectin have been determined. The fragments were generated from the 170-kDa central plasmic fragment by extensive digestion with chymotrypsin, and they contain 268, 300 and 269 amino acid residues, respectively. No half-cystines or cysteines were found in these sequences. A glucosamine-based oligosaccharide group is attached to Asn-108 in the sequence of the DNA-binding domain. Only one of the three types of internal homology found in fibronectin [Petersen et al. (1983) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 80, 137-141], namely the type III homology, occurs in these three fragments, and each of them consists of approximately three stretches of this type III homology. Part of the arrangement of peptides was derived by comparison with the partial cDNA sequence for human fibronectin recently reported [Kornblihtt et al. (1984) Nucleic Acids Res. 12, 5853-5868]. PMID- 3753681 TI - Botulinum neurotoxin type B. Its purification, radioiodination and interaction with rat-brain synaptosomal membranes. AB - Neurotoxin from Clostridium botulinum type B was purified to homogeneity by by affinity and ion-exchange chromatography; specific neurotoxicity of this protein (Mr of approximately equal to 155 000) following trypsinisation attained a level of 2 X 10(8) mouse LD50 units/mg protein. 125I-iodination of the toxin to high specific radioactivities (19-63 TBq/mmol) yielded typically greater than 65% of its original toxicity; dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions, after trypsinisation, showed that the larger polypeptide (Mr of approximately equal to 101 000) was labelled preferentially. Saturable binding of the 125I-labelled neurotoxin to rat cerebrocortical synaptosomes was observed and Scatchard analysis showed a low content of acceptors with high affinity (Kd = 0.3 0.5 nM;Bmax approximately equal to 30-60 fmol/mg protein, together with a much larger population of weak-affinity sites. No significant differences in binding affinity were seen in competition experiments using native or fully activated (trypsinized) neurotoxin, indicating that chain cleavage is not essential for acceptor-toxin interaction. Type A botulinum neurotoxin showed a limited capacity to inhibit the synaptosomal binding of labelled type B toxin, even at high concentrations (1 muM), and other neurotoxins were without effect, emphasising the acceptor selectivity. Near-complete loss of specific toxin binding was produced by preincubation of synaptosomes with neuraminidase whereas inhibition of the low-affinity sites with wheat-germ agglutinin was less pronounced; such inactivation was prevented by inclusion of selective inhibitors (2,3-dehydro-2 deoxy-N-acetylneuraminic acid and N-acetylglucosamine, respectively). These observations implicate N-acetylneuraminic acid and, possibly, other sugar moieties as constituents of the toxin acceptors. Trypsinisation of synaptosomes gave incomplete inhibition of binding when assayed with 1 nM or 10 nM 125I iodinated toxin. Detailed analysis of the actions of neuraminidase, trypsin and heat treatment on the concentration dependence of toxin binding suggest the existence of at least two distinguishable populations of sites that contain N acetylneuraminic acid, with a protein component being associated with the acceptors of lower affinity. These findings are discussed in relation to those previously reported for type A neurotoxin and to the possible physiological significance of such membrane acceptors. PMID- 3753682 TI - Molecular cloning of cDNA for rat mitochondrial 3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase. AB - Messenger RNA of rat 3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase (acetyl-CoA acyltransferase), a mitochondrial matrix enzyme involved in fatty acid beta-oxidation, was enriched by immunoprecipitation of rat liver free polysomes and recombinant plasmids were prepared from the enriched mRNA by a modification of the vector-primer method of Okayama and Berg. The transformants were initially screened for 3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase cDNA sequences by differential colony hybridization with [32P]cDNAs, synthesized from the immunopurified and unpurified mRNAs. The cDNA clones for 3 oxoacyl-CoA thiolase were identified by hybrid-arrested translation and hybrid selected translation. One of the clones, designated pT1-1, contained a 700-base insert and hybridized to a mRNA species of 1.6 X 10(3) bases in rat liver. The transformants were rescreened using the cDNA insert of pT1-1 as a hybridization probe and a clone (pT1-19) with a 1.5 X 10(3)-base insert was obtained. Activity and concentration of 3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase mRNA were quantified by in vitro translation and dot-blot analysis using the cDNA insert as a hybridization probe. The level of translatable and hybridizable mRNA in rat liver was increased about 5.1-fold and 4.6-fold, respectively, after administration of di-(2 ethylhexyl)phthalate, a potent inducer of the enzyme. The 3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase mRNA levels thus determined correlated closely with levels of the activity and amount of this enzyme. PMID- 3753683 TI - Failure of coffee to inhibit the pharmacodynamic activity of morphine in vivo. AB - High doses of caffeine-containing as well as decaffeinated instant coffee neither inhibited morphine-induced analgesia in mice nor the morphine-induced fall of blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate in rats. On the contrary, caffeine-containing coffee even enhanced the analgesic effects of morphine in mice. Coffee thus does not exhibit opiate-antagonizing activity in the whole organism in vivo. The very weak morphine-antagonistic efficacy of coffee powder in the myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle preparation from the guinea pig ileum is of no practical importance. PMID- 3753684 TI - Construction of a representative cDNA library from mRNA isolated from mouse oocytes. AB - A representative cDNA library has been constructed from the small quantities of poly(A)+ RNA present in unfertilised mouse oocytes. The construction of this library has been achieved by use of cow pea mosaic virus RNA as a carrier during isolation of polyadenylated message and during subsequent cloning procedures. This approach may be applicable to any system in which amounts of mRNA are limiting. PMID- 3753685 TI - Na+/Ca2+ exchange in isolated smooth muscle cells demonstrated by the fluorescent calcium indicator fura-2. AB - Fura-2, a novel fluorescent indicator of cytoplasmic calcium concentrations ([Ca2+i]), was 'loaded' into smooth muscle cells isolated from guinea pig taenia coli. Resting cells maintained a stable [Ca2+i] of 107 +/- 26 nM (n = 13), which could be perturbed with ionomycin. [Ca2+i] was elevated by stimulation of the cells with carbachol or 50 mM KCl. Reduction of the plasmalemmal Na+ concentration gradient by inhibition of the Na+/K+-ATPase with ouabain markedly elevated [Ca2+i]; this elevation was dependent on extracellular Ca2+. [Ca2+i] was also increased by replacement of the extracellular Na+ with an organic cation. PMID- 3753686 TI - Deficient production of lysyl oxidase in cultures of malignantly transformed human cells. AB - Lysyl oxidase activity in the culture medium of eight malignantly transformed human cell lines was very low compared with that in four control fibroblast lines, being 9-16% in five sarcoma cell lines and 7-11% in three other tumour cell lines. The low enzyme activity was probably due to deficient enzyme synthesis rather than impaired secretion into the cell medium, as low activity was also found in urea extracts of the cell pellets. Lysyl oxidase production thus appears to be closely regulated with deficient collagen gene expression in malignant transformation. PMID- 3753687 TI - Biochemical analysis of bovine testicular anti-Mullerian hormone. AB - Direct biochemical analysis has been applied to bovine testicular anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), purified from incubation medium of bovine fetal testes by immunochromatography on a monoclonal antibody. The hormone contains a high proportion of hydrophobic amino acids and 13.5% carbohydrate. The oligosaccharide composition suggests that both N- and O-glycosidically linked chains are present. The molecular extinction coefficient is 3.27 +/- 0.06. One RIA unit, defined as the amount of hormone released by 1 g fetal bovine testicular tissue incubated during 4 h, corresponds to 3.06 +/- 0.17 microgram protein. PMID- 3753688 TI - Spectral properties of fluorescent flavoproteins of isolated rat liver mitochondria. AB - The different flavoproteins contributing to flavin fluorescence of isolated rat liver mitochondria have distinct excitation and emission spectra. The NAD-linked flavin component was identified as alpha-lipoamide dehydrogenase, while the non NAD-linked component was found to be electron transfer flavoprotein. The differences in excitation and emission properties of the mitochondrial flavoproteins permit selective recording of their redox state changes in isolated mitochondria. PMID- 3753689 TI - Full-length sequence and expression of the 42 kDa 2-5A synthetase induced by human interferon. AB - Interferon-induced 2-5A synthetases are probably involved in some antiviral actions of interferon. In human cells two different mRNAs (1.6, 1.8 kb long) coding for this protein are transcribed from the same gene and are produced by differential splicing. The relationship between the two mRNAs of different size and the active enzyme is not clear, nor is the cellular localization of the latter known. We have cloned a cDNA corresponding to the 1.6 kb RNA. This cDNA was sequenced and its complete coding region was subcloned into pSP64. The resulting plasmid was used to direct the synthesis of micrograms of capped RNA transcript after linearization in the 3'-non-coding region. A 39 kDa protein was synthesized when this RNA was translated in rabbit reticulocyte lysate. When this capped RNA was introduced by microinjection into Xenopus oocytes, production of 2 5A synthetase was clearly observed in the cytoplasm and 10-30% of the enzyme accumulated with time in the nucleoplasm. Analysis of cytoplasmic homogenates of these oocytes on a glycerol gradient revealed that the enzyme is fully active in the monomeric form. PMID- 3753690 TI - Sperm penetration assay. PMID- 3753691 TI - Hypoxanthine and adenine metabolism in bovine thyroid tissue. AB - Hypoxanthine was converted primarily to uric acid by thyroid tissue slices and homogenates with little inosine 5'-monophosphate formation while adenine was essentially all salvaged to adenosine 5'-monophosphate by similar tissue preparations. The ratio of hypoxanthine/guanine phosphoribosyltransferase activity to adenine phosphoribosyltransferase activity was 0.15 in the thyroid homogenates. PMID- 3753692 TI - An inflammatory axonopathy of the myenteric plexus producing a rapidly progressive intestinal pseudoobstruction. AB - A previously well 39-yr-old man presented with a 4-wk history of abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. An upper gastrointestinal examination showed retained food in the stomach and duodenal dilatation. A radioisotope meal showed little gastric emptying; esophageal manometry was normal. Because of persistent symptoms, a duodenojejunostomy was done. However, the patient remained symptomatic and after an episode of profuse vomiting, aspirated and died 10 wk after initial presentation. At autopsy, no tumor was found. Hematoxylin and eosin stains throughout the gastrointestinal tract showed many lymphocytes and plasma cells within the myenteric plexus. Silver stains showed the argyrophilic and argyrophobic neurons to be normal, but axons showed beading, fragmentation, and dropout in all areas. We therefore concluded the following: intestinal pseudoobstruction can be caused by an inflammatory neuropathy of the myenteric plexus, not associated with a distant carcinoma, and this process produced an axonopathy while sparing neuron bodies. PMID- 3753693 TI - Retinopathy of prematurity: the influence of gestational age and retinal maturity on the statistical behavior of risk factors. AB - The clinical and laboratory data on 140 premature infants, 74 cases with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and 66 control cases without ROP, were correlated with ROP grades of increasing severity. By using multiple linear regression (MLR), it is shown that for predicting ROP grades the importance of certain variables varies considerably depending on the gestational age. Below 32 weeks of gestation, acidosis, hyperoxemia, gestational age, pathologic paCO2 levels, and multiple birth are strong regressors. Above 31 weeks, the most important regressors are multiple birth and acidosis, while gestational age and duration of FiO2 greater than 0.4 are much less influential. Blood transfusions and artificial ventilation do not seem important in the MLR of either group. When ROP is regressed on the number of paO2 values above 100 torr and gestational age or on the number of paCO2 values above 50 torr and gestational age, the regression coefficients of these variables drop to near zero at a gestational age of about 32 weeks. This loss of weight of the two variables paO2 and paCO2 with increasing gestational age coincides with a comparable drop of the relative incidence of ROP and the relative incidence of immature retinal vessels. It is hypothesized that it is the proportion of infants with an immature retinal vasculature in populations of given gestational ages rather than the gestational age itself which is responsible for the widely varying importance of certain factors during the development of ROP. PMID- 3753694 TI - Evolution of the visual prognosis of prematures in the last 20 years. AB - Ophthalmoscopic examinations were performed on 5678 prematures, born between 1964 and 1984, by the same investigator in the same neonatal care unit. Three periods can be differentiated. In the first period (1964-1970) retinal disorders were frequent (20%), a quarter of them severe (stages 3-5). The inspiratory fraction of oxygen was the only oxymetric factor that was monitored. In the second period (1970-1977), less severe forms were observed, but still 4.5% of stage 1 and 8.7% of stage 2 (mild forms) were assessed. During this period, oxygen partial pressure was measured every 6 h in arterial blood whenever the inspiratory fraction of oxygen exceeded 0.3. In the last period (1977-1984), no severe forms were observed and mild forms amounted to only 0.9%. In this period, oxygen partial pressure was continuously monitored transcutaneously, whenever the inspiratory fraction of oxygen exceeded 0.21. Such data show that there is an association between better oxygen monitoring and the dramatically reduced incidence of retinopathy in prematures (RP). PMID- 3753695 TI - Antitrust law and peer review remain at odds. PMID- 3753696 TI - 18p- syndrome: an unusual case and diagnosis by in situ hybridization with chromosome 18-specific alphoid DNA sequence. AB - A patient with an atypical clinical picture of 18p- syndrome is described. By the in situ hybridization technique we localized the chromosome 18-specific cloned repetitive sequence to metaphase chromosomes of the patient. The predominant hybridization of the probe was found in pericentromeric regions of homologous chromosomes 18. The amount of pericentromeric DNA measured by in situ hybridization differed between homologous chromosomes; and the number of radioactive grains was statistically greater in the normal chromosome 18 than in the aberrant chromosome 18p-. The results indicate that this probe may be useful in clinical cytogenetics for identification of aberrant chromosomes, localization of breakpoints, and studies of C-band DNA polymorphism of chromosome 18. PMID- 3753697 TI - Macrophage chemotactic response in mice is controlled by two genetic loci. AB - The level of the in vitro chemotactic responsiveness of murine inflammatory peritoneal macrophages is dependent upon the genetic background of the host. A survey of the responses of macrophages from various inbred strains showed three categories of response (high, intermediate, and low), indicating that genetic control is multigenic. Among the high responder strains were those derived from the C57BL (B) background, while mice of the A/J (A) strain exhibited the lowest response. In order to determine the number of genes controlling the level of macrophage chemotactic responses, segregation analysis of backcross mice derived from high responder B and low responder A parental mice was performed. The results of analysis of the data by the maximum likelihood modeling, a computerized method, showed that the difference in macrophage chemotactic responsiveness in the strain combination of B and A mice is due to the effects of two autosomal genetic loci. PMID- 3753698 TI - Evidence against the role of calcium deficiency in genetic hypertension. AB - Epidemiological studies suggest an association between reduced calcium uptake and hypertension, while clinical trials and rat experiments indicate a small but significant hypotensive effect with oral calcium supplements. These data imply that calcium deficiency has a role in genetic hypertension. We reasoned that if the hypothesis is correct, the hypertension should be aggravated by further reducing calcium balance but attenuated by augmenting calcium balance. We tested this hypothesis by evaluating the blood pressure response in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) as calcium balance was decreased by dietary restriction of calcium or increased by supplementation with magnesium or 1 alpha, 25 dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol). A low calcium diet within the physiological range did not accentuate the hypertension in SHR during the 11 weeks of treatment, even though calcium balance was reduced by half. Similar results were obtained with dietary calcium restriction in parathyroidectomized SHR, which excludes any offsetting effects of changes in parathyroid hormone levels. Conversely, 7 weeks of a high magnesium diet, which increased calcium balance without reducing PO4 balance, did not correct the hypertension of SHR. Similarly, long-term administration of calcitriol failed to reduce the blood pressure of parathyroidectomized SHR and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) controls, despite the presence of increased serum calcium levels comparable to those produced by oral calcium loading. Finally, external calcium balance was measured directly in 25-day-old, prehypertensive SHR. As a result of the increased calcium absorption and reduced calcium excretion, SHR retained more calcium than did the normotensive WKY, which directly refutes the existence of calcium deficiency at this normotensive stage. These data do not support the role of calcium deficiency in genetic hypertension. PMID- 3753699 TI - Coding nucleotide sequence of rat liver malic enzyme mRNA. AB - The nucleotide sequence of the mRNA for malic enzyme ((S)-malate NADP+ oxidoreductase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating, EC 1.1.1.40) from rat liver was determined from three overlapping cDNA clones. Together, these clones contain 2078 nucleotides complementary to rat liver malic enzyme mRNA. The single open reading frame of 1761 nucleotides codes for a 585-amino acid polypeptide with a calculated molecular mass of about 65,460 daltons. The cloned cDNAs contain the complete 3'-noncoding region of 301 nucleotides for the major mRNA species of rat liver and 16 nucleotides of the 5'-noncoding region. Amino acid sequences of seven tryptic peptides (67 amino acids) from the purified protein are distributed through the single open reading frame and show excellent correspondence with the translated nucleotide sequence. The putative NADP-binding site for malic enzyme was identified by amino acid sequence homology with the NADP-binding site of the enoyl reductase domain of fatty acid synthetase. PMID- 3753700 TI - The equilibration of reducing equivalents within milk xanthine oxidase. AB - The rate at which reducing equivalents equilibrate among the several oxidation reduction active sites in xanthine oxidase has been investigated using a pH-jump technique in which partially reduced enzyme in dilute buffer is mixed with concentrated anaerobic buffer at a different pH in a conventional stopped flow apparatus. It is found that the rate constant associated with the observed spectral change varies with pH, doubling from 155 s-1 at pH 6 to 330 s-1 at pH 8.5, but is always found to be approximately 10-fold greater than kcat at the same pH. The observation of fast rates for the equilibration of reducing equivalents within xanthine oxidase is consistent with a great deal of indirect evidence from conventional kinetic studies of both the oxidative and reductive half-reactions of xanthine oxidase and lends support to the rapid equilibrium model that has been proposed for the oxidation-reduction interactions of the several centers in xanthine oxidase (Olson, J. S., Ballou, D. P., Palmer, G., and Massey, V. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 4363-4382). The present conclusions are in conflict, however, with the interpretation of recent flash photolysis experiments with xanthine oxidase (Battacharyya, A., Tollin, G., Davis, M. D., and Edmondson, D. E. (1983) Biochemistry 22, 5270-5279). Possible sources for the apparent inconsistencies between the flash photolysis results and those of the present experiments are discussed. PMID- 3753701 TI - Cooperative binding of myosin subfragment one to regulated actin as measured by fluorescence changes of troponin I modified with different fluorophores. AB - Binding studies of myosin subfragment one (S-1) to regulated actin in the presence and absence of Ca2+ indicate that, as S-1 binds to regulated actin, tropomyosin-actin units undergo a cooperative transition from a weak to a strong S-1-binding form. Trybus and Taylor (Trybus, K.M., and Taylor, E.W. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 77, 7209-7213) suggested that this transition could be measured by the change in fluorescence of troponin I modified with 4-(N iodoacetoxyethyl-N-methyl)-7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (IANBD). In the present study, this was tested by determining whether the change in fluorescence was proportional to the fraction of tropomyosin-actin units in the strong S-1-binding form as predicted by our model on the cooperative binding of S-1 to regulated actin (Hill, T.L., Eisenberg, E., and Greene, L.E. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77, 3186-3190). Experiments were performed both in the presence and absence of Ca2+ by using troponin I modified with either IANBD or 5' iodoacetamidofluorescein. In the presence of Ca2+, it was found, in agreement with the suggestion of Trybus and Taylor, that the change in fluorescence induced by S-1 was proportional to the fraction of tropomyosin-actin units shifting into the strong S-1 binding form, rather than to the fraction of actin sites having bound S-1. In the absence of Ca2+, the change in fluorescence induced by S-1 also did not reflect the binding of S-1 to regulated actin. However, in contrast to the results in the presence of Ca2+, the change in fluorescence induced by S-1 binding in the absence of Ca2+ was not in agreement with the fraction of tropomyosin-actin units calculated to be in the strong S-1 binding form by the model of Hill et al. Although a more complex model than that of Hill et al. may account for the observed fluorescence changes, it seems equally likely that at least in the absence of Ca2+, the change in fluorescence may be reflecting a more complex behavior than only the transition of tropomyosin-actin units between the weak and strong S-1-binding forms. PMID- 3753702 TI - Complete cDNA-derived amino acid sequence of rat brown fat uncoupling protein. AB - Cloned cDNAs corresponding to the mitochondrial uncoupling protein of rat brown adipose tissue have been sequenced and the complete amino acid sequence of this unique membranous component is given. The N-terminal sequence of this protein is almost identical to the 14-residue N-terminal sequence previously determined by others for the hamster uncoupling protein. The uncoupling protein has no N terminal signal extension. We found a significant sequence homology between the uncoupling protein and the ADP/ATP carrier and propose that the nucleotide binding site of the uncoupling protein is localized at the C-terminal end. PMID- 3753703 TI - Sequences complementary to the brain-specific "identifier" sequences exist in L type pyruvate kinase mRNA (a liver-specific messenger) and in transcripts especially abundant in muscle. AB - A sequence complementary to the brain-specific identifier sequence has been found in the 3' untranslated extension of the heavy 3.2-kilobase (kb) long liver L-type pyruvate kinase mRNA while it is absent in the other two 2- and 2.2-kb long pyruvate kinase mRNA species. A 53-base fragment corresponding to this identifier sequence was subcloned in both orientations in the single-stranded bacteriophage M13, both strands being used as probes to detect homologous sequence in different tissues. Both strands are transcribed in various tissues and are detected in heterogeneous high molecular weight RNA species which are especially abundant in the adult muscle. In addition, the probe identical to the identifier sequence recognized a discrete 0.6-kb RNA species in the muscle and the probe complementary to the identifier-sequence recognized the expected two small brain specific identifier BC-1 and BC-2 RNAs described by Sutcliffe et al. (Sutcliffe, J. G., Milner, R. J., Bloom, F. E., and Lerner, R. A. (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 79, 4942-4946; Sutcliffe, J. G., Milner, R. J., Gottesfeld, J. M., and Lerner, R. A. (1984) Nature 308, 237-241; Milner, R. J., Bloom, F. E., Lai, C., Lerner, R. A., and Sutcliffe, J. G. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 81, 713-717; Sutcliffe, J. G., Milner, R. J., Gottesfeld, J. M., and Reynolds, W. (1984) Science 225, 1308-1314). PMID- 3753704 TI - Role of cardiac glutathione transferase and of the glutathione S-conjugate export system in biotransformation of 4-hydroxynonenal in the heart. AB - There is a remarkable difference in the isozyme pattern between cardiac and hepatic glutathione S-transferases in rat (Ishikawa, T., and Sies, H. (1984) FEBS Lett. 169, 156-160), and one near-neutral isozyme (pI = 6.9) of the cardiac glutathione S-transferases was found to have a significantly high activity toward 4-hydroxynonenal. The isozyme was inhibited by the resulting glutathione S conjugate of 4-hydroxynonenal competitively with GSH and noncompetitively with 4 hydroxynonenal. The kinetic parameters estimated for the isozyme were: kcat = 460 mol X min-1 X mol enzyme-1, Km = 50 microM for 4-hydroxynonenal, Ki = 85 microM. When the heart was perfused with 4-hydroxynonenal, a marked decrease was observed in the intracellular GSH level, accompanied by an increase of glutathione S conjugate of 4-hydroxynonenal in the heart. The rate of the conjugation reaction was more than 30 times the rate of the spontaneous reaction, the half-life of 4 hydroxynonenal in the heart being less than 4 s. The glutathione S-conjugate of 4 hydroxynonenal was released from the heart into the perfusion medium. Saturation kinetics were observed for the release with respect to the intracellular level of the S-conjugate (Vmax = 12 nmol X min-1 X g heart-1), and there was a competition by the S-conjugate for GSSG release. The release of the glutathione S-conjugate is considered as a carrier-mediated process and to be important not only in interorgan glutathione metabolism but also in diminishing the inhibitory effect of the S-conjugate on glutathione S-transferases and glutathione reductase. PMID- 3753705 TI - Isolation and primary structure of the califins, three biologically active egg laying hormone-like peptides from the atrial gland of Aplysia californica. AB - The atrial gland of the marine mollusk Aplysia californica contains several biologically active peptides that are thought to be important in reproductive function. In the present study, three novel peptides, which we named califin A, B, and C, were purified from extracts of atrial glands by high performance liquid chromatography, and their primary structures were determined. Each consists of a 36-residue subunit bound by a single disulfide bond to an 18-residue subunit. The large subunits differ from each other by one or two residues, whereas the small subunits are identical. The large subunits are 78-83% homologous to egg-laying hormone (ELH), a 36-residue peptide synthesized by the neuroendocrine bag cells of Aplysia. Like ELH, the califins excite LB and LC cells of the abdominal ganglion and cause egg laying when injected into sexually mature animals. Based on previously described DNA sequence data, each califin is likely to be derived from one of several precursor proteins that are encoded by members of the ELH gene family. Califin A is encoded on the peptide A precursor, and califin B may be encoded on the peptide B precursor. No gene encoding califin C has been sequenced. Because peptides A and B are also biologically active, the precursors encoding them and califins A and B are polyproteins. The possible role of atrial gland peptides as pheromones is discussed. PMID- 3753706 TI - Arthroscopy--"no-problem surgery". An analysis of complications in two thousand six hundred and forty cases. AB - In a retrospective review of 3,261 arthroscopic procedures on the knee, 2,640 met the criteria for inclusion in this analysis. The patients' ages ranged from eight to eighty-three years. There were 1,541 male and 1,099 female patients. Eight hundred and ninety-five of the injuries were work-related. A tourniquet was used in 1,175 procedures and the average tourniquet time was thirty minutes. There were 216 complications over-all (8.2 per cent), 126 being designated as major and ninety-seven, as minor. The major complications that were evaluated were infections, hemarthrosis, adhesions, effusions, cardiovascular, neurological, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, and instrument breakage, and the minor complications were difficulties with wound-healing and ecchymosis. Chi-square analysis showed the following factors to be significant (p less than 0.05). Patients with an industrial injury had a higher rate of neurological complications and reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Diagnostic arthroscopy had the lowest over-all complication rate. Partial medical meniscectomy was associated with a higher over-all complication rate and the highest hemarthrosis rate, and partial lateral meniscectomy was associated with the highest rate of instrument breakage. Abrasion arthroplasty had the highest rate of complications of wound healing, and subcutaneous lateral release was associated with the most adhesions. The sex of the patient and whether or not a tourniquet had been used had no effect on complications. The experience of the surgeon with arthroscopic procedures also had no correlation with the complication rate. Multiple regression analysis showed that two factors (age and, if a tourniquet was used, the tourniquet time) were dominant predictors of complications. From these data, a model was devised for predicting which patients were at risk for complications and their relative levels of risk. Certain complications may be preventable, and for others the risk factors can be reduced. The high-risk patients in our series were fifty years old or older and had a tourniquet time of sixty minutes or longer. PMID- 3753707 TI - Mechanisms of cancer metastasis to bone. PMID- 3753708 TI - Abnormal parathyroid hormone stimulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1 alpha hydroxylase activity in the hypophosphatemic mouse. Evidence for a generalized defect of vitamin D metabolism. AB - Abnormal regulation of vitamin D metabolism is a feature of X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets in man and of the murine homologue of the disease in the hypophosphatemic (Hyp)-mouse. We previously reported that mutant mice have abnormally low renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1 alpha-hydroxylase (1 alpha hydroxylase) activity for the prevailing degree of hypophosphatemia. To further characterize this defect, we examined whether Hyp-mouse renal 1 alpha-hydroxylase activity responds normally to other stimulatory and inhibitory controls of enzyme function. We studied stimulation by parathyroid hormone (PTH) using: (a) a calcium-deficient (0.02% Ca) diet to raise endogenous PTH; or (b) 24-h continuous infusion of 0.25 IU/h bovine PTH via osmotic minipump. In both cases enzyme activity of identically treated normal mice increased to greater levels than those attained by Hyp-mice. The relative inability of PTH to stimulate 1 alpha hydroxylase activity is not a function of the hypophosphatemia in the Hyp-mouse since PTH-infused, phosphate-depleted normal mice sustained a level of enzyme activity greater than that of normal and Hyp-mice. In further studies we investigated inhibition of enzyme activity by using: (a) a calcium-loaded (1.2% Ca) diet to suppress endogenous PTH; or (b) 24-h continuous infusion of 0.2 ng/h 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3). The 1 alpha-hydroxylase activity of normal and Hyp-mice was significantly reduced to similar absolute levels following maintenance on the calcium-loaded diet. Further, infusion of 1,25(OH)2D3 caused a comparable reduction of 1 alpha-hydroxylase activity in normal, Hyp-, and phosphate-depleted normal mice. These observations indicate that the inhibitory control of 1 alpha-hydroxylase by reduced levels of PTH or increased 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations is intact in the mutants. However, the inability of PTH and hypophosphatemia to stimulate enzyme activity in a manner analogous to that in normal and phosphate-depleted mice indicates that a generalized defect of 1 alpha-hydroxylase regulation is manifest in Hyp-mice. PMID- 3753710 TI - Identification of progastrin in gastrinomas, antrum, and duodenum by a novel radioimmunoassay. AB - Recent studies on the gene sequence encoding the human pyloric antral hormone, gastrin, indicate a precursor of 101 residues. We have now raised antibodies to a synthetic analogue corresponding to (Tyr)-human progastrin COOH-terminal pentapeptide. The antibodies could be used in radioimmunoassay to measure this peptide, but they did not react with corresponding fragments of procholecystokinin, porcine progastrin, or other human progastrin-derived peptides, notably heptadecapeptide gastrin (G17), and 34-residue gastrin (G34). Radioimmunoassay of human antral and duodenal extracts revealed a major peak of activity that corresponded to the native COOH-terminal fragment of progastrin, and occurred in approximately equimolar amounts with COOH-terminal G17 immunoreactivity. In addition, there was a minor peak of apparently higher molecular weight material. In some gastrinomas the latter material was the predominant immunoreactive form, and it occurred in higher molar concentrations than any other form of gastrin. Digestion of this material with trypsin liberated peptides that reacted with antibodies specific for the NH2-terminus of G34, and G17. On this basis the high molecular weight component was identified as a form of gastrin that extended from the COOH-terminus of the precursor to a point at least beyond the NH2-terminus of G34, and probably included the entire progastrin sequence. The results suggest differences in posttranslational processing pathways of progastrin in antrum, duodenum, and gastrinomas. They also indicate that the present experimental approach allows the identification of progastrin like substances, which should open the way to studying the mechanisms of gastrin biosynthesis. PMID- 3753709 TI - Oral intake of phosphorus can determine the serum concentration of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D by determining its production rate in humans. AB - Changes in the oral intake of phosphorus could induce the reported changes in the serum concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-(OH)2D) by inducing changes in its production rate (PR) or metabolic clearance rate (MCR), or both. To investigate these possibilities, we employed the constant infusion equilibrium technique to measure the PR and MCR of 1,25-(OH)2D in six healthy men in whom the oral intake of phosphorus was initially maintained at 1,500 mg/70 kg body weight per d for 9 d, then restricted to 500 mg/d (coupled with oral administration of aluminum hydroxide) for 10 d, and then supplemented to 3,000 mg/d for 10 d. With phosphorus restriction, the serum concentration of 1,25-(OH)2D increased by 80% from a mean of 38 +/- 3 to 68 +/- 6 pg/ml, P less than 0.001; the PR increased from 1.8 +/- 0.2 to 3.8 +/- 0.6 micrograms/d, P less than 0.005; the MCR did not change significantly. The fasting serum concentration of phosphorus decreased from 3.5 +/- 0.2 to 2.6 +/- 0.2 mg/dl, P less than 0.01. With phosphorus supplementation, the serum concentration of 1,25-(OH)2D decreased abruptly, reaching a nadir within 2 to 4 d; after 10 d of supplementation, the mean concentration of 27 +/- 4 pg/ml was lower by 29%, P less than 0.01, than the value measured when phosphorus intake was normal. The PR decreased to 1.3 +/- 0.2 micrograms/d, P less than 0.05; the MCR did not change significantly. The fasting serum concentration of phosphorus increased significantly, but only initially. These data demonstrate that in healthy men, reductions and increases in the oral intake of phosphorus can induce rapidly occurring, large, inverse, and persisting changes in the serum concentration of 1,25-(OH)2D. Changes in the PR of 1,25 (OH)2D account entirely for the phosphorus-induced changes in serum concentration of this hormone. PMID- 3753711 TI - Molecular analysis of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase deficiency in a family with two cases of hepatoerythropoietic porphyria. AB - In order to determine the molecular basis of uroporphyrinogen (URO) decarboxylase deficiency responsible for hepatoerythropoietic porphyria (HEP) and familial porphyria cutanea tarda, we used a human URO decarboxylase cDNA to analyze the organization and expression of the URO decarboxylase gene in lymphoblastoid cells from normal individuals and from two patients with HEP. We could detect neither deletions nor rearrangements in the URO decarboxylase gene. Synthesis, processing, and cell-free translation of the specific transcripts appeared to be normal. The half-life of the abnormal protein was 12 times shorter than that of the normal enzyme. The results indicate that the enzyme defect is due to a rapid degradation of the protein in vivo. This study is the first to provide information regarding the molecular mechanism responsible for the URO decarboxylase deficiency in HEP. PMID- 3753712 TI - Effect of protein on sympathetic nervous system activity in the rat. Evidence for nutrient-specific responses. AB - Increased energy intake activates the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in animals and man. While dietary carbohydrate and fat stimulate, the impact of dietary protein on the SNS is not well defined. The present studies examine the effect of protein ingestion on sympathetic function based upon the measurement of [3H]norepinephrine (NE) turnover in heart and interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) as the index of SNS activity. In these experiments, animals were pair-fed mixtures of laboratory chow and refined preparations of casein, sucrose, and lard to permit comparisons among nutrients with total energy intake held constant or with additional energy provided in the form of a single nutrient. After 5 d of eating a 2:1 mixture of chow and either casein or sucrose cardiac, [3H]NE turnover was less (P less than 0.005) in casein-fed rats (6.4%/h and 28.9 ng NE/h) than in animals given sucrose (11.2%/h and 46.5 ng NE/h). Similar results were obtained in IBAT and in experiments using 1:1 mixtures of chow and casein/sucrose. Casein-fed animals also displayed slower rates of NE turnover than lard-fed rats in both heart (7.8%/h vs. 13.2, P less than 0.001) and IBAT (7.0%/h vs. 12.8, P less than 0.01). Addition of casein (50% increase in energy intake) to a fixed chow ration raised NE turnover slightly, but not significantly, in heart (an average increase of 15% in six experiments). Thus, in distinction to SNS activation seen with dietary carbohydrate or fat, the SNS response to dietary protein is minimal in both heart and IBAT, indicating that the effect of increased energy intake on the SNS is dependent upon diet composition. PMID- 3753713 TI - Retracted testis mimicking lymphomatous recurrence: CT demonstration. AB - We report a case of a testicle retracted by the cremasteric reflex in response to cold that presented as an inguinal mass, which could easily have been misinterpreted as lymphomatous recurrence. PMID- 3753714 TI - Computerized dietary analysis by food groups and by nutrients from food groups. AB - The professional responsibility of dietetic and nutrition educators and counselors is to provide clients and the public with accurate, understandable information and counseling concerning the relationship of diet to health and disease. Dietary guidance expressed as energy and nutrient content is clear to the nutrition professional, but it frequently is difficult for many clients to comprehend. This study was undertaken to develop a computer software program to analyze dietary data in terms of foods, food groups, and nutrients and to discuss the applications of the computerized assessment. Dietary recalls from a group of noninstitutionalized older women were used for illustrative purposes. Dietary intakes were described in terms of servings consumed of 9 major food groups and 39 major subgroups. Intake of energy and selected nutrients from each major food group was calculated. Recalls were evaluated by comparison with recommended servings from two food guides and recommended energy and nutrient allowances. The information elicited by the software package is useful for monitoring changes in food consumption patterns, assessing dietary compliance, planning, and evaluating nutrition and feeding programs. PMID- 3753715 TI - Ultrastructural localization of lectin receptors on the luminal and abluminal aspects of brain micro-blood vessels. AB - Lectin- or glycoprotein-colloidal gold complexes were used for detection of specific monosaccharide residues in mouse brain micro-blood vessels (MBVs). The lectins tested recognize the following residues: beta-D-galactosyl (Ricinus communis agglutinin-120, RCA-1), alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyl (Helix pomatia agglutinin, HPA), alpha-D-mannosyl and alpha-D-glucosyl (Concanavalin A, Con A), sialoglycoconjugates (Limax flavus agglutinin, LFA), N-acetylglucosaminyl and sialyl (wheat germ agglutinin, WGA), and alpha-L-fucosyl (Ulex europeus agglutinin, UEA-1). Use of these lectin-gold complexes and ultrathin sections of Lowicryl K4M-embedded tissue makes it possible to gain insights into localization of lectin receptors in the entire cross-section of MBV walls. Receptors for all lectins, except UEA-1, were found on both luminal and abluminal fronts of the endothelial cells (ECs). Differential labeling of luminal and abluminal fronts of ECs with some lectins (Con A, HPL) is considered to reflect the polarity of the endothelium. Some differences noted in the distribution of lectin receptors in the wall of representatives of three types of MBVs (capillaries, arterioles, and venules) are thought to be associated with different functions performed by the above-mentioned segments of the microvasculature in maintenance of the blood brain barrier. PMID- 3753716 TI - In situ detection of vitamin D-induced calcium-binding protein (9-kDa CaBP) messenger RNA in rat duodenum. AB - We have previously described the molecular cloning of a cDNA fragment synthesized from rat duodenal mRNA coding for a 9000-dalton vitamin D-induced calcium-binding protein (9-kDa CaBP) (3). We now report the use of this cloned cDNA to study the cytological distribution of 9-kDa CaBP mRNA in rat duodenum by in situ hybridization. Tissue sections, fixed in ethanol:acetic acid, were hybridized to the 3H-cDNA probe and processed for autoradiography. The specificity of the CaBP mRNA-DNA hybrid formation was checked using 3H-labeled plasmid pBR322 DNA as a control probe. 9k-Da CaBP mRNA, visualized by silver grains, was found only in the absorptive epithelial cells, and the concentration was greater in the cells at the villous tips than in those of the crypts. The 9k-Da CaBP mRNA was observed mainly in the cytoplasm of the columnar cells and less frequently in the nucleus. Labeling was not seen in the brush border and goblet cells. The submucosa, with Brunner's glands and muscularis, also showed no specific 9-kDa CaBP mRNA concentration. This demonstration of 9-kDa CaBP gene activity in the columnar cells of the rat duodenum illustrates the usefulness of in situ hybridization for characterization of specific cells involved in the expression of 1,25(OH)2 D3 activity. PMID- 3753717 TI - Ontogeny and oestradiol dependence of vitamin D-binding protein blood levels in chickens. AB - The concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-binding protein (DBP) was measured, by immunodiffusion, in the blood of chickens from embryonic stages to sexual maturity. Low levels of DBP and 1,25-(OH)2D3 were detectable in the blood of chick embryos from the 12th and 17th day of incubation respectively and stayed at the same low levels until hatching. The blood concentration of DBP doubled between the 1st and 5th days of life, then increased slowly and reached the mean level of the adult male at 7-8 weeks of age. The concentration of DBP was independent of vitamin D status in growing chickens. A large increase was observed in DBP blood levels in hens just before sexual maturity. This change, and those observed in moulting hens, followed the variations in plasma concentrations of oestradiol more closely than those of progesterone or testosterone. Moreover, a large increase in plasma DBP levels was induced in immature chickens by oestradiol (0.5 mg/day), but not by testosterone or progesterone. Finally, the experimental suppression of egg shell formation and the associated decrease in 1,25-(OH)2D3 plasma levels had no effect on plasma DBP concentrations. However, 1,25-(OH)2D3 and DBP levels were higher in hens laying shell-less eggs than in immature pullets. The increases in DBP levels at hatching, in immature pullets treated with oestrogens, in hens laying uncalcified eggs and at the onset of egg production were associated with increases in 1,25 (OH)2D3, suggesting a relationship between the levels of DBP and 1,25-(OH)2D3 in the blood. PMID- 3753718 TI - Mediastinal nonlymphoblastic lymphomas in children: a clinicopathologic study. AB - The records of 25 pediatric patients with mediastinal nonlymphoblastic lymphoma (NLBL) were reviewed. These patients comprise approximately 5% of all patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in the pediatric age group. There were 15 females and ten males. The median age was 13.5 years (range, 2 to 19). Most patients presented with symptoms attributable to a large mediastinal mass, and superior vena cava syndrome was a common feature. Disease was localized to the supradiaphragmatic area in 17 patients (71%) at diagnosis. Pathologic review revealed 22 of these lymphomas to be diffuse histiocytic type in the Rappaport classification, and 20 were large-cell immunoblastic type in the Working Formulation. Treatment regimens were not uniform, but included multiagent chemotherapy in 23 patients and radiation to the mediastinum in 20 patients. Twenty-three patients (92%) attained a complete remission (CR). Of these, 17 (74%) remain disease-free 13 to 65 months from diagnosis (median, 43 months). No CNS relapses have been observed. Mediastinal NLBL in the pediatric age group has distinctive clinicopathologic features that warrant special consideration in the design of treatment protocols. PMID- 3753719 TI - Is reactive gliosis a property of a distinct subpopulation of astrocytes? AB - We have shown previously that the A2B5 monoclonal antibody distinguishes two types of glial fibrillary acidic protein-containing astrocytes in semithin frozen sections of adult rat optic nerve: A2B5- (type-1) astrocytes are found mainly at the periphery of the nerve, where they form the glial limiting membrane, while A2B5+ (type-2) astrocytes are found mainly in the interior of the nerve and constitute more than 65% of the astrocytes in the adult optic nerve. In the present study we show that although most astrocytes in semithin frozen sections of adult rat corpus callosum and optic nerve are A2B5+, the great majority of reactive astrocytes in similar sections of corpus callosum examined 20 weeks after a stab lesion, and in optic nerve examined 20 weeks after adult transection, are A2B5-. Although both A2B5+ and A2B5- astrocytes are stimulated to synthesize DNA in the first week after transection, adult optic nerves examined 20 weeks after transection contain only half as many astrocytes as do normal optic nerves: While A2B5+ astrocytes are reduced almost 10-fold, A2B5- astrocytes are increased by about 25%. We consider the simplest interpretation of these findings to be that type-1 astrocytes are largely responsible for forming glial scars in adult white matter following either a stab lesion or Wallerian degeneration and that in transected optic nerves, most type-2 astrocytes eventually die, possibly because they depend on axons for their long-term survival. PMID- 3753720 TI - Characterization of proopiomelanocortin mRNA detected by in situ hybridization. AB - In situ hybridization is a method for detecting specific nucleotide sequences by using a labeled complementary nucleic acid probe. We have characterized in situ hybridization in rat pituitary using a cDNA probe directed against a portion of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA to show its specificity in tissue sections. This characterization includes the size of the target mRNA from tissue processed for in situ hybridization, the dissociation pattern of the cDNA:mRNA hybrid, and quantitation of changes in POMC mRNA levels in the rat pituitary intermediate lobe detected both by in situ hybridization and "dot blot" techniques. PMID- 3753721 TI - Multiple brain abscesses associated with a mycotic aneurysm of the left common carotid artery. Case report. AB - A case is reported of multiple microabscesses confined to the left cerebral hemisphere and an aneurysm of the left common carotid artery. The aneurysm was presumed to be mycotic, secondary to extension of a tonsillar and pharyngeal infection. Infected microemboli dislodged from the aneurysmal sac were presumed to be the cause of the multiple microabscesses. PMID- 3753722 TI - Neonatal hyperammonemia resulting from severe in utero hepatic necrosis. PMID- 3753723 TI - Management of postoperative nesidioblastosis with zinc protamine glucagon and oral starch. PMID- 3753724 TI - Bleeding time in hemophilia A: potential mechanisms for prolongation. AB - Prolongation of bleeding time has been previously observed in hemophilia, although no cause has been elucidated. We measured bleeding time, platelet aggregation, nucleotide release, and thromboxane B2 (TXB2), plasma 6-keto-PGF 1 alpha, platelet-associated IgG (PAIgG), and circulating immune complexes in 31 unselected patients with severe hemophilia A and in 17 controls. In 85% of patients with hemophilia A, the bleeding time was greater than 2 SD above the control level (greater than 8 minutes). Sixty-six percent of patients with hemophilia A had circulating immune complexes, and there was a striking relationship between the presence of these complexes and prolonged bleeding time. Plasma 6-keto-PGF 1 alpha levels were significantly elevated in the patient group, and correlated with bleeding time changes. Platelet aggregation and nucleotide release were normal in the patients with hemophilia, although reduced platelet TXB2 biosynthesis was noted in 26%. No correlation was demonstrated between bleeding time and impairment of platelet TXB2 formation. Seventy-two percent of the patients with hemophilia A had elevated levels of PAIgG, and an inverse relationship between PAIgG and platelet count was observed. No relationship was noted between platelet count and bleeding time. This study indicates that the majority of patients with hemophilia A have prolonged bleeding times. The close correlation between bleeding time, plasma 6-keto-PGF 1 alpha levels, and the presence of circulating immune complexes suggests a role for immune complex-mediated defects in vascular function as the basis for bleeding time prolongation. PMID- 3753725 TI - Prenatal appendiceal perforation: a case report. AB - A neonate is reported with the meconium cyst form of meconium peritonitis secondary to appendiceal perforation, which occurred prior to birth. PMID- 3753726 TI - Effect of bipolar coagulation and occlusion clamping on the patency rate in microvascular anastomosis. AB - Even with extremely high output from a bipolar coagulator applied close to a vessel, the patency in the femoral arteries and veins of 20 rats was found to be excellent. Scanning electron microscopy and histopathologic studies showed minimal disturbances within the intima. When the extremely high pressure (350 gramforce/mm2) of the Ikuta microvascular occlusion clamp was applied to the rat femoral veins for 1 hour, only one out of six veins became nonpatent. Lower pressures had no detrimental effects on the other 33 veins. When high clamping pressure and high output bipolar coagulation were applied together in 20 femoral veins of the rat, patency rate was 80 percent. From the results, it appears that bipolar coagulation is extremely safe, while clamping can be harmful to patency in microvascular anastomoses. PMID- 3753727 TI - Effect of centchroman on tubal transport and preimplantation embryonic development in rats. AB - A single oral administration of centchroman (1.25 mg/kg) to adult female rats within 24 h of mating induced slight acceleration in the rate of transport of embryos through the oviducts. The compound did not seem to produce any deleterious effect on preimplantation embryonic development since well organized and apparently normal embryos were collected from the genital tract up to Day 12 of pregnancy. The recovery rate of embryos from centchroman-treated rats was, however, significantly reduced after Day 4 of pregnancy. There was some stimulation in the rate of cleavage of embryos and morula to blastocyst transformation, but retardation in the shedding of the zona pellucida. The rate of blastocyst formation was not altered when 6-8-cell embryos collected from the oviducts of control rats were transferred to the uteri of control or centchroman treated females. A delay in zona shedding was observed in the centchroman-treated recipients. PMID- 3753728 TI - Condylomata acuminata in the pediatric patient. AB - Condyloma acuminatum has been recognized as venereal disease in adults but it has not always been similarly identified in children. We review our experience with 30 children with condylomata acuminata. Of the 14 children evaluated more than half have been determined to have a sexual etiology for the lesion. Recommendations for evaluation and treatment of children with condylomata acuminata are reviewed. PMID- 3753729 TI - Re: Early problems encountered with the Mentor inflatable penile prosthesis. PMID- 3753730 TI - High energy shock waves suppress tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. AB - Exposure of the Dunning R3327AT-3 rat prostatic carcinoma and SK-Mel-28 human melanoma, in vitro, to high energy shock waves resulted in a reduction in cell viability as determined by trypan blue exclusion and a decrease in the number of colonies formed in a clonogenic assay. Flow cytometric determination of DNA content in R3327AT-3 cells treated in vitro indicated a selective diminution of cells in the G2 and M phases of the cell cycle. When R3327AT-3 cells exposed to high energy shock waves were subsequently injected into rats, or tumor bearing animals were treated by high energy shock waves targeted at the tumor, a delay in tumor growth was observed. These observations indicate that high energy shock waves are cytotoxic to tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Additional research into the possible use of high energy shock waves in the non-invasive destruction of animal and human tumors is warranted. PMID- 3753731 TI - Child abuse and neglect. PMID- 3753732 TI - Efficacy of two elemental diets: a pair feeding study. AB - The efficacy and side effects of two elemental diets were studied. Twenty young Sprague-Dawley rats were fed one of three different diets. Group I (n = 7) was fed Vivonex-HN (VIV) ad lib; group II (n = 7) was given Criticare-HN (CRI), pair fed to group I (the two elemental diets were given in glass bottles); group III was fed regular rat chow and served as control (CON). Body weight (WT), food intake, and nitrogen balance (NB) were measured daily. After 21 days, change in body weight was similar in the three groups (VIV = 64.9 +/- 3.2%; CRI = 59.6 +/- 3.3%; CON = 63.9 +/- 4.8%). Cumulative nitrogen balance was also similar in the two groups fed elemental diets (VIV = 4788 +/- 277 mg N; CRI = 4690 +/- 118 mg N), but in both these groups it was less than the control group fed chow (8060 +/ 85 mg N). Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) on the last day was higher in the VIV group (12.9 +/- 1.22 mg/dl) than in the CRI group (9.43 +/- 0.43 mg/dl), but in both study groups it was lower than in the CON group (17.2 +/- 1.08 mg/dl), although nitrogen intake was higher in the control (ad lib) group. SGPT was similar in the two elemental diets but higher than in CON. Liver weights were higher in the CRI group, probably abnormally so and likely due to increased fat content. Both diets had similar efficacy in nutritional support. PMID- 3753733 TI - Inhibition of pulmonary surfactant by plasma from normal adults and from patients having cardiopulmonary bypass. AB - Plasma from normal adults and from children and adults having cardiopulmonary bypass inhibited the ability of pulmonary surfactant to reach low surface tension in proportion to the amount of protein added. No increase in the extent of inhibition of surfactant action per milligram of protein was seen in plasma taken before or after bypass in adults or children. PMID- 3753734 TI - Cardioplegic solution: a contamination crisis. AB - Eleven patients were given varying doses of cardioplegic solution contaminated with Enterobacter cloacae. Five patients died. Early bleeding, necessitating reoperation, occurred in eight patients and a total of 126 units of blood and 203 units of platelets were given (range 2 to 19 and 15 to 47 units, respectively). Mycotic aneurysms developed in four patients, rupturing between the ninth and eleventh postoperative day. Only one of these patients survived. Other complications included adult respiratory distress syndrome (three patients), renal failure (four patients), sternal infections (six patients), and organic brain syndrome (five patients). Although some factors of gram-negative septicemia were identified in retrospect, others were masked by the clinical setting in which it occurred. We recommend that each dose of cardioplegic solution be prepared on an individual basis and used immediately. We also recommend that "sternal blood" be cultured on all patients. The subtle features of "gram negative septicemia" necessitate urgent investigation and treatment. The combination of low white cell count, high cardiac output, and low peripheral vascular resistance should be assumed to indicate septicemia until proved otherwise. A full coagulation screen including platelet function and fibrin degradation products should be performed in any and all patients with these findings. Mycotic aneurysms mandate urgent reoperation with interposition of a saphenous vein segment of these patients are to survive. PMID- 3753735 TI - A comparison of PORP, TORP, and incus homograft for ossicular reconstruction in chronic ear surgery. AB - This report presents the results of 210 cases over a 10-year period using PORPs, TORPs, and notched incus homografts (NIH), for ossicular reconstruction in chronic ear surgery. There were 192 adults and 18 children. The surgical technique utilized temporalis fascia in an underlay technique with canal skin covering the outer surface of the fascia. Intact canal wall mastoid tympanoplasty, as a one-stage procedure, was used for most cases. Homograft nasal cartilage was placed between the Plasti-Pore prosthesis and the graft. Notched incus homografts were prepared prior to surgery and stored in 4% formalin. There were 149 mastoid-tympanoplasties and 61 tympanoplasties performed. Revision of our cases was performed in 16.6%. Within 3 months of surgery, 86% of adults, and 44% (8/18) of children had dry, healed ears free of disease. The graft take rate was 96%. In adults, a total of 99 NIH, 50 TORPs, and 43 PORPs were implanted. In adults, the closure of the air-bone gap to 20 dB or less occurred in 58% using TORPs, 67% using PORPs, 76% using NIH-Partial replacement, and 20% using NIH Total replacement. Excluding the cases that failed for reasons other than conductive hearing loss, the results improved to 69% for TORPs, 77% for PORPs, 77% for NIH-P, and 27% for NIH-T. In adults, the extrusion rate was 5.5% for Plasti-Pore and 3% for NIH. In children, the extrusion rate was 17% for Plasti Pore prostheses. From this study, it appears that PORPs and TORPs with homograft nasal cartilage are satisfactory prostheses for chronic ear surgery in adults. In children, Plasti-Pore prostheses should be avoided unless the ear is healed, aerated, and stable. NIHs are good prostheses when the stapes is intact, but they are inferior to the TORP when placed on the footplate. Also, the NIH requires preparation prior to surgery and may be difficult to obtain. We plan to continue using PORPs and TORPs in chronic ear surgery until a better technique is found, or the complication rate becomes unacceptable. PMID- 3753736 TI - Sudden sensorineural hearing loss following manipulation of the cervical spine. AB - Review of the otolaryngologic literature reveals no reports of sudden sensorineural hearing loss resulting from manipulation of the cervical spine. Indeed, in previously reported cases of vertebrobasilar artery injury following spinal manipulation, hearing loss has received little attention. Two patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss following cervical spine manipulation are presented. The audiologic findings and cerebral arteriograms are reviewed and treatment is discussed. A review of the anatomy and pathophysiology is also included, and a possible mechanism of injury to the vertebral artery is proposed. PMID- 3753737 TI - Electrically evoked potentials in cochlear implant subjects. AB - A series of experiments was performed to study electrically evoked potentials as indicators of subject response to cochlear implantation. 1. Brain stem evoked responses to electrical stimulation were compared to those obtained by acoustic stimulation in guinea pigs. The response pattern was similar and was independent of the site of placement of the stimulus electrode (cochlear base or apex) or of the extracochlear ground electrode (eustachian tube or temporalis muscle) when evoked electrically. 2. Electrically evoked middle latency responses were recorded and compared to subjective behavioral thresholds in patients who had received a single channel cochlear implant (House-Urban). The behavioral responses to the same stimuli were similar. 3. Electrically evoked auditory brain stem responses were studied in single channel cochlear implant subjects (3M/House). When evoked electrically, potential latencies were shorter and interpeak intervals narrower than acoustically evoked potentials. PMID- 3753739 TI - An indexing system for SNOMED. PMID- 3753740 TI - Visual stimulator for eye movement studies based on a microcomputer system. PMID- 3753738 TI - Elevation of acetylcholine levels in striatum of rat brain by LY163502, trans-(-) 5,5a,6,7,8,9a,10-octahydro-6-propylpyrimido less than 4,5-g greater than quinolin 2-amine dihydrochloride, a potent and stereospecific dopamine (D2) agonist. AB - LY163502, a partial ergoline and a trans-levorotatory enantiomer, does not stimulate adenylate cyclase in striatal membranes but inhibits 50% binding of 3H apomorphine, 3H-pergolide and 3H-spiperone at 10, 13 and 151 nM (IC50), respectively. The racemic mixture (LY137157) is less effective, with 3, 2.7 and 1.4 times higher IC50 values, respectively, whereas the dextrorotatory isomer (LY175877) is inactive. LY163502 inhibits binding of 3H-clonidine with an IC50 value of 2600 nM, but not the binding of 3H-WB4101, 3H-dihydroalprenolol, 3H serotonin, 3H-quinuclidinyl benzilate and 3H-pyramilamine or the uptake of serotonin, norepinephrine or dopamine, suggesting selective affinity toward dopamine receptors in vitro. Both LY163502 and LY137157 elevate striatal acetylcholine (Ach) levels. The elevation of Ach levels by LY163502 is reversed by dopamine antagonists haloperidol, cis-flupenthixol and metoclopramide. Therefore, the levorotatory enantiomer exhibits pharmacology of a D2 type of dopamine agonist. PMID- 3753741 TI - Pathological rupture of the spleen in transforming non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. AB - Two patients with an initial diagnosis of a poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma suffered a pathological rupture of the spleen in association with the histological transformation of the disease to a large cell lymphoma and the development of a leukaemic phase. The value of computerized tomographic scanning of the upper abdomen in confirming the diagnosis of splenic rupture is demonstrated. PMID- 3753742 TI - Atracurium and anaphylaxis. PMID- 3753743 TI - Lack of clastogenic effects of irradiated glucose in somatic and germ cells of mice. AB - The clastogenic ability of irradiated glucose was evaluated using the micronucleus test in bone marrow cells and the chromosomal aberration assay in the spermatogonial cells of mice. Glucose was irradiated with 0.2, 2.0, 20 and 50 kGy of gamma-rays and administered to mice for various periods. No evidence of mutagenic effects was observed in somatic or germ cells. PMID- 3753744 TI - Bright light and retinopathy of prematurity. PMID- 3753745 TI - Factitious elevation of thyrotropin in euthyroid patients, continued. PMID- 3753746 TI - Isolation of a cDNA clone coding for a possible neural nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha-subunit. AB - We have isolated a complementary DNA clone containing sequences homologous to those encoding the alpha-subunit of a mouse muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Based on the structural similarities between the encoded protein and the muscle acetylcholine receptor alpha-subunit, and the presence of hybridizing RNA species in the brain, we propose that this clone codes for a neural nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha-subunit. PMID- 3753747 TI - Primary structure of Torpedo californica acetylcholinesterase deduced from its cDNA sequence. AB - Acetylcholinesterase, an essential enzyme of the nervous system, rapidly terminates the action of acetylcholine released into the synapse. Acetylcholinesterase is also found (in lower abundance) in extrajunctional areas of muscle and nerve and on erythrocyte membranes. Hydrodynamic analyses of the native enzyme and characterization of its dissociated subunits have revealed multiple enzyme forms which can be divided into two classes: dimensionally asymmetric forms which are usually found within the synapse and contain a collagen-like structural subunit disulphide-linked to the catalytic subunits; and globular forms which appear to be widely distributed on the outer surface of cell membranes. Both forms have been characterized in the ray Torpedo californica and, although their catalytic behaviours seem to be identical, they differ slightly in amino-acid composition, peptide maps and reactivity with certain monoclonal antibodies. Here, we report the complete amino-acid sequence of an acetylcholinesterase inferred from the sequence of a complementary DNA clone. The 575-residue protein shows significant homology with the C-terminal portion of thyroglobulin. PMID- 3753748 TI - Nucleotide sequence of chicken c-myb complementary DNA and implications for myb oncogene activation. AB - Avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV), like other acute transforming viruses, arose by recombination between its helper virus and host cellular sequences. The latter sequences, termed v-myb, are responsible for the oncogenic properties of the virus. AMV causes acute myeloblastic leukaemia in chickens and transforms a specific class of haematopoietic cells in vitro, but does not induce morphological transformation of cultured fibroblasts, suggesting that only a restricted target-cell population is responsive to its transforming gene product. The normal cellular counterpart of v-myb, c-myb, is highly conserved and is present in all vertebrate and some invertebrate species examined. DNA rearrangements and altered expression of the myb oncogene have been reported in mouse lymphoid tumours and human myeloid and colon tumours. The mechanism of activation of the cellular proto-oncogenes is thought to involve the structural alteration of the coding regions that result in either the synthesis of an altered gene product or the enhanced expression of a proto-oncogene caused by alterations in its regulatory elements. To distinguish between these two mechanisms, we have cloned and sequenced the chicken c-myb complementary DNA and compared it with that of v-myb sequences. We demonstrate that during the transduction of the cellular sequences and/or viral passage a substantial portion of the coding region of the c-myb gene has been lost from both the 5' and 3' ends, resulting in the generation of a truncated gene product that mediates the transforming function of the virus. PMID- 3753749 TI - Decreased free 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol index in patients with the nephrotic syndrome. AB - The serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D3 metabolites and their transport protein (DBP) were measured in 18 patients with the nephrotic syndrome (mean daily proteinuria 8.8 g). The glomerular filtration rate was normal in 13 patients while the remaining 5 had a mild degree of renal failure. The serum concentrations of total protein, albumin and DBP were significantly decreased in patients with the nephrotic syndrome. The serum calcium concentration was decreased but the calculated ionized calcium concentration remained normal. The serum concentrations of 25 hydroxycholecalciferol (5.3 +/- 3.1 micrograms/l) and 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25-(OH)2D3 (20 +/- 12 ng/l)] were significantly lower in patients with the nephrotic syndrome and normal glomerular filtration rates than in normal controls (14.4 +/- 4 micrograms/l and 42 +/- 13 ng/l, respectively). The free 1,25-(OH)2D3 index was also significantly below normal (0.9 +/- 0.4 vs. 1.8 +/- 0.4). Total and free 1,25-(OH)2D3 were still further reduced in patients with mild renal failure. The nephrotic syndrome thus results in mild vitamin D depletion with decreased free 1,25-(OH)2D3 concentrations but generally without secondary hyperparathyroidism. PMID- 3753750 TI - Three-dimensional computed tomographic reformation of the spine, skull, and brain from axial images. AB - Three-dimensional (3D) images were reconstructed from axial computed tomographic scans using the new 3D83 (General Electric Co.) software. Images were reformatted as a movie in multiple frames, each consisting of a discrete 3D scene, and were rotated 360 degrees in 3D space. Improvement in shading and surface algorithm has been made from the previous 3D82 program so that 3D images now have a realistic appearance. Soft tissue and bone modes are available; the latter reconstructs best in 3D because of its high density pixels, which provide a more exclusive threshold. 3D reconstructions of the spine were the most rewarding because the complex anatomy of the spine seems to be best suited for 3D imaging. By hemisection of the spine by subregion, the intervertebral foramina can be evaluated for stenosis. Some drawbacks in this program are the need for user interaction, the lengthy time of reconstruction, and the dependence on high quality axial images. PMID- 3753751 TI - Endometrial adenocarcinoma after in utero diethylstilbesterol exposure. AB - The association of cervicovaginal adenocarcinoma and in utero diethylstilbesterol exposure is well known. There is concern that offspring exposed in utero may be predisposed to develop other malignancies as well. Presented is a case of endometrial adenocarcinoma occurring in this clinical setting. To the best of the authors' knowledge this association has not been reported previously. PMID- 3753752 TI - [The use of morphine in the spinal cord area]. PMID- 3753753 TI - Gestational age-dependent changes in plasma inositol levels and surfactant composition in the fetal rat. AB - To study the possibility that changes in fetal surfactant composition depend on the availability of inositol, we isolated surfactant material from lungs of fetal and neonatal rats and estimated their plasma inositol concentration. During the 18- to 22-day gestational period the amount of surfactant increases from 0.17 to 3.10 mumol phospholipids/g wet lung. From day 20 onward, 70% or more of the phospholipids is phosphatidylcholine. In this period the relatively high percentage of phosphatidylinositol (8%) in the lung surfactant decreases to 4% whereas the percentage of phosphatidylglycerol increases from 2 to 8% at parturition. During gestation the phospholipid/protein ratio of the surfactant material increase from 3 to 11 and the highest ratio is found immediately after birth. It decreases again 24 h after birth to values characteristic for surfactant from adult rats. The plasma inositol concentration drops during the 18 to 22-day period from 0.81 to 0.26 mmol/liter and a similar decrease in inositol concentration occurs in amniotic fluids. The phosphatidylglycerol/phosphatidylinositol ratio of surfactant correlated negatively with the fetal plasma inositol concentration. It is most likely that the reduction in the level of fetal plasma inositol resulting from a declining production and an increasing metabolism, causes the decrease in phosphatidylinositol and increase in PG content of the surfactant of the fetal rat. PMID- 3753754 TI - Effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 treatment on mineral balance in children with end stage renal disease undergoing chronic hemofiltration. AB - Ten children with end stage renal disease on chronic hemofiltration (HF) were studied for a 1-yr period to evaluate the efficacy of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) therapy on biohumoral parameters of renal osteodystrophy and bone mineral content. In six of these children an acute study was done of the direct effect of the HF procedure on calcium and phosphate balance during 12 HF sessions. During the first 6 months of the study all children were treated with 1,25(OH)2D3 (0.25-0.50 microgram/day) to maintain plasma calcium at 9.5-11.0 mg/dl. There was a significant increase in plasma calcium (p less than 0.05) and a significant decrease in plasma phosphate (p less than 0.01) and alkaline phosphatase concentrations (p less than 0.05). The circulating levels of NH2 immunoreactive parathyroid hormone did not change, remaining at the upper limits of reference values. Immunoreactive parathyroid hormone-COOH terminal fragment levels decreased significantly (p less than 0.05). Bone mineral content rose significantly (p less than 0.01). During the last 6 months of the study, to evaluate the possibility that HF alone might control secondary hyperparathyroidism, 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment was discontinued in five children; plasma calcium and phosphate were well controlled whereas hyperparathyroidism worsened in all five, and one also developed intense pruritus and hypertension. The other five children remained on 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment; two of these were transplanted, and the other three continued to show an improvement of mineral balance. The results of the acute study showed that calcium balance was positive with a mean Ca++ gain of 140 mg/HF session. The mean total phosphate removed per HF run was 574 mg.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3753755 TI - Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase activity in isovaleric acidemia fibroblasts using an improved tritium release assay. AB - Isovaleric acidemia is a disorder of leucine metabolism caused by a deficiency of isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase. At least two clinical subgroups of patients exist: a severe form, in which symptoms occur within the 1st wk of life, and a milder variant in which manifestations develop later in life. We developed a modified version of the tritium release assay to accurately measure residual isovaleryl CoA dehydrogenase activity in fibroblasts from patients with both forms of isovaleric acidemia. In the modified assay, specific isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase catalyzed tritium release from [2,3-3H]isovaleryl-CoA was determined by including an inhibitor of isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase, (methylenecyclopropyl)acetyl-CoA, in one of the tubes in paired assays, to determine the nonspecifically released 3H2O. Residual activities of the nine isovaleric acidemia lines tested ranged from 0 to 0.67 pmol 3H2O/min/mg protein (controls 19.4 +/- 8.0). The three lines from mildly affected individuals all had no detectable activity, whereas the severe cases had a mean of 0.41 pmol 3H2O/min/mg protein. Normal human fibroblast isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase had a Km for isovaleryl-CoA of 22 microM, with a Vmax of 51 pmol 3H2O/min/mg protein. The Ki of isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase by (methylenecyclopropyl)acetyl-CoA was approximately 2 microM. PMID- 3753757 TI - Adsorption of natural lung surfactant and phospholipid extracts related to tubular myelin formation. AB - The microstructure of aqueous dispersions of pulmonary surfactant lipids extracted from bovine lung lavage was investigated by electron microscopic analysis. Following organic solvent extraction (chloroform/methanol) from natural lung surfactant, the mixed lipids (CLL), with 1% residual protein, were dispersed in water by two techniques, probe sonication at 4 degrees C and mechanical vortexing. Surface pressure-time adsorption isotherms were defined for the CLL dispersions, followed by staining with tannic acid, uranyl acetate, and lead citrate for electron microscopy of microstructure. CLL extract dispersions adsorbed in seconds to surface pressures near 45 dynes/cm (surface tension 25 dynes/cm) at low concentrations less than or equal to 0.25 mg/ml after dispersion by sonication of 4 degrees C and by mechanical vortexing. Ultrastructurally, the CLL dispersions were somewhat heterogeneous, but large thin-walled phospholipid vesicles, both intact and fragmented, predominated. No tubular myelin was formed. By contrast, natural lung surfactant (LS) from bronchoalveolar lavage had characteristic regions of tubular myelin when it adsorbed well at low concentrations (less than or equal to 0.25 mg phospholipid/ml). When divalent cations were removed from solution with 5 mM EDTA, this distinctive microstructure was not present and natural LS adsorbed less rapidly; higher concentrations of 0.63 mg phospholipid/ml were necessary for maximal adsorption of natural LS without tubular myelin. These results suggest that while tubular myelin is associated with optimal adsorption for natural LS, it is not a required configuration for rapid adsorption facility at low phospholipid concentrations in general. Specifically, for dispersions of surfactant extracts, other microstructures allow adsorption facility equivalent to that of natural LS with tubular myelin. PMID- 3753756 TI - Lung development in the streptozotocin rat fetus: antioxidant enzymes and survival in high oxygen. AB - Offspring of experimentally induced diabetic animals demonstrate delays in functional, biochemical, and morphological aspects of lung maturation, dealing mainly with the surfactant system. To investigate whether the development of the lung antioxidant enzyme system would be similarly delayed, and thus compromise their tolerance to high O2 exposure, we did the following: 1) produced the diabetic state in rats with streptozotocin injection 24 h after the onset of pregnancy; 2) examined fetal animals from streptozotocin and control rats at gestational days 19, 20, and 21, and newborn animals at day 22 for whole lung disaturated phosphatidylcholine and total phospholipid and for the three antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase; and 3) exposed newborn offspring from streptozotocin-treated and control rats to greater than 95% O2 for several days and their survival, changes in antioxidant enzymes and disaturated phosphatidylcholine and light microscopic findings in response to hyperoxic challenge were compared. Streptozotocin offspring demonstrated essentially no developmental differences in whole lung disaturated phosphatidylcholine, total phospholipid, or antioxidant enzymes activity at the 4 gestational days studied. However, newborns of streptozotocin mothers had consistently superior tolerance to hyperoxic exposure, consisting of increased survival [23/34 (68%) versus 8/26 (31%) in controls, after O2-exposure for 13 days, p less than 0.001], microscopic evidence of reduced inhibition of alveolarization (p less than 0.05), and a trend toward greater antioxidant enzymes response. Thus, in this animal model of experimental diabetes, neither the development of the antioxidant enzymes system nor the development of the surfactant system (as assessed by whole lung disaturated phosphatidylcholine and total phospholipid) appear delayed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3753758 TI - Perinatal development of myoinositol uptake into lung cells: surfactant phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol synthesis in the rabbit. AB - It has been proposed that the high serum myoinositol promotes fetal growth and affects development of lung surfactant. However, it is unclear how the extracellular myoinositol becomes available in specific cells and whether there are developmental differences in myoinositol uptake. In the present study the mechanisms and perinatal development of intracellular myoinositol uptake into rabbit lung cells were investigated. Lung slices, lung explants, and type II alveolar cells were used. Evidence of saturable, sodium- and energy-dependent, and of non-saturable, sodium- and energy-independent myoinositol uptake was found. The nonsaturable uptake decreased by 67% during spontaneous maturation, as studied in lung slices. Beta-methasone (0.2 mg/kg days 26.3 and 27.3, to the doe) decreased by 65% the nonsaturable myoinositol uptake in 28-day-old fetuses. However, the saturable uptake revealed only small changes during perinatal development. The effect of extracellular myoinositol on surfactant phospholipid synthesis was evaluated in lung explants from 28-day-old fetuses, cultured for 2 days. In the presence of 10(-6) M dexamethasone the concentration of extracellular myoinositol, required for half-maximal inhibition of surfactant phosphatidylglycerol incorporation was higher than in explants grown without the hormone (approximately 0.4 versus 0.2 mM). However, in the microsomal fraction the phosphatidylglycerol incorporation was always inhibited by as low as 4 microM myoinositol. Myoinositol was taken up by isolated type II cells preferably by nonsaturable mechanism. The phosphatidylglycerol incorporation was less sensitive to extracellular myoinositol in adult than in fetal cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3753759 TI - Medical care and preterm infants of normal birth weight. AB - Preterm infants of normal birth weight (born before 37 completed weeks of gestation and weighing more than 2,250 g) experience a neonatal mortality risk almost four times higher than do term infants in the same weight range. In an analysis of the effect of hospital level of birth on neonatal mortality, such preterm normal weight infants were found to experience higher mortality if born outside of a Level 3 (tertiary care) center. For all singleton infants in this weight-gestation category born in New York City maternity services during a 3 year period (N = 23,257), the relative mortality risk for Level 1 births (compared with Level 3) was 1.72 (P less than .01) and for Level 2 births 1.47 (P less than .05). The excess mortality at Level 1 and Level 2 units was almost entirely due to a more than twofold higher death rate in black infants born in these units. Several potentially confounding socioeconomic, demographic, and biologic variables entered into a logistic regression model could not account for the higher mortality rates for black infants born in Level 1 and Level 2 units. Among black infants born at Level 1 units, deaths in preterm normal birth weight infants were less likely to occur in a receiving tertiary care center than were either deaths in low birth weight infants or deaths in term normal weight infants, suggesting that the need for special care of preterm normal birth weight infants is underestimated in some hospitals without newborn intensive care units. PMID- 3753760 TI - Epidemiology of inguinal hernia in preterm neonates. AB - We have studied the epidemiology of inguinal hernias in preterm infants. Inguinal hernias occur with increased frequency in infants less than or equal to 32 weeks' gestational age or less than or equal to 1,250 g birth weight. Among infants less than or equal to 32 weeks' gestational age, intrauterine growth retardation significantly increases the risk for development of inguinal hernias, especially in male infants. Our data demonstrate a previously unrecognized association between neonatal inguinal hernia and intrauterine growth retardation. PMID- 3753761 TI - Probability of coding of a DNA sequence: an algorithm to predict translated reading frames from their thermodynamic characteristics. AB - An algorithm to determine the probability that a reading frame codifies for a protein is presented. It is based on the results of our previous studies on the thermodynamic characteristics of a translated reading frame. We also develop a prediction procedure to distinguish between coding and non-coding reading frames. The procedure is based on the characteristics of the putative product of the DNA sequence and not on periodicity characteristics of the sequence, so the prediction is not biased by the presence of overlapping translated reading frames or by the presence of translated reading frames on the complementary DNA strand. PMID- 3753762 TI - Sequence landscapes. AB - We describe a method for representing the structure of repeating sequences in nucleic-acids, proteins and other texts. A portion of the sequence is presented at the bottom of a CRT screen. Above the sequence is its landscape, which looks like a mountain range. Each mountain corresponds to a subsequence of the sequence. At the peak of every mountain is written the number of times that the subsequence appears. A data structure called a DAWG, which can be built in time proportional to the length of the sequence, is used to construct the landscape. For the 40 thousand bases of bacteriophage T7, the DAWG can be built in 30 seconds. The time to display any portion of the landscape is less than a second. Using sequence landscapes, one can quickly locate significant repeats. PMID- 3753764 TI - Principle of codification for quick comparisons with the entire biomolecule databanks and associated programs in FORTRAN 77. AB - We propose a new method for homology search of nucleic acids or proteins in databanks. All the possible subsequences of a specific length in a sequence are converted into a code and stored in an indexed file (hash-coding). This preliminary work of codifying an entire bank is rather long but it enables an immediate access to all the sequence fragments of a given type. With our method a strict homology pattern of twenty nucleotides can be found for example in the Los Alamos bank (GENBANK) in less than 2 seconds. We can also use this data storage to considerably speed up the non-strict homology search programs and to write a program to help in the selection of nucleic acid hybridization probes. PMID- 3753763 TI - Heuristic informational analysis of sequences. AB - Nucleotide or amino-acid sequences are interpreted as successions of words of length k (k-tuples) the frequencies of which are highly variable in different statistical populations of genes or proteins. After building k-tuple reference tables from coherent subsets or entire data banks, the local information content profile of individual sequences is drawn. Anomalous regions (peaks or depressions) of such a profile can lead to the discovery and identification of specific sequence patterns. Along the same principle, the simultaneous use of two reference statistical populations and the computation of an index combining the two information profiles lead to a general and powerful discriminant analysis methods. The identification of a "signal" associated with gene conversion, the introns/exons discrimination and the location of function specific patterns in proteins are given as examples of successful applications of this heuristic informational approach. PMID- 3753765 TI - Data structures for DNA sequence manipulation. AB - Two data structures designated Fragment and Construct are described. The Fragment data structure defines a continuous nucleic acid sequence from a unique genetic origin. The Construct defines a continuous sequence composed of sequences from multiple genetic origins. These data structures are manipulated by a set of software tools to simulate the construction of mosaic recombinant DNA molecules. They are also used as an interface between sequence data banks and analytical programs. PMID- 3753766 TI - The MTX package of computer programmes for the comparison of sequences of nucleotides and amino acid residues. AB - A suite of some dozen programmes written in FORTRAN77 to run on VAX computers using the VMS operating system, and which utilizes a Digital Command Language (DCL) shell to allow it to be menu driven has been in use at the Division of Molecular Biology for about nine months. The package allows the user to obtain both dot matrix and line matrix plots, find and output specific regions of similarity and compute statistics for randomly generated sequences. In all these cases the user may specify either a maximum number of gaps in the match that will be tolerated or a minimum percentage similarity allowable for a match to be registered. The system allows the user to create a batch job for any of these analyses; so, for example, a number of line matrix plots can be specified from a remote alpha-numeric terminal which can be plotted later at a graphics terminal. In addition, computation of quasi-correlation statistics (Qr) for nucleotide sequences or correlation statistics (r) for amino acid residue sequences may be computed. Help facilities and documentation including examples are provided. PMID- 3753767 TI - Methylation blockage and other improvements to a comprehensive DNA analysis program. AB - A comprehensive DNA analysis computer program was described in the second special issue of Nucleic Acids Research on the applications of computers to research on nucleic acids by Stone and Potter (1). Criteria used in designing the program were user friendliness, ability to handle large DNA sequences, low storage requirement, migratability to other computers and comprehensive analysis capability. The program has been used extensively in an industrial-research environment. This paper talks about improvements to that program. These improvements include testing for methylation blockage of restriction enzyme recognition sites, homology analysis, RNA folding analysis, integration of a large DNA database (GenBank), a site specific mutagenesis analysis, a protein database and protein searching programs. The original design of the DNA analysis program using a command executive from which any analytical programs can be called, has proven to be extremely versatile in integrating both developed and outside programs to the file management system employed. PMID- 3753768 TI - MBIS--an integrated system for the retrieval and analyses of sequence data from nucleic acids and proteins. AB - A computer-based system termed MBIS (the Molecular Biological Information Service), written in FORTRAN77 and Digital Command Language (DCL) and running on a Digital Equipment Corporation VAX computer under the VMS operating system (V4.1) is in use at the Division of Molecular Biology. MBIS consists of three main sections: 1) The utility section, used by the system's manager to tailor the five commonly available databases so that they are useable by the applications programmes running on the system; 2) The retrieval section, used to find and extract specific sequences or bibliographic information, and 3) The analytical section, used to analyse and compare sequences either extracted from the databases or input by the user. The nucleotide databases maintained are GenBank, EMBL and PIR (Protein Identification Resource, National Biomedical Research Foundation) and the peptide databases are PIR and NEWAT. In addition, users can originate and maintain their own databases. Those programmes which feature graphics output are compatible with most emulators of the Tektronix 4010 terminal. PMID- 3753769 TI - GENEUS, a computer system for DNA and protein sequence analysis containing an information retrieval system for the EMBL data library. AB - We describe a comprehensive computer system, GENEUS, for extensive DNA, RNA and protein sequence analysis. The analysis system is developed for the DEC VAX/VMS computer and uses the EMBL Nucleic Acid Sequence Data Library. Help information is available on-line on terminal screen. To speed up system handling, a qualifier oriented user communication is employed. All results are stored on files making them accessible to the computer editor. An information retrieval system for the EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Data Library is also described. A defined data-base interface allows connection to other analysis programs.+ PMID- 3753770 TI - An efficient string matching algorithm with k differences for nucleotide and amino acid sequences. AB - There are a few algorithms designed to solve the problem of the optimal alignment of one sequence, the pattern, of length m, with another, longer sequence the text, of length n. These algorithms allow mismatches, deletions and insertions. Algorithms to date run in O(mn) time. Let us define an integer, k, which is the maximal number of differences allowed. We present a simple algorithm showing that sequences can be optimally aligned in O(k2n) time. For long sequences the gain factor over the currently used algorithms is very large. PMID- 3753771 TI - PEPPLOT, a protein secondary structure analysis program for the UWGCG sequence analysis software package. AB - We describe a program for the analysis of protein secondary structure that operates with the Sequence Analysis Software Package of the University of Wisconsin Genetics Computer Group (UWGCG). The program produces both graphic and printed output. Structure prediction using the Chou and Fasman and Robson et al methods, and hydropathy analysis by the method of Kyte and Doolittle are included along with a simplified method of hydrophobic moment analysis. The power of the program is the coordinated presentation of many different kinds of structural information on the same plot. PMID- 3753772 TI - A multiple sequence alignment program. AB - A program is described for simultaneously aligning two or more molecular sequences which is based on first finding common segments above a specified length and then piecing these together to maximize an alignment scoring function. Optimal as well as near-optimal alignments are found, and there is also provided a means for randomizing the given sequences for testing the statistical significance of an alignment. Alignments may be made in the original alphabets of the sequences or in user-specified alternate ones to take advantage of chemical similarities (such as hydrophobic-hydrophilic). PMID- 3753773 TI - Computer graphics program to reveal the dependence of the gross three-dimensional structure of the B-DNA double helix on primary structure. AB - Programs are presented to plot the gross three-dimensional structure of the DNA double helix with the base sequence as input information. The rules that determine the overall structure of the double helix are those that predict the dependence of local helix parameters (specifically, helix twist angle and relative basepair roll angle) on sequence. For this purpose, the user can select either the Calladine-Dickerson parameters or the Tung-Harvey parameters. These programs can be used as tools to investigate the variation of DNA tertiary structure with sequence, which may play an important role in the sequence specific recognition of DNA by proteins. PMID- 3753774 TI - Relation between genomic and capsid structures in RNA viruses. AB - We described a new computer program for calculation of RNA secondary structure. Calculation of 20 viral RNAs with this program showed that genomes of the icosahedral capsid viruses had higher folding probabilities than those of the helical capsid viruses. As this explains virus assembly quite well, the information of capsid structure must be imprinted not only in the capsid protein structures but also in the base sequence of the whole genome. We compared folding probability of the original sequence with that of the random sequence in which base composition was the same as the original. All the actual genomes of RNA viruses were more folded than the corresponding random sequences, even though most transcripts of chromosomal genes tended to be less folded. The data can be related to encapsidation of viral genomes. It was thus suggested that there exists a relation between actual sequences and random sequences with the same base ratios, and that the base ratio itself has some evolutional meaning. PMID- 3753775 TI - GENEVIEW and the DNACE data bus: computational tools for analysis, display and exchange of genetic information. AB - We describe an interactive computational tool, GENEVIEW, that allows the scientist to retrieve, analyze, display and exchange genetic information. The scientist may request a display of information from a GenBank locus, request that a restriction map be computed, stored and superimposed on GenBank information, and interactively view this information. GENEVIEW provides an interface between the GenBank data base and the programs of the Lilly DNA Computing Environment (DNACE). This interface stores genetic information in a simple, free format that has become the universal convention of DNACE; this format will serve as the convention for all future software development at Eli Lilly and Company, and could serve as a convention for genetic information exchange. PMID- 3753776 TI - Computer management of oligonucleotide synthesis on cellulose filters. AB - A computer program, OLIGO, is described which was designed to manage projects involving the synthesis of large numbers of oligonucleotide fragments using cellulose discs as immobilizing support. The program performs the functions of data entry, verification, analysis and modification; the sorting of filters before each step and project status updating after each reaction step; output of the project status at any point and storage of the finalized project data in a permanent reference file. PMID- 3753777 TI - Automatic reading of DNA sequencing gel autoradiographs using a large format digital scanner. AB - We have developed a large format digital scanner for several applications in nucleic acid analysis. Here we describe the scanning of autoradiographs of DNA sequencing gels and a set of programs for reading the base sequence. The programs correct distortions in the gel, recognize bands by their characteristic shape and assign bases to bands by weighting band position and intensity. The sequence read in this way is as accurate as that read by an expert. PMID- 3753778 TI - A program for the identification of tRNA-like structures in DNA sequence data. AB - A computer algorithm has been developed which identifies tRNA genes and tRNA-like structures in DNA sequences. The program searches the sequence string for specific base positions that correspond to the invariant and semi-invariant bases found in tRNAs. The tRNA nature of the sequence is confirmed by the presence of complementary base pairing at the tRNA's calculated 5' and 3' ends (which in situ constitutes the amino-acyl stem region). The program achieves greater than 96% accuracy when run against known tRNA sequences in the Genbank database. The program is modular and is readily modified to allow searching either a file or database. The program is written in "C" and operates on a D.E.C. Vax 750. The utility of the algorithm is demonstrated by the identification of a distinctive tRNA structure in an intron of a published bovine hemoglobin gene. PMID- 3753779 TI - A computer program for translating DNA sequences into protein. AB - This paper describes a comprehensive program for translating one or two DNA sequences into amino acid sequences. Written in FORTRAN, it was designed for maximum flexibility of use and easy maintenance, modification and portability. It has full comments throughout. PMID- 3753780 TI - Improved programs for DNA and protein sequence analysis on the IBM personal computer and other standard computer systems. AB - We have previously described programs for a variety of types of sequence analysis (1-4). These programs have now been integrated into a single package. They are written in the standard C programming language and run on virtually any computer system with a C compiler, such as the IBM/PC and other computers running under the MS/DOS and UNIX operating systems. The programs are widely distributed and may be obtained from the authors as described below. PMID- 3753781 TI - A collection of programs for nucleic acid and protein analysis, written in FORTRAN 77 for IBM-PC compatible microcomputers. AB - We have developed a collection of programs for manipulation and analysis of nucleotide and protein sequences. The package was written in Fortran 77 on a Sirius1/Victor microcomputer which can be easily implemented on a large variety of other computers. Some of the programs have already been adapted for use on a Vax 11. Our aim was to develop programs consisting of small, comprehensible and well documented units that have very fast execution times and are comfortably interactive. The package is therefore suitable for individual modifications, even with little understanding of computer languages. PMID- 3753782 TI - A general DNA analysis program for the Hewlett-Packard Model 86/87 microcomputer. AB - A program is described to perform general DNA sequence analysis on the Hewlett Packard Model 86/87 microcomputer operating on 128 K of RAM. The following analytical procedures can be performed: 1. display of the sequence, in whole or part, or its complement; 2. search for specified sequences e.g. restriction sites, and in the case of the latter give fragment sizes; 3. perform a comprehensive search for all known restriction enzyme sites; 4. map sites graphically; 5. perform editing functions; 6. base frequency analysis; 7. search for repeated sequences; 8. search for open reading frames or translate into the amino acid sequence and analyse for basic and acidic amino acids, hydrophobicity, and codon usage. Two sequences, or parts thereof, can be merged in various orientations to mimic recombination strategies, or can be compared for homologies. The program is written in HP BASIC and is designed principally as a tool for the laboratory investigator manipulating a defined set of vectors and recombinant DNA constructs. PMID- 3753783 TI - Development of a superior strategy for computer-assisted nucleotide sequence analysis. AB - A new strategy for high-resolution nucleotide sequence analysis has been developed. The strategy involves an exhaustive tree-searching algorithm which examines all possible combinations of short regions of sequence alignments, followed by culling of unsuitable sequence relationships. The new algorithm can detect sequence homologies invisible to existing algorithms, and is capable of detecting all possible sequence relationships. PMID- 3753784 TI - A convenient and adaptable microcomputer environment for DNA and protein sequence manipulation and analysis. AB - We describe the further development of a widely used package of DNA and protein sequence analysis programs for microcomputers (1,2,3). The package now provides a screen oriented user interface, and an enhanced working environment with powerful formatting, disk access, and memory management tools. The new GenBank floppy disk database is supported transparently to the user and a similar version of the NBRF protein database is provided. The programs can use sequence file annotation to automatically annotate printouts and translate or extract specified regions from sequences by name. The sequence comparison programs can now perform a 5000 X 5000 bp analysis in 12 minutes on an IBM PC. A program to locate potential protein coding regions in nucleic acids, a digitizer interface, and other additions are also described. PMID- 3753785 TI - Computer program for the IBM personal computer which searches for approximate matches to short oligonucleotide sequences in long target DNA sequences. AB - We describe a program which may be used to find approximate matches to a short predefined DNA sequence in a larger target DNA sequence. The program predicts the usefulness of specific DNA probes and sequencing primers and finds nearly identical sequences that might represent the same regulatory signal. The program is written in the C programming language and will run on virtually any computer system with a C compiler, such as the IBM/PC and other computers running under the MS/DOS and UNIX operating systems. The program has been integrated into an existing software package for the IBM personal computer (see article by Mount and Conrad, this volume). Some examples of its use are given. PMID- 3753786 TI - Assembly of overlapping DNA sequences by a program written in BASIC for 64K CP/M and MS-DOS IBM-compatible microcomputers. AB - The SEQALIGN programs1 described in this report aid in the assembly of up to 100 individual overlapping DNA sequences generated by M-13 subcloning and sequencing methods. The program produces a printout of the aligned sequences presented in register. Use of the program will be facilitated because 1) it is written with the Microsoft BASIC interpreter, 2) sequence data may be entered and edited using WORDSTAR or similar word processing programs, and 3) hardware requirements for execution of the program on CP/M or MS-DOS (IBM-PC compatible) systems are minimal. PMID- 3753787 TI - A computer program for comparative analysis of nucleic acid sequences. AB - The programs offer the possibility of comparing pairs of homologous sequences in order to find out percentage of homology, number of identical and deviating nucleotides, of transitions and transversions and, derived from these, KNUC values according to Kimura (1) and the corresponding standard error sigmaK. The sequences can be printed in pairs underneath each other, homologies are indicated by asterisks between the identical nucleotides. Out of a set of homologous sequences stored on a disk any number of sequences can be compared in pairs in this way, and a matrix containing either the percentage of homology values, the number of deviating nucleotides or the KNUC-values together with the corresponding standard errors can be sent to screen, printer or disk. A program will be available soon which creates a dendrogram representing the similarity between the sequences by use of an average linkage clustering method deduced from this matrix. The programs are written for Apple II computers using UCSD-PASCAL and for Sirius I/Victor 9000 computers using TURBO-PASCAL. PMID- 3753788 TI - DNA sequence analysis: a procedure to find homologies among many sequences. AB - SEQCMP, a program that analyzes and searches for homology among multiple nucleic acid sequences, is described. The sequences are compared by the dot matrix method and the consensus sequence is derived by superimposing all the dot matrices on one another. The program is written in MBASIC and runs on IBM-PC microcomputer. It is interactive and can be used by investigators with no computer background or experience. PMID- 3753789 TI - PROBFIND: a computer program for selecting oligonucleotide probes from peptide sequences. AB - Synthetic oligonucleotides have proven to be extremely useful probes for screening cDNA and genomic libraries. Selection of the appropriate probe can be more easily and accurately achieved with the use of the computer program PROBFIND. The user enters the amino acid sequence from a file or from the keyboard, selects the minimum length allowed for the probe and the maximum allowable degeneracy. The computer prints a list of the sequences of potential probes which meet these minimum specifications and the location of the corresponding sequence in the protein to the screen and to a file. The user may modify the specifications for length and degeneracy at any time during the output of data, which allows for rapid selection of the desired probe. The program is interactive, accepts any file format with only a single modification of the file, is written in BASIC, and requires less than 6 kbytes of memory. This makes the program easy to use and adaptable even to unsophisticated microcomputers. PMID- 3753790 TI - Sequence search on a supercomputer. AB - A set of programs was developed for searching nucleic acid and protein sequence data bases for sequences similar to a given sequence. The programs, written in FORTRAN 77, were optimized for vector processing on a Hitachi S810-20 supercomputer. A search of a 500-residue protein sequence against the entire PIR data base Ver. 1.0 (1) (0.5 M residues) is carried out in a CPU time of 45 sec. About 4 min is required for an exhaustive search of a 1500-base nucleotide sequence against all mammalian sequences (1.2M bases) in Genbank Ver. 29.0. The CPU time is reduced to about a quarter with a faster version. PMID- 3753791 TI - An integrated software system for microcomputer management of recombinant DNA data. AB - A database-oriented system (pCP123) is described for the manipulation of recombinant DNA data. This system was developed within the context of an integrated software package with spreadsheet, database, graphing and programming capabilities. The system includes two databases, one of sites and another of regions, coordinately handled by a series of macro-programs operated from four user-define menus. A distinctive feature of the system is the possibility of handling both ends of defined functional or structural regions in situations of simulated deletions or insertions. PMID- 3753792 TI - Improving the efficiency of dot-matrix similarity searches through use of an oligomer table. AB - Dot-matrix sequence similarity searches can be greatly speeded up through use of a table listing all locations of short oligomers in one of the sequences to find potential similarities with a second sequence. The algorithm described finds similarities between two sequences of lengths M and N, comparing L residues at a time, with an efficiency of L X M X N/(SK) where S is the alphabet size, and k is the length of the oligomer. For nucleic acids, in which S = 4, use of a tetranucleotide table results in an efficiency of L X M X N/256. The simplicity of the approach allows for a straightforward calculation of the level of similarities expected to be found for given search parameters. Furthermore, the storage required is minimal, allowing for even large sequences to be compared on small microcomputers. Theoretical considerations regarding the use of this search are discussed. PMID- 3753793 TI - Automated preparation of DNA sequences for publication. AB - A computer program which draws DNA sequences is described. A simple method is used which enables the user to highlight or annotate specific parts of a sequence. The sizes of the characters in the sequence to be drawn are specified by the user. In addition, vertical spacing between lines and horizontal spacing between characters can be specified. Sequences can be prepared and high quality output produced on a plotter in a short period of time, making the program advantageous to use over typing, computer printing, or preparation by a graphics department. PMID- 3753794 TI - A sequence analysis system encompassing rules for DNA helical distortion. AB - Recently, it has been shown by Calladine (1982) and Dickerson (1983) that DNA distortions due to steric clashes between opposing purines and pyrimidines can be quantitated based upon four sum functions. The distortions involve helical twist, roll, torsion angle variations and propeller twist. It is the contention of the authors that these perturbations in structure act as information carriers for various external DNA interactions. This paper describes a system that incorporates these four rules and various other functions that permit the systematic interactive exploration for significant patterns as a consequence of these steric clashes. PMID- 3753795 TI - GEL--a computer tool for DNA sequencing projects. AB - The GEL program for entry and analysis of DNA sequencing information is discussed, and examples of interaction with the program are presented. The current version of the program represents the last of several revisions to the first GEL program, reported previously in this journal (1). Improvements and additions have been made, making the current GEL a particularly useful laboratory tool for molecular biologists engaged in DNA sequencing projects. PMID- 3753796 TI - Algorithms for the search of amino acid patterns in nucleic acid sequences. AB - Some algorithms are described for the search of regions in a nucleic acid sequence that, when translated into amino acids, are homologous to a given amino acid pattern. All algorithms are modifications of the dynamic programming method for sequence comparison such that the translation of codons is taken into account. One of the algorithms has been implemented as a FORTRAN 77 program. The program operates on files that follow the format of the EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Data Library. PMID- 3753797 TI - Cloning of cDNA sequences of a progestin-regulated mRNA from MCF7 human breast cancer cells. AB - A cDNA clone corresponding to an mRNA regulated by the progestin R5020, has been isolated by differential screening of a cDNA library from the MCF7 breast cancer cell line, which contains estrogen and progesterone receptors. This probe hybridized with a single species of poly A + RNA of 8-kb molecular weight as shown by Northern blot analysis and could also be used to total RNA preparation. This recombinant clone hybridized specifically to an mRNA coding for a 250,000 daltons protein when translated in vitro. This protein was identical to the 250 kDa progestin-regulated protein that we previously described (Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 121, 421-427, 1984) as shown by immunoprecipitation with specific rabbit polyclonal antibodies. Dose-response curve and specificity studies show that the accumulation of the Pg8 mRNA and that of the 250-kDa protein was increased by 5 to 30-fold following progestin treatment and that this effect was mediated by the progesterone receptor. Time course of induction indicated that the accumulation of mRNA was rapid and preceded that of the protein. This is the first report on a cloned cDNA probe of progestin-regulated mRNA in human cell lines. PMID- 3753798 TI - Pharmacology of erythromycin in infants and children. PMID- 3753799 TI - Quantitative and molecular analyses of radiation-induced mutation in AS52 cells. AB - pSV2gpt-Transformed and wild-type Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines have been used to study radiation-induced mutation at the molecular level. The transformant, designated AS52, was constructed from a hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT)-deficient CHO cell line and contains a single, functional copy of the Escherichia coli xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (XPRT) gene (gpt) stably integrated into the Chinese hamster genome. AS52 and wild-type CHO-K1-BH4 cells exhibit similar cytotoxic responses to uv light and X rays; however, significant differences occur in mutation induction at the gpt and hprt loci. A number of HPRT and XPRT mutants which arose following irradiation were analyzed by Southern-blot hybridization. Most XPRT (21/26) and all HPRT (23/23) mutants induced by uv light exhibited hybridization patterns indistinguishable from their parental cell lines. In contrast, all XPRT (26/26) and most HPRT mutants (15/21) induced by X irradiation contained deletion mutations affecting some or all of the gpt and hprt loci, respectively. These results indicate that X rays induce predominantly deletion mutations, while uv light is likely to induce point mutations at both loci. PMID- 3753800 TI - Gastrointestinal tract focal mass lesions: role of CT and barium evaluations. AB - Fifty-eight patients with focal mass lesions involving the gastrointestinal tract were studied retrospectively. The diagnostic value of CT scans was seen by assessing the barium studies alone, then by combined review of radiographs and CT scans. Patient management decision making was similarly evaluated. CT scanning aided in diagnosis of the focal masses in 17 patients (29%), changing the differential diagnosis in eight (14%) and increasing diagnostic confidence significantly in nine (16%). In 21 (36%) additional cases, the diagnosis did not change, but CT scanning improved the understanding of disease extent. In the remaining 20 cases (34%), CT scanning did not help diagnostically. CT scanning altered patient management decisions in 19 of the 58 patients (33%). CT study was most helpful in cases of benign extrinsic cystic disease, lymphoma, and smooth muscle tumors and less helpful for adenocarcinomas of the bowel. The value of the CT data increased as one moved from mucosal lesions to submucosal or extrinsic lesions. PMID- 3753801 TI - The effects of ivermectin on transmission of Onchocerca volvulus. AB - Ivermectin, given to onchocerciasis patients as a single oral dose of 200 micrograms per kilogram of body weight, substantially reduced the uptake of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae by Simulium yahense, an efficient black fly vector of the parasite in the tropical rain forests of West Africa. Three months after treatment, patients given ivermectin infected flies at a significantly lower rate than those who had received diethylcarbamazine or placebo, thereby reducing the number of developing larvae in the vector population. This diminished rate of infectiousness was also evident 6 months after treatment. These results strongly suggest that ivermectin could be effective in interrupting transmission of Onchocerca volvulus for epidemiologically important periods of time. PMID- 3753802 TI - Sequence and expression of human estrogen receptor complementary DNA. AB - The mechanism by which the estrogen receptor and other steroid hormone receptors regulate gene expression in eukaryotic cells is not well understood. In this study, a complementary DNA clone containing the entire translated portion of the messenger RNA for the estrogen receptor from MCF-7 human breast cancer cells was sequenced and then expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells to give a functional protein. An open reading frame of 1785 nucleotides in the complementary DNA corresponded to a polypeptide of 595 amino acids and a molecular weight of 66,200, which is in good agreement with published molecular weight values of 65,000 to 70,000 for the estrogen receptor. Homogenates of transformed Chinese hamster ovary cells containing a protein that bound [3H]estradiol and sedimented as a 4S complex in salt-containing sucrose gradients and as an 8 to 9S complex in the absence of salt. Interaction of this receptor [3H]estradiol complex with a monoclonal antibody that is specific for primate ER confirms the identity of the expressed complementary DNA as human estrogen receptor. Amino acid sequence comparisons revealed significant regional homology among the human estrogen receptor, the human glucocorticoid receptor, and the putative v-erbA oncogene product. This suggests that steroid receptor genes and the avian erythroblastosis viral oncogene are derived from a common primordial gene. The homologous region, which is rich in cysteine, lysine, and arginine, may represent the DNA-binding domain of these proteins. PMID- 3753803 TI - Doctors and morality. PMID- 3753804 TI - Effects of inhalation exposure to a high-boiling (288 to 454 degrees C) coal liquid. AB - Coal liquids have been evaluated in a variety of short-term toxicological assays; however, few studies have been conducted to determine the systemic effects after inhalation exposure to these materials. To extend the data base on potential health effects from coal liquefaction materials, we performed a study with solvent refined coal (SRC)-II heavy distillate (HD). Fischer-344 rats were exposed for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 5 or 13 weeks to an aerosol of HD (boiling range, 288 to 454 degrees C) at concentrations of 0.69, 0.14, 0.03, or 0.0 mg/liter of air for the high, middle, low, and control groups, respectively. Survival through 13 weeks of exposure was greater than 90% for all groups; body weights for exposed animals were decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Significant increases in liver weights and decreases in thymus and ovary weights were observed for treated animals compared with controls. There were also significant treatment-related decreases in erythrocytes, hemoglobin, volume of packed red blood cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and total white blood cells. After 5 weeks of exposure serum cholesterol concentrations increased in a dose dependent manner for both sexes and serum triglyceride amounts decreased for males but not for females. After 13 weeks of exposure, high-dose animals had significant increases in cholesterol (males only), triglycerides, blood urea nitrogen, and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT; males) and significant decreases in albumin, SGPT (females), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Examination of bone-marrow preparations from exposed animals demonstrated consistent decreases in the degree of cellularity, suggesting that this organ is a target for HD. Microscopic evaluation of organ sections indicated exposure related changes for nasal mucosa, pulmonary macrophages, thymus, liver, kidney, bone marrow, ovaries, and cecum. Results from this study indicated dose-dependent increases in the severity of the lesions observed, with few effects in the low exposure group that were attributable to the exposure. PMID- 3753805 TI - Computer software for the professional. Its evolution and current status. AB - The development of software during the past 30 years has been just as dramatic in many respects as that of hardware. Whereas future developments in hardware technology can be expected to provide smaller, cheaper, and more powerful computers as has been the case during the past 25 years, future developments in software technology can be expected to play the equally important role of expanding the user base for computers, thus making it economically feasible to exploit new technologies on the hardware side. Although today's computer software offerings are very broad indeed in terms of the variety of tasks they perform, one can reasonably expect that entirely new uses will be found for computers, through the development of new types of software, in the future. By exploiting the huge memory capacities of today's newer computers, future software will be much easier to use and will be capable of carrying out several tasks simultaneously. It will also be much more forgiving, adapting itself automatically to the work style (and probably also to the mistakes) of the user. By incorporating at least a part of what constitutes the stock of knowledge in particular applications, so-called "expert systems," one may expect future software, particularly in areas such as financial and statistical analysis, to enable the computer to work more as a partner or colleague than as an unintelligent (albeit very fast) tool. Perhaps to an even greater extent in the future than has been true to date, the evolution of the computer as a useful tool will depend on software, rather than hardware, innovation. The hardware advances necessary to place hearing, speaking, seeing, and even thinking computers on everyone's desktop, each of which would be able to provide ready access to truly mind-boggling quantities of information, is at hand. Only the software really remains to be developed. PMID- 3753806 TI - Microcomputer database management. An introduction. AB - The microcomputer provides a powerful tool for managing a wide variety of clinical data. With database management software, information can be stored in random fashion, rearranged in a number of more useful sequences, and retrieved according to various criteria specified by the user. Most database software permits calculations on numeric data, report generation, and the ability to transfer data to and from both spread-sheet and word-processing software. PMID- 3753807 TI - The microcomputer and basic peripheral equipment. AB - This article has presented the basic information needed for setting up a microcomputer work station. The four basic components are the central processing unit (CPU), the monitor (CRT), the keyboard, and the disk drive. A brief overview of how the microcomputer works was presented, including the concepts of random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM). The use of peripheral devices to enhance the operating capabilities of the microcomputer has allowed this technology to become practical and useful both at home and in business and research. Special furniture is available to assure a comfortable and practical environment. Perhaps one of the most important concepts presented in this article is the necessity of backing up data on a regular basis. Finally, computer equipment must be cleaned and maintained on a regular basis. PMID- 3753808 TI - Renal preservation utilizing neodymium:YAG laser. AB - Six patients with malignancies in a solitary kidney were treated with conservative renal parenchymal-sparing surgery utilizing the Neodymium Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Nd:YAG) laser. Three patients had transitional cell carcinoma in an upper pole calyx of a solitary kidney. The transitional cell carcinoma was treated definitively by the Nd:YAG laser through a nephroscope prior to partial nephrectomy. The 3 patients have been followed up for twenty-eight, eighteen, and six months, respectively. None of the patients has shown evidence of recurrent cancer on follow-up retrograde ureterograms or on urine cytology obtained from the renal pelves. Three patients with renal cell carcinoma in a solitary kidney had the tumor surgically excised utilizing the Nd:YAG laser in conjunction with standard surgical techniques. All the patients were elderly with compromised renal vasculature that prevented bench surgery with autotransplantation or occlusion of the renal artery. At sixteen, fourteen, and three months, respectively, there is no evidence of recurrent cancer on CAT scans obtained on these patients. PMID- 3753809 TI - Pestivirus fetopathogenicity in cattle: changing sequelae with fetal maturation. AB - The events which followed the introduction of a heifer into a dairy herd were consistent with the animal being persistently infected with bovine diarrhoea mucosal disease virus. Obvious damage was limited to the progeny of cows which were in the first 168 days of gestation at that time. Only fetuses up to 81 days of gestation at the putative time of introduction of infection became persistently infected in calfhood and, although they exhibited body tremor, two such calves necropsied at three months of age lacked macroscopic or microscopic lesions in the central nervous system. In contrast calves which had been more advanced in gestation, at 146 and 153 days at the time of infection, had eliminated the infection and had lesions of cerebellar dysplasia and multifocal retinal atrophy. PMID- 3753810 TI - Somatic cell count and milk yield in relation to haemoglobin concentration in Finnish dairy goats. AB - Using 400 Finnish goats, the relationship between haemoglobin concentration and somatic cell counts and milk yield was studied. On the basis of haemoglobin concentration the goats were divided into two groups (greater than or less than 5.6 mmol .l-1). Goats with high haemoglobin concentrations had a markedly higher milk yield and the milk had a lower somatic cell count. In contrast, goats with low haemoglobin concentration (less than 5.6 mmol . l-1) had lower milk yields but higher cell counts. The results showed a negative correlation between the cell counts and the haemoglobin concentration. PMID- 3753811 TI - Primary structure of the West Nile flavivirus genome region coding for all nonstructural proteins. AB - The genome RNA of the flavivirus West Nile (WN) virus has been transcribed into cDNA, the cDNA has been cloned, and the nucleotide sequences coding for the structural proteins have been determined (Castle et al., 1985; Wengler et al., 1985). We have now determined the nucleotide sequence coding for all viral nonstructural proteins which comprises 7929 nucleotides. Together with our earlier sequence analyses these data show that a long open reading frame (ORF) containing 10,290 nucleotides is present on the genome of WN virus. The two largest nonstructural proteins which can be detected in flavivirus-infected cells are the proteins NV5 and NV4 which have an apparent molecular mass of 97,000 and 74,000 Da, respectively. Both proteins were isolated by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and partial amino acid sequences of peptides derived from these proteins were determined. These analyses allow us to localize the nucleotide regions which code for these proteins and show that the region coding for the NV5 protein is located at the 3'-terminus of the long ORF. Together with our earlier analyses these data show that the protein sequences of virus-specific proteins are present on the viral polyprotein translated from the long ORF in the order V2-NV2-V3-(nonstructural proteins of up to 75,000 Da)-NV4 (nonstructural proteins of up to 45,000 Da)-NV5. Our data indicate that virus specific structural and nonstructural proteins which are synthesized from a single long ORF accumulate in large amounts in infected cells. A possible role of the presence of these molecules, which are associated to cellular membranes, in the accumulation of membrane vesicles which characteristically occurs in flavivirus-infected cells is discussed. PMID- 3753812 TI - [Clinical x-ray comparisons in the intrathoracic localization of lymphogranulomatosis and non-Hodgkin lymphomas]. AB - The paper discusses the results of an analysis of data on 228 primary cases of Hodgkin's disease and 53 primary cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (lympho- or reticulosarcoma) with thoracic lymph node involvement. Certain signs useful in differentiating between the above diseases were identified. Since they appeared to be non-pathognomonic morphological verification is required. PMID- 3753813 TI - [Risk factors in uterine choriocarcinoma patients and their effect on the treatment results]. AB - Adverse factors of risk versus survival were studied in 208 cases of uterine choriocarcinoma. The said factors were not identified in some cases; in others, they ranged 1-4 and more in different combinations and were found to influence five-year results of treatment. In the absence of factors of risk, survival was 100.0%; in cases of one factor, it fell to 90.9, two-83.4, three-72.0 and four and more--to 12.8%. Significant differences in the degree of risk factor manifestation were established in survivors and victims of choriocarcinoma. PMID- 3753814 TI - Goitre size and outcome of medical treatment of Graves' disease. AB - One hundred and twenty-four patients with newly diagnosed hyperthyroidism received a combined thionamid-thyroxine medical therapy for approximately 2 years. According to the estimated goitre size before therapy and the type of goitre the patients were divided into 4 groups: Graves' disease no goitre (n = 19), Graves' disease small goitre (n = 57), Graves' disease medium or large goitre (n = 23), multinodular goitre (n = 25). The median follow-up period after cessation of medication was 64 (range 11-141) months. The remission rates in the different groups during follow-up were calculated using life table analysis. Graves' patients with no goitre or a small goitre had a significantly better outcome (remission % after 5 years 82.5 +/- 15.4 (SE) and 71.5 +/- 7.8, respectively) than Graves' patients with a medium size or large goitre (remission % after 5 years 37.0 +/- 11.1)(P less than 0.025). Most patients with multinodular goitre had a relapse within the first year after stop of medication (remission % after 5 years 15.5 +/- 10.1). Hence patients with Graves' disease having a small thyroid gland should be treated medically while surgery or radioiodine may be a more reasonable choice in Graves' patients with medium size or large goitres. Medically treated patients with toxic multinodular goitres have a very small chance of prolonged remission if medication is stopped. PMID- 3753815 TI - A new animal model for action myoclonus. AB - Morphine was injected into a catheter implanted chronically into the intrathecal space of rats. Three to eight minutes after drug administration, 80% of the rats developed arrhythmic stimulus-sensitive jerks that lasted up to 1 hr. The morphine-induced myoclonic activity was markedly reduced by naloxone. Methadone, pethidine, and etorphine failed to produce the syndrome. In spinally transected rats, morphine injected below the level of transection did not produce the syndrome. No significant changes in PaCO2 and PaO2 were produced by morphine before and throughout the period of myoclonic activity. Neither did induced hypoxia augment the effect of morphine. However, irreversible hypoxic-ischemic cell changes were noticed in some brain regions. The phenomenon described here resembles the human syndrome of action myoclonus and may serve as an animal model for studying the mechanism of that neurological disorder. PMID- 3753816 TI - Hypercalciuria associated with long-term administration of calcitriol (1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3). Action of hydrochlorothiazide. AB - Urine calcium excretion was evaluated in 19 patients before and after calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) treatment that was followed up for a five- to seven year period. The effects of increases of calcitriol dosage and modifications of calciuria with hydrochlorothiazide were systematically examined. The urine calcium excretion before calcitriol therapy was 2.3 +/- 0.8 mg/kg/day (mean- +/- SEM) and the urine calcium-creatinine concentration ratio was 0.12 +/- 0.04. With the dose of calcitriol at 23 ng/kg/day, these values increased to 3.2 +/- 0.8 mg/kg/day and 0.19 +/- 0.04, respectively. Following double dose of calcitriol (44 ng/kg/day), increments in calciuria and urinary calcium/creatinine concentration of 1.4 +/- 0.6 mg/kg/day and 0.10 +/- 0.03, respectively, were observed. With concomitant administration of hydrochlorothiazide (1 to 2 mg/kg/day) therapy at maintenance dose and calcitriol (31 ng/kg/day), the urine calcium excretion effectively decreased by 1.3 +/- 0.6 mg/kg/day and the urine calcium-creatinine concentration ratio by 0.05 +/- 0.02. The results suggest that children with calcium-phosphate disorders who require long-term treatment with calcitriol must be carefully monitored in terms of urine calcium excretion, especially when the dosages are increased to achieve maximal therapeutic efficacy. Calciuria induced by calcitriol administration is effectively reversed by addition of hydrochlorothiazide to the treatment regimen. PMID- 3753818 TI - Sucralfate gastric bezoar. PMID- 3753817 TI - Suppression of carbon monoxide excretion rate by tin protoporphyrin. AB - The effect of a single prophylactic dose of tin protoporphyrin on the carbon monoxide (CO) excretion rate of antibiotic-treated neonatal rats before and after hematoma formation was evaluated. The CO excretion rate, reflecting the rate of bilirubin production, of tin protoporphyrin-treated (TP-H) rats 24 hours after injection of 65 mole of tin protoporphyrin per kilogram (time [t] = 0 hours) was approximately 18% lower than those of the saline-control (S-C) and saline hematoma (S-H) rats, but this difference was no longer evident at t = 43 hours. After hematoma formation at t = 44 hours, the CO excretion rate of the S-H rats increased rapidly; this increase was delayed and lessened in the TP-H rats. At eight hours posthematoma (t = 52 hours), the CO excretion rate of the TP-H rats was significantly lower than that of the S-H rats, 53 +/- 2 vs 73 +/- 3 microL/kg/hr, respectively. A maximal rate of 89 +/- 5 microL/kg/hr was reached 25 hours posthematoma in the S-H rats (t = 69 hours), as compared with 80 +/- 3 microL/kg/hr at 44 hours posthematoma in the TP-H rats (t = 88 hours). The recovery of injected blood as CO over a 68-hour study period was approximately 90% for the S-H rats and approximately 65% for the TP-H rats. At t = 112 hours, hepatic heme oxygenase activity of the TP-H rats was still significantly lower than that of the S-H and S-C rats; however, plasma bilirubin concentrations of all three groups were similar. These studies demonstrate that tin protoporphyrin is an effective in vivo inhibitor of endogenous heme catabolism as measured by the CO excretion rate in antibiotic-treated neonatal rats with and without artificially created hematomas. PMID- 3753819 TI - Male influences on cervical cancer risk. AB - Risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix were studied among low income, married Hispanic women and their husbands, using a case-control design. A total of 45 eligible cases were identified at public hospitals and community clinics in the San Francisco Bay Area. For each case, a control was selected within two years of age from among Hispanic women seen at the same institution. Thirty-nine matched pairs of couples were interviewed to assess histories of sexual behavior and other possible risk factors. Cases and controls differed markedly in the number of past sexual partners of their husbands. Cases were 5.3 times more likely to be married to husbands who had had 20 or more sexual partners than were controls. Cases and controls themselves did not differ in their number of sexual partners, but cases were younger at first intercourse than were controls. The association with husband's sexual history persisted after adjusting for the woman's number of sexual partners or age at first intercourse. These results support the infectious and venereal transmission of cervical cancer and indicate the important role of husbands in its occurrence in a population with high incidence rates. PMID- 3753820 TI - Localization of the human procollagen alpha 1(IV) gene to chromosome 13q34 by in situ hybridization. AB - Type IV (alpha 1 and alpha 2 chains) appears to be the only procollagen present in basement membranes. The structure of this protein is highly divergent from the interstitial and type V procollagens as exemplified by the interruptions in the Gly-X-Y region and unprocessed amino and carboxyl noncollagenous peptides. To expand our knowledge concerning the primary sequence of type IV and to investigate the factors influencing its unique distribution, we recently isolated cDNA clones coding for part of the human alpha 1(IV) chain. To determine if the alpha 1(IV) gene was cytologically linked to other procollagen genes that have been assigned to autosomes 17, 12, 7, and 2, overlapping clones covering 2.6 kilobases (kb) of the alpha 1(IV) mRNA were used together for in situ hybridization to human metaphase chromosomes. Here, we show precise localization of alpha 1(IV) at the telomere of 13q, thereby defining a fifth chromosome that contains members of this large and surprisingly dispersed multigene family. PMID- 3753821 TI - Coronary artery disease in diabetic pregnancies. AB - Severe vascular complications of diabetes mellitus include myocardial infarction and when this occurs during pregnancy it is associated with a high risk of maternal mortality. In the absence of myocardial infarction, information is unavailable on pregnancy outcome in diabetic patients with severe coronary artery disease or with prior coronary artery bypass graft. Such a case is presented together with a review of the literature. PMID- 3753822 TI - Multiple peripheral pulmonic stenosis in pregnancy. AB - Multiple peripheral pulmonic stenosis is a rare congenital cardiac disorder. The clinical course of this disease in pregnancy is not established. We report the benign obstetric course of a patient whose pregnancy was complicated by peripheral pulmonic stenosis and pulmonary hypertension. PMID- 3753823 TI - Use of the drop volume of amniotic fluid in estimating the risk for respiratory distress syndrome in the newborn infant. AB - The present study describes the testing and function of the drop-volume method in the analysis of fetal lung maturity with use of amniotic fluid. Elevated surface tension resulting from a lack of surface-active phospholipids (surfactant) is the primary etiologic defect in the development of respiratory distress syndrome. The drop-volume method quantifies the surface tension of amniotic fluid with use of the fact that the volume of a falling drop of liquid is proportional to the quantity of surfactant in the solution. The drop-volume method requires only 2 minutes and 2 ml of amniotic fluid and predicts fetal lung maturity with an accuracy equal to or greater than that of other tests currently in use. PMID- 3753824 TI - Experimental and clinical observations of the intraocular toxicity of commercial corticosteroid preparations. AB - We tested the vehicles of six different commercially available depot corticosteroids (Celestone Soluspan, Depo-Medrol, Decadron, Decadron L. A., Aristocort, and Kenalog) for possible toxicity when injected intravitreally. When tested on rabbit eyes, the Celestone Soluspan and the Depo-Medrol vehicles caused remarkable retinal degeneration with preretinal membrane formation or cataracts in their standard concentrations. Three other vehicles (Decadron and Decadron L. A.) caused localized retinal degeneration in twice the standard concentration. Thus, toxic effects can be caused by preservatives or inadequate osmolarity of the vehicles alone. The development of proliferative vitreoretinopathy in some cases of injections of intraocular depot corticosteroid can be explained by retinal necrosis and repair processes caused by these vehicles. PMID- 3753825 TI - Two-hand dissection technique during closed vitrectomy for retinopathy of prematurity. PMID- 3753827 TI - Use of the neodymium/yttrium aluminum garnet laser in middle ear surgery: a preliminary report. AB - Clinical usefulness of the neodymium/yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser in surgery of the middle ear is unproven. An animal study was designed to examine the influence of Nd:YAG laser irradiation on cochlear potentials following vaporization of the stapes. Electrocochleagraphic changes were observed in two of the five animals studied, and caution is advised before using this instrument in humans. PMID- 3753826 TI - Freeze-fracture cytochemistry of wheat germ agglutinin and concanavalin A receptors on the plasma membrane of normal, Bernard-Soulier, and thrombasthenic platelets. AB - The authors report here the results of fracture-labeling of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and concanavalin A (Con A) receptors on the plasma membranes of normal, Bernard-Soulier, and thrombasthenic platelets. In all cases, virtually all of the label was confined to the exoplasmic half of the membrane. Despite the absence of GP Ib in Bernard-Soulier platelets and the absence or strong reduction of Gp IIb and GP IIIa in thrombasthenic platelets, their plasma membranes were strongly labeled by both Con A and WGA. These results are best accounted for by the presence of other glycoproteins and/or glycolipids at the platelet surface. PMID- 3753829 TI - Continuous infusion of atracurium in children. AB - Atracurium infusion requirements were determined in 28 children anesthetized with N2O:O2 narcotic, N2O:O2 halothane (1% inspired), and N2O:O2 enflurane (2% inspired). When the patient was recovering from a bolus dose of 0.4 mg/kg atracurium, a continuous infusion of atracurium was started and the rate was adjusted to maintain 90-99% muscle twitch depression. Patients receiving enflurane anesthesia required atracurium at an infusion rate of 4.9 +/- 0.3 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1 which was a significantly lower rate (P = 0.0001) than those anesthetized with halothane (8.3 +/- 0.4 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1) or with N2O:O2 and narcotic (9.3 +/- 0.5 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1). At the onset of neuromuscular blockade, the twitch response disappeared faster after train-of four stimulation repeated every 10 s than after single twitch rates of stimulation at 0.1 Hz. In children, during halothane anesthesia after 0.4 mg/kg atracurium, the response of the adductor of the thumb was ablated in 2.0 +/- 0.3 min with train-of-four stimulation, and in 3.7 +/- 0.4 min with single twitch stimulation. The authors recommend the use of a nerve stimulator during continuous infusion of atracurium because of the marked interpatient differences in infusion-rate requirements. PMID- 3753828 TI - Extrinsic innervation of the rat kidney: a retrograde tracing study. AB - To determine the exact modalities involved in the innervation of the kidney, the present study used a nerve-tracing method with horseradish peroxidase-wheat germ agglutinin (HRP-WGA) as the tracer. Multiple injections of HRP-WGA were made in each of the left kidneys of 12 rats while another four had the HRP-WGA either dripped onto their intact renal mesothelial surface or injected intravascularly. After retrograde transport of the tracer to neurons of origin (i.e., 72-h survival), the rats were briefly perfusion fixed, tissue was removed, and cryostat sections were cut. The free-floating sections were reacted by the tetramethylbenzidine technique. Retrogradely labeled neurons were found in the celiac, bilateral inferior vagal (nodosal), and ipsilateral dorsal root (90% in T12-L1 DRG) ganglia. More labeled neurons were present in the combined vagal ganglia than in the combined DRG within each animal. This labeling was specific compared with the controls (HRP-WGA uptake via intraperitoneal or vascular routes). The celiac ganglion had many labeled neurons; however, no labeled neurons were seen in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, nucleus solitarius, nucleus ambiguus, or any other brain stem structure after renal injections of HRP WGA. This study has determined that the sympathetic nervous system (celiac ganglion) provides the only renal autonomic efferent (motor) innervation, and the nodosal (inferior vagal) ganglia appear to provide more renal sensory innervation than do the dorsal root ganglia. PMID- 3753830 TI - Clinitest tablet ingestion: an in vitro investigation concerned with initial emergency management. AB - To help establish a rational approach to the initial management of Clinitest tablet ingestion, we investigated the effect of number of tablets, volume of diluent, and type of diluent on dissolution time (TD), temperature generation (delta T), and pH. Dissolution time was independent of the number of tablets and the volume of fluid; however, it was dependent on the type of fluid used. The thermal generation (delta T) was dependent on the number of tablets and volume of fluid, but was independent of the type of fluid used. The pH changes were independent of the number of tablets and volume of fluid; however, they were greatly dependent on the type of fluid. These data suggest that dissolution is rapid (in seconds) and, therefore, the most effective intervention may occur shortly after ingestion of the tablets; the larger the volume of diluting fluid, the smaller the risk of thermal damage from these ingestions; and orange juice should be considered as a possible diluent because it is capable of reducing the pH of the Clinitest tablet without increasing thermal generation. PMID- 3753831 TI - Alveolar phospholipids of 17-day-old pigs exposed to microorganisms of nonpulmonic origin. AB - Alveolar lining material was obtained from gnotobiotic pigs; gnotobiotic pigs exposed to aerobes, anaerobes, or mixtures of both microorganisms; and conventional farm-raised pigs. Alveolar lining material concentrations of phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and lysolecithin were determined. Seventy-four pigs were allotted to the following groups: 1--gnotobiotes (n = 13), 2--gnotobiotes with aerobes (n = 6), 3--gnotobiotes with anaerobes (n = 31), 4- gnotobiotes with anaerobes and aerobes (n = 2), 5--gnotobiotes with facultative anaerobes (n = 9), and 6--conventionally farm-farrowed (n = 13). The conventionally raised pigs had lysolecithin, sphingomyelin, and phosphatidylinositol concentrations that were significantly different from those of all other groups of pigs. Phosphatidylethanolamine was significantly decreased in group 6 pigs when compared with that in all other groups. There were also statistically significant differences between the gnotobiotic (group 1) and the exposed gnotobiotic (groups 2, 3, 4, 5) pigs, although the differences were less pronounced. Since intestinal microbes produce alveolar lining material phospholipid differences, studies need to be concerned with phospholipid changes that occur after exposure to lung-specific microorganisms and with physiologic changes in lung function associated with the phospholipid changes. PMID- 3753832 TI - Thromboxane as a mediator of pulmonary dysfunction during intravascular complement activation in sheep. AB - Intravascular complement activation results in thromboxane (TxA2) production, pulmonary hypertension, hypoxemia, and increased lung vascular permeability. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of TxA2 as a mediator of these responses. Experiments were made in anesthetized sheep subjected to intravenous injections of zymosan-activated plasma (ZAP) every 30 min for 4 h. Sheep were pretreated with dazoxiben, a TxA2 synthetase inhibitor, or SK and F 88046, a TxA2 end-organ antagonist, and the results were compared with those from untreated sheep. Dazoxiben, but not SK and F 88046, inhibited TxA2 release. The hypertensive response averaged 74 +/- 3 cm H2O after each injection of ZAP in untreated sheep. Neither drug altered this response. Pao2 decreased an average of 20 +/- 1 mmHg in untreated sheep, 3 +/- 1 mmHg in dazoxiben-treated sheep, and 11 +/- 1 mmHg in SK and F 88046-treated sheep. Increases in lung lymph flow and lymph protein clearance were unaffected by treatment. TxA2 appears to be an important mediator of hypoxemia during intravascular complement activation. PMID- 3753833 TI - Hashimoto's thyroiditis. An uncommon cause of painful thyroid unresponsive to corticosteroid therapy. AB - The records of eight patients with thyroid tenderness secondary to Hashimoto's thyroiditis were reviewed. The pathologic characteristics of thyroid tissue sections from these patients were compared with those from patients with nontender Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and no difference was identified. Laboratory features helpful in distinguishing tender Hashimoto's thyroiditis from subacute (de Quervain's) thyroiditis include normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate, significant 131I uptake, and significant antithyroid antibody titer. Diagnosis should be confirmed by fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Corticosteroid therapy was unsuccessful in treating these patients; L-thyroxine and aspirin were successful more often. Two patients required thyroidectomy to control pain. PMID- 3753834 TI - Lymphoma invading the anterior eustachian tube. Temporal bone histopathology of functional tubal obstruction. AB - The temporal bones of a man with poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma, who had had a bilateral conductive hearing loss and incomplete left-sided facial palsy, were obtained. Sections were prepared for histologic study by staining with hematoxylin and eosin and were examined under the light microscope. The left temporal bone showed marked tumor cell involvement, not only of the lateral part of the cartilaginous portion of the eustachian tube (ET) where the tensor veli palatini muscle had been partially destroyed, but also in the anterior part of the temporal bone. A serous middle ear effusion was present, but the lumen of the ET was unaffected by tumor or inflammation. The pathological findings in the right temporal bone were similar to those in the left, although the cartilaginous part of the ET and its surrounding structures were not available for study. The pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion appeared to be secondary to functional ET obstruction, due to the dysfunction of the tensor veli palatini muscle as a result of the tumor destruction. This case is the first to be reported in which functional ET obstruction, secondary to tumor invasion of the active muscle dilator of the ET, has been histologically confirmed. PMID- 3753835 TI - Cochlear implantation: strategies to protect the implanted cochlea from middle ear infection. AB - A cochlear implant for use in children must take into account the high incidence of middle ear infection in this age group. A scala tympani electrode that traverses the middle ear and round window will likely act as a conduit by which infection can spread to the inner ear and potentially to the CNS. In this study an attempt was made to reestablish a separation of the cochlea from the middle ear by developing a seal around the implant at the level of the round window. A series of cats were implanted with simulated cochlear prostheses consisting of either a plain Silastic cylinder, a Silastic cylinder wrapped with autogenous fascia, or a Silastic cylinder with a cuff of bioactive ceramic. Middle ear infection was induced, followed by histologic examination. Bioactive ceramic appears to have some merit as a round window sealing material, while fascia was shown to be of no value. Intracochlear infection, when it did occur, was limited to the basal regions of the cochlea. PMID- 3753836 TI - Comparison of different speech processing strategies on patients receiving the same implant. AB - Two subjects with transcutaneously connected 8-electrode scala tympani implants were given subsets of the Minimal Auditory Capabilities test during stimulation with five speech processing strategies--two single channel and three multichannel. While there were significant (p = 0.05%) scores on some items with all types of stimulation, one subject did as well with single channel analog as with multichannel stimulation. She is an enthusiastic full-time user of single channel stimulation. The other, a nonuser of the same device, preferred (and performed better with) one of multichannel stimulation. This is an interim report because neither subject has yet had the opportunity of nonlaboratory use of the multichannel schemes. PMID- 3753837 TI - [Clinico-biochemical aspects of the polychemotherapy of disseminated lymphogranulomatosis resistant to the COPP protocol]. AB - With a purpose of providing efficient treatment of extended lymphogranulomatosis resistant to the routine COPP program, new programs of polychemotherapy including the use of an antibiotic, plant alkaloid, alkylating agent and glucocorticoid were developed and studied. The optimal rhythm and regimen of the drug administration were developed. The study was based on the treatment of 65 patients. The clinical trials showed that the ALVP program including the use of adriablastin, lofenal, vinblastin and prednisolone was the most efficient. Its use provided a significant therapeutic effect in 77 per cent of the patients. The BrLVP program including the use of bruneomycin, lofenal, vinblastin and prednisolone, the RLVP program including the use of rubomycin, lofenal, vinblastin and prednisolone, the DLVP program including the use of dactinomycin, lofenal, vinblastin and prednisolone and the BlLVP program including the use of bleomycin, lofenal, vinblastin and prednisolone were less efficient and provided the therapeutic effect in 66, 63, 60 and 60 per cent of the patients respectively. The direction of shifts in the spectrum of the blood serum enzymes mainly corresponded to the results of clinical trials. This first of all referred to the ALVP and BrLVP programs. The use of these programs provided normalization of the hexokinase and lactate dehydrogenase activity of the serum and positive shifts in the isoenzyme spectrum. PMID- 3753838 TI - Noncoordinate regulation of the mRNAs encoding cytochromes P-450BNF/MC-B and P 450ISF/BNF-G. AB - The mRNAs encoding the major polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-induced cytochromes P-450 from rat, P-450BNF/MC-B and P-450ISF/BNF-G, were characterized using three classes of recombinant plasmids: those complementary to (a) only P-450BNF/MC-B mRNA, (b) only P-450ISF/BNF-G mRNA, and (c) both mRNAs. These classes were identified by hybridization-selected translation and immunoprecipitation using six monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies and were later sequenced to confirm their identity and specificity. These findings indicated that the mRNAs encoding these two P-450s have regions that are unique, as well as regions that are homologous. Hybridization-selected translation also showed that the primary in vitro translation products of the P-450BNF/MC-B and P-450ISF/BNF-G mRNAs are 55 and 52 kDa, respectively, and have both unique and common structural characteristics that can be distinguished immunologically. By Northern hybridization, the P-450BNF/MC-B mRNA was found to be 2900 bases long, while the P-450ISF/BNF-G mRNA was 2100 bases long. Precursors of 3500 and 5200 bases were detected for P-450BNF/MC-B mRNA, while a 3100-base precursor was detected for P 450ISF/BNF-G mRNA. These two mRNAs were induced by beta-naphthoflavone, isosafrole, and 3-methylcholanthrene, but not by phenobarbital. In untreated rats, the P-450BNF/MC-B mRNA was consistently present at very low levels while the P-450ISF/BNF-G mRNA was present in variable amounts, suggesting that the latter mRNA can be induced by dietary or other environmental factors. The kinetics of induction of the P-450BNF/MC-B and P-450ISF/BNF-G mRNAs were measured by dot blot hybridization. P-450BNF/MC-B mRNA increased rapidly, reaching half maximum by 4 h after treatment with 3-methylcholanthrene, while the P-450ISF/BNF G mRNA increased more slowly, reaching half-maximum after 12 h. The levels of both mRNAs peaked at 24 h, but decreased thereafter at different rates; P 450BNF/MC-B mRNA dropped by about 20% during the next 24 h, while P-450ISF/BNF-G mRNA dropped by 50 to 70%. These differences in the kinetics of induction and the apparent stabilities of the P-450BNF/MC-B and P-450ISF/BNF-G mRNAs, in conjunction with the observed differences in their levels in untreated rats, suggested that these two mRNAs were not coordinately regulated even though they were induced by the same compounds.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3753839 TI - Synergistic induction of monooxygenase activity by glucocorticoids and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human fetal hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture. AB - The ability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and glucocorticoids to regulate monooxygenase activity of human fetal liver has been studied using hepatocytes prepared by collagenase digestion of liver samples from human abortuses of 13 to 19 weeks of gestational age, and maintained in primary monolayer culture for periods up to 5 days. Addition of 1,2-benzanthracene to the cells caused an increase in monooxygenase activity (3-hydroxylation of benzo[a]pyrene and O deethylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin) in a time-and concentration-dependent fashion. The concentration of 1,2-benzanthracene required to achieve half-maximal induction was 5 microM. The inductive effect of the polycyclic hydrocarbon was potentiated approximately 2.5-fold when dexamethasone (250 nM) or other glucocorticoids were included in the culture medium. Dexamethasone alone had little or no effect on the induction of monooxygenase activity. The concentration of dexamethasone required for half-maximal stimulation of monooxygenase activity in the presence of 1,2-benzanthracene was 5-10 nM, and the action of dexamethasone was reversed by the addition of cortisol 21-mesylate, consistent with the concept that the action of dexamethasone was mediated by binding to a glucocorticoid receptor. These results are suggestive that glucocorticoids, which are produced by the fetal adrenal and have an important role in the regulation of fetal development, act synergistically with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to induce the activity of liver monooxygenases in the human fetus. PMID- 3753840 TI - Female-predominant expression of testosterone 16 alpha-hydroxylase ("I"-P 450(16)alpha) and its repression in strain 129/J. AB - Using specific testosterone 16 alpha-hydroxylase activity as the basis for selection of fractions during purification, the cytochrome P-450 ("I"-P 450(16)alpha) has been isolated from livers of phenobarbital-treated 129/J female mice [K. Devore, N. Harada, and M. Negishi (1985) Biochemistry, 24, 5632-5637]. An antibody elicited in rabbits to "I"-P-450(16)alpha was used to determine the amount of hepatic microsomal 16 alpha-hydroxylase activity due to "I"-P 450(16)alpha in untreated females and males of the two mouse strains, 129/J and BALB/cJ. The activities inhibited were 0.03 and 0.3 nmol/min/mg protein in the 129/J and BALB/cJ females, respectively. No significant level of "I"-P 450(16)alpha-dependent activity was detected in the microsomes from males of either mouse strain. Immunoblotting of microsomal proteins with the antibody to "I"-P-450(16)alpha revealed approximately a 10-fold greater amount of a 54-kDa protein in the microsomes from BALB/cJ than from 129/J females (0.03 and 0.26 pmol/micrograms protein, respectively). A cDNA clone (R17) for phenobarbital inducible rat cytochrome P-450 selected "I"-P-450(16)alpha mRNA of mice, indicating a high degree of homology between the mRNAs of mouse "I"-P 450(16)alpha and phenobarbital-inducible rat cytochrome P-450s. Northern and dot hybridization of total mouse liver poly(A)+ RNA with the R17 cDNA probe indicated that the specific content of the hybridizable mRNA was more than 10 times higher in BALB/cJ females than in males, and that the mRNA level in female 129/J mice was very similar to that of 129/J and BALB/cJ males. The repression of "I"-P 450(16)alpha in 129/J females was inherited as an autosomal recessive trait in 129/J and BALB/cJ pairs as indicated by the levels of mRNA in female F1 offspring and the "I"-P-450(16)alpha-dependent hydroxylase activity. Female and male mice of eight more inbred strains (AKR/J, DBA/2J, C57BL/6J, C3H/HeJ, NZB/J, A/J, CBA/CaJ, and P/J) were tested for levels of mRNA. The results showed that the levels of mRNA were always 5- to 10-fold greater in the females than in the corresponding males, although there was some variation in the mRNA content in the males from the different strains. 129/J females appear to be a genetic variant where the female-predominant expression of the mRNA is repressed. PMID- 3753841 TI - Clinical characteristics and prognosis of myasthenia gravis with other autoimmune diseases. AB - Of 277 patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) who underwent thymectomy, including 78 with thymomatous MG, 33 patients had other autoimmune diseases. The clinical characteristics of MG with other autoimmune disease were investigated. Graves's disease and rheumatoid arthritis were the most common autoimmune diseases seen. The association rate of autoimmune disease in patients with thymomatous MG (3.8%) was significantly lower than that in patients with nonthymomatous MG (15.1%). The positive rate for a germinal center in the thymus was significantly higher in patients with other autoimmune disease than in those without such disease. Thymectomy was effective for MG in patients with an associated disease as well as in those without such a complication. The clinical course of the associated autoimmune disease did not seem to be adversely affected by thymectomy. Therefore, thymectomy should be performed in MG patients with other autoimmune disease. PMID- 3753842 TI - Angiosarcoma presenting in the lung. AB - Three cases of angiosarcoma presenting as diffuse pulmonary infiltrates are described and the clinical presentations, histologic findings, and differential diagnosis are discussed. Primary pulmonary angiosarcomas are extremely rare and require careful clinical evaluation to exclude metastases from the heart, pericardium, pulmonary arterial trunk, and distant extrathoracic sites. PMID- 3753843 TI - Immunohistochemical evidence for the vascular origin of primary adrenal pseudocysts. AB - Pseudocysts are the most common nonfunctioning cystic adrenal lesions associated with symptoms. We have studied tissue from two patients with large adrenal pseudocysts in whom no antecedent cause could be documented. Immunohistochemical examination of these formaldehyde-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues with antibodies directed against the major proteins of the basement membrane (laminin and type IV collagen) revealed intense linear staining surrounding the cystic spaces and at the compressed adrenal cortical/pseudocyst interface. These findings lead us to conclude that these lesions are vascular in nature and, therefore, closely related to the previously recognized adrenal cysts of endothelial origin. PMID- 3753844 TI - Phenytoin-induced systemic granulomatous vasculitis. AB - Much has been written about adverse effects accompanying the use of phenytoin. However, the rare occurrence of systemic vasculitis induced by this drug has only been the subject of sporadic case reports and has not truly been characterized as a definitive entity. The high fatality rate of this complication is a proof of its severity. A case of multiorgan necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis related to the use of phenytoin is reported and the clinicopathologic aspects of seven similar cases assembled from the literature are summarized and discussed. The most commonly affected patients are elderly black men who present with skin rash, fever, and, frequently, eosinophilia. Tissue examination discloses systemic vasculitis that is often granulomatous and involves mainly the liver, kidneys, and spleen. Immediate recognition of this diagnosis is stressed, since proper treatment may reverse a fatal clinical course. PMID- 3753845 TI - Severe liver fibrosis in argininosuccinic aciduria. AB - Hepatomegaly is an important clinical finding in patients with argininosuccinic aciduria (a hereditary defect of the urea cycle enzyme, argininosuccinate lyase [argininosuccinase]). A severe degree of liver fibrosis, almost corresponding to cirrhosis, was observed in liver biopsy material obtained from a boy with this disorder. This observation is of interest in light of the fact that liver fibrosis or cirrhosis are hallmarks of many inheritable phenotypes, and especially of inborn errors of metabolism. Variable degrees of liver fibrosis are noted in other inborn defects of the urea cycle, eg, in ornithine transcarbamylase and carbamoylphosphate synthetase deficiencies. These findings appear to indicate that inheritable defects of urea synthesis may form a group of metabolic disorders prone to cause hepatic fibrosis, or even cirrhosis, as shown in our patient. PMID- 3753846 TI - The frequency of fungal involvement in abnormal vocal cord biopsy specimens. AB - Finding an unsuspected fungal infection of the true vocal cord prompted a retrospective study of abnormal vocal cords received as surgical specimens. Of 30 cases initially diagnosed histologically as either inflammation or hyperkeratosis, two (in addition to the index case) contained fungal elements visible on special stains. None of the patients had systemic mycoses on examination or on follow-up. Local excision apparently cured all lesions. Fungi may cause more vocal cord lesions than previously recognized and cannot be well visualized on routine sections. PMID- 3753847 TI - Accessory tissue of the tricuspid valve protruding into the left ventricle through a septal defect. AB - We report the pathologic findings in 13 cases with accessory tissue originating from the tricuspid valve and protruding into the left ventricular outflow tract through a ventricular septal defect (VSD). In eight cases the accessory tissue formed a pouch, the walls of which were similar to the tissue of the normal tricuspid valve. In five cases, papillarylike masses of young connective tissue formed the accessory tissue. The degree of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction was mild in five cases, intermediate in five, and severe in three. Adhesions to the rims of the VSD causing obstruction of the VSD were seen in ten cases. Associated anomalies were present in all cases. The most frequent associated anomalies other than the tricuspid valvular anomalies and the VSDs were transposition of the great arteries and a variety of vascular anomalies. PMID- 3753848 TI - Squamous cysts in renal dysplasia. AB - We report two cases of renal dysplasia with squamous cysts. The histological features in one case suggest that the cysts may develop through metaplasia of the tubular epithelium. PMID- 3753849 TI - Melanotic schwannoma of the acoustic nerve. AB - Melanotic schwannoma is a rare neoplasm, with only 23 previously reported cases. We report an additional case of a melanotic schwannoma arising from the acoustic nerve in a 74-year-old man who had a probable forme fruste of neurofibromatosis. We briefly review the literature of this neoplasm and discuss theories regarding the histogenesis of these tumors. PMID- 3753851 TI - Coccidioidomycosis--a great imitator disease. PMID- 3753850 TI - Erythroblasts that simulate a metastatic tumor. PMID- 3753852 TI - Clinical significance of selective nerve fascicular degeneration on sural nerve biopsy specimen. AB - Eight cases of selective nerve fascicular degeneration (SNFD) on sural nerve were identified from 250 consecutive biopsy specimens. In six patients, SNFD was associated with angiopathic changes. This study suggests that SNFD is a distinctive finding seen in 3% of nerve biopsy specimens, and its presence alone may indicate an angiopathic disorder. Selective nerve fascicular degeneration is associated with a variety of clinical presentations, ranging from chronic distal symmetrical polyneuropathy to mononeuropathy multiplex. PMID- 3753853 TI - Intramuscular hematopoiesis in hypotonic infants with type 1 muscle fiber dysmaturation. AB - Three term infants had severe hypotonia, a maturation defect of type 1 muscle fibers, and extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) in quadriceps muscle specimens obtained within one month of birth. Although predominantly myelopoietic, signs of inflammatory myopathy were absent. One patient had congenital myopathy with maturation arrest of type 1 fibers, another had transient maturation delay of type 1 fibers, and the third patient was subsequently classified as having spinomuscular atrophy. Extramedullary hematopoiesis was demonstrated in normal muscle obtained from young fetuses, but not in muscle obtained at autopsy from infants representing the third trimester and first postnatal month, or in muscle biopsy specimens from 15 other hypotonic infants with type 1 fiber size disproportion. We conclude that EMH in muscle of hypotonic infants is an abnormal persistence of a fetal state that is associated with delayed muscle maturation with diverse origins. Extramedullary hematopoiesis in muscle may indicate hypoxia, but signs of perinatal asphyxia in these babies were inconclusive. Low blood flow due to inactivity or an unidentified product of immature muscle may promote intramuscular EMH, but there is no evidence to suggest that myelopoiesis is injurious to muscle fibers. Intramuscular EMH should be distinguished from inflammation. PMID- 3753854 TI - Amyloidosis presenting in the lower respiratory tract. Clinicopathologic, radiologic, immunohistochemical, and histochemical studies on 48 cases. AB - We studied 48 cases of amyloidosis localized to the lower respiratory tract. Fourteen cases were classified as tracheobronchial amyloidosis. Twenty-eight cases showed solitary or multiple nodules, and six cases had a diffuse interstitial parenchymal pattern. Almost all patients with tracheobronchial and diffuse interstitial amyloidosis had respiratory symptoms (usually dyspnea), whereas most with nodular amyloidosis were asymptomatic. Nodular parenchymal and, less frequently, tracheobronchial amyloidosis had contiguous cellular infiltrates of plasma cells, lymphocytes, and giant cells. Immunohistochemical staining of specimens from 18 cases showed these plasma cells to be polytypic, except for two tracheobronchial lesions that had a disproportionate number of lambda light chain bearing plasma cells. Permanganate oxidation of specimens from 19 cases showed patterns in keeping with immunoglobulin-derived amyloid in 12. Local deposits of amyloid in lung may arise from deposition of circulating precursor proteins. PMID- 3753855 TI - Red blood cell antibody identification and confirmation using commercial panels. A computer program for the IBM personal computer. AB - A menu-driven computer program that utilizes a data base of commercial panels was developed to assist in the identification and confirmation of red blood cell antibodies. A selected panel, along with the corresponding serum reactions, is displayed on the monitor and possible antibody patterns including dosage dependent patterns are highlighted. A panel interpretation is then printed that includes a list of the possible (nonexcluded) antibodies, a probability level of identification for each possible antibody, and a table of antibody characteristics to aid in the differentiation among the possible antibodies. The panel data base can also be searched for additional red blood cells of specified phenotypes to confirm each suspected antibody. These additional red blood cells may be combined into a temporary panel for computer analysis. The program can also enter, print, edit, and delete any commercial panel from the data base. This computer program has proved to be faster and more accurate than the standard manual method for panel analysis, especially when multiple antibodies are present. PMID- 3753856 TI - A spontaneous factor V inhibitor with unexpected laboratory features. AB - In a patient with a spontaneous inhibitor detected against factor V, the initial pattern of laboratory results suggested a possible nonspecific (lupuslike) inhibitor, a finding that did not agree with the clinical history. Further evaluation led to the identification of the specific inhibitor. The patient was then treated successfully with platelets and immunosuppression. This case highlights the nonspecific nature of many of the procedures utilized to evaluate patients with circulating anticoagulants and underscores the need for a careful integration of clinical and laboratory data to diagnose and manage these patients properly. PMID- 3753857 TI - Quality control for a 14- to 18-megohm-cm deionized water supply. AB - We studied the quality control for a 14- to 18-megohm-cm deionized water system with multiple outlets. The quality of water was determined by measuring specific resistance, performing a total colony count, trace metal analysis, and high performance liquid chromatographic analysis. The specific resistivity of water was at the level of 17 to 18 megohms-cm at the recirculation loop and greater than 10 megohms-cm at the individual faucets. The microbial content was consistently less than 100 colony-forming units/mL. Periodic trace-metal analysis indicated less than 1 microgram/L of copper, bismuth, zinc, cadmium, mercury, thallium, and lead. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis, as determined by the absorbance of the highest peak by ultraviolet and fluorescence spectroscopy, indicated less than or equal to 0.001 absorbance unit. Our experience suggests that maintaining laboratory water at 14 to 18 megohms using a plastic system with plastic faucets eliminates the likelihood of bacterial organic and trace-metal contamination of the water. PMID- 3753858 TI - Coccidioidomycosis of the female genital tract. AB - Female genital tract involvement is a rare manifestation of disseminated coccidioidomycosis; to our knowledge, only ten patients have previously been described in the English literature. We describe a patient who seems to be unique in that she developed female genital tract coccidioidomycosis and coccidioidal peritonitis after chemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease. Coccidioidomycosis of the female genital tract is usually manifest as granulomatous endometritis and/or granulomatous tubo-ovarian disease with peritonitis. The diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis was unsuspected clinically in all 11 reported cases (including our patient); initial diagnosis was made by biopsy or culture in all 11 patients. In eight of the reported cases of female genital tract coccidioidomycosis (including our patient), clinical improvement occurred after treatment with surgery or antifungal chemotherapy; three patients died of disseminated coccidioidomycosis. PMID- 3753859 TI - Omental cryptococcoma. An unusual presentation of cryptococcosis. AB - A case of an omental cryptococcal granuloma, believed to be the first reported, presented as an abdominal mass in a 29-year-old man. An exploratory laparotomy revealed a soft, 8-cm lesion in the omentum. Pathologic examination showed this to be a cryptococcal granuloma containing masses of budding, encapsulated yeasts. Aggregates of eosinophils were also noted. This case is unusual in both site (as cryptococcosis tends to localize in the central nervous system) and size. PMID- 3753860 TI - Fibroepithelial polyp of the bladder with atypical stromal cells. AB - A 35-year-old man with hematuria had a polypoid bladder lesion, which on microscopic examination was a fibroepithelial polyp containing numerous stromal cells with atypical, hyperchromatic nuclei. The polyp resembled those encountered in the lower female genital tract and other sites and must be distinguished from sarcoma botryoides. PMID- 3753861 TI - Isolated cardiac amyloidosis associated with sudden death. AB - An unusual case of localized cardiac amyloidosis was associated with sudden death in the absence of prior symptoms of heart disease. Autopsy studies showed amyloid deposition in the ventricular myocardium and conduction system; there were no deposits in other viscera, and evidence of a plasma cell dyscrasia was lacking. Thus, it appears that isolated involvement of the heart by amyloidosis may cause death, even in patients who do not have a history of congestive heart failure or arrhythmia. PMID- 3753862 TI - Acral mucinous syringometaplasia. A benign cutaneous lesion associated with verrucous hyperplasia. AB - We describe herein a case of acral mucinous syringometaplasia that presented clinically as a verruca plantaris. Microscopically, verrucous hyperplasia of the epidermis and central, dilated eccrine ducts lined by a mixture of squamous and goblet cells were present. Mucinous syringometaplasia is a benign entity that should be distinguished from other mucin-containing cutaneous lesions. PMID- 3753863 TI - An unruptured tubal pregnancy at term. AB - We report a case of advanced, unruptured tubal pregnancy proceeding beyond term. A 25-year-old woman was admitted at 42 weeks' gestation because of lower abdominal pain and inability to feel fetal movements. An ultrasound examination suggested fetal death. At laparotomy three weeks after admission, a right-sided, unruptured tubal mass containing a macerated fetus was found. PMID- 3753864 TI - Increased intraocular pressure following neodymium-YAG laser iridectomy. PMID- 3753865 TI - A role for the cytoskeleton in renal vitamin D metabolism. AB - Conversion of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) to its active metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) occurs in the renal tubule mitochondrion. Recent reports have implicated the cytoskeleton in certain other steroid metabolizing cells as a mediator of a rate-limiting mitochondrial transport step. Whilst the activity of the renal converting enzyme, a typical steroid hydroxylase, is known to be regulated closely by a number of well studied factors, no information is available to indicate whether an analogous transport step is relevant to the regulation of vitamin D metabolism. Cytochalasin B and vinblastine were used as chemical antagonists of the microfilamentous and microtubular elements of the cytoskeleton. Both agents inhibited the conversion of 25(OH)D3 to 1,25(OH)2D3 by isolated vitamin D-deficient chick renal tubules in a dose-dependent manner. At the concentrations required to inhibit 25(OH)D3-1 alpha-hydroxylase activity in whole cells, these agents inhibited neither isolated mitochondrial 1,25(OH)2D3 production, nor 24,25(OH)2D3 synthesis by vitamin D-replete tubules. The cytoskeletal antagonists were found to increase the content of labelled 1,25(OH)2D3 and 25(OH)D3 in a mitochondrial fraction prepared by Percoll fractionation of tubule cells pre-exposed to the antagonists and labelled 25(OH)D3 substrate. The data suggest that disruption of the cytoskeleton may result in inhibition of transport of newly synthesised 1,25(OH)2D3 out of the mitochondrion and through the cell, and accumulating 1,25(OH)2D3 may oppose its further synthesis. This is consistent with a transport process mediated by the cytoskeleton being involved in the regulation of renal vitamin D metabolism. PMID- 3753866 TI - Treatment with poly I.C. enhances lipid peroxidation and the activity of xanthine oxidase, and decreases hepatic P-450 content and activities in mice and rats. AB - Treatment of mice and rats with polyriboinosinic acid-polyribocytidylic acid (poly I.C., 5 mg/kg i.p.), a potent interferon inducer, decreased hepatic cytochrome P-450 system content and activities without influencing P-450 independent xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes. Treatment with poly I.C. decreased the content of P-450 by 28% in mice (P less than 0.05) and 30% in rats (P less than 0.05) but did not alter the activity of cytochrome c reductase. With treatment of poly I.C., the activity of XO increased 87% in mice (P less than 0.01) and 30% in rats (P less than 0.01). Lipid peroxidation was enhanced by 82% in mice (P less than 0.01) and 95% in rats (P less than 0.05). These results raise the possibility that a part of the depression of P-450 system content and activities by poly I.C. might be caused by enhanced lipid peroxidation associated with increased activity of XO. PMID- 3753867 TI - Computer-aided, systematic search of peptide conformations constrained by NMR data. AB - A computer program has been developed which allows exhaustive exploration of the conformation of medium sized rings (8 to 22-membered). This program provides for inclusion of experimental data from NMR measurements in the form of dihedral angles estimated by the Karplus equation and NOE close contacts. A brief description of the principles used in the program to provide high efficiency are given as is a discussion of the application of this program to a cyclic hexapeptide somatostatin analogue. PMID- 3753868 TI - Carbocyclic inosine as a potent anti-leishmanial agent: the metabolism and selective cytotoxic effects of carbocyclic inosine in promastigotes of Leishmania tropica and Leishmania donovani. AB - Carbocyclic inosine is a potent inhibitor for the growth of the promastigote form of Leishmania tropica and Leishmania donovani. In culture, the EC50 values of carbocyclic inosine are 8.3 X 10(-8) and 1.3 X 10(-7) M for the promastigotes of L. tropica and L. donovani, respectively. On the other hand, it is less toxic towards mouse mammary tumor FM3A cells: the EC50 value is 2.7 X 10(-4) M. Carbocyclic inosine is metabolized by Leishmania promastigotes to give carbocyclic adenosine-5'-triphosphate (aristeromycin-5'-triphosphate) and carbocyclic guanosine-5'-triphosphate. This metabolic conversion provides a mechanism for the parasite-selective toxicity of carbocyclic inosine. PMID- 3753869 TI - Evidence that the antitumor agent hydroxyurea enters mammalian cells by a diffusion mechanism. AB - Very little information is available about the process responsible for the uptake of the antitumor agent hydroxyurea by mammalian cells. Therefore we have investigated the transport of hydroxy[14C]-urea into Chinese hamster ovary cells. Using a convenient and reproducible 2 min. assay we found that hydroxyurea was taken up in a linear nonsaturable fashion between 0.01 mM and 100 mM drug. The Km for hydroxyurea uptake was essentially zero and the Vmax appeared to be infinite, suggesting a diffusion mechanism. The observation that intracellular drug concentrations were consistently less than medium concentrations indicated that uptake was not an active process. Experiments performed with the metabolic inhibitor sodium azide, and investigations at different assay temperatures also gave results consistent with a mechanism of drug diffusion. In total, the results obtained in this study are in agreement with the proposal that hydroxyurea enters the cell primarily by a process of diffusion. These observations provide a more complete understanding of the mode of action of this widely used drug. PMID- 3753870 TI - Fluorescence probe studies of the interaction of ubiquinone-10 and ubiquinol-10 with phosphatidylcholine bilayers. AB - Ubiquinone-10 and ubiquinol-10 were incorporated into dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles and their interaction with the phospholipids was monitored by fluorescence measurements of diphenylhexatriene used as a probe. It was found that ubiquinone-10 did not perturb the phospholipid thermotropic pretransition but ubiquinol-10 was able to do so. Although, in ethanolic solution, ubiquinone-10 was a better quencher of diphenylhexatriene than ubiquinol-10, when incorporated into phospholipid multibilayers and at temperatures above Tc, ubiquinone-10 produced a smaller decrease in the intensity of the fluorescence probe than ubiquinol-10. Furthermore, the fluorescence anisotropy of the probe was significantly increased by ubiquinol-10 but not by ubiquinone-10. It was concluded that both forms of coenzyme Q have different localizations in the phospholipid bilayer. PMID- 3753871 TI - Selective labelling of Cys-10 on actin. AB - Conditions are described for the selective modification of Cys-10 on actin achieved following the blocking of the more reactive Cys-374. Labelling of Cys-10 did not affect the formation of actin filaments. This residue should be capable of serving as a site for fluorescence donors or acceptors and thus will be a useful locus to probe F-actin structure. PMID- 3753872 TI - Tryptophan pyrrolase in heme metabolism. Comparative actions of inorganic tin and cobalt and their protoporphyrin chelates on tryptophan pyrrolase in liver. AB - The effects of various metals and metalloporphyrins, which are known to alter markedly heme metabolism in vivo, on the heme saturation of tryptophan pyrrolase in liver were examined. At early time points, up to 120 min, administration of CoCl2 to rats caused a rapid and marked decrease in the degree of heme saturation of tryptophan pyrrolase; in contrast, Co-protoporphyrin produced a slight increase in heme saturation of the enzyme. SnCl2 did not alter the heme saturation of tryptophan pyrrolase; however, treatment of rats with Sn protoporphyrin, a potent competitive inhibitor of heme oxygenase activity both in vivo and in vitro, produced a rapid and complete heme saturation of tryptophan pyrrolase. In addition, upon simultaneous administration of Sn-protoporphyrin and CoCl2, Sn-protoporphyrin prevented the CoCl2-mediated decrease in heme saturation of tryptophan pyrrolase. These findings provide further evidence that the measurement of the heme saturation of tryptophan pyrrolase is a sensitive indicator of changes in the availability of heme in the "regulatory" heme pool, particularly in the immediate period after administration of compounds which are known to perturb heme metabolism in vivo. PMID- 3753874 TI - [Primary structure of a fragment of cDNA from phage fr]. AB - The nucleotide sequence of a 1392 bp fragment of phage fr cDNA has been determined. The fragment contains 3'-terminal part of the A-protein gene, the complete coat protein gene, and beginning of the replicase gene. A comparison between the sequences of the corresponding genes and regulatory regions from the phage fr and MS2 genomes reveals 320 base changes. PMID- 3753873 TI - Changes of renal mRNA species abundance by ochratoxin A. AB - Ochratoxin A is a nephrotoxin produced by certain species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. We have found previously that renal but not hepatic P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase, and the mRNA for this enzyme, are rapidly decreased in rats and swine fed 0.1 to 1 mg/kg body weight for a few days. In the present study, we isolated kidney mRNA from rats fed ochratoxin A for 2-5 days. By screening a rat kidney cDNA library with [32P]RNA, we have identified several renal mRNAs whose concentration is changed within 2 days by the toxin. The transcription rate of each mRNA was measured in nuclei isolated from kidneys of rats fed ochratoxin A. The incorporation of [32P]UMP into P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA and the synthesis of other RNAs were not affected. Therefore, the toxin changes mRNA abundance at the post-transcriptional level. PMID- 3753875 TI - Body-cavity concealment of contraband: cooperation between the US Customs Service and the ED. AB - The United States Customs Service policies the borders of the country for smuggling of contraband, sometimes accomplished within body cavities. If a person is suspected of body-cavity concealment, the Customs Service may request the assistance of emergency department personnel to determine the presence of material within a body cavity. This usually involves interpretation of radiographs of the abdomen and pelvis, as most of such smuggling is done within the gastrointestinal tract, either by swallowing or placement within the rectum. Additionally, the Customs Service may also request that the physician remove such smuggled material from the vagina or rectum of the suspect. The courts have found these body-cavity searches to be lawful. No successful litigation has yet been brought against either the Customs Service or the medical personnel involved. PMID- 3753876 TI - Gaseous homeostasis and the circle system. Description of a model. AB - A model has been constructed of a subject breathing from a circle system. The subject model is based on the circulation-time model of anaesthetic uptake described by Mapleson. This is a multi-compartmental model of body tissues in which gas exchange in each compartment is calculated at each heart beat. The lung compartment of Mapleson's model has been modified to allow for an unlimited number of gases to be present in the inspired gas mixture. The circle system model assumes total absorption of all expired carbon dioxide and full mixing of all gases within the system. The volume of gas in the system and its composition is calculated for each respiratory cycle. The subject model can be considered as being either attached to a non-rebreathing system, when inspired gas composition is under the control of the operator, or attached to the circle system, when the operator has control of fresh gas flow and composition. The model has been realized as a computer program written in Pascal. PMID- 3753877 TI - A molecular basis of peptic ulceration due to diet. AB - Fresh rice oil protects against gastric ulceration in rats maintained on an impoverished diet, whereas stored oil is ulcerogenic. Rice oil contains ketoaldehydes which are ulcerogenic but their activity is prevented by the presence of antioxidants such as alpha-tocopherol, which is lost on storage. Protection may also be restored by the addition of cysteine. These results in rats in vivo can be duplicated in a rat liver microsomal system in vitro, in which malondialdehyde production is a measure of toxicity. It is proposed that the ulcerogenic activity of rice oil is the direct consequence of the stimulation of endogenous lipid peroxidation due to the lowering of the GSH content in the endoplasmic reticulum by the ketoaldehydes in stored rice oil. A similar mechanism is suggested for the ulcerogenic activity of an impoverished diet which directly lowers the tissue levels of GSH. PMID- 3753878 TI - The usefulness of 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3(1,25(OH)2vitD3) in the treatment of idiopathic myelofibrosis. PMID- 3753879 TI - Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and exposure to phenoxyherbicides, chlorophenols, fencing work, and meat works employment: a case-control study. AB - A previous case-control study which used the occupational information available on the New Zealand Cancer Registry found that agricultural workers were at increased risk of developing non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The findings are now presented for the second phase of the study which entailed interviewing 83 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma registered under code 202 of the International Classification of Diseases together with 168 controls with other types of cancer and 228 general population controls. The findings for the two control groups were similar, and there were no significant differences between cases and controls regarding potential exposure to phenoxy-herbicides (odds ratio = 1.4, 90% confidence limits 0.7-2.5, p = 0.26) or chlorophenols (odds ratio = 1.3, 90% confidence limits 0.6-2.7, p = 0.39). The odds ratio for fencing work, necessitating exposure to several potential risk factors including arsenic and sodium pentachlorophenate was 2.0 (90% confidence limits 1.3-3.0, p = 0.01). The odds ratio for employment in a meat works, necessitating potential exposure to 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol and zoonotic viruses, was 1.8 (90% confidence limits 1.1 3.1, p = 0.04). There was a significant statistical interaction between the risks associated with these two activities, the odds ratio for involvement in both activities compared with involvement in neither being 5.7 (90% confidence limits 2.3-14.3, p = 0.03). PMID- 3753880 TI - An in-vitro morphological study of Q-switched neodymium/YAG laser trabeculotomy. AB - Laser trabeculotomies produced by directing a pulsed neodymium/YAG laser beam at specimens of human anterior chamber angle obtained post mortem or after enucleation were studied by light microscopy and by scanning and transmission electron microscopy to assess the dimensions of the openings created in the trabecular meshwork, their penetrance to the canal of Schlemm, and the extent or absence of laser induced cellular damage in immediately adjacent tissue. A pulse duration of 40-50 ns at energy levels of around 30 mJ was used and the laser cavity carefully tuned to give a Gaussian spatial mode pattern. Openings in the trabecular meshwork typically of 100 microns in diameter and penetrating through to the canal of Schlemm could be regularly created with only minimal damage to adjacent tissue as judged by transmission electron microscopy. The information so gained may be useful in determining the parameters required for successful laser trabeculotomy as a treatment for primary open-angle glaucoma. PMID- 3753881 TI - Influence of vesicle size on complement-dependent immune damage to liposomes. AB - Complement-dependent antibody-mediated damage to multilamellar lipid vesicles (MLVs) normally results in a maximum release of 50-60% of trapped aqueous marker. The most widely accepted explanation for this is that only the outermost lamellae of MLVs are attacked by complement. To test this hypothesis, complement damage to two different types of large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs), large unilamellar vesicles prepared by the reverse-phase evaporation procedure (REVs) and large unilamellar vesicles prepared by extrusion techniques (LUVETs), were determined. In the presence of excess antibody and complement the LUVs released a maximum of only approx. 25 to 40% of trapped aqueous marker, instead of close to 100% that would be expected. Since small unilamellar vesicles apparently differ from LUVs in that they can release 100% of trapped aqueous marker it appeared that the size of the vesicles was an important factor. Because of these observations the influence of MLV size on marker release was examined. Three populations of MLVs of different sizes were separated by a fluorescence activated cell sorter. Assays of the separated MLV populations showed that the degree of complement-dependent marker release was inversely related to MLV size. No detectable glucose was taken up by MLVs when glucose was present only outside the liposomes during complement lysis. Our results can all be explained by the closing, or loss, of complement channels. We conclude that complement channels are only transiently open in liposomes, and that loss of channel patency may be due to either channel closing or to loss of channels. PMID- 3753883 TI - Interaction of pantetheinase with sulfhydryl reagents and disulfides. AB - The effect of many thiol reagents and disulfides on pantetheinase (E.C. 3.5.1.-; pantetheine hydrolase) was studied in the presence or absence of S-pantetheine-3 pyruvate as substrate. Iodoacetamide, iodoacetate, bromopyruvate and N ethylmaleimide irreversibly inactivate the enzyme at very different rates. Inactivation constants, corrected for the different reactivity of halogeno derivatives with non-protein thiols, suggest the presence of an essential sulfhydryl group in the enzyme and a negatively charged environment near this group. p-Chloromercuribenzoate is the most effective inhibitor; 2-nitro-5 thiocyanobenzoate, o-iodosobenzoate and hydrogen peroxide give a biphasic inhibition pattern, indicating the existence of two sulfhydryl groups whose modification affects activity. Organic arsenicals decrease activity to about 50%. Neutral and positively charged disulfides are effective inhibitors. Substrate protects the enzyme from inactivation, except in the case of negatively charged disulfides, where the presence of substrate enhances the inhibitory effect. Titration with Ellman's reagent or 4,4'-dithiodipyridine under various experimental conditions demonstrated the existence of two sulfhydryls and three disulfides in the fully active enzyme. Pantetheinase may become inactive during purification with concomitant loss of one titrable sulfhydryl group. PMID- 3753882 TI - Sequence of the cDNA encoding porcine pro-opiomelanocortin. AB - Messenger RNA was extracted from porcine pituitary pars intermedia and cloned as cDNA by standard methods. The nucleotide sequence encoding porcine pro opiomelanocortin was established from analysis of two separate cDNA segments having an overlap of 420 bases. The amino acid sequence for the porcine pro opiomelanocortin protein, which was inferred from the cDNA sequence, was found to correspond exactly to the sequence determined by direct amino acid analysis of the component peptides of pro-opiomelanocortin; namely, the porcine hormones ACTH, beta-lipotropin, gamma-MSH and the connecting peptide. We thus find no evidence for the existence of two porcine pro-opiomelanocortin genes that differ in their coding sequences, as was suggested by the in vitro protein synthesis results of others using mRNA obtained from porcine pituitaries. PMID- 3753885 TI - Hemodynamic effects of high frequency ventilation in surfactant-treated preterm lambs. AB - We compared the hemodynamic status and left ventricular (LV) performance in 7 twin pairs of preterm lambs delivered at 124 days gestational age (83% of term gestation) and ventilated by either conventional ventilation (CV) or high frequency ventilation (HFV) at 15 Hz. The lambs were treated with suspensions of natural sheep surfactant to permit ventilation and survival, and ventilatory settings were adjusted to maintain physiologic blood gas values. The ductus arteriosus was occluded with a balloon catheter at 40-45 min of age to eliminate the variable of a left to right ductal shunt. Cineangiocardiographic, pressure, and blood flow measurements were made 1 and 2 h after ductal occlusion. At the same mean airway pressures, the heart rates, LV end-diastolic volumes, and mean arterial pressures were similar in both groups. LV stroke volumes, ejection fractions, LV outputs, and organ blood flows also did not differ between the two groups. When compared with CV, HFV provides comparable ventilation with no apparent deleterious hemodynamic effects in preterm surfactant-treated lambs with occluded ductus arteriosus. PMID- 3753884 TI - Purification and characterization of rat lens pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase. AB - delta 1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (L-proline:NAD(P)+ 5-oxidoreductase, EC 1.5.1.2) has been purified from rat lens and biochemically characterized. Purification steps included ammonium sulfate fractionation, affinity chromatography on Amicon Matrex Orange A, and gel filtration with Sephadex G-200. These steps were carried out at ambient temperature (22 degrees C) in 20 mM sodium phosphate/potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) containing 10% glycerol, 7 mM mercaptoethanol and 0.5 mM EDTA. The enzyme, purified to apparent homogeneity, displayed a molecular weight of 240 000 by gel chromatography and 30 000 by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This suggests that the enzyme is composed of eight subunits. The purified enzyme displays a pH optimum between 6.5 and 7.1 and is inhibited by heavy metal ions and p-chloromercuribenzoate. Kinetic studies indicated Km values of 0.62 mM and 0.051 mM for DL-pyrroline-5-carboxylate as substrate when NADH and NADPH respectively were employed as cofactors. The Km values for the cofactors NADH and NADPH with DL-pyrroline-5-carboxylate as substrate were 0.37 mM and 0.006 mM, respectively. With L-pyrroline-5-carboxylate as substrate, Km values of 0.21 mM and 0.022 mM were obtained for NADH and NADPH, respectively. Enzyme activity is potentially inhibited by NADP+ and ATP, suggesting that delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase may be regulated by the energy level and redox state of the lens. PMID- 3753886 TI - [Production of a cell line of embryonic rat fibroblasts after transfection with the DNA from the early region of simian adenovirus SA7]. AB - Transfection of plasmid DNA, containing coding sequences for the early region of simian adenovirus SA7, into primary cultures of the rat embryonic fibroblasts results in the establishment of a stable cell line REF-1. The cells have been passed more than 40 times (about 160 doublings) without reaching the critical stage. Their growth is substrate- and concentration-dependent. PMID- 3753887 TI - Diffuse large cell lymphoma in a patient with hairy cell leukemia: immunoglobulin gene analysis reveals separate clonal origins. AB - A 75-year-old man with hairy cell leukemia (HCL) was found to have an immunoblastic lymphoma of the small bowel. Immunologic and genotypic characterization of these neoplasms revealed both the HCL and the immunoblastic lymphoma to be of the B cell lineage. The HCL expressed the HCL-associated antigens detected by the monoclonal antibodies HC-1 and HC-2, whereas the immunoblastic lymphoma failed to react with these antibodies. In addition, surface immunoglobulin light chains could not be accurately determined for the hairy cells, whereas the immunoblastic lymphoma was shown to express only kappa immunoglobulin light chains. These immunophenotype differences were compatible with either the clonal evolution of the HCL into the immunoblastic lymphoma or a separate clonal origin for these two neoplasms. An analysis of tumor DNA by Southern blot hybridization revealed different heavy-chain and kappa light-chain gene rearrangements in these two malignancies. Thus the occurrence of the large cell lymphoma most likely represents the emergence of a second clonally unrelated B cell malignancy. PMID- 3753888 TI - A computer program in BASIC for determining probit and log-probit or logit correlation for toxicology and biology. PMID- 3753889 TI - Three-dimensional anatomical images from computed tomographic scans. PMID- 3753890 TI - Post-ovulatory progression of viable spermatozoa in the sheep oviduct and the influence of multiple mating on their pre-ovulatory distribution. PMID- 3753891 TI - Acute myocardial necrosis during administration of amsacrine. AB - The authors report a case of focal myocardial necrosis, presenting clinically as an acute myocardial infarction during the administration of the antineoplastic drug, amsacrine, in a patient without coronary artery disease. In addition to the recognized arrhythmic complications, the authors emphasize myocardial necrosis as a possible further manifestation of amsacrine-related cardiotoxicity. PMID- 3753892 TI - Hypothalamic-pituitary function of children with acute lymphocytic leukemia after three forms of central nervous system prophylaxis. A retrospective study. AB - The hypothalamic-pituitary function of 93 children, who had received central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis as part of their therapy for acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), and who remained in continuous complete remission, was evaluated retrospectively. Treatment regimens included--Group I: 31 subjects, intrathecal methotrexate (IT MTX); Group II: 31 subjects, IT MTX plus 2400 rad cranial irradiation; and Group III: 31 subjects, IT MTX and intravenous intermediate-dose methotrexate. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and T4 levels were normal. All participants had normal adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion as assessed by plasma cortisol responses to insulin hypoglycemia. Urinary follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) excretion of pubertal and postpubertal patients (N = 37) was appropriate, except for one subject from Group I who had an abnormally high output of gonadotropins, and one from Group II who had abnormally low levels. Growth hormone (GH) responses were subnormal after sequential arginine-insulin stimulation as follows--Group 1: 3 of 31 patients; Group II: 6 of 25 patients; and Group III: 2 of 29 patients. Nevertheless, all children had normal linear growth. It was concluded that the three forms of CNS prophylaxis evaluated had no long-term adverse effect on TSH and ACTH secretion. FSH-LH production appears to be normal, but final judgment must await follow-up studies because 60% of the patients were prepuberteral or still receiving chemotherapy. Eleven patients had subnormal GH responses after pharmacologic stimulation of the pituitary, but long-term linear growth was unaffected. PMID- 3753893 TI - Recurrent epidermoid cancer of the anus. AB - Of 83 patients with recurrent epidermoid cancer of the anus, 67 had tumors in the anal canal and 16 had tumors at the anal margin. Local pelvic or perineal recurrence after abdominoperineal resection of tumors in the canal had a poor prognosis. Median survival after combination chemotherapy and megavoltage irradiation was 14 months. With irradiation alone, median survival was 7 months, although nearly half of these patients had been treated with orthovoltage techniques. Untreated patients with visceral metastases had a median survival of 8 months, but no improvement in survival was seen after treatment with chemotherapy. In contrast, patients who had metastases in inguinal lymph nodes had a 55% 5-year survival rate after inguinal dissection. Patients with tumors at the anal margin did not have visceral metastases. This is an important difference between tumors arising in the canal and those arising at the anal margin. Local excision was satisfactory treatment for 90% of the patients who had local recurrence in the perianal skin; abdominoperineal resection was rarely required. Inguinal lymph node metastases from margin cancer are uncommon, but three of five such patients survived 5 years after groin dissection. A combination of 5 fluorouracil, mitomycin C, and radiation therapy was used for patients with pelvic recurrence after abdominoperineal resection of epidermoid cancer of the anal canal. In this study, there was no evaluation of the role of megavoltage irradiation alone at the recommended doses of 5500 to 6000 rad for these patients. Some patients with visceral metastases respond to combination chemotherapy, but median survival is not improved; evaluation of new chemotherapeutic regimens is required. Patients with canal tumors metastatic to inguinal nodes should be treated by groin dissection as their prognosis is relatively good. Local recurrence of tumors at the anal margin can be satisfactorily treated by further local excision; those patients with margin tumors metastatic to inguinal nodes require groin dissection. PMID- 3753894 TI - Computerized interactive morphometry as a potentially useful tool for the classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. AB - The use of a simple form of Computerized Interactive Morphometry (CIM) is proposed as a tool to achieve a reproducible classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. This system combines a random sampling method for cells with simple size measurements and additional subjective criteria such as a shape, mitotic counts, and follicular or diffuse features. In this system, which utilizes a high resolution touch screen as interactive peripheral, the video image of the specimen is superimposed to a computer generated reference system which consists of a test area and four fixed points for random sampling of cells and a series of concentric circles to serve as internal standard for nuclear size; the computer tabulates and facilitates data processing. Forty-four lymphoid lesions have been characterized with the CIM system and specific criteria for diagnoses according to the Working Formulation of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas for clinical usage are derived. Studies of inter- and intraobserver variations in data collection are discussed, and a diagnostic algorithm that categorizes non-Hodgkin's lymphomas according to the relative proportions of various lymphoid cells and densities of mitotic counts is proposed. The potential applications of touch screen-based CIM for the study of malignant lymphomas and its practical technical advantages over other quantitative systems based on either gray-level analysis or tracings of cell contours on photographs or digitizer pads are emphasized. PMID- 3753895 TI - Natural history of benign and malignant breast tumors seen in a screening center. 15-year retrospective study. AB - Two hundred patients with benign (173) or malignant (27) breast lesions were compared with 102 controls without any breast pathology but who had a family history of breast cancer. All these women had been first seen in a private breast clinic between 1971 and 1977. In 168 benign cases, 230 biopsies had been performed prior to the first visit to our screening Centers. The average age was 32.7 years at the time of the first benign biopsy, and 52 years at the time of cancer diagnosis. In this series, the ACTM (anamnesis, clinical examination, thermography, mastography) diagnostic scoring system, which we have been using since 1974, gave 6.7% false-negatives in the cancer group, 1% false-positive in the controls, no false-positive in 171 benign cases. A family history of breast and other malignant tumors was more frequent in the cancer group. Breast cancer patients had more children and fewer miscarriages. The hysterectomy rate (mean age, 40.4 years) was an appalling 62.5% of the whole series. Cancer cases had far less hysterectomies (31.8%) and a later spontaneous menopause (average, 51 years, as compared to 46.5). PMID- 3753896 TI - Kinetic and equilibrium studies of the interaction of amsacrine and anilino ring substituted analogues with DNA. AB - The kinetic stability of complexes of the clinical antileukemic drug amsacrine and anilino ring-substituted analogues with DNA has been studied by using the surfactant sequestration technique in a stopped-flow spectrophotometer. In addition, viscometric measurements using covalently closed circular DNA and displacement measurements of DNA-bound ethidium have been performed to evaluate helix unwinding angles and association constants, respectively. Amsacrine and its analogues dissociate from DNA by a complex kinetic pathway which involves at least three discernible transiently bound forms of the drug. Dissociation time constants for amsacrine are found to range from less than 1 to 6 ms in buffer of ionic strength 0.1, and the biomolecular association rate constant is greater than 10(6) M-1 s-1. We find that amsacrine forms one of the weakest intercalation complexes among the compounds studied, as judged by the criteria of kinetic stability, affinity, and chromophore-base pair stacking interactions. Unlike other compounds of this broad class (intercalating chromophores bearing sterically-demanding side chains), addition of the bulky side chain has little effect on the kinetic stability of the drug-DNA complexes, suggesting that the acridinesulfonanilides may intercalate into DNA from the less sterically demanding major groove of the helix. Such a binding geometry would facilitate the formation of the previously proposed ternary complex between amsacrine, DNA, and gene-regulatory enzymes (e.g., topoisomerases and repressors) which are known to bind in the major groove. PMID- 3753897 TI - Differential effects of pre- and posttreatment of sodium arsenite on the genotoxicity of methyl methanesulfonate in Chinese hamster ovary cells. AB - Pretreatment of sodium arsenite reduces hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase mutagenicity and overcomes the inhibition of mitosis and cell proliferation but has no apparent effect on the cytotoxicity and clastogenicity in methyl methanesulfonate (MMS)-treated Chinese hamster ovary cells. Posttreatment of sodium arsenite drastically increases the cytotoxicity, clastogenicity, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase mutagenicity, and inhibition of mitosis and cell proliferation induced by MMS. Sodium arsenite either pre- or posttreatment has no apparent effect on the MMS-induced sister chromatid exchanges. The present results indicate that pretreatment of sodium arsenite not only does no harm but may even benefit the MMS-treated cells. On the contrary, posttreatment of sodium arsenite is cogenotoxic. PMID- 3753898 TI - Salvage treatment of unfavorable non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with cisplatin, amsacrine, and mitoguazone: a Southwest Oncology Group Pilot Study. AB - We tested the combination of cisplatin, amsacrine, and mitoguazone as salvage treatment for patients with advanced unfavorable non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. An objective response rate of 43% was noted in 30 evaluable patients, but all responses were partial and the median duration of response was only 2 months. Toxicity included life-threatening and fatal leukopenia and severe gastrointestinal intolerance. We conclude that this combination chemotherapy regimen is not a valuable salvage treatment for patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. PMID- 3753899 TI - Time-resolved fluorescence emission spectra of Laurdan in phospholipid vesicles by multifrequency phase and modulation fluorometry. PMID- 3753900 TI - Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of a haploid expressed gene encoding t complex polypeptide 1. AB - The mouse t haplotypes show defects in spermatogenesis attributed to multiple loci on chromosome 17. We have cloned the gene for an abundant testicular germ cell protein, t complex polypeptide 1, which has a variant form in t haplotypes, TCP-1A. A cDNA clone, pB1.4, which hybridizes to a 19S mRNA that is abundant in haploid cells during mouse spermatogenesis, derives from the 3' end of the mRNA encoding TCP-1B. The Tcp-1 gene appears to be a member of a novel gene family and shows multiple changes between the predicted amino acid sequences of TCP-1B and TCP-1A. An additional Taq1 site is created by a T to C transition in the predicted open reading frame of the Tcp-1a gene. The resultant RFLP has allowed typing of the Tcp-1 gene cluster in 54 complete and partial t haplotype chromosomes. DNA sequence comparison of the Tcp-1 genes suggests that the t haplotype chromosome arose within the genus Mus more than one million years ago. PMID- 3753901 TI - Pattern formation during vulval development in C. elegans. AB - Previous studies have shown that the development of the vulva of the C. elegans hermaphrodite involves six multipotential hypodermal cells as well as the gonadal anchor cell, which induces vulval formation. Our further examination of the interactions among these seven cells has led to the following model. Each hypodermal precursor cell becomes determined to adopt one of its three potential fates; each of these fates is to generate a particular cell lineage. In the absence of cellular interactions each precursor cell will generate the nonvulval cell lineage; an inductive signal from the anchor cell is required for a precursor cell to generate either of the two types of vulval cell lineages. The inductive signal is spatially graded, and the potency of the signal specifies which lineage is expressed by each of the tripotential precursor cells. PMID- 3753902 TI - The influence of ion species on phosphatidylcholine bilayer structure and packing. AB - The effects of various monovalent cations and anions on the bilayer packing and structure of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine were studied using X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. It was observed from the X-ray diffraction studies that monovalent salts, in general, have no effect on bilayer packing. The results of DSC studies on metal chloride systems are consistent with the interpretation that cations in general and Li+ in particular bind to DPPC bilayers. The effect of potassium salts on pre- and main-transition temperatures suggest that anions, such as Acetate-, also significantly bind to DPPC head groups. PMID- 3753903 TI - Effect of lipid admixtures on the L-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine subtransition. AB - The effect of lipid admixtures on the properties of the L dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (L-DPPC) subtransition is investigated by using high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry. The four admixtures used are D-DPPC, L-dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine (L-DPPE), cholesterol, and palmitic acid. In all cases the subtransition decreases in enthalpy until disappearance with increase of the admixture concentrations. About 5-7 mol% of D-DPPC or palmitic acid are sufficient for abolishment (without position shifts) of the subtransition, while, on addition of L-DPPE or cholesterol, it persists up to about 20 mol% of the admixture and its disappearance is accompanied by a slight shift to higher temperatures. These data are tentatively interpreted in terms of lateral mixing of L-DPPC and admixture as indicating compound formation with D DPPC and palmitic acid, and clustering of L-DPPE and cholesterol. PMID- 3753904 TI - A deuterium NMR study of labelled n-alkanol anesthetics in a model membrane. AB - The 2H-NMR spectra of 50 wt.% aqueous multilamellar dispersions of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) containing either selectively deuterated 1 decanol (25 mol%) or [2H17]-1-octanol (25 mol%) have been measured as a function of temperature. Both alkanols are potent anesthetics. A detailed carbon-deuterium bond order parameter profile of 1-decanol in liquid crystalline phospholipid dispersions at 50 degrees C was determined from the quadrupolar splittings of 1 decanols deuterated at eight different positions. A maximum order parameter SCD = 0.20 was obtained for [5,5-2H2]-1-decanol, with labels at both ends of the 1 decanol exhibiting reduced order parameters. Explanations for the reduced order towards the hydroxyl group of 1-decanol are discussed in terms of either increased amplitudes of motion or geometric effects due to hydrogen bonding. By comparing the order parameter profile of sn-2 chain deuterated phosphatidylcholine dispersions containing 25 mol% 1-decanol (J.L. Thewalt, S.R. Wassall, H. Gorrissen and R.J. Cushley, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 817 (1985) 355) with the profile of deuterated 1-decanol in DPPC, we estimate that decanol is approximately parallel to the C-3 to C-13 region of the phosphatidylcholine's sn 2 chain. Variation of the spectral moments M1 with temperature indicates that both 1-decanol and 1-octanol are sensitive to the packing of the lipid in which they are dissolved. Below the phase transition temperature, the 2H-NMR spectra of either 1-decanol (selectively deuterated) or 1-octanol (perdeuterated) are broad powder patterns, characteristic of axially symmetric rotation about the alcohol's long axis. This is in contrast to the 2H-NMR spectra obtained from deuterated phosphatidylcholine under similar conditions, which implies that the phospholipid acyl chain conformations are more restricted than those of the alcohol at these temperatures. From the M1 behavior of the various alkanol chain segments with temperature, the gel to liquid crystalline phase transition is seen to initiate in the middle of the DPPC/1-alkanol bilayer. PMID- 3753905 TI - n-Butyrate alters chromatin accessibility to DNA repair enzymes. AB - Current evidence suggests that the complex nature of mammalian chromatin can result in the concealment of DNA damage from repair enzymes and their co-factors. Recently it has been proposed that the acetylation of histone proteins in chromatin may provide a surveillance system whereby damaged regions of DNA become exposed due to changes in chromatin accessibility. This hypothesis has been tested by: (i) using n-butyrate to induce hyperacetylation in human adenocarcinoma (HT29) cells; (ii) monitoring the enzymatic accessibility of chromatin in permeabilised cells; (iii) measuring u.v. repair-associated nicking of DNA in intact cells and (iv) determining the effects of n-butyrate on cellular sensitivity to DNA damaging agents. The results indicate that the accessibility of chromatin to Micrococcus luteus u.v. endonuclease is enhanced by greater than 2-fold in n-butyrate-treated cells and that there is a corresponding increase in u.v. repair incision rates in intact cells exposed to the drug. Non-toxic levels of n-butyrate induce a block to G1 phase transit and there is a significant growth delay on removal of the drug. Resistance of HT29 cells to u.v.-radiation and adriamycin is enhanced in n-butyrate-treated cells whereas X-ray sensitivity is increased. Although changes in the responses of cells to DNA damaging agents must be considered in relation to the effects of n-butyrate on growth rate and cell-cycle distribution, the results are not inconsistent with the proposal that increased enzymatic-accessibility/repair is biologically favourable for the resistance of cells to u.v.-radiation damage. Overall the results support the suggested operation of a histone acetylation-based chromatin surveillance system in human cells. PMID- 3753906 TI - Mutation in mammalian cells by isomers of 5-methylchrysene diolepoxide. AB - The two pairs of diastereomeric anti- and syn-diolepoxide derivatives of 5 methylchrysene in both bay regions were tested for cytotoxicity and for mutagenicity at the hprt locus of chinese hamster V79 cells as determined by the ability of the cells to form colonies in medium containing 6-thioguanine. The concentration of compound in the cell media required to achieve 37% survival ranged from 0.3 to 4.5 micrograms/ml. Although the mutagenic effectiveness, i.e. the induced mutation frequency per unit concentration of compounds, varied over a 30-fold range, the mutagenic efficiency, i.e. the induced mutation frequency at an equivalent level of cell survival, showed only a 3-fold variation. The anti 1,2-diol-3,4-epoxide isomer (anti-5MCDE-I) was found to be the most mutagenic of the 5-methylchrysene diolepoxide isomers. This finding is consistent with previous observations on the tumorigenicity of these diolepoxides. PMID- 3753907 TI - Inhibition of thromboxane biosynthesis in splanchnic ischemia shock. AB - Administration of dazoxiben (5 mg/kg, i.v.), which effectively suppressed plasma thromboxane concentrations, decreased the number of dogs that deteriorated into shock following a temporary (3-hr) splanchnic artery occlusion (SAO). Dazoxiben pretreatment also moderated the rise of plasma prostacyclin, but it augmented circulating prostaglandin E2 following the release of SAO. These alterations in arachidonic acid metabolism were accompanied by a moderation in the rise of plasma beta-glucuronidase activity, suggesting a moderation of tissue damage in the ischemic splanchnic region, and mitigation of the progressive hemodynamic deterioration caused by the SAO. The possible existence of causal relationships between the plasma eicosanoid concentrations, extent of damage in the ischemic splanchnic region, hemodynamic deterioration, and ultimate production of circulatory failure in dogs subjected to SAO are discussed. PMID- 3753908 TI - Improved selection of patients for programmed ventricular stimulation by frequency analysis of signal-averaged electrocardiograms. AB - Improved selection of patients with suspected sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) for programmed ventricular stimulation is needed. To determine if frequency analysis detects patients in whom sustained VT might be induced, we first obtained fast-Fourier transforms (FFT) of signal-averaged electrocardiograms (ECGs) from 20 patients with spontaneous sustained VT (group 1) and compared them with the results of programmed ventricular stimulation with single and double extrastimuli during two cycle lengths and burst pacing from two right ventricular sites. The FFT data were expressed as an area ratio that quantified the relative contributions of 20 to 50 Hz frequencies in the terminal QRS and ST segment. A logistic regression with inducibility as the dependent variable was used to help define area ratio values greater than 20 as abnormal. Sustained monomorphic VT was induced in 18 patients, each with an area ratio value greater than 20. Sustained VT was not induced in two patients, each with an area ratio value less than 20. FFT data were then compared prospectively with the results of programmed stimulation in 38 patients (group II) with nonsustained VT (12 patients) or syncope (26 patients) referred for electrophysiologic study. In none of the 26 patients in group II with normal FFT values was VT inducible. Sustained monomorphic VT was induced in five of 12 patients with abnormal FFT values. Thus, the results of FFT analysis correctly predicted the results of programmed ventricular stimulation in 88% of patients studied and in 82% of patients in group II with syncope or nonsustained VT. Moreover, all five patients in group II in whom sustained VT was induced were identified correctly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3753909 TI - Comparison of bipolar and unipolar programmed electrical stimulation for the initiation of ventricular arrhythmias: significance of anodal excitation during bipolar stimulation. AB - To determine if anodal excitation during bipolar stimulation facilitates the initiation of sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, nonsustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, or repetitive ventricular responses, both bipolar and cathodal unipolar programmed ventricular stimulation with one to three extrastimuli delivered during ventricular pacing at two rates from the right ventricular apex were performed in 28 patients evaluated for spontaneous sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation (11 patients), nonsustained tachycardia (eight patients), or syncope (nine patients). In 25 patients a hexapolar pacing catheter was used to record local endocardial activation times adjacent to the cathode and anode and ventricular excitation during bipolar stimulation was defined as predominantly anodal, cathodal, or simultaneous at both anode and cathode. When bipolar and unipolar stimulation were compared there was no difference in the incidence of initiating sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (57% vs 57%), nonsustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (14% vs 14%), or repetitive ventricular responses (21% vs 21%), although the response to bipolar vs unipolar stimulation was not concordant in every patient. Evidence of anodal excitation was observed in 11 (44%) patients but did not indicate increased risk of initiation of any ventricular arrhythmia, despite the fact that it was associated with shortening of the ventricular effective refractory period by 5.2 +/- 8.7 msec (p less than .05) during bipolar as opposed to unipolar stimulation. We conclude that unipolar and bipolar stimulation produce a similar incidence of initiation of arrhythmia, despite the frequent occurrence of anodal excitation during bipolar stimulation. Thus, the risk of initiation of nonspecific ventricular arrhythmias during programmed stimulation is unlikely to be reduced by the use of unipolar stimulation. PMID- 3753910 TI - Degree of unsaturation of the fatty acid chains of phospholipids influences the fluorescence polarization: implications for evaluating fetal lung maturity. AB - To study the effect of fatty acid chain saturation on the fluorescence polarization assay as a measure of fetal lung maturity, we used purified phospholipids isolated from human amniotic fluid and various commercial phospholipids. We found that the fluorescence polarization value decreased as the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids increased. In contrast, the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio increases with increasing amounts of saturated lecithin, produced as the fetal lung matures. Since only saturated lecithins are surface active, the two indices of fetal respiratory status must reflect different properties of lung surfactant. PMID- 3753911 TI - Nifedipine in the treatment of a child with pulmonary hypertension associated with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia. PMID- 3753912 TI - The TRACE model of speech perception. PMID- 3753913 TI - A computerized dental examination record system. AB - A computerized record system has been developed which is capable of capturing, storing, and displaying, in a standard clinical format, the information generated during comprehensive general dental examinations. This system has been tested during examination of 200 patients. PMID- 3753914 TI - Three-dimensional graphics display of X-ray angiography data. AB - A method for making three-dimensional computer graphics displays of in vivo blood vessels is described. Input data are taken from biplane X-ray angiograms using an image-processing system. A display list is built up which is then sent to a high function graphics system. Real-time interaction is possible using a vector refresh display where the blood vessel segments are shown as cylinders of the appropriate diameter. Realistic raster representations may be used to give the user insight into the overall topology of the network of vessels. The Winchester Graphics System is described together with explanations of the techniques employed. PMID- 3753916 TI - A 5-year experience with laser therapy in dermatology. PMID- 3753917 TI - Digitalis-like factors and digoxin pharmacokinetics. PMID- 3753915 TI - Rank order scaling in taste evaluation. AB - A scoring system developed for comparing taste in two groups of individuals, patients with multiple sclerosis and a normal control group is described. The scoring system was extended to evaluate taste in renal patients paired by age and sex with controls. The results of the two comparisons are given. The scoring system can be used very flexibly in statistical comparison among groups and generated easily using a FORTRAN computer program. The use of this scoring system is compared with an alternative method which uses psychophysical functions. PMID- 3753918 TI - Flow cytometry of DNA content using oxazine 750 or related laser dyes with 633 nm excitation. AB - The laser dyes oxazine 750 (OX750), LD700, and rhodamine 800 (R800) can be used in an instrument employing a low-power helium-neon laser source for flow cytometry of DNA content in ethanol-fixed or detergent-permeabilized cells. Cells in near-isotonic medium are stained with 10-30 microM dye, and fluorescence excited at 633 nm is measured at wavelengths above 665 nm. The dyes do not appear to stain RNA, and the intensity of DNA staining is not changed when 2 microM Hoechst 33342 is added to cells simultaneously with a red-excited dye. The effects on fluorescence of addition of DNA to LD700 or R800 in aqueous solution are strongly influenced by the base composition of the DNA; binding mechanisms remain to be determined. PMID- 3753919 TI - On-line three-parameter data uptake, analysis, and display device for flow cytometry and other applications. AB - Multiparameter flow cytometric measurements are of growing interest in the study of complex features of biological cells. With state of the art instrumentation, three-parameter (3-P) data handling is relatively complicated and time consuming and the display methods are not satisfactory. As an alternative, an interactive 3 P analyzing module, Cytomic 123 is described, which displays 3-P fields during and immediately after data uptake in the form of a cubic array of 32,768 channels. The fields can be randomly rotated by hardware and software. The event frequencies in the field are primarily visualized by brightness modulation of the display dots. Additionally, the display of the field may be confined to user selected ranges of event frequencies, which may also be superposed to mixed frequency displays. A set of preprogrammed functions is available for the following tasks: (a) uptake of 3-P histograms combined with on-line control of the transducer pulses, (b) automatic uptake of a series of 2-P time correlated histograms in the cube, (c) generation and numerical evaluation of sections and projections of cube histograms, (d) interactive generation and evaluation of spatial subfields for integration, or as sorting matrix by successive erosion of section planes, or reprojection of projection windows, and (e) isometric display of sections and projections and exchange of data sets with other Cytomic modules or other data systems, especially the Cytomic 12 module, whose 2-P capabilities can be used. The module is built with low cost Z80 microprocessor eurocards. A standard oscilloscope serves as a display unit. PMID- 3753920 TI - Realtime acquisition, storage, and display of correlated three-parameter flow cytometric data. AB - A microprocessor-based system which performs realtime correlated acquisition, storage and display of multiparameter (3-parameter) data from a flow cytometer (FACS-III) is presented. List-mode techniques are not employed. The 3-parameter data is collected and correlated, then displayed along with cell-frequency as a realtime 3-parameter colour scattergram, while the experiment is in progress; in addition, correlated and uncorrelated higher-resolution projections of the 3 parameter data are collected and stored. The data projections may also be displayed: as 1-parameter histograms, or as 2-parameter colour or grey-scale scattergrams. Examples of 2- and 3-parameter colour scattergrams are presented. The speed and some characteristics of the realtime acquisition and display software are examined; methods to increase the realtime speed are discussed. PMID- 3753921 TI - Interactive multi-window integration of two-parameter flow cytometric data fields. AB - Integration is necessary to determine the particle content of regions of interest of flow cytometric two-parameter fields. The improved program of the Cytomic 12 analyzer (1) offers: window trace integration for relatively simple window structures. The field of interest is surrounded by an integration trace (window). Eight independent windows can be stored and successively evaluated. It also offers painted field integration for complicated window structures. The pointer or a small window is interactively moved over the structures to be integrated like the brush of a painter. The "painted field" defines the window to be integrated. Window sets and painted fields can be stored on a floppy disk. Painted fields can be added and may also serve as look up tables for sorting. PMID- 3753922 TI - Programming for the DNA analysis of FCM data on an IBM microcomputer. AB - The analysis of data generated on a flow cytometer (FCM) is often performed on a computer obtained especially for dedicated use with the flow cytometer. This computer component can be expensive and also presents the FCM user with the added burden of mastering specialized programming language or of accepting the secret analytical processes of protected proprietary program routines. We believe that the evolution of more accurate and efficient FCM analyses that have the power to consider complex signal distributions can be assisted by the availability of analysis programs written in languages common to many users. DNA analysis routines written for a relatively inexpensive microcomputer (IBM PC/XT) in Basic and Pascal are described here. The routines can automatically process multiple FCM data files and can provide high-resolution graphic hardcopy. A foreground/background utilization is also described that allows the computer to be available for other uses in the laboratory. PMID- 3753923 TI - Analysis of protein incorporation of radioactive isotopes in the Chinese hamster ovary cell cycle by electronic sorting and gel microelectrophoresis. AB - The patterns of [3H]-leucine and [32P]-phosphate incorporation of proteins extracted with varying molarities of sodium chloride were analyzed from nuclei physically sorted from six fluorescence windows after propidium iodine staining of the G0 + G1 and G2 + M phases of the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cycle. Eight hundred nanograms of protein were used in each electrophoretic analysis obtained from 200,000 nuclei, a portion of the sample, from each window. Autoradiography was performed in a two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel ultra microelectrophoresis apparatus (UMEA) designed and fabricated in this laboratory. There was a net reduction and/or loss of [3H]-leucine- and [32P]-phosphate labeled protein regions from the autoradiographs occurring primarily in the G2 + M phase. Two phosphorylated proteins that were stage specific were observed in partitions of the G2 + M phase. The use of isolated proteins and the coelectrophoresis of these markers demonstrated the similarity in mobility of a number of proteins seen in the autoradiographs of proteins extracted with high and low salt molarities and implied they are synonymous. Coelectrophoresis indicated that a substantial number of high molecular weight proteins that decreased or disappeared at late stages of G2 + M and early mitosis were composed, in part, of nucleolar proteins. PMID- 3753924 TI - Oral pirenzepine does not affect esophageal pressures in man. AB - Pirenzepine has been proposed to selectively inhibit gastric acid production. In contrast to classical anticholinergics, pirenzepine does not appear to produce systemic side effects or to strongly inhibit contractions in gastrointestinal tract smooth muscle. This study compares the effects of two doses of pirenzepine (25 and 50 mg per os) with a standard anticholinergic, propantheline, 30 mg per os, and with placebo on esophageal contraction pressures in 12 healthy volunteers in a random double-blind study sequence. No significant change in lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) or in peristaltic pressures occurred with placebo or pirenzepine 25 or 50 mg. However, propantheline produced marked reduction in peristaltic contraction pressures and increased velocity (4 of 12 subjects had complete loss of peristalsis). LESP decrease was almost significant. Seven of 12 subjects experienced dry mouth after propantheline, but none after either dose of pirenzepine or placebo. This study indicates that, as opposed to a classical anticholinergic, pirenzepine does not adversely affect esophageal contraction pressures nor does it have anticholinergic side effects with the oral doses studied. PMID- 3753925 TI - High-tech diabetes care: present and future. PMID- 3753926 TI - Squint surgery in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy. AB - The results of extraocular muscle surgery in 22 patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy were evaluated. All patients were classified in NOSPECS class 4. The mean age at the time of squint surgery was 55(10)/12 years; there were 6 males and 16 females. Ten patients had primary extraocular muscle surgery. Twelve patients were first treated with prednisone alone or prednisone and retrobulbar irradiation therapy (1000 RAD) and orbital decompression because of other ocular symptoms. All patients were euthyreotic at the time of operation, and their motility was unchanged for at least 6 months. Altogether 40 muscles were operated; most often recession of the inferior rectus (11 X) and recession of the medial rectus (9 X) were performed. All patients achieved orthophoria and a useful field of binocular single vision postoperatively. PMID- 3753927 TI - Timolol and intra-ocular pressure elevation following neodymium: YAG laser surgery. AB - The intra-ocular pressure in 76 patients, undergoing Neodymium: YAG laser surgery was measured just before treatment, and one and two hours afterwards. The fellow eye served as a control. Serious elevation of the intra-ocular pressure was demonstrated, especially in capsulotomy in the aphakic eye, to a lesser extent in pseudophakic eyes. Intra-ocular pressure elevation of more than 20 mm was seen in iridectomies. Timolol 1/2% eyedrops given before Neodymium: YAG laser treatment minimized the elevation of the intra-ocular pressure. Prolonged follow-up of the intra-ocular pressure is recommended. PMID- 3753928 TI - [Hypnogenic activity of the cyclic structural analog of the delta-sleep-inducing peptide]. PMID- 3753929 TI - [Enhanced antitumor resistance in rats immunized with a tularemia vaccine]. AB - It is established that rat immunization with tularemia living vaccine inhibits Pliss lymphosarcoma growth and increases the life duration to tumour bearing animals. In tests with Zajdela ascitic hepatoma in 1/3 of the immunized animals ascites were not formed and the rats lived 150 days before they were killed. PMID- 3753930 TI - [Effect of androgens on the development of leukemia in AKR-strain mice]. AB - A possibility of the androgen's correction of spontaneous and transplanted leukogenesis has been investigated in AKR mice. Prolongation of life was observed in the animals treated with the hormone at early stages of the leukemia development. The obtained results may be related to the stem hemopoietic precursors differentiation change under the testosterone influence manifested by erythropoiesis stimulation and the reduction of granulocytic colonies determined by the growth in the cellulose-acetate membranes (CFUcam). PMID- 3753931 TI - Effect of dexamethasone on 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 metabolism by chick kidney cell cultures. AB - The ability of dexamethasone to alter the metabolism of [3H]25-hydroxyvitamin D3 ([3H]25OHD3) metabolism by primary cultures of chick kidney cells was tested. Dexamethasone, present for 24 or 48 h at 10(-8)-10(-6) M, decreased production of [3H]1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to approximately 60% of control levels. If cultures were pretreated with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to reduce 25OHD3-1-hydroxylase activity and induce 25OHD3-24-hydroxylase activity, no effect of dexamethasone on either of the enzymes was observed. When the substrate concentration was varied, analysis of the data revealed that dexamethasone decreases both the maximal velocity of the rate of 1-hydroxylation to 25OHD3 and the half-maximal substrate concentration for 25OHD3. Dexamethasone had no effect on the cell number of the cultures, as assessed by DNA content, but did reduce the total protein content to approximately 70% of control values. Dexamethasone did not alter the response of chick kidney cells to PTH in terms of cAMP production or the metabolism of 25OHD3. The results suggest that dexamethasone has the potential to alter 25OHD3 metabolism through a direct effect on the renal cell. PMID- 3753932 TI - 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 treatment results in increased choline acetyltransferase activity in specific brain nuclei. AB - To better understand the role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] in brain function, the level of calcium-binding protein (CaBP) and the activities of choline acetyltransferase (CAT) and monoamine oxidase were measured in discrete brain nuclei of vitamin D-deficient and -replete male rats. The nuclei sampled were those in which receptors for 1,25-(OH)2D3 and/or vitamin D-dependent CaBP have been localized. Significant elevations in CAT activity were found in the arcuatemedian eminence and in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of rats made vitamin D replete by eight daily ip injections of 100 or 200 ng 1,25-(OH)2D3 as well as by constant intraventricular (ivi) infusion of 25 ng 1,25-(OH)2D3 for 7 days. The percent increase ranged from 12-45% and was related to the ip dose administered. Constant ivi of 2 mM CA2+ or 125 ng 25-hydroxyvitamin D3/day for 7 days did not alter CAT activity. No significant changes in monoamine oxidase or CaBP in discrete brain nuclei were observed with vitamin D repletion. Since the arcuate-median eminence of the hypothalamus is an important regulatory site in the neuroendocrine control of reproduction, serum testosterone was measured. Serum testosterone levels were abnormally low in the vitamin D-deficient animals, but increased 2- to 5-fold to normal values in those rats made vitamin D replete by constant ivi of 25 ng 1,25-(OH)2D3 or by ip injection of 100 or 200 ng 1,25 (OH)2D3. Patterns of serum LH paralleled those for testosterone. Our results suggest that 1,25-(OH)2D3 effects cholinergic activity in several discrete brain regions and may play a role in the neuroendocrine regulation of certain aspects of anterior pituitary gland function. PMID- 3753933 TI - Relaxin on induction of parturition in beef heifers. AB - Purified porcine relaxin (3000 U/mg) was administered into the cervical os of primiparous beef heifers on day 278 of gestation (approximately 5 days before parturition normally occurs) to determine its effects on the induction of parturition, changes in progesterone, estrone (E1), 17 beta-estradiol (17 beta E2), cervical dilation, and pelvic relaxation. Heifers were assigned randomly to 1 of 3 treatments: relaxin-double (two infusions of 3000 U, 12 h apart; n = 17), relaxin-single (3000 U; n = 14), and PBS-gel vehicle (n = 16). Relaxin induced marked earlier calving (P less than 0.002) than PBS-gel vehicle. The intervals between the administration of relaxin or the PBS-gel vehicle and calving were 2.0, 2.5, and 5.3 days for heifers given relaxin-double, relaxin-single, and PBS gel vehicle, respectively. The duration of gestation was significantly reduced (P less than 0.002) in relaxin-treated heifers compared with that in control heifers. A precipitous decrease in progesterone (7.1 ng/ml) occurred in peripheral blood plasma within 24 h after relaxin treatment. Coincident with a decline in levels of progesterone, E1 and 17 beta-E2 increased by 1700 and 400 pg/ml, respectively, an increase of 35% compared with the 12% increase in these steroids in control heifers. Mean deviations of cervical dilation increased 643%, 526%, and 11% in heifers given relaxin-double, relaxin-single, and PBS-gel vehicle, respectively. Relaxin induced maximum pelvic opening between 12-36 h after treatment. Although relaxin induced significantly earlier calving, there was no incidence (0 of 31 heifers) of retained placenta. We conclude from this study that purified relaxin administered intracervically to primiparous beef heifers during late pregnancy induced premature parturition. Marked shifts of progesterone, E1, 17 beta-E2, pelvic canal expansion, and cervical relaxation reflect the premature parturition induced by relaxin. PMID- 3753934 TI - Relationships between mammary estrogen receptor and estrogenic sensitivity. Molecular properties of cytoplasmic receptor and its binding to deoxyribonucleic acid. AB - The cytoplasmic estrogen receptors (ER) from mammary glands of estrogen responsive nulliparous and estrogen-resistant lactating mice have been studied to delineate various relationships between the molecular properties of ER and estrogenic sensitivity. These studies indicate that there are essentially no differences in the hydrodynamic parameters of native ER isolated in hypotonic buffer; the ER from both tissues have a stokes radius of 80-85 A, sedimentation coefficient of 9-10S, and mol wt of 300,000-340,000. However, while 60-80% of the total ER in mammary glands of nulliparous mice, upon exposure to 400 mM KC1 is able to bind to DNA, under identical experimental conditions only approximately 20% of total ER from lactating mammary glands binds to DNA. Analyses of ER in buffers containing 400 mM KC1 reveal that the ER in lactating mammary glands have a larger mol wt (100,000-130,000) as compared to ER in mammary glands of nulliparous mice (70,000). The ER in lactating mammary glands also appear to be more acidic when analyzed by diethylaminoethyl cellulose chromatography. Experiments performed with mixed cytosol reveal that lactating mammary cytosol contains factors which can impede the ability of ER to bind to DNA subsequent to exposure to KC1. The possible significance of the observed differences in the properties of ER from estrogen-responsive and unresponsive mammary glands has been discussed. PMID- 3753935 TI - Nucleotide sequence of cloned cDNA specific for rat ribosomal protein L35a. AB - A cDNA clone specific for rat ribosomal protein L35a, which is known to be a tRNA binding protein, was isolated by hybrid-selected translation from a cDNA library made for 8-9-S poly(A)-rich RNA from regenerating rat liver. The nucleotide sequence of the cDNA was determined. It consists of one base pair from the 5' leading sequence, the entire coding sequence of 333 base pairs and 14 base pairs from the 3' trailing sequence. The primary structure of protein L35a was deduced from the nucleotide sequence. It consists of 109 amino acids with a molecular mass of 12422. The calculated amino acid composition is consistent with that reported for the hydrolysate of L35a. The amino acid sequence showed marked homology with the reported partial sequence of Xenopus leavis ribosomal protein L32, but not significant homology with Escherichia coli ribosomal proteins that bind to tRNA. PMID- 3753936 TI - Molecular cloning, full-length sequence and preliminary characterization of a 56 kDa protein induced by human interferons. AB - Among the various proteins which are induced when human cells are treated with interferon, a predominant protein of unknown function, with molecular mass 56 kDa, has been observed. With the aim of exploring the molecular basis of the regulation of this protein and of its mRNA, in order to understand its biological function and its possible contribution to the various antiviral and non-antiviral actions exerted by interferons, we cloned a full-length cDNA copy of the 1.8-1.9 X 10(3)-base 56-kDa-protein mRNA and determined its sequence. The cDNA contains 1662 nucleotides derived from the 56-kDa-protein mRNA, including a poly(A) tail of 20 residues. Primer extension experiments indicate that the 5' end of this cDNA clone is probably located only 13 nucleotides downstream of the actual cap site of the 56-kDa-protein mRNA. It consists of a 64-nucleotide-long 5'-non coding segment, a coding segment of 1434 nucleotides terminated by a TAG triplet and a 141-nucleotide 3'-non-coding segment. The encoded protein of 478 amino acid residues has a molecular mass of 55335 Da and a single potential site for N glycosylation. The protein contains an excess of basic amino acids and most of them are localized in the carboxy-terminal half of the molecule. A single [35S]methionine-labeled 56-kDa protein was obtained using an SP64 construction to allow the cell-free transcription and translation of the cloned cDNA. Microinjection of this labeled protein in Xenopus oocytes indicates that the 56 kDa protein is cytoplasmic. PMID- 3753937 TI - Induction of rheumatoid factors in mice by immune complexes of bacterial lipopolysaccharide with mouse IgG antibody. AB - Administration of 2,4,6-trinitrophenylated E. coli lipopolysaccharide (TNP-LPS) complexed with mouse IgG antibody to TNP specifically gave rise to a marked production of rheumatoid-like factors (RF) in the recipient mice, in contrast to the low and nonspecific RF production via polyclonal B cell activation by the same dosage of LPS or TNP-LPS alone. The RF activity induced by the LPS immune complexes was associated with both IgG and IgM and directed primarily to the C gamma 2 region as judged by the heterophilic reactivity toward fragments of rabbit IgG. The results suggest that antibody molecules attached to LPS constitute novel epitopic groups on the mitogenic carrier and stimulate B cells in a specific manner to induce the autoantibodies. PMID- 3753938 TI - Intrathecal injection of codeine, buprenorphine, tilidine, tramadol and nefopam depresses the tail-flick response in rats. AB - The effect of intrathecal (i.t.) injection of the analgesic agents, codeine, buprenorphine, tilidine and one of its metabolites, nortilidine, tramadol and nefopam, was determined in the tail-flick test performed on rats. ED50 values were derived from the dose-response lines. The relative potency ranking established from the ED50 values is buprenorphine (0.4 nM) greater than nortilidine (29 nM) = tramadol (26 nM) = nefopam (34 nM) greater than codeine (42 nM) greater than tilidine (118 nM). An i.t. injection of the opiate antagonist, naloxone (5 micrograms), prevented the antinociceptive effect of all analgesic agents administered at the highest dose tested. It is concluded that these analgesic agents, like morphine, exert their effect at least in part through a spinal site of action. PMID- 3753939 TI - Hyperphagic and anorectic effects of beta-carbolines in a palatable food consumption test: comparisons with triazolam and quazepam. AB - The triazolobenzodiazepine triazolam (0.1-1.0 mg/kg i.p.) and quazepam (0.3-30.0 mg/kg i.p.) were administered to non-food-deprived rats which had been partially satiated on a palatable diet. In a subsequent 30 min feeding test, both compounds produced a significant increase in the level of food consumption. While triazolam had a dose-related effect and produced a 151.5% increase in the level of food intake, quazepam exerted only a partial effect, achieving a 73.9% increase in food intake at 3.0 mg/kg but no additional increase in food intake at higher doses. The two beta-carbolines, ZK 93423 (0.1-3.0 mg/kg i.p.) and ZK 91296 (1.0 30.0 mg/kg i.p.), a full agonist and a partial agonist at benzodiazepine receptors respectively, also produced significant increases in food consumption under the same experimental conditions. ZK 93423 had effects which were similar to those of triazolam, ZK 91296 had effects similar to quazepam. The beta carboline benzodiazepine inverse agonist FG 7142 (10.0 mg/kg i.p.) had an anorectic effect in non-food-deprived rats given 30 min access to the highly palatable diet. This effect was reversed by the beta-carboline benzodiazepine receptor antagonist ZK 93426 in a dose-dependent manner. These results emphasize that within the series of beta-carboline ligands for benzodiazepine receptors, their characterization in terms of agonists, antagonists and inverse agonists has validity with respect to the behavioural response of palatable food consumption in non-food-deprived rats. PMID- 3753940 TI - The effect of arylazido aminopropionyl ATP (ANAPP3) on inhibition of pelvic nerve evoked contractions of the cat urinary bladder. AB - Previously reported work has provided evidence that arylazido aminopropionyl ATP (ANAPP3), a P2-receptor antagonist, blocks the effects of ATP and other purine analogs, in the urinary bladder of the cat. This antagonism appeared limited to those effects mediated by P2-receptors, such as contraction of the urinary bladder. However, it was noted that ANAPP3 did alter the effects of adenosine, mediated through P1-receptors, in some preliminary experiments. A series of experiments was undertaken to determine if ANAPP3 blocks the P1-receptors and/or has effects on inhibition of bladder contractions. The urinary tract of anesthetized cats was exposed by a midline abdominal incision. The pelvic and hypogastric nerves were isolated and prepared for electrical stimulation. Bladder contractions were induced by stimulation of the pelvic nerves every 30 s with square wave pulses. These contractions were inhibited by hypogastric nerves and the exogenous administration of ATP, noradrenaline, adenosine or beta,gamma methylene ATP (APPCP), a hydrolysis resistant analog of ATP. ANAPP3 (0.5 mumol, i.a.) was administered, but it did not antagonize the inhibition induced by any of the exogenously administered agents or hypogastric nerve stimulation. This study indicates that ANAPP3 is specific for P2-receptors and is not an effective antagonist of P1-receptors, at least in the urinary tract of the cat. PMID- 3753941 TI - Defensive alkaloid in blood of Mexican bean beetle (Epilachna varivestis). AB - The blood of the Mexican bean beetle (Epilachna varivestis) contains a homotropane alkaloid, euphococcinine (1). The beetles 'reflex bleed' when disturbed, thereby deploying the alkaloid, which is provenly deterrent to spiders and ants. Newly emerged adults lack the alkaloid, but the compound builds up to deterrent levels in their blood within days. Eggs and larvae of Epilachna are devoid of the compound. PMID- 3753942 TI - A computer-based system for patient care and research management in reproductive endocrinology. AB - We describe a medical information system tailored to the operational needs of the Gynecologic and Infertility Clinic at The Johns Hopkins Hospital. It is used for patient registration and scheduling, medical and surgical record keeping, and research investigation. Data entered include a complete medical history, diagnoses, procedures performed and their outcomes, surgical pathologic study, follow-up notes, phone consultations, and laboratory findings. Data are coded individually and can be retrieved and presented in a standard or user-specific report format. The Reproductive Endocrinology Medical Information System (REMIS) was implemented over 6 months from January to June 1984. To date, 8000 new patient registrations and 3600 outpatient visits have been entered. There are approximately 100 new patient entries and 240 return visit entries per month. Preliminary evaluation of the system based on the effect on quality care, use by each user group, and research applicability demonstrates that the REMIS provides clinicians with more complete, organized, and accessible patient records to serve as an effective adjunct to clinical operations. PMID- 3753943 TI - The presence of Mullerian remnants in the complete androgen insensitivity syndrome: a steroid hormone-mediated defect? AB - A new patient with CAIS who presented Mullerian remnants has been described. Based on recently reported data in experimental animals and considering that human embryos carrying the X-linked CAIS mutation do not express any androgenic effect, we propose that the unopposed estrogenic action in the CAIS-developing embryo might interfere with the mechanism of action of the AMH inhibiting the regression of the female ducts. PMID- 3753944 TI - Prurigo pigmentosa: a possible mechanism of action of sulfonamides. AB - The patient described here had all the clinical features (itchy red papules and reticular pigmentation) as well as the histological findings (lichenoid tissue reactions) of prurigo pigmentosa, a little-known disorder of unknown etiology, and responded well to sulfamethoxazole treatment. In order to investigate the mode of action of this drug and thus the underlying pathogenesis of this dermatosis, the effect of sulfamethoxazole on the production of oxygen intermediates (OIs) was examined both in the cell-mediated system and in the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system. It was found that therapeutic doses of the drug significantly reduced the hydroxyl radical levels, one of the most potent oxidants that might cause tissue injury. These findings suggest the possibility that OIs produced by infiltrated cells are involved in the inflammatory process of prurigo pigmentosa and that sulfonamides exert their anti-inflammatory effects by affecting OI generation which results in protection against lichenoid tissue reaction. PMID- 3753946 TI - Effect of sucralfate on the viscosity of gastric mucus and the permeability to hydrogen ion. AB - The effect of sucralfate on the viscosity of pig gastric mucus and on its ability to retard the diffusion of hydrogen ion was investigated. Using a cone/plate viscometer at shear rates between 1.15 and 230 s-1, it was found that preincubation of mucus with increasing concentrations of sucralfate led to a gradual enhancement of the mucus viscosity. This enhancement in viscosity was proportional to the sucralfate concentration up to 1.0 X 10(-4) M and increased about 18% for each 10-fold increment in its concentration. The permeability measurements, conducted in a specially designed two compartment chamber, revealed that addition of sucralfate to gastric mucus had a profound beneficiary effect on its ability to retard the diffusion of hydrogen ion. In the presence of 1.0 X 10( 6) M sucralfate the permeability of mucus to hydrogen ion decreased by 35%, while the 1.0 X 10(-3) M sucralfate reduced the mucus permeability by 68%. The results show that sucralfate increases the viscosity of gastric mucus and improves its ability to impede the hydrogen ion penetration. PMID- 3753945 TI - Calmodulin gene expression during sea urchin development: persistence of a prevalent maternal protein. AB - Calmodulin gene expression during embryogenesis of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus was investigated. Several identical bacteriophages containing a cDNA insert encoding sea urchin calmodulin (CM-1) were identified by screening a lambda gt10 library of S. purpuratus gastrula-stage cDNAs with a chicken calmodulin cDNA sequence. A 1.2-kb cDNA fragment from CM-1 was subcloned into pUC-8 to give plasmid pCAL-8. pCAL-8 contains a single open reading frame encoding 79 amino acids, a termination codon, and 0.9 kb of 3'-untranslated message. This sea urchin amino acid sequence shows 95% homology to amino acid residues 69-148 of the predicted sequence of chicken calmodulin. Northern analysis showed that pCAL-8 hybridizes to a single size (3.2 kb) of mRNA in both embryonic and adult somatic tissues. Genome blots suggested that there is a single calmodulin gene in the S. purpuratus genome. We used pCAL-8 to study calmodulin mRNA accumulation in S. purpuratus embryos. Calmodulin mRNA is present in the unfertilized egg at the level of a typical rare-class mRNA (1000-2000 transcripts) and accumulates approximately 100-fold to levels representing about 1/10th of 1% of the total mRNA in pluteus-stage cells. Synthesis of calmodulin, identified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, shows a similar developmental pattern. However, in spite of the very active synthesis of calmodulin during embryogenesis, most of the calmodulin in the pluteus is apparently provided for by an enormous store of calmodulin in the egg, corresponding to about 2% of the mass of total protein. PMID- 3753947 TI - Does sucralfate affect the normal gastric mucosa? Histologic, ultrastructural, and functional assessment in the rat. AB - Although the action of sucralfate on ulcerated mucosa has been demonstrated, its effect on the histology, ultrastructure, and function of normal gastric mucosa is unknown. We investigated the effect of acute administration of sucralfate on the gastric mucosal history, ultrastructure, mucosal potential difference, and luminal release of prostaglandin E2. At 15 min, 1 h, and 3 h after intragastric instillation of sucralfate, whitish incrustations of the drug were firmly adhering to the glandular mucosa. Mucosal histology after sucralfate administration demonstrated the following: disruption and exfoliation of some of the surface epithelial cells, mucosal hyperemia, prominent release of mucus from the surface epithelial cells, and edema of lamina propria and submucosa. These changes were most prominent in the areas where sucralfate was in contact with the mucosal surface. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the above changes. Sucralfate produced a drop in gastric mucosal potential difference and a significant increase in luminal release of prostaglandin E2. Sucralfate produces distinct morphologic and functional changes in the normal gastric mucosa, which may account for its preventive and therapeutic efficacy. PMID- 3753948 TI - Primary care for the hearing impaired: a changing picture. AB - Fortunately, technologic improvements such as these have vastly increased acceptability: miniaturization, cosmetic improvements, and increased amplification ability for modest hearing losses earlier thought unaidable. The cochlear implant, approved by the FDA in 1984, is a major breakthrough for adults with profound hearing losses who are unable to be helped by conventional hearing aids. PMID- 3753949 TI - Bringing hearing to the profoundly deaf: a research report. PMID- 3753950 TI - Effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on the TSH secretion from rat pituitary cells. AB - 1,25(OH)2D3 slightly increases basal TSH in the incubation media after a 24 h incubation with increasing amounts of the hormone. The TRH induced TSH response increased significantly in the presence of 10(-8)M 1,25(OH)2D3 (P less than 0.05). The intracellular concentration of TSH after the TRH test showed a slight decreasing tendency after a 24 h incubation with increasing amounts of 1,25(OH)2D3. The presence of verapamil (10(-8) M) and propranolol (10(-8) M) blunted the enhancing effect of 1,25(OH)2D3. The results indicate an effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on the secretion of TSH. PMID- 3753951 TI - Peptide YY immunoreactive cells in gastrointestinal carcinoids: immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies of 60 tumors. AB - The distribution and frequency of peptide YY (PYY) cells in 60 gastrointestinal carcinoids and in the nonneoplastic mucosa around the carcinoids were studied by an indirect immunoperoxidase method with anti-PYY serum. Additionally, the endocrine cell type of the PYY cells in appendiceal and rectal carcinoids was assessed by transmission electron microscopy. A few PYY cells were present in specimens of nonneoplastic mucosa from stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and appendix, with an abundance of these cells in rectal mucosa. Peptide YY cells were found in one of 13 gastric, one of 13 duodenal, one of one jejunal, zero of two ileal, three of 11 appendiceal, and 16 of 20 rectal carcinoids. All but one of the PYY-positive carcinoids were argyrophil carcinoids. Peptide YY cells in the gastric, duodenal, and jujunal carcinoids were present in small numbers. The three PYY-positive carcinoids of the appendix were composed almost totally of PYY cells, whereas those of the rectum generally contained only sporadic PYY cells. The peptide YY cells observed ultrastructurally contained almost round secretory granules (about 160 nm in average diameter), which were most consistent with D1(H) cell type granules with respect to shape and average diameter. This is the first systematic immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of PYY cells in gastrointestinal carcinoids. PMID- 3753952 TI - Sulphated polysaccharides, corticosteroids and lymphocyte recirculation. AB - Intermediate lymph was collected from the efferent duct of a single, superficial lymph node in unanaesthetised sheep for a few days before and after they were given an intravenous (i.v.) injection of a sulphated polysaccharide, fucoidan, at a dose of 10 mg per kg. Within an hour or so of the injection, the recirculation of lymphocytes through the node under study fell by over 80% and remained low for a few hours. This acute reduction in lymphocyte recirculation could be duplicated almost exactly by giving an i.v. dose (250 micrograms per kg) of a synthetic corticosteroid, dexamethasone, instead of fucoidan. Also, during the fall in lymphocyte recirculation that followed the injection of fucoidan, the concentration of cortisol in the blood plasma increased nearly 10-fold. These findings strongly suggest that much of the effect of exogenous sulphated polysaccharides on the recirculation of lymphocytes is neither direct nor specific, but secondary to an increased secretion of corticosteroid hormones. PMID- 3753953 TI - Computer programs for cardiac catheterization data. PMID- 3753954 TI - Non-linear fitting program for biological data. AB - A simple microcomputer program written in Microsoft Basic estimates pharmacokinetic parameters using the coordinate search technique to minimize the sum of squared errors. The program developed for portable computers combines a plot of data and curve fitting so as to find rapidly the initial parameters with the subsequent optimization of the parameter estimate. PMID- 3753955 TI - Computer assisted neuron searching. AB - A microprocessor controlled driver for the Kopf hydraulic microdrive is described. Neuron searching parameters can be specified during an experiment to facilitate the search for active neurons. These parameters include: period between movements, numbers of microns of electrode movement/advance, depth of penetration, automatic cessation of advancement when activity is encountered, and slow or rapid rates of movement. In addition, analog voltage outputs are available that are proportional to impulse frequency and to total impulse count. PMID- 3753956 TI - Segmentation of the epileptic EEG by means of a finite state automaton. AB - The aims and merits of the syntactical decomposition of the epileptic EEG are discussed in some detail. General assumptions in the design of segmenting algorithm--an essential part of the reduction of data program--are considered and a working example of segmenting routine is presented. This routine is designed as a finite state automaton, equivalent to a formal regular grammar. The performance of the routine on two sets of experimental data is presented and its intrinsic stability is shown in terms of cluster analysis of the segments produced. Means of extension of the proposed scheme to other cases of potential interest as well as possible applications in the higher level syntactical analysis are pointed out. PMID- 3753957 TI - BACOMP--database of bioactive compounds for structure-activity relationship. AB - BACOMP database is presented for structure-activity relationship (SAR) investigations; it was realized on a BK-1300 general purpose microcomputer using the MICRO-SETOR network database management system. Some general considerations of database design are given and the models and facilities for a development of a microcomputer-based SAR oriented database are described. The database contains the following information for the bioactive compounds: chemical structures, biological activities, trade names, reference numbers and information sources. For computer representation of chemical structures SAR oriented language is used. The database software includes: system software, data capture and data editing software, information retrieval and data processing applications. The software development is done in FORTRAN IV and MACRO assembly language. The programs are written in a completely interactive mode. The information retrieval software includes 12 functions giving an information for the database as a whole and for a single compound as well. The data processing software includes 8 functions for finding common structural fragments among compounds with similar biological activity and for estimating a structural similarity between different compounds. The functions are selected from corresponding screen MENUs. The function realization results are framed as appropriate screen formats and the receipt of hardcopies is available. The database can be used to develop predictive methods in respect of the investigated biological activity. PMID- 3753958 TI - The role of tumor-cell surface carbohydrate in experimental metastasis. AB - Quantitative studies on the binding of concanavalin A (Con A) and wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA) to a series of rat hepatocarcinoma metastatic variants revealed a positive correlation between the amount of cell-surface-bound lectin and lung colonization potential. Scatchard analysis of Con A and WGA binding to 10 individual clones isolated from a subcutaneous (s.c.) tumor transplant and to tumor-cell isolates from 10 individual spontaneous lung metastases from the same animal showed diverse binding characteristics for these cell populations. Nevertheless, the expression of Con A receptor sites accurately predicted the lung colonization potential of 3 isolates from the lung metastases. Higher lectin binding curves were observed for the clones from the subcutaneous tumor than for the isolates from lung metastases. These data suggest that a high Con-A binding potential is indicative of a high lung colonization potential for these hepatocarcinoma cells, but that this phenotype may be rapidly lost during tumor outgrowth in the lungs. The binding of tumor cells to vascular endothelial cell monolayers was inhibited in the presence of Con A; however, no inhibition was observed with 2 other lectins. Attachment of tumor cells to endothelial cell monolayers was also inhibited by the monosaccharides methyl alpha-D mannopyranoside and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. Other monosaccharides tested did not alter the attachment of tumor cells to endothelial cell monolayers. PMID- 3753959 TI - Pseudohypercalcemia and hyperviscosity with neurological manifestations in multiple myeloma. PMID- 3753960 TI - Significance of contaminated food in collective dose after a severe reactor accident. AB - The importance of the ingestion dose pathways in collective effective dose due to severe reactor accidents is evaluated by studying two different radioactive accidental releases. A short description of the ingestion dose pathway model is also given. Typically, exposure via contaminated food without countermeasures causes considerably more than half of the collective effective dose in the long term, and milk consumption is the most important pathway. Also the season when the release occurs has a major effect on the doses and on the areas where food products should be interdicted. PMID- 3753961 TI - An estimation of daily food usage factors for assessing radionuclide intakes in the U.S. population. AB - We have statistically analyzed data from the 1977-78 USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey to estimate the daily average food intakes by individuals in the general population and various subpopulations of the United States. These estimates are intended for use in assessing radionuclide intake by individuals through food consumption. We have also compared our results with those from other studies. PMID- 3753962 TI - A microcomputer algorithm for solving compartmental models involving radionuclide transformations. AB - An algorithm for solving first-order non-recycling compartment models is described. Given the initial amounts of a radioactive material in each compartment and the fundamental transfer rate constants between each compartment, the algorithm gives both the amount of material remaining at any time t and the integrated number of transformations that would occur up to time t. The method is analytical, and consequently, is ideally suited for implementation on a microcomputer. For a typical microcomputer with 64 kilobytes of random access memory, a model containing up to 100 compartments, with any number of interconnecting translocation routes, can be solved in a few seconds; providing that no recycling occurs. An example computer program, written in 30 lines of Microsoft BASIC, is included in an appendix to demonstrate the use of the algorithm. A detailed description is included to show how the algorithm is modified to satisfy the requirements commonly encountered in compartment modelling, for example, continuous intake, partitioning of activity, and transformations from radioactive progeny. Although the algorithm does not solve models involving recycling, it is often possible to represent such cases by a non recycling model which is mathematically equivalent. PMID- 3753963 TI - Expanding role of CME. PMID- 3753964 TI - Somatic dysfunction, osteopathic manipulative treatment, and the nervous system: a few facts, some theories, many questions. PMID- 3753965 TI - Lactoquinomycin B, a novel antibiotic. AB - Streptomyces tanashiensis IM8442T was found to produce lactoquinomycin B, a novel antibiotic, together with lactoquinomycin A. Lactoquinomycin B was purified, and the physico-chemical and biological characteristics were studied. Lactoquinomycin B, C24H27NO9, mp 149-152 degrees C (dec), FD-MS m/z 473 (M+), is a basic substance, showing UV lambda MeOHmax (epsilon) 239 (15,100), 287 (3,450) and 369 nm (5,300), and IR nu CHCl3max 1790 (gamma-lactone), and 1700 and 1650 (quinone) cm-1. The structure of lactoquinomycin B was elucidated by 1H NMR and 13C NMR in comparison with those of lactoquinomycin A, indicating that B is a 4a,10a-epoxide derivative of A. Lactoquinomycin B displayed inhibitory activity against bacteria, particularly Gram-positive organisms, and cytotoxicity against human and murine tumor cell lines. LD50 for mice was ca. 40 mg/kg by iv route. PMID- 3753966 TI - Punctaporonins A, D, E, and F (antibiotics M95464, M167906, M171950, and M189122), isomeric allylic alcohols from the fungus Poronia punctata: X-ray crystal structures of D and of E acetonide. PMID- 3753968 TI - Isolation and structure of antibiotic U-68,204, a new thiolactone. AB - A new thiolactone-containing antibiotic U-68,204 was found to be produced by a soil actinomycete identified as Streptomyces thiolactonus UC 8478 (NRRL 15,439). The production, isolation, structure determination as well as the physical, spectroscopic and antibacterial properties of this C13H17NO3S compound are here reported. On the basis of these data, the antibiotic was identified as the 10 carboxamide of thiotetromycin. PMID- 3753967 TI - Microbial products. VIII. Azinothricin, a novel hexadepsipeptide antibiotic. AB - Azinothricin was isolated from the culture filtrate of Streptomyces sp. X-14950 in crystalline form. It represents a new type of hexadepsipeptide antibiotic as it contains a 19-membered cyclodepsipeptide ring composed of six unusual amino acids and bearing a novel C21 side chain. Azinothricin was identified as [(3S,4S,7R(S*),10S,17R,20S,23R)[2S(2'R*,5'S*, 6'S*)3S*]]-alpha-ethyl-6-(3-ethyl 1, 5-dimethyl-4-oxo-1,5-heptadienyl)- N-(1,8, 14,15,18,21,27-heptaaza-21-hydroxy 7-(1-hydroxyethyl)-2,6,9,16,19, 22-hexaoxo-4-isopropyl-20-(methoxy-methyl)-17,18 dimethyl-5-oxa tricyclo [21.4.0.0(10,15)]heptacosan-3-yl)tetrahydro-alpha, 2 dihydroxy-5-methyl-2H-pyran-2-acetamide and is primarily active against Gram positive microorganisms. PMID- 3753969 TI - Actinopyrones A, B and C, new physiologically active substances. I. Producing organism, fermentation, isolation and biological properties. AB - A strain of Streptomyces was found to produce new physiologically active substances. The active compounds were purified and separated into three substances named actinopyrones A, B and C. Actinopyrones exhibited coronary vasodilating activities in anesthetized dogs and weakly antimicrobial activities against some Gram-positive bacteria and dermatophytes. PMID- 3753970 TI - Actinopyrones A, B and C, new physiologically active substances. II. Physico chemical properties and chemical structures. AB - The structure of physiologically active substances, actinopyrones A, B and C, produced by Streptomyces pactum S12538 were determined on the basis of their spectral and chemical character. These substances were structurally related to piericidin A1. PMID- 3753971 TI - Antibodies to deduced sequences of the insulin receptor distinguish conserved and nonconserved regions in the IGF-I receptor. AB - Antipeptide antibodies directed to two amino acid sequences predicted from the cDNA encoding the insulin proreceptor have been used to study the relationship between the human receptors for insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). An antibody directed to a cytoplasmic domain near the membrane spanning region of the proreceptor inhibited the protein tyrosine kinase activity of both receptors whereas an antibody directed to the C terminus of the insulin receptor showed no cross-reactivity with the IGF-I receptor. The results establish that the cloned cDNA from the human placenta encodes the insulin receptor and not the closely related IGF-I receptor, that the IGF-I and insulin receptors share a specific amino acid sequence necessary for the expression of enzymatic activity, and that the C terminus of the insulin receptor is not conserved in the IGF-I receptor. PMID- 3753972 TI - The insulin-like growth factor, somatomedin C, induces the synthesis of cholesterol side-chain cleavage cytochrome P-450 and adrenodoxin in ovarian cells. AB - The actions of insulin and somatomedin C (insulin-like growth factor I) on cholesterol side-chain cleavage activity and the synthesis of cytochrome P-450scc and adrenodoxin were investigated in primary cultures of swine ovarian (granulosa) cells. Nanomolar concentrations of pure human somatomedin C stimulated biosynthesis of progesterone and 20 alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one. Moreover, in the presence of exogenous sterol substrate for cholesterol side chain cleavage, somatomedin C significantly enhanced pregnenolone biosynthesis in a time- and dose-dependent manner. This augmentation of functional cholesterol side-chain cleavage activity was accompanied by a dose-dependent (2-16-fold) increase in [35S]methionine incorporation into specific immunoprecipitable cytochrome P-450scc and adrenodoxin. Micromolar concentrations of insulin (but not proinsulin or desoctapeptide) also induced synthesis of cholesterol side chain cleavage constituents by 4-7-fold. These results demonstrate that an insulin-like growth factor, somatomedin C, exerts discrete differentiating effects on ovarian cells characterized by increased synthesis of immunospecific cytochrome P-450scc and adrenodoxin. Thus, we infer that somatomedin C may serve a critical role in the differentiation of steroidogenic cells in the mammalian ovary. PMID- 3753973 TI - Active hepatic glycogen synthesis from gluconeogenic precursors despite high tissue levels of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. AB - When fasted rats ate regular lab chow there was a lag time of about 2 h before the concentration of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (Fru-2,6-P2) in liver began to rise from its low basal level. By contrast, in animals refed on a sucrose-based diet hepatic [Fru-2,6-P2] increased 20-fold (to a value of approximately 12 nmol/g wet weight) during the first hour. These responses correlated with differences in the ability of the two diets to increase the circulating [insulin]/[glucagon] ratio and thus to elevate the ratio of 6-phosphofructo-2 kinase to fructose-2, 6-bisphosphatase. Liver glycogen was deposited briskly in both groups of rats. To assess its mechanism of synthesis (directly from glucose versus indirectly via the gluconeogenic pathway), animals eating the chow or sucrose diets received intravenous infusions of [14C]bicarbonate, [1-14C] fructose, and 3H2O. After isolation, the glycogen was subjected to positional isotopic analysis of its glucose residues. The results established that regardless of the diet the bulk of liver glycogen was gluconeogenic in origin. The fact that with sucrose feeding carbon flow through hepatic fructose-1,6 bisphosphatase remained active despite high levels of Fru-2,6-P2 (a potent inhibitor of this enzyme in vitro) presents a metabolic paradox. Conceivably, the suppressive effect of Fru-2, 6-P2 on hepatic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase is overridden in vivo by some unknown factor or factors generated in response to sucrose feeding. Alternatively, metabolic zonation in liver might result in the coexistence of hepatocytes rich in Fru-2,6-P2 (high glycolytic, low gluconeogenic, low glycogenic capacitites) with cells depleted of Fru-2,6-P2 (low glycolytic, high gluconeogenic, high glycogenic capacities). PMID- 3753974 TI - Thermodynamic and kinetic analysis of carbohydrate binding to the basic lectin from winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus). AB - A basic lectin (pI approximately 10.0) was purified to homogeneity from the seeds of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) by affinity chromatography on Sepharose 6-aminocaproyl-D-galactosamine. The lectin agglutinated trypsinized rabbit erythrocytes and had a relative molecular mass of 58,000 consisting of two subunits of Mr 29,000. The lectin binds to N-dansylgalactosamine, leading to a 15 fold increase in dansyl fluorescence with a concomitant 25-nm blue shift in the emission maximum. The lectin has two binding sites/dimer for this sugar and an association constant of 4.17 X 10(5) M-1 at 25 degrees C. The strong binding to N dansylgalactosamine is due to a relatively positive entropic contribution as revealed by the thermodynamic parameters: delta H = -33.62 kJ mol-1 and delta S0 = -5.24 J mol-1 K-1. Binding of this sugar to the lectin shows that it can accommodate a large hydrophobic substituent on the C-2 carbon of D-galactose. Studies with other sugars indicate that a hydrophobic substituent in alpha conformation at the anomeric position increases the affinity of binding. The C-4 and C-6 hydroxyl groups are critical for sugar binding to this lectin. Lectin difference absorption spectra in the presence of N-acetylgalactosamine indicate perturbation of tryptophan residues on sugar binding. The results of stopped flow kinetics with N-dansylgalactosamine and the lectin are consistent with a simple one-step mechanism for which k+1 = 1.33 X 10(4) M-1 s-1 and k-1 = 3.2 X 10(-2) s 1 at 25 degrees C. This k-1 is slower than any reported for a lectin monosaccharide complex so far. The activation parameters indicate an enthalpically controlled association process. PMID- 3753975 TI - Biochemical properties of the heme oxygenase inhibitor, Sn-protoporphyrin. Interactions with apomyoglobin and human serum albumin. AB - Sn-protoporphyrin is a strong competitive inhibitor of heme oxygenase and a potential pharmacological agent for the treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Little is otherwise known about the biochemistry of tin porphyrins. We have investigated aspects of the chemistry of tin-protoporphyrin in aqueous solution and of its interactions with heme-binding proteins other than heme oxygenase, specifically apomyoglobin and human serum albumin. In the pH region 7-10, Soret region absorption studies of unbound Sn-protoporphyrin demonstrate a pH-dependent monomer-dimer equilibrium (KD congruent to 10(6) M-1 at pH 7) with little higher aggregation. Dissociation of the dimer is relatively slow at neutral pH, permitting interaction of protein ligands with monomeric and dimeric species to be distinguished and providing insights into kinetic mechanisms of porphyrin binding by heme-binding proteins. In the present study, the kinetics of interaction of Sn-protoporphyrin with apomyoglobin are presented as novel evidence that this binding proceeds by an induced fit mechanism. Binding of Sn protoporphyrin to both apomyoglobin and serum albumin is unexpectedly weak. Between pH 7 and 9, the apparent affinity of Sn-protoporphyrin for apomyoglobin is less than 1/200 that of heme and, at pH 9, is also significantly less than that of protoporphyrin. The apparent affinity of Sn-protoporphyrin for human serum albumin is less than 1/1000 that of heme and 1/30 to 1/100 that of protoporphyrin. Competition studies between heme and Sn-protoporphyrin and between bilirubin and Sn-protoporphyrin indicate that Sn-protoporphyrin distributes differently among porphyrin-binding sites on serum albumin than does heme and that it is also not an effective competitor with bilirubin for bilirubin binding sites. These results argue that Sn-protoporphyrin should not significantly alter normal mechanisms for the binding and transport of heme or of preformed bilirubin by serum albumin. From a more general perspective, the results indicate potentially unusual binding site selectivity by tin chelates; possible origins of this selectivity are discussed. PMID- 3753976 TI - The role of glutathione conjugate metabolism and cysteine conjugate beta-lyase in the mechanism of S-cysteine conjugate toxicity in LLC-PK1 cells. AB - A cell line derived from pig kidney, LLC-PK1, was grown in a culture system in which the cells express morphological and biochemical characteristics of the proximal tubule. This model was used to investigate the mechanism of S-cysteine conjugate toxicity and the role of glutathione conjugate metabolism. LLC-PK1 cells have the degradative enzymes of the mercapturate pathway, and S-(1,2 dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine and S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-glutathione are toxic. S (1,2-Dichlorovinyl)-L-glutathione is not toxic when the cells are pretreated with AT-125, an inhibitor of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. The cells respond to a variety of toxic cysteine conjugates. Cysteine conjugate beta-lyase activity is not detectable by standard assays, but can be measured using radiolabeled S-(1,2 dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine. Pyruvate stimulates the beta-elimination reaction with S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine as substrate 2-3-fold. The data suggest that a side transamination reaction regulates the flux of substrate through the beta elimination pathway; therefore, cysteine conjugate beta-lyase in LLC-PK1 cells may be regulated by transamination, and measurement of lyase activity in some systems may require the presence of alpha-ketoacids. Aminoxyacetic acid blocks both the metabolism of S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine to a reactive species which covalently binds to cellular macromolecules and toxicity. Glutathione inhibits the binding of the sulfur containing cleavage fragment to acid insoluble material in vitro. The data provide direct evidence that S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L cysteine is metabolized to a reactive species which covalently binds to cellular macromolecules, and the binding is proportional to toxicity. PMID- 3753977 TI - Tissue-specific expression of rat aldolase A mRNAs. Three molecular species differing only in the 5'-terminal sequences. AB - Three species of aldolase A mRNA (mRNAs I, II, and III) only differing in the structure of the 5'-terminal noncoding region were detected in rat tissues. The cDNA clones for mRNAs II and III were prepared from ascites hepatoma AH60C and sequenced. The mRNA II is 1393 nucleotides long excluding poly(A) tail, while the mRNA III is 1440 nucleotides long, some 50 nucleotides longer than the mRNA II. The mRNAs II and III differ in the sequence between -25 and the 5' termini from the previously reported skeletal muscle aldolase A mRNA (mRNA I, 1343 nucleotides long). By contrast, the residual 5' noncoding sequence (-24 to -1) and the coding and 3' noncoding sequences are common to all the mRNAs. By dot spot hybridization and S1 mapping the distribution of these mRNAs in the various tissues was determined. The mRNA I appears exclusively in a skeletal muscle and some in heart and hepatoma AH60C, whereas the mRNAs II and III appear more or less in all the tissues examined, implying that their appearances are under tissue-specific control. Furthermore, partial nucleotide sequence analysis of the fetal liver aldolase A mRNA supports that aldolase A mRNA that reappeared in hepatoma is really a resurgence of the gene product expressed in the fetus. PMID- 3753978 TI - Sequence of preprocaerulein cDNAs cloned from skin of Xenopus laevis. A small family of precursors containing one, three, or four copies of the final product. AB - From skin of Xenopus laevis, cDNA libraries were constructed and clones coding for the precursors of caerulein were isolated and sequenced. Using restriction endonuclease digestions, three different types of preprocaerulein cDNAs could be discerned. These were termed types I, III, and IV in accordance with the number of caerulein copies present in the sequence, the type III being the most abundant one. An incomplete copy of a fourth variant, termed type I', was also found. Besides deletions/insertions encompassing one or two caerulein sequences, these types also differ from each other by several point mutations. In the homologous precursor polypeptides deduced from the nucleotide sequence of these cloned cDNAs, the caerulein copies are flanked by complex processing sequences. These are Arg-Arg-Phe-Ala-Asp-Gly or Arg-Arg-Asp-Gly at the amino-terminal side and Gly Arg-Arg at the carboxyl end. Between caerulein copies, highly homologous segments are present both at the polypeptide and cDNA level. This homology is evident both within a given precursor, where up to three such segments are present, and between the different types of precursors. We conclude that preprocaerulein cDNAs in the skin of X. laevis represent a small family, at least part of which is derived from different genes rather than being formed by alternative splicing of pre-mRNAs. PMID- 3753979 TI - Formation of meizothrombin as intermediate in factor Xa-catalyzed prothrombin activation. AB - The conversion of prothrombin into thrombin by Factor Xa requires the cleavage of two peptide bonds in prothrombin. Dependent on the order of cleavage, prethrombin 2 or meizothrombin occurs as intermediate. Since prethrombin 2 has as yet been the only observed intermediate, prothrombin activation is generally considered to proceed via prethrombin 2. In this paper we present new methods that allow differentiation between meizothrombin and thrombin formed during the initial phase of prothrombin activation. These methods, which make use of the different reactivities of meizothrombin and thrombin toward fibrinogen and antithrombin III plus heparin, enabled us to show the generation of considerable amounts of meizothrombin during Factor Xa-catalyzed prothrombin activation. Both meizothrombin and thrombin incorporated the active site-directed fluorescent chloromethyl ketone 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl-Glu-Gly-Arg-CH2Cl. Gel electrophoretic analysis of chloromethyl ketone-treated aliquots of prothrombin activation mixtures confirmed meizothrombin formation. These observations demonstrate that prothrombin may also be converted into thrombin via meizothrombin. PMID- 3753980 TI - Mutants of the membrane-binding region of Semliki Forest virus E2 protein. I. Cell surface transport and fusogenic activity. AB - Three mutations of the membrane-binding region of the Semliki Forest virus (SFV) p62 polypeptide (the precursor for virion E3 and E2) have been made by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis of a cDNA clone encoding the SFV structural proteins. One of the mutations (A2) substitutes a Glu for an Ala in the middle of the hydrophobic stretch which spans the bilayer. A1 and A3 alter the two basic charged amino acids in the cytoplasmic domain next to the hydrophobic region. The wild-type charge cluster of Arg-Ser-Lys (+2) has been changed to Gly-Ser-Met (0;A3) or to Gly-Ser-Glu (-1;A1). The mutant p62 proteins have been analyzed both in the presence and the absence of E1, the other half of the heterodimer spike complex of SFV. The mutant proteins expressed in COS-7 cells are glycosylated and are of the expected sizes. When co-expressed with E1, all three mutants are cleaved to yield the E2 protein and transported to the surface of COS-7 cells. When expressed in the absence of E1, the mutant p62 proteins remain uncleaved but still reach the cell surface. Once at the cell surface, all three mutants, when co-expressed with E1, can promote low pH-triggered cell-cell fusion. These results show that the three mutant p62/E2 proteins are still membrane associated in a functionally unaltered way. PMID- 3753982 TI - Column lifetime of Superose 6 at 37 degrees C and basic pH. PMID- 3753981 TI - Functional expression of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor from cloned cDNA in fibroblasts. AB - The polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, a transmembrane protein, is made by a variety of polarized epithelial cells. After synthesis, the receptor is sent to the basolateral surface where it binds polymeric IgA and IgM. The receptor-ligand complex is endocytosed, transported across the cell in vesicles, and re exocytosed at the apical surface. At some point the receptor is proteolytically cleaved so that its extracellular ligand binding portion (known as secretory component) is severed from the membrane and released together with the polymeric immunoglobulin at the apical surface. We have used a cDNA clone coding for the rabbit receptor and a retroviral expression system to express the receptor in a nonpolarized mouse fibroblast cell line, psi 2, that normally does not synthesize the receptor. The receptor is glycosylated and sent to the cell surface. The cell cleaves the receptor to a group of polypeptides that are released into the medium and co-migrate with authentic rabbit secretory component. Cleavage and release of secretory component do not depend on the presence of ligand. The cells express on their surface 9,600 binding sites for the ligand, dimeric IgA. The ligand can be rapidly endocytosed and then re-exocytosed, all within approximately 10 min. Very little ligand is degraded. At least some of the ligand that is released from the cells is bound to secretory component. The results presented indicate that we have established a powerful new system for analyzing the complex steps in the transport of poly-Ig and the general problem of membrane protein sorting. PMID- 3753983 TI - Sensitive determination of tyrosine metabolites, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 4 hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl-acetic acid and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymandelic acid, by gas chromatography-negative-ion chemical-ionization mass spectrometry. Application to a stable isotope-labelled tracer experiment to investigate their metabolism in man. AB - A method has been established for studying the dynamic metabolism of tyrosine to its metabolites in humans using a deuterium-labelled amino acid. Phenylalanine-d5 was administered orally to human subjects (5 mg/kg) and the levels of p hydroxyphenylacetic acid-d4, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylacetic acid-d3, and 4 hydroxy-3-methoxymandelic acid-d3 excreted into urine every hour were determined by gas chromatography-negative-ion chemical-ionization mass spectrometry. This method was also applied to some patients with depression and it was possible to detect a slight alteration in the excretion of some compounds compared with the control. PMID- 3753984 TI - Determination of ciramadol and dezocine, two new analgesics, by high-performance liquid chromatography using electrochemical detection. PMID- 3753985 TI - Genes encoding pancreatic polypeptide and neuropeptide Y are on human chromosomes 17 and 7. AB - Pancreatic polypeptide and neuropeptide Y share 50% amino acid homology (18 out of 36 residues), suggesting that they may have common ancestral origins. cDNA clones complementary to human mRNAs encoding pancreatic polypeptide and neuropeptide Y were used to detect specific human genomic DNA sequences in human mouse somatic cell hybrid lines. The pancreatic polypeptide gene (PPY) segregated with human chromosome 17, while the neuropeptide Y gene (NPY) segregated with human chromosome 7. Examination of cell hybrids with chromosomal rearrangements assigned PPY to the p11.1-qter region and NPY to the pter-q22 region of their respective chromosomes. PMID- 3753986 TI - Sn-protoporphyrin inhibition of fetal and neonatal brain heme oxygenase. Transplacental passage of the metalloporphyrin and prenatal suppression of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn animal. AB - Sn(tin)-protoporphyrin, a potent competitive inhibitor of heme oxygenase, can suppress hyperbilirubinemia in animal neonates and significantly reduce plasma bilirubin levels in animals and man. To further explore the biological actions and metabolic disposition of Sn-protoporphyrin, we have examined its effect in the suckling neonate when administered to the mother either 24-48 h before or immediately after birth. Sn-protoporphyrin, when administered before birth, crossed the placental membranes, inhibited fetal heme oxygenase, and suppressed the transient hyperbilirubinemia that occurs in the neonate after birth in a dose dependent manner. Tissue heme oxygenase activity in the neonate was also lowered in a dose-dependent manner. The blood-brain barrier of the neonate was permeable to Sn-protoporphyrin for a period of between 20-28 d of postnatal life. Sn protoporphyrin, however, was not retained in brain, but left the brain space with a t1/2 of 1.7 d. In addition, Sn-protoporphyrin administered once at birth to neonates inhibited brain heme oxygenase in a dose-dependent manner. The results of this study demonstrate that Sn-protoporphyrin can cross the placental membranes, inhibit tissue heme oxygenase activity in the fetus, and can also, following such prenatal treatment, suppress the hyperbilirubinemia of the newborn animal. PMID- 3753988 TI - Oral ciramadol: a new analgesic for postoperative pain. AB - Ciramadol, a new synthetic narcotic agonist-antagonist analgesic, was compared in 30 and 60 mg doses with pentazocine 50 mg, aspirin 650 mg, and placebo in the treatment of 153 patients with postoperative pain. All drugs were administered between six and 72 hours after surgery. Analgesic efficacy was assessed for six hours after study drug administration using verbal pain intensity, analog pain intensity, and verbal pain relief scales. Significantly (P less than .05) higher analgesic efficacy scores were seen with ciramadol 30 mg than with pentazocine 50 mg and placebo at most of the evaluation points. Doses of ciramadol 30 mg were significantly (P less than .05) more effective than aspirin 650 mg at several time periods, and ciramadol 60 mg was better than pentazocine and placebo at several evaluation times. The 30-mg dose of ciramadol was generally more effective than the 60-mg dose. The mean six-hour cumulative sum of pain intensity difference scores, total pain relief scores, and sum of pain analog intensity difference scores showed that the best analgesic response occurred in the ciramadol 30 mg group, followed by the ciramadol 60 mg, aspirin 650 mg, pentazocine 50 mg, and placebo groups. Side effects were rare and mild. There were no medically important changes in vital signs in any treatment group. PMID- 3753987 TI - Chronic respiratory disease in premature infants caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. AB - The relation between chronic respiratory disease and infection with Chlamydia trachomatis in premature infants was investigated to ascertain the aetiological importance of intrauterine C trachomatis infection and chronic respiratory disease in premature infants. Serum IgM antibodies against C trachomatis were determined by enzyme linked fluorescence assay. Sections of lung tissues obtained by biopsy and at necropsy were also tested for the presence of antigens using fluorescein conjugated monoclonal antibodies to C trachomatis. Of 16 sera from premature infants with chronic respiratory diseases clinically diagnosed as bronchopulmonary dysplasia or the Wilson-Mikity syndrome, five had IgM antibodies to C trachomatis L2 strain by enzyme linked fluorescence assay (titre greater than or equal to 1/500). Of 37 sera from premature infants with extremely low birth weights, two had IgM antibodies to C trachomatis. No specific IgM antibody was detected in 31 neonates who showed raised serum IgM concentrations but who did not have respiratory tract symptoms. C trachomatis was identified from two specimens of lung tissue obtained at necropsy from premature infants with chronic respiratory disease positive for IgM antibody. These findings indicate the aetiological importance of intrauterine C trachomatis infection in chronic respiratory disease in premature infants. PMID- 3753989 TI - Neodymium-YAG laser therapy for vascular lesions. AB - Three patients with port-wine stains with a nodular surface, one patient with macrocheilia resulting from a port-wine stain, and one patient with a capillary hemangioma were treated with a Nd-YAG laser (mediLas, MBB-AT, Munich). Irradiance was between 800 and 1,600 watts/cm2, with energy fluence between 400 and 1,600 joules/cm2. Treatments were performed with local anesthesia on an outpatient basis. In all patients, marked improvements could be obtained after only a few treatments. Histologically there was necrosis of epidermis and dermis immediately after laser application, and ectatic vessels contained coagulated erythrocytes. Depth of coagulation was up to 3.5 mm. Quick restoration of epidermis was observed. After some days, macrophages, fibroblasts, and capillary blood vessels grew into the agglutination thrombi and ectatic vessels were replaced by granulation tissue and, later, by fibrous tissue. In comparison with the argon laser, the Nd-YAG laser coagulates at a much deeper level, but processes of tissue repair take longer and fibrosis is more pronounced after Nd-YAG laser application. Clinically, therefore, scar formation is more likely. Chilling the skin surface during irradiation and shorter exposure times may be effective in reducing the risk of scar formation in the future. PMID- 3753990 TI - Role of the argon laser in treatment of lymphocytoma cutis. AB - Lymphocytoma cutis characteristically appears as persistent reddish purple papules, nodules, or plaques. Response to treatment is variable and recurrences are common. We report the use of the argon laser as a modality that improved cosmetic appearance and alleviated symptoms of lymphocytoma cutis but that failed to provide complete histologic clearing of the inflammatory cells. PMID- 3753991 TI - American dog tick (Acari: Ixodidae), summer activity on equine premises enzootic for Potomac horse fever in south-central Maryland. PMID- 3753992 TI - Selective atrial sensing in dual chamber pacemakers eliminates endless loop tachycardia. AB - With the introduction of dual chamber pacemakers that have multiple atrial amplitude sensing values, selective P wave sensing is possible. Five consecutive patients were studied who had 1) retrograde atrioventricular conduction, 2) anterograde atrial signals that were at least 1.4 times larger than their corresponding retrograde atrial signals, and 3) dual chamber pulse generators that are capable of discriminating this difference in atrial amplitude. In each patient the pacemaker was programmed in the DDD mode and the postventricular atrial refractory interval was at least 100 ms shorter than the individual's minimal retrograde conduction time. Two atrial sensitivity settings were evaluated in each patient: a high setting to ensure sensing of both anterograde and retrograde P waves, and a lower setting to allow sensing of anterograde P waves only. Ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring demonstrated that with a high sensitivity setting, each patient sustained endless loop tachycardia (mean number of episodes 41, range 6 to 143) and that a low atrial sensitivity setting eliminated the tachycardia. With the lower atrial sensitivity setting, there was only sporadic atrial undersensing (1.5 episodes for each 1,000 P waves). This study demonstrates that atrial signals having different amplitudes can be selectively sensed. Additionally, dual chamber pulse generators with multiple atrial amplitude sensitivity values can discriminate anterograde from retrograde P waves, ensure anterograde sensing, reject retrograde P waves and eliminate endless loop tachycardia. PMID- 3753993 TI - A derivative of wheat germ agglutinin specifically inhibits formyl-peptide induced polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis by blocking re-expression (or recycling) of receptors. AB - We examined the mechanism of action of a derivative of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA D) which specifically and irreversibly inhibits N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl phenylalanine (FMLP)-induced polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) chemotaxis. At a concentration that completely inhibited PMN chemotaxis, WGA-D had no effect on either the uptake or release of [3H]-FMLP by PMN. Similarly, WGA-D did not affect either the short-term binding to, or internalization by, PMN of a fluoresceinated FMLP analog. WGA-D did interfere, however, with the re-expression (or recycling) of FMLP receptors by PMN that had been preincubated with 1 microM FMLP for 10 min at 4 degrees C. This effect was specific for WGA-D, because it was not observed when concanavalin A was used. Scatchard plot analysis of FMLP binding to PMN after receptor re-expression demonstrated that WGA-D-treated PMN had a significant diminution in the number of high affinity receptors. WGA-D-mediated inhibition of FMLP receptor re-expression was associated with inhibition of FMLP induced PMN chemotaxis, but had no effect on either FMLP-induced PMN superoxide anion generation or degranulation. Studies using [125I]-WGA-D demonstrated that PMN did not internalize WGA-D spontaneously. PMN did internalize [125I]-WGA-D, however, when stimulated with FMLP. Internalization of WGA-D by FMLP-stimulated PMN was rapid, dependent on the concentration of FMLP, and specific. Internalization of [125I]-WGA-D by PMN did not occur when highly purified human C5a, instead of FMLP, was used as a stimulus. Subcellular fractionation studies demonstrated that [125I]-WGA-D and [3H]-FMLP were co-internalized by PMN, and segregated to a compartment co-migrating with Golgi markers. Western blot analysis, using PMN plasma membranes, demonstrated that WGA-D bound to a single membrane glycoprotein that migrated with an apparent m.w. of 62,000. The data indicate that WGA-D, perhaps by binding to the FMLP receptor, inhibits FMLP induced PMN chemotaxis by blocking the re-expression (or recycling) of a population of receptors required for continuous migration. PMID- 3753994 TI - Preparation and characterization of a derivative of wheat germ agglutinin which specifically inhibits polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis to the synthetic chemotactic peptide N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine. AB - A nonagglutinating derivative of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), prepared by treating the native lectin with cyanogen bromide and formic acid and purified by affinity chromatography on an N-acetyl-D-glucosamine column, inhibited human polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) chemotaxis to the synthetic chemotactic peptide N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP). The WGA derivative (WGA-D) did not influence either the ability of PMN to migrate randomly or their chemotactic response to the complement-derived peptide C5a. Similarly, WGA-D had no effect on either FMLP-induced PMN polarization or other FMLP-induced PMN functions (i.e., selective discharge of lysosomal enzymes from cytochalasin B-treated cells, generation of superoxide anion). The inhibition of FMLP-induced PMN chemotaxis by WGA-D could not be reversed by washing the cells, or by incubating lectin-treated PMN at 37 degrees C for 20 min. The inhibitory effect of WGA-D was mediated by its specific binding to N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues on the cell surface. WGA D did not alter the specific binding of [3H]-FMLP to its receptor(s) on the PMN membrane. The data presented here suggest that WGA-D inhibits FMLP-induced PMN chemotaxis at a step distal to stimulus recognition. PMID- 3753995 TI - Problem solving and the learning disabled: looking for answers with computers. PMID- 3753996 TI - Modulation of endothelial cell hemostatic properties by tumor necrosis factor. AB - Tumor necrosis factor/cachectin (TNF) is a mediator of the septic state, which involves diffuse abnormalities of coagulation throughout the vasculature. Since previous studies have shown that endothelial cells can play an active role in coagulation, we wished to determine whether TNF could modulate endothelial cell hemostatic properties. Incubation of purified recombinant TNF with cultured endothelial cells resulted in a time- and dose-dependent acquisition of tissue factor procoagulant activity. Concomitant with enhanced procoagulant activity, TNF also suppressed endothelial cell cofactor activity for the anticoagulant protein C pathway; both thrombin-mediated protein C activation and formation of functional activated protein C-protein S complex on the cell surface were considerably attenuated. Comparable concentrations of TNF (half-maximal affect at approximately 50 pM) and incubation times (half-maximal affect by 4 h after addition to cultures) were required for each of these changes in endothelial cell coagulant properties. This unidirectional shift in cell surface hemostatic properties favoring promotion of clot formation indicates that, in addition to leukocyte procoagulants, endothelium can potentially be instrumental in the pathogenesis of the thrombotic state associated with inflammatory and malignant disorders. PMID- 3753997 TI - The National Institute of Mental Health epidemiologic study: implications for family practice. AB - The National Institute of Mental Health has begun a five-site epidemiologic study of the prevalence and incidence of common psychiatric illnesses. Preliminary results reveal a high prevalence of substance abuse disorders in men and a high prevalence of affective and anxiety disorders in women. Evaluation of health care provider utilization shows that women and elderly patients with mental health problems are more likely to visit primary care providers only for mental health problems. The results have important implications for the research and curriculum of family practice. PMID- 3753998 TI - Glycosaminoglycans stimulate the acrosome reaction of previously capacitated hamster sperm. AB - The glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) hyaluronic acid and heparin were added (10 micrograms and 100 micrograms/ml to golden hamster sperm suspensions previously incubated for 4.5 h under capacitating conditions. After additions, sperm were incubated for 5-15 min and acrosome reactions (AR) assayed in motile sperm by phase contrast microscopy. Hyaluronic acid and heparin significantly stimulated AR over control levels. Hyaluronic acid did not stimulate AR 15 min after addition to sperm previously incubated for only 2.5 h. Pre-incubation of hyaluronic acid with streptomyces hyaluronidase destroyed the ability of that GAG to stimulate the AR. These results indicate that GAGs (at least one of which, hyaluronic acid, is present in the oocyte cumulus oophorous) can rapidly stimulate the acrosome reaction in motile previously capacitated hamster sperm. PMID- 3753999 TI - The influence of tunichrome and other reducing compounds on tunic and fin formation in embryonic Ascidia callosa Stimpson. AB - Tunic in 46-hr-old Ascidia callosa larvae reared from dechorionated neurulae is either markedly reduced in thickness or absent altogether. The epidermis is fragile and cuticular fins fail to develop. Dechorionated neurulae treated with tunichrome and other reducing compounds (e.g., glutathione, ascorbate) show an enhancement in tunic formation and rudimentary fin development. UV absorbance spectra of extracts from unfertilized eggs, late tail-bud embryos, and tadpole larvae indicate that tunichrome may be present in all developmental stages. Experiments with neurulae in which the chorion was punctured with tungsten needles but not removed signify that the test cells are the most likely source of tunichrome. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that tunichrome is involved in the natural processes of tunic morphogenesis in ascidian embryos. PMID- 3754000 TI - Molecular cloning of complementary DNA to Newcastle disease virus, and nucleotide sequence analysis of the junction between the genes encoding the haemagglutinin neuraminidase and the large protein. AB - Complementary DNA clones to 90% of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) genome have been produced and mapped. These clones cover the entire HN, F and M genes, most if not all of the L gene and parts of the NP and P genes. The map of overlapping clones gives the gene order 3'-NP-P-M-F-HN-L-5' for NDV, identical to the gene order of Sendai virus, on the assumption that the NP gene of NDV is at the 3' end of the genome as previously suggested by inactivation of NDV transcription by u.v. light. The nucleotide sequence of 453 bases covering the junction between the HN and L genes has been determined. There is nucleotide sequence homology to the consensus polyadenylation and mRNA start sites of Sendai virus and vesicular stomatitis virus. The deduced amino acid sequence of the C terminus of the HN protein of NDV shows homology to the C-terminal amino acid sequences of the HN proteins of simian virus 5 and Sendai virus. An explanation for the presence of HN0, the precursor to HN in some strains of NDV, is suggested by the presence of a long non-coding region at the 3' terminus of the mRNA encoding the HN protein of NDV that could, by mutation, allow synthesis of a larger polypeptide. PMID- 3754001 TI - Parallel postnatal development of choline acetyltransferase activity and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the rat olfactory bulb. AB - The development of cholinergic synapses in the rat olfactory bulb was investigated by measuring changes in the activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT; EC 2.3.1.6.), a presynaptic cholinergic marker, and in the concentration of muscarinic receptors, components of cholinoceptive membranes. Three biochemical properties of the muscarinic system also were examined for possible differentiation: ligand binding, molecular weight, and isoelectric point. Receptors from embryonic (day 18), neonatal (postnatal day 3), and adult rat olfactory bulbs exhibited identical complex binding (nH = 0.45) of the agonist carbachol. For each age, the relative proportions of high-affinity (Ki approximately equal to 1.0 microM) and low-affinity (Ki approximately equal to 100 microM) binding states were 60% and 40%, respectively. The antagonist pirenzepine also bound to high-affinity (Ki approximately equal to 0.15 microM, RH approximately equal to 70%) and low-affinity (Ki approximately equal to 2.0 microM, RL approximately equal to 30%) sites in neonatal and adult rats. Sodium dodecyl sulfate/urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of [3H]propylbenzilylcholine mustard-labeled receptors from neonatal and adult rats showed a single electrophoretic form with an apparent molecular weight of 65,000. In contrast, analytical isoelectric focusing indicated high pI (4.50) and low pI (4.00) receptor forms were present. Neonatal rats contained approximately equal proportions of the two receptor forms, whereas adult rats contained mainly the low pI form, indicating that molecular alteration of the receptor population had occurred during development. Comparison of postnatal changes in acetylcholine receptors and ChAT activity showed a striking correlation between the development of cholinergic terminals and muscarinic receptors. Throughout the first postnatal week, ChAT activity remained at 5% of adult levels; activity began to rise on postnatal day 6 and gradually reached adult levels (56 +/- 4 mumol of [3H]acetylcholine/h/g) during the fourth week. Similarly, muscarinic receptor concentration was low (30-50 fmol/mg) throughout the first week, began to rise at postnatal day 7; and reached 90% of adult levels (317 +/- 17 fmol/mg) by the fourth week. In contrast, there was little increase in the concentration of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (30 fmol/mg) during this period. The parallel postnatal development of ChAT activity and muscarinic receptors suggests the existence of factors that couple the differentiation of presynaptic cholinergic terminals and postsynaptic cholinoceptive elements. PMID- 3754002 TI - Late rupture of a mycotic aneurysm after "cure" of bacterial endocarditis. AB - Rupture of a mycotic aneurysm often occurs before the diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis is made or whilst the patient is being treated with antibiotics. It is recognised that cerebral embolism continues to occur after adequate antibiotic treatment, but the late rupture of a mycotic aneurysm seems to be very unusual. We report such a case where rupture of a peripherally sited aneurysm, demonstrated angiographically and pathologically, occurred 6 months after bacteriologically adequate treatment of streptococcal bacterial endocarditis. PMID- 3754003 TI - The pathologic and clinical heterogeneity of lymphocyte-depleted Hodgkin's disease. AB - Patients with Hodgkin's disease of the lymphocyte-depleted subtype (LDHD) have been said to have a poor prognosis. However, reports of this subtype are complicated by the fact that the histologic diagnosis of LDHD is often not straightforward, and its distinction from aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) can be difficult. We have reviewed our patients with LDHD at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) in light of an additional decade of experience with neoplastic and non-neoplastic conditions mimicking Hodgkin's disease. Of 198 patients who received MOPP (mechlorethamine, vincristine, procarbazine, prednisone) treatment at the NCI for Hodgkin's disease between 1964 and 1976, 43 (22%) were originally classified as LDHD. The initial diagnostic biopsies from 39 of these patients were reviewed and revealed ten with NHL, nine with LDHD, and 13 with nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease of the lymphocyte-depleted subtype (NSLD). The other seven patients had Hodgkin's disease without a lymphocyte depleted component. The NHL patients were further subclassified as diffuse, large cell (two cases) and large-cell, immunoblastic (eight cases). The pathologic review was done without knowledge of clinical features which were examined after review in the three major subgroups. Of ten patients with NHL, only three had a complete remission (CR), and median survival was 7 months. Nine of the NHL patients presented with features that are unusual for patients with Hodgkin's disease, such as bulky abdominal disease, epitrochlear lymphade-nopathy, or hypercalcemia. CRs were attained by 67% and 85% of patients in the LDHD and NSLD groups, respectively: median survival had not been reached in either group with a median of 14 years of follow-up. Lymphocyte-depleted Hodgkin's disease, adequately treated, is in our limited group of patients no worse than other histopathologic subtypes of Hodgkin's disease. The erroneous inclusion of patients with high-grade NHLs into this subtype of Hodgkin's disease may be one reason for earlier literature reports of its more aggressive nature. The diagnosis of LDHD should be made cautiously, particularly in patients with clinical features that are unusual for Hodgkin's disease at presentation. PMID- 3754004 TI - 5-fluorouracil, adriamycin, and mitomycin in the treatment of adenocarcinoma of unknown primary. AB - The combination of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), doxorubicin, and mitomycin (FAM) is often recommended for empiric management of patients with adenocarcinoma of unknown primary. This recommendation is based on the activity of FAM for adenocarcinomas of specific known sites of origin. A literature search disclosed no reports of the efficacy of FAM in this clinical entity. We report on 45 patients with biopsy-proven adenocarcinoma in whom investigation revealed no primary site and who were treated in a phase II trial with FAM. Of 43 evaluable patients, four achieved a complete tumor response, and nine obtained a partial response for an overall response rate of 30%. The median survival for all patients was greater than 10 months. The median survival for patients whose tumors were unresponsive to FAM was 6 months, and median survival was greater than or equal to 14 months in patients with stable disease or FAM-responsive tumors. A phase III trial comparing no therapy or 5-FU with FAM is warranted. For patients not treated in an investigative setting, FAM compares favorably with reported series using other regimens. PMID- 3754005 TI - Selective effects of skeletal muscle extract fractions on motoneuron development in vitro. AB - In vivo labeling of motoneurons with retrogradely transported wheat germ agglutinin, and in situ staining of cholinergic neurons with a monoclonal antibody against CAT, have been used as methods to identify motoneurons in cultures of dissociated 14 d embryonic rat ventral spinal cord. With these two different labeling techniques, we demonstrate that skeletal muscle extracts maintain motoneuron survival, and induce motoneuron morphologic and cholinergic differentiation in vitro. Further, we show that several partially purified muscle extract-derived proteins separately augment each of these specific parameters of motoneuron development. A 55,000 Da neutral glycoprotein specifically induces both ACh synthesis and motoneuron-selective process outgrowth and elongation, while a 1200-1500 Da peptide selectively augments both apparent motoneuron survival and ACh synthesis. A third trophic agent, a 33,000-35,000 Da acidic glycoprotein, induces process outgrowth in both motoneurons and nonmotoneurons of the ventral spinal cord, but has no effect on ACh synthesis. PMID- 3754006 TI - Traumatic workplace deaths in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, 1983 and 1984. AB - All fatal workplace accidents occurring in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania in 1983 and 1984 were investigated for cause of accident, preventability, type of industry, number of employees, and the involvement of alcohol or drugs. Approximately 40% of these accidents were not within the jurisdiction of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and therefore were not reported to or investigated by OSHA. More than 60% of the fatal accidents investigated by OSHA resulted in one or more citations, and all but one accident was judged preventable. Drugs were not found at autopsy in any of the accident victims, and a significant alcohol level was found in only one victim. Nearly 80% of the fatal accidents investigated occurred at locations with fewer than 100 employees. PMID- 3754008 TI - A computer programme to calculate risk in X linked disorders using multiple marker loci. AB - A computer programme package has been written which calculates the genetic risk (recurrence risk) for X linked disorders, incorporating data from multiple probes. The programme can allow new mutation and the incorporation of other predictors of the disease genotype of the subjects in the family. PMID- 3754007 TI - Comparison of muscarinic receptor properties in hatched chick heart atrium and ventricle. AB - We have reported previously that chick myocardium responds to muscarinic agonists with a decrease in slow inward current in both atrial and ventricular muscle. A second ionic current, the background potassium current, is increased in the atrium but not in the ventricle. A possible explanation for the modulation of potassium current in atrium only is the existence of a unique muscarinic receptor population in atrium responsible for potassium conductance changes. We looked for differences in atrial and ventricular muscarinic receptors by pharmacological and biochemical techniques. The dissociation constants for binding of l [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate were 46 pM in both tissues. Estimates for binding of atropine in competitive binding experiments gave dissociation constants of 1.8 nM in atrium and 2.0 nM in ventricle. Pharmacologic evaluation of atropine occupancy of muscarinic receptor by Schild analysis showed no difference in the dissociation constants in atrium (1.7 nM) and ventricle (1.1 nM). Displacement of 0.1 nM [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate with carbachol showed the atrium to have a higher apparent affinity for agonist than the ventricle (atrium IC50 = 8.2 X 10( 6) M, ventricle IC50 = 2.1 X 10(-5) M). Computerized curve fitting analysis detected three binding states (super high, high and low affinity) for carbachol in the atrium and ventricle in the absence and presence of 5' guanylylimidodiphosphate (10(-4) M). We did not detect a qualitative difference between atrial and ventricular muscarinic receptors. Muscarinic-induced potassium conductance changes which occur in the atria do not appear to be due to a unique muscarinic receptor in atria. PMID- 3754009 TI - A computer programme for estimation of genetic risk in X linked disorders, combining pedigree and DNA probe data with other conditional information. AB - A computer programme is presented for calculating the recurrence risk in X linked disorders, combining pedigree and DNA probe data with other conditional information such as carrier detection tests. The methods of computation are shown in the given examples. The programme can be used with either a single DNA probe or two 'flanking' DNA probes for both familial and isolated case pedigrees. For isolated case families the mutation rate at the disease locus can be taken into account in conjunction with the DNA probe data. PMID- 3754010 TI - Computer-aided rehabilitation engineering--CARE. AB - Computer-aided design (CAD) and related technologies are having a dramatic impact upon manufacturing industry. The advantages of these technologies over traditional methods include improved accuracy and quality, reduced product development time and ease of product modification and hence customization. The resultant increases in productivity, whilst maintaining flexibility of design, have obvious potential in the rehabilitation equipment industry. Recent applications of these technologies to the analysis of prostheses and wheelchairs and to the design and production of sockets for amputees, prosthetic implants and custom seating are reviewed. Computer-Aided Rehabilitation Engineering (CARE) is in its infancy. However, given the rapidity of developments in this field, CARE has the potential to radically alter rehabilitation engineering over the next decade. PMID- 3754011 TI - Semi-automatic medical image processing. AB - During the last few years a number of systems for graphics generation and image processing have been developed by the authors. Depending on the application, one can consider many kinds of systems; for example for simple analysis of cellular images, a system that realizes the video mixing between a camera and graphics data from a microcomputer would be adequate. For a more elaborate analysis, such as angiographic and echographic images requiring a high level of interactivity, a semi-automatic acquisition system linked to a host computer would be necessary. Limits in precision and execution time of these semi-automatic systems leads to independent work-stations that realize digital acquisition, processing, and display of images. PMID- 3754012 TI - Computerized record system for electro-medical equipment management. AB - Commercial data-base software with a business-type microcomputer (Commodore 8096) has been used for filing electro-medical equipment inventory information. The operational experience of this system as an aid to comprehensive equipment management is described. PMID- 3754013 TI - Frequency-dependent myosin light chain phosphorylation in isolated myocardium. AB - A specific light chain subunit (P-light chain) of myosin from striated and smooth muscles is phosphorylated by Ca2+ calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase. Phosphorylation of cardiac P-light chain was examined in isolated perfused rabbit ventricular septae to determine the effect of contraction frequency on this Ca2+ dependent reaction. Muscles stimulated at 42 beats/min had 0.23 mol phosphate/mol P-light chain which decreased to 0.12 mol phosphate/mol P-light chain when the muscles were made quiescent (0 beats/min in the presence of 22 mM K+ for 30 min). Rephosphorylation of P-light chain to 0.24 mol phosphate/mol P-light chain occurred in muscles stimulated at 84 beats/min for 90 min but not in muscles stimulated at 42 beats/min for 30 min (0.15 mol phosphate/mol P-light chain). Stimulation at frequencies ranging from 0 to 126 beats/min for 30 min produced a frequency-dependent increase in P-light chain phosphorylation from 0.1 to 0.4 mol phosphate/mol P-light chain. Increased inotropy for 30 s with isoproterenol was not associated with significant increases in P-light chain phosphorylation in muscles stimulated at 42 beats/min. The rates of myosin P-light chain phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in ventricular muscle are much slower than the reported rates of phosphorylation in either fast-twitch skeletal or smooth muscles. The extent of cardiac P-light chain phosphorylation appears dependent upon the steady-state frequency of contraction. PMID- 3754014 TI - Unique sequence, ski, in Sloan-Kettering avian retroviruses with properties of a new cell-derived oncogene. AB - The Sloan-Kettering viruses (SKVs) are a group of transforming retroviruses that were isolated from chicken embryo cells which had been infected with the avian leukosis virus transformation-defective Bratislava 77 (tdB77). Each of the SKV isolates was shown to contain multiple genomes of different sizes indicating the presence of several viruses in addition to tdB77. To identify and characterize the putative transforming gene(s) of the SKVs, we used hybridization selection to isolate the fraction of a representative cDNA which was SKV specific. Both solution and blot hybridization studies with viral RNAs showed that the specific probe contained a sequence, ski, that was at least partially held in common by the multiple SKV genomes. This conclusion was confirmed by the observation that a molecularly cloned ski probe also hybridized to each of the multiple SKV genomes. Southern blots of chicken DNA revealed homologs of ski (c-ski) which were not associated with endogenous viral loci. Results showing that c-ski was expressed in polyadenylated cytoplasmic RNA of uninfected chicken cells indicated that it is a functional gene. Other data showed that c-ski was conserved in avian and mammalian evolution, suggesting a functional role for the gene in species other than chickens. Using ski cDNA in solution hybridizations with viral RNAs and in Southern blot hybridization with cloned retroviral oncogenes, we did not detect any relationship between ski and any of 15 previously identified oncogenes. PMID- 3754015 TI - Nucleotide sequence of the small double-stranded RNA segment of bacteriophage phi 6: novel mechanism of natural translational control. AB - The lipid-containing bacteriophage phi 6 has a genome composed of three segments of double-stranded RNA. We determined the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA copy of the smallest RNA segment. The coding sequences of the four proteins on this segment were identified. These sequences were clustered. Three of the genes had overlapping initiation-termination codons. All noncoding sequences were at the ends of the molecule. The genes of the small double-stranded RNA segment comprised two translational polarity groups. We propose that the translational coupling is the result of an inability of ribosomes to bind independently to two of the four genes. Translation of these genes occurred when ribosomes were delivered to them by translation of an upstream gene. PMID- 3754016 TI - Monoclonal antibodies against the fusion protein are protective in necrotizing mumps meningoencephalitis. AB - A monoclonal antibody against the fusion (F) protein of mumps virus was found to confer marked protection in mumps virus-induced encephalitis. Almost total prevention of extensive brain necrosis was found. This study indicates that the virus F protein is directly involved in the pathogenesis of brain necrosis. PMID- 3754017 TI - Morphologic evaluation of a male pseudohermaphroditic white-tailed deer. PMID- 3754019 TI - As STD research grows, resource needs rise. PMID- 3754018 TI - Sexually transmitted diseases may reverse the 'revolution'. PMID- 3754020 TI - Deaths due to sexually transmitted diseases. The forgotten component of reproductive mortality. AB - Reproductive mortality has three principal components: deaths related to pregnancy, contraception, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The last component is usually overlooked. In 1955, deaths due to STDs constituted a minimum of 32% of all reproductive mortality in the United States; in 1965 and 1975, the percentages were 32% and 20%, respectively. Pelvic inflammatory disease and syphilis account for most deaths due to STDs. In 1979, the mortality rate due to pelvic inflammatory disease was 0.29 deaths per 100,000 women aged 15 to 44 years; the corresponding figure for syphilis was 0.17. If cervical cancer is viewed as an STD, then deaths due to this cause alone (approximately 6,800 per year) would far outnumber deaths due to all other reproductive causes combined. Surveillance of reproductive mortality in the United States should be expanded to encompass deaths due to STDs. PMID- 3754021 TI - How justifiable is public support of sexually transmitted disease clinical services? PMID- 3754022 TI - [Clinical characteristics of lymphosarcoma of the large intestine]. PMID- 3754023 TI - [Endoscopic diagnosis of lymphosarcoma of the large intestine]. PMID- 3754025 TI - Hypercalcemia and elevated serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in a patient with Hodgkin's lymphoma. AB - A 74-year-old woman was hospitalized because of decreased appetite, fatigue, and weight loss. The laboratory examination revealed hypercalcemia, a slightly increased serum creatinine level, and a markedly elevated serum level of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3. The most important finding the physical examination revealed was enlarged inguinal lymph nodes. A biopsy disclosed lymphocyte-depleted Hodgkin's disease. After steroids, but not after calcitonin, both the elevated calcitriol concentration and serum calcium normalized. In spite of intensive chemotherapy, a further episode with hypercalcemia occurred and increased 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 serum levels were observed. According to the available evidence it seems probable that the humoral hypercalcemia in this patient resulted from production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the tumor. PMID- 3754024 TI - [Hormonal principles in normal and pathologic somatic sexual development]. AB - Normal sexual development is the consequence of three sequential interrelated processes: establishment of genetic, gonadal and somatic sex. It is the terminal phase of sexual differentiation--the translation of gonadal into somatic sex, which is governed by the presence or absence of both testosterone and Mullerian inhibiting hormone and of dihydrotestosterone, which is formed in its respective target tissues. Thus, despite a testis, somatic male sexual differentiation will proceed to a normal male phenotype only if all three hormones are synthesized and act during a critical period of uterine development. Many clinically distinct syndromes are the results of abnormalities in the synthesis or action of the above-mentioned hormones; these syndromes are described in detail. In contrast to male somatic differentiation, female somatic development is independent of these hormones. PMID- 3754026 TI - Paresis of peristalsis and ileus lead to death in lactating mice. AB - Based on the examination of 45 dead and 5 moribund female mice during a 2-year period, we are able to describe a new disease entity: ileus of the small intestine in lactating mice caused by a paresis of peristalsis. Diarrhoea was not observed and inflammation and infectious agents were not found. Females were affected during the 2nd week of their first lactation. The condition may have a mortality rate as high as 40%. It is assumed that exhaustion (calcium, glucose, etc.) is the cause of this condition. Consequently, the development of a dietary supplement or of a special diet for lactating mice may prove beneficial in preventing this disease. Endogenic (Clostridia) or exogenic toxic components may also play a role. PMID- 3754027 TI - Improved enzymic assay for serum formate with colorimetric endpoint. AB - The fluorometric assay for formate in serum was modified by pretreating samples with acetonitrile (1:1) precipitation; substituting p-iodonitrotetrazolium violet (INT) for resazurin; and by combining the cofactor (NAD), coupled enzyme (diaphorase), and secondary substrate (INT) into one reagent. Formate is oxidized by formate dehydrogenase producing NADH which reduces INT via diaphorase to a visible red-colored endpoint that can be measured on a spectrophotometer at 500 nm. Previous problems with fluorometric endpoint methods are eliminated when using this modified procedure: calibration is linear rather than nonlinear; blanking is rarely needed due to the acetonitrile sample preparation; dynamic range is expanded up to 10-fold; a simple spectrometer rather than a fluorometer is used; and the number of steps is reduced. The method is demonstrated to be linear, specific, sensitive, precise, and accurate. PMID- 3754028 TI - Multipotential hemopoietic cell lines isolated from stem cell cultures infected with Friend virus complex (MuLV + F-SFFV) show presence of MuLV but not F-SFFV. AB - The only factor-dependent or factor-independent hemopoietic murine stem cell lines which can be permanently maintained in vitro are cell lines which originate from bone marrow cultures of congenic mice differing in the Fv-2 locus infected with Friend spleen focus forming virus (F-SFFV) in conjunction with either Rauscher or Friend helper virus (R-MuLV or F-MuLV). We determined the viral state of these cells by restriction enzyme analysis, measurement of SFFV and MuLV related RNA, immunoprecipitation analysis of viral related proteins and biological activity to test whether integration and expression of R-MuLV or F SFFV are obligatory. All stem cell lines (SUT, JUT, 416B) showed expression of MuLV coded proteins or virus but SFFV was not found in these cell lines. A two fold difference of RNA hybridizing with SFFV-specific cDNAs observed in stem cells of Fv-2rr and of Fv-2ss genotype is in agreement with data published earlier. PMID- 3754029 TI - [A surgical procedure for improving signal transmission in cochlear implants]. AB - Subcutaneous insertion of a wire bow functioning as an antenna around the cartilage of the outer ear canal keeps the signal transmission free from artefacts for the electrical stimulation of a deaf ear. With this method it is not necessary to drill a bony inlet in the area of the temporal bone by inserting the cochlear implant in the fossa infratemporalis. The energy transmission is facilitated, and energy transfer to the cochlear implant is reduced. The ceramic implant is not visible. The patient is able to swim and can switch on the speech processor if required, similar to a hearing aid. PMID- 3754030 TI - [Results of treatment of lymphosarcomas with primary involvement of the peritoneal and mesenteric lymph nodes]. AB - A total of 105 lymphosarcoma patients with primary involvement of retroperitoneal and mesenterial lymph nodes (aged 17 to 77) were examined. Diagnosis was verified on morphology. Chemo- and radiotherapy was administered to 35 (33.3%) patients, chemotherapy alone to 34 (32.3%), combined therapy (surgery combined with radio- and drug therapy) to 20 (19%) patients, gamma-beam therapy to 16 (15.2%) patients. Remissions were achieved in 85.7% of the patients, of them complete remissions in 51.4% of the patients. Seventy patients were followed up prior to recurrences. In 54.2% of the patients recurrences manifested themselves in the generalization of tumor process with involvement of distant peripheral lymph nodes as well as extranodal organs within 1 year of remission irrespective of therapeutic methods. Local recurrences were noted in 73.9% of the patients on chemotherapy. Lymphosarcoma generalization was found in 63.6% of the patients receiving chemotherapy. A 5-year recurrence-free period was noted in 28.5% of the patients receiving combined therapy. PMID- 3754031 TI - Treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. PMID- 3754032 TI - Regulation of circulating 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in beta-thalassemia. PMID- 3754033 TI - Oncogenes. Tricks with tyrosine kinases. PMID- 3754034 TI - Human oestrogen receptor cDNA: sequence, expression and homology to v-erb-A. AB - We have cloned and sequenced the complete complementary DNA of the oestrogen receptor (ER) present in the breast cancer cell line MCF-7. The expression of the ER cDNA in HeLa cells produces a protein that has the same relative molecular mass and binds oestradiol with the same affinity as the MCF-7 ER. There is extensive homology between the ER and the erb-A protein of the oncogenic avian erythroblastosis virus. PMID- 3754036 TI - [Observations on the perispinal administration of drugs]. PMID- 3754035 TI - Existence of distinct sodium channel messenger RNAs in rat brain. AB - The sodium channel is a voltage-gated ionic channel essential for the generation of action potentials. It has been reported that the sodium channels purified from the electric organ of Electrophorus electricus (electric eel) and from chick cardiac muscle consist of a single polypeptide of relative molecular mass (Mr) approximately 260,000 (260K), whereas those purified from rat brain and skeletal muscle contain, in addition to the large polypeptide, two or three smaller polypeptides of Mr 37-45K. Recently, we have elucidated the primary structure of the Electrophorus sodium channel by cloning and sequencing the DNA complementary to its messenger RNA. Despite the apparent homogeneity of the purified sodium channel preparations, several types of tetrodotoxin (or saxitoxin) binding sites or sodium currents have been observed in many excitable membranes. The occurrence of distinguishable populations of sodium channels may be attributable to different states of the same channel protein or to distinct channel proteins. We have now isolated complementary DNA clones derived from two distinct rat brain mRNAs encoding sodium channel large polypeptides and present here the complete amino-acid sequences of the two polypeptides (designated sodium channels I and II), as deduced from the cDNA sequences. A partial DNA sequence complementary to a third homologous mRNA from rat brain has also been cloned. PMID- 3754037 TI - Male-female difference in synaptic organization of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus in the rat. AB - The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN) of male and female rats was examined ultrastructurally at 100 days of age. Axodendritic shaft and spine synapses were counted in two subdivisions of the nucleus, the dorsomedial part (DM-VMN), which contains only a few sex steroid-concentrating neurons, and the ventrolateral part (VL-VMN), which is abundant in such neurons. In normal males, the numbers of shaft and spine synapses were significantly greater in the VL-VMN than in the DM-VMN. In normal females, however, there was no significant difference in the numbers of shaft and spine synapses between the DM-VMN and the VL-VMN. Moreover, the numbers of shaft and spine synapses in the VL-VMN were significantly greater in normal males than in normal females. Castration of males on day 1 significantly reduced the numbers of shaft and spine synapses in the VL VMN to the level comparable to those of normal females. In contrast, neonatal treatment of females with 1.25 mg testosterone propionate (TP) on day 5 significantly increased the numbers of shaft and spine synapses to the levels comparable to those of normal males. In the DM-VMN, there were no significant differences in the numbers of shaft and spine synapses among normal and experimental animals. These results suggest that the synaptic organization in the VMN is sexually dimorphic but the occurrence of this structural difference is limited to the VL-VMN which is abundant in sex steroid receptors, and is modified by neonatal sex steroid environment. PMID- 3754038 TI - [Management of a clinical pathology laboratory using a record system on personal computer data base]. AB - Data collection and processing via a Report System Data Base (dBASE III) is a new method recently implemented on Personal or Microcomputer. The major advantage compared to other systems lies in the possibility of working simultaneously with several open files that interact amongst themselves practically in real time. Procedures and programmes can also be created without the need to convert them to machine language. Management of the Clinical Pathology Laboratory via dBASE III is described. The Data Base Record files were specially created. Data on the necessary alteration in mass storage dimensions are supplied on the basis of the number of tests to be carried out. Preliminary information on the possibility of translating currently used statistical equations through the keyboard are also given. The package produced is absolutely interactive and does not require special training. It may therefore be used easily both by the laboratory doctor and personnel responsible for input and reference. PMID- 3754039 TI - Brain choline acetyltransferase activity and neuropeptide Y concentrations in Alzheimer's disease. AB - Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity and neuropeptide Y (NPY) levels in post mortem tissues from patients with histologically proven Alzheimer's disease were compared with age-matched neurologically normal control individuals. Despite the high NPY concentrations in human cerebral cortex, no significant abnormalities were found. However, ChAT activity was reduced throughout the cortex, without a relationship to areas of functional deficit, as previously identified using fluorodeoxyglucose. These results lend further support to the concept of Alzheimer's disease as a highly selective neurodegenerative disorder. PMID- 3754040 TI - Gastric non-Hodgkin's lymphoma after successful treatment of Hodgkin's disease. AB - A patient seen at presentation for Hodgkin's disease (HD) at stage IV B was successfully treated with MOPP. In remission he developed coeliac disease, controlled by dietary measures, but 26 months after the end of chemotherapy a severe dyspeptic syndrome appeared; endoscopy and barium meal suggested the presence of a gastric tumour, which was surgically removed and showed the histological features of a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, lympho-histiocytic type. Only moderate chemotherapy was given after the operation and the patient obtained a new complete remission which has lasted 3 years so far. It is likely that the immune depression caused by HD itself and the relevant chemotherapy may have favoured the occurrence of both coeliac disease and subsequent gastric lymphoma. PMID- 3754041 TI - Exophthalmometer readings in patients with Graves' eye disease. AB - Exophthalmometer readings were measured in 84 patients with Graves' eye disease (GED) and 111 normal subjects. The mean exophthalmometer reading was significantly greater in patients with GED than in normal subjects. Asymmetry of the orbital disease produced less correlation of the exophthalmometer readings between right and left eyes of GED patients than is found in normal subjects. Expected gender and age effects on the exophthalmometer reading were not found among the GED patients. The mean exophthalmometer reading was not significantly higher for GED patients with compressive optic neuropathy than in the other subgroups of GED patients, suggesting that exophthalmos per se is not harmful to the optic nerve. PMID- 3754042 TI - Evaluation of the burst mode of a neodymium: YAG laser in saline and polymethyl methacrylate. AB - We evaluated effect of burst mode on the plasma length of a Q-switched Neodymium: YAG laser in saline and polymethyl methacrylate with or without UV-absorbing pigment. In a saline solution, the plasma length was independent from the number of pulses used. In polymethyl methacrylate the plasma length increased proportional to the number of pulses in a burst mode. This effect was more pronounced in polymethyl methacrylate with UV absorber than without UV-absorbing pigment. PMID- 3754043 TI - Laser iridectomy. A controlled study comparing argon and neodymium: YAG. AB - Laser peripheral iridectomies were performed on both eyes of 38 patients with acute or chronic primary angle-closure glaucoma or with narrow angles capable of closure. The right eye was treated with the neodymium YAG laser (Nd:YAG) and the left eye with the argon laser. Patients were followed for a minimum of eight months. The mean number of applications to produce iris penetration was six with the Nd:YAG laser and 73 with the argon laser. Visual acuity, postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP), corneal changes, and pigment dispersion were similar in the two groups. Microhyphema was more prevalent in the Nd:YAG iridectomy group. Pupillary distortion, iritis, and late failure of patency were more frequent in the argon laser group. Nd:YAG laser iridectomies require fewer applications and produce less inflammation. This controlled study demonstrates that when properly and carefully performed, the Nd:YAG laser is at least as effective and appears to be as safe as the argon laser for performing peripheral iridectomies. PMID- 3754044 TI - Lid protractor force generation in Graves' eye disease. AB - The posterior vector of the lid protractor force was measured in 29 patients with Graves' eye disease (GED) and 70 normal subjects. Patients with GED had significantly lower mean lid protractor force generation than normal subjects, although GED patients with compressive optic neuropathy did not show this difference. There was a negative correlation between the posterior force vectors and the exophthalmometer reading in GED patients only. It is conjectured that these two factors are linked by orbital and lid inflammation. The inflammation that increases orbital bulk, and thus increases the exophthalmometer reading, may well cause atrophy in the orbicularis oculi muscles, decreasing its force generation. PMID- 3754045 TI - Dynamics of infant feeding: mothers, professionals, and the institutional context in a large urban hospital. AB - A multidimensional approach was taken to understand the constraints to breast feeding in a large municipal hospital. Data were collected through direct observation, chart review, and questionnaires to patients and staff. Breast feeding had not yet begun within 24 hours postpartum in 37% of women who wanted to breast-feed. Chart review revealed that at hospital discharge no woman was breast-feeding exclusively: only 16% of infants had ever been breast-fed and all of these also had been formula fed. The most common reason for the use of supplementary formula and early weaning was the mother's perception or anticipation of insufficient milk. The existing procedures communicated the message to patients that the health care providers expected women to bottle-feed. Some practices that prevented successful breast-feeding were prolonged and/or unnecessary separation of mother and infant, routine provision of infant formula, confusion about drug contraindications for breast-feeding, and inconsistent identification of breast-feeding infants. Staff knowledge about breast-feeding management was inadequate, and staff underestimated mothers' interest in breast feeding. Recommendations to facilitate breast-feeding include a revision of routines and procedures as well as provision of staff education and expansion of patient education. PMID- 3754046 TI - Soft tissue calcification: a complication of vitamin E injection. AB - Two cases of gross soft tissue calcification following intramuscular administration of vitamin E in two premature babies are described. The drug was administered for prevention of retinopathy of prematurity. The relation between this complication and both the dosage used and the duration of the treatment is discussed. In spite of the extent of the calcifications, a benign course was observed. Other reports about this complication are reviewed. PMID- 3754047 TI - Tissue-specific expression of rat mRNAs homologous to cytochromes P-450b and P 450e. AB - The tissue-specific expression of cytochrome P-450b and P-450e mRNAs was examined with synthetic 18-mer oligomer probes in the liver, lung, kidney, and testis of control and inducer pretreated adult rats. RNAs homologous to the P-450e probe were detected in trace amounts in control and 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) induced livers and at high levels in livers from phenobarbital (PB) induced animals. P 450e mRNA levels were below detection limits in the other tissues examined, regardless of pretreatment. In contrast, mRNAs homologous to the P-450b oligomer were detected at low levels in control and inducer pretreated lung and testis, and at high levels in PB induced liver. No P-450b mRNAs were detected in these assays in RNA isolates from the kidney or from control or MC pretreated liver. Solution hybridization data indicated that the rat lung contained 9-12%, and the testis, 6-9%, respectively, of the levels of P-450b mRNA measured in the PB induced liver. Results from oligo(dT)-cellulose and poly(U)-affinity experiments indicated that the hepatic mRNAs for P-450b and P-450e were present predominantly in the bound, polyadenylated fraction, whereas the homologous lung and testes P 450b mRNAs predominated in the flow-thru fractions. PMID- 3754048 TI - Sequence gel reading with a portable computer. PMID- 3754049 TI - Significance of food hypersensitivity in children with atopic dermatitis. PMID- 3754050 TI - Effects of 0.6-Gy prenatal X irradiation on postnatal neurophysiologic development in the Wistar rat. AB - Forty-one pregnant Wistar strain rats were irradiated with 0.6-Gy X rays or were sham irradiated on the 9th or 17th days of gestation to determine if this dosage level would result in alterations in postnatal neurophysiologic development. Half of the mothers were sacrificed at term, and the developmental status of 221 newborns was evaluated. The remaining mothers delivered and raised their litters. The 161 offspring were observed for the age of attainment of the following physiologic parameters: pinna detachment, eye opening, testes opening. Offspring were also tested for the acquisition of the following selected reflexes: surface righting, negative geotaxis, auditory startle, air righting, and visual placing. Term fetal weight was lower than the controls in the group irradiated on the 9th day but was recuperable postnatally. None of the 9 developmental tests performed postnatally were abnormal in the animals irradiated on the 9th day. Thus, at least with regard to these measures, the surviving embryos exposed during the all or-none period could not be differentiated from the controls. Offspring irradiated on the 17th day exhibited retarded growth which persisted during neonatal life. The three-day-mean neonatal weight was significantly lower in the group irradiated on the 17th day compared to controls. There were no significant maternal body weight or organ/weight differences between the groups. Rats exposed in utero on the 17th day had a significantly delayed acquisition of air righting. These results demonstrate that 0.6-Gy in utero irradiation on the 17th day of gestation can cause subtle alterations in growth and development of the Wistar strain rat during postnatal life. PMID- 3754051 TI - Skin-expander volume estimator. PMID- 3754052 TI - Effects of N-trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-O-hemiadipate and radiation on L1210 cells. AB - N-Trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-O-hemiadipate (AD 143) is the most active among the 14-O-hemiester adriamycin-trifluoroacetamide derivatives and has been selected for preclinical studies. We now report its ability to enhance the kill by ionizing radiation of murine leukemic cells in culture. A 1-h exposure to either 1.28-12.8 micrograms/ml of AD 143 or to 0.16-1.62 micrograms/ml of adriamycin (ADR) was followed at 0 h by graded doses (0-1 Krad) of radiation, and cell viability was assessed by soft agar cloning technique. Regression analyses of the dose-response curve have shown that both compounds, at the concentrations employed, decrease the reciprocal of the slope D0 from 97 rad for radiation alone, to 66-56 rad for AD 143 (1.28-5.12 micrograms/ml) plus radiation, or to 85 61 rad for ADR (0.16-0.65 micrograms/ml) when used with radiation. ADR, however, had a significant "shoulder"-modifying effect. The Dq remained essentially unchanged after AD 143 pretreatment. Quantitation of synergism (superadditivity), additivity, and antagonism was performed by isobologram analysis and by a computerized method based on the "median effect principle." Both approaches have shown that synergism of AD 143 or ADR with radiation becomes apparent with dose escalation. This effect is discernible at significantly lower levels of AD 143 than of ADR, corresponding to less than LD50 measured by the clonogenic assay. PMID- 3754053 TI - Radiosensitization, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of a 2-nitroimidazole nucleoside (RA-263). AB - A 2-nitroimidazole nucleoside, 1-(2',3'-dideoxy-alpha-D-erythro-hex-2' enopyranosyl)-2-nitroimida zole (RA-263), has been investigated for its radiosensitization, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity properties. The in vitro radiosensitization tests against hypoxic Chinese hamster (V-79) cells demonstrated that RA-263 was a more potent radiosensitizer than misonidazole and at 2 mM concentration approached the oxic curve. Significant in vitro radiosensitization activity was also observed in EMT6 mammary tumor cells. The in vitro cytotoxicity data suggested that RA-263 is considerably more toxic to hypoxic cells than misonidazole. The increased cytotoxicity may be related to its higher depletion of nonprotein thiols (NPSH) than misonidazole. The combined effects of radiosensitization and hypoxic cell toxicity were measured by preincubation of the V-79 cells for 4 h under hypoxic conditions before irradiation. The results demonstrated a synergistic response by causing a significant decrease in the extrapolation number with loss of shoulder of the radiation survival curves. The in vivo radiosensitization experiments conducted by the in vivo-in vitro cloning assay with the EMT6 mammary tumor indicate that RA-263 is an effective sensitizer. Pharmacokinetic data suggested that RA-263 was eliminated from plasma by a rapid alpha phase and a slower beta phase with T 1/2 of 36 and 72 min, respectively. The concentration in the brain was approximately one-sixth of tumor concentration, suggesting that RA-263 is excluded from the CNS. Moreover, RA-263 was two times less toxic than misonidazole on equimolar basis by acute LD50 tests. This agent was also significantly less mutagenic than misonidazole in a strain of Escherichia coli. PMID- 3754055 TI - Meniscus tears of the knee: prospective evaluation with CT. AB - A total of 209 patients underwent prospective axial computed tomography (CT) examinations of the knee to evaluate the ability of this technique to identify and characterize knee menisci in patients believed to have meniscus tears. Of the 359 knees examined, 105 subsequently underwent arthrography, arthroscopy, or arthrography and arthroscopic surgery. In this group, the sensitivity of CT was 88.5%, specificity was 95.5%, and accuracy was 91.5%. Although axial CT is a sensitive and effective method for the detection and characterization of tears involving the medial and lateral menisci, purely horizontal or nondisplaced peripheral tears may be difficult to demonstrate. PMID- 3754054 TI - [Study of the effect of tegalide and bithionol on biological membranes using fluorescent probes]. AB - Fluorescent probes were used to study structural changes in different membranes affected by gamma-radiation, protonophores and radioprotective agents, tegalide and bithionol. The preparations of the defined concentrations decreased the microviscosity of membranes, lowered the peaks and changed the temperature of phase transitions in liposomes from dipalmitoyl lecithin, and induced the output of Ca2+ from mitochondria. The effects depended on the radiation dose, the structure, concentration and lipophilicity of the preparation; protonophores produced a specific effect. PMID- 3754056 TI - Prostatic cancer therapy: comparison of external-beam radiation and I-125 seed implantation treatment of stages B and C neoplasms. AB - Of 179 patients with stage B or C adenocarcinoma of the prostate, 106 underwent iodine-125 seed-implant therapy (I-125 SI) and 73 received external-beam radiation therapy (EB). A retrospective analysis determined disease-free survival rate, local tumor control, and complication rate for each treatment group. The 5 year disease-free survival rates for SI-treated patients were 75% for stage B and 30% for stage C groups. Corresponding rates for EB-treated patients were 75% and 40%, respectively. The rate of local tumor control for stage B patients was 85% for SI-treated and 88% for EB-treated patients. The corresponding rates for stage C tumors were 75% for SI-treated and 92% for EB-treated patients. The rate of long-term complications in each group was approximately 10%. For stage B cancer of the prostate, I-125 SI treatment is an acceptable alternative to EB therapy; our data are inconclusive regarding stage C treatment, but EB therapy is preferred. PMID- 3754057 TI - Thromboxane synthase inhibition: implications for prostaglandin endoperoxide metabolism. II. Testing the 'redirection hypothesis' in an acute intravenous challenge model. AB - In the preceding paper we described the characterisation of an acute intravenous challenge model for the evaluation of the effects of thromboxane synthase inhibition (TXSI) on eicosanoid metabolism. Herein we describe the biochemical pharmacology of two TXSI and aspirin in this model. Both TXSI caused significant inhibition of plasma TXB2 in vivo without elevation of 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha levels. Similar results were obtained when combined levels of 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha,13,14 dihydro 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha,13,14 dihydro 6,15-dioxo-PGF1 alpha and 6-oxo-PGE1 were measured as an index of PGI2 biosynthesis (PGI2m). Thus no evidence of in vivo redirection of PGH2 to PGI2 was found. Ex vivo experiments performed in serum gave an apparent stimulation of immunoreactive 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha following TXSI but RPHPLC analysis of extracted serum showed that this stimulation was accounted for by increase in a product co-eluting with [3H]PGF2 alpha. The implications of these findings in relation to TXSI and receptor antagonists are discussed. PMID- 3754058 TI - Treatment planning software for afterloading brachytherapy. AB - The subject of this short communication is to present the main features of an interactive treatment planning software package for brachytherapy. The program was initially developed in the Institute of Oncology in Warsaw and based on a minicomputer configuration by the Siemens treatment planning system. Since it was first introduced into clinical practice it has been constantly developed to meet the repractice it has been constantly developed to meet the requirements of a variety of brachytherapy techniques. PMID- 3754059 TI - Peripheral versus central components of the effects of dermorphin on intestinal motility in the fed rat. AB - The effects of subcutaneous (s.c.), intraperitoneal (i.p.), intrathecal (i.t.) and intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of dermorphin (DER) on intestinal myoelectrical activity were examined in fed rats with chronically implanted electrodes on the small and large bowel. DER s.c. restored the 'fasting' pattern of duodenal activity, i.e., the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC), corresponding to an inhibition by about 40% of the fed pattern for 120 min at a dose as small as 0.5 nM per rat. DER i.p. strongly inhibited (about 65%) the fed pattern for 120 min. A fasting pattern lasting 80 min, or a marked inhibition lasting 150 min were recorded after 0.5 nM DER i.t. or i.c.v., respectively. On the contrary, the colonic pattern of activity was inhibited by DER whatever the route used, although the duration of inhibition was different from each other. For both the small and large intestine, similar doses of DER were more efficient by i.c.v. than by i.t. routes, and by i.p. than by s.c. routes. A plurality of sites of action is suggested, including local receptors which are activated, particularly at the duodenal level by i.p. DER (0.5 nM). The supraspinal component of the immediate effects of i.c.v. DER (0.1 nM) were demonstrated by a preferential effect on the colon that was even more intense than after i.t. DER. PMID- 3754060 TI - An automatic hyperthermia system for cancer treatment. PMID- 3754061 TI - Branching ratio and growth of tree-like structures. AB - Dichotomously branching trees were generated by computer using random terminal and random segmental growth. The branching ratio (Rb) of such a tree during growth oscillates periodically as new branches are added. The magnitude of the oscillations diminishes as the tree enlarges and Rb converges towards an expected value. This phenomenon was investigated using the reverse of the growth process, that is by terminal or segmental subtraction of branches from existing trees. These were either computer generated trees or mammalian bronchial tree data. The oscillations of Rb thus obtained were similar to those obtained during growth and were used to calculate convergent values of Rb. In addition, an estimate of convergent Rb was obtained from the mean of the maximum and minimum Rb of the first oscillation occurring when the least number of branches had been subtracted. Values of Rb obtained by these methods were compared with those obtained by taking the antilogarithm of the slope of the regression of log number of branches against order. With large trees the results are similar, but with smaller trees a more reliable Rb is given by the means of the oscillations. We find that Rb values from the bronchial trees are different from those generated by random segmental growth and are not always in good agreement with random terminal growth. Some other growth process must therefore be operative in the bronchial tree. PMID- 3754062 TI - Heparin cofactor II activity in plasma: application of an automated assay method to the study of a normal adult population. AB - A manual chromogenic substrate method for the determination of heparin cofactor II (HC II) activity in plasma has been adapted to the Cobas Bio centrifugal analyzer. By reducing the dermatan sulfate concentration used, interference by opacity was avoided, and the correlation between the manual and the new automated method was high (r = 0.96). Plasma samples from 182 females and 197 males were examined. The mean values of HC II activities in this normal population was relatively high, with a total range of 43-150% and a standard deviation of 17%. 4 apparently healthy individuals had levels below 60%. In males, the mean HC II activity was higher in the 50-59 yr age group than in either the 20-29 yr group or in the group above 60 yr (p less than 0.05). In females, the postmenopausal age group had higher mean HC II activities, but the difference was not statistically significant. PMID- 3754063 TI - Activation of smooth muscle contraction: relation between myosin phosphorylation and stiffness. AB - Contraction and myosin light-chain phosphorylation were measured in electrically stimulated tracheal smooth muscle. Latencies for the onset of force, stiffness, and light-chain phosphorylation were 500 milliseconds. Myosin light chain was phosphorylated from 0.04 to 0.80 mole of phosphate per mole of light chain with a pseudo-first-order rate of 1.1 per second with no evidence of an ordered or negatively cooperative process. Following the period of latency, stiffness increased with phosphorylation and both increased more rapidly than isometric force. The linear relation between stiffness and phosphorylation during activation suggests independent attachment of each myosin head upon phosphorylation. PMID- 3754064 TI - A preliminary analysis of combination therapy with vincristine, adriamycin, and prednimustine (VAP) in advanced breast cancer: a phase II study. AB - Between March 1984 and May 1985, 29 patients with metastatic breast cancer and high-risk prognostic factors were treated with vincristine, 1.4 mg/m2 IV on day 1, Adriamycin, 40 mg/m2 IV on day 1, and prednimustine, 100 mg/m2 PO on days 3 to 7. Courses were repeated every 3 weeks. At the present time, 26 patients are evaluable for tumor response; 29 are evaluable for toxicity. Fourteen of 26 patients (53.8%) achieved a partial response lasting 2 to 9 months (median 5.5+). A complete response was not recorded. Ten of 26 patients (38.5%) had stable disease; two patients (7.7%) showed a primary tumor progression. Most common side effects were nausea, vomiting, and alopecia, all generally mild to moderate. Fourteen of 29 patients developed leukocytopenia, mainly of WHO grade 1; thrombocytopenia was registered in one patient only and a fall of hemoglobin in three patients only. In 15 patients, no hematologic toxicity occurred. These preliminary data suggest good antitumor activity and acceptable toxicity for vincristine-Adriamycin-prednimustine in patients with metastatic breast cancer. PMID- 3754065 TI - Detecting and preventing adverse drug interactions: the potential contribution of computers in pharmacies. AB - For patients taking two or more medications concurrently, interactions among the drugs can cause undesirable effects or negate desired responses. In modern pharmacy practice, an important role of the pharmacist is to detect potentially harmful interactions and take appropriate action to prevent their occurrence. Pharmacy computer systems offer potential for improving pharmacists' effectiveness in the detection and followup of drug interactions. Based on a survey of southern Michigan pharmacists, relationships between computer use and pharmacists' attitudes and activities in drug interaction monitoring were investigated. Respondents included users of two major computer systems as well as pharmacists who do not use computers. Results suggest that general statements cannot be made about the effect of computer use on drug interaction detection. Users of one of the two computer systems detected and followed up on interactions more frequently and were more likely to report improved knowledge of drug interactions than non-users. Frequencies of drug interaction detection and other related measures reported by users of the second computer system were similar to those for pharmacists not using computers. Computer system characteristics which might lead to these differences are discussed. PMID- 3754066 TI - [Role of the veterinarian on the automated stock farm]. AB - In current cattle farming, stock owners supply data on their herds to their stock farming and stock-rearing organizations which then subject these data to automatic processing. Most of these data are still imperfectly attuned to each other, do not return to the farms with sufficient frequency and, though they are often found to be very useful in management, are not utilized to a sufficient extent. Once TAURUS has provided sufficient structure in the definition, use and exchange of information regarding stock farms in the Netherlands and the cattle on these farms, only those programmes and systems which are adequately adjusted, will stand a fair chance. This applies to automated administration and herd management programmes as well as to problem analysis programmes. In view of changes in the activities of the veterinary practitioner, viz. supplying a veterinary interpretation of automated data on the farms, which they receive, particular attention should be paid to the improvement of knowledge relating to this interpretation. PMID- 3754067 TI - Biochemical changes in rat vital organs by feeding a diet infested with Penicillium rubrum Stoll. AB - Weanling albino rats were fed with either a control diet or one infested with Penicillium rubrum Stoll for a period of 30 days. At the end of the experimental period, determinations of haemoglobin, total proteins and transaminases were made in blood and tissues (liver, brain and kidney). The fungus was found to render the food toxic, resulting in liver and kidney damage. The toxicity of the fungus was also evidenced by poor live weight gains and organ weights. PMID- 3754068 TI - Decrease and rapid recovery of protein C after plasma exchange. AB - The anticoagulant protein, protein C (PC), was measured after 40 plasma exchanges (PEs) in 26 patients treated for a variety of disorders, most of which were immunological in nature. After 27 PEs involving exchange of 50 percent of the plasma volume with albumin and saline, mean PC activity and antigen decreased in parallel to about one-half normal levels, with good correlation between the two assays. Antithrombin III and prothrombin decreased to about the same levels as PC, with no significant differences between the percentage changes for either protein. After five PEs, during which exchange of larger plasma volumes was performed (86%), the percentage change of PC was greater than after the 50 percent exchange (38 +/- 22 vs. 55 +/- 24). To study postexchange recovery, PC was also measured serially for up to 24 hours after eight PEs (50% exchange). At 24 hours postexchange, PC levels did not differ significantly from pre-exchange levels. This study demonstrates that decreases in PC are in proportion to the volume of plasma exchanged during PE. However, PC levels returned to normal within 24 hours after PE, so that any hemostatic imbalance induced by low PC should be transient. PMID- 3754069 TI - [Characteristics of intranuclear inclusions formed during the reproduction of bovine adenoviruses]. AB - A cytomorphological method was used to study the reproduction of bovine adenoviruses: Ad bos 1 - Ad bos 3, belonging to the serological subgroup I, and Ad bos 4, Ad bos 5, Ad bos 7, Ad bos 8, belonging to the serological subgroup II, and those isolated from animal adenoviruses N18 and N3056. Cytomorphological method is supposed to be used not only for revealing bovine adenoviruses but also for determining preliminarily their subgroup belonging. PMID- 3754070 TI - Primary brain malignant non-Hodgkin lymphoma: report of a case treated with chemotherapy in combination with radiotherapy. AB - Primary brain lymphomas are usually treated with surgery in combination with radiotherapy, whereas only a few cases have been treated with chemotherapy. We describe a case of a 68-year-old man with an immunoblastic primary cerebral lymphoma first treated with surgery and radiotherapy and subsequently with chemotherapy consisting of cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine and prednisone (CHOP). In this case immunological study of the peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lymphocytes confirmed that a primary brain lymphoma may be an intrinsic cerebral neoplasm with different forms of spreading within the central nervous system (CNS). The period of survival of our patient is equivalent to that of patients treated with radiotherapy alone or in combination with surgery. This suggests the need for further investigation in this field. PMID- 3754071 TI - Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis in women with operable breast cancer treated with adjuvant CMF and tamoxifen. AB - The effect of adjuvant CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil) and tamoxifen (TM) on hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian function was studied in 120 women with stage I-II operable breast cancer. Sixty patients were premenopausal, of whom 25 were treated with CMF for 9 cycles, 25 with CMF for 9 cycles + TM for 2 years, started concurrently, and 10 with TM alone for 2 years. Sixty patients were postmenopausal and they were all treated with TM alone for 2 years. In all groups treatment was started within 4 weeks of mastectomy. Plasma levels of estrone (E1), estradiol-17 beta (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (Prl), testosterone (T) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were determined in all patients before surgery and again at 3-month intervals from initiation of the adjuvant therapy. In ten patients of each treatment group FSH-LH and Prl-TSH release was determined following stimulation with releasing hormones. CMF and CMF+TM therapy resulted in amenorrhea in 42/50 premenopausal patients with decrease of E1+E2 (p less than 0.001) and elevation of FSH (p less than 0.001) and LH (p less than 0.01) plasma concentration to postmenopausal levels. In premenopausal women treated with TM a marked increase of E1+E2 (p less than 0.001) was observed with unaltered FSH-LH plasma concentration. A significant fall of Prl also occurred in these patients. In postmenopausal women and premenopausal patients with CMF-induced amenorrhea TM produced a marked fall of FSH-LH and a decrease of Prl plasma level. Plasma TSH and T were not affected in any patient by any of the treatment regimens. The results of the stimulatory tests are in agreement with the hormonal changes observed under basal conditions and indicate that, whereas CMF suppresses the ovary and does not alter hypothalamic-pituitary function, TM induces profound changes of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. PMID- 3754072 TI - [Sexually transmitted disease in men. I. Intestinal parasites and pathogenic intestinal bacteria]. PMID- 3754073 TI - [Sexually transmitted diseases. Review of treatment at a clinic for venereal diseases in 1984]. PMID- 3754074 TI - [Sexually transmitted diseases in men. II. Urethral and anorectal infections]. PMID- 3754075 TI - Ivermectin in tick control. PMID- 3754076 TI - [Effect of molsidomin and nifedipine on tolerance of physical exertion among rheumatic fever patients in the initial stage of heart failure]. PMID- 3754077 TI - In vitro prostacyclin production in the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. AB - Reports from Europe suggest that the hemolytic-uremic syndrome is associated with an impaired ability to produce prostacyclin (prostaglandin [PG] I(2)), a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation and thrombus formation. In comparing the production of PGI(2) by cultured endothelial cells using serum obtained from 22 children with the hemolytic-uremic syndrome with values obtained using serum from 22 normal children, we found that cultured endothelial cells produced less PGF(1alpha) (the stable metabolite of PGI(2)) when incubated with affected serum. The relationship of this observation to the pathogenesis of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome is unclear. PMID- 3754078 TI - Chlamydia trachomatis screening in family planning clinics in Wisconsin. PMID- 3754079 TI - [Mixed infections of the urogenital tract with Trichomonas vaginalis and yeast like fungi in humans with reference to treatment]. AB - Comparative studies on the incidence of mixed infections with T. vaginalis and yeast-like fungi in man carried out within the years 1969-1980 and 1981-1984 showed a progressive increase of this kind of disease. Clinical treatment with Clotrimazole was performed in 35 patients. Local therapy with Clotrimazole was effective, if 3-5 days later the patients receive Tinidazole at one dosage. In some patients, the therapy has to be continued with Metronidazole. PMID- 3754080 TI - Delayed growth and reduced intelligence in 9-17 year old intrauterine growth retarded children compared with their monozygous co-twins. AB - Fourteen pairs of monozygous twins who differed from one another mainly in terms of intrauterine growth the one being greater than or equal to 25% lighter at birth than the other were studied at a mean age of 13 years. There had been no major problems during pregnancy or the neonatal period and no serious diseases during childhood. The twins grew up in the same environment. At follow-up height, head circumference, global IQ and performance IQ were reduced in the originally light twins. Intrauterine growth retardation of a certain magnitude thus has a long-term deleterious effect upon growth and development. PMID- 3754081 TI - Alloimmune neonatal thrombocytopenia and hydrocephalus. Platelet antigen Zwa, ABO antigens and HLA-antigens in mothers to infants with hydrocephalus. AB - In 27 mothers to infants with hydrocephalus determinations of platelet antigen Zwa, HLA-typing and ABO-typing were performed in order to evaluate whether undiagnosed alloimmune neonatal thrombocytopenia (AINT) could be an aetiological factor in hydrocephalus. All mothers were Zwa-positive, and the frequency of HLA antigens and ABO-antigens was as in the normal population. Though sporadic cases of hydrocephalus following AINT are reported, this is not a common cause of intracranial haemorrhage and hydrocephalus. PMID- 3754082 TI - NPY--a mediator of reserpine-resistant, non-adrenergic vasoconstriction in cat spleen after preganglionic denervation? PMID- 3754083 TI - Serological evidence for the role of bacterial infections in the pathogenesis of thyroid diseases. AB - Subacute thyroiditis is generally believed to be of viral origin, and infection is also suspected of playing a role as a triggering factor in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases. We have measured a broad spectrum of bacterial and viral antibodies in paired sera of 32 patients with thyroid disease of recent onset. The data indicate a preceding infection in 14 (44%) of the patients, enterobacterial in 5, streptococcal in 4 and staphylococcal in 2. A viral infection was suggested in 6 patients, in each case caused by different agents; 3 of them also showed evidence of a bacterial infection. Patients with positive microbial serology were found in all diagnostic groups, including subacute thyroiditis, Graves' disease and Hashimoto's disease. These results suggest an association between a preceding bacterial infection and the development of thyroid disease in some patients. PMID- 3754084 TI - A prototype microcomputer-based decision support system for industrial hygienists. AB - A prototype Industrial Hygiene Decision Support System (IH-DSS) was designed and implemented in a microcomputer environment using an integrated knowledge management system as the implementation vehicle. The heart of the system is a relational data base designed to minimize redundant data entry and to support flexible retrieval. An industrial hygienist's routine and ad hoc requirements for information retrieval and analysis support are met by screen displays, printed reports, and graphical summaries which may be presented on the screen, in a printed form, or as multicolored plots. A petroleum refinery was selected as the application environment for the prototype system because of the variety of processes, agents, and sampling methodologies involved in industrial hygiene support in that environment. PMID- 3754085 TI - A portable data-logging system for industrial hygiene personal chlorine monitoring. AB - The combination of suitable portable sensors or instruments with small microprocessor-based data-logger units has made it possible to obtain detailed monitoring data for many health and environmental applications. Following data acquisition in field use, the logged data may be transferred to a desk-top personal computer for complete flexibility in manipulation of data and formating of results. A system has been assembled from commercial components and demonstrated for chlorine personal monitoring applications. The system consists of personal chlorine sensors, a Metrosonics data-logger and reader unit, and an Apple II Plus personal computer. The computer software was developed to handle sensor calibration, data evaluation and reduction, report formating and long-term storage of raw data on a disk. This system makes it possible to generate time concentration profiles, evaluate dose above a threshold, quantitate short-term excursions and summarize time-weighted average (TWA) results. Field data from plant trials demonstrated feasibility of use, ruggedness and reliability. No significant differences were found between the time-weighted average chlorine concentrations determined by the sensor/logger system and two other methods: the sulfamic acid bubbler reference method and the 3M Poroplastic diffusional dosimeter. The sensor/data-logger system, however, provided far more information than the other two methods in terms of peak excursions, TWAs and exposure doses. For industrial hygiene applications, the system allows better definition of employee exposures, particularly for chemicals with acute as well as chronic health effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3754086 TI - Phase II trial of piperazinedione in the treatment of advanced or recurrent endometrial carcinoma. A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. AB - Twenty-three patients with advanced or recurrent endometrial carcinoma no longer amenable to control with surgery and/or radiotherapy were entered into study. Twenty-two actually received therapy with piperazinedione at a dose of 9 mg/m2 intravenously every 3 weeks. One partial responder was observed. Adverse effects were primarily manifested as myelosuppression, and were significant but tolerable. Due to the low order of activity observed, this drug is not recommended for further study in the treatment of endometrial carcinoma. PMID- 3754087 TI - Leu M1 and S100 in Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. AB - Leu M1 positivity of Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells has been reported. The authors studied the specificity and sensitivity of Leu M1 in Hodgkin's disease (HD) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Within NHL, they particularly selected cases that were confused with HD. The authors also studied S100 antigen to determine the pattern of staining in HD and NHL. Paraffin-embedded sections of 23 HD cases (3 lymphocyte predominate, 10 nodular sclerosing, 10 mixed cellularity) and 22 NHL cases (13 diffuse large cell, 5 diffuse mixed small and large cell, 4 others) were studied using an ABC technic. In 20 of 23 HD cases, RS cells and variants were Leu M1+; most cases contained prominent paranuclear positivity; some had diffuse cytoplasmic staining; and some had apparent staining of the cell surface. Neutrophils were intensely positive for Leu M1 and occasional histiocytes also were labeled. In two of the three negative cases (MC), the neutrophils were only weakly positive, thus suggesting a problem with tissue preparation. Of 22 NHL cases, 15 were totally Leu M1 negative. In six cases, rare or occasional tumor cells contained Leu M1 positivity in either a weak punctate, granular, or surface pattern. In an additional case, extensive pleomorphic cell staining was seen indistinguishable from that observed in RS cells; this case was the fourth recurrence of a primary skin NHL which began two years earlier as a pure small cleaved cell NHL. A total of three cases had positive pleomorphic cells. Some carcinomas were also Leu M1 positive. Concerning S100 antigen, the authors found scattered non-neoplastic cells throughout both HD and NHL samples; no tumor cells stained with this antigen. The negative S100 reaction of RS cells fails to support the argument for a dendritic cell origin. In properly prepared tissue, Leu M1 staining is quite sensitive for RS cells and variants, displaying a characteristic pattern. However, occasional Leu M1 positivity identified in NHL raises doubt as to its complete specificity. PMID- 3754088 TI - Storage and transportation of lymphoid tissue for immunophenotyping. AB - Immunoperoxidase staining of frozen sections is a cost-effective technic for immunophenotyping cells of lymphoid tissue. Because this procedure is not performed in many institutions, a simple method to transport fresh tissue to centers performing these studies is required. Tissues in saline at refrigerator temperature may be successfully transported. In addition, in order to minimize laboratory expenses, lymphoid tissue can be kept refrigerated in saline until permanent sections are examined and immunodiagnostic procedures become necessary. In this study reproducible immunophenotyping of 12 samples of lymphoid tissue stored up to seven days was achieved. PMID- 3754089 TI - Observations on the retinopathy of prematurity. PMID- 3754090 TI - Ultrastructural localization by monoclonal antibodies of brush border antigens expressed by glomeruli. II. Extrarenal distribution. AB - An immunoultrastructural study has been undertaken for analysis of the extrarenal localization of two brush border (BB) glycoproteins of 90 kd and 330 kd expressed by glomeruli. In previous studies on renal tissue, it has been shown that gp 330 is restricted to coated pits and BB intermicrovillar invaginations, whereas gp 90 is diffusely distributed on epithelial cell membranes and in addition expressed on glomerular endothelial cells. At variance from observations made in the kidney, gp 330 and gp 90 are mainly expressed on different epithelial cell types: gp 330 is found on the coated pits of the epithelium lining the epididymis and on the entire surface of the microvilli of Type II pneumocytes, whereas gp 90 is detected on the gut brush border and the biliary pole of hepatocytes; gp 90 is also found on endothelia lining all distal capillary beds studied in heart, lung, liver, and spleen. These observations thus indicate that gp 90 is expressed by a wide variety of cell types, all associated with high membrane turnover. Conversely, gp 330 has a restricted distribution at the organ, cellular and subcellular level and may be related with a defined system of receptor-mediated endocytosis. PMID- 3754091 TI - Changes in protein turnover in rat uterus during pregnancy. AB - The adaptive growth and protein turnover of the rat uterus were studied during the 21 days of gestation and up to 3 days after parturition. Despite large increases (13-fold) in uterine size during gestation, the fractional rate of protein synthesis (measured in vivo) remained unchanged when compared with nonpregnant tissue values of 44 +/- 5%/day. However, decreases were found in the rate of protein breakdown after implantation (i.e., 75% on day 7 and 28% on day 11) and in the activity of cathepsin D (i.e., 33 and 85% on days 8 and 16 of gestation). Changes in the degradative processes would therefore appear to be primarily responsible for the massive uterine growth during pregnancy. In contrast to the uterus the fractional rates of synthesis in the placenta and fetus progressively decreased during gestation. After parturition the uterus rapidly returned to its normal size by a combination of cellular atrophy and cell loss. After 2 days, a complementary decrease in the fractional rate of synthesis (30%) and an increase in protein degradation (2-fold) explained the process of involution. PMID- 3754092 TI - Underreporting of infant deaths: then and now. PMID- 3754093 TI - Life tables using Lotus 1-2-3 software on a personal computer. AB - An automated program to calculate life tables of cumulative patency on a personal computer is described. This program can be set up quickly, and the tables can be displayed graphically and are automatically updated as new information is added. PMID- 3754094 TI - The changing role of surgery and chemotherapy in the management of ovarian cancer. PMID- 3754095 TI - Anaphylactoid reaction complicating neonatal anaesthesia. AB - A three-week-old girl presented for surgery for congenital pyloric stenosis. The anaesthetic technique included intravenous induction with thiopentone and neuromuscular blockade with atracurium. The administration of these drugs was followed within 2-3 minutes by oedema of the eyelids and epiglottis, reduced peripheral circulation and central cyanosis. There was no previous exposure to either drug and no definite family history of allergy. Analysis of subsequent sequential blood samples indicated that the reaction mechanism was non-immune and was presumed to be due to pharmacological release of histamine. PMID- 3754096 TI - Use of atracurium and labetalol in a patient with phaeochromocytoma. PMID- 3754097 TI - Computer-controlled muscle paralysis with atracurium in the sheep. AB - Paralysis was maintained in sheep by computer-controlled infusion of atracurium, using the integrated electromyogram as a measure of neuromuscular transmission. A number of experiments were conducted to ascertain the average infusion rate required to achieve a given level of paralysis for one hour. Each experiment yielded a point on a plot of paralysis versus infusion rate. A dose-response curve based upon a simple model of drug receptor interaction at the neuromuscular junction was fitted to the experimental points by least squares and is able to provide a useful explanation of clinically observed behaviour. The recovery time was also measured in each experiment and plotted against both prior level of paralysis and prior average infusion rate. PMID- 3754098 TI - The effects of atracurium besylate (Tracrium) on intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure. AB - Twenty-five patients with expansive pathologic brain lesions, who were anesthetized with thiopental, nitrous oxide in oxygen, and fentanyl, and who were mechanically ventilated to ensure normocarbia, received atracurium besylate 0.6 mg/kg, intravenously. Intracranial pressure, mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, heart rate, and end-tidal CO2 were simultaneously recorded for 5 min before and for 10 min after administration of the muscle relaxant. No statistically significant changes were observed after administration of atracurium besylate. These results suggest that atracurium besylate may be used for muscle relaxation during neurosurgical operations, despite its potential for histamine release and excitement of the central nervous system. PMID- 3754099 TI - Importance of the level of paralysis recovery for a rapid antagonism of atracurium neuromuscular blockade with moderate doses of edrophonium. PMID- 3754100 TI - Biotransformation of halothane and enflurane in patients with hyperthyroidism. PMID- 3754101 TI - Blood flow to the distal part of the teat (mammary papilla) of lactating dairy cows. AB - Relative blood flow to tissues of the distal part of the teat (mammary papilla) in 5 lactating dairy cows was determined, using 15-microns nonradioactive carbonized microspheres. Highest relative blood flow occurred in the epithelial region (zone A) of the teat canal (papillary duct) which comprised both teat canal epithelium and papillated portion of the stratum papillare. Blood flow to these tissues was more than 4 times greater than blood flow to equivalent tissues of the mucosal rosette. The high rate of metabolic activity indicated by this relatively high blood flow may be required to support secretion of antimicrobial substances and continual synthesis of epithelial cells to replace those lost during milking. PMID- 3754102 TI - Computerized clinical psychological test interpretations. Unvalidated plus all mean and no sigma. PMID- 3754103 TI - Condoms and hepatitis B virus infection. PMID- 3754104 TI - Retrolental fibroplasia: a five-year experience in a tertiary perinatal center. AB - During a five-year period, 565 premature infants in a tertiary perinatal center were evaluated by binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy. One-hundred-ten infants had retinopathy of prematurity. Ten of these infants developed grade 5 cicatricial retrolental fibroplasia, whereas two fellow eyes remained stable at grade 2 retrolental fibroplasia. Surgical lensectomy and vitrectomy failed to improve vision or reattach the retina in any of those with grade 5 retrolental fibroplasia. In three operated eyes and two unoperated eyes secondary glaucomas developed. Five vitrectomized eyes are now known to have phthisis. The factors that modulate the transition from the benign, acute retinopathy of prematurity lesions to cicatrizing (scarring) lesions characteristic of retrolental fibroplasia remain unclear. Birth weight (less than 1000 g), multiple apneic episodes with concomitant ventilatory assistance with 100% oxygen, and inadvertent hyperoxemia during general anesthesia may be significant cicatrization factors. PMID- 3754105 TI - Biological activity of fluorine-substituted 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in rats, in chicken and in Japanese quails. AB - The biological activity of two fluorinated analogs of 1,25(OH)2D3 was compared with 1,25(OH)2D3 in various vitamin D assays. The effect of 24,24-F2-1,25(OH)2D3 on plasma calcium, bone weight and duodenal calcium binding protein in chicken, on calcium excretion via egg shell in Japanese quails and on mobilization of calcium from the bone in rats was twice as high as the effect of the most potent naturally occurring vitamin D3 metabolite 1,25(OH)2D3. In contrast, 24R-F 1,25(OH)2D3 has less than 50% of the potency of 1,25(OH)2D3. Due to the wider therapeutic dosage range, this compound might be of clinical value. PMID- 3754107 TI - Acetolysis of Pichia pastoris IFO 0948 strain mannan containing alpha-1,2 and beta-1,2 linkages using acetolysis medium of low sulfuric acid concentration. AB - To obtain manno-oligosaccharides containing beta-1,2-linked nonreducing terminal groups from the mannan of Pichia pastoris IFO 0948 strain by acetolysis, an attempt was made to establish the reaction conditions under which cleavage of the alpha-1,6 linkage took place preferentially leaving manno-oligosaccharides composed largely of beta-1,2 linkages. By the action of an ordinary acetolysis medium, a 10/10/1 (v/v) mixture of acetic anhydride, acetic acid, and sulfuric acid at 40 degrees C for 13 h or at 25 degrees C for 120 h, the O-acetyl derivative of this mannan gave mannose, mannobiose, mannotriose, and mannopentaose. However, treatment of the same O-acetyl mannan with a 50/50/1 (v/v) acetolysis medium at 40 degrees C for 15 h gave a mannotetraose in addition to mannose, mannobiose, mannotriose, and mannopentaose. Use of a 100/100/1 (v/v) acetolysis medium at 40 degrees C for 36 h gave a more satisfactory result, a mixture of oligosaccharides, from mannose to mannopentaose, which contained more mannotetraose than mannopentaose. Because both mannotetraose and mannopentaose contained alpha-1,2 and beta-1,2 linkages, it was concluded that an acetolysis medium containing a low concentration of sulfuric acid, up to 0.5% (v/v), facilitates the preferential cleavage of the alpha-1,6 linkage, leaving manno oligosaccharides containing the beta-1,2 linkage which was found to be labile to the action of the 10/10/1 (v/v) acetolysis medium. PMID- 3754106 TI - Characterization of myosin light-chain kinase from bovine adrenal medulla. AB - Partially purified bovine adrenal medullary myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK) possesses a Stoke's radius of 79 A and a sedimentation coefficient of 3.95 +/- 0.45 S, yielding a native molecular weight of 150,000 +/- 17,000 g/mol and a frictional ratio of 2.24. It catalyzes the phosphorylation of the isolated light chain of skeletal muscle myosin and the light chain of intact adrenal medullary myosin, but not phosphorylase b or histone. The activation of MLCK by calmodulin is specific and dose dependent, yielding a K0.5 value of 9.0 nM; the dose response curve with respect to free Ca2+ is biphasic, exhibiting a stimulatory phase at low free Ca2+ concentrations (K0.5 = 0.17 microM) and an inhibitory phase at higher free Ca2+ concentrations (400-3000 microM). Michaelis-Menten kinetics are observed for ATP, yielding a Km for ATP of 25 microM and a Vmax of 23.2 nmol/min/mg. However, positive cooperative kinetics are observed for the skeletal muscle myosin light chain, yielding a Hill coefficient of 3.57, a K0.5 for light chain of 27 microM and a Vmax of 16.6 nmol/min/mg. A stoichiometry of phosphorylation of approximately 1 mol of phosphate/mol of skeletal muscle myosin light chain was observed. Therefore, adrenal medullary MLCK is similar in most, but not all, of its physical and kinetics properties to MLCKs isolated from other sources and may serve to regulate actin-myosin contractile activity in the adrenal medulla. PMID- 3754108 TI - [Clinical features and treatment of Hodgkin's disease]. AB - Hodgkin's disease is characterized by its peculiar histopathology and by the early and consistent existence of impaired cell-mediated immunity, although its oncogenetic mechanisms still remains unsolved. Recent progress in multidisciplinary treatment including mainly radiotherapy and chemotherapy has a possible the cure of advanced Hodgkin's disease. In this article the main aspects of clinical behavior and therapy in Hodgkin's disease were reviewed briefly in the light of some considerations of our experiences. PMID- 3754109 TI - [Case report of choriocarcinoma of testicular origin indicating marked efficacy of a combination chemotherapy of methotrexate, vincristine, actinomycin D, cyclophosphamide, adriamycin and melphalan]. AB - The patient was a 26-year-old male. He was admitted to our hospital with a chief complaint of hemoptysis, cough and left scrotal mass on May 9,1984. Chest X-ray film, LAG and CT revealed multiple lung, lymph node and cerebral metastases. Based on a diagnosis of testicular neoplasm, orchiectomy was performed on May 14,1984. PVB chemotherapy (Cis-diamminedichloro-platinum, Vinblastine and Pepleomycin) was administered. Because he got worse, however, he was treated with another combination chemotherapy, consisting of Methotrexate (MTX, 100 mg/m2 intravenous push (i.v.), 200 mg/m2 12-h infusion, day 1. The dose of MTX was increased with each course. Maximum dose of MTX was 900 mg/m2/day), Vincristine (1.0 mg/m2 i.v. day 1.) Actinomycin D (10 micrograms/kg i.v. days 3.4.5), Cyclophosphamide (600 mg/m2 i.v. day 3.), Adriamycin (30 mg/m2 i.v. day 8.) and Melphalan (6 mg/m2 p.o. day 8.). After 6 courses of this regimen, distant metastases disappeared or were reduced to under one tenth, and complete remission was obtained without severe side effects. The patient was in good health on March 30, 1985. PMID- 3754110 TI - Studies on the chronic phase of adjuvant arthritis: effect of SR 41319, a new diphosphonate. AB - We studied the course of adjuvant arthritis in rats by measuring clinical, biochemical, and histological parameters on day 36 after induction (representing the secondary reaction) and on day 171, which is at the stage of permanent deformity. The effect of SR 41319, a new diphosphonate, was evaluated on days 36 and 171, after three weeks of treatment (days 14-35 inclusive). In the absence of treatment all the measured parameters were markedly abnormal on day 36, indicating the presence of lesions that were still evolving. On day 171 clinical parameters and the lesion histological index remained the same, whereas the biochemical parameters and disease activity histological index had returned to normal, indicating that the lesions at this stage although severe were not inflammatory and consequently not progressing. SR 41319 treatment reduced the severity and progression of the disease both on day 36 and on day 171. We conclude that SR 41319 may be a potentially useful drug for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 3754111 TI - Purpura fulminans in pneumococcal sepsis. AB - Two cases of pneumococcal sepsis in splenectomized patients were complicated by purpura fulminans. In addition, acute renal failure developed in both patients, and myolysis in one. Immunological findings in the patient with myolysis suggest a possible role of pneumococcal antigen-containing circulating immune complexes in the pathogenesis of these complications. PMID- 3754112 TI - The practice of pathology into the 21st century. PMID- 3754113 TI - The other health care revolution. AB - While physicians have been interested participants in the scientific revolution that is transforming the technology of medical care, a social revolution has been changing the way people think about health care, the way they evaluate the services available, and the way they feel about the resources devoted to them. For many years both revolutions sought the same ends, but recently society has begun to object to the cost of health care and question the value of some of our technology. This presentation discusses the following topics: (1) the history of the health care revolutions; (2) forces changing society's perception of health care; (3) society's current perceptions; (4) cost-containment initiatives; (5) factors influencing future changes; (6) provider responses; (7) society's role in health care decisions; and (8) society's social, economic, and ethical challenges. PMID- 3754114 TI - Evolving concepts of the role of pathology and their respective dilemmas. AB - Remarkable changes are affecting the discipline of pathology. Variety and volume of testing, new instrumentation, personnel matters, economics, and government are effecting these changes. Laboratory costs and charges have been confused and in hospitals, laboratories are changing from revenue centers to cost centers. Twelve principles upon which physician payment emphasize productivity, quality, efficiency, and variety. Seven competency characteristics of a clinical laboratory director stress administration, strategic planning, laboratory test use, communication, education, and research and development. Relationships with physicians' office laboratories, the likelihood of overproduction of laboratory personnel, fundamental problems of competition, and the rationing of human life pose additional dilemmas. PMID- 3754115 TI - Pathology and the corporate transformation of American medicine. AB - Corporate medicine is a cultural response to increasing medical costs, a transformation made possible by an oversupply of physicians. The independence of physicians is being curtailed. Nonetheless, corporate needs for medical efficiency, low costs, and good outcomes match the capabilities of pathology and assure that the specialty will have a major corporate role. Pathologists as individuals may face sharply different outcomes. Those pathologists who own laboratories, who are good managers, who a extremely productive, or who are excellent clinicians have good opportunities, as do a few individuals with highly developed technical or subspeciality skills, Eventually, hospital chains are likely to be replaced by physician-owned or -controlled corporations, further strengthening pathology's role. Pathologists in academic and independent laboratory settings are likely to do well. Pathology organizations must take a leadership role in preparing pathologists for what can be a bright future. PMID- 3754116 TI - The future of the pathologist in the hospital setting. AB - The future of the pathologist in the hospital setting can be speculated on in light of contemporary and predictable trends occurring in hospitals. From five of these trends--downsizing, restructuring, diversification, hospital-physician relations, and for-profit hospitals--eight implications for the practice of pathology are identified. PMID- 3754117 TI - The future of biomedical research and its impact on pathology. AB - Biomedical research is an enterprise that is generally active today. The future of biomedical research will be determined by the directions given it by the individual research investigators, development of new equipment and facilities, availability of money to fund research, societal attitudes about the goals and uses of research, and the character of research investigators' training. The future of biomedical research seems to be substantial because it leads to strategies and techniques for preventing or curing disease, and, thereby, results of research can enable health care to be both improved and made less costly. The condition of research in pathology seems to be less healthy than does that of biomedical research in general. Faculty members of academic pathology departments do not seem to compete well for research support from federal sources, and this lack may signal a further decline in pathology research in the future. The reasons for the perceived erosion of research in pathology are complex, but they must be addressed and reversed. Since the practice of diagnostic pathology is an applied technology that depends on research for new scientific insights and techniques to sustain it, continued erosion of the research base of pathology will adversely affect the future utility and relevance of diagnostic pathology as a clinical medical specialty. PMID- 3754118 TI - Medical education and its impact on the future of pathology. AB - The impact of changes in medical education on the future of pathology are examined by analyzing how recommendations in the GPEP report may affect pathology practice. For pathologist teachers, there will be increasing involvement with students during the clinical years of the curriculum and emphasis on new course material particularly related to the problems of aging, environmental pathology, and principles of prevention. The hospital pathologist will have a leadership role in introducing computer technology and will become increasingly involved in ambulatory and outrearch services. Pathologists will become more involved in the continuing education of other physicians, particularly with emphasis on using the laboratory to solve specific problems utilizing new technologies, new areas of testing, and the pathologist as a consultant. PMID- 3754119 TI - Health care and the sociotechnical workplace. PMID- 3754120 TI - The nondiagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. PMID- 3754121 TI - Cilia and ciliogenesis in endometrial adenocarcinomas. An ultrastructural analysis. AB - Cilia in neoplastic cells were observed by electron microscopy in specimens from five of six consecutive patients with endometrial adenocarcinoma. Most cilia showed a range of defects, from misalignment and displacement of individual doublets to the absence of up to three peripheral doublets, the pattern varying from 9+2 to 6+2; the central pair of microtubules also was frequently missing. Single peripheral microtubules and displacement of the dynein arms were also observed. The high proportion of cilial defects in neoplastic cells (72%) compared with those in normal endometrium (26%), together with a broader spectrum of cilial abnormalities, suggests that the neoplastic state increases the number and range of cilial lesions. PMID- 3754122 TI - Nodular transformation of the liver in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. AB - A case of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia with prominent nodular transformation of the liver is described. The presence of enlarged arteries was documented morphometrically. Artery-to-portal vein shunts were also found. The association of abnormal vessels with hepatic nodules supports the hypothesis that abnormalities of blood flow cause nodular transformation. Nodular transformation may be the lesion that has heretofore been termed cirrhosis hepatis telangiectasia or atypical cirrhosis. PMID- 3754123 TI - In vivo hemolysis of deglycerolized red blood cells. AB - Red blood cells can be stored frozen in the presence of glycerol, which displaces intracellular water. We describe two transfusions of Deglycerolized Red Blood Cells that resulted in intravascular hemolysis; in one case the clinical symptoms of a hemolytic reaction were present. The probable causes were inadequate deglycerolization and intravascular osmotic hemolysis. PMID- 3754124 TI - Disseminated Kaposi's sarcoma that is not associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a bisexual man. AB - We report a case of a moderately disseminated, slowly progressing Kaposi's sarcoma, with a primary cutaneous nodule on the glans penis. The multifocal skin tumor appeared in a 44-year-old bisexual man and was not associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. PMID- 3754125 TI - Primary bronchopulmonary leiomyosarcoma in childhood. AB - There have been only nine cases of primary bronchopulmonary leiomyosarcoma (PBPL) in children reported in the English language literature, to our knowledge. Herein, we report the tenth case of PBPL in a 24-hour-old newborn infant with associated nonimmunologic hydrops fetalis. We believe this to be the youngest patient ever reported to have PBPL, and the first such tumor, to our knowledge, to be a possible cause of nonimmunologic hydrops fetalis. The patient was alive and well 34 months after a right-sided lower lobectomy, without the need for radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. We review the clinical pathologic features, treatment, and follow-up of PBPL. PMID- 3754126 TI - Apocrine adenoma of the breast. AB - Apocrine adenoma of the breast is a very rare entity. Criteria for diagnosis include qualification as adenoma and differentiation from apocrine carcinoma. PMID- 3754127 TI - Cystic hygroma of the breast. AB - Cystic hygroma is a common benign lymphatic tumor that presents at birth or during infancy. We report an unusual case of a cystic hygroma of the breast, which was discovered in a 49-year-old woman on screening mammography. PMID- 3754128 TI - Intrauterine fetal death due to umbilical cord torsion. AB - We report a case of intrauterine fetal death due to torsion of the umbilical cord. Umbilical cord torsion has usually been regarded as secondary to fetal death or cord constriction or due to a lack or abnormality of Wharton's jelly. A postmortem examination showed torsion of the umbilical cord at the placental end in a cord without constriction and with normal Wharton's jelly. We therefore suggest that umbilical cord torsion in the absence of predisposing constriction or abnormality of Wharton's jelly can obstruct the umbilical blood vessels and cause intrauterine death. PMID- 3754129 TI - Standing performance of persons with paraplegia. AB - This study measures standing stability of four individuals with paraplegia using knee-ankle-foot orthoses (KAFOs) with a center-of-force monitoring platform as compared with similar data from 10 neurologically healthy subjects. Both groups were compared under conditions of quiet standing with eyes open and closed and with hands on and off parallel bars. Individuals with paraplegia were also tested under similar conditions with the ankles of their KAFOs mechanically unlocked and with bilateral functional neuromuscular stimulation of the quadriceps muscles. Sway path, mean amplitude, and mean frequency were measured for each subject. We found that postural stability in paraplegic individuals using KAFOs compared favorably with the control group under conditions of eyes open and closed with hands on parallel bars; however, visual information was much more important for paraplegic individuals during quiet stance. Unlocking the ankles of the KAFOs resulted in an increase in swap path and mean frequency. Functional muscular stimulation of the quadriceps muscles resulted in standing stability slightly less than with KAFOs. Although KAFOs may not be the ideal assistive device for various reasons, postural stability appears reasonable, and other proposed orthoses must be comparable in order to be considered as an alternative. PMID- 3754130 TI - Background illumination and automated perimetry. AB - Visual field function in the right and left eyes of 31 normal volunteers was evaluated with an automated projection perimeter (OCTOPUS). Serial visual field evaluations were repeated in these same eyes with neutral filters of increasing optical density. We compared the results of threshold determinations with the different neutral filters in place before the examined eye. Significant reduction in threshold sensitivity at several test spots throughout the central 30 degrees visual field was seen with neutral density filters of 0.5 log units or greater. The low level of background illumination of the OCTOPUS perimeter (4.0 apostilbs) may allow relatively minor reduction in light transmission by the ocular media to produce significant changes in the recorded level of threshold sensitivity during visual field evaluation. PMID- 3754131 TI - The detection of paracentral scotomas with varying grids in computed perimetry. AB - The ability to identify the physiologic blind spot was reviewed for programs 31 and 32 on the OCTOPUS 201 perimeter. One eye of 100 randomly selected patients suspected of having glaucoma were used in the study. OCTOPUS program 31 failed to identify the physiologic blind spot in 11 eyes (22%), while program 32 missed the blind spot in three eyes (6%). These findings suggest that a 6 degrees grid may not be adequate for identification of scotomas of the size and depth of the physiologic blind spot in the central field. PMID- 3754132 TI - Vitreous changes after neodymium-YAG laser photodisruption. AB - We investigated physicochemical changes in the vitreous body after photodisruption with a Q-switched neodymium-YAG laser. In vivo proton nuclear magnetic resonance imaging techniques were employed to assess alterations in the vitreous of irradiated rabbit eyes. Measurements of proton relaxation times (T1 and T2), viscosity, and chromatographic spectra were made in vitro on irradiated bovine and rabbit vitreous, and circular dichroism measurements were used to study changes in an irradiated sodium hyaluronate solution. Statistically significant changes in T1, were observed immediately after irradiation, but the small magnitude and reversibility of those changes, combined with the fact that the other measurements detected no changes, suggest that neodymium-YAG laser photodisruption does not have a direct deleterious effect on the structural integrity of the normal vitreous body. PMID- 3754133 TI - Use of orally administered oxidised copper wire particles for copper therapy in cattle. AB - Oxidised copper wire particles (OCWP) were given per os to cattle as an alternative to subcutaneous copper glycinate injections. OCWP were recovered from the stomachs of cattle slaughtered 3 months after treatment. OCWP (50g) treatment resulted in sustained higher plasma copper concentrations than subcutaneous injections of copper glycinate. OCWP given at high doses (300g) raised liver copper concentrations to 16 mmol/kg without clinical effects. It is concluded that OCWP could be a practical alternative to current injection methods of copper therapy. PMID- 3754134 TI - Mating-induced inhibition of receptivity in the female golden hamster. I. Short term and long-term effects. AB - Female golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) which have actively terminated mating with one male will respond in succession to two or more novel males. However, mating with the first male results in a reduction in receptivity shown toward a second male, with the size of the decrease being proportional to the amount of copulatory stimuli provided by the first male. Furthermore, the decreased receptivity shown toward the second male results in his achieving fewer ejaculations. These effects are more pronounced when the second mating occurs 5 min or 8 h after the first mating than when it occurs 1 or 4 h later, suggesting both short-term and long-term inhibitory effects. Copulation with a single male also effects a 40% shortening of behavioral receptivity. In a promiscuous species such as the hamster, prolonged copulation by the male may enhance the short-term inhibition of female receptivity, thereby reducing the risk of subsequent sperm displacement. The long-term effect occurs too late to affect sperm competition and may, instead, function to reduce the risk of predation as a result of unnecessary further mating. PMID- 3754135 TI - Purification and characterization of ascamycin-hydrolysing aminopeptidase from Xanthomonas citri. AB - A nucleoside antibiotic, ascamycin (9-beta-[5'-0-(N-L-alanyl) sulphamoyl-D ribofuranosyl]-2-chloroadenine), has a selective antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas species. When ascamycin was dealanylated, dealanylascamycin showed a broad antibacterial activity against various Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Xanthomonas citri is susceptible to ascamycin by virtue of the ascamycin-dealanylating enzyme on the cell surface [Osada & Isono (1985) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 27, 230-233]. The enzyme (Xc aminopeptidase) was purified from X. citri cells by successive DEAE-cellulose, chromatofocusing and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography to a homogeneous state. The purified enzyme exhibited a single band with an Mr of 38 000 in SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Gel filtration on a calibrated column indicated a similar Mr value. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was 5.7. The enzyme catalysed the hydrolysis of the alanyl group of ascamycin and liberated alanine from the sulphamoyl nucleoside. The enzyme also catalysed the hydrolysis of L-proline beta naphthylamide and L-alanine beta-naphthylamide. The optimal pH and temperature for enzyme activity were pH 7.5-8.0 and 35-40 degrees C respectively. The enzyme was inhibited by thiol-enzyme inhibitors (i.e. rho-chloromercuribenzoate and N ethylmaleimide), but was not affected by various naturally occurring aminopeptidase inhibitors (i.e. amastatin, bestatin, pepstatin and leupeptin). Mn2+ and Mg2+ activated the enzyme, whereas Cu2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+ were inhibitory. PMID- 3754136 TI - Induction of hepatic and renal ornithine decarboxylase by cobalt and other metal ions in rats. AB - We previously showed that Cd2+ is able to induce hepatic and renal ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). In addition to Cd2+, the administration of Co2+ and other metal ions such as Se2+, Zn2+ and Cr2+ produced a significant increase of hepatic and/or renal ODC activity. Of the metal ions used in this study, Co2+ produced the greatest increase of ODC activity. The maximum increases in hepatic and renal ODC activity, to respectively 70 and 14 times the control values in male rats, were observed 6 h after the administration of Co2+. A similar response was seen in the liver, but not in the kidney, of female rats. Thereafter, ODC activity gradually returned to control values in the liver, but it was profoundly decreased to 7% of the control value at 24 h in the kidney. The pretreatment of animals with either actinomycin D or cycloheximide almost completely blocked the Co2+-mediated increase of ODC activity. Co2+ complexed with either cysteine or glutathione (GSH) failed to induce ODC. Depletion of hepatic GSH content by treatment of rats with diethyl maleate greatly enhanced the inducing effect of Co2+ on ODC. The inhibitors of ODC, 1,3-diaminopropane and alpha difluoromethylornithine, were able to inhibit the induction of the enzyme, without affecting the induction of haem oxygenase by Co2+. Methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone), an inhibitor of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, significantly inhibited the Co2+-mediated induction of both ODC and haem oxygenase. It is suggested that the inducing effects of Co2+ on ODC and haem oxygenase are brought about in a similar manner. PMID- 3754137 TI - Infectious RNA transcripts from cloned cDNAs of cucumber mosaic viral satellites. AB - Complete cDNA copies of two variants of CARNA 5, the satellite of cucumber mosaic virus, have been cloned in the transcription vector pPM1. These two naturally occurring CARNA 5s are capable and incapable, respectively, of inducing a lethal necrotic disease of tomato upon coinoculation with the genomic RNAs 1, 2, and 3 of cucumber mosaic virus. Uncapped transcripts synthesized in vitro from the two linearized, recombinant plasmids are infectious and each induces the appropriate symptomatology upon coinfection with cucumber mosaic viral RNAs on tomato plants. Progeny CARNA 5s isolated from such infected plants correspond to their natural CARNA 5 counterparts. PMID- 3754138 TI - In vitro inhibition by gossypol of oxidoreductases from human tissues. AB - The effect of gossypol, a polyphenolic compound with antifertility action on human males, has been investigated on the following oxidoreductases purified from human tissues: lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) isozymes 1 or B4 from heart, 5 or A4 from liver and X or C4 from spermatozoa; malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) mitochondrial and "soluble" isozymes from heart and NADP-glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.4) from liver. Gossypol proved to be a powerful inhibitor of the six enzymes studied. For all of them, inhibition was of the competitive type with respect to the coenzyme and non-competitive in relation to substrate. The lowest ki values were shown for lactate dehydrogenase isozyme 1 or B4 and for the two isozymes of malate dehydrogenase. Results did not show selectivity of gossypol for the sperm-specific isozyme X or C4 of lactate dehydrogenase. PMID- 3754139 TI - Anomalous susceptibility of the fasted hamster to acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. AB - The effect of an acute fast on susceptibility to acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity was investigated in male Golden Syrian hamsters. Overnight starvation markedly elevated hepatic levels of glutathione throughout the diurnal cycle (peak concentration: 10.6 +/- 0.06 mM vs 7.3 +/- 0.3mM in controls). However, despite this apparent increase in the glutathione protective capacity of the liver, acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis was modestly potentiated by fasting, as judged by liver histology and elevation of serum transaminase (SGOT) activity. Parallel pharmacokinetic studies indicated that the overall elimination rate constant for acetaminophen was decreased in fasted animals, due largely to decreases in the apparent rate constants for formation of acetaminophen glucuronide and acetaminophen mercapturate. Formation of acetaminophen sulfate was not affected by fasting. Since the major nontoxic pathway (glucuronide) and the toxic pathway (as measured by mercapturate) decreased to a similar extent, the data indicate that the anomalous lack of protection cannot be explained on the basis of altered metabolic disposition of the drug. Measurement of hepatic glutathione levels revealed that, despite the higher initial level of glutathione in the fasted animals, the nadir to which liver glutathione levels fell after acetaminophen was the same in fed and fasted animals. Comparison of the amount of acetaminophen mercapturate in the urine with the amount of glutathione which disappeared from the liver showed close agreement for fed animals, but a major discrepancy for fasted hamsters. These data indicate that a major fraction of glutathione in the liver of the fasted hamsters is not utilized for detoxification of the acetaminophen reactive metabolite and hence does not contribute to the glutathione protective capacity. PMID- 3754140 TI - Specific antagonists of platelet activating factor-mediated vasoconstriction and glycogenolysis in the perfused rat liver. AB - Stimulation of hepatic glycogenolysis and vasoconstriction of the hepatic vasculature in response to acetyl glyceryl ether phosphocholine (AGEPC; platelet activating factor) was inhibited by two structural analogues of AGEPC, U66985 (1 O-octadecyl-2-O-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoric acid-6'-trimethyl ammonium hexyl ester) and CV3988 [rac-3-(N-n-octadecylcarbamoyloxy)-2-methoxy-propyl-2 thiazolioethyl+ ++ phosphate]. Infusion of CV3988, 10(-7) M, increased the AGEPC dose needed for half-maximal hemodynamic response by approximately 5-fold, while U66985 at 10(-7) M increased by twenty times the dose of AGEPC required to give the half-maximal response. Glucose output responses were similarly inhibited. U66985, 10(-6) M, completely abolished both hemodynamic and glycogenolytic responses to AGEPC, 2 X 10(-10) M, while in the presence of CV3988, 10(-6) M, approximately 15% of the uninhibited responses remained. Perfusion of livers for 20 min after termination of inhibitor infusion, in the absence or presence of bovine serum albumin, resulted in only a slightly smaller extent of inhibition than simultaneous infusion of agonist and antagonist. Specificity of the inhibitors was demonstrated by only a minimal inhibition of glycogenolytic response to the alpha-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine at a sub-maximal dose. PMID- 3754142 TI - Antihypertensive and cardiovascular effects of the new dihydropyridine derivative methyl (E)-3-phenyl-2-propen-1-yl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl- 4-(3 nitrophenyl)pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate. AB - The hypotensive and cardiovascular effects of a newly synthetized dihydropyridine derivative, methyl (E)-3-phenyl-2-propen-1-yl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3- nitrophenyl)pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate (FRC-8411) were investigated in rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits, in comparison with nifedipine, nicardipine, and diltiazem. In conscious hypertensive rats, FRC-8411 (0.3-3 mg/kg p.o.) was found to be an orally effective antihypertensive agent and its effect lasted for more than 7 h. This effect was gradual and yet much more potent and longer than those of other reference drugs. An accompanied tachycardia was observed after oral administration of FRC-8411 and other dihydropyridine derivatives. In anesthetized rats, FRC-8411 (3-30 micrograms/kg i.v.) also showed a gradual, potent and long lasting hypotension with a tachycardia. FRC-8411 (up to 3 mg/kg i.v.) had no effect on the PQ interval of the ECG in anesthetized rats. In isolated guinea pig atria, FRC-8411 (10(-9) - 3 X 10(-8) mol/l) showed a negative chronotropic effect, but a higher dose of the drug was needed for induction of the negative inotropic effect. In K+-depolarized rabbit aorta and guinea pig taenia coli, FRC 8411 (3 X 10(-9) - 3 X 10(-7) and 10(-7) - 3 X 10(-7) mol/l) showed a dose dependent inhibition of the calcium-induced contraction, and its pA2 value was 8.4 and 7.1, respectively. FRC-8411 had a much higher sensitivity to the aorta than the taenia coli, though it was less potent than nifedipine and nicardipine in vitro.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3754141 TI - The effects of BM 15.766, an inhibitor of 7-dehydrocholesterol delta 7-reductase, on cholesterol biosynthesis in primary rat hepatocytes. AB - The effect of the piperazine derivative BM 15.766 (4-(2-[1-(4 chlorocinnamyl)piperazin-4-yl]ethyl]-benzoic acid) on the biosynthesis of sterols was investigated in adult rat hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture. The substance led to a dose-dependent reduction of cholesterol in the serum of various species of animals such as rat, dog and marmoset. BM 15.766 showed a dose dependent action on the incorporation of 14C-acetate in neutral, nonsaponifiable lipids. The inhibition of the overall incorporation was 10-12% (10(-5) M). No inhibition was observed in the hepatocytes over the entire dose range of 10(-8) M to 2 X 10(-5) M, while the release of the neutral lipids from the hepatocytes into the culture medium was reduced by up to 40%. The biosynthesis of cholesterol could be reduced by more than 90%. Simultaneously, 7-dehydrocholesterol levels rose in the cells and, to a less marked extent, in the medium. This can be interpreted as an indication that 7-dehydrocholesterol is incorporated into the cell membrane, which results in a lower release of 7-dehydrocholesterol into the medium in comparison with controls. The site of attack is the inhibition of the delta 5.7-sterol delta 7-reductase. The formation of desmosterol and cholestatrienol as well as other 7-dehydrocholesterol precursors could also be demonstrated. After longer incubation, there was an additional accumulation of squalene and lanosterol with simultaneous reduction of 7-dehydrocholesterol by BM 15.766, whereas the total 14C-acetate incorporation in neutral lipids was increased. PMID- 3754143 TI - The use of an infusion pump in arthroscopy. AB - The use of an infusion pump is an effective method of irrigating the joint in arthroscopy. A Sarns roller blood pump is used to pump fluid into the joint through the arthroscope with outflow by gravity drainage through a plastic cannula. Flow and pressure can be adjusted independently. Measurements were made of calf, knee, and thigh swelling after arthroscopy in 42 patients; the average swelling of each was less than 1 cm. In 45 patients, the average rate of flow through the joint was 45 mm/min, with a measured outflow of 40 mm/min. Intraarticular pressure greater than 200 mm Hg can be obtained with the pump, compared with maximum pressures only slightly greater than 100 mm Hg with gravity inflow alone. The operator must carefully monitor the system; retention of excessive fluid can lead to postoperative swelling and morbidity. PMID- 3754144 TI - Software design for an inexpensive, practical, microcomputer-based DNA cytometry system. AB - Recent advances in digital electronics have made it possible to put together videophotometry systems capable of practical DNA ploidy measurements at a relatively modest cost. Such a system, based upon the IBM PC microcomputer and other "off-the-shelf" components, is now operational in our laboratory. This paper discusses the design considerations that went into the development of the software for this system. It examines the choices, constraints and tradeoffs involved in such a software engineering project and considers the practical implementation of image processing algorithms and a user-friendly interface. An overview is given of the modular, menu-driven software through which the system is controlled, along with a description of normal operational flow. PMID- 3754145 TI - Food intake, aggression, and fear behavior in the mother rat: control by neural systems concerned with milk ejection and maternal behavior. AB - Mother rats eat more, are more aggressive, and show less fear behavior (freezing) than during other stages of the reproductive cycle. Electrolytic lesions in the peripeduncular area of the lateral midbrain made nursing mother rats eat less and interact peacefully with male intruders. This midbrain area forms part of the ascending milk-ejection pathway, so it seems plausible that the suckling stimulus maintains hyperphagia and aggression in mother rats. Because no alteration in fear behavior was observed in mothers with lesions, it was predicted that the reduction in freezing was related primarily to maternal responsiveness to pup cues other than suckling. In line with this hypothesis, it was found that the experimental induction of maternal behavior in ovariectomized, hormone-treated females was associated with a significant decrease in fear behavior, with no concomitant changes in food intake or aggression. PMID- 3754146 TI - The screening of atracurium in MHS swine. AB - The potential role of atracurium besylate as a trigger or attenuator of the malignant hyperthermia syndrome was tested in six MHS Landrace swine. Animals were tested for susceptibility and then exposed to atracurium given as an i.v. bolus both alone and concomitantly with 2% halothane. In no instance could the syndrome be triggered by atracurium nor did it convincingly attenuate the syndrome when triggered by halothane. PMID- 3754147 TI - Kinetics of rapid Ca2+ release by sarcoplasmic reticulum. Effects of Ca2+, Mg2+, and adenine nucleotides. AB - A radioisotope flux-rapid-quench-Millipore filtration method is described for determining the effects of Ca2+, adenine nucleotides, and Mg2+ on the Ca2+ release behaviour of "heavy" sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles. Rapid 45Ca2+ efflux from passively loaded vesicles was blocked by the addition of Mg2+ and ruthenium red. At pH 7 and 10(-9) M Ca2+, vesicles released 45Ca2+ with a low rate (k = 0.1 s-1). An increase in external Ca2+ concentration to 4 microM or the addition of 5 mM ATP or the ATP analogue adenosine 5'-(beta,gamma methylenetriphosphate) (AMP-PCP) resulted in intermediate 45Ca2+ release rates. The maximal release rate was observed in media containing 4 microM Ca2+ and 5 mM AMP-PCP and had a first-order rate constant of 30-100 s-1. Mg2+ partially inhibited Ca2+- and nucleotide-induced 45Ca2+ efflux. In the absence of AMP-PCP, 45Ca2+ release was fully inhibited at 5 mM Mg2+ or 5 mM Ca2+. The composition of the release media was systematically varied, and the flux data were expressed in the form of Hill equations. The apparent n values of activation of Ca2+ release by ATP and AMP-PCP were 1.6-1.9. The Hill coefficient of Ca2+ activation (n = 0.8 2.1) was dependent on nucleotide and Mg2+ concentrations, whereas the one of Mg2+ inhibition (n = 1.1-1.6) varied with external Ca2+ concentration. These results suggest that heavy SR vesicles contain a "Ca2+ release channel" which is capable of conducting Ca2+ at rates comparable with those found in intact muscle. Ca2+, AMP-PCP (ATP), and Mg2+ appear to act at noninteracting or interacting sites of the channel. PMID- 3754148 TI - Evidence of a role for calmodulin in the regulation of calcium release from skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. AB - The effect of calmodulin and calmodulin inhibitors on the "Ca2+ release channel" of "heavy" skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles was investigated. SR vesicles were passively loaded with 45Ca2+ in the presence of calmodulin and its inhibitors, followed by measurement of 45Ca2+ release rates by means of a rapid-quench-Millipore filtration method. Calmodulin at a concentration of 2-10 microM reduced 45Ca2+ efflux rates from passively loaded vesicles by a factor of 2-3 in media containing 10(-6)-10(-3) M Ca2+. At 10(-9) M Ca2+, calmodulin was without effect. 45Ca2+ release rates were varied 1000-fold (k1 approximately equal to 0.1-100 s-1) by using 10(-5) M Ca2+ with either Mg2+ or the ATP analogue adenosine 5'-(beta,gamma-methylenetriphosphate) in the release medium. In all instances, a similar 2-3-fold reduction in release rates was observed. At 10(-5) M Ca2+, 45Ca2+ release was half-maximally inhibited by about 2 X 10(-7) M calmodulin, and this inhibition was reversible. Heavy SR vesicle fractions contained 0.1-02 micrograms of endogenous calmodulin/mg of vesicle protein. However, the calmodulin inhibitors trifluoperazine, calmidazolium, and compound 48/80 were without significant effect on 45Ca2+ release at concentrations which inhibit calmodulin-mediated reactions in other systems. Studies with actively loaded vesicles also suggested that heavy SR vesicles contain a Ca2+ permeation system that is inhibited by calmodulin. PMID- 3754149 TI - Turn prediction in proteins using a pattern-matching approach. AB - We extend the use of amino acid sequence patterns [Cohen, F.E., Abarbanel, R. M., Kuntz, I. D., & Fletterick, R. J. (1983) Biochemistry 22, 4894-4904] to the identification of turns in globular proteins. The approach uses a conservative strategy, combined with a hierarchical search (strongest patterns first) and length-dependent masking, to achieve high accuracy (95%) on a test set of proteins of known structure. Applying the same procedure to homologous families gives a 90% success rate. Straightforward changes are suggested to improve the predictive power. The computer program, written in Lisp, provides a general pattern-recognition language well suited for a number of investigations of protein and nucleic acid sequences. PMID- 3754150 TI - Identification of a nucleoside triphosphate binding site on calf thymus RNA polymerase II. AB - A nucleoside triphosphate binding site on calf thymus RNA polymerase II was identified by using photoaffinity analogues of adenosine 5'-triphosphate and guanosine 5'-triphosphate. Both radiolabeled 8-azidoadenosine 5'-triphosphate (8 N3ATP) and radiolabeled 8-azidoguanosine 5'-triphosphate (8-N3GTP) bound to a single polypeptide of this enzyme. This polypeptide has a molecular mass of 37 kilodaltons and an isoelectric point of 5.4. Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation was necessary for photolabeling to occur. In addition, no labeling occurred when the probe was prephotolyzed or when the enzyme was inactivated. Furthermore, photolabeling of the enzyme could be decreased by preincubation with natural substrates. To provide evidence that the radiolabeled polypeptide forms a part of the domain of the nucleoside triphosphate binding site, experiments were performed using unlabeled 8-N3ATP. Although this unlabeled analogue was not a substrate for RNA polymerase II, it photoinactivated the enzyme in the presence of UV irradiation, and it inhibited transcription elongation by the enzyme in a competitive manner in the absence of UV irradiation. As in the case with photolabeling, photoinactivation by 8-N3ATP could be decreased by natural substrates; in both cases, purine ribonucleoside triphosphates were more efficient than pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphates. Furthermore, photoinactivation was saturable at about the same concentration as the inhibition constant for 8-N3ATP. Collectively, these results provide evidence that the radiolabeled polypeptide in calf thymus RNA polymerase II is an essential component for activity and suggest that this polypeptide may be part of this enzyme's purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding site. PMID- 3754151 TI - Deuterium NMR study of the interaction of alpha-tocopherol with a phospholipid model membrane. AB - The effects of 5, 10, and 20 mol % incorporation of alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) on 50 wt % aqueous multilamellar dispersions of sn-2-substituted [2H31]palmitoylphosphatidylcholine (PC-d31), a saturated, deuterated phospholipid prepared from egg lysophosphatidylcholine, have been studied by deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance (2H NMR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Moment analysis of the 2H NMR spectra as a function of temperature and DSC heating curves demonstrate that the main gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition is progressively broadened and its onset temperature lowered by increasing concentrations of alpha-tocopherol. Below the transition temperature (40 degrees C) for PC-d31 bilayers, the 2H NMR spectra indicate that acyl chain motion is increased by addition of alpha-tocopherol and that this effect extends to lower temperatures with higher alpha-tocopherol content. Above the transition, average carbon-deuterium bond order parameters calculated from the first spectral moment establish that alpha-tocopherol increases acyl chain ordering within the PC-d31 bilayer by as much as 17% at 20 mol % incorporation. Profiles of order parameter vs. chain position, constructed from 2H NMR spectra following application of the depaking technique, show that despite higher order the general form of the profile is not significantly altered by alpha-tocopherol. PMID- 3754152 TI - Dynamics of a hydrophobic peptide in membrane bilayers by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. AB - Solid-state NMR studies of the dynamics of a synthetic hydrophobic peptide, tert butyloxycarbonylleucylphenylalanine methyl ester (Boc-Leu-Phe-OMe), in phospholipid bilayers are described. Motionally averaged powder pattern line shapes from 2H- and 15N-labeled backbone and side-chain sites of the peptide in phospholipid bilayers demonstrate the presence of both overall and internal reorientations of substantial amplitude. The peptide motions are shown to be strongly influenced by the motions of the lipids. PMID- 3754153 TI - Phospholipid lateral organization in synthetic membranes as monitored by pyrene labeled phospholipids: effects of temperature and prothrombin fragment 1 binding. AB - Pyrene-labeled phospholipids have been used to test for the existence of lateral domains due to temperature-induced phase separations and binding of prothrombin fragment 1 to charged lipid vesicles. When in close proximity, pyrene-containing probes can exchange excited-state energy to form excimers; the ratio of the excimer to monomer fluorescence intensity (E/M) is proportional to the local concentration of probe in the membranes, as well as to the excimer lifetime and the probe's lateral diffusion coefficient. The ability of the pyrene-labeled phospholipids to quantitatively report the coexistence of multiple environments was demonstrated in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine multilamellar vesicle preparations of varying compositions, each of which contained coexisting fluid and gel phases. In this system, pyrene-labeled phosphatidylcholine was found to favor the fluid relative to the gel phase with a partition coefficient of 7. At 37 degrees C, in dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG)/palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC) large, unilamellar vesicles containing either pyrene-labeled phosphatidylglycerol (py-PG) or pyrene-labeled phosphatidylcholine (py-PC), the excimer lifetime (37 ns) and the lateral diffusion constant of the probe (5.8 X 10(-8) cm2/s) were independent of the membrane composition and the presence of fragment 1 and Ca2+. Consequently, E/M was directly proportional to only the local concentration of the py-PG or py-PC probes. When saturating amounts of fragment 1 and 5 mM Ca2+ were added to DOPG/POPC vesicles that contained either probe, no change in E/M and hence the local probe concentration was observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3754154 TI - Calmodulin-linked equilibria in smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase. AB - Competition experiments using 9-anthroylcholine, a fluorescent dye that undergoes calmodulin-dependent binding by smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase [Malencik, D. A., Anderson, S. R., Bohnert, J. L., & Shalitin, Y. S. (1982) Biochemistry 21, 4031], demonstrate a strongly stabilizing interaction between the adenosine 5'-triphosphate and myosin light chain binding sites operating within the enzyme-calmodulin complex but probably not in the free enzyme. The interactions in the latter case may be even slightly destabilizing. The fluorescence enhancement in solutions containing 5.0 microM each of the enzyme and calmodulin is directly proportional to the maximum possible concentration of bound calcium on the basis of four calcium binding sites. Evidently, all four calcium binding sites of calmodulin contribute about equally to the enhanced binding of 9-anthroylcholine by the enzyme. Fluorescence titrations on solutions containing 1.0 microM enzyme plus calmodulin yield a Hill coefficient of 1.2 and K = 0.35 +/- 0.08 microM calcium. Three proteolytic fragments of smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase, apparent products of endogenous proteolysis, were isolated and characterized. All three possess calmodulin-dependent catalytic activity. Their interactions with 9-anthroylcholine, in both the presence and absence of calmodulin, are similar to those of the native enzyme. However, the stabilities of their complexes with calmodulin vary. The corresponding dissociation constants range from 2.8 nM for the native enzyme and 8.5 nM for the 96K fragment to approximately 15 nM for the 68K and 90K fragments [0.20 N KCl, 50 mM 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid, and 1 mM CaCl2, pH 7.3, 25 degrees C]. A coupled fluorometric assay, modified from a spectrophotometric assay for adenosine cyclic 3',5'-phosphate dependent protein kinase [Cook, P. F., Neville, M. E., Vrana, K. E., Hartl, F. T., & Roskoski, R. (1982) Biochemistry 21, 5794], has provided the first continuous recordings of myosin light chain kinase phosphotransferase activity. The results show that smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase is a responsive enzyme, whose activity adjusts rapidly to changes in solution conditions. PMID- 3754155 TI - Lateral diffusion of small solutes and partition of amphipaths in defect structures of lipid bilayers. AB - The excimer formation technique has been applied to investigate the mechanism of the lateral diffusion in the crystalline P beta' phase of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles. This became possible at low pyrene concentrations. From the shape of phase-transition curves, from the effect of pressure up to 150 bar and from the perturbation induced by cholesterol, we conclude that the free volume model could also be applied to the P beta' phase. However, the diffusion is thought to occur in defect structures that are considered to form fluid pathways between domains of crystalline lipid. Partition coefficients of amphipaths provide a basis for testing for the role of defects. The amphipath chlorpromazine partitions into fluid membranes with a partition coefficient, kp, of 3200, into the crystalline phase with kp = 200 but into the P beta' phase with a value of kp = 800. This again gives rise to the assumption that the P beta' phase contains fluid domains that behave like the fluid L alpha phase and make up about 10-20% of the total amount of lipid in the bilayer. Cholesterol is known to interfere especially with defect structures in the P beta' phase. It fills up the gaps, and therefore reduces the partition coefficient to almost zero in the P beta' phase. PMID- 3754156 TI - Lateral mobility of a lipid analog in the membrane of irreversible sickle erythrocytes. AB - The major feature of sickle cell anemia is the tendency of erythrocytes to sickle when exposed to decreased oxygen tension and to unsickle when reoxygenated. Irreversible sickle cells (ISCs) are sickle erythrocytes which retain bipolar elongated shapes despite reoxygenation. ISCs are believed to owe their biophysical abnormalities to acquired membrane alterations which decrease membrane deformability. While increased membrane surface viscosity has been measured in ISCs, the lateral dynamics of membrane lipids in these cells have not heretofore been examined. We have measured the lateral diffusion of the lipid analog 3,3'-dioctadecylindocyanine iodide (DiI) in the plasma membrane of intact normal erythrocytes, reversible sickle cells (RSCs), and irreversible sickle cells by fluorescence photobleaching recovery (FPR). The diffusion coefficients +/- standard errors of the mean of DiI in intact normal red blood cells (RBCs), RSCs, and ISCs at 37 degrees C are (8.06 +/- 0.29) X 10(-9) cm2 X s-1, (7.74 +/- 0.22) X 10(-9) cm2 X s-1, and (7.29 +/- 0.24) X 10(-9) cm2 X s-1, respectively. A similar decrease in the diffusion coefficient of DiI in the plasma membranes of the three cell types was observed at 4, 10, 17, 23, and 30 degrees C. ANOVA analysis of the changes in DiI diffusion showed significant differences between the RBC and ISC membranes at all temperatures examined. The characteristic breaks in Arrhenius plots of the diffusion coefficients for the RBCs, RSCs, and ISCs occurred at 20, 19, and 18.6 degrees C, respectively. Photobleaching recovery data were used to estimate (Boullier, J.A., Melnykovich, G. and Barisas, B.G. (1982) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 692, 278-286) the microviscosities of the plasma membranes of the three cell types at 25 degrees C. We find significant differences between our microviscosity values and those obtained in previous fluorescence depolarization studies. However, both methods indicate qualitatively similar differences in membrane microviscosity among the various cell types. PMID- 3754157 TI - Formation of prostacyclin and thromboxane in man as measured by the main urinary metabolites. AB - Excretion of 2,3-dinor-6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha and 2,3-dinorthromboxane B2, the main urinary metabolites of prostacyclin and thromboxane, was evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and radioimmunoassay, respectively, at various conditions in man. In healthy young males excretion of 2,3-dinor-6 ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha was of little variability, whereas urinary 2,3 dinorthromboxane B2 showed marked interindividual but moderate intraindividual variations. The ratio of urinary 2,3-dinorthromboxane B2 to thromboxane B2 in young males was about 15. Excretion of 2,3-dinor-6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha in women of reproductive age was higher (155 +/- 23 ng/g creatinine, P less than 0.005) than in postmenopausal women (97 +/- 24 ng/g creatinine) and in men (78 +/ 7.6 ng/g creatinine) and increased significantly during pregnancy (1st trimester 230 +/- 50 ng/g creatinine; 3rd trimester 522 +/- 53 ng/g creatinine). Urinary 2,3-dinorthromboxane B2 showed no gender differences and no directed change was observed during pregnancy. In neonates urinary 2,3-dinorthromboxane B2 (6.328 +/- 1.210 ng/g creatinine) was high in their 3rd day of life and decreased rapidly thereafter. This pattern paralleled the behavior of 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha. In young male smokers and non-smokers excretion of 2,3-dinor-6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha was not significantly different, whereas urinary 2,3-dinorthromboxane B2 was elevated in smokers (609 +/- 61 versus 351 +/- 41 ng/g creatinine, P less than 0.001). Values are mean +/- S.E. PMID- 3754158 TI - Proteolytic modification of rat prolactin by subcellular fractions of the lactating rat mammary gland. AB - The current study explored prolactin proteolysis by rat lactating mammary gland. 125I-labelled rat prolactin was incubated with tissue fractions of lactating mammary gland and the extent of prolactin degradation and fragment formation was visualized and densitometrically quantitated from autoradiographs derived from SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions. At pH 4.5, the 25 000 X g pellet of mammary gland converted intact prolactin (23 kDa band) to proteolytic fragments (8-16 kDa bands) in a time- and tissue concentration dependent fashion similar to that reported previously for rat ventral prostate. The prolactin-degrading and -fragmenting activity in lactating mammary gland was 5-10-times that observed for ventral prostate, the most active male tissue. This activity at acid pH was also demonstrable in other fractions of mammary gland but appeared to predominate in the cytosol. The above activities in mammary gland virtually disappeared at pH 7.4, appeared sensitive to aspartate and sulfhydryl proteinase inhibitors, and insensitive to serine and metalloenzyme proteinase inhibitors. The distribution of this activity could not be correlated with a particular enzyme marker. These characteristics of mammary gland activity differed significantly from those reported previously for prostate. When electrophoresis was conducted under non-reducing conditions, prolactin proteolysis in prostate and mammary gland was primarily associated with the formation of a more slowly migrating product (24 kDa band) with little spontaneous 8-16 kDa fragment formation. Re-electrophoresis of the 24 kDa band under reducing conditions resulted in the appearance of the 8 and 16 kDa fragments. In conclusion, prolactin is proteolytically modified by prostate and lactating mammary gland to a variant of intact hormone (24 kDa band) with a cleavage site in its large loop, by two or more widely distributed, acid dependent proteinases. Lactating mammary gland, the principal target for prolactin, has the capacity to cleave the hormone in its loop at rates higher than any other tissue examined to date. PMID- 3754159 TI - Body composition at birth of growth-retarded newborn infants demonstrating catch up growth in the first year of life. AB - Total body, extracellular, and intracellular water volume and solids, determined at birth in a group of newborn infants small for date (n = 10) who demonstrated catch-up growth in the first year of life, were compared to similar measurements in newborn infants appropriate for date (n = 11). No significant differences with regard to body water compartment volumes and solids could be found between the 2 groups. It is concluded that intrauterine growth retardation in infants who are capable of catching up in growth after birth is the result of a proportional reduction of the daily increments in fetal solids and body water. PMID- 3754160 TI - Simplified evaluation and documentation of data from glucose-controlled insulin infusion systems. Part II: Artefact handling. PMID- 3754162 TI - [Phospholipid biosynthesis in the lungs in a chronic inflammatory bronchopulmonary process]. AB - Glycerokinase, glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, glycerophosphate acyltransferase activity, glycerophosphate, dioxiacetonphosphate level and in vivo incorporation of (U-14C)-glucose into the lung phospholipid structure were studied in normal rats and in conditions of chronic bronchopulmonary inflammation. The inhibition of glycerokinase and glycolytic ways of glycerophosphate formation was demonstrated. The data obtained have shown that glucose incorporation into phosphatidyl cholines, phosphatidyl glycerols and phosphatidyl ethanolamines was decreased, while the incorporation of radioactivity into the sphingomyelins and lysophosphatidyl cholines was significantly activated. PMID- 3754161 TI - Novel assay and pharmacokinetics of levamisole and p-hydroxylevamisole in human plasma and urine. AB - A new gas chromatographic method was developed for the quantification of levamisole in human plasma and urine, using a nitrogen-phosphorus flame ionization detector. The adsorption of the drug onto glass was prevented by treating the glassware with a siliconizing agent. The sensitivity of the assay was 10 ng ml-1 and as low as 2 ng ml-1 can be detected in plasma. The urinary metabolite p-hydroxylevamisole was analysed by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. The sensitivity of this assay was 0.50 micrograms ml-1. Plasma and urinary concentrations of levamisole were determined in 10 healthy volunteers including seven men and three women following the administration of a single 150 mg dose of levamisole. Levamisole was rapidly absorbed (tmax 1.5 h), giving a peak plasma concentration of 716.7 +/- 217.5 ng ml-1. The plasma elimination half-life of levamisole was 5.6 +/- 2.5 h. Only 3.2 +/- 2.9 per cent of the oral dose was recovered as unchanged drug in the urine, suggesting the importance of clearance of levamisole by routes other than the kidney, and most probably by hepatic metabolism. The urinary concentrations of p hydroxylevamisole were determined before and after hydrolysis of the urine samples with beta-glucuronidase, and the level of conjugation of the metabolite with glucuronic acid was then estimated. Cumulative recovery of the metabolite accounted for 1.6 +/- 1.1 per cent and 12.4 +/- 5.5 per cent of the oral dose of levamisole before and after hydrolysis, respectively, indicating that p hydroxylation is a relatively important route of metabolism of levamisole, and that the p-hydroxylated metabolite is excreted mainly in conjugation with glucuronic acid. Except for the absorption rate of levamisole which is approximately twice as rapid in women as in men, there is no marked difference in the pharmacokinetics of levamisole between healthy men and women. PMID- 3754163 TI - Audiological assessment in the selection of cochlear implant candidates. AB - In the UCH/RNID Cochlear Implant Programme, patients referred for further audiological assessment are all post-lingually deafened adults with bilateral hearing losses in excess of 90 dB HL in the frequency range 500 Hz to 4 kHz. The purpose of this assessment as part of the selection procedure for implant candidates is to ascertain whether or not the patient has any residual auditory function which can be aided by conventional means. The procedure includes measurement of thresholds of sensation (whether auditory or vibrotactile) for pure tones, and testing for Uncomfortable Loudness Levels up to 130 dB HL. It also includes measurements of frequency discrimination and abnormal adaptation, and assessment of the effect of acoustic stimulation on tinnitus if present. Those with measurable hearing are further tested for discrimination of simple sound patterns related to the perception of speech. Results of assessment, and criteria of suitability for a trial with a high-powered hearing aid are discussed in this paper. Of the 29 patients tested to date, 14 were judged to have sufficient residual auditory function to justify a hearing aid trial. In 10 cases the trial was successful and these people were then no longer considered to be potential candidates for cochlear implantation. PMID- 3754164 TI - Evaluation of patients for cochlear implant by promontory stimulation. Psychophysical responses and electrically evoked brainstem potentials. AB - The protocol for assessing patients for cochlear implantation at University College Hospital and the Royal National Institute for the Deaf, London, includes a session of electrophysiological tests and electrical stimulation of the cochlea. Electrocochleography is performed with the object of excluding non organic hearing loss and of clarifying the site of deafness. Using the same transtympanic needle, AC and DC electrical stimulation is performed to establish whether patients perceive a sensation of sound, dynamic range and ability to detect frequency shifts. Tinnitus suppression was produced by AC and DC stimulation. It is likely that AC suppression of tinnitus occurs by a masking effect. Electrically evoked auditory brainstem potentials were recorded in one patient. PMID- 3754165 TI - The psychological assessment of cochlear implant patients. AB - The use of a cochlear implant (CI) to restore some acoustical input to patients with complete acquired hearing loss may be expected to result in changes in their psychological functioning. CI programmes should therefore include a careful psychological screening of all candidates and subsequent psychological assessments of patients who receive implants. Procedures used in the psychological assessment of CI candidates and patients outlined in the literature, as well as those used in the Royal Ear Hospital (REH) programme, are discussed. It is concluded that standard psychological tests of personality and intellectual functioning are of limited value in the screening of CI candidates and the postoperative evaluation of patients. It is proposed that more useful information be obtained by an analysis of the possible functional value of the implant to each individual candidate and by assessment of actual postoperative changes in the patient's behaviour. Unless an implant leads to improvements in the patient's psychosocial functioning, the device is unlikely to be used. Examples of this approach in assessing the REH candidates and patients are given. PMID- 3754166 TI - Speech therapy with cochlear implant wearers. AB - The speech production of three post-lingually deafened adults, who derived no benefit from wearing hearing aids, was assessed. Individual therapy programmes were devised based on these assessments and the subjects participated in a course of speech therapy. They then received cochlear implants and had a further course of speech therapy using their implants. Changes in speech production were judged by trained listeners, who heard tape-recorded samples of the subjects' speech. These samples were taken at various intervals before and after therapy alone, and with the cochlear implant. Significant improvement was heard in the speech production of two of the subjects following speech therapy alone. All three subjects were judged to have improved production of speech after using their cochlear implants for 6 months. PMID- 3754167 TI - Fitting of an analogue cochlear prosthesis--introduction of a new method and preliminary findings. AB - A new method is suggested for the fitting of a broad-band analogue cochlear prosthesis in terms of frequency response adjustment. This 'frequency-stepped sweep' (FSS) method employs a feedback loop including the patient's loudness judgement to determine a frequency response for the patient's sound processor with which a continuous sinusoidal stimulus with constant amplitude and small increments in frequency can be heard equally loud at the most comfortable loudness level. The FSS-method has been successfully used for the fitting of the sound processors of 40 cochlear implant users. An evaluation of the FSS-method through speech tests employing five different frequency response adjustments with two implant patients confirms its appropriateness. The importance of proper fitting in terms of the frequency response adjustment for a cochlear prosthesis based on broad-band analogue stimulation is demonstrated. The necessary accuracy for the frequency response adjustment is approximately +/- 2 to +/- 5 dB (depending on the dynamic range of the patient) over the frequency range between 100 and 3000 Hz. For the proper adjustments no significant difference has been found between the results for a male and a female speaker. PMID- 3754168 TI - Straight thinking about cochlear implants. PMID- 3754169 TI - Extra-cochlear implants: the patient's viewpoint. AB - A subjective questionnaire has been used for assessing cochlear implantees. It provides information on the benefits and the problems found after one year's use as viewed by the patients. This information is important to the management of future subjects for implantation. In three patients with a year's experience of implant use provision of environmental sound and improved speech loudness modulation were the most appreciated benefits. Improved speech reading ability did not emerge as the greatest benefit, except in one case in good listening conditions. Alleviation of tinnitus occurred only to a limited extent, in one patient out of the three. PMID- 3754170 TI - Speech perception with the Vienna extra-cochlear single-channel implant: a comparison of two approaches to speech coding. AB - Although it is generally accepted that single-channel electrical stimulation can significantly improve a deafened patient's speech perceptual ability, there is still much controversy surrounding the choice of speech processing schemes. We have compared, in the same patients, two different approaches: (1) The speech pattern extraction technique of the EPI group, London (Fourcin et al., British Journal of Audiology, 1979,13,85-107) in which voice fundamental frequency is extracted and presented in an appropriate way, and (2) The analogue 'whole speech' approach of Hochmair and Hochmair-Desoyer (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1983, 405, 268-279) of Vienna, in which the microphone-sensed acoustic signal is frequency-equalized and amplitude-compressed before being presented to the electrode. With the 'whole-speech' coding scheme (which they used daily), all three patients showed an improvement in lipreading when they used the device. No patient was able to understand speech without lipreading. Reasonable ability to distinguish voicing contrasts and voice pitch contours was displayed. One patient was able to detect and make appropriate use of the presence of voiceless frication in certain situations. Little sensitivity to spectral features in natural speech was noted, although two patients could detect changes in the frequency of the first formant of synthesised vowels. Presentation of the fundamental frequency only generally led to improved perception of features associated with it (voicing and intonation). Only one patient consistently showed any advantage (and that not in all tests) of coding more than the fundamental alone. PMID- 3754171 TI - The UCH/RNID cochlear implant programme: patient selection. AB - After an initial postal questionnaire, patients undergo a series of tests and assessments designed to establish their suitability for implantation. The following criteria should be met: Total or profound post-lingual hearing loss. Sufficient age to give informed consent. General good health. Psychological stability. Unable to benefit from hearing aids. Free from middle ear or mastoid disease. Detailed medical, audiometric, vestibular and psychological investigations are performed, as well as acute electrical stimulation of the cochlea, and a hearing aid trial in those subjects with some measurable hearing. Fifty-two applicants have so far been assessed and of these 14 have been found to be suitable for implantation and seven have received implants. PMID- 3754172 TI - How common is diabetic nephropathy? AB - Of 1,486 diabetic patients screened for kidney disease, 137 had a serum creatinine over 120 mumol/l, but only 37 of these were aged less than 65. Forty patients (2.7%) had proteinuria exceeding 0.2 grams per 24 hours. The prevalence of hypertension in the clinic as a whole was 15.6%, but 27% in patients with an elevated serum creatinine. After careful consideration of each case, only one patient was identified who might require dialysis. Calculations based on the size of the district population and the percentage of diabetics attending the clinic suggest that the prevalence of end-stage diabetic nephropathy is at present less than eight per million of the total population and that the incidence of patients reaching end-stage each year is less than one per million. PMID- 3754173 TI - The binding of pirenzepine to digitonin-solubilized muscarinic acetylcholine receptors from the rat myocardium. AB - The binding of pirenzepine to digitonin-solubilized rat myocardial muscarinic acetylcholine receptors has been examined at 4 degrees C. Solubilization produced only small changes in the binding of N-methylscopolamine and atropine. In contrast to the low affinity binding of pirenzepine found to be present in in the membranes, high affinity binding was detected in the soluble preparation. In both preparations, pirenzepine binding was complex. High affinity pirenzepine binding (KD approximately 3 X 10(-8)M) to the soluble myocardial receptors could be monitored directly using [3H]-pirenzepine. [3H]-pirenzepine-labelled soluble myocardial receptors have a sedimentation coefficient of 11.1 s. This indicates that [3H]-pirenzepine binds predominantly to the uncoupled form of the receptor. However, [3H]-pirenzepine-agonist competition experiments indicated that the high affinity pirenzepine binding sites are capable of coupling with a guanosine 5' triphosphate (GTP)-binding protein. Pirenzepine affinities for the soluble myocardial receptors were unaffected by their state of association with the GTP binding proteins found in the heart. The equilibrium binding properties of the soluble cortical and myocardial receptors were very similar. However, the binding kinetics of the myocardial receptor were much slower. It appears that the membrane environment can affect the affinity of pirenzepine for the rat myocardial muscarinic receptor. Removal of the constraint by solubilization allows the expression of high affinity pirenzepine binding. PMID- 3754174 TI - Integration of data obtained at fixed intervals. AB - This article discusses the design and implementation of a program well suited to integrating experimental or simulated data obtained at fixed intervals. The program uses Simpson's method and produces substantially better accuracy than trapezoidal rule integration at little extra computational cost. It accepts command line specification of integration parameters (step size and/or number) and source files. Multiple source files and integration parameters can be specified at runtime. Output can be displayed on the console or redirected to an ASCII file. PMID- 3754175 TI - [Levels of proteolytic enzymes in experimental osteoarthrosis controlled by antirheumatic agents]. PMID- 3754176 TI - Characterization of a new primary human pancreatic tumor line. AB - A primary human pancreatic tumor line (BxPC-3) has been established from a biopsy specimen of a histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the body of the pancreas. Tumorigenicity was proven by xenograft in athymic nude mice. Upon re establishment of tumor xenografts in tissue culture, the epithelial tumor cells retained their original morphology. Histopathologically, the tumors grown in nude mice exhibited the original characteristics of the primary adenocarcinoma in the patient, producing traceable mucin and displaying moderately well to poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas with occasional lymphocytic infiltrations at the tumor peripheries. Furthermore, the tumor xenografts differentially expressed carcinoembryonic antigen, human pancreas cancer-associated antigen, and human pancreas-specific antigen. Karyotyping and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase isoenzyme characterization revealed that this tumor line was of human origin and devoid of HeLa cell contamination. The BxPC-3 tumor line has been maintained for more than four years in our laboratory and represents a valuable model for primary human pancreatic cancer. PMID- 3754177 TI - AIDS and changing sexual behaviour. PMID- 3754178 TI - Sexually transmitted disease in Canada in 1984. PMID- 3754179 TI - [Hyperthyroidism. Modern views and perspectives]. PMID- 3754180 TI - Gene organization and recombinational hotspots in the murine major histocompatibility complex. AB - By chromosome walking in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the BALB/c mouse, we have linked the K region to the I region at the molecular level. Forty nine overlapping cosmid clones define a stretch of about 600 kb of DNA containing 2 class I and 7 class II genes. Eleven independent recombination events were mapped between the K and the I region marker loci by Southern blot analysis of polymorphic restriction sites. Eight of these events involved crossing-over, at an unusually high frequency of 0.6%-1.5% between genes from Mus musculus castaneus and laboratory mouse strains, and they were confined to two small stretches of DNA. We conclude that recombination hotspots are present at these positions in the two M.m. castaneus MHC haplotypes tested. In contrast, several MHC haplotypes of laboratory mice appear to lack those hotspots. PMID- 3754181 TI - [Incidence and structure of interstitial cells in the ovary of the human fetus]. PMID- 3754182 TI - [Justification for the prevention of the respiratory distress syndrome by the administration of corticoids]. PMID- 3754183 TI - The Liverpool Visual Assessment Team: 10 years' experience. AB - The Liverpool Visual Assessment Team (VAT) was established in 1975 as a multidisciplinary service for the evaluation of the disabilities of visually handicapped children. Team membership and patterns of practice are described. Two hundred and fifty-four children have now been seen by the VAT over a 10-year period. The mean age of referral was 4.2 years; only 46% of the children had an isolated visual handicap. The aetiology of disabilities was known in 58% of the children. Genetically determined visual handicap was likely to be associated with normal intelligence. Ophthalmological diagnoses are described. In comparison to what would be predicted, there were fewer children with retinopathy of prematurity and more with cerebral (cortical) blindness. The educational needs and placements of the children are described and the implications of the implementation of the 1981 Education Act for visually handicapped children are discussed. PMID- 3754184 TI - Cytogenetic analysis in 100 spontaneous abortions in North-East Scotland. AB - The results of an extremely detailed cytogenetic analysis on 100 spontaneous abortions occurring in the Aberdeen area over a 3 year period is presented. A comparison with other published series reveals that there is a higher culture success rate (93%) accompanied by a lower incidence of trisomy and a higher incidence of triploidy, although the percentage of chromosomally abnormal foetuses in first trimester abortions is comparable with other studies. However, these apparent discrepancies can largely be explained on the basis of gestational age and sampling variation. PMID- 3754185 TI - Association between thyroid microsomal antibodies of subclass IgG-1 and hypothyroidism in autoimmune postpartum thyroiditis. AB - The potential role of thyroid microsomal (Mic) antibodies in the development of postpartum hypothyroidism was investigated in 34 euthyroid women, whose sera were found to contain Mic antibodies in pregnancy. Additional serum samples were obtained 2. 5 and 10-12 months after delivery and analysed for IgG class and IgG subclass levels of Mic antibodies by ELISA techniques. Characteristically, Mic antibodies decreased from early pregnancy to 2 months postpartum, increased two fold 5 months postpartum and had returned 10-12 months postpartum to the early pregnancy level. Mic antibodies were predominantly subclass IgG-1 or IgG-4 with only minor contributions from IgG-2 and IgG-3. In each individual the percentage contribution made by each IgG subclass to Mic antibody was essentially similar in early pregnancy and the postpartum period despite changes in total IgG class Mic antibody. During the year following delivery, thyrotoxicosis alone (Graves' disease) developed in 5 women. In the remaining 29 patients the absolute levels of Mic antibodies of IgG-4 subclass were similar 5 months postpartum in women with maximal serum thyrotropin (TSH) greater than 20 mU/1 (mean optical density in ELISA +/- s.d.; 0.84 +/- 0.538; n = 13) and in women with maximal TSH less than 10 mU/l (0.69 +/- 0.457; n = 16). In contrast, significantly higher values were observed for Mic antibody of IgG-1 subclass in patients with TSH greater than 20 mU/l (1.14 +/- 0.440) compared with women with maximal TSH less than 10 mU/l (0.65 +/- 0.289) (P less than 0.001 by t-test for groups). These results imply that the magnitude of Mic antibody levels of subclass IgG-1 but not IgG-4 is associated with the development of postpartum hypothyroidism and possibly with tissue destruction in autoimmune thyroid disease in general. PMID- 3754187 TI - 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and parathyroid hormone in advanced chronic renal failure: effects of simultaneous protein and phosphorus restriction. AB - Vitamin D3 metabolites and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) were measured in sera obtained from subjects with advanced chronic renal failure (CRF) (creatinine clearance less than 10 ml/min) before and after 3 months on a diet very low in protein (less than 0.2 g/kg/day), phosphorus (less than 500 mg/day), and supplemented with a mixture of essential amino acids and ketoacid analogues of essential amino acids. iPTH and phosphate fell in all subjects (p less than 0.02). 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25[OH]2D3) fell in all but one of the subjects (p less than 0.02), while no significant change was seen in creatinine clearance or in serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25[OH]D3) levels. A strongly positive correlation was found between initial serum levels of 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 (r = 0.95, p less than 0.001). Thus in contrast with the reported effects of dietary phosphorus reduction in subjects with early and moderate CRF and in normal subjects, this regime was associated with decreased 1,25(OH)2D3 levels in subjects with advanced CRF. PMID- 3754188 TI - The effect of hemodialysis on lymphocyte subsets during dialysis. AB - To clarify the effect of hemodialysis on immune response of dialysis patients, peripheral lymphocyte subsets were measured using monoclonal antibodies, OKT3, OKT4, OKT8, OKIal and Leu7. The absolute numbers of OKT3+, OKT4+, OKT8+ and OKIal+ cells were significantly lower in dialysis patients than controls. During dialysis, the relative proportions of OKT3+ and OKT4+ cells increased, and the absolute numbers of OKIal+ and OKT8+ cells decreased, 30 minutes after initiation of dialysis. At the end of the dialysis, the absolute numbers of OKT3+ and OKT4+ cells increased. The absolute number of Leu7+ cells showed low values during dialysis. These changes of lymphocyte subsets during dialysis may have influence on the immune response of dialysis patients. PMID- 3754186 TI - Antibodies to wheat germ agglutinin in coeliac disease. AB - Serum IgG and IgA antibodies to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with N-acetyl-D-glucosamine in all incubation steps to inhibit sugar-specific binding. Patients with coeliac disease (CD) had significantly higher antibody levels to WGA than patients with other intestinal disorders or healthy controls. Similar results were obtained for antibodies to the gluten fraction glyc-gli. The WGA antibodies did apparently not cross-react with gluten antigens, but commercial gluten powder contained traces of WGA or a similar lectin. Our findings support the proposal that WGA may be involved in the pathogenesis of CD. PMID- 3754189 TI - Laboratory conditions for human in-vitro fertilization procedures. PMID- 3754190 TI - Experimental meniscal lesions reconstructed with a carbon fiber-polyurethane poly(L-lactide) graft. AB - Reconstructive procedures were investigated in meniscal lesions in 14 dogs. Large wedge-shaped lesions were repaired with a graft containing carbon fibers and an organic polymer, prepared from physical mixtures of poly(L-lactide) and a segmented polyurethane. Four and eight weeks postoperation, arthroscopy was performed and the implants were excised. In ten dogs, the reconstructed area appeared to be invaded almost completely by fibrous tissue and, occasionally, by repair-simulating hyaline cartilage. There were no signs of infection. PMID- 3754191 TI - Should a woman taking propylthiouracil breast-feed? AB - Thyroid function was tested in mother and her son. The mother was taking propylthiouracil for treatment of hyperthyroidism, and she was breast-feeding. Thyroid function was normal in both. PMID- 3754192 TI - Accuracy of Bayesian and Sawchuk-Zaske dosing methods for gentamicin. AB - The derived pharmacokinetic variable estimates from a Bayesian aminoglycoside dosing program were compared with those from the Sawchuk-Zaske method to determine which variable estimates were the most accurate in fitting the test dose and in predicting subsequent peak and trough serum concentrations. Data on 17 patients with moderately impaired but stable renal function were analyzed. All patients received gentamicin sulfate for treatment of their infections. To determine the individualized variables using the Bayesian program, demographic data, dosing history, and one (midpoint), two (peak and trough), or four serum drug concentrations were entered into the program. The Sawchuk-Zaske method used three serum concentrations determined following a first dose or four concentrations before and after a subsequent dose to derive individualized pharmacokinetic variables. The estimates of pharmacokinetic variables determined using the Bayesian method with one, two, or four serum concentrations did not differ significantly from those obtained using all the available serum concentrations with the Sawchuk-Zaske method. Although the actual numeric differences of prediction, absolute, and squared errors for fitting the test dose were minimal, significant differences were seen. All methods were similar in predicting serum concentrations from continued dosing. For the prediction error from continued dosing, a slight but significant difference was observed with the Bayesian method using one serum concentration when compared with the other methods. The Bayesian method using one, two, or four serum gentamicin concentrations individualized pharmacokinetic variables as well as the Sawchuk Zaske method. PMID- 3754193 TI - Selected aspects of infection and immunity in the newborn infant. PMID- 3754194 TI - The effects of betamethasone on plasma and intestinal calcium binding protein and on 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 metabolism in the pig. AB - Betamethasone (50 micrograms/kg body weight/day) given to young pigs reduced calcium absorption, growth and plasma vitamin D dependent calcium binding protein (CaBP) concentration. No changes occurred in plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) and intestinal CaBP concentrations. 1,25(OH)2D3 (0.1 microgram/kg body weight/day) given with betamethasone increased calcium absorption although growth and plasma CaBP concentrations remained low. Intestinal CaBP levels remained unchanged. Plasma CaBP concentrations were not consistently related to intestinal CaBP or calcium absorption in the presence of betamethasone. We conclude that betamethasone-induced depression of calcium absorption was not mediated by alterations in intestinal CaBP, but the mechanism remains obscure. PMID- 3754195 TI - A computer model of neck muscle endurance and fatigue as a function of helmet loading. AB - A series of experiments were conducted in which the neck muscles of volunteer subjects were dynamically and statistically loaded by systematic variations of twenty-four headgear configurations consisting of eight different centers-of gravity (CGs) times three different weights. Six subjects would rotate their heads laterally (from side-to-side) for 30 min with each of the headgear loading combinations. Immediately thereafter, the subject would position his head in an isometric head dynamometer and exert a sustained right lateral neck contraction or forward neck contraction at 70% of his maximum strength, during which endurance time (to fatigue) was recorded. The results indicate that the computer model makes reasonable predictions within the boundary conditions. Input data outside the boundary conditions is rejected. The assumption of insensitivity to vertical loading is demonstrated. The assumption of bilateral symmetric response was confirmed for the 1.45 kg and 2.27 kg helmet loads. However, this assumption was not confirmed for the 4.09 kg helmet load. It is concluded from the computer model that aftward, midline loading is the optimal CG location (i.e. maximal endurance) for heavier helmets in the 3-4 km range. PMID- 3754197 TI - Programmable calculator software for computation of the plasma binding of ligands. AB - The computation of the extent of plasma binding of a ligand to plasma constituents using radiolabeled ligand and equilibrium dialysis is complex and tedious. A computer program for the HP-41C Handheld Computer Series (Hewlett Packard) was developed to perform these calculations. The first segment of the program constructs a standard curve for quench correction of post-dialysis plasma and buffer samples, using either external standard ratio (ESR) or sample channels ratio (SCR) techniques. The remainder of the program uses the counts per minute, SCR or ESR, and post-dialysis volume of paired plasma and buffer samples generated from the dialysis procedure to compute the extent of binding after correction for background radiation, counting efficiency, and intradialytic shifts of fluid between plasma and buffer compartments during dialysis. This program greatly simplifies the analysis of equilibrium dialysis data and has been employed in the analysis of dexamethasone binding in normal and uremic sera. PMID- 3754196 TI - The use of the simplex method for the optimisation of non-linear functions on a laboratory microcomputer. AB - The use of the microcomputer for the processing of analytical data in the laboratory is currently increasing. However, computational methods which have been used successfully on minicomputers may not be suitable for microcomputer implementation due to the lack of available precision. This paper describes a technique, namely the simplex method, which may be successfully applied to the processing of laboratory data on an 8-bit microcomputer. The method is used to optimise a non-linear function in order to fit a curve to radioimmunoassay (RIA) and immunoradiometricassay (IRMA) data. The microcomputer package described has been tested on laboratory data and is currently in use in a clinical biochemistry laboratory. PMID- 3754198 TI - Digital simulation of pulmonary microvascular exchange. AB - A previously published analog computer simulation of blood to lymph fluid and protein transport in the human lung [Microvascular Research 27, 51-70 (1984)] has been converted to a digital program. Comparisons have been made between the predictions of the two programs for both transient and steady state responses to perturbations. The advantages of each program are discussed. The FORTRAN simulation, including the input and output files are explained. Copies of the program will be made for anyone who wishes to use it. PMID- 3754199 TI - The gene for clotting factor 10 is mapped to 13q32----qter. AB - The structural gene for the human clotting factor 10 (F10) has been mapped to chromosome 13 with a cDNA probe hybridized to DNAs from a panel of human X hamster hybrids. In situ hybridization was used to assign F10 to region 13q32--- qter of chromosomes from normal human lymphocytes. PMID- 3754200 TI - The recrudescent epidemic of retrolental fibroplasia. AB - We are probably observing a recrudescent epidemic of RLF which has elicited surprisingly little attention from the medical community. Given present data, it is not unreasonable to conclude that there is a true epidemic and that its etiologic basis involves a population of infants with high susceptibility to oxygen toxicity whose oxygen status is being monitored by methods which are not sufficiently accurate to provide the necessary narrow limits of permissible O2 administration. A clinical trial which looked at the outcome of premature infants with and without transcutaneous O2 monitoring would be useful not only to determine the impact on the prevalence of RLF, but also to determine the role of this technology in the management of premature infants generally. PMID- 3754201 TI - [Clinical aspects and pathology of acute and chronic pseudoobstruction of the colon]. AB - The pseudoobstruction corresponds to the condition of an extreme colonic dilatation with possible wall perforation without concrete evidence of a real block. Acute, reversible and chronic types are distinguished. On two examples, clinic and pathology (through autopsy) are extensively described and discussed with literature. The highest risk in acute pseudoobstruction is a wall perforation with stercoral peritonitis. This is mostly fatal. When diagnosed in time, trials of decompression are indicated. The acute pseudoobstruction is mostly observed in traumatic and septic conditions, but also with extreme alcohol abuse and consuming tumorous diseases. Chronic courses of the diseases are often associated with Parkinsonism. In this form of pseudoobstruction, functional disorders of the smooth musculature appear to be present. Electrolyte disorders are to be regarded as consecutive conditions. The mean age is 61 years. There is a slight predominance of the male sex. The cases presented were combined with chronic-granulomatous necrotizing osteomyelitis and lung carcinomas in the acute form, with Parkinsonism in the chronic form, thus corresponding to literature. Altogether this is a rare disease with a frequency about 1 out of 10000 to 15000 patients admitted to surgical departments. PMID- 3754203 TI - Glucocorticoid regulation of DNA, protein and surfactant phospholipid in developing lung. Temporal relationship between growth and differentiation. AB - In contrast to the physiologic effects of glucocorticoids on lung saturated phosphatidylcholine (SPC) production, glucocorticoids have also been shown to inhibit fetal lung growth. We have found that at the time of increasing SPC production by the fetal rabbit, rat and chick lung there is a spontaneous fall in the DNA/protein ratio of the lung tissue, suggesting decreased cell proliferation similar to that which is seen with exogenous glucocorticoid treatment. Treatment of chick embryos with glucocorticoid causes a fall in the DNA/protein ratio and a rise in the SPC content of the lung; the antiglucocorticoid 11-deoxycortisol blocks both the spontaneous fall in the DNA/protein ratio and the rise in the lung SPC content. We conclude that there is a natural slowing of lung growth in response to endogenous glucocorticoid. PMID- 3754202 TI - Calcium absorption from milk in lactase-deficient and lactase-sufficient adults. AB - To determine whether lactose influences the absorption of calcium, the uptake of calcium from lactose-hydrolyzed milk and from unhydrolyzed milk was measured in 20 adults: 10 were lactase-deficient and 10 were lactase-sufficient as defined by breath hydrogen test, plasma glucose determination after oral lactose dose, and presence or absence of symptoms after lactose ingestion. On different days, each subject received either lactose-hydrolyzed or unhydrolyzed milk. Calcium absorption was measured by a double-isotope technique. In the lactase-deficient group, the mean absorptions were 33.5% from hydrolyzed milk and 36.2% from the same volume of unhydrolyzed milk (P greater than 0.30). In the lactase-sufficient group, mean absorptions were 24.2% from hydrolyzed milk and 25.7% from unhydrolyzed milk. The mean calcium absorption from both lactose-hydrolyzed milk and unhydrolyzed milk was significantly greater (P less than 0.01) in the lactase deficient group compared to the lactase-sufficient group, presumably reflecting lower dietary calcium intake in the former. These data indicate that, in lactase deficient subjects, malabsorption of lactose does not affect calcium absorption. PMID- 3754204 TI - Neuroradiologic techniques in the evaluation of lesions of the skull base. PMID- 3754205 TI - Effect of respiratory acidosis on glucose homeostasis in experimental intrauterine growth retardation in rats. AB - Hypoglycemia and asphyxia account for a significant proportion of morbidity in the infant with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in glucose homeostasis in IUGR rats during acute respiratory acidosis. IUGR was produced by bilateral uterine artery ligation at 17 days of gestation in 14 pregnant rats with 23 successfully delivered pups. The normal pups (n = 31) were those whose mothers were sham operated at the same gestational period. The IUGR and normal pups were studied at 2 days of age. One group of pups was studied under room air while another was subjected to 20 min of exposure to a gas mixture of 10% O2/15% CO2, balanced with N2. Gluconeogenesis in the liver and carcass, as well as plasma glucose and catecholamines were determined before and after the exposure to the gas mixture. The results showed that the 2-day-old IUGR rats have lower body weight (P less than 0.001), liver weight (P less than 0.001), plasma glucose (P less than 0.001), and rate of gluconeogenesis (P less than 0.01) when compared with the normally grown rats. During respiratory acidosis, the normally grown rats showed an increase in plasma epinephrine (P less than 0.005) without significant change in plasma glucose and rate of gluconeogenesis. The IUGR rats on the other hand, demonstrated a decrease in rate of gluconeogenesis (P less than 0.02), an increase in plasma glucose (P less than 0.001) while the plasma epinephrine level remained unchanged. We speculate that respiratory acidosis blunted cellular metabolism in the IUGR rat resulting in decreased peripheral glucose utilization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3754206 TI - Reduction of immunoreactive prostacyclin metabolite after paralysis in ventilated preterm infants. AB - Levels of the stable metabolite of prostacyclin, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (6 keto-PGF1 alpha) were measured by radioimmunoassay during the first 48 hours of life in a group of 20 infants ventilated for the respiratory distress syndrome in whom a simultaneous record of respiratory activity was made. 6-Keto-PGF1 alpha was significantly lower when the infants were paralysed (P = 0.0004) than when they were breathing spontaneously. Elimination of the capacity for spontaneous respiration may reduce barotrauma and hence the stimulus for prostacyclin release from the lung. PMID- 3754207 TI - Presentation of an unrecognized lymphoma as esophageal tumor. AB - Malignant lymphomas rarely cause symptomatic esophageal involvement. We describe a patient presenting with the typical clinical and radiological features of an esophageal tumor. Endoscopic findings suggested a malignant tumor different from a carcinoma. Histology and cytology of biopsies revealed a highly malignant non Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Interestingly, further staging procedures revealed a well-differentiated stage IV NHL. Thus, the esophageal tumor must be interpreted as a de-differentiated manifestation of an unrecognized lymphoma of low malignancy. PMID- 3754208 TI - The chemical and enzymatic oxidation of hematohemin IX. Identification of hematobiliverdin IX alpha as the sole product of the enzymatic oxidation. AB - Oxidative cleavage of hematohemin IX in pyridine solution in the presence of ascorbic acid (coupled oxidation), followed by esterification of the products with boron trifluoride/methanol produced the four possible hematobiliverdin dimethyl esters in 11.1% overall yield. Transetherifications took place simultaneously with the esterification reaction and resulted in the formation of the dimethyl ester of hematobiliverdin IX gamma 8a,13a-dimethyl ether (1.8%), the dimethyl ester of hematobiliverdin IX beta 13a,18a-dimethyl ether (1.9%), the dimethyl ester of hematobiliverdin IX delta 8a-monomethyl ether (1.4%), and the dimethyl ester of hematobiliverdin IX alpha 18a-monomethyl ether (0.4%). The latter was the sole product obtained after the enzymatic oxidation of hematohemin with heme oxygenase, after esterification of the reaction product with boron trifluoride/methanol. When the esterification step was omitted hematobiliverdin IX alpha was obtained from the enzymatic oxidation. The structures of the hematobiliverdin derivatives were secured by their NMR and mass spectra data. Saponification of the dimethyl esters afforded the hematobiliverdin methyl ethers, which were excellent substrates of biliverdin reductase and were readily reduced to the corresponding bilirubins. Hematobiliverdin IX alpha was also a good substrate of biliverdin reductase. It is concluded that the enzymatic oxidation of hematohemin IX by heme oxygenase is alpha-selective, while biliverdin reductase shows no selectivity in the reduction of the four hematobiliverdin isomers. PMID- 3754209 TI - Evaluation of the renal scanning agent N-succinyldesferrioxamine B in dogs. AB - The mechanism of the excretion of 67 Ga-N-succinyldesferrioxamine B (SDF) was investigated in five healthy dogs. Comparison of the SDF clearance rates for whole blood and plasma as well as SDF renograms with those of 131 I-o iodohippuric acid (OIH) and 111In-diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid (DTPA) revealed that SDF is cleared by glomerular filtration and not by an active tubular transport mechanism. PMID- 3754210 TI - Effect of lectins on 3H-uridine and 3H-thymidine uptake by cultured renal cell carcinoma and normal renal cells. AB - The effect of lectins on cultured renal cell carcinoma and normal renal cells was studied. Ricin II showed effective inhibition of 3H-uridine and 3H-thymidine uptake by renal cell carcinoma and normal renal cells in all cases. Normal renal cells were more resistant to the inhibitory effect of ricin II as compared to renal cell carcinoma. Concanavalin agglutinin and wheat germ agglutinin led to stimulation of 3H-uridine and 3H-thymidine uptake by renal cell carcinoma and normal renal cells at low concentrations (0.2 micrograms/ml), and to suppression at high concentrations (2 and 20 micrograms/ml). PMID- 3754211 TI - Complement-dependent lysis of Erhlich ascites tumor cells by human serum (ascitolysin) is lowered in cancer patients and raised in pregnant women. AB - Normal human serum has been shown to contain IgM antibodies that are lytic to Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in the presence of complement. We call this activity ascitolysin (AL). Using a 51Cr release assay, the AL titers of 164 normal sera, 211 sera from patients with non-malignant disease, 62 sera from 25 pregnant women and 170 sera from cancer patients were estimated. The patient sera were taken preoperatively, and were assigned to the cancer or non-cancer group after histological diagnosis. In normals, higher titers were found in sera of A and O blood groups but not B and AB. The difference was due to a fraction absorbed by B red blood cells. Sera from untreated cancer patients showed significantly reduced titers when compared to normal, benign tumor, chronic and other non-malignant disease groups. In pregnancy, titers were positively correlated with duration and remained elevated for at least 6 weeks post partum. About 30% of AL activity was absorbed by the free galactose groups of agarose. This fraction was significantly lower in untreated cancer patients. Anti-T antigen antibodies do not contribute to AL levels. Galactophilic blocking factors were also found; eight times more frequently in cancer sera than in normals. The non-absorbed fraction was also lower in cancer sera. The data suggest that AL antibodies may be directed against human oncofetal antigens. PMID- 3754212 TI - The effects of genkwadaphnin and gnidilatidin on the growth of P-388, L-1210 leukemia and KB carcinoma cells in vitro. AB - Daphnane diterpene esters have previously been shown to have antineoplastic activity in vivo against the growth of P-388 lymphocytic leukemia cells. These studies demonstrate cytotoxic activity of genkwadaphnin and gnidilatidin against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia, L-1210 lymphoid leukemia and human KB carcinoma cell growth in vitro. At the ED50 values in the respective tumor lines DNA synthesis was preferentially suppressed in all three cell lines. RNA synthesis was essentially unaffected by the agents. Protein synthesis inhibition by the two agents demonstrated selectivity, e.g. in P-388 cells significant inhibition, in L 1210 cells marginal inhibition and in KB cells no inhibition was observed at these concentrations. Multiple sites in DNA synthesis were found to be inhibited by the daphnane diterpene esters. Two to three times the ED50 concentration in the respective tumor lines was required to observe suppression of DNA synthesis. Purine de novo synthesis appeared to be the major site of inhibition, with inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amido transferase activities being inhibited in all three tissue lines. Dihydrofolate reductase activity was inhibited, significant only in the P-388 and KB cells. The magnitude of the enzyme suppression by the agents varied with the tumor line. However, the degree of enzyme suppression was of sufficient magnitude to account for the observed purine and DNA synthesis inhibition by the daphnane diterpene esters. PMID- 3754213 TI - Morphology of MXT mouse mammary tumors. Correlation with growth characteristics and hormone sensitivity. AB - The transplantable MXT mouse mammary tumor has been a useful tool for studying endocrine mechanisms underlying mammary tumor growth. It is our experience, however, that this model is unstable during serial transplantation. This paper analyses this variability from the viewpoints of histology and estrogen receptor content and indicates that these parameters should always be checked before planning experimental work. It is advised that a more homogeneous material is needed and that this goal should be achieved by clonal selection before transplantation. PMID- 3754214 TI - Chemotherapy in metastatic melanoma: phase II studies of amsacrine, mitoxantrone and bisantrene. AB - In a phase II study 20 patients with measurable metastatic melanoma were treated with amsacrine 120 mg/m2 every 3 weeks. No objective responses were observed. In a separate study 29 patients received mitoxantrone 12-14 mg/m2 every 3-4 weeks. One objective partial response was seen. The drug was well tolerated. Seventeen patients were treated with bisantrene 135-200 mg/m2 weekly. No objective responses were observed. Phlebitis was the major non-hematologic toxicity of bisantrene. These agents are not recommended for treatment of malignant melanoma. PMID- 3754216 TI - Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) has potent analgesic activity in mice. PMID- 3754215 TI - Single dose pharmacokinetics and effects on platelet function of the thromboxane receptor blocker BM 13.177. AB - The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effect on platelet activation of a single 800 mg oral dose of BM 13.177 have been investigated in 8 male volunteers. BM 13.177 disappeared from plasma with a terminal elimination half-life of 0.85 h. 52% of the dose was excreted unchanged in urine. Assuming complete absorption, total clearance was calculated to be 741.3 ml/min and renal clearance to range from 310.4 to 396.9 ml/min. The pharmacodynamic studies were performed ex vivo/in vitro in studies were performed ex vivo/in vitro in platelets stimulated either with methyl mercury chloride or with U 46619. Methyl mercury chloride is a platelet activator that requires TXA2 formation from endogenous arachidonic acid, whereas U 46619 is a stable PGH2 analogue and thromboxane mimetic at the platelet TXA2/PGH2 receptor. A close correlation between the plasma concentration-time profile of BM 13.177 and inhibition of platelet shape change or aggregation was demonstrated. PMID- 3754217 TI - Comparison of the haemodynamic actions of neuropeptide Y, angiotensin II and noradrenaline in anaesthetised cats. AB - Blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, renal flow and femoral flow were recorded in open-chested anaesthetised cats. Dose-response curves were constructed for neuropeptide Y, angiotensin II and noradrenaline after pretreatment with atropine sulphate. Neuropeptide Y, on a molar basis, was 7 and 120 times less potent than noradrenaline and angiotensin, respectively, in producing a 50 mm Hg rise in mean arterial blood pressure. The pressor effect of neuropeptide Y was characterised by dose-dependent increases in total peripheral, renal and femoral resistance with little change in cardiac output. Neuropeptide Y had a similar potency to noradrenaline in causing these resistance changes. However, the pressor response to noradrenaline was associated with a dose dependent increase in cardiac output. The pressor action of neuropeptide Y was not attenuated by adrenoceptor blockade by phenoxybenzamine (5 mg kg-1) and propranolol (1 mg kg-1). PMID- 3754218 TI - Morphometric analysis and topological organization of nuclear matrix in freeze fractured electron microscopy. AB - The ultrastructural organization of nuclear matrix, purified from intact or membrane-denuded rat liver nuclei, has been analysed by means of freeze fracturing technique. This method avoids dehydration and embedding which, in conventional thin sectioning, partly distort or mask the matrix ultrastructure. The various matrix components, and mainly the peripheral lamina and the inner network revealed complex arrangements undetectable with conventional techniques. Morphometric analyses performed with a Texture Analysis System (TAS) Leitz, allowed to obtain precise information on the matrix constituents, based on the histograms of their size distribution. These textural characteristics have been utilized in order to identify, by means of a particular computer programme, the putative matrix localization within intact freeze-fractured nuclei. PMID- 3754219 TI - Evidence for haploid expression of mouse testicular genes. AB - Hybridization of RNA blots of total testicular RNA from prepuberal and sexually mature CD1 mice with several mouse testicular cDNA probes reveals that the mRNA encoding the two mouse protamines, an actin sequence of 1.5 kb, and a post meiotically expressed 620 nucleotide mRNA are first detected in the testes of mice 22 days of age. These experiments and other studies analysing RNA preparations from isolated populations of testicular cell types with cDNA probes [1, 2] demonstrate that haploid gene expression occurs in the mammalian testis. PMID- 3754220 TI - An anti-carbohydrate monoclonal antibody inhibits cell-substratum adhesion of F9 embryonal carcinoma cells. AB - A monoclonal rat IgM antibody (4C9) raised against F9 embryonal carcinoma cells reacted with fucosyl residues in poly-N-acetyllactosamine-type large carbohydrates of these cells (embryoglycan). The chemical properties and distribution of the antigen resembled those of SSEA-1. The monoclonal antibody was found to inhibit cell-substratum adhesion of F9 cells: in the presence of the antibody, cells grew as spherical cell aggregates on plastic dishes. When the antibody was added to the already spread cells, they displayed the initial sign of rounding up within 3 h; the rounding process was largely completed within 6 h. After removal of the antibody, cells resumed their normal morphology. The antibody could act in the presence of 2,4-dinitrophenol. In serum-free medium, F9 cells spread on plastic dishes coated with fibronectin or with laminin, and the process was also inhibited by the antibody. Immuno-electronmicroscopy revealed that 4C9 antigen was diffusely distributed over the cell surface of F9 cells. The distribution of the antigen was not altered generally after culturing with the antibody for 6 h. Another monoclonal rat IgM antibody, which did not react with embryoglycan and resembled anti-Forssman, did not inhibit cell-substratum adhesion of F9 cells, in spite of its reactivity to the cells. Thus, a glycoprotein with fucosyl (poly)-N-acetyllactosamine structure appears to be involved in cell-substratum adhesion of F9 cells. PMID- 3754221 TI - Direct retinal pathways to the limbic thalamus of the monkey. AB - Tritiated proline, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to HRP (WGA-HRP) were used as anterograde tracers in the monkey to reveal visual pathways. After intravitreal injections, three separate, direct routes of labeled retinal axons were followed to the thalamus. These routes eventually converged to innervate the lateral dorsal and anterodorsal thalamic nuclei. Thus, retinal input may reach the posterior cingulate cortex after a single synapse in lateral and anterior thalamic nuclei. PMID- 3754222 TI - Relation between myelin sheath thickness, internode geometry, and sheath resistance. AB - The thickness of the myelin sheath of nerve fibers was traditionally assessed solely as a function of axon caliber. Studies concerning the additional effect of variation in internode length are of relatively recent date. Carefully calibrated measurements of sheath thickness and internode geometry were used in this study to define an equation to predict the approximate number of lamellae from axon caliber and internode length, for normal and regenerated peripheral nerve fibers, and for fibers from hypomyelinated murine mutants. The definition of sheath thickness thus obtained was compared with different assumptions on the biophysical nature of myelin sheath resistance. The observed relations between sheath thickness and internode geometry were not compatible with an effective adjustment of sheath thickness to a radial flow of current across the sheath. Conversely, sheath thickness was found to vary in such a way that the resistance of the spiral path between the lamellae was matched precisely to axonal current density. The calculated resistance of the spiral leakage path, furthermore, was equal to measured sheath resistance. This new concept reconciles low sheath resistance with a high resistance of the myelin leaflet, yielding, at the same time, a fine tuning of sheath resistance to variations of internode geometry. PMID- 3754223 TI - Effects of isaxonine phosphate and analogs on fibroblast metabolism in culture. AB - Human skin fibroblasts in confluent cultures were incubated for 24 h in the presence of isaxonine phosphate (Nerfactor) and several related factors. The incorporation of 14C-proline into secreted proteins and the release of collagen into the medium were inhibited. When the cells were incubated for an additional period of 24 h after thorough washing, protein and collagen syntheses were found to be identical to those of controls, demonstrating that the inhibition of protein synthesis was independent of any toxic effect. When cells were incubated in the presence of both isaxonine and colchicine, the secretion of collagen was more inhibited than by colchicine alone, and proteins accumulated in the cells. PMID- 3754225 TI - On asking the right questions. AB - Despite the vast array of theoretical formulations now available, none is sufficiently well developed. Some of the philosophical questions thrown up by such material are posed. Under the heading of "Discourse," the questions of what constitutes reasonableness and how logical validity is established are raised. Under the heading of "Epistemology," the nature of concept formulation and causality is raised. Under the heading of "Language," the nature of linguistic representation and artificially constructed language or "artificial intelligence" is raised. It is suggested that these and other issues in the philosophy of science require the urgent attention of family therapy theorists. PMID- 3754224 TI - Cannflavin A and B, prenylated flavones from Cannabis sativa L. AB - Two novel prenylated flavones, termed Cannflavin A and B, were isolated from the cannabinoid free ethanolic extract of Cannabis sativa L. Both compounds inhibited prostaglandin E2 production by human rheumatoid synovial cells in culture. PMID- 3754227 TI - Disc systems and spreadsheets. PMID- 3754226 TI - The primary structure of ornithine aminotransferase. Identification of active site sequence and site of post-translational proteolysis. AB - Tentative assignments of functional residues in rat liver mitochondrial ornithine aminotransferase have recently been made using the amino acid sequence deduced from a cDNA clone [(1985) J.Biol.Chem. 260, 12993-12997]. Partial sequences obtained using the pure mature protein demonstrate that one of these assignments, that of Lys 292 as the residue that binds the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate, is correct. However, the identification of the Glu 34-Gln 35 bond as the site of post-translational proteolysis is in error. This cleavage occurs instead at Ala 25-Thr 26. PMID- 3754228 TI - Multiple actions of a novel vaginal contraceptive compound, ORF 13904. AB - ORF 13904, a sulfonated polystyrene polymer possessing potent vaginal contraceptive activity, was tested in vitro and in vivo to investigate its mechanism of action. Observations of rabbit spermatozoa when mixed with the compound in buffered saline confirmed that the compound is not spermicidal and showed that the cells rapidly and irreversibly agglutinate. Seminal plasma did not compromise the effects of the drug, but rather enhanced them. When spermatozoa were suspended in solutions containing ORF 13904 and then washed thoroughly to remove excess drug, human spermatozoa could not penetrate bovine cervical mucus in vitro and rabbit spermatozoa could not achieve fertilization after artificial insemination in vivo, suggesting that the drug either adheres to the sperm surface or irreversibly compromises sperm function. Biochemical analysis showed that ORF 13904 is also a potent acrosin inhibitor. These experiments suggest that ORF 13904 has several mechanisms of action, including the ability to agglutinate spermatozoa, alter sperm-cervical mucus interaction, and inhibit sperm acrosin. PMID- 3754229 TI - Decreased protein C levels in patients with insulin-dependent type I diabetes mellitus. AB - The plasma levels of protein C were investigated in 54 type I diabetic patients without retinopathy and in 14 diabetic patients with diabetic retinopathy and compared with the findings in 35 sex- and age-matched healthy control subjects. In the total group of type I diabetic patients, protein C was significantly less than in the controls. The lowest levels of protein C were found in diabetic patients with the poorest metabolic control. Protein C levels showed a significant negative correlation with the blood glucose levels, but they were not correlated with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Although patients with retinopathy showed the least decrease of the plasma level of protein C among the diabetic subjects, the ratio of protein C to factor II was significantly decreased compared with the control subjects. Because the levels of coagulation factor II were not reduced in diabetic patients, the reduction of protein C seems to be caused, not by reduced synthesis in the liver, but more likely by an increased clearance from the blood plasma. The decrease of protein C in the plasma of type I diabetic patients indicates an abnormal, probably hypercoagulable, hemostatic situation in this disorder. PMID- 3754230 TI - Pancreatic secretion in man with subclinical vitamin D deficiency. AB - The effects of subclinical vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D supplementation on oral glucose tolerance and secretion of pancreatic hormones were studied in 10 diphenylhydantoin-treated epileptic patients and 15 geriatric patients. Their mean serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 decreased markedly, but returned to normal within 2 weeks of oral supplementation with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. The serum concentration of ionized calcium was within the normal range before treatment, and remained unchanged. Serum parathyroid hormone was increased during vitamin D deficiency, but decreased significantly (p less than 0.05) afterwards. In vitamin D-deficient epileptic and geriatric patients, the 2- and 3-h insulin levels after glucose ingestion were increased when compared with control values, and glucagon secretion was not suppressed by glucose. Oral glucose tolerance of both groups of patients did not change after 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 supplementation. Insulin secretion remained unchanged in geriatric patients, but was reduced to normal values in epileptic patients. Glucagon suppressibility by glucose was partly restored after vitamin D supplementation in epileptic patients but not in geriatric patients. In contrast to that observed in severely vitamin D-deficient rats or rabbits, correction of subclinical vitamin D deficiency failed to enhance insulin secretion or to improve glucose tolerance in man. PMID- 3754231 TI - [Fatal fulminant hepatitis probably due to Plethoryl]. PMID- 3754232 TI - [Cytological variants of lymphosarcoma in children]. PMID- 3754234 TI - Phase II trials of cisplatin and piperazinedione in advanced or recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. AB - Thirty-eight patients with advanced or recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva no longer amenable to control with surgery and/or radiotherapy were entered onto one of two phase II studies. One was deemed ineligible because of a primary site of origin other than vulva. Of the remaining 37, 13 patients received piperazinedione 9 mg/m2 iv every 3 weeks. No objective regressions were observed. Five patients were judged to have had stable disease, while eight demonstrated increasing disease. The other 24 patients received cisplatin 50 mg/m2 iv every 3 weeks. Of the 22 who were evaluable for response because of the presence of measurable disease, no objective regression of disease was observed. Ten had stable disease, while the remaining 12 had increasing disease. Adverse effects were tolerable for each study agent and were essentially those reported in other series for these two drugs. These results suggest that neither agent is active in advanced or recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva at least at the dose and schedule tested. PMID- 3754233 TI - Effect of cimetidine and pirenzepine in combination on 24 hour intragastric acidity in subjects with previous duodenal ulceration. AB - Intragastric pH was monitored during 24 hours in eight volunteers with duodenal ulcer disease in remission, while on placebo, cimetidine 400 mg bd, pirenzepine 50 mg bd, cimetidine 400 mg bd + pirenzepine 50 mg bd, cimetidine 200 mg bd + pirenzepine 25 mg bd. The control of intragastric acidity during the 24 hour period by the combination of low dose cimetidine and pirenzepine was significantly better than with cimetidine, or pirenzepine alone in full dosage. This difference was most apparent after breakfast but was still present after lunch when cimetidine had no significant effect. Combination treatment is a logical approach when continuous control of intragastric acidity is needed, but a three times daily regimen will be necessary to cover the 24 hours. PMID- 3754235 TI - New perspectives on liver regeneration. PMID- 3754236 TI - Antitrust charges fail to slow PPA action by insurer. PMID- 3754237 TI - Assignment of the human homologue of Pim-1, a mouse gene implicated in leukemogenesis, to the pter-q12 region of chromosome 6. AB - Viral leukemogenesis in mice is frequently initiated by proviral activation of a highly conserved cellular gene called Pim-1. Here we report the chromosomal localization of the human homologue by Southern blot analyses of DNAs obtained from human-rodent somatic cell hybrids. The single copy human homologue was assigned to the 6pter-q12 segment. PMID- 3754238 TI - Software system for neuron classification based on simple parameters. PMID- 3754239 TI - Cohort study analysis with a FORTRAN computer program. AB - We describe the analysis of cohort study data with a standard FORTRAN program which should run on most computers. It provides a summary measure of the mortality (or incidence) rate ratio between the study cohort and some standard population, based either on person-years at risk or on proportional mortality, and adjusted for age, sex and calendar period; a test of the statistical significance of the ratio; and a set of observed death rates in the study cohort. Results may also be produced in a form suitable for use with GLIM. The analysis may be subdivided into a range of time intervals since each subject was first exposed to risk. The program provides for movement of subjects between different 'level-of-exposure' subgroups within the cohort, and for various methods of censoring. It allows considerable flexibility in data management, and is available with complete documentation and a worked example. The program should enable epidemiologists with little computing experience to carry out formal analysis of cohort studies. PMID- 3754240 TI - Personal computer needs for the radiologist. AB - This article reviews the computer system hardware and software, applications programs, and computer network services that are available on microcomputers for use by the radiologist. The American College of Radiology Institute computer network is described, which is specifically designed to help the practicing radiologist. PMID- 3754241 TI - Decorporation of Pu and Am from beagles with delayed daily injections of 3,4,3 LICAM(C) or Zn-DTPA. PMID- 3754242 TI - Interaction of hemoglobin Siriraj with hemoglobin S: a mild sickle cell syndrome. AB - Hb Siriraj is a beta chain variant in which beta 7 (A4) Glu is replaced by a lysine. It has been encountered in association with Hb S in a black man from Martinique. Some properties of Hb Siriraj are compared, particularly, with Hb C [alpha 2 beta 26(A3)Glu----Lys], and a study of its in vitro interaction with Hb S is discussed. PMID- 3754243 TI - Hb Chapel Hill or alpha 274(EF3)Asp----Gly beta 2 observed in a Chinese family in association with beta-thalassemia. PMID- 3754244 TI - Hb Himeji or beta 140 (H18) Ala----Asp. A slightly unstable hemoglobin with increased beta N-terminal glycation. AB - A fast-moving abnormal hemoglobin found in a diabetic patient was identified as beta 140 (H18) Ala----Asp. It comprised about 40% of the total hemoglobin. The beta N-terminal glycation in the abnormal hemoglobin was estimated to be 3 times as much as that in Hb A in the same blood sample. The abnormal hemoglobin was slightly unstable. Oxygen affinity of the stripped hemoglobin was decreased, but that of red cells from the carrier was slightly higher than normal because of the reduced effect of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. PMID- 3754245 TI - Hb Owari [alpha 121 (H 4) Val----Met]: a new hemoglobin variant with a neutral-to neutral amino acid substitution detected by isoelectric focusing. AB - An abnormal hemoglobin, Hb Owari [alpha 121 (H 4) Val----Met], was discovered in seven Japanese. This variant was isoelectrofocused to the site between the Hb A and Hb F bands and amounted to 12.7-19.0% of the total hemoglobin in the hemolysate. This hemoglobin showed normal functional properties. PMID- 3754246 TI - Hemoglobin Woodville: alpha (2)6(A4) aspartic acid----tyrosine. AB - Hemoglobin Woodville was detected in a Vietnamese woman during antenatal and cord blood screening programs for families of South East Asian origin. The variant constitutes 9% of total hemoglobin and structural analysis demonstrated the substitution alpha 6 Asp----Tyr. Hematological data on the proposita were normal. No apparent clinical or pathological findings were associated with this abnormal hemoglobin. PMID- 3754247 TI - Some notes about Hb Q-India and Hb Q-Iran. PMID- 3754248 TI - Autoradiographic studies with 3H dihydrotestosterone in the brain of sex reversed mice, heterozygous for androgen insensitive testicular feminization (Tfm). A comparison with normal female mice and sex reversed male mice. AB - Specific binding sites for 3H dihydrotestosterone are demonstrated by autoradiography in brain nuclei of sex reversed mice heterozygous for testicular feminization (Tfm) which are phenotypically intersexes with testes and accessory sex glands that consist of a mosaic of androgen insensitive Tfm cells which lack specific dihydrotestosterone binding and androgen sensitive normal cells. The nuclear group evaluated include: nucleus (n.) septi lateralis, n. interstitialis striae terminalis, n. medialis amygdalae, the hypothalamic n. arcuatus, n. ventromedialis lateralis, n. pre-mammillaris ventralis, n. preopticus medialis, and nuclei of the cranial nerves VII, X, and XII. In the sex reversed males and the female, used as controls, the frequency of neurons with specific DHT binding show a distinct male-female difference in the caudal part of the arcuate nucleus. In the sex reversed Tfm heterozygotes, in all brain nuclei studied, the frequency of labeled neurons is reduced. The extent of reduction of androgen binding in the different brain nuclei varies among as well as within individual sex reversed Tfm heterozygotes, suggesting variations of the ratio of normal to Tfm neurons in sex reversed Tfm heterozygotes. The differentially reduced androgen binding of different brain systems corresponds to a differentially reduced androgen dependent behaviour reported in the literature. PMID- 3754249 TI - Quantitative determination of platelet surface alloantigens using a monoclonal probe. AB - A monoclonal antibody with specificity for the Fc portion of IgG was used to determine the number of IgG alloantibody molecules bound at saturation to alloantigens of the PlA1 and HLA systems on normal human platelets. In preliminary studies, it was found that the number of cell-bound IgG molecules recognized by this probe correlates well with the number measured by electroimmunoassay, an independent measure of alloantibody binding. PlA1-positive platelets could be divided into two groups binding 34,000-43,000 or 19,000-24,000 alloantibody molecules. Family studies and studies with a cytolytic assay showed that the former group is homozygous and the latter heterozygous for PlA1. Because the number of glycoprotein IIIa (GPIIIa) molecules carrying the PlA1 determinant on the surface of normal platelets is thought to be about 40,000, these findings suggest that each GPIIIa molecule carries one PlA1 determinant. The number of class I HLA molecules expressed on normal platelets was considerably smaller than the number of PlA1 determinants, ranging from 4400 to 10,000 (HLA-A2), 870 to 8400 (Bw4), and 1300 to 5800 (Bw6). Preliminary analysis indicates that stronger or weaker expression of Bw4 and of Bw6 correlates with certain "private" HLA-B determinants carried on the HLA-B molecule as found in previous studies using an indirect method to measure alloantigen density. These findings appear to explain why antibodies reactive with platelet-specific antigens such as PlA1 react more strongly with platelets than HLA-specific antibodies in most serologic tests. The weak expression of HLA determinants on platelets of some subjects may account for the less than perfect correlation between in vitro compatibility tests and post transfusion platelet survivals observed in most studies. PMID- 3754250 TI - Production of novel antibiotic, dopsisamine, by a new subspecies of Nocardiopsis mutabilis with multiple antibiotic resistance. AB - An actinomycete isolate designated as TS-1980 with multiple resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics was found to produce novel antibiotics. The strain showed taxonomic features identical to the type strain of Nocardiopsis mutabilis except for the temperature range for growth and the utilization of mannitol and raffinose. Based on the capability of growing at lower temperature range, the strain was named N. mutabilis subsp. cryophilis subsp. nov. Physico-chemical and biological characterization of a purified antibiotic revealed its novel polyamine type nature with a broad antimicrobial activity. The antibiotic was named dopsisamine. PMID- 3754251 TI - Isolation and properties of valanimycin, a new azoxy antibiotic. AB - Valanimycin, a new azoxy antibiotic, was isolated from culture broths of a streptomycete. Valanimycin is an unstable oil at room temperature and active against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, mouse leukemia L1210 cells in cultures, and prolongs the life span of mice inoculated with Ehrlich carcinoma or L1210. PMID- 3754252 TI - PD 116,152, a novel phenazine antitumor antibiotic. Discovery, fermentation, culture characterization and biological activity. AB - A novel phenazine antitumor antibiotic is described, produced by Streptomyces lomondensis subsp. galanosa NRRL 15738. The antibiotic is selectively active versus the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae (MIC less than 0.46 microgram/ml); the antitumor activity versus murine P388 leukemia is T/C 149. PMID- 3754253 TI - Uptake of lung surfactant subfractions into lamellar bodies of adult rabbit lungs. AB - The goals of this investigation were to determine whether subfractions of alveolar surfactant that have different physical and biochemical properties are preferentially taken up from the alveolar air space into lamellar bodies and to correlate the magnitude of the uptake with the properties of the fractions. Radiolabeled subfractions were obtained by differential centrifugation of lavage fluid from rabbits that had been intravenously injected with radioactive palmitate. The subfractions were P (pellet) 3 (1,000 g, 20 min), P4 (60,000 g, 60 min), P5 (100,000 g, 16 h). Subfractions were instilled into the lungs of anesthetized spontaneously breathing adult rabbits, and lavage and lamellar body fractions were isolated at later times. P3 and P4 were taken up to a larger extent than was P5 or liposomes prepared from a P4 lipid extract. The fractions that were preferentially taken up (P3 and P4) contained surfactant apoprotein (APO) 36, tubular myelin, multilamellar vesicles, and were rapidly adsorbed to an air-water interface. P3 also contained APO 10. These results demonstrate that different forms of surfactant are recycled at different rates and suggest that there is specificity in the recycling process. PMID- 3754254 TI - Data base management in a large cost-recovery laboratory. PMID- 3754255 TI - Occurrence of tetrodotoxin and anhydrotetrodotoxin in Vibrio sp. isolated from the intestines of a xanthid crab, Atergatis floridus. AB - Vibrio sp. isolated from a xanthid crab, Atergatis floridus, was cultured, and tetrodotoxin (TTX) and anhydroTTX were indicated to be present in several fractions of the cell extract and the culture medium by reverse phase HPLC. The presence of the C9-base in alkaline hydrolyzates of these fractions was confirmed by GC-MS and UV spectrometry. These results showed the production of TTX and anhydroTTX in the Vibrio sp., thus indicating one of the origins of TTX in nature. PMID- 3754256 TI - The effect of divalent metal ions on the electrophoretic mobility of bovine prothrombin and bovine prothrombin fragment 1. AB - Examination of metal ion-dependent effects on the electrophoretic mobility of bovine prothrombin and fragment 1 provides a useful and sensitive method for investigation of conformational processes in these proteins. Utilization of this method reveals a conformational change in bovine prothrombin and fragment 1 which occurs at low metal ion concentrations. Equilibrium dialysis studies indicate that the metal ion-induced shape change occurs concomitant with binding of a single calcium ion/molecule of prothrombin or fragment 1. Mixed metal electrophoretic mobility studies with Mg2+ and Ca2+ have demonstrated the "synergistic" effect for fragment 1 observed by others. Mixed metal equilibrium dialysis has provided experimental support for this observation and allows us to conclude that two tight Ca2+ sites are not affected by low Mg2+ concentrations and that the third Ca2+ site is also a tight site for Mg2+. Thus, at low Mg2+ concentrations and upon the addition of Ca2+, there are effectively three tight sites; consequently more Ca2+ will bind to the protein at lower total Ca2+ ion concentrations. PMID- 3754257 TI - Hydrolysis of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine small unilamellar vesicles by porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2. AB - The hydrolysis of small unilamellar vesicles made of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcoline by pancreatic phospholipase A2 has been studied under various conditions of temperature and enzyme and substrate concentration using the following three different experimental protocols. When the enzyme was added to the substrate vesicles after being separately adjusted to the temperature of the experiments hydrolysis occurred instantaneously only in the temperature range where the lipid is known to exist in its gel phase, while above the transition range no hydrolysis occurred. Within the transition range, the time course of hydrolysis was characterized by initial very slow rate of hydrolysis (latency phase) followed by an abrupt increase in the rate after a time tau, which is a complex function of temperature and enzyme to substrate ratio. When an enzyme-substrate mixture was first preincubated below Tm and then temperature jumped to a temperature above or within the transition range, the latency phase was markedly shortened. When the temperature jump was to the transition range, this effect is observed even if Ca2+ is absent in the preincubation mixture. However, instantaneous hydrolysis was observed upon temperature jumping the mixture to a temperature high above Tm only if Ca2+ was present in the preincubation medium. In temperature-scanning experiments, hydrolysis was followed while changing the temperature of the enzyme-substrate mixture continuously. Heating an enzyme-substrate mixture from room temperature resulted in an abrupt onset of hydrolysis when the transition range was approached. These results lead us to conclude that two distinctly different steps precede rapid hydrolysis of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine small unilamellar vesicles by pancreatic phospholipase A2: a Ca2+-independent binding of the enzyme to the substrate vesicles, which for chemically pure bilayers occurs best in the gel phase. This step is followed by a Ca2+-dependent activation of the initially formed enzyme-substrate complex. The latter step only occurs under conditions where the bilayer possesses packing irregularities and probably involves a reorganization of the enzyme-substrate complex. At least one of these two steps appears to involve enzyme-enzyme interaction. PMID- 3754259 TI - Mapping of surface area 'containment' of the femoral head during walking. AB - This note describes a mathematical method for the calculation of surface area of the femoral head covered ('contained') by the acetabulum as a time-dependent function. It uses displacement vectors from the center of rotation of the hip joint to the femoral joint surface, and rotates these vectors in small increments to simulate the desired motion. At each interval, the vectors are tested to determine whether they lie within the coverage area of the acetabulum. The result is a containment density plot which displays coverage area as a function of time. The general method is used in a variety of clinically important situations, and an example of its use in the study of abduction bracing is described. PMID- 3754258 TI - Hydrolysis of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine large unilamellar vesicles by porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2. AB - The interaction between dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine large unilamellar vesicles and porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2 has been studied under a variety of conditions. It was found that the presence of large unilamellar vesicles inhibits the hydrolysis of small unilamellar vesicles at room temperature, and reaction calorimetric experiments showed that protein-lipid interactions in the absence of Ca2+ occur in the gel state with a stoichiometry of about 40 phospho-lipid molecules/protein-binding site. However, hydrolysis can be induced in the gel state under conditions of osmotic shock. On the other hand, hydrolysis is usually observed within the lipid transition temperature range, but then it occurs only after a latency phase during which the hydrolysis is very slow. The duration of this latency phase reaches a minimum near the phase transition temperature. However, if the enzyme-substrate mixture is heated from low temperatures (continuously or by a temperature jump) to a temperature within the phase transition region, hydrolysis occurs instantaneously. These results are in accordance with the conclusions of the preceding paper (Menashe, M., Romero, G., Biltonen, R. L., and Lichtenberg, D. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 5328-5333) that effective binding of the enzyme to lipid vesicles occurs relatively rapidly in the gel state and that activation of the enzyme-substrate complex requires the existence of structural irregularities in the lipid bilayer. Although hydrolysis products may have a pronounced effect on the time course of the reaction in the transition range, instantaneous hydrolysis can be induced in the phase transition region in the absence of reaction products by appropriate manipulation of the experimental conditions during which no reaction products are produced. Thus reaction products are not essential for activation of porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2. Furthermore, it is shown that the fraction of lipid hydrolyzed during the latency period is a function of the initial substrate concentration in a manner inconsistent with the proposition that the accumulation of a constant critical fraction of reaction products is the basis for activation. Comparison of the results of this study with those of the preceding paper strongly support the previously proposed reaction scheme. PMID- 3754260 TI - Open and closed meniscectomy. A comparative analysis. AB - We reviewed 230 patients an average of 34 months after they had undergone partial or total meniscectomy by surgeons of different experience in a busy unit. Open and arthroscopic meniscectomies were compared. Arthroscopic partial meniscectomy resulted in a significant reduction of inpatient stay and earlier return to work and sport. Analysis of the type of meniscal damage showed that arthroscopic removal of "bucket handles" achieved better results than open techniques. Comparatively poor results were found for lateral meniscectomy. PMID- 3754261 TI - Collagen gene expression during limb cartilage differentiation. AB - As limb mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes, they initiate the synthesis of type II collagen and cease synthesizing type I collagen. Changes in the cytoplasmic levels of type I and type II collagen mRNAs during the course of limb chondrogenesis in vivo and in vitro were examined using cloned cDNA probes. A striking increase in cytoplasmic type II collagen mRNA occurs coincident with the crucial condensation stage of chondrogenesis in vitro, in which prechondrogenic mesenchymal cells become closely juxtaposed before depositing a cartilage matrix. Thereafter, a continuous and progressive increase in the accumulation of cytoplasmic type II collagen mRNA occurs which parallels the progressive accumulation of cartilage matrix by cells. The onset of overt chondrogenesis, however, does not involve activation of the transcription of the type II collagen gene. Low levels of type II collagen mRNA are present in the cytoplasm of prechondrogenic mesenchymal cells at the earliest stages of limb development, well before the accumulation of detectable levels of type II collagen. Type I collagen gene expression during chondrogenesis is regulated, at least in part, at the translational level. Type I collagen mRNAs are present in the cytoplasm of differentiated chondrocytes, which have ceased synthesizing detectable amounts of type I collagen. PMID- 3754262 TI - Killer cell activity and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity are normal in Hashimoto's disease. AB - Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) is the process by which antibodies interact with killer cells to effect cell lysis, whereas natural killing (NK) refers to the ability of peripheral blood killer cells to lyse target cells in the absence of specific antibody. The purpose of the present study was to determine if either NK cells or ADCC might play a role in the development of Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HD) by testing the ability of killer cells to cause lysis of K562 erythroleukemia tumor cells and human thyrocytes in the presence and absence of serum from normal and HD patients. Using K562 target cells, NK activity was 70 +/- 4% (mean +/- SEM) for HD effector cells and 66 +/- 5% for normal effector cells at an effector to target ratio of 100:1. Similarly, with thyrocytes as targets, effector cells from HD patients (38 +/- 3%) and normal subjects (34 +/- 5%) caused comparable lysis (at an effector to target ratio of 100:1). Using K562 target cells, ADCC was 35% when effector cells from HD or normal subjects were coincubated with either normal or HD sera. Using thyrocyte target cells, lysis was about 25-30%, but, again, no differences were found between HD and normal effector cells or serum. There was a significant correlation between lysis for K562 and thyrocyte target cells, but there was no significant correlation between the titer of serum antithyroid microsomal antibodies and specific lysis. Intrathyroidal lymphocytes and peripheral lymphocytes from one patient with HD caused comparable lysis of labeled thyrocyte targets, as did normal peripheral lymphocytes. We conclude that ADCC and NK activities in peripheral lymphocytes were normal in HD patients and, therefore, may not have a primary role in mediating thyrocyte destruction in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. PMID- 3754263 TI - Serum triiodothyronine to thyroxine ratio: a newly recognized predictor of the outcome of hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease. AB - Patients with untreated hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease have a proportionally greater increase in the serum T3 than in the T4 concentration and, therefore, have an elevation of the serum T3 to T4 ratio. The aim of this study was to investigate the alterations of the serum T3 to T4 ratio in relation to the outcome of antithyroid drug therapy. Of 47 patients with hyperthyroid Graves' disease, 37 patients had a serum T3 to T4 ratio greater than 20 ng/micrograms before therapy (normal range, 12-20; mean, 16.0). In 7 of 37 patients, serum T3 to T4 ratios remained high during a 2-yr course of antithyroid drug therapy, and in 6 of them (86%), hyperthyroidism recurred after cessation of drug therapy. In the remaining 30 patients, the initial high serum T3 to T4 ratios decreased to normal (less than 20) during treatment, and 15 of them (50%) had a remission of the disease after cessation of the drug. Of the 10 patients with initial serum T3 to T4 ratios within the normal range, this ratio remained normal during treatment, and 8 (80%) had a remission. Goiter size was larger in patients with high serum T3 to T4 ratios, and a reduction of goiter size occurred in some patients (57%) with decreasing serum T3 to T4 ratios. The serum T3 to T4 ratio is a simple and useful predictor of the outcome of antithyroid drug therapy in patients with Graves' disease. A ratio greater than 20 throughout therapy indicates that the likelihood of relapse is high, and a ratio below 20 either initially or during therapy is an indicator of prolonged remission. PMID- 3754264 TI - Strain characterization and grouping of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli by interaction with lectins. AB - Strains of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli were characterized and grouped by their distinct reaction patterns with lectins. Heating of the Campylobacter cultures to 100 degrees C and holding for 30 to 60 min greatly enhanced their reactivity with lectins and permitted the grouping of all but 3 of 155 cultures tested in this study without interference of autoagglutination and other nonspecific activities. The lectin reaction patterns of the heated cultures were stable and reproducible. They were strain specific and independent of the heat-stable antigenic types. The lectin-reactive sites of C. jejuni and C. coli may be useful as additional markers for strain characterization. Based on these observations, a simple slide agglutination procedure is described for differentiating strains of C. jejuni and C. coli by their interaction with a selected group of commercially available lectins. PMID- 3754265 TI - Gellan gum as a substitute for agar in leptospiral media. AB - An albumin polysorbate semisolid medium (Ellinghausen McCullough Johnson Harris medium) gelled with gellan gum (Gelrite; Kelco Div., Merck & Co., Inc.) compared favorably with conventional agar media for the cultivation of both pathogenic and saprophytic leptospires. The gellan gum medium supported the growth of all 18 leptospiral strains studied which included an array of serovars with various fastidious growth characteristics. Gellan gum medium was also used advantageously as a long-term maintenance medium; 9- to 12-month-old cultures still contained viable organisms. The colonial growth in gellan gum plating medium of six representative strains was consistent with previously described colonial growth on agar plating media. In addition, gellan gum medium appeared to be an excellent medium for the recovery of leptospires from the blood, liver, and kidneys of hamsters experimentally infected with a virulent Leptospira interrogans serovar bataviae strain. As few as 1 to 10 organisms in the infective tissue could be recovered in semisolid Ellinghausen McCullough Johnson Harris-gellan gum medium. The antigenicity did not appear to be affected by growth in gellan gum medium. The hamster-virulent strain of L. interrogans serovar bataviae isolated from a moribund hamster maintained its virulence after 10 sequential passages in gellan gum medium. Gellan gum medium can be a valuable adjunct to currently used cultural procedures. PMID- 3754266 TI - Tentative disk diffusion susceptibility interpretive criteria for BMY-28142, a new cephalosporin. AB - A total of 750 bacterial isolates, including 37 different species, were tested for susceptibility to BMY-28142 by standardized broth microdilution and disk diffusion tests. The zone diameter interpretive criteria tentatively suggested for the 30-micrograms BMY-28142 disk are as follows: susceptible = greater than or equal to 18 mm (MIC less than or equal to 8.0 micrograms/ml), resistant = less than or equal to 14 mm (MIC greater than or equal to 32 micrograms/ml), and indeterminate = 15 to 17 mm. PMID- 3754267 TI - National survey of dermatologists and residency training program directors on dermatology's role in treating sexually transmitted diseases. AB - Sexually transmitted diseases have increased in both prevalence and public concern over recent years; however, current treatment of sexually transmitted diseases remains fragmented among several specialty groups. In this study, dermatologists, who historically were the leaders in the treatment of sexually transmitted disease, were surveyed to assess their training, practice activity, and attitudes toward sexually transmitted disease. An overwhelming majority of dermatologists and training program directors stated that most sexually transmitted diseases should be treated primarily by dermatologists. Factors that restricted dermatologists' involvement in sexually transmitted diseases included inadequate public awareness of dermatology's role in treating these diseases, the limited number of direct patient visits, and limited physician referrals. This study indicates that dermatologists want to increase their role in sexually transmitted disease and favor making the public aware of their interest and ability. PMID- 3754268 TI - The relative induction of mixed-function oxidase specific activity to C-H and C C1 bond strengths in polychlorinated derivatives of dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDDs). AB - The structure-activity relationships between the mixed-function oxidase (MFO) system and six polychlorinated derivatives of dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDDs) were studied using Sprague Dawley rats. The study was set up in accordance with previous work in these laboratories involving monocyclic hydrocarbons. Three possible mechanisms at the MFO active site are proposed. C-H bond hydroxylation in low chlorine substituted PCDDs, and probable expoxidation in the intermediate chlorinated species including 2378 tetrachlorodibenzodioxin. Benzo[a]pyrene activity induced by some PCDDs appears irrelevant to the desired metabolic result. PMID- 3754269 TI - Suppression of natural killer cell activity by human seminal plasma in vitro: identification of 19-OH-PGE as the suppressor factor. AB - Human seminal plasma (SP) was found to contain a potent suppressor of human natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxic activity against the K562 erythroleukemia target in vitro. Pooled and filter-sterilized SP reduced the NK cell activity of normal blood donors in a concentration-dependent manner; strong reduction of target cell lysis was observed at a final dilution of 1/400. Possible toxic effects of SP on NK cells were ruled out, because donor leukocytes incubated in a final SP dilution of 1/100 remained greater than 99 percent viable as determined by trypan blue exclusion. SP did not affect the lysability of the tumor targets, but suppressed the cytotoxic activity of the effector leukocytes, an effect that was reversed after washing the leukocytes free of the SP. The suppressive action of SP was retained after heating to 95 degrees C for 10 min, but was removed after adsorption with activated charcoal (Norit-A). Lipids extracted from SP were tested for suppression of NK cell cytotoxic activity, and the active principle was identified with the acidic lipid fraction. Components of the acidic lipid fraction of a single freshly obtained SP sample were separated by high pressure liquid chromatography, and suppression of NK cell cytotoxic activity was found to be associated with the predominant prostaglandins (PG) in this fraction, 19-OH PGE1 and 19-OH-PGE2. Suppression of cellular immune functions by SP has been described; however, the identity of the suppressor factor (or factors) is unknown. The 19-OH-PGE are present in high concentration in primate semen, and may minimize immunologic sensitization to sperm in females after insemination. In addition, these compounds may suppress NK cell antitumor and antiviral activities in the vagina, as well as in their tissues of origin. PMID- 3754270 TI - Complete nucleotide and derived amino acid sequences of sex-limited protein (Slp), nonfunctional isotype of the fourth component of mouse complement (C4). AB - The nucleotide sequence coding for sex-limited protein (Slp), the testosterone regulated isotype of the fourth component of mouse complement (C4), has been determined from cloned genomic DNA and cDNA fragments. The complete deduced amino acid sequence for the single chain precursor protein of Slp (pro-Slp) consists of 1716 residues. The mature beta, alpha, and gamma subunits contain 654, 763, and 291 amino acids, respectively. One potential carbohydrate attachment site is predicted from the beta-chain, five for the alpha-chain, and none for the gamma chain. From the comparison with the mouse C4 sequences, an extensive overall sequence homology, 96.0% in nucleotides and 94.2% in amino acids, is observed. Only one deletion/insertion event is recognized between C4 and Slp sequences: three residues near the Cls cleavage site are deleted from Slp. The distribution of cysteine residues is completely conserved between pro-Slp and pro-C4. PMID- 3754271 TI - Hymenolepis diminuta: effect of metacestodes on production and viability of eggs in the intermediate host, Tenebrio molitor. PMID- 3754272 TI - 1 alpha, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 augments clonal growth of macrophages from rat bone marrow progenitor cells and modulates their function. AB - 1 alpha, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) was shown to enhance (approximately 2 fold) the colony-stimulating factor-dependent clonal growth of macrophage colonies and clusters from rat bone marrow progenitor cells. The proliferative capacity of macrophage progenitors in liquid cultures was likewise augmented (2-3 fold). Mononuclear phagocytes (macrophages, for simplicity) developing in the presence of 1,25(OH)2D3 showed a reduced capacity of migration. 1,25(OH)2D3 administered at bone marrow culture initiation led to augmentation of the phagocytic capability of macrophages in four-day cultures and to its suppression in macrophages in seven-day cultures. The observed patterns of modulation of differentiation and function by 1,25(OH)2D3 differ from the patterns we found for mouse bone marrow cells. The results suggest that the differential response to hormones observed in different species may include responses to 1,25(OH)2D3. PMID- 3754274 TI - Splanchnic nerve transection abolishes the age-dependent increase of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in rat adrenal gland. AB - Using an antiserum directed against porcine neuropeptide Y (NPY), a high concentration of NPY immunoreactivity (NPY-IR) was detected in rat adrenal gland. The level of NPY-IR in the adrenal gland was found to increase considerably with age. Biochemical characterization by reverse-phase HPLC indicated that this increase was due to accumulations of NPY and another molecular form of NPY-like immunoreactive peptide. Chronic denervation of the splanchnic nerve abolished this age-dependent increase of NPY-IR rat adrenal gland. PMID- 3754273 TI - Retinol-binding protein messenger RNA levels in the liver and in extrahepatic tissues of the rat. AB - A retinol-binding protein (RBP) cDNA clone was used to examine the effect of retinol status on the level of RBP mRNA in the liver, and to explore whether extrahepatic tissues contain RBP mRNA. In the first series of experiments, poly(A+) RNA was isolated from the livers of normal, retinol-depleted, and retinol-repleted rats and the levels of RBP mRNA in these samples were determined by both Northern blot and RNA Dot blot analyses. The levels of RBP mRNA in liver were similar in all three groups of rats. These findings confirm and extend previous studies which showed that retinol did not alter the in vivo rate of RBP synthesis or the translatable levels of RBP mRNA. In a second series of experiments, the RBP cDNA clone was used to survey poly (A+) RNA isolated from 12 different rat tissues for RBP mRNA by Northern blot analysis. We found that, along with the liver, many extrahepatic tissues contained RBP mRNA. Kidney contained RBP mRNA at a level of 5-10% of that of the liver, and the lungs, spleen, brain, stomach, heart, and skeletal muscle contained 1-3% of that of the liver. Translation of kidney poly (A+) RNA in rabbit reticulocyte lysates and immunoprecipitation of the translation products with anti-RBP antiserum resulted in a protein band of the same size as liver preRBP. These data suggest that RBP is synthesized in many extrahepatic tissues. It is possible that this extra hepatically synthesized RBP may function in the recycling of retinol from these tissues back to the liver or to other target organs. PMID- 3754275 TI - Primary intracranial choriocarcinoma. AB - Two cases of primary intracranial choriocarcinoma are reported. One patient died with raised intracranial pressure and pulmonary metastases whereas the second patient, who was diagnosed early, has remained well a year after chemotherapy. Human chorionic gonadotrophin level estimation in serum and cerebrospinal fluid is a useful marker in suspected cases, and chemotherapy following biopsy appears to be the treatment of choice. PMID- 3754276 TI - Feline maternal taurine deficiency: effect on mother and offspring. AB - Adult female cats were fed a defined purified diet (taurine-free) either alone or supplemented with 0.05% taurine for at least 6 mo prior to breeding. The reproductive performance by the taurine-depleted females was poor, whereas those receiving dietary taurine had normal pregnancies and deliveries. The taurine depleted females suffered from severe retinal degeneration, including a large loss of photoreceptor outer segments, and degeneration of the tapetum lucidum, and greatly reduced concentrations of taurine in their body tissues and fluids. Surviving offspring from the taurine-depleted mothers exhibited a number of neurological abnormalities and substantially reduced concentrations of taurine in the body tissues and fluids. Except for greater concentrations of cystathionine in neural tissues, other free amino acids in tissues were unaffected. The specific activities of a number of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of taurine were unchanged in liver and brain. The composition of maternal milk, total protein, protein amino acids and free amino acids was unchanged except for taurine content, suggesting that the abnormalities in the offspring resulted from the diminished dietary taurine. PMID- 3754277 TI - Release of membrane from milk fat globules by conjugated bile salts. AB - We investigated the capacity of conjugated bile salts to remove the membrane, a barrier to lipolysis, from milk fat globules. Cow, goat, and human globules were subjected to varying concentrations of the bile salt taurodeoxycholate at 37 degrees C for 2 min, and the released material was obtained by centrifugation at 2 degrees C and 50,000 g for 1 h. Sedimented pellets were analyzed for phospholipid and protein and were characterized further by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Pellets were examined in the electron microscope. Measurable amounts of membrane were sedimented from globules incubated at 37 degrees C for 2 min in 0.5 mM taurodeoxycholate. Taurocholate also exhibited this membrane-releasing ability. However, disintegration of milk fat globule membrane appears to be the principal effect of these salts at 37 degrees C. Our results show that conjugated bile salts within their normal concentration range (2-6 mM) in digesta of term and preterm infants are capable of removing membrane from milk fat globules. PMID- 3754278 TI - Testicular feminization: a model for testicular descent in mice and men. AB - The position of the testis was determined in patients and mice with the testicular feminization (TFM) syndrome, to answer the question, do androgens cause testicular descent? In 16 children with complete or partial TFM syndrome with androgen insensitivity, plus two children with a deficiency of androgen secretion, the testes were at or beyond the internal inguinal ring in 35 out of 36 instances. In male mice with TFM, the testes had descended normally to the internal ring by the time of birth but further descent was absent. These observations suggest testicular descent is a two-stage process comprising transabdominal and transinguinal phases. The first phase is not controlled by androgen, and hence is normal in TFM; by contrast the second phase is androgen dependent, and absent in TFM. It is speculated that the first phase may be regulated by Mullerian Inhibiting Substance, although this is unproven. Because testicular descent in TFM can be separated into two stages, the TFM mouse should prove a useful model for studying the hormonal control of descent of the testis. PMID- 3754279 TI - Electrophysiologic, antiarrhythmic and cardiovascular actions of UM301, a quaternary ammonium compound. AB - The electrophysiologic, antiarrhythmic and cardiovascular actions of UM301 were evaluated in a variety of animal models. UM301 (range, 4.5-10 mg/kg i.v.) converted ouabain-induced ventricular tachycardia to normal sinus rhythm in the anesthetized dog. UM301 (10 mg/kg i.v.) suppressed the ventricular arrhythmias observed in a modified 2 day postinfarction dog preparation; normal sinus rhythm was maintained in excess of 120 min in these conscious animals. The ventricular fibrillation threshold was elevated in four animals after pretreatment with UM301 (5 and 10 mg/kg i.v.) without interfering with electrical cardioversion. In one animal, the spontaneous conversion of ventricular fibrillation to normal sinus rhythm was observed after pretreatment with UM301. In anesthetized dogs, 2 to 8 days after myocardial infarction, UM301 (5 and 10 mg/kg i.v.) prevented the reinduction of re-entrant ventricular tachyarrhythmias using programmed pacing techniques. The antiarrhythmic and antifibrillatory actions of the therapeutic doses of UM301 (i.e., 5 mg/kg i.v.) were associated with significant increases in the refractoriness of atrial, ventricular and atrioventricular conducting tissue. Higher doses of UM301 (10 mg/kg i.v.) progressively increased refractoriness, and the highest dose of UM301 tested (20 mg/kg i.v.) increased refractoriness further and depressed cardiac conduction in these tissues. Acute cardiovascular studies in anesthetized dogs showed that only the highest dose of UM301 tested (20 mg/kg i.v.) produced a significant decrease in the right ventricular force of contraction, cardiac output and arterial pressure. These data demonstrate that UM301, a quaternary ammonium compound, possesses both antiarrhythmic and antifibrillatory properties in various experimental animal models. The antiarrhythmic efficacy of UM301 can be observed in the absence of depressant cardiovascular actions. PMID- 3754280 TI - GABAergic regulation of enkephalin in rat striatum: alterations in Met5 enkephalin level, precursor content and preproenkephalin messenger RNA abundance. AB - The influence of chronic activation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system on Met5-enkephalin (ME) biosynthesis was investigated in male rats. Activation of GABA system was achieved by raising the brain GABA concentration with aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA) or gabaculine which inhibits GABA-transaminase the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of GABA. After a regimen of repeated administration of AOAA (80 mg/kg/day for 8 days), the GABA concentration in the striatum could be maintained 2-fold greater than control value. AOAA decreased the ME levels in the striatum in a dose (20, 40 and 80 mg/kg)- and time (1-, 2-, 4- and 8-day treatment(s)-dependent fashion. Gabaculine also decreased the ME level in the striatum. Changes in ME level were not observed in other brain regions such as hypothalamus, hippocampus, frontal cortex and medulla/pons. In order to understand the mechanism involved in the decrease in ME level, the biosynthesis of ME was assessed. The preproenkephalin messenger RNA abundance was quantitated by RNA-complementary DNA hybridization technique; the total RNA was isolated, dot-blotted and hybridized with a nick-translated complementary DNA probe from rat brain. Administration of AOAA (80 mg/kg/day) for 8 days increased the preproenkephalin messenger RNA abundance whereas 1-, 2- or 4-day treatments did not alter the levels significantly. A similar trend of response was observed in the cryptic ME level which is indicative of the precursor content. The results suggest that chronic activation of the GABA system induces a sustained release of ME; in order to replenish the depletion, the biosynthesis of ME is augmented.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3754281 TI - Evaluation of a cochlear prosthesis using connected discourse tracking. AB - A multichannel cochlear prosthesis was evaluated using the method of Connected Discourse Tracking. Data were obtained from five subjects over a 10-week period. Significant learning effects were obtained both with and without the prosthesis. The method of orthogonal polynomials was used to obtain a statistically precise fit for each learning curve. The curves differed both in terms of shape and average rate of learning. The two best subjects showed substantial improvements, reaching tracking rates in excess of 90 words-per-minute. A method for representing prosthesis-based improvements, which takes learning effects into account, is developed and discussed. PMID- 3754282 TI - Compression systems for hearing aids and cochlear prostheses. AB - Audio and speech compression systems have suffered several characteristic deficiencies. Single-channel compression systems cannot compress wideband signals without suffering from either spectral distortion or the inability to respond quickly to fast transients. When the input signal contains noise in addition to the desired speech signal, single-channel systems unnecessarily attenuate speech information. Single-channel compressors cannot compress the input signal differentially as a function of frequency. Multichannel compressors are capable of different levels of compression as a function of frequency. However, standard multichannel compressors unnecessarily attenuate important information about the shape of the short-term speech spectrum. This has resulted in poorer speech perception when using standard multichannel systems as compared with single channel compression systems. A more general form of multichannel compression can emphasize information about the shape of the short-term speech spectrum. Susceptibility to many forms of noise is also reduced with such multichannel systems. Spectral distortion and undesired rapid overshoots and undershoots of signal level, characteristic of many single- and multi-channel systems, can be substantially reduced with such systems. PMID- 3754283 TI - Photocoagulation of the endometrium with the Nd:YAG laser for the treatment of menorrhagia. A report of ten cases. AB - Nd-YAG laser photocoagulation was performed on ten patients with chronic menorrhagia in an attempt to either decrease the menstrual flow sufficiently to obviate the need for hysterectomy or to obtain amenorrhea. The entire endometrial lining was treated, from the fundus down to 4 cm from the external cervical os. A blanching technique was accomplished by holding the fiber tip 5-10 mm from the endometrial surface. Patients were followed for an average of 12 months. All noted a marked reduction in the amount of menstrual flow; two became amenorrheic. One patient subsequently underwent hysterectomy for a preexisting uterine prolapse and progressive symptoms of dyspareunia and pelvic pain. PMID- 3754284 TI - Quinazoline antifolates inhibiting thymidylate synthase: benzoyl ring modifications. AB - Four new analogues of the antifolate N10-propargyl-5,8-dideazafolic acid were prepared that were substituted in the benzoyl ring. The 2'-chloro and 2'-methyl analogues were prepared from the appropriately substituted p-nitrobenzoic acids. The route to the 3'-chloro and 3',5'-dichloro analogues was by chlorination of diethyl N10-propargyl-5,8-dideazafolate and diethyl N-[4-(prop-2 ynylamino)benzoyl]-L-glutamate, respectively, using sulfuryl chloride. The compounds were tested for their inhibition of purified L1210 thymidylate synthase (TS), for their inhibition of purified L1210 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and for their inhibition of the growth of L1210 cells in culture. The 2'-chloro substituent reduced the TS inhibition by twofold and the 2'-methyl substituent reduced it by 20-fold; the 3'-chloro and 3',5'-dichloro derivatives were very poor inhibitors. The substituents only slightly affected the DHFR inhibition. None of the compounds improved upon N10-propargyl-5,8-dideazafolic acid in inhibiting the growth of L1210 cells in culture. PMID- 3754285 TI - Kinetics and mechanism of interaction of 10-propargyl-5,8-dideazafolate with thymidylate synthase. AB - The interaction of Lactobacillus casei thymidylate synthase (TS) with 10 propargyl-5,8-dideazafolate (NPQ) in the presence of 2'-deoxyuridylate (dUMP) has been investigated. After formation of a rapidly reversible dUMP-NPQ-enzyme complex, a slow isomerization occurs to provide a ternary complex that can be isolated on nitrocellulose membranes or by gel filtration. Unusual features of the isolable complex are the slow rate by which it is formed (t1/2 = 0.88 h) and the slow rate at which it dissociates (t1/2 = 26.5 h). The ternary complexes contain 2 mol of dUMP and 2 mol of NPQ bound per mol of dimeric enzyme. Ultraviolet difference spectra of the dUMP-NPQ-TS complex shows a high wavelength maximum that has been attributed to perturbations of the enzyme and/or ligand chromophores that occur upon binding. Data are presented that suggest that the formation of the isolable ternary complex involves nucleophilic attack by a catalytic thiol group of the enzyme to the 6-position of dUMP. Evidence for this is as follows: first, there is a decrease in the absorbance of the pyrimidine chromophore at 265 nm that occurs at the same rate as the formation of the isolable complex; second, using [6-3H]dUMP there is a large, inverse alpha secondary kinetic isotope effect (kappa H/kappa T = 0.83) upon formation of the complex that is in accord with sp2 to sp3 rehybridization of the 6-carbon of the heterocycle. Treatment of the complex with sodium dodecyl sulfate (NaDodSO4) results in the dissociation of both ligands in an unmodified form, which is consistent with proposed structure of the complex. Isolable ternary complexes are also formed when the enzyme is incubated with 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylate (FdUMP) and NPQ. Interestingly, the dissociation of FdUMP from these complexes is biphasic, with one-half of the bound nucleotide dissociating at an exceedingly slow rate (t1/2 congruent to 100 h). The findings are discussed with relationship to the possible use of NPQ as an anticancer agent. PMID- 3754286 TI - Synthesis and biochemical evaluation of analogues of aminoglutethimide based on phenylpyrrolidine-2,5-dione. AB - A series of (aminophenyl)pyrrolidine-2,5-diones has been prepared that bear structural similarities to aminoglutethimide (1, 3-(4-aminophenyl)-3 ethylpiperidine-2,6-dione). The inhibitory activity of these compounds was evaluated toward human placental aromatase and bovine adrenal cholesterol side chain cleavage (CSCC) enzyme assay systems. Selective, competitive inhibition of the aromatase enzyme system was demonstrated by 5 (3-(4-aminophenyl)-1-methyl pyrrolidine-2,5-dione, Ki = 1.75 microM), 6 (3-(4-aminophenyl)-1,3 dimethylpyrrolidine-2,5-dione, Ki = 1.75 microM), 7 (3-(4-aminophenyl)-3 methylpyrrolidine-2,5-dione, Ki = 0.8 microM), and 8 (3-(4-aminophenyl)-3 ethylpyrrolidine-2,5-dione, Ki = 1.0 microM). Compound 15 (3-(4 aminophenyl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione) proved unexpectedly difficult to prepare following standard methods and was only moderately inhibitory toward aromatase (IC50 = 20 microM). Compound 16 (3-(4-aminophenyl)-3-ethyl-1-methylpyrrolidine 2,5-dione) was weakly inhibitory toward testosterone aromatization and totally inactive toward androstenedione aromatization. These compounds were either weak or ineffective inhibitors of the CSCC enzyme systems, while 1 gave Ki values toward aromatase and CSCC enzymes of 0.68 and 14 microM, respectively. The unsubstituted phenylpyrrolidinediones were inactive in either system, and the 4 nitrophenyl derivatives exhibited weak, nonselective inhibition, indicating the importance of the primary amine moiety for potent inhibition of aromatase activity. PMID- 3754287 TI - Acts and omissions doctrine and abortion: reply to Dr. Toon. PMID- 3754288 TI - Phagocyte function and immunological findings in a Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome long term survivor. AB - The case reported concerns a 19-year-old man who presented with clinical and laboratory findings compatible with the Wiscott-Aldrich Syndrome. Our patients is the eighth reported case of a long-term survivor with this syndrome. Immunologic studies revealed, in spite of a normal lymphocyte number, an impaired delayed hypersensitivity and a failure of response to mitogens and irradiated allogeneic cells. IgE and IgA levels were high while IgM levels were low. Studies of phagocytic cells showed normal phagocytosis, candidacidal activity, IgG receptors and phagocytic metabolic burst. However, the patient's neutrophils and monocytes responded poorly to chemoattractants and the serum generated less chemotactic activity than normal sera. Detailed studies revealed the presence in the patient's serum of 2 different inhibitors of chemotaxis: a cell-directed inhibitor and an inhibitor of chemotactic factors. PMID- 3754289 TI - The action of intrathecal morphine and methadone on the lower urinary tract in the dog. AB - The effects of intrathecally administered morphine and methadone on lower urinary tract dynamics were investigated by cystometrograms and urethral pressure profiles in 16 anesthetized dogs. The examinations were performed before and 30, 60 and 90 minutes following intrathecal injection of 0.03 mg./kg. morphine or methadone. Intrathecal normal saline was used for control studies. Significant relaxation of the detrusor was noted after intrathecal morphine as expressed by a decrease in mean intravesical pressure (p less than 0.05) and by a rise in the calculated detrusor compliance. These effects were reversed by intravenously injected naloxone. As opposed to morphine, methadone caused an increase in detrusor tone. No appreciable effects were observed on the urethra after intrathecal morphine or methadone. Neither intravenous injection of the opiates nor intrathecal administration of saline caused alterations in bladder tone. The result may imply a spinal, albeit opposing, effect of the two opiates on bladder dynamics. PMID- 3754290 TI - Heterosexual contact is not the predominant mode of HTLV-III transmission among intravenous drug abusers. PMID- 3754291 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the motor and evacuatory function of the stomach and intestines postoperatively]. PMID- 3754292 TI - [Detectability of glaucomatous visual field defects with the Octopus automatic perimeter. A comparison between program G-1 and programs 31 and 32 and their combinations]. AB - Twenty-three patients between 31 and 76 years of age suffering from either hypertension or glaucoma underwent automatic perimetry with Octopus programs 31 or 32, followed by program G-1. This was done to compare the information content of the latter, new program with that of the former two, long-used in different combinations. Only one eye of any one patient was considered in this study. Using an evaluation program, the G-1 program calculates the so-called "field indices" which help to interpret the results. These field indices are the mean differential light sensitivity threshold (mDLS), the mean defect (MD), the loss variance (LV), and the corrected loss variance (corrected for short-term fluctuations (CLV)). In order to compare programs 31, 32, and their combination 31 + 32, with the field indices of program G-1, the mean DLS was taken from the Delta evaluation program, while the mean defect, the loss variance, and the corrected loss variance were calculated on the basis of programs 31, 32, and the combination of them. The mDLS and mean defect determined with program G-1 were significantly different from those found with programs 31, 32, and the combination of them. On the one hand, this was due to the difference in test patterns, that of G-1 being more centrally weighted; on the other hand, this is indicative of the precision and discrimination capability of Octopus measurements. Calculation of loss variance and corrected loss variance reveals no significant difference between the examination methods as regards these field indices, that is, between G-1 and 31, 32, or 31 + 32.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3754293 TI - Dietary effects on hematologic and serum chemical values in gray short-tailed opossums (Monodelphis domestica). AB - At the time of weaning (8 weeks), 57 gray short-tailed opossums (Monodelphis domestica) were placed in four dietary groups. One group was fed a horsemeat based diet that had been used for 2.5 years in our colony, and three groups were fed three different commercial fox food diets. After the animals had reached sexual maturity (6 months), blood samples were collected and subjected to standard hematologic and serum chemical assays. Significant differences were observed among the dietary groups and between sexes in several values, but all animals appeared to be healthy and robust. The ranges, means, and standard deviations for the values presented here can be used as reference values for healthy young adult animals being fed these particular diets. PMID- 3754294 TI - Verminous vasculitis, pneumonia and pulmonary infarction in a cynomolgus monkey after treatment with ivermectin. AB - An apparently healthy cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) died 2 hours after routine inhalation anesthesia and implantation of a femoral catheter. Gross necropsy findings included patchy raised areas of severe pulmonary hemorrhage and consolidation. Filarioid nematodes (Edesonfilaria malayensis) were located in pulmonary blood vessels and in numerous 0.1-2 cm fibrous cysts on the pleural surfaces of the lungs, pericardium, diaphragm, retroperitoneum, and in the urinary bladder wall. Microscopic lesions included verminous vasculitis, pulmonary infarcts and pneumonia. Many of the nematodes were more necrotic than the surrounding host tissue. During quarantine, 17 days before surgery, the monkey had been given a single dose of ivermectin (200 micrograms/Kg, intramuscular) as an anthelminthic for gastrointestinal nematodes. It is postulated that many of the filarioid nematodes were killed by this treatment. These parasitic emboli caused pulmonary infarction and the severe inflammatory reaction. The resulting pulmonary disease compromised pulmonary function and contributed to death after anesthesia. This complication should be considered if monkeys possibly harboring filarioid nematodes are treated with ivermectin. PMID- 3754295 TI - Alcohol availability, alcohol consumption and alcohol-related damage. II. The role of sociodemographic factors. AB - Based on the encouraging findings in part I of our study, and on the relevant research literature, several sociodemographic factors were added to the causal sequence proposed by the distribution of consumption model and corroborated by a statistical technique known as the analysis of linear structural relations (LISREL). The sociodemographic factors were added in two alternative fashions. Although neither approach proved to be significantly superior, the basic causal sequence identified in part I was maintained, and the sociodemographic factors were found to be intimately involved in the process that leads to alcohol-related morbidity and alcohol-related mortality in the general population. The findings are discussed with reference to their implications for prevention via public policy. PMID- 3754296 TI - Clinical approach to urethritis, mucocutaneous lesions, and inguinal lymphadenopathy in homosexual men. AB - The spectrum of sexually transmitted diseases observed among homosexual men is diverse, but in general includes the same infections observed among heterosexuals. A systematic approach to the diagnosis of these diseases, incorporating sexual history, predominant symptoms, findings from physical examination, and office laboratory evaluation will frequently yield a specific diagnosis. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of patients, and when appropriate, of contacts are of critical importance to the prevention of unnecessary morbidity and further transmission of disease. PMID- 3754298 TI - Automated classification of phonological errors in aphasic language. PMID- 3754297 TI - Clinical approach to intestinal infections in homosexual men. AB - The list of infectious agents that cause intestinal disorders in homosexual men is polymicrobial. Classic enteric pathogens, anorectal venereal pathogens, and more recently, opportunistic pathogens have been reported to occur in high prevalences in both symptomatic and asymptomatic homosexual men. This article reviews the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of these infections. PMID- 3754299 TI - [Traumatic pneumatocele--a case report]. AB - The posttraumatic pneumatocele is a rare intrapulmonary lesion following blunt thoracic injury. By means of a well documented case report this rare form of lung contusion is demonstrated and the clinically important differential diagnosis is discussed. PMID- 3754300 TI - Current management of the totally disabled ear. PMID- 3754301 TI - Activation of thyroid adenyl cyclase by antisera to thyroid plasma membrane preparations: effects of IgG and non-IgG antiserum components. AB - We have previously shown that IgG isolated from rabbit antibovine thyroid plasma membrane (anti-BTPM) antibodies exhibits properties similar to long acting thyroid stimulator (LATS) and HTS-lg in that it activates thyroid adenyl cyclase. In order to test whether another immunoglobulin class, eg, IgM, of anti-BTPM antiserum can also stimulate the bovine thyroid adenyl cyclase system, protein molecules of the antiserum were separated into different molecular sizes by gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-200. It was observed that the low molecular weight fraction, consisting predominantly of albumin, was inactive in stimulating adenyl cyclase of the thyroid gland. In contrast, both IgM-enriched and IgG-enriched fractions of the immune serum were fully active. Furthermore, the thyroid-stimulating activity of the IgM-enriched fraction can only be inhibited by anti-IgM and that of the IgG-enriched fraction by anti-IgG. Our data suggest that IgM, in addition to IgG, may also have LATS or LATS-like activities in terms of activating adenyl cyclase of the thyroid gland. PMID- 3754302 TI - Suppression of lactation. PMID- 3754303 TI - [Effectiveness of using bactoculicde for controlling mosquito larvae in the Crimea]. PMID- 3754305 TI - Further experience of the mouse dominant cataract mutation test from an experiment with ethylnitrosourea. AB - 6 mice with inherited cataracts and 1 new allele of microphthalmia were recovered from 923 progeny of untreated, outbred, PT stock females that had been mated to inbred C3H/HeH strain males, whose spermatogonia had been exposed to 250 mg/kg of ethylnitrosourea (ENU). The cataract phenotypes were quite variable in expression and 5/6 showed a similar range of phenotypes. 2 of the 6 mutant mice were daughters of the same ENU-treated C3H/HeH male and probably represent repeats of the same mutation. One mutation, designated lens opacity-4 (Lop-4), has been genetically mapped to the distal region of chromosome 2. The yield of 5 presumably independent cataract mutations from 923 F1 offspring is a little higher than that reported by others in similar but larger scale experiments. Approximately 3-5% of the F1 mice examined had cataracts, yet only 6/49 (12%) of these, in the experimental group, were inherited as simple Mendelian traits. We consider that this high frequency of false positives (88%), and the incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity of the cataract mutations that were found, pose serious problems that could undermine the objective nature of the dominant cataract mutation test. We suggest that further studies be made to evaluate whether the use of inbred strains would reduce the variability in the system and so make the test more objective. However, it seems likely that the high false positive rate will continue to be a serious drawback to this test system. PMID- 3754304 TI - Mannose incorporation and lectin recognition of pronase-sensitive components in Micrococcus lysodeikticus (M. luteus) membranes. AB - Isolated cytoplasmic membranes from Micrococcus lysodeikticus were able to incorporate [14C]mannose from GDP-[14C]mannose. Labelled mannose remained in the membrane fraction after its repeated washing and lipid extraction. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis in 12% acrylamide showed a set of bands with molecular weights ranging from 230 000 to 19 000 which stained for protein and carbohydrate, and incorporated [14C]mannose. Some of these bands reacted with different lectins (concanavalin A, wheat germ agglutinin and ricin). Furthermore, the mannose was incorporated via a glycosylation pathway similar to that followed in eukaryotic system as shown by the preliminary identification of a lipid intermediate transferring the sugar to proteins and by the differential sensitivity to bacitracin and tunicamycin. These complex membrane components were sensitive to digestion with pronase. All the results presented suggest their glycoprotein nature. PMID- 3754306 TI - Murine bone marrow culture system for cytogenetic analysis. AB - A mouse bone marrow culture system for examining genotoxicity of agents by first exposing animals in vivo then growing cells in vitro is presented. This assay can also be used for in vitro and/or for the in vivo and in vitro comparative cytogenetic studies. The protocol involves culturing of approximately 1,000,000 nucleated cells obtained from mice tibia and femora in 5 ml of Ham's F-12 medium containing 20% fetal bovine serum, 10% whole uterus extract from pregnant mice and 1% penicillin-streptomycin. The use of flasks and mouse uterus extract for culturing are important steps for higher mitotic yield. The addition of 20 microM BrdU for 24 h helps in the differentiation of sister chromatids for sister chromatid exchange (SCE) analysis. Cyclophosphamide, given to mice through intraperitoneal injection, induced significant dose-related SCEs in culture. Trinitrofluorenone, a direct-acting mutagen, caused dose-related SCEs in in vitro bone marrow cell culture. PMID- 3754307 TI - Cloning of a major developmentally regulated gene expressed in mature females of Schistosoma mansoni. AB - A cDNA library constructed from RNA isolated from adult Schistosoma mansoni has been screened by differential hybridization to identify clones corresponding to genes highly expressed by female worms. Several such cDNAs encoding the same highly abundant mRNA species were identified. Studies with one of these (pSF10) which contained a 500 base pair insert demonstrated that this gene was not expressed in immature females or eggs and encoded a polypeptide of approximately 35 000 daltons. Quantitation of the levels of RNA showed that 10% of the total RNA of female parasites was homologous to pSF10. A single gene corresponding to pSF10 was identified in Southern blotting experiments using adult worm DNA. The cloning of this gene will facilitate study of the molecular and genetic events controlling female schistosome maturation. PMID- 3754308 TI - Identification by message selection of cDNA clones encoding antigens of Schistosoma mansoni. AB - cDNA clone banks have been constructed in a plasmid vector (pJSC73) using mRNA isolated from adult worms and eggs of Schistosoma mansoni. These clone banks have been screened by message selection (hybrid release translation) and clones containing fragments of genes encoding schistosome antigens have been identified by immunoprecipitation of the corresponding mRNA in vitro translation product. Over 50 clones encoding schistosome antigens have been identified including those of the 100 000, 86 000, 28 000, and 27 000 molecular weight surface antigen precursors. PMID- 3754309 TI - [Zona pellucida of the mammalian egg: unique extracellular matrix]. PMID- 3754311 TI - [A family with venous thrombosis and hereditary antithrombin III deficiency]. PMID- 3754310 TI - [Hemoglobin G Georgia in a Turkish family in the Netherlands]. PMID- 3754312 TI - [Sexually transmissible diseases in victims of sexual assault]. PMID- 3754313 TI - Cytogenetic effects of Me-CCNU on sister chromatid exchange frequency, cellular kinetics and chromosome aberrations. AB - 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (Me-CCNU) was tested for its in vitro effects on sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), cellular kinetics and chromosome aberrations in CHO cells. There was a relationship between the inhibitory activity of the drug and the cytogenetic damage, which was dose dependent. Increase in SCE values were highly significant (p less than 0.001) for all the four concentrations used. It also delayed the cell cycle progression. Inhibition of DNA synthesis results in increased frequency of chromosomal aberrations, which was highly significant for the higher concentrations, i.e. 5 micrograms and 10 micrograms Me-CCNU/ml. PMID- 3754314 TI - [Ergotism with cerebral manifestation]. PMID- 3754315 TI - Stimulation by serotonin of immunoreactive peptide histidine isoleucine release from rat hypothalamus in vitro. AB - The effect of serotonin (5-HT) on the release of peptide histidine isoleucine like immunoreactivity (PHI-LI) from rat hypothalamus was investigated in vitro with a perifusion system. A high potassium concentration (56 mM) stimulated PHI LI release in a calcium-dependent manner. PHI-LI release was dose-relatedly stimulated by 5-HT (10(-6), 10(-5) and 10(-4) M). PHI-LI release induced by 5-HT (10(-5) M) was abolished by cyproheptadine (10(-4) M), a 5-HT antagonist. These results suggest that 5-HT has a stimulating effect on PHI release from the hypothalamus. PMID- 3754316 TI - Detection of the mRNA coding for enkephalin precursor in the rat brain and adrenal by using an 'in situ' hybridization procedure. AB - The messenger RNA coding for preproenkephalin A (PPA) has been detected in tissue sections of the rat brain and adrenal by using two rat PPA cDNAs labeled with 32P or 35S as probes. In the brain, neurons were labeled in areas known to correspond to sites of synthesis of enkephalins, including the caudate-putamen, the nucleus accumbens, the olfactory cortex, the hypothalamus, the brainstem and the granular layer of the cerebellum. The presence of the PPA mRNA in the normal rat adrenal medulla shows transcription of the PPA gene in such cells despite the absence of enkephalin immunoreactivity in them. These results demonstrate in situ hybridization as an efficient technique to detect the site of synthesis of PPA. PMID- 3754317 TI - An examination of neuropeptide Y postmortem stability in an animal model simulating human autopsy conditions. AB - A rabbit antiserum to neuropeptide Y (NPY) was used to develop a radioimmunoassay for measuring NPY in brain tissue. By high-performance liquid chromatography, two peaks of immunoreactivity were detected in human postmortem cortex. A minor peak was seen at the void volume, while the majority of immunoreactivity comigrated with synthetic NPY standards. Using the Spokes-Koch rat model simulating human autopsy conditions, it was shown that cortical, hippocampal and striatal concentrations of NPY-like immunoreactivity are stable for up to 24 h. PMID- 3754318 TI - Identification and quantification of mRNA for nerve growth factor in histological preparations. AB - Hybridization histochemistry has been used to detect mRNA for nerve growth factor (NGF) in histological preparations of mouse salivary glands and rat iris using a 32P-labelled cDNA probe and autoradiography. Label was visible over the tubular cells of the male mouse submaxillary gland but not the sublingual gland. A much lower label density was found over the tubular cells of the female submaxillary gland, whereas sections of liver and pancreas were negative. Quantitative autoradiography allowed the detection of low levels of mRNA for NGF in the rat iris which was elevated by prior culture of the tissue. The results provide direct histological evidence for the presence of specific NGF-mRNA in the mouse submaxillary gland and rat iris, with increased levels following culture. PMID- 3754319 TI - Fetal maturity cascade: a rapid and cost-effective method for fetal lung maturity testing. AB - One hundred ninety-three amniotic fluid samples were tested for fetal lung maturity using a maturity cascade scheme involving the sequential use of, in order, the shake test, fluorescence polarimetry, and lecithin: sphingomyelin (L:S) ratio. If any of these tests indicated maturity, the sequence was terminated and no further test was performed, and the fetus was considered mature. Seventy percent of the tests yielded mature values and of these, 85 (63%) required a shake test only, 37 (27%) had a shake test and a fluorescence polarimetry, and only 14 (10%) required all three tests. From these 193 amniocenteses, 111 patients delivered within 72 hours of the procedure. One of 94 infants had respiratory distress syndrome after a mature test (1% false maturity) and ten of 17 had respiratory distress syndrome after an immature cascade (41% falsely immature). This approach saves time and cost and by confirming immaturity with multiple tests only when necessary and may improve predictability of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. PMID- 3754320 TI - The effects of Graves' eye disease on levator muscle function. AB - The levator function and exophthalmometer reading were measured on each side of 81 patients with Graves' eye disease (GED) and 111 normal subjects. There was a significant positive correlation between the levator function and exophthalmometer reading for both GED patients and normal subjects. This indicates that the forward position of the eye chronically stretches the levator muscle by the addition of sarcomeres which increases the range of movement of the lid. The range of movement may be decreased in patients with Graves' eye disease, from inflammation, such as is seen with other extraocular muscles. This effect is most likely to be marked in the patient with compressive optic neuropathy. PMID- 3754321 TI - Graves' ophthalmopathy requires early steroid therapy. PMID- 3754322 TI - Electrophysiological studies on the effects of intrathecal morphine on nociceptive neurones in the rat dorsal horn. AB - We have studied the effects of intrathecal morphine on the responses of 38 dorsal horn neurones in the intact rat under halothane anaesthesia to A and C fibre electrical stimulation and to natural stimuli applied to their receptive fields. Morphine selectively reduced the C fibre and pinch evoked activity in a dose dependent naloxone-reversible manner with an ED50 of 7 nmoles. The 'wind-up' of neurones to repetitive stimulation was little altered except with the highest doses (50-150 nmoles) tested. By contrast, the A fibre evoked responses of the neurones were only slightly reduced by morphine and both the tactile responses and receptive field size to innocuous stimuli enhanced for certain cells. The results are discussed in relation to the spinal actions of opiates and their clinical applications. PMID- 3754323 TI - A paraplegic fathering a child after an intrathecal injection of neostigmine: case report. AB - This paper reports a 33-year-old male paraplegic (T6) who fathered a child by artificial insemination following an intrathecal injection of neostigmine. His wife was healthy and pregnancy was achieved after the 10th insemination. She delivered a mature female child weighing 3,100 g in August 1984. To our knowledge this is only the fourth successful case in the world following neostigmine injection. PMID- 3754324 TI - Three dimensional structure of the Leishmania amastigote as revealed by computer aided reconstruction from serial sections. AB - Computer-aided reconstruction from serial sections has been used to analyse the 3 dimensional structure of entire amastigotes of Leishmania mexicana and to determine the number, arrangement and volume of each organelle. In two reconstructions, the lysosome-like 'megasomes' were the most numerous organelle, there being 34 in one amastigote, and they comprised as much as 15% of the total cell volume. In contrast, as few as 9 glycosomes were present, accounting for less than 1% of the cell volume. The unitary nature of the mitochondrion was confirmed and its complex basket-like structure was revealed. The spatial arrangement of the cell organelles is here displayed in stereo-pairs. PMID- 3754325 TI - Suppression of Taenia crassiceps during concurrent infections with Mesocestoides corti in mice. AB - Parasite burden (by volume) was measured in female mice of three strains given single or concurrent infections of Mesocestoides corti and Taenia crassiceps. Significant suppression of T. crassiceps volume was observed over a range of M. corti inocula and occurred irrespective of whether M. corti was introduced before or after infection with T. crassiceps. Suppression of T. crassiceps volume was greatest with larger inocula of M. corti and with increased duration of M. corti infection. No significant difference was found in the intraperitoneal volume of M. corti from mice given single or simultaneous concurrent infections of M. corti and T. crassiceps. When M. corti were inoculated into mice with an established infection of T. crassiceps a significantly smaller volume of M. corti was retrieved at post-mortem from the peritoneal cavities of these mice, than from mice given just M. corti. PMID- 3754326 TI - Structure of the gene for Xenopus transcription factor TFIIIA. AB - The eucaryotic transcription factor TFIIIA is required for 5S RNA transcription in Xenopus, and changes in the level of TFIIIA have been implicated in the differential expression of 5S RNA genes. In this paper, we report the isolation and sequencing of the X. laevis TFIIIA gene. The gene is approximately 11 kb in length and consists of 9 coding segments separated by 8 introns. A sequence of 30 amino acid residues is known to repeat imperfectly 9 times in tandem within the TFIIIA protein, and Miller et al. (EMBO J. 4, 1609-1614, 1985) proposed that TFIIIA evolved by duplication of a primordial 30 amino acid residue unit. Our results from DNA sequence analysis support their proposal by showing that some of the exon-intron boundaries correspond closely to the repeating unit. We also found that the 5' flanking sequence of the TFIIIA gene contains a TATA box (TATATAA) at position -32 and a CAAT box (GCCAATCC) at position -96 and that the site of polyadenylation is 255 residues 3' of the stop codon. Finally, we have shown that the coding sequence of the TFIIIA gene is significantly polymorphic. PMID- 3754328 TI - The role of metaphosphate in the activation of the nucleotide by TPS and DCC in the oligonucleotide synthesis. AB - The course of the activation of 3'-acetylthymidine 5'-phosphate by TPS and DCC were followed up by 31P FT nmr. The fact that the "metaphosphate" (delta-5.1) first becomes detectable only at later stage of the activation and does coexist with pyrophosphate and triphosphate suggests that the pyridinium derivative of "metaphosphate" is most probably not directly formed from the hypothetical mixed anhydride or active "pseudourea" right at the beginning of the reaction of pdTac with TPS or DCC, but rather formed at later stage of the activation reaction from the degradation of the pyro- and triphosphates by the activating agent. The mixed anhydride or the active "pseudourea" is most possibly the active key intermediate. PMID- 3754327 TI - A comparative study of the regulation of cytochrome P-450 and glutathione transferase gene expression in rat liver. AB - A cDNA clone for the Ya subunit of glutathione transferase from rat liver was constructed in E. coli. The clone hybridized to Ya and Yc subunit messenger RNAs. On the basis of experiments involving cell-free translation and hybridization to the cloned probe, it was shown that prototype inducers of cytochrome P-450 such as phenobarbitone and 3-methylcholanthrene as well as inhibitors such as CoCl2 and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole enhanced the glutathione transferase (Ya+Yc) messenger RNA contents in rat liver. A comparative study with the induction of cytochrome P 450 (b+e) by phenobarbitone revealed that the drug manifested a striking increase in the nuclear pre-messenger RNAs for the cytochrome at 12 hr, but did not significantly affect the same in the case of glutathione transferase (Ya+Yc). 3 Amino-1,2,4-triazole and CoCl2 blocked the phenobarbitone mediated increase in cytochrome P-450 (b+e) nuclear pre-messenger RNAs. These compounds did not significantly affect the glutathione transferase (Ya+Yc) nuclear pre-messenger RNA levels. The polysomal, poly (A)- containing messenger RNAs for cytochrome P 450 (b+e) increased by 12-15 fold after phenobarbitone administration, reached a maximum around 16 hr and then decreased sharply. In comparison, the increase in the case a glutathione transferase (Ya+Yc) messenger RNAs was sluggish and steady and a value of 3-4 fold was reached around 24 hr. Run-off transcription rates for cytochrome P-450 (b+e) increased by nearly 15 fold in 4 hr after phenobarbitone administration, whereas the increase for glutathione transferase (Ya+Yc) was only 2.0 fold. At 12 hr after the drug administration, the glutathione transferase (Ya+Yc) transcription rates were near normal. Administration of 3-amino-1,2,4 triazole and CoCl2 blocked the phenobarbitone-mediated increase in the transcription of cytochrome P-450 (b+e) messenger RNAs. These compounds at best had only marginal effects on the transcription of glutathione transferase (Ya+Yc) messenger RNAs. The half-life of cytochrome P-450 (b+e) messenger RNA was estimated to be 3-4 hr, whereas that for glutathione transferase (Ya+Yc) was found to be 8-9 hr. Administration of phenobarbitone enhanced the half-life of glutathione transferase (Ya+Yc) messenger RNA by nearly two fold. It is suggested that while transcription activation may play a primary role in the induction of cytochrome P-450 (b+e), the induction of glutathione transferase (Ya+Yc) may essentially involve stabilization of the messenger RNAs. PMID- 3754329 TI - Nucleotide sequence of a full-length cDNA for mouse cytoskeletal beta-actin mRNA. PMID- 3754330 TI - Cloning of the gene coding for human L apoferritin. AB - A recently reported cDNA clone coding for human promyelocytic L apoferritin, shows some differences with a liver L apoferritin cDNA. We have investigated if these differences are due to the expression of different genes or to an alternative transcription of an unique gene. In this paper we report data suggesting that a single gene is mainly expressed in several tissues examined. This gene has been cloned and characterized. Its sequence shows three introns: the exon sequence is identical to that of cDNA clone isolated from human liver. A minimum of five related pseudogenes have been also analysed. One of them is a processed pseudogene interrupted by an intron-like fragment. PMID- 3754331 TI - cDNA sequence coding for human coagulation factor XII (Hageman). PMID- 3754332 TI - Bucket handle tear of a discoid medial meniscus. Arthroscopic diagnosis--partial excision. A case report. AB - A case of a rare, large discoid medial meniscus with a bucket-handle tear is described. The radiogram was normal and the clinical impression was torn medial meniscus. A diagnostic arthroscopy revealed an unusually large medial discoid meniscus with a bucket-handle tear. Open partial excision was performed following the arthroscopy. PMID- 3754333 TI - Influence of cottonseed meal on vanadium toxicity and 48vanadium distribution in body tissues of laying hens. AB - Hens of two commercial White Leghorn strains were fed diets representing a complete factorial arrangement of 0, 3, or 6 ppm vanadium (V) from dicalcium phosphate and 0 or 5% cottonseed meal (CSM). Test diets were fed for 4 consecutive weeks beginning when hens were 25, 40, 62, or 76 weeks old. After each 4-week treatment period, all hens were fed a diet containing no added V or CSM. Albumen quality (Haugh units) was determined on eggs produced on Days 6 and 7 of each week of feeding the test diets. Three ppm V caused a slight decrease in Haugh units, while 6 ppm V reduced Haugh unit score (HU) by 6 to 15 units when fed to hens 29, 44, or 80 weeks old. The relative influence of V on HU of eggs from 66-week-old hens was less pronounced. The inclusion of 5% CSM in the diet counteracted most of the adverse effects of V on egg quality, irrespective of strain of hens. Egg production and egg weight were not affected by V or CSM. In a second experiment, hens fed diets containing no V + no CSM, 6 ppm V + no CSM, no V + 5% CSM, or 6 ppm V + 5% CSM were given 110 microCi of 48V by oral capsule. Greatest concentrations of 48V were found in bone, kidney, liver, and magnum. Little 48V was detected in whites, and none was found in yolks of eggs produced 2 days after 48V dose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3754334 TI - Corticosterone sampling of laying hens in different management systems. AB - Plasma corticosterone was measured as a stress indicator of laying hens in different management conditions. Laying hens housed in cages and floor pens were sampled repeatedly in the morning and the afternoon. Plasma corticosterone concentrations of afternoon samples of hens from floor treatments were significantly higher than those from cage treatments, but morning values were not different. These results suggest that management systems, producing subtle adverse conditions for laying hens, are associated with elevated baseline corticosterone levels during the nadir of the diurnal response, whereas peak values may not be affected. PMID- 3754335 TI - Fura-2: a powerful new tool for measuring and imaging [Ca2+]i in single cells. PMID- 3754336 TI - [Talinolol (Cordanum) inhibiting epileptiform discharge in the electroencephalogram of the rat]. PMID- 3754337 TI - Measurement of T1 by echo-planar imaging and the construction of computer generated images. AB - The high-speed echo-planar imaging (EPI) technique is used to obtain rapid T1 and spin density measurements by a two-point method. It is shown that neglect of edge effects in the slice selection procedure leads to significant systematic errors in T1. T1 maps for two young patients, obtained at 4.0 MHz, are presented. The T1 and spin density values obtained are used to produce computer-generated images in inversion recovery simulations. These results demonstrate marked improvement in image contrast without paying the time penalty incurred in real experiments, thereby greatly increasing patient throughput potential. PMID- 3754338 TI - DNA polymerase activity in heat killing and hyperthermic radiosensitization of mammalian cells as observed after fractionated heat treatments. AB - Possible relations between hyperthermic inactivation of alpha and beta DNA polymerase activity and hyperthermic cell killing or hyperthermic radiosensitization were investigated. Ehrlich Ascites Tumor (EAT) cells and HeLa S3 cells were treated with fractionated doses of hyperthermia. The heating schedules were chosen such that the initial heat treatment resulted in either thermotolerance or thermosensitization (step-down heating) for the second heat treatment. The results show that for DNA polymerase activity and heat radiosensitization (cell survival) no thermotolerance or thermosensitization is observed. Thus hyperthermic cell killing and DNA polymerase activity are not correlated. The correlation of hyperthermic radiosensitization and DNA polymerase activity was substantially less than observed in previous experiments with normotolerant and thermotolerant HeLa S3 cells. We conclude that alpha and beta DNA polymerase inactivation is not always the critical cellular process responsible for hyperthermic cell killing or hyperthermic radiosensitization. Other possible cellular systems that might determine these processes are discussed. PMID- 3754339 TI - Glutathione depletion by DL-buthionine-SR-sulfoximine (BSO) potentiates X-ray induced chromosome lesions after liquid holding recovery. AB - The impact of intracellular glutathione depletion on chromosome damage induced by X irradiation under aerobic conditions was investigated in two different cell lines, Ehrlich ascites tumor cells (EATC) and Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO K1). Thiol-depleted cell cultures in plateau phase were obtained by prolonged incubation in growth medium containing DL-buthionine-SR-sulfoximine (BSO), a specific inhibitor of gamma-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase. Cells were then assayed using the procedures of G. L. Ellmann (Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 82, 70-77 (1959)), F. Tietze (Anal. Biochem. 27, 502-522 (1969)), and J. Sedlack and R.H. Lindsay (Anal. Biochem. 25, 192-205 (1968)) for non-protein bound SH (NPSH), glutathione (GSH), and total SH (TSH). In both cell lines GSH was reduced to less than 10% of controls at higher BSO concentrations around 1 mM, whereas TSH and NPSH were affected to only 40-60%. In EATC pretreated with up to 1 mM BSO for 72 h, increased levels of spontaneously occurring micronuclei were found. At BSO concentrations above 200 microM, both cell lines showed a potentiation of chromosome lesions scored as micronuclei and induced under aerobic X irradiation when liquid holding recovery in the original nutrient-depleted medium was performed; the extent of chromosome damage eventually reached that which could be obtained by application of beta-arabinofuranosyladenine (beta-araA), known to inhibit DNA repair processes by blocking DNA polymerases. It is therefore suggested that GSH depletion causes impairment of repair of lesions leading to chromosome deletions and subsequently to micronuclei. In contrast to CHO cell cultures, EATC showed a reversion of the potentiation effect as indicated by a decrease in the micronucleus content during prolonged incubation in the presence of BSO in the millimolar range. This effect could not be correlated to the remaining GSH content of less than 10% but may be due to some accumulation of unknown NPSH components. Since addition of L-cysteine to EATC cultures pretreated with BSO decreased the micronucleus content, cysteine/cystine or a related thiol within the NPSH fraction may be involved in the reestablishment of repair. Thus at least in one cell line, a rather complex response to BSO administration indicated that not only GSH but also other thiols may determine the level of chromosome damage after liquid holding recovery. PMID- 3754340 TI - Changes in bleb formation following hyperthermia treatment of Chinese hamster ovary cells. AB - Chinese hamster ovary cells in suspension cultures were heated for various times at 41.5, 43.5, and 45.5 degrees C, and quantitative determinations of microblebbing and macroblebbing of the cell membrane were performed for cells maintained at 4, 25, and 37 degrees C after hyperthermia. The percentage of cells with blebs following heating at 45.5 degrees C was dependent upon the duration of heating with increases from 40% for 5 min to 90% for 30 min. Cells exposed to lower temperatures exhibited less blebbing which was not quantifiable. The changes in bleb formation following 45.5 degrees C were dependent upon the posthyperthermia temperature: a slight decrease of macroblebbing at 25 degrees C, a decrease to 50% by 2 h at 37 degrees C, and a sharp decrease of macroblebbing to less than 10% by 1 h at 4 degrees C. Microblebbing increased slightly at 37 degrees C. When cells were transferred rapidly from the 4 degrees C posthyperthermia incubation to 37 degrees C, the bleb formation percentages returned rapidly to the higher levels which existed before posthyperthermia incubation at the lower temperatures. Gamma irradiation of 20 and 50 Gy produced only a small increase in microblebbing at longer periods (5 to 6 h) but no increase in macroblebbing. The survival of cells heated for 20 min at 45.5 degrees C was decreased 40% for suspension cells maintained at 4 degrees C for 2 to 3 h before incubation at 37 degrees C for colony formation compared to cells immediately incubated at 37 degrees C after heating. The survival of cells maintained at 25 degrees C after heating was not altered in comparison. PMID- 3754341 TI - Enhancement of radiation sensitivity by postradiation hypoxia. AB - We demonstrate that postradiation hypoxia during colony formation in vitro enhances radiation sensitivity when cells are irradiated in severely hypoxic states. The presence and magnitude of this phenomenon, if it occurs in vivo, raise questions about the importance of the oxygen effect in the radiation response of tumor cells in vivo and suggest that hypoxia may not be an important factor in the probability of tumor control following radiation therapy. PMID- 3754342 TI - A generalized concept for cell killing by heat. AB - Based on the analysis of many survival curves obtained after hyperthermic treatments of CHO cells at various temperatures, or after consecutive exposure to two different temperatures, a generalized concept has been developed for the action of heat on cell survival. The basic idea of this concept is that cellular inactivation by heat is a two step process. In the first step, heating produces nonlethal lesions. In the second step, the nonlethal lesions are converted into lethal events upon further heating. The conversion of one of the nonlethal lesions in a cell leads to cell death. Based on the assumption that both production and conversion of nonlethal lesions occur at random and depend only on temperature, a mathematical model has been worked out that quantitatively describes cell killing by single heating as well as by step-down or step-up heating. After the cells are heated at a certain temperature for a time t, the surviving fraction is given by the equation S(t) = exp [(p/c) X [1 - c X t - exp( c X t)]) where p is the rate constant for the production of nonlethal lesions per cell and per unit of time, and c is the rate constant for the conversion of one nonlethal lesion into a lethal event per unit of time. When heating is performed consecutively at two different temperatures; i.e., when a pretreatment at the temperature T1 for the time t1 is followed by a graded exposure to the temperature T for the time t, the surviving fraction is given by the equation S(t1,t) = exp [(p1/c1) X exp(-c X t) X [1 - c1 X t1 X exp (c X t) - exp(-c1 X t1) + (p/c) X [1 - c X t - exp(-c X t)]) where p1 and c1 are the production rate and the conversion rate at the temperature T1 of the pretreatment, and p and c are the corresponding values at the temperature of the second treatment. By fitting the equations given above to the experimental data of many heat survival curves, the values of p and c were determined for the temperature range 39 to 45 degrees C. In this range, the conversion rate c increases exponentially with temperature; the slope corresponds to an activation energy of Ea = 86 +/- 6 kcal/mol. The Arrhenius plot of the production rate p shows an inflection point at 42.5 degrees C. Above that temperature, the activation energy is 185 +/- 14 kcal/mol; below, Ea = 370 +/- 30 kcal/mol was obtained.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3754343 TI - [CT diagnosis of a mycotic aneurysm of the femoral artery following typhoid infection]. AB - A mycotic aneurysm of the femoral artery, which developed in the course of typhoid fever, was localized and diagnosed exclusively by computed tomography. Angiography was not used as it is invasive and was thus considered too risky for the patient, who was also suffering from chronic lymphatic leukemia. PMID- 3754344 TI - Effects of ONO-6240, a platelet-activating factor antagonist, on endotoxin shock in unanesthetized sheep. AB - To determine the role of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in endotoxin shock, we studied the effects of ONO-6240, a PAF antagonist, on endotoxin shock in unanesthetized sheep. Changes in hemodynamics, lung lymph balance, leukocyte and platelet counts, and arterial blood gas tensions were measured in four groups; endotoxin alone; endotoxin plus ONO-6240; ONO-6240 alone; vehicle control. Pretreatment with ONO-6240 in sheep given endotoxin significantly prevented the decreases in systemic arterial pressure, left atrial pressure and cardiac output observed in sheep given endotoxin alone. A partial effect on diminishing the magnitude of peripheral leukopenia was also noted. However, pretreatment with ONO 6240 had little effect on pulmonary hypertension and lung lymph balance. We conclude that endotoxin causes two different effects: vascular collapse and direct lung injury; and that PAF is involved only in the circulatory manifestations. PMID- 3754346 TI - [Compliance in adjuvant chemotherapy]. AB - The study presented deals with the issue of therapy compliance on the example of female patients with breast carcinoma, who had received adjuvant chemotherapy. Catamnestic results are reported for 44 patients who had answered a complaints questionnaire and participated, additionally, in unstructured interviewing on the problems and strain experienced during and following therapy. The study group consisted of 10 women who had dropped out of treatment, and 34 women who had followed the treatment as scheduled. The physical and emotional strain found are reported, and discussed from the perspective of therapy compliance. Of particular interest in this context is the doctor-patient-relationship, i.e. the question of how the patients' subjective considerations and medical cost-benefit calculations could be heeded in as open and trustful an exchange between doctor and patient as possible. PMID- 3754345 TI - [Use of a personal computer in contrast evaluation in magnetic resonance tomography]. AB - Contrast dependency in MR Tomography from several intrinsic and extrinsic parameters makes this technique versatile and sensitive; at the same time it makes more complex the image contrast evaluation and the optimized sequence choice. The approach to this problem from the viewpoint both of training and practical application becomes easier using the proposed personal computer program. PMID- 3754347 TI - Role of acetaldehyde and xanthine oxidase in ethanol-induced oxidative stress. AB - Single doses of ethanol (5 g/kg, intragastric) produce oxidative stress in the liver as well as in the heart. The metabolism of acetaldehyde through xanthine oxidase appears to play an important role in the production of oxidative stress in the heart, but it has only a contributory role in the liver. It is suggested that, as oxidative stress through lipid peroxidation may produce organ pathology, the metabolic pathway of acetaldehyde through xanthine oxidase may be one of the mechanisms which mediate cardiac pathology in alcoholism. PMID- 3754348 TI - Sleep-wave activity of a delta sleep-inducing peptide analog correlates with its penetrance of the blood-brain barrier. AB - Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) significantly increases delta wave electrical activity in the brain of rats after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. Rats (n = 10) were peripherally injected with DSIP and [D-Ala4]DSIP-NH2 during the dark portion of a 12-h light/dark cycle prior to recording of epidural encephalographic (EEG) wave forms. Administration of [D-Ala4]DSIP-NH2, an analog that enters the brain after peripheral administration more readily than the parent DSIP molecule, resulted in significantly more delta waves than DSIP together with a highly significant amount of theta activity. DSIP was found to significantly increase EEG output in the delta range when compared with controls. In addition, the DSIP analog significantly decreased locomotor activity, whereas DSIP itself was without effect. These findings strongly support the controversial concepts that peripherally injected peptides can reach the brain and that DSIP compounds can increase sleep activity. PMID- 3754349 TI - [A case of true hermaphroditism]. AB - The authors report a case of true hermaphroditism, a rare intersexual condition characterized by the coexistence of ovarian and testicular tissue in the same subject. The authors have analysed this unusual condition in clinical and paraclinical terms and draw conclusions regarding the psychological and surgical principles to be applied in its treatment. PMID- 3754350 TI - [Osteomalacia after intestinal operations--therapeutic effect of calcitriol. Report of a case]. AB - An 82-year-old woman, with clinically and histologically documented osteomalacia associated with a history of several gastrointestinal operations and malabsorption, was successfully treated with low dose calcitriol. Osteomalacia, with particular reference to the gastrointestinal type, and the role of vitamin D and its metabolites are discussed. Therapy with calcitriol is compared with conventional vitamin D treatment. Calcitriol should be considered in the treatment of osteomalacia induced by gastrointestinal disorders. PMID- 3754351 TI - [Goiter]. AB - Studies in Switzerland (1979), in Austria (1982) and in Germany (1975) revealed that greater than 10% of the population has a goiter. Simple guidelines are offered to the practising physician for the work-up and therapy of this fairly common pathological condition. In the work-up one investigates firstly whether the goiter in question could be malignant, and, secondly, whether it could be due to thyroiditis. If this is not the case the goiter is probably benign (Graves' goiter or "simple" goiter). Malignant goiters are referred to the endocrinologist/surgeon for further work-up and therapy. Subacute thyroiditis is treated with salicylates or steroids. The hyperthyroid phase of thyroiditis is treated with beta-blockers and possibly steroids and the hypothyroid phase with thyroxine. The hypo- and euthyroid variants of "simple" goiter are treated with thyroxine. Goiters which grow during this therapy are removed surgically. The hyperthyroid variant of "simple" goiter should preferably be treated surgically. PMID- 3754352 TI - [Postoperative hypothyroidism]. PMID- 3754353 TI - [A fast planning program for interstitial and intracavity 192-Ir afterloading therapy]. AB - A fast on-line planning program is presented running on a mobile computer and serving for the planning of dose distributions in interstitial and intracavitary afterloading therapy. The requirements that have to be fulfilled by such a system as well as the execution of the program are described. PMID- 3754354 TI - Homozygous protein C deficiency with moderately severe clinical symptoms. AB - We report a large family with two members homozygotes for protein C deficiency, with activity levels of 5% and 9%. Thirteen additional members were heterozygotes, with protein C activity ranging from 36-66% and equally low levels of protein C antigen. The homozygotes presented with recurrent deep-vein thromboses and pulmonary emboli, but have reached the ages of 26 and 37 years. Hence, protein C levels of 5% appear sufficient to avoid life-threatening clinical symptoms in the neonatal period. PMID- 3754355 TI - Eicosenoid biosynthesis and platelet function with advancing age. AB - The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, a major cause of age-related mortality, remains poorly understood. Although platelets and their products, including thromboxane A2, may be of importance in this process, little is known about eicosenoid biosynthesis and platelet function with increasing age. In order to address the hypothesis that platelet activation increases with age, we measured various indices of platelet function in a group of apparently healthy individuals over the age of 50 years. The circulating platelet aggregate ratio, plasma beta thromboglobulin and threshold aggregating concentration of arachidonic acid were similar to those in healthy subjects aged less than 40 years. Although the bleeding time (168 +/- 24 vs 300 +/- 24 seconds) was significantly (p less than 0.001) shorter in the older volunteers this may be unrelated to platelet function and merely reflect age related changes in skin and/or vascular function. To further assess platelet and vascular function in vivo, we measured excretion of the major thromboxane and prostacyclin metabolites in urine, 2,3-donor thromboxane B2 (Tx-M) and 2,3-dinor-6-keto-PGF1 alpha (PGI-M). Both Tx-M (223 +/- 22 vs 152 +/- 19 pg/mg creatinine; p less than 0.005) and PGI-M (198 +/- 21 vs 121 +/- 13 pg/mg creatinine; p less than 0.005) excretion were significantly higher in the older volunteers. These subtle but significant changes in eicosenoid biosynthesis are consistent with the presence of platelet activation in vivo increasing with age in apparently healthy individuals. PMID- 3754356 TI - [Toxicologic studies on irradiated feed in pigs]. AB - Toxicological investigations in experimental animals given irradiated feed and studies on the possible transfer of toxic factors from this feed to the animal are reviewed. Irradiated feed did not affect reproduction of rats and pigs. Extensive toxicity studies in pigs continued over a sixteen-week period and rats (2 1/2 years) did not reveal any changes which were attributable to irradiation to the feed. PMID- 3754357 TI - Behavioral changes in preweaning and adult rats exposed prenatally to low ionizing radiation. AB - Seven behavioral tests were used to evaluate the postnatal behavior of rats after exposure on gestational Day 15 to 0, 25, 50, 75, or 125 r, whole body irradiation of the pregnant rat. Three tests were administered in the first 2 postnatal weeks (righting reflex, negative geotaxis, and reflex suspension); three tests were administered on postnatal Day 21 (modified open field, spatial maze, and continuous corridor). As adults, the rats were retested with the same tests as at 21 days and also in the running wheel. Dose-response decreases in body weight were greater in the younger rats. Some behavioral tests were not altered by irradiation, while others showed clear dose-response relationships, starting as low as 25 r. The early changes were characterized by light body weight, delays in behavioral development and hypoactivity, followed by recovery of some parameters with maturation. Eventually hyperactivity developed in adult rats after gestational irradiation. However, it cannot be concluded that either morphological or behavioral tests are more sensitive than neonatal body weight change for detection of damage from gestational irradiation. PMID- 3754358 TI - Laser endarterectomy: a comparison of thrombotic potential following CO2 laser vs surgical endarterectomy. AB - Although laser endarterectomy has recently been suggested as useful in the treatment of arteriosclerotic obstructions, the "in vivo" clotting effects have not been well delineated. In this study, the common carotid and femoral arteries of ten mongrel dogs were exposed, and alternating 1 cm segments of each artery were treated with surgical endarterectomy and low-powered CO2 laser endarterectomy. Segments were then harvested, and subjected to histologic examination and vascular prostacyclin synthesis determinations, as measured by 6 keto PFG1a radioimmunoassay. Gross examination and light and scanning electron microscopy showed increased platelet aggregation and more extensive damaging of the underlying media of the laser compared to the surgical segments. Six-keto PFG1a levels were significantly lower (p = 0.001) in the laser compared to surgical sites (mean 232 +/- 72 pg/mg vs 515 +/- 144 pg/mg), or controls (895 +/- 337 pg/mg). These findings suggest that laser endothelial evaporation leads to increased thrombotic potential in the early post-operative period in comparison to surgical endarterectomy. PMID- 3754359 TI - Technique for phalloplasty. PMID- 3754360 TI - Marketing of dry cow preparations. PMID- 3754361 TI - Menu software for the processing of spectrofluorometry analysis. AB - Menu software is presented for the computer-assisted spectrofluorometric analysis of the 3,4-benzopyrene contents of different samples, determined by a method implying the addition of fluorescent substances in the presence of other fluorochromes. A system consisting of an SPF-500 spectrofluorometer interfaced to a Felix-M18 microcomputer was used for this purpose. The advantages of the computer-assisted processing of spectrofluorometric analyses are discussed. PMID- 3754362 TI - A defined in vitro system for packaging of bacteriophage T3 DNA. AB - Using purified components, we have constructed an in vitro system for packaging of mature phage T3 DNA. In addition to mature T3 DNA, the system contained T3 proheads and the products of gene 18 (gp18) and gene 19 (gp19). The reaction required Mg2+, ATP, and polyvinyl alcohol. Spermidine was stimulatory but not absolutely required for the packaging reaction. Polyvinyl alcohol could be replaced by polyethylene glycol. The packaging efficiency decreased with decreasing molecular weight of the polymer, and low molecular weight polyols such as sucrose, sorbitol, and glycerol were inactive. The packaging reaction exhibited a sigmoidal relationship with respect to the concentration of ATP with the concentration for half maximal activity about 15 microM. A nonhydrolyzable ATP analog, adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate), inhibited the packaging reaction. PMID- 3754363 TI - [Effect of methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) in combination with antifolic acid preparations on the biochemical indices and growth of Pliss lymphosarcoma in rats]. AB - It was shown in experiments with Pliss' lymphosarcoma in rats that antifolates- cis-2,5-bis (aminohydroxymethyl)-piperazine-3,6-dione and methotrexate--cause tumor cell spermidine level to drop. Also, treatment with antifolates prevented the undesirable accumulation of S-adenosylmethionine in tumor cells induced by methyl-glyoxal-bis (guanylhydrazone) which inhibits polyamine biosynthesis. In chemotherapeutic experiments with rat lymphosarcoma, antifolates markedly potentiated the antitumor effect of methylglyoxal-bis (guanylhydrazone). The data suggest that the combination of polyamine biosynthesis inhibitors such as methylglyoxal-bis (guanylhydrazone) and alpha-difluoromethylornithine and antifolates may be useful in tumor chemotherapy. PMID- 3754364 TI - Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia due to fetomaternal Zwb incompatibility. AB - A case of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia due to fetomaternal incompatibility against the platelet-specific antigen Zwb (PlA2) is described. The antibody was of the IgG class and did not fix complement in vitro. Its specificity was established by panel identification and by comparison to a Zwb antiserum. Gene dosage determinations of Zwa antigens on platelets of parents and child revealed that the mother was homozygous Zwa Zwa, while father and child were heterozygous for this antigen. PMID- 3754365 TI - [Diagnosis and therapy of pseudo-obstruction of the colon]. AB - Pseudo-obstruction of the colon (Ogilvie's syndrome) occurred in 18 patients as an acute abdominal emergency. It was characterized by massive distension of the caecum or the entire colon in the absence of any organic cause. Usually there was an underlying extraintestinal disease. Diagnosis of this entity depends on careful radiological investigation of the abdomen, whereby barium enema reveals the absence of organic obstruction. Increasing distension in untreated patients may lead to spontaneous perforation of the caecum. PMID- 3754366 TI - [Ketazone hepatosis--a possibility for the development of secondary hypouricemia]. PMID- 3754367 TI - Experimental toxocariasis and hyperactivity in mice. AB - An observational study using videorecordings and computer-assisted data analysis was undertaken in order to investigate the behaviour of mice infected with larvae of Toxocara canis. The findings indicated that the infection had a marked effect on five readily and reliably differentiable categories of murine behaviour. A marked increase in the number of shorter bouts of each of the five behaviours was also associated with the infection. These results support previous findings and further suggest that T. canis infection affects the way in which mice respond to their environment. In particular the infection appears to be associated with hyperactivity in mice. Possible causes of such behavioural abnormalities as well as implications of these findings for clinical studies concerned with relationships between T. canis infection and hyperactivity in children are discussed. PMID- 3754368 TI - [An opto-electronic procedure for the analysis of movement and posture]. AB - The described procedure has been developed for the quantitative estimation of human postures and motions. The system is based upon the detection of the components of the force vector between the foot and the ground and also the position of the marked pints of rotation of the joints or of the markes above the spine. The course of this vector of force in conjunction with the distance of the pints of rotation permits conclusions to be drawn about stress of joints during walking or different posture. PMID- 3754369 TI - [Venereal diseases in Uganda]. PMID- 3754370 TI - [Intensive care problems in congenital polycystic lung abnormality]. AB - The development of bilateral tension cysts in a 6-month-old child suffering from inborn honeycomb lung resulted in acute cardiorespiratory insufficiency. First of all, we succeeded in controlling the recurrent rises in intrathoracic pressure by puncturing and chest draining performed by suction and by the Bulau method. The child thus became fit to be operated on. The right lower lobe, and, 7 days later, the left upper lobe, were resected and multiple single cysts excised from both residual lungs. The postoperative course of the disease was not free from complications, but five years of follow-up showed that the child's general development had become normal. Possibilities of treatment of pulmonary insufficiency, a typical symptom of polycystic lung malformation, are discussed, and the necessity for an early operation is emphasised. PMID- 3754371 TI - [Animal experiment studies of the modification of pregnancy by heterologous antibodies to placental antigens]. AB - Pregnancy impairment in mice with abortion and fetal resorption was caused by rabbit antibodies to total mitochondrial, mitochondrial membrane and microsomal fractions of mouse placentas injected intraperitoneally at 12-14 days of gestation. Antibodies to cytosol and soluble mitochondrial constituents were ineffective. According to the marker distribution in the biologically active and inactive fractions membrane-bound antigens are thought to be responsible for the abortigenic effect. PMID- 3754372 TI - Aspiration during anaesthesia: a computer-aided study of 185,358 anaesthetics. AB - In order to estimate the incidence and significance of aspiration during anaesthesia, a study of cases in which this complication had occurred was made at the Karolinska Hospital. With the aid of the anaesthetic recordkeeping system of the Department of Anaesthesia and the computer-based register of diagnoses of in patients at the hospital, all cases in which aspiration was recorded were retrieved. Eighty-three cases of aspiration were retrieved from the file of anaesthetic records and four from the in-patient register. This constitutes an incidence of 4.7 aspirations in 10 000 anaesthetics, or 1 in 2131. The patients most often affected were children and the elderly. In 83% of the cases there were one or more preoperative factors indicating an increased risk for aspiration, such as emergency operation (38 cases, 43%), upper abdominal or emergency abdominal surgery (14 cases, 16%), a history indicating delayed gastric emptying (e.g. peptic ulcer/gastritis, pregnancy, obesity, unusual stress or pain, elevated intracranial pressure, 54 cases, 61%). In 29 cases (33%) there was a history indicating an increased risk of regurgitation, e.g. nasogastric tube, oesophageal disease or pregnancy. In 15 cases of elective surgery, no history of increased risk for aspiration could be found. In 67% of those cases the aspiration was preceded by difficulties involving the airways or intubation. The incidence of aspiration was more than sixfold higher during the night than during regular daytime working hours. In 41 cases (47%) the aspiration led to aspiration pneumonitis confirmed by x-ray. Fifteen patients (17%) needed mechanical ventilation, and four died.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3754373 TI - Disturbances in neuronal migration and laminar cortical organization associated with multicystic encephalopathy in the Pena-Shokeir syndrome. AB - The Pena-Shokeir syndrome is characterized by intrauterine growth retardation, camptodactyly, multiple ankyloses, facial anomalies and pulmonary hypoplasia. The condition is thought to be inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion. A detailed neuropathological analysis of the brain of a stillborn full-term male infant who exhibited the gross features of the Pena-Shokeir syndrome revealed diffuse bilateral cerebral polymicrogyria associated with multicystic encephalopathy. Abnormal brain development, which was characterized by disturbances in neuronal migration and laminar cortical organization, was clearly associated with changes of an encephaloclastic nature, namely reactive gliosis and infiltration by macrophages. These findings suggest strongly that the Pena Shokeir syndrome may also result from teratogenic factors such as intrauterine ischemic and/or hypoxic insults to the developing brain. PMID- 3754374 TI - Necrosis of the fetal brain stem with cerebellar hypoplasia. AB - Two neonates are presented with intrauterine necrosis of the brain stem. In one of the necrosis and calcification were multifocal and extended from the thalamus to the medulla oblongata. In the other the process was limited to the medulla, but was associated with severe hypoplasia of the nuclei pontis. In both cases the cerebellum was hypoplastic and immature for the gestational age. The connection between the two lesions remains obscure, and two hypotheses are discussed. One hypothesis ascribes the delay in cerebellar development to subliminal damage caused by the same insult that produced the brain-stem lesions, the other considers the possible effects of partial deafferentation on the maturation of the cerebellum. PMID- 3754375 TI - Influence of isaxonine on the target phenomenon, muscle fibre size and neuromuscular junction in the tenotomized and denervated gastrocnemius muscle of the rat. AB - Isaxonine is reported to accelerate the rate of peripheral nerve regeneration, stimulate axonal sprouting and promote motor and sensory function recovery. The target phenomenon in muscle fibers is the morphological expression of increased stretch activity in a diseased muscle. It can be produced in the gastrocnemius muscle of the rat by tenotomy and is inhibited by simultaneous denervation. The influence of isaxonine on this experimental model was studied. Twenty Wistar rats were submitted to bilateral section of the Achilles tendon and section of the left sciatic nerve. In ten rats, treated with isaxonine, the qualitative and quantitative changes in the gastrocnemius muscle were compared with the control group over a period of 3 weeks. No statistical differences were observed in the occurrence and inhibition of the target phenomenon, the muscle fibre size and the neuromuscular junction. Isaxonine has no direct effect on a diseased muscle with an intact nerve supply, nor in the early stages after complete denervation. PMID- 3754376 TI - Effects of short-term caloric restriction on lactational performance of well nourished women. AB - Milk volume and composition, nutrient intake and plasma prolactin levels of 22 well-nourished lactating women were measured during a 3-week period; an experimental group (E, n = 14) reduced energy intake by 19 to 53% (mean 32%) during week 2 while controls (C, n = 8) maintained normal intake. Mean maternal energy intakes (kcal/day) were: (E) 2316 (wk 1), 1591 (wk 2); (C) 2037, 2121. Mean infant milk intakes (g/day) during these weeks were: (E) 736, 718, 684; (C) 714, 671, 702. Milk intake was not reduced among infants of mothers whose energy intakes were at least 1500 kcal/day during week 2. In group E prolactin levels tended to increase during week 2. Milk composition did not change significantly. Lower energy intakes than those currently recommended appear compatible with successful lactation and gradual maternal weight loss, but longer-term studies are needed to determine a lower limit for safe intakes. PMID- 3754377 TI - Studies on cardiac distribution and function of neuropeptide Y. AB - High concentrations of a novel peptide, neuropeptide Y, have been demonstrated in the guinea-pig and canine heart and in the latter, a particularly high concentration was found in the region of the coronary vasculature (126 +/- 31 pmol g-1). Intra-arterial infusion of neuropeptide Y for 30 s into the coronary artery of the intact, innervated dog heart resulted in a rapid and short-lasting reduction of blood flow from 38 +/- 4 to 31 +/- 3 ml min-1 (P less than 0.05) to resume control level, 39 +/- 5 ml min-1, within 5 min. These injections were unaccompanied by changes in heart rate and aortic pressure, while there was an associated small reduction in dP/dt, used as a measure for changes in contractility. In vitro studies using the isolated, paced papillary muscle from cat, guinea-pig and rat, and spontaneously beating right atria from the guinea pig, demonstrated no effect of NPY on active tension or beating frequency. The results indicate that NPY has vasoconstrictor properties, but under the test circumstances to lack both positive and negative inotropic and chronotropic effects. PMID- 3754378 TI - Co-release of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity and catecholamines in newborn infants. PMID- 3754379 TI - A simulator model of a department of diagnostic radiology. AB - A computer simulation of a department of diagnostic radiology was performed to find out the most important factors that influence the transit time of the patients. Furthermore the general applicability of simulation models to this type of system was also analysed. The transit times were mainly dependent on staff number and the arrangement of radiographic devices. The model worked satisfactorily in normal conditions but improvements can be made as to the routines for exceptional situations like the treatment of emergency patients. PMID- 3754380 TI - Inhibition of antigen-induced lung anaphylaxis in the guinea-pig by BN 52021 a new specific paf-acether receptor antagonist isolated from Ginkgo biloba. AB - Paf-acether appears to be a potent mediator released in response to allergen exposure in sensitized animals and it could contribute to clinical manifestations of allergic asthma. In order to ascertain this assumption the inhibition of antigen-induced lung anaphylaxis in guinea-pig by BN 52021, a new highly specific paf-acether antagonist, was studied. Ovalbumin injected into passively sensitized guinea-pig induced a large bronchoconstriction which was accompanied by thrombocytopenia and leukopenia. Treatment of animals with BN 52021 i.v., five minutes before challenge, strongly (at the doses of 1 and 2 mg/kg) or totally (at 0.1 mg/kg) inhibited the bronchoconstriction and partially reduced the thrombocytopenia and leukopenia the thrombocytopenia occurring after challenge. These results confirm that paf-acether and platelets might play a key role in asthma. BN 52021 and other paf-acether antagonist could provide a new group of potent prophylactic anti-asthma drugs. PMID- 3754381 TI - [Rhabdomyosarcoma of the prostate]. AB - We report a case of rhabdomyosarcoma of the prostate. The patient was a 56-year old man who complained of anal pain and dysuria. Tumor of the prostate was suspected after rectal examination. Multiple metastatic lesions were found in the lungs and liver. A needle biopsy of the prostate revealed rhabdomyosarcoma. He received chemotherapy, using Etoposide and responded slightly. Subsequently VAC therapy was also performed. Although the patient improved temporarily, he died 4 months after admission. PMID- 3754382 TI - Laboratory diagnosis in thyroid auto-allergic diseases. AB - Different parameters of humoral and cellular immunologic sensitization have been described in thyroid autoallergic disease, however, the percutaneous biopsy of the gland remains as one of the principal parameters of diagnostic confirmation, wherein the possible error of the sample being taken in an area not affected by the disease. The present study assesses two different parameters of immunologic sensitization, humoral and cellular as they are determination of thyroid antimicrosomal antibodies by hemagglutination and leukocyte inhibition migration tests against the same microsomal antigen. Both types of sensitization are proposed as being relevant, and can be found present alone or combined in the same patient, which suggests that the determination of antibodies is the most useful proof with diagnostic motives, but this should be followed by the determination of leukocyte inhibition migration when the result is negative. PMID- 3754383 TI - Computer health/medication information software--compilation for pharmacists. PMID- 3754384 TI - Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis by ketoconazole. AB - To determine if ketoconazole influences cholesterol metabolism in humans, plasma lipid levels were studied in seven men with advanced prostate cancer who were being treated with high-dose ketoconazole. Additionally, the effects of ketoconazole on cholesterol synthesis in cultured normal human fibroblasts were studied. High-dose ketoconazole therapy caused a 27 percent reduction in total serum cholesterol values without affecting serum triglyceride levels. The reduction in serum cholesterol levels was maintained for five months in six of seven patients. The fall in total cholesterol levels was due to a 38 percent reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels without associated changes in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Serum lanosterol levels increased 46 percent during ketoconazole treatment. Studies in cultured normal human fibroblasts showed that ketoconazole inhibited cholesterol synthesis by blocking the conversion of lanosterol to cholesterol. These results establish that ketoconazole is a potent inhibitor of cholesterol production in vivo and in vitro. PMID- 3754385 TI - Concomitant Graves' disease and primary hyperparathyroidism. Influence of hyperthyroidism on serum calcium and parathyroid hormone. AB - Two patients with coexistent Graves' disease and primary hyperparathyroidism were studied during medical treatment of their hyperthyroidism. Serum free calcium level was initially quite elevated (1.61 and 1.71 mM, normal 1.12 to 1.28 mM), but immunoreactive parathyroid hormone values were only slightly increased. The immunoreactive parathyroid hormone values of 153 and 173 nleq/ml (normal less than 150 nleq/ml) were far lower than expected in hyperparathyroid patients with a similar degree of hypercalcemia. As the patients became euthyroid during thionamide treatment, calcium values decreased to 1.39 and 1.61 mM, respectively, and parathyroid hormone increased to values clearly suggestive of hyperparathyroidism (454 and 229 nleq/ml, respectively). Parathyroidectomy and subtotal thyroidectomy cured both the hyperparathyroidism and the thyrotoxicosis in each case. These observations suggest that thyroid hormone had potentiated the osteoclastic effects of parathyroid hormone and that the resulting exacerbation of hypercalcemia had produced a relative suppression of hormone secretion by the abnormal parathyroid tissue. PMID- 3754387 TI - Sequential nonstress testing with use of each fetus as its own control. AB - The sequential nonstress tests of 126 high-risk fetuses were assessed for baseline fetal heart rate, acceleration frequency, amplitude, and duration and the observance of fetal heart rate decelerations. In 108 fetuses (563 tests) with normal perinatal outcomes, no significant trends in these parameters were found. In 18 fetuses (104 tests) with perinatal compromise, 16 had significantly declining acceleration frequencies, 15 had decreasing acceleration duration, four had rising mean baseline rates, and seven, in their last test before delivery, had repetitive late or severe variable decelerations. The last tests of 11 of these 18 fetuses met institutional criteria for reactivity. When the nonstress tests of compromised fetuses were viewed sequentially, acceleration frequency declined by an average of 59% and acceleration duration by an average of 40%. Sequential assessment of the nonstress test, when compared with the use of standard reactivity criteria, improved test sensitivity from 39% to 89% and negative predictive value from 91% to 98%. We conclude that sequential nonstress test assessment in individual fetuses may improve the diagnostic value of this modality and lead to earlier recognition of fetal compromise. PMID- 3754386 TI - Biochemical and physiologic characterization of follicle regulatory protein: a paracrine regulator of folliculogenesis. AB - Further purification of a porcine follicular fluid fraction, referred to as follicle regulatory protein, that inhibits granulosa cell aromatase was performed and the results of in vitro bioassays with these highly purified reagents are reported. The 0% to 35% saturated ammonium sulfate extract of porcine follicular fluid was percolated through an orange A dye matrex gel column and the bound fraction was eluted. Further purification of 0% to 35% orange A-bound fraction of porcine follicular fluid was performed by anion exchange chromatography with the use of the Mono Q column. Mono Q eluents containing follicle regulatory protein activity were injected onto a Mono P hydrogen ion-exchange column. Samples obtained from Mono P chromatography were injected onto preparative and analytical scale gel exclusion columns. Eluent fractions in the apparent molecular weight of 16,000 daltons were tested for aromatase inhibition. Throughout each step, parallelism of an aromatase inhibitor was apparent in both a cell-free microsomal assay and a granulosa cell assay. Follicle regulatory protein, purified about 6666-fold from the orange A-bound fraction of porcine follicular fluid, had a 50% inhibitory concentration of 25 ng/ml for granulosa cell aromatase activity. PMID- 3754388 TI - Opposition to the cochlear implant in deaf children. PMID- 3754389 TI - Phosphorylation of myosin in permeabilized mammalian cardiac and skeletal muscle cells. AB - The effect of myosin phosphorylation on tension production at less than 50% maximal activation by Ca2+ was examined in rabbit psoas and ventricular muscle. For psoas fibers, tension was determined at pCa 6.0, 5.8, 5.6, 5.5, and 5.4. Myosin light chain kinase (0.15 microM) and calmodulin (2 microM) were added, and the fibers were incubated at pCa 5.4, which resulted in an increase in light chain phosphorylation (P-light chain) from 5-10 to 60-75%. After 5 min, the sequence of pCa activations was repeated. An identical protocol was followed for cardiac muscle, except the activation solutions were pCa 6.2, 6.0, 5.9, 5.8, and 5.6. Phosphorylation of P-light chain increased tension in both permeabilized cardiac and skeletal muscle fibers. The effect manifested itself as a leftward shift in the pCa-tension relationship at levels below 50% maximal activation, with a decrease in the slope of the pCa-tension relationship. These results indicate that P-light chain phosphorylation affects actin-myosin interactions in cardiac and skeletal muscles at submaximal levels of Ca2+ activation. PMID- 3754390 TI - Electrolyte permeabilities of pancreatic zymogen granules: implications for pancreatic secretion. AB - Zymogen granules from rat pancreas were prepared on a 40% Percoll gradient at free calcium levels less than 0.2 microM. We have previously shown [Am. J. Physiol. 246 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 9)] that zymogen granules prepared by this method are stable in vitro for more than 1 h in "physiological buffers." The electrolyte permeabilities of the zymogen granule membrane were investigated to determine the basis for this stability. Ionic permeabilities were estimated from rates of osmotic lysis and measured as decrease in optical density (OD) of granule suspensions. OD correlated linearly with lysis, as indicated by release of amylase, except for the highest and lowest 10% of the OD of intact granules. Lysis of freshly isolated granules was slow in Na+ or K+ salt solutions (e.g., t1/2 approximately 3 h for Cl-) but was accelerated 5- to 50-fold when cation ionophores were present simultaneously. This behavior indicates that zymogen granules have low endogenous permeabilities to the cations Na+ and K+, but are highly permeable to a variety of anions. Both anion conductance and anion exchange pathways were found. The relative selectivity of the anion conductance pathway was SCN- greater than Br- approximately NO-3 greater than SO2-(4) greater than acetate- approximately Cl- greater than isethionate-. The relative selectivity sequence for anion/-OH- exchange was acetate- greater than SCN- greater than Br- approximately NO-3 approximately Cl- much greater than isethionate- greater than SO2-(4). The anion transport blocker DIDS blocked the electrogenic pathway with a half-maximal effectiveness at approximately 2 microM. DIDS had little effect on the anion-exchange pathway.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3754391 TI - Influence of exogenously generated oxidant species on myocardial function. AB - Oxygen-derived free radicals (OFR) have been implicated as mediators of tissue injury in various disease states. Their participation in myocardial injury due to ischemia-reperfusion has also been suggested. To characterize the mechanical dysfunction associated with OFR-induced injury, we studied alterations in isometric contractions of rat papillary muscle at 28 degrees C. A purine-xanthine oxidase system was used to generate OFR. Neither purine nor xanthine oxidase alone had significant effects on rest or active tension, duration of the contraction, or peak rates of tension development or decline. In contrast, their combination resulted in a reduction of active tension to 38% of base-line values without alteration in rest tension. This reduction was largely due to a decline in the peak rate of tension development. When catalase or superoxide dismutase was introduced into the bath prior to the generation of OFR, catalase but not superoxide dismutase offered essentially complete functional protection. These results substantiate that impaired myocardial function can result from exposure to OFR. In this case the active radicals appear to be either peroxides or hydroxyl and not superoxide. These observations provide a basis for understanding the functional protection afforded ischemic myocardium by OFR scavenging enzymes. PMID- 3754392 TI - The persistence of public health problems: SF, STD, and AIDS. PMID- 3754393 TI - Anaesthesia for Friedreich's ataxia. Case report and review of the literature. AB - A patient with Friedreich's ataxia was anaesthetised on two occasions. The neuromuscular blocking agent was atracurium 0.5 mg/kg on the first occasion and tubocurarine 0.5 mg/kg on the second. The effect of each was monitored using the train-of-four twitch technique. Friedreich's ataxia has been reported to cause a marked sensitivity to non-depolarising muscle relaxants and hyperkalaemia, with resulting cardiac dysrhythmias after suxamethonium. This patient did not demonstrate an abnormal response to either relaxant; the operating conditions were satisfactory and recovery was not delayed. These drugs may be safely used in this condition provided that monitoring is adequate. PMID- 3754394 TI - Robust estimation of standard curves for protein molecular weight and linear duplex DNA base-pair number after gel electrophoresis. AB - An accurate procedure for estimating linear-duplex DNA base-pair numbers and protein molecular weights after electrophoresis in single concentration gels is presented. A robust modified hyperbola was found to be superior for determining molecular weights and base-pair numbers for a set of known standards when compared with the conventional log transformation and a similar hyperbolic model. We describe the use of a soft laser-scanning densitometer to measure band migration distances of wet, stained polyacrylamide gels for proteins and photographic negatives of agarose gels containing DNA stained with ethidium bromide. This automated densitometric method was more accurate than existing methods. A BASIC computer program detailing the procedure is included. PMID- 3754395 TI - An improved enzymatic synthesis of labeled gibberellin A12-aldehyde and gibberellin A12. AB - The biochemical synthesis of labeled gibberellin A12-7-aldehyde (GA12ald) and and gibberellin A12 (GA12) from labeled R,S-mevalonic acid (MVA) using cell-free extracts from pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) endosperm has been improved over the previously reported procedure. Three major improvements were developing a one step HPLC procedure to isolate GA12ald and GA12 in radiochemically pure form; adjusting the pH of the reaction mix to pH 6.9 which increased the GA12ald/GA12 ratio over that at pH 7.8 by ca. 18-fold while reducing the combined yield of these two compounds by less than 17%; and developing a technique that permitted sampling of the fruits without interrupting growth; this doubled the fraction of extracts with "high activity." Conversion of MVA into GA12ald or GA12 displayed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with half-maximal synthesis at 0.4 mM MVA. Four-hour incubations afforded the highest yields from 0.25 mM MVA. Up to 15 and 7% of the MVA was incorporated into GA12ald and GA12, respectively. About one-quarter of the extracts incorporated at least 10% of the 0.25 mM MVA into GA12ald. One pumpkin fruit can provide sufficient endosperm to synthesize ca. 0.6 mumol of GA12ald. PMID- 3754396 TI - Comparison of nucleic acid-protein interactions in solution and in polyacrylamide gels. AB - The properties of nucleic acid-protein complexes in polyacrylamide gels and in solution have been compared. Transcription by RNA polymerase from a lac DNA template within a gel yields products which are the same as those obtained in solution. Likewise the dissociation rates of DNA-protein complexes in a gel are found to be identical to the solution values. Thus complexes existing in bands during gel electrophoresis behave quite normally. There seems to be no "caging" effect, at least not in a typical 5% polyacrylamide gel (30:1, acrylamide: bisacrylamide); the gel matrix does not hinder separation of DNA and protein molecules which have dissociated. PMID- 3754397 TI - In vitro degradation of atracurium. PMID- 3754398 TI - Caution in making clinical recommendations based on electromyographic measurements. PMID- 3754399 TI - IgE-mediated allergy to peanut, cow's milk, and egg in children with special reference to maternal diet. AB - Nineteen children with IgE-mediated allergy associated with strongly positive prick skin tests and RASTs to peanut or cow's milk and/or egg were studied. Seventeen of the children had been breast fed, ten had been exclusively breast fed for a minimum of 5 months. Reactions to these foods occurred on first exposure to the food in all but one instance, suggesting that in 18 instances sensitization had occurred antenatally or via the breast. A retrospective inquiry indicated that most of the mothers had had a generous intake of the food(s) to which their children were sensitized, but mothers of sensitized children did not consume more of these foods than the mothers of non-sensitized children; moreover, avoidance of the foods (peanut in two instances and egg in one) did not ensure freedom from sensitization to peanut and/or egg. Breast feeding by itself cannot be guaranteed to protect against the development of food allergy. PMID- 3754400 TI - Concentration of ivermectin in bovine serum and its effect on the fecundity of psoroptic mange mites. AB - The concentration-time profile of ivermectin in serum was determined for 3 Hereford heifers. The mean maximum serum concentration, 29 ng of ivermectin/ml, was obtained 48 hours after single subcutaneous injection of 200 micrograms/kg of body weight. The fecundity of mites placed on 9 treated animals at 5, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21 days after injection was reduced by 96% to 99%. At 24 days after treatment, when serum concentration had decreased to about 2 ng/ml, the capability of mites to produce eggs increased to 50% of mites from nontreated calves. At 27 and 30 days after the drug was injected, egg production by mites on treated calves was equivalent to that of mites on nontreated calves. The reduced fecundity resulted from an almost complete cessation of oviposition by females after only a 1-day exposure to ivermectin-treated calves. PMID- 3754401 TI - Increase of serum lipid-associated sialic acid concentration in dogs with neoplasms. AB - Serum concentrations of lipid-associated sialic acid (LASA) were determined in sera obtained from 26 apparently healthy dogs (group 1), 56 dogs with nonneoplastic disorders (group 2), and 100 dogs with neoplasms (benign [group 3], malignant [group 4]), using a simple, reliable, rapid spectrophotometric procedure. The LASA concentrations were significantly increased (P less than 0.01) in group 4 dogs (malignant neoplasms) when compared with those in dogs from groups 1, 2, and 3. The sensitivity of the test was between 71.5% and 100%, and specificity was 92.3% for group 1, 67.8% for group 2, and 80.6% for group 3. A preliminary study concerning variations of serum LASA values as a marker after surgical treatment of tumor showed a good correlation between effectiveness of therapy and serum LASA concentrations. PMID- 3754402 TI - Incubation of Pasteurella haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida lipopolysaccharide with sheep lung surfactant. AB - Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were extracted from a serotype of each of 2 species of Pasteurella isolated from sheep with respiratory tract infections. Lipopolysaccharides from P haemolytica 82-25 (serotype 1A) or P multocida P-1573 (serotype 12) were mixed with sheep lung surfactant and were incubated for 6 hours at 37 C. After incubation, LPS-surfactant mixtures were centrifuged overnight in sucrose density gradients, and fractions were analyzed. Binding occurred between LPS and surfactant vesicles resulting in a stable complex with densities greater than those with the surfactant alone. The surfactant alone had a density of 1.052 to 1.060 g/ml. Diffuse bands of surfactant had a density of 1.075 to 1.092 when incubated with P haemolytica LPS and a density of 1.069 to 1.105 when incubated with P multocida LPS. PMID- 3754403 TI - Pharmacokinetics of single doses of gentamicin given by intravenous and intramuscular routes to lactating cows. AB - Healthy mature lactating cows (n = 6) were given gentamicin (5 mg/kg of body weight) by IV route and another dose 19 days later by IM route. Serum gentamicin concentrations were determined over a period of 48 hours after each drug dosing, using radioimmunoassay. With the aid of a nonlinear least-square regression analysis program, the combined data of the IV and IM treatments were best fitted by a 2-compartment open model, as indicated by residual trends and improvements in the sum of squares by F test and the SD of the estimated values. The distribution phase half-life was 0.25 +/- 0.12 hour, and postdistribution half life was 1.83 +/- 0.18 hours. The volume of the central compartment was 0.10 +/- 0.02 L/kg, volume of distribution at steady state was 0.16 +/- 0.03 L/kg, and the total body clearance was 1.32 +/- 0.17 ml/min/kg. Intramuscular absorption was rapid, with a half-life for absorption of 0.63 +/- 0.28 hour. The extent of IM absorption was 92% +/- 15%. The percentage of the IM dose eliminated in the urine during the first 8 hours was 83 +/- 8. Gentamicin was detected in milk for 48 hours. Kinetic calculations predicted that IM injection of gentamicin at a dosage of 3.5 mg/kg of body weight every 8 hours would provide average steady-state serum drug concentrations of 5.08 micrograms/ml, with minimum and maximum steady state concentrations of 1.03 and 12.05 micrograms/ml, respectively, whereas an IM injection of a 5 mg/kg dosage every 8 hours would provide average steady-state serum concentrations of 7.26 micrograms/ml, with minimum and maximum steady-state serum concentrations of 1.47 and 17.21 micrograms/ml, respectively. PMID- 3754405 TI - Efficacy of ivermectin against Dirofilaria immitis larvae in dogs 30 and 45 days after induced infection. AB - Forty-two Beagles, 14 to 15 weeks of age, were injected subcutaneously with 50 infective larvae of Dirofilaria immitis and were allotted by weight, within sex, to 6 treatment groups. Group 1 served as nonmedicated vehicle-treated controls; groups 2 through 5 were given an oral tablet form of ivermectin at dosages of 0.3 micrograms/kg, 1.0 micrograms/kg, 2.0 micrograms/kg, and 3.3 micrograms/kg at 30 days after inoculation; group 6 was given the 2.0 micrograms/kg dosage at 45 days after inoculation. Dogs were euthanatized and necropsied 154 days after treatment (day 139 for dogs in group 6) and examined for heartworms. On the numerical bases of helminths recovered in the groups, the efficacies for preventing heartworm maturation were 0% (group 2), 53.2% (group 3), 97.2% (group 4), 98.1% (group 5), and 63.8% (group 6). Drug-related adverse reactions were not detected. PMID- 3754404 TI - Anti-strongyle activity of a propylene glycol-glycerol formal formulation of ivermectin in horses (mares). AB - Four groups of 10 horses (mares) each were treated with a 1% solution of ivermectin (200 micrograms/kg of body weight) in a propylene glycol-glycerol formal base orally, a 1% solution of ivermectin (200 micrograms/kg) in a propylene glycol-glycerol formal base via nasogastric tube, a 1.87% paste of ivermectin (200 micrograms/kg) orally, or a 22.7% paste of oxibendazole (10 mg/kg) orally. Fecal examinations were done before treatment and on posttreatment days (PTD) 14, 28, 42, 56, and 70. Strongyle egg per gram counts and sugar flotation fecal examinations were performed. Results of fecal examinations before treatment were similar in all horses. All horses treated with ivermectin had similar percentages of reductions in mean strongyle egg per gram counts after treatment; 100% on PTD 14, 28, and 56 and 93.4% to 98.7% on PTD 70. All ivermectin treatment groups had 0 horses detected as passing strongyle eggs on PTD 14 and 28, 0 to 2 on PTD 42, 3 to 5 on PTD 56, and 8 to 9 on PTD 70. Horses treated with oxibendazole had 99.9%, 99.7%, 92.9% 78.6%, and 54.5% reductions in mean strongyle egg per gram counts and 5, 7, 8, 9, and 9 horses detected as passing strongyle eggs on PTD 14, 28, 42, 56, and 70, respectively. Adverse reactions to treatment were not observed. PMID- 3754406 TI - Uric acid and phosphorus excretion in dogs with lymphosarcoma. AB - Serum uric acid and phosphorus concentrations were determined for 27 dogs with multicentric lymphosarcoma before and after chemotherapy. Mean serum uric acid values in dogs before treatment were significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than those of a control group of healthy dogs. Serum uric acid values did not change after treatment. Of the 27 dogs, 13 had 24-hour urine collections to determine endogenous creatinine clearance and quantitation of uric acid and phosphorus excretion before and after treatment for lymphosarcoma. Mean values for 24-hour creatinine clearance before and after treatment were statistically similar in dogs with lymphosarcoma, although the values were lower than those in a normal range. Total urinary phosphorus excretions were increased significantly (P less than 0.01) after treatment without change in fractional excretion. Chemotherapeutic agents used accounted for the significant (P less than 0.05) increase in urine volume after treatment and may have affected the excretion of uric acid and phosphorus. Seemingly, dogs with uncomplicated lymphosarcoma rarely have renal dysfunction or clinically important alterations in uric acid or phosphorus excretion secondary to rapid tumor lysis. However, preexisting renal disease or systemic complications, such as hypercalcemia, may be associated with increased risk of further renal impairment during treatment. PMID- 3754407 TI - Successful warfarin anticoagulation despite protein C deficiency and a history of warfarin necrosis. PMID- 3754408 TI - Hypertension and cyclosporine. PMID- 3754409 TI - Histopathology of an ear after 5 years of electrical stimulation. AB - Four electrodes were placed in the cochlea and eighth nerve of a 57-year-old man, deafened earlier by neomycin. One electrode received over 4,000 known hours of electrical stimulation and the others fewer, but still substantial hours during extensive psychometric and speech-related testing. While tissue examination showed nerve damage in the basal turn secondary to the implant surgery, there were 18,450 surviving neurons (25,000 are normal for age). There was little or no local tissue reaction and no erosion of the electrode tips caused by electrical stimulation. PMID- 3754410 TI - Stapedius reflex to electrical stimulation in a patient with a cochlear implant. AB - In a patient with a multichannel cochlear implant, it was possible to demonstrate stapedius reflex contraction to intracochlear electrical stimulation. Using a standard immittance measurement technique, characteristics of the electrically evoked reflex were compared to analogous characteristics of the acoustically evoked reflex. Latency-intensity functions were similar for the two modes of excitation, but reflex waveform morphology and amplitude growth functions were different. PMID- 3754412 TI - Role of molecular oxygen in lignin peroxidase reactions. AB - Homogeneous lignin peroxidase (diarylpropane oxygenase) oxidized veratryl alcohol to veratryl aldehyde under anaerobic conditions in the presence of either H2O2, m chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA), or p-nitroperoxybenzoic acid (pNPBA). Lignin peroxidase also oxidized the 1-(3',4'-diethoxyphenyl)-1,2-dihydroxy-(4" methoxyphenyl)-propane I under anaerobic conditions in the presence of mCPBA to yield 3,4-diethoxybenzaldehyde III and 1-(4'-methoxyphenyl)-1,2-dihydroxyethane IV. In contrast to what occurs under aerobic conditions, under anaerobic conditions no 2-hydroxy-1-(4'-methoxyphenyl)-1-oxoethane V was obtained. During the diarylpropane I cleavage under anaerobic conditions, 18O from H2(18)O was incorporated into the alpha-position of the phenylglycol IV. Lignin peroxidase also hydroxylated 1-(4'-ethoxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)propane II at the alpha-position to yield 1-(4'-ethoxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-1-hydroxypropane VI under anaerobic conditions in the presence of mCPBA. During the phenylpropane II hydroxylation under anaerobic conditions, 18O from H2(18)O was incorporated into the alpha position of VI. These results are rationalized according to a mechanism involving an initial one-electron oxidation of the diarylpropane I by the lignin peroxidase compound I to form a benzene pi cation radical which undergoes alpha, beta cleavage to produce a benzaldehyde and a C6C2 benzylic radical. The latter is then attacked by O2 to form a hydroperoxy radical which may decompose through a tetroxide to form the phenylglycol IV and phenylketol V. Under anaerobic conditions the C6C2 benzylic radical is probably oxidized to a carbonium ion which would be subsequently attacked by H2O to yield the phenylglycol V. PMID- 3754411 TI - Mechanisms of electrically induced damage after cochlear implantation. AB - This report is the fourth in a series of parametric studies designed to evaluate and define conditions that may produce histological damage by means of electrical stimulation from cochlear prostheses. Earlier studies established damage thresholds for both acute (400 microA rms or 70 microC/cm(2)0) and chronic (100 microA rms or 15 to 20 microC/cm(2)0) stimulation with continuous sinusoidal current of 1,000 Hz. In a subsequent study, a tenfold reduction in the stimulation frequency (to 100 Hz) resulted in a 50% reduction in the acute damage threshold (200 microA rms), which was a smaller reduction than anticipated if damage is dependent only on charge density. This finding and the damage patterns observed in the preceding studies suggested that multiple mechanisms are responsible for the sensory and supporting cell degeneration induced by the electrical stimulus. A similar pattern of structural changes has been observed by other investigators after acoustic stimulation of the cochlea, suggesting that common mechanisms may be involved. With electrical stimulation, electrophoretic effects have been implicated; like acoustic trauma, however, mechanical, biochemical, and metabolic processes may also be involved. This investigation was designed to identify and analyze better the damage mechanisms active in acute stimulation. Sixteen normal guinea pigs were implanted and stimulated using an interrupted 1,000-Hz signal at 500 microA for three hours. Duty cycle was reduced to 50% and signal periodicity ranged from 100 to 1,000 ms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3754414 TI - [Regulation of tumor promotion by 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, an active form of vitamin D3]. AB - 1 alpha, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1 alpha, 25(OH)2D3) is a hormonally active from of vitamin D3 and has been known to regulate plasma calcium level and cell differentiation. In addition to these functions, we found that 1 alpha, 25 (OH)2D3 is involved in tumor promotion in vitro and in vivo. It enhances chemically-induced transformation of BALB/3T3 cells but paradoxically inhibits tumor promotion in mouse skin carcinogenesis and induction of ornithine decarboxylase by tumor promoters in skin, stomach, liver and colon. Cellular and biochemical mechanisms of actions of 1 alpha, 25(OH)2D3 have been studies in comparison with phorbol ester tumor promoters. PMID- 3754413 TI - Structure-function relationships in heparin cofactor II: chemical modification of arginine and tryptophan and demonstration of a two-domain structure. AB - Heparin cofactor II and antithrombin III are plasma proteins functionally similar in their ability to inhibit thrombin at accelerated rates in the presence of heparin. To further characterize the structural and functional properties of human heparin cofactor II as compared to antithrombin III, we studied the possible significance of arginyl and tryptophanyl residues and the changes in protein structure and activity during guanidinium chloride (GdmCl) denaturation. Both antithrombin and heparin cofactor activities of heparin cofactor II are inactivated by the arginine-specific reagent, 2,3-butanedione. Saturation kinetics are observed during modification and suggest formation of a reversible protease inhibitor-butanedione complex. Quantitation of arginyl residues following butanedione modification shows a loss of about four residues for total inactivation, one of which is essential for antithrombin activity. Arginine modified heparin cofactor II did not bind to heparin-agarose and implies a role for the other modified arginyl residues during heparin cofactor activity. N Bromosuccinimide oxidation (20 mol of reagent/mol of protein) of heparin cofactor II results in modification of approximately two tryptophanyl residues with no concomitant loss of heparin cofactor activity. Moreover, there is no enhancement of intrinsic protein fluorescence during heparin binding to the native inhibitor. Circular dichroism measurements show that the structural transition of heparin cofactor II during denaturation is distinctly biphasic, yielding midpoints at 0.6 and 2.6 M GdmCl. Functional protease inhibitory activities are affected to the same extent following denaturation-renaturation at various GdmCl concentrations. The results indicate that arginyl residues are critical for both antithrombin and heparin binding activities. In contrast, tryptophanyl residues are apparently not essential for heparin-dependent interactions. The results also suggest that heparin cofactor II contains two structural domains which unfold at different GdmCl concentrations. PMID- 3754415 TI - Modified Arias-Stella reaction in paratubal epithelium. AB - The Arias-Stella reaction (hyperplastic changes of the endometrial epithelium associated with cellular atypia) may be seen in uterine or extra-uterine pregnancies. I found a modified Arias-Stella reaction in paratubal epithelial cells. The fallopian tube studied was removed because of ruptured ectopic pregnancy. Although this phenomenon has not been previously reported, it is not really remarkable because of the embryological similarity of paratubal and endometrial epithelium. PMID- 3754416 TI - [Free serum amino acids for monitoring the therapy of female patients with breast cancer]. AB - A continuous monitoring by chromatographic determination of 10 free serum amino acids was carried out in 21 breast cancer patients. The results show, that the pretherapeutic levels of asparagine, glutamine, alanine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine and phenylalanine are significantly elevated if the disease progressed within the next two years. Asparagine, glutamine, glycine, alanine, tyrosine and phenylalanine are significantly elevated if no progression could be observed. In patients without progression the level of free serum amino acid went back to normal during one year. The determination of free serum amino acid is qualified for monitoring the treatment results in breast cancer patients. PMID- 3754417 TI - Bone marrow in cerebrospinal fluid and possible confusion with malignancy. PMID- 3754418 TI - Specific fungal diagnosis. Help on the way. PMID- 3754419 TI - Diabetic cardiomyopathy. A morphological study of intramyocardial arteries. AB - The mechanism of heart failure in patients with diabetic cardiomyopathy is not clear. Previous studies suggested that vascular lesions specific for diabetes mellitus were present and that the lesions could be the basis for impaired cardiac function. We have investigated the histologic and histochemical characteristics of intramyocardial vessels (20 to 500 microns) in a group of diabetics using comparable groups of patients with hypertension, patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus, and, as controls, patients with neither hypertension nor diabetes mellitus. Analysis of multiple blocks taken from the 42 study patients disclosed no lesions specific for diabetes mellitus or hypertension. The discrepancy between our findings and earlier reports is probably due to a lack of controls and the use of non-perfusion-fixed material in the earlier studies. PMID- 3754420 TI - Continuum of the thickness of surviving myocardial wall with single myocardial infarcts. AB - The pathologic correlate of the clinical terms subendocardial and transmural applied to myocardial infarcts is uncertain. To examine this question, we reviewed the morphology of 204 hearts with single myocardial infarcts studied at autopsy after coronary arteriography and fixation in distention. The thickness of surviving myocardium with the infarct (S) and the thickness of the adjacent noninfarcted myocardium (A) were measured microscopically and expressed as a ratio. The S:A ratios ranged from 0.00 to 0.83. Necrosis of the entire wall (S:A ratio = 0.00) was seen in 37 (18%) cases. Distribution of the remaining cases by 10% intervals of wall necrosis (ie, from 0.00 less than S:A ratio less than or equal to 0.10 through 0.90 less than S:A ratio less than or equal to 1.00) were present in 27, 33, 31, 24, 25, 12, 8, 6, 1, and 0 cases, respectively. A lower S:A ratio was correlated with infarct size, infarct expansion, infarct rupture, proximal location of the coronary artery lesion causing the infarct, recency of the infarct, and degree of endocardial mural thrombus. A higher S:A ratio was correlated with the degree of left ventricular hypertrophy. No correlation was observed between S:A ratio and several measures of coronary artery disease. Multivariate regression analysis showed that infarct expansion, infarct age, and rupture were distinct predictors of infarct thickness. The study shows that thickness of myocardium surviving with an infarct forms a continuum; there is no evidence of separate populations that would correspond to infarcts of transmural or subendocardial extent. PMID- 3754421 TI - Etiology of acquired valvular heart disease in adults. A survey of 18,132 autopsies and 100 consecutive valve-replacement operations. AB - The cardiac valve pathology in 18,132 autopsies was analyzed. A total of 1,136 patients (6.3%) had acquired valvular disease. The most commonly diseased cardiac valve was the mitral valve (49%), followed by the aortic valve (42%) and the tricuspid (9%) and pulmonary valves (0.3%). Rheumatic fever accounted for 99.7% of cases of mitral stenosis and 68.4% of mitral incompetence. The autopsy incidence of mitral stenosis remained constant over 30 years (1950 to 1979). Only 44.4% of the cases of acquired aortic stenosis were due to rheumatic fever. Review of 100 consecutive, surgically excised native valves revealed that if the pathologist is given adequate information regarding the macroscopic appearance of the intact valve prior to excision, an accurate etiopathologic diagnosis can be made in 81% of cases compared with only 35% of cases without such information. PMID- 3754422 TI - Glomerular podocyte vacuolation in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. AB - An electron microscopic study of the nonsclerotic glomeruli or nonsclerosed segments of affected glomeruli was made in 34 children with nephrotic syndrome and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and in 34 children with minimal change nephrotic syndrome. Particular attention was paid to alterations of glomerular epithelium. The most striking glomerular change in FSGS was vacuolation of the epithelial cell. Glomerular epithelial vacuolation was found in 21 of the 34 patients with FSGS. Eleven of these 21 patients with vacuoles developed chronic renal failure, while only one of the 13 patients without vacuoles developed renal failure. In minimal-change nephrotic syndrome only five of the 34 patients showed mild epithelial vacuolation. These observations are consistent with glomerular epithelial vacuolation contributing to the development and progression of the glomerular lesion in FSGS. PMID- 3754423 TI - Glutaric acidemia type II. Phenotypic findings and ultrastructural studies of brain and kidney. AB - In a patient with nonketotic hypoglycemia, hyperammonemia, and a urinary organic acid pattern characteristic of glutaric acidemia type II, dysmorphic facial features and kidneys with multiple cortical cysts were the characteristic phenotypic findings. Electron microscopy revealed characteristic cytoplasmic, homogeneous, moderately electron-dense bodies with a limiting membrane. This specific lesion was noted in both central nervous system and renal tissues. PMID- 3754424 TI - Muscle maturation delay in infantile myotonic dystrophy. AB - Specimens of the quadriceps femoris muscle from four infants with neonatal myotonic dystrophy had features of muscle fiber immaturity. Delayed establishment of major fiber subtypes and persistent myotubes, seen in the youngest infant, resolved in a repeated specimen obtained at the age of 4 months. Prominence of satellite cells, central nuclei, acid phosphatase activity sites, and Golgi zones diminished with age at biopsy. All four infants had type 1 fiber-size disproportion. These results substantiate the concept of delayed muscle fiber maturation in myotonic dystrophy. PMID- 3754425 TI - Calcitoninlike immunoreactive and bombesinlike immunoreactive endocrine-paracrine cells of the human prostate. AB - Calcitoninlike immunoreactive and bombesinlike immunoreactive endocrine-paracrine (EP) cells are reported for the first time, to our knowledge, in the human prostate gland and urethra. While calcitoninlike immunoreactive and bombesinlike immunoreactive EP cells account for only a small percentage of the total number of prostatic and urethral EP cells, they underscore the heterogeneity and potential significance of these cells. Prostatic and urethral EP cells may well play an important role not only in the normal state but in such diverse pathologic conditions as infertility, nodular hyperplasia, and prostatic malignancy. PMID- 3754426 TI - Fine-needle aspiration of primary soft-tissue lesions. AB - This study presents the cytologic findings of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) in a series of 136 primary soft-tissue tumors. The cytologic appearances of some rare mesenchymal lesions are presented, including the first (to our knowledge) published descriptions of fibrous hamartoma of infancy and myositis ossificans. Fine-needle aspiration showed high diagnostic sensitivity (95%) and specificity (95%) for the determination of malignancy, approaching that obtained with frozen section interpretation. Problems encountered with the diagnosis of mesenchymal lesions, including nodular fasciitis, Kaposi's sarcoma, and spindle cell lipoma, are discussed. Based on these findings, recommendations for aspiration cytology of soft-tissue tumors are presented. PMID- 3754428 TI - Nosocomial nasal myiasis. AB - Sixty-five fly maggots were retrieved from the nasal cavity of an unconscious 64 year-old man who had been admitted 18 days earlier with diabetic hyperosmolar coma. The larvae were identified as Cochliomyia macellaria, an organism commonly associated with myiasis in the United States. The clinical time sequence indicates that this infection was acquired in the hospital. This incident provides further evidence that immobile and debilitated patients are at risk to acquire myiasis. PMID- 3754427 TI - Macro-creatine kinase type 1. Immunological studies in 14 patients with comments on clinical significance. AB - Circulating autoantibodies directed at creatine kinase (CK) BB isozyme are detected in plasma in the form of an immune complex (immunoglobulin CK BB) termed macro-CK type 1. Fourteen patients presented a falsely elevated CK MB isozyme fraction as measured by the immunoinhibition method; they were found to have IgG CK BB complexes, which was considered to be indirect evidence of circulating anti CK BB autoantibodies. No evident clinical association between the detection of this autoantibody in complexed form and autoimmune disease could be established, there was no significantly increased incidence of other autoantibodies, and there was no specific alteration in immunoglobulin and complement levels; however, the HLA haplotype A1,B8,DR3, which is known to be associated with autoimmunity, was present in five patients. PMID- 3754429 TI - Pleural mucormycosis (zygomycosis). AB - A biliary drainage catheter that traversed the right pleural space was associated with unilateral pleural infection by an unidentified zygomycete that caused pleural mucormycosis. The fungal infection was confined to the pleura and immediately subjacent lung. We interpreted these findings as a fungal wound infection that unfortunately involved a major body cavity. PMID- 3754430 TI - Umbilical artery catheterization complicated by multiple mycotic aortic aneurysms. AB - A premature infant had three pseudoaneurysms of the thoracic and abdominal aorta secondary to umbilical artery catheterization and sepsis. The infant had septicemia as the direct result of bacterial contamination of an umbilical artery catheter with Staphylococcus aureus. The thoracic pseudoaneurysm caused massive hemothorax and the infant's death. The upper abdominal aortic aneurysm developed at the level of the renal arteries and caused decreased left renal blood flow and renal hypoplasia. The lower abdominal aneurysm involved the right iliac artery and was complicated by mural thrombosis and ischemia of the right leg. To our knowledge, this is the first published case of multiple mycotic aortic aneurysms after umbilical artery catheterization. PMID- 3754431 TI - Factor V inhibitor associated with immune complex formation. AB - A 72-year-old man was noted, shortly after surgery, to have a bleeding diathesis secondary to the development of a high-titer anti-factor V inhibitor. We documented the presence of factor V:anti-factor V IgG immune complexes and their disappearance following a short course of steroid therapy. PMID- 3754432 TI - Struma cordis. Ectopic thyroid goiter in the right ventricle. AB - Intracardiac thyroid goiter (struma cordis) is an exceptionally rare finding. To our knowledge, only two cases have been reported in the literature to date. A middle-aged woman was the subject of our case, in which an intracardiac tumor was clinically diagnosed and surgically resected. The mass, adhesive to the ventricular septum and obstructing the right ventricular outlow tract, histologically was formed by thyroid tissue, separated from the myocardium by fibrous tissue. The woman died of renal failure two weeks after the operation, and at autopsy the thyroid gland showed strumous changes. The similarity to previously reported cases suggests a dysembryologic origin of this ectopia. PMID- 3754433 TI - Dynamic knee brace in the treatment of patellofemoral disorders. AB - The efficiency of a knee brace with a 0 degree-30 degrees range of motion was studied in 17 patients with anterior knee pain. Eighteen patients with identical symptoms served as controls. The brace was worn for 6 weeks. Follow-up was performed after 6 weeks and 3 and 12 months. After 6 weeks, 82% of the patients treated with the brace were classified as improved, compared with 44% without it, according to a strict evaluation system. However, after 12 months only 35% of the patients treated with the knee brace could be rated as improved. Despite this marked deterioration, the brace should be considered an alternative to immobilization, because it minimizes the load on the patellofemoral joint and prevents atrophy of the quadriceps muscle. PMID- 3754434 TI - Hepatic microsomal phospholipids in rats exposed intratracheally to coal fly ash. AB - The effects of intratracheal administration of fly ash (50 mg/kg body weight, daily for 7 days) on hepatic microsomal phospholipid metabolism has been studied in rats using various phospholipid precursors, viz NaH2(32)PO4, (methyl-14C) choline, and (methyl-14C)-methionine. Fly ash administration significantly increased microsomal phosphatidylcholine (PC), and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). The incorporation of NaH2(32)PO4 into total liver phospholipids, PC and Phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) was significantly increased in fly ash-treated rats as compared to the control. Fly ash administration also increased the incorporation of (methyl-14C)-choline into microsomal PC. Incorporation of (methyl-14C)-methionine into microsomal PC was not affected. Fly ash administration decreased the per cent distribution of arachidonic acid in PC and PE and increased that of oleic acid in PC and of linoleic acid in PE. PMID- 3754435 TI - Research and development on the total artificial heart--from the engineering aspects. PMID- 3754436 TI - Medical sequelae of unorthodox sexual behaviour. PMID- 3754437 TI - Topical effects of molten salt on rat integument: a histological and photometric assessment. AB - The topical effects of the molten salt 1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium tetrachloroaluminate (melt) and its organic component, the organic salt 1-methyl 3-ethylimidazolium chloride were tested on rat integument. Evaluation was accomplished using standard histological techniques supplemented with digital analysis using the microscope photometer. Two groups of animals were treated with 1.5 ml of either the melt or the organic salt for 10 consecutive days. A third group treated with the melt had the treated area flushed with running water 5 min after each application (wash). Significant treatment effects were observed in rats treated with the melt and wash preparations while the effects of the organic salt were unremarkable. The melt induced an ulcerative dermatitis with acanthosis while the wash produced only mild acanthosis and dermatitis. This damage appears to result from the penetration of aluminum chloride in the melt through the skin and its toxic effects on the cells of the dermis and epidermis. PMID- 3754438 TI - [Pulmonary surfactant. II. Disorders of the surfactant system and its significance in veterinary medicine]. PMID- 3754439 TI - Functional and structural changes in m. vastus lateralis and m. vastus medialis in cases of meniscopathy and chondropathia patellae. AB - The skeletal muscle undergoes selective cellular changes in the sense of the myopathic and neurogeneous tissue syndrome, in the case of degenerative joint diseases. The occurring FT-fibre atrophy is coupled with a decrease of the glycolytic activity and of the LDH isoenzyme pattern. A neurogeneous component is under discussion. PMID- 3754440 TI - Characteristics of pre-S2 region of hepatitis B virus. AB - The nucleotide sequence of our cloned HBV DNA (subtype adw) has been determined. When the 165-nucleotide sequence of the pre-S2 region was compared with 7 other published sequences (subtypes adw, adr, ayw, and adyw), we found 38 nucleotide substitutions among different subtypes and 4 (adr) or 6 (adw and ayw) substitutions within the same subtype. Analysis of the predicted amino acid sequence from the known nucleotide sequences indicates that: there are 20 amino acid substitutions, the longest conserved amino acid sequence is located between amino acids 23 to 34, and the 54th amino acid is identical within the same subtype but varies in different subtypes. PMID- 3754441 TI - Proteolipid in bovine lung surfactant: its role in surfactant function. AB - The chemical and biophysical properties of the proteins in the lipid extracts of lung surfactant have not clearly been determined. These proteins were isolated from lung surfactant lipids by Sephadex LH-20 chromatography and purified with silicic acid chromatography followed by dialysis against organic solvents. The proteolipid thus obtained had a protein to phospholipid ratio of 3 to 1 (w/w). The proteolipid apoprotein had a nominal molecular weight of ca. 5 kDa. We evaluated the functional role of this proteolipid by combining it with proteolipid-depleted surfactant lipids or synthetic dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and then measuring with a pulsating bubble surfactometer. The proteolipid and DPPC recombinant reproduced the surface activity of natural lung surfactant. We conclude that this 5 kDa proteolipid apoprotein is a functionally important constituent of lung surfactant. PMID- 3754442 TI - Structure of two human ovarian inhibins. AB - The complete amino acid sequences of two forms of human ovarian inhibin have been determined through cloning and nucleotide sequencing of cDNAs encoding their individual subunit precursors. The alpha subunit common to both forms of human inhibin is homologous (84 percent conserved) to its equivalent porcine alpha subunit; the subunits which are different in both inhibins (beta A and beta B) are identical to their porcine equivalents in all but one of 232 sequence positions. PMID- 3754443 TI - Identification of the active species in deoxyribonucleic acid breakage induced by 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide and copper. AB - Cyclic voltammetry and UV/VIS spectrometry studies show that 4'-(9 acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide (mAMSA) can be oxidized electrochemically to N1-methylsulfonyl-N4-(9-acridinyl)-3-methoxy-2,5 cyclohexadiene-1,4-d iimine (mAQDI) in Tris buffer, pH 7.5. The formal potential of this 2-electron process, as determined by spectroelectrochemical techniques, was 0.141 V versus saturated calomel electrode. Voltammetric data also indicate that an electron transfer reaction between mAMSA and Cu(II) was thermodynamically favored. Two lines of evidence suggest that mAQDI and Cu(I) are the active species in DNA breakage: (1) mAQDI, in the presence of Cu(I), induced both single and double-strand DNA breakage of the superhelical pDPT275 form I DNA. mAQDI or Cu(I), when used alone, was less effective. (2) The DNA-breaking activity of an mAMSA-Cu(II) mixture was kinetically correlated with the production of both Cu(I) and mAQDI. Thin-layer chromatographic studies showed that mAMSA was oxidized to mAQDI which, in turn, was hydrolyzed. The end product was identified as 9 aminoacridine. When DNA breakage activity was measured as a function of reaction time, a biphasic response was observed. Maximal DNA-breaking activity was obtained upon mixing mAMSA and Cu(II) for 2-4 hr, depending on the concentrations of mAMSA and Cu(II), and was followed by a subsequent decrease in breakage. The decrease appears to be due to the decrease in Cu(I) production and the hydrolysis of mAQDI. These results substantiate the proposed mechanism that DNA breakage induced by mAMSA-Cu(II) involves a rate-limiting electron transfer step to form mAQDI and Cu(I), which are the active species for DNA breakages. PMID- 3754444 TI - Synthesis and in vitro properties of a powerful quaternary methylphosphonate inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase. A new marker in blood-brain barrier research. AB - To substantiate reported data and improve the properties of anticholinesterase drugs in blood-brain barrier (B-BB) research, 7-(methylethoxyphosphinyloxy) 1 methyl-quinolinium iodide (MEPQ) was prepared and evaluated as an inhibitor of both acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase (AChE and BuChE, respectively) from various sources. The second-order rate constants for the inhibition of cholinesterase from eel, mice brain and horse serum at 25 degrees were found to be 5.3 X 10(8), 1.3 X 10(8) and 5.4 X 10(7) M-1 min-1 respectively. The inhibited enzyme could be reactivated by 1-methyl-2-hydroxy iminomethylpyridinium iodide (2 PAM). The two enantiomers of the racemic mixture MEPQ inhibited AChE at similar rates. Low concentrations of AChE could be determined by the residual enzyme activity and by fluorescence measurements of the leaving group, thus suggesting the application of MEPQ as a sensitive titrant of cholinesterase, as well as a potential tool in studying B-BB permeability changes. PMID- 3754445 TI - Oxidative activity of hydroxylated primaquine analogs. Non-toxicity to glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient human red blood cells in vitro. AB - The individual effects of two putative metabolites of primaquine (5,6 dihydroxyprimaquine and 5,6-dihydroxy-8-aminoquinoline) on the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMS) and on the ATP-dependent proteolytic system which rapidly degrades oxidized erythrocyte protein were measured in intact red blood cells in vitro from two blood donors. In red cells treated with nitrite (1-40 mM) or phenylhydrazine (0.01-10 mM), proteolytic activity was detected only with concentrations (7.5 mM NaNO2 and 0.25 mM phenylhydrazine) causing greater than 15 fold elevation of HMS activity, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficient (25% of normal activity) red cell suspensions thus treated showed approximately 30% greater proteolysis. G6PD-normal and deficient red cells treated with the primaquine analogs, however, did not experience proteolysis with concentrations (0.25 mM) in excess of those causing 17-fold elevation of HMS activity. Stimulation of the HMS by the primaquine analogs thus appears unrelated to an erythrotoxic oxidative stress. Methylene blue is known to cause an elevation of HMS activity through direct and diaphorase II-dependent oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) which is independent of injurious oxidative stress. It was found that the putative primaquine metabolites also caused direct and diaphorase II-dependent oxidation of NADPH in dilute hemolysate, thus suggesting that the putative primaquine metabolites have a methylene blue-like redox disposition in red blood cells. Results obtained in this study suggest that the hemolytic toxicity of primaquine may be unrelated to processes which lead to oxidative deterioration of red cell protein. PMID- 3754446 TI - Effects of nine synthetic putative metabolites of primaquine on activity of the hexose monophosphate shunt in intact human red blood cells in vitro. AB - Suspensions of washed human red blood cells were treated with nine synthetic putative metabolic derivatives of primaquine (PQ'), and their individual effects on activity of the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMS) were quantitated by radiometric analysis of 14CO2 from [14C] glucose. The most potent HMS stimulant was 5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-8-aminoquinoline (5H6MQ), which caused 10-fold elevation of HMS activity at an estimated concentration of 0.004 mM. Ten millimolar primaquine (PQ) was required to achieve the same effect. Thus, 5H6MQ was approximately 2500-fold more reactive with the HMS than PQ. Other analogs achieved less than 0.4- to 154-fold increases in HMS reactivity. Patterns of effects on HMS activity indicated that 5-hydroxylation and/or N-dealkylation of PQ strongly enhanced HMS reactivity. In contrast, none of the putative metabolites of PQ activated the proteolytic system known to degrade oxidized protein in red cells, indicating that stimulation of the HMS by the PQ analogs was not related to an injurious oxidative stress. Red cells pretreated with 1.0 mM N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) or with 1.0% (w/v) sodium nitrite to cause glutathione sulfhydryl blockage and conversion of red cell hemoglobin to methemoglobin (metHb), respectively, also showed elevation of HMS activity when exposed to 5H6MQ. These observations suggested that 5H6MQ-induced elevation of HMS activity was at least partially independent of glutathione redox reactions, hydrogen peroxide accumulation and reaction with oxyhemoglobin. The relevance of these observations to proposed mechanisms of hemolytic toxicity of PQ is discussed. PMID- 3754447 TI - Interaction of the aziridine moiety of RSU-1069 with nucleotides and inorganic phosphate. Implications for alkylation of DNA. AB - The aziridine moiety of RSU-1069 (1-(2-nitro-1-imidazolyl)-3-(1-aziridino-2 propanol] alkylates inorganic phosphate and a range of nucleotides in aqueous solutions of pH 7.0. From the rate constants obtained and a study of the adducts formed it is demonstrated that phosphate is a major target on nucleotides at neutral pH, although additional sites may exist particularly on dGMP and dAMP. From the dependence of reactivity on pH and the influence of ionic strength, it is established that the protonated aziridine is the reactive species and that hydrolysis is insignificant when compared to the rate of phosphorylation. The reaction kinetics detailed in this study are discussed in terms of DNA alkylation and strand breakage effected by the aziridine moiety of RSU-1069. PMID- 3754448 TI - Determination of fetal lung maturity in rats by fluorescence polarization. AB - The fluorescence polarization technique was utilized to determine fetal lung maturity in rats. The study confirmed that changes in fluorescence polarization values with gestational age follow the pattern already seen in human beings. A sharp drop was observed on the afternoon of the 20th day of gestation which corresponds in the rat to the beginning of surfactant synthesis. This was confirmed by determination of phosphatidylglycerol. In order to verify the effectiveness of this animal model, a group of pregnant rats was treated with 100 micrograms/kg betametasone twice 48 and 24 hr before the 20th or 21st days of gestation. As expected, this significantly reduced fluorescence polarization on day 20 (4-6 p.m.) and day 21 of gestation, indicating increased surfactant synthesis in betametasone-treated rats. Another group of female rats was pretreated before mating with streptozotocin (40 mg/kd), inducing diabetes. Fluorescence polarization values in the amniotic fluid of the diabetic rats at the above intervals were significantly higher than controls, indicating reduced lung maturation. PMID- 3754449 TI - Interaction of N-trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-O-hemiadipate with chicken leukemia RNA polymerase. Formation of drug-enzyme complex. AB - The biochemical mechanism of the N-trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-O-hemiadipate induced inhibition of RNA synthesis in vitro by chicken (myeloblastosis) leukemia RNA polymerase II was studied. The inhibition was found to be dependent upon preincubation of the drug with the enzyme prior to enzyme assays, suggesting that drug-enzyme interactions occur. A drug-enzyme association complex was subsequently isolated through glycerol gradient sedimentation and further characterized by fluorescent microscopic studies. The drug was dissociated from the complex upon sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-gel electrophoresis, revealing the non-covalent nature of the binding between the drug and the RNA polymerase. PMID- 3754450 TI - Modelling the interaction of small organic molecules with biomacromolecules. I. Interaction of substituted pyridines with anti-3-azopyridine antibody. AB - An approach is presented for modelling the biological activity of organic molecules. This approach requires a consideration of the influence of all factors (topological, steric, hydrophobic, electronic) which determine the bioactivity. In this work, the interaction between substituted pyridines and antibodies generated by anti-3-azapyridine is studied. The stereoelectronic interactions are responsible for the reaction. Meta-positions to nitrogen are found to be the most probable positions for attack. The most likely reaction products are pi-complexes with charges transfer from the biomolecule to the pyridine derivatives followed by the formation of covalent-type bonds. PMID- 3754451 TI - Adjusting for confounding with statistical software packages. AB - Much computer use in support of clinical research involves the execution of standard statistical packages. Prenatal risks, such as maternal substance use, may be related to outcomes, such as lowered birthweight for gestational age, using multiple regression. In standard stepwise multiple regression, variance shared by two risks is attributed to the first variable entered in the equation, potentially underestimating the effect size of subsequently entered variables. A novel solution to this problem, adapted from the epidemiologic technique of calculating attributable risk, is applied in the multivariate setting and produces more appropriate estimates of the effect sizes of independent risks. An example of this method, using a standard statistical package, is presented. PMID- 3754452 TI - Results of vitrectomy in children. AB - Though vitrectomy results in the general population are being well established, the results in children particularly of amblyopic age are still largely unknown. This paper details the results in 44 children aged one month to 13 years, of whom 28 were seven years of age or less. The most frequent indication for vitrectomy was penetrating ocular trauma (61%). Of the total 44 cases, 28 (63%) were rendered unilaterally aphakic, 18 of these being less than 7 years old. Improvement in vision occurred in 34 (77%) of the 44 patients, and 10 (23%) remained unchanged. In the 18 children aged one month to seven years who became unilaterally aphakic, 11 (61%) improved and seven (39%) remained unchanged. The management of amblyopia and contact lenses in children is stressed. These results indicate that vitreous surgery plays a significant role in the restoration of vision in children. PMID- 3754453 TI - The differential cytotoxicity of RSU 1069: cell survival studies indicating interaction with DNA as a possible mode of action. AB - The hypoxic cell radiosensitizer RSU 1069 (1-(2-nitro-1-imidazolyl)-3-(1 aziridinyl)-2-propanol) shows, on a concentration basis, a 100-fold greater toxicity towards hypoxic relative to aerobic cells. This toxicity is substantially greater than that of misonidazole, a compound of similar electron affinity. Reductive processes are important for hypoxic toxicity; this is demonstrated by the fact that misonidazole, in excess, can protect against the hypoxic but not aerobic toxicity of RSU 1069. The importance of the interaction of RSU 1069 with DNA, suggested initially by molecular studies, is supported by the fact that cells containing 5-bromodeoxyuridine (5-BUdR) incorporated into their DNA show greater sensitivity towards the lethal effects of RSU 1069 both in air and nitrogen, compared to cells not treated with 5-BUdR. Experiments with RSU 1069 and 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB) show the latter compound to potentiate aerobic toxicity, consistent with monofunctional alkylation by RSU 1069. In contrast, 3 AB has no effect on the hypoxic cytotoxicity of RSU 1069, which would be predicted if RSU 1069 is functioning as a bifunctional agent under these conditions. It is our contention that in air, RSU 1069 functions as a typical monofunctional alkylating agent, presumably due to the presence of the aziridine group whereas, in hypoxia, reduction of the nitro group provides an additional alkylating species, converting the compound into a bifunctional agent. PMID- 3754454 TI - Observations on the distribution of the Zwa (P1A1) antigen on fixed and unfixed platelets. AB - We have investigated the distribution of the Zwa antigen on unfixed platelets and platelets fixed in paraformaldehyde by examining thin sections of platelets by electron microscopy. Fixation of the platelets produces an even distribution of antigen around the surface membrane of the platelets. Unfixed platelets show clustering in some areas with other areas apparently free of antigen. In addition to this clustered antigen distribution, the unfixed platelets also show invaginations and vesicles containing antigen. The significance of these findings is discussed. PMID- 3754455 TI - Alcohol in pregnancy. PMID- 3754456 TI - Low inspired oxygen concentrations in very-low-birthweight infants needing ventilatory support: an approach to the prevention of retrolental fibroplasia. AB - The level of arterial oxygen tension [Pa,o2] at which retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) may develop in very-low-birthweight infants is not known, but may be less than 100 mmHg (13.3 kPa). We report an infant of 27 weeks gestation who developed RLF despite continuous monitoring of Pa,o2 from 2 h to 4 weeks of age, with no recorded values above 95 mmHg (12.7 kPa). We therefore decided to maintain the Pa,o2 below 80 mmHg (10.7 kPa) in very-low-birthweight infants, using when necessary a low oxygen gas mixture (fractional inspired oxygen concentration 0.16 0.20). We report the use of this approach in four infants, all of whom survived without evidence of RLF. The need for further clinical studies of such an approach is discussed. PMID- 3754457 TI - Cryotherapy for retinopathy of prematurity: timing of intervention. AB - This is a retrospective study of the results of cryotherapy for retinopathy of prematurity in 30 eyes of 17 patients from November 1976 to March 1983. The report is in the language of the international classification of retinopathy of prematurity. Ten eyes were treated at stage 4 disease, seven eyes at severe or late stage 3 'plus' disease, and 13 eyes at moderate or mid-stage 3 'plus' disease. All eyes had the cryotherapy applied to the ridge and the extraretinal fibrovascular proliferation contiguous with the ridge, some with additional treatment of the avascular retina. The results show that this method of treatment must be applied before severe stage 3 'plus' disease is established in order to prevent visual disability and minimise retrolental fibroplasia. The treatment of the selected cases of progressive moderate stage 3 'plus' disease accomplished those objectives. PMID- 3754458 TI - Freeze frame analysis on high speed cinematography of Nd/YAG laser explosions in ocular tissues. AB - High speed colour cinematography at 400 frames per second was used to photograph both single and train burst Nd/YAG laser applications in ox eyes at threshold energy levels. Measurements of the extent and speed of particle scatter and tissue distortion from the acoustic transient were made from a sequential freeze frame analysis of the films. Particles were observed to travel over 8 mm from the site of Nd/YAG application 20 milliseconds after a single pulse at initial speeds in excess of 20 km/h. The use of train bursts of pulses was seen to increase the number of particles scattered and project the wavefront of particles further from the point of laser application. PMID- 3754459 TI - Thermotropic characterization of phosphatidylcholine vesicles containing ganglioside GM1 with homogeneous ceramide chain length. AB - The thermotropic behavior of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and distearoylphosphatidylcholine large unilamellar vesicles containing ganglioside GM1 of homogeneous long chain base composition has been studied by high sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry and fluorescence spectroscopy. At neutral pH and in the absence of Ca2+, the thermotropic behavior of these systems is independent of the ganglioside chain length composition. The presence of Ca2+ at concentrations higher than 5 mM induces ganglioside phase separation in a manner dependent upon the length difference between the ganglioside long chain base and the phosphatidylcholine acyl chains. The analysis of the chain length dependence of the thermotropic behavior suggests that the driving force for ganglioside phase separation is not a Ca2+-induced cross-bridging of the ganglioside head group but a passive ganglioside exclusion from Ca2+-perturbed phosphatidylcholine-rich regions within the bilayer. Experiments with native ganglioside GM1, primarily a mixture of C18:1 and C20:1 long chain bases, indicate that the individual components of the mixture maintain their characteristic behavior within the lipid bilayer matrix. These results, together with the presence of a phase transition in native GM1 micellar dispersions, absent in purified C18:1 or C20:1 ganglioside micelles, strengthen the idea of a possible role of chain length composition in the modulation of ganglioside function. PMID- 3754460 TI - Sterol orientations in phosphatidylcholine liposomes as determined by deuterium NMR. AB - Deuterium magnetic resonance spectra (55.26 MHz) of cholesterol-3 alpha-d1 and epicholesterol-3 beta-d1 in dipalmitoylglycerophosphocholine (DPPC) liposomes were measured as a function of sterol-to-phospholipid ratio below (24 degrees C) and above (60 degrees C) the phase transition temperature of DPPC. From the quadrupolar splittings delta vq, the molecular order parameters S describing the motions of the sterols in the bilayer were calculated, and the most probable angle of tilt alpha 0 of the molecular axis of the sterols relative to the bilayer normal was determined. We observed that the molecular axis of cholesterol in DPPC liposomes at both 24 and 60 degrees C is tilted at an angle of 16-19 degrees with the 3 beta-hydroxyl group projecting parallel to the bilayer normal into the aqueous interface. In contrast, at 24 degrees C, epicholesterol is aligned parallel (0 degrees) to the bilayer normal, placing the 3 alpha-hydroxyl group essentially perpendicular to the bilayer normal along the aqueous interface. At 60 degrees C, the average angle of epicholesterol (16-18 degrees) is similar to that of cholesterol, which can project the 3 alpha-hydroxyl group into the hydrophobic bilayer region. On the basis of the observed tilt angles of the two isomeric sterols in DPPC liposomes, a model is proposed that can rationalize the differential effects of cholesterol and epicholesterol on membrane properties.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3754461 TI - Analysis of protein-protein interaction by simulation of small-zone size exclusion chromatography: application to an antibody-antigen association. AB - The association of two or more macromolecules results in the formation of a complex characterized by a larger Stokes radius than that of its components. Therefore, analytical procedures such as ultracentrifugation and size-exclusion gel chromatography that resolve molecules on the basis of size have been used to characterize the association. In this paper we describe an iterative computer simulation of small-zone size-exclusion gel filtration. The simulation describes univalent and bivalent interactions of proteins of equal and nonequal molecular weight and appears to have both qualitative and quantitative application to the evaluation of protein-protein interaction as revealed by alteration of chromatographic elution profiles. To test the validity of the simulation, the model was applied to an antibody-antigen interaction by determining the association constant (Ka) for the interaction between the binding fragment derived from a human immunoglobulin A rheumatoid factor and the antigenic fragment obtained from a human myeloma immunoglobulin G. The self-consistency of the estimated Ka values obtained with a valence value of 2 in contrast to the lack of self-consistency if an antigenic valence of 1 was assumed was taken to support the ability of the algorithm to reasonably emulate the chromatographic processes of interacting proteins. In conjunction with the computer simulation, a sensitive microcomputer-interfaced chromatography system was assembled, which is capable of analyzing 300 ng of protein in less than 1 h. This combination of rapid reagent-conservative chromatography and simulation analysis may contribute to the usefulness of small-zone gel filtration in studies of protein-protein interaction. PMID- 3754462 TI - Human type III collagen gene expression is coordinately modulated with the type I collagen genes during fibroblast growth. AB - Type III collagen is one of the major interstitial collagens and, as such, plays an important role in modulating the structure and function of most tissues. To compare the expression of the type III collagen gene to that of the type I collagen alpha 1(I) and alpha 2(I) genes, cDNAs encoding the 3' one-third of the human alpha 1(III) collagen mRNA were obtained by screening a human fetal lung fibroblast cDNA library with a cloned segment of the chicken alpha 1(III) gene. Northern blot analysis of human fetal lung fibroblast RNA demonstrated two alpha 1(III)-specific mRNAs of sizes 6.6 and 5.8 kilobases, sizes clearly different from those of the type I collagen mRNAs. Analyses of populations of dividing and nondividing human lung fibroblasts revealed that, on a per cell basis, the nondividing population contained twice as much alpha 1(III) mRNA than did the dividing population. The same was true for the type I collagen alpha 1(I) and alpha 2(I) mRNA transcripts. Similar results were obtained when alpha 1(III), alpha 1(I), and alpha 2(I) mRNA transcripts were quantified by using dot blot evaluation of total RNA, Northern analysis of total RNA, and dot blot evaluation of cytoplasmic RNA. Thus, despite the fact that the alpha 1(III) collagen gene is located on a chromosome different from the alpha 1(I) and alpha 2(I) genes, the expression of these three collagen chains appears to be coordinately controlled during periods of rapid and slow fibroblast growth. PMID- 3754463 TI - Calmodulin binding domains: characterization of a phosphorylation and calmodulin binding site from myosin light chain kinase. AB - A protein kinase phosphorylation site in chicken gizzard myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) has been identified, and a synthetic peptide analogue of this site has been shown to be a high-affinity calmodulin binding peptide as well as a substrate for cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase. Phosphorylation of the site in MLCK is diminished when reactions are done in the presence of calmodulin. A fragment of MLCK containing the phosphorylation site was shown to have the amino acid sequence Ala-Arg-Arg-Lys-Trp-Gln-Lys-Thr-Gly-His-Ala-Val-Arg-Ala-Ile-Gly-Arg Leu- Ser-Ser. The interaction of calmodulin with a synthetic peptide based on this sequence was characterized by using circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopies and inhibition of calmodulin activation of MLCK. The peptide calmodulin complex had an estimated dissociation constant in the range of 1 nM, underwent spectroscopic changes in the presence of calmodulin consistent with the induction of an alpha-helical structure, and interacted with calmodulin with an apparent 1:1 stoichiometry. Studies with other synthetic peptide analogues indicated that the phosphorylation of the serine residues diminished the ability of the peptide to interact with calmodulin even though the serines are not required for calmodulin binding. On the basis of the primary and secondary structural characteristics of these peptide analogues, a potential calmodulin binding region in another calmodulin binding protein, the gamma subunit of rabbit skeletal muscle phosphorylase kinase, was identified.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3754464 TI - Circular dichroism spectra of aqueous dispersions of sphingolipids. AB - The circular dichroism (CD) spectra of a number of sphingolipids dispersed in water have been studied. The lipids include cerebrosides such as palmitoyl cerebroside, glucocerebroside from the spleen of Gaucher patients, bovine brain galactocerebrosides type I and type II, (BCI and BCII, respectively) and also sphingomyelins such as egg sphingomyelin and bovine brain sphingomyelin. Changes in the CD spectra of the lipids which occur upon heating and cooling and the effects of cholesterol, phosphatidylcholine and the opiate leucine enkephalin were studied. PMID- 3754465 TI - The effect of bulk hydrogen ion concentration upon the apparent kinetic parameters of purified pig liver catechol O-methyltransferase. AB - In order to investigate the pH dependence of catechol O-methyltransferase (S adenosyl-L-methionine:catechol O-methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.6), kinetic parameters have been determined for the highly purified enzyme from pig liver over the pH range 6.75-8.20 using the substrates S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC). The Km for AdoMet was found to be invariant with pH while the Km for DOPAC decreased sharply with increasing pH. The group responsible for the latter has a pK of approx. 7.1. The logarithmic (Dixon) plot of Km against pH for both substrates and that of Vmax/Km against pH for DOPAC mirror the kinetic behaviour revealed by linear plots. However, for other parameters, linear graphs indicate peaks too narrow to be explicable by a simple kinetic mechanism, whereas logarithmic plots of these parameters produce graphs apparently not reflecting this behaviour. We conclude that these results are not the products of random error or artefactual data analysis but are too complex to be explicable by a simple model of kinetic behaviour. Possible explanations (adherence of catechol O-methyltransferase to a higher-order mechanism or a dual mode of substrate binding) are advanced. PMID- 3754466 TI - The renal mitochondrial metabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-3: a possible role for phospholipids. AB - The effect of exogenous phospholipids on chick kidney mitochondrial 25 hydroxyvitamin D-3 metabolism was examined. Phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol had no effect on either the 1- or 24 hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-3. Phosphatidylethanolamine and cardiolipin both brought about a dose-dependent decrease in the 1-hydroxylase activity in mitochondria from vitamin D-deficient chicks but not from vitamin D-replete chicks. There were no major differences in the phospholipid composition of mitochondria from vitamin D-deficient and -replete chicks nor in the fatty acid composition of these phospholipids. Preliminary kinetic studies suggest that cardiolipin acts as a noncompetitive inhibitor of the 1-hydroxylase in mitochondria isolated from vitamin D-deficient chicks. It does not appear to exert its effect by virtue of altering the distribution of substrate or products. Investigation of the effect of fatty acid methyl esters on the hydroxylase activities suggests that it may be the fatty acid moiety of the phospholipid, rather than the phosphate moiety in the polar head group, that is involved in the phospholipid effect on the hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-3. PMID- 3754468 TI - [Program package for evaluating experimental circulation studies]. PMID- 3754467 TI - [Effect of orthophosphate on the formation of the antibiotic nonactin]. AB - The potassium orthophosphate added to the media with developing actinomycetes inhibits the nonactin macrotetrolide antibiotic but causes the increase of mycelium growth. The degree of inhibition depends on the quantity of orthophosphate and almost doesn't depend on the time of its adding to the actinomycetes culture. The degree of phosphorus consumption by actinomycetes is higher, the more its content in the media. The antibiotic synthesis takes place during the phosphorus consumption but not after its exhaustion from the media. PMID- 3754469 TI - Phospholipid packing and conformation in small vesicles revealed by two dimensional 1H nuclear magnetic resonance cross-relaxation spectroscopy. AB - Two-dimensional 1H-NMR spectroscopy has been used to examine cross-relaxation in sonicated phospholipid vesicle systems. The observed pattern of proton cross relaxation reveals several important features of these vesicle systems. For example, cross-relaxation rates on each monolayer of the vesicle system can be resolved and reflect the expected geometric packing constraints of the vesicle system. Small but significant magnetization-exchange is also seen to develop between the headgroup N-methyl resonance and the terminal methyl resonance. Spectra taken with deuterated lipids indicate that this exchange is not mediated by spin-diffusion down the length of the alkyl chains. Since spin-diffusion is the only process that is expected to facilitate magnetization-exchange over distances of 15-20 A, a close proximity of headgroup and terminal methyl protons in a fraction of the membrane lipid is indicated by these results. This could occur by events such as lipid interdigitation or alkyl chain bends that terminate lipid alkyl chain ends near the membrane surface. PMID- 3754471 TI - Vacuum UV CD of the low-salt Z-forms of poly(rG-dC).poly(rG-dC), and poly(dG m5dC).poly(dG-m5dC). PMID- 3754470 TI - A polynucleotide CD probe: interactions with oligomers of a polycationic amine that exhibit positive extrinsic bands at greater than 300 nm. PMID- 3754472 TI - [Effect of the delta-sleep peptide on parasympathetic regulation of the cardiac rhythm]. AB - Effect of delta-sleep peptide (60 nM/kg) on the parasympathetic regulation of cardiac activity has been studied in the experiments on rabbits. It has been established that intravenous administration of this peptide to voluntary-behaving animals results in heart rate reduction by an average of 16%, that can be eliminated by atropine. Delta-sleep peptide has been demonstrated to intensify negative chronotropic effect in the case of directly irritated wandering nerve. The data obtained explain a protective effect of delta-sleep peptide on the heart under emotional stress. PMID- 3754473 TI - Spontaneous regression of a monoclonal proliferation of large granular lymphocytes associated with reversal of anemia and neutropenia. AB - A 43-year-old male with a phenotypically homogeneous, expanded subset of T cells presented in 1981 with anemia and neutropenia. The surface antigen phenotype of 99% of the peripheral blood lymphocytes was T3+, T8+, T4-, and they were morphologically large granular lymphocytes (LGL). The same cells comprised 37% of the marrow nucleated cells. Eight months after he presented, the peripheral blood T8+, LGL diminished spontaneously, and the anemia and neutropenia completely resolved. The patient remains hematologically normal as of October 1984. To determine if the T8+, LGL represented a clonal expansion, DNA from peripheral blood lymphocytes collected and cryopreserved when the patient was neutropenic and anemic, and when he was hematologically normal, was analyzed for clonal T cell antigen receptor gene rearrangements. Using Southern blot analysis, a clonal DNA rearrangement was demonstrated, and this clone diminished but was still demonstrable in peripheral blood lymphocytes collected in 1984. The above observations implicate the expanded T8+, LGL in the pathogenesis of the neutropenia and anemia, yet the exact mechanism remains to be elucidated. PMID- 3754475 TI - Mycotic aneurysm of the renal artery: CT appearance. PMID- 3754474 TI - Integrity of lung structure: the role of cells and tissue. AB - The cellular fine structure of the human lung is described in respect of maintaining a thin barrier between air and blood in the interest of gas exchange. The mechanisms that prevent formation of oedema are discussed. The mechanical design of lung parenchyma and the physiological conditions that allow a very large alveolar surface to be maintained are presented and their importance of a surfactant lining layer for stabilizing this surface is demonstrated. PMID- 3754476 TI - Analysis of temporal and dose-dependent effects of estrogen on monoamines in brain nuclei. AB - Levels of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) were measured in hypothalamic and limbic nuclei of ovariectomized rats after various doses of estradiol and at various intervals after estradiol administration. Of 13 areas examined, time- and dose-dependent effects of estrogen on monoamine content were restricted to only a few, discrete areas which concentrate estradiol. Subcutaneous administration of 1-50 micrograms of estradiol benzoate (EB) and measurement of monoamines 24 h later was associated with dose-dependent increases of NE in the medial preoptic nucleus, diagonal band nucleus and periventricular area of the anterior hypothalamus, and increased levels of DA in the periventricular area of the preoptic area. No changes were found in 5-HT levels, but dose-dependent increases in the level of the 5-HT metabolite, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA), were measured in the lateral portion of the ventromedial nucleus. Effects of 5 micrograms of EB were evaluated at 1.5, 6, 12 and 45 h after administration. No changes were noted at 1.5 h, but 5-HIAA in the ventromedial nucleus was elevated at 6 and 12 h. NE levels were elevated at 12 and 45 h in the diagonal band and preoptic nuclei and at 45 h in the lateral septum and periventricular area of the hypothalamus. DA levels decreased in the arcuate-median eminence area 45 h after estrogen. Intravenous administration of 10 micrograms of estrogen and measurement of monoamines 1 h later was not associated with altered levels of any monoamine suggesting that the estrogen dependent changes are consistent with the genomic model for steroid hormone action.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3754477 TI - A microcomputer-based image analyzer for quantitating neurite outgrowth. AB - An automated device that recognizes and quantitates neurite outgrowth from goldfish retinal explants is described. The system components include a video camera-inverted microscope and an Apple II microcomputer with an attached Motorola 68000 coprocessor. Values for neurite outgrowth were generated within 30 s, required no user input other than defining the microscopic field, and correlated well with a subjective measure, the nerve growth index. PMID- 3754478 TI - Magnetic field effects on pineal gland melatonin synthesis: comparative studies on albino and pigmented rodents. AB - Previous investigations have shown that the inhibitory effects of an earth strength magnetic field on albino rat pineal melatonin synthesis is dependent on optic input. The possibility that ocular pigmentation might play a role in mammalian magnetosensitivity was explored in the present study by comparing hooded rat and golden hamsters with albino rats. Pineal melatonin synthesis, i.e. N-acetyl-transferase activity and melatonin content, was utilized as a parameter for assessing magnetosensitivity. In both rat strains nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis was markedly inhibited following a single 30-min magnetic field stimulus consisting of a 50 degree rotation of the earth's field horizontal component. However, golden hamsters did not respond to the same magnetic stimulus, indicating a species-specific magnetosensitivity that is apparently independent of ocular pigmentation. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed. PMID- 3754479 TI - Sex differences in the shape of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area and suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat: 3-D computer reconstructions and morphometrics. AB - Three-dimensional images of nuclei facilitate morphological comparisons between differing animal groups. As revealed by computer-assisted techniques, the greater volume in male rats of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area was not proportional in all directions. The nucleus was more elongated in males than females, indicating a sex-dependent shape. This study also indicated that the volume of the suprachiasmatic nucleus was larger in males. PMID- 3754480 TI - Retarded growth of the suprachiasmatic nucleus and pineal body in dw and lit dwarf mice. AB - The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the pineal body in 3 types of inherited hormone-deficient mice, the dw, lit and hyt mice were examined by morphological, morphometric and biochemical techniques. In the dw and lit mice the SCN was underdeveloped. In the ventral part of the SCN, where most of the retinal fibers appeared to terminate, both cell number and cell size were decreased, although the size of the SCN was unaltered. In addition, the pineal bodies of both mice were morphologically underdeveloped and showed low levels of N-acetyltransferase activity. In contrast, the hyt SCN was comparable to the normal controls in every respect. The hyt pineal was well developed and showed levels of enzyme activity comparable to the controls. However, in all the deficient mice, the optic nerve appeared to be normal in morphological and biochemical studies. These results suggest that the underdevelopment of the pineal body, the reduced levels of spontaneous locomotion and the indistinct diurnal periodicity of the dw and lit mice might be related to the retarded neuronal growth of the SCN, and that growth hormone likely is indispensable for the development of the SCN. PMID- 3754481 TI - Anaesthesia, atracurium and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. PMID- 3754482 TI - Prevention in high risk children of depressed parents. AB - Opportunities for prevention of psychopathology in children and families are often overlooked in the treatment of the depressed adult patient. Research and clinical findings are reviewed which highlight the impact on children and the family of depressed parents. They range from illness serious enough to require hospitalization to cases in which depression has not yet been diagnosed. These findings are used as guidelines for the development of preventive and therapeutic interventions for all family members. PMID- 3754483 TI - Benz[a]anthracene-induced alterations in the metabolic activation of benzo[a]pyrene by hamster embryo cell cultures. AB - Co-administration of benz[a]anthracene (BA) with benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) to hamster embryo cell cultures for 24 h resulted in a decrease in the metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene by 40%, a decrease in the level of binding of B[a]P to DNA by 70% and a 10-fold reduction in mutation induction in a hamster embryo cell-mediated V79 cell mutation assay. This data indicates that the biological effects of co administration of BA with B[a]P result from inhibition of the metabolic activation of B[a]P rather than induction of enzymes that detoxify the B[a]P. PMID- 3754484 TI - Glutathione-S-epoxide transferase in human hair follicles. AB - A fluorometric assay for determination of glutathione-S-epoxide transferase (GSH T) activity in freshly isolated human hair follicles or cultured cells is described. With this assay, basal levels of the enzyme in hair follicles have been compared between smokers and non-smokers. No significant difference between both groups could be detected. GSH-T was not elevated after treatment of cultured hair follicle keratinocytes with benz[a]anthracene or clotrimazole. The same result was obtained with cultured skin fibroblasts from Ah-responsive and Ah-non responsive mice. The possible significance of basal GSH-T levels for assessment of the risk of individuals for the carcinogenic action of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is discussed. PMID- 3754485 TI - Inhibition of metabolic cooperation in Chinese hamster V79 cells by 1 alpha, 25 dihydroxycholecalciferol, the active metabolite of vitamin D3. AB - The biologically active metabolite of vitamin D3, 1 alpha, 25 dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3), inhibited the metabolic cooperation between cocultivated Chinese hamster V79 cells that are either susceptible or resistant to the cytotoxic effect of 6-thioguanine (TG). This inhibition was characterized by an increased survival of TG-resistant cells when they are cocultured with susceptible cells in the presence of TG. TG-resistant cells in the absence of susceptible cells and after treatment with TG yielded a cloning efficiency of about 90%. Cocultivation of these cells with the susceptible cells reduced this cloning efficiency to about 30%. At 0.5 microgram/ml, 1,25-(OH)2D3 restored the cloning efficiency of the TG-resistant cells in the cocultures to 62%. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a known inhibitor of metabolic cooperation, at 0.5 microgram/ml restored the cloning efficiency to a similar extent. Vitamin D3, 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (24,25-(OH)2D3, and phorbol were ineffective in inhibiting this metabolic cooperation. 1,25-(OH)2D3, unlike PMA, did not inhibit the binding of [3H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) to its cellular receptors in either the TG-susceptible or resistant cells. These results indicate that 1,25-(OH)2D3 resembles tumor-promoting agents such as PMA in its capacity to inhibit metabolic cooperation, but this capacity is not mediated through phorbol diester receptors. PMID- 3754486 TI - Binding of 2-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene to estrogen receptors in rat cytosol. AB - The potent carcinogen 2-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene (2-OH-BP) competes for binding to the estrogen receptor in the cytosol of rat uterus and liver. The dissociation constant (K1) for this interaction is congruent to 2 X 10(-5) M. In contrast, 4 hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene does not bind to the estrogen receptor; 1 hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene, 5-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene, 6-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene, and 12 hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene bind less tightly than does 2-OH-BP. These five chemicals are not carcinogenic. We suggest that the estrogen receptor may mediate the carcinogenic effect of 2-OH-BP or of related chemicals. One possibility is that the receptor might convey 2-OH-BP to specific sites in DNA. PMID- 3754487 TI - Verapamil-mediated sensitization of doxorubicin-selected pleiotropic resistance in human sarcoma cells: selectivity for drugs which produce DNA scission. AB - The effects of verapamil on the cytotoxicity and accumulation of multiple drugs were studied in a model of pleiotropic resistance generated by doxorubicin (DOX) selection of the human sarcoma cell line MES-SA. The in vitro sensitivity of the DOX-resistant variant (named Dx5), which is 50- to 100-fold resistant to DOX compared to MES-SA, was enhanced approximately 7-fold by verapamil (3 micrograms/ml). In addition, the cytotoxicity of several agents to which the Dx5 line displays cross-resistance, i.e., daunorubicin, dactinomycin, mitoxantrone, and etoposide, was also enhanced 2- to 14-fold by verapamil. These agents share the properties of DNA intercalation and/or interaction with topoisomerase II. In contrast, verapamil did not alter the sensitivity of Dx5 to several other agents to which cross-resistance had been demonstrated, i.e., vincristine, vinblastine, colchicine, mitomycin C, and melphalan; nor did verapamil enhance the cytotoxicity of DOX or other agents against the DOX-sensitive parent, MES-SA. The sensitizing effect of verapamil did not correlate well with its effects on intracellular drug accumulation. [14C]DPX accumulation was increased by 30-40% in Dx5 but not in MES-SA cells in the presence of verapamil. [3H]Vinblastine accumulation was increased by 24-72% in both MES-SA and Dx5 cells in the presence of verapamil, although cytotoxicity of the Vinca alkaloids was not affected. In this human sarcoma model of DOX-selected pleiotropic resistance, verapamil partially reversed the resistance to DOX, as well as four of the nine drugs for which cross-resistance had been demonstrated in Dx5. The potentiation by verapamil of the cytotoxicity of some but not all of these antitumor agents suggests that factors other than altered drug transport may be responsible. The pattern of sensitization, restricted to agents which produce DNA strand scission by interaction with topoisomerase II, suggests that verapamil may be acting to promote the formation or inhibit the repair of such DNA strand breaks. PMID- 3754488 TI - Increase in the synthesis of a Mr 32,000 protein in BALB/c 3T3 cells after treatment with tumor promoters, chemical carcinogens, metal salts, and heat shock. AB - The synthesis of a Mr 32,000 protein (p32) is enhanced as early as 2 h after the addition of tumor-promoting phorbol esters to BALB/c 3T3 cells. Among various compounds tested thus far, methyl methanesulfonate, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N nitrosoguanidine, L-ascorbic acid, sodium deoxycholate, p-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone, p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone, 3,3'-diaminobenzidine, and some of the metal salts stimulated the synthesis of p32 to varying extents. p32 might be one of the heat shock proteins because its synthesis was also stimulated by heat shock or sodium arsenite. The synergisms of the effects of different compounds on p32 synthesis suggest that the expression of a p32 gene is regulated through at least three pathways. Possible roles of protein kinases in p32 gene expression are discussed. PMID- 3754489 TI - Plasma levels of a viral protein during adjuvant treatment: reflection of murine mammary tumor status and therapeutic effect. AB - The mouse mammary tumor and its associated virus, mouse mammary tumor virus, were chosen to test the possibility of using plasma levels of a Mr 52,000 viral glycoprotein (gp52) as a means for monitoring changes in tumor status during surgical adjuvant cyclophosphamide:doxorubicin (Adriamycin):5-fluorouracil treatment. Analysis of tumor recurrence and plasma gp52 concentrations during the postoperative period demonstrated that both parameters were significantly decreased in the group receiving cyclophosphamide:doxorubicin:5-fluorouracil treatment. This observation suggests that plasma gp52 levels may be a useful alternative measure of therapeutic effect during surgical adjuvant treatment. A retrospective analysis of gp52 plasma levels and tumor status of individuals during treatment has revealed the following associations. (a) An early sharp postsurgical elevation in plasma gp52 level was associated with subsequent death of treated animals. (b) Maintenance of postsurgical gp52 levels at a low level (less than or equal to 4.2 ng/ml) during and after treatment was characteristic of all tumor-free survivors. (c) A gradual rise in plasma gp52 level accompanied CAF-delayed tumor recurrence. gp52 levels increased in all treated animals 2 wk prior to detectable tumor regrowths, resulting in a statistically significant increase in mean gp52 level (2.2 to 5.4 ng/ml). However, the magnitude of this increase was small for the majority of animals with tumor regrowths, and greater, more definitive elevations in plasma gp52 levels were only detected at the time of frank tumor recurrence. In addition, comparisons of early mean gp52 levels (8 to 10 days after surgery) for controls and for animals receiving various forms of alternative treatment have indicated that differences in gp52 levels reflect subsequent differences in recurrence rates. The present data, obtained during surgical adjuvant treatment of BALB/c X DBA/8 F1 mice and viewed in a retrospective fashion, demonstrate that plasma gp52 concentrations reflected therapeutic effects. PMID- 3754490 TI - Phase II study of combination chemotherapy with etoposide and amsacrine in relapsed adult leukemia. PMID- 3754491 TI - Synthesis of 3-deoxy- and 3-deoxy-3-fluorosucrose, and alpha-D-allopyranosyl beta D-fructofuranoside. PMID- 3754492 TI - The complexation of "crowned" 4-(2,4-dinitrophenylazo)phenol with alkali and alkaline earth metal ions, and its application to the determination of Li(I) in a pharmaceutical preparation. PMID- 3754493 TI - Comparison of the pharmacokinetics and protein binding of the anticancer drug, amsacrine and a new analogue, N-5-dimethyl-9-[(2-methoxy-4 methylsulfonylamino)phenyl-amino] -4-acridinecarboxamide in rabbits. AB - Amsacrine (NSC 249 992) is a new anticancer drug which, although effective for the treatment of various disseminated tumors, has shown disappointing activity against most solid tumors. A new analogue, N-5-dimethyl-9-[(2-methoxy-4 methylsulfonylamino)phenylamino] -4-acridine-carboxamide (CI-921, NSC 343 499) has been identified, which might offer a broader clinical antitumor spectrum. This analogue is more lipophilic (0.5 log p units) and is also a considerable weaker base (pKa 6.40) than amsacrine (pKa 7.43). This study compared the pharmacokinetics of total and unbound amsacrine and CI-921 in plasma after equimolar dose infusions (12.7 mumol/kg) in a balanced crossover design in six rabbits. Drug concentrations were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography and the unbound fraction by equilibrium dialysis. Threefold higher total plasma concentrations were achieved with CI-921 than with amsacrine. However, the unbound fraction was significantly less for CI-921 (0.33% +/- 0.04) than for amsacrine (2.78% +/- 0.53). There was no significant difference between distribution and elimination half-life and mean residence time, but the apparent volume of distribution (means, 121 vs 45 l/kg) and clearance (means, 46.6 vs 16.3 l h-1 kg-1) of unbound CI-921 were threefold greater than the corresponding parameters for unbound amsacrine. We suggest that despite higher binding in plasma, the greater distribution or tissue uptake of CI-921 may be partly responsible for its greater anticancer activity in vivo. PMID- 3754494 TI - Metabolic nitrite formation from N-nitrosamines: are there other pathways than reductive denitrosation by cytochrome P-450? AB - To demonstrate whether there are any pathways of nitrite formation from N nitrosamines other than reductive denitrosation by cytochrome P-450 we performed the following experiments. An esterified alpha-hydroxylated nitrosamine was incubated in a microsomal system to test if nitrite generation is coupled with or linked to the oxidative bioactivation pathway. Simultaneously, inhibitors of microsomal esterases were added to test if the intact molecule or a metabolite from the oxidative metabolism was responsible for nitrite formation. To check if the superoxide radical anion could be related to the mechanism of nitrite generation, nitrosamines were incubated with a xanthine oxidase/hypoxanthine system. To test if the OH radical was involved in nitrite formation, nitrosamines were incubated with an artificial hydroxy-radical generating system (xanthine oxidase/hypoxanthine system supplemented with Fe2+/EDTA). Measurable amounts of nitrite were detected after incubation of the esterified-hydroxylated N nitrosamine when the hydrolysis by microsomal esterases was inhibited by diisopropylfluorophosphate or paraoxon and when the N-nitrosamines were incubated with the artificial hydroxy-radical generating system. Nitrite formation could not be detected in the O2(-)-generating system (xanthine oxidase/hypoxanthine) or when the esterified alpha-hydroxylated N-nitrosamine was incubated without inhibition of the microsomal esterases. These results demonstrate that besides reductive denitrosation by cytochrome P-450, nitrite generation from N nitrosamines can also be caused by hydroxy-radicals. The importance of this possible pathway for the in vivo situation of nitrosamine metabolism is discussed. PMID- 3754495 TI - A possible role for endogenous prostaglandins in the electrophysiological effects of acetylstrophanthidin on isolated canine ventricular tissues. AB - A possible role for endogenous prostaglandins in the toxic electrophysiological effects of the aglycone acetylstrophanthidin was studied in isolated canine Purkinje fiber papillary muscle preparations by standard microelectrode techniques. Acetylstrophanthidin (5 X 10(-8) g/ml) caused a significant increase in 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha release from these preparations. A significant loss of membrane potential and the development of oscillatory afterpotentials was observed, as well. Administration of either of two nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents, indomethacin (3 X 10(-5) g/ml) or aspirin (5 X 10(-5) g/ml), in the presence of acetylstrophanthidin, abolished the stimulation of 6-keto prostaglandin F1 alpha release and delayed and attenuated the loss of membrane potential and the development of oscillatory afterpotentials. In addition, indomethacin and aspirin appeared to preserve the electrogenic pumping capacity of Purkinje fiber cells exposed to acetylstrophanthidin. Exposure of Purkinje tissues to acetylstrophanthidin inhibited post-pacing hyperpolarization normally exhibited by these tissues. Both indomethacin and aspirin decreased this inhibition. Addition of prostacyclin (1 ng/ml) after 30 minutes of exposure to acetylstrophanthidin to preparations in which endogenous prostaglandin synthesis had been inhibited, resulted in a significant increase in the amplitude of oscillatory afterpotentials within 2 minutes. These results suggest that the presence of endogenous prostaglandins may play a role in the development of the toxic electrophysiological effects associated with acetylstrophanthidin. PMID- 3754496 TI - Left ventricular performance and contractility before and after volume infusion: a comparative study of preterm and full-term newborn lambs. AB - We studied left ventricular performance and contractility after volume loading in lambs at 122 days (group I, n = 9) and 139 days gestational age (group II, n = 9) and in 8-day-old full-term lambs (group III, n = 7). All were mechanically ventilated; each preterm lamb was treated with surfactant to stabilize pulmonary function and the ductus arteriosus was occluded with an inflated catheter balloon. Cineangiograms, left ventricular and vascular pressures, and the isovolumetric index of contractility, first derivative of left ventricular pressure (dP/dt), were recorded before and after three successive whole blood volume infusions of 10 ml/kg (total 30 ml/kg). The left ventricular end-diastolic volume per kilogram and stroke volume per kilogram increased significantly in all groups after volume infusion; these measurements and heart rate and systemic vascular resistance did not differ significantly between the groups either before or after the infusions. The left ventricular peak dP/dt did not change significantly within the groups during the volume infusions. The left ventricular stroke work was greatest in full-term animals and increased significantly in all groups after volume infusion. Thus, the left ventricles of the preterm and full term lambs had quantitatively similar Frank-Starling responses and there was no increase in contractility during the infusions of whole blood. However, the left ventricle of the full-term lamb is capable of generating greater stroke work than that of the preterm lamb. These findings may contribute to the understanding of development aspects of postnatal circulatory adaptation. PMID- 3754497 TI - Phenolphthalein monophosphate as an alternative substrate in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays involving alkaline phosphatase. PMID- 3754498 TI - Familial transmission of a non-Robertsonian translocation dicentric. AB - A second family showing transmission of a dicentric through three generations involving chromosomes 13 and 18 is presented. Features of non-Robertsonian dicentric chromosomes are presented and discussed. PMID- 3754499 TI - Effect of testosterone treatments for varying periods on autoimmune development and on specific infiltrating leukocyte populations in the thyroid gland of obese strain chickens. AB - Spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis (SAT) is detectable by 2 weeks of age in the obese (OS) strain of chicken, and by 6 weeks virtually all of these animals have severe lymphoid infiltration of the thyroid. During the interval from hatching to 6 weeks of age, testosterone implants were administered for varying periods. All treatment groups were terminated at 6 weeks. Testosterone administered shortly after hatching increased thymus weight, depressed bursa weight, and reduced the severity of SAT, as measured by lymphoid infiltration of the thyroid and circulating thyroglobulin autoantibody concentrations. Birds supplemented with testosterone at later intervals exhibited depressed bursa and thymus weight; however, the severity of SAT was not affected. In a second experiment, the treated group was administered testosterone for the first 2 weeks after hatching. Thyroids were histologically examined at 2 and 6 weeks using a panel of five monoclonal antibodies (anti-Ia, anti-IgM, anti-IgG, anti-T cell, and antithymocyte). Compared with untreated controls, testosterone treatment reduced the frequency of Ia+ cells, T cells, and IgG+ cells in the thyroid. This treatment did not affect the frequency of IgM+ cells, and perhaps slightly increased the frequency of thymocytes. These results suggest that testosterone's suppressive effects are associated with changes in thymic development and effector T-cell and regulator T-cell activity. PMID- 3754500 TI - Neuropeptide Y in renovascular models of hypertension in the rat. AB - Neuropeptide Y content of the kidneys, heart, blood vessels, adrenals and brain stem was determined in both two-kidney, one-clip and one-kidney, one-clip Goldblatt hypertension in rats and compared with levels in age- and sex-matched controls. Renal neuropeptide Y content was significantly reduced in the clipped kidney of rats in both Goldblatt two-kidney, one-clip and Goldblatt one-kidney, one-clip models of hypertension. The content of neuropeptide Y was also reduced but to a lesser extent in the contralateral, non-ischaemic kidney in the two kidney, one-clip model. In both models of hypertension, neuropeptide Y content in the heart was significantly reduced in the left ventricle and septum but unchanged in the atria and right ventricle wall. There was no significant change in the concentration of neuropeptide Y through the vasculature (major arteries and veins), including the renal artery distal to the clip, or in adrenals and brain stem. PMID- 3754501 TI - [Comparative study of pirenzepine and ranitidine in the prevention of stress ulcer in patients in intensive care]. PMID- 3754502 TI - Update on the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. PMID- 3754503 TI - Determinants of social proximity in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica): male behavior. AB - Following opportunity to copulate with a female housed in an adjacent compartment, male Japanese quail spent 64% of their time near a window that provided visual access to the female (Experiment 1). This social proximity behavior persisted for at least 2 weeks of continual exposure to the window despite lack of further physical access to the female (Experiment 2) and was evident at all daylight hours (Experiment 3). Female Japanese quail stimulated more proximity behavior in male conspecifics than did other male Japanese quail or birds of other species (Experiments 4 and 5). However, many characteristics of the female quail were not critical. The female quail did not have to be previous sexual partners, familiar, sexually experienced, or reproductively competent to stimulate proximity behavior in males (Experiments 4 and 5). Experiment 6 demonstrated that the social proximity behavior was primarily a response to the visual aspects of the females. The results are discussed in relation to mate guarding and surveillance behavior, and implications of the data for sexual classical conditioning of male Japanese quail are noted. PMID- 3754504 TI - Summary of the First Canadian Workshop on Platelet Serology. PMID- 3754505 TI - Alloimmune thrombocytopenia. Review from a neonatal intensive care unit. PMID- 3754506 TI - L-histidine inhibits the growth of Ehrlich ascites tumour. AB - The in vitro studies on the growth of cultured Ehrlich ascites tumour cells showed similar results as the in vivo studies reported previously. The growth of tumour cells was inhibited when cultured in 0.02 or 0.03 M L-histidine. At these concentrations, L-glycine shows no significant effect. PMID- 3754507 TI - [Lipid metabolic disorders in rats with a transplanted Pliss lymphosarcoma]. AB - Changes in biosynthesis of cholesterol and free fatty acids from 2-14C-acetate in the host liver and tumour tissue as well as concentrations of various classes of lipids in blood were determined in rats bearing the transplanted Pliss lymphosarcoma. The transplantation of the tumour stimulates cholesterol biosynthesis de novo in the liver, but produces no changes in the fatty acid synthesis. Tumour growth is accompanied by a progressive increase in the content of triglycerides and beta-lipoproteins with a parallel drop in the alpha cholesterol level in the animal blood. The concentration of total cholesterol is of phasic character depending on the stage of tumour growth. The possible mechanisms determining such alterations in lipids metabolism are discussed. PMID- 3754508 TI - Dissociation of hepatic messenger ribonucleic acidS14 levels and nuclear transcriptional rates in suckling rats. AB - The messenger RNA (mRNA) coding for the rat hepatic protein spot 14(S14) (mol wt 17,000; pI 4.9) is rapidly responsive to T3 and carbohydrate administration in the adult animal. In 15-day-old suckling rats, the level of expression is 200 fold less than in 60-day-old chow-fed animals. However, the relative transcriptional activity of the S14 gene is only 30% higher in the 60-day-old rat than in the 15-day-old animal. Although T3 induces a 100-fold increase in mRNAS14 in 15-day-old animals, there was only a 17% increase in the S14 gene transcriptional activity. These results indicate that the hormonal and developmental regulation of the S14 gene in liver appears to be predominantly directed at the posttranscriptional level. PMID- 3754509 TI - The effect of iodide ingestion on the development of spontaneous lymphocytic thyroiditis in the diabetes-prone BB/W rat. AB - It has been suggested that the incidence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis is increased in the presence of high iodide intake. The diabetes-prone BB/W rat develops spontaneous histological autoimmune lymphocytic thyroiditis (LT) without functional hypothyroidism between 60 and 120 days of age. Studies were carried out to determine whether iodine administration to BB/W rats would affect the incidence and severity of LT and induce hypothyroidism. Iodide (0.05% in water) or tap water (C) was administered ad libitum to 42 10-month-old BB/W rats and 71 30-day-old BB/W rats for 8 weeks. For control purposes, 0.05% iodide or tap water (C) was also administered ad libitum to 42 30-day-old nondiabetic and non-LT prone BB/W genetically equivalent rats (W-line) for 12 weeks and 41 21-day-old Wistar rats for 7 weeks. In a separate experiment, weanling BB/W rats were fed a low iodine diet, a control iodine-sufficient (C) diet, or Purina chow (P) and tap water ad libitum for 8 weeks. In each experiment, blood was obtained at the time of death for the measurement of serum T4, T3, TSH, and antithyroglobulin antibody (anti-Tg Ab), and the thyroids were removed for histological evaluation (0 = no LT; 1-4 = LT). Iodide administration (0.05%) induced a significant increase in the incidence of LT in 30-day-old BB/W rats (I, 77%; C, 30%, P less than .001). Thyroid weight and serum T4, T3, and anti-Tg Ab concentrations were not affected by iodide administration. However, the presence of LT was associated with a significant increase in thyroid weight and anti-Tg Ab concentrations. BB/W rats subjected to a low iodine diet exhibited a significantly decreased incidence of LT (low I, 8.6%; C, 47.3%; P less than 0.01), but no statistically significant difference in anti-Tg Ab levels. Increased iodide intake did not significantly affect the incidence of LT in adult BB/W rats and did not induce LT or affect thyroid function in W-line or Wistar rats. These data show that iodine intake significantly affects the incidence of spontaneous LT in young, genetically predisposed rats. PMID- 3754510 TI - The distribution of polypeptide YY-like immunoreactivity in rat tissues. AB - The distribution of peptide YY (PYY)-like immunoreactivity (IR) in rat tissues was determined by specific RIA after extraction with boiled 1 N acetic acid. The high concentration of PYY-IR was observed in the gastrointestinal tract, with concentrations gradually increasing from the duodenum to the end of colon. The concentration of PYY-IR in the colon was 298.7-449.5 pmol/g tissue (approximately 100-200 times more than that in the duodenum). Pituitary and pancreas contained measurable amounts of PYY-IR (6.8 and 6.3 pmol/g tissue). The concentration of PYY-IR in the mucosa was higher than that in the muscular layer in the small intestine, cecum, colon, and rectum. The ratio of the mucosal PYY-IR to the muscular PYY-IR was highest in the distal small intestine (4.7-6.8). Sephadex G 50 gel chromatography of the colon extracts revealed the one PYY-IR peak which corresponds to [125I]PYY. The gradual increase of PYY-IR from the duodenum to the end of the colon is different from the distribution of other known gut peptides. PMID- 3754511 TI - Hypercalcemia inhibits the rapid stimulatory effect on calcium transport in perfused duodena from normal chicks mediated in vitro by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. AB - We have previously reported that vascular perfusion of normal vitamin D3-replete chick duodena with physiological amounts of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25 (OH)2D3] increases the movement of 45Ca2+ from the lumen to the venous effluent within 14 min under conditions of normal Ca2+ (0.9 mM) concentration in both the lumen and vascular perfusate. The present studies were designed to further explore details of this rapid 1,25-(OH)2D3 effect as a function of seco-steroid concentration and under conditions where the free Ca2+ concentrations in the perfusate were varied from 0.54-1.26 mM. Concentrations of 1,25-(OH)2D3 in the vascular perfusate ranging from 30-650 pM elicited an increasing stimulation of Ca transport, as judged by 45Ca levels in the venous effluent. At 0.98-6.5 nM 1,25-(OH)2D3, progressive inhibition of Ca transport was observed, yielding a biphasic dose-response curve. The optimal concentration of 650 pM 1,25-(OH)2D3 was used in subsequent experiments designed to study the effects of vascular Ca2+ levels on 45Ca transport mediated by the seco-steroid. The basal Ca2+ transport ratio, in the absence of 1,25-(OH)2D3, did not change when the divalent cation of the vascular perfusate was varied over the range 0.54-1.26 mM free calcium. However, the effect of 1,25-(OH)2D3 on 45Ca2+ transport was completely abolished in the group treated with 1.21 mM Ca2+ in the perfusate, but not in the groups treated with concentrations less than 1.17 mM Ca2+. These results suggest that the rapid intestinal calcium transport response to 1,25-(OH)2D3 may be modulated locally in part by the prevailing ionized Ca concentration of the vascular perfusate. PMID- 3754512 TI - Rat liver and intestinal mucosa differ in the developmental pattern and hormonal regulation of carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I and ornithine carbamoyl transferase gene expression. AB - cDNA probes were employed to measure levels of carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I (CPS) and ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT) mRNAs in fetal and neonatal livers and intestines. In the fetal liver, significant levels of OCT mRNA were present at 15-days gestation while CPS mRNA could not be detected until day 17 of fetal development. Apart from a small decline just after birth, amounts of both mRNAs increased steadily to reach adult levels in postnatal life. In contrast to the situation in liver, CPS and OCT mRNA levels in the fetal intestine rose rapidly to peak at day 21 of gestation and then declined steadily in the first seven days after birth. Using the methyl-sensitive restriction isoschizomeric pair, MspI/HpaII, the 5' ends of both the CPS and OCT genes were shown to undergo demethylation during development. In the case of the OCT gene, however, the hypomethylation characteristic of the adult liver and intestinal mucosa was not observed in the 15-day-old fetal liver, where significant levels of gene expression had already been established. Levels of CPS and OCT mRNA in livers of adults responded to glucagon in normal animals (1.5-fold and 2.2-fold increases, respectively) and to dexamethasone in experimentally induced diabetic animals (3 fold increase in CPS mRNA with no change in OCT mRNA). These treatments were all without effect on the levels of CPS and OCT mRNA in intestinal mucosa. PMID- 3754513 TI - Studies of tobacco mosaic virus reassembly with an RNA tail blocked by a hybridised and cross-linked probe. AB - Segments of cloned cDNA to tobacco mosaic virus RNA, 150--300-bases long, have been hybridised and cross-linked to the RNA, which has then been used for reassembly experiments. This enables the elongation reaction, which does not encapsidate the double-stranded region generated, to be stopped at specific regions along the RNA and the resulting particles to be characterised, by measuring the lengths of the rods in the electron microscope. With hybridisation to the 3'-tail the entire RNA contiguous to the nucleation region is encapsidated, from the 5'-terminus up to the modified region. When the double stranded region is on the 5'-side of the nucleation region, the mean length of the particles corresponds to a situation in which the double-stranded region is unable to enter the central hole of the growing rod, but the 3'-tail of the RNA is completely encapsidated. The longest particles hybridised on the 5'-tail (i.e. in a class longer than the mean length) show an effect complementary to those with a 3'-block, and have lengths which correspond to encapsidation from the modified region to the 3'-terminus, despite the continued presence of the 5'-tail up the rod. In all cases where there is a remaining 5'-tail the lengths observed can only be explained if elongation has occurred substantially, or probably completely, along the 3'-tail. Hence elongation must have occurred simultaneously along both the 5' and 3'-tails of the tobacco mosaic virus RNA after initiation on the internal nucleation region. PMID- 3754514 TI - Skin necrosis due to antiblastics (procedures of prevention and therapy). AB - Among the toxic effects of antitumor drugs the injury for extravasation occurs too. The kinds of damage which result can achieve dramatic features with serious consequences on the psychophysic activity of patients who once tried other kinds of toxicity following chemotherapy. As the extravasation is caused by way of use and by drug-giving methods, we present this accident: it is necessary to observe rigorous rules of procedure during infusion and, if extravasation occurs, to make use of efficient drugs and physical methods. A recent case of extravasation occurred, at our Gynecological Oncology Service, in a patient who carried out chemotherapy without hospitalization. This case is here proposed and discussed; we think that the rarity of this accident is in our experience, due to the several precautions we observe during the infusion of drug. PMID- 3754515 TI - The influence of hormone receptors and hormonal adjuvant therapy on disease-free survival in breast cancer: a multifactorial analysis. AB - The prognostic value of estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PgR) receptor status and the influence of hormonal adjuvant therapy on disease-free survival (DFS) in breast cancer were evaluated in 680 women after radical and modified radical mastectomy. The effect of 17 variables, including clinical data, TNM, hormone receptor status, histology and adjuvant therapy, on the DFS observed was analyzed, using a multivariate proportional hazard model. Multifactorial analysis revealed that DFS was strongly related to the number of positive axillary nodes (P less than 0.001) and the histological grade of the tumor (P = 0.05). Moreover, the DFS of ER-positive patients with node involvement was significantly improved by hormonal adjuvant therapy (tamoxifen). Combination of adjuvant chemotherapy with hormonal therapy did not enhance its effectiveness. Recurrence rates of either node-negative or ER-negative patients were not affected by either adjuvant therapy. When no systemic therapy was given, no significant relationship between ER or PgR content of the tumor and the DFS was observed. These findings suggest that hormone receptor status is not an independent prognostic factor but provides reliable information on responsiveness to adjuvant hormonal therapy which is very effective in patients selected on the basis of ER assay. PMID- 3754516 TI - GBR 12783, a potent and selective inhibitor of dopamine uptake: biochemical studies in vivo and ex vivo. AB - The effects of GBR 12783, an aryl 1,4-dialk(en)ylpiperazine derivative, were studied on the in vivo and ex vivo neuronal uptake of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5HT). The drug inhibited potently (IC50 = 1.8 nM) and competitively the [3H]DA uptake by rat striatal synaptosomes. It produced significant [14C]DA release only at much higher concentrations (in the micromolar range). Depending on the animal species (rat or mouse) and the experimental conditions, GBR 12783 was 18-90 times and 85-300 times less effective against NE and 5HT uptake respectively than against DA uptake. In synaptosomes preloaded with [3H]DA, GBR 12783 added to the superfusion medium prevented the (+)amphetamine-induced DA release. The total binding of [3H]GBR 12783 to a membranal fraction prepared from striatum was lower than the binding to a synaptosomal fraction, suggesting its entry in synaptosomes. In addition, the concentration-dependent release of [3H]DA produced by GBR 12783 from a striatal vesicular fraction may account for the synaptosomal DA release promoted by micromolar concentrations of the drug. In ex vivo experiments, the ID50 for DA uptake inhibition (30 min after i.p. administration) was 8.1 mg/kg. After a dose of 10 mg/kg i.p., the striatal DA uptake inhibition occurred quickly (less than 10 min) and was long-lasting (greater than 5 h). The specificity of the drug for the DA uptake relative to NE and 5HT uptakes was also seen after i.p. administration of GBR 12783. PMID- 3754517 TI - Differentiation between idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and interstitial pneumonia associated with collagen vascular diseases by comparison of the ratio of OKT4+ cells and OKT8+ in BALF T-lymphocytes. PMID- 3754518 TI - [Peroxidase activity of thyroid tissue in toxic diffuse goiter. Difference among thyroids administered antithyroid drugs and potassium iodide]. AB - Peroxidase activity in thyroid tissue from 25 patients with Graves' disease was measured by Mini assay method (J. Biochem. 98, 637-647, 1985) employing guaiacol or iodide as a second substrate. The mean values of protein-based specific activity were 0.496 guaiacol unit/mg protein and 0.187 iodide unit/mg protein, reaching 16 fold and 28 fold those of normal thyroids, respectively. The mean value of ratio of iodide unit to guaiacol unit in each thyroid, 0.68, was also much higher than that of normal human thyroid, 0.16. No significant difference in peroxidase activity was observed between patients treated with methylmercaptoimidazole and those with propylthiouracil, but the activities of those groups were significantly higher than those of patients treated with potassium iodide, suggesting that inorganic iodine therapy plays some role in suppressing the synthesis of thyroid peroxidase in vivo. PMID- 3754519 TI - Comment on "The cochlear implant: an auditory prosthesis for the profoundly deaf child". PMID- 3754520 TI - Cochlear implant candidate selection. AB - In recent years there has been an increased acceptance of the cochlear implant as an appropriate sensory aid for selected hearing-impaired individuals with profound losses. With the Food and Drug Administration's release of the 3M/House single channel cochlear implant on November 29, 1984 and the Nucleus 22-channel cochlear implant on October 31, 1985 it is anticipated that many new groups of otologists and audiologists will have direct involvement in this exciting new approach to the management of patients with profound hearing impairments. This report reviews our cochlear implant selection protocol for the severe to profound adult hearing-impaired population. PMID- 3754521 TI - Spreadsheet software simplifies radiology management. PMID- 3754522 TI - Characterization of cloned sequences complementary to F9 cell double-stranded RNA and their expression during differentiation. AB - In a cDNA library prepared from the RNA of cultured murine F9 teratocarcinoma cells, we identified sequences exhibiting strong hybridization to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) of F9 cells but weak hybridization to mouse liver dsRNA. Northern blot hybridization of RNA extracted from F9 cells with or without treatment with retinoic acid revealed differences in the expression of some of these sequences in undifferentiated and differentiated cells. As shown by Southern-blot hybridization experiments, these differences of expression were not related to a gross rearrangement of the corresponding genomic DNA sequences of the differentiated cells. When RNA from F9 cells was used, one of the cloned dsRNA related sequences selected mRNA which was translated in vitro to a polypeptide with an Mr of 24,000; the level of this mRNA was reduced in F9 cells that had been treated with retinoic acid. Our results show that the differentiation of F9 cells induced by retinoic acid results in the differential expression of some middle-repetitive sequences. PMID- 3754524 TI - M1 and M2-muscarinic receptors in the epididymal half of the rat vas deferens. AB - The inhibitory effects of atropine and pirenzepine (nonselective and M1-selective antagonists, respectively) on the contractile responses of the epididymal half of the rat vas deferens to methacholine included a depression of the maximal response. In the presence of pirenzepine, atropine was a competitive antagonist of the responses to methacholine. However in the presence of atropine, pirenzepine remained a non-competitive inhibitor of the response. It is suggested that low concentrations of methacholine predominantly stimulate M2-receptors and that at high concentrations, methacholine also stimulates M1-receptors. PMID- 3754523 TI - [Ogilvie's syndrome: results of endoscopic exsufflation in a series of 29 cases]. AB - The aim of this study was to assess the value of endoscopic decompression of the colon in a series of 29 patients affected with Ogilvie's syndrome. During the first period (1980-1982), 14 patients were treated by colonoscopic decompression alone. During the second period (1982-1985), 15 endoscopic decompressions were systematically completed by intubation of the colon. The tube was removed after 2 to 13 days. Whatever the procedure, endoscopic decompression was successfully achieved in all cases. The death rate (8/29) and number of cecostomies (2/29) were similar in the two groups of patients. Only one death was directly related to Ogilvie's syndrome itself, whereas 7 patients died from other severe underlying diseases. However, colonic dilatation recurred in 6 patients in the first group and in one patient in the second group (p less than 0.05). No complications due to the endoscopic procedures occurred in this series. It may be concluded that endoscopic treatment of Ogilvie's syndrome is a safe and effective procedure. Our results also suggest that colonoscopic intubation should be used prophylactically in order to avoid recurrences, frequently observed after simple endoscopic decompression. PMID- 3754525 TI - [Various aspects of the hygiene and toxicology of the herbicide sangor]. PMID- 3754526 TI - A geriatric evaluation unit's use of a microcomputer for patient care and research. PMID- 3754527 TI - A case of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix in pregnancy. AB - An extremely rare case of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix in pregnancy is reported. The primary lesion was first found at 34 weeks of pregnancy in a 34-year-old patient, and was cytologically suspected to be malignant. At 39 weeks of pregnancy, the patient underwent abdominal cesarean section concomitantly with removal of huge right ovarian tumor (3050 g) and delivered a normal male baby weighing 3590 g. Histological findings for cone biopsy at 22 days postpartum revealed invasive adenocarcinoma, and abdominal radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphoadenectomy were performed at 36 days postpartum. Microscopically, the tumor tissue was composed of clear and hobnail type cells. It showed a considerable amount of PAS-positive diastase-labile glycogen but was only weakly positive for immunoperoxidase staining of carcinoembryonic antigen. PMID- 3754528 TI - Bilateral Pancoast's syndrome in a patient with carcinoma of the cervix. PMID- 3754529 TI - Quantitative nuclear DNA analysis of human ovarian adenocarcinoma: compared before and after chemotherapy and correlated with clinical response. AB - Quantitative DNA measurements on 18 human ovarian adenocarcinomas were made by computerized image analysis. The DNA content of the tumor cells was measured on specimens of tumor obtained at the initial diagnostic surgery and at second-look surgery after treatment with chemotherapy. The mean DNA content of the specimens and the ploidy pattern of the tumor cells were determined. With the exception that borderline tumors had near normal ploidy patterns and mean DNA content, there was no consistent correlation between the stage of disease, grade, or histiologic character of the tumor and either the DNA content or ploidy pattern. But it was noteworthy that all three of the patients who had complete responses (negative second-looks), also had tumors with DNA content and ploidy patterns near triploid. When the ratio of mean DNA content before and after chemotherapy was determined for each ploidy group, there was an apparent correlation between this ratio and clinical status of the patient 10 month after chemotherapy. That is, patients with low ploidy tumors and high DNA content ratio (greater than 1.25) had a better prognosis than patients with high ploidy tumors and lower DNA content ratios (less than 1.25). Thus, although the mean DNA content of the tumor at the initial surgery was not in itself of sufficient prognostic value, when the mean DNA content of the tumor after chemotherapy is also known, an accurate picture of the patients clinical response could be determined. PMID- 3754530 TI - Development of a computer program to analyze the parameters of platelet-vessel wall interaction. AB - The use of the Baumgartner perfusion system allows the morphometric quantification of platelets interacting with vessel wall, however it presents the basic difficulties of morphometrical measurements. In order to facilitate the procedure of evaluation we developed a semiautomated method to avoid the complexity of the classical evaluation. Our system consists on an optical picture analysis system connected with a specially developed computer program which allows fast quantification. Simultaneously to the outlining of interacting platelets the computer program recognizes, corrects, selects and stores the information, in order to perform the final calculations as previously established. This system has been demonstrated to be as effective as the classical morphometric evaluation in the measure of platelets interacting with subendothelium. Potential sources of error such as subjectivity of the observers in selecting the class of interacting platelets are avoided. The use of this combined method opens the possibility to adapt the Baumgartner perfusion system to clinical routine and to the screening of drugs that modify platelet adherence. PMID- 3754531 TI - [Clear text-oriented documentation in hand surgery--integrated in the medical routine documentation service]. AB - For reasons of contents and economy, the construction of medical documentation should be integrated into the secretary's routine work. An efficient and inexpensive microcomputer is able to facilitate and accelerate the typing work of a hand surgical section by the use of a modern data processing system. At the same time important data can be stored for documentation without being coded and with hardly any additional effort. The dates can be analysed according to different criteria (e.g. statistics of diagnosis/therapy, the recall of data of patients with certain diagnosis, yearly statistics and so on). Knowledge of data processing is not necessary. PMID- 3754533 TI - [We need molsidomine for complete prevention of ischemia. Interview with Prof. Rudolph on the therapy of coronary heart disease]. PMID- 3754532 TI - [General pharmacological action of 4-(o-benzylphenoxy)-N-methylbutylamine hydrochloride (MCI-2016, bifemelane hydrochloride). Influence on respiratory and cardiovascular systems, renal function, autonomic nervous system, isolated smooth muscle and digestive organs]. AB - MCI-2016 at 3 mg/kg, i.v., caused slight changes in systemic blood pressure (SBP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and ECG but at 10 mg/kg, i.v., it caused a significant increase in RR, decrease in SBP, increase or decrease in HR and a moderate change in ECG. Biphasic changes in SBP, HR and blood flow were sometimes observed after high doses. MCI-2016 also decreased SBP at 30 mg/kg, i.p., in SHR. MCI-2016 (50 mg/kg, p.o./day) showed little influence on SBP, HR and ECG in conscious beagle dogs. In isolated hearts, MCI-2016 decreased HR and contractility at the concentrations above 10(-5) g/ml, and 30 micrograms, i.a. MCI-2016 prolonged the AVCT at 10 mg/kg, i.v. MCI-2016 (i.v. or i.a.) moderately increased cerebral and femoral artery blood flows. MCI-2016 did not change CMRO2, but decreased MVO2. Coronary and renal artery flows were moderately increased by 10 mg/kg, i.v., of MCI-2016. Renal function was suppressed after 10 mg/kg, i.v., or 300 mg/kg, p.o., of MCI-2016. MCI-2016 potentiated the action of NE (increase in SBP, contractions of nictitating membrane and vas deferens), but showed little anti-cholinergic action. In contrast, MCI-2016 moderately increased gastrointestinal motility and salivatory response. As for the influence on isolated smooth muscles, MCI-2016 antagonized the contraction of blood vessels by high K+ at 10(-6) g/ml, or more, and it depressed the contractions by ACh, 5-HT, histamine and BaCl2 and also depressed spontaneous movements of uterus and ileum at 10(-5) M or more, in a nonspecific manner. MCI-2016 had no influence on liver damage and bile secretion, but inhibited stress ulcer and gastric acid secretion on the one hand, and caused gastric damage (125 mg/kg p.o., or more) on the other hand. PMID- 3754534 TI - Effect of methyl prednisolone on 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D in rabbits. PMID- 3754535 TI - Travenol unveils profit analysis software package. PMID- 3754536 TI - Chromosomal sublocalization of the human p97 melanoma antigen. AB - The antigen p97 is a tumor-associated antigen that was first identified in human melanomas using monoclonal antibodies. Recently, p97 mRNA was purified and cloned, and a p97 cDNA clone was synthesized. By using the technique of in situ chromosomal hybridization, we have localized the p97 gene to human chromosome No. 3, at bands q28 to q29. p97 belongs to a superfamily of iron-binding proteins that have amino acid homology; other members of this family include transferrin (TF), lactotransferrin, and ovotransferrin. Based upon the shared amino acid homology and upon the observation that the nucleotide sequence is internally duplicated in these genes, it has been proposed that the TF superfamily arose from a common ancestral duplicated gene. The TF gene has also been mapped to the long arm of chromosome No. 3 at bands q21 to q23. PMID- 3754538 TI - A new allele at the human diaphorase DIA3 locus: DIA5(3). AB - A new allele of the human diaphorase DIA3 is described. The new allele which is termed DIA5(3) was detected in two Japanese males during the course of electrofocusing analysis of the genetic variants of the human diaphorase DIA3 locus. PMID- 3754537 TI - Familial isolated aniridia associated with a translocation involving chromosomes 11 and 22 [t(11;22)(p13;q12.2)]. AB - Isolated aniridia segregated as an autosomal dominant trait in a family with 11 affected members spanning five generations. Four of the eight individuals studied had aniridia associated with glaucoma and cataracts. Cytogenetic studies revealed an apparently balanced reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 11 and 22 [t(11;22)(p13;q12.2)], while four unaffected relatives had normal karyotypes. There is no evidence of Wilms tumor or genitourinary abnormalities in any members of the family. Restriction enzyme analysis of the human catalase gene revealed no abnormalities in the individuals with the translocation. A summary of phenotypic abnormalities in 61 cases associated with aniridia is presented, as well as a comparison of breakpoints in 44 cases of 11p deletion. These data indicate that single breaks at 11p13 are associated with isolated aniridia, while deletion of 11p13 results in aniridia combined with Wilms tumor, genitourinary abnormalities, and/or mental retardation. PMID- 3754539 TI - Lectin binding glycoproteins in human melanoma cell lines with high or low tumorigenicity. AB - Lectin binding glycoproteins of 5 human malignant melanoma cell lines (HMMCL), differing in their ability to grow subcutaneously in athymic nude mice, were compared by electrophoresis of total cellular proteins and subsequent incubation of SDS-poly-acrylamide gel with 125I-labelled lectins. Despite the similarity between the protein profiles of the different HMMCL, Concanavalia ensiformis agglutinin (ConA), wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA) and peanut agglutinin (PNA) revealed differences in their glycoprotein expression, in contrast with Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA I). A great diversity was observed in the electrophoretic mobilities and/or staining intensities of ConA and WGA binding glycoproteins of HMMCL. However, neither ConA-reactive glycoproteins nor WGA reactive glycoproteins could be detected that were characteristic of HMMCL with high tumorigenicity (HT) or low tumorigenicity (LT). In contrast, the expression of two cell-surface PNA binding glycoproteins appeared to be related to the tumorigenic phenotype of HMMCL. One of them, with an apparent molecular weight of 190 kDa, was only detected in the LT cell lines. The other, with an apparent molecular weight of 60 kDa, was detected in all HMMCL but became strongly labelled after neuraminidase treatment only in the HT cell lines. Thus, the expression of glycoproteins rich in terminal galactose residues may characterize human melanoma cells with different tumorigenic behavior. PMID- 3754540 TI - Structure and conformation on linear peptides. VI. Structure of D,L-alanyl-L,D norvaline. AB - The dipeptide, (DL)-alanyl-(DL)-norvaline, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/c, with a = 12.559(2)A, b = 5.265(1), c = 16.003(3), beta = 103.53(2) degrees, Z = 4. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined to an R value of 0.054 for 871 reflections with I greater than 2 sigma. The molecule exists as a zwitterion in the crystal. The peptide unit is trans and shows significant deviations from planarity (delta omega = 12.4 degrees). The peptide backbone adopts an extended conformation. The unit cell contains D-Ala-L-norval and its enantiomer. The molecular conformation and packing features show a striking resemblance to those for D-Ala-L-Met (1), and leads to the speculation that norvaline might act as an analog of methionine. PMID- 3754541 TI - A comparison of Nd:YAG laser damage thresholds for PMMA and silicone intraocular lenses. AB - Power density producing damage at a probability of 0.5 (ie, damage threshold, DT 50) was determined for PMMA (with/without UV absorber) and Silicone intraocular lenses. Scattered light from a collinear diagnostic He:Ne beam was one of four damage monitors deployed to enhance the sensitivity of the system. In order of increasing laser resistance the following results were obtained: injection molded PMMA (1.9/GW/cm2) Silicone (2.63 GW/cm2) Lathe-cut PMMA (4.47 GW/cm2), Lathe-cut PMMA with UV absorber (8.32 GW/cm2), Cast-molded PMMA (12.30 GW/cm2). An analysis of variance revealed interclass differences significant at the .01 level. Cast molded PMMA was the most laser-resistant IOL material. PMID- 3754543 TI - Referring to D.O. specialists. PMID- 3754542 TI - Biological and biochemical activities of the novel antitumor antibiotic PD 114,759 and related derivatives. AB - A complex of novel and exceptionally potent antibiotics has been evaluated for antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo and characterized with regard to their ability to cause DNA strand scission. The major component, PD 114,759, was quite active against all in vitro tumor systems including the human tumors, MCF-7 breast, HCT-8 colon, and A549 lung and the murine tumors M16/c mammary, Lewis lung, Pan 02 pancreas and L1210 leukemia. ID50 values ranged from 2-57 pg/ml. In vivo this agent produced significant increases of host life spans in mice bearing L1210 leukemia, B16 melanoma and the M5076 sarcoma. Further, it inhibited growth of subcutaneous implants of the Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma by 80% and growth of the MX-1 human mammary xenograft by 90-95%. PD 114,759, however, had no activity against the colon adenocarcinoma 11a or mammary adenocarcinoma 16c. Chinese hamster ovary cells exposed for 24 hours to concentrations of PD 114,759 ranging from 18 to 37 pg/ml accumulated in the S and G2+M phases of the cell cycle with a corresponding decrease in G1. Higher concentrations of drug apparently stopped any progression through the cell cycle. PD 114,759 caused significant DNA single strand breaks in L1210 cells exposed for 1 hour to drug concentrations as low as 20 pg/ml and the frequency of these lesions increased in proportion to the drug concentration. A portion of these DNA breaks appeared to be associated with protein. In contrast, no double strand DNA breaks were detected at the highest drug concentration tested (100 pg/ml). PMID- 3754544 TI - An innovative course on doctor-patient relationships: preparation for interacting with patients. PMID- 3754545 TI - Graded mental arithmetic as an active psychological challenge. AB - A computer-operated mental arithmetic task is outlined which presents questions at a level of difficulty continuously determined by subjects' accuracy of response on the previous question. The programme incorporates 5 levels of difficulty, and all questions concern the addition or subtraction of two numbers which vary in digit-span according to the current level of difficulty. Response requirements are manual rather than verbal so that, in addition to monitoring heart rate, subjects' exhaled air may be collected throughout the task in order to determine oxygen consumption. PMID- 3754546 TI - Patterns of nonclinical intramammary infection in a ewe flock. AB - Coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most frequent bacterial isolates from nonclinical intramammary infections (NIMI) in a ewe flock. The prevalence of NIMI was 22.9% of the udder halves at lambing and decreased to 12.5% or less between week 2 and week 6 of lactation. The decrease was due mainly to the elimination of infections involving coagulase-negative staphylococci. The frequency of new NIMI in the first 6 weeks of lactation was less than 1% of the noninfected udder halves per week. The prevalence of NIMI increased steadily from 16.1% of the udder halves at the time of weaning the lambs to 29% at postweaning week 3. The new infection rate averaged 9.7% per week during the postweaning 3 weeks. The principal bacterial isolate in the new NIMI was coagulase-negative staphylococcus. Nonclinical intramammary infection in a ewe flock was monitored by bacteriologic cultural examinations of milk samples obtained from both udder halves of 24 ewes during early lactation and of 31 ewes in the same flock during the early postweaning period. The patterns of NIMI were similar to the patterns reported in cattle. PMID- 3754547 TI - Crisamicin A, a new antibiotic from Micromonospora. I. Taxonomy of the producing strain, fermentation, isolation, physico-chemical characterization and antimicrobial properties. AB - A microorganism, designated as RV-79-9-101 and now identified as Micromonospora purpureochromogenes subsp. halotolerans, isolated from a mud sample in the Philippines, has been shown to produce a complex of antibiotics called crisamicins. Thin-layer chromatography and bioautography, employing solvent extracts of whole fermentation broths, revealed a minimum of five antimicrobial components. The major biologically-active component of the antibiotic complex, crisamicin A, was obtained in pure form after preparative silica gel column chromatography followed by crystallization. Based on physico-chemical data crisamicin A has been identified as a novel member of the isochromanequinone group of antibiotics. It exhibits excellent in vitro activity against Gram positive bacteria but little or no activity towards Gram-negative bacteria or fungi. PMID- 3754548 TI - Studies on macrocyclic lactone antibiotics. VIII. Absolute structures of rhizoxin and a related compound. AB - The absolute structure of rhizoxin, a potent antifungal and antitumor antibiotic, was determined by interrelation with compound 2 whose structure was established by X-ray analysis. Since a 18OH group was introduced at C-3 on a hydrolytic cleavage of C-2, C-3 epoxy group with alkaline H2(18)O, the original epoxy oxygen should be retained at C-2. The stereo-chemistry at C-2 and C-3 positions in rhizoxin was, therefore, determined as 2R,3S. PMID- 3754549 TI - PD 116,779, a new antitumor antibiotic of the benz[a]anthraquinone class. PMID- 3754551 TI - CSF exchange after the erroneous intrathecal injection of 800 mg ceftriaxone for pneumococcal meningitis. PMID- 3754550 TI - Characterization of the electrically evoked auditory brainstem response (ABR) in cats and humans. AB - Electrically evoked auditory brainstem response (EABR) recordings were made from 38 humans implanted with one of three cochlear prostheses, and from 25 cats. Recognizable auditory potentials were identified in 27 of the profoundly deaf implanted subjects. In both cats and humans EABR waveform morphology and magnitude were independent of electrode configuration and paralleled those of the normal acoustic ABR, but with reduced absolute latencies. EABR recordings are highly susceptible to contamination by stimulus artifact and by elicited non auditory potentials. Latency, morphology, and magnitude criteria are proposed for identification and analysis of EABR components. PMID- 3754552 TI - The in-vitro activity of SQ 82,291, a new monobactam, in comparison with aztreonam. AB - The in-vitro activity of a new monobactam antibiotic, SQ 82,291, was compared with that of aztreonam against 529 strains of aerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria. SQ 82,291, which is absorbed orally when administered as an ester, has shown good activity against different bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae and Haemophilus influenzae. The susceptibility of SQ 82,291 is lower than that to aztreonam in the species that were sensitive and SQ 82,291 showed no activity at all against staphylococci and strict anaerobes (like aztreonam); unlike aztreonam SQ 82,291 was not effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PMID- 3754553 TI - Surface forces in lungs. I. Alveolar surface tension-lung volume relationships. AB - Alveolar surface tension (gamma)-lung volume relationships were obtained for quasi-static and dynamic lung pressure-volume (PV) histories from measurements of PV curves of liquid- and air-filled excised rabbit lungs. PV relationships were measured at room temperature in lungs filled with test liquids with constant liquid-liquid interfacial tensions with alveolar surface-active materials; and air-filled lungs before and after the normal alveolar surface film was covered with test liquids with constant values of liquid- and air-liquid interfacial tensions. Interfacial tensions of test liquids were measured in a surface balance on monolayers of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. Values of gamma for the normal air-filled lung were obtained either from points of intersection between PV curves with the normal and test liquid interface or from a general relationship between gamma and the component of recoil pressure due to surface tension derived from the data. In contrast to previous analyses that have used PV measurements, this approach does not depend on assumptions about lung microstructural geometry. Surface tension-volume relationships for the normal air-filled lung show a prominent hysteresis with surface tension ranging from near 0 at low volumes during lung deflation to transiently high values near 40 dyn/cm during inflation; value of equilibrium surface tension (gamma EQ) near 28 dyn/cm; and characteristic transitions in surface film compressibility and associated transitions in film kinetic behavior in nonequilibrium film states where gamma deviates from gamma EQ. These features are consistent with the behavior predicted from current models of alveolar surface film behavior. PMID- 3754554 TI - Diethylcarbamazine on pulmonary vascular response to endotoxin in awake sheep. AB - Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) is an inhibitor of lipoxygenase, with protective effects in several experimental models of anaphylaxis and lung dysfunction. The hypothesis of this study was that DEC would alter the pulmonary response to endotoxin infusion, especially the prolonged pulmonary hypertension, leukopenia, hypoxemia, and high flow of protein-rich lung lymph. We prepared sheep for chronic measurements of hemodynamics and collection of lung lymph. In paired studies we gave six sheep endotoxin (0.5 micrograms/kg iv) either with or without DEC. DEC was given (80-100 mg/kg iv) over 30 min followed by a continuous infusion at 1 mg X kg-1 X min-1. Endotoxin was given after the loading infusion of DEC, and variables were monitored for 4 h. The response to endotoxin was characterized by pulmonary hypertension, leukopenia, hypoxemia, and elevations of thromboxane B2 and 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1 alpha). Lymph flow and protein content reflected hemodynamic and permeability changes in the pulmonary circulation. DEC did not significantly modify the response to endotoxin by any measured variable, including pulmonary arterial and left atrial pressures, cardiac output, lymph flow and protein content, alveolar-to-arterial PO2 difference, blood leukocyte count, and lymph thromboxane B2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha. We could not find evidence of release of leukotriene C4/D4 by radioimmunoassay in lung lymph after endotoxin infusion with or without DEC treatment. We conclude that lipoxygenase products of arachidonic acid may not be a major component of the pulmonary vascular response to endotoxin. PMID- 3754555 TI - Cartilage-inducing factor-A. Apparent identity to transforming growth factor beta. AB - Comparison of the sequence of the N-terminal 30 amino acids of cartilage-inducing factor-A (CIF-A) from bovine demineralized bone with the corresponding sequence of human transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) revealed 100% identity. Furthermore, CIF-A stimulated normal rat kidney fibroblasts to become anchorage independent and form colonies in soft agar (in the presence of epidermal growth factor) in a manner similar to TGF-beta. Similarly, TGF-beta from human platelets induced rat muscle mesenchymal cells to differentiate and synthesize cartilage specific macromolecules in a manner equivalent to CIF-A. These data show that CIF A and TGF-beta are closely related or identical molecules and that these factors may be involved in cell differentiation including cartilage formation as the first step in endochondral bone formation. PMID- 3754556 TI - A model for computer-aided analysis of biomechanical properties of the plantaris longus tendon in the rabbit. AB - Based on the present rapid development of user-friendly computer programs for non linear curve fitting, the function P = a1 epsilon + a2 epsilon 3 (P = load, epsilon = strain, a1 = linear parameter, a2 = cubic parameter) for biomechanical analysis of the plantaris longus tendon in the rabbit is presented. A total of 188 plantaris longus tendons with different biomechanical properties (Plin ranging from 8.73-306.2 N) achieved by different treatments were used. With a simple load-strain sequence using a constant strain rate, load strain curves were obtained. The function was fitted to these curves up to a strain of 7.5%. The mean value for fraction of explained variance (FEV) was 0.996 (S.D. 0.002) indicating a very good fit and a high flexibility. Biomechanical and statistical analyses may be performed using only the two parameters a1 and a2 which give great data reduction and a considerable simplification of the statistical analysis. PMID- 3754557 TI - Studies on the mammary tumor-inhibiting effects of diethylstilbestrol and its mono- and diphosphate. AB - Diethylstilbestrol (DES), diethylstilbestrol monophosphate (DES-MP) and diethylstilbestrol diphosphate (DES-DP) were tested for their estrogen receptor affinity, estrogenic potency and mammary tumor-inhibiting activity in vitro and in vivo. DES had a much higher receptor binding affinity than its mono- or diphosphate. All three compounds inhibited the growth of the hormone-dependent MCF-7 and hormone-independent MDA-MB 231 breast cancer line only at relatively high concentrations. The estrogenic potency in the immature mouse uterine weight test decreased in the order DES greater than DES-MP much greater than DES-DP. The hormone-dependent MXT mammary tumor of the mouse was inhibited by all three compounds at a dosage of 1.0 mg/kg per week. At a dose of 0.01 mg/kg, DES, DES MP, and DES-DP stimulated the tumor growth. Thus, for the first time, a biphasic effect on tumor growth was demonstrated in intact mature animals. As the effects of all three compounds were similar in this assay, a cleavage of the phosphate groups is likely. A decrease in estrogenic potency concomitant with a retained antitumor effect of DES-MP and DES-DP compared to DES was not demonstrable in the mature mouse using the MXT assay, only in the uterotrophic test in the immature mouse. PMID- 3754558 TI - A cartilage-derived growth factor enhances hyaluronate synthesis and diminishes sulfated glycosaminoglycan synthesis in chondrocytes. AB - Cartilage-derived growth factor purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography on columns of heparin-Sepharose was mitogenic for early passage bovine fetal chondrocytes. Hyaluronate and sulfated glycosaminoglycan synthesis in these cells was analyzed by differential enzymatic digestion of the glycosaminoglycans labeled with [14C] glucosamine or [35S]. It was found that chondrocyte proliferation was accompanied by about a four-fold increase in hyaluronate synthesis over a two-day period, while the synthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans decreased by about 2-fold. Chromatographic analysis of the sulfated glycosaminoglycans showed decreases in chondroitin 4 and 6 sulfates. It was concluded from these results that cartilage-derived growth factor was a proliferative factor for chondrocytes and differed from the somatomedins. PMID- 3754559 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic methods for antibodies, glycosidases and membrane proteins. AB - The broad range of applications of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in biochemistry and cell biology is demonstrated by the purification of antibodies, separation of glycosidases and isolation of a liver membrane protein with a molecular weight of 65 000-67 000 daltons. The advantage of HPLC over classical chromatographic methods is shown by the purification of the glycosidases from Streptococcus pneumoniae. These enzymes can be purified to a degree similar to what can be achieved by "classical" ion exchange, combined with affinity chromatography, but the time needed for the HPLC experiment is much shorter and the yield at least three to five times higher. Particular attention is directed to sample preparation before HPLC separation. For the best results, a combination of HPLC with other biochemical and immunochemical methods is necessary, as is also demonstrated. PMID- 3754560 TI - Quantitative analysis of the dihydropyridines, 3-(2-furoyl)-5-methoxycarbonyl-2,6 dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)- 1,4-dihydropyridine and nifedipine, by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. AB - An analytical method based on solvent extraction and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic separation with electrochemical detection has been developed for the dihydropyridines, 3-(2-furoyl)-5-methoxycarbonyl-2,6 dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl) -1,4-dihydropyridine (MDL 72.567) and nifedipine. The analysis includes an internal standard of similar light sensitivity to correct for possible photodegradation during the procedure. The specificity of electrochemical detection precludes interference from oxidized metabolites. Total analysis time was 35 min per sample, and the detection limit for quantification was 1-2 ng/ml. Linear regression analysis gave calibration curves with coefficients or correlation of 0.9992 for MDL 72.567 (1-100 ng) and 0.997 for nifedipine (1-50 ng). Assays for within-run and day-to-day reproducibility gave coefficients of variation of 3.9% and 6.0%, respectively, at concentrations of 50 ng/ml. The method has been applied to the analysis of plasma levels of nifedipine and MDL 72.567 in dogs. PMID- 3754561 TI - Sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of pirenzepine in plasma. AB - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of pirenzepine in human plasma is reported using imipramine as an internal standard. The assay has a lower limit of detection of 2.5 ng/ml. The calibration function is found to be linear in the range from 5 ng/ml up to at least 100 ng/ml. Two sets of chromatographic conditions are described, which provide different chromatographic selectivities for the separation of the compounds of interest from other material present in a sample. PMID- 3754562 TI - Primary hyperparathyroidism with low serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels. AB - Primary hyperparathyroidism is usually associated with normal or elevated serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D] levels. We report a patient with extreme hypercalcemia (serum calcium, 19.4 mg/dl), primary hyperparathyroidism, and a very low plasma concentration of 1,25-(OH)2D. Surgical removal of a large parathyroid adenoma was associated with a decrease in the serum calcium and immuno- and bioactive PTH concentrations and normalization of the 1,25-(OH)2D level. The postoperative course was complicated by severe protracted hypocalcemia and cardiac arrest, requiring treatment with large doses of calcium iv. The low concentrations of 1,25-(OH)2D in this patient are an unusual manifestation of primary hyperparathyroidism, probably due to suppression of renal 1 alpha hydroxylase activity by the severe hypercalcemia. We conclude that in severe hypercalcemia, a low serum 1,25-(OH)2D level does not exclude the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism. PMID- 3754563 TI - Sensory neurons supplying touch domes near the body midlines project bilaterally in the thoracic spinal cord of rats. AB - Sensory neurons that project bilaterally to laminae III-V of the dorsal horns in the thoracic spinal cord of rats were described in a previous anatomical study. The electrophysiological experiments reported here show that these neurons innervate skin near the dorsal and ventral midlines. Three series of experiments were undertaken: the regions of skin supplied by subdivisions of thoracic nerves were mapped by recording from the subdivisions while mechanically stimulating the skin; subdivisions containing the axons of contralaterally projecting sensory neurons were identified by antidromic activation from the contralateral dorsal horn; the receptive fields of individual sensory neurons and dorsal horn neurons were characterized by single-unit recording methods. Contralaterally projecting sensory neurons had axons in subdivisions of the thoracic nerves that supply skin adjacent to the body midlines. Their receptive fields were located near the dorsal or ventral midline but did not extend onto the contralateral side of the body. Most of the neurons were slowly adapting "type I" units supplying touch domes. Dorsal horn neurons receiving input from contralateral sensory neurons had receptive fields that overlapped the dorsal or ventral midline. This bilateral representation of skin near the midlines may be important for the fusion of the sensory maps of the right and left sides of the body. PMID- 3754564 TI - Effects of potassium buffers on feed intake in lactating dairy cows and on rumen fermentation in vivo and in vitro. AB - Twenty-four Holstein cows were used to compare acceptance of concentrates and complete rations containing 1) no buffer, 2) 1.8% potassium bicarbonate, 3) 1.2% potassium carbonate, or 4) 1.5% sodium bicarbonate in the concentrate. When concentrate and a forage blend were offered separately (comparison period 1), concentrate intake did not differ among treatments, but forage blend consumption and complete ration intake was greater with the potassium carbonate ration (comparison period 2). Rumen pH did not differ, but urine pH was higher in cows fed complete rations containing buffers. Cows fed potassium carbonate had higher milk fat percentages than cows fed sodium bicarbonate during the first comparison period and higher than controls during the second comparison period and produced more 3.5% fat-corrected milk and solids-corrected milk than cows fed sodium bicarbonate in both comparison periods. Milk protein percentage was lower in cows fed potassium carbonate diets as compared with those fed sodium bicarbonate diets, but total protein production was similar. In three continuous culture in vitro trials, potassium carbonate maintained fermenter pH comparably to sodium bicarbonate, and total volatile fatty acid and acetate production were similar. PMID- 3754565 TI - Effect of pattern of administration of bovine growth hormone on lactational performance of dairy cows. AB - Bovine growth hormone was administered to Holstein cows (late lactation) in a 4 X 4 Latin square design. Treatments were 1) control, subcutaneous injection of placebo, 2) subcutaneous injection of 25 IU growth hormone every 2nd d, 3) daily subcutaneous injection of 25 IU growth hormone, 4) continuous subcutaneous infusion of 25 IU/d growth hormone. Daily profiles of growth hormone in plasma consisted of: 1) a relatively constant concentration averaging 4.5 ng/ml for control, 2) a single peak of 21 to 25 ng/ml followed by a steady decline to baseline for treatments involving daily or alternate day injection (in the latter case concentrations maintained at baseline during the 2nd d after injection), and 3) a relatively constant elevation to 10.6 ng/ml for the continuous subcutaneous infusion. Total growth hormone in plasma increased in proportion to average daily dose of exogenous growth hormone. Milk yield responses in the daily injected and infused groups did not differ and averaged 28% over controls. Gross efficiency (milk energy/consumed energy) was increased 16% by daily administration of 25 IU growth hormone. Responses to the alternate day injection were approximately half those predicted for an average dose of 12.5 IU/d. No particular pattern in plasma growth hormone concentration need be attained to achieve lactational response to exogenous growth hormone. However, extending the interval between injections beyond 24 h may diminish the response per unit of growth hormone injected. PMID- 3754566 TI - [The effect of prolactin on the production of surfactant in rat fetal lung]. AB - The significance of prolactin (PRL) in the production of surfactant in the fetus was investigated by the analysing the phospholipids produced in the lung after PRL administration. 1 mg of ovine PRL was injected into rat fetus. The phospholipids extracted from the fetal lung were analyzed by TLC and GC. Serum corticosterone was measured by RIA. The content of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) after treatment with PRL was demonstrated to be significantly higher than the control. Production of corticosterone was activated by PRL injection and its serum level reached the maximal value 24 hours after the injection. DSPC in the fetal lung was increased significantly by PRL and its highest content was found 48 hours after the peak of serum corticosterone level. PRL was shown to be involved in the production of surfactant in the fetal lung. Furthermore, the lag time between corticosterone and DSPC production indicated DSPC biosynthesis may be dependent on increased corticosterone after PRL administration. PMID- 3754567 TI - Simple immunochromometric assay for protein C activity. AB - Protein C binds readily from human plasma to antibody-coated wells, where it may be quantitated with an iodine 125-labeled antibody to protein C. Treatment with thrombin results in a small reduction in the protein C antigen detectable by this immunoradiometric assay (IRMA). However, activated protein C resulting from thrombin treatment and retained by the antibody on a solid phase may be detected by an overnight incubation with chromogenic substrates S-2366 or CBS 34.47. The immunochromometric assay (ICMA, analogous to IRMA) described uses a heterologous antibody to protein C, activation with relatively low concentrations of bovine thrombin, and quantitation by hydrolysis of chromogenic substrate in a convenient 96-well microtiter plate system. The correlation between IRMA and ICMA protein C results was found to be good with normal persons and patients with liver disease. Patients taking oral anticoagulants had reduced protein C antigen (IRMA) but even lower protein C by ICMA, indicating that inactive forms were present. PMID- 3754568 TI - Learning disabled students' difficulties in learning to use a word processor: implications for instruction and software evaluation. PMID- 3754569 TI - Increased monoester lipase activity in red blood cells during hyperthyroidism. AB - Human red blood cells (RBC) contain a monoester lipase (MEL) activity which is tightly associated with the cell membrane and has its active site externally oriented, as inferred from the ability of the intact cell to hydrolyse an exogenously added lipid substrate. Membrane-bound MEL activity was measured by a radiochemical assay in intact RBC from 29 untreated hyperthyroid patients. The mean (+/- S.D.) MEL level was higher (P less than 0.01) in these patients (1220 +/- 212 mu./10(12) RBC) than in the control group (1010 +/- 120 mu./10(12) RBC). There was no difference between men and women. The increase in MEL values was associated with significantly (P less than 0.001) decreased values of mean cellular volume and mean cellular haemoglobin content. A continued study of 13 patients, who became euthyroid with treatment, showed a normalization of the MEL values in RBC. The increased lipolytic potency of RBC represents a new characteristic of hyperthyroid patients. Further exploration of the possible diagnostic or prognostic implications of this enzymatic change seems warranted. PMID- 3754570 TI - Phebalosin from the bark of Micromelum minutum. PMID- 3754571 TI - Palpebral asymmetry and hyperthyroidism. Two cases in connection with Graves' disease. AB - The causes of eyelid retraction or ptosis are numerous. Eye changes associated with thyroid dysfunctions are frequent, and diagnosis is not difficult in patients who are thyrotoxic. In euthyroid patients more difficulty may be encountered, especially if the disorder is asymmetric. The cases are described of two patients with ptosis and eyelid retraction on the other side, who suffered from thyroid disorder. PMID- 3754572 TI - Age as a prognostic factor in recurrent breast cancer. AB - The effect of age as a prognostic factor in recurrent breast cancer was studied in 1,168 patients treated on Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) protocols. Survival was significantly shorter in patients less than 35 years of age (P = .03). This was true even when other good prognostic factors were present. Eighteen prognostic factors were analyzed, and the effect on survival in each of six age groups was studied. Patients with better performance status, less than three sites of metastases, and without visceral or nodal metastases had a better survival time. A Cox proportional hazards model of survival showed that younger age groups, irrespective of menopausal status, had shorter survival times. The predicted median survival times after the first recurrence were 491 days for patients less than 35 years of age, 590 days for patients 36 to 45 years of age, and 700 days for those greater than 45 years of age. PMID- 3754573 TI - Physical and psychologic distress associated with adjuvant chemotherapy in women with breast cancer. AB - The incidence of physical toxicity and psychosocial effects associated with adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II breast cancer have been reported in previous studies. The purpose of this exploratory study was to quantify the degree of physical and psychologic distress experienced by patients and identify life-style changes. A semistructured interview was conducted with 78 subjects to elicit demographic data, distress, and life-style changes using the Symptoms Distress Scale (SDS), the Psychiatric Status Schedule (PSS), and questions and scales developed by the investigator. All subjects received adjuvant chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil with or without vincristine and prednisone) following primary treatment for breast carcinoma. Fifty subjects were currently on therapy and 28 had completed treatment. Fatigue was the most distressful physical symptom. Although physical distress was rated higher by subjects receiving treatment, generally all rating scores indicated only mild symptom distress. Subjects perceived more distress for the psychologic and emotional response to disease and treatment, and this persisted for women who completed therapy. Changes in role performance and daily activity were minimal. PMID- 3754574 TI - Gastric cancer and lymphosarcoma among wood and pulp workers. PMID- 3754575 TI - Developmental changes in red cell creatine and free erythrocyte protoporphyrin in healthy full-term infants during the first 6 months of life. PMID- 3754576 TI - Validation of computer software in process control applications. PMID- 3754577 TI - Long-term results of Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy with the Swiss laser. AB - The Microruptor II (MR-II) Nd:YAG laser developed by Fankhauser was evaluated in a national multicenter prospective study of posterior capsulotomy. Results are reported on 3,711 patients who underwent Nd:YAG laser photodiscission. Ninety-two percent of patients experienced an improvement in vision at some point following photodiscission and the postoperative complications of persistent cystoid macular edema and glaucoma occurred at rates of 2.5% and 0.2%, respectively, indicating the safety and efficacy of the MR-II for posterior capsulotomy. PMID- 3754578 TI - Neodymium:YAG laser therapy for pseudophakic pupillary block. AB - Pupillary block occurred in six patients with anterior chamber intraocular lens implants. After medical therapy failed, the Nd:YAG laser was used to break the hyaloid face in the pupillary and iridectomy apertures. Iridotomies were also produced at the sites of bulging iris. Following laser treatment the anterior chambers deepened and there were no further signs or symptoms of pupillary block. The Nd:YAG laser proved to be a useful treatment for pseudophakic pupillary block. PMID- 3754579 TI - A BASIC program for deriving linear regression formulas for intraocular lens power prediction. AB - We present an original BASIC program written specifically for the ophthalmologist that allows calculation of linear regression formulas for prediction of emmetropic lens power from the surgeon's own data. The program features ongoing data storage, options for analyzing specific ranges (such as longer axial lengths), and calculation of residuals. The program is user-friendly and may be used with minimal computer knowledge. The authors will copy the program at no charge on a user's initialized diskette. PMID- 3754580 TI - [3H]pirenzepine and (-)-[3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate binding to rat cerebral cortical and cardiac muscarinic cholinergic sites. I. Characterization and regulation of agonist binding to putative muscarinic subtypes. AB - The binding and regulation of selected muscarinic agonists to putative subtypes in rat cerebral cortex and heart were studied. Parallel inhibition studies of [3H]pirenzepine ([3H]PZ) and (-)-[3H]quinuclidinylbenzilate [(-)-[3H]QNB]-labeled membranes were done with and without 30 microM guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate [Gpp(NH)p] at 25 degrees C in 10 mM Na-K-phosphate buffer which enhances PZ binding affinity and in modified Krebs-phosphate buffer, which mimics physiological conditions. Classical agonists such as carbachol, oxotremorine and acetylcholine inhibited (-)-[3H]QNB binding to membranes with shallow Hill values (nH less than 1), were better fit to a 2-state model, were Gpp(NH)p-regulated and showed lower affinity in modified Krebs-phosphate buffer than in 10 mM Na-K phosphate buffer. Some agonists were not significantly better fit to a 2-state model in [3H]PZ-labeled cortical membranes, especially in 10 mM Na-K-phosphate buffer. Whereas putative M1 and M2 binding sites distinguished by PZ possessed multiple agonist affinity states, as judged by carbachol, and agonist binding to [3H]PZ-labeled sites were Gpp(NH)p modulated, the partial agonist pilocarpine and nonclassical agonist McN-A-343 [3-(m-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl trimethylammonium chloride] showed little Gpp(NH)p-induced shift in [3H]PZ labeled cortical membranes in physiological conditions. Agonist binding to (-) [3H]QNB-labeled putative M2 cardiac sites was more sensitive to Gpp(NH)p than (-) [3H]QNB-labeled cortical sites. Carbachol and acetylcholine showed significant selectivity for putative M2 sites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3754581 TI - [3H]pirenzepine and (-)-[3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate binding to rat cerebral cortical and cardiac muscarinic cholinergic sites. II. Characterization and regulation of antagonist binding to putative muscarinic subtypes. AB - Studies show [3H]PZ identified selectively a subpopulation of muscarinic binding sites compared to classical antagonists like (-)-[3H]QNB in many central and peripheral tissues. We characterized the binding and regulation of selected antagonists to high-affinity [3H]PZ (putative M1) and low-affinity PZ (putative M2) sites in rat cerebral cortex (predominantly M1) and heart (predominantly M2). Saturation isotherms of [3H]PZ and (-)-[3H]QNB were performed under various conditions. Guanyl-5'-yl-imidodiphosphate (30 microM) showed little effect on Kd (dissociation constant) or total binding capacity (total receptor density) values. Higher ionic strength buffers yielded lower affinity values for [3H]PZ and (-)-[3H]QNB. Kinetic studies confirmed high affinity Kd values seen in steady state assays. We conducted inhibition studies of selected muscarinic antagonists including the reportedly cardioselective (putative M2) drug, AF-DX 116 (11-[(2 (diethylamino)methyl-1-piperidinyl)-acetyl]-5, 11-dihydro-6H-pyrido(2,3-b)(1,4) benzodiazepine-6-one], the reportedly M1 selective compound, PZ, and the classical antagonist (-)QNB, using [3H]PZ and (-)-[3H]QNB-labeled cerebral cortical and cardiac homogenates. Assays were done with and without guanyl-5'-yl imidophosphate at 25 degrees C in 10 mM Na-K-phosphate, 50 mM Na-K-phosphate and modified Krebs-phosphate buffer. Studies showed antagonists generally had higher affinity in 10 mM Na-K-phosphate buffer, were insensitive to guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate and had Hill values (nH) nearly equal to one. Cardiac PZ/[3H]QNB curves were steep.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3754582 TI - Induction of early breeding in red deer (Cervus elaphus) by melatonin. AB - Lactating (N = 12) and non-lactating (N = 6) red deer hinds and one stag at pasture were given concentrates (500 g/head) containing melatonin (5 mg/head) daily at 16:00 h from 18 June to 16 October. The stag shed the antler velvet and started rutting 5 weeks ahead of untreated stags, and hinds had their first oestrus and ovulation of the breeding season in mid-September, 5 weeks in advance of control lactating (N = 9) and non-lactating (N = 5) hinds. Treated hinds were allowed to mate with the treated stag and control hinds ran in an adjacent paddock with an untreated stag. All hinds became pregnant during the study with all but 2 melatonin-fed hinds (1 lactating, 1 non-lactating) and 1 control hind (lactating) conceiving at the first oestrus. Melatonin-treated hinds lost slightly more live weight than did controls from June to November, but their suckled calves grew throughout at a rate similar to those of control hinds. PMID- 3754583 TI - Morphine stimulates prolactin release in normal but not in castrated male rats. AB - Morphine (200 micrograms/rat) was injected intraventricularly (i.v.t.) into normal and into long-term castrated (4 weeks) adult male rats. Animals were killed 10, 20, 40 and 60 min after treatment. In normal animals, the treatment with morphine resulted in a significant increase of serum prolactin concentrations at all time intervals considered. However, the i.v.t. injection of 200 micrograms morphine/rat into castrated rats did not exert any significant effect on prolactin release at any time interval considered. When morphine (200 micrograms/rat) was administered i.v.t. together with the specific opioid receptor blocker naloxone (7.5 or 15 micrograms/rat) the stimulatory effect of morphine on prolactin release was diminished at 10 min, and totally blocked at 20 min. Naloxone given alone did not influence serum prolactin concentrations. The results suggest that the presence of endogenous androgens is essential to permit the stimulatory effect of morphine on prolactin release. PMID- 3754584 TI - DDK egg-foreign sperm incompatibility in mice is not between the pronuclei. AB - A high rate of normal postimplantation development was achieved when the pronuclei of embryos from matings of DDK females with (CBA X C57BL/6J)F1 males were transplanted into enucleated embryos of non-DDK origin. This shows that the DDK egg cytoplasm, not the maternal pronucleus, is involved in the late preimplantation-lethal incompatibility. PMID- 3754585 TI - Synthesis and biological activities of 5-deaza analogues of aminopterin and folic acid. AB - N-[p-[[(2,4-Diaminopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-6-yl)methyl] amino]benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid (1a, 5-deazaaminopterin) and the 5-methyl analogue (1b) were synthesized in 14 steps from 5-cyanouracil (4a) and 5-cyano-6-methyluracil (4b), respectively, by exploitation of the novel pyrimidine to pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine ring transformation reaction. The 5-cyanouracils 4 were treated with chloromethyl methyl ether to the 1,3-bis(methoxymethyl)uracils (5, which were treated with malononitrile in NaOEt/EtOH to give the pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines 6. Diazotization of 6 in concentrated HCl afforded the 7-chloro derivatives 8 in high yield. After reduction of 8, the 7-unsubstituted products 9 were reduced in the presence of Ac2O and the products, 6-(acetamidomethyl)pyridopyrimidines 10, were converted into the 6-acetoxymethyl derivatives 12 via nitrosation. After removal of the N methoxymethyl groups from 12, the 6-(acetoxymethyl)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine 2,4(1H,3H)-diones 14 were converted into 2,4-diamino-6-(hydroxymethyl)pyrido[2,3 d]pyrimidine (15a) and its 5-methyl analogue 15b by the silylation-amination procedure. Compounds 15 were brominated to the 6-bromomethyl derivatives 16, which were treated with diethyl (p-aminobenzoyl)-L-glutamate, and the products 17 were saponified to afford 5-deazaaminopterin (1a) and its 5-methyl analogue 1b. Compound 1b was also prepared by an alternative procedure in 10 steps from cyanothioacetamide and ethyl beta-(ethoxymethylene)acetoacetate via 2,4-diamino-6 (hydroxymethyl)-5-methylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine (15b). 5-Deaza-5-methylfolic acid (2) was also prepared in four steps from 15b. The aminopterine analogues 1 showed significant anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo, whereas the folic acid analogue 2 did not exhibit any significant toxicity. PMID- 3754586 TI - Limb morphology of domestic and wild canids: the influence of development on morphologic change. AB - Biomechanical hypotheses are often invoked to explain the characteristic scaling of limb proportions. Patterns of static allometry and morphologic diversity, however, may also reflect the developmental mechanisms underlying morphologic change. In this study I document the importance of such developmental influences on the evolution of limb morphology in the extremely polymorphic domestic dog and in wild canid species. I use bivariate and discriminant function analyses to compare the limb morphology of adult dogs and wild canid species. I then compare ontogenetic allometry of four dog breeds with static allometry of domestic and wild canids. Results reveal, first, that there is considerable similarity between dogs and wild canid species; many wolf-like canids cannot be distinguished from domestic dogs of equivalent size. However, all dogs are consistently separated from fox-sized, wild canids by subtle but evolutionarily significant differences in olecranon, metapodial, and scapula morphology. Second, in domestic dogs the pattern of static allometry is nearly identical to that of ontogenetic allometry. This finding can be attributed to simple heterochronic alterations of postnatal growth rates. Apparently the diversity of limb proportions among adult domestic dogs and the observed difference between dogs and wild canids are somewhat predetermined, as they directly reflect the diversity of limb proportions evident during development of the domestic dog. PMID- 3754587 TI - Blood-CSF barrier to CCK and effect of centrally administered bombesin on release of brain CCK. AB - The purpose of this study, in part, was to determine the ability of cholecystokinin (CCK-33/39 and CCK-8) to penetrate the blood cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier in dogs by measuring these forms of CCK in plasma and in CSF. In addition, the effectiveness of centrally administered bombesin in releasing brain CCK-33/39 and CCK-8 was evaluated. Six groups of five dogs each were studied. Each group received one of the following: (1) intravenous infusion of CCK-33/39 (1.3 micrograms/kg/hr); (2) intravenous infusion of CCK-8 (0.4 micrograms/kg/hr); (3) intrathecal infusion of CCK-33/39 (1.3 micrograms/kg/hr); (4) intrathecal infusion of CCK-8 (0.5 micrograms/kg/hr); (5) intravenous infusion of bombesin (1 micrograms/kg/hr); and (6) intrathecal infusion of bombesin (1 microgram/kg/hr). Plasma concentrations of CCK-33/39 significantly increased during intravenous infusion of CCK-33/39 (from basal of 84 +/- 8 to 142 +/- 2 pg/ml) or bombesin (from basal of 78 +/- 13 to 325 +/- 87 pg/ml); however, CSF perfusate concentrations of CCK-33/39 did not increase. CCK-33/39 levels of the CSF perfusate increased significantly (P less than .05) from 211 +/- 84 to 9,873 +/- 3,368 pg/ml during intrathecal infusion of CCK-33/39, but failed to rise simultaneously in the systemic circulation. Similarly, intravenous infusion of CCK-8 caused a fivefold elevation in plasma CCK-8 levels and no change in CSF perfusate levels of CCK-8; moreover, intrathecal infusion of CCK-8 failed to elevate peripheral CCK-8 levels, despite CSF perfusate CCK-8 levels of 92,300 +/- 18,598 pg/ml. Intrathecal concentrations of neither CCK-33 nor CCK-8 were affected by intravenous or intrathecal administration of bombesin. We conclude that CCK-33/39 and CCK-8 do not penetrate the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in dogs, and centrally administered bombesin is ineffective in causing release of cholecystokinin from brain tissue into the CSF. PMID- 3754589 TI - DNA requirements at the bacteriophage G4 origin of complementary-strand DNA synthesis. AB - An in vivo assay was used to define the DNA requirements at the bacteriophage G4 origin of complementary-strand DNA synthesis (G4 origin). This assay made use of an origin-cloning vector, mRZ1000, a defective M13 recombinant phage deleted for its natural origin of complementary-strand DNA synthesis. The minimal DNA sequence of the G4 genome sufficient for the restoration of normal M13 growth parameters was determined to be 139 bases long, located between positions 3868 and 4007. This G4-M13 construct was also found to give rise to proper initiation of complementary-strand synthesis in vitro. The cloned DNA sequence contains all the regions of potential secondary structure which have been implicated in primase-dependent replication initiation as well as additional sequence information. To address the role of one region which potentially forms a DNA secondary structure, the DNA sequence internal to the G4 origin was altered by site-directed mutagenesis. A 3-base insertion at the AvaII site as well as a 17 base deletion between the AvaI and AvaII sites both resulted in loss of origin function. The 17-base deletion was also generated within the G4 genome and found to dramatically reduce the infectious growth rate of the resulting phage. These results are discussed with respect to the role of the G4 origin as the recognition site for primase-dependent replication initiation and its possible role in stage II replication. PMID- 3754588 TI - Matrix genes of measles virus and canine distemper virus: cloning, nucleotide sequences, and deduced amino acid sequences. AB - The nucleotide sequences encoding the matrix (M) proteins of measles virus (MV) and canine distemper virus (CDV) were determined from cDNA clones containing these genes in their entirety. In both cases, single open reading frames specifying basic proteins of 335 amino acid residues were predicted from the nucleotide sequences. Both viral messages were composed of approximately 1,450 nucleotides and contained 400 nucleotides of presumptive noncoding sequences at their respective 3' ends. MV and CDV M-protein-coding regions were 67% homologous at the nucleotide level and 76% homologous at the amino acid level. Only chance homology was observed in the 400-nucleotide trailer sequences. Comparisons of the M protein sequences of MV and CDV with the sequence reported for Sendai virus (B. M. Blumberg, K. Rose, M. G. Simona, L. Roux, C. Giorgi, and D. Kolakofsky, J. Virol. 52:656-663; Y. Hidaka, T. Kanda, K. Iwasaki, A. Nomoto, T. Shioda, and H. Shibuta, Nucleic Acids Res. 12:7965-7973) indicated the greatest homology among these M proteins in the carboxyterminal third of the molecule. Secondary structure analyses of this shared region indicated a structurally conserved, hydrophobic sequence which possibly interacted with the lipid bilayer. PMID- 3754590 TI - Protection against canine distemper virus in dogs after immunization with isolated fusion protein. AB - Canine distemper virus attachment (hemagglutinin [H] equivalent) and fusion (F) antigens were purified by affinity chromatography with monoclonal antibodies. The purified antigens were used to immunize groups of three dogs. Radioimmune precipitation assays with sera from these animals showed that the F antigen preparation was pure and induced only an F polypeptide-specific antibody response but that the H antigen preparation had a slight contamination by the F antigen. Immunized animals were challenged with virulent canine distemper virus. Two animals in each group developed pronounced humoral and cellular immune responses after challenge. Among these infected animals, only the dogs immunized with H antigen developed symptoms, albeit mild. In contrast, three nonimmunized control animals developed severe disease, with a fatal outcome in two cases. The complete resistance against challenge in two dogs was interpreted to reflect in one case anti-F immunity and in the other case most likely a high level of anti-H immunity. It is suggested that the F antigen may be of particular interest for the development of morbillivirus and possibly other paramyxovirus subunit or synthetic vaccines, because it can induce immunity capable of blocking virus infection and in situations of virus replication prevent the emergence of symptoms. PMID- 3754591 TI - [Synthesis of prostaglandins (TXB2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha) during cardiopulmonary bypass]. PMID- 3754592 TI - [The neuromuscular blocking effects of atracurium in the rat cut diaphragm]. PMID- 3754593 TI - [Uptake, distribution and elimination of inhalation anesthetics and its analysis by using a personal computer. I. Basic problems and solutions]. PMID- 3754594 TI - [Effects of concomitant drugs on the blood concentration of a histamine H2 antagonist (1st report). Oral administration of ranitidine together with high doses of neutralizing antacid and sucralfate]. PMID- 3754595 TI - Renal hemodynamic effects of therapeutic plasma levels of sulindac sulfide during hemorrhage. AB - There is continued debate over any renal sparing effects of sulindac (S): such a property would be of benefit and be unique among nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). S undergoes a distinct metabolism whereby the active drug (sulindac sulfide (SS)) does not appear in the urine. Accordingly, we tested the effect of a plasma concentration of SS in the therapeutic range on renal blood flow (RBF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and renal prostaglandin (PG) concentrations during sudden renal ischemic stress. The ischemic stress was produced by a 15 to 20% reduction in arterial pressure by arterial hemorrhage (H) in four separate groups of anesthetized dogs: control, SS (0.4 mg/kg i.v. bolus followed by 0.03 mg/kg/min constant infusion), indomethacin (I, 10 mg/kg), and benoxaprofen (B, 75 mg/kg). A plasma concentration of 3.69 micrograms/ml of SS was achieved by the infusion, and no SS appeared in the urine. H reduced GFR (by 46%) and RBF (by 38%) in control dogs; in SS-treated dogs, a 60% decline in GFR and a 73% decrease in RGF occurred. These decreases in renal hemodynamics in the SS group during H were significantly greater than in the control group. Further, these decrements in GFR and RBF were similar to those observed in the I- and B treated dogs. Finally, SS reduced baseline arterial and renal PG concentrations, and prevented any increase in renal PG release during H. Thus, we conclude that a concentration of SS in the therapeutic range, which does not appear in the urine, is capable of enhancing the decline in GFR and RBF during a sudden ischemic stress such as H. PMID- 3754597 TI - Response to Popelka and Gittelman (1984): "Audiologic findings in a child with a single-channel cochlear implant". PMID- 3754596 TI - Relationship between urinary calcium and calcium intake during calcitriol administration. AB - The hypercalciuria that occurs when 1,25 (OH)2D3 (calcitriol) is given to humans with normal renal function depends on dietary Ca absorption and may also relate, in part, to enhanced bone resorption. To evaluate the relationship between urinary and dietary Ca during treatment with calcitriol, 12 metabolic balance studies were performed in normal volunteers ingesting a diet containing 350 mg/day of Ca, to which Ca gluconate was added. After 10 days on either 350 mg/day or 1550 mg/day of Ca, calcitriol, 0.5 microgram every 12 hr, was given. Then diet Ca was changed in successive 5-day treatment periods from 350 to 650, 950 and 1550 mg/day (group A) or from 1550 to 950, 650 and 350 mg/day (group B). On the lowest diet Ca, urinary Ca was less than Ca intake during calcitriol treatment (group A, 220 +/- 50 mg/day; group B, 247 +/- 40). As diet Ca was changed during calcitriol treatment, urinary Ca correlated with diet Ca (r = 0.60) until diet Ca reached 950 mg/day. With calcitriol, serum iPTH fell by 18 to 25% (P less than 0.01) and urinary hydroxyproline fell by 11 to 19% (P less than 0.05 to 0.01). Baseline serum levels of 1,25(OH)2D were 47 +/- 8 and 34 +/- 5 pg/ml in group A and B, respectively, and the values increased to 51 +/- 12 and 45 +/- 7.4 pg/ml during treatment with calcitriol. Serum Ca from fasted subjects was not affected by calcitriol, but the mean postabsorptive serum Ca (moon) was increased by 0.35 mg/dl.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3754598 TI - Affinity-labeling steroids as biologically active probes of antiglucocorticoid hormone action. AB - The role of the glucocorticoid receptor in the expression of antiglucocorticoid action has been investigated with a chemically-reactive derivative of three glucocorticoid steroids with differing biological potencies, i.e. the C-21 mesylates of cortisol, dexamethasone and deacylcortivazol. Dexamethasone 21 mesylate (Dex-Mes) was the most useful derivative due to its favorable balance of high receptor affinity and predominantly irreversible antiglucocorticoid activity. A number of criteria have been used to conclude that [3H]Dex-Mes covalently labels glucocorticoid receptors in the steroid-binding cavity. The available data indicate that covalent Dex-Mes-labeled receptors (mol. wt approximately equal to 98,000) are responsible for the irreversible antiglucocorticoid activity while the partial agonist activity of Dex-Mes is due to non-covalent Dex-Mes-bound receptors. Further support for this hypothesis comes from the observations that deacylcortivazol 21-mesylate was a full glucocorticoid and did not affinity label receptors (and marginally labeled cytosol proteins) although it was capable of covalently-labeling bovine serum albumin. Several mechanisms for the expression of irreversible antiglucocorticoid activity by covalent Dex-Mes-labeled receptors were examined and can be eliminated. Covalent receptor-Dex-Mes complexes formed in whole HTC cells were found to have a decreased capacity for nuclear binding. This decreased nuclear binding capacity could be responsible for the whole-cell irreversible antiglucocorticoid activity of Dex-Mes. PMID- 3754599 TI - 1-Methyl-1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione (SH 489): characterization of an irreversible inhibitor of estrogen biosynthesis. AB - 1-Methyl-1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione (SH 489) was characterized as a competitive and irreversible inhibitor of human placental aromatase. The compound and the principal predicted metabolites show no endocrinological side effects suggesting that SH 489 should be suitable as a prototype drug for treatment of estrogen dependent disease states. PMID- 3754600 TI - 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibitory effect on the growth of two human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, BT-20). AB - 1,25 (OH)2 D3 has been shown to be able to reduce the growth of several human cell lines. The effect of 1,25 (OH)2 D3 on the growth of breast cancer cell lines in relation to their oestrogen (ER) and progesterone (PGR) receptor content has been investigated. The growth inhibition of BT-20 and MCF-7 cell lines is related to the dose of 1,25 (OH)2 D3. It is dependent on the foetal calf serum concentration in the culture medium. At low concentration of 1,25 (OH)2 D3 the inhibitory effect is not detectable in the presence of 10% FCS. The rescue of cells from inhibition by serum was less effective when 1,25 (OH)2 D3 was present in the medium. The results of [3H]thymidine incorporation experiments and DNA measurements are in agreement with the reduction of cell number. Analysis in flow cytometry indicated a reduced number of cells in S phase. These data indicate that 1,25 (OH)2 D3 is able to modulate the growth of human breast adenocarcinoma cells regardless of their sex steroid dependency. PMID- 3754601 TI - Sex steroid and glucocorticoid receptors in the bursa of Fabricius of obese strain chickens spontaneously developing autoimmune thyroiditis. AB - The female sex develops autoimmune disease far more often than the male. This is claimed to be due to differences in peripheral sex steroid levels. We have examined in the bursa of Fabricius of Obese strain (OS) chickens, which spontaneously develop autoimmune thyroiditis, as well as in their healthy counterparts androgen(AR)-, estrogen(ER)-, progestin(PR)- and glucocorticoid(GR) receptors in an attempt to elucidate possible further pathomechanisms, namely at the target site of steroid hormones. The characterization (affinity, specificity, association- and dissociation-rate, sedimentation behaviour) of all four types of receptors revealed no difference between sex or strain. Furthermore, the ontogeny study of the receptor capacity and affinity from the 7th embryonic day (i.e. before lymphocyte settlement) until bursa involution, again showed no difference between OS and healthy chickens of either sex. Thus, it can be concluded that the principal sex dependency of the susceptibility to autoimmune disease results predominantly from differences in sex steroid levels per se, although alterations in mechanisms beyond the cytosolic receptor level can presently not be excluded. PMID- 3754602 TI - Arterial smooth muscle effects of aldosterone and vasopressin: action on ionic fluxes. AB - We have shown previously that aldosterone injected s.c. to adrenalectomized rats has a mineralocorticoid specific action on the transmembrane movements of sodium and potassium from the rat tail artery. These effects appeared to be partly due to an unknown humoral factor. Indeed, the late in vivo effects of aldosterone on 22Na and 86Rb effluxes are suppressed or reduced after in vitro exposure to the hormone. In rats perfused with a specific antagonist of the pressor effect of vasopressin, the in vitro administration of aldosterone induced a kinetic action similar to that observed after in vitro exposure to the mineralocorticoid. Vasopressin exerts a direct action on 22Na and 86Rb effluxes. These effects were correlated in the time with the late in vivo effects of aldosterone. Moreover, vasopressin appears to potentiate the in vitro effects of aldosterone on 22Na and 86Rb effluxes. It is not yet possible to ascertain if this effect is additive or permissive. PMID- 3754603 TI - Glucocorticoid control of developmentally regulated adipose genes. AB - We have analyzed the hormonal basis for the acceleration of differentiation by dexamethasone in the stable adipogenic cell line TA1. These cells, which were derived from 5-azacytidine-treated 10T1/2 mouse embryo fibroblasts, undergo differentiation in culture after reaching confluence. Using cDNA clones corresponding to mRNAs that are induced during adipogenesis, we find that dexamethasone elicits the precocious accumulation of differentiation-specific gene products. This effect appears to be mediated by the glucocorticoid receptor, yet unlike standard steroid inductions, most of the RNAs reach the same maximal levels in the absence of dexamethasone. Glucocorticoids thus may increase the expression of a regulatory factor required for activating the entire set of differentiation-dependent genes. We also describe a gene whose transcription is not only activated during adipogenesis, but is also specifically inducible by dexamethasone in the mature adipocyte. Moreover, the glucocorticoid responsiveness of this gene in differentiated cells appears to be dependent on its prior developmental activation. PMID- 3754604 TI - The stereochemical complementarity of DNA and reproductive steroid hormones correlates with biological activity. AB - Modeling studies revealed that progesterone, testosterone, and estradiol are stereochemically complementary to the cavity formed between base pairs in the DNA sequence, 5'-dTdG-3' X 5'-dCdA-3'. Each steroid aligned precisely with the topography of the cavity and formed 2 stereospecific hydrogen bonds linking phosphate oxygens on adjacent DNA strands. Hydrogen bonding donor-acceptor relationships were different for each hormone. The remarkable stereochemical specificity of the hormone-DNA complexes was demonstrated by the lack of complementarity of steroid enantiomers and steroid analogs having alternate ring systems and/or changes in the position of functional groups. Fit of molecules into DNA in the manner of the parent hormone correlated with biological activity. Antagonists also fit into the cavity but differed from agonists in their hydrogen bonding linkages to DNA and/or extended out of the cavity beyond the helix. Unlike flat intercalating agents which form stable complexes with DNA, wedge shaped steroids may thus be capable of forming reversible sequence-specific complexes with DNA. We conclude that the stereochemistry of DNA can be used to predict hormonal activity. PMID- 3754605 TI - The side-chain cleavage of cholesterol sulfate--III. The effect of adrenodoxin, membrane phospholipids and Tween 80 on the kinetics of oxidation of the sterol sulfate by a reconstituted cholesterol desmolase system. AB - This paper reports the Km values of a reconstituted cholesterol side-chain cleavage system for cholesterol sulfate, cholesterol, and adrenodoxin, determined under several experimental conditions. The Km values for adrenodoxin change depending on whether cholesterol or its sulfate is used as the substrate. Moreover, the Km values for both of the substrates and for adrenodoxin are greatly modulated by both membrane phospholipids, isolated from adrenal mitochondria, and Tween 80, 0.002%. In the absence of detergents or phospholipids, the enzyme system shows a high affinity for cholesterol sulfate, but is inhibited when high concentrations of the sterol sulfate are added to the incubation mixture. Raising the concentration of adrenodoxin in the assay mixture prevents the substrate inhibition. When cholesterol sulfate is incorporated into micelles containing the phospholipids, the enzyme system does not display substrate inhibition, and the kinetics of cleavage of the sterol sulfate are relatively independent of the concentration of adrenodoxin in the assay mixture. In the absence of phospholipids, the apparent kinetics of cleavage of cholesterol and its sulfate are quite different from each other, but when incorporated into micelles containing phospholipids, the kinetics of cleavage of the two substrates are similar to each other. PMID- 3754606 TI - An automated microcomputer-based system for determining canine paw pressure quantitatively in the dog synovitis model. AB - The automated system for measuring canine paw pressure is a very useful tool for the evaluation of nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs such as indomethacin and ibuprofen in the dog synovitis model. The apparatus has been designed to give the operator control over the dog's posture while measuring hind-paw pressure. The stability of the measuring platform permits reproducible measurement of paw pressures. The software package performs direct data recording and data reduction and eliminates tedious manual calculations. Subsequently, the software produces a printout summarizing the experimental results in tabular and graphic form. PMID- 3754607 TI - The catalytic mechanism of serine proteases. III. An Indo-ISCRF study of the methylacetate docking in alpha-chymotrypsin. AB - Mechanistic steps of the catalytic hydrolysis of methylacetate by alpha chymotrypsin have been studied with the inhomogeneous selfconsistent reaction field theory of protein core effects. Protein-substrate interactions were optimized at each step of the reaction path by using the REFINE program. The state of charge of the acid and basic side chains together with the amino terminal group have been used to mimic pH effects. The experimental facts concerning the catalytic activity are fairly well reproduced in our simulations. In particular, the trends in activation barrier as a function of pH are good, although the actual energetic barriers are much too large. PMID- 3754608 TI - A stopped-flow apparatus for photoaffinity labeling studies in the milliseconds time range. Application in investigations of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. AB - A photoaffinity labeling method is described to label a protein covalently in various transient covalent states. The method uses a combination of an especially adapted stopped-flow apparatus with a Q-switched Nd: YAG DCR-2A laser (wavelength 266 nm, i.e. four-fold the primary frequency, pulse duration 4 ns, pulse energy 15 mJ). The construction of the mixing cell, the triggering device and the set-up for determining the dead time of the stopped-flow apparatus is described. The dead time is 2.4 ms. In combination with a specific photolabel the method has been used for labeling functional states (resting, activated, desensitized, antagonist-blocked) of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo marmorata electric tissue. PMID- 3754609 TI - Laser photocoagulation of vascular malformations of the tongue. AB - Vascular malformations of the tongue (hemangiomas, lymphangiomas, AV fistulae, etc.) compromise a significant portion of head and neck angiodysplastic lesions. Complications requiring treatment include bleeding, pain, and difficulties related to increased tongue volume. Treatment modalities have included embolization, excision, cryotherapy, sclerosis, radiation, and chemotherapy. The more aggressive therapies often result in major functional disability to loss of lingual tissue. A series of nine patients has been treated for one or more of the complications of lingual vascular malformations with either argon of Nd:YAG laser photocoagulation. The therapeutic objective was provision of symptomatic relief with conservation of functioning lingual tissue. Results have varied from good to excellent with markedly decreased bleeding frequency as well as reduction in lesion size. No serious complications, such as bleeding or invasive infection, have been noted. Laser phototherapy is beneficial in the palliation of selected benign lingual vascular malformations. PMID- 3754610 TI - Binding profile of a novel cardioselective muscarine receptor antagonist, AF-DX 116, to membranes of peripheral tissues and brain in the rat. AB - The heterogeneity of muscarine receptors was examined in two brain regions (cerebral cortex and cerebellum) and in some parasympathetically innervated peripheral tissues (heart, salivary gland and intraorbital lacrimal gland), by in vitro binding techniques. As a tool, we used a new antimuscarinic compound, AF-DX 116 (see text for structural formula and chemical name). In competition experiments against 3H-N-methylscopolamine (3H-NMS) or 3H-pirenzepine (3H-PZ), AF DX 116 was found to bind with high affinity to muscarine receptors in the heart and cerebellum (KD's approximately equal to 115 nM), with intermediate affinity to M1 receptors in neuronal tissue (KD = 760 nM) and with low affinity to receptors in exocrine glands (KD's approximately equal to 3200 nM). Its receptor interaction was found to be of the simple, competitive type. Thus, AF-DX 116 shows a novel cardioselective profile. On the basis of the results which demonstrate that the muscarine receptors in the heart and exocrine glands are clearly distinct, it is proposed that these receptors may be subclassified as M2 cardiac type and M2 glandular type muscarine receptors. PMID- 3754611 TI - Cardioselective profile of AF-DX 116, a muscarine M2 receptor antagonist. AB - AF-DX 116 (see chemical name below) is a competitive antagonist of muscarine receptors in peripheral organs. In contrast to pirenzepine, its behaviour in functional experiments indicates selectivity for the M2 muscarinic subtype. In pithed rats AF-DX 116 inhibits vagally-induced bradycardia, an M2 response, (ED50 32 micrograms/kg i.v.) in preference to the M1-mediated pressor response to McN-A 343 (ED50 211 micrograms/kg i.v.). AF-DX 116 further discriminates among M2 receptors, showing a high affinity for the cardiac muscarine receptors. In isolated preparations, AF-DX 116 has a tenfold higher affinity for the muscarine receptors of the heart (pA2 7.33) than for those in smooth muscles (pA2 6.39 6.44). The same profile appears from animal studies, where the compound is a more potent antagonist of either endogenously or exogenously activated cardiac muscarine responses as compared to vascular, smooth muscle or secretory responses. In general, the ratios of potencies (ED50) observed in cardiac vs. other muscarine mediated functions ranged between 30 and 50. Atropine showed no discrimination, inhibiting all muscarine responses in the same range of doses. In the conscious dog intravenous AF-DX 116 increased basal heart rate, and completely reversed the reflex bradycardia induced by clonidine. Tachycardia was dose-related (ED50 79 micrograms/kg i.v.), and occurred independently of background sympathetic tone. AF-DX 116 clearly distinguishes between M1- and M2 mediated responses; it also emphasizes the long-recognized heterogeneity among the peripheral M2 subtypes. AF-DX 116, for its pronounced cardioselectivity, may have a therapeutic potential in the treatment of sinus bradycardia. PMID- 3754612 TI - Multiple test analyzer (MTA): a microcomputer program for determining preferred strategies with two diagnostic tests. AB - There are ten distinct management strategies in clinical situations that involve two diagnostic tests with dichotomous outcomes. The authors describe a microcomputer program, based on a previously described model, that can be used to identify test and test-treatment thresholds and to compute preferred strategies. The program provides tables and graphs of the results, which can be viewed or printed, and there is an optimization routine that facilitates comprehensive analysis. It can be used by decision-analytic researchers and policy analysts, medical educators who teach decision analysis, and clinicians who use decision analysis in their practices. PMID- 3754613 TI - [Automated system for individual selection of hearing aids]. AB - The automated system based on the computer CM-4 and the algorithm for selecting hearing aids are described. From the audiometry data (a hearing threshold, discomfort, etc.) the acoustic characteristics of hearing aids are calculated allowing a low hearing person to improve the speech perception. Then, according to the developed fitting criteria the system selects the required hearing aid from the available set (acoustic characteristics are preliminary loaded into the computer memory). Consequently, an audiologist has the important information on the most adequate hearing aid for a patient along with the data on the unit operating modes and the validate compliance between the rated and computed values. The high efficiency of the system has been demonstrated while selecting hearing aids for low hearing persons in clinical practice, the selection time being considerably reduced. PMID- 3754614 TI - [System for automated diagnostic evaluation of the functional state of the cerebral vessels based on the rheoencephalogram]. AB - A new model of pulse hemodynamics in terms of both systolic and diastolic myocardium activities is developed. The set of programs is oriented for the use in general-purpose computers and can find application in biomedical studies, in mass health screening as well as in clinical departments of functional diagnosis and monitoring systems. PMID- 3754615 TI - Methanopterin and tetrahydromethanopterin derivatives: isolation, synthesis, and identification by high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 3754616 TI - Dermal prostacyclin, thromboxane A2 and prostaglandin F2 alpha in climacteric women: effect of oestrogen replacement therapy. AB - The involvement of dermal prostanoids in menopausal flushing was studied in 8 women suffering from climacteric hot flushes and in 10 asymptomatic control subjects by inducing suction blisters on abdominal skin and assaying blister fluids for 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, a metabolite of the vasodilative prostacyclin (PGI2), thromboxane B2 (TxB2), a metabolite of the vasoconstrictive thromboxane A2 (TxA2), and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2 alpha (M-PGF2 alpha), a metabolite of prostaglandin F2A (PGF2A). No marked differences were observed in the levels of these prostanoids in the two study groups. The women experiencing flushes then received conjugated oestrogens for 3 mth to abolish vascular instabilities. This decreased the blister fluid concentration of M-PGF2 alpha from 1720 +/- 476 pg/ml (mean +/- SE) to 1490 +/- pg/ml (P less than 0.05), but had no effect on the dermal levels of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha or TxB2. It was concluded that although certain dermal prostanoids may be affected by oestrogen treatment they are not of primary significance as regards menopausal flushing. PMID- 3754617 TI - Generation of pseudorandom numbers. AB - Computational studies requiring the generation of pseudorandom numbers are becoming increasingly common. These include Monte Carlo methodologies and studies which require the addition of "random" noise to more structured data. Although well-established random number generators exist, many of these are not suitable for implementation on micro- or minicomputer systems. An algorithm for an additive generator that can be used on any computer system is described. The performance of this algorithm as implemented on a microcomputer system is discussed. Extensive testing of the statistical behavior of the resulting number sequence was performed. The algorithm appears to be an appropriate one for a variety of applications. PMID- 3754618 TI - Ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone in the treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism in postmenopausal women. AB - Treatment with ethinyl estradiol or norethindrone reduces the bone-turnover rate and plasma calcium levels in normal postmenopausal women, without affecting the secretion of calcium-regulating hormones. To assess the effect of these sex steroids in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, we treated postmenopausal women who had hyperparathyroidism with either ethinyl estradiol (n = 6) or norethindrone (n = 11). After three weeks of treatment, the bone-turnover rate declined and plasma calcium fell from a mean (+/- 1 SE) of 2.77 +/- 0.07 mmol per liter (11.1 +/- 0.3 mg per deciliter) to 2.58 +/- 0.05 mmol per liter (10.3 +/- 0.2 mg per deciliter; P less than 0.01) in the group treated with ethinyl estradiol, and from 2.93 +/- 0.08 mmol per liter (11.7 +/- 0.3 mg per deciliter) to 2.84 +/- 0.08 mmol per liter (11.4 +/- 0.3 per deciliter; P less than 0.05) in the patients who received norethindrone. No significant changes in the plasma levels of parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, or calcitriol were observed after the estrogen-induced increases in vitamin D-binding protein had been taken into account. Since the decline in plasma calcium levels did not stimulate secretion of parathyroid hormone, we conclude that treatment with either sex steroid resets the threshold for secretion of parathyroid hormone. Thus, although the reductions in plasma calcium levels were moderate, sex-hormone therapy may be useful in the treatment of mild hyperparathyroidism in postmenopausal women. PMID- 3754619 TI - cDNA sequence and chromosomal localization of human platelet-derived growth factor A-chain and its expression in tumour cell lines. AB - The amino-acid sequence of the precursor of the human tumour cell line-derived platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) A-chain has been deduced from complementary DNA clones and the gene localized to chromosome 7. The protein shows extensive homology to the PDGF B-chain precursor. Expression of the PDGF A-chain gene is independent of that of the PDGF B-chain in a number of human tumour cell lines, and secretion of a PDGF-like growth factor of relative molecular mass 31,000 correlates with expression of A- but not B-chain messenger RNA. PMID- 3754620 TI - In vitro osteoclast generation from different bone marrow fractions, including a highly enriched haematopoietic stem cell population. AB - It is well established that the osteoclast is formed by fusion of post-mitotic, mononuclear precursors derived from circulating progenitor cells. However, the precise haematopoietic origin of the osteoclast is unknown. We have investigated this here by fractionating mouse bone marrow and isolating haematopoietic stem cells using a three-step method combining equilibrium density centrifugation and two fluorescence-activated cell sortings (FACS), and have tested the ability of each bone marrow fraction, including highly purified haematopoietic stem cells, to generate osteoclasts during co-culture with preosteoclast-free embryonic long bones. The osteoclast-forming capacity was found to increase with increasing stem cell purity. On the other hand, the culture time needed for osteoclast formation also increased with purification, suggesting the presence of progressively more immature progenitor cells. The pluripotent haematopoietic stem cell fractions with the highest purity needed preincubation with a stem cell-activating factor (interleukin-3) to activate the predominantly quiescent stem cells in vitro. PMID- 3754621 TI - [The protruding eye]. PMID- 3754622 TI - Lack of evidence for the role of secondary hyperparathyroidism in the pathogenesis of uremic thrombocytopathy. AB - The possible relationship between platelet dysfunction and secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) in chronic renal failure was examined in 23 uremic patients on conservative therapy (group I) and in 27 patients on maintenance hemodialysis (group II). Platelet function was assessed by measuring the degree of aggregation in response to various concentrations of adenosine diphosphate. Secondary HPT was evaluated by means of serum biochemistry (parathyroid hormone, calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase) and radiographic examinations (x ray films of the hand skeleton). This study showed impaired platelet aggregation in group I patients, compared to either group II patients or controls. There were no significant differences when group II patients were compared to controls. No significant correlations between platelet aggregation and the hematochemical changes associated with secondary HPT were found. No differences in platelet aggregation were found with regard to the activity (alkaline phosphatase) and the severity (x-ray findings) of secondary HPT. Effective treatment of secondary HPT with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in both group I and group II patients was not associated with consequent changes in platelet aggregation. It is concluded that secondary HPT is probably not a major factor in the pathogenesis of platelet dysfunction in chronic renal failure. PMID- 3754623 TI - Validation of a developmental swimming test using Swiss Webster mice perinatally treated with methimazole. AB - The swimming method of Klaus and Hacker, developed for the AB/Jena and DBA2/Jena mouse strains, was evaluated for use with pre-weaned Swiss Webster (SW) mice. All SW mice completed the swimming pattern by postnatal day (PND) 16, but did not conform to all criteria depicted for each stage of the methodology. These swimming differences among strains required modification of the above method for the SW mouse. An expanded and revised swimming methodology included evaluation of limb movement and placement; body position; head position, including nostril and ear positions; and direction of movement. The revised methodology was validated on PND 4 through 20 with offspring of methimazole-treated or untreated SW dams. Methimazole, an antithyroid agent, was administered in drinking water (0.1 mg/ml; day 16 of pregnancy through day 10 postpartum). Untreated dams received tap water. Methimazole pups exhibited significant delays in swimming development on PND 9 through 16. This revised swimming methodology provides another preweaning test for the detection of behavioral teratogens for SW and probably other strains of mice. PMID- 3754624 TI - Effects of the beta-carboline FG 7142 on saccharin preference and quinine aversion in water-deprived rats. AB - Three groups of water-deprived male rats were given the choice of 0.05% sodium saccharin solution and water; 0.0005% quinine solution and water; water in both containers. N'-Methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxamide (FG 7142), a benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonist, dose-dependently (2.5-10 mg X kg-1 i.p.) reduced intake of fluid in each group. The saccharin-choice group were most sensitive, showing a significant reduction at 2.5 mg X kg-1. Preference for the saccharin solution was reduced by FG 7142 but it did not increase aversion to the quinine solution. Hence, FG 7142 did not generally increase the rejection of flavoured solutions in a two-bottle test. A previously proposed "proconflict" effect of FG 7142 is discussed, in the light of these results. PMID- 3754625 TI - Intrathecal morphine during lumbar spine operation for postoperative pain control. AB - The analgesic requirements and bladder function of 5 patients who received 1 mg of intrathecal morphine during lumbar spine operation are compared to those of 10 control patients. No analgesics were used by the treatment group for the first 24 hours postoperatively. The test group subsequently required twice the amount of analgesics during the 2nd through 5th days after operation compared to controls. All 5 patients who received intrathecal morphine developed urinary retention for 24 to 36 hours. The brief duration of analgesia, the increased narcotic use after the effects of the morphine dissipated, and urinary retention after a single intraoperative dose of intrathecal morphine suggest caution in using this technique. PMID- 3754626 TI - Treatment of cerebrospinal fluid leaks and gram-negative bacillary meningitis with large doses of intrathecal amikacin and systemic antibiotics. AB - Six patients with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks and gram-negative bacillary meningitis (GNBM) were treated with large doses of intrathecal amikacin (20 to 40 mg daily) and systemic antibiotics. Bactericidal activity was measured in the CSF of each patient, and the dose of intrathecal amikacin was increased if bactericidal activity was absent. Five of six patients had no bactericidal activity with systemic antibiotics alone and/or low dose intrathecal amikacin. All six patients were cured, and three of four patients with vertebral lesions had cessation of CSF leaks within 72 hours of the start of intrathecal amikacin. Intrathecal treatment for 7 to 10 days was adequate for five patients; the CSF of all patients was sterile within 72 hours, and all had a 90% reduction of pleocytosis in the CSF within 96 hours. One patient had radicular back pain after each intrathecal injection, but other side effects were not observed. These findings indicate that CSF leaks associated with GNBM can be effectively treated with large doses of intrathecal amikacin plus systemic antibiotics. PMID- 3754628 TI - Quantitative morphologic investigations on ultrastructural dynamics in prolactin cells of mouse anterior pituitary during the estrous cycle, with special reference to the mode of granule-release. PMID- 3754627 TI - High-dose metoclopramide and dexamethasone as an antiemetic in chemotherapy of breast cancer. AB - Twenty-six patients with breast carcinoma who experienced severe emesis due to chemotherapy were evaluated for the antiemetic efficacy of high-dose metoclopramide (HD-MCP) and dexamethasone (DXM). Most of the patients received the CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil) combination chemotherapy. The MCP and DXM dosage were: 2 X 2 mg/kg and 2 X 0.2 mg/kg, respectively. In 41% of eighty evaluable courses, nausea and vomiting were eliminated altogether. The common side effects were: drowsiness, restlessness and diarrhea. HD-MCP and DXM are recommended in modified dose for preventing CMF chemotherapy induced emesis. PMID- 3754629 TI - Optic neuropathy of Graves' disease. A report of a perimetric follow-up. AB - Endocrine ophthalmopathy is one of the most common space occupying lesions of the orbit. The optic nerve can be involved to varying degrees in the disease. Marked optic neuropathy may be found in cases with normal visual acuity and normal optic nerve head. Perimetry is, therefore, recommended to diagnose or rule out a neuropathy. A case report will demonstrate that a quick screening perimetry with the Octopus program 07 allows a diagnosis and follow-up of the neuropathy. It is helpful in deciding on therapeutic measures and permits a safe monitoring of the therapeutic effect during the treatment period. The case further demonstrates a very quick recovery of the visual field following radiotherapy. PMID- 3754630 TI - Potential acuity meter for predicting visual acuity after Nd:YAG posterior capsulotomy. AB - We studied 30 patients with opacifications of the posterior capsule to determine if the potential acuity meter (PAM) could accurately predict final visual outcome after Nd:YAG discussion. The final visual acuity was within one line of the PAM prediction in 22 of 30 patients (73%), better by two or more lines in seven patients (23%), and worse in one patient (4%) by two lines. Although in thicker capsules the final acuity was occasionally better than the PAM prediction, the rates of false negative and false positive predictions were very low. Mild cystoid macular edema (3 patients), age-related macular degeneration (3 patients), intraocular lens status, and level of initial acuity did not diminish PAM accuracy. The PAM effectively predicts final visual acuity after YAG posterior capsulotomy, when used in a patient, unhurried manner. PMID- 3754631 TI - [Mechanical activity of the lungs in atelectasis]. PMID- 3754632 TI - [Effect of tocopherol deficiency on pulmonary surfactant and subcellular fractions in rats]. PMID- 3754633 TI - Tactile/kinesthetic stimulation effects on preterm neonates. AB - Tactile/kinesthetic stimulation was given to 20 preterm neonates (mean gestational age, 31 weeks; mean birth weight, 1,280 g; mean time in neonatal intensive care unit, 20 days) during transitional ("grower") nursery care, and their growth, sleep-wake behavior, and Brazelton scale performance was compared with a group of 20 control neonates. The tactile/kinesthetic stimulation consisted of body stroking and passive movements of the limbs for three, 15 minute periods per day for a 10 days. The stimulated neonates averaged a 47% greater weight gain per day (mean 25 g v 17 g), were more active and alert during sleep/wake behavior observations, and showed more mature habituation, orientation, motor, and range of state behavior on the Brazelton scale than control infants. Finally, their hospital stay was 6 days shorter, yielding a cost savings of approximately $3,000 per infant. These data suggest that tactile/kinesthetic stimulation may be a cost effective way of facilitating growth and behavioral organization even in very small preterm neonates. PMID- 3754634 TI - Purpura fulminans in a Chinese boy with congenital protein C deficiency. AB - Severe and recurrent purpura fulminans developed in a Chinese boy at one day of age. Results of coagulation studies performed on the patient during attacks were compatible with the diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Subsequent investigations have revealed that the patient is homozygous and that his parents are heterozygous for protein C deficiency. Cryoprecipitate and fresh frozen plasma induced a remission, and administration of warfarin has been successful in preventing recurrence of attacks for as long as 8 months without infusion of any plasma components. None of the family members who are heterozygous for protein C deficiency have had thrombotic episodes. PMID- 3754636 TI - Etiology and prevention of thromboembolic disease. Taming a complex circulatory malfunction. AB - Deep venous thrombosis is a complex process involving many factors in the circulatory system, an important one apparently being the intrinsic fibrinolytic system. Specific activators of the process include venous trauma and hypercoagulability states. In spite of efforts at prophylaxis, venous thrombosis will occur, a dangerous condition in itself and also a precursor of pulmonary embolism. Several schemes for prophylaxis, including drug regimens and mechanical means, have been tried, and future research will surely identify others. A patient's best protection against thrombosis at present, however, is a vigilant physician with a high index of suspicion who will expedite diagnosis and treatment if necessary. PMID- 3754635 TI - Sequence signals which may be required for efficient formation of mRNA 3' termini. AB - It has been known for sometime that AATAAA (Proudfoot and Brownlee, 1976) is often required for 3' mRNA processing. More recently, McLauchlan et al. (1985) have shown the high incidence of YGTGTTYY (Y is a pyrimidine) downstream from the poly (A) addition site. Our results fully support their findings. There have been indications that additional sequences are required either for transcription termination of mRNA or for its cleavage/processing. Here I present the results of detailed analysis of mammalian DNA sequences around the 3' ends of mRNAs. The distributions of 256 quartets and some pentamers have been studied. Except for the AATAAA several additional signals emerge, namely, the homooligomers A4-5, T4 5 and C4-5, C3-4 interspersed with a single T, alternations of T and G, TTCTT and GGAGG. These are highly regular sequences which may exhibit unique conformations. The results also show a clear-cut asymmetry in the distribution of complementary oligomers on the same DNA strand. The possibility that at least some of these signals are recognized on the DNA and thus play a role in the termination process is discussed. PMID- 3754637 TI - [Complex therapy of patients with destructive pulmonary tuberculosis using chemotherapeutic agents combined with T-activin]. PMID- 3754638 TI - Escape behavior produced by the blockade of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in mesencephalic central gray or medial hypothalamus. AB - Microinjections into the mesencephalic central gray (CG) or the medial hypothalamus (MH) of three drugs (L-allylglycine, Semicarbazide or 4,5 dihydroxy isophtalic acid) known to block glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) produced a dose dependent behavioral activation accompanied by jumps. These effects are qualitatively similar to those produced by microinjections of SR 95103 (a GABA-A receptor antagonist) at the same site. These findings suggest that, at both the level of the CG and the MH, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) tonically inhibits a neuronal substrate involved in the generation of flight reactions. PMID- 3754639 TI - Stimulation of feeding in the satiated pig by intracerebroventricular injection of neuropeptide Y. AB - Operant feeding and drinking were studied in satiated pigs following injection of 0 (saline vehicle control), 25, 50 or 100 micrograms neuropeptide Y into the lateral cerebral ventricles. Neuropeptide Y stimulated feeding in a dose related manner without any apparent aversive effects. No facilitation of drinking was observed. PMID- 3754640 TI - Studies on the Taiwan folk medicine. VI. Studies on onitin. PMID- 3754641 TI - Protective effect of 3-beta-hydroxy-2,3-dihydrowithanolide F against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. PMID- 3754642 TI - The etiologic role of free radicals in hematoma-induced flap necrosis. PMID- 3754643 TI - [Modification of the radiosensitizing effect of metronidazole by 5-fluorouracil and caffeine]. AB - A study was made of the combined effect of 5-fluorouracil, metronidazole, caffeine and radiation on radiosensitivity of Pliss lymphosarcoma and protein synthesis rate during the first few hours following irradiation. A complete regression of the tumor was noted in 100% of animals after a 3-fold exposure. Effective postirradiation inhibition of protein synthesis was achieved by injection of metronidazole and caffeine together with 5-fluorouracil. PMID- 3754644 TI - [Quality and quality control of nuclear medicine software]. PMID- 3754645 TI - Meniscal injuries: detection using MR imaging. AB - Both retrospective and blinded analyses of thin-section, high-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) images of the knee joint, produced using a solenoid surface coil, indicate that MR imaging is an effective technique for evaluating meniscal injuries. Images of 49 patients were evaluated, and the results were correlated with those of subsequent arthroscopy. A grading scale was developed to rate the index of suspicion of a meniscal tear based on the MR images. Overall, approximately 80% of menisci rated grade 4 (definite tear) or 3 (probable tear) were found to have corresponding tears at arthroscopy. In many other patients with a grade 4 or 3 meniscus in whom a corresponding tear was not found arthroscopically, meniscal tears at other sites or other abnormalities were correctly diagnosed using MR. A majority of the false-positive MR images involved the posterior horns of the menisci, the sites of most false-negative arthroscopic diagnoses. The predictive value of a negative MR image was almost 100%. Even in patients with moderate-to-large effusions, the menisci were accurately evaluated. The results imply that MR imaging is useful in the preoperative evaluation of suspected meniscal tears. PMID- 3754646 TI - Co-existence of glicentin and peptide YY in colorectal L-cells in cat and man. An electron microscopic study. AB - Electron microscopic immunocytochemistry using protein A-gold labelling of ultrathin sections revealed immunoreactive glicentin (gut-type glucagon) and peptide YY (PYY) in virtually all secretory granules in a population of L-type endocrine cells in feline colon and human rectum. The granules of the human glicentin/PYY cells were considerably smaller in size than those in the cat. In both species the results indicate co-existence of glicentin and PYY in the same secretory granules, despite the probable derivation of the two peptides from two different precursors. PMID- 3754647 TI - [Access control system for radioisotope facility with personal computer]. PMID- 3754648 TI - Disorders of divalent ions and vitamin D metabolism in chronic alcoholism. AB - This chapter reviews the pathogenesis of disordered divalent mineral and bone metabolism in alcoholism, emphasizing the role of impaired vitamin D physiology. Normally, vitamin D metabolites are derived principally from cholecalciferol, which is synthesized in the skin via the energy of sunlight. Most alcoholics have subnormal levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]. Those with Laennec's cirrhosis also have low levels of vitamin D binding protein due to impaired hepatic protein synthesis and as a result, have low serum concentrations of total, but not free, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. The causes of 25(OH)D deficiency in alcoholics include reduced hepatic 25-hydroxylase activity, lack of sun exposure, inadequate dietary intake, and malabsorption. Hypomagnesemia and hypophosphatemia, which are very common in hospitalized alcoholics, result from deficient intake, malabsorption, excessive renal losses, and cellular uptake of both ions. Hypocalcemia in alcoholics is caused primarily by hypoalbuminemia but can result also from deficient intake, malabsorption, hypomagnesemia, and renal calcium wastage. Low vitamin D activity may contribute significantly to the calcium and phosphate deficiencies. Osteoporosis is extremely common in alcoholics whereas osteomalacia is exceptional. However, both bone disorders respond well to vitamin D therapy. Thus, alcoholics should be screened periodically for vitamin D deficiency and osteopenia, and when either is detected they should receive vitamin D supplements. PMID- 3754649 TI - [Coarctation of the aorta complicated by infectious endarteritis, mycotic aneurysm and rupture of the spleen]. PMID- 3754650 TI - [Sucralfate in the treatment of gastric ulcer]. PMID- 3754651 TI - Graft-versus-host disease in the rat: cellular changes and major histocompatibility complex antigen expression in the liver. AB - Cellular changes in the liver were studied during an acute lethal graft-versus host (GVH) disease in relation to the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens on different liver cells. Screening for MHC antigen expression revealed that control livers contained very few Ia+ cells: mainly cells in the portal tract interstitium and a small percentage of the Kupffer cells. The changes during an ongoing GVH reaction could be separated into those related to the sinusoid-associated cells, including the liver parenchyma, and those related to the portal-tract-associated cells, including periportal hepatocytes. In the sinusoids an increase in the number of Kupffer cells was seen, now all expressing Ia antigens. No damage to hepatocytes or other sinusoid associated cells was observed. It is postulated that the increase in both number and Ia expression of the Kupffer cells is most probably due to an increased phagocytic uptake of blood-borne cellular debris and is not a result of extensive damage to hepatocytes. In the portal tracts expanding infiltrates were found composed of Ia+ T cells and macrophages (ratio 2:1). These infiltrates are probably due to a local accumulation of lymphocytes and macrophages as a result of an interaction of migrating donor-type alloreactive T cells with recipient type Ia+ cells present in the portal tract interstitium, which also interfered with normal recipient lymphocyte and macrophage traffic. Damage to portal-tract associated cells was slight and confined to bile duct epithelial cells, which now expressed Ia antigens, and to periportal hepatocytes. In conclusion, these data do not indicate that damage to liver parenchyma plays a major role in the pathogenesis of an acute GVH reaction. PMID- 3754652 TI - River blindness: a gamble pays off. PMID- 3754653 TI - Control of cachectin (tumor necrosis factor) synthesis: mechanisms of endotoxin resistance. AB - Cachectin (tumor necrosis factor) is a macrophage hormone strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of endotoxin-induced shock. The availability of a DNA probe complementary to the cachectin messenger RNA (mRNA), as well as a specific antibody capable of recognizing the cachectin gene product, has made it possible to analyze the regulation of cachectin gene expression under a variety of conditions. Thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages obtained from mice contain a pool of cachectin mRNA that is not expressed as protein. When the cells are stimulated with endotoxin, large quantity of additional cachectin mRNA is produced, and immunoreactive cachectin is secreted. Macrophages from mice of the C3H/HeJ strain do not produce cachectin in response to endotoxin. A dual defect appears to prevent cachectin expression. First, a diminished quantity of cachectin mRNA is expressed in response to low concentrations of endotoxin. Second, a post-transcriptional defect prevents the production of cachectin protein. Macrophages from endotoxin-sensitive mice do not produce cachectin if they are first treated with dexamethasone, apparently for similar reasons. These findings give new insight into the nature of the C3H/HeJ mutation and suggest an important mechanism by which glucocorticoids may act to suppress inflammation. PMID- 3754654 TI - Computer graphic display method for visualizing three-dimensional biological structures. AB - A computer graphic display method that produces two-dimensional perspective views of three-dimensional objects is presented. The method is applied to the reconstruction at a resolution of 2.2 nanometers of the neck of bacteriophage phi 29, obtained from transmission electron micrographs processed by the direct Fourier method. The combined use of directed illumination, reflectance models, color, and different levels of transparency provides a powerful tool for a better interpretation of the three-dimensional structure, allowing improved correlation with genetic, structural, and biochemical data. PMID- 3754655 TI - Microcomputers, interactive videodisks, and psychodynamic simulations. AB - Recent endeavors have applied microcomputers and interactive laser/optical videodisks to create simulations of psychodynamic processes. This paper briefly describes the technical aspects of microcomputers and videodisks, explores attributes and drawbacks of these simulation systems, and outlines future directions toward the ideal psychodynamic simulation. PMID- 3754656 TI - [Effect of gastrozepin on the rate of gastrointestinal tract evacuation in patients with peptic ulcer of the duodenum]. AB - A modified x-ray method was applied in 41 patients with peptic ulcer of the duodenum to study twice (without gastrozepin intake and after its administration in courses) the rate of evacuation from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of radiographic contrast capsules taken with a trial meal. Administration of gastrozepin in courses significantly decelerated the rate of evacuation of the radiographic contrast capsules from the GIT with an initially accelerated evacuatory function of the GIT and slightly accelerated GIT evacuation with an initially decelerated evacuatory function. PMID- 3754657 TI - Fatal haemorrhage from mycotic aneurysms of the pulmonary artery. PMID- 3754658 TI - High plasma levels of protein C activity and antigen in the nephrotic syndrome. AB - Low plasma levels of antithrombin III due to excessive urinary loss are thought to be the cause of thrombotic complications in patients with the nephrotic syndrome. To see whether protein C (PC), another antithrombotic protein, is also reduced in plasma by the same mechanism, plasma and urinary protein C were determined in 24 patients with nephrotic syndrome and no thrombotic complication, and compared to plasma and urinary antithrombin III. Twenty patients (83%) had high plasma levels of protein C activity (mean +/- SD 157 +/- 41 U/dl) and antigen (158 +/- 41). Even though measurable amounts of PC antigen were found in the urines of all but two patients the urinary loss of protein C relative to its plasma concentration was about 40 times lower than that of antithrombin III. High protein C might help to counteract hypercoagulability in nephrotic syndrome. PMID- 3754659 TI - Bovine or human thrombin in amidolytic at III assays. Influence of heparin cofactor II. PMID- 3754660 TI - The estimation of the platelet survival time from a biological point of view. PMID- 3754661 TI - Hepatic peroxisomal changes induced by a tetrazole-substituted alkoxyacetophenone in rats and comparison with other species. AB - Previous work in this laboratory indicated that compound LY171883, a tetrazole substituted alkoxyacetophenone with leukotriene D4 antagonist activity, caused dose-related hepatomegaly in rodents without other histological evidence of liver toxicity. In the present studies, administration of LY171883 at dietary concentrations of 0.25 or 0.50% to rats for 2 weeks increased peroxisomal beta oxidation, catalase activity, and peroxisome volume fraction in the liver. The effects were dose-related and corresponded with increases in liver weight. Dietary concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1% LY171883 did not significantly alter peroxisome morphology, enzyme activity, or liver weight. Serum triglycerides were lowered equivalently by all four dietary concentrations of LY171883, indicating that the hypotriglyceridemia was dissociated from induction of peroxisomal beta oxidation. The hepatic effects in rats reversed within 16 days after discontinuing treatment with LY171883. Liver weight and peroxisomal enzyme activities were increased in mice by LY171883 in a manner comparable to that observed in rats, whereas hamsters were less responsive. In guinea pigs there was a minor increase in beta-oxidation at a toxic dose of LY171883, but no change in catalase or liver weight. Neither hepatomegaly nor induction of peroxisomal enzymes occurred in beagle dogs or rhesus monkeys given LY171883. Since the hepatic effects of LY171883 in rats are not observed in higher species at a significant multiple of the anticipated clinical dose, it is unlikely that such effects will occur in humans. PMID- 3754662 TI - Acute toxicity of nimbolide and nimbic acid in mice, rats and hamsters. AB - Nimbolide and nimbic acid are toxic to mice only when given i.p. and i.v. but they are less toxic to rats and hamsters. The LD50 values of a single i.p. administration of nimbolide to adult male, female and weanling mice were 225, 280 and 240 mg/kg body wt, respectively, and its i.v. LD50 value was decreased to 24 mg/kg body wt in adult male mice. No fatality was observed when nimbolide was given i.g., i.m. and s.c. to adult male mice. Estimated LD50 values of nimbolide in rats and hamsters were somewhat higher than 600 and 500 mg/kg body wt. After 12-23 h i.p. administration of a lethal dose, most animals died of possible dysfunctions in kidney (tubular necrosis), small intestine (hemorrhagic necrosis), pancreas (acinar cell necrosis) and liver (mild fatty infiltration and focal necrosis). In contrast, mice and rats given a lethal dose of nimbolide (i.v.) died of a marked and sudden drop in arterial blood pressure and respiratory paralysis within about 1-18 min. Nimbic acid was less toxic to mice with an i.v. LD50 value of 265 mg/kg body wt and i.p. and i.g. LD50 values of higher than 600 mg/kg body wt. The possible cause of death induced by nimbic acid may be similar to that of nimbolide given i.v. and this is a sudden hypotensive shock. PMID- 3754663 TI - [Quality control and radiation protection measures in interstitial radiotherapy]. PMID- 3754664 TI - [A method of determining 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activity in intact mitochondria]. AB - A rather simple method is suggested for measuring the activity of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase of intact mitochondria. The method is based on the determination of the rate of exogenic 2-oxoglutarate decrease in the mitochondrial suspension. Experiments with sodium arsenite and comparison of kinetic parameters of the 2 oxoglutarate, dehydrogenase reaction and transport of 2-oxoglutarate to mitochondria have shown that the measurable exogenic 2-oxoglutarate oxidation rate corresponds to the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activity in intact mitochondria. The method made it possible to establish the stimulating effect of ADP on the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activity of intact mitochondria and the absence of such an effect in destructed mitochondria. PMID- 3754665 TI - [A method of magnetic fixation of an artificial tympanic membrane]. PMID- 3754666 TI - [Characteristics of thyroid cancer in combination with autoimmune thyroiditis]. AB - Remote results of the surgical treatment of 413 patients with carcinoma of the thyroid gland without autoimmune changes and 199 patients with thyroid carcinoma associated with an autoimmune component were studied. Remote results of the surgical treatment and indices of survival in the second group of patients were found to be better than those in patients without autoimmune changes in the thyroid gland. PMID- 3754667 TI - [Choice of anesthesia in operations for goiter]. AB - Different kinds of anesthesia used in 2644 patients were analysed with special reference to the fact that patients with diseases of goiter had pronounced endocrine shifts. It was shown that there were no reasons to oppose different methods of anesthesia to one another. Each of them has its indications and contraindications corresponding to specific features of the disease. PMID- 3754668 TI - [Use of thymalin and heparin in acute peritonitis]. AB - Results of the investigation of parameters of cell and humoral immunity and coagulogram in 63 patients with acute peritonitis have shown that thymalin when used solely or in combination with heparin facilitates quicker arrest of the pathological process, its clinical and laboratory symptoms. The combination of thymalin and heparin is indicated to elderly patients and in cases with higher risk of thromboformation. PMID- 3754669 TI - Some aspects of tick-borne diseases of British sheep. AB - The significance of tick-borne fever (TBF) and other tick-borne diseases of British sheep are reviewed. Experimental and field studies were carried out to clarify the role of TBF as a pathogen per se and as a predisposing factor in other diseases. Experimental TBF infection caused anorexia and depression in two- to three-week-old lambs, which under the stress of a hill environment could alone be a cause of mortality. Nine out of 10 lambs experimentally inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus during the febrile phase of a TBF reaction developed pyaemic lesions compared with four out of 20 lambs inoculated with S aureus alone. Specific pathogen-free lambs inoculated with an aerosol of Pasteurella haemolytica serotype A1 during a TBF reaction showed more severe clinical signs and had more extensive pathological changes at necropsy than control lambs given P haemolytica alone. Dual infection with TBF and louping-ill virus showed that not only were dually infected sheep more susceptible to louping-ill but almost all of them succumbed to a haemorrhagic syndrome involving a systemic mycotic infection with Rhizomucor pucillus. None of eight sheep given louping-ill virus alone developed this syndrome. Field studies indicated that morbidity and mortality in lambs in south-west Scotland could be markedly reduced by dipping and long acting antibiotic prophylaxis. Lamb groups in which both of these were carried out incurred losses of only 0.6 per cent compared with 10.3 per cent in control groups. In addition antibiotic-treated lamb groups demonstrated significantly better weight gains than untreated groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3754670 TI - The efficacy of ivermectin against nematode parasites of White Fulani calves. AB - Ivermectin was evaluated for anthelmintic activity in calves naturally infected with gastrointestinal helminths. Five of 10 calves were treated subcutaneously with ivermectin at 200 micrograms per kg body weight. One-hundred percent efficacy was indicated against adult and immature Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Bunostomum phlebotomum and Oesophagostomum radiatum. Adult Cooperia were also completely eliminated, and a 95.5% reduction was obtained for the immature forms; an 88.7% reduction was obtained for Trichuris spp. PMID- 3754672 TI - [The programmable microcalculator in the organization of an oncology service]. PMID- 3754671 TI - A fusing mumps virus variant selected from a nonfusing parent with the neuraminidase inhibitor 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid. AB - A fusing variant of the nonfusing O'Take strain of mumps virus was obtained by growing virus under the selective pressure of the competitive neuraminidase inhibitor 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid (DANA). The variant virus, O'Take(DANA)v1, causes extensive syncytial formation in CV-1 cell cultures in contrast to the relatively noncytopathic infection caused by the O'Take virus parent. Neuraminidase assays indicate that O'Take(DANA)v1 has no detectable neuraminidase activity using either fetuin or neuraminlactose as substrate. In addition, the O'Take(DANA)v1 virus can agglutinate red blood cells but cannot elute from these cells once adsorbed. No differences were detected in the biochemical or antigenic structure of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) proteins from O'Take virus and O'Take(DANA)v1. These results indicate that the neuraminidase enzyme of the mumps virus HN glycoprotein is involved in modulating the cell fusion cytopathology of mumps virus infections. PMID- 3754673 TI - [Program for computing cardiac hemodynamics on the Elektronika BZ-21 program controlled computer]. PMID- 3754674 TI - [Experience with the use of cosmetic cream containing the enzyme preparation collytine on the prevention of aging of the skin of the face]. PMID- 3754675 TI - [Conditioned reaction of active avoidance in rats administered the delta-sleep peptide]. PMID- 3754676 TI - Production and degradation of indole by gram-negative bacteria. AB - The indole reaction is performed in various modifications with regard both to the reagents and to the media used. Especially the medium has hitherto attracted little attention and there are divergent recommendations for its composition. The comparison of some broths without and with addition of tryptophan after incubation with different indole-positive species revealed that tryptone without tryptophan yielded stronger reactions than with tryptophan added. Other broths showed stronger reactions with tryptophan. Investigations revealed that numerous indole-positive as well as indole-negative species possess an enzyme system degrading indole. It is induced after one or two days of incubation and acts slowly. All species of the Morganella-Proteus-Providencia group possess it, as does Serratia. Some other species show different characteristics. The production of indole from peptone containing tryptophan and the degradation of indole by such species of bacteria are due to figures showing one or more peaks depending on time. Any false indole reactions described up to now may also be explained by the antagonism of the two enzyme systems. Therefore, the indole reaction should be standardized with regard to the medium used to avoid some of these difficulties. PMID- 3754677 TI - Hypercalcaemia in Hodgkin's disease. PMID- 3754678 TI - Human optokinetic afternystagmus. Stimulus velocity dependence of the two component decay model and involvement of pursuit. AB - The dependence of human OKAN characteristics on optokinetic (OK) stimulus velocity was examined using the two-component double exponential model for OKAN decay. Drum velocities studied were between 10 degrees and 70 degrees deg/sec over a constant exposure period of 60 sec. Results reveal two distinct types of response: a 'low'-level response at lower drum velocities (10 degrees, 20 degrees, 30 degrees/sec) and a 'high'-level response at higher drum velocities (40 degrees, 60 degrees, 70 degrees /sec). These findings support our previous proposal that OKAN decay is a two-component process, and extend it by demonstrating that these two components have differing stimulus velocity sensitivities, as would be predicted if it were assumed that they represented direct (pursuit) and indirect (non-pursuit) pathways respectively. PMID- 3754679 TI - Quantitative comparison between saccadic and ataxic pursuits. AB - Smooth pursuit has been determined by the examiners' visualization as 'smooth pursuit', 'saccadic pursuit', or 'ataxic pursuit' according to the shapes of the eye movements on the ENG (electronystagmography) recording paper. Even since the introduction of computers for the measurement of smooth pursuit, however, no trial to compare quantitatively between smooth pursuit, saccadic pursuit and ataxic pursuit had been made up to the present. In the present work we analysed 10 smooth (normal) pursuits, 23 saccadic pursuits and 7 ataxic pursuits quantitatively with a microcomputer and found that the phase relationship between target movements and eye movements was the most prominent factor for distinguishing smooth pursuit pattern differences. PMID- 3754680 TI - Trichloroacetic acid accumulates in murine amniotic fluid after tri- and tetrachloroethylene inhalation. AB - The distribution of trichloroethylene (Tri) and tetrachloroethylene (Tetra) and their metabolites have been studied in pregnant mice by means of whole-body autoradiography (14C-labelled Tri and Tetra) and gas chromatography, with special emphasis on possible uptake and retention in the foetoplacental unit. Volatile (non-metabolized) activity appeared at short intervals after a 10 min. or 1 hr inhalation period in foetus and amniotic fluid. Most notable, however, was a strong accumulation and retention (peak at 4 hrs) in amniotic fluid of the metabolite trichloroacetic acid (TCA) after inhalation of either of the solvents. The main metabolite of Tri, trichloroethanol (TCE) (or conjugates), did not accumulate specifically as compared to maternal plasma. TCA infused intravenously in the maternal plasma was accumulated in amniotic fluid, but less pronounced than after Tri and Tetra inhalation, indicating that some metabolism of Tri and Tetra to TCA may occur in the foetoplacental unit. The results suggest that TCA may be transported to the foetus partly paraplacentally through foetal membranes and amniotic fluid, with the possibility of foetal swallowing or absorption through the skin. Foetal urinary activity also suggests that circulation between foetus and amniotic fluid may contribute to the long-term retention in the foetoplacental unit. In the mother, after inhalation exposures, and in intraperitoneally injected newborn mice, non-extractable radioactivity was found in the respiratory tract, liver, and kidney, indicating binding to these organs through metabolism. PMID- 3754681 TI - Cadmium toxicity in kidney cells. Resistance induced by short term pretreatment in vitro and in vivo. AB - Epithelial cells from the kidney were freshly isolated from rats pretreated by daily subcutaneous doses of CdCl2 in vivo (0.5-2 mg Cd/kg X 5). Such cells were incubated in vitro in media with different concentrations of cadmium chloride (0 200 micrograms Cd/ml). There was no inhibition of cell growth in such cells. However, in cells isolated from non-treated rats, in vitro exposure to the same concentrations of CdCl2 caused a dose dependent decrease in viability. When cells, isolated from non-treated rats were pretreated in vitro with CdCl2 (10 micrograms/ml) and subsequently exposed to cadmium chloride (0-200 micrograms/ml), a protective effect was observed, which was similar to the one observed in cells isolated from animals pretreated with CdCl2. The concentration of metallothionein in the cells treated with cadmium was increased. A lower uptake of cadmium chloride, in vitro has been observed in kidney cells pretreated in vivo or in vitro compared to nonpretreated cells. Subcellular distribution studies indicate that Cd-distribution was similar in pretreated and non pretreated cells, but concentrations were generally lower in the pretreated cells. The decreased uptake of Cd by pretreated kidney cells is a sign of Cd interference with cellular function. These changes are suggested as a contributing mechanism to the prevention of acute toxic effects of cadmium on the kidney. PMID- 3754682 TI - Reduced thymic glycocorticoid reception in adult male rats prenatally treated with allylestrenol. AB - The first-generation male offsprings of female rats treated with allylestrenol on days 7 and 14 of the pregnancy showed in adulthood a considerable decrease in thymic dexamethasone binding. The diminution of binding capacity was due to an about 50% decrease in the number of the thymic dexamethasone receptors, since receptor affinity for the hormone was not altered by the applied treatment. This experimental observation has called attention to the possible hazards of allylestrenol treatment commonly applied to pregnant women for averting imminent abortions. PMID- 3754683 TI - Co-release of neuropeptide Y and catecholamines upon adrenal activation in the cat. AB - The release of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity (-LI) in relation to catecholamines from the cat adrenal was studied in anaesthetized animals. Abdominal surgery increased plasma levels of NPY-LI from 65 +/- 6 to 149 +/- 26 pmol l-1. A positive veno-arterial concentration gradient over the adrenal gland was found for both NPY-LI, adrenaline (Adr) and noradrenaline (NA) during basal conditions. Asphyxia for 2 min increased the output of both NPY-LI and catecholamines from the adrenal. Electrical stimulation of the splanchnic nerve caused a marked increase in adrenal output of NPY-LI and catecholamines. The adrenal content of NPY-LI, as well as the release of NPY-LI from the adrenal, was at least 1000-fold lower on a molar basis than that of catecholamines. The concentration of NPY-LI in the adrenal vein upon splanchnic nerve stimulation was in the nM range. Reversed-phase HPLC characterization revealed that NPY-LI in the adrenal, and in the adrenal venous plasma collected during splanchnic nerve stimulation, was closely related to synthetic porcine NPY. Stimulation with bursts of 20 Hz for 1 S with 10 s intervals for 2 min caused a four-fold higher output of NPY-LI and Adr compared to a continuous stimulation with 2 Hz, giving the same number of impulses. The NA output, however, was only slightly increased by burst stimulation. Guanethidine did not reduce the adrenal output of NPY-LI or catecholamines induced by splanchnic nerve stimulation, while the release was abolished by chlorisondamine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3754684 TI - [Experimental studies of eyeballs damaged by Nd:YAG laser--regarding endothelial damage]. PMID- 3754685 TI - [Retinopathy of prematurity (VII)--The quantity of fundus findings in ROP]. PMID- 3754686 TI - Reverend Bayes' silent majority. An alternative factor affecting sensitivity and specificity of exercise electrocardiography. PMID- 3754687 TI - Dipstick testing of urine--can it replace urine microscopy? AB - One thousand consecutive urine specimens were studied to assess the sensitivity of a commercially available dipstick (Chemstrip 8, Boehringer Mannheim Corp., Indianapolis, IN) to predict the presence or absence of microscopic abnormalities. The Chemstrip 8 had a sensitivity of 78%, specificity of 54%, and a false negative rate of 38%. An additional 1,000 consecutive urine specimens were then studied using the Chemstrip 9, a reagent dipstick that includes the leukocyte esterase (LE) test. The Chemstrip 9 had a sensitivity of 82%, specificity of 42%, and a false negative rate of 36%. Chi-squared analysis revealed that the two dipsticks were not significantly different (chi 2 = 0.17, P greater than 0.5). Clinical review of patients with false negative results showed that approximately one-third to one-half of these patients had either spinal cord injury or genitourinary problems. Maximal potential savings in workload of approximately 10% were found if microscopic examinations were to be performed only on urine specimens with abnormal dipsticks. Our data suggest that in our patient population, we should not eliminate microscopic urine examination based on abnormal dipstick findings. PMID- 3754688 TI - Sucralafate for esophagitis? PMID- 3754689 TI - Lymphocyte subpopulation abnormalities in sickle cell anemia: a distinctive pattern from that of AIDS. AB - In this study, we evaluated lymphocyte subpopulations in 23 adults with SCA. When compared to controls, SCA patients had higher lymphocyte counts with normal numbers of T101+ cells (T-lymphocytes) and T4+ cells. T8+ cells were significantly increased in SCA patients in comparison to controls (1684 +/- 243 vs 980 +/- 367, p less than .001). This increment was largely dependent on a T101 , T8+ cell population. The SCA patients as a group had significantly decreased T4/T8 ratio (p less than .0001). The SCA patients with history of blood transfusions had higher T4+ cells numbers and higher T4/T8 ratio, but no other significant differences from nontransfused patients were noted. Our results are different from those reported for nontransfused children with SCA who showed normal T4/T8 ratio. Thus, a distinct pattern of abnormalities is seen in the lymphocyte subpopulations of adult SCA patients, unrelated to their exposure to blood transfusions. PMID- 3754690 TI - Post-transfusion purpura associated with alloimmunization against the platelet specific antigen, Baka. AB - Post-transfusion purpura (PTP) with severe thrombocytopenia occurred eight days after transfusion in a 28-year-old woman and responded to treatment with prednisone and plasma exchange. In contrast to nearly all previously studied cases of PTP, the patient's platelets were PlA1-positive and anti-PlA1 antibody could not be detected in serum obtained during the thrombocytopenic episode. Her serum was found to contain an antibody specific for a recently described platelet specific alloantigen, Baka, in addition to multiple HLA-specific antibodies. The patient's platelets, typed following recovery, were Baka-negative. These findings indicate that post-transfusion purpura can occur in association with alloimmunization to platelet-specific antigens other than PlA1. In performing the serologic studies, a close relationship and possible identity between Baka and another recently reported platelet antigen, Leka, was observed. A method for analyzing mixtures of cytotoxic platelet-reactive antibodies without separating the individual antibodies is described. PMID- 3754691 TI - Implementing a stand-alone packaged pharmacy computer system in a 580-bed hospital. AB - The problems experienced by a hospital pharmacy department in implementing a stand-alone packaged computer system are discussed, and recommendations for avoiding and managing these problems are presented. In 1984, a stand-alone packaged computer system was implemented in a 580-bed, tertiary-care institution that provides services from a central pharmacy and five satellite pharmacies. The department developed a request for proposal and contracted with a vender for a system that would support unit dose drug distribution and i.v. admixture services. During the implementation process, the following problems were experienced: The hardware was insufficient for the department's workload, the software design was limited, and personnel were frustrated with learning to use the system. These problems were intensified by the heavy workload and the large number of users. In the 18 months since implementation, the department has purchased more hardware, improved the software applications, and resolved many of the problems associated with employee frustration. Pharmacy departments at other large institutions might avoid some of these problems by training personnel adequately before implementation and by researching and estimating hardware and software needs in advance. In this large hospital, the efficiency of a stand alone packaged pharmacy computer system has improved 18 months after implementation. PMID- 3754693 TI - The jaundiced view. PMID- 3754692 TI - Computer-assisted antimicrobial-use monitoring. AB - The development and use of a hospital-pharmacy-based, computer-assisted antimicrobial monitoring program are described. In the pharmacy department of a teaching hospital in Spain, a manual system for collecting data on use of antimicrobial agents was replaced with a computer-assisted program that compiles data on culture and sensitivity results, the number of patients receiving antimicrobial or bacteriostatic agents (including combination therapy), and the specific agents used by hospital ward, clinical department, and physician. The antimicrobial report is reviewed daily by a pharmacist, and identified problems are discussed with the prescribing physician; about two hours per day is spent in this activity. Data for 1984 compiled by the computer program regarding the use of antimicrobial agents by group and by hospital ward and the relationship between cost and use of antimicrobial agents were evaluated. Based on the computer-generated data, guidelines for antibiotic use in surgical prophylaxis were proposed, and the pharmacy and therapeutics committee approved a new antibiotic policy that led to a reduction in the use of cephalosporins and to subsequent cost savings. Antimicrobial use at this hospital is similar to that reported at other institutions. In 1984 penicillins were the most commonly used agents, followed by aminoglycosides and cephalosporins. Antimicrobial agents accounted for 24.4% of all drug costs. This computer-assisted system of antimicrobial monitoring was used effectively to assess both individual patient therapy and overall antimicrobial use in a teaching hospital. PMID- 3754694 TI - Hypercalcemia and acute renal insufficiency in a 24-year-old white male with lung disease. PMID- 3754695 TI - Reported sexual assault in Nashville-Davidson County, Tennessee, 1980 to 1982. AB - A review of the experience of 440 women reporting they had been raped was made from their initial contact with the police, through their medical-forensic examination at the county hospital emergency room, by any judicial proceedings, and by their longer term psychological counseling. The data were then compared with those from other municipalities. The assailant's use of a weapon seemed the strongest variable correlated with the victim's decision to press for prosecution. Being raped by a stranger or being physically injured did not correlate with this decision. Women most likely to have been victims of a previous rape were over 40 years old, were black, were assaulted by someone well known to them, or had some sort of mental health problem, and these variables were independent of each other. This implies these victims somehow suffer from an increased vulnerability to repeated rape. The data suggest that use of a county hospital emergency room for the medical management of rape victims discourages their reporting the event to the authorities and their seeking medical treatment. PMID- 3754696 TI - Superoxide dismutase in fetal rat cerebrum X-irradiated in utero. AB - The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in fetal rat cerebrum was studied on gestational days (gd) 19 and 21 after X-irradiation with 100R on gd 13 or no X irradiation. Fetuses X-irradiated on gd 13 showed marked microcephalus on gd 19 and 21. Most of the SOD activity was found in the crude mitochondrial fraction in both groups and most of the SOD was Cu,Zn-SOD. The SOD activity increased about two times from gd 19 to 21. The mean SOD activity of the fetal rat cerebrum X irradiated with 100R showed no significant differences compared to that of the control group with Student's t test. But the activities in the irradiated group were widely distributed with a large standard deviation and so the chi-square test showed a significant difference in SOD activity between the two groups on gd 19. The SOD activity of adult rat cerebrum 6 and 8 days after X-irradiation with 100R was increased compared to that 3 days after X-irradiation. It was suspected that X-irradiation in utero may have some lasting effect on the SOD activity in fetal rat cerebrum. PMID- 3754697 TI - Encephalopathy in compensated Hashimoto thyroiditis: a clinical expression of autoimmune cerebral vasculitis. AB - A young girl with compensated Hashimoto thyroiditis suffered from progressive encephalopathy while euthyroid. Seizures and mental abnormalities responded excellently to corticosteroids only, supporting the view that encephalopathy could be the clinical manifestation of autoimmune cerebral vasculitis. PMID- 3754698 TI - Profound atracurium induced neuromuscular blockade. A comparison of evoked reversal with edrophonium or neostigmine. AB - Speed of reversal of profound atracurium induced neuromuscular blockade following edrophonium (0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg) or neostigmine (0.04 or 0.08 mg/kg) was measured using the train-of-four pattern of nerve stimulation. In all patients adequate clinical reversal was present when the ratio of the strength of the fourth to the first twitch (T4 ratio) was 0.5. Both doses of edrophonium were associated with a significantly faster speed of reversal than the smaller dose of neostigmine (p less than 0.05 in both cases). However, the larger dose of neostigmine was associated with a reversal time approaching that of edrophonium. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed in terms of contemporary theories of neuromuscular pharmacology. PMID- 3754699 TI - Apparent postoperative recurarisation. PMID- 3754700 TI - Localized vascular regression during limb morphogenesis in the chicken embryo: II. Morphological changes in the vasculature. AB - The regression of blood vessels in the distal wing bud of chicken embryos from stages 19 to 31 was examined by light and electron microscopy. The vessels were double-labelled by an injection of Monastral blue B (MB) to label the regressing endothelial cells, followed 6-48 hours later with an injection of India ink which marked the lumens of patent vessels. Prior to stage 26 the vessels contained only India ink since the endothelial cells were not phagocytic at this stage. Vessels at stage 26 or later were often double-labelled, with MB sequestered in the endothelial cell cytoplasm and India ink in the vessel lumens. After stage 27 cells not associated with lumens, but labelled with MB, were observed in areas undergoing vascular regression. Ultrastructural changes in the endothelial cells as the vessels regressed included formation of luminal and abluminal processes, long complex junctions, and vacuoles containing MB. In many involuting vessels the endothelial cells appeared normal even though the lumens were collapsed. Occasionally, isolated pyknotic cells were observed in regions that had been previously vascularized. At stage 31 cells in the developing cartilage had vacuoles containing MB. Our study suggests that blood vessels may disappear from the prechondrogenic zone of the distal wing bud by several mechanisms. These could include a type of cell death that does not elicit a cellular infiltrate, migration of the endothelial cells away from vascularized regions, and/or transdifferentiation into cells that resembled chondrocytes. PMID- 3754701 TI - A microcomputer-based graphical reconstruction technique for serial sectioned objects, with hidden line removal. AB - The presented software package fulfills the need for processing serial sections with a microcomputer configuration, enabling three-dimensional reconstruction with hidden line removal. The language used is an interpreted BASIC-dialect (HPL). The input is performed via an interactive program. The object can be rotated in space. The Hidden Line algorithm does not depend upon a raster technique. Points of intersection of successive contours are calculated and inserted, thus providing drawings of high resolution and quality. The handling time can be said to be short, especially when considering the capacities of the microcomputer configuration used. PMID- 3754702 TI - Spinal and supraspinal mechanisms for morphine-pentobarbital antinociceptive interaction in relation to cardiac acceleration response in rats. AB - In rat experiments, morphine-pentobarbital antinociceptive interaction affecting cardiac acceleration in response to somatic noxious stimulation was analyzed with the use of intrathecal and intracerebroventricular injections of morphine. Cardiac acceleration response was induced by tail compression, and heart rate was monitored by electrocardiogram. Pentobarbital, in a subanesthetic intravenous dose, antagonized the antinociceptive effect of morphine in relation to cardiac acceleration response when morphine was administered intracerebroventricularly. Without pentobarbital, morphine, 8 micrograms, almost completely blocked the cardiac acceleration response, which was only 1 +/- 1 beats/min. When pentobarbital (10 mg/kg intravenously) was administered in a combination with the same dose of morphine, the cardiac acceleration response was 29 +/- 3 beats/min (P less than 0.0001). In contrast, when morphine was administered intrathecally, the antagonism by pentobarbital of the cardiac acceleration response was absent. The results suggest that supraspinal mechanisms play a decisive role in morphine pentobarbital antagonism in relation to cardiac acceleration response to somatic noxious stimulation. PMID- 3754703 TI - Long volume during high frequency oscillation. AB - Previous investigators have reported alarming gas trapping during high frequency oscillation. We have assessed trapping by measuring the difference between occlusion pressure (alveolar pressure) and measured maximal mean airway circuit pressure. Under normal operating conditions, we were unable to demonstrate trapping in normal or lung-lavaged rabbits at 15 or at 25 Hz, or in infants with infant respiratory distress syndrome, but we could produce trapping by operating at unusually low mean airway pressure. At these low pressures, lung volume is low, and we believe that choke points develop that limit maximal expiratory flow. PMID- 3754704 TI - Hypomagnesemic hypocalcemia independent of parathyroid hormone. PMID- 3754705 TI - Will lasers replace electrocautery in surgery? PMID- 3754706 TI - Bowenoid papulosis: a recent entity in sexually transmitted diseases. AB - Bowenoid papulosis is a recent phenomenon of multiple lesions with a histology of carcinoma in situ appearing on the genitals of young men. We report 6 male patients with this condition presenting with warty and/or lichen planus like lesions on the genitals. The histology shows carcinoma in situ. Three (50%) showed spontaneous regression, and the rest had persistence and recurrence. Repeat biopsy of one recurrent lesion showed a verruca. The evidence for a possible viral aetiology will be discussed. Long term studies are required to assess any oncogenic potential. As it is thought to be presently a viral infection with epidermal atypia, effective conservative management is sufficient. PMID- 3754707 TI - Computers in clinical laboratory management in Singapore. AB - In 1974, an off-line mini-computer system was introduced in the Clinical Biochemistry Laboratories of the Government Department of Pathology in Singapore. With the resiting of the 24-hour emergency biochemistry laboratory on the same floor as the Haematology Department within the new Singapore General Hospital, an on-line computer system was installed in 1983 to serve both the emergency biochemistry and haematology laboratories. An almost identical on-line system was also purchased in 1984 to replace the aged off-line system at the Department of Pathology. A description of the new computer systems based on Eclipse S/140 computers and Medical Information Technology (Meditech) software using Meditech Interpretive Information System (MIIS) language will be given. The specific features required and the selection criteria for the on-line systems are also discussed. The systems are used for the acquisition and processing of all patient and test data of the laboratories, direct capture of data from automated instruments, generation of work schedules and laboratory reports, compilation of work done, workload and revenue statistics and a variety of other reports. Patient cumulative records and quality control statistics are available on a real time basis, thus greatly facilitating enquiries on patient results and monitoring of analytical performance. Prior experience with an off-line system and careful planning have been helpful in greatly shortening the preparatory period required for the smooth implementation of the on-line systems. Use of the systems has significantly improved laboratory management and has resulted in improved quality, and higher efficiency and productivity. PMID- 3754708 TI - Antibiotic Y: biosynthesis by Fusarium avenaceum (Corda ex Fries) Sacc., isolation, and some physicochemical and biological properties. AB - A compound very similar to the mycotoxin citrinin was observed on thin-layer chromatographic plates during the screening analysis of grain extracts. This compound was produced by 22 of the tested Fusarium avenaceum (Corda ex Fries) Sacc. strains isolated from wheat, triticale, barley, corn, and potatoes. A chemical test confirmed the presence of an unknown compound, which was given the preliminary name of antibiotic Y (indicating yellow fluorescence). The following properties of the new metabolite are described: spectroscopic (UV, infrared, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, fluorescence, and mass spectrometry), phytotoxic, antibiotic (inhibitory effect of bacterial growth), and toxic (toxicity to Artemia salina, chicken embryos, and mouse fibroblasts). Elemental analysis of the compound showed that it had the general formula C15H10O8, in agreement with the mass spectrometric finding that the molecular ion had a molecular weight of 318. The structure of the compound is presently under study. PMID- 3754709 TI - Effect of the conformation of concanavalin A on its affinity for manganous ion. AB - The stoichiometry of Mn2+ binding to concanavalin A at pH 6.4-7 which had been established in two independent studies [J.A. Sophianopoulos, A.J. Sophianopoulos, and W.C. MacMahon (1983) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 223, 350-359; D.J. Christie, G.R. Munske, and J.A. Magnuson (1979) Biochemistry 18, 4638-4644] was challenged [C.F. Brewer, R.D. Brown, III, and S.H. Koenig (1983) Biochemistry 22, 3691-3702] on grounds of possible experimental errors. Additional evidence is presented in this study in support of the previous finding that at pH 6.4 only one Mn2+ binds per concanavalin A monomer of Mr 25,550. Also, evidence is presented showing that the results of Sophianopoulos et al. could not have been due to contamination by Ca2+. A comparison is made of the results in the three studies cited above which indicates that the concanavalin A used by Brewer et al. had decreased affinity for Mn2+ and it contained an appreciable fraction of concanavalin A incompetent of binding saccharides. PMID- 3754710 TI - Characterization of 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (AGEPC) induced protein phosphorylation in rabbit platelets: inhibitory effects of AGEPC analogs. AB - 1-O-Alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (AGEPC) induced phosphorylation of two proteins having molecular masses of approximately 20- and 40-kDa in washed rabbit platelets in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Sequential stimulation with AGEPC did not induce additional protein phosphorylation, supporting the concept of desensitization of the AGEPC receptors responsible for biological activity. AGEPC analogs 1-O-octadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoric acid-6'-trimethylammonium hexyl ester and 1-O-octadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3 phosphoric acid-10'-trimethylammonium decyl ester (U66985 and U66982), containing polar head groups with methylene chain lengths of C6 and C10, did not cause protein phosphorylation, but they did inhibit the AGEPC-induced events. Thus protein phosphorylation is closely associated with the receptor-mediated stimulation of platelets and is a useful indicator of the signaling process initiated through the receptors. Other synthetic analogs of AGEPC such as rac-3 (N-n-octadecylcarbamoyloxy)-2-methoxypropyl 2-thiazolioethyl phosphate and 1-(N-n pentadecylcarbamoyloxy)-2-methoxy-rac-glycero-3-phosphochol ine (CV3988 and U68043) were also shown to be inhibitors of the AGEPC-induced protein phosphorylation. Inhibition by these analogs was specific for AGEPC since there was no observed effect of thrombin, ADP, 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol 13-acetate (TPA) and arachidonic acid-induced changes. The extent of inhibition was dependent on the concentration of AGEPC and its analogs and did not change with time after the addition of AGEPC. In platelets incubated with AGEPC analogs before and simultaneously with the addition of AGEPC, protein phosphorylation was prevented; however, addition of AGEPC to platelets shortly before the addition of these analogs showed a high response. In experiments where platelets were previously incubated with AGEPC analogs and washed with buffer containing 0.5% bovine serum albumin, AGEPC-induced protein phosphorylation was recovered to a level of 80%. These observations support the conclusion that AGEPC stimulates platelets through its specific receptor, and that the AGEPC analogs bind to the AGEPC receptor and block that pathway sensitive to AGEPC stimulation but not because of the desensitization of its receptor. On the other hand, in platelets where phosphorylation of the 40-kDa protein was induced by a 2-min preincubation with 3 X 10(-10) M TPA, 5 X 10(-10) M AGEPC-induced serotonin release decreased by 51% compared to a control value.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3754711 TI - [A new drug and current strategy in the treatment of acute non-lymphocytic leukemia in adults]. AB - Among new drugs being studied currently, AMSA and mitoxantrone have shown significant usefulness against acute non-lymphocytic leukemia in adults. Remission induction therapy consisting of daunomycin and cytosine arabinoside has been commonly selected as the first line of treatment and the complete remission rate obtained has exceeded 70%. Postremission therapy consolidation has been judged to be necessary while the clinical roles of maintenance and intensification remain to be clarified and appear to still require an investigational approach. PMID- 3754712 TI - [Antitumor effect of a synthetic cord factor, 6,6'-di-O-decanoyl-alpha, alpha trehalose (SS 554) in mice]. AB - The antitumor effect of a synthetic cord factor (6, 6'-Di-O-decanoyl-alpha, alpha trehalose) (SS 554) on the growth of Meth-A fibrosarcoma in BALB/c mice was examined. With regard to administration routes, only intratumoral (i.t.) injection showed a curative effect; subcutaneous (s.c.), per oral (p.o.) or intravenous (i.v.) routes has no such effect. To show the antitumor effect of known natural and synthetic cord factors, the co-presence of oily vehicles has been shown to be necessary. Accordingly, compound SS 554 examined in suspensions of sesame oil, squalane (SQA), squalene (SQE) or sesame oil and water emulsion had a curative effect with a 60% survival rate. However, no such effect was obtained with a suspension in PBS or in HCO-60 solution. In this regard, it should be noted that sequential but independent administration of SS 554 and oil was found to be equally as effective as simultaneous administration of oil with SS 554. Thus the effect of the oil should be reconsidered through an examination of the sequential appearance of effector cells. In the case of sesame oil, the amount of oil necessary was over 10%, or 0.01 mg absolutely. When the dose effect of SS 554 was examined in the presence of 10% sesame oil, doses over 1 mg exhibited a dose dependent curative effect. In tumor-bearing mice, the effect of the time of administration was also examined; the best result was obtained when intratumor injection was performed on day 3 after tumor implantation. Mice that recovered after SS 554 treatment exhibited growth inhibition and rejection of rechallenged Meth-A cells. However, this immunity was specific as it did not extend to a rechallenge with RL male-1 leukemia cells. PMID- 3754713 TI - [Idiopathic intrarenal arteriovenous fistula]. PMID- 3754715 TI - Reliability of anti-Leu-M1 immunostaining in Hodgkin's disease. PMID- 3754714 TI - Effects of cyclosporin on collagen induced arthritis in mice. AB - We have studied the effect of the immunosuppressive agent cyclosporin on collagen induced arthritis in mice. Cyclosporin, when given prophylactically, was capable of suppressing the development of collagen induced arthritis and the immunological response to native type II collagen in a dose dependent manner. Furthermore, treatment with cyclosporin, started on the same day as the booster injection with type II collagen, also resulted in inhibition of development of arthritis and of immunity to collagen. These findings suggest that the time of a booster injection, three weeks after the initial immunisation, might be still within the induction phase of arthritis since reinoculation is required to produce a high incidence of arthritis in mice. In addition, therapeutic treatment with cyclosporin did not affect the clinical course of the disease or the immune response to collagen. PMID- 3754716 TI - Lipogranulomas in lymph nodes. PMID- 3754717 TI - Reference ranges and ideal patient values for blood cholesterol. Can there be reconciliation? AB - Reference ranges for blood cholesterol levels reflect the nationwide epidemic of "silent" hypercholesterolemia. As such, reference ranges for cholesterol levels without accompanying designation of levels associated with increased coronary risk are misleading and falsely comforting to physicians and patients. In a recent continent-wide study of 108 academically based clinical laboratories, highly variable reference ranges were observed, the ranges having been derived from a vast assortment of sources. Fewer than one half of the laboratories made any attempt to specify levels of risk associated with elevated cholesterol levels. An algorithm for the expression of coronary risk based on blood lipid levels and other quantifiable risk factors is presented as an alternative to available modes of laboratory lipid reporting. PMID- 3754718 TI - The 1983 Comprehensive Blood Bank Survey of the College of American Pathologists. AB - Approximately 2,800 laboratories participated in the 1983 Comprehensive Blood Bank Survey of the College of American Pathologists. Sixteen reference laboratories participated to validate the results and provide a referee consensus for grading of antibody studies. Participant consensus was used to evaluate ABO, Rh, and crossmatching results. Ungraded antigen typing results are included as well as discussions of the ungraded additional challenges and supplementary questions. Accuracy of participant results remains high on these surveys. PMID- 3754719 TI - Pathogenesis of cocaine-induced ischemic heart disease. Autopsy findings in a 21 year-old man. AB - A 21-year-old man with a five-year history of recreational intravenous cocaine abuse developed chest pain within one minute and cardiopulmonary arrest within one hour following an injection. He died and, on autopsy, was found to have severe coronary obstructive lesions, as a result of chronic intimal proliferation, and acute platelet thrombosis. Secondary chronic and acute myocardial ischemic lesions also were observed. Cocaine-induced coronary artery spasm may have occurred and produced focal endothelial injury and platelet aggregation; this pathogenetic mechanism may have accounted for both the chronic and the acute coronary obstructive lesions. In addition, lymphocytic myocarditis was present and may have been related to the long-term cocaine abuse. PMID- 3754720 TI - Gliding contusions in nonmissile head injury in humans. AB - "Gliding" contusions, ie, hemorrhagic lesions in the parasagittal white matter, were analyzed in 434 fatal nonmissile head injuries in humans. It is concluded that gliding contusions are a type of diffuse brain damage occurring at the moment of injury. Gliding contusions are significantly associated with road traffic accidents, with the absence of a skull fracture or a "lucid interval," and with the presence of diffuse axonal injury and deep hemispheric traumatic hematomas. PMID- 3754721 TI - Fatal subarachnoid hemorrhage due to traumatic rupture of the vertebral artery. AB - Massive fatal subarachnoid hemorrhage maximal in the posterior fossa following minor trauma to the head and neck was first attributed to rupture of a vertebral artery (VA) in 1971. Typically, a young, healthy, but intoxicated man receives a minor blow and immediately collapses and dies within minutes. Early reports suggested an extracranial site of rupture with upward tracking of blood into the subarachnoid space. In few cases has this site of rupture been histologically verified, and more recent reports have drawn attention to intracranial rupture of the VA. We describe herein six cases in which the intracranial segment of the VA was the site of traumatic rupture, a site which can be demonstrated by careful examination of the most proximal segment of the VA attached to the brain in the course of routine brain removal. PMID- 3754722 TI - Rupture of posterior inferior cerebellar artery by single blow to head. AB - Two cases of isolated traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage from the posterior inferior cerebellar artery are described. The rupture was caused in one instance by a fist blow to the face and in the other by a kick to the head. One patient survived for three days, the other patient for three weeks. In the latter patient, intimal fibrosis was progressing and the brain stem was partly infarcted. Necrosis and fragmentation of the wall adjacent to the rupture suggested both devitalization due to stretching and jarring as pathogenetic mechanisms. These lesions can be distinguished from berry aneurysms by their location along the trunk of the artery instead of in the fork of the bifurcation, by the lack of a fibrous aneurysmal sac, and often by fragmentation of the arterial wall at the edge and also near and opposite the rupture. PMID- 3754723 TI - The pathology of pulmonary cryptococcal infections in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AB - Specimens from premortem pulmonary cytology, transbronchial biopsy, and autopsy were studied in 11 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who developed pulmonary cryptococcal disease. Nine of 11 patients had culture-proved cryptococcal meningitis. Extremely low T-cell helper/suppressor ratios (mean, 0.12) were observed in seven of 11 patients. In six of eight patients, transbronchial biopsy specimens showed a characteristic interstitial pattern with yeasts in the alveolar septae, minimal cellular inflammation, and no well-formed granulomas. On cytologic examination, organisms were present in seven (100%) of seven cell blocks and five (83%) of six smears prepared from the bronchoalveolar lavage, and in five (63%) of eight bronchial brushings. Small, poorly encapsulated yeast forms were sometimes present, requiring mucicarmine and acid mucopolysaccharide stains for confirmation of the diagnosis of pulmonary cryptococcosis. Overall, bronchoscopy yielded a diagnosis in seven of eight patients. At autopsy, two of five patients demonstrated an interstitial pattern of infection in all lobes of the lung with marked pleural thickening and giant cell formation; two other patients showed mixed interstitial and intra-alveolar cryptococcal infiltrates. Nodal and disseminated infection were present in four patients. In patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who have cryptococcal meningitis, pulmonary cryptococcal disease is common and must be distinguished from other opportunistic infections. PMID- 3754724 TI - Portal fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in baboons after long-term alcohol consumption. AB - The relative abundance of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in the portal tracts was assessed in liver biopsy specimens of baboons that developed fatty liver and perivenular fibrosis after alcohol (ethanol) consumption. Fourteen baboons pair fed with diets containing alcohol, or isocaloric carbohydrate, for up to four years were studied. No fibrosis was observed in the portal tracts of these baboons. The number of mesenchymal cells per 1,000 sq microns of the portal tissue was not changed after alcohol consumption. Electron microscopy demonstrated no increase in the number of fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, or other mesenchymal cells. In view of an increased number of myofibroblasts and fibroblasts in association with the development of perivenular fibrosis as previously reported, the results herein suggest that mesenchymal cells in the portal tracts lack the proper stimuli for proliferation after alcohol consumption. PMID- 3754725 TI - Is duplicate testing for prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time necessary? AB - To evaluate the necessity of duplicate testing for prothrombin times (PTs) and activated partial thromboplastin times (APTTs), the range of differences between duplicate sample results was analyzed on a widely used automated photo-optical coagulation instrument. Specimens with coagulation test times ranging from normal to threefold above the reference range were included. Of 1,610 PTs and 1,023 APTTs, approximately 95% of duplicates differed by 0.2 s or less and 2.0 s or less, respectively. Approximately 99% of PTs and APTTs differed by 0.4 s or less and 4.0 s or less, respectively; there were three PT and 16 APTT specimens whose duplicates differed by a greater time interval and also by more than 5% of the mean. Thus, PT and APTT testing on automated instrumentation is very precise, but occasional inaccurate single measurements could lead to errors in diagnosis or therapy. PMID- 3754726 TI - Ultrastructure of sialadenoma papilliferum. AB - Sialadenoma papilliferum is a rare tumor of salivary gland origin and has been reported in the parotid and minor salivary glands of the oral cavity. This tumor is morphologically similar to the papillary syringoadenoma of the sweat gland. We report the clinical and morphologic features of five cases and review the literature. Ultrastructural examination of case 1 revealed the predominant cell type to be an oncocytic cell. These cells contained numerous mitochondria, exhibited parallel filaments within the cell cytoplasm, and were attached by desmosomes. The neoplastic cells appear to exhibit characteristic features of various cell types of the salivary gland duct apparatus. PMID- 3754727 TI - Ovarian heterologous Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors with gastrointestinal-type epithelium. An immunohistochemical analysis. AB - Eight ovarian heterologous Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors containing gastrointestinal type cells, including two tumors that contained carcinoids, were stained for argyrophilia and argentaffinity; in addition, these specimens were stained by immunohistocytochemical techniques for the demonstration of chromogranin, serotonin, and a variety of peptide hormones. Intestinal- and gastric-type epithelial and carcinoid cells within the tumors were focally argyrophilic and chromogranin-positive, but only intestinal-type epithelial and carcinoid cells contained argentaffin granules, serotonin, and corticotropin. Somatostatin, gastrin, neurotensin, and glucagon were demonstrated additionally in varying numbers of specimens containing intestinal-type epithelium and carcinoid, and somatostatin was present in gastric-type epithelium in one case. Staining for calcitonin and insulin was negative. Despite the frequent identification of serotonin and peptide hormones in the tumors in the present series, evidence of the carcinoid syndrome or syndromes associated with peptide hormone excess was lacking on review of the patients' records. PMID- 3754729 TI - Mixed hyperplastic and adenomatous polyp arising from ectopic gastric mucosa of the duodenum. AB - We report an unusual case of a polyp arising from ectopic gastric mucosa in the duodenum. The polyp demonstrated both hyperplastic and adenomatous proliferation. Adenomatous proliferation in a duodenal polyp arising from ectopic gastric mucosa is, to our knowledge, unique. The areas of adenomatous change were morphologically indistinguishable from those of adenomatous polyps arising in the stomach; hence, the adenomatous change observed in this polyp was regarded as a neoplastic process. PMID- 3754728 TI - Unusual thymic seminomas. AB - Although most thymic seminomas have a histologic appearance similar to those arising in the testis, some seminomas undergo pronounced secondary changes that may obscure the diagnosis. We found three cases that showed a combination of reactive follicular hyperplasia (three cases), large cysts (three cases), epithelioid granulomas (two cases), and fibrosis (two cases), to such a degree that the seminoma component was indistinct. Immunoperoxidase staining for keratin in one case highlighted the intimate association of the positively staining thymic epithelial cells with the nonstaining seminoma cells. The seminoma cells in this case were reactive with placental alkaline phosphatase. No other group of thymic or mediastinal tumors, including those of Hodgkin's disease, exhibited this combination of secondary reactive changes to a similar degree. Because of the favorable prognosis of thymic seminomas, these variants should not be confused with other mediastinal tumors. PMID- 3754730 TI - Sialadenoma papilliferum of the adenoids in a 2-year-old child. AB - We report a case of sialadenoma papilliferum arising in the adenoids in a 2-year old child. The tumor demonstrated papillary and adenomatous proliferations, suggestive of minor salivary gland origin. A review of the literature indicated no reported cases of this neoplasm arising in individuals this young. The location of the growth also appears to be unique. Regular follow-up by endoscopy and computed tomographic scan of the nasopharyngeal area have not revealed recurrence of disease one year after resection. PMID- 3754731 TI - Dermal analogue tumor arising in a lymphoepithelial cyst of the parotid gland. AB - We report a case of monomorphic adenoma, dermal analogue type, arising in a typical lymphoepithelial cyst of the parotid gland. This case supports the hypothesis that lymphoepithelial cysts of the major salivary glands arise from inclusions of salivary gland tissue in lymph nodes. PMID- 3754732 TI - [Synthesis of recent compounds with local anesthetic action. 10. Synthesis of fomocaine]. PMID- 3754733 TI - Partial arthroscopic meniscectomy versus total open meniscectomy. AB - One hundred sixteen patients who had undergone partial arthroscopic meniscectomy were reviewed in a short-term follow-up study (mean follow-up: 16 months). Their results were compared with those of a group of 402 patients who had been treated previously by conventional open meniscectomy in the same hospital. Average age in the arthroscopic group was 40 years, in the open group 34. Average sick leave was 4 weeks in the arthroscopic group, 10 weeks in the arthrotomy group. In the endoscopic group, there was virtually no sick leave for self-employed people, but 7 weeks if the lesion was sustained at work. Top-class sportsmen resumed competition 5 weeks after arthroscopy, 8 weeks after conventional meniscectomy. Still, most of them complained of prolonged synovial reaction resulting in a period of poor physical condition and performance. Of the patients treated by arthroscopy, 7.5% presented minor problems related to the approach (anteromedial transpatellar), while 21.5% had similar problems after routine anteromedial incision in the open meniscectomy group. The overall results after arthroscopy were excellent in 49 cases (41.5%), good in 51 (43%), fair in 14 (12%), and poor in four (3.5%). These short-term results are comparable to those of the open meniscectomy group. The short-term results in the older patients confirm our belief that (partial) meniscectomy is useful for the older patient with a history of mechanical meniscal problems, with or without cartilage degeneration, provided one is not dealing with frank osteoarthrosis and secondary varus or valgus deformity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3754734 TI - [Determination of the informational characteristics of the results of morphometric studies]. PMID- 3754735 TI - [Changes in the myocardium of fetuses and newborn infants as a result of hypoxia]. AB - Myocardium has been investigated in 68 human fetuses and newborns suffered from intrauterine acute and prolonged hypoxia, occurred as a result of various maternal, fetal and placental diseases. Under acute hypoxia only reactive changes of the contractile myocardium appear. They are demonstrated as degeneration of muscle fibers and appearance of scattered foci of necrosis in cardiomyocytes. Under a prolonged hypoxia, besides analogous reactive changes, compensatory hypertrophy of some part of cardiomyocytes is noted; this is manifestation of a compensatory-adaptive reaction of the myocardium. PMID- 3754736 TI - A simple BASIC computer program to individualize the SRK formula. AB - A computer program written in BASIC language that calculates, updates, and stores the A value used in the formula for the determination of intraocular lens power is presented. It has the structure of a subroutine, and can either be easily integrated into an already existing larger program or it can function independently of another program. PMID- 3754737 TI - Accessory cells in vessels of the paranatal human retina. AB - Retinas of the paranatal period contain two types of cell clusters that are generally believed to play a role in the developing vasculature. The more posterior cluster consists of angioblastic cells, which undergo lumenization to form the definitive vessels. Anterior to this cluster and separated from it by a distinct boundary are clusters of spindle cells extending a variable distance toward the periphery. These clusters of spindle cells maintain a fixed position relative to the angioblastic masses, without any admixture of the two. The precise function of the spindle cells in the vascularizing process has been a subject of controversy. We found evidence to identify them as glia and to suggest that their role is to provide an energy source for the developing retina as the hyaloid vessels recede and until the retinal vessels take over this function. It further appears that congenital failure of the vessels to develop may result in a persistence of these spindle cells, in the form of hyperplastic glia in the inner layers of the retina. Our study included normal eyes from full-term and premature infants and eyes from patients with retinopathy of prematurity (oxygen-related retinopathy), anencephaly, and other congenital anomalies. PMID- 3754738 TI - New common sexually transmissible diseases. PMID- 3754739 TI - Preventive and educational aspects of STD. PMID- 3754740 TI - Pelvic inflammatory disease. PMID- 3754741 TI - Taking a sexual history. PMID- 3754742 TI - Contact tracing: control of STD in the community. PMID- 3754743 TI - Sexually transmissible diseases. PMID- 3754744 TI - Treatment of sexually transmissible diseases. PMID- 3754745 TI - pH dependent insertion of a diphtheria toxin B fragment peptide into the lipid membrane: a conformational analysis. AB - A peptide of diphtheria toxin B fragment (residues 147-266) has been shown to induce pore formation in lipid bilayer membranes at low pH. Such an effect was obtained at a much lower extent or not at all at pH = 7. The region localized between residues 225 and 246 is highly hydrophobic (27.3% polarity) and characterized by a high concentration of proline residues. Since proline cis trans isomerization is highly sensitive to the pH of the medium, we investigated the capability of the cis and trans isomers to penetrate into the lipid matrix. Obviously, the cis-trans isomerization of proline 242 and 245, assumed to be imposed by a low pH, uncovers the hydrophobic region and induces its insertion into a lipid layer of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. The lipid matrix destabilization resulting from this process could promote the penetration into the lipid bilayer of an amphipatic structure (153-178) similar to the transverse lipid associating domains of membrane proteins. PMID- 3754746 TI - Difference in effects of pirenzepine and atropine on carbachol-induced pepsinogen secretion from isolated gastric glands. AB - The effect of pirenzepine on carbamylcholine (carbachol)-stimulated pepsinogen secretion was compared with that of atropine in the isolated guinea pig gastric glands. Pirenzepine and atropine caused a dose dependent inhibition of carbachol stimulated pepsinogen secretion. Moreover, pirenzepine as well as atropine produced a rightward shift in the dose response curve of carbachol-stimulated pepsinogen secretion but did not alter the maximum increase in pepsinogen secretion. Results therefore demonstrate that pirenzepine acts as a specific receptor antagonist in the interaction of carbachol with its receptor on gastric chief cells. However, pirenzepine was 50 times less potent than atropine in inhibiting pepsinogen secretion. Half maximal inhibitory concentration of pirenzepine was 2 X 10(-5) M when a maximally effective concentration of carbachol was used, while that of atropine was 4 X 10(-7) M. Results, therefore, suggest that muscarinic receptor on gastric chief cells to which pirenzepine binds may be an intermediate affinity type. PMID- 3754747 TI - Binding of recA protein from E. coli to double-stranded DNA: influence of the degree of superhelicity. AB - The binding of the recA protein from E. coli to supercoiled double-stranded DNA is strongly dependent upon the superhelical density of the DNA molecule. A threshold of superhelical density is required for strong binding in the presence of ATP. This finding is consistent with a model in which recA protein first binds to unpaired regions and then polymerises on the contiguous double-stranded lattice. PMID- 3754748 TI - Purification and partial characterization of microsomal cytochrome b555 from the higher plant Catharanthus roseus. AB - Microsomal b-type hemoprotein designated, cytochrome b555 of C.roseus seedlings was solubilized using detergents and purified by a combination of ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration to a specific content of 18.5 nmol per mg of protein. The purified cytochrome b555 was homogeneous and estimated to have an apparent molecular weight of 16500 on SDS-PAGE. The absorption spectrum of the reduced form has major peaks at 424, 525 and 555 nm. The alpha-band of the reduced form is asymmetric with a pronounced shoulder at 559 nm. The spectrum of the pyridine ferrohemochrome shows absorption peaks at 557, 524 and 418 nm indicating that the cytochrome has protoheme prosthetic group. The purified cytochrome is autoxidizable and does not combine with carbon monoxide, azide or cyanide. It is reducible by NADH in the presence of NADH-cytochrome b555 reductase partially purified from C.roseus microsomes. PMID- 3754749 TI - A postmeiotically expressed clone encodes lactate dehydrogenase isozyme X. AB - We have analysed by the DNA sequencing one of the cDNA clones, pPM459, to mRNA abundant in spermatids of mice. This clone contained 535 base pair nucleotides with a coding region for 139 amino acids and a 3' untranslated region including a single polyadenylation signal. Screening of the protein database revealed that the deduced amino acid sequence highly matched the carboxyl terminal residues 192 330 of mouse lactate dehydrogenase isozyme X (LDH-X). Taken together with our previous report which showed transcription of the message hybridizing to pPM459 after meiosis, it was demonstrated that LDH-X mRNA synthesis continued during the postmeiotic phase in spermatogenesis. PMID- 3754750 TI - Formation of the thiol adducts of 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide and their binding to deoxyribonucleic acid. AB - We investigated the interactions of 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m anisidide (mAMSA) with thiol-containing compounds and the potential binding of the thiolytic adducts to DNA. All thiols tested (glutathione, cysteine, coenzyme A, 2-mercaptoethanol and lactate dehydrogenase) formed adducts with mAMSA as evidenced by changes in the absorption spectrum of mAMSA and induction of fluorescence. Spectral changes induced by the thiols were different, suggesting that each thiol induced specific changes in the electronic structure of the acridine nucleus. Treatment of glutathione with p-chloromercuribenzoate eliminated the absorption spectral changes and induction of fluorescence, indicating that the reduced-thiol group is involved. In high ionic strength buffer, addition of calf thymus DNA induced fluorescence-quenching of both the mAMSA-glutathione and mAMSA-cysteine adducts without spectral shift. Viscometric studies showed that mAMSA and mAMSA-glutathione intercalated into DNA and produced similar increases in the length of linear DNA. PMID- 3754751 TI - Modelling the interaction of small organic molecules with biomacromolecules. II. A generalized concept for biological interactions. AB - In the first part of this series it was shown that, for interactions between substituted pyridines and anti-3-azopyridine antibody, the maximum biological activity is observed for an optimum electronic correspondence between the reactants. This particular result, together with data in the literature which points to the necessity for geometrical and lipophilic correspondence, supports a generalization for the nature of the biological action of chemical compounds. Accordingly in this paper it is proposed that the affinity towards a given biomacromolecule will be maximum only for those chemicals within a series of compounds which are characterized by optimum values of basic factors which condition the biological activity: geometric, electronic, and/or lipophilic. The practical aspects of the hypothesis should be valuable in molecular pharmacology, drug design, and theory of chemical reactivity. PMID- 3754752 TI - Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on Cochlear Implants. PMID- 3754753 TI - [Thromboxane and prostacyclin in patients with stenocardia in induced and spontaneous ischemia of the myocardium]. AB - The levels of TxB2 and 6-keto-PGI alpha in the coronary sinus and thoracic aorta blood were determined in 14 patients with angina pectoris and signs of coronary atherosclerosis. 12 patients were involved in a dynamic study: before, during and 10 minutes after ischaemia-inducing atrial pacing. In all the patients atrial pacing resulted in a typical episode of angina, in 7 of them ST-segment depression of not less than 2 mm was seen on the ECG. In one patient arachidonic acid metabolites were evaluated during the control period and during a spontaneous episode of angina accompanied by ST-segment elevations. In 8 of 9 patients TxB2 was produced by the myocardium during atrial pacing. During monitored evaluation of arachidonic acid metabolites one patient with spontaneous angina demonstrated a gradual lowering of the 6-keto-PGI alpha, it being minimal by the beginning of the episode; TxB2 level increased more rapidly. PMID- 3754754 TI - Second International Symposium on Atracurium. Montreux, October 1985. Proceedings and abstracts. PMID- 3754755 TI - Use of atracurium in neonatal anaesthesia. AB - Atracurium was administered to neonatal patients on 270 occasions without any difficulties being encountered. More detailed observations in 60 patients showed that, in 16 neonates 3 days of age and older, with a core temperature greater than 36 degrees C, the standard dose of atracurium 500 micrograms kg-1 had a mean duration of clinical effect of 23.1 +/- 3.4 min--the shortest in any group of children so far studied in Liverpool. In only three of the 16 was antagonism of residual neuromuscular blockade considered to be necessary. In 34 infants, anaesthetized within 48 h of birth, we identified distinct subgroups. In 12, comparable except for age to the patients described above, 500 +/- 50 micrograms kg-1 lasted a mean time of 32.4 +/- 8.6 min, nearly 50% longer and with more than twice the standard deviation. In eight infants in whom the central body temperature decreased to less than 36 degrees C, the standard dose of atracurium lasted a mean time of 47.5 +/- 11.8 min. These results suggest that it might be advantageous to reduce the initial dose of atracurium in the smaller newborn infants, particularly if their body temperature is less than normal. To date, a reduced dose of 300 +/- 30 micrograms kg-1 has been given to 10 patients and in this small group the mean duration of clinical effect was 24.5 +/- 10.1 min. PMID- 3754756 TI - Pharmacokinetics of atracurium and its metabolites. AB - The pharmacokinetic profile of atracurium was studied in normal patients and in patients with renal failure, renal-hepatic failure, or hepatic disease. Its short elimination half-life was not significantly altered by renal failure, but in patients with severe liver disease elimination of its metabolites was prolonged, necessitating care during long-term i.v. infusions in patients with hepatic dysfunction. PMID- 3754757 TI - Atracurium infusion in the intensive care unit. AB - An open study of 38 infusions of atracurium in 33 patients requiring neuromuscular blockade for ventilation was carried out. Consecutive patients requiring ventilation were studied and there were no exclusions. The initial rate of infusion was 0.4 mg kg-1 h-1 and this was adjusted according to clinical observation and the results of neuromuscular stimulation. The average infusion rate in the series was 0.59 mg kg-1 h-1. Patients were sedated using a morphine infusion at a rate of 2-4 mg kg-1 h-1. Satisfactory blockade was achieved in all cases. Time for spontaneous recovery following termination of infusion was recorded, the average recovery time being 39.2 min. Emphasis was placed on recording any possible serious toxic effects attributable to long-term atracurium infusions, possible toxic effects were considered and a satisfactory explanation of such effects was found in all cases. PMID- 3754758 TI - Recovery of respiration following neuromuscular blockade with atracurium and alcuronium. AB - Eleven fit unpremedicated patients took part in the study. Group I (five patients) received atracurium 0.3 mg kg-1 and group II (six patients) received alcuronium 0.2 mg kg-1. The simultaneous recovery of respiration, judged by serial measurements of the tidal volume and blood-gas values, and peripheral neuromuscular function, judged by the response of the adductor pollicis muscle, were studied. Anaesthesia was maintained with 66% nitrous oxide in oxygen, supplemented by 0.5% halothane. The tetanic response reappeared 17.6 +/- 0.92 min (group I) and 19.2 +/- 2.6 min (group II) after the administration of the drug, and spontaneous breathing at 24.0 +/- 2.08 min (group I) and 23.6 +/- 2.1 min (group II). Adequate recovery of respiratory muscle function was present in group I within 15 min of the onset of spontaneous respiration, whereas in group II this recovery took 30 min. At this time there was marked peripheral neuromuscular blockade with the peak tetanic height value less than 25% of control in both groups. It was concluded that recovery of the respiratory muscles from neuromuscular block by atracurium and alcuronium occurred more rapidly than the recovery of the small muscles of the hand, but that adequate tidal volume, in the absence of other clinical signs, should not be regarded as a reliable indication of complete return of neuromuscular function. PMID- 3754759 TI - Circulatory effects of atracurium in patients with cardiovascular disease. AB - Atracurium 0.4 mg kg-1, which was sufficient to produce neuromuscular blockade sufficient for intubation, was administered as divided bolus doses to 40 patients with severe cardiovascular disease. Little haemodynamic change occurred. A transient reduction in arterial pressure was noted in one patient. Atracurium was found to be safe and effective, and administration in small bolus doses separated by 30 s may reduce the likelihood of significant circulatory changes. PMID- 3754760 TI - Effect of allopurinol on caffeine disposition in man. AB - Caffeine (5 mg kg-1) was administered orally to two healthy, non-smoking subjects on three separate occasions--before, and during therapy with the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol at doses of either 300 or 600 mg daily. Plasma and urinary levels of methylxanthines, endogenous oxypurines and allopurinol and its metabolite oxypurinol were measured using h.p.l.c. analyses. Allopurinol treatment caused a specific, dose-dependent inhibition of the conversion of the caffeine metabolite 1-methylxanthine (1X) to 1-methyluric acid (1U). A good correlation was observed in both subjects between the urinary 1U/1X molar ratio and the ratio of endogenous urate to hypoxanthine + xanthine at the different allopurinol doses, supporting the proposal that the 1U/1X molar ratio after caffeine intake provides an in vivo index of xanthine oxidase activity in man. PMID- 3754762 TI - Interaction of five globin gene abnormalities in a Cambodian family. AB - Members of a Cambodian family with an undiagnosed hypochromic, microcytic anaemia were found by haemoglobin and DNA analysis to have five interacting globin gene abnormalities. One child has Hb E and typical Hb H disease, while his mother has the form of Hb H disease associated with Hb Constant Spring interacting with Hb E. Quantitation of Hbs E and A2 by globin chain separation and triton/urea gel electrophoresis support the concept that Hb H/Constant Spring disease is a more severe form of alpha thalassaemia than Hb H disease. This family illustrates how the remarkably high prevalence of globin gene abnormalities in Southeast Asians can give rise to a series of atypical thalassaemic phenotypes, and how they can be defined by direct globin gene analysis. PMID- 3754761 TI - Production of dengue virus-induced macrophage cytotoxin in vivo. AB - We have observed that dengue virus-induced cytotoxic factor (CF) induces peritoneal and splenic macrophages in vitro to produce a cytotoxin (CF2). This study demonstrates also production of CF2 in vivo in DV-infected mice and following inoculation with CF. The cell-type responsible for CF2 production in vivo is the macrophage (M phi) as M phi-depleted mice failed to produce CF2. CF2 activity could not be observed in the serum or peritoneal fluid though it is produced in peritoneal M phi. Once stimulated, CF2 is present for 4 h in M phi. M phi can be restimulated to produce CF2 only after a refractory period of 48 h. PMID- 3754763 TI - Morning sickness and thyroid function. PMID- 3754764 TI - Anisotropy decay associated fluorescence spectra and analysis of rotational heterogeneity. 2. 1,6-Diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene in lipid bilayers. AB - The application of a new spectroscopic tool [Knutson, J. R., Davenport, L., & Brand, L. (1986) Biochemistry (preceding paper in this issue)] for studying rotational microheterogeneity of probe location in lipid bilayer systems is described. Anisotropy decay associated spectra are derived from experimentally obtained polarized emission components. "Early" difference spectra (IV - IH) contain contributions from both fast and slow rotors, while "late" difference spectra predominantly reflect the emission from slowly rotating fluorophores. Anisotropy decay associated spectra have been used to resolve the emission spectra of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) imbedded within a known rotationally heterogeneous mixture of two vesicle types (L-alpha dimyristoyllecithin and L-alpha-dipalmitoyllecithin). At 29 degrees C, diphenylhexatriene within pure dimyristoyllecithin vesicles rotates rapidly, with a small r infinity, while diphenylhexatriene in dipalmitoyllecithin vesicles exhibits a large r infinity. Spectra for diphenylhexatriene imbedded in the two vesicle types show small but significant spectral differences. A spectrum of a mixture of the two vesicle types with DPH lies between these characteristic component spectra. The spectrum extracted for "immobilized" probes in the mixture correctly overlays the dipalmitoyllecithin spectrum. Further studies have shown that diphenylhexatriene exhibits more than one emission anisotropy decay associated spectrum in vesicles of a single lipid type, when that lipid is near its phase transition temperature. Diphenylhexatriene apparently inhabits more than one rotational environment even in these "homogeneous" vesicle preparations. PMID- 3754765 TI - pH-dependent lysis of liposomes by adenovirus. AB - Purified adenovirus induced a dose-dependent release of the water-soluble markers calcein and carboxyfluorescein from liposomes. Marker release was strongly dependent on pH, and at temperatures below 5 degrees C, the rate of release showed an optimum at a pH of about 6. This pH dependence parallels disruption of endocytic vesicles by adenovirus and the permeabilization that adenovirus induces on the cell surface. There did not seem to be a striking dependence on the lipid composition of the liposomes. Electron microscopy using a negative stain shows liposomes bound to adenovirus. In some cases, the liposomes were still intact, but many liposomes, which were attached to the vertices of the virus, appeared lysed. These data support the notion that adenovirus, which enters the host cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis, gains access to the cytoplasm by a subsequent pH-dependent disruption of the membrane of the endocytic vesicle. PMID- 3754766 TI - The interaction of liposomes containing intrinsic erythrocyte membrane proteins with lipid monolayers at air/water and oil/water interfaces. AB - The main intrinsic membrane proteins of the human erythrocyte membrane, glycophorin and the anion transporter, were isolated by extraction with Triton X 100 and ion-exchange chromatography. After removal of detergent the extract consisted of proteolipid vesicles with a lipid:protein molar ratio in the range 50-60 and a diameter of the order of 200 nm. The interaction between these vesicles and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), cholesterol and cholesterol:DPPC (2:1 molar ratio) monolayers at air/water and n-decane/water interfaces has been studied. The vesicles interact with the monolayers, rapidly causing large increases in surface pressure. Limiting values of surface pressure, 39.4-43 mN . m-1 at air/water and 31.5-33.4 mN . m-1 at the n-decane/water interface, were reached at protein levels above 1 microgram . ml-1. At the air/water interface, and probably at the n-decane/water, surface pressure increases were limited by monolayer collapse. Compression isotherms and surface potential measurements indicated that material from the proteolipid vesicles entered the monolayer phase. In contrast to proteolipid vesicles, injection of protein-free liposomes beneath the monolayer resulted in smaller, slower increases in surface pressure. Thus, the presence of intrinsic membrane proteins in vesicles greatly facilitated the transfer of material into the lipid monolayer. PMID- 3754767 TI - Contamination of commercial preparations of xanthine oxidase by a Ca2+-dependent phospholipase A2. AB - Using [1-14C]oleate-labelled autoclaved Escherichia coli as substrate, we demonstrate that many, but not all, commercial preparations of xanthine oxidase contain phospholipase A2 activity as a contaminant. Phospholipase A2 activity (64.3-545.6 nmol phospholipid hydrolyzed per min per mg protein) was optimal in the neutral to alkaline pH range, was Ca2+-dependent, and was unaffected by the addition of xanthine. Phospholipase A2 activity was totally inhibited by 1.0 mM EDTA while radical production by xanthine plus xanthine oxidase was unaffected by EDTA. Even chromatographically purified xanthine oxidase (Sigma Grade III) contained substantial phospholipase A2 activity (64.3 nmol/min per mg). Since the preparation of xanthine oxidase employs proteolytic digestion of milk or buttermilk by pancreatin, an extract of pancreas which is an organ rich in phospholipase A2 activity, we speculate that the contaminant phospholipase A2 is introduced by this treatment. Because xanthine oxidase is used extensively to study free radical-induced cell injury and membrane phospholipid alterations, the presence of a potent extracellular phospholipase A2 may have influenced previously published reports and such studies in the future should be interpreted with care. PMID- 3754768 TI - Vitamin D metabolites stimulate phosphatidylcholine transfer to renal brush border membranes. AB - The phosphatidylcholine content of both the intestinal and renal brush-border membranes and ion transport are affected by 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3). To investigate the mechanism of this effect, liposomes were prepared containing self-quenching concentrations of fluorescent phospholipid derivatives. When these liposomes were incubated with rat renal brush-border membrane vesicles, an immediate increase in the relative fluorescence of N-4 nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole phosphatidylcholine (NBD-PC) was detected, indicating transfer of NBD-PC into a non-quenched membrane. Addition of 1,25(OH)2D3 to the liposomes produced a dose-dependent stimulation of NBD-PC transfer to the acceptor brush-border membrane vesicles. Peripheral fluorescence was visible when the brush-border membrane vesicles were viewed with a fluorescent microscope. Using brush-border membrane vesicles from kidneys of vitamin D-deficient animals, quantitation of lipid transfer revealed a 1,25(OH)2D3 (10(-7) M) stimulation of NBD-PC transfer from 1.38 +/- 0.27 to 2.07 +/- 0.26 micrograms/h, and of PC transfer, assessed by vesicle phosphatidylcholine content, from 49.7 +/- 12 to 57.3 +/- 12 micrograms/mg protein per h (P less than 0.05). There was no significant transfer of N-(lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl)dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (N-Rh-PE). In the absence of hormone, the amount of NBD-PC transferred to brush-border membrane vesicles prepared from normal rats was significantly greater than that transferred to brush-border membrane vesicles prepared from vitamin D-deficient animals (2.12 +/- 0.02 vs. 1.39 +/- 0.27 micrograms of NBD-PC/h, P less than 0.05). Both physiologic and pharmacologic concentrations of 1,25(OH)2D3 stimulated NBD-PC transfer with maximum response at 10(-14) M (2.98 +/- 0.15 micrograms/h). 24,25 Dihydroxycholecalciferol and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D3) also stimulated transfer, although dose-response curves were less effective than for 1,25(OH)2D3. Cortisol and vitamin D-3 did not stimulate transfer. 1,25(OH)2D3 did not stimulate NBD-PC transfer between liposome populations. PMID- 3754769 TI - Purification and characterization of two glycoproteins from oligodendroglial plasma membranes. AB - Two major glycoproteins of 99 kDa and 77 kDa have been purified from oligodendroglial plasma membranes. These two glycoproteins exhibit intense binding to the lectin, wheat germ agglutinin. The 99-kDa and 77-kDa glycoproteins were purified by Sephadex LH-60 chromatography, wheat germ agglutinin affinity chromatography and SDS-polyacrylamide pore gradient gel electrophoresis. Re electrophoresis of excised gel slices containing the two glycoproteins demonstrated their apparent homogeneity. The isoelectric points of the 99-kDa and 77-kDa glycoproteins were 6.15 and 6.00, respectively. Peptide mapping revealed structural differences between the two glycoproteins. Lectin binding studies with radiolabeled succinylated wheat germ agglutinin demonstrated that the binding of the 99-kDa and 77-kDa glycoproteins to wheat germ agglutinin was due to N-acetyl D-glucosamine residues in the oligosaccharide side-chains. PMID- 3754770 TI - Inhibition of aspartate aminotransferase by D-hydrazinosuccinate: comparison with L-hydrazinosuccinate. AB - L-Hydrazinosuccinate has been reported to be a slow- and tight-binding inhibitor of aspartate aminotransferase (L-aspartate: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.1) and to interact with the enzyme via a reaction of two consecutive steps. The present work examined the effects of D-hydrazinosuccinate on the same enzyme for comparison. D-Hydrazinosuccinate showed a potent inhibition in a slow-binding manner: transamination became slower with time when the reaction was initiated by the addition of enzyme to a mixture of the assay components and D hydrazinosuccinate, while the reaction was initially very slow and became faster with time when the enzyme was preincubated with the inhibitor before the initiation of reaction. Analysis of the time-course of interaction of the enzyme with D-hydrazinosuccinate suggested a reversible single-step reaction mechanism and gave an inhibition constant of approx. 3 nM, in contrast to the two-step mechanism, and a much lower inhibition constant of 0.2 nM for L hydrazinosuccinate. Comparison of the rate constants for the reaction steps in the interaction of the enzyme with D- and L-enantiomers confirmed that the difference in the reaction mechanism was mainly responsible for the stronger inhibition by the L-enantiomer. Spectral studies showed that D- and L hydrazinosuccinate both produced complexes with the enzyme probably in the form of aldimine, and thereafter only the complex with L-hydrazinosuccinate further changed to another species more slowly, consistent with the two-step mechanism. The configuration of the hydrazino group is therefore crucial for the conversion of aldimine complexes to more tightly bound complexes. PMID- 3754771 TI - Detection of 4-hydroxynonenal and other lipid peroxidation products in the liver of bromobenzene-poisoned mice. AB - Lipid peroxidation in cellular membranes leads to the formation of toxic aldehydes. One product provided with particular reactivity has been identified as 4-hydroxynonenal and thoroughly studied as one of the possible mediators of the cellular injury induced by pro-oxidants. In the present study we have searched for the presence of 4-hydroxynonenal and other lipid peroxidation products in the liver of bromobenzene-poisoned mice, since under this experimental condition the level of lipid peroxidation is much greater than in the case of CCl4 or BrCCl3 hepatotoxicity. 4-Hydroxynonenal was looked for in liver extracts as either free aldehyde or its 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone derivative. In both cases, by means of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-pressure liquid chromatography, a well resolved peak corresponding to the respective standards (free aldehyde or 2,4 dinitrophenylhydrazone derivative) was obtained. Total carbonyls present in the liver of intoxicated animals were detected as 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone derivatives. The hydrazones were pre-separated by TLC into three fractions according to different polarity (polar, non-polar, fraction I, and non-polar, fraction II). The amounts of carbonyls present in each fraction were determined by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. 'Non-polar carbonyls, fraction II' were further fractionated by TLC. The fraction containing alkanals and alk-2-enals was analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography and several aldehydes were identified. In addition, protein bound carbonyls were determined in the liver of bromobenzene-treated mice. The biological implications of the finding of 4 hydroxynonenal and other carbonyls in vivo in an experimental model of hepatotoxicity are discussed. PMID- 3754773 TI - A classroom demonstration using a microcomputer to monitor electrocardiograms. PMID- 3754772 TI - 31P-NMR spectra of methanogens: 2,3-cyclopyrophosphoglycerate is detectable only in methanobacteria strains. AB - The unique compound 2,3-cyclopyrophosphoglycerate occurs at a detectable concentration in the genera Methanobacterium and Methanobrevibacter but not in Methanococcus, Methanospirillum and Methanosarcina, as shown by a 31P-NMR survey of several different methanogens. Metabolic poisons (carbonyl cyanide m chlorophenylhydrazone and valinomycin) do not decrease the level of the cyclic pyrophosphate in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum; therefore, it cannot be a phosphagen, i.e., an energy storage material. 13CO2 is rapidly incorporated into this cyclic compound which represents the major soluble carbon as well as the phosphorus component of this methanobacteria. 13C-NMR analysis demonstrates that the pKa of the 2,3-cyclopyrophosphoglycerate carboxyl group is 2.55. The unusual pseudomurein cell wall structure of methano- and methanobrevibacteria necessitates a high demand on carbohydrate metabolism. For this reason, and the fact that when its concentration is decreased no new phosphorus resonances appear in the high resolution spectra, it is suggested that 2,3 cyclopyrophosphoglycerate has a function in carbohydrate metabolism. PMID- 3754774 TI - A portable MC68000-based data acquisition system. PMID- 3754775 TI - Method for determining slow component velocity of nystagmus waveforms. PMID- 3754776 TI - SAVVY: a FORTH-based database management tool for medicine. PMID- 3754777 TI - Cutting across company boundaries to transfer waveform data. PMID- 3754778 TI - Effect of alterations in lipid packing order by hydrophobic solutes on the association state of protein assemblies in model membranes. AB - The effects of two hydrophobic solutes which perturb lipid packing order, permethrin and allethrin, on the aggregated state of a lipid membrane incorporated protein, bacteriorhodopsin (BR), have been determined by resonance energy transfer measurements. As temperature is increased from well below the main gel-fluid phase transition temperature (Tc) of the lipid, patches of aggregated BR dissociate into monomers, a few degrees below the Tc (M.P. Heyn, A. Blume, M. Rehorek and N.A. Dencher, Biochemistry 20 (1981) 7109; M.P. Heyn, R.J. Cherry and N.A. Dencher, Biochemistry 20 (1981) 840). Permethrin and allethrin were found to cause a decrease in the temperature of BR disaggregation which was associated with a decrease in the Tc of the lipid. In gel phase dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine at 25 degrees C, the pertubing effects of permethrin on lipid packing order were associated with a decrease in the average patch radius from 123 to 33 A. It is concluded that perturbation of lipid packing order by small hydrophobic molecules may alter the stability of protein assemblies in membranes. PMID- 3754779 TI - Pharmacological analysis of the inhibition by pirenzepine and atropine of vagal stimulated acid secretion in the isolated stomach of the mouse. AB - The muscarinic receptors involved in the vagal stimulation of gastric acid secretion in the mouse isolated stomach assay have been examined by analysing the effects of pirenzepine and atropine on fully-defined frequency-effect curves. Both atropine and pirenzepine produced concentration-dependent inhibition of vagal-stimulated acid secretion in a manner consistent with a model describing competitive antagonism of endogenous acetylcholine, which was assumed to be released by vagal stimulation. The results obtained are quite compatible with the hypothesis that vagal stimulation involves muscarinic receptors which are homogeneous with those previously found on histamine and oxyntic cells in the mouse stomach assay. These results find no evidence for muscarinic receptor heterogeneity and reinforce the hypothesis that the selectivity of pirenzepine in vivo relative to atropine is due to the loss of atropine into the gastric secretion. PMID- 3754780 TI - Alterations in nociception following lesions of the A5 catecholamine nucleus. AB - Neurons located in the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM), a region important in the control of nociception, appear to be tonically inhibited by noradrenergic (NA) neurons. Anatomical studies have suggested that the A5 catecholamine nucleus may be the primary source of noradrenergic neurons whose terminals are located in the NRM. The purpose of the present study was to examine the role of A5 neurons in the modulation of nociception. Bilateral electrolytic lesions of the A5 nuclei produced a marked and long lasting antinociception as assessed by both the tail flick and hot-plate tests. Unilateral A5 lesions also produced a long-lasting elevation in hot-plate latency, but the elevation of tail-flick latency was smaller in magnitude and was only observed one day following the lesion. This finding is consistent with previous studies which have shown that blockade of the NA input to the NRM by the microinjection of NA antagonists also produces antinociception. These data indicate that neurons located in the A5 nucleus may be the origin of this NA projection to the NRM. The elevation in tail-flick latency observed following A5 lesions was significantly attenuated by the intrathecal injection of either the NA antagonist phentolamine or the serotonergic antagonist methysergide. However, the elevation in hot-plate latency was not significantly altered by these monoaminergic antagonists. Similarly, previous studies have shown that the elevation in tail-flick, but not hot-plate latency, produced by the microinjection of NA antagonists in the NRM is attenuated by the intrathecal injection of either phentolamine or methysergide.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3754781 TI - Effect of depletion of spinal cord norepinephrine on morphine-induced antinociception. AB - We studied whether antinociception produced by injection of morphine into the nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis (NRPG) or by superfusion onto the spinal cord involved norepinephrine (NE)-containing neurons that descend from brainstem into the spinal cord. Spinal cord NE concentrations were depleted with the neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine, and antinociception was measured following morphine injection into NRPG or onto spinal cord. Depletion of cord NE by approximately 90% did not attenuate the antinociceptive effect of either 2 or 10 micrograms of morphine injected intrathecally. In contrast, the depletion did significantly attenuate the antinociceptive effect of 2.5 micrograms morphine injected bilaterally into the NRPG. These results suggest that NE-containing neurons descending from brainstem nuclei into the spinal cord are not important in the analgesia produced by injecting morphine directly onto the spinal cord but may be involved with analgesia produced by morphine injection into the NRPG. PMID- 3754782 TI - Interrelationship between central bradykinin and vasopressin in conscious rats. AB - Intracerebroventricular administration of bradykinin (1, 5 and 20 micrograms) into conscious rats resulted in significant dose-dependent increases in the plasma vasopressin concentration, mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate. Peripheral blockade of the pressor action of vasopressin with a vasopressin pressor antagonist (10 micrograms/kg, i.v.) did not cause an attenuation but rather a potentiation and prolongation of the pressor effects of central bradykinin (20 micrograms). Central administration of the vasopressin antagonist (150 ng) caused no peripheral blockade of the pressor effects of exogenous i.v. vasopressin but almost abolished the bradykinin-induced tachycardia, with little effect on the pressor effects of central bradykinin (20 micrograms). The results indicate that centrally administered bradykinin stimulates vasopressin release into the plasma and that central vasopressin may modulate the cardiovascular actions of central bradykinin. PMID- 3754783 TI - Short-term nerve stimulation increases enkephalin production and content in the guinea pig myenteric plexus. AB - Methionine-enkephalin content in the guinea pig myenteric plexus was determined before and after acute, short-term electrical or chemical stimulation. Stimulation at 20 Hz for 30 s or exposure to high potassium, the calcium channel agonist, CGP28 392, or the narcotic antagonist, (-)-naloxone, resulted in a significant increase in the content of myenteric methionine-enkephalin. The increase produced by electrical stimulation is dependent upon functional sodium channels and the presence of extracellular calcium. These results indicate that tissue levels of enkephalin are not fixed but can fluctuate in response to nerve stimulation and suggest a mechanism whereby the rate of production of this opioid peptide is coupled to neuronal activity. Furthermore, the ability of (-)-naloxone but not (+)-naloxone to almost double myenteric enkephalin content suggests that the neurons in which this increase occurs are under tonic modulation (direct or indirect) by opioids. PMID- 3754784 TI - The inferior olive of Saimiri sciureus: olivocerebellar projections to the anterior lobe. AB - Olivocerebellar projections to lobules IV and V of the anterior lobe of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) cerebellum were studied using a wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (WGA-HRP). Placements of WGA-HRP in the cerebellar cortex, labeled neurons in different subgroups of the contralateral inferior olive depending on the position of the injection site. Injections in medial aspects of lobules IV and V labeled cells in subgroups a and b of the caudal medial accessory olive (MAO) and in the lateral dorsal accessory olive. Rostral parts of subgroup a of MAO and medial dorsal accessory olive contained labeled neurons when injections were made in intermediate areas of the cerebellar cortex. Subsequent to involvement of more lateral parts of lobules IV and V, labeled cells were found in the dorsal lamella and lateral bend of the principal olive. When the position and size of injection sites were compared to distribution of retrogradely labeled olivary somata, it was clear that zones A, B, C1, C2, C3 and D were present in lobules IV and V of squirrel monkey. The general pattern of olivary labeling in this study is similar to that reported for other species. PMID- 3754785 TI - Effect of chronic exposure to methylxanthines on diazepam cerebral binding in female rats and their offsprings. AB - Caffeine, theophylline or saline were injected daily into female rats during the gestation and lactation periods. Crude synaptosomal membranes were isolated from the brains of offsprings at various stages of development and their ability to specifically bind [3H]diazepam was tested. An other approach consisted of injecting [3H]diazepam into offsprings and cerebral specifically bound diazepam was measured. It was shown that methylxanthines were able to inhibit [3H]diazepam binding by reducing total number of binding sites in the brain of 5- and 15-day old rats born from treated mothers, with a total recovery of control values at 25 days of age. Moreover, in vivo percentage of cerebral bound diazepam dramatically fell when rats were exposed to methylxanthines in utero and through the mother's milk. Since caffeine and theophylline displace diazepam binding not necessarily in a competitive manner, it is suggested that they could interfere with diazepam as adenosine antagonists. PMID- 3754786 TI - Sexual abuse and sexually transmitted disease in children. PMID- 3754787 TI - Drug sensitivity and cross-resistance of the 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m anisidide-resistant subline of HL-60 human leukemia. AB - A subline of the HL-60 leukemia resistant to 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m anisidide (HL-60/AMSA) was developed by intermittent long-term in vitro treatment. Resistance to 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide remained unchanged after 180 doublings in the absence of the drug, suggesting a stable phenotypic alteration. The pattern of cross-resistance of HL-60/AMSA was evaluated for a spectrum of antileukemic agents using the clonogenic assay. Modest cross-resistance to doxorubicin (Adriamycin) was observed in the resistant subline on continuous exposure to the drug for 8 to 9 days; however, HL-60/AMSA cells retained their sensitivity to doxorubicin following short-term exposure for 60 min. HL-60/AMSA was also sensitive to the anthracycline aclacinomycin, Vinca alkaloids, and alkylating agents. Furthermore, enhanced sensitivity to 1-beta-D arabinofuranosylcytosine was observed. The subline was cross-resistant to etoposide. PMID- 3754788 TI - Circumvention of deficient activation in mitomycin C-resistant human colonic carcinoma cells by the mitomycin C analogue BMY25282. AB - BMY25282, a newly designed analogue of mitomycin C (MMC) with the substitution of an amidine group at position 7 of MMC, can circumvent MMC resistance in a series of human colonic carcinoma cells that were selected for resistance to MMC (J.K.V. Willson et al., Cancer Res., 45:5281-5286, 1985). In this study MMC resistance was found to be associated with an inability of the resistant cells to activate MMC. However, both the MMC-sensitive and -resistant cells were observed to metabolize BMY25282 extensively in vitro to a reactive species capable of alkylating 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)pyridine (a trapping agent for activated drug). The results of these studies suggested that the deficient cellular reductive activating mechanism was associated with MMC resistance and that analogue BMY25282 was able to overcome this deficiency in MMC-resistant cells by virtue of its enhanced activation. PMID- 3754789 TI - Incorporation of alpha-1-antichymotrypsin into carcinoma cell nuclei of human stomach adenocarcinoma transplanted into nude mice. AB - Human stomach adenocarcinomas containing alpha-1-antichymotrypsin (ACT) in their cell nuclei were transplanted into nude mice. The presence of ACT was monitored using an immunohistochemical technique with horseradish peroxidase-labeled rabbit anti-ACT Fab' as well as single radial immunodiffusion. Two weeks after transplantation, ACT could be found neither in transplanted carcinoma cells nor in the sera of carcinoma-bearing nude mice. However, if human ACT was injected i.v., it could be detected in the transplanted carcinoma cell nuclei 2 h after injection. The ACT was detected immunohistochemically and was confirmed by biochemical fractionation using 125I-labeled ACT. On the other hand, the amount of ACT production was not sufficient to indicate biosynthesis. These results demonstrated that ACT detected in stomach carcinoma cell nuclei was not synthesized in carcinoma cells but was incorporated from the blood circulation. PMID- 3754791 TI - Cardiovascular effects associated with antidiuretic activity of vasopressin after blockade of its vasoconstrictor action in dehydrated dogs. AB - In view of our previous findings that a specific antidiuretic (V2) agonist, 4 valine-8-D-arginine vasopressin, acutely increased cardiac output and heart rate in dogs, we examined the hypothesis that interaction with V2-like receptors might contribute to the hemodynamic response seen after blockade of the vasoconstrictor (V1) effect of arginine-vasopressin in dehydrated dogs. After 48 hours of water restriction which increased plasma vasopressin to 10.6 +/- 2.0 pg/ml, the V1 antagonist 1-(beta-mercapto-beta,beta-cyclopentamethylene propionic acid) 2-(O methyl)tyrosine arginine-vasopressin, 10 micrograms/kg, was injected intravenously into six conscious dogs, and the combined V1 + V2 antagonist 1 (beta-mercapto-beta,beta,cyclopentamethylene propionic acid) 2-(O-ethyl)-D tyrosine, 4-valine arginine-vasopressin, 10 micrograms/kg, was administered to another six dogs. Mean arterial pressure, cardiac output (electromagnetic flowmeter), and regional blood flows (radioactive microspheres) were measured before and 20-30 minutes after antagonist administration. Mean arterial pressure did not change significantly in either instance. Cardiac output increased by 31.0 +/- 7.1% after V1 blockade, but by only 10.8 +/- 2.1% following V1 + V2 blockade. Blood flow increased significantly and to a similar extent in the skin, the skeletal muscles, and the fat following both antagonists. Conversely, kidney, arterial liver, and bone blood flow increased only after V1 blockade. In six additional, normally hydrated conscious dogs, it was shown that the V1 + V2 antagonist had no significant hemodynamic effects, a finding previously established for the V1 antagonist. The V1 + V2 antagonist completely prevented the hemodynamic effects associated with administration of the V2 agonist 4-valine 8-D-arginine vasopressin, 200 ng/kg, whereas the V1 antagonist did not. Both antagonists had similar effects on the hemodynamic changes induced by nitroprusside infusion, namely a potentiation of the blood pressure lowering action. These results suggest that part of the hemodynamic response to blockade of the vasoconstrictor action of vasopressin in dehydration is caused by unmasking cardiovascular effects linked to the antidiuretic activity of the arginine-vasopressin molecule. PMID- 3754790 TI - Isolation of the bovine and human genes for Mullerian inhibiting substance and expression of the human gene in animal cells. AB - We have isolated the bovine and human genes for Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS), a testicular glycoprotein that causes regression of the Mullerian duct during development of the male embryo. The mRNA sequence of bovine MIS, determined from an analysis of cDNA and genomic clones, codes for a protein of 575 amino acids containing a 24 amino acid leader peptide. The human gene has five exons that code for a protein of 560 amino acids. A comparison of the bovine and human MIS proteins reveals a highly conserved C-terminal domain that shows marked homology with human transforming growth factor-beta and the beta chain of porcine inhibin. Animal cells transfected with the human gene secrete biologically active MIS, which causes regression of the rat Mullerian duct in vitro. PMID- 3754792 TI - Thyroid screening of neonates without use of radioactivity: evaluation of time resolved fluoroimmunoassay of thyrotropin. AB - We evaluated the usefulness, in routine newborn screening for congenital hypothyroidism, of a time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay kit (DELFIA Neonatal TSH) for the determination of thyrotropin (TSH) in dried blood spots. A total of 11 531 dried blood samples from newborns were tested in parallel in each of two Swiss screening laboratories, by RIA and DELFIA. Six cases of confirmed congenital hypothyroidism were detected during the study period. The rate of false-positive results, after single TSH determination in the DELFIA assay, was 0.16%. Correlation of RIA and DELFIA results for TSH was very good in both laboratories (0.959 and 0.97, respectively). The new method fulfills the criteria for precision and sensitivity of a screening assay. Screening results are usually available the day after the sample arrives in the laboratory, thus favoring early diagnosis and allowing treatment to begin by the seventh or eighth postnatal day. PMID- 3754793 TI - Monitoring response to therapy in glutaric aciduria by liquid chromatography. PMID- 3754794 TI - Use of pooled human serum in the standardization process of the serum fructosamine determination for the estimation of glycosylated serum proteins. PMID- 3754795 TI - Influence of monensin on fertility in rats. AB - Monensin was given orally to female rats at two dose levels (1.75 and 3.50 mg/kg body weight) over the period of 9-17 days of pregnancy where organogenesis of fetuses occur. The dams were killed on the nineteenth day of gestation and their fetuses were subjected to morphological, visceral and skeletal examination. The small dose of monensin increased the number of resorbed and dead fetuses and induced marked retardation in growth of viable fetuses, but visceral or skeletal defects in these fetuses were not seen. Large doses produced fetal resorption in all dams and no viable fetuses were delivered. Prolonged oral administration of monensin in male rats for 60 successive days at two dose levels, decreased the conception rate in non-treated females (mated with treated males) to 33.3% and 0% for the small and large doses, respectively. Both doses markedly decreased the weights of testicles, epididymides and seminal vesicles. The small dose of monensin caused oligospermia, whereas the large dose induced azospermia. Both doses decreased the activity of spermatogenic epithelium and caused degeneration in germ cells after histopathological examination of the testicles. It is concluded that monensin given during pregnancy to female rats is fetotoxic and when administered chronically to male rats, causes damage to the reproductive organs. The delayed effects of this drug are especially prominent. PMID- 3754796 TI - A graphical method for the analysis of decisions in clinical oncology. AB - A technique is proposed for the graphical analysis of clinical decision making. This technique has been applied to two problems in clinical oncology: the respective roles of surgery and radiotherapy in early carcinoma of the larynx; and the assessment of the optimal management policy for patients with clinical Stage I teratoma of the testis. The technique is simple to apply, it could be developed to incorporate patients' preferences and draws attention to the lack of data on treatment-related morbidity. PMID- 3754797 TI - Evidence for extrarenal metabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in man. AB - Metabolites of vitamin D3 were measured in the circulation of four patients on chronic haemodialysis (three of whom were surgically anephric) before and during daily ingestion of 40 000 i.u. of cholecalciferol. Circulating 24,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 [24,25-(OH)2D3] was measurable, but abnormally low before treatment; its circulating concentration rose in a substrate dependent manner when serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OHD3) increased, but the response was reduced when compared with the normal relationship. Serum 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25 (OH)2D3] and calcidiol lactone (25-OHD3-lactone) were consistently unmeasurable in sera from these patients before administration of cholecalciferol. However, when serum 25-OHD3 rose with treatment, 1,25-(OH)2D3 became detectable in the sera of three of the four patients and 25-OHD3-lactone could be measured in all of them. These data indicate that extrarenal sites of synthesis of 24,25-(OH)2D3, 25-OHD3-lactone and 1,25-(OH)2D3 exist in chronically dialysed patients but require large amounts of substrate to be significant. PMID- 3754798 TI - Thinking may be more than computing. PMID- 3754799 TI - Logistic curve fitting and parameter estimation using nonlinear noniterative least-squares regression analysis. AB - A microcomputer program has been developed for the fitting of the logistic curve to biological, medical, and other experimental data. In addition to supplying estimates for all of the logistic curve parameters, the program provides the fitted result for each input datum thus allowing for the immediate assessment of the logistic curve and detection of possible outliers. PMID- 3754800 TI - Detection and characterization of peaks and estimation of instantaneous secretory rate for episodic pulsatile hormone secretion. AB - We have developed a new computer program for detection of "peaks" in sequential hormone measurements in longitudinal studies of episodic hormone secretion. The program provides: (a) several statistically based approaches to the estimation of the random measurement error as a function of hormone level; (b) peak detection based on analysis of first derivatives with logic that has been optimized for asymmetrical peaks with exponential decays; (c) several approaches to the estimation of tolerances for the first and second derivatives; (d) a sensitive curve-fitting approach, to distinguish between upstrokes, exponential decays, and flat baselines; (e) ability to detect multiple overlapping peaks; (f) analysis of "robustness" by systematically varying the threshold around the most-likely value; (g) superimposition of detected peaks, to evaluate "average peak shape"; (h) analysis of the "decay rate," to obtain an estimate of the disappearance rate constant and half-life; (i) use of a "discrete deconvolution" approach, to solve for the apparent instantaneous rate of secretion, and provision of an error analysis to obtain estimates of the precision of these derived values; and (j) correlation with other relevant series as a means of cross validating. The program has been tested extensively on real and synthetic data, and appears to perform well. The frequency of "false positive" peaks can be held at any desired low level, and can be prevented from increasing as sampling frequency increases. The number of arbitrary assumptions, approximations, or thresholds is held to an absolute minimum. These methods are natural, logical, and follow from first principles of statistics. PMID- 3754801 TI - Spectral estimation of temporal series at unequal intervals. AB - Many biological variables present rhythmic oscillations at different frequencies. Most common techniques, which statistically characterize temporal series and permit the study of these rhythms, require equidistant sampling. However, it is not always possible to register at regular intervals many of the variables under study, either because of the nature of the phenomenon which generates them or because of the difficulty in obtaining the samples. This paper proposes a method for spectral estimation by means of fitting to the cosine functions of sampled variables using a nonuniform point process. PMID- 3754802 TI - An algorithm to manage variable-length records for highly portable clinical data base systems. AB - An algorithm to archive patient data at free size in disk storage is presented. A record, assumed to be a character string such as an ASCII-coded text, is compressed and divided into fixed-length blocks. One block consists of a data field and a pointer field, and the blocks comprising a record are chained with pointers forwardly. A head pointer of each record is sequentially saved on a separate file. The data compression is performed as follows: if the same character code appears more than twice in succession, we count the number of the repetitions and save it with initial two characters. The algorithms for fetching, re-saving, and purging a record are also presented. These were implemented in FORTRAN77 and tested for performance using a practical patient data file. As the algorithm allows highly flexible record manipulation and can easily be implemented in conventional programming languages, it will make a useful tool for constructing a portable data base management system. PMID- 3754804 TI - Use of a computer program for contact clinic results. AB - We describe the use of a database program for a microcomputer in the storage and analysis of data collected in a contact dermatitis clinic. This system facilitated the analysis of large numbers of patient details, and permitted specified patient groups to be studied in depth. The program was easy to use and could be tailored to local requirements. PMID- 3754803 TI - A new software correction approach to volume averaging artifacts in CT. AB - The nature of artifacts in computed tomography, due to nonlinear partial volume effects, is briefly reviewed. A methodology for correction of these artifacts proposed. This methodology utilizes a correction algorithm for post-processing the original reconstructed CT image. The algorithm utilizes local CT values to predict the probability of volume averaging of bone, air and tissue, and incorporates information from the original image on the spatial extent of the averaging, to correct the nonlinear effects. The algorithm is successfully demonstrated on mathematical phantoms, wherein volume averaging can be introduced over central targets and/or peripheral annuli of tissue, bone, and air. The algorithm is also demonstrated on actual CT brain scans but only for its qualitative effects. It is pointed out that higher order corrections, to be reported in future publications, will further correct the actual clinical scans. PMID- 3754805 TI - The cochlear implant: an overview. PMID- 3754806 TI - Tinea corporis overlying the thyroid gland after radioiodine (131I) treatment of Graves' disease. AB - A case of tinea corporis involving the skin overlying the thyroid gland is described in a 36-year-old man who had received radioiodine treatment for Graves' disease. The dermatophytosis mimicked a delayed roentgen erythema. Radiation to the dermis may have locally altered the cell-mediated immunity and predisposed this patient to the dermatophytosis. PMID- 3754807 TI - Talc: need we beware? PMID- 3754808 TI - An improved method for in situ nick translation of human chromosomes with biotin 11-labelled dUTP detected by biotinylated alkaline phosphatase. AB - Nick translation of the DNA of conventionally prepared human metaphase chromosomes using DNase I and biotin dUTP combined with streptavidin-phosphatase detection assay produced a banding-like appearance. This pattern seems to be due to differences in DNase I sensitivity along the chromosomes. The Y chromosome could be clearly distinguished from the other chromosomes because of its intensely dark labelled heterochromatic region. In addition to DNase I concentration, hypotonic treatment seems to be an important methodological factor influencing band resolution. Together with recently published similar methods these results indicate that in situ nick translation using biotinylated nucleotides may develop into a useful technique to overcome several problems of human cytogenetics. PMID- 3754809 TI - Different modes of action of sodium arsenite, 3-aminobenzamide, and caffeine on the enhancement of ethyl methanesulfonate clastogenicity. AB - Chromosomal aberrations induced by ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) in Chinese hamster ovary cells were potentiated by subsequent exposure to sodium arsenite (AS), 3-aminobenzamide (3AB), or caffeine (CAF). The coclastogenicity of AS was most evident when this drug was applied for 3 or 6 h immediately after EMS was removed, whereas caffeine acted primarily after 12-18 h. The coclastogenicity of 3AB was not stage dependent. AS and 3AB increased chromatid exchanges more than chromatid breaks, whereas caffeine mainly increased chromatid breaks. Thus the coclastogenicities of AS, 3AB, and CAF differ in their time of action and the types of aberrations they potentiate. PMID- 3754810 TI - Primary malignant lymphoma of the anorectum in homosexual men. AB - Two homosexual men presented with primary malignant lymphomas of the anorectum. Each patient presented with a painful mass, diagnosed by biopsy and immunologic cell marker studies. One patient, who had a reversed T4/T8 cell ratio, developed a local relapse of the tumor 11 months after radiotherapy, and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. The other patient, with a normal T4/T8 ratio, remained lymphoma-free and without evidence of opportunistic infection 25 months after combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Anorectal pathologic findings in homosexual men includes proctitis, inflammatory stricture, fissure, or anal warts. Malignant anorectal diseases, such as Kaposi's sarcoma, and cloacogenic or squamous cell carcinomas have been described in homosexual men. Primary malignant lymphoma of the anorectum is rare in both the homosexual and general populations. PMID- 3754811 TI - [Results with the use of the M-2 protocol in plasmacytoma]. AB - 99 patients with multiple myeloma were treated over a period of 6 1/2 years; 62 of these were initially treated with vincristine, carmustine, cyclophosphamide, melphalan and prednisone: M 2-Protocol. Response to this therapy was assessed after three therapy cycles had been completed, which had been given at intervals of 5-6 weeks. In patients responding to the therapy, treatment was continued until a maximum regression of the paraproteins was achieved. By the end of May 1985, the data of 52 patients could be evaluated, in 31 (60%) of whom remission was observed. Median survival time of all patients was 27 months. In 18 patients with "complete" remission the median has not yet been reached after 40 months. In 13 patients with partial remission, the median survival time was 36 months. In patients with complete remission, the median remission period was 26.5 months, in patients with partial remission 13.9 months. PMID- 3754812 TI - Spectral studies on structure-activity relationships of thromboxane synthase inhibitors. AB - Thromboxane A2 synthase is a cytochrome P450-type enzyme and its interaction with imidazole or pyridine-based inhibitors could be studied by absolute and difference spectroscopy with the solubilized as well as the purified enzyme. Nitrogenous bases shift the 418-nm Soret absorption by 4-6 nm to the red and among them the best inhibitors of enzyme activity showed a stoichiometric binding to the enzyme. The structural and energetic prerequisites for such high binding affinities were primarily the liganding of the basic nitrogen to the hemin but also the attachment of a hydrophobic carboxylic side chain to the active site at an about 1 nm distance from the nitrogen. In addition, the side chain seemed to be oriented almost parallel to the plane of the heme. If this geometry was changed, a decrease in affinity was observed and if the ligand binding was sterically hindered, a spectral shift to a five-coordinated complex absorbing at 390 nm occurred. This is best explained by the displacement of an endogenous oxygen ligand, presumably water, from the sixth coordination position of the heme. From these results it can be concluded that the inhibitors mimic the binding of prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) with its carboxylic group at the carboxyl side chain and the endoperoxide oxygen atom at C9 as previously reported. The methyl side chain of PGH2 does not seem to play a role in the formation of the enzyme substrate complex. PMID- 3754813 TI - Identification and characterization of the mRNA for major storage proteins from radish. AB - Precursors for radish storage proteins were identified by immunoprecipitation of cell-free protein-synthesis products. The 12S globulin polypeptides (21,000 33,000 Mr) are made from four larger precursors (47,500-60,000 Mr) and the 1.7 S albumin polypeptides (7,000-12,000 Mr) are synthesized as eight products of Mr about 20,000. From a cDNA library, several clones have been identified, using heterologous cDNA probes for rapeseed cruciferin and napin, and two of them (pAE10 and pBA3) used to hybrid-select the corresponding mRNA. The napin cDNA clone selects all translation products immunoprecipitated by anti-napin antibodies whereas the cruciferin clone selects only one polypeptide among the four recognized by 12S antibodies. The 12S globulin and the 1.7S albumin message sizes were estimated to be 1950 and 800 nucleotides respectively. Experiments carried out with mRNA populations from different maturation stages suggest a sequential gene expression for the two major storage protein families. In addition two napin subfamilies can be distinguished by their expression pattern. In dry seed, napin mRNA is not detectable and the amount of cruciferin mRNA decreased considerably so that it no longer represents a major fraction of dry seed mRNA. PMID- 3754814 TI - The enantiomers of the dihydropyridine derivative H 160/51 show opposite effects of stimulation and inhibition. AB - H 160/51 is a calcium agonistic 1,4-dihydropyridine. Its optical isomers were now found to have opposing actions in the cat papillary muscle and rat portal vein. The inhibitory (+)-enantiomer had potencies of the same order as those of the stimulatory (-)-enantiomer. However the racemate and the (-)-enantiomer had approximately the same potencies and intrinsic activities. A model is presented to account for the fact that the effects of the inhibitory (+)-enantiomer can be concealed in the effects of the racemate of H 160/51. PMID- 3754815 TI - Dicyclomine, benzhexol and oxybutynine distinguish between subclasses of muscarinic binding sites. AB - The interactions of various unlabelled antimuscarinic drugs with the muscarinic receptors in the cerebral cortex, heart and urinary bladder were studied by a receptor binding technique, using (-)[3H]QNB as radioligand. In contrast to the other drugs examined, dicyclomine, benzhexol, oxybutynine and pirenzepine were bound with a significantly higher affinity in the cortex than in the heart and bladder. Furthermore, not only pirenzepine, but also dicyclomine and benzhexol were capable of distinguishing between two populations of muscarinic binding sites in the cortex. The low affinity sites for these drugs in the cortex were characterised by dissociation constants which were similar to those determined in the heart and the bladder, respectively. It was concluded that dicyclomine and benzhexol, like pirenzepine, are selective antagonists at the putative M1 receptor. Oxybutynine exhibited the same affinity profile but the tissue selectivity of this drug was less pronounced. PMID- 3754816 TI - Autoradiographic distribution of muscarinic [3H]acetylcholine receptors in rat brain: comparison with antagonists. PMID- 3754817 TI - Platelet activating factor-induced ischemic bowel necrosis: the effect of PAF antagonists. AB - We have reported a model of ischemic bowel necrosis produced in the rat by injecting platelet activating factor (PAF) or PAF with bacterial endotoxin (LPS) into the mesenteric vasculature. In the present study, we examined the protecting effects of three PAF antagonists, i.e. (R,S)-3-[2-[(2 octadecylaminocarbonyloxymethyltetrahydro-2-fura nylmethoxy) hydroxyphosphinyloxy]-ethyl]-thiazolium hydroxide inner salt 4-oxide (SRI 63 072), (+/-)-3-[4-[3-octadecylaminocarbonyloxy-2-methoxy)-propoxy]-butyl] thiazolium bromide (SRI 63-119) and 1-O-hexadecyl-2RS-O-ethyl-3-O -(7 thiazolinoheptyl)-glycerol-methanesulfonate (ONO-6240), on PAF-induced bowel necrosis. The antagonists were injected into the vein 10 min before PAF. Two microgram of PAF or 20 micrograms LPS with 1 microgram of PAF were injected into the aorta above the renal arteries. The parameters assessed included blood pressure, hematocrit, white blood cell count, extent of bowel perfusion and microscopic changes of the bowel. We found that SRI 63-072 (3 mg/kg), SRI 63-119 (3 mg/kg) and ONO-6240 (2 mg/kg) significantly improved the initial hypotension, hemoconcentration and leukopenia caused by PAF. All three drugs also corrected the sustained hypotension and hypoperfusion and gross lesions of the bowel, although microscopic examination still revealed focal mild lesions. SRI 63-072 was also active at a much lower dose (0.3 mg/kg). PMID- 3754818 TI - Tyramine-induced release of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in isolated rabbit intestine. AB - The effect of tyramine on the contractile activity of rabbit ileal segments was studied. Treatment with tyramine initiated a short-lived, fast contraction followed first by a relaxation then by a subsequent sustained contracture. Although the mechanism of the initial fast contraction remains obscure, the relaxation was abolished by the pretreatment with a combination of phentolamine and propranolol and the sustained contracture was blocked by neuropeptide Y (NPY) antiserum. The inhibitory effect of the NPY-antiserum was produced in a dose dependent manner. Thus, it is suggested that tyramine induced the release of NPY to initiate the subsequent sustained contracture. PMID- 3754819 TI - Acute reversible cataract induced by xylazine and by ketamine-xylazine anesthesia in rats and mice. AB - Combined administration of ketamine and xylazine is used increasingly for safe, effective anesthesia of small laboratory animals. We found that rats injected systemically with ketamine and xylazine at doses recommended for effective anesthesia developed acute reversible lens opacities. Mice given the same drug doses were similarly affected. Testing of each drug alone demonstrated that xylazine was the causative agent. The appearance of cataract was associated to varying degree with proptosis, suppression of the blink reflex, corneal surface drying, and mydriasis. All of these ocular effects, including cataract also could be induced locally by topical application of xylazine to one eye, with untreated contralateral eyes showing no drug effects. A possible cause of xylazine-induced transient lens opacification is trans-corneal water loss and alteration of aqueous humor composition due to corneal exposure. Additional action on aqueous humor formation and the lens itself may be due to the alpha-2-adrenoceptor nature of xylazine. Whatever the cause of cataract induction, the occurrence of this phenomenon during ketamine-xylazine anesthesia appears to be associated with marked changes in the physiological state of the eye. Therefore, the side-effects of anesthetic drug combination should be considered prior to its use on animals for studies of ocular physiology. PMID- 3754820 TI - Leishmania braziliensis: localization of glycoproteins in promastigotes. AB - Two species of glycoproteins from Leishmania braziliensis promastigotes of apparent molecular weights of 53,000 (glycoprotein 53) and 47,000 (glycoprotein 47) were localized. Four lectins with different sugar specificities bound to the blotting sheet to which the electrophoretically separated materials were transferred. Concanavalin A and Ricinus communis agglutinin bound to the band of glycoprotein 53 and the lectin from Dolichos biflorus bound to the band of glycoprotein 47. Wheat germ agglutinin bound to the bands of both glycoproteins. Histochemical examinations using fluorescence labeled lectins demonstrated that the glycoproteins 53 and 47 were located on the cell surface and in the cytoplasm of promastigotes, respectively. The results are consistent with the result of agglutination test. PMID- 3754821 TI - [Effect of thymalin on thrombocyte aggregation and the antiaggregation activity of the vascular wall in intact and thymectomized rats]. AB - Administration of immunomodulator thymalin to intact rats was shown to produce reduction of platelet aggregation ability and to exert no effect on antiaggregation activity of the aorta. Thymectomy resulted in an increase of platelet number and their aggregation ability and an increase of antiaggregation activity of the vessel wall in the rats. Thymalin administration to thymectomized rats normalizes platelet hemostasis parameters. The role of the thymus in the regulation of platelet hemostasis is discussed. PMID- 3754822 TI - Decrease in myosin light chain kinase activity of rabbit fast muscle by chronic stimulation. AB - Analysis of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) activity in tibialis anterior muscles of the rabbit revealed that chronic stimulation at a frequency of 10 Hz for 24 h per day reduced the enzyme activity in a time-dependent manner. Since fast twitch muscle contains significantly more myosin light chain kinase than slow twitch muscle, the observed reductions are consistent with the type of fast to-slow transformation observed for other type-specific muscle characteristics. The present data also indicate that the stimulation-induced decrease in MLCK activity precedes the fast-to-slow conversion of the myosin molecule as judged by pyrophosphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. PMID- 3754823 TI - Amino acid sequence of vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein from bovine cerebellum. AB - The amino acid sequence of vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein from bovine cerebellum has been determined. It is composed of 260 amino acid residues and its N-terminus is acetylated. The molecular mass is calculated to be 29 851 Da. The presence of six calcium-binding sites (I-VI) has been proposed, two of them (sites II and VI) have lost their calcium-binding function through amino acid replacements, and the other four are able to bind calcium. Six calcium binding domains are supposed to be derived from two gene duplications of the two ancestral calcium-binding domains. In comparison with the sequence of chick intestinal calcium-binding protein deduced from a cDNA sequence [(1985) Nucleic Acids Res. 13, 8867-8881], the bovine calcium-binding protein is two amino acid residues shorter at the N-terminus and the other parts show 78.5% identity. PMID- 3754825 TI - Biochemistry curriculum content questionnaire: a preliminary analysis. PMID- 3754824 TI - Ultrastructural localization of acid phosphatase in germ cells of chick embryo left ovary. AB - The ultracytochemical localization of acid phosphatase was studied in oogonia and oocytes of the chick embryo left ovary. The reaction products are evident in lysosomes of various types and, in some cells, in the GERL as well. Furthermore, from the onset of the meiotic prophase, the enzymatic reaction also appears in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Non-incubated sections of the same stages were observed, with the aim of identifying and describing the structure of the organelles, in particular lysosomes which appeared positive in incubated sections. The significance of the presence of the enzyme is discussed. PMID- 3754826 TI - Studies on the biosynthesis of ecdysone by the Y-organs of Carcinus maenas. AB - High specific activity tritiated ecdysone precursor, 2,22,25-trideoxyecdysone, was incubated with Y-organs from intermoult and premoult shore crabs. Several metabolites were identified among which ecdysone and 25-deoxyecdysone. The concomitant production of these 2 molecules by Y-organs and their subsequent hydroxylation at C-20 by peripheral tissues, provide an explanation for the presence of both 20-hydroxyecdysone and ponasterone A (25-deoxy-20 hydroxyecdysone) in the circulating haemolymph of crabs. PMID- 3754827 TI - The genetics of tasting in mice. IV. The acetates of raffinose, galactose and beta-lactose. PMID- 3754828 TI - A pilot study on cryotherapy and active retinopathy of prematurity. AB - Seventeen patients with symmetrical stage 3 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and plus disease were assign to cryotherapy in one eye. Treatment was confined to the avascular zone of retina. Twelve treated eyes (71%) improved and 10 untreated eyes (59%) became worse. However, in only five patients did the treated eye improve and the untreated eye become worse, a number too small to be statistically significant. PMID- 3754829 TI - Q-switched neodymium: YAG laser surgery of the vitreous. AB - Fifty-nine eyes underwent vitreous surgery (vitreolysis) with the Q-switched Nd: YAG laser. This was used to cut vitreoretinal bands and membranes in 16 eyes and to clear persistent vitreous opacities in 25 eyes. The use of appropriate specialized contact lenses and modification of the standard slit-lamp delivery system were essential for vitreous YAG laser surgery. Successful results occurred in eyes where the target tissues were located at distances greater than 2 mm from the crystalline lens and the retina. Vision was improved in 18 eyes, unchanged in 40 eyes, and worse in 1. Complications included focal opacities of the crystalline lens in 5 eyes, retinal holes with detachment in 1 eye, and minor retinal hemorrhages in 4. Methods of preventing complications are discussed. PMID- 3754830 TI - Modifications of the slit lamp for digital image processing of the anterior segment of the eye. AB - The Zeiss slit lamp has been modified in order to extend its use to measurements of lens transparency. Two major modifications have been introduced: (1) a support for a high-sensitivity TV camera that is connected to an image processing system; (2) two potentiometers for recording electrical signals proportional to the rotation angle of the slit-supporting arm with respect to the visual axis and the slit tilting angle. As a result, the slit lamp output consists of three signals; one TV signal for the images and two analog signals for measurement of the angles. With the aid of an image-processing system connected to a minicomputer, software has been developed to enable the operator to acquire reliable digital images of the anterior segment of the eye in real time. The software provides the user with an easy-to-follow menu. PMID- 3754831 TI - Wheat germ and peanut agglutinin binding to normal, dysplastic and neoplastic cervical epithelium. AB - Binding of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and peanut agglutinin (PNA) was studied cytochemically in 43 cervical specimens covering a range of lesions from moderate atypia to invasive carcinoma. Normal squamous epithelium showed weak binding of WGA and negative reaction with PNA. Atypical squamous epithelium was characterized by moderate binding of WGA and PNA, while malignant lesions demonstrated strong affinity to both lectins. In adenocarcinoma in situ, WGA and PNA binding was reduced by comparison with normal glandular epithelium, that was strongly positive. PMID- 3754832 TI - Proceedings of the defibrotide symposium. 8th International Congress on Thrombosis. Istanbul, June 4-7, 1984. PMID- 3754833 TI - Pharmacokinetics of defibrotide in healthy volunteers. AB - A pharmacokinetic study of defibrotide, an antithrombotic polydeoxyribonucleotide extract, was performed in 5 healthy volunteers after rapid intravenous injection at three different doses: 0.5, 4 and 16 mg/kg. Defibrotide was given to 2 additional healthy volunteers by slow perfusion of 600 mg over 6 h, after a 200 mg intravenous bolus injection. The blood levels of defibrotide were determined by a method supplied by Crinos (detection of 6-desoxyribose). A one-compartment model was used to describe the kinetics of the drug in plasma. All the most important pharmacokinetic parameters (i.e. elimination constant, half-life, AUC and volume of distribution) were dose dependent. The half-lives were 9.8 min at 0.5 mg/kg, 14.2 min at 4 mg/kg and 21.1 min at 16 mg/kg. The dose-response curves for elimination indicated saturation. During slow infusion following the bolus injection a steady state was reached at 90-120 min, with a blood level of 10-15 micrograms/ml. PMID- 3754834 TI - Effectiveness of defibrotide for prophylaxis of deep venous thrombosis in gynecological surgery: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. AB - Defibrotide, a new antithrombotic compound without anticoagulant activity, has been tested for prevention of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in patients undergoing gynecological surgery (mainly hysterectomy). Eighty-nine women (mean age 48.5) were randomly allocated to defibrotide (44 patients) or placebo (45 patients). 800 mg defibrotide was given daily (200 mg intravenously 4 times a day), starting on the day before operation and then for the next 7 days. DVT were detected by the conventional 125I-fibrinogen test. The two groups were homogeneous for known risk factors (age, varicosities, obesity, neoplasia and previous thromboembolic episodes). The results showed a statistically significant reduction of DVT incidence in patients on defibrotide, as compared with those on placebo: 4/44 = 9% vs. 13/45 = 28.8% (p less than 0.05). There were no side effects, including hemorrhagic complications. The numbers of units transfused were comparable for the 2 groups. In conclusion, the trial shows that defibrotide is an effective and safe drug for the prevention of DVT in gynecological surgery. PMID- 3754835 TI - Defibrotide therapy for thrombophlebitis--controlled clinical trial. AB - Deep venous thrombosis is a common disease with significant danger of both acute and chronic complications. Widely accepted therapies are based on anticoagulant (heparin and/or anticoagulant agents) or early fibrinolytic therapy. All these therapies frequently have severe side effects. Defibrotide is a new drug with antithrombotic and profibrinolytic activities but without anticoagulant activity and major side effects. To evaluate the efficacy of this drug against acute thrombophlebitis, we treated a group of 10 patients with 200 mg defibrotide intravenously three times a day for 15 days. Fibrinolysis parameters were monitored every other day. The indices of venous function by strain-gauge plethysmography and venous occlusion were evaluated every 7 days. The drug induced a significant improvement in plethysmographic indices and a significant profibrinolytic activity. Defibrotide-treated patients showed a fast disappearance of clinical and instrumental signs of thrombophlebitis. No side effects were reported during the study. PMID- 3754836 TI - Effects of defibrotide in acute renal failure due to thrombotic microangiopathy. AB - Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) can occur whenever pathogenetic events lead to fibrin deposition in the microcirculation. It has been suggested that intravascular coagulation is important in the development of renal as well as cerebral lesions. The mortality rate in adults varies from 50 to 70%; chronic or progressive renal failure occurs in approximately two thirds of children over 2 years of age. Poor success may be due to therapy being initiated too late or to inappropriate use of antagonistic drugs, or both. In the last 2 years we have treated 8 patients with TMA (5 with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura; 3 with hemolytic uremic syndrome) with defibrotide, a new antithrombotic agent extracted from mammalian lungs. At admission all patients had severe renal involvement (serum creatinine 5.3-14.9 mg/dl) and coagulation abnormalities (low platelet count; high levels of circulating fibrin degradation products). There were neurological manifestations in 6 patients. Defibrotide administration was followed in 6 patients by recovery of renal function. In all patients, defibrotide therapy induced the disappearance of neurological manifestations and normalization of coagulation abnormalities. Defibrotide caused no side effects. All patients are alive after 7-22 months of follow-up. PMID- 3754837 TI - Effects of defibrotide on peripheral obliterative vascular diseases. AB - Twenty-nine patients with atherosclerotic obliterative vascular disorder and 9 cases of Buerger's disease were treated with 600 mg defibrotide daily for 10 days and then three times weekly for 3 months. The response to therapy was evaluated from hemostatic parameters, venostasis test (cuff test), treadmill testing, and radionuclide arteriography. We observed increased pain-free intervals in daily life and during treadmill testing. There was also a significantly higher response in the cuff test and improved perfusion as seen by radionuclide arteriography. PMID- 3754838 TI - Preliminary experience with defibrotide in severe lower limb ischaemia. AB - Eight patients with severe lower limb ischaemia, aged 65-80, received defibrotide intravenously for periods from 5 to 21 days (mean 13 days). All patients had intractable rest pain. Five had ischaemic ulcers and 3 had minor gangrene. Five had previous arterial surgery and 6 lumbar sympathetic ganglion injections. Pretreatment ankle pressure indices ranged from 0 to 0.5 (mean 0.19). Rest pain, sleep disturbance and analgesic requirement were assessed on a nominal scale. Rest pain improved in 4 and sleeping pattern in 2 patients. One patient showed a diminution in analgesic requirement. Pressure indices improved in 5 patients. Amputation was performed in 4 patients. Adverse reactions included vomiting and diarrhoea (2), thrombophlebitis at infusion site (3) and generalized skin reaction (1). All patients had 'end-stage' peripheral vascular disease but some showed symptomatic benefit. Further evaluation of defibrotide is indicated. PMID- 3754839 TI - Effect of defibrotide in electrically induced thrombosis in dogs. AB - Thrombi were electrically induced in dogs. The alterations of the vessel wall were studied in samples obtained on the 8th day from control and treated animals. Changes in coagulation parameters were monitored daily. Animals were treated with 600 mg defibrotide (Crinos) daily for a week, starting 24 h after the induction of thrombi. In the control dogs there was thickening of intima with endothelial hyperplasia and smooth muscle proliferation. The treated animals did not show any morphological or ultrastructural alterations (SEM). This observation encourages us to examine the role of fibrinolytic and endothelial supportive therapy for prevention of development of vascular changes. PMID- 3754840 TI - [Malignant immunoblastic lymphoma in a cirrhotic patient]. PMID- 3754841 TI - [Development of a suction device for sampling of skin surface lipids]. AB - By the analysis of skin surface lipids, the activity of the sebaceous glands in normal or abnormal conditions and the functions of skin surface lipids can be studied. There are various methods to collect skin surface lipids, e.g., the cup method, etc. Among all of these methods, the most widely used is the cup method, which gives excellent accuracy and reproducibility. However, the use of this method is painful for the subject, and it is difficult to use on small animals. To overcome these disadvantages, a new device for the sampling of skin surface lipids was made and compared with the cup method. The device consisted of a cell and a collector. The cell was fixed in the sampling position, vaccumed by an aspirator, and as solvent flowed through the cell, the skin surface lipids were collected. By this suction method, the same degree of accuracy and reproducibility as the cup method was obtained. The use of this device allows a reduction of sampling time, removal of samples from any part of the body and experiments on most small animals. Also the discomfort of the subject is reduced. PMID- 3754842 TI - [Operative therapy of severe endocrine exophthalmos]. PMID- 3754843 TI - [Thyroid gland diagnosis by image-producing procedures. 3. Radiological procedures and NMR tomography]. PMID- 3754844 TI - Body size and heat tolerance: a computer simulation. PMID- 3754845 TI - The representation of command language syntax. PMID- 3754846 TI - The effects of syntactic complexity on the human-computer interaction. PMID- 3754847 TI - Lectin-dependent recognition of foreign cells by hemocytes of the mussel, Mytilus edulis. AB - Phagocytosis of human erythrocytes (rbc) by hemocytes of the mussel Mytilus edulis was found to be influenced by four heterologous lectins. The effects were examined in the absence of Ca++ ions under three experimental conditions: when the lectins were bound to 1) both hemocytes and rbc, 2) only hemocytes, but not to rbc, and 3) only rbc, but not to hemocytes. The lectins used included: albumen gland agglutinin from Helix pomatia (HPA), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), Ricinus 120 (Ric-120) and Concanavalin-A (Con A). HPA, WGA and Ric-120, for which both hemocytes and A-rbc possess receptors, strongly enhanced uptake of A-rbc. This lectin-mediated phagocytosis was abolished by addition of specific sugars either to lectin-pretreated rbc (HPA, WGA) or to a pretreated hemocyte monolayer (Ric 120); this indicated the stimulation of phagocytosis by the binding of lectin to carbohydrate determinants at the surface of hemocytes and target cells. On the other hand, HPA which binds to hemocytes, but not to O-rbc, did not influence phagocytosis of these rbc; and Con A which binds to A-rbc, but not to hemocytes, also failed to stimulate phagocytosis. These findings reveal the importance of carbohydrate determinants on the surface of hemocytes as well as on target cells in recognition and in lectin-mediated phagocytosis of foreign cells by Mytilus hemocytes. PMID- 3754848 TI - Complexing of bacterial lipopolysaccharide with lung surfactant. AB - Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa were mixed with pulmonary surfactant to investigate their in vitro interaction. After 6 h of incubation at 37 degrees C, LPS-surfactant mixtures were examined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The E. coli LPS-surfactant mixture was examined by immunoelectron microscopy with protein A-colloidal gold. The binding that occurred between LPS and the surfactant vesicles resulted in a complex with a density higher than the density of the surfactant alone. The protein A-colloidal gold identified LPS in the LPS-surfactant complexes. The toxicity of E. coli LPS was enhanced by complexing with the surfactant when compared with the intraperitoneal injection into CF1 mice, even at a 64:1 ratio of surfactant to LPS. The complexing of LPS and surfactant in the lung may alter the physiologic properties of surfactant that contribute to the physiopathological changes observed with some types of pneumonia. PMID- 3754849 TI - Genetic background of spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis in the obese strain of chickens studied in hybrids with an inbred line. AB - To determine the number and function of genes which are responsible for spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis (SAT) in the obese strain (OS) of chickens we crossed birds of this strain (B15/B15) with those of the inbred CB line (B12/B12). The progeny was analyzed for autoantibodies to thyroglobulin (TgAAb) and for histopathological changes in the thyroid glands. In F1 (OS X CB) hybrids only those animals which derived from CB mothers had circulating TgAAb, the progeny from the reverse combination female OS X male CB was negative. Since the disease is not inherited by OS males only, we conclude that maternal TgAAb, which are transferred from the egg yolk to the embryo, might prevent the immune system of the F1 chickens from TgAAb formation via blocking or eliminating the respective antigens. Those F1 hybrids which have high TgAAb levels in the serum show only little or no thyroiditis. Together with other observations, these data lead to the conclusion that the thyroid gland of the F1 hybrids is not susceptible to TgAAb. This supports previous findings that a genetically determined thyroid abnormality is a prerequisite for the full development of SAT. The low degree of SAT in backcross (F1 X OS) animals and F2 hybrids suggests that several genes are involved in the disease. MHC typing of these generations revealed that the B haplotype affects the time of SAT onset. PMID- 3754851 TI - Influence of carbamoylation on some analytical properties of basic polypeptides. AB - The effect of carbamoylation on the assay or identification of histones and polylysine was investigated. Incubation with sodium cyanate decreased the positive charge on these polypeptides as judged by changes in the binding of methyl orange or the electrophoretic mobility. Histones in chromatin appeared less accessible to carbamoylation than isolated histones. Carbamoylation of proteins under conditions in which there was little or no effect on the Lowry procedure could affect their assay by methods utilizing metachromasia with Coomassie Blue G. The Bradford assay has low sensitivity for Hl histone and polylysine but this can be increased by preincubation with sodium cyanate. More extensive carbamoylation of polylysine caused decreased sensitivity which was the only response seen with core nucleosomal histones and bovine serum albumin when preincubated with sodium cyanate. It was concluded that the sensitivity for Hl histone and polylysine in assays dependent on metachromasia with Coomassie Blue G may be changed by factors which decrease the positive charge on these polypeptides. PMID- 3754850 TI - Effect of physical exercise on indentation stiffness of articular cartilage in the canine knee. AB - Using the indentation method, we investigated the effects of physical exercise (treadmill running 4 km/day for 15 weeks) on stiffness of the articular cartilage in the canine knee. Considering cartilage to be an elastic material with homogeneity and isotropy, we calculated elastic moduli for femoral, tibial, and patellar cartilages using instant and 15-s deformations after load application. Although the elastic moduli do not represent, because of the non-equilibrium condition, true elastic properties of articular cartilage, they characterize, together with the retardation time spectrum, the integrated response of articular cartilage during the first 15 s after load application. The moderate loading used in our training program caused no macroscopic changes on the articular surface. In running dogs, the mean stiffness of articular cartilage increased by 6% as compared with the controls. Stiffening, which was attributed to the decreased fluid flow in the cartilage, was significant (P less than 0.05) on the patellar surface of the femur and on the tibial condyles. In general, stiffness increased more (approximately 10%) in the cartilage areas, which were repeatedly heavily loaded during running exercise. This alteration in the biomechanical property as well as an increase (approximately 11%) in thickness were considered to be typical responses of articular cartilage to an increased, but physiologic loading pattern. PMID- 3754852 TI - The binding of plutonium to transferrin in the presence of tri-n-butyl phosphate or nitrate and its release by diethylenetriaminepenta-acetate and the tetrameric catechoylamide ligand LICAMC(C). AB - The binding of plutonium to human apo-transferrin and to rat serum was investigated following delivery of the metal to the protein either as the plutonium-tri-n-butyl phosphate (Pu-TBP) complex in n-dodecane or as plutonium nitrate. Chromatographic behaviour, the failure to bind to iron-saturated transferrin and the release of plutonium by the chelating agents CaNa3DTPA and 3,4,3-LICAM(C) suggest that the transferrin complexes formed from the two plutonium compounds are similar. The tetracatechoylamide ligand LICAM(C) was found to be about 500 times more effective than DTPA, on a molar basis, for the release of plutonium from transferrin in rat serum. PMID- 3754853 TI - Computer-assisted scheduling of radiology resident call. AB - The difficulties inherent in assigning an entire residency group fair and equivalent daily call prompted the development of a computerized scheduling program at The University of Texas at Houston. Written in COBOL, the program is run on a CDC mainframe computer. Logic parameters restrict the number and frequency of calls per month, and each resident is coded for five available call types at two university hospitals. The foundation of the program's operation is an arbitrary point scale applied to each call type determined by its difficulty and time commitment. Residents' point totals each month are roughly balanced within a prescribed range, with call exchanges made by the computer if necessary. The computer-generated schedules are flexible and equitable, require little manual correction, and save time for the chief resident and the residency secretary. PMID- 3754854 TI - Description of a novel microcomputer program to analyze left ventricular segmental wall motion during normal sinus rhythm and sinus tachycardia. AB - The authors have written a program to describe left ventricular (LV) regional wall motion (RWM) for a Tektronix 4051 graphic system and an MC68000, 32-bit word based microcomputer utilizing interactive graphics methods. Proper wall motion of 16 defined regions of the LV endocardial perimeter (RAO angiographic views) were computed from the magnitudes of fixed vectors fixed to analogous positions along the LV perimeter from end-diastole to end-systole (Figure 1). It was assumed that (1) LV contraction, tangential to the perimeter, produced RWM at large angles to the direction of contraction, and (2) LV contraction occurred uniformly along the anterolateral and posteromedial perimeters. All motion vectors were computed following digitization of the LV perimeters from projected images of 35-mm cineangiographic frames corrected for linear and nonlinear distortion. Digitization input was accurate to less than 0.3 mm and area computation demonstrated errors of less than 1.5%. A normal group (NG) without coronary artery (CA) disease (N = 31) defined a set of Gaussian distributed referent values for mean WM (magnitude of motion vectors) for all segments. WM amplitudes for the CA disease group (N = 125) demonstrated significant diviation in the areas supplied by occluded or stenosed coronary arteries. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the adequacy of coronary circulation and/or collateral vessel development could be made by inspection of WM amplitude computer plots. Proper WM was found to be highly specific for numbers and distribution of coronary arteries diseased. PMID- 3754855 TI - Electron microscopic localization of chitin using colloidal gold labelled with wheat germ agglutinin. AB - The lectin wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) has a binding site which is able to bind a sequence of three N-acetyl-glucosamine residues. Therefore, it has a very strong affinity for the polymers of this sugar, especially chitin. Colloidal gold can be labelled with WGA and used as a specific electron-dense marker for the electron microscopic localization of chitin. The specificity of the WGA-gold binding can be checked by competitive inhibition with 5-10 mM triacetyl chitotriose. The reliability of this method was tested in three species. In the formation zone of the radula of the snail, Biomphalaria glabrata Say, chitin or chitin precursors were localized in vesicles of the odontoblasts, outside the extremely long microvilli of odontoblasts and in the newly formed teeth. The inner peritrophic envelope of the earwig, Forficula auricularia L., is characterized by an orthogonal texture of bundles of microfibrils that are thought to contain chitin. The presence of chitin was proved using the present method. In the peritrophic membranes of the blowfly, Calliphora erythrocephala Meigen, it was possible to differentiate between chitin and glycoproteins which have N-acetylglucosamine residues. PMID- 3754856 TI - A method for the fine-structural demonstration of lectin receptors. AB - A new two-step method using an Fc-fragment/ferritin conjugate as a marker for the visualization of lectin-binding sites on neuronal and other cell membranes is described. In this study of rat synaptosomes, three lectins were tested: concanavalin A, mistletoe lectin I and wheat germ agglutinin. The specificity of the method was proved by control experiments. PMID- 3754857 TI - [The promontory test and electrocochleography with reference to indications for cochlear implant]. AB - A successful cochlear implant demands a functioning auditory nerve. A subjective and qualitative recording can be obtained by promontory testing (PT) whereas cochlear microphonics (CM) give information about the status of the hair-cells in the inner ear. The results of both tests together show different patterns: in sensory deafness in which a cochlear implant is indicated, no CM and no compound action potentials (CAP) can be obtained, whereas the patient reports hearing sensations (PT positive) in response to promontory testing. Deafness caused by lesions close to the second neurone of the auditory pathways can be localized by preserved CM and CAP, but there is no response to promontory testing. A ganglionic deafness ie. of the first neurone can be distinguished by preserved CM, absent CAP and a negative PT. The combined results of electrocochleography and promontory testing help in deciding whether a cochlear implant is indicated, and in localising the origin of the deafness, eg. neural or sensorineural. The possible results are illustrated by examples. PMID- 3754858 TI - "Computer applications". PMID- 3754859 TI - Lung mechanics, cellularity, and surfactant after prenatal starvation in guinea pigs. AB - Prenatal starvation in the guinea pig causes reduced pulmonary diffusing capacity and retarded alveolarization among neonates. To study the impact of such starvation on biochemical and mechanical properties of the neonatal lung, pregnant guinea pigs were fed ad libitum throughout gestation or starved with 50% rations during their last trimester. Neonatal body weight was 35% less due to starvation, and dry lung weight, DNA, and protein contents were decreased 26, 36, and 31%, respectively (P less than 0.001 for all). Hematological data indicated no anemia, hypoproteinemia, or altered glucocorticoid levels due to starvation. Total surfactant phospholipids in these neonates were reduced 61% in lavage and 35% in the neonatal lung tissue, although surfactant compositions were similar to controls. Specific lung compliance in the air-filled lungs was not altered, but the saline-filled lungs were more distensible over deflation pressures of 9-18 cmH2O (transpulmonary). Although starvation retarded both lung cellularity and surfactant, only that portion of lung elastic recoil attributable to tissue forces was affected. PMID- 3754860 TI - Dexamethasone increases adult rat lung surfactant lipids. AB - Prenatal administration of glucocorticoids stimulates epithelial cell maturation and induces a precocious development of pulmonary surfactant. The response of the adult lung to steroid administration is less well understood. We administered dexamethasone (2 mg X kg-1 X day-1) to adult male rats for 1 wk by daily subcutaneous injection. After pentobarbital anesthesia we lavaged the lungs and also isolated lamellar bodies from the tissue. Lipid analyses of the extracellular and intracellular surfactant compartments showed two- to fourfold greater amounts of total phospholipids and disaturated phosphatidylcholine compared with control. These changes were not found in kidney nor liver and were not present in plasma membrane, mitochondrial, or microsomal fractions from lungs. Morphometric analyses of the type II cells showed that anatomic measures of the lamellar body pool did not increase. We conclude that glucocorticoids have a significant effect to increase lung surfactant lipid pools of adult rat lungs by changing the phospholipid content of lamellar bodies, without changing lamellar body volume. PMID- 3754861 TI - Dog and rat pancreatic phospholipases A2: complete amino acid sequences deduced from complementary DNAs. AB - We performed molecular cloning of the cDNAs that encode dog and rat pancreatic phospholipases A2 to predict the primary structures of these enzymes. The deduced amino acid sequences exhibited a highly conservative feature which is common to a group of pancreatic phospholipases A2 from various animal species. Furthermore, the structures of the signal sequences of dog and rat pancreatic phospholipases A2 were predicted, although the assignment of the positions cleaved post translationally is only tentative at the present time. PMID- 3754862 TI - The semiquinone state of NADPH-adrenodoxin oxidoreductase in the course of anaerobic reduction with NADPH. AB - NADPH-adrenodoxin oxidoreductase was titrated with NADPH under anaerobic conditions. As the amount of added NADPH was increased to a ratio to the reductase of 1 : 1, a broad absorbance band from approximately 500 to 900 nm, which is attributed to a charge transfer complex, increased and then sharply decreased after the 1 : 1 ratio was attained. Concomitant with the decrease in the charge transfer band, a peak at 575 nm with a shoulder at 635 nm increased, indicating the formation of a semiquinone. This showed clearly that a semiquinone was formed only when more than the stoichiometric amount of NADPH (It is meant by "the stoichiometric amount of NADPH" that the molar ratio of NADPH to adrenodoxin reductase is equal to one, that is, NADPH/FAD bound to the reductase = 1.) was added. The semiquinone band reached its maximum with an approximately 3-fold excess of NADPH over the reductase, and then gradually decreased. Concurrent with the decrease in absorbance of both the charge transfer complex and the semiquinone, the reaction mixture was bleached, indicating that a pale colored species was produced. 1H NMR studies suggested that the pale colored species was a complex of fully reduced adrenodoxin reductase and NADPH, and that the semiquinone also bound 1 mol of the pyridine nucleotide per mol of the reductase. These data suggest that the semiquinone state of the reductase is observable only when a complex between NADPH and the enzyme in the flavin semiquinone is formed. PMID- 3754863 TI - Structure and expression of a cloned cDNA for human (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase. AB - 17S poly(A)+RNA, which hybridized to an oligonucleotide complementary to a part of the partial cDNA (E1cDNA) (Merlin et al. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 80, 4904) for 2-5A synthetase, was isolated from interferon-treated human KB cells and used for cDNA cloning. Several overlapping cDNAs were cloned by using the oligonucleotide as a probe. Two of them were joined at their overlapping region, resulting in a cDNA (22-1 cDNA) of 1.4 kb containing a long open reading frame. When the cDNA was expressed in COS-7 cells with an eukaryotic promoter, active 2-5A synthetase was produced and localized mainly in the cytoplasm. The 5' proximal ATG in 22-1 cDNA is followed immediately by another ATG. This second ATG was assumed to work as the initiator codon. If so, this enzyme comprises 363 amino acids. PMID- 3754864 TI - A comparative study of high molecular weight proteins in various types of muscle across the animal kingdom. AB - A wide range of phyla have been surveyed by SDS-PAGE for the new large proteins of the myofibril. Connectin (or titin) appears to be widely distributed. It is seen as a band of constant intensity and mobility in vertebrate striated muscle, but is absent from smooth muscle. It appears in more variable amounts, in a form of constant but greater mobility in many invertebrates: worms, molluscs (adductor but not gastropod feet), insects, a myriapod, and even in human blood platelets. Nebulin shares the same distribution in vertebrate muscles except for its notable absence in all heart muscle examined. It too is found in many invertebrates, not always with titin. It has been found in a worm, molluscs (adductor and gastropod feet), insects, crustaceans and an echinoderm. The mobility of nebulin varies within the vertebrates and more so between invertebrates (where, as with titin, it is greater). The isoforms of filamin in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles of vertebrates are recorded. C-protein in rabbit muscles has four isoforms: white, alpha-red (X-protein), beta-red, and cardiac. PMID- 3754865 TI - Using low cost computer animation in a biomedical communications department. AB - The author discusses how a low cost computer animation system which can be programmed by an artist has been used for the past three years to generate various types of animation for instructional and promotional video productions. An overview is provided of the financial aspects of computer animation, hardware, software, production techniques, and the animation of anatomical reconstructions. PMID- 3754866 TI - Structural differences in the two major wheat germ agglutinin isolectins. AB - We have combined amino acid sequence data with x-ray diffraction results to determine differences in structure of wheat germ agglutinin isolectin 1 (WGA1) relative to the known structure of wheat germ agglutinin isolectin 2 (WGA2). Electron density difference maps computed at 2.2 A resolution with coefficients [2F(WGA1) - F(WGA2)] and [F(WGA1) - F(WGA2)] and based on refined model phases of the WGA2 structure have revealed that the largest differences in the two isolectin structures are localized in the B-domain of the molecule. Amino acid sequence studies of tryptic and thermolytic peptides of WGA1 confirm the strong homology between the two isolectins and suggest variability at only four sequence positions. Three of these are closely spaced in domain B. The two histidines in WGA2, His59 and His66, are substituted by Gln and Tyr, respectively, and Pro56, by Thr in WGA1. The fourth difference at position 93 in domain C was identified as a change from Ser (WGA2) to Ala (WGA1). With these substitutions WGA1 exhibits a slightly higher degree of internal homology than does WGA2. In addition, we have carried out fluorescence studies on tryptic peptide T-3 to confirm the presence of a second Trp residue in the wheat germ agglutinin molecule, recently predicted at position 41 during the course of high resolution crystal structure refinement of WGA2. PMID- 3754867 TI - Effect of sterol structure on the partition of sterol between phospholipid vesicles of different composition. AB - The partition of cholesterol analogues between dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles was examined. Cholesterol, trans- and cis-22 dehydrocholesterols, and 24 alpha-ethyl,trans-22-dehydrocholesterol (stigmasterol) showed a preference from gel phase dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine over fluid phase egg phosphatidylcholine at 37 degrees C. Within this group, the sterol concentration in DPPC relative to that in egg PC ranged from about 1.5 to 2.0. Cholesterol analogues with a 24 alpha-methyl or ethyl substituent (campesterol and beta-sitosterol, respectively) and cholestanol (dihydrocholesterol) distributed about equally between the two types of phospholipid. Thus, in this study involving two kinds of phospholipid and a small number of cholesterol analogues, there was no simple correlation between the sterol structure and its partition behavior. The combined results from studies on sterol partition behavior and on sterol interaction with individual phospholipids (Rujanavech, C., Henderson, P.A., and Silbert, D.F. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 7204-7214) provide an adequate basis to explain the different patterns of membrane lipid adaptation which accompany growth of LM cells on various cholesterol analogues (Rujanavech, C., and Silbert, D.F. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 7196-7203). PMID- 3754868 TI - Effects of alpha-amanitin and cycloheximide on 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-dependent calbindin-D28K and its mRNA in vitamin D3-replete chick intestine. AB - We have examined the effects of the transcriptional inhibitor alpha-amanitin and the translational inhibitor cycloheximide on levels of calbindin-D28K (28-kDa calcium binding protein, CaBP) and CaBP-mRNA in the vitamin D-replete chick intestine. Chicks were raised on one of four diets: "normal" (1% calcium, 0.6% phosphorus); high calcium (3.3% calcium, 0.5% phosphorus); low calcium (0.3% calcium, 0.6% phosphorus); or low phosphorus (1% calcium, 0.09% phosphorus). Chicks were then treated either with alpha-amanitin (20 micrograms/chick) or cycloheximide (600 micrograms/chick) 2 h prior to a dose of 6.5 nmol of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3. Duodenal mucosa was collected from 0 to 120 min afterward and assayed for CaBP-mRNA by dot blot hybridization and for CaBP using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. In the absence of inhibitor, CaBP levels were depressed by high calcium and elevated by low calcium or low phosphorus, as expected. These changes occurred, however, without a change in CaBP-mRNA levels. alpha-Amanitin had no effect on CaBP or on CaBP-mRNA levels in chicks raised on any of the diets. Cycloheximide inhibited CaBP levels, and surprisingly also inhibited CaBP-mRNA levels in all four dietary groups. These results indicate that continual protein synthesis is necessary for the expression of CaBP-mRNA, suggesting the existence of a rapidly turned over protein that may be required for stabilization or for processing of the chick intestinal CaBP messenger RNA. PMID- 3754869 TI - Interaction of S-protein of complement with thrombin and antithrombin III during coagulation. Protection of thrombin by S-protein from antithrombin III inactivation. AB - S-protein, the inhibitor in plasma of the membrane attack complex of complement, appears to have a second function in coagulation. S-protein during clotting enters into a trimolecular complex with thrombin and antithrombin III (ATIII). Functionally, S-protein in the presence of low concentrations of heparin, protects thrombin from inactivation by ATIII. Complex formation between S-protein and thrombin, and between S-protein, thrombin, and ATIII, was demonstrated by agarose gel electrophoresis and by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis of purified proteins and in recalcified, clotted plasma. Formation of the trimolecular S-thrombin-ATIII complex was strictly dependent on the presence of thrombin. No association was detectable between S-protein and ATIII or between S protein and prothrombin. Heparin was not required for the formation of the bimolecular S-protein-thrombin complex or the trimolecular S-protein-ATIII complex. The protective effect of S-protein on inactivation of thrombin by ATIII was demonstrated in functional assays with purified proteins and in plasma only in the presence of low concentrations of heparin. Thus, S-protein may mediate its effect by scavenging heparin required for ATIII activation. It is suggested that the protection of thrombin by S-protein from inactivation by ATIII may be of physiological importance. PMID- 3754870 TI - Chromosomal protein HMG-17. Complete human cDNA sequence and evidence for a multigene family. AB - Antibodies elicited against chromosomal protein HMG-17, purified from calf, were used to screen a human lambda gt11 cDNA expression library and isolate the full length cDNA coding for this protein. Sequence analysis reveals that the nucleotide distribution along this cDNA is highly asymmetric. The amino acid sequence, deduced from the reading frame, reveals that the human HMG-17 is, respectively, 96 and 92% homologous with the calf and chicken protein. The amino acid substitution are conservative suggesting evolutionary constraints on the conformation of the protein. The human genome contains 35-50 HMG-17 gene copies which, as revealed by Southern analysis, are distributed at several loci. Northern analysis of total RNA isolated from 3 human cell lines, indicates that each cell contains a single-size mRNA coding for this protein. Nucleotide sequences which cross-hybridize, under stringent conditions, with the human HMG 17 cDNA are present in the genome of rodents and absent from the genomes of sea urchin, Drosophila, and yeast. The availability of a probe for the HMG-17 gene may help elucidate the cellular role of this protein which may confer specific conformations to transcribable regions in the genome. PMID- 3754871 TI - Vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein of mouse yolk sac. Biochemical and immunochemical properties and responses to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. AB - The present studies were performed to further characterize a mouse yolk sac protein which is similar or identical to the vitamin D-dependent intestinal calcium-binding protein (CaBP). Yolk sac protein and purified rat intestinal CaBP displayed full identity upon immunodiffusion (Ouchterlony) using antiserum to the rat intestinal CaBP. Immunoreactive CaBP in yolk sac homogenates eluted from gel permeation columns with the low molecular weight peak of 45Ca2+ binding (Chelex assay), and the electrophoretic mobility of the protein was markedly increased by EDTA. On days 11-13 of gestation, the concentrations of immunoreactive CaBP in yolk sac were 4-5-fold higher than in placenta; by days 16-17, the concentrations in yolk sac and placenta were similar. Incubation of yolk sac with [3H]leucine demonstrated synthesis of immunoprecipitable [3H]CaBP. A single band of 3H labeled protein was seen on sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of the immunoprecipitate. This protein co-migrated with radioactive placental CaBP with an apparent Mr of 10,050. Addition of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol) to organ culture media with or without serum increased the amount and concentration of CaBP in yolk sac (p less than 0.001) at 48 h. CaBP synthesis in yolk sac appeared to be independent of calcitriol concentrations in the maternal circulation since injection of the hormone into the maternal compartment produced no change in yolk sac CaBP despite increases of maternal intestinal and renal CaBP. These studies demonstrate that yolk sac immunoreactive CaBP is synthesized in yolk sac and has an apparent molecular size and calcium-binding properties characteristic of mammalian vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding proteins. The in vitro response of yolk sac CaBP to calcitriol is the first evidence of a vitamin D effect on the fetal membranes and suggests one function for calcitriol receptors in these tissues. PMID- 3754872 TI - Photoaffinity labeling of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase with 8-azido-S adenosylmethionine. AB - Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase commits tetrahydrofolate-bound one carbon units to use in the regeneration of the methyl group of adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) in eucaryotes and its activity is allosterically inhibited by AdoMet. Limited proteolysis and scanning transmission electron microscopy have been employed to show that the enzyme is a dimer of identical subunits and that each subunit is composed of spatially distinct domains with molecular masses of approximately 40 and 37 kDa (Matthews, R. G., Vanoni, M. A., Hainfeld, J. F., and Wall, J. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 11647-11650). We now report the use of the photoaffinity label 8-azido-S-adenosylmethionine (8-N3AdoMet) to locate the binding site for the allosteric inhibitor on the 37-kDa domain. In the absence of light, 8-N3AdoMet is itself an inhibitor of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase activity, with a Ki value 4.8-fold higher than AdoMet, and like AdoMet it induces slow transitions between active and inactive forms. Photoaffinity labeling is dependent on irradiation with ultraviolet light and is prevented by AdoMet but not by ATP. Limited proteolysis of the photolabeled enzyme results in the formation of a labeled 37-kDa fragment which is further processed to a labeled 34 kDa fragment. On conversion of the 34-kDa fragment to a 31-kDa polypeptide, all label is lost, suggesting that the labeling is restricted to an approximately 3 kDa region near one end of the 37-kDa polypeptide. Limited proteolysis of the native enzyme, while completely desensitizing the enzyme to inhibition by AdoMet or 8-N3AdoMet, does not prevent subsequent photolabeling of the 37-kDa peptide fragment. This photolabeling does not occur in the presence of excess AdoMet. These latter experiments suggest that the desensitization of the enzyme eliminates the ability of allosteric effectors to stabilize an inactive form of the enzyme, but does not abolish specific binding of 8-N3AdoMet or AdoMet. PMID- 3754873 TI - Changes in the expression of oncogenes encoding nuclear phosphoproteins but not c Ha-ras have a relationship to monocytic differentiation of HL 60 cells. AB - HL 60 cells were subcloned into variants with different sensitivities to the differentiation-inducing effect of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), as shown by increased oxidative and phagocytic activity and the appearance of cytoplasmic alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase. Brief treatment (4 h) with 1,25(OH)2D3 or 5-azacytidine (5-Aza CR) of sensitive sublines induced monocytic differentiation in a fraction of treated cells. The phenotypic differentiation induced by 1,25(OH)2D3 was preceded by altered expression of oncogenes c-myc and c-fos, but not of c-Ha-ras or of the constitutively expressed p72 gene. Treatment with 5-Aza CR had similar effects but in addition increased the rate of transcription of the c-Ha-ras oncogene. In partially resistant sublines exposure to 1,25(OH)2D3 or 5-Aza CR resulted in changes in the levels of c-myc and c-fos mRNA, but the expression of c-Ha-ras gene did not correlate with the phenotypic differentiation. When induction of differentiation in responsive cells was delayed by cycloheximide, a temporal correlation could be made between changes in the expression of the c-myc gene and differentiation. These results suggest that a reduction of the elevated levels of c-myc gene transcription in HL 60 cells is required for the initiation of monocytic differentiation, that the induction of c fos gene expression is an early step in this process, and that the transient increase in the expression of c-Ha-ras gene by 5-Aza CR is not related to differentiation. PMID- 3754874 TI - A chick neural retina adhesion and survival molecule is a retinol-binding protein. AB - A 20,000-D protein called purpurin has recently been isolated from the growth conditioned medium of cultured embryonic chick neural retina cells (Schubert, D., and M. LaCorbiere, 1985, J. Cell Biol., 101:1071-1077). Purpurin is a constituent of adherons and promotes cell-adheron adhesion by interacting with a cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan. It also prolongs the survival of cultured neural retina cells. This paper shows that purpurin is a secretory protein that has sequence homology with a human protein synthesized in the liver that transports retinol in the blood, the serum retinol-binding protein (RBP). Purpurin binds [3H]retinol, and both purpurin and chick serum RBP stimulate the adhesion of neural retina cells, although the serum protein is less active than purpurin. Purpurin and the serum RBP are, however, different molecules, for the serum protein is approximately 3,000 D larger than purpurin and has different silver staining characteristics. Finally, purpurin supports the survival of dissociated ciliary ganglion cells, indicating that RBPs can act as ciliary neurotrophic factors. PMID- 3754875 TI - Characterization of RNA polymerase type II from human term placenta. AB - RNA polymerase type II from human term placenta has been isolated and characterized with respect to its template, ammonium sulfate, divalent cation, and buffer preferences. In addition, the apparent Michaelis constants for AMP and UMP incorporation have been determined. The enzyme was also analyzed by native and denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and evidence is presented that a single polypeptide is radiolabeled with azido purine nucleoside triphosphate photoprobes. PMID- 3754876 TI - Chromatographic separation and determination of tryptophan in food-stuffs after barytic hydrolysis using Fractogel TSK HW 40 S. PMID- 3754877 TI - Micellar high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of folylpolyglutamate hydrolase activity. AB - A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitative determination of folylpolyglutamate hydrolase activity in crude tissue extracts was developed. The procedure is based on high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of folate analogue mono- and polyglutamates on a reversed-phase column using sodium dodecyl sulfate in water as the mobile phase. Interfering substances in tissue extracts were removed by gel filtration on centrifugally-eluted mini-columns of Sephadex G-25 prior to incubation of polyglutamate substrate with tissue extract hydrolase. Reactions were terminated by denaturation of the enzyme in sodium dodecyl sulfate, which subsequently served as the micellar solvent system for chromatographic separation of substrate from reaction products. PMID- 3754879 TI - Electron microscopy of C-protein molecules from chicken skeletal muscle. AB - C-protein from chicken pectoralis muscle has been purified by sequential DEAE Sephadex and hydroxyapatite chromatography and examined by transmission electron microscopy after spraying in glycerol onto mica and replicating by rotary shadowing with platinum. The most frequently observed particles were of three forms: rod-shaped, U-shaped and V-shaped. Within a size range of 15-40 nm these three groups accounted for 70% of over 800 particles categorized and measured. The remaining particles could not be classified. Since the relative abundance of each of these three forms was well in excess of any of the contaminating proteins detectable by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, we conclude that these variant forms represent C-protein molecules in differing conformations and/or deformations. Particles were observed which were intermediate between rod-shaped and tightly curved U-shaped forms, and between rod and acutely angled V-shaped forms. These results are compatible with a molecular model of a 32 nm X 3 nm flexible, rod-shaped C-protein monomer similar to one previously proposed from hydrodynamic studies and extend recent observations on the ultrastructure of cardiac C-protein. Infrequently, a discontinuously larger V-shaped form was seen, possibly representing a C-protein dimer. PMID- 3754880 TI - The constant-volume-velocity nature of hearing aids: conclusions based on computer simulations. AB - In the literature there are several references which imply that various parts of a hearing aid are sources of constant volume velocity. Reported herein are the findings of an investigation of the validity of such statements. A computer scheme, referenced elsewhere, for modeling in situ hearing aids was utilized to test the constant-volume-velocity hypothesis. In particular, capabilities of the receiver, ear hook, and earmold tip to deliver constant volume velocity were investigated via a computer. To facilitate such an investigation, a universal receiver/earmold model was created. This model was broken down into "source" and "load"at three locations: the receive output, output of the ear hook, and medial tip of the earmold. At each location comparisons were made between computed values of source and load impedance. The constant-volume-velocity hypothesis was assumed to be valid for those cases where source impedance was much, much greater than load impedance. Plots of such impedances show that, for the cases investigated, this rarely occurred, except over certain frequency bands. With the exception of in-the-ear hearing aids, these results appear to contradict inferences made in the literature about the constant-volume-velocity nature of hearing aids. PMID- 3754878 TI - Serum and nasal-wash immunoglobulin G and A antibody response of infants and children to respiratory syncytial virus F and G glycoproteins following primary infection. AB - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with immunoaffinity-purified fusion (F) or attachment (G) glycoprotein was used to measure the serum and secretory immune responses of 18 infants and children, 4 to 21 months of age, who underwent primary infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Most of the 10 older individuals (9 to 21 months of age) developed moderate levels of serum and nasal wash immunoglobin A (IgA) and IgG F and G antibodies. These individuals developed a moderate level of serum or nasal-wash antibodies that neutralized virus infectivity. One of the eight younger individuals (4 to 8 months of age) failed to develop an F antibody response, while three failed to develop a G antibody response. The most notable difference in the responses of the two age groups involved the titer in convalescent sera of G, F, and neutralizing antibodies which were 8- to 10-fold lower in younger individuals. Most of the younger infants failed to develop a rise in serum or nasal-wash neutralizing antibody. It is possible that the presence of maternally derived antibody in the younger infants suppressed the immune response to RSV infection, and that this accounted, in part, for the low level of postinfection antibody titer in this group. This low level and the irregular response of the infants less than 8 months of age may contribute to the severity of their initial infection and may also be responsible, in part, for their failure to develop effective resistance to subsequent reinfection by RSV. PMID- 3754881 TI - Cellular heterogeneity in normal human urothelium: an analysis of optical properties and lectin binding. AB - Flow cytometry was used to study the optical properties of normal urothelial cells in suspension. Narrow-angle light scatter, which is a function of cell size, defined one major and one minor cell population, and 90 degrees light scatter, a function of intracellular structure, showed three distinct cell populations. These properties were displayed as a 2-dimensional dot plot or "fingerprint" which proved to be characteristic and reproducible from one specimen of urothelium to the next. Cell sorting on the basis of these two parameters demonstrated that the small cells of the basal layer occupy the low narrow angle, low 90 degrees light-scatter region; the giant cells of the superficial layer lie in the high narrow angle, high 90 degrees scatter region; and the pyramidal cells of the intermediate layer lie in an intermediate zone. Studies of tissue sections using the galactose-specific, FITC-conjugated Maclura Pomifera lectin (MPA) demonstrated preferential binding to the superficial layers of intact urothelium. In order to quantify the apparent differences in lectin binding between the superficial and basal layers, urothelial cell suspensions were labeled with FITC-conjugated MPA and studied by flow cytometry. The resolution obtained on the basis of light scatter made it possible to quantify the difference in lectin binding to the three morphologically recognized cell types present in normal urothelium. PMID- 3754883 TI - Proposed guidelines to minimize risk of sexually transmitted diseases (including AIDS). MAG Maternal and Infant Health Committee. PMID- 3754882 TI - Iodogen-catalysed iodination of human calcitonin and Tyr(0)-katacalcin and purification of their mono- and di-iodinated derivatives by chromatofocussing. AB - Synthetic calcitonin (CT) and Tyr(0)-katacalcin (tKT) were radioiodinated with Iodogen to high specific activity and with high yields. The products of the iodination procedure were chromatographed on Sephadex G-25 to remove unreacted iodide and then separated by chromatofocussing on PBE 94 (pH 9.6-6.0 for CT and pH 7.4-4.0 for tKT). Clear separation between uniodinated peptides and their mono and di-iodinated derivatives was achieved with specific activities of 1900 and 3800 Ci/mmol for the respective mono- and di-iodinated peptides. Yields were up to 36 and 24% of mono- and di-iodinated CT and 41 and 29% for mono- and di iodinated tKT. Our results show that Iodogen provides an effective and gentle way to iodinate peptides with high efficiency. Chromatofocussing is a simple, inexpensive and instrumentally undemanding method that can be performed without specialized chromatographic equipment and that should be applicable to a variety of different tracer preparations. PMID- 3754885 TI - Discussion of "Microcomputers in forensic science". PMID- 3754884 TI - Pneumopyopericardium due to perforation of the stomach in a patient with lymphoma. PMID- 3754887 TI - Identification of the cerebral neurosecretory cells that contain eclosion hormone in the moth Manduca sexta. AB - Eclosion hormone (EH) is an insect neuropeptide that is released at the end of metamorphosis from the CNS and triggers the stereotyped motor program of adult emergence. Using three distinct experimental approaches, we have identified a discrete set of neurosecretory cells in the brain of the moth Manduca sexta that contains and releases EH. By isolating the neurosecretory somata and testing them with a sensitive behavioral bioassay, we identified a cluster of ipsilaterally projecting cells (Group Ia) that contain EH. Intracellular stimulation of individual cells within this group induced the release of bioactive EH into the hemolymph surrounding the neurohemal organs of the brain, whereas stimulation of cells in the other cerebral neurosecretory clusters did not. We also developed a polyclonal antiserum against purified EH that precipitated all bioactive material from samples containing the peptide. This antiserum selectively stained 5 of the Group Ia cells on either side of the brain, as well as their central and terminal processes. Preincubation of the serum with EH dramatically reduced its ability to bind the peptide subsequently. The combined application of these physiological and immunological techniques has led to the unequivocal identification of the EH neurons in the moth brain. PMID- 3754886 TI - Unusual thoracic radiographic findings in children treated for Hodgkin's disease. AB - Mantle irradiation is often part of the treatment for Hodgkin's disease. Localized pneumonitis and fibrosis are well-known sequelae of this treatment. We report nine patients with unusual thoracic radiographic findings following treatment for Hodgkin's disease. All nine had mediastinal widening. Seven of these patients received combined modality therapy in which prednisone was given with their MOPP. In these seven patients, an increase in mediastinal width developed at the same time as the radiographic changes of radiation pneumonitis. Two patients developed bilateral infiltrates extending beyond the field of radiation to the lung periphery. In one of these patients, a spontaneous pneumomediastinum developed. One patient underwent mediastinal biopsy that revealed inflammatory changes similar to those seen in radiation pneumonitis. All patients either responded to steroids or had spontaneous regression of radiographic abnormalities supporting the presumed diagnosis of treatment related changes. Recognition of these unusual sequelae of mantle irradiation will aid in differentiating them from infection or tumor and lead to prompt, appropriate treatment. PMID- 3754888 TI - Uptake of hexakis(t-butylisonitrile) technetium (I) and hexakis(isopropylisonitrile) technetium (I) by neonatal rat myocytes and human erythrocytes. AB - The uptake mechanism of two potential cardiac imaging agents [99mTc]hexakis(t butylisonitrile) technetium (I) (TBI) and [99mTc]hexakis(isopropylisonitrile) technetium (I) (IPI) has been studied using neonatal rat myocytes and human erythrocytes. Uptake of these complexes was rapid, of greater magnitude than seen previously for 42K, and was unaffected by either 0.15 mM ouabain or 10 mM KCI. Both [99mTc]isonitrile complexes had a high affinity for the membranes of the myocytes and erythrocytes. The data suggest that the uptake is not dependent on the membrane Na+/K+ ATPase but may be related to the lipophilicity of these agents as evidenced by the rapidity, tenacity, and quantity of the binding observed. PMID- 3754889 TI - Evaluation in dogs and humans of three potential technetium-99m myocardial perfusion agents. AB - The biodistribution of the three cationic 99mTc complexes [99mTc(TMP)6]+, [99mTc(POM-POM)3]+, and [99mTc(TBIN)6]+--where TMP represents trimethylphosphite, POM-POM represents 1,2-bis(dimethyoxyphosphino)ethane, and TBIN represents t butylisonitrile--have been evaluated in humans and dogs. Each agent was studied in three normal volunteers at rest, while [99mTc(POM-POM)3]+ and [99mTc(TBIN)6]+ were each studied in one normal volunteer at exercise. Even though all three agents yield good myocardial images in dogs, none appear suitable for clinical use as myocardial perfusion imaging radiopharmaceuticals. In humans, [99mTc(TMP)6]+ and [99mTc(POM-POM)3]+ clear very slowly from the blood and provide myocardial images only several hours after injection. [99mTc(TBIN)6]+ clears rapidly from the blood, but accumulation in the lung obscures the myocardial image for the first hour after injection; at later times, activity in the liver and spleen masks the apical wall. These results correlate with the blood-binding properties of the three complexes. [99mTc(TMP)6]+ and [99mTc(POM POM)3]+ bind tightly to the plasma of human blood, but not to the plasma of dog blood; [99mTc(TBIN)6]+ does not bind tightly to the plasma of either dog or human blood. Among the Tc(I) complexes studied to date in humans, [99mTc(TBIN)6]+ appears to be unique in biodistribution pattern, blood-binding properties, and the fact that exercise improves the ultimate myocardial image. All the Tc(I) complexes appear to undergo myocardial accumulation by a mechanism different from that utilized by Tc(III) complexes. Animal studies alone are not adequate to evaluate the potential utility of 99mTc cationic complexes for myocardial perfusion studies. PMID- 3754890 TI - Rapid and simple isolation procedure for three component enzymes of pig heart 2 oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. AB - A novel procedure was developed for rapid separation of the three component enzymes of pig heart 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex by high performance liquid chromatography on a gel filtration column. The complex was dissociated and separated into two fractions of the first dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase and a second yellow fraction within 1 h by chromatography on a preparative TSK GEL G4000SW column equilibrated with 0.05 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 0.7 M guanidine hydrochloride, 0.05% Triton X-100 and 2 mM dithiothreitol at 10 degrees C. The dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase fraction was further purified by incubation with 0.5% sodium deoxycholate and subsequent ammonium sulfate fractionation. The other two component enzymes, 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase and lipoamide dehydrogenase were separated from the second yellow fraction by chromatography on a calcium phosphate gel-cellulose column. The TSK GEL column permitted very rapid dissociation and separation of the three component enzymes accompanied by good preservation of their activities and high overall yields. PMID- 3754891 TI - Computer searching for occupational medicine. AB - Occupational and environmental medical literature that confronts a physician is difficult to grasp. The development of the microcomputer makes it easier for the occupational medicine physician to perform computer literature searches. Occupational medical residents and physicians both familiar and unfamiliar with computers submitted identical searches to identify strengths and weaknesses of combinations of computer databases and assisting software. The combination of DIALOG databases and In-Search software were judged to be the most useful for the occupational medicine physician. PMID- 3754893 TI - An analysis program MULTI(ELS) based on extended nonlinear least squares method for microcomputers. AB - An analysis program MULTI(ELS) was developed for population pharmacokinetics on a microcomputer. The program based on the extended least squares (ELS) is written in the Microsoft minimum BASIC command alone. ELS simultaneously estimates not only the population pharmacokinetic parameters but also the variances of inter individual variabilities around the population parameters and of intra-individual variabilities for the plural time courses, whereas the ordinary least squares estimates the pharmacokinetic parameters of each time course. Two least squares algorithms (i.e. quasi-Newton and simplex methods) are provided in MULTI(ELS). MULTI(ELS) was compared with NONMEM (Version I, Level 3) developed by Sheiner and Beal for several time course data. It was shown that MULTI(ELS) gave the same results as NONMEM. MULTI(ELS) calculates the Akaike's information criterion (AIC) for the extended least squares. It was also shown that the AIC is effective in comparing the population characteristics of time courses in a group with those in another group and in verifying the model structures of population means, inter individual variations and intra-individual variations. PMID- 3754892 TI - Cord prealbumin values in newborn infants: effect of prenatal steroids, pulmonary maturity, and size for dates. AB - We assessed cord prealbumin concentrations in 214 appropriate for gestational age newborn infants, 21 small for gestational age infants, and 27 large for gestational age infants to establish normal values and to assess the effect of intrauterine growth, prenatal steroids, and pulmonary maturity on prealbumin levels. Cord prealbumin values were significantly correlated with increasing gestational age (r = 0.33; P less than 0.001) and birth weight (r = 0.40, P less than 0.001) in the AGA neonates. Neonates born before 37 weeks gestation had significantly lower prealbumin levels than those born at term (P less than 0.001). The SGA infants had significantly lower levels than age-matched AGA controls (P less than 0.01), and LGA infants had significantly higher levels than age-matched AGA controls (P less than 0.001). In preterm infants, those with exposure to prenatal steroids (betamethasone or premature rupture of membranes) had significantly higher prealbumin values than control infants of comparable age and weight (P less than 0.001). Infants without respiratory distress syndrome had higher levels than those of comparable age and weight with hyaline membrane disease (P less than 0.05). This study demonstrates that a correlation of gestational age and birth weight exists with cord prealbumin levels, and that the large variability at each gestational age may be accounted for in part by appropriateness of size for dates, prenatal steroid exposure, and pulmonary maturity. PMID- 3754894 TI - Biological activity of the C-1, C-3, C-25, beta-D-glucopyranosides of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3. AB - We have shown previously that the 3-beta-D-glucopyranosides of vitamin D3, 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 are biologically active in vivo. In order to determine whether the presence of the beta-D-glucopyranoside moiety linked to either the C-3, the C-25 or the C-1 hydroxyl function of the molecule affected the biological activity of the conjugates 1, 2, or 3 derived from 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, we administered increasing amounts of compounds to vitamin D-deficient rats maintained on a low calcium diet. The aglycone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (4), also was administered to another group of such animals. When administered i.v., all three beta-D glucopyranosides increased intestinal calcium transport in doses as low as 50 pmol/rat. A dose of approximately 500 pmol/rat was required to increase bone calcium mobilization in these same animals. The three glucosides were found to be equally active in both biological responses. A dose of only 5 pmol of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (4) increased both intestinal calcium transport and bone calcium mobilization. We also performed similar experiments after the p.o. administration of these compounds to vitamin D-deficient rats maintained on a low calcium diet. The glucopyranosides 1, 2 and 3 were able to increase calcium transport in the intestine, as well as mobilize bone calcium at doses of between 500 and 5000 pmol/rat. Once again, the compounds were equipotent, but were less active than 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (4). After the i.v. or p.o. doses of the glucosides, plasma concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 increased in a dose dependent manner. We conclude that: The C-3, C-25 and C-1 beta-D-glucopyranosides of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 are biologically active and equipotent in vivo, most likely as a result of hydrolysis to the free aglycone and they are less active than the aglycone in this respect. PMID- 3754895 TI - Inhibition of renal membrane binding and nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides. AB - The initial event in the renal tubular reabsorption of nephrotoxic aminoglycosides involves binding to brush border membranes. This primary event was measured in renal brush border membrane vesicles prepared from rat renal cortex utilizing [3H]gentamicin. In order to gain structure-activity information regarding this interaction the effect of substances having chemical similarities to aminoglycosides (sugars, polyamines and amino acids) on gentamicin binding to brush border membranes was determined. Polyamino acids were found to possess the greatest inhibitory potency. In addition to polymers of cationic amino acids (lysine, ornithine, arginine and histidine), polymers of neutral (asparagine) and acidic (aspartic and glutamic acid) amino acids also exhibited inhibition of the membrane binding of gentamicin. Inasmuch as inhibition of renal membrane binding has the potential to decrease aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity, several polyamino acids that inhibited membrane binding were tested in vivo for potential protective activity vs. gentamicin- and amikacin-induced nephrotoxicity. Polyasparagine90 and polyaspartic acid100 inhibited gentamicin and amikacin nephrotoxicity completely when coadministered to rats with the aminoglycosides. Polylysine20 provided complete and partial inhibition of gentamicin and amikacin nephrotoxicity, respectively. Whereas in vivo distribution studies revealed that cortical levels of [3H]amikacin were elevated slightly by the coadministration of polyaspartic acid, brush border and basolateral membranes contained significantly lower levels of the aminoglycoside (46 and 41% inhibition, respectively). These results question the role of charge per se in the binding of aminoglycosides to renal membranes and further confirm the importance of membrane binding in the pathogenesis of aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity. PMID- 3754897 TI - Orbital decompression for progressive exophthalmos. PMID- 3754896 TI - Species difference in the muscarinic receptors of thoracic aorta. AB - Muscarinic receptors in rabbit aortic membranes were characterized by binding assays using I-[3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate, and compared with muscarinic receptors in dog and bovine aortas. In the rabbit aortic membranes, I [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate specifically bound with high affinity (KD = 28.1 pM) to a single class of sites (maximum number of binding sites = 57.2 fmol/mg of protein) which have characteristics of muscarinic receptors. Drug competition curves indicated a single class of binding sites for antagonists (e.g., K1 = 160 nM for pirenzepine), but suggested the presence of two affinity binding sites (or states) for agonists (e.g., K1 = 8.29 nM and K2 = 0.32 microM for oxotremorine, respectively). I-[3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate also bound to a single class of sites in the membranes of dog and bovine aortas, with similar affinities to the case of rabbit aorta. But the maximum number of binding site values were significantly lower than the value in the rabbit aorta. Furthermore, bovine aorta exhibited a higher affinity (K1 = 8.7-22.3 nM) for pirenzepine, but a lower affinity (K1 = 0.62-1.46 microM) for oxotremorine, as compared with rabbit and dog aortas. Accordingly, muscarinic receptors in the aorta are different between animal species, regarding its density and interactions with muscarinic agents. The receptors in bovine aorta may be M1-subtype but receptors in rabbit and dog aortas may be relatively M2-subtypes. PMID- 3754898 TI - Surgical decompression of the orbit. PMID- 3754899 TI - Factors affecting the prognosis following arthroscopic partial meniscectomy. PMID- 3754900 TI - [To visualize the posterolateral segment of the external meniscus. Value of the position of internal flexion rotation]. AB - Interpretation of images of the posterolateral segment of external meniscus, during arthrography with contrasts of knee, is known to be difficult and this explains the possibility of false positives and the frequency of false negatives observed during exploration on this meniscus. A flexion-internal rotation projection of knee was used to improve the image of the posterior horn of the external meniscus, and analysis of results of about 100 examinations showed significant benefits. Use of the method is illustrated in a normal knee, and one with a rupture of posterior horn of external meniscus masked in extension and detected only in the flexion-internal rotation projection. PMID- 3754901 TI - In vitro effects of gallamine on dissociation kinetics of (3H)N-methylscopolamine and (3H)pirenzepine from rat brain muscarinic receptors. AB - Gallamine inhibited the binding of both (3H)N-Methylscopolamine ((3H)NMS) and (3H)Pirenzepine ((3H)PZ) in the hippocampus, striatum and cortex of rat brain. Competition curves between gallamine and (3H)PZ suggested that gallamine recognized an homogeneous class of receptors (Hill coefficient close to 1) whereas competition curves, using (3H)NMS as tracer, were compatible with two classes of gallamine receptors (Hill coefficient below 0.7). The latter phenomenon could be explained, at least partially, by the inhibitory effect exerted by gallamine on the k off of (3H)NMS. This effect was already observed at a 10 microM gallamine concentration and reached 100% at 1 mM (a gallamine concentration reducing the k off of (3H)PZ by 30% only). The nature of the radioligand rather than the relative abundance of M1 - M2 receptors was probably responsible for this discrepancy. Gallamine inhibited the (3H)NMS dissociation rate from brain M1 and M2 receptors (i.e. receptors with high and intermediate affinity for pirenzepine) with a lower potency than from cardiac M2 receptors (i.e. receptors with low affinity for pirenzepine). PMID- 3754902 TI - Structure-activity relationships for the competitive angiotensin antagonist [sarcosine,O-methyltyrosine4]angiotensin II (sarmesin). AB - Analogues of the competitive angiotensin antagonist [Sar1,Tyr(Me)4]ANG II (sarmesin) in which the sarcosine-1, O-methyltyrosine-4, and phenylalanine-8 residues were modified have been synthesized by the solid-phase method. The agonist and antagonist potencies of the 23 peptides synthesized were determined in the rat isolated uterus assay. At position 1, replacement of Sar with Asp, Ala, or Pro gave inactive analogues, and deletion of the N-terminal amino acid produced inactive heptapeptides for all analogues investigated. At position 4, substitution of Tyr with Tyr(Et), D-Tyr, D-Phe, Ile, Thr, or Hyp resulted in inactive analogues, whereas substitution of Phe gave a potent competitive antagonist (pA2 = 7.9), which retained significant agonist activity (22%). For position 8, [Sar1,Tyr(Me)4,Ile8]ANG II and [Sar1,Phe4,Ile8]ANG II were weaker antagonists (pA2 = 6.6 and 6.7, respectively) than [Sar1,Ile8]ANG II (pA2 apparent = 8.1) and, moreover, were reversible competitive antagonists. These findings demonstrate that the structural requirements for receptor blockade by sarmesin are remarkably stringent--modifications at positions 1, 4, and 8 markedly reduce the antagonist activity of this peptide. PMID- 3754903 TI - Lymphocyte subsets in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and perimyocarditis. AB - Lymphocyte subsets were analyzed in patients with DCM, arrhythmias following influenza symptoms and acute perimyocarditis, respectively by an automated laser flow cytometry system with the use of monoclonal antibodies. A lower percentage of OKT8+ cells and a high OKT4/OKT8 ratio were found in the DCM and arrhythmias groups. No phenotypic abnormalities in the lymphocyte subsets were found in patients with acute perimyocarditis who were favorably progressing in clinical features. The results suggest that an immunological disturbance thought to play a part of the pathogenesis of DCM or heart failure may cause the abnormality of lymphocyte subsets. PMID- 3754905 TI - Mycotic aneurysms in intravenous drug abuse. PMID- 3754904 TI - Minus-strand initiation by brome mosaic virus replicase within the 3' tRNA-like structure of native and modified RNA templates. AB - An RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (replicase) extract from brome mosaic virus infected barley leaves has been shown to initiate synthesis of (-) sense RNA from (+) sense virion RNA. Initiation occurred de novo, as demonstrated by the incorporation of [gamma-32P]GTP into the product. Sequencing using cordycepin triphosphate to terminate (-) strands during their synthesis by the replicase generated sequence ladders that confirmed that copying was accurate, and that initiation occurred very close to the 3' end. The precise site of initiation was further defined by testing the replicase template activity after stepwise removal of 3'-terminal nucleotides. Whereas removal of the terminal A did not decrease template activity, removal of the next nucleotide (C-2) did. Thus, initiation almost certainly occurs opposite the penultimate 3'-nucleotide (C-2) in vitro. The structure of the double-stranded replicative form of RNA isolated from brome mosaic virus-infected leaves was consistent with such a mechanism occurring in vivo, in that it lacked the 3'-terminal A found on virion RNAs. The specific site of (-) strand initiation and normal template activity were retained for RNAs with as many as 15 to 30 A residues added to the 3' end. However, only limited oligonucleotide 3' extensions can be present on active templates. In order to assess the 5' extent of sequences required for an active template, a 134 nucleotide-long fragment of brome mosaic virus RNA, corresponding to the tRNA like structure, was generated. This RNA had high template activity, but a shorter 3' (85-nucleotide) fragment was inactive. RNAs with various heterologous sequences 5' to position 134 also showed high template activity. Thus, the 3' terminal tRNA-like structure common to all four brome mosaic virus virion RNAs contains all of the signals required for initiation of replication, and sequences 5' to it do not play a role in template selection. PMID- 3754906 TI - Phosphatidylcholine metabolism in lung microsomes and lung surfactant of rats exposed intratracheally to coal fly ash. AB - The effect of intratracheal administration of fly ash has been studied on lung microsomal and lung surfactant phosphatidylcholine (PC) metabolism in rats using [methyl-14C]choline and [methyl-14C]methionine. Fly-ash administration significantly increased total phospholipids, PC, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) of lung surfactant. Fly-ash administration stimulated the formation of lung microsomal PC (as measured by the incorporation of labeled precursors) both by the cytidine 5'-diphosphate (CDP)-choline pathway and by the N-methylation pathway, but this stimulation was fourfold higher in the latter case and only twofold higher in the former as compared to the control. Likewise, the secretion of PC formed by the N-methylation pathway was sixfold higher as compared to the control whereas secretion of PC formed by the CDP choline pathway was only threefold higher as compared to the control. Fly-ash administration further increased total saturation and decreased unsaturation in PC, PE, and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) of lung and in PC, PE, LPC, and PG of lung surfactant as compared to the controls. PMID- 3754907 TI - Suprarenal mycotic aortic aneurysm: surgical management and follow-up. AB - A case is reported of a rare 7 cm saccular mycotic aneurysm that developed in the suprarenal abdominal aorta of a severely atherosclerotic 63-year-old man from presumed hematogenous inoculation of an atherosclerotic plaque. At operation a right axillobifemoral artery bypass graft was performed along with autotransplantation of the left kidney to the left common iliac vessels and the suprarenal aorta was ligated, excised, and widely debrided. The patient recovered and was in good health for 6 months when sudden occlusion of his axillofemoral graft required thrombectomy for limb salvage and to preserve renal function. Elective thoracoaortic to bilateral iliac artery bypass was successfully undertaken 8 months after the initial operation. However, the patient suffered a fatal myocardial infarction 2 weeks after operation. At autopsy a well-perfused nephrosclerotic kidney, healed aortic ligation, and no graft infections were found. PMID- 3754908 TI - [A case of coexisting primary malignant lymphoma and adenocarcinoma of the stomach]. AB - Reports of the presence of two histologically different neoplasms in one organ are still unusual. We experienced a rare case of coexisting primary malignant lymphoma and adenocarcinoma of the stomach. A 66-year-old woman was admitted in April 1983 because of weight loss and epigastralgia. Several examinations including gallium scan, upper GI endoscopy, biopsy and touch cytology of the stomach, were performed, and she was diagnosed as having primary malignant lymphoma (noncleaved, large cell type) of the stomach. After the administration of 20 mg of vincristine, 6,000 mg of cyclophosphamide, 1,000 mg of prednisolone and 150 mg of Adriamycin, she improved to complete remission in August 1983. In February 1984, she received gastrectomy because of stenosis of the esophagogastric junction. Microscopic examination of the ulcerated lesion at esophagogastric junction revealed moderately differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma infiltrating to the subserosa. Despite chemotherapy, peritonitis carcinomatosa developed, and the patient died of cachexia in July 1984. PMID- 3754909 TI - [Malignant lymphoma associated with Sjogren's syndrome: a case report]. PMID- 3754910 TI - [A case of metrizamide encephalopathy]. PMID- 3754911 TI - [Roentgenologic characteristics of the gastrointestinal tract in patients with chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction]. PMID- 3754912 TI - Incidence and specificities of labeled thyrotropic hormone (TSH) binding immunoglobulins (LTB-Igs) in patients with Graves' disease and other thyroid disorders. AB - Using [125I]bTSH, labeled TSH binding (LTB) in sera from 203 patients with various thyroid disorders was studied. Four of them with known potent anti-TSH antibody showed extremely high LTB, as has been reported previously. Excluding these 4 sera, the mean +/- s.d. of serum LTB from 199 patients was calculated to be 8.6 +/- 2.1%. LTB exceeding 10.7% (mean + 1 s.d.) was observed in 16 sera; these were taken as increased. LTB measured by polyethyleneglycol (PEG) precipitation correlated significantly with the serum IgG concentration; however, sera with increased LTB had high values irrespective of the serum IgG concentration. Specificities of increased LTB in 13 sera were further analyzed by means of binding to Protein A-sepharose and displacement studies using bTSH and nonradioactively iodinated bTSH. A significant correlation was observed between the LTB obtained by PEG and those by Protein A-sepharose. BTSH specificity was confirmed in 5 of the 13 sera; 7 of the remaining 8 sera showed displacement only by iodinated bTSH. None of the control Graves' sera showed any significant displacement. Comparisons of the results of measurement of LTB by Protein A sepharose and those by the displacement studies disclosed that most of displaced sera had increased LTB to the IgG fraction. Disease distributions of 203 overall cases and 20 increased LTB cases revealed that apparently higher incidence (22.9%) of increased LTB in untreated Graves' patients than the others, though some increased LTB cases were also observed in patients with inactive Graves' or other thyroid disorders.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3754913 TI - [Endolymphatic administration of thymalin in the complex treatment of patients with appendicular peritonitis]. PMID- 3754914 TI - [Glaucoma in endocrine exophthalmus]. AB - Elevated intraocular pressure may be found in patients with Graves' disease if it is measured with gaze in the usual straight-ahead direction. In such cases the patient must be allowed to change his direction of gaze, and in particular to his individual "resting" direction of gaze. In pseudoglaucoma IOP will normalize at once. If Graves' disease develops in addition it may become impossible to control existing primary glaucomas by drug therapy. Outflow from the aqueous veins may be impeded by congestion of the orbital veins and lymphatic pathways. It is thus recommended that effective treatment of Graves' disease be carried out first (surgical decompression of the orbit according to Buschmann and Richter if drug therapy fails to reduce the protrusion significantly). After removal of the protrusion and the orbital congestion, it may once again be possible to regulate IOP by drug therapy and glaucoma surgery may not be necessary. If, by contrast, glaucoma surgery is performed on an eye with persistent endocrine exophthalmos, this may result in a fatal progression of the compression in neuropathy of the optic nerve. This should be avoided. Exemplary case histories are discussed. PMID- 3754915 TI - Effect of experimental cardiopulmonary bypass on systemic and transcardiac thromboxane B2 levels. AB - Systemic and cardiac metabolism of thromboxane was studied in a canine model (n = 13) of standard cardiopulmonary bypass and surgical cardioplegia. Sterile techniques were applied and no donor blood was used. Systemic samples (thoracic aorta) and transcardiac gradients (coronary sinus - aortic root) were obtained (1) 5 minutes after cannulation, (2) 20 minutes after the onset of partial bypass, (3) 5 seconds after the first administration of cardioplegic solution (CP 1), and (4) 5 seconds after the second administration of cardioplegic solution (CP-2). Cardioplegic doses were administered 30 minutes apart and consisted of 500 ml of hypothermic (8 degrees C), hyperkalemic (25 mEq potassium chloride) solution infused into the aortic root at 60 to 70 mm Hg. Thromboxane B2 was determined by a double-antibody radioimmunoassay (picograms per milliliter +/- standard error of the mean). Onset of partial bypass was followed by a significant rise in systemic arterial thromboxane B2 levels: after cannulation, 115 +/- 21 pg/ml; after the onset of partial bypass, 596 +/- 141 pg/ml; p less than 0.01). Significant transcardiac thromboxane B2 gradients were found during the first and second cardioplegic washouts (CP-1: aortic root 73 +/- 12 pg/ml, coronary sinus 306 +/- 86 pg/ml, p less than 0.01; CP-2: aortic root 65 +/- 11 pg/ml, coronary sinus 355 +/- 98 pg/ml, p less than 0.01). Transcardiac gradients of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha and thromboxane B2 were obtained at CP-1 and CP 2. Gradients of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha were not different from thromboxane B2 gradients during CP-1 but were significantly higher than thromboxane B2 gradients during CP-2. In a subgroup of five dogs, transcardiac thromboxane B2, lactate, and platelet gradients were measured simultaneously. Cardiac thromboxane B2 generation was found only in the presence of cardiac lactate production. Transcardiac platelet gradients were significantly higher at CP-1 (13,900 +/- 3,000/mm3) than at CP-2 (4,000 +/- 1,230/mm3) (p less than 0.05), whereas thromboxane B2 gradients were similar at CP-1 and CP-2. Our study demonstrates that thromboxane B2 is released into the coronary circulation during surgical cardioplegic arrest with anaerobiosis. PMID- 3754916 TI - Model to simulate the gastric electrical control and response activity on the stomach wall and on the abdominal surface. PMID- 3754917 TI - [Dynamics of the degree of antibody affinity in experimental studies of the humoral immune response. I. Effect of antigen dose on the affinity of anti-human serum albumin antibodies]. PMID- 3754918 TI - [Dynamics of the degree of antibody affinity in experimental studies of the humoral immune response. II. Effect of adjuvants on the affinity of anti-human serum albumin antibodies]. PMID- 3754919 TI - [An implant for stimulation of the acoustic nerve with 12 channels]. AB - A portable hearing aid for direct stimulation of the eighth cranial nerve was developed and translated into reality. The system (Fig. 1) consists of two components, the portable transmitter and the receiver to be implanted in the mastoid. The speech signal, received in a microphone, is divided into 12 frequency bands in the transmitter (Fig. 2). The outputs are transferred via a vocoder system with pulse amplitude modulation and using a small transmitting device for signals and for energy to the receiver. The implantable receiver (Figs. 3 and 8) transfers the signals in the 12 channels into the electrical stimuli of the electrodes which are pushed into the nerve in a form of a bunch (Fig. 9). In this manner--similar to normal hearing, although much coarse- tonotopic frequency-place transformation can be achieved. PMID- 3754920 TI - [Experiences with the implantation of a multichannel electrode in the acoustic nerve]. AB - The authors developed a surgical approach to the acoustic nerve enabling the introduction of an electrode into the acoustic nerve. A multichannel electrode was implanted by this method in a deaf patient. The receiver casing for percutaneous transmission was fixed in the mastoid. Encouraging hearing results were obtained over a period of two months by electrical stimulation of the acoustic nerve. PMID- 3754921 TI - The UCSF/Storz multichannel cochlear implant: patient results. AB - Using the four channel cochlear implant system with a vocoder-based processor developed at UCSF over an extensive period of research, clinical trials of the UCSF/Storz device were initiated in February 1985, under the sponsorship of Storz Instrument Company. To date, 13 patients have been implanted with this device, nine of whom have been fitted with their external processor and transmitter and have received at least their initial postoperative evaluation. Patient results have been extremely promising, with eight of the nine patients obtaining some open-set auditory only speech understanding. Most patients have demonstrated improvement over time and all patients have attained an enhancement in lipreading ability with the use of the UCSF/Storz device. PMID- 3754922 TI - [Automation of renographic studies using a microcomputer]. AB - The paper is concerned with the results of the automation of renogram storage and processing. The computer system 15 VUMS-28 (on the basis of the ELEKTRONIKA-60 computer) fitted out with storage on the magnetic tape (KML) AZII-4, two 3 channel renographs (NP-356 and NP-307), manufactured in Hungary, and a plotter N 306 were interfaced by means of the KAMAK apparatus. The REN-1 program in the QUASIC language ensuring simultaneous storage and processing of renograms from two renographs was developed. The maximum time (Tmax) and semiexcretion time (T 1/2) as well as a system of indicators based on a linear chamber model of hippuran transport were used for analysis of renograms. PMID- 3754923 TI - Interaction between parathyroid hormone and endogenous estrogen in normal women. AB - It has been hypothesized that estrogens conserve bone substance by blocking the resorbing effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH). We evaluated this hypothesis by examining the relation of circulating PTH to endogenous estrogen fluctuation during four quarters of a single menstrual cycle in 20 normal women. The hypothesis predicts that PTH should vary directly with estrogen, since PTH should increase following estrogen elevation to satisfy physiologic demands for calcium. Contrary to the predicted direct variation, PTH remained constant throughout the menstrual cycle despite sharply fluctuating estrogen levels. Furthermore, PTH was negatively associated with estrone during the early follicular (r = -.65, P less than 0.005) and late follicular (r = -.84, P less than 0.0001) phases. We attempted to determine whether this unexpected relationship between estrone and PTH signified a direct physiologic link, by excluding factors which could have spuriously engendered the inverse correlation. Stepwise multiple regression and partial correlation showed that estrone contributed significantly to circulating PTH independent of the effects of dietary calcium, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, serum calcium, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, phosphate, estradiol, progesterone, and body weight. Therefore, it is possible that the inverse correlation between estrone and PTH signified a direct physiologic link, as an artifactual cause for the relationship could not be identified. These data imply that estrone interacts with PTH, but not by blocking PTH-mediated bone resorption. We conclude that estrone is associated with reduced circulating PTH through an as yet undetermined mechanism. PMID- 3754924 TI - Detection of neuroendocrine peptide precursor cDNA clones using synthetic oligonucleotides. PMID- 3754925 TI - In situ hybridization for the study of gene expression in the brain. PMID- 3754926 TI - In situ cDNA:mRNA hybridization: development of a technique to measure mRNA levels in individual cells. AB - In this article we have described our protocol for in situ cDNA:mRNA hybridization and a variety of methodological considerations we have entertained to optimize the procedure. It should be stressed that each different system will have its own special characteristics and require optimization to obtain maximal and reproducible signals. We believe that by following a methodological logic as outlined here, researchers should be able to establish the in situ cDNA:mRNA hybridization protocol with their probes and tissue systems. PMID- 3754928 TI - A rare opportunity to observe aspects of the natural history of untreated Hodgkin's disease. AB - We report here a case of Hodgkin's disease that progressed untreated for almost four years by virtue of a delayed diagnosis before constitutional symptoms developed. Data that relate to series of untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease are reviewed and the possible role of pregnancy in accelerating the disease is discussed. PMID- 3754927 TI - Location of gene expression in CNS using hybridization histochemistry. AB - In this chapter we have placed heavy emphasis on our own recent work to lay out a workable recipe for hybridization histochemistry. Only a trickle of papers followed the initial benchmark excursions into in situ labeling of tissue sections. Our own entry into this field was as late starters in 1978, but since then a confluence of important questions and technical advances has served to make hybridization histochemistry much more attractive and universally applicable as a research tool. Hybridization histochemistry allows the location of anatomical sites of gene expression and viral replication with unique specificity and is able to solve some problems for which there is no other suitable technique available in the central nervous system. For example, allowing that peptides may enter neurons by a variety of mechanisms and then be christened neuroendocrine peptides, it has become a compelling issue to know which cells are manufacturing the peptide. Thus, much can be learned by the approach elegantly demonstrated by Gee et al., of locating mRNA and its peptide product within the same neuron. The intracellular location of specific mRNA for a neuropeptide in a cell body indicates a very high probability that the peptide is secreted as a neurotransmitter or a neuromodulator from sites associated with the cell body. Our introduction of the use of whole mouse sections and large sections of brain of large animals in hybridization histochemistry has great potential in locating hormonal, enzymatic, and growth factor gene expression. The technique has been applied most elegantly by others to developmental studies and for the examination of viral infection. Resolution down to a single cell in heterogeneous tissue was beyond the original expectation of the capability of 32P-labeled probes and single cells in sections shown in Fig. 2 is probably the limit of resolution with this isotope. There is no reason why other isotopes, fluorescent labels, or labels suitable for EM should not take the resolution of the technique to intracellular. The horizon of application is widened enormously by the successful application of synthetic oligonucleotide probes, and at the same time unshackles the procedure from dependence upon a fully functional molecular biology laboratory. Although hybridization is a valuable research tool which we have applied to location of neuropeptides in the brain, it should soon find a niche in many fields and in a short time should become a key diagnostic tool.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3754929 TI - [Experimental and clinical studies on a sensitivity test of anticancer agents by 3H-thymidine autoradiography using a human malignant tumor transplanted to nude mice]. AB - The 3H-thymidine uptake of human xenografts transplanted in nude mice and treated with various anticancer agents was studied by autoradiography and compared with the histological changes on the same specimen. One hundred and four human malignant tumors were transplanted into nude mice and treated with intraperitoneal administration of Mitomycin C (MMC) (3mg/kg), 5-Fluorouracil (5 FU) (25mg/kg X 3) and Cyclophosphamide (CPM) (80mg/kg), of which 97 cases were investigated. Autoradiographical evaluation was expressed as the inhibition rate of labeling index of the treated specimen in comparison with that of the control. Histological change was judged by Ohboshi and Shimosato's criteria. The rate of positive sensitivity was 65.5% in MMC, 34.9% in 5-FU and 51.8% in CPM by autoradiographical evaluation, while by histological evaluation 18.9%, 14.6% and 16.9%, respectively. From these results, it may be speculated that the autoradiographical evaluation of the tumor sensitivity against anticancer agents is more sensitive than the histological evaluation. As to MMC and CPM, statistically significant correlations were demonstrated between the results of this method and those of the experimental chemotherapy in accordance with the Battelle Columbus Laboratories Protocol using human malignant tumors serially transplanted into nude mice. PMID- 3754930 TI - [Protein C dynamics in peripheral arterial occlusive diseases and myocardial infarction: association of homozygous protein C deficiency with heterozygous dysplasminogenemia found among patients with deep vein thrombosis]. AB - Protein C(PC) is the zymogen of a serine protease which regulates blood coagulation by inactivating activated blood coagulation factors V and VIII. We investigated the plasma level of PC in patients with deep vein thrombosis (DVT, n = 50), Buerger's disease (n = 34), arteriosclerosis obliterans (n = 37) and myocardial infarction (n = 17). PC in plasma was determined by rocket immunoelectrophoresis using a monospecific anti-PC antiserum raised in rabbits. Our study indicated that only in DVT the level of PC was decreased in comparison with the normal control (p less than 0.05). This decrease may be accounted for by increased utilization of PC for the regulation of continuously activated blood coagulation mechanism possibly ongoing in patients with DVT. On the other hand, among the patients with the DVT, we found a homozygous PC deficiency combined with a heterozygous dysplasminogenemia in a 22-year old male who had been suffering from recurrent venous thrombosis since the age of 14. Although the homozygous form of PC deficiency has been reported to be closely associated with fatal thrombotic disorders including purpura furminans during the neonatal period, the patient reported here had surprisingly survived the neonatal period and the childhood without any clinical manifestation relevant to thrombosis. PMID- 3754931 TI - [Congenital abnormalities related to coagulation and the fibrinolytic system in patients with vein thrombosis of the lower extremities]. AB - Plasma concentrations of antithrombin III (AT III), plasminogen (Plg), and protein C (PC) were assayed in 28 patients with venous thrombosis of lower extremities without distinct underlying disorders. Three abnormalities were found in 5 cases (17.8%) in relation to coagulation and fibrinolytic system (3 with congenital AT III deficiency, one each with dysplasminogenemia and congenital PC deficiency). In the patients with either one of these abnormalities, characteristic features of thrombosis are summarized as follows; 1. early onset of clinical symptoms. 2. high frequency of superficial vein thrombosis. 3. high recurrence rate. 4. high frequency of pulmonary embolism. PMID- 3754932 TI - Morphological transformation and chromosome damage by amsacrine in C3H/10T1/2 clone 8 cells. AB - Morphological transformation, cell survival, chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei were measured in C3H/101/2CL8 cells after 24 h exposure to amsacrine. A weak but dose-related increase in the percentage of dishes containing transformed foci occurred. As previously reported for alkylating agents, this effect was increased by treating 5 days instead of 1 day after plating. There was no evidence for gene mutation at the Na/K ATPase locus, although amsacrine induced micronuclei in a large percentage of cells and chromosomal aberrations, including interchange events and double minute chromosomes, in dividing cells. In would appear that transformation and chromosomal events may be related in amsacrine-treated C3H/10T1/2CL8 cells. The results strongly suggest that amsacrine has carcinogenic potential, possibly related to its chromosome-breaking properties. PMID- 3754933 TI - Cafergot substitution for carafate. PMID- 3754934 TI - Mechanism of activation of HuBlym-1 gene unresolved. AB - The HuBlym-1 gene has been isolated from Burkitt's lymphoma DNA on the basis of its reported ability to produce foci of cells when NIH 3T3 cells are transfected with it. The sequence of HuBlym-1 has been reported but it has not been established whether the sequence of the transforming gene differs from that of the gene in normal tissue, as might be expected from the common observation of mutational activation of proto-oncogenes into oncogenes. I report here that there are no differences between the sequences of three recombinant DNA clones that were isolated from Burkitt's cell lines and that cross-hybridize to HuBlym-1 but do not induce foci when transfected into NIH 3T3 cells, and the reported sequence of Burkitt's lymphoma Blym. Also there is no obvious or consistent increase in the transcription of the HuBlym-1 gene in Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines of the type that might otherwise have accounted for its transforming activity even in the absence of a mutation. How the HuBlym-1 gene is activated therefore remains a mystery. PMID- 3754935 TI - [Hodgkin's disease in children; treatment results with or without radiotherapy]. PMID- 3754936 TI - Immunogenicity of the Gardner lymphosarcoma for the mice of the strain C3H (H 2k). I. The effect of the 60Co-irradiation of recipients and of the interval between the immunization and transplantation of the tumor on the antitumor resistance of immunized mice. AB - The C3H (H-2k) mice were immunized by 60Co-irradiation-inactivated Gardner lymphosarcoma (LSG) cells. The degree of resistance of mice with transplanted tumors was determined by difference in survival curves of the immunized and nonimmunized mice. When the tumor was transplanted during 26 weeks after the last of the three immunizing injections the mean survival time of immunized mice was always prolonged over that of nonpretreated controls. The prolongation was not always significant. The slope differences between lines characterizing survival of immunized and nonimmunized groups were statistically significant when the transplantation of the tumor was performed up to the 22nd week following the immunization. A small number of immunized mice which survived 60 days without visible tumors belonged to immunized groups transplanted with the tumor up to 14 weeks after the last immunizing dose. A higher degree of resistance has been achieved in mice given increased number of immunizing injections. Similar effect was observed in mice with impaired antitumor resistance due to immunosuppressive dose of 60Co-irradiation given before the tumor transplantation. Skin grafts taken from resistant mice healed up to unaffected isologous mice as well as it was found in reciprocal transplantation experiments. PMID- 3754937 TI - Immunogenicity of the Gardner lymphosarcoma for the mice of the strain C3H (H 2k). II. Alteration of the growth and dissemination of solid Gardner lymphosarcoma following immunization by an extract of the ascitic tumor. AB - Aqueous 1-butanol extracts were prepared from the ascites form of Gardner lymphosarcoma (LSG) maintained in C3H (H-2k) mice and from the solid Lewis lung carcinoma (LLCa) transplanted in B6 mice. C3H mice primed at least two times with cell surface antigens extracted from Gardner tumor cells (LSG-extract) lived longer than untreated controls if challenged with the solid Gardner lymphosarcoma cells. Tumors growing in immunized C3H mice differed from those growing in controls by shape, necrotization and inhibition of dissemination. If C3H mice were primed three times with LLCa extract then the survival was in comparison to intact controls prolonged only when the mice were pretreated into the site of tumor challenge. Survival time of B6 and B10 mice with transplanted LLCa was not markedly changed by previous priming injections of LSG-extract. An increase in mortality was recorded when LSG-extract-primed B10 mice were compared to the group of mice of the same line; similar effect has not been found in B6 mice. PMID- 3754938 TI - NPY stimulates nett absorption across rat intestinal mucosa in vivo. AB - NPY is a peptide recently isolated from porcine brain which has been seen to be widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous system. The peptide is known to be present in substantial quantities in the extrinsic and intrinsic innervation of the gut but few studies have yet been done on the functional activity of the peptide in this site. In this study, intravenous infusion of porcine NPY was seen to cause nett absorption in the proximal duodenum. In addition, NPY was found to inhibit the nett secretory effect of simultaneously infused VIP in the proximal duodenum and jejunum. This evidence of functional activity of NPY in the gut further supports a role for this peptide in controlling or modulating intestinal function. PMID- 3754939 TI - Injured adult neocortical neurons sprout fibers into surviving fetal frontal cortex transplants: evidence using NADPH-diaphorase staining. PMID- 3754940 TI - Acridinic acid: a new antagonist of amino acid-induced excitations of central neurones. AB - The actions of acridinic acid (2,3-quinoline dicarboxylic acid), a new derivative of quinolinic acid, as an antagonist of amino acid-induced excitations are described. Acridinate, like kynurenate, in the cerebral cortex reduced the effects of all amino acids equally, but in the spinal cord was significantly less active against quisqualate. PMID- 3754941 TI - Growth hormone and bovine lactation. PMID- 3754942 TI - Lid retraction and levator aponeurosis defects in Graves' eye disease. AB - Vertical palpebral fissure determinants and lid crease height were measured in patients with Graves' eye disease (GED) and in normal subjects. The fissure and crease height are positively correlated with exophthalmometer readings in each group. Compensatory levator aponeurosis defects are shown to occur in patients with GED. These, along with the effect of exophthalmos on the lower lid position, the observation that the lower lid is closer to the inferior limbus than the upper lid is to the superior limbus in normal subjects, and the effect of contracture of the inferior rectus on the lower lid position, explain why inferior scleral show is found to be greater than superior scleral show in patients with GED. Thus, lid retractor surgery in GED patients should be performed only after the palpebral fissure, levator function, and lid crease height stabilize, and after any contemplated surgery that would alter the exophthalmos and extraocular muscles has been performed. PMID- 3754943 TI - The plica syndrome: a new perspective. AB - The symptomatic medial patellar plica is a definite but uncommon pathologic entity. Even after complete excision of an inflamed, thickened plica, mild symptoms may persist despite considerable improvement. The plica syndrome may, in some cases, be part of a broader problem, possibly involving aberrant patellofemoral mechanics. Continued critical analysis of the disorder and the treatment results is necessary to clarify the syndrome further, but excision of a thickened, inflamed plica appears to be very helpful in most patients. PMID- 3754945 TI - The cochlear implant. PMID- 3754944 TI - Cochlear implant electronics made simple. AB - Electronics used in cochlear implants are relatively straightforward. While all cochlear implants process signals by amplifying, compressing, filtering, and encoding them for transmission to and use by the receiver, there are significant electronic variations amongst cochlear implant systems. The evolving nature of cochlear implant research and development makes it difficult, at the least, to predict the optimum electronic configuration. Since the biologic system which this prosthesis replaces is subject to so many forms and degrees of pathology, there is likely no one best answer. Since their first use in 1957, cochlear implants have steadily evolved to their current state. Much is still unknown about the biologic system on which they operate. It is exciting to contemplate that this biologic system, even though damaged, may be made more understandable by the same device which restores some hearing function. PMID- 3754946 TI - Cochlear implants. Present and future. AB - The perfect cochlear implant has eluded the many research teams around the world that are studying it. In the hope that someone may develop one system that is clearly better than the others, I believe that each team should pursue its own ideas and methods. We have at least another 20 years of step-by-small step development if we are to continue to improve the cochlear implant. PMID- 3754948 TI - Electrophysiologic evaluation of the cochlear implant patient. AB - Electrically evoked auditory brain stem responses (EABRs) have been measured in experimental animals and human subjects. The EABR may hold promise as a clinical tool in the evaluation of the auditory system in candidates or users of cochlear prostheses. PMID- 3754947 TI - Safety considerations of cochlear implantation. AB - This article reviews past research on the safety of surgical techniques, cell response to implants, and electrode design. New information obtained from animal studies and from in vitro observations of human temporal bones is also presented. PMID- 3754949 TI - Rehabilitation concepts with the cochlear implant. AB - In some ways, it appears that rehabilitation for cochlear implant patients is following the early rehabilitation trends of this century. In the early part of the 1900's, emphasis was on lip-reading, since we did not have amplification as we now know it. With the refinements in amplification, there was less emphasis on analytic lip-reading (exact identification of sounds and words). The trend was to counsel individuals on the benefits and limitations of amplification; lip-reading was regarded as something hearing-impaired individuals would learn anyway. Aural rehabilitation now emphasizes hearing aids. Twenty-five years ago, the emphasis was on lip-reading, with or without amplification. It would appear that rehabilitation for cochlear implant patients is following the same trend. As we learn more about cochlear implants, the trends for rehabilitation will become more clear. PMID- 3754950 TI - Educational aspects of cochlear implants in children. AB - An overview of deaf education as it relates to the needs of the cochlear implant child is given. More specific information concerning the developmental approach to successful listening is described. The progress of specific youngsters is discussed following application of this "approach". PMID- 3754951 TI - Extracochlear implants. AB - A unichannel extracochlear implant designed and made in our laboratory was tried on several patients. Results to date are very similar in all cases. Very rudimentary auditory information is provided, which can help totally deaf patients. PMID- 3754952 TI - The Vienna cochlear implant program. AB - The cochlear implant program in Vienna has now gathered 160 patient years of experience with 25 patients who have received an extracochlear implant prosthesis and 31 patients who have received an intracochlear implant prosthesis. The sound processor avoids the transformation of speech into pulses and provides a processed analog broad-band stimulation signal. Approximately one half of the patients are prelingually deaf. The selection criteria include electrical promontory stimulation and acoustic and electrical brain-stem audiometry. The rehabilitation program consisting of counseling, communication training, and auditory training is considered an important part of the program. The results are assessed using the Vienna Auditory Test battery. Sixty per cent of the postlingually deafened patients achieve some open-set speech understanding without lip-reading. Sixty-five per cent of the users show a substantial improvement in aided speech understanding versus lip-reading alone. PMID- 3754954 TI - Cochlear implants in children: speech production and auditory discrimination. AB - This article presents a statistical analysis of factors which may be predictive of improved speech and audiologic performance for implanted children. Such findings provide some prognostic indicators for identifying children who may have greater potential for success with the implant. PMID- 3754953 TI - Extracochlear sixteen-channel electrode system. AB - This article summarizes 10 years of work by the Cologne-Duren Research Group. The purpose of our research was to develop a noninvasive operation technique and to avoid opening the inner ear cavities (extracochlear technique). On the basis of empiric experience, a 16-channel electrode system was developed. The electrodes were fixed on a "hedgehog" contact plate with an arrangement corresponding to the projection of the cochlea. A microprocessor, which enables individual programmability in the different groups of deaf persons (prelingual, postlingual deafness), was integrated into the speech processor. Experience to date was summarized in statistical data. Not only the results of the psychoacoustic tests, but also the applicability of the cochlear implant as seen by the patients were considered. We next plan to miniaturize the system. PMID- 3754955 TI - Behavioral effects of cochlear prosthesis on deafened monkeys. AB - No deleterious effects of electrical stimulation on deafened young monkeys were noted using the behavioral techniques described. Due to the small size of this study and the variability of individual monkey behavior, it is impossible to draw definitive conclusions from this study. However, the results strongly suggest that deafened young monkeys with functioning cochlear implants showed apparent improvement in social behavior over deafened nonimplanted subjects. These changes may result from environmental and vocalization sound awareness and/or prevention of auditory deprivation provided by the prosthesis. PMID- 3754956 TI - Bacterial meningitis due to infection of a lumbar drug release system in patients with cancer pain. PMID- 3754958 TI - Simultaneous sudden infant death syndrome in twins. AB - Nine cases of twin infants dying suddenly and simultaneously are described, two of which the author examined personally. A review of this phenomenon described in other literature is also presented. It is hoped that increased awareness of this phenomenon will decrease the profound suspicions of both lay and professional persons that the deaths were due to criminal instrumentality. PMID- 3754957 TI - Hydrophobic surfactant-associated protein in whole lung surfactant and its importance for biophysical activity in lung surfactant extracts used for replacement therapy. AB - Hydrophobic protein of 6,000 and 14,000 daltons was isolated from mammalian pulmonary surfactant obtained from canine, human, and bovine alveolar lavage material. Low molecular weight, hydrophobic, surfactant-associated protein (SAP), herein referred to as SAP 6-14, was distinguished from SAP-35, the major glycoprotein in mammalian surfactants (the 35,000 dalton glycoprotein A or apolipoprotein A) by amino acid composition, peptide mapping, and by resistance of SAP 6-14 to digestion by endoglycosidase F, collagenase, trypsin, and other proteases. The amino acid composition of SAP 6-14 was found to be highly enriched in leucine and other hydrophobic amino acids. The characteristics of protein isolated from bovine replacement surfactant extracts utilized for the treatment of hyaline membrane disease in humans were also studied. SAP 6-14 isolated from calf lung surfactant replacement extracts (CLSE) and surfactant-TA were found to be identical to SAP 6-14 isolated from ether/ethanol extracts of various mammalian surfactants. By contrast, SAP-35, the major surfactant-associated glycoprotein of molecular weight = 35,000, and other higher molecular weight proteins were not detected in significant quantities in the CLSE or surfactant-TA replacement surfactants, either by highly sensitive silver stain analysis or by immunoblot using monospecific antisera generated against bovine SAP-35. Biophysical studies of the CLSE replacement surfactant containing only SAP 6-14 and native phospholipids demonstrated full surface activity compared to natural lung surfactant. Dynamic surface tension lowering and adsorption properties of CLSE were essentially identical to those of freshly isolated bovine whole surfactant. Thus, hydrophobic SAP 6-14 is the only protein detected in bovine lung extract surfactants with full biophysical activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3754959 TI - [Means of enhancing the compensatory and adaptive mechanisms of newborn infants having suffered intrauterine hypoxia]. PMID- 3754960 TI - A cDNA clone of the hnRNP C proteins and its homology with the single-stranded DNA binding protein UP2. AB - A cDNA clone which expresses a protein that cross-reacts immunologically with the human C1 and C2 hnRNP core proteins has been isolated. The clone was selected by a sensitive immunochemical assay employing an avidin-biotin complex for detection, and identified as a clone for the hnRNP C proteins by a highly sensitive antibody select assay that is described here. The clone contains 677 nucleotides, and, as shown by northern blotting, is derived from a 1.5 Kb poly(A)+ mRNA. There are regions of strong homology between the human and mouse genes, weak homology is seen with chicken DNA, and very little, if any, homology can be detected with Drosophila, Artemia, sea urchin, or yeast DNAs. Two peptides (a total of 24 amino acids) of the calf thymus single-stranded DNA binding protein UP2 show perfect homology with the deduced amino acid sequence of the clone, suggesting that UP2 is related to the hnRNP C proteins. There is also a region that has a sequence very similar to two regions of the single-stranded DNA binding protein UP1 that contain proposed DNA binding sites. PMID- 3754961 TI - Expression of two proopiomelanocortin genes in the pituitary gland of Xenopus laevis: complete structures of the two preprohormones. AB - A number of cDNA clones corresponding to Xenopus POMC mRNA was isolated from a cDNA library constructed from Xenopus pituitary polyadenylated RNA. Characterization of the cDNA inserts revealed two groups of structurally different proopiomelanocortin mRNAs, indicating that two proopiomelanocortin genes are expressed to virtually the same level in Xenopus pituitary glands. From the mRNA structures the complete amino acid sequences of the two Xenopus preproopiomelanocortins could be deduced. Comparison with proopiomelanocortin mRNA and protein sequences from other species shows regions of high homology (including the portion of the prohormone located N-terminally of gamma melanophore-stimulating hormone) and regions of extremely low homology (including the signal sequence). PMID- 3754962 TI - The complete nucleotide sequence of RNA beta from the type strain of barley stripe mosaic virus. AB - The complete nucleotide sequence of RNA beta from the type strain of barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) has been determined. The sequence is 3289 nucleotides in length and contains four open reading frames (ORFs) which code for proteins of Mr 22,147 (ORF1), Mr 58,098 (ORF2), Mr 17,378 (ORF3), and Mr 14,119 (ORF4). The predicted N-terminal amino acid sequence of the polypeptide encoded by the ORF nearest the 5'-end of the RNA (ORF1) is identical (after the initiator methionine) to the published N-terminal amino acid sequence of BSMV coat protein for 29 of the first 30 amino acids. ORF2 occupies the central portion of the coding region of RNA beta and ORF3 is located at the 3'-end. The ORF4 sequence overlaps the 3'-region of ORF2 and the 5'-region of ORF3 and differs in codon usage from the other three RNA beta ORFs. The coding region of RNA beta is followed by a poly(A) tract and a 238 nucleotide tRNA-like structure which are common to all three BSMV genomic RNAs. PMID- 3754963 TI - The vasoconstrictor effect of neuropeptide Y and related peptides in the guinea pig isolated heart. AB - Neuropeptide Y (NPY) infusions into isolated, perfused, spontaneously beating hearts of guinea pigs elicited concentration-dependent increases of myocardial perfusion pressure and decreases of myocardial tension, but no consistent changes of heart rate. The increase of perfusion pressure caused by NPY (attributed to a constrictor effect on coronary vessels) was not affected by atropine, prazosin, yohimbine, propranolol, cimetidine, diphenhydramine, indomethacin or a mixture of methysergide and morphine. However, it was reduced by verapamil, a Ca2+ antagonist. Deletion of the N-terminal amino acid Tyr1 from the NPY molecule caused a 12-fold reduction of NPY potency as a coronary constrictor. Further shortening of the NPY molecule by removal of sequence Tyr1 through Glu15 or Tyr1 through Ala18 caused major losses of potency without detectable reduction of intrinsic activity. The results suggest that the constrictor effect of NPY on guinea pig coronary vessels results from a direct effect on vascular smooth muscle cells, is mediated by specific receptors and is likely to involve the participation of extracellular calcium ions. The results also suggest that the chemical groups responsible for the vasoconstrictor effect of NPY in guinea pig hearts might be scattered in the C-terminal end of the peptide. PMID- 3754964 TI - [Atypical course of Riedel's thyroiditis]. PMID- 3754965 TI - [Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Results of treatment, complications and the causes of death of patients with AILD]. PMID- 3754966 TI - [Unusual pulmonary changes (bronchial dysplasia) in sudden unexpected death in young persons]. PMID- 3754967 TI - [Concentration of anti-brain antibodies in the blood of patients with diffuse toxic goiter and thyrotoxic encephalopathy]. AB - The content of anticerebral antibodies was studied in the peripheral blood of 10 healthy persons, 42 patients with diffuse toxic goiter and 25 patients with thyrotoxic encephalopathy. It was determined by a method of passive hemagglutination using a human brain protein extract as an antigen. In the healthy persons antibodies to cerebral antigens were undetectable whereas in 24 of 42 patients with diffuse toxic goiter without signs of the nervous system involvement they were detected (log2 titer--2.3 +/- 0.36). Most of them had polyvalent allergy, thyrotoxicosis recurrence or neuroinfection. Anticerebral antibodies were detected in 88% of the patients with thyrotoxic encephalopathy and their titer (5.6 +/- 0.66) significantly exceeded that in the patients with diffuse toxic goiter without encephalopathy. A possible reason for the appearance of anticerebral antibodies in patients was discussed. The autoimmune nature of thyrotoxic encephalopathy was assumed. PMID- 3754968 TI - Biflavanones of Garcinia: pharmacological and biological activities. PMID- 3754969 TI - Effect of sodium pentobarbital on behavioral thermoregulation in rats and mice. AB - In this study on behavioral thermoregulation, male Sprague-Dawley rats were given intraperitoneal (IP) injections of sodium pentobarbital in doses of 0, 1, 5, 10 or 15 mg/kg and male CBA/J mice were given doses of 0, 5, 10, 15 or 30 mg/kg. The animals were immediately placed in a temperature gradient which allowed them to select their preferred ambient temperature (Ta). The preferred Ta of rats increased following an injection of 10 mg/kg sodium pentobarbital, whereas, the barbiturate had no effect on the preferred Ta of mice. In another study, male rats and mice were given sodium pentobarbital in doses of 0, 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg and then placed into a temperature-controlled environmental chamber set at 30 degrees C for mice and 25 degrees C for rats (i.e., their approximate preferred Ta when dosed with sodium pentobarbital). Colonic temperatures were taken one hour after injection. Sodium pentobarbital induced dose dependent hypothermia in rats at 25 degrees C and hyperthermia in mice at 30 degrees C. These data suggest a direct or indirect block of heat gain/conserving effectors in rats treated with sodium pentobarbital which results in hypothermia and an appropriate compensatory selection of a warmer Ta. PMID- 3754970 TI - Structure-activity relationship in the effects of delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) on rat sleep. AB - DSIP and its analogues, [D-Trp1]-DSIP, [D-Tyr1]-DSIP, and [D-Trp1]-DSIP1-6, were injected ICV (7 nmol/kg) into rats at dark onset, and the sleep-wake activity was recorded during the 12-hr dark period and the subsequent 12-hr light period. The effects were evaluated with respect to baseline records obtained after artificial CSF injections. DSIP did not increase sleep, whereas both [D-Trp1]-DSIP and [D Tyr1]-DSIP promoted sleep in the first part of the night. [D-Trp1]-DSIP1-6 had a prompt arousing effect. It is suggested that the sleep-promoting analogues act by facilitating slight endogenous sleep tendencies at some time after dark onset, while DSIP is degraded quickly and is therefore not effective. The increase of W after [D-Trp1]-DSIP1-6 may indicate that DSIP contains a fragment with an arousing effect. The results corroborate the notion that the active DSIP molecule has a pseudo-cyclic structure. PMID- 3754971 TI - Removal of 239Pu from mice with 3,4,3 LICAM(C) or N,N',N'',N'''-tetra-(2,3 dihydroxybenzoyl)-spermine. AB - Male mice SAS/4 were injected i.v. with 239Pu citr(IV) 0.27 microCi . kg-1-9.99 kBq X kg-1. After 1 h 30 mumol . kg-1 of 3,4,3 LICAM(C), N,N',N'',N'''-tetra-(2,3 dihydroxybenzoyl)-spermine or Na3CaDTPA as a reference compound was given intraperitoneally. After 4 days the animals were sacrificed and the Pu content in livers, kidneys, femurs and carcasses was determined by the liquid scintillation method. It was found that, as compared with the control, 3,4,3 LICAM(C) removed 83% of the Pu activity deposited in the liver, 71% of that in the femur and 79% of the Pu in the whole body. The Pu content in the kidneys exceeded the control value by about 50%. Na3CaDTPA removed 96, 86, 40 and 72% of plutonium from the liver, kidneys, femurs and carcasses respectively. Tetra-DHB-spermine caused the excretion of 50, 57 and 39% of Pu from liver, bone and whole body respectively. The retention of Pu in the kidneys was increased to 400% of the control value. PMID- 3754972 TI - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for 6-keto PGF1 alpha. AB - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for 6-keto prostaglandin F1 alpha, a stable metabolite of prostacyclin, has been developed. The assay allows quantitation of 6-keto PGF1 alpha in the range 1-200 pg/0.1 ml and shows very low cross reactivity to nine other prostaglandins. Dose dependent stimulation by thrombin of 6-keto PGF1 alpha formation in human endothelial cells in culture has been used to verify the assay. Quantitation by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay agrees closely with determination by radioimmunoassay. PMID- 3754973 TI - The effect of an orally active leukotriene D4/E4 antagonist, LY171883, on antigen induced airway responses in allergic sheep. AB - Leukotriene (LT) D4 is a putative mediator of allergic asthma: inhaled LTD4 produces early and late increases in specific lung resistance (SRL) and slows tracheal mucus velocity (TMV) similar to inhaled antigen. In this study we examined the effects of an orally active LTD4/LTE4 antagonist, LY171883 [1-less than 2-Hydroxy-3-propyl-4-less than 4-(1H-Tetrazol-5-yl) Butoxy greater than Phenyl greater than Ethanone], on early and late changes in SRL and TMV following airway challenge with Ascaris suum antigen in conscious allergic sheep. SRL and TMV were measured before and up to 8 h and 24 h after antigen challenge after either LY171883 (30 mg/kg, p.o. 2 h before challenge) or placebo pretreatment. After placebo pretreatment antigen challenge resulted in significant early (483% over baseline) and late (221% over baseline) increases in SRL (n = 9). LY171883 pretreatment, however, significantly reduced the early increase in SRL (163% over baseline) and blocked the late response. LY171883 did not prevent the antigen induced fall in TMV from 5-8 h post challenge (n = 6), but TMV recovered more rapidly in the drug trial returning to baseline values by 24 h. These results suggest that the generation of LTD4, and its metabolite LTE4, during airway anaphylaxis contributes to the early increase in SRL and is important for eliciting the late increase in SRL as well as contributing to the fall in TMV. PMID- 3754974 TI - [Contribution of computer technology to the improvement of drug therapy]. PMID- 3754975 TI - Cholecystokinin secretion after oral Emtobil, a gallbladder-contracting formula. AB - Oral Emtobil, a liquid preparation of sorbitol and peanut oil, has been used in roentgenological practice for several years. Emptying of an opacified gallbladder is seen within 15 min after intake of 100 ml of this solution. The main physiological factor responsible for contraction of the gallbladder is cholecystokinin (CCK). In the present study plasma concentrations of CCK in fasting, healthy subjects were studied in response to oral Emtobil. The radioimmunoassay used measures sulphated CCK-8 and CCK-33 with equimolar potency. Neither non-sulphated CCK nor any gastrins are measured. The average concentration, after an overnight fast in nine healthy subjects without gallstones, was 1.2 pmol/l. A peak concentration was seen within 30 min after 'the test meal' and averaged 8 pmol/l. It is suggested that oral Emtobil contracts the gallbladder by release of CCK. Since Emtobil induces a fast and marked rise in the plasma concentration of CCK, it may be used in test procedures to estimate the secretion of CCK. PMID- 3754976 TI - Prognostic significance of tumour burden in Hodgkin's disease PS I and II. AB - 94 patients with Hodgkin's disease PS I or II, treated during the period 1969-78 and followed until death, or from 33 to 136 months after initiation of therapy, were analysed. 47 patients had been treated with radiotherapy alone (mantle field irradiation and, in all but 12 cases, irradiation of infradiaphragmatic lymph nodes), while the other 47 had been treated with mantle field irradiation plus 6 cycles of combination chemotherapy (MOPP or an equivalent regimen). Of the patients treated with radiotherapy alone, 13 relapsed whereas only 1 of the patients treated with radiotherapy plus combination chemotherapy relapsed. The initial tumour burden of each patient was estimated, combining tumour size of each involved area and number of sites involved. For patients treated with radiotherapy alone, a large tumour burden singled out the patients destined to relapse more accurately than other prognostic factors including pathological stage, B-symptoms, mediastinal involvement, bulky mediastinal involvement, and number of sites involved. PMID- 3754977 TI - Thrombocytopenic purpura as first manifestation of an inapparent Hodgkin's disease. AB - Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) has been observed infrequently in untreated Hodgkin's disease. A patient with an ITP associated with an inapparent Hodgkin's disease, who presented a life threatening CNS haemorrhage as first clinical manifestation, is described. PMID- 3754978 TI - [Travelers returning from the tropics with fever]. AB - The practical aspects surrounding taking of the history and physical examination in febrile patients returning from tropical countries are outlined. The differential diagnosis of evocative signs stemming from CNS, myocardium, lung and anemia is explained and the approach to laboratory evaluation is discussed. PMID- 3754979 TI - Expression and cell type--specific processing of human preproenkephalin with a vaccinia recombinant. AB - The posttranslational maturation of a complex precursor polyprotein, human proenkephalin, was assessed by infection of a wide spectrum of cell types with a recombinant vaccinia virus that expressed human proenkephalin. The infected cells rapidly produced both cellular and secreted Met-enkephalin immunoreactivity. Although each cell line could secrete intact proenkephalin, only a mouse pituitary line was capable of processing proenkephalin to mature enkephalin peptides. The quantity of intact proenkephalin secreted from BSC-40 cells (derived from African Green monkey kidney) was sufficient to establish the value of vaccinia virus as a mammalian cell expression vector. PMID- 3754980 TI - Different mutations in Ashkenazi Jewish and non-Jewish French Canadians with Tay Sachs disease. AB - Tay-Sachs disease patients of Ashkenazi Jewish and non-Jewish French Canadian origin are affected with a clinically identical form of this inherited disease. Both have a similar gene frequency for the disorder, which is tenfold higher than that found in the general population. Unlike other patients with the disease, who often display variation at the clinical or biochemical level, the absence of such differences between these two groups has prompted the idea that they may harbor the same mutation. In this report, a complementary DNA clone coding for the alpha chain of human beta-hexosaminidase has been used to analyze the genetic lesions in the alpha-chain locus of two patients with Tay-Sachs disease from each of these groups. On the basis of DNA hybridization analyses, the alpha-chain gene of the Ashkenazi patients appears intact while the alpha-chain gene of French Canadian patients has a 5' deletion of approximately 5 to 8 kilobases. PMID- 3754981 TI - Computer-aided light microscopy. PMID- 3754982 TI - Analysis of molecular distribution in single cells using a digital imaging microscope. PMID- 3754983 TI - Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia: a cause of adult respiratory distress syndrome. AB - It is important that physicians not overlook the diagnosis of chronic eosinophilic pneumonia (CEP), since this disorder is readily reversible with corticosteroid therapy. Six patients with CEP were seen at our institution between 1979 and 1983. We present their clinical features, chest films, and pathologic findings, and review the literature on CEP. While most of our patients had the classic chest x-ray pattern of peripheral opacities in a nonsegmental distribution, two had atypical features with diffuse abnormalities on x-ray films. In fact, the two patients who had adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), presented diagnostic difficulty and required admission to the intensive care unit. In contradistinction to the four patients with classic CEP, the two with ARDS had a delayed response to corticosteroids. Therefore, we conclude that chronic eosinophilic pneumonia is an important entity to recognize as a potentially fatal cause of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. PMID- 3754984 TI - Priorities for sexually transmitted diseases in the late 1980s and beyond. PMID- 3754985 TI - [Dose calculations for local irradiation of endometrial carcinoma]. AB - A program for a personal computer has been developed to calculate and optimize dose distributions around a high dose intracavitary afterloading applicator having a single source. The problems of the local irradiation of the endometrium carcinoma are emphasized in connection with the optimization criteria for an adequate irradiation planing. Exemplarily, the anisotropic proportions of absorption around a special type of applicator are calculated. In addition, an algorithm for optimization of dwell times of three-dimensional arranged source positions according to a prescribed dose distribution is theoretically presented. Further, an easy way of finding isodosis by given source positions and dwell times is introduced by taking into consideration the need to superimpose the dose distribution with external radiation fields. All calculations are tested in a water phantom. PMID- 3754986 TI - Neutropenia prevents decrease in strength of rat intestinal anastomosis: partial effect of oxygen free radical scavengers and allopurinol. AB - A marked decrease in strength, probably due to local collagenolysis, occurs early after surgery in tissues adjacent to an incisional wound. To examine the role of the neutrophils, antineutrophil serum (ANS) was given to rats before and after a standardized end-to-end ileoileal anastomosis. Preimmune serum (PIS) was given to control rats. The decrease in anastomotic breaking strength, amounting to 55% in the PIS group, did not occur in ANS-treated rats, in which there was a decrease by more than 95% in the number of circulating polymorphonuclear cells. The decrease in tissue strength seems to be partly from oxygen free radicals, since the free radical scavengers superoxygen dismutase (SOD) and catalase prevented approximately 50% of the decrease. The xanthine oxidase inhibitor, allopurinol, prevented approximately 30% of the decrease. This is consistent with oxygen free radicals being partly generated by the neutrophils and partly generated after conversion of tissue xanthine dehydrogenase to xanthine oxidase. In contrast to ANS, SOD and catalase were unable to fully prevent the decrease in breaking strength. Therefore some other factor in addition to oxygen free radicals should be involved. One such factor may be the release of collagenolytic proteinases, e.g., elastase and cathepsin G, from the neutrophils. PMID- 3754988 TI - Protein C: a simplified semi-automated activity assay. PMID- 3754987 TI - Studies on the role of thromboxane in thrombin-induced pulmonary insufficiency in the rat. AB - During infusion of thrombin in rats pulmonary arterial pressure rose from 15 +/- 2 to 35 +/- 3 mmHg and mean arterial pressure fell from 120 +/- 6 to 49 +/- 27 mmHg. Plasma thromboxane B2 (TxB2) increased from 0.3 +/- 0.04 to 3.6 +/- 0.5 ng/ml. Ninety minutes later the lung weight and albumin concentration in the lung were increased (2.21 +/- 0.13 g and 22.7 +/- 4.7 mg/g) compared with controls (1.12 +/- 0.14 g and 8.5 +/- 0.9 mg/g). An inhibitor of thromboxane synthetase, Dazoxiben R, reduced the elevated pulmonary arterial pressure and the elevated plasma TxB2 concentration following infusion of thrombin. Ninety minutes after infusion of thrombin, the in vitro synthesis of TxB2 in lung tissue was increased. Dazoxiben and antineutrophil serum reduced this synthesis of TxB2 in vitro. The lung weight (2.18 +/- 0.20 g) and lung albumin concentration (21.4 +/- 3.4 mg/g) was not affected by Dazoxiben. The results indicate that TxA2 is an important mediator of the pressure changes in the early phase after infusion of thrombin and that neutrophils are associated with thromboxane formation in the lung tissue. PMID- 3754989 TI - Functional deficiency of protein C and skin necrosis in multiple myeloma. PMID- 3754990 TI - Platelet activating factor (PAF) involvement in endotoxin-induced thrombocytopenia in rabbits: studies with FR-900452, a specific inhibitor of PAF. AB - PAF (1 ug/kg) injected intravenously (i.v.) into anesthetized rabbits resulted in marked loss of circulating platelets and leukocytes. Administration of FR-900452 1-methyl-3-(1-(5-methylthiomethyl-6-oxo-3-(2-oxo-3-cyclopenten-1-y lidene)- 2 piperazinyl) ethyl)-2-indolinone, a specific PAF inhibitor, at a dose of 10 mg/kg i.v. with 10 min prior to the PAF injection significantly prevented both changes. On the other hand, PAF has been considered as a mediator of endotoxin shock. Therefore, in order to determine whether endogenous PAF contributes to the occurrence of thrombocytopenia or leukopenia in endotoxin shock, we assessed the effect of FR-900452 on the thrombocytopenia and the leukopenia following bolus i.v. injection of E.coli endotoxin (0.03 mg/kg) in rabbits. As a result, pretreatment with the compound (10 mg/kg, i.v.) significantly reduced the thrombocytopenia at 60 and 180 min after the endotoxin injection. In contrast, FR 900452 did not reduced the leukopenia at any time of after endotoxin. These results indicate that PAF might be involved in the occurrence of thrombocytopenia in rabbit endotoxemia and the contribution of PAF to the leukopenia is much less extent than that to the thrombocytopenia. PMID- 3754991 TI - Wheat germ agglutinin-gold as a novel marker for mesectoderm formation in mouse embryos cultured in vitro. AB - The routes of movement of mesectoderm cells in mammalian embryos have not yet been investigated experimentally due to technical problems. However, the recent development of in vitro culture methods have made an experimental approach to this problem in mouse and rat embryos possible. We have used combined lectin and colloidal-gold (WGA-Au) probe as a nontraumatic, easily detectable mesectoderm marker. The probe is introduced into the amniotic cavity by microinjection. All of the cells lining the cavity, including the mesectoderm precursors, phagocytose the colloidal gold, which is then stored in membrane-bound vesicles. The probe remains inside the target mesectoderm cells after their migration into the mesoderm compartment. Vesicles containing gold are detectable in both ultrathin and semithin sections. The applicability of WGA-HRP as a probe was also assessed because of the many properties it shares with WGA-Au, but it proved to be unsatisfactory for this purpose because it is transferred between cells and also to the extracellular spaces. PMID- 3754992 TI - Influenza B virus PB1 protein; nucleotide sequence of the genome RNA segment predicts a high degree of structural homology with the corresponding influenza A virus polymerase protein. AB - The complete nucleotide sequence of a cloned cDNA copy of the genome RNA segment encoding the influenza B/Lee/40 virus PB1 polymerase protein has been determined. The genome RNA segment is 2368 nucleotides in length and is capable of encoding a polymerase (PB1) protein of 752 amino acids with a calculated mol mass of 84,407 Da. As expected, the protein is highly basic with a net charge of +20 at pH 7.0. Sequence comparison between the influenza A and B virus PB1 proteins reveals that they share 61% amino acid homology. An internal hydrophobic domain and 90% of the proline residues found within the influenza A virus PB1 protein are conserved in the influenza B virus molecule. The influenza A and B virus PB1 proteins share the highest homology yet seen between proteins encoded by these disparate viruses. This remarkable conservation of primary structure argues for severe functional constraint on the evolution of this influenza virus polymerase protein. PMID- 3754993 TI - [Use of andekalin in the complex treatment of patients with peptic ulcer and chronic gastroduodenitis]. PMID- 3754994 TI - [Status of the prostacyclin and thromboxane system, lipid metabolism and lipid peroxidation processes in patients with coronary atherosclerosis]. PMID- 3754995 TI - [Comparative evaluation of the surface-active properties of endobronchial washings and extracts of lung tissue in patients with diseases of the lungs]. PMID- 3754996 TI - Those nasty radicals. PMID- 3754997 TI - The metabolic disposition of 14C-ciramadol in humans. AB - Twelve subjects received single 15 mg oral doses of 14C-ciramadol. Excretion of the dose occurred almost entirely by the renal route (93.5 +/- 11.7 (S.D.)% of the dose), and only 0.7 +/- 0.6% of the dose was recovered in faeces indicating that absorption was essentially complete. More than 90% of the amount recovered in urine was excreted within 24 h after dosing. Unchanged drug accounted for 43.9 +/- 6.5% of the dose, while a phenolic glucuronide conjugate was the only major urinary metabolite accounting for a further 37.9 +/- 7.8%. A second glucuronide that was conjugated with the alicyclic ring was also identified but constituted only 2.3 +/- 0.6% of the dose. Concentrations of radioactivity in plasma reached a peak at 2 h after dosing and declined with a terminal disposition half life of 4.9 h. Only ciramadol and the aryl-O-glucuronide were detected in substantial amounts in plasma. Renal clearance of ciramadol amounted to 298 +/- 54 ml/min suggesting tubular secretion in addition to glomerular filtration. PMID- 3754998 TI - [Behavior of the biological aging index and serum lipids in treatment with X50]. AB - Lipid metabolic disorders are clinical relevant for the middle and old age. The presented paper shows that decreased HDL-cholesterol and increased triglycerides enlarge the value of pre-ageing. Therefore is a lipid lowering treatment a special problem of gerontology. We have treated 15 patients (age 56.7 +/- 7.8 years) with hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia with the new developed lipids regulans X50 = 1-benzyl-3-(1-carboxy-1-methylethoxy)-4-methylpyrazol. There was a significant decreases of serumtriglycerides (47%) in all patients. Half of the patients showed a significant decreases of total cholesterol (32%). Biological age index and biological age were not influenced. To demonstrate an influence of biological age there are needed longterm treatments in patients with lipid metabolic disorders. PMID- 3754999 TI - [Treatment of disorders of lipid metabolism with the new lipid regulator X50]. AB - With the newly developed lipid regulant X 50 = 1-benzyl-3-(1-carboxyl methylethoxy)-4-methylpyrazol 15 patient with primary hypercholesterolaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia were treated for 3 months. A significant decrease of the serum triglycerides by 47% in all patients and of the total cholesterol by 32% in half the patients (LDL cholesterol decrease 25%) was the result. Altogether an increase of the linoleic acid of 14% and a decrease of the uric acid of 16% were furthermore the result. There were practically no side effects. PMID- 3755000 TI - [Toxic shock syndrome in the puerperium]. AB - A toxic shock syndrome on 6th postpartal day is described. Symptoms, etiology, course and therapy are discussed. PMID- 3755001 TI - The degree of analgesia correlates to spinal morphine concentration after intrathecal administration in rats. AB - Antinociceptive effects of intrathecal injections of morphine and pethidine were evaluated in rats using the hot-plate and tail-flick tests. Both drugs elicited antinociceptive effects either it was evaluated with maximal response latency (sec.) or with area under the curve (AUC) (sec. X min.). The effects of pethidine were shortlived. The concentration of morphine in the spinal cord correlated to its antinociceptive effects when tested on hot plate. A minimal morphine concentration of 3 pmol/mg in the spinal cord was required to induce experimental analgesia in the rat. PMID- 3755002 TI - Effects of postprandial plasma and chylomicrons on endothelial cells. Differences between dietary cream and cod liver oil. AB - The acute effects of fatty meals (900 kcal) rich in saturated (cream) or n-3 polyunsaturated (cod liver oil, CLO) fatty acids on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (ECM) and platelet behavior were studied. The ECM were incubated for 24 hours at 37 degrees C with either plasma or chylomicrons (CM) obtained 3 hours after the meals. The ability of the ECM to inhibit platelet aggregation (PIA) and the release of prostaglandin I2 measured as 6-keto prostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1 alpha) were measured after 24 hours of incubation, after stimulation and after freezing and thawing. Similar studies were done with CM from a patient with type V hyperlipoproteinemia. The release of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha was increased by postprandial plasma and by CM obtained after both meals. Plasma collected after CLO, but not after cream, increased PIA, whereas CM derived from all sources studied stimulated the PIA of ECM. No consistent correlation could be established between the release of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and PIA. Increased platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma was always observed during postprandial hyperlipidemia. PMID- 3755003 TI - Differential regulation of specific gene expression in mouse kidney by androgens and antiandrogens. PMID- 3755004 TI - [Ophthalmic care of very low birthweight infants. 3. Clinical studies on the relationship between the onset time of retinopathy of prematurity and the process of involution of vessels of the pupillary membrane]. PMID- 3755005 TI - Bone disease induced by anticonvulsant therapy and treatment with calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3). AB - To evaluate the effects of calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) therapy for the bone disease induced by long-term treatment with anticonvulsants, we reviewed the medical records of 330 institutionalized oligophrenic children and young adults under 26 years of age to identify the 144 children who required anticonvulsant therapy. Of this latter group, 52 children were found to have serum alkaline phosphatase levels elevated more than 2 SDs above normal and were enrolled into this prospective three-year study. To achieve rapid resolution of the bone disease, we elected to use calcitriol at 0.25 to 0.75 micrograms/d. After 1195 patient-months of treatment, our data suggest that the dystrophic process was reversed in 42.3% of the cases, as judged by decreases in serum alkaline phosphatase levels at six months, 65.4% of cases at 12 months, and 83.3% of cases at 13 to 18 months. By 30 months of follow-up, all patients showed significant lowering of serum alkaline phosphatase levels. The improvements were slow and gradual. Twenty-six patients in the treatment series of 52 patients initially showed signs of rickets or osteomalacia on roentgenograms of the wrists. Of these 26 patients, 12 (46%) showed improvement on roentgenograms within 24 months of the beginning of treatment. With reference to complications, hypercalcemia (calcium level, greater than 11 mg/dL [2.74 mmol/L]) was encountered at the rate of one episode per 44 patient-months of treatment. Our results strongly suggest that calcitriol is effective in healing anticonvulsant-related osteomalacia among children and youths, with a low incidence of complications. PMID- 3755006 TI - Frequency of alpha-thalassemia in Greece. AB - Using hematological and gene mapping techniques, a cord blood survey was carried out to estimate the frequency of alpha-thalassemia in the Greek population. Out of 227 newborns studied, 16 (7.05%) were found by gene mapping to be alpha thalassemia 2 heterozygotes (-alpha/alpha alpha), and of these only two had increased levels of hemoglobin Bart's in the cord blood (1.2 and 2.0%). Similarly, one heterozygotes for the common Mediterranean alpha-thalassemia 1 haplotype (-/alpha alpha) and one for the 20.5-kb deletion type ( (alpha)20.5/alpha alpha) were found, showing increased levels of Bart's of 4.8 and 6.6%, respectively. Four (1.76%) heterozygotes for the triple alpha gene arrangement (alpha alpha alpha/alpha alpha) were found. One individual with a level of Bart's in the cord blood of 8% was found to be a double heterozygote for alpha-thalassemia 2 and a dysfunctional alpha gene arrangement (-alpha/ (alpha)?). These results give an overall incidence for alpha-thalassemia in the Greek population of 8.4%. PMID- 3755008 TI - Contraindications to cochlear implantation. AB - Cochlear implantation is still a controversial surgical procedure because its results in providing hearing for the deaf patient are far from ideal. The possible benefits of implantation should be carefully weighed against the complications that might arise. Many individuals with profound deafness are candidates for this procedure; however, there are some patients who are not. Contraindications to cochlear implantation, absolute and relative, systemic and local, are discussed. The surgeon's decision to withhold surgery is based on these contraindications. PMID- 3755007 TI - Quantitative analysis of sex-chromosome mosaicism with X-Y DNA probes. AB - Sex-chromosome mosaicism was quantitatively analyzed in two patients using DNA probes specific for human X and Y chromosomes. Both patients were female with stigmata of the Turner syndrome, and both had a 45,X cell line and a 46,XY cell line. One of the patients had a morphologically abnormal, nonfluorescent Y chromosome, dic(Y)(q11). Hybridization of DNA from this patient with two repetitive DNA sequences specific for the heterochromatic region of the Y chromosome indicated that most of the Y-heterochromatic sequences were deleted. DNA from both patients was hybridized with a probe for the DXYS1 locus and found to have the X- and Y-linked loci. Densitometric measurements of the relative intensities of the X- and Y-linked bands were used to calculate the degree of mosaicism in each case. The percentages of 45,X cells obtained by DNA analysis agreed with those obtained by chromosome analysis. DNA analysis provides a way to quantitate mosaicism at the DNA level and in nondividing tissue. PMID- 3755009 TI - Behavioral fever and therapy in a rickettsia-infected Orthoptera. AB - Gryllus bimaculatus were infected with an intracellular prokaryote, Rickettsiella grylli, then reared either at fixed temperatures or in a temperature gradient (22 36 degrees C) where they could select the temperature they preferred. Only 50% of the infected insects reared at 28 degrees C or less survived after 20 days, against 75% of those reared at 30 degrees C or more and 90% of those in the temperature gradient. Examination of smears of insect tissue showed that all (100%) of the infected insects reared between 23 and 29 degrees C had developed a strong rickettsial infection. Only 20% of the insects reared in a gradient of temperature showed signs of strong infection. Body temperature of crickets in the temperature gradient, recorded using thin thermocouples, was 33 degrees C in infected crickets and 26.6 degrees C in controls. It is concluded that thermoregulatory behavior was used by the insects to produce a fever when infected with Rickettsiella grylli. This protected them and increased survival capacity. PMID- 3755011 TI - [Use of computers in anesthesia: limits between reason and possibilities]. PMID- 3755010 TI - Arthroscopic management of lateral meniscal cysts. AB - This study presents seven cases of lateral meniscal cysts treated arthroscopically. All were noted to have meniscal lesions at the time of surgery; there were five flap tears and two radial tears. Partial arthroscopic meniscectomy was performed and the contents of the cysts were manipulated into the joint in six of seven cases. One patient underwent open cyst excision in addition to partial arthroscopic meniscectomy. Followup ranged from 18 months to 4 years with an average of 28 months. There were no cyst recurrences. The pathologic basis of the meniscal cyst is controversial, but recent work suggests the etiology is infiltration of joint fluid through micro and macro tears in the meniscus. Partial meniscectomy retains valuable meniscal function while minimizing the likelihood of cyst reformation. We found arthroscopic partial meniscectomy with manipulation of the contents of the cyst into the joint to be a successful alternative to complete open meniscectomy. PMID- 3755012 TI - [NAPROS--a semiautomatic, user-friendly anesthesia protocol system]. AB - NAPROS is a semiautomatic inexpensive and easy to use anaesthetic record system. It is based on an ACORN (BBC-Model B) micro-computer that is linked to an non invasive arterial pressure monitor (DINAMAP 845a) and an inhalation narcotic monitor (Engstroem EMMA) for automatic collection of the measured data. The following functions have been implemented: automatic registration of cardiovascular data and concentration of narcotic inhalation agents; input of drugs, fluid input or fluid output, laboratory values, events and comments of the anaesthetist; collection of administrative data and data concerning the preoperative state of the patient; graphic or numeric representation of fluid balances; survey of all or selected drugs that have been administered up to that time; possibility for recalling dosage information for drugs and infusions; parallel printing of all collected data as a preliminary anaesthetic record; printing of a final anaesthetic report at the end of anaesthesia. PMID- 3755013 TI - Thromboxane B2 production during erection. AB - The effect of erection on 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and thromboxane B2 in penile blood during electrically evoked erection was studied in the chacma baboon. 6-keto-PGF1 alpha remained at a low concentration, but thromboxane B2 showed a statistically significant rise 8-10 minutes after commencement of erection. Elevated thromboxane B2 during erection may potentiate platelet aggregation and may be one of the key events in the pathogenesis of ageing impotence. PMID- 3755014 TI - Intrathecal morphine and heroin in humans: six-hour drug levels in spinal fluid and plasma. AB - Lumbar spinal fluid and plasma concentrations of morphine were measured by radioimmunoassay after intrathecal administration of 1 mg of morphine (n = 13) or heroin (n = 10). Plasma levels of morphine were measured regardless of 'whether heroin or morphine was injected intrathecally, because of the rapid biotransformation of heroin to morphine in plasma. Significant drug concentrations appeared in plasma after intrathecal heroin (peak concentration 47.8 +/- 9.0 nmol/L, time to peak concentration 10 +/- 2.4 min); after intrathecal morphine plasma drug concentrations were significantly lower (8.1 +/- 1.0 nmol/L; P less than 0.002) and significantly later (216 +/- 39 min; P less than 0.002). Elimination half-life of heroin from spinal fluid (43 +/- 5 min) was significantly shorter than for morphine (73 +/- 5 min; P less than 0.02). PMID- 3755015 TI - Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of atracurium during isoflurane anesthesia in normal and anephric patients. AB - We compared the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of atracurium in eight normal and eight anephric patients during isoflurane anesthesia. Plasma concentrations were measured by high performance liquid chromatography after a single injection of 0.5 mg/kg, and neuromuscular effects were evaluated by the single twitch method. With regard to pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic parameters, we found no statistically significant differences between normal and anephric patients. We conclude that during isoflurane anesthesia, anephric patients distribute and eliminate atracurium much as normal patients do. PMID- 3755016 TI - Neuromuscular and cardiovascular effects of atracurium in ponies anesthetized with halothane. AB - Atracurium besylate, a recently developed, intermediate-duration acting, neuromuscular-blocking agent, was given to 15 halothane-anesthetized ponies to produce surgical relaxation (95% to 99% reduction of hoof twitch). All 15 ponies were given 3 injections; 8 of the 15 ponies were given 2 additional injections. Initial dosage of 0.11 +/- 0.01 mg/kg (mean +/- SD) and all subsequent injections of 0.052 mg/kg produced desired relaxation. Paralysis phase (maximum twitch reduction to 10% twitch recovery) lasted 24 +/- 5 minutes for the initial injection. Paralysis from subsequent injections lasted for a slightly shorter time. Recovery phase (10% to 75% twitch recovery) was similar for all injections (initial and repeated) and lasted approximately 11 minutes. Cardiovascular side effects were not seen. Reversal of effects of atracurium with administration of 0.5 mg of edrophonium/kg was achieved when the evoked digital extensor tension (twitch height) had returned to 95% of base line after the last atracurium injection. Edrophonium caused systolic blood pressure to increase 121% +/- 7% of base-line pressure, which was 133 +/- 18 mm of Hg. Heart rate changed to 93% +/- 9% of base line after edrophonium was given, which was 49 +/- 7 beat/min, but this change did not occur until after the blood pressure increased. Recovery to standing was smooth and strong. Five ponies stood on their first attempt to rise, 5 on the 2nd attempt, 2 on the 3rd, and 1 on the 4th. Seven ponies stood within 30 minutes after transportation to the recovery stall, 7 within an hour.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3755017 TI - Ocular sarcoidosis and Graves' ophthalmopathy. AB - Sarcoidosis, a granulomatous disease first recognized as a dermatologic disorder, is now known to involve multiple organs, including the eye. Indeed, ocular involvement may be the only clinical manifestation of this protean disease; it may involve any part of the visual apparatus and its adnexal structures. In this paper we report on the concurrence of sarcoidosis of the lid with Graves' ophthalmopathy in the same patient. PMID- 3755018 TI - LY164846 in vitro antimicrobial activity testing, including disk diffusion susceptibility tests using 30-microgram disks. AB - A new oral cephalosporin, LY164846 (Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Ind.), was found to have a unique antimicrobial spectrum confined to methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus spp., streptococci (except Enterococcus spp.), Haemophilus influenzae, Branhamella catarrhalis, and some anaerobes. Cephalothin in vitro tests (30-microgram disks or dilution) can represent LY164846 for laboratory testing if comparable interpretive breakpoints are applied to strains within the spectrum of LY164846. Organisms not inhibited by LY164846 (MICs greater than or equal to 32 micrograms/ml) were members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas spp., Acinetobacter spp., enterococci, and some strains of Staphylococcus haemolyticus and of the Bacteroides fragilis group. PMID- 3755019 TI - [Phase I study of bestrabucil (KM 2210)]. AB - A phase I study was performed on a newly developed antitumor agent, Bestrabucil (KM 2210). The study was started at an initial dose of 1 n 25 mg/body, and gradually increased up to 32n 800 mg/body. With single (35 patients) and five consecutive-day (36 patients) administration, the dose-limiting factor was found to be tarry stool, remarkable decrease in hemoglobin content, and strong nipple and breast pain. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was concluded to be around 700 to 800 mg/body. With long-term administration (the longest term, 20 weeks, 36 patients), the dose-limiting factor was concluded to be a decrease in the peripheral leukocyte count when the total amount administered reached about 10 g. Side effects on the alimentary system due to this agent, such as vomiting, nausea and anorexia, were observed. In addition, mastalgia and genital bleeding due to released estrogen were also seen, especially in the case of long-term administration. PMID- 3755020 TI - Effect of intrathecal and intracarotid administration of ketamine on blood pressure and heart rate in rats. AB - Intrathecal and intracarotid effects of ketamine were investigated in anaesthetized rats. Ketamine was administered in the subarachnoid space in doses ranging from 300 to 1500 micrograms X kg-1. In these doses ketamine produced a short-lasting hypotension and bradycardia which may be due to inhibition of sympathetic outflow from thoraco-lumbar region. On the other hand when ketamine (5 mg X kg-1) was injected into the cerebral circulation it produced a rise in blood pressure and heart rate, probably through a cholinergic mechanism. PMID- 3755021 TI - Incidence of thyroid dysfunction in an unselected postpartum population. AB - We screened 212 patients four to 12 weeks post partum for thyroid function: four patients (1.9%) had evidence of thyroid dysfunction; six patients (2.8%) had elevated antimicrosomal antibody titers. These incidences are significantly lower than those previously reported. We also determined normal data for thyroid function for patients four to eight weeks post partum. While serum thyroxine binding capacity appeared to have returned to the normal range by four to eight weeks post partum, it was still higher than in normal controls. PMID- 3755022 TI - Computers and the future of medical practice. PMID- 3755023 TI - CAP survey of parathyroid hormone assays. AB - Parathyroid hormone (PTH) analysis was recently added to the College of American Pathologists ligand assay survey. Synthetic whole-molecule PTH was used as the test hormone. This material was found to be stable in lyophilized serum for at least 10.7 days at 35 degrees C and 3.9 days at 45 degrees C. The survey results showed wide ranges of answers yielding within-assay coefficients of variation from 12% to 93%. The median percentage of the spiked hormone that was recovered by the various assay methods ranged from 24% to 390%. Separation of the spiked and endogenous measured PTH concentrations ranged from a twofold separation to an approximate 50% overlap of results. The survey may not be a valid indicator of PTH assay efficacy since whole-molecule human PTH may not be the most clinically important form of circulating PTH; however, the survey shows that there is a large heterogeneity in commercial PTH assays. PMID- 3755024 TI - Peliosis hepatis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AB - We report two cases of peliosis hepatis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Hepatic tissue, obtained by needle biopsy from one patient and at postmortem examination from a second patient, demonstrated lesions grossly and microscopically consistent with previous descriptions of peliosis. Peliotic lesions were also identified in the spleen and porta hepatis lymph nodes in the second case. In at least one of the cases, peliosis was thought to play a significant role in the patient's morbidity and ultimate demise. Peliosis hepatis should be included in the differential diagnosis of hepatic disease among patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. PMID- 3755025 TI - Identification and significance of magnetite in human tissues. AB - Magnetite or iron oxide has been identified in humans as well as certain animals and bacteria. With the current popularity of magnetic resonance imaging, the presence of these ferromagnetic particles in the tissues may impose biological significance. So far, identification of magnetite in tissue has been mainly based on magnetometry. Hence, a simple technique for direct identification of the magnetic particles in tissues is described. Lung tissues with abundant iron material and particles were digested in 1N sodium hydroxide solution. After rinsing, the sediments were suspended in 95% alcohol and placed on a glass slide located on a strong magnet. The iron-containing particles from the digestion procedure were aligned in a parallel manner along the north-south poles of the magnet and were confirmed to be magnetite by x-ray diffraction. No such effect was observed with hemosiderin-containing granules from the control liver tissues. The results of this experiment show that the "biological magnetite" is distinctly different from hemosiderin and has characteristic properties when subjected to a magnetic field. PMID- 3755026 TI - Oncocytic adenoma of the parotid gland with psammoma bodies. AB - An unusual slow-growing tumor was found in the superficial lobe of the right parotid gland. It was multilobulated and encapsulated and consisted of sheets of epithelial oncocytes and minor foci of myoepithelium and ducts. Psammoma bodies were abundant. An antibody directed against keratin protein was localized in all tumor cells and in ductal but not acinar elements of adjacent parotid tissue. Ultrastructurally, the neoplastic cells proved to be ductal epithelial and myoepithelial oncocytes. PMID- 3755027 TI - Functioning parathyroid lipoadenoma. Report of a case diagnosed by intraoperative touch preparations. AB - Lipoadenoma of the parathyroid gland is an unusual cause of primary hyperparathyroidism. Inasmuch as they may grossly resemble lipoma more than parathyroid adenoma, these tumors may be missed by surgeons and surgical pathologists alike. In this case, the diagnosis was made during surgery utilizing touch preparations because frozen sections were technically difficult to perform due to the fat content of the tumor. Examination of multiple sections disclosed a neoplastic proliferation of parathyroid cells, thus supporting the premise that this entity represented an adenoma rather than a hamartoma. PMID- 3755028 TI - Hepatic teratoma in an anencephalic fetus. AB - We report a case of hepatic teratoma that occurred in a 21-week-old fetus with anencephaly. This mature teratoma showed tissue derived from all three germ cell layers. To our knowledge, hepatic teratoma associated with anencephaly has not been reported previously. PMID- 3755029 TI - Leiomyomatous hemangiomas of the liver mimicking primary leiomyomas. AB - We present a case of multiple, benign, smooth-muscle tumors of the liver discovered at autopsy. Although these tumors appeared at first to be primary leiomyomas, rare neoplasms in the liver, the presence of leiomyomas in other organs precluded this diagnosis. Since typical cavernous hemangiomas were also present in the liver, we interpreted the smooth-muscle tumors to be leiomyomatous hemangiomas. Staining with immunoperoxidase for factor VIII-related antigen supported this diagnosis. PMID- 3755030 TI - Metastatic trichomatricial carcinoma. AB - Trichomatricial carcinoma has been recently recognized as a rare malignant variant of pilomatricoma with a potential for local recurrence and, rarely, for distant metastases. We describe such a tumor in a 52-year-old man who developed local recurrence and axillary lymph node metastases within six months of local excision, followed by bilateral pulmonary metastases and 2 1/2 years later by death due to disseminated tumor. This, to our knowledge, is the second reported case of metastasizing trichomatricial carcinoma. PMID- 3755031 TI - Benign clear cell tumor of the lung in an 8-year-old girl. AB - A case of "benign clear cell tumor of the lung" occurred in an 8-year-old girl. The tumor was a solid well-circumscribed mass, measuring 1 cm in diameter. Histologically, it consisted of polygonal cells intermingled with large, thin walled vessels. Glycogen was scarce in paraffin sections; however, electron microscopic observation revealed a large amount of glycogen. Intracytoplasmic filaments were not observed, but scattered pinocytotic vesicles and plaquelike densities along the plasma membrane were found. PMID- 3755032 TI - Calcifications of the benign endometrium. AB - A 28-year-old woman underwent a dilatation and curettage procedure in the course of an infertility evaluation, with the finding of multiple psammoma bodies in the tissue from the lower uterine segment. A repeated dilatation and curettage procedure performed five months later again revealed psammoma bodies in the lower endometrium and normal fundal endometrium. The patient previously had been treated with clomiphene. Psammoma bodies in the gynecologic tract most often have been associated with malignant neoplasms; however, a few cases of psammoma body formation or dystrophic calcification of the endometrium in benign conditions have been reported. PMID- 3755033 TI - Public health modeling and populations at risk to sexually transmitted diseases. AB - Creating public awareness of the new wave of sexually transmitted diseases masks the fact that gonorrhea continues to be the major communicable infection related to sexual activity. This report evaluates public health models that focus on the carriers of gonorrhea. Data pertaining to patients who were examined and treated at a public health clinic are discussed in light of the prevailing models of populations at risk to sexually transmitted diseases. PMID- 3755034 TI - [Protective and adaptive reactions of the air-conducting and respiratory portions of the lungs to exposure to atmospheric pollutants]. AB - A complex structural-functional investigation of protective-adaptive reactions of various parts in the lungs has been performed under inhalation of some toxic substances. To a continuous inhalation effect of 1,2-dichlorpropane, 132 non inbred white rats have been subjected. At the first stage of the investigation, using specific loading tests, periods for formation of increased and decreased resistivity of the experimental animals have been defined. Under the given scheme of the experiment the state of a maximal resistivity develops by the 30th day of the influence, then it gradually decreases and in 60 days becomes significantly lower than in the control animals. Synchronous changes in resistivity and in loading of the respiratory organs are revealed. The structural-functional investigation of the pneumatic and respiratory parts of the lungs during the period of formation (in 5 days of the influence), at maximum (in 30 days of the influence) and at decreased resistivity (in 60 days of the influence) makes it possible to establish that functional activity of the aero-hematic, aero epithelial barriers and the surfactant system of the lungs increases during the period of elevated resistivity and decreases at the stage of reduced endurance to the loading. A suggestion is made that, together with other factors, increasing functional activity in the systems studied is an essential component for formation of the elevated stability of the organism against toxic inhalation. PMID- 3755035 TI - [Cytological diagnosis and cytological classification of lymphosarcomas]. AB - The cell composition of tumour was studied in punch biopsies from 123 patients with lymphosarcoma; staining by Leishman method was used. General and particular cytologic criteria of tumour were determined. Cytologic verification of lymphosarcoma types and variants was performed according to WHO classification (1976) and was compared to the histological diagnoses. The following cell types and variants of tumour were distinguished as a result of identification of cytograms and standardization of cytologic diagnoses based on particular properties of cells: 1) lymphoplasmocytic lymphosarcoma: a) polymorphocellular, b) plasmacytoid; 2) prolymphocytic lymphosarcoma: a) from cells with roundish nuclei, b) from cells with split nuclei; 3) lymphoblastic lymphosarcoma: a) microlymphoblastic, b) macrolymphoblastic, c) from cells with tortuous nuclei; 4) immunoblastic lymphosarcoma; 5) lymphosarcoma not otherwise classifiable cytologically. PMID- 3755036 TI - Determination of protein C in plasma. AB - Three new methods to characterize the function of protein C in plasma are described and compared to established procedures. Two methods make use of a snake venom derived specific protein C activator which allows rapid, sensitive and standardizable assays in plasma without sample pretreatment. The other technique is a two dimensional immunoelectrophoresis in the presence of calcium or EDTA, respectively. PMID- 3755037 TI - Protein C activators in snake venoms. AB - Venoms of 32 snake species were tested for protein C (PC) activating potency. As measured with the chromogenic PC substrate D-Pro-L-Pro-L-Arg-pNA, eleven venoms were able to generate amidolytic activity from purified bovine PC. In five venom solutions (Bothrops moojeni, B. pradoi, Cerastes cerastes, Vipera lebetina and V. russellii) the PC activating potency was destroyed during 10 min heating at 70 degrees C at pH 3, whereas in six venom solutions (Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix, A. c. mokasen, A. c. pictigaster, Agkistrodon piscivorus, A. p. leucostoma and A. bilineatus) the PC activator was stable under these conditions. PC activator from A. c. contortrix (Protac) was purified to homogeneity and characterized as a single chain polypeptide with a molecular weight of approx. 39 42,000 Dalton. Protac does not exert proteinase activity and is not inhibited by proteinase inhibitors; PC activation with Protac seems to be a stoichiometric reaction. The use of Protac in quantitative PC determination bears significant advantages over the use of thrombin as an activator. In rabbits, i.v. injection of Protac caused a prolonged APTT and did not provoke acute toxic reactions. PMID- 3755038 TI - On the evolution of mammalian kininogens. AB - A model for the evolution of mammalian kininogens has been constructed which is based on sequence homology. This model suggests that several gene elements coding for the major constituents of the kininogens, i.e. the heavy chain, the light chain and the kinin segment, arose independently from their progenitors. The heavy chain of the kininogens known to execute their inhibitory function against cysteine proteinases has evolved by gene triplication from an ancestor which is closely related to the present-day form of the low molecular weight cysteine proteinase inhibitor cystatin. Part of the light chain of the mammalian kininogens which contains a unique region extremely rich in histidine and glycine has descended by gene multiplication from smaller units, possibly even from the dipeptide Gly-His. At present, the mode and timepoint of fusion of the various gene elements coding for the various structural constituents of the mammalian kininogens is not known. PMID- 3755039 TI - Heparin cofactor II and other coagulation inhibitors. AB - The role of the coagulation inhibitors is discussed. The importance of local reactions because of the presence in tissue of the inhibitor activators dermatan sulfate, thrombomodulin and heparin is emphasized. PMID- 3755040 TI - Using LISREL to analyze genetic and environmental covariance structure. PMID- 3755041 TI - Thermodynamic and kinetic studies on saccharide binding to soya-bean agglutinin. AB - The fluorescence of N-dansylgalactosamine [N-(5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1 sulphonyl)galactosamine] was enhanced 11-fold with a 25 nm blue-shift in the emission maximum upon binding to soya-bean agglutinin (SBA). This change was used to determine the association constants and thermodynamic parameters for this interaction. The association constant of 1.51 X 10(6) M-1 at 20 degrees C indicated a very strong binding, which is mainly due to a relatively small entropy value, as revealed by the thermodynamic parameters: delta G = -34.7 kJ X mol-1, delta H = -37.9 kJ X mol-1 and delta S = -10.9 J X mol-1 X K-1. The specific binding of this sugar to SBA shows that the lectin can accommodate a large hydrophobic substituent on the C-2 of galactose. Binding of non-fluorescent ligands, studied by monitoring the fluorescence changes when they are added to a mixture of SBA and N-dansylgalactosamine, indicates that a hydrophobic substituent at the anomeric position increases the affinity of the interaction. The C-6 hydroxy group also stabilizes the binding considerably. Kinetics of binding of N-dansylgalactosamine to SBA studied by stopped-flow spectrofluorimetry are consistent with a single-step mechanism and yielded k+1 = 2.4 X 10(5) M-1 X s-1 and k-1 = 0.2 s-1 at 20 degrees C. The activation parameters indicate an enthalpicly controlled association process. PMID- 3755042 TI - Kinetic differences between thrombin-induced and ADP-induced calcium influx and release from internal stores in fura-2-loaded human platelets. AB - The rapid (less than 1 sec) time course of [Ca2+]i rises was measured in fura-2 loaded, aspirin treated human platelets by stopped flow fluorimetry. With thrombin, which is known to cause substantial, rapid hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate, the mean delay before a detectible rise in [Ca2+]i in medium containing 1 mM Ca2+ o was 250 +/- 10 msec (S.E.M., n = 11). With ADP, which is reported not to stimulate phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate hydrolysis, the delay under the same conditions was only 20 +/- 10 msec (S.E.M., n = 26). In the absence of external Ca2+, with 1 mM EGTA, the measured delays were 300 +/- 20 msec for thrombin and 210 +/- 10 msec for ADP. Times to peak were also faster for ADP than thrombin. These results suggest that thrombin and ADP promote Ca2+ influx in different ways. It is also possible that the process generating Ca2+ influx differs from that which triggers release from internal stores. PMID- 3755043 TI - Characterization of multiple forms of prostatropin (prostate epithelial cell growth factor) from bovine brain. AB - Two molecular forms of prostatropin distributed among five chromatographic peaks have been isolated from bovine brain by heparin-Sepharose affinity and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. One form has an apparent molecular weight of 16000 and an amino terminal sequence of asn-tyr-lys-lys-pro-lys-leu-leu tyr-x-ser-asn-gly. The other form has an apparent molecular weight of 18000 and a blocked amino terminus. Both forms are similar in amino acid composition. The sequence of a proteolytic fragment from the blocked form overlaps the NH2 terminal sequence of the unblocked form, therefore, the smaller form may be derived from the larger form through proteolytic processing. Both forms contain regions identical in sequence to brain-derived, heparin-binding growth factors that have been isolated on the basis of mitogenic activity for fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Both forms of prostatropin exhibit potent mitogenic activity for normal and tumor prostate epithelial cells. PMID- 3755044 TI - Isolation and characterization of a partial cDNA clone for heparin cofactor II1. AB - A human fetal liver cDNA library constructed in lambda gt11 was screened with affinity-purified rabbit antibodies raised against heparin cofactor II. One positive clone was plaque purified and the cDNA insert was completely sequenced. The clone encodes the C-terminal 167 amino acid residues of heparin cofactor II as well as the entire 3'-untranslated region of the message. Proline and leucine were identified in the P2 and P1 positions of the protease cleavage site, providing a possible explanation for the ability of heparin cofactor II to inhibit both thrombin and chymotrypsin-like proteases. The coding sequence is identical to that of the recently published human leuserpin 2 (Ragg (1986) Nucl. Acids Res. 14, 1073). PMID- 3755045 TI - Effect of plant lectins on low density lipoprotein metabolism in adipocytes. AB - The effect of plant lectins on low density lipoprotein metabolism was studied in isolated human adipocytes. Concanavalin A (0.1 mg X mL-1) resulted in 3-5 fold increase in [125I]-low density lipoprotein uptake in isolated human adipocytes but [125I]-low density lipoprotein degradation was not significantly affected. Adipocytes pre-incubated with alpha-methyl-D-mannopyranoside showed normal amount of [125I]-low density lipoprotein uptake. Wheat germ agglutinin and ricin both showed significant increase in [125]I-low density lipoprotein uptake in adipocytes. The effects of wheat germ agglutinin and ricin are likely mediated through their specific interactions with plasma membrane glycoprotein since the respective free saccharides can abolish the increased uptake. Lectin from Lotus tetragonolobus (10-30 micrograms . mL-1) resulted in reduction of [125I]-low density lipoprotein uptake but enhanced its uptake at 80 micrograms . mL-1. The effect of Lotus tetragonolobus lectin seems to be unrelated to interaction with L fucosyl residue on the adipocyte membrane. PMID- 3755046 TI - The effect of obstetric management on neonatal mortality and morbidity for infants weighing 700-1000 grams. AB - The obstetric and neonatal factors influencing survival and neurologic outcome are examined in 79 infants with birthweights of 700-1000 gm. The overall survival was 57%, with a normal neurologic examination at 1 year present in 73%. Factors that were significantly related to outcome were Apgar score at 5 minutes, birthweight, prenatal steroid administration, and lack of respiratory distress syndrome. Delivery by cesarean section did not improve survival or neurologic outcome. The implications of these results on the attitude toward management of the very-low-birthweight infant is discussed. PMID- 3755047 TI - Chemotactic activity of the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal and homologous hydroxyalkenals. AB - The effect of the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal and homologous aldehydes (4-hydroxyoctenal, 4-hydroxyundecenal, 4-hydroxytetradecenal and 4 hydroxypentadecenal) on migration and polarization of rat neutrophils was examined. The most effective aldehydes were 4-hydroxyoctenal and 4 hydroxypentadecenal, which stimulated oriented migration at ED50 = 1.4 X 10(-12) M and 1.3 X 10(-12) M, resp., whereas the other aldehydes had ED50 between 1 X 10(-7) and 6 X 10(-11) M. The peptides fMet-Phe and fMet-Leu-Phe used as positive controls had ED50 values of 4.2 X 10(-7) M and 4.5 X 10(-10) M resp. The 4 hydroxyalkenals induced only a small increase of the percentage of polarized cell and did not enhance the random migration. The effects of 4-hydroxyalkenals were only observed when the incubation buffer contained bovine serum albumin (BSA), in the absence of BSA neither the aldehydes nor the peptides exhibited chemotactic properties. Since the aldehydes easily react with the sulfhydryl groups of the BSA to form the S-alkylated BSA in an equilibrium reaction, the chemotactic substance could either be the free aldehyde or the BSA-aldehyde adduct. The adduct prepared from BSA and 4-hydroxynonenal was chemotactic at doses of 0.65 to 0.0065 mg/ml, when tested in the presence of unmodified BSA. Since the adduct released free 4-hydroxyalkenal during the assay in the reverse reaction, it can not be decided whether the active principle is the aldehyde itself or the aldehyde attached to the BSA. From the effective doses of the aldehydes (10(-7) to 10(-12)M) and the BSA-aldehyde adduct it appears very unlikely that the BSA itself gained chemotactic properties through the alkylation of its sulfhydryl groups by the aldehyde. PMID- 3755048 TI - Electrophoretic determination of sulfhydryl groups and its application to complex protein samples, in vitro protein synthesis mixtures, and cross-linked proteins. AB - Without prior fractionation, the number of sulfhydryl groups of individual polypeptides in a protein mixture can be determined, provided their molecular weights and approximate isoelectric points are known. Urea-denatured protein samples are reacted with iodoacetamide and iodoacetate in a modified version of Creighton's procedure. After separation by sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing, the number of sulfhydryl groups is determined by counting the protein bands which have additional negative charges. This method requires little material and provides an additional parameter, besides the molecular weight and isoelectric point, for the identification and characterization of a protein. The sensitivity may be enhanced for nonradioactive proteins by using 14C-labeled iodoacetamide and iodoacetate. The procedure has been applied to prokaryotic in vitro protein synthesis mixtures, bacterial membrane protein, and trypsin-cleaved or chemically cross linked subunits of the F1 ATPase from Escherichia coli. PMID- 3755049 TI - Effects of growth rate and methotrexate on folate polyglutamates and folylpolyglutamate hydrolase activity in Krebs ascites cells. AB - The activity of folylpolyglutamate hydrolase was measured throughout intraperitoneal growth of Krebs ascites cells in mice and after exposure to methotrexate. Hydrolase activity was lowest during the log phase of growth. Methotrexate administered intraperitoneally during log growth caused a dose- and time-dependent increase in hydrolase activity. Modest changes were observed in endogenous folate polyglutamate chain length distributions throughout growth and upon exposure to methotrexate, but these changes could not be correlated with hydrolase activity. PMID- 3755050 TI - Analysis of the Heymann nephritogenic glycoprotein in rat, mouse, and human kidney. AB - Passive Heymann nephritis is induced in rats by intravenous administration of antiserum raised against antigens of the renal proximal tubule. Evidence by Kerjaschki and Farquhar indicates that the critical nephritogenic is a high molecular weight glycoprotein (HMWgp) of rat renal brush border membrane. Their immunocytochemical studies also localize the nephritogenic antigen to the glomerular epithelial cell surface and may explain in situ formation of immune complexes at this locus in Heymann nephritis. We have confirmed the observations of Kerjaschki and Farquhar by demonstrating the HMWgp in extracts of rat brush border membrane and isolated glomeruli on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide (SDS-PA) (5%) gels. An antiserum raised to purified rat HMWgp identifies the antigen from rat or mouse kidney on Western blots. However, unlike rodent kidney, we were unable to detect a comparable HMWgp in extracts of human kidney on SDS-PA gels and found no cross-reactive material on Western blots of human brush border membrane proteins. Our observations suggest that human kidney lacks the nephritogenic antigen critical to initiation of Heymann nephritis in rodents. PMID- 3755051 TI - A comparison of the gastric and central nervous system effects of two substituted benzamides in normal volunteers. AB - Eight healthy male volunteers participated in a single-blind, random allocation, crossover, comparison of intravenous metoclopramide (10 mg), the peripherally acting, gastrointestinal stimulant BRL 20627 (10 mg) and saline. The central nervous system effects were assessed by quantitative electroencephalography (EEG) and by visual analogue scales. Gastric motility and emptying were assessed by epigastric impedance. Metoclopramide increased the EEG amplitude by 10.4% (a statistically significant, P less than 0.05, effect) and increased frequencies above 22 Hz, whereas both BRL 20627 and placebo had only minor effect on the EEG frequencies and slightly decreased the EEG amplitude. Ratings on visual analogue scales showed that metoclopramide caused statistically significant (P less than 0.01 difference from placebo) restlessness and slight but significantly less (P less than 0.05 difference from placebo) feeling of happiness. Epigastic impedance changes indicated that both metoclopramide and BRL 20627 increased gastric contractile activity, but the rate of gastric emptying was not significantly altered by either drug although it tended to be shortened following metoclopramide but not BRL 20627 treatment. It is concluded that since the published animal data show that BRL 20627 has only weak dopamine antagonistic properties this study further implicates dopamine receptor blockade in the akathisia but not in the gastric effect of metoclopramide. PMID- 3755052 TI - Cimetidine absorption in humans during sucralfate coadministration. AB - Cimetidine absorption after a single 300 mg oral dose was evaluated in six normal subjects in the absence or presence of sucralfate. Sucralfate was ingested four times a day for 2 days prior to and for two additional doses on the day of cimetidine ingestion. Sucralfate coadministration had no statistically significant influence on the rate or extent of cimetidine absorption. PMID- 3755054 TI - Proceedings of the 234th meeting of the Netherlands Society of Dermatology and Venereology. Rotterdam, 8 June 1985. Abstracts. PMID- 3755053 TI - Studies of the in vivo and in vitro cytotoxicity of the drug RSU-1069. AB - The radiosensitizing and cytotoxic properties of the drug RSU-1069, (1-(2-nitro-1 imidazolyl)-3-(1-aziridino)-2-propanol) a 2-nitroimidazole with an aziridine ring in its side-chain, have been examined both in vivo and in vitro. Studies with the KHT Sarcoma or RIF1 tumour indicated that, at doses between 0.04 and 0.16 mg g-1 body wt, the drug was increasingly effective at killing tumour cells when combined with radiation. Cell survival in both tumours following combined RSU 1069 and radiation (1500 or 2000 cGy) treatment was similar when the drug was given 60 min before or immediately after irradiation suggesting that the effect observed was due to hypoxic cell cytotoxicity rather than radiosensitization. Studies with CHO cells in vitro indicated that RSU-1069 was equally as effective as a number of other 2-nitroimidazoles as a radiosensitizer when drug exposure and radiation treatment was given at 4 degrees C. It was substantially more toxic to hypoxic than to aerobic CHO cells (a factor of 90 in dose to give equivalent cell killing) and was much more toxic to CHO cells than misonidazole (a factor of approximately 100 in dose) at 37 degrees C. HeLa cells were more sensitive to RSU 1069 than CHO cells and, under hypoxic conditions, were approximately 20-fold more sensitive to the drug than when aerobic. Prior incubation of hypoxic CHO cells with RSU-1069 at toxic concentrations did not influence the sensitivity of the surviving cells to radiation treatment (i.e. there was no shoulder removal as is observed with misonidazole) nor did prior radiation treatment influence the sensitivity of the surviving cells to drug treatment. Overall the results indicate that RSU-1069 is a highly effective cytotoxic agent for hypoxic cells both in vivo and in vitro but, when drug exposure and radiation treatment are given at 4 degrees C, it is not a more effective sensitizer than other 2 nitroimidazoles. PMID- 3755055 TI - The prenatal diagnosis of thalassaemia. PMID- 3755056 TI - Platelet-derived growth factor(s) mitogenic activity in patients with myeloproliferative disease. AB - Platelet-derived growth factor has been invoked in the pathogenesis of medullary fibrosis during myeloproliferative disorders. In this study we compared the mitogenic activity of heat-stable platelet-growth factor(s) from 13 patients suffering from myeloproliferative disorders with that of a normal group. The test was carried out on Go growth arrested Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts incubated with various concentrations of platelet extracts, determining the entrance into the S phase by means of [14C]thymidine uptake. The incorporation curves of [14C]thymidine by the fibroblast culture, under the effect of pathological extracts, were consistently lower than the control curve, indicating a lower level of PDGF(s) in platelets from patients. The greatest depression of this activity was found to be associated with highest degree of medullary fibrosis (agnogenic myeloid metaplasia patient group), in agreement with the hypothesis that fibroblast activation within bone marrow during myeloproliferative disorders might be correlated with a PDGF(s) release in the bone marrow environment. PMID- 3755058 TI - Energetics of proline racemase: racemization of unlabeled proline in the unsaturated, saturated, and oversaturated regimes. AB - The interconversion of L- and D-proline catalyzed by proline racemase has been studied. The entire time course of the approach to equilibrium has been followed. After a short time the product concentration is significant, and the reaction runs under reversible conditions. As the total substrate concentration is increased, the system moves from the unsaturated regime into the saturated regime. At very high substrate levels under the reversible conditions used, the rate constant for substrate racemization falls, as the system moves into the "oversaturated" regime. Here, the net rate of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction is limited by the rate of return of the free enzyme from the form that liberates product back to the form that binds substrate. The results are analyzed in terms of the simple mechanism (table; see text) and illustrate the additional information that is available from reactions studied under reversible conditions. In the unsaturated region the value of the second-order rate constant kU (equivalent to kcat/Km) is 9 X 10(5) M-1 s-1 in each direction. In the saturated region, kcat = kcat = 2600 s-1 and Km = 2.9 mM. In the oversaturated region, the rate constant kO is 81 M s-1. The substrate concentration at which unsaturated and saturated terms contribute equally is 2.9 mM, and the substrate concentration at which saturated and oversaturated terms contribute equally is 125 mM. PMID- 3755057 TI - Association of calmodulin with peptide analogues of the inhibitory region of the heat-stable protein inhibitor of adenosine cyclic 3',5'-phosphate dependent protein kinase. AB - A 20-residue peptide analogue (IASGRTGRRNAIHDILVSSA) of the 8000-dalton heat stable cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor undergoes efficient calcium dependent binding by calmodulin, with Kd approximately 70 nM when calcium is present. It is a potent inhibitor of smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase and of the calmodulin-dependent phosphatase activity of calcineurin. At concentrations above 3 microM, the peptide stimulates the basal activity of calcineurin. The native protein kinase inhibitor has no effect on the catalytic activity of myosin light chain kinase and is moderately inhibitory to both the calmodulin-dependent and -independent phosphatase activity of calcineurin. Competition experiments using excess concentrations of calcineurin and calmodulin suggest that the primary interaction of the native heat-stable inhibitor is with the catalytic subunit of protein kinase. Dansylcalmodulin exhibits only a weak interaction with the inhibitor. Observations on deletion peptides of the 20 residue analogue help to delineate the overlapping peptide binding specificities of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase [Scott, J. D., Glaccum, M. B., Fischer, E. H., & Krebs, E. G. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83, 1613-1616] and calmodulin. In both cases, the most effectively bound peptides contain the RTGRR sequence. PMID- 3755059 TI - High pressure volumetric measurements in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers. AB - The one previously reported high pressure volumetric experiment on a phospholipid bilayer investigated a region of pressure between 0 and 25 MPa and obtained isothermal compressibility values for the liquid crystal and intermediate phases which differed by more than a factor of ten. We report new volumetric measurements around the main transition in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) from 0 to 100 MPa. The isothermal compressibility data for the two phases are of the same order of magnitude, and the experimentally determined coexistence curve, specific volume dependence, and volume discontinuity values are compared with the predictions of the phenomenological theory according to Sugar and Tarjan ((1982) Sov. Phys. Crystallogr. 27, 4-5). Significant discrepancies between this theory and experiment are found. Finally, the data indicate that steric interactions play a more dominant role in the main transition of phospholipid bilayers than in transitions in most thermotropic liquid crystals. PMID- 3755060 TI - Studies on the interaction of anesthetic steroids with phosphatidylcholine using 2H and 13C solid state NMR. AB - The effects of the anesthetic steroid alphaxalone and its inactive analog delta 16-alphaxalone on model phospholipid membranes were studied using 13C and 2H solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Aqueous multilamellar dispersions of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) with specific 13C and 2H labels as endogenous probes at the carbonyl and the C-7 methylene groups, respectively, of the sn-2 chain were used to study the conformational and dynamical properties of the bilayer as a function of temperature. There were no significant changes between the 13C and 2H spectra of the DPPC preparation containing the inactive steroid and that of DPPC with no drug. However, the physiologically active steroid produces significant spectral 2H and 13C changes. These changes include a reduction of the main phase transition temperature and a broadening of that transition. Alphaxalone also increases the relative number of gauche conformers in the liquid-crystalline phase of DPPC and increases the rate of axial diffusion in both the gel and liquid-crystalline phase. The thermotropic properties of the above preparations, as monitored by differential scanning calorimetry, were congruent with the spectroscopic data. PMID- 3755061 TI - Alterations in rat alveolar surfactant phospholipids and proteins induced by administration of chlorphentermine. AB - Chlorphentermine is a cationic amphiphilic drug which produces a phospholipid storage disorder in rat lungs. Experiments were carried out to characterize changes in the composition of acellular alveolar lavage materials and to study possible mechanisms by which pulmonary surfactant phospholipidosis is produced by administration of the drug. Following ten daily injections of chlorphentermine (25 mg/kg body weight), there are 12.2- and 13.6-fold increases of pulmonary lavage total phospholipids and disaturated phosphatidylcholines (disaturated PC), respectively. In addition, there is a 2.8-fold increase in total protein and a 12.7-fold increase in the surfactant apoprotein group with molecular weights from 28,000 to 32,000. We measured incorporation of labeled palmitate, choline and glycerol into disaturated PC in type II cells and alveolar macrophages isolated from control and chlorphentermine-treated animals. The drug does not affect the incorporation of labeled substrates into disaturated PC in either cell type. However, in alveolar macrophages there is a decrease in the rate of intracellular degradation of recently synthesized disaturated PC in chlorphentermine-treated animals. The drug also inhibits the phospholipase-induced catabolism of rat surfactant disaturated PC which occurs during incubation of alveolar lavage fluid in vitro at 37 degrees C. When the lavage fluid is divided into subfractions by differential centrifugation, a larger percentage of the phospholipid is distributed in the less sedimentable subfractions in chlorphentermine-treated animals relative to controls, suggesting the accumulation of older surfactant materials. These results suggest that chlorphentermine-induced phospholipidosis of pulmonary surfactant materials is due to decreased rates of phospholipid degradation. PMID- 3755062 TI - [Transcutaneous signal and power transmission for implants via high-frequency band filters]. PMID- 3755063 TI - Effects of cyclosporine A on biomembranes. Vibrational spectroscopic, calorimetric and hemolysis studies. AB - Cyclosporine A (CSA)-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) interactions were investigated using scanning calorimetry, infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. CSA reduced both the temperature and the maximum heat capacity of the lipid bilayer gel-to-liquid crystalline phase transition; the relationship between the shift in transition temperature and CSA concentration indicates that the peptide does not partition ideally between DPPC gel and liquid crystalline phases. This nonideality can be accounted for by excluded volume interactions between peptide molecules. CSA exhibited a similar but much more pronounced effect on the pretransition; at concentrations of 1 mol % CSA the amplitude of the pretransition was less than 20% of its value in the pure lipid. Raman spectroscopy confirmed that the effects of CSA on the phase transitions are not accompanied by major structural alterations in either the lipid headgroup or acyl chain regions at temperatures away from the phase changes. Both infrared and Raman spectroscopic results demonstrated that CSA in the lipid bilayer exists largely in a beta-turn conformation, as expected from single crystal x-ray data; the lipid phase transition does not induce structural alterations in CSA. Although the polypeptide significantly affects DPPC model membrane bilayers, CSA neither inhibited hypotonic hemolysis nor caused erythrocyte hemolysis, in contrast to many chemical agents that are believed to act through membrane mediated pathways. Thus, agents, such as CSA, that perturb phospholipid phase transitions do not necessarily cause functional changes in cell membranes. PMID- 3755064 TI - Lateral diffusion of ganglioside GM1 in phospholipid bilayer membranes. AB - The lateral diffusion coefficient of ganglioside GM1 incorporated into preformed dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) vesicles has been investigated under a variety of conditions using the technique of fluorescence photobleaching recovery. For these studies the fluorescent probe 5-(((2 Carbohydrazino)methyl)thio)acetyl) amino eosin was covalently attached to the periodate-oxidized sialic acid residue of ganglioside GM1. This labeled ganglioside exhibited a behavior similar to that of the intact ganglioside, and was able to bind cholera toxin. The lateral diffusion coefficient of the ganglioside was dependent upon the gel-liquid crystalline transition of DMPC. Above Tm the lateral diffusion coefficient of the ganglioside was 4.7 X 10(-9) cm2 s-1 (with greater than 80% fluorescence recovery). This diffusion coefficient is significantly slower than the one previously observed for phospholipids in DMPC bilayers. The addition of increasing amounts of ganglioside, up to a maximum of 10 mol %, did not have a significant effect on the lateral diffusion coefficient or in the percent recovery. At 30 degrees C, the lateral mobility of ganglioside GM1 was not affected by the presence of 5 mM Ca2+, suggesting that, at least above Tm, Ca2+ does not induce a major perturbation in the lateral organization of the ganglioside molecules. The addition of stoichiometric amounts of cholera toxin to samples containing either 1 or 10 mol % ganglioside GM1 produced only a small decrease in the measured diffusion coefficient. The fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments were complemented with excimer formation experiments using pyrene-phosphatidylcholine. Above the transition temperature the presence of 10 mol % ganglioside GMI induced a large decrease in the rate of excimer formation. These results also indicated that the addition of ganglioside GMI to phospholipid bilayer vesicles induces a significant restriction in the lateral mobility parameters of the lipid bilayer and that the presence of Ca2' does not have a further effect in the mobility of the probe molecules. PMID- 3755066 TI - Conformational properties of poly[d(G-T)].poly[d(C-A)] and poly[d(A-T)] in low- and high-salt solutions: NMR and laser Raman analysis. PMID- 3755065 TI - Source parameters of the left ventricle related to the physiological characteristics of the cardiac muscle. AB - An attempt is made here to correlate the physiological muscle parameters with the dynamic source parameters of the left ventricle (LV), i.e. the source (isovolumic) pressure Po and the source (internal) resistance, Rs. The internal resistance is described here as a time-dependent parameter, corresponding to the pressure drop (from the theoretical instantaneous isovolumic pressure) associated with the instantaneous ejection flow rate. The source pressure, which relates to the muscle stress and the ventricular volume, is represented by the time-varying elastance concept and a spheroidal model relating the average wall stress to LV pressure. Linear and exponential force-velocity relationships (FVR), expressed in stress-strain rate terms, are compared. Two possible characteristics of the dynamic FVR in the partially active state, based on either a parallel or a fanlike shift of the stress-strain rate curve, are studied by utilizing simple analytical models as well as a computer simulation model. Comparing the calculated results with experimental data indicates that the dynamic FVR shift occurs in a fanlike pattern in which the maximum strain rate remains constant throughout the cycle. This pattern of the FVR shift is consistent with experimental data that show that the internal resistance is linearly related to the instantaneous isovolumic pressure. The analysis also indicates that the difference between the hyperbolic and linear FVR is rather minor, and in spite of some effects on the ejection pattern and the value of Rs, the functional shape has no effect on the global LV characteristics, such as the ejection fraction and stroke volume. PMID- 3755067 TI - Computer faces: the human Lorenz matrix. AB - Realistic Ekman-type faces were generated by a computer program. Twenty primary parameters (muscle tensions and opening factors), each continuous, were used. Non linear combination of the primary parameters permits the generation of meaningful faces each governed by a single combined parameter (intensity-parameter). Five major meaningful faces were distinguished, "friendliness", "surprise", "disgust", "anger" and "grief". In contrast to the experiments of Ekman, who combined subregions of photographed meaningful faces by hand, mixing can be done in the computer both more easily and, it turns out, more naturally. Mixed facial expressions in an animal were first drawn in matrix form by Lorenz. A consistent interpretation is possible if the linearly superposed displays are assumed to indicate the state of an autonomous optimizer with n linearly independent subfunctionals. An instant display of a vector in n-dimensional space using faces was already proposed by Chernoff. The present faces have the asset that only "natural" parameters are used. This means that no longer only a single point in n dimensional space can be displayed, but also a meaningful succession of such points--that is, a whole trajectory. PMID- 3755068 TI - Coumarin induced acral skin necrosis associated with hereditary protein C deficiency. AB - Hemorrhagic skin necrosis of the toes was observed in a patient with heterozygous protein C deficiency (protein C:Ag 32% and protein C activity 30%) on the 4th day of coumarin treatment overlapping with effective intravenous anticoagulation with heparin. Family studies revealed protein C deficiency in two sisters of the proposita without a history of thromboembolic disease. Immunologic studies in the proposita at the time of coumarin necrosis revealed slight depression of complement factor C4 and the presence of immune complexes. The present case and review of the literature show that the pathogenetic mechanism leading to coumarin necrosis in patients with protein C deficiency seems not yet to be fully understood. PMID- 3755069 TI - A BASIC program for estimating LD50 values using the IBM-PC. PMID- 3755070 TI - A micro-computer based trainer for pure-tone audiometry. AB - A micro-computer based system to simulate patient performance on pure-tone audiometry has been developed, which in conjunction with a dummy audiometer allows easy development of a student training facility. The system can be easily configured to realistically and comprehensively represent a wide range of hearing losses. Students can then acquire the necessary technical skills to produce accurate pure-tone threshold determinations free from the restraints of a clinical setting. PMID- 3755071 TI - Intra ocular pressure drop after Q switched neodymium YAG laser posterior capsulotomy. PMID- 3755072 TI - Spinal neurons which project to the periaqueductal gray and the medullary reticular formation via axon collaterals: a double-label fluorescence study in the rat. AB - Fluorescent retrograde double-labeling methods were used in which Fast blue and Nuclear yellow or Diamidino yellow dihydrochloride were injected into the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) and medullary reticular formation (MRF). Double-labeled neurons were most frequently observed in the lateral part of lamina V, in laminae VII, VIII and X and in the lateral cervical and lateral spinal nuclei. The data demonstrate that some spinal neurons project to both the PAG and the MRF via axon collaterals. PMID- 3755073 TI - Oxytocin and [1-deamino, 8-D-arginine]-vasopressin (dDAVP): intrathecal effects on blood pressure, heart rate and urine output. AB - Two analogues of arginine vasopressin (AVP) were administered intrathecally in rats. Neither oxytocin (OXT) nor [1-deamino, 8-D-arginine]-vasopressin (dDAVP) were as potent as AVP in inducing changes in cardiovascular function and renal output. Large doses of OXT, however, did cause significant changes in pressor responses and urine output, suggesting that this peptide may act at spinal levels, possibly as a weak agonist on AVP receptors. PMID- 3755074 TI - Autoradiographic localization of peripheral M1 muscarinic receptors using [3H]pirenzepine. AB - A novel antimuscarinic agent, pirenzepine, has been proposed to distinguish at least two subtypes of muscarinic receptor. M1 receptors have been designated as those displaying a high affinity for pirenzepine. Both functional and binding studies have revealed a prevalence of M1 receptors in sympathetic ganglia while autonomic effector tissues have only low densities of M1 receptors. In the present study, in vitro autoradiographic procedures have been used to localize specifically high affinity binding sites for pirenzepine (M1 receptors) in sections of guinea-pig ileum, rat superior cervical ganglion and rat submaxillary gland. The overall localization of muscarinic receptors was also studied using the non-selective antagonist, [3H]N-methylscopolamine. The highest densities of M1 receptors were found in superior cervical ganglion, sympathetic nerve bundles, myenteric ganglia and mucous secreting cells of the submaxillary gland, while lower densities were found in smooth muscle and serous secreting cells of the submaxillary gland. No area found to possess muscarinic receptors was devoid of M1 receptors. PMID- 3755075 TI - [Study of respiratory function in small laboratory animals using a personal calculator]. PMID- 3755076 TI - Chemotherapy induces regression of brain metastases in breast carcinoma. AB - This study improves treatment options and ultimately survival by using systemic chemotherapy in brain metastases from breast carcinoma, since most of these patients have disseminated disease and a dismal prognosis when treated by conventional brain irradiation alone. One hundred consecutive patients with symptomatic brain metastases documented by radionuclide and/or computerized tomography scan were treated with systemic chemotherapy. Fifty of 100 patients demonstrated an objective response of brain metastases which was similar for extracranial metastases. There were 10 complete responders (CR), 40 partial responders (PR), 9 stable, and 41 nonresponders. Median duration of remission was 10+ months for CR and 7 months for PR (range, 2-72 months). Primary chemotherapy of brain metastases yielded responses in 27 of 52 patients (52%) treated with Cytoxan (cyclophosphamide) (C), 5-fluorouracil (F) and prednisone (P); 19 of 35 (54%) receiving CFP-methotrexate (M) and vincristine (V); 3 of 7 (43%) treated with MVP, and 1 of 6 (17%) receiving Cytoxan plus Adriamycin (doxorubicin) (CA). Thirteen of 35 patients (37%) who subsequently had relapse of brain metastases were retreated successfully with secondary chemotherapy. The median survival for CR and PR was 39.5 months and 10.5 months, respectively, in contrast with nonresponder patients who had a median survival of 1.5 months. Thirty-one percent of all treated patients survived more than 12 months. These findings suggest that the chemotherapeutic agents used penetrate the blood-brain barrier inducing regression of brain metastases. This approach offers a significant benefit by simultaneously controlling extracranial disease, improving the response and prolonging survival. PMID- 3755077 TI - Sexual factors, venereal diseases, and the risk of intraepithelial and invasive cervical neoplasia. AB - The relation between major indicators of sexual habits (age at first intercourse and total number of sexual partners), history of selected venereal diseases, and cervical neoplasia was investigated using data from a case-control study of 206 cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia compared with 206 age-matched outpatient controls, and of 327 cases of invasive cancer compared with 327 control subjects in hospital for acute conditions unrelated to any of the established or suspected risk factors for cervical cancer. The relative risks increased with decreasing age at first intercourse and increasing number of sexual partners both for intraepithelial and for invasive cancers. The effects of these two variables were independent, since they were only marginally affected by reciprocal adjustment, or by allowance for several other identified potential distorting factors. The negative association with age at first intercourse was particularly strong in the case of invasive cancers, with risk estimates over five-fold elevated for women reporting their first intercourse before age 18 compared with those aged over 22 years. This relation might be discussed in terms of multistage models of carcinogenesis, which predict that the incidence of epithelial carcinomas is a function of duration of exposure. In fact, when age was allowed for, the relative risks of cervical neoplasia were positively and strongly related with the total duration of the interval between age at diagnosis/interview and age at first intercourse. Clinical histories of several sexually transmitted diseases were positively associated with the risk of intraepithelial neoplasia. In particular, genital warts were reported by nine cases but no control subject. No such association, however, emerged for invasive carcinomas. Thus, the current findings confirm that, although intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive cervical cancer appear to share several important epidemiological features, the specific (infectious) agents implicated in dysplastic lesions probably differ to some extent from those causing invasive cancer. PMID- 3755078 TI - The triosephosphate isomerase gene from maize: introns antedate the plant-animal divergence. AB - We have cloned and characterized a cDNA and genomic DNA for the triosephosphate isomerase expressed in maize roots. The gene is interrupted by eight introns. If we compare this gene with that for the protein in chicken, which has six introns, we see that five of the introns are at identical places, one has shifted by three codons, and two are totally new. This great matching leads us to conclude that the introns were in place before the plant-animal divergence, and that the parental gene had at least eight introns, two of which were lost in the line that leads to animals. PMID- 3755079 TI - The sucrase-isomaltase complex: primary structure, membrane-orientation, and evolution of a stalked, intrinsic brush border protein. AB - The complete primary structure (1827 amino acids) of rabbit intestinal pro sucrase-isomaltase (pro-SI) was deduced from the sequence of a nearly full-length cDNA. Pro-SI is anchored in the membrane by a single 20 amino acid segment spanning the bilayer only once. The amino-terminal, cytoplasmic domain consists of 12 amino acids and is not preceded by a cleaved leader sequence. This suggests a dual role for the membrane-spanning segment as an uncleaved signal for membrane insertion. This is followed by a 22 residue serine/threonine-rich, probably glycosylated, stretch, presumably forming the stalk on which the globular, catalytic domains are directed into the intestinal lumen. Following this is a high degree of homology between the isomaltase and sucrase portions (41% amino acid identity), indicating that pro-SI evolved by partial gene duplication. PMID- 3755080 TI - [A flexible dynamic phantom of cardiac function for radionuclide ventriculography and angiocardiography]. PMID- 3755081 TI - Studies on peptides. CXXXVII. Conventional solution synthesis of porcine hypothalamic growth hormone releasing factor (pGRF). PMID- 3755083 TI - Myoplasmic calcium, myosin phosphorylation, and regulation of the crossbridge cycle in swine arterial smooth muscle. AB - Our objective was to test the hypothesis that changes in crossbridge phosphorylation in the swine carotid media are due to changes in the myoplasmic calcium concentration. The photoprotein aequorin was loaded intracellularly by incubation in a series of calcium-free solutions. This loading procedure did not affect subsequent stress development, myosin light chain phosphorylation, or ultrastructure. The time course of light production, myosin light chain phosphorylation, shortening velocity at zero load, and active stress were measured in three stimulus protocols: depolarization with 109 mM potassium chloride at 22 degrees C, 37 degrees C, and 37 degrees C, followed by a reduction in potassium chloride to 20 mM to induce stress maintenance with basal phosphorylation (latch). Light-predicted intracellular calcium concentration was found to correlate with myosin phosphorylation and unloaded shortening velocity. The calcium concentration required for half-maximal myosin phosphorylation was approximately twice that for stress maintenance. These estimates depend on many assumptions, but they compared favorably with the half-maximal myosin phosphorylation values obtained for the calcium-dependence of stress maintenance and phosphorylation in Triton X-100 skinned carotid media preparations. This supports the hypothesis that myoplasmic calcium is the determinant of myosin phosphorylation and mean crossbridge cycling rates in intact smooth muscle depolarized by potassium chloride. PMID- 3755082 TI - Oxidative microsomal metabolism of 1-nitropyrene and DNA-binding of oxidized metabolites following nitroreduction. AB - 1-Nitropyrene is an environmental mutagen and carcinogen which undergoes both oxidative and reductive metabolism. We have previously shown that nitroreduction to N-hydroxy-1-aminopyrene leads to the formation of arylamine--DNA adducts. In the present study, we have investigated the oxidative metabolism of 1-nitropyrene and the subsequent binding of ring-oxidized metabolites to DNA. In vitro incubations were conducted using hepatic microsomes from uninduced rats or from rats pretreated with phenobarbital, Aroclor 1254, 3-methylcholanthrene, or 3 methylcholanthrene and trans-stilbene oxide. H.p.l.c. analysis of the incubation mixtures indicated the presence of the previously reported metabolites, 1 aminopyrene, 3-, 6-, and 8-hydroxy-1-nitropyrene, and 1-nitropyrene trans-4,5 dihydrodiol. In addition, 1-nitropyrene 4,5-oxide, 1-nitropyrene 9,10-oxide, 1 nitropyrene trans-9,10-dihydrodiol and 1-pyrenol were identified. The formation of both K-region dihydrodiols could be increased by trans-stilbene oxide induction of microsomal epoxide hydrase. Formation of the K-region epoxides was greatest using phenobarbital- and Aroclor-induced microsomes and increased with increasing oxygen tension, while 1-pyrenol formation was highest in 3 methylcholanthrene-induced microsomal incubations and was not affected by the oxygen tension. When calf thymus DNA was added to the microsomal incubations, similar levels of DNA-binding occurred in incubations conducted under oxygen, air, argon or anaerobic conditions. H.p.l.c. analysis of the enzymatically hydrolyzed DNA indicated the presence of multiple DNA adducts with the major product coeluting with N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-1-aminopyrene. The K-region oxides bound directly to DNA to give adducts similar to the minor products detected in the microsomal incubations. Incubation of the K-region oxides with the nitroreductase, xanthine oxidase, increased the DNA-binding and resulted in an additional adduct which coeluted with N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-1-amino pyrene. 3 Hydroxy-1-nitropyrene bound extensively to DNA upon nitroreduction by rat liver cytosol or xanthine oxidase, while 6- and 8-hydroxy-1-nitropyrene bound only slightly. None of these oxidized metabolites was activated to DNA-binding species by cytosolic nitroreduction followed by AcCoA-dependent acetylation. The fact that oxidized metabolites of 1-nitropyrene are reduced to DNA-binding derivatives more easily than 1-nitropyrene itself may be important in vivo where 1 nitropyrene has been shown to be readily oxidized. PMID- 3755084 TI - Resuscitation and respiratory management of infants weighing less than 1000 grams. AB - Care of the tiny neonate with regard to assisted ventilation and possible surfactant therapy is discussed in this review. Management in the delivery room and after is also included. PMID- 3755085 TI - Basic principles of computer technology. AB - This article explains the functions of the different components of computer systems and how they work together. Covered are computer central processors, various peripheral accessories, and the types of software that control them. PMID- 3755086 TI - Computers and medical office management. AB - This article outlines the possible uses of computers and software in the management of a medical office. It highlights many issues that should be considered in choosing a system. PMID- 3755087 TI - Three-dimensional wrist imaging: evaluation of functional and pathologic anatomy by computer. AB - The wrist has been studied morphologically and functionally using advanced technology. The osseous morphology of the wrist was investigated by computed tomography and surface reconstruction software. The functional behavior of the wrist in motion was studied using electromagnetic tracker technology. Three dimensional imaging from CT scans is emerging as a research tool for the study of gross surface morphology, especially for osseous structures. One of the most demanding applications of this technology lies in the human wrist, because of its small size and inherent complexity. We have demonstrated some of the potential of computer graphics and three-dimensional surface reconstructions in the wrist for patients with osseous abnormalities. Acquisition of six-degree-of-freedom kinematic data to describe carpal motion has been made possible by new electromagnetic tracker technology. Analysis of these data in human wrist experiments revealed that the instantaneous center of rotation was not fixed in the head of the capitate, as was previously thought. PMID- 3755088 TI - Applications of computer graphics in craniofacial surgery. AB - Three-dimensional surface images can be reconstructed from CT scans. These are particularly useful in the study and management of patients with congenital and acquired craniofacial deformities. The principles of 3-D reformation, the production of the surface images, and recent advances in modification of these images for specific clinical needs are presented. PMID- 3755089 TI - Computer-aided planning and evaluation of facial and orthognathic surgery. AB - The desire to apply the scientific method to aesthetic facial surgery is the underpinning of this article, which summarizes the attempts that have been made to apply numeric methods to facial surgery, with particular emphasis on computer methods. PMID- 3755090 TI - Fertility of mating in rats (Rattus norvegicus): contributions of androgen dependent morphology and actions of the penis. AB - Three experiments with rats (Rattus norvegicus) were conducted to examine the roles of the male's penile spines and penile cups (flaring of the distal glans) in the induction of luteal activity in the female, and in the removal of copulatory plugs from the vaginal tract. The results of Experiment 1 revealed no role for the cup in luteal induction but did suggest that elements of the ejaculatory reflex apart from cup formation contribute to the elicitation of this neuroendocrine response. The origin of this stimulatory effect was not directly determined, but indirect evidence suggested a role for penile spines. In Experiments 2 and 3, features of the glans penis that might help effect plug removal were investigated, and the experiments demonstrated that penile spines, perhaps in conjunction with penile cups, contribute to the extraction of plugs from the vagina. PMID- 3755091 TI - An automatic stimulus generation system for electroretinogram capture and processing. AB - An automated system is presented for on-line capture and processing of the analog signal obtained in response to light or X-ray stimulation of isolated rat retina maintained in survival by perfusion. The most important part of the system is a microcomputer Apple II (48 K Europlus) equipped with interface boards. Basic and assembler programs automatically deliver light or X-ray stimulation every 5 min. Data capture and data processing are carried out following each retinal response. Calculated parameters of the ERG, and 200 values obtained after sampling of an ERG are placed in a data file on a floppy disc. One hundred ERGs can be stored in this way. PMID- 3755092 TI - Computer applications in thermoregulatory research. AB - Thermoregulatory information is a frequently used parameter in both physiological and psychophysiological research. Specific software programs using accepted formulae are not readily available to the scientist as is the hardware. The program described here uses the well-established physiological model by Burton, calculating mean skin temperature and mean body temperature. The primary goal of this microsoft Basic program is to aid the researcher through speed of execution and quantitative reliability. A few command alterations will allow this program to be used with most microcomputer systems currently available. The time saved using this program will greatly enhance the efficiency of the researcher's thermoregulatory data analyses. PMID- 3755093 TI - A program in BASIC for calculation of tissue ion flux rates, rate constants, and cellular ion contents and concentrations for a three compartmental serial model. AB - A BASIC program is presented to calculate tissue ion flux rates, rate constants, and cellular ion contents and concentrations from ion flux curves. For the purpose of this program, the biological tissue will be treated as a three compartmental series model. The program requires that eight experimentally determined variables be entered for each ion species to be analyzed: the experimental slope and intercept variables for each phase of the flux curve, the wet and dry tissue weights, the known or estimated value of extracellular space and the measured or known value of the cellular surface to volume ratio of the particular tissue being studied. All other required input data are obtained from the literature or experimental protocol and may be treated as constants. This program was designed for the in vitro determination of ion exchange in skeletal muscle but may be used with little or no modification for flux measurements in other tissues. PMID- 3755094 TI - The computation of body composition data using a programmable calculator. AB - A body composition programme has been developed for the Texas Instruments TI 59 programmable calculator and printer. The methodology involves the determination of body density by underwater weighing with the ventilated residual volume being measured by helium dilution. Some of the labelled output variables included on the printout are: body density, percent body fat, fat mass and fat free mass. PMID- 3755095 TI - Chromosomal localization of human and rat A alpha, B beta, and gamma fibrinogen genes by in situ hybridization. AB - In situ hybridization of radiolabeled fibrinogen cDNAs to human and rat metaphase chromosomes has shown that the genes encoding the A alpha, B beta, and gamma fibrinogen subunits are syntenic in both species. Our data localize the human fibrinogen gene cluster to band q31 on chromosome 4, thereby confirming and extending previous map assignments of these genes in man. We have also assigned these genes to the q31----q34 region of rat chromosome 2. This is the first map assignment of these genes in the rat and also the first report to clearly establish linkage of the B beta subunit gene to the A alpha and gamma genes in this species. PMID- 3755096 TI - Chromosomal localization of group-specific component by in situ hybridization. AB - Group-specific component (GC), an alpha 2-globulin plasma protein synthesized primarily in the liver, is the major vitamin D-binding protein in plasma. It has two common phenotypes, GC1 and GC2, which appear in all human populations. Using the cDNA insert containing the entire coding sequence of GC2, the GC gene was mapped to human chromosomal bands 4q13----q21.1 by in situ hybridization. PMID- 3755097 TI - [An observation of the morphological development of discoid discs of the knee joint]. PMID- 3755098 TI - Levels of 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha in neonatal cerebrospinal fluid. AB - 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha determinations were made by radioimmunoassay on samples of cerebrospinal fluid from 41 neonates. Levels were below the smallest quantity detectable (50 pg/ml) in 29 and greater than 200 pg/ml in only 3 babies. These results suggest that 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha is not a major prostaglandin in the cerebrospinal fluid of human infants. PMID- 3755099 TI - Growth and development two years after artificial surfactant replacement at birth. AB - Two year follow-up of 80 surviving preterm babies from a controlled trial of surfactant replacement is reported. There were no statistically significant differences in rates of hospital admission, respiratory infections or antibiotic treatment. Wheezing, skin rashes and food intolerance were reported by parents with similar frequency in each group. Weight, length and occipito-frontal circumference were similar at all ages up to and including 2 years. Median developmental quotient (Griffiths scales) was 100 in the treated group and 95 in the control group (P = 0.053). Rates of cerebral palsy were similar in each group although milder forms predominated in the treated group. It is concluded that artificial surfactant (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and high-density lipoprotein) replacement at birth is not associated with adverse long term effects on preterm babies. PMID- 3755100 TI - Sucralfate enema (SUC)--effective in IBD? PMID- 3755101 TI - A monoclonal antibody to the 15,000 dalton protein associated with porcine pulmonary surfactant. AB - From a surface active fraction of porcine lung lavage fluid, separated by discontinuous sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation, a protein with a nominal molecular weight (MW) of 15,000 daltons was isolated by sequential extraction with several buffers, including one containing deoxycholate. A monoclonal antibody was prepared from a hybrid cell (8B5E) obtained by fusing a myeloma cell, X63.Ag8.653, with spleen cells of BALB/c mice immunized with the protein. With immunoblotting technique, the antibody was found to be specific to the 15,000 dalton protein and did not react with another surfactant-associated protein with a nominal MW of 38,000 daltons. The antibody's IgG subclass was IgG1 and the light chain was kappa. In immunohistochemical studies using biotinylated antibody, peroxidase reaction products were localized selectively at inclusions of alveolar wall cells which were located chiefly at the alveolar corners. These results strongly suggest that this 15,000 dalton protein was localized in inclusions of alveolar wall cells and did not originate from other larger surfactant-associated proteins degraded after secretion into alveolar space. PMID- 3755102 TI - The chicken oestrogen receptor sequence: homology with v-erbA and the human oestrogen and glucocorticoid receptors. AB - A chicken oviduct cDNA clone containing the complete open reading frame of the oestrogen receptor (ER) has been isolated and sequenced. The mol. wt of the predicted 589-amino acid protein is approximately 66 kd which is very close to that of the human ER. Comparison of the human and chicken amino acid sequences shows that 80% of their amino acids are identical. There are three highly conserved regions; the second and third of which probably represent the DNA- and hormone-binding domains of the receptor. The putative DNA-binding domain is characterised by its high cysteine and basic amino acid content, and the hormone binding domain by its overall hydrophobicity. These two domains of homology are also present in the human glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and the product of the avian erythroblastosis virus (AEV) gene, v-erbA, indicating that c-erbA, the cellular counterpart of v-erbA, belongs to a multigene family of transcriptional regulatory proteins which bind steroid-related ligands. The first highly conserved ER region is not present in the truncated v-erbA gene, but shares some homology with the N-terminal end of the GR. The function of the v-erbA gene product is discussed in relation to its homology with the ER and GR sequences. PMID- 3755103 TI - Expression of a mutant vasopressin gene: differential polyadenylation and read through of the mRNA 3' end in a frame-shift mutant. AB - Sequence analysis of cDNA clones derived from hypothalamic mRNA of diabetes insipidus (Brattleboro) rats shows that the vasopressin gene transcript also includes the single base deletion demonstrated in the gene. This causes a frame shift in the C terminus of the vasopressin precursor with a reading frame open through the 3' end of the mRNA including the poly(A) sequence. Antibodies raised against a synthetic tetradecapeptide (CP-14) corresponding to the frame-shifted C terminus identified a product of mol. wt approximately 26 000 in a reticulocyte lysate system programmed with Brattleboro hypothalamic mRNA. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that a similar precursor is also present in vivo in neurones of the Brattleboro hypothalamus. Electrophoretic analysis of vasopressin mRNA from wild-type and mutant rat tissues revealed that (i) the hypothalamic mRNA from Brattleboro rats contains a longer stretch of poly(A) sequence than the wild type strains; (ii) vasopressin mRNA is also present in the adrenal, ovary, testis and cerebellum, at very low levels; however, (iii) the extra-hypothalamic mRNA is considerably shorter than that in the hypothalamus because of a curtailed poly(A) sequence. Thus similar vasopressin gene transcripts are subject to a tissue specific differential polyadenylation. PMID- 3755104 TI - Sialoglycoproteins of murine RAW117 large cell lymphoma/lymphosarcoma sublines of various metastatic colonization properties. AB - A metastatic model for large-cell lymphoma/lymphosarcoma has been developed by sequential selection in vivo of the murine RAW117 cell line for enhanced liver metastasis or in vitro for loss of lectin-binding properties. The metastatic variants obtained from such selections show alterations in cell surface lectin binding components, such as the wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-reactive sialoglycoproteins. Detergent lysates from RAW117 cells were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) followed by reaction with 125I-labeled WGA. The [125I]WGA became bound to a diffuse band of Mr 120 000-200 000 in the gels that overlapped with the major sialoglycoprotein band revealed by the periodate-sodium borotritide labeling. However, the [125I]WGA reactivity diminished when gels were pretreated with mild acid to remove sialic acid in situ. The binding of [125I]WGA to the glycoprotein(s) was greater in the high liver-colonizing RAW117-H10 subline than in the parental RAW117-P line. Another lectin with different saccharide specificity, Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCAI), became bound to a similar class of sialoglycoproteins, as well as to glycoproteins of lower Mr, but only when the gels were pretreated with mild acid to remove sialic acid. These differences in the relative RCAI-binding intensities after chemical removal of sialic acid were similar to those seen with WGA and indicate that differences in WGA reactivity of this class of sialoglycoproteins were not due to increased sialylation of the carbohydrate chains. Sialic acid was removed from RAW117 cells by neuraminidase treatment, and lysates were analysed for [125I]RCAI reactivity after electrophoresis. The migration of the glycoproteins was not affected by neuraminidase, indicating that the diffuseness of the major sialoglycoprotein band was not due to differences in sialylation. [125I]WGA reactivity to the sialoglycoprotein components, before and after Smith degradation in situ, strongly suggests that the oligosaccharide back-bones are highly branched and asparagine-linked. Only the high Mr portion of the diffuse sialoglycoprotein band was stained with peanut agglutinin (PNA) after in situ removal of sialic acid. To determine whether the expression of the sialoglycoprotein was causally related to liver metastasis, the amounts of sialoglycoproteins in RAW117 cells obtained by in vitro selection for increased or decreased metastasis were examined. Binding of [125I]WGA to intact cells and affinity chromatography of vectorially radiolabeled cell surface proteins on WGA agarose were performed, and the results indicated that the in vitro selected high liver-colonizing RAW117 variants possesses high WGA r PMID- 3755105 TI - Molecular cloning of cDNA of S100 alpha subunit mRNA. AB - The primary structure of the bovine S-100 alpha mRNA on the basis of molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the cDNA are described. The sequence is composed of 532 bp which include the 282 bp of the complete coding region, 89 bp at the 5' noncoding region, 161 bp at the 3'-noncoding region, polyadenylation signal, ATTAAA and poly(A) tail. Northern blot analysis shows that the size of S-100 alpha mRNA is about 700-800 bases long and a single mRNA occurs in bovine brain. Bovine brain contains both S100 alpha and beta subunits and their mRNAs. In contrast, the rat brain contains only S100 beta subunit and its mRNA. PMID- 3755106 TI - Cytosolic Ca2+ and the regulation of secretion in parathyroid cells. AB - The concentration of intracellular Ca2+ [( Ca2+]i) was measured in dissociated bovine parathyroid cells loaded with quin-2 or fura-2. In quin-2-loaded cells, increases in the concentration of extracellular Ca2+ elicited slow, monophasic increases in [Ca2+]i, whereas in fura-2-loaded cells, extracellular Ca2+ evoked rapid, transient increases which were followed by lower, yet sustained increases in [Ca2+]i. Cytosolic Ca2+ transients arose from the mobilization of cellular Ca2+ and could be evoked by a variety of divalent cations. Transient, but not sustained increases in [Ca2+]i were associated with an inhibition of hormone secretion. Secretion was still inhibited, however, when cytosolic Ca2+ transients were blocked by buffering with quin-2, suggesting that changes in [Ca2+]i might not be the essential factor regulating secretion in parathyroid cells. PMID- 3755108 TI - Sexually transmitted diseases. PMID- 3755107 TI - Mutations in the guinea pig preproglucagon gene are restricted to a specific portion of the prohormone sequence. AB - A cDNA clone encoding guinea pig preproglucagon has been isolated from a pancreatic cDNA library. The predicted amino acid sequence of proglucagon is highly conserved in all regions, in comparison to other mammals, except for the C terminal portion of the 29-residue glucagon region, in which 5 amino acid substitutions have occurred. These changes may serve to offset the reduced receptor-binding potency of the highly mutated insulin in this New World species. PMID- 3755109 TI - Investigation of the chemiluminescence response of human neutrophils and mononuclear cells. AB - The activation of chemiluminescence (CL) of human phagocytes was investigated by the use of the amplifiers, luminol and lucigenin, in parallel studies. The optimal doses for opsonized zymosan, WGA and HAIG were determined, and the integral CL of polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells from healthy probands and patients with enzyme defects related to the cellular O2 metabolism were compared. Both cell types showed striking differences with respect to the kinetics and integral responses and in dependence on the amplifier after stimulation with the various activators. These results suggest that there is no intimate relationship between O2-release and production of the luminol reactive oxygen species. PMID- 3755110 TI - Genetic heterogeneity in the major histocompatibility complex of various BB rat sublines. AB - Fragments of cloned rat class I transplantation antigen genes were used to define the polymorphism detected between two lines of closely related BB rats. One line, BB-Hagedorn (BB/H), is prone to diabetes, and the other (BB control) is resistant. A cDNA probe representing part of the second extracellular domain of a class I antigen detected several DNA fragments and revealed a 2kb fragment present in resistant, but absent in diabetes-prone, BB/H rat DNA following digestion with BamH1. A 40 bp cDNA probe from the same domain showed a further simplified pattern in the DNA hybridization analysis. Only two fragments, 15 kb and 7 kb, were present in the resistant rats; the diabetes-prone BB/H rats lacked the 7 kb fragment. Several lines of evidence suggest that the gene contained in this 7 kb fragment may be deleted. Analysis of other diabetic BB rats and in the F2 generation of intercross offspring of F1 hybrid parents following crossbreeding between the resistant (BB-control) and diabetes-prone (BB/H) line demonstrate that the class I polymorphism was not linked directly to diabetes. Examination of various other BB lines and sublines indicate that these polymorphisms can be traced back to at least one other subline (Worcester) in the parent colony. PMID- 3755111 TI - [Hereditary visceral myopathy: an entity in idiopathic intestinal pseudo obstruction]. AB - A 17 year-old girl with chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction is reported. Abnormalities of smooth intestinal muscle were shown on light and electron microscopic studies of the excised small intestine and led to the diagnosis of visceral myopathy based on the following features: vacuolar degeneration of intestinal smooth muscle cells with replacement by fibrous preferential involvement of the external longitudinal muscle layer normal myenteric plexus. For the first time similar ultrastructural changes were found on histological study of the colon. Manometric studies revealed a diffuse disease involving the esophagus, small bowel, and bladder. Anorectal abnormalities, never described before, were reported. Family involvement was shown by abnormal esophageal and anorectal manometries in the patient's brother and by paternal history of fatal small intestine occlusion without mechanical obstruction. The prognosis of severe forms of visceral myopathy is generally poor because of the inefficiency of drugs. In this case, after a long period of parenteral nutrition with maintenance of a good nutritional status, a terminal ileostomy (with a special procedure to avoid evagination) associated with a second stage total colectomy allowed to stop parenteral nutrition. PMID- 3755112 TI - Dermatoglyphic (fingerprint) evidence for a congenital syndrome of early onset constipation and abdominal pain. AB - Chronic idiopathic constipation and abdominal pain are the most common gastrointestinal symptoms but their cause is rarely determined; therefore, they usually are called functional. To determine if congenital factors play a role in these disorders, we examined dermatoglyphic (fingerprint) patterns, a congenital marker, in 155 consecutive patients with gastrointestinal complaints. Sixty-four percent of patients with constipation and abdominal pain before age 10 yr had one or more digital arches, compared with 10% of patients without constipation and abdominal pain (p less than 0.001). Seventy percent of constipated patients with arches had the onset of symptoms before age 10 yr compared with 23% of constipated patients without arches (p less than 0.001) and 14% of patients with symptoms other than constipation (p less than 0.001). Compared with an age- and sex-matched sample of patients without arches, patients with arches had a higher prevalence of constipation and abdominal pain before age 10 (p = 0.003), were more likely (p less than 0.001) to have chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction (an organic disorder), and were less likely (p = 0.013) to have irritable bowel syndrome (a functional disorder). Identification of a congenital marker, digital arches, associated with early onset constipation and abdominal pain may help to differentiate a congenital organic syndrome from functional disorders such as the irritable bowel syndrome. PMID- 3755113 TI - [Antagonism of collagen-induced ECG changes in rats by a thromboxane synthetase inhibitor, CV-4151]. AB - Ten weeks old male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. One mg/kg of a calfskin type III collagen was injected into a tail vein under pentobarbital anesthesia, and the electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded via leads I, II and III for 10 min. Abnormal ECG patterns, i.e., ST-T changes and incidence of arrhythmia, were shown after collagen injection, and some rats suffered cardiac arrest. Oral administration of (E)-7-phenyl-7-(3-pyridyl)-6-heptenoic acid (CV-4151), a thromboxane synthetase inhibitor, at the dose of 10 mg/kg two hr before the collagen injection made the ST-T changes small, and it reduced the incidence of cardiac arrest. The effect of CV-4151 was greater than that of 30 mg/kg of ticlopidine with the same type of treatment. Neither CV-4151 nor ticlopidine had any affect on collagen-induced decreases in the blood platelet count. However, plasma thromboxane (TX) B2 level in the CV-4151-treated group was very low in comparison with those in both the control and ticlopidine-treated groups at 10 min after the collagen injection. These findings indicate that TXA2 may contribute, at least partly, to the collagen-induced ECG changes and indicate that CV-4151 might be a favorable agent for the prevention of TXA2-mediated cardiac ischemia. PMID- 3755114 TI - [Pharmacological study of nicergoline. (II). Protective effect on ischemic brain damages in animals]. AB - Effects of nicergoline on ischemic brain damages induced by bilateral carotid arterial ligation (BCAL) in ICR-strain mice and mongolian gerbils and lipid peroxide formation (LPOF) in normal brain homogenate of rats were compared with those of dihydroergotoxine (DHE). In mice, nicergoline (16 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced the cumulative mortality rate after BCAL (from 80-83% in the control to 50-55%). In gerbils, nicergoline (32 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly prolonged the mean onset time of ischemic seizure following recirculation after the 30-min BCAL (from 45.8 min in the control to 94.9 min). DHE also showed protective effects in these animals. In the ischemic brain of mice, marked decreases of creatine-P, ATP, glucose and glycogen; a remarkable increase of lactate; and elevation of L/P ratio were observed 1 to 10 min after BCAL. Nicergoline (16 mg/kg, i.p.) slightly prevented these decreases and significantly suppressed the increase of lactate and the elevation of L/P ratio 2 min after BCAL. The inhibitory action of nicergoline (20-100 microM) on LPOF is more potent than those of alpha-tocopherol and DHE. These results suggest that nicergoline may have protective effects against ischemic brain damages due to its ameliorating action on cerebral energy metabolism and partially due to its inhibitory action of LPOF. PMID- 3755115 TI - Changes in plasma fibronectin levels in thyroid diseases. AB - The plasma levels of fibronectin (Fn) have been measured in normal subjects and in patients with thyroid diseases. The mean plasma Fn levels in 62 normal adults was 32.0 +/- 6.0 mg/dl, whereas it was elevated to 62.6 +/- 16.1 mg/dl (mean +/- SD) in 25 patients with hyperthyroidism and decreased to 19.2 +/- 8.0 mg/dl in 9 patients with hypothyroidism. The 9 patients with simple goiter have normal values of 29.1 +/- 8.0 mg/dl. With the administration of anti-thyroid drugs, plasma Fn levels normalized, with a time lag, in parallel with normalization of the thyroid function. Positive correlation was obtained between Fn levels and serum levels of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). The present findings indicate that measurement of plasma Fn both in the basal state and during treatment provides evidence of altered Fn metabolism in thyroid diseases and serves to follow up the effect of treatment. PMID- 3755116 TI - Androgen and estradiol levels in plasma and amniotic fluid of late gestational male and female hamsters: uterine position effects. AB - Using radioimmunoassay we have measured the plasma and amniotic fluid levels of androgen and estradiol in male and female hamster fetuses nearing parturition. On Days 14 and 15 of gestation (day of birth = Day 16), plasma levels of androgen are higher in males than females while estradiol levels are equal. Amniotic fluid levels of these hormones, while lower than plasma, reflect the difference in androgen and the similarity in estradiol between sexes. Uterine position analysis on Day 14 suggests that female siblings located caudally suppress amniotic fluid androgen and elevate estradiol levels of male siblings. Comparison of Day 18 gestation male and female rat amniotic fluid androgen to Day 14 hamsters reveals that male rats are bathed in high levels of androgen. Female rats have lower levels which are not different from those of male hamsters. Female hamsters are exposed to little androgen. Relevance to behavioral sexual differentiation and the display of adult behavior is discussed. PMID- 3755117 TI - Choroideremia-locus maps between DXS3 and DXS11 on Xq. AB - Choroideremia is a progressive tapetochoroidal dystrophy with X-linked transmission leading frequently to blindness in affected males. The choroideremia locus (TCD) has recently been assigned to the long arm of the X chromosome by linkage to polymorphic DNA markers. In order to further define the location of the gene defect, two families segregating for choroideremia were examined for DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms. A search was undertaken for linkage with cloned DNA probes from the proximal short and long arm as well as from the mid-portion of the long arm of the X chromosome. Our data suggest that the most plausible gene order on the Xq is: Xcen-DXYS1-DXS3-TCD-DXS11-Xqter. PMID- 3755118 TI - Survey of psychological disturbance in patients attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic. AB - A survey of psychological disturbance was conducted in a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic, using the general health questionnaire, the Crown-Crisp experiential index, and the illness concern questionnaire. Of 381 patients who completed the questionnaire, 158 (43%) had general health questionnaire scores indicating that they were psychiatric cases. Psychological disturbance was more common in women. The association between general health questionnaire caseness and patients' reports of concerns and worries about illness in relation to their presenting complaint was significant. The Crown-Crisp experiential index scores of cases were lower than those characteristic of patients attending psychiatric clinics, and much of the psychological disturbance found by this and other surveys of STD clinics may therefore represent distress in relation to the presenting problem. Of the 381 patients, 14 (4%) appeared to have an abnormal or unwarranted level of distress in relation to their presenting complaint. PMID- 3755119 TI - An automated system for ST segment and arrhythmia analysis in exercise radionuclide ventriculography. PMID- 3755121 TI - DATAC: a multipurpose biological data analysis program based on a mathematical interpreter. AB - The use of a mathematical command interpreter combined with the structural facility of the C-language allowed us to design a data treatment program having considerable flexibility and being able to handle any types of data (electrophysiological, biochemical and theoretical data). Ensembles of data are treated by the interpreter as if they were simple variables so that an elaborate computation can be performed on the spot by simply writing the appropriate equation on the terminal. These facilities combined with the ability of editing macrocommands at run time provide the user with data treatment possibilities that extend far beyond the possibilities actually implemented in the program. The originality of this program is that the user can easily implement the commands he most often needs, writing them in a language that most scientists will know, algebra. PMID- 3755120 TI - Steady-state dosage regimen calculations in linear pharmacokinetics. AB - This paper describes a general approach to compute steady-state dosage regimens. The method deals with individual linear compartmental mammillary pharmacokinetic models and requires estimated values of model parameters. It is based on the linearity principle and computes dosage regimens to achieve and maintain specified steady-state plasma concentrations, e.g. mean value or minimum effective and maximum safe levels. An interactive computer program performing the calculations has been developed. PMID- 3755122 TI - Electronic spreadsheet program for estimating two-compartment intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters by least squares linear regression analysis. AB - A microcomputer program using an electronic spreadsheet program was developed to calculate pharmacokinetic values of thiacetarsamide sodium, a drug used to kill the adult heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) parasite of the dog. A least squares, semilogarithmic regression analysis was done on data using a two compartment intravenous model. The data entered includes the time after injection and the drug concentration at that time. A graph of the points can be viewed or plotted, with the time on the x-axis, and the natural log of the drug concentration on the y-axis. The program was developed on a Televideo (512 kbytes) microcomputer. The spreadsheet used was Lotus 123 with the pharmacokinetics program occupying 16 kbytes of memory (720 cells) out of the 400 kbytes available with Lotus. PMID- 3755123 TI - Mathematical modelling accounting for discrepancies between blood levels and pharmacodynamic effects of a drug. Application to the numerical optimization of tertatolol. AB - In this paper we propose a non-linear model for explaining the relation between doses, blood levels and pharmacodynamic effects. Several models are examined and a functional relation (without derivatives or integrals) is retained. From there the medical system is optimized by using optimal control methods. In practice, optimal doses and times are numerically determined for the drug tertatolol. PMID- 3755124 TI - Advantages and limitations of the spatially adaptive program SAPRO in clinical perimetry. AB - The SAPRO program devised for the OCTOPUS 201 automated perimeter, consists of a number of program components. It is designed to be used on the Octopus 201 computer. In its measurement mode, it employs an algorithm which achieves high speed and efficiency. This is made possible by a threshold bracketing strategy which is simpler than the normal OCTOPUS bracketing. Moreover, three grids with test location distributions of increasing resolution are superimposed in succession on the whole or on part of the visual field to be analyzed. Out of the distribution of test locations, only those which fulfill a number of criteria are actually utilized. These criteria must be given and are adaptable to any given clinical problem. As a result, despite the high spatial resolution achieved, only a fraction of the test locations are utilized using SAPRO as compared with a program using a fixed pattern of test locations. The algorithm is thus able to imitate human intelligence, which tends to concentrate stimuli at places which appear to be relevant for the solution of a problem. The results of program SAPRO are disturbed by short- and long-term fluctuations. Their validity is limited, in a manner similar to that encountered in any other threshold determination procedure. A number of printout modes is available which are oriented towards an optimal understanding of the information contained in various examinations. These principles will be illustrated by one case of inactive disseminated chorioretinitis. PMID- 3755125 TI - [Genital Chlamydia infections]. AB - Chlamydia trachomatis represents an important infectious agent for sexually transmitted diseases. In the USA more than 3 million new cases are recorded per year. The clinical picture and late complications are similar to those of gonorrhea; however, infections from C. trachomatis have relatively mild symptoms. This group of diseases may therefore be overlooked, and complications and late sequelae due to C. trachomatis thus occur more frequently in comparison to N. gonorrhoeae. From the viewpoint of general health in a population, chlamydial infections seem to be more important than the classic venereal diseases. The number of infections may be underestimated as infected individuals may be asymptomatic and are therefore not diagnosed and the disease recorded. Knowledge about chlamydial infections has increased significantly, and C. trachomatis today can easily be diagnosed by routine laboratory methods; this report deals with current knowledge regarding the epidemiology, clinical symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and treatment of genital chlamydial infections. PMID- 3755126 TI - [Direct detection of Chlamydia trachomatis with monoclonal antibodies]. AB - A total of 571 specimens obtained from the Heidelberg outpatient clinic for sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and 254 specimens sent in by mail were examined for Chlamydia trachomatis, using a direct immunofluorescence technique with monoclonal antibodies and tissue culture. With respect to tissue culture, the sensitivity of specimens from male STD patients was 77% and specificity was 99%; for specimens from female STD patients the corresponding values were 77% and 96%, respectively. In female prostitutes the sensitivity of specimens reached only 55%, and specificity in this group was 96%. Follow-up of the patients with discrepant results confirmed the results of the test, which had initially indicated the chlamydial infection. In the material sent in by mail, the detection rate of C. trachomatis by direct immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies was significantly higher than in tissue culture. When specimens have to be transported long distances, the direct test with monoclonal antibodies has proved to be superior to tissue culture. However, the advantage of this test (Micro Trak) is counterbalanced by a relatively low sensitivity. PMID- 3755127 TI - [Prospective placebo-controlled double-blind study using a bacterial lysate in infections of the respiratory tract and ENT region in children]. AB - 94 children suffering from frequent infections of the respiratory tract and of the ear, nose and throat were treated under double-blind conditions with either a bacterial lysate (n = 45) or a placebo (n = 49). During the 6 months of the trial both treatments brought about a significant decrease in the incidence and duration of these infections as well as in the duration of concomitant antibiotherapy in comparison to the corresponding prior 6-month reference period. As these positive results recorded under the bacterial lysate and the placebo could not be differentiated statistically, the influence of meteorological and epidemiological factors as well as of the age of the children is discussed. PMID- 3755128 TI - Use of 3-D-computer graphics for imaging of distribution of hepatic metabolites. AB - In conjunction with the investigation of intercellular compartmentation of liver metabolism and as a logical further step, following the introduction of a new sample isolation procedure for microchemical analysis of functional liver cell heterogeneity, the possible benefit of computer-assisted three-dimensional imaging procedures for the reconstruction of hepatic metabolite distribution was investigated. In this intent, we elected to access a central computer facility by means of a small microcomputer system which, nevertheless, permitted to take full advantage of a large capacity main-frame computer and a high quality graphics plotter, at comparatively low overall costs. Commercially available software (SAS/GRAPH) was tailored to the specific requirements of this application. The three-dimensional imaging process recombines microchemical data (metabolite or enzyme values) with those of the size and location of samples within a particular cross-sectional area of a liver unit and provides an integrated view of metabolite distributions. The three-dimensional images were then used to define general distribution characteristics, as well as, differences in metabolite distribution along sinusoids of portal and septal origin. Glucose increased, whereas glucose-6-P decreased along sinusoids from the beginning to the end and values of both metabolites were found to be higher along 'portal/central' than along 'septal/central' sinusoids. Co-distribution of glucose-6-phosphatase with its substrate (glucose-6-P) was indicated by histochemical and microchemical results and is anticipated to be of considerable regulatory importance, since it further enhances the differences among hepatocytes at different locations along sinusoids with respect to their ability to produce glucose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3755129 TI - A quantitative method for the analysis of cell shape and locomotion. AB - A rapid, semiautomated system to quantitate and analyze leukocyte shape and locomotion was developed. Video images of moving leukocytes were obtained using a Vidicon camera mounted on a Nikon phase microscope. The video signal was either inputted directly, or indirectly via a video cassette recorder, to a Datacube video analog-digital, digital-analog converter. A Digital Equipment Corporation LSI 11/23 computer using the RT-11/TSX-Plus operating system and computer programs written in FORTRAN and MARCO assembly language permitted image segmentation, image display, and calculation of position, speed, direction of movement and orientation of each leukocyte at 10 s intervals. These data were stored on a winchester disk for subsequent evaluation of the leukocyte orientation, speed and direction of movement using statistical and graphical methods. The reproducibility of measurements made with the video system was tested by comparison with manual measurements; a correlation coefficient of 0.998 was obtained for the two methods. Rates of chemokinesis were then determined for unstimulated and chemokinetically stimulated polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and found to average 12.8 micron/min and 18.1 micron/min, respectively. The high speed, ease of data analysis, and potential for multiparameter evaluation makes this system useful for directly evaluating leukocyte locomotion. PMID- 3755130 TI - The effect of heat treatment of whole cottonseed on site and extent of protein digestion in dairy cows. AB - Six mature Holstein cows in late lactation and fitted with permanent ruminal, duodenal and ideal cannulae were used in a double 3 X 3 Latin-square design to study the effect of roasting or extruding of cottonseed on protein degradation in the rumen and availability of amino acids in the small intestine. Raw whole cottonseed (CS), extruded whole cottonseed (ECS), and roasted whole cottonseed (RCS) were fed in diets containing 17% crude protein and composed of 42% whole cottonseed, 26% corn grain and 29% hay supplemented with dry molasses, vitamins and minerals. The diets were isocaloric and contained 1.86 Mcal NEL/kg. Acid detergent lignin was used as a digesta marker, and diaminopimelic acid as a bacterial marker. Ruminal ammonia concentration was higher (P less than .05) for CS than for ECS and RCS (15.7, 12.7 and 10.2 mM). Concentrations of isobutyrate (1.3 vs 0.8 and 0.8 mM) and isovalerate (1.8 vs 1.1 and 1.1 mM) were higher (P less than .05) for CS compared with ECS and RCS. Non-ammonia nitrogen flow to the duodenum (g/d) was 248, 300 and 350 for CS, ECS, and RCS, with RCS higher (P less than .05) that in CS. Apparent absorption of total amino acids in the small intestine was .80, 1.01, and 1.24 kg/d, for CS, ECS, and RCS, respectively, with RCS higher (P less than .05) than CS. Apparent absorption of essential and non essential amino acids was 376, 425; 458, 548;610 and 628 g/d for CS, ECS and RCS respectively, with RCS higher (P less than .05) than CS. PMID- 3755131 TI - Effects of thromboxane synthase inhibition on air emboli lung injury in sheep. AB - We tested the effects of OKY-046, a thromboxane synthase inhibitor, on lung injury induced by 2 h of pulmonary air infusion (1.23 ml/min) in the pulmonary artery of unanesthetized sheep with chronic lung lymph fistula so as to assess the role of thromboxane A2 (TxA2) in the lung injury. We measured pulmonary hemodynamic parameters and the lung fluid balance. The concentrations of thromboxane B2 (TxB2) and 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1 alpha) in plasma and lung lymph were determined by radioimmunoassay. Air infusion caused sustained pulmonary hypertension and an increase in pulmonary vascular permeability. The levels of TxB2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha in both plasma and lung lymph were significantly elevated during the air infusion. TxB2 concentration in plasma obtained from the left atrium was higher than that from the pulmonary artery at 15 min of air infusion. When sheep were pretreated with OKY-046 (10 mg/kg iv) prior to the air infusion, increases in TxB2 were prevented. The pulmonary arterial pressure, however, increased similarly to that of untreated sheep (1.8 X base line). The increase in lung lymph flow was significantly suppressed during the air infusion. Our data suggest that the pulmonary hypertension observed during air embolism is not caused by TxA2. PMID- 3755132 TI - Isolation and structure of the principal products of preproglucagon processing, including an amidated glucagon-like peptide. AB - The principal products derived from in vivo processing of anglerfish preproglucagon II were isolated and their structures determined. The structures were confirmed by a combination of automated Edman degradation, amino acid analysis, and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. The peptide corresponding to anglerfish preproglucagon II-(22-49) (numbering from the amino terminus of preproglucagon) was isolated intact and defines the site of signal cleavage to be between Gln-21 and Met-22. Glucagon from the anglerfish preproglucagon gene II was found to correspond to preproglucagon II-(52-80) (numbering from the amino terminus). Three forms of a glucagon-like peptide derived from preproglucagon II were also isolated. The structure of the longest form was consistent with the sequence of preproglucagon II-(89-122) deduced from the cDNA, His-Ala-Asp-Gly-Thr Tyr-Thr-Ser-Asp-Val-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Leu-Gln-Asp-Gln-Ala- Ala-Lys-Asp-Phe-Val-Ser-Trp Leu-Lys-Ala-Gly-Arg-Gly-Arg-Arg-Glu. The carboxyl-terminal portion deduced from the cDNA remains intact in this form. A second form, preproglucagon II-(89-119) appears to result from proteolytic processing of the major form at the two adjacent arginine residues occurring at the carboxyl terminus. This second form has a glycine residue at its carboxyl terminus and is processed to the third form (preproglucagon II-(89-118)) which contains a carboxyl-terminal arginineamide. Radiolabeling studies in primary tissue culture support the observation that glucagon (preproglucagon II-(52-80], preproglucagon II-(89-122), and preproglucagon II-(89-119) are products of proglucagon processing in vivo. PMID- 3755133 TI - Exchange of recA protein between adjacent recA protein-single-stranded DNA complexes. AB - We have examined the exchange of recA protein between stable complexes formed with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and (a) other complexes and (b) a pool of free recA protein. We have also examined the relationship of ATP hydrolysis to these exchange reactions. Exchange was observed between two different recA X ssDNA complexes in the presence of ATP. Complete equilibration between two sets of complexes occurred with a t1/2 of 3-7 min under a set of conditions previously found to be optimal for recA protein-promoted DNA strand exchange. Approximately 200 ATPs were hydrolyzed for every detected migration of a recA monomer from one complex to another. This exchange occurred primarily between adjacent complexes, however. Little or no exchange was observed between recA X ssDNA complexes and the free recA protein pool, even after several hundred molecules of ATP had been hydrolyzed for every recA monomer present. ATP hydrolysis is not coupled to complete dissociation or association of recA protein from or with recA X ssDNA complexes under these conditions. PMID- 3755134 TI - Molecular size of dermatan sulfate oligosaccharides required to bind and activate heparin cofactor II. AB - Heparin cofactor II (HCII) inhibits thrombin rapidly in human plasma in the presence of heparin or dermatan sulfate. To determine the minimum structure of dermatan sulfate required to activate HCII, the glycosaminoglycan was partially degraded by sequential treatment with periodate, [3H]borohydride, and sulfuric acid. Labeled oligosaccharide fragments were separated by gel filtration chromatography. Purified fragments were then applied to a column of HCII bound to concanavalin A-Sepharose, and bound oligosaccharides were eluted with a gradient of sodium chloride. Di-, tetra-, and hexasaccharide fragments did not bind to HCII, while 15% of the octasaccharides and up to 45% of larger fragments bound. Octasaccharides that bound to the HCII column had a greater negative charge than the run-through material based on anion-exchange chromatography, suggesting that they contained a greater number of sulfate groups per molecule. Fragments of dermatan sulfate containing a minimum of 12-14 sugar residues accelerated inhibition of thrombin by HCII. Fragments of this length that bound to the column of immobilized HCII had molar specific activities greater than those of the fragments that did not bind. These studies suggest that HCII is activated by dermatan sulfate fragments greater than or equal to 12 residues in length that contain a specific octasaccharide sequence required for binding to the inhibitor. PMID- 3755135 TI - The prothrombinase-catalyzed activation of prothrombin proceeds through the intermediate meizothrombin in an ordered, sequential reaction. AB - The activation of bovine prothrombin by prothrombinase (Factor Xa, Factor Va, synthetic phospholipid vesicles, and calcium ion) was studied in the presence of the fluorescent, reversible thrombin inhibitor dansylarginine-N-(3-ethyl-1,5 pentanediyl) amide (DAPA). Recordings of fluorescence intensity during prothrombin activation exhibited maxima that decreased to stable limiting values. These data suggested the transient appearance of the meizothrombin-DAPA complex, which exhibits fluorescence with 1.5-fold greater intensity than the thrombin DAPA complex. At substrate concentrations well below Km, progress curves could be fitted by equations describing an ordered, sequential conversion of prothrombin to thrombin through the intermediate meizothrombin via two pseudo-first order steps. The pseudo-first order rate constants for both steps varied linearly with enzyme concentration, indicating that both steps are catalyzed by prothrombinase. The progress of the reaction was also monitored by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and densitometry analyses of aliquots removed at intervals spanning the reaction. These analyses confirmed both the existence of meizothrombin and its time course as predicted from the equations used to analyze fluorescence intensity profiles. Meizothrombin levels peaked at about 0.3 mol/mol initial prothrombin under the conditions typically studied. In addition, prethrombin 2, which is the intermediate expected from cleavages occurring in the order opposite that required to form meizothrombin, was not observed under any of the conditions examined. These data indicate that prothrombin activation catalyzed by the fully assembled prothrombinase complex proceeds via an ordered, sequential reaction with meizothrombin as the sole intermediate. PMID- 3755136 TI - Isolation and characterization of cDNA clones for the 35-kDa pulmonary surfactant associated protein. AB - A group of 35,000-dalton sialoglycoproteins is the major non-serum protein component of pulmonary surfactant. Tryptic fragments of these proteins were sequenced, and oligonucleotide probes were synthesized based on the amino acid sequences. A human lung cDNA library was then screened using the oligonucleotide probes, and clones coding for these proteins were identified and characterized. By in vitro transcription-translation experiments we have associated individual clones with particular proteins. The data suggest that co-translational modifications of two primary translation products account for many of the isoforms observed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in the precursors of 35,000-dalton sialoglycoproteins. PMID- 3755138 TI - Detection of Fiji disease virus in infected sugarcane by nucleic acid hybridization. AB - Clones of Fiji disease virus were obtained by cDNA synthesis from isolated viral genomic double-stranded RNA. Nick-translated probes made from a mixture of clones specifically detected Fiji disease virus in infected sugarcane galls, leaves and growing tips. This method for detection of Fiji disease virus is extremely sensitive, and can be used as a rapid screening procedure for the virus with very small tissue samples. PMID- 3755137 TI - Protein and cDNA sequence of a glycine-rich, dimethylarginine-containing region located near the carboxyl-terminal end of nucleolin (C23 and 100 kDa). AB - By a combination of protein chemistry and recombinant DNA methods a glycine-rich region was found to be located near the carboxyl terminus of the nucleolar specific phosphoprotein, nucleolin, from Novikoff hepatoma (protein C23) and Chinese hamster ovary cells (100-kDa nucleolar protein). A sequence of 192 amino acid residues was derived from partial sequences of cyanogen bromide and N bromosuccinimide fragments of protein C23 and deduced protein sequence from Chinese hamster ovary cell 100-kDa cDNA sequences. The 66 residues sequenced by protein methods were identical to the corresponding residues deduced by DNA sequencing. The multiple residues of NG,NG-dimethylarginine (DMA) contained in the nucleolin polypeptide were found to be limited to a segment of less than 10 kDa near the carboxyl-terminal end of the protein. This segment also contained internally repeated sequences (e.g. 7 copies of the sequence Gly-Gly-Arg-Gly-Gly were found) which were unrelated to sequences closer to the amino-terminal end. Most arginine residues in this region were surrounded by 2 or 3 glycine residues and were relatively close in sequence to phenylalanine residues. PMID- 3755139 TI - Immunologically mediated cytotoxicity against human eye muscle cells in Graves' ophthalmopathy. AB - The possible roles of antibody-mediated complement-dependent cytotoxicity (AMC), antibody-dependent killer (K) cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), and spontaneous, natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity (NKC) against human eye muscle cells in the pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy were investigated, using as targets human eye muscle cells, by 51Cr release assays. AMC was not demonstrated in serum from any patient or normal subject. In ADCC assays, eye muscle cell lysis was significantly increased in serum from patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy compared to those with Graves' hyperthyroidism without eye disease and normal subjects. ADCC tests were positive (percent specific lysis greater than the upper limit of normal) in 5 of 13 patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy using serum diluted 1:48 and in 4 of 10 patients using serum diluted 1:6. There was no correlation between the extent of lysis of human eye muscle and that of human (abdominal) skeletal muscle and no difference between patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy and normal subjects in assays in which abdominal muscle cell targets were used. The degree of killing in ADCC tests was independent of the source of K cells, being similar in assays using effector cells from the patient, another patient, or a normal subject. ADCC activity was partially absorbed by thyroid, orbital connective tissue and eye muscle membranes, and eye muscle cells, but not by liver membranes of thyroglobulin. Four of 8 human monoclonal antibodies reactive with eye muscle membrane antigens were cytotoxic in ADCC assays. A noncytotoxic monoclonal antibody blocked the ADCC effect of serum from a patient with Graves' ophthalmopathy, while a cytotoxic monoclonal antibody enhanced killing. NKC against eye muscle cell targets was depressed in cells from hyperthyroid and euthyroid patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy compared to that in normal subjects. Demonstration of ADCC against human eye muscle cells in some patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy suggests that this may be a mechanism for the eye muscle cell damage characteristic of this disorder. Inability to demonstrate cytotoxicity in a greater proportion of patients may reflect the lack of specific criteria to identify patients with active eye muscle inflammation and the unsuitability of currently available tests for the detection of serum antibodies against eye muscle membrane antigens. The mechanism for depressed NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity against eye muscle cells in this disorder is not known. PMID- 3755140 TI - Learning and retention of computer-related vocabulary in memory-impaired patients: method of vanishing cues. AB - Several investigators have suggested that microcomputers might serve as useful external aids for memory-impaired patients. However, knowledge of basic computer vocabulary may be necessary for patients to use and benefit from a microcomputer. The present paper describes a procedure, the method of vanishing cues, which facilitated the acquisition of computer-related vocabulary in four memory impaired patients. The method involves the systematic reduction of letter fragments of to-be-learned words across trials. Although learning was slow and strongly dependent on first-letter cues, all patients acquired a substantial amount of the vocabulary and eventually were able to produce the target words in the absence of fragment cues. Further, they retained the vocabulary over a 6-week interval and showed some transfer of the knowledge they had acquired. These findings suggest that memory-impaired patients may eventually be able to use a microcomputer as a prosthetic device. PMID- 3755142 TI - Monoclonal antibody to macrophages (EMB/11) labels macrophages and microglial cells in human brain. AB - Normal and diseased human central nervous system (CNS) tissues were studied immunohistochemically by a monoclonal antibody to human macrophages (EBM/11), antisera to glial fibrillary acidic protein (anti-GFAP), and alpha-1 antichymotrypsin (alpha 1-ACT). EBM/11 reacted with brain macrophages located mainly around blood vessels in normal brain; it also reacted with resting microglia in normal brain and with numerous reactive microglia and macrophages in brain tumours and inflammatory lesions. Microglia did not react with anti-GFAP or alpha 1-ACT. An EBM/11 positive phenotype, therefore, is shared by microglia and macrophages and suggests that microglial cells form a specialised part of the mononuclear phagocyte system. PMID- 3755141 TI - Abnormal vitamin D metabolism, intestinal calcium transport, and bone calcium status in the spontaneously hypertensive rat compared with its genetic control. AB - Abnormalities of intestinal calcium absorption and the vitamin D axis in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) are controversial. The present report documents a reduction in circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) in the 12-14-wk-old male SHR with evidence of its functional significance. Both plasma 1,25(OH)2D3 and mucosa-to-serosa duodenal calcium flux (Jm-s), measured by the Ussing chamber, were significantly lower (approximately 60% of value in Wistar-Kyoto rats [WKY]) in SHR on both normal (1%) and low (0.1%) calcium diets than in corresponding control WKY. Low dietary calcium increased both 1,25(OH)2D3 and Jm-s by approximately 80% in SHR and WKY, with levels of both parameters rising in the SHR to levels found in the WKY under baseline conditions. The latter fact suggests the improbability of intestinal resistance to the action of 1,25(OH)2D3 in the SHR. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) was not significantly different between the strains. Intraperitoneal 1,25(OH)2D3 increased Jm-s in 12-14-wk-old SHR to levels observed in equivalent WKY. In 20-24 wk-old SHR, calcium deprivation was associated with significantly reduced Jm-s compared with equivalent WKY. Bone density and bone calcium content in 20-30-wk old SHR were significantly reduced. In summary, we provide evidence that the SHR was unable to sustain appropriate circulating levels of 1,25(OH)2D3, an impairment which resulted in reduced duodenal calcium absorption. PMID- 3755143 TI - Origin and central projections of rat dorsal penile nerve: possible direct projection to autonomic and somatic neurons by primary afferents of nonmuscle origin. AB - Cell number, size, and somatotopic arrangement within the spinal ganglia of the cells of origin of the rat dorsal penile nerve (DPN), and their spinal cord projections, were studied by loading the proximal stump of the severed DPN with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The DPN sensory cells were located entirely in the sixth lumbar (L6) dorsal root ganglia (DRG), in which a mean of 468 +/- 78 cells per side were observed, measuring 26.7 +/- 0.8 microns in their longest axis (range 10-65 microns) and distributed apparently randomly within the ganglia. Within the spinal cord, no retrograde label was found, i.e., no motoneurons were labeled, indicating that in the rat the DPN is formed exclusively of sensory nerve fibers. Although labeled fibers entered the cord only through L6, transganglionically transported HRP was evident in all spinal segments examined, i.e., T13-S2. Labeled fibers projected along the inner edge of the dorsal horn (medial pathway) throughout their extensive craniosacral distribution. However, laminar distribution varied with spinal segment. In the dorsal horn, terminals or preterminal axons were found in the dorsal horn marginal zone (lamina I), the substantia gelatinosa (lamina II), the nucleus proprius (laminae III and IV--the most consistent projection), Clarke's column (lamina VI), and the dorsal gray commissure. In the ventral horn, terminals were found in lamina VII and lamina IX. Label apposed to cell somas and dendrites in lamina VII may represent direct primary afferent projections onto sympathetic autonomic neurons. In lamina IX, labeled terminals delineated the somas and dendrites of cells that appeared to be motoneurons. This is the first description of an apparently monosynaptic contact onto motoneurons by a primary afferent of nonmuscle origin. PMID- 3755144 TI - Lymphoma en cuirasse. PMID- 3755145 TI - The bovine teat canal: information from measurement of velocity of milk flow from the teat. AB - The velocity of milk flow from the teat during the peak flow rate period of milking was estimated to be approximately 8.5 m/s with a liner vacuum of 50 kPa and 7.5 m/s at 40 kPa. These results confirm the applicability of the Bernoulli theorem for estimating velocity of milk flow through the teat canal during milking. Concurrent measurements of mass flow rate and velocity indicate that the effective diameter of the open teat canal is approximately 2 mm. Further calculations indicate that the shear force due to milk flow acting to debride the surface of the open teat canal is about 1.8 X 10(-2) N. The opposing surfaces of the 'closed' teat canal may be approximately 100 micron apart immediately after milking. If so, bacteria present in the milk residue within the teat canal would never be more than 50 micron from a surface. PMID- 3755146 TI - Residual milk in Friesland sheep and the galactopoietic effect associated with oxytocin treatment. AB - Mature lactating Friesland ewes had a mean lactation yield of 293 +/- 26 kg during a lactation period of 35 +/- 2 weeks giving an average daily milk yield of 1.2 kg/d. Ewes were injected intravenously after normal milking with either saline (sham) or oxytocin and then remilked to determine the volume of residual (alveolar) milk. After a long milking interval of 16 h oxytocin treatment gave a significantly greater total daily milk yield than the sham treatment (oxytocin minus saline, morning milking, 0.199 +/- 0.038 kg, mean +/- s.e.m., P less than 0.01) Oxytocin had a small significant reverse effect after a short milking interval of 8 h (afternoon milking, -0.065 +/- 0.022 kg, P less than 0.05). The average increase in total daily yield over four stages of lactation was 0.133 +/- 0.029 kg (P less than 0.01), or 11% of the average daily milk yield. The galactopoietic effect of oxytocin was associated with the efficient removal of residual (alveolar) milk. Residual milk accounted for 7.4 and 27.2% of the total daily milk yield in ewes treated with saline or oxytocin respectively. Residual milk expressed as a proportion of daily total milk yield remained steady in ewes studied between April and July, but declined in September when yields were less than 1 kg/d. PMID- 3755147 TI - Chemical composition of milk from a herd of Norwegian goats. AB - The chemical composition of Norwegian bulk collected goats' milk from the University herd was analysed during one lactation period (30 weeks, 20 samples during 1983). There was considerable variation in chemical composition during the year. Fat content decreased over the first 4 months of lactation and increased during the mountain pasture period. Protein concentration decreased during the first 4 months, and then increased until the end of lactation. Lactose concentration decreased throughout lactation. Casein nitrogen (casein N) was highest at mid lactation and lowest at the beginning and end of lactation. beta Lactoglobulin N showed the opposite trend. Citrate content showed a significantly quadratic decrease and total ash content an increase with advancing lactation. Mutual significant correlations between total P, K, Na, Ca and Mg were calculated, and all increased throughout lactation. There was significant positive correlation between concentrations of individual medium-chain fatty acids and stage of lactation. They remained more or less constant during the first part of the lactation, decreased to minima when the goats were on pasture, and increased during the last phase of lactation. Concentration of C16 fatty acid was negatively correlated with C18 and C18:1. Goat flavour intensity score and quality flavour score were highest at mid lactation, and positively correlated with the acid degree value. PMID- 3755148 TI - Reacquisition of contrastive stress in an adventitiously deaf speaker using a single-channel cochlear implant. AB - Acoustic correlates of contrastive stress, i.e., fundamental frequency (F0), duration, and intensity, and listener perceptions of stress, were investigated in a profoundly deaf subject (RS) pre/post single-channel cochlear implant and longitudinally, and compared to the overall patterns of age-peer profoundly deaf (JM) and normally hearing subjects (DL). The stimuli were a group of general American English words in which a change of function from noun to verb is associated with a shift of stress from initial to final syllable, e.g., CON'trast versus conTRAST'. Precochlear implant, RS was unable to produce contrastive stress correctly. Hearing one day post-stimulation resulted in significantly higher F0 for initial and final stressed versus unstressed syllables. Four months post-stimulation, RS maintained significantly higher F0 on stressed syllables, as well as generalization of significantly increased intensity and longer syllable duration differences for all stressed versus unstressed syllables. Perceptually, listeners judged RS's contrastive stress placement as incorrect precochlear implant and as always correct post-cochlear implant. JM's contrastive stress was judged as 96% correct, and DL's contrastive stress placement was 100% correct. It was concluded that RS reacquired all acoustic correlates needed for appropriate differentiation of contrastive stress with longitudinal use of the cochlear implant. PMID- 3755149 TI - Are D.O.s real doctors? PMID- 3755150 TI - E alpha u and E beta u chain association: where lies the anomaly? AB - H-2u haplotype mice are unique among all E alpha+ strains because they do not provide in heterozygotes an E alpha chain that interacts with E betak,s,etc. sufficiently well to allow certain E-restricted immune responses. As a first step in understanding this peculiarity, we have sequenced E alpha u and E beta u cDNA and compared the derived amino acid sequences with those of previously analyzed alleles. Although no glaring structural abnormalities were found, we have identified some u-specific residues and suggest which are the most likely to provoke a pairing anomaly. PMID- 3755151 TI - Hieroglyphs, heresy and the health service. PMID- 3755152 TI - Clotrimazole, an inhibitor of benzo[a]pyrene metabolism and its subsequent glucuronidation, sulfation, and macromolecular binding in BALB/c mouse cultured keratinocytes. AB - The effect of the antifungal imidazole compound, clotrimazole, on the metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) was studied in cultured keratinocytes prepared from BALB/c mouse epidermis. Varying concentrations of clotrimazole added to the cultured keratinocytes resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of the activities of the microsomal cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenases aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase. The major organic solvent-soluble metabolites of BP identified in the cultured cells were trans-7,8-dihydro-7,8 dihydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (BP-7,8-diol), 9-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (9-OH-BP), and 3 hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OH-BP), although small amounts of trans-4,5-dihydro-4,5 dihydroxybenzo[a]pyrene, BP-quinones, and trans-9,10-dihydroxybenzo[a]pyrene were also present. The major organic solvent-extractable metabolites of BP found in the extracellular culture medium were primarily the diols with smaller quantities of phenols and quinones. The major water-soluble metabolites of BP present both intracellularly and extracellularly were glucuronide conjugates of 3-OH-BP, 9-OH BP, and benzo[a]pyrene-3,6-dione and to a lesser extent sulfate conjugates (primarily of the BP-7,8-diol). Clotrimazole inhibited the generation of organic solvent-soluble and water-soluble conjugates in a dose-dependent manner. The in vitro metabolism of BP by microsomes prepared from control and benz[a]anthracene (BA)-induced cultured keratinocytes was also inhibited by clotrimazole with greater inhibitory effect on BA-induced keratinocytes especially with respect to the formation of diols and quinones. The enzyme-mediated covalent binding of BP to mouse keratinocyte DNA and protein was also substantially diminished by clotrimazole in a dose-dependent fashion. These results indicate that clotrimazole, a widely used drug for the management of a variety of superficial dermatophyte infections of the skin, is a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P-450 dependent transformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cultured murine keratinocytes. This system offers a convenient approach for studies as inhibitors of carcinogen metabolism in the epidermis. PMID- 3755153 TI - Efficacy of ivermectin and rafoxanide against Oestrus ovis larvae in sheep. PMID- 3755154 TI - [Postpartum autoimmune thyroid syndromes]. PMID- 3755155 TI - Analysis of breath-by-breath exercise data from field studies. AB - We describe a system useful for collecting and analyzing breath-by-breath exercise test data in the field. In studies of untrained subjects, analysis of artifacts is particularly important. Our system uses pattern-recognition criteria to reject breaths if the breathing valves do not operate satisfactorily or if deviations from the calibrating baseline occur. PMID- 3755156 TI - Rapid computation with the personal computer of the percent cholesterol saturation of bile samples. AB - A microcomputer program to calculate the cholesterol saturation of bile is described. The program is designed to accept most of the conventional concentration units for bile salts, phospholipid, and cholesterol. The calculated cholesterol saturation can be corrected for the presence of ursodeoxycholic acid conjugates in bile. The program is designed to make appropriate statements when the input data produce results that are out of range of the solubility data available in the published literature. The program makes possible not only a very rapid calculation of the cholesterol saturation of bile, but eliminates arithmetical errors that are occasionally encountered during conventional calculations. PMID- 3755157 TI - [Computerized records in vascular pathology. I. Basic elements]. AB - Computerized processing of medical case-report data in angiologic practice should be conceived in two parts: the basic elements which define patients during their identification, and the specific disease-related elements. The basic file raises the problem of coding of data and of who does what. The choice of objectives and of coding is the responsibility of the doctor in charge of the project. Data processed should not be in his language only and cannot substitute for him when a decision has to be made. Collection and storage of data also fall within the medical field, apart from certain sections: identification of patients, intensive care, vascular explorations, the person directly concerned being either the secretary, the nurse or the doctor. PMID- 3755158 TI - The request for proposal (RFP). The key document in successful systems acquisition. AB - The health care industry is complex and changing. Management in this environment requires significant quantities of accurate timely data for administrators and clinicians alike. In response to this demand, health care facilities have sought to upgrade or replace their computer systems with ones that have greater ability to enhance decision making in real time. The standard development process dictates a requirements analysis, with a Request for Proposal (RFP) as a likely product. This document, which delineates the institution's needs and provides a guide for appropriate vendor responses, has been given scant attention in the literature, particularly in the health care environment. This paper attempts to provide insight into what the goals and objectives of the RFP should be and explicates those elements that are necessary to produce an effective instrument. It details what information should be included about the institution, basic hardware and software issues that should be addressed, and proposes guidelines for response and evaluation. It is suggested that the proper development of an RFP will be a key factor in the successful acquisition of an appropriate health care information system. PMID- 3755159 TI - Market model addresses hospitals' need for decision support. AB - A Decision Support System should be approached, not as "starting over," but as a natural extension of the design and development of a hospital's current HIS. Integrated, real-time HISs generate reams of information that, when combined with relevant external data, provide the essential information base for a hospital DDS. The Travenol Market Model is discussed as an example of a DSS specific to hospital needs. PMID- 3755160 TI - Changes in composition of the porcine zona pellucida during development of the oocyte to the 2- to 4-cell embryo. AB - Our objective was to identify any changes that occur in the composition of the porcine zona pellucida during development of the 2- to 4-cell embryo from the oocyte. Oocytes, unfertilized eggs and single and 2- to 4-cell embryos have been recovered surgically and their zonae pellucidae 125I-labelled and analysed individually by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE). The zonae from ovulated eggs possessed two major glycoproteins Mr250 000 and 90 000 which were absent from follicular oocytes but present in the fluid from the oestrus, but not luteal, oviduct. The glycoproteins remained on the zona pellucida of 2- to 4-cell embryos whose analysis showed the presence of additional polypeptides of Mr 150 000, 57 000, 50 000 and 25 000. It is concluded (i) that shortly after ovulation, and in spite of the presence around the egg of cumulus oophorus and corona radiata cells, significant amounts of oviducal glycoproteins are able to bind firmly to the zona pellucida, and (ii) that after contact with spermatozoa there is evidence of a limited hydrolysis of the structure by the sperm protease acrosin. PMID- 3755161 TI - Posttransfusion purpura--a rare manifestation of blood transfusion. PMID- 3755162 TI - A neutralizing monoclonal antibody to respiratory syncytial virus which binds to both F1 and F2 components of the fusion protein. AB - A virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibody (1E3) specifically immunoprecipitated the 70000 mol. wt. (70K) fusion (F) protein from respiratory syncytial (RS) virus infected HeLa cells. Western blotting analysis of polypeptides from such cells separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) under reducing conditions revealed that 1E3 was peculiar in that it bound to both F1 (50K) and F2 (20K) components of the F protein. Antibody subsequently eluted from either the F1 or the F2 regions of immunoblots re-bound to both F1 and F2 regions of the SDS-PAGE blot. These results show that monoclonal antibody 1E3 reacts with an epitope which is found on both F1 and F2 subunits of RS virus fusion protein. PMID- 3755164 TI - Effect of reperfusion and hyperemia on the myocardial distribution of technetium 99m t-butylisonitrile. AB - Technetium-99m t-butylisonitrile ([99mTc]TBI) is a promising new radiotracer for myocardial imaging. Its myocardial uptake is sufficiently high in humans to permit planar, tomographic, and gated images of excellent technical quality. We studied the behavior of [99mTc]TBI in the dog at rest and under conditions of hyperemia and reperfusion in order to determine the relationship between [99mTc]TBI myocardial concentration and blood flow. After permanent occlusion of the left anterior descending artery, the correlation between the relative myocardial concentration of [99mTc]TBI and regional myocardial blood flow (RMBF) measured with radiolabeled microspheres was excellent. In a dog model of transient hyperemia, the concentration of [99mTc]TBI was directly related to blood flow but underestimated the degree of hyperemia. Technetium-99m TBI redistributed into transiently ischemic myocardium. The myocardial concentrations of [99mTc]TBI and thallium-201(201TI) in transiently ischemic myocardium were similar at 10 and 30 min following reperfusion and were significantly higher than blood flow prior to reperfusion. When [99mTc]TBI was injected into the left anterior descending artery, the washout was slow, falling to 78% of initial activity at 120 min after injection. In conclusion, [99mTc]TBI reflects regional myocardial blood flow accurately in ischemic and normal resting myocardium and underestimates blood flow at high flows. The rate of myocardial redistribution after reperfusion is similar for [99mTc]TBI and 201TI. PMID- 3755163 TI - Lectin and antibody labelling of developing rat photoreceptor cells: an electron microscope immunocytochemical study. AB - Lectin and rhodopsin antibody binding sites were studied in developing and adult rat photoreceptors in order to compare changes in the total carbohydrate pool with the movement of a known glycoprotein rhodopsin. Electron microscope immunocytochemical techniques utilizing modified colloidal gold methods were used. At birth, all three lectins - Concanavalin A (ConA), Ricinus communis agglutinin II (RCA II) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) - showed heavy labelling of the photoreceptor surface scleral to the outer limiting membrane. At the same age, a monoclonal antibody against rhodopsin, RET-P1, revealed sparse labelling of only occasional immature photoreceptor surfaces. At postnatal day 4(P4), all three lectins showed variable binding to the inner segment and along the length of the newly forming connecting cilium. There was generally a region of more intense label at the base of the cilium. RET-P1 binding to P4 retina showed a discontinuous distribution, with heavily labelled inner segments being adjacent to unlabelled inner segments. This pattern indicates that the initial expression of rhodopsin is not a coordinate event but occurs in discrete cells, possibly related to the end of mitosis. RET-P1 binding at this age was reduced or absent from the proximal connecting cilium. AT P7, when the outer segments are beginning to develop, all the lectins and RET-P1 showed reduced binding to the inner segment plasma membrane and heavy labelling of the outer segment surface. In favourable sections, heavy labelling of the photoreceptor cell body plasma membrane by ConA and RCA II was also observed, terminating abruptly at the outer limiting membrane. The variation in ligand binding between different cellular compartments which are all formed from a continuous plasma membrane may indicate the presence of special barriers to diffusion of membrane components. This labelling pattern persisted into maturity. RET-P1 and lectin binding did not always correspond in developing retina, indicating that at least part of the observed lectin label must be due to other glycoproteins or glycolipids. Post embedding thin section labelling of adult rat retina revealed a uniform binding pattern across the outer segment for ConA, WGA and RET-P1. However, RCA II exhibited labelling only along the basal edge of outer segments. Labelling of isolated, opened discs from bovine rod outer segments revealed binding to a single surface for ConA, WGA and RET-P1, but RCA II only labelled a small amount of membrane. Hence RCA II seems to recognize a determinant present only on the outer segment plasma membrane. PMID- 3755165 TI - Effect of choline deficiency on lung phospholipid concentrations in the rat. AB - Lung surfactant and nonsurfactant phospholipid concentrations were analyzed in relation to choline status in male rats fed a choline-deficient (CD) or choline supplemented (CS) diet over an 8-d period. On the first day plasma choline concentrations were significantly lower (11.5 +/- 0.9 micron) in rats fed the CD diet than in those fed the CS diet (16.1 +/- 1.2 microM). This relationship continued for the duration of the study. Hepatic phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine (PC/PE) ratios were significantly lower after d 1 of the CD diet, further decreased on d 2 (1.09 +/- 0.04) and remained low through d 8. Only on d 4 were lung surfactant PC and total phospholipid concentrations lower in rats fed the CD diet than in those fed the CS diet. The composition of surfactant, determined by the ratio of PC to total phospholipids, did not change. On both d 4 and d 8 the PC/PE ratios in the nonsurfactant fraction were lower in rats fed the CD diet than in those fed the CS diet. This shift in PC/PE ratio in the lung is similar to the PC/PE shift in the liver associated with dietary choline deficiency. The altered lung phospholipid concentrations in the nonsurfactant (residual) fraction on d 4 and d 8 suggest an adaptation in the lung's phospholipid metabolism to replenish the physiologically essential surfactant PC. PMID- 3755166 TI - Long-term follow-up of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. AB - We observed 10 children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, evaluated initially by cardiac catheterization (mean age 18 months), for an average of 4.4 years. Age at last evaluation averaged 5.8 years; subjects reside in and around Albuquerque, N.M. (altitude 5000 ft). At initial cardiac catheterization, mean pulmonary artery pressure was 40 mm Hg, pulmonary vascular resistance index 8.9 units, and intrapulmonary shunt fraction was high; pulmonary wedge angiograms were normal. Over the period of follow-up the group has done poorly. Four of the 10 continue to receive home oxygen therapy, but none requires inotropic or diuretic therapy; four children have marked developmental or motor delays. Nine of 10 patients have abnormalities of respiratory function on spirometric testing. Four patients underwent recatheterization because of clinical indications; two had large atrial level left-to-right shunts not found on initial study. Reductions in pulmonary artery pressure (55 to 37 mm Hg) and pulmonary vascular resistance (11.9 to 7.8 units) occurred between the two studies in these four patients (average study interval 4.0 years); the still elevated levels of pressure and resistance fell further in response to 40% O2 administration. Pulmonary wedge angiograms were abnormal in each restudied patient. Although not uniformly bleak, the long-term outlook for children with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia is diverse and guarded. PMID- 3755167 TI - Effect of energy repletion on dynamic aspects of protein metabolism of malnourished adolescent and young adult patients with cystic fibrosis during the first 12 days of treatment. AB - The short-term effect of nutritional rehabilitation on whole body protein metabolism of six malnourished (energy depleted) adolescent and young adult cystic fibrosis (CF) patients was examined during the first 12 days of treatment. Refeeding was accomplished using continuous nasogastric administration of an elemental diet. Intakes were 1.65 SD 0.3 g protein/kg/day and 85.3 SD 19.2 kcal/kg/day. Turnover measurements were carried out on four occasions, during the control period on a normal diet and days 4, 8, and 12 on the elemental diet. In response to refeeding, whole body amino nitrogen flux (Q) fell consistently over the study (p less than 0.05). Protein synthesis (S) and breakdown (B) also fell but their values did not reach statistical significance. On the other hand, there was a prompt increase in ratios S/Q and B/Q in response to tube feeding discernible on days 4 and 8 (p less than 0.05), but which returned to baseline by day 12. We conclude that malnourished CF patients who are still eating well have increased rates of protein turnover. There is a prompt response of protein metabolism to energy repletion with a progressive decline in rates during the first 12 days of treatment. PMID- 3755168 TI - The efficacy of vitamin E in retinopathy of prematurity. PMID- 3755169 TI - Characterization of muscarinic receptors of the rabbit ear artery smooth muscle and endothelium. AB - Muscarinic receptors of the rabbit ear artery were characterized by observing the effect of the subtype selective antagonist pirenzepine on functional responses and radioligand binding. Pirenzepine has been shown to bind with high affinity to muscarinic receptors of certain brain regions and peripheral ganglia (M1 subtype) and with low affinity to receptors of the heart and upper gastrointestinal tract (M2 subtype). The affinity (pKB) of pirenzepine for the muscarinic sites of the endothelium was determined by the competitive antagonism of the relaxation response to methacholine. Schild analysis gave a pKB of 6.5 (320 nM) which is consistent with the low affinity, M2, subtype of muscarinic receptor. Removal of the endothelium eliminates any response to muscarinic agonists but does not decrease the density of muscarinic binding sites determined by binding of the specific ligand (-)-[3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate. This indicates a second group of muscarinic receptors most probably located on vascular smooth muscle cells for which there is no known function. The pKi for pirenzepine at these sites, as determined by the inhibition of (-)-[3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate binding, was 6.26 (550 nM) which is also consistent with a low affinity subtype. Thus, both types of vascular muscarinic binding sites, those on the endothelium which mediate relaxation and those on the vascular smooth muscle cells, are of the low affinity, M2, subtype. PMID- 3755170 TI - Effect of neuropeptide Y on ion transport by the rabbit ileum. AB - Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is present in fibers extending from the submucous plexus to the epithelium of the small intestine where the liberation of NPY might affect ion transport. We sought the effects of NPY on rabbit ileal mucosa stripped of muscularis propria and mounted in a flux chamber. NPY reduced the transmural electrical potential difference and short circuit current (Isc) and increased total ionic conductance. Threshold and maximal effects were evoked at concentrations of 1 nM and 1 microM, respectively. NPY increased chloride absorption, JCl(net), by increasing the flux of Cl from mucosa to serosa, JCl(ms), and by decreasing JCl(sm). JNa(net) actually diminished because JNa(sm) rose more than JNa(ms). In the presence of NPY theophylline 5 mM caused Cl secretion, increased potential difference and Isc and reduced total ionic conductance, indicating that the tissue could respond to a secretagogue. Tetrodotoxin 0.1 microM did not diminish the Isc reduction caused by NPY, and desensitization did not alter the response of the tissue to electrical field stimulation. Like somatostatin and norepinephrine, which are also present in the submucous plexus, NPY increases Cl absorption, but unlike them, it reduces rather than augments Na absorption. The lack of effect of tetrodotoxin on the Isc response to NPY implies that NPY does not act by liberating a second neurotransmitter; the lack of effect of NPY desensitization indicates that the liberation of NPY plays no significant role in the response of the tissue to electrical field stimulation. PMID- 3755171 TI - Centrally administered bombesin affects gastrointestinal transit and colonic bead expulsion through supraspinal mechanisms. AB - Effects of bombesin on gastrointestinal transit and colonic bead expulsion (CBE) were studied in male, ICR mice. Mice received graded doses of bombesin or saline by either the i.c.v., intrathecal (i.t.) or i.p. routes; morphine was studied as the reference compound. Both compounds slowed gastrointestinal transit in a dose dependent manner by these routes. Intracerebroventricular bombesin was 13.5 and 3406 times more potent than the i.t. and i.p. peptide, respectively. Intracerebroventricular or i.t. bombesin or morphine also produced dose-related inhibition of CBE. Intracerebroventricular bombesin was 1.54 times more potent than i.t. bombesin, whereas i.p. bombesin at doses 11,000 times greater (10 micrograms/kg; 25-g mouse) had no effect on CBE. Gastrointestinal transit and CBE were also studied in spinally transected (second thoracic vertebra) mice in which brain-spinal cord communication (neural and cerebrospinal fluid) had been interrupted. Cord transection eliminated the inhibition of gastrointestinal transit by i.t., but not i.c.v., bombesin. In contrast, morphine was effective by either route in normal or spinally transected mice. The CBE effects of i.t., but not i.c.v., bombesin were eliminated by spinal transection, whereas morphine was still effective by either the i.c.v. or i.t. route. These results suggest that 1) centrally administered bombesin acts at a central site to produce inhibition of gastrointestinal transit and CBE, 2) morphine inhibits gastrointestinal transit and CBE at both spinal or supraspinal sites, independent of an intact brain-cord axis and 3) i.t., but not i.c.v., bombesin requires communication between these two central sites. Intrathecal bombesin requires activation of supraspinal sites to produce its gut effects. PMID- 3755172 TI - Nucleus 22-channel cochlear implant: preliminary observations. AB - A carefully designed study was undertaken in 1982 to evaluate the performance of individuals who received the Nucleus 22-channel cochlear implant. All patients were profound-totally deaf, adults with a postlingual onset of impairment. The preoperative evaluation, prosthesis fitting, training, and postoperative testing were consistent across clinics. Single-subject studies, where each patient acted as his/her own control, revealed that of the 37 subjects, 16-24 obtained significant improvement (P less than or equal to 0.001) on unpracticed, unfamiliar recorded speech tests from the Minimal Auditory Capabilities (MAC) Battery, when using hearing alone (no lipreading). In addition, virtually all patients showed improvement in recognition of speech material with lipreading. The data support the efficacy of a feature extraction coding system where specific formant and amplitude information are transmitted via direct electrical stimulation to the cochlea. PMID- 3755173 TI - Digital instrument for measurement of aural acoustic immittance: a preliminary report. AB - Development of techniques for measurement of aural acoustic immittance (AAI) is reviewed. Measurement characteristics of selected AAI instruments are compared. Real-ear data obtained with a digital instrument are presented. Review of data support the suggestion that digital AAI instruments promote development of quantitative measurement protocols with greater efficiency and power. PMID- 3755174 TI - Control of neurosecretion in the moth Manduca sexta: physiological regulation of the eclosion hormone cells. AB - Metamorphosis in the moth Manduca sexta culminates with the secretion of the peptide eclosion hormone (EH), which triggers the stereotyped behavior of adult emergence (eclosion) from the pupal cuticle. In restrained but spontaneously behaving animals, the release of EH occurred shortly before the onset of subjective night (Fig. 3) and coincided with a depletion of EH from the neurohemal organs of the brain, the corpora cardiaca-corpora allata complex (CC CA; Fig. 4). EH is produced by neurons within a bilaterally paired group of brain neurosecretory cells (Group Ia) which project to the CC-CA via the nervi corporis cardiaci- 1 + 2 (NCC-1 + 2; Fig. 1). Electrical stimulation of the NCC-1 + 2 caused a marked increase in the levels of EH secreted from isolated CC-CA (Fig. 2), while stimulation of the other nerves innervating the neurohemal organs did not. Electrical activity in the NCC-1 + 2 paralleled that of the cerebral neurosecretory cells (Fig. 1). Chronic extracellular recordings revealed a sudden increase in the tonic firing of several units within this nerve approximately 2 to 3 h before normal eclosion (Fig. 5), coincident with the release of EH bioactivity from the CC-CA (Fig. 6). The Group Ia neurons were electrically inactive on the day before eclosion (Day-1), but on the day of eclosion (Day 0) a subgroup of these cells exhibited both enhanced synaptic input and elevated rates of tonic firing during the normal time of EH release (Fig. 7). No significant differences in resting membrane potential or spike waveform characteristics were detected among the various subsets of Group Ia cells on either Day-1 or Day 0, while a significant increase in the resting input resistance was seen in the active subgroup on Day 0 (Fig. 8). This increase may be due to the regulatory effects of the steroid 20-hydroxyecdysone, which inhibits the release of EH and may act by preventing the synaptic activation of the EH neurons until the final day of adult development. PMID- 3755175 TI - Clomiphene and tamoxifen inhibit the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme activity in hen granulosa cells. AB - A radiochemical assay was utilized to study the inhibitory effects of clomiphene and tamoxifen on the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme activity in a mitochondrial preparation of granulosa cells isolated from mature ovarian follicles of laying hens. At saturating substrate concentrations, both clomiphene and tamoxifen were able to suppress enzyme activity in a dose-related manner (IC50 1.8 X 10(-5) M). Double reciprocal plots of kinetic data show that the inhibition is mixed, exhibiting competitive kinetics at low concentrations, whereas at high concentrations, the inhibition is of a non-competitive nature. The competitive inhibition constants as determined from Dixon plots are 2 X 10( 5) M for clomiphene and 2.3 X 10(-5) M for tamoxifen. It is concluded that, in granulosa cells, clomiphene and tamoxifen directly inhibit the mitochondrial cholesterol side-chain cleavage activity. This inhibition may represent an important aspect of the mode of action of clomiphene and tamoxifen. PMID- 3755176 TI - Both taurine and albumin support mouse sperm motility and fertilizing ability in vitro but there is no obligatory requirement for taurine. AB - When mouse spermatozoa were washed immediately upon release from the epididymis, preincubated for up to 120 min in PVA-containing, albumin-free medium and assessed for their ability to fertilize cumulus-intact eggs in vitro, they were poorly fertile in comparison with their unwashed counterparts in the same medium. Fertilizing ability could be significantly improved by introducing taurine or albumin or by washing a second time at the end of preincubation. The most effective treatment was provided by the continuous presence of low concentrations (0.05-0.1 mg/ml) of BSA, similar to the amount of albumin detected in the supernatants removed during washing. There was no evidence that acrosome loss was inhibited by washing; rather, it was enhanced by the removal of a surface component which inhibits the acrosome reaction. The presence of taurine did not further increase this response. Motility, reduced in washed suspensions, was improved by the presence of taurine or albumin and experimental results suggest that this was a major factor in the improvement of fertilizing ability after introduction of these compounds. Although taurine, hypotaurine and albumin were all found in the sperm washings and thus would be present in unwashed, fertile samples, low concentrations of albumin were able to maintain full fertilizing ability. Therefore, unlike hamster spermatozoa, mouse spermatozoa would not appear to have an obligatory requirement for a motility stimulating factor such as taurine. PMID- 3755177 TI - Multiple mating and siring success during natural oestrus in the ewe. AB - Ewes were each mated on four separate occasions, at 3, 9, 15 and 21 h after the start of oestrus and at each time by a different ram. The progeny were assigned to sires by blood typing, supplemented by resemblance between lambs and rams. The paternity of 64 lambs, born to 41 ewes, was established: 2 were conceived at a 3 h mating, 27 at 9h, 23 at 15 h and 12 at 21 h. The optimum time for a ram to inseminate, when in competition with others, is therefore 9-15 h after onset of oestrus, and this finding accords with behavioural observations. Ewes tended to lamb during the same half of the day as that when they had come into oestrus. PMID- 3755178 TI - Comparison of patient populations seen by pediatric residents and by practicing community pediatricians. PMID- 3755179 TI - Characterization of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-dependent calcium uptake in isolated chick duodenal cells. AB - The in vivo and in vitro effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) on calcium uptake by isolated chick duodenal cells were studied. In vivo, 1,25 (OH)2D3 given orally to vitamin D-deficient chicks increased the initial rate of calcium uptake by cells prepared 1 hr after administration of the hormone. The rate was stimulated approximately 100%, 17 to 24 hr after repletion. In vitro, pre-incubation of 1,25-(OH)2D3 with cells from D-deficient chicks increased the cellular rate of calcium uptake in a concentration-dependent relationship. Enhancement was found with 10(-15) M, was maximal at 10(-13) M, and was diminished at higher (10(-11) M) concentrations. Stimulation was observed after a pre-incubation period as brief as 1 hr. The potency order for vitamin D3 analogs was 1,25-(OH)2D3 = 1-(OH)D3 greater than 25-(OH)D3 greater than 1,24,25-(OH)3D3 greater than 24,25-(OH)2D3 greater than D3. The maximal enhancement in calcium uptake induced by the analogs was the same, only the concentration at which the cell responded was different. The effectiveness of 1,25-(OH)2D3 was five orders of magnitude greater than D3. Kinetically, 1,25-(OH)2D3 increased the Vmax of calcium uptake; the affinity for calcium (Km = 0.54 mM) was unchanged. The enhanced uptake found after the cells were pre-incubated for 2 hr with the hormone was completely blocked by inhibitors of protein synthesis. 1,25-(OH)2D3, in vitro, also increased calcium uptake in cells isolated from D-replete chicks. The maximal rates of uptake were the same in cells from D-deficient and D-replete animals. The hormone had no effect on calcium efflux from cells. Calcium uptake in microvillar brush-border membrane vesicles was increased by 1,25-(OH)2D3. These findings suggest that the in vitro cell system described in this paper represents an appropriate model to examine the temporal relationships between 1,25-(OH)2D3 induction of calcium transport and specific biochemical correlates. PMID- 3755180 TI - Dose-dependent nonlinear response of the main phase-transition temperature of phospholipid membranes to alcohols. AB - The effect of 1-alkanols upon the main phase-transition temperature of phospholipid vesicle membranes between gel and liquid-crystalline phases was not a simple monotonic function of alkanol concentration. For instance, 1-decanol decreased the transition temperature at low concentrations, but increased it at high concentrations, displaying a minimal temperature. This concentration-induced biphasic effect cannot be explained by the van't Hoff model on the effect of impurities upon the freezing point. To explain this nonlinear response, a theory is presented which treats the effect of 1-alkanols (or any additives) on the transition temperature of phospholipid membranes in a three-component mixture. By fitting the experimental data to the theory, the enthalpy of the phase transition delta H* and the interaction energy, epsilon*AB between the additive and phospholipid molecules may be estimated. The theory predicts that when epsilon*AB greater than 2 (where epsilon*AB = epsilon AB/RT0, T0 being the transition temperature of phospholipid), both minimum and maximum transition temperatures should exist. When epsilon*AB = 2, only one inflection point exists. When epsilon*AB less than 2, neither maximum nor minimum exists. The alkanol concentration at which the transition temperature is minimum (Xmin) depends on the epsilon*AB value: the larger the epsilon*AB values, the smaller the Xmin. When epsilon*AB is large enough, Xmin values become so small that the plot delta T vs. X shows positive delta T in almost all alkanol concentrations. The interaction energy between 1-alkanols and phospholipid molecules increased with the increase in the carbon chain-length of 1-alkanols. In the case of the dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine vesicle membrane, the carbon chain-length of 1 alkanols that caused predominantly positive delta T was about 12. PMID- 3755181 TI - Refined models for computer calculations in protein engineering. Calibration and testing of atomic potential functions compatible with more efficient calculations. AB - A reappraisal has been made of interatomic potential functions for protein structure calculations using the all-atom approximation (except CH, CH2 and CH3, which are treated as "united atoms"). Some key problems are identified and treated. The potential functions are somewhat novel in form and consistent with more efficient and robust folding algorithms. In addition, the potentials are calibrated for for the rigid geometry approximation, since use of fixed standard bond lengths and valence angles (and fixed trans planar peptide groups) reduces the number of conformational variables and saves a great deal of computer time. Though these algorithms demand the use of potential functions of this special type, these functions can be readily implemented in more classical programs for the conformational analysis of proteins. They are calibrated or tested against a large body of experimental data, including extended basis set ab initio, quantum mechanical calculations, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic data and dipole moment data for di- and oligopeptides, characteristic ratio data for random coil homopolypeptides, extensive data from peptide solubility studies, and experimental structures of polyalanine fibres and globular proteins. This paper will form the basis of a further report, which will include investigations of how water might be more realistically represented subject to the computing power available. PMID- 3755182 TI - Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid gland: results of a five-year experience and discussion of its clinical limitations. AB - The results of a five-year experience with fine-needle thyroid aspiration cytology are reported to assess the value, accuracy and limitations of this biopsy procedure. The cytologic diagnoses on 1,465 thyroid aspirates are listed, and correlation of cytology with histology on 207 cases undergoing surgery is reported. The incidence of malignancy among the atypical and malignant cytology aspirates with histologic confirmed diagnosis was 65% (28/43) while a false negative rate of 11.5% (15/131) was found. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy is a safe and useful procedure with an acceptable accuracy rate that complements other investigations in the screening of patients for thyroid surgery. PMID- 3755183 TI - Computerized ENG acquisition system. AB - A computerized transportable ENG acquisition system has been designed, at far less cost than a conventional ENG system, using easily obtainable and standard microcomputer components from our local computer store. Its advantages of reduced cost and greater flexibility as well as its applications to other fields such as word processing and office management would make it a useful addition to any ENG laboratory and otolaryngologist's office as well. PMID- 3755184 TI - STD clinics and the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. PMID- 3755185 TI - Primary prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. PMID- 3755186 TI - Effect of nifedipine on neuropeptide Y-induced coronary vasoconstriction in anesthetized dogs. AB - The coronary vasoconstrictor effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) were confirmed in anesthetized closed-chest dogs. This NPY-induced vasoconstriction was not affected by alpha- or beta-adrenergic blockers and nifedipine given into the perfusion circuit abolished the constriction. After intracoronary nifedipine administration, coronary flow exceeded the control level within 60 sec, then returned to a level between the control value before NPY and the lowest value elicited by NPY after 10 min. When nifedipine was given systemically before NPY, the peak response to NPY was attenuated, suggesting a preventive effect of nifedipine on the NPY-induced coronary vasoconstriction. Since NPY is found in the hearts of many species, including man, NPY may cause coronary vasospasms. An effect on NPY-induced coronary vasoconstriction of nifedipine may be compatible with the beneficial clinical effects of this drug. PMID- 3755187 TI - [Effects of concomitant drugs on the blood concentration of a histamine H2 antagonist (the 2nd report)--concomitant or time lag oral administration of ranitidine and sucralfate]. PMID- 3755188 TI - Retinal damage threshold of ophthalmic Q-switched Nd-YAG laser in monkey eyes. AB - Q-Switched Nd-YAG laser was irradiated to the ocular fundus of 24 eyes of 12 monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) using MICRORUPTOR II (LASAG AG, Thun, Switzerland) through the Goldmann type three-mirror contact lens. Multimode irradiation conditions were used; the pulse duration of 12 nanoseconds, spot size of 80 micrometers, convergence angle of 16 degrees and with various energy levels from 0.05 to 2.8 mJ. After irradiation, the fundus changes were observed by ophthalmoscopy and color fundus photography at 24 hours, 48 hours, 1, 2 and 5 weeks, and by fluorescein angiography at 24 hours, 1 and 5 weeks. Immediately after the irradiation and at 2 and 5 weeks, eyeballs were enucleated and histological observations were carried out. The fundus changes were more evident at 24 hours than at the immediate period after irradiation. At 24 hours, findings by fundus photography and fluorescein angiography were compared: both findings were in agreement. Consequently the retinal damage threshold was determined from the 24-hour findings; the threshold in ED50 was 296.3 microJ with 95% confidence limits from 249.8 to 351.1 microJ. These values corresponded to the retinal energy density of 3.5 J cm-2. Histological observations revealed that the site of damage was mainly in the retinal pigment epithelium when the irradiation was below 1.4 mJ. When the energy was increased to 1.9 mJ, the tissue damage extended to the middle layer of the neuroretina and also disruption of the Bruch's membrane occurred, leading to subretinal hemorrhage. With the energy of 2.8 mJ, destruction extended over wide areas including whole layers of the choroid and retina, leading to vitreous hemorrhage. Over the period of 5 weeks, proliferation of the retinal pigment epithelial cells took place and replaced the damaged retinal tissues. PMID- 3755189 TI - [Computer-assisted preliminary determination of the refraction of intraocular lenses]. AB - Seventy-seven cases with posterior chamber lenses were examined after suture removal. The residual astigmatism measured 1.27 D. The remaining refraction (spheric equivalent) was 1.6 D. The relation in size of the two corresponding retina images (isoiconia) was taken into consideration by prior determination of lens power based on computerized measurement. The computer program was developed by Lepper (Bonn). The method of lens power calculation is described. PMID- 3755190 TI - [Dissection of fibers of the vitreous body by YAG laser coagulation]. PMID- 3755191 TI - [Clinical effect and dynamics of immunologic indices in patients with acute toxic goiter during treatment with glucocorticoids]. PMID- 3755192 TI - Passive Heymann nephritis with acute and severe proteinuria induced by heterologous antibody against renal tubular brush border glycoprotein gp108. AB - Passive Heymann nephritis with acute and severe proteinuria was produced in rats by a single injection of heterologous antibody against a purified glycoprotein which consisted of homologous subunits with a molecular weight of 108,000 (gp108). Gp108 was identified as one of the major antigens in rat renal tubular fraction (FX1A) on immunoblotting assay by using total proteins of FX1A and rabbit antiserum against FX1A. A band of gp330, which was identified as a pathogenic antigen of Heymann nephritis by Kerjaschki D and Farquhar MG (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:5557, 1982) was detected as another band by Coomassie blue staining and immunoblotting. Autoantibodies in the sera of FX1A-injected (active Heymann nephritis) rats reacted to the band of gp330 but not to gp108. These results indicate that gp108 is a different glycoprotein from both gp330 and its degradation products. GP108 was subsequently purified to near homogeneity by extraction with Triton X-100, and then DEAE-cellulose and Bio-Gel A-1.5m column chromatographies. On gel permeation chromatography, the purified antigen showed a molecular weight of 310,000, suggesting that it consists of dimer or trimer of gp108. Rabbits immunized with gp108 produced an antibody which showed monospecific binding to gp108. The antibody stained with brush border of proximal renal tubules in addition to the capillary loops in rat glomeruli by indirect immunofluorescence. Injection of rabbit antiserum against gp108 in rats induced severe proteinuria within 2 days. On the 2nd day after the injection, the glomeruli of the animals showed granular immune deposits along the capillary loops in addition to dominant staining of the brush border of the proximal tubules by immunofluorescence. These results indicate that gp108 is a pathogenic antigen in passive Heymann nephritis and that an antibody against gp108 has a nephritogenic and proteinuria-inducing activity. PMID- 3755193 TI - Vowel perception: experiments with a single-electrode cochlear implant. AB - We investigated vowel perception by 15 subjects using the single-electrode cochlear implant used at the House Ear Institute in Los Angeles. Subjects were postlingually deaf adults having histories of unsuccessful hearing aid use and a minimum of 6 to 12 months experience with the implant. Eleven American English vowels spoken by a male talker were tape recorded, digitized, analyzed, and controlled for the experiments. The stimuli were audio-recordings of both natural and loudness-matched vowels. Subjects rated the dissimilarity of both the naturally spoken and the loudness-matched vowels, and performed identification of the latter. Two normal-hearing subjects served as controls for the dissimilarity tasks. Multidimensional scaling, hierarchical clustering, and percent correct identification analyses were used to help determine the perceptual features used by the subjects in their judgments. Generally, the normal-hearing subjects took advantage of second formant (F2) frequency information. The cochlear-implant users relied primarily upon fundamental (F0) and first formant (F1) frequency information and demonstrated difficulty in vowel identification. No major differences were noted for the natural versus loudness-matched vowels. F2 information, requisite for accurate vowel recognition, did not correspond to any of the perceptual dimensions discerned in the results obtained from implant subjects. PMID- 3755194 TI - Previous experience as a confounding factor in comparing cochlear-implant processing schemes. AB - It is of great importance to compare the relative merits of different cochlear implant speech-processing strategies. Some groups have compared different strategies within single subjects, but usually the subject has prior experience with one strategy, and no allowance is made for this prior experience. We show in the present study that this is inappropriate. We tested one subject using the Melbourne (Cochlear Corp.) multichannel implant with the device set to process sounds in two different ways. In the first processing scheme, the device functioned normally, extracting information about voicing frequency, amplitude and second-formant frequency. This information activated the 21-channel device, determining pulse rate, pulse amplitude and electrode position (respectively). In the second processing scheme, a single electrode (with the largest dynamic range) was activated. This electrode coded overall amplitude and voicing frequency. The subject was tested on an audiovisual test of a 14-choice consonant recognition in the form /iCi/ over a period of over 4 months. During this time the subject used the 21-channel processor outside of the laboratory. Upon initial connection, there was little difference between the results obtained with the two schemes when tested in sound alone or in sound plus vision. However, after about 4 months, scores obtained with the 21-channel processor in sound plus vision were superior to the scores obtained with the one channel. This advantage came from a superiority in the features of voicing and nasality, but not place. Scores for sound-alone conditions between the two processing schemes remained similar for the 4-month period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3755195 TI - Analysis of saccadic eye movements with a microcomputer. AB - This analysis of saccadic eye movements has found use in clinical diagnosis. Saccades are induced by a microcomputer-controlled TV stimulator and are recorded by electro-oculography. The analysis algorithm detects saccades by the velocity profile of eye position and then computes the principal saccadic parameters, peak velocity and amplitude. In addition, the saccades are presented on the VDU screen, together with the computed results of the analysis; they may be edited if necessary. The programs have been implemented in Pascal and Assembler languages. PMID- 3755197 TI - A computerized approach to the collection and analysis of cardiac action potentials. AB - A description is given of a microcomputer system for the collection and storage of cardiac action potentials. The equipment required is commercially available and easy to use. Analysis of the data is performed off-line with a mainframe computer. A description of the software used for both data collection and data analysis is given. PMID- 3755196 TI - Cardiac tamponade as the only initial feature of malignancy: a case report and review of the literature. AB - Cardiac involvement in the form of pericardial effusion or tamponade as the initial feature of extracardiac malignancy is extremely rare. An extensive search of medical literature yielded only 36 such cases. A case is presented and literature reviewed. PMID- 3755198 TI - Serum concentrations of prostacyclin and thromboxane in children before, during, and after cardiopulmonary bypass. AB - Twenty-six consecutive pediatric patients undergoing reparative procedures necessitating cardiopulmonary bypass were prospectively studied to determine changes in serum levels of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha and thromboxane B2. Cardiac lesions included acyanotic lesions (five patients), obstructive lesions (10 patients), and right-to-left shunts (11 patients). There was a significant (p less than 0.05) increase in 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha from preoperative levels measured at the time of arterial and venous cannula insertion. This concentration was maintained throughout cardiopulmonary bypass and remained significantly elevated (p less than 0.001) in the recovery room, but returned to preoperative levels by the morning after the operation. Preoperative levels of thromboxane B2 varied widely and were not significantly different from intraoperative levels. The postoperative levels of thromboxane B2, however, were significantly different (p less than 0.05) from the intraoperative levels. In the pediatric age group undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha and thromboxane B2 change during bypass but do not significantly differ when preoperative levels are compared to postoperative values. PMID- 3755199 TI - Human internal mammary artery produces more prostacyclin than saphenous vein. AB - The patency rate of internal mammary artery grafts is reported to be better than that of saphenous vein grafts in myocardial revascularization operations. To identify a possible biochemical explanation for this phenomenon, we studied the production of prostacyclin by the internal mammary artery and saphenous vein in 11 patients. Segments of internal mammary artery and saphenous vein from each patient were incubated in Krebs-Henseleit buffer at 37 degrees C. After 15 minutes, the basal production of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (prostacyclin metabolite) by the internal mammary artery was 152 +/- 39 pg/mg wet weight (mean +/- standard error of the mean), whereas the saphenous vein produced only 68 +/- 17 pg/mg (p less than 0.001). After 30 minutes, the internal mammary artery produced 179 +/- 42 pg/mg, whereas the saphenous vein produced 75 +/- 18 pg/mg (p less than 0.001). After the basal incubation period, the vessels were incubated with arachidonic acid (prostaglandin substrate) for 15 minutes. The internal mammary artery produced 49.4 +/- 9.9 pg/mg, whereas the saphenous vein produced only 22.6 +/- 9.8 pg/mg (p less than 0.01). These observations suggest that the capacity of the internal mammary artery to produce prostacyclin in both a basal and a stimulated state is greater than that of the saphenous vein. Since prostacyclin is a potent vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet function, these results provide a possible biochemical explanation for the clinically observed better patency rate of internal mammary artery grafts. PMID- 3755200 TI - An inexpensive and interactive microcomputer system for codifying Golgi impregnated neuronal morphology. AB - An interactive microcomputer system has been developed for the quantitative analysis of Golgi-impregnated neuronal morphology (GINM). The system uses commercially available hardware: a 48K RAM microcomputer (Apple II), a TV monitor (NEC), an optical microscope (Reichert Biovar) with a camera lucida and a specially developed wheel attached to the focus adjustment knob and to a digital planimeter (Tamaya), allowing one to obtain the value of the z-coordinate. The x- and y-coordinates are obtained using the movement of a point plotted by the computer on the TV monitor. This point is superimposed upon the GINM point to be codified employing the camera lucida. The x- and y-coordinates are acquired automatically while the variations of the z-coordinate are introduced by the computer keyboard. The three-dimensional coordinates of the selected GINM points and different codes are stored by the computer in a six-dimensional array. The software is written in BASIC. The results demonstrate that the digitization and quantitative analysis of GINM can be achieved with reasonably inexpensive equipment. PMID- 3755202 TI - A distributed microcomputer-controlled system for data acquisition and power spectral analysis of EEG. AB - A relatively powerful and inexpensive microcomputer-based system for the spectral analysis of the EEG is presented. High resolution and speed is achieved with the use of recently available large-scale integrated circuit technology with enhanced functionality (INTEL Math co-processors 8087) which can perform transcendental functions rapidly. The versatility of the system is achieved with a hardware organization that has distributed data acquisition capability performed by the use of a microprocessor-based analog to digital converter with large resident memory (Cyborg ISAAC-2000). Compiled BASIC programs and assembly language subroutines perform on-line or off-line the fast Fourier transform and spectral analysis of the EEG which is stored as soft as well as hard copy. Some results obtained from test application of the entire system in animal studies are presented. PMID- 3755201 TI - An inexpensive microcomputer digital imaging system for densitometry: quantitative autoradiography of insulin receptors with 125I and LKB Ultrofilm. AB - This article describes a video digitizing system designed for measuring film optical density. The system, which is based on a 6-bit (64 gray level) digitizer, solid state video camera, and Apple II microcomputer, digitizes a rectangular area selected by the operator and converts the gray level values into preselected standard units. In order to develop autoradiographic standard curves for quantitative autoradiography with 125I-insulin, liver slices labeled with 125I insulin and plastic sections containing known amounts of tritium were apposed to the same sheet of LKB Ultrofilm for exposures of 1-7 days. The results indicate that 3H plastic standards can be used to calibrate QAR of 125I-labeled ligands with LKB Ultrofilm. The Apple system was also used to measure binding of 125I insulin to the external plexiform layer (EPL) in slices of the rat olfactory bulb. Results suggest that the EPL has two binding sites for insulin, a high affinity site with Kd = 1.0 X 10(-8) M and a low affinity site having a Kd = 1.4 X 10(-5) M. PMID- 3755203 TI - Influence of a lymphagogue, CLS 2210, on regional cardiac lymphatics and the electrocardiogram after coronary artery occlusion in the dog. AB - To examine the role of cardiac lymphatic drainage in myocardial infarction, we quantified the effect of a lymphogogue, CLS 2210, on the number and appearance of myocardial lymphatics as well as the electrocardiogram following coronary occlusion in the dog. Thirty minutes and six hours after intravenous administration of the benzenesulfonate compound, (CLS 2210) cardiac lymphatics in the distribution of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) were determined and further delineated by postmortem cardiac lymphangiograms. The results were compared with treated and untreated dogs without and with descending coronary artery ligation including the noninfarcted zone; that is, myocardium within the distribution of left circumflex coronary (LCC) artery. After 30 minutes in dogs receiving CLS 2210 without LAD ligation, number of lymphatics (point count/cm2, see Methods) were respectively--LAD zone: 2.62 +/- 0.11 or 10.9% of left ventricular (LV) surface; LCC zone: 2.87 +/- 0.10, whereas after six hours--LAD zone 8.04 +/- 0.03 or 32.3% LV surface; LCC zone--8.13 +/- 0.06 compared with untreated controls--LAD zone 1.71 +/- 0.11 or 6.6% of LV surface; LCC zone 1.65 +/- 0.12 (p less than 0.0001). At similar intervals in dogs with LAD ligation, the findings were at 30 minutes LAD zone 0.78 +/- 0.07 or 3.1% of LV surface and at 360 minutes was 0.80 +/- 0.08 or 3.3% of LV surface. In conjunction with CLS 2210 administration, however, LAD zone showed at 30 minutes 2.50 +/- 0.12 or 10% of LV surface (p less than .01) and at 360 minutes was 10.34 +/- 0.03 or 35.1% of LV surface.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3755204 TI - Type I collagen messenger RNA levels in experimental granulation tissue and silicosis in rats. AB - A complementary DNA (cDNA) clone was constructed for chick pro alpha 2(I) collagen mRNA. This and previously constructed cDNA clones for chick and human pro alpha 1(I) collagen mRNAs were used to measure levels of type I procollagen messenger RNAs in two experimental models: viscose cellulose sponge-induced experimental granulation tissue and silica-induced experimental lung fibrosis in rats. Both Northern RNA blot and RNA dot hybridizations were used to quantitate procollagen mRNAs during formation of granulation tissue. The period of rapid collagen synthesis was characterized by high levels of procollagen mRNAs, which were reduced when collagen production returned to a low basal level. The rate of collagen synthesis and the levels of procollagen mRNAs during the period of rapid reduction in collagen production did not, however, parallel with each other. This suggests that translational control mechanisms are important during this time in preventing overproduction of collagen. In silicotic lungs, the early stages of fibroblast activation follow a similar path but appear faster. At a later stage, however, the RNA levels increase again and permit collagen synthesis to continue at a high rate, resulting in massive collagen accumulation. PMID- 3755205 TI - Problem-solving in the pre-clinical curriculum: the uses of computer simulations. PMID- 3755206 TI - Computer assisted learning systems in pathology teaching. PMID- 3755207 TI - Simulating laboratory procedures. PMID- 3755208 TI - Computer assisted learning. PMID- 3755209 TI - Microcomputers in medical education. PMID- 3755210 TI - A computer simulation of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. AB - A modular, user-friendly computer simulation of NMR imaging was created for the DEC VAX computer. This simulation is novel in that complex imaging phenomena, such as chemical shifts and flow, may be easily studied. Other features include spin warp and backprojection imaging, movie generation, and simulation of image contrast, composite pulse sequences, motion artifacts, aliasing, selective excitation, field inhomogeneity, noise and signal averaging. The simulation incorporates fast Fourier transform and graphics modules for processing and display of one- and two-dimensional images. Examples which illustrate features of the program are shown. The simulation is a useful tool for both the sophisticated and the beginning user of NMR imaging. It serves as a drawing board for studying MRI phenomena and a teaching program for demonstrating basic techniques. PMID- 3755211 TI - Measurement of apolipoprotein mRNA by DNA-excess solution hybridization with single-stranded probes. PMID- 3755212 TI - Molecular cloning of bovine LDL receptor cDNAs. AB - Using methods described above, a partial cDNA clone for the bovine LDL receptor has been isolated. DNA sequence analysis and Northern blotting experiments are used to confirm the identity of pLDLR-1. Further DNA sequence analysis of pLDLR-1 reveals that the partial cDNA insert encodes 264 amino acids corresponding to the carboxy-terminal 25% of the bovine LDL receptor. Antipeptide antibodies directed against regions of the predicted protein sequence specifically recognize the purified bovine receptor. These findings provide an independent confirmation of the identity of pLDLR-1. PMID- 3755213 TI - AIDS and prostitutes. PMID- 3755214 TI - Improved "nonisolated-sensor" solid polystyrene calorimeter. AB - A "nonisolated-sensor" solid polystyrene calorimeter is described which permits absorbed dose measurements with precision of less than 0.3% (standard error of the mean). The accuracy for obtaining absolute absorbed dose was estimated by comparisons with cavity ionization measurements. The calculation of absorbed dose with ionization chambers was carried out based upon the TG-21 AAPM dosimetry protocol. Measurements in a 60Co gamma-ray field with three different polystyrene parallel-plate ion chambers in a polystyrene phantom did not differ by more than 1.5% from that obtained with the polystyrene calorimeter. Measurements taken over a period of 247 days are compared with the expected values on the basis of the decay 60Co. The calorimeter system, with its capability of acquiring, printing, storing, plotting, and analyzing the data by computer, is described. PMID- 3755215 TI - Encoding patient contours using Fourier descriptors for computer treatment planning. AB - Frequently it is desirable to digitize patient's external and internal contours from computer-assisted tomography (CAT) scan images and to use them for computer treatment planning. After the contours are digitized, each contour could contain over 1000 points. It is a common practice to reduce the number of contour points by interpolation methods in order to use them in a treatment planning program, and in order to save storage space. This paper describes an alternative method for encoding contours. The x-y coordinates of each contour point are represented as a complex number, x + jy. The discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of the array of complex numbers is then computed. Only the 50 lowest frequency components of the DFT are retained. Each contour is then represented by these 50 complex numbers, known as Fourier descriptors. The original contour is restored by performing the inverse Fourier transform. All the frequency components higher than 50 are assumed to be zero during the inverse Fourier transform. The algorithm is described in detail. PMID- 3755216 TI - Calcium and phosphorus metabolism in chronically vitamin D-deficient laboratory rabbits. AB - Calcium and phosphorus metabolism were investigated in chronically vitamin D deficient adult albino rabbits that were consuming a diet containing 1% calcium and 0.5% phosphorus. Mineral balances, net intestinal and renal handling of calcium and phosphorus, and serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, and calcitriol were measured during metabolic balance studies. Chronic vitamin D deficiency (with undetectable serum concentrations of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol or calcitriol) was associated with mild hypocalcemia, moderate hypophosphatemia, and generally elevated serum parathyroid hormone concentrations. Net intestinal absorption of calcium or phosphorus was equal in chronically vitamin D-deficient adult rabbits and nutritionally matched, vitamin D-supplemented controls. In contrast, urinary excretion rates of both minerals were reduced significantly in the vitamin D deficient group, indicating the action of homeostatic mechanisms within the kidneys. As a result of the decreased urinary excretions of calcium and phosphorus, the net external balance for each mineral during the metabolic balance studies was significantly more positive in the chronically vitamin D deficient rabbits than in the vitamin D-supplemented controls. These observations demonstrate the importance of the renal conservation of Ca and P to mineral homeostasis in the chronically vitamin D-deficient adult rabbit. PMID- 3755217 TI - Gallamine binding to muscarinic M1 and M2 receptors, studied by inhibition of [3H]pirenzepine and [3H]quinuclidinylbenzilate binding to rat brain membranes. AB - Whereas classic muscarinic antagonist ligands appear to recognize only a single class of muscarinic receptor sites, the recently discovered antagonist pirenzepine appears to distinguish at least two classes of sites. Its unique binding properties, demonstrated in both indirect and direct binding studies, have led to an emerging concept of high affinity (M1) and low affinity (M2) sites. This concept has been supported by pharmacologic studies of functional muscarinic responses, as well as by data suggesting different effector relationships for the two sites. Gallamine possesses muscarinic antagonist properties, and it also recognizes heterogeneity among muscarinic receptors. The purpose of this study was to define gallamine-recognized heterogeneity in terms of the pirenzepine-defined M1, M2 concept. This has been done by studying the ability of gallamine to inhibit [3H]pirenzepine binding to the M1 site, and to inhibit [3H]quinuclidinylbenzilate ([3H]QNB) binding in cerebellar membrane preparations, which contain almost exclusively the M2 site. The results show that gallamine binds with high affinity to the M2 site, with Ki = 2.4 nM, and lower affinity to the M1 site with Ki = 24 nM. Within these classes gallamine does not recognize heterogeneity. The ability of gallamine to inhibit [3H]QNB binding to cortex is best described by a two-site model comprised of 77% low affinity gallamine sites (M1) and 23% high affinity gallamine sites (M2). Thus, the heterogeneity among muscarinic receptors which is recognized by gallamine within the receptor binding paradigms of this study can be attributed to the M1, M2 subtypes as defined by pirenzepine binding. In addition, gallamine at low concentrations appears to bind as a pure competitive antagonist at these two sites, indicated by linear Schild plots with slopes of 1.0, the lack of an effect on dissociation of radioligands, and the ability to protect [3H]pirenzepine and [3H]QNB-binding sites from alkylation by propylbenzylcholine mustard. These studies do not exclude the possibility of a non-competitive interaction of gallamine with the muscarinic receptor observed by other investigators at high gallamine concentrations, and postulated to occur at a site adjacent to the primary muscarinic site. It is proposed that gallamine is capable of interacting with both the primary muscarinic site and an allosteric site. These results support the emerging concept of M1 and M2 muscarinic subclasses and suggest that gallamine and related compounds may be useful in defining muscarinic receptor subclasses, given their higher affinity for the M2 site. PMID- 3755219 TI - Comparison of the sensitivity of Fanconi's anemia and normal fibroblasts to the induction of sister-chromatid exchanges by photoaddition of mono- and bi functional psoralens. AB - The induction of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) by photoaddition of a monofunctional furocoumarin (pyrido[3,4-c]psoralen, PyPs) and a bifunctional furocoumarin (8-methoxypsoralen, 8-MOP) in a normal and three Fanconi anemia (FA) fibroblastic cell lines was investigated. When compared to normal cells, the three FA cell lines demonstrated: a higher sensitivity to 8-MOP photoaddition; an equal or reduced sensitivity to PyPs photoaddition in the low dose range. Normal cells demonstrated a higher sensitivity to photoaddition of PyPs than to 8-MOP in the range of doses used; this is likely to be related to the higher amount of lesions induced by PyPs in DNA. Since FA cells were almost equally sensitive to 8 MOP and PyPs photoaddition and demonstrated a higher sensitivity to SCE induction by 8-MOP than normal cells, it can be concluded that this latter difference is mainly due to cross-links. PMID- 3755220 TI - Interactions of benzimidazoles (BZ) with tubulin from BZ-sensitive and BZ resistant isolates of Haemonchus contortus. AB - The binding of tritiated benzimidazoles (BZs)-albendazole, parbendazole, oxibendazole, mebendazole, oxfendazole and fenbendazole-to crude tubulin extracts from BZ-susceptible and -resistant Haemonchus contortus has been examined. For all BZs, the binding was substantially lower in the resistant isolate. The extent of this reduction was dependent on the structure of the BZ, with mebendazole demonstrating superior binding to the resistant isolate than the other BZs. Enrichment of the crude tubulin extract using polylysine-linked agarose demonstrated that for both isolates more than 85% of the observed binding was to protein eluted in the tubulin-containing fraction. Based on biochemical kinetics, the change in tubulin associated with resistance is reduced capacity in resistant tubulin to bind BZ with little or no reduction in the association constant of the BZ-tubulin complex. Comparative egg hatch assay demonstrated a similar structural specificity with the resistance factor of mebendazole observed to be lower than that of albendazole, parbendazole, oxibendazole and thiabendazole. The results of both studies support the hypothesis that BZ resistance is due to a change in tubulin and that this change is dependent on the structure of the BZ. PMID- 3755218 TI - Cell cycle dependent genes inducible by different mitogens in cells from different species. AB - A number of genes and cDNA sequences (including at least four oncogenes) are known to be expressed in a cell cycle-dependent manner, i.e. the levels of specific mRNAs vary with the phases of the cell cycle. In order to explore the significance of some of these sequences in the mitogenic response, we have investigated the expression of 8 cell cycle-dependent sequences (plus two control sequences, not expressed in a cell cycle-dependent manner) under a variety of conditions. These conditions included cells of different types, from different species, stimulated to proliferate by different mitogens. The genes (or sequences) studied included five cDNA clones whose sequences are preferentially expressed in early G1, i.e. two cDNA clones inducible by platelet-derived growth factor (JE-3 and KC-1), and three cDNA clones inducible by serum (2A9, 2F1, 4F1); and three oncogenes (c-myc, c-rasHa and p53) whose expression is known to be cycle-dependent. All of the tested genes, except 2A9, c-rasHa and the control genes, are expressed in a cell cycle-dependent manner in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated by phytohemagglutinin and in serum-stimulated mouse and Syrian hamster fibroblasts. The inducibility of these genes by different mitogens in cells of different types and from different species strongly suggests that these genes play a role in cell cycle progression. This conclusion is further supported by the known structural and functional similarities between cell-cycle dependent genes, oncogenes and genes coding for cell-cycle related molecules. PMID- 3755221 TI - Identification of a putative second T-cell receptor. AB - Framework monoclonal antibodies have identified a population of human lymphocytes that express the T3 glycoprotein but not the T-cell receptor (TCR) alpha- and beta-subunits. Chemical crosslinking experiments reveal that these lymphocytes express novel T3-associated polypeptides, one of which appears to be the product of the T gamma gene. The other polypeptide may represent a fourth TCR subunit, designated T delta. PMID- 3755222 TI - [Meniscectomy via the arthroscope]. PMID- 3755223 TI - [Hodgkin's disease in children; treatment results with or without radiotherapy]. PMID- 3755224 TI - [Continuous peridural analgesia in the treatment of stage III and IV peripheral arteriopathy]. PMID- 3755225 TI - [Clinico-microbiological investigation of the antiseptic and reparative properties of katoxyn]. PMID- 3755226 TI - Acute pseudo-obstruction of the colon. AB - Five patients were treated for pseudo-obstruction of the colon. The symptoms, diagnostic procedures and treatment of Ogilvie's syndrome are discussed. A definitive diagnosis can be established only at laparotomy when no mechanical obstruction is found to be present. Progression of ileus and signs of peritonitis constitute an indication for laparotomy. Delay in operative therapy implies the risk of (coecal) perforation with increased mortality. Coecostomy is an adequate therapy that spares the patient a second procedure for closure of a colostomy. PMID- 3755227 TI - [Venereal infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis]. PMID- 3755228 TI - High levels of messenger RNA for transthyretin (prealbumin) in human choroid plexus. AB - We have investigated the expression of the gene for transthyretin (prealbumin) in the human choroid plexus. RNA was isolated from the human choroid plexus, fractionated by electrophoresis in agarose gel and transferred onto a nitrocellulose filter membrane. Transthyretin messenger RNA (mRNA) was identified by hybridization to radioactive complementary DNA for rat transthyretin. The level of transthyretin mRNA in the human choroid plexus was found to be at least 40 times higher than in human liver, suggesting very active synthesis of transthyretin in the choroid plexus. PMID- 3755229 TI - Identification of neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the lateral geniculate nucleus of some mammals. AB - The distribution of neuropeptide Y (NPY) immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of 5 kinds of mammals was studied using the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase method. In the SCN of the rat, hamster, chipmunk and cat, NPY-immunoreactive fibers were detected, particularly in the ventral part. In the 3 rodents and the cat, the somata and fibers of NPY immunoreactive neurons were observed in the LGN. However, immunoreactive structures were not found in the SCN or LGN of the monkey. These results indicate that NPY immunoreactivity in the monkey LGN-SCN tract is absent. PMID- 3755230 TI - Phase II study of AMSA and doxorubicin to treat metastatic breast cancer. AB - Twenty-two evaluable patients with metastatic breast cancer were treated with a combination of 4-(acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide (AMSA) and doxorubicin. All patients but one had received prior therapy with fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide, and methotrexate. Eight patients had partial responses (36%) with a median time to treatment failure of 6 months. Two patients (9%) showed minor responses, and their times to progression were 4 and 6 months. The response rates obtained with this drug combination were similar to those observed in earlier studies using doxorubicin alone. PMID- 3755231 TI - Aiming accuracy in ophthalmic laser microsurgery. AB - A number of aiming/focusing systems, oriented toward guiding the treatment beams of photodisruptive, high power Nd:YAG lasers, are analyzed and evaluated. A system, consisting of two frequency modulated, rotating laser beams, which outline the Nd:YAG laser beam shape, is shown to be the optimal solution. PMID- 3755232 TI - Visual results and prognostic factors for vision following surgery for stage V retinopathy of prematurity. AB - As our surgical techniques improve we are able to achieve anatomic retinal reattachment in 48% of eyes with advanced retinopathy of prematurity. Only 31% of these eyes, however, have achieved visual function by the six-month follow-up visit. In an attempt to determine the factors that lead to better visual outcome, we analyzed 85 eyes of 45 children who underwent surgical therapy for Stage V retinopathy of prematurity by one surgeon. These eyes were followed from 6 to 36 months. We analyzed the timing of surgery, retinal configuration, subretinal fluid composition, and appearance of retinal pigment epithelium following resolution of detachment as these related to visual results. We also used visual evoked response testing in an attempt to predict which eyes might achieve visual function. Children with best visual results tended to have rapidly regressing vascular activity, were operated earlier, and had little subretinal exudate sparing the macula and little alteration of RPE following retinal reattachment, and if measured, low iron concentration in subretinal fluid. PMID- 3755233 TI - Cryotherapy for active retinopathy of prematurity. AB - Twenty-eight patients with bilateral symmetrical Stage 3 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and plus disease had one eye assigned to cryotherapy and the other to control. The majority of patients weighed under 1000 grams at birth and females outnumbered males by nearly a two-to-one ratio.+ Cryotherapy was generally performed at a gestational age of less than 40 weeks and a mean chronologic age of 10 weeks. Eleven patients showed improvement in both the treated and untreated eyes possibly due to variables among prematures not identified in the study. Eleven other patients experienced improvement in the treated eye and progression in the untreated eye. Using the binomial distribution on the latter group the P value was 0.0005 with a one-tailed hypothesis test and 0.001 with a two-tailed test, suggesting that in the sampled population cryotherapy appears to be preferred over no treatment. PMID- 3755234 TI - [Hemorrhagic tissue necrosis and functional protein C deficiency in monoclonal gammopathy]. PMID- 3755235 TI - Changes in surfactant phospholipids in fetal rat lungs from normal and diabetic pregnancies. AB - The purposes of this study were to adapt and evaluate further a pulmonary surfactant isolation method applicable to unperfused fetal rat lung, to quantitate key phospholipids phosphatidylcholine (disaturated phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylglycerol) of the isolated material during the last 3 days of gestation, and to determine if abnormalities in surfactant phospholipids were present in fetuses of diabetic pregnancies. A simplified scheme of sucrose gradient centrifugation proved useful for small scale preparations of material enriched in the phospholipids most characteristic of pulmonary surfactant. It was shown that fetal blood phospholipids did not contaminate the surfactant fraction and therefore would not produce artifacts in assessment of lung maturational changes. Analyses of subcellular fractions isolated at 19.5, 20.5, and 21.5 days revealed that the percentages of disaturated phosphatidylcholine relative to total phospholipids were 23-44% in the surfactant preparations and 14-21% in the residual (nonsurfactant) fractions, while the disaturated phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylcholine ratios were 0.62 +/ 0.06 and 0.41 +/- 0.03, respectively. Summation of the amounts of individual phospholipids in the two fractions yielded data that were nearly identical to the concentrations of these compounds in whole fetal lung samples analyzed independently, implying that losses during the surfactant isolation technique were negligible. The concentrations of phosphatidylcholine, disaturated phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, and total phospholipids increase markedly (more than 10-fold) and progressively in surfactant fractions prepared from normal fetal rat lung at 19.5, 20.5, and 21.5 days of gestation. In contrast, the residual fractions showed no changes from 19.5 to 20.5 days and then relatively modest increases from 20.5 to 21.5 days, except for phosphatidylglycerol, which increased markedly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3755236 TI - Metyrapone delays surfactant and antioxidant enzyme maturation in developing rat lung. AB - The surfactant system and the antioxidant enzyme system of the fetal lung have chronologically similar developmental patterns and both can be accelerated by the administration of exogenous glucocorticoids. To test whether the antioxidant enzyme system, like the surfactant system, is regulated, at least in part, by endogenous glucocorticoids, we injected pregnant rats for 3 days prior to delivery with metyrapone, an adrenal 11-beta hydroxylase inhibitor which crosses the placenta and blocks endogenous glucocorticoid synthesis, or saline. Metyrapone offspring had significantly decreased lung tissue disaturated phosphatidylcholine/total phospholipids (p less than 0.05) compared to controls at days 21 and 22 of gestation. Activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase were similarly significantly reduced (p less than 0.01) in the lungs of metyrapone offspring at both gestational days studied. One day premature metyrapone pups demonstrated poorer survival than control pups from 25 min after delivery (44% survival versus 83%, p less than 0.05) to 90 min (6% survival versus 78%, p less than 0.01). These findings of delayed maturation of the surfactant and antioxidant enzyme systems following adrenal glucocorticoid blockade suggest that both systems are regulated, at least in part, by an endogenous glucocorticoid mechanism. PMID- 3755237 TI - Nucleotide sequence of the mouse muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha subunit. PMID- 3755238 TI - Antibody response of young children to parenteral vaccination with pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides: a comparison between antibody levels in serum and middle ear effusion. AB - Total (radioimmunoassay) and immunoglobulin class-specific (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) antibodies to four pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide types were measured in serum and middle ear effusion (MEE) samples of 14 children who had received an injection of either a 14-valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine or a control, Haemophilus influenzae, type b capsular polysaccharide vaccine. Serum samples were collected before and 1 to 4 weeks after the vaccination and MEE samples at the time of the postvaccination serum. Only MEE negative for pneumococci by culture and antigen detection methods were included. Total and immunoglobulin G antibody to each of the four pneumococcal types correlated well between the corresponding serum and MEE samples. The quantity of such anti-pneumococcal antibodies in both the MEE and serum was usually larger in children who had received pneumococcal rather than control vaccine. Immunoglobulin M class antibodies seemed to penetrate poorly into the MEE. In some children, also the immunoglobulin A class antibodies in serum and MEE correlated well, whereas others had an aberrantly large amount of immunoglobulin A antibody in the MEE independent of the type of vaccine they had received, suggesting an ongoing local antibody response to a recent pneumococcal infection. PMID- 3755239 TI - [Serum immunoglobulins in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma]. PMID- 3755240 TI - Interim report of clinical studies presented at the International Symposium on Ciclosporin in Auto-Immune Diseases, Basel, March 18-20, 1985. PMID- 3755241 TI - Qualitative differences in effects of opioids in man: preliminary evidence for multiple mechanisms of analgesic action. AB - The analgesic effects of meperidine, anileridine, codeine and codeine + acetominophen on surgical and non-surgical pain in 101 patients were assessed using the McGill Pain Questionnaire. The quality of analgesia was determined by analyzing the changes in the pain descriptors chosen 1 hour after medication. Meperidine and anileridine differentially reduced pain qualities rated as "bright phasic" by a student sample. Codeine and codeine + acetominophen produced similar patterns of analgesia that were homogeneous across "bright-phasic" and "dull tonic" types of pain. The data suggest the possibility that opioids may differ in the quality of analgesia produced either as dose increases or different opioid receptor types are recruited. PMID- 3755242 TI - Fecal bile acid excretion and liver cholesterol synthesis after sucralfate and cholestyramine administration in the rat. AB - The relative ability of the resin cholestyramine and sucralfate (disucrose octasulfate) to bind bile acids in the gastro intestinal tract and increase fecal bile acid excretion has been studied in normal rats under standard diet. Plasma and liver cholesterol concentrations and in vitro cholesterol synthesis from 14C acetate by liver slices, have been determined before and after one and three weeks of drug administration (0.5 or 1.0 g/100 g food). Plasma and liver cholesterol levels were unchanged after one week of treatment, but a moderate decrease in liver cholesterol content was observed after 3 weeks administration of cholestyramine and, to a lesser extent of sucralfate. Both drugs increase fecal bile acid excretion with a definitely higher effect of cholestyramine at either dose or period of administration. However, the resin produced a higher bile acid excretion after one week than after three weeks, whereas sucralfate effect increases with the time of administration. In vitro cholesterogenesis was clearly increased by cholestyramine and moderately by sucralfate although 14C acetate incorporation into cholesterol was not quantitatively correlated to the amount of bile acid excreted in feces. The potential interest of sucralfate as bile acid sequestrant and hypocholesterolemic agent in man deserves further investigations. PMID- 3755243 TI - Influence of advanced age on the formation and elimination of acetaminophen metabolites by male rats. AB - The effects of aging on acetaminophen metabolism and elimination in male Fischer 344 rats were examined after intravenous injection of 300 mg/kg. Age as a variable had only a small effect on the total clearance of acetaminophen. However, the fraction of administered dose recovered from urine as acetaminophen sulfate and the partial clearance to acetaminophen sulfate decreased while the fraction recovered as acetaminophen glucuronide and the partial clearance to acetaminophen glucuronide increased with increasing age. Renal clearances of acetaminophen and acetaminophen glucuronide were unchanged while that of acetaminophen sulfate decreased. These data point to an age-related decrease in sulfation and increase in glucuronidation of acetaminophen and further emphasize that the major conjugated metabolites are excreted by renal transport processes that operate under separate control. Moreover, they raise the possibility that advancing age may be accompanied by a general decline in processes that govern sulfate conjugate formation and elimination. PMID- 3755244 TI - Computer communication. Reliability. PMID- 3755245 TI - Brain cholecystokinin as a satiety peptide. AB - Injection of 0.08 microgram/kg of CCK-8 into the anterior cerebral ventricles of the rat produced a significant depression in the rat's motivation for food for at least one-half hour, as measured by running speed to food rewards in a runway and by food intake in a test-meal in the rat's home cage. Doses of 0.04 microgram/kg were ineffective and doses of 0.06 microgram/kg intermediate. There was no effect of 0.08 microgram/kg on running speed to water rewards. Intraperitoneal doses of 8.0 micrograms/kg also suppressed running speed and eating. PMID- 3755246 TI - Microcomputers as aids in Gottschalk-Gleser rating. AB - Different types of errors during the various steps of Gottschalk-Gleser content analysis of speech samples are discussed. Several attempts have been made in the past to avoid error by using computer programs to categorize verbal material. Although these systems offer the advantage of increasing reliability to a maximum, validity is a problem. More recent approaches, which use artificial intelligence methods of language understanding by computer, show promise. However, these computer systems will have to be further developed before they can perform at the same level as human raters. For this reason, an alternative approach is presented which only relies on computers in a limited way: All steps of Gottschalk-Gleser content analysis are performed with a collection of programs on a small 8-bit microcomputer: transcription, scoring, storage, and computation of scores. The different steps of using this system are described, and it is argued that a significant reduction of error, both random and systematic, can be achieved through this system. PMID- 3755247 TI - Microcomputer database management systems concepts. PMID- 3755248 TI - BMDPC: BMDP statistical software for microcomputers. PMID- 3755249 TI - Why a statistical package on a micro? PMID- 3755250 TI - Identification of 11-dehydro-TXB2 as a suitable parameter for monitoring thromboxane production in the human. AB - In order to identify suitable parameters for measurement of thromboxane production in vivo, the metabolism of TXB2 was studied in the human. [3H8]-TXB2 was given intravenously to a healthy human volunteer. Blood samples were collected for 50 min after the injection, and urine was collected for 24 hours. The urinary and blood metabolic profiles were visualized by the use of two dimensional TLC and autoradiography. Identification of metabolites was achieved with GC/MS and in some cases by cochromatography with reference compounds in TLC and GC. In blood, unmetabolized TXB2 was the dominating compound during the first 30 min. Three less polar metabolites appeared, two of which were identified as 11 dehydro-TXB2 and 11,15-didehydro-13,14-dihydro-TXB2, respectively. The third compound was tentatively identified as 15-dehydro-13,14-dihydro-TXB2. Since 11 dehydro-TXB2 was one of the major metabolites in blood as well as urine, it was deemed suitable as target for measurement of thromboxane production in vivo. The advantages of 11-dehydro-TXB2 over its parent compound, TXB2, were demonstrated in experiments where unlabeled TXB2 was injected i.v. to a human volunteer, and the blood and urinary levels of both compounds were then followed by radioimmunoassay. Measured levels of 11-dehydro-TXB2 were found to give a more reliable picture of metabolic events than TXB2, the latter compound to a large extent reflecting technical difficulties during blood sample collection. PMID- 3755251 TI - Intrathecal bombesin-induced inhibition of gastrointestinal transit: requirement for an intact pituitary-adrenal axis. AB - The role of the pituitary-adrenal axis in the inhibition of gastrointestinal transit caused by intrathecal administration of bombesin was examined. Bombesin (0.3-10 micrograms) slowed transit by this route in a dose-related manner. Either hypophysectomy or adrenalectomy prevented the inhibition of gastrointestinal transit associated with bombesin (10 micrograms, i.th.). The inhibitory gut effects of this peptide were not prevented in sham-operated rats. Intrathecal bombesin-induced inhibition of gastrointestinal transit is thus dependent upon an intact pituitary-adrenal axis. PMID- 3755252 TI - [Xanthine oxidase activity in dairy products sold in Panama]. PMID- 3755253 TI - [Postcoarctation mycotic aneurysm in a drug addict]. PMID- 3755254 TI - [The data base of physical examination for airline pilots]. AB - A data-base system which record new type physical examination of airline crew is now making in Ministry of Transportation. But old type physical records which had submitted for 15 years are still kept. In this report, the authors studied about the data base system which records old type physical examination data. The file structure of data base, data type of each items, interface of old type and new type record are discussed. Finally, to avoid all technical difficulties, the stimulation of generating large scale data base which uses 108,000 data was also studied. PMID- 3755255 TI - Bacteremia in narcotic addicts at the Detroit Medical Center. II. Infectious endocarditis: a prospective comparative study. AB - For one year all narcotic addicts admitted to the Detroit Medical Center with infectious endocarditis (74 cases) were compared with a control group of bacteremic addicts who had other infections (106 cases). Endocarditis was caused by Staphylococcus aureus (60.8% of cases), streptococci (16.2%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13.5%), mixed bacteria (8.1%), and Corynebacterium JK (1.4%). S. aureus endocarditis most frequently involved the tricuspid valve; streptococci infected left-sided valves significantly more often than other organisms (P = .001). Biventricular and multiple-valve infections were commonest in patients with pseudomonas endocarditis (P = .05). Two-dimensional echocardiography, when combined with an abnormal chest roentgenogram, was highly predictive of endocarditis. Bacteremia in the absence of endocarditis was associated with primary skin and soft tissue infection, mycotic aneurysm at the site of narcotic injection, septic arthritis, septic thrombophlebitis, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, mediastinal abscess, and unclassified infection. Polymicrobial bacteremia in the nonendocarditis group was associated with markedly increased morbidity. Mild hyponatremia occurred in 41% of all patients and was also associated with significantly increased morbidity. Analysis of the two groups disclosed similarities and differences with implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of addicts with bacteremic infection. PMID- 3755256 TI - Computing with neural circuits: a model. AB - A new conceptual framework and a minimization principle together provide an understanding of computation in model neural circuits. The circuits consist of nonlinear graded-response model neurons organized into networks with effectively symmetric synaptic connections. The neurons represent an approximation to biological neurons in which a simplified set of important computational properties is retained. Complex circuits solving problems similar to those essential in biology can be analyzed and understood without the need to follow the circuit dynamics in detail. Implementation of the model with electronic devices will provide a class of electronic circuits of novel form and function. PMID- 3755257 TI - [The use of the YAG laser in ophthalmology]. PMID- 3755258 TI - Primary mediastinal choriocarcinoma: case report. PMID- 3755259 TI - The in vitro effect of amrinone on thromboxane B2 synthesis in human whole blood. AB - Thromboxane B2 production in vitro in human whole blood was inhibited at pharmacological levels of amrinone. There was no observed effect on prostacyclin production as measured by 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha levels. The biochemical basis for the inhibition of platelet aggregation by amrinone and the inter relationships between arachidonic acid metabolism, c-AMP and Ca2+ levels are discussed. PMID- 3755260 TI - White piedra: a case with evidence of spread by contact. PMID- 3755261 TI - [Atracurium (Tracrium). A new non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker]. PMID- 3755262 TI - [Graves' ophthalmopathy treated with azathioprine]. PMID- 3755263 TI - The neodymium-yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser in urology. AB - As an exciting and powerful new modality, the Nd:YAG laser already has an established place in the urologic armamentarium. Its uses are limited and its advantages over conventional therapy yet to be convincingly established in some areas of application, but the laser spans open and endoscopic applications and is revolutionizing the craft of surgery. Urology is at the forefront of this pioneering effort. PMID- 3755264 TI - Dental dysplasia and epitheliogenesis imperfecta in a foal. PMID- 3755266 TI - [Clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment of the brain lesions in lymphosarcomas]. AB - The study group included 11 patients with brain metastases of disseminated lymphosarcoma. The most common clinical course was progression of the disease which manifested itself in the advancement of general cerebral symptoms as well as focal ones indicative of hemisphere, subcortex or cerebral trunk involvement. High single intravenous doses of cyclophosphamide and rubomycin and radiotherapy or their combination appeared highly effective in cases of brain specific involvement: complete or partial regression of neurologic symptoms was observed in 7 and 3 patients, respectively. Radiation treatment was followed by COP, COAP or CAMP polychemotherapy to curb extracerebral disease progression. Low median survival of patients with brain metastases (5.1 months) was due to extracerebral tumor progression. However, brain metastases were not immediate death-causing factors. PMID- 3755265 TI - [Anti-oxidant activity and tissue accumulation of tocopherols from a new source]. AB - Properties of a tocopherol concentrate, obtained from side products of cotton oil treatment containing alpha-tocopherol and other isomers of vitamin E and carotinoids at high concentrations, were studied in vivo and in vitro. The concentrate exhibited higher antioxidative activity in reaction with 2,2' diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine and inhibited lipid peroxidation in liver microsomes similarly to synthetic alpha-tocopherol. After addition of the concentrate to rat ration at a dose of 100 IU of vitamin E per 100 g of food the animals accumulated tocopherol from this source in the same way as it was observed for the synthetic preparation (liver, heart, lung) or at the higher level (kidney, brain, fatty tissue). Consumption of the concentrate was decreased after its emulsification. Contribution of gamma-tocopherol to antiradical effect of the tocopherol concentrate and to stabilization of the membrane lipid moiety is discussed. PMID- 3755267 TI - On-line measurements of body fat content by the caliper method. PMID- 3755268 TI - [Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and Y1 cell tests in the routine detection of heat labile endotoxin of Escherichia coli]. PMID- 3755269 TI - Computer analysis of intestinal motility: effects of cholecystokinin and neurotensin on jejunal contraction patterns. AB - The motility of the intestine consists of various contractile patterns which have either segmenting or propulsive function. To differentiate and quantify intestinal contractile patterns the temporal and spatial relation of several closely spaced transducers have to be analysed. For this purpose a special computer method was developed. The system consists of a subsystem for data acquisition and on-line peak detection and a personal computer for data storage and off-line analysis. The subsystem identifies each contraction on the basis of preestablished threshold and timing criteria. Economical and appropriate processing of signals from multichannel recordings requires data reduction which is performed by storing only the voltage and time characteristics of the contraction minimum and maximum. Subsequent analysis of the stored data, especially the measurement of the length of spread of contractions yields a more detailed analysis than commonly obtained. This method enables a rapid detection and exact numerical analysis of signals independent of their wave shapes. Intravenous infusion of neurotensin after administration of a non-caloric cellulose meal decreased the length of spread of contraction waves and slowed the transit rate of luminal contents. Cholecystokinin had a powerful stimulating effect by increasing the length of spread of contraction waves and by accelerating the transit rate. PMID- 3755270 TI - [Possibility of the comparative evaluation of chemotherapy effectiveness in hemoblastoses in man and dogs]. PMID- 3755272 TI - [Lymphocytoma of the skin]. PMID- 3755271 TI - [Combined chemotherapy including platinum derivatives in the combined treatment of patients with stage-III to -IV ovarian cancer]. PMID- 3755273 TI - [Meniscal lesions in the child athlete]. PMID- 3755274 TI - Stimulatory effect of pirenzepine on mucosal bicarbonate secretion in rat duodenum in vivo. PMID- 3755275 TI - [Treatment of localized carcinoma of the prostate with interstitial radiotherapy (radioactive gold-198 grains)]. PMID- 3755276 TI - Expression defects of mutant human adenosine deaminase. PMID- 3755277 TI - Expression of human and mouse HPRT minigenes. PMID- 3755278 TI - Detection of mRNA for adenosine deaminase using biotinylated probes. PMID- 3755279 TI - Dysthyroid ophthalmopathy. PMID- 3755280 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of chlamydial infections. AB - The major chlamydial infections are conjunctivitis and pneumonia in infants and urethritis, cervicitis, salpingitis and ocular infection in adults. Tetracyclines are usually the drugs of choice for the treatment of chlamydial infections. Erythromycin therapy is preferred for pregnant women and for neonates with conjunctivitis. Follow-up examination and treatment of sexual partners are required for the control of chlamydial infections. PMID- 3755281 TI - Differing response rates and survival between squamous and non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer. Comparison of CAP versus MAP. AB - One hundred and thirty patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer were treated in a randomized study with either CAP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin) or MAP (mitomycin C, doxorubicin, and cisplatin). Among all patients, regardless of cell type, the regression rate was slightly higher for MAP (46%) than CAP (34%) but no differences were detected in time to progression and overall survival. However, differences were apparent by treatment when patients were divided into two groups: squamous cell (SQC) and non-squamous cell (non SQC). MAP, compared to CAP, was associated with a significantly superior regression rate (60% vs. 33%), time to progression, and overall survival in SQC. On the other hand, CAP, compared to MAP, was associated with a significantly longer overall survival in non-SQC. This apparent difference among subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer in response to chemotherapy regimens differing only in one drug, if confirmed, will need to be kept in mind in designing future studies. PMID- 3755282 TI - Second neoplasms after adjuvant chemotherapy for operable breast cancer. AB - Between 1974 and 1982, 797 patients who had operable breast cancer were treated at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute at Houston with three adjuvant chemotherapy trials consisting of fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FAC). The incidence of second primary malignant tumors in this group of patients was evaluated and compared with that in a historical control group of patients who had stages II and III disease (n = 186) and who did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy following surgery. Radiotherapy was given to 54% (n = 433) of the chemotherapy-treated patients and to 96% (n = 178) of the controls. The median age of the patients was 49.6 and 55 years for the treated and control groups, respectively. Second neoplasms developed in 10 chemotherapy treated patients and in nine control patients; rates at 5 years from initiation of therapy based on actuarial curves were 1.9 and 5.0%, respectively. These second tumors developed after a median latency period of 17.5 months for the FAC treated group and 13 months for the controls. Two cases of leukemia developed in each of the two treatment groups. The rate of second malignancy in the chemotherapy-treated patients was not increased compared with that in the historical controls. PMID- 3755283 TI - Antidiuretic hormone response in children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia during episodes of acute respiratory distress. AB - We investigated the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) response in 12 infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia during acute respiratory distress. All of the infants had hypoxemia with air-trapping in the chest at the time of admission to the hospital. None had documented infection. There was a dramatic increase in the plasma levels of ADH during acute respiratory distress, with a subsequent reduction of levels toward normal when the respiratory distress decreased to the preadmission well state. Three of 12 infants manifested hyponatremia at 24 hours after admission, with two of them exhibiting persistent hypertension for up to three days. The mechanism for elevated ADH levels is air-trapping in the chest, causing pulmonary hypovolemia and decreased left atrial filling and/or decreased transmural pressure of the left atrium. PMID- 3755284 TI - Selective inhibition of thromboxane synthesis in glycerol-induced acute renal failure. AB - It has recently been postulated that thromboxane A2 may participate in the pathogenesis of acute myohemoglobinuric experimental acute renal failure. To investigate this further, the effect of selective inhibition of thromboxane synthesis on the course of glycerol-induced acute renal failure was determined. Despite significant inhibition of thromboxane synthesis by 4-imidazole-yl acetophenone, the functional and morphologic disturbance induced by glycerol was unaltered. Moreover, pretreatment with 4-imidazole-yl-acetophenone failed to prevent the fall in renal blood flow seen following glycerol administration. These results argue against a major role for thromboxane A2 in the pathogenesis of this form of experimental acute renal failure. PMID- 3755286 TI - Which anti-thyroid drug? AB - Anti-thyroid drugs are widely used to treat diffuse toxic goiter (Graves' disease). Of the two drugs currently available in the United States, propylthiouracil is prescribed far more often than is methimazole (Tapazole). However, compared with propylthiouracil, methimazole can be given as a single daily dose, is cheaper, and, at low doses, is associated with less major toxicity; for these reasons, methimazole should be used for the routine management of Graves' disease when anti-thyroid drugs are selected as primary therapy. On the other hand, because of certain pharmacologic factors, propylthiouracil should be used in selected situations, particularly in patients with "thyroid storm" and in pregnant or lactating women. PMID- 3755285 TI - Treatment of stages I and II Hodgkin's disease with three different therapeutic modalities. AB - Since 1969, 184 previously untreated and evaluable adult patients with Hodgkin's disease, staged as I (43) or II (141), have been treated. Eighty patients were part of the National Hodgkin's Disease Study, randomly assigned to receive radiotherapy to either an involved (39) or extended field (41). In a subsequent single-arm study, 104 patients were treated with involved-field radiotherapy preceded and followed by three cycles of MOPP chemotherapy. Median durations of follow-up have been 172, 172, and 92 months, for the involved-field radiotherapy, extended-field radiotherapy, and MOPP plus involved-field radiotherapy treatment groups, respectively. Although significant differences among the three treatment groups were observed with respect to disease-free survival (p less than 0.001), only the group of patients treated with involved-field radiotherapy had a statistically significant decline in overall survival as compared with the two other treatment groups (p less than 0.001). Moreover, patients who underwent clinical staging and were treated with MOPP plus involved-field radiotherapy had significantly prolonged disease-free survival compared with those who underwent surgical staging and were treated with extended-field radiotherapy (p less than 0.001). One of the patients who received MOPP plus involved-field radiotherapy had subsequent development of acute monocytic leukemia, and another had refractory anemia with excess blasts. One instance of diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma was also observed. Acute monocytic leukemia developed in another patient treated with involved-field radiotherapy. The rates of amenorrhea in the group treated with MOPP plus involved-field radio-therapy were 9.6 percent and 78.5 percent for female patients younger and older than 30 years of age, respectively. Despite the universal azoospermia ensuing after MOPP plus involved-field radiotherapy, in three patients whose sperm counts were checked sequentially for 26 to 53 months after treatment, evidence of spermatogenesis was observed. Three patients with remission of Hodgkin's disease after involved-field (two) and extended-field (one) radiotherapy died from cardiovascular disease that could only be attributed to the prior radiotherapy. Although further follow-up evaluation will be required to determine the impact of the three different treatment modalities on survival and long-term toxicity, MOPP plus involved-field radiotherapy appears to be superior to involved-field or extended-field radiotherapy alone in achieving prolonged disease-free survival without significant leukemogenic potential. PMID- 3755287 TI - Euthyroid Graves' disease. Report of a case observed over a 12-year period. AB - A 49-year-old woman had proptosis and inflammation occurring in each eye on separate occasions over a 12-year period. Results of thyroid function studies were normal. Thyroid antibodies, microsomal and thyroglobulin, were not demonstrable. Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins were not demonstrable. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone testing showed a normal response. Results of computed axial tomographic scanning of the orbits were normal. The patient had a response on each occasion to prednisone. This patient with euthyroid Graves' disease supports the hypothesis that Graves' eye disease and Graves' hyperthyroidism are distinct and separate entities. PMID- 3755288 TI - Lithium-associated thyrotoxicosis. AB - Primary hypothyroidism developed in a 57-year-old woman treated for eight years with lithium carbonate for manic-depressive illness, and nine months later she became thyrotoxic. Although autoimmune disease appeared to be responsible, lithium was suspected to play a contributory role in both phases of her illness. This is the first reported case of hyperthyroidism following hypothyroidism in a lithium-treated patient. The 24 reported cases of lithium-associated thyrotoxicosis and the possible mechanisms that may explain this poorly understood phenomenon are also reviewed. PMID- 3755289 TI - Automated translation of German to English medical text. AB - The feasibility of automated translation of scientific and medical documents remains controversial. This report describes a minicomputer-based German-to English translation system (TRANSOFT) that employs word order rearrangement followed by word-for-word translation and disambiguation based on context. This translation system was applied to a computer-readable version of Adler's Knochenkrankheiten (Bone Diseases), which contains 118,604 words, with 10,216 distinct words in 7,211 sentences averaging 16.4 words each. The translation required 2,791 word rearrangement formulas, 78 percent of which were first used in the first half of the document. There were 2,392 occurrences of 12 potentially ambiguous terms, of which only 18 (0.8 percent) were not resolvable from the immediate context. As foreign language medical documents become increasingly available in computer-readable form through computerized typesetting, electronic publishing, and improved optical character recognition equipment, automated translation systems may provide a rapid and inexpensive means of obtaining draft translations. PMID- 3755291 TI - A computer model for the study of segregation in reciprocal translocation carriers: application to 20 new cases. AB - We report on a computer program that, given the breakpoints and the chromosomes involved in a translocation, generates all the possible imbalanced gametes, calculates their corresponding imbalances, and arranges them in order of increasing imbalance. When compared to current, more cumbersome criteria from the literature, both methods agreed on 196 cases of 199 (greater than 98%). When compared to observed data from families with aneuploid offspring, both our program and the other reported methods yield a rate of accurate prediction of 87%. The use of the program is illustrated in 20 new translocations from our laboratory. The possible influence of crossing over in meiosis I in altering the gamete that is most likely to be passed to aneuploid live births is discussed. PMID- 3755290 TI - Benzene modulation of liver cell structure and heme-cytochrome P-450 metabolism. AB - Rats were treated with subcutaneous benzene, 440 mg/kg, for 3 and 14 days (acute and chronic exposure). Their hepatic cell heme and drug metabolizing enzymes as well as cell morphology by electron microscopy were examined. Electron micrographs of hepatocytes from the benzene-treated rats showed disruption of the mitochondrial membranes and mitochondrial structure. The activity of the rate limiting enzyme of heme synthesis, delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase was increased 1.5-2-fold in both acutely and chronically exposed animals. In the acutely exposed animals, there was a 50% inhibition of the second enzyme of heme synthesis, delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, while in the chronically exposed there was 70% inhibition. The rate-limiting enzyme of heme degradation, heme oxygenase, was increased more than twofold in both sets of animals. Cytochrome P-450 content was increased 77% in the acutely treated and 35% in the chronic. Associated with this increase in cytochrome P-450 content, there was a twofold increase in both arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase and aminopyrine-N demethylase activities after acute exposure. During chronic exposure, however, there was a return to normal of the aminopyrine-N-demethylase activity and a decline in arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase induction to 1.25 times control. Results from this study indicate that benzene exposure produces adverse effects on mitochondria and heme metabolism. The precise relationships of these disturbances to benzene toxicity are not clear; however the possible role of heme oxygenase and degree of cytochrome P-450 induction are considered. Finally, the alterations of arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase and aminopyrine-N-demethylase activities point to a potential mechanism of differential toxicity from metabolites of benzene. PMID- 3755292 TI - Recovery of Chlamydia trachomatis from the endometrium of women at risk for chlamydial infection. AB - Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common sexually transmitted disease in Western Society today and is a major cause of salpingitis and tubal infertility. However, the frequency with which it produces upper genital tract infection in asymptomatic women has not been determined. Endometrial, endocervical, and urethral cultures for C. trachomatis were obtained from 60 women who were at risk for chlamydial infection but who did not have evidence of endometritis or salpingitis on physical examination. Chlamydia was isolated from the lower genitourinary tract in 26 (43%) and from the endometrium in 12 (20%). Thus 12 of 29 (41%) women infected with C. trachomatis had endometrial infections. Upper genital infections appear to be common in women at risk for chlamydial infection, and spread to the upper tract may occur shortly after the infection is acquired. PMID- 3755293 TI - Peptides PHI and VIP: comparison between vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle effect in rabbit uterus. AB - The distribution and effects of the two neuropeptides, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and peptide histidine isoleucine amide (PHI), on vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle in the urogenital tract of nonpregnant rabbit female, were investigated. Immunoreactive VIP and PHI were present in all regions except the ovary with the highest concentration in the uterine cervix. By using in vitro tension recordings of myometrial specimens, it was demonstrated that both peptides displayed a dose-dependent inhibition of the mechanical activity. The dose-response curves of VIP and PHI were superimposable with and ID50 of 3 X 10( 8) mol/l, and their combined effect was additive. In addition, the influence of the two peptides on myometrial blood flow (MBF) was investigated by the xenon-133 washout technique. Both peptides were found to increase MBF with the same potency and efficacy. Their combined effect was additive. In conclusion VIP and PHI are present in the rabbit urogenital tract, and the two peptides are equipotent inhibitors of mechanical nonvascular and vascular smooth muscle activity in the uterus. PMID- 3755294 TI - Mechanism of chronic hypercalciuria with furosemide: increased calcium absorption. AB - Furosemide produces chronic hypercalciuria. The source of the additional urinary calcium is not known but must be either bone mineral or calcium absorbed by the intestine. Without bone calcium dissolution or increased absorption the filtered load of calcium would fall and urinary calcium excretion would return to pretreatment levels. To determine whether furosemide alters intestinal calcium absorption, we fed furosemide (75 mg . kg body-1 wt . day-1) to 11 rats eating 15 g/day of a 0.60% calcium diet. Compared with 11 control rats, furosemide increased urine calcium (15.6 +/- 0.8 mg/5 days vs. 4.1 +/- 0.3, P less than 0.001). Fecal calcium excretion fell (194 +/- 7 mg/5 days vs. 223 +/- 12, P less than 0.05), indicating an increase in intestinal calcium absorption sufficient to sustain the hypercalciuria. The increase in absorption occurred without an increase in the level of serum 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (180 +/- 20 pg/ml vs. 220 +/- 16, furosemide vs. control, respectively, P = NS). To determine whether the intestinal effect of furosemide persists after the initial sodium diuresis abates, we analyzed only the last 3 days of balance. Again, rats fed furosemide had increased urine excretion and intestinal absorption of calcium, so that net calcium balance was not different from that of controls. Twelve additional rats were fed a 0.02% calcium diet to which 35 mg . kg body wt-1 . day 1 of furosemide was added. Compared with eleven controls, urine calcium increased and fecal calcium excretion again fell, but balance was not different. Chronic administration of furosemide increases intestinal calcium absorption enough to permit urine calcium excretion to remain elevated without the necessity for bone dissolution. PMID- 3755295 TI - Evidence for a vasodilatory effect of vasopressin in the conscious rat. AB - Experiments were performed on conscious, chronically instrumented rats to determine the cardiovascular effects of intravenous arginine vasopressin (AVP) with and without V1-vasopressinergic antagonist administration. This design allowed the assessment of the cardiovascular effects of high circulating levels of AVP in the absence of the direct vasoconstrictor properties of the hormone. One group of rats (n = 10) were administered a constant infusion of AVP (2.5 mU/min iv) for 40 min and demonstrated increased mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and total peripheral resistance (TPR), while heart rate (HR) and cardiac output (CO) fell. Another group of animals (n = 7) also received AVP for 40 min; however, at 25 min of the infusion, 10 micrograms/kg of d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP was given intravenously. Administration of this V1-vasopressinergic antagonist caused MABP and TPR to fall below pre-infusion levels, although AVP infusion continued. HR and CO returned to control. Additional experiments showed no effect of the antagonist (n = 8) or AVP vehicle (n = 7) alone on the measured hemodynamic variables. In addition, pretreatment with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor meclofenamate did not affect the observed vasodilation in AVP-treated animals given the antagonist. A final group of animals (n = 6) was pretreated with d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP prior to AVP infusion. On AVP administration, TPR fell in all animals. These data suggest that AVP exerts a vasodilatory effect unrelated to stimulation of V1-vasopressinergic receptors or arterial baroreceptors, which may partially offset the potent vasoconstrictor properties of this peptide. PMID- 3755296 TI - Meniscal tears: the effect of meniscectomy and of repair on intraarticular contact areas and stress in the human knee. A preliminary report. AB - The role of the meniscus in load transmission across the knee has long been a subject of debate. In this study, we examined the biomechanical consequences of the operative treatments for bucket-handle and peripheral meniscal tears. Contact areas and instantaneous intraarticular pressure distributions were measured in two groups of human cadaver knees. In Group I, consisting of four knees, we created a bucket-handle tear involving the inner one-third of the meniscus, followed by partial, and then total meniscectomy. Knees were tested in an Instron testing machine after each procedure, using a 400 pound load at 0 degrees or 30 degrees flexion. Contact areas and local stresses were measured using Prescale, a pressure-sensitive film. After partial meniscectomy, contact areas decreased approximately 10%, and peak local contact stresses (PLCS) increased approximately 65%. After total meniscectomy, contact areas decreased approximately 75%, and PLCS increased approximately 235%. In Group II, consisting of three additional knees, we created a 2 cm peripheral tear of the posterior meniscal horn, followed by open repair, arthroscopic repair, segmental, and then total meniscectomy. Repair of the tear was accomplished with either vertically placed sutures by an open technique or horizontally placed sutures by an arthroscopic technique. Knees were tested in the neutral position in the Instron machine and contact areas and local stresses measured using Prescale. PLCSs and contact areas were found to be the same using either repair technique. There was, however, a 110% increase in PLCS after segmental meniscectomy of that portion of the meniscus involved in the peripheral tear.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3755297 TI - Clinical diagnosis of meniscal tears. Description of a new manipulative test. AB - The accuracy in clinical diagnosis of meniscal tears was assessed in 100 knees. Arthroscopy was performed in each case to establish the diagnosis. The clinical diagnosis was correct in 87 cases, correct but incomplete in 4, and incorrect in 9. In those with meniscal tears repeated popping occurred in 43%, swelling in 51%, and pain localized to the joint line in 63%. Tenderness over the joint line, the most accurate clinical sign, was positive in 77% and false positive in 11% of meniscal tears. McMurray's test was positive in 58% and false positive in 5%, while the medial-lateral grind test was positive in 68% and false positive in 1%. At least one of these manipulative tests was positive in 79% of meniscal tears. Repeated examination and addition of the medial-lateral grind test to the clinical evaluation of meniscal tears significantly improves diagnostic accuracy. PMID- 3755299 TI - [Possibilities of computer use in anesthesia and intensive care medicine]. AB - Today anaesthesiologists are on familiar terms with computers. In fact, computer technology has come to stay especially in the monitoring and documentation of measurement data; no new developments in this field are possible without the aid of computers. Computer-monitored respirators, infusion pumps or anaesthetic vaporizers have been developed and tested in practice, but their use is at present still restricted to a small select circle of specialists. However, their routine use can be expected in the very near future. In the fields of training and communication of knowledge, computers are still in the developmental stage. Although so-called "expert systems" are already in use in certain fields of medicine, their application in anaesthesia remains an exception. Progress in this direction does not really depend so much on the availability of suitable computers--they are in fact already in operation. The crux of the problem will be the readiness of anaesthesiologists and anaesthesists to feed the computers with appropriate programmes and to accept computers as partners in their work and in the field of training. PMID- 3755298 TI - [Hormonal regulation of the maturation of the surfactant system in the fetal lung]. PMID- 3755300 TI - Intermittent mandatory ventilation for children. PMID- 3755301 TI - Spectral displacement techniques for studying the binding of spectroscopically transparent ligands to cyclodextrins. AB - A spectroscopic displacement method is used to determine association constants of beta-cyclodextrin with compounds that are spectroscopically transparent. These compounds are adamantanecarboxylate and structurally related compounds. Association constants obtained are compared to values obtained by other methods. It is shown that for all types of displacement techniques a distinction must be made between free and total concentrations of ligand in cases of strong binding. PMID- 3755302 TI - A rapid assay for activity of phospholipase A2 using radioactive substrate. AB - A rapid method for the assay of phospholipase A2 has been developed using a radioactive substrate, L-alpha-dipalmitoyl-(2-[9,10(N)-3H]palmitoyl) phosphatidylcholine. The substrate diluted with cold carrier (1 mM) is dissolved in 80% ethanol containing 25 mM sodium deoxycholate. The enzymatic reaction is performed in 1.0 ml 0.1 M glycine-NaOH buffer, pH 9.0, containing 2 mumol CaCl2, 10 micrograms bovine serum albumin, 2.5 mumol sodium deoxycholate, 0.01 unit (or less) phospholipase A2, and 40-100 nmol substrate. The enzymatic reaction is terminated by adding 0.2 ml 5% Triton X-100 solution containing 40 mumol EDTA. The product of the enzymatic reaction, radioactive palmitic acid, is extracted by 10 ml hexane containing 0.1% acetic acid in the presence of anhydrous sodium sulfate (0.5 g/ml). Activity of phospholipase A2 is directly determined from the radioactivity in the hexane extract. The present method achieves a quick separation of the radioactive product, [3H]palmitic acid, from the radioactive substrate, L-alpha-dipalmitoyl-(2-[3H]palmitoyl)-phosphatidylcholine, without the need of separation by TLC. PMID- 3755303 TI - Enzymatic detection of native and derivatized horseradish peroxidase in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels. AB - We developed procedures for the restoration of peroxidatic activity in native horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and HRP conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA HRP) following electrophoresis in SDS-polyacrylamide gels (SDS-PAGE). After extraction of SDS with isopropanol from gels containing HRP and WGA-HRP, the peroxidatic activity in these probes could be demonstrated by tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) chemistry. This procedure also showed HRP enzyme activity in electrophoresed tissue homogenates containing HRP. Both free HRP as well as WGA-HRP preparations contain several molecular weight species that display peroxidatic activity. These findings are important for cell biological studies utilizing these substances as molecular probes. The procedures described here should be useful for the analysis of the enzymatically active molecular forms of these frequently used markers in vitro and in vivo. PMID- 3755304 TI - Ketamine-atracurium by continuous infusion as the sole anesthetic for pulmonary surgery. AB - Fifty patients undergoing elective pulmonary resection were studied to evaluate the effects of the infusion of the combination of ketamine (2 mg X kg-1 X hr-1) combined with atracurium (0.6 mg X kg-1 X hr-1) on heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), neuromuscular block (NMB) and patient acceptability. Induction of anesthesia was accomplished in all patients within 45 sec. Statistically significant increases (P less than 0.01) in MAP and HR occurred only after bronchoscopy and tracheal intubation (mean 12 mm Hg and 6 beats/min, respectively), subsequently returning to preinduction levels and remaining stable. The degree of NMB once established remained constant in each patient, 86% remaining 1-4 twitches throughout surgery. Reversal of neuromuscular blockade was achieved within 10 min of antagonist drug administration in all but one patient. Recovery from anesthesia occurred within 30 min (mean less than 15 min) in all but 3 patients (all over age 60) and was independent of weight. No emergence phenomena were observed. We conclude that ketamine-atracurium fixed-rate combined infusion anesthesia provides good operating conditions and neuromuscular relaxation, cardiovascular stability, patient acceptability, and no significant side effects in patients undergoing pulmonary resections. PMID- 3755305 TI - Intrathecal morphine for post-thoracotomy pain. AB - We wished to investigate possible differences in the duration of postoperative analgesia and the incidence of respiratory depression after the intrathecal injection in the lumbar area of 10 micrograms/kg morphine in hypobaric and hyperbaric solution for relief of post-thoracotomy pain. Twenty-nine patients received morphine plus dextrose (hyperbaric) and 21 received morphine in preservative-free normal saline. The duration of analgesia was longer with the morphine in the normal saline group than in the hyperbaric group (P less than 0.04). One patient developed delayed respiratory depression. Our data support the use of morphine in normal saline mixtures for greater duration of analgesia after thoracic operations. PMID- 3755306 TI - Elimination of atracurium in humans: contribution of Hofmann elimination and ester hydrolysis versus organ-based elimination. AB - Atracurium, a nondepolarizing muscle relaxant, is eliminated through several pathways, including Hofmann elimination (spontaneous degradation in plasma and tissue at normal body pH and temperature) and ester hydrolysis (catalysis by nonspecific esterases). Because elimination of atracurium occurs in both tissue and plasma, traditional pharmacokinetic models assuming elimination from a single central compartment are inaccurate for atracurium. The authors developed a two compartment pharmacokinetic model in which hepatic and/or renal elimination occurs from the central compartment (Cl organ), and Hofmann elimination and ester hydrolysis occur from both central and peripheral compartments (Cl nonorgan). To determine the in vitro rate constant for Hofmann elimination and ester hydrolysis, atracurium was added to whole blood kept at each patient's pH and temperature. The values for this rate constant ranged from 0.0193 to 0.0238 per min. When these values were applied to the pharmacokinetic model, Cl total, Cl organ, and Cl nonorgan were 4.8 +/- 1.1, 3.0 +/- 0.9, and 1.9 +/- 0.6 ml . kg-1 . min-1, respectively. The authors conclude that more than one-half of the clearance of atracurium occurs via pathways other than Hofmann elimination and ester hydrolysis. PMID- 3755307 TI - Neuromuscular blockade monitoring comparing the orbicularis oculi and adductor pollicis muscles. PMID- 3755308 TI - Transcatheter embolization of multiple mycotic splenic artery aneurysms: a case report. AB - Embolization of splenic artery aneurysms is recommended in young women to prevent likely rupture and exsanguination during pregnancy. This report describes the successful coil occlusion of multiple mycotic aneurysms in such a patient, who was also treated interventionally for gastric hemorrhage and hypersplenism. Although infection or sepsis is a rare cause of visceral aneurysms, it is associated with a high incidence of rupture and peritonitis. Complications from elective embolization include abscess formation within the spleen and focal infarction in the upper alimentary tract. However, such risks should be minimized by appropriate selection of embolic materials and prophylactic care of the patient. PMID- 3755309 TI - Activity of ivermectin against natural infections by abomasal nematodes in lambs in controlled tests: evaluation of equine and bovine injectable formulations administered intraorally. AB - The efficacy of 2 injectable formulations of ivermectin, administered intraorally at the dosage of 200 micrograms/kg of body weight, was evaluated against naturally occurring infections by abomasal nematodes in lambs in 2 controlled tests. One test (A) included 17 lambs treated with the equine formulation and 16 nontreated lambs. For the other test (B), 14 lambs were treated with the bovine formulation, and 12 were nontreated. In controlled test A, only mature nematodes were recovered, and removals were 98% to 100% for Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia circumcincta male, O trifurcata male, Ostertagia spp female, and Trichostrongylus axei. For controlled test B, removals were 99% to 100% for Haemonchus spp (immature), H contortus (mature), Ostertagia spp (immature), O circumcincta male (mature), O trifurcata male (mature), Ostertagia spp female (mature), Trichostrongylus spp (immature), and T axei (mature). Toxicosis was not evident in treated lambs. PMID- 3755310 TI - Incidence, site, and outcome of infections in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. AB - Bacterial infection in the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with the occurrence of multiple organ failures and death. We studied 108 infections in 129 patients with ARDS and evaluated the organisms responsible, the body sites involved, and the outcomes of therapy. Gram-negative bacilli represented 57% of the microbial pathogens and gram-positive cocci 36%. Only 7% of infections were caused by other organisms (fungi, viruses, Pneumocystis, Legionella). Gram-negative organisms were more common in the lung, abdomen, and pleura. Bacteremia was more common in abdominal infections (11 of 17, 67%) than in infections at other sites (18 of 65, 28%), (p less than 0.01); ;9 patients were bacteremic from clinically undetected sites. Ten of 17 (59%) patients with abdominal infections survived compared with 7 of 56 (13%) patients with lung infections (p less than 0.001). A retrospective review of in vitro organism susceptibility and the antibiotics administered revealed that the patients who received adequate antibiotic therapy did not have a higher survival rate (20 of 69, 29%) than those who received inadequate antibiotic therapy (3 of 13, 23%). These data suggest that further investigation of infections in patients with ARDS is required and that emphasis should be placed on pathogenesis, prevention, and host responses. PMID- 3755311 TI - The handheld computer in critical care medicine. AB - The wealth of information that can be generated from programmable pocket calculators is not widely appreciated. These inexpensive devices have evolved into "user-friendly" microcomputers with impressive memory capacity and mathematic sophistication. A series of critical care programs is presented to illustrate the degree of computer support that is available from the newest generation of programmable pocket calculators. These programs constitute the most comprehensive microcomputer software package reported in the literature. They demonstrate that high-level mathematic capability is available not only in large medical centers, but in virtually any small community hospital as well. PMID- 3755312 TI - [Stippled epiphyses disease and alcoholic fetopathy]. PMID- 3755313 TI - An influenza virus inhibitor that acts late in the replication cycle. AB - An inhibitor which is active against influenza A virus was found in Neuramide, a complex tissue extract that is used as an anti-herpes zoster virus treatment. Kinetic studies showed that significant inhibition of virus production occurred when the inhibitor was added to infected cultures up to 5 h after virus penetration. Molecular sieving fractionation showed that the antiviral activity was contained in a low-molecular-weight fraction (molecular weight, less than 1,000). PMID- 3755314 TI - BRL-36650: in vitro studies and assessment of serum bactericidal activity after single-dose administration in volunteers. AB - Ten healthy volunteers received 1 g of BRL-36650, a new formamido-penicillin derivative, given by intravenous infusion over 15 min. Levels in serum were measured microbiologically 30, 60, and 120 min after the start of the 15-min infusion and were (mean +/- standard deviation) 102.7 +/- 28.4, 59.7 +/- 11.5, and 9.6 +/- 1.9 mg/liter, respectively. A total of 10 strains each of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia spp., and Enterobacter spp. and 14 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were selected according to their susceptibility or resistance to piperacillin for the study of serum bactericidal activity (SBA). The MICs and MBCs of these strains were influenced by the choice of medium. Median SBA against E. coli and K. pneumoniae were greater than or equal to 1:2,048 and 1:512, respectively. The SBA against piperacillin-susceptible Serratia spp. (1:256), Enterobacter spp. (1:128), and P. aeruginosa (1:32) were significantly higher than against piperacillin-resistant strains (1:32, 1:8, and 1:4, respectively). Killing curves confirmed the high bactericidal activities obtained against the majority of strains. In the case of one Enterobacter sp. and one P. aeruginosa isolate with an MBC greater than or equal to 32, the absence of killing was noted. PMID- 3755315 TI - In vitro activity of BRL 36650, a new semisynthetic penicillin. AB - BRL 36650 [sodium 6 beta-(D-2-[(4-ethyl-2, 3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carbonylamino]-2 (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) acetamido)-6 alpha-formamido-penicillinate] is a new semisynthetic penicillin. It was tested in vitro for activity against 884 organisms cultured from blood specimens of cancer patients. BRL 36650 had broad spectrum activity against the gram-negative bacilli tested but had no gram positive activity. The MIC against 90% of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates was 3.12 micrograms/ml. The activity of BRL 36650 was superior to that of piperacillin, comparable or slightly inferior to that of aztreonam and ceftazidime, and lower than that of imipenem and amifloxacin. BRL 36650 should prove useful for the management of gram-negative bacillary infections, including those caused by P. aeruginosa. PMID- 3755316 TI - Kinetics of mineralization of phenols in lake water. AB - The kinetics of mineralization of phenol and p-nitrophenol in lake water was determined at concentrations from 200 pg/ml to 5 micrograms/ml. The mineralization data were fit by nonlinear regression to equations for 14 kinetic models that describe patterns of biodegradation by nongrowing cells or by microorganisms growing on either the test chemical or other organic substrates. The kinetics od mineralization of phenol in water samples collected in July was best described by first-order models for 0.5 ng of phenol per ml; by Monod without-growth, logistic, and logarithmic models for 1.0 and 2.0 ng/ml and 5.0 ng/ml to 1.0 micrograms/ml, respectively, if it is assumed that the mineralizing population uses phenol as the sole carbon source for growth; by models (for phenol at concentrations of 2.0 ng/ml to 1.0 micrograms/ml) that assume that the phenol-mineralizing populations do not grow or grow logarithmically or logistically on uncharacterized carbon compounds but metabolize the phenol when present at levels below and above Km, respectively, for that compound; and by a logarithmic model at 5.0 micrograms/ml. Under the test conditions, usually less than 10% of the phenol C that was metabolized was incorporated into microbial cells or retained by other particulate material in the water at substrate concentrations of 10 ng/ml or less, and the percentage increased at higher substrate concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3755317 TI - Coincident plasmids and antimicrobial resistance in marine bacteria isolated from polluted and unpolluted Atlantic Ocean samples. AB - Sewage effluent and outfall confluence samples were collected at the Barceloneta Regional Treatment Plant in Barceloneta, Puerto Rico; outfall confluence samples at Ocean City, Md., were also collected. Samples from uncontaminated open ocean areas served as clean-water controls. Bacteria were enriched in marine broth 2216 amended with 1 microgram of one of a set of chemicals selected for study per ml: nitrobenzene, dibutyl phthalate, m-cresol, o-cresol, 4-nitroaniline, bis(tributyltin) oxide, and quinone. MICs of the chemicals were determined individually for all isolates. Bacterial isolates were evaluated for resistance to nine different antibiotics and for the presence of plasmid DNA. Treated sewage was found to contain large numbers of bacteria simultaneously possessing antibiotic resistance, chemical resistance, and multiple bands of plasmid DNA. Bacteria resistant to penicillin, erythromycin, nalidixic acid, ampicillin, m cresol, quinone, and bis(tributyltin) oxide were detected in nearly all samples, but only sewage outfall confluence samples yielded bacterial isolates that were resistant to streptomycin. Bacteria resistant to a combination of antibiotics, including kanamycin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and tetracycline, were isolated only from sewage effluent samples. It is concluded that bacterial isolates derived from toxic chemical wastes more frequently contain plasmid DNA and demonstrate antimicrobial resistance than do bacterial isolates from domestic sewage-impacted waters or from uncontaminated open ocean sites. PMID- 3755318 TI - Complementary DNA and amino acid sequence of rat liver microsomal, xenobiotic epoxide hydrolase. AB - The coding nucleotide sequence for rat liver microsomal, xenobiotic epoxide hydrolase was determined from two overlapping cDNA clones, which together contain 1750 nucleotides complementary to epoxide hydrolase mRNA. The single open reading frame of 1365 nucleotides codes for a 455 amino acid polypeptide with a molecular weight of 52,581. The deduced amino acid composition agrees well with those determined by direct amino acid analysis of the rat protein, and the amino acid sequence is 81% identical to that of rabbit epoxide hydrolase. Analysis of codon usage for epoxide hydrolase, and that of rabbit epoxide hydrolase. Analysis of codon usage for epoxide hydrolase, and comparison to codon usage for NADPH cytochrome P-450 oxidoreductase and cytochromes P-450b, P-450d, and P-450PCN, suggest that epoxide hydrolase is more conserved than cytochromes P-450b and P 450PCN; comparison of the extent of sequence conservation for 12 homologous proteins between the rat and rabbit, including cytochrome P-450b, supports this hypothesis, and indicates that much of epoxide hydrolase is constrained to maintain its hydrophobic character, consistent with its intramembranous location. The predicted membrane topology of epoxide hydrolase delineates 6 membrane spanning segments, less than the 8 or 10 predicted for two cytochrome P-450 isozymes; the lower number of membrane-spanning segments predicted for epoxide hydrolase correlates with its lesser dependence on the membrane for maintenance of its tertiary structure and catalytic activity. PMID- 3755319 TI - Hypersensitivity caused by synthetic thyroid hormones in a hypothyroid patient with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. AB - A 63-year-old hypothyroid woman with Hashimoto's thyroiditis developed fever, eosinophilia, and liver dysfunction in response to replacement doses of triiodothyronine, or L-thyroxine. The symptoms disappeared on cessation of the replacement therapy. Lymphocyte stimulation tests showed high stimulation indexes for both hormones. After an interval of four months, when the patient became severely hypothyroid, treatment with triiodothyronine on a slowly increasing dose program was tried and resulted in a good control without ill response at this time. This observation indicates that, under certain pathologic conditions, hypersensitivity may be induced to thyroid hormones administered exogenously. PMID- 3755320 TI - Silent thyroiditis. PMID- 3755321 TI - Laboratory tests for transplant patients. PMID- 3755322 TI - Unique finding of prostatic tissue in a benign cystic ovarian teratoma. PMID- 3755323 TI - Likelihood ratios. Another enhancement of sensitivity and specificity. PMID- 3755324 TI - Millipore filter vs cytocentrifuge for evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid. PMID- 3755325 TI - The likelihood ratio. An improved measure for reporting and evaluating diagnostic test results. AB - The principles and use of likelihood ratios are presented as an aid to the reporting and interpretation of diagnostic data. Likelihood ratios can be determined for multiple levels of test results and provide a readily comprehensible and convenient measure for computing the posttest probability of disease. Unlike sensitivity and specificity, they convey an immediate and direct description of a test's ability to revise the initial probability of disease upward or downward. By incorporating all the raw data, the use of likelihood ratios can improve the assessment of the clinical utility of test results. Their application to the diagnostic performance of serum creatine kinase concentrations in predicting patients with suspected myocardial infarction is discussed. PMID- 3755326 TI - Tyrosine-rich crystalloids in neoplasms and tissues of the head and neck. AB - Tyrosine-rich crystalloids were identified in three benign mixed tumors of the parotid gland, one terminal duct adenocarcinoma of a minor salivary gland, and the fibrous connective tissue of two laryngectomy specimens. Light and electron microscopic studies showed the crystalloids to be composed of irregular deposits of amorphous electron-dense material. In the salivary gland tumors this material was commonly associated with interstitial collagen and was found in greatest abundance near myoepithelial cells. This proximity suggests that the tyrosine rich crystalloids result from the precipitation on stromal collagen of products secreted by neoplastic myoepithelial cells. PMID- 3755327 TI - Cystic chondromalacia (endochondral pseudocyst) of the auricle. AB - We reviewed and studied the histologic features of 23 cases of pseudocysts of auricular cartilage. Our aim was to determine and describe the histologic spectrum of this condition and to delineate the histologic differential diagnostic points. Lesions for which this condition has been mistaken include relapsing polychondritis, chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis, traumatic perichondritis, hemangioma, chondroma, angiosarcoma, and chondrosarcoma. The pathologist who is familiar with the histologic patterns of this condition usually can recognize it readily. When biopsy specimens are small, and the diagnosis is uncertain, clinical features can often suggest the correct diagnosis. PMID- 3755328 TI - Testicular toxoplasmosis in two men with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). AB - Testicular infection due to Toxoplasma gondii in two young men with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome manifested as a multifocal necrotizing lesion of the testicular parenchyma. At the periphery of the necrotic area were inflammatory infiltrates consisting mainly of eosinophilic leukocytes. The Toxoplasma organisms were mainly found within the necrotic seminiferous tubules, where they were identified with periodic acid-Schiff or May-Grunwald-Giemsa stains and by electron microscopy. The histologic pattern of this orchitis is characteristic and should be suspected in patients with severe disorders of the immune response. PMID- 3755329 TI - Acute intoxication due to ibuprofen overdose. AB - A male patient ingested a single overdose of ibuprofen (greater than 20 g). The serum ibuprofen levels were 185 mg/L (897 mumol/L) and 51.6 mg/L (250 mumol/L) at ten hours and 67 hours, respectively, after ingestion. There was also an accumulation of metabolites (2-carboxyibuprofen and 2-hydroxyibuprofen) in the plasma. The patient became unresponsive and developed severe metabolic acidosis, acute renal failure, acute liver-cell injury, acute cholestasis, and thrombocytopenia. Although his course was complicated by respiratory failure, hypotension, and upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding, the patient had complete resolution of multiple organ failure. PMID- 3755330 TI - Primary intranasal Fusarium infection. Potential for confusion with rhinocerebral zygomycosis. AB - Fusarium species are saprophytic fungi that may colonize human skin and nails and may rarely cause invasive infections in traumatized tissue and in debilitated and immunocompromised patients. We report herein a case of invasive intranasal Fusarium oxysporum infection in a diabetic patient. This unusual presentation potentially can be confused with early rhinocerebral zygomycosis clinically and histologically. Distinguishing morphologic features and the possible role of diabetes in promoting this infection are discussed. PMID- 3755331 TI - Multiple myeloma with unusual intracranial manifestations. AB - We report a unique case of meningeal involvement of multiple myeloma in a 49-year old man. The patient developed weakness late in the course of his disease, and a computed tomographic scan revealed intracranial masses. At postmortem examination these tumors were the predominant extramedullary manifestation of the patient's anaplastic myeloma. To our knowledge this is the first case of intracranial myeloma composed of multiple, discrete masses. PMID- 3755332 TI - Malacoplakia of Bartholin's gland. AB - Two cases of malacoplakia involving Bartholin's glands occurred in postmenopausal women. Grossly the lesions were ovoid cysts with rubbery, soft walls. Microscopically there were sheets of von Hansemann's histiocytes and rare Michaelis-Gutmann bodies. After surgical excision, both patients remained asymptomatic. These cases involving Bartholin's glands are, to our knowledge, the first reported in the female genital tract. PMID- 3755333 TI - Histiocytic appearance of metastatic lobular breast carcinoma. AB - Autopsy findings in a case of widely disseminated lobular breast carcinoma showed an unusual histiocytoid appearance in metastases to the uterus and parathyroid gland. This morphology for breast carcinoma has been previously reported in eyelid metastases. Recognition of this pattern in other metastatic sites has important diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Problems might have arisen if the polypoid uterine mass had been the presenting lesion during life. We also review the occurrence of metastatic breast carcinoma in the uterus and parathyroid gland. PMID- 3755334 TI - Metastasizing basal cell carcinoma of the nipple. AB - A case of basal cell carcinoma of the nipple metastatic to axillary lymph nodes in a 59-year-old man is reported. It is important to realize the malignant potential of basal cell carcinoma when it occurs in the nipple in consideration of more aggressive treatment than simple excision. A case report and review of the literature are presented. PMID- 3755335 TI - The coming surfactant era in neonatology: report of a Ross conference. PMID- 3755336 TI - The problem of local control in patients with advance breast cancer--a combined modality approach. PMID- 3755337 TI - Neoplasms in two racing pigeons. AB - A large ovarian papillary adenocarcinoma occurred in a 7-year-old female racing pigeon; a multicentric lymphosarcoma was found in the tissues of a 14-year-old female racing pigeon. PMID- 3755338 TI - 1-Stearyl,2-stearoylaminodeoxy phosphatidylcholine, a potent reversible inhibitor of phospholipase A2. AB - 1-stearyl, 2-stearoylaminodeoxy phosphatidylcholine, a structurally modified phospholipid substrate analog exhibits potent and reversible inhibition of phospholipase A2 from cobra venom (N. naja naja). The apparent KI values determined in two different assay systems employing phosphatidylcholine surfactant mixed micelles are in reasonable agreement (40 microM and 16 microM) and indicate that the inhibitor binds to the enzyme as much as two orders of magnitude more tightly than does dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. With phosphatidylethanolamine as substrate, the kinetics are more complicated as the analog also exhibits activation, presumably at a second binding site on the enzyme. PMID- 3755339 TI - Identification of cDNA clones for ligninase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium using synthetic oligonucleotide probes. AB - Four cDNA clones for ligninase were isolated from the cDNA library (constructed into the PstI site of E. coli vector pUC9) representing 6 day-old lignin degrading culture of Phanerochaete chrysosporium by the use of three synthetic oligonucleotide probes corresponding to partial amino acid sequences of tryptic peptides of the ligninase. Each of the three probes, 14.1, 14.2 and 25, represents a mixture of 32 12- or 14-base long oligonucleotides. Three cDNA clones hybridized with probe 14.1 but not with probe 25 or 14.2, but one cDNA clone hybridized with all of the three probes. Differential hybridization studies showed that these clones are unique to 6-day poly(A) RNA, but not to 2-day poly(A) RNA. PMID- 3755340 TI - Biochemical pharmacology of pirenzepine. Similarities with tricyclic antidepressants in antimuscarinic effects only. AB - 5,11-Dihydro-11-[(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl) acetyl]-6H-pyrido[2,3-b][-1,4] benzodiazepin-6-one dihydrochloride (pirenzepine, Gastrozepin) and some tricyclic antidepressant drugs which show a very close relationship concerning the chemical structure were investigated in numerous binding, uptake and enzymatic studies in vitro. With pirenzepine a high affinity binding could be demonstrated only to muscarinic receptors (Ki = 58 nmol/l). In all other studies pirenzepine had a very weak or no effect at all. In contrast, tricyclic antidepressants bound with high but different affinities to various receptors as known from numerous publications. The highest affinities were found with imipramine at the specific imipramine binding sites (Ki = 9.8 nmol/l) and at the alpha 1-receptor (Ki = 39 nmol/l), with desipramine at the muscarinic receptors (Ki = 88 nmol/l), with mianserin at the H1-(Ki = 3.4 nmol/l) and 5HT2-receptors (Ki = 7.3 nmol/l). Moreover, imipramine and desipramine showed their known substantial inhibition of noradrenaline and/or 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake. Thus, a homogeneous affinity or activity profile of the antidepressants studied does not exist. The only common property of pirenzepine and the tricyclic antidepressants was found to be the high affinity binding to the muscarinic receptors which might explain the common antisecretory action of these agents. Because of the unique specificity of pirenzepine lacking all other effects of the tricyclic antidepressants as demonstrated in this study, it is very unlikely that this drug exerts any antidepressant-like central action. PMID- 3755341 TI - Hearing aid software selection: a comparative analysis. PMID- 3755342 TI - Evaluation of electrosurgical meniscectomy in rabbits. AB - Recently, electrosurgical cutting instruments utilizing radiofrequency energy have been designed as arthroscopic devices for cutting meniscal tissue. This study attempted to determine the in vivo gross and microscopic effects of radiofrequency energy on meniscal tissue in rabbits. Twelve adult New Zealand white rabbits (48 menisci) underwent bilateral knee arthrotomies. Ten rabbits (40 menisci) underwent partial meniscectomies in which one half of each meniscus in the longitudinal plane was removed with the electrosurgical generator. Two control rabbits underwent arthrotomy without resection of meniscal tissue. At specific time intervals, the rabbits were killed, and the menisci were removed. The gross specimens were photographed, and microscopic sections of each meniscus were fixed and stained. Specimens were evaluated to determine the cellular and vascular response to the electrosurgical cut edge of each meniscus. The microscopic specimens revealed that the radiofrequency cutting instruments produced a small degree of direct thermal damage to the cut meniscus. A tissue response producing a hypercellular dense collagen matrix was present for approximately 3 months. The spontaneous repair of tissue was complete by 6 months, and the histologic 6-month specimens could not be distinguished from the 6-month control specimens except with respect to the overall width of the specimens. PMID- 3755343 TI - Arthroscopic review of meniscal repair: assessment of healing parameters. AB - The purpose of this study was to demonstrate what can be learned by repeat arthroscopy of meniscal repairs with regard to documenting healing, determining reasons for failure to heal, and discovering the fate of nonabsorbable suture material. The study involved 14 patients with 16 repairs who had repeat arthroscopy an average of 7.5 months after repair. Nonabsorbable suture was used in 14 of the repairs. Eleven repairs were done arthroscopically, and five were open. Charts and videotapes of both procedures were reviewed. Results showed 56% of repairs had healed, 25% had partially healed, and 13% had not healed. This is unusually slanted toward bad results for meniscal repair because the knees were usually rearthroscoped due to continued or recurrent problems. Most of the approximately 200 original patients were not symptomatic enough to warrant or submit to rearthroscopy. No damage to articular surfaces was found due to use of nonabsorbable sutures. These sutures become completely or partially incorporated into the meniscus. Meniscal repairs at risk for healing problems were set apart by an analysis of those cases with healing problems, including repairs of multiple longitudinal tears, tears greater than 40 mm in length, and tears in unstable knees. It should be emphasized that these conclusions only suggest a trend. Numbers are too few for statistical significance. PMID- 3755344 TI - Arthroscopy in acute injuries of anterior cruciate-deficient knees: fresh and old intraarticular lesions. AB - Sixty-four patients out of a much larger population who presented within 2 weeks of an acute injury to the knee were found at arthroscopy to have either a chronic tear or chronic incompetent anterior cruciate ligament (group I, 32 patients) or to have an acutely torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) (group II, 32 patients). Arthroscopy of both groups allowed the author to compare and contrast the lesions found in each group. Chondromalacia of the femorotibial joint is significantly more frequent in chronic ACL-deficient knees (p less than 0.05), and there is a tendency to degenerative meniscus lesions and chondromalacia patella in these knees too. PMID- 3755345 TI - A multimodal system for reconstruction and quantification of neurologic structures. AB - The utility of computers and computer graphics as aids in the study of nervous system architecture is growing. However, modern histologic, immunocytologic and biochemical methods for revealing the underlying microarchitecture and macroarchitecture of the nervous system yield data formats requiring disparate computer acquisition, analysis and display approaches, capable of spanning many orders of magnitude of scale. This paper describes the Image Graphics Laboratory data acquisition, processing and display system, whose various components and programs may be used singly or in concert to enable definition of various tissue properties at different levels of resolution and integration. Examples are given of the system's use in light microscopic two-dimensional and three-dimensional reconstructions, autoradiographic reconstructions, reconstructions from projected images, reconstructions of impregnated cells (e.g., whole neurons) and peripheral nerve image analysis. PMID- 3755346 TI - Selective cytotoxic lesions of the hippocampal formation and DRL performance in rats. AB - Rats were given injections of ibotenic acid that made lesions of neurons throughout the hippocampus (CHC), or restricted to area CA3 (CA3), or to the subiculum (SUB), and were trained to lever press on a differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL) schedule. Their performance efficiency was compared with that of sham-operated (SO) rats in three experiments. Acquisition of DRL 12 s was only slightly impaired by any of the lesions. Increasing the DRL requirement to 18 s did not affect asymptotic efficiency of responding in the SO, CA3, or SUB group but markedly reduced efficiency in the CHC group. Administration of scopolamine reduced efficiency to the same extent in rats in all surgical treatment groups. It is concluded that hippocampal lesions made with ibotenic acid resemble conventional hippocampal lesions in their behavioral effects on DRL performance; that the behavioral effects of scopolamine administration do not appear to depend on disruption of activity of cholinoceptive cells in the hippocampal formation; and that DRL schedules, although highly sensitive to septohippocampal system disruption, discriminate more between the extent than the location of lesions in the system. PMID- 3755347 TI - Clinical pharmacology of atracurium given in high dose. AB - The safety and efficacy of atracurium 0.8 mg kg-1 was determined in healthy patients with particular attention to the speed of onset of blockade, and to changes in haemodynamic variables. Atracurium 0.8 mg kg-1 had a shorter onset time than atracurium 0.5 mg kg-1, and satisfactory intubating conditions were achieved earlier. "Priming" produced no significant improvement in onset time or intubating conditions. Onset times were significantly shorter with nitrous oxide opioid anaesthesia than following thiopentone alone. Although a 0.8-mg kg-1 bolus resulted in a significant reduction in mean arterial pressure to 75% of control and was associated with a significant increase in plasma histamine concentrations, this response could be prevented by injecting the drug over 75 s. "Priming" or a 30-s injection produced no haemodynamic protection. The protection achieved by pretreatment with anti-histamines was incomplete: mean arterial pressure decreased to 83% of control. PMID- 3755348 TI - Effect of intrathecal morphine on the adrenocortical and hyperglycaemic responses to upper abdominal surgery. AB - Changes in plasma cortisol concentration and serum glucose concentration were measured in a group of 10 patients given intrathecal morphine 0.8 mg before cholecystectomy and the results compared with those from a control group of 10 patients receiving papaveretum i.v. during the operative procedure. Intrathecal morphine had no effect upon the hyperglycaemic response to surgery, but attenuated the increase in serum cortisol concentration. PMID- 3755349 TI - Elimination of atracurium in man v. rat. PMID- 3755350 TI - Alpha thalassaemia in an Italian population. AB - The incidence of alpha-thalassaemia in an Italian population has been determined by a survey of random cord bloods for the presence of Hb Bart's. 144 out of 4730 (3%) had detectable amounts of Hb Bart's. Furthermore, alpha-globin gene analysis of 100 random cord bloods showed that five out of 100 had the common type of alpha-thalassaemia caused by a single alpha-globin gene deletion (-alpha). The molecular basis of alpha-thalassaemia was also determined in a selected group of 34 newborns with detectable levels of Hb Bart's. 25 of these cases had the -alpha 3.7 deletion type of alpha-thalassaemia and nine had nondeletion types of alpha thalassaemia in four of which the molecular defect was detectable directly by restriction enzyme analysis. PMID- 3755351 TI - ARFAR: a person years at risk program. PMID- 3755352 TI - Parental age and risk of complete and partial hydatidiform mole. AB - The relation between age of parents and the risk of complete and partial hydatidiform mole was examined using data from a case-control study conducted in Northern Italy of 149 histologically confirmed complete moles, 45 partial moles and 306 controls subjects who delivered normal babies. Compared to women aged 21 to 35, the relative risk (RR) of complete mole was elevated for teenage women (RR = 1.9) and for those aged 36-40 (RR = 1.9) or over 40 (RR = 7.5). There was no association between women's age and partial mole. Likewise, older paternal age (greater than 45) was related with the risk of complete mole (RR = 4.9, though allowance for women's age reduced this point estimate to 2.9), but not of partial mole. The present findings indicate that there are important differences in the epidemiology of complete and partial hydatidiform mole. PMID- 3755354 TI - The assessment of persistent bradycardia in prenatal life. PMID- 3755353 TI - Uterine activity in myotonia dystrophica. Case report. PMID- 3755355 TI - The duration of lochia. AB - The duration of lochia and its association with a number of obstetric variables was studied in 236 women. Each woman completed a diary sheet describing the colour and duration of her lochia for up to 60 days post partum. The phases of lochia were divided according to the classical description; lochia rubra, serosa and alba. The median total duration of lochia was 33 days, lochia rubra 4 days and lochia serosa 22 days. Lochia persisted to 60 days in 13% of women. The duration of lochia was shorter in parous women and women with smaller babies. PMID- 3755356 TI - 113Cd NMR study of bovine prothrombin fragment 1 and factor X. AB - The interaction of Cd2+ with bovine prothrombin fragment 1, prothrombin intermediate 1, factor X, and a modified (Gla-domainless) factor X has been studied with 113Cd NMR. All the 113Cd resonances observed in this study were in the chemical shift range expected for oxygen ligands, suggesting that cadmium is binding at the same sites where calcium binds. Both fragment 1 and factor X displayed two major resonances, one near 10 ppm from 113Cd2+ that did not exchange rapidly with unbound 113Cd2+ (the high-affinity, or H, resonance) and one near -15 ppm from 113Cd2+ that exchanged rapidly with unbound 113Cd2+ (the low-affinity, or L, resonance). The difference between the chemical shift of the H resonance and the chemical shift range of -90 to -125 ppm that has been reported for three other small calcium-binding proteins is postulated to be due to different coordination geometries for monocarboxylate and dicarboxylate ligands; Cd2+ binds to fragment 1 and factor X through the dicarboxylate side chains of gamma-carboxyglutamate (Gla) residues. This allows contribution of only one oxygen per carboxyl group. At least one of the first few 113Cd2+ ions bound to fragment 1 did not appear in the 113Cd NMR spectrum until a total of five 113Cd2+ had been added. This could be due to exchange broadening of initial 113Cd2+ resonances due to sharing of ligands among several sites. Filling all sites would then restrict ligand exchange. Addition of Zn2+ displaced 113Cd2+ from the H resonance sites. Factor X did not display the interactions among ion binding sites proposed for fragment 1. PMID- 3755357 TI - Phospholipids chiral at phosphorus: Fourier-transform infrared study on the gel liquid crystalline transition of chiral thiophosphatidylcholine. AB - Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to study the structural properties of Rp, Sp, and Rp + Sp isomers of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3 thiophosphocholine (DPPsC), in comparison with those of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC). For the vibrational modes of acyl chains, isomers of DPPsC show similar temperature and phase dependence to DPPC. However, the Rp isomer of DPPsC exhibits several unique properties: the CH2 symmetric stretching band is unusually weak, the CH2 asymmetric stretching band is unusually narrow, and the CH2 wagging bands do not disappear completely at temperatures above the main transition. These differences could imply a tighter packing and be responsible for the unique phase-transition property of (Rp) DPPsC. For the vibrational modes of the thiophosphodiester group, the frequency of the P-O stretching mode of DPPsC suggests that the POS- triad exists predominantly in the mesomeric form. This is in contrast to the structure of nucleoside phosphorothioates where charge localization at sulfur has been demonstrated [Iyengar, R., Eckstein, F., & Frey, P. A. (1984) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 106, 8309-8310]. This suggests that the different biophysical properties between isomers of DPPsC are not due to different charge distribution in the POS- triad or different geometry of charge distribution on the membrane surface. Instead, factors such as size or hydration property of oxygen and sulfur, as well as the different configuration at phosphorus, could be responsible for the differences in the conformation and packing of acyl chains, as revealed by the different properties in the CH2 stretching and wagging modes of DPPsC. PMID- 3755358 TI - Poly(N-acetyllactosaminyl) oligosaccharides in glycoproteins of PC12 pheochromocytoma cells and sympathetic neurons. AB - Endo-beta-galactosidase treatment of glycopeptides derived from the trypsinate and membranes of PC12 pheochromocytoma cells and cultured sympathetic neurons demonstrated the presence of poly(N-acetyllactosaminyl) units on tri- and tetraantennary oligosaccharides, some of which have a core fucose residue and a 2,6-substituted alpha-linked mannose residue. Nerve growth factor induced differentiation of the PC12 cells led to a small but significant decrease in the proportion of these oligosaccharides. Poly(N-acetyllactosaminyl) oligosaccharides were also identified in a major 230 000-Da cell-surface glycoprotein (the nerve growth factor inducible large external, or NILE, glycoprotein) of PC12 cells and appear to account for much or all of the difference in size between this glycoprotein as compared to the immunochemically cross-reactive 205 000-Da species present in postnatal brain. Glycoproteins containing poly(N acetyllactosaminyl) oligosaccharides were selectively labeled by treatment of PC12 cells with endo-beta-galactosidase to expose N-acetylglucosamine residues, followed by incubation with galactosyltransferase and UDP-[14C]galactose. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography revealed the presence of a number of distinct PC12 cell glycoproteins that contain these oligosaccharides and have apparent molecular weights in the range of 25 000-250 000. Treatment of PC12 cells with nerve growth factor (NGF) altered the relative labeling of several of the glycoprotein bands, with a time course similar to the effects of NGF on neurite outgrowth.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3755359 TI - Phospholipid packing asymmetry in curved membranes detected by fluorescence spectroscopy. AB - There are distinct differences in the molecular packing of phospholipid molecules in the inner and outer membrane monolayers of small lipid vesicles; a small radius of curvature imparts an asymmetry to the interface between these two monolayers. I have used an amphiphilic fluorescent probe, N-[5 (dimethylamino)naphthalenyl-1-sulfonyl]glycine (dansylglycine), to determine if this asymmetry in molecular packing leads to the existence of different environments for fluorescent probes resident in the membrane. Dansylglycine is highly sensitive to the dielectric constant of its environment, and the fluorescence signal from membrane-bound dye is distinct from that in the aqueous medium. When dansylglycine is first mixed with vesicles, it rapidly partitions into the outer monolayer; the subsequent movement of dye into the inner monolayer is much slower. Because of the time lag between the initial partitioning and the subsequent translocation, it is possible to measure the emission spectrum from membrane-bound dye before and after translocation, thus distinguishing the two potential environments for dansylglycine molecules. In the outer membrane monolayer of small dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles, dye fluorescence emission is maximal at 530 nm, corresponding to a dielectric constant of 7 for the medium surrounding the fluorophore. For dye in the inner monolayer, emission is maximal at 519 nm, corresponding to a dielectric constant of 4.7. The results suggest that water molecules are excluded more efficiently from the dye binding sites of the inner membrane monolayer than they are from those of the outer monolayer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3755360 TI - Bilirubin diffusion through lipid membranes. AB - The possibility that bilirubin can diffuse through lipid bilayers is investigated with liposomes prepared from dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), egg phosphatidylcholine (egg PC) with 22 mole percent cholesterol, and a lipid extract preparation from N115 neuroblastoma cells. Liposomes were prepared with internalized bilirubin and bovine or human serum albumin, and bilirubin efflux into an exogenous solution of human serum albumin was measured. Efflux from DPPC liposomes was significantly higher above the phase transition temperature than below it. This change was dependent on the lipid undergoing a phase transition and could not be accounted for by 6 K change in temperature. Maximum bilirubin efflux from egg PC-cholesterol liposomes was found to depend on the relative internal and external albumin pools, suggesting an equilibrium distribution of bilirubin between them. These observations demonstrate that bilirubin can diffuse freely through these lipid membranes. PMID- 3755361 TI - Age-related changes in calcium and phosphorus uptake by rat small intestine. AB - The purpose of these experiments was to determine whether there are changes in intestinal Ca and P uptake with age and whether the regulation of Ca and P uptake changes with age. Experiments were performed in male Fischer 344 rats aged 2-3 months (young), 12-14 months (adult) and 22-24 months (old). Ca and P uptake were measured simultaneously by incubating everted intestinal sacs in a buffered salt solution containing radiolabeled 0.25 mM Ca and 1.0 mM P for 15 min. Ca uptake declined by over 50% with age in the duodenum, and P uptake showed a similar decline in both the duodenum and jejunum. The biggest decrease was seen between the young and adult age groups. These decreases in uptake were paralleled by decreases in serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D with age. Administration of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D-3 increased Ca uptake by 50-65% in the duodenum and increased P uptake by 85-120% in the duodenum and jejunum of both young and adult rats. Although 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 increased uptake by about the same percentage in each age group, the maximal uptake was much greater in the young than in the adult. Feeding a low-Ca diet increased duodenal Ca uptake by 68% and increased serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D over 2-fold in young rats. There was no significant increase in either parameter in adult rats fed a low-Ca diet. However, duodenal P uptake was stimulated by a low-Ca diet by 87% in young rats and by 51% in adult rats. These results demonstrate that there is an age-related decline in Ca and P uptake by the intestinal mucosa. In addition, there is decreased capacity of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D-3 and a low-Ca diet to stimulate intestinal uptake in the adult. PMID- 3755362 TI - Numerical studies of unreactive contractile networks. AB - We present a finite difference algorithm for integrating the reactive flow model of contractile biological polymer networks on a fixed Eulerian mesh. We discuss the accuracy and limits of the algorithm. To illustrate the application of the algorithm, we carry out a family of computations involving an unreactive contractile network contained in a two-dimensional square reaction vessel. By numerical experiments using different values of the physical parameters of the model, we find that for this simple sort of system two major dynamical modes of contraction are predicted to occur. There is the squeezing type contraction in which the network contracts to a single small clump with gradual expulsion of solution material, and the rending type contraction in which the network tears itself into a number of separate pieces. We find that to a good approximation the transition between the squeezing mode and the rending mode is controlled by a single nondimensional number (the rending number). We discuss the relevance of these results for the analysis of various experimental observations. PMID- 3755363 TI - [Thyroid cancer in Champagne-Ardenne: 1967-1984. Epidemiologic findings in a regional register]. AB - Between 1967 and 1984, 600 cases of clinically diagnosed thyroid carcinoma were collected in an area (Champagne-Ardenne) of about 1,500,000 inhabitants. During this period, the complete collection of the cases was progressively ensured by involving all the general practitioners and by creating a cooperative multidisciplinary group. The collected data were sex, age at diagnosis, histological classification and clinical extension in TNM system. We found 19 patients with previous neck irradiation. Thyroid cancer was diagnosed in association with thyrotoxicosis in 36 patients: 13 Graves disease and 23 nodular hyperthyroidism. Incidence rates were estimated on a well defined population of two districts (850,000 inhabitants) and limited to the last four years. The following results were obtained: incidence 4.3/100,000/year, age-specific incidence progressively increasing up to a value of 10/000,000/year in the course of the fifth decade. Sex-ratio was 0.26. PMID- 3755364 TI - Actions of the verapamil analogues, anipamil and ronipamil, against ischaemia induced arrhythmias in conscious rats. AB - Two analogues of verapamil, ronipamil and anipamil, were tested for their ability to reduce arrhythmias induced by occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery in conscious rats. Only anipamil (50 and 150 mg kg-1 orally) produced a statistically significant reduction in arrhythmias; it was most effective against ventricular fibrillation. Ronipamil at the same doses had limited antiarrhythmic actions. Only anipamil delayed the development of ECG signs of ischaemia, while both drugs reduced the magnitude of such changes. Anipamil has a more favourable ratio of antiarrhythmic to hypotensive effects when compared with verapamil. PMID- 3755366 TI - The depolarizing action of 5-hydroxytryptamine on rabbit vagal afferent and sympathetic neurones in vitro and its selective blockade by ICS 205-930. AB - Depolarizing responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were recorded from rabbit nodose (NG) and superior cervical (SCG) ganglia using the sucrose-gap technique. The antagonist potency and selectivity of ICS 205-930 ([3 alpha-tropanyl]-1H indole-3-carboxylic acid ester) were investigated. In NG, 5-HT (5 to 80 nmol) evoked depolarizations of graded amplitude. The ED50 was 18.2 (10.9-30.5) nmol (geometric mean, 95% confidence limits). Responses were blocked surmountably by ICS 205-930, 10(-11) and 10(-10) M, the threshold for blockade being below 10( 11) M. Parallel, rightward shifts in dose-response curves were seen with these concentrations of antagonist, but at higher concentrations (10(-9) and 10(-8) M) there was a further rightward shift with reduction in slope and maximum of the curves. In SCG, where 5-HT (20 to 320 nmol) evoked depolarizations of graded amplitude and the ED50 was 55.8 (22.3-139.6) nmol (geometric mean, 95% confidence limits), ICS 205-930 had a similar inhibitory effect to that observed in NG. The apparent pA2 values for the surmountable blockade produced by ICS 205-930 at concentrations of 10(-11) and 10(-10) M were 10.2 +/- 0.2 for NG and 10.4 +/- 0.1 for SCG (means +/- s.e. mean). ICS 205-930 was selective in its action since it had no effect on dimethylphenylpiperazinium (DMPP) responses in either ganglion or on GABA responses in NG. This study provides quantitative evidence on the blocking action of ICS 205-930 at neuronal 5-HT receptors using a technique that allows the depolarizing responses evoked by the amine to be directly recorded. PMID- 3755367 TI - Strangulated hernia containing an infantile uterus. PMID- 3755365 TI - Neuropeptide Y: a powerful modulator of epithelial ion transport. AB - Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a major gut peptide localized in the intestinal mucosa of several mammalian species. Ileal mucosa from rabbit and guinea-pig was mounted in Ussing chambers in order to study the effect of NPY on short circuit current. Neuropeptide Y inhibited the short circuit current when applied to the serosal side of the tissue. The maximum change in short circuit current was -50 +/- 6 microA cm-2 in the rabbit ileum and -49 +/- 14 microA cm-2 in the guinea-pig ileum. The EC50 was 3 X 10(-8) M in both species. Pretreatment of rabbit ileum with the alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, yohimbine (1 X 10(-6) M) for 10 min did not reduce the response of the tissue to neuropeptide Y (1 X 10(-7) M). When applied serosally to rabbit ileal mucosa, the related peptide YY caused a maximum change in short circuit current of -60 +/- 13 microA cm-2; the EC50 was 2 X 10( 9) M. Isotopic flux studies in rabbit ileum showed that 1 X 10(-7) M neuropeptide Y enhanced mucosal-to-serosal Na+ and Cl- fluxes and reduced serosal-to-mucosal Cl- flux. Replacement of chloride with gluconate on both sides of the tissue significantly reduced the change in short circuit current produced by neuropeptide Y (1 X 10(-7) M), as did a similar replacement of bicarbonate. It is concluded that neuropeptide Y and peptide YY are the most potent neurotransmitters or hormones so far described in their ability to attenuate electrogenic transport in the small intestine. PMID- 3755368 TI - Long-term retention of Fast Blue in sympathetic neurones after axotomy and regeneration--demonstration of incorrect reconnections. AB - Using the fluorescent dyes Fast Blue and Diamidino Yellow to trace neuronal connections, the regeneration of the superior cervical ganglionic neurones after axotomy has been examined. Fast Blue has the property of remaining within the neuronal perikaryon for many months after its retrograde axonal transport, even after transection of the axon. Thus, Fast Blue can be used to label neurones as to their original target and Diamidino Yellow subsequently used to demonstrate the specificity of reconnection. The results suggest that apparent return of appropriate function occurs in the presence of a large component of inappropriate reconnections. PMID- 3755369 TI - A comparison of regional somatostatin and neuropeptide Y distribution in rat striatum and brain. AB - Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) and neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity (NPYLI) were detected using specific radioimmunoassays in extracts from rat brain. Since we have previously found a topographic distribution of SLI in rat striatum the distribution of NPYLI was examined in the same regions. NPYLI showed an identical distribution to SLI in rat striatum and levels were significantly correlated (r = 0.93, P less than 0.01). Concentrations of both neuropeptides were consistently highest in ventromedial striatum and nucleus accumbens while they were lowest in dorsolateral striatum. These findings provide further evidence of neurochemical heterogeneity in the striatum. Concentrations of NPYLI and SLI were also significantly correlated in cerebral cortex (r = 0.99, P less than 0.01). Concentrations of NPYLI were generally higher than SLI and showed a similar predilection for limbic system nuclei. The present findings support the concept that somatostatin and neuropeptide Y may be co-localized in both striatal and cortical neurons. PMID- 3755370 TI - Pulmonary surfactant activity after severe steam inhalation injury in rabbits. AB - Lung water content, Pao2, surface tension (in terms of hysteresis) and lecithin content of both bronchial irrigation fluid and lung homogenates were determined after severe steam inhalation injury in rabbits. At the time of a decrease in Pao2 and an increase in lung water content there was a moderate fall in pulmonary surfactant activity; as shown by a progressive decrease in the area of the hysteresis loop and a decrease of the lecithin content in both bronchial irrigation fluid and lung homogenate. It is proposed that a fall in pulmonary surfactant activity plays an important role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary oedema after inhalation injury. Successive determinations of lecithin content and/or surface tension of bronchial irrigation fluid are recommended as early diagnostic and prognostic aids in severe inhalation injury. PMID- 3755371 TI - Analysis of the extracellular protein and fluid shifts in burned patients. AB - An algorithm is presented for the qualitative and quantitative study of the variations in the distribution of the extracellular fluids and proteins between the vascular and interstitial spaces in burned patients using the values of the haematocrit, plasma protein concentration, fluid replacements and diuresis, measurements that are usually made in these type of patients. The observed fluid and protein shifts are indicative of the capillary dynamics of the burned patient and are in agreement with the known pathophysiology of the thermal injury. They provide a further means of studying the response of the patient to the treatment. The reliability of the algorithm has been assessed by comparing, retrospectively, the clinical progress with the results obtained in 39 patients, divided in four groups according to the burn surface area, as well as with experimental results gathered from the scientific/medical literature. PMID- 3755372 TI - Lymphoma simulating uveitis (masquerade syndrome). AB - The authors present three recent cases of intraocular lymphoma. All three patients presented with apparent hypopyon and uveitis. Although the diagnosis was a difficult one to make, an aspiration of the anterior chamber with appropriate cytologic studies was conclusive in one case. The neoplasm may masquerade as any type of intraocular inflammation, anterior or posterior. We discuss the management and prognosis of these patients and review 68 cases from the world literature. Radiation therapy plays an important palliative role in this condition. PMID- 3755373 TI - Close relationship of the major excreted protein of transformed murine fibroblasts to thiol-dependent cathepsins. AB - Complementary DNA clones corresponding to 638 nucleotides of the messenger RNA encoding the major portion of murine major excreted protein have been isolated and sequenced. The amino acid sequence of a part of the murine major excreted protein deduced from the DNA sequence reveals substantial and significant homology with the cysteine proteases actinidin, rat cathepsin H, and papain. Since the amount of murine major excreted protein secreted by cultured cells is often enhanced by transformation, it is implicated in oncogenic phenomena and may play a role in the metastatic process by virtue of its proteolytic activity. PMID- 3755374 TI - Different metastatic phenotypes in two genetic classes of wheat germ agglutinin resistant tumor cell mutants. AB - Spontaneous wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-resistant mutants of the highly metastatic tumor line MDAY-D2 have been grouped into two classes by (a) genetic complimentation in somatic cell hybrids, (b) lectin binding to plasma membrane glycoproteins, and (c) metastatic phenotypes. Class 1 mutants were recessive in somatic cell hybrids between mutant and wild type cells; they were poorly metastatic in an organ colonization assay and nonmetastatic in the spontaneous metastasis assay. The class 1 mutants had prematurely truncated asparagine-linked oligosaccharides terminating in N-acetylglucosamine, rather than the sialylated N acetyllactosamine found in wild type cells. The class 2 mutation was dominant in somatic cell hybrids between mutant and wild type cells. The cell lines retained the highly metastatic phenotype in both organ colonization and spontaneous metastasis assays. The plasma membrane glycoproteins of the class 2 mutants were similar to those of MDAY-D2 cells including the presence of sialylated polylactosamine-containing antennae in the asparagine-linked oligosaccharide. However, the cells synthesized N-glycolylneuraminic acid rather than the N acetylneuraminic acid, a form of sialic acid that does not bind WGA. Previous studies by other investigators have shown that lectin-resistant mutants selected in WGA were often less metastatic than their respective wild type cell. Our results demonstrate that the loss of metastatic potential in WGA-resistant mutants of MDAY-D2 depends on the phenotypic class of the isolates and their characteristic changes in glycoconjugate structure. PMID- 3755375 TI - Intestinal cryptosporidiosis: a complication of cancer treatment. PMID- 3755376 TI - Use of intrathecal hyaluronidase in the management of tuberculous meningitis with hydrocephalus. AB - A preliminary study to evaluate the efficacy of intrathecal hyaluronidase was carried out in nine children suffering from tuberculous meningitis with communicating hydrocephalus. This was followed by a randomized trial in which five cases were treated with intrathecal hyaluronidase, while six cases were treated by the insertion of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. No untoward reaction of any significance was noted. The results were judged in terms of improvement in the sensorium and mentation, in specific neurological deficit (e.g., visual impairment and hemiparesis), and in overall functional performance. Although most of the patients receiving hyaluronidase showed some improvement in the sensorium, only one of the nine preliminary cases and one of the five cases in the randomized trial showed a total recovery of function. Two of the six shunted patients, however, showed complete recovery. Shunt insertion led to further improvement in two of the nine preliminary cases who had failed to respond to treatment with hyaluronidase. This preliminary study shows that intrathecal hyaluronidase does, in most cases, lead to an improvement in the sensorium but does not offer any particular advantage over shunt insertion in terms of regression of specific neurological deficit or overall functional improvement. PMID- 3755377 TI - Purulent meningitis in the newborn. AB - Neonatal meningitis is characterized by unusual clinical manifestations caused by unusual organisms (with a marked predominance of gram-negative organisms), a poor prognosis due to the failure of antibiotics to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, and frequent complications (ventriculitis, hydrocephalus, and brain damage). The literature is reviewed and our personal experience described. The clinical and bacteriological findings, the complications and results of various therapeutic regimes, and the factors affecting prognosis are discussed. PMID- 3755378 TI - Genetic complementation of a glucocorticoid receptor deficiency by expression of cloned receptor cDNA. AB - We isolated and sequenced 6.3 kb of cDNA encoding that rat glucocorticoid receptor, a protein that binds and activates a class of hormone-dependent transcriptional enhancers. Receptor-containing cells produce receptor mRNAs of approximately equal to 6.5 kb and approximately equal to 4.8 kb that differ only in their 3' nontranslated regions; an open reading frame of 795 amino acids resides within the 5' portion of the transcripts. The coding region was expressed in vitro, in transient transfections, and in stable transfectants of a receptor deficient cell line. The protein products are indistinguishable from bona fide receptor with respect to sedimentation and electrophoretic mobility, antibody reactivity, and hormone and DNA binding. Moreover, the cloned receptor protein activates its corresponding enhancers, restoring to the receptor-deficient cells the full capacity for regulated enhancement. PMID- 3755379 TI - Cloning and expression of multiple protein kinase C cDNAs. AB - Three different protein kinase C related cDNA clones were isolated from a rat brain cDNA library and designated PKC-I, PKC-II, and PKC-III. These each encode very similar, but distinct, polypeptides that contain a region homologous with other protein kinases. COS cells transfected with either PKC-I or PKC-II specifically bind at least 5-fold more 3H-PDBu (phorbol ester) than control cells. An increase in Ca2+, phosphatidylserine, and diacylglycerol/phorbol-ester dependent protein kinase activity is also observed in COS cells transfected with either PKC-I or PKC-II. The physiological implications of the discovery of three protein-kinase-C-related cDNAs are discussed. PMID- 3755380 TI - A dynamic simulation model of tissue growth and cell patterning. AB - The distributions of cells in tissues of experimental chimaeras and mosaics can serve as tests of mechanisms and rules by which single cells organize themselves into complex, multicellular structures during embryogenesis. We have devised a dynamic, computer simulation model of tissue growth and cell patterning which is directly applicable to the analysis of chimaeras and mosaics. In the model, schematized cells possess a small behavioral repertoire and simple rules for the carrying out of these behaviors. Populations of such cells evolve tissue patterns in real-time that are very similar to those seen in experimental animals. In particular, we have modeled the major pattern features seen in amphibian and mammalian eye chimaeras and mosaics. We have demonstrated that cell mixing can be a passive concomitant of interstitial cell division, a result which alleviates the need to postulate active cell mixing in such mammalian systems. We expect this approach to be a valuable addition to methods of pattern analysis in development. PMID- 3755381 TI - [Possibilities of nontraditional uses of computer records of hospitalization]. PMID- 3755382 TI - Evaluation of sustained-release capsules of molsidomine (SIN-10) in dogs and monkeys. PMID- 3755383 TI - Effect of 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulphonate on phase transition temperature of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes. AB - The effect of 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate (ANS) on the thermotropic phase transition of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayers was examined by differential scanning calorimetry. The main phase transition temperature was found to be shifted to lower values in the presence of the probe. The shift strongly depends on pH and the presence of salts. This indicates that the penetration of the probe of the hydrocarbon moiety of the bilayer is influenced by coulombic interactions. Pretransition phenomena are also affected. The implications for the interpretation of experimental data of biomembrane studies are discussed. PMID- 3755384 TI - Transbilayer migration (flip-flop) of 12-(4-azido-2-nitrophenoxy)stearoyl glucosamine in large unilamellar phospholipid vesicles. AB - The ability of the glycolipid photoprobe, 12-(4-azido-2-nitrophenoxy)-stearoyl[1 14C]glucosamine (12-APS-GlcN), to undergo transbilayer flip-flop and intermembrane transfer between liposomes was examined. It was found that probe which was incorporated into membranes during the preparation of large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) could be rapidly and completely extracted by incubation of these donor vesicles (in the liquid-crystalline state) with probe-free acceptor vesicles. PMID- 3755385 TI - Methods for eliminating interferences in digoxin immunoassays caused by digoxin like factors. AB - Endogenous, circulating digoxin-like immunoreactive factors (DLIF) are known to cross react with many antisera used in digoxin assays, complicating the quantification of serum digoxin. We have explored ways to decrease or remove the interference from DLIF in such assays. Prolonging the assay incubation from 30 to 60 min decreased apparent digoxin concentrations (attributable to DLIF) by an average of 68% in the digoxin radioimmunoassays studied. The serum protein binding of DLIF was also exploited to remove them from serum. Ultrafiltration, performed as part of a simple centrifugation step, removed approximately 90% of the DLIF. Analytical-recovery studies with true digoxin also demonstrated ultrafiltration to be an adequate method (greater than 95% of digoxin was recovered) for routine clinical use. Heat- or acid-precipitation of protein removed DLIF less effectively. Appropriate incubation times and ultrafiltration can dramatically minimize or eliminate DLIF interference in digoxin immunoassays. PMID- 3755386 TI - Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes resolved by electrophoresis on lectin-containing agarose gel. AB - With this electrophoretic method the liver, biliary, and bone isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase are clearly separated on agarose gels. Wheat-germ lectin, incorporated in the gel matrix, binds the bone isoenzyme selectively, forming a precipitate near the origin. Neither liver nor biliary isoenzyme is affected. Activity staining with an indigogenic dye substrate reveals the liver isoenzyme migrating nearest the anode, followed by the biliary and bone isoenzymes. Results are generally similar to those of electrophoresis on cellulose acetate. However, the lectin-agarose gels better resolve the liver and bone isoenzymes, and heat treatment of samples is not required before electrophoresis. PMID- 3755387 TI - The Glasgow Health Visitor Developmental Screening Module. PMID- 3755388 TI - Human ornithine decarboxylase sequences map to chromosome regions 2pter----p23 and 7cen----qter but are not coamplified with the NMYC oncogene. AB - Using a mouse cDNA probe for ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), we have identified and isolated an ODC cDNA clone from a lambda gt11 recombinant library prepared from human liver cell mRNA. The 2.0-kb insert of this clone hybridizes with several mouse genomic ODC DNA restriction fragments under conditions of low stringency, but reacts with only few human DNA fragments and a polyA+ RNA species of 2.2 kb under both nonstringent and stringent hybridization conditions. This suggests that, unlike the mouse genome, there are only few ODC genes in the human genome. The human ODC DNA fragments segregate with chromosome regions 2pter--- p23 and 7cen----qter in mouse X human somatic cell hybrid clones containing normal, translocated, and deleted human chromosomes. Sequences of the short arm of chromosome 2 containing the NMYC oncogene at 2p23----p24 are often involved in DNA amplification in neuroblastomas and small-cell lung cancers. However, in at least three cases--one neuroblastoma cell line, one neuroblastoma tumor, and one lung carcinoma--the ODC sequences are not coamplified with the NMYC oncogene. PMID- 3755390 TI - Leukemia-related morphological features in blast cells. AB - This paper investigates the use of image-processing methods to detect leukemia related morphological differences in mononuclear blast cells. Routinely prepared Pappenheim-stained blood smears were scanned in a high-resolution color TV microscope system. Eleven blast-cell classes (OMSBC, T-ALL, OMS, ALL, LBL, IBL, AUL, AML, AMOL, AMMOL, and CML) were analyzed with the nonparametric statistical software program "Classification and Regression Trees" (CART). This paper documents the initial statistical evaluation of 62 leukemia-related morphological features that directly measure and analyze the cell-related quantifiable differences occurring in the various blast cells. The 62 cell image features include both common cytophotometric features, and new texture and color features developed for this project. This study found that each leukemia specimen contains a dominant class of blasts that correlates with the specific leukemia, plus a distribution of blasts from related diseases. The present data suggest the existence of a distribution fingerprint pattern for each leukemia. PMID- 3755389 TI - The expression of the evolutionarily conserved GATA/GACA repeats in mouse tissues. AB - Simple repeated GATA and GACA sequences were initially identified in sex-specific snake satellite DNA. The organization of these sequences in the mouse genome is described in Schafer et al. 1986. The expression of these simple repeats was studied here in several mouse tissues using a variety of different probes: oligonucleotides and "single-stranded" as well as nick-translated DNA. The transcription of discrete RNA species was found to be differentially regulated in several organs but sex differences in transcription were not observed. GATA- and GACA-containing cDNA clones were isolated and sequenced and a genomic clone was characterized with respect to the transcription of GATA flanking sequences. Functional aspects of GATCA simple DNA repeats are discussed in terms of internally repetitive, hydrophobic translation products. PMID- 3755391 TI - Programming for the DNA analysis of FCM data on an IBM computer. PMID- 3755392 TI - Spontaneous colosplenic fistula complicating immunoblastic lymphoma. AB - Immunoblastic lymphoma of the colon, complicated by colosplenic fistulization, is reported. It is suggested that ulceration and extensive coagulative necrosis of a bulky large cell lymphoma in the absence of a desmoplastic reaction are the prerequisites for fistula formation. PMID- 3755393 TI - Parathyroid hormone-like changes in renal calcium and phosphate reabsorption induced by Leydig cell tumor in thyroparathyroidectomized rats. AB - The Leydig cell tumor Rice H-500 is a model of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. Hypercalcemia is considered to result mainly from increased bone resorption. However, a change in renal tubular reabsorption of calcium (Ca) as a contributing factor to the hypercalcemia has not yet been recognized. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the renal handling of Ca was altered in Leydig cell tumor-bearing rats. To avoid counterregulations by Ca-regulating hormones, the effect of the Leydig cell tumor on plasma Ca and phosphate (Pi), urinary Ca and Pi excretion, as well as Ca and Pi renal tubular reabsorptive capacity was investigated in thyroparathyroidectomized rats. Clearance experiments were conducted at a time of tumor development when the glomerular filtration rate was not compromised. Under these conditions, tubular reabsorption of Ca was stimulated, and the maximal tubular reabsorption of Pi was markedly reduced (2.69 +/- 0.27 vs. 4.57 +/- 0.21 mumol/min; P less than 0.001). These changes were accompanied by increased urinary cAMP excretion (77.1 +/- 6.3 vs. 34.7 +/- 2.8 pmol/ml glomerular filtrate; P less than 0.001). These results indicate that the Leydig cell tumor produces a factor with PTH-like activity on the renal tubular reabsorption of Ca and Pi. The increased tubular reabsorption of Ca may play an important role in the pathogenesis of Leydig cell tumor-induced hypercalcemia. This animal model appears to be particularly appropriate for studying the mechanisms of certain types of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy, as some cancer patients display a change in the renal handling of Ca similar to that observed in primary hyperparathyroidism. PMID- 3755394 TI - A role for calmodulin in renal production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. AB - The conversion of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) to its active metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] in the renal tubule mitochondrion by the enzyme 25OHD3-1 alpha-hydroxylase is closely regulated in vivo according to the physiological need for calcium and phosphorus. The mechanism by which this regulation is achieved at the cellular level has not been clarified, although a number of lines of evidence suggest that calcium ions (Ca2+) are involved. This study was designed to determine whether calmodulin, the ubiquitous cell protein that binds and mediates many of the regulatory functions of Ca2+, plays a role in the regulation of renal vitamin D metabolism. The calmodulin antagonists trifluoperazine (TFP), Janssen R24571, and the naphthalene sulfonamides W5 and W7 inhibited conversion of 25OHD3 to 1,25-(OH)2D3 by isolated renal tubules from vitamin D-deficient chicks in a dose-dependent manner (ED50: TFP, 12 mumol/liter; R24571, 10 mumol/liter; W7, 30 mumol/liter; W5, 75 mumol/liter). TFP did not inhibit production of the alternative metabolite 24,25 (OH)2D3 by chick renal tubules. In a similar manner, TFP, W7, and W5 inhibited conversion of 25OHD3 to 1,25-(OH)2D3 by isolated energized chick renal mitochondria, with no detrimental effect on mitochondrial respiratory indices. Bovine brain calmodulin in a concentration of 1 X 10(-7) mol/liter enhanced 1,25 (OH)2D3 production by isolated chick renal mitochondria in Ca2+ -containing medium, but not in the absence of Ca2+. Preincubating mitochondria with anticalmodulin antiserum resulted in decreased conversion of 25OHD3 to 1,25 (OH)2D3, an effect that was prevented by exogenous calmodulin. These data support the notion of a role for calmodulin in the Ca2+ -mediated control of renal 1 alpha-hydroxylase activity. PMID- 3755395 TI - 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D maintains bone cell activity, and parathyroid hormone modulates bone cell number in dogs. AB - The singular and combined effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D] and PTH on bone were evaluated in a long term in vivo study in dogs. Dogs were rendered deficient in 1,25-(OH)2D and PTH by five sixths nephrectomy and parathyroidectomy. A control group was sham operated. Various combinations in status of 1,25-(OH)2D and PTH were produced by daily sc injections of 1,25-(OH)2D (1.25) and/or continuous infusion of 1-34 bovine PTH. These were 1.25+/PTH+, 1.25 /PTH-, 1.25+/PTH-, 1.25-/PTH+. Serum calcium levels were kept in the normal range by the administration of one or two of the hormones or by oral supplementation of calcium lactate. Histomorphometric evaluation of static and dynamic parameters of bone after 8 months of experimental observation revealed that deficiency in 1,25 (OH)2D and PTH resulted in decreased number and activity of bone-forming and resorbing cells. Administration of 1,25-(OH)2D increased the activity but not the number of bone cells. In contrast, administration of PTH increased the number but not the activity of bone cells. Tissue level activity was decreased when one or both hormones were deficient, and normal tissue level activity was found only when both hormones were given. These data are relevant for understanding and management of diseases with perturbations in vitamin D and/or PTH. PMID- 3755396 TI - Parathyroid hormone stimulates calcium transport in perfused duodena from normal chicks: comparison with the rapid (transcaltachic) effect of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3. AB - Both 130 pM 1,25(OH)2D3 and 130 pM bPTH 1-34 were found to stimulate calcium transport in perfused, isolated duodenal loops from normal, vitamin D-replete birds. Within 2 min of vascular perfusion with the seco-steroid. 45Ca transport increased to 153% of controls (P less than 0.01), whereas significant stimulation by the peptide hormone was not observed until after 12 min of exposure (142% of controls, P less than 0.05). The inactive peptide analogue, bPTH 3-34, failed to alter calcium transport rates from those observed in vehicle controls. The final magnitude of the effect observed for either 1,25(OH)2D3 or bPTH 1-34 was similar in that each hormone enhanced the appearance of 45Ca in the venous effluent to greater than 200% of controls. This work is the first to report a direct effect of PTH on calcium transport in the intestine, as well as a greater rapidity in the response of perfused duodena to 1,25(OH)2D3 than previously observed. On the basis of these findings we propose the term transcaltachia to denote the rapid stimulatory effect of a hormonal agonist on calcium transport across the intestine. PMID- 3755397 TI - Cryo-electron microscopy of vitrified chromosomes in situ. AB - Chromosomes of metaphase-arrested Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and HeLa cells were examined in situ, unfixed and unstained, by cryo-electron microscopy. In hydrated, vitrified cryo-sections, chromosomes exhibit a characteristic homogeneous, grainy texture, which, on optical diffraction, gives rise to a broad reflection corresponding to 11 nm. No superstructure or periodic order is discernible. These observations suggest that the chromosome is formed by the compact association of 11 nm filaments, or portions thereof, interacting in a manner akin to the molecules of a liquid. Some implications of the liquid model of chromosome structure are discussed. PMID- 3755398 TI - Rainbow trout protamines. Amino acid sequences of six distinct proteins from a single testis. AB - All the protamines present in detectable amounts in a single mature testis from rainbow trout have been purified to homogeneity using acid extraction, gel filtration chromatography on Bio-Gel P-10, ion-exchange chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose and reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. Each of the six purified protamines was completely sequenced using automated gas phase Edman degradation. Each protamine is two-thirds arginine and also contains proline, serine, valine and glycine. Three protamines also contain alanine while two contain isoleucine. Four of the protamines have 32 amino acids while the remaining two have 30. The six protamines have been classified into three families on the basis of their amino acid sequences. PMID- 3755399 TI - The current situation, aspects, and projects concerning nuclear medicine software in Europe. AB - Since the 1984 Congress of the Society of Nuclear Medicine-Europe in Helsinki, the "Task Group for European Nuclear Medicine Software Cooperation", which became the "Joint ENMS/SNME Nuclear Medicine Software Task Group" in London in 1985, has focused attention on establishing a new COST project (European Cooperation in the Field of Scientific and Technical Research) (COST 1981) in the field of nuclear medicine Software. On 20 March 1986, the mandate was finally approved officially by the COST Committee of Senior Officials in Brussels (see Editorial in this issue). The problems, content, and objectives of specific items and ideas regarding NM software that have been publicized at the European level are dealt with here. The reader actively interested in NM software is encouraged to participate in the COST framework and forum, in order to avoid duplication of effort and to utilize resources more efficiently by coordinating activities in nuclear medicine in Europe. PMID- 3755400 TI - Clinical validation of fully-automated contour detection for gated radionuclide ventriculography with a slant-hole collimator. AB - A new fully-automated method for processing gated blood-pool images is presented and its clinical validity and performance for images with various noise levels are investigated using data obtained from a slant-hole collimator. The optimal preprocessing conditions are evaluated for the images with various noise levels to obtain the accurate ejection fraction, end-diastolic and end-systolic counts. This new method has successfully detected left ventricular contour in 92% of the 61 patients. The left ventricular ejection fraction obtained by the method related closely to that of contrast ventriculography (correlation coefficient r = 0.90). The end-diastolic volume also had a good correlation with contrast ventriculography (r = 0.90). PMID- 3755401 TI - Exudative, cellular and humoral reactions to platelet-activating factor (PAF acether) in the pleural cavity of rats. AB - The reactions to platelet-activating factor (PAF-acether) injected into the pleural cavity of rats were compared with the reactions in animals injected with 0.9% NaCl. PAF-acether induced a maximum exudate after 30-60 min, which then decreased and disappeared after 24 h. The number of pleural leukocytes in the exudate was clearly decreased 30 min after the injection, was slightly increased after 6 h and was unchanged at other times. The estimation of lipid mediators in the pleural exudate obtained 30 and 60 min after the injection of PAF-acether revealed an increase in type-C4 leukotriene (LTC4) and a decrease in thromboxane B2 (TxB2) and in 6-keto prostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto PGF1 alpha). In addition, the amount of histamine was found to be lower after 30 min. These results confirm in vivo that some biological effects of PAF-acether seem to involve the participation of other mediators. PMID- 3755402 TI - Stereoselective inhibition of prolactin secretion by (-)-HW-165, a novel 3-PPP congener; further support for similarities between central DA autoreceptors and pituitary lactotroph DA receptors. AB - The novel atypical dopamine (DA) receptor agonist HW-165 (trans-7-hydroxy 1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,10b-octahydrobenzo(f)quinoline), a 'rigid' 3-PPP congener, and its enantiomers were investigated with regard to their actions on prolactin (PRL) release in rats. Racemic HW-165 dose dependently inhibited the elevation of PRL secretion induced by monoamine synthesis disruption (NSD 1015) combined either with abolished DA nerve impulse flow (GBL) or with monoamine depletion (reserpine). Racemic HW-165 was roughly equipotent to 3-PPP but 5-10-fold less potent than apomorphine. The PRL inhibitory action of racemic HW-165 was stereoselectively prevented by the DA antagonist (+)-butaclamol. Since the chiral aspect of lactotroph DA receptor activation by 'atypical' DA receptor agonists has not been covered in previous investigations the effects of the HW-165 enantiomers were now studied. Our findings suggest that the PRL inhibitory properties of racemic HW-165 reside in its (-) enantiomer, (+)-HW-165 being devoid of activity. Taken together, the results reinforce the concept that the pituitary lactotroph DA receptors mediating the inhibition of PRL release are similar, notably also from a stereochemical point of view, to central DA receptor sites with presumed high agonist sensitivity, such as DA autoreceptors. PMID- 3755403 TI - Monogenic inheritance of cyclodiene insecticide resistance in mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis. AB - Certain populations of the mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, developed high levels of resistance to endrin and other cyclodiene insecticides as a result of inadvertent exposure to agricultural sprays. Genetic crossing studies show that endrin resistance is inherited as a single, autosomal, intermediate gene. PMID- 3755405 TI - Isolation of a human ceruloplasmin cDNA clone that includes the N-terminal leader sequence. AB - A number of cDNA clones encoding human ceruloplasmin were identified using two mixed oligonucleotide probes. One of these clones was shown by DNA sequence analysis to span from the complete N-terminal leader sequence to 114 amino acids short of the C-terminus. The leader sequence consists of 19 primarily hydrophobic amino acids. Northern blot analysis of RNA from human liver showed two species of ceruloplasmin mRNA; a minor species of 3600 nucleotides and a major one of 4400 nucleotides. PMID- 3755404 TI - Cloning of rat brain protein kinase C complementary DNA. AB - Four peptides derived from rat brain protein kinase C were partially sequenced. Using synthetic oligonucleotides deduced from the amino acid sequences as probes, a clone of complementary DNA (cDNA) was isolated from a cDNA library prepared from the same tissue. The nucleotide sequence of this cDNA clone revealed the primary structure of the carboxyl-terminal region as having 224 amino acids, with significant sequence homology with cyclic AMP-dependent and cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinases. PMID- 3755407 TI - [Interhemispheric interaction in the rabbit after administration of delta-sleep inducing-peptide]. AB - Delta-sleep-inducing peptide reduced the EEG desynchronization in response to electrical stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus and skin. It also reduced the EEG cross-correlation indices between different zones of the brain cortex. PMID- 3755406 TI - Muscarinic M2-receptors enhance polyphosphoinositol release in rat gastric mucosal cells. AB - Muscarinic receptor types and their effects on the inositol phosphate second messenger system were studied in enzymatically dispersed rat gastric mucosal cells. Radioreceptor binding studies indicated the presence of a single class of binding sites (4860 +/- 875 sites/cell) and affinities of 0.42 +/- 0.12 nM, 176 +/- 32 nM and 13 microM for N-methylscopolamine, pirenzepine and carbachol, respectively. In cells prelabelled with myo-[3H]inositol carbachol induced a dose dependent increase in inositol-1-phosphate in the presence of lithium with an ED50 of 10 microM which was antagonized by atropine and pirenzepine (IC50 9 and 700 nM, respectively). Carbachol stimulated amino[14C]pyrine uptake, used as a measure of acid secretion, with an ED50 of 10 microM. The good correlation between these responses suggests a role for inositol phosphates in the muscarinic M2-receptor mediated acid secretion. PMID- 3755408 TI - Lymphomatoid papulosis: remission following intravenously administered acyclovir. AB - In a 54-year-old male patient suffering from Hodgkin's disease, lymphomatoid papulosis occurred. Complete clearing of the skin lesions was observed immediately after intravenously administered acyclovir. The patient had numerous relapses of his skin eruption with complete responses after each course of intravenously applied acyclovir. This striking therapeutic effect parallels reports of regression of mycosis fungoides and chronic generalized lymphadenopathy after acyclovir application. The mode of action of acyclovir in these disorders is not known. They all are characterized by involvement of the T cell system, and in all these diseases, a virus etiology has been proved or is suggested. Thus, a specific effect of acyclovir on T lymphocytes or selectively on helper T cells is discussed. Alternatively, the virustatic effect of acyclovir could be responsible for the therapeutic success. PMID- 3755409 TI - Effects of decapeptide of mammalian bombesin and neuromedin B on pancreatic exocrine secretion in the rat. AB - The effects on pancreatic exocrine secretion of intravenous bolus injections of decapeptide of mammalian bombesin (also called neuromedin C) and neuromedin B, recently isolated mammalian bombesin-like peptides, have been studied and compared with those of amphibian bombesin in anaesthetized rats. Decapeptide of mammalian bombesin and neuromedin B stimulated the volume output from the pancreas with the same potency as that with which they stimulated protein output, as did amphibian bombesin. The maximal peak rates of volume and protein secretion observed in the 5- to 10-min period after the injection of 3 X 10(-10) mol/kg decapeptide of mammalian bombesin were 24.5 +/- 1.2 microliters/5 min and 8.5 +/- 0.5 mg bovine serum albumin equivalents per 5 min (mean +/- SEM, n = 5). These rates were equivalent to those produced by the same dose of amphibian bombesin, but the duration of responses to decapeptide of mammalian bombesin were shorter than those of equimolar doses of amphibian bombesin. The relative potencies of decapeptide of mammalian bombesin and neuromedin B, calculated from the doses producing 50% of maximum effect on total responses, were, respectively, 100 and 0.5% of that of amphibian bombesin. The results suggest that decapeptide of mammalian bombesin, and possibly neuromedin B, could play a regulatory role in the control of exocrine pancreatic secretion. PMID- 3755410 TI - Sunnybrook's information system: "doing the right thing". PMID- 3755411 TI - Computer program streamlines fire and security operations. PMID- 3755413 TI - [Hemodynamic effects of molsidomine in chronic congestive heart failure]. AB - Acute haemodynamic effects of molsidomine, antianginal drug with vasodilator properties, were evaluated in 12 male patients with chronic congestive heart failure in New York Heart Association functional class 3 or 4 (mean age 56 +/- 7 years; ischemic heart disease in 8 cases, dilated cardiomyopathy in 3 cases, heart disease of combined aetiology in 1 case). After sublingual molsidomine (4 mg: 6 cases; 8 mg: 6 cases) the following haemodynamic changes were observed: mean right atrial pressure - 35% (p less than 0.01), left ventricular filling pressure -30% (p less than 0.01), total pulmonary resistance -33% (p less than 0.01), pulmonary arteriolar resistance -32% (p less than 0.01), cardiac index -6% (p less than 0.05), stroke volume index -12% (p less than 0.05), stroke work index +18% (p less than 0.01), heart rate -6% (p less than 0.01), double product 10% (p less than 0.01) (Fig. 3). Peak haemodynamic effect was reached between 30 and 90 minutes, lasting till 180 minutes. Molsidomine acutely reduced preload, did not show side effects and was well tolerated. These results suggest that molsidomine might be used in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure, especially if characterized by an increased right and left ventricular filling pressure. PMID- 3755412 TI - [Effect of the acute administration of molsidomine in refractory congestive heart failure. A double-blind randomized non-invasive study]. AB - The effect of vasodilator Molsidomine (M) vs placebo on left ventricular dimensions and function measured by echocardiography was evaluated in a randomized study on 23 patients (pts) with refractory congestive heart failure (R CF) (NYHA class III-IV). The pts were randomized in two groups: group A (12 pts) received M, group B received an identical appearing placebo. Adequate echocardiograms were obtained before and one hour after 2 tablets of M (4 mg) or P; left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters (LVEDD and LVESD), mean rate of circumferential shortening and left ventricular fractional shortening were calculated on the echocardiograms obtained. At the same time mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate were measured. In group A, the single-dose test induced a significant reduction in LVEDD (74.1 +/- 7.2 to 72.1 +/- 7.1 mm; p less than 0.01), in LVESD (64.4 +/- 8.4 to 61.6 +/- 7.4 mm; p less than 0.01) and in MAP (96.5 +/- 8.3 to 85.4 +/- 7.2 mmHg; p less than 0.05). No significant changes were noted in the other parameters. Moreover, changes of parameters evaluated in group A between pts with idiopathic cardiomyopathy and pts with ischemic heart disease showed no statistical differences. Thus, acute Molsidomine therapy is effective in reducing left ventricular diameters and MAP in pts with RCF without changes of echocardiographic contractility indexes. PMID- 3755414 TI - Spectrum of rectal biopsy abnormalities in homosexual men with intestinal symptoms. AB - Homosexually active men have frequent intestinal and rectal symptoms resulting from sexually acquired gastrointestinal infections. We evaluated the histologic findings in rectal biopsy specimens obtained from 89 homosexual men with intestinal symptoms and 11 homosexual men without intestinal symptoms. All had undergone comprehensive microbiologic evaluation for rectal and enteric pathogens. Rectal biopsy specimens were evaluated without knowledge of clinical or microbiologic data by a standardized method for the presence or absence of abnormal histologic features. Forty-six percent of specimens from symptomatic men and 27% of those from asymptomatic men were abnormal. Acute inflammation was the most frequent histologic abnormality and was more frequent in men who had pathogens (51%) than men without pathogens (24%, p less than 0.02). Acute but not chronic inflammation was seen also in specimens from homosexual men without intestinal symptoms. Intestinal spirochetosis was present in specimens from 23 (26%) of the symptomatic and 5 (45%) of the asymptomatic men. In 5 of the 89 symptomatic men, biopsy features of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IIBD) were present; all 5 of these men were infected with either Treponema pallidum or Chlamydia trachomatis. Features of IIBD were present in 25% of those infected with C. trachomatis or T. pallidum. Chronic inflammation was more frequent in men infected with C. trachomatis, syphilis, or herpes simplex virus type II: 31% vs. 3%, p = 0.0002. Acute inflammation was present in specimens from men with proctitis or proctocolitis and enteritis as well as in those from asymptomatic men, whereas chronic inflammation was present only in specimens from men with proctitis or proctocolitis. Both acute and chronic inflammation were more frequent when biopsy specimens of the abnormal mucosa were examined. When specimens from men with single infections were analyzed, histology was rarely diagnostic. We conclude that acute inflammation is frequent in rectal biopsy specimens from symptomatic and asymptomatic homosexual men; chronic inflammation is infrequent, but when present is significantly associated with syphilis, herpes simplex virus type II, and C. trachomatis infection. PMID- 3755415 TI - Role of biopsy in diagnosis of rectal infections. PMID- 3755416 TI - Alternative medicine consultations and remedies in patients with the irritable bowel syndrome. AB - The use of alternative medicine was assessed by questionnaire in 96 patients with irritable bowel syndrome, 143 patients with organic upper gastrointestinal disorders and 222 patients with Crohn's disease of comparable age and sex. Significantly more patients with the irritable bowel syndrome (16%) had consulted practitioners of alternative medicine about their condition than had patients in either of the other groups. Similarly, significantly more irritable bowel syndrome patients said they would consult an alternative medicine practitioner (41%) if conventional treatment failed. Current usage of alternative medicine remedies was significantly greater in the irritable bowel syndrome patients (11%) than in patients with Crohn's disease (4%) and tended to be greater than in patients with organic upper gastrointestinal disorders (6%). This study has shown that the use of alternative medicine is common in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and this does not appear to be explicable in terms of the nature, chronicity or refractoriness to treatment of symptoms. PMID- 3755417 TI - Hospital pharmacy automation skyrockets 21%. PMID- 3755418 TI - Incidence of sexually transmitted diseases in rape victims during 1984. AB - During 1984, 46 women attended the sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic at St Mary's Hospital alleging that they had been raped. At presentation, 31 (67%) were asymptomatic. Evidence of STD was found in 14 (30%) women, mixed infections occurring in four. Chlamydia trachomatis and Trichomonas vaginalis were each detected in six (13%) patients and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in three (6%). The source of the infection could not confidently be traced to the alleged rapist. Two patients were found to have cervical cytological abnormalities suggestive of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of grades II or III. One woman became pregnant as a consequence of the sexual assault. Investigations may unveil infection or other abnormalities, which are incidental to the rape but nevertheless require further investigation and treatment. PMID- 3755419 TI - Confidentiality, the law in England, and sexually transmitted diseases. PMID- 3755420 TI - Implementation of a microprocessor-based tactile hearing prosthesis. PMID- 3755421 TI - Pathogenesis of Shigella diarrhea: rabbit intestinal cell microvillus membrane binding site for Shigella toxin. AB - This study examined the binding of purified 125I-labeled shigella toxin to rabbit jejunal microvillus membranes (MVMs). Toxin binding was concentration dependent, saturable, reversible, and specifically inhibited by unlabeled toxin. The calculated number of toxin molecules bound at 4 degrees C was 7.9 X 10(10) (3 X 10(10) to 2 X 10(11))/micrograms of MVM protein or 1.2 X 10(6) per enterocyte. Scatchard analysis showed the binding site to be of a single class with an equilibrium association constant, K, of 4.7 X 10(9) M-1 at 4 degrees C. Binding was inversely related to the temperature of incubation. A total of 80% of the labeled toxin binding at 4 degrees C dissociated from MVM when the temperature was raised to 37 degrees C, but reassociated when the temperature was again brought to 4 degrees C. There was no structural or functional change of MVM due to toxin as monitored by electron microscopy or assay of MVM sucrase activity. These studies demonstrate a specific binding site for shigella toxin on rabbit MVMs. The physiological relevance of this receptor remains to be determined. PMID- 3755422 TI - Induction of thymic lymphosarcomas in C57BL/6 mice after inoculation of weakly oncogenic viruses associated with a sub-leukemogenic radiation exposure (1.75 Gy x 2). AB - B-ecotropic retroviruses arise frequently in old or irradiated C57BL/6 mice as a consequence of a genetic recombination between endogenous eco- and xenotropic retroviruses. They are weakly oncogenic and express a very low tropism for thymic cells. However, their activation by X-rays and the subsequent insertion of new proviral sequences in the cell genome of in vivo- and in vitro-passaged tumors suggest that they might play a role in radioleukemogenesis. To study this possibility, a cloned B-ecotropic virus (1223) was injected into C57BL/6 mice subjected to a subleukemogenenic irradiation which induces only 7% of thymic lymphosarcomas (TL). When it was injected prior to or after irradiation, 1223 induced respectively 31% and 19% of TL. The incidence of TL in the different groups closely correlated with virus expression in hematopoietic tissues during the preleukemic period. Thus, irradiation seems to amplify bone marrow (BM) and thymic cell population(s) which play a decisive role in viral expression. A recombinant provirus (presumably the injected 1223) was detected in the genomic DNA of all tumors tested irrespective of the inductive protocol. BM restoration, which does not inhibit TL produced by highly oncogenic passaged viruses, but prevents the development of TL induced by 4 doses of 1.75 Gy, also provided strong protection in the present experiments. The present data support the hypothesis whereby weakly oncogenic B-ecotropic viruses similar to those activated by radiation might be involved in the development of TL. PMID- 3755423 TI - Con A- and WGA-binding glycoproteins of stationary and migratory corneal epithelium. AB - When stratified corneal rat epithelium becomes migratory in response to a wound, an increase in binding by the lectins concanavalin A (Con A) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) is seen. These lectins bind the membranes of the cells of the leading edge of the migrating sheet more intensely than normal epithelium and epithelium behind the leading edge, suggesting a change in cell surface properties during migration. In the present study, analysis of cell surface proteins using lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination followed by SDS-PAGE indicates the appearance of a 70 K protein in epithelium migrating to cover a wound. Con A-affinity chromatography shows that two bands, 70 K and 155 K, increase 4.0- and 2.9-fold, respectively, in epithelium that is migrating. WGA binding glycoproteins increased 1.61-fold following wounding with the major band present at 155 K in SDS-PAGE. The data suggest that these glycoproteins are responsible for the increase in Con A and WGA binding to cell membranes in migratory corneal epithelium. PMID- 3755424 TI - CI-921: an analog of amsacrine with experimental activity against solid tumors. AB - CI-921, a 4,5-disubstituted analog of amsacrine, has been selected for clinical testing because of its experimental activity in vitro and in vivo against solid tumors as well as leukemias. In studies conducted by Baguley and co-workers, CI 921 demonstrated activity against Lewis lung carcinoma in vivo, producing marked increases in life span and a high proportion of 60-day survivors. An intermittent schedule of administration was more effective than a daily X 5 or daily X 9 schedule. In pharmacokinetic studies in dogs, CI-921 achieved higher plasma concentrations and was cleared more slowly than amsacrine. CI-921 is readily soluble in water and may have antitumor activity when administered orally. Animal toxicology studies indicate that dose-related, reversible leukopenia and thrombocytopenia occur, as well as gastrointestinal toxicity, elevation of alkaline phosphatase and generalized lymphoid depletion. Phase I clinical testing of a parenteral formulation is in progress. PMID- 3755425 TI - Neuromuscular blockade with atracurium besylate in a patient with myasthenia gravis. PMID- 3755426 TI - A new antitumor complex, WF-1360, WF-1360A, B, C, D, E and F. AB - A complex of the new antitumor antibiotics (WF-1360, WF-1360A, B, C, D, E and F) was produced by Rhizopus sp. No. F-1360. Structural studies of these compounds suggested that they were novel 16-membered-ring lactones having an oxazole ring in their structures. WF-1360 was found to be identical with rhizoxin (1) and WF 1360B, C, E and F were determined to be homologues of 1 with structures 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively. These compounds were cytotoxic when tested on P388 leukemia cells in vitro. WF-1360 was highly active against leukemia L1210 and melanoma B16. They also exhibited potent antifungal activities, but weak antimicrobial activities against some Gram-positive or negative bacteria. PMID- 3755427 TI - Isolation and characterization of A41030, a complex of novel glycopeptide antibiotics. Application of the Michel-Miller high performance low pressure liquid chromatography system. AB - A new antibiotic complex, designated A41030, has been isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces virginiae. Factors A, B, C, D, E, F and G were separated by an efficient preparative high performance low pressure liquid chromatography system. The apparatus offers economic reversed phase separations on glass columns. The A41030 factors are members of the general class of glycopeptide antibiotics and are active in vitro and in vivo vs. Gram-positive bacteria. PMID- 3755428 TI - PD 116,152, a new phenazine antitumor antibiotic. Structure and antitumor activity. AB - A new, highly substituted phenazine with antitumor activity was isolated from the culture broth of a Streptomyces sp. This compound, whose structure was determined by spectroscopic methods and verified by X-ray diffraction analysis, was found to be methyl 6-formyl-4,7,9-trihydroxy-8-methyl-1-phenazinecarboxylate. PMID- 3755429 TI - Elloramycins B, C, D, E and F: minor congeners of the elloramycin producer Streptomyces olivaceus. PMID- 3755430 TI - Protein degradation by rumen microbes of heat-treated whole cottonseed. AB - In vitro and in situ rumen digestion trials were conducted to measure the effect of heat treatment on protein degradation by rumen microbes of cottonseed autoclaved and dry-heated (120, 140, 160 and 180 C) for different lengths of time (20, 40, 60, 90 and 120 min). Autoclaving (120 C, 1 kg/cm2 of pressure for 60 min) was effective in reducing ammonia nitrogen concentration in vitro, but dry heat at this temperature was without effect. Dry heating caused a linear decrease of in vitro ammonia concentration as temperature increased from 140 to 180 C and as exposure time increased from 20 to 120 min. The in situ results corroborated the in vitro findings. Crude protein disappearance from dacron bags decreased from 87 to 48% as temperature increased from 140 to 180 C after 20 min of heating. PMID- 3755431 TI - The binding of activated protein C to factors V and Va. AB - Activated protein C has been derivatized with the active site-directed fluorophore 2-(dimethylamino)-6-naphthalenesulfonylglutamylglycylarginyl chloromethyl ketone (2,6-DEGR-APC). Covalently modified activated protein C has been used to investigate the binding interactions of the protein to factors V and Va in the presence of phospholipid vesicles. The fluorescence polarization of the 6-dimethylaminonaphthalene-2-sulfonyl moiety increased saturably with increasing phospholipid concentrations in the presence or absence of factor V or Va. Differences in the limiting polarization values indicated distinguishable differences in the interactions between 2,6-DEGR-APC and phospholipid in the presence of factor V or Va. The dissociation constant calculated for the 2,6-DEGR APC/phospholipid interaction (7.3 X 10(-8) M) was not significantly altered by factor V but was decreased to 7 X 10(-9) M in the presence of factor Va. The interaction between 2,6-DEGR-APC and factor V or Va was characterized by a 1:1 stoichiometry. The binding of 2,6-DEGR-APC to factor V or Va in the presence of phospholipid could be reduced in a competitive manner by diisopropylphosphofluoridate-treated activated protein C. An analysis of the displacement curves indicated that the binding of 2,6-DEGR-APC was indistinguishable from the binding of diisopropylphosphofluoridate-treated activated protein C. The interaction between 2,6-DEGR-APC and phospholipid-bound factor Va was further examined using the isolated subunits of factor Va. Fluorescence polarization changes observed with component E of Va (light chain) closely corresponded with the changes observed with factor Va, whereas isolated component D (heavy chain) had little influence on the binding of 2,6-DEGR-APC to phospholipid vesicles. The data presented are consistent with the interpretation that component E of factor Va contains a binding site for activated protein C. PMID- 3755432 TI - Simultaneous measurement of stimulus-induced changes in cytoplasmic Ca2+ and in membrane potential of human neutrophils. AB - The activation of human neutrophils by chemotactic peptides evokes a rapid change in membrane potential and an increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels. These events are followed up to a minute later by detectable levels of microbicidal agents formed by the oxidative burst. Except for the latter, the sequence of events has remained unclear. We report here that a new fluorescent Ca2+ indicator developed by R. Tsien, Indo-1, has allowed us to resolve the temporal relationship between the rapid and transient cytoplasmic Ca2+ rise and the membrane potential change and to do so on very small samples by using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter. We have adapted a FACS 440 for simultaneous single cell membrane depolarization and cytoplasmic [Ca2+] detection in human neutrophils upon stimulation with formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP). A membrane potential probe, dipentyloxacarbocyanine, allows us to determine that the membrane potential change is fMLP dose-dependent and apparently biphasic. The depolarization is maximal 40 s after stimulation. In contrast, cytosolic [Ca2+], while fMLP-dose dependent, is maximal at 10 s and already decreasing rapidly when the cell has reached its lowest potential. It can be measured with Indo-1 which has a fluorescence emission (lambda ex = 357 nm) maximum at 485 nm when Ca2+-free and 405 nm when Ca2+-liganded. The ratio of these fluorescences may then be calibrated in terms of cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels. Thus, Ca2+ release into the cytoplasm becomes the earliest evidence of neutrophil stimulation by fMLP and occurs in close association with an apparent membrane hyperpolarization. PMID- 3755433 TI - Growth hormone regulates the abundance of insulin-like growth factor I RNA in adult rat liver. AB - Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is a mitogenic polypeptide present in the plasma of man and rat that is thought to mediate the actions of pituitary growth hormone on cartilage to promote skeletal elongation. In the rat, plasma levels of IGF-I show both developmental and hormonal regulation: levels are low at birth, increase with age, and are decreased in growth hormone-deficient adult animals. The present study demonstrates that these changes in plasma IGF-I reflect the abundance of IGF-I RNA in rat liver. A human IGF-I cDNA probe hybridized to multiple RNA species in adult rat liver with sizes 8.6, 4.6, 3.2, 2.1, and 1.0 1.4 kilobases. These RNA species were decreased by greater than 80% in neonatal (2- and 12-day-old) rat liver and by greater than 90% in liver from adult rats made growth hormone-deficient by hypophysectomy. Treatment of hypophysectomized rats with growth hormone increased the abundance of all species of IGF-I RNA. These results suggest that growth hormone regulates the expression of its physiological mediator by altering the synthesis, stability, or both of IGF-I RNA in rat liver. PMID- 3755434 TI - Multihormonal regulation and kinetics of induction of a hepatic mRNA sequence which is slowly responsive to triiodothyronine. AB - In contrast to the rapid response of mRNA-S14 which occurs within 20 min after L triiodothyronine (T3) administration, the induction of other rat hepatic mRNA sequences exhibits a lag time of several hours. We have studied the induction of mRNA-S11 which codes for a protein of pI 6.1 and an Mr of 22,500 as a model of such a slowly responsive gene. In addition to T3, both glucocorticoids and growth hormone regulate the expression of this gene. For each of these stimuli, the response exhibits a lag time of approximately 6 h. Following this lag time, there is a linear increase in the level of mRNA-S11 induced by a single maximal dose of T3, dexamethasone, and growth hormone to levels of 15-, 6-, and 3-fold, respectively, in excess of the hypothyroid base-line levels. The similarity in the lag time and the differences in maximal responses effectively argues against the possibility that the effect of one hormone is mediated exclusively by a change in the secretion or metabolism of another. Support for a direct action of T3 and glucocorticoids on the hepatic cell comes from the observation that these hormones stimulate mRNA-S11 in rat hepatocytes under primary culture. The increases in in vitro nuclear transcription measured following T3 and dexamethasone administration were clearly insufficient to account for the observed increases in mRNA. Furthermore, the hormonal induction of mRNA-S11 was promptly abrogated by cycloheximide (10 mg/kg) injected 6 h after the administration of T3 or dexamethasone at the time of the expected mRNA increase. The post-transcriptional control of the mRNA-S11 and its sensitivity to cycloheximide are similar to previously documented responses of the rapidly induced mRNA-S14 and suggest for both sequences a requirement for ongoing synthesis of rapidly turning over proteins. We speculate that the lag time of response of a given gene to T3 or glucocorticoid may be an intrinsic characteristic of the gene and may represent a common set of molecular events involved in the activation of that gene by diverse stimuli. PMID- 3755435 TI - Chemical modification of bovine prothrombin fragment 1 in the presence of Tb3+ ions. AB - The formaldehyde-morpholine method for the conversion of gamma-carboxyglutamyl (Gla) residues to gamma-methyleneglutamyl (gamma-MGlu) residues has been applied to the modification of bovine prothrombin fragment 1. In the absence of Tb3+ ions or at Tb3+ ion concentrations of 2 Km app and 25 Km app the action of 10,000-fold molar excess of formaldehyde and morpholine, pH 5.0, converts the 10 Gla residues of the protein into 10 gamma-MGlu residues. Modification of the protein using the same conditions but increasing the Tb3+ concentration to 100 Km app provided a homogeneous protein containing 3 gamma-MGlu and 7 Gla residues, bovine 3 gamma MGlu-fragment 1. The modified protein binds the same number of Ca2+ ions (6-7) as bovine fragment 1. However, the positive cooperatively associated with Ca2+ binding is abolished and the overall affinity for Ca2+ ions is reduced. Fluorescence titrations of 3 gamma-MGlu-fragment 1 using either Ca2+ or Mg2+ ions indicate that the modified protein retains a fluorescence quenching behavior similar to that of the native protein. The modified protein does not bind to phosphatidylserine/phosphatidylcholine vesicles in the presence of Ca2+ ions. Thus the metal ion-induced fluorescence transition exhibited by the bovine protein appears to be a necessary but not sufficient condition for phospholipid binding. PMID- 3755436 TI - Isolation of a novel prolactin-like cDNA clone from developing rat placenta. AB - The mid- to late-term rat placenta produces several moderately abundant proteins in a specific temporal manner, one of which we have identified as rat placental lactogen II (rPLII) (Duckworth, M. L., Kirk, K. L., and Friesen, H. G. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 10871-10878). In this paper, we describe the isolation and characterization of cDNA clones of another of these proteins, called rat prolactin-like protein A (rPLP-A) because of its homology with the prolactins. The single mRNA transcript corresponding to rPLP-A is 1 kilo-base in length and first appears at Day 14 of pregnancy, 2 days later than rPLII mRNA, and then increases and remains at high levels until term. The mRNA hybridizing to rPLP-A cDNA clones translates in vitro to a protein of 25,000 daltons which is processed by dog pancreatic microsomes to 27,000 daltons. The amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the rPLP-A clones suggests that rPLP-A is a secreted protein of 196 amino acids with two potential glycosylation signals. The sequence is more than 40% homologous at the amino acid level to rat and human prolactins and rPLII. This study provides clear evidence for the existence of considerable amounts of undescribed prolactin-like proteins in late term rat placenta. PMID- 3755437 TI - Gene structure, protein structure, and regulation of the synthesis of a sulfur rich protein in pea seeds. AB - Two low molecular weight pea seed albumins (Mr approximately 6000 and approximately 4000) have been characterized by protein, cDNA, and gene sequencing. Both proteins are encoded by separate regions of the same mRNA species. The initial translation product is a preproprotein from which a signal sequence is removed co-translationally. The resultant proprotein (PA1) is then cleaved post-translationally to yield the mature form of the two albumins (PA1a and PA1b). Comparison of cDNA and protein sequences suggests that at least four different PA1 genes are expressed in the pea genome. Both PA1a and PA1b have an unusually high cysteine content (7.5 and 16.2%, respectively). Pea seeds developing under suboptimal levels of sulfur nutrient supply contain reduced levels of PA1 mRNA and accumulate greatly reduced levels of PA1a and PA1b in the mature seed. In vitro transcription studies showed that this reduced level of PA1 mRNA resulted from reduced post-transcriptional stability rather than an altered rate of transcription of the PA1 gene. In contrast, during normal seed development, the level of PA1 mRNA seems to be under transcriptional control. Sequence comparisons reveal some homology between PA1 and a number of low molecular weight proteins from seeds of a wide range of mono- and dicotyledonous plants. PMID- 3755438 TI - Association of ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase with NADP(H) specificity and oxidation reduction properties. AB - The equilibrium properties of the NADP+ binding site of ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (FNR, or Fd-NADP+ reductase) were examined with regard to specificity in binding, and with regard to the oxidation-reduction properties of the FNR.NADP+ complex. With the exception of 3'-NADP+, only adenosine nucleotides with a 2'-adenosyl phosphate bound to Fd-NADP+ reductase. Kd values increased in the order: 2',5'-ADP greater than 2',5'-ATP ribose greater than NADP+ greater than 2'-AMP greater than 3'-NADP+. No evidence was found for binding of NAD, NMN, or 5'-ADP. Thus the 2'-adenosylphosphate controls specificity in substrate binding, as well as specificity in enzyme activity. The low affinity of Fd-NADP+ reductase for 2'-AMP suggests that the phosphate(s) of the pyrophosphate bridge of NADP+ may also contribute significantly to binding energy. Fd-NADP+ reductase was found to form a high-affinity two-electron reduced complex (FNR.NADPH) with a NADPH; complex formation was associated with appearance of long-wavelength charge transfer bands. Kd of FNR.NADPH complex was about 6% the Kd of oxidized FNR.NADP+ complex. As predicted by the lower Kd, the Em for reduction of FNR.NADP+ complex to the charge-transfer complex was about 40 mV more positive than the potential of the NADP+/NADPH couple. Rapid kinetic studies supported description of the charge-transfer complex as primarily oxidized FNR.NADPH. Thus, complex formation helps drive electron transfer from the flavoprotein to NADP+. PMID- 3755439 TI - Neuropeptide Y induces and modulates vasoconstriction in intracranial and peripheral vessels of animals and man. AB - Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has recently been reported to coexist with noradrenaline (NA) in central as well as peripheral noradrenergic nerves. NPY-containing nerve fibres are particularly numerous around blood vessels. Studies were performed on isolated pial arteries as well as on arteries and veins from several peripheral vascular beds from rabbit, cat and man. NPY induced a varying degree of direct contraction of the vessels with an EAm up to 15 mN. Pial arteries were more sensitive than peripheral arteries to NPY (mean EC50 = 7.6 X 10(-9) M). The presence of NPY did not cause any consistent or significant potentiation of the contractile response to NA in any of the vessels tested. Transmural electrical stimulation of the perivascular nerves (including blockade with tetrodotoxin) was performed mainly with auricular artery from the rabbit. Blocking experiments confirmed that the neurogenic contraction was mediated by noradrenergic-type fibres. NPY caused a concentration-related potentiation of the neurally evoked contractile response. The peptide also potentiated the tetrodotoxin-resistant probably non-neurogenic contractions obtained during enhanced electrical field stimulation. It is concluded that NPY interacts with NA during sympathetic nerve activation primarily through a presynaptic effect. PMID- 3755440 TI - Combined posterior incision and arthroscopic intra-articular repair of the meniscus. An examination of factors affecting healing. AB - Using intra-articular techniques for meniscal repair, several factors associated with meniscal lesions were analyzed prospectively to determine their effects on healing of the repair. Although 260 medial or lateral meniscal repairs in 240 patients were done, 178 repairs in the 167 patients who were followed by postoperative arthroscopy or arthrography form the basis of this study. The results of the repairs were classified as healed, incompletely healed, or not healed. The average duration of follow-up was 100 weeks (range, twenty-eight to 231 weeks). By arthrographic or arthroscopic criteria, 61.8 per cent of the menisci healed, 16.9 per cent healed incompletely, and 21.3 per cent did not heal. Ninety-two per cent of the menisci were categorized as clinically stable, and 80 per cent of the patients returned to active sports participation. Positive correlations with healing were found in patients who had a narrow peripheral meniscal rim (zero to two millimeters) (p = 0.03) and in patients who had a repair that was associated with reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (p = 0.0001). PMID- 3755441 TI - Anterior cruciate ligament injuries. To counsel or to operate? AB - Untreated anterior cruciate ligament injuries in 97 knees of 87 patients were reviewed after a mean interval of six years. After their initial recovery 63% of the patients were able to return to their pre-injury sport, but six years later 27% of them had deteriorated to the extent that they could not cope with the same level of sport. Radiological deterioration was maximal in those that had had a meniscectomy more than five years before review. Knees with intact menisci were often radiologically normal despite continuing instability. PMID- 3755442 TI - Inhibition of DNA synthesis by an inducer of differentiation of leukemic cells, 1 alpha, 25 dihydroxy vitamin D3, precedes down regulation of the c-myc gene. AB - Transient monocytic differentiation was induced in cultures of HL 60 cells by a four hour exposure to 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3). This treatment resulted in a rapid, selective, inhibition of DNA synthesis, which was accompanied by reduced cellular levels of c-myc mRNA, and a more gradual appearance of c-fos mRNA. After removal of the inducer from the cultures, DNA synthesis and c-myc mRNA levels returned rapidly to near-normal levels, but the expression of c-fos gene continued to increase for 24 hr and then declined slowly. Studies with isolated nuclei showed that the inhibition of DNA synthesis can be detected earlier than the changes in transcriptional rates of the oncogenes studied, and that 1,25(OH)2D3 directly inhibits the DNA synthesis in isolated nuclei. Autoradiographic studies of [3H]thymidine incorporation showed that 1,25(OH)2D3 does not immediately block the progression of the cells into the S phase of the cell cycle, but that those cells which become differentiated as the result of a brief exposure to this inducer do have such a block. It is concluded that 1,25(OH)2D3 produces both an immediate and a delayed inhibition of DNA synthesis in HL 60 cells, that the immediate inhibition is not preceded by detectable changes in oncogene expression, and that the delayed inhibition is accompanied by an elevated expression of the c-fos gene, and may be related to the monocytic differentiation of HL 60 cells. PMID- 3755443 TI - Detection of citrus exocortis viroid in crude extracts by dot-blot hybridization: conditions for reducing spurious hybridization results and for enhancing the sensitivity of the technique. AB - Dot-blot assays to detect citrus exocortis viroid (CEV), in clarified sap and unfractionated total nucleic acid preparations of CEV-infected Gynura aurantiaca and chrysanthemum, were impaired by the non-specific binding of the radioactive probe shown by the healthy controls. This non-specific background was considerably reduced by the addition to the hybridization mixture, of the fraction of nucleic acids from healthy plants which are insoluble in 2 M LiCl (containing mainly the large ribosomal RNAs). Sample denaturation with formaldehyde was found to provide a high increase of hybridization, when compared with samples either denatured with formamide or directly spotted. Nitrocellulose was observed to be a better solid support than charge-modified nylon, in terms of the sensitivity of viroid detection by spot hybridization. PMID- 3755444 TI - Software library with applications in virology and molecular biology. AB - A menu-driven interactive package of computer programs has been developed to help in calculations commonly required in laboratories using virological and molecular biological techniques. Two of the programs use two of the most accurate methods available for determining viral titers, several programs were designed to optimize experimental parameters and others help in the analysis of recombinant DNA data. All of the programs use specially developed original algorithms which in some cases are based also on equations originally derived. The programs were written in Microsoft BASIC using mostly hardware independent commands and functions and should run without major modifications in most microcomputers with BASIC interpreters or compilers. The programs are menu-driven and fully interactive. PMID- 3755445 TI - Ketoconazole-induced reduction in serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. AB - The antimycotic agent ketoconazole is known to inhibit several cytochrome P450 dependent enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones from cholesterol. Since 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D is also a sterol synthesized by cytochrome P450-dependent enzymes, we assessed whether ketoconazole would lower serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels. In nine normal men, administration of ketoconazole for 1 week in doses of 300-1200 mg/day led to a dose-dependent reduction in serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels (r = -0.64; P less than 0.001). At the highest dose taken by each man (1200 mg/day in six, 900 mg/day in one, and 600 mg/day in two), serum levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D fell significantly compared to baseline [14 +/- 1 (+/- SEM) vs. 39 +/- 3 pg/ml; P less than 0.001), but there was no change in serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, PTH, calcium, phosphate, or alkaline phosphatase. Ketoconazole may be potentially useful in exploring the pathogenetic role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in disorders of calcium metabolism and in treatment of patients with hypercalcemic disorders or renal stone disease. PMID- 3755447 TI - Three morphologically distinct types of interface develop between adult host and fetal brain transplants: implications for scar formation in the adult central nervous system. AB - The development of the host/graft interface of cerebellar and cerebral transplants was studied 1-60 days after operation. Grafts from fetal Wistar rats were transplanted to a cavity over the superior colliculus of adult rats by removing parts of the overlying cortex and hippocampus according to the Bjorklund/Stenevi technique. In sham-operated control rats, in which a cavity was made in the brain but no graft was implanted, the parenchyma bordering the entire cavity developed a complete glial-meningeal scar within 2 weeks after operation consisting of multilayered glial processes, a basal lamina, and fibroblasts (meningeal cells). A similar interface also developed between graft and host in the most superficial parts of the transplantation cavity. In the basal parts of the transplantation cavity, the host/graft interface consisted either of an incomplete sheet of astrocyte processes aligned in parallel to each other but without a covering basal lamina or of completely fused neuropil without any morphological signs of separation between host and transplant. It is concluded that these three zones of host/graft interface are established by differential interaction between the growing transplant and the host cicatrix. At the basal host/graft parenchymatous interface the fetal transplant interferes with the normal adult cicatrization process of the host, possibly by either releasing inhibitory factors or by preventing contact between the astroglia of the host and fibroblasts (meningeal cells). In white matter regions of the transplantation cavity, voluminous cysts developed, both in sham-operated controls and in graft recipients, which were invaded by transplanted neurons. PMID- 3755446 TI - Evidence that calcitonin stimulates 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D production and intestinal absorption of calcium in vivo. AB - Although it is well established that parathyroid hormone and phosphate are important regulators of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] production, it remains unclear whether calcitonin affects vitamin D metabolism in vivo. Experiments were performed in the rat to determine the effect of chronic calcitonin infusion (0.2 U X h-1) on plasma levels of vitamin D metabolites and on calcium metabolism. Thyroparathyroidectomized animals fed a calcium-replete or calcium-free diet were studied for as long as 2 wk before they were killed. In control rats, a calcium-free diet alone for 12 d resulted in an increase in 1,25(OH)2D levels from 24 +/- 5 to 139 +/- 37 pg . ml-1, P = 0.025. The infusion of calcitonin also stimulated 1,25(OH)2D levels compared with controls on a regular diet (80 +/- 17 vs. 38 +/- 6 pg . ml-1, P less than 0.05) and on a calcium-free diet (460 +/- 50 vs. 139 +/- 37 pg . ml-1, P less than 0.001). In addition, calcitonin increased plasma calcium levels in animals on a regular diet by 50%; this effect was most likely due to increased intestinal absorption of calcium, because removal of calcium from the diet markedly blunted this effect. In contrast, calcitonin administration did not significantly affect 25(OH)D plasma levels. Collectively, these data suggest that calcitonin and calcium are independent regulators of 1,25(OH)2D production and that calcitonin stimulates intestinal absorption of calcium, by increasing circulating levels of 1,25(OH)2D. PMID- 3755448 TI - Lectins demarcate the barrel subfield in the somatosensory cortex of the early postnatal mouse. AB - Plant lectins were used to examine the disposition of glycosylated molecules in vibratome sections through the barrel subfield of mouse somatosensory cortex at selected times during postnatal development. The peroxidase conjugates of peanut agglutinin (PNA, specific for N-acetylgalactosamine), concanavalin A (specific for mannose), and wheat germ agglutinin (specific for N-acetylglucosamine and N acetylneuraminic acid) were used to study lectin binding in aldehyde-fixed tissue sections of cortex. Following peroxidase cytochemistry and light microscopy, it was found that all three lectins bound in the region of the barrel subfield as early as postnatal day 3 (day of birth = postnatal day 1). The lectins bound to the prospective sides and/or septae of individual barrels in preference to the prospective hollows. This lectin demarcation of the barrel field occurred prior to the detection of this region with cresyl violet staining and was still demonstrable on postnatal day 6, when the individual barrels became discernible with cresyl violet. This suggests that the lectin binding material is present before the barrel field becomes a fully formed and organized region. A decrease in lectin affinity for binding sites in these tissue sections occurs during postnatal development (Cooper and Steindler: Soc. Neurosci. (Abstr.) 10: 43a, '84) and this study demonstrates that lectins do not delineate the barrel field of more mature animals (2-3 months old), whereas barrels can be detected with cresyl violet at this time. A preliminary electron microscope analysis of the postnatal day 6 somatosensory cortex demonstrates that the lectin PNA binds to elements of the forming neuropil and also to Golgi apparatus intermediate saccules in neuronal cells. The prospective barrel field can be detected with lectins during a critical period in development in which alterations can occur in the barrel field in response to peripheral deprivation (Jeanmonod et al: Neuroscience 6:1503-35, '81) and therefore we suggest that the glycans visualized with lectin-peroxidase conjugates denote possible candidates for molecules involved in shaping barrel structure. PMID- 3755449 TI - Wheat germ agglutinin binding sites in the adult mouse cerebellum: light and electron microscopic studies. AB - The binding properties of derivatized wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) have been examined in fixed tissue sections from the adult mouse cerebellum and also in axonal tracing paradigms following cerebellar injections. The aim of these studies is to begin to distinguish the roles different binding sites may play in generating diverse biological activities which lead to neuronal uptake and axonal transport of lectins or glycoconjugates. Vibratome sections from aldehyde-fixed cerebellum were incubated in N-[acetyl-3H] WGA or WGA conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). Sections from this in vitro binding paradigm and those from cerebellar pressure injection cases using those tracers (in vivo binding paradigm) were processed for light microscopic autoradiography, histochemistry, and electron microscopy. Blocking experiments were also performed with various sugar haptens to confirm the binding specificity of these lectin preparations. Light microscopy of lectin binding patterns within the cerebellar cortex has revealed that both derivatized WGA preparations bind most intensely to the molecular layer. Within the deep cerebellar nuclei, binding is unique and produces a punctate delineation of cell bodies and dendrites. Electron microscopy revealed that these binding sites are associated with glial processes which abut the plasma membrane of deep nuclei cells. Cerebellar WGA-HRP injection sites contain labeled profiles involved in uptake and axonal transport of the labeled lectin (e.g., multivesicular and dense bodies) in addition to label associated with synapses, glia, undetermined components of the extracellular space, and neuronal plasma membranes. These sites are therefore presumed to possess a high affinity or capacity for binding derivatized WGA. Binding studies performed here thus reveal, for the first time, the existence of discrete glial sites that display an extraordinary attraction for lectins such as WGA. The roles such glial glycoconjugates play in diverse biological activities including neuronal uptake and transport of macromolecules need further study. PMID- 3755450 TI - Distribution of glucagon-like peptide I in canine and feline pancreas and gastrointestinal tract. AB - Recently, a putative hormone, glucagon-like peptide I (GLP I), has been identified in the predicted sequences of the precursors to pancreatic glucagon in human, rat, hamster, and ox. The distribution of GLP I immunoreactivity in canine and feline pancreas and gastrointestinal tract was examined immunohistochemically and was compared with that of two other antigenic determinants of pancreatic pro glucagon, i.e., glucagon and the NH2 terminus of glicentin. All three determinants occurred in the same population of islet cells in normal pancreas and in pancreas consisting predominantly of islet tissue from dogs with canine pancreatic acinar atrophy. Northern blot analysis of mRNA from the latter tissue, using a rat pre-pro-glucagon complementary DNA probe, revealed a single mRNA species similar in size to the pre-pro-glucagon mRNA detected in fetal rat pancreas. The three antigenic determinants of pancreatic pro-glucagon were co localized also in intestinal L-cells and in canine gastric A-cells. Canine and feline pancreatic pro-glucagons therefore resemble those identified in other mammals and may also occur in gastrointestinal endocrine cells. Although there is evidence that the GLP I sequence is not liberated from pancreatic pro-glucagon, our results raise the possibility that this putative hormone may be a cleavage product of pro-glucagon in the gastrointestinal tract. PMID- 3755451 TI - Field trials of flocoumafen against warfarin-resistant infestations of the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus Berk.). AB - The anticoagulant rodenticide flocoumafen was tested against warfarin-resistant Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus Berk.) infesting farm buildings. Complete control was obtained in 10-21 days (mean 14.2 days) in six treatments in which baits poisoned with 0.005% flocoumafen were maintained, in surplus, until rats ceased to feed from them. A further six treatments, in which the application of poisoned bait was restricted to periodic placements of 50 g, were also completely successful in 15-30 days (mean 21.0 days). Less poisoned bait was used in the restricted flocoumafen treatments than in the unrestricted treatments but the time taken to control the rat infestations was significantly longer. PMID- 3755452 TI - The susceptibility of Rattus rattus and Bandicota bengalensis to a new anticoagulant rodenticide, flocoumafen. AB - The anticoagulant rodenticide flocoumafen was evaluated against Rattus rattus and Bandicota bengalensis. In no-choice 24 h feeding tests 100% mortality occurred at 0.00125% concentration of the poison in the bait in the case of B. bengalensis and at 0.00375% in R. rattus. Feeding of 0.0025% poison bait in 1-day, no-choice and 2-day choice tests resulted in 60% and 75% mortality of R. rattus, respectively, and 100% of B. bengalensis. The differences between the consumption of plain food in the pretreatment period and of poison bait in no-choice tests were non-significant, except in one case. The rodents consumed significantly more (P less than 0.01) poison bait than the plain alternative in the choice trials. Median period of survival and its 95% confidence limits of R. rattus and B. bengalensis, at the 100% mortality dose levels of the poison, were 6.3 (5.04 7.88) and 6.2 (4.92-7.81) days respectively. PMID- 3755454 TI - Widespread, simultaneous increase in the incidence of spotted fever group rickettsioses. PMID- 3755453 TI - A simple, computer-assisted assay to detect isotype-specific regulation of human immunoglobulin synthesis. AB - A simple, reliable, and computer-assisted assay has been developed to quantitate isotype-specific regulation of human immunoglobulin synthesis in vitro. The assay utilizes three separate human lymphoblast or myeloma cell lines, which secrete human immunoglobulins IgA, IgG, and IgE. Culture supernatants from 96-well tissue culture plates are then assayed for IgA, IgG, and IgE by a solid-phase enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on a microtiter plate. Data collection and analysis is performed with the aid of computer programs designed for this assay. This assay has several advantages over other immunoglobulin regulation assays: no radioisotopes are used, thereby reducing cost and complexity; results are directly collected and quantified by computer analysis; the entire assay is completed in 3 days; reliability and reproducibility are increased by the use of established human cell lines; and co-culturing all three immunoglobulin-producing cell lines provides convenient internal controls for isotype specificity. PMID- 3755456 TI - Mycotic aneurysms of the upper extremity, report of two cases. AB - Two cases of mycotic aneurysm of the brachial artery secondary to illicit drug injection are described. Review of the literature shows an increased incidence of mycotic aneurysms secondary to intravenous/intra-arterial drug injections. There is a greater propensity for these aneurysms to rupture, thus early diagnosis and adequate antibiotic and surgical treatment is advised. Resection of the aneurysm and ligation of the vessel is the procedure of choice if adequate distal circulation exists. PMID- 3755455 TI - [Changes in intrinsic prostanoids after Blalock-Taussig operation of tetralogy of Fallot]. PMID- 3755457 TI - 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 increases serum and tissue accumulation of aluminum in rats. AB - We examined the effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) in both hypercalcemic and hypocalcemic rat models and the effect of exogenous 25 hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) on serum and tissue aluminum (Al) burdens. Rats fed a 0.2% Al diet received daily subcutaneous injections of either 1,25(OH)2D3 (80.9 ng/kg, n = 5 and 809 ng/kg, n = 8), 25 (OH)D3 (809 ng/kg, n = 4, and 8090 ng/kg, n = 8) or propylene glycol vehicle for 18 days. Rats given 809 ng/kg of 1,25(OH)2D3 were hypercalcemic and when compared with pair-fed controls had higher serum (33.1 vs. 14.3 micrograms/L, P less than 0.01), bone (21.2 vs. 13.2 micrograms/gm, P less than 0.01), and kidney (6.5 vs. 2.0 micrograms/gm, P less than 0.01) but not brain (1.2 vs. 1.5 micrograms/gm) or liver (0.9 vs. 0.8 micrograms/gm dry tissue) Al concentration. The lower dose of 1,25(OH)2D3 had no effect on serum or tissue Al. Treatment with 25(OH)D3 did not increase serum Ca and Al or tissue Al concentration. To dissociate a specific effect of exogenous 1,25(OH)2D3 from the concurrent hypercalcemia, endogenous production of 1,25(OH)2D3 was stimulated. Animals were fed a low Ca diet until hypocalcemia developed and were then divided into four groups: one given low Ca (n = 7) for 21 days, one given low Ca plus 0.2% Al (n = 7) for 21 days, one returned to a normal Ca diet (n = 4) for 30 days, and one returned to a normal Ca diet for 9 days and continued with a normal diet plus 0.2% Al (n = 5) for 21 days. Hypocalcemic rats fed the Al diet, when compared with hypocalcemic controls, had higher serum (143.6 vs. 31.8 micrograms/L, P less than 0.01), bone (16.0 vs. 2.9 micrograms/gm, P less than 0.01), and kidney (8.2 vs. 2.8 micrograms/gm, P less than 0.005) but not brain (3.4 vs. 2.3 micrograms/gm) or liver (3.8 vs. 2.3 micrograms/gm) Al concentrations. Serum, bone, and kidney Al concentration was also significantly higher than that in normocalcemic rats fed the Al diet. These results indicate that pharmacologic doses of 1,25(OH)2D3 and dietary hypocalcemia enhance gastrointestinal Al absorption and serum, kidney, and bone Al concentration. PMID- 3755458 TI - Development of synthetic lung surfactants. AB - We have previously reported the development of a reconstituted lung surfactant consisting of an organic solvent extract of natural bovine lung surfactant supplemented with synthetic lipids. This "artificial" surfactant was used successfully to treat surfactant deficiency states both in animals and humans. We now report on the successful testing of a synthetic lung surfactant consisting of a lipid-bound protein isolated from natural lung surfactant and the lipids present in the "artificial" lung surfactant and now used in the same concentration but in a synthetic, commercially available form. The synthetic lung surfactant possessed the in vitro and in vivo surface properties characterizing the "artificial" lung surfactant. In order to identify the components of the synthetic lung surfactant that are responsible for the required surface properties, a series of 25 simple mixtures was prepared. Of these, three possessed surface properties very similar to those of the "artificial" lung surfactant and the synthetic lung surfactant, in vitro as well as in vivo. These three mixtures had four components in common. Besides dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine and the lipid-bound protein, they each had a saturated fatty acid, palmitic or stearic, and they each had an acidic phospholipid, phosphatidylglycerol or phosphatidylserine. PMID- 3755459 TI - Effects of porcine relaxin on oxytocin release from the neurohypophysis in the anaesthetized lactating rat. AB - The effect of relaxin on electrically evoked release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary was examined by monitoring changes in intramammary pressure in the anaesthetized lactating rat. The amount of oxytocin released by electrical stimulation of the neurohypophysis in vivo was dramatically reduced following i.v. injection of highly purified porcine relaxin (2.5-10 micrograms/rat). Relaxin inhibited oxytocin release in a dose-dependent manner and the onset of inhibition occurred within 6-10 min and lasted for 10-60 min. No effect on the sensitivity of the mammary gland to exogenous oxytocin was observed after relaxin treatment. During the period of inhibition, i.v. injection of the opioid antagonist naloxone chloride (1 mg/kg) completely and immediately restored electrically evoked oxytocin release. The neurohypophysis is known to contain endogenous opioid peptides, therefore the effect of relaxin on electrically stimulated release of oxytocin from the rat isolated neural lobe in vitro was examined. Relaxin (500-2000 ng/ml) failed to inhibit oxytocin release in vitro. The results suggest that relaxin can inhibit the release of oxytocin from terminals in the neurohypophysis, but by an indirect mechanism. This action appears to be mediated through endogenous opioid peptides whose source is not clear. They are unlikely to be of neurohypophysial origin and may probably come from the adrenal medulla, since acute adrenalectomy negated the inhibitory effect of relaxin on oxytocin release. PMID- 3755460 TI - 1, 25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol stimulates conversion of androstenedione into oestrone by human skin fibroblasts in culture. AB - Pre-incubation of monolayer cultures of human skin fibroblasts with 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-D3; 0.1-10 nmol/l) increased the rate of conversion of androstenedione into oestrone (aromatase activity) when measured subsequently in the presence of a 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor (10 mumol/l). Maximal stimulation (14- to 89-fold with 10 nmol 1,25-D3/l) occurred 12 h after addition of the hormone and was maintained for up to 48 h. Stimulation was prevented by cycloheximide. In one cell line high 1,25-D3 concentrations (greater than 30 nmol/l) prevented the increase in aromatase activity; this did not appear to result from direct enzyme inhibition by 1, 25-D3. The possibility is considered that 1,25-D3 could act as a physiological regulator of peripheral aromatase. As oestrogens can prevent postmenopausal bone loss, it is speculated that 1,25-D3 might protect against bone resorption by maintaining peripheral oestrogen biosynthesis. PMID- 3755461 TI - Relationship between the vitamin D content of maternal milk and the vitamin D status of nursing women and breast-fed infants. AB - This work was designed to study the effect of the vitamin D content of human milk on the vitamin D status of exclusively breast-fed infants, and the relation between milk and maternal serum concentrations of vitamin D during the first month of lactation. Serum levels of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) were determined in a racially heterogeneous population of nursing women, between days 3 and 5 (L3), 15 and 18 (L15) and 30 and 45 (L30) post partum. The same parameters were determined in the serum of 1 month-old breast-fed infants. Maternal milk samples were obtained at L3, L15 and L30 and analysed for Ca, P, Mg, vitamin D and 25-OH-D content. Milk levels of Ca, P and Mg were found to be within the range previously described by other authors. No correlation was found between serum and milk levels of vitamin D and 25-OH-D in nursing mothers. The 25-OH-D concentration in milk was related to its vitamin D content and strongly correlated (P less than 0.001) with the 25-OH-D levels in the serum of exclusively breast-fed infants. No significant changes were observed in maternal serum levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-(OH)2D3) measured at L3 and L30, or between maternal and infant levels of 1,25-(OH)2D3 at L30. This study emphasizes the importance of the 25-OH-D content of maternal milk, in being primarily responsible for the vitamin D concentrations found in the serum of exclusively breast-fed infants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3755462 TI - Effects of lactation and season on plasma prolactin concentrations and response to bromocriptine during lactation in the Bennett's wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus). AB - Prolactin concentration was measured in plasma collected each week for 13 months from lactating and non-lactating Bennett's wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus). In non-lactating animals, prolactin concentrations decreased towards the end of the study but such changes did not appear to fit a seasonal pattern. Prolactin concentrations were low during early lactation and at a similar level to non-lactating animals, increased significantly during late pouch life (February-May), and then returned to non-lactating levels at a time coincident with permanent exit of the joey from the pouch. Temporary removal of joeys from their mothers in April was followed by a rapid decline in prolactin concentrations which remained low for 24 h until the joey was returned to its mother, whereupon prolactin concentrations increased significantly within 2 h. The effect of a single injection of bromocriptine (5 mg/kg) on lactation, embryonic diapause and plasma prolactin concentrations was examined at two stages of lactation. In November (lactational diapause), bromocriptine had no effect on prolactin concentrations but two out of four suckling joeys died on days 13 and 14 after treatment, and three out of four females gave birth on days 27, 27 and 28. Bromocriptine treatment in April (seasonal diapause) was followed by a significant reduction in prolactin concentrations and reduced growth rate of joeys belonging to treated females. New births were not observed. In view of the effect of bromocriptine on plasma prolactin concentrations in late lactation and the demonstration that domperidone (a dopamine antagonist) significantly increases plasma prolactin concentrations, it would seem that dopamine can act as a prolactin inhibitory hormone in this as in other mammalian species. PMID- 3755463 TI - Determination of circulating monomeric katacalcin and calcitonin: physiological studies in normal subjects. AB - Katacalcin is a recently discovered peptide, contained within the calcitonin precursor. For the highly sensitive radioimmunological measurement of katacalcin and calcitonin we used extraction on C-18, thereby lowering the detection limits in serum to 0.8 pmol/l (katacalcin) and 0.7 pmol/l (calcitonin), and simultaneously improving the specificities of both assays for the monomeric forms of the peptides. Extraction recoveries were greater than 96% and greater than 95% for pure monoiodinated [125I]Tyr(0)-katacalcin and [125I]calcitonin, respectively; and 95-98% and 91-97% respectively for the corresponding unlabelled peptides. This method is sufficiently sensitive and specific for studies on the physiology of both peptides. Gel filtration of serum from a patient with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid showed that the majority of high molecular weight forms of katacalcin and calcitonin did not bind to C-18, and that the eluted material consisted to more than 90% of monomeric katacalcin and calcitonin. Basal levels (mean +/- SEM) of katacalcin were higher in men (3.0 +/- 0.6 pmol/l, age less than 40 years, and 1.8 +/- 0.4 pmol/l, age greater than 40 years) and younger women (2.1 +/- 0.4 pmol/l) than in older women (1.3 +/- 0.6 pmol/l; p less than 0.02). The respective values for calcitonin were 5.1 +/- 0.9 and 4.0 +/- 0.6 pmol/l for young and older men, and 2.3 +/- 0.4 and 2.8 +/- 0.8 pmol/l for young and older women, with a significant sex-related difference in both age groups. Basal serum levels of katacalcin and calcitonin were highly correlated (katacalcin = 0.66 calcitonin -0.12 pmol/l; p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3755464 TI - A community resources database program for family practice residency programs. PMID- 3755465 TI - Design and use of a computer-assisted postmortem identification system. AB - The organization and rationale for the design of a computer-assisted postmortem identification system are discussed along with results of the use of this system in extensive simulation trials on a database of 578 records. The selectivity of dental characteristics is so great that any individual with 4 or more characteristics (either fillings or missing teeth), can be separated from a group of 578 people for final verification of the identity match. The effects of errors in the database are discussed and the actual effects of different error rates on identification are shown. Error rates of up to 30% have only small effects on the ability of the system to pick out correct identity matches. The system is presently implemented on a portable microcomputer, a representative desktop computer, and a large minicomputer. The present efforts include statistical analysis of an enlarged database and testing of a data acquisition system to allow the building of a large identification database (25 000 records) in a quick and economical manner. PMID- 3755467 TI - [The morphological changes in the cochlea following electrical stimulation- experimental study of the cochlear implant]. PMID- 3755466 TI - Isolation of tunichrome B-1, a reducing blood pigment of the sea squirt, Ascidia nigra. AB - The tunicates, or sea squirts, are common marine organisms that selectively accumulate metals such as V, Fe, Mo, Nb, in their blood cells. Despite the more than 70 years of interest in the compounds responsible for this accumulation, their extreme lability has eluded attempts to isolate and characterize them. The isolation and structure of the first of these blood pigments tunichrome B-1 from the Ascidia nigra is reported. PMID- 3755468 TI - Pneumograms in infants who subsequently died of sudden infant death syndrome. AB - Victims of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) have occasionally been reported to have had prolonged apnea or an increased frequency of short apnea prior to their deaths. To examine the extent of these abnormalities, we compared pneumograms obtained in 17 infants who subsequently died of SIDS (10 with history of apnea) with those of 34 age- and sex-matched controls. The recordings were analyzed by a computer program that avoided observer bias. SIDS infants had significantly greater mean heart rate (P less than 0.05) and periodic breathing during quiet time (P less than 0.003) than control infants had. The apnea in SIDS infants tended to be more periodic than in control infants (P less than 0.002). In addition, the incidence of bradycardia was greater in SIDS (three infants) than in controls (none) (P less than 0.03). These differences suggest a disturbance of autonomic function prior to death in some victims of SIDS. PMID- 3755469 TI - Hereditary xanthinuria presenting in infancy with nephrolithiasis. PMID- 3755470 TI - Characterization of surface glycoproteins on Schistosoma mansoni adult worms by lectin affinity chromatography. AB - Adult Schistosoma mansoni were radiolabeled by direct radioiodination using the Bolton-Hunter reagent or by metabolic labeling using radioactive hexose precursors. Tegumental material was extracted by freeze-thaw or by incubation in the non-ionic detergent Nonidet P-40, then applied to chromatography columns containing the following immobilized lectins: Con A, lentil lectin, wheat germ agglutinin, soybean agglutinin and the agglutinins from Ricinus communis and Helix pomatia. SDS-PAGE analysis of the sugar eluates from these columns revealed the presence of 15 glycoproteins with apparent molecular weights greater than or equal to 300,000, 215,000, 168,000, 152,000, 134,000, 122,000, 108,000, 83,000, 58,000, 53,000, 46,000, 41,000, 34,000, 30,000 and 23,500. Many of the glycoproteins reacted with more than one lectin. Information about carbohydrate content and lectin binding provides a preliminary characterization of the tegumental glycoprotein antigens of adult worms. PMID- 3755471 TI - Management of vascular complications of bacterial endocarditis. AB - Peripheral arterial emboli that result from bacterial endocarditis may be silent or catastrophic. Cardiac surgical intervention may prevent embolism, but the guidelines for timing of intervention are unclear. An accepted approach is to intervene only if two episodes of peripheral embolism occur. Our recent experience suggests a more refined approach is in order. Eight children with active bacterial endocarditis have been treated with embolic complications. One patient with abdominal pain and GI bleeding was treated with heparin for multiple peripheral mesenteric emboli. Four patients had femoral embolectomies, one twice. Three patients developed embolomycotic aneurysms of the aorta in two cases and the common iliac in one; all were ruptured and two survived with staged reconstruction in one and extra-anatomic bypass in the other. Staph aureus and Strep viridans were the organisms involved most often. A review of the details of care in these patients leads to the following conclusions: angiographic survey reveals that most patients have multiple emboli; early embolectomy may prevent formation of infected aneurysms; Staph aureus infected patients are at risk for development of infected aneurysms; patients with large floppy vegetations in the left heart on echocardiography are at high risk for embolism; and 2 to 3 weeks from onset of endocarditis is the peak time for embolic risk. PMID- 3755472 TI - Estimates of primary implant power using an intraocular lens table. AB - Intraocular lens (IOL) power data have been compiled in tabular format as a function of axial length measurements, corneal powers, and desired refractive errors. The table is presented to assist the clinician in performing IOL power estimates and as an independent source for checking preoperative IOL power calculations. Ophthalmologists who do not own a personal computer will find the lens power table a valuable adjunct to their present repertoire of analytical skills. PMID- 3755474 TI - Increased mortality during early embryonic development after in-vitro fertilization of rat oocytes. AB - Immature female rats (60-65 g) were injected with 4 i.u. PMSG on Day -2, and allocated to 3 groups. For Groups I and II, unmated donors were killed 67-69 h after PMSG injection, shortly after the expected time of ovulation. Oocytes were recovered from the oviducts and transferred immediately into the oviduct of mated recipients (Group I) whose ipsilateral ovary had been exposed by peeling back the bursa, preventing endogenous oocytes from entering the oviduct, or were fertilized in vitro (Group II) and were transferred 16-18 h later. Rats in Group III were allowed to mate and half were killed 6 h after mating. The fertilized oocytes were then incubated for 10-12 h until transfer. The remaining rats in Group III were killed 16-18 h after mating and fertilized oocytes were collected and transferred immediately. Recipient rats were killed on Days 2, 5, 8 and 20. Zygotes resulting from in-vitro fertilization (Group II) were as able as those fertilized in donors (Group III) or recipients (Group I) to develop to the 2-cell stage, but underwent significantly greater embryonic loss beyond this stage of development. There was a slower rate of development of such oocytes to the blastocyst stage (Day 5) and a lower mean weight of implantation sites (Day 8). Transfer of zygotes after in-vitro fertilization resulted in a loss of 35% of the embryos at the time of implantation. These results suggest that in-vitro fertilization of rat oocytes leads to defects in the embryos causing a delay in early embryo development and a large number of implantation losses. PMID- 3755473 TI - Multiple binding affinities of N-methylscopolamine to brain muscarinic acetylcholine receptors: differentiation from M1 and M2 receptor subtypes. AB - The properties of the specific binding of the muscarinic receptor ligands [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate and N-[3H]methylscopolamine in rat brain were compared. The specific binding of both ligands was affected equally by heat, phospholipase A2 and trypsin. N-[3H]methylscopolamine labeled only a fraction of the total muscarinic receptors recognized by [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate in different brain areas and in the heart. Evidence is presented that N [3H]methylscopolamine, in fact, binds to a subpopulation of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate binding sites. The distribution of the high-affinity binding sites of N [3H]methylscopolamine did not show a different tissue dependence as compared to the total receptor population, and did not parallel the distribution of the pirenzepine-sensitive M1 receptor subtype. Similarly, the affinity of both [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate and N-[3H]methylscopolamine varied from one tissue to another by a maximum of 2-fold. Although (-)-quinuclidinyl benzilate competed for the specific binding of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate in different tissues according to the law of mass-action, N-methylscopolamine showed an anomalous interaction with two binding sites. The low-affinity binding sites of N methylscopolamine showed saturability of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate binding and stereoselectivity. When the binding characteristics of these N-methylscopolamine inaccessible binding sites of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate in the brain were investigated further, it was found that N-methylscopolamine bound exclusively with a single low affinity, whereas pirenzepine still interacted with two receptor populations incorporated in these sites. It is concluded from several lines of evidence that the heterogeneity of binding of N-methylscopolamine to muscarinic receptors does not represent an interaction with the muscarinic M1 and M2 receptor subtypes defined by pirenzepine. Thus, the unique binding profile of pirenzepine to muscarinic receptors cannot be explained merely on the basis of its hydrophilic nature. PMID- 3755475 TI - Plasma prolactin concentrations and cyclic activity in pony mares during parturition and early lactation. AB - Five pony mares were blood sampled during late pregnancy, foaling and early lactation. An homologous assay for horse prolactin was used to measure plasma prolactin concentrations in these samples. Regular estimates of cyclic activity were also made. Plasma prolactin concentrations rose markedly in the last week of pregnancy and remained high although variable in early lactation, before declining to basal levels by 1-2 months post partum. All mares showed a post partum oestrus 7.0 +/- 0.9 days after parturition. One mare whose foal died shortly after birth showed a rapid decline in plasma prolactin values after death of the foal and an early oestrous period (4 days after parturition). The pattern of prolactin changes reported for the mare are in agreement with those reported for other mammalian species. PMID- 3755476 TI - Sampling bias and habitat variation in gonotrophic age of female Musca autumnalis (Diptera: Muscidae). PMID- 3755477 TI - A microcomputer system for analysis of coronary artery calibre and blood flow. AB - Measurement of myocardial blood flow and assessment of coronary calibre in man has important clinical and research value. An inexpensive microcomputer system has been developed to facilitate analysis of each of these. Coronary sinus and great cardiac vein blood flow are measured using the thermodilution technique. The output of the temperature measurement circuitry is digitized and used to calculate blood flows. For coronary artery calibre measurement, the outline of an arterial segment recorded during coronary arteriography is digitized manually. The microcomputer system provides a graphic display of the digitized artery and calculates diameters throughout its length. Excellent correlations were observed between computer and manual methods for both systems. PMID- 3755478 TI - Interactions between two beta-sheets. Energetics of beta/beta packing in proteins. AB - The analysis of the interactions between regularly folded segments of the polypeptide chain contributes to an understanding of the energetics of protein folding. Conformational energy-minimization calculations have been carried out to determine the favorable ways of packing two right-twisted beta-sheets. The packing of two five-stranded beta-sheets was investigated, with the strands having the composition CH3CO-(L-Ile)6-NHCH3 in one beta-sheet and CH3CO-(L-Val)6 NHCH3 in the other. Two distinct classes of low-energy packing arrangements were found. In the class with lowest energies, the strands of the two beta-sheets are aligned nearly parallel (or antiparallel) with each other, with a preference for a negative orientation angle, because this arrangement corresponds to the best complementary packing of the two twisted saddle-shaped beta-sheets. In the second class, with higher interaction energies, the strands of the two beta-sheets are oriented nearly perpendicular to each other. While the surfaces of the two beta sheets are not complementary in this arrangement, there is good packing between the corner of one beta-sheet and the interior part of the surface of the other, resulting in a favorable energy of packing. Both classes correspond to frequently observed orientations of beta-sheets in proteins. In proteins, the second class of packing is usually observed when the two beta-sheets are covalently linked, i.e. when a polypeptide strand passes from one beta-sheet to the other, but we have shown here that a large contribution to the stabilization of this packing arrangement arises from noncovalent interactions. PMID- 3755479 TI - Action of pirenzepine on the human urinary bladder in vitro. AB - The novel compound pirenzepine was tested for its antimuscarinic effect on the human urinary bladder "in vitro." Its behavior towards the contractions induced by acetylcholine or bethanechol and towards electrically induced contractions was identical to that of atropine. However, its potency was 100 to 300 times lower than that of atropine. Results obtained with ganglion blocking agents, tetrodotoxin and cooled preparations of urinary bladder seem to indicate the virtually total absence of ganglionic cells. On the other hand they point out the fundamental role of post-synaptic muscarinic M2 receptors as the most important component of the cholinergic system in the bladder. Of course the existence of other transmitters released at the cholinergic nerve endings after electrical field stimulation cannot be excluded on the basis of our experiments. PMID- 3755480 TI - Increasing action of teprenone, a new antiulcer agent, on high-molecular-weight glycoprotein in gastric mucus during the healing process of acetic acid-induced ulcer in rats. AB - The effects of teprenone on quantitative changes in gastric mucus glycoprotein during the healing process of acetic acid-induced ulcer in rats were investigated in comparison to those of cimetidine and proglumide. When estimated on the 15th day after operation, teprenone (50 and 100 mg/kg X 2/day, p.o.) significantly decreased the ulcer index by approx. 30%. On the other hand, cimetidine (100 mg/kg X 2/day, p.o.) and proglumide (500 mg/kg X 2/day, p.o.) did not significantly affect it. The high-molecular-weight glycoprotein (HMG, molecular weight of 2 X 10(6) or more) concentration in the gastric mucus of the control group (non-medicated ulcer rats) was 48.7% lower than that of the normal group (non-medicated rats without ulcer). On the contrary, the lower-molecular-weight glycoprotein (LMG, molecular weight between 5 X 10(5) and 2 X 10(6)) concentration of the control group was 95.3% higher than that of the normal group. Teprenone (at both doses) remarkably increased the concentration and secretion of the HMG. In contrast, those of the LMG were decreased by this drug. Cimetidine significantly decreased both the concentration and secretion of the total glycoprotein (HMG + LMG). Proglumide showed only slight increases in the concentration and secretion of the HMG, although it pronouncedly increased the total glycoprotein secretion. These results indicate that teprenone may strengthen the defensive force of gastric mucosa by increasing the HMG with a polymeric structure. In contrast, cimetidine may weaken the mucosal defense. PMID- 3755481 TI - Anencephaly and other congenital defects in a calf. PMID- 3755482 TI - [Pathogenetic aspects of using ultraviolet irradiation of the blood in peritonitis in children]. PMID- 3755483 TI - Dissolution and reassembly of tubular myelin-like multilamellated structures from the lungs of patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. AB - Tubular myelin-like multilamellated structures that accumulate in the alveoli of patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis are a characteristic manifestation of the disease. These multilamellated structures appear to be an abnormal form of tubular myelin consisting of phospholipid bilayers separated from each other by amorphous proteinaceous material. Treatment of tubular myelin-like multilamellated structures with 10% N-acetylcysteine in aqueous solution resulted in the dissolution and extraction of the intermembranous amorphous material. Extracts contained three major proteins with molecular weights of 36, 56, and 63 kd under reducing conditions; the 36 kd protein accounted for 76.6% of the total protein extracted. In the presence of N-acetylcysteine the 36 kd protein coexisted with a high molecular weight aggregate form (molecular weight greater than 4 X 10(6) daltons). Liposomes, prepared from lipids extracted from the insoluble phase of lavage effluents from the lungs of patients, were mixed with N acetylcysteine-extracted proteins and then were dialyzed exhaustively against 0.9% NaCl at 37 degrees C. Examination of the precipitated material by electron microscopy revealed the presence of tubular myelin-like multilamellated structures ultrastructurally indistinguishable from those found in the alveoli of patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Tubular myelin-like multilamellated structures were also formed in large amounts when protein from the lungs of patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis was mixed with liposomes prepared from normal human lung surfactant. Tubular myelin-like multilamellated structures were formed with lipids from rabbit liver microsomes or brain homogenates to only a very small degree. Proteins extracted from pulmonary surfactant from the lungs of normal rabbits together with phospholipids extracted from the same source formed a few tubular myelin-like multilamellated structures in which square tubules were detected. These data demonstrate that specific proteins present in the insoluble accumulations from the lungs of patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis can spontaneously form tubular myelin-like multilamellated structures under in vitro conditions and in the presence of appropriate lipids. PMID- 3755484 TI - Localized thyroid plasmacytoma. AB - Two cases of localized thyroid plasmacytoma are described and the literature is reviewed. In most cases the tumors arise in thyroid glands with lymphocytic thyroiditis. Thyroidectomy with regional lymph node biopsy seems to be the initial treatment of choice. Postoperative irradiation appears to be indicated in cases with residual thyroid tissue remaining and in those with documented regional nodal involvement. PMID- 3755485 TI - Thymic lymphosarcomas obtained by X-rays in association with a weakly leukemogenic virus: cellular studies. AB - The association in C57BL/6 mice of a subleukemogenic radiation dose (1.75 Gy X 2) which induces 7% of thymic lymphosarcomas (TL) with the injection of a weakly oncogenic B-tropic retrovirus responsible for 5% of TL resulted in a higher incidence of TL (31%) than expected from a simple cumulative effect when the viral injection preceded the irradiations (VX protocol). When virus was injected after irradiation (XV protocol) TL incidence (19%) was not significantly different from that of a cumulative phenomenon. The B-tropic virus used (1223) was isolated from RadLV-Rs extract and cloned. The TL incidence correlates with the presence of virus firstly in the thymus and bone marrow (BM) during the preleukemic period, secondly in the cell lines established in vitro from TL obtained in both protocols. This suggests that B-tropic viruses derepressed by 4 radiation doses of 1.75 Gy might be similarly implicated in the mechanism of radio-induced TL. This hypothesis is further supported by the evidence that BM restoration inhibited leukemogenesis in processes induced either by 4 radiation doses of 1.75 Gy or by the association of 2 radiation doses and viral injection whereas it has no effect on TL induced by highly oncogenic thymotropic viruses. Transplantation of BM cells from animals which had been submitted shortly before to leukemogenic VX protocol failed to induce donor type TL or leukemias in irradiated recipients suggesting that preleukemic cells either are not present or cannot be detected. However a high incidence of recipient TL was observed indicating that viruses were transferred with the grafted cells. PMID- 3755486 TI - [Disseminated candidiasis in heroin addicts: a study of immunologic parameters in 50 patients]. PMID- 3755487 TI - [Esophageal disease caused by non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with mediastinal fistula]. PMID- 3755488 TI - Design and implementation of an integrated hospital database. AB - The need for the development of a modern hospital database which will support an integrated hospital information system has been recognized for several years. The exercise, however, has nearly always been more difficult than anticipated, and only a limited number of the relevant projects have been successful. A major common problem in most of the above efforts has been the lack of an appropriate hospital database design methodology: a subject on which the advice provided by the literature is limited. A database design methodology is proposed which should help overcome some of the difficulties and meet the database design requirements of a hospital in an optimal way. PMID- 3755489 TI - Endoscopic papillotomy with Nd:YAG laser: an alternative to electrocautery. AB - With the presentation of two cases of successfully performed endoscopic papillotomies, a new indication for Nd YAG laser treatment in gastroenterology is introduced. To the extent it thus far has been used, photocoagulation is a complementary alternative method if the usual papillotomy cannot be placed in the right cutting position. PMID- 3755490 TI - Effects of the platelet-activating factor antagonist BN 52021 on the hemodynamics of rats with experimental cirrhosis of the liver. AB - Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that rats with experimental cirrhosis of the liver induced by the combined administration of oral phenobarbital and inhaled carbon tetrachloride show an hyperdynamic status with enhanced cardiac output (CO), and decreased mean arterial pressure (MAP) and peripheral vascular resistance (PVR). Cirrhotic rats also showed an increased vascular permeability. All these phenomena are similar to some of the known effects of the systemic infusion of low doses of synthetic platelet-activating factor into the systemic circulation of normal rats. The measurement of the levels of platelet-activating factor in samples of blood demonstrated significantly higher levels in cirrhotic (2.65 +/- 0.39; n = 10) than in control rats (1.50 +/- 0.57 ng/ml; n = 10; p less than 0.05). The hemodynamic changes induced by the intravenous injection of the platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist BN 52021 (5 mg/kg body weight) have been measured in 10 control and 10 cirrhotic male Wistar rats, using a radioactive microsphere technique. BN 52021 induced no significant hemodynamic changes in control animals. However, in cirrhotic animals it induced a significant decrease in CO with increase in PVR. MAP increased slightly but not significantly. From these data it can be deduced that platelet-activating factor plays a role in the hemodynamic derangement shown by cirrhotic rats and that these derangement can be reversed by BN 52021, a highly selective antagonist of the platelet-activating factor receptor. PMID- 3755491 TI - Temperature effect on subclasses of muscarinic receptors in rat colon, heart and cerebral cortex. AB - The high-affinity muscarinic antagonist /3H/-Quinuclidinyl benzilate (/3H/-QNB) has been used to label muscarinic receptors in a crude membrane fraction of rat cerebral cortex, colon and heart. The inhibition of /3H/-QNB binding by Atropine, Oxotremorine and Pirenzepine was investigated at three temperatures: 37 degrees C, 22 degrees C and 10 degrees C. The IC50 values and the proportion of high (Rt1) and low (Rt2) affinity binding sites were determined for the three compounds. When the temperature were lowered from 37 degrees C to 10 degrees C, in the agonist and antagonist dissociation constants decreased in all tissues. Changes in temperature did not modify Rt1 or Rt2 values for Oxotremorine and Pirenzepine. The results show marked temperature-dependent modifications of IC50 values for muscarinic receptors of high- and low-affinity sites in rat cerebral cortex, colon or heart. PMID- 3755492 TI - [The role of radiotherapy in the treatment of stage I-II Hodgkin's disease in children]. AB - The results of treatment of I-II stage Hodgkin's disease in children aged 2-14 have been studied. 5-year survival in the group of patients (34 persons) subjected only to radiotherapy was 87.3% of which 63.4% had no recurrences. The radiotherapy is found to be an adequate method for treatment of Hodgkin's disease I-IIa stage in patients over 5 with histological types of lymphocytes prevalence and of nodular sclerosis. The volume dose of radiation does not effect the results significantly and may be limited to irradiation of local zones. When radiation is used in monotherapy there appeared factors worsening the prognosis of the disease. These are: age below 5, common symptoms and/or signs of biological activity of the process, histological mixed-cellular type or the type of lymphoid exhaustion. These factors do not affect significantly the prognosis of disease for children treated with chemoradiotherapy. In the presence of unfavourable factors only chemotherapy should be used. It does not result in the increase in 5-year survival but increases significantly (up to 90.9%) the frequency of recurrency-free interval. PMID- 3755493 TI - Simulations of complex chemical systems. PMID- 3755494 TI - Structural chemistry of biomolecular hydration via computer simulation: the proximity criterion. PMID- 3755495 TI - Quantitation of water in membranes by neutron diffraction and X-ray techniques. AB - The general principle of placing neutron and X-ray scattering density profiles on an absolute scale is being applied to an increasing number of problems in structural biology. This maximizes the information from the experiments by facilitating the identification of various molecular species. The greater detail available on the membrane water distribution has been highlighted in this chapter. The quantitative analysis of water in the headgroup region and the intermembrane water layer provides valuable information on membrane structure and function. The single most important limitation of the method is the lack of resolution. Improvements in experimental techniques will improve the resolution in a number of situations. PMID- 3755496 TI - Water and carbohydrate interactions with membranes: studies with infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry methods. PMID- 3755497 TI - Graphical access to medical expert systems: II. Design of an interface for physicians. PMID- 3755498 TI - Group theory approach to computer translation of medical German. PMID- 3755499 TI - Effects of in vivo and in vitro treatments with N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2 dihydroquinoline on putative muscarinic receptor subtypes in rat brain. AB - N-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ) was found to irreversibly decrease the Bmax of [3H](-)-quinuclidinyl-benzilate [(-)QNB] binding in rat brain following in vivo administration or by incubation of tissue homogenates with EEDQ in vitro. A greater reduction in the Bmax of [3H](-)QNB binding was observed in the hippocampus and cortex than in the brainstem following in vivo or in vitro treatment with EEDQ. Competition of pirenzepine for [3H](-)QNB binding was best described by computer-derived models assuming two binding sites in all brain regions. However, following EEDQ treatment there was a rightward shift in the pirenzepine competition curves for the remaining [3H](-)QNB-binding sites in all brain regions. Computer analysis of the pirenzepine competition curves indicated that this was due to a selective decrease in the number of [3H](-)QNB binding sites having high affinity for pirenzepine. Although the binding of [3H]( )QNB to the site having lower affinity for pirenzepine was apparently unaltered, the affinity of pirenzepine for this binding site was significantly lowered following both in vivo and in vitro treatment with EEDQ. Thus, EEDQ differentially modifies muscarinic receptor-binding sites having high and low affinity for pirenzepine. The reduction in the Bmax of [3H](-)QNB binding and the rightward shift in the pirenzepine competition curve elicited by EEDQ both in vivo and in vitro could be prevented by coadministration of reversible muscarinic antagonists, thereby demonstrating that EEDQ interacts at the ligand recognition site of muscarinic receptors. These data suggest that the putative muscarinic receptor subtypes discriminated by pirenzepine may represent differences in the accessibility of pirenzepine and EEDQ to a homogeneous population of [3H](-)QNB binding sites or, alternatively, that these muscarinic receptor-binding sites discriminated by pirenzepine and EEDQ represent structurally distinct molecular entities. PMID- 3755500 TI - Sexually transmitted diseases in victims of sexual assault. PMID- 3755501 TI - Oral sucralfate suspension for mucositis. PMID- 3755502 TI - Pasteurella multocida infection after animal bites. PMID- 3755503 TI - Differential effects of alpha-beta-methylene ATP on responses to nerve stimulation in SHR and WKY tail arteries. AB - The effects of alpha,beta-,methylene-adenosine triphosphate, (alpha,beta methylene ATP, a P2-receptor desensitising agent) have been evaluated on vasoconstrictor responses elicited by exogenous agonists or electrical field stimulation in isolated perfused SHR or WKY tail arteries and on tritium release elicited by electrical field stimulation in SHR-tail arteries pre-labeled with 3H noradrenaline. Exposure to alpha,beta-methylene ATP (0.1 mumol/l) significantly inhibited vasoconstrictor responses to electrical field stimulation in SHR tail arteries. These inhibitory effects were not further increased at a higher concentration of alpha,beta-methylene ATP (1 mumol/l). In WKY tail arteries, alpha,beta-methylene ATP (1 mumol/l) failed to significantly inhibit vasoconstrictor responses to electrical stimulation. In SHR tail arteries prelabelled with 3H-noradrenaline, alpha,beta-methylene ATP (1 mumol/l) did not inhibit the stimulation evoked release of tritium. However, at this concentration, alpha,beta-methylene ATP significantly antagonized the vasoconstrictor responses of SHR tail arteries induced by exogenous ATP (1 mumol/l), beta,gamma-methylene ATP (30 mumol/l), a stable agonist at P2 receptors, or 60 mmol/l KCl. These effects of alpha,beta-methylene ATP on contractile responses to KCl were not observed in WKY-tail arteries. In tail arteries obtained from reserpine pretreated SHR, despite a 85-95% decrease in endogenous noradrenaline tissue content, the vasoconstrictor responses induced by periarterial field stimulation were greatly diminished, but not abolished. These residual responses to periarterial field stimulation were not antagonized by prazosin (0.1 mumol/l), but were practically abolished by the addition of alpha,beta-methylene ATP (1 mumol/l). In tail arteries from WKY rats pretreated with reserpine, exposure to prazosin (0.1 mumol/l) further reduced the residual responses elicited by electrical field stimulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3755505 TI - [Late morbidity in children with a birth weight of less than 1500 grams born 1979 1983]. PMID- 3755504 TI - Bronchial, cardiovascular and secretory responses after central administration of capsaicin in the guinea-pig. AB - Capsaicin was injected intracisternally (i.c.), intrathecally (i.th.) or intravenously (i.v.) into guinea-pigs anaesthetized with urethane and ventilated artificially. The effects of 0.2-100 micrograms capsaicin on insufflation pressure, heart rate, arterial blood pressure and salivation were recorded. Low i.c. doses of 0.2 and 2 micrograms capsaicin induced bradycardia, hypertension and salivation but no change in insufflation pressure. An insufflation pressure increase, i.e. bronchoconstriction, was observed with 20 or 100 micrograms capsaicin i.c. and this was associated with tachycardia and hypertension. Bronchoconstriction after 20 micrograms capsaicin i.c. was augmented by propranolol (1 mg/kg i.v.). It was, however, unaffected by bilateral cervical vagotomy and could also be induced by i.th. capsaicin injections in the lumbar region. Capsaicin (3 micrograms/kg) injected i.v. induced bronchoconstriction and tachycardia. Propranolol enhanced bronchoconstriction but did not reduce the tachycardia indicating that capsaicin led to activation of sympathetic bronchial but not cardiac fibers. These results also indicate that i.c. capsaicin caused reflex responses consisting of salivation, bronchodilatation bradycardia and hypertension. High doses injected i.c. or i.th. also caused tachycardia and bronchoconstriction. This latter effect, however, was neither a vagal reflex nor did it seem to result from activation of central terminals of afferent fibers with subsequent release of mediators from the peripheral endings due to antidromic spread of nerve impulses. Instead, capsaicin seemed to be readily resorbed into the systemic circulation and thus acting at peripheral endings to cause bronchoconstriction and tachycardia. PMID- 3755506 TI - [Orbital pseudotumor]. PMID- 3755507 TI - [Repair of the meniscus in acute instability of the knee following a rotation injury]. PMID- 3755508 TI - [Nature of non-adrenergic inhibition in the smooth muscles of the human intestine]. AB - Electrical responses of longitudinal and circular smooth muscles of human small intestine and colon to ATP, alpha, beta-methylene-ATP, beta, gamma-methylene-ATP and adenosine were studied by the sucrose-gap method. In most cases ATP induced the effect similar to that of stimulation of the nonadrenergic inhibitory nerves. Desensitization of the purinergic receptors by alpha, beta-methylene-ATP selectively decreased the amplitude of inhibitory junction potentials. The results confirm the purinergic hypothesis of the nonadrenergic inhibition in human intestine. PMID- 3755509 TI - Effect of long-term administration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 1 alpha hydroxyvitamin D3 on the calcium content of the aorta, heart and kidney of normal and uremic rats. AB - Studies in uremic rats were performed to see whether or not the long-term administration of therapeutical doses of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 or 1 alpha hydroxyvitamin D3 would induce histological changes in the aorta or increase the calcium content of the aorta or the heart. In contrast to observations of others, no effect of both vitamin D sterols could be observed on both investigated tissues. However, the remnant kidneys of the rats treated with both vitamin D compounds showed a significantly increased calcium content. According to these results one cannot exclude that the chronic application of active vitamin D metabolites has induced a calcium deposition in the remnant kidney. This finding deserves special attention, although we found, on the other hand, no evidence that an underlying arterial disease is aggravated by this therapy. PMID- 3755510 TI - Enkephalin and neuropeptide Y: two colocalized neuropeptides are independently regulated in primary cultures of bovine chromaffin cells. AB - We have found that Neuropeptide Y is colocalized with enkephalin in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. The two peptides can be found in the same granules in those cells where they coexist. These cells correspond to the adrenergic subpopulation of chromaffin cells since they contain the epinephrine synthetic enzyme, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. Despite their coexistence, production of the two peptides is independently regulated. Enkephalin levels are doubled after nicotinic depolarization (which increases enkephalin synthesis) or after treatment with reserpine (which increases enkephalin precursor processing). Neither of these treatments, acting by different mechanisms, has any effect on the levels of Neuropeptide Y. PMID- 3755511 TI - Computer learning by memory-impaired patients: acquisition and retention of complex knowledge. AB - Several investigators have shown that memory-impaired patients are capable of learning relatively simple information in both the laboratory and everyday life. The present research explored whether patients with memory disorders could also acquire complex knowledge--the domain-specific knowledge needed for operating and interacting with a microcomputer. The results indicated that patients with memory disorders of varying severity could learn to manipulate information on the computer screen, to write, edit and execute simple computer programs, and to perform disk storage and retrieval operations. The learning process, however, was slow relative to controls and the knowledge acquired appeared to be qualitatively different. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. PMID- 3755512 TI - Neuropeptide Y--a cotransmitter with noradrenaline and adenosine 5'-triphosphate in the sympathetic nerves of the mouse vas deferens? A biochemical, physiological and electropharmacological study. AB - A combination of biochemical, physiological and electropharmacological methods was employed to examine the occurrence of neuropeptide Y and the pre- and postjunctional effects of this peptide on sympathetic neuromuscular transmission in the mouse vas deferens. This tissue had a high content of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive material, suggesting a dense innervation by neuropeptide Y containing nerve fibres. Addition of neuropeptide Y at concentrations from 5 X 10(-9) to 5 X 10(-7) M induced both pre- and postjunctional effects in vitro. Neuropeptide Y per se induced a rise in the resting tension, and "instantly" potentiated the contractile effects of exogenous noradrenaline and of the stable adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) analogue, alpha,beta-methylene ATP. Neuropeptide Y reduced the secretion of [3H]noradrenaline evoked by electrical nerve stimulation, and selectively depressed the stimulus-evoked, but not the spontaneously occurring excitatory junction potentials in smooth muscle cells. Further, neuropeptide Y reduced the amplitudes of the twitch contractions evoked by electrical field stimulation with short stimulus trains at 10 Hz, and also (although to a smaller extent) the delayed contractile response to longer trains of nerve stimuli. The pre- and postjunctional effects of neuropeptide Y were not changed by alpha- or beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents, or by tachyphylaxis to the effects of ATP, or by the calcium channel blocker nifedipine. IN CONCLUSION: sympathetic neuromuscular transmission in the mouse vas deferens may be mediated not only by noradrenaline and ATP, but also by neuropeptide Y.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3755513 TI - Bovine chromaffin granules: immunological studies with antisera against neuropeptide Y, [Met]enkephalin and bombesin. AB - Antisera against neuropeptide Y, [Met]enkephalin and bombesin were used for characterizing the immunoreactive material in subcellular fractions of bovine adrenal medulla. Neuropeptide Y was identified by high performance liquid chromatography and by immunoblotting. Subcellular fractionation established that neuropeptide Y is present in chromaffin granules. During stimulation of the adrenal it is released concomitantly with catecholamines. The soluble proteins of chromaffin granules contain 1.9 micrograms neuropeptide Y/mg protein which gives 429 copies of neuropeptide Y for a single granule. In two-dimensional immunoblots two peptides of the same molecular size, but with differing pI (6.4 and 7.3) react with the antiserum against neuropeptide Y. There was no evidence for the presence of a larger neuropeptide Y precursor in chromaffin granules. On the other hand, larger enkephalin-containing peptides could be detected by immunoblotting. The subcellular distribution of these enkephalin precursors differed. The larger peptides (23.3 and 18.2 kD) were more concentrated in lighter granules when compared to the smaller precursors (12.6 and 8.6 kD) which is consistent with proteolytic processing of these peptides during granule maturation. An antiserum against bombesin reacts in immunoblots with the chromogranin B family. This study further illustrates that chromaffin granules contain a complex mixture of neuropeptide-immunoreactive material. The combination of immunoblotting with subcellular fractionation appears as a useful tool to characterize these peptides and their precursors. PMID- 3755514 TI - Selective binding of soybean agglutinin to the olfactory system of Xenopus. AB - The binding patterns of four different lectins conjugated to horseradish peroxidase were investigated in the nervous system of juvenile Xenopus borealis. Only the lectin soybean agglutinin revealed a very selective binding pattern, which was restricted to the olfactory system. The olfactory and vomeronasal epithelia, the olfactory and accessory olfactory nerves and the olfactory and accessory olfactory bulbs were all labelled. The ventral portions of the olfactory nerve and bulb were however more intensely labelled than their dorsal portions. The rest of the brain and spinal cord did not bind this lectin except for a small discrete set of unmyelinated axons travelling in the medial forebrain bundle. Ultrastructural investigations revealed that soybean agglutinin was confined to the cell surface of olfactory neurons. The selective binding of this lectin of olfactory neurons suggests that specific cell surface glycoconjugates binding soybean agglutinin may have either a functional or developmental role in the olfactory system of Xenopus. PMID- 3755515 TI - Determination of fetal lung maturity by fluorescence polarization of the amniotic fluid lamellar bodies. AB - High-speed centrifugation of amniotic fluid enables separation of surfactant containing lamellar bodies. Fifty-three amniotic fluid samples from pregnancies of 28 to 39 weeks' gestation were examined for fetal lung maturity by measuring fluorescence polarization (P). For each sample the P value was determined at 37C on both the whole amniotic fluid and on the surfactant-containing lamellar bodies obtained by centrifugation at 10,000 X g. A close linear correlation (r = 0.80) was found between the P value of the amniotic fluid samples and that of the lamellar bodies. There was no difference in the specificity for discrimination of hyaline membrane disease cases by both methods (93.5%) with 95% confidence limits of 82.1 to 98.6%. Because high-speed centrifugation enables the selective sedimentation of pulmonary surfactant, determination of the lamellar body P value may offer a practical solution for the estimation of fetal lung maturity in amniotic fluid samples contaminated with blood. PMID- 3755516 TI - Prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in very low birth weight infants by maternally administered phenobarbital. AB - One hundred fifty pregnant women destined to deliver infants less than 32 weeks were randomly assigned to two groups. One group received phenobarbital in doses sufficient to achieve blood levels of 15 to 40 micrograms/mL, and this level was maintained in the neonate after birth. The second group received no antenatal treatment, but the infants were treated with phenobarbital after birth for at least four days. The infants were followed with ultrasound examinations of the head on postnatal days 1, 4, and 10 to assess the grade and progression of intraventricular hemorrhage. Intraventricular hemorrhage was significantly less frequent in the experimental group, 16 of 75 (21%) versus 35 of 75 (47%), P less than .01. Similarly, the experimental group had significantly fewer cases of severe intraventricular hemorrhage (grades III and IV), four of 75 (5%) versus 15 of 75 (20%), P less than .05 and mortality three of 75 (4%) versus ten of 75 (13%), P less than .05. Maternally administered phenobarbital appears to be effective in reducing the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage and lessening its severity. PMID- 3755517 TI - Vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy: a controlled trial of two methods. AB - A randomized study was conducted to evaluate the effects of single-dose and daily vitamin D supplementation in pregnant women during the last trimester of a winter pregnancy in the Northwest of France. The women were divided into three randomized groups: one (N = 21) was given a vitamin D2 supplement of 1000 IU/day during the last three months of pregnancy, one (N = 27) was given a single oral dose of 5 mg at the seventh month of pregnancy, and one (N = 29) acted as a control. Venous plasma samples were obtained at delivery from the women and from cord blood, and levels of calcium, 25-OHD, and 1,25(OH)2D were determined. No significant difference in plasma calcium concentration was found among the three groups, but within each group plasma calcium concentrations were higher in the cord samples than in the respective maternal samples. The levels of the two metabolites measured were consistently lower in the cord samples than in the respective maternal samples. Cord 25-OHD concentrations correlated with those of maternal plasma. No significant modification of maternal calciuria or of the birth weight of term infants was observed. 25-OHD concentrations were greater in maternal and cord plasma from treated mothers, but only a slight difference was observed between the supplemented groups. 1,25(OH)2D concentrations were not significantly different in the three groups. A single 5-mg dose of vitamin D given orally at the seventh month of pregnancy provides effective prophylaxis in the authors' region. PMID- 3755518 TI - Effect of blood contamination on the fluorescence polarization value of amniotic fluid lamellar bodies. AB - Estimation of fetal lung maturity by examination of amniotic fluid samples is unreliable in the presence of blood. Centrifugation of amniotic fluid at 10,000 X g separates the surfactant-containing lamellar bodies from contaminants, such as serum lipids. The influence of serum contamination of amniotic fluid was evaluated using the fluorescence polarization technique for determination of fetal lung maturity. Addition of serum changed the amniotic fluid P value of both the amniotic fluid and the lamellar body pellets in the direction of the P value of serum. After centrifugation at 10,000 X g, there was no significant difference in the P value of the pre- and postcontamination samples, demonstrating that centrifugation resulted in the removal of pulmonary nonrelevant lipids in contaminated amniotic fluid specimens. In 24 patients in whom the amniotic fluid sample was blood stained, the P value on the lamellar body pellet compared favorably to that obtained from noncontaminated samples. PMID- 3755519 TI - Evaluating the applications of the spatially adaptive program (SAPRO) in clinical perimetry: Part I. AB - Some clinical application possibilities of a spatially adaptive program (SAPRO) are presented and analyzed. Due to the ability of the program to adapt operationally to the visual field situation that is encountered, useful clinical findings can be obtained, even in patients with complicated visual field disturbances. The spatially adaptive detection mechanism, as well as a simplified bracketing strategy, make it possible to keep the cost/benefit ratio down. Short- and long-term fluctuations, especially when these are large, may compromise the validity of the examination results or place them in doubt. Their effects can be diminished using data reduction methods (averaging). In cases where averaging cannot be applied, one can nevertheless achieve useful results by the appropriate selection of the perimetric visual fields (or portions thereof) that are measured. PMID- 3755520 TI - Muller's muscle in the treatment of upper eyelid retraction: a 12-year study. AB - Muller's muscle is a sympathetically innervated muscle that can be excised to relieve upper eyelid retraction. A graded, controlled excision of Muller's muscle, with or without recession of the levator aponeurosis, using sensory without motor anesthesia is an excellent technique for releasing thyroid-related upper eyelid retraction. The procedure is simple, based on anatomic and physiologic principles, tailored to the individual patient intraoperatively, and yields consistently good results. In a 12-year study of this procedure, 96% of the treated lids attained lid levels within 1.5 mm of the opposite side. Only seven of 156 treated eyelids required additional surgery. PMID- 3755521 TI - Visual acuity prediction before neodymium-YAG laser posterior capsulotomy. AB - A laser interferometer (Retinometer) and the Potential Acuity Meter (PAM) was used to assess macular function before neodymium-YAG laser posterior capsulotomy in 40 patients. Although specificity was excellent with the PAM (91%) and Retinometer (93%), sensitivity was limited to 42% and 33%, respectively. Diffuse posterior capsular opacification which precluded the delivery of light through a clear portion of the capsule was the most likely cause of the high false negative rate. A positive result on either test has good predictive value, reducing the changes of the capsulotomy being a failure by fourfold. PMID- 3755522 TI - The effect of ritodrine hydrochloride on bilirubin production in neonatal rats. AB - The effect of ritodrine hydrochloride (RH) on bilirubin metabolism in newborn Wistar rats was studied. Wistar rat pups were given two 35-mg/kg injections of RH, and total bilirubin formation (TBF) was determined from the whole body excretion rate of carbon monoxide (VeCO). Early labeled bilirubin formation (ELB), plasma bilirubin levels, and hepatic heme oxygenase (HO) activity were also determined. We found significant increases in TBF, ELB, and HO in the RH treated animals over the control animals. These increases, however, were small, considering the high doses of RH administered. Our findings suggest that at clinically administered doses, the potential for RH to exacerbate neonatal jaundice is minimal. PMID- 3755523 TI - The effects of metabolic acidosis on jejunal phosphate and glucose transport in weanling rats. AB - To investigate the effects of metabolic acidosis on jejunal phosphate and glucose absorption, in vivo and in vitro transport studies were performed on weanling rats fed 1.5% NH4Cl for three days and on group pair-fed controls. Both in vivo and in vitro, acidosis significantly depressed phosphate transport without effecting glucose transport. In vitro, the decrease of phosphate transport was due to a depression of sodium-phosphate cotransport, but not of sodium independent phosphate transport. This corresponded to a significant increase of the Km of sodium-phosphate cotransport with no change of the Vmax. Treatment of the acidotic animals with intraperitoneal 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol did not restore phosphate transport to control levels. These studies indicate that in weanling rats, metabolic acidosis selectively suppresses jejunal phosphate transport independent of circulating levels of 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol. PMID- 3755524 TI - Amino acid sequence of the testosterone-regulated mouse kidney RP2 protein deduced from its complementary DNA sequence. AB - The major forms of testosterone-regulated RP2 messenger RNA (also known as MAK mRNA and pMK908) in the mouse kidney were characterized by examining cDNA and genomic clones. Three sizes of RP2 mRNA are detected by Northern blot analysis and these were shown to result from polyadenylation at three distinct sites within the primary transcript of this single-copy gene. The complete RP2 mRNA sequence was obtained from overlapping cDNA clones, revealing an open reading frame of 357 amino acids that corresponds to a protein of 40,365 daltons. The detection of RP2 mRNA in all tissues examined to date suggests that the RP2 protein may function in a housekeeping role in all cells. This is supported by the finding of a high percentage of G + C residues at the 5' end of the gene, including a sequence homologous to the binding site of the transcription factor Sp1, which has been suggested to affect the regulation of other housekeeping genes that have been characterized. An examination of the amino acid sequence indicates that the RP2 protein is proline-rich and is composed of alternating alpha-helix and beta-sheet regions. RP2 is probably not integrated into a membrane structure in the cell as it does not appear to contain hydrophobic regions capable of spanning a membrane. PMID- 3755526 TI - cDNA sequence coding for human kidney catalase. PMID- 3755525 TI - Isolation and characterization of the human catalase gene. AB - Catalase is a tetrameric hemoprotein which degrades H2O2. Recombinant phage clones containing the human catalase gene have been isolated and characterized. The gene is 34 kb long and is split into 13 exons. The precise size and location of the exons has been determined. In addition, essentially full length catalase cDNA clones have been isolated and sequenced and used to tentatively identify the 5'-end of the gene. This assignment, if correct, predicts that the region upstream of the gene does not contain a TATA box. This region is GC rich (67%) and contains several CCAAT and GGGCGG sequences which may form part of the promoter. Translation of the catalase mRNA appears to begin immediately upstream of the amino-terminal Ala residue of catalase. PMID- 3755527 TI - Isolation and characterization of bovine and mouse terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase cDNAs expressible in mammalian cells. AB - We have isolated nearly full-length cDNA clones of terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase (TdT) from calf thymus and mouse lymphoma cDNA libraries. The libraries were constructed using the pcD vector system which permits the expression of cDNA inserts in mammalian cells. The bovine TdT cDNA clone contains an open reading frame coding for 520 amino acids, Mr 59,678. The mouse TdT cDNA clone contains an open reading frame of 1,587 bp, whose translated cDNA encodes a 60,004 dalton protein. The mouse TdT cDNA clone contains 60 bp in the 3' end region of the coding sequence not found in the bovine TdT cDNA sequence, otherwise, the clones share about 80% homology. A possible nuclear localization-sequence (Pro-Arg-Lys-Lys-Arg-Pro-Arg) was conserved in the N terminal region in the mouse and bovine cDNA clones. Bovine and mouse cDNAs transfected into COS7 monkey fibroblasts directed the synthesis of enzymatically active protein of Mr 60,000 which was detected immunologically using polyclonal rabbit antibody against bovine TdT. Bovine TdT expressed in COS7 cells by nearly full-length cDNA clone was localized in the nucleus and the translational product of pOK103 lacking the nuclear-localization-sequence was localized in the cytoplasm. PMID- 3755529 TI - Assessment of validity of DNA measurement in tissue sections by model simulation. AB - Computer modelling is used to simulate nuclear segments obtained by random sectioning through tissue. A few more computations lead to DNA measurement simulation. Two methods of DNA measurement (a direct one and a variant of the "plug" method) are tested on simulated diploid, tetraploid and octaploid cell populations. The two methods result in negatively skewed DNA frequency distributions. Both the right skewness and the coefficient of variation of measurements are increasing with the ploidy level because nuclear DNA content is assumed to be related to nuclear size in the chosen model. Observed mean values are biased underestimates of expected values but are strongly correlated to the degree of ploidy. The variant of the "plug" method gives rise to smaller coefficients of variation. Finally, the bias introduced by measuring nuclear segments instead of whole nuclei increases the variance of measurements but contributes to less than half the experimentally observed variance. Our conclusion is that microspectrophotometry on tissue sections is a valuable method for DNA content evaluation of small clusters of pathological cells as one may find in endoscopic biopsies. PMID- 3755528 TI - Neuropeptide Y depresses reflex urinary bladder contractions in rats and modifies central activity of opioid agonists. AB - The 36 amino acid peptide neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been found distributed in central structures associated with nociception and the actions of opioid analgesics. We therefore studied its central actions on reflex bladder contractions which we have shown to be inhibited by supraspinal and spinal opioid administrations in urethane anesthetized rats. Neuropeptide Y produced a dose related (0.5-2 micrograms per rat) inhibition of bladder contractions following intracerebroventricular (ICV) and spinal intrathecal (IT) administrations. These effects could not be antagonized by naloxone (2 micrograms, ICV or IT) or by ICI 174,864 [N,N-diallyl-Tyr-Aib-Aib-Phe-Leu-OH: Aib = alpha-aminoisobutyric acid] (3 micrograms, ICV or IT). NPY (0.5-1 micrograms) reduced the ICV and IT effects of morphine but potentiated the action of the selective delta-receptor ligand [2-D penicillamine, 5-L-penicillamine] enkephalin (DPLPE). The effect of the mu selective opioid ligand [D-Ala2, Me-Phe4, Gly(ol)5] enkephalin (DAGO) were unaffected as were the submaximal ICV and IT actions of noradrenaline. It was concluded that NPY-induced inhibition of bladder activity was not due to a direct opioid receptor interaction. However since NPY consistently changed the activity of opioids (morphine and DPLPE), this suggested a possible physiological role in the regulation of opioid receptors, central neural excitability and thereby visceral activity. PMID- 3755530 TI - [Immunoreactive parathyroid hormone and calcitonin in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis]. AB - The authors presented the results of a study of immunoreactive parathormone and calcitonin in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis. An increase in the content of parathormone in the blood was found in 55.5% of the patients, that of calcitonin in 30.5% of the patients with autoimmune thyroiditis. Correlation between the levels of immunoreactive parathormone and calcitonin in the blood was revealed. A degree of an increase in the levels of parathormone and calcitonin corresponded to the expression of autoimmune reactions in the thyroid. It was proposed that the determination of parathormone and calcitonin be used as an additional criterion in the diagnosis of autoimmune processes in the thyroid and in the determination of their activity. PMID- 3755531 TI - [Preoperative preparation with plasmapheresis of patients with diffuse toxic goiter and intolerance to antithyroid drugs]. AB - The authors analysed the results of therapy with plasmapheresis of 46 patients with diffuse toxic goiter showing intolerance to antithyroid therapy for the purpose of preoperative preparation. A therapeutic effect was achieved in 45 patients. Plasmapheresis resulted in the reduction of a period of preoperative preparation, the concentration of T4 and JgG, IgA and IgM decreased and the TTH level increased. PMID- 3755532 TI - [Treatment of diffuse toxic goiter]. PMID- 3755533 TI - [Characteristics of immunological reactivity of patients with diffuse toxic goiter in relation to the duration of the disease]. AB - A study was made of the time course of the indices of the cellular and humoral immunity in 202 patients with diffuse toxic goiter (grave and moderately grave forms of the disease) aged 17 to 50 with a period of disease from 6 mos to 25 yrs and in 30 healthy persons of the same age. A decrease in the content of T lymphocytes in the blood in percentage and absolute quantities, an increase in the content of O-lymphocytes and serum IgM and IgG indicated profound disorders in the immunological status of patients with diffuse toxic goiter. It was mostly observed in the patients with a period of disease up to 10 yrs. PMID- 3755534 TI - Delta sleep-inducing peptide in spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - Delta sleep-inducing peptide has been shown to exert extra-sleep effects as well as effects on sleep. In this study, the concentrations of DSIP-like immunoreactivity were measured by radioimmunoassay in the plasma of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). They were found to be about 25% higher in SHR plasma than in the plasma of the normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WK) controls. DSIP was then infused for 10 days by osmotic minipump (200 micrograms/kg/day) into SHR. This resulted in in maintenance of BP at a level of about 200 mm Hg as compared with the significant increase to about 220 mm Hg after 10 days in the SHR controls infused with 0.9% NaCl. After daily SC injection of a single dose of 200 micrograms/kg DSIP for each of 5 days in SHR, findings were similar. The results raise the possibility of an involvement of DSIP in the regulation of BP in SHR. PMID- 3755535 TI - Investigation of "cross-tolerance" between systemic and intrathecal morphine in rats. AB - Animals were implanted subcutaneously with morphine or placebo pellets and assessed daily on the hot plate or the tail flick test. After tolerance developed to morphine-induced analgesia the response to an acute systemic (1-6 mg/kg SC) or intrathecal morphine injection (0-30 micrograms) was determined. "Cross tolerance" was observed on both the hot plate (6 mg/kg) and the tail flick tests (3 and 6 mg/kg) between the two different routes of subcutaneous administration. "Cross-tolerance" was also observed between systemic and intrathecal morphine on the hot plate test. However, no "cross-tolerance" between systemic and spinal morphine was observed in animals on the tail flick test. Assessment of naloxone precipitated withdrawal indicated that morphine implanted animals showed more abstinence signs (wet shakes and teeth chattering) than placebo animals. These results suggest that the nociceptive assessment procedure plays a significant role in the expression of "cross-tolerance" between systemic and spinal opiates. PMID- 3755536 TI - Trabecular bone density in the proximal femur: quantitative CT assessment. Work in progress. AB - A new technique has been developed for quantitative assessment of trabecular bone content in the proximal femur using computed tomography (CT). The method employs the same contoured calibration phantom currently used for vertebral mineral studies and can be performed on any standard body scanner. Both femurs are evaluated simultaneously, and an integral approach to mean density determinations compensates for the complex geometry and trabecular architecture of the region. Specimen studies have documented acceptable reproducibility, and radiation dose and examination time are comparable to those of quantitative CT in the spine. Greater inherent accuracy has been achieved more rapidly through the addition of three-dimensional histogram analysis using a free-standing CT data processor. High correlation with vertebral trabecular bone content has been documented in the limited number of patients studied to date. Widespread availability of the technique and the high frequency of fractures related to metabolic bone disease in the proximal femur render the method a potentially valuable contribution to noninvasive bone densitometry. PMID- 3755537 TI - [Male homosexuals faced with the AIDS epidemic]. AB - This survey among 1 000 french male homosexuals and bisexuals (July-August 1985) shows the reactions to AIDS in the still largest risk group. The survey reveals the diversity of social and sexual lifestyles. Gays perceive AIDS as a health threat, but also as a social threat eventually leading to discrimination. Ambivalence also prevails in their relationships with medical authorities. This survey allows to draw some conclusions concerning preventive strategies in the gay community. PMID- 3755538 TI - [Pseudo-obstruction of the colon: description of 3 cases and review of the literature]. PMID- 3755539 TI - Phase II study of hepatic artery infusion with 5-fluorouracil, adriamycin, and mitomycin C (FAM) in liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma. PMID- 3755540 TI - CGS-12970, a thromboxane synthetase inhibitor, limits ischemic damage following coronary artery occlusion. AB - A new thromboxane synthetase inhibitor, CGS-12970, was evaluated for its ability to reduce the extension of myocardial infarct size in rats. CGS-12970 was given at either 4 or 8 mg/kg following acute coronary artery ligation. Both myocardial creatine kinase (CK) and amino-nitrogen loss from the left ventricular free wall (LVFW) were used as indices of ischemic damage at 48 hours. Rats given only the vehicle following coronary artery ligation lost 4.9 +/- 0.5 IU/mg protein (p less than 0.001) CK activity from the LVFW. This loss of CK activity was only slightly reduced by CGS-12970 at 4 mg/kg. However, at 8 mg/kg, the CK depletion from the LVFW was significantly reduced (p less than 0.05). This protective effect was confirmed by similar curtailment (p less than 0.05) of the loss of nitrogenous compounds from ischemic myocardium, at the high dose of CGS-12970. These findings represent a protective effect of CGS-12970 in reducing the extent of ischemic cardiac damage following experimental coronary artery ligation. PMID- 3755541 TI - Interaction between atracurium and suxamethonium in the dog. AB - The depolarising muscle relaxant suxamethonium (0.3 mg kg-1) and the non depolarising relaxant atracurium (0.6 mg kg-1) were administered to four dogs. In the first series of experiments atracurium was administered, followed at 50 per cent return of neuromuscular activity by suxamethonium. At 50 per cent return of activity atropine and neostigmine were administered to reverse the block. In the second series of experiments the sequence was reversed and atracurium was administered after suxamethonium. At 50 per cent recovery atropine and neostigmine were given. In the first series of experiments it was demonstrated that the prior administration of atracurium reduced the duration of action of suxamethonium. However, in the second series it was shown that the prior administration of suxamethonium had no significant effect on the duration of action of atracurium. PMID- 3755542 TI - [Thyroid acropachy. Report of a clinical case documented using gammagraphy]. PMID- 3755543 TI - [Treatment of severe exophthalmia using intensive plasma exchange]. PMID- 3755545 TI - Mycotic aneurysm of the thoracic aorta as a late complication of umbilical artery catheterization. A case report. AB - A case of mycotic thoracic pseudoaneurysm as a late complication of umbilical artery catheterization and septicaemia is presented. Thoracic pseudoaneurysm should be suspected when a child with mediastinal tumour has a history of neonatal umbilical artery catheterization complicated by septicaemia. The diagnosis should be established by CT-scanning, aortography or operation. PMID- 3755544 TI - Exocytosis from large dense cored vesicles as a mechanism for neuropeptide release in the peripheral and central nervous system. AB - Nerve terminals often contain morphologically distinct populations of large (75 110 nm) and small (45-55 nm) vesicles. The small vesicles are speculated to account for release of transmitter quanta as they accumulate at presynaptic membranes. Large vesicles can co-store neuropeptides and classical transmitters but their function in neurotransmission has been disputed because they do not appear to accumulate at chemical synapses. However, there is now evidence that the large vesicles play a role in neurotransmission or its modulation even though they may not be eminently involved in synaptic release. Thus, exocytosis occurs along the synapse-lacking membranes of peripheral noradrenergic varicosities. Large vesicles may continue to function in peptide release even after the classical transmitter has been depleted as demonstrated in the pig vas deferens. Three days of reserpine administration causes a parallel loss of noradrenaline and small vesicle contents but does not decrease enkephalin-like immunoreactivity or large vesicle electron density. In the central nervous system of the rat, where substance P and enkephalin have been localized to large vesicles, exocytosis occurs from several types of terminals. The large vesicles appear preferentially to release their contents at morphologically non-specialized sites even when characteristic synapses are present. Thus different mechanisms of transmitter and neuropeptide release may coexist. The nonsynaptic discharge may allow substances to diffuse over a wider distance whereas release into a synaptic cleft could restrict receptor interaction. PMID- 3755546 TI - Amplification of an esterase gene is responsible for insecticide resistance in a California Culex mosquito. AB - An esterase gene from the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus that is responsible for resistance to a variety of organophosphorus (OP) insecticides was cloned in lambda gt11 phage. This gene was used to investigate the genetic mechanism of the high production of the esterase B1 it encodes in OP-resistant Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Tem-R strain) from California. Adults of the Tem-R strain were found to possess at least 250 times more copies of the gene than adults of a susceptible strain (S-Lab). The finding that selection by pesticides may result in the amplification of genes encoding detoxifying enzymes in whole, normally developed, reproducing insects emphasizes the biological importance of this mechanism and opens new areas of investigation in pesticide resistance management. PMID- 3755547 TI - The complete primary structure of protein kinase C--the major phorbol ester receptor. AB - Protein kinase C, the major phorbol ester receptor, was purified from bovine brain and through the use of oligonucleotide probes based on partial amino acid sequence, complementary DNA clones were derived from bovine brain complementary DNA libraries. Thus, the complete amino acid sequence of bovine protein kinase C was determined, revealing a domain structure. At the amino terminal is a cysteine rich domain with an internal duplication; a putative calcium-binding domain follows, and there is at the carboxyl terminal a domain that shows substantial homology, but not identity, to sequences of other protein kinase. PMID- 3755548 TI - Multiple, distinct forms of bovine and human protein kinase C suggest diversity in cellular signaling pathways. AB - A new family of protein kinase C-related genes has been identified in bovine, human, and rat genomes. The alpha-, beta-, and gamma-type protein kinase sequences are highly homologous, include a kinase domain, and potential calcium binding sites, and they contain interspersed variable regions. The corresponding genes are located on distinct human chromosomes; the possibility of even greater genetic complexity of this gene family is suggested by Northern and Southern hybridization analyses. PMID- 3755549 TI - Structure and diversity of the human T-cell receptor beta-chain variable region genes. AB - In order to characterize the variability of the expressed human T-cell receptor (TCR) beta-chain repertoire and contrast this variability to the known murine beta-chain repertoire, 15 independent complementary DNA (cDNA) clones containing TCR beta-chain variable region (V beta) genes were isolated from a human tonsil cDNA library. The nucleotide and derived amino acid sequences of these 15 V beta genes were analyzed together with 7 previously defined sequences. Fifteen different human V beta genes could be identified from 22 independent sequences. By means of DNA hybridization and sequence homology comparisons, it was possible to group these 15 genes into ten distinct V beta subfamilies, each containing from one to seven members. Minimal polymorphism was noted between individuals, except in multimember subfamilies. The amino acid sequences of these genes contain conserved amino acids that are also shared by murine TCR V beta genes and immunoglobulins; no features were found that distinguish human V beta genes from their murine counterparts. Evaluation of secondary structure showed that maximum variability coincides with generally hydrophilic portions of the amino acid sequence, while specific hydrophobic regions were conserved in all V beta genes examined. PMID- 3755550 TI - Calcium rises abruptly and briefly throughout the cell at the onset of anaphase. AB - Continuous measurement and imaging of the intracellular free calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]i) of mitotic and interphase PtK1 cells was accomplished with the new fluorescent Ca2+ indicator fura-2. No statistically significant difference between basal [Ca2+]i of interphase and mitotic cells was detected. However, mitotic cells showed a rapid elevation of [Ca2+]i from basal levels of 130 nM to 500 to 800 nM at the metaphase-anaphase transition. The [Ca2+]i transient was brief, lasting approximately 20 seconds and the elevated [Ca2+]i appeared uniformly distributed over the entire spindle and central region of the cell. The close temporal association of the [Ca2+]i transient with the onset of anaphase suggests that calcium may have a signaling role in this event. PMID- 3755551 TI - Cross-regulatory interactions among pair-rule genes in Drosophila. AB - The pair-rule genes of Drosophila are required for the subdivision of the developing embryo into a repeating series of homologous body segments. One of the pair-rule genes, even-skipped (eve), appears to be particularly important for the overall segmentation pattern since eve- embryos lack all segmental subdivisions in the middle body region. On the basis of homeo box cross-homology we have isolated a gene, S72, which probably corresponds to eve. In embryo tissue sections S72 transcripts show a periodic distribution pattern. The eve- phenotype appears to involve altered patterns of fushi tarazu and engrailed expression. These and other findings suggest that pair-rule gene expression might involve hierarchical cross-regulatory interactions. PMID- 3755552 TI - Inhibitors of coagulation, atherosclerosis, and arterial thrombosis. PMID- 3755553 TI - [Analgesic effect of serotonin and morphine in the spinal cord of the rat]. PMID- 3755554 TI - Ibuprofen bio-availability. A comparison of Brufen and Inza. AB - Ibuprofen in the form of Brufen 200 mg tablets and Inza 200 mg and 400 mg tablets was administered to 18 healthy adult volunteers (9 men and 9 women) in a single dose (800 mg ibuprofen) open randomized cross-over bio-availability study. Tests revealed increased time required for 50% dissolution to take place for Inza tablets (40-47 minutes) relative to Brufen tablets (7 minutes). Maximum concentration and time to maximum concentration differed significantly (over 20%) between Inza and Brufen, being approximately 30% lower and 67% greater respectively in the case of Inza tablets. Area under plasma concentration time curves were comparable. These data suggest that the Inza tablets tested are not bioequivalent to Brufen 200 mg tablets. Clinical implications are discussed. PMID- 3755556 TI - Effect of Shigella toxin on preimplantation mouse embryos in vitro. AB - Preimplantation mouse embryos at the 4-cell to 8-cell stage were exposed to Shigella dysenteriae toxin at concentrations of 0.001-100 pg/ml in vitro. The effect of the toxin was studied by morphological observation of the embryos to the blastocyst stage, by assessing protein synthesis with 14C-leucine incorporation, and by measuring embryonic adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content. Preimplantation mouse embryos were highly sensitive to the toxin. All variables investigated were adversely influenced by the toxin. After a lag period of 24 hr, 0.01 pg/ml toxin inhibited development to the blastocyst stage and protein synthesis. Toxin concentrations of 1.0 pg/ml resulted in a significant decrease in ATP content. PMID- 3755555 TI - [Face masks for radiotherapy of head and neck tumors: comparative tests of different materials]. AB - A most precise immobilisation of the patient's head is indispensable in order to reach a high degree of exactness and reproducibility in radiotherapy of malignant head and neck tumors. Face masks made of different synthetic materials have proved to be a simple and economical solution for this problem. Based on our own experiences with "Baycast Longuettes" (manufacturing firm: Johnson & Johnson, Dusseldorf), eleven substances have been tested in the phantom (compound of plaster and synthetic resin, thermoplast, polyurethane foam, compounds of cotton and synthetic resin, and fibre glass compounds). An appropriate material was "Hexcelite" (manufacturing firm: Medimex, Hamburg), a reticulated thermoplast which after warming up can be easily adapted to the patient's face and which guarantees a very good fixation of the head. As compared to solid masks, there is only a slight superposition of the depth dose of Co-60 gamma radiation by secondary electrons from the mask material, so that an increased rate of radiogenic dermatitides is not to be expected. PMID- 3755557 TI - [Effect of thymalin on the nonspecific resistance of pulmonary tuberculosis patients]. PMID- 3755558 TI - [Comparative evaluation of the cytogenetic effect of cyclophosphamide on lymphosarcoma cells and the bone marrow of intact and irradiated rats]. AB - The paper deals with a comparative evaluation of cytogenetic action of cyclophosphamide on tumor and bone marrow cells in intact and radiation--exposed Pliss' lymphosarcoma-bearing mice. In both study groups, the level of cells with drug--induced chromosome damage was shown to be higher in tumor. No significant difference was established between the 2 groups in the effect of cyclophosphamide on similar tissues. PMID- 3755559 TI - [Clinical and computer tomographic correlations in craniocerebral injuries: predicting outcome]. AB - Statistic analysis of the results of examination of 114 patients with craniocerebral trauma disclosed clinico-computerized-tomographic signs which correlated with the outcomes of the disease. The possibilities of prognosticating the probable outcome of the trauma by mathematical statistic modeling were studied. Linear regressive models were constructed with consideration for only the clinical or for only the computerized-tomographic data or for both types. The informativeness of the model increased sharply (to 85%) when clinical and X-ray data were included in it. Linear discriminant models are marked by higher informative capacity (94%). It is shown that this trend in determining the severity of the trauma and planning adequate therapeutic measures is promising. PMID- 3755560 TI - Haemodynamic role of vasopressin released during Finnish sauna. AB - The effect of vasopressin released during Finnish sauna on blood pressure, heart rate and skin blood flow was investigated in 12 healthy volunteers. Exposure to the hot air decrease body weight by 0.6 to 1.25 kg (mean = 0.8 kg, P less than 0.001). One hour after the end of the sauna sessions, plasma vasopressin was higher (1.7 +/- 0.2 pg/ml, P less than 0.01 mean +/- SEM) than before the sauna (1.0 +/- 0.1 pg/ml). No simultaneous change in plasma osmolality, plasma renin activity, plasma norepinephrine, epinephrine, cortisol, aldosterone, beta endorphin and metenkephalin levels was observed. Despite the slight sauna-induced elevation in circulating vasopressin, intravenous injection of the specific vascular vasopressin antagonist d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP (5 micrograms/kg) 1 h after the sauna had no effect on blood pressure, heart rate or skin blood flow. These data suggest that vasopressin released into the circulation during a sauna session reaches concentrations which are not high enough to interfere directly with vascular tone. PMID- 3755561 TI - Comparative effects of intrathecal bupivacaine and tetracaine on analgesia, cardiovascular function and plasma catecholamines. AB - Forty otherwise healthy male patients, scheduled for elective inguinal herniotomy, were randomly allocated to spinal anaesthesia with 3 ml 0.5% hyperbaric tetracaine or bupivacaine under double-blind conditions. The extent of blockade (pin-prick and cold sensation), blood pressure and heart rate and plasma catecholamines were measured before and 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 min after injection, before skin incision. Cephalad spread of sensory and temperature analgesia was insignificantly higher after tetracaine. The mean time taken to reach maximal spread of analgesia was 22 min in both groups. Mean arterial pressure showed a more pronounced decrease in the tetracaine group (22 vs 12%, P less than 0.009). Heart rate fell slightly and similarly in both groups, while rate-pressure product was significantly lower in the tetracaine group. The correlation between the decrease in mean arterial pressure and the cephalad spread of sensory analgesia was similar in the two groups, suggesting that at identical levels of sensory analgesia changes in blood pressure were similar after tetracaine and bupivacaine. Plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine measurements before spinal puncture and at maximal decrease in mean arterial pressure showed a depressed response to fall in blood pressure in the tetracaine group. It is concluded that spinal anaesthesia with 3 ml hyperbaric 0.5% tetracaine is followed by a more pronounced fall in blood pressure compared to an identical dose of bupivacaine. The more pronounced sympathetic blockade, confirmed by plasma catecholamine measurements, following tetracaine is probably due to a higher cephalad spread of neurogenic blockade, rather than a differential effect on sympathetic nerve fibres. PMID- 3755562 TI - Observations on an experimental expansile electrode for use in cochlear implantation. AB - Cochlear implants in children must be designed to allow for a child's growth and maturation. An experimental animal study was performed to document the influence of head growth on a prototype expansile electrode system. Seven kittens were implanted with a stimulated electrode which had been coiled to allow for a two-to one expansion in length. Head growth was monitored both by direct skull measurements and by serial radiography. The animals were sacrificed when they had reached maturity and the implanted devices were studied. When implanted in subcutaneous tissue, the coils became encased in fibrous tissue, while within air containing spaces, such as the bulla, they distended freely. This suggested that a route which maximized the amount of air-containing space traversed by an electrode should be the preferred route for a cochlear implant in children. PMID- 3755563 TI - Perception of connected speech without lipreading, using a multi-channel hearing prosthesis. AB - Four of 13 totally deaf patients implanted with the Nucleus multi-channel hearing prosthesis at the University of Melbourne have demonstrated the ability to understand connected speech without lipreading or other visual cues. These patients were able to repeat verbatim unknown material read by a tester at rates of up to 35 words per minute. They were also able to understand an average of 78% of key words in everyday sentences in ideal acoustic conditions and 51% of equivalent material over the telephone. These results show that with a good proportion of postlingually deaf patients, the multi-channel hearing prosthesis can not only act as an aid to lipreading, but also restore effective speech understanding without lipreading. PMID- 3755564 TI - [Life expectancy for the Spanish population: formulas, a table and a microcomputer program]. PMID- 3755565 TI - [Clinical study of renal pelvic tumors]. AB - A retrospective study was conducted on 22 patients with renal pelvic tumor treated at our University Hospital between 1970 and 1984. The patients included 18 males and 4 females, from 31 to 81 years of age. The left kidney was involved in 14 cases, and the right in 8. More than 60% of them also presented gross hematuria. IVP abnormalities included filling defects in 9 cases and non visualizing kidney in 8 cases. Pretreatment urinary cytology was positive in 65.7%. Radical nephroureterectomy was performed in 18 cases, followed by adjuvant therapy in 10 cases; radiation in 5 cases, chemotherapy in 4 cases, and radiation/chemotherapy in one case. Histology revealed transitional cell carcinoma in all cases. On diagnosis, simultaneous urothelial tumors were identified in one case in the ureter and the bladder, and in one case in the bladder. Tumor development after surgery was observed in 9 cases, 8 in the bladder and one in the ipsilateral renal pelvis. The 5-year actual survival rate was 58.2% over all: that of the low-grade group was 100%; that of the high-grade group, 45.1%; that of the low-stage group, 100%; that of the high-stage group, 19%. In conclusion, the prognosis in our series was significantly influenced by the stage and grade of the tumor. PMID- 3755566 TI - Juvenile autoimmune thyroiditis. Hormonal status at presentation and after long term follow-up. AB - Thirty children and adolescents with the clinical diagnosis of juvenile autoimmune thyroiditis (JAT) were studied. Twenty-six patients were female and four were male. The median age at diagnosis was 12.9 years (range, 7.5 to 17.3 years). At the initial evaluation, endocrine studies revealed that 40% of the patients were euthyroid, while 33% had compensated hypothyroidism and 27% had overt hypothyroidism. Seventeen patients, 16 of whom received thyroid hormone replacement therapy for a median period of 26 months, were followed up on a long term basis after discontinuation of therapy. Seven (87%) of eight patients who were initially euthyroid have remained so for a median period of 28 months after treatment and a median period of 50 months since diagnosis. Four (44%) of nine patients who initially had hypothyroidism (either compensated or overt) have reverted to a euthyroid state and have remained so for a median period of 33 months after discontinuation of therapy. Neither the size of the thyroid gland nor the pattern or absolute titer of thyroid autoantibodies correlated with functional status. These results indicate that individuals with euthyroid JAT may remain euthyroid for many years and that a substantial percentage of patients with hypothyroid JAT will experience resolution of thyroid dysfunction. PMID- 3755567 TI - Forensic medicine and medicolegal investigation in Sri Lanka. AB - In a small country such as Sri Lanka, very interesting applications of forensic medicine and medicolegal investigation exist. We present information that provides an important addition to the knowledge of medicolegal investigators all over the world. PMID- 3755568 TI - Fatal thyrotoxic crisis. AB - Graves' disease is a form of hyperthyroidism. A rare complication of Graves' disease is thyrotoxic crisis. Although the crisis is frequently fatal, it is a distinctly unusual cause of sudden death. We investigated the case of a young woman with Graves' disease who died suddenly. Radioimmunoassay tests of thyroid function were used to establish the diagnosis. PMID- 3755569 TI - Sucralfate bezoar--theory or fact? PMID- 3755570 TI - Astigmatism occurring in association with pediatric eye disease. AB - Retrospective clinical data from 496 eyes of 256 children attending a low vision clinic were analyzed to determine the relation between different classes of disease that involve visual image degradation and astigmatism. Control data comprised refractions from 79 normal vision children. Children were classified into groups according to the category of disease (14 groups) and the reported age of-onset of their visual disability (0 to 13 years, 5 groups). The mean astigmatism for all groups of children with low vision was larger than that of the normals and in most cases the difference was significant at the 95% level. Astigmatism was highest in children with albinism, retinitis pigmentosa, and idiopathic nystagmus. Increased prevalence of astigmatism compared to normals was noted in children having their onset of low vision as late as 13 years of age. In the low vision subjects with-the-rule astigmatism occurred more frequently than oblique or against-the-rule astigmatism and oblique astigmatism more frequently than against-the-rule astigmatism. PMID- 3755571 TI - Cochlear implantation in developing countries. AB - A cochlear implant program was started in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, in September 1983. Three totally deaf adult patients have received implants so far, with encouraging results. The problems of cochlear implantation in developing countries are discussed with regard to the patient, team, and device. The rationale, stages, and future of the program are outlined. PMID- 3755572 TI - Cochlear implantation in the Mondini inner ear malformation. AB - We report the case of a profoundly deaf 4-year-old boy with congenital deafness as a result of Mondini's dysplasia. The Mondini inner ear malformation is the result of arrested labyrinthine development during embryogenesis and is characterized by both bony and membranous anomalies of the inner ear. The dysplastic cochlear anatomy does not preclude successful cochlear implantation, and electrical threshold measurements are similar to those recorded in pediatric subjects deafened as a result of other causes. PMID- 3755573 TI - Ca fluxes across duodenum and colon of spontaneously hypertensive rats: effect of 1,25(OH)2D3. AB - Calcium absorption by spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) was variably reported to be different from normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) controls. Furthermore, blunted responsiveness to the intestinal effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] has also been postulated. To evaluate this hypothesis, calcium fluxes were measured by the Ussing technique across duodenum and descending colon with or without prior 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment. Duodenal mucosal-to-serosal calcium flux (Jm----s) (44.9 vs. 52.4 nmol X cm-2 X h-1), serosal-to-mucosal flux (Js--- m) (25.6 vs. 28.4 nmol X cm-2 X h-1), and net flux (Jnet) were comparable. 1,25(OH)2D3 increased duodenal Jm----s in both SHR and WKY groups (95.2 and 86.8 nmol X cm-2 X h-1). Js----m was lower in SHR (26.1 vs. 35.6 nmol X cm-2 X h-1, P less than 0.01), although the tendency for a higher Jnet in SHR (68.6 vs. 51.2 nmoles X cm-2 X h-1) was statistically insignificant. Short-circuit current was higher in the colon of SHR, both before and after 1,25(OH)2D3, suggesting increased sodium transport. Basal colonic Jnet was virtually zero in both groups but comparably increased by 1,25(OH)2D3 because of stimulation in only Jm----s. Prevention of hypertension by hydralazine since the 4th wk of age did not alter the findings compared with the hypertensive SHR, suggesting calcium transport rates were unaffected by hypertension. These data indicate that in vitro, duodenal, and colonic active calcium transport by the SHR is similar to WKY. Their normal responses to 1,25(OH)2D3 do not support the hypothesis of intestinal resistance. PMID- 3755574 TI - Anesthetic implications of protein C deficiency. PMID- 3755575 TI - Nonlinear transformation of the resting electrocardiogram in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. AB - Despite the common use of the standard 12-lead ECG, its reliability as an indicator of coronary artery disease (CAD) is poor. The normal ECG is falsely negative in more than 50% of angiographically proven CAD. The waveform of the standard ECG, however, can be transformed mathematically by nonlinear signal transformation to enhance its interpretation by computer. Using such a process it is possible that abnormalities can be identified in "normal" ECGs that can be correlated with CAD, thus identifying high-risk patients. A computer template that represents grouped data of normal ECGs for patients who also have normal coronary angiography was developed. Unblinded, preliminary testing of the template on normal ECGs of 107 white patients who had normal or abnormal coronary angiograms was performed. The process identified presence or absence of CAD with 82% specificity and 71% sensitivity for 53 women, and with 82% specificity and 86% sensitivity for 54 men. These preliminary results are promising, but further refinement of the templates is required and blinded studies with larger numbers and varieties of patients are needed. PMID- 3755576 TI - Plasma-cell granuloma producing calcitriol and hypercalcemia. AB - A teenage boy presented with hypercalcemia and a large intrathoracic mass. Results of an extensive evaluation, including normal findings on parathyroid hormone and urinary 3', 5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate assays, failed to explain his hypercalcemia. During surgery, a large plasma-cell granuloma of the right middle and lower lobes was resected. Within 2 weeks, serum calcium levels returned to normal. Serum calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) levels were elevated before surgery and decreased to normal afterward, correlating with the serum calcium level. Homogenates of the plasma-cell granuloma synthesized a compound indistinguishable from calcitriol. PMID- 3755577 TI - Postnatal growth of the human temporal bone. Implications for cochlear implants in children. AB - Recent interest in cochlear implantation for children has made it important to understand how postnatal growth of the ear will affect such devices. In this study, the postnatal growth of the labyrinth, middle ear, and mastoid was measured in three dimensions using radiographic and temporal bone data. Measurements were made from histologic sections of 48 temporal bones from children and compared to adult temporal bones. Radiographic measurements were made from 253 sets of skull radiographs of children and compared to adult skull series. In the three dimensions measured, there was no postnatal growth of the labyrinth and little variation in size between individuals. Measurements of the middle ear showed greater variation between individuals than measurements of the inner ear, but growth only in the distance from stapes footplate to the tympanic membrane. The mastoid showed growth in all three dimensions: length, width, and depth. The pattern of growth for mastoid length and width appears to follow a double logistic model, with differences between males and females. The growth in mastoid depth is smaller and appears to follow a single exponential curve. The implications for cochlear implantation in children are discussed. PMID- 3755578 TI - Analysis of the mRNA coding for the chick vitamin D-induced calbindin and its regulation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. AB - We have used specific cloned cDNA probes generated from the mRNA coding for the vitamin D-induced 28,000-Da chick intestinal calcium binding protein (calbindin) to study the hormonal regulation of the expression of this mRNA by 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3]. The calbindin-mRNA has been analyzed in chicken intestinal poly(A)+ mRNA samples as well as other chicken tissues by "Northern" blot analysis. There exists a predominant mRNA species of approximately 2000 nucleotides and two minor cross-hybridizing species that are nearly equivalent in proportion; their sizes are approximately 2600 and 3100 nucleotides. All three mRNA species are nonexistent in the chick intestine in the absence of vitamin D3 intake. However, all three mRNA species begin to accumulate at the same time in the chick intestine following the administration of the hormonally active metabolite of vitamin D3, 1,25-(OH)2D3. This response in the intestine is very similar to other steroid hormone-regulated gene products. All three mRNA species exist in the cell cytoplasm and are present on soluble polysome complexes, suggesting that all three are engaged in protein synthesis. Examination of other chick tissues (both vitamin D-deficient and -replete) reveals a close association between mRNA expression and previously observed calbindin expression. Each tissue is unique in the steady-state level of expression of the calbindin-mRNAs. PMID- 3755579 TI - Kinetic and inhibition studies on reduction of diphenyl sulfoxide by guinea pig liver aldehyde oxidase. AB - To characterize the properties of diphenyl sulfoxide (DPSO) as a new type of electron acceptor for guinea pig liver aldehyde oxidase (AO), we compared the kinetics of the reductions of DPSO and other classical electron acceptors such as O2 and ferricyanide. The double-reciprocal plot of the 2-hydroxypyrimidine (2-OH PM)-linked DPSO reduction with the highly purified enzyme was biphasic. Similar biphasic plots were obtained with the reductions of other electron acceptors. Only the lower Km value, which was obtained by extrapolation of the plot at lower concentrations of 2-OH PM, was identical with that shown by the freshly prepared crude enzyme. DPSO as well as menadione progressively inhibited the reductions of O2 and ferricyanide with time. Menadione inhibited the DPSO reduction noncompetitively with respect to 2-OH PM and competitively with respect to DPSO, while its mode of inhibition of ferricyanide reduction was uncompetitive for either the electron donor or the acceptor. On the other hand, DPSO showed an uncompetitive and a noncompetitive inhibition of ferricyanide reduction with respect to 2-OH PM and ferricyanide, respectively. These results may indicate that DPSO interacts with the enzyme at the same site as menadione, and thereby when other electron acceptors are present it serves as an actual inhibitor rather than as an electron acceptor for AO. PMID- 3755580 TI - Retinopathy of prematurity: age at onset. AB - The age at which retinopathy of prematurity was first seen was determined in 143 infants. In all, the initial ophthalmological examination was normal. Birth weights varied from 630 to 2700 g and gestational ages from 24.5 to 40.0 weeks. The median postnatal age at which acute retinopathy of prematurity was first seen was 51 and 40 days for those less than 28 and greater than or equal to 28 weeks' gestational age, respectively, and this difference is highly significant. Similar results were obtained when infants were grouped according to birth weight less than 1000 or greater than or equal to 1000 g. Using postmenstrual age as the variable, the first signs of retinopathy of prematurity were seen over a fairly narrow age range and 86% of infants developed retinopathy between 32.5 and 38.5 weeks of age. These findings suggest that the age (but not the occurrence or severity) at which retinopathy of prematurity is first seen is controlled predominantly by stage of development rather than neonatal events. PMID- 3755581 TI - Oral administration of active vitamin D metabolites to low birthweight infants. AB - The active vitamin D metabolites 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (Rocaltrol) and the analogue 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (One-Alpha) are adequately absorbed after oral administration in the preterm infant. The absorption pattern is similar to that seen in adults. PMID- 3755582 TI - [A microcomputer program for the analysis of the drug-receptor bond using radioligands]. PMID- 3755583 TI - Is chronic synovitis an example of reperfusion injury? AB - In an attempt to define why the joint synovial cavity is prone to develop persistent synovial inflammation we show that hypoxia is induced by pressure changes caused by exercise in the presence of an inflammatory effusion. On resting 'reperfusion injury' may take place. The biochemistry of reperfusion injury has only recently been defined and perhaps surprisingly for an insult that has hypoxia as its central ingredient involves the subsequent production of oxygen derived free radical species. We apply the reaction sequences that are believed to occur during hypoxic/reperfusion injury to the joint synovial cavity and, on the basis of reported 'in vivo' observations, suggest novel therapeutic approaches that we believe are applicable to the treatment of persistent synovial inflammation. PMID- 3755584 TI - Lack of correlation between in vitro and in vivo effects of low density lipoprotein on the inflammatory activity of monosodium urate crystals. AB - The effect of coating monosodium urate crystals (MSU) with low density lipoprotein (LDL), postulated previously as a major regulator of gouty inflammation, was studied in a neutrophil chemiluminescence (CL) assay and an air pouch model of inflammation induced by MSU. LDL crystalline coating abrogated the neutrophil CL response but, in contrast, had no inhibitory effect on leucocyte accumulation, levels of the prostaglandin (PG) metabolite 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, and exudation of plasma proteins in the in vivo model. This latter observation raises doubts about the postulated physiological role of LDL in terminating the acute gouty attack. PMID- 3755585 TI - Muscle fiber atrophy in the quadriceps in knee-joint disorders. Histochemical studies on 112 cases. AB - In order to determine whether there is a different susceptibility of muscle fiber types in the m. vastus lateralis (VL) in knee-joint disorders, histochemical studies were performed on 112 cases. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries affected 51 patients; ACL injuries associated with meniscus (ACL + M) injuries affected 29. Twenty-five patients had sustained meniscus injuries and seven had injuries of the collateral ligaments (CL). Fifty-two were athletic and 60 were not. On each biopsy, fiber-type distribution was obtained and the degree of atrophy of each fiber type was estimated from two parameters, the mean diameter and the percentage of atrophied fibers. The distribution of type-1 fibers averaged 38.0% +/- 12.0%. There were no significant differences among disorders in the distribution of type-1 fibers. Both parameters of fiber atrophy revealed a difference in susceptibility between type-1 and type-2 fibers. Atrophy of type-1 fibers was found only in ACL and ACL + M injuries. Type-2 fibers were atrophied in all four disorders. Atrophy of type-2 fibers could be a nonspecific change due to the inactivity of the VL, but type-1 fiber atrophy may relate specifically to the condition of ACL insufficiency. PMID- 3755586 TI - Hazards associated with anal erotic activity. AB - The recent liberalization of attitudes towards sexuality has brought with it the desire by some individuals to seek alternate methods of sexual stimulation and gratification, among them an exploration of anal eroticism. Various practices associated with anal sexuality carry with them the potential for medical complications. In this paper some of the hazards associated with anal eroticism are outlined and potential complications are discussed. Topics discussed include anal masturbation, enemas, sexually related anorectal disease, and the hazards of foreign objects introduced into the rectum. The intent of this paper is to provide concerned professionals dealing with various aspects of human sexuality with information relevant to anal eroticism. PMID- 3755587 TI - Some attempts to improve the nutritive value of urea for dairy cows. II. Its administration in a slightly soluble form: isobutylidene diurea (IBDU). AB - Isobutylidene diurea (IBDU) was tested against urea with regard to the ammonia release in the rumen, the amount and composition of the nitrogen fraction reaching the intestine, the nitrogen and energy balances and the performance of lactating cows. Maize silage was the basal feed in all experiments. The ammonia concentration in the rumen liquor was measured in two dry cows fitted with a permanent rumen cannula. The ammonia release was clearly restrained when IBDU was substituted for urea, and the peak values were of the same order as those found with soybean meal. Two dry cows fitted with a re-entrant cannula at 10 cm from the pylorus were fed with maize silage supplemented with increasing amounts of either urea or IBDU. The duodenal flow levelled off with urea, but it continued to rise with IBDU even when high amounts were added to the silage. However, a large fraction of this increase was in the form of ammonia, corresponding to 60% of the dietary nitrogen supplied by IBDU. The amount of non-ammonia nitrogen was also higher with IBDU. The nitrogen balance of lactating cows was not noticeably affected when IBDU instead of urea was added to the maize silage. In the same manner, the digestibility of the rations and their metabolizable energy supply were not significantly modified, and the milk productions were quite similar with the two N compounds, apart from the tendency to lower milk fat and milk protein productions. PMID- 3755588 TI - [Changes in the histologic structure of the organs of immunogenesis during treatment with immunomodulators]. AB - The effect of levamisole as well as thymic (thymalin and bone marrow (hemalin) immunomodulators on the immunogenesis organs in practically healthy animals were studied. The comparison of multiple parameters of morphological changes developing in the immunocompetent organs under the influence of immunomodulators was performed by means of so called "similarity ratio". Morphological changes in the central organs of immunogenesis were more severe after the administration of hemalin than after levamisole. The influence of immunomodulators on the peripheral organs of immunogenesis were more uniform. The results obtained in the experiments on healthy animals may serve the basis for a further morphological analysis of the immunomodulators effects under the conditions of the immune homeostasis disturbance. PMID- 3755589 TI - Neodymium-YAG laser therapy for iris cysts. PMID- 3755590 TI - The role of the Food and Drug Administration in ophthalmology. PMID- 3755591 TI - Cytokinetic parameters of locally advanced human breast cancer treated with diethylstilbestrol and chemotherapy. AB - Thirty-six patients with locally advanced breast cancer received diethylstilbestrol (1 mg/die) for 3 days followed by FAC (5 Fu 600 mg/m2, adriamycin 50 mg/m2, cytoxan 600 mg/m2) on day 4, q. 21 days. After three cycles, responsive patients were submitted to surgery. Tumor kinetic parameters were evaluated by TLI and PDP-LI in 22 patients on serial tumor biopsies at diagnosis (TO), after DES (T1), 24 hrs after the first FAC (T2) and at the time of radical surgery (T3). An estrogenic recruitment was evident by TLI in 9/22 tumors and by PDP-LI in 16/22 patients. Our results demonstrate that diethylstilbestrol can induce a kinetic recruitment of breast cancer cells independently from their ER content and that chemotherapy is able to stop cell proliferation. PMID- 3755592 TI - Computer-aided design of new DNA intercalators. PMID- 3755593 TI - Studies of the ferroxidase activity of native and chemically modified xanthine oxidoreductase. AB - The O2-utilizing (type O, oxidase) form of xanthine oxidoreductase is primarily responsible for its ferroxidase activity. This form of xanthine oxidoreductase has 1000 times the ferroxidase activity of the serum ferroxidase caeruloplasmin. It has the ability to catalyse the oxidative incorporation of iron into transferrin at very low Fe2+ and O2 concentrations. Furthermore, the pH optimum of the ferroxidase activity of the enzyme is compatible with the conditions of pH that normally exist in the intestinal mucosa, where it has been proposed that xanthine oxidoreductase may facilitate the absorption of ionic iron. Modification of the molybdenum (Mb) centres of the enzyme in vitro by treatment with cyanide, methanol or allopurinol completely abolishes its ferroxidase activity. The feeding of dietary tungsten to rats, which prevents the incorporation of molybdenum into newly synthesized intestinal xanthine oxidoreductase, results in the progressive loss of the ferroxidase activity of intestinal-mucosa homogenates. Removal of the flavin centres from the enzyme also results in the complete loss of ferroxidase activity; however, the ferroxidase activity of the flavin-free form of the enzyme can be restored with artificial electron acceptors that interact with the molybdenum or non-haem iron centres. The presence of superoxide dismutase or catalase in the assay system results in little inhibition of the ferroxidase activity of xanthine oxidoreductase. PMID- 3755594 TI - A method for preparing radiolabelled rat pulmonary surfactant. AB - A method is described for the preparation of rat pulmonary surfactant, radiolabelled specifically in the phosphatidylcholine species, which may be used for degradative studies of the lipoprotein complex. Intravenously administered [methyl-14C]choline chloride is maximally incorporated into alveolar surface surfactant 8 h after injection, and more than 97% of this radiolabel is present in the phosphatidylcholine fraction of the surfactant and, of this, 75% is associated with the dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine species. Electron microscopy indicates that the isolated surfactant has a similar physical form to that found at the alveolar surface. The mineral alpha-quartz can be used to increase the yield of surfactant lavaged from the lung surface, but the complex isolated from rats treated in this manner has a low specific radioactivity (less than 1000 d.p.m./mg) compared with that prepared from control animals (22860 d.p.m./mg). PMID- 3755595 TI - Two different molecular species of pig calpastatin. Structural and functional relationship between 107 kDa and 68 kDa molecules. AB - Calpastatin, the inhibitor protein acting specifically on calpain (EC 3.4.22.17; Ca2+-dependent cysteine proteinase), is known to be widely distributed in mammalian and avian cells. Two different molecular species of calpastatin were isolated and purified to homogeneity from pig heart muscle and from pig erythrocytes, and shown to be of 107 kDa and 68 kDa respectively on SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Both calpastatins had very similar amino acid compositions when expressed as mol per cent of the residues, differed by only 0.1 pH unit in their isoelectric points, and showed immunological cross reactivity. One molecule of the 107 kDa species could bind approx. 8 calpain molecules, whereas the 68 kDa inhibitor could bind approx. 5 calpain molecules. These findings suggest similar protein structures of the 107 kDa and 68 kDa calpastatins, each being composed of extended multidomains, with unit inhibitor domains aligned along the polypeptide chain of the molecule. The present study does not conclude, however, whether or not the 68 kDa calpastatin found in erythrocytes is a derived product from the 107 kDa species, which is present as such in heart muscle. PMID- 3755596 TI - Influence of H-2 haplotypes on poly IC induction of xanthine oxidase and poly IC induced decreases in P-450 mediated enzyme activities. AB - Polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid (poly IC), a potent interferon inducer, induced xanthine oxidase 24 hours after treatment with 5 mg/kg ip to different degrees among four H-2 congenic mice (P less than 0.05): B10 (H-2b: 236 +/- 27% of the control value) greater than B10.RIII (H-2r: 171 +/- 29%) = B10.F (H-2n: 161 +/- 12%) greater than B10.BR (H-2k: 136 +/- 15%). Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity showed an inverse correlation with inducibility of xanthine oxidase (r = -0.71, P less than 0.01). However, there were no significant changes in activities of heme pool associated enzymes, such as catalase, tryptophan pyrrolase and d-aminolevulinic acid synthase in these mice. H-2 haplotype seems to have an influence on poly IC induction of xanthine oxidase thereby causing a decrease in AHH. PMID- 3755597 TI - The complete nucleotide sequence of canine brain B creatine kinase mRNA: homology in the coding and 3' noncoding regions among species. AB - To define the structure of canine B creatine kinase, clones were isolated from a library prepared from dog brain mRNA and constructed in the vector lambda gt11. The entire coding portion, the complete 3' nontranslated region, and 43 bp of the 5' noncoding region are reported. Comparison of the predicted amino acid sequence of canine B creatine kinase with the sequence of canine M creatine kinase shows 81% identity. When compared to cDNAS encoding B creatine kinase isolated form other species unusual and striking nucleotide sequence identity in the 3' noncoding region is present. Moreover, two B creatine kinase clones (BCK2 and BCK38) demonstrate microheterogeneity within the 3' nontranslated region indicating variable processing of B creatine kinase pre-mRNA or the existence of multiple genes encoding canine B creatine kinase. PMID- 3755598 TI - Steady-state fluorescence emission from the fluorescent probe, 5 iodoacetamidofluorescein, bound to hemoglobin. AB - In the past, fluorescence emission from an extrinsic fluorophore bound to heme proteins would only be studied with the removal of the heme since fluorescence from the fluorophore could not be detected using right-angle optics. Using front face fluorometry, a significant steady state emission signal originating from the probe bound to hemoglobin is detected. This is the first report of the detection of extrinsic fluorescence of a probe bound to a heme-protein. We also demonstrate that the extrinsic probe, 5-iodoacetamidofluorescein, is covalently bound to hemoglobin, specifically at beta 93 Cysteine. Ligand binding results in a change in the fluorophore fluorescence intensity as predicted by hemoglobin crystallographic studies. Efficiency of energy transfer measurements are made. PMID- 3755599 TI - Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in human platelets: its possible role in the control of basal and thrombin-stimulated glycolysis. AB - Human platelets contain fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, 6-phosphofructo-l-kinase (ATP: D-Fructose-6-phosphate-1-phosphotransferase, E.C.2.7. 1.11), the rate-limiting enzyme in platelet glycolysis appear to be significantly activated by physiological concentration of the compound, suggesting for fructose 2,6 bisphosphate a key regulatory role in the control of the glycolytic flux. Incubation of human platelets with thrombin results in a parallel and rapid increase of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate levels and glycolytic flux, suggesting that the compound may also be involved in the enhancement of glycolysis elicited by the stimulating agent. PMID- 3755600 TI - Nerve growth factor mRNA in brain: localization by in situ hybridization. AB - Nerve Growth Factor is a 118 amino acid polypeptide that plays an important role in the differentiation and survival of neurons. The recent discovery that a mRNA that encodes beta Nerve Growth Factor is present in brain suggests that the Nerve Growth Factor gene may not only regulate gene expression of peripheral but also of central neurons. To identify the site(s) of Nerve Growth Factor mRNA production in the brain and to determine which cells express the Nerve Growth Factor gene, the technique of in situ hybridization was employed. A 32P-labeled RNA probe complementary to Nerve Growth Factor mRNA hybridized to cells in the stratum granulosum of the dentate gyrus and the stratum pyramidale of the hippocampus. These observations identify for the first time cellular sites of Nerve Growth Factor gene expression in the central nervous system, and suggest that Nerve Growth Factor mRNA is produced by neurons. PMID- 3755601 TI - Involvement of the membrane fluidity of lactosylceramide-targeted liposomes in their intrahepatic uptake. AB - Incorporation of N-lignoceroyldihydrolactocerebroside (lactosylceramide) enhanced liver uptake of small unilamellar liposomes consisting of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and dicetyl phosphate (molar ratio, 4:5:1). The increase in liver uptake was mostly accounted for by an enhanced uptake into the parenchymal cells. The enhancing effects of lactosylceramide on uptake of the liposomes into liver in vivo and into isolated parenchymal cells in vitro were greater with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine-based liposomes than with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine-based ones. In contrast, addition of lactosylceramide had no significant effect on egg phosphatidylcholine vesicle uptake. The stimulated uptake of lactosylceramide liposomes by parenchymal cells was counteracted by added asialofetuin. These observations suggest that transfer of the targeted liposomes via a galactose-specific receptor into parenchymal cells may be controlled by the membrane fluidity of the liposomes. PMID- 3755602 TI - Involvement of K+ movements in the membrane signal induced by PAF-acether. AB - We investigated the effects of PAF-acether and its specific antagonist BN 52021 on Na+ and K+ transport systems in human red cells and mouse macrophages. PAF acether and BN 52021 exhibited specific and opposite effects on a Cs+-stimulated, K+ efflux in human red cells. PAF-acether increased and BN 52021 decreased the apparent dissociation constant for external Cs+ without significant effects on the maximal rate of K+ translocation. In mouse macrophages, PAF-acether stimulated a quinidine-sensitive K+ efflux. In the presence of the Ca2+-ionophore A 23187, PAF-acether and BN 52021 showed opposite effects (stimulation and inhibition respectively). For most cells, membrane potential is dependent on K+ permeability. In addition, opening of potential-dependent Ca2+ channels appears to be associated with cell activation in several models. We thus propose that the specific interaction of PAF-acether with a K+:K+ exchange increases Ca2+ uptake through transitory changes in membrane potential. This in turn may lead to a more permanent membrane hyperpolarization through to opening of Ca2+ dependent, K+ channels. PMID- 3755603 TI - Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome: an unusual mode of presentation of osteomalacia. AB - We report 2 patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome (RSDS) associated with renal tubular osteomalacia. In both patients, RSDS was the presenting manifestation. Treatment of the underlying condition with calcitriol resulted in healing in both patients. These cases prompted us to undertake a retrospective study of 24 consecutive patients with osteomalacia (6 of renal tubular origin, 18 related to vitamin D deficiency), and of 259 consecutive patients with RSDS. Among those with osteomalacia, radiologic lesions strongly suggestive of RSDS were found in 5 patients (21%), 4 of whom had renal tubular defects, and only 1 had vitamin D deficiency. In the group with RSDS, 1 patient (0.4%) was found to have osteomalacia of renal tubular origin. Thus, radiologic findings suggestive of RSDS are frequent in patients with osteomalacia, especially that of renal tubular origin. On rare occasions, the full-blown clinical picture of RSDS may obscure the diagnosis of osteomalacia. PMID- 3755604 TI - In vitro cell proliferation and proteoglycan synthesis of rabbit meniscal fibrochondrocytes as a function of age and sex. AB - Meniscal fibrochondrocytes from male and female New Zealand white rabbits, ages 6, 12, and 24 months, were grown in primary and secondary monolayer cell culture. Neither age nor sex affected the majority of their cell culture characteristics. Cells from young males (6 months old) synthesized greater amounts of sulfated proteoglycans than did those from young females, but by 2 years of age, this result was reversed. All age groups synthesized 2 classes of proteoglycans, based on hydrodynamic size, but the ratio of the 2 classes changed as a function of age. Overall, the meniscal fibrochondrocytes from both skeletally immature and skeletally mature rabbits of both sexes were capable of proliferation and matrix synthesis in vitro. PMID- 3755605 TI - Aldehyde dehydrogenases, aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidase from baboon tissues: phenotypic variability and subcellular distribution in liver and brain. AB - Isoelectric focusing (IEF) and cellulose acetate electrophoresis were used to examine the multiplicity and distribution of aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs), aldehyde oxidase (AOX) and xanthine oxidase (XOX) from tissues of olive and yellow baboons. Five ALDHs were resolved and distinguished on the basis of their differential tissue and subcellular distribution or substrate specificity. Some ALDHs exhibited multiple activity zones. Baboon liver ALDHs were differentially distributed in cytosol (ALDHs II, III and V) and large granular (mitochondrial) fractions (ALDHs I and IV). The major liver ALDHs (I and II) were also broadly distributed in other tissues, as was the major stomach enzyme (ALDH-III). Three brain ALDHs were resolved, which were also differentially distributed between large granular (mitochondrial) (ALDHs I and IV) and cytosolic (ALDH-III) fractions. Electrophoretic variability between individuals was observed for the major liver mitochondrial isozyme (ALDH-I), the major stomach isozyme (ALDH-III) and the minor liver isozymes (ALDHs IV and V). Single forms of AOX and XOX were found in baboon tissue extracts, with the highest activities in liver (AOX) and intestine extracts (XOX). Both oxidases were predominantly localized in the liver soluble fraction. PMID- 3755606 TI - [Lectin activity of wheat germ agglutinin from Triticum vulgaris on the duodenum of normal children]. PMID- 3755607 TI - [Is the wheat germ agglutinin-enterocyte interaction the pathogenesis of celiac disease? A histochemical study]. PMID- 3755608 TI - Description of the time course of the prolactin suppressant effect of the dopamine agonist CQP201-403 by an integrated pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model. AB - Six male volunteers (mean age 24 years) received a single oral dose of 0.025 mg CQP201-403 and placebo in a randomised double-blind crossover design. Fifteen plasma samples were collected over 48 h and were assayed by radioimmunoassay for drug substance and prolactin (PRL). Three of the samples were drawn during sleep on the first study day. The pharmacological effect (E%) of CQP201-403 was expressed as reduction in plasma PRL levels. The pharmacokinetic (PK) pharmacodynamic (PD) model consisted of two kinetic compartments and an effect compartment linked to the central compartment. A sigmoid Emax model (Hill equation) described the relationship between the drug concentration in the effect compartment and E%. Curve-fitting of PK and PD data provided individual parameter estimates which served to generate computer-simulated PK and PD profiles after single and multiple doses in order to: investigate the in vivo concentration effect relationship; evaluate the consequence of dosage reduction on the steady state PD profile; and study the robustness of the response to changes in drug potency and bioavailability. PMID- 3755609 TI - Chemotherapy improves pulmonary function in a patient with gastric cancer. PMID- 3755610 TI - Survival of mice with NC carcinoma is unchanged by drugs that are thought to inhibit thromboxane synthesis or increase prostacyclin formation. AB - Mice transplanted with NC carcinoma were treated with the thromboxane synthetase inhibitor dazmegrel (UK38485) or with nafazatrom (BAY G 6575), a compound that is reported to increase prostacyclin formation. Some experiments included the cytotoxic drugs methotrexate and melphalan. The tumours were excised under anaesthesia on day 14 or day 21 after transplantation, and weighed; some were extracted for prostanoids which were measured by radioimmunoassay. Mouse survival time was determined up to day 121, and cancer spread was determined by postmortem examination. The survival was increased by methotrexate and melphalan but not by the other drugs. Nafazatrom-treated mice tended to have lighter tumours. Although dazmegrel reduced the formation of thromboxane B2 during clotting of blood from normal mice, it did not affect the tumour yields of prostanoids. Nafazatrom had no effect on serum or tumour prostanoids. There were no obvious effects of the treatments on the recurrence of tumour in the excision scar, lung metastasis or spread to lymph nodes. PMID- 3755611 TI - An assessment of the diagnostic value of the monoclonal antibodies Leu 8, OKT9, OKT10 and Ki67 in cutaneous lymphocytic infiltrates. AB - Biopsies from 63 patients, 40 with mycosis fungoides (MF) and 23 with other lymphocytic infiltrates, were stained with a panel of monoclonal antibodies to differentiation antigens (OKT10, Leu 8), to activation antigens (OKT9), and to an antigen expressed by all dividing cells (Ki67) to establish whether this panel was of value in the diagnosis of mycosis fungoides. None of these antibodies used in isolation was found to give a staining pattern specific for mycosis fungoides, but the phenotype Leu 3a+, OKT9+, Leu 8- of the majority of lymphocytes in the cutaneous infiltrate was strongly suggestive. The presence of Leu 3a+ Leu 8- lymphocytes is of particular interest in that in the peripheral blood both of normal subjects and of MF patients Leu 3a+ lymphocytes also are predominantly Leu 8+, were the lymphocytes in the cutaneous infiltrates of the non-MF infiltrates included in this study. PMID- 3755612 TI - Recent findings limiting immunological and photosensitizing hazards of the tetrachlorodecaoxygen anion complex (TCDO) in wound healing promotion. PMID- 3755613 TI - Sexual activity in girls under 16 years of age. AB - Data on pregnancy, abortion, sexually transmitted disease and cervical dysplasia in girls under the age of 16 years were collected from British and American publications. Over half the pregnancies in girls under 16 ended in induced abortion, and those that continued had increased maternal and perinatal mortality, partly due to failure to attend for care. A prospective study in young teenagers found a high rate of fetal loss in pregnancies that followed abortions. Apart from an increased risk of cervical injury, abortion in girls under 20 carried the same risk of complications as for the American population as a whole. The risk of developing carcinoma of the cervix was doubled in women who began sexual activity before the age of 17 and a large survey found that 1.9% of the girls aged between 15 and 19 years had abnormal cervical cytology. Discouraging sexual activity before the age of consent seems to have a medical as well as a moral basis. PMID- 3755614 TI - Solid-state NMR study of trehalose/1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-phosphatidylcholine interactions. AB - 31P and 2H solid-state NMR studies of dry trehalose (TRE) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) mixtures are reported. 31P spectra are consistent with a rigid head group above and below the calorimetric phase transition for both dry DPPC and a dry 2:1 TRE/DPPC mixture. In addition, 2H spectra of DPPC labeled at the 7-position of the sn-2 chain (2[7,7-2H2]DPPC) show exchange-narrowed line shapes with a width of 120 kHz over the temperature range 25-75 degrees C. These line shapes can be simulated with a model involving two-site jumps of the deuteron. In contrast, the 2H NMR spectrum of a dry 2:1 TRE/2[7,7-2H2]DPPC mixture above the phase transition (Tc = 46 degrees C) is narrowed by a factor of approximately 4 to a width of 29 kHz. Simulation of this spectrum requires a model involving four-site jumps of the deuteron and is indicative of highly disordered lipid acyl chains similar to those found in the L alpha-phases of hydrated lipids. Thus, TRE/DPPC mixtures above their transition temperatures exist in a new type of liquid crystalline like phase, which we term a lambda phase. The observation of the dynamic properties of this new phase indicates the mechanism by which anhydrobiotic organisms maintain the integrity of their membranes upon dehydration. PMID- 3755615 TI - Use of the fluorescent weak acid dansylglycine to measure transmembrane proton concentration gradients. AB - The amphiphilic fluorescent dye N-[(5-dimethylamino)naphth-1-ylsulfonyl]glycine (dansylglycine) can be used to monitor the magnitude and stability of transmembrane proton gradients. Although freely soluble in aqueous media, the dye readily adsorbs to the surfaces of lipid vesicles. Because membrane-bound dye fluoresces at a higher frequency, and with greater efficiency, than dye in aqueous solution, it is easy to isolate the fluorescence emission from those dye molecules adsorbed to the lipid surface. When dansylglycine is mixed with phospholipid vesicles, the dye molecules attain a partition equilibrium between buffer and the outer, proximal surface of the vesicles. This is a rapid, diffusion-limited process that is indicated by a fast phase of fluorescence intensity increase monitored at 510 nm. In a second step, the inner, distal surface of each vesicle becomes populated with dye, a process that involves permeation through the lipid bilayer and that is generally much slower than the original adsorption step. Dansylglycine is a weak acid that permeates as an electrically neutral species; the flux of dye across the bilayer is thus strongly dependent on the degree of protonation of the dye's carboxylate moiety. When the external pH is lower than that of the vesicle lumen, the inward flux of dye is greater than that in the opposite direction, and dye accumulates in the lumen. This leads to a local elevation of dansylglycine concentration in the inner membrane monolayer, which in turn results in an elevated fluorescence intensity proportional to the membrane pH gradient. PMID- 3755616 TI - Structure, evolution, and tissue-specific synthesis of human apolipoprotein AIV. AB - Apolipoprotein AIV (apoAIV) is a protein of the lipid transport system found associated with chylomicrons, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and the lipoprotein free fraction of the plasma. The gene coding for the human apoAIV is closely linked with the genes coding for apolipoproteins AI (apoAI) and CIII (apoCIII). In this paper a nearly full-length apoAIV cDNA clone has been isolated by screening an adult human liver DNA library using a human apoAIV gene probe. In frame translation of the cDNA sequence in this clone indicated that the human apoAIV consists of 396 amino acid residues including a 20 residue long signal peptide. The coding region of this cDNA sequence contains 15 nucleotide repeats, 11 of which code for amino acid repeats with potentials of forming amphipathic helices. Alignment and comparison of the human and rat apoAIV amino acid sequences indicated a five-residue deletion near the carboxy terminus of the rat protein. This comparison also indicated that these proteins are 61.8% homologous, suggesting that the rate of evolution of apoAIV is 65 accepted point mutations (PAMs) per 100 residues per 100 million years. The rates of evolution of certain amino acid repeats in apoAIV are higher than the rate of evolution of the entire protein. However, the corresponding, computer-generated, secondary structures and hydropathy profiles of these repeats are very similar between the human and rat apoAIV. The relative steady-state levels of apoAIV mRNA in various human and monkey tissues were determined by hybridization blotting analysis of total RNA from these tissues using a human apoAIV cDNA probe.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3755617 TI - The absorption of phospholipid vesicles by perfused rat liver depends on vesicle surface charge. AB - Two types of sonicated vesicle have been prepared from dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) by incorporation of phosphatidylinositol (PI) to give negatively charged vesicles and stearylamine to give positively charged vesicles. The absorption of the vesicles by rat liver has been investigated by perfusion techniques. A steady state of vesicle absorption is rapidly established in approx. 2 min and the initial rates of absorption decrease with PI content of the vesicles and increase with stearylamine content. In the steady state, the uptake of vesicles by the liver is similarly dependent on vesicle charge, being inhibited by PI and enhanced by incorporation of stearylamine in the vesicles. Fractionation of the liver into subcellular fractions following perfusion showed that most of the vesicular lipid could be found associated with a nuclear (plus plasma membrane) fraction. The suppression of vesicle absorption by PI may be of value as a means of bypassing the liver in relation to the use of vesicles as a delivery system. PMID- 3755618 TI - Molecular cloning of mRNAs expressed specifically during spherulation of Physarum polycephalum. AB - A cDNA library was constructed using the poly(A)+ RNA extracted from spherulating Physarum polycephalum microplasmodia. This library (740 clones) was screened by differential hybridization with 32P-labeled poly(A)+ RNA from growing plasmodia and developing spherules. The results showed that at least 30% of the clones corresponded to mRNAs expressed specifically in spherulating plasmodia. The 35 spherulation-specific cDNA clones giving the strongest hybridization signals were analysed. From this group, four different sequences complementary to very abundant mRNAs were identified. They each accounted for 1.5% of 4.5% of all the clones in the library and probably represented the most abundant spherulation specific mRNAs. In addition, four less abundant mRNAs were identified from stage specific clones giving weaker hybridization signals. These sequences represented individually between 0.3% and 0.7% of the clones in the library. Northern blots showed that these eight different sequences were absent from plasmodia and were most abundant 24-36 h after the induction of spherulation. Similar results were also obtained when spherulation was induced by the addition of a sublethal concentration of ferrous iron ions to the growth medium. Hybridization of the spherule-specific clones to Southern blots of genomic DNA suggested the presence of one copy for each gene. PMID- 3755620 TI - The development of surfactant synthesis in fetal rabbit lung organ culture exhibits a sex dimorphism. AB - Sex differences in amniotic fluid and lung lavage surfactant have been found. Although these studies suggest that augmented fetal surfactant synthesis occurs earlier in the female fetus, there is little direct evidence for a sex difference in fetal surfactant synthesis. We studied the synthesis of surfactant by evaluating the appearance of labelled phospholipids in lamellar bodies recovered from sex-specific organ culture of fetal rabbit lungs. Furthermore, we studied the ability of dexamethasone to stimulate surfactant synthesis in male and female fetal lungs. Organ culture was begun on day 21 of gestation. After 5 days the incorporation of [1,3-14C]glycerol into phosphatidylcholine (PC), disaturated phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol (PI), and phosphatidylglycerol was studied. Female lungs in organ culture synthesized more disaturated PC per milligram protein than male lungs. In the presence of dexamethasone (10(-8) M) and dihydrotestosterone (10(-8) M) an increased synthesis was noted in the female cultures of PC (270%), disaturated PC (234%), PI (281%), and phosphatidylglycerol (754%). No significant increase in the synthesis of PC or disaturated PC was observed in the male cultures. However in the male cultures smaller increases in the synthesis of PI (193%) and of phosphatidylglycerol (360%) were observed. Overall, dexamethasone stimulated synthesis in females but not in males such that significant differences in the synthesis of all phospholipids were found in the presence of 10(-8) M dexamethasone. These studies show that the synthesis of surfactant in the fetal lung is sexually dimorphic, as is the ability of dexamethasone to regulate synthesis. An understanding of the mechanism which causes these differences may provide important insight into the control of the developmental clock which regulates the orderly progression of development. PMID- 3755619 TI - Structural and conformational features that affect the interaction of polylactosaminoglycans with immobilized wheat germ agglutinin. AB - We examined the interaction between immobilized wheat germ agglutinin and the large, polylactosamine-containing glycans from human erythrocytes and human K-562 erythroleukemic cells. Three classes of interaction were identified. One class of glycan was merely retarded during chromatography. The other two classes were retained and could be distinguished by their ease of displacement with N acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc); one was a moderate-affinity fraction displaced by 0.1 M GlcNAc and the other was a high-affinity fraction subsequently displaced by 1.0 M GlcNAc. A relatively small fraction of the K-562 polylactosamines were in the high-affinity class. We explored the role that fucose and sialic acid substitutions play in the strength of the lectin-glycan interaction. Although sialic acid is recognized by wheat germ agglutinin, sialylation was not required for the high-affinity interaction, and the presence of sialic acids actually prevented some glycans from binding with high affinity. In contrast, fucose is not part of the binding determinant, yet the removal of fucose resulted in decreased affinity. The possibility that some of these changes in affinity were the result of conformational changes was explored using matrices that had wheat germ agglutinin immobilized at different densities. At low wheat germ agglutinin densities, adult and fetal erythroglycans and K-562 glycophorin-like glycans were not retained by the matrix. As the density increased, the proportion of glycans that were retarded, and ultimately retained, increased. While these increases in the proportions retained occurred in parallel for the three different glycans, the apparent affinities of the glycan-lectin interactions differed. The glycophorin-like glycans were always readily displaced by 0.1 M GlcNAc, even at higher wheat germ agglutinin densities. In contrast, as the wheat germ agglutinin density increased, the proportion of erythroglycans that could be displaced by 0.1 M GlcNAc decreased; at 10 mg/ml immobilized wheat germ agglutinin, greater than 80% of the erythroglycans exhibited this tighter interaction. We suggest that this higher affinity interaction is the result of the large glycans spanning adjacent wheat germ agglutinin molecules, and is determined by the proximity of these molecules and the conformation of the glycans. PMID- 3755621 TI - Phase evaluation in hypothetical receivers simulating ranging in bats. AB - Echo delay discrimination by the bat Eptesicus fuscus had been investigated in an experiment with simulated targets jittering in range (Simmons 1979). The dip in the resulting psychometric curve was used by Simmons to suggest the neuronal implementation of a coherent cross-correlation receiver in the auditory system of bats. By computer simulation it is shown here that the dip may be even more pronounced and less susceptible to noise with alternative receiver configurations which not necessarily evaluate signal phase information coherently, e.g., a bank of neuronal filters with envelope-processing. New behavioral experiments are suggested to critically test such model hypotheses. PMID- 3755622 TI - Associative recognition and storage in a model network of physiological neurons. AB - We consider a neural network model in which the single neurons are chosen to closely resemble known physiological properties. The neurons are assumed to be linked by synapses which change their strength according to Hebbian rules on a short time scale (100 ms). The dynamics of the network--the time evolution of the cell potentials and the synapses--is investigated by computer simulation. As in more abstract network models (Cooper 1973; Hopfield 1982; Kohonen 1984) it is found that the local dynamics of the cell potentials and the synaptic strengths result in global cooperative properties of the network and enable the network to process an incoming flux of information and to learn and store patterns associatively. A trained net can associate missing details of a pattern, can correct wrong details and can suppress noise in a pattern. The network can further abstract the prototype from a series of patterns with variations. A suitable coupling constant connecting the dynamics of the cell potentials with the synaptic strengths is derived by a mean field approximation. This coupling constant controls the neural sensitivity and thereby avoids both extremes of the network state, the state of permanent inactivity and the state of epileptic hyperactivity. PMID- 3755623 TI - Correlations between digoxin-like immunoreactivity and electrolyte values in urinary samples of newborns. AB - Elevated levels of a group of substances with digoxin-like immunoreactivity (DLIS) are present in biological fluids of newborns. These endogenous substances could also have the biological properties of cardiac glycosides, such as natriuretic and vasoconstrictor activity. Therefore, DLIS could be involved in electrolyte and volume regulation in infants. We measured DLIS, electrolyte (Na+, K+, Cl-) and creatinine concentrations in 157 urine samples collected from full term and preterm infants, with the aim to establish if a correlation exists between the urinary DLIS levels and the respective values of these electrolytes. Significant and positive correlations were found between the urinary concentrations of DLIS and electrolytes. In addition, electrolyte values correlated significantly between themselves. DLIS, K+ and Cl- values correlated positively with urinary creatinine concentrations (n = 142). A significant multiple correlation was found among DLIS concentrations and creatinine and Cl- values. We also studied the DLIS concentrations in serum samples collected at birth in peripheral blood of the mothers and in umbilical cord and gastric aspirate of 5 full-term infants. We observed that DLIS values in newborns are significantly higher than the respective values of the mothers. In conclusion, our data do not demonstrate a clear relationship between DLIS and electrolyte concentrations in urine samples of newborns. Further investigations are necessary to elucidate the biochemical and physiological properties of DLIS. PMID- 3755624 TI - An optical and electron microscopy study of materials implanted in the rat middle ear. I Carbon. AB - Glassy carbon implants in the middle ear of the rat model appear well tolerated over periods of 6 months. The implants are rapidly covered with a fibrous capsule resulting in some bonding to the surrounding tissue. At a later stage (12 wk), further development of this bond takes place through growth of bone onto the implant surface from adjoining bone lamellae. No adverse tissue reactions were found in the histological sections produced. PMID- 3755625 TI - Work stations for computer-graphic display in medical imaging. PMID- 3755626 TI - The incorporation of historical control information in tests of proportions: simulation study of Tarone's procedure. AB - Empirical Bayes procedures for incorporating historical control information in bioassay carcinogenesis studies are receiving attention in the literature. In general, the empirical Bayes methods fail to take into account the error in estimating the parameters of a prior distribution. The implications of this are studied for the beta prior of Tarone (1982, Biometrics 38, 215-220). Using simulations, we show that the skewness in the maximum likelihood estimators for the parameters of the beta prior increases the false positive rate in the test of dose-related trend. PMID- 3755627 TI - Analysis of data from incomplete block designs. AB - This paper presents an organized solution to the problem of computing inter- and intrablock analyses of incomplete block designs, based on the modified maximum likelihood principle proposed by Patterson and Thompson (1971, Biometrika 58, 545 554). The calculations are set out to be easily programmed on a microcomputer. The method is attractive because it is simple, yet sufficiently general to handle a wide class of designs, including partially balanced incomplete block designs, designs with unequal block sizes, designs with missing values, and generally unbalanced split-plot experiments. PMID- 3755628 TI - Selective 1H-NMR relaxation investigations of membrane-bound drugs in vitro. 2. Angiotensin II. AB - Binding interactions between human angiotensin II and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayer vesicles have been detected by measuring the selective proton spin-lattice relaxation rates of aromatic protons within the peptide. Involvement of the imidazole moiety of the His-6 residue has been demonstrated by the pH dependence of the NMR observables. A lower limit of the binding constant has been evaluated at 78.12 mol-1 dm3 for the interaction involving nonionic intermolecular forces between aromatic residues and the lipid matrix. PMID- 3755629 TI - [Effect of inhaling biologically active preparations on pulmonary surfactants]. PMID- 3755630 TI - Pharmacology of aminoglutethimide: structure/activity relationships and receptor interactions. AB - The structure/activity relationships for inhibition of aromatase and cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (CSCC) by aminoglutethimide and some of its analogues are reviewed. Although more effective against aromatase than CSCC, aminoglutethimide markedly inhibits both enzymes. Optimal competitive antagonism of aromatase is obtained with a free amino or basic group at the 4' position of the phenyl ring substituent. This is important because two major metabolites of aminoglutethimide where the amino group is conjugated have low or no inhibitory effect on aromatase. Relocation of the free amino group to the nitrogen atom of the piperidinedione ring enhances CSCC inhibition. The piperidinedione ring is not essential for inhibitory activity, several 4'-aminophenyl pyrrolidinediones being as potent as aminoglutethimide for aromatase but less effective against CSCC. In this series 3-(4'-aminophenyl)-pyrrolidine-2,5-dione is a selective aromatase inhibitor. Inactivity of 4'-aminophenyl derivatives of imidazolidinedione and pyrimidinetrione indicate that the 4'-aminophenyl moiety alone is insufficient for antagonist activity against aromatase. Replacement of the aminophenyl group by the stronger basic 4-pyridyl moiety in aminoglutethimide yields a selective aromatase inhibitor. The structure/activity data suggest that there is a critical distance between the basic centre and the dione moiety for effective aromatase inhibition. Aminoglutethimide and its analogues possessing a free basic centre elicit a Type II difference spectrum with various cytochrome P 450 isozymes. The spectrally-determined binding affinity correlates with inhibitory activity of these compounds and indicates binding of the amino group to the iron centre of this haem enzyme. In reviewing the postulated mechanisms for the enzyme-mediated aromatisation of substrates it is seen that the initial oxidative attack is at the C-19 position of the steroid. It is proposed that two binding or association sites on the protohaem moiety of this P-450 enzyme (iron and propionic acid residues respectively) are required for the orientation of the substrate. Crystallographic evidence indicates there is a distance of about 6.3 A between the C-17 oxygen and the C-19 methyl of the aromatase substrates (these points interacting with the association sites). There is a similar distance between the basic function and the C-6 keto group for aminoglutethimide (and the C-5 keto group for the pyrrolidinediones). It is proposed that aminoglutethimide and its active analogues interact with aromatase at these binding sites competitively inhibiting the aromatisation of androstenedione and testosterone. PMID- 3755631 TI - Synergistic modulation of lymphocyte mitogenesis by carcinogenic xenobiotics. PMID- 3755632 TI - Estimation of the number of patients who might be suitable for cochlear implant and similar procedures. AB - Data have been drawn from four sources to estimate the number of profoundly, bilaterally hearing impaired in Britain who might benefit from a rehabilitational programme which would include cochlear implants and other specialised aids. The sources were: the IHR National Study of Hearing; a total ascertainment survey of General Practitioners, ENT Consultants, Health Visitors etc. in the Wessex Health Region, which requested basic data on their profoundly, bilaterally hearing impaired patients; more detailed questionnaire data obtained directly from a subset of the patients identified in the ascertainment study; and the experience of various cochlear implant centres. Criteria are proposed to select candidates suitable for the initial research and development work on implant devices and to select those who might later be suitable for a routine clinical service with an established technique. Estimates of the corresponding numbers are given. Guidelines for identifying those who might benefit from acoustical aids are offered. PMID- 3755633 TI - Carcinoid syndrome. Surgical management. AB - Carcinoid syndrome occurs in about five percent of patients with carcinoid tumours. Most of these patients have diffuse liver metastases at the first presentation and the surgical options are few. Medical treatment or hepatic dearterialization achieves a temporary response in most cases. Occasionally, the liver lesions are confined to one anatomical lobe and resection may be feasible. PMID- 3755635 TI - Intercollicular fibers terminating in the superficial layers of the superior colliculus: a WGA-HRP study in the rat. AB - The intercollicular pathway in the albino rat was studied using a lectin, wheat germ agglutinin, conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) as a pathway tracer and a modified HRP histochemistry method. The results showed that a small number of intercollicular fibers were observed in the rostral half of the superficial layers and the caudal half of the intermediate layers of the superior colliculus, while the majority of the intercollicular fibers were distributed in the intermediate and deep layers in the rostral half of the colliculus. The fibers which terminated in the superficial layers of the colliculus were studied in some detail and were subdivided into 4 different morphological types. These results suggest that the intercollicular projection is more broadly distributed in the superior colliculus than has been reported previously in most of the mammalian species studied, and the optic portion of the colliculus receives direct input from different morphological types of intercollicular neurons located on the opposite side of the midbrain. PMID- 3755634 TI - Molsidomine prevents post-ischaemic ventricular fibrillation in dogs. AB - Forty anaesthetized dogs were subjected to left circumflex coronary artery ligation followed by reperfusion. Molsidomine was randomly administered to 20 dogs (50 micrograms kg-1 as an i.v. bolus - 15 min prior to coronary occlusion - followed by an infusion of 0.05 micrograms kg-1 min-1. Standard electrocardiographic leads 2 and 3 were continuously recorded to measure ST segment and delta R% changes and to document both the number of ventricular premature beats and the onset of ventricular fibrillation; aortic pressure and cardiac output were measured; thromboxane B2 plasma levels, platelet aggregation produced by ADP, and molsidomine plasma levels were determined before and at 10, 30 and 75 min after the start of the drug protocol. Molsidomine protected the treated animals from early (10 min) post-ischaemic ventricular fibrillation (0 of 20 vs 6 of 20, P = 0.0202), reduced the incidence of overall post-occlusion ventricular fibrillation (3 of 20 vs 10 of 20, P = 0.0407) and improved the total survival rate (P = 0.0067). In molsidomine treated dogs: mean aortic pressure and the rate-pressure product were lowered 10 min after the start of the drug; immediate post-occlusion (3 min) ST segment changes (0.82 +/- 0.52 vs 1.52 +/- 0.78 mV, P less than 0.025) and delta R% changes (37 +/- 50 vs 90 +/- 84%, P less than 0.025) were less marked; the number of ventricular premature beats was lowered and finally, a progressive decline of platelet aggregation produced by ADP was achieved after 75 min of drug infusion. These results were obtained in the presence of mean plasma levels of molsidomine ranging from 20 to 28 ng ml-1. The time-action curve of the antifibrillatory effect of molsidomine parallels those at the level of post-ischaemic electrocardiographic changes. PMID- 3755636 TI - Patterns of gene expression in the murine brain revealed by in situ hybridization of brain-specific mRNAs. AB - Biochemical differences between neuronal cell populations of the mammalian brain, including selection of neurotransmitters and distinct neural antigens, suggest that the regulation of gene expression plays an important role in defining brain function. Here we describe the use of in situ hybridization to identify cDNA clones of highly regulated mRNA species and to define directly their pattern of gene expression in brain at both gross morphological and cellular levels. One of the selected cDNA clones, pMuBr2, detected a single 3.0 kb mRNA species, which from in situ hybridization appears specific to oligodendroglia cells. Three other cDNA clones, pMuBr3, 8 and 85, identified polyadenylated mRNA transcripts expressed by neuronal cells of the murine brain. Viewed at the gross morphological level, the mRNAs hybridizing to these cDNA sequences exhibit different patterns of abundance distinguishing such brain structures as pons, anterior thalamus, hippocampus, basal ganglia and anterior lobe of the neuroendocrine pituitary gland. At the cellular level, in situ hybridization revealed that these mRNAs are differentially expressed by morphologically and functionally distinct neurons of the cerebellum and hippocampal formation. When examined in the context of known brain function, however, the regulated expression of the neuron-specific mRNAs does not correlate simply with known cellular morphology or previously demonstrated neuronal relationships suggesting novel patterns of gene expression which may contribute to brain function. PMID- 3755637 TI - Strain-specific differences in levels of the mRNA for the epinephrine synthesizing enzyme phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. AB - The activity of the epinephrine biosynthetic enzyme phenylethanolamine N methyltransferase (PNMT, EC 2.1.1.28) is 3- to 8-fold greater in rats of the Fischer 344 and Buffalo strains. The biochemical basis for the strain differences has been analyzed at the level of PNMT protein and messenger RNA production. Fischer rat adrenals possess approximately 5-fold more PNMT protein than those of the Buffalo rat as established by Western blotting and immunoprecipitation of adrenal gland homogenates. Poly(A)+ RNAs purified from adrenal glands of each strain were translated in a reticulocyte lysate system, immunoprecipitated with antibody to PNMT and fractionated by SDS-PAGE. A 35S-labelled protein of Mr = 34,000 was immunoprecipitated from adrenals of Fischer and Buffalo rats, indicating that the molecular weights of PNMT do not differ in these strains prior to post-translational processing. Hybridization of a 740 base pair (bp) cDNA for PNMT indicated that the mRNAs for PNMT are the same size in the adrenals of both strains. However, the adrenals of Fischer rats contain 2- to 4-fold more PNMT mRNA than Buffalo rats, as established by quantitative dot blot hybridization and Northern blot analysis. The medulla oblongata, the site of cell bodies of central adrenergic neurons, also contains approximately 2-fold more PNMT mRNA in Fischer rats. The strain specificity in the production of PNMT reflects differences in the expression of the gene for PNMT. Thus, an inherited capacity for PNMT expression may in fact provide the intrinsic determinants responsible for neurotransmitter production. These data provide a direct link between regulation of catecholamine enzyme biosynthesis at the genomic level and the availability of specific catecholamines for neurotransmitter and hormonal functions. PMID- 3755638 TI - Osmotic mini-pumps: a convenient program for weight-adjusted filling concentrations. AB - A BASIC computer program is described which is useful for calculating filling concentrations for ALZET osmotic mini-pumps employed in studies of chronic drug and hormone administration. After the user has entered the required daily dose, the pump parameters and the animals' weights, the program gives the following information: The total quantity of the drug or hormone required for the experiment; the minimum volume and concentration of solution, allowing a 10% margin for error, to serve as a standard that, when diluted, will fill all pumps in the experiment; individual volumes of this solution that, when diluted to a constant volume will yield the required concentrations to fill each of the respective pumps. Use of this program will ensure reliably accurate and very rapid preparations of solutions for mini-pump use. PMID- 3755639 TI - Comparison of the effects of succinylcholine and atracurium on intracranial pressure in monkeys with intracranial hypertension. AB - The effects of succinylcholine (1.5 mg X kg-1 IV) administered five minutes after a defasciculating dose of curare (0.05 mg X kg-1 IV), were compared with the effects of atracurium (0.5 mg X kg-1 IV) on intracranial pressure (ICP) in 13 cynomolgus monkeys with intracranial hypertension (ICP approximately 25 mmHg). Neither succinylcholine nor atracurium increased ICP during general anaesthesia with 60 per cent N2O/O2, 0.5-1 per cent halothane. During a rapid sequence induction and intubation with thiopentone 5 mg X kg-1 IV, ICP increased equally with intubation following both atracurium (25 +/- 1 to 32 +/- 2 mmHg) and succinylcholine (25 +/- 1 to 31 +/- 2 mmHg) (p less than 0.05). Intubation was also associated with significant increases in PaCO2, CVP and MAP. We conclude that in this primate model of intracranial hypertension, neither atracurium nor succinylcholine (when given following a defasciculating dose of curare) elevates ICP. In terms of the elevation of ICP associated with intubation, atracurium was found to offer no advantage over succinylcholine. PMID- 3755641 TI - The optimal priming dose for atracurium. AB - To determine the optimal priming dose for administration in divided doses, atracurium was given to 77 patients either in a single dose of 0.5 mg X kg-1 or in an initial dose of 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08 or 0.09 mg X kg-1, followed three minutes later by the remainder of the 0.5 mg X kg-1 dose. Patients were anaesthetized throughout the study. When atracurium was given as a single bolus of 0.5 mg X kg-1, the mean time to complete neuromuscular block was 141.5 seconds. Administration in divided doses accelerated the onset time (p less than 0.01), that is the time from the intubating dose to the complete suppression of train-of-four (TOF) response. The TOF ratio decreased slightly but statistically significantly following the priming doses. When the priming dose was 0.05 mg X kg 1, the mean onset time was 70.9 seconds and priming with larger doses did not add any further advantage. It is concluded that 0.05 mg X kg-1 appears to be the optimal priming dose for the administration of atracurium in divided doses. When 0.05 mg X kg-1 is given three minutes before the intubating dose, tracheal intubation can be accomplished in less than 90 seconds. PMID- 3755640 TI - The effects of atracurium on intraocular pressure during steady state anaesthesia and rapid sequence induction: a comparison with succinylcholine. AB - The effects of atracurium 0.5 mg X kg-1 or succinylcholine 1.0 mg X kg-1 on intraocular pressure (IOP) were studied in ten patients during steady state nitrous oxide-oxygen-fentanyl anaesthesia. IOP was unchanged following atracurium but, one minute after succinylcholine, it had increased significantly (p less than 0.025) from 5.6 mmHg to 13.2 mmHg and remained significantly above control for 3 min. Twenty additional patients received either atracurium 0.75 mg X kg-1 or succinylcholine 1.0 mg X kg-1 as part of a rapid sequence induction, atracurium being administered prior to, and succinylcholine after, thiopentone. Intubating conditions were acceptable in all patients in both groups. Administration of thiopentone was associated with a significant (p less than 0.025) decrease in IOP. Although IOP increased in both groups as a result of laryngoscopy and intubation (from 8.0 mmHg to 12.1 mmHg in the atracurium Group and from 7.5 mmHg to 14.5 mmHg in the succinylcholine group) it did not exceed pre-induction IOP in the former. In the succinylcholine group, IOP after intubation exceeded pre-induction values for 2 min, although this increase was significant (p less than 0.05) only at the immediate post-intubation reading. It is concluded that atracurium in a dose of 0.75 mg X kg-1 is a suitable relaxant for use in rapid sequence induction. PMID- 3755642 TI - Tryptone-yeast extract broth as a culture medium for Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae and Haemophilus parasuis to be used as challenge inocula. AB - Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae and Haemophilus parasuis were grown in a liquid medium containing tryptone and yeast extract. Whereas culture turbidity during exponential growth of either organism was proportional to the number of viable cells, continued incubation of stationary phase cultures was accompanied by a dramatic decrease in viability with no corresponding decrease in culture turbidity. It is concluded that the medium described should prove useful for the growth of porcine haemophili for use in experimental infections provided the stage of growth is given due consideration. PMID- 3755643 TI - Genital molluscum contagiosum in children: evidence of sexual abuse? PMID- 3755644 TI - CAD/CAM approaches to the development of seating and mobility aids for the elderly. PMID- 3755645 TI - Recent results of multimodal therapy of gastric lymphoma. AB - The efficacy of multimodality treatment of gastric lymphoma was examined in a retrospective study of 46 patients treated at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center from 1971 to 1982. The principal treatment plan consisted of surgical resection of the gastric lymphoma (n = 36) where feasible, followed by radiation therapy of the whole abdomen (n = 23) with a boosting dose to the stomach-bed to 3700 cGy, and/or chemotherapy using mainly the CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone) regimen as an adjuvant (n = 7), or CHOP plus other drugs for advanced disease. The median follow-up time of patients was 61 months (range, 30 months to 14 years). There was no operative mortality. No patient developed known relapse in the abdomen after resection and total abdominal irradiation, and none suffered relapses after adjuvant chemotherapy, for Stages I-E and II-E. At 5 years, the estimated survival rate after treatment was 95%, 78%, and 25%, respectively for Stages I-E (n = 20), II-E (n = 9) and IV (n = 17). The results for Stage I-E and II-E resectable tumors were significantly improved (P less than 0.05 and less than 0.1 respectively) over those of similar tumors treated in 1949 to 1970. PMID- 3755646 TI - Congenital fibrosarcoma. Preoperative chemotherapy and conservative surgery. AB - Three cases of congenital fibrosarcoma are reported. The use of preoperative chemotherapy, a VAC regimen, allowed conservative surgery in two of them. The three children are well, with no evidence of disease and without sequelae after completion of postoperative chemotherapy. PMID- 3755647 TI - Salvage treatment of patients suffering relapse after adjuvant CMF chemotherapy. AB - The efficacy of salvage treatments in 243 patients with operable breast cancer and positive axillary nodes who failed during or after adjuvant chemotherapy with CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and fluorouracil) was analyzed. Results were compared with those achieved in 100 patients who had relapses after radical mastectomy alone (control group). Salvage treatments consisted primarily of endocrine therapy (castration in premenopausal patients and tamoxifen in postmenopausal women) and chemotherapy (CMF or Adriamycin [doxorubicin] regimens). In 20 patients, however, first salvage treatment consisted of local therapy only (i.e., radiation therapy with or without surgery). In women previously treated with adjuvant CMF, complete plus partial remissions after first salvage treatment were 37% with a median duration of 17 months. In the control group, the response rate was 43% with a median duration of 16 months. The findings also indicated that drug-induced amenorrhea did not lower the objective response to salvage castration. In patients failing with a disease-free interval in excess of 12 months from end of adjuvant CMF, retreatment with the same combination was able to induce remission in 52% of the patients. Current data, derived from prospective controlled studies, confirm that, despite relatively high remission rates, all forms of salvage treatment failed to provide, in unselected cases, long-term control of relapsed breast cancer. Most important, prior adjuvant chemotherapy with CMF did not adversely affect results compared to concomitant controls. PMID- 3755648 TI - Management of locoregional recurrent breast cancer. AB - The influence of radiation and/or chemotherapy on locoregional tumor control and survival in patients treated for recurrent breast cancer after radical or modified radical mastectomy is retrospectively evaluated in 164 patients treated between 1972 and 1983 at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Hospital. Treatment consisted of radiation alone in 57 patients, chemotherapy alone in 50 patients, and a combination of radiation and chemotherapy in 57 patients. Important differences in the composition of these three groups include a preponderance of postmenopausal women (44% vs. 32%) and more patients with four or more positive axillary nodes at the time of initial mastectomy (32% vs. 18%) in the radiotherapy group. Locoregional control of recurrent cancer was achieved in 65% of patients with radiotherapy compared to 46% of patients with chemotherapy (P = 0.049) and 67% with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The addition of chemotherapy produced a trend toward improved disease-free survival rates. The two prognostic factors affecting tumor control and survival in this study are the tumor burden of the recurrence and the histologic axillary node status at the time of the initial mastectomy. PMID- 3755649 TI - In vitro enzymatic methylation of DNA modified with the mutagenic amine: 3-N,N acetoxyacetylamino-4,6-dimethyldipyrido(1,2-a:3'2'-d )imidazole. AB - Both the initial velocity and the overall methylation of DNA modified by acetylamino-4,6-dimethyldipyrido(1,2-a:3',2'-d)imidazole (A-Glu-P-3) by rat liver DNA-(cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase are decreased as compared to native DNA. A Glu-P-3 bound to guanine residues may block the movement of the enzyme along the helix. The modified DNA does not inhibit the enzymatic methylation of native DNA. The enzyme has a lower affinity for the modified DNA than for native DNA. The hypomethylation caused by this carcinogen could have a significance in gene activity, cellular differentiation and cancer induction. PMID- 3755650 TI - Phase II trials of cisplatin and piperazinedione as single agents in the treatment of advanced or recurrent non-squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. AB - A total of 42 patients with advanced or recurrent carcinoma of the cervix, other than squamous cell carcinoma, were entered onto two phase II studies by the Gynecologic Oncology Group. Of 16 patients registered to receive piperazinedione at a dose of 9 mg/m2 iv every 3 weeks, two were inevaluable for response because of the lack of measurable disease. Of the remaining 14, two (14%) had complete response. Adverse effects were limited to myelosuppression, nausea and vomiting, and nephrotoxicity. Among 26 patients registered to receive cisplatin, three were deemed ineligible and three were inevaluable for the study. Of the remaining 20 patients, one (5%) had complete response and three (15%) had partial response. Primary adverse effects included myelosuppression, frequent nausea and vomiting, and nephrotoxicity. The most common histologic subtypes noted were adenocarcinoma and adenosquamous carcinoma, and responses were noted among patients with each subtype on each drug. Both drugs appear to possess moderate activity against non squamous carcinoma of the cervix. PMID- 3755651 TI - Chemosensitization of lomustine by misonidazole, benznidazole, and RSU 1069. PMID- 3755652 TI - Clinical anticancer pharmacology: some pharmacokinetic considerations. PMID- 3755653 TI - Structure of a porcine spleen low-molecular-weight inhibitor of in vitro colony formation by bone marrow cells. PMID- 3755654 TI - The inhibition of the photochemical dimerization of 1,3-dimethylthymine by flavin and 5-deazaflavin derivatives. PMID- 3755655 TI - Oro-facial granulomatosis. Response to elemental diet and provocation by food additives. AB - We report the case of an 8.5-year-old girl with oro-facial granulomatosis associated with clinical atopy, in whom relapse of her granulomatous disorder was shown to be related to exposure to specific food additives, viz. carmoisine, sunset yellow and monosodium glutamate. Treatment with a restricted diet resulted in considerable regression in the facial swelling which has been maintained for 6 months. A brief account of the histological features, both under light and electron microscopy, is given, together with a description of the use of nuclear magnetic resonance scanning in the assessment of this disease. The patient had no evidence to support a diagnosis of sarcoidosis or Crohn's disease. PMID- 3755656 TI - Robotic sample preparation evaluated for the immunochemical determination of cardiac isoenzymes. AB - A general-purpose bench-top laboratory robot was programmed to perform sample preparation for immunoprecipitative and immunoinhibitory determinations of cardiac isoenzymes with commercial kits. Run size could be varied from 1 to 24 patients' samples, and was determined by the robot without prompting. The robot placed the processed samples into a sample rotor for dried transfer to a batch centrifugal analyzer. Robotic precision compared well with that of manual performance of the same procedures at four concentrations of lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) isoenzyme 1 activity and at one of two concentrations of creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2.) isoenzyme MB activity; for the other creatine kinase MB concentration, use of the robot significantly improved precision. Results for 100 samples from patients after open-heart surgery were highly correlated with manually obtained results for both isoenzyme determinations (r less that 0.96 each). Time to completion for small run sizes for either approach was comparable about 25 min. For larger batches, robotic run time increased rapidly, to 169 min for 24 patients' samples vs 41 min by manual assay. PMID- 3755657 TI - The circadian variation of thyrotrophin in patients with primary thyroidal disease. AB - We have used a highly sensitive immunochemiluminometric assay (ICMA) for human TSH to study the effect of thyroid status on the circadian variation in TSH levels. Three subjects with Graves' disease, three with toxic multinodular goitre and three with euthyroid multinodular goitre were sampled every hour for 24 h. The results obtained were compared to those from five euthyroid control subjects. It was found that some patients with hyperthyroidism and suppressed basal TSH levels exhibited a 24 h secretory pattern similar to that seen in normal subjects with peak TSH levels occurring at night. In addition two subjects with a euthyroid multinodular goitre demonstrated levels of TSH below the normal range despite being clinically and biochemically euthyroid. TSH suppression in these subjects is probably related to some degree of thyroid autonomy and possible development of hyperthyroidism in the future. PMID- 3755658 TI - Late increase in serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D one month after surgery for adenomatous hyperparathyroidism. AB - This study was designed to follow the evolution of serum 1,25(OH)2D after surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism. Ten patients were studied before and for up to 85 d after removal of a single parathyroid adenoma. Blood and 24 h urine were obtained at various time points, for the measurement of serum or urinary phosphate and calcium indices. Before surgery, serum calcium (2.91 +/- 0.06 mmol/l; mean +/- SEM), parathyroid hormone (354 +/- 47 pg/ml) and 1,25(OH)2D (61.2 +/- 7.8 pg/ml) were elevated while serum phosphate (1.01 +/- 0.07 mmol/l) tended to be low. Relative hypoparathyroidism was evident for up to 5 d after surgery with the lowest value for serum parathyroid hormone (41 +/- 16 pg/ml) on day 1, serum calcium (2.12 +/- 0.06 mmol/l) on day 3 and highest value for serum phosphate (1.41 +/- 0.13 mmol/l) on day 5. As expected, serum 1,25(OH)2D levels decreased to 35.9 +/- 4.2 pg/ml 24 h after surgery. Stabilization of serum and urinary parameters to normal values was seen between day 5 and day 27; the only exception was serum 1,25(OH)2D, which increased again at day 27 to 57.6 +/- 5.0 pg/ml, a value as high as that before surgery. It was still elevated at day 50 (58.3 +/- 4.3 pg/ml), but returned towards normal values in three out of four patients (44 +/- 3.9 pg/ml) by day 80. No variation in 25(OH)D or 24,25(OH)2D was seen throughout the study. 1,25(OH)2D values could be related to serum parathyroid hormone values before surgery (r = 0.659, P less than 0.05) but not after. The secondary increase in serum 1,25(OH)2D could not be related to variations in serum calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone or diet. Further studies will be required to explain this phenomenon. PMID- 3755659 TI - Plasma neuropeptide y levels rise in patients undergoing exercise tests for the investigation of chest pain. AB - Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is colocalised with noradrenaline in post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons. In order to examine the possibility that activation of the sympathetic nervous system might cause release of NPY into the plasma NPY levels were measured in 16 patients undergoing exercise tests for investigation of chest pain. Plasma NPY concentrations rose in 14 out of the 16 patients, and the mean level of plasma NPY increased from 335 (s.e.m. = 37) to 455 (s.e.m. = 41) pg/ml. Plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline levels increased four- and two-fold respectively. The increase in NPY correlated with the increase in noradrenaline, suggesting that NPY may be released with noradrenaline when sympathetic noradrenergic nerves are activated. PMID- 3755660 TI - Sucralfate use in peptic ulcer disease. PMID- 3755661 TI - Evaluation of a Bayesian regression-analysis computer program for predicting phenytoin concentration. AB - A microcomputer program using Bayesian regression analysis to predict serum phenytoin concentrations was evaluated. Phenytoin concentration-time data from nine healthy male volunteers and one male patient were obtained from published studies. For two different dosage regimens that each subject received, the last available predose concentration on the sixth day of the regimen was predicted using observed predose concentrations on both the morning of the third day and on each of the first three days of phenytoin administration. In nine subjects who received at least 10 days of phenytoin therapy, observed concentrations after more than 10 days of therapy were predicted using both one and three observed serum concentrations. Also, in six subjects, the observed predose concentrations for the first three days of an initial phenytoin regimen were used to predict the last predose concentration observed during each subject's second regimen. Predictive performance of the program was evaluated using mean error (m.e.) as a measure of bias, mean absolute error (m.a.e.) as a measure of precision, and root mean square error (r.m.s.e.) as a composite measure of bias and precision. The majority of the predicted serum concentrations were accurate. Predictions of serum concentrations after six days and after more than 10 days of phenytoin therapy were somewhat more accurate when three serum concentrations were used than when only one concentration was used. In the six subjects for whom concentrations from an initial regimen were used to predict those in a second regimen, the largest prediction error was 5 mg/L (m.e. 0.88, m.a.e. 1.9, and r.m.s.e. 2.4).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3755662 TI - When is a computer not a computer? PMID- 3755663 TI - TECHSCORE: a program for tabulating the results of multiple choice questions and correcting multiple choice examinations. AB - TECHSCORE is a computer program which tabulates the responses to multiple choice questions, calculates the percentage of each response and displays this information in tabular form. The program also provides a means for correcting and grading multiple choice examinations. We have used this program successfully in our department for tabulating the results of supervisor evaluations and also for correcting student examinations. This program is useful for those situations in which the use of main frame data processing equipment would not be deemed cost effective. PMID- 3755664 TI - A BASIC program for determination of numerical density of cytoplasmic compartments--I. Analysis of spherical particles. AB - The mean diameter of spherical-like particles is determined by a BASIC program taking into account how the sampled diameters are distributed. In this way the numerical density of the cytoplasmic compartments is obtained. Also calculations considering Holmes' effect are provided. PMID- 3755665 TI - A BASIC program for determination of numerical density of cytoplasmic compartments--II. Analysis of ellipsoids and cylindrical particles. AB - A BASIC program is presented to obtain the numerical density, shape coefficient (beta) and kappa factor for the size distribution of a series of diameters measured from E.M. micrographs. Also its minimal sample size can be estimated. PMID- 3755666 TI - Microcomputer assisted growth assessment. AB - A microcomputer program is described which facilitates analysis of normal and abnormal growth patterns in children. The program compares individual growth data with established normals, calculates indices and provides both printed summaries as well as graphic displays. PMID- 3755667 TI - A microcomputer system for haemodynamic measurements in isolated, working rat hearts. AB - This study describes the application of an Apple IIe microcomputer in combination with a pre-processor in the on-line calculation of haemodynamic variables of the isolated working rat heart and of relative rapid changes in these variables, induced by variations in left atrial filling pressure (preload) and end-diastolic aortic pressure (afterload). Variables such as heart rate, systolic and diastolic left ventricular pressure, the maximal positive and negative first derivative of the left ventricular pressure, systolic and diastolic aortic pressure and aortic flow were continuously calculated and printed at minimal intervals of 6 s. A newly designed procedure to detect the activation of the electrogram, which was necessary to start the detection of a new cardiac cycle, is described. PMID- 3755668 TI - Variance analysis by use of a low cost desk top calculator. AB - A simple program for an HP-97 desk top calculator, which can be adapted to an HP 67, is presented. This program detects the presence of an added component of variance in any series classified with a unique criterion. Each series can be formed by any number of data. The program supplies additional information about this component. A brief theoretical description and a practical example are also included. PMID- 3755669 TI - Design, development, and implementation of a data processing system for multiple controlled trials and epidemiologic studies. AB - We were given the opportunity to design and implement a general data processing system to accommodate several different epidemiologic studies to be conducted by a new research group. A survey of 15 operating data centers was conducted in preparation for undertaking the design and development of our system. The results of the survey indicated that data processing activities can be classified, both conceptually and operationally, into three modules: data recording and data entry, data management, and data analysis, and that the data management functions were those amenable to generalization. Based on our survey and the varying needs of our studies, we selected a "mixed" hardware environment, using both a computer center mainframe and microcomputers. We created the systems using commercially available software, including a mainframe database manager and mainframe statistics packages, microcomputer data entry software, and a communications package to link the two environments. Our strategy was to buy software, when possible, rather than to build custom programs, and to let software tools govern hardware needs. Hardware independence, price, and functional capability directed our software choices, while hardware selection was constrained most importantly by available software, then by budget, by available computing resources, and finally by the marketplace. The system has been used successfully in three studies differing in design, size, data collection locale, and rate of data accrual. PMID- 3755670 TI - [Application of arthroscopy in the diagnosis of meniscal lesions]. PMID- 3755671 TI - Evaluation of possibilities for mass screening for colorectal cancer with Hemoccult fecal blood test. AB - Data from a health survey including the Hemoccult fecal blood test, together with official cause-specific death rates, were used to assess the magnitude of a controlled trial that would be required to prove a 25 percent reduction of the mortality from colorectal cancer associated with screening. All men in three age groups in the city of Malmo, Sweden, were invited, but 46 percent did not participate in, the Hemoccult screening. One carcinoma and 89 adenomas were detected in 56 of the 2422 who did. With the risk function used in our calculation and a compliance rate of 60 percent, a study population among 45- to 69-year-olds of 605,000 is required to prove an expected 25 percent reduction of the mortality with 90 percent power. Considering the size of such a trial, we question whether a controlled trial is feasible. With known risk functions for death from all causes and death from colorectal cancer, the study population was calculated using variable statistical power, participation rate, and risk reduction. Statistical methods and computer programs are given. In addition, alternative study models to assess the benefits associated with screening are discussed. PMID- 3755672 TI - Molecular cloning of a human prion protein cDNA. AB - Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) of humans and scrapie of animals are degenerative, transmissible neurologic diseases caused by prions. The only known macromolecules within prions are prion proteins (PrP). The cDNA encoding the hamster prion protein (PrP 27-30) has been cloned and sequenced (Oesch et al., 1985). Using that hamster PrP cDNA, we screened a human retina cDNA library and sequenced the cDNA clone with the longest hybridizing insert. This insert was found to contain a long open reading frame (ORF) encoding the human prion protein. Northern transfer analysis showed that a related poly(A)+RNA measuring approximately 2.5 kb is expressed in a variety of human neuroectodermal cell lines. Human PrP differed from hamster PrP at 27 of 253 amino acids and at 98 of 759 ORF nucleotides. Conservation of PrP amino acid sequence between hamster and human is nearly 90%, reflecting similar structural features and shared antigenicity of the two proteins (Bockman et al., 1985). The human PrP sequence contained a presumptive amino-terminal signal peptide of 22 amino acids, two hydrophobic segments of sufficient length to span membranes, and two possible sites for N-glycosylation. The conservation between the hamster and human prion proteins suggests that they may have an important role in cellular metabolism and may explain the similarities between scrapie and CJD. PMID- 3755673 TI - [Primary retroperitoneal tumor]. AB - 60 patients with primary retroperitoneal tumor were reported. Among them, 26 cases were benign and 34 malignant. Abdominal mass was the most frequent presenting symptom (58.3%). The next was abdominal pain. The clinical course varied from 1 day to 22 years. Malignancy was predominant in patients with history less than one year. The size of tumor varied from 3 X 3 X 3 cm to 34 X 24 X 11 cm. Malignancy was more frequent in tumors larger than 10 cm in diameter. The location is decided mainly by displacement and compression of the gastrointestinal tract in barium meal examination and displacement or compression of the kidney or ureter and the presence of hydronephrosis in intravenous pyelography. The final diagnosis can only be established by pathological examination on celiotomy. All 60 patients were operated and the lesion of 43 was resectable. In the 20 with malignant tumor resected, only 8 patients are alive, while all the 26 patients with benign tumor are surviving, though 3 of them had unremovable lesions. The treatment is to resect the tumor as thorough as possible, including the adjacent invaded organs. Recurrence is likely for which resection should be reconsidered if possible. Radiotherapy or chemotherapy should be given to patients with lymphosarcoma, unremovable tumors and residual lesions after resection. PMID- 3755674 TI - [Plasma thromboxane B2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1-alpha concentrations in patients with essential and renovascular hypertension]. PMID- 3755675 TI - Influence of assay methodologies and interferences on the interpretation of digoxin concentrations. AB - The interpretation of serum digoxin concentrations is an area where pharmacists can have substantial clinical input. Important in this interpretation is the knowledge of various factors that may interfere with the reported concentration. These include drugs, metabolites of digoxin, protein concentration, and endogenous digoxin-like substances. The patients for whom these interferences are most significant include neonates, patients with renal failure and liver disease, and pregnant women. Pharmacist knowledge of these interferences can have an important impact on the quality of patient care. PMID- 3755677 TI - [Diagnosis of endocrine ophthalmopathy]. PMID- 3755676 TI - Effect of sucralfate on phenytoin bioavailability. AB - The mechanism of action of the antiulcer agent, sucralfate, involves drug binding to proteins, pepsin, and bile salts. The potential for sucralfate to bind to, and inhibit the oral absorption of, concurrently-administered drugs has been studied for very few agents. Phenytoin bioavailability was studied following a single dose of phenytoin 500 mg po in nine normal subjects during a control period and when given with sucralfate. Area under the serum concentration-time curve was compared at 48 hours (AUC48) and 120 hours (AUC120) using observed and extrapolated data. The phenytoin AUC48 was reduced from 173.6 +/- 22.6 mg . h/L to 157.1 +/- 19.6 mg . h/L (p less than 0.02), and the phenytoin AUC120 was reduced from 200.5 +/- 31.9 mg . h/L to 185.0 +/- 26.8 mg . h/L (p less than 0.05), when sucralfate was administered. Because AUC comparisons for drugs with nonlinear elimination kinetics may reflect changes in rate, as well as extent, of absorption, these small changes in AUC may not reflect a change in the fraction of dose absorbed. However, our results suggest that sucralfate does affect phenytoin absorption. Further studies may be useful in determining the precise nature and clinical importance of this interaction. PMID- 3755678 TI - [Therapy of endocrine ophthalmopathy]. PMID- 3755679 TI - [Effect of physical loading on creatine kinase, creatinine and certain hematologic indices]. PMID- 3755680 TI - Evidence from molecular cloning that SPARC, a major product of mouse embryo parietal endoderm, is related to an endothelial cell 'culture shock' glycoprotein of Mr 43,000. AB - We describe the molecular cloning and characterization of a secreted, acidic, cysteine-rich glycoprotein (SPARC) of apparent Mr 43,000 which is a major product of mouse embryo parietal endoderm. These cells are specialized for the synthesis of a rapidly expanding basement membrane, but SPARC is not itself an integral matrix component. We show that SPARC is related structurally and antigenically to an Mr 43,000 glycoprotein secreted in large amounts by bovine aortic endothelial cells as part of a 'culture shock' response to in vitro conditions promoting their proliferation and migration. PMID- 3755681 TI - The primary structure of bovine chromogranin A: a representative of a class of acidic secretory proteins common to a variety of peptidergic cells. AB - We have determined the primary structure of bovine chromogranin A as a first step in the elucidation of the function of this widespread protein. After oligonucleotide screening of a cDNA library of bovine adrenal medulla, a clone (insert length 1.9 kb) containing the entire coding region for chromogranin A was isolated and sequenced. The authenticity of the sequence was verified by comparison with N-terminal, several internal, and C-terminal amino acid sequences as well as the amino acid composition of chromogranin A. The cDNA clone hybridized to an mRNA of 2.1 kb and, after in vitro transcription-translation, yielded a polypeptide with a similar electrophoretic mobility in SDS gels to chromogranin A. The polypeptide chain of chromogranin A comprises 431 amino acid residues, corresponding to an unmodified protein of 48 kd, and is preceded by a cleaved signal peptide of 18 amino acid residues. Interesting features of the chromogranin A structure include repeated clusters of glutamic acid residues, the occurrence of eight potential dibasic cleavage sites, six of which are located in the C-terminal domain, and the presence, in the N-terminal domain, of -Arg-Gly Asp- (RGD), a three amino acid sequence involved in the binding of several constitutively secreted proteins to cell membranes. PMID- 3755682 TI - Comparison of in vitro activity of cytotoxic drugs towards human carcinoma and leukaemia cell lines. AB - Eight human haematopoietic cell lines and four human carcinoma lines were used to compare the activity of a number of cytotoxic drugs including amsacrine, the amsacrine analogue CI-921, methotrexate, nitracrine, doxorubicin, daunorubicin and 5-fluorouracil. Activity was assessed by means of semiautomated microculture growth inhibition assays. Cell density of the non-adherent cell lines was measured using the technique of Mosmann (J Immunol Methods 1983, 65, 55-63), in which the dye thiazolyl blue (MTT) is metabolised to a dark blue formazan product. This technique gives similar results to those obtained by direct cell counting in an electronic cell counter, and when applied to some adherent cell lines gives similar results to those obtained by the methylene blue staining technique previously developed (Anal Biochem 1984, 139, 272-277). Both methylene blue and MTT methods were used to investigate cytotoxicity in conjunction with semi-automated 96-well microculture plate techniques. The results show that the three T-cell leukaemia lines (CCRF-CEM, Jurkat and MOLT-4) are more sensitive to DNA-binding drugs (excluding nitracrine) than are the colon carcinoma lines (HCT 8, HT-29, SW480 and SW620). The more resistant haematopoietic lines are intermediate in drug sensitivity between the T cell leukaemia and carcinoma lines. The DNA binding drugs show remarkably similar patterns of differential activity against the different cell lines. PMID- 3755683 TI - Effect of sucralfate on the bioavailability of cimetidine. AB - Twelve, healthy fasting, subjects received 200 mg cimetidine orally either with water or 1 g sucralfate in a randomized, single dose, two-way crossover study. Blood samples were taken for 12 h and urine was collected for 24 h. Cimetidine in plasma and urine was analysed by HPLC. There was no significant difference between the two treatments in peak plasma concentration, time to peak plasma concentration, area under the plasma concentration-time curve and urinary excretion. The results indicate that sucralfate did not reduce the bioavailability of cimetidine. PMID- 3755684 TI - Partial purification of thrombopoietin using lectin chromatography. AB - Thrombopoietin (TPO) was partially purified from the plasma of thrombocytopenic rabbits by ammonium sulfate fractionation and lectin chromatography. Thrombopoietic activity was measured with an in vivo assay that measures platelet production by the incorporation of 75Se-selenomethionine (75SeM) into newly forming platelets in mice. Thrombopoietin was precipitated from rabbit plasma by an ammonium sulfate saturation of 60%-80%. The ammonium sulfate precipitate was further fractionated by application to a column of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) bound to agarose. The biological activity was eluted from the WGA column with 0.2 M N-acetylglucosamine. The minimum dose that stimulated thrombopoiesis was decreased 1000-fold to 1.3 microgram/g body weight by this first lectin step. The biological activity eluted from the WGA column was then applied to a column of concanavalin A (ConA) bound to agarose and eluted with 0.1 M alpha-methylmannose. The ConA step produced an additional two-fold increase in specific activity and decreased the minimum dose to 0.65 microgram/g body weight. Stimulation of thrombopoiesis was not associated with an increased peripheral platelet count. Although the purification scheme presented provided a 7000-fold increase in specific activity compared to plasma from thrombocytopenic rabbits, analysis of the WGA and ConA fractions by gel-permeation high-performance liquid chromatography (GP-HPLC) and SDS-PAGE indicated that many proteins were still present at this stage of the purification procedure. PMID- 3755685 TI - Cimetidine induces hepatic heme oxygenase activity without altering hepatic heme catabolism. AB - Cimetidine inhibits oxidative drug metabolism; it is not known whether this drug alters the catabolic fate of hepatic heme. We therefore investigated hepatic heme turnover both by a 14CO breath test and directly by labeling the heme pool. Neither acute (150 mg/kg i.p.) nor chronic (150 mg/kg i.p. bid for 3 days) cimetidine administration significantly affected hepatic heme turnover. Chronic, but not acute, cimetidine significantly (p less than 0.025) increased heme oxygenase activity. Cimetidine inhibited heme oxygenase activity in vitro at concentrations achieved in vivo. PMID- 3755686 TI - Binding specificities of the lectins PNA, WGA and UEA I to polyvinylchloride adsorbed glycosphingolipids. AB - The binding specificities of the lectins PNA (peanut agglutinin), WGA (wheat germ agglutinin), and UEA I (Ulex europeus agglutinin I) against glycosphingolipids were investigated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), utilizing the biotin-avidin system for detection of bound lectin. PNA showed the highest affinity to GA1, but also bound, though less strongly, to GM1 and GD1b. WGA bound to 3'-nLM1 and 6'-nLM1, the former twice as strongly as the latter, but not to any sialic acid containing glycolipid of the gangliotetraose series. UEA I showed a high affinity for the Lea glycolipid which has an alpha 1-4 linked fucose but not for the glycolipids with alpha 1-3 or alpha 1-2 linked fucose. Interestingly, 3'-nLM1 and nLA1, glycolipids lacking fucose, also bound UEA I. The results show that lectins should be used with caution for establishing terminal sugar sequences in glycosphingolipids. PMID- 3755687 TI - Two delta-crystallin polypeptides are derived from a cloned delta 1-crystallin cDNA. AB - Previous studies have shown that there are 2 similar delta-crystallin genes (delta 1 and delta 2) and at least 2 delta-crystallin polypeptides in the chicken eye lens. We show here that both delta-crystallin polypeptides can be synthesized from mRNA transcribed in vitro from a cloned delta 1-crystallin cDNA. Both polypeptides co-migrate in SDS-urea-polyacrylamide electrophoresis with their authentic counterparts isolated from 15-day-old embryonic chicken lenses, and both react with sheep anti-chicken delta-crystallin serum. Screening nearly 900 delta-crystallin cDNA clones from a 15-day-old embryonic lens library with an oligonucleotide probe specific for exon 2 of the delta 2-crystallin gene failed to detect any delta 2 cDNA clones, indicating that the delta 2 gene produces little or no mRNA in the lens at this stage of development. Our results suggest that both of the observed delta-crystallin polypeptides are derived from mRNA transcribed from the delta 1 gene, with heterogeneity arising at the translational or co-translational level. PMID- 3755688 TI - The effects of androgen on the transcription of specific genes in guinea pig seminal vesicle epithelium. AB - Steroid hormones have been shown to have highly differential effects on the expression of abundant cell-specific protein genes in a multitude of model tissues. In rat seminal vesicle, for example, DNA clones representing two major secretory protein genes have been used to show that both of the genes are differentially regulated by androgen. In this paper, we have examined the effects of androgen on the transcription of two major secretory protein genes in guinea pig seminal vesicle epithelium. Nuclear run-off experiments were used to show that castration of the adult resulted in a 3-fold decrease in total transcription activity. Surprisingly, the decrease in total transcriptional activity was not reflected in a differential decrease in the transcriptional activity of the two major secretory protein genes. When the effects of castration on the transcriptional activity of the major secretory protein genes were compared to the effects on other genes, it was found that the transcriptional activity of each gene examined was decreased by the same magnitude as the major secretory protein genes. Similarly, the transcriptional activity of every gene examined increased by the same magnitude as the major secretory protein genes during hormone repletion of the castrated adult. Thus, in contrast to the differential effects of steroids on the transcription of abundant cell-specific proteins in many other steroid-dependent tissues, the transcription of major secretory proteins in guinea pig seminal vesicle epithelium appears to be regulated in parallel with many other genes. The generalized effects of androgen on transcriptional activity could account for the generalized effects of androgen on seminal vesicle epithelial cell structure and function. PMID- 3755689 TI - Differential expression of thyrotropin hormone genes by GH3 cells and the normal rat pituitary. AB - RNAs from GH3 cells, a rat clonal cell line, and anterior pituitaries of normal rats have been isolated and assayed for the presence of transcripts coding for the alpha- and beta-subunits of thyrotropin hormone (TSH) by hybridization to their respective cDNAs. Northern analysis indicated that GH3 cells lack both TSH transcripts, and that normal anterior pituitary cells contain mRNA for both the alpha- and beta-subunits approximating 800 and 700 nucleotides, respectively. An examination of the DNAs from GH3 cells and normal anterior pituitary tissue revealed no organizational difference when the restriction digests were subjected to Southern analysis. The lack of TSH secretion by GH3 cells is probably not due to sequence modification of genomic DNA, but to undetermined factors controlling transcription. PMID- 3755690 TI - Patterns of maternal messenger RNA accumulation and adenylation during oogenesis in Urechis caupo. AB - We have investigated the accumulation and adenylation of the maternal mRNA during oogenesis in the oocytes of the marine worm Urechis caupo. The analysis, using in vitro translation and cDNA probes to assay for specific mRNAs, demonstrates that different maternal mRNAs accumulate with different patterns during oogenesis. One class of maternal mRNAs accumulates throughout oogenesis and remains at a steady level in the full-grown oocyte. These mRNAs do not have a poly(A) tail long enough to mediate binding to oligo(dT)-cellulose in oocytes, but are rapidly adenylated immediately following fertilization. The other maternal mRNAs accumulate in growing oocytes as poly(A)+ RNA and undergo some deadenylation in full-grown oocytes and embryos. Some of these mRNAs attain their highest concentration fairly early in oogenesis, while others continue to accumulate during later stages. Many of the mRNAs that accumulate as poly(A)+ RNA in growing oocytes diminish dramatically in concentration in full-grown oocytes. PMID- 3755691 TI - Electron microscopic study of neuropeptide Y-containing nerve elements of the guinea pig small intestine. AB - Neuropeptide Y-containing nerve cell bodies and processes were identified by electron microscopic immunocytochemistry in the guinea pig small intestine. Labeled nerve processes were numerous in the myenteric plexus. However, a few immunoreactive nerve fibers were found in all layers of the small intestine. Some of the immunoreactive nerve processes were found in close apposition to the epithelial cells of the crypts of Lieberkuhn and to endothelial and smooth muscle cells. The neuropeptide Y-containing nerve cell bodies were preferentially located in the submucous ganglia. In the myenteric plexus many synaptic connections were observed between the neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive nerve fibers and unlabeled nerve cell bodies and other nerve fibers. These findings provide a morphologic basis for the possibility that neuropeptide Y may act as a transmitter and exert postsynaptic effects on intrinsic neurons, in addition to participating in the regulation of smooth muscle activity and epithelial cell functions. PMID- 3755692 TI - Isolation of an alpha 1 type-IV collagen cDNA clone using a synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide. AB - We have isolated a cDNA clone (pCIV-1-225) for the alpha 1 subunit of basement membrane (type IV) collagen from a cDNA library made from Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm mouse tumor RNA. The cDNA library was screened with synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides derived from published amino acid (aa) sequences (Schuppan et al., 1982). Nucleotide sequence data established the identity of our cDNA clone to encode an alpha 1 type IV collagen. This clone contains 270 aa of the helical region and has three interruptions in the Gly-X-Y repeat unit. PMID- 3755693 TI - [Prediction of respiratory insufficiency syndrome. A comparison of Clements' test with spectrophotometry at 650 nm]. PMID- 3755695 TI - [Infections caused by Haemophilus--an update]. PMID- 3755694 TI - [Coexistence of Hashimoto's disease and thyroid carcinoma]. PMID- 3755696 TI - Second primary malignant neoplasms in patients treated for Hodgkin's disease at St Bartholomew's Hospital. AB - The incidence of second malignant neoplasms (SMN's) was investigated in a group of 529 patients with Hodgkin's Disease (HD) treated at St Bartholomew's Hospital (SBH). SMN's were seen in 27 of these patients giving an incidence rate three and a half times that expected in an age and sex matched normal population (p = much less than 0.001). The incidence rate was higher in those receiving multiple chemotherapy and radiotherapy for relapsed HD compared with those receiving primary radiotherapy, chemotherapy or chemotherapy with adjuvant radiotherapy (p = 0.02). However, the increased incidence rate in those patients treated with chemotherapy on relapse, may reflect in part a delayed effect of their primary therapy, since the incidence rate in the primary treatment group only becomes significantly raised after six years. When allowance was made for this delay the difference between the two groups was no longer significant. The incidence rates for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL) and myelogenous leukaemia were 32 and 57 times those expected, compared with only two and a half times the expected rate for non haematological SMN's (p = much less than 0.001). The four acute myeloid leukaemias (AML) all occurred within five years of treatment compared to wide ranging intervals between treatment and occurrence of SMN in the other groups. The increased incidence of NHL may be an alternative expression of lymphoid abnormality rather than a treatment-related occurrence. Multiple SMN's were diagnosed in three patients. This represented a highly significant (p = much less than 0.001) increase over the expected incidence of multiple neoplasia in the general population. Several factors may contribute to the development of SMN's in HD, including an inherent disposition of HD itself. The time-dependent incidence pattern of SMN's with a delay followed by an increased incidence rate, suggests that treatment plays a key role. It is not yet clear whether more intensive, or multiple treatments add to the risk accrued for the initial treatment. PMID- 3755697 TI - Plasmacytoma and follicular lymphoma in a case of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. AB - Monoclonal gammopathy (IgG, lambda) in a 37-year-old man with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, was markedly decreased after thyroidectomy. Histological examination of the thyroid showed large lymphoid follicles surrounded by a massive proliferation of plasma cells. Immunological studies revealed that interfollicular plasma cells stained monotypically for lambda chain, findings in keeping with a diagnosis of plasmacytoma of the thyroid. In addition, there was kappa monotypic staining of the lymphoid follicles and absence of tangible body macrophages, indicating the presence of a follicular lymphoma derived from a separate cell line from the plasmacytoma. PMID- 3755698 TI - In vivo electrical stimulation using multichannel photolithographic electrode arrays. PMID- 3755699 TI - [Palisade granuloma. An immunohistochemical study with lysozyme and alpha 1 antichymotrypsin]. PMID- 3755700 TI - Dual effect of lectins on macrophages: potentiation of bacterial uptake and suppression of bactericidal activity. AB - Pretreatment of murine bone marrow-derived macrophages with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and concanavalin A (Con A) markedly enhanced the uptake of Staphylococcus aureus H and Escherichia coli 08, respectively. Pretreatment of the respective bacteria with these lectins also greatly increased their uptake by the macrophages. An increase of up to 40-fold in uptake of E. coli 08 by the macrophages was observed following their pretreatment with Con A in the absence of serum and at a low temperature. On the other hand, pretreatment of macrophages with either WGA or Con A suppressed very markedly or abolished completely their bactericidal activity against S. aureus H and E. coli 08, respectively. As macrophage chemiluminescence reactions to zymosan were also very greatly suppressed following pretreatment with WGA and Con A, we suggest that these lectins suppressed macrophage bactericidal activity by inhibiting reactions involving chemiluminescence. PMID- 3755701 TI - Surfactant treatment for HMD. PMID- 3755702 TI - Partial or total open meniscectomy? A prospective, randomized study. AB - In order to compare partial with total meniscectomy a prospective clinical study of 200 patients was carried out. At arthrotomy 100 patients were allocated to each type of operation. The two groups did not differ in duration of symptoms, age distribution, or sex ratio. The operations were performed as conventional arthrotomies. One hundred and ninety two of the patients were seen at follow up 2 and 12 months after operation. There was no difference in the period off work between the two groups. One year after operation, 6 of the 98 patients treated with partial meniscectomy had undergone further operation. In all posterior tears were found at both procedures. Among the 94 patients undergoing total meniscectomy, 4 required further operation. In each, part of the posterior horn had been left at the primary procedure. One year after operation significantly more patients who had undergone partial meniscectomy had been relieved of symptoms. However, the two groups did not show any difference in the degree of radiological changes present. PMID- 3755703 TI - Broncho-Vaxom and spontaneous allergic autocytotoxicity (spACT) in bronchial asthma associated with food hypersensitivity. AB - Spontaneous allergic autocytotoxicity (spACT) of white blood cells (WBC) was assessed in six bronchial asthma patients and eighteen normal control individuals. The observed alterations of non-primed WBC membrane were revealed as an increased uptake of trypan blue exclusion dye, an indicator of death cells. The phenomenon of spACT might be associated with a lack of T suppressor cell intervention, increased refractoriness of WBC membrane leading to its increased permeability and enhanced releasability of chemical mediators of anaphylaxis, which probably bypasses IgE events. In six bronchial asthma patients, three were sensitive toward wheat, two had cow milk sensitivity, and one had corn sensitivity. When WBC of these patients were studied in the direct ACT assay, an additional augmentation of spACT effect by specific food antigens was observed. Surprisingly, Broncho-Vaxom (BX) did not inhibit or enhance spACT. However, BX has antagonistic activity toward direct ACT response in the dose-dependent concentration as previously reported. Our preliminary clinical experience leads us to believe that the spACT assay can serve as a useful clinical discriminator of potential responders versus non-responders to therapy with new agents, when WBC disintegration by autoinduction is involved. PMID- 3755704 TI - Studies on the post-larval development of cestodes of the genus Mesocestoides: shedding and further development of M. lineatus and M. corti tetrathyridia in vivo. PMID- 3755705 TI - Studies on the post-larval development of cestodes of the genus Mesocestoides: trypsin-induced development of M. lineatus in vitro. PMID- 3755706 TI - Effects of some culture factors on sexual differentiation of Mesocestoides corti grown from tetrathyridia in vitro. PMID- 3755707 TI - Medical management of acute peptic ulcer disease. PMID- 3755708 TI - A case of acquired leukoderma, associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. PMID- 3755709 TI - [Cochlear implants]. AB - Since the middle of 1984, the HNO-Klinik der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover has provided deaf adults with a 22-channel cochlear implant (CI) device of Clark NUCLEUS. The digital working system consists of an implantable stimulator/receiver and an externally worn speech processor. Energy and signals are transmitted transcutaneously via a transmitter coil. During the prevailing 26 operations (April 1986) the electrode array could be inserted at least 17 mm into the cochlea. The threshold and comfort levels of all patients were adjusted very quickly; the dynamic range usually grows during the first postoperative weeks. The individual rehabilitation results vary greatly, but all patients show a significant increase of vowel and consonant comprehension while using the speech processor and an improvement of words understood per minute in speech tracking from lip-reading alone to lip-reading with speech processor. Four months after surgery seven of 17 patients (group I) are able to understand on average 42.7 words per minute by speech tracking without lip-reading. Six patients (group II) recognise 69.2% of vowels and 42.5% of consonants by speech processor alone. Four patients (group III) can correctly repeat only vowels (52.3%) without lip reading, but using the speech processor together with lip reading they have an improvement in consonant understanding of 37.9% and under freefield conditions they are able to understand up to 17.8% numbers of the Freiburg speech test. PMID- 3755710 TI - Case report: a valuable contribution to medical literature. PMID- 3755711 TI - Analogues of RSU-1069: radiosensitization and toxicity in vitro and in vivo. AB - A series of nitroimidazoles containing aziridine and alkyl-substituted aziridine functions has been synthesized. The 2-nitroimidazole compounds examined all show greater radiosensitizing efficiency in vitro than misonidazole. The 4- and 5 nitroimidazole analogues are also more efficient than equivalent compounds which do not contain the alkylating aziridine moiety. All the compounds show increased toxicity towards hypoxic cells relative to aerobic cells, but this toxicity is reduced by alkyl-substitution of the aziridine ring. In vivo toxicity can also be reduced by modification of the aziridine function, but such alterations appear to have less effect upon the high radiosensitizing efficiency of these compounds in vivo. As a consequence of this study, compounds of potentially improved therapeutic utility compared to RSU-1069, the first reported member of this class, have been identified. PMID- 3755712 TI - Studies on the mechanisms of the radiosensitizing and cytotoxic properties of RSU 1069 and its analogues. AB - RSU 1069 is a substantially more efficient sensitizer than misonidazole when hypoxic Chinese hamster V79 cells are irradiated in vitro at room temperature; such that for 0.5 mmol dm-3 sensitizer an ER of 3.0 is obtained for RSU 1069 whereas an ER of only 1.6 is obtained for misonidazole. However, when irradiation is done at 4 degrees C, the radiosensitization caused by RSU 1069 is reduced to a level close to that obtained with misonidazole, the action remaining unaltered at the lower temperature. This temperature dependent component of sensitization for RSU 1069 suggests the involvement of a slow biochemical process that has an appreciable activation energy. The RSU 1069 analogue RB 7040 is a more efficient radiosensitizer than RSU 1069 particularly at lower concentrations. This compound has a pKa value of 8.45, in contrast to that of RSU 1069 which is 6.04. Weak bases with pKa values in excess of average intra-cellular pH can be taken up preferentially into cells from medium at pH 7.4. It is shown that RB 7040 has a 4 X higher intracellular concentration than RSU 1069 for a similar extracellular concentration. This will explain, at least in part, the greater sensitizing efficiency of this compound when compared to RSU 1069 in vitro. PMID- 3755713 TI - Experimental pharmacokinetics of RSU-1069 and its analogues: high tumor/plasma ratios. AB - The mixed-function radiosensitizer RSU-1069 and its analogues possess both alkylating and electron-affinic properties, and have been shown to be more efficient radiosensitizers than misonidazole both in vivo and in vitro. The pharmacokinetics following intraperitoneal injection of three members of this series, RSU-1069, RSU-1164, and RSU-1172 have been studied in C57BL mice bearing B16 melanoma. Peak tumor levels of each compound, and tumor/plasma ratios (T/P) were found to be high: T/P RSU-1069 = 3.8, RSU-1164 = 3.7; RSU-1172 = 4.0. In contrast, other normal tissues including brain showed tissue/plasma ratios close to 1. The mechanisms responsible for differential tumor uptake are unknown, but may depend on the basicity of the compounds, leading to preferential uptake in areas of low pH, or alternatively they may be associated with the alkylating function. This group of compounds appear to demonstrate highly favorable tissue distributions. PMID- 3755714 TI - The radiosensitizing and toxic effects of RSU-1069 on hypoxic cells in a murine tumor. AB - RSU-1069 is one of a group of compounds of particular interest in radiobiology, since it combines the nitroimidazole ring with a side chain bearing a monofunctional alkylating agent. This compound has been shown to be a potent radiosensitizer both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, it has recently been shown to be an effective hypoxic cell cytotoxin in vitro. Our studies have been carried out using the SCCVII squamous carcinoma implanted subcutaneously in C3H mice, using a technique we recently developed which facilitates isolation of tumor cell subpopulations from known locations relative to the tumor blood supply. The response of the separated tumor subpopulations was assessed using a soft agar clonogenic assay. For radiosensitization studies, RSU-1069 was administered i.p. at 0.5 mumol/g 20 min before irradiation and the tumors excised 20 min after irradiation. For toxicity studies, tumors were excised 16-18 hr after RSU-1069 administration. The results obtained to date clearly demonstrate that RSU-1069 is an efficient hypoxic cell radiosensitizer and cytotoxin in this murine tumor and has little effect on well perfused (i.e., oxic) cells. PMID- 3755715 TI - The phosphate-group of DNA as a potential target for RSU-1069, a nitroimidazole aziridine radiosensitizer. AB - Strand breakage of plasmid DNA by parent and radiation-reduced RSU-1069 (2.0-8.0 mmol dm-3) has been measured in air over 4 hr at 310K. Reduced RSU-1069 was shown to be approximately 4 times as efficient as the parent compound at causing strand breakage. The aziridine moiety of both parent and reduced RSU-1069 is required for strand break production and, furthermore, is capable of alkylating inorganic phosphate (k = 1.0 X 10(-3) dm3 mol-1 s-1) and a series of nucleotides (k = 0.8 - 2.1 X 10(-3) dm3 mol-1 s-1) at pH 7.0. From the determined rate constants and the nature of the adducts observed, it was shown that phosphate is a target on nucleotides, although additional sites probably exist particularly, on dGMP and dAMP. The mechanism of action of RSU-1069 is discussed in terms of its ability to act as a cytotoxic agent, radiosensitizer and bioreductive drug. PMID- 3755716 TI - Studies on the toxicity of RSU-1069. AB - RSU-1069 combines an aziridine function with a 2-nitroimidazole and has been reported to exhibit extraordinary radiosensitization both in vitro and in vivo. Such sensitization appears to be at variance with the electron affinity of the compound. In addition, recent experiments suggest that the compound is highly toxic to hypoxic tumor cells in vivo. On the assumption that the observed radiosensitizing ability may be a manifestation of toxicity and because of the high in vivo toxicity, we have investigated aerobic and hypoxic toxicity, both in wild type CHO cells and in mutants sensitive to a variety of DNA damaging agents. With wild type cells under aerobic conditions, the compound is approximately 50 times as toxic as misonidazole and under hypoxic conditions, approximately 250 times as toxic. The ratio of hypoxic to aerobic toxicity is approximately 80 times. Under aerobic conditions, repair-deficient mutants are 10 times as sensitive to RSU-1069 as wild type cells and approximately 100 times as sensitive under hypoxic conditions. The ratio of hypoxic to aerobic toxicity for the mutant cells is approximately 900. Based on these observations, we suggest that under aerobic conditions the aziridine function is primarily responsible for toxicity, whereas, under hypoxic conditions, the aziridine moiety combined with a reduced 2 nitroimidazole moiety produces a bifunctional agent. PMID- 3755717 TI - Oxygen and nitroreductase-dependent binding of AF-2 in spheroids and murine tumors. AB - Fluorescent nitroheterocycles such as AF-2 may be useful in identifying hypoxic cells in tumors. Since binding is dependent on rate of drug metabolism (nitroreduction) as well as cellular oxygen content, flow cytometric analysis of cells from tumors and spheroids was used to quantify AF-2 binding, and differential pulse polarography was used to measure reduction of AF-2 by several mammalian cell lines, spheroids and tumor cells. Hypoxic V79 spheroid cells and Lewis lung tumor cells bound 20 times more AF-2 than oxic cells, and binding proceeded with first order kinetics. Nitroreductase activity varied about tenfold among different tumor cells. As expected, the rate of binding of AF-2 correlated well with the rate of nitroreduction. Oral injection of AF-2 (5 mg) was the most successful method of administration to tumor-bearing mice. In mice injected with both AF-2 and Hoechst 33342 (which stains well-perfused cells), SCCVII tumor cells which contained the most Hoechst contained the least AF-2. Although minimal toxicity by AF-2 was observed in these tumors, binding of AF-2 was barely sufficient for detection using flow cytometry. PMID- 3755718 TI - Chronic lymphocytic leukemia in the dog: 22 cases (1974-1984). AB - Chronic lymphocytic leukemia was diagnosed in 22 dogs. Diagnosis was based primarily on detection of lymphocytosis and bone marrow infiltration with small lymphocytes similar to those seen in the blood. More than 50% of the dogs had monoclonal gammopathy, and, of these, 40% had monoclonal light-chain (Bence Jones) proteinuria. Hyperviscosity syndrome was observed occasionally. Most dogs were treated with chemotherapy. For the 17 dogs treated greater than or equal to 30 days, the survival times ranged from 30 to 1,000 days. PMID- 3755719 TI - The carrier state: Chlamydia trachomatis. PMID- 3755720 TI - Isolation of a genomic clone for Drosophila sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase using synthetic oligonucleotides. AB - A genomic clone containing Drosophila sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase sequences has been isolated using a mixture of synthetic tridecanucleotides as a hybridization probe. The clone as well as the synthetic probe mixture was found to hybridize to an abundant poly(A)+ RNA of 1700 bases. A partial DNA sequence obtained for a 40-amino acid region containing the oligonucleotide hybridization site was found to agree with the known Drosophila protein sequence data for this region of the protein. In situ hybridization of this clone to the polytene chromosomes of wild type flies and flies bearing chromosomal aberrations that delimit the Gpdh+ locus have allowed us to decisively place the gene in the distal region of 26A on the left arm of the second chromosome. PMID- 3755721 TI - Primary structure of the mouse glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene. AB - We have isolated from a BALB/c genomic library a 17.5-kilobase (kb) DNA fragment containing the entire mouse sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (glycerol-P dehydrogenase) gene, and a substantial portion of the flanking regions. The DNA sequence of 10.8 kb of this fragment was determined. Using this information, together with the DNA sequence of several partial glycerol-P dehydrogenase cDNA clones and the rabbit glycerol-P dehydrogenase amino acid sequence, we determined the structural organization of the mouse glycerol-P dehydrogenase gene. The gene is 7.3 kb long and contains 8 exons. Transcription starts 19 base pairs 5' of the ATG initiation codon. Sequence analysis and S1 nuclease mapping indicated that the 8th exon contains coding sequences for the last 31 amino acids of glycerol-P dehydrogenase, followed by 1.7 kb of 3' untranslated mRNA sequence. The mouse glycerol-P dehydrogenase amino acid sequence determined from the DNA sequence is 90% homologous with the rabbit enzyme. An examination of the exon/intron organization of the mouse glycerol-P dehydrogenase gene shows that intron 3 precisely separates the NAD-binding and the catalytic domains and intron 2 separates the adenine- and nicotinamide-binding regions. PMID- 3755722 TI - Human glycophorin A and B are encoded by separate, single copy genes coordinately regulated by a tumor-promoting phorbol ester. AB - Human glycophorin A belongs to a family of structurally related cell surface glycoproteins which are expressed in erythroid cells. We have recently isolated several human glycophorin A-specific cDNA clones and have determined their nucleotide sequence (Siebert, P. D., and Fukuda, M. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 83, 1665-1669). In this report by using cDNA and exact sequence synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides as hybridization probes, we provide evidence that human glycophorin A and B are encoded by separate and distinct genes present as single copies in the human genome. Furthermore, we show that the expression of the glycophorin A and B genes are coordinately regulated by tumor-promoting phorbol ester, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. PMID- 3755723 TI - The repetitive structure of the profilaggrin gene as demonstrated using epidermal profilaggrin cDNA. AB - Filaggrin is the histidine-rich basic protein that aggregates keratin filaments in fully differentiated cells of the epidermis. Filaggrin is synthesized in the granular cell layer as a high molecular weight precursor protein (profilaggrin) that consists of multiple repeated copies of filaggrin. cDNA clones for rat and mouse epidermal profilaggrin have been constructed from sucrose gradient-enriched RNA in order to study the repetitive structure of profilaggrin. These clones hybridize to high molecular weight epidermal mRNA (23 kilobase pairs, rat and 19 kilobase pairs, mouse) and exhibit limited cross-hybridization between species. Several rat clones direct the synthesis of a portion of rat profilaggrin in bacteria. One of these, rat profilaggrin cDNA clone R4D6, is 2400 base pairs in length. The R4D6 cDNA is shown to contain repetitive sequence by restriction mapping and southern hybridization analysis of restriction digests of this plasmid, using subfragments of the plasmid as hybridization probes. Southern hybridization analysis of rat genomic DNA, digested to completion with several restriction enzymes, reveals a simple hybridization pattern of fragments equal in size to those of the cDNA. Partial digestion of rat genomic DNA results in a ladder of bands based on a 1200-base pair repeat, equal to the size of the repeating unit of the cDNA clone, and consistent with the expected repeating size of profilaggrin. Together, these results show that the profilaggrin mRNA and gene have repetitive structure and that the gene apparently lacks introns in the coding region. PMID- 3755724 TI - Molecular cloning of the cDNA for a growth factor-inducible gene with strong homology to S-100, a calcium-binding protein. AB - We have identified a cDNA whose sequence is preferentially expressed when quiescent fibroblasts are stimulated to proliferate. The steady-state levels of the mRNA corresponding to this clone, called 2A9, are increased by serum, platelet-derived growth factor, and epidermal growth factor, but not by insulin or platelet-poor plasma. mRNA levels of 2A9 are also increased in human acute myeloid leukemia. The 2A9 cDNA has been molecularly cloned from an Okayama-Berg library, and its complete nucleotide sequence has been determined. It has an open reading frame of 270 nucleotides, which has a 55% homology with the coding sequence of the beta-subunit of the S-100 protein, a calcium-binding protein that belongs (like calmodulin and the vitamin D-dependent intestinal calcium-binding protein) to the family of calcium-modulated proteins and is found in abundance in several human tumors, including melanoma. The S-100 protein and the deduced aminoacid sequence of 2A9 are also partially homologous to the small subunit of a protein complex that serves as a cellular substrate to tyrosine kinase. The partial homology of 2A9 (whose RNA is inducible by growth factors and is overexpressed in human acute myeloid leukemias) to the S-100 protein, other calcium-modulated proteins, and the subunit of a substrate for tyrosine kinase, is particularly interesting in view of the role attributed to calcium and tyrosine kinases in the regulation of cell proliferation. PMID- 3755725 TI - Analysis of elastic and surface tension effects in the lung alveolus using finite element methods. AB - Displacement method finite element theory is used to examine the structural and elastic properties of the constituent network of elastin and collagen of the alveoli that form the mammalian lung. The role of the surface tension of pulmonary surfactant of the lung is also examined using an area-dependent relationship inferred from experimental studies. The pressure-volume (PV) curves of the resulting model are found to compare favourably with measured pressure volume curves for whole lungs filled with air (surface tension included) and saline (no surface tension effects). PMID- 3755726 TI - Alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation and cytoplasmic free calcium concentration in cultured renal proximal tubular cells: evidence for compartmentalization of quin 2 and fura-2. AB - This study was designed to examine the role of changes in cytoplasmic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) during the response to alpha 1-adrenergic agonists in cultured renal proximal tubular cells. Experiments were carried out on primary cultures of canine proximal tubular cells grown in defined culture medium on a solid support, on collagen-coated polycarbonate membranes, or on collagen-coated glass coverslips. Quin-2 and fura-2 were used to monitor [Ca2+]i. The basal level of [Ca2+]i was 101 nM, as measured with quin-2, and 122 nM, as determined using fura-2. Fluorescence flow cytometry revealed that about 85% of the population of proximal tubular cells responded to phenylephrine with an increase in [Ca2+]i. Phenylephrine (10(-5) M) caused an immediate actual increase in [Ca2+]i by 18 and 24%, as determined with quin-2 and fura-2, respectively, with the peak increase in [Ca2+]i averaging 22% and 44% over the basal level (180 300 sec). This effect did not require extracellular calcium. The effect of phenylephrine was abolished by prazosin and verapamil. Fluorescence microscopy of quin-2 or fura-2 loaded cells revealed punctate areas of fluorescence within the cytoplasm suggesting vesicular uptake of the dyes. Pinocytotic entrapment of the dyes was demonstrated by the transfer of cell-impermeant fura-2 across tubular cell monolayers mounted in Ussing chambers. The transfer of the dye was similar to that of a marker of fluid-phase pinocytosis, Lucifer Yellow (LY). This pinocytotic entrapment of Ca2+-indicators would lead to underestimation of the actual calcium transients. Microfluorometric study of single proximal tubular cells "scrape-loaded" with fura-2 revealed a four-fold increase in [Ca2+]i concentration following stimulation with phenylephrine. PMID- 3755727 TI - Measurement of adenosine, inosine and hypoxanthine in human term placenta by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - An analytical method was developed for measuring adenosine, inosine and hypoxanthine in freshly delivered human term placentas. Representative freeze clamped samples were taken from the sub-maternal surface of each placenta. Acid soluble extracts of the samples were analyzed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography on columns packed with 10-micron porous octadecylsilica, using gradient elution with a linear increase in methanol concentration in ammonium phosphate buffer. Resolution of hypoxanthine from xanthine and adenosine from adenine, and quantitation of hypoxanthine and adenosine were achieved using 0.05 M ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, pH 6.5, as the low-strength eluent. Resolution of inosine from a prominent peak of beta-NAD was optimized using 0.02 M ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, pH 5.6, as low-strength eluent. Recovery of standards was greater than 90%. Mean contents (+/- S.D.) of the analytes in placentas from seven normal deliveries were, adenosine 30.6 +/- 11.5 nmol/g, inosine 68.0 +/- 25.8 nmol/g and hypoxanthine 217 +/- 127.5 nmol/g. PMID- 3755728 TI - Peptide YY kinetics and effects on blood pressure and circulating pancreatic and gastrointestinal hormones and metabolites in man. AB - Peptide YY (PYY) is a 36 amino acid peptide produced by mucosal endocrine cells of the ileum and colon which inhibits acid secretion and intestinal transit in man. To assess its effects on metabolites and digestive hormones PYY was infused into 18 fasting normal subjects at three dose levels (0.06, 0.19, and 0.57 pmol kg-1 min-1), each for a period of 1 h. During the infusions mean plasma PYY levels increased by 8, 25, and 73 pmol/liter, respectively. The mean disappearance half-time on stopping the infusions was 9.2 +/- 0.4 (SEM) min. The mean MCR was 7.3 +/- 0.7 ml kg-1 min-1 and the apparent volume of distribution was calculated to be 94 +/- 9 ml kg-1. During the highest dose infusion there was a significant increase in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, of 8.6 +/- 3.7 mmHg (P less than 0.05) and 10.9 +/- 3.0 mmHg (P less than 0.01), respectively. PYY caused a significant 50% reduction in plasma pancreatic polypeptide concentrations (P less than 0.05) and a 55% reduction in circulating motilin levels (P less than 0.05). PYY had no significant effect on circulating concentrations of insulin, glucagon, gastrin, gastric inhibitory peptide, neurotensin, enteroglucagon, or vasoactive intestinal peptide. PYY also had no significant effect on circulating concentrations of glucose, lactate, glycerol, or nonesterified fatty acids. This recently discovered human intestinal hormonal peptide thus has significant effects both on gastrointestinal hormones (motilin and pancreatic polypeptide) and blood pressure in man, but appears not to influence glucose or lipid metabolism. PMID- 3755729 TI - The lack of specificity of ophthalmic immunoglobulins in Graves' disease. AB - Immunoglobulins (Igs) binding to retro-orbital muscle (ROM) antigens, known as ophthalmic Igs (OIg), were measured using a 100,000 X g sediment of porcine ROM as antigen in a solid phase [125I]protein A binding assay. Serum samples from 50 control subjects bound from 0.60-2.42 times the amount of [125I]protein A as did the normal reference serum samples, defined as the OIg ratio. Serum from 95 patients with hyperthyroid Graves' disease had OIg ratios from 0.64-9.99, with 24 (25%) being positive [OIg ratio greater than 2.05 (mean + 2 SD of the normal group)]. Ten patients with euthyroid Graves' ophthalmopathy had OIg ratios from 1.01-6.33, with 6 (60%) being positive. Among those Graves' disease patients with ophthalmopathy (n = 19) and the euthyroid Graves' ophthalmopathy patients there was a good correlation between the severity of eye signs and the OIg ratio. The OIg-positive serum samples cross-reacted with skeletal muscle and thyroid as well as with ROM antigen. This lack of specificity contradicts previous reports, but does not rule out a role for these antibodies in the etiology of Graves' ophthalmopathy. PMID- 3755730 TI - Dissociation between serum neutralizing and glycoprotein antibody responses of infants and children who received inactivated respiratory syncytial virus vaccine. AB - The serum antibody response of infants and children immunized with Formalin inactivated respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine 20 years ago was determined by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay specific for the RSV fusion (F) and large (G) glycoproteins and a neutralization assay. Twenty-one young infants (2 to 6 months of age) developed a high titer of antibodies to the F glycoprotein but had a poor response to the G glycoprotein. Fifteen older individuals (7 to 40 months of age) developed titers of F and G antibodies comparable to those in children who were infected with RSV. However, both immunized infants and children developed a lower level of neutralizing antibodies than did individuals of comparable age with natural RSV infections. Thus, the treatment of RSV with Formalin appears to have altered the epitopes of the F or G glycoproteins or both that stimulate neutralizing antibodies, with the result that the immune response consisted largely of "nonfunctional" (i.e., nonneutralizing) antibodies. Subsequent natural infection of the vaccinees with wild-type RSV resulted in enhanced pulmonary disease. Despite this potentiation of illness, the infected vaccinees developed relatively poor G, F, and neutralizing antibody responses. Any or all of three factors may have contributed to the enhancement of disease in the RSV-infected vaccinees. First, nonfunctional antibodies induced by the inactivated RSV vaccine may have participated in a pulmonary Arthus reaction during RSV infection. Second, the poor antibody response of infants to the G glycoprotein present in the Formalin-inactivated vaccine may have been inadequate to provide effective resistance to subsequent wild-type virus infection. Third, the relatively reduced neutralizing antibody response of the infant vaccinees to wild-type RSV infection may have contributed to their enhanced disease by delaying the clearance of virus from their lungs. PMID- 3755732 TI - Mailbox: program designed to improve communication in clinical laboratories. AB - A MUMPS program called MAILBOX allows information to be more efficiently disseminated in a hospital department of clinical biochemistry. Readily accessible to all staff as the department is equipped with video display units in every laboratory and office, MAILBOX allows laboratory staff to send and read departmental messages; send, read, and save personal messages; sign in to and out of the department; and locate all other staff. Departmental messages containing information of general interest are automatically displayed on signing on to MAILBOX. Personal messages are directed to specific people, who are so informed when signing on; they can only be read by the sender and intended recipient(s). PMID- 3755731 TI - Serum immunoglobulin G antibody subclass responses to respiratory syncytial virus F and G glycoproteins after primary infection. AB - Because the immunoglobulin G (IgG) response to carbohydrate antigens is typically from the IgG2 subclass and the IgG response to protein antigens is typically from the IgG1 and sometimes the IgG3 subclass, two respiratory syncytial virus glycoproteins, F and G, which differ substantially in the amount of glycosylation, were used as antigens in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to determine IgG subclass responses in 20 infants and young children with naturally acquired respiratory syncytial virus infection. Both glycoproteins elicited primarily IgG1 and IgG3 responses, indicating that the protein moieties of the glycoproteins may be immunodominant in this age group. PMID- 3755733 TI - Multiplanar computed tomography of acetabular fractures. AB - Following plain radiographic examination CT with multiplanar reformatting (CT/MPR) was used to assess 34 patients with pelvic trauma and definite (24 patients) or clinically suspected (10 patients) fractures. Computed tomography/MPR detected four fractures missed on conventional radiography. The findings on CT/MPR led to major alterations of patient management in seven cases. In four patients in whom the initial decision had been to use closed management with traction, information derived from CT/MPR led to open surgical reduction. In three patients in whom the initial impression had been that open management was dictated, CT/MPR contributed anatomical information that reserved that decision, leading to more conservative management. In all patients going to surgery the surgeons believed that surgical planning and execution had been significantly affected by the information provided by CT/MPR. Computed tomography/MPR was used postoperatively in 10 patients to confirm the status of reduction and fixation and to evaluate patients with unusual problems in the recovery period. PMID- 3755734 TI - Low-dose metrizamide spinal computed tomography in outpatients. AB - Delineation of the thecal sac in CT can be improved by the presence of intrathecal metrizamide. This may be especially helpful in postoperative patients in whom the landmarks are often obscured by epidural scarring. Metrizamide enhanced CT was performed on outpatients using 2 1/2 ml metrizamide (170 mg I/ml). Follow-up is available on 40 patients. The procedure was well tolerated with only three instances of severe headache, one case of vomiting, and no reported seizures. Adequate opacification was obtained at 92% of the levels examined with fair opacification at the remainder of the levels. This technique is considered a safe and useful outpatient procedure. PMID- 3755735 TI - Changes in micturition volume thresholds in conscious dogs following spinal opiate administration. AB - Micturition difficulties appear as an often-reported side effect of the clinical use of opiates for spinal analgesia. Only a few experimental studies have focused specifically on this problem, especially in an unanesthetized animal model where chronic pharmacological studies can be carried out. The changes in micturition volume thresholds that occurred following spinal intrathecal injections of 1 mg of morphine sulphate were measured in 11 conscious dogs and compared with threshold changes produced in these same dogs by i.v. injections of various doses of morphine sulphate and by intrathecal and i.v. injections of naloxone HCl. In all cases, intrathecal or systemic morphine at doses of 1.0 mg or greater significantly (P less than 0.05) increased the bladder volume at which micturition took place. Naloxone, injected intrathecally to reverse the effects of intrathecal morphine, significantly reduced the micturition volume threshold, in most cases to below control volumes. A 400 microgram dose of naloxone, injected intrathecally without prior injection of morphine, significantly lowered the volume threshold in 9 dogs, even though two of these dogs had elevated thresholds following naloxone injection. The reduction in volume thresholds by i.v. naloxone not preceded by morphine injection was not statistically significant over that of control. These results are interpreted in light of recent findings concerning localization of endogenous opiate receptors within the micturition reflex pathway. PMID- 3755736 TI - Operation and performance of an automatic metaphase finder based on the MRC fast interval processor. AB - The Medical Research Council's fast interval processor (FIP) has been adapted for metaphase finding and selection. This article summarizes recent improvements to the hardware, and describes the selection of image features. The system uses a highly simplified but effective clustering procedure to reduce computation time, and incorporates a ranking algorithm based on computed cluster features so that high-quality metaphases can be preferentially selected. Experimental results indicate that the system can detect high-quality metaphases rapidly in "rich" material and a high proportion of the available metaphases in "sparse" material. It can handle a wide range of material with good repeatability of performance. PMID- 3755737 TI - Influence of chronic inflammation on the level of mRNA for acute-phase reactants in the mouse liver. AB - Systemic injuries provoke a coordinate change in the hepatic synthesis and circulating concentration of plasma proteins. To assess the effect of a transition from acute to chronic inflammation on the expression of the plasma protein genes, the qualitative and quantitative changes of liver mRNA were measured in males of the inbred strain C57BL/6 of Mus musculus during a 14-day period of inflammation. Inflammation was induced and maintained by repeated injections of the irritants, turpentine, lipopolysaccharides, and celite. At various times, total RNA was extracted from the liver. The concentration of specific mRNA was quantitated by cellfree translation and by blot hybridization with cDNA. The mRNA for the increased plasma proteins serum amyloid A, alpha 1 acid glycoprotein, haptoglobin, and alpha-fibrinogen showed essentially the same time course of changes. The concentrations were maximal 24 hr after initiation of inflammation and then declined gradually during the following days. During the progression from acute to chronic inflammation, there was a switch from a predominant expression of the gene for alpha 1-acid glycoprotein-1 to one of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein-2. The prolonged inflammation had an inverse effect on the two major negative acute-phase reactants, albumin and major urinary proteins. The concentration of albumin mRNA was reduced to 50% after 24 hr of inflammation but returned to the control level within 5 days. The mRNA for major urinary proteins, however, were lowered within 2 to 5 days of inflammation to 10 to 20% and were maintained at that level. These results suggest that different regulatory factors, humoral and/or cellular, are involved in controlling the expression of the genes for positive and negative acute-phase plasma proteins during acute and chronic inflammation. PMID- 3755738 TI - Higher pyrimidine dimer yields in skin of normal humans with higher UVB sensitivity. AB - We have measured UVB (280-320 nm)-induced DNA damage in skin of individuals with different sensitivities to UVB irradiation as measured by minimal erythema dose (MED). The DNA damage was susceptible to cleavage by Micrococcus luteus UV endonuclease, which recognizes pyrimidine dimers in DNA. An alkaline agarose gel electrophoresis method was used to quantitate the number of M. luteus UV endonuclease-sensitive sites in nonradioactive DNA from skin biopsies of 7 individuals irradiated with UVB (0-180 mJ X cm-2). The production of sites correlated well with MED (correlation coefficient = 0.78). The slope of the dose response curve for the most UVB-sensitive individual (MED = 24 mJ X cm-2) and for the least UVB-sensitive individual (MED = 146 mJ X cm-2) were 11.5 X 10(-4) and 2.6 X 10(-4) sites per 1000 bases per mJ X cm-2, respectively. The UVB-induced DNA damage was determined to be pyrimidine dimers by its susceptibility to cleavage by M. luteus UV endonuclease and its photoreactivability by Escherichia coli photoreactivating enzyme. PMID- 3755740 TI - Cachexia and septic shock: what's in a name? PMID- 3755739 TI - Effect of antibiotics on the generation of reactive oxygen species. AB - The relative antioxidant efficacy, in vitro, of several antibiotics was examined by studying their effects on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) using zymosan-stimulated polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) and the cell-free, xanthine-xanthine oxidase system. The species investigated are superoxide radical anion (O2-.), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (OH.). Three tetracyclines (tetracycline HCl, oxytetracycline HCl, and minocycline HCl), erythromycin, cephalexin, penicillin G, chloramphenicol, and streptomycin were used as test drugs. At concentrations comparable to therapeutic blood levels, tetracycline HCl, oxytetracycline HCl, minocycline HCl, and erythromycin inhibited some of the ROS production by PMNL. In the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system, only minocycline HCl suppressed the H2O2 level. Cephalexin, penicillin G, chloramphenicol, and streptomycin did not affect any of the ROS examined at the concentrations tested. The capacity of some of these agents to inhibit ROS generation by PMNL may account, in part, for their efficacy in inflammatory skin diseases such as acne vulgaris. The antioxidant effect of these antibiotics does not stem from their capability to scavenge ROS, but originates rather from their effect on PMNL cell function directly with resultant anti-inflammatory effects on the inflammatory processes. PMID- 3755742 TI - [A prenatal diagnosis of the functional maturation of the human fetal lung]. AB - Developmental process of fetal rabbit lung was studied biochemically and morphologically as a model of human fetal lung. The results are follows: The mean wall thickness of terminal air spaces at 27 days of gestation became closer to that at term (31 days). Surface area of terminal airspaces in a unit volume of the lung acinas however reached the peak at 29 days of gestation. The differentiation of alveolar epithelial cells and the release of lamellar bodies into potential airspaces were prominent at gestational age from 29 to 30 days. Glycogen content in lung tissue decreased significantly at 28 days and total lecithin concentration in lung tissue increased markedly at the same age. Concentration of disaturated lecithin (DSL) in lung tissue and amniotic fluid rose prominently at the age from 29 to 30 days of gestation. The ability of surfactant secretion into potential airspaces after 1 hour respiration reached the maximum at 29.5 days, which was closely the same as that at term. The cortisol/cortisone ratio in fetal plasma increased significantly at 28 days. The biochemical and morphological lung maturation of fetal rabbit was concluded to be established on 29.5 days of gestation. The possibility of assessment of the functional maturation of human fetal lung was investigated using the measurement of surfactant concentration in amniotic fluid and the analysis of fetal breathing movements by real time ultrasonic B-scanner.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3755741 TI - [Pregnancy following chemotherapy of non-Hodgkin lymphoma]. PMID- 3755743 TI - OKT6+ epidermal Langerhans' cell numbers in DNCB reactions among leprosy patients. AB - A study was made on the Langerhans' cells at the sites of contact sensitivity skin reactions in 45 untreated leprosy patients. The skin reaction was induced by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Langerhans' cells were quantitated using OKT6 monoclonal antibody and indirect immunofluorescence. Clinically, the skin reaction in the tuberculoid patients was positive at 4, 24, and 48 hr, while the lepromatous patients failed to respond at any of the time intervals. Sequential histological analysis of the skin reaction showed predominantly mononuclear cell infiltrates around the blood vessels and neurovascular bundles in both the tuberculoid and lepromatous patients. Time kinetic assessment showed no difference in the numbers and distribution of OKT6+ epidermal Langerhans' cells at the site of the DNCB skin reactions among the tuberculoid and lepromatous patients. This, therefore, suggests that either there is a functional defect in Langerhans' cells or some other mechanism(s) such as a T-cell abnormality is responsible for the lack of clinical reaction in lepromatous patients. PMID- 3755744 TI - [A case of autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with Graves' disease]. PMID- 3755745 TI - Quantification of surfactant pool sizes in rabbit lung during perinatal development. AB - Methods are presented for the quantitative isolation of surfactants from fetal and newborn rabbit alveolar lavage returns and post-lavaged lung tissue homogenates. The phospholipid content of both fractions progressively increased between 27 days gestation and term (31 days). The tissue-stored fraction increased approximately 16-fold (from 0.48 +/- 0.13 to 7.83 +/- 0.86 mg/g dry lung) and the alveolar fraction more than 30-fold (from 0.08 +/- 0.02 to 2.69 +/- 0.52 mg/g dry lung). Developmental changes in phospholipid composition were also observed. Tissue-stored surfactant was prepared using differential and density gradient centrifugation. Alveolar surfactant was isolated during fetal development as a high-speed pellet following a one-step differential centrifugation. There was little change in the phospholipid content of fetal alveolar lavage supernatant (range 0.12 +/- 0.04 to 0.28 +/- 0.09 mg/g dry lung). By the first postnatal day the phospholipid content of both lavage fractions significantly increased (pellet, 7.51 +/- 1.79; supernatant, 4.01 +/- 1.36 mg/g dry lung) and both were identified as surfactant. This increase in alveolar surfactant was accompanied by an approximately twofold decrease (to 3.81 +/- 1.1 mg/g dry lung) in the tissue-stored fraction. These data provide a quantitative profile of surfactant accumulation and secretion in developing rabbit lung. PMID- 3755746 TI - Pattern sensitivity to boundary and initial conditions in reaction-diffusion models. AB - We consider Turing-type reaction-diffusion equations and study (via computer simulations) how the relationship between initial conditions and the asymptotic steady state solutions varies as a function of the boundary conditions. The results indicate that boundary conditions which are nonhomogeneous with respect to the kinetic steady state give rise to spatial patterns which are much less sensitive to variations in the initial conditions than those obtained with homogeneous boundary conditions, such as zero flux conditions. We also compare linear pattern predictions with the numerical solutions of the full nonlinear problem. PMID- 3755747 TI - Detailed analysis of blood oxytocin levels during suckling and parturition in the rat. AB - A detailed secretory profile of oxytocin during suckling and parturition was determined in unanaesthetized freely moving rats. Ten pups were reunited with their mothers after 12-15 h of separation. Unless the milk-ejection reflex occurred, there was no difference in serum oxytocin levels before separation and during the suckling of either four or five, or nine or ten pups. Serum oxytocin levels increased abruptly by 50.1 +/- 4.2 (S.E.M.) pmol/l (n = 9) at milk ejection, and declined rapidly with a half-life of about 1.5 min. The peak concentration of blood oxytocin at each milk ejection was independent of the previous suckling period; values from the first three milk-ejection reflexes following the introduction of the pups and those observed 3-5 h after introduction were similar. The process of parturition was monitored by recording intra-uterine pressure with a balloon implanted in the uterus. On day 22 or 23 of pregnancy, continuous and rhythmical contractions of the uterus occurred (onset of parturition), but serum levels of oxytocin (21.1 +/- 1.9 pmol/l; n = 13) did not alter until the expulsive phase. During the expulsive phase, fetuses were delivered after fetus-expulsion reflexes which were recorded as sudden large increases in intra-uterine pressure. Basal levels of oxytocin in the blood increased during this phase (32.5 +/- 4.4 pmol/l; n = 13) and, in addition, rose by about 15 pmol/l and declined slowly after fetus-expulsion reflexes. The increase, however, was quite different from that seen at milk-ejection reflexes. PMID- 3755748 TI - Sequences and diversity of human T cell receptor beta chain variable region genes. AB - The nucleotide sequences of 22 human T cell antigen receptor (TcR) beta chain variable region genes isolated from various T lymphocytes have been analyzed. Of the 19 variable gene segment (V beta)-containing sequences, 17 were unique. The V beta gene segments were grouped into 11 families. Comparisons were made with the data of Concannon et al. to unify the nomenclature. The data is consistent with a total V beta gene segment repertoire with a most probable value of 38 members and an upper bound of 104 members at the 95% confidence level. Southern blot data of germline DNA using selected TcR V beta cDNAs as probes support this estimate. The human repertoire is approximately three to four times greater than that reported for the mouse. Explanations for this discrepancy are proposed. PMID- 3755749 TI - Studies on the effects of betamethasone, L-carnitine, and betamethasone-L carnitine combinations on the dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine content and phosphatidylcholine species composition in foetal rat lungs. AB - Administration of L-carnitine or betamethasone to pregnant rats failed to increase either the total phospholipid or dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) contents in foetal rat lungs on the 20th day of gestation, compared to controls. The combined administration of betamethasone (0.3 mg/kg) and L-carnitine (80 mg/kg) resulted in a pronounced increase of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (7.8 +/- 2.5 mg/g dry weight) compared with the control group (5.4 +/- 1.8 mg/g dry weight), and compared with the groups receiving betamethasone (5.9 +/- 1.9 mg/g dry weight) or L-carnitine (5.6 +/- 1.5 mg/g dry weight) alone. The proportion of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine in the phosphatidylcholine species increased from 20.9 +/- 2.1% in the foetal lungs of the control group to 22.6 +/- 5.0% in the L carnitine group, to 24.3 +/- 3.3% (p less than 0.01) in the betamethasone-L carnitine (20 mg/kg) group, to 25.2 +/- 3.5% (p less than 0.01) in the betamethasone group, to 27.1 +/- 2.6% (p less than 0.01) in the betamethasone-L carnitine (40 mg/kg) group, and to 28.4 +/- 3.7% (p less than 0.01) in the betamethasone-L-carnitine (80 mg/kg) group, while the palmitic acid portion in the phosphatidylcholine fatty acids was nearly unchanged. A pronounced increase of palmitoyl-myristoyl phosphatidylcholine (PC-30), the second disaturated phosphatidylcholine species present in lungs in significant amounts beside dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, was noted only in betamethasone treated animals. Furthermore, after betamethasone and betamethasone-L-carnitine treatment, a significant diminution (p less than 0.01) of the proportion of palmitoyl palmitoleyl phosphatidylcholine (16 : 0/16 : 1-PC) in the phosphatidylcholine species was demonstrated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3755750 TI - Molecular determinants of alphavirus neurovirulence: nucleotide and deduced protein sequence changes during attenuation of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. AB - The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the structural proteins of the TC-83 vaccine strain of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus have been determined from a cDNA clone containing the 26S mRNA coding region. A cDNA clone encoding the equivalent region of the virulent parent VEE virus [Trinidad donkey strain (TRD)] has been sequenced previously. Comparison of the sequences of the TC-83 and TRD cDNA clones revealed 13 nucleotide differences. Neither the organization of the structural proteins (5'-capsid-E3-E2-6K-E1-3') nor the length (3762 nucleotides) of the open reading frame coding for the viral polyprotein precursor was altered during attenuation. Of the 13 nucleotide differences between the cDNA clones of TC-83 and TRD, nine occurred in the dominant population of the respective genomic RNAs from plaque-purified viruses. Six of the nine mutations were clustered in the E2 surface glycoprotein gene. All five of the nucleotide changes which produced non-conservative amino acid substitutions in the encoded proteins were located in the E2 gene. Two mutations occurred in the E1 glycoprotein gene; one was silent and the other did not alter the chemical character of the E1 protein. One nucleotide difference was found in the non-coding region immediately preceding the 5'-end of the 26S mRNA. The E2 and non-coding region mutations are candidates for the molecular determinants of VEE virus neurovirulence. PMID- 3755751 TI - Characterization of clones for the sixth (L) gene and a transcriptional map for morbilliviruses. AB - cDNA clones of the largest RNA transcript of the canine distemper and measles morbilliviruses were characterized. This presumably codes for the L protein of these viruses. mRNA 4 was identified as coding for the haemagglutinin protein of measles virus. From an analysis of readthrough transcripts representing tandem copies of two or three genes we established a transcriptional map and the gene order on the negative strand genome of the morbilliviruses to be 3'-N-P + C-M-F-H L-5'. The data exclude the presence of small intervening genes between the six major genes of morbilliviruses and indicate the gene order to be similar to that of Sendai virus and different from that of simian virus 5. PMID- 3755752 TI - Subacute combined degeneration of the cord, dementia and parkinsonism due to an inborn error of folate metabolism. AB - A 2-year-old girl with 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency developed subacute combined degeneration of the cord and a leuco-encephalopathy which was confirmed at necropsy. Total folate concentrations in serum, red cells and CSF were markedly reduced whereas vitamin B12 concentrations were normal. In addition the patient had Parkinsonism and reduced concentrations of homovanillic acid, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and total biopterins in cerebrospinal fluid. Folic acid administration was accompanied by fits and acute deterioration in the movement disorder. At necropsy the basal ganglia showed no detectable abnormality. PMID- 3755754 TI - MOPP after two decades. PMID- 3755753 TI - Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. AB - A 73-year-old patient developed tetraplegia, cranial neuropathies and autonomic instability and died of clinical complications of Guillain-Barre syndrome. He was incidentally found to have subclinical Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The literature since 1966 is reviewed for the association of Guillain-Barre syndrome with thyroiditis, other endocrine abnormalities, and some diseases thought to be caused by autoimmune mechanisms. PMID- 3755756 TI - Mechanism of hepatotoxicity to periportal regions of the liver lobule due to allyl alcohol: role of oxygen and lipid peroxidation. AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of local oxygen tension in the zone-specific hepatotoxicity due to allyl alcohol. Infusion of allyl alcohol (350 microM) for 60 min into livers from normal fed rats perfused in the anterograde direction damaged virtually all cells in periportal areas of the liver lobule as indexed by trypan blue uptake (half-maximal uptake at 38 min). Under these conditions, oxygen uptake was inhibited only in periportal hepatocytes. Increasing the time of infusion of allyl alcohol to 90 min, however, caused dye uptake in virtually all cells across the liver lobule, with half maximal staining in pericentral regions occurring at 70 min, indicating that hepatocytes in pericentral areas are not immune to damage by allyl alcohol. In livers from diethylmaleate-treated rats, the half-time for staining of periportal and pericentral regions was 27 and 39 min, respectively. Perfusion in the retrograde direction reverses the oxygen gradient in the liver. When allyl alcohol was infused in the retrograde direction for 60 min, cells in pericentral regions took up trypan blue whereas those in periportal areas were not damaged. Concomitantly, oxygen uptake was decreased only in pericentral regions. Infusion of allyl alcohol in oxygen-saturated perfusate in either direction caused release of lactate dehydrogenase and malondialdehyde. If oxygen tension was decreased by lowering the flow rate or perfusing with air-saturated buffer in the anterograde direction, however, malondialdehyde release and dye uptake due to allyl alcohol was reduced markedly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3755755 TI - Neuromedin N mimics the actions of neurotensin in the ventral tegmental area but not in the nucleus accumbens. AB - Neuromedin N (NN) is a hexapeptide recently isolated from porcine spinal cord that shares a four-amino acid homology with the C-terminus of the biologically active tridecapeptide neurotensin (NT). Microinjection with NT into the ventral tegmental area or nucleus accumbens of rats has been shown to increase locomotor activity and dopamine (DA) metabolism in some limbic areas or to inhibit the motor stimulant effect of intra-accumbens administration of DA, respectively. In this study the effects of microinjected NN were compared with those of NT. After injection into the ventral tegmental area, NN was shown to be more potent than NT at increasing spontaneous motor activity and to produce an increase in DA metabolism in the nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, diagonal band of Broca and septum. However, when injected into the nucleus accumbens, NN was markedly less potent than NT at inhibiting DA-induced behavioral hyperactivity. In addition to DA-related effects, i.c.v. injection with NT causes hypothermia, and i.c.v. administration with NN was without effect on colonic temperature. These data demonstrate that NN has a behavioral profile distinct from that of NT. PMID- 3755757 TI - Isozyme-specific enzyme inhibitors. 12. C- and N-methylmethionines as substrates and inhibitors of methionine adenosyltransferases of normal and hepatoma rat tissues. AB - The 2-, 3-, and 4-mono-C-methyl derivatives of D,L-methionine (Met) have been resolved into the 10 possible enantiomeric forms having the configurations 2-Me D, 2-Me-L, 3(alpha or beta)-Me-D, 3(alpha or beta)-Me-L, 4(alpha or beta)-Me-D, and 4(alpha or beta)-Me-L (the alpha designation was given to enantiomeric pairs that had higher Rf values on silica gel chromatograms than their diastereomeric counterparts). All compounds were weak, poorly selective inhibitors of the rat M 2 (normal tissue) and M-T (Novikoff ascitic hepatoma) variants of Met adenosyltransferase. Kinetic analysis of the three most effective showed them to be competitive inhibitors with respect to Met with both variants; the strongest inhibition (KM(Met)/Ki = 0.03) was that of M-T by 3 beta-Me-L-Met. The Me-Met enantiomers had low substrate efficiencies (Vmax/KM) in the range (0.5-2.2) X 10( 4) that of L-Met with M-2 (0.2-1.3) X 10(-3) with M-T among seven compounds studied. At a 4 mM level, seven of the enantiomers were converted to adenosylmethionine derivatives more rapidly by M-T than by M-2. Among these, 2-Me L-Met, 3 alpha-Me-L-Met, 3 alpha-Me-D-Met, and 4 beta-Me-D-Met had little or no substrate activity with M-2. These differences in substrate specificity are potentially exploitable in the design of compounds with selective toxicity for rat tumor tissue. N-Me- and N-(n-Bu)-Met, and the Met analogue in which NH is substituted for S, were weak inhibitors of M-T and M-2 and showed no substrate activity at a level of 4 mM. PMID- 3755759 TI - Students' stereotypes of patients as barriers to clinical decision-making. AB - The ability to formulate quick, accurate clinical judgments is stressed in medical training. Speed is usually an asset when a physician sorts through his biomedical knowledge, but it is often a liability when the physician assesses the sociocultural context of a clinical encounter. At the Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, a study was designed which graphically illustrated to beginning students that unconscious sociocultural stereotypes may influence clinical decision-making. Three entering classes of students were shown a videotape depicting five simulated patients (attractive black woman, attractive white woman, professional man, middle-aged housewife, and elderly man), each presenting with the same physical complaint. Elements of positive and negative stereotypes were incorporated into each of the portrayals, and the students rated these patients on positive and negative characteristics. The results suggested that the students attributed both positive and negative characteristics to patients on the basis of irrelevant characteristics, such as attractiveness, and with little further justification for their attributions. Such stereotypic generalizations held by students may become barriers to the students' objective clinical decision-making. PMID- 3755758 TI - Potential antitumor agents. 47. 3'-Methylamino analogues of amsacrine with in vivo solid tumor activity. AB - Replacement of the 3'-methoxy group of the clinical antileukemic agent amsacrine with a 3'-methylamino group provides a compound (3) with a broader spectrum of action, including in vivo activity against experimental solid tumors. The synthesis, physicochemical properties, and biological activity of a series of acridine-substituted analogues of 3 are described. The compounds show higher levels of DNA binding, water solubility, and in vivo solid tumor activity (lewis lung carcinoma) than their amsacrine counterparts. However, the structure activity relationships for acridine substitution are different, with 3,5 disubstituted 3'-methylamino compounds showing the highest activity (compared to 4,5-disubstituted amsacrine analogues). PMID- 3755761 TI - An efficient approach for the selective isolation of specific transcripts from complex brain mRNA populations. AB - As a consequence of the complexity of the nervous system, many characteristic proteins are only expressed at low levels, and their detection and purification often represents a formidable task. A strategy based on liquid hybridizations, which greatly facilitates the identification of the mRNA transcript for this kind of protein, is presented here. A ten-fold-enriched recombinant library was generated from cDNA transcribed from forebrain mRNA after subtraction of cerebellum sequences. Clones specific to forebrain could then be revealed with cerebellum subtracted probes, by colony hybridization. The use of selected cDNA populations greatly enhanced the sensitivity of the screening procedure; clones corresponding to transcripts present at an abundance as low as 0.0005% could still be detected. About 5% of specific clones were recognized with an enriched forebrain probe. Additional clones were revealed with subtracted probes from restricted areas such as cerebral cortex, brainstem, and hippocampus. The important features and potential applications of this approach are discussed. PMID- 3755760 TI - Osmotic properties of human red cells. AB - When an osmotic pressure gradient is applied to human red cells, the volume changes anomalously, as if there were a significant fraction of "nonosmotic water" which could not serve as solvent for the cell solutes, a finding which has been discussed widely in the literature. In 1968, Gary-Bobo and Solomon (J. Gen. Physiol. 52:825) concluded that the anomalies could not be entirely explained by the colligative properties of hemoglobin (Hb) and proposed that there was an additional concentration dependence of the Hb charge (ZHb). A number of investigators, particularly Freedman and Hoffman (1979, J. Gen. Physiol. 74:157) have been unable to confirm Gary-Bobo and Solomon's experimental evidence for this concentration dependence of ZHb and we now report that we are also unable to repeat the earlier experiments. Nonetheless, there still remains a significant anomaly which amounts to 12.5 +/- 0.8% of the total isosmotic cell water (P much less than 0.0005, t test), even after taking account of the concentration dependence of the Hb osmotic coefficient and all the other known physical chemical constraints, ideal and nonideal. It is suggested that the anomalies at high Hb concentration in shrunken cells may arise from the ionic strength dependence of the Hb osmotic coefficient. In swollen red cells at low ionic strength, solute binding to membrane and intracellular proteins is increased and it is suggested that this factor may account, in part, for the anomalous behavior of these cells. PMID- 3755762 TI - In situ hybridization histochemistry for the analysis of gene expression in the endocrine and central nervous system tissues: a 3-year experience. AB - We report our experience in development of the in situ hybridization (ISH) procedure to detect messenger RNAs (mRNAs) coding for various molecules involved in endocrine glands and central nervous system activity, including mRNAs coding for endorphin precursors [preproenkephalin A (PPA), pro-opiocortin (POMC)], vasopressin, and transferrin. Various conditions of fixation and handling of the tissues were tested to establish optimal parameters for mRNA detection. Double stranded DNA probes labeled by nick translation, synthetic oligonucleotides labeled at their 5' end, as well as single-stranded RNA probes were used, after incorporation of 32P- or 35S-labeled nucleotides. Specific requirements for efficient and reproducible ISH investigations are discussed. Cells expressing the PPA gene in the adrenal medulla and in the brain were detected by ISH. The results show that ISH is as sensitive as immunohistochemistry in detecting peptide-producing cells in the adrenal and that it allows detection of PPA cell bodies in brain in conditions in which they are inconstantly detected by immunohistochemistry. Unilateral destruction of substantia nigra provokes a dramatic decrease in the number of neurons expressing the PPA gene in the contralateral striatum. Cells expressing the POMC gene were detected in the pituitary of various species including man and in the rat arcuate nucleus. Neurons containing vasopressin mRNA were visualized in the supraoptic paraventricular and suprachiasmatic nucleus of the adult rat by using a synthetic oligonucleotide probe. Transferrin gene expression was shown in the central nervous system of the rat brain in two cell populations, the oligodendrocytes and the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus, by demonstration of simultaneous presence in them of transferrin immunoreactivity together with transferrin mRNA. These results show that the ISH procedure is a technique that can be routinely used to investigate gene transcription anatomically in complex heterocellular tissues such as the endocrine glands and the nervous system. PMID- 3755763 TI - Use of synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide probes for the isolation of a human cholinesterase cDNA clone. AB - Cholinesterases are serine esterases that rapidly hydrolyze the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. In humans, cholinesterases exhibit extensive polymorphism in terms of their substrate specificity, sensitivity to selective inhibitors, hydrophobicity, and cellular as well as subcellular localization. It is not yet known whether the various cholinesterase forms originate from different genes or are products of posttranscriptional and posttranslational processing. The extent to which these enzyme forms are homologous in their amino acid sequence is also not known. However, a consensus organophosphate-binding hexapeptide sequence Phe Gly-Glu-Ser-Ala-Gly was found both in "true" acetylcholinesterase from the electric organ of Torpedo [McPhee-Quigley et al: J Biol Chem 260:12185-12189, 1985] and in "pseudocholinesterase" (butyrylcholinesterase) from human serum [Lockridge: "Cholinesterases--Fundamental and Applied Aspects." New York: de Gruyter pp 5-12, 1984], suggesting that this region in the protein is conserved in all cholinesterases. Based on this common sequence, we prepared synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides and used them as labeled probes to screen a cDNA library from fetal human brain mRNA, cloned in lambda gt10 phages. A cDNA clone of 770 nucleotides in length was isolated. It contains an open reading frame terminating with the sequence Ser-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Gly-Glu-Ser-Ala-Gly-Ala-Ala, which includes the consensus hexapeptide used for designing the DNA probe. Furthermore, the sequence of this 12-amino acid peptide is identical to the sequence reported for the organophosphate binding site of human serum pseudocholinesterase [Lockridge: "Cholinesterases--Fundamental and Applied Aspects." New York: de Gruyter, pp 5 12, 1984]. These findings confirm that the isolated clone is indeed part of a human cholinesterase cDNA. PMID- 3755764 TI - Regional distribution of messenger RNAs in postmortem human brain. AB - The ability to isolate intact RNAs from postmortem human brain permits analysis of gene expression and may help uncover the nature of the molecular lesions in neurological diseases. Starting with poly(A) RNA from postmortem brain of neurologically normal patients, we have constructed two complementary DNA libraries in the plasmid vector pBR322. Each of these libraries contains 2-3 X 10(4) recombinants. One library represents RNA species from the cerebellar cortex, the other from the neostriatum. Using differential colony hybridization, we identified more than 100 relatively abundant RNA species that appeared to be expressed in brain but not in liver. We then used 16 of these clones to analyze brain and liver RNAs by RNA blot hybridization. Thirteen of the 16 clones hybridized to RNAs of both liver and brain. One clone hybridized only to brain RNA, while seven hybridized to RNA species that were present at higher concentrations in brain than in liver. Eleven of the 16 clones hybridized to more than one species of RNA. None of the RNA species examined by RNA blot hybridization was limited to a single brain region, though seven of the cDNA clones hybridized to RNAs that were present at different concentrations in different regions. We have also examined the regional distribution of the RNA encoding glutamic acid decarboxylase, which catalyzes the production of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA). GAD RNA showed differential expression among brain regions and was not detectable in liver or kidney. Our data support a model of gene regulation that is based on cell identity, rather than regional specificity. PMID- 3755765 TI - Isolation and sequence of cDNA clones coding for the precursor to the gamma subunit of mouse muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. AB - cDNA libraries have been constructed in plasmid (pBR322) and bacteriophage lambda gammagt10) vectors with poly (A+) RNA isolated from the nonfusing mouse muscle cell line BC3H-1. The libraries were screened with a restriction fragment derived from a genomic clone coding for a human acetylcholine receptor gamma subunit. Several clones were obtained whose cDNA inserts possessed nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence homology with acetylcholine receptor gamma subunits from Torpedo californica, chick, calf, and human. One isolate, lambda BMG419, has 88 nucleotides of 5'-untranslated sequence, an open reading frame of 1,557 nucleotides coding for the precursor to the mouse acetylcholine receptor gamma subunit, and 144 nucleotides of 3'-untranslated sequence. Alignment of the lambda BMG419-deduced amino acid sequence with homologs from other species predicts a precursor peptide of 519 amino acids and a mature protein of 497 amino acids, with nonglycosylated molecular weights of 58,744 and 56,424 daltons, respectively. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of the mouse gamma subunit with Torpedo, chick, calf, and human sequences showed overall homologies of 54%, 67%, 90%, and 90%, respectively; however, significantly higher homologies were found in several putative functional domains. Radiolabeled lambda BMG419 has been used to identify homologous RNA species, one of approximately 2 kb and one of about 3.5 kb, in poly (A+) RNA prepared from BC3H-1 cells and denervated mouse limb muscle. gamma Subunit-coding RNA species are considerably more abundant in denervated than in innervated muscle, suggesting that neural regulation of the abundance of the gamma subunit is exerted through regulation of the amount of its mRNA. PMID- 3755766 TI - Laboratory evaluation of Gambusia affinis fish as predators of the schistosome bearing snails Bulinus truncatus. AB - In this laboratory-based study involving numerous experiments, it was demonstrated that the mosquito fish Gambusia affinis preys effectively upon the schistosome-bearing snail Bulinus truncatus, even in the presence of an alternative source of food. Egg masses and juvenile snails less than or equal to 2 mm in size are preferred. Individual eggs are nibbled, and the tiny snails with fragile shells are swallowed and digested. In the absence of other foods, the fish consume the flesh of snails 3 to 6 mm in size, leaving their empty shells intact. The larger snails are unharmed, but their offspring could be eradicated by the fish under favourable conditions. PMID- 3755767 TI - Multiple 3' ends of mRNA encoding vaccinia virus growth factor occur within a series of repeated sequences downstream of T clusters. AB - Analysis of the 5' ends of six apparently full-length cloned cDNA copies of the vaccinia virus growth factor gene suggested precise transcriptional initiation at the first purine following a run of five pyrimidines in the noncoding strand. By contrast, the 3' ends exhibited heterogeneity and were distributed over a 46-base pair region. In each of the six cDNAs, the nucleotide immediately preceding the retained copy of the poly(A) tail corresponded to the first or second T of a TATGT repeat. Clusters of Ts occurred upstream of the 3' ends, but the AATAAA polyadenylation consensus sequence of higher eucaryotes was absent. Determination of the complete sequence of one cDNA revealed exact correspondence with the vaccinia virus growth factor gene, indicating the absence of internal RNA processing. PMID- 3755768 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Hepatitis B among parenteral drug abusers--North Carolina. PMID- 3755769 TI - Hepatitis B virus transmission between heterosexuals. AB - To determine if heterosexual activity was a risk factor for acquiring hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, we studied attendees at a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic and students at a large university. Responses to self-administered questionnaires were used to exclude persons with factors known to be related to the acquisition of HBV and to determine the number of recent (past four months) and lifetime sexual partners. Serum samples were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen, antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen, and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen. For white heterosexuals in the STD group, the prevalence of HBV infection was 6% for those with fewer than five recent partners vs 21% for those with five or more partners, and 5% for those with fewer than 50 lifetime partners vs 20% for those with 50 or more partners. For black heterosexuals in the STD group, no association was found between prevalence of HBV infection and number of recent or lifetime sexual partners. For the heterosexual student group (all white), the prevalence of HBV infection was 1.5% for fewer than three recent partners vs 14% for three or more partners, and 2% for fewer than ten lifetime partners vs 7% for ten or more partners. For white heterosexuals, the risk of acquiring HBV infection increases with increasing amounts of sexual activity and may reach a level similar to that of other groups previously recognized to be at high risk of acquiring hepatitis B. PMID- 3755770 TI - Sex and the singles' whirl: the quantum dynamics of hepatitis B. PMID- 3755771 TI - Condoms and the prevention of AIDS. PMID- 3755772 TI - Graduate medical education. AB - The annual surveys of residency programs on which this statistical report is based have had a higher than 95% response for the past four years. The number of accredited programs increased in 1984 and again in 1985, primarily as a result of the accreditation of additional subspecialty programs. Discussions about the sources and methods of financing graduate medical education may have an impact on the number and the size of programs in the near future. The count of available residency positions is a fluid entity and seems to be dependent on many factors, one of which appears to be the number of qualified candidates seen by program directors. The number of PGY-1 positions has not changed significantly over the past three years. The number of reported unfilled positions, including PGY-1 unfilled positions, has been declining since 1983. The special survey of PGY-1 programs conducted for the past three years reveals that about 10% of programs withdrew positions between October and July. However, another group of programs (some of which are new) added to the number of positions offered. The primary reason cited for withdrawing positions has changed. In 1983, the reason was cited as "financial" by 32% of program directors. In 1985, despite the national discussions about financing medical education, a financial reason was cited by only 16% of program directors. Reasons related to candidates, ie, "absence of suitable candidate" and giving the position to an "applicant at the PGY-2 or higher level," were cited by 49% of program directors in 1983 and by 67% in 1985. The total number of residents on duty (exclusive of newly accredited subspecialties) increased in 1983 and 1984 but decreased in 1985. Decreases were noted in family practice, internal medicine, pathology, and surgery. The number of new entry residents (PGY-1) decreased in 1983 (when the number of US graduates had decreased), increased in 1984, and decreased again in 1985. Forty-two percent of residents were training in family practice, internal medicine, or pediatrics. This statistic has not changed significantly over the past three years. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3755774 TI - [Studies on the assay method of protein C and changes of vitamin K dependent coagulation factors including protein C in the cases with warfarin treatment]. PMID- 3755773 TI - Influence of the intake and composition of elemental diets on bile acid metabolism and hepatic lipids in the rat. AB - The effects of the elemental diets Vivonex (V) and Flexical (F) on bile acid metabolism and hepatic lipids in the rat has been investigated both with ad libitum feeding and when calorie intake was limited to that of control rats (C) fed a standard diet (Oxoid 41B). Ad libitum feeding of V and F for 9 weeks resulted in a weight gain in excess of that for the control diet. After 9 weeks of isocaloric feeding the V-fed rats were significantly lighter than those fed F and C. Fecal bile acid excretion (FBA) and the fractional turnover rates for cholic acid (CA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDC) were measured. The elemental diets significantly reduced FBA when fed both ad libitum and isocalorically compared with the control diet, the reduction with V being significantly greater than for F. In the isocaloric feeding study both elemental diets significantly increased the half life of CA and CDC. The increase for CA was significantly greater for V than F but for CDC the effect of the two diets was the same. Thus the percentage of CDC-derived 6 substituted bile acids was greater with V than F feeding. There was a strong negative correlation between bile acid half-life and fecal excretion of metabolites for the three dietary groups indicating that bile acid pool size was unchanged by the elemental diets. A gross increase in liver lipid both histologically and chemically was found for the ad libitum fed V rats with a marked but lesser increase for F.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3755775 TI - [The management of operated patients using a relational data base]. PMID- 3755776 TI - Compensatory renal growth: modulation by calcium PTH and 1,25-(OH)2D3. AB - To further elucidate the mechanisms by which compensatory renal growth (CRG) can be influenced by calcium and calcium regulating hormones, the influence of dietary calcium and phosphorus, parathyroid hormone (PTH) or 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3) was evaluated in unilaterally nephrectomized (UNI-NX) rats. These animals were sacrificed three days after UNI NX and CRG of the remaining kidney was assessed by kidney wt, RNA and DNA gains, and by 3H-thymidine incorporation. The degree of CRG was enhanced in animals given a low dietary calcium and, conversely, was decreased in those receiving a phosphorus-poor diet. In thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) rats, PTH administration resulted in a dose proportional stimulation of CRG. When 1,25 (OH)2D3 was given to vitamin D deficient animals, the degree of CRG was enhanced in a dose proportional manner. In another experiment, TPTX-vitamin D deficient rats were given the same amount of 1,25-(OH)2D3 by miniosmotic pump infusion. In these animals, dietary calcium restriction, instead of stimulating, inhibited CRG. From these observations we conclude that calcium and calcium regulating hormones modulate CRG, and hypothesize that the effects observed are mediated through changes in cell calcium. PMID- 3755777 TI - [Treatment of suppurative wounds with lekopain in a polyclinic]. PMID- 3755778 TI - Neuropeptide Y decreases rectal temperature after intracerebroventricular administration in conscious dogs. PMID- 3755779 TI - A computerized multichannel platelet aggregometer system. AB - Commercially available instrumentation for conducting platelet aggregation studies in clinical and research laboratories consists of one-, two-, or four channel aggregometers used in conjunction with strip chart recorders. These instruments have limited utility in large-scale drug screening and evaluation of the mode of action of drugs or in the clinical diagnosis of platelet disorders. A new instrument, a computerized multichannel aggregometer system (CMPAS) has been developed to collect, display, and analyze platelet aggregation data. The system is comprised of a 24-channel Born-type aggregometer, interfaced to a Rockwell AIM 65 microcomputer through an analogue-to-digital converter and an Epson dot-matrix printer. Each channel is individually calibrated, and aggregation data can be collected on up to 24 different platelet-rich plasma samples simultaneously. Conversational programs written in BASIC prompt the user for the addition of agonists and inhibitors. The tracings for each channel are displayed simultaneously, and a program automatically analyzes the data to generate the following parameters: baseline optical density, maximum aggregation response, positive and negative slopes, time to peak aggregation, and percentage response. Computerized multichannel aggregometer system data outputs are comparable to data generated by a standard Chronolog aggregometer unit. The advantages of the system include multichannel capability, simultaneous display of all channels allowing relative comparisons between control and experimental groups, and time savings and improved efficiency in conducting and analyzing aggregation experiments. PMID- 3755780 TI - The use of a compact protable microcomputer system (EPSON HX 20) to measure on line the contractile activity of the digestive tract from eight channels. Application to pharmacological tests. AB - The chronically prepared gut with strain-gauge transducers is a useful model to evaluate the effects of drugs affecting the digestive motility in fed and fasted animals. This paper describes a rapid and reproducible on-line microcomputerized technique to evaluate continuously, 23 hr per day, the level of gut motility using a portable compact microcomputer (EPSON HX 20). The gastric, intestinal, and colonic motility indexes were automatically determined from the surface of the contractile waves from eight different sites over periods of time varying from 1 to 120 min. This system has been successfully used to investigate the motor effects of spasmolytic or antidiarrheal drugs inravenously (N-butyl hyoscine, trospium, secoverine, and prifinium) or orally (trimebutine, loperamide) administered in conscious, fed dogs. PMID- 3755781 TI - Evaluation of myocardial properties from image/pressure data: chronic conditions. AB - Since the wall/cavity ratio of a heart chamber is not a biological constant, fractional cavity-surface motion is not a valid performance index and the stresses most commonly used in the myocardial-mechanics literature are not valid expressions of pulling action or contractility. We have developed a system for analyzing and expressing left-ventricular performance and abilities which avoids these problems. It allows one to estimate the following quantities from left ventricular image data and arterial pressures: "Fractional midwall excursion", the fractional change in a weighted average of inner- and outer-surface dimensions, which is a valid but preload-dependent expression of performance regardless of wall/cavity ratio. "Fractional midwall excursion rate", fractional midwall excursion divided by EKG-normalized ejection time, which is a relatively preload-independent expression of performance regardless of wall/cavity ratio. "Pressure safety factor", systolic pressure-making ability relative to demanded systolic pressure. "Myocardial fiberstress", the intensity of circumferential pulling force in the wall (pulling force per unit cross-sectional area). "Myocardial growth ability", the anabolic responsiveness to habitual systolic fiberstresses, expressed as the reciprocal of long-term-average systolic fiberstresses. (6) "Contractility", the stress-developing ability of the myocardium, specifically the amplitude of the developed stress-stretch function at peak activation. On the average, these quantities are related as follows: Growth ability determines average systolic fiberstresses; contractility and growth ability (or systolic stress) largely determine safety factor; safety factor largely determines fractional midwall excursion and its rate. We have developed a microcomputer program which evaluates these quantities from image/pressure data and displays them digitally and graphically. PMID- 3755782 TI - Eukaryotic mRNA 5'-leader sequences have dual regions of complementarity to the 3'-terminus of 18s rRNA. AB - We have used a microcomputer program to test eukaryotic mRNA 5'-leader sequences for complementarity to the 3'-terminus of 18S rRNA. No mismatched bases, bulge loops, or viral mRNA's were utilized. At least one-fourth of the more than 200 mRNA's studied were found to have two distinct regions of complementarity which resulted in an ability to bind to two separate rRNA regions (GAAGG and UUUGG). The analysis of 60 mRNAs with these dual sites resulted in a consensus structure that was a mean distance of 11.75 bases 5' from the initiator AUG and had an average predicted interstrand binding strength of delta G = -13.40 kcal. These characteristics compare favorably to those observed for the prokaryotic 16S rRNA mRNA Shine and Dalgarno bond. PMID- 3755783 TI - Some aspects of computer modelling in cardiac electrophysiology. AB - A computer model simulating the electrical activity of the heart is described. The model is designed for use in clinical cardiological research. Its implementation is based on the methods of discrete process simulation. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, has approximately 12,000 lines and requires 160 kilobytes of memory to run. The whole heart is modelled, including a realistic description of the conduction system and a 'hollow shell' structure with a central plane representing the atrial, ventricular and septal components of the cardiac musculature. The myocardium itself is represented by simple hexagonal elements, which are pieced together to form the 'hollow shell'. The ideas used to develop the model are briefly described, but emphasis is given to clinical applications. The model is first validated by examining its output under well-known pathological conditions. Clinical applications, including predictive value, testing of hypotheses, and evaluation of pacemaker function, are then described, results being presented in the form of orthogonal lead projections. PMID- 3755784 TI - Assay for thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin. PMID- 3755785 TI - The tissue localization of m-AMSA and its effect on thymidine incorporation in various tissues in vivo. AB - The distribution of 14C-labelled m-AMSA was studied in rats and pigmented mice using whole body autoradiography. The agent rapidly disappeared from the blood, accumulating in significant amounts in large parenchymal organs, certain endocrine tissues, and the retina of the pigmented mouse eye. The hemopoietic and lymphoid tissues showed a moderate uptake of radioactivity with the highest concentration observed in the thymus. The autoradiograms indicated a rapid excretion of radioactivity via the liver, kidney and the glandular part of the gastric mucosa. The distribution pattern of label from 14C-m-AMSA remained unaffected by pretreatment of animals with high dose (500 mg kg-1 b.w.) of cytosine arabinoside. Injection of unlabelled m-AMSA (7 mg kg-1 b.w.) to growing rats 24 h before sacrifice resulted in a highly significant (P less than 0.001) inhibition of 3H-thymidine incorporation into the DNA of thymus and spleen. A less pronounced reduction was observed in the kidney, adrenal, lung and testes. The thymidine incorporation into the DNA of bone marrow was markedly suppressed when calculated per dry weight, but increased when related to the DNA content, suggesting early regeneration of the remaining cells. In contrast, no significant effects were observed on the DNA synthesis in small intestine and liver. PMID- 3755786 TI - [Stapes anomaly, Gorlin-Goltz and hand-foot-uterus syndrome as partial aspects of a generalized ectodermal-mesodermal abnormality syndrome with variable expression]. AB - A case of a Gorlin-Goltz-syndrome with anomalies of the stapes and incus of one ear is described for the first time. In the reported case, the hand-foot-uterus syndrome could be recognised simultaneously. In the literature, about 250 cases of the syndrome are known, first published by Gorlin and Goltz in 1960. Malformations of the middle ear, however, have not yet been described in the Gorlin-Goltz-syndrome. As in the reported case both of the syndromes, the Gorlin Goltz-syndrome and the hand-foot-uterus-syndrome, could be diagnosed, it must be discussed whether there are two independent syndromes or only one syndrome of polyvalent malformations characterised by variable expressivity. PMID- 3755787 TI - [Calculation of percentage hearing loss with pocket computers]. AB - The computation of percentage hearing loss usually uses tables giving the values. Using such tables an incorrect reading off or a miscalculation is not infrequent. A computerprogram for pocket computers in BASIC is presented, which allows to compute the percentage hearing loss according the tables for speech audiometry by Boenninghaus und Roser introduced 1958 and 1973. Additionally the computation of percentage hearing loss using the method for pure tone audiometry by Roser (1973) is possible. Some peculiarities of the diverse tables are discussed. PMID- 3755788 TI - Cochlear implants for deaf children. AB - Fifteen profoundly deaf patients under the age of 18 years have received a 3M/House cochlear implant. The surgical procedure employed is essentially the same as that used in adults with a few modifications to accommodate for the smaller dimensions of the mastoid process and the thinness of the scalp and temporal squama. Pediatric subjects receive timing and intensity information at similar thresholds as adults implanted with this device which contributes to improvement in speech production to various degrees. All subject groups demonstrated significant language delays as a result of their profound hearing losses. Postimplantation, more growth was seen in receptive than in expressive language skills. However, the growth observed did not exceed that expected in profoundly deaf children as reported in the literature. Language growth as a result of the cochlear implant alone is yet to be documented in our patients. PMID- 3755789 TI - Effects of N-ethylmaleimide on muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype autoradiography and inositide response in rat brain. AB - Chemical modification of brain muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChr) with N ethylmaleimide (NEM) has been employed to investigate mAChr-subtype distribution and mediation of the inositide response. 3H-Pirenzepine and 3H-oxotremorine-M were used to autoradiographically localize the M1- and M2-AChr subtypes, respectively, in brain slices. M1- and M2-AChr distribution were observed to be distinct from each other. The presence of 1 mM NEM selectively reduced the labeling of M2-, but not of M1-AChr. These data support the notion that NEM converts the high-affinity M2-AChr to a lower affinity state, without affecting the affinity of the M1-AChr. Also, regional analysis indicated that the M1- and M2-AChr subtypes were not interconvertible by NEM. NEM at 30 microM enhanced the carbamylcholine stimulated labeling of phosphatidic acid from 32Pi in nerve endings from rat forebrain, suggesting that the low affinity M2-AChr may mediate at least a part of the inositide response to cholinergic stimulation. PMID- 3755790 TI - Neuropeptide Y in the intermediate lobe of the frog pituitary acts as an alpha MSH-release inhibiting factor. AB - The presence of neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY) in the intermediate lobe of the frog pituitary was demonstrated using indirect immunofluorescence, the immunogold technique and a specific radioimmunoassay combined with high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). A high density of NPY-containing fibers, was found among the parenchymal cells of the intermediate lobe. These fibers originated from the ventral infundibular nucleus, travelled via the median eminence to the pars intermedia. At the electron microscopic level, NPY-like material was found exclusively in nerve fibers where the product of the immunoreaction was associated to dense-core vesicles. High concentrations of NPY-like peptide were found in neurointermediate lobe extracts. After Sephadex G-50 gel filtration the major peak of immunoreactive material appeared to co-elute with synthetic porcine NPY. Conversely, HPLC analysis revealed that the NPY-like peptide of the frog pituitary had a retention time shorter than the porcine NPY. The localization of NPY-like material in the pars intermedia suggested a possible role of NPY in the regulation of melanotropic cell secretion. In fact, graded concentrations of synthetic NPY induced a dose-dependent inhibition of alpha-melanotropin (alpha MSH) release in vitro. The lack of effect of a dopaminergic antagonist on NPY induced alpha-MSH release inhibition demonstrated that the local dopaminergic system could not account for the NPY action. These results indicate that NPY located in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system of the frog may act as a melanotropin-release inhibiting factor. PMID- 3755791 TI - Differences in cardiac but not in neuroendocrine responses in healthy volunteers after administration of two antimuscarinic agents, atropine and pirenzepine. AB - Neuroendocrine and cardiac responses were studied in healthy volunteers with the classical muscarinic antagonist, atropine and the new antimuscarinic agent, pirenzepine. The secretion of prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) was increased after metoclopramide. Typically, an antidopaminergic drug such as metoclopramide decreases rather than increases GH concentrations in serum. Pretreatment with both atropine and pirenzepine abolished the increase of GH secretion, which suggests an important role of cholinergic mechanisms in the regulation of GH secretion. The increase of PRL secretion was not inhibited by the two muscarinic antagonists. With the doses used, antimuscarinic activities in serum were comparable after atropine and pirenzepine treatments for the most part of the study. Heart rate was, however, significantly increased during atropine and higher than during saline or pirenzepine treatments throughout the study period. When compared to placebo, pirenzepine lowered heart rate slightly but significantly. The exact mechanism of this effect is unclear. We conclude that in contrast to the identical neuroendocrine effects, the cardiac responses clearly differ during atropine and pirenzepine treatments which confirms the ability of pirenzepine to distinguish muscarinic receptor sites in the central nervous system from those of the heart. PMID- 3755792 TI - Design and validation of an automated hydrostatic weighing system. AB - The purpose of this study was to design and evaluate the validity of an automated technique to assess body density using a computerized hydrostatic weighing system. An existing hydrostatic tank was modified and interfaced with a microcomputer equipped with an analog-to-digital converter. Software was designed to input variables, control the collection of data, calculate selected measurements, and provide a summary of the results of each session. Validity of the data obtained utilizing the automated hydrostatic weighing system was estimated by: evaluating the reliability of the transducer/computer interface to measure objects of known underwater weight; comparing the data against a criterion measure; and determining inter-session subject reliability. Values obtained from the automated system were found to be highly correlated with known underwater weights (r = 0.99, SEE = 0.0060 kg). Data concurrently obtained utilizing the automated system and a manual chart recorder were also found to be highly correlated (r = 0.99, SEE = 0.0606 kg). Inter-session subject reliability was determined utilizing data collected on subjects (N = 16) tested on two occasions approximately 24 h apart. Correlations revealed high relationships between measures of underwater weight (r = 0.99, SEE = 0.1399 kg) and body density (r = 0.98, SEE = 0.00244 g X cm-1). Results indicate that a computerized hydrostatic weighing system is a valid and reliable method for determining underwater weight. PMID- 3755793 TI - Microbial adjuvant and autoimmunity. IV. The induction of thyroid lesions in syngeneic X-irradiated mice by the transfer of spleen cells from mice immunized with thyroid extract and Klebsiella O3 lipopolysaccharide. AB - The role of humoral and cellular immune responses in the initiation and maintenance of autoimmune thyroiditis was investigated in mice immunized with syngeneic thyroid extract and Klebsiella O3 lipopolysaccharide (KO3 LPS) as an adjuvant. The transfer of spleen cells from hyperimmunized mice to 400R irradiated syngeneic mice produced definite lesions in the thyroid glands, whereas the transfer of immune sera failed to do so. No lesions were induced in normal intact mice by the same transfer of sera and spleen cells from hyperimmunized mice. It was suggested that the induction of thyroiditis by immunization using KO3 LPS adjuvant is primarily due to cell-mediated immunity and that pretreatment of mice by X-irradiation is essential for production of the lesions. The role of X-irradiation in the induction of thyroiditis was discussed. PMID- 3755794 TI - Digoxin antibody fragments for digitalis toxicity. PMID- 3755795 TI - Treatment of Hodgkin's disease stages I and II with chemotherapy alone. AB - Ten previously untreated patients with stages I and II Hodgkin's disease were treated with MOPP chemotherapy alone. Eight of nine evaluable patients went into complete remission (CR). Six remained in CR on the average 82.7 months after induction. Two patients relapsed early and died more than 5 years after entering the study. The patient in whom CR was not achieved died as well. The estimated 10 year survival rate is 51%. This experience adds to the very small number of reports that have appeared describing the results of treatment of patients with early stage Hodgkin's disease with MOPP alone. PMID- 3755796 TI - Conditions for endotracheal intubation after atracurium and suxamethonium. AB - Intubating conditions following 2 different dosage levels of atracurium, a new non-depolarising muscle relaxant was compared with suxamethonium. The dosage levels of atracurium were 0.5 mg/kg and 0.7 mg/kg while the dosage of suxamethonium chloride was 1 mg/kg. A total of 60 patients with 20 patients in each of the three groups were studied. Premedication was with oral diazepam 10 mg. Anesthesia was induced with fentanyl 1 microgram/kg and thiopentone 5 mg/kg and intubation performed in all cases by the same operator. Excellent intubation conditions were obtained in all patients within 60 seconds in the suxamethonium group, 90 seconds in the atracurium 0.7 mg/kg group, and 120 seconds in the atracurium 0.5 mg/kg group. No side effects were observed and there was circulatory stability. It is concluded that atracurium in a dose of 0.7 mg/kg allows more rapid intubation than the 0.5 mg/kg dose. It is however not as rapid as suxamethonium which remains the drug of choice when very rapid intubation is crucial. PMID- 3755797 TI - Toxicity and DNA damage induced by 1-nitropyrene and its derivatives in Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts. AB - 1-Nitropyrene and its chemically synthesised derivatives were investigated for their cytotoxicity and ability to induce DNA-strand breaks in Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts. Both 1-nitrosopyrene (0.25-60 micrograms/ml) and 1-aminopyrene (0.25-25 micrograms/ml) were cytotoxic, and induced the formation of DNA lesions, which were measured as DNA single-strand breaks after sedimentation in alkaline sucrose-density gradients. Higher doses of 1-aminopyrene (25-60 micrograms/ml) inhibited the formation of DNA single-strand breaks. 1-Nitropyrene was not toxic (0.25-60 micrograms/ml) and induced low levels of detectable DNA strand breaks, whilst N-acetyl-1-aminopyrene was inactive. The post-mitochondrial supernatant fraction of Aroclor-induced rat-liver containing 4 mM NADPH (S9 mix) did not promote the activation of 1-nitropyrene. In fact DNA strand breaks induced by either 1-nitropyrene or 1-nitrosopyrene was abolished in the presence of S9 mix. The 1-nitropyrene reduced intermediate, N-hydroxy-1-aminopyrene was synthesised by the reduction of 1-nitrosopyrene with ascorbic acid. In the presence of ascorbic acid, 1-nitrosopyrene caused a 5-fold increase in the number of DNA single-strand breaks when compared to cells treated with 1-nitrosopyrene alone. The results are discussed in terms of the metabolic activation of 1-nitropyrene and 1-aminopyrene in Chinese hamster lung cells. PMID- 3755798 TI - Cytotoxicity, DNA fragmentation and sister-chromatid exchange in Chinese hamster ovary cells exposed to the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal and homologous aldehydes. AB - The cytotoxic and genotoxic activities of 4-hydroxypentenal (HPE), 4 hydroxyhexenal (HHE), 4-hydroxyoctenal (HOE), 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) and 4 hydroxyundecenal (HUE) were investigated in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. All five 4-hydroxyalkenals reduced plating efficiency in a concentration (ranging from 7 to 170 microM) lower than that producing a parallel reduction of trypan blue-excluding cells, but with both methods the increase in molarity needed to obtain a lethal effect was constantly rather small. With all five 4 hydroxyalkenals a significant amount of DNA fragmentation, as revealed either by the alkaline elution assay or by alkaline denaturation followed by chromatographic partition of single- and double-stranded DNA, was detected only after cell exposure to a cytotoxic concentration. HPE, HHE and HOE induced a clear-cut increase of sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency, while that displayed by cells treated with HNE and HUE was minimal, even if dose-dependent and statistically significant. Since 4-hydroxyalkenals have been shown to originate from biomembrane lipids peroxidation, these findings should be taken into consideration in the assessment of the genotoxic role of lipoperoxidation in humans. PMID- 3755799 TI - Molecular basis of hereditary elliptocytosis due to protein 4.1 deficiency. AB - Hereditary elliptocytosis is a heterogeneous group of red-cell disorders characterized morphologically by oval-shaped erythrocytes. It is an infrequent but well-defined cause of hemolytic anemia. To investigate the molecular abnormality in this disorder, we examined the arrangement of the gene encoding protein 4.1, a membrane skeletal protein of human erythrocytes, in an Algerian family with hereditary elliptocytosis and severe hemolytic anemia due to complete deficiency of protein 4.1. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA from hematologically normal and abnormal members of this family showed that the mutant gene had a DNA rearrangement upstream from the initiation codon for translation. The mRNA from the mutant locus was aberrantly spliced, and that abnormality was the most likely explanation for the deficiency of protein 4.1 in the family. We assigned the gene for erythrocyte protein 4.1 to the short arm (p) of chromosome 1, within a region from band 32 to the terminus (1p32----1pter). Other cases of hereditary elliptocytosis of unknown cause have been mapped to the same region of chromosome 1 by linkage to the Rh locus. The chromosomal location of the gene that codes for protein 4.1 suggests that hereditary elliptocytosis in one class of patients with the disorder may be caused by a mutation of this gene. PMID- 3755800 TI - The effects of chloroquine on serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and calcium metabolism in sarcoidosis. AB - Although corticosteroids are effective in the treatment of hypercalciuria and hypercalcemia in chronic sarcoidosis, complications of their long-term use frequently limit therapy. We studied the efficacy of chloroquine in two patients with sarcoidosis who were unable to tolerate the dosage of corticosteroids required to control hypercalciuria and prevent the formation of renal stones. Over a three-year period, each patient received a 6-month and a 10-month course of oral chloroquine phosphate (500 mg per day) while continuing to receive corticosteroids at a fixed dose. Chloroquine therapy was associated with a significant reduction in levels of serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) and urinary calcium. We observed a direct correlation between serum 1,25-(OH)2D levels and 24-hour urinary calcium excretion, supporting the hypothesis that excessive serum 1,25-(OH)2D is responsible for the hypercalciuria in sarcoidosis. Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-(OH)D) did not change with therapy, suggesting that chloroquine may act by inhibiting the conversion of 25-(OH)D to 1,25-(OH)2D. Current dosage guidelines and ophthalmologic-surveillance techniques, which allow chloroquine to be administered with little risk of retinopathy, should permit an expanded role for this agent in the treatment of the calcium abnormalities of sarcoidosis. PMID- 3755801 TI - Surfactant replacement. PMID- 3755802 TI - Transcripts encoded by a homoeo box gene are restricted to dorsal tissues of Drosophila embryos. AB - In Drosophila elaboration of positional identity along the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral embryonic body axes involves early zygotic gene functions that are expressed in response to maternal cues present in the unfertilized egg. Zygotic loci that are required for the specification of positional identity along the anterior-posterior body axis have been described in detail. Less is known about the zygotic loci responsible for differentiation of the dorsal-ventral pattern; however, several genes that might be involved have been identified. Zerknullt (zen) is an example of a zygotic gene required for correct differentiation of dorsally derived embryonic tissues. On the basis of homoeo box cross homology, we have now isolated a gene, called S60, that derives from the zen region of the Antennapedia complex (ANT-C). Transcripts encoded by S60 transiently accumulate in the dorsal-most tissues of developing embryos. This pattern of expression suggests that S60 corresponds to zen. Since S60 contains a homoeo box, it is possible that differentiation of the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral embryonic patterns involves similar molecular mechanisms. PMID- 3755803 TI - A physiological role for titin and nebulin in skeletal muscle. AB - Production of active force in skeletal muscle results from the interaction of myosin-containing thick filaments with actin-containing thin filaments. These muscles are also passively elastic, producing forces that resist stretch independently of ATP splitting or of interaction between the filaments. The mechanism of this passive elasticity is unknown; suggestions include gap filaments in the region between thick and thin filaments in muscles stretched beyond filament overlap, or intermediate filaments which connect successive Z disks. Recently, the two exceptionally large proteins titin (also called connectin) and nebulin (originally called band 3) have been implicated in passive elasticity (for review see refs 7, 8). Here, we show that after these proteins are degraded by low doses of ionizing radiation, the ability of single skinned muscle cells to generate both passive tension in response to stretch and active tension in response to calcium is greatly reduced. These effects are accompanied by axial misalignment of thick filaments. Titin and/or nebulin apparently provide axial continuity for the production of resting tension on stretch and also tend to keep the thick filaments centred within the sarcomere during force generation. PMID- 3755804 TI - [Colonoscopic decompression in volvulus and colonic pseudo-obstruction]. PMID- 3755805 TI - [Causes of thyrotoxicosis in 242 patients]. PMID- 3755806 TI - [The value of rapid diagnosis of sexually transmissible diseases, specifically of gonorrhea, Chlamydia trachomatis infections and herpes genitalis]. PMID- 3755807 TI - Effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on intestinal disaccharidases in uremic rats. AB - The effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-D) on the activity of intestinal disaccharidases, maltase, sucrase, trehalase and lactase, was studied in five sixths nephrectomized uremic rats. In uremic rats, maltase, sucrase and trehalase activities were lower than in sham-operated rats. Administration of 1,25-D produced significant improvement of maltase, sucrase, trehalase and lactase activities in uremic rats. These results suggest that activities of intestinal disaccharidases are reduced in uremic rats and these activities are normalized after 1,25-D administration. PMID- 3755809 TI - Distribution of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the rat central nervous system--II. Immunohistochemical analysis. AB - The distribution of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the rat brain and spinal cord was investigated by means of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase procedure of Sternberger using a rabbit anti-neuropeptide Y serum. A widespread distribution of immunostained cells and fibres was detected with moderate to large numbers of cells in the following regions: olfactory bulb, anterior olfactory nucleus, olfactory tubercle, striatum, nucleus accumbens, all parts of the neocortex and the corpus callosum, septum including the anterior hippocampal rudiment, ventral pallidum, horizontal limb of the diagonal band, amygdaloid complex. Ammon's horn, dentate gyrus, subiculum, pre- and parasubiculum, lateral thalamic nucleus (intergeniculate leaflet), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial preoptic area, lateral hypothalamus, mediobasal hypothalamus, supramammillary nucleus, pericentral and external nuclei of the inferior colliculus, interpeduncular nucleus, periaqueductal central gray, locus coeruleus, dorsal tegmental nucleus of Gudden, lateral superior olive, lateral reticular nucleus, medial longitudinal fasciculus, prepositus hypoglossal nucleus, nucleus of the solitary tract and spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. In the spinal cord cells were found in the substantia gelatinosa at all levels, the dorsolateral funiculus and dorsal gray commissure in lumbosacral cord. The pattern of staining was found to be similar to that observed with antisera to avian and bovine pancreatic polypeptide, but to differ in some respects from that observed with antisera to molluscan cardioexcitatory peptide. The presence of neuropeptide Y immunoreactive fibres in tracts such as the corpus callosum, anterior commissure, lateral olfactory tract, fimbria, medial corticohypothalamic tract, medial forebrain bundle, stria terminalis, dorsal periventricular bundle and other periventricular areas, indicated that in addition to the localisation of neuropeptide Y-like peptide(s) in interneurons in the forebrain, neuropeptide Y may be found in long neuronal pathways throughout the brain. PMID- 3755808 TI - Distribution of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the rat central nervous system--I. Radioimmunoassay and chromatographic characterisation. AB - The distribution of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the rat brain was investigated by means of immunochemical techniques. In the first part of the study (present paper) neuropeptide Y radioimmunoassays were characterised and the chromatographic properties and regional distribution of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity was investigated. The second part of the study (accompanying paper) involved immunohistochemical techniques. Extracts from several regions of rat brain were found to contain immunoreactivity that behaved like synthetic porcine neuropeptide Y in three test systems: dilution in the radioimmunoassay (test of antigenic properties), gel chromatography (molecular weight), reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (solubility properties). Experiments were conducted to optimise the extraction of neuropeptide Y. Boiling 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, extracted at least two times as much immunoreactivity from whole brain pieces as other buffers. The nature of the extracted immunoreactivity was confirmed using chromatography. Experiments (using added iodinated or unlabelled neuropeptide Y standards) demonstrated that the differences between extraction media could not be explained by differential recovery of the peptide, although differences in recovery between media existed. Tissue sample weight was found to influence neuropeptide Y recovery. Evidence that rat neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity was not identical to the porcine peptide was obtained from experiments which demonstrated an early eluting peak of immunoreactivity in addition to the main peak on high performance liquid chromatograms. This material could be generated by oxidation of extracted rat neuropeptide Y, suggesting the presence in the rat peptide of a methionine residue. Some evidence of high molecular weight neuropeptide Y precursors was obtained from chromatography of hypothalamus extracts. Bovine pancreatic polypeptide-like material represented less than 1% of the amounts of neuropeptide Y in the brain. The distribution of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity was non uniform in the rat brain with highest concentrations observed in the hypothalamus, amygdaloid complex and periaqueductal central gray matter. Other regions of forebrain contained moderate to high concentrations including olfactory tubercle, striatum, nucleus accumbens, neocortex and hippocampus. Negligible amounts were detected in the cerebellum. In spinal cord immunoreactivity was concentrated in the dorsal horn, although measurable amounts were found in the ventral horn. The neurointermediate but not anterior lobe of the pituitary contained neuropeptide Y. PMID- 3755810 TI - [Pirenzepin in the prevention and treatment of stress ulcer in critically ill patients]. PMID- 3755811 TI - Activation of the auditory cortex by cochlear stimulation in a deaf patient. AB - We have recorded cerebral electric and magnetic responses to electric stimulation of the auditory nerve in a deaf patient with multichannel cochlear prosthesis. The electric response peaked with a vertex-negative deflection at 65 ms. Clear magnetic responses, coinciding with the vertex potential, were obtained only over the hemisphere ipsilateral to the stimulation; the field pattern indicated activation of the auditory cortex within the Sylvian fissure. The results suggest modification of the central auditory pathways in this patient deaf from early childhood. PMID- 3755812 TI - Comparison of neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in hypothalamic and brainstem nuclei of young and mature spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats. AB - The concentration of neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity (NPY-ir) was measured in 8 hypothalamic and 5 brainstem nuclei of 6- and 14-week-old spontaneously hypertensive (SH) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Strain differences were observed in 3 hypothalamic nuclei and age-dependent changes occurred in 3 hypothalamic and 2 brainstem nuclei. In both the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and locus coeruleus the observed change in NPY-ir with age in SH rats was significantly different to the change observed in the WKY. These strain- and age-related differences in NPY-ir may be of relevance in the development of hypertension in the SH rat. PMID- 3755813 TI - Localization of prodynorphin messenger rna in rat brain by in situ hybridization using a synthetic oligonucleotide probe. AB - An in situ hybridization technique has been developed to study the distribution of messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding prodynorphin (proenkephalin B) in sections of rat brain. A 100-mer oligonucleotide was used as a template to synthesize a 32P labelled DNA probe complementary to the coding region of rat prodynorphin mRNA. Using this probe, dense labelling was observed in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, in the striatum and in the dentate gyrus. The results show for the first time the localization of prodynorphin mRNA in rat brain, and additionally demonstrate the usefulness of oligonucleotides to detect rare mRNAs by in situ hybridization. PMID- 3755814 TI - The colorful people of Papua-New Guinea. Some of their habits and some diseases which result from these habits. AB - The customs and lifestyles of people are responsible for many of the diseases from which they suffer. Changes in the ways in which they live cause changes in their diseases. PMID- 3755815 TI - Adolescent girls with vaginal discharge. PMID- 3755816 TI - The effect of pre-farrowing treatment of the sow with ivermectin on the early establishment of Ascaris suum and Oesophagostomum spp in the progeny. AB - Residual infective Ascaris suum eggs in farrowing pens provide the initial source of infection for piglets under Swedish management conditions. In such circumstances there is little evidence to support pre-farrowing treatment of the sow specifically against A. suum. The present study shows, however, that ivermectin-treatment of the sow prevents the early establishment of A. suum and Oesophagostomum spp in her litter. PMID- 3755817 TI - Isolation and nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone encoding rat mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase. AB - We have determined the complete sequence of the rat mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (mMDH) precursor derived from nucleotide sequence of the cDNA. A single synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide probe was used to screen a rat atrial cDNA library constructed in lambda gt10. A 1.2 kb full-length cDNA clone provided the first complete amino acid sequence of pre-mMDH. The 1014 nucleotide-long open reading frame encodes the 314 residue long mature mMDH protein and a 24 amino acid NH2-terminal extension which directs mitochondrial import and is cleaved from the precursor after import to generate mature mMDH. The amino acid composition of the transit peptide is polar and basic. The pre-mMDH transit peptide shows marked homology with those of two other enzymes targeted to the rat mitochondrial matrix. PMID- 3755818 TI - The developmental expression of the gene for TFIIIA in Xenopus laevis. AB - The sequence of the trans-acting positive transcription factor TFIIIA has been deduced by sequencing cDNA and genomic DNA clones. Using DNA from a homozygous diploid animal we show that there is one gene for TFIIIA per haploid genome of X. laevis. Protein sequencing of proteolytic fragments of TFIIIA orients the protein in its interaction with the internal control region (ICR) of the 5S RNA gene. The protein lies along the DNA with its carboxyl terminus at the 5' end of the ICR and its amino terminus at the 3' end. The developmental pattern of TFIIIA and its mRNA during oogenesis and embryogenesis are consistent with the idea that the abundance of TFIIIA plays an essential role in the developmental change in 5S RNA gene expression. The change to almost exclusive somatic 5S RNA gene expression by gastrulation occurs using either the TFIIIA that was synthesized by oocyte and/or TFIIIA synthesized from maternal mRNA. PMID- 3755819 TI - Structural and functional analysis of an alternatively spliced chicken TK messenger RNA. AB - The nucleotide sequence of independent cDNA clones revealed that TK transcripts can undergo alternative splicing within the 3' nontranslated portion of the message. The most abundant mRNA is 2.1 kb in length and is colinear with the underlying genomic sequence for at least the first 1052 bases of its 3' nontranslated region. A less abundant mRNA, 1.3 kb in length, differs from the larger mRNA in that an 863 base intron is spliced from the 3' nontranslated region. The possibility that removal of the alternatively spliced intron allows the small mRNA to persist in postreplicative cells was investigated in two ways. First, the levels of large and small TK mRNA in tissues expressing differential growth rates was determined. Second, the pattern of TK enzyme expression during differentiation was analyzed in muscle cells transformed with recombinant TK genes lacking the 3' nontranslated intron. Both lines of experimentation indicated that the small TK mRNA was as dependent as the large TK mRNA on the replicative state of the cell. PMID- 3755820 TI - Molecular characterization of the MT-family of dispersed middle-repetitive DNA in rodent genomes. AB - We report the consensus sequence of members of a new dispersed middle-repetitive DNA family, MT, which is present in mouse and rat genomes. This family is shown to be as abundant as the described rodent B1 and B2 families. Hybridization experiments with radioactive single-stranded cDNAs from different tissues indicate that MT sequences are more abundantly cotranscribed in parts of the brain than other repetitive families. PMID- 3755821 TI - cDNA and complete amino acid sequence of mouse P2(450): allelic variant of mouse P3(450) gene. PMID- 3755822 TI - Nucleotide sequence of cDNA to mRNA for a cerebellar Ca-binding protein, spot 35 protein. PMID- 3755823 TI - Human P3(450): cDNA and complete amino acid sequence. PMID- 3755824 TI - Medial meniscal cysts. Case report and review of the literature. AB - Cysts of the medial meniscus are rare. They may present as a local tumor or may mimic signs of an internal derangement. The pathology may be treated by arthroscopic subtotal meniscectomy alone if the meniscal tear and cyst communicate, by local cyst excision and reattachment of the meniscus, or total meniscectomy. Two cases are presented with a review of the literature. PMID- 3755825 TI - Radiologic case study. Discoid lateral meniscus. PMID- 3755826 TI - Differential gene expression during lectin induced transformation of human lymphocytes. PMID- 3755827 TI - Tissue-specific expression of short-chain collagens. PMID- 3755828 TI - The structure of short-chain collagen genes. PMID- 3755830 TI - Filter materials for dose reduction in screen-film radiography. AB - A computer program was developed to calculate both integral absorbed dose in a water phantom and entrance exposure, for the imaging of iodine contrast with x ray intensifying screens. The effect of filtration of the x-ray beam on integral absorbed dose and entrance exposure was studied for 27 different filter materials and four types of intensifying screens. The dose and exposure were calculated, keeping the image contrast and energy absorption in the screens constant. To check the validity of the calculations, a number of measurements were performed, the results of which agreed well with our calculations. A remarkable result is that dose and exposure reduction can be achieved almost equally well with conventional filters (aluminum and copper) as with a number of K-edge filters. This was found for situations commonly encountered in diagnostic radiology (60-80 kV, 20 cm water). This finding is in contrast to a number of earlier studies, in which K-edge filters were found to be superior to conventional filters. PMID- 3755829 TI - Ultrastructural and experimental investigations of sperm-egg interactions in the ascidian, Phallusia mamillata. PMID- 3755832 TI - Mutagenic effects photoinduced in mammalian cells in vitro by two monofunctional pyridopsoralens. PMID- 3755831 TI - [Sclerotherapy of varices and protein C deficiency]. AB - The appearance of relapsing venous thrombosis after sclerosis of varices in a woman aged 30 led us to discover a quantitative protein C deficiency, found in her father and 4 of her brothers and sisters. The transmission mode is autosomal and dominant. Within this family, 6 subjects are affected, 4 showing symptoms, clearly showing the heterogeneity of the clinical manifestation of the deficiency. Dealing with the special problem of pregnancy in women with the biological disorder, one ought to consider the literature on the subject, showing the large occurrence of ante- and post-natal accidents. The treatments of thromboembolic complications is based on the use of heparin administered appropriately through antivitamins K for a period which is till to be defined. In asymptomatic subjects, a preventive anticoagulant treatment is recommended in all circumstances likely to encourage the relapse of thrombosis. PMID- 3755833 TI - Singleton female mouse fetuses are subsequently unresponsive to the aggression activating property of testosterone. AB - Eight-day pregnant mice were surgically prepared so that they carried a single fetus which was delivered by cesarean section on Day 18, one day prior to term. Other animals were permitted to carry their entire complement of fetuses which also were delivered surgically. Their position within a uterine horn relative to one another was noted. Adult ovariectomized testosterone-treated females that had been situated in utero contiguous to no male fetuses attacked an olfactory bulbectomized adult stimulus male. In contrast, females that resided singly in the uterus were unresponsive to the hormone; they displayed no aggressive behavior. Masculinization, therefore, appears to occur in utero in the absence of contiguity to male fetuses. PMID- 3755834 TI - Transfer of numeric ASCII data files between Apple and IBM personal computers. AB - Listings for programs designed to transfer numeric ASCII data files between Apple and IBM personal computers are provided with accompanying descriptions of how the software operates. Details of the hardware used are also given. The programs may be easily adapted for transferring data between other microcomputers. PMID- 3755835 TI - Computer aided design of the X-ray room. PMID- 3755836 TI - [Computerized control system for administration of the radioisotope use]. AB - An on-line computer system for administration of the radioisotope use has been developed. This system consists of a multi-job type host computer and two sets of personal computers with identification card-readers. The personal computers are employed as terminal devices for radioisotope users. By the use of an identification card, entrance and leaving times are recorded automatically. Furthermore, an easy operation of the personal computer permits users to access to the information of their registered radioisotopes, such as nuclides, chemical forms, updated activities, storage locations, and history of usage. A recording sheet on which those data are printed is provided from the personal computer. After the use of radioisotopes, users can record their data on the recording sheets. These records are used as the input data to this system to update the data of the used radioisotopes. Owing to the concise format of the recording sheet and various sorting programs developed in present work, this system enables us to grasp the exact flow of the radioisotopes from purchase to disposal. Out put data from high-speed kanji printer can provide many important books which are legally requested to be kept for administration of the radioisotope use. PMID- 3755837 TI - Simple radioimmunological method for urinary 6-keto-PGF1 alpha measurement. AB - A radioimmunoassay for the determination of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha (stable metabolite of Prostacyclin) in urine using a specific antiserum, is described. The antibody used, showed no significant cross-reactivity with other PGS. (3H)-6-keto-PGF1 alpha has been used as tracer and a 30% Hydroxyapatite suspension was utilized for the separation of bound and free fractions. Standard curve ranges between 2 and 1000 pg thus allowing measurements in urine. Aliquots of 0.2 to 1 ml of 24 hours urinary samples were submitted to a preextraction step with Hexane in order to eliminate neutral fats. After acidifying with 0.1 N HCl to pH = 3.5-4, an Ethyl Ether extraction step was performed showing a recovery of 66%. Repeated analysis of a rat urine pool, showed 7.7 intraassay and 9.8 interassay variation coefficients. Values obtained amounted to 38.3 +/- 4.6 ng/24 h in normal rats and 133 +/- 32 ng/24 h in 5% NaCl loaded rats (p less than 0.001). The values obtained in healthy men were 508 +/- 94 ng/24 h and in women 375 +/- 136 (p less than 0.05). PMID- 3755839 TI - [Liposomes of artificial surfactant and phase transition]. AB - The respiratory distress syndrome in the new born is due to a deficiency of surfactant at the level of the gas-liquid interface of the pulmonary alveoli. Some recent treatments advocate the administration of artificial surfactant to mitigate this deficiency. In this article, the interfacial properties of sterile liposomes of the phospholipid surfactant were studied on a Langmuir balance film (isotherms of air-surface pressure II-A) during the course of compression expansion cycles, simulating the respiratory cycles of compression-expansion cycles, simulating the respiratory cycles of inspiration-expiration. In the transition zone from the gel-crystal of liquid phospholipids, the isotherms issued from mixed liposomes show two pressure plateaux, which correspond to the collapse of the pure phases constituting them. In addition to their structural similarity with the sites of storing surfactant at the level of the lamellar bodies, the liposomes have the facility to act to the interface as an easily accessible reservoir and thus enable an artificial surfactant activity during the course of numerous respiratory cycles. The differences of behaviour at the interface of the liposomes with phospholipid films exposed with the aid of a volatile organic solvent, studied classically, explain themselves by preferential interface exchanges. PMID- 3755838 TI - Action of a water soluble splenic material on anaesthetized rat blood pressure. AB - The effects of a biologically active water-soluble splenic material on the rat blood pressure are described. The endovenous perfusion of the splenic material in acidified and alkalinized forms caused significant increases of the mean blood pressure in normal, vagotomized and pithed rats, showing that, in contradiction to previous reports, changes in pH did not affect its hypertensive activity. In normal rats, the hypertensive responses were not affected by the alpha- and beta adrenoceptor antagonists: tolazoline, ergotoxine and propranolol, supporting the previously stated view that adrenergic mechanisms are not involved. In addition, the aforementioned results obtained in vagotomized and pithed rats suggest a lack of involvement of cardiac and vascular nervous mechanisms. PMID- 3755840 TI - Morphological aspects of the surfactant system in human lungs. A freeze-fracture study. AB - We examined alveolar type II cells and extracellular surfactant (tubular myelin) of human lungs and compared them with those of experimental animals (mouse, rat and dog) using a freeze-fracture technique for electron microscopy. Lamellar bodies (intracellular surfactant) in alveolar type II cells of human lung showed features different from those of the experimental animal lungs. Namely, multicentric foci of lamellae, an amorphous portion with some degree of lattice like structure in the mature bodies, unpaired split membranes of lamellae and also our previously reported connection of the lamellar bodies to the endoplasmic reticulum (Am. Rev. resp. Dis. 127: 1983) were found in alveolar type II cells of human lungs but not in type II cells of experimental animal lungs. On the other hand, there were no differences noted in extracellular surfactant between human and experimental animal lungs. These findings indicate the possibility that a mode of surfactant production and/or storage in alveolar type II cells exists in human lung which is different from that in experimental animal lungs. PMID- 3755841 TI - [Late pulmonary metastases of uterine choriocarcinoma: apropos of a case occurring 19 years after hysterectomy for choriocarcinoma. Review of the literature]. AB - The authors report a case of pulmonary metastasis which exceptionally occurred 19 years after hysterectomy for uterine choriocarcinoma. They use this opportunity to take stock of our present knowledge concerning this subject by reviewing a vast literature. This case is of interest, as it provides a new element to the theoretical study of carcinogenesis. PMID- 3755842 TI - First clinical experiences on neodymium-YAG laser irradiation of localized prostatic cancer. AB - This first clinical report on Neodymium-YAG laser irradiation of localized prostatic cancer presents our experiences in 63 patients during 4 years. Transurethral resection extending to the capsule and subsequent laser irradiation according to our standardized treatment procedure give few complications and good functional results. Actuarial disease-free survival is 98% on one year and 80% in the 2-4 year period. The results are promising and comparable to short-term results obtained by radiotherapy and/or interstitial radioactive implants. Further experience is necessary for a definitive comparison to established treatment modalities. PMID- 3755843 TI - Age and infertility. AB - Direct evidence on age patterns of infecundity and sterility cannot be obtained from contemporary populations because such large fractions of couples use contraception or have been sterilized. Instead, historical data are exploited to yield upper bounds applicable to contemporary populations on the proportions sterile at each age. Examination of recent changes in sexual behavior that may increase infecundity indicates that sexually transmitted infections, the prime candidate for hypothesized rises in infertility, are unlikely to have added to infecundity to any great extent. These results imply that a woman in a monogamous union faces only moderate increases in the probability of becoming sterile (or infecund) until her late thirties. Nevertheless, it appears that recent changes in reproductive behavior were guaranteed to result in the perception that infecundity is on the rise. PMID- 3755844 TI - Regulating software for medical devices. PMID- 3755845 TI - [Eugene: a computer program applied to drug chronoteratogenesis]. PMID- 3755846 TI - Reaction of thrombins with human antithrombin III: II. Dependence of rate of inhibition on molecular form and origin of thrombin. AB - The rate of thrombin inhibition by AT III depends upon the molecular form (alpha, beta, gamma) and species origin of the enzyme. The following apparent second order rate constants (.1000/M.s) were established alpha human 11.24 +/- 0.8; alpha bovine 7.46 +/- 0.27; beta bovine 6.49 +/- 0.34 and gamma human thrombin 2.80 +/- 0.11, 25 degrees C, pH = 7.80, 0.01 M TRIS, 0.01 M HEPES buffer, 0.0025 M EDTA, 0.3 M NaCl, 1 mg/mL PEG 6000. Using these values, the concentration of active AT III in an unknown sample can be calculated from the measured apparent first order rate constant in moles/liter instead of relative units. In contrast to the reactions in the absence of heparin, in the presence of high affinity heparin, the differences between various forms of thrombin are more pronounced and the shape of the progress curves, as well as rates, are highly dependent on the ionic strength. In the presence of heparin, measurement of the rate of inhibition under pseudo first order conditions can be made only when the NaCl concentration is at least 0.3 M. The significance of the presented data for designing a functional assay of AT III is discussed. PMID- 3755847 TI - The myosin filament. X. Observation of nine subfilaments in transverse sections. AB - The molecular packing of the subfilaments in muscle thick filaments has been investigated by electron microscopy. Thin (80-100 nm) transverse sections of vertebrate skeletal muscle were cut, and 129 electron microscope images of thick filaments from 15 different areas including seven to ten images in each area were analyzed by computer image processing. The transverse sections were limited to the portion of the filaments between the bare zone and the C-protein bearing region. Of the 129 images, six were discarded because they were structurally disrupted, 17 did not show evidence for the presence of subfilaments from the autocorrelation function, and four did not show evidence for three-fold rotational symmetry from the power spectrum. The remaining 102 filaments all showed evidence for three-fold rotational symmetry, consistent with other available evidence (Pepe, 1982). From the analysis of these images by rotational filtering, we have found that the vertebrate skeletal myosin filament is made up of nine subfilaments and that the image appears to have trigonal symmetry. Of these subfilaments, six are arranged with a center-to-center spacing of about 4 nm and the other three on the surface of the filament are distorted from this arrangement. Three additional densities, which together with the other nine, correspond to the pattern of 12 densities previously observed in more highly selected images (Stewart et al., 1981; Pepe and Drucker, 1972) were observed in 5% of the images. Another pattern of nine subfilaments peripherally arranged around the circumference of the filament was observed occasionally. This latter image may represent the organization of the subfilaments in the bare zone region of the filament, resulting from sampling of individual filaments displaced longitudinally relative to the other filaments in the A-band. PMID- 3755848 TI - Molecular cloning and sequencing of the region of the rubella virus genome coding for glycoprotein E1. AB - The sequence of the 1600 3' terminal nucleotides of the RNA of rubella virus was determined from cDNA synthesized from both virion and intracellular RNA using reverse transcriptase and an oligodeoxythymidine primer and cloned into a bacterial plasmid vector. This sequence contained the complete coding sequence for virion envelope protein E1 and a 57 nucleotide nontranslated region between the stop codon for E1 and the poly A tract. The predicted size for E1 was 481 amino acids and within this sequence were three potential N-linked glycosylation sites and a putative trans-membrane domain near the carboxy terminus. Immediately preceding the E1 coding region was a putative signal sequence. No homology was found at either the amino acid or nucleotide level between the region of the rubella virus genome sequenced and corresponding regions of the genomes of the alphaviruses, the other genus of the family Togaviridae for which sequence information has been obtained. PMID- 3755849 TI - [Effect of inhalation of aerosols of antitubercular preparations on pulmonary surfactant]. PMID- 3755850 TI - [Lymphoblastic lymphoma at extragonadal sites]. PMID- 3755851 TI - [Antibodies against bovine protein in the serum of infants with acute and chronic diarrhea]. PMID- 3755852 TI - [Genital chlamydial infections]. AB - Chlamydia trachomatis is today the most frequent cause of sexually transmitted diseases. In spite of their usually mild, sometimes even asymptomatic course, urogenital infections with Chlamydia trachomatis can lead to severe complications (infertility, adnexitis) if not treated properly. Clinical features, complications, diagnosis and therapy are discussed in detail. PMID- 3755853 TI - [Pediatric bronchopneumology 1984/1985 (literature review)]. PMID- 3755854 TI - [Indications and contraindications for patellectomy]. AB - We analyzed 40 patients (42 knees) who underwent patellectomy an average of 12 years ago. Although there was good relief of pain with very good function in several patients, we felt that only 48% of the patients could be rated as good or very good, overall. Prognosis was best in patients under the age of 30. Bad prognostic signs were preexisting gonarthrosis and previous total meniscectomy. There was no difference in results for patients who underwent patellectomy acutely, as compared to those who had patellectomy as a secondary procedure. Therefore, we recommend that patella-sparing procedures be utilized first before consideration of patellectomy. PMID- 3755855 TI - Identification of the sequence content of four polycistronic transcripts synthesized in Newcastle disease virus infected cells. AB - During infection, the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) genome is transcribed to produce 5 to 7 species of polycistronic messenger RNA (Wilde and Morrison, J. Virol. 51, 71-76) in addition to the well characterized monocistronic messenger RNA. To identify the specific sequences present in each of the polycistronic RNA species, cDNA clones generated by reverse transcription of NDV mRNAs were characterized and used as probes on Northern blots of total NDV cytoplasmic RNA. By this method, it was shown that four of these large RNA species are polycistronic transcripts containing sequences from two genes: one species contains nucleocapsid protein (NP) and phosphoprotein (P) gene sequences; another, P and membrane protein (M) gene sequences; another, M and fusion protein (F0) gene sequences; and another, F0 and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein (HN) gene sequences. The existence of these transcripts yields a transcription map order of NP, P, M, F0, HN. The remaining RNA bands may be composed of at least three different polycistronic transcripts, each of which represents transcription through three adjacent genes. PMID- 3755856 TI - [Clinical picture and treatment of lesions of the epidural space in lymphosarcoma]. AB - The article presents the results of the examination and treatment of 10 lymphosarcoma patients with damage to the epidural space. The neurological symptomatology was due to the compression of the spinal cord or the vessels supplying it. The results of the treatment depended on the sensitivity of the lymphosarcoma to cytostatic therapy and on how early the treatment was initiated. PMID- 3755857 TI - The development of thyrotoxicosis (Graves' disease) during immunosuppression for autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. AB - A patient is described who developed thyrotoxicosis (Graves' disease) during immunosuppressive therapy for acquired autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. The fact that the two conditions may be associated should be recognised. Long-term immunosuppressive therapy does not prevent the development of immunoglobulins of IgG type postulated to be aetiologically involved in Graves' disease. PMID- 3755858 TI - Computed tomography of the knee with reference to meniscal tears. A prospective blind investigation. AB - Computed tomography (CT) with a high resolution CT scanner and--on a special occasion--double contrast arthrography of the knee with reference to meniscal tears were performed in 50 patients. Operation or arthroscopy was performed in 28 patients and 15 were found to have meniscal tears. A correct diagnosis of the tears was achieved at CT in 13 of these patients. Three false positive and two false negative CT findings were recorded, resulting in a 91 per cent accuracy for CT, a diagnostic specificity of 84 per cent, and a sensitivity of 95 per cent. The diagnostic value of CT thus compared with that of double contrast arthrography. This should indicate that CT may be used as an alternative non invasive diagnostic procedure in the diagnosis of meniscal tears of the knee joint. PMID- 3755859 TI - Subarachnoid administration of iohexol in cynomolgus monkeys. AB - A non-ionic diagnostic medium, iohexol, was administered by subarachnoid injection to groups of six cynomolgus monkeys and compared with the vehicle, physiologically normal saline, and/or saline of equal osmolality to determine its potential for increasing total protein and leucocyte levels in cerebrospinal fluid. Also investigated was the effect of repeated spinal taps not subsequently followed by the intrathecal injection of test or control articles. In the monkey, unlike man, low-level leucocyte counts were consistently observed following initial withdrawal of spinal fluid. Elevated leucocyte and total protein levels were observed in the present investigations one day to a week after intrathecal injection of radiopaque, vehicle or saline solution. Total protein returned to normal levels earlier than did leucocyte counts. However, repeated needle puncture alone was found to be sufficient to cause an elevation of leucocytes 3 to 4 times the baseline level, while inflammatory effects were observed histologically only when autopsy was performed soon after the final spinal tap. PMID- 3755860 TI - [Retinopathy of prematurity (VIII)--the importance of prematurity score P]. PMID- 3755861 TI - Composite lymphoma. AB - A case of composite lymphoma in a young female is described. The patient was found to have lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's disease at presentation, but subsequent staging laparotomy revealed coexistent but distinct Hodgkin's disease and diffuse large cell lymphoma in the spleen. Possible explanations for this rare occurrence are discussed, and the literature is reviewed. PMID- 3755862 TI - Early neonatal hypocalcemia in extremely preterm infants. High incidence, early onset, and refractoriness to supraphysiologic doses of calcitriol. AB - Nineteen preterm infants born at or before 32 weeks of gestation were studied to determine the dose of calcitriol that would be effective in the prophylaxis of early neonatal hypocalcemia (serum calcium level, less than 7.0 mg/dL [less than 1.75 mmol/L]). In these infants the course of early neonatal hypocalcemia was not modified by calcitriol administration. Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D level rose in response to intramuscular administration of calcitriol. The incidence of hypocalcemia in these infants was 37% by 12 hours, 83% by 24 hours, and 89% by 36 hours. Thus, in extremely preterm infants, the incidence of early neonatal hypocalcemia is higher and the onset earlier than in larger preterm infants; furthermore, in these infants the hypocalcemia is refractory even to high doses of calcitriol. PMID- 3755863 TI - A program for logistic regression on the IBM PC. AB - Logistic regression is one of the most frequently used tools of epidemiologic analyses. This paper describes a program to accomplish interactive logistic analysis on the IBM PC and compatibles by using the disk operating system. The program provides most statistics of interest to epidemiologists, including confidence intervals for estimated coefficients and estimated odds ratios. PMID- 3755864 TI - Treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome with 1.25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3. AB - 1.25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 (1.25 (OH)2D3) was tested in seven patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. The study was undertaken because 1.25 (OH)2D3 promotes differentiating myeloid cells in vitro and because of a prior report of potential benefit in a clinical study. The drug was given orally at a dose of 2.5 micrograms/day for a minimum of 8 weeks (range 8-28). After therapy, there were no significant changes in any of the parameters observed in peripheral blood or bone marrow. We did not observe any feature of granulocytic-monocytic differentiation. Treatment was well tolerated. One patient died because of bone marrow failure. Survivors have persisting myelodysplastic syndrome and continue to be transfusion dependent. 1.25 (OH)2D3 has no beneficial effect in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome with this dose regimen. PMID- 3755865 TI - Managing data for genetic linkage analysis. PMID- 3755866 TI - LIPIN: an interactive data entry and management program for LIPED. PMID- 3755867 TI - Pregnancy as state of physiologic absorptive hypercalciuria. AB - An increase in circulating, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D level and net intestinal calcium absorption have been previously demonstrated in pregnant women and have been widely regarded as compensatory mechanisms whereby fetal mineral demands are satisfied. The alternate possibility, that these adjustments might anticipate such demands, has not previously been considered. To examine the effects of pregnancy on the intestinal absorption and renal excretion of calcium, oral calcium tolerance tests were performed and urinary calcium excretion was measured in 16 healthy women receiving a moderate calcium intake during and after pregnancy. Circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels and indexes of parathyroid function were also measured. As expected, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels were significantly (p less than 0.05) elevated throughout pregnancy (94 +/- 11, 118 +/ 9, and 117 +/- 11 pg/ml in the first, second, and third trimesters, respectively, versus 51 +/- 5 pg/ml after delivery). Twenty-four-hour calcium excretion also increased sharply (247 +/- 54, 316 +/- 42, 300 +/- 61 mg versus 91 +/- 18 mg), often to the point of hypercalciuria. Calcium tolerance test results included significant increases in the calciuric and calcemic responses during each trimester, whereas fasting calcium excretion and parathyroid function remained normal. These findings portray normal pregnancy as a state of physiologic absorptive hypercalciuria and call into question the widespread practice of supplementing calcium intake in otherwise well-nourished women during pregnancy. PMID- 3755868 TI - Retinoids induce U937 cells to express macrophage phenotype. AB - The effects of two retinoids, all-trans-retinoic acid (t-RA) and 13-cis-retinoic acid (c-RA) were studied in a model of osteoclast precursors. The model employs the U937 cell line induced to differentiate when incubated with 1 alpha,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 and conditioned medium from stimulated human lymphocytes. t RA and c-RA (10(-8) to 10(-6) M) inhibited cellular growth rates and increased surface adherence. However, t-RA and c-RA both partially blocked the differentiation induced by 1,25(OH)2D3 and lymphokines. Thus, retinoids alone promoted the differentiation of U937 cells but partially blocked the differentiation induced by a vitamin D metabolite and lymphokines. These results suggest that vitamins A and D may exert antagonistic effects on the recruitment of osteoclast precursors. PMID- 3755870 TI - Spinal vasopressin mechanisms of cardiovascular regulation. AB - Extrahypothalamic vasopressin-containing neurons have been implicated in the central neural control of the cardiovascular system. In the present study we investigated the possibility that vasopressinergic neurons arising from the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and terminating in the spinal cord are involved in the regulation of vasomotor functions. Vasopressin (1-17 pmol) was injected into the spinal subarachnoid space of conscious rats instrumented with Doppler flow probes and indwelling intrathecal catheters. The peptide produced a dose-related increase in arterial pressure accompanied by vasoconstriction in the mesenteric, renal, and hindquarter vascular beds. Pretreatment, intrathecally, with 0.5 nmol of the vasopressin antagonist d(CH2)5Me(Tyr)AVP completely prevented the increase in arterial pressure expected after subsequent intrathecal injection of vasopressin. However, the changes in arterial pressure and vascular resistances produced by stimulation of the PVN were not affected by the intrathecal antagonist. Stimulation of the PVN in Brattleboro rats, which lack hypothalamic and spinal vasopressin, produced hemodynamic responses similar to those produced in Long-Evans control rats. Taken together, these data suggest that spinal vasopressin can act within the spinal cord to alter vasomotor functions; however, the hemodynamic effects evoked by stimulation of the PVN do not appear to depend on spinal vasopressinergic mechanisms. PMID- 3755869 TI - Localization of vitamin D-dependent active Ca2+ transport in rat duodenum and relation to CaBP. AB - Vitamin D-replete (+D) and vitamin D-deficient (-D) rats received by intraperitoneal injection varying amounts of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and 4 h (+D) or 9 h (-D) later everted duodenal sacs were prepared to evaluate active calcium transport, i.e., the amount of calcium found in the serosal fluid. At the same time, duodenal calcium-binding protein (CaBP) content was measured. Calcium transport was a close positive function of CaBP content. It was not detectable when CaBP content was zero and increased linearly without plateauing as CaBP content increased to 100 nmol calcium bound/g mucosa. Trifluoperazine (TFP) inhibited active calcium transport in a concentration-dependent manner. Experiments using vesicles prepared from brush-border or basolateral membranes indicated that TFP inhibited the calcium-extrusion process, with virtually no effect on calcium entry. It is concluded that vitamin D exerts its major regulation of active calcium transport in the rat duodenum via CaBP on transport steps beyond brush-border entry. PMID- 3755871 TI - Brainstem auditory pathway degeneration associated with chronic cochlear implants in the monkey. AB - The form and pattern of first-order and transsynaptic degeneration in the central auditory pathway was studied in monkeys following inner ear stimulation by a cochlear implant. Multielectrode, scala tympani, and modiolar systems were implanted; in some cases, neomycin was perfused into the cochlea to destroy the organ of Corti at the time of implantation. The monkeys were maintained chronically for 5 to 120 weeks, then the cochleas and brainstems were examined histologically. The extent of spiral ganglion cell loss across animals showed variability, reflecting the different procedures and devices used. The degree and distribution of spiral ganglion cell loss was related to the degree and distribution of neural degeneration seen in the cochlear nucleus in all cases. Peripheral damage progressed toward the cochlear apex as survival time increased, and this progression was reflected in the cochlear nucleus by a ventrolateral shift in the locus of degeneration over time. In addition, evidence for transneuronal degeneration was seen at the superior olive, the lateral lemniscus and the inferior colliculus. Our findings indicate that several factors inherent in the use of a cochlear prosthesis, i.e., insertion trauma, host reaction, and/or electrical stimulation, may be associated with a long-term, continuing process of central degeneration visible at several levels of the auditory system. PMID- 3755873 TI - mRNA for insulin-like growth factor from human placenta. PMID- 3755872 TI - The Mobile pregnancy study. Lack of racial differences in pregnancy outcome with prenatal care. PMID- 3755874 TI - Spontaneous recovery of neuromuscular function after atracurium in pediatric patients. AB - Spontaneous recovery of neuromuscular function after a bolus dose of 0.40 mg/kg atracurium was assessed in 60 newborn to adolescent patients during balanced anesthesia. Each patient was allowed to recover spontaneously until complete recovery of the single twitch (T1) response and the train-of-four ratio measured from the hypothenar muscle evoked compound EMG. The recovery times of T1 from the onset of relaxation to 10% recovery and to 100% recovery were significantly longer in patients under 10 kg of body weight than in the heavier patients (25 and 56 min vs 19 and 45 min, respectively, P less than 0.01). The rate of recovery, calculated as the recovery index (time between 25% recovery and 75% recovery of T1) was significantly longer in patients under 2 months of age than in older infants or children and adolescents. Atracurium remains, nevertheless, a relaxant of intermediate duration of action even in small infants. PMID- 3755876 TI - Computer ignorance or ignorant computers? PMID- 3755875 TI - Failure of epidural anesthesia to prevent postoperative paralytic ileus. AB - This study used radiopaque markers and serial abdominal radiographs to assess the effect of epidural anesthesia on postoperative colonic ileus. Epidural anesthesia did not result in significantly faster return of propulsive motility in the colon after surgery as compared with control (P greater than 0.05). In addition, no significant difference was seen between the groups in colonic transit time and time for the first passage of gas and feces. The level of inhibition of sympathetic efferent nerves to the abdominal cavity was assessed by repeated measurements of blood glucose levels during the first postoperative day. Blood glucose levels were found to be significantly lower in the epidural group, demonstrating an inhibition of efferent sympathetic nerves below the level of T 5. Results show lack of effect of continuous epidural anesthesia in the prevention of postoperative paralytic ileus and suggest that mechanisms other than spinal reflexes play a major part in the development and maintenance of intestinal paralysis. PMID- 3755878 TI - [Meconium ileum equivalent as a presenting form of cystic fibrosis]. PMID- 3755877 TI - Efficacy of repeated doses of levamisole, morantel, fenbendazole, and ivermectin against gastrointestinal nematodes in ewes. AB - Levamisole, morantel, fenbendazole, or ivermectin was administered at 2-week intervals from May 1 through Sept 14, 1985, to breeding ewes (20 ewes/drug) infected with various gastrointestinal nematodes. All ewes had fewer gastrointestinal nematode eggs per gram of feces (epg) after 2 treatments, compared with pretreatment epg counts. Ewes administered ivermectin continued to have a low mean epg (0 to 3) throughout the study. The mean epg counts of ewes treated with levamisole increased from 3 to 483 during the study. This increase was similar to that of ewes treated with morantel (7 to 485 epg). The mean epg count of fenbendazole-treated ewes increased from 4 to 192 during the study. By the end of the study, the mean epg counts when expressed as a percentage of the pretreatment epg counts were 4% (ivermectin), 249% (fenbendazole), 627% (levamisole), and 630% (morantel). With the exception of the ivermectin-treated ewes, the epg count increased almost linearly in the ewes after the 2nd anthelmintic treatment. These data indicate that the gastrointestinal nematodes (including Haemonchus contortus) may have developed more resistance to levamisole and morantel than to fenbendazole. On the basis of the epg counts, resistance to ivermectin did not develop during the 4.5-month treatment period. The percentage of ewes shedding eggs after 2, 4, and 6 anthelmintic treatments was lowest for ewes treated with ivermectin (20%) and was similar (40%) for ewes treated with 1 of the other 3 anthelmintics. At the conclusion of the study, most of the ewes (90%) were shedding at least a small number of eggs, regardless of the anthelmintic treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3755879 TI - Advanced lymphoma and CHOP chemotherapy. PMID- 3755881 TI - Metabolism of monoterpenes: demonstration that (+)-cis-isopulegone, not piperitenone, is the key intermediate in the conversion of (-)-isopiperitenone to (+)-pulegone in peppermint (Mentha piperita). AB - Piperitenone is commonly considered to be the key intermediate in the conversion of (-)-isopiperitenone to (+)-pulegone in peppermint; however, [3H]piperitenone gave rise only to the inert metabolite (+)-piperitone when incubated with peppermint leaf discs. Under identical conditions, (-)-[3H]isopiperitenone was efficiently incorporated into (+)-pulegone, (-)-menthone, and (+)-isomenthone in leaf discs, and yielded an additional metabolite identified as (+)-cis isopulegone; piperitenone was poorly labeled. Moreover, (+)-cis-[3H]isopulegone was rapidly converted to (+)-pulegone, (-)-menthone, and (+)-isomenthone in leaf discs, and the reduction of (+)-[3H]pulegone to (-)-menthone and (+)-isomenthone was similarly documented. Each step of the pathway was demonstrated in a crude soluble preparation from peppermint leaf epidermis and each of the relevant enzymes was partially purified in order to compare relative rates of catalysis. The results of these studies indicate that the endocyclic double bond of (-) isopiperitenone is reduced to yield (+)-cis-isopulegone, which is isomerized to (+)-pulegone as the immediate precursor of (-)-menthone and (+)-isomenthone, and they rule out piperitenone as an intermediate of the pathway. PMID- 3755880 TI - Prognostic factors affecting treatment results with combination chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer. AB - Seventy five patients suffering from metastatic breast cancer previously unexposed to chemotherapy were treated with Cyclophosphamide, Methotrexate and 5 fluorouracil (CMF) upon diagnosis of their first relapse. Dose Level I (85% or more of the planned dose) was given to 14 patients (19%); Dose Level II (66% to 84% of the planned dose) to 29 patients (39%); and Dose Level III (65% or less of the planned dose) to 32 patients (42%). Before initiation of treatment, 41 patients (55%) had a good performance status (PS greater than or equal to 80%) and 34 patients (45%) had a poor performance status (PS less than 80%) according to the Karnofsky scale. The overall response rate was 44%, including 17% complete responses. There was no significant correlation between response rates and the dose levels of chemotherapy. However, patients with a good performance status had a higher response rate (61%) compared with patients with a poor performance status (25%; p = 0.0025). The actuarial 3 year survival according to dose levels of CMF was 15%, 41% and 36% for Dose Levels I, II, and III, respectively (p = 0.34), but was 52% for patients with PS greater than or equal to 80% versus 14% for patients with PS less than 80% (p = 0.0001). These data indicate that the general condition of the patient at the time of initiation of CMF chemotherapy, as reflected by the performance status, may be of greater significance for the prediction of the ultimate treatment outcome rather than the total amount of chemotherapy delivered per se. PMID- 3755882 TI - [Preoperative systemic chemotherapy (FAC) in 3 cases of advanced breast cancer]. AB - Three cases of advanced breast cancer treated with preoperative systemic chemotherapy (FAC) were reported. Radical mastectomy was performed in all three cases after partial response to the systemic chemotherapy. Systemic chemotherapy itself is easy to manage and its resulting response rates and side effects are comparable to those of intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy. PMID- 3755883 TI - Efficacy of ivermectin on the reproductive biology of Glossina palpalis palpalis (Rob.-Desv.) (Glossinidae: Diptera). PMID- 3755884 TI - Mycotic embolism and embolomycotic aneurysms. Neglected lessons of the past. AB - During the past decade, nine patients with bacterial endocarditis have required management of mycotic emboli and/or aneurysms in this center. In these patients, 25 separate mycotic emboli or aneurysms were identified. Among these were four visceral, 11 lower extremity, one aortic, one hypogastric, and eight cerebral lesions. Multiple sites were involved in seven of the nine patients (78%). Presenting symptoms were secondary to acute expansion of mycotic aneurysms in three patients and secondary to rupture of aneurysms in four patients. Mycotic emboli produced cerebral infarction in two patients and acute ischemia in six patients. Asymptomatic mycotic aneurysms of the middle cerebral, hepatic, hypogastric, and profunda femoris arteries and asymptomatic emboli to the profunda femoris and tibial arteries were found during angiographic study. Management included resection alone (7 aneurysms), resection and graft replacement (2 aneurysms and 2 emboli), embolectomy (2), or observation. There was no mortality or loss of limb in these patients. This experience underscores the frequent multiplicity of mycotic emboli and/or aneurysms and stresses the importance of empiric angiographic survey to exclude silent yet potentially lethal visceral and cerebral mycotic foci in patients with bacterial endocarditis and peripheral emboli or aneurysms. PMID- 3755886 TI - Teaching pathology and laboratory medicine. PMID- 3755885 TI - Cardiac myxomas. PMID- 3755887 TI - Teaching problem solving in pathology. General Professional Education of Physicians (GPEP) anticipated. AB - The Association of American Medical Colleges' 1984 publication, "Physicians for the 21st Century"--commonly known as the GPEP (General Professional Education of Physicians) report--advocates curricula that foster active, independent learning and acquisition of problem-solving skills. A curriculum along these principles was previously designed by the pathology department of the University of California School of Medicine, Davis. Our experience at Davis has shown that the curricular goals of the GPEP report can be attained by reorienting lectures, laboratories, and examinations toward problem solving. The result has been a significant improvement in student performance, as evaluated by subjective and objective criteria. PMID- 3755888 TI - Retroperitoneal fibrosis revisited. AB - Available histopathologic evidence suggests that most cases of the disease called idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis are essentially identical to those referred to as idiopathic mediastinal fibrosis, perianeurysmal retroperitoneal fibrosis, and inflammatory aneurysm of the aorta. The name "chronic periaortitis" includes all of these variants and "chronic periarteritis" refers to the uncommon associated involvement of coronary arteries. It has been proposed that the cause of the disease is a local autoallergic reaction to components of atherosclerotic plaques. Some recent evidence supports that view, but as yet there is no definite proof. Surgical ureterolysis is the treatment of choice in typical uncomplicated cases, but an important characteristic of the disease is its sensitivity to corticosteroids. PMID- 3755889 TI - Fatal disseminated strongyloidiasis in a Vietnam War veteran. AB - Disseminated Strongyloides stercoralis infection was the cause of death in a young immunosuppressed Vietnam War veteran. Large numbers of Americans were exposed to this potentially lethal parasite during the Southeast Asian war. Because of its characteristic autoinfectious cycle, many veterans could unknowingly harbor the parasite. As the age of this veteran population increases and more patients receive immunosuppressive therapies, greater awareness and better diagnostic methods are needed to detect and treat strongyloidiasis before immunosuppressive regimens are instituted. The risk factors and the presently available diagnostic methods are briefly reviewed. PMID- 3755891 TI - Adenocarcinoma of jejunum in association with nontropical sprue. AB - A variety of small-bowel malignant neoplasms have been reported in association with nontropical sprue (celiac disease). Lymphomas have been the most common malignant neoplasms to complicate this disease. However, adenocarcinoma of the small bowel has infrequently been reported. The suggestion has been made that patients with nontropical sprue are at increased risk for developing small-bowel adenocarcinoma. Three additional cases of small-bowel adenocarcinoma in association with nontropical sprue are reported. PMID- 3755890 TI - Fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Perceptions of physicians at an academic medical center. AB - In an earlier survey, we asked private practitioners in San Francisco about their perceptions of fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). In the present study we sent the same survey to clinicians in our hospital, a tertiary medical center. Although the response rate to this survey was lower, it appears that FNAB is used more often in our hospital than it is among private practitioners for the evaluation of palpable masses (53% vs 24%), and that it is most often performed by pathologists. Seventy percent of the FNAB at this institution were performed by pathologists; a small percentage (7%) of cases (nonpalpable) were performed by a radiologist for the evaluation of intra-thoracic and intra-abdominal lesions. Fifty-nine percent of private practitioners performed the FNAB themselves, and the remainder (39%) were referred to pathologists, radiologists, and surgeons. That there are differences in perceptions concerning the use of FNAB in a variety of specific clinical settings was also illustrated by this survey. PMID- 3755892 TI - Pseudosarcomatous changes in inflammatory pseudopolyps of the colon. AB - The occurrence of pseudomalignant changes in biopsy specimens from two patients with ulcerative colitis and pseudopolyposis is described. One lesion was characterized by the proliferation of large ganglion cell-like cells, similar to those observed in proliferative fasciitis. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical findings supported a fibroblastic origin. Biopsy specimens of an inflammatory pseudopolyp from the second patient showed proliferation of oval to spindle cells that were initially interpreted as a possible neoplasm. The site of origin and reactive nature of this lesion became apparent on a subsequent polypectomy specimen. Attention is called to the occurrence of pseudosarcomatous changes in inflammatory pseudopolyps of the gastrointestinal tract that may lead to an erroneous diagnosis of malignancy. PMID- 3755893 TI - Thymus biopsy in children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AB - Thymic biopsy was done at the time of open lung biopsy in 11 children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Precocious involution, involution mimicking dysplasia designated as dysinvolution, and thymitis characterized by lymphomononuclear or plasmacytic infiltration, medullary lymphoid follicles, or medullary multinucleated giant cells were seen. Thymic biopsy is helpful in distinguishing AIDS from certain congenital immunodeficiency disorders. The three different types of thymic lesions may represent progression and/or different expressions of thymic epithelial injury in children with AIDS. PMID- 3755894 TI - Pathologic evaluation of thymic hyperplasia in myasthenia gravis and Lambert Eaton myasthenic syndrome. AB - Eleven thymectomy specimens from patients with myasthenia gravis or Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome were thoroughly sectioned. The results were compared with the routine surgical pathology reports that were based on a median of four sections. Routine sampling was found to be inadequate because the thymectomy specimens were inhomogeneous--some random sections contained germinal centers while others did not. Thus, on more thorough examination, about half of the specimens should have been diagnosed as showing "follicular hyperplasia" rather than "no diagnostic change" or "involution." This helps explain the conflicting results of previous studies, based when stated on a mean of three sections, in which favorable response to thymectomy in patients with myasthenia gravis was either not correlated with the thymus histologic state or correlated variously with few or numerous germinal centers. Thus, nondiagnostic histologic findings based on only one or two thymus sections should be suspect, and if in doubt a larger number of sections should be examined for accurate pathologic diagnosis. PMID- 3755895 TI - Lipoma of the quadrigeminal region with evidence of congenital origin. AB - A case of a congenital lipoma most likely resulted in a localized developmental anomaly of the trochlear nerve at the embryonal age of 4 to 5 weeks. This finding supports the theory of the congenital origin of an intracranial lipoma in the quadrigeminal region. PMID- 3755896 TI - Angiomatous variant of so-called mesothelioma of the atrioventricular node. AB - A case is presented of an elderly woman found to have an angiomatous tumor involving the atrioventricular (AV) node. The entire AV node was not involved, which explains her lack of symptomatology during her life. The divergent histologic patterns observed in these tumors suggest that the term AV node tumor is preferable to the term mesothelioma. PMID- 3755897 TI - Giant lymph node hyperplasia in an angiolipomatous mediastinal mass. AB - A case of an unusual association of giant lymph node hyperplasia (Castleman's disease)--the hyaline vascular variant--originating within a mediastinal angiolipomatous mass is studied and its clinical and pathologic characteristics compared with those of two previously reported cases. Histogenetic implications of this finding are briefly considered. PMID- 3755898 TI - Temporal arteritis with giant cell aortitis, coronary arteritis, and myocardial infarction. AB - Extracranial giant cell arteritis occurs in 10% to 15% of patients with temporal arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Aorta and its major branches are most often involved and death may result from an unsuspected ruptured aortic aneurysm or aortic dissection. Involvement of coronary arteries by giant cell arteritis resulting in death from myocardial infarction is extremely rare. This article describes one such case: an 84-year-old man who died of acute myocardial infarction with the unexpected autopsy finding of giant cell aortitis and coronary arteritis, and who, three years earlier, had sudden onset of bilateral blindness and biopsy-proven temporal arteritis. PMID- 3755899 TI - The orotic acid concentration in the blood, milk, and urine of dairy cows fed with urea supplemented diet. AB - The experiment was performed on 4 cows Black and White, 550-650 kg of body weight, before and during 100 days after parturition. Two cows were fed with control and the next two with urea supplemented diet (urea-N constituting about 20% of total N in ration, 13% c.p. in DM). In cows fed with urea supplemented diet the considerable but unequal increase of urinary orotic acid excretion (particularly evident in first 30 days of lactation) was observed. There was however no influence of urea ration on the level of orotic acid in milk. The average orotic acid level in blood plasma (1.14 +/- 0.71 mumol X l-1 and 0.94 +/- 0.22 mumol X l-1 for control and urea fed cow respectively) established 0.01 and 0.001 of the average orotic acid concentration in urine and milk, respectively. Feeding with urea ration did not affect the level of orotic and UMP but increased the uridine concentration in blood plasma. During the parturition the lowest level of orotic acid in blood plasma, milk and urine was observed. PMID- 3755900 TI - [Various clinico-anatomic variants of heart lesions in lymphosarcoma]. AB - In 457 autopsies of cases with non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma tumour cardiac lesion was found in 43 (9.4%) observations; 5 of them with a combination of tumour with post infarctional myocardial sclerosis were excluded from the analysis. The clinical-anatomic data from 38 autopsies were divided into 3 groups: marked insignificant and only microscopically revealed tumour lesion of the myocardium. No correlations between the degree of morphological changes and clinical-electrographic picture were found. The distribution of some clinical and morphologic features of myocardial lesion depending on the histologic tumour type is presented according to "Working Formulation", 1982. Myocardial lesion was noted predominantly in non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas with a high degree of malignancy. PMID- 3755901 TI - [Pathological anatomy of herpetic brain lesions in infants]. AB - Results of morphological examination of brain herpetic lesions in 29 children are presented. There were 5 observations of necrotic meningo-encephalitis, among children with generalized intrauterine herpes, less severe changes were found in other cases. 14 children suffered from acute necrotic meningo-encephalitis developed after birth. Changes typical for herpes are described in neural, glial and ependymal cells; the type of response in different forms of lesions is shown. The correlation between the gangliosides content in the brain tissue and the surviving neural cells and a specific increase of ganglioside GD1b fraction in brain tissue were demonstrated by biochemical and morphological studies. PMID- 3755902 TI - Chlamydia: a profile. PMID- 3755903 TI - Treatment of equine onchocerciasis with ivermectin paste. AB - A single oral dose of ivermectin paste was administered to 12 horses with dermatitis and clinical signs typical of onchocerciasis. Two of the horses also had lesions of Queensland itch. Microfilarias of Onchocerca cervicalis were identified in fresh, macerated, skin biopsies from the neck, brisket or umbilical regions of all horses and microfilarias of O. gutturosa from the neck of 2. Eight of the horses developed skin reactions 4 to 24 h after the administration of the ivermectin, notably weals over the neck, shoulders and flanks and pitting oedema of the ventral midline and intermandibular space. Regression of the onchocerciasis lesions was evident within 7 days of treatment and affected skin had returned to normal within 3 months. The lesions of Queensland itch were not affected by the ivermectin treatment. Microfilarias were present in biopsies of skin, particularly in the superficial dermis, before treatment, but were absent from all skin biopsies taken one week after treatment. In some horses transient skin sensitivity reactions developed. Microfilarias began to reappear in the biopsies of some of the horses 2 months after treatment. It is concluded that the oral paste formulation of ivermectin, although not effective against adult onchocerca, is useful for the therapeutic control of microfilarias in the skin lesions of equine onchocerciasis. PMID- 3755904 TI - Effect of angiotensin II infusion on a prostaglandin I2-metabolite and on left ventricular function. AB - Angiotensin II's influence on circulating levels of prostaglandin I2 metabolite 6 keto-PGF1-alpha were determined during a pharmacological stress test of left ventricular function in 10 control subjects and 5 patients with coronary artery disease. Angiotensin II infusion (1.5 +/- 0.34 micrograms/min) led to a significant increase of mean arterial blood pressure in both study groups (p less than 0.001). Heart rate decreased in control subjects (p less than 0.01) whereas in patients with coronary artery disease no significant change occurred. Global left ventricular ejection fraction determined by gated blood pool scanning decreased significantly in both study groups (p less than 0.05). The lack of reflex bradycardia in patients with coronary artery disease may be due to a compensatory increased sympathetic tone, prohibiting a more pronounced decline in ejection fraction. 6-keto-PGF1-alpha levels could be measured only in 6 of 15 persons. In the others they were below the limit of detection of the assay (70 pg/ml). During angiotensin II infusion 6-keto-PGF1-alpha increased significantly and could be determined in all persons. Patients with coronary artery disease reached slightly higher 6-keto-PGF1-alpha levels than controls (119 +/- 19 pg/ml versus 91.5 +/- 7 pg/ml; n.s.). Thus although angiotensin II infusion leads to vasoconstriction and increases peripheral resistance it also stimulates the production of vasodilating prostaglandins which may play a role in preserving microcirculation. PMID- 3755905 TI - Sarcoplasmic reticulum interacts with the Ca(2+) indicator precursor fura-2-am. AB - Fura-2-am, the pentaester precursor of the fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator fura-2, is modified when it is exposed to isolated skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles. The modified fura-2-am has enhanced fluorescence, is not sensitive to Ca(2+), and is partially bound to the SR membrane. The isolated product is further converted into fura-2 by esterase. It is suggested that the SR-induced modification is a selective enzymatic hydrolysis of only some of the five ester moieties on fura-2-am. A structure is proposed to account for the results. The potential for this effect of SR on fura-2-am to cause complications in measurements of in vivo intracellular free [Ca(2+)] is noted. PMID- 3755906 TI - Human and bovine xanthine oxidases. Inhibition studies with oxipurinol. AB - Oxipurinol inhibited human xanthine oxidase and bovine xanthine oxidases by very similar mechanisms. It bound to an electronically reduced form of human xanthine oxidase in a manner similar to that previously discerned from its interactions with the bovine enzyme [review article: Spector, Biochem. Pharmac. 26, 355 (1977)]. Xanthine was a good source for the reducing equivalents because it did not compete with oxipurinol for binding to reduced enzyme. The inhibition of the rate of urate production progressively increased with time. Studies of the effect of the concentration of oxipurinol on the rate constant of the development of this inhibition revealed that a complex was rapidly formed between oxipurinol and reduced bovine or human xanthine oxidases (KD of about 8 microM). At 37 degrees these complexes were converted to stable complexes at a maximum rate of about 1.6 min-1. The rate constant was highly temperature dependent with an energy of activation of 30 kcal/mole (cf. 13 kcal/mole for the energy of activation for catalysis). These data support the earlier conclusions that the formation of stable complexes probably reflects a massive rearrangement of the initial complexes. The isolated oxipurinol-xanthine oxidase complexes spontaneously reverted to active enzyme with a rate constant of 0.02 min-1 at 37 degrees. The energy of activation for the "reactivation" was similar to that for the formation of the stable complexes. The rates of "reactivation" could be stimulated by high concentrations of xanthine: 2.4-fold at 50 microM and 3.4-fold at 100 microM. The constant for the overall inhibition by oxipurinol was approximately 100 nM with both enzymes. PMID- 3755907 TI - Low dose aspirin does not prevent fibrinolytic response to venous occlusion. AB - Interest in the antithrombotic potential of low-dose aspirin is based on its ability to inhibit thromboxane (Tx)A2-related platelet function with concomitant sparing of vascular prostacyclin (PGI2) production. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of low-dose aspirin (20 mg daily for 7 days) on the increase in fibrinolytic activity in healthy volunteers after venous occlusion. We also tested the effect of high-dose aspirin (650 mg X 2), of salicylate (569 mg X 2) and of indobufen (200 mg X 2), a new cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor unrelated to salicylates. Low-dose aspirin reduced serum TxB2 generation by about 90% and suppressed arachidonate-induced platelet aggregation. In contrast, fibrinolytic activity, measured by the euglobulin lysis area and the euglobulin lysis time, was not significantly affected. Both high-dose aspirin and indobufen significantly inhibited TxB2 generation and the rise in fibrinolytic activity induced by venous occlusion, without affecting the pre-occlusion values. Salicylate did not significantly affect any parameter studied. Besides offering a favorable solution to the "aspirin dilemma" related to the TxA2/PGI2 balance, low dose aspirin might leave intact the fibrinolytic capacity of the vessel wall. PMID- 3755908 TI - Muscarinic receptor subtypes in bovine adrenal medulla. AB - Muscarinic receptors in bovine adrenal medullary microsomes were characterized by radioligand binding assay, using l-[3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB), a muscarinic antagonist. Specific [3H]QNB binding to microsomes was rapid, reversible, saturable and of high affinity. Saturation experiments revealed a single class of binding sites for the radioligand with a maximum number of binding sites and an apparent dissociation constant of 162.6 fmoles/mg protein and 40.3 pM respectively. According to computer-assisted nonlinear regression analysis, however, drug/[3H]QNB competition curves indicated the presence of at least two affinity sites for muscarinic agonists (acetylcholine, carbamylcholine, oxotremorine), with a high (K1) and a low (K2) affinity (e.g. K1 = 664.8 nM and K2 = 36.5 microM for acetylcholine). The two affinity sites for acetylcholine showed only minimal regulation by magnesium and guanosine 5'-triphosphate. Furthermore, the presence of two affinity sites was suggested for the antagonists pirenzepine and gallamine, but not for atropine and pilocarpine. The K1 and K2 values for pirenzepine were 23.7 and 429 nM, respectively, with 54.5% of total sites having a high affinity. These results indicate that at least two distinct subtypes of muscarinic receptors exist in the bovine adrenal medulla and that they are distinguished by their relative binding affinity for muscarinic agonists and antagonists. The receptors are predominantly composed of the affinity state termed M1, as described for the receptors of sympathetic ganglia. PMID- 3755909 TI - Effect of azimexon therapy on host defense parameters and disease-associated symptoms in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex (ARC). AB - Azimexon, a 2-cyan-aziridinyl immune modulator, was given at a dose of 250 mg/m2/day for 10 days IV to 12 patients with AIDS and 16 with AIDS related complex (ARC). A decrease in total number of AIDS related symptoms from 43 to 24 and in mean number from 2.6 to 1.5 was observed among ARC patients (p less than .01). The most commonly improved symptoms were diarrhea, fatigue, and weight loss with the least frequently improved being lymphadenopathy. The following improvements in immune parameters were observed among ARC patients. DTH to recall antigens improved with an increase in number of positive tests from 35 to 47 and in mean number of positive skin tests from 2.2 on day 0 to 2.9 on day 14 (P less than .05). The geometric mean of the absolute lymphocyte count was 1.395 X 10(3)/microliter on day 0 with a significant increase of 18.0 percent on day 5 (P less than .01) and a 7.7 percent increase on day 21. The geometric mean of the OKT4+ cells on day 0 was 0.250 X 10(3)/microliter with a 33.3 percent increase on day 5 (P less than .07) and a 14.1 percent increase on day 21. T4/T8 ratio increased by 32.7 percent on day 5 (P less than .05) and by 19.4 percent on day 21 from an initial geometric mean of 0.339 X 10(3)/microliter on day 0. The geometric mean of GVH responses increased by 18.2 percent on day 5 (P less than .05) and by 24.0 percent on day 21 (P less than .07) from an initial value of 41.04 mm3. No symptomatic or immunologic improvements were observed among AIDS patients, but rather a significant decrease in mitogenic responses. PHA responses decreased by 70.3 percent on day 5 (P less than .05) and 42.2 percent on day 21 from an initial geometric mean of 4.02 X 10(3) cpm/10(3). Con-A responses decreased by 75.1 percent on day 5 (P less than .05) and increased by 20.3 percent on day 21 from an initial value of 1.14 X 10(3)/10(5) cells. Pretreatment number of absolute OKT4+ cells was the most significant prognostic survival variable. Thus, 8/9 patients with less than 0.10 X 10(3) OKT4+ blood cell/microliter subsequently died as compared to only 1/17 with greater than or equal to 0.10 X 10(3) OKT4+ cells (p less than .001). The only toxic effect of this treatment was mild hemolysis which disappeared upon cessation of treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3755910 TI - Listeria monocytogenes: a rare cause of opportunistic infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and a new cause of meningitis in AIDS. A case report. AB - A forty-two year-old male homosexual with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) developed Listeria monocytogenes septicemia and meningitis. The gastrointestinal tract was the likely portal of entry. The patient was treated with intravenous ampicillin with complete and permanent resolution of his listerial infection. Although L. monocytogenes infection has been reported as an uncommon complications of AIDS, we are unaware of Listeria meningitis being previously reported in an AIDS patient. It is hoped that this case report will alert health care workers to the possibility of Listeria infection in AIDS patients, particularly since this infection responds well to readily-available antibiotic therapy. The microbiology, epidemiology, clinical, and neurologic aspects of listerial infection and general aspects of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome are discussed. PMID- 3755911 TI - Public perceptions regarding the AIDS epidemic: selected results from a national poll. AB - A telephone interview of 1256 adults age 18 and over was conducted using a random digit dialing procedure. Participants were queried about their perceptions of being at risk for contracting the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), optimism-pessimism about the controllability of the epidemic, whether they take special steps to avoid catching AIDS, and how they would prioritize three possible courses of action. The sample was about evenly divided between optimism and pessimism about controlling AIDS within five years; 10% perceived they were at least at some risk of contracting AIDS (with such "at risk" persons overrepresented among residents in the east, among college graduates, and within the 30-39 age bracket). Forty-one percent indicated taking special steps to avoid AIDS, with higher percentages of Blacks, Hispanics, and persons under age 30 reporting such precautions. Personal preventive action was ranked first among the three possible courses of action by 51%, unlimited governmental spending to find a cure or vaccine and governmental restrictions of certain homosexual behaviors were each ranked first by about 20% of the respondents. The results also indicated that perception of being at risk mediates some opinions about AIDS. PMID- 3755912 TI - Short-term neonatal morbidity associated with prematurity and the effect of a prematurity prevention program on expected incidence of morbidity. AB - With recent advances in neonatal medicine, the risk of mortality for premature newborns has been markedly reduced. Attention has shifted to the morbidity associated with preterm delivery. Consideration of anticipated neonatal morbidity at a particular gestational age plays an important part in the decision of whether or not to treat preterm labor. We have assessed eight indices of short term morbidity in 170 liveborn infants delivered between 26 and 35 completed weeks of gestation and calculated the gestational age-specific rates of each measure of morbidity. Five measures of short-term morbidity were significantly reduced by extending the gestation from 34 to 35 weeks. To illustrate the effect of prolonged pregnancy on the incidence of short-term neonatal morbidity, the actual incidence of morbidity from a group of preterm labor patients who were part of a preterm birth prevention program was compared to the anticipated incidence of these same morbidity factors has birth occurred when preterm labor was first diagnosed. There was a significant decrease in the number of observed, as opposed to anticipated, neonatal deaths and in morbidity occurrences in four of the six factors tested. Implications for considering short-term neonatal morbidity in the decision to initiate treatment for preterm labor after 33 weeks gestation are discussed. PMID- 3755913 TI - Congenital intracardiac rhabdomyoma: prenatal detection by echocardiography, perinatal management, and surgical treatment. AB - A case of a newborn infant with an intracardiac tumor, detected in utero by fetal echocardiography at 30 weeks gestation, is presented. The prenatal evaluation by serial fetal echocardiograms and nonstress tests is described. In the perinatal period, ventricular tachycardia occurred and was successfully managed with antiarrhythmic medications. At 20 months of age, a right ventricular rhabdomyoma was removed at open heart surgery. The patient represents the earliest in utero detection of a fetal intracardiac tumor with successful postnatal outcome. PMID- 3755914 TI - A simplified method of obtaining umbilical cord blood for pH using a heparinized vacutainer versus heparinized syringe. AB - Two experimental methods for collecting cord blood for acid-base analysis using green top vacutainer tubes were compared with a standard method using heparinized syringes. Paired samples from 30 newborn infants were collected using one of the vacutainer methods and the standard heparinized syringe method. No significant differences in pH, pCO2, base deficit, or pO2 were noted when comparing the two vacutainer methods with the standard syringe method. Both vacutainer methods were substantially easier to use than the heparinized syringe method. A green top vacutainer may be used to obtain an accurate cord blood sample for assessment of an infant's acid-base status at birth, and to aid the neonatologist as an indicator of intrapartum asphyxia. PMID- 3755915 TI - Maturity of fetal lungs determined by bubble stability in amniotic fluid. AB - A simple and quick screening method to determine fetal lung maturity is tested. Artificial air bubbles in amniotic fluid are measured microscopically in a moist chamber. Thus the concentration of the lung surfactant is evaluated and presented by the stability index (SI). This index increases continuously during pregnancy and is used as a means to determine fetal lung maturity. The large standard deviation of the SI between 30 and 35 weeks gestation limits the application of this simple method. PMID- 3755916 TI - Effects of vestibular stimulation on sleep states in premature infants. AB - Seventeen appropriate-for-gestational-age premature infants (birthweights 1000 1530 gm) were randomly assigned to control (7) and vestibular stimulation (10) groups. Those in the treatment group were exposed daily to three 15-minute sessions of sinusoidal vestibular stimulation over a 2-week period. At the end of that period, postconceptional age ranged from 34 to 37 weeks. As a measure of neurologic maturation, behavioral and physiologic parameters characterizing sleep states were recorded at the onset and termination of the 2-week period. The ratio of active-to-quiet sleep did not change significantly in control patients. Those exposed to vestibular stimulation showed a significant decrease in proportion of active and a concomitant increase in the proportion of quiet sleep. These results may indicate that vestibular stimulation, even at this early postconceptional age, results in a more mature sleep pattern. PMID- 3755917 TI - A new agenda needed concerning "tragic choices". AB - Debate regarding the context of decision making on catastrophically ill infants has been focused on process and methodology. An expanded scope of inquiry is needed to increase our understanding of the dilemmas we face. PMID- 3755918 TI - The dilemma of less than 500 grams birth: epidemiologic considerations. AB - The reporting practice of perinatal data of less than 500 gm is widely inconsistent. This is due mainly to the differences in reporting requirements and ambiguity in the definition of live births, stillbirths and abortions. To evaluate the magnitude a birthweight of less than 500 gm has on a regional perinatal network's vital statistics, we studied race and weight specific data from a cohort of 48,096 births over a 2-year period. One hundred and ten (0.23%) births weighed less than 500 gm, 60 of them were live births occurring at a mean gestation of 22.3 +/- 3 weeks, all of whom died. Blacks had the highest rates for other adverse perinatal outcome measures as well as significantly higher incidence of birthweights less than 500 gm (0.3%), compared to whites and Hispanics, 0.17 and 0.21%, respectively (P less than 0.001). Although they constituted a small fraction of the total births in all ethnic groups, infants weighing less than 500 gm accounted for a significant proportion, 18 and 21%, of the perinatal and neonatal mortality rates (PMR and NMR). These proportions were much higher in the black subgroup. We conclude that major discrepancies in reporting of vital data concerning these infants could affect the vital rates significantly. The effect is not uniform, since the subsets with a high incidence of infants weighing less than 500 gm will have far more variations. This must be considered when comparative epidemiologic studies of perinatal outcome are carried out. PMID- 3755919 TI - Fetal activity in premature rupture of membranes. AB - Fetal movement (FM) counts by mothers with premature rupture of membranes (PROM) may be helpful in estimating fetal well being, provided FM assessment is not altered by the reduced amniotic fluid. It is possible that the decreased uterine volume restricts fetal movements, though the closer contact of the fetus to the uterine wall may enhance maternal perception of even weak FM. The present study compared maternally perceived FM in 41 cases of PROM to 120 uncomplicated pregnancies. No significant differences in FM counts were detected between the two groups at any of the gestational ages. Fetal movement counts by mothers with PROM, therefore, can assist fetal surveillance as is the case in pregnancies with intact membranes. PMID- 3755920 TI - A simplified risk-scoring system for prematurity. AB - Prematurity, the major cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality, results from a multifactorial interaction of medical, historic, and psychosocial conditions. Although the literature contains several reports of prematurity risk-scoring systems, the relative importance of specific risk factors may depend on the population studied. This report represents the first prematurity risk-scoring system designed specifically for a predominantly Hispanic population in the United States. Retrospective analysis of 8240 births occurring at Harbor/UCLA Medical Center from July, 1979 to December, 1982 identified maternal prenatal risk factors that were found to be statistically related to prematurity. A linear logistic regression model was then employed to derive a composite risk score. Using the logistic risk scores, we developed a simplified model for identifying women at risk for preterm birth. The methodology and analyses provide a system for the development of population-specific risk scoring. PMID- 3755921 TI - Anencephaly and the nature of fetal response to vibroacoustic stimulation. AB - The fetal response to vibroacoustic stimulation has been used in recent years as a measure of well being. Vibroacoustic stimulation theoretically may evoke both tactile and auditory responses in the fetus. In clinical practice, it is important to distinguish which type of response is actually activated. An answer may be suggested through observation of two anencephalic fetuses who demonstrated no response to such stimulation. Neuroanatomic considerations are discussed that suggest which auditory mechanisms are involved in the fetal response to vibroacoustic stimulation. PMID- 3755922 TI - Imaging case of the month. Cephalothoracopagus syncephalus (fused head and thorax with one face). PMID- 3755923 TI - Multiple perforations of the skin by a stylet. PMID- 3755924 TI - Abstracts. The 2nd International Environmental Ergonomics Conference. July 21-25, 1986, British Columbia, Canada. PMID- 3755925 TI - Environmental exposure to heavy metals in North Greenland. PMID- 3755926 TI - Pathology of mice intranasally inoculated with uranium- and zirconium-containing rock dust from Kvanefjeld, Greenland. PMID- 3755927 TI - Pigmentation of ciliary margin in Eskimos compared with Caucasians. PMID- 3755928 TI - Nordic Council for Arctic Medical Research annual report 1985. PMID- 3755929 TI - Accuracy of antemortem diagnosis in the north. An autopsy study. PMID- 3755931 TI - [Circulatory complications in anesthesia and surgery in relation to preoperative risk group and anesthesia procedure. 2. Hypertension]. PMID- 3755930 TI - [Oral versus intramuscular premedication with atropine-diazepam-pethidine in ambulatory anesthesia in childhood]. PMID- 3755932 TI - [Anesthesiologic problems in electroconvulsive therapy of endogenous psychoses]. PMID- 3755933 TI - [Control of oxygen partial pressure with the universal pO2 meter "MO 10" in clinical routine practice]. PMID- 3755934 TI - [Correction of severe metabolic alkalosis with extrarenal-induced renal failure by treatment with hemodialysis]. PMID- 3755935 TI - [Catheter malposition following puncture of the right internal jugular vein]. PMID- 3755936 TI - [New perspectives on the etiology of aplastic anemia]. PMID- 3755937 TI - [Family dynamics, emotional changes and the intelligence quotient in children with aplastic anemia]. PMID- 3755938 TI - [Rehydration by the rapid intravenous route using a solution similar to the one recommended by the World Health Organization for oral rehydration]. PMID- 3755939 TI - [Indomethacin and furosemide in closure of ductus arteriosus]. PMID- 3755940 TI - [Clinical and genetic study of malformations of the radial axis]. PMID- 3755941 TI - [Physical therapy in the childhood asthmatic crisis]. PMID- 3755942 TI - [Radiologic pulmonary growth in children with fibrocystic disease of the pancreas]. PMID- 3755943 TI - [Importance of the eosinophil count in respiratory secretions of infants with recurrent obstructive bronchial syndrome]. PMID- 3755944 TI - [Parenteral treatment of dehydration in children with diarrhea]. PMID- 3755945 TI - A modified hot-plate test sensitive to mild analgesics. AB - The present study compares a modified hot-plate test in which the temperature is slowly increased from non-noxious levels with a standard constant temperature hot plate test. In both tests, hindpaw lick was found to be a more reliable criterion response than forepaw lick, and was employed throughout the experiments. In the constant temperature hot-plate test, 1-min exposure to the test apparatus the day before testing significantly reduced the response latencies of both rats and mice. No effect of pre-exposure was found in the increasing temperature test. In both tests and in both species, sessions of repeated testing were conducted with only insignificant alterations in responsiveness between trials. In both rats and mice, dose-related increases in response temperature were obtained in the increasing temperature hot-plate test after administration of morphine, paracetamol and acetylsalicylic acid, whereas only morphine had consistent effects in the constant temperature test. Thus, the increasing temperature hot plate is a useful analgesimetric test in both rats and mice, superior to the conventional hot-plate test with regard to consistency of results and sensitivity to non-narcotic analgesics. PMID- 3755946 TI - Role of central noradrenaline neurons in the contextual control of latent inhibition in taste aversion learning. AB - Three experiments were performed to examine the effects of noradrenaline (NA) depletion, using 3 different methods: lesions of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle (DB) with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), lesions induced by neonatal treatment with 6-OHDA and lesions induced by systemic DSP4 upon latent inhibition, using the taste-aversion learning procedure. NA depleted and control (sham, vehicle or saline) rats were given pre-exposure trials to either novel saccharin or to novel saccharin in a novel type of drinking bottle (the noisy bottle). Later, during conditioning trials saccharin was presented in the noisy bottles for all the rats, followed by lithium chloride injections. Saccharin aversions, tested for in the noisy bottles, indicated considerably weaker saccharin aversions (i.e. more latent inhibition) by the control groups pre-exposed to both saccharin and the noisy bottles. These context-dependent latent inhibition effects were clearly attenuated by all 3 treatments that depleted central NA. Biochemical assays confirmed the NA depletions in each case. The results, demonstrating the intimate role of central NA neurons in contextual control of latent inhibition in taste aversion learning, appear to conform with current attentional theories of NA function in the forebrain. PMID- 3755947 TI - Simulation of the classically conditioned nictitating membrane response by a neuron-like adaptive element: response topography, neuronal firing, and interstimulus intervals. AB - A neuron-like adaptive element with computational features suitable for classical conditioning, the Sutton-Barto (S-B) model, was extended to simulate real-time aspects of the conditioned nictitating membrane (NM) response. The aspects of concern were response topography, CR-related neuronal firing, and interstimulus interval (ISI) effects for forward-delay and trace conditioning paradigms. The topography of the NM CR has the following features: response latency after CS onset decreases over trials; response amplitude increases gradually within the ISI and attains its maximum coincidentally with the UR. A similar pattern characterizes the firing of some (but not all) neurons in brain regions demonstrated experimentally to be important for NM conditioning. The variant of the S-B model described in this paper consists of a set of parameters and implementation rules based on 10-ms computational time steps. It differs from the original S-B model in a number of ways. The main difference is the assumption that CS inputs to the adaptive element are not instantaneous but are instead shaped by unspecified coding processes so as to produce outputs that conform with the real-time properties of NM conditioning. The model successfully simulates the aforementioned features of NM response topography. It is also capable of simulating appropriate ISI functions, i.e. with maximum conditioning strength with ISIs of 250 ms, for forward-delay and trace paradigms. The original model's successful treatment of multiple-CS phenomena, such as blocking, conditioned inhibition, and higher-order conditioning, are retained by the present model. PMID- 3755948 TI - Chemoreception of taurocholate in anosmic and sham-operated cod, Gadus morhua. AB - This study investigated the role of the olfactory system in cod, Gadus morhua L., on the general activity level and the responses to the bile salt taurocholate. Ten cod were rendered anosmic by section of the olfactory tracts, while another 10 control fish were sham-operated. The cod were stimulated in a seawater olfactometer which permitted reproducible administration of diluted samples of taurocholate at 5 concentration levels. The activity scores for both groups of cod increased with increasing concentrations of taurocholate. The detection threshold in the sham-operated cod for taurocholate was 7 nM, while the anosmic cod detected the presence of taurocholate at 70 nM. Taurocholate induced orienting reaction and snapping, both in sham-operated and in anosmic cod, indicating convergence of olfactory and other chemosensory pathways to nerve centers mediating these kinds of behavior. The bottom food search was observed only in the control fish. The seawater blanks induced a lower total activity score in the anosmic than in the sham-operated cod, which suggests that the olfactory input augments the general activity level. PMID- 3755949 TI - Pre-training adrenaline recovers the amnestic effect of Met-enkephalin in demedullated rats. AB - The intracerebroventricular administration of 25 ng of Met-enkephalin causes retrograde amnesia for a shuttle avoidance task in intact rats. In demedullated rats, this effect of Met-enkephalin was lost. Intraperitoneal injection of 1.2 micrograms/kg adrenaline recovered the amnestic effect of Met-enkephalin. These results confirm the idea that the amnestic effect of Met-enkephalin is centrally mediated and that adrenal enkephalins do not seem to be important to the amnestic effect of Met-enkephalin since adrenaline recovers this effect in demedullated rats. PMID- 3755950 TI - The interrelationship between superior colliculus and substantia nigra pars reticulata in programming movements of cats. AB - Recent electrophysiological and behavioural studies have suggested that the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (dl-SC) are involved in the execution of targeting movements which are elicited but not continuously guided by external stimuli. In the first part of the present study the role of the GABAergic transmission in the dl-SC in the execution of these targeting movements was investigated. Therefore cats, trained to walk from one side of a narrow bar towards the target at the other side of the bar under stroboscopic illumination (2 flashes/s), were injected bilaterally in the dl-SC with picrotoxin (100 ng/0.5 microliter) or muscimol (75 ng/1 microliter). In the second part of this study the role of the GABAergic activity in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNR), projecting to the dl-SC through the GABAergic nigrotectal pathway, in the execution of the above-mentioned targeting movements was investigated. Therefore cats, trained to walk from one side of a narrow bar towards the target at the other side of the bar, either under full light or under stroboscopic illumination (2 flashes/s), were bilaterally injected in the SNR with picrotoxin (500 ng/0.5 microliter) or muscimol (200 ng/1 microliter). Under stroboscopic illumination (2 flashes/s) solvent-treated cats either continuously grasped the bar and/or continuously touched the bar with their whiskers, i.e. they executed movements which were continuously guided by external stimuli, while walking towards the target at the other side of the bar.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3755951 TI - The effects of pimozide on the reinforcing efficacy of central grey stimulation in the rat. AB - The present report describes the effects of the neuroleptic pimozide on the reinforcing efficacy of central grey stimulation. Six adult rats were implanted with a monopolar moveable stimulating electrode in the pontine central grey. Each bar-press in an operant chamber delivered a 0.3-s train of cathodal rectangular pulses of constant duration (0.1 ms) and intensity (from 180 to 440 microA depending on the subject) and of variable frequency. The function relating the rate of bar-pressing to the logarithm of the number of pulses per train (rate frequency function) was recorded following administration of vehicle and increasing doses of pimozide (from 0.15 to 0.5 mg/kg). Pimozide produced a dose dependent parallel shift of the rising segment of the rate-frequency function towards higher pulse numbers in 4 subjects, indicating that the drug reduced the reinforcing efficacy of the stimulation. In two subjects, the shift was accompanied by a decrease in slope of the rising segment. Depending on the subject, the greatest shift observed varied from 0.087 to 0.489 log units. Further attempt to increase the magnitude of shift with higher doses resulted in complete abolition of self-stimulation. The fact that pimozide reduced the value of reward in an area containing only marginal amounts of dopaminergic cells adds support to the hypothesis that dopamine modulates reward indirectly. The fact that the shift could not be increased with higher doses was interpreted as an indication that dopaminergic neurons are involved in a gate-like synaptic arrangement in which a limited decrease in dopaminergic activity is sufficient to obliterate the transmission in the reward pathway or the conversion of the signal into a reinforcing effect. PMID- 3755952 TI - 13C-ethanol and 13C-acetate breath tests in normal and aldehyde dehydrogenase deficient individuals. AB - Four normal and five aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) isozyme I deficient individuals were subsequently loaded with (1-13C)ethanol and (1-13C)sodium acetate and the conversion of the label to 13CO2 was determined in expired air by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. In the 13C-acetate breath test, both groups showed virtually identical recovery of the label in expired air, namely 48.5 +/- 2.3% (mean +/- S.D.) for normal and 46.8 +/- 5.7% for deficient individuals. However, in the 13C-ethanol breath test, both the groups performed differently. On average, although a certain overlap of the single data was observed, the recovery of the label after four hours was 43.4 +/- 3.8% for the normal and 35.6 +/- 6.8% for the ALDH deficient subjects. These findings suggest a slower conversion of ethanol to carbon dioxide in aldehyde dehydrogenase deficient individuals, which may be another consequence of this deficiency besides the higher plasma acetaldehyde levels observed after ethanol loading in comparison to individuals with normal aldehyde dehydrogenase activity. PMID- 3755953 TI - Altered calcium signal transduction after chronic ethanol consumption. AB - Calcium and calcium-calmodulin dependent phosphorylation of several protein bands was found altered in synaptosomal membranes prepared from ethanol treated rats. The ethanol induced effect on Ca++ and Ca++-calmodulin phosphorylation presented regional differences. In particular 32P incorporation was lower in the striatum and cerebellum, higher in the hippocampus and unmodified in the cortex. Part of the phosphorylated bands had an apparent molecular weight similar to that of the phosphoproteins involved in neurotransmission. These results extend previous observations indicating that calcium movement control is modified during chronic ethanol consumption and suggest that ethanol may interfere at various steps in the calcium-promoted events. PMID- 3755954 TI - Prenatal ethanol and ontogeny of pituitary-adrenal responses to ethanol and morphine. AB - The development of pituitary-adrenal activity was examined in the offspring of rat dams fed a 5.0% w/v ethanol-containing liquid diet or pair-fed an isocaloric diet, as a nutritional control, from day 8 of gestation to parturition. Serum corticosterone responses of the pups to challenges with ethanol (1.5 g/kg) or morphine (3.0 mg/kg) were determined at 5, 7, 10, 12 and 18 days of age. The pituitary-adrenal axis of normal neonates was activated by the drugs at each age, with a characteristic biphasic developmental pattern in which a trough occurred at day 7. The overall pattern was unaffected by prenatal ethanol exposure or pair feeding. However, both prenatal treatments intensified the trough. Already on day 5 and also on day 7, corticosterone responses of both the ethanol-exposed and pair-fed offspring to ethanol were significantly lower than responses of normal pups. Additionally, on day 7, ethanol-exposed offspring had significantly lower responses to ethanol than pair-fed offspring and significantly lower responses to morphine than normal pups. Thus, both the prenatal ethanol and pair-feeding treatments suppressed pituitary-adrenal responsiveness of 5 and 7 day-old neonates to the drug challenges. This is in marked contrast to our previous findings for adult prenatally ethanol-exposed offspring whose pituitary-adrenal responses to the same drugs, as well as to other stressors, are consistently enhanced in comparison to pair-fed derived rats, whose responses in adulthood no longer differ from normals. PMID- 3755956 TI - Central Ca++-channel blockade reverses ethanol-induced poikilothermia in the rat. AB - Two series of experiments were performed to determine the possible involvement of Ca++ channels in the thermolytic action of ethanol administered at a room temperature of 22 degrees C. In one group of 11 adult female Sprague-Dawley rats, stainless steel guide cannulae were implanted stereotaxically above the lateral cerebral ventricle. Prior to an experiment, a thermistor probe was inserted into the colon so that core temperature could be monitored continuously for up to six hours or until the temperature had returned to a previous baseline level. When the animal's body temperature had stabilized, a dose of 4.0 g/kg in a v/v solution of 20% ethanol was given by intragastric gavage. After the body temperature had declined by about 2.0 degrees C, ordinarily 30 min after ethanol administration, either control CSF or the vehicle plus one of four doses of verapamil (8.3, 25, 50 and 100 micrograms) was infused intracerebroventricularly (ICV) in a volume of 10 microliter. In a second group of 7 unoperated rats, either 4.0 g/kg ethanol or a physiological saline control solution was administered isovolumetrically by intragastric gavage; then, 30 min later, either 3.0 or 10.0 mg/kg verapamil was injected intraperitoneally. At an ambient temperature of 22 degrees C, ethanol gavage produced a significant decline in colonic temperature which was unaffected by physiological saline given by the same route. Although the CSF control vehicle was without effect, verapamil administered ICV attenuated the thermolytic action of ethanol in all doses tested; however, the lowest dose exerted its antagonist effect but with a longer latency. Conversely, when verapamil was given systemically, the hypothermic action of ethanol was significantly potentiated in a dose-dependent manner.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3755955 TI - Organ growth and cellular development in ethanol-exposed rats. AB - Effects of perinatal exposure to ethanol on growth and cellular development were investigated. Alcohol was administered in liquid diets designed to provide optimal nutrition during pregnancy. Pair-fed and ad lib control groups were included. The 3 groups of females were similar in body weight during gestation and lactation, and offspring weights were similar on gestation Day 21 and at birth. By Day 9 of lactation control pups weighted more than both alcohol and pair-fed pups which were similar in body weight. Weights of brain, heart, liver and kidney were reduced in alcohol pups compared to pair-feds and controls. Decreased liver weight reflected both decreased cell size and decreased protein content, but was primarily due to decreased caloric intake. Decreased heart weight appeared to result from a direct effect of ethanol on heart protein content. Even more marked were the adverse effects of ethanol on kidney protein content and kidney DNA (reflecting a decrease in cell number). In contrast, although both absolute brain weight and DNA content were decreased in ethanol exposed offspring, relative brain weight was increased. Finally, maternal ethanol consumption significantly increased relative placenta weights as well as placental DNA and protein content. PMID- 3755957 TI - Adipogenic activities in rat organs. AB - Adipose conversion of 3T3-L1 cells depends on adipogenic factors present in serum. In order to find their origin, adipogenic activity in extracts from adrenals, kidneys, testes, ovaries, liver, spleen, sceletal muscle and adipose tissue of the rat was studied. If tissues were homogenized with aqueous buffers at low pH, no adipogenic activity could be extracted. Treatment with chloroform/methanol followed by phase separation however revealed considerable adipogenic activity in the organic phase from adrenals, kidneys, ovaries, testes and sceletal muscle and additionally in the aqueous phase of liver. Further purification by liquid chromatography and reversed phase HPLC led to the identification of adipogenic activities from adrenals and kidneys as corticosterone and 11-dehydrocorticosterone. Adipogenic activity from liver in contrast is pronase-sensitive, exhibits an apparent molecular mass of 4 kDa and is probably a peptide. PMID- 3755958 TI - A new covalently modified support for gas-liquid phase sequencing. AB - A new method for activation of glass fiber supports for immobilisation of proteins and peptides in gas-liquid phase sequencing is described. The new support offers several advantages over the presently used carrier polybrene: no precycling is required, initial yields are improved and background contamination is lower. This leads to an overall increase in detection sensitivity. The derivatisation method includes acid activation and subsequent covalent coating of glass fibers with quaternary ammonium groups thereby giving the glass surface a high binding capacity for both proteins and peptides. The activated glass has been successfully used for sequencing proteins and peptides isolated by HPLC as well as by electroelution from polyacrylamide gels. PMID- 3755959 TI - Guinea pig plasma murinoglobulin. Purification and some properties. AB - Murinoglobulin, a newly identified mouse plasma protein resembling alpha macroglobulins [Saito, A. & Sinohara, H. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 775-781], was also found in guinea pig plasma, and purified to homogeneity. Guinea pig murinoglobulin consisted of a single 180-kDa polypeptide chain containing about 18% carbohydrate. It inhibited the proteolytic activities of trypsin and thermolysin towards Remazol brilliant blue hide powder, but stimulated the amidolytic activities of trypsin and Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease towards small synthetic substrates. Heat treatment of murinoglobulin completely abolished the former activities, but partially retained the latter activities. The ability of guinea pig murinoglobulin to inhibit the proteolysis was much weaker than that of the mouse homologue. On interaction with trypsin, murinoglobulin underwent cleavage of one susceptible bond with concomitant unmasking of one thiol group. Methylamine treatment also released one thiol group per molecule. PMID- 3755960 TI - High-altitude respiration of birds. The primary structures of the alpha D-chains of the Bar-headed Goose (Anser indicus), the Greylag Goose(Anser anser) and the Canada Goose (Branta canadensis). AB - The primary structures of the alpha D-chains of the minor component Hb D of Anser indicus, Anser anser and Branta canadensis are presented. Following chain separation by RP-HPLC, the amino-acid sequences were established by automatic Edman degradation of the globin chains and the tryptic peptides. The three chains show a high degree of homology. For the high altitude respiration the alpha 1 beta 1 interface at position alpha 119 is important. For the Bar-headed Goose a mechanism for high altitude respiration involving both Hb A having alanine at position 119 and Hb D having proline at that position is suggested. Furthermore, a possible genetical development of the avian alpha D-gene expression based on a new B alpha-box mutation in the three geese and an unusual 5' splice junction (GT/GC-transition) in the duck gene is discussed. We consider the possibility that the alpha D-gene is an intermediate between a functional gene, reduced in its expression, and a pseudogene. PMID- 3755961 TI - Federation of European Biochemical Societies. 17th FEBS meeting. Berlin (West), August 24-29, 1986. Abstracts. PMID- 3755962 TI - [Breath alcohol concentration/blood alcohol concentration: a utopia of forensically useful evidence]. PMID- 3755963 TI - [Expert evidence in criminal procedure]. PMID- 3755964 TI - [Behavior of alcohol concentration in the vitreous body under different storage conditions]. PMID- 3755965 TI - [Irresponsibility and reduced responsibility and the blood alcohol limit]. PMID- 3755966 TI - [Psychological measures in the rehabilitation of traffic violators]. PMID- 3755967 TI - [Fatalities in ambulatory alcoholism treatment]. PMID- 3755968 TI - [New sulfurate derivatives of 1,2,4-oxadiazole]. PMID- 3755969 TI - [Synthesis of pyrazole(3,4-a)pyridazine derivatives]. PMID- 3755970 TI - [Use of the computer for quantifying FH and FT in sterilization and depyrogenation with dry heat]. PMID- 3755971 TI - [Optimization of a formulation for parenteral use containing a thermolabile drug, and evaluation of possible steam sterilization]. PMID- 3755972 TI - Osteoclast stimulation by positive middle-ear air pressure. AB - The mechanism of pathologic bone resorption associated with cholesteatoma is controversial. It is now evident that transmitted pressure is a significant factor in the activation of osteoclasts. Previous studies on the effect of pressure have been confounded by the possible foreign body effect of materials placed into the middle ear to induce the pressure. Positive air pressures were maintained in the middle ear of Mongolian gerbils via implanted Silastic catheters. Histologic evaluation of the ventral bulla wall was performed after pressure had been applied for two weeks. A significant increase in the number density, area density, and size of osteoclasts present in the pressurized bullae was noted at pressures of 4, 6, 10, and 20 mm Hg, but not at 2 mm Hg. We conclude that minute increases in pressure, in the absence of foreign objects, stimulate osteoclastic bone resorption in the middle ear of the gerbil. PMID- 3755973 TI - The interaction of noise and aspirin in the chick basilar papilla. Noise and aspirin toxicity. AB - The possible synergism between noise and aspirin for causing cochlear damage was examined histologically. Six chicks fed aspirin for five days and five chicks fed a normal diet only were paired and placed in sound chambers. They were exposed to a 1500-Hz tone at 115 dB sound pressure level for eight hours. The mean serum salicylate level just before noise exposure was 24 mg/dL (1.74 mmol/L). Ten days later they were killed, and the temporal bones were processed. Hair cell counts were made at 100-microns intervals throughout the length of the basilar papilla (cochlea). The noise produced a discrete cochlear lesion centered about 30% of the distance from the base to apex. The addition of aspirin did not significantly alter the extent or location of this lesion. One aspirin-fed chick had a unilateral middle ear effusion, and a striking shift in the center of damage toward the apex was noted in this cochlea. PMID- 3755974 TI - Differential uptake of salicylate in serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and perilymph. AB - After intraperitoneal administration of salicylate in anesthetized rats and guinea pigs, we found that salicylate levels in perilymph (PL) are closely related to both drug levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in serum, with higher levels systematically observed in PL than in CSF. Further analysis suggests that salicylate is not passively transported into PL across CSF but, rather, is transported from blood directly to PL. The time course of salicylate uptake in rats reveals maximum levels at 1 1/2 hours (serum) and two to four hours (CSF and PL). On the other hand, salicylate uptake into serum and CSF of guinea pigs exhibits a longer time course, with maximum levels reached at four hours (serum) and five hours (CSF). These data, not previously available, are basic to our understanding of salicylate-related auditory effects. PMID- 3755975 TI - Speech recognition for 40 patients receiving multichannel cochlear implants. AB - We collected data on 40 patients who received the Nucleus multichannel cochlear implant. Results were reviewed to determine if the coding strategy is effective in transmitting the intended speech features and to assess patient benefit in terms of communication skills. All patients demonstrated significant improvement over preoperative results with a hearing aid for both lipreading enhancement and speech recognition without lipreading. Of the patients, 50% demonstrated ability to understand connected discourse with auditory input only. For the 23 patients who were tested 12 months postoperatively, there was substantial improvement in open-set speech recognition. PMID- 3755976 TI - Management of invasive frontoethmoidal sinus mucoceles. AB - Invasive frontoethmoidal sinus mucoceles extending into the anterior cranial fossa or orbits are difficult to manage and can lead to lethal complications. In the past four years, nine cases of frontoethmoidal mucoceles were treated at the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston. Five cases were complicated by anterior cranial fossa invasion, orbital invasion, or both. The choice of surgical procedures used to manage these cases depended on mucocele extent and location, which were best determined by computed tomography. Two cases required craniotomy, one of which required an inferior-based pericranial flap for reconstruction of the floor of the anterior cranial fossa. Two cases were managed by osteoplastic flap and fat obliteration procedures. Intranasal drainage was the procedure used in one case that had extensive orbital involvement. Surgical complications included an intracranial abscess in one patient and a cerebrospinal fluid leak in a second patient. PMID- 3755977 TI - In vivo anergy reversal with cimetidine in patients with cancer. AB - Impaired cell-mediated immune response is commonly seen in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. This immune defect has been associated with poor clinical performance. Recent evidence indicates an immunoregulatory action for cimetidine. For this reason, the effect of this medication on delayed hypersensitivity reactions in previously untreated patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck was studied. Patients hyporesponsive to an initial skin test battery were treated with cimetidine. A statistically significant increase in delayed hypersensitivity responses on repeated skin testing during cimetidine hydrochloride therapy was observed. Four of these patients who converted their skin tests while receiving cimetidine were again studied one to two weeks after cessation of therapy. All four returned to their precimetidine treatment status. These skin test response results suggest that histamine mediated suppression of immune response occurs in patients with head and neck cancer. Cimetidine should be considered as an immunomodulator in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. PMID- 3755978 TI - Cytotoxic drug testing in head and neck cancer by multiparametric flow cytometry. AB - Individual chemosensitivity assessment of solid tumors has been hindered by the lack of a reliable and rapid test system for predicting inhibition of tumor cell growth in vitro of all malignant cells and for distinguishing between inflammatory and tumor cells. Six long-term cultured and recloned squamous cell carcinoma lines of the head and neck were analyzed using a newly developed multiparametric flow cytometric technique. After incubation with cytotoxic drugs at different time intervals, each cell line showed its own chemosensitive profile. With this multiparametric staining technique, it is possible to monitor the in vitro response of tumor cells and to compare their quantitative behavior with that of nonmalignant inflammatory cells in solid tumors of the head and neck. PMID- 3755979 TI - Treatment of stage I carcinoma of the anterior floor of the mouth. AB - A retrospective study of 27 patients treated for stage I squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth was performed to assess the effectiveness of therapy. Of these patients, 23 (85%) underwent surgical therapy. Four patients (15%) were treated with radiation therapy alone, and three (11%) underwent combined surgery and radiation treatment. Initial treatment failed in seven patients (26%), and further therapy was curative in only four of seven. This small study suggests that stage I floor-of-the-mouth squamous cell carcinoma is not an easy lesion to cure. Other studies support these data. A three-dimensional monobloc resection with a 2-cm margin, including resection of the submandibular glands, is advocated. Toluidine blue O mucosal staining and Mohs' chemosurgery are helpful adjuncts in determining the tumor margins. PMID- 3755980 TI - Oropharynx decontamination preventing Candida vegetation on voice prostheses. AB - Candida vegetations found in silicone voice prostheses used in postlaryngectomy voice rehabilitation are associated with prosthesis dysfunction. Selective oropharyngeal decontamination with amphotericin B lozenges resulted in sharp decrease of oropharyngeal Candida concentrations with a subsequent reduction of yeast colonization on voice prostheses and in tracheoesophageal fistula in ten patients. A case report suggests that this selective oropharyngeal decontamination can prolong the device's lifetime. PMID- 3755981 TI - Posttraumatic internal carotid aneurysm presenting as a nasal sinus lesion. AB - We report a case of an asymptomatic posttraumatic aneurysm of the internal carotid artery presenting in the sphenoidal and ethmoidal sinuses. Our initial clinical and radiographic diagnosis indicated a mucocele. There were two reasons for this. First, Maurer's triad of traumatic internal carotid aneurysm was not seen, since neither epistaxis nor visual disorder was present, and fracture was not evident on tomography or computed tomographic scans. Second, no symptoms or abnormalities were found in the sequential neurosurgical evaluations for a period of about six years after the head trauma. The successful results we have obtained in this case are attributable to localization by intraoperative arteriography and to hemostasis by electrothrombotic coagulation within the aneurysm alone, preserving internal carotid artery flow. A high index of suspicion preoperatively, with arteriography as indicated, may facilitate management of these cases, which are likely to become more frequent as medical advances produce more survivors of major head trauma. PMID- 3755982 TI - Hereditary congenital cholesteatoma. A variant of branchio-oto dysplasia. AB - A mother and daughter both presented at age 5 years with the triad of right-sided congenital cholesteatoma, right preauricular pits, and bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. Twenty-six years apart, both were treated with middle ear exploration and removal of a cholesteatoma that filled the sinus tympani, facial recess, and middle ear. The sensorineural hearing losses were nonprogressive, and the preauricular pits were asymptomatic. These two cases may represent a unique variant of branchio-oto dysplasia. The mechanism of formation of these anomalies and the possible modes of inheritance are conjectural. This triad, however, supports genetic predisposition rather than aberrant epithelial rests during morphogenesis as a possible cause in congenital cholesteatoma. PMID- 3755983 TI - Subglossopalatal membrane. AB - A newborn who experienced respiratory distress just after birth had an oral web that extended from the floor of the mouth anterior to the tongue up to the hard palate. The membrane was slit in the midline to facilitate air exchange. The patient did well without intubation, and the web was resected. To our knowledge, this is the second case of subglossopalatal membrane to be reported. Embryologic and anatomic considerations, along with a review of the literature, are presented. PMID- 3755984 TI - Pathologic quiz case 1. Granular cell tumor. PMID- 3755985 TI - Pathologic quiz case 2. Hashimoto's thyroiditis. PMID- 3755986 TI - Treatment of essential blepharospasm. PMID- 3755987 TI - A sound-generating otoscope study--unanswered questions. PMID- 3755988 TI - Cisplatin sensitization to radiotherapy in stage IV squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. A follow-up report. AB - Thirty-six patients with stage IV squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were treated with cisplatin (15 mg/m2), administered synchronously with high-dose radiation therapy. Of the original 36 patients, 26 are dead of disease. Although previous reports of an 88% response to this regimen were noted, the disease-free intervals in this 36-patient group were short. The interval of time between treatment and death ranged from two to 27 months, with an average survival time of 10.7 months. It appears that although cisplatin potentiation to radiation therapy offers an encouraging clinical response initially, persistent clinical regression of disease is unlikely. Further studies of cisplatin sensitization of radiation therapy vs radiation therapy alone and chemotherapy alone need to be performed before this regimen can be considered strong enough to stand on its own merits. PMID- 3755989 TI - Growth inhibition of laryngeal UM-SCC cell lines by tamoxifen. Comparison with effects on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. AB - Six laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell lines and the MCF-7 breast cancer line, all of which contain estrogen and progesterone receptors, were tested for in vitro growth inhibition by the antiestrogen tamoxifen citrate. Cell line MCF-7 was more sensitive to growth retardation at 1 mumol/L of tamoxifen citrate, but SCC lines showed higher sensitivity than MCF-7 to cytotoxic effects at higher drug concentrations (7 to 10 mumol/L). A cytostatic level of growth inhibition was produced by 5 mumol/L tamoxifen citrate for both types of cell lines. When tamoxifen and estradiol were added to cultures simultaneously, partial reversal of growth inhibition was observed with MCF-7 but not with UM-SCC 5. All of the cell lines recovered from inhibition when tamoxifen was replaced with 0.1 mumol/L estradiol, but laryngeal SCC lines recovered equally well in estradiol-free medium, whereas MCF-7 recovered only partially in the absence of estradiol. These findings indicate that there are at least two tamoxifen receptor sites--one for which estradiol is a competitor and one for which it is not--and that tamoxifen reversibly blocks growth and may synchronize SCC cells. PMID- 3755990 TI - Retrospective DNA analysis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. AB - Abnormal cellular DNA content, a hallmark of malignancy, is known to occur in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. The significance of this finding has yet to be elucidated. Paraffin-embedded blocks from 46 squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck were sectioned, dewaxed, and made into a suspension of bare nuclei by mechanical mincing and enzymatic digestion. The nuclei were stained with propidium iodide, and quantitative DNA measurements were obtained with flow cytometry. The results were compared with existing prognostic factors: DNA aneuploidy was identified in 41% of the specimens and was significantly correlated with tumor size and surgical stage; the relationship between DNA aneuploidy and anatomic site approaches statistical significance. There was no correlation with histologic grade or presence or absence of cervical metastasis. PMID- 3755991 TI - Advanced laryngeal cancer. Relevance of pathologic stage to survival and therapy. AB - Sixty-seven laryngectomies performed for stage III and stage IV laryngeal carcinoma were reviewed. Stage III disease was managed by surgery alone. Treatment of stage IV disease was divided equally between surgery only and surgery plus radiotherapy. Five-year survival rates by clinical stage were 73% for stage III and 39% for stage IV. Clinical underestimation of disease occurred in 25% of stage III lesions. Unrecognized cartilage invasion and nodal disease occurred with equal frequency. Survival rates computed on the basis of pathologic staging were 91% for stage III and 41% for stage IV. Patients with stage IV disease who were treated with surgery alone had a 28% survival rate, while those receiving both radiotherapy and surgery had a 56% survival rate. In our opinion, surgical pathologic staging more accurately predicts survival than does clinical staging. Surgery alone appears to be adequate therapy for pathologic stage III laryngeal cancer. Addition of radiotherapy significantly improves survival in stage IV disease. PMID- 3755992 TI - Voice rehabilitation following laryngectomy. Myomucosal tracheoesophageal shunt. AB - Surgical procedures for speech rehabilitation following laryngectomy lack wide support owing to tumor recurrence, aspiration, stenosis of the fistula, and multiple surgical stages of limited usefulness in irradiated patients. The recent prostheses and their modifications have approximately a 70% success rate but similarly remain limited by the requisite maintenance and soilage. A mucosa-lined tracheoesophageal fistula with a functioning proximal muscle sphincter, created in one stage at laryngectomy, is described. This myomucosal unit can function with or without a prosthesis and potentially eliminates aspiration. Evolution of the flap design in an animal model is delineated and the clinical trial in six patients high-lighted. Five of the six have an excellent vocal quality without an associated air leak on phonation. Three function without a prosthesis. PMID- 3755993 TI - Multiple primary malignancies in head and neck cancer. AB - Multiple primary (MP) malignancies were found in 9.7% of 1961 patients with primary head and neck cancer diagnosed at The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, during the years 1975 to 1985. The index tumors were divided into six main groups. Out of the 190 MP malignancies, 46.9% were synchronous and 53.1% were metachronous. Seventy-four percent of MP lesions were noted during the first year after diagnosis of the index primary tumor. Patients with an index tumor in the upper aerodigestive tract had a significantly increased risk of developing a second cancer in the head and neck area. This risk was 5.94 for the oral cavity, 6.98 for the pharynx, 3.57 for the larynx, and 7.02 for the esophagus. Patients with an index tumor in the salivary gland or the thyroid gland had, respectively, a 3.59 and a 7.38 higher risk than the general population of developing a second tumor. Efforts aimed at improving the survival of patients with head and neck cancer must incorporate strategies for the prevention, early detection, and treatment of MP neoplasms. PMID- 3755994 TI - The surgical treatment of thyroid cancer. The primary disease. AB - Controversy surrounding the surgical treatment of thyroid cancer is discussed. The various approaches are lobectomy, isthmusectomy and lobectomy, subtotal thyroidectomy (sparing the capsule and some tissue on the contralateral side in an effort to decrease the complications of bilateral recurrent nerve paralysis and hypoparathyroidism), and total thyroidectomy. The surgical treatment options for each histologic type of thyroid gland malignancy are also discussed. For well differentiated carcinomas of the thyroid, a strong case is made for total thyroidectomy. PMID- 3755995 TI - Thyroid suppression and medical ablation for differentiated thyroid cancer. AB - Patients with thyroid cancer benefit from treatment with exogenous thyroid hormone for two reasons: it provides adequate levels of thyroid hormone to peripheral tissues, and it reduces the level of thyrotropin, which may be an important growth factor in patients with differentiated malignant neoplasms. The use of radioactive iodine for thyroid cancer is highly controversial. Its most appropriate applications are in follicular cancers, in older patients, and in distant functioning metastases. Its value in papillary cancer is questionable, particularly in young patients. There is a great need for effective basic and clinical research on the natural course of differentiated thyroid cancer and the effects of specific therapies. PMID- 3755996 TI - Recurrent infiltrating lipoma of the head and neck. Case report and literature review. AB - Lipomatous tumors with intramuscular infiltration are uncommon in the head and neck. Oral lipomas have been recorded in the literature; however, infiltration and recurrence have rarely been documented. We describe a case of an oral lipoma that did not have microscopic characteristics of malignancy, lipoblastomatosis, or atypia, but which showed intramuscular invasion and recurred twice after surgery. Although certain characteristics distinguish our case from congenital lipomatosis, the clinical picture is quite similar. Lipomas with intramuscular invasion uniformly tend to recur when they are not widely resected, whether in the trunk and extremities or in the head and neck. These lesions can rapidly enlarge and infiltrate local tissues, and they require wide resection with an attempt at preservation of important structures. Preoperatively, computed tomographic analysis allows a lipoma to be diagnosed by its low attenuation, and a grossly infiltrating tumor can be distinguished from the ordinary well encapsulated lesion. PMID- 3755997 TI - Pathologic quiz case 1. Lobular capillary hemangioma (pyogenic granuloma). PMID- 3755998 TI - Phosphorylation of skeletal and cardiac muscle C-proteins by the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. AB - Catecholamines are known to influence the contractility of cardiac and skeletal muscles, presumably via cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of specific proteins. We have investigated the in vitro phosphorylation of myofibrillar proteins by the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase of fast- and slow-twitch skeletal muscles and cardiac muscle with a view to gaining a better understanding of the biochemical basis of catecholamine effects on striated muscles. Incubation of canine red skeletal myofibrils with the isolated catalytic subunit of cAMP dependent protein kinase and Mg-[gamma-32P]ATP led to the rapid incorporation of [32P]phosphate into five major protein substrates of subunit molecular weights (MWs) 143,000, 60,000, 42,000, 33,000, and 11,000. The 143,000 MW substrate was identified as C-protein; the 42,000 MW substrate is probably actin; the 33,000 MW substrate was shown not to be a subunit of tropomyosin and, like the 60,000 and 11,000 MW substrates, is an unidentified myofibrillar protein. Isolated canine red skeletal muscle C-protein as phosphorylated to the extent of approximately 0.5 mol Pi/mol C-protein. Rabbit white skeletal muscle and bovine cardiac muscle C-proteins were also phosphorylated by the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, both in myofibrils and in the isolated state. Cardiac C-protein was phosphorylated to the extent of 5-6 mol Pi/mol C-protein, whereas rabbit white skeletal muscle C-protein was phosphorylated at the level of approximately 0.5 mol Pi/mol C-protein. As demonstrated earlier by others, C-protein of skeletal and cardiac muscles inhibited the actin-activated myosin Mg2+-ATPase activity at low ionic strength in a system reconstituted from the purified skeletal muscle contractile proteins (actin and myosin).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3755999 TI - Cultured Nb rat lymphoma cells in endocrine and cancer research. AB - This review outlines the establishment, properties, and use of two lines of cultured Nb rat lymphoma cells. The cultured cells have retained important properties of the cancers of origin, such as dependency on prolactin for growth and a high sensitivity to antineoplastic Vinca alkaloids. The cultures have been useful for defining the hormonal dependency of the lymphomas in the animal and for studying the progression of the lymphomas from hormonal dependency to autonomy. A new, specific and highly sensitive in vitro bioassay for lactogenic hormones has been developed from one of the cultures. The use of the lymphoma cell cultures has revealed unsuspected pharmacological differences between the closely related, clinically useful antineoplastic Vinca alkaloids, vinblastine and vincristine. The lymphoma cell cultures are also useful tools for studying biochemical, cell cycle related events which follow the mitogenic stimulation of cells by a polypeptide growth factor. PMID- 3756000 TI - Biosynthesis of polyglutamates of folates. AB - Folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS) catalyzes the synthesis of the poly-gamma glutamate forms of tetrahydrofolate and its co-enzyme adducts, as well as of the folate-analogue drugs. This paper reviews current knowledge of the preparations of FPGS from mammalian sources (rat, hog, mouse, and beef liver). Kinetic constants for the substrates and activators of FPGS are compared. Tetrahydrofolate and 5-formyltetrahydrofolate are excellent substrates for the enzyme. The Km values for the antifolates and their 7-hydroxy metabolites are much higher than those for the tetrahydrofolates. Aminopterin has higher activity with FPGS than does methotrexate, which partially explains its greater toxicity. 5-Formyltetrahydrofolate, which is used as a rescue agent in high-dose methotrexate-rescue chemotherapy, is a better alternate substrate of FPGS than is methotrexate and therefore is a potent competitive inhibitor of the glutamylation of methotrexate. Thus, low concentrations of the rescue agent prevent formation of cytotoxic polyglutamates of methotrexate. The pathway of the reaction is the addition of a glutamate residue to the terminal gamma-carboxyl of the pteridine substrate. That longer folylpolyglutamates are poorer substrates possibly is a result of this addition pathway. Pteroic acid activates FPGS by lowering the Km value of the pteridine substrate. It also greatly increases the activity of the synthetase at physiological pH values. PMID- 3756001 TI - The primary structure of the ribosomal A-protein (L12) from the moderate halophile NRCC 41227. AB - The complete amino acid sequence of the ribosomal A-protein (equivalent to L7/L12 in Escherichia coli) from a moderate halophile, NRCC 41227, has been determined using an automatic Beckman sequencer and by the manual Edman cleavage of peptides obtained from selective proteolytic cleavage of the ribosomal A-protein. The protein contains 122 amino acids and has a composition of Asp5, Asn2, Thr6, Ser6, Glu21, Gln2, Pro2, Gly12, Ala21, Val14, Met4, Ile4, Leu9, Phe2, Lys11, and Arg1, and a molecular weight of 12 537. It has a net negative charge of -14 and is, therefore, slightly more acidic than other eubacterial ribosomal A-proteins. The phylogenetic tree, obtained by computer analysis of the amino acid sequence of this and other eubacterial A-proteins, indicate these proteins form five subgroups within the eubacterial kingdom. The moderate halophile NRCC 41227 is part of a group of Gram-negative bacteria that include E. coli and another moderate halophile Vibrio costicola. The sequence data provides further evidence that the moderate and extreme halophiles have evolved by separate pathways. PMID- 3756002 TI - The supply of both CDP-choline and diacylglycerol can regulate the rate of phosphatidylcholine synthesis in HeLa cells. AB - The incorporation of [methyl-14C]CDP-choline into phosphatidylcholine was measured in HeLa cells permeabilized with 0.125 mg digitonin/mL. The rate of phosphatidylcholine formation was influenced by the concentration of CDP-choline in the medium. The CDP-choline:1,2-diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase in permeabilized cells showed a Km of 88 microM for CDP-choline. A similar Km value of 104 microM was found for cholinephosphotransferase in microsomes isolated from HeLa cells when assayed in the presence of 2.4 mM dioleoylglycerol. In the absence of added diacylglycerol, the Km for CDP-choline for the microsomal cholinephosphotransferase was only 38 microM. The incorporation of [methyl 14C]CDP-choline into phosphatidylcholine was stimulated by the supply of diacylglycerol in both HeLa cells and isolated microsomes. A 2.4 mM dioleoylglycerol suspension increased cholinephosphotransferase activity fourfold in microsomes. The digitonin-treated cells were impermeable to the dioleoylglycerol suspension. Incubation of permeabilized cells with 150 microM acyl-CoA and 0.8 mM glycero-3-phosphate tripled cellular diacylglycerol levels, causing a doubling in the rate of phosphatidylcholine synthesis. A similar incubation of microsomes with acyl-CoA stimulated phosphatidylcholine synthesis twofold. Furthermore, incubation of microsomes with [3H]diacylglycerol and [14C]CDP-choline showed that both of the substrates were incorporated into phosphatidylcholine at the same rate. This result suggests that the stimulatory effects on cholinephosphotransferase arise from increases in the availability of substrates rather than activation of the enzyme. These results suggest that both in the permeabilized cells and in isolated membranes, the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine can be limited by both CDP-choline and diacylglycerol. PMID- 3756003 TI - Visuoimaginal constructional apraxia: on a case of selective deficit of imagery. AB - We report a case of a patient with a left occipital lesion who presented a peculiar behavioral dissociation. He was able to copy pictures but not to draw a simple object without a visual model; the relationship among the component parts was altered in drawings produced under the guidance of his mental representations. We have called this disturbance "visuoimaginal constructional apraxia." The mechanisms underlying visuoimaginal constructional apraxia are investigated in an attempt to contribute to studies on the nature of mental imagery. PMID- 3756004 TI - Lateralized interference in finger tapping: comparisons of rate and variability measures under speed and consistency tapping instructions. AB - Forty right-handed college subjects tapped with and without a verbal task under two instructional conditions (tap as quickly as possible vs. tap as consistently as possible) and two levels of verbal production (silent vs. aloud). The tapping task consisted of the alternate tapping of two keys with the index finger of the left vs. right hands, while the verbal task was anagram solution. Three rate and four variability measures of tapping performance were evaluated in the identification of lateralized interference. The results indicate that reliable lateralized interference, more right-hand than left-hand tapping disruption, was observed only for variability measures under instructions to tap as consistently as possible. Furthermore, only one of these variability measures was sensitive to an increase in lateralized interference produced by verbal production. Because of the limited demonstration of verbal laterality effects with the two-key tapping procedure in this study, conclusions suggest that the simpler manual task of repetitive tapping of one key should be viewed as the method of choice in future dual-task studies. PMID- 3756005 TI - Sexual orientation and visuo-spatial ability. AB - On the basis of a literature review it was concluded that sex differences in cognitive ability and the etiology of male homosexuality may have a common biological base, leading to the prediction that in terms of cognitive ability homosexual males (HmM) would resemble heterosexual females (HtF) rather than heterosexual males (HtM). This prediction was investigated using visuo-spatial tasks on which males are known to perform better than females. In Experiment 1 HtM performed better on a water level task than HmM and HtF whose performances did not differ significantly. A different version of the water level task and the Vincent Mechanical Diagrams Test were used in Experiment 2; on both tasks the HtM performed better than the HmM and the HtF whose performance did not differ significantly. The results are interpreted as support for a common biological determinant of cognitive ability and male sexual orientation. PMID- 3756006 TI - Perceptual asymmetry for chimeric faces across the life span. AB - Perceptual asymmetries for processing chimeric faces were investigated in dextral subjects, ranging in age from 5 years to elderly adults. The task involved deciding which member of a pair of face chimeras presented in free vision looks happier, the one with the smile to the left or its mirror image with the smile to the right (Levy, Heller, Banich, & Burton, 1983a, Brain and Cognition, 2, 404 419). A leftward bias was found for all age groups. However, kindergarteners' mean asymmetry score was lower than that of all other groups combined, most likely due to noise in their data. The direction in which subjects drew circles with their left and right hands was also observed as an index of interhemispheric communication. All groups showed a bias toward drawing the circles in concordant directions except the kindergarteners. The relation between subjects' performance on the circle drawing and facebook tasks is discussed. PMID- 3756007 TI - Words and hemifields: do the hemispheres enjoy equal opportunity? AB - A common technique in research into cerebral asymmetry in both normal and clinical populations involves the use of lateralized visual displays. The validity of this approach depends on several generally implicit assumptions about the character of the cognitive processes involved. For example, when words are used as stimuli, cognitive processing is assumed to involve either "whole-word" or "ends-in" analysis. In this way, both hemispheres are assumed to have equal opportunities to recognize the word. These assumptions are critical, because if they are wrong, explanations based on established perceptual principles may provide a sufficient and more parsimonious explanation for hemifield asymmetries than hemispheric specialization theories. This point is developed and illustrated with particular reference to word recognition and classification. From a purely perceptual viewpoint, the right visual field advantage observed in tasks using word stimuli is to be expected given the presence of systematic biases in favor of initial characters or features of words and the relationship between retinal eccentricity and visual acuity. In other words, there is no need nor justification for a hemispheric account of visual field differences in such tasks. Some of the limiting conditions and theoretical implications of this argument are identified and discussed. PMID- 3756008 TI - On the possible dangers of using horizontal word displays in visual field studies. AB - In a sample of 100 four-letter words, there was more information about the identity of the words in the first letter than in the last letter. However, information asymmetry did not correlate with visual field differences in a lexical decision study. It therefore may be possible to use horizontally displayed short words in visual field studies without being concerned about peripheral factors. Different factors affect the recognition of vertical and horizontal displays, and the use of vertical displays is not advised. PMID- 3756009 TI - Visual laterality and the acuity gradient: potential artifacts and control procedures. AB - As visual stimuli are moved away from the fixation point toward either side, perceptibility falls off rapidly. This acuity gradient can influence visual half field differences if the two sides (or ends) of a stimulus do not provide equal amounts of task-relevant information. In general, performance should be better in the visual field with the more informative side of the stimulus closer to the fixation point. Kirsner and Schwartz (1986, Brain and Cognition, 5, 354-361) discuss implications for experiments using words. The present article considers the assumptions involved in an explanation of visual half-field differences in terms of the visual acuity gradient and offers guidelines for the design of experiments using letters, faces (and other nonverbal stimuli), and words. Special attention is given to the interpretation of Visual Field X Task Variable interactions and to the use of words with letters arranged vertically. It is concluded that, with sufficient care in their design and interpretation, visual laterality experiments are an important converging operation for the study of cerebral hemisphere asymmetry. PMID- 3756010 TI - Behavioral or hemispheric asymmetry: is there a default option? AB - The presence of acuity gradients as a moderating variable in hemifield research is not in question. Their importance as a determinant of hemifield differences is unclear, however. The major issues are as follows. First, do vertical displays provide an appropriate control for the acuity gradient? Second, do the initial letters of a word play a critical role in word recognition, either in information theoretic terms or because the lexicon is itself organized around access codes based on the initial letter or letters of words? Third, do behavioral and hemispheric accounts provide equally attractive explanations of Task Level X Visual Field interactions? Fourth, if the two accounts are equally attractive on empirical grounds, which is to be preferred? Each of these issues is addressed in this reply to M. P. Bryden's (1986, Brain and Cognition, 5, 362-368) and J. Hellige's (1986, Brain and Cognition, 5, 369-376) comments on our article (K. Kirsner & S. Schwartz 1986, Brain and Cognition, 5, 354-361). PMID- 3756011 TI - Influence of protein intake and liver function on acid base balance in premature infants. AB - In 43 patients with late metabolic acidosis (LMA) the factors promoting LMA were investigated. Postnatal adaptation was distributed in all cases, in 35 patients acidosis developed after introduction of formula feeding. Whereas no differences were observed in renal function (urine volume and renal molar excretion) between acidotic and non-acidotic patients, there was a significantly higher concentration of bile acids in serum (26.1 +/- 9.6 vs 98.6 +/- 21.6 mumol/l), a significantly increased fractional volume of stools (8.2 +/- 1.3 vs 11.4 +/- 1.9% of intake, and higher faecal fat excretion (26.5 +/- 5.2 vs 39.1 +/- 6.6% of faecal weight) in LMA patients than non-acidotic formula-fed infants. It is suggested that impaired postnatal development of liver function caused by severe disturbances of postnatal adaptation (respiratory distress, persistent fetal circulation, sepsis) is one of the most important factors in the pathogenesis of LMA. Thus, liver function should be checked before a protein intake surpassing that of a breastfed infant is introduced. Concentration of the serum bile acid level seems a reliable marker of LMA. PMID- 3756012 TI - Variable expressivity of hypertelorism in three siblings with Greig syndrome. AB - Two sisters and one brother are reported with a complex of congenital malformations, hypertelorism, mental retardation, flattened nasal root, divergent strabism++, mongoloid palpebral fissures, malformations of the ears, pathologic alterations of the eye-fundus in terms of optic nerve atrophy, all suggesting Greig syndrome. The major symptom of this syndrome, the hypertelorism, varied considerably in its expressivity in the three siblings. This fact is normally taken into consideration in the diagnosis of Greig syndrome, but we suggest that an alteration in skull formation should be the criterion for the syndrome rather than extreme hypertelorism. PMID- 3756013 TI - Deletion of 13q12.1 in a child with Coats disease. AB - Cytogenetic study of a child with the presumed clinical diagnosis of retinoblastoma of the right eye revealed del. 13q12.1. Histological examination of the removed eye showed changes which were characteristic of Coats disease. This finding is discussed. PMID- 3756014 TI - A recent aetiological study on facial clefting in Hungary. AB - A case-control epidemiological and family study was organized of 2024 index patients born between 1970 and 1976 affected by isolated cleft lip +/- cleft palate, isolated posterior cleft palate and multiple congenital abnormalities including facial clefting and of their matched control cases. The specific rate of affected parents and sibs was 2.4% and 4.2% in the isolated cleft lip +/- cleft palate sample, while 2.2% and 3.2% in the isolated posterior cleft palate group. The proportion of polygenic liability was about 77 +/- 8% in isolated cleft lip +/- cleft palate cases. Among teratogens, the triggering impact of certain anticonvulsants was confirmed. PMID- 3756015 TI - Prevalence of minor congenital anomalies in diabetic children. AB - The prevalence of 52 minor congenital anomalies (MCAs) was determined in 111 children with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), and in 111 healthy matched control subjects. The average MCA per person was 1.60 in diabetic children and 0.86 in the controls (p less than 0.001). The difference was exclusively due to the significantly higher proportion of subjects with 3 or more MCAs in the diabetic group (27.0 versus 9.9%; p less than 0.001). No specific MCA characteristic of IDDM was found. PMID- 3756016 TI - Limited joint mobility in diabetic children: a risk factor of diabetic complications? AB - Limited joint mobility (LJM) was detected in 24 of 55 children with type I diabetes. Among children with longer duration of diabetes (5 years) 15 of 25 had LJM. Ten of these 15 also had preclinical diabetic retinopathy. LJM, impaired respiratory function and early retinopathy together were detected in 8 patients. Three children had early retinopathy without LJM but two of them also had impaired respiratory function. The findings were not related to the degree of metabolic control. These results confirm the great importance of connective tissue changes in childhood diabetes with respect to the early development of diabetic microvascular disease. PMID- 3756017 TI - Pneumococcal infections during childhood: serotyping of pneumococcal strains from forty-six children. AB - The results of serotyping of forty-six strains of pneumococci isolated from children aged 3/12 to 14 9/12 years and diagnosed as having pneumonia, meningitis, primary peritonitis, otitis media, lymphadenitis, osteomyelitis, bacteraemia and conjunctivitis are presented. The results of serotyping and the frequency distribution of the detected serotypes were compared to the particular diagnoses established and the age at which the subjects involved had become ill. Questions of epidemiology and possibilities of immunoprophylaxis are discussed. Finally, the occurrence of pneumococci that are resistant to antibiotic agents are discussed since an isolated strain was found to show reduced susceptibility to penicillin G. PMID- 3756018 TI - [Clonazepam-induced tonic seizure]. PMID- 3756019 TI - [Clinicopathological studies on subependymal germinolysis]. PMID- 3756020 TI - [Age-related changes of P300 in children]. PMID- 3756021 TI - [Sleep study on patients with age-dependent epileptic encephalopathy--serial polysomnographical examination]. PMID- 3756022 TI - [Sustained attention and the influence of anticonvulsants on it in children with epilepsy or febrile convulsions]. PMID- 3756023 TI - [A case of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis (late infantile type) followed by CT and electrophysiological examinations for 7 years]. PMID- 3756024 TI - [Alternating hemiplegia in infants: a case report]. PMID- 3756025 TI - [Congenital hydrocephalus affecting siblings of both sexes--with special reference to its clinical features and the mode of inheritance]. PMID- 3756026 TI - [Dilution effect of serum creatine phosphokinase and myoglobin in progressive muscular dystrophy]. PMID- 3756027 TI - [A case of congenital muscular dystrophy (Fukuyama type) complicated by cystinuria]. PMID- 3756028 TI - [A case of multiple myeloma showing intracranial hypertension due to large cranial mass lesions]. AB - It is well known that the case of multiple myeloma shows punched-out lesions of the cranium without intracranial hypertension. In this paper a case of multiple myeloma is reported showing intracranial hypertension due to a large tumor that developed in the left parietal bone. There are only 13 case reports about cranial mass lesion of multiple myeloma since 1928. A 52 year-old female was admitted to Iwate Prefectural Isawa Hospital suffering from headache, nausea and vomiting. She had been already diagnosed as multiple myeloma and treated with chemotherapy using Cyclophosphamide, Melphalan and Prednisolone for 2 years. On admission, a large subcutaneous mass was presented on the left parietal region. Craniogram revealed large osteolytic lesion of the left parietal bone and 3 punched-out lesions of the frontal bone. CT scan revealed a large mass lesion in the left epidural space, diploe and subcutaneous space. Angiography showed avascular area. Brain scintigram showed diffuse hot area. Other skeletal bones showed no abnormality. Laboratory examination revealed high concentration of gamma-globulin and high erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Electrophoresis showed high value of immunoglobulin G; immunoglobulin assay was as follows: IgG-6000 mg/dl, IgA-150 mg/dl, IgM-410 mg/dl, IgE-0 mg/dl. Serum electrolytes were within normal limits. Urine didn't include Bence-Jones protein. The patient was diagnosed as multiple myeloma suffering from intracranial hypertension caused by large tumor which developed in the left parietal bone. On the operation, large tumor was existed in the epidural and subcutaneous space invading into the diploe but without infiltration into the dura mater or cerebral cortex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3756029 TI - [Experimental study on the origins of far-field SEP to median nerve stimulation in the cat]. AB - Results of various experimental and clinical studies on the origins of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) suggested that the far-field and early near field potentials are generated primarily from sources within the dorsal column medial lemniscal system. However, there are a few studies where direct depth recordings of SEP were performed and they were compared with surface-recorded SEP components. The purpose of this investigation is to determine the origins of somatosensory far-field and early near-field evoked potentials in cat by the analysis of distribution mode of surface-recorded SEPs, the comparison of depth recorded with surface-recorded SEPs and by the study of SEP changes caused by serial destruction of the structures relating to sensory pathway. A complex patterns of evoked potentials were recorded from cerebral epidural surface in cat by forelimb median nerve stimulation. The largest positive to negative slope was recorded from the epidural electrode on the sensory cortex contralateral to the stimulation. Five small positive potentials could be identified on the positive slope. We labeled these potentials as I, II, IIIA, IIIB, IV according to the report by Iragui-Madoz. The largest positive potential recorded from the VPL was coincident with the surface-recorded IIIB in latency at different interstimulus intervals. After transection of the midbrain-pons junction, IIIA remained unchanged, and the following waves disappeared. However, IIIA decreased in latency and markedly decreased in amplitude after transection of the pons at its rostral level. IIIA seems to be generated from the medial lemniscus at the level of osseous cerebellar tentorium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3756030 TI - [Effects of halothane on sensory evoked potentials]. AB - Intraoperative monitoring of central nervous system functions is useful for safe neurosurgical operations. For such a purpose, some kinds of sensory evoked potentials play significant roles, but their reliability during general anesthesia have not yet been established. The authors conducted experimental and clinical studies to reveal effects of halothane, a most popular anesthetic, on sensory evoked potentials. Eight adult cats, weighing 2.8-4.0 kg, were induced to anesthesia with thiopental and ether, and after tracheostomy and venous cannulation, they were immobilized with succinylcholine and artificially ventilated with mixture of oxygen, nitrous oxide halothane. The concentration of halothane was increased up to 4.0% by 0.5% steps. The body temperature, systemic blood pressure and carbon dioxide concentrations in expires gas were monitored continuously, and maintained within normal ranges as much as possible. The hypotension induced by halothane was easily corrected by dopamine infusion initially, but later became difficult to be controlled as the halothane concentration increased. In each concentration, short latency somatosensory evoked potentials by median nerve stimulations (SL-SEP), and brain stem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) were recorded. Active electrode was placed on the bregma, and reference electrodes were placed on a hindlimb for SL-SEP, on the tongue for BAEP recordings. Peak amplitudes of SL-SEP were gradually decreased and finally disappeared without apparent dose dependency. Relatively the peaks with longer latencies were more affected than those with shorter latency such as P1 and N1. In BAEP, decrement of the amplitude was apparent in the peaks with longer latencies with an obvious dose dependency.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3756031 TI - [The effect of low dose dopamine on CBF in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage]. AB - Cerebral blood flow was measured in 10 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage using the 133Xe inhalation methods. Regional cerebral blood flow (r-CBF) values were calculated with initial slope index, their values were compared with the blood flow response to the administration of low dose dopamine (DA). CBF values of just after and continuous administration of DA were compared with control values. The measurement of r-CBF was performed immediately after the infusion of 5 micrograms/kg/min DA for 30 min. The focal ischemic lesions decreased, bi hemispheric mean CBF value (7 cases without A-Com patients) increased by 10.3% significantly (paired T test), affected hemispheric mean CBF value increased by 8.7% significantly and non-affected hemispheric mean CBF value increased by 16.6% significantly. The PaCO2 value didn't change but the mean systemic blood pressure increased by 5.1% significantly. The CBF values of continuous administration of DA for 10 days to 2 weeks were measured. The CBF values increased during the administration of DA. The mean CBF values increased without the steal phenomenon and the mean arterial blood pressure increased slightly after the administration of DA. These phenomena were observed more significantly in non affected side than affected side. We suggest that the administration of DA increase the CBF values in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage due to the stimulation of DA receptor. PMID- 3756032 TI - [An autopsy case of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with dementia and neck extension]. AB - A 58-year-old man recognized hoarseness and dysarthria followed by weakness of the left upper extremity. Examination five months later disclosed dementia which was manifested dominantly by changes in personality and behavior, but also by symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. He became progressively weak, and his neck became rigid and extended for two months. He expired due to respiratory failure at the age of 60. At autopsy, the brain weighed 1120 g with atrophy of the temporal lobes. Microscopic examination revealed marked diminution of Betz cells with astrocytic proliferation in the motor cortex. There was a mild, localized spongy state in the upper layer in the frontal and temporal cortices. There were very few neurofibrillary changes and senile plaques, and no Pick's argentophilic bodies. Fibrillary gliosis was found in the white matter of the temporal lobes, external segment of the globus pallidus and the amygdaloid nucleus. The substantia nigra showed depletion of pigmented cells, free melanin pigment and reactive astrocytosis. A diminished number of motor neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord accompanied astrocytic gliosis, while the remaining cell contained many Bunina bodies. The pyramidal tracts showed mild degeneration bilaterally below the pyramis in the medulla. There are a number of cases in the literature whose pictures consist of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, dementia and/or extrapyramidal symptoms. This case is identical to those cases. But in this case, the clinical and pathological features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are more dominant than in other cases. PMID- 3756033 TI - [Time course of NMR images and T1 values associated with hypertensive intracerebral hematoma]. AB - The present study describes time courses in tissue T1 values, as well as in NMR imagings, associated with hypertensive intracerebral hematoma (ICH). Non operative 21 cases of ICH were examined by FONAR QED 80-alpha NMR system, which possessed dual modes of image display and focal T1 measurement (static magnetic field: 433 gauss). As the first step of examination SSFP images are displayed and then, at the regions of interest, absolute values of T1 are measured by field focusing technique. The extent of ICH was revealed as high density zone in NMR imaging, occasionally represented much wider extent of high density area than the finding on X-ray CT. Prolonged T1 values were obtained from such high density zone. This wide-spread high density area was regarded to reflect the spread of perifocal brain edema. T1 value of the hematoma itself was rather shortened in its initial phase within 2 weeks, thereafter followed by prolongation in the time lapse. This seemed to reflect the alterations in the properties of hematoma such as clot formation in earlier phase and resolution in later phase. On the contrary, T1 in the brain tissue surrounded to hematoma was apparently prolonged in the early phase within 2 weeks, representing the maximal values of 312 msec around 2 to 4 weeks after the onset, and then gradually normalized in the period over 1 month. This alteration in tissue T1 likely represents the processes of edema formation and its regression in perifocal zone. T1 values measured in perifocal region might be available for the evaluation of edema state in association with cerebrovascular accident. PMID- 3756034 TI - [Neonatal subdural hematoma secondary to tentorial tearing--clinical analysis on 48 survived cases]. AB - In order to evaluate the treatments of subdural hematoma in neonates and to observe their prognosis, we carried out clinical analyses on 48 survived cases in the past three years from Jan. 1979 to Dec. 1981. Based on CT observations, hematomas were grouped into four types according to their locations as follows: Type I, localized around the posterior interhemispheric fissure in 25 cases (52%); Type II, extending from the posterior interhemispheric fissure to the hemispheric convexity in five cases (10%); type III, extending from incisura to the posterior fossa in 15 cases (31%); and type IV, having subdural hematoma accompanied by intracerebral hemorrhage in three cases (7%). Intracranial pressure was measured via the anterior fontanelle in 13 cases. Ten patients who had extensive hemorrhage were found to exceed above 200 mmH2O in the pressure. Ages of the patients studied were 0 to 7 days old. There were 36 mature infants (75%) and 12 cases immature (25%). The maternal history of delivery was primiparous in 27 cases (56%). The fetal presentations were 38 cephalic (79%) and 10 suction deliveries (21%). The fundus oculi was examined on 32 patients. Retinal hemorrhage was noted in 12 cases. Operations were performed on 13 patients in total; one case in type I, four cases in type II, five cases in type III and three cases in type IV. Functional prognoses were found to be as follows; Type I; normal, 15 cases, abnormal, four and undetermined, six: type II; normal, four and abnormal, one: type III; normal, 13, abnormal, one, and undetermined, one: and type IV; normal, two and abnormal, one case. PMID- 3756035 TI - [Unruptured cerebral aneurysms: clinical analysis of 80 cases and its new classification]. AB - We experienced 94 unruptured cerebral aneurysms in 80 patients in our clinic between April 1979 and March 1985, and analyzed them in the light of the symptomatological factor, diagnostical factor, significance of aneurysm itself and its treatment. Based on these clinical analysis, unruptured cerebral aneurysms were classified into the following 4 groups; Group 1: intact aneurysm in multiple aneurysms in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, Group 2: asymptomatic aneurysm discovered incidentally during the investigation of various diseases other than cerebral aneurysm, Group 3: symptomatic aneurysm with compression or ischemic clinical signs, or subjective symptoms due to aneurysm, Group 4: asymptomatic aneurysm screened by a noninvasive method in healthy humans, or in patients with a risk factor for cerebrovascular diseases, with diseases predisposed to aneurysm, and with minor subjective symptoms unrelated to aneurysm. Group 1 included 36 aneurysms in 31 patients, with internal carotid aneurysms being predominant; the size of 3 mm was most frequently found and those smaller than 10 mm formed in 92%. An operation for aneurysm was performed in 17 patients without operative morbidity and mortality. Among 14 unoperated patients one died of hemorrhage from an unruptured cerebral aneurysm. Indication for operation in Group 1 is determined depending on the patient's severity due to initial SAH. Group 2 was composed of 13 aneurysms in 12 patients; internal carotid aneurysm and anterior cerebral aneurysm, 5 each, being dominant. The size of 3 mm was most frequently seen and all were smaller than 7 mm. An operation was performed in 5 patients all showing a favorable course.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3756036 TI - [A case of agenesis of the corpus callosum accompanied by a ruptured azygos anterior cerebral artery aneurysm and lipoma--a case report]. AB - A 53-year-old woman suffered from sudden onset of severe headache on February 28 in 1982. She was admitted to our hospital soon after onset. On admission, she had a severe headache and nausea, and her consciousness was drowsy. CT scan showed a marked subarachnoid hemorrhage with intracerebral and intraventricular hematoma, a separation of the lateral ventricles with enlargement of posterior horns, and deformity of anterior horn. By these findings, the patient was diagnosed as an agenesis of the corpus callosum with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Left carotid arteriogram revealed an azygos anterior cerebral artery and an aneurysm at the terminal portion of this artery. Surgery was performed on the 24 th day after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Operative finding revealed a little finger's head-sized tumor was situated over the right frontobasal artery. An azygos anterior cerebral artery aneurysm was clipped and tumor was removed. Pathological diagnosis of the tumor was a lipoma. Namely, she had an agenesis of the corpus callosum, an azygos anterior cerebral artery, an aneurysm and a lipoma. There are some reports in which an agenesis of the corpus callosum is accompanied with a lipoma and an azygos anterior cerebral artery is accompanied with an aneurysm. But a case of agenesis of the corpus callosum with an azygos anterior cerebral artery was rarely reported. So this rare case with these anomalies was reported and pathogenesis about the development of 4 anomalies was also discussed. PMID- 3756037 TI - Familial hypercholesterolaemia as an example of early diagnosis of coronary artery disease risk by DNA techniques. PMID- 3756038 TI - Survival of non-surgical patients with mild angina or myocardial infarction without angina. AB - A group of 408 catheterised patients who had mild angina or myocardial infarction without angina was selected in conformity with the criteria for entry into a previously reported randomised trial. Medical treatment had been chosen initially by the cardiologist, referring physician, or the patient, although 27% had late operation. Five year survival rates were 91% and 72% for mild angina with high or low ejection fractions and 85% for those who had myocardial infarction without subsequent angina. Survival rates were 95%, 88%, and 80% for one, two, and three artery disease respectively. For patients who had ejection fractions of at least 0.50, five year survivals were 95%, 89%, and 83% for one, two, and three artery involvement respectively. Good left ventricular function, single artery disease, and a short history were favourable prognostic variables in multivariate analysis of patients who had angina pectoris. Statistical methods of dealing with patients who had late operation influenced calculated survival, especially for patients at relatively high risk. The lower survival rates for the whole group and most subsets compared with survival rates in the randomised trial may be of clinical importance. PMID- 3756039 TI - Influence of infarct artery patency on the relation between initial ST segment elevation and final infarct size. AB - Thirty seven patients with acute myocardial infarction were studied to determine the effect of perfusion of the infarct artery on the relation between the extent of initial ST segment elevation and final electrocardiographic infarct size. The sum of the initial peak ST elevations in all leads correlated with electrocardiographic infarct size in patients with anterior infarction and total occlusion of the infarct artery without collaterals. In patients with anterior infarction and subtotal occlusion of the infarct artery and in all patients with inferior infarction, infarct size was smaller than predicted from the extent of initial ST segment elevation. Collaterals to the infarct artery were present in eight of the 10 patients with inferior infarction and total occlusion. In patients with a persistently occluded infarct artery without collaterals the final infarct size correlated with the extent of initial peak ST segment elevation. This study provides further evidence that spontaneous reperfusion by anterograde flow or via collaterals may salvage jeopardized myocardium. PMID- 3756040 TI - Regional variation in the timing and extent of left ventricular wall motion in normal subjects. AB - Right anterior oblique cineangiograms from 19 subjects without evidence of heart disease were analysed to assess regional non-uniformity in the time of onset of systolic inward motion, amplitude of systolic motion, time of peak inward motion, and wall motion during the isovolumic relaxation period. The left ventricular silhouette was digitised frame by frame for a full cardiac cycle. These four wall motion variables were quantitatively measured along 40 chords drawn from equally spaced points on the end diastolic silhouette to the nearest point on the end systolic silhouette. Onset of systolic inward motion was significantly non uniform, being delayed by up to 120 ms in the anterior apical chords compared with the areas of earliest inward motion near the base of the heart. More uniformity was noted in time of peak inward motion; the differences between regions were not statistically significant. Amplitude of systolic motion was significantly less at the apical and mid-anterior segments than elsewhere in the heart. Wall motion during the isovolumic relaxation period is outward and greatest in the mid-anterior segments, but inward in the proximal inferior segments and mitral valve region. These data suggest that contraction of muscle fibres in the anterior apical segments is initially isometric due to the considerable afterload at the onset of contraction, this afterload being the result of earlier contraction elsewhere in the ventricle. This may partly explain the propensity for aneurysms to be located in the anterior apical region. When the timing and extent of wall motion in disease states are analysed, account must be taken of the non-uniformity in the normal heart. PMID- 3756041 TI - Evaluation of aortic valve prolapse in ventricular septal defect. AB - Angiographic criteria for the recognition of aortic valve prolapse in isolated ventricular septal defect were based on the degree of aortic cusp deformity and the presence or absence of aortic regurgitation. Ninety eight consecutive patients with isolated perimembranous or infundibular ventricular septal defects who were catheterised and had aortography performed were reviewed. They included five with postoperative ventricular septal defects and three with additional mild right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Eighteen were found to have aortic valve prolapse. Although eight of the 18 were noted to have aortic regurgitation angiographically, only three had an early diastolic murmur. Only eight of the 18 patients had cross sectional echocardiographic findings suggestive of prolapse. All of these had at least moderate prolapse angiographically. Cross sectional echocardiography was found to be insensitive in diagnosing mild degrees of aortic valve prolapse. A trend towards a decreasing left to right shunt was noted as the degree of aortic valve prolapse increased. Spontaneous decrease in the size of a ventricular septal defect may be due to unrecognised aortic valve prolapse without clinical evidence of aortic regurgitation. PMID- 3756042 TI - Anatomical correction for complete transposition and double outlet right ventricle: intermediate assessment of functional results. AB - Thirty three patients were followed up after anatomical correction of transposition of the great arteries or double outlet right ventricle and subpulmonary ventricular septal defect (Taussig-Bing anomaly). There were no late deaths and clinical progress was excellent. Cardiac catheterisation was performed in 17 patients two weeks to 44 months after operation. There were six patients with simple transposition, six with complete transposition and large ventricular septal defect, and five with the Taussig-Bing anomaly. Pressure gradients across the right ventricular outflow tract ranged from 5 to 72 mm Hg, being greater than 40 mm Hg in five patients. No patient was shown to have important valvar regurgitation and in 15 patients the coronary anastomoses were widely patent. Left ventricular function was assessed from digitised ventriculograms. Ventricular volume, shape, and ejection fraction were all normal for the group although patients with complex transposition showed a significantly lower mean (SD) ejection fraction than those with simple transposition (62(9) vs 77(9]. Analysis of regional wall motion showed a totally normal pattern in four patients; however, in seven patients a characteristic abnormality of anterior hypokinesis with delayed onset of inward wall motion was seen. Anatomical correction of transposition of the great arteries and the Taussig-Bing anomaly can be performed with satisfactory anatomical and functional results. The implications of the left ventricular wall motion abnormalities is unknown. PMID- 3756043 TI - Assessment by cross sectional echocardiography of surgical "mitral valve" disease in children and adolescents. AB - The anatomy of the left atrioventricular valve, a mitral valve unless there is atrioventricular discordance, was determined by cross sectional echocardiography in 15 young patients with congenital lesions and seven with rheumatic lesions. These results were compared with findings at operation. The preoperative diagnosis was accurate in 18 (80%). In the remaining four patients inaccurate echocardiographic diagnosis was due to the mistaken identification of clefts in redundant and multicuspid valves and of absent chordae that were thought to be ruptured chordae. In four patients a subvalvar abnormality was identified by echocardiography. With care, cross sectional echocardiography was a reliable method of defining abnormal anatomy in serious mitral disease and it predicted the need for replacement or the possibility of repair. In the absence of additional lesions invasive investigation was unnecessary. PMID- 3756044 TI - Intravenous and oral amiodarone for arrhythmias in children. AB - Oral amiodarone was administered to 30 children (aged one week to 14 years) for treatment of resistant or life threatening tachycardias. Five children received initial intravenous medication. The mean duration of oral treatment ranged from two weeks to 64 months (mean 23 months). Infants required a higher oral dose than older children when this was calculated on the basis of body weight but not when it was calculated on the basis of body surface area, indicating that the prescribed dose of amiodarone for infants should be calculated on the basis of body surface area. Although plasma concentrations of amiodarone were similar in infants and children, the plasma concentration of the metabolite desethylamiodarone was lower in infants. The arrhythmias were effectively controlled, by amiodarone alone in 19 and by amiodarone in combination with other drugs in nine children; amiodarone was ineffective in the remaining two children. Unwanted effects were common but were not significantly related to the dose, duration of treatment, or plasma concentration of amiodarone when group results were analysed. Grey facial skin pigmentation developed in two patients who received high cumulative doses of amiodarone and in whom plasma concentrations of amiodarone were high. Four children with biochemical hepatic dysfunction had high plasma concentrations of amiodarone and a further four children who experienced sleep disturbance had required high doses of amiodarone. PMID- 3756045 TI - Peripartum heart disease: an endomyocardial biopsy study. AB - Endomyocardial biopsies were performed in 11 African women in Nairobi who presented with the clinical features of peripartum cardiomyopathy. The samples were studied by light and electron microscopy. In five patients there was evidence of a "healing myocarditis", that is the presence of a mild inflammatory cell infiltration within the myocardium with foci of necrosis and variable amounts of hypertrophy and fibrosis. Of the nine patients who were followed up, three out of four with myocarditis had persistent heart failure and four out of five without myocarditis improved. Peripheral blood T lymphocyte cell subsets were measured in nine patients by means of monoclonal antibodies. A high helper:suppressor T cell ratio was found in three patients. Almost half of this group of patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy had myocarditis in their biopsy specimens. The myocarditis may have been due to an inappropriate immunological reaction in some patients. PMID- 3756046 TI - Pathological features of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy without asymmetrical septal hypertrophy. AB - In a heart with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy without asymmetrical septal hypertrophy the number of transmural myocytes, the mean size of myocytes, and the percentage area of interstitial space were similar in the ventricular septum and left ventricular posterior wall, whereas in a reported series of 14 hearts with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with asymmetrical septal hypertrophy the number of transmural myocytes was greater in the ventricular septum than in the left ventricular posterior wall. In hearts with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy without asymmetrical septal hypertrophy the mean size of myocytes was significantly greater than that of normal hearts, but the number of transmural myocytes was not increased. The extent and distribution pattern of myocardial fibre disarray and fibrosis in the left ventricle were similar in hearts with hypertrophic myopathy whether or not asymmetrical septal hypertrophy was present. PMID- 3756047 TI - Saddle block with pethidine for perineal operations. AB - Saddle blockade with pethidine hydrochloride was performed in 111 patients undergoing short surgical operations on the perineum. A dose of 5% pethidine 0.5 mg kg-1 was injected to the subarachnoid space at L4-5 or L5-S1 with the patient in the sitting position. Sensory blockade was achieved in 5.28 +/- 1.43 min. This extended to the sacrococcygeal area, perineum, buttocks and posterior surface of thighs, and was followed 1-2 min later by motor blockade. During the operation the patients were stable haemodynamically and no respiratory depression was recorded. Sensory blockade lasted for 141 +/- 26.06 min and was followed by postoperative analgesia, the mean duration of which was 301 +/- 98.38 min. Postoperative neurological complications were recorded in three patients (2.7%): headache alone in one, headache associated with backache in one, and leg weakness, backache, nuchal rigidity and photophobia in another. Seven patients (6.3%) complained of itching, five patients (4.5%) of nausea and vomiting and two (1.8%) developed urinary retention. PMID- 3756048 TI - Extradural analgesia and retinal haemorrhage in the newborn. AB - The incidence and severity of retinal haemorrhage were examined in 976 babies born by vaginal delivery. The influence of the method of analgesia, instrumental delivery and parity was studied. The mothers of 638 infants received extradural analgesia, while the other 338 received either narcotics or no analgesia. Extradural analgesia did not lead to a higher incidence of retinal haemorrhage, even though the number of vacuum extractions was doubled. With increasing parity, the total frequency and the frequency of severe retinal haemorrhage decreased (P less than 0.001). Severe retinal haemorrhage was not seen in any baby of whom the mother was para 4 or more. PMID- 3756049 TI - Interaction of isoflurane with the binding of drugs to proteins in serum and liver cell cytosol. An in vitro study. AB - The influence of isoflurane on the binding to human serum and isolated human serum albumin (HSA), of drugs (diazepam, phenytoin and warfarin) highly bound to serum proteins, was studied in vitro by equilibrium dialysis. Distribution dialysis was used to determine the effect of isoflurane on the concomitant binding of the drugs to human serum and rat liver cytosol. Isoflurane (3.3% and 5%) significantly suppressed the binding of diazepam only to HSA by 70 and 81%, respectively. Under clinically relevant experimental conditions, isoflurane increased the free fractions of diazepam and phenytoin by 16 and 11%, respectively. During distribution dialysis 5% of the anaesthetic decreased the binding of both diazepam and phenytoin to human serum by 55%, whereas drug binding to liver cytosol was decreased by 36% for diazepam only. Isoflurane exercised no significant effect on the protein binding of warfarin. It is concluded that any interactions with drug protein binding during isoflurane anaesthesia are unlikely to be of clinical significance. PMID- 3756050 TI - A microprocessor-controlled gas mixing device. AB - This paper describes the use of solenoid valves for the production of binary gas mixtures. The system is controlled by a microprocessor and is capable of delivering accurate flows and concentrations of gases over the ranges commonly used in anaesthesia. Since the flow produced by the valves is pulsatile, a system for mixing the gases and smoothing the pulses is described. A back pressure regulator is fitted downstream of each of two mixing/damping chambers and a method of using this as a flow transducer is described. The advantages of this system over conventional rotameters are discussed. PMID- 3756052 TI - Effect of nitrous oxide on the output of three halothane vaporizers. AB - The effect of changing the composition of the carrier gas from 66% nitrous oxide in oxygen to 100% oxygen was examined in three halothane vaporizers (Fluotec Mk 3, Drager Vapor 19 and Abingdon halothane vaporizer). All showed a transient increase in output following the discontinuation of the nitrous oxide. The effect was minor (2-8% of indicated output) and short-lived (1-4 min) at the fresh gas flows used. The steady-state output of the vaporizers, once the transient response was over, was found to be lower with 100% oxygen as carrier gas than it had been with 66% nitrous oxide in oxygen. The difference was minor in the case of the Drager Vapor 19 (1% of indicated output) and Fluotec Mk 3 (5% of indicated output), but greater in the case of the Abingdon (15% of indicated output). PMID- 3756051 TI - Excessive work of breathing during intermittent mandatory ventilation. AB - Difficulties were experienced in weaning a patient from a ventilator by means of intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV). The difficulty was overcome by installing an alternative IMV system (Hudson "disposable IMV valve") through which the patient drew her spontaneous breaths. Laboratory measurements showed that the resistance of the ventilator breathing system was much higher than that of the alternative system, mainly as a result of the resistance of the humidifier. It was calculated from measurements with a preset pattern of simulated breathing that the extra, external, work of breathing through the ventilator breathing system was approximately 1.5 times the normal internal mechanical work of breathing for a normal patient; with the alternative system, the extra work was only 0.5 times the normal. It is stressed that the breathing systems of IMV ventilators should be judged with the same rigour as other systems through which the patient is required to breathe spontaneously. It is recommended that manufacturers should provide the necessary information. PMID- 3756053 TI - Rupture of the stomach in a diving accident with attempted resuscitation. A case report. AB - A compressed air diver suffered pulmonary barotrauma with arterial air embolization; resuscitation was unsuccessful. Attempts at resuscitation included mouth-to-mouth ventilation and cardiac massage. A chest radiograph taken during resuscitation revealed free intraperitoneal air. Postmortem examination showed rupture of the stomach. The two possible aetiological factors--barotrauma of ascent and cardiopulmonary resuscitation--are discussed. PMID- 3756054 TI - Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl during constant rate i.v. infusion for the relief of pain after surgery. AB - Forty-five patients in four groups undergoing orthopaedic, upper abdominal, prolonged or cardiac surgery received a constant rate i.v. infusion of fentanyl 100 micrograms h-1, for 24 h starting 2 h before surgery. A single bolus dose was given i.v. at the induction of anaesthesia. Plasma fentanyl concentrations, measured by radioimmunoassay were between 1 and 3 ng ml-1 until the infusions were discontinued. Clearance of fentanyl was decreased in the cardiac surgery group only. The elimination half-life was 7.3-9.7 h. This simple regimen produced effective analgesia. PMID- 3756055 TI - Clinical study of so-called unconscious perception during general anaesthesia. AB - Ninety-one patients undergoing biliary tract surgery were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups in which different sounds were administered, by means of earphones, in a double-blind design. The effects of the administration of positive suggestions, noise or operating theatre sounds on the postoperative course were studied. Results showed that exposure to positive suggestions during general anaesthesia, as compared with noise or operating theatre sounds, protected patients older than 55 yr against prolonged postoperative stay in hospital. PMID- 3756056 TI - Comparison of wakefulness with two anaesthetic regimens. Total i.v. v. balanced anaesthesia. AB - Fifty-five patients were assigned randomly to receive either a total i.v. anaesthetic based on a two-stage infusion of etomidate plus increments of fentanyl or a regimen based on inhaled nitrous oxide with i.v. fentanyl increments. Using the isolated forearm technique, 44% of the nitrous oxide group were found to be wakeful at some time during surgery, whereas only 7% of the etomidate group were wakeful. There was one case of awareness in the nitrous oxide group. PMID- 3756057 TI - Methohexitone anaesthesia for microlaryngoscopy: circulatory modulation with metoprolol and dihydralazine. AB - Anaesthesia for microlaryngoscopy was induced and maintained with fentanyl 3 micrograms kg-1 and methohexitone (initial bolus of 1-1.5 mg kg-1 plus subsequent infusion of 4 mg kg-1 h-1). Suxamethonium was used to induce neuromuscular blockade. Twenty minutes before induction of anaesthesia, previously normotensive patients (n = 35), and patients with hypertension well controlled by beta receptor antagonists (n = 16) were pretreated with metoprolol (M) 0.2 mg kg-1 i.v. and dihydralazine (DH) 0.2 mg kg-1 i.v., dihydralazine 0.2 mg kg-1 i.v. alone, or saline. Arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR) were monitored: any arrhythmia and ST60-T changes were noted. After the methohexitone infusion was stopped, the times for emergence and full recovery were short (median 2 min 15 s and 5 min later, respectively). Pretreatment with M + DH abolished increases in AP and HR during endoscopy. Arrhythmias were observed in fewer pretreated patients than in controls (P less than 0.05). ST60-T changes in the ECG indicating myocardial ischaemia were found in two of 19 M + DH and in six of 21 saline-pretreated patients. One of these six patients developed a myocardial infarction. Pretreatment with dihydralazine alone attenuated the pressor response to microlaryngoscopy, but was associated with consistently high HR and an incidence of arrhythmias as well as ST60-T changes similar to that found after saline. PMID- 3756058 TI - Pharmacokinetics of conventional and slow-release verapamil. AB - Verapamil is a racemic mixture of two optical isomers, the (-)-form being the more active component. Recent studies indicate a rapid hepatic transformation of (-)-verapamil, which results in different concentration-effect relationships after oral and intravenous administration. In practice the important pharmacokinetic properties of verapamil are low bioavailability (20%), predominant elimination by metabolism (greater than 95%) and a relatively short half-life (t1/2, beta is 3-5 h). After repeated dosing, the rate of hepatic drug clearance seems to decrease. Slow release (SR) formulations of verapamil may offer certain therapeutic advantages during long-term treatment. A comparison of conventional (C) and SR tablets in a 1-week treatment of eight cardiac patients showed a relative bioavailability (AUCSR/AUCC) of 90 +/- 30%. More stable serum drug levels were maintained by 12-hourly administration of SR verapamil. A further study using a new 240 mg SR preparation in patients with arterial hypertension showed that even a single daily dose can be sufficient for adequate blood pressure control over 24 h. PMID- 3756059 TI - Calcium channel blockade: an alternative to diuretic therapy. PMID- 3756060 TI - Assessment of quality of life in cardiovascular therapy. PMID- 3756061 TI - Calcium antagonists and their future clinical potential. An international symposium. London, March 27-28, 1985. PMID- 3756062 TI - The effect of cigarette smoking on 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase and other monooxygenase activities in human liver: analyses with monoclonal antibodies. AB - Four cytochrome P-450 enzyme activities, 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (ERDE), coumarin 7-hydroxylase (CH), 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase (ECDE) and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) were measured in human liver needle biopsy samples from smokers and non-smokers. Cigarette smoking was verified and quantitated by measuring plasma cotinine levels. Enzyme inhibitory monoclonal antibodies (MAb) to a 3-methylcholanthrene-induced (MAb 1-7-1) and phenobarbitone-induced (MAb 2 66-3) rat hepatic cytochrome P-450 were used to measure the contribution of MAb defined, epitope-specific cytochromes P-450 to the total reaction measured for each of the above activities. ERDE activity was significantly elevated in the livers of cigarette smokers, whereas AHH, CH or ECDE activities were not affected by cigarette smoking. No correlation was observed between plasma cotinine concentration and ERDE activity. MAb 1-7-1 inhibited hepatic ERDE activity to a variable extent (from 0 to 65%), but had very little or no effect on AHH, CH or ECDE activities. The inhibitory effect of MAb 1-7-1 on ERDE activity was greater than 50% in the non-smokers. MAb 2-66-3 had no inhibitory effect on any of the enzyme activities studied. In contrast to liver both ERDE and AHH on human placental microsomes from cigarette smokers were inhibited by MAb 1-7-1. The MAb 2-66-3 was without effect. Cigarette smoking induces a form of P-450 in human liver, responsible for ERDE activity, that contains an epitope recognized by MAb 1-7-1. This form of cytochrome P-450 is insensitive to MAb 2-66-3 and is not contributing to AHH, CH or ECDE activities of human liver. PMID- 3756064 TI - A comparison of the ventilatory, cardiovascular and metabolic effects of salbutamol, aminophylline and vasoactive intestinal peptide in normal subjects. AB - Intravenous infusion of placebo for 30 min followed by either salbutamol 10 micrograms min-1, aminophylline 0.2 mg kg-1 min-1 or vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) 6 pmol kg-1 min-1 for 30 min was performed in a single blind fashion in six normal volunteers. Both salbutamol and aminophylline increased minute ventilation, (P less than 0.05) the mean increase being 26% and 19% respectively. Aminophylline also increased the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide by 47% (P less than 0.05) when measured by hyperoxic rebreathing, whereas salbutamol and VIP were without significant effect. All three drugs caused a tachycardia, mean increase in the pulse being 16, 8 and 2 beats min-1 for salbutamol, aminophylline and VIP respectively, and aminophylline also increased both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure increasing by 14 mmHg. VIP caused haemoconcentration and salbutamol the expected changes in plasma biochemistry. Plasma catecholamines increased slightly during drug infusion, although this effect is unlikely to be important. PMID- 3756063 TI - Influence of gender and oral contraceptive steroids on the metabolism of salicylic acid and acetylsalicylic acid. AB - Salicylic acid and acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) disposition after an oral dose of aspirin, 900 mg (equivalent to 689.7 mg of salicylic acid) was studied in eight males, eight females and eight females receiving oral contraceptive steroids (OCS). Salicylic acid clearance was 61% higher in males compared to the control female group, an effect due largely to enhanced activity of the glycine conjugation pathway (salicyluric acid formation) in males. Salicylic acid clearance was 41% higher in OCS-users compared to the control female group due to increases in both the glycine and glucuronic acid conjugation pathways in the pill users. There was no difference in any salicylic acid disposition parameter between males and OCS-users. Area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and elimination half-life of aspirin was significantly greater and aspirin plasma hydrolysis rate was significantly lower in both female groups compared to males. There was no difference between OCS-users and the control female group in any of these parameters. Aspirin AUC and elimination half-life were significantly correlated with aspirin plasma hydrolysis rate. These data confirm the importance of hormonal factors in the regulation of drug conjugation reactions in humans and suggest that sex-related differences in salicylic acid and aspirin disposition may be of clinical importance. PMID- 3756065 TI - Comparative pharmacokinetics of caffeine and its primary demethylated metabolites paraxanthine, theobromine and theophylline in man. AB - The pharmacokinetics of caffeine (CA), paraxanthine (PX), theobromine (TB) and theophylline (TP) were studied in six healthy male volunteers after oral administration of each compound on separate occasions. The total plasma clearances of CA and PX were similar in value (2.07 and 2.20 ml min-1 kg-1, respectively) as were those for TP and TB (0.93 and 1.20 ml min-1 kg-1, respectively). The unbound plasma clearances of CA and PX were also similar in magnitude (3.11 and 4.14 ml min-1 kg-1, respectively) as were those of TP and TB (1.61 and 1.39 ml min-1 kg-1, respectively). The half-lives of TP and TB (6.2 and 7.2 h, respectively) were significantly longer than those of CA and PX (4.1 and 3.1 h, respectively). The volume of distribution at steady state of TP (0.44 l kg 1) was lower than that of the other methylxanthines (0.63-0.72 l kg-1). The unbound volume of distribution of TP (0.77 l kg-1) was however the same as that of TB (0.79 l kg-1) whereas the unbound volume of distribution of PX (1.18 l kg 1) was similar to that of CA (1.06 l kg-1). PMID- 3756066 TI - Quantitative assessment of caffeine partial clearances in man. AB - Five subjects who participated in an earlier study (Lelo et al., 1986b) of the comparative pharmacokinetics of caffeine (CA) and its primary monodemethylated metabolites paraxanthine (PX), theobromine (TB) and theophylline (TP) were administered CA to steady-state. Using areas under the plasma concentration-time curves for each of the dimethylxanthines derived from CA in the steady-state study and individual plasma clearances of PX, TB and TP determined in the previous study, the fractional conversion of CA to PX, TB and TP and the individual partial clearances of CA have been defined. The mean (+/- s.d.) fractional conversion of CA to PX, TB and TP was 79.6 +/- 21.0%, 10.8 +/- 2.4% and 3.7 +/- 1.3%, respectively. When only demethylation pathways are considered PX, TB and TP accounted for 83.9 +/- 5.4%, 12.1 +/- 4.1% and 4.0 +/- 1.4%, respectively of the CA demethylations. The mean partial clearance of CA to PX was approximately 8-fold and 23-fold greater than those to TB and TP respectively. These data confirm earlier reports that PX is the major metabolite of CA in humans but suggest that PX formation is quantitatively more important than previously believed. PMID- 3756067 TI - Sparteine oxidation is practically abolished in quinidine-treated patients. AB - In eight patients a sparteine-test was carried out immediately before and after 1 week of treatment with quinidine 600-800 mg day-1. Before treatment one patient was classified as a poor metaboliser (metabolic ratio: greater than or equal to 20), and seven patients as extensive metabolisers. During quinidine treatment, the formation of sparteine metabolites (2- and 5-dehydrosparteine) was practically abolished. Patients initially classified as extensive metabolisers thus exhibited the phenotype of poor metabolisers during quinidine treatment. PMID- 3756068 TI - Quinidine: potent inhibition of sparteine and debrisoquine oxidation in vivo. PMID- 3756069 TI - Effects of verapamil and nisoldipine on human platelets: in vivo and in vitro studies. PMID- 3756070 TI - Risk factors in peritonitis. PMID- 3756071 TI - The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) 1899-1986--a short review. PMID- 3756072 TI - Chronic glutethimide abuse. PMID- 3756073 TI - Pseudomembranous colitis of the right colon complicated by colonic dilatation. PMID- 3756074 TI - Metastatic cutaneous squamous carcinoma--an unusual cause of extra-hepatic obstructive jaundice. PMID- 3756075 TI - Pelvic complications after excision of the rectum. PMID- 3756076 TI - Passive smoking. PMID- 3756077 TI - Prognostic significance of CEA immunoreactivity patterns in large bowel carcinoma tissue. AB - In order to determine the clinical value of CEA detection in large bowel cancer tissue the patterns rather than the intensity of immunoreactivity of CEA reactive antibodies were analyzed in 312 large bowel cancer patients especially in relation to patient survival. CEA immunoreactivity appeared to be distinguishable into a predominantly apical/cytoplasmic and a predominantly membranous pattern. Twenty-four (7.7%) tumours were found to be CEA negative or only focally positive. Two hundred and eighty-three (90.7%) of the carcinomas showed a predominantly apical/cytoplasmic immunoreactivity pattern, whereas 5 (1.6%) of the tumours revealed mostly membranous CEA immunoreactivity. CEA negative or focally positive carcinomas and CEA positive tumours with membranous immunoreactivity were significantly more often observed in the group of poorly differentiated carcinomas (P greater than 0.001), but showed no significant correlation with stage of tumour extension (P = 0.11). Also, these carcinomas demonstrated a more aggressive course in patients compared to CEA positive tumours with an apical/cytoplasmic CEA expression pattern. We, therefore, conclude that determination of the pattern of CEA immunoreactivity in large bowel cancer tissue may enable the detection of subgroups of patients with a poor prognosis. PMID- 3756078 TI - The effect of adriamycin and 4'-deoxydoxorubicin on cell survival of human lung tumour cells grown in monolayer and as spheroids. AB - Using growth delay and clonogenic cell survival as end points, we have shown that the 3-dimensional structure of human lung tumour spheroids confers a degree of resistance to the anthracyclines adriamycin and 4'-deoxydoxorubicin, relative to cells grown as monolayer. 4'-deoxydoxorubicin induces a longer growth delay and greater clonogenic cell kill than adriamycin in spheroids, although it is no more cytotoxic in monolayer (exponential and plateau phase). There is a log linear relationship between clonogenic cell survival and duration of adriamycin exposure in monolayers, and biphasic curve with a lesser degree of cell kill for disaggregated spheroid cells. Using fluorescent microscopy we have demonstrated, qualitatively, that the more lipophilic analogue partitions into the spheroid more rapidly and to a greater degree than adriamycin. It is possible that adriamycin penetration is a relatively important aspect of spheroid drug resistance, which may be related to intraspheroidal pH gradients, and that we have partially overcome this by using a lipophilic analogue. PMID- 3756080 TI - Differences in oestrogen receptors in malignant and normal breast tissue as identified by the binding of a new synthetic progestogen. AB - Oestrogen receptor protein (ER) was detected in 9 of 11 samples of malignant breast tissue and 8 of 9 samples of normal breast tissue. Levels of cytosolic ER (ERc) in malignant breast were 21-1102 fmol mg-1 soluble protein (Kd 1.8 X 10(-9) 3.1 X 10(-8) mol l-1) and those of nucleosolic ER (ERn), 13-526 fmol mg-1 soluble protein (Kd 2.1 X 10(-9)-1.4 X 10(-8) mol l-1). In normal breast tissue ERc levels were 33-640 fmol mg-1 soluble protein (Kd 1.3 X 10(-10)-3.2 X 10(-9) mol l 1), ERn was detected in only 2 samples, 8 and 87 fmol mg-1 soluble protein with Kd 3.2 X 10(-9) and 1.4 X 10(-9) l mol-1 respectively. 17 alpha-ethinyl-13 beta ethyl-17 beta-hydroxy-4,15-gonadiene-3-one (gestodene), a new synthetic progestogen displaced 3H-oestradiol (3H-E2) from both ERc and ERn in malignant tissue but not in normal breast, or these receptors from endometrial tissue. In competition studies gestodene was approximately 3 times more effective in displacing 3H-E2 from ERc and ERn in malignant breast tissue than the natural ligand. Quantitation of ER by gestodene were ERc, 12-1134 fmol gestodene bound mg 1 soluble protein (Kd 1 X 10(-9)-8.1 X 10(-9) mol l-1); ERn, 17-531 fmol gestodene bound mg-1 soluble protein (Kd 1.6 X 10(-9)-1.1 X 10(-8) mol l-1). L-13 ethyl-17 alpha-ethinyl, 17 beta-hydroxy-gonen-3-one (levonorgestrel) showed no binding to ER in malignant breast, normal breast or endometrial tissue. In circulation both gestodene and levonorgestrel displaced E2 from sex hormone binding globulin more than any of the androgens tested. These results suggest that gestodene is a progestogen with oestrogenic and/or antioestrogenic properties and provide strong evidence for differences in ER from malignant and normal breast tissue. PMID- 3756079 TI - Plasma lipids and prolactin in patients with breast cancer. AB - In a comparative study of pre- and postmenopausal women with benign and malignant breast disease, a number of differences were observed in circulating plasma prolactin and lipid concentrations. Plasma lipids, phospholipids, triglycerides, cholesterol and free fatty acids were all higher in blood obtained from breast cancer patients prior to surgery. HDL-Cholesterol levels were significantly lower in these patients. These differences remained when the patient groups were sub divided according to menopausal status. Plasma prolactin concentrations were also found to be higher in cancer compared with non-cancer patients, this effect being more marked in premenopausal than in postmenopausal patients. Premenopausal patients with invasive or poorly differentiated disease had significantly higher prolactin levels than those with non-invasive disease. No correlations were found between plasma prolactin and any of the lipid fractions. PMID- 3756081 TI - A novel technique for measuring human tissue pO2 at the cellular level. AB - Some electron-affinic drugs, developed as hypoxic cell radiosensitizers, become selectively bound to the molecules of hypoxic cells by metabolism. This technique has been used to identify zones of chronically hypoxic cells in multicellular spheroids and animal tumours. Tritiated-misonidazole was administered to a patient with advanced melanoma 22 h prior to the surgical resection of a large metastatic s.c. lesion growing on the face. Autoradiographic analysis of histological sections revealed zones of intense labelling by the radioactive drug, indicative of tumour cells which were chronically hypoxic. This technique appears to provide an indirect measurement of tissue pO2 at the cellular level from which estimates of the tumour hypoxic fraction can be made. These data are encouraging as regards the development of 'sensitizer-adduct' procedures for the invasive and non-invasive measurement of hypoxia in both tumours and normal tissues. PMID- 3756083 TI - Prognostic factors in thyroid tumours. AB - Using Cox's Proportional Hazard Model, we have demonstrated the influence of age, sex, microscopic tumour type, extent of primary tumour, nodal status and the presence of metastases on prognosis, in our population of 441 patients with thyroid carcinoma. The TNM classification contributes significantly to survival, but does not include other contributory prognostic variables, whereas the prognostic index developed by the EORTC thyroid study group, which takes account of age and histology, proved a reliable predictor of survival for our patient group. PMID- 3756082 TI - The sarcoidosis-lymphoma syndrome. AB - Analysis of 17 cases of coexistent sarcoidosis and malignant lymphoproliferative disease, supplemented with 29 similar cases reported in the literature indicates that this association is not fortuitous. In addition, significantly more malignancies other than lymphoma were found in this group of patients. A sarcoidosis-lymphoma syndrome appears to exist in which malignant lympho proliferative disease develops at least 5.5 times more often than expected in middle-aged patients with chronic active sarcoidosis, possibly as a consequence of the immunologic abnormalities observed in the latter disease. PMID- 3756084 TI - Risk of contralateral breast cancer in Denmark 1943-80. AB - The incidence of a second primary breast cancer in the contralateral breast among 56,237 women with a first primary breast cancer diagnosed between the years 1943 80 in Denmark was established. The relative risk (RR) for a breast cancer patient to get yet another breast cancer was studied, taking account of age, stage and treatment of the first primary breast cancer. Based on 345,573 women years at risk and 1,840 non simultaneous contralateral breast cancer cases the overall relative risk (RR) of invasive cancer in the contralateral breast following a first primary breast cancer, was found to be 2.8 (95% Confidence Interval (CI); 2.7-3.0). Among women who survived 10 or more years the risk was higher among those irradiated for the primary breast cancer (RR = 2.6) than among non irradiated (RR = 2.0). In the large group of patients with localized disease the association with radiation was obvious for all ages combined (irradiated RR = 3.0, not irradiated RR = 1.6), but not obvious among premenopausal (age less than 45 years) and perimenopausal (age 45-54 years) women at primary breast cancer until followed for 20 years. The RR was higher among irradiated than non irradiated post-menopausal (age greater than 55 years) women from the time of diagnosis of the first cancer, but was not significant after 14 years of follow up. The probability for a woman diagnosed with breast cancer at 45 years of age or younger, of developing a contralateral breast cancer if surviving to the age of 75 years, is 25%. Close surveillance of the remaining breast of breast cancer patients is advised, especially if young or following an irradiated localized primary breast cancer. PMID- 3756086 TI - Cytotoxicity of enantiomers of gossypol. PMID- 3756085 TI - Case-control study of multiple myeloma and farming. AB - A previous case-control study which utilised the occupational information available on the New Zealand Cancer Registry found an increased risk of multiple myeloma in agricultural workers consistent with previous findings in the United States. The findings are now presented for the second phase of the study which involved interviewing 76 cases of multiple myeloma (who had been included in the previous study) together with 315 controls with other types of cancer. The previous finding on an excess of farmers in the case group was confirmed by the interview data (odds ratio = 1.7, 95% confidence limits 1.0-2.9, P = 0.04). There were no significant differences between cases and controls regarding potential exposure to phenoxy herbicides or chlorophenols. There were also no significant differences regarding activities involving potential exposure to other agricultural chemicals, although the odds ratio for fencing work, which may involve exposure to arsenic and sodium pentachlorophenate, was 1.6 (95% confidence limits 0.9-2.7, P = 0.11). The odds ratios were significantly elevated for sheep farming (odds ratio = 1.9, 95% confidence limits 1.0-3.6, P = 0.04) and exposure to beef cattle (odds ratio = 1.7, 95% confidence limits 1.0-2.9, P = 0.05). The odds ratio was also elevated for persons reporting a history of hay fever (odds ratio = 1.9, 95% confidence limits 1.0-3.5, P = 0.05). Overall, these findings suggest that the search for the causes of elevated mortality in farmers from multiple myeloma should be directed to potential causes other than pesticide exposure. PMID- 3756088 TI - Advances in the applications of monoclonal antibodies in clinical oncology. London, 28-30 May 1986. PMID- 3756087 TI - Isolation and characterization of a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line resistant to doxorubicin. PMID- 3756089 TI - Operation manual for control of production, preclinical toxicology and phase I trials of anti-tumour antibodies and drug antibody conjugates. Prepared by a Joint Committee of the: Cancer Research Campaign National Institute for Biological Standards and Control. PMID- 3756090 TI - Hidradenitis suppurativa: an androgen-dependent disorder. PMID- 3756091 TI - Fine needle aspiration cytology in dermatology: a clinicopathological appraisal. AB - The possible clinical value of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has been assessed prospectively in 60 patients presenting with cutaneous lesions. The cytological diagnosis in each case has been compared with the clinical diagnosis and biopsy result. The principal potential use appears to be the rapid confirmation of the clinical diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma to allow immediate referral for radiotherapy or plastic surgery. FNAC could also prove useful when the clinical diagnosis of malignant melanoma is in doubt and primary diagnostic excision is difficult or disfiguring. Accurate distinction could usually be made between benign and malignant lymphoproliferative conditions, but further classification was difficult. Metastatic malignancy could be diagnosed with ease and other characteristic cytological appearances were seen with naevocellular naevi, pyogenic granuloma and pilar cysts. However, there were limitations in achieving an accurate diagnosis in approximately half the cases, and consequently, FNAC cannot be regarded in general as a substitute for histological diagnosis. PMID- 3756092 TI - Periungual and subungual arteriovenous tumours. AB - We describe the clinicopathological findings in five cases of an acquired vascular tumour involving periungual or subungual tissue. We believe that these represent acral arteriovenous tumours (cirsoid aneurysms). There are no previous reports of subungual or periungual acral arteriovenous tumours. PMID- 3756093 TI - Thalidomide in the treatment of neuro-Behcet's syndrome. AB - No relapses of symptoms in a patient with neuro-Behcet's syndrome were observed after the addition of thalidomide to chlorambucil and prednisolone therapy. At present, the patient has been free of symptoms for 3 years. This observation, together with those reported from the literature, strongly support a re evaluation of thalidomide therapy in certain life-threatening diseases such as neuro-Behcet's syndrome. PMID- 3756094 TI - Cholinergic dermographism. AB - We report a patient with cholinergic urticaria in whom stroking the skin produced a band of erythema studded with the small weals characteristics of cholinergic urticaria. This response was suppressed by pre-treatment with topical scopolamine. Light and electron microscopy of the weal showed mast cell degranulation and a moderate mononuclear cell infiltrate. PMID- 3756095 TI - Occupational high-pressure injection injury. PMID- 3756096 TI - Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans granulomatosa. PMID- 3756097 TI - Expression of two G-6-PD genes in an XX phenotypic male. AB - The glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) gene is located on the X chromosome. Normal males have a single gene and produce a single G-6-PD type, while normal XX females may be heterozygotes for two different G-6-PD genes. We report the case of a phenotypic male who was found to be heterozygous for two G-6 PD enzymes. Cytogenetic analysis showed that he was a 46,XX male. PMID- 3756098 TI - Different platelet specificities of heparin-dependent platelet aggregating factors in heparin-associated immune thrombocytopenia. AB - Delayed onset heparin-associated thrombocytopenia (HAT) is thought to be a result of formation of antiplatelet antibodies which cause platelet aggregation in the presence of heparin. Platelet aggregation in response to serum from patients with HAT has been studied in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) from a panel of normal blood donors. Heparin-dependent aggregation with any HAT serum occurred in PRP from only some donors. PRP from the non-responding donors did, however, aggregate in the presence of heparin with other HAT sera. The same patterns of aggregation or lack of response to HAT sera were seen in washed platelet suspensions. Heparin (0.06-2 U/ml) did not cause aggregation in the presence of normal serum with PRP from these donors. However, in PRP from four of the 17 individuals studied, heparin (0.25-1 U/ml) alone caused rapid platelet aggregation and some HAT sera heated at 56 degrees C caused platelet aggregation without added heparin. Sub aggregating concentrations of adrenaline could replace heparin in promoting aggregation by heated HAT sera in PRP of the other donors. HAT IgG showed the same platelet specificities as the serum in causing either heparin- or adrenaline dependent aggregation. Thus in HAT, antibodies are directed towards different platelet antigens which are expressed differently in different individuals. Platelet activation by heparin and adrenaline either exposes these antigens or causes aggregation of antibody-coated platelets. PMID- 3756099 TI - Bone marrow purging procedure in Burkitt lymphoma with monoclonal antibodies and complement: quantification by a liquid cell culture monitoring system. AB - Using B1, Y29/55 and AL2 monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) to target Burkitt lymphoma (BL) cell lines, we defined optimal conditions to lyse, in the presence of baby rabbit complement, BL cells in excess bone marrow (BM). After the purging procedure, down to one residual BL cell in 10(6) normal ones was detectable with a liquid cell culture assay. Using a cocktail of three MoAbs, on five different cell lines were observed more than 4 log BL cell depletion in samples contaminated with 1% BL cells and only one failure of the procedure on 17 experiments. However, a sixth line was constantly resistant to the procedure. PMID- 3756100 TI - Paraformaldehyde-fixation-dependent antibodies. PMID- 3756101 TI - Balanced globin synthesis by Hb K Woolwich heterozygotes. PMID- 3756102 TI - A role for glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex in the binding of IgE to human platelets and platelet IgE-dependent cytotoxic functions. AB - A possible relationship between binding sites for Immunoglobulin E (IgE) on human platelets, involved in IgE-dependent cytotoxic functions of platelets against helminth parasites, and well-characterized platelet constituents involved in haemostasis, was investigated. We first explored the interaction with IgE of platelets from patients with rare inherited deficiencies of defined platelet constituents and functions: Glanzmann's thrombasthenia, Bernard-Soulier and grey platelet syndromes. We report that only type I and II thrombasthenic platelets, which lack the membrane glycoproteins (GP) IIb and IIIa, failed to bind IgE and to exhibit IgE-dependent effector functions. Since thrombasthenic monocytes, however, showed normal interaction with IgE, this defect appeared restricted to platelets. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies directed against GP IIb-IIIa complex, but not monoclonal antibody directed against GP Ib, inhibited the binding of IgE to normal platelets, and their IgE-dependent cytotoxicity. Taken together, these findings indicate a relation between the GP IIb-IIIa complex and the expression of IgE binding sites and IgE-dependent effector functions in human platelets. PMID- 3756103 TI - Inverse relationship between megakaryocyte buoyant density and maturity. AB - We examined the relationship between rat megakaryocyte buoyant density and maturation stage in continuous Percoll density gradients. An average of 88% of megakaryocytes had buoyant densities less than 1.054 g/ml. There was an inverse relationship between megakaryocyte buoyant density and maturation. Morphologically mature forms comprised 90% of the megakaryocytes with buoyant densities of 1.030-1.033 g/ml. In contrast, immature morphology was present in three-quarters of megakaryocytes with buoyant densities of 1.042-1.046 g/ml. These morphological findings were confirmed by [3H]thymidine labelling studies. Cell viability assessed by trypan blue exclusion was highest among more dense megakaryocytes of which the majority were immature. The lowest trypan blue exclusion was found in the less dense, predominantly mature megakaryocytes indicating that these cells are more susceptible to membrane damage during marrow suspension. Megakaryocyte DNA content distributions and platelet antigen levels, determined by two-colour flow cytometry, were also related to megakaryocyte density; the more dense megakaryocytes showed an approximately two-fold higher proportion of 8N cells and less platelet antibody binding than did less dense megakaryocytes. These studies suggest that megakaryocytes can be fractionated according to their buoyant densities into immature and mature populations suitable for molecular studies of differentiation. PMID- 3756104 TI - Sickle cell anaemia among Eti-Turks: haematological, clinical and genetic observations. AB - Haematological and genetic observations have been made on 71 SS Eti-Turk patients and their relatives from Cukurova (southern Turkey) and of immigrant families in The Netherlands. Similar data were collected for 25 Black patients and their relatives from Surinam, Netherlands Antilles, and Kenya. Haematological and clinical results were the same for both groups; the haemolytic anaemia in the Turkish patients was as severe as in the others. Haplotyping, involving nine restriction sites, identified haplotype 19 (Antonarakis et al, 1984) as the major type among the Eti-Turks; this chromosome has previously primarily been observed among SS patients from West Africa. The suggestion that the beta S-chromosome among Eti-Turks originates from that area is supported by a relatively high incidence of alpha-thalassaemia-2 (the 3.7 kb deletion), also frequently present in the Black population of West Africa, and by the absence of other major haplotypes, such as types 20 and 3, characteristic for the beta S-chromosome in the population of Central Africa and Kenya, and in Senegal, respectively. The Saudi Arabian type of beta S chromosome in association with the haplotype 19 beta S chromosome was present in only one Eti-Turk patient; this 30-year-old female was mildly affected and exhibited a high level of fetal haemoglobin. PMID- 3756105 TI - Organization of the zeta-alpha genes in Chinese. AB - Analysis of alpha and zeta genes in 101 healthy normals and hospitalized patients with non-haematological diseases revealed a 3% incidence of alpha thalassaemia in the local Chinese population of Hong Kong. Triple alpha genes were found in only one person while triple zeta genes were more prevalent, occurring in 13 subjects. Studies of 28 unselected patients with Hb H disease indicated a predominance of the rightward alpha gene deletion. The extent of alpha gene deletion in homozygous alpha thalassaemia 1 was at least 18.1 kb, beginning from the BamH I site 3' to the zeta 1 gene and includes the psi alpha, alpha 2 and alpha 1 genes. Nineteen of the 20 chromosomes bearing the alpha thalassaemia 1 deletion had identical zeta-intergenic hypervariable region suggesting a common origin of this mutation. The co-inheritance of alpha thalassaemia in beta thalassaemia subjects was 8%, but did not ameliorate the clinical features of those with homozygous beta thalassaemia. PMID- 3756106 TI - Sex differences in susceptibility to toxic industrial chemicals. PMID- 3756107 TI - Respiratory disability in ex-cotton workers. AB - A high proportion of textile workers handling cotton and flax complain of respiratory symptoms and show a loss in lung function. These effects are reversible in the early stages but the degree to which they lead to permanent respiratory disability is unknown. Two surveys were therefore conducted in which respiratory function and symptoms were compared in ex-textile workers and in control subjects who had never been exposed to textile dusts. One survey was of ex-flax workers in Northern Ireland. The present survey was of ex-cotton workers in Lancashire. A survey of random population samples in Oldham and Bolton, in both of which cotton had formerly been the most important source of employment, was conducted. After allowing for age, height, and smoking, lung function was about 2-8% lower in the ex-textile workers than in controls who had never been exposed to any dust. Ex-textile workers were slightly shorter than the controls, suggestive of past social and nutritional deprivation which may have contributed to the decrement in lung function. There was evidence of a small but increasing decrement in lung function with an increase in a "dust exposure" score. For men, about 15 years of heavy dust exposure was associated with a loss in FEV1 equivalent to that shown by light or ex-smokers. For women, 15 years of heavy dust exposure appeared to be associated with a decrement in FEV1 about half that of light smoking. PMID- 3756108 TI - Symptoms and longitudinal changes in lung function in young seasonal grain handlers. AB - A total of 119 seasonal grain handlers (mean age 23) were assessed before and towards the end (mean work period 18 days) of the 1983 Western Australian grain harvest to determine if respiratory symptoms that occur with exposure to grain dust are associated with changes in ventilatory capacity or non-specific bronchial reactivity to methacholine. Eighteen per cent of subjects had wheeze, breathlessness, or chest tightness and 18% had cough or sputum production at work. Subjects complaining of wheeze, chest tightness, or breathlessness at work had a significantly greater decline in FEV1 than subjects who did not experience these symptoms (p less than 0.05). Symptoms were not associated with changes in bronchial reactivity. In young grain handlers who develop respiratory symptoms on short term exposure to grain dust changes in FEV1 but not in non-specific bronchial reactivity have been demonstrated. PMID- 3756109 TI - Dissolution of stainless steel welding fumes in the rat lung: an x ray microanalytical study. AB - The dissolution of stainless steel welding fumes produced by manual metal arc (MMA) and metal inert gas (MIG) techniques was studied by transmission electron microscopy and quantitative x ray microanalysis in the lungs of rats after inhalation exposure. Rats exposed to stainless steel fumes generated by MMA were found to have two particle populations of different behaviour in their lung tissue. The particles of the principal population (size 100-250 nm) dissolved in both alveolar macrophages and type 1 epithelial cells in about two months. Fast and slowly dissolving components of chromium, manganese, and iron were detected within these particles; they obviously represent different chemical compounds. The particles of the minor population (size 5-100 nm) showed no signs of dissolution during three months follow up. Rats exposed to stainless steel fumes generated by MIG had only one particle population in their lung tissue; they were similar to those of the minor population in the MMA/SS fumes and no solubility could be detected within three months. PMID- 3756110 TI - Occurrence of cancer in women in the meat industry. AB - A follow up study of 7261 white women from a meatcutters' union was conducted between July 1949 and December 1980. Proportional mortality ratio (PMR) and standardised mortality ratio (SMR) analyses, using the United States general population mortality rates, were conducted for the group as a whole and for subgroups defined according to the four main job categories in the meat industry, and a fifth category of workers from outside the industry but belonging to the same union (control group). At least a threefold risk of death was observed both for myeloid leukaemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas among workers in the meat department of retail food stores. No excess risk from these diseases was observed in the control group. SMRs of 4.56, 4.02, and 1.95, which were statistically significant, were observed for lung cancer among workers in chicken slaughtering plants, meatpacking plants, and retail food stores respectively. The lung cancer SMR for abattoir workers was 1.41 (not significant) and 1.11 for workers in non meat companies. The role of potentially harmful exposures within the industry in the occurrence of these excesses is discussed. PMID- 3756111 TI - Mechanisms of cardiovascular regulation in male rabbits chronically exposed to cadmium. AB - Male rabbits received 20 micrograms/ml of cadmium in drinking water for nine months. At the end of the treatment aortic vascular resistance was increased, whereas maximum rate of increase in left ventricular pressure, aortic blood flow, stroke volume, cardiac output, left ventricular minute work, and left ventricular stroke work were reduced. Arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and the index of myocardial oxygen consumption were not modified. The exposed rabbits also showed reduced pressor responses to vagotomy, increased cardiovascular responses to angiotensin I and II and isoprenaline, and lower responses to serotonin and guanethidine; the bradycardia induced by clonidine was augmented; the cardiovascular effects of bilateral carotid occlusion, hexamethonium, phenylephrine, histamine, acetylcholine, tyramine, papaverine and verapamil were unaltered. In the treated rabbits cadmium was appreciably higher in the kidney than in the heart; however, renal concentrations of cadmium were lower than those reported as critical for workers exposed to cadmium. Zinc was increased in the kidney but not in the heart, whereas copper remained unchanged in the examined organs. In rabbits treated with cadmium the increased aortic vascular resistance and the reduced myocardial contractility contribute to preserve a haemodynamic equilibrium without alteration of blood pressure and heart rate; the question of whether a similar condition may be present in people exposed to cadmium with normal cardiovascular parameters is discussed. PMID- 3756112 TI - Evaluation of the chelating action of methicillin in prolonged experimental metallic mercury poisoning. AB - Studies were conducted to measure the effect of methicillin on the urinary excretion of mercury in rabbits poisoned for three months by mercury vapour. Simultaneously, studies were done to compare the quantity of eliminated mercury after treatment with methicillin or penicillamine (Cuprenil). The results show that the urinary excretion of mercury in animals treated with either drug was clearly greater than in untreated controls. Furthermore, the quantity of eliminated mercury after treatment with methicillin was significantly greater than after treatment with penicillamine. PMID- 3756113 TI - Urinary excretion of ethoxyacetic acid after experimental human exposure to ethylene glycol monoethyl ether. AB - Ten healthy male subjects were exposed to ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGEE) under various conditions of exposure concentration and physical workload and their urinary excretion of ethoxyacetic acid was followed up for 42 hours. Maximal excretion of ethoxyacetic acid was reached three to four hours after the end of the four hour exposure period. Afterwards, ethoxyacetic acid excretion declined slowly with a biological half life of 21-24 hours. Ethoxyacetic acid excretion increased as the uptake of EGEE increased as a consequence of higher exposure concentration or pulmonary ventilation rate during physical exercise. On average, 23.1 +/- 6.3% of EGEE was recovered as ethoxyacetic acid within 42 hours and the recovery did not change as the uptake of EGEE increased. Quantitative relations between ethoxyacetic acid excretion and EGEE uptake were obtained and the relevance of ethoxyacetic acid excretion as a measure for exposure to EGEE is discussed. PMID- 3756114 TI - Assessment of occupational exposure to 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane (methylene dianiline) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of urine. AB - A new specific and sensitive method has been used to monitor workers from five different factories where 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane (methylene dianiline) (DDM) was being used. The isolation and identification of an N-acetyl conjugate of DDM, a major metabolite of DDM found in human urine, is reported for the first time. The use of this biological monitoring method will allow the assessment of the absorption of DDM and help in monitoring improvements in work practices, particularly where exposure may occur through pathways other than inhalation. PMID- 3756115 TI - Neuropsychological studies on lead workers in Singapore. AB - The neuropsychological performance of a group of 49 workers occupationally exposed to lead was compared with a matched control group of 36 non-exposed workers. The psychometric measurements were composed of tests covering a broad range of different neuropsychological functions, particular emphasis being given to perceptual motor ability and attention concentration functioning. A questionnaire to assess subjective symptoms in mood, sleep disturbance, poor concentration and forgetfulness, somatic complaints, and social passivity was also included in the battery of tests. Compared with the controls, the performance of the lead workers was found to be significantly poorer for digit symbol, Bourdon-Wiersma, trail making test (part A), Santa Ana test, flicker fusion, and simple reaction time. In terms of subjective symptoms the exposed group also reported significantly more complaints of anxiety and depressed mood, poor concentration and forgetfulness, and other somatic complaints. These differences were observed among lead workers with a mean blood lead value of 2.35 mumol/l (SD 0.7). PMID- 3756117 TI - A study of lung function in coalworkers' pneumoconiosis. PMID- 3756116 TI - Outbreak of legionnaires' disease from a cooling water system in a power station. AB - In September and October 1981 six cases of pneumonia occurred among men working in a power station under construction. Three were identified as cases of legionella pneumonia and two others had serology suggestive of legionella infection. In a sample of 92 men from the site 10 had low levels of antibodies to legionella; a similar sample of men working on an adjacent site showed none with positive serology. In a case control study it was found that cases of pneumonia were more likely than controls to have worked on a part of the site where four small capacity cooling towers were located. Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 was isolated from the water systems of these four towers but was not found in samples from any other cooling towers or hot or cold water outlets on the site. It would appear that there was airborne spread of the organism from these cooling water systems which had not received conventional treatment to inhibit corrosion and organic growth. This is the first outbreak of legionnaires' disease to be recorded in an industrial setting in the United Kingdom. No cases of legionella infection have occurred on the site since the introduction of control measures. PMID- 3756118 TI - Combined cataract and glaucoma surgery. PMID- 3756119 TI - Combined intracapsular cataract extraction and trabeculectomy with Severin five loop posterior chamber intraocular lens. AB - The efficacy and safety of a combined operation for cataract and glaucoma is established. This procedure of combined cataract extraction and trabeculectomy is taken one step further by the simultaneous insertion of the Severin intraocular posterior chamber lens implant. The results of treating 24 eyes in terms of control of glaucoma are discussed. Postoperative miotics may be required to improve stability of the implant, especially after delivery of the lens through a pupil rendered tight by long term preoperative miotic administration. PMID- 3756120 TI - Clinical and electrophysiological observations in patients with low pressure retinopathy. AB - The clinical, angiographic, and electrophysiological features of seven patients with transient visual loss and low-pressure retinopathy are presented. Six of the patients also had symptoms of cerebral ischaemia. The commonest provoking feature was bright light. Angiography showed multiple extracranial occlusions involving both internal and external carotid arteries in addition to occlusion or stenosis on the contralateral side. Electroretinography showed delay in the recovery of the b wave in the affected eye after exposure to bright light. This appears to be a valuable test for the detection of minor degrees of ischaemic damage to the retina caused by insufficiency of the retinal and choroidal circulation. PMID- 3756121 TI - Retinal toxicity of amphotericin B in vitrectomised versus non-vitrectomised eyes. AB - The retinal toxicity of intravitreally administered amphotericin B was compared in non-vitrectomised versus vitrectomised rabbit eyes. Doses of 5 and 10 micrograms in both groups resulted in transient vitritis but had no effect on electroretinograms. Histopathological examination four weeks after injection showed vitreous cells and minimal areas of retinal necrosis in both groups at 5 or 10 micrograms doses. At these doses vitrectomy did not modify the retinotoxic effects of intravitreally administered amphotericin B. At higher doses marked toxicity was found in both vitrectomised and non-vitrectomised groups. PMID- 3756122 TI - Ocular histopathology of acrodermatitis enteropathica. AB - Acrodermatitis enteropathica is the clinical expression of congenital zinc deficiency and is now treated with supplemental zinc. This report details the ocular histopathology of a child who died before efficacious treatment was available. The findings include corneal epithelial thinning and loss of polarity, anterior corneal scarring and loss of Bowman's membrane, cataract formation, ciliary body atrophy, retinal degeneration, RPE depigmentation, and optic atrophy. PMID- 3756123 TI - Measurement method of the anterior chamber volume by image analysis. AB - A new computerised method of measurement of the anterior chamber in the human eye is described. Photographs of the anterior chamber were taken with a Zeiss slit lamp 75-SL and converted from an optical image into a true image by computer with a digitiser. We obtained data on both the anterior chamber volume and also the anterior chamber depth, peripheral anterior chamber volume, the diameter of the anterior chamber, and the degree of the iridocorneal angle. These data were simultaneously displayed several seconds after in-put by the digitiser. In mensuration by digitiser on three occasions from a single photograph of a given eye the mean deviation rate was about 0.7%, and the mean deviation rate of 10 successive exposures of one eye was 3.5%. By this image analysis technique an accurate profile of the anterior chamber is displayed of the pupil margin, iris root insertion, and central anteroposterior pupillary axis. These data help us to understand the mechanism of primary angle-closure glaucoma. PMID- 3756124 TI - Suppression and retinal correspondence in intermittent exotropia. AB - Suppression scotomas and retinal projection (retinal correspondence) were measured in six intermittent exotropes during deviation. Measurements used red green anaglyph stimuli presented on a black background which could be varied from 3.4 minutes of arc to 3 degrees 24'. Results showed non-suppression of all points between the fovea and the diplopia point. Harmonious anomalous retinal correspondence was usually observed. Two subjects had spontaneous changes from anomalous retinal correspondence to normal retinal correspondence without a concurrent change in ocular position. Conventional testing resulted in more variable results in regard to retinal correspondence and suppression, suggesting that non-suppression and anomalous retinal correspondence occur when black backgrounds are used for testing. PMID- 3756125 TI - Lacrimal sac mucoepidermoid carcinoma. AB - A single case of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the lacrimal sac was considered worth reporting as there are only four other cases described in the literature. The importance of the correct histological diagnosis and the management are discussed. This appears to be the first study of the ultrastructure of lacrimal sac mucoepidermoid tumour. PMID- 3756126 TI - Role of sphincterotomy in extracapsular cataract surgery. AB - Forty patients subjected to extracapsular cataract extraction with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation in whom a sphincterotomy was required are reported on. This method was used to counter the problems created by a small pupil during surgery. The technique is described and results evaluated. PMID- 3756127 TI - The burden of genetically determined eye disease. AB - We determined the underlying aetiology of blindness for the registered blind population of the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador. In both 1981 and 1984 single-gene disorders accounted for 30% of total blindness and congenital defects for another 10-11%. Genetically determined conditions, diabetes, and senile macular degeneration (SMD) were the three leading causes of registration in each year, 1980-4. We calculated mean ages of registration and mean ages of death over the last four years for five major aetiological groups. Patients with genetic conditions were registered at a much younger age and had a correspondingly longer duration of blindness (21 years as compared with 5 years for either diabetes or SMD). Total 'person-years of blindness' was then calculated from the product of this duration of blindness and the total numbers registered in each group. This index shows that the overall individual and population impact of monogenic blindness is overwhelmingly greater than that of other causes (6849 person-years compared with 270 for diabetes and 430 for SMD). In view of this frequency and duration of monogenic blindness, and also of the substantial hereditary liability to relatively common causes of blindness such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and high myopia, we suggest that more attention needs to be paid to elucidating the genetic contribution to blindness. PMID- 3756128 TI - Blindness and partial sight in an elderly population. AB - A cross sectional, prevalence survey of eye disease in the population over 75 years old of Melton Mowbray has been used to examine the accuracy and completeness of the Blind and Partially Sighted Registers. The Blind Register had high sensitivity and specificity but was found to underestimate the prevalence of blindness by a factor of 1.1. The Partially Sighted Register had high specificity, but the sensitivity was only 50% and it underestimated the prevalence of partial sight by a factor of 1.5. Seven persons eligible for registration, but previously not registered, were found, two as blind and five as partially sighted. This represented 21% of the registrable visually impaired population. PMID- 3756130 TI - Intraoperative keratometry with the oval comparator (astigmometer). AB - The Astigmometer is a simple accessory which is attached to a surgical microscope. It allows precise suturing of the cataract wound and reduced the amount of postoperative astigmatism at six weeks. This allowed rapid visual rehabilitation and more active patients. It obviated the removal of sutures in the postoperative period in most patients (90%). However, stable results after one year were obtained with selective suture cutting without the use of intraoperative keratometry. This was almost as good as in the astigmometer group, but the percentage of astigmatism less than 1 dioptre was reduced and that greater than 2 dioptres was increased. PMID- 3756129 TI - Prolactinoma presenting with intermittent third nerve palsy. AB - A patient presented with a painful third nerve palsy. This resolved spontaneously, but recurred several months later. At his second presentation carotid angiography gave normal results, but a high resolution CT scan showed a tumour in the right parasellar region. The serum prolactin was raised at over 22,000 millimicrons/, showing this to be a prolactinoma. PMID- 3756131 TI - Cryosurgery for trichiasis in black patients. AB - A total of 34 lids with aberrant lashes were treated with the specifically designed Collin cryoprobe without microthermocouple temperature monitoring. A high success rate of 82% was obtained. By applying the cryoprobe to the lid margin and conjunctival surface instead of to the skin it was possible to limit the degree of depigmentation in these highly pigmented lids, and only one patient showed a mild cosmetic blemish. The treatment was repeated on up to three occasions without an increase in complications. PMID- 3756132 TI - Autosomal dominant juvenile onset glaucoma affecting six generations in an Edinburgh family. PMID- 3756133 TI - N-(6-phenylhexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide, a novel activator of protein kinase C. AB - Naphthalenesulfonamide derivatives were used to study the mechanism of regulation of Ca2+-dependent smooth muscle myosin light chain phosphorylation catalyzed by Ca2+-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C) and myosin light chain kinase. Derivatives such as N-(6-phenylhexyl)-5-chloro-1 naphthalenesulfonamide (SC-9), with a hydrophobic residue at the end of a hydrocarbon chain, stimulated Ca2+-activated, phospholipid-dependent myosin light chain phosphorylation in a Ca2+-dependent fashion. There was no significant effect of these compounds on Ca2+-calmodulin (CaM) dependent myosin light chain phosphorylation. On the other hand, derivatives with the guanidino or amino residue at the same position had an inhibitory effect on both Ca2+-phospholipid- and Ca2+-CaM-dependent myosin light chain phosphorylation. These observations suggest that activation of Ca2+-activated, phospholipid-dependent myosin light chain phosphorylation by naphthalenesulfonamide derivatives depends on the chemical structure at the end of hydrocarbon chain of each compound. SC-9 was similar to phosphatidylserine with regard to activation, and the apparent Km values for Ca2+ of the enzyme with this compound and phosphatidylserine were 40 microM and 80 microM, respectively. Kinetic analysis indicated that 12-O tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate increased the affinity of the enzyme with SC-9 for calcium ion. However, kinetic constants revealed that the Km value of protein kinase C activated by SC-9 for substrate myosin light chain was 5.8 microM, that is, about 10 times lower than that of the enzyme with phosphatidylserine, and that the Vmax value with SC-9 was 0.13 nmol X min-1, that is, 3-fold smaller than that seen with phosphatidylserine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3756134 TI - Medium-chain acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase from pig kidney has intrinsic enoyl coenzyme A hydratase activity. AB - The flavoprotein medium-chain acyl coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) dehydrogenase from pig kidney exhibits an intrinsic hydratase activity toward crotonyl-CoA yielding L-3 hydroxybutyryl-CoA. The maximal turnover number of about 0.5 min-1 is 500-1000 fold slower than the dehydrogenation of butyryl-CoA using electron-transferring flavoprotein as terminal acceptor. trans-2-Octenoyl- and trans-2-hexadecenoyl-CoA are not hydrated significantly. Hydration is not due to contamination with the short-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase crotonase. Several lines of evidence suggest that hydration and dehydrogenation reactions probably utilize the same active site. These two activities are coordinately inhibited by 2-octynoyl-CoA and (methylenecyclopropyl)acetyl-CoA [whose targets are the protein and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) moieties of the dehydrogenase, respectively]. The hydration of crotonyl-CoA is severely inhibited by octanoyl-CoA, a good substrate of the dehydrogenase. The apoenzyme is inactive as a hydratase but recovers activity on the addition of FAD. Compared with the hydratase activity of the native enzyme, the 8-fluoro-FAD enzyme exhibits a roughly 2-fold increased activity, whereas the 5-deaza-FAD dehydrogenase is only 20% as active. A mechanism for this unanticipated secondary activity of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase is suggested. PMID- 3756135 TI - Noncompetitive and irreversible inhibition of xanthine oxidase by benzimidazole analogues acting at the functional flavin adenine dinucleotide cofactor. AB - Benzimidazole derivatives possessing a leaving group in the 2 alpha-position and either 4,7-dione, 4,7-diol, or 4,7-dimethoxy substituents were examined as inhibitors of buttermilk xanthine oxidase. The quinone and hydroquinone derivatives are not inhibitors of xanthine-oxygen reductase activity, even though the latter is a powerful alkylating agent. The methoxylated hydroquinones are linear noncompetitive inhibitors, the best of which is the 2 alpha-bromo analogue (Ki = 46 microM). During xanthine-oxygen reductase activity, the 2 alpha-bromo analogue irreversibly traps the reduced enzyme. Formation of a C(4a) adduct of the reduced functional FAD cofactor is postulated on the basis of UV-visible spectral evidence and reconstitution of the enzyme after removal of the altered FAD. A probable sequence of events is reversible binding at or near the reduced cofactor followed by adduct formation. It is concluded that potent tight binding inhibitors could be designed that act at the FAD cofactor rather than the purine active site. PMID- 3756136 TI - Novel preparation of functional Sindbis virosomes. AB - Lipid and protein factors important for the preparation and stability of reconstituted membranes prepared by the insertion of detergent-solubilized Sindbis virus glycoproteins into preformed lipid vesicles have been defined. It was found that both the state of aggregation of the membrane protein and the phase of the lipid are critical for the insertion of proteins into preformed lipid vesicles. The membranes prepared with the insertion technique were characterized in terms of residual detergent, protein orientation, and whether or not they were sealed. Binding and fusion experiments have been carried out with the insertion membranes and virus. It was found that BHK-21 cells at 4 degrees C bound one-fifth to one-tenth the number of insertion membranes as intact virus, and binding was saturable in both cases. Variation of the lipid/protein ratio did not result in significant differences in binding. The insertion membranes were found to fuse to a model lipid bilayer at least as well as the virus. These results are discussed in terms of structural factors important for the biological functionalities of the viral spike glycoproteins. PMID- 3756137 TI - Role of head group structure in the phase behavior of amino phospholipids. 1. Hydrated and dehydrated lamellar phases of saturated phosphatidylethanolamine analogues. AB - Analogues of dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE) have been prepared with head groups modified by N-alkylation, alkylation of carbon 2 of the ethanolamine group, or interposition of extra methylene segments between the phosphoryl and amino groups. The phases formed by these lipids in aqueous dispersions have been examined by high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry and Raman spectroscopy. All of the DMPE analogues examined, excepting N-methyl-DMPE but including N-ethyl-DMPE, form hydrated gel phases that are metastable with respect to a dehydrated "high-melting" solid phase that has been observed previously for DMPE itself. The properties and the conditions of formation of this high-melting phase are qualitatively distinct from those of the "subgel" phase, which is observed for dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and for some of the DMPE analogues examined in this study. The high-melting phases of different DMPE analogues all exhibit similarly tight packing of the acyl chains, which however do not pack according to a single type of subcell that can be universally and specifically associated with this phase. Increasing the size of the PE head group invariably decreases the melting temperature of the hydrated gel phase, even when the normal hydrogen-bonding capability of the head group is preserved. By contrast, addition of larger alkyl substituents to either the amino group or carbon 2 of the ethanolamine moiety substantially increases the transition temperature of the high-melting solid phase, indicating that the contributions of the head group to the energies of the hydrated gel and the high-melting phases are fundamentally different. Our results suggest that the head group structural requirements for a neutral phospholipid to form stable hydrated bilayers are rather stringent, a fact that may explain the overwhelming predominance of only a few such head group structures in most natural membranes. PMID- 3756138 TI - Role of head group structure in the phase behavior of amino phospholipids. 2. Lamellar and nonlamellar phases of unsaturated phosphatidylethanolamine analogues. AB - Three types of analogues of unsaturated phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) have been prepared: phosphatidyl-omega-amino-1-alkanols, N-alkyl-PE's, and C2-alkyl-PE's, with alkyl substitution of carbon-2 of the ethanolamine head group. The physical properties of dioleoyl, dielaidoyl, and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phospholipids with these head groups have been examined by calorimetry, 31P NMR, freeze-fracture electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. N-Alkylation of PE, or substitution of the ethanolamine moiety by 3-amino-1-propanol or 4-amino-1-butanol, decreases the transition temperature of the hydrated gel phase (Tc) and considerably increases the temperature of the lamellar to hexagonal II transition (TH). The pattern of these effects for various PE analogues suggests that head group size and hydrophobicity as well as hydrogen bonding are important determinants of the phase behavior of these lipids. C2-Alkylated PE analogues exhibit several rather surprising properties, notably the ready formation of a quasi-crystalline "high melting" solid phase even for di-cis-unsaturated species and substantially lower TH values than are observed for the parent PE species. The behavior of these compounds suggests that "hydration forces" can be more important than considerations of lipid "dynamic shape" in predicting the relative stabilities of lamellar vs. nonlamellar phases for at least some zwitterionic phospholipids. PMID- 3756139 TI - Structural heterogeneity of the alpha subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in relation to agonist affinity alkylation and antagonist binding. AB - The structural basis for the heterogeneity of the two agonist binding sites of the Torpedo californica acetylcholine receptor with respect to antagonist binding and reactivity toward affinity alkylating reagents was investigated. There is one agonist binding site on each of the two alpha subunits in a receptor monomer. One of these sites is easily affinity labeled with bromoacetylcholine, while more extreme conditions are required to label the other. Evidence is presented that the site which is easily labeled with bromoacetylcholine is the site with higher affinity for the antagonist d-tubocurarine. Digestion of purified alpha subunits with staphylococcal V8 protease gave two limit fragments with apparent molecular weights of 17K and 19K. Both of these fragments began at residue 46 of the alpha sequence, and both reacted with monoclonal antibodies specific for the sequence alpha 152-159 but not with antibodies specific for alpha 235-242. Their tryptic peptide maps and reactivity with a number of monoclonal antibodies were virtually identical. Only the 17-kilodalton (17-kDa) fragments stained heavily for sugars with Schiff's reagent. However, both fragments bound 125I-labeled concanavalin A. Complete removal of carbohydrate detectable with concanavalin A from V8 protease digests of alpha subunits resulted in two fragments of lower apparent molecular weights, indicating that these fragments differed not only in carbohydrate content but also in their C-termini or by another covalent modification. Covalent labeling of one of the two agonist sites of the intact receptor with bromo[3H]acetylcholine followed by digestion with V8 protease resulted in labeling of only the 19-kDa fragment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3756140 TI - Use of cytochrome P-450scc to measure cholesterol-lipid interactions. AB - The interaction of cholesterol with phospholipids has been studied with a variety of techniques; however, the possible consequences of such interactions in vivo have not been demonstrated. In this study, the cholesterol-dependent absorbance spectrum of cytochrome P-450scc was used to monitor cholesterol availability in both micellar and vesicular environments. By use of this approach, in conjunction with titration of putative cholesterol binding species, a tight, approximately equimolar complex of cholesterol and digitonin was demonstrated. Sphingomyelin (SM) (both the synthetic N-palmitoyl and bovine brain forms) gave sigmoidal titration curves, suggesting a cooperative interaction between this lipid and cholesterol. The interaction of bovine brain glycerolipids and cholesterol was weaker than that of SM and showed no cooperativity. The importance of the phospholipid head group in these interactions was established by the differences in the ability of synthetic 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and -phosphatidylserine to affect cholesterol availability. Comparison of these results with those of the bovine brain phospholipids indicates that the acyl chain composition of these molecules is also important to these interactions. Titrations of SM in phospholipid vesicles containing cytochrome P-450scc and different types of phosphatidylcholine established that the SM-cholesterol interactions also occur in a bilayer membrane. This study demonstrates that the association of cholesterol with cytochrome P-450scc is inhibited by concentrations of SM commonly found in biological membranes. Therefore, such cholesterol-lipid interactions can potentially affect the function of membrane enzymes. PMID- 3756141 TI - Human C1 inhibitor: primary structure, cDNA cloning, and chromosomal localization. AB - The primary structure of human C1 inhibitor was determined by peptide and DNA sequencing. The single-chain polypeptide moiety of the intact inhibitor is 478 residues (52,869 Da), accounting for only 51% of the apparent molecular mass of the circulating protein (104,000 Da). The positions of six glucosamine-based and five galactosamine-based oligosaccharides were determined. Another nine threonine residues are probably also glycosylated. Most of the carbohydrate prosthetic groups (probably 17) are located at the amino-terminal end (residues 1-120) of the protein and are particularly concentrated in a region where the tetrapeptide sequence Glx-Pro-Thr-Thr, and variants thereof, is repeated 7 times. No phosphate was detected in C1 inhibitor. Two disulfide bridges connect cysteine-101 to cysteine-406 and cysteine-108 to cysteine-183. Comparison of the amino acid and cDNA sequences indicates that secretion is mediated by a 22-residue signal peptide and that further proteolytic processing does not occur. C1 inhibitor is a member of the large serine protease inhibitor (serpin) gene family. The homology concerns residues 120 through the C-terminus. The sequence was compared with those of nine other serpins, and conserved and nonconserved regions correlated with elements in the tertiary structure of alpha 1-antitrypsin. The C1 inhibitor gene maps to chromosome 11, p11.2-q13. C1 inhibitor genes of patients from four hereditary angioneurotic edema kindreds do not have obvious deletions or rearrangements in the C1 inhibitor locus. A HgiAI DNA polymorphism, identified following the observation of sequence variants, will be useful as a linkage marker in studies of mutant C1 inhibitor genes. PMID- 3756142 TI - Purification of a benzo[a]pyrene binding protein by affinity chromatography and photoaffinity labeling. AB - Binding proteins for the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) have been purified from C57B1/6J mouse liver. Following affinity chromatography on aminopyrene-Sepharose, a single polypeptide of 29,000 daltons was isolated. The photolabile compound 1-azidopyrene was developed as a photoaffinity labeling agent to identify the protein during its purification. 1 Azidopyrene was found to be a competitive inhibitor of [3H]B[a]P binding. Affinity labeling studies with [3H]-1-azidopyrene in unfractionated cytosol, and in purified preparations, yielded a single covalently labeled protein of 29,000 daltons. The formation of this labeled species was blocked by preincubation with excess unlabeled B[a]P. A native molecular weight of 30,000 was estimated by gel filtration chromatography of [3H]B[a]P- and [3H]-1-azidopyrene-labeled cytosol proteins. An equilibrium dissociation constant of 2.69 +/- 0.66 nM and a maximum number of binding sites of 2.07 +/- 0.10 nmol of [3H]B[a]P bound/mg of protein were estimated for the pure protein. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis further resolved the purified 29,000-dalton protein into three major isoelectric variants, each of which was specifically labeled by [3H]-1-azidopyrene. PMID- 3756143 TI - Production of dihydrothymidine stereoisomers in DNA by gamma-irradiation. AB - 5,6-Dihydrothymidine (dDHT) is a derivative thymidine formed during gamma irradiation. This paper demonstrates the conditions under which dDHT is formed in solutions of DNA and that dDHT is produced in the DNA of HeLa cells during gamma irradiation. The product of dDHT by gamma-irradiation of either thymidine or DNA has been quantitated by a sensitive and specific high-pressure liquid chromatography method. dDHT is a major product of the anoxic irradiation of thymidine (G value 0.5) but is produced in substantially smaller amounts in DNA irradiated under the same conditions (G value 0.026). The presence of oxygen reduces the yield of dDHT by at least 25-fold for both irradiation substrates. In HeLa cells, 60Co irradiation under anoxia produces (6.2 +/- 0.2) X 10(-8) mol of the R isomer of dDHT per mole of cell deoxynucleotide per gray (G value 0.11). gamma-Irradiation of thymidine produces equal quantities of the R and S stereoisomers of dDHT. Irradiation of DNA produces significantly more (69%) (R)- than (S)-dDHT. DNA isolated from cultured human cells following gamma-irradiation also contains more of the R than the S form of dDHT. The conformation of double stranded DNA favors a stereospecific production of the R isomer. Among products of gamma-irradiation of DNA, dDHT is unique in its strict requirement for anoxia during irradiation and the preferential production of a particular stereoisomer. PMID- 3756144 TI - Isolation of a multifunctional protein with aminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase, glycinamide ribonucleotide synthetase, and glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase activities: characterization of aminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase. AB - 5-Aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (AIR) synthetase, glycinamide ribonucleotide (GAR) synthetase, and GAR transformylase activities from chicken liver exist on a single polypeptide of Mr 110,000 [Daubner, C. S., Schrimsher, J. L., Schendel, F. J., Young, M., Henikoff, S., Patterson, D., Stubbe, J., & Benkovic, S. J. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 7059-7062]. Details of copurification of these three activities through four chromatographic steps are reported. The ratios of these activities remain constant throughout the purification. AIR synthetase has an absolute requirement for K+ for activity and under these conditions has apparent molecular weights of 330,000, determined by Sephadex G-200 chromatography, and 133,000, determined by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. Incubation of 18O labeled formylglycinamidine ribonucleotide (FGAM) with AIR synthetase results in stoichiometric production of AIR, ADP, and [18O]Pi. NMR spectra of beta-FGAM and beta-AIR are reported. PMID- 3756145 TI - Biochemical signal transmitted by Fc receptor for immunoglobulin G2a of a murine macrophage-like cell line, P388D1: mode of activation of adenylate cyclase mediated by immunoglobulin G2a binding proteins. AB - The effects of immunoglobulin G2a binding proteins isolated from P388D1 cells on adenylate cyclase of cyc- cells were investigated to explore a potential role of Fc gamma 2a receptor in the activation of the adenylate cyclase system. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) binding proteins obtained from the detergent lysate of P388D1 cells by affinity chromatography on IgG-Sepharose were separated into two fractions (denoted as IgG-B1 and IgG-B2) by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration in the presence of 6 M urea. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate revealed that the major component in the IgG-B1 fraction was a protein of molecular weight near 50 000, whereas the IgG-B2 fraction contained two major components of molecular weight near 25 000 and 17 000. Both IgG-B1 and -B2 proteins can be inserted into liposome consisting of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Liposomes containing IgG-B1 proteins effectively inhibited EA2a, but not EA2b, rosetting by either S49 or P388D1 cells, suggesting their proper orientation within liposome, whereas IgG-B2 containing liposome failed to do so. Simultaneous fusion of the liposomes containing IgG-B1 and -B2 proteins with guanine nucleotide binding stimulatory (G/F) protein/Fc gamma 2aR-deficient cyc- cells resulted in the formation of the hybrid membrane whose adenylate cyclase responds to immune complex formed with IgG2a-subclass antibody (IC2a) by about a 2.7-fold increase in the activity over the control (hybrid membrane between cyc- cells and liposome containing no protein). The response appeared to be specific, since IC2b failed to stimulate the enzymatic activity of this hybrid membrane. Furthermore, IgG-B1 and -B2 proteins were able to confer their activating effects on the enzyme only in concert, since the fusion of liposomes containing either type of protein alone with cyc- cells did not result in the activation of adenylate cyclase of cyc- membrane. IgG-B1 and -B2 proteins could also confer their activating effects in concert to the enzyme in cholate-solubilized forms. Such activation was dependent on the concentration of IC2a, suppressed by the chelating agent ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, and significantly inhibited by trifluoperazine, suggesting potential involvement of Ca2+ and calmodulin in the activating process.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3756146 TI - Ca2+ binding to chromaffin vesicle matrix proteins: effect of pH, Mg2+, and ionic strength. AB - Recently we found that Ca2+ within chromaffin vesicles is largely bound [Bulenda, D., & Gratzl, M. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 7760-7765]. In order to explore the nature of these bonds, we analyzed the binding of Ca2+ to the vesicle matrix proteins as well as to ATP, the main nucleotide present in these vesicles. The dissociation constant at pH 7 is 50 microM (number of binding sites, n = 180 nmol/mg of protein) for Ca2+-protein bonds and 15 microM (n = 0.8 mumol/mumol) for Ca2+-ATP bonds. When the pH is decreased to more physiological values (pH 6), the number of binding sites remains the same. However, the affinity of Ca2+ for the proteins decreases much less than its affinity for ATP (dissociation constant of 90 vs. 70 microM). At pH 6 monovalent cations (30-50 mM) as well as Mg2+ (0.1 0.5 mM), which are also present within chromaffin vesicles, do not affect the number of binding sites for Ca2+ but cause a decrease in the affinity of Ca2+ for both proteins and ATP. For Ca2+ binding to ATP in the presence of 0.5 mM Mg2+ we found a dissociation constant of 340 microM and after addition of 35 mM K+ a dissociation constant of 170 microM. Ca2+ binding to the chromaffin vesicle matrix proteins in the presence of 0.5 mM Mg2+ is characterized by a Kd of 240 microM and after addition of 15 mM Na+ by a Kd of 340 microM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3756147 TI - Alternative carbon monoxide binding modes for horseradish peroxidase studied by resonance Raman spectroscopy. AB - Resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy have been used to characterize the three vibrational modes, CO and FeC stretching and FeCO bending, for carbon monoxide bound to reduced horseradish peroxidase, with the aid of 13CO and C18O isotope shifts. At high pH, one species, I, is observed, with nu FeC = 490 cm-1 and nu CO = 1932 cm-1. The absence of a band attributable to delta FeCO suggests a linear FeCO unit normal to the heme plane. The data were consistent with I having a strongly H-bonded proximal histidine, as shown by a comparison with imidazole and imidazolate adducts of FeIIPPDME(CO) (PPDME = protoporphyrin IX dimethyl ester), with nu FeC = 497 and 492 cm-1 and nu CO = 1960 and 1942 cm 1. At low pH an additional species, II, is observed, with nu FeC = 537 cm-1, nu CO = 1904 cm-1, and delta FeCO = 587 cm-1; it is attributed to FeCO that is H bonded to a protonated distal histidine, the H bond strongly lowering nu CO and raising nu FeC. The appearance of delta FeCO in the RR spectrum suggests that the FeCO unit in II is tilted with respect to the heme plane. At low pH, the population of I and II depends on the CO concentration. I dominates at low CO/protein levels but is replaced by II as the amount of CO is increased. This behavior is suggested to arise from secondary binding of CO, which induces a conformation change involving the distal residues of the heme pocket. PMID- 3756148 TI - Surface properties of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-acyl-sn-glycerols. AB - Stereospecific 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol and a series of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-acyl sn-glycerols (TGs) with 3-acyl chains of two through six and eight carbons in length were synthesized. Pressure-area isotherms at 27 degrees C, surface melting temperatures (Ts), and equilibrium spreading pressures (esp) measured at the bulk melting temperature (Tf) were obtained for each TG and for dipalmitin. Whereas dipalmitin and the 3-acetyl-TG condense directly to an expanded mesomorphous state (30-33 A2/palmitoyl chain at the vapor pressure, pi v), the 3-propionyl- through 3-octanoyl-TGs show an area per molecule (in the liquid at pi v) that increases linearly from 105 to 130 A2/molecule (slope = 5 A2/CH2 group). This slope suggests that the 3-acyl chains are lying flat on the water at the end of the gas-liquid transition. Before solidification at 42-47 A2/molecule, the 3 propionyl- through 3-hexanoyl-TGs show a transition corresponding to the immersion of the 3-acyl chain. The pressure at this transition, pi tr, vs. 3-acyl carbon number is linear and indicates a chain immersion energy of 497 cal mol-1 per CH2. In contrast, the 3-octanoyl chain is not forced into the water but rather is pushed into the monolayer to lie parallel to the palmitoyl chains. As the sn-3 chain is lengthened, Ts decreases from 68 to 25 degrees C, but the 3 octanoyl monolayer does not solidify even at 5 degrees C because the short upright octanoyl chains fluidize the palmitoyl chains. The esp (at Tf) drops from 31.7 mN m-1 for dipalmitin to 20.6 mN m-1 for the 3-acetyl-TG.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3756149 TI - Effects of ketamine anesthesia on rat-brain membranes: fluidity changes and kinetics of acetylcholinesterase. AB - This investigation shows that the effects of general anesthetics previously observed in vitro on membrane fluidity and on enzymic activities and occurring at concentrations calculated to be clinically relevant can be reproduced in vivo in anesthetized animals. Anesthesia with 2-chlorophenyl-2-methylaminocyclohexanone (ketamine) induces a more fluid state of rat-brain synaptic and mitochondrial membranes, as shown by the rotational correlation times of the spin labels 16 doxylstearate and 5-doxylstearate. Changes in acetylcholinesterase activity, with a decrease in Vmax and no change in the Km for acetylcholine, closely follow the fluidity increase. PMID- 3756150 TI - Thermodynamic analysis of incorporation and aggregation in a membrane: application to the pore-forming peptide alamethicin. AB - Interaction of the pore-forming antibiotic alamethicin with small unilamellar vesicles of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine has been studied by means of circular dichroism. The data strongly suggest that alamethicin does not bind to the surface of the vesicles but incorporates into the lipid phase to a fairly large extent. Furthermore, aggregation of the peptide in the membrane is apparent from the existence of a 'critical concentration'. Quantitative evaluation and interpretation of the data rest on a quite generally applicable thermodynamic analysis. The underlying phenomenon is treated in terms of a partition equilibrium between the aqueous and lipid media. In the bilayer phase non-ideal interactions (described by appropriate activity coefficients) as well as aggregate formation are considered. Using this approach the relevant parameters of the alamethicin-lipid system have been determined (yielding, in particular, a partition coefficient of 1.3 X 10(3) for the monomeric peptide and a critical aqueous concentration of 2.5 microM). Finally, the possible relevance of these results for the voltage-dependent gating of alamethicin is briefly pointed out. PMID- 3756151 TI - Partition of DDT in synthetic and native membranes. AB - Partition of DDT (2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane) was determined in artificial and native membranes. Partition in egg phosphatidylcholine of about 260 000 is independent of temperature over the range from 10 to 40 degrees C, in which the lipid is in the liquid-crystalline state. Incorporation of 50 mol% cholesterol decreases DDT partition to about 120 000. First-order phase transitions of dimyristoyl-, dipalmitoyl- and distearoylphosphatidylcholines (DMPC, DPPC and DSPC) are accompanied by a sharp increase in DDT partitioning. Partition decreases symmetrically in the temperature ranges to both sides of the phase transition. The insecticide is preferentially accommodated in bilayers of short-aliphatic-chain lipids, since the partitions were 336 000, 180 000 and 88 000 in DMPC, DPPC and DSPC, respectively, at temperatures 10 Cdeg below the midpoint of their transitions. Partition values in native membranes decrease sequentially as follows: sarcoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, myelin, brain microsomes and erythrocytes. This sequence is similar to that observed in related liposomes of total extracted lipids, although the absolute partitions showed decreased values. Partition of DDT in native membranes exhibits a negative temperature coefficient not apparent in related lipid dispersions. The effect of intrinsic membrane cholesterol on partition of DDT was also investigated. PMID- 3756152 TI - Effects of cations and polyamines on the aggregation and fusion of phosphatidylserine membranes. AB - Effects of various metal cations and polyamines on aggregation and fusion of phosphatidylserine vesicles and their associated physicochemical properties (such as surface tension and vesicle electrophoretic mobility) have been studied. It was found that metal polycations and hydrogen ion caused an increase in the surface tension of a phosphatidylserine monolayer, whereas the polyamines and other monovalent cations did not increase the surface tension of the membrane appreciably. All cations used affected the vesicle mobility roughly in the order of the number of their valencies and linearly with respect to the logarithm of their concentrations of ions; vesicle surface charge densities are reduced by adsorption and screening of the counter ions depending on their valencies and concentrations. The degree of aggregation of lipid vesicles parallels somewhat that of the reduction of vesicle electrophoretic mobilities. However, the degree of membrane fusion induced by these cations parallels that of the increase in surface tension of the membranes induced by these cations. PMID- 3756153 TI - Cell-free synthesis of high-molecular-weight small intestinal polypeptides. AB - An intrinsic membrane glycoprotein, Mr 131 000, is a major developmentally specific component of the neonatal guinea-pig small intestinal microvillar membrane. Such high-molecular-weight proteins are often difficult to translate in vitro. In this study we report a successful strategy for the identification of the primary translation product of this glycoprotein, a high-molecular-weight precursor polypeptide of approximate Mr 225 000. PMID- 3756154 TI - Methyl group substitution at C(1), C(2) or C(3) of the glycerol backbone of a diether phosphocholine: a comparative study of bilayer chain disorder in the gel and liquid-crystalline phases. AB - Alterations in the inter- and intramolecular packing characteristics of aqueous dispersions of methyl derivatives of di-O-hexadecylglycerophosphocholine (DHPC), an ether lipid in which the methyl group is substituted at the 1, 2 or 3 position of the glycerol backbone, were monitored by changes in the vibrational frequencies and intensities of selected spectral features by Raman spectroscopy. Temperature profiles constructed from spectra reflecting intermolecular order/disorder rearrangements (C-H stretching mode region) and intramolecular order/disorder processes (C-C stretching mode region) provide insight into several important structural properties of diether lipid bilayers. The introduction of a methyl group into any position of the glycerol backbone alters both the characteristics of the DHPC pretransition and the temperature of the gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition. The main gel to liquid-crystalline phase transitions are 42.8 degrees C in the pure diether lipid, 41.6 degrees C for 3-Me DHPC, 40.5 degrees C for 2-Me-DHPC and 38.1 degrees C for 1-Me-DHPC. Temperature profiles indicate that the degree of disordering for both the gel and liquid crystalline states follows the sequence 2-Me-DHPC less than 3-Me-DHPC less than DHPC less than 1-Me-DHPC. Phase transition widths, delta T, determined from the spectroscopic temperature profiles, are discussed in terms of van't Hoff enthalpy functions involving both interchain and trans/gauche effects. PMID- 3756155 TI - Plasma membrane lipid composition modulates action of anesthetics. AB - The effect of LM fibroblast plasma membrane phospholipid composition on the selectivity of charged amphipathic anesthetics for exofacial or cytofacial leaflets was examined. Because preference of charged amphipaths for one of the plasma membrane bilayer leaflets may be conferred by net changes in the polar headgroup composition, LM fibroblasts were cultured in the presence of choline or N-demethylated analogs in order to change this polar headgroup composition. These altered bases were incorporated into plasma membrane phospholipids. A significant difference in 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) limiting anisotropy was observed between plasma membrane leaflets of phosphatidylcholine-, but not phosphatidylethanolamine-enriched cells. Phenobarbital, which preferentially decreased the limiting anisotropy of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene in the exofacial leaflet, had little or no preferential effect in phosphatidyl-N,N dimethylethanolamine-enriched membranes. Prilocaine preferentially reduced the limiting anisotropy of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene in the exofacial leaflet in phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine-enriched membranes, exactly opposite to its effect in phosphatidylcholine-enriched membranes. In contrast, prilocaine had no selective effect in phosphatidylethanolamine-enriched membranes. In summary, the phospholipid polar headgroup composition can dramatically affect the selectivity of charged amphipathic anesthetics in altering the limiting anisotropy, a measure of restriction to motion of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene, in individual monolayers. PMID- 3756156 TI - Wavelength modulation by molecular environment in visual pigments. AB - The absorption and regenerability characteristics are compared for rhodopsin contained in rod outer segment membranes and purified in a series of alkyl sucrose esters. It is found that membrane-bound rhodopsin has maximum absorbance from 504 to 500 nm between 1.5 and 40 degrees C. After purification, rhodopsin absorbance can be blue-shifted by up to 6 nm, depending on the detergent species used. Only the longest chain sucrose esters give purified rhodopsin with maximum absorbance comparable to that of the native pigment. In the same manner, detergent-purified rhodopsin will be easily regenerated as long as its native spectral characteristics are maintained. Sucrose esters thus prove to be mild enough to maintain rhodopsin functionality with respect to these two properties and could probably be used successfully to maintain other membrane proteins' integrity. PMID- 3756157 TI - Dolichyl phosphate induces non-bilayer structures, vesicle fusion and transbilayer movement of lipids: a model membrane study. AB - The effect of dolichol and dolichyl phosphate on fusion between large unilamellar vesicles comprised of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) and 1,2 dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) was studied using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay. The influence of dolichyl phosphate on the transbilayer movement of DOPC in multilamellar vesicles (MLV) and large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) composed of DOPC and DOPE (1:2) was investigated by using the phosphatidylcholine-specific transfer protein. 31P-NMR and freeze fracture electron microscopy were employed to study the macroscopic organization of DOPC and DOPE containing model membranes in the absence or presence of dolichyl phosphate. The results indicate that both dolichol and dolichyl phosphate enhance vesicle fusion in a comparable and concentration-dependent way; the amount of exchangeable PC from MLVs is increased by dolichyl phosphate, probably as a result of fusion processes; dolichyl phosphate destabilizes the bilayer organization in MLVs comprised of DOPE and DOPC, resulting in the formation of hexagonal (HII) phase and 'lipidic' particles. PMID- 3756158 TI - Thiocyanate and bromide ions influence the bilayer structural parameters of phosphatidylcholine bilayers. AB - The influence of monovalent cations and anions on the structural parameters of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayers was examined at 25 degrees C using X-ray diffraction. It was shown that monovalent salts, in general, have little effect on lipid packing within the bilayer. However, fully hydrated DPPC bilayers in 1 M KSCN pack in an interdigitated acyl chain phase. This is the first observation of an ion-induced interdigitated bilayer phase in a zwitterionic lipid. In addition, gel state DPPC bilayers in 1 M KBr imbibe approx. 10 A more solvent than bilayers in water. The influence of these same salts on the phase transitions of DPPC bilayers was also examined using high-resolution differential scanning calorimetry. These results are discussed in terms of ion-induced changes in solvent and solvent/bilayer structure. PMID- 3756159 TI - Subcellular distribution of ATP-dependent calcium transport in rat duodenal epithelium. AB - Subcellular fractionation studies were performed to delineate plasma membrane and intracellular membrane populations which might be involved in intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis of rat small intestinal epithelial cells. After a low-speed supernatant fraction had been suspended in 5% sorbitol and subjected to equilibrium centrifugation in a zonal rotor, the Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum markers, galactosyltransferase and NADPH-cytochrome -c reductase, were concentrated in a density region designated Window II. The basal-lateral membrane marker (Na+-K+)-ATPase was concentrated in a higher-density region designated Window III. ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport was equally distributed between the two windows. Several membrane populations could be resolved from each window with good recovery of Ca2+-transport activity by a second density gradient centrifugation step. Second density gradient fractions were subjected to counter current partitioning in an aqueous polymer two-phase system. Basal-lateral membranes, characterized by an 11-fold enrichment of (Na+-K+)-ATPase, contained ATP-dependent Ca2+-transport activity with Vmax = 3.7 nmol/mg per min and Km = 0.5 microM. A major Golgi-derived population exhibited Ca2+-transport activity with Vmax and Km values similar to those of the basal-lateral membranes. One membrane population, presumed to have been derived from the endoplasmic reticulum, contained Ca2+-transport activity with Vmax = 4 nmol/mg per min and Km = 0.5 microM. In addition to demonstrating that ATP-dependent Ca2+-transport activity has a complex distribution within enterocytes, this study raises the possibility that the basolateral plasma membranes might account for a relatively minor portion of the cell's Ca2+-pumping ability. PMID- 3756160 TI - Transcellular cross bonding of the red blood cell membrane. AB - When red blood cells are osmotically shrunk, opposing regions of the inner membrane surface touch each other in the dimple area. In normal red cells such a mechanical contact is undone by reswelling the cells. When the cells are treated with the SH reagents diamide or N-ethylmaleimide, or simply heated to temperatures between 42 and 48 degrees C such a mechanical contact can be made permanent by a process termed 'membrane cross bonding'. Cross bonding also occurred when the cells were treated before mechanical contact was established. The bridge between the two cross-bonded membrane regions may be assumed to be formed by membrane skeletal material. Membrane bridges become visible microscopically when the cells are swollen. These bridges are strong enough to resist the membrane tensions occurring at osmotic lysis. Bridged red cells can be a useful tool in rheology, since they are deformable but cannot adapt to shear flows by membrane tank treading. PMID- 3756161 TI - Regulation of transbilayer distribution of a fluorescent sterol in tumor cell plasma membranes. AB - The lipid composition and transbilayer distribution of plasma membrane isolated from primary tumor (L-929, LM, A-9 and C3H) and nine metastatic cell lines cultured under identical conditions was examined. Cultured primary tumor and metastatic cells differed two-fold in sterol/phospholipid molar ratios. There was a direct correlation between plasma membrane anionic phospholipid (phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylserine) content and plasma membrane sterol/phospholipid ratio. This finding may bear on the possible link between oncogenes and inositol lipids. The fluorescent sterol, dehydroergosterol, was incorporated into primary tumor and metastatic cell lines. Selective quenching of outer monolayer fluorescence by covalently linked trinitrophenyl groups demonstrated an asymmetric transbilayer distribution of sterol in the plasma membranes. The inner monolayer of the plasma membranes from both cultured primary and metastatic tumor cells was enriched in sterol as compared with the outer monolayer. Consistent with this, the inner monolayer was distinctly more rigid as determined by the limiting anisotropy of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene. Dehydroergosterol fluorescence was temperature dependent and sensitive to lateral phase separations in phosphatidylcholine vesicles and in LM cell plasma membranes. Dehydroergosterol detected phase separations near 24 degrees C in the outer monolayer and at 21 degrees C and 37 degrees C in the inner monolayer of LM plasma membranes. Yet, no change in transbilayer sterol distribution was detected in ascending or descending temperature scans between 4 and 45 degrees C. Alterations in plasma membrane phospholipid polar head group composition by choline analogues (N,N-dimethylethanolamine, N-methylethanolamine, and ethanolamine) also did not perturb transbilayer sterol asymmetry. Treatment with phenobarbital or prilocaine, drugs that selectively fluidize the outer and inner monolayer of LM plasma membranes, respectively, did not change dehydroergosterol transbilayer distribution. PMID- 3756162 TI - A change in the lipid fluidity of the porcine intestinal brush-border membranes by lipid peroxidation. Studies using pyrene and fluorescent stearic acid derivatives. AB - The effect of lipid peroxidation on the lipid fluidity of porcine intestinal brush-border membranes was examined by measuring the rotational mobility and the accessibility to fluorescence quenchers (CH3COOT1, CuSO4 and KI) of pyrene or n (9-anthroyloxy)stearic acid (n = 2 or 12) in the membranes. The harmonic mean of the rotational relaxation times of pyrene increased and the rate constants, kq, of the quenching reaction of pyrene and 2-(9-anthroyloxy)stearic acid incorporated in the membrane lipids decreased upon lipid peroxidation, indicating reduction of the lipid fluidity of the membranes by lipid peroxidation. In addition, the kq value of the reaction of 2-(9-anthroyloxy)stearic acid in the membranes with Cu2+ decreased in proportion to the amount of the products of lipid peroxidation. On the other hand, the kq value of the reaction of 12-(9 anthroyloxy)stearic acid with Cu2+ or I- was unaffected by lipid peroxidation. Based on these results, a localized change in the lipid fluidity of the membranes in association with lipid peroxidation has been discussed. PMID- 3756163 TI - Polylysine induces pH-dependent fusion of acidic phospholipid vesicles: a model for polycation-induced fusion. AB - Polylysine induced aggregation and fusion of negatively charged small unilamellar phosphatidylcholine vesicles containing at least 10% anionic lipid. Aggregation was followed by absorbance changes and fusion was assayed both by electron microscopy and by fluorescence energy transfer between lipid probes. A method for preparing asymmetric vesicles, where the fluorescent probes were present only in the inner monolayer of the vesicle membrane, was developed. These vesicles were used to distinguish the inner and outer monolayer when measuring lipid mixing between vesicles. Since polylysine induced lipid mixing of both monolayers equally, fusion of these vesicles did occur. The extent of fusion was dependent on the charge ratio between bound polylysine and phosphatidylserine (PS) in the outer monolayer and was optimal at a ratio of about 1:1. Excess polylysine inhibited fusion. At a given concentration of polypeptide, fusion increased as the pH was lowered toward 3 with an apparent pKa near 4. Since this value is close to the pKa of the PS-carboxyl groups and far from the pKa of the lysine epsilon-amino groups, the pH dependence observed for fusion resides in the lipids rather than in the peptide. Fusion was dependent on the available lysine and not the size or molarity of the polypeptide. The data indicate that there must be sufficient sites on the vesicles and sufficient polypeptide to achieve effective aggregation. For fusion to occur after aggregation, charges on the vesicles must be neutralized either by polypeptide-PS interaction or by protonation of the PS carboxyl groups. Optimal conditions for fusion occur when charge neutralization is possible without completely covering the vesicles with polypeptide. The results are consistent with the notion that the polypeptide is necessary for fusion because of requirements for crosslinking, but limits fusion by steric inhibition. PMID- 3756164 TI - The interactions of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleylphosphatidylcholine and bovine brain cerebroside. AB - Model membranes composed of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleylphosphatidylcholine (POPC) and bovine brain galactocerebroside (BOV-CER) have been studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). POPC is a naturally occurring phospholipid, and BOV CER is a major component of the myelin membrane. POPC and BOV-CER are immiscible in the gel state over the composition range 0-70 mol% BOV-CER. At most POPC/BOV CER ratios, broad dual-peaked acyl chain transitions are observed, characteristic of the co-existence of a fluid POPC-rich liquid-crystalline phase and a solid BOV CER-rich gel phase over a wide temperature range. PMID- 3756165 TI - Osmotic water permeability and solute reflection coefficients of rat kidney brush border membrane vesicles. AB - Solute reflection coefficients, sigma i, of rat kidney brush-border membrane vesicles were determined by the comparison of water flows induced by equiosmolal gradients of sucrose and NaCl, KCl or mannitol. The values of 0.53 for sigma NaCl and 0.56 for sigma KCl when compared with 0.92 for sigma mannitol suggested some interactions between salt and water pathways. Altering the membrane proteins with 0.4 mM HgCl2 decreased the osmotic water permeability of the vesicles by 70 to 80% and brought sigma NaCl and sigma KCl to a value not different from 1. This argued in favor of water protein pathways in the luminal membrane of kidney proximal cells which are partly accessible to NaCl and KCl. PMID- 3756166 TI - Characterization of a complementary deoxyribonucleic acid for the coagulogen of Limulus polyphemus. AB - An 869-nucleotide-long cDNA clone for the coagulogen from Limulus amebocyte has been isolated and its nucleotide sequence has been determined. The deduced amino acid sequence revealed a signal peptide, 20 amino acids long, and a mature protein of 175 amino acids. The amino-acid sequence of the coagulogen was compared to all known proteins by two computer programs. Using these programs, Limulus coagulogen showed 70% homology with the coagulogen of Tachypleus tridentatus (Japanese horseshoe crab). Further computer analysis showed no statistically significant homology to support an evolutionary origin of the horseshoe crab coagulogen common to other protein families. These results place horseshoe crab coagulogen in a new superfamily unrelated to any other proteins investigated. RNA blot analysis of Limulus RNA indicated that the coagulogen mRNA was about 900 bases long and represented an abundant species in the amebocyte while detected only in small quantities in the hepatopancreas. Besides mature RNA, high-molecular-weight forms of coagulogen RNA were also observed. Southern blot analysis of Limulus DNA digested with restriction endonucleases suggested that the Limulus coagulogen gene contains at least three introns, or belongs to a multigene family. PMID- 3756167 TI - Intranuclear dynamics of DNA polymerase alpha differs between the transplanted R3230AC mammary adenocarcinomas and the host mammary gland depending on lactation cycle. AB - DNA polymerase alpha activity was markedly higher in all nuclear subfractions, including nuclear matrix, from transplanted R3230AC mammary adenocarcinomas than in the analogous fractions from mammary gland of same tumor-bearing pregnant or lactating rats. Changes in host lactational status had no significant effect on subnuclear distribution of tumor DNA polymerase alpha activity, with the majority (60-75%) localized in soluble nucleoplasm and a significant amount (13-20%) retained in the nuclear matrix. In the host mammary gland, nuclear matrix-bound DNA polymerase alpha was highest, accounting for 48% of total nuclear activity, during late pregnancy when mammary cells undergo rapid raplication. During lactation, when cells in mammary gland cease to divide, only 8% of enzyme activity was in the nuclear matrix, while the majority (60-80%) of DNA polymerase alpha activity was localized in nucleoplasm. In both R3230AC tumor and mammary gland regardless of host's lactational status, the majority (60-80%) of DNA polymerase beta activity was localized in the high salt-soluble chromatin. These present data thus suggest that, regardless of host lactational status, R3230AC tumor has many cycling cells, each with a large pool of DNA polymerase alpha molecules maintaining maximal and constant replicative activity, while normal mammary gland cells have a smaller pool of DNA polymerase alpha which become primarily matrix-bound only during active cell replication during late pregnancy. A constant localization of nuclear DNA polymerase beta in chromatin in both mammary gland and the tumor suggest it is not important in mammary cell proliferation. PMID- 3756168 TI - Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA for mouse prolactin. AB - The present study was undertaken to find out whether or not sexual dimorphism in biological activities and amino acid compositions of mouse prolactin might be due to heterogeneity in mRNA for mouse prolactin Cloned cDNAs for mouse prolactin were first isolated from a mouse pituitary cDNA library by hybridization with a rat prolactin cDNA. Then, one clone of about 140 positive clones obtained from 2000 transformants was subjected to nucleotide sequence analysis and verified to contain a nearly full length of cDNA sequence coding for mouse prolactin precursor. The deduced complete amino acid sequence indicates that the precursor molecule consists of 31 amino acids as the signal peptide and 197 amino acids of prolactin, in which two amino acids were found to be different from the amino acid sequence previously published elsewhere. S1 nuclease mapping analysis using male and female pituitary RNAs indicates that mouse preprolactin is encoded by two mRNAs in both sexes. The two mRNAs differ from each other based upon the deletion of three nucleotides in the coding region for the signal peptide determined by the nucleotide sequence analysis in other cDNA clones. In the present study, no sexual difference was revealed in murine prolactin mRNA. PMID- 3756169 TI - Reduced turnover of the elongation factor EF-1 X ribosome complex after treatment with the protein synthesis inhibitor II from barley seeds. AB - The effect of the protein synthesis inhibitor II from barley seeds (Hordeum sp.) on protein synthesis was studied in rabbit reticulocyte lysates. Inhibitor treatment of the lysates resulted in a rapid decrease in amino acid incorporation and an accumulation of heavy polysomes, indicating an effect of the inhibitor on polypeptide chain elongation. The protein synthesis inhibition was due to a catalytic inactivation of the large ribosomal subunit with no effect on the small subparticle. The inhibitor-treated ribosomes were fully active in participating in the EF-1-dependent binding of [14C]phenylalanyl-tRNA to poly(U)-programmed ribosomes in the presence of GTP and the binding of radioactively labelled EF-2 in the presence of GuoPP[CH2]P. Furthermore, the ribosomes were still able to catalyse peptide-bond formation. However, the EF-1- and ribosome-dependent hydrolysis of GTP was reduced by more than 40% in the presence of inhibitor treated ribosomes, while the EF-2- and ribosome-dependent GTPase remained unaffected. This suggests that the active domains involved in the two different GTPases are non-identical. Treatment of reticulocyte lysates with the barley inhibitor resulted in a marked shift of the steady-state distribution of the ribosomal phases during the elongation cycle as determined by the ribosomal content of elongation factors. Thus, the content of EF-1 increased from 0.38 mol/mol ribosome to 0.71 mol/mol ribosome, whereas the EF-2 content dropped from 0.20 mol/mol ribosome at steady state to 0.09 mol/mol ribosome after inhibitor treatment. The data suggest that the inhibitor reduces the turnover of ribosome bound ternary EF-1 X GTP X aminoacyl-tRNA complexes during proof-reading and binding of the cognate aminoacyl-tRNA by inhibiting the EF-1-dependent GTPase. PMID- 3756170 TI - Mechanism of DNA strand breakage by piperidine at sites of N7-alkylguanines. AB - The volatile, secondary amine piperidine is used in the Maxam-Gilbert chemical method of DNA sequencing to create strand breaks in DNA at sites of damaged bases. As such it is often used in generalized studies of DNA damage to identify 'alkali-labile lesions'. We confirm the mechanism proposed by Maxam and Gilbert (Maxam, A. and Gilbert, W. (1980) Methods Enzymol. 65, 499-560) by which aqueous piperidine creates strand breaks at sites of N7-guanine alkylations: alkaline conditions catalyze rupture of the C8-N9 bond, forming a formamido-pyrimidine structure which is displaced from the ribose moiety by piperidine. In keeping with this mechanism, the tertiary amine, N-methylpiperidine, does not catalyze the formation of strand breaks in alkylated DNA. Our data confirm the prediction that high pH in and of itself will not create strand breaks at sites of N7 alkylguanines. PMID- 3756171 TI - Eukaryotic initiation factor 2 from rat liver: no apparent function for the beta subunit in the formation of initiation complexes. AB - Eukaryotic protein synthesis initiation factor 2 (eIF-2) from rat liver has been resolved into two subfractions by anion-exchange chromatography on DEAE cellulose. One of these contained all three components (eIF-2 alpha, eIF-2 beta, eIF-2 gamma) characteristic of mammalian eIF-2, whilst the other fraction contained only two. By a number of criteria these were shown to be eIF-2 alpha and eIF-2 gamma. The absence of eIF-2 beta from this fraction was not due to its proteolytic degradation during purification since it was unaffected by the inclusion of a range of proteinase inhibitors in the isolation media. The properties of eIF-2 containing or lacking eIF-2 beta have been directly compared. It was found that eIF-2 beta was not required for the binding of guanine nucleotides to eIF-2 or for formation of ternary initiation complexes with GTP and the initiator tRNA. eIF-2 lacking eIF-2 beta was able to form 40 S initiation complexes and the presence of eIF-2 beta was also unnecessary for the stimulation of eIF-2 activity by the recycling factor, eIF-2B. Some of these findings are at variance with previous reports in which eIF-2 beta was removed proteolytically. The role of eIF-2 beta in the overall physiological function of eIF-2 remains to be elucidated. PMID- 3756172 TI - Mouse ascites DNA methylase: characterisation of size, proteolytic breakdown and nucleotide recognition. AB - We have purified the DNA methylase from mouse ascites tumour cells to a specific activity of 11,500 units per mg protein using denatured Micrococcus luteus DNA as methyl acceptor. Methyl groups are transferred to cytosines almost exclusively in CpG dinucleotides. The purified enzyme contains two polypeptides of molecular mass 185 and 160 kDa, and an antiserum raised in a rabbit to the purified enzyme specifically reacts with these two proteins in crude extracts. The two proteins can be partially separated by affinity chromatography when activity is associated with the 185 kDa protein which can be proteolytically degraded to give polypeptides of 170 and later 100 and 50 kDa. Only the 185 kDa methylase is lost when cells are treated with azadeoxycytidine and this is the predominant form firmly bound in the nucleus of dividing cells. Antibody bound to the 185 kDa band in protein blots will itself bind native DNA methylase, which can be detected by its binding 14C-labelled, azacytosine-containing DNA. PMID- 3756173 TI - Resolution of complex anisotropy decays by variable frequency phase-modulation fluorometry: a stimulation study. AB - We used simulations to determine the resolution of complex anisotropy decay laws which is obtainable by frequency-domain fluorometry. The simulations include the effects of torsional and segmental motions of tryptophan residues in proteins, the multiple correlation times of asymmetric molecules, and three-component anisotropy decays. For a protein with a global correlation time of 10 ns it should be possible to resolve torsional motions with correlation times as short as 10 ps if the amplitude of the rapid motion is at least 20% of the total anisotropy decay with r0 = 0.4. Correlation times which differ by only 1.4-fold can be resolved, making this method useful for determination of the shape of proteins and other asymmetric molecules. It is possible to resolve three component anisotropy decays if the overall difference among the correlation times is 30-fold. Such resolution will be useful for understanding of internal motions of proteins and membranes. The validity of these predictions is demonstrated in the subsequent paper using experimental data for melittin in solution and when bound to membranes (Maliwal, B.P., Hermetter, A. and Lakowicz, J.R. (1986) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 873, 173-181). PMID- 3756174 TI - A study of protein dynamics from anisotropy decays obtained by variable frequency phase-modulation fluorometry: internal motions of N-methylanthraniloyl melittin. AB - Internal motions of melittin and its lipid complexes were studied by anisotropy decays determined by frequency-domain fluorometry. A covalent anthraniloyl probe was attached, probably to lysine-21. The emission spectra indicate that the anthraniloyl moiety is exposed to solvent in both monomeric and tetrameric forms and is present at the lipid-water interfacial region in the lipid complexes. The fluorescence intensity decay of melittin in solution and its lipid complexes was characterized by three lifetimes. The lifetimes were near 1-2 ns, 6-7 ns and 10 ns. At increased temperatures there was an increase in the amplitude of the intermediate lifetime and a decrease in that of the longer lifetime. For all the melittin systems, at least three correlation times were required to fit the anisotropy data. Of the three correlation times, the shortest correlation time represents the local motions of the probe, while the longest represents global motions of the whole molecule. The intermediate correlation time probably represents the dynamics of domains/helices within the molecule. The melittin monomer is highly flexible, with greater than 90% of its anisotropy being lost by the local motions. Even though it is well organized (greater than 75% helical), the tetramer is still a highly flexible molecule, with 70% of its anisotropy being lost by the local motions. The internal motions of melittin decrease upon binding to lipids and are sensitive to the phase state of the lipid complexes. PMID- 3756175 TI - Active-site-directed inactivation of human liver alpha-L-fucosidase by conduritol C trans-epoxide. AB - Conduritol C trans-epoxide was found to inactivate human liver alpha-L-fucosidase (alpha-L-fucoside fucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.51), exhibiting an apparent dissociation constant of 43 mM. The cis-isomer of the inactivator had no apparent effect on the enzyme's activity. The pH profile for the inactivation yielded two apparent pK values of approx. 3.7 and 6.1 alpha-L-Fucose (a competitive inhibitor) was effective in protecting the enzyme from inactivation. These results are consistent with a requirement for two amino acid side chains at the active site involved in the reaction of the enzyme with conduritol C trans epoxide. PMID- 3756176 TI - Kinetics of Ca2+ binding to calmodulin and its tryptic fragments studied by 43Ca NMR. AB - The kinetics of calcium ion binding to bovine testis calmodulin and its tryptic fragments have been studied by 43Ca-NMR. The same subdivision of the Ca2+-binding sites of calmodulin into two with slow exchange (high affinity) and two with fast exchange (low affinity) observed at low ionic strength is also encountered at high ionic strength. The effect of 0.1 M KCl is to reduce the exchange rate of the fast process from 1150 s-1 to 520 s-1 at 25 degrees C. Studies of the tryptic fragments TR1C and TR2C, comprising the N- or C-terminal half of calmodulin, respectively, clearly identified Ca2+-binding domains I and II as those with fast exchange (low affinity) and domains III and IV as those with slow exchange (high affinity). Activation parameters are reported for calmodulin and TR1C. Correlation times have been measured for ions bound to the fragments. The obtained values, 5 and 6 ns for TR1C and TR2C, respectively, are of the same order as rotational correlation times for the entire fragment molecules, indicating that the calcium ions do not have any mobility with a correlation time in the ns range within the sites. PMID- 3756177 TI - A proton nuclear magnetic resonance study of human serum albumin in the neutral pH region. AB - By means of 500 MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy detailed information has been obtained about the proton titration behaviour of the histidine residues of human serum albumin under various experimental conditions. The approximate number of His C2 protons resolved varied from 11 at pH* 9.0 to 16 at pH* 5.5. The latter is the same as the number of histidine residues reported to be present in the molecule. The symbol pH* stands for the meter readings uncorrected for the deuterium isotope effect. Whereas some of the NMR signals remained visible over the entire pH* range examined (5-9), others, having pH*-dependent resonance intensities, were observed in part of the pH* range only. The latter effect is indicative of an alteration in the histidine environment in the course of pH* titration. It is thought that the so-called N-B conformational transition, occurring in the neutral pH region, is responsible for this alteration. The spectral effects observed upon the addition of Ca2+ can be interpreted in terms of a downward pK* shift for a number of histidine residues and a concomitant downward shift in the midpoint pH* of the N-B transition. This corroborates the results of previous investigations on this matter. PMID- 3756178 TI - A model of the mechanism of enzyme action in terms of protein conformational relaxation. AB - A theoretical model of enzymatic reaction is formulated in which the modulation of the reaction coordinates by low-frequency conformational motions of the enzyme molecule causes the lowering of the activation energy barriers until they completely disappear. If the rates of electron transitions in the enzyme substrate complex exceed the characteristic frequencies of conformational motions then the rate of the elementary enzymatic reaction shows hysteresis dependence on temperature and substrate concentration. PMID- 3756179 TI - Subunit iron spin heterogeneity in human aquomethemoglobin A. AB - On the basis of a reaction scheme in which the ligand binding steps are preceded by fast iron spin transitions (Okonjo, K.O. (1980) Eur. J. Biochem. 105, 329-334; Iwuoha, E.I. and Okonjo, K.O. (1985) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 829, 327-334), the spin equilibrium constants of methemoglobin subunits are calculated from kinetic and equilibrium binding parameters with azide ion as ligand. The results demonstrate the existence of thermodynamic spin heterogeneity within the tetramer. PMID- 3756180 TI - Substrate stereochemistry of 2-methyl-branched-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase: elimination of one hydrogen each from (pro-2S)-methyl and alpha-methine of isobutyryl-CoA. AB - Dehydrogenation of (2S)-[3-13C]isobutyryl-CoA was carried out in vitro using 2 methyl-branched-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase purified from rat liver mitochondria. The product was subsequently hydrated by the addition of bovine crotonase. The resulting 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid was predominantly enriched with 13C at the beta-hydroxy position as determined as a methyl ester using electron ionization-gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. This finding indicates that isobutyryl-CoA is dehydrogenated stereospecifically at the (pro-2S)-methyl and alpha-methine groups to form methacrylyl-CoA, which is later hydrated with the addition of hydrogen on the same side of the molecule from which it was subtracted to produce 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA. PMID- 3756181 TI - Human haptoglobin binds to human myoglobin. AB - Human myoglobin, obtained from human heart, was purified to homogeneity by salt precipitation, crystallization and ion-exchange chromatography. Trace contamination by haemoglobin, if any, was removed by repeated adsorption on an immunoadsorbent of anti-haemoglobin antibodies. The interaction between human haptoglobin and human myoglobin was investigated by a solid-phase radioimmunoassay. Myoglobin adsorbents bound 125I-labelled haptoglobin in a specific manner. Linear Scatchard plots of the data indicate that human myoglobin has only one binding site for haptoglobin in terms of the binding affinity (Ka = 8.5 X 10(6) M-1). These results suggest that haptoglobin not only binds haemoglobin but also binds human myoglobin, although with an affinity that is much lower than that of haemoglobin. The physiological significance of this interaction is discussed. PMID- 3756182 TI - Mass spectrometric detection of the plasma prealbumin (transthyretin) variant associated with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy. AB - A plasma prealbumin variant with a methionine-for-valine substitution at position 30 is closely associated with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP) type I. Secondary ion mass spectrometry of the tryptic digest of a carrier's prealbumin could easily detect an abnormal peptide containing the substitution besides the normal peptide. This is a sensitive and reliable method for the diagnosis of FAP. PMID- 3756183 TI - Purification and physical properties of hexokinase from human erythrocytes. AB - A bulk purification is described for hexokinase (ATP:D-hexose 6 phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1) from human erythrocytes. Following a 110,000-fold purification from 40 litres of blood, 5 mg protein with a specific activity of 22 units/mg were obtained. On application of various separation techniques, the enzyme activity co-migrated with the main protein component. The physical properties, such as the relative molecular mass of 108,000 and sedimentation coefficient of 5.5 S, are similar to those of the enzyme from human heart. In particular, there is a correspondence in the conformational response to glucose 6 phosphate as shown by an association of the enzyme promoted by this metabolite. PMID- 3756184 TI - Preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to the extracellular hemoglobin of Lumbricus terrestris. AB - Murine monoclonal antibodies to the extracellular hemoglobin of Lumbricus terrestris were prepared by a modification of the method of Kohler and Milstein. 224 hybridomas were found to produce antibodies which bound to the hemoglobin; they were tested for binding to the four subunits of the hemoglobin: M (chain I, 16 kDa), D1 (chain V, 31 kDa), D2 (chain VI, 37 kDa) and T (50 kDa), a disulfide bonded trimer of chains II, III and IV, each of about 17 kDa. 150 hybridomas bound to all four subunits and 40 hybridomas bound to various combinations of subunits. The remaining 34 hybridomas combined only with the hemoglobin. The twelve hybridomas obtained after subculturing and cloning were tested for their binding to the two fractions II and III, consisting of subunits D1 + D2 + T and M, respectively, obtained by dissociation at pH 9.5 and at pH 4.0 and to the reassociated whole molecules, obtained subsequent to return to neutral pH. Eight hybridomas which combined only with the hemoglobin also combined with all the reassociated molecules but not with any of the fractions: these monoclonal antibodies probably recognize conformation-dependent antigenic sites that are present only in the hexagonal bilayer structure characteristic of the native and reassociated hemoglobin molecules. Of the remaining four hybridomas, two bound to subunit T and two combined with subunits T and D2; they also combined with the reassociated molecules and with the fractions II. In addition, the hybridomas did not bind to the hemoglobins of Tubifex, Limnodrilus, Arenicola, Tylorrhynchus and Macrobdella or to the chlorocruorins of Myxicola and Eudistylia. PMID- 3756185 TI - Kinetic studies on turtle pancreatic ribonuclease: a comparative study of the base specificities of the B2 and P0 sites of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A and turtle pancreatic ribonuclease. AB - Kinetic constants for the transesterification of eight dinucleoside phosphates CpX and UpX by bovine and turtle pancreatic ribonuclease were determined. Both ribonucleases have a preference for purine nucleotides at the position X. However, bovine ribonuclease, like other mammalian ribonucleases, prefers 6-amino bases at this site, while turtle ribonuclease prefers 6-keto bases. This difference in specificity at the B2 site may be explained by the substitution of glutamic acid at position 111 by valine in turtle ribonuclease. These results have been confirmed by inhibition studies with the four nucleoside triphosphates. Inhibition studies with pT and pTp showed that a cationic binding group (P0) for the 5'-phosphate of the pyrimidine nucleotides bound at the primary B1 site is present in turtle ribonuclease, although lysine at position 66 in bovine ribonuclease is absent in turtle ribonuclease. However, the side chain of lysine 122 in turtle ribonuclease is probably located in the correct position to take over the role as cationic P0 site. PMID- 3756186 TI - Prosimian hemoglobins. III. The primary structures of the duplicated alpha-globin chains of Lemur variegatus. AB - The amino acid sequences of the alpha chains of hemoglobins purified from Lemur variegatus erythrocytes have been determined. The sequences were determined primarily from peptides generated from treatment of the isolated alpha chains with cyanogen bromide or warm formic acid. The ordering of the peptides from both alpha globins was based on the homology between lemur hemoglobins and those of other primates. The genetic difference at position 15 (Asn vs. Lys) explains the phenotypic characteristic of two hemoglobin species during alkaline electrophoresis. The function of certain residues is discussed in the context of other known sequences. The dispersion of the amino acid changes noted in lemur species falls mostly within the first 75 residues of the alpha chain (exons 1 and 2). The extent of divergence of the L. variegatus alpha-globin chains from the Lemur fulvus alpha globin is similar to that seen for the beta-globin chains of these species. This degree of separation (11-16 residues) is consistent with an extended period of independent evolution by these congeneric species after their divergence. PMID- 3756187 TI - Kinetics of actin depolymerization: influence of ions, temperature, age of F actin, cytochalasin B and phalloidin. AB - Actin, labelled with the fluorescent dye N-(3-pyrenyl)maleimide, was diluted below its critical concentration and depolymerization was followed by measuring the declining fluorescence intensity. The time courses of depolymerization were fitted to a sum of three exponentials. In most cases there was a fast initial phase followed by one or three slower ones. Increasing MgCl2 concentration slowed down depolymerization velocity, as did substitution of Tris-maleate buffer by phosphate buffer. Older F-actin preparations depolymerized more slowly than younger ones. Phalloidin strongly decreased depolymerization velocity even after sonication. In the presence of cytochalasin B depolymerization was more uniformly exponential than in the absence of cytochalasin B; overall depolymerization velocity was decreased by cytochalasin B. The results are discussed on the assumption that depolymerization kinetics reflect the length distribution of actin filaments during depolymerization. PMID- 3756188 TI - The behaviour of lung surfactant in electrolyte solutions. AB - Surface and electrokinetic properties of purified calf lung surfactant in various electrolyte solutions were determined. Surface properties were pH dependent in distilled water and the surfactant performed as a good lung surfactant only below pH 4. In more physiological media it was pH insensitive over the range 2-8.5. In distilled water at pH 6 its surface properties improved when NaCl was added up to 20 mM; above this concentration it had the surface properties required to stabilise alveoli. The surface properties of surfactant in distilled water were also restored by certain cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Cd2+ and Ni2+) but not others (Na+, K+, La3+ and Fe3+) when added to an ionic strength of 5.6 mM. Cations that restored its surface activity also reduced the surface charge density on the surfactant particles. Aggregation of surfactant by various metal chlorides was studied by light scattering measurements and bore no relation to surface activity or the charge on the particles. Aggregation of surfactant particles by Ca2+, Cd2+ and Mn2+ was instantly reversed by addition of excess EGTA. The influence of electrolytes on the surface properties of lung surfactant is explained in terms of the electrostatic forces operating in the system. PMID- 3756189 TI - Lack of change in the composition of fetal lamb lung surfactant during gestation. AB - Fetal surfactant from lamb lung fluids collected daily from day 114 to day 146 of gestation, was isolated by centrifugation (pellet material) and further purified by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The concentration of the pellet material from lung fluid (crude surfactant) increased from day 125 till day 135 and fluctuated strongly from that period onwards, whereas lung fluid secretion increased linearly until a few days before parturition. The pellet phospholipid composition changed with gestational age, suggesting biochemical maturation of the surfactant-producing system. The purified surfactant fraction, of which approximately 85% was phosphatidylcholine, did not change however from day 122 onwards except for a small increase in the percentage of phosphatidylglycerol. Alveolar wash surfactant or the lamellar body material, isolated from fetal lungs at different gestational ages had the same composition as surfactant from lung fluids. Only the composition of lamellar bodies of '125 day' lungs differed slightly from that of the lung fluid surfactant. The similar characteristics of all purified surfactant fractions throughout gestation indicate that, in the fetal lamb, lung maturation is associated with an increase in surfactant production no significant changes in phospholipid composition. PMID- 3756190 TI - Fetal lung surfactant lipid synthesis from glycogen during organ culture. AB - The role of fetal lung glycogen as a precursor for lipids during late gestational development was explored by a combination of in vivo labeling with [U 14C]glucose, administered directly to rat fetuses at 18.5 days, and in vitro assessment using an organ explant culture system. Our major objectives were to demonstrate that radioactivity was transferred specifically and preferentially to surfactant lipids, as glycogenolysis occurred, and to determine the molecular distribution of 14C labeling in newly synthesized phosphatidylcholine (PC). Surfactant and residual (non-surfactant) lipids were separated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and other subcellular fractions such as microsomes were isolated by subsequent centrifugations. After 72 h of culture, there was a 5.7 fold increase in the concentration of PC in the surfactant fraction, which contributed 8.8% of total PC at the beginning and 29.6% (P less than 0.001) at the end of the 72 h period. The labeling of PC in the surfactant fraction increased markedly during culture, but there was no significant change in the residual fraction or microsomal PC. Hydrolysis of surfactant PC indicated that the radioactivity was predominantly located in the fatty acyl portion of the molecule, both before and after culture; however, PC glycerol labeling also increased significantly during culture. The distribution of PC radioactivity was similar in the residual fraction and microsomes, with the majority of 14C in the fatty acids. Neutral lipid radioactivity also increased significantly in both the surfactant (240%) and residual (136%) fractions. Quantitation of the changes in radioactivity among subcellular components during lung explant culture indicated that the greatest decrease occurred in glycogen, whereas only lipids, particularly those of the surfactant fraction, were found to show significant increases. These results support the hypothesis that glycogen, which accumulates in fetal lung prior to augmented surfactant production, can supply precursors for synthesis of functionally essential pulmonary phospholipids. PMID- 3756191 TI - Production and use of an inhibitory monoclonal antibody to human lipoprotein lipase. AB - Studies were performed to produce a monoclonal antibody to human lipoprotein lipase, verify the specificity of the antibody for lipoprotein lipase, and use this antibody for detection of lipoprotein lipase protein in human post-heparin plasma. Partially purified lipoprotein lipase from human milk was used as an antigen for the production of anti-lipoprotein lipase antibodies in mice. The spleen was removed from the animal having the highest titer of inhibitory antibodies to lipoprotein lipase and the cells were fused mouse myeloma cells. Culture media from the resulting hybridomas were screened for their ability to inhibit lipoprotein lipase catalytic activity. This screening procedure thus identified only those hybridomas which produced antibodies directed against lipoprotein lipase. One monoclonal antibody, from one clone, was selected for detailed study. The specificity of this antibody for lipoprotein lipase protein was established by three methods. First, post-heparin plasma lipoprotein lipase activity and immunoreactivity detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) co-eluted during heparin-agarose and phenyl-Sepharose chromatography. Second, the antibody detected a protein which was released into the circulation after intravenous injection of heparin into humans. Third, both immunoreactive lipoprotein lipase protein and lipoprotein lipase enzymatic activity were lost by heat-inactivation of lipoprotein lipase. The use of active enzyme as an antigen and the procedure used to screen the monoclonal antibody-producing hybridomas allowed the production of an inhibitory anti-human lipoprotein lipase monoclonal antibody. This antibody is useful for detection of lipoprotein lipase protein in plasma and should allow for immunohistochemical staining of active lipoprotein lipase enzyme in tissues. Moreover, the methods described for screening hybridomas may be modified and used to produce specific antibodies against other partially purified enzymes. PMID- 3756192 TI - Bile salt-stimulated lipase in non-primate milk: longitudinal variation and lipase characteristics in cat and dog milk. AB - We report the presence of bile salt-stimulated lipase in milk collected from dog and cat. This enzyme has previously been found only in the milk of human and gorilla. Bile salt-stimulated lipase activity in individual dog milk specimens (range: 4.8-107.4 U/ml; 1 U = 1 mumol [3H]oleic acid released/min) was similar, while that in cat milk specimens (range: 2.2-16.9 U/ml) was lower than in human milk (range: 10-80 U/ml). Longitudinal patterns for bile salt-stimulated lipase activity differed depending upon the enzyme source: in dog milk, lipase activity was lowest in colostrum, while in cat milk, lipase activity was highest in colostrum and decreased at mid-lactation. In human milk, bile salt-stimulated lipase activity levels remain fairly constant throughout the first 3 months of lactation. Dog, cat and human milk bile salt-stimulated lipase activity had a neutral-to-alkaline pH optimum of 7.3-8.5, was stable at low pH (above 3.0 for at least 1 h), and was inhibited 95-100% by eserine (at concentrations greater than 0.6 mM). The lipase in the milk of the three species studied had an absolute requirement for primary bile salts (tauro- and glycocholate), and was inhibited by secondary bile salts (tauro- and glycodeoxycholate). These data are the first to report bile salt-stimulated lipase activity in milk from mammals other than the highest primates. Presence of this lipase in non-primate milk will permit the study of the factors that regulate the ontogeny, synthesis and secretion of the enzyme during pregnancy and lactation as well as its function in neonatal fat digestion. PMID- 3756193 TI - Influence of tauroursodeoxycholic and taurodeoxycholic acids on hepatic metabolism and biliary secretion of phosphatidylcholine in the isolated rat liver. AB - Studies were carried out using an isolated rat liver system to define: the contribution of exogenous phosphatidylcholine (PC) to biliary phospholipid secretion; and its hepatic metabolism during perfusion of the livers with conjugated bile salts with different hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties. A tracer dose of sn-1-palmitoyl-sn-2-[14C]linoleoylPC was injected as a bolus into the recirculating liver perfusate, under constant infusion of 0.75 mumol/min of tauroursodeoxycholate or taurodeoxycholate. The effects on bile flow, biliary lipid secretion, 14C disappearance from the perfusate and its appearance in bile, as well as hepatic and biliary biotransformation were determined. With both the bile salts, about 40% of the [14C]PC was taken up by the liver from the perfusate over 100 min. During the same period less than 2% of the given radioactivity was secreted into bile. More than 95% of the 14C recovered in bile was located within the identical injected PC molecular species. The biliary secretion of labeled as well as unlabeled PC, however, was significantly higher in livers perfused with taurodeoxycholate than tauroursodeoxycholate, while the reverse was observed with respect to bile flow and total bile salt secretion. The exogenous PC underwent extensive hepatic metabolization which appeared to be influenced by the type of bile salt perfusing the liver. After 2 h perfusion, the liver radioactivity was found, in decreasing order, in PC, triacylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and diacylglycerol. In addition, the specific activity of triacylglycerol was significantly higher in tauroursodeoxycholate than in taurodeoxycholate-perfused livers (P less than 0.025), while the reverse was true for the specific activity of hepatic PC (P less than 0.01). Because taurodeoxycholate and tauroursodeoxycholate showed opposite effects on both biliary lipid secretion and hepatic PC biotransformations, we conclude that the hepatic metabolism of glycerolipids is influenced by the physiochemical properties of bile salts. PMID- 3756194 TI - Carnitine palmitoyltransferase: separation of enzyme activity and malonyl-CoA binding in rat liver mitochondria. AB - Carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity and malonyl-CoA binding capacity have been studied in Triton X-100 extracts and membrane residues of rat liver mitochondria. Rat liver mitochondria extracted twice with 0.5% Triton X-100 in a salt-free medium showed increased specific binding of [2-14C]malonyl-CoA when compared with intact mitochondria. High malonyl-CoA binding required the presence of salts and was inhibited by albumin. Further solubilization of the membrane residues in the Triton/KCl medium and subsequent hydroxylapatite chromatography gave a complete separation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase and malonyl-CoA binding. The results show that malonyl-CoA binds to mitochondrial component(s) which is different from and more difficult to extract from the mitochondrial membrane than most of the carnitine palmitoyltransferase. PMID- 3756195 TI - Inhibition of human and rat lipoprotein lipase by high-density lipoprotein. AB - The hydrolysis in vitro of preactivated Intralipid (an artificial triacylglycerol phospholipid emulsion) by rat adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase is inhibited by rat high-density lipoprotein (HDL). The aim of this work was to investigate whether human lipoprotein lipase was also inhibited, the mechanism of inhibition of the rat enzyme by HDL, and the role of the various individual apolipoproteins. Both human and rat lipoprotein lipase from post-heparin plasma are inhibited by HDL. This inhibition is considerably decreased if the HDL is first made 'apolipoprotein poor' by removal of some transferable apolipoproteins. In contrast, both native and apolipoprotein poor HDL inhibit the hydrolysis of Intralipid by rat hepatic lipase. Apolipoproteins C and E, either free in solution or attached to lipid vesicles, inhibit the hydrolysis of activated Intralipid by rat lipoprotein lipase to a maximum of 85% and 50%, respectively. Apolipoprotein A attached to vesicles gives little inhibition. HDL apolipoprotein and apolipoprotein C compete with the substrate for binding to lipoprotein lipase with apolipoprotein C having a higher affinity for the enzyme than HDL apolipoprotein. The inhibition of lipoprotein lipase by HDL can be explained by the association of the constituent apolipoproteins, in particular apolipoprotein C, with the enzyme so that there is less enzyme available to act on substrate. PMID- 3756196 TI - Gangliosides of the bovine heart impulse conducting system. AB - The ganglioside analysis of the heart impulse conducting system was carried out, comparing it with that of ordinary myocardium. The heart impulse conducting system contained about 3-times more gangliosides than ordinary myocardium and showed a distinctly different ganglioside composition. These observations seemed to indicate that the differentiation between myoblasts and each type of cardiac muscle cell, impulse conducting system and ordinary myocardium cells, resulted in their characteristic ganglioside compositions. PMID- 3756197 TI - Glycerol 3-phosphate acylation in microsomes of type II cells isolated from adult rat lung. AB - Glycerol 3-phosphate acylation was studied in type II cells isolated from adult rat lung. The process was found to be largely microsomal. In the microsomes phosphatidic acid is the main product of glycerol 3-phosphate acylation. Glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase is rate limiting in the phosphatidic acid formation by the microsomes. Type II cell microsomes incorporate palmitoyl and oleoyl residues into phosphatidic acid at an equal rate if palmitoyl-CoA and oleoyl-CoA are added separately. However, if palmitoyl-CoA and oleoyl-CoA are added as an equimolar mixture the unsaturated fatty acyl moiety is incorporated much faster. Under the latter conditions monoenoic species constitute the most abundant products of glycerol 3-phosphate acylation. The microsomes incorporate both palmitoyl and oleoyl residues readily into both the 1- and 2-position of phosphatidic acid, even when palmitoyl-CoA and oleoyl-CoA are added together. Assuming that both phosphatidic acid phosphatase and cholinephosphotransferase do not discriminate against substrates with an unsaturated acyl moiety at the 1 position and a saturated acyl moiety at the 2-position, the last two observations indicate that a considerable percentage of phosphatidylcholine molecules synthesized de novo may have a saturated fatty acid at the 2-position and an unsaturated fatty acid at the 1-position, and that remodeling at the 1-position may be important for the formation of surfactant dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. They also indicate that type II cell microsomes are capable of synthesizing the dipalmitoyl species of phosphatidic acid. However, since there is a preference for the acylation of glycerol 3-phosphate with unsaturated fatty acyl residues, the percentage of dipalmitoyl species in the synthesized phosphatidic acid, and thereby the percentage of dipalmitoyl species in the phosphatidylcholine synthesized de novo, will probably depend on the relative availability of the various acyl-CoA species. PMID- 3756198 TI - On the binding of dolichol by bovine liver supernatant. AB - Experimental evidence is presented that a bovine liver pH 5.1 supernatant possesses binding capacity towards dolichol. Optimal binding is found at physiological pH and at 5 degrees C. At higher temperature the binding is drastically reduced. After binding, the labelled ligand cannot be chased by unlabelled dolichol. Scatchard analysis indicates a single class of binding sites (Bmax = 3.6 pmol/mg protein) with an apparent Kd of 1.8 X 10(-11) M. Only dolichol and dolichyl derivatives drastically reduce the binding phenomenon. The involvement of a protein-like structure is inferred from ammonium sulphate precipitation and proteolysis experiments. Exclusion chromatography and gel electrophoresis under nondenaturating conditions indicate a high molecular weight of the binding complex. Upon SDS electrophoresis, bound [3H]dolichol comigrates with a single protein band (Mr approximately equal to 25,000). PMID- 3756199 TI - On the binding of dolichol by human serum. AB - The presence of a dolichol binding system is demonstrated in human serum. The dolichol binding exhibits normal saturation kinetics with an apparent affinity constant Kd of 6.9 X 10(-6) M. Optimal binding is obtained at pH 7.4 and 5 degrees C. After binding the [3H]dolichol cannot be chased by unlabelled dolichol. The selectivity is examined by competition studies showing that only dolichyl derivatives equally compete for binding sites. From buoyant density centrifugation and gel filtration it is deduced that the dolichol binding is due to a serum protein fraction, displaying the characteristics of VLDL. PMID- 3756200 TI - Identification of the major urinary metabolite of prostaglandin E3 in the rat. AB - [11,12-3H2]Prostaglandin E3 was administered subcutaneously into male Sprague Dawley rats in doses of 0.4 microgram-10 mg/kg body weight. 40-60% of the administered radioactivity was excreted in the urine. The major metabolite was isolated by solid phase extraction followed by three steps of high-performance liquid chromatography. The structure of the major metabolite (5-11% of the administered radioactivity) was 7 alpha,11 alpha-dihydroxy-5-ketotetranorprosta 9,13-dienoic acid as shown by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and by its conversion into 11 alpha-hydroxy-5-ketotetranorprosta-4(8),9, 13-trienoic acid. PMID- 3756201 TI - Solubilization and properties of Ca2+-dependent human platelet phospholipase A2. AB - Using a sonicated dispersion of radiolabeled 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn glycero-3-phosphocholine as substrate, we found that phospholipase A2 activity of human platelets was enhanced 2.4-fold by albumin (1 mg/ml). The enzyme was recovered predominantly in the cytosolic fraction of platelets with less than a third of its activity being associated with the membrane fraction. In the presence of 24 mM n-octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (octylglucoside) phospholipase A2 was effectively (more than 90%) extracted from platelet lysates without solubilization of platelet membranes. Ion exchange chromatography of the soluble enzyme yielded a phospholipase A2 of unchanged total activity and great stability. This phospholipase A2 was active only in the presence of divalent cations (Ca2+ greater than Sr2+ greater than Mg2+ = 0), required albumin for optimal activity and exhibited exclusive positional specificity for the acyl ester bond at the 2-position of 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3 phosphocholine. Indomethacin (500 microM), mepacrine (500 microM) and N ethylmaleimide (4 mM) inhibited the phospholipase A2 by 69, 62 and 19%, respectively. The results are discussed in the light of previous findings on human platelet phospholipase A2. PMID- 3756202 TI - Purification of aldehyde dehydrogenase reconstitutively active in fatty alcohol oxidation from rabbit intestinal microsomes. AB - This work presents the purification and further characterization of the aldehyde dehydrogenase reconstitutively active in fatty alcohol oxidation, from rabbit intestinal microsomes. Microsomal aldehyde dehydrogenase was solubilized with cholate and purified by using chromatography on 6-amino-n-hexyl-Sepharose and 5' AMP-Sepharose. The purified enzyme migrated as a single polypeptide band with molecular weight of 60,000 on SDS-polyacrylamide gel. By gel filtration in the presence of detergent, its apparent molecular weight was estimated to be 370,000. In the detergent-free solution, in contrast, it had a much higher molecular weight, indicating its association in forming large aggregates. The pH optimum was 9.0 when pyrophosphate buffer was used. The enzyme was active toward various aliphatic aldehydes with more than three carbons. The Km value for substrate seemed to decrease with increase in the chain length. The microsomal aldehyde dehydrogenase was not affected by disulfiram and MgCl2, which were, in contrast, highly inhibitory towards the activity of the cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase separated from intestinal mucosa. PMID- 3756203 TI - Bile acid synthesis from HDL cholesterol and cholesterol ester by cultured chick embryo hepatocytes. AB - A comparison of the uptake and conversion of HDL cholesterol and cholesterol ester to bile acids by chick embryo hepatocytes showed the following. Considerable amounts of cholesterol but not cholesterol ester accumulated in the cells. Cholesterol ester was hydrolyzed to cholesterol, 60% of which was converted to bile acids. Approximately 3-5-times more cholesterol ester than cholesterol were converted to bile acids. The degradation of 125I-labelled HDL by the hepatocytes was negligible. Chloroquine did not inhibit the conversion of HDL cholesterol and cholesterol ester to bile acids. HDL stimulated the conversion of [14C]mevalonolactone to cholesterol, the greater part of which was found in the medium. Its conversion to bile acids was not affected. The cholesterol pool of hepatocytes was labelled by preincubation with [14C]mevalonolactone. Upon addition of 3H-labelled HDL cholesterol, cholesterol efflux and influx were measured simultaneously. Both processes were dependent on HDL concentration and time of incubation. Efflux exceeded influx, drawing upon the cholesterol and cholesterol ester reserves of the cell. Bile acids were formed simultaneously from the prelabelled [14C]cholesterol pool and the exogenously added 3H-labelled HDL cholesterol. PMID- 3756204 TI - Hyperlipidemia in mast cell-deficient W/WV mice. AB - Approximately 70% of the W/WV mice lacking mast cells due to a genetic defect showed hypertriglyceridemia combined with hypercholesterolemia. Increases of various magnitudes in chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoprotein, and intermediate-density lipoprotein were observed in the plasma of W/WV mice compared to those in the plasma of congenic normal mice. The increase in these lipoproteins was seen even in normolipidemic W/WV mice. Activities of both lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triacylglycerol lipase in the plasma after heparin injection were markedly lower in the W/WV mice than in the congenic normal mice, although activities of both lipoprotein lipase in the heart and adipose tissue and hepatic triacylglycerol lipase in the liver were not decreased. These results suggest that the W/WV mice have genetic defects in one or more of the following: secretion of both lipases from their synthesising cells, transport to the endothelium, and anchoring to the endothelial surface. Heparin deficiency in these mice may be responsible for the impairment and, thereby, may partially contribute to the hyperlipidemia. PMID- 3756205 TI - Fatty acyl chain specificity of phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis catalyzed by lipoprotein lipase. Effect of apolipoprotein C-II and its (56-79) synthetic fragment. AB - Mixed acyl chain phosphatidylcholine molecules in Triton N-101 micelles were employed as substrates for lipoprotein lipase to test which substrate acyl chain has the greatest effect on activation of the enzyme by apolipoprotein C-II. The phospholipase A1 activity of lipoprotein lipase was measured by pH-stat. The activation factor (lipoprotein lipase activity plus apolipoprotein C-II/activity minus apolipoprotein C-II) increased monotonically with apolipoprotein C-II concentration up to 1 microM apolipoprotein C-II at an enzyme concentration of 0.01 microM. The maximal activation factor for phosphatidylcholine substrate molecules with sn-2 acyl chain lengths of 14 averages 14.8. By contrast, for sn-2 acyl chain lengths of 16 the activation factor was 29.2. Varying the sn-1 acyl chain length had no significant effect on the activation factor. The chain-length dependence of the activation factor is similar with the apolipoprotein C-II peptide fragment comprising residues 56-79, which does not include the lipid binding region of apolipoprotein C-II. These data are consistent with a model for activation of lipoprotein lipase in which residues 56-79 bind to lipoprotein lipase and alter the interaction of the sn-2 acyl chain of the phosphatidylcholine (PC) substrate or the lysoPC product within the activated state complex. PMID- 3756206 TI - Effects of surgical stress on the response of hepatic carnitine metabolism to 48 h starvation in the rat. AB - Rats subjected to laparotomy and handling of the liver were starved for 48 h, starting either immediately after surgery or 48 h later. Surgery enhanced the rise in plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations after starvation without affecting the responses of blood or liver ketone bodies. Thus in surgically stressed rats, blood and liver ketone body concentrations were inappropriately low for the blood fatty acid concentrations. In the control rats, starvation increased hepatic carnitine concentrations, mainly through increases in short chain acylcarnitine. Surgical stress decreased or abolished these increases. This may possibly contribute to the blunted ketonaemic response observed after surgery. PMID- 3756207 TI - Effect of in vivo gamma-irradiation on the binding of wheat germ agglutinin on lymphocyte plasma membranes. AB - Using quantitative fluorimetry with fluoresceinated wheat germ agglutinin, we have been able to investigate in vivo gamma radiation-induced damage at the outer membrane level of rat splenic lymphocytes, namely damage to the glucosidic moieties of membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids. This paper demonstrates that below an irradiation level of 1 gray (Gy), removal of sialic acid is the major feature leading to new exposed specific binding sites for wheat germ agglutinin, since this lectin is specific for sialic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. Our studies also suggest that above 1 Gy of irradiation more internal damage occurs, since we observed a striking decrease in wheat germ agglutinin binding sites. PMID- 3756208 TI - Cytotoxic effects of paraquat and inhibition of them by vitamin E. AB - Paraquat causes failure of multiple organs including the liver in humans. The kinetics and mechanism of paraquat intoxication were studied using cultured rat hepatocytes. Paraquat induced time- and dose-dependent lactate dehydrogenase release, lipid peroxidation, and cell death, estimated as decrease in protein in cells attached to culture dishes. However, the increase in lipid peroxidation occurred after lactate dehydrogenase release had reached a plateau. Vitamin E inhibited the inductions of all these cytotoxic effects of paraquat. Kinetic studies showed that lipid peroxidation was a better indicator of cell death than lactate dehydrogenase release, because vitamin E inhibited the induction of cell death even when added 6 h after paraquat, when lactate dehydrogenase release had reached a plateau but lipid peroxidation had not. The present results strongly suggest that paraquat exerts its cytotoxicity by a mechanism involving oxidation reactions. PMID- 3756209 TI - Purification of desmoglein II: a method for the preparation and fractionation of desmosomal components. AB - We have developed rapid and efficient methods for the isolation of desmosomes and the fractionation of their components. These methods involve the use of 6 M guanidine HCl to isolate the desmosomes from bovine epidermis, followed by hydroxyapatite column chromatography in the presence of SDS to fractionate the desmosomal components. All of the desmoplakins and desmogleins were purified at least partially by these procedures, and desmoglein II was purified to apparent homogeneity. We expect these procedures to facilitate a detailed biochemical analysis of the molecular components of desmosomes. In addition, these methods may be applicable to the purification of other plasma membrane domains involved in cell adhesion. PMID- 3756210 TI - Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase immobilized in microcapsules for the depletion of phenylalanine in plasma in phenylketonuric rat model. AB - Microencapsulation of the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia-lyase was developed for in vivo depletion of systemic phenylalanine in phenylketonuric rats. Compared to normal rats, systemic phenylalanine blood levels in phenylketonuric rats was increased by 15-20-fold. Daily oral administration of 1 unit of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase-loaded artificial cells to phenylketonuric rats lowered the systemic phenylalanine level to 58% +/- 18% (mean + S.D.) in 7 days (P less than 0.010), while 5 units lowered the systemic phenylalanine level to 25% +/- 8%. 5 units of the immobilized enzyme lowered the systemic phenylalanine level to normal levels within 6 days. Phenylketonuric treated rats showed no signs of abnormal behavior and weight loss compared to phenylketonuric non-treated rats. The immobilized enzyme within artificial cells is therefore protected against low gastrointestinal pH and proteolytic enzymes. PMID- 3756211 TI - The development of glutathione S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase activities in human lung. AB - The development of glutathione S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase activities has been studied in human lung cytosols. Whilst no clear change in glutathione peroxidase activity was identified, expression of the acidic glutathione S-transferase isoenzyme decreased markedly after 15 weeks of gestation so that at birth the level of activity of this isoenzyme was only about 20% of that in samples obtained during the first trimester. Basic glutathione S transferase isoenzymes were weakly expressed during development and usually comprised less than 10% of cytosolic activity. Ion-exchange studies identified several basic isoenzymes that may correspond to the alpha, beta, gamma, delta and epsilon set previously identified in liver. Weak expression of apparently near neutral isoenzymes was also detected; they were detected in only a few cytosols. PMID- 3756212 TI - Effect of DNAase I on muscle tropomyosin polymerization. AB - DNAase I, an endonuclease which interacts with G-actin, also affects tropomyosin polymerization. With chicken pectoralis or bovine cardiac ventricle tropomyosin, DNAase I both prevents tropomyosin from polymerizing and disrupts already formed tropomysin filaments. DNAase I and filament tropomyosin can also form a precipitable complex. In the electron microscope, the complex is observed as irregularly margined stellate-shaped structures with a maximum size of 9 micron. Isolated DNAase I-tropomyosin stellate complex consists of a 2:1 molar ratio of DNAase I and tropomyosin, suggesting that each tropomyosin subunit can bind DNAase I. PMID- 3756214 TI - Effect of phospholipid structure on stability and survival times of liposomes in circulation. AB - The phosphatidylcholine (PC) component of liposomes was structurally modified by replacing its C-1, or both C-1 and C-2, ester linkage(s) with an ether and/or carbamyl bond(s) or by changing its steric configuration. Small unilamellar liposomes were formed from PC, traces of the corresponding 14C-labeled PC and cholesterol in the presence of 6-carboxyfluorescein (02.M) by sonication, and purified by centrifugation. These liposomes were administered intravenously to rats, and their stability in blood as well as the rate of their clearance from the circulation were determined. Stability and survival times of liposomes were markedly increased by modifying both the C-1 and the C-2 ester linkages in PC. A similar but quantitatively smaller effect was observed when only the C-1 ester linkage was modified. However, the stability remained unaffected by changing the steric configuration of PC, but this modification influenced the clearance rate of liposomes from the circulation. These results demonstrate that both stability in blood and the clearance rate from circulation can be modulated by structurally modifying the ester linkages in the phospholipid component of liposomes. PMID- 3756213 TI - High-level conjugation of chelating agents onto immunoglobulins: use of an intermediary poly(L-lysine)-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid carrier. AB - Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), a strong chelating agent, was covalently linked to murine monoclonal anti-HLA IgG1 antibody (H-1) with the use of poly(L-lysine) (Mr 14,000) as a multivalent, intermediary carrier, via thiol disulfide exchange reaction. The conjugates contained up to 42.5 mol DTPA per mol antibody, and retained over 90% of their antibody activity in vitro. The conjugates incorporated gadolinium (Gd) through an exchange reaction with Gd EDTA, used to prevent colloid formation and nonspecific binding of the free metal. The IgG-poly(L-lysine)-DTPA-Gd had a greater effect per mol on proton relaxation rates than DTPA-Gd itself. Use of poly(L-lysine) as an intermediary carrier for attachment of chelating agents to IgG thus offers great potential for achieving high-specific-activity conjugates, particularly for use as biologically specific contrast agents in nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. PMID- 3756215 TI - Directional Ca2+ effect on stimulation of secretion of common mucins and unique sulphate-rich components from chicken trachea in vitro. AB - High submucosal Ca2+ (3.6-18 mM) significantly increased the secretion of a common high molecular weight fibrillar mucin (approx. Mr is greater than 2.10(6)) and also elicited the secretion of an additional low molecular weight component (approx. Mr 325,000). Low luminal Ca2+ (0.018 mM) also significantly increased the secretion of a common high molecular weight gelatinous mucin (approx. Mr is greater than 2.10(6)) and elicited the secretion of an additional low molecular weight component (approx. Mr 46,200). The additional low molecular weight components were more heavily sulphated (6.7 and 4.2%) than common high molecular weight mucins (2.1 and 1%). The low molecular weight components and high molecular weight mucins were secreted as aggregates which could be dissociated by EGTA. The low molecular weight components and high molecular weight mucins were different in the number of their glycoprotein constituents and in the ion exchange chromatographic profiles and the carbohydrate and ester sulphate residue content of their acidic glycoproteins. PMID- 3756217 TI - Induction of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase in needle-punctured rat lens as a model of traumatic cataract. AB - Isolated rat lens was punctured with a needle at a single point in the equatorial region and was incubated at 37 degrees C. Spermidine/spermine N1 acetyltransferase activity was increased about 5-fold at 8 h after the puncture. Concomitantly, putrescine content in the lens increased markedly at 8-16 h after the puncture, while spermidine levels were slightly depressed. Pretreatment of the lens with actinomycin D or cycloheximide blocked the increases of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase activity and putrescine content. Ornithine decarboxylase, on the other hand, was not induced to a detectable degree by this stimulus and 5 mM difluoromethylornithine could not block the increase of putrescine content. Polyamine oxidase showed a relatively constant activity that was sufficient for the metabolism of newly formed N1 acetylspermidine. These results suggested that, in the punctured lens, the polyamine levels were regulated predominantly by the activity of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase, but not by the induction of ornithine decarboxylase. PMID- 3756216 TI - Developmental changes in the activities of sialyl- and fucosyltransferases in rat small intestine. AB - To study an enzymatic basis for the postnatal changes in intestinal glycosylation, the activities of sialyl- and fucosyltransferases were determined in the particulate fraction of mucosal cells prepared from rat small intestine of various ages. The results show that sialyltransferase activity was present in increased levels compared to adults during the preweaning period (1-2 weeks) and subsequently declined 5-fold to adult levels after weaning, while fucosyltransferase activity was decreased compared to adults in the first 3 weeks of life, rapidly increased at 4 weeks, and reached adult levels (10-fold) by 5 weeks. The changes in both sialyl- and fucosyltransferase activities were reflected by the membranous content of glycosidic-bound sialic acid and fucose, respectively. Cortisone injection precociously induced a decreased sialyltransferase activity and an increased fucosyltransferase activity in 2-week old suckling rats. This study indicates that the activities of sialyl- and fucosyltransferases were reciprocally related and modulated by cortisone action in the developing intestine. These enzyme changes may be responsible for the previously noted shift from sialylation to fucosylation of the intestinal mucosa during maturation. PMID- 3756218 TI - Comparison of brush border membrane glycoproteins and glycoenzymes in the proximal and distal rat small intestine. AB - Brush border membranes isolated from the proximal and distal portions of the rat small intestine were examined to see whether qualitative differences exist in their glycoprotein constituents. After SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis distinct differences were observed, indicating that the protein and glycoprotein profiles of the distal intestine are less complex. A competitive radioassay of lectin receptors revealed that there are significantly more wheat germ agglutinin and succinylated wheat germ agglutinin receptors present on brush border membranes from proximal intestine as compared to distal intestine. However, binding of Ricinus communis agglutinin I to brush border membranes of distal intestine was 2-times higher than that of proximal intestine. These segmental differences were also reflected in the binding patterns of individual brush border membrane hydrolases to wheat germ agglutinin and R. communis agglutinin I. Carbohydrate analysis demonstrated that the overall sugar content of brush border membranes is higher in distal intestine, with more galactose and sialic acid residues. No difference was found in the content of N-acetylglucosamine between the two segments. When brush border membranes from both segments were used as acceptors for galactosyltransferase, those from proximal intestine were better acceptors. Neuraminidase treatment significantly enhanced galactose oxidase/sodium borotritide labeling of brush border membranes from distal intestine and altered the electrophoretic mobility of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV and aminopeptidase N. No significant changes in labeling or enzyme electrophoretic mobility were noted in brush border membranes from proximal intestine after neuraminidase treatment. These studies indicate that the glycoproteins from brush border membranes of proximal and distal intestine are qualitatively different and that the glycoproteins from distal intestine may have more completed oligosaccharide side chains. PMID- 3756219 TI - Importance of endogenous substrates for cultured adult rat cardiac myocytes. AB - In Ca-tolerant adult cardiomyocytes the contribution of endogenous substrates (glycogen, tri- and diacylglycerol) to oxidative substrate metabolism was investigated. After 4 h in culture medium (M 199 plus 4% fetal calf serum) the cellular triacylglycerol content is 3.6-fold higher than in fresh myocardium and reflects the free fatty acid composition of the medium. When triacylglycerol is degraded, all long-chain fatty acids are hydrolysed at equal rates. In these quiescent cells, the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase is low (10% of full activity, in Tyrode solution with 5 mM glucose). Up to 30% of full pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, the contribution of non-lipid substrates (glycogen, glucose, lactate and pyruvate) to oxidative energy production is correlated to pyruvate dehydrogenase activity. At 5 mM medium concentration, glucose, lactate and pyruvate share in energy production the proportions of 15, 36 and 50%, whereas endogenous lipolysis accounts for 78, 61 and 46%. It is concluded that these quiescent cardiomyocytes represent cardiac metabolism in a basal state in which the preference for fatty acids, especially from endogenous lipids, is very pronounced. The utilization of endogenous substrates therefore has to be considered in all studies investigating the oxidative metabolism of these isolated cells. PMID- 3756220 TI - An inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase in lactogen-deprived Nb2 node rat lymphoma cells. AB - A previous study has shown that the activity of ornithine decarboxylase in cultured Nb2 node rat lymphoma cells falls to undetectable levels when cells become quiescent following incubation in lactogen (prolactin)-deficient medium. In the present study, it was found that addition of extracts of the lactogen deprived, quiescent cells to extracts of log-phase cells markedly reduced the ornithine decarboxylase activity of the latter, the inhibitory activity being proportional to the amount of quiescent cell extract added. Evidence is presented that the ornithine decarboxylase-inhibitory activity in the quiescent cell extracts is due to an antizyme-like, polypeptide factor with an Mr of approx. 28,000. The activity of the inhibitor appears to be directed rather specifically against ornithine decarboxylase, since the activities of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, thymidine kinase and uridine kinase were not affected. The Nb2 cell ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor may have an important role in modulating the cellular levels of ornithine decarboxylase as they change in response to the withdrawal and restoration of extracellular mitogenic lactogens. PMID- 3756221 TI - Activation and immunorecognition by a monoclonal antibody of the tamoxifen estrogen receptor complex. AB - The interaction of tamoxifen with the estrogen receptor of fetal guinea pig uterus, the activation of the tamoxifen-estrogen receptor complex and its immunorecognition by a monoclonal antibody raised against the human estrogen receptor is described in the present paper. The results show that: the tamoxifen receptor complex sediments at 8 S in low-salt and at 4.5 S in high-salt sucrose gradients, this complex is partially recognized by the monoclonal antibody allowing the differentiation of two forms: the alpha form, which binds to the monoclonal antibody, and the beta form, which does not react with it; several factors such as time, temperature and high salt concentrations were capable of activating the tamoxifen-receptor complex, as determined by the increase of its binding to DNA-cellulose; these factors also induced a partial transformation of the beta form to the alpha form; sodium molybdate inhibited both activation and transformation of the beta into the alpha form. The correlation between activation and induction of the alpha form suggests that the monoclonal antibody recognizes selectively the activated form of the tamoxifen-receptor complex. These results indicate similar properties of the estrogen receptor when bound to either tamoxifen or estradiol; however, the differences observed in the behavior of the tamoxifen-receptor complex as compared with the estradiol-receptor complex, though quantitative rather than qualitative, suggest that the estrogen receptor is affected differently by tamoxifen and estradiol. PMID- 3756222 TI - X-ray determination of the crystallinity in bone mineral. AB - The X-ray diffraction method of Ruland (Acta Crystallogr. 14 (1961) 1180-1185) used for the crystallinity determination of synthetic polymers was applied to the mineral present in mature rat cortical bone. The results obtained were compared with those obtained by other X-ray methods of Harper and Posner and Wakelin, Virgin and Crystal. It was concluded that the method of Ruland gives a more reliable determination of the crystallinity of bone mineral than other methods. PMID- 3756223 TI - De novo synthesis of glutathione in human fibroblasts during in vitro ageing and in some metabolic diseases as measured by a flow cytometric method. AB - A flow cytometric method to determine cellular GSH contents has been developed. This method is fast and simple and enables the determination of GSH contents in intact cells. Results obtained with the new method correlate well with the results obtained by a specific biochemical assay for GSH (r = 0.9984; n = 7). The method has been used to determine GSH recovery rates in cultured fibroblasts from healthy subjects and from patients with Werner's syndrome, Spielmeyer-Vogt syndrome and Fanconi's anemia. No obvious differences in GSH recovery rates were observed. GSH recovery rates were also not affected after in vitro ageing. Experiments with cells deficient in GSH synthetase revealed that the observed GSH recovery is exclusively due to de novo synthesis. PMID- 3756224 TI - Increased (23R)-hydroxylase activity in patients suffering from cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, resulting in (23R)-hydroxylation of bile acids. AB - Patients suffering from cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, an inborn error of metabolism in bile acid synthesis, excrete excessive amounts of 23-hydroxylated bile alcohols, 23-norcholic acid and 23-hydroxycholic acid into urine. In this study the configuration of this excreted 23-hydroxycholic acid was established as (23R)-hydroxycholic acid. Urine samples of two treated patients, receiving chenodeoxycholic acid, were investigated to see whether this administered bile acid was partly converted into 23-hydroxychenodeoxycholic acid. One patient was treated with ursodeoxycholic acid for 1 month and subsequently with chenodeoxycholic acid, and the urinary excretion of both (23R) hydroxychenodeoxycholic acid and (23R)-hydroxyursodeoxycholic acid were followed. Indeed, all three patients excreted (23R)-hydroxylated chenodeoxycholic acid during oral treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid, and the patient treated with ursodeoxycholic acid excreted (23R)-hydroxylated ursodeoxycholic acid. During treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid the excretion of (23R) hydroxychenodeoxycholic acid increases at first and later on decreases markedly. These findings suggest increased (23R)-hydroxylase activity in patients suffering from cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, acting both on endogenously synthesized bile alcohols and on exogenously administered bile acids; during continuation of chenodeoxycholic acid treatment in an effective dose (750 mg/day) this enzyme activity gradually disappears. PMID- 3756225 TI - Involvement of protein kinase C in the phosphorylation of 46 kDa proteins which are phosphorylated in parallel with activation of NADPH oxidase in intact guinea pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes. AB - Two proteins (Mr 46,000, pI 6.4 and 7.0), the phosphorylation of which was increased by any of the membrane-perturbing agents in parallel with activation of NADPH oxidase in intact guinea-pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes in our previous study (Okamura, N., Ohashi, S., Nagahisa, N. and Ishibashi, S. (1984) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 228, 270-277), were also phosphorylated in a cell-free system prepared from the leukocytes. The in vitro phosphorylation of these two proteins was stimulated by the addition of phosphatidylserine in the presence of higher concentrations of Ca2+ (300-500 microM). The phosphorylation was further increased when protein kinase C partially purified from guinea-pig brain was added to the system. At a low concentration of Ca2+ (about 10 microM), stimulation of the phosphorylation was not attained by phosphatidylserine alone but required the addition of diacylglycerol or phorbol myristate acetate. On the other hand, the increase in the phosphorylation was inhibited by H-7, an inhibitor for protein kinase C. These results indicate that protein kinase C is involved in the phosphorylation of the two proteins, which may be related to the superoxide anion production stimulated by various membrane-perturbing agents. PMID- 3756226 TI - [Effect of antioxidants on the psoralen photo-oxidation process]. AB - Psoralens are capable of photosensitizing oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids due to the two-stage mechanism. During the first (light) stage psoralen solution in ethanol undergoes photooxidation under UV-irradiation (366 nm). At the second (dark) stage the addition of photooxidized psoralen (POP) to the aqueous solution of liposomes is followed by lipid oxidation. Antioxidants inhibited the UV-stage, but did not influence the dark one. Neither spectrophotometry, nor spectrofluorometry could detect photoproducts of psoralen involved in the two stage oxidation of lipids. However, mixing of ethanol solution of POP with water resulted in the flash of chemiluminescence. The inhibition constants by antioxidants of photoproducts formation which are active in the two-stage oxidation of lipids were estimated by chemiluminescence. Stern--Volmer's constants for antioxidants: 2,6-dimethyl-3,5-diacetyl-1,4-dihydropyridine (DHP), 6-hydroxy-2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman (chromanol--C1), water soluble sodium phenozan and butilated hydroxytoluen (ionol) appeared to be (7.4 +/- 2.2) X 10(3) M-1, (4.4 +/- 1.0) X 10(3) M-1, (3.3 +/- 0.7) X 10(3) M-1, (4.5 +/- 2.5) X 10(2) M-1, respectively. The biological importance of these two-stage oxidation photosensitized by furocoumarins is discussed. PMID- 3756227 TI - [Heat denaturation of immunoglobin G in monomolecular layers]. AB - Studies were carried out of viscous-elastic properties of monomolecular layers of human immunoglobulin IgG formed at the interface water solutions of NaCl--air within 20 degrees C to 50 degrees C at NaCl concentration in sublayer from 0.3 to 1.0 M. It has been shown that at concentrations from 0.3 to 0.5 M of NaCl IgG macromolecules keep the tertiary structure, and in the region 35 +/- 5 degrees C a conformation transition is observed. The recorded conformation transition is reversible and of entropy nature. At NaCl concentration 0.75 in the sublayer and temperature close to 35 degrees C IgG macromolecules undergo irreversible structural changes due to the destruction of hydrogen and disulfide bonds in IgG molecules. Macromolecules dissociate to fragments with molecular mass 49,000 +/- 2000. At NaCl concentration 1.0 M and temperatures 30-50 degrees C IgG macromolecules of the monolayer are in a dissociated state. Changes in entropy, enthalpy and heat capacity as well as areas occupied by the macromolecules at dense packing, molecular mass and efficient electric dipole moment of the monolayer are calculated. PMID- 3756228 TI - [Characteristics of the generation of transmembrane current higher harmonics in lipid bilayers in glycerol and 1,2-propane diol solutions]. AB - It is shown that structural rearrangements of bilayer lipid membrane induced by glycerol and 1,2-propane diol result in noncompensated second harmonic of transmembrane current having quadratic dependence on input voltage and a weak dependence on frequency. The third harmonic has cubic dependence on input voltage and decreases with an increase in frequency. The mechanism is discussed according to which generation of non-compensated second harmonic is due to the formation of the intermediate lipid phase with viscoelastic properties differing from the initial bilayer in the process of structural rearrangements. The presence of this phase conditions the possibility of appearance of noncompensated second harmonic. PMID- 3756229 TI - [Diffusion of a fluorescent probe in egg lecithin multilayers and the effect of a permanent magnetic field]. AB - A method is developed for determining the value of transverse diffusion coefficient through lipid multilayers. Using the absorption kinetics parameters of 1-aniline-8-sulphonate naphthalene (ANS) the value of diffusion coefficient was estimated as Dt = (3 +/- 1). X 10(-12) cm2 s-1 at (22 +/- 0.5) degrees C. The value of Dt was shown to increase under the action of the magnetic field parallel to the multilayer surface; a relative increase of Dt at field 1.3 T is +(40 +/- 15)%. PMID- 3756230 TI - [The role of succinic acid in neuron reaction to synaptic activation]. AB - It has been shown on Retzius neuron of the leech that after preintroduction of sodium succinate the reaction to synaptic stimulation expressed in increased frequency of the impulse activity proceeds more intensively than in the norm. In connection with the fact that against the background of succinate effect reaction to acetylcholine increases it is suggested that this very mediator is responsible for slower decrease of the impulse activity frequency at synaptic activation. PMID- 3756231 TI - [Structural properties of leukemic and normal lymphoid cells]. AB - DNA synthesis intensity and spectral and fluorescent properties of leucemic, PHA induced and intact normal mouse spleen cells and of nuclei isolated from these cells were investigated. The cell electrophoretic mobility and DNA-protein interaction in the nuclei were studied. Similarity in cell and nuclei fluorescence, fluorescence of the probe ANS conjugated with the cells, the electrophoretic mobility and tightness of DNA--protein interaction for leucemic and PHA--induced cells and also the similarity of the tightness of DNA--protein interaction for leucemic and normal intact cells were found inspite of the differences in DNA synthesis intensity and cell functional peculiarities. PMID- 3756232 TI - [Mathematical model of activation wave propagation in an isolated cardiomyocyte]. AB - In order to describe spontaneous wave-like contractions of a single isolated cardiomyocyte a mathematical model is proposed, which relates this phenomenon to propagation of calcium ion concentration wave along the cell. Free diffusion of Ca2+ ions as well as their reversible binding to regulatory proteins in contractile apparatus, Ca2+ accumulation in sarcoplasmic reticulum, and Ca induced Ca2+ release are included in the governing equations. The model agrees with some observations. It predicts also some effects which may by a subject of future experimental research. PMID- 3756233 TI - [Tracing eye movements in various types of stroboscopic stimulation]. AB - Relationship between eye ability to perceive smooth motion under stroboscopic stimulation on forward motion (from which stationary positions of the object) in the plane perpendicular to the look line was found. For diagnostics and occupational selection it is suggested to carry out stimulation in several directions thus obtaining additional information about the visual system of the person under test. PMID- 3756234 TI - [Lipid fluorophores of the crystalline lens in cataracts]. AB - Microcolumn liquid and column chromatography technique is conjunction with UV spectrophotometry and spectrofluorescent analysis were used to study lipid peroxidation products accumulated in human lenses during cataract formation by means of chromatographic separation in regard to the molecular weight and polarity properties. Cataract is characterized by the appearance of certain substances changing UV-absorption lipid spectra in the region of 230 and 274 nm and having special fluorescence (excitation--320-370 nm), (emission--405-460 nm). The same changes were observed by ultrasoundinduced lipid peroxidation of model lipid samples. The accumulated lipid peroxidation products are concentrated in the same chromatographic fractions that are responsible for the change of UV absorption and fluorescent spectra of lipids of cataractous lenses. It is the evidence of free radical lipid peroxidation products accumulation in human lenses at cataract formation. Along with the formation of diene and triene conjugates in the lens lipids, cataract is characterized by the formation of cetodienes and of low molecular weight lipid fluorescent products of fatty acids oxidation with low polarity due to the appearance of tetraene derivatives of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The particular features of mature cataract are an increased intensity of long-wave lipid fluorescence in the blue-green region (430-460 nm) of the spectrum, formation of high molecular weight fluorescent lipid peroxidation products with high polarity, and smooth decrease in absorbance in the region of 220-330 nm. During cataract formation products of deep lipid peroxidation resulting from radical phospholipids and fatty acids polymerisation are accumulated. It is supposed that lipid peroxidation is an initial phase of membrane desintegration and formation of HMW-proteins in cataract. PMID- 3756235 TI - [Experimental evaluation of the critical size of the myocardial reverberator]. AB - Two independent experimental methods for estimating the minimal size of myocardium where a rotating wave could still arise (the crucial wave size) were proposed and realized. The first one was based on measuring the wavelength, the second--on the determination of the crucial size of an unexcited obstacle. The crucial rotating wave size in the myocardium without an obstacle was shown to increase under lidocaine effect. PMID- 3756236 TI - [Study of the characteristics of the effect of radio-sound using spherical models]. AB - Experimental data are presented on sound wave excitement in liquid sphere models by pulse HF-fields and interpreted in relation to microwave auditory effects. PMID- 3756237 TI - [Effect of muscle storage and stimulation on the intensity of Z-reflection of its equatorial x-ray pattern]. AB - The maintenance of frog sartorius muscle in Ringer solution over a long period of time (24 h or more) increases Z-reflection intensity of equatorial X-ray pattern relative to that from fresh (1-2 h) dissecting muscle at sarcomere length more than 2.3 m. Long stimulation deteriorates the equatorial X-ray pattern from muscle. Then with the course of time Z-reflection intensity increases several times, Z and reflections merge, and rigor equatorial X-ray pattern is registered. PMID- 3756238 TI - [Effect of rhythmical light flickering on the stability of the human body]. AB - Influence of photostimulation upon the man's movements biomechanics (stabilogram, goniogram, electromiogram etc) according to the one-leg toe balance model was investigated on 500 persons. Lowering of the exercise biomechanical efficiency at the background of light gleams was established. Light gleams with the frequency of 8-12 Hz which violated movement control processes (the correction of the body GWC) had maximal confusing effect. PMID- 3756239 TI - [Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of biopolymers: membrane proteins, bacteriorhodopsin and rhodopsin adsorbed on silver electrodes and silver hydrosols]. AB - Surface-enhanced Raman (SER) spectra of purple membranes of Halobacterium halobium and photoreceptor disks of the rod outer segments adsorbed on silver hydrosols were analysed. It has been shown that the intensity of SER spectra of bacterial and visual rhodopsins increases 5 X 10(4) times at adsorption. Concentration relationship of the signal intensity of SER spectra has the maximum at bacteriorhodopsin concentration about 2 X 10(-7) M. It has been shown that adsorption on silver hydrosol leads to fixation of light-induced photochemical transformations in bacterial and visual rhodopsins. Adsorption on the "smooth" electrodes at the potential of the zero charge of silver does not affect the photocycle of bacteriorhodopsin. An increase or decrease of the electrode potential relative to the zero charge point of silver leads to the accumulation of kinetic intermediate K610 and a decrease of the concentration of the form BRh570. It has been shown that on the "smooth" electrode primarily the long-range component of the SER mechanism is realized. Bands corresponding to the vibrations of the atom groups directly contacting with the metal are mainly intensified after redox cycle which increases the concentration of chemosorption centres. A conclusion is drawn that the method of SER spectroscopy of biomolecules adsorbed on "smooth" electrodes, permits obtaining information similar to that obtained from the analysis of Raman spectra of unadsorbed molecules, but at concentrations by two orders less. Adsorption on the electrodes treated with the help of redox cycle permits to obtain highly oriented preparations and to study topography of biopolymers in water solutions and suspensions. PMID- 3756240 TI - Threshold perception and saccadic eye movements. AB - Involuntary eye movements were recorded during threshold detection tasks under various experimental conditions. The data were analyzed for interdependencies between stimulus parameters, detection performance, and oculomotor behaviour. The data demonstrate that under certain conditions, saccadic parameters are adaptive to specific stimulus properties. Further, the data suggest that for stationary patterns with low spatial frequencies and for gratings flickering with high temporal frequencies, detection is facilitated considerably by the occurrence of a saccadic eye movement. These facilitation effects are consistent with the predictions of a theoretical model presented in a previous paper. PMID- 3756241 TI - The effect of saccades on threshold perception--a model study. AB - The effect of saccadic eye movements on threshold perception is investigated theoretically. The proposed model considers eye movements by taking into account the shifting of the stimulus pattern on the retina during the occurrence of an eye movement. Saccades are characterized by high velocity and short duration. These motions cause overshoots in the response of linear filters to certain stimulus patterns. Therefore, the model predicts facilitation effects of saccades in the perception of low spatial frequency patterns and patterns flickering with high temporal frequencies. These results agree with experimentally obtained data presented in a subsequent paper. A simple approach is formulated which approximates the complex shifting function of a saccade by a switching of the pattern. PMID- 3756242 TI - Simulation studies on the control of posture and movement in a multi-jointed limb. AB - Simulation studies were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of different control schemes in stabilizing a multi-jointed limb (human arm) in response to force perturbations. The mechanical properties of the arm were modeled as a linear visco-elastic system and the effectiveness of negative feedback of angular position and torque was evaluated. The effectiveness of a given amount of position feedback depended strongly on the initial position of the arm and on the perturbation, while torque feedback was much more consistently effective in damping the motion of the limb. PMID- 3756243 TI - Fourier transform magnitudes are unique pattern recognition templates. AB - Fourier transform magnitudes are commonly used in the generation of templates in pattern recognition applications. We report on recent advances in Fourier phase retrieval which are relevant to pattern recognition. We emphasise in particular that the intrinsic form of a finite, positive image is, in general, uniquely related to the magnitude of its Fourier transform. We state conditions under which the Fourier phase can be reconstructed from samples of the Fourier magnitude, and describe a method of achieving this. Computational examples of restoration of Fourier phase (and hence, by Fourier transformation, the intrinsic form of the image) from samples of the Fourier magnitude are also presented. PMID- 3756244 TI - Connectionistic models of Boolean category representation. AB - Several distinct connectionistic/neural representations capable of computing arbitrary Boolean functions are described and discussed in terms of possible tradeoffs between time, space, and expressive clarity. It is suggested that the ability of a threshold logic unit (TLU) to represent prototypical groupings has significant advantages for representing real world categories. Upper and lower bounds on the number of nodes needed for Boolean completeness are demonstrated. The necessary number of nodes is shown to increase exponentially with the number of input features, the exact rate of increase depending on the representation scheme. In addition, in non-recurrent networks, connection weights are shown to increase exponentially with a linear reduction in the number of nodes below approximately 2d. This result suggests that optimum memory efficiency may require unacceptable learning time. Finally, two possible extensions to deal with non Boolean values are considered. PMID- 3756245 TI - A model for the perception of curves in dot figures: the role of local salience of "virtual lines". AB - In many models of visual information processing the notion of a virtual line or dipole is introduced in order to represent the configurational information, notably length and relative orientation, between identical figure elements in figures with discrete elements. Virtual lines have proven to be very useful in predicting perceptual phenomena (Julesz et al. 1973; Stevens 1978). In the present study, virtual lines are utilized in a model which aims to predict the perception of (dotted) curves in dot figures. Clearly many possible curves, formed by adjacent virtual lines, can be constructed within a set of dots. It is proposed that already at the local level of the virtual lines each line has a perceptual salience which results from the function induced by the global dot figure. It is this local line salience or "connectivity" that directs further processing and determines the curves to be seen in a dot figure. The model presented is an information processing model with a clear modular design. It entails three successive levels of representation. First image functions are derived through a convolution of the input with gaussian distribution functions. Next, a discrete internal representation is extracted from the image function consisting of two primitives; blobs, representing the dots, and virtual lines, representing pairwise relations between blobs. The attributes of the blobs are their positions in the image plane, while those of the virtual lines are length, relative orientation and connectivity. At the third level, the discrete internal representation is used to predict the perceived curves. It is shown that the model has advantages over other approaches, e.g. autocorrelation and network models. PMID- 3756246 TI - [Role of cortical effects in the activity of the respiratory center as a paired structure]. PMID- 3756247 TI - [Phospholipid restoration of microsome membranes damaged by Fe2+--ascorbate dependent lipid peroxidation]. AB - The incubation of microsomes damaged by Fe2+--ascorbate-dependent lipid peroxidation with phosphatidylcholine liposomes and micelles is accompanied by the rate decrease of the reduced cytochrome P450 inactivation in microsome membranes. It indicates the elimination of lipid bilayer injuries. The results of study of the saturation degree, surface charge and size of liposomes and micelles influence on the ability to reconstruct the damaged lipid bilayer are presented. PMID- 3756248 TI - [Fluorescence proper of phospholipase A2 and orientotoxin from the venom of the giant hornet in the presence of ionic modulators of their membrane activity]. AB - The own fluorescence of phospholipase A2 and orientotoxin at interaction of these components from Oriental hornet venom with calcium, strontium, lantan, magnesium ions has been investigated. Ca2+, La3+, Sr2+--activators of phospholipase activity--increase the quantum output of fluorescence. In the presence of Ca2+ the temperature of semitransitional process of thermoinactivation of investigated polypeptides increases by 2 degrees C. PMID- 3756249 TI - [Demonstration and characteristics of the perinucleolar zone of the nucleus--a new morphological criterion of the nucleolar test system]. AB - A dynamic structure of interphase nucleus--perinucleolar zone has been detected and studied in cell systems on high-level transcription and proliferation activity by means of light and fluorescent microscopy methods. A new light microscopic level classification of nucleoli taking into account the structure of this zone is introduced. The percentage of nucleoli type distribution may be used as criterion of tissue synthesis activity. An introduction of a new morphological criterion in classical Smetana nucleolar test is under discussion. PMID- 3756250 TI - [Interrelations of the cerebral hemispheres in the cat in early stages of ontogeny]. AB - Multiple recording of transcallosal responses (TCRs) from different cortex areas has been carried out by means of acute experiments with immobilized and anesthetized kittens at the age of 1 to 30 days after birth. Homotopical TCRs in kittens at the age of 2-15 days appear earlier, are presented wider and reveal features of a greater maturity configuration and of amplitudinal-temporal parameters in association zone (parietal and sensorimotor) in comparison with projection zones (somatosensory, visual and auditory). Interhemispheric interrelations in association cortex of kittens are carried out not only by means of callosal but extracallosal system. In the course of animal developing in the parietal cortex the drain of the surface-positive oscillation moves from V to III layer and the drain of the surface-negative deviation remains at the level of II III layers. The late component is registered up to the depth of III-IV layers, having the drain in I-II layers. In sensorimotor cortex the surface-negative oscillation has the drain in I-II layers, surface-positive--in III and V--VI layers. The interhemispheric asymmetry emerging from the moment of responses appearance is peculiar to TCRs of projection and association zones. In the first month of the postnatal development the asymmetry of positive and negative TCR oscillation amplitude has an individual character in sensorimotor cortex and a specific one--in parietal. The temporal parameters of TCR in association areas of the left hemisphere cortex are significantly shorter than of the right one. The data given testify to the possibility of interhemispheric interrelation realization and the presence of interhemispheric asymmetry in cat's brain on the early stages of postnatal ontogenesis. PMID- 3756251 TI - [Effect of stressor factors on the behavior of monkeys. III. The behavior of rhesus macaques during immobilization stress]. AB - The three-hour immobilizational stress in two groups of males of rhesus monkeys at the age of 7-8 and 10-12 years has been investigated. The reaction on the stress has been established to depend on the age of animals. The young males bear the stress easier, their behaviour after it is practically normal. The normal behaviour of the elder animals restores during 24 hours after immobilization. A comparative analysis of hamadryas baboons and rhesus monkeys behaviour during this type of stress has been carried out. These species differ by their reaction on stress: Papio hamadryas serve as a model of hard depressive stress, the rhesus monkeys--a model of slight-stimulative stress. The peculiarities of stress bearing depend on the selected species, age of the animal, the type of social organization and individual features of behaviour. PMID- 3756252 TI - [Multivariate approach to the analysis of the growth processes in the peripuberty period of human ontogeny]. AB - Factor analysis by principal components with the Warimax rotation has been conducted on 26 anthropometric traits of 2200 children aged 6.75 to 17.25. Mean values of traits have been calculated at half-year intervals within each sex. Two orthogonal components accounting 96.5% of the total variation have been chosen. Individual factor values have been analysed to determine their relationship with age. The classification of objects is constructed by the cluster analysis in the space of factors. Four different morphological types within each sex have been found. The age limits between the revealed clusters differ for both sexes. PMID- 3756253 TI - Postprandial thermogenesis in human milk-fed very low birth weight infants. AB - Postprandial thermogenesis in 10 human milk-fed very low birth weight infants was studied by indirect calorimetry at thermoneutrality. Throughout a period of 5-6 weeks each infant was tested once weekly which enabled the authors to explore the relationship between postprandial metabolism and postnatal age as well as growth rate. A feed of human milk caused, on the average, a 15% increase in metabolism. The effect reached its peak value between 50 and 80 min; thereafter it began to fall and approached the preingestion level at 120 min. The response obtained in the 4th, 5th and 6th postnatal week was more pronounced than in the first 3 weeks. Analysis based on growth rate showed that infants exhibiting a rapid weight gain responded by a larger increase in postprandial metabolism than the non- or slow-growing infants. PMID- 3756254 TI - Intrauterine anoxic brain damage in nonimmune hydrops fetalis. AB - A case is presented of a live-born infant with nonimmune hydrops fetalis who survived for 9 h. Neuropathological examination revealed extensive neuronal loss and gliosis in the subcortical gray nuclei suggestive of anoxic brain damage some weeks before birth. In addition the cerebellum was found to be hypoplastic and immature. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms in relation to the hydrops are discussed. In view of the scanty documentation of cerebral lesions in the literature, more detailed examinations of the central nervous system in all cases of hydrops are suggested. PMID- 3756255 TI - Functional and ultrastructural studies of granulocyte adherence in the newborn. AB - Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) adherence to nylon was studied in the umbilical cord blood of 33 full-term, healthy newborns (NBs) during delivery. The results were compared to the adherence of PMN of peripheral blood in 50 healthy adult blood bank donors. PMN adherence in the NBs (56.64 +/- 3.24) was found to be significantly higher (p less than or equal to 0.01) than in the adults (47.03 +/- 2.01). PMN adherence, either in adults or NBs, is not related to leukocytes, platelets or hematocrit values. It was found to be related only to the percentage of total leukocyte adherence. Also using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the ultrastructure of the adherence process was analyzed. In these studies we observed a higher tendency to adopt fusiform disposition in the PMN of the adult population. These results suggest that NB PMNs are hyperadherent and that they show a cellular rigidity and a resistance to deformation that could be responsible for the chemotactic alterations previously described in neonates. PMID- 3756256 TI - Regional variations of iodine nutrition and thyroid function during the neonatal period in Europe. AB - In order to evaluate further the possibility that transient hypothyroidism and hyperthyrotropinemia in newborn infants could result from a state of relative iodine deficiency, the urinary concentration of iodine, used as an index of the dietary intake of iodine was determined in casual urine samples collected in 1,076 full-term infants aged 3-6 days in 16 cities in 10 different European countries and in Toronto, Canada. In addition, the results obtained by programs of systematic neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism in the same areas were compared. There were marked regional differences in iodine nutrition during the neonatal period in Europe (median urinary iodine: 16.2 micrograms/dl in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and 1.1 micrograms/dl in Freiburg, FRG. A low iodine supply in newborn populations was accompanied by, and probably explained, an elevated frequency of transient disorders of thyroid function in young infants. Iodine prophylaxis is urgently needed in some European countries not only for the prevention of goiter, but mostly for the prevention of impairment of thyroid function during the critical period of brain development. PMID- 3756257 TI - Changes of acid and alkaline phosphatase activities in the developing mouse brain. AB - Acid and alkaline phosphatase activities in the mouse cerebrum, brainstem and cerebellum increased during the late fetal and perinatal period and reached a maximum on postnatal day 28 (P28). Myelination was most extensive on P28-P45 in the brainstem and in the cerebellum, and phosphatidic acid phosphatase activity concomitantly decreased to a low level after birth. The changes in acid and alkaline phosphatase activities correlate more with the extent of myelination than with the overall brain tissue growth. PMID- 3756258 TI - Microwave radiation enhances teratogenic effect of cytosine arabinoside in mice. AB - Impregnated Swiss mice were irradiated 2 h daily on days 1-18 of gestation in nonthermal (1 or 10 mW/cm2) or thermogenic (40 mW/cm2) 2,450-MHz microwave (MW) fields. On the 19th day of pregnancy all dams were killed to check the number of resorptions. Living fetuses were isolated, weighed and checked for the presence of macroscopically visible malformations of skeleton and cleft palate (CP) and/or lip (CLP). Some of the pregnant mice in each group were injected intraperitoneally on the 9th day of gestation with 10 mg/kg of cytosine arabinoside (ara-C), a well-known teratogen resulting under the above conditions in the appearance of about 15% (42 of 354) of resorbed implantation points and the development of CP or CLP in about 30% (96 of 312) of fetuses. Exposure to nonthermal MW fields during pregnancy did not lead to resorptions or detectable malformations; however, the body mass of 19-day fetuses was significantly lower than in sham-irradiated controls. MW hyperthermia (40 mW/cm2) applied during pregnancy led to an increased number of resorptions - about 25% (37 of 157) compared to 2% (6 of 306) in controls. Significant enhancement of the teratogenic potency of ara-C was observed after combined exposure to both ara-C and MWs during pregnancy. In dams treated with ara-C alone about 20% (62 of 358) resorptions and about 30% (91 of 296) fetuses with CL or CLP were found; additional exposure in MW fields (10 mW/cm2), not resulting per se in resorptions or detectable malformations, increased the numbers to 45% (213 of 448) of resorptions and to 70% (167 of 235) fetuses with CL or CLP.+ PMID- 3756259 TI - Indomethacin metabolism in liver microsomes during postnatal development in the rat. AB - Indomethacin is now widely used during the neonatal period, but few data exist concerning its metabolism during this period. Thus, we studied the maturational changes in the metabolism of indomethacin into desmethylindomethacin by isolated liver microsomes from 1- to 60-day-old rats. From 8 days of age on, there was a progressive increase in enzymatic activity which was inversely correlated with the change in Michaelis-Menten constant. However, the maximal velocity was not significantly affected by the age. These findings suggest that the deficient metabolism of indomethacin in the newborn rat is due to decreased affinity between enzyme and substrate, or presence of competitive inhibitors. To determine the substrate specificity of the monooxygenase-catalyzing inducers, sodium phenobarbital and beta-naphthoflavone given during 3 days in neonatal rats were also studied. Although beta-naphthoflavone did not exhibit any significant effect, phenobarbital significantly increased the activity and maximal velocity of indomethacin O-demethylation. PMID- 3756260 TI - Gluconeogenesis from lactate in the chronically catheterized baboon fetus. AB - Gluconeogenesis from lactate may be qualitatively identified in the chronically catheterized baboon fetus in the maternal fed and fasted state. Infusion of 250 microCi U-14C-lactate to the fetus over a 150-min period leads to the appearance of 14C-glucose in the fetal circulation. Little 14C-lactate or glucose appears in the maternal circulation, supporting fetal production of glucose from lactate. Maternal glucose infusion seems to inhibit fetal gluconeogenesis. The mean plateau in percent disintegrations per minute of glucose compared to lactate in the maternal fed state is 14.7 +/- 2.2 compared to 16.1 +/- 3.0 in the maternal fasting state and 11.1 +/- 0.6 during maternal glucose infusion. It is clear that the primate fetus is capable of gluconeogenesis before term. Quantitation of this capacity awaits development of a model permitting assessment of maternal placental and fetal substrate flux. PMID- 3756261 TI - P300 latency as a biologic marker of dementia. PMID- 3756262 TI - The differential diagnosis of dementia using P300 latency. AB - The P300 component was elicited by an auditory oddball paradigm in 55 normal adults from a wide age range: 19 patients with dementia, 17 patients with depression, and 15 patients with schizophrenia. Normal P300 latency at a given age was predicted by using an age regression equation that had been calculated on the basis of the entire normal sample. Using this procedure, an abnormal delay in latency (greater than 2 SD) was found in approximately 80% of the dementia patients. However, when normal latency was predicted with a slightly greater degree of reliability according to separate equations for adults younger and older than 63 years, an abnormal delay in P300 was found to be less sensitive and specific to dementia. Suggestions for enhancing the diagnostic utility of the P300 component are proposed. PMID- 3756263 TI - Autonomic characteristics of agoraphobia with panic attacks. AB - We compared electrodermal and heart rate measures of autonomic activation between patients meeting DSM-III criteria for agoraphobia with panic attacks and controls in terms of tonic level, reactivity to various types of stimuli, recovery, habituation, and spontaneous variability. The most striking differences between groups in the laboratory were higher tonic levels of skin conductance and heart rate among patients. Patients' heart rates were also tonically elevated in a test situation outside the laboratory. Certain measures of habituation and spontaneous variability also differed between groups, but there were only weak and inconsistent differences in reactivity to, or recovery from, stimuli with diverse qualities of novelty, startlingness, intensity, or phobicity. The elevated activation levels may be signs of a chronic state or may be phobic responses to the testing situations. A minority of patients failed to show these elevated levels. PMID- 3756264 TI - Comparative efficacy and safety of MAOIs versus TCAs in treating depression in the elderly. AB - This comprehensive study investigated both the role of antidepressant drugs in the treatment of affective disorders of later life and their safety with careful clinical and pharmacological monitoring. A 7-week double-blind comparison was made of the efficacy and safety of nortriptyline (a tricyclic), phenelzine (a monoamine oxidase inhibitor), and placebo. The results indicated a response rate of approximately 60% for both nortriptyline and phenelzine versus a 13% response rate for placebo. Anticholinergic side effects were more frequently reported in the nortriptyline group. Orthostatic symptoms were reported with similar frequency in both drug groups. Overall, both drugs were well tolerated. PMID- 3756266 TI - Vasopressin-neurophysin and bipolar depression. PMID- 3756265 TI - Smooth pursuit eye movement disorder and its psychobiologic correlates in unmedicated schizophrenics. AB - The accuracy of smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEMs) was evaluated electrooculographically in 14 medication-free schizophrenics. Concentrations of monoamine metabolites and gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) were measured in their cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Ventricular-brain ratios (VBR) were determined by computed axial tomography (CT scan). Premorbid adjustment was evaluated by the Phillips Scale. The SPEMs of eight of the patients were reevaluated after 2 weeks of treatment with either prazosin or pimozide. No consistent significant correlations were found between SPEM accuracy and CSF metabolite concentrations, VBR, or premorbid adjustment. SPEM accuracy was not correlated with number of days off medication and was significantly correlated when measured before and during medication. PMID- 3756268 TI - Computed EEG in schizophrenics. PMID- 3756267 TI - Initial REM sleep suppression by clomipramine: a prognostic tool for treatment response in patients with a major depressive disorder. PMID- 3756269 TI - Hydergine effect on prolactin and reaction time in dementia. PMID- 3756271 TI - Parkinsonism induced by diazepam. PMID- 3756270 TI - Left hemisphere in schizophrenia. PMID- 3756272 TI - Spontaneous improvement, vulnerability, and placebos. PMID- 3756273 TI - The value of nasopharyngeal recording in psychiatric patients. AB - The utility of nasopharyngeal (NP) recording in psychiatry is controversial. To assess its value, 302 NP recordings from patients with psychiatric illnesses were reviewed. Among the 81 patients whose electroencephalograms (EEGs) demonstrated spikes or sharp waves, 10 patients (12%) were found to have epileptic foci at the mesiobasal temporal region recorded exclusively by NP leads. However, all of these recordings showed additional independent epileptic foci detected by scalp electrodes. Five patients (6%) had epileptic discharges simultaneously recorded from NP and scalp electrodes. No recording showed all epileptic discharges to be exclusively recorded by NP leads. These findings suggest that although NP recording may not be absolutely required to determine if an EEG contains epileptiform discharges, in a psychiatric population, it may be useful to detect additional epileptic foci at the mesiobasal temporal region. PMID- 3756274 TI - Delusional depression, family history, and DST response: a pilot study. AB - Results of the Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST), performed on 65 patients with major unipolar depression, were classified both by suppression versus nonsuppression and by three ranges of postdexamethasone cortisol levels. Subgroups of patients were then compared for familial prevalence for depression and alcoholism and for delusional symptomatology. A strong association emerged among high postdexamethasone cortisol levels, a significantly increased familial prevalence for depression, and the presence of delusions in probands. In this study, ranges of DST responses were superior to suppression versus nonsuppression criteria alone in defining this subgroup. PMID- 3756275 TI - Paradoxic sleep facilitation by interictal epileptic activity of right temporal origin. AB - The influence of very intensive interictal epileptic activity of right temporal and temporooccipital origin on rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was examined. A group of 15 epileptic patients with prevalence of partial complex symptomatology, whose focus of extensive pathological activity was located in the above-mentioned areas, were polysomnographically explored. Their polysomnograms were compared to the polysomnographic analyses of 10 patients with similar contralateral pathological activity and with those of 15 healthy persons. The results seemed to indicate that there is a specific complementary relationship between the right temporal and temporooccipital activity on the one hand and REM sleep on the other hand. REM sleep provokes right temporal pathological changes more strongly than that of contralateral origin, and this right temporal activity has a positive feedback effect on the REM sleep by which it had been provoked. The consequence is a significant increase in the duration of REM sleep, with all the associated physiological and psychological influences of this state of consciousness. PMID- 3756276 TI - Childhood autism: a complex disorder. AB - Twenty-four-hour urine samples from psychotic and autistic children were precipitated with benzoic acid at pH 4.3. Fractionation of the aromatic complexes thus formed with benzoic acid-protein and peptides and uric acid, proteins and peptides on G-25 columns-yielded filtration patterns that may be of diagnostic value. Peptide material could be extracted from the formed complexes and refractionated on P2 gels. Increased levels of peptide material, especially of N substituted peptides, could be demonstrated. Several bioactive factors (Reichelt et al. 1981) are under study. Possible etiological factors are discussed, and a working hypothesis is presented. PMID- 3756277 TI - Paradoxical mood response following antidepressant withdrawal. PMID- 3756278 TI - The effect of electroconvulsive shock on the brain stem auditory evoked potential in the rat. PMID- 3756279 TI - Variations in serum vanadium levels during the treatment of mental depression. PMID- 3756280 TI - Sleep parameters in bipolar I, bipolar II, and unipolar depressions. PMID- 3756281 TI - Niacin-induced flush as a measure of prostaglandin activity in alcoholics and schizophrenics. PMID- 3756282 TI - Subcortical dysrhythmia and catatonia. PMID- 3756283 TI - DST, ECT, and prognosis. PMID- 3756284 TI - Endocrine responses and examination anxiety. AB - Endocrine and psychological function (measuring both affect and attitudes to study) were studied in 38 male medical students 4 weeks and 1-2 h before a major examination. Anxiety (or tension) and emotionality increased just before the examination, as did the 'denial' subscale of a 'coping' questionnaire. Serum cortisol and prolactin increased; serum testosterone and LH were unchanged. Both urinary noradrenaline and adrenaline were elevated. Increased cortisol correlated with increased prolactin across subjects; so, too, did levels of urinary noradrenaline and adrenaline, but the two sets of endocrine responses were not correlated with each other. Several of the trait scales predicted the endocrine response to the examination. The 'lie' scale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire correlated negatively with changes in both cortisol and prolactin, as did 'debilitating' anxiety, as defined by the Alpert-Haber scale. However, although there were no significant correlations between changes in hormone levels and those in any of the state scales, there was some relation between absolute hormone levels on the day of the examination. Measures of academic strategies or psychological responses to examinations do not predict the nature of the considerable hormonal response which occurs in this homogeneous set of high achieving students. PMID- 3756285 TI - The law of initial value: a rare exception. AB - The well-known negative correlation between initial value and difference score, referred to as the law of initial value (LIV), is analyzed in the present study. It is shown that whenever the correlation between the initial and final values is less than 1.00, the negative correlation is influenced by the a(a - b) effect. By relating values to the first principal component axis, this spurious effect can be eliminated, thus allowing analysis of any real dependency on initial values. Data collected in a psychophysiological experiment were used to test this hypothesis. A subject sample of 125 male students experienced various challenges (Cold Pressor Test, breath holding, reaction time measurement, digit-series test) while several physiological variables (e.g. blood pressure, stroke volume, electrodermal activity) were monitored. Results fail to support the LIV as originally advanced by Wilder. On the contrary, after eliminating the a(a - b) effect, a positive dependency as indicated by the slope of the first principal component axis (anti-LIV) was observed. The reciprocal relationship between the LIV and anti-LIV is discussed with respect to the measures employed. Advantages and disadvantages of various methods to correct for the initial value dependency are presented. PMID- 3756286 TI - The double-priming paradigm: a tool for analyzing the functional significance of endogenous event-related brain potentials. AB - A new paradigm to study the functional significance of 'P300' is presented. Its advantages are: The precise definition and manipulation of cognitive operations which are triggered by the very same events as used for ERP extraction; and a systematic control over the probability of events known to affect endogenous event-related potential components (probabilities of single events, event categories, and event sequences). By employing the paradigm in two experiments with visual stimuli, three subcomponents of 'P300' were identified: P3a; P3b; and positive Slow Wave (pSW). Experimental manipulations revealed that P3b is related to the information processing resources required to alter a perceptual set and pSW to the resources required when abstract information permanently stored in memory must be retrieved. The data further revealed that the same-different disparity in response latency for matching letters has at least two ERP correlates: A difference in P3b latency; and a difference in the amplitude of a negative recess between P3a and P3b. PMID- 3756287 TI - Is an accurate verbal language necessary for heart rate discrimination? AB - Three groups of subjects were required to discriminate levels of cardiac function over three sessions. Two groups were required to detect in which of two contiguous 4-sec periods their heart rate (HR) was slowest. One of these groups was given knowledge of results concerning the correctness of their decisions. Their performance improved significantly. The other group was not given knowledge of results and their performance hovered around chance level. The third group was told to detect the period in which their heart rate was fastest, but they were told 'correct', via knowledge of results, only if they had picked their slowest rate. Their performance was inferior to the knowledge of results group, but superior to the no-knowledge group. They showed, however, little evidence of improved performance over sessions. The results are discussed in terms of a verbal labelling control of required discriminations. PMID- 3756288 TI - [Technical formalisms for the description of biological systems]. PMID- 3756289 TI - [Photoacoustic spectroscopy--a suitable tool for the analysis of biological samples]. PMID- 3756290 TI - Preliminary results of a comparative test of mechanical bileaflet valves and tilting disc valves. PMID- 3756291 TI - [The importance of HF-coils for magnetic resonance tomography]. PMID- 3756292 TI - Development of a granular strain gauge plethysmograph intended for use as a respiratory belt. PMID- 3756293 TI - [Precision dosing with gravity controlled transfusion sets]. PMID- 3756294 TI - A model for length-regulation in thick filaments of vertebrate skeletal myosin. AB - A mechanism for length regulation in the parallel-packed section of the thick filament is proposed. It is based on experiments done on synthetic, mini- and native filaments, and its primary purpose is to explain the physical basis of the kinetic mechanism for the assembly of synthetic thick filaments from myosin alone. Kinetically, length is regulated by a dissociation rate constant that increases exponentially as the filament grows bi-directionally from its center. Growth ceases at the point of equilibrium between invariant on and length dependent off rates. The three subfilaments structure of the parallel-packed region of the thick filament is fundamental to the proposed scheme. The intra subfilament bonding is strong and predominantly ionic in character, whereas the inter-subfilament bonding is relatively weak. These strong and weak interactions participate directly in the strictly sequential mechanism of assembly of dimer subunit observed in the kinetics. A third domain, independent of the sequential mechanism, consists of opposing negative charges on the subfilament surface, juxtaposed at or close to the thick filament axis. The weak and repulsive domains are additively coupled to each other through the rigidity in the subfilaments. Length regulation occurs through the repulsive component rising in intensity more rapidly with length than the initially stronger positive interactions. Growth ceases at the point where the repulsive interactions weaken the attractive interactions to the extent that equilibrium is established between head-to-tail dimer subunit and its binding sites at the tips of the arms of thick filament. This myosin-mediated mechanism, which gives rise to a narrow length distribution, is considered to be fine-tuned by co-polymerizing proteins to give the precise length of the native filament. PMID- 3756295 TI - A calorimetric and infrared spectroscopic study of the stabilizing solute proline. AB - We have studied the calorimetric and infrared spectroscopic properties of the amino acid proline which has been implicated in the stabilization of biomacromolecules during reduced water states. It has been suggested that the ability of this molecule to protect biomacromolecules during these stress states may be related to the formation of polymeric aggregates of proline monomers in solution. The structure of this aggregate is thought to be an alternates stack, forming a hydrophilic colloid-like polymer which is thought to interact with hydrophobic moieties of biomacromolecules, reducing the exposed hydrophobic area during reduced water conditions. Calorimetric data presented in this work show that in increasing concentration of proline in solution the enthalpy associated with the melting of bulk water is greatly reduced, indicating strong hydrogen bonding character of proline in aqueous solution. Proline shows two eutectic phase separations at moderate concentrations and one of these eutectics may be the proposed intermolecular state. A partial phase diagram for proline is presented. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic data indicate that the COO- asymmetric stretch of proline shows marked splitting with increasing proline concentration. This suggests that the carboxylate is in different environments, with the high energy vibrations representing COO- groups which are participating in the hydrogen bonding pattern associated with the formation of the intermolecular stack. Changes in the CH2 asymmetric and symmetric stretches of the pyrrolidine rings of proline are consistent with the proposed stack structure. We also suggest a possible mechanism by which these intermolecular associations may be important in the protection of biomacromolecules during reduced water states. PMID- 3756296 TI - Photoinitiated ion movements in bilayer membranes containing magnesium octaethylporphyrin. AB - A photocurrent produced by planar lipid bilayers containing Mg-octaethylporphyrin in the presence of oxygen has been investigated to determine if the current is due to movement of the MgOEP+ ion in the bilayer. Photoexcitation of the MgOEP is known to produce MgOEP+ in the bilayer when an electron acceptor is present. However, the aqueous electron acceptors ferricyanide and methyl viologen (MV+2) have opposite effects on the photocurrent. Ferricyanide decreases the photo current, even in the presence of oxygen, whereas methyl viologen increases the photocurrent, but only when oxygen is present. We attribute most of the photocurrent to the movement of superoxide anion. The difference in effect between ferricyanide and methyl viologen is attributed to the different rates of reduction of O2 by reduced MV+ (fast) vs. ferrocyanide (slow) and the known competition between ferricyanide and oxygen as the acceptor for the photoexcited porphyrin. It is inferred that most of the MgOEP is localized in the polar region of the lipid bilayer. Addition of ferrocyanide to the aqueous phase on one side of the bilayer, to trap MgOEP+ produced on the other side by MV+2, fails to increase the lifetime of the photovoltage. With a pH gradient across the bilayer, we observed only 5% of the photovoltage expected for the selective transport of H+ or OH- by MgOEP+. Thus, these measurements set the lower limit for the cross bilayer transit time of MgOEP+ or its charge in the range of 0.1-0.5 s. PMID- 3756297 TI - Dielectric properties of the polar head group region of zwitterionic lipid bilayers. AB - A theoretical model describing the dielectric properties of the lipid membrane water interface region was developed. The rotating polar head groups (e.g. phosphatidylcholine) were simulated as a collection of interacting dipoles imbedded in a nonhomogeneous dielectric. The interactions between the nearest neighborhood were explicitly taken into account, while the other interactions were evaluated by means of the continuum theories. The values of the dielectric constant, its anisotropy and the spontaneous polarization of the interface were evaluated. As an application, we calculated the energy of interaction between an ion and the membrane polar head group region. The results indicate a small spontaneous polarization of the interface (1-1.7 Debyes per lipid molecule) due to the tilting angle of the choline residue with respect to the membrane surface. This dipolar field partially compensates that of opposite orientation originating from the ester group region, giving calculated overall dipolar potentials in better agreement with the experimental data. Our model suggests also a very strong dielectric anisotropy of the interface region, the component of the dielectric constant perpendicular to the membrane plane being much smaller than the parallel component. PMID- 3756298 TI - Phosphate burst in permeable muscle fibers of the rabbit. AB - The transient kinetics of ATP hydrolysis in chemically skinned psoas muscle fibers of the rabbit have been measured. Muscles fibers in the rigor state (absence of nucleotide) were relaxed rapidly by the photochemical release of [2 3H]ATP from caged-ATP (P3-1-(2-nitro)phenylethyl[2-3H]adenosine 5'-triphosphate) in the absence of calcium ions. Rapid freezing of the fiber to stop hydrolysis, followed by analysis of the tritiated nucleotide content allowed the course of the hydrolysis to be determined. The timecourse of ATP hydrolysis was biphasic, with an initial rapid phase occurring at a rate of approximately 60 s-1 at 12 degrees C for fibers exposed to greater than 0.7 mM ATP. The amplitude of the rapid phase was as previously reported (Ferenczi, M. A., E. Homsher, and D. R. Trentham, 1984, J. Physiol. (Lond.)., 352:575-599). PMID- 3756299 TI - Analysis of shear-induced platelet aggregation with population balance mathematics. AB - Suspensions of blood platelets aggregate and degranulate when subjected to a shearing flow of sufficient intensity. This work examines, by means of a population balance technique, the kinetics of platelet aggregation in a shear field. The particle collision efficiency, epsilon, and the particle void volume fraction, phi, are estimated from particle number density data. The collision efficiency represents the fraction of particle collisions that result in the binding together of the involved particles. We term epsilon and phi population balance properties because they refer to physical characteristics of platelets and aggregates that are pertinent to their aggregation behavior. Experiments focused on the dependence of epsilon on platelet concentration, shearing rate, and time in a controlled shear field. The collision efficiency is lower in dilute platelet suspensions. This finding supports an ADP-mediated mechanism for shear aggregation. The collision efficiency passes through a maximum with respect to shearing rate, suggesting a competition between the opposing effects of increasing platelet activation and increasing collision violence. The collision efficiency is highest during the first ten seconds in the shear field and declines significantly thereafter. Even at its maximum, however, epsilon for shear aggregation is small: only about one in every thousand particle collisions results in binding. PMID- 3756300 TI - Gating current harmonics. III. Dynamic transients and steady states with intact sodium inactivation gating. AB - Internally perfused squid giant axons with intact sodium inactivation gating were prepared for gating current experiments. Gating current records were obtained in sinusoidally driven dynamic steady states and as dynamic transients as functions of the mean membrane potential and the frequency of the command sinusoid. Controls were obtained after internal protease treatment of the axons that fully removed inactivation. The nonlinear analysis consisted of determining and interpreting the harmonic content in the current records. The results indicate the presence of three kinetic processes, two of which are associated with activation gating (the so-called primary and secondary processes), and the third with inactivation gating. The dynamic steady state data show that inactivation gating does not contribute a component to the gating current, and has no direct voltage-dependence of its own. Rather, the inactivation kinetics appear to be coupled to the primary activation kinetics, and the coupling mechanism appears to be one of reciprocal steric hindrance between two molecular components. The mechanism allows the channel to become inactivated without first entering the conducting state, and will do so in about 40 percent of depolarizing voltage clamp steps to 0 mV. The derived model kinetics further indicate that the conducting state may flicker between open and closed with the lifetime of either state being 10 microseconds. Dynamic transients generated by the model kinetics (i.e., the behavior of the harmonic components as a function of time after an instantaneous change in the mean membrane potential from a holding potential of 80 mV) match the experimental dynamic transients in all details. These transients have a duration of 7-10 ms (depending on the level of depolarization), and are the result of the developing inactivation following the discontinuous voltage change. A detailed hypothetical molecular model of the channel and gating machinery is presented. PMID- 3756301 TI - Influence of inhibitor binding on the internal motions of lysozyme. AB - Time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence depolarization measurements of internal motions in lysozyme are presented. The fluorescent dye eosin binds in a one-to one complex with the enzyme, and is used both to measure the overall tumbling time constants and to probe the motions of residues in the region of binding. The precision and accuracy of the present method for determining the overall tumbling time constants compare favorably with those from other methods used in the literature. The extent of the internal motions, as described by a model independent order parameter, S2, is temperature dependent, and changes when the inhibitor N,N',N"-triacetylchitotriose, (GlcNAc)3, is bound to the active site of the enzyme. The observed temperature dependence and changes in S2 upon binding of (GlcNAc)3 are interpreted in terms of a nonharmonic model of the effective potential that is consistent with the picture of concerted motions in the protein. The values of the parameters of the potential that reproduce the data with and without the bound inhibitor imply that (GlcNAc)3 binding causes an increase in the rigidity of the protein, which agree qualitatively with other results on the lysozyme-(GlcNAc)3 system. PMID- 3756302 TI - Effects of spatial variation in membrane diffusibility and solubility on the lateral transport of membrane components. AB - There exist many examples of membrane components (e.g. receptors) accumulating in special domains of cell membranes. We analyze how certain variations in lateral diffusibility and solubility of the membrane would increase the efficiency of transport to these regions. A theorem is derived to show that the mean-time-of capture, tc, for particles diffusing to a trap from an annular region surrounding it, is intermediate to the tc values that correspond to the minimum and maximum diffusion coefficients that obtain in this region. An analytical solution for tc as a function of the gradient of diffusivity surrounding a trap is derived for circular geometry. Since local diffusion coefficients can be increased dramatically by reducing the concentration of intra-membrane particles and/or allowing them to form aggregates, such mechanisms could greatly enhance the diffusion-limited transport of particular membrane components to a trap (e.g. coated pit). If the trap is surrounded by an annular region in which the probe particles' partition function is increased, say, by the local segregation of certain phospholipids, tc is shown to vary inversely with the logarithm of the relative partition function. We provide some conjectural examples to illustrate the magnitude of the effects which heterogeneities in diffusibility and solubility may have in biological membranes. PMID- 3756303 TI - Resonance Raman study of the pink membrane photochemically prepared from the deionized blue membrane of H. halobium. AB - We report here the Resonance Raman spectrum of a 'pink' membrane (lambda max approximately 495 nm) photochemically generated from the deionized 'blue' membrane (Chang et al., 1985). Comparison of the Raman spectrum of the pink membrane with that of the model compounds, as well as the chromophore extraction data, indicate that the chromophore in the pink membrane is in the 9-cis configuration. The Schiff base peak at approximately 1,652 cm-1 shifts to approximately 1,622 cm-1 upon deuteration of the pink membrane, showing that the chromophore is bound to the bacterio-opsin by a protonated Schiff base linkage. The location of the Schiff base peak, as well as the 30 cm-1 shift that it undergoes upon deuteration, are quite different from the corresponding values for the native bacteriorhodopsin, suggesting differences in the local environment for the Schiff base in these pigments. PMID- 3756304 TI - The effect of intercalator structure on binding strength and base-pair specificity in DNA interactions. AB - The interaction of naphthothiophene, phenanthrene and anthracene ring systems, which have amide and ester side chains with cationic groups (synthesized from the aromatic acid chlorides and appropriate amines and alcohols), with calf thymus DNA has been investigated by using viscometric titrations, spectrophotometric binding experiments and 1H-, 31P- and 17O-NMR methods. The viscosity and NMR experiments suggest that all of these compounds bind to DNA by intercalation. These experiments and spectrophotometric binding studies, however, indicate that there is considerable variation in the interaction of these compounds with DNA. These variations can all be explained by the geometry of the ring systems, the position of protons adjacent to the side chains, and the relative sizes of the amide and ester side chains. With the naphthothiophene ester and amide, for example, the planar amide cannot rotate into the plane of the naphthothiophene ring whereas the smaller planar ester can. With this ring system the ester has a significantly higher binding constant than the amide derivative. Additional binding studies with poly[d(A-T)2] and poly[d(G-C)2] have shown that all of these compounds bind more strongly to the A-T- than the G-C-containing polymer. Since the ester compounds do not have hydrogen bond donating groups proximate to the aromatic ring, these results suggest a model for the A-T specificity of these compounds that involves a solvent-mediated hydrogen bond between the C-2 carbonyl of thymine and the carbonyl group of the intercalators. PMID- 3756305 TI - A possibility to recognize chirality by an excitable artificial liquid membrane. AB - Studies were made on oscillations across a liquid membrane consisting of an oil layer, nitrobenzene containing picric acid, between two aqueous layers: a solution of 1.5 M ethanol and 5 mM optically-active cationic detergent, the D- or L-form of N-alpha-methylbenzyl-N,N-dimethylmyristylammonium bromide, on the left and 0.1 M D- or L-form of various ligands, such as glucose, arabinose, alanine, glutamic acid, threonine, leucine, proline, or phenylalanine on the right. This system showed sustained rhythmic oscillations of electrical potential of 200-300 mV with intervals of the order of 1 min. The frequency of oscillations depended on the combination of chiralities of the detergent and ligand. This means that the two forms (D and L) of chiral ligands can be distinguished by differences in the electrical response of the liquid membrane. PMID- 3756306 TI - Displacement of sodium ions by surfactant ions from DNA. A 23Na-NMR investigation. AB - 23Na-NMR probes the ionic composition in the immediate vicinity of the DNA molecule, in the presence of a series of quaternary ammonium bromides, of varying hydrocarbon chain length. The 23Na-NMR line shows two Lorentzian components, in accordance with quadrupolar relaxation theory for S = 3/2 nuclei under slow modulation. Deconvolution of the observed lineshape provides, in a reliable manner, the relative fraction of sodium counterions neutralizing the phosphate sites on DNA. This quantity (p B chi 2) serves as an index of the relative affinities of various surfactant ions toward DNA, Na+ being the reference cation. The results are consistent with site binding of detergent ions to the nucleic acid, an interaction dominated by hydrophobic forces. PMID- 3756307 TI - Kinetics of unidirectional transport in multimembrane systems as influenced by binding to macromolecules. AB - The distribution of externally added low-molecular-weight solutes in systems comprising alternating membraneous and aqueous compartments with binding capacity is described for special conditions of unidirectional transport and linear (i.e., far from saturation) binding. The kinetics of the process valid for a certain time period is expressed as the sum of exponential functions of time, their number being equal to the number of compartments investigated. The coefficients of the equation involve the rate and equilibrium parameters of the process as well as the volumes and the connecting areas of individual compartments. The degenerated case resulting from the cellular structure of biosystems is also considered. The description is shown to agree well with the results of drug potency testing, bioactivity being used to monitor concentration of an effector in the receptor region. PMID- 3756308 TI - The rate of equine liver alcohol dehydrogenase denaturation by urea. Dependence on temperature and denaturant concentration. AB - The kinetics of the irreversible urea denaturation of equine liver alcohol dehydrogenase have been studied as a function of temperature and urea concentration. The unfolding of the macromolecule, monitored by means of the phosphorescence properties of a deeply buried tryptophan residue, was found to be strictly a two-state process over the entire temperature range. It is characterized by a steep dependence on urea concentration typical of highly cooperative transitions and below room temperature it possesses large negative activation energies. The reaction is comparatively slow, does not seem to be preceded by a fast phase, and the rate-limiting step does not have the characteristics of proline isomerization. When the data are analyzed in terms of binding equilibria the temperature dependence results from an anomalously large change in heat capacity. Although this is a property of strong hydrophobic interactions in model compounds the slow rates of denaturation are best understood with a model of protein stability which emphasizes the cooperative nature of intramolecular interactions such as hydrogen bonding. PMID- 3756309 TI - Modification of the Kedem-Katchalsky equations. AB - The presented modification of the transport equations of Kedem-Katchalsky resulted in the introduction of (omega s/omega) and omega/(omega-Lp sigma[(1 sigma)C1-(1-sigma s)C2]) factors into the Kedem-Katchalsky equations. The above factors determine the influence of boundary layers on transport across the membrane. The modified Kedem-Katchalsky equations were verified for synthetic membranes and it was shown that the value of the (omega s/omega) factor depended on the type of membrane and the membrane configuration system. This modification facilitated a wider range of application of the Kedem-Katchalsky equations to systems in which the solutions were stirred or unstirred. PMID- 3756310 TI - Picosecond resolution of oxytocin tyrosyl fluorescence by 2 GHz frequency-domain fluorometry. AB - The technique of frequency-domain fluorometry has been extended to 2000 MHz using the harmonic content of a picosecond laser source and a microchannel plate photomultiplier tube. This new instrument was used to resolve complex subnanosecond intensity and anisotropy decays of the tyrosyl emission of oxytocin. The intensity decay was found to contain at least three exponential components, 80, 359 and 927 ps. The anisotropy analysis revealed a 29 ps torsional motion of the tyrosine residue as well as a 454 ps overall rotational correlation time. The time resolution of this method should permit the comparison of experimental results with theoretical models for motions of proteins. PMID- 3756311 TI - Alcohol-induced pathology. AB - The classical symptom formation of alcoholism is identified along with the main causes of death in a representative cohort of U.S. alcoholics. New findings in alcoholism studies pertaining to allergenic and hypoglycemic pathways are discussed. The failure of current treatment modes based on a behavioral disease model of alcoholism is noted. The evidence for a new model of alcoholism as an inherited predisposition for metabolic/enzymatic dysfunction is presented, along with the potential for a new treatment protocol based on that model. PMID- 3756312 TI - Bestatin treatment enhances the recovery of radiation induced impairments of the immunological reactivity of the blood lymphocyte population in bladder cancer patients. AB - Bestatin, an immunostimulating substance of microbial origin, was examined for its capacity to augment immune responses of blood lymphocytes in bladder cancer patients having received a full course of local irradiation (64 Gy). Following irradiation the patients became lymphopenic and the lymphocytes exhibited impaired mitogenic responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) and reduced poke weed mitogen induced secretion of immunoglobulins in vitro. Patients who were randomized to receive daily oral Bestatin treatment exhibited enhanced recoveries of PHA- and PPD-responses and enhanced recovery of the IgM secreting capacity compared to irradiated patients who did not receive Bestatin. Repopulation of the blood lymphocyte population, however, was not enhanced by Bestatin treatment. It is concluded that Bestatin treatment may enhance the recovery of radiation induced functional defects of the immune system in cancer patients. PMID- 3756313 TI - A case of amiodarone-induced hyperthyroidism and hepatitis: results of clinical laboratory and histological tests. AB - We report a case of amiodarone-induced hepatitis accompanied by hyperthyroidism in which estimations of amiodarone in blood and in the liver and histological examinations were performed at the start and end of a 3-month interval. Our observation demonstrates the persistence in the liver of amiodarone and its principal metabolite for 3 months after the drug was withdrawn. There was no correlation between the persistence of the drug, the elevation of enzyme levels, and the extent of histological damage in the liver. PMID- 3756314 TI - Plasma zinc levels in diabetes mellitus: relation to plasma albumin and amino acids. AB - Fasting plasma zinc levels were determined in 45 IDDM and in 40 NIDDM patients. Mean values were similar in both groups, but diabetic men showed a significantly higher plasma zinc (p less than 0.05) than diabetic women. In patients with diabetic nephropathy a lower zinc level was associated with decreased plasma albumin as compared to patients without complications (p less than 0.001). Neuropathy and macro-angiopathy were also associated with lower zincemia (p less than 0.05) but in the presence of normal albumin levels. In IDDM without nephropathy a significant positive correlation was found between plasma zinc and plasma glucose, albumin, branched chain amino acids and glutamine, while in NIDDM without nephropathy a significant positive correlation exists between plasma zinc and the amino acids glutamine, valine, histidine and lysine. PMID- 3756315 TI - [Electrophoresis applied to the analysis and separation of cells]. AB - The present paper describes the theory and practice of cell/particle electrophoresis: the migration of cells/particles free to move in suspension under the influence of an applied electrical field, without any undue damage of cell membranes. The technique is quite different from high voltage electrophoresis on gels and paper. The quantitative biophysical parameter, never likely to be zero, is the electrophoretic mobility, experimentally determined by the cell electrophoresis apparatus, and mathematically related to the electrokinetic or the zeta potential. A detailed description of the analytical and preparative electrophoresis is given. Data are presented on the electrophoretic properties of bone tissue cells and cells of the immune system. PMID- 3756316 TI - Abstracts. Sixth International Congress of Biorheology. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 27 July-1 August, 1986. PMID- 3756317 TI - [Mechanism of hyperventilation in exertion (an uncommon factor)]. AB - Electrical stimulation of the corticospinal tract increases the excitability of the phrenic motoneurons directly. As a result the responses of these motoneurons to the impulses from the respiratory centre are facilitated. Until now there were attempts to explain exercise hyperpnea by increasing the activity of the respiratory centre. The experiments permit to suppose that the hyperpnea may be produced by facilitatory action of the corticospinal tract on the respiratory motoneurons, i.e. independently from the respiratory centre. PMID- 3756318 TI - [Prevention of intravascular blood coagulation in rats by DIP-alpha-thrombin administration]. AB - The possibility of prevention of intravascular blood coagulation in rats by DIP alpha-thrombin devoid of proteolytic activity and capable of stimulating the reaction of anticoagulation system was studied. The injection of lethal thromboplastin dose was shown to produce a sharp increase in soluble fibrin blood content, total disappearance of fibrinolytic activity and intravascular blood coagulation. The animals died of thrombosis in 90% of cases. It was established that the injection of lethal thromboplastin dose 5 min after DIP-alpha-thrombin injection caused a 13% lethality from thrombosis. No reliable changes in fibrinolytic activity and soluble fibrin content were observed. A significant increase in thrombin and recalcification time was recorded. It is suggested that DIP-alpha-thrombin prevents intravascular blood coagulation induced by lethal thromboplastin dose due to mobilization of the reserve capacities of neuro humoral anticoagulation system. PMID- 3756319 TI - [Effect of tyramine on the spinal cord afferent link of pressor reflexes]. AB - In anesthetized cats, tyramine application on the dorsal surface of C6-TI spinal cord segments suppressed the pressor components of blood pressure reflexes evoked by radial nerve A sigma or A + C afferent stimulation. Tyramine application on L4 SI spinal cord segments suppressed pressor reflexes to tibial nerve stimulation. Both the degree and the rate of reflex suppression increased with the rise in tyramine concentration from I to 4%. Along with these local effects "distant" tyramine action was demonstrated: pressor reflexes to radial nerve stimulation increased when tyramine was applied on L4-SI segments, but after its application on C6-TI segments pressor reflexes to tibial nerve stimulation increased in some cats, decreased in the other ones, or remained practically unchanged. PMID- 3756320 TI - [Transfer of conditioned reflex hypoglycemia in dogs]. AB - Conditioned hypoglycemia was induced by intravenous injection of a 20% glucose solution to donor dogs. In control tests the dogs were injected the same volume of 0.9% saline. Then 0.5 ml of cerebrospinal fluid from donor animals was injected into suboccipital cisterna of recipient dogs. 24 hours later the recipient animals were exposed to the conditioned signal and injected physiological saline. It has been demonstrated that hypoglycemic response in recipient and donor dogs was identical, the reactions retained in the recipient dogs for 5-7 days after the liquor administration. PMID- 3756321 TI - [The use of enkephalins for the prevention of stress-induced experimental heart damage]. AB - The experiments on white rats have shown that Dala2-Leu5-arg-enkephalin preinjection reduced the degree of serum creatine phosphokinase increment and decreased labeled pyrophosphate accumulation in the myocardium during the onset of anxiety neurosis, according to O. Desiderato. Enkephalins are suggested to prevent stress-induced heart lesions. PMID- 3756322 TI - [Experimental amyotrophic leukospongiosis in guinea pigs after retrobulbar infection]. AB - The results of modelling of amyotrophic leukospongiosis, a new form of slow infection of the human central nervous system, on guinea-pigs are reported. The animals were injected retrobalbulary with the virus-containing suspension. 1.5 2.5 weeks after the injection 70% of animals revealed signs of retinopathy during ophthalmoscopy. Two months later 90% of animals died, 40% of them exhibiting manifestations of the infection. Experimental amyotrophic leukospongiosis was histologically confirmed in all the dead animals. This method of modelling made it possible to shorten the incubation period to 1.0-2.0 months, while in intracerebral and intramuscular ways of contamination it was 3.5-8.2 and 5.3-11.1 months, respectively. The results evidence the involvement of the peripheral visual analyzer in the pathogenesis of experimental leukospongiosis at the early stages of its development. PMID- 3756323 TI - [Localization of binding sites in rat muscles and brain for cobra neurotoxin and serum immunoglobulins from patients with myasthenia]. AB - Using the immunohistochemical technique, it was revealed that serum immunoglobulins of patients with myasthenia gravis (Ig) were irreversibly attached to the myoneuronal connections of the rat intercostal muscles like the marker of the nicotin cholinireceptors--the cobra venom neurotoxin (CT). In addition, Ig differs from CT in the binding to nervous cells of the claustrum and diencephalon reticular formation and with certain cells of the nucleus caudatus and hemispheric cerebral cortex. It is suggested that the autoimmune processes in patients with myasthenia gravis do not only involve myoneuronal connection but also participate in central mechanisms of the disease genesis. PMID- 3756324 TI - [Surface activity of the surfactant in experimental compression atelectasis]. AB - Surface surfactant activity was studied at different time periods of compression atelectasis, induced by hydrothorax in 35 guinea pigs. The animals were slaughtered 30 and 60 minutes or 3, 12 and 24 hours after hydrothorax. It has been demonstrated that experimental compression atelectasis is accompanied by surface activity lowering, associated with disorders in surfactant secretion into the alveolar lumen. The qualitative composition of surfactant phospholipids remains unchanged, which may play an essential role in the recovery of lung tissue aeration. PMID- 3756325 TI - [Detection of post-repair DNA damage and heterogeneity of its distribution in fractions of metaphase chromosomes of various sizes]. AB - The distribution of single-strand DNA breaks induced by various N-methyl-N nitrosourea concentrations in S-phase of the cell cycle has been studied in Djungarian hamster fibroblast culture in the isolated samples of fractions of metaphase chromosomes of varying size. For the first time, a dose-effect relationship between the molecular mass of single-stranded DNA fragments isolated in an alkaline sucrose gradient from small chromosomes and the lack of the effect on DNA in large chromosomes has been established. The phenomenon detected is being discussed in terms of structural heterogeneity of interphase nuclear chromatin, i.e. irregular distribution of eu- and heterochromatin in small and large chromosomes. Another possible explanation is the storage of various damaged chromosome fragments in small chromosomes. The data obtained, apart from their significance for chromatin structure analysis, can serve as an experimental basis for the detection of, otherwise undetectable, postreparative molecular DNA damages. PMID- 3756326 TI - [Determination of DNA level in human plasma]. AB - It has been first demonstrated that DNA concentration in the plasma of healthy donors was 5 to 30 mu kg per I ml of plasma or 10-50% of DNA content in leukocytes contained in the same blood volume. DNA plasma concentration was determined by registering DNA-bisbenzimide complex fluorescence in supernatant derived from plasma containing 10% NaCl upon heating for 2-3 min at 100 degrees C. The method is simple, specific and permits the determination of DNA concentrations in 0.05-0.1 ml of plasma samples. PMID- 3756327 TI - [The role of N-quinones in the regulation of glucose-6-phosphate metabolism]. AB - In experimental (white rats, rabbits) and clinical (erythrocytes, blood plasma) studies on 29 healthy subjects and patients it has been demonstrated that primary or secondary n-quinone deficiency is accompanied by increased tissue activity of glycolysis enzymes (aldolase, PGmutase) and aerobic pentose phosphate shunt (6 GPDH). Parallel rise in the amount of glycolysis metabolites (pyruvate and lactate) in the blood and the decline in blood plasma glucose level were observed. The changes in glucose-6-phosphate metabolism are, probably, secondary and reflect tissue structure alterations in the development of K and E avitaminosis. PMID- 3756328 TI - [Effect of antidepressants on the convulsive action of thiosemicarbazide, strychnine and corasol]. AB - Orally administered amitryptiline (25 and 50 mg/kg) protected animals against fatal convulsions induced by thiosemicarbazide, strychnine and metrazole. Vilaxazine had a protecting effect against death induced by strychnine. Impramine, maprotiline, mianserine and pirlindole (pyrazidol) only somewhat prolonged the latend period of convulsions and death, while incazane, caroxazone, nomifenzine and trazodone had practically no effect on the action of the three convulsants under study. PMID- 3756329 TI - [Possibility of the pharmacologic treatment of post-ischemic myocardial damage]. AB - The influence of ethacizin and nonachlazin on the size of myocardial necrosis, caused by 1.5-hour partial occlusion of the coronary artery was studied in conscious rabbits. The drugs were administered for 3 days, after the blood supply in the ischemic zones had been recovered. Ethacizin had a more pronounced effect, as compared to nonachlazin. The data obtained suggest that in the case of isochemic heart disease pharmacotherapy can be used not only for the prevention and arrest of anginal attacks, but also for the treatment of postischemic cardiac lesions. PMID- 3756330 TI - [Effect of malate and NAD on local myocardial contraction during acute coronary occlusion]. AB - In acute experiments on cats the effects of malate (100 mg/kg), NAD (0.2 mg/kg) and their combination on regional myocardial contractility were studied during acute coronary artery occlusion. All the drugs increased significantly myocardial contractility in border and intact zones. However, the response of the central ischemic zone to drug effects was insignificant. PMID- 3756331 TI - [Possibility of the unification of directed drug transport as illustrated by liposome transport to target antigens]. AB - A new approach to the targeted drug delivery is described. Unlike previous methods, associated with the necessity of specific immunoglobulin immobilization on the surface of drug-containing microcontainer, the present approach permits targeted transport of standardized container to a set of target antigens, using intermediate molecules-mediators possessing high and specific affinity to both vector antibody and standardized container. It was shown that simultaneous targeting of 14C-labeled liposomes to three target antigens using avidin-biotin system permits the increase in liposome binding to target monolayer by 30-50%, as compared to targeting of the same amount of liposomes to one antigen. The method developed is particularly promising in cases when relative availability of target antigens in the target organ is unknown. PMID- 3756333 TI - [Effect of chronic administration of ethanol on the blood-brain barrier permeability of 14C-tyrosine and horseradish peroxidase in rats]. AB - Chronic 10-days oral ethanol administration in doses 8-11 g/kg per day has been shown to increase blood-brain barrier penetration for peripherally administered 14C-tyrosine in Wistar heavy- and light-drinker rats. No changes in BBB permeability for horseradish peroxidase has been found. Chronic effect of ethanol on BBB systems of specific and unspecific transport in rats heavy- and light drinkers is discussed. PMID- 3756332 TI - [Geropsychotropic properties of an antioxidant of the 3-hydroxypyridine class in an experiment]. AB - Comparative experimental investigation of albino male rats 3 and 16 months old has been performed. 16-month-old rats demonstrated age-dependent functional insufficiency in some behavioural tests. 2 month injection of 3-hydroxypyridine antioxidant (50 mg/kg/day) normalized memory function, motor skill learning and motor coordination function in 16-month-old rats. PMID- 3756334 TI - [Catecholamine levels in rats during cooling and administration of succinic acid derivatives]. AB - The effect of tonibral and another succinate derivative (IOH-13) on catecholamine level in the rat organs was studied after 48 hours of acute exposure to low temperature (-15 degrees C). The injection of these drugs prevented the decrease in catecholamine concentration in the heart and stabilized its content in the muscles. The higher survival of rats injected IOH-13, as compared to those injected tonibral, correlated with the higher catecholamine level in the heart muscle. It is suggested that adaptive increase of biogenic amines in the heart muscle plays an important role in the protective effect of these drugs during severe cooling. PMID- 3756335 TI - [Study of alveolar macrophages stimulated with zymosan in vivo using fluorescent probes]. AB - Zymosan granules injected intravenously (100 mg per kg of body weight) to Wistar rats induced strong stimulation of mononuclear phagocyte system. On day 5 zymosan induced recruitment of monocyte-like cells with high consuming and bactericidal activity into lung spaces could be observed. Using fluorescent probes, it was discovered that the size of alveolar cell membranes in zymosan-stimulated or non stimulated animals was similar, while the viscosity of membrane lipids of alveolar macrophages was considerably lower in zymosan-stimulated rats. These variations are suggested to be responsible for antiinflammatory and bactericidal macrophage potentials. PMID- 3756336 TI - [Ultrastructure of the proteoglycan component of the extracellular matrix in the intact mammary gland and in benign and malignant mammary gland tumors]. AB - Proteoglycans (PG) were revealed by electron microscopy using cation dyes, Alcian blue and safranin O. In intact mammary gland of dogs, each histogenetic type of cells had its specific features in the ultrastructure of pericellular matrix proteoglycan component. A thin-stitched net, consisting of small PG granules and thin filaments has been observed in the pericellular space of secretory epithelium. A well-proportioned PG net is absent near fibroblasts and macrophages. Net-like PG structure is found in the endothelium, pericytes and adventitial cells of blood capillaries. Visual changes in PG-containing extracellular matrix are observed in the epithelium of mammary gland tumors. PMID- 3756337 TI - [Functional state of the hypophysis and ovaries of rats with anovulatory syndrome during pharmacologic stimulation of dopaminergic receptors]. AB - Pharmacological analysis of the role of hyperprolactinemia in the pathogenesis of anovulatory syndrome (AS) was performed in neonatally androgenized rats. Dopamine agonist, bromocriptine, administered to I or 2.5 month-old rats for 15 days decreased prolactin content in the adenohypophysis and partially normalized progesterone level in blood plasma. However, bromocriptine failed to prevent the development of AS or to interrupt persistent estrus in neonatally androgenized females. The results are in keeping with the concept on the leading role of hypothalamus noradrenergic insufficiency in the pathogenesis of experimental AS. PMID- 3756338 TI - [Effect of a leukocytic serum preparation on hematopoietic cells in vitro]. AB - The effects of leucocyte serum (LS) on bone marrow cells (BMC), thymus and HL-60 human myeloid leukemia cells were studied in liquid suspension and agar cultures. LS increased 3H-thymidine incorporation in BMC and intensified the cloning efficiency of granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (CFU-GM) and human myeloid leukemia cells. No significant stimulatory effect on thymus cells was observed. It has been shown that LS prevents or markedly decreases the effect of granulocyte inhibitor (GI-3S2). PMID- 3756339 TI - [Resistance of the alimentary canal of Daphnia magna Straus to the effect of enteropathogenic NAG-vibrios]. AB - The interrelations between 30 Daphnias and enteropathogenic NAG-vibrios were experimentally investigated. Using histological and immunoserological techniques, NAG-vibrio administration into the medium inhabited by Crustaceous was shown to cause no pathological changes in the animal alimentary canal. Daphnias used these organisms as food. The intestinal epithelium is well protected from mechanical injury by peritrophic membrane, chitinous lining and peritrophic cavity where digestion takes place. PMID- 3756340 TI - [Effect of alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E acetate) on the metabolism of stomach secretory cells in hyperthyroid rats]. AB - Alpha-tocopherol has been shown to cause less marked structural and metabolic changes in parietal stomach cells of hyperthyroid rats. PMID- 3756341 TI - [Morphologic changes in the vitreous body during intravitreal hematoma in hemophthalmos]. AB - The experimental hemophthalm caused by the administration of different amounts of blood (0.1 to 1.2 ml) into the vitreous body of 74 rabbits with the following analysis of the results in I h-3.5 years has demonstrated that hematoma developed in the vitreous body at the moment of blood administration and persisted for 6-7 months. Mechanical, physico-chemical and biological effects of intravitreal hematoma are associated with syneresis of some and synchysis of other vitreous body areas and the following formation of films in induration sites and appearance of uncharacteristic structures. PMID- 3756342 TI - [Ultrastructural changes in cardiomyocytes and heart muscle capillaries after vagotomy and physical exertion]. AB - Electron microscopic studies of the changes in cardiomyocytes and capillaries of the cardiac muscle were performed in white mice after partial extracardiac parasympathectomy and graded physical exercise. It has been established that submaximum physical exercise leads to slight ultrastructural alterations in the left ventricular cardiomyocytes and capillaries. Maximum physical exercise in intact animals is followed by still greater ultrastructural changes in the heart muscle. Swelling of mitochondria with the focal destruction of crysts, widening of sarcoplasmic reticular cisterns, disturbance of sarcomer to mitochondrion ratio, endotheliocyte edema and narrowing of the capillary lumen are observed. In vagotomized animals fulfilling running exercises of submaximum load dystrophic changes in cardiomyocytes and capillaries are noted only at early stages (day 7). Maximum physical exercise in animals with disturbed integrated nerve influences promotes the development of focal destructive changes in the myocardium. PMID- 3756343 TI - [Ultrastructural characteristics of branch sphincters and precortical arteries in the rabbit pial arterial system]. AB - Structural peculiarities of pial arteries and their active microvascular segments sphincters in offshoots and precortical arteries have been investigated, using electron and light microscopy. Our studies have revealed that these vascular segments, which can independently change their lumen, possess multiple myoendothelial junctions, as well as neuro-muscular contacts. This gives evidence of their independent responses that might be determined by structural peculiarities and innervation of their walls. PMID- 3756344 TI - [Selective accumulation of rheopolyglucine and latex in liver cells and the response of liver parenchyma to acute CCl4 poisoning]. AB - Male BALB/c mice were injected intravenously with lysosomotropic agents: rheopolyglucin, at a dose of 0.5 ml per 100 g body weight, and latex particles (1.1 micron in diameter), at a dose of 0.05 ml per 100 g body weight, 1 hour before inhalation of CCl4. Using electron microscopy rheopolyglucin was detected in hepatocyte vacuolar apparatus, endothelial and Kupffer cells, while latex was found only in Kupffer cells. Both lysosomotropic agents had a weak protective effect. 72 h after the inhalation of CCl4 the size of the necrosis in the liver parenchyma was half smaller in animals preinjected with lysosomotropic agents than in mice receiving no lysosomotropic agents. Both lysosomotropic agents (especially rheopolyglucin) promoted hepatocyte ultrastructure restoration. PMID- 3756345 TI - [Compensatory and adaptive changes in the small intestine and liver of rabbits after short-term cholesterol diet]. AB - Functional and morphological changes in the intestinal wall and liver were studied in rabbits on short-term cholesterol diet. It was established that with a rapid increase of cholesterol concentration in the general blood flow, the synthesis of high density lipoproteins in the intestinal wall was intensified. Enhanced hepatic elimination of cholesterol and chylomicrons from blood circulation contributes to cholesterol level stabilization in peripheral blood. With high density lipoprotein accumulation in the intestinal wall, cholesterol consumption did not change its concentration in the general blood flow. Structural changes in jejunal and liver mucosa were shown to depend on the degree of hypercholesterolemia and functional damage of these organs. PMID- 3756346 TI - [Mechanical activity of the vascular wall: the choice of optimum conditions for the study of isolated ring segments]. AB - A new method for the study of vascular helical segments is described. The method, permitting simulation of mechanical conditions in vivo, can cause substantial changes in the experiments studying regulatory reactions in isolated fragments of the vascular bed. PMID- 3756347 TI - [Development of methods of connecting severed nerve trunks to restore their integrity]. AB - An experimental model of a seamless end-to-end joining of severed sciatic nerve (with gaps between the two ends 5-8 mm-wide) using an implanted arterial vessel was elaborated on random bred and inbred Wistar rats. Histological examination showed that nerve regeneration along the implanted arterial lumen was directly oriented and was not accompanied by neuroma formation which was always the case in the control. It took some nerve fibers 20 days to join the gap between the cut nerve ends. In 4 months myelination of regenerating fibers was observed in the blood vessel lumen, in 3 months the lumen was filled with bundles of myelinated fibers, and in 9 months the structure of the regenerating nerve was similar to that of the mature trunk observed in animals. The elaborated experimental model is to be employed in the studies of reparatory histogenesis in peripheral nervous tissues. The data obtained may be used in neurosurgery. PMID- 3756348 TI - [Gas-liquid chromatography for the determination of acetylcholinesterase activity]. AB - Method has been modified and used for quantitative gas chromatographic determination of microtraces in a large volume of test mixture under study. The method can be applied for the differentiated determination of genuine and false blood cholinesterase by final products of specific substrate hydrolysis. PMID- 3756349 TI - [A rapid spectrophotometric method of determining heat-resistant lysosomes in animal tissues]. AB - Rapid spectrophotometric method for the determination of thermoresistance in tissue animal lysosomes is described. The of analysis is decreased by 5-6 h, in comparison with enzymatic technique. The determination regimen was chosen in such a way that the process of lysosomal lysis was linear. The dependence of the incubation mixture temperature on the degree of lysosomal lysis was complex. The rate of lysosomal lysis rapidly increased at greater than 37 degrees C. Lysosome incubation at 0-4 degrees C for 24 h decreased its hypothermal (t = 10-30 degrees C), but not hyperthermal (t greater than 37 degrees C) sensitivity. Isolated lysosome thermoresistance may be used as an index of its stability and labialization in vivo and in vitro by various physico-chemical factors. The percentage of initial absorption (A520) and the initial rate of lysosomal lysis (delta A520/min), as well as melting temperature (Tmel) and biological half-life (t1/2) may be the measurements of such effect. PMID- 3756350 TI - Corticosteroids reversibly inhibit chemotactic peptide-receptor binding and granulocyte response, yet allow desensitization and receptor down-regulation. AB - Inhibition of complement-mediated granulocyte aggregation has recently been proposed as a mechanism of action of high-dose corticosteroids in shock states. Such inhibition may be effected through alteration of receptor function. Methylprednisolone inhibits binding of the synthetic chemotaxin f-methionine leucine-phenylalanine (FMLP) to its surface receptor on granulocytes in a dose dependent manner by slowing the association rate of the FMLP-receptor interaction without altering receptor number. Because the half-life of high-dose methylprednisolone in vivo is short, we examined the reversibility of its effects on granulocyte aggregation and receptor function; both effects were readily reversed by washing. Furthermore, methylprednisolone, at concentrations that profoundly inhibited the granulocyte aggregation response to FMLP, allowed the occurrence of FMLP-receptor down-regulation and granulocyte desensitization to further stimulation by FMLP. We conclude that methylprednisolone at concentrations that inhibit granulocyte aggregation can slow the rate of the FMLP receptor interaction while simultaneously allowing receptor down-regulation and granulocyte desensitization to proceed. Transient blockade of granulocyte function with concomitant desensitization and receptor down-regulation may be important in the clinical effects of very high-dose corticosteroids such as are administered in shock and could partially explain how drugs with such short half lives administered intermittently could exert a beneficial effect in shock states. Similar observations may hold for other physiologic stimuli. PMID- 3756351 TI - Immunoreactive erythropoietin concentrations in fetal and neonatal rats and the effects of hypoxia. AB - Immunoreactive erythropoietin (Ep) was measured in normoxic and hypoxic (0.5 atm; 18 hours) fetal rats from day 14 to day 21 of gestation and in neonatal rats from birth to weaning, and was compared to the adult rat. Amniotic fluid (AF) Ep was approximately 100 mU/mL on day 14 and 15, and decreased to 20 mU/mL on day 20, with no difference between the hypoxic and normoxic mothers. Only on day 21 did the Ep in the AF increase slightly in the hypoxic group, while the Ep in the control group continued to fall to 15 mU/mL on day 21, the last day of pregnancy. Before day 17 of gestation the rat fetus appears to have hypoxia-independent, extrahepatic Ep available which is followed by hepatic and renal Ep production, both of which become sensitive to maternal hypoxia during the last days of pregnancy. In the neonatal rat plasma and tissue, Ep levels varied greatly during the first three weeks of life regardless of whether the animals were hypoxic or not. With the exception of the first and ninth days of life, circulating Ep levels were higher than adult levels in normal newborn rats. Neonatal rats responded to hypoxia with increasing Ep levels, and the response increased with age such that during the third week of life the plasma Ep levels were significantly higher than in adult hypoxic rats. No sex difference in male and female response to hypoxia could be documented until sexual maturity (day 42). In the normoxic neonatal rat more Ep originated from the liver than the kidneys until day 10, while under hypoxic conditions the switch occurred as early as two days after birth. PMID- 3756352 TI - The contribution of cytochemistry and immunophenotyping to the reproducibility of the FAB classification in acute leukemia. AB - Intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility of the FAB classification was assessed for two independent observers whose decisions are acted on for treatment of patients with acute leukemia in the Hamilton region. Intraobserver reproducibility was assessed for Wright-stained preparations that were examined independently on two consecutive occasions at least 2 weeks apart. A third reading was performed with Wright stain and cytochemical data, and the fourth reading was done with addition of immunophenotype data. Concordance was calculated using a statistic that corrects for chance-expected agreement (k), and a weighted statistic that takes into account the seriousness of disagreements was used. Samples were available for morphological and cytochemical assessment on 105 patients, and immunophenotype data were available on 93 specimens. Intraobserver concordance was 64.8% and 70.5% for observers A and B, respectively, with kappa values of .56 and .62. There were 37 discordant readings for observer A and 31 for observer B, with each observer discordant between lymphocytic:nonlymphocytic phenotypes in ten cases. Concordance between observers was 63% (k = .54) and 72% (k = .65) for each of two separate readings for Wright-stained preparations only. Reproducibility improved to 89% (k = .86) when cytochemistry was added. When immunophenotype information was provided in addition to Wright-stained and cytochemical preparations, the agreement was 99%. Lymphocytic:nonlymphocytic discordance between observers occurred on nine occasions when Wright-stained preparations only were available and four times when cytochemistry was added; it did not occur with immunophenotyping. The study suggests that immunophenotyping, when added to morphological assessment of acute leukemia, may contribute substantially to agreement between observers. PMID- 3756353 TI - Ultrastructural studies of the interaction of spectrin with phosphatidylserine liposomes. AB - Spectrin was shown previously to interact with phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine, which are preferentially localized in the inner half of the membrane lipid bilayer, but this interaction is not well characterized. In the present study we used electron microscopy of rotary-shadowed platinum replicas of spectrin dimer-phosphatidylserine complexes to study the interaction of spectrin with phosphatidylserine vesicles. At a spectrin concentration of 0.6 mg/mL, 60% of spectrin dimers were associated with phosphatidylserine vesicles and at a spectrin concentration of 1.2 mg/mL, some vesicles were crosslinked by spectrin dimers. The length of the protruding segment of spectrin dimer from the liposome edge ranged from 400 to 960A degrees and the contact region to phosphatidylserine extended 272 +/- 144A degrees from either end of the molecule. Therefore, these data are consistent with multiple binding sites to phosphatidylserine throughout the spectrin dimer molecule. Spectrin tetramers, when bound to phosphatidylserine liposomes, extended 1804 +/- 79A degrees from the liposome edge and crosslinked liposomes, suggesting that some of the binding sites to phosphatidylserine vesicles is in the proximity of the tail end of spectrin. The association between spectrin dimers to phosphatidylserine was demonstrated by nondenaturing gel electrophoresis. The complexes were separated into multiple bands with molecular weight of 1.4 X 10(6), 1.8 X 10(6), and 2.3 X 10(6). These bands did not represent self-associated spectrin oligomers, since postincubation treatment with Triton-X-100 dissociated them into spectrin dimers. Furthermore, these spectrin high molecular weight bands, as visualized by Coomassie blue absorbance, closely corresponded to the 14C-phosphatidylserine distribution. These data provide ultrastructural and biochemical evidence that spectrin binds to phosphatidylserine at multiple sites including the tail end region. PMID- 3756354 TI - Pharmacokinetics of factor IX. PMID- 3756355 TI - Treatment results of nine patients with Burkitt's lymphoma. AB - From 6/79 until 2/86, 9 patients (median age 39) with Burkitt's lymphoma were treated. Stage D disease was seen in 7 cases, stage C in two and stage A in one. The main symptom was abdominal pain or a rapidly progressing abdominal tumor. Three patients had bone marrow involvement and two had a Burkitt's leukemia. Three had typical chromosomal aberrations. Therapy consisted of a variety of chemotherapy regimens plus additional radiotherapy and/or bulk surgery. Two patients achieved complete remissions (of 6 and 20+ months duration), and 4 partial remissions were obtained. The remaining patients had either progressive, drug resistant disease or died early. One patient is currently alive and in complete remission at 20+ months. A second patient is alive at 20+ months in partial remission with traces of IgM-paraprotein still detectable. The main causes of death were tumor-lysis syndrome (4 patients) and therapy related sepsis with progressive tumor (3 patients). This poor outcome is probably due to a high proportion of high-risk patients and suboptimal therapy for this rapidly proliferating tumor. PMID- 3756356 TI - Acquired refractory anaemia with excess of blasts of promegakaryoblastic type. AB - A case of acquired refractory anaemia with excess of blasts (RAEB) of the promegakaryoblastic type is described. The promegakaryoblastic origin was demonstrated by means of ultrastructural cytochemistry (platelet peroxidase) and immunological methods. The blasts were also 5'-Nucleotidase positive. After a stable course over 2.5 years the patient died from hematological failure, his marrow demonstrating a high degree of fibrosis. PMID- 3756357 TI - Toxicity of sequential high-dose ARA-C asparaginase treatment in childhood poor risk leukemia. AB - Seventeen children and two adolescents, aged 6 months to 20 9/12 years, with poor risk leukemia were treated with a total of 38 sequential high-dose ARA-C Asparaginase courses (HIDAC-ASNase). Each course was followed by profound myelosuppression. Fever occurred in 13.2% and infectious complications in 7.9% of courses. Other side effects were vomiting (81.6%), drug fever (55.3%), mucositis and diarrhoea (28.9%), mild hepatotoxicity (26.3%), exanthemas (18.4%), conjunctivitis (15.8%), local ASNase hypersensitivity (7.9%), athropathy (5.3%). One patient developed generalized seizures followed by coma and death. The possible association between ARA-C, the CNS symptoms and death could neither be demonstrated nor excluded. Except for the possible ARA-C related CNS toxicity, toxic effects were reversible. We consider this treatment a tolerable chemotherapeutic contribution in childhood. PMID- 3756358 TI - The capacity of various types of immunoglobulin for intravenous use to interact with Fc receptors of human monocytes and macrophages. AB - The capacity of immunoglobulin for intravenous application (IgG-IV) to interact with Fc receptors of human monocytes and macrophages was tested by quantifying the inhibition of phagocytosis of IgG-sensitized erythrocytes. To this end a spectrometric phagocytosis test has been used. When compared with IgG for i.m. use (IgG-IM), all IgG-IV had reduced activity. This reduction was related, in part, to the reduced amount of IgG dimers and polymers in IgG-IV. On a weight basis dimeric IgG and polymeric IgG exerted 6-fold and 14-fold higher activity, respectively, than monomeric IgG. When this difference was corrected for, chemically modified IgG-IV still had significantly reduced inhibitory activity; DEAE-Sephadex-treated IgG and acid-treated IgG had an activity similar to IgG-IM, and PEG-treated IgG showed a slightly reduced activity. Pepsin-treated IgG was greater than 100-fold less active than IgG-IM. The reactivity of IgG-IV with monocyte and macrophage Fc receptors was closely correlated. The most conspicuous differences found were related to the concentration at which IgG was used. Thus, beta-propiolactone-treated IgG and plasmin-treated IgG were found to have significantly reduced activity at concentrations greater than 20 micrograms/ml, but almost normal activity when used at lower concentrations. PMID- 3756359 TI - Incorporation of adenosine and adenine into hypoxanthine nucleotides of fresh red blood cells. AB - Incorporation of adenosine and adenine into hypoxanthine nucleotides of fresh red blood cells was monitored using 8-14C-adenosine and 8-14C-adenine added to the incubation medium containing adenosine, pyruvate and inorganic phosphate (APP medium). Using 8-14C-adenosine it was shown that 21.7% of the isotope contained in the incubation medium penetrated red blood cells. Of that quantity about 50% becomes incorporated into nucleotides. Of the isotope 5.3% was found in hypoxanthine nucleotides (1.3% in ITP and 4.0% in IMP). During incubation of red blood cells in APP medium fortified with the 8-14C-adenine about 95% of isotope penetrated into cells and 60% of that quantity became incorporated into nucleotides. In hypoxanthine nucleotides only trace amounts of isotope were found (0.12% in IMP and 0.13% in ITP). PMID- 3756360 TI - Fibrinolysis induced by danazol. PMID- 3756361 TI - [Experimental cancerogenesis. Stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase of the colonic mucosa in vitamin A-deficient rats by sodium desoxycholate]. AB - During a state of pure vitamin A deficiency, without any clinical manifestations, in colonic mucosa: ornithine decarboxylase activity is already stimulated, in deficient animals, by instillation of NaCl 9%. Sodium deoxycholate further enhances and markedly protracts the enzyme activity, as compared to normal rats. These results lead to the conclusion that vitamin A deficiency is a state of special sensibility to the promoter action. Retinol is hence physiologically necessary for natural resistance of intestinal cells against chemically induced tumor promotion. PMID- 3756362 TI - [Conservative treatment of tumors of the retina at the Curie Institute. 5-year ophthalmologic results of 129 cases treated with the Stallard disc and electrons]. AB - The authors report a retrospective study of 129 children with retino-blastoma treated from 1963 to 1977 at the Institute Curie by enucleation of the worst eye and conservative irradiation of the other eye; this irradiation was performed either with Stallard plaque (19 cases) or with electrons (110 cases). In 8 familial cases no enucleation was performed. T.E.M. was used from 1964 to 1973 and iterative photocoagulation has been performed since 1968. Five years absolute NED survival rate was 68% (88/129 children). In these 88 children, 94 eyes were irradiated. Ophthalmological results were as follows: 21 eyes were enucleate secondarily (20/21 were tumoral); the attempt of ocular conservation was succeeded in 78% of the cases: 73 of the 94 irradiated eyes were cured; among these 73 cured eyes, 4 had complications and 15 had sequelae; the others 54 eyes were normal; only 5 eyes escaped ophthalmological survey; for the other 68 eyes vision was evaluated: 2 eyes (3%) were functional but vision could not be measured; 10 (14%) had less than 1/10 of visual acuity; 14 (19%) had vision at least equal to 1/10 but less than 5/10; 42 (57%) had 5/10 or more. 62% of all irradiated eyes (58/94) and 79% of conservated eyes (58/73) had "useful vision". Results are discussed and compared with these published by other teams; the authors try to determine elements of visual prognosis. PMID- 3756363 TI - [Breast cancer. Development of the concentration of hormonal receptors under cytotoxic chemotherapy]. AB - 38 patients with locally advanced breast cancer, were treated with a program of cytotoxic chemotherapy including Adriamycin, Cyclophosphamide, 5 Fluoro-uracile and Prednisone. The concentration of hormonal receptors (Estrogen ER and Progesterone receptor PR) in the tumor were studied before starting the chemotherapy and after one to 9 courses of chemotherapy. This therapeutic response rate was not related to the initial level of ER and PR. After chemotherapy, we observed an increase of ER level in 14 cases out of 29 (59%), of PR level in 17 out of 32 cases (53%); A therapeutic response is observed in 11 cases out of 17 when the PR concentration is increased and in 3 cases out of 15 when the PR concentration was either stable or decreased. These observations let us to suppose a selective initial activity of chemotherapy on lesser differentiated tumor cells. PMID- 3756364 TI - [Phase II trial of an ambulatory treatment with 5-fluorouracil administered by continuous perfusion combined with vindesine and cyclophosphamide]. AB - Thirty-four patients with histologically proven metastatic breast cancer, were included in this phase II trial. They were given a five day course of continuous infusion of 5 fluoro-uracile at the daily dose of 500 mg/m2 associated with vindesine 2 mg/m2 on day 2 and 5, cyclophosphamide 300 mg/m2 on day 2 and 5. The treatment was repeated every 15 days after haematological and biological assay. Twenty-six patients were objectively resistant to previous cytotoxic chemotherapy including adriamycin and 6 patients had recently received adjuvant therapy. A major objective response was observed in 17 cases (50%) (4 complete responses, 13 responses greater than 50%) and a response less than 50% in 7 cases. The median duration of response is over 8 months. After 8 months of median follow-up, the median of survival is not defined. PMID- 3756365 TI - Antiemetic combination for cisplatin-induced emesis. Results from a controlled study. AB - Thirty-six patients suffering from disseminated epithelial tumors under treatment with Cisplatin alone or in combination with Vindesine entered a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study comparing the antiemetic activity of low-dose IV Metoclopramide (total dose: 0.8 mg/kg) with that of a combination of Metoclopramide (same schedule) plus Nortriptyline (2 X 50 mg PO) plus Thiethylperazine (3 X 10 mg IV). This combination was designed in an attempt to act simultaneously on gastrointestinal motility and neuroreceptors at central emetic pathways (Dopamine D-2, Histamine H-1 and muscarinic cholinergic). The antiemetic combination significantly reduces the median number of emetic episodes (p less than 0.01), the median volume of vomiting (p less than 0.01) and the median time of emesis (p less than 0.01) when compared with Metoclopramide alone and was also preferred by a significant number of patients (p = 0.0001) after passing through both antiemetic treatment arms being compared. PMID- 3756366 TI - [The value of breast lymphoscintigraphy in the definition of axillary staging in cancer of the breast]. AB - Axillary lymphoscintigraphy (ALS) has been investigated in 51 patients with operable breast carcinoma between July 1982 and February 1984. Pre-operative intra-tumoral injection of 2.5 cm Ci of technetium 99 m antimony sulfide colloid has been performed before axillary dissection. We compared the scans produced by ALS with the results of pre-operative clinical examination of the axilla (UICC criterias) and to the histological status of the nodes surgically removed. We focused on the statistical methodology because, for us, most of the studies use inadequate tests. Axillary lymphoscintigraphy did not predict axillary metastase in breast cancer with precision. Its score was under clinical exam. Today, we are not allowed to abandon axillary dissection for pre-operative ALS. That simple and non traumatic examination appeared to be of no value in order to determine the axillary metastatic nodal status in breast cancer. PMID- 3756368 TI - [Condensed chemotherapy in breast neoplasms. Results of once-a-day venous perfusion administration of a triple combination]. PMID- 3756369 TI - [French Cancer Society. National Federation of Centers of the Fight Against Cancer. Oncology forum. 9-10 June 1986. Abstracts]. PMID- 3756367 TI - [Data collection from patients treated for Hodgkin's disease. Relation to quality of life]. AB - One hundred and fifty patients treated for Hodgkin's disease (stage I to IIIA) in a cooperative trial, answered a questionnaire dealing partly with their information, after 2 to 7 years of complete remission. This information appears insufficient for the majority of patients (52%), at least as far as treatment and its complications are concerned. There are many significant relations with other parameters which suggest that a good level of information may improve quality of life of patients. These observations tend to increase information of patients with Hodgkin's disease, provided it is adapted to each patient. PMID- 3756370 TI - The tuberculosis problem and its control in East Asia and the South Pacific area. PMID- 3756371 TI - Pulmonary tuberculosis among NTUC comfort taxi drivers. PMID- 3756372 TI - Fate of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients after 12 months on an entirely ambulatory primary treatment in Kinshasa (Zaire). PMID- 3756373 TI - Respiratory symptoms in adolescents and childhood respiratory history. Results on 15,000 adolescents. PMID- 3756374 TI - Review of tuberculosis control programmes in the Far East Region of the International Union Against Tuberculosis. PMID- 3756375 TI - Proceedings of the British Pharmacological Society. Amsterdam, 2nd-4th July 1986. Abstracts. PMID- 3756376 TI - Understanding face recognition. AB - The aim of this paper is to develop a theoretical model and a set of terms for understanding and discussing how we recognize familiar faces, and the relationship between recognition and other aspects of face processing. It is suggested that there are seven distinct types of information that we derive from seen faces; these are labelled pictorial, structural, visually derived semantic, identity-specific semantic, name, expression and facial speech codes. A functional model is proposed in which structural encoding processes provide descriptions suitable for the analysis of facial speech, for analysis of expression and for face recognition units. Recognition of familiar faces involves a match between the products of structural encoding and previously stored structural codes describing the appearance of familiar faces, held in face recognition units. Identity-specific semantic codes are then accessed from person identity nodes, and subsequently name codes are retrieved. It is also proposed that the cognitive system plays an active role in deciding whether or not the initial match is sufficiently close to indicate true recognition or merely a 'resemblance'; several factors are seen as influencing such decisions. This functional model is used to draw together data from diverse sources including laboratory experiments, studies of everyday errors, and studies of patients with different types of cerebral injury. It is also used to clarify similarities and differences between processes for object, word and face recognition. PMID- 3756377 TI - Psychological resources and cigarette smoking in adolescents. AB - Despite society's increasing awareness of the adverse health consequences of cigarette use, adolescents continue to take up smoking. This study suggests that adolescents may smoke in order to alleviate the stress engendered by the adjustment demands of this period and that adolescents with fewer coping resources should be more likely to use cigarettes. An examination of the relationship between psychological resources and cigarette use indicated that adolescents who smoked had lower self-esteem, a more external locus of control orientation and a higher level of trait anxiety compared with adolescents who did not smoke. The findings suggest that smoking performs a stress management function for those adolescents with a low sense of personal effectiveness. PMID- 3756378 TI - Acute effects of meals, noise and nightwork. AB - An experimental study of the acute effects of meals, noise and nightwork showed that there was a post-meal impairment in detection of targets in a cognitive vigilance task. This was found both during the day and at night, although certain features of the results suggested that the day and night effects were not equivalent. Noise increased the number of false alarms but reduced the post-meal impairment in hit rate. Subjects with low levels of trait or state anxiety showed the greatest post-lunch impairments in performance, but this effect was reduced when the meal was eaten at night. PMID- 3756379 TI - The significance of social identities. AB - Common-sense meanings of the 'individual' and the 'social' are examined emphasizing the fallacy of viewing them as denoting separate entities given in nature. The concept of social representations is used to explain the construction of these categories in terms of the particular systems of values, ideas and practices of different societies. The concept of social identity marks the individual-social interface interpreted as the construction of individuals in relation to the social representations of significant groups in their society. The earliest constructions of a social identity are traced in the domain of gender because this is a ubiquitous feature of social life, involving the differentiation of only two groups; they are obligatory and use physical differences to provide the signifiers in a semiotic system of social representations. Empirical evidence is reviewed showing that the development of a social gender identity is a complex process and involves many aspects of children's activity slowly coming to be regulated by the particular social representation of gender dominant in their society. PMID- 3756380 TI - The self in society: effects of social contexts on the sense of self. AB - It is assumed here that even as intimate and individualistic an experience as one's sense of self is affected by the social context in which the self-thoughts arise. As regards two major social worlds of childhood, family and school, it is postulated that the family's nurturent atmosphere fosters a more passive self concept in contrast to a more dynamic sense of self promoted by the school's press toward achievement. Six predictions were derived that self-thoughts in the two contexts will differ in basic psycholinguistic characteristics, the types of verbs used to describe the self. To test these predictions children's three minute descriptions of their family and of their school were content analysed into successive subject/verb/complement thought segments, from among which we selected out self-thoughts (segments with self as subject). An analysis of the types of verbs used in self-thoughts evoked by family versus school probes supported the six predicted differences in verb types derived from our postulate of a more passive self-concept in the family context. Specifically, in family more than in school contexts the self is perceived passively in terms of state rather than action verbs (of what one is rather than what one does); in terms of static states of being rather than dynamic states of becoming; in terms of overt actions rather than covert reactions; in terms of physical actions rather than social interactions; in terms of cold cognitions rather than hot affects; and in terms of simple affirmations rather than reflexive negations. These six manifestations of a more passive self in family than school social contexts are robust across age, gender and response modality. PMID- 3756381 TI - Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of tumours of the central nervous system: a clinical review. AB - The clinical application of the intravascular paramagnetic contrast agent gadolinium-DTPA for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging of tumours of the central nervous system (CNS) has been assessed over the past 3 years. Various patterns of contrast enhancement were observed, and situations in MRI where the administration of contrast medium may be useful have been defined. These include lesions which are isointense with normal brain matter, the separation of tumour from surrounding oedema, evaluation of the degree of blood-brain barrier breakdown, delineation of tumours obscured by overlying calcification on computed tomography (CT) and in the investigation of lesions in anatomical areas where CT has known limitations (brain stem, cervical spine). Changes in relaxation times in normal and abnormal tissues following contrast medium, toxicity and dosage of gadolinium-DTPA, and MRI pulse sequence techniques are reviewed. PMID- 3756382 TI - The cricopharyngeus revisited. AB - The motor function of the pharyngo-oesophageal (PO) segment during swallowing in terms of tonicity, relaxation and peristalsis was evaluated in 25 patients with a posterior cricopharyngeus impression. Functional abnormalities were common. Defective tonicity was present in 11 patients. Relaxation was normal in all patients except at the level of the cricopharyngeal muscle. Abnormal peristalsis was present in 19 patients as weakness, paresis or abnormal timing. The impression of the cricopharyngeus was effaced during the late stage of swallowing due to collapse proximal and distal to the cricopharyngeus. It was not due to successive distension at the level of the cricopharyngeus. In 11 patients there was some retention of barium proximal to the cricopharyngeus after the passage of the barium bolus. This was due to weakness in the inferior pharyngeal constrictor and/or an abnormal timing of the peristalsis whereby contraction of the cricopharyngeus occurred before peristalsis in the inferior pharyngeal constrictor had cleared the pharynx of barium. The observations indicate that bulging of the cricopharyngeal muscle is only one aspect of a profoundly altered motor function of the PO segment. PMID- 3756383 TI - Computed tomography of abdominal carcinoid tumour. AB - Ten patients with pathologically proven abdominal carcinoid tumour were assessed by computed tomography (CT). Post-mortem examination correlation was obtained in two cases. Computed tomography demonstrated the extent of intra-abdominal tumour well and is, therefore, a useful staging technique for patients being treated with adjuvant therapy. The appearances of metastatic carcinoid within the mesentery on CT are characteristic and can enable a pre-operative diagnosis to be made. PMID- 3756384 TI - Experimental evaluation of various available contrast agents for use in the gastrointestinal tract in case of suspected leakage. Effects on pleura. AB - Intrapleural injections of seven contrast agents were carried out in experimental rats in order to find a safe contrast agent to use in the radiological examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract in cases where leakage outside the upper gastrointestinal tract into the pleural space could be suspected, particularly post-operatively. The contrast agent in such cases could enter the mediastinum, pleura, peritoneum or lungs and bronchi. Hexabrix (May and Baker) and Gastrografin (Schering AG) produced the least tissue reaction in the pleura. Due to the potential risk of aspiration in such cases Gastrografin is not suitable as it is known to produce significant reaction in the lungs and may even prove to be fatal. Hexabrix, therefore, appears to be the safest contrast agent where leakage into the pleural space may be suspected. PMID- 3756385 TI - A model of semiautomatic type-specific diagnosis of brain tumours by computed tomography: mathematical fundaments and practical application. AB - Applying Escudero's formula to Bayes' theorem of conditional probabilities, we have developed a mathematical model to diagnose type-specific brain tumours with great accuracy. We have transformed a multidimensional system of n characteristics on computed tomography into a linear system, making this model very easy to use and, thus, accessible to the clinician and radiologist. We tested this model in 177 brain tumours. In 86% of the cases we obtained a type specific correct diagnosis, achieving better results than those previously reported. Suggestions are given as to how to improve this method further. PMID- 3756386 TI - Nuclear cardiology: a comparison of equilibrium gated blood pool and gamma camera first-pass measurements for the assessment of left-ventricular regional wall motion. AB - There are two major problems remaining for the successful assessment of left ventricular regional wall motion (RWM) using nuclear cardiology. These are as follows. Which technique should be used: first pass or equilibrium? Secondly, which views should be used to give full information about the RWM of the left ventricle? This paper specifically considers each of these questions and concludes that equilibrium blood pool imaging in both the right anterior oblique and left anterior oblique projections is currently the best option. PMID- 3756387 TI - The importance of radiolabelling human granulocytes with 111In-tropolonate or 111In-2-mercaptopyridine-N-oxide in plasma containing acid-citrate-dextrose. AB - When blood cells are radiolabelled in plasma, for example with 111In-tropolonate, the plasma always contains an anticoagulant, usually acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) or heparin. The effect of ACD and heparin on the labelling efficiency (LE) and optimum concentration of ligand required to radiolabel human granulocytes in plasma with 111In-tropolonate or 111In-2-mercaptopyridine-N-oxide (111In-merc) has been measured. The concentrations of ligand (tropolone or merc) required for maximum cell labelling in plasma containing ACD were 4 X 10(-4) M tropolone and 1 X 10(-4) M merc, whereas using plasma containing heparin, the optimum concentrations were 10-fold higher, at 4 X 10(-3) M and 1 X 10(-3) M respectively. At the optimum ligand concentrations, the LE for 1 X 10(8) granulocytes labelled in plasma containing ACD was 90% using 111In-tropolonate and 82% using 111In-merc, whereas using plasma containing heparin they were 68% and only 20%, respectively. Addition of ACD to heparinised plasma abolished the necessity for more ligand and increased the LE to the same values as those for plasma containing ACD alone. These results clearly demonstrate that to obtain a high LE using the lowest possible concentrations of tropolone or merc, the granulocytes must be labelled in plasma containing ACD. PMID- 3756388 TI - A comparison of the tumour concentrations obtainable with misonidazole and Ro 03 8799. AB - Both Ro 03-8799 and misonidazole were administered to six patients before tumour sampling. Using similar doses, tumour concentrations of Ro 03-8799 were approximately double those of misonidazole. Examination of the data with regard to the relative sensitising efficiencies of these two compounds gives us, as a conservative estimate, a factor of 1.6 in favour of Ro 03-8799. From these observations it is predicted that, when given with radiotherapy in a 25-fraction course Ro 03-8799, is likely to be at least five times more effective as a hypoxic cell sensitiser than misonidazole. PMID- 3756389 TI - The application of the linear-quadratic model to fractionated radiotherapy when there is incomplete normal tissue recovery between fractions, and possible implications for treatments involving multiple fractions per day. AB - By extending a previously developed mathematical model based on the linear quadratic dose-effect relationship, it is possible to examine the consequences of performing fractionated treatments for which there is insufficient time between fractions to allow complete damage repair. Equations are derived which give the relative effectiveness of such treatments in terms of tissue-repair constants (mu values) and alpha/beta ratios, and these are then applied to some examples of treatments involving multiple fractions per day. The interplay of the various mechanisms involved (including repopulation effects) and their possible influence on treatments involving closely spaced fractions are examined. If current indications of the differences in recovery rates between early- and late-reacting normal tissues are representative, then it is shown that such differences may limit the clinical potential of accelerated fractionation regimes, where several fractions per day are given in a relatively short overall time. PMID- 3756391 TI - An improved system of customized photon shielding for radiotherapy. PMID- 3756390 TI - A technique for delivering uniform dose at the junction of two spinal fields. PMID- 3756392 TI - Pneumoretroperitoneum following iliac crest trephine. PMID- 3756393 TI - Percutaneous transhepatic cavography of dual obstruction of the inferior vena cava. PMID- 3756394 TI - Renal embolisation for urinary fistula using alcohol (chemical nephrectomy). PMID- 3756395 TI - Memoranda from the British Committee on Radiation Units and measurements. PMID- 3756396 TI - Metastatic carcinoma from unknown primary site. PMID- 3756397 TI - The radiation dose to an infant following maternal radiopharmaceutical administration. PMID- 3756398 TI - Acute focal bacterial nephritis. PMID- 3756400 TI - Horseshoe kidney in children. AB - Twenty children with horseshoe kidney have been reviewed. Fifteen were symptomatic and nine required surgery. Associated renal and other abnormalities were common. The surgery of horseshoe kidney is discussed. PMID- 3756399 TI - Does sucrose damage kidneys? AB - There is evidence to suggest that sucrose ingestion can cause renal parenchymal changes as well as increasing the urinary saturation index for calcium oxalate. Ten stone formers and 10 normal subjects received 250 gm of sucrose daily over a period of 7 days. Observations on the risk factors for calcium stone formation and urinary N-acetyl-B-glucosaminidase (NAG), a marker of renal tubular cell damage, were made. Oxalate excretion increased. Urinary calcium levels were unchanged but the pattern of response was different between the two groups, as with magnesium and phosphate. NAG was spontaneously higher in the patient group and increased significantly after sucrose ingestion in both groups. PMID- 3756401 TI - Low grade pelviureteric junction obstruction with normal diuretic renography. AB - We report five patients with normal diuretic renograms who underwent Whitaker pressure perfusion testing. They were found to have normal pressure at low flow rates (2-4 ml/min) and an abnormally elevated pressure at high flow rates (8-10 ml/min). Because of persistent symptoms, two patients underwent surgery, while the other three have been followed up. Our findings indicate that a negative diuretic renogram in a well hydrated patient with good renal function may not rule out low grade obstruction. Renal pelvic perfusion at low flow rates as well as high flow rates is recommended to determine better the function of the pelviureteric junction. PMID- 3756402 TI - Modified nephroureterectomy: a risk of tumour implantation. AB - The standard surgical management of patients presenting with transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract is nephroureterectomy with excision of a cuff of bladder around the ureteric orifice. Recently a modified technique of resecting the lower ureter endoscopically and completing the nephroureterectomy through a single loin incision has been advocated as a safe and simple procedure. We consider that this technique may have a risk of tumour implantation at the site of the resected lower ureter. We report our experience of this operation in five patients, two of whom developed invasive tumour at the site of the ureteric orifice after only a short follow-up. PMID- 3756403 TI - Conservative surgery for ureteric tumours. AB - Eleven patients with ureteric transitional cell tumours were reviewed and conservative management recommended. PMID- 3756404 TI - Bladder stone disease in children in Afghanistan. AB - Of 132 children with bladder stones seen in 1 year, 94% were boys and 73% were aged between 1 and 5 years. Significant malnutrition and evidence of vitamin deficiency were absent. Wheat bread was the dietary staple, while the intake of milk and dairy products, eggs and meat was very low. Analysis of 29 stones showed them to consist mainly of calcium oxalate and uric acid, with small amounts of calcium phosphate and magnesium ammonium phosphate in some cases. The composition of the surface and central parts of the stones, examined in 20 cases, was usually different. The nucleus was formed almost entirely of calcium oxalate and uric acid in four and three cases respectively, whereas the surface layers were composed of other ingredients. In another case the nucleus was composed entirely of xanthine, which indicated a diagnosis of xanthinuria. PMID- 3756405 TI - The effect of age on the autonomic innervation of the urinary bladder. AB - Quantitative methods have been used to assess the amount of autonomic nerve in bladder biopsy samples from a group of "control" patients ranging in age from 20 to 79 years. Each patient included in the study was urodynamically normal and showed no subjective evidence of bladder trabeculation at cystoscopy. Using light microscopy, a significant linear reduction in the amount of acetylcholinesterase positive nerve was observed with increasing age. Counts of axon profiles and measurement of smooth muscle cell cross-sectional areas in the electron microscope revealed a similar reduction in the amount of nerve per mm2 of detrusor muscle tissue. These findings thus confirm that a real reduction in the number of nerve axons occurs with age and the light microscope results are not due merely to a reduction in the amount of nerve-associated acetylcholinesterase. The present study provides baseline data for future comparisons of the density of autonomic innervation in bladders which are functionally impaired. PMID- 3756406 TI - A prospective study of bladder function following aortic surgery. AB - Twenty-four patients undergoing aortic surgery for aneurysmal or occlusive aortic disease were studied prospectively to assess the effect on bladder function. Thirteen patients completed the study with post-operative follow-up at 3 months. Aortic surgery was found to be unlikely to cause damage to the parasympathetic nerves. There was no change in the detrusor stability/instability status in five of seven patients undergoing surgery for occlusive disease. Fifty-seven per cent of patients undergoing surgery for aneurysmal disease and 83% of those undergoing surgery for occlusive disease noted improved urinary flow with decreased maximal urethral pressure following surgery, suggesting damage to the sympathetic nerve supply to the lower urinary tract. The improvement in urinary flow did not relate either to the assessed extent of damage to the sympathetic nerves at operation or to the type of operation or vascular anastomosis. It is concluded that aortic surgery damages the sympathetic rather than the parasympathetic nerves and that any effect on bladder function is of no serious significance. PMID- 3756407 TI - Personality testing in 226 patients with urinary incontinence. AB - Two hundred and twenty-six female patients undergoing investigation for urinary incontinence completed the Eysenck Personality Inventory questionnaire. The results of the questionnaire were correlated with the symptomatology and urodynamic findings. Incontinence and neuroticism were found to be related. No special relationship was found between neuroticism and detrusor overactivity, although this has been reported in other smaller series. PMID- 3756408 TI - Uroflowmetry in asymptomatic elderly males. AB - Uroflowmetry is important in the evaluation of prostatism. We have investigated 93 men, selected at random from the National Register, who had no subjective voiding problems but who fell within the appropriate age range. The sample was representative of the male metropolitan population. Uroflowmetry was carried out and the data are presented graphically in nomograms where the Q max/volume, Q average/volume and Q max time/volume relations are given. Flow variables were evaluated to delineate possible correlations to age. It was found that the median Q max decreased from 18.5 ml/s at the age of 50 years to 6.5 ml/s at 80 years. Only one-third of the group had a Q max exceeding 15 ml/s. The median voided volume was 208 ml. Half of the subjects voided less than 200 ml and one-third less than 150 ml. PMID- 3756409 TI - Results of surgery following radical radiotherapy for invasive bladder cancer. AB - Five hundred and ninety-one of 889 patients with T1 to T4 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder had persistent or recurrent cancer after radical radiotherapy. Durable local control was significantly poorer for patients with grade 1 or T4 cancer before radiotherapy. Three hundred and twenty-two patients received additional surgical treatment: 211 were endoscopically managed and 111 had secondary cystectomy. The survival of patients with residual or recurrent cancer after radiotherapy was significantly improved by secondary local treatment (P less than 0.0001). A comparison was made between endoscopic treatment and cystectomy after radiotherapy. Patients having secondary cystectomy were younger (mean age 60.0 years) than those managed endoscopically (66.8 years). The 5-year actuarial survival rate (from the date of radiotherapy) for patients who had endoscopic treatment was 47.1% compared with 62.5% for those who had cystectomy (P = 0.16). After both treatments survival was significantly correlated with the T category of the tumour before radiotherapy. Local tumour control was better after cystectomy; 85.6% of patients were locally tumour-free at the end of follow up compared with 44.5% of those managed endoscopically. There was no overall difference in the subsequent risk of metastases between the two forms of surgery. However, seven of 12 patients managed endoscopically prior to secondary cystectomy died of their cancer. Five of these patients died from metastases even though they were locally disease-free. There was a significantly increased risk of metastases in patients managed endoscopically who were not locally disease free after treatment (P = 0.0003). Caution is advised in persisting with endoscopic treatment after radiotherapy if local control is not readily achieved. PMID- 3756410 TI - Metabolic consequences of forced diuresis following prostatectomy. AB - The efficacy and metabolic consequences of a standardised forced diuresis regime following prostatectomy were studied in three parts. A retrospective review of 372 patients. A detailed prospective study of blood and urine electrolyte changes in 25 patients. A prospective study of urinary oxalate levels in 15 patients. The regime was effective in safely preventing post-operative clot retention. In 54% of patients the plasma sodium fell below 135 mmol/l. Hypokalaemia was mild and transient except in patients on long-term diuretics. There was a significant per operative fall in serum calcium levels. It was concluded that forced diuresis is a safe and effective method of reducing clot retention following prostatectomy. The high incidence of post-operative hyponatraemia suggests that absorption of glycine solution at transurethral prostatectomy is a common occurrence. PMID- 3756411 TI - Orchiectomy and delayed radiotherapy as treatment for prostatic carcinoma. A 10 year survey. AB - One hundred and fifty patients with carcinoma of the prostate treated between 1967 and 1982 have been reviewed. Thirty-three patients were treated with stilboestrol alone, 36 by orchiectomy alone and in 81 cases radical radiotherapy was given to the prostate (and in 10 of the 81 cases to the regional and para aortic lymph nodes) 5 or 6 months after orchiectomy. Although there was no significant difference between the results of those treated by stilboestrol alone and those treated by orchiectomy alone, in those patients receiving orchiectomy and delayed radiotherapy there was a significant improvement in survival. If patients with Stage D disease are excluded, this is a highly significant difference and indeed the survival in these patients does not differ significantly from the expected survival at this age. The 5-year survival rate of Stage D patients treated by this method was 35%. PMID- 3756412 TI - Surgical treatment for enlarged prostatic utricle and vagina masculina in patients with hypospadias. AB - Fourteen patients with hypospadias were treated surgically for either an enlarged prostatic utricle (6) or vagina masculina (8). Six vaginae masculinae were removed by an extravesical abdominal approach. One enlarged prostatic utricle was removed by the perineal approach. Three enlarged utricles were removed by an abdominoperineal approach. The transtrigonal approach was recently used for three enlarged utricles and one vagina masculina in four patients. Surgical results in these 14 patients were satisfactory. One post-operative complication of transient mild bilateral vesicoureteric reflux was seen after a transtrigonal removal of an enlarged utricle. Potency was not affected in any approaches in four patients who were older than 12 years. The transtrigonal approach was found to be the best for good exposure of the lesion. PMID- 3756413 TI - Pharmacocavernometry-cavernography in impotence. AB - Cavernometry and cavernography before and after injection of papaverine into the corpus cavernosum were performed in five psychogenically impotent patients and in 30 patients with organic impotence demonstrated by penile plethysmography. The flow necessary to provoke an erection in the psychogenic patients and in the 20 patients without venous leakage ranged from 80 to 120 ml/min and was reduced to 20 to 65 ml/min after injection of papaverine. In the 10 patients with venous leakage the flow necessary to create an erection ranged from 160 to 250 ml/min; after injection of papaverine it decreased to 50 to 120 ml/min and remained higher than in the two former groups. Although cavernography-cavernometry with papaverine injection correlates better with the physiological status of the erectile mechanism it provides no more information than when used alone. PMID- 3756414 TI - Penile erections in myelomeningocele patients. AB - Of 52 post-pubertal male myelomeningocele patients, 36 (70%) appeared to have penile erections. In relation to spinal neurology, erections occurred in all of those with a positive anocutaneous reflex, 64% of those with a negative anocutaneous reflex and a level at or below the sympathetic outflow and 14% of those with a negative anocutaneous reflex and a level above the sympathetic outflow. The physiological implications of these findings are discussed. PMID- 3756415 TI - Urinary catheter structure and testing methods in relation to tissue toxicity. AB - Eluates from 56 latex urinary catheters from seven manufacturers were divided into three categories according to covering material (siliconized, silicone elastomer coated and teflon coated) and tested for tissue toxicity by means of cell cultures based on the inhibition of DNA synthesis. The silicone elastomer coated catheters showed the lowest toxicity. Only 4 of 13 such catheters gave unacceptable toxic values, whereas half of the siliconized catheters were abandoned as toxic. Teflon and elastomer coatings had the best protective properties against toxic substances leaching from the catheter core. The surface contour of the catheters estimated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) did not correlate with toxicity, whereas the cracks seen on the catheters did correlate with toxicity. The simple in vivo test methods used by the manufactures turned out to be insensitive to tissue toxicity testing of urinary catheters. The method used in this study was the most reliable for assessing the safety of latex urinary catheters. Thus manufacturers using multiple and in vitro cell culture tests had products of better quality than those using only a single test or simple in vivo tests. PMID- 3756416 TI - Coexisting adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder. PMID- 3756417 TI - Balanitis xerotica obliterans on stump of amputated penis. PMID- 3756418 TI - Conservative management of ureteric obstruction after aortoiliac graft surgery. PMID- 3756420 TI - Bilateral blind-ending duplex ureters. PMID- 3756419 TI - Renal carcinoma with a strong family history. PMID- 3756422 TI - Webbed penis. PMID- 3756421 TI - Small bowel intussusception due to metastatic renal carcinoma. PMID- 3756423 TI - Urodynamic studies: an unusual complication. PMID- 3756424 TI - Acute hyperparathyroidism successfully treated by total parathyroidectomy and parathyroid autotransplantation. PMID- 3756425 TI - Epidermoid cyst of the testis. PMID- 3756426 TI - Partial pubectomy: technique and indications. PMID- 3756427 TI - Extended posterior lumbotomy. PMID- 3756428 TI - Inflation dilatation for long ureteric stricture. PMID- 3756429 TI - Curative resection of primary colorectal cancer. PMID- 3756430 TI - Leg ulcers: epidemiology and aetiology. AB - In a regional Health District with a population of 198,900, 357 patients with 424 ulcerated legs were documented, an overall prevalence of 0.18 per cent. The prevalence of ulceration in the 92,100 aged greater than 40 years was 0.38 per cent. Fifty per cent of the lesions had been present for more than one year, and 62 per cent of patients had never attended any hospital. The patients were stratified by history of peripheral arterial disease. A random sample (100 patients, 193 legs) was examined by ultrasound and photoplethysmography to assess the venous and arterial circulation; 38 per cent had evidence of deep vein involvement and 43 per cent had superficial vein incompetence. An ischaemic element was present either in isolation (9 per cent) or combined with venous disease (22 per cent) in a total of 31 per cent, with a mean pressure index of 0.62 (s.d. 0.14). Simple objective methods of assessment together with dedicated community staff with ready access to specialized facilities can enhance the service provided to patients with leg ulcers. PMID- 3756431 TI - Changing pattern of lower limb amputation for vascular disease. AB - In 1980 a review of lower limb amputation over a 3.5 year period between 1974 and 1978 was reported from our centre. More recently 193 amputations were performed for peripheral vascular disease over a similar 3.5 year period, representing an increase of 33 per cent in the amputation rate during the last 6 years. This cannot be explained by the increasing age of the population alone. Fewer below knee amputations (BKA) (33.0 per cent) and more Gritti-Strokes amputations (GSA) (32.0 per cent) were performed and the overall incidence of re-amputation for stump breakdown was 13.5 per cent. Twenty-eight per cent of below-knee amputation stumps required re-amputation at higher levels, but when successful were associated with a 75 per cent incidence of rehabilitation with an artificial limb. Eight per cent of GSA stumps required re-amputation and were associated with a twenty-eight per cent incidence of successful rehabilitation. Thirty-seven per cent of patients had undergone reconstructive vascular surgery before amputation. Of the 26 patients requiring re-amputation 58 per cent had undergone arterial reconstruction in an attempt to salvage the limb (chi 2 = 5.65, P less than 0.02) and in 26.9 per cent of cases this was performed within the week before amputation. We feel that injudicious attempts at arterial reconstruction, when amputation appears inevitable, may adversely affect the subsequent level of amputation and jeopardize rehabilitation. PMID- 3756432 TI - Fatal gastrointestinal haemorrhage. PMID- 3756433 TI - Long term follow-up of 100 patients with portal hypertension treated by a modified splenorenal shunt. AB - One hundred consecutive Child's A or B patients with portal hypertension who survived the index episode of variceal bleeding were electively treated by a distal splenorenal shunt modified by a retroperitoneal approach. The operative mortality of the whole series was 11 per cent, but fell from 16 per cent in the first 50 patients to 6 per cent in the second half of the series. The median survival probability (68 months) and the 5 year survival rate (52 per cent) of Child's A patients differed significantly from those of Child's B patients (8 months and 15 per cent respectively; P less than 0.001). The probabilities of freedom from rebleeding and hepatic encephalopathy at 5 years were also significantly greater in Child's A patients (70 per cent and 70 per cent respectively) than Child's B patients (25 per cent and 30 per cent respectively). These results suggest that the modified distal splenorenal shunt is an effective and relatively safe procedure for the elective treatment of variceal bleeding in Child-Campbell 'A' patients but that patients in group B should be considered for other forms of therapy. PMID- 3756434 TI - Necrosis of the rectum complicating abdominal aortic reconstructions in previously irradiated patients. PMID- 3756435 TI - Early postoperative course following elective splenectomy in haematological diseases: a high complication rate in patients with myeloproliferative disorders. AB - One hundred and sixty-seven patients subjected to splenectomy on haematological indications were studied. They were grouped into five diagnostic categories: auto immune disorders (52 patients), Hodgkin's disease (32) lymphoproliferative malignancies (60), myeloproliferative malignancies (18) and miscellaneous (5). The total number of complications and deaths were 42 (25 per cent) and nine (5 per cent), respectively. Infections were the most common complication, occurring in 30 cases and accounting for 59 per cent of all sequelae. Patients with auto immune disorders had a high frequency of subphrenic left-sided abscesses (5/52). Splenectomy for Hodgkin's disease was associated with a very low frequency of complications. In the 60 patients with lymphoproliferative malignancies left sided pneumonia was common (9/60). Complications occurred in 56 per cent of the patients with myeloproliferative disorders, the associated mortality rate being 28 per cent. It is concluded that elective splenectomy in haematological diseases seems to be a safe procedure in most patients with the exception of individuals with myeloproliferative malignancies. The high operative risk in this group makes the benefit questionable. In patients with auto-immune disorders the high frequency of subphrenic abscesses indicates that prophylactic antibiotic treatment should be considered. PMID- 3756436 TI - Determinants of survival in liver resection for colorectal secondaries. AB - All 72 resections for colorectal liver secondaries during the period 1971-1984 were analysed retrospectively. Liver tumours were single in 35 (49 per cent), unilateral in 55 (76 per cent) and associated with extrahepatic disease in 12 (18 per cent) patients. Operative mortality was 5.6 per cent. With respect to the disease in the liver, the presence or absence of four or more metastases was the predominant prognostic determinant with a 5 year survival rate of 20 per cent in patients with less than four liver tumours, and no 3 year survivor among patients with four or more tumours. When the number of liver tumours was less than four, the prognosis in patients with unilateral disease was not significantly better than in patients with bilateral disease (P = 0.19). No other liver disease variable seemed to play any role in the prognosis. Extrahepatic disease was associated with a poor prognosis and no 5 year survivor. The length of the tumour free resection margin was the only treatment variable that varied with the outcome: a resection margin of less than 10 mm was followed by a poor survival. Variables that did not influence survival included uni- or bilateral disease, liver tumour volume, tumour size, type of liver resection, Dukes' classification, differentiation of the primary tumour and synchronous or metachronous disease. It is concluded that resection for liver colorectal secondaries is indicated when there are less than four liver tumours, even if bilateral, no extrahepatic disease is present, and a resection margin of at least 10 mm can be obtained. It should not be performed unless all of these requirements are met. PMID- 3756437 TI - Occult hepatic metastases in colorectal carcinoma. AB - Occult hepatic metastases (OHMs) were detected by ultrasound and/or CT scanning in 17 of 71 (24 per cent) patients undergoing apparently curative resection for colorectal carcinoma. One of the patients with OHMs survived 5 years; in contrast, only 5 of 54 patients without evidence of OHMs at surgery died of disseminated disease. The presence or absence of OHMs at the time of surgery predicts the majority of deaths from disseminated disease following apparently curative resection for colorectal carcinoma. PMID- 3756438 TI - Non-operative management of penetrating liver injuries: a prospective study. AB - This is a report of a study of 63 cases of penetrating liver injuries. Forty-two patients (67 per cent) who presented with signs of an acute abdomen were operated on. The liver was routinely sutured and drained. There was no incidence of postoperative intra-abdominal sepsis or haematobilia. In the remaining 21 patients (33 per cent) liver involvement was suggested by the fact that the wound was over the liver region, and penetrated the peritoneum, and abdominal paracentesis for blood was positive or the patient was shocked or pale. The patients in this group had a soft abdomen and they were treated conservatively with observation and blood transfusions if necessary. No complications were recorded in this group. It is concluded that many civilian penetrating injuries of the liver may be managed non-surgically. If an operative approach is selected suturing of the liver with drainage is the recommended procedure. PMID- 3756439 TI - Ischiopagus tetrapus conjoined twins. AB - Two sets of ischiopagus conjoined twins were successfully operated on at the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur in 1981 and 1982. The anatomy of the organ and system malformations are discussed which determined the technique of reconstruction after surgical separation to obtain optimum cosmetic and functional results. Permanent colostomy was not required in any of the four twins and in only one twin was there a need for urinary diversion. PMID- 3756440 TI - Value of Tru-cut biopsy in the diagnosis of soft tissue tumours. AB - The light microscopic appearances of Tru-cut needle biopsies from 50 consecutive soft tissue tumours were assessed by three pathologists and compared with the definitive histological diagnosis. Forty-four patients had soft tissue sarcomas and six had benign soft tissue lesions. A correct predictive diagnosis of sarcoma was made on 87-98 per cent of adequate Tru-cut specimens, the accuracy varying between pathologists. Three sources of diagnostic error were recognized: false positive cores (8 per cent), false negative cores (8 per cent), and cores inadequate for diagnosis (16 per cent). The major source of confusion related to difficulties in differentiating infiltrating fibromatosis from malignant fibrous histiocytoma. The high sensitivity of Tru-cut needle biopsy suggests that it could be a valuable aid in the diagnosis of clinically suspected soft tissue sarcomas. PMID- 3756441 TI - Natural history of patients with recurrent parotitis and punctate sialectasis. AB - The clinical features of 68 patients (26 children and 42 adults) who suffered recurrent attacks of parotitis and in whom sialography had revealed punctate sialectasis of the affected gland is described. The sex incidence was equal in those patients in whom symptoms commenced during childhood (younger than 15). When symptoms commenced later in life, however, there was a marked preponderance of females (female:male = 7.5:1). Bilateral sialography in 16 patients with unilateral symptoms revealed punctate sialectasis in the asymptomatic gland in 11 (69 per cent) of patients. Neither the presence of the sicca syndrome nor auto antibodies had a significant predictive value as to the outcome of the disease. Five-year follow-up of 52 patients revealed that 56 per cent of adults and 64 per cent of children had shown spontaneous improvement of symptoms with symptomatic treatment alone. In 40 per cent of adults and 4 per cent of children, however, the persistence or worsening of symptoms necessitated parotidectomy. We believe that these results of conservative management indicate that, at least in the first instance and particularly in children, conservative management is justified and that the use of radiotherapy or steroids (with their attendant morbidity) is unnecessary. PMID- 3756442 TI - Actinomycosis in a persistent thyroglossal duct. PMID- 3756443 TI - Survival patterns in hormone treated advanced breast cancer. AB - This study investigates a series of factors, all recordable by the time of presentation of distant metastases from primary breast cancer and relates these to survival after the initiation of endocrine therapies. One hundred and ninety one patients have received endocrine therapy as initial treatment for distant metastases. In all patients both the histological grade and oestrogen receptor (ER) status of primary tumour tissue; the lymph node stage and menopausal status at mastectomy and the disease-free interval and sites of initial metastases are available for analysis. Four of these factors have been found to contribute independently towards prolonged survival after the initiation of treatment: tumour grade, ER status, disease-free interval and sites of metastases. Employing a multivariate analysis incorporating these four factors, three groups of patients have been identified with survivals of 67, 37 and 0 per cent at 18 months on therapy. These three groups of patients contain 37, 41 and 22 per cent of the patient population respectively. PMID- 3756444 TI - Specimen radiology of excised breast lesions. AB - The value of specimen radiology in the surgical management of palpable breast lesions was assessed in 100 consecutive patients undergoing excision of a palpable breast lump. Only 41 per cent of palpable breast lesions were demonstrable as a radiological abnormality on the excised specimen. The greatest sensitivity was found for lesions which proved to be malignant. Only 27 of 88 benign palpable breast lesions were radiologically visible in the specimen. Surprisingly, only 8 of 13 fibroadenomas were identified as discrete opacities. No residual breast lump was detected on clinical examination in patients reviewed postoperatively, including those patients who had a demonstrable preoperative mammographic abnormality and a negative specimen radiograph. We conclude that specimen radiology does not contribute to the surgical management of palpable breast lesions. PMID- 3756445 TI - Fibrin adhesive versus sutured anastomosis: a comparative intraindividual study in the small intestine of pigs. AB - The small intestine in each of ten pigs was subjected to three anastomoses: one sutured anastomosis and two non-suture fibrin adhesive anastomoses in an intra individual controlled comparison. There was no significant difference in the in vivo bursting strength after 7 days. Thus, the two types of anastomoses were of equal strength. It is concluded that it appears possible to achieve a safe sutureless anastomosis in the small intestine, with fibrin adhesive alone. PMID- 3756446 TI - Incidence of postoperative adhesion obstruction following neonatal laparotomy. AB - Of 649 neonates undergoing laparotomy in a 10 year period, 54 (8.3 per cent) developed adhesion related intestinal obstruction requiring surgical treatment. In 16 infants the obstruction followed a period of prolonged postoperative ileus, while the remaining 38 had completely recovered from the previous surgical procedure before the development of obstruction. The adhesion obstruction occurred after a single neonatal laparotomy in 35 cases but the remaining 19 had undergone subsequent laparotomies; 75 per cent of the obstructions developed within 6 months and 90 per cent within 1 year of surgery. The highest risk groups were infants undergoing correction of gastroschisis (15.4 per cent) and malrotation (15 per cent). There were nine deaths, two of which were a direct consequence of the adhesion obstruction. PMID- 3756447 TI - Adult megacolon due to total hypoganglionosis. PMID- 3756448 TI - Pancreatitis after parathyroidectomy. PMID- 3756449 TI - Iatrogenic bile duct stricture. PMID- 3756450 TI - Testicular torsion. PMID- 3756451 TI - Use and misuse of a digoxin assay service. AB - In a study of the use of a digoxin assay service and its influence on clinical management 285 assay requests were audited over 12 weeks. For 67 (24%) there was no clear clinical indication for the request and for 140 the period between the last dose of digoxin being given and the blood sample being taken was either unknown or inappropriate. Treatment in 64 patients (22%) was changed after the assay result was received [corrected]. 24 of these changes bore no relation to the original clinical indication for requesting the assay, suggesting that such changes were based on the assay result alone. Of samples collected within six hours after the last dose, 15 of 69 (22%) led to a reduction in treatment compared with 10 of 116 (9%) taken after six hours (p less than 0.025), thereby highlighting the danger that incorrectly timed samples may lead to inappropriate clinical decisions. PMID- 3756452 TI - Patterns of oral-verbal perseveration in adult aphasics. AB - This descriptive study sought to examine the nature of perseverative errors uttered by adult aphasics in response to a picture naming task. Previous research on perseveration is reviewed. Three major patterns of perseverative behavior are identified and illustrated--semantic selection, program of action, and phonemic carry-over. The hypothesis that site of lesion (anterior vs. posterior) may account for the amount or pattern of perseveration an aphasic exhibits is not supported. An information-processing model is proposed to account for all patterns of oral-verbal perseverative response. PMID- 3756453 TI - Recovery from hemialexia. AB - Hemialexia is believed to be caused by the lesion of the splenium of the corpus callosum. However, no previous reports conclusively demonstrated that the hemialexic had the splenial lesion. A right-handed male with hemialexia who was presumed to have the splenium sectioned for a partial removal of a pineal tumor was examined with magnetic resonance imaging. The sagittal and coronal imagings clearly showed that his splenium was not present. The hemialexic had partially recovered at 9 years after the onset. The patient was 76% correct in Japanese phonogram words and 92% correct in ideogram words in an interfield same-different judgment, that is, judging whether 2 one-letter words, one in the left hemifield and the other in the right, were the same or different. Consequently, the possible mechanism for the recovery is that the transfer of visual word information from the right hemisphere to the left has been partially achieved by commissural fibers other than those of the splenium. Information from phonogram words in the right hemisphere is probably less transferred to the left hemisphere than that from ideogram words. The results also suggested that when the transfer of word information in the right hemisphere to the left is interfered with, the left hemisphere tends to mistake the same pair of words for the different pair. PMID- 3756454 TI - Echoic memory and language perception. AB - The purpose of this study was to analyze asymmetry in echoic memory as a relevant factor in language perception. Two experimental procedures were used: the presentation of temporally segmented words in fragments of 40, 80, 120 and 240 msec, separated by intervals of 40, 80, 120 and 240 msec, similar to the procedures used by A. W. F. Huggins (1975, Perception & Psychophysics, 18, 149 157); the presentation of two tones of short duration, "high" and "low," followed by an interference tone equivalent to the mean frequency of the two tones, closely following the procedure used by D. W. Massaro (1975, in D.W. Massaro (Ed.), Understanding language, New York: Academic Press). A stereophonic tape recorder was used as follows: one channel was employed for the presentation of the words or tones while, through the other channel, the subject received a white noise equivalent in intensity. All subjects carried out the task twice (right ear, left ear) and the order of presentation was counterbalanced. Only the first task showed differences between ears. Implications of the results are analyzed. PMID- 3756455 TI - Brain functional asymmetry and neural organization of linguistic competence. AB - Neural organization of linguistic competence in the light of brain functional asymmetry was studied in patients after unilateral electroconvulsive therapy. We have gathered further evidence that the cerebral hemispheres play essentially different roles: the right hemisphere operates largely with extralinguistic reality and is responsible for the ideational (intentional) level, initiating the process of speech production. It relates sign to its referent; its syntax is the word order. The left hemisphere interrelates signs; it refines and ultimately completes the process of speech production. The right hemispheric linguistic competence demonstrates the most universal linguistic abilities, whereas left hemispheric competence probably reveals the features of national languages. PMID- 3756456 TI - Recall of anomalous sentences in dementia and amnesia. AB - Alzheimer-type dementing patients were compared with amnesic (Korsakoff) patients, depressed patients, and healthy controls in the immediate recall of semantically anomalous sentences. It was found that the dementing (Alzheimer) patients were severely impaired in their recall of these sentences, but that the amnesic (Korsakoff) patients were not. Alzheimer patients have a severe impairment of short-term memory, and it is argued that this deficit may make Alzheimer patients especially dependent upon the presence of semantic cues in immediate verbal recall--hence, the removal or reversibility of these cues results in a collapse of their performance. Other research has indicated that Alzheimer patients also show impaired semantic processing, and the possible interaction of their short-term memory and semantic processing deficits is briefly discussed. PMID- 3756457 TI - A comparison of speech sound durations in three syndromes of aphasia. AB - This study compared the durations of selected vowels and consonants produced by three groups of aphasics and a normal control group in confrontation naming and single-word repetition tasks. There were seven aphasic subjects in each of the syndromes of Broca's, Wernicke's, amnesic, and conduction aphasia, in addition to a group of seven normal subjects. Wide-band spectrograms were used to measure speech sound durations. Analysis of group data revealed no significant differences in the durations of vowels or consonants across the four subject groups. In addition, there were no differences in speech sound durations for the confrontation naming versus repetition tasks. When two speech-language pathologists listened to tape recordings of all subjects performing the two tasks, they judged the speech of two Broca's aphasics as being labored, while the speech of the remaining subjects was not judged as labored. Clinical judgments of labored speech appeared to correspond to acoustical measurements of speech sound duration, as the two Broca's aphasics judged to be labored displayed longer durations than those subjects who were not judged as labored. The increase in duration was particularly marked for vowels and for sounds in polysyllabic words. The results are discussed in relation to current descriptions of the articulatory characteristics of Broca's aphasics. Clinical implications are also addressed. PMID- 3756458 TI - Anomia with and without lexical comprehension disorders. AB - Anomic patients are usually described as free from language comprehension disorders, but the status of lexical comprehension in anomia is still controversial. Most anomic patients are impaired on tasks of semantic-lexical discrimination, but some of them do not present clear signs of semantic-lexical deficit at the receptive level. The aim of the present research was to elucidate the nature of word-finding disturbances by contrasting results obtained by anomic patients with and without lexical comprehension disorders on a number of variables, namely severity of anomia, implicit knowledge of words that patients failed to name, presence of verbal-semantic paraphasias, and scores obtained on a test of phoneme discrimination and on the "Token Test." The results of our investigation seem to suggest that there are two types of anomia, caused by the impairment of two different sets of mechanisms. In "purely expressive anomia" the locus of defect seems to be near to the stage in which the selected lexical item is specified into the appropriate phonological form. In "anomia with lexical comprehension disturbances" the locus of defect seems to be much deeper within the lexicon, so that the semantic disorder affects both the expressive and the receptive levels in a roughly comparable manner. PMID- 3756459 TI - What constitutes a primary disturbance of speech prosody?: A reply to Shapiro and Danly. PMID- 3756460 TI - Disturbed coarticulation in apraxia of speech: acoustic evidence. AB - The results of a recent perceptual study (W. Ziegler & D. von Cramon, 1985, Anticipatory coarticulation in a patient with apraxia of speech. Brain and Language 26, 117-130) provided evidence for disturbed coarticulation in verbal apraxia. Further support for this finding is now provided by acoustic analyses. Formant frequencies and LP reflection coefficients were chosen to assess anticipatory vowel-to-vowel coarticulation and vowel anticipation in stop consonants, respectively. These parameters revealed a lack of coarticulatory cohesion in the speech of a patient suffering from verbal apraxia, explainable by a consistent delay in the initiation of anticipatory vowel gestures. The findings are discussed with respect to prosodic features and to theoretical and clinical concepts of verbal apraxia. PMID- 3756461 TI - An acoustic study of vowel production in aphasia. AB - A group of five anterior and seven posterior aphasic patients were recorded for their vowel productions of the nine nondipthong vowels of American English and compared to a group of seven normal speakers. All phonemic substitutions were eliminated from the data base. A Linear Predictive Coding (LPC) computer program was used to extract the first and the second formant frequencies at the midpoint of the vowel for each of the remaining repetitions of the nine vowels. The vowel duration and the fundamental frequency of phonation were also measured. Although there were no significant differences in the formant frequency means across groups, there were significantly larger standard deviations for the aphasic groups compared to normals. Anterior aphasics were not significantly different from posterior aphasics with respect to this greater formant variability. There was a main effect for vowel duration means, but no individual group was significantly different from the other. Standard deviations of duration were significantly greater for the anterior aphasics compared to normal speakers, but not significantly different from posterior aphasics. Posterior aphasics did not have significantly greater standard deviations of duration than did normal subjects. Greater acoustic variability was considered to evidence a phonetic production deficit on the part of both groups of aphasic speakers, in the context of fairly well-preserved phonemic organization for vowels. PMID- 3756462 TI - An investigation of the ability to process inferences in language following right hemisphere brain damage. AB - Twenty-two right hemisphere brain-damaged and 22 non-brain-damaged patients were given a multiple-choice recognition task which contained true statements, statements which were inferentially true but not actually heard before, and false statements. It was hypothesized that if right hemisphere brain damage disturbs the ability to comprehend inferences, these subjects, unlike their normal counterparts, would not falsely recognize true inferences as heard before. This hypothesis was not confirmed. However, the right hemisphere group was poorer than controls at rejecting false statements. This behavior was speculated to be a retrieval difficulty, which was exacerbated if the information contained spatial or semantically similar material. PMID- 3756463 TI - Informative content of narrative discourse in right-brain-damaged right-handers. AB - Thirty-six right-brain-damaged (RBD) right-handers and 20 controls (C) were submitted to a narrative production task using the pictorial representation of a trivial story. Each subject's narrative was analyzed, using a "propositional analysis," in order to study amount as well as nature of informative content. Results show that RBD subjects' narratives contain a smaller amount of information that did not appear to be related to a smaller amount of verbal output or to the presence of a visual neglect, that the information contained in RBD subjects' narratives appears to be a subset of that contained in C subjects' narratives, and that these results do not pertain to all C or RBD subjects, since both groups are nonhomogeneous. Even though these results are not linked to the presence of some visual neglect or visual agnosia per se, they could be, at least in part, the expression of some degree of perceptive difficulties of the iconography. However, they are also interpreted as expressing a problem with the organization of narrative discourse at levels of cognitive processing which may not be exclusive to language, but which are nonetheless essential for discourse organization. PMID- 3756464 TI - Effect of chronic haloperidol on dopamine release following microinjection of GABA into the substantia nigra zona reticulata in the rat. AB - To investigate the influence of the striatonigral gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system on the nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) system, the release of DA and/or 3,4 dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in the striatum ipsilateral to the injection side was examined by in vivo voltammetry following microinjection of GABA into the substantia nigra zona reticulata (SNR). The microinjection of GABA (100-300 micrograms/2 microliters) into the SNR produced a dose-dependent increase in the electrochemical signals recorded from the caudate nucleus ipsilateral to the injection side. Following chronic treatment with haloperidol, microinjection of GABA into the SNR produced only a slight (non-significant) increase in the electrochemical signals recorded from the caudate nucleus ipsilateral to the injection side. These results provide additional evidence to support the concept that DA cells in the substantia nigra zona compacta are regulated by the SNR non DA neurons in an inhibitory manner. It appears, furthermore, that chronic treatment with haloperidol reduces the release of DA in the striatum ipsilateral to the injection side and that this effect may be due to a gradual development of depolarization block of DA cells by chronic administration of haloperidol. PMID- 3756465 TI - Increased EMG of rat plantaris during locomotion following surgical removal of its synergists. AB - A chronic EMG electrode implant system was used to determine recruitment patterns of rat plantaris, during treadmill locomotion, before and after surgical removal of its synergists, gastrocnemius and soleus. Bilateral synergist removal resulted in increased plantaris muscle weight and myofibrillar protein content of 59% and 44%, respectively, by 30 days following surgery. Evidence of increased plantaris EMG during treadmill walking (increases in amplitude and integral of EMG bursts to ca. 200% of pre-excision values) occurred at 15-30 days and decreased to non significant levels at 35 days postsurgery. No corresponding alterations occurred in sham-operated controls. At 25 and 30 days, EMG of plantaris during locomotion was still submaximal, since burst amplitudes were 53% to 67% of those recorded during a dynamic grid-climbing task. The magnitude and time course of changes in EMG of overloaded plantaris during a standardized locomotor task, which reflect increased recruitment and rate of discharge of motor units, are consistent with the chronology of morphological and metabolic events previously described for this model. PMID- 3756466 TI - Environmental conditions modulate degeneration and new dendrite growth in cerebellum of senescent rats. AB - Spiny branchlets of cerebellar Purkinje neurons, thought to be sites of synaptic efficacy change during motor learning, degenerate during aging. To examine effects of behavioral experience on degeneration, Purkinje neurons were studied in aging rats housed for 4.5 months either under complex environment conditions promoting sensory-motor activity or in pairs in standard cages. Their data were compared with those of a baseline group of rats from standard cages sacrificed at the age of onset of differential housing for the older groups. Rats housed in the complex environment had more spiny branchlets than the other groups, indicating that new branches had formed. There was a net loss of summed total spiny branchlet material per Purkinje cell in both the laboratory cage and complex environment older groups, although the complex environment group had more spiny branchlet per cell than the laboratory cage group. Thus, dendrite loss in the aging cerebellum can be partly offset by appropriate experience. There was no net loss of Purkinje cell main branch dendrite with aging, as indicated by previous studies, and there was no effect of differential housing upon main branches in the older groups. However, changes in the pattern of branching in the main dendritic field suggested that this region undergoes reorganization with aging. PMID- 3756467 TI - Rapid down regulation of hippocampal adenosine receptors following brief anoxia. AB - Adenosine A1 receptors, as demonstrated by [3H]cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) binding to cryostat sections of the brain, were studied utilizing quantitative autoradiographic techniques. A brief period of global CNS anoxia resulted in the rapid and persistent down regulation of [3H]CHA binding sites in the hippocampus but not in the neocortex or striatum. The density of adenosine A1 receptors in a given brain region has previously been shown to be a critical factor in determining the strength of the inhibitory action of adenosine. Since the down regulation of these sites is correlated temporally with the onset of hyperactivity following transient anoxia, it is suggested that a reduction in the strength of the neuromodulatory action of adenosine contributes to the postanoxic hyperactivity of CA1 pyramidal cells and perhaps to their selective vulnerability. PMID- 3756468 TI - Electrophysiological evidence for an excitatory projection from ventromedial forebrain structures on to raphe- and reticulo-spinal neurones in the rat. AB - Spinally projecting neurones in nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) and the adjacent reticular formation of the medulla were identified by their antidromic responses to electrical stimulation in the lumbosacral spinal cord. Identified raphe-spinal and reticulo-spinal neurones were then tested for the effects of electrical stimulation at sites in the ventromedial forebrain, including the anterior hypothalamus and preoptic area (AH/POA). The results of these experiments have demonstrated that a considerable proportion of raphe- and reticulo-spinal neurones receive an excitatory input from the AH/POA. It is suggested that activity in this descending pathway might contribute to the inhibitory effects of AH/POA stimulation on the nociceptor-evoked activities of spinal dorsal horn neurones. PMID- 3756470 TI - The organization of intrinsic hippocampal connections in explants of rat hippocampus studied by topical application of HRP crystals. AB - Hippocampal slices were taken from 7-day-old rats and maintained in vitro for 1-3 weeks. The organization of intrahippocampal connections in these explants was studied by placing onto the tissue small crystals of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) soaked with the detergent Nonidet. Antero- and retrograde transport of HRP was visualized by diaminobenzidine. The principal arrangement of intrinsic hippocampal connections closely resembles the in situ situation of the adult rat. The use of HRP crystals provides a fast and convenient tool for the study of connections in brain explants. PMID- 3756469 TI - Ketamine protects cultured neocortical neurons from hypoxic injury. AB - The general anesthetic ketamine, which has recently been reported to block the excitation of cortical neurons by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), was found to markedly reduce neuronal loss in murine neocortical cell cultures exposed to a hypoxic atmosphere or to cyanide. These observations may be relevant to attempts to find pharmacological means of minimizing hypoxic brain damage in the clinical setting. PMID- 3756471 TI - Ontogenesis of serotonin (5-HT) binding sites in the choroid plexus of the rat brain. AB - The increase in density of 5-HT1c receptors in the choroid plexus of the third and lateral ventricles was analyzed in rats between the 1st and 90th postnatal days. An increase was found between the 3rd day and the 4th to 5th week, at which time adult values are attained. The development of the 5-HT1c receptors clearly differs from that of 5-HT1 receptors in other brain regions. The density in the choroid plexus is about 20% higher in the third ventricle than in the lateral ventricles. PMID- 3756472 TI - Cerebrovascular changes elicited by electrical stimulation of the centromedian parafascicular complex in rat. AB - Electrical stimulation of the centromedian-parafascicular complex (CM-Pf) in anesthetized (chloralose) and paralyzed (tubocurarine) rats elicits a widespread cerebrovascular dilatation. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured in dissected tissue samples of 10 brain regions (medulla, pons, cerebellum, inferior colliculus, superior colliculus, frontal parietal and occipital cortices, caudate putamen and corpus callosum) by [14C]iodoantipyrine method. In unstimulated and sham-operated rats rCBF ranged from 40 +/- 3 (ml/100 g/min) in corpus callosum to 86 +/- 6 (ml/100 g/min) in inferior colliculus. During CM-Pf stimulation, rCBF increased significantly (P less than 0.05, analysis of variance and Scheffe's test) in all cerebral regions bilaterally ranging from +118% in parietal cortex to +38% in cerebellum. Although cerebral vasodilation elicited by CM-Pf stimulation persisted after unilateral transection of the cervical sympathetic trunk, the cortical CBF was significantly reduced (P less than 0.05) on the denervated side. Acute adrenalectomy significantly (P less than 0.05) decreased elevated rCBF during CM-Pf stimulation in all cortical regions (frontal-36%, parietal -34%, and occipital -27%) and in caudate nucleus (-37%). Thus, excitation of neurons originating in, or fibers passing through the CM-Pf can elicit a powerful cerebral vasodilation. The cerebral vasodilation is modulated by cervical sympathectomy and circulating adrenal hormones. We conclude that CM Pf elicited vasodilation is at least partly mediated by intrinsic neural pathways. PMID- 3756473 TI - Direct autoradiographic determination of M1 and M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor distribution in the rat brain: relation to cholinergic nuclei and projections. AB - The autoradiographic distributions of receptors with high affinity for [3H]oxotremorine-M (the M2 receptor) and [3H]pirenzepine (the M1 receptor) were studied in the rat brain. M1 receptors were seen in highest density only in telencephalic structures: cerebral cortex (layers I-II), hippocampus, dentate gyrus, medial and basolateral amygdala, nucleus accumbens and caudate/putamen. M2 receptors were detected throughout the brain, with highest levels observed in cerebral cortical layers III and V, forebrain cholinergic nuclei, caudate/putamen, various thalamic areas, inferior and superior colliculus, interpeduncular and pontine nuclei, brainstem cholinergic nuclei and cervical spinal cord regions. M2 receptors were found to be good markers for cholinergic cell groups and the majority of cholinergic projection areas, whereas M1 receptors were only found in a large sub-group of telencephalic cholinergic projection areas, and the pattern of distribution of receptors in these areas differed from that of M2 receptors. Scatchard analysis of [3H]oxotremorine-M binding to inferior collicular slices revealed one site with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 1.9 nM and a receptor density (Bmax) of 1.4 pmol/mg protein. Our data support the hypothesis that M1 and M2 receptors are physically distinct sub types of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. PMID- 3756474 TI - Somatovesical and vesicovesical excitatory reflexes in urethane-anaesthetized rats. AB - The effect of spinal cord transection on excitatory somato- and vesicovesical micturition reflexes have been investigated in urethane-anaesthetized rats. In adult rats, 3 distinct types of excitatory reflexes to the bladder may be observed: a somatovesical reflex organized at spinal level and two vesicovesical reflexes organized at spinal and supraspinal level, respectively. In agreement with results of lesion experiments (Neurosci. Lett., 8 (1978) 27-33), bladder voiding is abolished following spinal cord transection although both somato- and vesicovesical reflexes may be demonstrated in acute spinal rats. Occurrence of the spinal vesicovesical reflex during the collecting phase of the cystometrogram appears to be inhibited by a supraspinal inhibitory pathway. PMID- 3756475 TI - Control of the neuronal rhythmic bursts in the septal pacemaker of theta-rhythm: effects of anaesthetic and anticholinergic drugs. AB - The drugs, described as blocking the high-frequency (pentobarbital) or low frequency (scopolamine, atropine) theta rhythm of the hippocampal electroencephalogram, were tested upon the rhythmically bursting septal cells. Three groups of chronic, unanaesthetized rabbits were used for the experiments: with intact septum; with septohippocampal disconnection; with complete basal undercutting of the septum, depriving it of ascending brainstem influences (MFB lesion). While the frequency and other parameters of theta bursts did not differ in the first two groups (5.2-5.5 Hz), in MFB-lesioned septum their frequency was significantly lower (3.5 Hz). Intravenous injection of pentobarbital suppressed theta bursts in some cells with unstable, periodic rhythmic activity and lowered the frequency of the bursts in continuously bursting cells. The parameters of bursts in intact and hippocampectomized septum under pentobarbital did not differ from those of undercut septum in undrugged state. Acetylcholine-blocking drugs suppressed theta modulation in some intermittently bursting cells, but only slightly decreased regularity of the bursts in some cells with continuous theta bursting even in sublethal doses; physostigmine has the opposite effect. Neither scopolamine and atropine, nor physostigmine influenced frequency of theta bursts in any way. Sensory or reticular stimulation could temporarily restore both the theta rhythm of hippocampal EEG and the rhythmic bursting of some septal cells under pentobarbital or anticholinergic drugs. On the basis of the experiments a unitary concept of theta rhythm origin is proposed. Pentobarbital influences ascending excitatory input to the septum, which results in a decrease of the burst frequency in the limited group of septal cells, regarded as endogenous bursting pacemakers, and in restriction of the population of high-threshold secondary rhythmic cells, synaptically involved in the rhythmic process. Anticholinergic drugs do not influence the pacemaker cells, but block intraseptal and septohippocampal cholinergic transmission. Both cholinergic and non cholinergic neurons projecting to the hippocampus exist among septal cells synaptically involved in the rhythmic activity. PMID- 3756476 TI - The effect of GM1 ganglioside on coerulospinal, noradrenergic, adult neurons and on fetal monoaminergic neurons transplanted into the transected spinal cord of the adult rat. AB - GM1 ganglioside, thyroxine and hydrocortisone were tested for their ability to improve the survival and growth of fetal locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons in the transected, adult spinal cord. GM1 alone was also tested for its effect on fetal mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons implanted into a small dorsolateral cavity at the L2 region of the cord previously transected at the T9-T10 region. None of the substances tested had any measurable effect on either of the fetal implants. However, in the GM1- and thyroxine-treated animals the somatic dendrites of the axotomized, noradrenergic, coerulospinal neurons appeared more robust, and more intensely fluorescent, compared to their appropriate controls. GM1 also caused a pronounced sprouting of the axotomized monoaminergic (catecholaminergic and serotonergic) fibres in the rostral region of the cord adjacent to the transection site. All of the mesencephalic dopaminergic implants survived in both the GM1-treated animals and their saline-injected controls. However, their development was apparently not influenced by GM1. The results indicate that GM1 and thyroxine can enhance those aspects of the reactive mechanisms of mature, axotomized, noradrenergic coerulospinal neurons that promote their regeneration. As such, GM1 could become a useful tool in current attempts to foster the regeneration of damaged monoaminergic neurons in the mammalian CNS. PMID- 3756477 TI - Actions of angiotensin on area postrema of the rat. AB - Previous studies have reported that rats drink more saline after area postrema has been removed. The results presented here indicate that prolonged administration of angiotensin II into area postrema of unrestrained rats at 4 pmol/h also caused them to drink more saline. They drank more when angiotensin was released in the anterolateral part of the organ than when it was released anteromedially. Diurnal variation of drinking was not disordered. Dose-response curves showed that rats lacking area postrema drank more saline in response to systemic angiotensin than sham operated animals. The very large 'spontaneous' consumption of saline by rats lacking area postrema was not diminished by saralasin, an angiotensin antagonist. It is concluded that area postrema is a site where systemic angiotensin can act to promote sodium consumption: and that although removing area postrema increases the sensitivity of the drinking response to systemic angiotensin, this enhanced sensitivity is not the cause of the increased sodium consumption. PMID- 3756478 TI - The motor program and role of sensory feedback in claw extension of the crayfish. AB - The motor program and role of the meropodite sensory organs (the chordotonal organs MC-1, MC-2 and the myochordotonal organ MCO) in extension of the merocarpodite (M-C) joint of the claw was examined during an antennal-evoked defense response. Recordings from the meropodite extensor muscle indicated that the tonic extensor motoneuron was primarily responsible for M-C joint extension. The phasic extensor motoneuron was co-activated with the tonic motoneuron in only 48% of the responses. Tonic motoneuron discharge was elevated in those responses in which the phasic motoneuron was active. Inactivation of individual meropodite sensory organs did not alter the tonic motoneuron response. Simultaneous inactivation of all 3 organs reduced tonic motoneuron discharge by 47%. Phasic motoneuron discharge was reduced following inactivation of the individual MC-1, MC-2 and MCO organs as well as in the sham operated group. Following inactivation of all 3 organs phasic motoneuron activity ceased. These results suggest that feedback from the M-C sensory organs during an active extension response is positive and redundant. PMID- 3756479 TI - pO2-dependent distribution of potassium in hippocampal slices of the guinea pig. AB - The distribution of extracellular K+-concentration (cK+s) in 200-1000-micron thick hippocampal slices was studied with ion-selective microelectrodes. In ca. 500-micron thick slices cK+s increased from the surface to the innermost layers by ca. 2 mmol/liter if the pO2 of the bath (pBO2) ranged from 300-600 mm Hg and if the temperature was 28 degrees C. In thicker slices and lowered pO2-values further elevations of cK+s were observed. In vital slices thinner than 500 micron cK+s-values exceeded the potassium-concentration of the bath (cK+B) only when pBO2 was markedly lowered. When pBO2 was reincreased in such thin slices, cK+s rapidly declined and often decreased transiently below ck+B. Similar undershoots of cK+s were observed when cK+B was lowered from high to normal levels. The rapid decline was blocked by hypoxia, ouabain, antimycine and a temperature of 18 degrees C. A stepwise rise of cK+B also caused rapid changes of cK+s in vital thin slices. The rates of changes, however, were hardly affected e.g. by a transient hypoxia. Diffusion did not contribute significantly to these steep changes of cK+s. These rapid distribution modes were widely missing in slices thicker than 500 micron. Therefore in such preparations, the extracellular microenvironment of neurons may markedly differ from the ionic concentrations in the bath. PMID- 3756480 TI - Postural change and straining induced by distension of the rectum, vagina and urinary bladder of decerebrate dogs. AB - In decerebrate dogs, stimulation of pelvic afferent fibres and distension of the rectum, vagina and urinary bladder brought about a sustained postural change and rhythmic abdominal compression. The posture, which resulted from flexion of the back and stifle joints, extension of the hip joints and lifting of the tail, was rhythmically intensified with the abdominal compression. The sustained and rhythmic postural changes are similar to those observed in conscious dogs during defaecation. Intratracheal pressure increased with the abdominal compression. Nervous outflow to the muscles of the glottis, diaphragm, abdominal wall, tail and rear legs changed as would be expected from both the postural changes and the increases in intratracheal and intra-abdominal pressure. Nervous outflow to the external sphincter muscles of the anus and urethra increased simultaneously with both kinds of postural change; however, the increased outflow to the anus was suppressed when defaecation was initiated, and the outflow to the urethra was suppressed when micturition was initiated. In about one-third of the dogs, decreases in the outflow of the pelvic rectal branch and slight increases in the outflow of the vesical branch occurred synchronously with the abdominal compression. These results show that postural change and straining for defaecation, micturition and parturition are reflexly organized by the lower brainstem and the spinal cord. PMID- 3756481 TI - Location of the reflex centre for straining elicited by activation of pelvic afferent fibres of decerebrate dogs. AB - The reflex centres for straining for defaecation, micturition and presumably for parturition were located electrophysiologically in decerebrate dogs. Stimulation of pelvic afferent fibres initially induced a sustained increase in nervous outflow to the diaphragm, rectus abdominis and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles and subsequently induced rhythmic increases which were superimposed on the sustained increase. The rhythmic increases occurred even after transection at the most rostral pons, but they were abolished by a partial cut at the most lateral part of the rostral pons following transection of the contralateral half of the rostral medulla oblongata. The sustained increase continued after transection 1.5 mm caudal to the obex, but disappeared after transection about 5 mm caudal to the obex. This result shows that straining is brought about by both sustained and rhythmic straining reflexes. Both sustained and rhythmic straining, but not defaecation and micturition, could be elicited by stimulation of an area of the Kolliker-Fuse nucleus. The discharges of about half of the units in the nucleus and the neighbouring rostrolateral pontine area which responded to stimulation of the pelvic afferent fibres changed synchronously with the rhythmic straining. These results show that the rhythmic and sustained straining reflex centres are located in the Kolliker-Fuse nucleus and in the lower medulla oblongata, respectively. PMID- 3756482 TI - Cholinergic muscarinic binding by rat lymphocytes: effects of antagonist treatment, strain and aging. AB - Cholinergic muscarinic binding by viable peripheral lymphocytes was assessed by measuring specific binding of the muscarinic antagonist [3H]quinuclidinyl benzylate. After atropine treatment maximal lymphocyte muscarinic binding was increased by about 30%, as it did in the hippocampus of the same rats. Strain dependent differences in muscarinic binding by peripheral lymphocytes were correlated with similar differences in selective brain regions. Higher muscarinic binding was observed in lymphocytes derived from aged (24 months old) rats. We conclude: atropine treatment causes an increase in lymphocyte muscarinic binding as it does in the brain; strain differences in brain muscarinic binding are paralleled by similar differences in lymphocytes; and in aged rats muscarinic binding capacity by lymphocytes is elevated. The results indicate that circulating lymphocytes may serve as a useful peripheral marker reflecting induced alterations or inherent differences in muscarinic binding. PMID- 3756483 TI - Vasopressin binds to microvessels from rat hippocampus. AB - Recent evidence suggests that vasopressin may influence the permeability of the endothelium of brain capillaries. We measured the binding of [125I]arginine-8 vasopressin ([125I]AVP) to microvessels isolated from different regions of the rat brain. The study revealed saturable and specific binding of [125I]AVP to microvessels isolated from hippocampus. Scatchard analysis confirmed a single class of high affinity sites with an equilibrium dissociation constant, Kd, of 3.2 nM and an apparent maximal binding capacity of 205 fmol/mg protein. No binding was observed to microvessels from neocortex and striatum. PMID- 3756484 TI - Collateral projections from the substantia nigra to the cingulate cortex and striatum in the rat. AB - After injecting a retrograde tracer into the posterior cingulate cortex, labeled neurons were found only in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leaving neurons in the ventral tegmental area totally unlabeled. The existence of collateral nigral projections to the cingulate cortex and striatum was clearly established using the fluorescent retrograde double-labeling technique. This constitutes a neuroanatomical substrate for psychotic symptoms expressed by a subpopulation of parkinsonian patients. PMID- 3756485 TI - Acetate and fluoroacetate as possible markers for glial metabolism in vivo. AB - [3H]Acetate has been shown by light autoradiographic methods to label the neuropil but not the perikarya in brain and retina. [3H]Fluoroacetate behaves similarly. The study provides anatomical data which support the concept of metabolic compartmentation of glutamic acid and associated metabolites previously derived from biochemical studies. It is suggested that these may be markers of non-neuronal metabolism, probably mostly glial, and may be used to develop procedures which will provide complementary data to that obtained with 2 deoxyglucose on regional metabolism in brain. PMID- 3756486 TI - Chronic stress reduces the analgesic but not the stimulant effect of morphine in mice. AB - After 10 daily 2-h sessions of immobilization stress, C57BL/6 mice show a reduced response to the analgesic effects of morphine. Chronic stress does not modify the stimulant effect of morphine on locomotor activity. These results are discussed in terms of the effects of stress on different endorphinergic systems. PMID- 3756487 TI - Does cholecystokinin potentiate dopamine action in the nucleus accumbens? AB - Extracellular single unit recording and microiontophoretic techniques were used to determine whether sulfated cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8S) potentiates the inhibitory action of dopamine (DA) on neurons in the nucleus accumbens of rats. The results show that CCK-8S attenuated, rather than enhanced the action of DA. The interaction between CCK-8S and DA does not appear to be specific because similar antagonizing actions between CCK-8S and serotonin were observed. In addition to opposing the inhibitory effects of DA and serotonin, CCK-8S potentiated the activation of glutamate. It is concluded that CCK-8S and DA exerted their actions independently via depolarizing and hyperpolarizing the neuronal membrane of the NAc neurons, respectively. PMID- 3756488 TI - X- and Y-cells identified in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus in vitro. AB - Using an in vitro preparation of the cat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, we have studied the passive membrane properties and the electrotonic structure of single cells each identified as X or Y on the basis of their morphological features following intrasomatic injection of horseradish peroxidase. The input resistance of X-cells is higher and the membrane time constant longer than of Y cells. The electrotonic length and the dendritic to somatic conductance ratio are similar for both classes of neurones. PMID- 3756489 TI - Thalamic projection to motor area and area 3a of the cat cerebral cortex. AB - The distributions of thalamic neurons projecting to the motor cortex and cortical area 3a were studied in cat by means of the retrograde double-labeling technique using Nuclear Yellow (NY) and Fast Blue (FB) as tracers. Following injection of NY and FB into the motor cortex and area 3a respectively, the NY-labeled neurons were found to be mainly located in ventrolateral (VL) nucleus and FB-labeled neurons in ventro-posterolateral nucleus (VPL). However, these two kinds of neurons were intermingled with each other in the border area between VL and VPL. A small number of neurons were double-labeled by both NY and FB. They were also distributed in the border area. Some of them could often be found in centromedian and parafascicular nuclei. PMID- 3756490 TI - Direct synaptic contacts of catecholamine axons on the preganglionic sympathetic neurons in the rat thoracic spinal cord. AB - Preganglionic sympathetic neurons were labelled by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase, while catecholamine axon varicosities were marked by the uptake of 5-hydroxydopamine in the intermediolateral nucleus of the rat. The direct synaptic contacts from the catecholamine axons to the preganglionic sympathetic neurons were demonstrated. Catecholamine axons formed symmetric synapses. PMID- 3756491 TI - Activation of brain regions of rats during fever. AB - The central nervous structures involved in febrile responses were investigated in conscious rats by means of the 2-deoxy-D-[14C]glucose autoradiographic technique. An intravenous injection of endogenous pyrogen prepared from rabbit white blood cells induced a significant rise in the rectal temperature of rats accompanied by a decrease in the skin temperature. According to autoradiographs, significant increases in metabolic activity were observed in the lateral preoptic area, posterior part of dorsomedial thalamus, posterior hypothalamus and the red nucleus during an induced fever. Because of the close relationship between metabolic activity and brain function, these regions are considered to compose the neural components directly or indirectly related with the febrile responses. PMID- 3756492 TI - Effect of lead exposure on dopaminergic receptors in rat striatum and nucleus accumbens. AB - Haloperidol- and sulpiride-displaceable [3H]spiroperidol binding and the dopamine inhibited adenylate cyclase were measured in rats chronically exposed to lead acetate. Haloperidol-displaceable [3H]spiroperidol binding was unmodified while sulpiride-displaceable binding was increased in striatum and decreased in nucleus accumbens. In addition, the decrease of sulpiride-displaceable binding in nucleus accumbens was paralleled by a reduced ability of bromocriptine to inhibit cAMP formation in presence of the D1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390. The results support the concept that in vivo lead treatment affects dopaminergic receptors and that the binding sites labelled by [3H]spiroperidol displaced by haloperidol may be different from those which recognize sulpiride. PMID- 3756493 TI - The relationship between axonal and perisynaptic conduction times in the retinogeniculate pathway of cats. AB - We examined the degree to which conduction velocity differences between X- and Y cells are preserved during transmission through the retinogeniculate synaptic zone. This analysis focussed upon two measures: axon time; and perisynaptic time. The first is the time required for an action potential to travel from the optic chiasm to the point of major branching in the optic tract. The second is the sum of terminal invasion time, synaptic delay, and the time required for postsynaptic processes which precede the generation of an action potential. The X- and Y-cell distributions of axonal conduction times differed markedly. In contrast, the X- and Y-cell distributions of perisynaptic conduction times overlapped extensively. Therefore, the overlap in optic chiasm latency distributions between geniculate X and Y-cells arises primarily from the perisynaptic zone. Further, on a unit-by unit basis, we observed small but significant negative correlations between axon conduction times and perisynaptic times within both the X- and Y-cell classes. That is, units innervated by faster conducting afferents tended to have longer perisynaptic processing times, and vice versa. This sort of relationship may act to enhance within-class synchrony in postsynaptic activity. PMID- 3756494 TI - The distribution of adrenergic receptors in cerebral blood vessels: an autoradiographic study. AB - The first morphological evidence of the existence of adrenergic receptors (alpha 1, alpha 2 and beta) within the vascular walls of the central nervous system were presented using the in vitro receptor autoradiographic technique. In the rat pial arteries all three types of adrenergic receptors were demonstrated, whereas the human pial arteries failed to show significant autoradiographic grains of alpha 1 type of adrenergic receptors indicating a considerable inter-species difference in the distribution of adrenergic receptors. alpha 2 and beta receptors in human pial arteries were found not only in the arterial smooth muscle layers but also in the endothelial layers. This suggests a possibility that circulating sympathomimetic agents play some role in controlling the tone or permeability of vascular walls within the central nervous system. A distinct distribution of alpha 1 receptors in cortical layer IV where the vascular plexus was richest may suggest a relation of alpha 1 receptors and blood flow of brain parenchyma. PMID- 3756495 TI - Involvement of brain dopamine systems on neurotensin-induced protection against stress gastric lesions. AB - We have previously demonstrated that intracisternal (i.c.) administration of neurotensin (NT), a brain and gastrointestinal tridecapeptide, potently inhibits gastric ulcer formation induced by cold-restraint stress (CRS) in rats. This study evaluated the effect of i.c. NT (17.9 nmol) or vehicle (10 microliter of 0.9% NaCl) on the development of CRS-induced gastric ulcers and on dopamine (DA) concentrations and DA turnover (DOPAC/DA) in selected brain regions after 0, 1, 2 and 3 h of CRS. As anticipated, and in confirmation of previous findings, NT significantly reduced the incidence and severity of CRS gastric ulcers in a time dependent manner. Neurotensin significantly decreased DA concentration and DA turnover in the striatum. In the nucleus accumbens, however, NT produced a decrease in DA concentration and a concomitant increase in DA turnover after 2 and 3 h of CRS. No significant effects of brain NT on DA concentration and DA turnover were observed in the hypothalamus or olfactory tubercles. These findings suggest that the anti-ulcer effect of brain NT may be mediated, at least in part, by a differential activation of the mesolimbic and nigrostriatal DA systems. PMID- 3756496 TI - The organization of the corticocortical projection of area 5 upon area 7 in the parietal lobe of the monkey. AB - The distribution of labelled cells and of extracellular granules in the cortex of area 5 of the parietal lobe of the monkey has been studied after injections of horseradish peroxidase into area 7. Area 5 is related only to area 7b (PF) and not to area 7a (PG). The corticocortical connections between area 5 and 7b are reciprocal and well organized so that the same representations in each area are interconnected. No corticocortical fibres pass between areas 7a (PG) and 7b (PF). PMID- 3756497 TI - Presynaptic suppression of excitatory postsynaptic potentials in rat ventral horn neurons by muscarinic agonists. AB - In addition to depolarizing the ventral horn cells including antidromically identified motoneurons in thin transverse neonatal rat spinal cord slice preparations, exogenously applied acetylcholine (ACh) suppressed the amplitude of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) either occurring spontaneously or elicited by stimulation of dorsal rootlets. A reduction of EPSPs could still be detected when the ACh-induced depolarization was nullified by hyperpolarizing current. Atropine but not D-tubocurarine effectively antagonized the depolarization and synaptic depression caused by ACh. While depressing the EPSPs, ACh had no appreciable effect on membrane depolarizations elicited by glutamate. Methacholine mimicked the depolarizing and synaptic depressant effects of ACh. The results suggest that muscarinic agonists inhibit synaptic transmission of ventral horn neurons including motoneurons by a presynaptic mechanism in reducing the output of excitatory transmitters. PMID- 3756499 TI - Pentobarbital and halothane hyperpolarize cat alpha-motoneurons. AB - The effect of anesthetics on the membrane potential of spinal alpha-motoneurons was studied in awake-intact cats that were sequentially anesthetized with either halothane or pentobarbital. Pentobarbital (35 mg/kg) and halothane (5%) both induced a 5 mV hyperpolarization and a reduction in spontaneous synaptic activity of motoneurons. We suggest that a reduction in the urinary EPSP frequencies contributes to the hyperpolarization and the membrane potential criterion of acceptable impalements of motoneurons in awake-intact preparations should be 5 mV more depolarized than that in anesthetized preparations. PMID- 3756498 TI - Rapid regulation of [3H]hemicholinium-3 binding sites in the rat brain. AB - The effects of various drugs known to affect the sodium-dependent high-affinity choline-uptake system (SDHACU) in the brain were examined for their action upon the [3H]hemicholinium-3 [( 3H]HCh-3) binding site, which is associated with the choline carrier. The [3H]HCh-3 binding sites are affected in a similar way to the SDHACU system. Thus, alterations in the velocity of choline-uptake are mediated through changes in the apparent number of available transport sites at cholinergic terminals. PMID- 3756500 TI - Retardation of resynthesis of GABA-transaminase in some brain regions of amygdala kindled rats. AB - The activities of GABA-transaminase (GABA-T) were examined in several brain regions of amygdala-kindled rats, pretreated either with or without gabaculine, an irreversible GABA-T inhibitor. Histochemical and biochemical studies demonstrated that GABA-T activities decreased significantly in some brain regions 16 h after the gabaculine treatment. In contrast, no such alteration was detected in kindled animals after a 48-h survival period either with or without the pharmacological manipulation. The present results suggest that kindling causes retardation of GABA-T resynthesis in neurons, since the GABA-T activities detected 16 h after the drug treatment are due to newly synthetized enzyme in presumptive GABA neurons but not glial cells. PMID- 3756501 TI - Trembler mouse Schwann cells in culture: anomalies in the synthesis of lipids and proteins. AB - We investigated the biochemical and growth properties of Schwann cells from the sciatic nerve of Trembler and unaffected mice in culture. Both Trembler and control cultures showed similar growth rates. The specific activity of 2',3' cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNP) and enzymes involved in lipid metabolism of cerebrosides and sulfatides were studied. UDP-galactose: ceramide galactosyltransferase was significantly decreased in Trembler cultures less than 21 days in vitro. No differences were found in the specific activities of cerebroside sulfotransferase, arylsulfatase A or CNP between Trembler and control cultures. Schwann cells from Trembler and control mice were labeled with [35S]methionine and the protein analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Our study revealed few but consistent differences in the protein pattern synthesized by the Trembler Schwann cells. PMID- 3756502 TI - Sinoaortic denervation does not prevent differential Pavlovian conditioning of bradycardia in rabbits. AB - Recent findings suggest that descending projections from the amygdaloid central nucleus (ACE) to the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) may modulate the baroreceptor reflex and thereby facilitate the expression of the bradycardiac conditioned response (CR) in rabbits. The purpose of the present study was to examine the role of the afferent limb of the baroreceptor reflex in differential Pavlovian conditioning of bradycardia in rabbits. Animals received either aortic denervation, sinoaortic denervation or sham denervation. After recovery from surgery, animals received one differential Pavlovian conditioning session per day over the next 6 days. Sinoaortic denervation abolished the baroreceptor reflex as assessed by intravenous injections of phenylephrine. In addition, sinoaortic denervation increased baseline heart rate (HR), altered the topography of the HR unconditioned response, but did not abolish the HR orienting response or prevent the acquisition of bradycardiac CRs. The findings of the present study suggest that afferent barosensory input is necessary for the expression of the HR CR in rabbits. However, descending ACE projections may still play a role in the HR CR by directly affecting NTS neurons. PMID- 3756503 TI - Behavioral effects of neurotensin in the open field: structure-activity studies. AB - The behavioral effects of intracerebroventricularly administered neurotensin (NT), some NT fragments and two synthetic NT analogs were investigated in the open field. Each peptide was studied in both a 'novel' (no pre-exposure) and a 'familiar' (with pre-exposure) environmental situation. Neurotensin decreases locomotor activity in the periphery but increases the time spent in the central area of the apparatus. Of the congeners tested, D-Phe11-NT has similar effects to NT whereas the NT fragments were generally inactive. These findings indicate that the intact peptide or stable substituted NT analogs, but not small C- and N terminal fragments of NT, are behaviorally active after intraventricular administration. PMID- 3756504 TI - Ontogenesis of nuclear T3 receptors in primary cultured astrocytes and neurons. AB - Nuclear T3 receptor (NTR) have been characterized in separated cultures of neurons and astrocytes. Scatchard analysis indicated the presence of a single class of high-affinity sites in both cell lines. The apparent equilibrium association constant ranged from 1.80 +/- 0.41 X 10(10) M-1 to 3.27 +/- 0.74 +/- 10(10) M-1 in neurons and from 1.01 +/- 0.09 to 1.80 +/- 0.73 X 10(10) M-1 in astrocytes depending on the time in culture. In neurons, the maximal binding capacity (MBC) increased from 0.049 +/- 0.008 ng T3/mg DNA to 0.328 +/- 0.052 ng T3/mg DNA between 3 and 12 days of culture. In astrocytes, the changes in MBC were less pronounced ranging from a minimum of 0.095 +/- 0.024 ng T3/mg DNA at the 7th day of culture to a maximum of 0.198 +/- 0.048 ng T3/mg DNA at the 21st day. The relative binding affinity of the receptor for thyroid hormone analogs was in the order TRIAC greater than L-T3 greater than D-T3 greater than L-T4 in both cell lines. These results show that nuclear T3 receptors similar to those found in vivo are present in primary cultures of both astrocytes and neurons. PMID- 3756505 TI - The role of the subfornical organ in the drinking behavior of the pigeon. AB - Pigeons with radiofrequency lesions that damaged the subfornical organ (SFO) (n = 4) or that isolated it from adjacent structures (n = 5), but not sham-lesioned pigeons, were unresponsive to blood-borne (i.p.) ANG II (100 micrograms/pigeon) in the immediate postoperative period and for 60 days thereafter. These animals were less sensitive to hypovolemic challenge (20% PEG), but they responded normally to 24 h of water deprivation and to cellular dehydration. Despite their unresponsiveness to bloodborne ANG II, the lesioned pigeons drank normally to 10 ng of i.c.v. ANG II given as early as 10 days after surgery, and they drank reliably and vigorously but less in total volume to 100 ng i.c.v. They also drank quickly, vigorously, and in normal total volume to i.c.v. tachykinins and bombesins, and to the peripheral (i.p.) bombesins. Peripheral (i.m.) tachykinins produced only low volume and variable drinking in all birds tested regardless of brain damage. The SFO of the pigeon, like that of the mammal, is essential for drinking evoked by blood-borne ANG II and is not necessary for thirst aroused by ANG II acting from within the cerebral ventricles. Lastly, it does not mediate the dipsogenic effects of the tachykinins or the bombesins. PMID- 3756506 TI - Serotonin metabolism and the nature of monoamine oxidase in squid central nervous system. AB - Monoamine oxidase activity, using type A and type B substrates and inhibitors, was investigated in the central brain and synaptosomes prepared from the optic lobe of squid. Although substantial MAO activity towards serotonin (5-HT), phenylethylamine and tyramine was present, the enzyme could not be differentiated into the two subtypes previously described in the vertebrate central nervous system. However, this enzyme is functional since 5-HT levels, as identified by immunocytochemical procedures, are low in the squid nervous system and show significant increases in pargyline treated squids. PMID- 3756507 TI - Septal release of vasopressin in response to osmotic, hypovolemic and electrical stimulation in rats. AB - The central release of vasopressin was studied in anesthetized rats using push pull perfusions and radioimmunoassay of the hormone. A basal release was observed in the lateral septum and in the lateral ventricle, whereas no vasopressin was detected in the perfusates from the caudate nucleus. Under osmotic stimulation, vasopressin release increased up to 12 and 60 times basal levels following i.p. injections of 5 ml and 10 ml/kg b.wt. of 2 M NaCl, respectively. This increase was blocked by using a calcium-free perfusion medium containing 0.1 mM EGTA. In the lateral ventricle, osmotic stimulation (5 ml/kg of 2 M NaCl i.p.) had the same effect as in the septum. In the caudate nucleus, no release was observed. Hemorrhage also increased the septal release of vasopressin in 5 out of 6 animals tested. Electrical stimulation of the pituitary stalk and of the supraoptic nucleus was used to evoke the release of vasopressin into the bloodstream. Septal release slightly decreased during pituitary stalk stimulation, whereas it did increase during stimulation of the supraoptic region. Our results show that systemic stimuli for vasopressin release evoke both a peripheral and a septal release of the hormone. The dissociation of the effects of electrical stimulation of the pituitary stalk and of the supraoptic nucleus suggests, however, that the vasopressinergic neurones responsible for septal release are distinct from those which project to the neurohypophysis. PMID- 3756508 TI - The effects of tifluadom and ketazocine on behaviour, dopamine turnover in the basal ganglia and local cerebral glucose utilization of rats. AB - The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the interrelation between behavioural effects of kappa-opiates and cerebral neurochemical correlates in rats. Administration of the kappa-opiates tifluadom (2.5 mg/kg i.p.) or ketazocine (5 mg/kg i.p.) caused a marked initial decrease in locomotor activity lasting about 15-20 min, followed by an increase in locomotor activity at about 40 min after drug administration. At 15 min after i.p. injections of the same drugs 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentrations, measured by HPLC, were slightly increased in the nucleus accumbens, but unchanged in the striatum; dopamine concentrations were unchanged in both regions. The rates of glucose utilization, determined by quantitative [14C]2-deoxyglucose autoradiography, were mainly unchanged except for the nucleus accumbens, which showed an increased glucose utilization after both drugs given i.v. Tifluadom also decreased rates of glucose utilization in the caudate nucleus and parietal, sensorimotor, olfactory and frontal cortices. The above-mentioned effects on behaviour and local cerebral glucose utilization could be prevented by naloxone (3 mg/kg). The data suggest that changes in locomotor activity, neurotransmitter metabolism and neuronal activity in the nucleus accumbens are interrelated and that opiate-induced akinesia is mediated via the nucleus accumbens. PMID- 3756510 TI - Brain injury improves survival of mice following brain ischemia. AB - Minor brain injury was inflicted with a small needle at 4 sites one week before the production of incomplete brain ischemia in the mouse. A bilateral carotid clamp was applied for 60 min under pentobarbital anesthesia, and the number of survivors at one week after the ischemic insult was compared with those in animals anesthetized only and those in a sham-operated group. The number of survivors in the brain-injured group was significantly higher than in the other two groups. The results suggest that anti-ischemic factors are released by the injured brain or that certain unknown protective mechanisms against ischemia become active following brain injury. PMID- 3756509 TI - Rhythm of suprachiasmatic nucleus 2-deoxyglucose uptake in vitro. AB - Using a hypothalamic slice preparation containing the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and measurement of 2-deoxy[14C]glucose (2-DG) uptake by autoradiography, we have demonstrated that, after 1 h in vitro, 2-DG uptake into the SCN is proportional to the rate of glucose utilization present in vivo at the corresponding subjective time of day and that, during an 8-h incubation in vitro, the SCN is capable of spontaneously changing its metabolic rate. PMID- 3756511 TI - Global visual processing in the monkey superior colliculus. AB - Neurons were recorded in the superficial layers of the superior colliculus in anesthetized monkeys. As classically described, cells were non-selective for target direction and speed when the target moved through an empty visual field. However, these same cells were sensitive to target direction and speed relative to a textured moving background. The target's response was suppressed when its direction and speed were similar to that of the background, irrespective of the absolute direction of background movement. PMID- 3756512 TI - Variations in binding of [3H]5-HT to cortical membranes during the female rat estrous cycle. AB - The binding of [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine ([3H]5-HT) to cortical membranes was examined in female rats during diestrus, proestrus and estrus. Serotonin binding was lowest during the early afternoon of proestrus and highest during the afternoon of estrus with diestrous values in between. The high estrous values were associated with a significant increase in Bmax and a decrease in Kd. However, the increase in binding actually took place during the late afternoon of proestrus, when there was a rapid increase in binding from noon to 18.00 h. Binding remained at this elevated level throughout the next day. There were no changes in the binding of [3H]ketanserin or [3H]spiroperidol to cortical membranes during the estrous cycle, so the differential binding of [3H]5-HT is most likely the result of variations in 5-HT1 rather than 5-HT2 receptors. These observations of changes in serotonin binding in a brain area nearly devoid of sex steroid receptors suggest that the hormonal fluctuations accompanying the female estrous cycle influence brain areas other than those classically thought to regulate neuroendocrine function. PMID- 3756513 TI - Autoradiographic localization of binding sites for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in bovine cerebral arteries. AB - A substantial body of published evidence indicates that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) may function as a vasodilatory neurotransmitter to cerebral blood vessels via a specific VIP receptor. In the present study in vitro autoradiography utilizing monoiodinated [125I-Tyr10]-VIP demonstrated VIP binding sites in the medial layer of bovine anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries. This observation is consistent with the VIP receptor being localized in vascular smooth muscle components. PMID- 3756514 TI - Simultaneous unitary neuronal activity in both superior colliculi and its relation to eye movements in the cat. AB - The analysis of simultaneous unitary neuronal activity related to eye movement and recorded in both superior colliculi has shown a mirror-functioning image. Increase of the frequency discharge in a collicular unit, was associated with a decrease of the frequency discharge in the contralateral superior colliculus unit. This unitary neuronal reciprocal behaviour was observed each time a horizontal or oblique eye movement was produced. It is possible that this reciprocal functioning between neurones in both superior colliculi could exert an important influence on oculomotor brainstem structures. These results give a better idea of the role played by both superior colliculi in the control of conjugate eye movements. PMID- 3756515 TI - Analysis of the fluctuations in the interspike intervals of abducens nucleus neurons during ocular fixation in the alert cat. AB - The behavior of abducens nucleus motoneurons and internuclear neurons was recorded during eye fixation in the alert cat. The interspike interval (ISI) values during a given fixation followed a normal distribution, with coefficients of variation for motoneurons and interneurons ranging from 4.6 to 16% and 5.7 to 21.7%, respectively. The ISI mean was linearly related to its standard deviation and to the coefficient of variation. The power spectral density of ISI fluctuations did not reveal any relevant peak. The autocorrelation function of ISI fluctuations was flat except at the origin. Results suggest the presence of a gaussian white noise superimposed on the clock-like firing of the activity of abducens neurons during ocular fixation. Some physiological implications of the results are discussed. PMID- 3756516 TI - Intracellular potassium activity, potassium equilibrium potential and membrane potential of carotid body glomus cells. AB - The intracellular potassium activity (ai(K)) of glomus cells in isolated rabbit carotid bodies was measured with potassium ion selective microelectrodes (K+ electrodes). The measurements yielded a mean ai(K) value of 33.0 mM in Hepes buffered Tyrode's solution equilibrated with 100% O2. This value is significantly higher than that predicted by assuming that K+ ions are passively distributed across the membrane of glomus cells. The relationship between the membrane potential (EM) and the equilibrium potential of K+ ions (EK) at various extracellular potassium activities (ao(K] suggests that K+ ions are not involved in the maintenance of the carotid body glomus cell EM. PMID- 3756517 TI - Abnormalities of dendritic actin organization in the brindled mouse. AB - The brindled mouse is an X-linked mutant with alterations in copper homeostasis. Ultrastructural analysis of the cerebellum and neocortex reveals several dendritic abnormalities, including the formation of Hirano bodies and other cytoskeletal alterations. Immunocytochemical evidence demonstrates that actin is a component of these microfilament lattices. PMID- 3756518 TI - Innervation of the dental pulp during tooth succession in the cat. AB - The possibility that axons branch to supply the pulps of both the upper deciduous canine tooth and its permanent successor has been investigated by stimulating the pulp of one tooth and recording from the pulp of the other. In cats less than about 14 weeks of age, the permanent canine was too poorly developed to allow electrodes to be applied to it satisfactorily. In 5 of 14 preparations in cats aged 14-23 weeks, compound action potentials were recorded in one canine during stimulation of the other. These responses were not abolished by sectioning the infraorbital nerve or its canine branch in the floor of the orbit or by paralysing the animal, but they were abolished by sectioning the pulp of the permanent canine, indicating that they were due to branched axons. In preparations in which there was no tooth-to-tooth response, there was usually evidence that the pulp of one or other of the teeth did not have a functional innervation. The results indicate that at least some of the nerves which supply the pulp of a deciduous tooth are retained to supply its permanent successor. PMID- 3756519 TI - Inhibition of the responses of neurons in the rat spinal cord to noxious skin heating by stimulation in midbrain periaqueductal gray or lateral reticular formation. AB - Single units responsive to noxious heating of glabrous hindfoot skin were recorded in the lumbar spinal cord of rats anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. Unit responses to heat stimuli (e.g. 50 degrees C, 10 s) delivered at 2-min intervals were stable and were markedly suppressed during stimulation (100-ms pulse trains at 100 Hz, 3/s, 25-400 microA) in the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) or lateral reticular formation (LRF). Inhibition did not appear to outlast the midbrain stimulation period. By systematically varying the position of an array of 3 or 5 stimulating electrodes, we observed that stimulation in PAG and subjacent tegmental areas, as well as in widespread regions of the LRF bilaterally, suppressed unit responses to noxious skin heating. The degree of suppression of unit responses increased with graded increases in PAG or LRF stimulation intensity. LRF appeared to be more efficacious than PAG stimulation, based on lower currents at threshold, as well as on significantly greater slopes in current-inhibition plots for LRF compared to PAG stimulation. Unit responses increased linearly with graded increases in stimulus temperature from 42 to 54 degrees C. Slopes of temperature-response lines were reduced during PAG stimulation with no change in response threshold, while temperature-response lines were shifted in a parallel manner toward higher temperatures during LRF stimulation with an increase in response threshold. The results suggest that differential inhibitory systems are activated by PAG or LRF stimulation and are discussed in relation to previous findings in the cat and as a possible mechanism of stimulation-produced analgesia. PMID- 3756520 TI - Lesions of the mid-spinal trigeminal complex are effective in producing perioral thermal hypoalgesia. AB - The hypoalgesic effects of lesions in the rat spinal trigeminal complex at the levels of subnucleus interpolaris and caudal subnucleus oralis were investigated. Lesions of the trigeminal tract, nucleus, or adjacent reticular formation resulted in significant elevations in escape latencies to noxious thermal stimulation of the ipsilateral perioral area. The nuclear lesions were significantly more effective in producing latency elevations than were the reticular formation lesions. Behavioral and anatomical evidence is presented suggesting that the mid-spinal trigeminal complex, including the ascending trigeminal intranuclear pathways, participate in perioral thermal nociception. PMID- 3756521 TI - The mechanism of calcium-independent catecholamine depleting action of monensin from clonal rat pheochromocytoma cells. AB - Monensin, a monovalent cation ionophore, induced profound release of radiolabeled materials from clonal rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12h) preloaded with [3H]norepinephrine (NE). The release was suppressed in the absence of external Na+, but was not affected at all in the absence of external Ca2+. Cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), that was monitored by means of a fluorescent Ca2+ indicator, Quin 2, was temporarily increased upon a depolarizing stimulus of high K+, which induced the Ca2+-dependent release of [3H]NE from PC12h cells. On the other hand, monensin induced only a slight increase in [Ca2+]i. The radiolabeled materials released by high-K+ treatment were mainly [3H]NE, whereas those by monensin were mainly the metabolites of [3H]NE. Pargyline, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, suppressed both the degradation of [3H]NE stored in PC12h cells and the monensin-induced release of radiolabeled compounds from them. Monensin decreased the content of [3H]NE in storage granules of pargyline-treated cells. Thus, it is likely that monensin expels NE from the storage vesicles to cytosol and then its metabolites by monoamine oxidase are released in a non-exocytotic manner. PMID- 3756522 TI - Inhibition of release of neurohypophysial hormones by endogenous opioid peptides in pregnant and parturient rats. AB - Naloxone, an opiate receptor antagonist, was used to determine whether opioid peptides modulate release of oxytocin (OT) or vasopressin (AVP) in the rat after expulsion of the fetus, i.e. parturition. We measured the concentrations of AVP and OT in plasma and in the neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary of pregnant rats given naloxone (5 mg/kg, s.c.) or saline on day 20 of gestation, and on day 21 either before or during the expulsive stage of labor. Non-pregnant rats in diestrus were given naloxone for comparison. On days 20 and 21 of gestation, before the onset of parturition, plasma [AVP] but not [OT] was elevated, compared to the non-pregnant controls. After delivery of the first two pups, plasma [OT] approximately doubled, whereas plasma [AVP] remained unchanged. Blocking the action of endogenous opioid peptides with naloxone caused an elevation of plasma [OT] in pregnant animals on days 20 and 21 of gestation and during parturition. Naloxone, however, did not alter plasma [AVP] in either parturient or preparturient animals. In contrast, [AVP], but not [OT], was increased in plasma of non-pregnant rats given naloxone. The content of OT in the neuro-intermediate lobe was similar in pregnant and non-pregnant rats and was unaffected by delivery of the first two pups. However, AVP content and the ratio of AVP/OT in the pituitary were lower in pregnant animals before and during delivery than in the non-pregnant controls. The content of neither hormone was altered by naloxone. Thus, AVP release apparently increases and pituitary stores of this peptide are decreased by day 20 of gestation, when labor has not yet begun.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3756523 TI - Increased norepinephrine synthesis in the cerebral hemispheres of rats following subarachnoid hemorrhage. AB - Norepinephrine (NE) was assayed in rat brains 72 h after the creation of an experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). NE in the cerebral hemispheres was found to increase by 64% when compared to controls. NE in the brainstem and cerebellum was unchanged. The kinetics of hemispheric NE metabolism were then studied in control and SAH rats. SAH caused a 3-fold increase in NE synthesis and a 44% reduction in turnover time when compared to controls. These results may reflect increased activity of central noradrenergic neuronal pathways in SAH. PMID- 3756524 TI - Transplantation of septal neurons maintained in long-term culture. AB - Septal cells were maintained in culture for varying lengths of time and then transplanted to adult hippocampi from which the native septal input had been removed. Cells grafted after 1 week in culture survived transplantation to the brain and innervated the host hippocampus in a pattern comparable to the native cholinergic projection. Cells grafted after 2 weeks in culture did not survive in the brain, but did survive re-plating. In addition, the viability of cells transplanted from culture paralleled the viability of brain tissue taken from donors of equivalent ages, suggesting that changes which occur in culture and affect the viability of transplanted neurons may also occur during normal development. PMID- 3756525 TI - Female rats are more vulnerable than males in an animal model of depression: the possible role of serotonin. AB - A single 2-h restraint stress reduces locomotion and increases defaecation of male rats placed in an open field 24 h later. After daily 2-h restraints for 5 days these effects were no longer observed. This adaptation was associated with enhanced sensitivity to the serotonin agonist 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine. Female rats were less affected by a single restraint but failed to adapt to the repeated stress procedure and did not exhibit enhanced sensitivity to 5-methoxy N,N-dimethyltryptamine. Furthermore, females but not males killed 24 h after the final restraint period had decreased brain regional 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations particularly in the frontal cortex. No sex differences in hypothalamic and striatal dopamine metabolism were observed. The above differences between male and female rats were unaffected by adult gonadectomy. Similar differences could be involved in the higher incidence of depressive illness in women. PMID- 3756526 TI - The role of iron-induced hippocampal peroxidation in acute epileptogenesis. AB - Intracortical injection of iron salts causes lipid peroxidation, focal edema, necrosis, gliosis, and the development of behavioral and electrographic seizures. Tocopherol pretreatment prevents the histopathologic perturbations associated with iron injection, and appears to accelerate the resolution of focal accumulation of peroxidation products. In this experiment, rats were pretreated with 500 mg/kg DL-alpha-tocopherol acetate prior to the injection of 3 microliter of 100 mM FeCl2 into the dorsal hippocampus, or induction of convulsive seizures by s.c. injection of 0.8 mg/100 g bicucullin. Tocopherol pretreatment prevented the occurrence of convulsive seizures in a significant number of iron-salts injected animals. Lipid peroxidation measured in the dissected hippocampus was significantly increased in untreated rats developing iron-induced seizures and in rats treated with tocopherol, but developing convulsive seizures. Tocopherol failed to prevent bicucullin-induced seizures. Further, convulsive seizures induced by bicucullin failed to alter hippocampal fluorescence levels. Hence, we concluded that the epileptogenic effects of hippocampal injection of iron salts appear to be related to the induction of peroxidation of neural lipids within the injection site. PMID- 3756527 TI - Neuronal activity in the postcentral cortex related to force regulation during a precision grip task. AB - Recordings from single neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex of the monkey during force regulation between the fingers showed following characteristics: the existence of classes of discharge patterns similar to those in motor cortex, but with differences in their distribution, a late onset of activity changes in relation to force increase and a linear relation to force, but with shallow mean rate-force slope. PMID- 3756528 TI - Incorporation of plasma palmitate into the brain of the rat during development. AB - Jpalm, the rate of incorporation of plasma palmitate into brain, was determined in awake Fischer-344 rats at 15, 20, 25 and 38 days of age, by a modification of the method of Kimes et al. [14C]palmitate was injected intravenously and plasma specific activity of unesterified palmitate was followed until the animals were killed at 4 h, when radioactivity was determined by quantitative autoradiography in 45 individual brain regions. Jpalm was calculated as the 4 h brain radioactivity divided by integrated plasma palmitate-specific activity to 4 h. Jpalm rose between 15 and 20 days of age in gray and white matter regions, then declined 4-5-fold in gray matter and 7-10-fold in white matter by 38 days and reached adult levels by 3 months. The white/gray ratio for Jpalm declined significantly between 20 and 38 days, and between 38 days and 3 months of age, consistent with a lower rate of turnover of white matter lipids in the mature brain. The results support the use of the Jpalm technique to measure brain lipid synthesis and turnover. They show that Jpalm corresponds to the time course of myelination during development of the rat brain, when there are parallel changes in the rates of palmitate incorporation into gray and white matter regions. PMID- 3756529 TI - Long-term behavioral and electrophysiological changes associated with lead exposure at different stages of brain development in the rat. AB - The present investigation was conducted to assess the behavioral and electrophysiological impairments exhibited by adult male rats as a function of the developmental stage during which lead exposure occurred. Dams were given either a lead acetate (0.3%) or a control drinking solution during days 16-23 of gestation, days 1-8 or days 9-16 of nursing. The temporal and spatial activity patterns exhibited by gestationally exposed offspring in the open field between 42-45 days of age was distinguished from all other groups by the absence of a decrement in peripheral field activity across days and by increased exploration of the center field. Although open field activity proved sensitive to the timing of lead exposure, power spectral analyses of hippocampal and cortical EEG activity at 70-72 days of age revealed that lead selectively depressed 6-7 Hz energy in the hippocampus, independent of the developmental stage of exposure; cortical EEG and other hippocampal theta frequencies were unaffected. The differential sensitivity of open field activity and select hippocampal theta frequencies to the timing of lead administration suggests that the identification of toxic consequences depends on the function assessed and the developmental stage during which lead exposure occurred. PMID- 3756530 TI - The retinotectal projection of quarter eyes in Xenopus laevis. AB - Following extirpation of three quarters of the eye anlage of Xenopus laevis in stage 33/34, the remaining quadrants developed into small eyes of normal shape. Irrespective of the different portions of the eye anlage the quarter eyes originated from, the retinotectal projection was always confined to the rostrolateral part of the tectum, forming an orderly map, and its dimensions corresponded to the size of the contralateral eye. Therefore, it was suggested that during development both size and location of the projection are independent of the existence of tectal markers. Instead, they are determined by the number of ingrowing optic fibers and the direction of their growth from the rostral origin. PMID- 3756531 TI - Subcellular distribution of a calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity in rat cerebral cortex during development. AB - The postnatal development of calmodulin-stimulated phosphorylation of endogenous proteins, in particular the autophosphorylated subunits of the calmodulin stimulated protein kinase II, were investigated in subcellular fractions of rat cerebral cortex. The major subunit had a mol. wt. of 53,000 Da (designated 50 kDa) and the minor one a mol. wt. of 63,000 Da (designated 60 kDa). The 50-kDa subunit was found to be the only significant phosphoprotein in each fraction and throughout development at its molecular weight. However, the 60-kDa subunit was found to comigrate with other phosphoproteins that accounted for up to 15% of the radioactivity at this molecular weight and which differed between the fractions. 50-kDa autophosphorylation was found to be 3-fold greater in cytoplasmic fractions at day 10 and by adults was evenly distributed between membrane and cytoplasmic fractions. A similar pattern was also found for the total calmodulin stimulated phosphorylation. Changes in autophosphorylation activity of the 50-kDa subunit were found to represent changes in kinase activity rather than alterations in phosphatase activity. In the membrane, this change was shown to be due to changes in the amount of enzyme. Although in the adult autophosphorylation activity is evenly distributed between membrane and soluble fractions, when differences in phosphatase activity and lack of autophosphorylation activity of the majority of post-synaptic density-associated kinase is taken into account, it is clear that the vast majority of the enzyme is membrane-bound. Phosphorylation of endogenous substrates paralleled the development of 50-kDa subunit autophosphorylation, most of which occurred between day 14 and day 30, a period which follows the most rapid phase of synaptogenesis. This pattern was different from that of the phosphorylation of myelin basic protein and two substrates of the calcium-phospholipid-dependent protein kinase. There was also a change in the ratio of autophosphorylation activity of the 50-kDa and 60-kDa subunits during development which appears to be due to a change in the amount of the subunits themselves. This ratio was the same in all fractions at any one age. We suggest that this change is due to the existence of at least two developmentally regulated isoenzymes in the cortex. PMID- 3756532 TI - Dendritic structure alterations induced by hypothyroidism in pyramidal neurons of the rat visual cortex. AB - In order to study the effect that neonatal hypothyroidism has on the whole morphology of pyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex, the dendritic structure of these cells was defined by a set of 10 variables divided into two subsets, one composed of 7 variables defining the apical shaft and the other composed of 3 variables concerning the basal arborization. The canonical multivariate analysis applied to the measurements of these variables made on two groups of layer III pyramidal neurons belonging to 80-day-old control and thyroidectomized rats revealed that this disease only affects the development of the apical tuft region of those neurons. This result is in agreement with our previous finding concerning the effect of hypothyroidism on the dendritic densities of layer III pyramidal neurons (Dev. Brain Res., 28 (1986) 259-262). PMID- 3756533 TI - Distribution of anionic sites and glycoconjugates on the endothelial surfaces of the developing blood-brain barrier. AB - The distribution of anionic sites detected in vitro with cationized ferritin and lectin-binding sites on the endothelial cell (EC) surface of brain micro-blood vessels was studied by electron microscopy. Gold-labeled lectins and glycoproteins and Lowicryl K4M-embedded brain samples obtained from mouse embryos (19th day), and from 1-, 5-, 12-, 24- and 48-day-old and adult mice were used. It was shown that the functional maturation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) occurring in the mouse after birth between the 12th and 24th day of life is accompanied by a disappearance of vesicular transport in capillaries and by the formation of a uniform, thin, negatively charged layer on the surface of the EC. Concomitantly the binding of lectins specific for beta-D-galactosyl (RCA) and sialyl (LFA and WGA) residues become progressively more intense and uniform on both luminal and abluminal fronts of the EC. The concentration of HPA-binding sites on the abluminal side of the EC and in the basement membrane increases. Similarly the binding of Con A becomes more intense on abluminal than on luminal front of the EC. These observations suggest that extensive remodeling of anionic sites and surface glycoprotein layer and also the elaboration of ECs polarity occur during BBB maturation. PMID- 3756534 TI - The effects of neonatal monocular enucleation on the organization of ipsilateral and contralateral retinothalamic projections in the rabbit. AB - Autoradiographic methods were used to compare the ipsilateral and contralateral retinothalamic projections in pigmented Dutch-Belted rabbits that had neonatal monocular enucleation with the projections found in normally reared rabbits. In the normal adult rabbit, there is dense label throughout the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGd) except for a decreased label density in the region corresponding to the ipsilateral input. Following neonatal monocular enucleation, the contralateral projection fills in the part of the LGd corresponding to the ipsilateral input. Our data indicate that following monocular enucleation, two processes occur: an arrest of the segregation process and an expansion of the contralateral projection into the space normally containing the terminals of the ipsilateral projection. In addition, this filling in of the terminal space occurs relatively rapidly and is completed by day 14. No changes, however, were observed in the ipsilateral projection to the LGd. Unlike the LGd, the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and the intergeniculate leaflet showed increases in the size of the ipsilateral projection region, and no changes in the contralateral projection. The present findings suggest that there may be different mechanisms governing whether alterations in the distribution of retinothalamic projections will occur in either the ipsilateral or contralateral nucleus. PMID- 3756535 TI - Abnormal neural fold development in mouse trisomy 12 and trisomy 14. II. LM and TEM. AB - LM and TEM observations of embryonic tissue during the period of cranial neurulation are described in trisomic mouse embryos known to develop exencephaly, and are compared with tissue from normal mouse embryos. The earliest regularly observed differences were visible from the late presomite stage onwards, in the extracellular matrix of the cranial region. These were local defects of the basement membrane of the neural epithelium and enlarged areas of mesenchymal extracellular matrix, with associated abnormalities of mesenchymal cell distribution, cell number and cell contacts, and deficiency of alcian blue staining. Apical neuroepithelial microfilament bundles were observed at later somite-stages in trisomic embryos c.f. = compared with controls, and development of the concave neuroepithelial curvature was correspondingly retarded. Apposition of the neural folds at the forebrain/midbrain junction was never made, even though late neural fold fusion occurred in the hindbrain and ventral forebrain. At later stages (9-20 somites) the neuroepithelial cells showed pyknotic nuclei and dense intracellular inclusions. These are interpreted as secondary effects. PMID- 3756536 TI - Ultrastructural analysis of chromosome translocation-induced neural tube defects. AB - Neural tube closure defects occurred in 33% of the embryos obtained from matings of male mice heterozygous for a reciprocal chromosome translocation (T(2;4)1Sn) with normal female CFLP mice. Light and electron microscopic observations of neuroepithelium and mesenchyme in affected embryos indicated two distinct types of anomalies occurred. The first consisted of neuroepithelial hypertrophy and neural tube closure defects. These defects most frequently affected the midbrain and hindbrain, but occasional defects of the lumbosacral neural tube were also observed. Unlike the highly organized, pseudostratified neuroepithelium in control embryos, neuroepithelial cells became stratified and formed cell islands with secondary lumina within the wall of the neural tube. The second condition was associated with a reduction in neuroepithelial thickness, considerable neuroepithelial and neural crest cell death, basal lamina alterations and premature invasion of the neuroepithelium by subjacent endothelial cells. In both cases, the cephalic mesenchyme cells, rather than their normal stellate appearance, were markedly elongated in shape and reduced in area. The number of cell-cell contacts between mesenchymal cells was also reduced significantly. These results are discussed in light of recent theories regarding the role of mesenchyme and extracellular matrix in neurulation. PMID- 3756537 TI - Histogenesis of the retina in murine trisomy 19. AB - Retinal development of trisomy 19 (Ts19) mice has been studied by microscopy from postnatal day 2 (PD 2) to PD 15. Gross malformations of the eye or alterations of the cellular arrangement are not detectable; retinal differentiation follows the regular pattern observed in chromosomally balanced control littermates. At all stages examined, the development of the retina in Ts19 lags approximately 2 days behind littermate controls. The maturation of all cellular constituents examined is retarded to the same degree. Appearance of the outer plexiform layer, cessation of mitotic activity, penetration of blood vessels in the nerve fiber layer and in the outer plexiform layer, differentiation of the inner granular layer and receptor formation are each delayed about two days. On a cellular level, there is no indication for an asynchronous development in the retina of Ts19. In addition to the retarded maturation, the diameters of the eyes are reduced in Ts19 mice. PMID- 3756538 TI - Selective culture medium enhances survival of neuroblasts from postnatal rodent brain. AB - One of the major limitations to the study of the development of the nervous system in aneuploid mammalian embryos is that the aneuploid condition is usually lethal in utero. Liveborn aneuploid individuals often succumb rapidly because they have a constellation of malformations incompatible with postnatal survival. We have developed a selective tissue culture medium (D-val) which can be used with fetal calf serum or in a serum-free defined composition and which permits neuroblasts and glioblasts present in postnatal rodent (rat, mouse) brain to proliferate and differentiate in vitro. These cells contain D-amino acid oxidase, but fibroblasts do not. In this medium, fibroblasts cannot grow and are eliminated from the cultures without the use of deleterious compounds such as antimitotic or chemotherapeutic agents. With this medium, cultures containing neuroblasts can be established from normal rat and mouse brain as late as postnatal days 11-20. Cultures with significant numbers of proliferating cells can also be established from perinatal aneuploid mouse embryos, 'rescuing' the cells for further study. PMID- 3756539 TI - A new microcirculation chamber for inexpensive long-term investigations of nervous tissue in vitro. AB - The construction of a simple universal chamber for long-term recording from submerged and interface brain slices is described. The medium is circulated and oxygenated constantly by an O2-CO2 gas mixture using the principle of a bubble pump. The design permits experiments which require long-term exposure to expensive drugs as well as great economy of oxygen consumption. PMID- 3756540 TI - Ethanol enhances GABA-induced 36Cl-influx in primary spinal cord cultured neurons. AB - Ethanol has a pharmacological profile similar to other centrally acting drugs, which facilitate GABAergic transmission. GABA is known to produce its effects by increasing the conductance to Cl- ions. In this study, we have examined the effect of ethanol on GABA-induced 36Cl-influx in primary spinal cord cultured neurons. GABA produces a concentration-dependent, and saturable effect on 36Cl influx in these neurons. Ethanol potentiates the effect of GABA on 36Cl-influx in these neurons. GABA (20 microM) increased the 36Cl-influx by 75% over the basal value, and in the presence of 50 mM ethanol, the observed increase was 142%. Eadie-Hoffstee analysis of the saturation curves indicated that ethanol decreases the Km value of GABA (10.6 microM to 4.2 microM), and also increases the Vmax. Besides potentiating the effect of GABA, ethanol also appears to have a direct effect in the absence of added GABA. These results suggest that ethanol enhances GABA-induced 36Cl-influx and indicate a role of GABAergic system in the actions of ethanol. These results also support the behavioral and electrophysiological studies, which have implicated GABA systems in the actions of ethanol. The potential mechanism(s) and the role of direct effect of ethanol is not clear at this time, but is currently being investigated. PMID- 3756541 TI - Effects of phenylpropanolamine on gastric retention in the adult rat. AB - Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) induces anorexia and weight loss via an as yet unidentified mechanism. In the present study, we evaluated the inhibitory action of PPA on gastric emptying. Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats consumed a wet-mash test meal and were then treated (IP) with either saline or 5, 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg PPA. Gastric retention (ratio of weight of gastric content to weight of mash consumed) was evaluated immediately after the meal in a group of saline-treated rats or 3 hours after the meal in the drug groups and another saline-treated group. Rats treated with saline exhibited minimal retention (0.21) over a 3 hour period whereas rats treated with 5, 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg dl-PPA exhibited increased gastric retention ratios of 0.29, 0.66, 0.63, and 1.38, respectively. These data demonstrate that PPA has a marked inhibitory action on gastric emptying and suggest that further studies are warranted to evaluate the possible contribution of gastric retention to the anorexic action of PPA. PMID- 3756542 TI - Visual cortex controls retinal output in the rat. AB - The first objective of the present investigation was to shed more light on corticofugal influences on the retina by providing an analysis of the type and proportion of retinal ganglion cells that are affected by cooling the visual cortex in rats. The second question was to determine if the pretectum participates in functional cortico-retinal relationships. In urethane anesthetized and paralyzed hooded rats, axonal activity of retinal ganglion cells was recorded with glass micropipettes at optic chiasm level. Units were classified as ON, OFF, suppressed-by-light and concentric. The visual cortex was inactivated by cooling its surface with a 4 mm2 steel probe using the Peltier effect. The pretectum was blocked with microinjections of 50 to 100 nanoliters of cobalt ions, lidocaine hydrochloride or KCl. The inactivations and recoveries at both sites were monitored by simultaneously recording evoked field potentials. Interrupting corticofugal impulses caused modifications of the evoked discharge pattern in all types of cells. The concentric type was the group least affected by cortical cooling. A common trend emerged suggesting that cooling of the visual cortex led to an enhancement of the initial evoked excitation. This was often followed by an enhanced post-excitatory inhibition. The Pearson coefficient allowed us to measure the degree of similarity between two histograms. When all data were pooled, a weak correlation between control and test histograms (r = 0.29, N = 56) was found, while the control and recovery patterns averaged a correlation of more than twice that size (r = 0.68). In a second series of experiments, the pretectum and visual cortex (VC) were simultaneously inactivated. It is shown that both sites summed their influence and acted synergistically upon the pattern of ganglion cell responses. The results strongly suggest that the visual cortex exerts a major control over the response pattern of thirty percent of retinal ganglion cells, and that the pretectum participates in the functional relationships between visual cortex and retina in rats. PMID- 3756543 TI - Effects of maternal nicotine injections on brain development in the rat: ornithine decarboxylase activity, nucleic acids and proteins in discrete brain regions. AB - Fetal exposure to nicotine via maternal cigarette smoking produces intrauterine growth retardation and postnatal behavioral abnormalities. In this study, biochemical characteristics of brain development were compared in normal rats and in rats whose mothers received chronic nicotine injections throughout pregnancy. Nicotine exposure produced a persistent elevation of fetal ornithine decarboxylase activity preferentially in brain; in keeping with this selectivity, there was no evidence of the sparing of brain growth which ordinarily accompanies non-specific toxic insult. After birth, DNA synthesis was suppressed throughout the brain and there was a subsequent rebound during the phase of "catch-up" growth. Evidence was also obtained for regional selectivity of the adverse effects of maternal nicotine injections: the effects on DNA synthesis and levels were most profound in cerebellum (a region which matures postnatally) and growth impairment was least evident in midbrain & brainstem, an early-maturing region. The maternal nicotine group also displayed desynchronization of the ontogenetic patterns of DNA, RNA and proteins in every brain region. These data indicate that maternally-injected nicotine compromises early biochemical events which delineate brain cell replication and differentiation; these alterations are eventually translated into abnormalities in development of specific brain regions. PMID- 3756544 TI - Monosodium glutamate neurotoxicity: a sex-specific impairment of blood pressure but not vasopressin in developing rats. AB - Neonatal administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG) results in severe adenohypophyseal endocrine malfunction as a result of hypothalamic neurotoxic lesioning. The present study examined the effects of administration of MSG on the neurohypophyseal vasopressinergic (AVP) system and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in adulthood. Monosodium glutamate or hypertonic sodium chloride was administered to male and female rat pups on days 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 after birth. MSG treatment produced several features characteristic of the MSG-toxicity syndrome, including obesity, anterior pituitary dysgenesis and hypogonadism. However, MSG did not alter neurohypophyseal AVP profiles: AVP content of the posterior pituitary and microdissected regions of the hypothalamus and brainstem were similar in MSG treated and control rats. Furthermore, MSG treatment did not alter water intake, serum AVP concentration, or the ability to reduce urine output in response to water deprivation. Thus, despite insult to adenohypophyseal function by neonatal administration of MSG, the neurohypophyseal AVP system remained functionally intact. In contrast, neonatal treatment with MSG altered SBP in a sex dependent manner. Female MSG-treated rats, unlike male MSG-treated rats, exhibited consistent systolic hypotension when compared with the NaCl-treated or non treated control rats at 6, 9 and 12 weeks of age. Despite this chronic hypotension in MSG-treated female rats, heart rate was not altered and serum AVP was not elevated. These observations suggest a resetting of the baroreflex, attributable to neonatal administration of MSG. PMID- 3756545 TI - Effects of tegmental lesions on lordosis and body weight in female hamsters. AB - Lordosis responses in naturally-estrous hamsters were elicited by unilateral manual stimulation. Response latencies were compared before and after unilateral lesions of medial and lateral tegmental areas located ventral and ventrolateral, respectively, to the midbrain central gray. The only significant effects were produced by the more lateral lesions. These caused slightly delayed lordosis responses to stimulation of the ipsilateral flank, but had much more pronounced effects on responsiveness to contralateral stimuli, which often entirely failed to elicit lordosis postlesion. This difference in the effectiveness of ipsi- and contralateral stimuli suggests a selective disruption of neural mechanisms involved in the somatosensory control of lordosis initiation. Its locus suggests that a similar mechanism previously identified in the hamster tectum extends ventrally into the dorsal tegmentum, where it overlaps areas implicated in the sensory control of lordosis in other rodents. Since unilateral lesions of the dorsomedial tegmentum failed to affect behavior, a second experiment tested the effects of bilateral medial lesions on male-stimulated lordosis responses in ovariectomized, hormone-primed hamsters. These lesions caused significant increases in body weight, but again failed to show direct effects on lordosis. This result helps to delimit a ventral tegmental system previously implicated in the control of lordosis maintenance in hamsters. In addition, it suggests species differences in the brain circuits involved in the motor control of lordosis. PMID- 3756546 TI - Uptake of serotonin into rat platelets and synaptosomes: comparative structure activity relationships, energetics and evaluation of the effects of acute and chronic nortriptyline administration. AB - In order to establish whether the uptake systems in platelets and synaptosomes are equivalent, the structure-activity relationships for drug-induced inhibition of serotonin uptake were examined in vitro. The rank order for potency of inhibitors was the same in platelets as in synaptosomes, namely imipramine greater than nortriptyline greater than desmethylimipramine much much greater than norepinephrine greater than histamine; in addition, serotonin uptake was clearly distinguishable from the norepinephrine synaptic uptake mechanism, which displayed a different rank order. The synaptosomal uptake of serotonin was, however, much more dependent upon maintenance of Na+-K+-ATPase activity for its energy source than was the platelet uptake mechanism. Acute administration of nortriptyline produced substantial inhibition of platelet serotonin uptake and a smaller degree of inhibition of synaptosomal uptake; inhibition was detectable even after extensive washing of the platelet and synaptosome preparations, and was associated with persistent binding of the drug to the organelles. Chronic infusion of nortriptyline (20 mg/kg for 21 days, followed by a 24 hr washout period to dissipate persistent binding) did not alter the uptake capacity of synaptosomal or platelet preparations, but did cause a shift in the drug specificity of inhibitors. The latter effect was in opposite directions in platelets vs. synaptosomes. These data indicate that the platelet uptake mechanism does bear some resemblance to that seen in serotonergic neurons, but that the energy source for transport differs and the two mechanisms respond differently to prolonged drug administration in vivo. The use of uptake as a marker during the course of antidepressant administration is likely to be confounded by persistent direct drug effects on these organelles. PMID- 3756547 TI - Responsiveness of monkey preoptic thermosensitive neurons to non-thermal emotional stimuli. AB - Responsiveness of 143 preoptic neurons to changes in hypothalamic temperature and to non-thermal emotional stimuli were investigated while rewarding (foods) and aversive objects (hypertonic saline, a toy snake, an air puffer) were given. About 71% of thermosensitive neurons and 32% of thermally insensitive neurons changed the activity when emotional stimuli were shown to and/or tasted by the monkey. Such responses were modulated by satiety/hunger state and were dependent on the degree of perturbation of emotional state. About half of the neurons tested responded when the monkey opened the mouth and protruded the tongue or moved fingers in trying to obtain foods with strong motivation, but did not when the animal made such movements less readily or reluctantly with the progress of satiation. This response was most frequently found among warm-units. The results raise a possibility that preoptic thermosensitive neurons, besides their postulated thermoregulatory functions, might be involved in the response of coordination with thermal and non-thermal emotional behaviors controlled in the hypothalamus. PMID- 3756548 TI - Peripheral course and intramucosal distribution of the laryngeal sensory nerve fibers of cats. AB - In order to demonstrate distribution of the laryngeal peripheral sensory nerve fibers of cats, wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase was injected into the nodose ganglion. The results were as follows: The internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) innervated ipsilaterally the epiglottis, the aryepiglottic fold, the arytenoid eminence, the rostral aspect of the vocal fold, the laryngeal vestibulum and the mucosa covering the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle. The posterior branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) was divided into two branches. One branch formed Galen's anastomosis together with fibers of the internal branch of the SLN. The other supplied the caudal aspect of the vocal folds and the subglottis, together with fibers of the internal branch of the SLN, bilaterally with ipsilateral predominance. Some fibers of the internal branch of the SLN united with some fibers of the posterior branch of the RLN and penetrated the cricoid foramen to innervate the posterior wall of the glottis and the medial aspect of the arytenoid cartilage bilaterally with ipsilateral predominance. PMID- 3756549 TI - [The Nobel Peace Prize goes to physicians fighting against nuclear war]. PMID- 3756550 TI - [Supraspinal effects on the H-reflex excitation cycle in patients with secondary neurasthenia]. PMID- 3756551 TI - [Modelling the spread of excitation in the functioning myocardial ventricle]. PMID- 3756552 TI - [The optokinetic fusion limit as an indicator of central fatigue]. PMID- 3756553 TI - [Blood circulation in the forearm and calf in top athletes at rest and during vasomotor reactions]. PMID- 3756554 TI - [Reticulospinal neurons with axonal projections to the lumbar region of the spinal cord in rats]. PMID- 3756555 TI - [Properties of slow brain potentials associated with the preparation and production of speech]. PMID- 3756556 TI - [The dependence of the postural response to evoked galvanic stimulation of the labyrinth on the amplitude and frequency of the stimulating current]. PMID- 3756557 TI - [Phonocardiography in the Wolff-Parkinson-White picture]. PMID- 3756558 TI - [The descending coronary artery. Biochemical properties and neural regulation]. PMID- 3756559 TI - [Study of erythrocyte metabolism using 31P NMR-spectroscopy]. PMID- 3756560 TI - [Reactivity of the fetal and neonatal pulmonary artery in vitro]. PMID- 3756561 TI - [The effect of orciprenaline on the heart conduction system]. PMID- 3756562 TI - [Biological feedback of the heart rate in the therapy of cardiovascular neuroses]. PMID- 3756563 TI - [The birth order of children with pes equinovarus congenitus]. PMID- 3756564 TI - [The effect of short-term administration of metipamide in patients with hypertension who were evaluated by non-invasive examination of the cardiovascular system]. PMID- 3756565 TI - [Reactivity of the smooth muscle of the respiratory tract in cats to histamine and acetylcholine administration in vitro after repeated administration of croton oil aerosol]. PMID- 3756566 TI - [Safety problems related to the gas distribution system]. PMID- 3756567 TI - [Standardization of anesthesia equipment]. PMID- 3756568 TI - [Recommendations concerning anesthesia equipment in West Germany]. PMID- 3756569 TI - [Safety and the design of new anesthesia equipment: tasks of the manufacturer]. PMID- 3756570 TI - [Safety and distribution of gases for medical use]. PMID- 3756571 TI - [Pharmacology of nitrous oxide. Recent concepts of its mechanism of action]. PMID- 3756572 TI - [Measurement of peak expiratory flow and altitude]. AB - Readings of peak-expiratory flow rate (PEFR) in twelve healthy alpinists at sea level (Lima) and at 3800 m (Yanganugo) show a significant slight fall with altitude (p less than 0.05). This study corroborates previous reports (Singh et al., 1969; Stockley et al., 1979). However, Forster (1983) taking in account the effect of air density on the functioning of peak-flow meter suggested that actual PEFR increases slightly with altitude. In the present study, corrected data show an increase of PEFR by about 3% at 3800 m, similar to Forster's results (at 4200 m). Air density must be considered in future studies in altitude and in estimation of clinical improvement of asthmatic people living in mountain health resort. PMID- 3756573 TI - [A legal decision with serious consequences]. PMID- 3756574 TI - Diagnosis of myocardial ischemia in man. Multiparametric approach and unsolved issues. Pisa, Italy, May 15-17, 1985. PMID- 3756575 TI - Body surface potential mapping in ischemic patients with normal resting ECG. AB - Patients with ischemic heart disease frequently have a normal 12-lead electrocardiogram. We recorded body surface maps from 14 ischemic patients with normal (group A) and 5 with abnormal (group B) resting electrocardiograms. ST-T map data were compared with those of 36 normal subjects. In ischemic patients the following abnormalities were found: an anomalous location and/or trajectory of the potential minimum (lowest potential) on the chest in some; in others the instantaneous values of the time functions: Mxi (highest potential on the chest), delta Vi (highest potential difference) and integral of s/Vi/dS (integral of the absolute value of the potential function extended to the entire chest surface) were lower. In some ischemic patients, both abnormalities were observed. All changes were detectable during the first 200 msec of ST-T. The anomalous potential patterns were similar in group A and B patients, suggesting an ischemic origin of group A abnormalities. By submitting 10 properly selected variables, obtained from body surface maps, to Fisher's discriminant analysis, we succeeded in correctly classifying more than 90% of the cases. The efficacy of the method was validated by using one third of the cases as a test set, with correct allocation in 80.9% of the cases. We conclude that body surface maps at rest can reveal an altered cardiac electrogenesis induced by myocardial ischemia, not apparent in the 12-lead electrocardiogram. PMID- 3756576 TI - Significance of perfusion studies in the detection of transient myocardial ischemia. AB - In summary, myocardial thallium-201 imaging appears to be superior to exercise electrocardiography alone for detection of myocardial ischemia in patients with underlying coronary artery disease and chest pain. Risk stratification and prognostication can also be undertaken utilizing symptom limited stress scintigraphy in patients with stable chest pain syndromes or in conjunction with submaximal exercise thallium-201 scintigraphy after uncomplicated myocardial infarction. Patients with normal perfusion patterns or a single persistent defect have less likelihood of experiencing a subsequent cardiac event compared with patients with high risk scans demonstrating multiple defects in more than one vascular region or redistribution, or both. Thallium-201 imaging can be undertaken in the resting state in patients with unstable angina to detect "resting ischemia" or reversible vasospasm. Finally, the limitations of exercise or rest thallium-201 scintigraphy are discussed. PMID- 3756577 TI - Transient myocardial ischemia: experimental echocardiographic demonstration and evaluation of myocardial contraction abnormalities. AB - A continuing theme in our laboratory has been the use of echocardiographically measured systolic myocardial wall thickening to demonstrate and evaluate the consequences of regional myocardial ischemia. This presentation focuses on two areas: the immediate mechanical consequences of induced myocardial ischemia in two experimental models: canine and human; the correlation between persistent regional myocardial dysfunction and morphologic infarction after sequences of coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion. Many experiments using animal models have demonstrated that acute myocardial ischemia produces almost immediate replacement of normal systolic myocardial wall thickening by systolic thinning. Less is known about the immediate mechanical response of human myocardium to acute ischemia. This was studied in 5 open-chest humans undergoing various cardiac operations. Wall thickening was continuously displayed by a 7 MHz M-mode echocardiographic transducer coupled to the epicardium by suction to maintain constant position. Coronary flow velocity was displayed by a pulsed Doppler device coupled to an epicardial coronary artery by suction. Ischemia was induced by the surgeon who manually occluded the coronary artery with a soft-tipped Kitner dissector or vascular forceps for 30 seconds. It was found that cessation of coronary flow was accompanied by reductions in normal systolic thickening but systolic thinning or expansion only rarely occurred. In contrast, when the identical techniques were used in 5 dogs, systolic thinning always occurred immediately after coronary arterial occlusion. This suggests that there are important species differences between canine and human myocardium in the immediate mechanical response to myocardial ischemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3756578 TI - Electrocardiographic monitoring: temporal versus spatial information and data processing. AB - In the diagnosis of ischemic heart disease, long-term electrocardiographic recording has several distinct advantages. It allows one to relate patient symptoms to cardiac disturbances and to detect asymptomatic events, furnishes the whole spectrum of electrocardiographic alterations accompanying ischemic attacks, reveals the possible ischemic genesis of dysrhythmias, and is the most suitable method to assess the acute and chronic effectiveness of treatment and the evolution of the disease. In addition to its valuable application in the screening and follow-up of ambulatory patients, its use in the Coronary Care Unit is of great interest, being in this context much more sensitive than visual electrocardiographic monitoring. In spite of these advantages, Holter monitoring has several limitations: the recording and replay systems are below recommended standards; the analysis of a single lead is responsible in most systems for the low sensitivity in detecting ischemia occurring in unexplored regions; the period of 24-48 hours, usually adopted for Holter monitoring, may not be sufficient for screening patients with suspected myocardial ischemia due to the unpredictable spontaneous variability of the disease; a common standard of analysis is still lacking and a reliable computerized analysis is needed to manage data overflow. In conclusion, although further research and technical developments are desired to improve reliability and data processing, the role of Holter monitoring appears essential in the ambulatory screening of patients with suspected ischemia for a better characterization of patients with ascertained myocardial ischemia, and for the evaluation of treatment and of the evolution of the disease. PMID- 3756579 TI - Echocardiography in the study of myocardial ischemia in man: the clinical model of Prinzmetal's angina. AB - Standard echocardiography was employed to study the clinical model of myocardial ischemia with ST-segment elevation, well known as Prinzmetal's angina. Ultrasonic monitoring was performed during the appearance of ST-segment elevation, from onset of pain, during an ergonovine maleate test, hemodynamic monitoring, radioisotopic studies and, occasionally, during routine examinations, when spontaneous episodes occurred. Reliability of findings was supported by two important conditions: each patient acted as his own control, since recording was carried out from basal state to basal state, throughout ischemia, or from ischemia to basal state; behaviour of ischemic walls was compared with that of non-ischemic ones. Echocardiographic findings in acute myocardial ischemia were similar both in spontaneous and in induced episodes and were mainly characterized by: decrease in contractility indices of the ischemic segment, such as wall motion and percent systolic thickening; increase in left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic diameter, with a decrease in percent fractional shortening; distorted shape of ventricular cavity, transiently deformed as in a "functional" aneurysm; a sharp demarcation between ischemic and non-ischemic adjacent segment, "step sign", was present only in severe cases. Taking ST-segment elevation as a reference the time sequence of events was studied, correlating mechanical, electric and clinical markers of ischemia. At least three different echocardiographic phases were identified in the evolution of ischemic attacks: Pre-electrocardiographic phase, when mechanical impairment is detected by ultrasounds in the absence of both ST-segment changes and pain; Electrocardiographic phase, when echocardiographic signs of ischemia co-exist with obvious electrocardiographic signs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3756580 TI - Clinical application of monitoring techniques: radioisotopic methods. AB - The availability of mobile gamma cameras or the nearness of nuclear medicine devices to the coronary care unit make the assessment of transient myocardial ischemia by radioisotopic techniques practical. Nuclear cardiology provides information on the presence, site and extent of ischemia and helps the clinician in the evaluation of myocardial functional impairment and recovery. Monitoring of myocardial wall motion by radionuclide ventriculography demonstrates that during angina at rest; global ejection fraction is not always sensitive to regional ischemia; episodes of angina with undetectable electrocardiographic signs of ischemia can be associated with severe myocardial dysfunction; separate left and right phase analysis of radionuclide ventriculography is a sensitive tool to assess segmental dyssynergy localized to the left or the right ventricle; a prevalent right ventricular impairment during ischemia, not measurable by Thallium scintigraphy, is possible; the recovery of function after ischemia is usually fast and apparently complete. In addition, useful diagnostic information can be derived by left ventricular injection of radioactive microspheres during cardiac catheterization followed by gated acquisitions of the intramyocardial radioactivity. Gated microsphere acquisitions, providing diastolic and systolic images, avoid blurring of images due to cardiac motion and enhance contrast between myocardium and background: the overall result is an improved detection and definition of small perfusion defects. Furthermore, this technique permits simultaneous assessment of regional perfusion and wall motion. An appraisal of potential mismatches between flow and function after revascularization procedures can be recognized by this approach. The development of technology is improving the performance of nuclear medicine instrumentation, hampered, at present, by limited spatial and temporal resolution.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3756581 TI - Clinical application of monitoring techniques: hemodynamic monitoring. AB - In the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia continuous hemodynamic monitoring may contribute to detection of transient ischemia, to definition of location and to elimination of its pathogenesis, and to characterization of hemodynamic response to ischemia. It can be helpful in investigating the significance of negligible, non specific and/or short-lasting electrocardiographic changes accompanying typical anginal symptoms. Simultaneous right ventricular and left ventricular pressure monitoring gives information regarding biventricular interaction during episodes of transient ischemia: an early left ventricular dysfunction, with or without a late right ventricular impairment, a selective right dysfunction, and a simultaneous left ventricular and right ventricular impairment all represent the hemodynamic patterns associated with left, right and biventricular ischemia respectively. Monitoring of hemodynamic parameters related to myocardial oxygen consumption and the study of their changes preceding the onset of ischemia during both spontaneous and provoked episodes of ischemia, may help in identifying whether functional or organic factors or both are involved in the pathogenesis of transient ischemia in individual patients. Two principal hemodynamic patterns appear to be associated with transient ischemia: a) left ventricular and/or right ventricular impairment, usually beginning shortly before the onset of electrocardiographic changes, followed by a rapid recovery and often an overshooting, b) a sudden and sustained increase in systolic pressure and heart rate, simultaneous with the onset of ST-T changes. In both cases, the 'excitatory' pattern appears to be unrelated to pain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3756582 TI - Clinical application of monitoring techniques: coronary sinus blood flow monitoring. AB - Measurement of coronary sinus blood flow by continuous thermodilution is a well established technique for the clinical study of myocardial perfusion. More recently, advances in catheter technology enabled regional left ventricular flow measurements. In particular, measurement of flow from the great cardiac vein appears to accurately reflect the perfusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. This regional approach allowing the correlation with coronary arterial anatomy, has contributed to an improved understanding of the mechanisms by which functional factors interact with organic narrowing in the genesis of myocardial ischemia at rest, during provocative tests and during exercise. In addition, it has provided useful information in the evaluation of antianginal drugs through the discrimination between the effects on coronary resistance and myocardial oxygen consumption. PMID- 3756583 TI - Problems related to the detection of myocardial ischemia caused by coronary vasospasm. AB - We compared the sensitivity of three commonly used provocative tests, exercise, ergonovine and the cold pressor test, in a series of 34 hospitalized patients with well-documented, active variant angina. All tests were performed off medication at the same time of day, usually on 3 consecutive days. Angina was provoked by ergonovine in all 34 patients, by exercise in 17 and by the cold pressor test in only 5 (p less than 0.005). ST elevation developed during the ergonovine test in 32 (94%), during exercise in 10 (29%) and during the cold pressor test in only 3 (9%). With ergonovine one patient had ST depression only and one had no ECG changes. During the cold pressor test two patients had pseudonormalization of abnormally negative T waves and 29 had no ECG changes. Exercise induced T wave pseudonormalization in 4 patients, ST depression in 9 others and no ECG changes in 11. Thus, in patients with active variant angina, the sensitivity of the cold pressor test and exercise are too low to be useful clinically. Other studies suggest that the sensitivity of hyperventilation or provoked alkalosis is higher, but not as high as ergonovine administration. In patients who have become asymptomatic, either with treatment or spontaneously, the sensitivity of all tests decreases markedly. If such patients no longer have coronary spasm, the test is not a 'false negative' but a 'true negative'. Deaths have been reported following ergonovine administration and for this reason the test is not universally accepted.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3756584 TI - Presence and evolution of coronary atherosclerosis in relation to clinical and electrocardiographic patterns of myocardial ischemia. AB - The pathophysiology of ischemic heart disease is multifaceted. Atherosclerosis, spasm, thrombosis, and embolism, alone and in combination, play a role in the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia. The effect of coronary occlusive disease may vary from patient to patient, producing stable or unstable angina, or myocardial infarction. Myocardial ischemia occurs when there has been an acute imbalance between oxygen demand and supply. A number of variables alter the relationship between the presence of myocardial ischemia and the degree of coronary stenosis. These include the length, location, and geometry of the stenosis; the presence or absence of collateral vessels; and the coronary arterial tone. Coronary arteriography has shown the same general extent and distribution of coronary artery disease in patients with stable and unstable angina. Differences in the severity of coronary artery disease emerge when the various forms of unstable angina pectoris are considered separately. More severe coronary disease is present in patients who present with a crescendo pattern of angina and in those who display either ST-segment deviations or T-wave inversions during chest pain. The precise mechanism for the production of unstable angina in any individual patient is unknown but may be related to several factors, including the rapid progression of coronary artery disease just before or during the onset of unstable angina; or intermittent transient coronary artery occlusion resulting from spasm, platelet aggregation, or thrombosis. PMID- 3756585 TI - Hyperemic myocardial perfusion imaging for noninvasive detection of coronary disease in man: comparison of treadmill exercise and intravenous dipyridamole infusion. AB - To further understand hyperemic myocardial perfusion imaging, the effects of exercise and intravenous dipyridamole on coronary flow, coronary stenosis luminal area, stenosis flow resistance, and regional myocardial perfusion were evaluated in patients with arteriographically documented coronary artery disease. Coronary hemodynamics were assessed in 24 patients undergoing routine diagnostic catheterization. Coronary flow was measured by coronary sinus thermodilution. Computer assisted stenosis measurements were made. During isometric handgrip coronary sinus flow increased to 1.7 X baseline value, and epicardial coronary arteries constricted to increase predicted stenosis flow resistance by 40%. A 4 minute intravenous dipyridamole infusion (0.56 mg/kg) increased coronary sinus flow to 2.4 X baseline with, on average, no change in the stenotic coronary lumen diameter. During simultaneous isometric handgrip and dipyridamole infusion coronary sinus flow increased to 3.3 X baseline value and stenosis flow resistance increased an average of 36%. Regional myocardial perfusion was assessed in 33 patients by thallium201 myocardial perfusion imaging following maximal treadmill exercise and again following intravenous dipyridamole infusion. Regional thallium201 imaging effects were correlated with measurements of angiographic coronary disease. Sensitivity and specificity for detecting a greater than or equal to 50% stenosis were 85% and 64% (p less than .005), respectively, for dipyridamole and 84% and 68% (p less than .005) for exercise thallium201. In summary, coronary blood flow increases with isometric exercise and is near maximal following intravenous dipyridamole. Quantitative arteriographic techniques demonstrate isometric exercise-induced constriction of coronary stenoses and increased stenosis flow resistance. Stenosis flow resistance increases following intravenous dipyridamole only for severe (greater than or equal to 65%) lesions. Treadmill exercise and intravenous dipyridamole are comparably effective hyperemic stimuli for creating regional perfusion differences for the noninvasive detection of coronary disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3756586 TI - Effects of brief periods of myocardial ischemia on regional myocardial function and creatine kinase release in conscious dogs and baboons. AB - The effects of 15 min periods of coronary occlusion on global and regional myocardial function, plasma creatine kinase (CK) and isoenzyme MB CK activity and subsequent myocardial necrosis were studied in 15 conscious dogs and 9 conscious baboons. Overall left ventricular (LV) function was assessed with measurements of LV systolic and diastolic pressures, rate of change of LV pressure, LV dP/dt. Regional LV function was assessed with measurements of regional segment length and velocity of shortening and/or regional LV wall thickening. An implanted hydraulic occluder on either the left anterior descending or circumflex coronary artery was inflated for 15 min. This induced complete loss of segment length shortening and systolic wall thickening (ultrasonic transit time technique). With release of the occlusion and reperfusion, recovery of regional mechanical function was delayed, but did occur after 6 hrs. Serial plasma enzyme activity revealed a significant increase in total CK as well as MB CK. At autopsy, neither gross pathological evidence (TTC-technique) nor histological evidence of myocyte necrosis was observed. Thus, in the conscious dog as well as in the conscious baboon, short episodes of intense myocardial ischemia do not result in a permanent deficit of myocardial function or necrosis. However, during the early phase of reperfusion, significant depression of regional mechanical function is observed associated with significant appearance of total CK and MB CK in the blood. PMID- 3756587 TI - Assessing the physiological significance of coronary obstruction in man. AB - At present, it is widely assumed that the physiological significance of a coronary obstruction can be assessed by measuring percent stenosis on a coronary arteriogram. This assumption is being challenged by physiological measurements of coronary reserve performed in patients at open heart surgery with a Doppler technique. These physiological studies have shown a poor correlation between coronary reserve and percent stenosis. Although stenoses at the ends of the spectrum (less than 10% or greater than 90% diameter narrowing) have expected effects on coronary reserve, stenoses of intermediate severity (10-90%) do not accurately predict coronary reserve in the individual vessel involved. Studies with quantitative angiography indicate that diffuse coronary atherosclerosis, undetected by angiography, is probably the dominant explanation for why percent stenosis does not accurately predict the physiologic significance of coronary obstructions in man. Because the 'gold standard' (percent stenosis) utilized for decades to assess the physiologic significance of coronary obstructive lesions has been seriously challenged, development of other more sophisticated approaches to this problem should be encouraged. PMID- 3756588 TI - Adjustments in regional coronary perfusion accompanying reductions in regional coronary arterial pressure. AB - Regional flow per unit weight has been found to be reduced under basal conditions in areas of human myocardium which are supplied by severely stenotic coronary arteries or are entirely collateral-dependent. Coronary arterial pressure within these areas is presumably reduced substantially in relation to systemic arterial pressure. In experimental animals it has recently been demonstrated that reductions in local coronary arterial pressure can result in reductions in regional myocardial flow (in all transmural layers) before vasodilator reserve is exhausted. Although the functional and metabolic accompaniments of regional flow reductions occurring in the face of vasodilator reserve remain incompletely defined, a reduction in regional metabolic demand is among the possibilities deserving consideration. PMID- 3756589 TI - Coronary arterial angiographic findings during transient myocardial ischemia. AB - Coronary arteriography remains the most precise clinical tool for diagnosis and therapeutical decision concerning patients with coronary artery disease; when performed during a short transient episode of myocardial ischemia, this investigation can afford interesting information. The first part of the paper describes the coronary arterial angiographic findings during ischemia related to increase in myocardial requirements. Thus, a vasoconstrictor reflex can decrease the area of narrowing during handgrip exercise. Other reports have described coronary arterial spasm during exercise in highly selected patients. Coronary arterial angiographic findings during transient decrease of coronary blood flow are described in the second part of this paper. They can rarely be detected spontaneously but most often are provoked. The results obtained with cold pressor, hyperventilation and ergonovine tests are discussed. In this latter provocative test, the incidence of spasm in a population of 2572 patients undergoing coronary angiography is described. PMID- 3756590 TI - Syndrome X: diagnostic criteria and long term prognosis. AB - Patients with syndrome X have an appreciable reduction in coronary reserve, i.e. the dilatory capacity of the coronary resistance vessels. Whereas the intramyocardial vessels are normal, there are degenerative changes in myocardial cells, shown on electron microscopy. Left ventricular function is normal under resting conditions but becomes abnormal during isometric or dynamic stress. The diagnosis of syndrome X is predominantly based on a marked reduction in coronary reserve. Furthermore, delayed T1-wash out and increased glutamate turnover have been observed. Follow-up studies reveal some heterogeneity of patients studied; in patients with syndrome X and left bundle branch block left ventricular function deteriorates progressively. PMID- 3756591 TI - Rational sequence toward the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia. AB - The technological progress in cardiovascular investigation and the recent advances in our understanding of both the pathophysiology of myocardial ischemia and the natural course of ischemic heart disease have challenged the classical diagnostic approach toward myocardial ischemia based on symptoms and short lasting electrocardiographic recordings. In fact, one must consider that: ischemia may be asymptomatic; coronary atherosclerosis is not the only cause of ischemia and may coexist with normal perfusion even during strenuous exercise while functional factors may reduce coronary blood flow; old and new "markers" of ischemia are affected by a relatively low sensitivity and specificity; the disease course has unpredictable short and long-term variations. The main goals in the diagnostic process are the identification in each patient of the organic and functional factors inducing ischemia and the evaluation of their role in cardiac damage, performance and prognosis. Since the reduction in 'organic' coronary reserve, as usually assessed by exercise stress test, can be overestimated by a functional increase in coronary tone (fixed vs dynamic stenosis), the idea of repeated tests or of a reference test during therapy with nitrates or calcium antagonists has been conceived. Transient functional increase in coronary resistance can be indirectly estimated by comparing cardiac work during spontaneous or provoked ischemia with the reference exercise ischemic threshold; increases in heart rate and/or blood pressure before or during ischemia do not exclude a primary reduction of coronary blood flow unless they reach the reference value of coronary reserve.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3756592 TI - Ischemic heart disease: clinical and pathological mismatch. AB - Disagreements between dynamic and postmortem morphology arise mainly from different imaging and selection of study population. The high frequency of severe and multivessel atherosclerotic stenosis in non cardiac patients and healthy subjects dying accidentally questions the direct cause-effect relationship between stenosis and ischemic heart disease; supports the view the dramatically enlarged collaterals always found in this condition may have an adequate compensatory role; and suggests the ineffectiveness of occlusion at the site of severe stenosis already bypassed by collaterals. The degree and number of severe stenoses in ischemic heart disease do not predict onset, course, complications, infarct size or death. On the other hand, the presence in this disease of three different types of morpho-functional myocardial damage indicate that different pathogenic mechanisms exist. Complications and death appear related more to metabolic disorders linked with adrenergic unbalance than to ischemia and subsequent expansion of primary infarct necrosis. Finally, postmortem findings show that lympho-plasmacellular inflammation of coronary atherosclerotic plaques is significantly more frequent (100% acute infarct, 88% chronic ischemia, 83% sudden coronary death, 64% healthy controls), severe and diffuse in all plaques in single patients compared to controls. Its preferential location around pericoronary nerves suggests the working hypothesis that it may be the cause of spasm and/or regional alterations of cardiac contractility with extravascular compression of the intramyocardial vasculature. These functional mechanisms could explain the cineangio imaging of coronary cut off rather than thrombus. PMID- 3756593 TI - Quantification of myocardial perfusion by contrast echocardiography. AB - Two-dimensional echocardiography allows identification of myocardial perfusion defects due to coronary artery occlusion by detection of regional wall motion abnormalities and absence of myocardial echocontrast enhancement after injection of echocontrast agents into the aortic root. In the current study twelve anesthetized closed chest dogs were examined before and after balloon occlusion of a coronary vessel. Size of perfusion defects was determined morphologically by Evans blue staining, while the circumferential extent of regional wall motion abnormality was calculated using radial wall motion analysis of the two dimensional echocardiogram. Four mL of SH U 454 were injected into the aortic root for echocontrast studies. Perfusion defects in the echocardiogram were determined planimetrically in the analog two-dimensional echocardiographic image. In addition, perfusion defects in the contrast echocardiogram were estimated by a digital image processing technique along a circumferential mid-wall line. Along this line the time-intensity curves of the myocardial echocontrast were also calculated. There was a linear correlation between morphological determination of perfusion defects and their planimetric estimate in the contrast echocardiogram. The linear regression equation was y = 0.98x + 4.63, r = 0.92, and the standard error of estimate for the echocardiographic examination was SEE = 4.4%. Digital image processing did not increase accuracy in determining the size of perfusion defects (r = 0.88; y = 1.01x + 3.33; SEE = 5.7%). By comparing the extent of regional wall motion abnormalities with the size of anatomic perfusion defects there was a correlation of r = 0.85; SEE = 6.2%; y = 0.71x + 10.50.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3756594 TI - Myocardial ischemia in man: current concepts, changing views and future investigation. AB - Over the past few years the focus of patient management has begun to extend from the mere detection and treatment of chronic coronary atherosclerotic obstructions to the attempt to understand, diagnose and treat the varied mechanisms responsible for acute myocardial ischemia. Management of patients with ischemic episodes is directed to: control of symptoms and/or signs of ischemia; improve prognosis. Several types of effective drugs are available but because of the incomplete knowledge of pathogenesis their use is still largely empirical. When medical therapy fails, surgery and angioplasty can improve coronary flow reserve considerably and even bring it back to normal. In contrast the goal of improving prognosis is more difficult to assess on an individual basis due to the heterogeneity of groups sufficiently large to ensure statistical analysis in long term follow-up and randomised studies. This makes it impossible to apply the average risk of a group to individual patients. For the future, major challenges remain: it will be necessary to learn more not only about the pathogenesis of coronary atherosclerosis but also about the vasomotor control of large and small coronary arteries, the local and systemic factors leading to coronary thrombosis, the myocardial and coronary response to ischemia, and the genesis of ischemic arrhythmias. Finally, since for the majority of coronary patients management is more often concerned with prognosis than with symptoms, we ought to know in more detail the natural history of the various forms of ischemic heart disease: if any given patient is to be allocated with reasonable precision to a prognostic group, the criteria used to categorize patients must be accurate and multiple. PMID- 3756595 TI - Diagnosis of myocardial ischemia in man. Concluding remarks: the "stunned" cardiologist. AB - According to Sherrington, the integrative skill of the nervous system allows the organism to react to the environment 'as a whole' and not 'as a mere collection of organs'. Similarly, the cardiologist--both in research and in patient care- cannot consider the heart 'as a mere collection of techniques'. In general, any new techniques leads to better understanding of disease, and at the same time to better understanding of the value and limitations of the methods in use. The ability to integrate different technical information in sound clinical reasoning, the ability to talk, understand and convey confidence to the patient as a human, will further increase in importance with the growth of technology. The alternative is that cardiologists will disappear, to be replaced by a bunch of 'stunned' subspecialists. PMID- 3756596 TI - Circulatory markers of nervous activation during myocardial ischemia. AB - In man, electrocardiographic changes typical of transient myocardial ischemic episodes can be accompanied by increases in arterial pressure and heart rate or, at the opposite side of the spectrum, by decreases in arterial pressure and heart rate. It has been clearly proved that all of these changes can occur independently of the perception of pain. Transient ischemic episodes associated with hypotension and bradycardia or hypotension without the tachycardia that could be expected from a baroreceptive mechanism, are likely to reflect a depressor reflex mediated by cardiac vagal afferent fibers. It is a clinical and experimental working hypothesis that these depressor reflexes would characterise more severe episodes of ischemia: in clinics, those accompanied by signs of acute ventricular failure; in the laboratory, those induced by "global" ischemia. On the other hand, ischemic episodes associated with hypertension and tachycardia, usually thought to depend on a pain mechanism, are likely to reflect a pressor reflex mediated by cardiac sympathetic afferent fibers. It is our hypothesis that these pressor reflexes from the heart are the most frequent companions of less severe ischemic episodes, whether or not signalled by anginal pain. In the laboratory, a pressor reflex can be constantly obtained with a limited "regional" ischemia. These neural mechanisms, that should be analyzed independently of any teleologic reasoning, may be of paramount importance not only in determining the hemodynamic profile accompanying ischemic episodes, but in inducing those local changes in visceral neural activity that an increasing evidence indicates as crucial factors in arrhythmias and coronary death. PMID- 3756597 TI - Electrophysiology and electrocardiology of acute myocardial ischemia. AB - Transmembrane potentials and local direct current extracellular electrograms were simultaneously recorded from intact, isolated porcine and canine hearts, perfused according to the Langendorff technique with a 1:1 mixture of blood and Tyrode solution. Regional ischemia was produced by clamping the left anterior descending coronary artery. The first change produced by ischemia was a loss of resting membrane potential, resulting in a depression of the TQ-segment in the local electrogram. Later, action potential amplitude decreased, leading to true ST segment elevation. Action potential shortening of ischemic cells caused positive T waves, provided activation delay was not marked. When activation of ischemic cells was considerably delayed, and repolarization in the ischemic area occurred later than in non-ischemic myocardium, local T waves became negative. Changes in TQ- and ST-segments and in T waves of local electrograms can qualitatively be explained by local current circuits, resulting from intracellular potential differences between ischemic and normal cells in the different phases of the cardiac cycle. ST-segment elevation, as recorded with conventional, condenser coupled, alternating current amplifiers, can be caused by a diastolic current of injury (due to depolarization of resting membrane potential), or to a combination of diastolic and systolic current of injury (due to a reduction of action potential amplitude). PMID- 3756598 TI - Mechanisms of transient myocardial ischemia. AB - The second Pisa Conference nine years ago established the frequency of transient reduction of coronary flow, as a cause of angina. Understanding of mechanisms remains very incomplete and there is great overlap between different clinical syndromes. The following facts appear established: Episodes of spontaneous ischemia are frequently asymptomatic and may occur even in patients with classic stable angina of effort: Large coronary arteries exhibit tone; they do not take part in autoregulation: In the presence of advanced organic obstruction, large coronary artery tone may be sufficiently increased by physiological alpha adrenergic stimulation to provoke ischemia. The following deductions seem justifiable: Clinically, increased large coronary tone can be suspected as a cause of ischemia when there is a background of severe organic coronary narrowing with effort angina, when rest attacks occur in association with stimuli such as cold or isometric stress and when their frequency can be reduced by alpha blockade: Spasm, as distinct from physiological increase in tone, can be suspected when there is minimal organic disease, an absence of effort angina and when attacks are unrelated to stress: The mechanism of spasm is unknown; it may be associated with intimal trauma and probably is more frequent in the presence of early atherosclerotic change: Spasm may be simulated by pseudo-spasm where a physiological increase in tone may cause marked luminal narrowing at a site of still pliable quite mild intimal proliferation; it may be suspected when apparent localised spasm is associated with diffuse acute narrowing of all coronary arteries. Apart from the smooth muscle, acute luminal narrowing with rest angina can result from coronary thrombosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3756599 TI - Myocardial ischemia without pain: recognition and clinical picture. AB - Recognition of the various syndromes of asymptomatic coronary artery disease often depends on the fortuitous observation of ECG abnormalities during stress testing or routine examinations. The clinical picture of silent myocardial ischemia--the most prevalent of the syndromes--depends on whether patients are totally asymptomatic, are asymptomatic after an infarction, or have angina. As with symptomatic disease, prognosis appears related to the extent of vessel disease and left ventricular dysfunction. PMID- 3756600 TI - When are arrhythmias and conduction disturbances markers of myocardial ischemia at rest? AB - Myocardial ischemia, particularly when transmural as in variant angina pectoris, may be associated with ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation and paroxysmal atrioventricular block (15%). Syncope (7%) and sudden death (3%) due to these malignant arrhythmias are sometimes a unique marker of myocardial ischemia. Two-hundred fifty-four patients (220 males and 34 females), aged 5 +/- 9 years with transmural myocardial ischemia related to coronary artery spasm, were studied. Particular attention was paid to the role of syncopal attacks as unique clinical manifestation of silent ischemia. Patients examined were divided into 3 Groups. Group 1 includes 5/254 (2%) patients with atrial fibrillation during acute ischemia. Group 2 was divided into four subgroups: subgroup A includes 17/254 (7%) patients with syncopal attacks due to malignant arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia and advanced A-V block); subgroup B, 15/254 (6%) patients with documented malignant arrhythmias, without syncopal attacks; subgroup C, 7/254 (3%) with ventricular fibrillation during acute ischemia and subgroup D, 18/254 (7%) patients with history of syncopal attacks without documented arrhythmias during hospital observation. Group 3 includes 17/254 (7%) patients with left anterior hemiblock in basal condition, 7/254 (3%) patients with left anterior hemiblock and one left posterior hemiblock during acute ischemia and one patient with right bundle branch block during acute ischemia. Syncopal symptoms are present in many of these cases of angina pectoris; paroxysmal A-V block is documented in nearly half of the cases with syncope (65%); ventricular tachycardia is frequently demonstrated during ischemia but leads to syncope in only a few cases; patients with syncope do not present specific clinical features.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3756601 TI - Echocardiographic documentation of myocardial ischemia in presence of angina pectoris without ST-T changes. AB - A frequent clinical problem is to document the elusive entity of electrocardiographically silent myocardial ischemia. Since echocardiography offers a practical tool to detect reversible mechanical changes due to ischemia, 32 patients with angina on effort, and coronary artery disease, and 15 patients with angina at rest were studied. In all 47 patients electrocardiographic changes during effort or rest pain were inconclusive. Combined 12 lead electrocardiographic and 2-Dimensional echocardiographic monitoring were performed: during ergonovine testing in the 15 patients with angina at rest; during dipyridamole testing in the 32 patients with effort angina and a non diagnostic stress test. Interpretable echocardiograms were obtained in all the patients studied. Positivity of both the Ergonovine-Echocardiographic test and the Dipyridamole-Echocardiographic test was based upon the detection of regional transient asynergy. Of the 15 patients who had chest pain at rest in the absence of diagnostic electrocardiographic changes, Ergonovine-Echocardiographic test was positive in 6 (40%). Of the 32 patients who had chest pain in absence of diagnostic electrocardiographic changes during exercise stress testing, the Dipyridamole-Echocardiographic test was positive in 18 (56%). Echocardiographic monitoring in combination with provocative testing (ergonovine and dipyridamole) may be a practical, non invasive, inexpensive tool which is feasible in all patients with good basal echocardiograms and is able to unmask electrocardiographically silent myocardial ischemia by providing objective mechanical evidence of the ischemic event. PMID- 3756602 TI - ST-segment, T-wave, and U-wave changes during myocardial ischemia and after myocardial infarction. AB - This review deals with the pathogenesis of ischemia-related abnormalities of ventricular repolarization. The most common repolarization abnormality during acute myocardial ischemia is the deviation of ST segment from the baseline due to diastolic and systolic currents of injury. The patterns of primary and reciprocal ST deviations during and after myocardial infarction are discussed. A very tall upright or a deeply inverted T wave, and shortened QT interval are transient phenomena followed by postischemic T wave abnormalities associated with QT lengthening. These changes are associated with lengthening of the ventricular action potentials at the border of infarction. Persistence of ST elevation after myocardial infarction is usually associated with ventricular dyskinesia. The differential diagnosis of this pattern and its possible mechanism are discussed. Also the mechanisms of ST alternans, T alternans and negative U waves, i.e. less common manifestations of myocardial ischemia are discussed. Studies of exercise induced T wave normalization suggest that the behavior of primary T wave abnormalities after exercise does not alter the interpretation of the ischemic changes. T wave abnormalities are frequently non-specific but the post myocardial infarction T wave changes persist after administration of isoproterenol while various functional and neurogenic T wave abnormalities are corrected by isoproterenol. PMID- 3756603 TI - When the electrocardiogram fails to define site and extent of myocardial ischemia. AB - Information on the anatomical site of myocardial ischemia and infarction is commonly derived from the 12-lead electrocardiogram; however, correspondence between an electrocardiogram lead, showing ischemic changes and actual location of ischemia is not always present. In our experience, a good correspondence between the electrocardiogram and perfusion defects was found in patients with angina at rest and anterior ST segment elevation or normalization of negative T wave while patients with transient ST segment depression showed perfusion defects which correlated less with electrocardiographic changes. In addition, patients with ischemic episodes at rest and with inferior ST segment elevation, right or left ventricular ischemia were indistinguishable on the basis of the electrocardiogram as documented by Thallium-201 scintigraphy and radionuclide ventriculography. In effort angina, the site and extension of ST segment depression, even in patients with single vessel disease, failed to localize the actual anatomical location of myocardial ischemia. In patients with persistent ST segment depression and/or negative T waves, and clinically documented myocardial necrosis, transmural and non-transmural persistent perfusion defects were found in spite of absence of Q waves. In these patients, late normalization of the electrocardiogram did not correspond to normalization of flow. In conclusion, electrocardiographic changes do not always provide correct information regarding the presence, location and extent of myocardial ischemia and a multiparametric approach is often required in order to characterize ischemic and/or necrotic areas. PMID- 3756604 TI - Regional myocardial blood flow and function in experimental myocardial ischemia. AB - Experiments are reviewed in conscious dogs instrumented with ultrasonic crystals for measuring systolic wall thickening and myocardial blood flow (microsphere technique), and studied under a variety of conditions during acute or chronic circumflex coronary stenosis. With acute progressive stenosis, a nearly linear relation was found between normalized subendocardial flow and function. There were no consistent ST segment changes in the body surface electrocardiogram if wall thickening was less than 25%, although changes occurred in the subendocardial electrogram. The regional flow-function relation was then examined during exercise with various degrees of coronary stenosis; the mean flow-function relation was shifted to the right of the resting relation, but when subendocardial flow was expressed per beat and function normalized as a fraction of that in normal wall the relationship was superimposable upon the resting relation, suggesting that ischemia is absolute (not relative) in the subendocardium during steady state conditions. When the normal increase of wall thickening during exercise was prevented by mild coronary stenosis ischemia could not be clearly detected, but when function during exercise averaged 20% below the resting value, subendocardial blood flow changes and other evidence of ischemia were readily apparent, indicating the sensitivity of wall motion for detecting subcritical coronary stenosis. The regional flow-function relation was also studied in chronic single vessel coronary artery stenosis (ameroid constrictor), in which function was normal at rest (collateral development) but exercise produced large decreases in both regional flow and function. At matched levels of treadmill exercise, a calcium channel blocker (diltiazem) together with beta blockade (atenolol) produced an additive effect that was greater than with either drug alone, with substantial increases in both subendocardial flow and regional function. Finally, studies showing reversible post-reperfusion dysfunction after 15 minutes or two hours of coronary occlusion are reviewed. Partial ischemia for 5-hours, followed by reperfusion also produced regional dysfunction which persisted for at least 3 days but reverted to normal by one week, with little or no histologic damage of the free wall. These studies on regional flow and function during ischemia may carry implications for a number of important clinical phenomena. PMID- 3756605 TI - Q-wave infarction: pathophysiology of body surface potential map and ventriculographic patterns in anterior and inferior groups. AB - To define and relate the body surface electrocardiographic and left ventricular wall motion patterns in the acute phase of Q-wave infarction, we recorded 120 lead body surface potential maps and radionuclear angiograms in 29 patients on the fifth day of their first infarction. By standard 12-lead electrocardiographic criteria, 17 patients were designated as anterior infarction and 12 as inferior infarction. Body surface map infarct patterns in the anterior group were characterized primarily by abnormal Q-wave, negative Q-zone and positive ST segment integral patterns over the anterior torso and little reciprocal change. The maps of the inferior patient group were characterized primarily by depolarization and repolarization infarct patterns over the inferior torso and marked reciprocal changes in all integral patterns over the anterior torso. Both groups displayed infarct patterns over a common area of the right anterior inferior torso. In the anterior group depolarization minima and repolarization maxima were clustered in a small precordial area; in the inferior group the same extrema were widely scattered over the inferior torso, both anteriorly and posteriorly. Segmental left ventricular wall motion analysis revealed that the 3 most commonly and most severely involved segments were the same in both infarct groups--apical, infero-apical and antero-lateral. Basal septum and antero-basal segmental dysfunction were exclusive to the anterior group; postero-lateral and infero-basal involvement, to the inferior group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3756606 TI - Can body surface mapping improve the diagnostic power of standard electrocardiography in effort myocardial ischemia? AB - Limitations of the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram in sensitivity, specificity and information content on the effort induced ischemic process might be partly due to an inadequate sampling of cardiac electrical events. An extensive array of electrodes is an effective way to verify this hypothesis. Actually body surface mapping provides: a 10-15% increase in diagnostic yield mainly in patients with mild coronary artery disease and elusive signs of ischemia in standard leads a very approximate indication of the extent of coronary artery disease a substantial contribution to the identification of the site of ischemia. Regarding the last point, preliminary results of an ongoing study are reported. One hundred and three patients with recent myocardial infarction have been studied by exercise test with simultaneous recording of surface map and Thallium 201 scan. So far in the subset with inferior myocardial infarction (76 patients) three different map patterns corresponding to different ischemic regions (anterior, inferior and posterior) have been identified. In anterior myocardial infarction (27 patients) a characteristic map pattern for exercise-induced myocardial ischemia has been observed, apparently able to discriminate between ischemia and the changes of early repolarization induced by the dyskinesia of the infarcted ventricular wall. In conclusion, electrocardiographic mapping makes a practical contribution to the understanding of ischemia-induced cardiac electrical events. PMID- 3756607 TI - Evidence for local DNA influences on patterns of substitutions in the human alpha interferon gene family. AB - The evolutionary history of genes can be used to examine patterns of spontaneous mutation if the sequences are sufficiently extensive to provide reliable data. Many human alpha-interferon genes have been sequenced and they form a large multigene family including several pseudogenes. A phylogenetic history for 15 human interferon sequences was reconstructed and their ancestral sequences inferred using a maximum parsimony method. This evolutionary history provided a record of more than 738 spontaneous mutations that have occurred in man's recent evolution. Of these mutations, more than 267 base substitution and deletion insertion events were analyzed to determine the possible effects of nearby DNA sequences. Many substitutions occur at the end of long runs of identical bases and some dinucleotide pairs may mutate more often than others. Because templating by local DNA sequences has been implicated in prokaryotic mutation, the sequences were also examined for nearby repeats that include the substituted nucleotide and hence are potentially capable of templating the substitution. The majority of sequence alterations examined have either a similar direct repeat or palindrome nearby. Often such templates can account for simultaneous multiple mutations. These results suggest that sequence-directed events may occur occasionally in eukaryotes and that neighbouring DNA sequences can influence both the occurrence and types of mutations in several different ways. PMID- 3756608 TI - Chromosome banding in salmonid fishes: nucleolar organizer regions in Oncorhynchus. AB - Chromosome banding patterns obtained by silver staining and chromomycin a3 (CMA3) staining were analyzed in six species of Oncorhynchus: O. tshawytscha, O. kisutch, O. keta, O. nerka, and O. gorbuscha from North America and O. masou from Japan. Four different chromosomal locations of the nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) were found in different species. In O. tshawytscha, O. kisutch, and O. masou the NORs comprised the entire short arms of one medium-sized acrocentric chromosome pair. In O. nerka the NORs were found in an interstitial band on the short arms of one submetacentric chromosome pair and in O. gorbuscha proximal to the centromere on one metacentric chromosome pair. In O. keta the NORs were found on the telomeres of one small submetacentric chromosome pair. As in the related genera Salmo and Salvelinus chromomycin A3 positive bands were found at the same sites as the AgNORs in all species. Salmonid fish are assumed to be ancestral tetraploids and the considerable differences in chromosome number between different species are thought to be the result of chromosomal fusions after tetraploidization. In all members of the genus Oncorhynchus the rearrangements have resulted in the consolidation of the NORs on a single chromosome pair. The possible significance of intra- and inter-species NOR polymorphisms is discussed. PMID- 3756609 TI - Reproduction and the origin of polyploids in hybrid salamanders of the genus Ambystoma. AB - Eggs and larvae produced by diploid, triploid, and tetraploid females collected from breeding ponds on Pelee Island in Lake Erie were studied to examine the reproductive mechanism. No instance of parthenogenesis was found as all examined females required sperm to produce viable progeny. Diploid females produced diploid and triploid larvae, triploid females produced triploid and tetraploid larvae, and tetraploid females produced triploid and tetraploid larvae. The majority of the eggs produced by hybrid females do not develop or do not complete embryogenesis. Electrophoretic examination of females and their offspring demonstrate that the male genome is being incorporated in reduced as well as unreduced eggs produced by all three ploidy classes of females. The elevation of ploidy among Pelee Island Ambystoma is attributed to sperm incorporation in unreduced eggs. Triploid as well as tetraploid individuals are constantly being produced. A critical examination of the literature on parthenogenetic or gynogenetic modes of reproduction in North America Ambystoma hybrids shows no conclusive evidence supporting these modes and it is suggested that the reproductive mechanism found among Pelee Island female hybrids may be more generally applied to other hybrid Ambystoma populations. PMID- 3756610 TI - Heterochromatin organization in the nucleus of Indian muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak). AB - The heterochromatin in Indian muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak) is located at the periphery of primary constrictions of all the chromosomes. The X chromosome contains significantly larger amounts of heterochromatin than the rest of the complement by C-banding technique. However, the small portion of C-band region was found to be resistant by restriction endonuclease HaeIII (5'...GG decreases CC...3') and was clearly visible on the nucleus. Therefore, the position of this large heterochromatic segment is examined at somatic metaphases. The distribution of the heterochromatin of the X chromosome observed in Indian muntjac is contrary to the general pattern observed in other species, i.e., the chromosomes consisting greater amount of heterochromatin are located more peripherally than those with lesser amount. However, the smaller Y chromosome (Y1) is frequently found at the periphery. The present findings suggest that the role of heterochromatin organization in the nucleus vary between different heterochromatic segments of the same species and vary from species to species. PMID- 3756611 TI - The orbicularis stripping operation for intractable blepharospasm: surgical results in eighteen patients. AB - The orbicularis stripping operation may be the only method of relieving the symptoms of essential blepharospasm when medical means and botulinum toxin injections fail. PMID- 3756612 TI - Oncocytoma of the lacrimal caruncle. AB - Two cases of oncocytoma of the lacrimal caruncle are presented. This benign tumour is characterized by a uniform population of epithelial cells with abundant, finely granular, eosinophilic cytoplasm. The granules stain blue with Mallorys phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin and can be identified as mitochondria by electron microscopy. An additional 35 cases from the literature are reviewed. The tumour usually occurs in people over the age of 60 years and is more common in women (male:female ratio of 1:5). PMID- 3756613 TI - Traumatic disinsertion of the superior rectus. AB - The authors report the findings and management of traumatic disinsertion of the superior rectus occurring in a 55-year-old woman. PMID- 3756614 TI - Giant papillary conjunctivitis from an exposed prolene suture. AB - We document an example of unilateral giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC) following division of a fine-gauge prolene suture employed several months earlier to close a cataract incision. Release of surgically induced astigmatism required relaxation of the suture. The conjunctival response abated with removal of the retained suture fragments. The conjunctival reaction was biopsied and shown to be similar histopathologically to that seen in GPC associated with vernal conjunctivitis and contact lens wear. PMID- 3756615 TI - Branching characteristics of human coronary arteries. AB - Branching angles and branch diameters were measured in a total of 850 arterial junctions in the coronary networks of two human hearts. Comparison is made with similar data obtained previously from the coronary networks of rats, and with what is considered to be optimum on theoretical grounds. It is concluded that the branching characteristics of the human coronary arteries are closer to the theoretical optimum than those of the coronary networks of rats. While the human data exhibit some departure from optimality and a good amount of scatter, these are well within levels observed elsewhere in the cardiovascular systems of man and animals, and considerably better than those found in the coronary networks of rats. The departure from optimality, in terms of physiological cost to the system, is within 5% for most data points. PMID- 3756616 TI - Effects of triiodothyronine and carnitine therapy on myocardial dysfunction in diabetic rats. AB - Streptozocin-diabetic rats were treated with a combination of triiodothyronine and carnitine for 6 weeks. These compounds were used as they are known to correct the diabetes-induced depression of cardiac myosin ATPase and sarcoplasmic reticular (SR) calcium uptake, respectively. Myocardial performance, which was assessed using the working heart preparation, revealed a depression of function in untreated diabetics when compared with controls at most left atrial filling pressures. Hearts from diabetic rats treated with the combination exhibited depression at only the higher filling pressures as compared with untreated or treated controls. The results suggest that functional alterations occurring as a result of diabetes cannot be accounted for by the depression of cardiac myosin ATPase and SR calcium uptake alone. PMID- 3756618 TI - Effects of dieldrin on hepatic carbohydrate metabolism in the suckling and adult rat. AB - Hepatic carbohydrate metabolism was studied in adult and suckling rats given age specific LD50 doses of dieldrin po. These doses in 5-, 10-, and 60-day-old Wistar rats were 38, 28, and 63 mg/kg, respectively. Plasma glucose and free fatty acids (FFA), and hepatic glycogen, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), fructose 1,6-diphosphatase (FDP), and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6P) were measured 1 and 3 h after administration of the insecticide. Plasma glucose concentrations were elevated (17%) in some 5-day-old rats after 1 h and in all adults after 1 and 3 h (45 and 30%, respectively). Plasma FFA concentrations were decreased (9%) in the 5-day-old rat 1 h after dieldrin. Hepatic glycogen content was reduced in both 5- and 10-day-old pups at 1 hour (22 and 17%, respectively). Hepatic FDP activity was elevated in the 5-day-old rat at 1 h (17%) and was decreased (10%) in the 10 day-old rat at 3 h. Hepatic PEPCK activity was increased in adult animals by 30% 1 h after dieldrin. Furthermore, PEPCK activity was increased at 3 h in rats of all ages (76%, 5-day-old pup; 115%, 10-day-old pup; 56%, 60-day-old adult). Hepatic G6P activity was unaltered by dieldrin. Thus only the activity of hepatic PEPCK is consistently elevated by dieldrin exposure. However, this enhanced PEPCK activity is associated with dieldrin-induced hyperglycemia only in the adult rat. PMID- 3756617 TI - Differential effects of adenosine and verapamil on histamine vascular contractions. AB - The present study was undertaken to compare the effects of adenosine and verapamil on histamine-induced contractions in rabbit vascular smooth muscle. Ring segments of rabbit femoral artery were isometrically mounted and contractile responses to histamine (10(-7) to 10(-4) M) were recorded. Verapamil (10(-5) to 10(-4) M) and adenosine (10(-5) to 10(-4) M) produced significant (P less than 0.05) shifts to the right of the histamine dose-response curve in normal physiological salt solution (PSS). Adenosine (10(-4) M) had no effect on the contractile responses to histamine in calcium-deplete PSS but significantly (P less than 0.01) increased the rate of relaxation (-dT/dt, 16.1 +/- 2.3 mg/s before adenosine, 53.7 +/- 7.0 mg/s during adenosine). In calcium-free PSS, verapamil (10(-4) M) had no effects on histamine-induced contractions, nor did it affect the spontaneous rate of relaxation. These findings suggest that the relaxant responses to adenosine, like verapamil, are partially mediated through blockade of external calcium influx, while adenosine, unlike verapamil, appears to have an additional intracellular mode of action. PMID- 3756619 TI - Uptake of the hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 by the dog liver. AB - The hepatic uptake of the hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 has been studied, in vivo, using the multiple indicator dilution technique. The fractional uptake of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 during a single circulatory passage across the dog liver has been estimated at 34.4 +/- 3.3% while its hepatic clearance was estimated at 364.3 +/- 94.1 mL/min. The hepatic uptake of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is discussed in relation to its systemic bioavailability following intravenous or oral administration as well as in relation to the hepatic uptake of other vitamin D sterols; it is postulated that the hepatic uptake of vitamin D sterols does not seem to be mediated by specific receptors on the liver plasma membrane; it seems, however, that the hepatic uptake of vitamin D sterols may be inversely related to their relative affinity for the circulating carrier, the vitamin D binding protein. PMID- 3756620 TI - Effects of tamoxifen citrate and cycloheximide on estradiol induction of rat myometrial gap junctions. AB - Longitudinal muscle of myometrial tissues from immature rats were examined by quantitative thin section electron microscopy for the presence of gap junctions after treatment with estradiol with and without tamoxifen, and cycloheximide for 1-6 days. Gap junctions were present between myometrial cells on days 4, 5, and 6 after treatment with estradiol (500 micrograms/day). Tamoxifen administered concomitantly with estradiol over the 6-day period completely prevented induction of the junctions. Gap junctions were not detected in the myometrium after treatment with tamoxifen alone. Administration of cycloheximide together with estradiol on day 0 of the 6-day period had no effect on gap junction frequency but resulted in a reduction in gap junction size in the myometrium after continued treatment with the hormone. Treatment with cycloheximide on day 1, however, significantly suppressed the effect of further estradiol treatment on the induction of gap junctions in the myometrium. Junctions were not visible in the tissues from animals treated with cycloheximide alone or in the control groups treated with sesame oil. These results indicate that estradiol influences the presence of gap junctions in the myometrium by regulating the synthesis of gap junction proteins through the steroid receptor mechanism. PMID- 3756621 TI - Gastric and duodenal motility in the cat: the role of central innervation assessed by transient vagal blockade. AB - Experiments were performed on four cats to characterize fasting gastric and small bowel motility and to assess the role of extrinsic vagal innervation in the control of that motor activity. A multilumen manometry tube was positioned to record pressure changes from the proximal small bowel and stomach. Transient vagal nerve blockade was accomplished by cooling the cervical vagosympathetic nerve trunks, previously isolated in skin loops on each side of the neck. Two characteristic patterns of basal activity were documented in the stomach: (i) regular phasic contractions of variable amplitude in the body of the stomach; and (ii) infrequent, irregular contractions of high amplitude in the distal antrum. In the duodenum, two predominant activity patterns were noted: (i) periods of continuous irregular activity; and (ii) irregular clusters of contractions separated by quiescent intervals. No typical migrating motor complex activity was seen in the basal gastric or small bowel recordings. Bilateral vagal blockade did not consistently change the general pattern of gastric or small bowel activity, but did appear to reduce gastric contractile activity, as measured by motility indices. We conclude that extrinsic vagal innervation does not play a major role in the control of fasting feline gastric and duodenal motility. PMID- 3756622 TI - Semiautomated analysis of ethanol and acetate in human plasma by head space gas chromatography. AB - Plasma samples (0.5 mL) were analyzed for ethanol and acetate by head space gas chromatography using a Porapak QS column (80-100 mesh). Acetate was esterified to methyl acetate simply by the addition of acidified methanol. The analytical ranges were 1.61-103 and 0.05-1.9 mM for ethanol and acetate, respectively. The within-run coefficients of variation did not exceed 4.7% for acetate and 2.7% for ethanol. After the oral administration of ethanol to two healthy human subjects, the concentration versus time profiles of plasma ethanol and acetate were determined. Acetate concentrations (0.4-0.9 mM) remained quite constant while ethanol was being metabolized and appeared not to be affected by the concentration of ethanol in the range 3-18 mM. The advantages of the method are speed and simplicity. PMID- 3756623 TI - Contribution of Na+ and membrane depolarization to contraction induced by adrenaline in the guinea pig vas deferens. AB - The contribution of Na+ and membrane depolarization to biphasic contractions induced by adrenaline were investigated in the smooth muscle of guinea pig vas deferens. Adrenaline (5 X 10(-6) M) produced an initial small contraction (first contraction) followed by a large tonic contraction (second contraction) with subsequent rhythmic activity. The entire response to adrenaline was largely inhibited by phentolamine (5 X 10(-6) M). By adding an appropriate concentration of Mn2+ (2 X 10(-4) M) or nifedipine (3 X 10(-7) M), a Ca2+ blocker, the second contraction was strongly reduced, accompanied by abolishment of the rhythmic contraction, whereas the first contraction was virtually unaffected. However, the first contraction was markedly suppressed by a higher concentration of Mn2+. All contractions produced by adrenaline were greatly reduced in Ca2+-free solution containing 0.5 mM EGTA. By lowering external Na+ concentration, the first contraction was markedly increased without greatly affecting the second contraction. By exposure to Na+-free isotonic high K+ solution, which elicited a greater depolarization of the membrane, the first contraction produced by adrenaline was also greatly potentiated, while the second and rhythmic contractions were eliminated. These results suggest that the adrenaline-evoked first contraction may be due to an influx of membrane bound Ca2+ which is independent of membrane depolarization, while the second (rhythmic) contraction is due to an influx of extracellular Ca2+ which is dependent upon depolarization. PMID- 3756624 TI - Metabolism and disposition of N-(2-cyanoethyl)amphetamine (fenproporex) and amphetamine: study in the rat brain. AB - N-(2-Cyanoethyl)amphetamine (fenproporex, CE-AM) is a clinically used anorexiant claimed to be devoid of the stimulant properties associated with amphetamine (AM). This claim was inconsistent with preliminary studies conducted in our laboratories which indicated that CE-AM is metabolically dealkylated to AM to a considerable extent in the rat. Concentration-time profiles of CE-AM and its metabolites AM and 4-hydroxyamphetamine (4-OH-AM) in the rat brain were constructed after administration of CE-AM. Analyses of CE-AM, AM, and 4-OH-AM were performed by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection using pentafluorobenzoyl chloride (under aqueous conditions) as the derivatizing reagent. The half-life (t1/2) and the maximum concentration (Cmax) of AM after administration of CE-AM were calculated to be 2.04 and 0.56 times the respective t1/2 and Cmax obtained after an equimolar dose of AM. Significant differences in the profiles of 4-OH-AM were also observed. The Cmax of 4-OH-AM in rat brain after administration of CE-AM was nearly 4 times higher and the tmax (time at which concentration is maximum) 4 times lower than the respective Cmax and tmax values of 4-OH-AM observed after an equimolar dose of AM. PMID- 3756625 TI - Neurogenic dilatation and constriction of rat superior mesenteric artery in vitro: mechanisms and mediators. AB - In the rat superior mesenteric arteries, the mechanical responses to perivascular nerve stimulation were characterized. The predominant response was contraction mediated by the release of norepinephrine, acting postjunctionally on alpha 1 adrenoceptors. These frequency-dependent contractions were unaffected by the alpha 2-selective adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine, but were markedly attenuated by clonidine, the alpha 2-selective adrenoceptor agonist. In the presence of prazosin, the alpha 1-selective antagonist, a significant component of the nerve mediated contraction was still present. At the concentrations used, prazosin, yohimbine, as well as clonidine acted as competitive antagonists of response to exogenous norepinephrine. This differential inhibition of norepinephrine- and nerve-mediated responses suggested the presence of distinct postjunctional adrenoceptors. The effects of clonidine and yohimbine are interpreted to arise from prejunctional modulation of norepinephrine release. In 30 of the 100 vessels studied, there was spontaneous myogenic tone. In these arteries, field stimulation caused frequency- and voltage-dependent relaxations. These responses were neural in origin, dependent on sympathetic nerve activity, but were nonadrenergic and noncholinergic in nature. Naloxone, indomethacin, and substance P inhibited these relaxations with no significant effect on the tone. The opioid agonist, 1-13 dynorphin relaxed these vessels and only naloxone inhibited this response. The effects of these agents were selective against field-stimulated responses since they did not alter the relaxation to the nonspecific agent sodium nitroprusside. These results provide circumstantial evidence for opioid-mediated vascular relaxation that is presynaptically modulated by prostanoids and substance P. PMID- 3756626 TI - Behavioral effect of cholecystokinin octapeptide in vagotomized rats. AB - Cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) was administered intracerebroventricularly (icv) or subcutaneously (sc) into subdiaphragmatically vagotomized and sham operated rats, and the behavioral effects were quantified by an open-field test. Intracerebroventricularly injection of CCK-8 decreased locomotion and rearing to the same extent in both vagotomized and sham-operated rats, while sc injection produced behavioral changes only in sham-operated rats but not in vagotomized ones. The results indicate that CCK-8 affects both central and peripheral receptors, and the vagal nerve may be the major pathway causing behavioral effects from the visceral organs to the brain. PMID- 3756627 TI - The effect of prolonged infusion and withdrawal of angiotensin II in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. AB - In spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and their normotensive Wistar-Kyoto controls (WKY), prolonged intravenous administration of angiotensin II (AII, 0.2 microgram X kg-1 X min-1 for 3h) resulted in similar increases in arterial blood pressure. Heart rate decreased in WKY and increased in SHR. At the end of the infusion, blood pressure dropped substantially in SHR, but not in WKY: at 5 h after AII withdrawal, blood pressure in SHR had fallen from a control value of 172 +/- 3.3 to 146 +/- 3.9 mmHg (p less than 0.01), whereas pressure in WKY had fallen from 116 +/- 3.0 to 107 +/- 4.2 mmHg (statistically non significant). Thus, pressure at 5 h after AII withdrawal was still substantially higher (p less than 0.01) in the SHR than in the WKY. The results demonstrate that the fall in blood pressure following withdrawal of a prolonged infusion of AII in SHR is much less than that reported to occur following withdrawal of a prolonged infusion of vasopressin (AVP) in SHR. PMID- 3756628 TI - Plasma lipids and other factors in the LA/N corpulent rat in the presence of chronic exercise and food restriction. AB - The effects of regular exercise and food restriction were studied in the LA/N corpulent rat up to age 9 months. This congenic strain of the Lister and Albany rat is normotensive, corpulent, and hyperlipidemic when homozygous for the corpulent (cp) gene derived from the Koletsky strain. Food restriction of corpulent animals to the intake of matched lean rats caused body weight to be significantly lower, although not as low as that of the lean animals. Plasma total cholesterol in freely eating sedentary corpulent animals was significantly higher (210 mg/100 mL) than in food-restricted rats (165 mg/100 mL), in which plasma cholesterol was considerably elevated compared with lean rats (80 mg/100 mL). Exercise caused a modest but significant increase in both total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in both corpulent and lean rats. The rise was greater in corpulent rats and, in food-restricted exercising corpulent rats, the cholesterol concentrations were equivalent to those of freely eating corpulent animals. Systolic blood pressure in lean rats fell slowly from 146 mmHg at 8 weeks to 132 mmHg at 36 weeks and was not affected by exercise. Sedentary corpulent rats showed a rapid rise in systolic pressure from 107 mmHg at 7 weeks to 128 mmHg at 11 weeks. This rise was reduced by food restriction and completely prevented by the combination of food restriction and exercise. Thus, in this strain of rats exercise was associated with higher plasma cholesterol concentrations, while food restriction had limited effects. PMID- 3756629 TI - Stabilization of intracellular recordings in the cat spinal cord using high frequency ventilation. AB - Stabilization of intracellular recordings by a substantial reduction of respiratory motion may be accomplished by the use of high-frequency ventilation (600-800 breaths/min). The technique is a simple one and enables maintenance of relatively constant blood gas tensions. Although the improved stability was demonstrated in experiments performed on alpha motoneurones in the thoracic spinal cord, it is anticipated that a reduced respiratory movement should benefit recordings in other spinal and supraspinal sites. PMID- 3756630 TI - Nutritional management of hypertension: controversies and frontiers. Satellite symposium of the Canadian Society for Clinical Investigation. Harrison Hot Springs, B.C., Canada, September 6-7, 1985. PMID- 3756631 TI - Nutritional management of hypertension: controversies and frontiers. Proceedings of one more meeting? PMID- 3756632 TI - Evaluation of methods used to assess dietary intake: simulation analyses. AB - The choice of dietary methodology can affect the ability to detect and describe the relationship between dietary sodium intake and blood pressure. This is illustrated in this paper through the use of simulation modelling of the effect of using different dietary methods (food recalls or records covering different numbers of days, food frequency questionnaire estimates of a single diet component) and using urinary excretion as a proxy for intake. Both epidemiologic studies and experimental interventions are simulated. Although the data base used was simulated rather than real, an attempt was made to keep it realistic in relation to what might be seen in actual populations. From these analyses it can be inferred that with appropriate choice of methodology and study design, even low order relationships between sodium intake and blood pressure should be detectable. At a more general level, it may be concluded that while there is no perfect dietary methodology, there are preferred methodologies for defined purposes. PMID- 3756633 TI - The role of sodium restriction in the management of hypertension. AB - More than 50 studies have investigated the effect of altered sodium intake on blood pressure. A regression line drawn through the change in blood pressure and change in sodium intake indicates that blood pressure alters about 10 mmHg (1 mmHg = 133.322 Pa) for every 100 mmol/day alteration in sodium intake, a change similar to that observed in between-population "studies." The studies that have failed to show a change in blood pressure have usually been in people with a blood pressure less than 130/90 mmHg. Normotensive people appear to tolerate a higher intake of sodium before blood pressure rises, but if increased sufficiently, blood pressure rises in most people. Sodium restriction reduces blood pressure in people with severe hypertension, moderate hypertension and mild hypertension. It may be the cause of blood pressure increase associated with age and the reason for the higher prevalence of hypertension and vascular disease in Western communities. Sodium restriction should be used to treat people with elevated blood pressure. PMID- 3756634 TI - Sodium manipulation in the management of hypertension. The view against its general use. AB - Extreme changes in sodium intake do have an effect on blood pressure of both normotensive and hypertensive individuals. Cross-population correlates of average sodium intake and mean population blood pressure are discordant with the results of studies within single populations and cannot be used as sufficient evidence to justify a reduction of dietary sodium intake in the general population to prevent hypertension. Both explanatory and management trials of sodium restriction have yielded contradictory results, and convincing evidence on the nature and size of subgroups of hypertensives with enhanced sodium sensitivity is lacking. The proportion of patients who will follow a moderately restricted sodium diet is low, unless expensive and time-consuming programs of instruction and monitoring are introduced. In light of this evidence, it is premature to recommend diets that are low in sodium as a public health measure and as initial and sole treatment of hypertension. PMID- 3756635 TI - The passive role of calcium in hypertension: a position statement as of August 20, 1985. AB - Epidemiologic data suggest that calcium intake is lower in hypertensive individuals than in normotensive individuals. Moreover, hypertensive patients and rats excrete more calcium in their urine than normotensives, and laboratory studies (low ionized calcium, high parathyroid hormone (PTH)) suggest that the hypertensive is somewhat calcium depleted. However, both the low ionized calcium and elevated PTH should tend to lower pressure rather than raise it, leaving only the presumed and poorly documented natriuretic effect of calcium as a hypotensive mechanism. The evidence is better for a high sodium intake producing a conditioned deficiency of calcium by increasing calcium excretion than for a low intake of calcium raising blood pressure. PMID- 3756636 TI - Obesity: overview of pathogenesis and treatment. AB - This paper presents an overview of selected current concepts of the pathogenesis and treatment of obesity. It has been estimated using the 1981 Canada Fitness Survey data that 14.1% of Canadian adult men and 20.6% of women are greater than 20% above reference table weight. Recent advances in adipocyte metabolism and control have shown that hyperplastic obesity can occur at any age and that there are differences in the replicative rate of adipocyte precursor cells from the massively obese. Furthermore, a number of the complications of obesity, including hypertension, have been related to regional body fat distribution, independent of total body fat. It is suggested that some of the controversy on the relationship between body weight/weight loss and hypertension may be due to failure to account for this. There is now suggestive evidence that abnormalities in diet-induced thermogenesis and (or) brown adipose tissue may result in human obesity. The roles of the major treatment modalities (diet, behaviour therapy, and exercise) are reviewed as are the potential hazards of the weight loss process. PMID- 3756637 TI - Weight reduction in the management of hypertension: epidemiologic and mechanistic evidence. AB - A number of studies have established a close association between increased body mass and elevated blood pressure. The presence of obesity in hypertensive subjects is associated with some hemodynamic, metabolic, and endocrinic characteristics: an increased intravascular volume with a high intracellular body water/interstitial fluid volume ratio, increased cardiac output, stroke volume, and left ventricular work while peripheral resistance was reduced or normal. Weight loss of at least 10 kg can reduce blood pressure independently of changes in sodium intake in obese persons of both sexes with mild, moderate, or severe high blood pressure. The fall in arterial pressure in obese hypertensives after weight loss may reverse many of the previously mentioned altered findings and underscore previous epidemiological studies that have shown that weight control could be an important measure in the treatment of hypertension. PMID- 3756638 TI - Practical aspects of dietary management of hypertension: compliance. AB - This paper addresses compliance issues that arise in the implementation of weight loss and other therapeutic diets prescribed for the individual with hypertension. Dietary compliance poses a significant problem. Studies suggest that dropout rates in both self-help and other weight loss programs range from 50 to 70% within 1-2 years. Further, just 50% of persons can be expected to comply with diets for cardiovascular disease. Assessment of adherence is confounded by the lack of precise measures that reflect adherence over time. Measures in general use include daily diaries, urinary chloride dip sticks, multiple 24-h or overnight urinary sodium, analysis of food samples, as well as 24-h recall and food histories. When poor compliance has been identified, it has been associated with a variety of factors. These include multicomponent regimens, conflicting lifestyle habits, skill in identifying and (or) preparing appropriate foods, the cost:benefit ratio of compliance, and social support. Limited investigation has been undertaken to directly improve compliance to diet. However, such strategies as tailoring, goal setting, self-monitoring, stimulus control, social support, cognitive restructuring, and a consistent approach between the care providers show promise. PMID- 3756639 TI - Nutritional management of hypertension: past, present, and future. AB - A succinct overview of the nutritional management of hypertension, past, present, and future is presented. Prior to 1945, the low sodium diet and the rice-fruit diet were shown to be effective in reducing the blood pressure to normal levels in 35-40% of hypertensive patients. Between 1945 and the present, many studies were made on the effects of alcohol, water hardness, obesity, moderate restriction of sodium with increased potassium intake, increased dietary calcium, low animal and high unsaturated fat intake, and increased amounts of fiber in the diet. Criticisms are made of the very small magnitude, even if statistically significant, of blood pressure decreases and the too-short control periods in many instances, and also concerning the assumption of use of 24-h urinary sodium as an accurate index of the sodium intake, and of urinary creatinine as a physiological reference standard against the excretion of sodium. The author mentions, for possible future research, long-term studies of the effects of diets moderately restricted in sodium and high in potassium, of reducing weight and increasing physical activity in obese hypertensives, and of low animal and high polyunsaturated fat diets in patients with mild essential hypertension. PMID- 3756640 TI - High potassium diets markedly protect against stroke deaths and kidney disease in hypertensive rats, a possible legacy from prehistoric times. AB - Male spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone (SHRsp) rats were fed 4% NaCl diets containing either 0.75% (normal) K or 2.11% (high) K, starting at 6 weeks of age. After 8 months on these diets, 40 out of 58 SHRsp rats on the 0.75% K diet had died (69% mortality) versus 2 dead out of 95 on the 2.11% K diet (2% mortality), a 97% reduction in mortality, p less than 0.00001. After 20 weeks on the diets, the daytime and nighttime blood pressures of each rat were measured intraarterially under light ether anesthesia. Using these accurate blood pressures, we selected two groups precisely matched for blood pressure. One matched SHRsp group (BP 182) ate the 0.75% K diet and 30 out of 47 rats died (64% mortality). The other matched SHRsp group (BP 182) ate the 2.11% K diet and 2 out of 35 died (6% mortality), a 91% reduction of mortality, p less than 0.0001. Seemingly, this striking reduction in mortality rate with the 2.11% high K diet does not depend on a lowering of blood pressure. High K diets do not change body Na or K. Dry weight of mesenteric arterioles was reduced 29% on the 2.11% K diet versus the 0.75% K diet (5.43 vs. 7.66 mg) (p less than 0.0001), indicating a greatly reduced hypertensive hypertrophy. In nine surviving SHRsp rats on the 0.75% K diet, 13 of 36 brain hemisphere slides (4 slides per rat) showed infarcts (36%). In 11 surviving SHRsp rats on the 2.11% K diet, 1 of 44 brain slides showed infarcts (2%), a 94.5% reduction, p less than 0.0001.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3756641 TI - Hypertension and nutrition in the young: early intervention? AB - The few studies, carried out on infants, children, and adolescents, relating blood pressure to sodium intake have shown a weak positive correlation in some but not all individuals. The effect of body size on blood pressure confounds the interpretation of the effect of dietary sodium on blood pressure. There appear to be sodium-sensitive and sodium-unsensitive infants, children, and adolescents and is probably genetically transmitted. Most infants, children, and adolescents in industrialized populations have a salt intake far greater than required, and reduction in dietary sodium is safe and may be beneficial to those individuals with a family history of primary hypertension. PMID- 3756642 TI - Vegetarian approach to hypertension. AB - Cross-sectional epidemiological studies suggest that ovolactovegetarians have lower blood pressure and less of a rise in blood pressure with age than meat eaters. Controlled dietary intervention trials in normotensive and untreated mild hypertensive have provided more direct evidence for a direct dietary effect on blood pressure. Studies designed to identify the nutrients involved suggest that neither polyunsaturated fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, potassium, magnesium, sodium, or total protein intake are independently responsible. The pathophysiological mechanisms involved are also unclear. In view of the complex changes involved in changing to a vegetarian diet, research in this area needs to pay careful attention to experimental design. This is an area of research that has important implications for the control of hypertensive cardiovascular disease in the community by means other than drugs. PMID- 3756643 TI - Dietary fats and the management of hypertension. AB - The role of dietary fat in human hypertension has been of interest recently. Examples of two intervention studies are presented to demonstrate this effect. One study was conducted at Beltsville, MD, and the other at North Karelia, Finland. Healthy people served as subjects for the experiments and the foods consumed by the subjects were typical for the regions. During the intervention periods the percentage of energy from dietary fats was lowered while the polyunsaturated fatty acids were increased. Total energy intake and salt intake were kept relatively constant. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were decreased during the lowered fat, higher polyunsaturated fatty acids intake period and this effect was reversed during the switchback period. The data give strong support to the hypothesis that dietary fat is associated with blood pressure. PMID- 3756644 TI - Nutritional management of hypertension: controversies and frontiers. PMID- 3756645 TI - Should the hunt for nonpalpable breast lesions be called off? PMID- 3756646 TI - Arthroscopic cost containment. PMID- 3756647 TI - Chondromalacia patellae--just another enthesopathy. PMID- 3756648 TI - Sclerotherapy for thyroid cysts. PMID- 3756649 TI - MDs to document their efforts to save organs from dying patients. PMID- 3756650 TI - Selective surgical management of Crohn's disease of the anus. AB - To establish specific indications for the surgical treatment of perianal Crohn's disease, the authors report their experience with 102 patients (45%) with these lesions in a series of 225 patients with small- and large-bowel Crohn's disease. Ulcerations or fissures were present in 50%, abscesses developed in 32% and fistulas in 53%. More than one type of lesion was present in 59%. One of six patients had no symptoms, in one of five the lesion was etiologically independent of Crohn's disease and one of four patients did not require surgical intervention. Severe pain indicated an abscess that required drainage, and 57% of patients who underwent drainage alone or with an added seton later required fistulotomy to become symptom-free. Primary fistulotomy for abscess achieved complete healing in 71% of cases and fistulotomy also healed in 60% of chronic fistulas for a combined fistulotomy healing rate of 63% when anal Crohn's disease was present and 68% in all patients with Crohn's disease. Anal dilatations with bougies were effective in short stenoses which were present in 7% of cases. Twelve percent of patients required excision of the rectum to be relieved of their symptoms. PMID- 3756651 TI - Vertical banded gastroplasty: results in 233 patients. AB - The authors describe their experience with vertical banded gastroplasty in 233 patients for whom the follow-up ranged from 12 to 30 months. There were no deaths. Intraoperatively, two gastric perforations and one esophageal perforation occurred; these were closed and drained. A postoperative leak was treated promptly by removal of the collar, drainage and gastrostomy. There were three instances of late obstruction, due in one to mesh adhering to liver and in two to stenoses; gastrogastrostomy was followed by regained weight. Removal of the collar was also associated with failure to lose adequate weight. Rare complications were intraluminal erosion of mesh and staple-line breakdown. The gallbladder was still present in 175 patients; of these, 25 had gallstones and underwent a cholecystectomy at the time of gastroplasty. Of the other 150, symptomatic gallstones subsequently developed in 13. At 12 months after gastroplasty 80% of patients had lost at least 50% of excess weight and at 24 months 83% had lost 50% or more of excess weight (15 patients lost to follow-up). To avoid failures, the collar circumference should not be more than 5.0 cm. A small experience suggests that revision of a failed horizontal gastroplasty to vertical banded gastroplasty is hazardous. PMID- 3756652 TI - Blood transfusions and survival after colectomy for colorectal cancer. AB - This study was carried out to determine the effect of perioperative blood transfusions on the survival of patients operated on for colorectal cancers. Cox's regression analysis was applied to 281 patients operated for cure of Dukes' stage A, B or C disease. Other variables studied were age, sex, tumour location, and preoperative hemoglobin, lymphocyte and albumin values. Perioperative deaths, pre- and postoperative immunodepression, neoplasia in situ, nonresections and stage D disease were excluded. It was found that the number of units of blood transfused had a strong influence on the prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer, particularly colonic cancers, but the effect could not be demonstrated when rectal cancers were studied separately, perhaps because of the small number of cases. The mechanism of action of blood transfusions seems to be independent of the other analysed variables. The authors suggest that perioperative blood transfusions may have an immunomodulatory effect in patients with colonic cancer, as already shown in recipients of transfused kidney allografts. PMID- 3756653 TI - Efficacy of isolated profundaplasty. AB - Profundaplasty has been advocated as an outflow procedure for threatened failure of aortobifemoral grafts as well as a primary procedure for severe claudication and limb ischemia. The authors reviewed their experience with 27 patients who underwent profundaplasty between 1978 and 1983; five patients (group 1) were treated for threatened or complete aortofemoral graft thrombosis while 22 patients (group 2) underwent profundaplasty as an isolated procedure to treat limb ischemia. Preoperative angiograms were assessed for the presence of five criteria associated with a favourable result from profundaplasty: stenosis of the orifice of the deep femoral artery greater than 50%; minimal disease of the distal artery; disease-free collaterals; reconstitution of a patent superficial femoral or popliteal artery; good popliteal outflow with at least one vessel patent to the foot. Profundaplasty was successful in 100% of group 1 patients but relieved symptoms or healed lesions in only 14% of those in group 2. In the latter group 64% required major amputation. The number of favourable angiographic criteria was similar in both groups. Isolated profundaplasty for limb salvage is not recommended. Angiographic criteria do not reliably identify the few patients who will benefit from profundaplasty alone. The principal role of the procedure is increasing outflow for an aortic graft. PMID- 3756654 TI - Assessment of vibration white finger syndrome. AB - The degree of Raynaud's phenomenon due to the use of vibrating tools is difficult to assess because of the episodic nature of the attacks and the paucity of vascular and neurologic signs between attacks. Ninety-two loggers, miners and other workers using vibrating tools and experiencing Raynaud's phenomenon were examined at the Vancouver General Hospital between 1982 and 1985. Details of history, symptoms and occupation were obtained. The majority of workers had loss of sensation in their hands to pinprick, and the extent of this correlated closely with the severity of symptoms, a correlation not previously described. In 16 subjects the loss of sensation was proximal to the level of symptoms, in 50 at the same level and in 23 distal. In three the correlation was unknown. The severity of the vibration white finger syndrome was assessed using the classification of Taylor. Four workers were placed in stage 1 (occasional blanching of fingertips, with or without tingling or numbness), 30 in stage 2 (blanching of one or more fingers with numbness in cold weather), 36 in stage 3 (frequent finger blanching affecting most digits) and 22 in stage 4 (as stage 3 but symptoms so severe that manual work is difficult and vibrating tools cannot be used). The correlation of symptoms with loss of sensation to pinprick was useful in assessing the severity of the syndrome and in the classifying of claimants for Workers' Compensation Boards. PMID- 3756655 TI - Pathophysiology of acute arterial occlusion. AB - Acute arterial occlusion may cause prolonged ischemia of the lower extremity. Since skeletal muscle is the major component, its reaction to the stress of ischemia best determines the final outcome for the limb. The combination of cellular damage during the period of ischemia and its exacerbation during reperfusion may result in the production of skeletal muscle necrosis. The relative resistance of skeletal muscle to normothermic ischemia is related to its low resting energy demands and large intracellular stores of available energy. If the period of ischemia is long enough, restoration of the circulation may exacerbate cellular damage, due in part to washout of adenine nucleotide precursor, free-radical-mediated injury and finally calcium-dependent necrosis. In addition to the clinical manifestation of local swelling, rhabdomyolysis can lead to systemic complications of hyperkalemia, renal failure or death. Therapeutic interventions aimed at reducing reperfusion damage may result in the salvage of functional lower limbs that might otherwise be lost. PMID- 3756656 TI - Occlusion of the aortofemoral prosthetic graft. AB - The commonest late complication of aortofemoral prosthetic grafting is graft-limb occlusion, the usual cause of which is outflow obstruction due to anastomotic neointimal hyperplasia or progressive atherosclerosis in the deep femoral artery. Occasionally graft-limb occlusion is due to thrombosis of an anastomotic false aneurysm or is associated with graft infection. Inflow occlusion at the aortic anastomosis is uncommon unless the aortic anastomosis is at the lower end of the aorta distal to the inferior mesenteric artery. When graft-limb occlusion occurs, severe ischemia usually necessitates urgent revascularization to save the leg. Graft thrombectomy and profundaplasty may be successful; however, a cross-femoral graft to the distal patent deep femoral artery is probably the simplest procedure and is usually effective. Occasionally a distal femoropopliteal reconstruction is necessary to establish a satisfactory outflow. Unsuccessful reconstruction of a graft-limb occlusion usually necessitates a high, above-knee amputation. PMID- 3756657 TI - Occluded infrainguinal reconstructions. AB - The causes of failure of infrainguinal arterial reconstruction vary with the method of reconstruction used. The commonest cause of autogenous vein-graft failure is myointimal hyperplasia of the graft itself. The commonest cause of polytetrafluoroethylene-graft failure, on the other hand, appears to be a myointimal hyperplastic lesion of the artery at, or just beyond, the distal anastomosis of the graft. Strategies for dealing with these two forms of graft failure, including the use of thrombolytic therapy, are discussed. PMID- 3756658 TI - Internal fixation of femoral neck fractures: a prospective study. AB - To determine the adequacy of reduction and the soundness of the technique of primary internal fixation, the authors studied prospectively 96 femoral neck fractures over 6 1/2 years. Patients were followed up for an average of 11 months. The mean patient age was 70 years. Both clinical and radiologic data were collected at 3-month intervals for 6 months and then annually. Radiologic indices recorded included the Garden classification and index, shear angle, Western Infirmary Glasgow angle, lateral angle, nail placement, occurrence of bony union and presence of avascular necrosis. The fixation devices included sliding compression screw and side plate, multiple Knowles pins and a 130 degrees AO blade plate. A high rate of varus reduction, excessive ante- or retroversion and poor nail placement were all noted. Twenty-three patients required a total of 36 reoperations. There were six deaths in the first 6 months after operation. Eighty five patients (mean age 79 years) with femoral neck fractures treated by hemiarthroplasty (71) or total hip replacement (14) during the same period were also reviewed. Follow-up averaged 8 months. Two patients required reoperation. The general morbidity was similar to that of the group treated by internal fixation, but there were eight deaths. Femoral neck fractures, if treated by internal fixation, demand accurate reduction and fixation for optimum results. Primary prosthetic replacement should be reserved for elderly patients with poor bone stock. PMID- 3756659 TI - Metastatic tumours of the testes. AB - Metastatic tumours of the testes are uncommon, making up little more than 2% of all testicular neoplasms. The most frequent primary sites are the lung and prostate. Only rarely do these lesions present clinically either as the first sign of malignant disease or as a complicating factor during the course of known disease. The authors present two cases illustrating both of these occurrences. The first, a man with carcinoma of the common bile duct, initially had a mass in the testicle and the second, a patient with carcinoma of the prostate, had his clinical course complicated by a symptomatic metastasis to the right testis. The authors also reviewed their local autopsy experience and identified 16 more cases. Metastases were grossly visible in 38% (6 of 16). The most frequent primary sites were lung (four cases), stomach (four) and prostate (three). Routes of spread as well as possible explanations for the low incidence are discussed. PMID- 3756660 TI - A microcomputer system for the practising cardiac surgeon. AB - The authors present a computer program designed for the practising cardiac surgeon who wishes to computerize patient data. The program is efficient, versatile and can be adapted to individual needs. It can be used with any IBM PC compatible machine and requires little knowledge of computer science. More than 250 items on 30 000 patients can be stored and all this information analysed simultaneously. The program can chart a patient's profile and tabulate the information of the entire registry. It can generate lists of patients with their surgeons, cardiologists, diagnoses, operations and dates of intervention. It can also be used for mailing purposes. PMID- 3756661 TI - The la-z-boy position and muscle blood flow in the lower limbs. AB - Patients are encouraged to sit upright in bed after surgery in order to reduce the risk of pulmonary complications. Adjusting the hospital bed to place the patient in the la-z-boy position minimizes the work of nursing staff in maintaining the patient in an upright position. This study was designed to answer concerns that the la-z-boy position might impair muscle blood flow in the lower limbs and thereby predispose patients to venous thrombosis. In 11 healthy volunteers the authors measured and compared blood flow from the gastrocnemius muscle in the la-z-boy position and in the more conventional straight-leg position. There was no clinically or statistically significant difference in blood flow in the two positions. PMID- 3756662 TI - Small-bowel obstruction after conservative treatment of gastric bezoar. AB - Gastric bezoar is an uncommon complication of gastric procedures. Increasingly it is managed by pharmacologic or endoscopic manipulations. The risk of intestinal obstruction after nonsurgical therapy is illustrated by two cases that were successfully managed without resorting to enterotomy. PMID- 3756663 TI - Methods for detecting locally recurrent and contralateral second primary breast cancer. AB - The author has studied the roles of thermography, mammography and breast self examination in detecting recurrent primary cancer or a second primary in the contralateral breast. Of 273 patients whose primary cancer was treated by lumpectomy, recurrence developed in 52 (19%); 51 were detected on clinical examination and 1 by mammography alone. None were detected by thermography alone. Of the 51 patients with a local recurrence detected clinically, 35 had undergone repeat mammography before biopsy. A change suggestive of a malignant condition was noted in only 15 (43%). Thirty-seven had adequately stable postoperative thermograms for review. Only 9 (25%) of these thermograms showed a change in pattern before or at the time the recurrence was detected. Similar results were found in the detection of a secondary primary in the contralateral breast in these patients and also in a further 193 women whose primary cancers were treated by total mastectomy during the same period. Close clinical supervision is the most efficient method of detecting local recurrence and contralateral second primary breast cancer. PMID- 3756664 TI - Percutaneous catheter drainage of abdominal abscesses. AB - This paper presents a study of 45 patients who had percutaneous catheter drainage of 52 intra-abdominal abscesses. In 37 patients this was the only treatment necessary; the other 8 needed further surgery to correct the cause of the abscess or treat concurrent surgical disease. The catheter complication rate was 3.8%. PMID- 3756665 TI - Prophylactic use of antibiotics in combined abdominovaginal Marlex sling procedures for correction of recurrent urinary stress incontinence. AB - The charts of 75 patients who underwent a combined abdominovaginal Marlex sling procedure to correct urinary incontinence were analysed to assess the value of antibiotic prophylaxis. Six patients who received antibiotics preoperatively for underlying medical problems were excluded from the study. Eighteen patients operated on before 1980 did not receive antibiotic prophylaxis and of these only 1 suffered a superficial abdominal wound infection. Fifty-one consecutive patients received antibiotics prophylactically; of this group again only 1 had a superficial abdominal wound infection. These findings suggest that antibiotic prophylaxis may not be necessary with this operation. Nevertheless, the authors believe a prospective, randomized, double-blind study to include a placebo is warranted, and such a study will be undertaken in their unit. PMID- 3756666 TI - [Recurrence of vascular prosthesis infection: treatment by bypass of the lower part of the thoracic aorta using abdominal approach]. AB - Two years before admission a 72-year-old woman received an aortobifemoral bypass graft. When the graft became infected it was replaced by an axillofemoral bypass graft. This also became infected. In another attempt at revascularization, a bypass was installed between the lower part of the thoracic aorta and the two distal parts of the superficial femoral arteries, passing through the obturator foramen. Access to the lower part of the thoracic aorta was made through an abdominal incision, lowering the risk factors associated with such an intervention. At 18-month follow-up, the results were satisfactory; the graft was patent and not infected. PMID- 3756667 TI - Trendelenburg pulmonary embolectomy for cardiac arrest secondary to massive pulmonary embolism. AB - Cardiac arrest secondary to massive pulmonary embolism is rarely reversible by nonsurgical measures. A patient sustained refractory cardiac arrest and was resuscitated by Trendelenburg pulmonary embolectomy without cardiopulmonary bypass. This report describes the diagnosis and treatment of this 37-year-old man and provides a review of the literature on pulmonary embolectomy for patients in whom cardiac arrest has occurred. Awareness of the feasibility of salvaging patients with cardiac arrest secondary to massive pulmonary embolism may lead to wider application of pulmonary embolectomy when conventional resuscitation is unsuccessful. PMID- 3756668 TI - Fatal fat embolism during cemented total knee arthroplasty: a case report. AB - Evidence is accumulating that embolization of bone marrow contents to the lungs can cause the hypotension, hypoxemia, cardiac arrest and death reported after total hip arthroplasty and that the embolism results from high intramedullary pressures exerted during implantation of the prosthesis. The authors describe such an occurrence in an 80-year-old man who had a cemented long-stem total knee prosthesis inserted. Autopsy revealed numerous pulmonary fat emboli that were distributed predominantly in arterioles and capillaries. The possibility of pulmonary fat microembolism occurring during cemented total knee arthroplasty should be recognized, particularly when prostheses with long intramedullary stems are used. Preventive or prophylactic measures that should be considered to avoid fat embolism during implantation include venting the intramedullary canal and meticulous lavage to clear away intramedullary debris. Increasing the inspired oxygen concentration as the prosthesis is inserted and monitoring of cardiopulmonary status to avoid simultaneous hypotension and hypoxemia may help to prevent the cardiopulmonary changes associated with pulmonary fat microembolism. PMID- 3756669 TI - The cytology, histology and prevalence of cell types in canine lymphoma classified according to the National Cancer Institute Working Formulation. AB - No significance has been shown yet between the cytological subtypes of canine lymphoma and clinical behaviour. This paper describes and illustrates the cytological and histological criteria for application of the National Cancer Institute Working Formulation classification system, a scheme with demonstrated prognostic capability for human non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, to a series of 285 canine lymphomas. The Working Formulation can be used without difficulty for canine lymphomas. Low grade follicular tumors were found to be much less common, and high grade, aggressive tumors much more common than these cell types in humans. Low grade tumors tend to have low mitotic rates and high grade tumors tend to have high mitotic rates. There may be an association between hypercalcemia and lymphoblastic cell type. A review of available literature data for canine lymphomas suggests that prognostic extrapolation of clinical behaviour based on human lymphoma data may be possible. These results suggest that there may be strong similarities of morphology and behaviour between human non Hodgkin's lymphomas and canine lymphomas. PMID- 3756670 TI - Infection with Cryptosporidium spp. in humans and cattle in Manitoba. AB - Between October 1, 1983 and October 31, 1984, fecal specimens from 3656 persons with enteritis and 182 calves, representing 148 herds having a neonatal diarrhea problem, were examined for oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. Oocysts were found in 1% of human and 25% of bovine specimens. All infected persons were immunocompetent. Children under five years of age had an infection rate of 25/100,000 compared to 1.4/100,000 in older people (p less than 0.005). Rates in northern communities were four to seven times as high as those in southern Manitoba. Human infections occurred most commonly in late summer and fall. In beef calves infection occurred in winter and spring, the calving season in Manitoba. Epidemiological association between the infection in people and in cattle could not be established. PMID- 3756671 TI - The association between serological evidence of mycoplasma infection and respiratory disease in feedlot calves. AB - Calves from five Ontario feedlots were bled on arrival and approximately 28 days later. Calves treated during this interval for undifferentiated respiratory disease were classified as cases and untreated calves were classified as controls. Serum was titrated blindly for antibodies to Mycoplasma bovis and Mycoplasma dispar. Indirect hemagglutination titers of 1:20 or more were assumed to reflect recent or current exposure, whereas 1:10 or less were not. The titers to M. bovis increased in all feedlots indicating active infection. The initial titers to M. dispar were higher than the titers against M. bovis, yet they increased in all feedlots except one, suggesting widespread infection with this organism. There was an increased risk (although not statistically significant) of being treated if the titer against M. bovis rose during the period. Calves with low M. dispar titers on arrival were at increased risk of being treated and titer increases were strongly associated with treatment (statistically significant). Thus, the serological results indicate high prevalence of M. bovis and M. dispar in the feedlot calves and that calves with increasing titers in particular to M. dispar are at increased risk of being treated for respiratory disease. PMID- 3756672 TI - [Determination of the standard oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve in horses. Effects of temperature, pH and diphosphoglycerate]. AB - The equine blood oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve has been traced in its entirety in standard conditions and the effects of temperature, pH and 2,3 diphosphoglycerate on this curve have been measured. When compared to that of human blood, the curve showed a higher oxygen affinity of hemoglobin (23.8 +/- 0.8 versus 26.6 mm Hg). The effect of the pH, expressed by d log P50/dpH, was found to be identical in man and horse (-0.47). The effect of temperature, however, expressed by d log P50/dT, proved to be lower in the horse (0.016 versus 0.024). The P50 showed an increase of 1 mm Hg each time 2,3-diphosphoglycerate was experiencing an elevation of 4 mumol/gHb in the horse. The results obtained from this experiment are intended for the replacement of the values related to the human blood which have been found to be somewhat inadequate for the horse blood, when the data of blood gases are given in algorithms. PMID- 3756673 TI - Antibiotic disposition in experimental pneumonic pasteurellosis: gentamicin and tylosin. AB - The effects of severe respiratory disease on the disposition of antibiotics were evaluated using two drugs chosen because of their widely differing solubility characteristics. The experiments were carried out in series, using five calves for each drug. The drugs were given to seven week old calves before and after induction of pneumonia by bilateral intrapulmonary administration of 3 mL of 5 X 10(7) colony forming units of Pasteurella haemolytica. Following inoculation, the calves developed clinical signs of pneumonia and were given gentamicin (5 mg/kg) or tylosin (10 mg/kg) 48, 60 and 72 hours after Pasteurella administration. There was a statistically significant decrease in distribution rate but not elimination rate of gentamicin. For tylosin, there was a significant increase in elimination rate. These results indicate the kinetics of tylosin but not gentamicin are sufficiently altered as to support a need for increased frequency of administration with severe respiratory disease in calves. PMID- 3756674 TI - Experimental intramammary inoculation with Mycoplasma bovis in vaccinated and unvaccinated cows: effect on milk production and milk quality. AB - The effect of vaccination on milk production was evaluated in vaccinated and control cows experimentally challenged in two of four quarters with live Mycoplasma bovis. During the first three weeks after experimental challenge, six of eight unchallenged quarters on vaccinated cows and seven of eight unchallenged quarters on control cows became infected. Most of these quarters secreted normal milk, with negative California Mastitis Test scores and maintained normal milk production throughout most of the study (although some quarters on control cows remained infected). All challenged quarters became infected, had strong California Mastitis Test reactions, and had a drastic (greater than 85%) loss in milk production. Thereafter, four of eight challenged quarters on control cows remained infected, had mostly positive California Mastitis Test scores, produced mostly normal-appearing milk, and recovered some productive capabilities. By the end of the study no M. bovis could be recovered from challenged quarters on vaccinated cows and the milk appeared mostly normal. The California Mastitis Test scores on these quarters, however, remained elevated and milk production remained very low. PMID- 3756675 TI - Sow wastage: reasons for and effect on productivity. AB - The purpose of this study was to examine the reasons for, the rate and the effect of sow culling on productivity. Sow removal or wastage was investigated by means of producer questionnaires and by detailed production data recorded on 30 swine farms for two years. The sow removal rate was high (mean = 44.2%) with a wide herd-to-herd variation (range = 16% to 100%), and correlated negatively with litter size. Reproductive failure was the most common cause of culling cited by producers. It was concluded that sows on many Ontario farms were being culled prior to reaching their reproductive potential. PMID- 3756676 TI - Prevalence of respiratory diseases and their association with growth rate and space in randomly selected swine herds. AB - The prevalence and extent of respiratory tract lesions were measured in 1425 pigs from 27 randomly selected herds in the summer of 1982 and winter of 1983. About 75% of pigs had lesions of enzootic pneumonia, approximately 60% had atrophic rhinitis and approximately 11% had pleuropneumonia and/or pleuritis. Individual pig growth rate was recorded on two of the farms, and it was found that the correlations between growth rate and severity of enzootic pneumonia lesions were positive on one farm and negative on the other. Negative correlations between severity of turbinate atrophy and growth rate existed in one of the two herds. Extent of pneumonia and severity of turbinate atrophy were poorly related in individual pigs but herd averages were moderately and positively correlated. Prevalence of diffuse pleuritis and of pleuropneumonia were positively related, as were the extent of pneumonia and prevalence of localized pleuritis. Prevalence of pleuropneumonia was strongly correlated with increased days-to-market. A method of estimating the average days-to-market using weekly herd data (inventory) was developed. PMID- 3756677 TI - Porcine proliferative enteritis: serological, microbiological and pathological studies from three field epizootics. AB - Three outbreaks of porcine proliferative enteritis were evaluated clinically, pathologically, microbiologically and serologically. The disease was characterized by a chronic intermittent diarrhea. Pathological lesions included a thickened, turbid ileum with the microscopic appearance of proliferating ileal crypt epithelial cells. Comma shaped intracytoplasmic organisms were observed in the apical portions of the proliferating crypt epithelial cells with a Warthin Starry silver stain. Microbiologically, both Campylobacter sputorum subspecies mucosalis and Campylobacter hyointestinalis, were cultured from ileal specimens of seven pigs with lesions of porcine proliferative enteritis. Microagglutination antibody titers were determined on sera from 12 of 14 pigs with porcine proliferative enteritis and on sera from 91 clinically normal swine. Pigs with porcine proliferative enteritis had a low antibody titer to subspecies mucosalis that ranged from 1-3 with a mean of 2.17. A varied C. hyointestinalis titer from 3-7 with mean of 4.83 was determined. Titers to either subspecies mucosalis and C. hyointestinalis were higher in non-porcine proliferative enteritis pigs. The results indicate that the presence of a positive titer to either C. hyointestinalis or subspecies mucosalis in swine is not indicative of clinical disease. The isolation of C. hyointestinalis from diseased ileal specimens (porcine proliferative enteritis) confirms previous reports implicating this agent in the disease. PMID- 3756678 TI - Studies on the pathogenesis of heart lesions in dogs infected with pseudorabies virus. AB - Pseudorabies virus was inoculated by various routes into dogs to determine the relationship of pseudorabies virus to the development of heart lesions. Electrocardiograms and serum samples for lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes were taken twice daily. Transitory and persistent arrhythmias were a consistent finding. Heart lesions were noted within each of the inoculated groups. These changes varied from severe multifocal areas of hemorrhage and myocardial degeneration to small zones of myolysis. A ganglioneuritis of the stellate ganglia and autonomic ganglia within the heart were also consistent findings. Herpes-like viral particles were found by electron microscopy in various autonomic ganglia and in myocardial endothelial cells. No viral particles were found in myocardial cells. Significant increases in lactate dehydrogenase-1 were noted. It was concluded that fatal arrhythmias resulted from pseudorabies virus infections in the dog after the occurrence of myocardial and ganglionic lesions. PMID- 3756679 TI - Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: comparison of infection, signs of disease and weight gain in vaccinated versus nonvaccinated purebred Hereford heifer calves. AB - To determine whether the carrier state of Moraxella bovis could be prevented under natural conditions of exposure by vaccination, purebred Hereford calves were vaccinated twice; once in June 1982, and again in September 1982. Eyes of calves were examined for signs of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) and cultured for M. bovis in June 1982, September 1982, January 1983 and June 1983. When calves were compared on the basis of selection lines (four genetic groups), there were significant (P less than 0.05) differences in the percentages of infection, disease and weight gain between selection line calves, regardless of their vaccination status. Results suggest that vaccination, in conjunction with clinical infectious, bovine keratoconjunctivitis, reduces the carrier state of M. bovis in the herd but the immunity lasted less than 9 months. The disproportionate representation of the most genetically resistant calves among nonvaccinated calves probably accounted for the equivocal results between vaccinated and nonvaccinated calves. PMID- 3756680 TI - The normal microflora of the female rabbit's genital tract. AB - Microorganisms associated with the vagina, cervix and uterus of rabbits were isolated and identified. The predominant microorganisms isolated from the vaginas and cervices were coagulase-negative staphylococci, micrococci, and nonfermentative bacilli. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were isolated frequently, but in small numbers, from the uteri. The pH of the rabbit vagina was found to be near neutrality. Our data indicate that the genital flora of female rabbits is relatively simple, regarding the number and type of microorganisms. PMID- 3756681 TI - The noxious effects of electroimmobilization in adult Holstein cows: a pilot study. AB - Ten adult Holstein cows were used in an experiment to determine whether the induction of electroimmobilization was a noxious event. The cows were halter trained and accustomed to being led into a set of stocks. The time taken for the cattle to walk the last ten metres into the stocks was recorded. The heart rate of the cow was recorded for a three minute period prior to a ten second exposure to a high pitched sound (the conditioning stimulus). Measurements were collected for three repetitions and then the cows were assigned to two groups of five. One group was immobilized for 30 seconds using a commercial electroimmobilizer, the other group was not treated. This procedure was repeated ten times over a period of eight days. The cows were then exposed to the conditioning stimulus and their response observed. The treated group took significantly (P less than 0.05) longer to get into the stocks and the regression slopes for heart rate were significantly different from the control group. The treated cows responded to the conditioning stimulus at five and nine months after the end of the conditioning period. Adult Holstein cows regarded electroimmobilization as a noxious event and were very strongly conditioned to this stimulus. PMID- 3756682 TI - A comparison of manual and electronic counting for total nucleated cell counts on synovial fluid from canine stifle joints. AB - Synovial fluids collected from the stifle joints of 20 physically normal adult dogs were subjected to cytological examination. A total nucleated cell count was performed on each sample using both an electronic cell counter and a hemocytometer. The mean of the total counts done with the electronic counter was significantly higher (1008 cells/microL) than that obtained manually with the hemocytometer (848 cells/microL). PMID- 3756683 TI - The failure of flurofamide to control ureaplasma in bovine semen. AB - The flurofamide sensitivities of 21 bovine ureaplasma isolates were determined using the metabolic inhibition method. The 21 isolates included seven each of vaginal, preputial and seminal origin. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of flurofamide ranged from 0.0125 to 0.2 meg/mL against a ureaplasma titer of 10(4) organisms/mL. The minimum lethal concentrations ranged from less than or equal to 0.1 to 3.2 mcg/mL. Flurofamide was then evaluated in a system comparable to the procedure for semen extension with respect to temperature, time and dilution. The compound was found to be ineffective in reducing ureaplasma numbers in this system at levels up to 1500 mcg/mL. PMID- 3756684 TI - Abomasal intubation of young calves. AB - A nonsurgical method for passing a tube into the abomasum of young calves was developed. The tube described may be used for infusion into, or sampling from, the abomasum. The tube was successfully passed into the abomasum of all eight calves used. In two calves two to four days old and in two neonatal calves (greater than 24 h old) reticular groove closure was stimulated by providing a suckling stimulus but in four neonatal calves, passage of the tube was successful without the suckling stimulus. Placement of the tip of the tube was verified by auscultation and, in two calves, by radiography. PMID- 3756685 TI - Phototherapy for healthy term infants. PMID- 3756686 TI - Chloramphenicol in food-producing animals. PMID- 3756687 TI - UNILAC: a Canadian infant formula. PMID- 3756689 TI - Medical screening in industry. PMID- 3756688 TI - Private sector initiatives in management of health care costs. PMID- 3756690 TI - Canadian aid as a catalyst to improved East African health care. PMID- 3756691 TI - Legal implications of premenstrual syndrome: a Canadian perspective. AB - A summary of the symptoms, prevalence and history of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is presented. The legal implications of PMS, particularly its use as a defence in criminal prosecutions and as an implicit factor in specific offences, are discussed by means of an analysis of Canadian legal cases, with reference to those in England and the United States. The authors offer suggestions on how physicians can make use of PMS in a courtroom more reliable. They conclude that PMS is unlikely to become a substantive criminal defence until the medical community more fully recognizes its significance. Although the role of PMS as a mitigating factor in sentencing may be illogical, the courts now recognize the syndrome in a legally and practically important manner. PMID- 3756692 TI - Congenital toxoplasmosis: epidemiologic features and control. AB - Toxoplasmosis is caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. It is acquired from undercooked meat or from food or fomites contaminated by cat feces. The disease can be transmitted to the fetus only during maternal parasitemia, which is associated with primary infection. Extrapolation from current data suggests that there are 140 to 1400 cases of congenital toxoplasmosis per year in Canada and that 70 to 280 of the infants are severely affected at birth; many of the others suffer sequelae later in life. Serologic diagnosis of primary infection in the mother is quite sensitive and specific. Diagnosis in the infant is more difficult and may take several months. Prenatal treatment of the woman and postnatal treatment of the infant are hampered by the lack of proven efficacy as well as ethical and compliance problems. Preventive serologic screening and prophylaxis have the same drawbacks. Educating young women to avoid infection is an inexpensive, low-risk intervention that would be the preferred preventive strategy if it could be shown to be effective. Immunization may prove to be the most cost-effective method of preventing congenital toxoplasmosis if a safe and effective vaccine is developed. PMID- 3756693 TI - Observer error in blood pressure measurement. AB - This paper describes an experiment undertaken to determine observer error in measuring blood pressure by the auscultatory method. A microcomputer was used to display a simulated mercury manometer and play back tape-recorded Korotkoff sounds synchronized with the fall of the mercury column. Each observer's readings were entered into the computer, which displayed a histogram of all readings taken up to that point and thus showed the variation among observers. The procedure, which could easily be adapted for use in teaching, was used to test 311 observers drawn from physicians, nurses, medical students, nursing students and others at nine health care institutions in Ottawa. The results showed a strong bias for even-digit readings and standard deviations of roughly 5 to 6 mm Hg. The standard deviation for the systolic readings was somewhat smaller for the physicians as a group than for the nurses (3.5 v. 5.9 mm Hg). However, the standard deviations for the diastolic readings were roughly equal for these two groups (approximately 5.5 mm Hg). PMID- 3756694 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging for detecting lesions of multiple sclerosis: comparison with computed tomography and clinical assessment. AB - Eighty-two patients with known or suspected multiple sclerosis (MS) were examined by means of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a 0.15-T resistive scanner. The diagnosis could be made by MRI in 34 (97%) of the 35 patients with chronic, well documented, stable MS and by high-volume delayed x-ray computed tomography (HVD CT) in only 6 (54%) of 11 patients in this group. The stage of the disease as judged from the MRI scans correlated poorly with the clinical status of the patient and with the known duration of the disease. MRI identified 28 (88%) of the 32 patients in whom MS was subsequently diagnosed by a neurologist, whereas regular contrast or HVD CT identified only 11 (52%) of 21 such patients. MRI is the most sensitive imaging modality for MS but is of little value in assessing the severity of the disease: many of the lesions seen on MRI scans are clinically "silent", and MRI does not usually detect small lesions in the brainstem, cerebellum or spinal cord that may be clinically significant. PMID- 3756696 TI - Laboratory reports of chlamydial infections in Canada in 1985. PMID- 3756695 TI - Acute hepatitis in a patient with mild factor IX deficiency after anesthesia with isoflurane. PMID- 3756697 TI - Doctor-patient relationship in Ontario has deteriorated: college. PMID- 3756698 TI - Sniffing out the diagnosis. PMID- 3756699 TI - Collaboration, not co-optation. PMID- 3756700 TI - Recommendations from the Consensus Conference on Hypertension in the Elderly. PMID- 3756701 TI - In support of a compensation plan for vaccine-associated injuries. Infectious Diseases and Immunization Committee, Canadian Paediatric Society. PMID- 3756702 TI - Chronic illness and functional limitation in Ontario children: findings of the Ontario Child Health Study. AB - The Ontario Child Health Study (OCHS) was based on interviews of 1869 Ontario families who were selected by means of a stratified, multistaged sampling method from the 1981 census of Canada. Its primary purpose was to determine the prevalence and distribution of mental health problems in Ontario children aged 4 to 16 years and their families, but it also allowed an estimate of other significant medical conditions and provided an overview of these children's use of health care, education and social services. Our results are based on questionnaire responses concerning 3294 children. Limitation of function without a chronic illness or medical condition was reported in 1.9%, the converse in 14.0%, and a chronic illness or medical condition with limitation of function in 3.7%. When the three groups are considered together, 19.6% of Ontario children had a chronic health problem. Children of lower socioeconomic status were much more likely to have chronic health problems. Overall, children with chronic health problems were more likely to use physician, special education, social and mental health services. These findings have implications for those who provide services for children, plan community programs or train professionals in caring for children. PMID- 3756703 TI - Lead poisoning: unusual manifestation and unusual source. PMID- 3756704 TI - Carcinoma of the prostate presenting as acute disseminated intravascular coagulation. PMID- 3756705 TI - AIDS surveillance in Canada. PMID- 3756706 TI - Workplace formula. PMID- 3756707 TI - Searching for the right stuff. PMID- 3756708 TI - Malpractice suits increase and premiums follow suits. PMID- 3756709 TI - Women in medicine: "I think we've come of age". Interview by Charlotte Gray. PMID- 3756710 TI - Suicide: many questions but no easy answers. PMID- 3756711 TI - The Ontario doctors' strike. PMID- 3756712 TI - Sexual medicine: whose domain? PMID- 3756713 TI - "Silent angina": a geriatric syndrome? PMID- 3756714 TI - Silent myocardial ischemia in the elderly. PMID- 3756715 TI - Diseases and the scope of medical practice. PMID- 3756716 TI - What counts as disease? PMID- 3756717 TI - The confusion between disease and illness in clinical medicine. PMID- 3756718 TI - Are we on the brink of a major transformation of clinical method? AB - The traditional clinical method, which has served medicine well for over 100 years, had its origins in the integration of physical examination with morbid anatomy in early 19th-century France. Now this method is showing signs of failing to meet some contemporary needs. In particular, there is no means for understanding the inner experience of patients. Previous models of a transformed method have not grappled with the problem of validation. Data on the inner experience of patients are not open to empiric validation in the same way as clinical data. The process of understanding the meaning of an illness is not, therefore, scientific in the conventional sense. There are, none the less, rigorous methods for validating the results of this form of inquiry, notably those of phenomenology. A transformed method should aim to understand the meaning of an illness for the patient as well as provide a clinical diagnosis. The transformation will require a change in the epistemology of medicine and an educational process that encourages reflection and growth of self-knowledge. PMID- 3756719 TI - Our patients' seven unspoken questions. PMID- 3756720 TI - Death due to salicylate poisoning in Ontario. AB - Acute salicylate poisoning may result in death. A review of seven fatal cases of salicylate poisoning in Ontario in 1984 showed that the average duration of hospitalization before death was 18.1 hours. Factors that contributed to death included failure to administer activated charcoal and sodium bicarbonate, to appreciate the need for hemodialysis and to consult with experts in toxicology. PMID- 3756722 TI - The tumour. PMID- 3756721 TI - Osteoid osteoma of the spine: surgically correctable cause of painful scoliosis. PMID- 3756723 TI - Journey with my father: one family's encounter with Alzheimer's disease. PMID- 3756724 TI - Woody Freamo: "It's been an enormously satisfying career". Interview by David Woods. PMID- 3756725 TI - Forces to blame for shortage of military doctors, young officers contend. PMID- 3756726 TI - Battlefield has been the classroom for Israel's military doctors. PMID- 3756727 TI - Democratic socialism confronts psychiatry. PMID- 3756728 TI - For-profit hospitals: looking for a healthy bottom line. PMID- 3756729 TI - Congenital lumbosacral lipoma causing primary enuresis in an adult. PMID- 3756730 TI - Student interest in family medicine careers has dropped drastically. PMID- 3756731 TI - Remuneration, encroachment by specialists among concerns of GPs. Interview by David Woods. PMID- 3756732 TI - MS Contin: errors in prescribing, dispensing and administering. PMID- 3756733 TI - Are geriatric units needed for elderly patients with hip fractures? PMID- 3756734 TI - Rapid diagnosis of parathyroid storm. PMID- 3756735 TI - Tobacco smoking in Japan. PMID- 3756736 TI - Liposuction: a new body sculpturing procedure. PMID- 3756737 TI - Psychosocial aspects of osteogenesis imperfecta. AB - Osteogenesis imperfecta is a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders characterized by bone fragility and recurrent fractures. It is currently classified into four types on clinical grounds and appears to arise from different disorders of bone collagen synthesis. The biochemical identification of disturbances in collagen metabolism and the genetic delineation of new mutations of collagen genes have made prenatal diagnosis by molecular methods feasible in some cases. Most people with osteogenesis imperfecta suffer frequent fractures (and sometimes consequent serious disability), for which there are few effective preventive measures. This disorder may have a profound psychosocial influence on patients and their families. In this report the extent of this influence is reviewed and aspects important to the medical community are highlighted; these include the emotional burdens imposed by unfounded suspicions of child abuse, the social and financial costs of repeated hospitalization and immobility, and the frustrations generated by the lack of helpful, practical information for families and health care workers. An important social outcome has been the rise of self help organizations, exemplified by the Canadian Osteogenesis Imperfecta Society. For Canadian families the society has been an important vehicle for exchange of information and an active, positive response to a lifelong, often severely disabling disorder. PMID- 3756738 TI - Guidelines for fitness-to-work examinations. AB - Fitness-to-work examinations require an objective assessment of the physical and mental health of employees in relation to the requirements and working conditions of specific jobs, to ensure that the workers will not be a hazard to themselves or others. Whether conducted by specialists in occupational medicine or other physicians, the proper performance of these examinations requires a clear understanding of the types of examinations and their purposes and how to serve and protect the interests of all three parties: employee, employer and physician. The circumstances in which fitness-to-work examinations are required are listed, and a method to help physicians in judging fitness to work is described. This method balances the rights and obligations of both employee and employer without compromising the physician's need to practise medicine skillfully and ethically. PMID- 3756739 TI - National strategies for health promotion. PMID- 3756740 TI - Native health--a continuing concern. PMID- 3756741 TI - The Toronto Junction Triangle Health Study: a response to a community health emergency. PMID- 3756742 TI - Mortality on Canadian Indian Reserves 1977-1982. PMID- 3756743 TI - Infant mortality on Canadian Indian Reserves 1976-1983. PMID- 3756744 TI - Public health departments and Native health care in urban centres. PMID- 3756745 TI - Community control of health care delivery: the Sandy Bay experience. PMID- 3756746 TI - Adult physical activity in Canada: findings from the Canada Fitness Survey I. PMID- 3756747 TI - Adult physical fitness and hypertension in Canada: findings from the Canada Fitness Survey II. PMID- 3756748 TI - Demonstration of a systematic evaluation of a breast self examination instruction program produced by a non governmental organization. PMID- 3756749 TI - Child psychiatrists in the 90's: who will want us, who will need us. AB - Child Psychiatry is now a well recognized and established sub-specialty in Canada. It has gone through a period of vigorous and healthy growth. Like psychiatry in general it now faces a number of challenges which provide potential threat but which may lead to better definition of priorities and of its most effective function. Other disciplines, medical and non-medical, increasingly compete for a place on the therapeutic spectrum. Within psychiatry the rhetoric between different schools of thought provides ammunition for those who have no use for any form of psychiatry however it may be provided. The challenge is to develop more effective ways of using the skills of the child psychiatrist within a recognition that the number of practitioners will never approach what would be required to have child psychiatry alone cover the treatment needs of children and adolescents. The field requires the adoption of a more flexible metaphor for training and practice with competence in the different schools of theory and of therapy. Attention needs to be paid to the consumer movement, to the impact of better informed parents and public and to the developing of a parsimonious and selective approach to the use of scarce professional time. The healthy growth of research in child psychiatry is a development long overdue and places the discipline on a scientific rather than a clinical practice base. At a time when funding and the cost of health care are crucial issues the development of a secure knowledge base, efficient methods of service delivery and the integration with other mental health care providers are opportunities and grounds for optimism about the future of the sub-specialty. PMID- 3756750 TI - The impact of temperament in a school setting: an epidemiological study. AB - The authors present the results of an epidemiological study on a large non clinical population-based sample of French speaking seven year-old children (N = 596) whose aim was to verify if a relation exists between temperament and outward type or inward-type behavior problems in school. The Thomas and Chess' Parent Temperament Questionnaire, filled out twice by the parents over a four-week interval, was used to determine temperament. The Conners Teacher Questionnaire, filled out twice by the teachers over a four-week interval, was used to determine behavior problems in school. Five points emerge from this study. First, "difficult" temperament 'per se' is not associated either with outward-type or inward-type behavior problems in school. Second, a temperamental pattern of high activity and high approach with new stimuli predisposes boys to present outward type behavior problems in school. Third, the temperamental traits of low adaptability or withdrawal with new stimuli predisposes girls to inward-type behavior problems in school. Fourth, the study demonstrates the importance of verifying if the associations between temperament and behavior problems are stable since, in the comparisons between results of the test with those of the retest, several of the associations found in one occasion failed to be replicated at the other. Fifth, the different influences of temperament according to sex emphasize the need to study boys and girls separately. Future studies should take into account interactions between parents/teachers and child temperament since these sex-related different influences of temperament could be related to the sex related different attitudes of caretakers. PMID- 3756751 TI - Adolescents' perception of self and of immediate environment by parental marital status: a controlled study. AB - Most studies on children of "broken families" are based on small and unrepresentative samples, are limited to children of divorce and do not control for basic demographic variables. In order to do a survey with fewer methodological deficiencies, we managed to obtain a completely representative sample of a Francophone urban population attending High School I, II and III, with the reasonable sample size of 1519 subjects and including 72 subjects from widowed families in addition to 174 children of divorce; furthermore, we were able to control for the following eight demographic variables: father's and mother's occupation, mother's work, respondent's, father's and mother's age, family size, and respondent's rank of birth. When comparing children from legally intact, widowed, and divorced families, on a wide range of psychosocial variables, we found that on the average, divorce is associated with the greatest disadvantage in children, followed by widowhood; children belonging to intact families show the least disadvantage. Besides, when comparing girls and boys, we did not find striking differences between them in divorced families, but, on the other hand, we found striking differences in widowed families, boys being at much more disadvantage than girls. It is concluded that on the average a family breakup should be considered as a serious risk factor for teenagers and that clinicians would be well advised to monitor the situation carefully when aware of an impending family breakup. PMID- 3756752 TI - Pregnancy and birth complications in antisocial adolescents and their siblings. AB - The authors compared the frequency of pregnancy and birth complications (PBC) from hospital records in antisocial adolescents and their same-sexed siblings who were relatively clear of antisocial behaviour. Probands, as a group, were not more likely to have had more PBC than their siblings, however, if there was a difference in complication frequency, it was usually the proband who was affected. The only effect of PBC within a pair was on the school performance and reading achievement of the proband. These results suggests that PBC may provide a marker for a subgroup of antisocial youth with a different etiology than similarly disturbed adolescents without PBC. PMID- 3756753 TI - The dyslexia-emotional dyad: implications for diagnosis and treatment. AB - Extensive experience with dyslexic children indicates that developmental language problems and emotional problems represent a dyad rather than a dichotomy. An attempt is made to place this complex and extensive problem into meaningful perspective. When accurate diagnosis and carefully formulated treatment plans are effectively blended, success in helping these often hapless children is greatly enhanced. Some important guidelines, derived from clinical experiences, are indicated to be valuable in understanding and helping patients with these multi faceted problems. PMID- 3756754 TI - Impact of removing the waiting list upon clinic intakes. AB - This study reports the results of eliminating the waiting list for a one month period in 1985 upon the referrals made to an out-patient Child and Family Clinic. The Clinic receives most of it's referrals from community physicians and agencies. The study was carried out amidst a background of an increasing number of referrals. Fifty-nine referrals, mainly families, were received. Among those who were referred and seen, most (58 percent) accepted the offer of a no wait appointment and completed the referral within about one week. A smaller number (17 percent) did not respond to such an offer but later completed the referral. Thus, 76 percent of the referrals overall were completed within 6 months. This was essentially the same as the completion rate for a comparison sample in 1984 (77 percent). The kinds of problems found among these two groups, as well as among the "non-completers" was analysed. One trend was that cases involving family dysfunction tend to show early or not at all. Overall, the large percentage (60 percent) of families with histories of separation problems as an associated variable, suggested this as a possible explanation for the increasing number of referrals in recent years. PMID- 3756755 TI - Overrepresentation of adopted children attending a children's mental health centre. AB - A retrospective analysis was made of case records of children attending a Children's Mental Health Centre during the years 1959 to 1973. Annual comparisons were made between the numbers of adopted children seen in the province of Ontario and within the clinic setting. The results indicated that over a fifteen year period the adopted children in the clinic were seen with twice the expected annual incidence predicted from the community rates. PMID- 3756756 TI - A study of disturbed and non disturbed adolescents: the Toronto Adolescent Longitudinal Study. I. AB - The Toronto Adolescent Longitudinal Study was undertaken to examine personality development in a non-clinical sample of children from ages 10 through 19. Fifty nine boys and girls, selected to represent the full range of behavior presentation in regular classrooms, have participated throughout the complete study. Each year the students and at least one parent participated in a full day evaluation during which a comprehensive battery of measures was administered to assess their psychosocial characteristics. Some exemplary results are presented regarding the personality functioning and associated characteristics of the group at age 13. Our results lead us to conclude that adolescence should not be considered as a homogeneous developmental stage. Young adolescents can be differentiated along a dimension of competence in personality functioning which is associated with differences in their clinical presentation, self concept and behavior patterns. PMID- 3756757 TI - Male adolescent sexual offenders: the offender and the offense. AB - A group of male adolescent sexual offenders were divided into three groups: Courtship Disorders (Exhibitionism, Toucherism and Obscene Phone Calls), Sexual Assaults, and Pedophilic Offenses. Group I offenders tended to come from a less disorganized family background, were better adjusted to school and in the community and were seen by clinicians as less seriously disturbed than the adolescents in the other two groups. In addition, these adolescents did not experience the offense as a sexual act. Group II offenders (Sexual Assaulters) came from a more disturbed family background characterized by a high rate of long term parent-child separations, committed more violent offenses and had a higher frequency of intellectual functioning in the Borderline Range of Intelligence. Group III offenders (Pedophilic Offenses) were Canadian born, had witnessed physical violence between their parents, were described as having been infants who did not enjoy being cuddled and had siblings who were truant. This study suggests that classifying adolescent sexual offenders along the line suggested in adult literature seems to be justified. PMID- 3756758 TI - Autistic children grow up: an eight to twenty-four year follow-up study. AB - Eighty questionnaires were sent to parents and/or caregivers of autistic persons diagnosed between 1960-73 at CPRI, a regional assessment and treatment centre. The objective was to determine their present place of residence, functioning ability, language development, program involvement, and seizure activity. The results of this study support evidence that more than 50 percent require long term institutional care; almost one-third suffer epileptic seizures; there is a persistence of symptoms and difficulty in gaining useful speech; few live independently or are capable of employment. PMID- 3756759 TI - Controlled prospective fifteen year follow-up of hyperactives as adults: non medical drug and alcohol use and anti-social behaviour. AB - This is a fifteen year prospective controlled study of the non-medical drug and alcohol use and antisocial behaviour of 61 hyperactives, and 41 matched control subjects, (mean age 25 years). The data was collected from detailed interviews with the subjects as well as computerized court records to verify subjects reports. Generally hyperactives did not differ significantly from controls on current drug and alcohol use and antisocial behaviour. However one sees trends of greater drug alcohol and antisocial involvement in the hyperactive group. All the subjects who have antisocial behaviour at 15 year follow-up (mean age 25) had early and persistent histories of antisocial behaviour beginning at initial assessment (mean age 8) or at 5 year follow-up (mean age 13). However many hyperactives do not continue their antisocial behaviour into adulthood (mean age 25). There thus appears to be a small subgroup of hyperactive subjects who have more negative outcomes with significantly greater social, emotional and psychological difficulties. It is this subgroup which we need to identify early and treat vigorously. PMID- 3756760 TI - Considerations in community mental health programming for youth. AB - The particular challenges of providing mental health programs which engage youth and offer effective and acceptable services are discussed. The paper identifies and discusses the guiding principles for development of a comprehensive and integrated multiservice centre for the varied needs of youth. The program focuses on problems occurring as part of the normal developmental process as well as on the needs of emotionally disturbed or mentally ill youth. The place of such a program within the context of the community is identified with the responsibility for indirect consultation and effective community liaison being stressed. An established program based on this model is described. PMID- 3756761 TI - Monosymptomatic hypochondriasis. PMID- 3756762 TI - Supra-biological factors in the assessment of males seeking penile prostheses. PMID- 3756763 TI - Suicide weather? PMID- 3756764 TI - The suitability for admission of geriatric patients to an acute admissions ward. PMID- 3756765 TI - 125I interstitial implant, precision high-dose external beam therapy, and 5-FU for unresectable adenocarcinoma of pancreas and extrahepatic biliary tree. AB - Twelve patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas and two patients with carcinoma of the extrahepatic biliary tree received combined therapy with 125I implant, precision high-dose (PHD) photon external beam therapy, and systemic 5 fluorouracil (5-FU). The 125I implant delivered 120 to 210 Gy (median 140 Gy). PHD external beam therapy was given with high-energy photons (10, 15 or 45 meVp) and was initiated 4 to 6 weeks postimplant. A dose of 48.6 to 63 Gy was delivered over 5.5 to 7 weeks in 1.8 Gy increments. Six patients received 5-FU, 500 mg/m2 via weekly intravenous bolus injection. No patient was lost to follow-up (range, 3.5-57 months). Acute postoperative morbidity included pancreatic fistula in two patients and gastrointestinal tract bleeding, pulmonary embolism, and cholangitis in one patient each. No patient died of radiation complications. Median survival of the patients with pancrease cancer was 15 months. One patient is alive at 41 months with hepatic metastasis. Satisfactory palliation was observed in patients with pancreas cancer treated with 125I interstitial implant followed by PHD external beam photon therapy and 5-FU. Patient survival did not seem superior to that of patients treated with PHD external beam therapy +/- chemotherapy, a less morbid procedure. Two cases of bile duct cancer treated in similar fashion are presented. PMID- 3756766 TI - A useful high-dose intermittent schedule of adriamycin and DTIC in the treatment of advanced sarcomas. AB - One-hundred-fourteen evaluable patients with metastatic soft tissue or bony sarcoma with measurable disease were treated with Adriamycin (doxorubicin) administered intravenously at a dose of 60 mg/M2 on day 1, followed by DTIC (dacarbazine) at a dose of 750 mg/M2; courses were administered at 3-week intervals. Ten complete remissions and 17 partial remissions were observed. The most responsive cell type was malignant fibrous histiocytoma with a response rate of 54%. This treatment schedule was very well tolerated, with only moderate myelosuppression and moderate nausea and vomiting. Cardiac toxicity was identified in three patients, with two patients demonstrating electrocardiogram (EKG) changes and arrhythmias and only one patient developing heart failure. The 24% overall response rate suggests no compromise in activity on this schedule, with a significant reduction in toxicity. PMID- 3756767 TI - Treatment of metastatic adrenal cortical carcinoma with cisplatin and etoposide (VP-16). AB - Two patients with metastatic adrenal cortical carcinoma were treated with cisplatin and etoposide. Both achieved a partial remission after only one cycle. One patient had a "nonfunctioning" tumor that had previously regressed on mitotane whereas the second patient presented with classical Cushing's syndrome. Although the latter patient's urinary 17-ketosteroids normalized while receiving mitotane, the tumor itself failed to regress objectively. Cisplatin plus etoposide appears to be an active combination for the treatment of metastatic adrenal cortical carcinoma. PMID- 3756768 TI - Vinblastine-ifosfamide-cisplatin treatment of bulky seminoma. AB - Eighteen patients with pure seminoma in advanced Stages IIC-IV of disease were treated with VIP combination chemotherapy consisting of vinblastine (6 mg/m2, days 1 and 2), ifosfamide (1.5 g/m2, days 1 to 5), and cisplatin (20 mg/m2, days 1 to 5). Eleven patients had Stage IIC, four had Stage III, three had Stage IV, and two had primary extragonadal seminoma. Primary histologic diagnoses were typical seminoma in 15 patients and anaplastic seminoma in three patients. Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) levels were elevated to 350 U/1 in eight patients; alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were always normal. No primary lymphadenectomy was carried out. Seven of 18 patients had prior radiotherapy and were treated because of relapse or progression. There was one early death and one patient has not yet completed therapy. Of 16 evaluable patients, 14 reached complete remission (CR) (88%), which was documented surgically in six cases, whereas in the non pretreated group, all nine patients reached CR and in the pretreated group, CR could be induced in five of seven patients (71%). The remission duration ranged from 6+ to 41+ months (median, 29+ months). No relapse has occurred. The bone marrow toxicity of VIP was remarkable. Because of leukopenia below 1000/mm3 and/or thrombopenia below 50,000/mm3, dose reduction and interval prolongation were necessary in 10 of 16 patients, especially in all those who were pretreated. Even though it is not superior to other platin-based regimens, VIP chemotherapy is highly effective in bulky seminoma with and without prior radiotherapy. PMID- 3756770 TI - The long-term effect of cisplatin on renal function. AB - The long-term effect of cisplatin on renal function was studied in a follow-up investigation, 16 to 52 months after chemotherapy in 22 patients with disseminated nonseminomatous testicular cancer. The median cumulated cisplatin dose was 452 mg/m2 (range, 275-650 mg/m2). Prehydration with isotonic saline secured diuresis above 100 ml/hour. GFR (glomerular filtration rate: 51Cr-EDTA clearance) fell by 12.5% (median, P less than 0.01) compared with the pretreatment level. Effective renal plasma flow (125I-hippuran clearance) was estimated to be likewise reduced. The serum creatinine level rose 8 mumol/1 (median, P less than 0.05) during the treatment period with no further rise afterwards. Serum magnesium and urinary excretion of beta-2-microglobulin were normal. The results indicate a moderate and permanent reduction in GFR with no signs of long-term tubular defects in patients treated with cisplatin. PMID- 3756769 TI - Estramustine affects bone mineral metabolism in metastatic prostate cancer. AB - A patient with metastatic prostate cancer is described where treatment with Adriamycin (doxorubicin) and estramustine produced severe hypophosphatemia (serum phosphate level, 1.2 mg/dl), which was reversible when treatment was discontinued. Previous studies have shown no effect of Adriamycin on serum phosphate levels. A retrospective study of serial serum chemistry values was done in 15 patients treated with estramustine. A significant fall in the serum phosphate level (mean, 0.8 +/- 0.3 mg/dl) was observed during the first 6 weeks of treatment. When compared with similar patients treated with bilateral orchiectomy, estramustine-treated patients had lower levels of serum calcium, fractional excretion of calcium, serum phosphate, and renal tubular threshold for phosphate reabsorption (TmPO4/GFR). Qualitatively similar but quantitatively smaller effects were also seen in a group of patients treated with diethylstilbestrol (DES) in a dose of 1 to 3 mg daily. Estramustine appears to have significant effects on bone mineral metabolism, particularly on renal phosphate handling resulting in significant hypophosphatemia. This is probably due to an estrogenic effect. PMID- 3756771 TI - Distribution and modulation of surface charges of cells from human leukemia lymphoma lines at various stages of differentiation. AB - Untreated and retinoic acid (RA) treated human leukemia-lymphoma cell lines reflecting hematopoietic cells at various stages of differentiation, were examined electron microscopically for their surface negative charge distribution using cationized ferritin (CF), an electron dense label of anionic sites. The results indicate that there is a correlation between the CF labeling density/distribution and the stage of lymphoid cell differentiation. Viable unfixed null cell lines show a low CF labeling density with few and small CF patches. A gradual increase in CF labeling density and increase in size and number of CF patches correlates with the stage of differentiation on cell lines of both T or B origin. Treatment of viable unfixed cells with 10(-5) MRA for 10 days seems to prevent the CF-induced formation of CF patches, resulting in a continuous and even distribution of the CF label, similar to that observed on the surface of cells fixed before CF labeling. Some correlation between the distribution of surface anionic sites and the malignant potential of the human leukemic lines could be detected. PMID- 3756772 TI - Investigation of cell size and nuclear clefts as prognostic parameters in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. AB - The importance of the size and morphology of peripheral blood lymphocytes has been controversial as prognostic indicators in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). This study was initiated to specifically examine cell size and morphology with respect to presence or absence of nuclear clefts and the relative importance to survival. Eighty-seven cases of CLL that had not been previously treated were examined. Cleaved cells were considered present in significant numbers when they exceeded 5% of the circulating lymphocytes. Prognosis was not statistically significant when cell size and nuclear clefts were examined individually and in combination. This study confirms that clinical staging is the significant prognostic predictor irrespective of cell size and/or nuclear configuration. PMID- 3756773 TI - Cellular retinol-binding proteins in head and neck tumors and their adjacent tissues. AB - The levels of cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP) were examined by Scatchard analysis in 17 surgically resected human head and neck tumors and their adjacent normal tissues (normal tissues corresponded to muscle tissue). The center area and the marginal area of tumors were tested for their levels of CRBP in 17 cases, and the adjacent tissue was tested in 13 of the 17 cases. Only a small difference (if any) in the dissociation constant (Kd values) was seen in some cases between tumor and adjacent tissue; in most cases the Kd values in both areas were similar, and these values were also similar between the central and marginal areas of tumors. The average level of CRBP in the marginal area of the tumors was higher than that in the center area of the tumors in all the 17 cases. Among the 13 tumor cases whose adjacent tissues were tested, 12 showed CRBP levels more than two times higher in the marginal area of tumors; whereas in only one case was the level in the marginal or the center area of tumor similar to that in the adjacent tissues. PMID- 3756774 TI - Congenital leukemia with placental involvement. Report of a case with ultrastructural study. AB - The study of a stillborn infant and the placenta, showing extensive infiltration of fetal organs and chorionic villi by leukemic cells, is reported. The nature of the malignant cells was not apparent by light microscopic examination. Ultrastructural examination showed that these were immature myeloblasts, stressing the usefulness of electron microscopic study in establishing the diagnosis. The current case study seems to be the first in the literature in which both placenta and fetus were studied in extenso. PMID- 3756775 TI - Predicting the response of obstructive endobronchial tumors to photodynamic therapy. AB - To investigate the usefulness of bronchoscopic examination, computerized tomography (CT), and radionuclide quantitative ventilation-perfusion lung scan to determine the response of patients with obstructive endobronchial tumors to photodynamic therapy (PDT), the findings in 24 patients treated with PDT were analyzed. PDT was found to be most effective when the tumor was bronchoscopically polypoid in appearance, with little or no submucosal invasion or peribronchial extension seen on CT scans. With increasing submucosal and/or peribronchial extension, the immediate response to treatment was poorer. Patients who had 50% or more of the airway obstruction due to mucosal tumor had no evidence of local tumor recurrence for a median interval of 22 weeks after treatment. In patients with predominant submucosal and/or peribronchial tumor, the duration of response was 7 weeks. Response to treatment did not correlate with the degree of airway obstruction. CT provided valuable information regarding the extent of the peribronchial involvement and airway distortion, which was often underestimated by bronchoscopy alone. Absent perfusion or reduction of regional perfusion out of proportion to ventilation on scintigraphy in the involved lung zone was found to be associated with extensive peribronchial involvement and a poor outcome. The authors conclude that the addition of CT and radionuclide quantitative ventilation-perfusion lung scan to bronchoscopic examination is useful in predicting the response of patients with obstructive endobronchial tumors to PDT. PMID- 3756776 TI - Early stage head and neck non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The effect of tumor burden on prognosis. AB - Treatment results were investigated in 113 previously untreated patients with clinical Stage I and II (Ann Arbor) non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the head and neck. Fifty-six Waldeyer's ring, 34 other extranodal sites, and 23 cervical nodal lesions were included. The overall relapse-free survival at 5 years was 41%. Age and Ann Arbor stage influenced relapse-free survival. The results suggested that the tumor cell burden is a fundamental prognostic factor for patients with Waldeyer's ring disease and for patients with only cervical nodal disease. Abdominal relapse was most frequent, followed by generalized relapse. From 1981, patients were randomized in a clinical trial to receive either chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone [CVP], five courses) or whole abdominal irradiation (25 Gy/20 Fr) as an adjuvant therapy. Patients could not tolerate the whole-abdominal irradiation well. A significant improvement in survival has been obtained by adjuvant chemotherapy. PMID- 3756777 TI - Operative strategy for thyroid cancer. Is total thyroidectomy worth the price? AB - The authors conducted a retrospective analysis with 5- to 30-year follow-up on 109 patients in order to determine the optimum management of nonmedullary thyroid cancer. Results of total thyroidectomy were compared to partial thyroidectomy, among patients well matched for prognostic indicators. No differences in cancer mortality or recurrence rates were evident. However, there were significantly more complications when total thyroidectomy was employed. In view of these results, partial thyroidectomy is recommended as the treatment of choice for nonmedullary thyroid cancer. PMID- 3756778 TI - Thyroid carcinoma in children and adolescents. AB - Forty patients aged 20 years or younger at the time of the diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma were followed between 10 and 35 years (mean, 22 years). All patients had had surgery, either a total thyroidectomy or a resection. Sixteen patients received additional radiotherapy. One patient died during surgery. Two patients died of metastatic tumor growth, 5 and 14 years after the primary diagnosis, respectively. Six further patients had recurrences (1-7.5 years after first treatment) and received further treatment. At the end of the study 37 patients were alive without signs of recurrence. PMID- 3756779 TI - Cardiac metastases. Case report on an isolated cardiac metastasis of a myxoid liposarcoma. AB - This report describes an isolated case of cardiac metastasis of a myxoid liposarcoma that was successfully resected by surgery after clinical and ultrasound diagnosis. Although cardiac metastases are rarely diagnosed during patients' lifetimes, a search should be made for such lesions whenever cardiac disorders appear suddenly in cancer patients. Echocardiography appears to be one of the best investigative techniques for such purposes. Despite generally poor therapeutic results, surgical resection occasionally permits long periods of survival. PMID- 3756780 TI - Renal cell carcinoma in pregnancy. AB - Renal cell carcinoma is the most common renal neoplasm associated with pregnancy. The most common presenting symptoms are pain and a palpable mass. Although renal neoplasms in pregnancy are rare, the pregnancy demands special consideration in the methods of diagnostic evaluation. The relationship between renal cell carcinoma and pregnancy is unclear. Treatment is usually radical nephrectomy regardless of the stage of pregnancy. Two new cases are presented with a review of the literature. PMID- 3756781 TI - Cryosurgical treatment of sacrococcygeal chordoma. Report of four cases. AB - Sacrococcygeal chordoma is a rare malignant neoplasm situated in a location adjacent to important structures. Distant metastases are usually rare and occur late. The treatment of choice usually consists of radical surgery, sometimes followed by radiotherapy. Extensive surgical resection is difficult and often causes bladder and/or bowel dysfunction, and the local recurrence rate remains high. In an attempt to diminish both risks, the authors introduced cryosurgery in situ as a new treatment modality for chordoma in the sacrococcygeal region. From 1974 to 1980, four patients (two male, two female) with sacrococcygeal chordoma were treated with cryosurgery without resection. Two patients had extensive tumors (greater than 10 cm) and could be treated only palliatively. Two other patients with smaller tumors (less than 10 cm) had radical cryosurgical treatment. Both patients are disease-free 10 and 7 years after cryosurgical treatment. One of the palliatively treated patients is alive with local recurrence 4 years after cryosurgery, the other died of tumor after 5 years. In a cryosurgical lesion, the tissue is completely devitalized; however, the architecture of the tissue in peripheral nerves, large vessels, and bone is preserved and remains as a perfect autograft. Frozen tissue is very susceptible to the hematogenous spread of infection. Therefore, infection prevention is of utmost importance. The authors believe that cryosurgery should have a place in the treatment of sacrococcygeal chordoma. PMID- 3756782 TI - Unmet psychological, social, and economic needs of persons with cancer in Pennsylvania. AB - Six hundred twenty-nine persons with cancer (PWC) selected from the Pennsylvania Cancer Registry plus 397 nonprofessional (support) persons involved in their care (SP) were interviewed to determine their views of the unmet psychological, social and economic needs of PWC. The most frequently mentioned unmet need was for help in dealing with emotional problems (estimated at 25% of PWC state-wide). Other unmet need estimates ranged from 14% for financial to 4% for transportation, with 59% of PWC reporting at least one unmet need. Characteristics of PWC reporting unmet needs included being younger, a history of emotional problems, a chronic illness in addition to cancer, more advanced stage at diagnosis, and a diagnosis of lung cancer. The percent of PWC and CP reporting unmet needs were very similar. These findings indicate that more effective screening for psychosocial problems and referral to supportive services is needed. PMID- 3756783 TI - Multi-institutional studies on hyperthermia using an 8-MHz radiofrequency capacitive heating device (Thermotron RF-8) in combination with radiation for cancer therapy. AB - A joint clinical trial of hyperthermia using a newly developed 8-MHz radiofrequency (RF) capacitive heating device (Thermotron RF-8; developed in cooperation with Yamamoto Vinyter Co. of Osaka) was performed under collaboration of seven institutions. Radiation with 4 Gy twice a week for a total of 40 Gy or 2 Gy five times a week for a total of 50 Gy was delivered. After irradiation, hyperthermia at 42.5 degrees C +/- 0.5 degree C for 40 to 60 minutes was given twice a week for a total of 10 times. Tumors examined in this trial were located in various depths in the body, and included those which were considered refractory to conventional treatments or radioresistant such as malignant melanoma and soft tissue tumors. Of the 63 tumors treated, 52.4% showed complete regression (CR); 19.0% more than 80% regression (PRa); 20.6%, 80% to 50% regression (PRb); and 8.0% no regression (NR). Our joint clinical trial demonstrated that hyperthermia with the use of the Thermotron RF-8 is safe and effective in the treatment of radioresistant tumors located in superficial, subsurface, and in some cases deep regions, if the surface cooling is properly managed by the temperature-controlled saline pad and electrodes of appropriate size are paired. PMID- 3756784 TI - Stage I-II follicular lymphoma. Treatment results for 76 patients. AB - Clinical features and treatment results are analyzed for 76 patients with Stage I II follicular lymphoma seen between 1974 and 1981. During this period, 66% of the patients received involved-field radiotherapy (XRT) alone, and 34% received chemotherapy with or without XRT. At 5 years, the overall survival was 67%, the cause-specific survival was 73%, and the relapse-free survival (RFS) was 48%, with no relapses to date among nine patients followed beyond 60 months. Adverse prognostic features for survival included extranodal disease and elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase. For RFS, adverse features included extranodal disease and bulky abdominal disease. The RFS was significantly better for patients receiving chemotherapy with or without XRT than for XRT alone (64% versus 37% at 5 years, P = 0.02), despite a higher frequency of adverse prognostic features in the chemotherapy-treated group. About 50% of Stage I-II follicular lymphoma patients may be curable, and the inclusion of chemotherapy in the initial treatment may increase the potentially curable fraction. PMID- 3756785 TI - Developments in the diagnosis and treatment of primary CNS lymphoma. A prospective series. AB - Current experience with 12 patients studied prospectively suggests a new approach in the diagnosis and treatment of primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma, integrating the techniques of needle brain biopsy, immunohistochemical staining for monoclonal antibody and chemotherapeutic drug delivery in association with blood-brain barrier modification. Computed tomography (CT)-guided needle biopsy of deep parenchymal lesions contributed to the diagnosis in six patients. Immunohistochemical staining methods detected monoclonal immunoglobulins in those patients so tested. Following diagnosis, the patients have been treated with multi-agent chemotherapy in conjunction with osmotic blood-brain barrier modification (five without antecedent cranial irradiation) with an initial complete response rate by CT scan in nine patients, a median follow-up of 19 months from diagnosis, and a 1-year survival of 75%. This experience emphasizes the value of CT-guided stereotaxic or CT-guided needle biopsy, which limits the need for therapy without a diagnosis or the need for a major craniotomy in what are commonly deep, paraventricular lesions. Immunoperoxidase cytochemical stains can detect monoclonal immunoglobulin characteristic of CNS B-cell malignant lymphomas and provide an important diagnostic aid when only modest quantities of tissue or cells are obtained. Finally, chemotherapy administered in conjunction with osmotic blood-brain barrier modification results in a clinical response rate and survival that are at least as effective as radiotherapy as a primary therapeutic modality. PMID- 3756786 TI - The use of mitoxantrone plus cyclophosphamide as first-line treatment of metastatic breast cancer. AB - Thirty-two patients with metastatic breast cancer who had not received prior chemotherapy for metastatic disease were entered into a trial of mitoxantrone 12 mg/m2 plus cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2 given at three weekly intervals. Thirty-one patients are eligible for assessment. Response was seen in 65% (4/31 complete regression; 16/31 partial regression). Median duration of response was 6 months and median duration of survival was 10 months. Mitoxantrone + cyclophosphamide appears to be an active combination in treatment of metastatic breast cancer. PMID- 3756787 TI - Retreatment of pediatric brain tumors with radiation and misonidazole. Results of a CCSG/RTOG phase I/II study. AB - Twenty-nine patients with recurrent pediatric brain tumors after full-dose treatment with radiation were retreated with misonidazole (9 gm/m2) and whole brain irradiation (300 rad X 10). Seventeen of 29 patients (59%) experienced nausea and vomiting with misonidazole administration and 6 patients (21%) developed peripheral neuropathy. Serum levels of misonidazole were similar to those reported for adults. One patient died of trauma shortly after retreatment. For the remaining 28 patients, the median time-to-progression was 5.5 months. Median survival was 13 months. Six patients (21%) developed radiation toxicity, two of whom died from the toxicity. Whereas the results on this study are similar to reported series of patients receiving salvage chemotherapy for recurrent pediatric brain tumors, more effective treatment clearly is needed. PMID- 3756788 TI - Experimental studies on the role of the portal circulation in hepatic tumor vascularity. AB - Whereas the predominance of arterial circulation in the nourishment of liver tumors has been well established, the portal circulation also appears to play a significant role under some circumstances. Studies were performed on Sprague Dawley rats with Walker carcinosarcomas implanted in the liver, and vascularity was identified by portal and arterial injection of pigmented silicone rubber (Microfil, Canton Bio-Medical Products, Boulder, CO). Experimental groups consisted of animals with hepatic artery ligation at time of tumor implant with Microfil injection 3 or 7 days later, and animals with hepatic artery ligation 3 or 7 days after tumor implantation with immediate Microfil injection. In all groups, portal filling of tumor microcirculation was identified. Histologic examination of tumors in control animals randomly demonstrated portally injected Microfil in vessels within the substance of the tumors. These studies confirm earlier experiments demonstrating a portal component in the microcirculation of liver tumors, and justify attempts to use the portal circulation in anticancer therapy. PMID- 3756789 TI - Importance of critical metabolites and cellular interactions in the biology of microregions of tumors. AB - Heterogeneity of cellular microenvironments and associated differences in phenotypic expression of cells in solid tumors occur as a consequence of deficiencies of vascularization. Intervascular microregions of tumors and micrometastases can be modeled by multicellular spheroids in vitro. These develop concentration gradients of critical metabolites such as oxygen, glucose, and probably also other important nutrients, hormones, and growth factors. Drug penetration may also be reduced. Concentrations of these factors decrease from the periphery towards the center, but gradients develop in the opposite direction for certain metabolic and necrotic products such as lactate and pH. Such gradients significantly modify the proliferative status of the cells, viability, clonogenicity, cell cycle distribution, antigen expression, and differentiation. Stress of oxygen and glucose deprivation induces synthesis of a specific set of proteins. Cellular interactions can also modulate phenotypic expression, including oxygen and glucose consumption rates and sensitivity to radiation and drugs. The mechanisms of these are unknown, but changes in cell-cell communication and DNA damage and repair have been demonstrated in spheroids. Microenvironmental and cellular changes may be transient. Thus, the characteristics of cells in tumor microregions may be quite different from the intrinsic cellular properties observed after growth of cells in standard culture systems. These changes may have significant effects on responses to therapeutic agents. PMID- 3756790 TI - Sinusoidal hematolymphoid malignancy ("malignant histiocytosis") presenting as atypical sinusoidal proliferation. A study of nine cases. AB - A number of cases of sinusoidal hematolymphoid malignancy ("malignant histiocytosis") in which early lymph node biopsies have not allowed clear separation from benign histiocytic disorders have been observed. Nine such cases in which only a follow-up lymph node biopsy documented their malignant nature are reported. Seven of the nine patients were under 21 years of age; there was an even sex distribution. All had localized or generalized lymphadenopathy and three had hepatosplenomegaly at initial presentation. Histologically, the initial lymph node biopsy specimens showed an atypical sinusoidal proliferation, often with hemophagocytosis, but without sufficient atypia to allow a diagnosis of malignancy. The analysis of the follow-up biopsies, performed from 6 weeks to 5 years after the initial biopsy, showed a progression in histology with an increase in atypia, a greater tendency to efface lymph node architecture, and a decrease in hemophagocytosis. All patients were treated with chemotherapy. Six patients ultimately died; at autopsy, these patients showed a pattern of organ involvement typical of what has been described for malignant histiocytosis. PMID- 3756791 TI - Bronchiolocentric chronic lymphocytic leukemia. AB - Three patients presented with symptoms of severe dyspnea, radiologic evidence of bilateral pulmonary infiltrates, and one had diffuse wheezing on auscultation. Open-lung biopsies revealed a neoplastic lymphocytic infiltrate in an exquisitely bronchiolocentric distribution with relative sparing of the rest of the lung parenchyma. Two patients had a history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), whereas pulmonary disease was the initial manifestation of the lymphoproliferative disorder in the third. Clinical and pathologic features of the three cases are discussed. PMID- 3756792 TI - The histogenesis of adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder. AB - A prospective study of 277 cholecystectomy specimens for evidence of isolated epithelial dysplasia of gallbladder mucosa is presented. In addition, 15 cases of primary adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder are retrospectively reviewed with particular reference to the presence of metaplasia and dysplasia adjacent to the infiltrating tumor, in order to establish the relationship between metaplasia, isolated epithelial dysplasia, and adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder. Only one case of isolated epithelial dysplasia was found in the 277 cholecystectomy specimens, and this arose within focal incomplete intestinal metaplasia. In the 15 cases of adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder, benign antral and/or incomplete intestinal metaplasia was found adjacent to the tumor in 11 cases. In 10 cases, dysplasia of this metaplastic epithelium was found in continuity with the tumor. The authors conclude that the most common pathway to adenocarcinoma is via dysplasia of metaplastic gallbladder epithelium. PMID- 3756793 TI - Prognostic importance of progesterone and estrogen receptors in cancer of the uterine cervix. AB - Tissue levels of cytosolic estrogen receptors (ERc) and progesterone receptors (PRc) have been shown to have prognostic meaning in hormonally responsive cancers arising in the breast and endometrium. Although carcinomas of the uterine cervix rarely respond to hormonal manipulation, the normal cervical stroma and epithelia contain ERc and PRc. To study the prognostic value of these receptors, 65 cervical carcinomas for ERc and PRc were assayed before initiation of surgical or radiation therapy. In premenopausal women, logistic models demonstrated that clinical stage, surgical stage, and receptor level independently predict survival. If confirmed in further studies, ERc and PRc may prove to be useful prognostic factors in the management of cervical carcinomas. PMID- 3756794 TI - Cribriform adenocarcinoma of the prostate. AB - In 46 radical prostatectomy specimens, carcinoma volume and Gleason histologic grade were compared among 21 cancers containing Grade 3 cribriform areas and 25 noncribriform carcinomas. All cribriform cancers but only 44% of the noncribriform cancers were larger than 1.7 ml. Grade 4-5 areas were present in 86% of cribriform cancers and 36% of noncribriform cancers. All 17 cancers larger than 4.0 ml contained Grade 4-5 areas, and 15 of these showed cribriform areas. By contrast, noncribriform Grade 3 areas were found in 45 of 46 carcinomas. In most cases, cribriform carcinoma was predominantly intraductal; cell masses either followed normal duct contours or showed a basal cell layer by routine microscopic study or by immunohistochemical staining for basal cell-specific keratin. Seven cases showed primary origin of cribriform carcinoma within ducts by evolution from intraductal dysplasia, a presumptive premalignant lesion. It was proposed that cribriform carcinoma is equivalent to intraductal Grade 4 cancer, and that many Grade 4 prostate cancers may evolve directly from an identifiable intraductal precursor. PMID- 3756795 TI - Hodgkin's disease presenting with isolated craniospinal involvement. AB - A 34-year-old man presented with tumor of his cervical spinal meninges and bone and the dura over the right frontal lobe, which was shown on biopsy to be Hodgkin's lymphoma. Extensive noninvasive evaluation failed to reveal any other sites of disease. Central nervous system involvement with Hodgkin's disease is extremely rare and is almost always a late complication in patients who have widely disseminated disease in the usual nodal sites. The current patient is unique in that his initial symptoms were due to involvement of the central nervous system and he had no evidence of Hodgkin's disease elsewhere. PMID- 3756796 TI - Multifactorial analysis of survival in thyroid cancer. Pitfalls of applying the results of published studies to another population. AB - Multifactorial analyses (MFAs) of survival data of thyroid carcinoma patients have already been published by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer EORTC, the Institut Curie (IC), and the Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR). The aim of this study was to find out if the results obtained in these MFAs could be applied to a new population of 480 patients. To determine this, three MFAs were carried out on the new population. Each of these MFAs is based on exactly the same methodology as one of the three reference studies. Using the EORTC methodology, five significant factors were retained: age, principal cell type, anaplastic, T-category, and metastatic sites (The significant factors in the EORTC study also included the sex factor, which was not significant for the current study). Using their own prognostic index instead of the EORTC index, gave the authors a better classification of the patients and better survival prediction. Using the IC methodology, four significant factors were retained: age, histology, T-category, and metastatic sites (the significant factors in the IC study were age, histology and sex). Using the IGR methodology, two significant factors were retained: age and N-category (the significant factors in the IGR study also included sex and histology). The authors' results differ from those published by the previous groups. Therefore, one should hesitate before applying the results obtained by other groups for thyroid carcinoma to another population. It would seem necessary to carry out one's own MFA before determining a prognostic index. PMID- 3756797 TI - Reducing diagnostic delay in breast cancer. Possible therapeutic implications. GIVIO (Interdisciplinary Group for Cancer Care Evaluation) Italy. AB - A detailed examination of the diagnostic process of 1110 newly diagnosed breast cancer patients first seen at 63 Italian general hospitals showed that 36% of them were diagnosed more than 3 months after the appearance of the first symptom. Whereas 17% (108/633) of the women with less than or equal to 3 months delay were Stage III and IV, the corresponding proportion among women with greater than 3 months delay was 32% (101/320), suggesting that 15% of advanced cases can be attributed to diagnostic delay. A 9% gain in survival at 5 years (66% vs. 57%) could be postulated if reported figures on mortality by stage are applied to our patients with less than or equal to 3 months delay compared to those with greater than 3 months. Moreover, examining the two components of delay (first symptom first visit and first visit-final diagnosis) our data suggest that the potential benefits of timely presentation were, for some patients, cancelled by delays arising in the health care system. Breast self-examination (BSE) was practiced by 34% of the total population, but only 9% did it on a regular monthly basis. Although any type of BSE (regular and irregular) was associated with a smaller primary at presentation, a limited benefit of the procedure in terms of nodal involvement and pathologic stage of disease was evident only among regular BSE performers. PMID- 3756798 TI - Adenocarcinoma of the cecum. Analysis of 106 cases. AB - The natural history of surgically treated adenocarcinoma of the cecum has not been well defined. This report is a retrospective study of 106 patients followed for a median time of 25 months after hemicolectomy. The overall median survival rate was 73 months and the median disease-free survival rate was 37 months; 22 of 106 patients failed locally (21%). In addition, 7 of these 22 patients had distal failure. Thus, there appears to exist a group of patients likely to benefit from adjuvant radiotherapy. Whether total abdominal irradiation or locoregional radiotherapy is the method of choice needs to be further defined. PMID- 3756799 TI - The correlation of pretreatment transurethral resection of prostatic cancer with tumor dissemination and disease-free survival. A univariate and multivariate analysis. AB - A multivariate Cox's hazard function analysis was performed on the prognostic variables selected from 240 patients with localized carcinoma of the prostate who received external beam radiotherapy to analyze the association between the method of biopsy and disease-free survival. The patients received 4500 cGy to the pelvis followed by a 2-week treatment rest and then an additional 2000 cGy to the reduced prostatic volume. Median follow-up was 4 years (range, 1-9 years). The 5 year actuarial local control rate was 91%. There was no difference in local control relative to the method of biopsy (needle biopsy or transurethral resection of the prostate [TURP]). The 5-year actuarial risks of metastases were 28% and 48% for the needle biopsy and TURP groups, respectively (P less than 0.01). The 5-year disease-free survival for the needle biopsy and TURP groups were 55% and 42%, respectively (P less than 0.05). This difference maintained statistical significance for Stage C and Grade III tumors. A multivariate analysis demonstrated that "method of biopsy" was the third most powerful variable after serum acid phosphatase level and modified Broders' grade in predicting disease-free survival. Patients who had TURP had an almost twofold higher relative risk of disease progression than those who had needle biopsy. This study established the correlation of the method of biopsy with a lower probability of disease-free survival over and above the information obtained from the clinical stage, histologic grade, presence or absence of symptoms of obstruction, acid phosphatase level, and lymph node status. The association of TURP with tumor dissemination is discussed with reference to the mechanism of metastasis formation and prevention. PMID- 3756800 TI - Periosteal Ewing's sarcoma. AB - Ewing's sarcoma is a small cell malignant tumor that usually arises in the medullary cavity of bone. Less frequently, it originates in soft tissue and may secondarily invade underlying bone. The origin of Ewing's sarcoma in a periosteal location without extension into either the bone or adjacent soft tissue has not been clearly documented. Other malignant tumors of bone (e.g., osteosarcoma) appear to have a somewhat better prognosis when confined between periosteum and bone. The case of a patient with a periosteal Ewing's sarcoma who received a radical excision and postoperative chemotherapy and who is without evidence of disease with over 2 years follow-up is reported. PMID- 3756801 TI - The role of diet and nutrition in cancer. AB - Experimental and epidemiologic studies in recent years are pointing to diet as an important contributor to the cancer death toll which in the US this year will reach nearly one half million. Obesity, high fat intake, low fiber content and a dearth of vitamin A- and C-containing fruits and vegetables have been identified as risk factors; but these are not independent variables. The complex network of metabolic mechanisms involved are still obscure and association is not necessarily causation. Experts may agree on the data, but differ on whether we know enough to recommend dietary changes to the public. The Society in its continued efforts toward cancer prevention, has taken the stand that the available evidence, although inferential, is sufficiently solid to share with the public, and its guidelines are compatible with currently acceptable good nutritional practice. This conference should be a landmark of progress in the Society's continuing surveillance of this active field of investigation. PMID- 3756802 TI - American Cancer Society. Second National Conference on Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer. Houston, Texas, September 5-7, 1985. PMID- 3756803 TI - Carcinogens and mutagens that may occur in foods. AB - The principal carcinogens and mutagens that have been identified in human foods are reviewed. These agents may occur in foods as naturally occurring components (e.g., metabolites made by plant or fungal cells), components of contaminating plants or microorganisms, food additives (usually unintentional), or products that arise during processing or cooking. In the mixed diets of developed countries the levels of the known carcinogens and mutagens are very low. However, serious contamination of foods by the potent hepatocarcinogen aflatoxin B1 has occurred in some parts of the world; contamination by N-nitroso compounds or their precursors is another important concern. Extrapolation of the data on the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of chemicals that can occur in foods to an accurate estimation of the potential hazard to human populations is not yet possible. PMID- 3756804 TI - Diet and breast cancer in causation and therapy. AB - The major macronutrient associated with increased breast cancer risk is dietary fat. Evidence for this association is based on epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory animal studies. In addition, there is suggestive epidemiologic evidence that differences in postmastectomy survival rates in Japan and the United States may be attributable to differences in dietary fat intake. The importance of the type of fat consumed, as well as its amount, has emerged as an issue of major importance. Some oils, including those rich in monounsaturates, medium chain fatty acids, or omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids appear to lack tumor promoting effects despite their presence in the diet at high levels. Possible mechanisms by which dietary fat may exert its effects could be either direct or indirect. Direct mechanisms involve dietary modification of membrane structure and function; indirect mechanisms involve alterations in the endocrine system, and/or the metabolism of essential fatty acids to biologically active eicosanoids such as prostaglandins, and suppression of immune responses. Dietary guidelines and dietary intervention trials for the primary and secondary prevention of breast cancer are discussed. PMID- 3756805 TI - Hypotheses regarding caloric intake in cancer development. AB - The epidemiologic evidence on fats as related to cancer has until recently been equivocal. Some studies showed an inhibitory effect, some showed no effect, and a few showed a reduction in risk. More recently, however, epidemiologic inquiries have suggested that fats may be associated with increased risk of cancer of the breast, prostate, cervix, colon, rectum, larynx, and lung. The relationship is not a simple one. There is evidence that a high level of total calories ingested, regardless of whether the source is fats, carbohydrates, or proteins, increases risk. Still other studies suggest that calorie expenditure may be the important fact. Thus, obesity, derived from whatever source, may be etiologically related to some cancers. Fats being a potentially important contributor to obesity over the long term, may in this way increase risk. PMID- 3756806 TI - Fat and cancer. AB - Experimental studies and epidemiologic data both indicate that high-fat diets increase the risk of cancer at sites such as breast, colon, and pancreas. Dietary polyunsaturated vegetable oils promote tumorigenesis in animals whereas saturated fats and polyunsaturated fish oils either have little effect or are inhibitory. A blend of fats typical of the American diet enhanced mammary tumorigenesis effectively when fed as 40% of calories. After 9 to 10 weeks on this diet, reducing the fat to 10% of calories inhibited subsequent tumor development. Although dietary fat appears to act as a promoter, the exact mechanisms are still unknown. Cancer mortality in humans correlates better with total dietary fat than with degree of unsaturation, perhaps because most diets contain more than the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids required for maximum effect on tumorigenesis in animals. A reduction in total dietary fat is recommended to reduce the current high cancer mortality. PMID- 3756807 TI - Overweight and mortality. AB - Mortality ratios by relative weight categories compared to average weights were computed for 750,000 men and women. Data came from the American Cancer Society's prospective study, conducted in 1960-1972. Males who were 40% or more overweight had a mortality ratio of 1.87 for all causes of death. The ratio in women was 1.89. High mortality ratios were also observed in overweight men and women who died of coronary heart disease, diabetes and digestive diseases. The mortality ratio for cancer in obese men was 1.33; 1.55 for obese women. Sites with high mortality ratios in obese males were colon-rectum and prostate; in women, endometrium (about 5 times as high as for average weights); cervix (2 times as high), gall bladder (3.5 times), ovary (mortality ratio of 1.6) and breast cancer (mortality ratio of 1.5). PMID- 3756808 TI - Effects of vitamins C and E on N-nitroso compound formation, carcinogenesis, and cancer. AB - The properties of N-nitroso compounds (NNC) and of vitamins C and E are briefly described. The author reviews the ability of vitamins C and E to inhibit NNC formation in chemical systems, in nitrite-preserved meat, in experimental animals and in humans. Dietary vitamins C and E both produced 30% to 60% inhibitions in most carcinogenesis experiments employing preformed carcinogens. Vitamin C reversed transformation in an in vitro system. Carcinogenicity tests of the vitamins are reviewed (vitamin C can promote bladder carcinogenesis). Intake of fresh fruits and vegetables (which contain vitamin C) is negatively correlated with cancer of the stomach, esophagus, larynx, mouth and cervix. For gastric and esophageal cancer, there is evidence that this association is due to an inhibition of in vivo NNC formation. Vitamin C is apparently not a useful treatment for cancer. The author supports the recommendation that fresh fruit and vegetable intake be increased to lower the risk of cancer. PMID- 3756809 TI - Food additives and contaminants. An update. AB - Food additives continue to be a source of benefits to the consuming public but there are also perceived risks. Concern for the latter in the last decade has produced a society afflicted with cancer phobia. The intentional additives including sugars, salt, corn syrup, and dextrose make up 90% of the direct additives. These, along with a limited number of familiar items make up a large proportion of the remainder of the additives. Such common ingredients as nitrates and nitrites, solanine, cyanogenetic compounds, arsenic, etc., are unavoidably consumed in the diet and with little if any evidence for public health consequences. Major concern on the part of the public in recent years has been focused on man-made chemicals which are intentionally added to foods to enhance flavors and acceptability, nutrient value, shelf life and increased availability. These include food colors, nonnutritive and low-nutrient sweeteners, (saccharin, cyclamate, aspartame); antioxidants; and nitrites. Contaminants, sometimes incorrectly included in lists of food additives, present the greatest potential threat to public health. Such contaminants as mycotoxins, nitrosamines, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides, among others, provide a continuing challenge to our regulatory agencies and to public health authorities. Evidence to date indicate that these responsible for food safety are doing an admirable job, and as a society, our food supply has never been better, or safer, and, as a population, we have never been healthier. Aside from contaminants, major concerns relate to an excess of good food and to obesity. These comments should not be taken to infer that we should relax our concern and surveillance; instead more concern and surveillance should be exerted toward those uncontrolled substances such as natural plant products and alleged natural nutrients, roots, herbs, etc., which are given much credit for positive health effects, without meeting the high standards of our legitimate food industry. PMID- 3756810 TI - Nutrition education of the cancer patient and family. Myths and realities. AB - Common myths about nutrition education and care of cancer patients are debunked and realities are discussed. First, frequently held misconceptions of nonspecialized health professionals are considered. These include the myths that diet change in the population will be rapid now that dietary guidelines to prevent cancer have been issued; nutrition education is best relegated to the dietitian for cancer patients; patients do not need nutritional advice until treatment is actually in progress, and then only rarely while they are hospitalized; nutrition education needs taper off once consolidation or intermittent therapy begins and cease entirely with survival of 5 or more years; and nutrition education of the family usually can be ignored. Next, common myths which many patients and their families subscribe to are discussed. These myths include the following: by following the cancer prevention dietary guidelines, protection against cancer is guaranteed; if only the victim had eaten differently, the cancer never would have developed; cancer prevention dietary guidelines also should be followed in the nutritional support of cancer patients; cancer patients can rely on their appetites and hidden hungers to stay in good nutritional balance; special diets can cure cancer; all cancer anorexia can now be reversed by following proper diet; children who have cancer should neither be fed nor can they eat diets similar to those fed to other children at that age; special nutritional support measures such as tube feeding and total parenteral nutrition are only useful for those younger than 65 years; and there is no sense in paying attention to the nutrition of cancer patients in hospices because they are going to die anyway. It is concluded that nutrition education can enhance quality of life, for the patient and his family, throughout his illness and after his recovery. PMID- 3756811 TI - New approaches to the possible prevention of side effects of chemotherapy by nutrition. AB - In an effort to develop new methods for preventing side effects of chemotherapy, the authors initiated studies to determine whether Adriamycin (doxorubicin) inhibits the metabolism of riboflavin (vitamin B2). Adriamycin has been shown to form a 1:1 stoichiometric complex with riboflavin, as well as to compete for binding to tissue proteins. Adult rats treated with Adriamycin in clinically relevant doses were compared to control animals in ability to convert riboflavin into flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), the active flavin coenzyme derivative, in heart, skeletal muscle, liver, and kidney. Rats treated with Adriamycin exhibited diminished formation of carbon 14 (14C)FAD in skeletal muscle to nearly 50% that of controls, and in heart to about 70% to 80% of controls. Under these conditions, (14C)FAD formation in liver and kidney was largely unaffected by Adriamycin. In preliminary studies, riboflavin-deficient animals treated with Adriamycin had accelerated mortality rates compared to those of food restricted controls treated with similar doses of Adriamycin. The data as a whole suggest a potential mechanism for Adriamycin-induced cardiac and skeletal myopathy, i.e., inhibition of synthesis of FAD, a flavin coenzyme which is involved in electron transport, lipid metabolism, and energy generation. These findings in an animal model raise the possibility that defects of riboflavin nutriture, either dietary or drug-induced, may be a determinant of Adriamycin toxicity. Further studies are required to explore the potential for preventing side effects due to Adriamycin by administration of this vitamin. PMID- 3756812 TI - Unproven (questionable) dietary and nutritional methods in cancer prevention and treatment. AB - "Unproven" is a euphemism for questionable. The definition of a questionable method is that it has not successfully answered the two basic consumer protection questions of efficacy and safety, to wit: Has it been responsibly, objectively, reproducibly, and reliably demonstrated in humans in the responsible (peer reviewed) literature accepted for the shelves of the National Library of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland, to be: More effective than suggestion or doing nothing? and in addition, either As safe as doing nothing? or, in the alternative, If there is any question with respect to safety, to have a reasonably and objectively clear potential for benefit which exceeds its potential for harm? Any proposed cancer prevention or treatment modality which has not successfully answered the above efficacy question plus one of the two safety questions is by definition questionable. It is experimental if it is new, and very probably quackery if it is old. Experimental therapy may be either ethical and responsible or unethical and irresponsible. It is unethical and irresponsible to not tell the patient experiments are being conducted on him, to charge the patient to perform research on him, or to ask the patient to sign an informed consent aimed at exculpating the doctor rather than protecting the patient. Ethical and responsible informed consents clearly delineate that what is being done is experimental, and that efficacy and safety have not been determined. Products promoted for profit to the public without passing peer process are almost without exception ineffective, often harmful, and sometimes lethal. This includes Laetrile, immunoaugmentative therapy, chelation therapy, macrobiotic diets, and other alternative therapies. Anecdotal and testimonial claims of cure, on investigation, almost invariably prove due to coincidence, suggestibility, and/or the natural history of the disorder, and fall into one of the five categories of "cures that are not": The patient never had cancer. The cancer was cured or put in remission by responsible therapy, but the promoted therapy was irrelevantly also given, and is erroneously credited for the cure. The cancer is progressing silently, but erroneously represented as cured. The patient is dead, but represented as cured. The patient had a spontaneous remission, which is publicized as a "cure," while failing to publicize the hundred or more deaths per "success" which followed the same "cure." Quackery involves the consumer fraud of taking money under false pretenses. The false pretense is the promotion and selling of questionable diagnostic tests and therapies advertising them to be safe and effective.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3756813 TI - Alcohol-nutrient interactions in cancer etiology. AB - The cancers for which there is the most compelling epidemiologic evidence of associations with both diet and alcohol are oral, pharyngeal, laryngeal, esophageal, and liver cancer. For lung, breast, stomach, and colorectal cancer, there is reasonably strong epidemiologic evidence of associations with diet, but only moderate or equivocal evidence of associations with alcohol. For pancreatic cancer there is suggestive evidence of associations with both exposures. It is probable that the quantitative relationship and the underlying biological mechanisms of the diet-alcohol interaction will not be the same for all cancers. Heavy alcohol consumption and generally poor nutrition, possibly a deficiency of several micronutrients and food groups, were the major risk factors for esophageal cancer in a case-control study of the unusually high rates for this cancer among Washington, DC black men. It is proposed that alcohol might increase risk of esophageal cancer, in part, by reducing nutrient intake. Two descriptive studies are presented that suggest that as the percent of caloric intake from alcohol increases, the daily consumption of protein, carbohydrate, fiber, and many micronutrients steadily and significantly decreases. Alcohol consumption and low fruit and vegetable intake, as well as snuff dipping and cigarette smoking, were shown to be risk factors for oral-pharyngeal cancer in a case-control study of the high rates of these cancers among North Carolina women. Since these women were not heavy drinkers, it is not likely that alcohol functioned by altering nutritional status. A number of mechanisms for the action of alcohol in cancer etiology are presented. PMID- 3756814 TI - Dietary considerations for risk reduction. AB - In the last two decades, the potential role of dietary factors in the etiology and prevention of cancer has gained considerable attention. Using an in-depth assessment performed in 1982 by the National Research Council's (NRC) Committee on Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer as the basis, this paper compares dietary guidelines to lower cancer risk issued by the NRC committee with those of other major scientific and voluntary health organizations in the United States and abroad. In general, the public has been advised to decrease total fat intake, maintain appropriate body weight, emphasize consumption of certain fruits and vegetables and complex carbohydrates, and to drink alcohol only in moderation. The guidelines proposed by the National Cancer Institute, the American Cancer Society, and the NRC committee are in agreement with those made in Japan and some European countries, and are similar to those proposed for health promotion by the United States Departments of Agriculture and Health and Human Services. Individual scientists and organizations have both criticized and endorsed these guidelines. Additional research to strengthen the data base and better agreement among scientists about the criteria for acceptability of evidence are needed for arriving at more definitive dietary recommendations to the public. PMID- 3756815 TI - Clinical trials in cancer prevention. AB - Research in cancer prevention can be divided into laboratory research, epidemiologic research, and clinical trials. When results from laboratory and/or epidemiologic research support the possibility of clinical cancer prevention, these leads should be subjected to study in clinical trials. If clinical trials produce positive results, wide application of these results to the relevant segments of the general population should then be emphasized. Why are clinical trials needed in cancer prevention? There are several considerations: epidemiologic studies may lack specificity, that is, the ability to reach conclusions that apply to only one specific factor; the predictive value of animal models based on laboratory studies is not entirely known; clinical trials quantitate the level of participant acceptance of the intervention; and clinical trials address the issues of risk/benefit ratios. Over the last 3 years, the National Cancer Institute has supported the development of a program of clinical trials in cancer prevention. The aim of these studies includes the reversal of precursor lesions, prevention of progression from a precursor state to overt malignancy, reduction in the incidence of malignancy, reduction in cancer mortality, and reduction in overall mortality. Interventions under study include a diet with less than 20% of calories from fat, and the administration of single agents or combinations of agents, including beta carotene, vitamin A, 13-cis retinoic acid, vitamins C, E, and B12, and folacin. PMID- 3756816 TI - Use of nude mouse xenografts as preclinical drug screens. Further studies on in vitro growth of xenograft tumor colony-forming cells. AB - Previous studies suggested tumor colony-forming cells (CFC) grown from xenografts might be useful as a preclinical, in vitro drug screen. To further evaluate this possibility, eight melanoma and six ovarian carcinoma xenografts were established from untreated patients and tested for in vitro CFC growth. For each tumor, linear relationships between cells plated and colony (30 cells or greater than 75 micron diameter) and cluster (10-30 cells or 50-75 micron) growth were observed. All eight melanomas grew sufficient colonies (greater than or equal to 30) for in vitro drug assessment, although four required hypoxic (pO2 = 40) incubation to reliably attain this level of growth. Only one in six of the ovary xenografts consistently grew enough colonies, and growth was not significantly improved by hypoxic incubation, or addition of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, or steroid hormones. Cloning efficiencies (colonies + clusters/cells plated) for tumors demonstrating adequate growth ranged from 0.01% to 0.3%. For most tumors, no direct relationship was observed between characteristics of xenograft tumors (size) or their resulting cell suspensions (viabilities, cell yield) and CFC growth. Cell suspensions were incubated with a 3 log concentration of nine established chemotherapeutic agents. Resulting dose-effect curves were linear and showed no plateaus of drug effect. Analyzing 447 in vitro drug trials on six melanomas and one ovarian carcinoma, interexperiment variability was high. Cell lines were established from three xenografts using a low concentration of fetal bovine serum (1%), and also examined for in vitro drug sensitivity. Using both liquid culture isotope incorporation and a colony-forming assay, drug sensitivity profiles for the cell lines were nearly identical to those for parent xenograft CFC. However, assays performed using the cell lines were more reproducible than those using xenograft tissue. The authors conclude that tumor CFC can be reliably grown from melanoma xenografts, but in vitro drug assays using these xenografts are poorly reproducible. The xenografts are a resource for establishing cell lines, and drug assays performed using these lines are highly reproducible. Similarities in drug sensitivity profiles for parent xenograft CFC and derived cell lines suggest that, despite poor reproducibility, repetitive assays using melanoma CFC accurately reflect some properties of cells which sustain tumor cell growth. PMID- 3756817 TI - A proposal for treatment of invasive thymoma. AB - Eleven patients with invasive thymoma were treated with radiotherapy. All patients had gross anterior mediastinal tumors that invaded the adjacent structures, four of whom showed intrathoracic dissemination. Before radiotherapy, only one had macroscopic complete resection of the tumor, and another had partial resection; the other nine patients underwent biopsy only. All 11 patients achieved complete remission after radiotherapy, eight of whom have been free from relapse for 31 to 202 months. Three patients experienced recurrence within the thorax but outside the radiation fields. Even after whole mediastinal irradiation, recurrence could occur in the pleural cavity. Therefore, extended radiation fields including the entire hemithorax is recommended. Intensive combination chemotherapy was administered for two patients with recurrence and they achieved complete remission. A possible role of intensive chemotherapy in induction phase for invasive thymomas is discussed. PMID- 3756818 TI - An excess of uterine sarcomas after pelvic irradiation. AB - The Ohio State University Registry recorded 1208 uterine corpus malignancies between 1940 and 1983. Thirty cases occurred in women with a history of pelvic irradiation. Eight patients had previously been irradiated for pelvic malignancy, four of whom presented with advanced stage sarcomas and died of their disease within 14 months. This represents an increase over the expected sarcoma prevalence which is less than 5%. In contrast, the majority of women (20 of 22) previously irradiated for benign conditions were diagnosed with endometrial adenocarcinoma. In 18, the adenocarcinoma was diagnosed as Stage I, and the prognosis was only slightly less favorable than for nonirradiated women. No significant effect of age at the time of irradiation was apparent. This study of women with a history of pelvic irradiation who later developed uterine cancer demonstrates a tendency for patients previously irradiated for pelvic malignancy to present with advanced stage, extremely aggressive uterine tumors compared to those previously irradiated for benign conditions. PMID- 3756819 TI - Autoimmune phenomena and cytogenetic findings in a patient with carcinoma (seminoma) in situ. AB - Routine examination of a testis biopsy from a patient with oligospermia and a large varicocele in his left testicle and who was childless for over 2 years showed carcinoma in situ (CIS) with atypic spermatogonia in his right testicle. Immunohistochemical investigations of this tissue revealed large intracellular deposits of immunoglobulin G (IgG) restricted to the atypical cells. By blot immunobinding test of the patient's serum, circulating antibodies against a molecule with an approximate molecular weight of 60 kD were found. Such antibodies were not found in a total of over 500 infertile patients and fertile controls examined. This molecule was extracted from pooled normal human sperms by trypsin digestion and eluted out of a sodium dodecyl-sulphate polyacrylamide gel (SDS-PAGE). This elute is currently used for raising monoclonal antibodies. An analysis of the direct chromosome preparations from the testis biopsy showed both numerical and structural chromosomal aberrations. This might indicate that the atypical cells have already been transformed and hence could be considered as malignant. PMID- 3756820 TI - Ovarian epithelial tumors of borderline malignancy. A clinical and pathologic study of 109 cases. AB - One hundred nine cases of ovarian tumors of low malignant potential (borderline tumors) diagnosed at Stanford University Medical Center from 1958 to 1982 were reviewed. The patients ranged in age from 10 to 79 years (mean, 40.5 years). The histologic types and corresponding stages of these neoplasms were 73 serous (Stage IA: 35 patients; Stage IB+C: 16 patients; stage II: 8 patients; Stage III: 14 patients), 30 mucinous (Stage IA: 27 patients; Stage IB+C: 3 patients), and 6 mixed seromucinous (all Stage IA). Borderline endometrioid, clear cell, and Brenner tumors were excluded. Follow-up information from 3 to 27 years from the time of initial diagnosis (mean, 7.6 years; median, 7.1 years) revealed that 89 patients are alive without further evidence of neoplasm, and three patients died of unrelated disease without recurrent tumor. Seventeen patients have developed persistent or recurrent neoplasms in the contralateral ovary (six patients) and/or elsewhere within the peritoneal cavity (15 patients) at 5 to 226 months (mean, 61 months) after the initial excision. All of the second neoplasms were borderline serous or seromucinous tumors histologically identical to the original tumor; none of the borderline mucinous tumors recurred. Patients who initially had Stage III borderline serous tumors developed persistent or recurrent neoplasms more commonly (64%) than did patients with lower stage tumors (12%). No correlation was found between the development of a subsequent serous neoplasm and patient age, the primary tumor size, or any single histologic feature. Following treatment of the subsequent neoplasms, 13 patients are free of neoplasm, one patient is alive with tumor, one patient has died of intercurrent disease with tumor, and two patients have died with widespread abdominal tumor 53 and 232 months after their initial diagnosis. These findings confirm the excellent prognosis for patients with borderline serous tumors, despite involvement of the peritoneal cavity and the development of recrudescent tumor, although long-term follow-up is indicated. Mucinous borderline tumors, as defined by published criteria, almost invariably present as localized (low-stage) tumors and, in our experience, do not recur when confined to the ovary. PMID- 3756821 TI - Involvement of the central nervous system by ovarian carcinoma. AB - Ovarian carcinoma rarely metastasizes to the central nervous system (CNS). Of 110 patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma treated at the Northern Israel Oncology Center between the years 1979 and 1985, only five (4.5%) had CNS involvement. The median age of the patients with 54.5 years. All of them had treatment with cisplatin and Adriamycin (doxorubicin). The median duration from diagnosis to the development of brain involvement was 17 months. The median survival time was 28 months from diagnosis of carcinoma and 2 months from diagnosis of CNS disease. The increased incidence of this kind of metastasis in patients achieving local control of their advanced disease suggests that a change in the pattern of metastatic spread or the prolonged survival permits occult CNS metastases to become apparent. A routine computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan of the brain should therefore be performed on patients with ovarian carcinoma with prolonged survival. PMID- 3756822 TI - Carcinoma of the fallopian tube. Management and sites of failure. AB - Thirty patients with adenocarcinoma of the fallopian tube, treated between 1950 and 1981, were studied. Median age was 55 years, and mean parity was 1.3. Bleeding or discharge occurred as a presenting complaint in 47% of patients, abdominal distention or mass in 50%, and pain in 30%. Lesions were staged using a system analogous to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) classification for ovarian carcinoma. Nine patients had Stage I disease; 11, Stage II; 7, Stage III; and 3, Stage IV. Histologic differentiation was Grade 1 in 39% of the patients, Grade 2 in 18%, and Grade 3 in 43%. Primary surgical treatment consisted of total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingectomy in 70% of the patients; 23% had more extensive surgery, whereas 13% had less extensive surgery. Three patients with Stage I tumors were treated with surgery alone, and the remainder received postoperative radiation, chemotherapy, or both. Survival was unrelated to grade, but highly dependent upon stage. Survival at 5 years was 56% for Stage I, 27% for Stage II, 14% for Stage III, and 0% for Stage IV. Four of five patients treated after surgery with a combination of cisplatin, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (PAC) survived at least 3 years. Patterns of initial treatment failure showed 56% with a component of pelvic failure, 50% with a component of upper abdominal failure, and 44% with extraperitoneal metastases as a component of failure. These results suggest the need for aggressive postoperative adjuvant therapy targeted at upper abdominal and distant sites for metastasis in all lesions beyond Stage I. PMID- 3756823 TI - Cytologic detection of condylomas and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of the uterine cervix with histologic correlation. AB - Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been implicated as an important etiologic factor in cervical carcinoma. This study evaluates the efficacy of cytology as a screening tool in the detection of cervical lesions with koilocytotic features. Cervical smears and biopsy specimens from 76 women seen between January 1983 and October 1985 were reviewed. The histologic categories consisted of koilocytotic lesions (flat condylomas) with minimal cellular atypia, CIN I, II, III, with surface koilocytes showing cellular atypia (atypical koilocytosis), CIN III with a contiguous lesion as defined in categories 1 and 2, negative biopsies. Histologically, five cases showed flat condylomas with minimal cellular atypia, 65 showed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) with atypical koilocytosis and two showed negative biopsies. Cytologically, in all cases of flat condyloma with minimal cellular atypia (5+5), CIN I with atypical koilocytosis (39/39), and CIN III with a contiguous condylomatous lesion (4/4) both koilocytes and, in the latter two categories, dysplastic cells were identified in the cervical smears. In 7/9 cases of CIN II and 9/17 cases of CIN III with atypical koilocytosis, smears showed both atypical koilocytes and dysplastic cells. In the remaining ten cases, however, there was cytologic underestimation of the histologic diagnosis of CIN, particularly when the lesion was focal. The data suggests that although cytology does detect a high percentage of cervical lesions with koilocytotic features (64/76, 84% in this study), it may not detect focal CIN II, CIN III lesions associated with condylomatous lesions in the same biopsy specimen. Therefore, it is proposed that all women with cytologic evidence of koilocytosis on cervical smears are deserving of a colposcopic examination. PMID- 3756824 TI - Origin of multiple "primary" colon carcinomas. A retrospective flow cytometric study. AB - Multiple, synchronous, apparently primary carcinomas of the colon are a relatively common occurrence. The DNA ploidy in 23 colon carcinomas from 10 patients was determined to see if this parameter supported common or independent origins for such synchronous lesions. Paraffin blocks of each tumor were prepared for flow cytometry, then analyzed for nuclear DNA content. In 3 of the 10 cases, the tumors within each colon differed with respect to DNA ploidy; in four cases all tumors were diploid; and in three cases both (all) tumors within each colon had identical aneuploid DNA indices. Tumors from the same colon with identical DNA histograms often had dissimilar histology. The replicate aneuploid DNA indices strongly suggest a common origin for the multiple tumors within these colons; tumors in the other groups are compatible with either single or multiple origins. These findings suggest that multiple "primary" colon carcinomas may, in some cases, arise as translumenal metastases from an initial single lesion. PMID- 3756825 TI - Comparing predictive decision rules in postoperative CEA monitoring. AB - To evaluate the usefulness of serial postoperative carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) assays, seven previously published decision rules for predicting tumor recurrence were compared retrospectively using CEA values from 214 patients followed 36 to 120 months after surgery for colorectal carcinoma. Decision rules employing cutoff values to predict tumor recurrence were found inadequate for the asymptomatic patient. This attenuation of prognostic usefulness appeared attributable to inadequacies of CEA assays for predicting late recurrences. From these analyses, elevated CEA results without other objective evidence might be insufficient to justify second-look surgery. In addition, late recurring tumors tended not to cause elevated CEA levels. PMID- 3756826 TI - Metastatic Leydig cell tumor of the testis. Report of three cases and review of the literature. AB - Metastatic Leydig cell carcinomas account for less than 0.2% of all testicular cancers, and may be associated with sex hormone production. Leydig cell carcinoma is relatively refractory to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and median survival of patients with metastatic disease is less than 2 years. Presented are three cases of metastatic Leydig cell cancer, and a review of the literature pertaining to this rare tumor. PMID- 3756827 TI - Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma presenting with spinal epidural involvement. AB - Cord compression was noted at presentation in 10 of 453 (2.2%) previously untreated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients seen at the Northern Israel Oncology Center between 1968 and 1983. A prodromal phase of local back pain occurred in eight patients, persisting up to 1 year, followed by a second phase of rapidly progressive signs of cord compression. Five of the ten patients presented with primary spinal epidural involvement (Stage IE), whereas the others had Stage IIE and IIIE (one patient each) and Stage IV, with bone and bone marrow involvement (three patients). All patients had unfavorable histologic diagnoses, mostly of the intermediate grade malignancy types according to the Working Formulation. The patients were treated by radiotherapy (two patients), chemotherapy (three patients), or both modalities (five patients). Seven of the ten patients achieved complete remission, but four of them have subsequently had relapses (two patients in bone, one in central nervous system, and one in mediastinum). The 5-year actuarial survival and 3-year relapse-free survival were 66% and 32%, respectively. Median survival has not been reached after a mean follow-up of 34 months. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with spinal epidural involvement at presentation is an aggressive disease. An intensive treatment combining irradiation with chemotherapy, and surgery as needed, is suggested in order to achieve good local response and long-term survival. PMID- 3756828 TI - Splenectomy in advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia. AB - Forty chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients with splenomegaly were evaluated for splenectomy. Twenty were splenectomized. All but two normalized their hematocrit and all but one their platelet count. Satisfactory residual erythropoiesis as evaluated using ferrokinetics enabled prediction of a good response to splenectomy in 18 of 20 patients. The two patients who did not respond despite satisfactory residual erythropoiesis had a deteriorating blood count after splenectomy with progressive disease. The measurement of the splenic red cell volume predicted the minimal increase in hematocrit that could be expected after splenectomy. The transfusion need was abolished in 13 of 14 patients who needed red cell transfusions before splenectomy. Despite clinical improvement after the operation in all but two patients, splenectomized patients did not survive longer than nonsplenectomized patients, whether survival probability was calculated from the time of diagnosis or from the time of evaluation. PMID- 3756829 TI - Diagnostic value of upper intestinal fiber endoscopy in primary small intestinal lymphoma. A prospective study by the Tunisian-French Intestinal Lymphoma Group. AB - To assess the diagnostic value of upper intestinal fiber endoscopy in primary small intestinal lymphomas observed in an underdeveloped Mediterranean country, the endoscopic records of 40 patients (Group A) offering histologic evidence of lymphoma were compared with those of 80 patients (Group B) displaying clinical findings of small intestinal disease, but who eventually proved to be free of lymphoma after a complete work-up. The endoscopic procedure reached the jejunum in 91% cases and was well tolerated with only one reversible complication. Five primary endoscopic patterns could be defined, occurring either alone or in various combinations. The infiltrated pattern was the most sensitive (0.80) and specific (0.96) finding with predictive positive and negative values reaching 0.88 and 0.93, followed by the nodular pattern (sensitivity 0.60, specificity 0.84). Other primary lesions (ulcerations, mosaic pattern, mucosal fold thickening alone) were either nonsensitive or nonspecific or both. The infiltrated pattern proved to be more valuable than any association of primary lesion. Per endoscopic biopsies were diagnostic of lymphoma in 85% cases. These findings strongly suggest that upper intestinal fiber endoscopy, using long ending view instruments should be the first investigation in patients suspected of small intestinal lymphoma in developing Mediterranean countries. PMID- 3756830 TI - Systemic aspergillosis as cause of myocardial infarction. AB - Systemic aspergillosis is encountered with increasing prevalence in immunocompromised patients undergoing chemotherapy. The current communication describes the clinical and postmortem findings in three leukemic patients who developed myocardial infarction secondary to Aspergillus embolization of the coronary arteries. They were all immunosuppressed owing to previous chemotherapy and had been treated for suspected fungal infection with amphotericin B (0.6 mg/kg) for at least 1 week prior to this episode. It is postulated that the infection was spread through the blood since in all three cases the descending branch of the left coronary artery was occluded. Heart involvement resulting from fungal infection should be suspected when chest symptoms of unknown origin occur in this patient population. PMID- 3756831 TI - Starch microsphere-induced arterial flow redistribution after occlusion of replaced hepatic arteries in patients with liver metastases. AB - In four patients with major anomalies of the hepatic artery undergoing intra arterial chemotherapy, aberrant lobar vessels were ligated and catheters were inserted into the contralateral artery. Catheter perfusion scans performed early after ligation with 99mTc-macroaggregated albumin (MAA) showed a defective perfusion of the lobe supplied by the occluded artery (0.43, 0.23, 0.11, and 0.28, respectively, as compared to the contralateral lobe). Further MAA scans performed after catheter infusion of 90,000,000 parts of degradable starch microspheres (DSM) showed a near normal perfusion of the ischemic lobe (0.91, 0.96, 0.87, and 0.98). On the contrary, simple MAA scans performed in the first two patients 114 and 135 days after ligation showed a still defective arterial perfusion of the ischemic lobe (0.60, and 0.24). The DSM-induced redistribution of flow towards ischemic portions of the liver suggests a possible new role of DSM in regional treatment of liver tumors in cases with either occlusion of aberrant vessels or "hypovascular" tumors. PMID- 3756832 TI - Risk factors for bladder cancer in a cohort exposed to aromatic amines. AB - Occupational and nonoccupational risk factors for bladder cancer were analyzed in a cohort of 1385 workers with known exposure to a potent bladder carcinogen, beta naphthylamine. Bladder cancer was approximately seven times (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.9, 12.4) more likely in exposed rather than nonexposed individuals, yet, otherwise, the groups were generally similar in other exogenous or hereditary risk factors. A total of 13 cases of bladder cancer were identified. After the first year of a screening program involving 380 members of the cohort, 9 of the 13 cases of bladder cancer and 36 persons with atypical bladder cytology, histology, or pathology were compared with 335 noncases for distributions of different variables. Occupational variables were significant in a multivariate model that controlled for age, cigarette smoking history, and source of drinking water. The estimated odds ratio for the association for bladder cancer and the duration of employment, when controlling of these other variables, is 4.3 (95% CI = 1.8, 10.3). In addition to the occupational factors, age was significant in the multivariate analysis. Other potential risk factors, such as consumption of coffee or artificial sweeteners, use of phenacetin, or decreased use of vitamin A were not found to be significantly different in cases and noncases. PMID- 3756833 TI - Borderline malignant serous tumors of the ovary maintained on extracellular matrix: evidence for clonal evolution and invasive potential. AB - Four cases of advanced stage (II or III) and one case of early stage (IC) borderline malignant serous cystadenocarcinomas of the ovary were maintained on culture dishes coated with an extracellular matrix (ECM) produced by bovine corneal endothelial cells. Cells harvested for chromosomal analysis after 2-3 days showed diploid or near-diploid modalities in all cases. Banded chromosome studies in two cases revealed nonrandom clonal abnormalities with trisomy 2, 7, and 12 in seven of 13 metaphases. No structural abnormalities were noted. These cytogenetic findings differ from those found in malignant serous tumors of the ovary. In addition, borderline tumor cells digested the ECM in all cases and formed a cribiform pattern within a few days of primary culture. This study suggests clonal progression from early to advanced stages of borderline malignant serous tumors; readily distinguishable from overtly malignant serous tumors of the ovary. Ability of tumor cells derived from both primary tumors and metastatic implants to digest the ECM implies the possibility that borderline serous tumors have invasive potential. PMID- 3756834 TI - Molecular detection and differentiation of deletions in band 13q14 in human retinoblastoma. AB - Five cloned DNA segments within or adjacent to human chromosome band 13q14 were mapped by a combination of in situ hybridization and DNA dosage blotting. The DNA was isolated from human retinoblastoma patients with deletions varying in size and precise location. One of these deletions occurred in mosaic form, requiring T cell cloning to obtain cells uniformly containing the deletion and useful for blotting. Regions of overlap between the intervals on chromosome #13 deduced for each probe from the two different mapping methods permitted a more precise location for each, from which a physical ordering of these five probes could be obtained. This ordered set of probes constitutes the start of a grid spanning band 13q14 of potential use in the diagnosis and understanding of human retinoblastoma. PMID- 3756835 TI - Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome: cancer predisposition and chromosome 11. PMID- 3756836 TI - A case of pituitary adenoma with 58 chromosomes. AB - Chromosome analysis was performed on a growth hormone secreting pituitary adenoma. G-banding analysis showed a stem line with 58 chromosomes including numerical deviations of pairs #3, #5, #7, #9, #11, #12, #13, #17, #19, #20, and gonosomes was found. These findings add new evidence of the nonrandom involvement of C and F group chromosomes in numerical deviations in this tumor type. PMID- 3756837 TI - Another case of myelodysplastic syndrome with a chromosome mode in the tetraploid range. AB - A patient with a myelodysplastic syndrome and a near-tetraploid karyotype has been reported earlier. We describe another myelodysplastic patient. The karyotype is pseudotetraploid and shows only minor deletions. PMID- 3756838 TI - Effects of formalin-induced injuries on urinary bladder carcinogenesis. AB - In multistage carcinogenesis, promotion is a long-term or repeated growth stimulation of initiated cells. Possible effects of regenerative hyperplasia induced by repeated intravesical instillation of 0.3% formalin solution on urinary bladder carcinogenesis were examined using heterotopically transplanted rat urinary bladders (HTBs) initiated by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. The HTB system was chosen because in this system, transient generalized hyperplasia lasting less than a week can be induced readily and repeatedly by intravesical instillation of the formalin solution. No statistically significant tumor enhancement was observed after 15 formalin treatments administered in 30 weeks. It appears that regenerative cytotoxic stimuli, even multiple, may have no significant tumor promoting activity. Discussed is the possibility that mild and, more importantly, persistent non-cytotoxic stimuli may be more effective as tumor promoters. PMID- 3756839 TI - Promoting effects of various agents in rat urinary bladder carcinogenesis initiated by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine. AB - The effects of various chemicals on the development of neoplastic lesions in the urinary bladder were investigated in male F344 rats given 0.05% N-butyl-N-(4 hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN) as an initiator in their drinking water for 4 weeks. The compounds tested, indomethacin, acemetacin, epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA), diphenyl, allopurinol and acetaminophen (AAP), were added to the diet or drinking water for 32 weeks, and all animals were killed at the end of week 36. Of the chemicals tested, only diphenyl significantly increased the incidences and average numbers (per 10 cm basement membrane) of papillary or nodular hyperplasias (PN hyperplasia), papillomas and carcinomas of the urinary bladder over those in animals treated with BBN alone. These findings show that diphenyl is a promoter of urinary bladder carcinogenesis in male F344 rats. PMID- 3756840 TI - Role of high-, low- and very low-density lipoproteins in the transport and tumor delivery of hematoporphyrin in vivo. AB - Free hematoporphyrin administered intravenously to healthy rabbits (1-28 mg/kg body weight) is bound by the 3 major lipoprotein components of plasma (VLDL, LDL and HDL) with different efficiency. In vitro-prepared complexes of hematoporphyrin (Hp) with lipoprotein fractions isolated from mouse serum have been injected intracardiacally into mice affected by MS-2 fibrosarcoma (1 mg of Hp per kg body weight). LDL appear to allow a more specific delivery of the complexed Hp to the tumor tissue as compared with HDL, VLDL or free Hp. The different behavior of VLDL, LDL and HDL as carriers of Hp in vivo is also discussed. PMID- 3756841 TI - In utero-exposure to saccharin: a threat? AB - In-utero or immediate post-utero exposure of rats to saccharin results in an increased incidence of bladder tumors when compared to post-weaning exposure only. We studied 6 human mother-infant pairs following maternal intake of saccharin close to delivery. High performance liquid chromatography revealed the presence of saccharin in all 6 newborn cord sera as well as their mothers' sera and urine. This constitutes the first report of placental transfer of saccharin in humans. Despite the relative weakness in carcinogenicity of saccharin, this in utero exposure, coupled with ex-utero exposure, may possibly contribute to an increased incidence of neoplasms. PMID- 3756842 TI - Elevated activities of blood group Le gene dependent alpha(1----3)-L fucosyltransferase in human saliva of Lewis negative patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. AB - Levels of alpha(1----3)-L-fucosyltransferase activities were measured in salivas of patients with ovarian cancer. GDP-L-Fuc:GlcNAc alpha(1----3) fucosyltransferase was found elevated in patients known to have epithelial ovarian cancer, irrespective of their ABH and Lewis blood group phenotypes. GDP-L Fuc: Glc alpha(1----3)-fucosyltransferase was also elevated in both Lewis positive and negative patients, although the enzyme activity was very low or absent in Lewis negative healthy controls. PMID- 3756843 TI - On the nature of the active component of haematoporphyrin 'derivative'. AB - The active component of the photochemotherapeutic drug 'haematoporphyrin derivative' was studied by laser flash photolysis. The triplet extinction coefficient of this species was determined using a method in which the calculated value is dependent on the assumed molecular weight. This value was then incorporated in the evaluation of the quantum yield of triplet by a comparative technique. Since the maximum possible value of this yield is unity, it is shown that the molecular weight of the active component is greater than or equal to 3000, so that, on average, the drug molecule must contain at least 5 porphyrin units. PMID- 3756844 TI - Formation of an N-nitrosamine by oxidation. AB - Tolazamide, an antidiabetic drug, was found to produce N nitrosohexamethyleneimine (NHM) upon exposure to an oxidizing agent and in the absence of a nitrosating agent. The oxidizing agents were either hydrogen peroxide or oxygen. PMID- 3756845 TI - Metabolism of tiazofurin by human erythrocytes and mononuclear blood cells in vitro. AB - In vitro studies of the uptake, metabolism, and release of tiazofurin by human red blood cells reveal extensive phosphorylation with intracellular trapping of drug predominantly as tiazofurin triphosphate. This phenomenon may explain, in part, the plasma pharmacokinetic profile of tiazofurin. Metabolism of tiazofurin to tiazofurin adenine dinucleotide, the presumed oncolytic metabolite, occurs in mononuclear blood cells but not in erythrocytes. PMID- 3756846 TI - Susceptibility in urinary bladder cancer: acetyltransferase phenotypes and related risk factors. AB - The excess proportion of slow acetylator phenotypes has previously been found among bladder tumour patients. Among 228 bladder tumour patients in the present study, the slow acetylator phenotype was significantly associated to the unskilled worker and T3-T4 tumour, and to a certain extent to tobacco smoking. It is suggested that slow acetylator subjects are more susceptible to bladder tumour development when exposed to arylamines. PMID- 3756847 TI - Age- and tumour-related changes in methionine biosynthesis in mice. AB - Two routes for the methylation of homocysteine to methionine, depending either on betaine or folate cofactor as methyl donor, were studied in liver and kidneys of normal and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma-bearing mice at various stages of their postnatal development. Distinct age-dependence in the activities of betaine methyltransferase, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and methionine synthase were found both in normal and tumour-bearing mice. Independent of the levels of enzyme activity in healthy mice, the tumour activated one route of methionine formation only, namely that utilizing methyltetrahydrofolate as the methyl donor. This effect was observed in host liver exclusively. No host age-related changes were found in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma growth. PMID- 3756848 TI - Acid phosphatase activity in monocytes and sera of patients with Hodgkin's disease. AB - Acid phosphatase (AP) levels have been found to be decreased in monocytes of 38 patients with Hodgkin's disease as compared to 16 healthy subjects. Low cellular AP activity was associated with the presence of active disease, stage IV and lymphocyte depletion type. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was decreased in monocytes of patients but the difference did not reach statistical significance. In parallel, serum AP activities have been found to be increased in patients. There was an inverse correlation between the monocyte and serum AP levels which can be explained by assuming AP secretion from monocytes of patients in vivo. PMID- 3756849 TI - Promotional effects of testosterone and high fat diet on the development of autochthonous prostate cancer in rats. AB - Depots of testosterone implanted in Lobund-Wistar (L-W) rats, resulted in increased incidence of prostate adenocarcinomas (PAs) in the dorsal lateral lobe area. In testosterone-treated rats which had been fed the same diet plus 15% corn oil, the prostate tumors were more numerous and they appeared earlier. Rats consuming the same feed containing 15% corn oil (no testosterone) did not produce prostate tumors. Positive correlations were demonstrated between the development of PAs in L-W rats that were treated with testosterone and high fat diet. PMID- 3756850 TI - Comparison of the cytotoxic effects of merocyanine-540 on leukemic cells and normal human bone marrow. AB - Various chemical compounds have been described to induce photosensitization of tumor cells resulting in cell death. We studied the effect of merocyanine-540 (MC 540) on both leukemic and normal bone marrow (BM) cells. Acute promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) and common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen-positive non-T, non-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Reh) cell lines were incubated with MC-540 and simultaneously exposed to white light. Normal human BM and mixtures of leukemic cells with BM cells were treated under similar conditions. At constant illumination rates of 50,000 lx, significant (at least 4 to 5 logs) tumor cell destruction was obtained with MC-540 concentrations of 20 micrograms/ml or more for HL-60, and 10 micrograms/ml or more for Reh cells. Incubation of BM under equivalent conditions preserved 18.0% of granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units and 14.2% of erythroid burst-forming units. Similar results were obtained when tumor cells were mixed with irradiated BM and then treated with MC-540. In summary, cell photosensitization with MC-540 has a selective cytotoxic effect towards leukemic cells and therefore may be useful for purging tumor cells from autologous BM. PMID- 3756851 TI - Identification of metabolites of the cell-differentiating agent hexamethylene bisacetamide in humans. AB - Hexamethylene bisacetamide, a compound which in vitro induces differentiation in a wide variety of human and animal cancer cell lines, is being investigated in phase I clinical trials. After i.v. administration of hexamethylene bisacetamide to humans, urine contained the parent compound and at least five metabolites formed by deacetylation and oxidation pathways. Identification of urinary metabolites was accomplished by gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis after isolation by ion exchange chromatography or extraction with ethyl acetate. Metabolites with amino or alcohol groups were trifluoroacetylated and acidic functional groups were esterified with 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol or methanol. The structure of each metabolite was confirmed by comparison with authentic standards. Metabolites identified included the major metabolite, 6 acetamidohexanoic acid; the monodeacetylated product, N-acetyl-1,6-diaminohexane; the bis-deacetylated diamine, 1,6-diaminohexane; and the amino acid, 6 aminohexanoic acid and its lactam, caprolactam. PMID- 3756852 TI - Antibody-directed liposomes: comparison of various ligands for association, endocytosis, and drug delivery. AB - We have developed and compared the cytotoxicity of methotrexate-gamma-aspartate encapsulated in several liposome formulations which bind mouse monoclonal antibody in order to define conditions for screening cell lines and antibodies for liposomal efficacy. Liposomes conjugated to Staphylococcus aureus Protein A were more potent than liposomes conjugated to either rabbit or affinity-purified goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin (Ig) when incubated with AKR/J SL2 cells sensitized with specific antibody. The antibody-directed Protein A liposomes were also 10-fold more potent than liposomes conjugated directly to specific antibody against the AKR/J SL2. We examined the effect of antibody specificity, concentration, and isotype on liposome-mediated drug delivery to AKR/J SL2 cells. The growth-inhibitory effect of the drug in the antibody-directed Protein A liposomes varied with the target antigen on the cell. The potency of the liposomes with a given antibody was proportional to their relative binding and endocytosis by the cells, and to the reactivity of the particular antibody with the cell as demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence. The Protein A liposomes maintained maximal potency down to antibody concentrations as low as 1 microgram/ml with the anti-Thy 1.1-sensitized AKR/J SL2 cells, thus demonstrating the possible use of these liposomes for hybridoma screening. Use of isotype switched variants of the anti-Thy 1.1 antibody with the AKR/J SL2 cells showed the superior efficacy of the IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG3 isotypes to the IgG1 with the Protein A liposomes. The large differential potency of the free drug and the drug encapsulated in antibody-directed Protein A liposomes was maintained even at short incubation times, thus providing a system which may be useful for eradication of tumor cells from bone marrow in vitro. PMID- 3756853 TI - Tumorigenesis and genotoxicity of ethyl carbamate and vinyl carbamate in rodent cells. AB - Vinyl carbamate (VC) is a suspect metabolic intermediate in ethyl carbamate (EC) carcinogenesis. In the present studies, EC and VC were evaluated for their relative abilities to induce adenomas and sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in lung cells of A/J, C3HeB/FeJ, and C57BL/6J strain mice. For both end points, animals were administered a single i.p. injection of the test chemical. Percentage of mice with adenomas and number of adenomas per mouse were compared among the three strains 24 weeks following exposure to EC or VC. Although the relative order of strain sensitivity was the same for both chemicals: A/J greater than C57BL/6J greater than C3HeB/FeJ, VC was much more potent than EC. For SCE analysis of primary lung cells cultured from treated animals, EC and VC showed potency differences similar to those observed for tumorigenesis. All three mouse strains revealed significant dose-dependent increases in SCE frequency. However, there was no strain specificity for this effect. SCE persistence over time was also compared in treated A/J and C57BL/6J mice. Although EC- and VC-induced SCE frequencies declined over a 2-week observation period, again, there was no strain specificity for this effect. VC was also tested for enhancement of SA7 virus transformation of Syrian hamster embryo cells. Significant concentration dependent increases in cell transformation frequency were observed. PMID- 3756854 TI - Effects of glucocorticoids on the growth of human fibrosarcoma cell line HT-1080. AB - The human fibrosarcoma cell line HT-1080 exhibits rapid growth following s.c. inoculation in 4-6-week-old male athymic mice. Cytosols from tumors carried in athymic mice bind glucocorticoid (Kd, 1.8 +/- 0.48 X 10(-8) M; Bmax, 240.5 +/- 35.3 fmol/mg cytosol protein, mean +/- SEM). Receptor sediments primarily in the 8-9S region on 5-20% sucrose gradients and is specific for the glucocorticoids. HT-1080 growth in vitro (as measured by cell count) was inhibited over a range of 10(-6)-10(-8) M after 7 days of incubation with dexamethasone and triamcinolone acetonide. Progesterone, estradiol, and dihydrotestosterone had no effect on HT 1080 growth in vitro. Preincubation with a 100-fold excess of progesterone reversed the growth inhibition observed with triamcinolone acetonide but not dexamethasone acetate. HT-1080 tumor cell growth responded biphasically to dexamethasone in vivo. Athymic mice given s.c. injections every other day with 5 or 25 micrograms dexamethasone showed an increase in tumor size inversely proportional to dose. In contrast, 200 micrograms of dexamethasone significantly inhibited tumor growth. Adrenalectomy did not significantly alter HT-1080 growth or glucocorticoid binding to tumor cytosols (Kd, 3.4 X 10(-8) +/- 1.1, Bmax, 236.9 +/- 9.9 fmol/mg cytosol protein, mean +/- SEM) although tumor incidence was decreased in sham adrenalectomized mice. Glucocorticoid binding in tumors grown in vivo was decreased by increasing amounts of dexamethasone. High pharmacological doses of glucocorticoids inhibit the growth of human fibrosarcomas in vivo and in vitro. PMID- 3756855 TI - Polyamines and hormonal regulation of N-nitrosomethylurea-induced rat mammary tumor growth in vivo. AB - We have observed that polyamines play an essential role in the expression of hormonal action on the growth of the N-nitrosomethylurea-induced mammary tumor cultured in soft agar. Since polyamine levels cannot be measured in this system, we could not determine whether tumor polyamine pools are under endocrine control. To test this hypothesis, the following experiments were conducted in N nitrosomethylurea tumor-bearing rats in vivo. Both tamoxifen administration (200 micrograms/day) and ovariectomy produced dramatic reductions in tumor growth but neither treatment significantly altered tumor polyamine levels after either 7 or 21 days of treatment. Some decrease in tumor level of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine was observed 21 days after ovariectomy but it was not statistically significant. Exogenous administration of putrescine (300 mg/kg/day) reversed the antitumor effect of tamoxifen but did not prevent tumor regression induced by ovariectomy. This effect of putrescine was, however, variable in magnitude from experiment to experiment. To test whether the reversal of tamoxifen effect by putrescine might simply be due to interference with tamoxifen uptake by the tumor cells, we measured estrogen and progesterone receptors in the tumors of rats chronically treated with tamoxifen and tamoxifen plus putrescine. In both groups estrogen receptors are virtually undetectable, thus suggesting that putrescine had not inhibited tamoxifen entry into the cells and binding to estrogen receptors. Progesterone receptor levels were similarly high in both groups and not significantly different from control. These results indicate that at least under these experimental conditions N-nitrosomethylurea mammary tumor polyamine pools are not under ovarian hormone control. The mechanism by which putrescine reverses tamoxifen's effect remains unclear. PMID- 3756857 TI - Correlation of biochemical effects and incorporation of 3-deazaguanine into nucleic acids to cytotoxicity in L1210 cells. AB - 3-Deazaguanine, a tumor-inhibitory purine antimetabolite, is cytotoxic to L1210 leukemic cells in culture. The log percentage of viability correlated strongly (r2 = 0.986) with the product of the concentration of 3-deazaguanine, or [3 deazaguanine], and period of exposure (t) when [3-deazaguanine] was between 3 and 50 microM, and t was 12 or 24 h. We wished to relate this cytotoxicity to biochemical effects mediated by 3-deazaguanine. 3-Deazaguanine inhibited both DNA and protein synthesis, and both log DNA synthesis and log protein synthesis correlated inversely with [3-deazaguanine] X t and directly with cell viability (P less than 0.001). L1210 cells accumulated 3-deazaguanine 5'-triphosphate to a level of 1.5 nmol/10(6) cells. 3-Deazaguanine treatment had no effect on intracellular cytidine 5'-triphosphate levels, but reduced adenosine 5' triphosphate and uridine 5'-triphosphate levels by 40% relative to control and guanosine 5'-triphosphate levels by 85% relative to control at a [3-deazaguanine] X t value at which 3-deazaguanine 5'-triphosphate accumulation was near maximal. Incorporation of 2-14C-labeled 3-deazaguanine into DNA and RNA, separated by Cs2SO4 density gradient centrifugation, was demonstrated. Incorporation into DNA was linear versus [3-deazaguanine] X t and correlated inversely with cell viability (P less than 0.001). These data suggest that 3-deazaguanine is anabolized and incorporated into DNA, and that this incorporation is related to decreased DNA synthesis and cell death. The decrease in protein synthesis and diminution of guanosine 5'-triphosphate levels following drug treatment may also contribute to the growth-inhibitory actions of 3-deazaguanine. PMID- 3756856 TI - Modulation of B16 melanoma antigen expression by lymphokines and dimethyl sulfoxide. AB - We have developed two monoclonal antibodies, designated 152 E12 D7 and 153 C7 A6, which have reactivity with cell surface antigens expressed on the B16 mouse melanoma. These monoclonal antibodies are produced by hybridomas resulting from the fusion of splenocytes taken from C57BL/6 mice bearing the B16-F10 tumor. The monoclonal antibodies are of the immunoglobulin M class and have been shown to react with three variants of the B16 and another mouse melanoma but no normal murine tissues. Exposure of B16 melanoma cells to a concanavalin A stimulated spleen cell mixed lymphokine preparation (LK) and to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) enhanced the expression of the cell surface antigens recognized by these monoclonal antibodies. The cultures stimulated with LK or DMSO contained a greater proportion of cells expressing the antigens recognized by monoclonal antibodies 152 E12 D7 and 153 C7 A6 than did unstimulated controls. In addition to increasing the proportion of antigen-positive cells, the antigen expression per cell, as measured by fluorescence intensity, was substantially increased following exposure to LK and DMSO. The effects of treatment with LK or DMSO were apparent after 24 h exposure but did not persist after the agent was removed from the cultures, suggesting that the enhancement of antigen expression was a transient event rather than a permanent differentiation of the melanoma cells. PMID- 3756858 TI - Treatment of experimental lung metastasis with local thoracic irradiation followed by systemic macrophage activation with liposomes containing muramyl tripeptide. AB - The purpose of these studies was to determine whether the combination of a low dose local thoracic irradiation (LTI) followed by systemic activation of macrophages with liposomes containing muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine (MTP-PE) would significantly decrease established experimental fibrosarcoma lung metastases. Male C3Hf/Kam mice were given i.v. injections of 1 X 10(5) fibrosarcoma cells. Five days later, groups of mice were treated with saline, with 8 Gy LTI, or with liposomes containing MTP-PE or first with 8 Gy LTI and followed by multiple i.v. injections of liposomes containing MTP-PE. Most of the mice in the groups treated with liposomes died by day 42 of the experiment. In contrast, 60% of the mice treated with the combination of LTI and liposomes containing MTP-PE were alive by day 140 of the study. These mice were killed and were found to be free of tumors. Control studies demonstrated that liposomes administered i.v. to mice given LTI were trapped in the capillary bed of the lungs and activated the tumoricidal properties of lung macrophages. We conclude that, in this combination, low-dose LTI, which can lead to both tumor cell death and inflammatory changes in the lung capillaries, could precede i.v. administration of liposomes containing MTP-PE. This combination of treatments can lead to destruction of tumor foci in the lung that cannot be achieved with either treatment alone. PMID- 3756859 TI - Paradoxical effect of three-day thymectomy on sarcogenesis in the mouse with different dosages of methylcholanthrene. AB - Past studies have shown that thymectomy in the mouse at 3 days of age but not at birth or after 7 days produces, in later life, a variety of localized autoimmune lesions. In the present work, 3-day thymectomy facilitated subsequent sarcogenesis by low dosages of 3-methylcholanthrene but inhibited oncogenesis by a high dosage. If the presence of autoimmunity implies an increased antitumor immunity, it then follows that increased immunity facilitated low-dose sarcogenesis but inhibited sarcogenesis with a high dose. PMID- 3756860 TI - Differential cytotoxicity and DNA-damaging effects produced in human cells of the Mer+ and Mer- phenotypes by a series of 1-aryl-3-alkyltriazenes. AB - A series of arylalkyltriazenes has been investigated for its differential cytotoxicity towards the HT-29 (Mer+) and BE (Mer-) cell lines and for its ability to cause DNA strand breaks and cross-links. A monomethyltriazene (MMPT) and some hydroxymethyltriazene derivatives capable of generating the monomethyltriazene in situ were preferentially cytotoxic to the BE cell line when compared with the HT-29 cell line. The differential toxicity of MMPT is very similar to the analogous monochloroethyltriazene. In contrast, the dimethyl- and monoethyltriazenes in the series display reduced toxicity towards the BE cell line with little or no differential toxicity between the BE and HT-29 cell lines. MMPT and monochloroethyltriazene caused single strand DNA breaks in the two cell lines, whereas little or no DNA strand breaks were observed in either cell line after exposure to the monoethyl- or dimethyltriazene. However, these lesions could not account for the differential cytotoxicity observed. In measurements of DNA interstrand cross-linking none of the agents tested, including monochloroethyltriazene and MMPT, was found to cause such linkages. In contrast to previous results obtained with bifunctional monochloroethylating agents, which produced a similar differential cytotoxicity between these two cell lines, our results tend to suggest that lesions other than DNA interstrand cross-links may be responsible for the mechanisms of cell killing by chloroethylating agents. PMID- 3756861 TI - Induction of tumor immunity and natural killer cell cytotoxicity in mice by 5 halo-6-phenyl pyrimidinone. AB - We have investigated the effect of pyrimidinone molecule 2-amino-5-iodo-6-phenyl 4 pyrimidinone (AIPP) on natural killer (NK) cell lytic potential and on the growth of ascitic mammary adenocarcinoma, ACA-755, in B6D2F1 mice. Our studies demonstrated that AIPP was effective in both the prophylaxis and the therapy of this tumor and that the antitumor effect was mediated via induction of NK cell lytic activity. In vitro characterization studies showed that the AIPP-induced cytotoxic cells were not macrophages and exhibited characteristics of NK cells such as morphology of the large granular lymphocytes and sensitivity to asialo GM 1 antibody. Analysis of the mechanism of potentiation of NK cell cytotoxic function by AIPP indicated that the enhancement of cytotoxicity was accomplished by recruitment of NK cell tumor-binding potential (primarily those with large granular lymphocytic morphology) as well as by increased frequency of lytic NK cells. These studies implicate NK cells in the defense against malignant tumors and suggest that regional therapy with AIPP may represent a new therapeutic modality for treatment of cancer. PMID- 3756862 TI - Cross-sensitivity of methylating agents, hydroxyurea, and methotrexate in human tumor cells of the Mer- phenotype. AB - Five human tumor cell lines of the Mer- phenotype sensitive to killing by the methylating agent 5-(3-methyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide were sensitive to hydroxyurea (HU) compared with 15 cell lines resistant to methylating agents (Mer+ phenotype). In a study using fewer cell lines, Mer- cells were also sensitive to methotrexate but not to seven other agents including the antimetabolites 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and 5-fluorouracil. Cells sensitive to HU were designated the Hu- phenotype. Five autologous Mer+ lines, derived in vitro by treating Mer- lines with methylating agents, did not become resistant to HU or methotrexate (Mer+ Hu- phenotype). All Mer+ lines studied had enhanced ability to reactive methylated adenovirus. Adenovirus was inactivated by prolonged treatment with HU, but no enhanced reactivation of HU-treated virus was found in Mer+ cell lines. Cell survival after 5-(3-methyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4 carboxamide treatment was not significantly decreased by HU, nor was replication of methylated adenovirus inhibited by HU in Mer- or Mer+ lines. Replication of untreated adenovirus was poor in Mer- cells treated with HU, indicating that sensitivity of cells to HU was associated with inhibition of DNA synthesis. These results suggest that cell sensitivity to deoxynucleotide depletion is linked, perhaps coincidentally, to the Mer- phenotype. The retention of HU and methotrexate sensitivity by cells after development of resistance to 5-(3-methyl 1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide may have therapeutic implications. PMID- 3756863 TI - Modulation of the antitumor and biochemical properties of bis(diphenylphosphine)ethane with metals. AB - Bis(diphenylphosphine)ethane (DPPE) and its bis[chlorogold(I)] [DPPE(Au2Cl2)], and bis[trichlorogold(III)] [DPPE(Au2Cl6)], complexes have in vivo antitumor activity. To determine if interaction with metals in situ can play a role in the antitumor activity of DPPE, we have studied the effects of DPPE, DPPE(Au2Cl2), DPPE(Au2Cl6) and mixtures of DPPE with metal salts on in vitro and in vivo biological systems. The in vitro cytotoxic potencies of the two DPPE-gold complexes were approximately 10-fold greater than that of DPPE. In addition, the cytotoxic potency of DPPE was increased when incubated with cells in the presence of Au(III) and Cu(II) salts, whereas Mg(II), Zn(II), Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), and Cd(II) had no effect. The effects of DPPE, DPPE(Au2Cl2) and mixtures of DPPE and metal salts on the activity of a model enzyme system, DNA polymerase alpha were measured. While DPPE did not inhibit the activity of DNA polymerase alpha, the DPPE(Au2Cl2) complex and mixtures of DPPE and Cu(II) salts inhibited the activity of the enzyme. Consistent with the effects observed in vitro, coadministration of Cu(II) or Au(III) increased the in vivo potency of DPPE in mice bearing i.p. P388 leukemia. Fifteen other DPPE analogues were evaluated for in vivo antitumor activity and for the effect of Cu(II) on their in vitro cytotoxic potency; there was a relationship between the ability of Cu(II) to potentiate the cytotoxic activities of DPPE analogues and their having in vivo antitumor activity. PMID- 3756864 TI - Activation of the colon carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in a rat colon cell mediated mutagenesis assay. AB - Suspensions of rat colon epithelial cells metabolized the potent colon carcinogen, 1,2-[14C]dimethylhydrazine (DMH), into 14C-labeled, alkali-soluble volatile products, presumably CO2. The colon cell suspensions, however, were less effective than rat hepatocyte suspensions. In addition, we used a cell-mediated mutagenesis assay to test rat colon epithelial cells grown from tissue explants for their ability to metabolize DMH into products mutagenic for human P3 teratoma cells. Mutagenesis in the P3 cells was indicated by an acquired resistance to 6 thioguanine. Cocultivation of the colon cells with the P3 cells in the cell mediated assay resulted in mutagenesis, whereas in the absence of the colon cells, no mutagenesis by DMH was observed. Similar results were obtained in a hepatocyte-mediated mutagenesis assay. Colon cells were also able to activate another carcinogen, benzo(a)pyrene, into products mutagenic for the P3 cells. Individual epithelial clonal populations isolated from the colon cultures grown from tissue explants, however, expressed different capacities to activate DMH and benzo(a)pyrene into mutagens, and a high degree of DMH activation by cells from a colon clone was not necessarily associated with a similar degree of benzo(a)pyrene activation. Our results indicate that the colon itself contains epithelial cell types capable of effectively converting DMH into mutagenic (and presumably carcinogenic) products without necessarily involving intermediary metabolism by hepatocytes as previously thought. PMID- 3756865 TI - Effects of neonatal and adult castration on the in vitro metabolism of steroids and xenobiotics in rat liver. AB - Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that the sex-differentiated metabolism of 4-androstene-3,17-dione and of several other steroid hormones in adult rat liver is "feminized" following neonatal castration of male rats, due to an influence via the hypothalamo-pituitary-liver axis. The metabolism of many xenobiotics is also sex differentiated, and an important question is whether endocrine ablations might alter hepatic carcinogen metabolism in a way explaining, for example, the decreased tendency of castrated male rats [Y.C. Toh, In: Shanmagarathnam et al. (eds.), Liver Cancer, Cancer Problems in Asian Countries, Proceedings of the Second Asian Cancer Conference, pp. 167-171. Singapore: Singapore Cancer Society, 1976] to form liver tumors following 2 acetylaminofluorene treatment. The results presented in this paper clearly show that neonatal castration of male rats, much more efficiently than adult castration, feminizes the cytochrome P-450-dependent, sex-differentiated, liver microsomal formation of 7-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, 9-hydroxy-2 acetylaminofluorene, 5-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, 1-hydroxy-2 acetylaminofluorene, and N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene from 2 acetylaminofluorene as well as the total microsomal formation of benzo(a)pyrene metabolites (male greater than female). O-Deethylation of 7-ethoxyresorufin was neither sex differentiated nor affected by castration. The capacity for in vitro sulfation of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene in the postmicrosomal supernatant, markedly sex differentiated in the rat (male greater than female), was completely feminized by neonatal but not by adult castration. The results suggest that the influence of endocrine ablations on chemical carcinogenesis in rat liver might be mediated via the hypothalamo-pituitary regulation of certain pathways of hepatic xenobiotic metabolism. PMID- 3756866 TI - Metabolism of 7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene by rat liver microsomal enzymes and mutagenicity of metabolites. AB - 7,8-Dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (7,8-H2BaP) was metabolized by rat liver microsomes to form 7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-BaP trans-9,10-diol, 7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-BaP cis-9,10 diol, 7-hydroxy-7,8-H2BaP, 8-hydroxy-7,8-H2BaP, two phenolic products of 7,8 H2BaP [abbreviated as 7,8-H2BaP phenol 1 and phenol 2 according to their elution order on reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)], 4,5,7,8 tetrahydro-BaP trans-4,5-diol, BaP cis-7,8-dihydrodiol, BaP, and the metabolites known to be formed from the metabolism of BaP. Metabolites were isolated by reversed-phase and normal-phase HPLC and identified by ultraviolet-visible absorption and mass spectral analyses and by comparing their retention times with synthetic standards whenever available. The enantiomeric compositions of some mono-ol and diol metabolites were determined by chiral stationary phase HPLC. The optical purities of monool and diol metabolites formed were found to be dependent on the nature of cytochrome P-450 isozymes present in liver microsomes. Metabolites formed by liver microsomes from untreated, phenobarbital-treated, 3 methylcholanthrene-treated, and polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1254)-treated male Sprague-Dawley rats were quantified by using specifically tritium-labeled [10-3H]-7,8-H2BaP and liquid scintillation counting of fractions collected from reversed-phase HPLC. A portion (2-7% depending on the type of microsomes used) of the BaP found was formed nonenzymatically in microsomal metabolism of 7,8-H2BaP. The formations of other major metabolites were all cytochrome P-450 isozymes dependent since their formations were inhibited by carbon monoxide and were dependent on the presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. Furthermore, the formations of tetrahydrodiols, monools, and phenols were not inhibited by the epoxide hydrolase inhibitor, 3,3,3-trichloropropylene 1,2-oxide. The relative mutagenic activities toward Salmonella typhimurium TA98 at 2 nmol of chemical per plate and 10 microliters of liver S9 fraction were: (+/-)BaP trans 7,8-dihydrodiol approximately equal to 7,8-H2BaP approximately equal to 7,8-H2BaP phenol 2 greater than (+/-)Bap cis-7,8-dihydrodiol greater than BaP approximately equal to 8-hydroxy-7,8-H2BaP greater than 7,8-H2BaP phenol 1 greater than 7 hydroxy-7,8-H2BaP. The results suggest that, in addition to the bay region 7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-BaP 9,10-epoxide, metabolic products formed by hydroxylations at the aliphatic and aromatic carbons of 7,8-H2BaP and their subsequent metabolism at the 9,10-double bond may also contribute to the carcinogenic activities of 7,8-H2BaP. PMID- 3756867 TI - Disposition of homocysteine in rat hepatocytes and in nontransformed and malignant mouse embryo fibroblasts following exposure to inhibitors of S adenosylhomocysteine catabolism. AB - S-Adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) is catabolized to adenosine and homocysteine through the action of AdoHcy hydrolase, and this reaction is the only known source of L-homocysteine in vertebrates. The disposition of endogenously formed L homocysteine was investigated in isolated rat hepatocytes and nontransformed and malignant C3H/10T1/2 mouse embryo fibroblasts exposed to 3-deazaaristeromycin or D-eritadenine, compounds which are potent inhibitors of AdoHcy hydrolase. Cells in suspension release large amounts of L-homocysteine into the extracellular medium whereas small amounts are retained within the intracellular compartment. The L-homocysteine egress is inhibited by 3-deazaaristeromycin or D-eritadenine in a manner which closely parallels the inhibitory effect on AdoHcy catabolism, suggesting that L-homocysteine egress may be coupled to its formation from AdoHcy. In liver cells, the accumulation of AdoHcy exceeded the inhibition of L homocysteine egress, whereas in the fibroblasts inhibition of egress equalled the accumulation of AdoHcy. Inhibition of AdoHcy catabolism was associated with an increase in both free and protein bound L-homocysteine in liver cells, whereas depletion of intracellular L-homocysteine occurred in the mouse embryo fibroblasts under these conditions. These data suggest that some properties of nucleoside analogues may be related to their effects on L-homocysteine metabolism. Furthermore, L-homocysteine is exported into the extracellular medium in proportion to the formation from AdoHcy, and extracellular L-homocysteine may be a measure of the balance between L-homocysteine formation and utilization. PMID- 3756868 TI - Induction of heat shock gene expression without heat shock by hepatocarcinogens and during hepatic regeneration in rat liver. AB - We investigated the expression of the rat hepatic heat-shock protein (hsp) genes under the influence of hepatocarcinogens and during hepatic regeneration. This was undertaken because of the inducibility of the heat-shock response in rat liver and because heat-shock genes can be expressed with or without heat shock in various cell states in a developmentally regulated manner. We found that acute administration of hepatocarcinogens to rats induced an increased hsp gene transcription in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Chronic exposure of rats to complete hepatocarcinogens induced increased levels of mainly Mr 83,000 heat shock protein gene transcription and, to a lesser extent, Mr 70,000 heat-shock protein. However, the tumor promoter phenobarbital did not induce increased hsp gene expression. Increased levels of both Mr 83,000 heat-shock protein and Mr 70,000 heat-shock protein gene transcription were found during hepatic regeneration. Thus, increased hsp gene transcription, which correlated with increased heat-shock protein synthesis, was observed under the acute and chronic influence of hepatocarcinogens and during normal hepatic proliferation. These results are similar to those observed for c-H-ras and c-myc expression in rat liver, and they suggest that a coordinate expression of these three genes may occur in hepatic regeneration and in the early stages of experimental chemical hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID- 3756869 TI - Expression of growth-regulated genes in human acute leukemias. AB - We have investigated the expression of six growth-regulated genes (c-myc, c-myb, p53, 4F1, 2F1, and ornithine decarboxylase) and the S-phase-specific histone H3 gene in acute myeloid and lymphoid leukemic cells. We have purposely chosen three growth-regulated protooncogenes that share similar biological features and three gene sequences that have in common the cell cycle dependence of their expression in cells of different tissue and in different species. The level of expression was determined by measuring the amounts of specific RNA by Northern blot analysis. Levels of expression of the six growth-regulated genes were compared to the level of expression of the S-phase-specific H3 gene and among themselves. This method distinguishes the increased expression of a growth-regulated gene due to a true altered activation from over-expression which simply reflects an increase in the fraction of cycling cells. We have found that six of 14 patients with acute leukemias have markedly high ratios of c-myc/H3, c-myc/p53, and c myc/c-myb expression. Two patients with altered c-myc expression have also a high ratio p53/H3. Within the group of cell cycle-dependent genes the ratios of expression seem in the overall much more regular with the clear exception of a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia in which the ratios 4F1/H3 and 2F1/H3 are significantly increased. A possible interpretation of these findings is that the fraction of noncycling leukemic cells that often constitute the majority of the entire leukemic population is in some cases in a true resting state, whereas in other cases heterogeneous degrees of growth arrest might occur. The altered expression of c-myc seems the feature most commonly associated with this putative growth arrest of leukemic cells suggesting that this gene may contribute to the impairment of proliferative control that is associated with the leukemic phenotype. PMID- 3756870 TI - Evidence that intravenously derived murine pulmonary melanoma metastases can originate from the expansion of a single tumor cell. AB - The purpose of these studies was to determine whether hematogenous clonal pulmonary melanoma metastases originate from the expansion of a single cell and if so, by extrapolation, metastasis can be considered a cloning process. Three different cell lines of murine K-1735 melanoma with different metastatic properties and unique karyotypes were injected i.v. into syngeneic C3H/HeN mice as multicell aggregates of individual cell lines or combinations of cell lines. Resultant solitary lung metastases were isolated in culture as individual lines and then karyotyped. Even when heterogeneous clumps of tumor cells were injected, the individual metastases exhibited a karyotype unique to one metastatic cell type. Furthermore, when cellular aggregates were composed of metastatic cells admixed with cells that were tumorigenic but nonmetastatic, the resultant metastases exhibited only the karyotype of the metastatic cells. This finding suggests that the presence of metastatic cells did not change the inability of nonmetastatic cells to proliferate in a distant organ. Collectively, the results indicate that the resultant metastases were of clonal origin owing to the expansion of a single metastatic tumor cell in the lung parenchyma. PMID- 3756871 TI - Evidence that the process of murine melanoma metastasis is sequential and selective and contains stochastic elements. AB - Malignant neoplasms are heterogeneous for many different biological characteristics, including invasion and metastasis. The pathogenesis of metastasis involves a series of sequential steps which must be completed by metastatic cells. In the present study we examined the metastatic behavior of three highly metastatic and three nonmetastatic subpopulations isolated from the K-1735 melanoma syngeneic to the C3H/HeN mouse. Cells were labeled with [125I]iodo-2'-deoxyuridine, and their initial organ distribution, fate, and production of experimental metastases were determined. Highly metastatic cells survived in lung parenchyma to produce metastases, whereas nonmetastatic cells did not. However, even with the highly metastatic cells only 2% of the original inoculum was responsible for the final production of metastases. The results support the concept that the fate of tumor cells released into the bloodstream is determined by sequential and selective events and introduces a third regulatory factor. Cells endowed with metastatic properties have a higher probability of forming metastases than cells not so endowed, but this probability is not 100%. Hence, metastasis should be considered as a sequential, selective, and stochastic process. PMID- 3756872 TI - A cell line from a human ovarian carcinoma with amplification of the K-ras gene. AB - We have recently reported that ascitic cells from a human ovarian carcinoma have a 10- to 20-fold K-ras amplification and that the level of such amplification did not change over a 9-month period during which the patient received chemotherapy and underwent clinical progression. Here we describe an ovarian tumor cell line (HOC-8) which has been derived from that tumor and which also shows a similar level of K-ras amplification. The amounts of K-ras specific mRNA and the Mr 21,000 protein encoded by the amplified gene are correspondingly elevated. karyotypic analysis revealed no detectable double minute chromosomes but did show an abnormal banding region on chromosome 6. This cell line may represent a useful model to investigate the significance of the K-ras gene product for the pathogenesis of human tumors. PMID- 3756873 TI - Cell surface antigens of human bladder tumors: definition of tumor subsets by monoclonal antibodies and correlation with growth characteristics. AB - Normal human urothelium and tumors of urothelial origin were analyzed with a panel of seven mouse monoclonal antibodies that identify surface antigens of cultured bladder cancer cell lines. Three categories of antigens were defined on the basis of differential expression on normal urothelium versus bladder tumors. Om5 (a category 1 antigen) is a highly restricted, differentiation antigen detected in the normal urothelium of 50-60% individuals. No other normal cell type in Om5- or Om5+ individuals expresses Om5. The incidence of Om5 expression in superficial bladder tumors is significantly higher (88%) than in normal urothelium, whereas its expression in invasive or metastatic tumors is far lower (20%), suggesting Om5 gain/loss in bladder tumors. Paired biopsies of normal urothelium and bladder tumors from the same individuals have shown Om5 induction in the superficial bladder tumors of Om5- individuals and Om5 loss in invasive bladder cancers of Om5+ individuals. Category 2 antigens (T43, T138, T23) are not expressed by normal urothelium or most superficial bladder tumors but are detected on a high proportion of invasive or metastatic bladder tumors, indicating that category 2 antigens are associated with late stages of tumor progression. Category 3 antigens (T16, T87, J143) provide lineage markers for normal or neoplastic cells of urothelial origin, being found on normal urothelium and virtually all bladder tumors. Thus, differential expression of category 1 and 2 antigens divide bladder tumors into distinct subsets, and these subsets correlate with pathological and clinical features of the disease. PMID- 3756874 TI - Mouse monoclonal antibody (FKH1) detecting human melanoma-associated antigens. AB - A mouse monoclonal antibody, FKH1, was produced to detect cytoplasmic melanoma associated antigen. FKH1 was raised using cultured human melanoma cell line KHm-6 as an immunogen. Reactivity of this antibody was assessed by immunohistochemical techniques against cell lines and normal and neoplastic tissues. Positive reactions were seen against 5 human melanoma cell lines. It stained cytoplasm of melanoma cells in a diffuse and granular pattern in indirect immunofluorescence. Immunoelectron microscopy showed diffuse distribution of immunoreactant in the cytoplasm of KHm-1 cells excluding melanosomes and other organelles. Reactivity against frozen and alcohol-fixed, paraffin-embedded melanocytic tumors was also tested with IIF or indirect or avidin biotinylated horseradish peroxidase complex immunoperoxidase techniques. All cases of frozen sections from benign and malignant melanocytic tumors showed positive staining with FKH1. In fixed tissues, however, reactivity was 11 of 14 (79%) in malignant melanoma and 28 of 42 (67%) in other melanocytic tumors. FKH1 did not react against normal melanocytes and nonmelanocytic tumors except APUDoma and 2 glioblastoma cell lines. It failed to stain the B-16 mouse melanoma cell line, neuroblastoma cell line, breast carcinoma cell line, and T-cell lymphoma cell line. Normal human peripheral nerves were nonreactive with FKH1. In immunoelectroblot study, FKH1 bound with proteins having molecular weight of 71,000 and 55,000 extracted from KHm-6 cells. It was suggested that FKH1 is a useful monoclonal antibody in diagnostic study of human malignant melanoma specimens. PMID- 3756875 TI - Uptake, cytofluorescence, and cytotoxicity of oxazolopyridocarbazoles (amino acid ellipticine conjugates) in murine sarcoma cells. AB - The uptake, cytofluorescence, and cytotoxicity of elliptinium (NMHE) and a series of fluorescent oxazolopyridocarbazoles [amino acid-ellipticine conjugates (AA NMHE)] were studied in murine sarcoma cells. For all these drugs, the uptake was rapid, directly proportional to the drug concentration, and unaffected by metabolic inhibitors which is consistent with a diffusion mechanism. By 4 h, the intracellular concentration of NMHE exceeded the external drug concentration by about 100 times; this suggests that the toxicity of NMHE is not, as previously assumed, limited by its transport across tumor cell membranes. Conjugation of NMHE with aliphatic amino acids increased the cellular uptake 5- to 7-fold. Cellular exposure to AA-NMHE conjugates resulted in the appearance of granular cytoplasmic fluorescence which was readily translocated to the nucleus upon continued exposure to fluorescent light. The cytotoxicity of the AA-NMHE conjugates (drug concentration required to reduce colony formation by 63% on the exponential part of the survival curve = 3-14 microM) was less than of NMHE (drug concentration required to reduce colony formation by 63% on the exponential part of the survival curve = 0.7 microM) as shown by colony formation following 4 h drug exposure. In contrast, the isoleucine-NMHE conjugate was the most cytotoxic compound (drug concentration required to reduce colony formation by 63% on the exponential part of the survival curve = 0.045 microM) when the drug exposure period was extended to 8 days. The general lower toxicity of the AA-NMHE conjugates is likely due to loss of the phenolic character of the NMHE moiety; therefore, attempts to link NMHE to amino acids remain attractive but will have to be done without affecting the 9-hydroxy group of NMHE. PMID- 3756876 TI - Suppression of glioma growth in vitro and in vivo by glia maturation factor. AB - Glia maturation factor (GMF), a 14,000 Mr acidic protein of the brain, is capable of promoting differentiation of cultured astroblasts. In this study we report the effect of GMF on two glioma cell lines: the C6 line, of rodent origin, and the HG 1 line, of human origin. When tested in culture, GMF promotes the initial growth of the two cell lines when the cells are sparse but limits proliferation by restoring contact inhibition when the cells are confluent. Cell cycle analysis confirms the arrest of the cells at the G0/G1 phase when the tumor cells are contact inhibited by GMF. When C6 cells are inoculated into the athymic (nude) mice at a s.c. site, a single solid tumor grows out with a 100% take. Intraperitoneal injection of GMF leads to the slowing down of tumor growth. That the in vivo effect of GMF is not due to cytotoxicity is evidenced by the lack of necrosis and by the appearance of more mature astrocytic cells in the tumors. The results lend support to the concept of GMF as a cellular regulator and suggest the therapeutic potential of GMF for brain tumors. PMID- 3756877 TI - N,N-dimethylformamide-induced synthesis of an anti-fibronectin reactive protein in cultured human colon carcinoma cells. AB - The cell surfaces of human colon cancer cells before and after exposure to N,N dimethylformamide (DMF) were probed using radioiodination and immunofluorescent labeling techniques. Growth of the human colon carcinoma cell line HCT MOSER in DMF-supplemented culture medium resulted in monolayer culture growth and marked cell morphology alterations consisting of cellular flattening and elongation. Accompanying the morphology alterations were distinct changes in the cell surface protein composition as determined by 125I labeling and electrophoresis. The cell surface changes associated with growth of HCT MOSER cells in the presence of DMF were dependent upon time of exposure to DMF and DMF concentration. Furthermore, removal of DMF-treated HCT MOSER cells from DMF-containing growth medium caused reversion of both cell morphology and cell surface composition to a state comparable to that of cells not exposed to DMF. The HCT MOSER cell surface alterations produced by DMF included a reduction of radioiodinated surface proteins with molecular weights of 87,000, 120,000, and 180,000 and an increase of a 125I-labeled surface protein with a molecular weight of 200,000-250,000. Appearance of a surface protein of approximately 200,000 molecular weight and assumption of a fibroblast-like morphology by DMF-treated HCT MOSER cells suggested that this approximately 200,000 molecular weight material might be fibronectin. Immunofluorescent labeling with anti-human fibronectin showed that HCT MOSER cells grown in DMF did manifest an anti-fibronectin immunoreactive material that was only transiently associated with the cell surface before being released. DMF-treated HCT MOSER cultures continued to express surface carcinoembryonic antigen, indicating that the presence of material immunoreactive with anti-human fibronectin was not secondary to proliferation of a contaminating fibroblast population. The response of HCT MOSER cells to DMF paralleled in many ways that previously reported for methylcholanthrene-transformed AKR-2B (AKR-MCA) fibroblasts. However, unlike AKR-MCA cells, HCT MOSER cells did not exhibit an increase in 125I incorporation per microgram DNA as a function of time of exposure to DMF, which suggests that the surface protein with a molecular weight of approximately 200,000 induced by DMF was not retained on the cell surface. PMID- 3756878 TI - A monoclonal antibody specific for the Yc subunit of rat liver glutathione S transferase B. AB - A monoclonal antibody against rat liver glutathione S-transferase B, which consists of subunits Ya (Mr 27,000) and Yc (Mr 29,500), was produced in a mouse hybridoma system. The monoclonal antibody, BE6Yc1, was of the immunoglobulin G1 class and specifically recognized glutathione S-transferase B showing no cross reactivity against the dimeric form of Ya, ligandin, in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A glutathione S-transferase B-BE6Yc1 monoclonal antibody complex was identified from the zymogram pattern on starch gel electrophoresis. On sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of rat liver glutathione S-transferase B, followed by Western blotting with BE6Yc1 antibody, a single polypeptide with a molecular weight of 29,500, identical to the Yc subunit of rat liver glutathione S-transferase B, was identified. The antibody showed no cross-reactivity with the Ya subunit with a molecular weight of 27,000 of either glutathione S-transferase B or ligandin. These results show that there are at least two distinct epitopes in the Ya and the Yc subunit. The monoclonal antibody did not block the catalytic activity of glutathione S-transferase B toward cumene hydroperoxide and possibly also 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. Quantitative differences in expression of the Yc subunit of glutathione S-transferases were demonstrated in extracts of various normal tissues with the BE6Yc1 antibody by Western blot analysis. The Yc subunit was found to be present at much lower levels in kidney, small intestine, spleen, and lung than in liver and testis. PMID- 3756879 TI - Amplification and rearrangement of DNA sequences from the chromosomal region 2p24 in human neuroblastomas. AB - Seven DNA fragments which map to or very near human chromosome band 2p24 are shown to be differentially amplified in DNA from specific subsets of an enlarged series of human neuroblastoma cell lines and primary neuroblastomas. Of these DNA fragments, the probe NB-19-21 for the oncogene N-myc is the most frequently amplified, with a second expressed sequence (pG21) amplified in 9 of those 11 cell lines and 16 of those 25 tumors exhibiting amplification of N-myc. The remaining probes are in turn each amplified in progressively smaller, nested subsets of the cell lines and tumors in which both N-myc and pG21 are amplified. These data permit construction of models for the organization of a "neuroblastoma amplicon," i.e., an originally amplified DNA domain, with N-myc positioned most central and the other DNA fragments increasingly peripheral; comparable models result for the cell lines and the tumors. Five of the seven probes examined detect novel DNA fragments in these specimens, reinforcing previous observations that extensive DNA rearrangement can occur during DNA amplification in neuroblastoma cell lines and in primary neuroblastomas. Such rearrangements could contribute significantly to the evolution of the neuroblastoma amplicon in different specimens to progressively smaller units, preserving, in the limit, amplification of N-myc. PMID- 3756880 TI - Differentiation, dedifferentiation, and transdifferentiation of BALB/c 3T3 T mesenchymal stem cells: potential significance in metaplasia and neoplasia. AB - The expression of defects in the control of cellular differentiation is thought to be of etiological significance in the early stages of carcinogenesis. This possibility is supported by a variety of experimental studies including those that have established that metaplastic changes in cells can represent preneoplastic lesions in vivo. To evaluate this question in greater detail, we have used 3T3 T mesenchymal stem cells as a model system. These cells express certain characteristics of preneoplastic cells even though they can regulate their proliferation and even though they can undergo nonterminal and terminal differentiation into adipocytes. For example, they are immortal and aneuploid, and they show a proclivity to undergo spontaneous or induced neoplastic transformation compared to normal human cells. The question we sought to answer in the current experiments concerns whether predifferentiation growth arrest and/or nonterminal differentiation in such preneoplastic cells is completely reversible or whether these processes induce the expression of the new stable program that limits the cells' proliferative potential and reduces the cells' subsequent differentiation potential in a manner comparable to that which is thought to occur in normal stem cells. The results show that arrest at both the predifferentiation state and at the nonterminal differentiation state is a completely reversible phenomenon that does not limit the cells' subsequent growth or differentiation potential. In fact, the results show that, when nonterminally differentiated 3T3 T adipocytes are induced to dedifferentiate, they can subsequently redifferentiate into macrophages. We therefore suggest that preneoplasia as expressed in 3T3 T mesenchymal stem cells is associated with the expression of defects in the ability to integrally control cellular differentiation and proliferation. As a result, the data suggest that such cells express an increased proclivity to undergo metaplastic change and complete neoplastic transformation. PMID- 3756881 TI - Oxygenation and differentiation in multicellular spheroids of human colon carcinoma. AB - Oxygenation and development of necrosis were evaluated in multicellular spheroids of poorly differentiated (HT29) and moderately well-differentiated (Co112) human adenocarcinoma of the colon. Spheroids were grown in vitro under well-controlled oxygen and nutrient conditions in spinner flasks up to sizes of 2800-micron diameter after 5 wk of culture. Morphological studies showed that the Co112 spheroids contained pseudoglandular structures with lumen, very similar to the characteristics of the original tumor specimen from the patient and to the cells when grown as xenograft tumors in nude mice. Microelectrodes were used to measure the oxygen tension (PO2) profile within individual spheroids at different stages of growth. Histological sections through the centers of spheroids were measured to determine the thickness of the viable rim of cells surrounding spheroid necrotic centers in order to estimate the size of the severely hypoxic zone of cells by comparison with the PO2 profiles of the same spheroids. The data demonstrate significant differences between these two human colon tumor spheroid systems. Both spheroid types exhibited steep PO2 gradients at relatively small sizes of less than 600-micron diameter, but for any given size in this range, the more differentiated Co112 spheroids were more hypoxic. Although severe hypoxia (PO2, less than 10 mm of Hg) was present in both spheroid types at larger sizes, there was a significant difference in the central PO2 values which were between 5 and 10 mm of Hg in large Co112 spheroids but remained at or close to 0 mm of Hg in large HT29 poorly differentiated human colon tumor spheroids. The presence of pseudoglandular structures and lumen in the Co112 spheroids was associated with changes in the shape of PO2 profiles. Such profiles have not previously been seen in other poorly differentiated human or rodent tumor spheroids. Furthermore, the PO2 profiles of both of these human tumor spheroid types were often continuously curving with a very shallow gradient in the inner edge of the viable rim of cells surrounding the necrotic center. Regulation of oxygen consumption and/or diffusion in these inner regions of human spheroids could produce these continuously curving PO2 gradients. PMID- 3756882 TI - Genetic variation in the proliferation of murine pulmonary type II cells: basal rates and alterations following urethan treatment. AB - Susceptibility to urethan-induced pulmonary tumorigenesis varies among inbred strains of mice. A genetic basis for this variation was sought using three strains with widely differing tumor multiplicities after urethan treatment. Twenty-one mice from each of strains A/J (high susceptibility), BALB/cByJ (intermediate susceptibility; hereafter called cBy), and C57BL/6J (low susceptibility; hereafter called B6) were treated i.p. with 1 mg urethan/g body weight, and sacrificed at 0 (no urethan), 12, 24, 36, 48, 65, and 80 days after treatment (three mice per strain per time point). Each mouse was given 1 muCi [3H]thymidine/g body weight 45 min before sacrifice. Lungs were processed for autoradiography, and labeling indices were independently determined for non-tumor associated type II cells and for tumor cells (most tumors arise from alveolar type II pneumocytes in A/J mice). Three categories of proliferative differences were found. First, statistically significant differences (P less than 0.05) among all strains were found for type II cell labeling indices in untreated mice, and these differences persisted for 65 days after urethan treatment. Proliferative rates were highest in A/J mice and lowest in B6 mice, while cBy mice were intermediate. Secondly, the peak of type II cell labeling occurred 12 days following urethan in strains A/J and cBy, but at 24 days in B6 mice. This difference is consistent with the fact that tumors were observed earlier following urethan treatment in A/J and cBy mice (at 36 days) than in B6 mice (at 48 days). Finally, the labeling indices in A/J and B6 tumors were high at first (6 and 4%) and then declined to 1-1.5% by 80 days after urethan treatment, while cBy tumor labeling indices remained at about 1.5% throughout the experimental period. These results suggest that the variation in susceptibility to urethan induced lung tumorigenesis among different strains of mice is related to the normal basal rates of lung mitoses in these strains. Mice may be particularly sensitive to urethan during cell division, making strains with a higher rate of mitosis more susceptible to tumorigenesis. PMID- 3756883 TI - Immunospecific eosinophil infiltration of a mouse mammary carcinoma. AB - In histological examinations of intramammary implants of mammary carcinoma MC2, it was found that eosinophils began appearing at the implants in numbers well above normal after 3 to 4 wk of immunization. Massive invasion of tumor tissue by eosinophils did not become evident until the mice were strongly immunized, after at least 5 wk. Eosinophilia developed after 5 wk of immunization, with blood counts reaching an average high of 530 per mm3 (5.8%) compared to a normal count of 90 to 100 per mm3 (1.1%). By implanting MC2 and a second, immunologically distinct mammary carcinoma into the same mice, it was shown that the attraction of eosinophils to MC2 was immunospecific. By passive transfer of immune plasma, it was shown that the local eosinophil response was promoted by specific immune plasma factors. PMID- 3756884 TI - 2-Cyanocinnamic acid sensitization of L929 cells to killing by hyperthermia. AB - Exposure of L929 cells to hyperthermia in the presence of 2-cyanocinnamic acid, an inhibitor of mitochondrial pyruvate transport, markedly enhanced killing at temperatures as low as 41 degrees C. The inhibitor also reduced the oxidation of both glucose and exogenous pyruvate while increasing lactate production from glucose but not from pyruvate. These results are consistent with previous observations that glucose and pyruvate enhance survival after hyperthermia and point to a role for pyruvate in protecting against hyperthermic cytotoxicity. Heat shock protein synthesis was also inhibited by 2-cyanocinnamic acid under some conditions, suggesting that a function of pyruvate may also be involved in heat shock protein induction. PMID- 3756885 TI - Case-control study of decaffeinated coffee consumption and pancreatic cancer. AB - The relationship between decaffeinated coffee consumption and pancreatic cancer was examined using data from a hospital-based case-control study of individuals aged 20-80 years in 18 hospitals in 6 United States cities, from January 1981 to December 1984. Among the males, 127 cases and 371 controls were examined, while for females, the figures were 111 and 325 for cases and controls, respectively. Decaffeinated coffee use was not associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer in males (odds ratio = 0.7 for 3 or more cups/day; 95% confidence interval = 0.4-1.4). For females, an elevated risk was seen for drinkers of 1-2 cups/day (odds ratio = 1.6; 95% confidence interval = 1.0-2.7), but this finding was of borderline significance and elevation in risk was not found for drinkers of 3 or more cups/day (odds ratio = 0.9; 95% confidence interval = 0.4-1.9). Cigarette smoking was significantly associated with pancreatic cancer in both males and females. Factors examined and not found to be related to pancreatic cancer included education, occupation, religion, marital status, alcohol drinking, saccharin use, height, weight 5 years before hospitalization, history of previous diseases, and residence. PMID- 3756886 TI - Phase I/II trial of human recombinant beta-interferon serine in patients with renal cell carcinoma. AB - Beta-interferon serine (IFN-beta ser) is a genetically altered recombinant IFN with a specific activity of 2 X 10(8) IU/mg protein. We undertook a Phase I trial of this agent in 18 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. IFN-beta ser was given by a 4-h intravenous infusion twice weekly (Monday and Thursday). Three patients were placed on escalating dose levels. Doses were also escalated in each patient if no unacceptable toxicity was detected on the previous treatment. The maximum initial tolerated dose was less than or equal to 150 million units/m2. However, development of patient tolerance allowed escalation beyond this dose and chronic therapy at this or higher doses in most patients. Toxicity was largely limited to the symptom complex of fever, malaise, mild hypotension, and anorexia. One patient developed reversible proteinuria (10 g/24 h) with no change in serum creatinine. Limited or no renal, hepatic, or hematological toxicity was observed. Six of 16 patients developed anti-IFN antibody levels. Fifteen patients received twice weekly treatments at near their maximum tolerated dose for greater than or equal to 4 weeks and were evaluable for response. Two patients developed a partial and one patient a minor response. We conclude that IFN-beta ser is a well tolerated IFN with minimal renal, hepatic, and bone marrow toxicity. It has apparent activity in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. PMID- 3756887 TI - Phase I study of alpha 2-interferon plus doxorubicin in patients with solid tumors. AB - Cytotoxic chemotherapy and interferon have shown synergistic antitumor activity in vitro. The purpose of this study was to determine the maximally tolerated dose of doxorubicin given every 3 weeks, in patients receiving recombinant alpha 2 interferon [10 X 10(6) IU/m2 s.c. three times per week (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday)] during the first 2 weeks of each cycle of doxorubicin. Fourteen patients received a total of 41 cycles. Hematological toxicity was dose limiting with granulocytopenia (total granulocyte count, less than 1000) occurring in 50% of patients treated with doxorubicin at 40 mg/m2 and in 25% of patients treated with doxorubicin at 30 mg/m2. Nonhematological toxicities included a flu-like syndrome, alopecia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and transient mild increases in liver function tests. A partial response was seen in one patient with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and in another patient with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Concomitant administration of recombinant alpha 2 interferon given on this schedule limits the amount of doxorubicin that can be administered. However, the responses noted in this study are encouraging enough to warrant additional studies of doxorubicin plus recombinant alpha 2-interferon. PMID- 3756888 TI - Acute and long-term effects of high-dose methotrexate treatment on homocysteine in plasma and urine. AB - The amino acid, homocysteine, is not supplied by food but is a product formed by cleavage of S-adenosylhomocysteine; a product of transmethylation. Homocysteine is further salvaged to methionine. Since this reaction is in most tissues dependent on 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, we investigated the effect of the antifolate drug, methotrexate (MTX), on homocysteine in patients treated with this drug against cancer. Free and protein-bound homocysteine in plasma and urinary excretion of this amino acid were monitored in seven patients before, during, and after infusion with MTX (1-13.6 g). Each patient was investigated during one to five consecutive MTX treatments, which were separated by intervals of 1 to 4 weeks. Three components of the homocysteine response could be distinguished. An acute effect appeared after a lag period of about 6 h, lasted for about 24 h, and was characterized by a transient increase in free and protein bound homocysteine and a concomitant increase in urinary excretion of homocysteine. Some patients showed a marked plasma response, whereas in others, enhancement of urinary excretion predominated. A long-term effect developed within 48-72 h after each infusion and was characterized by a progressive decrease in both plasma homocysteine and urinary excretion of homocysteine to amounts below those observed prior to the infusion. This effect lasted for at least 4 weeks. In this way the amount of homocysteine in plasma and urine decreased as a function of the number of MTX infusions. This long-term effect was associated with a decrease in acute homocysteine response in plasma and/or urine. Notably, MTX induced no acute or long-term effect on plasma methionine, suggesting that the homocysteine response is not caused by an imbalance in methionine metabolism due to malignant disease or chemotherapy. The cause and possible consequences of altered homocysteine metabolism during MTX therapy are discussed. PMID- 3756889 TI - Urinary excretion of nitrosodimethylamine and nitrosoproline in humans: interindividual and intraindividual differences and the effect of administered ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol. AB - Gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry methods were developed for quantifying nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and nitrosoproline (NPRO) in human urine. The limits of quantitation of these methods, which utilize stable isotope analogues of NDMA and NPRO as internal standards, were 5 pg per ml for NDMA and 0.14 ng per ml for NPRO. The assays were used to quantify NDMA and NPRO in urine samples collected 4 times a wk for 5 wk from 24 healthy volunteers. The mean urinary excretion of NDMA during this time was found to be 38.2 ng per day, and the mean urinary excretion of NPRO was found to be 3.26 micrograms per day. Treatment of the volunteers with 600 mg of ascorbic acid and 100 IU of alpha tocopherol 4 times a day for the final 3 wk of the study did not influence the urinary excretion of NDMA or NPRO. Considerable person-to-person and day-to-day variations were observed for the urinary excretion of both nitrosamines, but the urinary excretion of NDMA was not correlated with the urinary excretion of NPRO. Person-to-person and day-to-day differences in the urinary excretion were greater for NPRO than for NDMA. The mean urinary excretion of NDMA by the 24 subjects was as much as 5-fold higher on some days than on other days, but this was not observed for NPRO. Day-to-day differences in the mean urinary excretion of NDMA were correlated with the concentrations of nitrogen dioxide in the air. PMID- 3756890 TI - Immunohistochemical analyses of estrogen receptor in endometrial adenocarcinoma using a monoclonal antibody. AB - Immunohistochemical localization of estrogen receptor (ER) using specific monoclonal anti-human estrogen receptor antibody, H222, with an immunoperoxidase technique was performed on fresh frozen tissue derived from 100 endometrial adenocarcinomas. Immunohistochemical evaluation incorporated both intensity and distribution of staining. In all cases, H222 localized in the nucleus of target cells. A significant quantitative relationship was shown between histological score (H-Score) and the biochemical analysis of ER content in tissue homogenates (r = 0.65, P = 0.00001). Excellent sensitivity (92%) and specificity (93%) were observed for the comparison of H-Score to the biochemical assay. Significant ER localization was present in stromal and myometrial elements, component H-Score of which correlated weakly with component H-Scores of malignant epithelial elements. Divergent receptor localization in stromal and myometrial versus malignant epithelial elements suggests that biochemical assays of endometrial carcinoma specimens may not reflect cancer-relevant receptor content. The data presented here suggest that the immunoassay of ER using H222 monoclonal antibody provides additional histochemical information to complement conventional analyses of endometrial adenocarcinomas. PMID- 3756891 TI - Inhibition of human colonic epithelial cell proliferation in vivo and in vitro by calcium. AB - Nine patients at high risk of developing colon cancer were placed on daily p.o. supplementation of 1500 mg of calcium for 4-8 weeks. The colonic epithelial cells in six of these patients showed a statistically significant decrease in their [3H]thymidine labeling indices in tissue culture so that they resembled those of patients at low risk of developing colon cancer. The three nonresponders had similar labeling indices before and after calcium supplementation. Biopsies from each of nine high-risk patients exhibited a decrease in proliferation when they were cultured in vitro with a high level of CaCl2 (2.2 mM compared with the 0.1 mM optimum value for proliferation). Two adenomas and two carcinomas showed a different pattern of response than normal cells, exhibiting no inhibition of growth at 2.2 mM CaCl2. These data indicate that the growth inhibition induced by high levels of extracellular calcium levels is lost at a stage in tumor development before cells become malignant. PMID- 3756892 TI - Xenobiotic metabolism in human alveolar type II cells isolated by centrifugal elutriation and density gradient centrifugation. AB - Alveolar type II cells were isolated from five human lung specimens obtained during resection or lobectomy and enriched to 63-85% purity. Digestion with Sigma protease type XIV followed by centrifugal elutriation and Percoll density gradient centrifugation yielded 1.2 +/- 0.4 X 10(6) cells/g lung in the type II cell fractions. The activities of some enzymes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics were determined in these freshly isolated type II cells and compared with activities in alveolar macrophages and fractions of unseparated cells from the same tissue samples. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate cytochrome c reductase activity was similar in the three cell fractions from all five patients (18-29 nmol/mg protein/min). An antibody to rabbit reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-cytochrome P-450 reductase inhibited reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-cytochrome c reduction as much as 70% in microsomal preparations of the isolated human pulmonary cells, although this same antibody barely reacted with microsomes of the human cells in a Western blot assay. Epoxide hydrolase activity was highest in the alveolar type II cells (1.08 +/- 0.17 nmol/mg protein/min). This activity was 6 times higher than in the alveolar macrophage or unseparated cell fractions. 7-Ethoxycoumarin deethylase activity, a cytochrome P-450-dependent pathway, was low or undetectable in the three cell fractions. Trace amounts of 7-ethoxyresorufin O deethylase activity (0.5-1.5 pmol/mg protein/min) were detected in microsomes of the isolated human cells, even though a polycyclic hydrocarbon-inducible cytochrome P-450 which metabolizes 7-ethoxyresorufin (form 6 in rabbits) was not detected immunochemically. PMID- 3756893 TI - Free radicals in carcinogenesis. PMID- 3756894 TI - Mechanism of action of a new antitumor agent, carbetimer. AB - Carbetimer, an intermediate molecular-weight-derivatized copolymer of maleic anhydride and ethylene, has been shown to possess significant antineoplastic activity in the stem cell assay. We have examined the antitumor activity of carbetimer in vivo and in vitro against HM5-Carb/S and M21, both primary human melanoma cell lines sensitive and resistant to carbetimer, respectively. The mechanism of action of carbetimer in HM5-Carb/S has been determined. Mice bearing palpable sensitive tumors were treated with 10% lethal doses of carbetimer (1500 mg/kg i.p.). The tumor nucleotide profile was determined 4 hours later. Uridine and cytidine nucleoside triphosphates were reduced by 36.6 and 58.2%, respectively. In a similar experiment using carbetimer-resistant tumor, there was no change in the tumor pool sizes of uridine and cytidine nucleoside triphosphate pools in carbetimer- or saline-treated animals. Following 24-h exposure of the cells to 1000 microM concentration of carbetimer, the carbetimer-sensitive cells were pulsed with [14C]uridine, cytidine, or thymidine for 30 min. Pyrimidine nucleotides, in particular triphosphates, were reduced significantly as compared to the saline-treated control. Similar treatment of carbetimer-resistant cells resulted in no change in the pool sizes of the nucleotides. [14C]Bicarbonate flux studies demonstrated that [14C]CO2 conversion into UMP and CMP was increased 200 and 140% of control in the carbetimer-sensitive cells treated with 1000 microM carbetimer; however, a similar treatment of the resistant cells showed no change in the pool sizes of the nucleotide. Examination of pyrimidine salvage enzymes demonstrated that, in the sensitive cells, carbetimer treatment reduced the specific activity of uridine, cytidine, and thymidine kinase by 46, 37, and 60%. In a similar study using resistant cells, the specific activities were reduced 7 and 0%, respectively. In the restitution studies coincubation of carbetimer sensitive cells with carbetimer and uridine resulted in essentially the reversal of carbetimer cytotoxicity. Thus, carbetimer inhibits the growth of the sensitive cells by inhibiting the uptake and metabolism of performed nucleosides both in vivo and in vitro. PMID- 3756895 TI - Hyperthermia, adriamycin transport, and cytotoxicity in drug-sensitive and resistant Chinese hamster ovary cells. AB - Adriamycin cytotoxicity and membrane permeability to Adriamycin were studied at elevated temperatures in a drug-sensitive Chinese hamster ovary cell line and in a pleiotropic drug-resistant mutant to determine whether hyperthermia can overcome this form of acquired drug resistance. In drug-sensitive cells Adriamycin cytotoxicity, measured by colony survival studies, increased at temperatures as low as 38 degrees C, and at 43 degrees C, the combined effect of Adriamycin and hyperthermia exceeded the predicted additive effect by a factor of 10. There was a marked increase in the rate of [14C]Adriamycin uptake between 37 degrees C and 45 degrees C. Although the rate of Adriamycin efflux was also increased, intracellular drug levels at equilibrium were higher at elevated temperatures. The magnitude of the increase in intracellular drug levels at elevated temperatures was insufficient to account for the larger increase in cytotoxicity observed. We were unable to increase membrane permeability to Adriamycin or to increase Adriamycin cytotoxicity in the drug-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cell line by the use of hyperthermia; however, the drug-resistant cells were not cross-resistant to hyperthermia. Therefore, heat may be effective against residual tumor cells which are resistant to chemotherapy. PMID- 3756896 TI - Selenium-induced cytotoxicity of human leukemia cells: interaction with reduced glutathione. AB - Selenium exists in a number of forms with differing valence states, some of which have shown antitumor activity. We studied the tumoricidal activity of four currently available selenium forms against a human leukemia cell line and exploited the differences among them to investigate the mechanism of antitumor action. Only selenocystine and sodium selenite showed antitumor activity, and these were also the only compounds which demonstrated significant redox chemistry, including depletion of cellular glutathione, stimulation of glutathione reductase, and stimulation of oxygen consumption. The interaction of these two compounds with glutathione suggests an intriguing potential role for them in cancer therapy. PMID- 3756897 TI - In vivo antitumor activity and in vitro cytotoxic properties of bis[1,2 bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane]gold(I) chloride. AB - We have previously reported the cytotoxicity and antitumor activity of bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (DPPE) and a variety of its transition metal complexes. During studies of the chemistry of a gold complex of this group [(AuCl)2(DPPE)], it was observed that this complex readily underwent ring closure on reaction with DPPE to form the tetrahedral complex [Au(DPPE)2]+. Various counterion forms (e.g., Cl-) of this cation were isolated and were found to exhibit a remarkably high stability in solution. Evaluation of [Au(DPPE)2]Cl in mice bearing i.p. P388 leukemia demonstrated that the compound produced an average of 87% increase in life span at its maximally tolerated dose (2-3 mumol/kg/day for 5 days). Activity was also seen in i.p. M5076 reticulum cell sarcoma (60% increase in life span) and s.c. mammary adenocarcinoma 16/c. Modest activity was evident in i.p. B16 melanoma and L1210 leukemia. A subline of P388 leukemia resistant to cisplatin was not cross-resistant to [Au(DPPE)2]Cl. In addition, combination therapy of [Au(DPPE)2]Cl and cisplatin against i.p. P388 demonstrated an advantage over single-agent therapy. In vitro studies of [Au(DPPE)2]Cl showed that the compound: is cytotoxic to tumor cell lines; is only minimally inhibited in its cytotoxic activity by the presence of serum; produces DNA protein cross-links and DNA strand breaks in cells; and inhibits macromolecular synthesis with a preferential inhibitory effect on protein synthesis relative to DNA and RNA synthesis. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicated that the compound is stable in the presence of serum proteins, thiols, or disulfides and that it reacts with Cu(II) resulting in the formation of a Cu(I)DPPE complex. The results of these in vivo and in vitro experiments suggest that the contrasting pharmacological profile of [Au(DPPE)2]Cl with respect to other gold(I) phosphine complexes may be related to both the kinetic stability of the complex and its stability in the presence of thiols. PMID- 3756898 TI - Sympathetic nervous system trophism for neuroblastoma and its age dependence in rats. AB - The sympathetic nervous system modulates the growth of C-1300 mouse neuroblastoma in vivo and in vitro. We now report that a mitogenic/trophic factor that augments growth of C-1300 neuroblastoma and of the S-20 neuroblastoma clonal line is present in freshly excised sympathetic cervical ganglia from newborn rats, but is not detectable in homogenates from sympathetic ganglia obtained from adult rats. PMID- 3756899 TI - Presence of heparin binding growth factor in mouse bladder tumors and urine from mice with bladder cancer. AB - Heparin affinity chromatography has been used to partially purify angiogenic factors from normal and neoplastic tissue. The same technique was used to partially purify angiogenic-like factors from two mouse bladder tumors and urine from mice with bladder cancer. Both MBT-2 and MB49 tumors contained heparin binding 3T3 cell growth factor activity that was eluted by 1.2 to 1.4 M salt. The growth factor isolated from MBT-2 tumor was mitogenic for capillary endothelial cells. Analysis of the 1.2 M heparin eluate by high-pressure liquid chromatography showed that it consisted of two 3T3 cell growth factors with molecular weights of 16,000 and 26,000. The growth factor activity isolated from MB49 tumors had an affinity for Bio-rex 70 which was similar to other cationic heparin binding growth factors. Analysis of urine pooled from tumor-bearing mice by heparin-Sepharose chromatography demonstrated 3T3 cell growth factor activity in fractions eluted with 1 to 1.4 and 2.5 M dsalt, whereas no significant growth factor activity was detected in pooled urine from control mice. The growth factor activity found in mouse bladder tumors differed from epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-alpha, and platelet-derived growth factor in terms of affinity for heparin-Sepharose and molecular weight. The observation that urine from tumor-bearing mice contains increased concentrations of this growth factor compared to normal urine suggests that a similar relationship may exist for human urine. PMID- 3756900 TI - Reduced toxicity and enhanced antitumor effects in mice of the ionophoric drug valinomycin when incorporated in liposomes. AB - Valinomycin (NSC 122023) is a cyclic depsipeptide antibiotic with potassium selective ionophoric activity. This drug has been reported to display antitumor effects but its utilization has been limited by its extreme toxicity. Here we report that the incorporation of valinomycin into multilamellar liposomes composed of dimyristoyl phosphatidyl choline:cholesterol:phosphatidyl serine (10:4:1 M ratio) results in a profound reduction in toxicity with maintainence of antitumor efficacy. Thus the median lethal dose (LD50) for i.p. administered valinomycin (VM) in C57BL/6 X DBA/2 mice is 1.7 mg/kg whereas the LD50 for liposome incorporated valinomycin (MVL-VM) is in excess of 50 mg/kg. In like manner, the LD50 for i.v. administered VM is 0.18 mg/kg where the LD50 for MLV-VM preparations passed through a 0.6-micron filter is greater than 10 mg/kg. The antitumor efficacies of i.p. administered VM or MLV-VM against i.p. P388 mouse leukemia were similar in multiple dose formats using doses below the maximal tolerated dose for VM. However, since MLV-VM was substantially less toxic than VM, the liposomal drug also produced significant (170% median survival time of treated mice/median survival time of untreated control) antitumor effects when administered as a single dose at levels above the maximal tolerated dose for free VM; single doses of free VM at the maximal tolerated dose were ineffective in this context. In experiments with i.v. inoculated P388 leukemia, MLV-VM but not free VM, displayed antitumor activity (144% median survival time of treated mice/median survival time of untreated control) when administered i.v. at equitoxic doses. Thus the use of a lipid vesicle drug carrier system permits a reduction in the toxicity of valinomycin with maintainence or enhancement of antitumor activity against i.p. or i.v. P388 leukemia. PMID- 3756901 TI - Radiation-like modification of bases in DNA exposed to tumor promoter-activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes. AB - Oxygen species generated by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) activated by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) caused the formation of 5 hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (HMdUrd), and (+) and (-) diastereoisomers of cis thymidine glycol (dTG) in DNA that was exposed to them. There were 9 HMdUrds and 31 dTGs formed per 1 X 10(6) thymidine residues. When Fe(II)/ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid was added to TPA-activated PMNs at 0, 10, 15, and 20 min after TPA, HMdUrd formation increased 5-, 13-, 30-, and 35-fold. Although dTG was initially formed in larger amounts than HMdUrd, it eventually decreased but was still 5-, 6-, 5.5-, and 3-5-fold, respectively, higher than in the absence of iron. From 65 to 1800 times more HMdUrd was formed in DNA when autologous plasma was present during incubation of DNA with TPA-activated PMNs than in its absence. The levels of dTG also varied from about the same as HMdUrd to the nondetectable. Reconstituted human serum transferrin used instead of plasma or Fe(II) also supported the formation of HMdUrd and dTG. When DNA was treated with Fe(II)-reduced H2O2 in the absence of PMNs and TPA, both derivatives were formed. However, the same treatment of marker dTG of dTG-containing polydeoxyadenylic-thymidylic acid caused the decomposition of dTG. Thus, the reduction of hydrogen peroxide by Fe(II) complexed to either ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or amino acids amy be responsible for the formation of HMdUrd and dTG and for subsequent decomposition of dTG in DNA exposed to the TPA-activated PMNs. PMID- 3756902 TI - Modulation of adriamycin and N-trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-valerate induced effects on cell cycle traverse and cytotoxicity in P388 mouse leukemia cells by caffeine and the calmodulin inhibitor trifluoperazine. AB - 1,3,7-Trimethylxanthine "caffeine" (CAF) is reported to induce a differential effect on the cytotoxicity of the DNA intercalators actinomycin-D versus Adriamycin (ADR). In the present study the effect of caffeine and/or trifluoperazine in modulating cell cycle traverse, drug accumulation, and cytotoxicity of anthracyclines was evaluated. The survival in soft agar of P388 mouse leukemia cells treated with ADR (0.05-0.25 micrograms/ml) alone for 1 h was 1.2- to 3-fold lower when the cells were incubated for 24 h in drug-free medium versus medium supplemented with 2 mM CAF. In contrast, for P388 cells treated with ADR in the presence of 2 mM CAF for 1 h and subsequently incubated for 24 h in the absence or presence of 2 mM CAF, cell killed based on colony formation in soft agar was 2- to 20-fold lower than in ADR-treated cells never exposed to 2 mM CAF. In cells treated continuously for 24 h with ADR (0.01-0.05 micrograms/ml) or the DNA nonbinding ADR analogue N-trifluoro-acetyladriamycin-14-valerate (AD32) (0.05 and 0.1 micrograms/ml) the survival in soft agar was 3- to 20-fold higher in the presence versus the absence of 2 mM CAF. The decreased cytotoxicity in cells treated with ADR or AD32 in the presence of CAF was accompanied by a significant reduction in the accumulation of cells in G2. However, in cells treated with ADR or AD32 in the presence of 2 mM CAF plus 5 microM trifluoperazine the decreased G2 accumulation was not accompanied by a reduction in anthracycline cytotoxicity. The modulation by CAF of ADR and AD32 cytotoxicity did not correlate with decreased cellular ADR and AD32 accumulation. Results from this study indicate that CAF markedly reduces the cytotoxicity of ADR or AD32 and trifluoperazine circumvents the effects of CAF. PMID- 3756903 TI - Effect of 5-diazouracil on the catabolism of circulating pyrimidines in rat liver and kidneys. AB - The inhibitory effect of 5-diazouracil on the catabolism of circulating uracil and 5-fluorouracil was examined in the rat in vivo. Measurements of the activity of the entire enzymatic pathway of uracil catabolism in the cytosolic supernatant of different rat organs as well as the determination of the total amount of 5 fluorouracil catabolites, accumulated in these tissues, served to clarify their role in the complete systemic breakdown of uracil or 5-fluorouracil. The activity of the enzymatic pathway involved in uracil catabolism was estimated from the 14CO2 produced from [2-14C]uracil in the cytosolic supernatants. Complete degradation of uracil was detected only in the liver and, at a much lower rate, in the kidneys. Fifteen min after the i.p. injection of a tracer dose of 5 fluoro[6-14C]-uracil, more than 90% of the total radioactivity in blood plasma was associated with 5-fluorouracil catabolites. The relative amount of the major catabolite alpha-fluoro-beta-alanine and of dihydrofluorouracil in blood plasma was considerably suppressed after a pretreatment with 5-diazouracil inversely correlated with a 27-fold increase in the absolute amount of unchanged 5 fluorouracil. Control animals accumulated by far the highest amount of total acid soluble radioactivity from 5-fluoro[6-14C]uracil in liver and kidneys. Total radioactivity in all other organs was much lower and was comparable to the amount of label in blood plasma. In liver and kidneys, the sum of total acid-soluble catabolites including dihydrofluorouracil, alpha-fluoro-beta-ureidopropionic acid, and alpha-fluoro-beta-alanine made up more than 98% of the label correlating with minimal salvage utilization of the base analogue in both organs. Injection of 5-diazouracil 2 h before a tracer dose of 5-fluoro[6-14C]uracil strongly inhibited the accumulation of labeled catabolites in liver and kidneys causing a fall in total acid-soluble radioactivity in both tissues by 75 and 66%, respectively. In blood plasma and all other organs, however, pretreatment with 5 diazouracil was followed by a 2-fold enhancement of the radioactivity contents, mostly due to the appearance of unchanged 5-fluorouracil. Under these conditions, there was a 2.6- to 4-fold increase in the relative proportion of cis-diol group containing anabolites of 5-fluorouracil in liver and in kidneys. Within 2 h, 12.7% of the administered radioactivity from 5-fluorouracil was excreted into bile. 5-Diazouracil lowered the biliary excretion of radioactivity to 2% of the injected dose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3756904 TI - Photosensitization of leukemia L1210 cells with diaziquone. AB - Exposure of leukemia L1210 cells in culture to the drug diaziquone resulted in inhibition of incorporation of labeled thymidine into nucleic acid and loss of cell viability. These effects were markedly potentiated by irradiation of cells previously exposed to diaziquone in culture. This result shows that diaziquone can catalyze phototoxicity; the action spectrum of the drug may limit clinical applications of this phenomenon. PMID- 3756905 TI - Oxidation of reduced cytosolic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide by the malate aspartate shuttle in the K-562 human leukemia cell line. AB - The activity of the malate-aspartate shuttle for the reoxidation of reduced cytosolic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) by mitochondria was studied in a line of human myeloid leukemia cells (K-562). The tumor cells showed mitochondrial reoxidation of cytosolic NADH, as evidenced by the accumulation of pyruvate, when incubated aerobically with L-lactate. The involvement of the respiratory chain in the reoxidation of cytosolic NADH was demonstrated by the action of rotenone, antimycin A, and oligomycin which strongly inhibited the formation of pyruvate from added L-lactate. Moreover, pyruvate production was greatly inhibited by the transaminase inhibitor, aminooxyacetate. Under glycolytic conditions, in the presence of aminooxyacetate, the rate of pyruvate production was also markedly inhibited, the rate of lactate accumulation was stimulated, and at 60 min the cytosolic NADH/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) ratio had increased progressively about 5-fold with respect to untreated cells. The maximal rate of the malate-aspartate shuttle has also been established by addition of arsenite to inhibit mitochondrial oxidation of the pyruvate formed from added L-lactate. PMID- 3756907 TI - Determination of continuous atracurium infusion rate in dogs undergoing whole body hyperthermia. AB - Infusion rates for atracurium were calculated from multiple bolus injection data for normothermic (38 degrees C; n = 4) and hyperthermic (42 degrees C; n = 14) dogs anesthetized with thiopental and oxymorphone while undergoing whole-body hyperthermia treatment. The calculated infusion rate for atracurium at 38 degrees C was 6.2 +/- 0.3 micrograms/kg/min and the calculated infusion rate at 42 degrees C was 8.5 +/- 0.4 micrograms/kg/min. Infusion of atracurium at the calculated infusion rate of 8.5 micrograms/kg/min produced an estimated 90-100% neuromuscular blockade during heating from 38-42 degrees C and at 42 degrees C. Following discontinuation of the infusion and cooling to 38 degrees C, neuromuscular function returned to normal within 20 min with no evidence of recurarization. Atracurium infusion rates appear to be linear and related to body temperature from 26-42 degrees C. Clinically useful neuromuscular blockade in dogs may be obtained during whole-body hyperthermia by utilizing the 42 degrees C atracurium infusion rate throughout the 38-42 degrees C heating phase. PMID- 3756906 TI - Mechanism of antitumor activity in mice for anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibodies with different isotypes. AB - In previous studies of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGF) both 528 IgG2a and 225 IgG1 were shown to inhibit growth of A431 cell xenografts in athymic mice. The antitumor activities of the two mAbs were similar and, although they differ in their isotypes, they share many properties. The two mAbs bind to EGF receptors with identical affinities, compete with EGF for binding to EGF receptors, down regulate the receptors identically, block EGF-induced activation of tyrosine protein kinase activity to a comparable degree, and block EGF-induced changes in the proliferation of cultured cells. These similarities in physiological effects permit a direct comparison of the mechanisms of action mAbs of the IgG1 and IgG2a isotypes. We examined in vitro cytotoxicity against A431 cells, using 528 IgG2a and 225 IgG1 mAbs. 528 IgG2a, but not 225 IgG1, demonstrated partial complement-mediated cytotoxicity by the 51Cr release assay and by growth inhibition of cultured A431 cells. 528 IgG2a, but not 225 IgG1, was cytotoxic to A431 cells in the presence of activated peritoneal macrophages, as demonstrated by release of incorporated [3H]thymidine. Neither mAb showed any significant cytotoxicity to A431 cells in the presence of nonadherent spleen cells which contain K-cells. The results of in vitro cytotoxicity experiments suggested that the antitumor activity of 528 IgG2a, but not 225 IgG1, could be mediated by macrophages. This was verified by in vivo experiments in which s.c. tumor cell inocula containing activated macrophages showed enhancement of antitumor effects in animals treated i.p. twice weekly for 3 weeks with suboptimal doses of 528 IgG2a. This enhancement was not observed when 225 IgG1 was used with the same procedure. The results of these experiments suggest that immune mechanisms involving activated macrophages or complement could contribute to the antitumor activity of anti-EGF receptor mAb with the IgG2a isotype, but not with the IgG1 isotype. This observation confirms the findings of others who examined the antitumor activity of IgG2a mAbs in other model systems. IgG1 mAb 225, and possibly IgG2a mAb 528, may prevent growth of human tumor xenografts by altering the physiological functions of the EGF receptor rather than by immune mechanisms. PMID- 3756908 TI - Fluorescence anisotropy of cell membranes of doxorubicin-sensitive and -resistant rodent tumoral cells. AB - We have studied the plasma membrane fluidity of rat C6 glioblastoma cells and simian virus 40-transformed mouse liver cells in culture that had been rendered resistant to doxorubicin. This was done by the evaluation of fluorescence anisotropy of two probes; diphenylhexatriene was used on membrane microsomal fractions, and trimethylammonium-diphenylhexatriene was used on whole cell suspensions as a plasma membrane-specific probe since it does not enter the cells. A higher degree of membrane fluidity was exhibited with both techniques by doxorubicin-resistant glioblastoma cells as compared to the doxorubicin-sensitive strain, but in the transformed liver cells no such alteration was seen in the physical properties of their plasma membranes. A higher degree of acyl group unsaturation was noticed in the glioblastoma cells but not in the transformed liver cells upon acquisition of doxorubicin resistance. A similar simultaneous increase in acyl group unsaturation and membrane fluidity can be obtained easily by growing the sensitive cells with a medium supplemented with exogenous polyunsaturated fatty acids. This alteration does not modify the sensitivity of the cells to doxorubicin. We conclude from our work that the increase in membrane fluidity, which is frequently associated with drug resistance, is neither necessary nor sufficient for the expression of the resistance. The reason for a link between cell resistance to doxorubicin and plasma membrane fluidity remains to be found. PMID- 3756909 TI - Inability of anti-asialo-GM1 and 2-chloroadenosine to abrogate maleic anhydride divinyl ether-induced resistance against experimental murine lung carcinoma metastases. AB - Both macrophages and natural killer cells have been implicated in the antimetastatic activity of maleic anhydride-divinyl ether (MVE-5). In the present study, we attempted to utilize anti-asialo-GM1 antibody and 2-chloroadenosine, agents that kill natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages, respectively, to determine the relative contribution of each effector cell type to the overall host defense. These agents were tested in the M109 lung metastasis model in syngeneic BALB/c mice, and the cytotoxic activities of both peritoneal macrophages and splenic NK cells were followed. The most profound antitumor effect was observed when MVE-5 was given before rather than after i.v. tumor inoculation. Treatment i.p. with MVE-5 at 20 mg/kg produced greater than 98% inhibition of subsequent lung metastases when given 2 days prior to tumor. Anti asialo-GM1 antibody (25 mg/kg, i.p.) and 2-chloroadenosine (50 mg/kg, i.p.) were administered concurrently with MVE-5. Although each agent exhibited greater selectivity for its respective target, the early (Day 2) inhibitory response was nonspecific. By Day 5 after MVE-5 treatment, 2-chloroadenosine only inhibited macrophage tumoricidal activity, and conversely, anti-asialo-GM1 antibody only inhibited NK reactivity. Despite the ability of these agents to increase survival of metastases in control animals, they only slightly abrogated the antimetastatic activity of MVE-5. Our data suggest that caution should be exercised in using these agents to discriminate macrophage and NK responses. PMID- 3756910 TI - A highly conserved vascular permeability factor secreted by a variety of human and rodent tumor cell lines. AB - We have previously reported that rodent tumor cell lines secrete a potent vascular permeability factor with a molecular weight of 34,000-42,000 (Senger et al. Tumor cells secrete a vascular permeability factor that promotes accumulation of ascites fluid. Science (Wash. DC), 219: 983-985, 1983). This tumor-secreted vascular permeability factor (VPF) causes a rapid and completely reversible increase in microvascular permeability in the species (guinea pig or rat) from which the tumors were derived without causing mast cell degranulation or endothelial cell damage or exciting an inflammatory cell infiltrate. This VPF may be responsible, at least in part, for the increased permeability which is commonly displayed by solid and ascites tumor vessels. We have now examined 7 human tumor cell lines and have determined that 5 of them also secrete this same VPF. Antibody raised to guinea pig line 10 VPF neutralized more than 90% of the vascular permeability-increasing activity secreted by these 5 human tumor lines. Furthermore, VPFs from both guinea pig and human tumor sources bound to and were eluted similarly from immobilized heparin and comigrated identically on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Finally, 2 tumorigenic (in nude mice) human cell lines were found to secrete at least 14-fold more VPF than their directly matched, nontumorigenic counterparts, suggesting that elevated expression of this permeability factor may correlate with neoplastic transformation. These data suggest that a broad spectrum of tumor cells from several species, including humans, secretes a highly conserved molecule that enhances local vascular permeability and that this function may be important for tumor growth. PMID- 3756911 TI - Influence of the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma on muscle, tumor, and whole-body protein synthesis and growth rate in the cancer-bearing rat. AB - The in vivo rates of protein synthesis were assessed in tumor tissue, skeletal muscle, and whole body of rats bearing the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma. Estimates of protein synthesis in the nontumorous tissues were compared to tumor-free controls. Changes in size of the whole animal and tumor (i.e., growth) were measured, and fractional rates of growth, synthesis, and breakdown were estimated. Muscle protein synthesis and whole-body growth were significantly reduced in rats bearing larger tumors, and both were negatively correlated with tumor size (r = -0.723 and -0.825, respectively; P less than 0.01). Furthermore, whole-body and muscle protein synthesis were positively correlated with body growth (r = 0.380 and 0.563, respectively; P less than 0.05). Tumor growth followed first-order kinetics between days 7 and 13 following implantation, with a mean rate constant of 34.3%/day for the larger tumors and 27.7%/day for the small tumors. The difference in tumor growth became statistically significant over the final 3 days of tumor volume measurements. Fractional protein synthesis was significantly lower in the larger compared to the smaller tumors (48.6 versus 84.8%/day; P less than 0.05) as measured on day 14. This finding indicates a lower protein breakdown rate for the larger tumors (14.3 versus 59.0%/day; P less than 0.01) and suggests that the process of protein breakdown could play a significant role in determining tumor size, leading support to the theory of tumors acting as nitrogen traps. PMID- 3756912 TI - Benzo(a)pyrene disposition and metabolism in rats following intratracheal instillation. AB - [3H]Benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P] disposition and metabolism were investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats. [3H]B(a)P, in a vehicle of triethylene glycol, was administered by intratracheal instillation (1 microgram/kg body weight), and the amount of radioactivity in various organs was determined at timed intervals between 5 and 360 min. Elimination of radioactivity from lungs was biphasic with half-lives of 5 and 116 min. Radioactivity in liver increased rapidly, reaching a maximum of 21% of the dose within 10 min after instillation and decreasing thereafter until less than 5% of the dose was detected at 360 min after instillation. The carcass accounted for 15-30% of the dose within the time intervals investigated. Toxicokinetic parameters to describe elimination of unmetabolized B(a)P from blood following intratracheal administration were found to be very similar to those calculated following i.v. administration. B(a)P metabolites in lung, liver, and intestinal contents were identified. Notably, quinones were at highest concentrations in both lung and liver 5 min after instillation, accounting for 12 and 7% of organic extractable material, respectively. B(a)P disposition was also investigated in animals with and without biliary cannulas. Distribution patterns among organs were similar though the amount excreted in bile and intestinal contents was 74 and 40% of the dose, respectively. Types of metabolites in bile and intestinal contents were identified and compared. Lower fractions of the administered dose were detected as thioether and glucuronic acid conjugates in intestinal contents than in bile, indicating that enterohepatic circulation of B(a)P metabolites was occurring. PMID- 3756913 TI - Hemostasis following inoculation and during spreading of colon carcinoma in the rat. AB - Platelet function following inoculation of chemically induced carcinoma was evaluated in the rat. The original line of tumor (NGW1) was obtained using N methyl-N-nitrosoguanidine. After trypsin homogenation a cell suspension of 0.3 X 10(6) viable tumor cells was injected subserosally in the cecum of each animal. Controls received injections of equal volumes of 0.9% NaCl solution or trypsin. The animals were subjected to laparotomy 2, 4, and 6 weeks after inoculation. Platelet function was assessed in vivo by measuring bleeding time and blood loss during mesenteric vessel transection or liver resection upon laparotomy. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelet count, activated partial thromboplastin time, platelet aggregation, thromboxane B2, platelet factor 4, and fibrinogen levels were evaluated after sacrifice by exsanguination. Significant decrease in bleeding time and blood loss was observed in animals with local primary tumors as well as in rats with lymph node metastases. Hemoglobin and hematocrit were decreased in the presence of metastases. Platelet count was not changed. Activated partial thromboplastin time was not affected by the presence of tumor. Platelet aggregation in vitro was accelerated in the presence of primary tumor or lymph node metastases, as well as following addition of tumor cells to platelet suspensions. No changes in thromboxane B2 or platelet factor 4 could be registered. Fibrinogen levels were decreased in the presence of liver metastases. Enhancement of primary hemostasis and platelet function in the presence of colon carcinoma in the rat was demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro. Direct or indirect interaction of the tumor cell with thrombocytes may play a role in determining the metastatic potential of the neoplasm. PMID- 3756914 TI - Strain-dependent differences in the metabolism of 3-methylcholanthrene by maternal, placental, and fetal tissues of C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. AB - C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) mice have different susceptibilities to developmental toxicity and transplacental carcinogenesis induced by in utero exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which has been associated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism and inducibility at the Ah locus. The distribution of total 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC)-associated radioactivity in maternal, placental, and fetal tissues of beta-naphthoflavone-pretreated pregnant B6 and D2 mice was determined up to 12 h after p.o. exposure to [6-14C]-3-MC (63 mg/kg, 20 mu Ci) on gestational day 17. 3-MC-associated radioactivity in maternal plasma was not significantly different in the two strains. However, D2 tissue homogenates had consistently higher levels of 3-MC-associated radioactivity, which included both bound and free parent compound and metabolites. Increased metabolism of 3-MC by B6 maternal liver was suggested by the induced levels of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in that tissue and by the observation that levels of total radioactivity decreased more rapidly in B6 tissues than in D2 tissues. The D2 fetal lung, the target tissue for 3-MC-induced transplacental carcinogenesis, appeared to accumulate 3-MC-associated radioactivity for a longer period of time than either the D2 fetal liver or the B6 fetal tissues. This study suggests that the genetic differences in fetal susceptibility to the developmental toxicity and transplacental carcinogenesis of 3-MC may be related to the presystemic elimination of the compound from both maternal and fetal tissues. PMID- 3756915 TI - Formation of cyclic adducts of deoxyguanosine with the aldehydes trans-4-hydroxy 2-hexenal and trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in vitro. AB - trans-4-Hydroxy-2-hexenal (t-4HH), a reactive metabolite isolated from the pyrrolizidine alkaloid senecionine, and trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (t-4HN), a product of lipid peroxidation, reacted nonenzymatically with deoxyguanosine at pH 7.4 at 37 degrees C in vitro with each compound yielding two pairs of diastereomeric adducts. Adducts were isolated using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography and were characterized by their mass spectra and proton magnetic resonance spectra. Adducts 1 and 2 from t-4HH were assigned the structures 3-(2-deoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-8R hydroxy- 6S[1- (R and S)hydroxypropyl]pyramido[1,2-a]purine-10-(3H)one and Adducts 3 and 4 were assigned the structures 3-(2-deoxy-beta-D-erythro pentofuranosyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-8S-hydroxy- 6R-[1- (R and S)hydroxypropyl]pyramido[1,2-a]purine-10-(3H)one. Similar 6-hydroxyhexyl adducts were isolated in the reaction of deoxyguanosine with t-4HN. The reactions appear to involve Michael additions of the N2 amino group of deoxyguanosine followed by cyclization at the 1-N site. This reaction mechanism is similar to that reported for deoxyguanosine adduct formation with the nonhydroxylated alpha, beta unsaturated aldehydes crotonaldehyde and acrolein. Total adduct formations following 16-h incubations were 0.91% for t-4HH and 0.85% for t-4HN. These results demonstrate that t-4HH and t-4HN possess the ability to alkylate deoxyguanosine in vitro and suggest possible mechanisms for 4-hydroxyalkenal and pyrrolizidine alkaloid genotoxicity. PMID- 3756916 TI - Cures and partial regression of murine and human tumors by recombinant human tumor necrosis factor. AB - We tested the effect of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (TNF) on the growth of the murine methylcholanthrene induced fibrosarcoma and the human ovarian carcinoma (NIH:OVCAR-3) in mice. The mice received multiple doses (25-250 micrograms/kg) of TNF starting 7-10 days after s.c. transplantation of tumors when they were easily palpable. TNF was administered i.v. every other day for a total of 6 injections per mouse, or i.p. daily for 7 days. Complete tumor regression was observed in the methylcholanthrene induced tumor bearing mice in 90% of the mice treated with TNF (100 micrograms/kg), 67% treated with TNF (50 micrograms/kg), and 34% treated with TNF (25 micrograms/kg). Tumors which did not completely regress were growth retarded during the course of TNF treatment. All mice given the highest TNF dose are still alive and tumor free (currently over 400 days), whereas the median survival of control mice was 28-39 days. Partial regression was observed in 100% of mice bearing the ovarian carcinoma treated i.p. with 250 micrograms/kg. Injections of TNF i.v. resulted in higher percentage of cures than i.p. injections at similar dose levels. These results suggest that tumor necrosis factor represents a likely potent drug against solid tumors and that the method of administration is critical in optimizing its use in cancer. PMID- 3756917 TI - Tumor responses following multiple hyperthermia and X-ray treatments: role of thermotolerance at the cellular level. AB - We have investigated the effect of increasing numbers of hyperthermia fractions given at 7-day intervals, with or without fractionated radiotherapy, on tumor cure, tumor growth, and cell survival after in vivo or in vitro heat. The murine RIF tumor was treated by capacitive radiofrequency hyperthermia at 44.0 degrees C for 20 min for one to five treatments at weekly intervals (1-5 wk D1). Single treatments (1 wk D1) induced cure in 5% of tumors. Additional treatments (2-5 wk D1) induced similar rates of cure (0-16%, P greater than 0.05 for 1 wk versus 2, 3, 4 or 5 wk D1). 1 wk D1 resulted in marked growth delay compared to controls. Mean tumor diameter doubling times increased from 13.2 days to 27.5 days (P less than or equal to 0.01). 2-5 wk D1 induced little additional growth delay (doubling times, 27.8-32.3 days, P greater than 0.05 for 1 wk versus 2, 3, 4 or 5 wk D1). Fractionated radiotherapy of 3200 rads (400 rads given twice each week) significantly prolonged mean tumor doubling time to 26.2 days. The addition of one hyperthermia session to the fractionated radiotherapy (1 wk D1 + XRT) further increased doubling time to 34.2 days (P less than or equal to 0.01). Additional treatments (2-5 wk D1 + XRT) only modestly increased doubling times (36.0-39.5 days, P greater than 0.05 for 1 wk versus 2, 3, 4 or 5 wk D1). In vitro assay of cells dissociated from tumors 5, 10, or 15 days after 3 wk D1 showed increased survival to 44 degrees C compared to previously untreated controls, and this cellular thermoresistance proved to be transient and noninheritable (i.e., thermotolerance). These results indicate that tumors can develop a prolonged thermal resistance after multiple weekly treatments which significantly modifies the response to subsequent treatment and which is associated with cellular thermotolerance. PMID- 3756918 TI - Muscarinic receptor coupling to intracellular calcium release in rat pancreatic acinar carcinoma. AB - Analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of cholinergic receptor protein affinity labeled with the muscarinic antagonist [3H]propylbenzilylcholine mustard revealed a major polypeptide with molecular weight of 80,000-83,000 in both acinar carcinoma and normal acinar cells of rat pancreas. Muscarinic receptor protein is therefore conserved in pancreatic acinar carcinoma. A small but significant difference was detected in the affinity of carcinoma cell receptors (Kd approximately 0.6 nM) and normal cell receptors (Kd approximately 0.3 nM) for reversible binding of the muscarinic antagonist drug, N methylscopolamine. In addition, carcinoma cell muscarinic receptors displayed homogeneous binding of the agonist drugs carbamylcholine (Kd approximately 31 microM) and oxotremorine (Kd approximately 4 microM), whereas normal cell receptors demonstrated heterogeneous binding, with a minor receptor population showing high affinity binding for carbamylcholine (Kd approximately 3 microM) and oxotremorine (Kd approximately 160 nM), and a major population showing low affinity binding for carbamylcholine (Kd approximately 110 microM) and oxotremorine (Kd approximately 18 microM). Both carcinoma and normal cells exhibited concentration-dependent carbamylcholine-stimulated increases in cytosolic free Ca2+, as measured by 45Ca2+ outflux assay and intracellular quin 2 fluorescence. However, carcinoma cells were observed to be more sensitive to Ca2+ mobilizing actions of submaximal carbamylcholine concentrations, demonstrating 50% maximal stimulation of intracellular Ca2+ release at a carbamylcholine concentration (approximately 0.4 microM) approximately one order of magnitude below that seen for normal cells. These results indicate altered muscarinic receptor coupling to intracellular Ca2+ release in acinar carcinoma cells, which manifests as a single activated receptor state for agonist binding, and increased sensitivity of Ca2+ release in response to muscarinic receptor stimulation. PMID- 3756919 TI - Cancer-associated colonic mucin in cultured human tumor cells and athymic (nude) mouse xenografts. AB - Mucins derived from colonic cancers differ immunologically and chemically from those in normal colonic epithelium. It has been demonstrated that the lectin from the peanut will bind to mucins present in colonic cancers and other neoplastic lesions but not to those from the normal colon. It was hypothesized, therefore, that in transformed colonic epithelium the glycosylation of mucins occurs differently than in normal epithelium. To rule out the possibility that the differences in oligosaccharide structure were due to postsecretory degradation, studies were designed to evaluate cancer-associated colonic mucins produced under more controlled conditions. We studied nine different cancer cell lines first in monolayer culture and then as xenografts in athymic or nude mice. Eight of the nine cell lines in monolayer culture synthesized glycoconjugates that were labeled by fluorescein-conjugated lectins. After injection into nude mice, eight of the nine cell lines produced tumors typical of human colonic cancer, and six of nine secreted mucin. The mucins produced by the xenografts were labeled at fluorescence microscopy by peanut lectin and other lectins, characteristic of what had been seen in other primary human colonic cancers. One cell line, LS174T, produced large amounts of mucin in the xenograft model. Mucin was purified from these tumors and characterized biochemically. It was demonstrated that mucin purified from the xenografts bound peanut lectin. Therefore, we have concluded that cancer-associated mucins are present in cultured colorectal tumor cells. The cancer-associated mucins are also found in nude mouse xenografts, indicating that they are not the result of postsecretory degradation by colonic flora or by tumor cell necrosis. The cell culture and xenograft can therefore be useful for studying the biosynthesis of cancer-associated mucins. PMID- 3756920 TI - Relationship between loss of rat colonic surface epithelium induced by deoxycholate and initiation of the subsequent proliferative response. AB - Bile acids increase the proliferative activity of rat colonic epithelium. However, the mechanisms responsible are unknown. The present study examined the relationships between deoxycholate (DOC) induced surface cell sloughing, as measured by loss of DNA into the lumen and by light microscopy, and the subsequent increases in mucosal ornithine decarboxylase activity and [3H]thymidine (dThd) incorporation into mucosal DNA induced by deoxycholate. Intracolonic instillation of DOC (10 mumol; 5 mM) resulted in a progressive increase in luminal DNA content which was significant by 1 min and maximal by 1 h. No further increase in luminal DNA occurred between 1 and 4 h after DOC. Similarly, light microscopy demonstrated a progressive loss of surface epithelium between 10 min and 1 h after DOC instillation. By 4 h after DOC, the colonic mucosal surface was normal histologically. The rapid repair of the epithelial surface occurred without a detectable increase in [3H]dThd incorporation into DNA within 4 h. The latter finding thus suggested that upward migration of nondividing crypt epithelial cells rather than the rapid initiation of new DNA synthesis and new mitotic activity was responsible for surface repair. Enhanced proliferative activity of colonic mucosa, as measured by increased [3H]dThd incorporation into DNA, did occur subsequently (12 to 24 h) after instillation of DOC. The dose response of early surface cell loss and the subsequent proliferative response to DOC were identical, consistent with a link between these two DOC mediated events. However, two observations suggested that surface epithelial loss alone was not sufficient to trigger the proliferative response to DOC: intracolonic instillation of DOC followed by removal of the DOC solution at 1 h, at which time surface epithelial loss was maximal, did not result in an increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity or [3H]dThd incorporation into DNA when these parameters were assessed at 4 h or 12 to 48 h, respectively; phenidone, an antioxidant and radical scavenger, and bis[(3,5-diisopropyl salicylato) (O,O) copper(II), a lipophilic agent with superoxide dismutase activity, abolished the DOC mediated proliferative response but did not prevent the early loss of surface cells. The results imply that events other than or in addition to surface cell loss are necessary for the expression of the action of DOC to stimulate the proliferative activity of colonic epithelium. PMID- 3756921 TI - Expression of tumor antigen correlated with metastatic potential of Lewis lung carcinoma and B16 melanoma clones in mice. AB - Expression of a tumor-associated antigen, recognized by a monoclonal antibody (MoAb 135-13C) to lung carcinoma cells, has been studied in cloned Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) and in B16 melanoma (F1 and F10) tumor lines endowed with different metastatic potentials. MoAb 135-13C recognizes a protein complex (tumor specific Mr 180,000 protein) that appears on the cell surface of several murine lung carcinomas but is not detected on normal cells in culture. Standard metastatic variants of B16 melanoma (F1 and F10) and two variant sublines of 3LL (M1087 and BM21548) together with the parental line of 3LL have been used for these experiments. The two cloned variant lines derived from 3LL have been shown to retain high (M1087) and low (BM21548) metastatic phenotypes during in vivo passaging. We found that all three cell lines of 3LL bind monoclonal antibody specifically, but one cell variant with higher metastatic potential shows a higher capacity to bind MoAb 135-13C than did the other variant. Similarly we found that B16 F10 cells bind higher amounts of MoAb 135-13C than did B16 F1 cells. In addition the analysis of the amounts of MoAb 135-13C bound to the cell surface of several other in vitro and in vivo tumor lines with different metastatic capacity demonstrates that all tumor lines which express high ability to colonize to the lung also express, on the cell surface, higher amounts of tumor-specific Mr 180,000 protein. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis autoradiograms of immunoprecipitates from cell lysates of 3LL and B16 tumor lines demonstrate that MoAb 135-13C specifically precipitated three proteins banding at molecular weights of 204,000, 134,000, and 116,000. We conclude that MoAb 135-13C recognizes a surface protein complex which is present in higher amounts in 3LL and B16 cells which possess higher capacity to metastasize to the lung. PMID- 3756922 TI - Changes in gene expression in established human mammary tumor cell lines when compared with normal breast and breast tumor tissue. AB - RNA complexity analyses of total cellular polyadenylate-containing RNA isolated from lactating human breast tissue, human breast tumor tissue, and a mixture of established cell lines of mammary origin demonstrate extensive homology between the tissue RNA populations but suggest a decrease in the complexity of cell line nuclear RNA populations, with the exception of an early-passage MCF-7 cell line. Cell-free protein synthesis and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis also show quantitative and qualitative differences in gene expression between human mammary tumor tissue and reduction mammoplasty or established mammary cell lines of early and late passage number. The results demonstrate a major role for transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms in the regulation of gene expression in the human mammary gland and show that studies on mammary gland gene expression using established cell lines of mammary origin reflect only in part gene expression in normal lactating human breast or breast tumor tissues. PMID- 3756923 TI - Role of phagocytosis in Syrian hamster cell transformation and cytogenetic effects induced by asbestos and short and long glass fibers. AB - We have shown previously that asbestos and other mineral dusts, including glass fibers, induce cell transformation and chromosomal mutations in Syrian hamster embryo cells in culture. In the present study, we observed that both asbestos and glass fibers were phagocytized by these cells and accumulated in the perinuclear region of the cytoplasm. In order to understand the mechanism of fiber length dependent cellular effects, we examined the phagocytosis and intracellular distribution of glass fibers of differing lengths in cells at various times after treatment. Glass fiber length was decreased by milling with a mortar and pestle. Cells treated with an equal dose of milled glass fibers (on a weight per surface area basis) were exposed to 7-fold more fibers since milling of glass fibers resulted in a 7-fold decrease in length with little change in diameter. However, cells exposed to milled glass fibers phagocytized a similar number of fibers as cells exposed to an equal mass of unmilled glass fibers, indicating that milled fibers were less readily phagocytized. In cells treated with either unmilled or milled glass fibers, the length of the intracellular fibers was more than 2-fold greater than the length of the fibers on the surface, suggesting that cells selectively internalized longer fibers. Fiber length, however, did not appear to affect the migration of intracellular fibers to the perinuclear region of the cytoplasm. Even though cells treated with milled glass fibers contained a similar number of fibers as those treated with unmilled glass fibers, the resulting cytotoxicity, transformation frequency, and frequency of micronuclei were greatly reduced in the cultures treated with milled glass fibers. Thus, fiber length appears to affect the phagocytosis of fibers as well as the ability of intracellular fibers to induce cytogenetic damage and the resultant transformation. PMID- 3756925 TI - Morphological and immunohistochemical evidence for the presence of subcortical target cells of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced cerebellar tumors in rats. AB - Morphological and immunohistochemical studies of cerebellar tumor induction with neonatal administration of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) were conducted in four strains of rats and their hybrids, i.e., noninbred Wistar, Fischer (F344), Long Evans, Wistar/Furth, and hybrids of Long-Evans and Wistar/Furth. Neonatal s.c. injection of 40 mg ENU/kg body weight produced 53 cerebellar tumors in 46 (8.4%) rats among 550 animals. There was no sex difference in the incidence (male = 9.6%; female = 7.0%). Histological examination showed that most of the tumors (83%) were oligodendrogliomas and the neoplastic cells were positively stained immunohistochemically with anti-Leu-7 monoclonal antibody. In examining the location of cerebellar tumors, 22 (42%) were located in the vermis, 11 (21%) in the hemisphere, 9 (17%) in the flocculus, 6 (11%) in the peduncle, and 5 (9%) in other sites. When their origins were examined in relation to their location to the internal granular layer of the cerebellum, 40 (75%) tumors were found just under the internal granular layer (subcortical region) and 9 (17%) in the white matter or cerebellar nuclei. Only 2 (4%) subependymal tumors were observed. Ontogenic study of the rat cerebellum revealed the presence of an aggregation of primitive glial cells in the subcortical region during the neonatal period, and the [3H]thymidine pulse-labeling index of these cells was 13.7%. Electron microscopic study showed the primitive nature of these cells and they reacted positively with anti-Leu-7 monoclonal antibody. These results indicate that cerebellar tumors are induced in an appreciable incidence with neonatal injection of ENU in rats and that cerebellar target cells in the subcortical region are present after ENU carcinogenesis. PMID- 3756924 TI - Cytotoxicity and metabolism of alkyl phospholipid analogues in neoplastic cells. AB - The cytotoxic response of several types of neoplastic cells to analogues of unnatural alkyl phospholipids (e.g., rac-1-hexadecyl-2-methoxy-glycero-3 phosphocholine) has been partially attributed to their accumulation as a result of the low activity of the alkyl cleavage enzyme (a tetrahydropteridine-dependent monooxygenase) in tumor cells. We tested this possibility by comparing the alkyl cleavage enzyme activity in cells that exhibit differences in sensitivity toward the cytotoxic effects of the rac-1-hexadecyl-2-methoxy-glycero-3-phosphocholine. Human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60), a cell line highly sensitive to the cytotoxic alkyl phospholipid analogue, possessed an alkyl cleavage enzyme activity (0.25 pmol/min/microgram protein) similar to that found in three cell types known to be relatively resistant to the cytotoxic activity of the analogue: immature human promyeloblastic leukemia cells (K562) (0.22 pmol/min/microgram protein), human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (0.34 pmol/min/microgram protein), and Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (0.37 pmol/min/microgram protein). Moreover, our results indicate that the cytotoxic rac-1-octadecyl-2-methoxy-glycero-3 phosphocholine analogue is not a substrate for the alkyl cleavage enzyme with an active microsomal preparation of the enzyme from rat liver; cleavage of this analogue was 200-fold less than the rate obtained with 1-octadecylglycerol as substrate. In cultures of either sensitive or resistant type cells, approximately 90% of the added rac-1-[9',10'-3H]octadecyl-2-methoxy-glycero-3-phosphocholine was not metabolized during a 24-h incubation. The amount of radiolabel in fatty acids, a major product of alkyl cleavage activity, was small, and essentially identical amounts were produced in all four cell types [3.1 +/- 0.2% (SD)]. These data indicate that differences in the cellular activities of the alkyl cleavage enzyme are not responsible for the differential cytotoxic responses between normal and specific types of neoplastic cells toward rac-1-octadecyl-2-methoxy glycero-3-phosphocholine. On the other hand, the cellular uptake of the alkyl phospholipids could be a factor in explaining the cytotoxic response of certain tumor cells, since more radiolabeled 1-octadecyl-2-methoxy-glycero-3 phosphocholine was associated with the susceptible HL-60 cells than with the resistant cell types. Autoradiography revealed that the radiolabeled 2-methoxy analogue accumulates at the periphery of HL-60 leukemia cells, whereas the label was more uniformly distributed in polymorphonuclear neutrophils and K562 cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3756926 TI - Immunocolloidal gold electron microscopy of viral antigens and cellular actin in C3H/He mouse mammary tumors. AB - Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) antigens and cellular actin were visualized with Protein A-coated colloidal gold at the ultrastructural level in C3H/He mouse mammary tumors using various antisera. Observations with the postembedding method and statistical analyses of these data showed: (a) a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 52,000 resided on the envelope of mature virions (B particles), on the surface of budding particles, and on the vacuolar membrane, but not on intracytoplasmic A-particles (A-particles); (b) B-particle antigens were shared by A-, B-, and budding particles with more reacting gold particles on B-particles; and (c) a protein with a molecular weight of 27,000, p27 and A particle antigens were also shared equally by all MMTV-related particles with preferential localization on the nucleoid of B-particles and the double ring of A particles. All of these observations are consistent with and further confirm the proposal that A-particles are pronucleocapsids of MMTV. Cellular actin was concentrated in the outermost thin cytoplasmic layer and in microvilli. Single gold particles were also found on budding and B-particles implying that actin plays a role in the MMTV budding process. PMID- 3756927 TI - Comparative 32P-analysis of cigarette smoke-induced DNA damage in human tissues and mouse skin. AB - Previous studies using a highly sensitive 32P-postlabeling assay for the analysis of carcinogen/mutagen-induced DNA damage have shown the presence of tobacco smoking-related DNA adducts in human placenta (Everson, R.B., Randerath, E., Santella, R.M., Cefalo, R.C., Avitts, T. A., and Randerath, K., Science (Wash. DC), 231: 54-57, 1986). The occurrence of such adducts in smokers' bronchus and larynx is reported here. Since the chemical nature of these adducts could not be characterized by direct methods due to the extremely low levels of individual adducts (less than 0.03 fmol per microgram DNA), we have sought an experimental animal model for studying the formation of tobacco-related DNA adducts. Because cigarette smoke condensate is known to initiate tumors in mouse skin, ICR mice were treated topically with cigarette tar equivalent to 1.5, 3, 6, and 9 cigarettes for 0.4, 3, 5, and 7 days, respectively, and skin DNA was isolated 1 day after the last treatment. When DNA from exposed mice was analyzed by the 32P postlabeling assay, 12 distinct 32P-labeled DNA adduct spots, as well as a diagonal radioactive zone, which presumably reflected the presence of incompletely resolved adducts, were noted on polyethyleneimine-cellulose TLC fingerprints. One derivative in particular (adduct 1) was seen to increase rapidly during the early treatment phase and also to persist to 8 days after treatment. The prominent adduct 1 was observed in the same location on the fingerprints of DNA samples from smokers. Cochromatography experiments suggested identity of human and mouse DNA adduct 1. Similarly, several other human and mouse adducts (adducts 3, 5, 6, and 9) appeared identical, and the diagonal radioactive zone was also present on DNA adduct maps from smokers. While absolute levels of individual human adducts were too low to be accurately quantitated, semiquantitative estimation of total tobacco-related aromatic DNA adducts in the human specimens gave values of 1 adduct in (1.7-2.9) X 10(7) nucleotides (0.10 0.18 fmol per micrograms DNA), with adduct 1 constituting 8.5-14% of the total. On the basis of these results, it appears now feasible to determine the chemical origin of smoking-induced DNA adducts in human tissues by preparation of authentic 32P-labeled reference adducts from animals treated with characterized subfractions of cigarette tar, 32P-postlabeling, and cochromatography of 32P labeled human and animal adducts. PMID- 3756928 TI - Model system for removing neuroblastoma cells from bone marrow using monoclonal antibodies and magnetic immunobeads. AB - Variables effecting removal of neuroblastoma cells from bone marrow using monoclonal antibodies and magnetic immunobeads were studied. Human neuroblastoma cell lines were labeled with the supravital DNA stain Hoechst 33342, seeded into normal bone marrow, incubated with monoclonal antibodies recognizing neuroblastoma cell surface antigens (HSAN 1.2, antibody 459, antibody 390, BA-1, and Leu-7), and then mixed with magnetic microspheres coated with goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin. Tumor cells that attached to the magnetic immunobeads were then removed from the marrow with magnets. The efficacy of tumor cell removal depended on the amount of monoclonal antibody bound to tumor cells and the immunobead/tumor cell ratio. In addition, two cycles of purging with both monoclonal antibodies and immunobeads was superior to one cycle. Using a cocktail of the five antibodies, 3 to 4 logs of tumor cells could be depleted from marrow with good recovery of viable hematopoietic cells. PMID- 3756929 TI - In vitro differentiation and progression of mouse mammary tumor cells. AB - We have isolated clonal cell lines from a transplanted adenocarcinoma induced by the RIII strain of mouse mammary tumor virus in a BALB/c mouse. Three major morphological cell types of these lines are developmentally linked; polygonal cells give rise to cuboidal and then to elongated cells. All cell lines expressed markers that are characteristic of mammary basal cells. In addition, the polygonal lines contained cells that have cell markers and ultrastructural features of epithelial cells; in these lines an occasional cell was found with myoepithelial features. The cuboidal and elongated lines lacked many epithelial differentiation characteristics and showed no myoepithelial differentiation. The cell lines contained variable numbers of acquired mouse mammary tumor virus and ecotropic murine leukemia virus proviruses. The various subclones derived from the original cell lines contained, in addition to the acquired proviruses of the parental line, one or more unique proviruses of either mouse mammary tumor virus or ecotropic murine leukemia virus origin. These unique insertions were used as genotypic markers to demonstrate the clonal relationship of the cell lines. Both polygonal and elongated cells are tumorigenic and give rise to adenocarcinomas and sarcoma-like tumors, respectively. In contrast, the cuboidal cells are poorly tumorigenic. Since cuboidal cells are derived from the polygonal cells, this suggests that tumor progression in this system proceeds via intermediates that are either poorly or nontumorigenic. PMID- 3756930 TI - Production and characterization of two human glioma xenograft-localizing monoclonal antibodies. AB - Multiple fusions following immunization of athymic mice with the extensively characterized human glioma cell line D-54 MG resulted in the selection of several antibodies (Mabs) highly reactive with tumors of neuroectodermal origin and unreactive with normal nervous system tissue. Two Mabs, C12 and D12, which localized specifically to tumors in athymic mouse-human glioma xenograft paired label localization assays, are IgG3 antibodies; both bind readily to staphylococcal protein A in column purification and radioimmunoprecipitation procedures. Both iodinate via the chloramine-T method yielding 125I immunoreactive product by direct cell surface radioimmunoassay and absorption assay. By indirect cell surface radioimmunoassay, a cultured cell line panel consisting of 17 gliomas, 3 medulloblastomas, 2 neuroblastomas, 2 melanomas, and 2 fetal and 2 adult brain-derived cell lines was examined; the two Mabs were highly similar but distinct in their reactivity profiles. Each was positive with greater than 47% of the gliomas tested (C12, 9 of 17; D12, 8 of 17); and with 1 of 3 medulloblastomas, 1 of 2 melanomas, and cell lines derived from 12- and 16 week-gestation human fetal brain. No reactivity was observed with neuroblastoma or adult brain-derived cell lines or with neutral glycolipids and gangliosides extracted from D-54 MG xenografts or human glioma cell lines. Notable extraneuroectodermal reactivity included that of Mab D12 for splenic trabeculae and the spermatids and Sertoli cells in the testes. Following immunoprecipitation of [3H]leucine labeled cell membrane preparations, Mabs C12 and D12 have consistently yielded unique bands in the Mr 180,000 and Mr 88,000 regions respectively. When used in paired label localization experiments in s.c. D-54 MG xenograft-bearing athymic mice, Mabs C12 and D12 demonstrate similar localization patterns, attaining peak localization indices at day 3 (D12) or 4 (C12); the maximum percentage of injected Mab bound to tumor ranged from 5% (D12) to 8% (C12). The peak tumor/normal brain localization ratios (167-181) attained by these Mabs at days 1-2 followed by their rapid clearance suggest that these Mabs are potentially useful imaging and therapeutic agents for further investigation. PMID- 3756931 TI - Single cell analysis of daunomycin uptake and efflux in multidrug-resistant and sensitive KB cells: effects of verapamil and other drugs. AB - The accumulation of daunomycin in drug-sensitive and multidrug-resistant human KB cells was examined using light microscopy to detect the inherent fluorescence of daunomycin. Intracellular accumulation of fluorescent drug occurred rapidly in parental KB cells and was markedly reduced in several multidrug-resistant mutants. The addition of verapamil, which reverses multidrug resistance, resulted in increased accumulation of daunomycin in resistant cells. In living cells, most of the daunomycin was found in the nucleus, but significant amounts were detected associated with the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm, in organelles of the Golgi region, and in lysosomes. The nuclear fluorescence was measured using a photometer system, and the loss of daunomycin from the cells was determined under various conditions. When sensitive cells were allowed to accumulate daunomycin for 5 min at 37 degrees C and then placed in medium without the drug, daunomycin remained inside the nuclei for longer than 1 day. When resistant cells were loaded in the presence of verapamil and the verapamil was removed, the resistant cells lost daunomycin with a half-time of about 1 min. The continuous presence of verapamil markedly inhibited the loss of daunomycin from the cells. Similar results were obtained in separate experiments using [3H]daunomycin. Vinblastine, vincristine, and quinidine were also effective in stimulating daunomycin accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells and in preventing the loss of daunomycin from these resistant cells. This effect required half-maximal concentrations of 1-2 microM for verapamil, vinblastine, and quinidine. Ouabain, lanthanum, colchicine, amiloride, probenecid, and 1-beta-D arabinofuranosylcytosine had no effect on this process. Quinine was effective at 10 microM and nifedipine was effective at 50 microM. Depletion of cellular adenosine triphosphate levels by preincubation of cells with azide and 2 deoxyglucose partially inhibited daunomycin loss from resistant cells. These single-cell measurements indicate that diminished daunomycin accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells results from accelerated energy-dependent efflux across the plasma membrane, and this efflux is inhibited by verapamil, quinidine, vincristine, and vinblastine. PMID- 3756933 TI - Phase I trial of parenteral 6-thioguanine given on 5 consecutive days. AB - For almost 30 years, 6-thioguanine (6-TG) has been administered p.o. for treatment of various human cancers, especially leukemias, even though the systemic availability of the drug given p.o. is known to be low and highly variable. Parenterally administered 6-TG has been studied in detail in humans only on a single-day intermittent schedule, although multiple-day intermittent schedules are known to produce maximal cytotoxic effects in several animal species. To develop a multiple-day regimen for parenteral 6-TG therapy, we carried out a dose-seeking and pharmacokinetic study of the drug given i.v. daily for 5 days in patients with various refractory advanced solid tumors. Dose limiting myelosuppression without other significant toxicity occurred at 55-65 mg/m2 daily for 5 days. After i.v. administration at 65 mg/m2, the mean peak plasma concentration of 6-TG ranged from 6-10 microM. These concentrations are 8 300 times greater than peak plasma concentrations of 6-TG in plasma reported to occur after p.o. administration at 100 mg/m2. We suggest that the antitumor activity of 6-TG be reassessed against human cancers in regimens of i.v. administration on multiple-day intermittent schedules. PMID- 3756932 TI - Tumor necrosis factor as effector molecule in monocyte mediated cytotoxicity. AB - A newly developed assay system which uses actinomycin D (Act D) pretreated Wehi 164 target cells allows for the measurement of human monocyte cytotoxicity in a 7 h 51Cr release assay. Using the monocyte specific monoclonal antibody M42 in a direct rosetting procedure we confirm herein that among human peripheral blood mononuclear cells cytotoxicity is restricted to monocytes. When applying stringent conditions that exclude exogenous lipopolysaccharide (LPS) we could demonstrate that as little as 0.1 ng of LPS per ml triggers this cytotoxicity. Further, a factor can be detected in supernatants of mononuclear cells which is also cytotoxic against Act D treated Wehi 164 cells. This cytotoxic factor can be triggered by LPS within 4 h, but at as low a LPS concentration as 0.001 ng/ml. Since one of the LPS triggered monocyte products is tumor necrosis factor (TNF), we tested the effect of recombinant TNF cloned from the U937 cell line and we could show potent lytic activity against Act D pretreated but not, or only minimally, against untreated Wehi 164 target cells. Recombinant TNF rapidly lysed the target with significant specific release occurring as early as after 3 h in the assay. By contrast, recombinant interleukin 1 gave no lysis while lymphotoxin derived from the RPMI 1788 cell line was effective. An affinity purified antiserum directed against TNF neutralized the lytic activity of recombinant TNF and also the cytotoxic factor produced by LPS triggered mononuclear cells, while the antiserum was ineffective against lymphotoxin. Further, the antiserum when added to the assay of effector cells and Act D treated Wehi 164 cells also completely ablated cytotoxic activity. Size fractionation of cytotoxic factor and recombinant TNF by high pressure liquid chromatography led to a superimposable peak of cytotoxicity in the molecular weight range of 9,500-17,000. Further, immunoblotting with the anti-TNF antibody revealed the same Mr 15,500-16,500 band for the recombinant TNF and LPS triggered cytotoxic factor. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the cytotoxic activity of human monocytes against Act D treated Wehi 164 is mediated entirely by a LPS triggered molecule that is very similar or identical to the human tumor necrosis factor. The assay system thus provides a powerful tool to analyze the biology of TNF in humans. PMID- 3756934 TI - Pharmacokinetics of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) after administration in hypertonic saline. AB - Nephrotoxicity, the dose-limiting toxicity of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (CDDP), is ameliorated when administered in hypertonic saline with normal saline hydration. To determine whether the diminished nephrotoxicity is associated with alteration of the pharmacokinetics of CDDP, we examined the pharmacokinetics of free and total platinum, platinum renal excretion, and urine electrolytes in patients given CDDP in hypertonic saline and in patients given CDDP in a conventional manner. The pharmacokinetics of free and total platinum for equal doses of CDDP were similar regardless of the vehicle of administration and the method of hydration. CDDP given in a vehicle of high chloride concentration with normal saline hydration resulted in a statistically significant increase in both urine volume and chloruresis compared to the conventional regimen. The decreased nephrotoxicity associated with administration of CDDP in hypertonic saline with saline diuresis may be related to increased chloruresis, urinary volume, or a combination of both, but did not appear to be related to an alteration in the pharmacokinetics. PMID- 3756935 TI - Gland to gland heterogeneity in histologically normal mucosa of colon cancer patients demonstrated by monoclonal antibodies to tissue-specific antigens. AB - Two of three monoclonal antibodies to tissue-specific antigens of isolated colonic glands revealed gland to gland heterogeneity of antigen expression in sections of the histologically normal colonic mucosa from patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma or various nonmalignant conditions. A colon-specific goblet cell antigen (designated 3NM) was absent from rare, solitary glands randomly distributed among the otherwise strongly stained glands of distal colon. These 3NM-negative glands stained normally for the other two antigens studied and appeared morphologically and histochemically normal. They occurred in 11 of 13 cancer patients and in each of the five patients with benign conditions with median incidences of 2.2 and 0.4 per 1000 glands, respectively. Gland heterogeneity was also demonstrated in both patient groups for a cell membrane antigen (designated 6NM). In cecum and ascending colon, glands staining strongly and weakly for 6NM were found intermixed. The weakly stained glands tended to predominate in cecum and first part of ascending colon, but they were completely replaced by strongly stained glands in more distal colon. The heterogeneity shown by both 3NM and 6NM appeared due to phenotypically distinct cell clones. Our observations indicate that histologically normal colonic mucosa contains antigenically diverse gland populations. PMID- 3756936 TI - Nitrogen metabolism and lipid peroxidation during hyperthermic perfusion of human livers with cancer. AB - Isolation-perfusion was used as a means of heating human livers with cancer. Perfusion was at 42-42.5 degrees C for 4 h. Perfusate constituents were analyzed in an attempt to identify factors contributing to the hepatotoxic effects of hyperthermia. During perfusion the perfusate constituents analyzed were: urea; total amino acids; uric acid; malonaldehyde; and lysosomal enzymes. Hepatic ammonia for urea synthesis is derived from degradation of amino acids, amines, and nucleic acids. An increase in proteolysis was reflected in the increase in urea from 0.6 +/- 0.2 mM to 1.9 +/- 8 mM and total amino acids from 1.0 +/- 0.6 mM to 4.4 +/- 1.7 mM during the 4 h of perfusion at 42-42.5 degrees C. An increase in purine catabolism occurred as evidenced by an increase in perfusate uric acid from 1.7 +/- 1.0 mg/100 ml to 6.1 +/- 2.7 mg/100 ml. Free oxygen radicals, which can lead to lipid peroxidation, are generated by the action of xanthine oxidase on xanthine. Lipid peroxidation occurring during perfusion was assessed by an increase in malonaldehyde from 2.3 +/- 1.3 microM to 10.4 +/- 10.0 microM. An increase in acid phosphatase in the perfusate from 38 +/- 15 units/liter to 78 +/- 45 units/liter occurred, suggesting labilization of lysosomes, perhaps through lipid peroxidation. Proteolysis and lipid peroxidation are suggested to be two interrelated factors contributing to heat toxicity in the perfused human liver with cancer. PMID- 3756937 TI - Aminoglutethimide without hydrocortisone in the treatment of postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer. AB - In a phase II study, 38 evaluable patients with advanced progressive breast cancer were treated with 4 X 250 mg of aminoglutethimide per day without hydrocortisone supplementation. Partial remissions were observed in five patients (13%), with a median duration of 9 months (range, 7-15), and stable disease was observed in 17 patients (45%), with a median duration of 4 months (range, 2-11). The recorded side effects (CNS, cutaneous, gastrointestinal) were tolerable and transient and required drug discontinuation in only four patients. Serial determinations of serum hormone levels during aminoglutethimide treatment revealed a significant decrease in estradiol and an increase in gonadotropins, testosterone, and progesterone. No patients had adrenal insufficiency. In contrast, despite prolonged aminoglutethimide treatment and persisting hypoestrogenemia, both cortisol levels and adrenal responses to ACTH remained unaltered. It is concluded that aminoglutethimide alone is effective in the treatment of postmenopausal patients with breast cancer. Moreover, based on the present findings, a prospective randomized study is warranted to show that hydrocortisone supplementation appears to not be mandatory, either for increase in efficacy or for decrease in side effects of the treatment. PMID- 3756938 TI - Pharmacokinetic interactions of cyclophosphamide and 5-fluorouracil with methotrexate in an animal model. AB - In tumor-bearing WAG/Rij rats the interaction of cyclophosphamide and/or 5 fluorouracil (5-FU) with methotrexate as manifested at the pharmacokinetic level was studied. Four groups were formed of at least ten animals. The control group, which received single-agent methotrexate, was compared with groups that received methotrexate plus cyclophosphamide, methotrexate plus 5-FU, and methotrexate plus cyclophosphamide plus 5-FU. There appeared to be an increase of 40% in the clearance of methotrexate by the triple combination. Cyclophosphamide especially diminished the terminal part of the concentration-time curve of methotrexate. PMID- 3756939 TI - Enhancement of semustine-induced cytotoxicity by chlorpromazine and caffeine in a human melanoma xenograft. AB - Chlorpromazine (CPZ) and caffeine (CFN) enhance the cytotoxicity of nitrosoureas in conventional murine tumor systems, but this effect was not confirmed in a randomized clinical trial which compared the action of semustine (MeCCNU) against the combination of MeCCNU, CPZ, and CFN. Since differences in repair systems are known to exist between cells of human or murine origin, we have employed a human melanoma xenograft system to quantify the drug interaction. The enhancement in human melanoma cells was similar to that observed with conventional murine tumor systems. Alkaline elution studies and determination of radioactivity from labeled MeCCNU pointed to increased drug retention and fixation of DNA damage as the mechanism of enhancement. Although toxicity studies were limited to murine tissues, there was evidence of increased toxicity, especially if MeCCNU was combined with both CPZ and CFN. Thus, a true therapeutic synergism may not be present for the combination. Some explanations for the failure to detect such drug interaction in clinical trials and the relevance of advanced preclinical tumor systems are discussed. PMID- 3756940 TI - Induction of doxorubicin resistance in heterogeneous human colon tumor cells by N methylformamide. AB - Two clonal subpopulations of cells (termed A and D) obtained originally from a heterogeneous human colon adenocarcinoma were studied in vitro with regard to possible modification of responsivity to graded doses of doxorubicin (ADM) after long-term growth in medium containing the differentiating agent N-methylformamide (NMF). Non-NMF-adapted clone A and D cells exhibited biphasic response curves after exposure to graded doses of ADM (0-1.4 micrograms/ml, 1 hour, 37 degrees C). The inactivation slopes for the initial regions of the survival curves were 0.13 and 0.39 g/ml for clone A and D cells, respectively. NMF-adapted cells, however, exhibited decreased sensitivity to ADM killing as the inactivation slopes for the initial region of the survival curves increased to 0.26 and 0.59 g/ml for clone A and D cells, respectively. The final slopes of the biphasic response curves (doses above about 0.8 micrograms/ml) were not significantly different between clone A and clone D tumor cells in either the non-NMF- or NMF treated conditions. These data on ADM responses after differentiation induction by NMF indicate that the combination of differentiation-inducing agents with certain chemotherapeutic agents may produce therapeutically undesirable effects and that preclinical data are necessary prior to implementation of possible combined-modality protocols. PMID- 3756941 TI - Dose-response relationship to dacarbazine demonstrated in a patient with malignant melanoma. AB - Dacarbazine has shown the most consistent activity of any single chemotherapeutic agent in patients with metastatic melanoma. While the overall rate is 21%, responses fall to less than 10% when hepatic metastases are present. We report a patient with malignant melanoma metastatic to the liver in whom an apparent dose response relationship to dacarbazine was demonstrated. His liver metastases responded to hepatic artery infusion, progressed with systemic iv therapy, and responded upon reinstitution of hepatic artery infusion. PMID- 3756942 TI - High-dose alpha-tocopherol as a preventive of doxorubicin-induced alopecia. AB - The effectiveness of alpha-tocopherol acetate as a preventive of doxorubicin induced alopecia was evaluated in 20 patients with different types of solid tumors. All received therapy containing doxorubicin in a dose range of 50-60 mg/m2/cycle of treatment. The observed hair loss was severe in 90% and moderate in 10% of the patients. No protective activity of alpha-tocopherol was demonstrated in this trial. PMID- 3756944 TI - Mitoxantrone in advanced cervical carcinoma: a phase II study in patients not previously treated with chemotherapy. PMID- 3756943 TI - Cisplatin administered as a continuous 5-day infusion: plasma platinum levels and urine platinum excretion. AB - Total and filterable platinum in plasma were monitored for seven courses (five patients, 25 mg/m2/day) using continuous 5-day infusions and one 30-minute infusion at a similar dose level (120 mg/m2). Maximum filterable (non-protein bound) platinum levels (0.1-0.3 mg/L) for the extended infusions were ten to 40 times lower than that for the short-term infusion (4.0 mg/L). Filterable drug exposure as measured by the area under the [Pt]filterable-time curve is greater for the extended infusions (9.6 mg X hr/L) than that for the short-term infusion (4.8 mg X hr/L). Renal excretion of cisplatin (% of dose excreted/24-hour period after the beginning of the infusion) was measured for four courses of continuous 5-day infusions and for the 30-minute infusion. Urine excretion rates were lower for the continuous infusion (5%-8% of dose/24-hour period during the infusion) compared to the short-term infusion (33% of dose/24-hour period after the beginning of the 30-minute infusion). PMID- 3756945 TI - Etoposide and mitoguazone in refractory or recurrent non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of the unfavorable histologic subtypes. PMID- 3756946 TI - Methylation analysis of the heptose/3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid region (inner core) of the lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella minnesota rough mutants. AB - A modified methylation analysis is described which allows the elucidation of the structure of the inner core region [heptose/3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid (KDO)] of enterobacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Salmonella minnesota rough mutants (Re, strain R595; and Rd2P-, strain R4). Methylation, carboxyl-reduction, remethylation, hydrolysis, carbonyl-reduction, and acetylation of the Re-mutant LPS yielded the 2,6-di-O-acetyl and 2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl derivatives of partially methylated 3-deoxyoctitol in equimolar amounts, indicating the presence of a terminal and a 4-linked pyranosidic KDO residue. For Rd2P- LPS, the hydrolysis step involved 0.1M trifluoroacetic acid at 100 degrees for 1 h which cleaved ketosidic linkages, and the final products included the foregoing acetyl derivatives in the molar ratio of 1:02 and a partially methylated and acetylated 3-deoxyoctitol derivative which was substituted at O-5 by a methylated heptopyranosyl residue. Trideuteriomethylation of the latter product followed by methanolysis and acetylation gave 5-O-acetyl-3-deoxy-1,7,8-tri-O-methyl-2,4,6-tri O-trideuteriomethyl++ +-D- glycero-D-talo/galacto-octitol and 1,5-di-O-acetyl 2,3,4,6,7-penta-O-methyl-L-glycero-D-manno-heptitol++ +. These results prove the presence of a (2----4)-linked KDO disaccharide in Re LPS and show that the core region of Rd2P- LPS contains a terminal alpha-L-glycero-D-manno-heptopyranosyl group and a non-substituted, a 4-O-, and a 4,5-di-O-substituted pyranosidic KDO residue in the molar ratios 1:1:0.2:1. PMID- 3756947 TI - Circular dichroism spectra of some model compounds related to D-glucopyranose and D-galactopyranose. AB - C.d. spectra have been measured in aqueous solution to 168 nm for some model compounds related to D-glucopyranose and D-galactopyranose. C.d. difference spectra reveal the contribution of certain functional groups and confirm contributions for other groups found in earlier work. PMID- 3756948 TI - Study by X-ray diffraction of the geometrical shape of glycoprotein sugar chains in two model glycoconjugates, a liposaccharide and a phospholiposaccharide, having the same sugar chain. AB - Two amphipatic, model glycoconjugates having the same sugar chain but differing in their hydrophobic component were studied by X-ray diffraction in concentrated water solution and in the dry state. The liposaccharide 2, obtained by linking the NH2-4 group of the asparagine residue of the glycoaminoacid obtained from hen ovotransferrin with the activated carboxylic acid group of palmitic acid exhibited a cubic structure in which the sugar chain adopted a slightly deformed, "T-shaped conformation". The phospholiposaccharide 3, obtained by linking the NH2 4 group of the asparagine residue of the same glycoamino acid with the primary amine group of dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine through a suberyl bridge exhibited a lamellar structure in which the sugar chain adopted a "Y-shaped conformation". Thus, it was possible to induce a conformational change of the hen ovotransferrin sugar chain by changing the "hydrophobic residue" to which it is linked. PMID- 3756949 TI - Structural properties of hyaluronic acid in moderately concentrated solutions. AB - The solution properties of hyaluronic acid having various d.p. values have been examined at physiological pH and ionic strength by light-scattering techniques at various concentrations. The angular dependence of Kc/R0 was linear at low concentrations, whereas substantial curvature was present at small angles on increasing the concentration. This phenomenon was affected by the conditions of centrifugation. Moreover, the function Kc/R0 exhibited a maximum value at concentrations of polymer inversely related to the molecular weight. The maximum concentration was always higher than the critical concentration. Ageing, molecular-weight distribution, and polymer purity influenced the light-scattering response. A model is proposed in which the polysaccharide chains intertwine at relatively low concentrations of polymer and become entangled at high concentration, eventually leading to a non-homogeneous polymer network. PMID- 3756950 TI - The use of bacteriophage depolymerization in the structural investigation of the capsular polysaccharide from Klebsiella serotype K3. AB - The structure of the repeating unit of the capsular polysaccharide from Klebsiella serotype K3 has been established from the results of n.m.r. (1H and 13C) spectroscopy and methylation analysis of P1, the pyruvic acetal-bearing pentasaccharide obtained on depolymerization of the polysaccharide with a bacteriophage-borne endogalactosidase, reduced deacetalated P1, and the native polysaccharide. The data permit the assignment of the following structure to the repeating unit: (formula see text) PMID- 3756951 TI - Synthesis of some D-mannosyl-disaccharides containing D-mannose 6-phosphate residues. PMID- 3756952 TI - A new procedure for the preparation of oligosaccharide oxazolines. PMID- 3756953 TI - Stereocontrolled routes to cis-hydroxyamino sugars, Part VII: Synthesis of daunosamine and ristosamine. AB - The nitrogen of an allylic amine can serve as the fulcrum for stereocontrolled delivery of oxygen to an adjacent trigonal site, and cis-hydroxyamino sugars can thus be prepared. Methods for achieving the complementary procedure, namely, control of the delivery of nitrogen to an adjacent site by an allylic oxygen, are described. For example, treatment of methyl 2,3,6-trideoxy-alpha-L-erythro-hex-2 enopyranoside with trichloroacetonitrile gave an imidate ester which reacted with iodonium dicollidine perchlorate to give 2-trichloromethyl-(methyl 2,3,4,6 tetradeoxy-2-iodo-alpha-L-altropyranosido)-[3,4-d]-2-oxazo line. Exhaustive reductive dehalogenation of this product followed by hydrolysis led to methyl N acetyl-alpha-L-ristosaminide. An analogous series of reactions was used to prepare the corresponding daunosaminide. PMID- 3756954 TI - Synthesis of some derivatives of 6-amino-1,5-anhydro-6-deoxy-D-glucitol and 2 amino-1,5-anhydro-2-deoxy-D-glucitol. AB - 6-Amino-1,5-anhydro-6-deoxy-D-glucitol (11) was prepared from 2,3,4,6-tetra-O acetyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl bromide (1) in six steps. Reduction of 1 with tributyltin hydride, followed by deacetylation, monomolar tosylation, and reacetylation, afforded 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-1,5-anhydro-6-O-toluene-p-sulfonyl-D glucitol (9). Alternatively, tritylation of 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol, followed by acetylation, detritylation, and tosylation, gave 9. Mesylation gave 8. Treatment of 8 or 9 with azide anion afforded the azide 10, reduction of which with tributyltin hydride gave 11, which was mesylated or tosylated, and then deacetylated to give the 6-methane-sulfonamido or 6-toluene-p-sulfonamido derivative. Similarly, mesylation or tosylation of 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-amino-1,5 anhydro-2-deoxy-D-glucitol (20) gave the 2-methanesulfonamido or 2-toluene-p sulfonamido derivatives. Treatment of 11 and 20 with sulfur trioxide-pyridine afforded the sulfoamino derivatives, deacetylation of which gave sugar analogs of cyclamate-like compounds. PMID- 3756955 TI - The assembly of oligosaccharides from "standardized intermediates": beta-(1----3) linked oligomers of D-galactose. AB - Several 2-O-benzoyl-4,6-di-O-benzyl-3-O-R-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl chlorides, designed as general precursors of beta-linked, interior D-galactopyranosyl residues in oligosaccharides, were tested in a sequential synthesis of the galactotriose beta-D-Galp-(1----3)-beta-D-Galp-(1----3)-D-Gal (19). The chlorides having R = tetrahydro-2-pyranyl and tert-butyldimethylsilyl gave excellent results, whereas those having R = 3-benzoylpropionyl and chloroacetyl were unsatisfactory. An activated disaccharide block (17), having R = 2,3-di-O-benzoyl 4,6-di-O-benzyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl, was also prepared and tested as a glycosyl donor. The coupling of 17 to 1-propenyl 2-O-benzoyl-4,6-di-O-benzyl alpha-D-galactopyranoside (14), in the molar ratio 1.13:1, gave 64% of a trisaccharide derivative (18) that could be converted into 19. This latter synthesis of 19 is efficient because all three galactose units are derived from 14 or its immediate precursor. PMID- 3756956 TI - Synthesis of the tetrasaccharide repeating-unit of the lipopolysaccharide isolated from Pseudomonas maltophilia. AB - The title tetrasaccharide having the structure 3-O-Me-beta-L-Xylp-(1----4)- alpha L-Rhap-(1----4)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1----2)-L-Rhap was obtained by reaction of the alpha-acetobromo derivative of 4-O-(3-O-methyl-beta-L-xylopyranosyl)-L rhamnopyranose and benzyl 3,4-di-O-benzyl-2-O-(2,3-O-isopropylidene-alpha-L rhamnopyranosyl)- alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside, followed by removal of the protecting groups. The synthesised compounds were characterised on the basis of n.m.r. data. PMID- 3756957 TI - Streptococcus pneumoniae type XIV polysaccharide: synthesis of a repeating branched tetrasaccharide with dioxa-type spacer-arms. AB - beta-Glycosides of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose were synthesised, using either 7-methoxycarbonyl-3,6-dioxa-1-heptanol or 8-azido-3,6-dioxa-1-octanol. Selective beta-lactosylation of 7-methoxycarbonyl-3,6-dioxaheptyl 2-acetamido-3-O benzyl-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside with hepta-O-acetyl-lactosyl trichloroacetimidate, followed by beta-galactosylation of the secondary hydroxyl group with O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl)trichloroacetimida te, catalytic hydrogenolysis, and O-deacetylation, gave 7-methoxycarbonyl-3,6 dioxaheptyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-6-O-(4-O-beta-D- galactopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside. Selective beta lactosylation of 8-azido-3,6-dioxaoctyl 2-acetamido-3-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-beta-D glucopyranoside with hepta-O-acetyl-lactosyl bromide in the presence of silver triflate, followed by condensation with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D galactopyranosyl bromide in the presence of silver triflate, catalytic hydrogenolysis, and O-deacetylation, gave 8-azido-3,6-dioxaoctyl 2-acetamido-2 deoxy-4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-6-O-(4-O-beta-D- galactopyranosyl-beta-D glucopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside. PMID- 3756958 TI - Structure of a rhamnan from the surface-layer glycoprotein of Bacillus stearothermophilus strain NRS 2004/3a. AB - The structure of a glycan from the surface-layer glycoprotein of Bacillus stearothermophilus strain NRS 2004/3a has been studied by 1H- and 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy. The results indicate the glycan to be a polymer of the trisaccharide repeating-unit ----2)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1----2)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1----3) beta-L-++ +Rhap-(1----. PMID- 3756960 TI - Synthesis of p-aminophenyl beta-D-ribofuranoside 3-(D-ribit-5-yl phosphate). PMID- 3756961 TI - Effect of sulphated derivatives of chitosan on lipoprotein lipase activity of rabbit plasma after their intravenous injection. PMID- 3756959 TI - Determination of the structure of a fucose-containing trisaccharide monophosphate isolated from human pregnancy urine. AB - A new acidic oligosaccharide, isolated from the urine of a pregnant woman by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography, was shown on the basis of sugar analysis, methylation analysis, exo-glycosidase digestion, e.i.-m.s., f.a.b. m.s., and n.m.r. spectroscopy to have the following structure: (Formula: see text). PMID- 3756963 TI - Electrophysiologic evaluation of arrhythmias. PMID- 3756962 TI - Synthesis of a heptasaccharide hapten related to an anomalous biantennary glycan chain of human chorionic gonadotropin of a patient with choriocarcinoma. A stepwise approach. AB - A stereocontrolled synthesis of a heptasaccharide hapten, 8-methoxycarbonyloctyl 3-O-[2,4-di-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-beta-D- glucopyranosyl)-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl]-6-O-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-beta- D mannopyranoside (2), is described employing the lactosaminyl donor 3,6-di-O acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-4-O-(2,3,4, 6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D galactopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl bromide and the mannotriosyl glycosyl acceptor 8-ethoxycarbonyloctyl 2,4-di-O-benzyl-3-O-(3,6-di-O-benzyl-alpha-D mannopyranosyl)-6-O-(2,3, 4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D mannopyranoside, the reaction of which gave the biantennary structure 8 ethoxycarbonyloctyl 2,4-di-O-benzyl-3-O-(3,6- di-O-benzyl-2,4-di-O-[3,6-di-O acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-4-O-(2,3, 4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl) beta-D-mannopyranoside (9), as well as a monoglycosylated product, 8 ethoxycarbonyloctyl 2,4-di-O-benzyl-3-O-(3,6-di-O-benzyl-4-O-[3,6- di-O-acetyl-2 deoxy-2-phthalimido-4-O-(2,3,4,6- tetra-O-benzyl-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D mannopyranoside. The diglycosylated product 9 was transformed into 2, and the structure was confirmed by 1H-n.m.r. data. PMID- 3756964 TI - Advances in critical care cardiology. PMID- 3756965 TI - Supraventricular tachycardia emergencies: diagnosis and management. AB - A variety of acute supraventricular tachycardias may be encountered. In many instances the therapies for these rhythm disturbances overlap, but a rational approach to individual disturbances should be based on an understanding of the anatomy and physiology involved in the individual dysrhythmia. Numerous investigative approaches are underway at present, especially with regard to interruption of arrhythmia pathways by electroshock therapy or surgical therapy. In addition, pacing overdrive may be very effective, especially in patients with reentrant arrhythmias. PMID- 3756966 TI - Cardiac pacemaker emergencies. AB - Each component of a pacemaker system is a potential weak link in the pacing chain. Whether or not pacing failure is caused by battery depletion or by electrode fracture, these malfunctions can be diagnosed with the help of intermittent and regular transtelephonic surveillance. Sufficiently large numbers of patients enrolled in such surveillance systems enable the early identification of faulty pacers and leads and alert the medical community against their use. Indeed, the pacemaker surveillance systems in operation at present form the cornerstone of defense against pacemaker malfunction emergencies. PMID- 3756967 TI - Assessment of adequate circulatory assist during intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation. PMID- 3756968 TI - Management of complicated infective endocarditis. PMID- 3756969 TI - Recognition and management of postcardiac surgical complications. AB - Although advances in surgical skills and the technology of cardiopulmonary bypass have provided a considerable margin of safety for cardiac surgery, important complications may still occur. Successful management depends upon prompt recognition of the complication and then precise definition of the problem. Prompt specific therapy usually results in a successful outcome. PMID- 3756970 TI - Nursing management of the postoperative cardiac surgical patient in the critical care unit. PMID- 3756971 TI - Use of hemodynamic measurements for management of acute myocardial infarction. AB - The modern coronary care unit now can provide hemodynamic measurements that characterize the determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption and mechanical performance. These determinants of preload, afterload, contractile state, and heart rate can be obtained from measurements with the Swan-Ganz catheter, systemic blood pressure, assessment of ventricular function, and heart rate. With the hemodynamic characterization of the determinants of left ventricular function, drugs can be selected that either decrease or increase the specific determinants in order to optimize left ventricular performance. Thus, a physiologic approach can be taken to the pharmacologic management of patients with acute myocardial infarction based on hemodynamic measurements and appropriate therapeutic strategies. PMID- 3756972 TI - Sustained and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia: genesis, significance, and management. AB - Patients with sustained and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia may present the clinician with difficult management problems in the assessment of risk, decision for long-term treatment, and selection of appropriate therapy. Many therapeutic modalities are available, and combinations may be required in a comprehensive treatment program. The development of safer and more effective means for VT control is progressing and is needed. Nonetheless, the results of therapy with many of the treatment programs described are encouraging, as exemplified by the report from Graboys and coworkers. Long-term survival was studied in a group of 123 patients with malignant ventricular arrhythmia treated with antiarrhythmic drugs chosen primarily with noninvasive testing methods. In 98 patients in whom complex ventricular ectopy was controlled, there were 6 sudden deaths, that is, an annual mortality of 2.3 percent. In 25 patients in whom ectopy persisted despite drug therapy, there were 17 sudden deaths. Continued study of the specific mechanisms leading to ventricular tachycardia and sudden death are needed in order to control this increasingly prevalent clinical problem. PMID- 3756973 TI - Comparison of Doppler ultrasound velocity measurements with pressure differences across bioprosthetic valves in a pulsatile flow model. AB - Continuous wave Doppler ultrasound was used in vitro to assess the pressure differences across four different cardiac bioprosthetic valves in a pulsatile flow test apparatus. Valves were tested under four different flow conditions. Pressure differences were calculated from the maximum flow velocity measured by Doppler ultrasound and correlated well with the pressure differences measured directly in the flow model (r = 0.98). Thus Doppler ultrasound can accurately measure pressure differences across bioprosthetic valves in vitro. PMID- 3756974 TI - Is reduced cardiac performance the only mechanism for myocardial infarct size reduction during beta adrenergic blockade? AB - Equal reductions in heart rate (44 beats X min-1) were obtained in cats by treatment with either the beta blocking agent timolol or alinidine, an agent claimed to cause bradycardia without interfering with beta adrenoceptor function. Infarct size was measured by staining with triphenyltetrazolium-chloride after 5 h of coronary occlusion and related to the area of hypoperfused myocardium as measured by autoradiography. Regional myocardial blood flow was measured by 15 micron radiolabelled microspheres. Compared with the control cats, in whom 87.4 (SEM 2.2)% of hypoperfused myocardium developed into necrosis, timolol reduced infarct size to 65.8 (SEM 2.6)% (p less than 0.001) and alinidine to 76.2 (SEM 3.1)% (p less than 0.01) of the hypoperfused area. Timolol reduced infarct size more than did alinidine (p less than 0.01). Necrosis was more extensive in the endocardium than in the epicardium in all groups. In the subendocardium timolol and alinidine reduced infarct size to the same extent, whereas timolol reduced infarct size more than alinidine in the subepicardium. Although heart rate proved to be the dominant haemodynamic predictor of infarct size, this study indicates that mechanisms other than reduced oxygen demand associated with bradycardia and cardiodepression are operating in the ischaemic myocardium during beta adrenergic blockade. PMID- 3756975 TI - Immediate effects of diastolic loading variations on the left ventricular inotropic state in open chest dogs. AB - The influence of left ventricular filling and variations in end diastolic volume on cardiac performance was studied in the intact dog heart. Left ventricular filling volumes and stroke volumes were calculated on a beat to beat basis from measurements of natural mitral inflow and aortic outflow obtained by electromagnetic flow sensors. Instantaneous controlled modifications of end diastolic volume were performed through a cannula situated in the left ventricle and connected to a pump system outside the dog. This system enabled controlled increases or decreases of the end diastolic volume at any prechosen moment during the diastolic pause. Absolute volume variations in end diastolic volume and end systolic volumes could be calculated by combining the integrated flow signals from different consecutive beats. Left ventricular performance was evaluated in terms of end systolic volume and end systolic pressure variations. When the diastolic volume was abruptly increased by the pump system, natural mitral inflow decreased but end diastolic volume increased. The effect on diastolic pressure was dependent on the variation in filling rate, the amplitude of the infusion, the moment at which the infusion was started, and the diastolic pressure at the start of the infusion. Also stroke volume, maximal systolic pressure (Pmax), end systolic pressure, and end diastolic volume increased. The increased systolic performance was attributed to the increased end diastolic volume as expected according to Starling's law. When end diastolic volume was rapidly decreased during diastole by the pump, natural filling volumes increased to compensate for the volume loss by the pump. End diastolic volume was, however, smaller indicating that full compensation was not achieved. Evaluation of ventricular performance in terms of end systolic pressure and end systolic volume showed a decreased end systolic pressure and increased end systolic volume compared with the control values. The effect of a pump withdrawal was 1.62(0.38) times larger than could be explained on the basis of Starling's law. After the infusion of adrenaline the intrinsic depression disappeared and the influence of the volume withdrawal on cardiac performance was as expected from the Starling mechanism. PMID- 3756976 TI - Ventricular fibrillation threshold in canine hearts with quinidine induced prolonged QT interval: effects of atrial pacing, isoproterenol, and lignocaine. AB - Ventricular fibrillation threshold was determined using a train of pulses, 4 ms in duration, delivered at 10 ms intervals, in 20 anaesthetised dogs receiving toxic doses of quinidine sulphate (30 mg X kg-1) injected intravenously over 5 min to prolong the QT interval. The effects of atrial pacing, isoproterenol, and lignocaine on ventricular fibrillation threshold were investigated. Quinidine administration lowered the mean(SD) threshold from 14.7(5.1) to 8.8(3.6) mA (n = 20, p less than 0.001). Atrial pacing shortened the mean(SD) basic cycle length from 652 to 400 ms and the QT interval (378(28) vs 334(19) ms, n = 8, p less than 0.01) but did not alter the mean(SD) threshold (7.0(2.3) vs 7.5(1.5) mA). Isoproterenol infusion to maintain basic cycle length at 421(23) ms shortened the mean(SD) QT interval to 291(14) ms (p less than 0.001) and increased the mean(SD) threshold to 13.6(5.9) mA (n = 8, p less than 0.01). Lignocaine (plasma concentration 1.36 micrograms X ml-1) increased the mean(SD) threshold from 10.9(3.4) to 16.7(6.7) mA (n = 7, p less than 0.02) without affecting basic cycle length and QT interval. Thus atrial pacing shortened the QT interval slightly but did not make the canine heart with a quinidine induced prolonged QT interval less vulnerable to electrically induced ventricular fibrillation, whereas both isoproterenol and lignocaine did, although they affected basic cycle length and QT interval differently. PMID- 3756977 TI - Protection against ventricular and atrial fibrillation by sotalol. AB - Sotalol is not only a beta blocker but a class III antiarrhythmic drug. Its possible antifibrillatory activity was therefore investigated in both the ventricles and atria of dog heart in situ, since vulnerability to fibrillation is not the same in both these parts of the myocardium. Fibrillation threshold was measured concurrently with the duration and amplitude of monophasic action potential, the effective refractory period, the conduction time in the contractile fibres, and after fibrillation had been triggered the fibrillation rate. Variables were measured at 5 and 10 min after sotalol had been given intravenously in closed chest dogs in three doses (1, 1, and 2 mg X kg-1) at 15 min interval. Sotalol produced a rise in fibrillation threshold that occurred simultaneously with a prolongation in monophasic action potential duration and effective refractory period of the contractile fibres and a slowing in fibrillation rate, whereas conduction time was not affected. The changes appeared, however, to be less pronounced in the ventricles than in the atria, in which vulnerability to fibrillation, normally increased by vagal tone, had been previously enhanced by acetylcholine. Sotalol antagonised the changes due to acetylcholine. In both the atria and the ventricles the first dose (1 mg X kg-1), which produced plasma concentrations of approximately 2 micrograms X ml-1 10 min after injection, produced a submaximal effect. Nevertheless, subsequent administrations increased the beneficial effects but not in proportion to the dose and plasma concentrations. PMID- 3756978 TI - Excitation-contraction coupling in rat myocardium: alterations with long term ethanol consumption. AB - The mechanical and electrical effects of chronic ethanol consumption were studied in rats maintained on 40% ethanol and water solution (40% of caloric intake) for a 30 week period and in controls. Left ventricular papillary muscles from male Wistar rats were studied by myography at 30 degrees C, 0.1 Hz stimulation, and external calcium concentration of 2.4 mmol X litre-1. No significant difference was found between alcoholic and control rats with regard to resting tension. Developed tension, time to peak tension, time to one half relaxation, and time to peak shortening were, however, significantly decreased in preparations from the study animals. Velocity of shortening and relengthening at all relative loads studied were depressed in alcoholic preparations. No significant difference was found in action potential between the two groups with regard to resting membrane potential, action potential amplitude, overshoot, or maximum rate of rise of the upstroke. In contrast, the duration at 50% (APD50) and 75% (APD75) of total repolarisation was significantly shorter for action potential in the alcoholic group than in the controls. Thus chronic ethanol ingestion results in an inability to develop normal levels of force, depressed force-velocity relation, and shortening of action potential duration. PMID- 3756979 TI - Further studies of alinidine induced bradycardia in the presence of caesium. AB - Alinidine, the N-allyl derivative of clonidine, reduces heart rate in animals and man by a selective action on the sinoatrial node. In this study, in the presence of caesium, which blocks the time dependent inward current activated by hyperpolarisation (ih or if), alinidine still caused a concentration related bradycardia in the rabbit sinoatrial node. Within the clinical range of concentrations of alinidine the curve relating heart rate to alinidine concentration in the presence of caesium was parallel to that observed in its absence. It is concluded that the alinidine induced bradycardia cannot be attributed to blockade of ih. PMID- 3756980 TI - Baroreflex sensitivity in conscious rats: the influence of recording site. AB - Arterial blood pressures were measured simultaneously in the thoracic and abdominal aortas in the same conscious rats. Intravenous administration of sodium nitroprusside caused a greater fall in systolic blood pressure in the abdominal aorta than in the thoracic aorta, whereas intravenous administration of methoxamine caused a greater rise in systolic blood pressure in the thoracic aorta. Hence baroreflex sensitivities derived from these data (by relating systolic blood pressure to the pulse interval of the succeeding beat) were appreciably different depending on the site of measurement. The changes in diastolic and mean arterial blood pressures induced by the drugs were similar at the two recording sites. It is suggested therefore that cardiac baroreflex sensitivity should be assessed in conscious rats by relating pulse interval to mean arterial blood pressure recorded at a site other than the thoracic aorta since cannulation at that site impairs baroreflex responsiveness. PMID- 3756981 TI - Continuous recording of direct high fidelity arterial pressure and electrocardiogram in ambulant patients. AB - A system providing high quality direct arterial blood pressure recordings and electrocardiograms in ambulatory patients was devised using a modified commercially available Holter type magnetic tape recorder together with a microminiature Millar (3F) tip transducer. This system did not require a perfusion line and solved the major drawbacks of other available systems. Pressure and electrocardiographic data were fed directly from the playback unit into a minicomputer for automatic beat to beat waveform analysis. Thus the blood pressure and RR interval variability signals could be simultaneously analysed with autoregressive modelling techniques to provide a quantitative estimate of sympathovagal balance in ambulant patients. The system was reliable, simple, and safe to use. PMID- 3756982 TI - Effect of dihydroergotamine on +Gz acceleration tolerance. AB - Dihydroergotamine is a potent vasoconstrictor of the venous capacitance vessels and has been shown to decrease blood pooling in patients with orthostatic hypotension. Acceleration acting on the long axis of the body (+Gz) pools blood into the lower body of the subject. Nine healthy men received an injection of 1 mg dihydroergotamine and 1 ml of saline intramuscularly in a randomised, double blind fashion, and had their Gz acceleration tolerances measured. Dihydroergotamine significantly increased Gz tolerance by 0.24 G and narrowed the difference between the maximum heart rate during the acceleration epoch and resting baseline by 10%. The drug had no effect on blood pressure and heart rate when the subjects changed from the supine to standing position. The increase in Gz tolerance was not sufficient for operational use. PMID- 3756983 TI - [Kinesiotherapy of ischemic disease of the lower extremities in patients after reconstructive arterial surgery]. PMID- 3756984 TI - [Evaluation of life events during hospitalization in a psychiatric institution]. PMID- 3756985 TI - [Spider nevi in pregnant women]. PMID- 3756986 TI - [Activity of the Slovak Medical Society in 1985 and its tasks in 1986]. PMID- 3756987 TI - [Cytogenetic findings in married couples with reproductive failure]. PMID- 3756988 TI - [Activity of the Czech Medical Society in 1985]. PMID- 3756989 TI - [Why is their no decline in mortality from complications of atherosclerosis in Czechoslovakia?]. PMID- 3756990 TI - [Values of cardiopulmonary volume in patients with systemic hypertension]. PMID- 3756991 TI - [Reducing the acute cardiotoxicity of cytostatics with verapamil]. PMID- 3756992 TI - [Pharmacologic treatment of patients after myocardial infarct and discharge from the hospital]. PMID- 3756993 TI - [Can dialysis therapy of acute renal failure be optimized?]. PMID- 3756994 TI - [The effect of benzbromarone and its combination with hydrochlorothiazide on the renal excretion of uric acid and electrolytes]. PMID- 3756995 TI - [The informational value of creatinine determination]. PMID- 3756996 TI - [Regular monitoring of the levels of protein catabolism and phenols in chronic renal insufficiency]. PMID- 3756997 TI - [The immediate effect of hydrocortisone on the renal excretion of calcium and phosphates in healthy subjects]. PMID- 3756998 TI - [Sepsis--metabolic changes and their development]. PMID- 3756999 TI - [The role of non-sporulating anaerobic microbes in the etiology and pathogenesis of purulent meningitis]. PMID- 3757000 TI - [Ceftriaxone in the treatment of bacterial meningitis]. PMID- 3757001 TI - [The therapeutic effect of a single administration of 1g of cefotaxime in urinary tract infections]. PMID- 3757002 TI - [Doxycycline levels in the blood coagulum and serum. Its relation to the preventive administration of antibiotics in surgical procedures]. PMID- 3757004 TI - [The most important results of the research plan of the Czech Ministry of Health 1981-1985]. PMID- 3757003 TI - [Diseases caused by Campylobacter jejuni in childhood]. PMID- 3757005 TI - [Carcinoma of the lungs, its types and the results of surgical treatment]. PMID- 3757006 TI - [Clinical radiobiology and its tasks]. PMID- 3757007 TI - [Comparison of spectrophotometry methods of determining levels of theophylline in serum and their importance in clinical practice]. PMID- 3757008 TI - [The present state of research on so-called artificial blood]. PMID- 3757009 TI - [The central nervous system and immunoregulation]. PMID- 3757010 TI - [An explanation of the metabolic relation of vitamin B12, folates and methionine using oxidative transmethylase]. PMID- 3757011 TI - Rearrangement of the open-canalicular system of the human blood platelet after incorporation of surface-bound ligands. A high-voltage electron-microscopic study. AB - The three-dimensional configuration of the membrane system in human blood platelets following administration of cationized ferritin (CF) was reconstructed by means of thick serial sectioning in combination with high-voltage electron microscopy (HVEM). Surface-bound CF was rapidly internalized at 37 degrees C by the platelets, and a conglomerate of vacuolar and tubular structures containing CF was formed in their interior. Three-dimensional reconstruction of these incorporated membranous structures revealed that most of the internalized structures were interconnected with each other and that the number of sites at which they opened onto the cell surface was significantly reduced compared with the number found in intact platelets. In some cases, the openings completely disappeared. This may indicate that most of the internalized membranous structures originate from the open canalicular system (OCS), and that, following the incorporation of the ligand, the OCS gradually loses its connections with the surface membrane forming a conglomerate of the ligand-containing membranous structures in the interior of the platelet. PMID- 3757012 TI - Diffusion of a lymph-carried antigen in the fiber network of the lymph node of the rat. AB - A lymph-carried antigen is retained preferentially in those areas of the subcapsular sinus of a lymph node overlying the extrafollicular zone of the peripheral cortex. There, it becomes associated with the reticular fibers crossing these particular sinus areas. We wondered whether the antigen thereafter diffuses along the extensions of these fibers which form a peculiar network in the "cortical pathways of migration of circulating lymphocytes" (CPMCL), leading to the different cell populations effecting the immune responses. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated antigens were injected locally into rats sacrificed 0.5-24 h later. The antigens diffused along the fibers of the CPMCL. It is proposed that this diffusion constitutes one mechanism of stimulation of recruited circulating lymphocytes and of orientation of their migration towards the proper effector-cell population. PMID- 3757013 TI - A comparison of anionic sites in the glomerular basement membranes from different classes of fishes. AB - Cationized ferritin was injected into the circulatory system of teleosts, the sea raven and Atlantic eelpout, and into elasmobranchs, the spiny dogfish and the skate, to determine if the glomerular basement membranes (GBM) from these different groups of fishes possess anionic binding sites similar to those present in the GBM of mammals. The distribution of cationized ferritin was the same in all fishes listed. Cationized ferritin was localized only in the GBM and the mesangial matrix. The regular distribution of cationized ferritin within the laminae rarae (approximately 60 nm intervals) was taken as evidence of the presence of anionic binding sites. Cationized ferritin did not bind to the glomerular capillary endothelium, nor was any of it localized at the base of the slit diaphragms of the foot processes of the podocytes. The distribution of binding sites in the GBM of these fishes is similar to that in another teleost, the winter flounder, and in a cyclostome, the hagfish. PMID- 3757014 TI - Dye coupling in the organ of Corti. AB - Dye-coupling in an in vitro preparation of the supporting cells of the guinea-pig organ of Corti was evaluated by use of the fluorescent dyes, Lucifer Yellow, fluorescein and 6 carboxyfluorescein. Despite the presence of good electrical coupling in Hensen cells (coupling ratios greater than 0.6) the spread of Lucifer yellow was inconsistent. Hensen cells are very susceptible to photoinactivation, i.e., cell injury upon illumination of intracellular dye; and this in conjunction with Lucifer Yellow's charge and K+-induced precipitability may account for its variability of spread. Fluorescein and 6 carboxyfluorescein, on the other hand, spread more readily and to a greater extent than Lucifer Yellow, often spreading to cell types other than those of Hensen. Dye spread is rapid, occurring within a few minutes. These results suggest that molecules of metabolic importance also may be shared by the supporting cells of the organ of Corti. PMID- 3757015 TI - An immuno-electron-microscopic study of the localization of VIP-like immunoreactivity in the adrenal gland of the rat. AB - VIP-like immunoreactivity was revealed in a few chromaffin cells, medullary ganglion cells and a plexus of varicose nerve fibers in the superficial cortex and single varicose fibers in the juxtamedullary cortex and the medulla of the rat adrenal gland. VIP-like immunoreactive chromaffin cells were polygonal in shape without any distinct cytoplasmic processes and they appeared solitarily. Their cytoplasm contained abundant granular vesicles having a round core and the immunoreactive material was localized to the granular core. VIP-immunoreactive ganglion cells were multipolar and had large intracytoplasmic vacuoles. The immunoreactive material was localized not only in a few granular vesicles but also diffusely throughout the axoplasm. VIP-immunoreactive varicose nerve fibers in the superficial cortex were characterized by abundant small clear vesicles and some large granular vesicles, while those in the juxtamedullary cortex and medulla and the ganglionic processes were characterized by abundant large clear vesicles, as well as the same vesicular elements as contained in the nerves in the superficial cortex. The immunoreactive material was localized on the granular cores and diffusely in the axoplasm in both nerves. Based on the similarity and difference in the composition of the vesicles contained in individual nerves, it is likely that the VIP-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the medulla and the juxtamedullary cortex are derived from the medullary VIP-ganglion cells, while those in the superficial cortex are of extrinsic origin. The immunoreactive nerve fibers in both the cortex and the medulla were often in direct contact with cortical cells and chromaffin cells, where no membrane specializations were formed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3757016 TI - Intragranular vesicles: new organelles in the secretory granules of adrenal chromaffin cells. AB - Chromaffin granules from bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin cells have been found to contain small vesicular structures bounded by unit membranes. Detection of these intragranular vesicles within intact cells requires the use of quick freezing methods. The intragranular vesicles are labile to fixation by aldehydes which explains why they have not been described in intact cells until now. They are found in approximately 60% of the dense-core chromaffin granules in cells and 85% of isolated granules. They are usually clustered in groups of one to as many as five between the core and the inner surface of the granule membrane. The intragranular vesicles are independent vesicles in that they do not appear as simple invaginations of the granule membrane in either serial thin-section or freeze-etch views. Furthermore, they are released from the cell along with granule contents during nicotine-induced secretion of catecholamines. The structural heterogeneity provided by the intragranular vesicles may be related to the functional heterogeneity of granule contents observed in many recent biochemical studies. PMID- 3757017 TI - An ultrastructural study of embryonic chick retinal neurons in culture. AB - The differentiation of cells and synapses in explants of 9-day-old chick embryo retina has been studied by light and electron microscopy over a period of 35 days in vitro, and samples of retina from the 9-day chick foetus were directly fixed and prepared for study. At the time of explantation the retinae were poorly differentiated and no lamination was apparent. From day 14 onwards, outer and inner nuclear layers (ONL, INL) separated by a layer of neuropil corresponding to the outer plexiform layer (OPL) and a layer of scattered large ganglion cells separated from the INL by a zone of neuropil resembling the inner plexiform layer (IPL) were apparent, and a well-differentiated outer limiting membrane was established close to the surface of the explants. In the oldest cultures some development of photoreceptor outer segments occurred but a distinct optic nerve fibre layer did not form. Although cell identification presented problems even in the oldest cultures, the major retinal cell types described in vivo could be identified. Photoreceptor cells developed pedicles in the OPL which became filled with synaptic vesicles and synaptic ribbons and established ribbon synapses (including triads) with and were commonly invaginated by processes from horizontal and bipolar cells. Processes of bipolar cells in the IPL formed simple and dyad synapses. At least two types of presynaptic amacrine cells were also identified in the INL, one of which contained large numbers of dense-core vesicles. The ganglion cells, though sparse, were large and well differentiated. These findings show that all the major neuronal types of the retina are capable of developing and differentiating in vitro, lagging behind the time-table of development and differentiation in vivo by approximately 7 days, but resulting in a histotypically organised retina with synaptic neuropil showing many similarities to the corresponding neuropil in vivo. PMID- 3757019 TI - Is mucus involved in biocrystallization? Study of the intestinal mucus of the sea water eel Anguilla anguilla L. AB - Freeze-dried intestinal mucus of sea-water-adapted eels was analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray microanalysis. Calcite crystals were observed in the mucus fibres; their concentration increased along the hindgut. Random SEM observations made in situ indicated that mucus fibres were involved in the genesis of these crystals. Calcium-rich mucus globules were found fused inside crystal matrices. Single typical rhombohedric crystals of various complexity appeared within the mucus framework. The steps of crystal biogenesis were reconstituted in in-vitro conditions. PMID- 3757018 TI - Lectin cytochemical evaluation of somatosensory neurons and their peripheral and central processes in rat and man. AB - Paraffin sections of the trigeminal nerve root of the rat, and human spinal nerve root and trigeminal ganglion were stained with a battery of lectin-horseradish peroxidase conjugates to localize and characterize glycoconjugate (GC) in situ. In the rat the myelin sheath of the peripheral segment contained GC with sialic acid most probably linked to the penultinate disaccharide galactose-(beta 1----4) N-acetylglucosamine (Gal(beta 1----)-GlcNAc), and complex type N-glycosidic side chains. The myelin sheath in the central segment differed in containing little if any of the GC named above and in containing GC with terminal beta-Gal linked to N acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), terminal GalNAc and fucose. Schwann cells stained for GC with GlcNAc or mannose whereas oligodendroglia stained for GC with the terminal disaccharide Gal-(beta 1----3)-GalNAc and N-glycosidic side chains, especially in presumed Golgi zones, but also in processes continued as the outer myelin sheath. The human myelin sheath in the central segment differed from that of the rat in not staining with lectins specific for fucose and terminal GalNAc. Sialic acid and terminal beta-Gal were seen in the human central segment but these sugars appeared to bind to astroglial structures rather than to the myelin sheath as in the rat. Astrocytes in both rat and man were stained by two fucose binding lectins. Several lectins revealed affinity for GC in the neurilemmal sheath, and staining of this structure was stronger in the human specimens. Neurons in the human trigeminal ganglion ranged from unstained to strongly positive for fucoconjugate in cytoplasmic bodies and plasmalemma. Positive ganglion cells gave rise to unmyelinated fibers which also stained for fucoconjugate. Remak fibers and their extensions into the substantia gelatinosa of the human spinal cord stained strongly for content of fucose. The stronger lectin affinity for N-glycosidic core sugars in the peripheral as compared with the central segment suggests that lectins localize Po protein in peripheral myelin. The reactivity for several sugars in the central segment can possibly be attributed to myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) of central myelin, but lectin staining for GalNAc shows in addition a biochemically unrecognized GC with O glycosidic linked oligosaccharides in myelin. The lectin cytochemistry indicates that the 170 K Dalton glycoprotein with PNA affinity obtained from rat sciatic nerves occurs in nodes of Ranvier. PMID- 3757020 TI - Concanavalin A-binding glycoproteins in the subcommissural and the pineal organ of the sheep (Ovis aries). A fluorescence-microscopic and electrophoretic study. AB - Glycoproteins rich in mannosyl or glucosyl residues were analyzed in the subcommissural organ (SCO) and the pineal organ of the sheep (Ovis aries). By use of concanavalin A labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate, fluorescent material was found both in ependymal and hypendymal cells of the SCO. In the pineal organ, either isolated or grouped parenchymal cells showed a marked fluorescence. These cells may correspond to ependymal elements also called "interstitial cells" or "supporting cells". In addition, scarce slender, fluorescent processes were observed in the pineal parenchyma. The techniques of electrophoresis and electrotransfer on nitrocellulose paper have been applied to analyze the glycopeptide content of the SCO and the pineal organ in comparison to cerebellar and cerebral fractions solubilized by use of Triton X 100. Approximately 30 different concanavalin A-reactive glycopeptides were revealed in each fraction. In the SCO extract four glycopeptides (30, 54, 72, 100 kd) might correspond to subunits of the glycoprotein(s) characteristically stored in the ependymal cells of the SCO. In addition, two glycopeptides (32/33, 115 kd) are specific to the pineal organ extract. The possible similarity of the concanavalin A-reactive material in both organs is discussed and a putative secretory activity of the pineal ependymal cells is postulated. PMID- 3757021 TI - Intercellular cross-linkages between the stereociliary bundles of adjacent hair cells in the guinea pig cochlea. AB - Hair cells of the guinea pig organ of Corti have been examined using high resolution scanning electron microscopy. In addition to the extensive array of cross-links between the stereocilia of individual hair cells which have been reported previously, we have seen examples of attachments between the stereocilia of both adjacent inner and adjacent outer hair cells. The implications of these observations are discussed. PMID- 3757022 TI - Changing trends of congenital heart disease in adults: a catheterization laboratory perspective. AB - Advances in cardiac surgery now enable many children with congenital heart disease (CHD) to survive to adulthood. The influence of such advances on the frequency of various lesions among adult patients undergoing cardiac catheterization (CC) has not previously been addressed. This retrospective analysis of 329 adults with CHD undergoing CC at an adult and at a pediatric referral center demonstrates that when compared to 20 years ago, adults with CHD who now undergo CC are more likely to have complex cardiac disease, and more have had prior surgery. In addition, despite more aggressive surgical management, ventricular dysfunction and dysrhythmias are now commonly encountered residua of CHD in adults who require diagnostic CC. Premature coronary artery disease appears uncommon. These changing characteristics of adults with CHD require consideration in the planning of future health care for these patients. PMID- 3757024 TI - Vertical left ventricular angulation assessed by thallium 201 myocardial perfusion imaging in patients with mitral valve prolapse. AB - Mitral valve prolapse has been associated with septal to aortic root angle abnormalities determined by echocardiography. Thallium 201 imaging in the anterior view permits visualization of the left ventricular long axis. In the present study, the vertical angle was defined as the angle formed by the long axis of the left ventricle and a horizontal line. The vertical angle was determined in 25 patients who had 201 TL stress testing and M-mode echocardiography. Group I (11 patients) had mitral valve prolapse and group II (14 patients) did not have mitral valve prolapse. The vertical angle and ultrasound were read blinded to each other. Height, weight, and body surface area were compared for the two groups, and receiver operator curve analysis performed. Vertical angle measured by TL 201 was significantly more vertical in patients with mitral valve prolapse. Receiver operator curve analysis showed that an angle of greater than 30 degrees successfully identified 9/11 patients with mitral valve prolapse, with a sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 79%. There were no significant differences in height, weight, or body surface area between the two groups. Thus, patients with mitral valve prolapse have more vertically positioned hearts than patients without mitral valve prolapse, independent of body habitus. The different appearance of a vertically oriented heart may contribute to false positive readings of TL 201 images. PMID- 3757023 TI - Quantitative effects of osmotic diuresis following angiographic contrast administration. AB - Osmotic diuresis resulting from the administration of angiographic contrast poses the potential threat of marked volume losses obligated by the renal excretion of non-reabsorbable solute. We prospectively assessed urinary excretion of solute and water following cardiac angiography in 14 euvolemic subjects without preexisting renal disease, by a protocol that allowed each patient to serve as his own control. During the initial 6 h after the beginning of angiography, contrast administration resulted in increased total osmolar excretion from a control rate of 0.79 +/- 0.09 to 1.09 +/- 0.09 mOsm/min (P less than .05) with a return to control values thereafter. Surprisingly, sodium, potassium, and chloride excretion rates did not differ significantly from control values. After subtraction of the molar contribution of electrolytes, urea, and creatinine from the total osmolar excretion rate, it was apparent that the "residual osmolar excretion rate" of 0.48 +/- 0.05 mOsm/min was markedly elevated over the control value of 0.11 +/- 0.05 mOsm/min (P less than .01), reflecting the excretion of contrast agent. Despite the marked osmotic diuresis, urine output during this period (3.9 +/- 0.2 cc/min) did not differ significantly from the control value of 4.0 +/- 0.3 cc/min. We conclude that marked volume losses are not a necessary concomitant of contrast-induced osmotic diuresis in the euvolemic cardiac patient without renal disease. PMID- 3757025 TI - Evaluation of a coronary lysing system: results of a preclinical safety and efficacy study. AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a recently developed transluminal lysing system in the removal of coronary stenotic lesions from a human cadaver heart and in the cannulation of coronaries in the anesthetized dog. The left coronary arteries of three dogs were cannulated on separate occasions, with coronary arteriography and translation of the transluminal lysing system cutter to the distal segments of the coronary vessels performed each time. Proximal and distal coronary pressures were recorded from the guiding catheter and the transluminal lysing system cutter, demonstrating no significant pressure differential and minimal damping. Pathological examination of the dog coronaries after sacrifice demonstrated minor intimal irregularities with no significant thrombosis or vessel perforation. A significant portion of the occlusive stenotic lesions were removed from coronary vessels of a human cadaver heart with subsequent reestablishment of angiographic dye flow to the distal coronary vessels without evidence of debris loss from the transluminal lysing system cutter or the appearance of occlusions in the distal vessels. We conclude that the transluminal lysing system can be introduced into the coronary artery of a living dog on repeated occasions without causing significant coronary damage, coronary occlusive thrombosis, myocardial destruction, morbidity, or mortality; furthermore, occlusive stenotic lesions can be removed from cadaver coronary vessels by the transluminal lysing system with the establishment of angiography patency. PMID- 3757026 TI - New principles for optimum left ventriculography. AB - Left ventriculography has become the single most important procedure in the evaluation of cardiac function. This study reevaluated the refinements of catheter and power injector technology to assess recommendations of past years and establish new principles for optimum ventriculography. Ventriculograms from 102 patients undergoing left heart catheterization and coronary arteriography for coronary, valvular, and myocardial heart disease served as the test sample. Three styles of #7F high-flow 110-cm pigtail catheters were utilized. One had 12 sideholes while the other two had six sideholes positioned nearer the base of the curl. Analysis of ventriculographic quality of each angiogram was performed by three of the authors independently and subsequently together. Five variables were analyzed for their effect on the diagnostic quality of the angiogram: 6-hole catheters, 12-hole catheters, volume of contrast, flow rate, and location of injection. Once these analyses were complete, the effect of combinations of these variables was tested to determine their effect on angiographic quality. The first combination included contrast volume and flow rate. The second combination compared contrast volume and flow rate when utilized with 6- or 12-hole catheters. The third combination tested the 6- and 12-hole catheters in the apex or inflow locations. A multivariate contingency analysis was used to define relationships between the variables and the quality of the angiogram obtained. As independent variables, catheter style, volume of contrast, flow rate, and location of injection did not influence angiographic quality. However, the apex as a location of injection was the single most consistently important determinant of ventricular angiographic quality.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3757027 TI - Percutaneous left brachial catheterization using 5-French preformed (Judkins) catheters. AB - A method is described combining percutaneous brachial catheterization techniques with the use of 5-French (F) preformed (Judkins) catheters. This method was used in 50 patients with one unsuccessful attempt to cannulate the brachial artery. There was one lost pulse requiring surgical thrombectomy but no other cardiac, vascular, or neurologic complications. Two moderately large hematomas occurred, which resolved without sequelae. Manipulation of 5-F Judkins catheters from the left arm was found to be quite acceptable with adequate visualization of the coronary arteries in all cases. We believe this technique to be an excellent alternative to brachial cutdown or transaxillary methods in patients with severe occlusive ileofemoral disease as well as an improved technique for out-patient catheterization. PMID- 3757028 TI - A compensatory base change in U1 snRNA suppresses a 5' splice site mutation. AB - Indirect evidence suggests that the 5' end of U1 snRNA recognizes the 5' splice site in mRNA precursors by complementary base pairing. To test this hypothesis, we asked whether point mutations in the alternative 12S and 13S 5' splice sites of the adenovirus E1A gene can be suppressed by compensatory base changes in human U1 snRNA. When the mutant E1A and U1 genes are contransfected into HeLa cells, we observe efficient suppression of one mutation at position +5 in the 12S splice site, but exceedingly weak suppression of another mutation at position +3 in the 13S splice site. These and other results suggest that base pairing between U1 and the 5' splice site is necessary but not sufficient for the splicing of mRNA precursors. PMID- 3757029 TI - Identification of a 160,000 dalton platelet membrane protein that mediates the initial divalent cation-dependent adhesion of platelets to collagen. AB - Platelets initially adhere to collagen via a divalent cation-dependent process supported by Mg2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, or Co2+ more rapidly and to a greater extent than by previously studied divalent cation-independent mechanisms. Ca2+ not only fails to support adhesion, it is inhibitory. Platelet activation and secretion are not required for adhesion by this mechanism. Monomeric and fibrillar collagens, but not denatured collagen, effectively support divalent cation-dependent adhesion. Types I, III, and IV collagen, but not type V collagen, support adhesion. A platelet surface protein of Mr 160,000, possibly identical with platelet membrane glycoprotein Ia, that binds to collagen with the appropriate divalent cation specificity has been identified and is the likely mediator of the initial divalent cation-dependent adhesion of platelets to collagen. PMID- 3757030 TI - Expression of wild-type and mutant forms of influenza hemagglutinin: the role of folding in intracellular transport. AB - The hemagglutinin of influenza virus is synthesized as a monomeric subunit that is cotranslationally translocated across the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. We show that folding and assembly of hemagglutinin monomers into trimeric structures takes approximately 7-10 min and is completed before the protein leaves the endoplasmic reticulum. Mutants of hemagglutinin that fail to be transported from the endoplasmic reticulum are blocked at different stages of the folding pathway. Unfolded molecules of hemagglutinin are associated with a cellular protein of 77 kd that has been shown previously to bind to IgG heavy chain in the endoplasmic reticulum of certain myelomas. We discuss why assembly of native structures is required for transport of proteins through the exocytotic pathway. PMID- 3757031 TI - Transcription of vaccinia virus early genes by enzymes isolated from vaccinia virions terminates downstream of a regulatory sequence. AB - We describe an in vitro transcription system in which the polyadenylated 3' ends of vaccinia virus mRNAs are formed by termination downstream of a regulatory signal. When linear DNA templates containing vaccinia early genes were incubated with soluble enzymes extracted from vaccinia virions, mature-size mRNAs were synthesized within 1 min, whereas longer run-off transcripts were not detected until later. Deleting a series of thymidylate residues located downstream of the coding region abolished termination. The 3' ends of the transcripts formed heterogeneously, between 50 and 70 nucleotides past the T-rich termination signal, in either viral- or vector-derived sequences. Polyadenylation of the transcripts occurred without regard to the terminal sequence and was inhibited by adding exogenous RNA. Although exogenous RNAs were also polyadenylated, processing of 3' ends was not observed. PMID- 3757032 TI - A CCAAT box confers cell-type-specific regulation on the Xenopus hsp70 gene in oocytes. AB - The Xenopus hsp70 gene is transiently heat-inducible in somatic cells; in injected oocytes, it is efficiently expressed without heat shock. I show here that this cell-type-specific and gene-specific activation is dependent on the presence of a heat shock regulatory element (HSE) and a CCAAT box in the hsp70 promoter; neither element by itself is sufficient for full activation. The same promoter elements are also required for heat inducibility in somatic cells. I propose that CAAT-binding transcription factor (CTF) interacts with heat shock transcription factor (HSTF), thereby enhancing the affinity of HSTF for the promoter; cell-type specificity could be explained by assuming either oocyte specific forms or oocyte-specific high levels of CTF and/or HSTF. PMID- 3757033 TI - The pattern of actin expression in human fibroblast x mouse muscle heterokaryons suggests that human muscle regulatory factors are produced. AB - The expression of previously dormant human muscle genes encoding two major components of the contractile apparatus was activated in multinucleated heterokaryons formed by the fusion of mouse muscle cells and human fibroblasts. The accumulation of human and mouse alpha-cardiac and alpha-skeletal actin transcripts was compared by Northern blot, slot blot, and S1 nuclease assays. The pattern of human transcript accumulation in heterokaryons was quite distinct from that in the mouse muscle cells that induced it, and strikingly similar in time course and relative amounts to that in human primary muscle cultures. In addition, the usual decline in the level of mouse alpha-cardiac actin transcripts was not observed; instead, after fusion with human fibroblasts the levels increased. Our findings suggest that the activated human nuclei in heterokaryons produce their own muscle regulatory factors that alter the expression of mouse muscle genes and direct the expression of the human muscle phenotype. PMID- 3757034 TI - Evidence in favor of the symbiotic origin of chloroplasts: primary structure and evolution of tobacco glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases. AB - We report nucleotide sequences of cDNAs for the nuclear genes encoding chloroplast (GapA and GapB) and cytosolic (GapC) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases (GAPDH) from N. tabacum. Comparison of nucleotide sequences indicates that the GapA and GapB genes evolved following duplication of an ancestral gene about 450 million years ago. However, the divergence of GapA/B and GapC occurred much earlier in evolution than the divergence of GapC and GAPDH genes of animals and fungi, suggesting that chloroplast and cytosolic GAPDHs evolved from different lineages. Comparison of amino acid sequences shows that the chloroplast GAPDHs are related to GAPDHs found in thermophilic bacteria, while the cytosolic GAPDH is related to the GAPDH found in mesophilic prokaryotes. These results strongly support the symbiotic origin of chloroplasts. PMID- 3757035 TI - Multiple self-splicing introns in bacteriophage T4: evidence from autocatalytic GTP labeling of RNA in vitro. AB - RNA from T4-infected cells yielded multiple end-labeled species when incubated with alpha-32P-GTP under self-splicing conditions. One of these corresponds to the previously identified intron from the td gene of T4, while others appear to represent additional group I introns in T4. Two loci distinct from the td gene were found to hybridize to a mixed alpha-32P-GTP-labeled T4 RNA probe. These mapped in or near the unlinked genes nrdB and nrdC. A fragment from the nrdB region that contains the intron has been cloned and shown to generate characteristic group I splice products with RNA synthesized in vivo and in vitro. Multiple introns, and the prospect that these occur within several genes in the same metabolic pathway, suggest a possible regulatory role for splicing in T4. PMID- 3757036 TI - A tissue culture system supporting cartilage cell differentiation, extracellular mineralization, and subsequent bone formation, using mouse condylar progenitor cells. AB - Undifferentiated progenitor cells of mandibular condyles of neonatal mice were kept in a tissue culture system for up to 9 days. After 2 days in culture, new chondroblasts developed within the explants, whereas the peripheries of the latter were occupied by undifferentiated cells undergoing mitosis. By 4 days in culture, many of the cartilage cells showed signs of hypertrophy, while the matrix revealed positive reactivity for type II collagen and matrix metachromasia. The process of maturation of cartilage cells appeared to have reached its final stages after 6 days in culture, at a time when the initial loci of matrix mineralization could be easily identified. Concomitantly, peripheral areas bordering the cartilaginous core, as well as portions of the cartilage, reacted positively for type I collagen and fibronectin. Light microscopy examination showed signs of new bone formation after 9 days in culture. The extracellular matrix at the upper portion of the explant, facing the medium-air interface, reacted intensely with antibodies against type I collagen and fibronectin, but not with antibodies against type II collagen. Further, the newly formed osteoid was found to have undergone mineralization, thus forming an expanded layer of new bony tissue. A close spatial association was found between mature, mineralized cartilage and new bone. Hence, we hereby introduce a new in vitro system serving as an experimental model for studies related to the differentiation of progenitor cells into chondroblasts, which in turn promote ossification. PMID- 3757037 TI - Histones and histone acetylation during the embryonic development of Drosophila hydei. AB - Histones and histone acetylation have been investigated during three stages of Drosophila hydei embryogenesis--early gastrula, late gastrula and organogenesis. No essential changes in the electrophoretic pattern of the histones have been revealed during the stages examined. However, we established an enhanced level of [14C]acetate incorporation at the time of extensive gene activation during gastrulation as well as some quantitative differences in the pattern of acetylation during gastrula and organogenesis. We consider most of them to be related to chromatin assembly during the stage of gastrulation and suggest that the correlation between histone acetylation and gene activity during Drosophila embryogenesis concerns histone H3 acetylation. The involvement of both acetylation and deacetylation in the steady-state acetylation level has been examined as well. We have found that the higher acetyltransferase activity is responsible for the enhanced level of acetate incorporation during gastrulation. PMID- 3757038 TI - Formation of organoid structures and extracellular matrix production in an intestinal epithelial cell line during long-term in vitro culture. AB - During the long-term in vitro maintenance of an epithelial cell line established from rat duodenum (IEC-17) we have observed progressive morphological changes which, after approximately 4-5 months in culture, led to a loss of substrate adherence and to the formation of organoid structures characterized by organized layers of cells separated by continuous extracellular-like material and delimiting close lumina. The cells exhibited a defined polarity with deposition of extracellular matrix components on one side and development of microvilli on the opposite surface. The morphological changes observed did not appear to be the expression of spontaneous transformation since the cells retained a normal diploid rat karyotype and did not grow in soft agar. In this report we present the optical and electron microscopical characterization of the progressive organotypic differentiation of the cell line. Further studies are currently in progress to characterize the extracellular matrix during the process of differentiation. PMID- 3757039 TI - Studies on the mechanism of blastula formation in starfish embryos denuded of fertilization membrane. AB - A starfish egg, denuded of the fertilization membrane and placed on a glass surface, becomes a cell monolayer after several cleavages. This sheet of cells folds and forms a hollow sphere resembling a normal blastula at the 2(9)-2(10) cell stage ('closing movement'). A marked morphological change was observed in each cell, preceding the closing movement. The surface of each blastomere differentiated into two parts: one was smooth, whereas the other was rough with microvilli. The smooth surface was more adhesive and flexible than the rough surface, suggesting that the closing movement may be driven by a local increase in cell adhesiveness. PMID- 3757040 TI - Influence of cytochalasin B on oocyte maturation in Xenopus laevis. AB - Cytochalasin B (CB) exerts an inhibiting effect on the formation, migration and anchoring in the cortex of the meiotic spindle in maturing Xenopus laevis oocytes. Regional sensitivity to CB (CB-sensitive zones) has been found in the oocytes which varies with reference to the stage of oocyte maturation at which CB is applied. Light and electron microscopy has shown that in these CB-sensitive zones the yolk and pigment granules, unlike the cortical ones, are displaced into the cytoplasm centripetally under the influence of CB. PMID- 3757041 TI - Covalent coupling of neuralizing factors from Xenopus to Sepharose beads: no decrease of inducing activity. AB - Two neural inducing factors extracted from Xenopus gastrulae, a basic protein from ribonucleoprotein particles and an acidic protein from the high speed supernatant were covalently bound to CNBr-Sepharose or cross-linked CNBr Sepharose particles. The protein-Sepharose complexes cannot be taken up by the competent ectoderm cells, but both factors remain fully active. The inducing activity is not due to a release of the bound factors. The experiments suggest that both neural inducing factors act on the cell surface of the competent ectoderm cells. PMID- 3757042 TI - Characteristics of cellular immune responses to collagen type I or collagen type II. AB - We have examined the murine cell-mediated immune (CMI) response to collagens type I (CI) and type II (CII) as measured by in vivo delayed-type hypersensitivity responses. We have verified the histopathology and kinetics of the cell-mediated immune responses. Predominant cell-mediated responses were obtained 7, 10, or 14 days following immunization. A presumed antibody-mediated reaction was observed at later times (e.g., greater than 21 days following immunization). The CMI responses to the collagens show a strain-dependent relationship. For CI, the CMI response profile shows H-2b greater than or equal to H-2k = H-2q much greater than H-2d. For bovine CII, the response profile is H-2d greater than H-2b = H-2k = H-2q; the chick CII response profile is H-2q = H-2k greater than H-2b = H-2d, and in limited testing, only the H-2q strain could generate murine CII-specific cell-mediated immune responses. The CII-specific CMI response is cross-reactive with CII from several species of animals, but not with CI. Further, the collagen specific CMI response can be elicited with certain cyanogen-bromide fragments of bovine CII. Finally, our study also demonstrates that there is a non-H-2-linked locus(i) involved in the development of CII-induced arthritis. PMID- 3757043 TI - Induction of tumor cell resistance to macrophage-mediated lysis by phorbol esters: a postbinding event. AB - Activated macrophages can recognize, bind to, and lyse tumor cells in an antibody independent manner. We have found that tumor cells pretreated with phorbol esters are markedly less susceptible to macrophage-mediated cytolysis, although the initial binding step is unaffected. Tumor cells preincubated with tumor-promoting phorbol esters (10(-8)-10(-6) M) were rendered resistant to macrophage kill whereas non-tumor-promoting derivatives were inactive in protecting tumor cells against cytolysis. Inhibition of [3H]phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate binding by other phorbol esters correlated with their potency as tumor promoters and their ability to render tumor cells resistant to macrophage killing. The role of protein kinase C as the receptor to phorbol esters was implicated by inhibition of PDBu binding by phenothiazine derivatives. This suggests a possible mechanism for the resistance of phorbol ester-treated tumor cells to macrophage-mediated cytolysis. PMID- 3757044 TI - The phylogeny of macrophage function: antigen uptake and degradation by peritoneal exudate cells of two amphibian species and CAF1 mice. AB - Equal numbers of thioglycollate mobilized peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) of the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens, the South African clawed toad, Xenopus laevis, and CAF1 mice were compared with respect to their capacity to take up and degrade soluble 14C-ovalbumin (OVA). PEC of the newt failed to take up the labeled antigen, while those of the toad incorporated only one-half as much as those of the mice. Moreover, the toad PEC degraded only 42% of the immunogen which was taken up, while PEC of the mice degraded 78% of the immunogen they had ingested during the 60-min period. Paraformaldehyde treatment of the PEC prevented antigen uptake, while chloroquine treatment prevented degradation with both species, and thus, active processes were involved. While newt PEC were unable to ingest soluble OVA, they were able to ingest and degrade OVA conjugated to sepharose during the same time period. The failure of primitive vertebrates to respond immunologically to soluble proteins appears to be due to their failure to ingest soluble immunogen. PMID- 3757045 TI - Calcium fluxes and calmodulin inhibitors in macrophage activation. PMID- 3757046 TI - Spontaneous aggregation as a mechanism for human monocyte purification. AB - A previously unreported property of human mononuclear phagocytes is the ability of these cells to spontaneously aggregate. Fresh mononuclear cells obtained after plateletpheresis were noted to spontaneously form large cellular aggregates. Dual parameter immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that the aggregating cells were positive for the monocyte marker CD11 (complement receptor, type 3) but were negative for the lymphocyte marker CD3 (T3 antigen). In addition, less than 5% of the nonaggregating cells were CD11+, suggesting that almost all CD11+ cells aggregated. Cellular aggregates were independent of cell concentration and formed more efficiently at 4 degrees C than at either 22 or 37 degrees C. Based on these observations, a purification procedure utilizing Ficoll-Hypaque separation, spontaneous aggregation at 4 degrees C, and transient plastic adherence resulted in a sevenfold enrichment of the CD11+ peripheral blood monocytes. Purified monocytes were contaminated with less than 2% CD3 cells. The size, growth, and adherence characteristics as well as cytologic stains indicated that the monocytes were not significantly altered by the purification procedure. Thus, spontaneous aggregation is an efficient and convenient method for the isolation of large numbers of purified monocytes. PMID- 3757047 TI - Population kinetic study of guinea pig monocytes and their subsets during acute inflammation. AB - Guinea pig peripheral blood monocytes exist in four subsets which differ in cytochemistry, function, rates of production, and circulatory time during steady state. These subsets are designated small, intermediate, large, and very large vacuolated monocytes. To address the question as to whether all subsets participate equally in the acute inflammatory response, population kinetics were performed on monocyte subsets isolated by counterflow centrifugation elutriation following a single intravenous pulse of tritiated thymidine given concurrently with an intraperitoneal injection of phytohemagglutinin as phylogistic agent. Inflammation reduced the cell cycle times of the precursors for all monocyte subsets, increasing their production. However, inflammation increased the number of precursors only for large monocytes. In addition, a reserve of exclusively large monocytes existed which appeared in the circulation within 3 hr of inflammation induction. The subsequent loss of large monocytes from the circulation exceeded their production in contrast to all other monocyte fractions. Over 92% of all monocytes entering the acute inflammatory site were large monocytes despite the fact that they constituted only 58% of monocytes under steady state conditions. Small, intermediate, and very large vacuolated monocytes were only minor participants in the acute inflammatory response. These results indicate heterogeneity in the monocyte subset response to acute inflammation. PMID- 3757048 TI - Modification of the murine immune system by glucocorticosteroids: alterations of the tissue localization properties of circulating lymphocytes. AB - Glucocorticosteroids have proven capable of suppressing both developing and ongoing immune responses via mechanisms that are not fully understood. Most investigations into the mechanisms of glucocorticosteroid-mediated immunosuppression have examined the direct effects of these agents on the lymphocyte itself. In this paper, we have analyzed the effects of glucocorticosteroids on the lymphocyte receptive capacity of lymph nodes and bone marrow in mice. These effects appear to be mediated via reversible changes in the capacity of steroid-treated vascular endothelial cells to interact with normal lymphocytes, and are both dose and time dependent. The most striking effects on lymphocyte localization were observed in mice given microgram quantities of glucocorticosteroids over a 6-day period via a continual release pellet. The direct exposure of lymphocytes to these drugs in vitro was shown to have no effect on their subsequent localization potential in vivo. Further studies revealed that the ability of antigen-sensitized effector lymphocytes to localize into sites of antigen deposition was also markedly depressed in mice pretreated with glucocorticosteroids. Therefore, steroids also appear to have effects on tissue associated endothelial cells which prevent the localization of sensitized effector lymphocytes into sites of active inflammation. Our observations have potential clinical implications, both in understanding the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticosteroids more fully, as well as suggesting that low-dose continual-release steroid administration may result in enhanced immunosuppression. PMID- 3757049 TI - The congenic mutant B6.C-H-2bm-1 (H-2bm-1) serological response to the T-cell receptor on EL4. AB - Antisera reactive with the C57Bl lymphoma EL4 were induced by hyperimmunization of B6.C-H-2bm-1 (H-2bm-1) mice, a congenic mutant strain of C57Bl/6 (B6). Molecular weight determinations of EL4 surface structures detected with the congenic mutant antibodies were accomplished by electrophoretic analyses (one and two dimensions) on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels (SDS-PAGE). Analysis of immunoprecipitates in the first dimension under reducing conditions revealed protein bands corresponding to gp 70 and its 33-kDa cleavage fragment, and two-three bands (40-45 kDa) that overlapped with those precipitated from EL4 with AS 8177, an antiserum which detects framework determinants on the T-cell heterodimeric receptor. Further analysis by diagonal electrophoresis confirmed identity of the 40- to 45-kDa proteins precipitated from EL4 with either AS 8177 or H-2bm-1 anti-EL4 sera. Additional diagonal electrophoretic studies showed that the congenic mutant antibodies do not precipitate T-cell receptor molecules from C6VL, an in vitro line derived from the C6XL T-cell lymphoma of C57Bl/ka origin, which was previously shown by some of us to express the heterodimeric T-cell receptor. Together these results demonstrate detection of the heterodimeric T cell receptor on EL4 with congenic mutant antibodies directed against nonconstant region determinant(s), and indicate a possible linkage between MHC haplotype and the immune response to intraspecies variable regions of the T-cell receptor. PMID- 3757050 TI - Delayed-type hypersensitivity to Babesia microti-infected erythrocytes in mice. AB - Strong delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to Babesia microti was elicited when intraerythrocytic parasites (IEP) were inoculated subcutaneously into the flank of normal mice 6 to 14 days before challenge in the ipsilateral footpad with 10(8) IEP. Intraperitoneal or intravenous administration of antigen did not sensitize mice for DTH. When challenge was given 21 days after immunization, the response was approximately half of the maximum and then rose again slowly over the next 3 weeks to levels that were not significantly different from those maximal values. The response was similar in seven strains of mice, regardless of sex. The response was classified as a true DTH reaction on the basis of kinetics, histology, and the transfer of responsiveness with immune T lymphocytes of the Ly 1+ phenotype, but not with serum. The reaction was specific for IEP since control groups given two injections of red blood cells from uninfected syngeneic mice (NRBC) or one injection of NRBC or sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and one of IEP never developed significant footpad swelling. Freed parasites obtained by osmotic rupture, density gradient sedimentation, and lethally irradiated IEP were also effective for elicitation of DTH. Anti-IEP DTH was expressed in a dose-dependent fashion with 10(6), 10(7), or 10(8) parasites sufficing for immunizing inoculum as long as 10(8) parasites were used as the challenge dose. Mice immunized and challenged with 10(8) lethally irradiated IEP (60 krad, 60Co), were protected against subsequent intraperitoneal challenge with 10(8) viable IEP. If mice were infected intraperitoneally with 10(8) IEP at any time between 21 days before immunization to 2 hr after challenge, their ability to respond to immunization and challenge was profoundly depressed. These data suggest that development of a strong anti-parasite DTH response can occur in parallel with resistance to infection, but is not a rapid sequela of bloodborne infection. PMID- 3757051 TI - Glucocorticoid receptors and corticosensitivity in the human monocytic cell line CM-S: changes during phorbol ester-induced differentiation. AB - CM-S is a line of human precursor mononuclear phagocytes inducible to macrophage differentiation in response to the tumor promoter phorbol ester 12-O tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Untreated CM-S cells expressed a single class of high-affinity (KD = 4.5 +/- 2.3 nM) glucocorticoid receptor sites (GCr) (27,530 +/- 3752 sites/cell) as measured by a whole-cell assay at 37 degrees C using [3H]triamcinolone acetonide as tracer, while CM-S cells induced to macrophage differentiation by 10(-7) M TPA showed reduced levels of GCr (10,729 +/- 2135 sites/cell). Kinetic studies indicated that this reduction was progressive, reaching about 34% of the original value 96 hr after TPA addition. The GCr in untreated and TPA-induced cells were similar in their specificity for corticosteroids. In the precursor cell population dexamethasone enhanced both the rate of protein synthesis and the production of autostimulatory growth factor(s), while in TPA-induced cells it inhibited the rate of protein synthesis in a dose dependent manner. Our data with the CM-S cell line thus suggest that in the monocytic cell line lineage both the number of GCr and the cell response to glucocorticoids depend on the degree of cell maturation. PMID- 3757052 TI - Antibody enhances lymphocyte proliferation in guinea pigs immunized to express cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity. AB - Lymphocytes from HSA-sensitized guinea pigs expressing cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) proliferate in the presence of specific antigen. We report that this proliferative response is enhanced by the addition of anti-HSA antibody, either in the form of whole immune serum or as purified antibody. The enhancement was characterized as a marked shift of the antigen dose-response curve such that significant [3H]thymidine incorporation was observed at antigen concentrations much lower than those eliciting a comparable response in the absence of immune serum. Enhancement was antigen specific and required an intact immunoglobulin molecule. Antibodies capable of enhancing antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation could be isolated from serum by affinity chromatography as early as 7 days after sensitization and were also evident in sera obtained at later intervals. It is unlikely that such antibodies account for the progressive decline of CBH reactivity and they may actually influence its initial expression. PMID- 3757053 TI - Population kinetic study on the origin of guinea pig monocyte heterogeneity. AB - Population kinetic studies were performed on guinea pig peripheral blood monocyte fractions isolated by counter-flow centrifugation elutriation following a single in vivo pulse of tritiated thymidine. Labeled large monocytes (volume 317 micron3; relative distribution 49%; circulating half-life 5.7 hr; and production rate 17,000 cells/ml blood/hr) accumulated in the circulation more rapidly, had a faster turnover time, and were produced in greater numbers than small monocytes (volume 283 micron3; relative distribution 34%; circulating half-life 10.8 hr; and production rate of 6100 cells/ml blood/hr). The kinetic data do not support a maturational sequence of small into large monocytes. Intermediate monocytes (volume 300 micron3; relative distribution 11%; circulating half-life 18.2 hr) and very large monocytes (volume 354 micron3; relative distribution 6%; circulating half-life 36.5 hr) had production rates, respectively, of only 1200 and 320 cells/ml blood/hr. Maxima in the labeling index curve for small and large monocytes suggested a generation time of 24 hr while grain count analysis revealed that these two cell fractions were derived from a precursor population with similar numbers of reductive divisions. Grain count analysis of intermediate and very large monocytes revealed that these cells differed from both small and large monocytes. Our data support the concept that monocyte subsets exist in guinea pig peripheral blood with different kinetics of production and survival. PMID- 3757054 TI - Activated human lymphocytes secrete a soluble factor that aggregates leukocytes. AB - Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes can be activated by various inflammatory stimuli to display increased cell aggregation which is potentially an important pathogenetic mechanism. This study describes a soluble factor produced by concanavalian A-stimulated lymphocytes that causes human leukocytes to aggregate. This factor could be assayed quantitatively by measuring the light absorbance of polynuclear leukocyte suspension using a spectrophotometer. The lymphokine involved, namely the leukocyte aggregating factor (LAgF) was released by non pulse exposure to the mitogen for up to 72 hr with a maximum at 48 hr. LAgF was characterized by Sephadex gel filtration, chromatofocusing, enzymatic and chemical treatment. Sephadex G 100 gel filtration showed LAgF activity in a molecular range of 40,000-65,000. Chromatofocusing of culture supernatant showed LAgF in a single broad peak (4.8-5.4) with a maximum activity at pI 5.2. Human LAgF was heat sensitive, inactivated by treatment with chymotrypsin, and not affected by neuraminidase. Activity was partially recovered from the supernatant after protein precipitation with 1 M perchloric acid and not destroyed by 0.02 M sodium periodate. These findings characterize LAgF as a protein. These data suggest that LAgF is not different from leukocyte inhibiting factor by virtue of its size and physiological properties. PMID- 3757055 TI - Studies of tolerance in schistosomiasis. AB - We have studied the induction of immune tolerance by exogenous exposure to schistosomal egg antigen (SEA). We compared routes of administration, exposure to different forms of SEA (eggs, normal SEA, reultracentrifuged SEA), and treatment schedules. Tolerance was evaluated in comparison to SEA sensitization, after challenge with SEA or eggs. Anti-SEA responses were measured by ELISA assays, and cell-mediated responsiveness by 24-hr skin tests and pulmonary granuloma formation 8 and 16 days after intravenous egg injection. Oral administration of either SEA in PBS or NaHCO3, or eggs in PBS did not induce tolerance or sensitization. Reultracentrifuged SEA was similar to SEA in inducing cell mediated immune response. Intrathymic exposure to SEA either had no effect or sensitized the animal for subsequent exposure to SEA. Two intraperitoneal injections of 0.5 to 1.0 mg of SEA lead to reduced cell-mediated responses, but resulted in high levels of anti-SEA antibody, suggesting a state of split tolerance or immune deviation. Our studies suggest that with complex, poorly defined antigens such as SEA, many of the classic methods of eliciting tolerance fail. The biologic significance of the form of tolerance inducible by high doses of SEA remains to be defined. PMID- 3757057 TI - About the physiological role of mast cells: is exocytosis a rhythmic event? A study on rat thyroid gland. PMID- 3757056 TI - Analysis of the activation of lymphoid cells by mitogens in vitro with limiting dilution methods: adherent peritoneal cells suppress B-cell activation and synergize with WEHI-3 in the activation of T cells by Con A. AB - Adherent peritoneal cells (APC) have often been used as a pure and effective macrophage population. Using partition analysis and small numbers of lymphoid cells activated by mitogens (concanavalin A for T cells (in the presence of TCGF) and LPS + DxS for B cells) we found that APC were accessory cells for T cell activation and growth but were not effective for B cells. Although APC were effective in assisting T-cell mitogenesis, they were not especially efficient. However, when APC were mixed with irradiated WEHI-3 cells (a tissue culture line previously shown to exhibit accessory cell activity in vitro for mitogenic activation T and B cells), the APC and WEHI-3 showed apparent synergy. One reason for failure of APC to assist B-cell mitogenesis was traced to the presence of a suppressor cell population which overcame the accessory cell help given by irradiated WEHI-3 cells to LPS-DxS stimulated murine B cells. It is thus possible to find "helper" effects (synergy of APC and WEHI-3 assisting the mitogenesis of T cells), as well as suppressor effects within the range of cells found in adherent accessory cells. PMID- 3757058 TI - Different levels of thyroglobulin mRNA in normal and neoplastic human thyroids. PMID- 3757059 TI - Do adult centrioles contain cartwheels and lie at right angles to each other? AB - Adult centrioles are said to lie at right angles and contain a cartwheel structure at the proximal end, but a critical review of the literature reveals no support for either of these claims. The evidence suggests that cartwheels are a feature of procentrioles not adult centrioles, and the orientation between adult centrioles has never been investigated with a convincing degree of accuracy - in the absence of firm data this should remain an open question. PMID- 3757060 TI - The effect of beta,beta'-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) on cytoskeletal organization in cultured human skin fibroblasts. AB - By impairing the axonal transport of neurofilaments, IDPN induces large, filament filled swellings in the proximal portion of axons of spinal motor neurones. We have reported that 2,5-hexanedione, another agent producing focal accumulation of neurofilaments, induces aggregation of intermediate filaments of the vimentin type in human skin fibroblasts grown in tissue culture. IDPN was tested in this model to determine if this chemical also affects a general mechanism involved in cytoplasmic transport of the cytomatrix or a process exclusive to axonal flow of neurofilaments. Although aggregates of intermediate filaments were seen in fibroblasts exposed to IDPN, they did not occur in the absence of generalized cytotoxicity and were labelled by antisera against tubulin, actin and fibronectin in addition to vimentin. It is probable the effect of IDPN on the distribution of intermediate filaments was secondary to changes in cell shape occurring during slow detachment from the substratum. PMID- 3757061 TI - Differentiated retinal Muller glia are ciliated--ultrastructural evidence in the teleost Poecilia reticulata P. AB - It is generally held that the cells in all retinal layers bear a cilium during development but there have been controversial reports as to whether the ciliation of the Muller cell persists after birth. The present study of the developing and fully formed adult eye of the teleost Poecilia reticulata reveals that just prior to the formation of the photoreceptors in the embryonic retina, the Muller cell contains only a diplosome. Throughout development the diplosome is seen to migrate apically, always juxtaposed to many microtubules. When the photoreceptors are differentiated and capable of photomechanical movement, the Muller cell in Poecilia bears a cilium situated vitreally to the external limiting membrane. The cilium persists in juvenile and adult retinae in both the light- and dark-adapted state. The functional significance of the cilium in the Muller cell is presently unknown. PMID- 3757062 TI - Role of albumin for the cholesterol transport and on the steroidogenic pathways in serum-free medium newborn rat adrenocortical cell cultures. AB - [3,4-13C]cholesterol-albumin complex incubated in serum-free medium allowed to evaluate quantitatively the transfer of cholesterol in newborn rat adrenocortical cultured cells, its accumulation as free cholesterol or cholesterol esters and its transformation into steroids which were also originated (47%) from intracellular unlabelled cholesterol. Increasing concentrations of albumin up to 5 g/l enhanced the production of total steroids but in the meantime decreased the 21-hydroxylated steroid fraction. Internalization of albumin shown by using [methyl-14C]methylated-albumin as a tracer accounted only for a minor part in the cholesterol uptake but strikingly affected the steroidogenic pathways by favoring the reductive metabolism of progesterone over the corticosteroid biosynthesis. PMID- 3757063 TI - Formation of rough endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear membrane in normal and tumour cells. AB - Paired cisternae have been found in normal and tumour cells both at interphase and mitosis being more common at the latter. It is believed that newly synthesized membranous protein and phospholipid molecules in the cisternae may polymerize spontaneously to form new membranes and as a consequence, multiplication of endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear membrane occur. Thus paired cisternae in interphase and mitotic cells may serve as a centre for the organisation of these two cellular organelles. PMID- 3757064 TI - Ultrastructure of incubated muscles. AB - Morphological changes were observed in the peripheral fibres of both rat and rabbit muscles which had been incubated in vitro. These changes occurred rapidly and indicated that degenerative processes were taking place in these muscles. Consequently the morphological and physiological integrity of rat and rabbit muscles incubated in vitro is called into question. PMID- 3757065 TI - Stimulation of gastric mucus and protein secretion by cytochalasin E in rats. AB - Effects of cytochalasin E on the secretion of mucus and protein were investigated in gastric fistula rats. Direct exposure of the gastric mucosa to cytochalasin E (5-20 micrograms/ml) significantly stimulated the secretory rate of soluble mucus and protein in pentagastrin-stimulated rats. The amount of surface mucus gel was also increased. The stimulatory effect was increased with increased concentrations of cytochalasin. Histological study suggests that the cytochalasin stimulated the release of mucus from the cell. The increase in secretory rate of protein was not due to an increase of pepsin secretion but rather was the consequence of the increase in mucus secretion. PMID- 3757066 TI - The effect of macromolecular conjugates of daunorubicin on nuclear ultrastructure in Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. AB - The effects of free and conjugated daunorubicin on T.b. rhodesiense in vitro are described. Free drug caused nucleolar lesions ranging from segregation to complete fragmentation. At equimolar concentrations a soluble bovine serum albumin conjugate with a stable succinyl linkage (D-BSAS) produced no ultrastructural lesions whereas a conjugate with a labile glutaraldehyde linkage (D-BSAG) and a conjugate linked to large agarose beads (D-ag) produced similar though less severe lesions than free drug. Polyisobutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles caused trypanosomal lysis both with (D-PICA) and without adsorbed daunorubicin. PMID- 3757067 TI - Experimentally induced modifications in surface morphology of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. AB - Observations with scanning electron microscopy /SEM/ were carried out on Ehrlich ascites tumor /EAT/ cells incubated 2 to 4 h at 37 degrees C in hyperosmotic media in the presence and in the absence of serum. It was found that the cells even if maintain spherical shape show significant differences in the architecture of their surface. A need for control observations with SEM of cell surface morphology in biochemical and biophysical research concerning plasma membrane functions and properties is pointed out. PMID- 3757068 TI - Isospora (Toxoplasma) gondii: induction of sexuality. AB - The role of the stomach and small intestine of cats and of the parasite's rate of multiplication on induction of sexuality in Isospora (Toxoplasma) gondii was studied by injecting cats either with free cystozoites or proliferative parasites directly into the intestinal lumen, after laparotomy. Oocyst production was similar in cats infected orally with cysts or cystozoites and in cats infected by inoculation into the duodenal lumen with free cystozoites, obtained by either mechanical rupture of by in vitro pepsin/HCl digestion of the cyst wall. When free cystozoites were injected into the lumen of the posterior part of the ileum, cats became seropositive but oocyst excretion during the first 4 weeks after infection was very low or absent; nevertheless a solid immunity to oral challenge was acquired in the former case. If no oocysts at all were produced after primary infection, the intestine remained susceptible to challenge, in spite of previous seroconversion. This lack of protective immunity in the presence of serum antibodies was observed in all cats primarily infected by direct injection of proliferative parasites into the duodenal lumen. It is concluded that previous gametogony rather than previous infection and seroconversion provokes local intestinal immunity against the development of sexual stages after oral challenge; the switch to gametogony of cystozoites is not triggered off by the low pH of the stomach but is probably related to their reduced rate of multiplication. PMID- 3757069 TI - Isolation, stages of differentiation, and long term maintenance of adult rat myocytes. AB - Although a variety of techniques have been developed to isolate myocytes from adult hearts, the long term viability of such cells has only recently been investigated. In addition, relatively little is known about the stages of differentiation such cells proceed through following isolation. In the present study myocytes were isolated using two techniques, one involving retrograde perfusion via the aorta, and the other involving mechanical "shearing." In addition, several modifications were made to minimize the trauma normal associated with isolating myocytes from adult hearts. Both techniques yielded a high percentage of rod-shaped, quiescent myocytes, although myocytes isolated using the "shearing" method were less likely to remain viable for more than 24 hours. With both techniques those cells which remained viable for more than 24 hours proceeded through an identical pattern of differentiation leading to stable, attached cells which remained viable for up to four weeks. These results demonstrate that with the appropriate isolation techniques it is possible to maintain adult myocardial cells in culture for lengthy periods of time. PMID- 3757070 TI - Wandering cells in the nephron of the mudskipper Periophthalmus koelreuteri (Pallas). AB - Wandering cells that infiltrate between the principal cells of the nephron of the mudskipper Periophthalmus koelreuteri were examined by transmission electron microscope. These cells were found at various levels between the tubule cells and were more abundant in the proximal and collecting segments. These cells have cytoplasmic processes and large spherical nuclei. Their cytoplasm appears electron dense and contains many lysosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, some mitochondria and Golgi profiles. Their ultrastructural features indicate that they may be phagocytic. PMID- 3757071 TI - Evidence for an interaction between the cell surface and intermediate filaments in cultured fibroblasts. AB - Intermediate filaments (IF) were found in close proximity to the plasma membrane in substrate attached baby hamster kidney cells (BHK-21) and chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) as well as cells removed from their substrate in the absence of trypsin. However, in cells removed with trypsin, it appeared that IF had retracted away from the membrane. In cells with abundant extracellular matrix (ECM), colchicine induced massive cables of IF, which appeared to interact with specialized areas of the inner plasma membrane. In cells lysed to extract most microfilaments and cytoplasmic constituents, the intact IF network which remained was closely associated with the ECM. From these ultrastructural observations it was concluded that IF interact in some way with a "cell membrane complex" defined as comprising the plasma membrane and molecules attached to its inner and outer surfaces. In order to investigate the possibility that components of the membrane complex may co-isolate with IF, native intermediate filaments (NIF) were prepared. In addition to the structural subunits and other associated polypeptides, a approximately 220 kd species which reacted specifically with antibodies directed against the ECM protein fibronectin (FN) was observed; 220 kd was still present after NIF were isolated under pH conditions where FN is more soluble, suggesting that its presence was not simply due to the coprecipitation of two insoluble proteins. Immunofluorescence and immunogold localization confirmed that FN is a component of the cell membrane complex with which IF appeared to interact. PMID- 3757072 TI - Relationship between intermediate filaments and microfilaments in cultured fibroblasts: evidence for common foci during cell spreading. AB - Spreading and fully spread chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) were examined by double label fluorescence microscopy using the actin-specific probe rhodamine-phalloidin and an antibody directed against CEF intermediate filaments (IF). During midspreading, a striking relationship became discernible: statistical analysis showed that approximately half of the cell population exhibited one or more phase dense, phalloidin-binding nodules that appeared to act as foci from which IF diverged. Coincidence between actin-containing structures and IF was not limited to these centers; IF could also frequently be seen running in close parallel arrays with stress fibers. Ultrastructural analysis confirmed the presence of non membrane-bound out-pocketings along the length of stress fibers from which 10-nm IF diverged. These structures varied in size and shape, and displayed a dense, fine fibrillar appearance. IF and microfilaments (MF) were distinguished by size and by decoration of MF with myosin subfragment-1. Other IF-MF interactions were seen in cells of all stages: IF were observed to loop through stress fibers, most frequently at the cell margins. In colchicine-treated cells, IF became redistributed into cables that often ran parallel and appeared to merge with stress fibers. Cytochalasin D-treated CEF exhibited loose aggregates of actin containing material that appeared to be associated with IF. These results suggest the possibility of an interaction between actin-containing structures and IF, particularly during cell spreading in cultured fibroblasts. PMID- 3757073 TI - Malorientation and abnormal segregation of chromosomes during recovery from colcemid and nocodazole. AB - Reversal of meiotic arrest in crane-fly spermatocytes by U. V. irradiation of Colcemid-arrested cells or by rinsing Nocodazole-arrested cells in fresh buffer results in the induction of chromosome malorientation. Malorientations observed among Colcemid-recovering and Nocodazole-recovering spermatocytes at frequencies higher than normally observed in untreated cells included associations of sister kinetochores of half-bivalents with both spindle poles (amphitely), in contrast with associations of sisters with only one pole (syntely) as is usually found during the first meiotic division. In several cases, prior to anaphase onset, maloriented bivalents appeared unusually tilted with respect to the spindle axis, and during anaphase they gave rise to laggard half-bivalents that did not segregate during anaphase along with half-bivalents having proper syntelic orientation. The results parallel previous findings obtained during cold recovery, and the properties of the drugs used here suggest that their action on microtubules, although reversible, induces malorientation during recovery from meiotic arrest. PMID- 3757074 TI - Kinetochore microtubules in crane-fly spermatocytes: untreated, 2 degrees C treated, and 6 degrees C-grown spindles. AB - We investigated the involvement of kinetochore microtubules (kMTs) in mediating chromosome-to-pole connections in crane-fly (Nephrotoma suturalis and Nephrotoma ferruginea) spermatocytes. Two experimental treatments were used to yield spindles with reduced numbers of nonkinetochore microtubules (nkMTs). Short-term (10-15 min) exposure of spermatocytes to 2 degrees C caused depolymerization of the majority of nkMTs, resulting in a kMT:(kMT + nkMT) ratio of 0.76. Long-term (24h) exposure to 2 degrees C followed by recovery at 6 degrees C resulted in a kMT:(kMT + nkMT) ratio of 0.55, the spindle having more nkMTs than a 2 degrees C treated spindle but fewer than an untreated spindle, in which the kMT:(kMT + nkMT) ratio was 0.27. The numbers and lengths of kMTs in 6 degrees C-grown spindles were similar to those in untreated cells, suggesting that the overall inhibition of MT assembly at 6 degrees C apparently did not affect the mechanism by which kMTs are formed. We observed most kMTs of early anaphase spindles to be long (greater than 3 microns), and many extended to the polar regions of the spindle. Thus, the crane-fly spindle appears not to be as atypical as it was previously suggested to be. PMID- 3757075 TI - [The new role of pharmacy service in state health institutes]. PMID- 3757076 TI - [The synthesis and antineoplastic effect of esters of 5-(2-amino-4-oxo-6-alkyl 3,4-dihydropyrimidinyl) pentanoic acids]. PMID- 3757078 TI - [The biological effects of flavonoids]. PMID- 3757077 TI - [Biotransformation study of isofloxythepin in rats]. PMID- 3757079 TI - [Liberation of pilocarpine from therapeutic lenses]. PMID- 3757080 TI - [Treatment of urgency incontinence using the beta-mimetic, clenbuterol]. PMID- 3757081 TI - [Gynecologico-psychologic aspects of artificial menopause]. PMID- 3757082 TI - [Monitoring nosocomial infections in gynecology departments]. PMID- 3757083 TI - [Results of 300 hysterosalpingography examinations in infertile women]. PMID- 3757085 TI - [Possibilities of testing for gestagen activity in clinical experiments]. PMID- 3757084 TI - [Puerperal sepsis]. PMID- 3757086 TI - [Hypnocontraception]. PMID- 3757087 TI - [Status of gynecologic sexology in Slovakia]. PMID- 3757088 TI - [The glycerophosphate cycle and its significance in the regulation of cell metabolism]. PMID- 3757089 TI - [Abstracts. 35th pharmacology meeting. Bratislava, 19-23 June 1985]. PMID- 3757090 TI - [Changes in the sclera after implantation into the anterior chamber of the eye- long-term study]. PMID- 3757091 TI - [Comparison of various modifications of filtering anti-glaucoma operations]. PMID- 3757092 TI - [Padding of the scleral lamella in goniotrepanation by the Fronimopoulos method]. PMID- 3757093 TI - [Glucose infusion as a tonometry loading test in the diagnosis of glaucoma. I]. PMID- 3757094 TI - [Glucose infusion as a tonometry loading test in the diagnosis of glaucoma. II]. PMID- 3757095 TI - [Fluorescence angiography and electroretinography in dialyzed patients after hypertensive neuroretinopathy]. PMID- 3757096 TI - [The fluoroangiography picture of the ocular fundus in gestoses]. PMID- 3757097 TI - [Administration of corticoids in the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity]. PMID- 3757098 TI - [Ophthalmologico-otolaryngologic problems in the treatment of autoimmune diseases]. PMID- 3757099 TI - [Fluorescein angiography of the iris in patients with diabetes]. PMID- 3757100 TI - [47th annual meeting of the Czechoslovak Ophthalmology Society. Olomouc, 6-8 June 1984. Abstracts]. PMID- 3757101 TI - [Long-term experience with mediofixation of the vocal cords]. PMID- 3757102 TI - [Interventional radiology in the treatment of stenosing processes in the esophagus]. PMID- 3757103 TI - [Postactinic changes in the larynx and suspected recurrence of carcinoma after actinotherapy]. PMID- 3757104 TI - [Malignant changes in laryngeal precanceroses]. PMID- 3757105 TI - [Elastic deformities of the temporal bone in injuries of the auditory system]. PMID- 3757106 TI - [Tympanometric findings after acute otitis media in children]. PMID- 3757107 TI - [Inflammatory changes in adenoid vegetations]. PMID- 3757108 TI - [Personal experience with intact bridge mastoidectomy and reconstruction of the lateral wall of the attic]. PMID- 3757109 TI - [A case of necrotic infection in the face]. PMID- 3757110 TI - [Esthesioneuroblastoma in children]. PMID- 3757111 TI - [Acute otitis media in children in ambulatory practice]. PMID- 3757112 TI - [Treatment of tinnitus with phenothiazines]. PMID- 3757113 TI - [Potential errors in the interpretation of results of hearing tests]. PMID- 3757114 TI - [Audiometric and tympanometric findings in secretory otitis media]. PMID- 3757115 TI - [The 17th meeting of the Czechoslovak Communist Party and the status of Czechoslovak neurology]. PMID- 3757116 TI - [The engrammation function of the brain]. PMID- 3757117 TI - [Physiologic and pathologic values of indicators in the stimulation of motor fibers of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel syndrome]. PMID- 3757118 TI - [Hemocoagulation parameters in focal cerebral ischemia]. PMID- 3757119 TI - [Thermal parameters in the eye region during obliteration of the internal carotid artery]. PMID- 3757121 TI - [Psychologic findings in foundry workers after long-term exposure to manganese]. PMID- 3757120 TI - [Neurologic and electromyographic findings in chronic manganese encephalopathy]. PMID- 3757122 TI - [Aneurysms in the vertebrobasilar region]. PMID- 3757123 TI - [The mesencephalic syndrome in severe craniocerebral injuries]. PMID- 3757124 TI - [Sensitive hemitetanic syndrome]. PMID- 3757125 TI - [Results of the major tasks of VII-3-3 "Human development after birth in relation to functionally important body systems", the National Plan for Basic Research 1981-1985]. PMID- 3757126 TI - [Gastric secretion in children]. PMID- 3757127 TI - [Somatometric evaluation of children after surgery of congenital heart defects]. PMID- 3757128 TI - [The side-effects of diazepam administered to the mother at the end of pregnancy on the condition of the neonate]. PMID- 3757129 TI - [Reflexometry of the Achilles tendon and the functional state of the thyroid gland in schoolchildren with emphasis on the determination of the Achilles tendon reflex intervals]. PMID- 3757130 TI - [Home monitoring of blood glucose in pediatric diabetology]. PMID- 3757131 TI - [An epidemic of salmonellosis caused by artificial infant food]. PMID- 3757132 TI - [New findings in the diagnosis of tachydysrhythmias in children]. PMID- 3757133 TI - [Communication of scientific information in pediatrics]. PMID- 3757134 TI - [Prenatal cardiology]. PMID- 3757135 TI - [The development of demographic indicators in 1985 and 1984 (1984--definitive data, 1985--preliminary data)]. PMID- 3757136 TI - [Lakton 1986]. PMID- 3757137 TI - [Modified indicators of stillbirth and infant and neonatal mortality]. PMID- 3757138 TI - [Postoperative short-bowel syndrome in an infant]. PMID- 3757139 TI - [Gastrocolic fistula in a neonate]. PMID- 3757141 TI - [Sex education of schoolchildren in the 8th grade]. PMID- 3757140 TI - [Neurologic manifestations of shigellosis in children]. PMID- 3757142 TI - [Differentiation of children with epileptic seizures]. PMID- 3757143 TI - Modulation by plant flavonoids and related phenolics of microsome catalyzed adduct formation between benzo[a]pyrene and DNA. AB - Twenty-six flavonoids and related compounds were screened for their ability to modulate microsome mediated covalent adduct formation between [3H]benzo[a]pyrene ([3H]BP) and DNA in vitro. Some of these flavonoids, notably robinetin, quercetin, isorhamnetin and kaempferol were observed to inhibit the adduct formation significantly at very low levels. The unsubstituted flavone and some of the other flavonoids moderately inhibited this adduct formation, while some flavonoids were inactive, viz., most of the isoflavonoids and methylether derivatives of polyhydroxylated flavonoids. Structural features contributory towards the inhibitory activity of flavonoids appeared to be hydroxyl groups in 3 position of C ring, 5,7-positions of A ring and 3',4'- and 5'-positions of B ring. Methylation or glycosylation of hydroxyl group rendered the flavonoid less active or inactive. Flavanones, with saturated 2,3 double bond, were also inactive. Metabolic activation of BP to proximate carcinogen (+/-)-trans-7,8 dihydroxy-7,8-dihydro-BP (BP-7,8-dihydrodiol) was also measured in presence of some of these flavonoids. The extent of inhibition of metabolism by these flavonoids did not correlate with their ability to inhibit the adduct formation. Thus, suppression of metabolism did not appear to be a major contributory factor towards inhibition of adduct formation. The solvolysis in aqueous dioxane of (+/ )-7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha,10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-BP (BPDE I), the ultimate carcinogen of BP, was accelerated in presence of selected flavonoids. Inactivation of BPDE I, therefore, appeared to be the major mechanism by which some of these flavonoids inhibited the adduct formation between BP and DNA, and this could be the basis for the anti-carcinogenic nature of these flavonoids. PMID- 3757144 TI - Regioselectivity in rat microsomal metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene: evidence for involvement of two distinct binding sites. AB - The metabolic profile of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) in cumene hydroperoxide-(CHP) dependent reaction by male rat liver microsomes was dependent on CHP concentration. At 0.05 mM CHP, 3-hydroxy-BP was the major metabolite. Increase in CHP reduced 3-hydroxy-BP formation but increased BP quinone formation simultaneously. This change in metabolic profile was reversed by preincubation with pyrene. Pyrene (PY) selectively inhibited quinone formation but enhanced 3 hydroxy-BP formation. Naphthalene (NP) had no effect on BP quinone formation but inhibited BP 3-hydroxylation. Phenanthrene (PA) and benz[a]anthracene (BA) inhibited effectively 3-hydroxy-BP formation but only slightly quinone formation. BP binding to microsomal protein correlated to quinone formation and not BP 3 hydroxylation. BP metabolism by female rat liver microsomes also depended on CHP concentration but was much less efficient than the male. Quinones were consistently predominant metabolites and their formation was also inhibited by pyrene. Our data provide evidence that regioselectivity in BP metabolism involves at least two distinct binding sites. One site recognizes the benzo region of BP in BP 3-hydroxylation and the other recognizes the pyrene region in quinone formation. The different ratios of 3-hydroxy-BP to quinone formation by male and female rat liver microsomes suggest that the two binding sites are probably located at separate cytochrome P-450 isozymes. PMID- 3757145 TI - Metal-induced DNA damage and repair in human diploid fibroblasts and Chinese hamster ovary cells. AB - Cloning efficiency and DNA strand breaks induction were compared in human diploid fibroblasts (HSBP) and chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells treated with various metal salts. Cadmium (Cd2+), nickel (Ni2+) and chromate (Cr2O7) reduced the cloning efficiency of HSBP cells more than that of CHO cells whereas the reverse was true after treatment with mercury (Hg2+), manganese (Mn2+) and cobalt (Co2+). The effects on cloning efficiency did not consistently correlate with DNA strand breaking activity as all metals except Cr(VI) were more effective at producing DNA strand breaks in CHO cells than in human cells. The differential responses of the two cell types was shown to be only partially due to differences in cellular uptake of metals. DNA breaks induced in human cells by Hg2+ and Cr2O7 were shown most likely to be alkaline labile sites rather than true strand breaks since no damage was detected in a nick translation assay which measures the amount of free 3'-OH terminals. Damage induced by Mn2+ and Co2+, however, appeared to be comprised at least in part by true DNA strand breaks. DNA damage was also induced in HSBP cells following treatment with selenium but only in the presence of reduced glutathione. These studies indicate that DNA damage is not as major a consequence following some metal treatments in human cells as it appears to be in rodent cells. This suggests that rodent models for risk estimation of metal induced tumorigenesis may not always be appropriate for extrapolation to humans. PMID- 3757146 TI - New adducts of chloroethylene oxide and chloroacetaldehyde with pyrimidine nucleosides. AB - Pyrimidine nucleosides were treated with chloroethylene oxide (CEO) and 2 chloroacetaldehyde (CAA) in methanol and, following trimethylsilylation, the products were analysed by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Reaction of CEO with 2'-deoxycytidine gave 3,N4-etheno-2'-deoxycytidine and diadduct isomers in which a 1-hydroxy-2-chloroethyl group was substituted for hydrogen on either deoxyribose hydroxyl group. When the N-3-position of 2' deoxycytidine was blocked by a methyl group, CEO or CAA added a 2-chlorovinyl group at the exocyclic N4 amino nitrogen, as evidenced by a pair of cis/trans isomers. Reaction of 3-methylcytidine and CEO also gave the cis/trans 2 chlorovinyl base adducts, as well as six isomers with a 1-hydroxy-2-chloroethyl group attached to ribose and nine isomeric diadducts, which are possibly positional and optical isomers. Although CEO and CAA were less reactive towards uracil in 3-methyluridine than to cytosine in 3-methyl(deoxy)-cytidine, both electrophiles were able to alkylate 3-methyluridine on ribose, yielding 1-hydroxy 2-chloroethyl derivatives. These data suggest that CEO and CAA may also yield non cyclic adducts with cytosine in double-stranded DNA where the N-3 position is of low accessibility. Such adducts are of interest in view of their potential promutagenic properties. The data also imply a new mechanism of reaction of CEO with nucleophiles. PMID- 3757147 TI - The metabolic sulfonation and side-chain oxidation of 3'-hydroxyisosafrole in the mouse and its inactivity as a hepatocarcinogen relative to 1'-hydroxysafrole. AB - The chemically synthesized sulfuric acid esters of 1'-hydroxysafrole and 3' hydroxyisosafrole, 1'-sulfooxysafrole and 3'-sulfooxyisosafrole, respectively, are both strong electrophiles. Each ester reacted with deoxyguanosine (dGuo) in aqueous solution to form both safrol-1'-yl- and isosafrol-3'-yl-deoxyguanosine adducts. Both 1'-hydroxysafrole and 3'-hydroxyisosafrole were also formed from each ester in the presence of water. When either 1'-[3H]hydroxysafrole or 3' [3H]hydroxyisosafrole was incubated with mouse liver cytosols fortified with 3' phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) and RNA, similar levels of RNA- and protein-bound adducts were formed; thus, the hepatic sulfotransferase activities for these two substrates appear to be similar. In contrast, the levels of hepatic nucleic acid and protein adducts formed after administration of 3' [3H]hydroxyisosafrole to mice were only 2-4% and 8-14%, respectively, of those obtained after an equimolar dose of 1'-[3H]hydroxysafrole. Likewise, when 3' hydroxyisosafrole was injected into 12-day-old male B6C3F1 mice at a level of 0.1 or 2.5 mumol/g body wt., the average numbers of hepatomas per mouse (0.2 and 0.4, respectively) were not significantly increased over the average number for mice treated only with the solvent (0.2). By contrast, mice that received 0.1 mumol of 1'-hydroxysafrole/g body wt. developed about 2 hepatomas per mouse. The metabolism of 3'-hydroxyisosafrole in the rat and mouse differed markedly from that of 1'-hydroxysafrole. 3'-Hydroxyisosafrole rapidly underwent side-chain oxidation to yield 3,4-methylenedioxycinnamic acid and 3,4-methylenedioxybenzoic acid. In the first 4 h, 3,4-methylenedioxybenzoyl glycine and 3,4 methylenedioxycinnamoyl glycine, the major urinary metabolites, together accounted for 39% and 63% of the dose administered to rats and mice, respectively. The glucuronide of 3'-hydroxyisosafrole was not detected in the urine, whereas urinary excretion of the glucuronide of 1'-hydroxysafrole at 2 h accounted for approx. 40% of a dose of 1'-hydroxysafrole. PMID- 3757148 TI - Studies on the interaction between antitrypanosome cis-DDP analogs with DNA. AB - The nature of the conformational changes produced in DNA by cis-DDP analogs has been studied by physiochemical techniques. The UV spectra showed that the DNA undergoes bathochromic shifts accompanied by hyperchromic effects in reaction with specific analogs (cis-Pt(DDH) (mucobromic)2, cis-Pt(tranilcypromine)2Cl2 and cis-Pt(DDH) Cl2), while a different series of analogs (cis-Pt(DDH) (metafluorobenzoic)2 and cis-Pt(pentamidine)Cl2) induce a significative decrease in the absorbance at 258 nm. Moreover one of these analogs (cis Pt(pentamidine)Cl2) causes strong stabilization of the double helix to heat denaturation. The CD spectra indicate moreover that cis-Pt(pentamidine)Cl2 modifies the secondary structure of the DNA in a significant way with an increase of the positive band and a decrease of the ellipticity of the negative band. The antitrypanosome activity of cis-Pt(pentamidine)Cl2 is probably due to inhibition of the intracellular parasites division in parasitized cells. PMID- 3757149 TI - Cyclic fatty esters: synthesis, characterization, and lipolysis of isomeric triglycerides of 9-(6-propyl-3-cyclohexenyl)-(Z)8-nonenoic acid. AB - Triglycerides of a model cyclic fatty acid (CFA) 9-(6-propyl-3-cyclohexenyl)-(Z)8 nonenoic acid (Ia) were synthesized for biological and toxicity evaluations. The monoacid triglyceride II (CyCyCy) was interesterified with triolein (OOO) to obtain mixtures of diacid triglycerides: III (OOCy), IV (OCyO), V (OCyCy), and VI (CyOCy). The interesterification mixtures were separated by preparative HPLC into two 'critical pairs' of isomeric triglycerides. Triglycerides III-VI were synthesized and a 13C-NMR method was developed to estimate 'critical pairs'. CFA triglycerides were characterized by IR, NMR, HPLC and capillary GLC, and their relative rates of hydrolysis by lipase were compared. Although tricyclin (II) was completely resistant to lipolysis, triglycerides III and VI hydrolyzed significantly slower than triolein, and the 'critical pairs' hydrolyzed as readily as triolein. Therefore, partial CFA-triglycerides formed in heat-abused fats can undergo lipolysis and likely be absorbed like normal dietary fats. PMID- 3757150 TI - The influence of oxygenated sterol compounds on dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayer structure and packing. AB - Fourier Transform Infra-red and Raman Spectroscopies indicate that 7 alpha hydroxycholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol have a diminished capacity to condense (increase the packing order of) fluid-state dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) acyl chains when compared with the effects of cholesterol and the other oxidized sterols studied. DPPC head groups were also more ordered by 7-ketocholesterol over the temperature range 10 degrees - 70 degrees C. Primary effects of these sterols appear to be associated with the hydrophillic regions of the DPPC bilayer, although packing arrangements with acyl chains are also involved. Phosphate and acyl chain ester groups were observed to possess a packing order which was invariant which indicates that these may be the target groups in the interaction with 7-ketocholesterol. A surprising observation was the synergistic amplification of the effects of 7-ketocholesterol by the presence of cholesterol in the DPPC bilayer. PMID- 3757151 TI - Evaluation of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) combined with metoclopramide or sodium thiosulfate on L1210 leukemia in vitro and in vivo. AB - A microtiter assay was developed to monitor cytotoxic activity of drugs alone and in combination at varying ratios on a single plate. Combinations of metoclopramide or sodium thiosulfate with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cisplatin) were evaluated in vitro and in vivo for cisplatin cytotoxicity to murine leukemia L1210. The in vitro assay indicated that metoclopramide did not interfere with cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity and confirmed previously reported inhibition of cisplatin activity by sodium thiosulfate. The drug combinations were also evaluated in vivo for antitumor activity and the results of these studies corroborated the in vitro results. PMID- 3757152 TI - A cellular analysis of long-term haematopoietic damage in mice after repeated treatment with cyclophosphamide. AB - Following repeated treatment of mice with cyclophosphamide (5 X 200 mg/kg) it was found that slight, but significant, residual marrow damage persisted for at least half the lifespan of the animals. This long-term damage occurred despite preferential sparing of those multi-potential haematopoietic cells (CFU-S) that had a high self-renewal capacity after each step of the multistep regimen and despite a smaller CFU-S kill after each successive dose. The damage was characterized by low mean numbers of CFU-S and stromal colony-forming cells (CFU F) which were around 70% of control values. Examination of individual animals revealed that the majority had slightly subnormal numbers of CFU-S and CFU-F, with only a few suffering a more severe injury, including 8% of mice with clinical hypoplasia or myelodysplasia. PMID- 3757153 TI - Calcium antagonism by the antioestrogen tamoxifen. AB - Tamoxifen, an oestrogen receptor antagonist and an effective treatment for breast carcinoma, has recently been shown to possess spasmolytic activity in smooth muscle. Tamoxifen in vitro inhibited the contraction of smooth muscle from rat myometrium and aorta produced by exogenous calcium. At the same concentration tamoxifen did not affect the uptake of calcium into the muscle. The importance of calcium in cell proliferation suggests that some of the unexplained antitumor activity of the oestrogen antagonists may be accounted for by intracellular calcium antagonism. PMID- 3757154 TI - The antiproliferative properties of tamoxifen and phenothiazines may be mediated by a unique histamine receptor (?H3) distinct from the calmodulin-binding site. AB - N,N-diethyl-2-[(4-phenylmethyl)-phenoxy]-ethanamine HCl (DPPE), a novel histamine antagonist (?H3), which selectively binds with high affinity to the antiestrogen binding site (AEBS/?H3), inhibits the activity of calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) only at concentrations greater than 1 mM, as opposed to tamoxifen (TAM), which has an IC50 = 4 microM in the same assay. This suggests that the antiestrogen-binding site is distinct from the site on calmodulin which binds TAM and phenothiazines. However, at an in vitro concentration of 1 X 10(-6) M, the antiproliferative effects of DPPE and several phenothiazines, which also compete for binding to AEBS/?H3, are about equal; this suggests that affinity for AEBS/?H3 rather than that for the calmodulin-binding site may correlate with clinically relevant antigrowth effects of these compounds. PMID- 3757155 TI - Etoposide in prostatic cancer: experimental studies and phase II trial in patients with bidimensionally measurable disease. AB - Etoposide, a semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin, was evaluated concurrently in vitro against a human derived hormone-resistant cell line, PC-3, and in vivo in bidimensionally measurable hormone-resistant human prostatic cancer. In vitro, a dose-response relationship was observed, with 74% inhibition at 10 micrograms/ml (1 h incubation) and greater than 99% inhibition at 90 micrograms/ml, both in the range of clinically achievable concentrations. In vivo, 1 PR (5%, 95% confidence limits 0-12%) of 18+ months was observed in 20 adequately treated patients. The results confirm the limited role of etoposide in hormone-refractory disease and the need for new model systems for evaluation of potential chemotherapeutic compounds in this disease. PMID- 3757156 TI - Pharmacokinetics of mitoxantrone in humans following single-agent infusion or intra-arterial injection therapy or combined-agent infusion therapy. AB - This study describes the pharmacokinetics of mitoxantrone determined by a sensitive and specific HPLC-method. The time-concentration curves of i.v.-treated patients (15 mg/m2 over 30 min) correspond to a three-compartment model with a T1/2 alpha of 12 min, a T1/2 beta of 93 min, and a slow elimination phase of 36 h. The central compartment volume was 26.22 and the distribution volume, 1381.9. The mean urinary excretion was 4.9% of the total dose. The pharmacokinetic parameters were also defined in five patients who were treated with combination chemotherapy (mitoxantrone 12 mg/m2, methotrexate 30 mg/m2 and vincristine 2 mg). These results were not different from those with the single-drug treatment, except for the volume of the central compartment, which was significantly decreased. The peak levels after hepatic arterial infusion of mitoxantrone were three times lower than those after the identical dose given i.v. to the same patient. Pleural fluid sampling showed a six-fold increase compared with the plasma level (12 ng/ml versus 2 ng/ml). A multiple linear regression analysis of the data revealed correlations between the pharmacokinetic results and some of the baseline parameters. It is possible to predict changes in the kinetic behaviour of mitoxantrone on the basis of these relations but on the other hand toxicity is less predictable from the baseline parameters or from the pharmacokinetic results. PMID- 3757157 TI - Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of cyclophosphamide administered by five-day continuous intravenous infusion. AB - A total of 14 patients, 7 male and 7 female, received in all 21 evaluable courses of cyclophosphamide administered by 5-day continuous infusion. Cyclophosphamide doses were escalated from 300 to 400 mg/m2 per day for 5 days and repeated every 21-28 days. The patient population had a median age of 55 years (range 38-76) and a median Karnofsky performance status of 80 (range 60-100). Only 1 patient had not received prior therapy; 5 patients had received only prior chemotherapy, 1 had received only prior radiotherapy, and 7 had received both. Tumor types were gastric (1), lung (2), colon (4), urethral adenocarcinoma (1), cervical (2), chondrosarcoma (1), melanoma (1), uterine leiomyosarcoma (1), and pancreatic (1). The dose-limiting toxicity was granulocytopenia, with median WBC nadir of 1700/microliter (range 100-4800) in 8 heavily pretreated patients treated at 350 mg/m2 per day for 5 days. One patient without heavy prior treatment received two courses at 400 mg/m2 and had WBC nadirs of 800/microliter and 600/microliter. WBC nadirs occurred between days 9 and 21 (median 14). Drug-induced thrombocytopenia occurred in only one patient (350 mg/m2 per day, nadir 85,000/microliter). Neither hyponatremia nor symptomatic hypo-osmolality was observed. Radiation induced hemorrhagic cystitis may have been worsened in one patient. Nausea and vomiting were mild. Objective remissions were not observed. The maximum tolerated dose for previously treated patients is 350 mg/m2 per day for 5 days. This dose approximates the doses of cyclophosphamide commonly used with bolus administration. Plasma steady-state concentrations (Css) of cyclophosphamide, measured by gas liquid chromatography, were 2.09-6.79 micrograms/ml. Steady state was achieved in 14.5 +/- 5.9 h (mean +/- SD). After the infusion, cyclophosphamide disappeared from plasma monoexponentially, with a t 1/2 of 5.3 +/- 3.6 h. The area under the curve of plasma cyclophosphamide concentrations versus time (AUC) was 543 +/- 150 micrograms/ml h and reflected a cyclophosphamide total-body clearance (CLTB) of 103 +/- 31.6 ml/min. Plasma alkylating activity, assessed by p-nitrobenzyl-pyridine, remained steady at 1.6 4.3 micrograms/ml nor-nitrogen mustard equivalents. Urinary excretion of cyclophosphamide and alkylating activity accounted for 9.3% +/- 7.6% and 15.1% +/ 2.0% of the administered daily dose, respectively. The t1/2 and AUC of cyclophosphamide associated with the 5-day continuous infusion schedule are similar to those reported after administration of cyclophosphamide 1500 mg/m2 as an i.v. bolus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3757158 TI - A phase I study of vinblastine tryptophan ester. AB - Vinblastine tryptophan ester (VTrpE) is a new vinca alkaloid derivative that achieves antitumor activity in a large variety of animal models. In this phase I study the drug was given as an i.v. injection over 5 min, once a week or once every 2 weeks. Twenty patients with advanced cancer were entered in this trial. The doses ranged from 2.5 mg/m2 to 35 mg/m2. Myelosuppression is the dose limiting toxicity, with the risk of leukopenia being more serious than that of thrombocytopenia, but the myelosuppression is always reversible. Neurotoxicity, well documented when other vinca alkaloid derivatives are used, is insignificant. Two cases of disease stabilization have been observed in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. For VTrpE, a dose schedule of 30 mg/m2 per week may be recommended for phase II studies in non-small cell lung cancer. PMID- 3757159 TI - EVA treatment for recurrent or unresponsive Hodgkin's disease. AB - Nineteen patients with recurrent or unresponsive Hodgkin's disease who had previously received combination chemotherapy comprising mustine or chlorambucil with vinblastine, prednisolone and procarbazine (MVPP or ChlVPP), were treated with a combination of etoposide, vincristine and adriamycin (EVA). Clinical remission (complete, CR + good partial, GPR) was achieved in eleven of the nineteen patients (58%). The remission rate was similar for patients who had previously responded well to chemotherapy and for those who had previously been poorly responsive. Six patients have relapsed between 3 and 5 months after completion of therapy. The remainder continue in remission, two without further therapy at 7 and 8 months, respectively, and three having had additional radiotherapy while in remission. Myelosuppression was the most important toxicity, but in general this was manageable. These results suggest that EVA may be non-cross-resistant with MVPP and ChlVPP and that it is of potential value in combination chemotherapy for previously untreated patients, even though it is unlikely to be curative when treatment with either MVPP or ChlVPP has failed. PMID- 3757160 TI - A phase II study of human rDNA alpha-2 interferon in patients with low grade non Hodgkin's lymphoma. AB - Thirty-five patients with a diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of low histological grade were treated with 2 X 10(6)/m2 of human rDNA alpha 2 IFN-a2 by subcutaneous injection. Treatment was continued until progressive disease was documented or one year of therapy had been given. None of the patients had to stop treatment because of toxicity and no treatment delays or suspensions of therapy were necessary as a consequence of myelosuppression. Thirty four patients were evaluable and seventeen (50%) obtained an objective response (2 CR, 15 PR) with a median duration of eleven months. Sixteen patients were untreated prior to receiving interferon but were felt to need some form of therapy rather than be suitable for a watch policy. Eleven of these patients responded (69%) with 95% confidence limits lying between 41% and 89%. No other pretreatment factors appeared to affect the likelihood of response. Single agent IFN-alpha 2 has significant activity in the low grade non-Hodgkin's lymphomata and warrants further investigation in this disease. PMID- 3757161 TI - Decreased autolysis of dead cells in adriamycin-resistant lines of the sarcoma 180 of mouse. AB - Adriamycin-resistant cell lines of the sarcoma 180 of mouse reveal, besides the known resistance mechanism, a decrease in cellular autolysis compared with the original line. This decrease has been demonstrated by comparative analysis of cell-free supernatants isolated from 7-day-old sensitive and resistant ascites tumors in mice. In order to demonstrate these changes we isolated and quantified the DNA, detecting higher amounts within the supernatants of resistant lines. Furthermore, unspecific DNA-cleaving activity within raw homogenates of the cells is substantially lower in the resistant lines. Residual parts of chromatin may trap the drug and in this way lower its effective concentration. However, the results may also reflect changes in enzymatic complement playing a hitherto unknown role within living cells. PMID- 3757162 TI - Anti-emetic efficacy of dexamethasone in combination for out-patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy. AB - A single blind randomised trial of two different anti-emetic regimens (A and B) was performed in 26 patients with breast carcinoma undergoing emetic i.v. cytotoxic chemotherapy. They all received oral Motival (nortriptylene/fluphenazine) for 48 h after therapy and for regimen A received N saline i.v. with their cytotoxics whilst for regimen B patients were given 16 mg dexamethasone i.v. Patients were given the alternative regimen at the subsequent course of treatment. They were asked to assess overall nausea and number of vomiting episodes in the 24 h following therapy. There was a statistically significant reduction in both for the regimen containing dexamethasone. This agent causes few side effects and is particularly suited for out-patient use. PMID- 3757163 TI - A phase II antiemetic combination (COMD) for cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting. AB - Thirteen patients resistant to high-dose metoclopramide (greater than or equal to 5 emetic episodes in 24 h following chemotherapy) were treated in the subsequent course of CDDP chemotherapy with COMD (chlorpromazine, orphenadrine, metoclopramide, dexamethasone). A statistically significant reduction in the number of vomiting episodes was obtained, and 69% of patients showed a better acceptance of CDDP treatment. Subsequently, the same antiemetic combination was administered to 31 untreated patients receiving CDDP alone for the first time: 67.7% obtained complete protection from vomiting with minimal toxicity. According to our experience, COMD is an efficacious and well-tolerated antiemetic combination in cisplatin-treated patients; however, further studies with larger numbers of patients are required to confirm these preliminary results. PMID- 3757164 TI - The effect of food on the oral administration of 6-mercaptopurine. AB - The effect of food on the bioavailability of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) has been investigated. Seven patients were studied on two separate occasions. On the first occasion 6-MP was administered p.o. after an overnight fast and on the second, 15 min after a standard breakfast. 6-MP concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Variable plasma drug levels were observed between individual subjects in the fasting state. The peak levels of 6-MP were lower and took longer to be achieved following administration after a standard breakfast than after an overnight fast. In two subjects levels were undetectable (less than 20 ng/ml). In view of these observations it is suggested that 6-MP should be administered before food if maximum blood levels are to be achieved. PMID- 3757165 TI - Protective role of thiols in carcinogen-induced DNA damage in rat liver. AB - Biological thiols are known to play an important role in the detoxification of xenobiotics, including chemical carcinogens. To determine the influence of cellular thiols on carcinogen induction of hepatic DNA damage in the rat, diethylmaleate (DEM) administration was used to deplete intracellular glutathione (GSH). The effects of administration of the synthetic thiols, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and alpha-mercaptopropionylglycine (alpha MPG), on the induction of DNA lesions were also examined. Pretreatment with DEM reduced liver GSH levels by greater than 70%. As assessed by the technique of alkaline elution, subsequent administration of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) resulted in DNA damage 4 h post MNNG treatment which was 4- to 8-fold greater than that induced in the livers of rats treated with MNNG alone. However, DEM pretreatment had little effect on the extent of DNA damage induced by methylnitrosourea (MNU). DEM alone did not cause any measurable DNA damage. Pretreatment with alpha MPG or NAC reduced MNNG-induced DNA damage by as much as 77%. In contrast, MNU-induced DNA damage was increased by alpha MPG treatment whereas NAC treatment was without effect. These results indicated that in the rat liver, the activity of some DNA alkylating agents may be modulated in varying degree by the concentration of intracellular thiols. These data support the notion that thiols play an important role in protection against carcinogen damage, and that synthetic thiols such as alpha MPG and NAC may be useful as anti-carcinogenic agents against certain carcinogens. PMID- 3757166 TI - Quantitative assessments of the cytotoxicity of bladder carcinogens towards cultured normal human uroepithelial cells. AB - Chemical carcinogens are known to exert cytotoxic effects on cells. The survival of cultured human uroepithelial cells (HUC) after exposure to several important classes of human and experimental animal bladder carcinogens has been quantitatively assessed in vitro using reduction in cell number and/or colony forming efficiency as the endpoint(s). Cells were treated with different carcinogens or various metabolites of a procarcinogen and the responses were analyzed with respect to the cell type used and to the donor source of the cells. The cytotoxic responses of HUC to the stable bladder procarcinogens tested [4 aminobiphenyl (ABP), 4-nitrobiphenyl, N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazole]formamide and 2-amino-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole] were dependent on both the concentration of chemical used and the duration of exposure. The survival of HUC after exposure to several metabolites of ABP differed. The N-hydroxylated derivatives of ABP (N hydroxy-4-amino-biphenyl and N-hydroxy-4-acetylaminobiphenyl) were considerably more cytotoxic toward HUC than ABP or 4-acetylaminobiphenyl. The survival of HUC from different individuals after treatment with the direct acting carcinogen N nitro-N-methylurea was very similar. In contrast, the survival of HUC from different donors varied considerably after treatment with the procarcinogen 3 methylcholanthrene which requires metabolic activation. However, significant heterogeneity in the survival of HUC from five donors after exposure to the human bladder procarcinogen ABP was not observed in this study. Cultures of normal human fibroblasts from four donors showed an unexpected heterogeneous response to the cytotoxic effects of ABP. These results demonstrate that many variables affect the cytotoxic response of normal cells to bladder carcinogens. PMID- 3757167 TI - Lead nitrate induces certain biochemical properties characteristic of hepatocyte nodules. AB - Hepatocyte nodules in the rat exhibit a unique biochemical pattern which is characterized by a decrease in Phase I and an increase in Phase II components of the drug-metabolizing system. The present study was designed to determine whether this biochemical pattern is unique for rat hepatocyte nodules or is a property of the liver cell, but expressed only when the liver cell is perturbed. The results obtained indicate that lead nitrate (5 or 10 mumol/100 g body wt), an inducer of liver cell proliferation, caused a decrease in Phase I components such as microsomal cytochromes P-450 and in the activity of aminopyrine N-demethylase, while it caused an increase in Phase II components such as glutathione, and in the activities of glutathione-S-transferase and DT-diaphorase in rat liver. Of particular interest was the finding in liver cytosol of lead-treated rats of an increased content of a polypeptide which cross-reacts with the anti-rat placental form of glutathione-S-transferase. Recently, it has been shown that rat hepatocyte nodules exhibited an increased content of the placental form of glutathione-S-transferase. Thus, the results suggest that some chemicals, such as lead nitrate, can induce in rat liver a biochemical pattern similar in certain respects to that exhibited by hepatic nodules. These chemicals may be used as model compounds to understand the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the induction of new and unique biochemical machinery seen in hepatic nodules. PMID- 3757168 TI - Effect of dietary calcium and cholic acid on the proliferative indices of murine colonic epithelium. AB - The effect of dietary calcium on the cholic acid-induced colon cell proliferative response was investigated with C57BL/6J mice. The control diets were formulated on the basis of the AIN-76 diet with the levels of calcium set at 0.1, 0.5 or 1.0% by weight and the ratio of Ca:P at approximately 1:1. Cholic acid was added at 0.1% and 0.25% by weight. The cytokinetic parameters of the colons were evaluated after 2 weeks of feeding by the metaphase arrest technique and by autoradiography. Mitotic activity was found to monotonically decrease with increasing calcium level from 0.1 to 1.0% for both the cholic acid and control groups, cholic acid-fed groups exhibiting significantly higher mitotic activity than the control groups. The effect of calcium (0.1 versus 1.0%) was evident throughout the 24-h period with both the control and cholic acid-supplemented diets. Autoradiographic analyses of the colons yielded similar results. Among the controls, the 0.1% Ca group exhibited significantly higher (P less than or equal to 0.05) crypt height, higher whole crypt labelling index and higher labelling indices at various positions along the crypt height than the 1.0% Ca group. Cholic acid-fed groups had higher values for crypt height, whole crypt labelling indices and the position of the uppermost labelled cells than the control groups. The level of calcium affected the bile acid-induced cell proliferation in the colonic epithelium; the groups fed 0.1% Ca + cholic acid had a markedly higher whole crypt labelling index, a higher position of the uppermost labelled cells and higher labelling indices at various cell positions along the crypt column compared with the 1.0% Ca + cholic acid group. The present study thus demonstrated that increased dietary calcium alleviates the mitogenic effect of a cholic acid supplemented diet on the colonic epithelium. PMID- 3757169 TI - Effect of ellagic acid and 3-O-decylellagic acid on the formation of benzo[a]pyrene-derived DNA adducts in vivo and on the tumorigenicity of 3 methylcholanthrene in mice. AB - The effect of ellagic acid and its more lipophilic derivative, 3-O-decylellagic acid, on the amount of DNA-bound adducts in the epidermis or lung of CD-1 mice treated with [3H]benzo-[a]pyrene ([3H]B[a]P) was evaluated using several different treatment protocols. The i.v. administration of 50 mumol/kg of ellagic acid or 3-O-decylellagic acid either together with or 5 min before a 0.2 mumol/kg i.v. dose of [3H]B[a]P did not inhibit the formation of pulmonary DNA-bound adducts. Feeding mice a diet that contained 1% ellagic acid for 10 days or the i.p. administration of 120 mumol/kg of ellagic acid 30 min before the i.v. administration of 0.2 mumol/kg of [3H]B[a]P did not inhibit the formation of DNA bound adducts in the lung. The application of 2,500 nmol of ellagic acid or 3-O decylellagic acid to mouse skin 5 min before the application of 2, 10 or 50 nmol of [3H]B[a]P had little or no effect on the covalent binding of [3H]B[a]P metabolites to epidermal DNA. Feeding mice a diet containing 1% ellagic acid for 10 days did not inhibit the formation of epidermal DNA-bound adducts after a topical dose of 2 nmol of [3H]B[a]P. Similarly, the topical application of 2,500 nmol of ellagic acid at 2 h, 1 h and 5 min before and at 10 min after the application of 2 nmol of [3H]B[a]P did not inhibit the formation of DNA-bound adducts, but the same dosing regimen of 3-O-decylellagic acid (total dose of 10,000 nmol) resulted in a modest inhibition in the formation of DNA-bound adducts. The topical application of 1,500 nmol of ellagic acid 1 h before the application of 1,500 nmol of 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) to CD-1 or BALB/c mice twice weekly did not inhibit the development of skin tumors. Our results indicate that ellagic acid and 3-O-decylellagic acid are not effective in inhibiting [3H]B[a]P DNA adduct formation in mouse skin and lung and that ellagic acid does not inhibit 3-MC-induced skin tumorigenesis in BALB/c or CD-1 mice. PMID- 3757170 TI - A choline-devoid diet, carcinogenic in the rat, induces DNA damage and repair. AB - A diet deficient in choline when fed to rats for as few as 3 days resulted in liver DNA damage. The damage could be monitored as alkali-labile lesions using alkaline-sucrose gradients as well as alkaline elution technique. The DNA damage disappeared when the choline-deficient diet was replaced by a choline supplemented diet suggesting the alkali-labile lesions were repairable. The DNA damage was detected at a time when no liver cell death was detectable. The induction of DNA damage in a proliferating liver by the choline-deficient diet may be an early important event leading to initiation of liver carcinogenesis. PMID- 3757171 TI - Mechanisms for nitrite loss from the stomach. AB - Nitrite loss from the stomach was studied using dogs equipped with Thomas cannulas for direct access to the stomach lumen. Solutions containing sodium nitrite and non-absorbable volume marker (polyethylene glycol, PEG) were infused into the stomach, and samples were taken over 60 min to determine the concentration of 'total nitrite' (including NO2-, HNO2 and other species in equilibrium with NO2-) and rate of dilution of the stomach contents as a function of time. Changes in stomach volume were also measured. Nitrite loss was found to be very rapid, with total nitrite concentrations declining to less than half the initial levels in 10 min. The decay in total nitrite concentrations was due predominantly to gastric absorption, with small additional contributions from dilution of the stomach contents (inferred from PEG concentrations) and chemical reactions (from in vitro kinetic data). Results for initial nitrite concentrations varying over a range of 0.15-4.5 mM showed absorption to be first order in total nitrite. The permeability-area product for nitrite absorption (PA) was about 0.6 l/h, and was unaffected by the addition of 1 mM SCN- or Cl-. All of these results are consistent with nitrite absorption in the form of NO2- or HNO2. Buffering the infusate with HCO3- to increase luminal pH from approximately 2 to 7 caused a three-fold reduction in the apparent value of PA. When pentagastrin was used to stimulate acid secretion, nitrite absorption was only half as fast as when acid secretion was inhibited with cimetidine, or when no drug was given. This effect could not be explained by variations in luminal pH, and suggests that acid secretion either decreases PA or is accompanied by active secretion of nitrite. Based on these data, a mathematical model was developed to stimulate the physical and chemical factors governing nitrite concentrations in the stomach. PMID- 3757172 TI - Genetic control of hepatocarcinogenesis in C57BL/6J and C3H/HeJ inbred mice. AB - Treatment of newborn male C3H/HeJ mice with N,N-diethyl-nitrosamine (DEN) or N ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) resulted in the induction of hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas with a mean number of tumors per animal that was approximately 20- to 50-fold higher than that for similarly treated C57BL/6J male mice. We used two methods to study the genetic basis for this difference in susceptibility to liver tumor induction. Analysis of DEN-induced liver tumor multiplicities as a quantitative genetic trait in segregating crosses between C3H/HeJ and C57BL/6J mice indicated that allelic differences for at least two loci contributed to the higher sensitivity to hepatocarcinogenesis of C3H/HeJ mice relative to C57BL/6J mice. However, a single locus, which we have denoted Hcs (hepatocarcinogen sensitivity), was responsible for approximately 85% of the difference in susceptibility. The C57BL/6J and C3H/HeJ alleles at this locus were semi dominant. This result was confirmed by analysis of hepatocarcinogenesis by ENU in BXH (C57BL/6J X C3H/HeJ) recombinant inbred mice. Four of the nine recombinant inbred strains studied were highly susceptible to the induction of liver tumors by ENU, three of the strains exhibited the resistant phenotype of the C57BL/6J parent, and two of the strains were of intermediate sensitivity to hepatocarcinogenesis. Newborn male C3H/HeJ and C57BL/6J mice did not significantly differ in the extent of ethylation of hepatic DNA, or in the relative levels of N-7-ethylguanine or O6-ethylguanine after treatment with [1 14C]DEN. PMID- 3757173 TI - Changing responsiveness to all-trans retinoic acid of rat tracheal epithelial cells at different stages of neoplastic transformation. AB - Retinoic acid (RA) treatment of rat tracheal epithelial (RTE) cells, pre-exposed to the direct-acting carcinogen N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), inhibited transformation in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with RA at concentrations ranging from 3-33 nM reduced the MNNG-induced transformation frequencies by 13-81% and in some experiments by greater than 90%. RA treatment for only 3 days caused 65-75% inhibition of transformation; treatments of longer duration resulted in greater inhibition of transformation. Delaying the onset of RA treatment reduced its effectiveness, but even when RA treatment was delayed for 3 weeks following MNNG exposure, 60% inhibition still occurred. The inhibition of transformation appeared to be irreversible. The colony forming efficiency of cells isolated from transformed colonies 5 weeks after MNNG exposure was drastically reduced when the replated cells were treated with RA either 1 day or 4 days after plating, indicating that RA blocked cell replication. However, cells isolated from transformed colonies at later times after MNNG exposure were increasingly resistant to the antiproliferative effects of RA. The RA concentration causing 50% inhibition (RA-IC50) of colony formation was 0.1-0.3 nM for cells isolated from 3-5 week-old transformed colonies; it increased greater than 100-fold for cells isolated from 12-week-old transformants. Five established RTE cell lines also showed a much increased resistance to the antiproliferative effects of RA; two of these cell lines were even slightly stimulated in their colony forming ability by RA. The RA-IC50 of colony forming efficiency of normal RTE cells was also determined and compared to that of cells isolated from 5-week-old transformed colonies. Since the normal RTE cells require 3T3 feeder layers for clonal growth, both cell types were grown on feeders. For both cell types, the RA-IC50 was similar (150-300 nM); the requirement for relatively high RA concentrations was attributed in part to the rapid RA metabolism by the feeder cells. These experiments show that early RTE cell transformants are growth-inhibited by RA; however, they increasingly lose their sensitivity to the growth controlling effects of RA as they progress to a more advanced stage of transformation. The inhibition of tracheal cell transformation by RA is probably due to the antiproliferative effects of the retinoid. PMID- 3757174 TI - Analysis of DNA repair in XP-HeLa hybrids; lack of correlation between excision repair of u.v. damage and adenovirus reactivation in an XP(D)-like cell line. AB - Hybrids formed between HeLa cells and fibroblasts from xeroderma pigmentosum group D show either HeLa sensitivity or XPD-like hypersensitivity to u.v. radiation and corresponding high or low excision repair capability. Hybrids with low repair are presumed to have lost, via chromosome segregation, the HeLa wild type D alleles. In this paper we analyse the u.v. sensitivity and excision repair capability of another hybrid, HD1A, derived spontaneously from the normally sensitive hybrid HD1. While HD1A closely resembles the XPD phenotype in terms of u.v. sensitivity and excision repair it differs from XPD because of its ability to reactivate u.v.-irradiated adenovirus 2 to an extent similar to that of its HeLa parent. This capacity functionally dissociates excision repair of chromatin based damage from damage in a viral environment. Moreover, on the basis of complementation studies the excision repair of genomic damage by HD1A is subtly different from that of a true XPD-like hybrid, HD2. The data are discussed in terms of a second change in the defective D allele of the HD1A cell. PMID- 3757175 TI - Mutagenic potential of DNA adducts formed by diol-epoxides, triol-epoxides and the K-region epoxide of chrysene in mammalian cells. AB - The syn- and anti-isomers of chrysene-1,2-diol-3,4-oxide (syn-diol-epoxide and anti-diol-epoxide) and of 9-hydroxychrysene-1,2-diol-3,4-oxide (syn-triol-epoxide and anti-triol-epoxide), and chrysene-5,6-oxide, the K-region epoxide, were tested for their ability to induce 6-thioguanine-resistant mutants in V79 Chinese hamster cells. The levels of DNA adducts formed by each compound in the V79 cells were determined by 32P-post-labelling analysis. The most potent mutagen, in terms of the mutation frequency/nmol compound administered, was the anti-triol-epoxide, which was 1.7 times as active as the anti-diol-epoxide. The anti-diol-epoxide was approximately 10 times more active than both the syn-triol-epoxide and the syn diol-epoxide, which in turn were several times more active than the K-region epoxide. However, when the results were expressed as mutations/pmol total adducts formed, the anti-triol-epoxide and anti-diol-epoxide were shown to be of similar potency and approximately twice as active as the other three compounds. Thus differences in the conformation of adducts formed with DNA by syn- and anti isomers may be responsible for their different mutagenic potentials; the presence of a phenolic OH-group at the 9-position of a chrysene-1,2-diol-3,4-oxide appears to increase its chemical reactivity. PMID- 3757176 TI - Tumor-producing and skin-irritating activity of dithranol (anthralin) and its 10 acyl analogues in SENCAR mice. AB - The tumor-producing and skin-irritating activity of the antipsoriatic drug dithranol and its 10-acyl analogues butantrone (10-butyryl dithranol), 10 isobutyryl dithranol and 10-valeryl dithranol were studied in 650 SENCAR mice using a two-stage skin carcinogenesis assay. An initiation with 20 micrograms of 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene (DMBA) was followed 2 weeks later by three applications per week of the test compounds in 50 microliter of acetone for 21 weeks. In addition the compounds were studied without DMBA pre-treatment using application periods of 21 and 36 weeks. The concentration of dithranol was the maximum tolerated, 3.5 mM. For the less irritating 10-acyl analogues 30 mM solutions were used. The first signs of skin irritation were observed after an application period of 1-2 weeks and the irritation continued to the end of the experiment in all groups except the acetone controls. Dithranol caused the most severe irritation although the differences between the groups were not pronounced. On histopathology, the majority of animals had hyperplasia and other inflammatory changes of the skin. The first papillomas appeared 8-11 weeks after initiation and the incidences of papillomas at the end of the experiment were 85% (dithranol 3.5 mM), 16% (butantrone 30 mM), 36% (10-isobutyryl dithranol 30 mM) and 50% (10-valeryl dithranol 30 mM). Without initiation the incidences were 6 and 2% (dithranol), 2 and 2% (butantrone) and 2 and 0% (10-valeryl dithranol) in the 21- and 36-week studies, respectively. Histologically, the papillomas were mostly squamous papillomas and only a few keratoacanthomas were found. It is concluded that the tumor-producing and skin-irritating activity of dithranol is clearly greater than that of butantrone, 10-isobutyryl dithranol and 10-valeryl dithranol. PMID- 3757177 TI - Tumor-initiating activity of major in vivo metabolites of indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene on mouse skin. AB - Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant which is active as a tumor initiator and complete carcinogen on mouse skin and is carcinogenic in rat lung. The major metabolites of indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene as formed in vivo in mouse skin have been identified. 8-Hydroxyindeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene is the most abundant metabolite identified. 9-Hydroxyindeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene and trans-1,2 dihydro-1,2-dihydroxyindeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene are also major in vivo metabolites in mouse skin. Several minor metabolites were also identified. Among these are trans 1,2-dihydro-1,2,8-trihydroxyindeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, trans-1,2-dihydro-1,2,9 trihydroxyindeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene-1,2-dione, and 10 hydroxyindeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene. The tumor-initiating activity of several of the major in vivo metabolites of indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene has been investigated on mouse skin. Trans-1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxyindeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene and 1,2-dihydro 1,2-epoxyindeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene both produced an 80% incidence of tumor-bearing mice at a total initiating dose of 1.0 mg. The activity of this K-region dihydrodiol and K-region oxide was, however, less than that of the parent hydrocarbon. These data suggest that 1,2-dihydro-1,2-epoxyindeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, which is an ultimate mutagenic metabolite of indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, is not the ultimate tumorigenic metabolite on mouse skin. 8-Hydroxyindeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, which is mutagenic when assayed in the presence of a microsomal activation system, exhibited only weak tumor-initiating activity. These results indicate that the principal metabolic activation pathways associated with the mutagenic activity of indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene are not related to its tumor-initiating activity on mouse skin. PMID- 3757178 TI - Conditional oncogenicity of perfused adriamycin in the tourniquet-isolated rat limb. AB - In an in vivo model for isolated limb perfusion, developed previously, adriamycin was observed to induce tumors, mainly rhabdomyosarcomas. The tumor incidence was dose dependent. A low incidence was observed after a pseudophysiological perfusion at low flow rate (LF) and 0.25 hematocrit (LF.25). The drug disappearance from the perfusate at the tumorigenic dose for LF.25 was studied in connection with the drug disappearance at two conditions with a high flow rate (HF) that differed from each other in oxygen supply and hematocrit (0.25, 0.11; codes: HF.25 and HF.11). A similar level of drug disappearance resulted in a tumor in six out of 12 limbs after HF.25 and eight out of 19 HF.11 perfused limbs but in only one tumor in 12 rats after LF.25 perfusion. A mechanism by which the HF perfusion conditions favor the induction of a tumor by adriamycin in perfused skeletal muscle remains to be defined. PMID- 3757179 TI - Treatment of ventricular arrhythmias after myocardial infarction. PMID- 3757180 TI - The conflict and paradox of medical practice and corporate medicine. PMID- 3757181 TI - Altered left ventricular diastolic properties during pacing-induced angina in patients with aortic stenosis. AB - An increase in left ventricular diastolic pressure has been repeatedly observed during angina in patients with coronary artery stenoses and regional demand ischemia, but the role of relaxation abnormalities versus left ventricular segmental dyssynchrony is controversial. In contrast, patients with angina due to aortic stenosis are likely to have diffuse rather than segmental ischemia and thus may provide an alternative model for examining the diastolic physiology of angina in man. Accordingly, we examined the hemodynamic manifestations of angina in eight patients with aortic stenosis without significant coronary artery disease. Angina was induced by pacing tachycardia, and hemodynamic and echocardiographic variables were measured in the control period and during angina in the beats immediately after cessation of pacing. Heart rate (control vs angina, 69 +/- 12 vs 70 +/- 11 beats/min, p = NS) and left ventricular peak systolic pressure (207 +/- 39 vs 222 +/- 22 mm Hg, p = NS) were similar in the control and postpacing angina periods. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, on the other hand, was significantly higher during postpacing angina (15 +/- 7 vs 28 +/- 8 mm Hg, p less than .01). The time constant of left ventricular pressure decline during isovolumetric relaxation (TL), calculated as the slope of a linear fit of the natural log of pressure vs time, increased from 44 +/- 5 to 51 +/- 7 msec (p less than .05); the time constant TD, derived from the slope of a linear fit of dP/dt vs pressure, also increased slightly, although the change was not statistically significant (69 +/- 5 vs 75 +/- 5 msec, p = .06).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3757182 TI - Time variation of mitral regurgitant flow in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. AB - Angiographic results in patients with mitral regurgitation suggest that up to 50% of the regurgitant volume occurs during the preejection period. This contrasts markedly with the electromagnetic measurements of mitral regurgitant flow in anesthetized dogs, which suggest that only 5% of mitral regurgitant flow occurs during the preejection period. Therefore, we used two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography to quantify mitral regurgitation during aortic ejection and in the preejection and postejection periods in eight patients with severe heart failure. Mitral regurgitant volume (RV) was calculated as the difference between total stroke volume (by two-dimensional echocardiography) and forward aortic flow (by pulsed Doppler). Regurgitant velocity (V) and time (RT) were measured by continuous-wave Doppler, and the mean regurgitant area (RAm) was calculated from the RT and mean regurgitant velocity (Vm): RAm = (RV/RT)/Vm. As a first approximation, the RA was assumed to be constant during systole, and the regurgitant volume during aortic ejection and during the preejection and postejection periods was calculated from: RVi = (Vmi) (RTi) (TAm), where Ti represents the duration of the appropriate period. Percentages of total regurgitant volume occurring during the preejection, ejection, and postejection periods were 13 +/- 4%, 79 +/- 5%, and 8 +/- 5%, respectively. Thus, in contrast to previously reported angiographic studies, mitral regurgitation occurs predominantly during the aortic ejection period. These results were not substantially changed by assuming a 20% reduction in effective regurgitant orifice area between the preejection and ejection periods and are consistent with data from chronically instrumented dogs with mitral regurgitation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3757183 TI - Left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction: a corollary to infarct expansion. AB - Dilatation of infarcted segments (infarct expansion) may occur during recovery from myocardial infarction, but the fate of noninfarcted segments is uncertain. Accordingly, left ventricular geometric changes were assessed by left ventricular angiography and M mode echocardiography on admission and 2 weeks later in 30 patients with their first acute transmural myocardial infarction. All patients demonstrated chest pain, ST segment elevation with subsequent development of Q waves (15 anterior, 15 inferior), and elevation of cardiac enzymes. Sequential left ventricular angiographic and hemodynamic findings were available in these patients by virtue of their participation in a study of thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction. By that study design, all patients treated successfully with thrombolytic therapy and demonstrating improvement of flow in an occluded coronary artery underwent repeat cardiac catheterization. At 2 weeks there was a significant decrease in left ventricular and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures (p less than .01), whereas both left ventricular end-diastolic (LVEDV) and end systolic (LVESV) volume indexes increased (p less than .01). The increase in LVEDV correlated directly with the percentage of the ventriculographic silhouette that was akinetic or dyskinetic at the initial catheterization (r = .71, p less than .001). To assess regional changes in both infarcted and noninfarcted segments, serial endocardial perimeter lengths of both the akinetic-dyskinetic segments (infarction zone) and of the remainder of the cardiac silhouette (noninfarction zone) were measured in all patients who demonstrated at least a 20% increase in their LVEDV at 2 weeks after myocardial infarction. Notably, there was a mean increase of 13% in the endocardial perimeter length of infarcted segments and a 19% increase in the endocardial perimeter length of noninfarcted segments. Serial M mode echocardiographic studies showed no significant change in the wall thickness of noninfarcted myocardial segments. Hemodynamic changes that occurred in this subgroup of patients included significant decreases in left ventricular end-diastolic and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures (p less than .05) and significant increases in angiographic cardiac index (p less than .01) and LVESV index (p less than .01). We conclude that in patients who manifest cardiac dilatation in the early convalescent period after myocardial infarction, there is remodeling of the entire left ventricle including infarct expansion of akinetic-dyskinetic segments and volume-overload hypertrophy of noninfarcted segments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3757184 TI - Risk stratification for 1 year survival based on characteristics identified in the early hours of acute myocardial infarction. The Western Washington Intracoronary Streptokinase Trial. AB - We evaluated the relationship between baseline factors defined at 4.6 +/- 2.1 hr after onset of acute myocardial infarction and 1 year survival in 245 patients entered in the Western Washington Intracoronary Streptokinase Trial. Univariate statistics identified a significant relationship between 10 of these factors and survival. Multivariate analysis identified three factors as being most closely related to survival: (1) left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (p less than .0001), (2) treatment with streptokinase (p = .03), and (3) location of infarction (p = .04). Mathematic models based on this analysis and applied to our patients identified high- and low-risk subgroups for 1 year mortality. Patients receiving standard, not interventional, therapy with anterior infarction and an LVEF of 50% or less and those with inferior infarction and an LVEF of 39% or less comprised the high-risk group. For patients receiving standard therapy, 1 year mortality was 41% in the high-risk group and 4% in the low-risk group. The models illustrated the magnitude of benefit of streptokinase treatment and achievement of complete reperfusion for those at low and high risk. We conclude that LVEF determined in the first hours of acute myocardial infarction is the most important of all baseline factors for prediction of 1 year survival. Mathematic models based on left ventricular function measured as ejection fraction are useful for risk stratification in this setting. PMID- 3757185 TI - Myocardial infarction in young patients: an analysis by age subsets. AB - We examined, in age subsets, 2643 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Clinical features and 1 year morbidity and mortality were compared in 203 young patients (less than 45 years), 1671 patients 46 to 70 years old, and 769 elderly patients (greater than 70 years). Ninety-two percent of young patients were men, and a family history of premature coronary artery disease was more common in young patients (41% compared with 28% of middle-aged and 12% of elderly patients). More young patients were currently smoking cigarettes (82% compared with 56% of middle-aged and 24% of elderly patients), and only 8% of young patients had never smoked. Previous myocardial infarction and history of angina pectoris or congestive heart failure were less common (p less than .001) in the young patients than in middle-aged and elderly patients. In-hospital mortality was only 2.5% for young patients, compared with 9.0% in middle-aged and 21.4% in elderly patients (both p less than .001). Postdischarge 1 year mortality was also strikingly low in young patients, at 2.6% compared with 10.3% in middle-aged and 24.4% in elderly patients. The incidence of reinfarction during the 1 year of follow-up was similar in all subsets. The statistical significance of 65 variables as predictors of 1 year mortality and reinfarction was tested and the following found to be significant (p less than .05): hospital discharge on antiarrhythmic drugs, digoxin, or diuretics; history of previous myocardial infarction or congestive heart failure; chest x-ray findings of heart failure; low ejection fraction; and atrial fibrillation. Thus, young patients entering the hospital have an excellent 1 year prognosis, but those with prior infarction in whom there are selected abnormal findings at hospital discharge comprise a subgroup that may benefit from early aggressive management. PMID- 3757186 TI - Resetting response patterns during sustained ventricular tachycardia: relationship to the excitable gap. AB - We analyzed the resetting response (a noncompensatory pause after electrical stimulation) during 37 hemodynamically tolerated ventricular tachycardias (VTs) induced by programmed electrical stimulation in 32 patients with chronic coronary artery disease. The mean cycle length of VT was 369 +/- 59 msec. Single extrastimuli were delivered at the right ventricular apex during all 37 VTs, and double extrastimuli were delivered at the same site during 23 VTs. The resetting response pattern was considered increasing, decreasing, or flat if the return cycle increased, decreased, or remained constant in response to progressively shorter coupling intervals of the extrastimuli. Ten VTs had an increasing pattern and nine a flat pattern. In 11 VTs the pattern was mixed (flat at longer coupling intervals and increasing at shorter ones), and in the remaining seven the pattern could not be defined. No VT had a decreasing pattern. The mean duration of the resetting interval (range of coupling intervals resulting in resetting) was 66 +/ 45 msec, or 17% of the cycle length of VT. VT with a mixed pattern had longer resetting intervals than VT with an increasing pattern (102 +/- 34 vs 64 +/- 40 msec; p less than .035); however, cycle lengths of VT were similar (370 +/- 58 vs 386 +/- 86, p = NS). An excellent correlation was observed between the shortest return cycles in response to single and double extrastimuli (r = .99), with a mean difference of 5 msec. The cycle length of VT exceeded the return cycle (measured to the QRS onset) during 15 VTs (41%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3757187 TI - Prognostic significance of ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation induced at programmed stimulation and delayed potentials detected on the signal-averaged electrocardiograms of survivors of acute myocardial infarction. AB - The relative prognostic significance of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation inducible at programmed stimulation within 1 month of acute myocardial infarction was compared in a prospective study of 403 clinically well survivors of transmural infarction who were 65 years old or younger. The prognostic significance of delayed potentials on the signal-averaged electrocardiogram was also examined in a subset of 306 patients without bundle branch block. Among the study patients, 20% had inducible ventricular tachycardia, 14% had inducible ventricular fibrillation, and 66% had no inducible arrhythmias. The 2 year probability of remaining free from cardiac death or nonfatal ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation was 0.73 for those with inducible ventricular tachycardia, 0.93 for those with inducible ventricular fibrillation, and 0.92 for those with no inducible arrhythmias. The cycle length of inducible ventricular tachycardia was 230 msec or more in 70% of the patients with inducible tachycardia who died. Of the patients studied by signal-averaged electrocardiography, 26% had delayed potentials. At 2 years, the probability of remaining free from cardiac death or nonfatal ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation was 0.73 for patients with delayed potentials and 0.95 for patients with no delayed potentials. There was a significant correlation (p less than .001) between the presence of delayed potentials and the ability to induce ventricular tachycardia. In conclusion, in survivors of recent infarction who have not had spontaneous ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation, inducible tachycardia (but not inducible fibrillation) at programmed stimulation predicts a significant risk of death or spontaneous tachycardia or fibrillation. A similar risk is found for patients with delayed potentials on the signal-averaged electrocardiogram. PMID- 3757188 TI - Effect of coronary stenotic lesions on regional myocardial blood flow at rest. AB - To determine the effect of atherosclerotic coronary lesions on myocardial blood flow in patients at rest, regional myocardial blood flow was measured distal to stenotic lesions in 29 patients with isolated proximal lesions of the left anterior descending artery. Severity of coronary stenosis was measured by computer-assisted cinevideodensitometric analysis of digitized coronary arteriograms. Regional myocardial blood flow was measured from the clearance rate of intracoronary 133Xe injected into the left main coronary artery and recorded with a multicrystal scintillation camera. In 21 patients with stenotic lesions ranging from 19% to 84% area reduction, distal regional myocardial blood flow was normal. In all eight patients with reduced regional myocardial blood flow distal to left anterior descending lesions, the minimum area of each stenotic lesion was less 0.80 mm2 (mean 0.34 +/- 0.2 mm2), minimum calculated diameter was less than 1 mm (mean 0.59 +/- 0.3 mm), and percent stenosis, based on the reduction in cross-sectional area, was greater than 85% (mean 94 +/- 4%). For all patients, distal flow, expressed as a fraction of normal flow, correlated with the lesion cross-sectional area (r = .84), minimum luminal diameter (r = .84), and percent area stenosis (r = -.70). Thus, resting myocardial blood flow distal to stenotic lesions of the proximal coronary arteries remains normal until the degree of narrowing is severe. The dimensions observed for critical coronary stenotic lesions correlate well with theoretical predictions based on fluid mechanics and with experimental preparations in laboratory animals. PMID- 3757189 TI - Vasodilatory behavior of skeletal muscle arterioles in patients with nonedematous chronic heart failure. AB - During maximal upright exercise, blood flow to working skeletal muscle is frequently reduced in patients with nonedematous chronic heart failure. It has been speculated that this reduced muscle flow may be caused in part by an intrinsic impairment of skeletal muscle vasodilatory capacity. To test this hypothesis, forearm blood flow and resistance were compared during forearm exercise and in response to transient forearm ischemia (10 min) in 22 patients with heart failure and in 11 normal subjects. During forearm exercise, both groups exhibited comparable forearm blood flows (ml/min/100 ml) (0.2 W: normal 5.9 +/- 3.1, heart failure 6.5 +/- 2.8; 0.4 W: normal 8.2 +/- 5.5, heart failure 8.2 +/- 3.6; 0.6 W: normal 11.5 +/- 6.8, heart failure 11.8 +/- 4.8 [all p = NS]) and forearm vascular resistance (mm Hg/ml/min/100 ml) (0.2 W: normal 23.1 +/- 12.4, heart failure 18.5 +/- 7.8; 0.4 W: normal 16.9 +/- 7.7, heart failure 14.7 +/- 6.4; 0.6 W: normal 13.1 +/- 7.7, heart failure 10.3 +/- 4.1 [all p = NS]). Ten minutes of forearm ischemia, an intervention that produces maximal forearm vasodilation, also resulted in comparable forearm vascular resistances in both groups (normal 4.1 +/- 2.4, heart failure 3.8 +/- 1.3 mm Hg/ml/min/100 ml/p = NS). These data suggest that skeletal muscle vasodilatory capacity is not intrinsically impaired in patients with nonedematous chronic heart failure. PMID- 3757190 TI - Validation of continuous-wave Doppler echocardiographic measurements of mitral and tricuspid prosthetic valve gradients: a simultaneous Doppler-catheter study. AB - For patients with stenotic native valves, the modified Bernoulli equation (delta P = 4V2) may be applied to Doppler-measured transvalvular velocities to yield an accurate estimate of transvalvular gradients. Although it would be useful if the same approach could be used for those with stenotic prosthetic valves, no previous study has validated the Doppler technique in this setting. We therefore recorded simultaneous continuous-wave Doppler flow profiles and transvalvular manometric gradients in 12 catheterized patients in whom all atrial and ventricular pressures were directly measured (transseptal left atrial catheterization and transthoracic ventricular puncture were performed where necessary). A total of 13 prostheses were studied: 11 mitral (seven porcine, three Starr-Edwards, and one Bjork-Shiley) and two tricuspid (one porcine and one Bjork-Shiley). The Doppler-determined mean gradient was calculated as the mean of the instantaneous gradients (delta P = 4V2) at 10 msec intervals throughout diastole. The correlation of simultaneous Doppler (DMG) and manometric mean gradients (MG) for the whole group (n = 13) demonstrated a highly significant relationship (MG = 1.07 DMG + 0.28; r = .96, p = .0001). The correlation was equally good for porcine valves alone (n = 8) (MG = 1.06 DMG + 0.55; r = .96, p = .001) and for mechanical valves alone (n = 5) (MG = 1.06 DMG - 0.04; r = .93, p = .02). In a subset of patients without regurgitation (n = 8), prosthetic valve areas were estimated by two Doppler methods originally described by Holen and Hatle, as well as by the invasive Gorlin method. As expected from theoretical considerations, a close correlation was not demonstrated between results of the Gorlin method and those of either Hatle's Doppler method (r = .65, fp = NS) or Holen's method (r = .14, p = NS). Comparison of the results of the two Doppler methods yielded a somewhat closer correlation (r = .73, p less than or equal to .05). These results suggest that in patients with disk-occluder, ball-occluder, and porcine prosthetic valves, Doppler estimates of transvalvular gradients are virtually identical to those obtained invasively. PMID- 3757191 TI - Measurement of regional wall motion from biplane contrast ventriculograms: a comparison of the 30 degree right anterior oblique and 60 degree left anterior oblique projections in patients with acute myocardial infarction. AB - The value of performing biplane vs single plane analysis of regional wall motion from contrast ventriculograms was determined in 102 patients who received thrombolytic therapy and who underwent biplane ventriculography during acute myocardial infarction (n = 67), at follow-up more than 2 weeks later (n = 80), or both (n = 45). Hypokinesis in the infarct region and hyperkinesis in the noninfarct region were measured by the centerline method in the respective artery territories, which were defined from the data of 62 patients with single-vessel disease and were expressed in units of standard deviations from the mean of 32 normal subjects. Hypokinesis was more severe and extended over a longer segment of the left ventricular contour when measured in the right anterior oblique (RAO) projection in thrombosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) but more severe and extensive in the left anterior oblique (LAO) projection in circumflex stenosis. Hyperkinesis opposite the LAD or the circumflex was greater in the LAO projection. In patients with thrombosis of the right coronary artery, wall motion abnormalities were similar in the two projections. Thus the evaluation of hypokinesis caused by acute coronary thrombosis and of the effect of therapeutic interventions in salvaging function can be adequately evaluated from single-plane 30 degree RAO ventriculograms, except in the small minority of patients with circumflex thrombosis. PMID- 3757192 TI - Regulation of plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: interpretation of data on low-density lipoprotein turnover in man. AB - At the present time the most useful technique with which to examine the kinetics of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in vivo is the labeled LDL turnover study. However, a major limitation of this method is that, despite its ability to accurately measure both the plasma LDL concentration and LDL production rate, it cannot directly quantify LDL receptor activity. The present study defines the equations that describe the relationship between LDL cholesterol production rate, LDL receptor number, and plasma LDL cholesterol concentration. These equations provide a method that allows calculation of total LDL receptor activity based on the results of an LDL turnover study. With the use of this technique and data from previously published series, the effects of the genetic absence of receptors, aging, and the treatment of hypercholesterolemia with mevinolin on LDL cholesterol kinetics were analyzed. PMID- 3757193 TI - The differential effects of positive inotropic and vasodilator therapy on diastolic properties in patients with congestive cardiomyopathy. AB - Symptoms of congestive heart failure frequently reflect abnormalities in both systolic and diastolic performance. While much work has been reported regarding the mechanisms by which positive inotropic and vasodilator therapy affect systolic performance, little is known about their effect on diastolic function. In 12 patients with diffuse congestive cardiomyopathy micromanometer left ventricular and aortic pressure measurements were recorded simultaneously with two-dimensionally targeted M mode echocardiograms and thermodilution-determined cardiac output. Each patient received dopamine (2, 4, and 6 micrograms/kg/min), and dobutamine (2, 6, and 10 micrograms/kg/min), and 10 received nitroprusside (0.125 to 2.0 micrograms/kg/min). Baseline hemodynamics were characterized by low cardiac index (2.1 +/- 0.7 liter/min/m2, mean +/- SD), high left ventricular end diastolic pressure (24 +/- 10 mm Hg), and increased end-diastolic (6.8 +/- 1.0 cm) and end-systolic dimensions (6.0 +/- 1.0 cm). All patients had abnormal left ventricular pressure decay with a prolonged time constant (67 +/- 20 msec) and reduced peak diastolic lengthening rates. Dopamine and dobutamine decreased the time constant of relaxation and increased the peak lengthening rate. Dobutamine also reduced the minimum diastolic pressure from 14 +/- 7 to 10 +/- 9 mm Hg (p less than .01); neither drug reduced end-diastolic pressure. In fact, dopamine elevated end-diastolic pressures in seven patients, despite more rapid pressure decay. Diastolic pressure-dimension relations after dopamine and dobutamine showed a leftward shift with a reduced end-systolic chamber size, but no significant changes in passive chamber stiffness. Nitroprusside decreased left ventricular minimum diastolic pressure by 4 +/- 2 mm Hg and end-diastolic pressure by 7 +/- 4 mm Hg (p less than .01). It did not consistently accelerate left ventricular pressure decay at the doses tested. The decreased end-diastolic pressure with nitroprusside was due to a reduced end-diastolic dimension in five patients. In the other patients, all of whom had elevated right atrial pressures, diastolic pressure-dimension relations showed a parallel downward shift after nitroprusside. Thus, positive inotropic therapy with beta 1-adrenoceptor agonists enhances early diastolic distensibility by accelerating relaxation, augmenting filling, and reducing end-systolic chamber size. Vasodilator therapy is much more effective in lowering diastolic pressures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3757194 TI - Endocardial catheter mapping: validation of a cineradiographic method for accurate localization of left ventricular sites. AB - To guide surgical therapy for ventricular tachycardia by preoperative endocardial catheter mapping, accurate anatomic localization of arrhythmogenic sites is mandatory. For this reason we developed a mathematical cineradiographic method to compute left ventricular sites relative to three anatomic reference points: the centers of aortic and mitral valve ostia and the left ventricular apex. To validate the method 14 epicardial left ventricular markers were implanted in four dogs to simulate arrhythmogenic sites. Distances between markers and the anatomic references were calculated and the results were compared with postmortem measurements. The difference between calculated and measured distances was 0.5 +/ 3.1 mm (mean +/- SD), confirming accurate localization of anatomic marker sites. However, in surgery the results have to be displayed in a practically applicable, unambiguous way. Therefore, wire skeletons were constructed to represent calculated endocardial marker sites relative to the anatomic reference points. To validate this approach, 14 markers were implanted in the left ventricular subendocardium in four dogs. Wire skeletons were constructed, one for each marker site, and inserted postmortem into the left ventricular cavity via a 2 cm incision. In all cases the correct indication of a marker site by the corresponding wire skeleton was confirmed by fluoroscopic inspection in multiple projections. This wire skeleton technique may enhance the practical usefulness of preoperative endocardial catheter mapping. PMID- 3757195 TI - Effect of postganglionic vagal stimulation on the organization of atrioventricular nodal conduction in isolated rabbit heart tissue. AB - Postganglionic stimulation of vagal terminals (PGVS) in the isolated rabbit heart atrioventricular (AV) node was used to study the effects of cholinergic influence on AV nodal conduction. Standard microelectrode techniques were used to record action potentials, predominantly from cells located in the N region of the AV node. In addition, programmed stimulation was used in conjunction with PGVS to initiate or terminate AVN reentry. The introduction of a single short burst of PGVS (total duration 50 to 100 msec, impulse duration 1 msec, and interimpulse interval 6 msec) with subthreshold amplitude for AV node fibers caused reproducible disorganization of the prevailing excitation front. This was manifest as local nonuniform depression of conduction, hump formations in the action potentials, and alteration in the sequence of depolarization. The introduction of repetitive bursts of PGVS revealed a triphasic time course of changes in AV nodal conduction time, representing initial maximal prolongation, relative shortening, and secondary inhibition. It was found that these phases corresponded to vagally induced initial disorganization and a subsequent rebound process. Vagally induced disorganization of the sequence of action potential depolarization was also a triggering mechanism for concealed as well as manifest AV nodal reentry. In the latter case the reentry circuit usually involved the AN region and perinodal atrial tissue. PGVS-induced depression of the N region was also able to block the retrograde wavefront, thereby terminating reentry. The possible relationship of PGVS-induced disorganization of conduction and the inhomogeneous structure of AV node are discussed. The present results provide additional information for better understanding of the AV nodal conduction abnormalities observed clinically and particularly those related to AV node-vagus interaction. PMID- 3757196 TI - The effects of doxorubicin on ventricular tachycardia. AB - Doxorubicin, in concentrations that have no effect on fast or slow response action potentials, has been shown to suppress ouabain-induced delayed afterdepolarizations. In this study, we used standard microelectrode techniques to determine the effects of doxorubicin on isolated canine Purkinje fibers. We studied automaticity induced at normal and low membrane potentials, conduction in normal and K+-depolarized Purkinje fibers, and triggered activity induced by ouabain and by experimental myocardial infarction. Doxorubicin, 50 microM, suppressed the triggered activity and the delayed afterdepolarizations that induced it, but had no effect on the other variables. We then studied the effects of intravenous doxorubicin, 16 to 64 mg/m2 body surface area, on ouabain-induced ventricular tachycardia and the ventricular tachycardia that occurs 24 hr after ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in the intact dog. There was no effect on the infarct-induced arrhythmia, but concentrations of doxorubicin that had no other effect on the electrocardiogram suppressed those ouabain-induced arrhythmias that appeared to have been triggered. The automatic arrhythmias induced by ouabain were not affected. Both the latter mechanisms were verified in studies of isolated Purkinje fibers that were obtained on completion of the intact animal experiments. These results indicate that agents having high selectivity for specific arrhythmogenic mechanisms can be useful adjuncts in discriminating among the mechanisms responsible for arrhythmias in intact animals. PMID- 3757197 TI - Precision of measurements of right and left ventricular volume by cine computed tomography. AB - Precise determination of left and right ventricular stroke volumes is limited with conventional imaging techniques. We determined whether right and left ventricular stroke volumes could be precisely measured with cine computed tomography (CT). Cine CT enables simultaneous imaging of the right and left ventricles at an 8 mm slice thickness with a maximal scanning rate of 17 frames/sec (50 msec acquisition intervals). In eight dogs, true right ventricular and left ventricular stroke volumes were determined by dividing thermodilution cardiac output by heart rate and/or with the use of an aortic electromagnetic flow probe implanted over a long term. After at least 5 sec of suspended respiration, cine CT images were acquired during central venous injection of a nonionic contrast agent. Multiple perturbations in stroke volume were induced in each dog by the administration of dobutamine, sodium pentobarbital, or sodium nitroprusside or by coronary artery occlusion. Right and left ventricular stroke volumes were obtained by Simpson's reconstruction of end-diastolic and end systolic short-axis tomograms from apex to base. The cine CT left ventricular stroke volume (range 11 to 45 ml) correlated highly with the true left ventricular stroke volume (r = .99, slope = 1.01, y intercept = -0.2 ml, SEE = 1.5 ml, n = 25). The cine CT right ventricular stroke volume (range 11 to 34 ml) also correlated highly with the true right ventricular stroke volume (r = .98, slope = 0.9, y intercept = 2.2 ml, SEE = 1.7 ml, n = 15). In 12 studies, the mean difference between nearly simultaneous right and left ventricular stroke volumes by cine CT was 1.1 ml (range 0.1 to 3.2 ml). Calculation of right and left ventricular stroke volumes from data from cine CT were highly reproducible. Intraobserver variability in measurements of right ventricular stroke volume (r = 1.0, slope = 0.99, y intercept = 0.19 ml) and left ventricular stroke volume (r = 1.0, slope = 1.02, y intercept = -0.21 ml) was minimal. Interobserver variability in measurements of right ventricular stroke volume (r = .98, slope = 0.90, y intercept = 1.66 ml) and left ventricular stroke volume (r = .99, slope = 0.97, y intercept = -0.02 ml) was likewise minimal. Thus, precise and highly reproducible measurements of right and left ventricular stroke volumes can be obtained with cine CT. PMID- 3757198 TI - Abstracts from the 59th scientific sessions. American Heart Association. Dallas, November 17-20, 1986. PMID- 3757199 TI - Comparison and contrast of affinity chromatographic determinations of plasma glycated albumin and total glycated plasma protein. AB - Techniques for affinity measurement of glycated albumin and for glycated total plasma protein have been developed. The two techniques were contrasted. Both techniques are linear over a 100-fold range of sample concentrations. There appears to be a non-specific early glucose binding phase to non-albumin plasma proteins. Although this phase is detected by radioactive incorporation and thiobarbituric acid, it does not interfere with the affinity determination, which does not appear to detect the early binding species. The correlation of glycated albumin levels with glycated hemoglobin levels is much stronger than that of glycated globulin levels with glycated hemoglobin levels. Due to the large contribution of glycated albumin levels to total glycated serum protein levels, the correlation of the latter with glycated hemoglobin levels is sufficiently strong to allow the use of either technique as an adequate index of glycation. PMID- 3757200 TI - A fluorometric high performance liquid chromatographic assay for vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) developed from a commercial kit method. AB - A fluorometric procedure based on the Bio-Rad Vanillylmandelic Acid (VMA) by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Test was developed. Detection by fluorescence provides better sensitivity and specificity than the Pisano spectrophotometric method. Use of a C18 mini-column extraction to extract VMA prior to HPLC analysis significantly reduced the late eluting peaks. A linear range was established up to 400 mumol/L of VMA. Within-run and between-run CV's were 3.0% and 3.7%, respectively. In a comparison of this fluorometric method with the Pisano spectrophotometric method, a linear regression of y = 0.807x + 2.185 was obtained with a correlation coefficient of 0.945. In the analysis of over 50 samples, no intereferences have been found. PMID- 3757201 TI - Microassay for estimation of galactose and galactose-1-phosphate in dried blood specimens. AB - A fluorometric assay for blood galactose and galactose-1-phosphate has been modified and improved to shorten the analysis time and to increase sensitivity above other published methods. The method may be useful as a quantitative screening or routine clinical test to detect infants suspected of having a defect of galactose metabolism. It can also be used to monitor blood galactose or galactose-1-phosphate levels in children with galactosemia who are on a lactose free diet. PMID- 3757202 TI - Prognostic value of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase in acute myocardial infarction. AB - In 112 prospectively selected patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction (AMI), the serum CK, CK-MB, LD, HBD, AST and m-AST were determined from the time of admission to hospital and every 12 hours for three days in succession. Sixteen of the enrolled patients died due to complications which arose within the first four days of hospitalization while the rest had a favourable outcome. All enzyme activities were determined at 37 degrees C using routine methods; m-AST was measured using an immunochemical method. The statistical analysis of the results demonstrated that 12 hours after admission, serum m-AST and m-AST/AST ratio were significantly higher in the group of non-survivors compared with patients with a favourable prognosis. No significant differences in CK-MB were observed between survivors and non-survivors during the entire period. True and false positive rates were calculated for these and the other enzymes. An optimum decision level of 34 IU/L was chosen for m-AST and 10% for the m-AST/AST ratio. This gave a percentage of correctly classified patients, after 12 and 24 hours, of 74.9% and 91.9%, respectively. In conclusion, the immunochemical determination of m-AST in patients with AMI seems to be an early prognostic index which is able to distinguish patients with unfavourable outcome. PMID- 3757203 TI - Long-term study of gammopathies. Clinically benign cases showing transition to malignant plasmacytomas after long periods of observation. AB - Since 1968, our Clinical Chemistry laboratory has been performing protein electrophoresis on sera of patients with total protein levels of over 85.0 g/L and under 55.0 g/L. Monoclonal gammopathies were found in 534 cases. Immunoelectrophoresis was carried out using antisera to the heavy chains gamma, alpha, mu, delta, and epsilon, and to the light chains kappa and lambda. Urine from these patients was tested for Bence-Jones protein. Records and smears, when available, were examined for clinical or hematologic evidence of multiple myeloma and other lymphoid malignancies. Sixty-five percent of these 534 cases were referred to the laboratory with a provisional diagnosis of plasmacytoma but 35% were not clinically suspected. Twenty-two cases with gammopathy, but no clinical or hematologic symptoms of plasma cell dyscrasia, were selected and followed up. Eight of these patients (36%) had converted to malignancy by the end of ten years. These results show the value of screening for abnormal proteins and the need for a long-term follow-up in such patients, prior to diagnosis of plasma cell dyscrasia. PMID- 3757204 TI - Relationship between serum lactate and ionized calcium in open-heart surgery. AB - We studied 16 patients undergoing open-heart surgery and heart-lung bypass, to examine the relationship between ionized calcium and lactate. Blood was sampled at successive stages of the operation for measurement of ionized and total calcium, lactate, blood gases, pH, hematocrit, and other constituents. We found that correlations between ionized calcium and lactate were positive and statistically significant (p less than 0.05), both among and within patients. The linear regression of ionized calcium on lactate remained highly significant (p less than 0.0001) after adjustment for variability among patients and across operative stages as well as after correction for pH and hemodilution. The significant regressions between calcium and lactate, both before and after administration of calcium, indicate a relationship for calcium and lactate in patients undergoing open-heart surgery. PMID- 3757205 TI - Turbidimetric determination of prothrombin time by clotting in a centrifugal analyzer. AB - Two thromboplastin reagents ("Thrombotest" and "Normotest Automated") were used in evaluation of an automated method for determination of prothrombin time based on turbidimetric measurement of clot formation in a centrifugal analyzer. We used 60 plasma samples from patients with various diseases or being treated with oral anticoagulant and 16 normal plasma samples. Prothrombin times were calculated by a computer connected to the analyzer, a reading being made at either a certain per cent increase in total absorbance or a fixed absorbance increase. Both correlated well with the manual method (r = 0.98-0.99). The reading points best fitting the manually obtained data were estimated by minimizing the residual sum of squares in regression analyses performed at various absorbance increases. The per cent reading was better in this respect. Normotest Automated could be nearly perfectly related to the manual method, whereas Thrombotest showed a (negligibly) small deviation. Reproducibility was good within run (CV less than or equal to 3.2%) as well as between batch of the reagents, as assessed from variation in INR (CV less than or equal to 4.9%). We conclude that turbidimetry of clot formation may be validly used in automation of the prothrombin-time test. The equipment needed and the total time per analysis are about as for chromogenic substrate methods, but reagent cost is considerably lower. PMID- 3757206 TI - Measurement of hemoglobin A1c by a new liquid-chromatographic assay: methodology, clinical utility, and relation to glucose tolerance evaluated. AB - A chromatographic method for determining glycated hemoglobin (Hb A1c) by use of a new monodisperse cation-exchanger has been investigated. Hb A1c was separated from other "minor hemoglobins": Hb F, Hb A3 (the glutathione adduct), and the acetaldehyde adduct in alcoholics. The method was fully automated and a single column could be used for more than 1000 runs. The normal reference interval was 4.0-5.2%; the interval for diabetic outpatients was 5.6-12.4%. Within-run and the between-run CVs were less than 0.9% and 1.7%, respectively. Carbamylation in uremic patients who were undergoing hemodialysis increased the proportion of Hb A1c to 1%. Hb A1c results were compared with results from glucose tolerance tests. In our study, Hb A1c less than 5.5% excluded diabetes: subjects with Hb A1c greater than 6.2% showed diabetes. If blood sampled during fasting had been screened with determinations of glucose and Hb A1c, only 20% of referred subjects would have needed an oral glucose tolerance test for diagnosis of diabetes. PMID- 3757207 TI - External quality assessment of assays of lead in blood. AB - The operation and results of the United Kingdom External Quality Assessment Scheme for Lead in Blood, which currently has about 140 participants within and outside the U.K. are described. The choice of specimens, scheme design, and scoring of performance are discussed, as is the validity of the consensus values used as a basis for the scoring. There has been a continued improvement in performance as assessed by this program, some of which appears to have been stimulated by the introduction of Variance Index scoring. The relative performance of the methods for assaying lead in blood is also examined. PMID- 3757209 TI - Production and certification of secondary enzyme reference materials (ERMs). Part 2: The need for meaningful protocols that assure photometric accuracy and a well defined process for value assignment. AB - A collaborative study to assign values to two enzyme reference materials (ERMs) was performed by 18 laboratories whose spectrophotometers were checked by us, just before the study. We measured the wavelength accuracy and repeatability, the accuracy and linearity of the absorbance curves, the cuvette pathlength, equilibration time, equilibrium temperature, and a few other variables. Five spectrophotometers exhibited a marked wavelength-dependent nonlinearity. Most instruments were rather slow in bringing the sample to the correct temperature and the final temperature was often too high. In the collaborative study, each participant performed the same manual, well-described methods on four occasions in triplicate, using reagents prepared locally. The relation between the photometric checks and the analytical results is discussed, as well as the treatment of outliers and the effects on the variances. Suggestions are made about various facets of collaborative studies. The values assigned to the two ERMs carry a 95% uncertainty interval of +/- 1-4% of the mean. PMID- 3757208 TI - Production and certification of secondary enzyme reference materials (ERMs). Part 1: Preparation of the sera and some of their properties. AB - We produced three batches of a human-serum-based enzyme reference material (ERM) enriched with human aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1), alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2), creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2), and lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27). The added enzymes were not exhaustively purified; thus the final ERMs contained some enzymes as contaminants, of which only glutamate dehydrogenase activity might interfere. The stability during storage and after reconstitution was good. The commutability of the four enzymes in the three ERM batches was also good, except when German or Scandinavian methods for aminotransferases were involved. The temperature-conversion factors for the ERMs were equivalent to those for patients' sera. Reactivation after reconstitution was complete within 5 min and was independent of the temperature of the reconstitution fluid. We believe that these secondary ERMs will aid in the transfer of accuracy between well-defined reference methods and daily working methods so that clinical enzymology results will become more comparable from laboratory to laboratory. PMID- 3757210 TI - Abnormal composition of apoproteins C-I, C-II, and C-III in plasma and very-low density lipoproteins of non-insulin-dependent diabetic Chinese. AB - Apoprotein (apo) C-I, C-II, and C-III were measured in plasma from 35 white American non-diabetic subjects. The mean concentrations (mg/L) in plasma from normolipidemic and hypertriglyceridemic subjects, respectively, were apo C-I, 78 and 311; apo C-II, 37 and 200; and apo C-III, 98 and 529. These concentrations were strongly correlated with the concentrations of plasma triglyceride (TG). We also measured these apoproteins in 23 Chinese non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients (13 men, 10 women) and in eight male and 10 female non-diabetic Chinese controls. The male diabetics had significantly lower concentrations of apo C-I in plasma, and lower apo C-I/TG, apo C-II/TG, apo C-III/TG, and apo C-I/C-III ratios than did the controls. The female diabetics had significantly higher apo C-II concentrations than the controls. The median value for plasma glucose during fasting was 1400 mg/L in the male diabetic subjects, similar to the 1370 mg/L value in female diabetics. Therefore, the higher concentrations of very-low density lipoprotein in male diabetics may not reflect hyperglycemia per se. PMID- 3757211 TI - Gas-liquid chromatography of phencyclidine in serum, with nitrogen-phosphorus detection. AB - We developed a two-step assay of phencyclidine (PCP), in which 2.5 mL of serum is adsorbed onto a disposable solid-phase extraction column and the eluted drug is determined by gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection. Methapyriline is the internal standard. The detection limit of this technique is 0.5 microgram/L and the linear range exceeds 200 micrograms/L. Precision (CV) ranges from 30 to 10% with increasing concentration. No interferences were encountered in more than 400 clinical samples. The assay permits serial observation of low concentrations of the drug in serum for pharmacokinetic study and for quantitative clinical correlation with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. PMID- 3757212 TI - Liquid-chromatographic determination of vitamin K1 in plasma, with fluorometric detection. AB - This assay for phylloquinone (vitamin K1) in plasma requires a single liquid chromatographic step. Much smaller volumes of plasma (0.5-1.0 mL) are required than in previous assays. Before liquid chromatography, we purified crude lipid extracts by conventional chromatography on silica, then extracted the lipid fraction by dissolving it in an acidic mixture of hexane/acetonitrile (1/4 by vol) containing 70 mmol of zinc chloride per liter. The vitamin K1 was selectively extracted into acetonitrile after being converted to vitamin K1 hydroquinone by addition of zinc metal. This procedure removes greater than 99% of contaminating lipids. We injected the lipid extract directly onto a reversed phase column after re-converting the vitamin K1 hydroquinone to vitamin K1. Vitamin K1 was quantified by comparison with the internal standard (dihydro vitamin K1) and detected fluorometrically after post-column "on-line" reduction to the hydroquinone with zinc metal. The lower limit of detection for vitamin K1 in the final reversed-phase system was about 0.05 microgram/L plasma; CVs for replicates were less than 10%. The mean concentration of vitamin K1 in plasma from 22 healthy fasting adults was 0.55 (range 0.09-2.12) micrograms/L. PMID- 3757213 TI - Simultaneous gas-chromatographic determination of free and acetyl-conjugated polyamines in urine. AB - A capillary gas-chromatographic method with nitrogen-phosphorus detection is used to determine simultaneously urinary 1,3-diaminopropane, monoacetyl-1,3 diaminopropane, putrescine, monoacetylputrescine, cadaverine, monoacetylcadaverine, spermidine, N1-acetylspermidine, N beta-acetylspermidine, spermine, N1-acetylspermine, isoputreanine, N-(3-aminopropyl)pyrrolidin-2-one, and putreanine. The compounds are isolated by adsorption onto silica and converted into their methyl-heptafluorobutyryl derivatives. We give quality control data and age-dependent "normal" values for urinary excretion of these analytes from 51 apparently healthy control subjects. Normal values for 31 adults are compared with those reported in the literature. Monoacetyl-1,3-diaminopropane and N1-acetylspermine are identified by mass fragmentography. We applied the method to monitor chemotherapeutic treatment of a patient with advanced non Hodgkin's lymphoma; we identified by mass spectrometry N1,N12-diacetylspermine in this patient's urine. PMID- 3757214 TI - Separation of an inhibitor of erythropoiesis in "middle molecules" from hemodialysate from patients with chronic renal failure. AB - A "middle molecule" inhibitor of erythropoiesis in patients with chronic renal failure was separated from a large amount of hemodialysate. Hemodialysate was passed through Amberlite XAD-4 resin, Sephadex G-50 gel, and DEAE-Sephadex A-25, followed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. The erythroid colony assay (CFU E) was used to detect the inhibitory effect of the sample solution. Certain fractions from the DEAE-Sephadex A-25 column showed a dose-related inhibition of CFU-E formation as great as that of standard spermine. The inhibitory effect of these fractions decreased to the control value after proteolytic digestion. The inhibitor was eluted from the liquid-chromatographic column by a solvent gradient containing 390 to 425 mL of methanol per liter. These results suggest there is an inhibitor of CFU-E with a relative molecular mass of 1000 to 10 000 and an active site composed of peptide. This technique may prove useful for separation of the inhibitor of erythropoiesis in uremic body fluid. PMID- 3757215 TI - Minimizing between-kit variability in immunoassay for carcinoembryonic antigen by use of a common standard. AB - Between-laboratory agreement of CEA determinations collected in a multicenter study has been substantially improved (CV decreased from 60.4 to 21.6%) by converting the results from mass concentration units (ng/mL) of local kit standards to int. units/L of the international standard first IRP 73/601. Conversion factors for the kits most used were computed, during the same survey, from results of two analytical-recovery experiments in which control samples, supplemented with the international standard, were analyzed by participating laboratories (n = 96). PMID- 3757216 TI - Liquid-chromatographic assay of urinary vanillylmandelic acid and homovanillic acid, with clean-up by on-column injection of acetonitrile or methanol. AB - To separately measure vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in urine, the sample is diluted 10-fold with 50 mmol/L phosphoric acid, then exactly 5 microL is injected directly onto a 50 X 4.6 mm column of Nucleosil 3C18. Samples can be injected at 5-min intervals because all peaks after these compounds of interest are washed away. VMA is eluted from the column after 2.8 min with 50 mmol/L phosphate buffer, pH 2.2, and measured by electrochemical detection. All peaks eluting after VMA are washed away together, by injection of 50 microL of acetonitrile onto the column. HVA is eluted from the column after 3.3 min with a 100/10 (by vol) mixture of the phosphate buffer and acetonitrile. All later-eluting peaks are washed away together, by injection of 50 microL of methanol onto the column. Analytical recoveries of VMA and HVA were 98.5% and 100.6%, respectively; the CVs for various concentrations of either in urine were about 3%. PMID- 3757217 TI - Total urinary estriol determined by "on-line" liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. AB - We report a fully automated method for the specific assessment of total estriol in urine. Acid-hydrolyzed urine is concentrated on a short reversed-phase column and prepurified with methanolic Tris buffer, the pH of the buffer increasing from 7 to 11. The anionic form of the estriol molecule is eluted with methanolic NaOH. By acidification in a mixing chamber, estriol in its neutral form is focused on the top of a second short reversed-phase column, effectively chromatographed on an analytical column, and quantified by ultraviolet absorbance at 278 nm. Losses of estriol throughout the total procedure are negligible and thus external calibration is feasible for quantification. Analytical recoveries for estriol supplemented urines ranged from 98.3 to 105%. Replicate analyses of a urine containing 68 mumol of estriol per liter gave a CV of 2.76%. As little estriol as 2 mumol/L can be detected. Results from pregnancy urines correlated well with those of radioimmunoassay. The method is especially suited for clinical emergencies in a routine laboratory. PMID- 3757218 TI - Are specimens with "at risk" biochemical profiles more likely to be infectious for hepatitis B virus? AB - The potential infectivity of 640 plasma specimens with various biochemical profiles was directly assessed by hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA dot-hybridization. We found that specimens with "at risk" biochemical profiles typical of various forms of liver disease were not significantly more likely to carry HBV than the general patient population. Specimens containing HBV cannot be distinguished from non-infectious specimens by any simple biochemical tests, including aminotransferases and bilirubin. The only predictive feature of HBV-positive samples was that they were more likely to be labeled as "biohazardous" by the medical staff, but even this was not always the case. PMID- 3757219 TI - A multilayer element for determining hemoglobin in whole blood: principles and analytical performance. AB - We described the structure and analytical performance of a thin-film element for determining total hemoglobin in whole blood. The element can be used with the Kodak Ektachem DT60 analyzer. The method, analogous to the standard Drabkin's method, provides accurate and precise results on 10-microL samples of undiluted whole blood. Dynamic range is linear from 0 to 200 g/L, and the method is relatively free from interference. PMID- 3757220 TI - Quantification of bone alkaline phosphatase in serum by precipitation with wheat germ lectin: a simplified method and its clinical plausibility. AB - We report an easy, rapid method for quantifying bone isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1., ALP) in serum. The original method described by Rosalki and Ying Foo (Clin Chem 1984;30:1182-6) was somewhat simplified. In contrast to their results, we found that bone ALP is precipitated quantitatively by wheat germ lectin. To check the clinical plausibility of the method, we used samples from several comparison groups (blood donors, children, pregnant women, patients with neoplasms but without skeletal involvement) and a large number of patients suffering from bone diseases and diseases of the liver and biliary tree. Measured activities of bone ALP nearly always correlated with the clinical diagnosis. Only patients with hepatitis often had pathological bone activities not in accord with the other findings. Possible reasons for this observation are discussed. PMID- 3757221 TI - Immunoradiometric assay with use of magnetizable particles: measurement of thyrotropin in blood spots, to screen for neonatal hypothyroidism. AB - We adapted a commercial immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) to measure thyrotropin in filter-paper blood spots. Two 3-mm blood spots are used for each standard and sample. These are incubated for 2 h with radiolabeled antibody and for 30 min with magnetic antibody, followed by a 10-min separation procedure. Assay sensitivity is 6 milli-int. units/L. Coefficients of variation (precision profile of the standard curve) ranged from 4.3 to 9.6%. The coefficient of correlation (r) between thyrotropin concentrations in the blood spots and in serum was 0.93. Pre-elution of the blood spots is necessary for short incubation time. Short incubation time, little need for specialized equipment, the high precision and sensitivity characteristic of IRMA, and ease of collection, transport, and storage of the blood-spot samples make this assay suitable for neonatal hypothyroid screening. PMID- 3757222 TI - Fluorescence topography in biology. III: Characteristic deviations of tryptophan fluorescence in sera of patients with gynecological tumors. AB - The near-ultraviolet region of the total fluorescence (excitation-emission matrix) of human serum reflects essentially the fluorescence of protein-bound tryptophan. We examined topographically the tryptophan fluorescence of human serum. In comparison with fluorescence topograms from sera of healthy donors, sera of patients with gynecological malignancies showed significantly different patterns of tryptophan fluorescence, the major deviations being at 325 and 365 nm. In healthy donors, the tryptophan fluorescence intensity at 365 nm, expressed as percent of the maximum fluorescence intensity (i.e., at 337 nm) varied little, but was markedly lower for sera from patients with malignancies. We found no clear correlation between the extent of the fluorescence deviations and the relative concentration of the protein fractions as determined by electrophoresis. Furthermore, we could rule out inflammation in tumor patients as an explanation for this effect. PMID- 3757223 TI - Immunofixation electrophoresis with use of Beckman Paragon SPE gels. PMID- 3757224 TI - Liquid-chromatographic determination of organic acids in plasma. PMID- 3757225 TI - Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme patterns in Puerto Ricans. PMID- 3757226 TI - Substrate reagent instability in acid phosphatase assays by the alpha-naphthyl phosphate-coupled diazonium method. PMID- 3757227 TI - Improving the reporting of immunoassay specificity. PMID- 3757228 TI - Adenosine triphosphate interferes with phosphate determination. PMID- 3757229 TI - Liquid-chromatographic determination of neopterin in urine of thymoma patients. PMID- 3757230 TI - Chloral hydrate interferes with estimation of serum vitamin B12 by some radioassay methods. PMID- 3757231 TI - Enzymatic estimation of cholesterol in high-density lipoprotein fractions. PMID- 3757232 TI - In measuring fructosamine in the Cobas Bio and RA-1000, a shorter pre-incubation is feasible. PMID- 3757233 TI - Reference intervals for nine tests on the RA-1000. PMID- 3757234 TI - Serum fructosamine and thyroid function. PMID- 3757235 TI - Free 5-hydroxytryptamine in plasma: fact or artifact? PMID- 3757236 TI - Effect of storage temperature on the precipitation of albumin from urine. PMID- 3757237 TI - A fully automated immunoassay for thyroxin evaluated. PMID- 3757238 TI - The immunochemical determinations of serum lipase in acute pancreatitis: further results. PMID- 3757240 TI - Quality control in population screening for cholesterol values. PMID- 3757239 TI - Kodak Ektachem HDL kit evaluated for HDL cholesterol measurements with the DT-60 instrument. PMID- 3757243 TI - Effects of various interferences on the Abbott Vision System. PMID- 3757241 TI - Simple 10-channel elutor for chromatographic procedures. PMID- 3757242 TI - Temperature dependence of the absorption spectrum of Coomassie Brilliant Blue. PMID- 3757244 TI - No interference by amiodarone on albumin estimation by dye-binding methods. PMID- 3757245 TI - Occurrence of normal circulating proalbumin in a hemophilic A patient after acute hepatitis related to the delta virus. AB - Circulating proalbumin in humans has been described in two distinct events: genetic variants of proalbumin related to mutations at the cleavage site, and normal proalbumin related to an abnormal cleaving enzyme system. We report a case of acquired proalbuminemia that appeared after an acute episode of hepatitis related to the delta agent, in a chronic carrier of hepatitis B virus. This component, not present in normal plasma, was identified as proalbumin by immunological methods. It was indistinguishable from the molecule normally present in hepatocytes as judged by electrophoretic mobility, limited susceptibility to tryptic digestion, and its inability to bind labeled Ni. We suggest that this release of proalbumin is related to the concurrent presence of both hepatitis B and delta virus in some of the infected hepatocytes. PMID- 3757246 TI - Protein precursor forms in plasma. PMID- 3757247 TI - Standardizing assays of total protein in urine. PMID- 3757248 TI - More on fructosamine assay as index to glycated protein. PMID- 3757249 TI - Genetic factors regulating magnesium concentrations in plasma and erythrocytes. PMID- 3757250 TI - Progesterone in saliva. PMID- 3757251 TI - Argument in favor of using mass units to calibrate and report concentrations of human choriogonadotropin. PMID- 3757252 TI - Triclonal gammopathy in a patient with AIDS. PMID- 3757253 TI - Higher values for digitalis-like factors with TDx Digoxin II. PMID- 3757254 TI - Isoenzyme testing and presence of myocardial infarction. PMID- 3757256 TI - More on determination of total protein in human milk. PMID- 3757255 TI - Large-scale screening determination of formate as a tool for assessing severity of methanol intoxication. PMID- 3757257 TI - Densitometry of serum protein electrophoretograms. PMID- 3757258 TI - Digoxin-like immunoreactive substances and bile acids in the serum of patients with liver disease. PMID- 3757259 TI - Sources of error in sodium measurements. PMID- 3757260 TI - Diabetes mellitus: from theory to therapy. Proceedings of the 1986 Arnold O. Beckman Conference in Clinical Chemistry. January 27-29, 1986, Wesley Chapel, Florida. PMID- 3757261 TI - Panel discussion I: diagnosis, classification, and value of screening for diabetes mellitus. PMID- 3757262 TI - Panel discussion II: home/hospital monitoring of blood glucose. PMID- 3757263 TI - 1,6-Anhydro-beta-D-glucopyranose (beta-glucosan), a constituent of human urine. AB - When screening for abnormal urinary saccharides with one-dimensional thin-layer chromatography, an unknown component was observed in a position just above that of xylose. This compound was studied by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and identified as the anhydro sugar beta-glucosan. It was observed in approximately 20% of all urine samples investigated by thin-layer chromatography. Excretory levels varied widely from zero up to 5.3 mmol/l. No correlation with age or disease could be established. The compound was thought to be of exogenous origin. PMID- 3757264 TI - An immunoglobulin G inhibiting lactate dehydrogenase activity. AB - We found extremely low (6 U/l) serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, EC 1.1.1.27) activity in a patient with uterine myoma. The patient's serum inhibited purified LDH isoenzymes. One milliliter serum neutralized 73 U purified LDH-1 isoenzyme, equivalent to 300-500-fold the amount of LDH in 1 ml of normal serum. The serum inhibitor was purified by ordinary procedures using chromatographies and identified as IgG which contains both kappa- and lambda-chains. The IgG is very unique in showing higher affinity to the H- than M-subunit of the LDH tetramer, in contrast with the IgGs already reported. After removal of the myoma, the anti LDH activity gradually decreased with a half-life of 20 days corresponding to that of IgG and finally almost disappeared. This indicates a possibility that the myoma cells produce some factors such as B-cell growth and differentiation factors. PMID- 3757265 TI - Microheterogeneity of Kasahara isozyme. AB - The microheterogeneity of Kasahara isozyme was investigated by affinity electrophoresis with Con A as the affinity ligand in combination with polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis. On two-dimensional Con A-containing agarose gel electrophoresis, the Kasahara isozyme was separated into three molecular species. Kasahara isozyme electrophoresed as two distinct bands with enzyme activity on polyacrylamide gradient gel, but liver, intestinal or placental alkaline phosphatase showed only one distinct spot or band on both electrophoreses. One of the three molecular species of Kasahara isozyme separated by Con A-containing agarose gel electrophoresis was extracted from the gel and applied to the polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis again, resulting in the same electrophoretic pattern as that of the original Kasahara isozyme. These findings indicated that the Kasahara isozyme consists of at least four molecular species. The same analysis was conducted with alkaline phosphatase of the HuH-6 cl-5 cell line, which has been reported to release an alkaline phosphatase closely resembling the Kasahara isozyme, and the results were compared with those obtained with the Kasahara isozyme. PMID- 3757266 TI - Absence of argininosuccinate lyase protein in the liver of two patients with argininosuccinic aciduria. AB - The enzyme defects in two cases of argininosuccinic aciduria were examined at the molecular level by enzymatic and immunological methods. No argininosuccinate lyase activity was detected in the liver or erythrocytes of either patient nor in the kidney or brain of one of the patients even in the presence of high concentrations of the substrate. The titration curve of antiserum to human argininosuccinate lyase with the liver extract from a control subject was not affected by the addition of the liver extracts from one of the patients. Double immunodiffusion analysis revealed a single precipitin line between the purified antiserum and the liver extract from a control, but no precipitin lines between the antisera and the liver extracts from the two patients. These results indicate a complete or almost complete defect of an immunologically cross-reactive material in the liver of the patients. PMID- 3757267 TI - The nature of gastric secretions in a patient with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome without peptic ulceration. AB - A study has been made of the gastric secretions from a patient with Zollinger Ellison syndrome without peptic ulceration, before and after treatment with cimetidine. The amount of non-diffusable glycoconjugates was measured as an index of mucin output, and found to be within normal limits. Cimetidine, which greatly reduced the volume of secretions, had no effect on the non-diffusable glycoconjugates. These results may explain the absence of peptic ulceration in certain patients with this syndrome. PMID- 3757268 TI - Glutathione-linked enzyme activities in red cell aging. AB - The enzyme activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), 6-phospho gluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione reductase (GR) were measured in normal human red cells separated centrifugally in a discontinuous density gradient of Percoll. Activities of G6PD, GSH-Px and GR decreased with red cell aging. PMID- 3757269 TI - A simple method to diagnose adrenoleukodystrophy using a dried blood spot on filter paper. AB - A new, simple method for the diagnosis of adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) using a dried blood spot sample, is described. Fatty acid from the dried blood spot was extracted and methylated simultaneously with HCl-methanol. Fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fatty acid compositions of the blood spot from four patients with ALD and five healthy controls were determined from the mass chromatograms of the m/z 143 ion, [(CH2)6 COOCH3]+. The ratios of tetracosanoic acid to docosanoic acid (C24:0/C22:0) and hexacosanoic acid to docosanoic acid (C26:0/C22:0) were significantly greater in ALD patients than in the controls. The fatty acid composition of the dried blood spot did not change at room temperature within a week. Since the specimens can be sent by mail, this method could be applied to the screening of ALD. PMID- 3757270 TI - Placental alkaline phosphatase in an omental tumor. PMID- 3757271 TI - The recent development of cardiovascular epidemiology in the young. PMID- 3757272 TI - Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Hypertension in Children and Adolescents. Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany, October 11-12, 1985. PMID- 3757273 TI - Epidemiology of primary hypertension in the young. AB - This presentation is to provide a broad epidemiologic perspective on the problem of blood pressure in childhood and adolescence and a background for the presentations which follow, addressing the aspects of tracking, risk factors, and electrolytes. Two fundamental issues are addressed here: first, the different patterns of blood pressure by age, as observed in population surveys in the USA, Japan, and elsewhere around the world; and second, the relation of blood pressure to indices of growth and development at different ages during childhood and adolescence. The pattern of blood pressure by age in the young is often more complex than the simple linear pattern ascribed to adult populations. The relations of blood pressure to body measurements are strong but vary importantly with age. The implications of these observations for the design of future epidemiologic studies are discussed. PMID- 3757274 TI - Tracking of blood pressure during childhood: the Muscatine Study. AB - Four thousand three hundred and thirteen children beginning at five to fourteen years of age have been examined on three to six occasions in Muscatine, Iowa on alternate years. To compare blood pressures throughout the period of observation each value was expressed as a percentile rank. For each subject the average percentile rank (level), the trend in rank and the variability over time were calculated. Values for height, weight, relative weight and triceps skinfold thickness measurements were expressed in the same fashion. The relationship between average rank of blood pressure and average rank of body size as well as between trend of blood pressure and trend of body size percentiles were significant (p less than .05). These observations indicate the importance of relative rate of growth in the establishment of the rank order of blood pressure. PMID- 3757276 TI - Prediction of stable high blood pressure in adolescents. AB - We studied the relative importance of the initial BP and associated factors in adolescents to predict stable high BP. Out of 17,634 children aged 12-13 yrs an upper group/the upper 5% of the distribution curves for both SBP and DBP/a lower group/10% random from the remainder/were yearly followed for 4 yrs/boys: 1680, girls: 1643/. About 2/3 of children remained at the same percentile point: less than 30% and greater than or equal to 70% of SBP and half of them of DBP distribution. Significant positive tracking correlations were found both for SBP and DBP between the initial BP and follow-up BP readings in the same individual. Stepwise regression analysis showed that the SBP taken at the fourth follow-up can be explained by 29% in boys, 24% in girls on the basis of screening SBP and by 47% in boys, 42% in girls on the basis of SBP measured at the four previous examinations. Using discriminant analysis, 6-9 variables out of 18 studied could correctly allocate adolescents with stable SBP or DBP/less than 70% or greater than or equal to 70% at least 3 examinations/. Our study shows the importance of initial BP and a number of factors associated with stable high BP. PMID- 3757275 TI - Change of blood pressure over five years in childhood and adolescence. AB - We compared blood pressure (BP) values, measured at a five year interval, in 2,777 boys and girls aged 4-18 years. BP values were converted into height and sex adjusted standard deviation unit scores. Correlation coefficients were significant but low for systolic BP score: 0.19 in boys and 0.15 in girls, and were even lower for diastolic BP score. These correlations are weaker than those observed for overall BP values (boys: 0.33, girls: 0.23), weight (0.82, 0.75) and height (0.87, 0.80). The probability of remaining in a high percentile (greater than 95th) is low since only 14 p. cent of boys and 8 p. cent of girls whose first systolic BP value was greater than the 95th percentile were still in this range five years later. Probability was still weaker for diastolic BP. BP tracking exists but would appear to be weak to permit early detection of future hypertensives, and does not justify preventive measures other than advice on diet and way of life. PMID- 3757277 TI - Physiologic increase and tracking of blood pressure in schoolchildren. AB - 4343 blood pressure (BP) recordings were obtained in 1575 schoolchildren during 5 years. Systolic BP rose proportionally to upper arm muscle area (MA) in both sexes. In contrast, upper arm fat area (FA) was considerably lower in boys than in girls, and the rise of systolic BP in boys during puberty was not accompanied by any increase of FA. At repeat examination of 900 children after 1 to 5 years, between 35% and 53% of those with initial systolic BP in the highest quintile had again values in the same quintile, thus twice as often as expected. Tracking in the highest decile was even stronger: 37% of 82 children had again systolic BP in the highest decile at 2 years, and 29% at 4 to 5 years. We conclude that the physiologic increase of systolic BP is primarily determined by rising muscle mass, and tracking still remains detectable in children after 4 to 5 years and is strongest in those with highest values. PMID- 3757278 TI - The Sofia Juvenile Hypertension Study. AB - Sustained hypertension (H) was found in 6% of 21,500 school children aged 6 to 15 years studied in 1972-73 and again in 1982-83. The primary character of H was proved in 85%. Hemodynamic studies revealed a hyperkinetic type of circulation and elevated total peripheral resistance. Studies on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism showed a high rate of hyperlipoproteinemia with low levels of HDL cholesterol and impaired glucose tolerance combined with high basal plasma triglycerides and plasma insulin before and after stimulation by glucose. In a follow-up study 10 years after the first one we established persistent H in 43% of the initially hypertensive children. PMID- 3757279 TI - Hypertension in children and adolescents. Results of a long-term follow-up study 1975-1985. AB - During a 10 year observation period hypertension was found in 105 children and adolescents. It was essential in 75% and in most cases combined with obesity. In 73% we found hypertension also in one or both parents. Large proportions of hypertensive children were associated with the risk factors (smoking, use of contraceptives, disturbed social conditions). PMID- 3757280 TI - Hypertension in Slovene schoolchildren population. PMID- 3757281 TI - Ambulatory blood pressure in children followed for 3 years. Influence of sex and family history of hypertension. AB - In 100 children (63 boys and 37 girls) aged 11.3 +/- 0.6 years ambulatory blood pressure (BP) was recorded by a semi-automatic device (Remler) 9 times per year over a period of 3 years. A sex difference in systolic BP was noted from the age of 13 years on with boys having higher values by about 6 mmHg (p less than .05). This could not be explained by differences in weight. In boys parental hypertension was associated with higher systolic values independent on age (p less than .05). Genetic and hormonal factors seem to influence BP during male puberty independently from each other. PMID- 3757282 TI - Cuff-associated errors of blood pressure recording in infants and toddlers. AB - As commercially available cuffs are unsatisfactory, systolic blood pressure (BP) was measured in 88 children aged less than 4 years using a conventional Velcro self-adhesive cuff with inflatable bladder. Results were compared with the "separate bladder" method (where the inflatable bladder is wrapped around the arm and is held by a separate Velcro-band), the Pedisphyg cuff and, in 10 patients, with intra-arterial recording. The last 3 methods gave nearly identical results. In contrast, conventional cuffs with a 4 cm and a 5.5 cm wide bladder considerably over-estimated systolic BP, by 13.3 mm Hg (range -2 to 30) for bladder width 4 cm, and by 13.1 mm Hg (range 4 to 22) for bladder width 5.5 cm, respectively. The conventional bladder-cuff thus yields grossly inaccurate results in young children and should be replaced by an alternative method, e.g. the "separate bladder". PMID- 3757284 TI - How a child's blood pressure is related to psychological influences. Some results with R. Zazzo's Bestiary Test. AB - The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationships between some psychological characteristics and blood pressure. We used the Bestiary Test which gives an impression of the child's psychological characteristics and his way of coping with personal conflicts. The test was applied to 766 children between the ages of 4-10 years. By discriminant analysis we established relations between systolic blood pressure, and the responses to the test. By correspondence analysis we found that hypertensive children have a tendency to perceive human relationships, especially those between males and females, as aggressive. PMID- 3757283 TI - Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in adolescent untreated hypertensive patients. AB - Ambulatory blood pressure profiles were obtained with the portable semi-automatic blood pressure recorder Remler M2000 in groups of 20 adolescents, 20 young and 20 middle-aged adults and 20 elderly untreated patients, all considered by their physician to be hypertensive. It was found that adolescents who are hypertensive when seeing their physician are more often normotensive outside the physician's office than adult and elderly patients under similar conditions. The increased heart rate variability which was detected in adolescents was not associated with an enhanced blood pressure variability. PMID- 3757285 TI - Familial resemblance of blood pressure and body weight. AB - Familial resemblance of blood pressure (BP) was studied in 545 families of which 370 included natural children, 24 adopted children and 151 both natural and adopted children. Mean values of four automatic BP measurements (Dinamap 845) were converted into age (adult) or height (children) and sex adjusted scores. BP was compared between parents and randomly chosen index children. A significant resemblance of BP was observed between natural children and their parents: r = 0.24 for systolic BP, r = 0.29 for diastolic BP, (n = 272 p greater than 0.05). BP of adopted children did not resemble that of their foster parents except for a significant correlation to BP of the adopting mothers (n = 46). Weight, heart rate, age and time of common life shared did not influence the results. The relative contribution of genetic and common environmental factors to BP correlation between family members could not be evaluated in this study. BP of children whose parents have high BP should be monitored regularly. PMID- 3757286 TI - Hemodynamics in childhood hypertension. AB - Children with elevated systolic blood pressure have a wide range of cardiac output. We investigated the mechanisms regulating resting and exercise blood pressure in 264 children who were selected from the low, middle, and upper quintile of the distribution of blood pressure of an entire school population. We identified patterns of response to exercise that correlated both with resting cardiac output and resting blood pressure. During isometric exercise, systolic blood pressure adjusted for age and body size increased in all groups. The low group mean pressure remained significantly lower than the high group's pressures throughout the entire exercise period. Body size adjusted group systolic and diastolic blood pressure level differences existed during dynamic exercise. The product of the systolic blood pressure times the heart rate in the high blood pressure group was significantly higher throughout dynamic exercise than in the other two groups. Elevated resting resistance was correlated with elevated resistance during isometric exercise and elevated diastolic blood pressure during dynamic exercise. Cardiac index had a significant negative correlation to age (r = -0.58) at all levels of blood pressure. This observation, in children, lends some support to the concept of evolution from a hyperkinetic circulation in early childhood to a circulation with lower cardiac output and more elevated systemic vascular resistance at an older age. PMID- 3757287 TI - High pressure diuresis initiates malignant hypertension in the young. AB - Weight loss, polydipsia, polyuria, hyponatremia are symptoms often seen in patients with severe renin-induced hypertension. To investigate the role of the maturing kidney in the development of high pressure diuresis hypertension was induced in infantile (18 days old) and adult (40 days old) Sprague-Dawley rats by clipping one renal artery. In infantile rats blood pressure increase was steeper than in adult rats (7.8 vs. 3.2 mmHg/day). High pressure diuresis resulting in body weight loss was observed at systolic blood pressure levels of about 140 to 150 mmHg in infantile animals compared to 180 mmHg in adult rats. At this time fluid intake was increased to 64 in infantile and 30 ml/100 g body weight/day in adult rats. Plasma renin concentration and aldosterone were two fold higher in infantile than in adult rats. The data show that infantile rats, due to a higher activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, have a steeper blood pressure increase and, furthermore, that during maturation of the kidney high pressure diuresis starts at lower blood pressure levels and is much more pronounced. PMID- 3757288 TI - Recommendations for management of hypertension in children and adolescents. Second International Symposium on Hypertension in Children. Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany, October 11-12, 1985. PMID- 3757289 TI - Impaired sympathetic baroreflexes in prehypertensive Dahl hypertension-sensitive rats. AB - Baroreflex responsiveness was assessed in Dahl rats that had been fed a low-salt diet to retard subsequent development of hypertension. After five weeks there were no differences in baseline pressures, but all responses elicited reflexly by elevating blood pressure with phenylephrine were less pronounced in hypertension sensitive (DS) than in hypertension-resistant (DR) rats. Diminished responses included the following: acceleration in afferent aortic nerve activity, bradycardia, and inhibition of splanchnic and renal sympathetic nerve activity. By contrast, opposite responses elicited by lowering blood pressure with sodium nitroprusside did not differ significantly. Selective baroreflex attenuation (i.e. which was demonstrable only when blood pressure was elevated but not when it was lowered) in DS rats may have been due to differences either in pharmacology of the two drugs, or in sinoaortic vessel wall geometry. The baroreflex impairment shown here could represent a genetic predisposition that eventually elevates blood pressure in DS rats by increasing sympathetic vasomotor tone in the renal and splanchnic vascular beds. PMID- 3757290 TI - Role of medullary cholinoceptors in baroreflex bradycardia. AB - Cholinergic receptors present in three medullary nuclei namely, the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), nucleus ambiguous (AMB) and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMV) have been studied with regard to their role in regulation of heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and baroreceptor reflex activation induced bradycardia in cats. Microinjection of carbachol into NTS was without effect while administration of carbachol or pilocarpine into AMB and DMV elicited dose related decrease in HR without affecting BP. These effects were completely antagonized by ethylbenztropine. Bilateral muscarinic cholinoceptor blockade of either AMB or DMV, with ethylbenztropine, produced a partial inhibition of the baroreflex bradycardia while intracisternal ethylbenztropine completely abolished this reflex response. Involvement of muscarinic cholinoceptors of AMB or DMV in baroreflex mediated adjustments of HR is therefore suggested. PMID- 3757291 TI - The effects of nifedipine on regional vascular resistance and blood flow in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. AB - The purpose of the study was to compare the peripheral vascular effects of the calcium blocker nifedipine (NF) in normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY; n = 25) rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR; n = 28). Male eighteen week old animals were anesthetized with pentobarbital (50 mg/kg i.p.) and subjected to the radioactive microsphere technique for measurement of systemic and regional hemodynamics. While NF (30 micrograms/kg i.v. or 100 micrograms/kg i.v.) was effective in reducing resistance in all sampled vascular beds of SHR and WKY, it reduced renal vascular resistance to a greater extent in the SHR than in WKY (p less than 0.025). The data suggested a similar strain-specific effect in the SHR coronary, stomach and brain vasculatures (0.12 less than p less than 0.16). By contrast, high dose NF had a preferential effect on the skeletal muscle vasculature of WKY (p less than 0.025 for blood flow, p less than 0.16 for resistance). The findings support the premise that each calcium blocker has unique regional effects that differ between SHR and WKY. PMID- 3757292 TI - Dermatoglyphic peculiarities in families with X-linked mental retardation and fragile site Xq27: a collaborative study. AB - The dermatoglyphic patterns of fingertips, palms and soles of 75 male patients with X-linked mental retardation and fra-Xq27 and of 28 obligate female heterozygotes were analyzed and compared with the data from 200 male and 200 female control individuals. The results show that there is a strong association between the fra-X-syndrome and dermatoglyphic peculiarities observed in male patients and also in female heterozygotes. The characteristic dermatoglyphic features of the fra-X-syndrome are: increased frequencies of radial loops, whorls and arches on the fingertips, a pronounced transversal course of palmar ridges, lower a-b RC, absence of c-triradii on the palms, abnormal palmar and plantar creases, dysplasia of the papillary ridges and low frequencies of true patterns on the soles. Some of these patterns were found in the female carriers of fra Xq27 also. The combination of palmar and plantar patterns, expressed by a "log. score-Index", provides a high degree of discrimination between the male patients with fra-X-syndrome and the control group. A preliminary log. score-Index was developed also for the female heterozygotes. A "phantom picture" of the dermatoglyphic stigmata is constructed. We suggest that dermatoglyphic examination of the members of families suspected for fra-Xq27-syndrome can be useful for predicting this state and for diagnosing male hemizygotes and carrier females. PMID- 3757293 TI - Usher syndrome in four Norwegian counties. AB - Among 89 probands selected for tapeto-retinal degeneration, 18 (20%) were given the diagnosis of Usher syndrome. Among the relatives of the probands another 10 cases of Usher syndrome were found. The distribution on type diagnoses was: Usher syndrome type I: 14 cases, type II: 10 cases and type III: four cases. The pattern of inheritance was autosomal recessive for 12 families, and the remaining six probands were solitary cases without consanguinity between the parents. There was a high intrafamiliar correlation with respect to hearing function, indicating genetic heterogeneity in Usher syndrome. Obligate heterozygotes did not demonstrate heterozygote manifestation. One man with Usher syndrome type I was psychotic, the remaining 27 did not demonstrate serious psychic disturbances. Atactic gait was not observed, though vestibular response was abolished in three patients with Usher syndrome type I. Three patients with type II and one person with type III had normal vestibular response. The prognosis for visual function was not highly correlated to the type diagnosis or to the age when hemeralopia was first noticed. Visual function was good before 30 years of age and bad in most patients after the age of 50. PMID- 3757294 TI - Adult polycystic liver and kidney diseases are separate entities. AB - In 22 cases of either adult polycystic liver (PLD) or polycystic kidney (APCD) disease, considered as one dominantly inherited entity, both diseases occurred together only once. Early microscopical cystic lesions that are typical of PLD were found in another case of APCD. In this medicolegal autopsy series the incidence of PLD was 0.05% and that of APCD 0.08%. Cerebral haemorrhage or cerebral aneurysms were found in 50% of APCD cases but in none of the cases with only PLD (p less than 0.01). Of the cases with PLD, 50% had associated renal cysts and 10% of the cases with APCD had associated liver cysts. The same medicolegal autopsy material yielded a prospective series of 95 male cases, where, however, kidney cysts were normally present in over 50% and liver cysts in about 20% of the cases of similar age. Thus, a part of the association between cystic disease of the liver and kidney may have been based on the common occurrence of cysts in old age. V. Meyenburg's complex was the microscopic alteration associated with cysts in PLD. It was associated as well with liver cysts in APCD suggesting that an intricate relation between PLD and APCD does occur in part of the cases, in this series characterized by large size APCD kidneys. The results indicate that in adults PLD is an entity of its own, expressed in most of the cases independently of APCD. PMID- 3757295 TI - Relative reliability of three different discriminant analysis methods for detecting PKU gene carriers. AB - A previously derived discriminant function for detecting classical PKU gene carriers without a priori pedigree probability was reevaluated using a large sample size. The test involves fluorometric measurement of fasting phenylalanine and tyrosine plasma levels. Among 75 controls and 45 known carriers, 95% could be classified as to their carrier status with greater than 98% accuracy. The accuracy of our method in classifying our population compared favorably to that of two other discriminant analysis methods requiring a priori probability. PMID- 3757296 TI - Partial trisomy 3p syndrome. AB - Two cousins with an unbalanced chromosome translocation (partial trisomy 3p) are described. Both children have a clinically recognizable syndrome of square facies with prominent cheeks, narrow bitemporal regions, psychomotor retardation and congenital heart disease. Extended family studies showed one other individual proven to have partial trisomy 3p karyotype, two retarded individuals with congenital heart disease who probably had it, and 14 balanced carriers of the translocation t(1;3)(q43;p21). This report confirms the characteristic clinical appearance of affected individuals and emphasizes the frequency in which congenital heart disease is the presenting feature of partial trisomy 3p. An additional 22 cases of partial 3p trisomy are reviewed. PMID- 3757297 TI - Normal female carrier and affected male half-sibs with t(X;5)(q13;p15). Location of a gene determining male genital development. AB - A unique family in which half-brothers have a maternally derived t(X;5)(q13;p15) and similar genital malformations is described. This family provides evidence for a gene required for male genital development located at Xq13. PMID- 3757298 TI - An unusual variant chromosome 9 due to disturbance of normal chromatin condensation at band p12? PMID- 3757299 TI - Heterochromatinization of human X-chromosomes: classification of replication profile. AB - The replication profiles of human X-chromosomes are studied by RBA-technique. It is suggested that the late replicating X-chromosome can be arbitrarily classified into 8 types. Furthermore, data suggest that the individual cells are under self control pertaining to the inactivated X-chromosome. This may reflect that the altered chromatin may not be uniform in the process of inactivation. PMID- 3757300 TI - A syndrome with intracranial calcification and microcephaly in two sibs, resembling intrauterine infection. AB - We report two children, the products of a consanguineous union, who died in infancy. Both children had severe microcephaly intracranial calcification, lissencephaly and polymicrogyria. PMID- 3757301 TI - High resolution chromosome results in retinoblastoma families. AB - In three families in the North of England, where retinoblastoma is transmitted, 41 members were studied by high resolution chromosome banding at the 500+ and 900+ levels. None of the 10 affected individuals or their normal relatives showed any deletion in the 13q14 region. PMID- 3757302 TI - Autosomal dominant lamellar ichthyosis. AB - Five members of two generations of one family were affected with lamellar ichthyosis, suggesting autosomal dominant transmission. The clinical and histopathological characteristics of the cases described here are similar to those reported by Traupe et al. (1984) as autosomal dominant lamellar ichthyosis and thus confirm the existence of this new form of ichthyosis. PMID- 3757303 TI - Partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 3: further delineation of the 3p25-3pter syndrome. AB - A male newborn with partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 3 is described. The patient shares most of the features with the previously reported cases. In addition, cardiac, skeletal and gastrointestinal anomalies not previously reported are described. These characteristics may help in further delineation of the syndrome. PMID- 3757304 TI - Cerebroside-beta-glucosidase activity in Gaucher brain. AB - Cerebroside-beta-glucosidase (acid beta-glucosidase) activity was determined in the forebrain from three patients with the infantile type of Gaucher disease, six patients with the Norrbottnian type and one patient with a mixed infantile/Norrbottnian type. The forebrain from ten subjects, aged 3 months to 20 years, served as controls. The activity was assayed with the natural substrate, (glucose-6-3H) nervonoylglucosylsphingosine and the artificial fluorogenic 4 methyl-umbelliferyl-beta-glucoside. The average residual activities of beta glucosidase were 12% in the Norrbottnian type and 5% in the infantile type when determined with natural or artificial substrate. Optimum discrimination of the two types of Gaucher disease was obtained with the natural substrate. PMID- 3757305 TI - Peculiar face, deafness, cleft palate, male pseudohermaphroditism, and growth and psychomotor retardation; a new autosomal recessive syndrome? AB - Two siblings with peculiar facies, deafness, cleft palate, male pseudohermaphroditism, and growth and psychomotor retardation were reported. The similarity of both the dysmorphic features and the clinical course suggests a new syndrome, which inheritance is considered to be autosomal recessive. PMID- 3757306 TI - Trisomy 4 due to nondisjunction during maternal meiosis II. PMID- 3757308 TI - Comments on methods and results in: Sherman et al., "Segregation analysis of balanced pericentric inversions in pedigree data". AB - The analysis by Sherman et al. (1986), its basis and results have been examined. The analysis relies on general methods, which may give acceptable results under the special conditions considered by the authors, but will usually produce more or less misleading results. The program POINTER (Lalouel & Morton 1981) is shown to be based partly on a chain of irrelevant arguments for the actual context. The so-called "conventional ascertainment rules" (Morton et al. 1983) are shown to produce misleading results in cases where their assumptions are not satisfied. The mean risk for unbalanced offspring is underestimated because of an erroneous ascertainment correction. The segregation frequencies are found to be different in three national samples, contrary to the claim by Sherman et al. Only a small proportion of all information available in the data has been utilized. Alternative and more appropriate models, hypotheses and procedures have been suggested. The frequent use of packages with computer programmes of standard statistical procedures in nonstandard situations with data from collaborative studies in human cytogenetics is discussed. PMID- 3757307 TI - Segregation analysis of balanced pericentric inversions in pedigree data. AB - The results of the recent European collaborative prenatal study suggested a segregation distortion of balanced pericentric inversions from carrier fathers but not carrier mothers (Boue & Gallano 1984). In an attempt to confirm these unexpected results, we examined 216 pedigrees with balanced pericentric inversions collected from three centers and from the literature. We were unable to detect any significant deviation from the expected 1:1 segregation of balanced pericentric inversions to normal karyotypes among the offspring of either carrier parent. To clarify the discrepancy between the studies, we reanalyzed the data from the prenatal study using all karyotyped individuals and, assuming conventional ascertainment rules, found a normal segregation pattern. We conclude that balanced pericentric inversions segregate normally in both males and females and that some retrospectively selected pedigrees were included as prospective in the prenatal study and this misclassification caused the apparent segregation distortion from carrier fathers. PMID- 3757309 TI - A comparison of the effects of end-to-side portacaval shunting and side-to-side mesocaval shunting on hepatic haemodynamics in the dog. AB - Functional liver blood flow and hepatic artery flow were measured before and after either end-to-side portacaval or side-to-side mesocaval shunting in dogs. Functional liver blood fell by approximately 50% following both portacaval and mesocaval shunting. The hepatic artery response was variable after both portacaval and mesocaval shunts. It is concluded that side-to-side mesocaval shunts do not preserve hepatic blood flow or produce a greater compensatory increase in hepatic artery flow than conventional portacaval shunts. PMID- 3757310 TI - Action of almitrine bismesylate on ventilation-perfusion matching in cats and dogs with part of the lung hypoventilated. AB - Ventilation to one lobe of lung was reduced in anaesthetized open-chest cats and dogs to simulate the ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatching of chronic lung disease. Blood flow to this lobe fell less than ventilation; thus lobar V/Q diminished. In seven cats almitrine (0.5 mg/kg + 10 micrograms/kg per min, i.v.) caused a rise in pulmonary artery pressure (PPA), increased flow through the hypoventilated lobe in six out of seven cats and both increased or decreased lobar vascular resistance (PVR); the lobar V/Q ratio therefore fell. Arterial and lobar venous oxygen tension (PO2) fell. In five dogs almitrine caused a rise in PPA and PVR but lobar flow changes were variable. Arterial and lobar venous PO2 fell. With fixed ventilation, almitrine failed to improve V/Q matching; there was no improvement in gas exchange in the hypoventilated lobe. In eight dogs the hypoventilated lobe was perfused at constant flow with right atrial blood (i.e. while V/Q was held constant). Almitrine caused a rise in perfusion pressure, vasoconstriction, followed, in five out of eight dogs, by vasodilatation. In six similar cat preparations, vasoconstriction but not vasodilatation was clearly shown. In two cats dilatation after almitrine was demonstrated during ventilation with Nitrogen. In all experiments there was no significant effect of the solvent. Thus the dual action of almitrine seen in other species was seen in a proportion of cats and dogs. Results do not support the view that improved arterial gas tensions in patients after almitrine are attributable to diversion of blood flow away from hypoxic lung. Alternative mechanisms are discussed. PMID- 3757311 TI - Relation of intramyocardial pressure to coronary pressure at zero flow. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which coronary pressure at zero coronary flow (Pf=0) may relate to extravascular compressive forces determined by direct measurements of left ventricular intramyocardial pressure. Studies were performed in nine open-chest anaesthetized dogs in which the anterior descending coronary artery was cannulated and perfused from the carotid artery. Coronary pressure was measured at the tip of the cannula. Intramyocardial pressure was measured with a 1 mm diameter micromanometer inserted directly into the subepicardium. The atrioventricular node was obliterated by cautery and the heart was electrically paced. Long diastolic pauses, sufficient to allow coronary flow to reach zero, were produced by the cessation of electrical pacing. In the autoregulated coronary bed, Pf=0, 47 mmHg (s.e.m. = 9), exceeded subepicardial pressure at zero flow, 23 mmHg (s.e.m. = 2; P less than 0.001). During maximal vasodilatation with adenosine, Pf=0, 16 mmHg (s.e.m. = 11), was not significantly different from subepicardial pressure at zero flow, 21 mmHg (s.e.m. = 4). These observations indicate that, in addition to coronary vasomotor tone, diastolic myocardial tissue pressure is important in the genesis of Pf=0. PMID- 3757312 TI - Effects of a synthesized phosphodiesterase inhibitor, ZSY-27, on pancreatic exocrine secretion of the dog. AB - The effects of a synthesized phosphodiesterase inhibitor, ZSY-27, on the secretion of pancreatic juice were investigated in dog isolated and blood perfused pancreas, and compared with those of secretin and dopamine. Intravenous administration of ZSY-27 (0.3-1 mg/kg) elicited increases in pancreatic secretion. Intra-arterial (i.a.) administration of ZSY-27 (0.1-1 mg) also elicited increased secretion. The secretory activity of ZSY-27 (1 mg) was approximately equal to that of 0.1 units of secretin and 2.5 micrograms of dopamine. The concentration of bicarbonate in the pancreatic juice induced by ZSY 27 i.a. was increased, but the protein concentration was not increased significantly. These effects are analogous to those of secretin and dopamine. ZSY 27-induced pancreatic secretion was not modified by pretreatment with phentolamine, propranolol, atropine, sulpiride and cimetidine. Secretin-induced secretion was significantly potentiated by infusion of ZSY-27 (25 micrograms/min) but dopamine-induced one was not. These results suggest that ZSY-27 increases pancreatic secretion acting directly on the ductular cells of the dog pancreas, at least in part, through the increase of intracellular cyclic AMP concentration by inhibiting phosphodiesterase activity. PMID- 3757314 TI - Detection of IgG-rheumatoid factor in sera of patients with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis and its relationship with circulating immunecomplexes. AB - Rheumatoid factors (RF) were measured in sera from 75 patients with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) and compared with normal controls, patients with rheumatoid arthritis in activity and acute rheumatic fever. Using two sensitive and specific solid phase radioimmunoassays, IgM-RF and IgG-RF were detected, respectively, in 15% and 32% of the patients with APSGN. A positive correlation (r = 0.37, n = 75, p less than 0.05) was obtained between serum levels of IgG-RF and circulating immune complexes determined by conglutinin assay. Chromatographic studies in serum from two patients with APSGN demonstrated that the circulating IgG-RFs were mainly free, not complexed. It is suggested that RFs, particularly of the IgG class, may participate in the pathogenesis of the renal injury in some patients with APSGN. PMID- 3757313 TI - Frusemide inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstriction in the rat in situ blood perfused mesentery. AB - Mesenteric perfusion pressure was measured in the in situ blood-perfused mesentery of anaesthetized rats. Increases in perfusion pressure were produced by mesenteric periarterial electrical stimulation at 3, 6 and 10 Hz before and after the administration of frusemide 5 mg/kg intravenously (i.v.) or vehicle. Loss of volume due to diuresis was prevented by replacement with intravenous saline. Frusemide did not cause any changes in blood pressure or baseline perfusion pressure. Responses to electrical stimulation were inhibited by frusemide (P less than 0.05) but unchanged by vehicle administration. Acute bilateral nephrectomy or treatment with indomethacin (2 mg/kg i.v.) prevented the inhibitory effect of frusemide on responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation. Responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation were potentiated by an infusion of angiotensin II (12 ng/min) into the mesenteric artery. This infusion did not alter either blood pressure or baseline perfusion pressure. Administration of frusemide 5 mg/kg i.v. attenuated the potentiating effect of angiotensin II on vasoconstrictor responses to electrical nerve stimulation. Frusemide may lead to the release of a prostanoid or prostanoid precursor which inhibits vascular constrictor responses. PMID- 3757315 TI - Amino acid containing compounds in uremic serum-search for middle molecules by high performance liquid chromatography. AB - Two amino acid compounds, one containing 85% glycine and the other 85% glutamine were obtained by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography from sera of uremic patients. These compounds were absent in identically treated normal sera. PMID- 3757316 TI - Prediction of the progression of renal failure in adult and in pediatric patients with malignant focal glomerulosclerosis. AB - A retrospective analysis of the progression of renal failure was performed in 6 children and 5 adults with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome unresponsive to steroids and immunosuppressants and with histological findings of focal glomerulosclerosis. We analyzed the linear regression of Ccr and of their logarithmic transformation vs time (months) starting from the time when the first abnormal value was observed (t = 0). The regression analysis was performed at three different times, when Ccr was: 30-20, 20-25 and 10-15 ml/min/1.73 sqm. Extrapolation of each of these lines on the x axis predicted when renal function would be zero. The difference in months, between the predicted and actual time of starting dialysis was prediction error. "r" values were always elevated and statistically significant for both linear and logarithmic regression; there was a large intersubject variability in the rate of loss of renal function but the mean prediction error at various levels of Ccr was within limits clinically acceptable. Moreover its magnitude did not significantly decrease by prolonging the time of observation. This indicates that in this disease the decay of Ccr enters a track which proceeds linearly or logarithmically after the onset of renal failure and no major deviation from the predicted line is to be expected. The good predictability in our study may be attributed to the fact that our patients were homogeneous for a number of factors which may be relevant to progression of the disease. It confirms the view supported by Gretz et al. [1983] that there is a need for stratification of patients in large cohort studies on the predictability of loss of renal function. PMID- 3757317 TI - Improvement by oral metoprolol of exercise-induced ischemic dysfunction in patients with coronary heart disease. AB - The effect of metoprolol on global left ventricular function during exercise was analyzed with nuclear ventriculography in 17 patients with ischemic heart disease. All had stable angina pectoris and ST-segment depression of more than 0.1 mV during treadmill exercise when not taking metoprolol. Each patient was stressed with supine bicycle exercise to the same load on a maintenance dose of metoprolol (100 mg X 2/day) and on a second occasion without the drug, the two being separated by 7 days. The mean heart rate and systolic blood pressure were significantly reduced both at rest and exercise with metoprolol. There was no significant difference of rest left ventricular ejection fraction with or without metoprolol. At exercise, however, every patient showed improvement of left ventricular function, the average left ventricular ejection fraction increasing by 14% (+/- 6) relative to the same exercise without metoprolol (p less than 0.001). We conclude that chronic metoprolol treatment in patients with ischemic heart disease can ameliorate left ventricular dysfunction induced by exercise and may thereby reduce myocardial ischemia. PMID- 3757318 TI - Two-dimensional echocardiographic evaluation of ventricular asynergy induced by dipyridamole: correlation with thallium scanning. AB - Myocardial asynergies detected by two-dimensional echocardiography during intravenous administration of Dipyridamole (0.75 mg/kg) were evaluated in 54 patients referred for angiographic evaluation of chest pain. Technically adequate two-dimensional echocardiograms suitable for analysis were recorded in 42 of 54 (77.7%) patients studied. Thallium-201 myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, during dipyridamole test was performed in the same patients. Thirty of the 42 patients studied showed significant coronary narrowing at cardiac catheterization. Dipyridamole-induced wall motion abnormalities and myocardial perfusion defects were detected, respectively, in 19 (63.3%) and 21 (70%) of 30 patients with significant coronary artery disease. Wall by wall comparison of the distribution of dipyridamole-induced echocardiographic asynergy with reversible thallium-201 (201Tl) perfusion defects demonstrated complete correlation in 42 segments examined. Three segments with perfusion defects at thallium scanning did not show asynergy during the test while two segments showing wall motion abnormalities during dipyridamole infusion did not manifest perfusion defects. Our study demonstrates that two-dimensional echocardiography during dipyridamole testing is useful in detecting patients with coronary artery disease. Furthermore, ventricular asynergies detected during the test show a high correspondence with site of myocardial perfusion defects at thallium scanning. PMID- 3757319 TI - Rupture of the pericardium presenting as postpericardial trauma syndrome late after blunt chest injury. AB - A 40-year-old man presented with a clinical picture of postpericardial trauma syndrome six weeks after blunt injury to the chest. Posttraumatic pericardial rupture was diagnosed at exploratory thoracotomy. The presence of aortic regurgitation due to a previously undiagnosed congenital sinus of Valsalva aneurysm complicated the clinical picture. To our knowledge this is the first report of postpericardial trauma syndrome associated with pericardial rupture after blunt chest injury. It emphasizes the high index of suspicion required for diagnosis of pericardial rupture, a condition with potentially lethal complications. PMID- 3757320 TI - Effects of verapamil on thromboxane synthesis and pulmonary hypertension in sheep. AB - Infusion of plasma containing zymosan-activated complement into sheep produces leukopenia, pulmonary leukostasis, pulmonary hypertension, hypoxia and increased plasma levels of thromboxane. We investigated the effects of the calcium channel blocking agent verapamil in this system using conscious sheep. Verapamil in 5 mg and 10 mg doses was administered by intravenous infusion prior to an infusion of autologous plasma containing zymosan-activated complement. Pretreatment with verapamil inhibited thromboxane synthesis, the rise in pulmonary artery pressure and the hypoxia without affecting the transient leukopenia. These effects are similar to those previously demonstrated with nonsteroidal antinflammatory drugs, suggesting that verapamil is acting at one or more early steps of the arachidonic acid cascade in addition to its influence on the calcium-sensitive protein interactions involved in smooth muscle function. PMID- 3757321 TI - The prevalence of antibody to delta virus in western Canada. AB - To assess the prevalence and pathological role of hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection in western Canada, we tested a total of 310 sera from the province of Alberta, Yukon and Northwest Territories for antibody to HD (anti-HDV) by commercial solid phase radioimmunoassay. Two hundred and forty-five sera were hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive. These were classified on the basis of clinical and biochemical data as either acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis or in the healthy carrier phase of infection Sixty-five HBsAg negative sera from patients with other forms of chronic liver diseases served as controls. Anti-HDV was detected in only four of the HBsAg positive sera (1.6%) and in none of the controls. The prevalence of anti-HDV was significantly higher in patients with chronic hepatitis, three of twenty-two (13.6%) than in patients with acute hepatitis (0%) (p less than 0.05) or healthy carriers (0%) (p less than 0.005). Two of the four anti-HDV positive sera were obtained from patients with a history of parenteral drug abuse. These results indicate that HDV infection is uncommon in western Canada but, when it does occur, is more likely to be associated with chronic inflammatory liver disease. Parenteral drug abuse appears to be the major risk factor for HDV infection in western Canada at this time. PMID- 3757322 TI - The acid-base status does not influence the rate of acetate metabolism in hemodialyzed patients. AB - The present study was undertaken to evaluate whether the acid-base status influences the rate of acetate metabolism in patients chronically hemodialyzed against acetate. Ten patients (5 "intolerant" and 5 "tolerant" to acetate) received in a randomized order and for three consecutive dialyses each of the six following infusions in the venous line of the dialyzer: NaHCO3 (22, 44 or 88 mEq/h), NaCl (22 or 44 mEq/h) or Dextrose 5% in water (30 mmol/h). Plasma acetate was measured at the end of the dialysis. Bicarbonate infusions increased significantly blood pH and plasma bicarbonate but did not change the plasma acetate concentration at the end of dialysis. We conclude that the rate of acetate metabolism is not modified by changes in the acid-base status within the range usually observed in hemodialyzed patients. A significant hypoxemia per dialysis was noted only in AT patients with lower plasma acetate and rapid acetate metabolism. We conclude that acetate metabolism (and not plasma acetate concentration) plays a significant role in dialysis-induced hypoxemia. PMID- 3757323 TI - The effect of high frequency oscillatory ventilation on pulmonary stretch receptors in the dog. AB - High frequency oscillatory ventilation is a form of artificial ventilation where the tidal volume is less than the anatomical dead space. The efficacy of gas exchange depends upon the oscillatory frequency, volume, bias flow and the airway pressure. The present study was undertaken to determine the influence of oscillatory frequency, oscillatory volume and mean airway pressure upon the activity of pulmonary stretch receptors and rapidly adapting receptors during high frequency oscillatory ventilation. The experiments were conducted on dogs anaesthetized with either chloralose or nembutal. In Series I (16 slowly adapting stretch receptors) the effects of changing in turn, the oscillatory frequency, oscillatory volume and mean airway pressure were examined. The bias flow was held constant. Significant changes in the frequency of discharge of slowly adapting stretch receptors occurred only with alterations in oscillatory frequency (8,16,28 Hz) and mean airway pressure (3, 6 & 9 cm H2O). No significant changes in the activity of slowly adapting stretch receptors were observed when the oscillatory volume was altered (2.5, 5.0 & 7.5 ml/kg). With each manoeuvre there were significant small increments in intrathoracic gas volume. In Series II (16 slowly adapting stretch receptors) the interaction between oscillatory frequency and mean airway pressure was studied. The effect of each was greatest at the lowest value of the other variable. In Series III the effect of changing oscillatory frequency on the discharge from rapidly adapting receptors were examined. It was found that changes in frequency at a fixed airway pressure (3 cm H2O) and oscillatory volume failed to alter the activity significantly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3757324 TI - Toxicity of agar for neutrophilic colonies. AB - The soft agar culture system is widely used to study in vitro regulation of granulopoiesis. This report is presented to illustrate how agar itself affects the kinetics of colony growth and thus, the results obtained with the assay. The main finding was that agar caused cells to lyse as they matured. Death appeared to occur at the myelocyte/metamyelocyte transition. Thus colonies did not develop a non-growth fraction of metamyelocyte, bands and segmented forms. Colonies grew in a multiphasic fashion owing to the maturation/differentiation process. Growth was characterized by an initial logarithmic phase, followed by a phase of non logarithmic growth in which the size of colonies depended on the relative rates of cell production and loss. When clonogenic cells exhausted their self-renewal capacity, colonies entered a decay phase, during which they decreased in size and disappeared. In pulsing experiments the onset of decay phase was delayed if the addition of growth factor was delayed. Conversely, the onset of the decay phase was premature if mitosis was arrested with vincristine. During the decay phase the proportion of cells with damaged membranes (permeable to propidium iodide) remained constant. It was concluded that data accumulated during the decay phase cannot be interpreted reliably. This point should be considered in designing experiments and interpreting the results with this assay system. PMID- 3757325 TI - Natural evolution of thyrotropin and thyroid hormones concentrations in hypothyroid newborns with thyroid agenesis or ectopy during the first month of life. AB - Thyroid hormones and thyrotropin concentrations obtained by different screening programs at different times after birth were pooled to study their natural evolution in congenitally hypothyroid newborns with thyroid ectopy or agenesis. In filter paper blood spots, the T4 concentrations were higher in the group with thyroid ectopy whereas it was the opposite for the TSH values. Serum T4 decreased progressively in cases of thyroid agenesis. In ectopy, serum T4 remained stable after 2 weeks whereas the T3 concentration increased into the normal range. Thus, even at five weeks of age, the T4 levels of infants with ectopic thyroid are still in the hypothyroid range despite thyrotropin overstimulation. PMID- 3757326 TI - Paracellular recirculation of sodium is essential to support nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract: an hypothesis. PMID- 3757327 TI - Abstracts. Annual meeting, Canadian Society for Clinical Investigation, Canadian Paediatric Society, The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. Toronto, Ontario, September 21-25, 1986. PMID- 3757328 TI - Canadian Cardiovascular Society, 1986. Scientific program and abstracts. Ottawa, Ontario, October 29, 30, 31, 1986. PMID- 3757329 TI - Fetal therapy. PMID- 3757330 TI - The management of fetal urinary tract obstruction. PMID- 3757331 TI - Fetal diaphragmatic hernia: pathophysiology, natural history, and outcome. PMID- 3757332 TI - Human fetal lung development and related animal models. PMID- 3757333 TI - Diagnosis and management of fetal hydrocephalus. PMID- 3757334 TI - Biochemical fetal therapy. PMID- 3757335 TI - International Fetal Surgery Registry: 1985 update. PMID- 3757336 TI - Prevention of fetal damage through dietary control of maternal hyperphenylalaninemia. AB - Maternal phenylketonuria is a new entity in obstetrics. If unrecognized and for this or other reasons untreated, it produces a substantial risk for fetal damage. Our knowledge of the pathophysiology of the fetal complications in maternal PKU is very limited, but the degree of maternal hyperphenylalaninemia seems to be important. The management differs from the other high-risk pregnancies in the need for a special diet beginning before conception. An effective program of dietary therapy designed in collaboration with a PKU clinic will reduce the likelihood of fetal damage and improve pregnancy outcome. PMID- 3757338 TI - Legal issues in prenatal therapy. PMID- 3757337 TI - Drawing moral lines in fetal therapy. PMID- 3757339 TI - Gynecologic oncology. PMID- 3757340 TI - Vulvovaginal reconstruction following radical resections. PMID- 3757341 TI - The value of the human tumor cloning assay in ovarian cancer. PMID- 3757342 TI - Radiotherapy research in gynecologic cancer. PMID- 3757343 TI - Second-line chemotherapy for ovarian cancer. PMID- 3757344 TI - Benign breast disease and cancer. PMID- 3757345 TI - Multicystic encephalomalacia associated with symmetrical necrotizing brain stem lesions in an infant: a case report. AB - The simultaneous occurrence of multicystic encephalomalacia of the cerebral hemispheres, and symmetric necrotizing lesions of diencephalic and infratentorial structures is described in a 15 month-old infant. The baby developed clonic jerks of four limbs a few hours after delivery. She attained no developmental milestones, and remained bed-ridden with hypertonic posture until her death. Multicystic cavities of the cerebral hemispheres were well evident at CT scan when she was 7 months old. The topographic distributions of the different pathological pictures are described; their relationship to the regional properties of the developing brain are commented upon. Etiological aspects of this case are discussed according to present knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms leading either to multiple cyst formation or to necrotizing lesions. PMID- 3757346 TI - Post-anoxic delayed encephalopathy with leukoencephalopathy and non-hemorrhagic cerebral amyloid angiopathy. AB - A 74 year-old woman with an early-stage senile dementia developed severe hypertonia and akinetic mutism two weeks after exposure to methane. A CT scan showed a diffuse area of decreased density extending symmetrically into the white matter of both cerebral hemispheres. Neuropathology revealed a senile dementia, Alzheimer's type, with severe non-hemorrhagic cerebral amyloid angiopathy and a diffuse spotty demyelination of the cerebral hemispheres sparing the U fibers, corpus callosum and internal capsules. The close resemblance between Grinker's myelinopathy, secondary to CO exposure or to other non-CO anoxic causes, and the leukoencephalopathy associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy is emphasized. PMID- 3757347 TI - Flow-cytophotometry of nuclear DNA in biopsies of 45 human gliomas and after primary culture in vitro. AB - DNA distribution in biopsies and cell cultures of human gliomas was examined by flow-fluorescence-cytometry using ethidium bromide staining. Glioblastomas (n = 25) showed "polyploid", "marked tetraploid", or "hypertetraploid" aneuploid karyograms, comparable to subtypes previously proposed by Japanese authors. "Diploid-hyperdiploid" DNA patterns were manifest in 3 cases plus 1 sarcoma- glioblastoma, containing abundant rapidly growing mesenchymal cells. Most tumors showed S-phase increment. "Near-diploid" patterns could be a result of aggregated cells, and small 4 C peaks could be due to non-representative specimens (3 cases). During cultivation, the DNA distribution usually remained stable, but maxima occasionally shifted. Oligodendrogliomas (n = 11) and astrocytomas (n = 9) of low-grade showed low 4 c peaks. High-grade gliomas, however, showed abnormal DNA patterns. Thus, one case of an oligodendroglioma--I developed an abnormal "marked tetraploid" glioblastoma after a 3-year interval presenting its malignant transformation. DNA distribution can obviously vary during tumor evolution. However, it may well support the assessment of grading and more closely define the prognosis in gliomas. PMID- 3757348 TI - The diagnostic potential of vibration arthrography. AB - The detection and interpretation of vibration emission from the locomotor system is a sensitive, noninvasive method for the objective study of human joints. The projects reviewed here aimed to identify and categorize vibration signals from various joints, chiefly the neonatal hip and the adult knee. Using a vibration detection and computerized analysis system, various studies have suggested that vibration arthrography will be a potentially valuable diagnostic service for the orthopedic surgeon of the 1990s. PMID- 3757349 TI - The cervical spine in hemophilia. AB - Fifty-three patients with known hemophilia A or B were retrospectively reviewed to determine the incidence of cervical spine involvement. Twenty-five were examined prospectively, including a detailed history and physical examination and cervical spine roentgenograms consisting of an AP and lateral flexion-extension series. All roentgenograms were reviewed by a board-certified radiologist. The mean age of patients in both groups was 25.4 years (range, eight to 54 years). In the retrospective review, no patients were noted to have complaints referable to the cervical spine, although five patients had prior trauma to the cervical spine. In the prospective study, 8 of 25 patients complained of intermittent neck discomfort and 9 of 25 had restricted lateral rotation and/or lateral flexion. No patient had radicular symptoms or objective neurologic deficits. Roentgenograms showed abnormalities in 13 of 25 patients. Ten patients (aged 19 to 54 years; mean, 32 years) showed cystic changes or endplate irregularity within one or more vertebral bodies. Two patients, aged 15 to 19 years, had an increased atlanto dens interval of 5 mm (normal, 3 mm). No odontoid erosion was noted. No correlation was found between the severity of peripheral involvement and the cervical spine roentgenograms. Occult instability of the cervical spine is discussed, along with ramifications for patients with hemophilia. PMID- 3757350 TI - Spinal cord compression secondary to kyphosis associated with radiation therapy for metastatic disease. AB - Three patients were treated for pathologic fractures of the thoracolumbar spine causing progressive neurologic deficit. An anterior decompression with partial removal of the diseased vertebra was performed with improvement of neurologic function in each patient. Active tumor was not found, but necrotic bone with collapse and secondary kyphosis were the causes of anterior compression of the spinal cord. In two patients, the spine was stabilized with an anterior fibular strut graft that initially provided stability; later collapse progressed and deformity recurred. In the third patient, stabilization was secured with internal fixation that has prevented a recurrent deformity. Late collapse of a vertebral body after irradiation for tumor may be secondary to necrosis resulting from tumor infiltration and/or radiotherapy. Anterior decompression and stabilization with adjunctive internal fixation can be beneficial in selected cases. PMID- 3757351 TI - Infected total hip arthroplasty due to Actinomyces israelii after dental extraction. A case report. AB - Late infection of a total hip arthroplasty after dental extraction has been reported, but never with an organism that is found exclusively in mouth flora. Actinomyces israelii is an organism responsible for dental caries. A 61-year-old woman developed an infected total hip arthroplasty after dental work. She denies ever being instructed to take prophylactic antibiotics by her orthopedic surgeon, by her internist, or by her dentist. Considering the extensive morbidity and potential mortality of an infected hip prosthesis, it is essential that all physicians are aware of the indications for antibiotic prophylaxis following joint arthroplasty. Recommendations for antibiotic prophylaxis for dental manipulation are a loading dose of 2.0 g of penicillin V orally or 1.2 million U of aqueous procaine penicillin G with 1.0 gram of streptomycin given intramuscularly 30 minutes before dental work, followed by four doses of 0.5 g of penicillin V orally every six hours. PMID- 3757352 TI - Ewing's sarcoma and pregnancy. A case report and review of the literature. AB - This is the fifth reported case of Ewing's sarcoma in pregnancy. Ewing's sarcoma seems to progress rapidly during pregnancy. Treatment should consist of therapeutic abortion followed by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery if discovered early in pregnancy. Controversy exists as to the treatment late in pregnancy. Chemotherapy during pregnancy has been suggested, but most authors think all consideration should be given to the fetus. Since maternal prognosis is so poor, the fetus should be taken by cesarean section as soon as pulmonary maturity can be documented by amniocentesis. The mother can then be treated appropriately. PMID- 3757353 TI - Excision of pisiform in pisotriquetral arthritis. AB - Eight patients (nine cases) with pisotriquetral arthritis were treated by pisiform excision after they had failed to respond to splints, antiinflammatory agents, and local steroid injection. Associated with pisotriquetral arthritis were cases of ulnar neuritis, rheumatoid arthritis, pisotriquetral joint loose bodies, and an anomalous muscle. In seven of eight patients, pisiform excision with release of Guyon's canal afforded prompt relief of pain. A palmar approach was necessary for simultaneous ulnar tunnel release and pisiform excisions. One patient with rheumatoid arthritis required a further operative procedure (Darrach) before pain was eliminated. Pisotriquetral arthritis, diagnosed by clinical and radiographic criteria, may be associated with other disorders, in particular ulnar neuritis. Immobilization, antiinflammatories, and local steroid injections may be of temporary assistance. Pisiform excision produces satisfactory relief of pain. PMID- 3757355 TI - Slipped capital femoral epiphysis in southern Sweden. Long-term results after femoral neck osteotomy. AB - Opinions differ concerning the treatment of choice for severe slipped capital femoral epiphysis, probably due to the lack of long-term follow-up evaluations on the different methods of treatment. A series of 33 patients with severe slipped capital femoral epiphysis, treated per primam with wedge osteotomy of the femoral neck, were radiographically and clinically reexamined an average of 28 years (range, 16-32 years) after the operation. Segmental collapse and/or chondrolysis developed in ten patients. Nine of these patients were available for reexamination and all had severe arthrosis with poor function. Arthrosis developed in nine of the 19 patients without signs of segmental collapse or chondrolysis; these patients had a satisfactory joint function. This series was compared with another series (from the same orthopedic departments) of patients with severe slip without any primary treatment. The long-term results in these two groups were similar; consequently, the value of realignment by wedge osteotomy of the femoral neck is questionable. PMID- 3757354 TI - Stress examination of traumatized lateral ligaments of the ankle. AB - In the diagnostic analysis of acute injury to the lateral ankle ligaments, ankle arthrography and plain film stress examination play an important role. Inasmuch as the treatment of choice, whether conservative or surgery, and insofar as the therapeutic results may be determined by the extent of injury, it is important to have access to quantitative information on the functional properties of the involved ligaments at the time of the initial diagnostic studies. This can be obtained by measuring the strain on the anterior talofibular (tf) and calcaneofibular (cf) ligaments as a function of pressure applied to the distal tibia. Any device that ensures that the externally applied pressure is proportionally carried through to the ligaments can be used for this purpose. The results of 25 quantitative stress examinations using a Telos stress device are compared with arthrography findings and findings at surgery. Stress examination correlates well with both arthrographic and operative findings. The method is also useful for the evaluation of chronic ankle instability, follow-up examinations, and for the detection of vestiges of previous trauma of the contralateral ankle. The procedure is straightforward and noninvasive and can be performed within 15 minutes. PMID- 3757356 TI - Stress fractures of the femoral neck. A report of seven cases. AB - The femoral neck is an uncommon location for stress fractures. In seven such fractures, three occurred in young adults, and four in elderly adults. The characteristic symptom was exertional hip pain. The clinical findings were generally minimal. Four of these fractures were of the transverse and three of the compression type. This radiologic differentiation is important for the planning of treatment. The transverse stress fracture is potentially unstable, and the recommended treatment is prompt internal fixation. The compression stress fracture has a benign prognosis. Restriction of weight bearing for a few weeks is usually sufficient to relieve symptoms. Prophylactic internal fixation should be considered only when the trabecular bone mass has been significantly weakened by internal (i.e., underlying disease) or external causes (i.e., medication related). PMID- 3757357 TI - Comparison of skeletal traction forces in patients treated in conventional and oscillating hospital beds. AB - This study compares the forces in two types of skeletal traction systems: a standard hospital bed with balanced suspension traction and an oscillating hospital bed using a flexion cable system. In line traction, forces were continuously measured, using a specially designed transducer. Changes in the magnitude of traction forces of up to two times the applied force were caused by patient movement, nursing procedures, and changes in bed configuration. The oscillating hospital bed was found additionally to impart a moderate (20-50%) rhythmic, sinusoidal variation in applied traction forces. The traction forces applied with the flexion cable system on the oscillating hospital bed were well tolerated and equivalent to those applied in conventional balanced suspension on a standard hospital bed. Although different in design, standard balanced suspension traction on a conventional hospital bed and traction using the flexion cable system on the oscillating hospital bed appear to be equally effective in stabilizing fracture sites. PMID- 3757358 TI - Uncemented acetabular cups in dysplastic and protrusio acetabuli. AB - Total hip arthroplasties using the Ring uncemented polyethylene to metal system were carried out in 84 hips with either protrusio or dysplasia of the acetabulum. The results of the operation, the stability and function of the acetabular implant, and radiologic changes in the medial wall of the acetabulum in the protrusio hips were assessed over a two- to five-year follow-up period. Annual assessment over the follow-up period showed that an excellent functional result was achieved in all patients. Six of the eight hips with severe protrusio showed an increase in the thickness of the medial acetabular wall one year from the time of operation. Lack of bony cover over the lateral surface of the acetabular cup in the dysplastic hips did not have any adverse effect on the stability and function of these hips. PMID- 3757359 TI - Gerard cup arthroplasty in inflammatory arthropathy of the hip. AB - Sixteen hips in 11 patients with an inflammatory hip arthropathy were treated with an uncemented, double-cup arthroplasty (Gerard design). The results were good in ten patients after a mean follow-up period of 4.1 years. PMID- 3757360 TI - Skeletal metastases. AB - During the past ten to 20 years, there have been many advances in the understanding of the way in which skeletal metastases develop and great strides in the methods of detection, particularly with the development of the gamma camera and axial or whole-body skeletal scintigraphy. Skeletal metastases may present with pain, hypercalcemia, large lytic lesions, pathologic fracture, spinal cord or cauda equina compression, or spinal instability. Much has been learned about the management of skeletal metastases, and many of these developments have occurred in Great Britain. PMID- 3757361 TI - How definition of "loosening" affects the incidence of loose total hip reconstructions. AB - Loosening is the most common long-term problem following total hip reconstruction. For many reasons, it is important to identify the loosened total hip reconstruction. For some purposes, radiographic interpretation is the sole or principal determinant in loosening. However, there are inherent problems with such interpretations, and these problems have neither been explored in any detail in the literature nor emphasized. This article is a review of the literature and one of the problems of defining loosening. Interpretations of radiographic criteria of loosening are matters of judgment, but this judgment is not reflected in the descriptions of precisely how radiographs were interpreted. Definitions in the literature, based on lucencies and position changes, influenced the loosening rate by a factor of at least two, and influenced the apparent importance of risk factors affecting the long-term results by as much as two to three times. Thus by merely altering a definition one can alter which factors seem more or less important. The selection of a definition of loosening must be designed to a specific purpose, but data and a rationale should be provided as a basis for its interpretation. In general, descriptions of radiograph interpretation need to be precise and less subjective. PMID- 3757362 TI - Total knee arthroplasty in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. A seven-year follow-up study. AB - Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for preservation of ambulation is indicated in young adults with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). The bony deformities of JRA require special measures to adequately seat the prosthesis. Thirteen patients with 25 knee arthroplasties were followed an average of 61 months. Prior surgical operations did not affect the outcome of this procedure. A 55% reduction in pain plus an average 30-point gain on Jergesen's functional assessment scale reflected the overall improvement attributable to TKA. To date, no revisions, infections, or loosenings have occurred in this series of patients. PMID- 3757363 TI - Retrieval of a broken intramedullary nail. AB - This is a report of an improvised useful instrument for retrieving the distal fragment of a fractured intramedullary nail. Using a modified Kuntscher reaming guide and closed technique, the method was successfully used in three cases. PMID- 3757364 TI - Factors predisposing Army conscripts to knee exertion injuries incurred in a physical training program. AB - Factors causing predisposition to knee exertion injuries were sought by means of a questionnaire and detailed quantitative physical measurements in 62 healthy Finnish Army conscripts. The subjects consisted of two groups of 18- to 26-year old conscripts; Group A comprised 34 subjects without knee exertion injuries and Group B, 28 subjects who experienced knee exertion injuries during the first eight weeks of military service. In Group B the extensor mechanism was the most common source of symptoms. The factors found in Group B that differed significantly from those in Group A included increased height (p less than 0.05), increased leg length inequality (LLI) (p less than 0.01), increased passive mediolateral patellar range of motion (PMLPM) (p less than 0.01), and increased knee laxity sum index (LSI) (p less than 0.05). PMID- 3757365 TI - The arthrogram in diagnosis of meniscal lesions in the fourth decade of life. AB - Forty-nine patients older than 35 years of age (mean, 45 years) undergoing arthrotomy for clinically diagnosed meniscal tears had preoperative double contrast arthrograms. Fifty of 53 meniscii were visualized as torn and treated by surgical excision. At the time of operation the incidence of transverse tears was high (34%). In only 72% of cases was there complete correlation between the preoperative arthrographic diagnosis and the definitive surgical diagnosis. This diagnostic disparity was most marked on the lateral side (53% correlation) and unrelated to the high incidence of transverse tears (66% correlation). In this age group, arthrography is not a reliable indicator to the diagnosis of torn meniscii. PMID- 3757366 TI - Achilles tendon rupture. Occurrence with a closed ankle fracture. AB - A 61-year-old man, involved in an automobile accident, sustained a complete Achilles tendon rupture with an ipsilateral, closed slightly displaced medial malleolus ankle fracture. The tendon rupture was not diagnosed before operation but was recognized at the time of open reduction of the ankle. This rare combination of injuries was apparently secondary to hyperdorsiflexion of the foot. The tendon rupture would have been missed had surgical treatment not been required. Unrecognized tendon ruptures associated with closed ankle fractures may be a cause of residual ankle-foot weakness, pain, loss of motion, or a combination thereof. PMID- 3757367 TI - The juvenile fracture of Tillaux. AB - The juvenile fracture of Tillaux is an ankle joint avulsion fracture of the anterior distal tibial tubercle in adolescents, produced by external rotation force applied to the foot. Data from five patients with the juvenile fracture of Tillaux were reviewed. In four of the patients, an initial closed reduction was unsuccessful and had to be followed by open reduction and internal fixation of the displaced fragment. The fifth patient's treatment was nonoperative. All patients had an excellent functional and radiographic result at follow-up evaluation one to nine years after the injury. Results were compared with data from five major series of patients who had sustained this fracture. Nonoperative treatment was indicated for the undisplaced fractures but may give less than optimal results in initially displaced fractures. In cases where there was displacement of the fragment after closed reduction, open reduction and internal fixation of the displaced fracture gave excellent functional result. PMID- 3757368 TI - Vascularized fibular epiphyseal transfer. A clinical study. AB - In a review of the experimental and clinical literature on nonvascularized and vascularized epiphyseal transfer, experience with eight patients with free vascularized fibular epiphyseal transfer suggests that transfer of bone with an open epiphysis offers some potential for growth in either congenital abnormalities or epiphyseal arrest secondary to trauma and infection. In four cases, premature epiphyseal closure prevented appreciable growth. In the other four, the epiphyses remain open and the transferred bones continue to grow. Although the procedure is experimental, the results of combined epiphyseal and metaphyseal vessel transfer with a skin island as a monitor of viability, warrant further investigation. PMID- 3757369 TI - Sagittal profiles of the spine. AB - The sagittal plane of the growing spine was studied from standardized radiographs of 670 normal subjects to establish standards of reference for thoracic kyphosis, lumbosacral lordosis, and sacral inclination. Cobb's method of measuring spinal deformities was compared with new indices of kyphosis and lordosis that take into consideration the length and width of each curve. Boys and girls had comparable degrees of kyphosis. Although girls initially had higher degrees of lordosis and sacral inclination, by maturity these measurements were similar in both sexes. Significant correlations were found between kyphosis and lordosis and between lordosis and sacral inclination, indicating that these curvatures tend to balance each other. PMID- 3757370 TI - Intervertebral disc nutrition. Diffusion versus convection. AB - Nutrient diffusion across the vertebral endplate can occur by convection (bulk flow) or diffusion. Previous studies, using animal models, suggested diffusion as the primary mechanism of small-solute transport but did not adequately determine the contribution of bulk flow to total nutrient transport. This study was designed to reevaluate disc nutrition across the endplate. Ten microcuries of radioactive sulphate in aqueous solution were injected into L4 vertebral bodies of 13 rabbit spines following sacrifice. One hour of continuous passive flexion/extension in a physiologic range of motion was performed on five spines, while eight spines served as motionless controls. Autoradiographic techniques were used to analyze and compare the isotope uptake in the L4-L5 disc. There was no significant difference in disc uptake or the ratio of disc/bone uptake between the two groups. Motion does not significantly facilitate the transport of small solutes into the disc during short periods of time. PMID- 3757371 TI - The relationship of actin to ligament contraction. AB - A surgical model of a contracting ligament was established in a Z-lengthened, rat medial collateral ligament. These lengthened ligaments contracted back to a normal degree of tightness in a three-week period. Immunofluorescent actin staining of cryostat ligament sections was increased in these contracted ligaments, compared with sham-operated ligaments that had not contracted. In vitro culture of ligament fibroblasts confirmed that they (like fibroblasts from other systems) produce large, actin, stress fibers thought to be involved in cell contraction. Transmission electron-microscopic examination of normal ligament demonstrated the cytoplasm of fibroblast cell processes extending out to and surrounding collagen fibrils, indicating a closer involvement with established fibrils than was expected. On the basis of these observations, it is hypothesized that intracellular proteins, such as actin, allow the fibroblast to exert forces and actively contribute to the contraction of ligamentous tissues. PMID- 3757372 TI - The effects of pressurization on fracture swelling and joint stiffness in the rabbit hind limb. AB - Long bone fractures frequently cause limb swelling and joint stiffness, and the two effects are generally assumed to be related, an assumption long held but rarely tested. The authors investigated limb swelling and joint stiffness in rabbits with experimental 28-day healing fractures. Eleven control rabbits were treated with bilateral hind limb skeletal fixation and unilateral distal tibia fractures. Subsequent limb swelling occurred bilaterally, but it was significantly greater on the side fractured. All fractures healed. Ankles in both fractured and unfractured limbs became significantly stiffer, compared with preinjury values, but ankles in the fractured limbs became significantly stiffer than those in the unfractured control limbs. Air pressure of 10 mmHg above atmospheric pressure was applied for four days to newly fractured limbs in 11 additional rabbits. Pressurization reduced swelling but did not significantly affect ankle stiffness. In general, reduction in postfracture swelling by application of external pressure did not significantly affect adjacent joint stiffness. PMID- 3757373 TI - The vascular system in bone. Its importance and relevance to clinical practice. AB - Experimentally proven principles on the effect of changes in bone blood flow on molecular transport in bone and on the factors that affect these changes in both flow under physiologic and pharmacologic conditions clarify the changes that occur in bone in response to certain clinical problems, such as the effect of blood flow in fracture healing. The results of using these principles in establishing a method of quantitative bone scanning are presented. PMID- 3757374 TI - Charnley low-friction arthroplasty. Review of the past, present status, and prospects for the future. AB - The evolution of Charnley low-friction arthroplasty highlights the scientific basis for the operation. Long-term results show that the quality of pain relief remains excellent. The quality of the socket fixation has been improved by the use of new methods and designs, while a new technique of stem fixation has all but eliminated the loosening. Ultimately, wear and creep of the high-density polyethylene socket must be given serious consideration. Low friction remains the sound concept, and trochanteric osteotomy, now incorporating an element of compression in its reattachment, remains the method of choice for the exposure. PMID- 3757375 TI - Caisson disease of bone. AB - Caisson disease of bone, which may affect compressed air workers and divers, is characterized by regions of bone and marrow necrosis that may lead to secondary osteoarthrosis of the hip and shoulder joints. A review of the pathologic, radiologic, and clinical aspects demonstrated uncertainties in the exact etiology. Early diagnosis is often not possible because of the delayed appearance of radiologic abnormalities. Research into these two aspects of this condition was carried out by the Medical Research Council Decompression Sickness Research Team in Newcastle upon Tyne over a ten-year period (1972 to 1982). Because no suitable animal model exists for the study of this condition, bone and marrow necrosis was produced by embolism of bone blood vessels with glass microspheres. With this model, it was shown that the presence of bone and marrow necrosis could be detected by bone scintigraphy using 99mTc-MDP and by measuring changes in serum ferritin concentration at a much earlier stage than was possible by radiography. However, only the former method has proved useful in clinical practice. Investigations into the etiology of caisson disease of bone have shown evidence for an increase in marrow fat cell size resulting from hyperoxia. This phenomenon may play a role in the production and localization of gas bubble emboli, which are thought to be the cause of the bone and marrow necrosis. PMID- 3757376 TI - Tibial osteotomy in the management of osteoarthritis of the knee. AB - The historical development of operations for osteoarthritis of the knee is reviewed with emphasis on an upper tibial osteotomy, which was first described by the author and his colleague, Jackson, in 1961. Although the operation was used indiscriminately to correct both valgus and varus deformities in the early years, medial compartment osteoarthritis is now the main indication. The significance of angular deformity in relation to load-bearing across the joint is discussed. In the operative procedure, it is important to achieve a few degrees of overcorrection. Tibial osteotomy is a satisfactory procedure for the young patient with medial compartment osteoarthritis, particularly before the stage of bony collapse or subluxation. PMID- 3757377 TI - The function, pathology, and surgery of the meniscus. AB - The menisci are vital for normal function of the knee joint and appear to protect the articular surfaces. Meniscal tears are very common, although often they may be asymptomatic. The diagnosis of tears on clinical grounds alone is unreliable, but the advent of arthrography and arthroscopy has made assessment much more accurate. Care should be taken in the ascription of symptoms to minor tears so discovered. The traditional view that meniscal tears cause osteoarthritis is hard to substantiate, and torn menisci may coexist with articular cartilage in excellent condition, whereas grossly degenerate joints may contain amazingly normal menisci. Total meniscectomy is followed by abnormal stress transfer across the joint, and ultimately degenerative changes frequently occur. Partial meniscectomy will relieve mechanical symptoms while preserving a rim capable of some function. Arthroscopic meniscectomy gives excellent results rapidly and is very efficient for both the patient and the surgeon. PMID- 3757378 TI - Observations on the fixation of implants to the bony skeleton. AB - This paper summarizes the now considerable evidence to support the suggestion that the structure of the junctional tissues that separate any skeletal implant from the bone is substantially dependent on mechanical factors, given that the implant itself if basically nonreactive. PMID- 3757379 TI - The experimental basis of idiopathic scoliosis. AB - Idiopathic scoliosis is a complex three-dimensional deformity of the spine of which the scoliotic deformity and rotation are entirely secondary to an abnormality of shape in the median sagittal plane. In the thoracic region, there is a lordosis where a kyphosis should exist. In a controlled series of animal experiments using the growing New Zealand white rabbit as the model, idiopathic scoliosis can readily be produced if an asymmetric lordosis is created in the lower thoracic spine. Neither pure lordosis nor pure scoliosis produces the progressive idiopathic deformity. In the experimental animal when the normal thoracic kyphosis is reconstituted before maturity, the idiopathic deformity spontaneously improves. This lays the foundation for a more physiologic approach to treatment. PMID- 3757380 TI - Research for genetic and environmental factors in orthopedic diseases. AB - This is a review article of the past 40 years of research in Britain on the etiology of developmental disorders of the skeleton, covering both rare unifactorial diseases (chondroosteodystrophies) and common localized disorders (e.g., clubfoot and congenital dislocation of the hip) of multifactorial inheritance. PMID- 3757381 TI - Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease in Benghazi, North-East Libya. AB - An epidemiological study of Parkinsonism was carried out in Benghazi situated in North-Eastern Libya. On the prevalence day, January 1, 1985, a total of 163 patients with Parkinson's disease were found living in the investigated area, which had a population of 518,745. The crude prevalence rate was 31.4 per 100,000 population and the incidence rate was 4.5 per 100,000 population per year. The average age at death was 71.2 years and the mean duration of the illness was 6.7 years. Our findings suggest that the risk of Parkinson's disease observed in the present study is intermediate to that reported among the white and black races and comparable with the yellow race and the Sardinians. PMID- 3757382 TI - CT findings of leptomeningeal and periventricular dissemination of tumors. Report of four cases. AB - Four cases of leptomeningeal dissemination of tumors were reported especially focused on their CT findings. These findings consisted of hydrocephalus and contrast enhancement of the quadrigeminal cistern, basal cisterns, Sylvian fissures, cerebro-cerebellar cortical sulci and ventricular wall. Although autopsy of 3 cases revealed diffuse subarachnoid tumor growth in the brain and spinal cord, not all lesions were demonstrated by CT. Therefore, CT findings varied greatly depending on case and course of the disease. Definite diagnosis of this disease could be done by CSF cytology. PMID- 3757383 TI - Bilateral horizontal gaze paralysis due to pontine hemorrhage. A case report. AB - In a case of bilateral horizontal gaze paralysis, vertical gaze was clinically intact but eye movement recordings demonstrated a transient reduction of vertical saccadic velocities. Horizontal caloric vestibulo-ocular responses were absent. CT scanning and NMR imaging showed a hematoma in the median pontine tegmentum. This case provides additional evidence that vertical and horizontal saccade genesis may be independent of caudal paramedian pontine reticular formation lesions. PMID- 3757384 TI - Brain stem infarction as a complication of giant-cell arteritis. AB - Two cases of brain stem infarction as an early and fatal complication of giant cell arteritis are reported. These complications occurred despite adequate treatment with corticosteroids. The findings at autopsy are compared with those of the literature. The possible pathogenetic mechanisms of vertebro basilar occlusion and the therapeutical implications are discussed. PMID- 3757385 TI - Spontaneous spinal epidural haematoma. AB - Two Chinese patients with spontaneous spinal epidural haematoma are presented. The clinical picture and the possible site of bleeding are discussed. PMID- 3757386 TI - Multiple sclerosis: incorporation of results of laboratory techniques in the diagnosis. PMID- 3757387 TI - Aneurysms of the anterior circle of Willis: imperfections of 'modern treatment'. PMID- 3757388 TI - Pain in multiple sclerosis patients. A prospective study using the Mc Gill Pain Questionnaire. AB - The frequency distribution of pain complaints and its relation with disability are determined in 83 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. According to their origin, these pain complaints were divided into tendinoskeletal, neurogenic and psychogenic pains. The Mc Gill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) was administered to these pain patients and appeared to be a good instrument to evaluate their pain. Furthermore, the descriptive value of the MPQ enables us to differentiate three different pain patterns in the neurogenic pain group: persistent pain, painful tonic spasms and paroxysmal pain. PMID- 3757390 TI - Abstracts: Society of Nuclear Medicine, 11th annual Western Regional Meeting. Sparks, Nevada, October 9-12, 1986. PMID- 3757389 TI - The conservative treatment of patients presenting with Grisel's syndrome. AB - Two cases of Grisel's syndrome are described to demonstrate that early recognition of this condition allows effective conservative treatment. To explain the good response to early conservative treatment, a combination of hypotheses is proposed. PMID- 3757391 TI - Influence of haemodialysis on the pharmacokinetics and haemodynamic effects of nifedipine during continuous intravenous infusion. AB - The pharmacokinetics and haemodynamic effects of nifedipine were studied in 5 patients on long term haemodialysis. In addition, clearance of the drug on 2 different types of artificial kidneys were measured in vitro. Nifedipine was administered intravenously (1.3 mg/h) from 6 hours before starting haemodialysis to the end of haemodialysis, performed according to the standard protocol of each patient. Before and during haemodialysis, blood samples were taken for determination of free and total plasma nifedipine concentrations. Recovery was determined by measuring nifedipine concentrations in the dialysate. Heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressures were determined serially. The haemodynamic changes during nifedipine were compared with those of 3 previous dialysis sessions. Haemodialysis was accompanied by a slight decrease in steady state nifedipine concentrations. The recovery in dialysate varied between 0.6 and 0.9% of the amount infused during the period of dialysis. Artificial kidney clearance of nifedipine varied between 2.8 and 8.3 ml/min, which was in agreement with in vitro data. Changes in steady-state nifedipine concentrations were most likely due to changes in systemic clearance caused by haemodialysis itself. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure dropped by approximately 15% and 25%, respectively, in comparison with dialysis without nifedipine, but changes in heart rate were not different. It is concluded that nifedipine is poorly dialysable. During haemodialysis, blood pressure is markedly reduced but dose schedules need not to be changed. PMID- 3757392 TI - Pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered 125I-labelled human alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. AB - The volumes of distribution of many acidic drugs have been shown to be close to that of their binding protein, i.e. serum albumin. The distribution of basic drugs mainly bound to alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) can be questioned with respect to its dependency upon the distribution of this plasma protein. So, a pharmacokinetic study was performed in 7 subjects with human 125I-labelled alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. The steady-state volume of distribution was found to be 5.37 +/- 0.82L. The central volume was 3.23 +/- 0.33L, close to that of plasma volume and the peripheral volume was 2.14 +/- 0.63L. These data allowed the establishment of an equation giving access to the volume of distribution of a basic drug by relating its unbound fraction to physiological distribution of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. The values yielded by this equation show that the actual and calculated volumes of distribution of basic drugs mainly bound to AAG are discrepant. This protein is thus not the main factor controlling the distribution of basic drugs within the body. PMID- 3757393 TI - The incubation period necessary for detection of bacteremia in immunocompetent children with fever. Implications for the clinician. AB - The authors determined the time required for blood cultures to be detected as positive for the common bacterial pathogens in immunocompetent infants and children with fever who had no apparent source of infection. Records of the bacteriology laboratory were reviewed retrospectively from 1981 to 1984 for blood cultures that were positive for Haemophilus influenzae type b, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Salmonella species, and group B streptococcus. Blood culturing by a conventional technique and a radiometric method were compared sequentially. Only four (1.5%) of 268 specimens were detected as positive after the second day of incubation; in each case that detection of bacteremia was delayed there was an identified source of infection. For H. influenzae, but not S. pneumoniae, significantly more bacteremias were detected earlier by the radiometric method. Discontinuation of empiric antibiotic therapy in immunocompetent children with suspected bacteremia and without focal infection appears warranted when blood cultures have been sterile for at least 48 hours. PMID- 3757394 TI - A study of brucellosis in childhood. AB - Two hundred children with brucellosis are described. The clinical characteristics on presentation included prolonged fever, arthralgia, weight loss, and malaise in the majority of the patients. Biochemical characteristics included a relative lymphocytosis in 92.9 percent of the patients and elevated liver enzymes in 83.5 percent. The Brucella agglutination titer was 1:320 or more in all the cases studied, but repeated blood cultures yielded growth of Brucella organisms in only 42 percent of the patients. Brucellosis is an important cause of fever in children living in areas where Brucella-infected animals are raised. Consumption of raw milk or dairy products made from raw milk are the main sources of infection. Education of the public and governmental control are necessary to eradicate the disease. PMID- 3757395 TI - Group C and group G streptococci. In-office isolation from children and adolescents with pharyngitis. AB - The importance of non-group A streptococci as etiologic agents of acute pharyngitis in endemic circumstances is unclear. The authors attempted to clarify this issue in patients undergoing throat culture for acute pharyngitis in a suburban pediatric practice. Of 6,694 throat cultures, 2,243 (34%) yielded B hemolytic streptococci, 83 percent (1,783) of which were bacitracin-sensitive and presumptive group A organisms. A random selection of 279 of the 460 bacitracin resistant streptococci yielded 56 group C, 42 group G, 35 group F, 2 group A, and 3 mixed groups of streptococci. Paired serologic specimens were obtained from 12 children with group C or G streptococci. Four of six group C subjects from whom paired serum specimens were obtained had a significant increase in anti streptolysin O titer. However, no change in anti-C/G hyaluronidase or anti-C carbohydrate titer was observed. Similarly, two of six subjects with group G streptococci on throat culture in whom paired serum specimens were obtained showed an increase in ASO titer. No seroconversion to anti-C/G hyaluronidase, anti-C, or anti-G carbohydrates was demonstrated. Despite substantial clinical and circumstantial evidence, it could not be confirmed serologically that group C and G streptococci produced acute pharyngitis in this endemic setting. PMID- 3757397 TI - Clinical associations of Aeromonas spp. in fecal specimens from children. AB - Human infections caused by Aeromonas spp. are being reported with increased frequency. We examined 1012 unselected stool specimens from 799 children for various pathogens, including Aeromonas spp., to evaluate the clinical associations of Aeromonas spp. in the stools of children in the East End of London. A total of 33 children had positive cultures for Aeromonas spp. These were identified as: Aeromonas hydrophila (16), A. sobria (9), A. caviae (8). Aeromonas spp. were identified by being oxidase positive in character, a property that distinguishes Aeromonas spp. from Enterobacteriaceae. Associated pathogens included Salmonella typhimurium (1), Campylobacter spp. (3), Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (2), and Giardia lamblia (1). Electron microscopic examination of the stool of 13 children revealed viral particles in two, rotavirus (1), and coronavirus-like particles (1). The associated clinical features in the 25 children with only Aeromonas excretion were diarrhea (21), vomiting (10), abdominal pain (9), fever (4), and mild dehydration (2). Five patients had macroscopic blood loss in the stools. The illness was generally mild and lasted only a short time. PMID- 3757396 TI - Erythromycin prophylaxis for recurrent otitis media. AB - Patients with recurrent otitis media without persistent middle ear effusion were studied for antibiotic prophylaxis efficacy. In the first phase, erythromycin ethylsuccinate was used as prophylaxis for otitis media in 45 patients in a dose of 10 mg/kg twice daily. Acute otitis media occurred in eight of 45 (18%) while receiving erythromycin, and in 22 of 41 (54%) following prophylaxis termination. The attack rate (episodes of otitis media per 2-month period) was 0.86 before prophylaxis, 0.20 during prophylaxis, and 0.79 following prophylaxis. In a second phase of the study, erythromycin was compared with sulfisoxazole for otitis media prophylaxis in a group of 42 children. Sulfisoxazole (500 mg per dose) was administered twice daily. Acute otitis media occurred in five of 28 (18%) children while receiving erythromycin and in nine of 21 (43%) children while receiving no prophylaxis. The attack rate (episodes of otitis media per 2-month period) was 0.81 before erythromycin prophylaxis, 0.18 while receiving erythromycin, and 0.50 after erythromycin prophylaxis. Acute otitis media occurred in eight of 14 (51%) children while receiving sulfisoxazole, and in two of five (40%) children while receiving no prophylaxis. The attack rate (episodes of otitis media per 2-month period) was 0.78 before sulfisoxazole, 0.72 while receiving sulfisoxazole, and 0.56 after sulfisoxazole prophylaxis. Erythromycin antimicrobial prophylaxis for children with recurrent otitis media was superior to no prophylaxis and to sulfisoxazole prophylaxis in this study of patients with recurrent otitis media without persistent middle ear effusion. PMID- 3757398 TI - Anaerobic pulmonary abscesses. Hematogenous spread from head and neck infections. AB - Multiple anaerobic pulmonary abscesses in previously healthy children are rare. Two cases are presented in which the discovery and adequate drainage of infectious foci in the head and neck were key to controlling the infection. PMID- 3757399 TI - Interpretation of traumatic lumbar puncture. A prospective experimental model. AB - Contamination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with blood at the time of collection interferes with the interpretation of laboratory studies. Twenty-four children with normal CSF were studied prospectively using an experimental model. Blood was added to clear CSF, producing red cell counts from 1,000 to 600,000 cells per cubic millimeter. The expected values for white blood cell count, protein, percent neutrophils, and glucose were calculated, using the results from uncontaminated CSF, peripheral blood cell counts, blood protein, and the red blood cell count of the contaminated specimen. The ratio of observed values to expected values ranged from 0.13 to 3.00 for CSF white blood cell count (mean 0.96, standard deviation 0.56), from 0.55 to 1.63 for CSF protein (mean 0.97, standard deviation 0.23), and from 0.10 to 2.25 for percent neutrophils in the CSF (mean 1.17, standard deviation 0.41). CSF glucose was unchanged by the addition of blood. Guidelines for interpretation of laboratory studies following traumatic lumbar puncture are suggested. PMID- 3757400 TI - On reducing waste in foreign clinical trials and postregulation experience. PMID- 3757401 TI - Metoprolol and debrisoquin metabolism in Nigerians: lack of evidence for polymorphic oxidation. AB - The role of genetic polymorphism in the oxidative metabolism of metoprolol and debrisoquin was investigated in a population of 138 unrelated Nigerians. The debrisoquin/4-hydroxydebrisoquin 0-8 hour urinary ratio (D/HD) correlated significantly with the metoprolol/alpha-hydroxymetoprolol 0-8 hour urinary ratio (M/HM) (rs = 0.54; P less than 0.001), the metoprolol/H117-04 [4-(2-hydroxy-3 isopropylaminopropoxy)-phenylacetic acid] 0-8 hour urinary ratio (M/H117-04) (rs = 0.42; P less than 0.001), and the plasma metoprolol concentration at 3 hours (rs = 0.48; P less than 0.01). Both the median D/HD and M/HM ratios were significantly higher in this population than in a previously studied population of white British subjects. According to criteria established in studies of white populations, only one subject, later identified as an Indian, would be classified unequivocally as a poor metabolizer of both metoprolol and debrisoquin. All the other subjects were black Africans. Bimodality in the frequency distribution of both the log10 M/HM and D/HD ratios was not apparent. The poor hydroxylation trait may, therefore, be present at a lower frequency than in whites, absent altogether, or obscured by other factors. In ethnic studies of drug metabolism each racial group should be examined separately for evidence of polymorphic metabolism and antimodes should not be extrapolated from one population to another. PMID- 3757402 TI - Exercise during therapeutic beta-blockade: a two-year study in hypertensive patients. AB - The use of beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs has been thought to impair physical performance. To test this statement, 12 patients with mild to moderate hypertension performed a submaximal exercise test during treatment with placebo and after 3 and 24 months of monotherapy with betaxolol, 20 to 40 mg daily. The resting heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressures were reduced after 3 months of treatment and the reduction was maintained 24 hours after the last dose at the 2-year visit. A 12% to 14% reduction of exercise-induced tachycardia was found, but blood pressure during exercise was reduced only in the patients with mild hypertension. However, in no patient did the working capacity decrease. PMID- 3757403 TI - Effect of cimetidine on renal and hepatic drug elimination: studies with triamterene. AB - A chronic-dosing pharmacokinetic study was carried out in six healthy subjects to examine the potential for cimetidine to reduce the CLR and CLH of triamterene. Blood and urine samples were collected frequently for 24 hours after dosing with triamterene alone (100 mg/day) for 4 days and concomitant cimetidine (400 mg twice daily) for an additional 4 days. Cimetidine significantly reduced the clearance of triamterene by hydroxylation by 32% (P less than 0.016) and the CLR of triamterene by 28% (P less than 0.063), with no change in its protein binding. The CLR of the active sulfate conjugate of triamterene was not altered by cimetidine. There was a reduced recovery of triamterene and its metabolites in urine after cimetidine, suggesting a decreased absorption. These results are consistent with cimetidine inhibiting cytochrome P-450 enzymes in the liver and also competing with triamterene for renal tubular secretion. Despite the pharmacokinetic interaction, cimetidine caused minimal alteration to the natriuretic and antikaliuretic effects of triamterene. PMID- 3757404 TI - Food effects on propranolol systemic and oral clearance: support for a blood flow hypothesis. AB - The influence of a high-protein meal as compared to fasting on the disposition of simultaneous intravenous and oral doses of propranolol, as well as on indocyanine green clearance, was examined in six normal subjects. The intravenous dose (0.1 mg/kg) was unlabeled propranolol and the oral dose (80 mg) was a stereospecifically deuterium-labeled pseudoracemate of propranolol. Systemic clearance of propranolol increased 38%, from 1005 +/- 57 to 1384 +/- 115 ml/min (mean +/- SE; P less than 0.05) as a result of the meal, with no change in t1/2 or apparent volume of distribution. A 12% decrease in oral clearance occurred with the meal but was not statistically significant (3717 +/- 185 ml/min, fasting; 3245 +/- 498 after meal), whereas bioavailability increased 67% (27.2% +/- 1.7% fasting; 45.5% +/- 4.3% after meal; P less than 0.01). Estimated hepatic blood flow, as measured by indocyanine green clearance, rose 34% 60 minutes after the meal (1719 +/- 155 ml/min fasting; 2304 +/- 218 ml/min after meal; P less than 0.02). A difference was observed in the oral clearance of the propranolol enantiomers in the fasting state, but this difference was unaffected by the meal. These alterations in propranolol disposition, as the result of a high-protein meal, are consistent with a transient increase in hepatic blood flow. PMID- 3757405 TI - Additive cardiovascular effects of nicotine and ethanol. AB - Ethanol and tobacco consumption are commonly associated. Both are risk factors for adverse cardiovascular events. To better understand the interactions, the influence of oral ethanol pretreatment (0.5 or 1.0 gm/kg over 60 minutes) on cardiovascular responses to and disposition kinetics of intravenous nicotine was studied in healthy volunteers. Ethanol increased heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and pressure-rate product in a dose-related manner. Nicotine had additive effects on heart rate and pressure-rate product. It also decreased skin temperature, reflecting cutaneous vasoconstriction, but this effect was antagonized by ethanol. Ethanol did not affect metabolic clearance but increased CLR of nicotine by 25%. Additive cardiovascular effects of ethanol and nicotine could contribute to arrhythmias and sudden death in patients with coronary heart disease. It is unlikely that an effect of ethanol on nicotine metabolism is responsible for increased cigarette smoking while drinking ethanol. PMID- 3757406 TI - Disposition of vancomycin during hemofiltration. AB - The disposition of vancomycin was assessed in five patients receiving hemofiltration after intravenous dosing with an 18 mg/kg dose after a hemofiltration procedure. The serum concentration-time profile was characterized before, during, and after the next hemofiltration procedure. The t 1/2 of vancomycin was 136.0 +/- 27.2 hours (mean +/- SD) before hemofiltration and 4.1 +/- 1.2 during hemofiltration. Approximately 400 mg of vancomycin was recovered in the filtrate and the hemofiltration clearance was 152.6 +/- 21.5 ml/min. A significant relationship was observed between vancomycin clearance and ultrafiltration flow rate (r = 0.9914). A marked rebound in vancomycin serum concentration (52.4% +/- 15.6%) was observed in all patients. Hemofiltration has a significant effect on the disposition of vancomycin. Because of the marked interpatient variability in elimination t 1/2 and the degree and time course of the rebound, an individualized approach to vancomycin therapy in this patient population is recommended. PMID- 3757407 TI - Pharmacokinetics of tranylcypromine in patients who are depressed: relationship to cardiovascular effects. AB - We investigated the pharmacokinetics of tranylcypromine, as well as the relationship between plasma levels of this agent and its effects on blood pressure and pulse rate. Tranylcypromine was absorbed rapidly after oral dosing, with the peak level being attained within 0.67 to 3.50 hours. Absorption was biphasic in seven of nine subjects. Elimination of tranylcypromine also was rapid, with a t 1/2 between 1.54 and 3.15 hours. From 2 to 7 hours after dosing, standing systolic and diastolic blood pressures were lowered and standing pulse was raised, compared with baseline. Onset of the effect on standing systolic blood pressure was correlated with the time of peak plasma tranylcypromine concentration. Maximum orthostatic drop of blood pressure and rise of pulse rate occurred 2 hours after dosing. Mean plasma tranylcypromine concentrations were correlated with mean orthostatic drop of systolic blood pressure and rise of pulse rate. Patients who have clinically significant hypotensive reactions to this agent may benefit from changes in their dose regimen aimed at minimizing peak tranylcypromine levels. PMID- 3757408 TI - Computerized comparison of six adverse drug reaction assessment procedures. AB - Several standardized assessment procedures are currently used in the evaluation of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Disagreement in rating ADRs can result from between-raters variability and between-methods differences in weighting the evidence. We eliminated between-raters variability by computer simulation of 1134 ADRs (including all the possible combinations of criteria currently used) and by automatic rating using different algorithms adapted from six published methods. Percentage agreement (Po) and weighted kappa test (kappa w) between pairs of methods are always better than with randomized scores, but the strength of agreement is only moderate (0.26 less than Po less than 0.59; 0.14 less than kappa w less than 0.51). The weightings of criteria are evaluated in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values. Criteria are neither sensitive (0.41 less than Se less than 0.70) nor specific (0.18 less than Sp less than 0.63) and have poor predictive values. Disagreements on weightings are considerable for three major criteria: timing of event, dechallenge, and alternative etiologic candidates. We discuss some ways of improving reliability of ADR diagnosis. PMID- 3757409 TI - The disposition and dynamics of labetalol in patients on dialysis. AB - The disposition of labetalol was assessed in 16 patients on dialysis after intravenous dosing with 0.7 to 1.0 mg/kg during an interdialytic period and just before hemodialysis (n = 8) and during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) (n = 8). The plasma concentration time data exhibited triexponential decay in all patients. The terminal t 1/2 of labetalol was 12.90 +/- 4.68 hours, the total body clearance was 1198.2 +/- 249.4 ml/min, and the AUC was 921.4 +/- 175.2 ng hr/ml during the interdialytic period. No significant changes were observed in these parameters after dosing with labetalol just before dialysis. The hemodialysis clearance of labetalol was 30.67 +/- 5.49 ml/min, and only 0.189 +/- 0.042 mg of labetalol was removed by hemodialysis. The terminal t 1/2 averaged 13.05 +/- 6.32 hours during CAPD. Steady-state volume of distribution, total body clearance (Clp), and CAPD clearance were 10.39 +/- 2.77 L/kg, 1397.2 +/- 372.3 ml/min, and 1.94 +/- 0.65 ml/min, respectively. The fraction of the dose recovered in the CAPD dialysate during the 72-hour study period was 0.14% +/- 0.09%. The decay of the antihypertensive effect of labetalol was gradual and paralleled the decline in the log plasma concentration. There was a significant correlation between labetalol plasma concentration and the fall in supine diastolic and mean blood pressure after the interdialytic dose and during CAPD. Although labetalol is removed by dialysis, dialysis does not significantly enhance Clp. PMID- 3757410 TI - Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of terbutaline bronchodilation in asthma. AB - The study of terbutaline pharmacodynamics in patients with asthma is hampered by interfering stimuli when steady-state methods are employed. With pharmacokinetic dynamic modeling, many of these interferences can be avoided. Using this technique, we studied the effect of terbutaline on lung function in 10 asthmatic patients with greater than 15% lung function reversibility. Terbutaline plasma concentrations, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) airway resistance (Raw), and specific airway conductance (sGaw) were measured before and during 7 hours after subcutaneous dosing with 0.75 mg terbutaline. A hyperbolic concentration-effect relation was found. Fitting the time course of the effects required an effect compartment in the integrated model. Thus the delay between plasma concentration and effect time course was characterized by the rate constant ke0. Essentially the same ke0 was found for FEv1, Raw, and sGaw, indicating that the concerning receptors are "localized" in the same pharmacokinetic compartment. Of the lung function measures, sGaw was less sensitive to terbutaline than Raw and FEV1, whereas the latter tended to be the most sensitive one. PMID- 3757412 TI - The effect of oral calcium-loading test on the distribution of urinary phosphates in healthy and hypercalciuremic children. AB - The distribution of inorganic phosphate ions in urine is calculated with known stability constants, measured pH and electrolyte concentrations. The distribution of phosphate ions in the urine of healthy children is considerably different from that of hypercalciuremic children. Before and after oral calcium-loading test, the most significant difference is in the molar fraction of CaHPO4. PMID- 3757411 TI - Early changes in renal function following chemically induced nephropathy. AB - The functional changes in the rat kidney 24 h after administration of 2 bromoethanamine hydrobromide (BEA) have been extensively described. There is, however, little information regarding earlier alterations. The present study was designed to measure early changes in renal function in order to clarify further pathomechanisms of the BEA-induced lesion. Experiments were performed in two groups of Wistar rats with different infusion rates during the first 3 h following injection of 100 mg/kg BW BEA compared to sham-injected rats. Analysis included measuring urine flow, osmolality, urea, sodium and potassium as well as inulin and para-aminohippuric acid clearance. Our studies show a tubular as well as a glomerular involvement in BEA-induced nephropathy. A significantly higher urine flow occurred already in the first 30 min following injection of BEA. Urine osmolality began to decrease after 90 min, Na excretion was elevated at 3 h, K excretion was not significantly different from the control group, urea excretion was increased after 30 min. Contrary to other studies we found a continuously decreasing glomerular filtration rate and PAH clearance during the first 3 h. Our results suggest an early effect of BEA on tubular function (increasing sodium excretion), papillary concentration capacity (increasing urine flow combined with decreasing osmolality) and glomerular function (decreasing glomerular filtration rate). PMID- 3757413 TI - Effect of obesity on erythrocyte count and hemoglobin levels in Libyan diabetic patients. AB - Fasting blood glucose, erythrocyte count and hemoglobin levels of obese and nonobese Libyan diabetic women were determined. The mean values of fasting blood glucose, erythrocyte count and hemoglobin of obese diabetic women were 209.55 +/- 8.85 mg/dl, 4.986 +/- 0.04 X 10(6)/mm3 and 14.51 +/- 0.18 g/dl. The respective values for nonobese diabetic women were 243.47 +/- 12.56 mg/dl, 4.865 +/- 0.06 X 10(6)/mm3 and 14.31 +/- 0.19 g/dl. The mean values of the three variables of obese patients were significantly different from those of the nonobese patients. Statistically significant correlations were found between fasting blood glucose levels and erythrocyte count, and hemoglobin levels in both obese and nonobese patients. The levels of erythrocyte count and hemoglobin of obese patients were higher than those of their nonobese counterparts. This elevation was attributed to the effect of obesity. It is suggested that regulation of body weight should be considered an essential step in the management of diabetes. PMID- 3757414 TI - Sulphonylureas and biguanides do not affect insulin binding in H35 hepatoma cells. AB - Six sulphonylureas (tolbutamide, tolazamide, chlorpropamide, glibornuride, glipizide and gliquidone) and 2 biguanides (metformin and buformin) were tested for possible effects on insulin binding to H 35 rat hepatoma cells in culture. Insulin binding was measured after 24 and 72 hr of culturing cells in medium containing the drugs. Buformin and gliquidone were tested in concentrations from 10(-8)-5 X 10(-5) M, the other drugs in concentrations from 10(-7)-5 X 10(-4) M. All 24-hr experiments were repeated in cells down-regulated with 10 micrograms/ml insulin. None of the oral hypoglycemic agents tested had any significant influence on insulin binding to H 35 hepatoma cells, either in the presence or absence of insulin. We suggest that the insulin receptor status, at least in this type of liver cell, is not influenced by sulphonylureas or biguanides. PMID- 3757415 TI - Cancer genes: their clinical potential. AB - The central problem in cancer therapy is the poor selectivity of current systemic agents against the common solid tumours. The demonstration that unique segments of DNA, constant in location and conserved in evolution, are involved in growth control opens new avenues for basic and clinical research. The functions of the products of these oncogenes need to be elucidated. Examples of growth control functions include homology to growth factors, surface receptors, protein kinases and cell cycle control proteins. From DNA sequence data peptides predicted to be exposed within intact molecules have been constructed and used to produce monoclonal antibodies to oncogene products. Such antibodies have demonstrated the intracellular localisation of oncogene products and their cell cycle regulatory role. A battery of antibodies against the different oncogene products can be used to aid diagnosis and prognosis. Immunohistology and other methods permit the geographical and quantitative analysis of oncoprotein function in normal and neoplastic tissues. New tumour marker systems have been uncovered. Furthermore, by purification and biochemical analysis the molecular basis for the action of these proteins can be elucidated. It is likely that by the end of the decade new drugs that inhibit oncoprotein function will be available for clinical trial. PMID- 3757416 TI - The value of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of intracranial meningiomas. AB - Thirty-two patients suspected by Computed Tomography (CT) of having a meningioma were additionally imaged by Magnetic Resonance. Of these, seven patients had an eventual diagnosis other than meningioma. This represents a positive value of 76% for the diagnosis of meningioma by CT. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) improved positive predictive value to 86%. A diagnosis other than meningioma was made by MRI with greatest confidence when tumour signal intensity was either much greater or much less than that of grey matter. Comparison of Inversion Recovery (IR) and spin echo (SE) sequences showed IR to be superior for demonstration of supratentorial meningiomas. SE images were superior to IR in demonstrating calcification. MRI was of value in showing anatomical relationships, due to its multiplanar capacity and in demonstrating vessel patency. CT was generally superior in defining meningiomas and in demonstrating calcification. PMID- 3757417 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging of the retroperitoneum. AB - The results of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations in 50 patients with histological or clinical diagnoses of retroperitoneal disorders and 20 normal volunteers are presented. An increase in relaxation time (T1) was recognised in most pathological conditions except for four liposarcomas and one adrenal cortical neoplasm and one metastatic lesion of the same gland. Inversion recovery (IR) provided the best tissue contrast, enabling the detection of small lesions. Flow-dependent sequences and sagittal imaging planes were particularly helpful in the evaluation of aortic aneurysms. Ferric ammonium citrate used as an oral paramagnetic contrast agent and a short T1 inversion recovery sequence gave encouraging initial results in recognising bowel loops. Gadolinium-DTPA injected intravenously provided tumour enhancement, indicating vascular perfusion and demarcating tumour margins. An attempt to eliminate motion artefacts was carried out in 15 volunteers and six patients either by a new software system (respiratory ordered phase encoding) or by using short T1 inversion-recovery to suppress the high signal from fat. The same pulse sequence results were useful in demonstrating subcutaneous fistulous tracts by eliminating the adjacent fat. The actual role of MRI in the investigation of the retroperitoneum in view of current technical developments is discussed. PMID- 3757418 TI - Comparison of computed tomographic lung density with haemodynamic data of the pulmonary circulation. AB - Computed tomographic (CT) lung density measurements were prospectively correlated with pulmonary haemodynamic data in 33 patients with chronic heart disease. Cardiac catheterisation and five specific computed tomographic scans (three at nearly total lung capacity, one at functional residual capacity, and one at residual volume) were performed. There was a significant correlation between anterior lung density and mean pulmonary artery pressure (r = 0.86), pulmonary vascular resistance (r = 0.80), and pulmonary artery wedge pressure (r = 0.65). Lung density, as measured by CT, thus provides a valuable estimate of pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance, but is affected by other pathological conditions, such as emphysema and congestional or post-inflammatory fibrosis. PMID- 3757419 TI - Combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy for advanced carcinoma of the cervix. AB - Until recently the use of cytotoxic drugs in the treatment of squamous carcinoma of the cervix has been limited to patients with local recurrence after primary therapy or with distant metastases. The effectiveness of some cytotoxic drugs, especially cisplatin, in producing tumour regression in this group of patients with a poor prognosis, has encouraged the use of chemotherapy at an earlier stage of the disease process. Since 1979 patients with FIGO IIb squamous carcinoma of the cervix extending more than half-way to the pelvic side-wall and Stages III and IV disease have been treated with a combination of cisplatin or methotrexate and radiotherapy. The complete remission rate of Stage III tumours was 89% with a local recurrence rate of only 8%. In patients with advanced Stage IIb disease only 44% achieved complete remission and three patients with Stage IV disease failed to respond. The projected 5-year survival rate is 66% for patients with Stage III disease and 49% for all patients. The results of this combined treatment are presented and discussed and the suggestion made that chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy can be safely used to advantage in patients at high risk of local relapse. PMID- 3757420 TI - Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma following radiotherapy for Hodgkin's disease. AB - Two patients successfully treated for Hodgkin's disease with radiotherapy alone subsequently developed a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. One patient presented with a pleural effusion and a paraprotein band, the second with recurrent lymphadenopathy. Their case histories are compared with the five others previously reported. Full investigation including biopsy is essential when recurrent lymphoma is suspected, as the results may influence management. PMID- 3757421 TI - Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma following successful treatment of Hodgkin's disease. AB - Two cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma complicating the successful treatment of Hodgkin's disease are presented. A review of the literature reveals that it is a relatively uncommon but significant complication of therapy for Hodgkin's disease. PMID- 3757422 TI - Are scintigrams of the spine useful in vertebral osteoporosis? AB - To determine whether technetium diphosphonate scintigraphy could be used to date vertebral crush fractures, serial scintigrams and radiographs were obtained on two groups of 27 osteoporotic patients. Although radiologically crushed vertebrae were significantly associated with areas of increased isotope uptake on the scintigrams (p less than 0.001), this did not depend on the age of the crush fracture. Some radiologically uncrushed vertebrae, particularly in the lumbar spine, also showed increased isotope uptake. PMID- 3757423 TI - Subperiosteal osteoid osteoma of the talus. AB - We report three patients with subperiosteal osteoid osteoma of the talus. All showed an erosion of the dorsal surface of the talus with medullary bone sclerosis. Adjacent paraosseous soft tissue calcification was seen in two lesions. Computed tomography demonstrated the nidus of the osteoid osteoma in two cases. PMID- 3757424 TI - The urographic appearances of ureteric obstruction secondary to bladder carcinoma. AB - It is usually assumed as a result of experiments that post-obstructive and hydronephrotic atrophy are due to raised intrapelvic pressure. In acute ureteric obstruction raised intrapelvic pressure is associated with renal colic; the absence of pain in chronic obstruction has been a stumbling block to acceptance of the back pressure theory. In ureteric obstruction due to bladder carcinoma the complete spectrum of nephrographic appearances ranging from those of high pressure obstruction to low pressure obstruction is seen in the absence of pain. This shows that acute ureteric obstruction may be painless and therefore post obstructive and hydronephrotic atrophy may be preceded in man by a raised intrapelvic pressure. This removes the stumbling block. PMID- 3757425 TI - An evaluation of the post-micturition radiograph following intravenous urography. AB - A prospective study of the post-micturition radiograph in 539 consecutive intravenous urograms was performed. In only 1% of patients was a post-micturition residue demonstrated only on this radiograph and not on the control radiograph. The post-micturition radiograph helped in making a firm diagnosis in two out of six patients with vesico-ureteric junction calculi, which were suspected but could not be confidently diagnosed without it. It was also helpful in two out of 13 bladder patients with carcinoma, enabling a confident diagnosis to be established where the lesion had only been suspected. It would seem pertinent to restrict the post-micturition radiograph to cases of haematuria and possible vesico-ureteric calculi. PMID- 3757426 TI - Traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula with contralateral proptosis. AB - A case of traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula with an isolated contralateral proptosis is described and illustrated followed by a discussion on the likely cause of the patient's paradoxical physical signs. PMID- 3757428 TI - Who will determine the future of academic medicine? PMID- 3757427 TI - Enormous intrahepatic communication between the portal vein and the hepatic vein. AB - A case of enormous intrahepatic shunt between the portal vein and the hepatic vein is described. The lesion was successfully treated by embolisation using stainless steel coils on two occasions, after demonstration by percutaneous transhepatic portography (PTP). PMID- 3757429 TI - The 1985 Eastern Section AFCR Young Investigator award. Graves' disease: studies concerning TSH-receptor antibody formation and action. PMID- 3757430 TI - Altered extracellular calcium homoeostasis in essential hypertension: a consequence of abnormal cell calcium handling. AB - A number of abnormalities in the extracellular and intracellular handling of calcium in arterial hypertension, namely an increased urinary calcium excretion, a reduced serum ionized calcium level and an enhanced intracellular free calcium concentration, have previously been reported by this and other laboratories. The present study aimed to investigate the handling of an exogenous calcium load in hypertensive and normotensive subjects in order to detect possible differences with regard to tissue calcium metabolism in vivo. A constant rate intravenous calcium infusion (0.2 mmol 2 h-1 kg-1 body wt.) was carried out in the participants. Serum calcium concentrations were determined at regular intervals during the infusion and in the 4 h after the end of the calcium load. Over the same period, urinary calcium excretion was evaluated in timed urine collections. Hypertensive subjects had lower serum ionized calcium levels compared with normotensive subjects at all the experimental points, a finding suggestive of a faster disappearance of calcium from the circulation. The total body calcium clearance, calculated from the area under the curve of the serum calcium concentrations, was enhanced in hypertensive patients (P less than 0.03). Although the renal calcium excretion was higher in hypertension, the renal calcium clearance accounted for only a minor fraction of the total body clearance, suggesting that the reduced serum calcium levels achieved by the hypertensive patients were not explained by the renal calcium leak. The enhanced total body calcium clearance found in hypertensive subjects is therefore due to an increased tissue calcium uptake. This finding provides indirect evidence of an altered cell calcium handling in hypertension. PMID- 3757431 TI - Effects of thyroid dysfunction on serum calcium in the rat. AB - Serum calcium was measured under different circumstances of thyroid dysfunction in male Sprague-Dawley and female Wistar rats. After induction of hypothyroidism with 131I and propylthiouracil, serum calcium fell from a control value of 2.43 +/- 0.08 mmol/l to 2.07 +/- 0.08 mmol/l (P less than 0.01). Thyroid hormone replacement therapy in hypothyroid rats caused a return of serum calcium to control values (2.09 +/- 0.04 mmol/l to 2.41 +/- 0.02 mmol/l, P less than 0.01). Treatment of normal rats with thyroid hormones caused elevation of serum calcium to 2.59 +/- 0.04 mmol/l compared with a control value of 2.44 +/- 0.02 mmol/l (P less than 0.01). Time-course studies demonstrated a slow decline in serum calcium levels over a 10 week period during induction of hypothyroidism with propylthiouracil alone but a very rapid normalization of serum calcium (within 1 h) after replacement therapy with L-tri-iodothyronine. These data illustrate the considerable influence that thyroid hormones exert on calcium metabolism and demonstrate for the first time consistent changes in serum calcium in the rat with hypo- and hyper-thyroidism. PMID- 3757432 TI - Muscle metabolism in patients with peripheral vascular disease investigated by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. AB - Eleven men with claudication and ten control subjects had calf muscle metabolism studied at rest and during exercise and the subsequent recovery period by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) spectroscopy. The muscle of patients with severe claudication had a significantly greater depletion of phosphocreatine and fall in pH during exercise and a slower recovery of phosphocreatine and pH after exercise. The muscle of patients with both mild and severe disease had slower rates of ADP recovery after exercise than that of control subjects. Surgical correction of the associated arterial stenosis abolished claudication and led to correction of the metabolic abnormalities in two patients. Claudication pain was not related to intracellular pH or concentration of phosphorus-containing metabolites. Energy production via oxidative metabolism is impaired but glycolysis may be increased in the calf muscle of patients with intermittent claudication. PMID- 3757433 TI - Brown adipose tissue uncoupling protein content in human infants, children and adults. AB - A solid-phase radioimmunoassay is described for the estimation of the uncoupling protein content of human brown adipose tissue mitochondria, as an index of thermogenic capacity. The concentration of inner mitochondrial membrane uncoupling protein was measured in brown adipose tissue samples from 48 individuals who died suddenly. The uncoupling protein content of axillary adipose tissue was greater than that of perirenal adipose tissue. Variations in brown adipose tissue uncoupling protein content, which would be consistent with changing thermogenic requirements and capacity, were observed in different groups of subjects. Significantly lower concentrations were found in adults and in pre term and stillborn infants than in older infants and children. PMID- 3757434 TI - Variability of blood pressure in postural hypotension in the elderly. PMID- 3757435 TI - Venous tone in pregnancy-induced hypertension. PMID- 3757436 TI - A simple method for definition of incomplete suppression of aldosterone and its association with hypertension and hypokalaemia in man. AB - By defining a model for control of potassium homoeostasis, patients with unexplained hypokalaemia may then be described as fitting or not fitting the model. Fitting the model implies an abnormality of known control mechanisms (e.g. aldosterone); by contrast, not fitting the model suggests other unknown factors responsible for the hypokalaemia and, possibly, hypertension. In the presence of normal acid-base status, potassium excretion (UK+V) is regulated by plasma potassium (PK+), delivery of sodium to the distal tubule and aldosterone secretion. A linear relationship (correlation coefficient of 0.72) was defined by: UK + V/PK+ = 5.1 X log(UAldoV) X log(UNa+ V) + 1.4 based on a 24 h urine collection and plasma sample, in 16 normal subjects, 50 hypertensive normokalaemic subjects and 11 patients with hyperaldosteronism. The relationship was robust and held true for variations in dietary sodium and potassium intake (5 300 and 20-100 mmol/day respectively) and variations in aldosterone excretion produced by enalapril. Patients with abnormal renal potassium wasting due to known extraneous factors (n = 11) all fell outside the 95% confidence limits. Twelve patients with hypertension and hypokalaemia and renal potassium wasting all fitted within the confidence limits, being no different from 22 controls selected on the basis of age and urinary potassium excretion (30-50 mmol/day). This suggests that in these 12 patients the hypokalaemia (but not necessarily the hypertension) was not due to 'unknown' steroids but rather lack of regulation of the controlling variable, aldosterone. PMID- 3757437 TI - Enhanced rectal potassium secretion in chronic renal insufficiency: evidence for large intestinal potassium adaptation in man. AB - The role of the large intestine in K+ excretion in chronic renal insufficiency was studied with a rectal dialysis technique in 14 normal subjects and eight normokalaemic, normotensive patients with chronic renal insufficiency. At initial intraluminal K+ concentrations of 10, 20, 30 and 45 mmol/l, net K+ secretion in patients with renal insufficiency was significantly greater than in normal subjects by approximately 1.8 mumol h-1 cm-2. The increase in net K+ secretion was more marked in those patients with creatinine clearances of less than 10 ml/min. In contrast, there were no significant differences in net Na+ and water transport, transmucosal potential difference and plasma aldosterone concentrations between the two groups. With an initial intraluminal K+ concentration of 30 mmol/l, the addition of amiloride (final concentration 1 mmol/l) to the rectal lumen decreased net Na+ absorption and transmucosal potential difference in normal subjects by 69% (P less than 0.005) and 31% (P less than 0.005) respectively, and in patients with renal insufficiency by 75% (P less than 0.05) and 36% (P less than 0.05) respectively, but there was no change in net K+ secretion in either group. These results indicate that the K+ secretory capacity of the rectal mucosa increases in chronic renal insufficiency, and the large intestine may therefore contribute to the maintenance of K+ homoeostasis as renal K+ excretion declines. Increased rectal K+ secretion in renal insufficiency occurs independently of changes in plasma K+ and aldosterone concentrations, net Na+ absorption and transmucosal potential difference, and may reflect stimulation of an active K+ secretory process. PMID- 3757438 TI - Inhaled smoke volume, puffing indices and carbon monoxide uptake in asymptomatic cigarette smokers. AB - Nine asymptomatic smokers each smoked one cigarette of their usual brand on four separate occasions. The inhaled smoke volume was measured by tracing the smoke with the inert gas 81Krm. Puffing indices were recorded by using an electronic smoking analyser and flowhead/cigarette holder. The expired air carbon monoxide concentration was measured immediately before and within 5 min of finishing smoking. The inhaled smoke percentage (total inhaled smoke volume/total puff volume) averaged 46% to 85% in different subjects. Neither the mean inhaled smoke volume per puff nor the total inhaled smoke volume per cigarette was significantly correlated with any of the puffing indices. Smokers took significantly smaller and shorter puffs, left longer between puffs and inhaled less smoke as the cigarette was smoked (P less than 0.01), although the proportion of the puff which was subsequently inhaled did not change significantly. There was no significant intra-subject difference in any index from one visit to another. PMID- 3757439 TI - The effect of polyethylene glycol by gavage on electrolyte and water excretion in the rat. AB - The effects of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 administered by gavage on electrolyte and water excretion were investigated in the rat. PEG 200 led, in intact rats, to dose-related increased drinking and to diuresis. In the first 2 h after PEG 200 administration, water consumption in intact rats exceeded urine output. PEG 200 enhanced the excretion of both sodium and potassium, but the sodium excretion was proportionately greater, resulting in an elevation of the urinary sodium/potassium ratio. Bilateral nephrectomy was not accompanied by increased drinking in PEG 200-treated rats, although raised serum osmolality was seen. Thus, given by gavage, PEG 200 is not an inert vehicle for drug administration. PMID- 3757440 TI - Enhancement of cardiac vagal action during ischaemia of the sino-atrial node. AB - The effect of ischaemia of the sino-atrial node on cardiac vagal action was studied in anaesthetized dogs. The cut, cardiac end of the right vagus nerve was stimulated with a standard supramaximal stimulus every 10 s. The arterial supply to the sinoatrial node was occluded for periods of 1-3 min during this intermittent vagal stimulation. Vagal action on heart rate was potentiated during ischaemia of the sino-atrial node. PMID- 3757441 TI - Effect of increasing calcium intake on urinary sodium excretion in normotensive subjects. AB - Eight normotensive subjects were studied in a randomized crossover trial of a high calcium diet (1800 mg of calcium/day) for a week against a low calcium diet (200 mg of calcium/day) for a further week. The subjects were placed on a diet containing 200 mg of calcium/day throughout the study and the high calcium diet was achieved by supplementing the low calcium diet with calcium glubionate and galactogluconate. Sodium and potassium intake were kept constant throughout the study. Twenty-four hour urinary sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphate were measured daily. In spite of a highly significant increase in calcium excretion from the low to the high calcium diet (P less than 0.0001), there was no increase in sodium or change in potassium excretion with the increased calcium intake. A transient but significant fall in urinary sodium excretion was observed up to the fourth day of the high calcium diet (P = 0.021). Twenty-four hour urinary phosphate excretion fell significantly on the high calcium diet (P less than 0.0001). Body weight, blood pressure, plasma renin activity, aldosterone, plasma creatinine and serum ionized calcium did not change. These results suggest that a short-term increase in calcium intake in normotensive subjects does not increase urinary sodium and potassium excretion. PMID- 3757442 TI - Autonomic nervous control of the heart rate during dynamic exercise in normal man. AB - The relative contribution of the efferent components of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems to the heart rate (HR) response to dynamic physical exercise was evaluated in 23 normal males. The dynamic exercise was performed on a bicycle ergometer at work loads of 25, 50 and 100 W, before and after pharmacological blockade with atropine (13 individuals) or propranolol (10 individuals). Parasympathetic blockade significantly depressed the rapid HR response at the beginning of the exercise period at all levels of intensity, whereas sympathetic blockade only affected the slow-response phase (1-4 min), especially at the highest level of effort. The present results suggest that the tachycardia evoked by dynamic exercise is mediated by a biphasic mechanism initially depending on rapid vagal release, which increases progressively with increasing effort. An increased sympathetic activity manifests itself in a more delayed manner, especially at the higher levels of activity. Continuous monitoring of HR during the entire period of activity at different levels of intensity permits the utilization of dynamic exercise as a simple and non invasive method for the functional evaluation of the two components of the autonomic nervous system of the heart. PMID- 3757443 TI - Short-term effects of beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs on plasma lipoproteins in normal men: is there a case? PMID- 3757445 TI - More on phenytoin injection precautions. PMID- 3757444 TI - Limb blood flow measurements. PMID- 3757446 TI - Accuracy of five methods for predicting phenobarbital concentrations in pediatric patients. AB - Four published methods of predicting steady-state phenobarbital concentrations were evaluated and compared with a new method. In phase 1, steady-state serum phenobarbital concentrations were obtained from 36 complaint patients who were 6 months to 15 years old. Patients were stratified into five groups according to weight. Each patient's steady-state serum phenobarbital concentration was then predicted using clearance (CL) values from four published methods (methods 1-4), and these serum-concentration values were compared with actual steady-state concentrations. In phase 2, 17 new patients were selected. The mean CL values determined for each weight group of phase 1 patients were incorporated into another method (method 5) and used to calculate steady-state phenobarbital concentrations for phase 2 patients. In both study phases, predicted concentrations were compared with both the actual concentration in each patient and a naive predictor. In phase 1, method 1 was the least biased; methods 2-4 were significantly biased and were not significantly better than the naive predictor. In phase 2, methods 1-4 were more biased and less precise than method 5. In both study phases, methods 2-4 consistently under-predicted phenobarbital concentrations. The prediction method based on clearance data obtained in a group of pediatric patients at our institution (method 5) appears to be more useful for predicting serum phenobarbital concentrations than four other prediction methods based on published clearance values. PMID- 3757447 TI - Imipenem-cilastatin: the promise of single-agent antimicrobial therapy fulfilled? PMID- 3757448 TI - Heparin-induced hyperlipidemia in a patient with pre-existing dysbetalipoproteinemia. PMID- 3757449 TI - High serum concentrations of mezlocillin in a critically ill patient with renal and hepatic dysfunction. PMID- 3757450 TI - Studies of erythropoietic cells in heterozygotes and homozygotes for haemoglobin Constant Spring and in heterozygotes for both haemoglobin Constant Spring and alpha-thalassaemia 1 trait: extent of globin chain precipitation and cell cycle distribution. AB - Electron microscope studies revealed that the average value for the percentage of erythropoietic cell profiles containing globin chain precipitates in heterozygotes for haemoglobin Constant Spring (HbCS) was similar to that in subjects with alpha-thalassaemia 2 trait and that the average values for this parameter in homozygotes for HbCS and patients with HbCS-H disease were similar to that in individuals with HbH disease. The explanation for the finding that the presence of two alpha cs genes (in homozygotes for HbCS) caused a degree of precipitation corresponding to that seen in patients with HbH disease, who have three deleted alpha genes, rather than to that seen in individuals with alpha thalassaemia 1 trait, who have two deleted alpha genes, is uncertain. In all the patients with HbCS studied, the majority of the inclusions of precipitated globin chains had a stellate or branching appearance and were considered to consist of beta-chains. However, in the homozygotes for HbCS and to a lesser extent in the patients with HbCS-H disease there were small but significant numbers of erythropoietic cell profiles containing multiple rounded inclusions of the type seen in the beta-thalassaemia syndromes, or both branching and multiple rounded inclusions. It is argued that these rounded inclusions probably consisted either of precipitated HbCS or beta-chains rather than alpha-chains. The distribution of erythroblasts in the different stages of the cell cycle was normal in two homozygotes for HbCS and two patients with HbCS-H disease, indicating that there was little or no cell death during the proliferative phase of erythropoiesis in either of these conditions. PMID- 3757451 TI - Correlation of mononuclear phagocyte assay results and in vivo haemolytic rate in subjects with a positive direct antiglobulin test. AB - A mononuclear phagocyte assay has been used to measure the in vitro interaction of normal donor monocytes with the red cells from subjects with a positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT). The relationship between the in vivo haemolytic rate in these subjects and the results obtained in the assay, expressed as the number of red cells associated with 100 monocytes (ARC value), has been examined. From the results of assays in which normal donor monocytes were incubated with normal (DAT negative) donor red cells it was calculated that ARC values of greater than 2 could be considered significantly elevated. Assays performed on 24 patients with a positive DAT and warm autoimmune haemolytic anaemia resulted in a mean ARC value of 42 (range 1-212). Assay results for two of the patients in this group, however, were not significantly elevated from normal. The red cells from three patients with a negative DAT who were suspected of having autoimmune haemolytic anaemia showed no association with normal donor monocytes in the assay. The mean ARC value obtained for 14 non-haemolysing subjects with a positive DAT was 7 (range 1-47). Assay results for only 10 of the 14 subjects in this non haemolysing group fell within the normal range. The correlation of assay results and in vivo haemolysis was strengthened when the assays were performed with autologous monocytes. A possible explanation for the unexpectedly low ARC values obtained in some cases of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia is discussed. PMID- 3757452 TI - A blood bank audit of elective gynaecological surgery: a case for group and antibody screen. AB - A blood bank audit was carried out in a Glasgow teaching hospital to assess the utilization of blood in elective gynaecological surgery. The audit was facilitated by use of the blood bank microcomputer system. Routine cross-matching for the gynaecological procedures studied was found to be wasteful of blood bank resources. The study has underlined the value of local audit and supports the general experience of other centres which have adopted group and antibody screen policies to reduce blood wastage and allow for more effective utilization of blood. PMID- 3757453 TI - Primary acquired sideroblastic anaemia in a Gambian patient. PMID- 3757454 TI - A turbidimetric micro test for the diagnosis of hereditary spherocytosis. PMID- 3757455 TI - Oesophageal apoplexy associated with aspirin ingestion in polycythaemia rubra vera. PMID- 3757456 TI - Erythema nodosum and Lennert's lymphoma. PMID- 3757457 TI - Arterial thrombosis in antithrombin III deficiency. PMID- 3757458 TI - Quality of oral anticoagulant therapy. PMID- 3757459 TI - Basophilia as a feature of the myelodysplastic syndrome. PMID- 3757460 TI - [Evaluation of the analgesic action of naproxen sodium in odontoiatria]. PMID- 3757461 TI - [Comparison of the bioavailability of 2 different equal-dosage oral pharmaceutic forms of nimesulide in healthy volunteers]. PMID- 3757462 TI - [Hematological toxicity and nandrolone decanoate during polychemotherapy of bronchogenic carcinoma. Preliminary note]. PMID- 3757463 TI - [Acute spontaneous pneumomediastinum in a patient with mitral valve prolapse. Two expressions of the same collagen anomaly?]. PMID- 3757464 TI - [Propafenone in the treatment of high-risk ventricular arrhythmias]. PMID- 3757465 TI - [Analgesia and recovery of motor activity after calcitonin treatment]. PMID- 3757466 TI - [Effects of long-term administration of piretanide on blood potassium]. PMID- 3757467 TI - [Circadian profiles of lactic and pyruvic acid in diabetic patients treated with biguanides and sulfonylureas]. PMID- 3757468 TI - [Recent clinical experiences in the evaluation of the secretory and motor activity of the diabetic stomach. A study conducted parallel to the examination of other parameters inherent in the underlying pathology. I]. PMID- 3757469 TI - [Netilmicin and netilmicin-rifampicin combination in targeted treatment of staphylococcal infections]. PMID- 3757470 TI - [Mezlocillin in respiratory infections in the aged]. PMID- 3757471 TI - [Clinical study of isoxicam in psoriatic arthritis]. PMID- 3757472 TI - [Determination of plasma levels of drugs: clinical perspectives and technical problems]. PMID- 3757473 TI - Clinical importance of polymicrobial bacteremia. AB - Ninety-one episodes of polymicrobial bacteremia and fungemia were compared with 407 unimicrobial episodes to assess differences in the microbiological, epidemiological, and clinical features of the two syndromes. Enterobacteriaceae, nongroup A streptococci, anaerobic bacteria, and pseudomonads were disproportionately common in polymicrobial bacteremia. Polymicrobial episodes were significantly more likely to be hospital-acquired, to emanate from bowel or multiple foci, and to occur in patients with nonhematologic malignancies or multiple underlying diseases. Deaths directly related to sepsis were twofold higher in polymicrobial versus unimicrobial bacteremia. Factors associated with increased mortality in polymicrobial sepsis included age greater than 40 yr; absent or diminished febrile response to sepsis; absolute granulocytopenia; inadequate antimicrobial therapy for all microorganisms isolated; and a primary focus of infection in the bowel, the respiratory tract, an abscess, or an occult site. The occurrence and type of polymicrobial bacteremia can suggest a source of sepsis as well as additional diagnostic and therapeutic maneuvers. PMID- 3757474 TI - Amikacin, ethambutol, and rifampin for treatment of disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infections in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. AB - Synergistic combinations of achievable serum levels of amikacin, rifampin, and ethambutol were tested for their ability to inhibit growth of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare strains isolated from seven patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Even when the isolates were very resistant to the individual antimicrobial agents in vitro, growth was completely inhibited by all combinations of the three agents tested. Four of the patients treated with a combined regimen of amikacin, rifampin, and ethambutol showed clinical improvement. Synergistic antimicrobial susceptibility tests seem to more accurately represent the efficacy of combined regimens used to treat these extremely resistant mycobacteria than do conventional susceptibility determinations with individual antimicrobial agents. PMID- 3757475 TI - Comparison of methods for the interpretation of disk diffusion susceptibility tests for augmentin. AB - Disk diffusion susceptibility tests for Augmentin were performed on 239 patients isolates. They were interpreted by means of Stoke's criteria, the ICS method, and a modified error minimization technique. A reference minimal inhibitory concentration of less than or equal to 16 mg/L was chosen to correspond to likely therapeutic success in urinary tract infection and the performance of each method was compared. Zone radii of inhibition correlated well with the minimal inhibitory concentration. A single urinary breakpoint for susceptibility could be established by means of the error minimization technique (Zs greater than or equal to 6 mm radius) which classified 1% of strains as falsely susceptible. The false-resistant rate, however, was increased to 14% and alternative test conditions are advised if true rates of resistance are to be determined. Use of an indeterminate category (4 less than Z1 less than 6 mm radius) is recommended when the rate of resistance is in excess of 20% but not otherwise. PMID- 3757476 TI - Yersinia enterocolitica inguinal lymphadenitis. AB - Inguinal lymphadenitis is associated with a well-defined group of etiologic agents including many sexually transmitted diseases and nonvenereal agents including Yersinia pestis (bubonic plague). We report herein the first case of a second Yersinia species--Yersinia enterocolitica--presenting like bubonic plague with bilateral inguinal lymphadenitis. PMID- 3757477 TI - In vitro activities of 17 antimicrobial agents against the formate/fumarate requiring, anaerobic gram-negative bacilli. AB - The in vitro activities of 17 antimicrobial agents were evaluated against 46 clinical isolates of formate/fumarate-requiring anaerobic gram-negative bacilli. Strains of Bacteroides ureolyticus (23) were almost uniformly susceptible to the tested antimicrobials, whereas strains of Bacteroides gracilis (18) showed some striking resistance with penicillin active against only 67%, the cephalosporins active against 67%-89%, and clindamycin active against 67%. Although few strains of Wolinella species/C. concisus (5) were available for testing, these isolates tended to be more resistant than B. ureolyticus but less resistant than B. gracilis. PMID- 3757478 TI - Positional distribution of constituent fatty acids in phosphatidylethanolamine during early development in Rana nigromaculata. AB - Qualitative and quantitative changes in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were analyzed in the eggs, embryos and tadpoles of the Japanese pond frog, Rana nigromaculata, at various stages of development. The weight percentage of PE to total phospholipid and to total lipid was about 15-18% and about 3-4%, respectively, during embryonic life. At all stages from the unfertilized egg to the feeding tadpole, the major fatty acids at the 1-position of PE were palmitic, stearic and oleic acids. At the 2-position, arachidonic, oleic, palmitic, stearic and linoleic acids were present during embryonic life. The most abundant fatty acid at the 2-position was arachidonic acid at the unfertilized egg and hatching embryo stages. However, palmitic acid was the most prevalent 2-fatty acid at the posthatching tadpole and the feeding tadpole stages. Thus, there were marked changes in the positional distribution of the constituent fatty acids in PE during development. PMID- 3757479 TI - 31P-NMR studies of phosphate metabolites in intact red and white swimming muscles of cod (Gadus morhua L.). AB - 31P-NMR was used to characterise intracellular phosphate pools and their post mortem changes at 7 degrees C in intact red and white cod muscles under anaerobic conditions. A total phosphate content of 55 and 60 mM was observed in red and white muscle, respectively. The concentration of P-creatine was 14 mM in the white and 9 mM in the red muscle, while that of inorganic phosphate, Pi (30 mM), ATP (9 mM), and sugar phosphate (5 mM) were similar in both muscles. During the first 90 min after death, the decrease in P-creatine showed a first order breakdown with a concomitant stoichiometric increase in Pi content, whereas the ATP and sugar phosphate remained the same. The intracellular pH decreased from 7.4 to 7.3 in this period. The steady-state rate constant of myosin ATPase was 0.0054 and 0.0022/min for red and white muscles, respectively. Individuals kept under diminished oxygen tension prior to being killed, showed a reduced P creatine level in both muscles. PMID- 3757480 TI - Influence of age, sex, lactational state and exogenous growth hormone on erythrocyte UMP synthase in dairy cattle. AB - UMP synthase activity was determined in erythrocytes of Holstein cattle to assess differences attributable to age, sex, lactational state, and exogenous growth hormone. Newborns had 80% more UMP synthase activity per ml erythrocytes than mature cattle. Males had 10% more UMP synthase activity than females of the same age. Lactating and non-lactating mature females did not differ in UMP synthase activity. Over the first six weeks of life, the decrease in UMP synthase activity was less pronounced in calves partially deficient for the enzyme. Ten daily injections of growth hormone altered neither UMP synthase activity in erythrocytes nor orotic acid concentrations in milk and urine. PMID- 3757481 TI - Acyl coenzyme A:retinol acyltransferase activity and the vitamin A content of polar bear (Ursus maritimus) liver. AB - Acyl coenzyme A:retinol acyltransferase activity was identified in the microsomes from a polar bear liver. The highest rate of in vitro retinol esterification was 821 pmol/min/mg microsomal protein. The in vitro esterification rate displayed a small dependence upon the concentration of exogenous protein (bovine serum albumin) and even less on the concentration of sulfhydryl-reducing agent (dithiothreitol). Vitamin A was present in the liver at a concentration of 8050 micrograms/g tissue, with 98% of the vitamin in its ester form. Retinyl palmitate was 37.3% of the total liver retinyl esters, while retinyl oleate represented 20.9%, stearate 12.8%, and linoleate 7.7%. PMID- 3757482 TI - Contaminating peptides widely present in ion-exchanged water, reagents, experimental implements and natural sample. AB - Ion-exchanged water, various reagents, experimental implements and natural sample have been found to be widely contaminated by certain kinds of peptides, whose molecular weights are between 1000 and 6000 daltons. An amino acid analysis showed them to contain serine, glycine and alanine as the three major amino acid components, which constitute about 50% of the total amino acid in the fractions of the contaminants. Ornithine is also commonly abundantly present in the contaminants. The significance of the presence of ornithine and the origin of the contaminants are discussed. PMID- 3757483 TI - The lipid composition of serum lipoproteins in the harbour seal, Phoca vitulina. AB - The density profile of serum lipoproteins and their lipid composition was studied in 12 adult, female harbour seals. The animals were sampled after an approximate 20 hr fast. The density profile of lipoproteins showed that the harbour seals displayed a distinct VLDL (density less than 1.006 g/ml) and HDL band (density about 1.125 g/ml), but no clear LDL band. There was a rather diffuse population of lipoproteins in the density range of 1.019-1.100 g/ml. Mean serum total cholesterol concentration was 5.7 mmol/l; about 60% of this cholesterol was located in the HDL fraction (density greater than 1.063 g/ml). The fasted seals were found to carry 4% of serum total lipids in chylomicrons. These lipoproteins consisted of 51% of triaclyglycerols (on the basis of total chylomicron lipids). The LDL (defined as heparin-manganese precipitable lipoproteins in VLDL and chylomicron-deficient serum) contained 49% of cholesterol and 43% of phospholipids (on the basis of total LDL lipids). The HDL (defined as heparin manganese soluble lipoproteins in VLDL and chylomicron-deficient serum) contained 36% of cholesterol and 58% of phospholipids (on the basis of total HDL lipids). PMID- 3757484 TI - Propionate metabolism and its regulation by fatty acids in ovine hepatocytes. AB - Propionate metabolism was studied in ovine hepatocytes. The main products of metabolism were CO2, glucose, L-lactate and pyruvate. The fatty acids, butyrate and palmitate inhibited propionate oxidation; butyrate inhibited but palmitate slightly stimulated gluconeogenesis from propionate. Butyrate and palmitate also inhibited lactate and pyruvate production from both endogenous substrates and from propionate. PMID- 3757485 TI - Separation and quantitative determination of dolichol and dolichyl phosphate in rat and trout liver. AB - The dolichol concentrations in rat and trout liver were found respectively to be 50-59 and 16-21 micrograms/g using three experimental methods: densitometric scanning of thin-layer plates, colorimetric assay and HPLC analysis. By HPLC of benzoylated dolichols, the distribution of the dolichols according to the number of their isoprene residues, was determined in rat and trout liver. The major component was dolichol -18 in rat and dolichol -19 in trout liver. Dolichyl phosphate concentrations were found to be 6-7 micrograms/g of rat liver and 8-9 micrograms/g of trout liver by densitometric scanning of thin-layer plates. PMID- 3757486 TI - Differences in steroid metabolism by testis, prostate and epididymis in the immature and adult possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). AB - Immature possums 126-195 days old and adults over 1 year old were used. Testicular homogenates from immature possums converted [3H]progesterone to nine different products, of which greater than 63% were 5 alpha-reduced androstane metabolites. The major product from adult testis was testosterone in yields greater than 60%. While metabolism of [3H]testosterone by the epididymis of immature possum was minimal, in adults 5 alpha-reduced products constituted greater than 80% of the yield. In contrast, prostatic tissue from adults converted less than 4% of [3H]testosterone to 5 alpha-reduced products, while the yields were greater than 80% from prostates of immature animals. The results showed that like in rodents, the testis of immature possum has a high 5 alpha reductase and low 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity, which reverses in the adult state. The implications of the findings are discussed. PMID- 3757487 TI - Isozymes of glucosephosphate isomerase (PGI) in fishes of the subclass actinopterygii. AB - A compilation of the species of fishes of the subclass Actinopterygii for the study of the PGI isozyme system is given. PGI appears to be codified by more than one locus in fishes; 65% of the species analysed here have two loci for PGI. PGI duplication in fishes and the relationship of isozymes of PGI with temperature and metabolism are discussed. PMID- 3757488 TI - "Leucine aminopeptidase" (neutral arylamidase) in sheep sera: improved resolution with gradient gel electrophoresis. AB - Electrophoretic resolution of the heterogeneity of sheep serum "leucine aminopeptidase" is greatly improved by the use of gradients of acrylamide polymer, together with enzyme localisation involving L-alanyl beta-naphthylamide and cobaltous ion. The improved resolution contradicts an earlier claim of the existence of only two patterns of individual variation in the heterogeneity of sheep serum "leucine aminopeptidase", with one pattern completely dominant to the other. While the sheep enzyme is unusual among mammalian serum "leucine aminopeptidases" in its complex heterogeneity, it does conform to the typical mammalian pattern of codominant individual variation. The complexity of sheep serum "leucine aminopeptidase" is useful in the study of sheep evolution. PMID- 3757489 TI - Changes in utilization of Danish psychiatric institutions. I. An outline of the period 1957-1982. PMID- 3757490 TI - Changes in utilization of Danish psychiatric institutions. II. Census studies 1977 and 1982. PMID- 3757491 TI - Heterogeneity in psychotic depression. PMID- 3757492 TI - Is chronic primary major depression a distinct depression subtype? PMID- 3757493 TI - The positive diagnosis of neurotic depression as an etiological category. PMID- 3757494 TI - Inpatients with Briquet's syndrome: presence of additional psychiatric syndromes and MMPI results. PMID- 3757496 TI - Long-term changes in current psychiatric diagnoses of treated opiate addicts. PMID- 3757495 TI - DSM-III personality disorder in agoraphobia. PMID- 3757497 TI - Dose-response assessments of Kathon biocide. (II). Threshold prophetic patch testing. AB - Biocidal preservative agents are important in preventing the growth of pathogenic and nonpathogenic organisms in a variety of personal care, household and industrial products. Nearly all effective, commonly used preservative materials possess skin sensitization potential. In a series of 13 prophetic human repeat insult patch tests involving a total of 1450 subjects, no skin sensitization was induced at concentrations of 10 ppm, 6 ppm or 5 ppm (1121 subjects) or at 15 ppm (200 subjects) of a new isothiazolinone preservative mixture (Kathon CG). Delayed contact hypersensitivity was induced in 1 of 84 subjects at 12.5 ppm and in 2 of 45 subjects at 20 ppm. These results add further support to the previously reported conclusion that use of this new biocide at the very low concentrations required for effective preservation of rinse-off products involves an extremely low risk of clinical dermatoses. PMID- 3757498 TI - Assessment of the ability of mice fed on vitamin A supplemented diet to respond to a variety of potential contact sensitizers. AB - The contact sensitizing potential of various compounds was tested in mice maintained on a diet supplemented with vitamin A acetate. Substances were applied epicutaneously. After challenge, increases in ear thickness were measured and the differences in response between control and treated groups determined by the Mann Whitney test. A number of sensitizers, including Dowicil 200, cinnamaldehyde, hydroxycitronellal and Kathon CG gave positive sensitivity responses. PMID- 3757499 TI - Demonstration of Kathon CG in some commercial products. AB - The preservative Kathon CG has become one of the most common sensitizers. It has, however, been difficult to explain the sensitization and to assess the clinical relevance of the contact allergy, partly due to lack of specification of the preservative in products. A high-performance liquid chromatography method was used to demonstrate Kathon CG in 123 commercial products of both "leave on" and "rinse off" types. 38 of these contained Kathon CG in the range of 1-15 ppm of active ingredients. There were no differences between "leave on" and "rinse off" products concerning the relative number of products containing Kathon CG and the concentrations of the preservative. PMID- 3757500 TI - Sickness absence due to occupational dermatoses in a prefabrication construction factory. AB - In a study of sickness absence due to occupational dermatoses among 360 construction workers in a prefabrication construction factory in 1984, we found 3 workers with allergic contact dermatitis from chromate in cement who required medical leave. There were 5 sickness absence spells due to occupational dermatoses and the number of days lost due to occupational dermatoses was 53 days for the year. This averaged out at 0.01 spells per worker per year, 0.15 days per worker per year and 15 days per spell. It appeared that the number of workers requiring sickness absence from occupational dermatoses was low, but that those with the condition required about 2 weeks of sickness absence. Allergic contact dermatitis from chromate in cement appeared to be the only occupational dermatosis causing sickness absence in the factory. PMID- 3757501 TI - Clinically relevant factors in transplantation immunology (2). PMID- 3757502 TI - Management of extracranial carotid artery aneurysms. PMID- 3757503 TI - Continuous catheter irrigation for the treatment of suppurative flexor tenosynovitis. PMID- 3757504 TI - A comparison of steroid and thiazide diabetes. PMID- 3757505 TI - Hospital liability in malpractice cases for negligence in the granting and renewal of medical staff membership and clinical privileges. PMID- 3757506 TI - Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident pertinent radiation information: 1986. PMID- 3757507 TI - Hospital privileges: speak softly, but carry a big lawyer. PMID- 3757509 TI - Alcohol and the driver. AMA Council on Scientific Affairs. PMID- 3757508 TI - Single dose cefazolin for OB/GYN surgical prophylaxis. PMID- 3757510 TI - Contraceptive practices of female physicians. AB - To evaluate a potential bias between methods of birth control used and prescribed by physicians, we surveyed sexually active female physicians in regards to their own methods of birth control. When the contraceptive practices of female physicians are compared to those of the general population, no difference in use of various contraceptive methods is found. Among female obstetrician gynecologists, however, the intrauterine device continues to be a disproportionally popular method of contraception. It is concluded that no gender bias exists in prescribing patterns of contraceptives since contraceptive use in female physicians is identical to that of the general populations. PMID- 3757511 TI - Pregnancy termination with a high and medium dosage regimen of RU 486. AB - Sixty healthy pregnant women who wished to terminate their pregnancy and who were no more than 49 days pregnant were treated with one of three different dose regimens of a synthetic progesterone receptor blocker, RU 486. Serum cortisol was measured to determine the antiglucocorticoid effects of this compound. The high dose but shorter treatment regimen (400 mg/day RU 486 X 4 days or 200 mg/day X 4 days) was associated with a high (greater than 80%) rate of side effects, especially nausea, vomiting, weakness and heavy bleeding and a low rate of success (10%). A group of 50 subjects received the medium dose but longer treatment regimen (100 mg/day X 7 days). This group had less side effects (40 60%) and a 72.3% success rate of complete abortion. The AM cortisol values were significantly elevated in all treatment groups but higher in those receiving the high dose. These values returned to normal one week following cessation of treatment. Medium dose but longer duration (100 mg/day X 7 days) of RU 486 treatment is associated with a higher success rate and less side effects than higher dose therapy administered over a shorter period. There were no predictive indices to determine which subjects would respond successfully. The reason for the failure of the drug in 30% of the subjects on the medium dose is not known at this time. PMID- 3757512 TI - Suppression of ovarian function by Microgynon 30 in day 1 and day 5 "starters". AB - The suppression of ovulation during the first treatment cycle with Microgynon 30 (150 micrograms levonorgestrel and 30 micrograms ethinyl oestradiol) for nine subjects starting the "pill" on day 1 of their cycle and five subjects on day 5 was investigated. Serum oestradiol and progesterone levels throughout the cycle and midcycle urinary LH levels were reliably suppressed in all day 1 "starters". Serum progesterone levels and urinary LH levels were also suppressed in day 5 "starters" but one subject produced oestradiol levels within the normal range of ovulatory cycles. Mean oestradiol levels of day 5 "starters" were found to be significantly higher than those of day 1 "starters" (p less than 0.05). PMID- 3757513 TI - The cervical cap as a barrier contraceptive. PMID- 3757514 TI - Studies on structure-activity relationship of gossypol, gossypol ethers and three naphthaldehydes in the inhibition of spermatozoal metabolism. AB - Gossypol tetramethyl ether [C30 H24 O2(OCH3)4] and gossypol hexamethyl ether [C30 H24 O2(OCH3)6], which in contrast to gossypol are stable compounds, were tested for their ability to depress fructose degradation in fresh human sperm cells. Both ethers inhibited spermatozoal fructolysis, yet less effectively than did the parent compound. A synthetic compound, O-hydroxylnaphthaldehyde, and two commercially available preparations, 1- and 2-naphthaldehydes, were also tested under the same experimental conditions. These preparations represent about half of the gossypol molecule and possess a reactive aldehyde group in their molecules. Their inhibitory effect on fructose degradation in fresh human sperm cells, however, was considerably smaller than that of gossypol itself. It thus appears that the whole ring structure of gossypol rather than the intact aldehyde group is required for an effective inhibition of spermatozoal energy metabolism. PMID- 3757515 TI - Discriminant analysis of the clinical indicants for bovine coliform mastitis. AB - We used discriminant analysis to assess the indicants most useful in predicting whether a cow had coliform bacterial mastitis. One hundred and twenty-nine mastitic cows were divided into two groups, namely those with milk cultures that yielded pure or mixed gram negative organisms, and cows with other organisms or negative culture. Of 21 indicants examined by discriminate analysis only a history of previous mastitis in the affected quarter, weakness, clear or white color of milk, swelling of the udder, water consistency of the milk, lack of previous mastitis in other quarters, lack of palpable udder abscesses, and elevated body temperature were significantly associated with coliform mastitis. Using these variables 78% of cases were correctly classified. PMID- 3757516 TI - Accuracy of a discriminant analysis model for prediction of coliform mastitis in dairy cows and a comparison with clinical prediction. AB - We tested an equation, which had been developed previously using discriminant analysis, for predicting whether a cow has coliform mastitis. Variables indicating a high probability of coliform infection included history of previous mastitis in the affected quarter, weakness, clear or white color of milk, water consistency of the milk, swelling of the udder, lack of previous mastitis in other quarters, lack of palpable udder abscesses, and a high body temperature. Application of this predictive equation to 114 cows with mastitis to determine if they would have coliform organisms cultured from the affected quarters resulted in an accuracy of 71% (sensitivity = 0.42, specificity = 0.85), compared to an accuracy of 62% (sensitivity = .64, specificity = .61) for cowside prediction by the attending clinicians. Changing the cutoff score of the discriminant rule so that the sensitivity of the discriminant prediction was similar to that of the clinicians yielded an accuracy of 64% (sensitivity = .64, specificity = .64). PMID- 3757517 TI - A radio telemetering capsule and demodulator for recording rumen motility. AB - A new pressure sensitive capsule for monitoring rumen activity has been developed. Surgery on the animal is not required for introducing the unit because it is small enough to be placed in the rumen using a stomach tube. The unit will transmit for several weeks and uses an inexpensive, commercially available pressure transducer as a sensor. PMID- 3757519 TI - Track condition and racing injuries in thoroughbred horses. AB - The incidences of fractures and soft tissue injuries during 68397 starts of thoroughbred horses at New York Racing Association tracks were analyzed concerning track condition, dirt and turf tracks, environmental conditions, length of races, location of fractures on the track, and age of horses. It was concluded that the conditions evaluated are of no importance in the occurrence of racing injuries to thoroughbred horses. PMID- 3757518 TI - Metabolism of some essential minerals in ponies fed high levels of aluminum. AB - The effect of dietary aluminum on the absorption, retention and pathways of excretion of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, iron and copper was studied in balance trials in mature ponies in a three by three latin square experiment. A basal diet consisting of one third each of oats, beet pulp and a commercial pelleted, complete horse ration and containing 336 ppm aluminum was supplemented with AlC1(3) . 6H2O. The middle and high level aluminum diets contained 1370 and 4500 ppm aluminum respectively. There was little difference in effect between the middle level aluminum and basal diets. The ponies were in negative phosphorus balance when fed the high level aluminum diet because phosphorus absorption was suppressed. Calcium absorption was unaffected by aluminum intake but the ponies were in negative calcium balance when fed the high aluminum diet due to the greater urinary excretion of calcium by the ponies. Presumably, calcium was excreted in urine because it was not utilized in the formation of bone crystal due to the lack of phosphate. Plasma calcium was elevated and plasma phosphorus was depressed when ponies were fed the high aluminum diet. Plasma hydroxyproline concentration was increased suggesting that bone turnover was increased due to aluminum effects on phosphorus and calcium metabolism. Magnesium, zinc, iron and copper metabolism were unaffected by aluminum intake. PMID- 3757520 TI - Gall bladder anomaly in a young chicken. AB - A multi-cystic gall bladder was observed at necropsy in a 7-week-old broiler cockerel. Cystic lumina contained multiple elongated papillary epithelial projections and plicae composed of epithelium and lamina propria, abutting normal lining epithelium. PMID- 3757521 TI - Recovery and evaluation of embryos from normal and infertile mares. AB - To evaluate embryo transfer as a possible method to circumvent infertility in mares, embryos from 14 normal and 14 infertile mares were collected three times and examined. Fewer flushes (p less than 0.05) from normal than infertile mares (1/42 vs 9/42) contained only abnormal embryos whereas more flushes (p less than 0.05) from normal than infertile mares contained one or more normal embryos (28/42 vs 8/42). More flushes (p less than 0.05) from normal than infertile mares contained embryos (29/42 vs 17/42). The embryo diameters (mm) at either day-7 or day-8 post ovulation were greater (p less than 0.01) for normal than infertile mares (day 7: 07 +/- 0.08 vs 0.3 +/- 0.07; day 8: 1.1 +/- 0.18 vs 0.7 +/- 0.23). Six of the 10 (60%) flushes that contained only abnormal embryos were recovered from ares with positive uterine cultures or moderate to severe endometritis. The embryos recovered from normal mares were greater in quantity and better in quality. PMID- 3757522 TI - Toxic effects of food-borne fluoride in silver foxes. AB - Chronic ingestion of excessive amounts of fluoride from commercial fox food is associated with agalactia in vixens resulting in the starvation deaths of large numbers of kits in three fox herds. Evidence of infectious disease or poor management could not be found and a causal relationship between fluoride and high kit mortality is suggested. PMID- 3757523 TI - Milk production of cows fed fluoride contaminated commercial feed. AB - A commercial feed concentrate and a mineral mix with excessive amounts of fluoride were introduced into a Holstein dairy herd with an average milk production well above national standards. Milk production decreased drastically, and during the following 6 years the deficit in milk production in the herd ranging from 52 to 120 milking cows was 1.5 million Kg (3 1/4 million lbs.). The tolerance levels set by the National Academy of Sciences for fluoride ingestion by lactating cow were found to be inadequate. PMID- 3757524 TI - An experimental study of craniocerebral trauma during ethanol intoxication. AB - This study evaluates the effects of ethanol (blood levels of 200 mg/dl for one hour) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on cerebral lesion volumes after pressure induced focal ischemia during normotension and induced hypotension in the canine. This experimental design simulates the situation where an individual imbibes two to four alcoholic drinks over a one-hour period, then drives a motor vehicle, and suffers a head injury either without significant blood loss or where the cerebral perfusion pressure is reduced to the lower limits of autoregulation (mean arterial pressure of 50 mm Hg). Ethanol was shown to increase brain lesion volumes in both the normotensive (4.5 +/- 0.7 cm3) and hypotensive (14.9 +/- 2.2 cm3) groups when compared to controls (0.8 +/- 0.3 and 2.9 +/- 0.4 cm3, respectively). DMSO markedly attenuated this response in the normotensive and hypotensive ethanol groups. It is thought that the intermediate metabolites of ethanol provide a large source of hydroxyl-free radicals in the presence of neuronal tissue damage and that these free radicals are effectively scavenged by DMSO. PMID- 3757525 TI - Right and left ventricular performance in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. AB - We examined biventricular performance on two occasions in 28 patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (ARF), using a combination of invasively determined pressures and flows as well as radionuclide scintigraphy to measure the right and left ventricular ejection fractions (RVEF and LVEF, respectively). From the EF and concurrently measured thermodilution stroke volumes, we calculated right and left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volume indices (EDVI and ESVI, respectively). Regression analysis demonstrated that changes (delta) in global right ventricular function (RVEF) were inversely correlated with concurrent changes in the mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP): delta RVEF = 0.015-0.015 delta MPAP (r2 = 0.60; p less than .005), while an increase in right ventricular preload (RVEDVI) was positively correlated with changes in MPAP: delta RVEDVI = 2.68 +/- 6.27 delta MPAP (r2 = 0.46; p less than .005). Global left ventricular function (LVEF) was related to changes in systemic pressures as well as to right sided events: delta LVEF = -0.01-0.0015(delta RVESVI) + 0.001(delta BP systolic) 0.42(CVP/RVEDVI) (r2 = 0.35; p less than .01). These data confirm the significant influence of right ventricular afterload on RVEF in ARF patients and an apparent interrelationship between altered right ventricular systolic function and global left ventricular performance. PMID- 3757526 TI - Perioperative complications of elective tracheostomy in critically ill patients. AB - This study was designed to examine prospectively the incidence of perioperative complications associated with elective tracheostomy in critically ill patients. An experienced surgeon and anesthesiologist participated in every tracheostomy procedure. In 81 procedures, there was no loss of airway control for greater than 20 sec, no airway obstruction, no blood loss exceeding 50 ml, and no aspiration. One patient (1.2%) had cardiovascular instability. During the next 48 h, two patients (2.4%) required wound packing to control hemorrhage but did not require blood transfusion and two patients (2.4%) had evidence of supraclavicular subcutaneous emphysema that was physiologically inconsequential. There was no perioperative mortality or major morbidity associated with the tracheostomy procedure. We conclude that, under controlled conditions, elective tracheostomy can be performed safely in critically ill patients. PMID- 3757527 TI - Impact of an intermediate care area on ICU utilization after cardiac surgery. AB - We compared utilization of a 14-bed respiratory ICU before and after establishing an intermediate care area (ICA) for patients recovering from cardiac surgery. Availability of the four-bed ICA significantly reduced the duration of ICU stay in patients who had undergone aortocoronary bypass or valvular cardiac surgery, and no potentially preventable deaths resulted from early ICU discharge. Use of an ICA should also decrease ICU utilization for other low-risk monitored patients. PMID- 3757528 TI - Continuous Fick cardiac output compared to thermodilution cardiac output. AB - A system has been developed to monitor continuously the components of the oxygen Fick equation: oxygen consumption by a gas exchange analyzer and arteriovenous oxygen difference by pulse and fiberoptic oximetry. A computer-based system was developed which calculates cardiac output and other variables every 20 sec. Continuous Fick (CF) cardiac output was compared to thermodilution (TD) cardiac output in 21 ventilated post-cardiac surgery patients. A total of 237 simultaneous cardiac output measurements had a range between 2 and 11 L/min. The correlation between CF and TD cardiac outputs was r = .86, with an equation of TD cardiac output = 0.92 CF cardiac output + 1.16. There was a significant (p less than .001) difference between the two methods of cardiac output estimation. The CF method was consistently lower than TD; this difference was greater at lower flows. CF cardiac output measurement is practical; it offers distinct advantages in viewing cardiac output together with oxygen demand and oxygen extraction. PMID- 3757529 TI - Verapamil infusions in the treatment of atrial tachyarrhythmias. AB - Ten patients with symptomatic atrial tachyarrhythmias were treated with an iv verapamil bolus (mean 8.5 mg) followed by a continuous verapamil infusion (mean dose 9.4 mg/h). The infusions were titrated to ventricular rate and continued for an average of 20 h, until oral therapy could be instituted. All patients had a significant, sustained reduction in ventricular rate during the infusion, without a significant reduction in mean arterial pressure. Although one patient complained of dizziness after 8 h of infusion therapy, the regimen was generally well tolerated and no patient had clinical worsening of heart failure. These preliminary data suggest that continuous verapamil infusions can safely and effectively control ventricular rate in patients with rapid atrial tachyarrhythmias, until oral medications can be started. PMID- 3757530 TI - Effect of corticosteroid prophylaxis on lipopolysaccharide levels associated with intestinal ischemia in cats. AB - Ischemia of the intestines damages the permeability of the intestinal wall, allowing lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (endotoxin) to leak from the gut lumen into the blood circulation, causing shock and death. We measured LPS levels associated with corticosteroid treatment vs. no treatment in cats whose superior mesenteric artery had been occluded for 60 min. In untreated cats, the preocclusion mean plasma LPS concentration remained stable at 0.069 +/- 0.015 ng/ml. Toward the end of the occlusion period, mean plasma LPS rose to 0.239 +/- 0.032 ng/ml (p less than .01). Release of the clamp and reperfusion with oxygenated blood was followed within 20 min by a large rise in plasma LPS concentration to 0.825 +/- 0.11 ng/ml (p less than .01), which had returned to preocclusion levels about 80 min later. Methylprednisolone (30 mg/kg) was infused into a second group of cats 1.5 h before SMA occlusion. In these cats there was a complete inhibition of the LPS rise both during and after occlusion. These data suggest that the reported beneficial effect of corticosteroids in the treatment of septic shock may be mediated, in part, by reducing LPS leakage from the gut. PMID- 3757531 TI - Continuous noninvasive real-time monitoring of stroke volume and cardiac output by thoracic electrical bioimpedance. AB - Thoracic electrical bioimpedance (TEB) is a noninvasive method for the estimation of left ventricular stroke volume (SV). Objections to TEB in the past have included systematic overestimation of SV and cardiac output in normals, poor correlation in absolute terms with standard cardiac output reference techniques, motion and ventilation artifacts which distorted recorded waveforms except when patients remained in apnea during measurements, and lack of a computer to yield rapid heat-to-beat quantitation of SV and cardiac output. The present study entails real-time, beat-to-beat cardiac output determinations using TEB and assessing its agreement via a digital computer against a reference standard, thermodilution. A correlation coefficient of 0.88 is reported with 85% of data points falling within 20% confidence limits on either side of the line of identity. PMID- 3757532 TI - Selective left bronchial suctioning in infants and children. PMID- 3757533 TI - A new stroke volume equation for thoracic electrical bioimpedance: theory and rationale. AB - A new stroke volume equation for thoracic electrical bioimpedance is proposed. This empirically derived formula differs from previous equations in that: the thoracic volume conductor is modeled geometrically as a frustum (truncated cone), rather than a cylinder; the specific resistivity of blood, rho, is appropriately eliminated as an independent variable; the equation employs a percentage of overall body height in lieu of a measured thoracic length; and a new term, delta, is introduced to scale the parent equation for deviation from ideal body weight. PMID- 3757534 TI - Unusual manifestations of peripartal cardiac disease. AB - Because peripartal cardiac disease occurs infrequently, its manifestations may be unfamiliar to most physicians. We report two unusual cases of postpartum cardiac disease: one patient presented with cerebral and peripheral arterial embolization, and the second patient developed late eclamptic seizures with subsequent myocardial infarction. Both patients recovered. Nonobstetric physicians should be aware of these pregnancy-associated medical complications to allow prompt diagnosis and aggressive therapy. PMID- 3757535 TI - Preventable airway complications in a patient with multiple trauma. PMID- 3757536 TI - Influence of hypernatremic-hyperosmolar state on hemodynamics of patients with normal and depressed myocardial function. PMID- 3757537 TI - Bacteriologic evaluation of the Servo 150 hygroscopic condenser-humidifier. PMID- 3757538 TI - On embodiment: a case study of congenital limb deficiency in American culture. AB - The relationship of mind and body is an issue of importance for Western medicine and psychiatry. An area to which this problem particularly applies is that of physical disability. In evaluating treatment of persons with physical disabilities, the concept of "adjustment" in social psychology may not deal sufficiently with ambiguities arising in varied cultural settings. The related concept of "stigma" in sociology is also limited, covering the cosmetic aspect of the mind-body relationship only. This paper applies the more abstract and inclusive concept of "embodiment" from the phenomenological movement in philosophy to the life history of a 35-year-old American woman born with quadrilateral limb deficiencies. The resulting description of her functioning and self-image over time calls into question the cultural assumptions of rehabilitation medicine and highlights the more general cultural demands upon persons with severe physical disabilities in the United States since the 1950s. PMID- 3757539 TI - 'Sick people' and 'trolls': a contribution to the understanding of the dynamics of physician explanatory models. AB - This paper describes and interprets a case in which the mutual influences of countertransference and physician explanatory model (EM) are identified, as are their roles in negotiating the clinical relationship and in clinical decision making (assessment, diagnosis, treatment, expectations of outcome). The author argues that physicians' EMs do not derive exclusively from the official and professionally ideal biomedical model, but are shaped by situational, historical, and subjective influences. Patient-typing (e.g., the widespread distinction between "sick people" and "trolls"), together with its associated emotions (e.g., empathy and disdain, respectively), pervades medical education and practice, and often supersedes the biomedical model. Physicians' subjective responses to patients can affect biomedical diagnosis. Failed empathy can lead to missed diagnosis. Finally, the case study illustrates the validity and vitality of the ethnographic approach in clinical teaching and supervision, both in eliciting physicians' own complex EMs, and in facilitating the process of reinterpretation as well. PMID- 3757540 TI - Styles of verbal expression of emotional and physical experiences: a study of depressed patients and normal controls in China. AB - Sixty depressed patients and 52 normal controls completed three selfreport inventories: the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and a new Verbal Style Investigation Schedule (VESIS) developed by the first author. The VESIS uses 16 key emotional and physical terms from Western inventories and identified the words and phrases most commonly used by Chinese patients to express these feeling states. Chinese subjects commonly used the key term itself for only 3 or the 16 key terms; they usually preferred to use other words or phrases to express the feeling state. We categorized these Chinese expressions into four styles of verbal expression: Psychological, Somatic, Neutral (i.e., a mixture of psychological and somatic) and Deficient (i.e., lack of expression because of denial or suppression). Three of the 12 key emotional terms of the VESIS (depressed, fearful, and anxiousness) were more commonly expressed in a somatic or neutral mode than the other key emotional terms. The key terms "suicidal interest" and "being punished" were more commonly expressed in a deficient style than other key emotional terms. The somatic factor score of the SCL-90 was not correlated with increased somatic expression of emotional states; thus patients who have multiple somatic complaints are not more likely to express emotions somatically. The hypothesis of somatization is discussed in light of this study. PMID- 3757541 TI - The relationship of life events and stress to neurosis in China: comparison of 105 neurotic patients to 103 normal controls. AB - Modified versions of Holmes' Schedule of Recent Experience (SRE) and Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) are used to compare the stress rating of 43 life events of 105 neurotic patients to 103 normal controls and to compare the quantity of life event changes experienced by the two groups. Life events are divided into three categories on the basis of their frequency of occurrence and the intensity of stress they induce. Significantly higher stress ratings for the neurotic patients are found in 17 of 43 life event items studied. In the year prior to the onset of the neurotic illness, the patient group experienced more life event changes and had significantly higher levels of stress than the control group. The results are compared to Holmes' findings in Japan. PMID- 3757542 TI - Symptoms of schizophrenia in Hispanic and Anglo veterans. AB - This study explores cultural influences on symptoms and course of schizophrenic disorder. Hispanic veterans with schizophrenia are compared to a similar group of White non-Hispanic (Anglo) veterans. Symptoms were elicited with a structured diagnostic interview and a battery of rating instruments. Primary symptoms of schizophrenia (e.g., hallucinations, delusions, functional deterioration) were very similar for both groups. However, Hispanic patients reported a later age of onset, exhibited more somatization, and spent less time in the hospital than Anglo patients. PMID- 3757543 TI - Collagen metabolism following corneal laceration in rabbits. AB - We investigated the synthesis and degradation of collagen in lacerated rabbit corneas. The rate of collagen synthesis was measured by the incorporation and hydroxylation of [14C]proline up to 5 weeks after a penetrating laceration. Our results indicate that protein and collagen synthesis is initially reduced during the 24 h period after laceration and then increases in two phases. A moderate increase in protein and collagen synthesis occurs up to day 5 after laceration. Synthesis then decreases to a low level through the 10th day after injury. A second wave of increase in protein and collagen synthesis takes place reaching a new peak of approximately twice the activity as found in control corneas after 5 weeks of healing. Afterwards, the rate of protein and collagen synthesis declines and reaches the basal level after 7 weeks of healing. In a separate set of experiments, rabbit corneas were lacerated and allowed to heal for one or three weeks at which point 100 microCi of [14C]proline was injected into each anterior chamber. The corneas were excised 1 to 17 days later and subjected to collagen analysis. Our data indicates that the degradation of collagen synthesized by the cornea 1 week after laceration followed biphasic kinetics. In the first phase, the half-life of newly-synthesized collagen is 20 days, whereas it is approximately 4 days in the second phase. It is of particular interest that the accelerated degradation of the newly-synthesized [14C]collagen is concomitant with the increased rate of collagen synthesis during the wound healing process. The degradation of collagen synthesized 3 weeks after injury was slower and followed monophasic kinetics having a half-life of 14 days. The degradation of non-collagenous 14C-proteins follow a monophasic kinetics having a half-life of 6 7 days. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of newly-synthesized collagen indicated that the collagen(I) and collagen(V) were the main collagenous components synthesized by the lacerated corneas. PMID- 3757544 TI - Effects of B-HT 920 in the eye and on regional blood flows in anaesthetized and conscious rabbits. AB - The influence of unilateral ocular instillation of B-HT 920 (50 micrograms) on regional ocular, cerebral and peripheral blood flows was investigated with the labelled microsphere method in conscious and anaesthetized albino rabbits. In urethane-anaesthetized rabbits the intraocular pressure (IOP) fell during 1 hr following topical B-HT 920 whereas no changes in regional blood flows were observed. Only in conscious rabbits was a decrease in regional blood flows found. B-HT 920 caused a short-term reduction in choroidal blood flow by about 20%. Transient vasoconstrictor effects, due to systemic absorption, were also seen in some extraocular tissues. Concomitantly, B-HT 920 reduced the total cerebral blood flow (CBF) by 23%. In the grey matter and hypothalamic region the decrease in flow was about 20%, while in the hippocampal region, thalamic region, collicles and pons-mesencephalon it was about 10%. In experiments with direct blood flow determination from an opened vortex vein, there was no consistent change of uveal vascular resistance, while IOP and mean arterial pressure (MAP) fell dose-dependently following cumulative intravenously administered bolus doses (10 and 50 micrograms/kg) of B-HT 920. Unilateral loss of the mediated sympathetic tone seemed to increase the ocular responses to B-HT 920, unmasking a vasoconstrictor effect. Additional systemic pretreatment with the selective blocking agents rauwolscine and sulpiride suggests that B-HT 920 produces its ocular hypotensive effect, predominantly by acting on dopamine (DA2) receptors in the eye rather than on alpha 2-adrenoceptors, and its ocular vasoconstrictor effects via both receptor types. PMID- 3757545 TI - Intraocular gas measurement using A-scan ultrasound. AB - A-scan ultrasound was used to measure the position of the gas-fluid interface in eyes following vitrectomy and gas internal tamponade. Using 20 eyes of 19 patients it was found that in most instances the gas-fluid interface could be measured to within 0.5mm. The procedure was simple to perform and was well tolerated by the patients. This appears a useful way of monitoring changes in intraocular gas volume. PMID- 3757546 TI - Rabbit ocular and pineal autoimmune response to retina antigens. AB - Different forms of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) can be produced by varying protocols to present different autoantigens to several species of experimental animal. We have studied the clinical, histological and serological responses of rabbits to footpad injection of various fractions of retina extract. Rabbits injected with retina extract or S antigen developed posterior uveitis. However, rabbits injected with retina extract, also developed an anterior uveitis and pinealitis not seen in rabbits receiving S antigen. The Serological response of rabbits to retina extract was different than that to purified S antigen. Antisera of rabbits receiving retina extract reacted with rabbit retina and pineal gland as well as with guinea pig retina but not with guinea pig pineal gland. In contrast anti-S antigen sera reacted with rabbit retina and guinea pig retina and pineal gland but not with rabbit pineal gland. Gel filtration chromatography of the ammonium sulfate supernate of retina extract was used to differentiate the antigens with which these two sera reacted. An analysis of these experiments gives preliminary evidence of an autoantigen(s) of rabbit retina and pineal gland that is not S antigen. The existence of multiple autoantigens common to retina and pineal gland in various species is significant in that it further underscores the relationship of these tissues. Furthermore, it is not unrealistic to expect more than one autoantigen of retina or uvea to be involved in autoimmune uveitis. PMID- 3757547 TI - Acrylamide and iodide fluorescence quenching as a structural probe of tryptophan microenvironment in bovine lens crystallins. AB - Fluorescence quenching using acrylamide and iodide quenchers has been used to investigate the microenvironments of tryptophan residues in bovine alpha-, beta-, and gamma-crystallin fractions. Acrylamide quenching is very sensitive to the degree of tryptophan accessibility to the solvent containing the acrylamide. Since acrylamide is able to diffuse into the interior of the protein, accessibility to acrylamide may result from Trp residues lying at the surface of the protein or from the existence of channels leading to the interior of the protein. Iodide ion is hydrated and is limited by its large size and charge to quenching of tryptophan residues lying at or near the surface of proteins. Tryptophan residues in the lens crystallin fractions were found to be highly accessible to acrylamide, yet the rate of quenching by acrylamide was very low, indicating that the tryptophan residues of the lens crystallin fractions occupy predominately hydrophobic environments. The high accessibility to acrylamide likely results from diffusion of acrylamide into the interior of the protein. Accessibility to iodide was much lower, as was the rate of quenching by iodide, adding support to the conclusions from acrylamide quenching. PMID- 3757548 TI - The interrelationship between intraocular pressure and Honan Intraocular Pressure Reducer pressure. AB - The relationship between the pressure applied to the enucleated human eye using the Honan Intraocular Pressure Reducer (HIPR) and the peak intraocular pressure as a function of initial intraocular pressure has been examined. The peak intraocular pressure is linearly related to the applied HIPR pressure whether the latter is 30, 50, or 75 mm Hg. The slopes relating peak intraocular pressure to initial intraocular pressure at different HIPR settings are parallel. Use of the HIPR at settings greater than 30 mm Hg and an initial IOP of greater than 30 mm Hg could compromise ocular vascular perfusion. PMID- 3757549 TI - Identification of lectin-receptor monosaccharides on the endothelium of retinal capillaries. AB - The carbohydrate moieties of the glycocalyx of the retinal capillary endothelium were demonstrated using lectin-affinity cytochemistry. The endothelial surface was rich in sialic acid, N-acetylglucosamine, galactose and mannose. Low levels of N-acetylgalactosamine were present. There was no preferential distribution of lectin-receptor monosaccharides on the cell surface. The binding of all lectins was inhibited by the appropriate hapten sugars and by perfusion of trypsin or pronase prior to labeling. No differences were observed between vessels in the inner and outer retina. PMID- 3757550 TI - Superior vena cava obstruction: clinical syndrome, etiology, and treatment. PMID- 3757551 TI - Cancer of the tongue: selecting appropriate therapy. PMID- 3757552 TI - Differentiation of chick embryo cardiomyocytes in cellular cultures: influence of the neurogenic ectoderm. AB - The behaviour and differentiation of cultured precardiac cells in the presence of neurogenic cells were studied by means of light and electron microscopy. Inhibition of the process of cardiac differentiation may be due to cellular contact or some specific factor elaborated in the process of differentiation by the neurogenic cells. Differentiation of cardiomyocytes in vitro may be compatible with the presence and contact of neurogenic cells, since both cell populations appear in the same reaggregate. Diffused substances in the medium of the culture through neurogenic cells do not appear to produce any modifications in cardiac differentiation. These processes were examined and are discussed. PMID- 3757553 TI - Localization of a beta-crystallin gene, Hu beta A3/A1 (gene symbol: CRYB1), to the long arm of human chromosome 17. AB - We have assigned a human beta-crystallin gene, Hu beta A3/A1 (gene symbol: CRYB1), to chromosome 17 using a panel of 19 human-hamster somatic cell hybrids and blot-hybridization analysis of cell hybrid DNA. Positive probe-hybridization signal was detected in a hybrid that had lost the short arm of human chromosome 17 but retained the long arm, translocated to a hamster chromosome. In addition, in situ hybridization analysis of metaphase chromosome spreads of this cell line suggested that the most probable location for CRYB1 is on the long arm of chromosome 17, in the region q21. PMID- 3757554 TI - The fate of XO germ cells in the testes of XO/XY and XO/XY/XYY mouse mosaics: evidence for a spermatogenesis gene on the mouse Y chromosome. AB - A cytogenetic and histological study of nine XO/XY or XO/XY/XYY mosaic mice revealed that XO germ cells were selectively eliminated from the spermatogenic epithelium. Although the XO contribution to the bone marrow in seven mice exceeded 50%, in only two cases were significant numbers of dividing XO spermatogonia present. These XO germ cells only occasionally progressed to meiosis and then degenerated prior to first meiotic metaphase. It was concluded that the mouse Y chromosome carries a "spermatogenesis gene" (or genes) which acts autonomously in the germ cells. PMID- 3757555 TI - Tuberculosis and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. PMID- 3757556 TI - The prognosis of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Inappropriate pessimism? PMID- 3757557 TI - Markers of sarcoidosis activity. PMID- 3757558 TI - Pulmonary medicine training. Time to pull in the reins. PMID- 3757559 TI - A prospective study of the natural history of asthma. Remission and relapse rates. AB - In this longitudinal study of a general population sample, remissions of asthma were common only during the second decade of life and were especially unusual in subjects ages 30 to 60 years on enrollment. Asthmatic subjects with severe symptoms, with reduced ventilatory function, or with a concomitant diagnosis of chronic bronchitis or emphysema on entry to the study were very unlikely to be in remission nine years later. Relapses of disease were common in subjects with a past history of asthma who were considered to be quiescent on enrollment to the study. Relapse rates tended to increase with age, at least up to the age of 70. Relapses were especially frequent among those "ex-asthmatics" who had persisting respiratory symptomatology on entry to the study. PMID- 3757560 TI - Reappraisal of empyema thoracis. Surgical intervention when the duration of illness is unknown. AB - The timing of surgical treatment of empyema remains controversial. Traditionally, thoracotomy is performed either within three weeks of diagnosis or delayed until presumed pleurodesis occurs. Often, these patients are moribund and the duration of illness impossible to determine. We report our surgical results in seven patients with a deteriorating clinical course and multiple loculations which persisted after tube thoracostomy and would not have responded to multiple thoracostomies. Five patients required decortication. One required lobectomy for an abscess which developed on the contralateral side six weeks after discharge. There were no deaths or recurrences of empyema. Average times from surgery to tube removal and to discharge were six to 12 days, respectively. We conclude that one can safely and cost-effectively treat these patients surgically even when the duration of illness and presence of pleurodesis are unknown, and that the postoperative course will be uncomplicated. PMID- 3757561 TI - Fiberoptic bronchoscopy and pleural effusion of unknown origin. AB - We reviewed our experience with fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) in patients with pleural effusion of unknown origin. Seventy patients underwent FOB for the investigation of pleural effusion between 1978 and 1983. Those with a second reason for FOB, a mass on chest roentgenogram, or lobar atelectasis were excluded. Forty five patients remained: 28 patients with unexplained pleural effusion after pleural fluid analysis and pleural biopsy (UPE), and 17 patients with malignant pleural fluid cytology and/or pleural biopsy but no known primary tumor (MPE). In the UPE group, only one FOB demonstrated malignancy, despite a final diagnosis of tumor in seven. No other specific diagnoses were made by FOB in this group. In the MPE group, FOB demonstrated bronchogenic carcinoma in two; ultimately, five patients were found to have a bronchogenic neoplasm. Although pleural effusion of unknown origin is frequently caused by bronchogenic carcinoma, FOB in the absence of other indications for this procedure is rarely diagnostic and should not be routinely employed. PMID- 3757562 TI - Clinical features of lung cancers discovered as a postmortem "surprise". AB - Despite improved modern diagnostic techniques, many patients with primary lung cancer escape detection of their disease during life. In a review of postmortem records at a university hospital, 28 percent of 153 primary lung cancers found at necropsy had not been diagnosed while the patient was alive. The male/female ratio was 1.3 in this undetected group, compared with 2.3 in the detected group. The main clinical features that seemed to lead to nondiagnosis were a terminal clinical state in patients who were too sick for further diagnostic searches, the absence of suggestive primary symptoms, a chest x-ray film interpreted as not showing primary lung cancer, and the absence of cigarette smoking. Among the patients with lung cancer at necropsy, the proportion of nonsmokers was higher in the previously undiagnosed group than in the group with antemortem diagnoses, even when patients were stratified for primary symptoms. The findings suggest the need for diagnostic alertness to the possibility that curable lung cancer can occur in patients who have a positive chest-film lesion but who are nonsmokers and who lack typical symptoms. PMID- 3757563 TI - Utility of endomyocardial biopsy in the diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis. AB - Cardiac involvement in sarcoidosis can be demonstrated in about 25 percent of autopsied cases, but antemortem diagnosis is uncommon. To evaluate the usefulness of the endomyocardial biopsy in detecting cardiac sarcoid disease, the medical records of ten patients with sarcoidosis who underwent endomyocardial biopsy for routine clinical indications were reviewed. The patients fell into two groups: patients with known sarcoidosis and presumed cardiac involvement (n = 8), and patients in whom the biopsy finding of sarcoid disease was unexpected (n = 2). Four patients in the first group had positive endomyocardial biopsy results (granulomas and/or marked mononuclear cell infiltrate) and were treated with glucocorticoid therapy with improvement in three; the fourth was disabled with lung disease. The diagnoses of three other patients were revised on the basis of the biopsy results; their therapy was tailored accordingly. The remaining patient may represent a false-negative biopsy result, based on clinical criteria. The two patients in the second group presented with symptomatic ventricular tachycardia and restrictive cardiomyopathy respectively, and in neither case was sarcoidosis considered prior to biopsy results. Overall, a change in treatment strategy based on biopsy results occurred in eight of ten cases. Thus, endomyocardial biopsy is useful for the diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis; treatment strategies may be affected by biopsy findings; and rarely, endomyocardial biopsy can provide the first clinical evidence of sarcoid disease that is otherwise occult. PMID- 3757564 TI - Tuberculosis in non-Haitian patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AB - From Jan 1, 1981 to Oct 31, 1984, 24 of 280 (8.6 percent) patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) had tuberculosis. No patient with both AIDS and tuberculosis was Haitian. In 15 patients, tuberculosis was diagnosed prior to or concomitant with the diagnosis of AIDS. Twelve patients (50 percent) had Mycobacterium tuberculosis grown from at least one extrapulmonary site. Although the clinical presentation was variable, no patient had cavitary and only one had apical disease. Histologic examination of lung and transbronchial biopsy specimens usually did not reveal acid-fast bacilli or granulomas. Seventeen patients were treated and all showed clinical improvement. Tuberculosis was infrequent but not rare in our patients and often preceded the diagnosis of AIDS. Despite the fact that many of these patients had both severe and extrapulmonary disease, they appeared to respond well to treatment. PMID- 3757565 TI - Mycotic aneurysms of the aortic root. A pathologic study of 20 cases. AB - Twenty specimens of heart with mycotic aneurysms at the aortic root were studied. In ten cases, mycotic aneurysm followed infection of the aortic valve. In one case, it developed following infection of an aortic jet lesion, and in nine patients, the aneurysm was at the seat of a prosthetic aortic valve. In seven of the 11 cases with a natural aortic valve, the valve was either unicuspid or bicuspid. A retrospective evaluation of the data on the clinical records of the 20 patients revealed that infective endocarditis or noncardiac postoperative sepsis was present in 11. The most frequently isolated microorganism was Staphylococcus aureus. Conduction disturbances were found in six patients, all of them with involvement of the atrioventricular node by the aneurysm. Perforation into intracardiac cavities was found in four, two into the right ventricular infundibulum and one each into each atrium. Pericardial tamponade was caused by bleeding from the aneurysm in two cases, and myocardial infarction was a probable consequence of coronary arterial compression by the aneurysm in two cases. Mycotic aneurysms of the aortic root, in spite of their being partially or completely healed of active infection, carry a high risk of the complications enumerated. Among the 20 cases, cultures were positive in 11 and negative in nine. Staphylococcus aureus was cultured from five of the cases. PMID- 3757566 TI - Relation between QT and QS2 intervals during exercise and recovery. Response in patient with coronary artery disease and age-matched control subjects. AB - We investigated the relationship between QT interval and QS2 (electromechanical systole) during exercise and recovery in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and exercise-induced myocardial ischemia (n = 12), and in age-matched controls (n = 20). Upright bicycle exercise was performed (50 watts/min + 20 watts/min every 2 min), recording electrocardiographic lead 2 (100 mm/sec) for QT and QS2 measurement at rest, at each step of uninterrupted exercise and every 60 sec during a 3-min recovery period. Resting data showed a QT less than QS2 finding in both groups; during exercise, QT and QS2 decreased. The values of QT and QS2, collected at each step of exercise and plotted against heart rate (HR) separately for both groups, showed a significant correlation coefficient. Comparing the regression lines of HR-QT and HR-QS2 separately for both groups, we found that both intervals decreased in parallel and the mean QT remained shorter than QS2 in both groups during exercise. The QT/QS2 ratio remained unchanged significantly during exercise and recovery in CAD. In control subjects, the ratio remained unchanged during exercise and the first min of recovery, while a significant change was detected in late (2,3 min) recovery from an adrenergic induced effect. The mean exercise-induced response of QT-QS2 relationship includes a QT less than QS2 pattern in both groups. In CAD patients, an abnormal pattern was found in two patients during recovery by a relative prolongation of QT, suggesting the possibility of a risk factor for dangerous arrhythmias or sudden death. PMID- 3757567 TI - Bioavailability of a once daily-administered theophylline preparation. A comparison study. AB - To evaluate the bioavailability of a new theophylline preparation suitable for once-a-day (od) oral administration, we performed a nonrandomized crossover study in which the absorption of the OD and a standard twice-a-day (bid) preparation were compared. Eight stable asthmatic patients, after having achieved steady state, received an average of 975 mg of OD preparation at 8 PM. The protocol was later repeated with the same subjects receiving 487.5 mg of the bid preparation at 8 PM and again at 8 AM using the same total dose. The maximal mean serum concentrations were 15.5 +/- 1.6 (SEM) micrograms/ml for the od preparation on the 8th hour and 12.7 +/- 2.2 for the bid regimen. The trough level was 7.4 +/- 1.2 micrograms/ml for the od regimen and 10.6 +/- 1.6 for the bid regimen. With either regimen, therapeutic theophylline levels could be observed throughout the 24-hour study period. Anhydrous theophylline may be administered as a single daily dose agent. PMID- 3757568 TI - Adult respiratory distress syndrome and disseminated intravascular coagulation complicating heat stroke. AB - Fifty two consecutive patients with heat stroke were examined for evidence of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Twelve patients were found to have ARDS (incidence of 23 percent) of whom nine (75 percent) died. All of these 12 patients had DIC as compared to only one among the 40 patients without ARDS. Review of the evidence in literature linking ARDS and DIC and our own observations in this study lead to the conclusion that the coagulopathy may be an essential mediator of lung damage in heat stroke and is a reliable marker of its occurrence. This suggests the possibility that screening of heat stroke victims for DIC may identify patients at increased risk of developing overt ARDS and allow early institution of measures which may possibly improve survival. PMID- 3757569 TI - Mechanisms of bronchoconstriction from nonimmunologic environmental stimuli. PMID- 3757570 TI - Pseudoparadoxic effect of atropine and carotid sinus massage on atrioventricular conduction in acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 3757571 TI - Paraganglioma of the heart. The value of magnetic resonance imaging in the preoperative evaluation. AB - Although the 131I-metaiodobenzylguanidine scan has proven reliable in identifying mediastinal paragangliomas, further localization has usually required dynamic computerized tomographic scanning which requires rapid bolus injection of contrast material. In the case presented herein, magnetic resonance imaging provided accurate preoperative localization and added important anatomic detail that was not appreciated with dynamic computerized tomograms or with other studies. Magnetic resonance imaging can accurately localize cardiac paragangliomas without injection of contrast material and may provide more detailed information for better guidance for surgical excision. PMID- 3757572 TI - A purple spot with a bleak chest film. PMID- 3757573 TI - Pulmonary lipogranulomatosis due to excessive consumption of apples. AB - A 55-year-old man was admitted for treatment of unstable angina. Chest x-ray films showed a micronodular pattern, but there were no respiratory symptoms. Autopsy, carried out following sudden death, revealed pulmonary granulomas surrounding lipid crystals. The same crystals were found elsewhere: lymph nodes, spleen, liver, adrenal glands, and were composed of aliphatic hydrocarbons of vegetal origin, mainly C29H60. Investigation of the case history revealed excessive consumption of apples, to which the hydrocarbon deposition could be attributed, since C29H60 is a natural constituent of the cuticular wax in apple peel. This is a unique example of pulmonary granulomatosis due to storage of vegetal hydrocarbons of dietary origin. PMID- 3757574 TI - Fiberoptic bronchoscopy with general anesthesia using a transvector for ventilation. AB - A transvector, a highly efficient flow amplifier, until present in use only in industry, has been adapted to the ventilation of patients during fiberoptic bronchoscopy under intravenous general anesthesia. The transvector is connected directly to an endotracheal or tracheostomy tube and provides an open unobstructed passage of the instrument into the patient's airways. The method combines safety with ease of instrumentation and uniformly satisfactory ventilation has been obtained in 25 patients. PMID- 3757575 TI - Histologic evidence of distal coronary thromboembolism. A complication of acute proximal coronary artery thrombolysis therapy. AB - Distal migration of occluding coronary thrombus during thrombolysis therapy for acute myocardial infarction rarely has been observed angiographically. Necropsy documentation of the final location of embolic fragments in this circumstance has not been reported previously. This report documents multiple occluded intramyocardial vessels with thrombus observed to have showered distally during thrombolysis therapy. Depending on size and number, fragments of dislodging proximal coronary embolus may produce additional myocardial necrosis. PMID- 3757576 TI - Right ventricular infarction mimicking extensive anterior infarction. AB - Two patients with inferior infarction complicated by right ventricular infarction are presented. Both manifested electrocardiographic changes involving the anterior chest leads with initial S-T segment elevation followed by loss of R waves and the development of QS complexes mimicking anterior infarction. Cardiac catheterization showed right coronary artery occlusion with normal left coronary system and anterior wall motion in each case. Radionuclide angiocardiography showed dilated poorly contracting right ventricles. The ECG changes of "anterior infarction" in these patients were therefore due solely to right ventricular injury. PMID- 3757577 TI - Cardiac amyloidosis involving the conduction system and the aortocoronary neuroreceptors. Clinicopathologic correlates. AB - In a patient with cardiac primary amyloidosis with conduction disturbances and dynamic cardiocirculatory disorders, the specialized system of the heart and the hitherto neglected cardiac nerve plexus and annexed aortocoronary glomera were studied histologically. Amyloid deposition in the conduction system and in the nerves and neuroreceptors seemed to correlate with the dysrhythmic manifestations, and, respectively, with some undue responses to vasodilator therapy. The possible hazards deriving from involvement of the aortocoronary glomera in patients with amyloidosis have been pointed out accordingly. PMID- 3757578 TI - Airway burns in an infant following aspiration of microwave-heated tea. AB - Airway obstruction developed in an infant who sustained thermal burns to the oropharynx and trachea after he aspirated microwave-heated tea. Bronchoscopic examination revealed upper and lower airway hyperemia, edema and blister formation. Physicians should be aware of this potential hazard of microwave heated fluid. Early assessment and stabilization of the airway is important following scald injuries to the face and oropharynx. PMID- 3757580 TI - Vectorcardiography in acute MI. PMID- 3757579 TI - Theophylline once-a-day dosage. PMID- 3757581 TI - New modes of ventilatory assistance. PMID- 3757582 TI - Decrease in FEV1 and FVC with sodium morrhuate esophageal sclerotherapy. PMID- 3757583 TI - Pulmonary microvascular cytology. A new diagnostic application of the pulmonary artery catheter. PMID- 3757584 TI - Cefsulodin penetration into rat brain: extracellular versus total concentration. AB - Disposition of cefsulodin (125 mg X kg-1) was studied in rat frontal cortex after intravenous injection of a bolus by two methods. In vivo voltametry and high performance liquid chromatography of cefsulodin in brain extracts gave different concentration values. The ratio of concentrations determined by the two methods was similar to the ratio of the extravascular volume to total volume. Thus, these findings evidenced the distribution of cefsulodin in the extravascular fluid of the rat frontal cortex. PMID- 3757585 TI - Displacement effect of ceftriaxone on bilirubin bound to human serum albumin. AB - The effects of ceftriaxone, a 'third-generation' cephalosporin, on bilirubin serum albumin complexes were investigated. This study was performed on human adult samples at various bilirubin-albumin ratios. Ceftriaxone caused a decrease of unconjugated bilirubin and simultaneously an increase of erythrocyte-bound bilirubin. These variations were proportionally more important for low concentrations of antibiotic, including therapeutic values. It was concluded that ceftriaxone competes with bilirubin and displaces it from albumin-binding sites. PMID- 3757586 TI - Comparative in vitro activity of ciprofloxacin and other antimicrobial agents against aminoglycoside-resistant gram-negative rods and microorganisms isolated from patients with bacteremia. AB - The comparative in vitro activity of ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, aztreonam, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, mezlocillin, azlocillin, and tobramycin was evaluated against 188 isolates from bacteremic patients and 161 aminoglycoside-resistant gram-negative rods. Although some streptococcal (particularly enterococcal) blood isolates, Pseudomonas spp., and nonfermentative gram-negative rods were not inhibited by ciprofloxacin, it was nevertheless the most active compound tested against both microorganism groups. PMID- 3757587 TI - In vitro activity of A-16686, a new glycopeptide. AB - A-16686 is a novel glycopeptide antibiotic derived from Actinoplanes. A-16686 inhibited hemolytic streptococci groups A, B, C, F, and G at concentrations of less than or equal to 0.06 to 0.5 microgram/ml, with 90% inhibited by 0.5 microgram/ml, including erythromycin-resistant isolates. S. bovis, various viridans groups streptococci, S. mitis, S. mutans, and S. sanguis were inhibited by less than or equal to 1 microgram/ml, and MICs of S. faecalis and S. faecium were 0.5-2 micrograms/ml. Most staphylococci, including methicillin-resistant strains, were inhibited by 1 or 2 micrograms/ml. A-16686 was bactericidal with minimal difference between MIC and MBC for gram-positive species. A-16686 did not inhibit Enterobacteriaceae or Pseudomonas. PMID- 3757588 TI - Effects of various antibiotics on antibody-producing cells of mouse spleen. AB - The inhibitory effect of various beta-lactams on antibody production in the spleen was evaluated in mice immunized with sheep red blood cells by Cunningham's method. With a few exceptions, cephem derivatives were more effective than the penicillins tested in inhibiting the production of antibodies in the spleen of mice. This tendency was especially marked with cefsulodin, cefmenoxime, cefotiam and ceftazidime. However, no effect was obtained with 6-aminopenicillanic acid or 7-aminocephalosporanic acid. Our findings suggest that the difference among various beta-lactams in inhibitory effect on antibody production resulted from the difference in activities of beta-lactams with different side chains at the 6- or 7-positions. PMID- 3757590 TI - The dialectics of open versus closed adoption of infants. AB - The controversy concerning open versus closed adoption is mired in theoretical dialectics and cannot be resolved without longitudinal research. Adoptive parents and biological parents should be given the choice of participating in open or closed adoptions. PMID- 3757589 TI - Adoptive pregnancy: legal and social work issues. AB - Medicine's recent advance in aiding reproduction, "adoptive pregnancy," is spawning a host of legal, ethical, and policy questions. Policies developed to cope with problems that have arisen in more traditional adoptions, including "the right to know" and access to genetic information, may provide a starting point for finding answers to some of the new dilemmas. PMID- 3757591 TI - Mother-child incest: characteristics of the offender. AB - Studies of the childhood, adulthood, and parenthood of women who sexually abuse their children are rarely found in the literature. The characteristics of 26 such mother-child incest offenders are explored by the author and compared to the characteristics found in other studies and in clinical experiences with incest offenders of either sex. PMID- 3757592 TI - Containing aggressive acting out in abused children. AB - Sixteen physically abused children participated in a 15-week intervention program. Ratings of behavior on a continuum from aggressive to cooperative were made during the program and during in-home follow-up six months later. Following an initial increase in aggressive behavior, significant increases in cooperative behavior were reported. PMID- 3757593 TI - "Reasonable efforts": toward implementation in permanency planning. AB - The "reasonable efforts" criterion for provision of services to the families of children in foster care and to the families of children at risk of entering foster care is designed to provide for external, and presumably more objective, monitoring by a court of the quantity and quality of these services. A standard of "reasonable effort" applicable to all cases in the two populations of concern is both impractical and probably unethical. Legally there must be a case-by-case determination of "reasonable efforts" that will weigh the unique elements of each case. It is hoped that the working guideline proposed here will provide a basis in child welfare practice for minimizing potentially great variations in court decisions. The guideline begins with a list of problems, verified via an adversarial review, as to why the child(ren) entered foster care or is at risk of doing so, followed by the establishment of the relevance of proffered services to those problems, followed by documentation of a sustained effort to facilitate the use of those services. PMID- 3757594 TI - Quality of care for youths in group homes. AB - This paper analyzes findings pertaining to quality of care issues concerning group home care for adolescents in the greater Los Angeles County area during 1978-1979. The issues include normalization, institutionalization, treatment goals, continuity of care, and qualifications of child welfare staff, particularly child care workers. Recommendations for improvement are offered. PMID- 3757595 TI - A psychological profile of juvenile firesetters in residential treatment: a replication study. AB - Results of a replication study of juvenile firesetters confirms, in general, findings of the earlier study: juveniles who feel unwanted or abused or who become aroused by watching or setting fires are most likely to be firesetters. There were, however, significant differences in certain results of the first and second studies, which indicate a need for further research. PMID- 3757596 TI - Spelling errors in adults with a form of familial dyslexia. AB - We compared the spelling errors on the WRAT II made by adults (N = 24) with an apparent autosomal dominant form of dyslexia to those made by their normal adult relatives (N = 17) and by spelling-age matched normal controls (N = 17) using a computerized error evaluation program (SEEP). The normal adult relatives were significantly better than the dyslexics in both reading and spelling, but did not differ in age, education, or IQ. SEEP evaluated each error independently for both phonological and orthographic accuracy at 2 levels of complexity. Each level of complexity was analyzed separately using a 3 X 2 (group X dimension) analysis of variance. The main finding of interest was a significant group X dimension interaction effect at the complex level, which indicated that the dyslexics had a qualitatively different profile across the 2 dimensions than either normal group who had parallel profiles. The dyslexics performed like the younger normal group on the complex phonological dimension but like the adult normal group on the complex orthographic dimension. These results indicate a dissociation in this form of familial dyslexia between these 2 dimensions of spelling development, and suggest that these dyslexics may fit the subtype of dysphonetic or phonological dyslexia. The implications of these results for the underlying cognitive deficit in this form of dyslexia are discussed. PMID- 3757597 TI - Young children's recall and reconstruction of audio and audiovisual narratives. AB - It has been claimed that the visual component of audiovisual media dominates young children's cognitive processing. This experiment examines the effects of input modality while controlling the complexity of the visual and auditory content and while varying the comprehension task (recall vs. reconstruction). 4- and 7-year-olds were presented brief stories through either audio or audiovisual media. The audio version consisted of narrated character actions and character utterances. The narrated actions were matched to the utterances on the basis of length and propositional complexity. The audiovisual version depicted the actions visually by means of stop animation instead of by auditory narrative statements. The character utterances were the same in both versions. Audiovisual input produced superior performance on explicit information in the 4-year-olds and produced more inferences at both ages. Because performance on utterances was superior in the audiovisual condition as compared to the audio condition, there was no evidence that visual input inhibits processing of auditory information. Actions were more likely to be produced by the younger children than utterances, regardless of input medium, indicating that prior findings of visual dominance may have been due to the salience of narrative action. Reconstruction, as compared to recall, produced superior depiction of actions at both ages as well as more constrained relevant inferences and narrative conventions. PMID- 3757598 TI - Television viewing at home: age trends in visual attention and time with TV. AB - The TV-viewing behavior of 99 families with young children was videotaped by automated time-lapse recording equipment placed in homes for 10-day periods. The 99 families comprised 460 individuals from infants to 62 years of age. Time sample analyses of 4,672 hours of recordings indicated that the TV-viewing room contained no viewers 14.7% of the time that the TV was on. There were no age trends in time spent with television. Percent visual attention to television increased greatly across the preschool years, leveled off at about 70% during the school-age years, and declined in adulthood. Men looked at the TV more than women. There were no significant correlations between time spent with TV and percent of visual attention to TV. The increase in visual attention to television during the preschool years is consistent with the theory that TV program comprehensibility is a major determination of attention in young children. PMID- 3757599 TI - The importance of sensory context in young children's acceptance of salty tastes. AB - Acceptance of and expressed preference for varying levels of salt (NaCl) were assessed among children 3-6 years of age. 20 children received 0, 0.17, and 0.34 M NaCl in aqueous solution, and 20 received these same NaCl concentrations in a soup broth. In both groups, children were asked to ingest as much as they wanted to each stimulus during brief, sequential presentations and to indicate which stimulus they preferred in a series of paired-comparison presentations. A striking, context-specific reaction to the taste of salt was observed on both measures. Children in this age group strongly rejected even the moderate level of salt in water relative to unsalted water. In contrast, the most highly salted soup was well accepted and preferred to either unsalted or moderately salted soup by the majority of children. PMID- 3757600 TI - The perception of smiling and its experiential correlates in three-month-old infants. AB - We studied individual differences in 3-month-olds' perceptions of smiling and the experiential correlates of those differences. In the laboratory, infants saw a graduated series of smiles that grew in intensity of expression. As a group, 3 month-olds preferred increasingly intense expressions of smiling, but individually they showed different growth rates of preference across the smiling series. Further, infants' preferences related to their home experiences: Infants who showed greater sensitivity to smiling had mothers who more frequently encouraged attention to themselves when they were smiling and their infants were looking at them. Infant discrimination within and between categories of facial expression and the relative strengths of association between different kinds of naturally occurring experiences and infant perceptual sensitivity are discussed. PMID- 3757601 TI - Preferential looking as a measure of visual resolution in infants and toddlers: a comparison of psychophysical methods. AB - We used preferential looking to estimate the monocular visual resolution of children 6-36 months old and compared results from 3 psychophysical methods: Taylor and Creelman's PEST staircase, our modification of the PEST procedure, and the method-of-constant stimuli. Estimates of visual resolution for 48 children tested with the original and modified PEST procedures and for 50 children tested with the method-of-constant stimuli and the modified PEST procedure showed excellent agreement across procedures, with the modified PEST procedure requiring the fewest trials and the least time. Results from the modified PEST procedure for 168 children with normal eye alignment and minimal refractive errors indicated that monocular visual resolution improves from 6.5 min at 6 months to 1.2 min at 36 months. Preferential looking combined with the shortened PEST procedure should be useful for testing the visual resolution of preverbal children with eye problems. PMID- 3757602 TI - The effect of low-level prenatal methylmercury exposure on visual recognition memory in infant crab-eating macaques. AB - Infant crab-eating macaques exposed in utero to maternal subclinical levels of methylmercury (MeHg) and their nonexposed controls were administered an adaptation of a standardized test of visual recognition memory. Exposed animals showed recognition deficits in that they directed significantly less visual attention to novel stimuli than did controls. These results parallel those obtained by other investigators with high-risk and teratogen-exposed human infants. PMID- 3757603 TI - The personality of children prior to divorce: a prospective study. AB - In a longitudinal study, the personalities of children from intact families at ages 3, 4, and 7 were reliably assessed by independent sets of raters using Q items reflecting important psychological characteristics of children. A number of these families subsequently experienced divorce. The behavior of boys was found, as early as 11 years prior to parental separation or formal dissolution of marriage, to be consistently affected by what can be presumed to be predivorce familial stress. The behavior of boys from subsequently divorcing families was characterized by undercontrol of impulse, aggression, and excessive energy prior to parental divorce. The behavior of girls from subsequently divorcing families was found to be notably less affected by the stresses in families prior to parental divorce. The prospective relations afforded by the longitudinal analyses suggest that the behavior of conflicting, inaccessible parents during the preseparation period may have serious consequences for personality development, especially for boys. Hence, some characteristics of children commonly seen to be a consequence of divorce may be present prior to marital dissolution. PMID- 3757604 TI - The vicissitudes of autonomy in early adolescence. AB - A sample of 865 10-16-year-olds from a range of socioeconomic backgrounds completed a questionnaire battery concerning 3 aspects of autonomy: emotional autonomy in relationship with parents, resistance to peer pressure, and the subjective sense of self-reliance. The observed patterns of relations among the measures cast doubt on the notion that autonomy is a unidimensional trait manifested similarly across a variety of situations. For most boys and girls, the transition from childhood into adolescence is marked more by a trading of dependency on parents for dependency on peers, rather than straightforward and unidimensional growth in autonomy. Moreover, contrary to long-standing notions about the greater salience of autonomy to adolescent males than to females, girls score higher than boys on all 3 measures of autonomy at all age levels. PMID- 3757605 TI - Enhancing interest in peer interaction: a developmental analysis. AB - Using an intrinsic motivation paradigm, the effects of providing different reasons for interacting with a peer were examined in terms of children's subsequent interest in playing with the other child. Children (5 1/2, 7, and 9 years old) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 conditions and provided with identical information about a child presented on a television monitor (that he was nice and had a new Lego game). In the experimental conditions, children were then asked if they wanted to play with the peer either "because he has a new game" (situational information) or "because he's real nice" (dispositional information). The results indicated that, for the 9-year-olds, the dispositional/intrinsic information enhanced subsequent intrinsic interest in the peer relative to the control condition, while the situational information undermined later interest. In contrast, for the younger age groups, the situational information increased interest in peer interaction for the younger age groups in comparison to the control condition, while the dispositional information did not differ from control. The findings are discussed in terms of potential processes underlying these effects. PMID- 3757606 TI - Children's impressions of other persons: the effects of temporal separation of behavioral information. AB - The study addresses the role of developmental differences in the use of behavioral information that is acquired at different points in time in the person perception/attribution process. The topic of temporal separations was considered to be potentially important because of the possibility that age differences in information use might at least partially explain developmental differences in children's conceptualizations of personality traits and abilities and more generally, because integration over time is an aspect of naturalistic perception processes that has not been widely studied from a developmental perspective. The result of the study supported the general hypothesis that younger and older children respond differently to temporally distributed patterns of behavior. Specifically, it was found that younger children use behavioral information that was observed in the past primarily when an actor's immediate behavior conflicts with stereotypical expectations for behavior. When there is no conflict, younger children seem to use only an actor's current, immediate behavior when forming an impression. The implications of this finding for the maintenance of the stereotypical beliefs and expectations regarding persons are discussed along with the implications for children's understanding of psychological dispositions. PMID- 3757607 TI - Social cognition in parents: inferential and affective reactions to children of three age levels. AB - The present research proposes and tests an attributional model of parent cognition. Derived from correspondent inference theory, the model emphasizes that parents assess children's behavior primarily by determining whether that behavior reflects children's intentions and dispositions or, instead, constraints on children's control of behavior from situational pressures or developmental limitations in knowledge and ability. In 2 studies, support was obtained for 4 predictions. First, findings show that parents' assessments of children's behavior are closely tied to the developmental level of the child. As children developed, parents thought children's behavior was increasingly caused by personality dispositions and was increasingly intentional, under the child's control, and, for misconduct, understood to be wrong. Second, parents' affective reactions to misconduct were related to their assessments of its cause and, third, became increasingly negative as children developed. Positive affect, in contrast, was unrelated to attributions for children's positive behavior. Fourth, parents' assessments of children's behavior were affected by the behavior's desirability. Parents thought children's altruism was more intentional, dispositional, and under the child's control than children's misconduct. Implications for how parents assess and react to children's behavior are discussed. PMID- 3757608 TI - Children's understanding of the distinction between real and apparent emotion. AB - 2 experiments examined children's understanding of the distinction between real and apparent emotion. In Experiment 1, 6- and 10-year-old children listened to stories in which it would be appropriate for the story protagonist to feel either a positive or negative emotion but to hide that emotion. Subjects were asked to say both how the protagonist would look and how the protagonist would really feel, and to justify their claims. The results indicated that 6- and 10-year-olds alike could distinguish quite accurately between real and apparent emotion, although 10-year-olds were somewhat better at justifying this distinction. In Experiment 2, a slightly modified procedure was used to test 4- and 6-year-olds. Again, 6-year-olds demonstrated their grasp of the difference between real and apparent emotion, and even 4-year-olds showed a limited grasp of the distinction. The findings are discussed in relation to recent research concerning children's concept of mind, their grasp of the appearance-reality distinction, their ability to produce complex, embedded justifications, and their ideas about emotion. PMID- 3757610 TI - The development of functionally similar and dissimilar operations of exclusion. AB - Of Piaget's 16 operations of binary propositional logic, 5 concern exclusion. These 5 were classified into 2 operations of varying the independent variable, 2 of holding the independent variable constant, and tautology. The use of these 3 sets of operations and of levels of thought (concrete through formal) was assessed in 33 fifth graders, 27 sixth graders, and 31 seventh graders. Subjects' levels of thought were significantly affected by their grade. However, their use of the operations of exclusion was not. Instead, as predicted, formal operational and transitional subjects differed in their use of dissimilar operations. A proportionally greater number of formal operational subjects used the operation of varying the independent variable, whereas a proportionally greater number of transitional subjects used the operation of holding the independent variable constant. PMID- 3757609 TI - Early understanding of mental entities: a reexamination of childhood realism. AB - Real physical objects (e.g., a chair) can be distinguished from mental entities (e.g., a thought about a chair) on the basis of a number of criteria. 3 of these are behavioral-sensory evidence--whether the entity can be seen, touched, and physically acted upon; public existence--whether other persons experience the entity; and consistent existence--whether the entity consistently exists over time. Two studies tested 3-5-year-old children's ability to distinguish real versus mental entities on the basis of these criteria and to categorize such entities suitably. Even 3-year-olds were able to judge real and mental entities appropriately on the basis of the 3 criteria, to sort such entities as explicitly real and not-real, and to provide cogent explanations of their choices as well. A further distinction between real and mental entities is that mental entities can be about physically impossible, nonexistent things (e.g., a dog that flies). A third study demonstrated that 3-5-year-olds also appreciated this distinction. Taken together, these results contradict a common characterization of the young child as unaware of the fundamental ontological distinction between the internal mental world and objective reality. The implications of these findings are discussed for 3 other bodies of research: Piaget's characterization of young children as realists, Keil's theory of ontological development, and recent research on children's understanding of the mind. PMID- 3757611 TI - Analogical transfer in very young children: combining two separately learned solutions to reach a goal. AB - In 5 studies, the learning and transfer abilities of 2-4-year-old children were examined on a task in which they were required to combine 2 separately learned solutions to reach a goal. The 3 main findings are very early competence on the task if it is situated in familiar settings, a developmental trend in the ability to notice the similarity across analogous versions of the problem that differ in surface format but share the same underlying logic, and the success of 2 forms of assistance in promoting transfer. Both emphasizing task similarity and encouraging the children to talk about the rules ensure that they will notice problem similarity and hence afford them the opportunity to apply the learned rules appropriately. Difficulties with noticing similarity, rather than in applying the rule, lead to transfer failure. Given a hospitable environment, children as young as 2-3 years of age can combine information and apply a reasoning rule quite broadly. PMID- 3757612 TI - Sources of age differences in speed of processing. AB - 3 experiments were conducted to study developmental change in the speed of cognitive processes. In Experiment 1, subjects ranging in age from 8 to 21 years were tested on a mental rotation task in which they judged whether pairs of letters presented at different orientations were identical or mirror images, and on a name retrieval task in which they judged if pairs of pictures were identical physically or had the same name. Increases with age in the speed of mental rotation and speed of name retrieval were both well described by exponential functions, and the rate of developmental change was comparable for the 2 tasks. Experiment 2 confirmed that age changes in rate of mental rotation are well described by an exponential function. Experiment 3 demonstrated, on a mental rotation task, a perfect correlation across conditions between children's mean response times and adults' mean response times for corresponding conditions. These results are interpreted as indicating that age differences in speed of processing are due, at least in part, to a central limiting mechanism that increases with age. PMID- 3757613 TI - Automaticity, retrieval processes, and reading: a longitudinal study in average and impaired readers. AB - In this longitudinal investigation, the development of word-retrieval speed and its relationship to reading was studied in 72 average and 11 severely impaired readers in the kindergarten to grade 2 period (5-8 years). Subjects received a battery of 3 reading measures and 4 continuous naming tests with varied stimulus requirements. Results indicated that the relationship of retrieval speed to reading is a function of development and the correspondence between higher- and lower-level processes in the specific retrieval and reading measures. As automaticity in retrieval developed in average readers, naming-speed/reading relationships moved from strong, general predictions to highly differentiated ones. The strongest correlations were between naming speed for graphological stimuli and lower-level reading tasks. Impaired readers performed slower than average readers on all naming measures across all years, particularly on graphological symbols. 3 dyslexic subgroups emerged: the largest was globally impaired across all naming rate and reading tasks; 2 smaller subgroups had early specific, retrieval-rate deficits and dissociated reading deficits. PMID- 3757614 TI - Response of food intake and body weight to estradiol in old female rats. AB - Changes in food intake and body weight were studied in old ovariectomized prolonged vaginal cornification female rats (27.6 +/- 3.3 (SD) months of age) implanted subcutaneously with 100%, 50% and 33% estradiol benzoate (E2) cholestrol mixture-filled silastic capsules and were compared with similarly treated young ovariectomized female rats (4.7 +/- 0.8 months of age). Serum E2 concentration was higher in old rats than young rats in the 100% E2-filled capsule implanted group. In this group, food intake suppression by E2 was larger in old rats than in young rats. However, no age-related difference was observed, when food intake decrease was adjusted for serum E2 level by analysis of covariance. Therefore a high food intake suppression in old rats than in young rats is caused by high serum E2 concentration in old rats. Suppression of body weight increase did not show any age-related difference when adjusted for serum E2 level either. PMID- 3757615 TI - Attenuation of natriuretic response to saline loading in AV3V lesioned rats. AB - Anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) has been implicated in body fluid balance and blood pressure control. This study thus was to evaluate the renal response to saline loading in rats with and without AV3V lesion. Lesioned rats were prepared by electrolytic ablation 4 weeks prior to experiments. Arterial pressure (AP) and renal excretory responses were measured before and after intravenous infusion of 154 mM NaCl (0.388 ml/min) for 1 hour in anesthetized control and lesioned rats. There were no significant differences in AP (125 +/- 3 vs 121 +/- 3 mmHg) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR; 1.5 +/- 0.1 vs 1.6 +/- 0.3 ml/min/g kw) between control rats and lesioned rats. Saline loading did not significantly change AP and GFR in both groups of rats. In control rats there was a striking natriuretic (delta 2660%) and diuretic (delta 1870%) response to saline loading but the lesioned rats only exhibited 50% of the normal excretory response. A similarly attenuated natriuresis and diuresis was also found in conscious, lesioned rats with oral saline loading. These data suggest that AV3V exerts substantial influence on the regulation of sodium and water balance. PMID- 3757616 TI - Contractions of holothurian longitudinal muscle. AB - The longitudinal body wall muscle of Sclerodactyla briareus was studied in terms of the ionic bases of muscle contraction. Depolarization of the plasma membrane by acetylcholine requires sodium ions, while depolarization by potassium chloride does not. Calcium ions involved in excitation-contraction coupling come from two sources: influx from the extracellular medium, and release of the intracellular stores by two mechanisms: calcium induced calcium release and depolarization induced calcium release. Contraction in response to 50 mM KCl depends mainly on calcium influx and partially on calcium released by membrane depolarization. Contraction in response to acetylcholine depends on calcium influx and on the release of stored calcium by both mechanisms. Caffeine contracture involves calcium released by calcium. PMID- 3757617 TI - Oocyte development in XO foetuses of man and mouse: the possible role of heterologous X-chromosome pairing in germ cell survival. AB - The pairing characteristics of the X axis in XO human and mouse oocytes were studied by the spreading technique throughout meiotic prophase. In three human XO foetuses, germ cell development was seen to be largely blocked at the preleptotene stage. In XO mice on the other hand, oocytes surviving through pachytene increasingly show the X axis making a non-homologous association with itself or with an autosome. Such associations take the form hairpins or rings when self pairing occurs or triradial structures when involvement is with an autosome. Pairing initiation in the autosomes involved is disturbed by the X axis suggesting that the heterologous pairing seen is taking place at the earliest stage of synaptonemal complex formation, namely zygotene. It is suggested, that in the XO mouse, and perhaps also in rare fertile XO humans, survival, of a population of oocytes into the adult is ensured by the ability of the X axis to pair non-homologously at meiotic prophase, thus satisfying pairing requirements. PMID- 3757618 TI - Synaptonemal complexes and chromosome chains in the rodent Ellobius talpinus heterozygous for ten Robertsonian translocations. AB - Synaptonemal complexes (SC) in four Ellobius talpinus males heterozygous for ten Robertsonian translocations were examined with an electron microscope using a surface-spreading technique. A total of 136 late zygotene and pachytene spermatocytes were examined. From one to three completely paired SC trivalents were found in each early pachytene spermatocyte. The lateral elements of the short arms of the acrocentric chromosomes in these trivalents were joined with an SC thus forming the third arm of the SC trivalent. At the same stage a few SC trivalents did not contain lateral elements in the pericentromeric region of the metacentric chromosomes and remained unpaired in this region up to mid pachytene. At zygotene and pachytene from two to eight SC trivalents were joined into chains due to formation of SCs between the short arms of acrocentrics of other SC trivalents. These chains are frequent at late zygotene, but are resolved during pachytene into individual trivalents. It is proposed that pairing and SC formation between the short arms of he acrocentric chromosomes results from the monosomy of the short arms and partial DNA homology between these heterochromatic regions. Since crossing over probably does not take place in these segments, the chromosomal chains may subsequently be corrected into trivalents by a dissolution of the SCs combining adjacent trivalents. The correction and disjoining of chains may not be effective in all cells. The cells in which the chains are retained are assumed to be arrested at the pachytene stage. PMID- 3757619 TI - [Comparison of albendazole and pyrantel pamoate in the treatment of intestinal nematode infections]. PMID- 3757620 TI - [Combined amiodarone and quinidine treatment in refractory tachyarrhythmias; clinical observation and experimental electrophysiologic study]. PMID- 3757621 TI - [Measurement of effective pulmonary capillary blood flow with body plethysmography using nitrous oxide]. PMID- 3757622 TI - [Determination of serum lipoperoxides in diabetes and their clinical significance]. PMID- 3757623 TI - [Natural killer activity of peripheral blood in patients with aplastic anemia]. PMID- 3757624 TI - [Clinical and electromyographic studies on polymyositis-dermatomyositis]. PMID- 3757625 TI - [Computerized spectral analysis of EEG in patients with cerebral infarction]. PMID- 3757626 TI - [Oligoclonal band in the CSF and brain CT scan in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis]. PMID- 3757627 TI - [Fibrinogen degradation products in human CSF: a preliminary clinical study]. PMID- 3757628 TI - [Ischemic apoplexy in youth: clinical analysis and etiological study of 226 cases]. PMID- 3757630 TI - [Toxoplasmic encephalopathy]. PMID- 3757629 TI - [Clinical characteristics of acute infectious polyradiculoneuritis in children]. PMID- 3757631 TI - [Hereditary cerebellar ataxia: clinical analysis of 18 cases]. PMID- 3757632 TI - [Clinical and pathological findings in multi-infarct dementia: report of 2 cases]. PMID- 3757633 TI - [Misdiagnosis of cerebral cysticercosis: report of 56 cases]. PMID- 3757634 TI - [Epidemiological study on neurological diseases in 150,000 inhabitants in the west district of Chengdu]. PMID- 3757635 TI - [Ceroid lipofuscinosis: a case verified by electron microscopy]. PMID- 3757636 TI - [Genetic study on affective psychosis in Shandong Province]. PMID- 3757637 TI - [Evaluation of persistent or interrupted treatment of schizophrenics]. PMID- 3757638 TI - [Effect of electric shock on leucine-enkephalin]. PMID- 3757639 TI - [Atypical lymphocytes in schizophrenic patients]. PMID- 3757640 TI - [Cytogenetic changes in 48 cases of schizophrenia]. PMID- 3757641 TI - [Treatment of scoliosis with a shape-memory alloy rod]. PMID- 3757642 TI - [Severe complications and prevention in the surgical treatment of scoliosis]. PMID- 3757643 TI - [Lateral recess syndrome of the lumbar vertebral canal. Report of 35 cases]. PMID- 3757644 TI - [Lateral recess syndrome of the lumbar vertebral canal]. PMID- 3757645 TI - [Spinal tumors: analysis of 70 cases]. PMID- 3757646 TI - [Occipito-cervical fusion with a reversed occipital periosteum bone flap and an iliac autogenous bone graft]. PMID- 3757647 TI - [High-power Nd:YAG laser in the treatment of liver cancer: experimental and clinical study]. PMID- 3757648 TI - [Massive biliary tract hemorrhage after Roux-en-Y cholechojejunostomy and its treatment]. PMID- 3757649 TI - [Clinical significance of serum gastrin in gastroduodenal surgery]. PMID- 3757650 TI - [Intragastric elastic rubber band ligation for esophagogastrostomy]. PMID- 3757651 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous rupture of the esophagus]. PMID- 3757652 TI - [Carcinosarcoma of the esophagus; 7 cases]. PMID- 3757653 TI - [Homolateral re-resection of the lung after partial pneumonectomy]. PMID- 3757654 TI - [Partial nephrectomy without the compression of pedicle vessels]. PMID- 3757655 TI - [Determination of calcium, oxalate and inhibitory activity of the urine in patients with calcium nephrolithiasis]. PMID- 3757656 TI - [Clinical application of a new-model autotransfusion apparatus]. PMID- 3757657 TI - [Superior laryngeal nerve loop: its anatomy and surgical implications]. PMID- 3757658 TI - [Surgical treatment of arteriovenous malformations of the striato-thalamo capsular region]. PMID- 3757659 TI - [Microscopic resection of arteriovenous malformations in functional and deep areas of the brain]. PMID- 3757660 TI - [Diagnosis of cerebral arteriovenous malformations by CT scans]. PMID- 3757661 TI - [Arteriovenous malformation of the corpus callosum: results of surgical treatment in 5 cases]. PMID- 3757662 TI - [Severe epistaxis due to rupture of an intracranial aneurysm: report of 2 cases]. PMID- 3757663 TI - [The study of microflora in the upper alimentary tract during subtotal gastrectomy and the prophylactic use of antibiotics]. PMID- 3757664 TI - [Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiographic drainage for malignant obstructive jaundice]. PMID- 3757665 TI - [Innominate and femoral osteotomy for the treatment of fulcrum damage of the hip joint and lower leg inequality]. PMID- 3757666 TI - [One-stage reconstruction of the penis with an abdominal fasciocutaneous flap based on double arteries: report of 12 cases]. PMID- 3757667 TI - [Observations on the relation between the measurement of blood fibronectin and the clinical course of burns]. PMID- 3757668 TI - [Infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm: report of 32 cases]. PMID- 3757669 TI - [Large aneurysm of right coronary artery: report of a case]. PMID- 3757670 TI - [Topography and clinical application of high cervical lateral spinal puncture]. PMID- 3757671 TI - [Cellular elements in giant cell tumors of the bones]. PMID- 3757672 TI - [Experimental study on carinal reconstruction]. PMID- 3757673 TI - [Effect of the sheath synovium on tendon adhesion]. PMID- 3757674 TI - [Modification of oblique and impactive osteotomy of the upper femur]. PMID- 3757675 TI - [Circulatory crisis and its treatment in toe transplantations]. PMID- 3757676 TI - [Autotransplantation of the right hand to the stump of the left upper limb in a case: 7-year follow-up]. PMID- 3757677 TI - [Neurovascular pedicled latissimus dorsi flap transfer as a substitute for a paralyzed deltoid muscle]. PMID- 3757678 TI - [Transposition of vascular pedicled scapular flaps for the repair of defects of the proximal humerus and arthrodesis of the shoulder joint]. PMID- 3757679 TI - [Animal experimentation and clinical application of invagination anastomosis for small blood vessels]. PMID- 3757680 TI - [Osseous tissue changes after transplanting a vascular bundle to bone in dogs]. PMID- 3757681 TI - [Ultrastructural study of striated muscle repair after ischemia]. PMID- 3757682 TI - [Measurement of serum inorganic phosphorus in strangulated intestinal obstruction]. PMID- 3757683 TI - [Total myotomy of the lesser curvature, cardia and fundus of the stomach: experimental study in dogs, and clinical application]. PMID- 3757684 TI - [Bronchobiliary fistula caused by primary bile duct stones]. PMID- 3757685 TI - [A study of the relation between radioactive material in gallstones and primary carcinoma of gallbladder]. PMID- 3757686 TI - [Clinical evaluation of PVP-iodine as a skin antiseptic in surgery]. PMID- 3757688 TI - [Blood gas monitoring in the surgical treatment of bilateral giant bullae of the lung: a case report]. PMID- 3757687 TI - [Clinical analysis of 57 cases of empyema treated by decortication]. PMID- 3757689 TI - [Use of a modified dorsal oblique incision]. PMID- 3757690 TI - [Factors affecting the survival rate in severe burn injury]. PMID- 3757691 TI - Flow karyotyping of human melanoma cell lines. AB - Single-laser flow cytometry has been used to study the feasibility of flow karyotyping of human solid tumors. As a model, seven human melanoma cell lines have been used with varying numerical chromosome composition as verified by FCM DNA content measurements and chromosome countings. For all seven cell lines, flow karyotypes that showed a variety of consistent deviations from the normal diploid flow karyotype could be obtained although the resolution of the flow system and varying debris continuum limited the number of resolvable peaks. The predominant changes observed involved the regions normally representing chromosomes 3-8, 9 12, and 13-16. It is concluded that at present the preparation procedure is the main limiting factor for exploring the full potential of flow karyotyping for cytogenetic analysis of solid-tumor cell lines. PMID- 3757692 TI - A quantitative study of the development of type II pneumocytes in fetal lung. AB - Cell populations dissociated from fetal rabbit lungs were analyzed by laser flow cytometry for the presence of type II pneumocytes. These cells are distinguishable by the staining of their lamellar bodies with the fluorescent lipophilic dye, phosphine-3R and by their intensity of low-angle light scatter. Lung cells were obtained by enzymatic dissociation from fetal rabbits at gestational ages of 24 d, 27 d, and from 2-d newborn rabbits. Flow cytometric analysis was sufficiently sensitive to discriminate between fetuses. Quantitative analysis of type II pneumocytes showed that newborn rabbits had a distinct cell subpopulation in a region of low-angle light scatter and phosphine-3R fluorescence intensity similar to that previously reported on type II cells from adult rabbits. By contrast, 24-d gestation rabbits had a negligible type II cell subpopulation. Fetuses of 27 and 30 d gestation showed a slow but progressive increase in the numbers of cells in the type II region. Mathematical analyses of light scatter and fluorescence intensity distributions were used to define statistically significant (P less than .05) boundaries that characterize the development of the type II cell subpopulation in fetal rabbit lung. The methods employed offer new possibilities for quantification of developing lung cell subpopulations of particular interest to the problem of respiratory distress syndrome in human neonates. PMID- 3757693 TI - Simultaneous separate detection of low angle and large angle light scattering in an arc lamp-based flow cytometer. AB - A device is described for simultaneous separate detection of the light scattering of cells at low and large scattering angles in an arc lamp-based flow cytometer with epi-illumination through an oil immersion microscope objective. Light scattering was measured in a dark field configuration that allows separate detection of light scattering greater than 2 degrees and 15 degrees, respectively. Dual parameter light scattering histograms of a blood cell suspension containing various types of leukocytes were closely similar to that obtained with a commercial laser-based instrument with light scattering detection at forward and right angles. The sensitivity of the device was sufficient to measure polystyrene particles with 0.25-micron diameter. A potential application may be differentiation of bacteria. PMID- 3757694 TI - Characterization of chromatin distribution in cell nuclei. AB - In this paper we develop four measures to describe the distribution of nuclear chromatin. These measures attempt to describe in an objective and meaningful way the heterogeneity, granularity, condensation, and margination of chromatin in cell nuclei. Starting with a high-resolution digitized image of a cell where the nuclear pixels have been identified, the four measures may be rapidly estimated. The range of each is derived and the interpretation of the measures in the context of chromatin compaction and distribution is developed. Implementation issues such as sampling density, thresholding and subsequent pre-processing, and algorithmic complexity are discussed. PMID- 3757695 TI - A method for determining ploidy distributions in liver tissue by stereological analysis of nuclear size calibrated by flow cytometric DNA analysis. AB - A method is presented for determining ploidy distributions in mouse liver from image analysis with stereological estimations of nuclear size in tissue sections. Nuclear profile distributions obtained from profile measurements were subjected to a mathematical unfolding procedure in order to obtain the nuclear size distributions. Based on the assumption that nuclear size increases monotonically with nuclear DNA content, flow cytometric DNA analysis of suspensions of liver cell nuclei was used to calibrate the method, thus yielding the mean nuclear size of each ploidy class, i.e., diploid, tetraploid, and octaploid nuclei. After the size interval for each of the ploidy classes was determined, the method allowed determination of ploidy distributions in mouse liver by stereological image analysis alone. The method was established from combined stereological and flow cytometric measurements on liver tissue representing two different stages of liver regeneration after two-thirds partial hepatectomy, and it was tested against an independent set of data representing a marked increase in the portion of S-phase cells. PMID- 3757696 TI - Flow cytometry reveals a high degree of genomic size variation and mixoploidy in various strains of the acellular slime mold Physarum polycephalum. AB - High-resolution flow cytometry, using avian erythrocytes as an internal standard, was employed to study constitutive genome size variation of G2-phase nuclei of Physarum polycephalum strains during the macroplasmodial stage of their life cycle. Our results document a previously unknown extent of genome size variation and mixoploidy in this organism. The unimodal diploid strain Tu 291 displayed the largest genome of the strains tested; in contrast, the Colonia strain displayed only half of the Tu 291 G2-phase fluorescence, confirming its haploid nature. An additional strain, derived from a recent cross between Lu897 and Lu898 amoebae, must have arisen by selfing (propagation of only one of the parental genomes to the macroplasmodial stage), since its nuclei display close to the haploid G2 phase DNA content. The observation of a small fraction of corresponding diploid nuclei within the haploid population of this strain, while maintained as microplasmodia, supports the notion that meiosis in haploid strains may require the presence of diploid nuclei. Two of the descendants of the prototype haploid Colonia strain, which were kept for extended periods of time in submerse culture, proved to be near diploid and mixoploid. Polyploidization and subsequent loss of DNA thus seems to contribute to the extremes of genome size variation in Physarum. In addition to unimodal fluorescence distributions, a number of diploid strains displayed bi- and even trimodal distributions within harvests of a single G2-phase macroplasmodium. Analysis of these mixoploid strains by means of gaussian curve-fitting suggests that the smaller genome size differences in Physarum may arise in step-wise diminution of DNA in approximate units of 3-5% of the original Tu 291 genome. PMID- 3757697 TI - A comment on "A method to measure the duration of DNA synthesis and the potential doubling time from a single sample". AB - Recently a method was introduced by Begg et al. (Cytometry 6:620-626, 1985) for the calculation of the DNA synthesis time, TS using flow cytometry to monitor the progression of cells that have been pulse-labeled by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd). Ideally, the method uses only a single two-parameter histogram of the progressed cells to obtain TS. The essence of the method is to be able to obtain an initial point from general principles, draw a line through it and the measured point, and extrapolate to a level of progression that would be attained when the time is equal to TS. In this comment, explicit values are derived for the initial point and the progression of cells based on kinetic arguments, and a new method is presented for estimating TS. This new method is compared to earlier methods, and the effects of a finite labeling time and variation in the transit times are considered. Finally, an equation is developed for estimating TS following multiple measurements. PMID- 3757698 TI - Fluorescence-activated sorting of individual cells onto poly-L-lysine-coated slide areas. AB - Cells sorted by a fluorescence-activated cell sorter are collected onto small areas of a glass slide. These collection areas have been coated with poly-L lysine to attach the cells firmly to the glass surface. This simple procedure proved to be suitable to sort single cells and small cell populations with preservation of cytomorphology and viability without modifying the cell sorter. Additional studies on sorted cells may be performed, as shown by peroxidase-anti peroxidase analysis of cellular antigens and by mRNA in situ hybridization. PMID- 3757699 TI - The Joseph M. Mathews oration. The plight of medicine. PMID- 3757700 TI - Mortality from Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in England-Wales and the U.S. from 1950 to 1983. AB - As the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease remains unknown, studies of its time trends may provide clues to understanding the underlying mechanisms. This study examines mortality from Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in England and Wales and the U.S. during the period 1950 to 1983. Mortality from Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis changed in both countries similarly. The death rates from Crohn's disease increased until 1970 to 1974 and decreased thereafter. The death rates from ulcerative colitis decreased throughout the observation period. Similar time trends occurred in men and women, and in the U.S. in whites and nonwhites. In the U.S., the death rates from both diseases were twofold higher in whites than nonwhites. The temporal changes suggest that mortality from inflammatory bowel disease is affected by exogenous factors and that these factors are different for Crohn's disease than for ulcerative colitis. These factors seem to have changed similarly in England and in the U.S. PMID- 3757701 TI - Colonic transit time of radiopaque markers and rectoanal manometry in patients complaining of constipation. AB - Transit time, rectoanal manometry, and symptoms were studied in 61 patients complaining of constipation. A slow transit, in the colonic area of most of the patients, was found in 49. Rectoanal manometry was abnormal in 40. Both examinations were abnormal in 32 patients, colonic transit only in 17, and manometry only in eight. Finally, both examinations were normal in only four subjects. A transit delay was always associated with less than three stools per week, and straining at stool was constant when rectoanal manometric disturbances were shown. Objective abnormalities appear common in patients complaining of constipation and, correlated with symptoms, suggest that clinical study in constipation could be of more value than usually is believed. PMID- 3757702 TI - The initial management of left lower quadrant peritonitis. AB - The majority of patients admitted to the hospital with left lower quadrant peritonitis and suspected acute diverticulitis are treated empirically without colon radiography either for the duration of their hospital course, or until such time as it is deemed safe to perform a barium enema to confirm this diagnosis. Unlike barium, a water-soluble contrast agent such as Gastrografin can be used safely and accurately immediately on hospitalization. Early establishment of an accurate diagnosis can help eliminate complications, morbidity, mortality, and lengthy hospitalizations. Seventy-one patients admitted with left lower quadrant peritonitis, temperatures above 99.5 degrees F, and leukocytosis were evaluated. Treatment either was based on a diagnosis established by results of a barium enema or water-soluble contrast enema, or was empiric in nature. The early use of a water-soluble contrast enema in the elucidation of the cause of left lower quadrant peritonitis proved to be the most accurate and also the most cost effective means of diagnosis. PMID- 3757703 TI - Complications of diverticular disease of the colon in young people. AB - Diverticular disease of the colon in patients under the age of 40 years is uncommon. Between 1975 and 1985, 58 patients (31 men and 27 women) were admitted for pathologically or radiographically proven acute diverticulitis. Seventeen (29.3 percent) were younger than 40 years. Fifteen of the 17 (88.2 percent) required urgent or emergent surgery for complications of diverticular disease. This represents a significantly (P less than 0.02) larger proportion of that age group than those patients older than the age of 40 (17/41 or 41.5 percent). Twelve of the patients younger than age 40 (70.6 percent) had had their symptoms for 72 hours or less, and in 13, surgery was required during the first attack. Indications for surgery included abscess, perforation, and persistence of symptoms. Six patients required surgery in less than 24 hours. In young people, the initial attack of colonic diverticulitis is frequently severe, often requiring an urgent operation for complications. Excellent results with few complications can be obtained when the index of suspicion is high, an early diagnosis is made, and timely surgical intervention is employed. PMID- 3757704 TI - Negative correlation between cholecystectomy and the subsequent development of large bowel carcinoma in a low-risk Japanese population. AB - The incidence of previous cholecystectomy in a series of 541 patients with colorectal cancer and 1832 patients with stomach cancer was studied. Five patients (0.92 percent) with colorectal cancer and eight (0.44 percent) with stomach cancer had undergone previous cholecystectomy. To avoid biases in the two groups of patients, 416 pairs of patients, comparable in sex, age, and time of admission for cancer treatment, were matched from each group to compare the number of patients who had undergone previous cholecystectomy. Within these matched pairs, three patients with colorectal cancer and two with stomach cancer had histories of cholecystectomy. Hence, no substantial difference was noted between the two groups. In a follow-up study of 461 patients who had undergone cholecystectomy for gallstones, large bowel carcinoma and stomach carcinoma developed in one and six patients, respectively, during an observation period of four to 36 years. The ratio of patients with large bowel cancer to those with stomach cancer observed in this survey was almost equal to the value estimated for the population of Tottori Prefecture, where the majority of the patients reside. The incidence of large bowel carcinoma is not increased among cholecystectomized patients in a low-risk Japanese population. PMID- 3757705 TI - Anorectal continence and bladder function. Effects of major sacral resection. AB - The effect of sacral resection up to S-2 has been investigated in two patients with "chordomas," surgical division of the spinal roots was unilateral and bilateral, respectively. Anal manometry, electromyography of the sphincters, and the ascertaining of tactile, thermic, and painful stimuli perception in the perineum and anal canal were executed to determine the effects of denervation on anorectal continence. Vesical function was tested by vesical manometry. Results differ strongly between the two patients: the first, with unilateral loss of S-2, has perfect anorectal continence. The second, with bilateral loss of S-2, is incontinent and unable to discriminate rectal contents. It is sufficient to retain only one S-2 root for the maintenance of physiologic continence, including distinction between different types of bowel contents (gaseous or solid) passing through the anal canal. The same is true concerning bladder function. PMID- 3757706 TI - The Chilaiditi syndrome and associated volvulus of the transverse colon. An indication for surgical therapy. AB - Hepatodiaphragmatic interposition of the colon is a rare anomaly described by Chilaiditi in 1910. Usually this syndrome presents as an asymptomatic roentgen finding, although occasionally it is associated with a broad range of gastrointestinal symptoms. The hallmark of therapy is conservative, and rarely has surgical intervention been indicated. This is the only case report of the Chilaiditi syndrome associated with colonic volvulus. It also illustrates the rare progression of colonic interposition from mild abdominal discomfort to intermittent bowel obstruction requiring surgical intervention. PMID- 3757707 TI - Internal hernia of the transverse colon. A new syndrome. AB - A unique abdominal internal hernia is described. A 30-year-old man suffered intestinal obstruction and strangulation due to incarceration of the transverse colon in the subphrenic space. This phenomenon is contrasted with Chilaiditi's syndrome (hepatodiaphragmatic interposition). PMID- 3757708 TI - Crohn's appendicitis in an incarcerated spigelian hernia. AB - A patient with incarcerated Crohn's appendicitis and a spigelian hernia is presented, representing the challenge in diagnosis, incision choice, and choice of definitive surgical procedure. While it is unlikely that the report of such a patient's course will make prospective recognition of this rare entity more likely, a systematic approach to this patient has allowed a satisfactory result with minimal complications. PMID- 3757710 TI - Epidermoid carcinoma of the colon. Description of a lesion located in the hepatic flexure. AB - A case of epidermoid carcinoma of the colon is described--the 25th such case reported in the literature. The pathogenesis, natural history, and treatment of the disease are reviewed. PMID- 3757709 TI - Perforated diverticulitis in a Hartmann rectal pouch. AB - The Hartmann procedure is the surgical treatment of choice for perforated diverticulitis. Modifications leaving a long rectal pouch or mucous fistula and a variable length of bowel that contains inactive diverticula have been described. A steroid-dependent patient presented with perforated diverticulitis in residual disease in the Hartmann rectal pouch ten months after initial sigmoid resection for a perforated diverticulum. Because steroid-treated patients are at high risk for complications and recurrent disease, all diseased bowel should be resected during the initial procedure. PMID- 3757711 TI - Perforated appendicitis and obstructing colonic carcinoma in the elderly. AB - Two patients admitted with perforated appendicitis and obstructing colonic cancers are presented. The first patient, a 75-year-old man, developed a persistent fecal fistula following appendectomy. Barium enema demonstrated an obstructing hepatic flexure carcinoma. The second patient, a 62-year-old man, recovered uneventfully following appendectomy. Persistent occult blood was found in his stools during follow-up examinations. Three months after surgery, diagnostic colonoscopy revealed a nearly obstructing sigmoid carcinoma. Obstruction of the appendiceal lumen by such lesions as fecaliths, carcinoid tumors, lymphoid hyperplasia, or cecal carcinoma accounts for appendicitis in the majority of patients. These two patients illustrate a less common cause. As many as 3 percent of patients over 40 years of age presenting with appendicitis also have obstructing colonic carcinomas. Elderly patients with appendicitis should be evaluated for colonic neoplasms at a clinically suitable time. PMID- 3757712 TI - A plastic rod to facilitate longitudinal incision of the bowel. An inexpensive and practical device. PMID- 3757713 TI - A simple technique for removing an impacted aerosol-can cap from the rectum. PMID- 3757714 TI - Anorectal infiltration anesthesia in the prone position. AB - A safe technique of infiltration anesthesia for anorectal procedures is described. It eliminates patient discomfort and allows the surgeon to work with the patient in the prone position. PMID- 3757715 TI - Postoperative colonic asepsis. PMID- 3757716 TI - Relationship between functional and histological changes in chronic pancreatitis. AB - The results of the secretin-CCK test were compared with the histological findings of pancreatic tissue resected in 25 patients with chronic pancreatitis. Secretin CCK test results were interpreted with the use of discriminant analysis, yielding a quantitative score for each patient. Histological findings were recorded according to a semiquantitative scale. Fairly high correlation coefficients were found between secretin-CCK test results and severity of acinar atrophy and small dilatation. These findings emphasize the importance of the secretin-CCK test for diagnostic and follow-up purposes in chronic pancreatitis. PMID- 3757717 TI - Histologic changes in pancreas in relation to smoking and coffee-drinking habits. AB - Histologic alterations in the epithelium of the ducts and exocrine portions of the parenchyma and thickening of the walls of the arterioles and arteries in the pancreas in relation to smoking habits was studied in 22,344 slides from 560 autopsied subjects. Only 5.4% of the nonsmokers had medium to high percentages of ductal cells with atypical nuclei. This rose to 50.7% in light smokers and to 74.9% in 40+ a day smokers. Advanced findings (increased numbers) of cells with atypical nuclei were found in the acinar cells of the parenchyma in only 1.8% of nonsmokers; 11.4% in less than 20 cigarettes a day smokers; 29.2% in 20-39 a day smokers; and 69.1% in 40+ a day smokers. Moderate or advanced hyaline thickening of arterioles in 12.8% of the nonsmokers increased to 74.4% in the heaviest smoking group. A similar relationship was observed for fibrous thickening in the arteries. Coffee drinking was not related to histologic alterations in the cells within the pancreas. PMID- 3757718 TI - Utility of fecal fat concentrations as screening test in pancreatic insufficiency. AB - We explored the utility of fecal fat concentration (gram fecal fat per 100 gram wet stool weight) as a screening test for pancreatic steatorrhea. Data were analyzed on 24 patients with pancreatic insufficiency and steatorrhea, six groups of patients (N = 70) with nonpancreatic causes of steatorrhea, and 31 controls without steatorrhea. Patients with pancreatic steatorrhea had significantly (P less than 0.05) higher mean fecal fat concentrations than all groups except for patients with hepatobiliary disease. Using a fecal fat concentration of greater than 9.5% as a cutoff point in all patients with steatorrhea, the test was 41.7% sensitive and 92.0% specific for the diagnosis of pancreatic insufficiency. For patients with fecal fat excretion greater than 20 g/day, the test increased in sensitivity to 61.5% but specificity dropped to 85.3%. Measurements of fecal fat concentrations are therefore only moderately helpful, and further evidence is required to secure a diagnosis of pancreatic steatorrhea. PMID- 3757719 TI - Gallstone dissolution treatment with a combination of chenodeoxycholic and ursodeoxycholic acids. Studies of safety, efficacy and effects on bile lithogenicity, bile acid pool, and serum lipids. AB - Sixteen patients with radiolucent gallstones were treated with a combination of chenodeoxycholic and ursodeoxycholic acids for an average of 19 months. Liver tests remained normal in all patients. In nine of 15 patients (60%), in whom the gallbladder visualized during an oral cholecystogram, gallstones dissolved after one year, in eight of them, partially, and in the remaining one, completely. After two years, partial dissolution became complete in three patients, and partial dissolution occurred in 1 additional patient. Changes in lithogenic index and bile acid pool size were statistically not significant. Biliary content of chenodeoxycholic acid increased significantly from 25.7 +/- 3.53 to 45.2 +/- 3.31 (mean +/- SE)% and that of ursodeoxycholic acid from 2.6 +/- 0.52 to 34.6 +/- 2.45%. There were no discernible changes in serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol. The findings suggest that the chenodeoxycholic ursodeoxycholic acid combination provides a safe and efficacious treatment for some cholesterol gallstones. PMID- 3757720 TI - Cholesterol and pigment gallstones in northern India. A prospective analysis. AB - Two hundred one consecutive patients with gallstone disease who had undergone cholecystectomy were analyzed to determine the relative frequency of occurrence of cholesterol and pigment gallstones and to identify distinguishing features of the two stone types. Cholesterol stones (CS) formed the majority (94%) of gallstones. There were no distinctive clinical, biochemical, or radiological features of CS or pigment stones (PS). However, CS were found significantly more often than PS (P less than 0.05) in multiparous women leading a sedentary life style. Although multiplicity of gallstones was somewhat commoner with CS (P less than 0.05) and radiopacity with PS (P less than 0.05) as compared with the other stone type, these differences were certainly not discriminatory between CS and PS. PMID- 3757721 TI - Myoelectric and contractile effects of motilin on dog small intestine in vivo. AB - The effects of the close intraarterial administration of motilin on intestinal myoelectric and contractile activities were examined in 37 dogs. After anesthetization or decerebration, a segment of proximal jejunum was instrumented serosally with electrodes and stain gauges. A mesenteric artery supplying a short length of this segment was cannulated for the injection of motilin and other agents. Motilin (0.03-0.3 microgram) caused: a series (1-5 min) of phasic contractions and electrical response activity (ERA) bursts locally; a short (15 60 sec) series of phasic contractions and ERA bursts aborally followed by relaxation; and a series of phasic contractions and ERA bursts whose onset migrated 3.7 +/- 1.0 cm orally. The length of orad response increased to 6.6 +/- 1.9 cm in the decerebrate dogs (P less than 0.01). No other tested agent, including serotonin, bethanechol, morphine, dopamine, substance P, neurotensin, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, bombesin, pentagastrin, cholecystokinin octapeptide, prostaglandin F2 alpha or leucine-enkephalin, caused similar responses. All motilin responses were mediated by neural pathways consisting of both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. The similarity of responses and mechanisms of action of the motilin-activated contractile response with the intrinsic mucosal reflex suggested that motilin may mediate this reflex. PMID- 3757722 TI - Effects of oral agents on pancreatic duct permeability. A model of acute alcoholic pancreatitis. AB - The main pancreatic duct can be made permeable to molecules of up to 20,000 daltons by oral pretreatment with aspirin and ethanol. Because pancreatic enzymes have similar molecular weights, we hypothesized that activated pancreatic enzymes would leak from a permeable duct and produce pancreatitis. Four groups of cats were pretreated with either milk, aspirin, ethanol, or aspirin and ethanol for 48 hr. Then pancreatic juice (either activated by enterokinase or nonactivated) was perfused along the duct from tail to duodenum. Twenty-four hours later the animals were examined. Animals pretreated with aspirin, ethanol, or both, and in which ducts were perfused with activated juice, developed acute edematous pancreatitis. Animals that had perfusion with nonactivated enzymes had pancreases indistinguishable from control animals. Morphological studies on ductal permeability in animals pretreated with ethanol and aspirin showed electron-dense material (believed to be dextran) between the basal plasma membrane and basal lamina, and in the basal intercellular space. PMID- 3757723 TI - Rapid identification of pyloric Campylobacter in Peruvians with gastritis. The Gastrointestinal Physiology Working Group. AB - Pyloric Campylobacter have been reported to colonize the gastric mucosa of many persons, especially in association with gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. These reports have, so far, come from countries in the developed world. We report that pyloric Campylobacter appear to be equally common in persons from a developing country (Peru) who have gastritis. Our examination of the histopathology associated with these organisms suggests that mucin depletion is associated with active colonization. Two simple diagnostic methods have been found which compare favorably to silver staining of biopsy material and which appear to have value in the rapid and facile identification of these organisms: hematoxylin-eosin staining of biopsies and Gram staining of cytology specimens obtained by brushing the gastric mucosa. PMID- 3757725 TI - Foreign bodies of the biliary tract. Endoscopic management. AB - In the period 1978-1984, 23 patients underwent endoscopic intervention for foreign bodies of the biliary tract. The patients are subdivided into three groups: the first group consists of 11 cases in which the foreign bodies were suture threads, either simple or as a nidus for gallstones; the second group consists of six patients with a sump syndrome of the biliary tract; the third group includes six patients who retained drainage tubes or stents after a biliary tract operation. In our series, endoscopic extraction was performed as a first choice procedure. The high success rate may favor endoscopy as a low-morbidity, low-mortality approach and as an alternative to a relaparotomy. PMID- 3757724 TI - Effect of histamine H2-receptor stimulation on bombesin- and peptone-stimulated gastrin release in man. AB - This study was undertaken to determine whether histamine H2-receptors are involved in the regulation of gastrin secretion in man. Since previous studies on the effect of histamine H2-receptor blockade on gastrin release are conflicting, we have studied the effect of histamine infusion (130 nmol/kg/hr) with simultaneous H1-receptor blockade on gastrin release in healthy male subjects. Intragastric pH was maintained at 4.5 by continuous intragastric titration during all studies. Histamine did not affect gastrin release stimulated by infusion of bombesin (90 pmol/kg/hr) or by a peptone meal. Integrated gastrin secretion during bombesin plus histamine was 767 +/- 151 pmol X min/liter (+/- SEM), compared to 757 +/- 144 pmol X min/liter during bombesin plus saline (not significant), whereas integrated meal-stimulated gastrin release was 1666 +/- 456 pmol X min/liter during histamine and 1856 +/- 492 pmol X min/liter during saline. It is concluded that histamine H2-receptors do not seem to be involved in the regulation of gastrin secretion in man. PMID- 3757727 TI - Abstracts of papers submitted to the American Pancreatic Association. November 6 7, 1986, Chicago, Illinois. PMID- 3757726 TI - Bile acid accumulation by rabbit esophageal mucosa. AB - Bile acids are one of the noxious components of the gastroduodenal contents which may injure the esophageal mucosa in clinical reflux esophagitis. Animal models of esophagitis have shown that exposure to low luminal bile acid concentrations can cause increased mucosal permeability to a variety of ions and molecules without causing dramatic gross morphologic damage. In order to explore the mechanism by which bile acids alter mucosal permeability, we measured the esophageal mucosal concentration of taurocholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid after exposure to these bile acids in anesthetized New Zealand white rabbits. We found that bile acids can accumulate in the esophageal mucosa to levels as high as seven times the initial luminal concentration. Thin-layer chromatography showed that this accumulation was not due to bile acid degradation in the mucosa. Since butyric acid also showed some mucosal accumulation, and is a weak acid like taurocholic acid, intracellular ionization may account for some of the accumulation. Mucosal accumulation of these molecules is not a nonspecific phenomenon, since the four carbon polyol erythritol did not accumulate at all. Bile acid accumulation occurred under the same conditions and in a parallel temporal relationship to the bile-induced permeability changes. It is hypothesized, therefore, that the presence of high concentrations of bile acids in the esophageal mucosa may be pathophysiologically related to the alterations in mucosal permeability which occur after exposure to bile acids. PMID- 3757729 TI - Phenytoin metabolism in infants following intravenous and oral administration. AB - The disposition of phenytoin was examined in 7 infants with a mean age of 22 days and a mean weight of 3,756 g. Multiple doses of phenytoin were administered intravenously and/or orally as a part of required medical care. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was employed for analyses of phenytoin and three metabolites - 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin, methylated 3,4-catechol, and 3,4-dihydrodiol - in blood, urine, and feces. Data from identical studies previously conducted in adults were utilized for comparison with the infants. The mean phenytoin dose (+/- SD) in infants was 8.1 +/- 4.4 mg/kg/day, and the mean serum concentration (+/- SD) was 4.8 +/- 4.6 micrograms/ml. In adults, the mean dose was 5.3 +/- 0.6 mg/kg/day, and the mean serum concentration was 12.0 +/- 1.9 micrograms/ml. No significant differences were found between infants and adults in the pattern of urinary metabolites or in the total recovery of phenytoin and metabolites in 24-hour urine samples. These results indicate that pathways for phenytoin metabolism are the same in infants and adults. Absorption of an oral dose of phenytoin in infants appeared to be completely based on recoveries of drug and metabolites in urine and on the fact that less than 3% of an oral dose could be found in stools. The results of these studies indicate that the low blood concentrations of phenytoin resulting from the relatively high daily dosage of phenytoin in infants, when compared to adults, cannot be explained on the basis of poor oral absorption of phenytoin. These age-related differences must be due to a relatively high metabolic clearance of the drug in infants. PMID- 3757728 TI - Inflammatory polyposis two years after ischemic colon injury. AB - Inflammatory polyps occur in association with ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and other inflammatory diseases of the colon. The occurrence of inflammatory polyps following ischemic colitis has not been well documented. A 49 year-old man suffered complications of hypoperfusion, including renal insufficiency, hepatic failure, shock lung, and ischemic colitis following emergent repair of an acute aortic dissection. Although the renal, hepatic, and pulmonary complications resolved, the patient continued to experience intermittent bloody diarrhea more than two years after his initial presentation. Barium enema and colonoscopy revealed numerous pedunculated polyps in the descending and sigmoid colon. Histopathology of the polyps removed by snare electrocautery showed them to be inflammatory polyps. We believe these are the sequelae of chronic ischemic colitis. PMID- 3757730 TI - Sodium-lithium countertransport in erythrocytes of children and adolescents with hypertension. AB - We have investigated the sodium-lithium countertransport system as a screening test for hypertensive disease in children and adolescents using the method of Canessa et al. [New Engl. J. Med. 302: 772-776, 1980]. The sodium-lithium countertransport in erythrocytes was measured in patients, ages 4-18 years, having essential hypertension or secondary hypertension and compared with age-, weight-, sex- and race-matched normotensive controls. Children and adolescents with essential hypertension possessed a significantly higher erythrocyte sodium lithium countertransport rate than the normotensive control group (0.39 +/- 0.18, n = 28, vs. 0.22 +/- 0.14 mmol Li/l red cells/h, n = 20, respectively; p less than 0.001). Children with secondary hypertension had intermediate values (0.31 +/- 0.15 mmol Li/l red cells/h; n = 17) which did not differ significantly from values of subjects with essential hypertension or normotensive controls. There was no correlation of counter-transport values with age, sex, or body weight in either hypertensive or normotensive groups. However, white normotensive children had significantly higher countertransport levels compared with black normotensives (0.32 +/- 0.14, n = 10, vs. 0.13 +/- 0.07 mmol Li/l red cells/h, n = 10, respectively; p less than 0.005). Similarly, white children and adolescents with essential hypertension had higher mean countertransport measurements than did black hypertensives (0.42 +/- 0.20, n = 21, vs. 0.27 +/- 0.05 mmol Li/l red cells/h, n = 7, respectively) although this difference did not reach statistical significance (p less than 0.1). Although children and adolescents with essential hypertension had a significant elevation of sodium-lithium countertransport when compared to normotensives, the large degree of overlap of countertransport values in these two groups, as well as the intermediate values of children with secondary hypertension, limits the usefulness of the sodium-lithium countertransport as a screening test for essential hypertension in this population. Taking into account the influence of racial differences on the countertransport assay does not sufficiently improve the discriminatory value of the test to render it clinically useful. PMID- 3757731 TI - Albumin binding of bumetanide. AB - Bumetanide binding to human serum albumin was studied using ultrafiltration. The first stoichiometric binding constant for bumetanide is 6.4 X 10(4) M-1. Bumetanide competes with bilirubin for human serum albumin binding, having a KDispl (displacement constant) of 6.2 X 10(3) M-1 measured by the peroxidase method. This displacement effect is also observed using pooled umbilical cord serum and pooled adult serum employing a dialysis rate method. Bumetanide competes to a lesser degree with diazepam binding to human serum albumin. No competition with diazepam occurs using umbilical cord or adult serum. Pharmacologic concentrations of bumetanide would not significantly affect bilirubin-albumin binding and should not increase the risk of bilirubin encephalopathy in newborn infants. PMID- 3757732 TI - Effect of propranolol on alpha-amino-isobutyric acid and water kinetics in the materno-fetal unit of the rat. AB - Pregnant Sherman rats were given propranolol (a) per os (50 mg X kg-1, twice a day) on days 17-19 of gestation, (b) by constant rate infusion: osmotic minipumps (6 mg X kg-1 X day-1) from day 13 of gestation. On day 20 (a-treated) or 21 (b treated), [14C]-AIB + [3H]-H2O were injected intravenously; plasma and tissue samples were collected at different times up to 4 h (a-treated) or at 2 h (b treated) for radioactivity measurements. Whatever the treatment, no difference was found between control and treated animals for all parameters studied (number of fetuses; weight, protein; DNA; [14C]-AIB or [3H]-H2O tissue levels) except in propranolol-treated mothers where maternal heart [14C]-AIB uptake was decreased and where fetal plasma and tissue [3H]-H2O levels where higher than control at 5 min. Another set of experiments were performed in a-treated rats. On day 20, each mother was anesthetized with ether and injected as above; maternal plasma sample and one feto-placental unit were collected at different times within 15 min after injection. For this period, [14C]-AIB uptake and mainly [3H]-H2O diffusion were increased in placentae and fetuses of propranolol-treated dams. Arterial blood pressure did not change throughout the experiment in propranolol-treated animals, but decreased in controls. Heart rate was slowed down in the former compared to controls. Thus, in our experimental conditions, propranolol treatment: does not modify fetal weight; has no effect on AIB placental transfer and tissue uptake, and could protect towards the stress of anesthesia and surgical injuries, since H2O transfer was impaired in control but not in treated animals. PMID- 3757733 TI - Hydroxylation and glucuronidation of various xenobiotics by hepatic microsomes from the fetal lamb, pregnant ewe and human fetus. AB - The ability of microsomes isolated from liver of pregnant ewes and their fetuses at near term to catalyze the biotransformation of benzo[a]pyrene, hexobarbital, meperidine, methadone and morphine was investigated. Cytochromes P-450 and b5, NADPH and NADH cytochrome c reductase, methadone and meperidine N-demethylase and morphine glucuronyltransferase activities were detected in microsomes from both maternal and fetal livers. Fetal hepatic microsomes however, lacked the ability to catalyze the hydroxylation of hexobarbital and benzo[a]pyrene. PMID- 3757734 TI - [DNA transformation activity of a human gastrocarcinoma cell line]. AB - DNAs of three cell lines of human gastrocarcinoma (MGC-803, BGC-823 and PACM-82) and two fresh solid tumors of human stomach cancer were used to transfect NIH3T3 and Rat-1 cells. The transformed cells were selected with high concentration of glucose and low concentration of serum, or with medium containing Geneticin (G418) after co-transfection of pSVneo and DNAs of stomach cancer cell line or primary transformants. From the second round transfection, we had obtained transformants which could grow with high colony forming efficiency in soft agarose and were tumorigenic in nude mice. The southern blot analysis showed that the cellular DNA of the transformants contained human Alu repeat sequence and the transformed gene from stomach cancer cell line (BGC-823) and was homologous to proto-oncogene c-Ha-ras. The transforming gene is able to induce neoplastic transformation of NIH3T3 and Rat-1 cells. PMID- 3757735 TI - [Induction of papilloma and carcinoma in the forestomach of mice by in vivo formation of N-3-methylbutyl-N-1-methylacetonylnitrosamine (MAMBNA)]. AB - Forestomach papilloma and carcinoma, as well as liver lesion, were induced in mice by gavaging precursors of the new nitrosamine, MAMBNA (N-3-methylbutyl-N-1 methylacetonylnitrosamine) and NaNO2. The results were-similar to those in mice and rats fed on preformed MAMBNA compound. However, the induction of such tumors by in vivo formation of MAMBNA required longer time and much larger doses. Moreover, the lesions of epithelial hyperplasia in the urinary bladder, lymphoid tumor, intestinal carcinoma and interstitial-cell tumor of the testis also developed in some of the experimental animals. This may indicate that the intragastric synthesis of MAMBNA is less effective in the production of forestomach tumors in mice. PMID- 3757737 TI - [Experimental study on tumor metastasis after treatment by hematoporphyrin derivative and laser]. AB - The purpose of the present experiment is to observe whether metastasis will develop after the tumor is treated by hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) and pulse laser. Mouse transplantable forestomach carcinoma (FC) was used of which the spontaneous metastasis rate was 33% to 83%. 179 inbred "615" mice were divided into six groups for repeated experiments. The first repeated experiment included three groups: group 1, pulse laser with HPD; group 2, continuous laser with HPD; group 3, control. The second repeated experiment also included three groups: group 4, pulse laser without HPD; group 5, pulse laser with HPD and group 6, control. On day 5 after FC transplantation, the animals of group 1, 2 and 5 were injected intraperitoneally with HPD (50mg/kg) and then group 1, 2, 4 and 5 were treated with laser on day 7. From group 1, 2 and 3, 10 animals were sacrificed on day 12 and the rest animals on day 16. The lymph nodes and lungs of all animals were taken out for gross and histological examination. It was found that the tumor metastasis rates of the six groups were: group 1, 32.3% (10/31); group 2, 21.8% (7/32); group 3, 38.1% (8/22); group 4, 64.0% (16/25); group 5, 74.1% (20/27) and group 6, 83.3% (35/42). It shows that laser does not increase the incidence of tumor metastasis. PMID- 3757736 TI - [Nail fold microcirculation in patients with chest malignancy]. AB - Nail fold microcirculation was observed in 90 patients suffering from chest malignancies. 33 were patients with esophageal cancer, 41 cancer of gastric cardia, 4 esophageal and cardiac cancer, 11 lung cancer and 1 malignant neurogenic tumor in the posterior mediastinum. The results indicate that, in cancer patients, marked microcirculatory disturbances are present in the form of marked exudation, cloudy visual field, abnormal and dilated capillary loops, granular and slow blood flow. There is no obvious difference in the various kinds of malignancies. Nor is there any difference between the operable and inoperable cases. Indication of operation is not predicted by this method. The probable cause and clinical significance of microcirculatory disturbances are discussed. PMID- 3757738 TI - [Regional distribution of liver cancer and its relation to selenium levels in Qidong County, China]. AB - The selenium (Se) level in barley and maize from 43 communes of Qidong county, a high risk area of liver cancer in China, were assayed. An inverse correlation between the Se level and the liver cancer incidence was observed. An inverse correlation was also observed between the blood Se level and liver cancer incidence of the local residents. When selenite solution was sprayed on the crops during their preflowering, the content of Se in barley and maize was increased by 6 fold over the control. It is suggested that the increase of blood Se level of the residents who live in the low-Se areas by this method be useful in the prevention of liver cancer. PMID- 3757739 TI - [Epidemiologic investigation of carcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia carcinoma in Nanao County, Guangdong province]. AB - Nanao county, Guangdong province is a high incidence area of carcinoma of esophagus and gastric cardia carcinoma. By retrospective investigation of data in the past 14 years (1970 to 1983), the annual average crude mortality of carcinoma of esophagus and gastric cardia carcinoma was found to be 88.65/100,000, the age adjusted mortality of Chinese population was 82.91/100,000 and that of the world population was 113.09/100,000. The mortality of the male was 100.65/100,000 and of the female was 67.24/100,000 with the ratio of 1.38:1. As regards the relationship between the age and mortality, the highest rate occurs from 50 to 74. A higher mortality was also observed in the population engaged in salt production and fishing. The mortality was higher in the lower elevation areas than in the elevated regions. PMID- 3757740 TI - [Fine needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of primary liver cancer]. AB - From Dec. 1979 to Dec. 1984, 171 patients suspicious of primary liver cancer (PLC) were examined by fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). In this series, 148 patients were finally diagnosed as PLC. By FNAC, 133 of 148 patients showed positive cytology and 4 suspiciously positive cytology. The overall diagnostic accuracy was 92.6% There was no false positive. Neither spreading or bleeding were observed. The results show that FNAC examination, being simple, rapid and safe, could serve as a reliable way of diagnosing the suspected PLC. PMID- 3757741 TI - [Carcinoembryonic antigen and immunoglobin in gastric juice in the diagnosis of gastric cancer]. AB - Levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and immunoglobin (Ig) in gastric juice of 93 patients with benign and malignant gastric diseases were assayed. The CEA level in gastric cancer patients (55.73 +/- 38.26 ng/ml) was obviously higher than that in peptic ulcer (15.51 +/- 12.09 ng/ml) and superficial gastritis (26.96 +/- 20.17 ng/ml). But no significant difference was found between the CEA levels of gastric cancer and chronic atrophic gastritis (48.66 +/- 31.87 ng/ml). Also, elevated CEA was closely correlated to intestinal metaplasia. The positive rate of Ig was significantly higher in gastric cancer (IgG greater than or equal to 185 ug/ml, IgA greater than or equal to 100 ug/ml) than in benign gastric diseases. Although no correlation is present in the CEA and Ig in gastric juice, the combination of these two methods could improve the diagnostic accuracy. We believe that the two assays are worthy for screening gastric cancer from patients with high risk, and for identifying precancerous lesions. PMID- 3757742 TI - [Value and factors of influence in the combined method of the urine-purple-heat tolerance test in the diagnosis of cancer]. AB - A method combining the urine cancer reaction, purple reaction and heat tolerance test (combined method of urine-purple-heat tolerance) was used to examine 112 normal persons, 110 non-cancer patients and 93 cancer patients. It was found that the accuracy rate of the urine reaction was 82%, of the purple reaction 77.4%, and of the heat tolerance 79%. The combined method showed great diagnostic value for cancers in the digestive tract, such as stomach, biliary duct, colon, pancreas and liver, as well as other cancers, e.g., lung cancer, lymphosarcoma and brain tumor. This method may be best for screening the above tumors. Its positive rate was also high in malignant reticuloma, chronic granulocytic leukemia and reticulosarcoma. The mechanism of the combined method and the influential factors, such as the freshness of the specimen, reactive time, temperature and quality of the reagents are discussed. PMID- 3757743 TI - [Prognostic analysis of four pathological features in carcinoma of the uterine cervix and its clinical significance]. AB - The correlation between different pathological features of biopsy specimen and the five year survival rate of 442 patients with carcinoma of uterine cervix treated in our hospital during 1968 to 1980, were studied by means of gradual regression. The result showed that the five year survival rate was influenced, at different levels, by the pathological features. The peritumoral lymphocytic infiltration was the most significant factor influencing the prognosis. Then were the fibrous tissue reaction and the cell type but the mode of invasion was insignificant. The best regression equation to predict the prognosis of patients with carcinoma of uterine cervix was established by gradual choosing. By this equation, we could directly calculate the probability of the five year survival of the patient. It was proved by retrospective and prospective analysis that the equation could accurately reflect the real five year survival rate of patients with carcinoma of uterine cervix. PMID- 3757745 TI - [Experience in the surgical treatment of 748 patients with lung cancer]. AB - A series of 748 patients with lung cancer as treated by surgery from 1961 to 1984 is reported. Regular lobectomy was done in 445 (74%) patients, bronchoplastic lobectomy in 67 (11.2%), segmental or wedge excision in 15 (2.5%) and pneumonectomy in 74 (12.3%) in which the ratio of left to right pneumonectomy was 2.9:1. Overall resection rate was 80.4% (601/748) and resection mortality was 1.2% (7/601) (death within 30 days of operation). Overall 5 year survival rate was 42% (169/402). The 5 year survival rate was 35.3% for pneumonectomy, 54.1% for bronchoplastic lobectomy, 42.3% for regular lobectomy and 16.7% for segmental or wedge excision. In this analysis, emphasis is laid to the therapeutic validity of the different modes of surgery. Statistical data show that only when the indication of different surgical interventions are strictly adhered to and the reasonable procedures are carried out, could better results be obtained. In surgical treatment of lung cancer, it is an important principle to eradicate the tumor and its metastatic foci as thorough as possible and to conserve the respiratory function as much as possible. Regular lobectomy has now become the "standard" and first choice operation. Pneumonectomy should be reserved for the patients with absolute necessity due to the extent of the lesion, adequate cardiopulmonary function and possibility of a permanent cure. Pneumonectomy is substituted by bronchoplastic lobectomy to a certain degree, preserving more of the lung function and improving the living quality after operation and long term results. Extensive practice of this surgical modality is advised. PMID- 3757744 TI - [Development of occult thyroid carcinoma]. AB - Developmental features of 16 patients with occult thyroid carcinoma less than 1.0 cm in diameter as collected from our surgical specimens are described. They are classified into 3 types: non-capsular sclerosis, capsular non-sclerosis and non capsular non-sclerosis types. Non-capsular non-sclerosis type is the developmental form at early stage. Tumors that grow rapidly and to which the host has a strong reactivity tend to change into the non-capsular sclerosis type. On the contrary, those which grow slowly to which the host is weak in reaction tend to change into the capsular non-sclerosis type. The relation between the histological classification and developmental form is discussed. PMID- 3757746 TI - [Smooth muscle tumors of the alimentary tract--a review of 397 cases]. AB - 397 cases of smooth muscle tumor of the alimentary tract were analysed. 385 were collected from the domestic literature in the recent 10 years and 12 are added by the authors. The tumor occurred more frequently in patients 40-60 years old. Diameter of the tumor ranged from 0.5-35 cm. The diameter of leiomyosarcoma was larger than that of leiomyoma on an average. The ratio of benign to malignant incidence was 3.2:1. Exclusive of 204 (51.4%) cases which occurred in the esophagus, the ratio was 1.1:1 in the other 193. In the 12 cases reported by the authors, it was 1:3. In the 193 cases of the GI tract, the lesion occurred in the stomach in 50.8%, in the small intestine in 29.0%, in the colon 1.0% and in the rectum 19.2%. The three most common clinical symptoms of those in the stomach and small intestine were abdominal mass (54.3%), bleeding (49.1%) and abdominal pain (45.7%). These 12 cases reported comprised 0.019% of 62, 088 patients admitted into our hospital, 0.09% of 12,678 tumor inpatients during the same period and 0.61% of 1,983 of malignant tumors in the alimentary tract. The preoperative diagnostic accuracy of this tumor was low, only 7.7% of all the GI neoplasms. On basis of the present data, improving the preoperative diagnostic accuracy is stressed. PMID- 3757747 TI - [Radiation ulcer after radiotherapy of esophageal carcinoma]. AB - 17 patients with esophageal ulceration (benign or non-cancerous ulcer) after irradiation for esophageal carcinoma are reported. Nearly half of these 17 patients had been misdiagnosed as cancer recurrence (malignant ulcer) and deprived of further effective treatment. In this series, the cause of misdiagnosis is analysed. The clinical symptoms of benign ulcer and its manifestations on the X-ray films are described. The etiology and differentiation between the benign and malignant ulcer are discussed. PMID- 3757748 TI - [Irradiation of recurrent esophageal carcinoma]. AB - 81 patients with recurrent esophageal carcinoma after radical radiotherapy were irradiated from Mar. 1958 to Dec. 1973. The results were compared with those of 137 patients with untreated postirradiation recurrences in the same period. Of these 81 patients, 21 failed to complete the second course due to esophageal perforation (8 cases), fatal hemorrhage (4 cases) and deterioration of the general condition (9 cases). The improvement rate of symptoms was 19.75% and that of barium meal was 44.44%. The mean survival of the re-irradiation group was 6.59 +/- 4.66 months in contrast to that of the control group, 4.51 +/- 4.40 months. There was significant difference between these two groups (P less than 0.01). It is shown that the total dose of re-irradiation has no significant effect on the survival. the survival of patients receiving 4,000 rad or less was 5.92 +/- 4.53 months and that of patients receiving more than 4,000 rad was 7.86 +/- 4.72 months (P greater than 0.05). There is no statistical significance in between. We believe that re-irradiation is capable of relieving the symptoms and prolonging survival. It should be selectively used in the patients with recurrent esophageal carcinoma after radical radiotherapy. PMID- 3757749 TI - [192Ir afterloading machine for intracavitary radiotherapy--first unit installed in China]. AB - This paper presents the source, applicators and treatment results of the first 192Ir afterloading machine manufactured at home. The intrauterine source can effect pendulous displacements in linear or non-linear patterns without preparatory dilatation. The vagina source can assume palisade and erect position. Satisfactory dose distributions are possible by various arrangements of the vaginal applicators as required clinically. From Oct. 1984 to Dec. 1985, 82 patients with cervical malignancies were treated by this machine. The tumor mass in all patients disappeared before the conclusion of treatment. There was no local recurrence with the longest follow-up of one year as compared to the tumor inhibition rate of 91.9% by the traditional method during the same period. These results suggest that this facility be satisfactory and that the traditional intracavitary treatment could be replaced. PMID- 3757750 TI - [Malignant melanoma of the head and neck--a clinical analysis of 46 patients]. AB - 46 patients with malignant melanoma of the head and neck as treated in our hospital from March 1964 to December 1981 are reported. 29 were male and 17 were female. The sex ratio ws 1.7:1. 56.5% of patients were 40-60 years old. The tumor occurred most frequently in the nasal cavity, next in the oral cavity. Lesions originating from the eye and skin in the head and neck region comprised 15.2% of cases. Melanoma of the nasal cavity and eye rarely metastasized into the cervical lymph nodes but melanoma arising from the skin of head and neck had a metastatic rate of 57.1%. 50% of melanoma of the gingiva metastasized to the neck glands. In this series, 29 patients were treated by operation. The overall 3 and 5 year survival rates of these 46 patients are 38% and 15.7%. The 3 and 5 year survival rates of those without regional lymph node metastasis are 51% and 28%. The 3 and 5 year survivals of those with regional lymph node metastasis are 13% and 0%. Other methods, such as surgery plus chemotherapy, chemotherapy alone and radiotherapy plus surgery or chemotherapy were used only in a few cases which could not be evaluated. PMID- 3757751 TI - [Radiotherapy of extra-medullary plasma cell tumor--report of 13 patients]. AB - 13 patients with extra-medullary plasma cell tumor treated by radiotherapy in a Cancer Hospital from March 1958 to December 1983 are reported. The tumor occurred more frequently in the head and neck, particularly in the upper respiratory tract and oral cavity. Grossly, the majority of the tumor showed dark reddish polypoid masses with the surface bled easily. A misdiagnosis of polyp or hemangioma was usually made. The tumor is sensitive to radiotherapy. In the patients with recurrence or metastasis, retreatment is still effective, at least, palliative. The 5 year survival rate was 70%. A dose of 4,000-6,000 rad in 4-6 weeks is advised for the primary tumor. PMID- 3757752 TI - [Tumor of the penis--analysis of 300 cases]. AB - 300 cases of penile tumor are reported. The age peak was over 41 years (79.0%). Of these 300 cases, (66.7%) had redundant prepuce and 78 (26.0%) had phimosis which implies that penile tumors are closely related to those two conditions. Surgical treatment consisted of partial resection of penis in 182 (60.7%) patients, total resection in 66 (22.0%) and ilioinguinal lymphadenectomy after resection in 29 (9.7%). The pathological findings showed that in majority of cases, it was squamous cell carcinoma (270, 90.0%). Only 90 (30.0%) patients survived among the followed up patients. 20 patients have survived over 20 years and 32 over 15 years. It seems that the long term result of penile tumors after operation is better than that of other uro-genital neoplasms. Stricture of external meatus occurred in 22 patients and all were promptly relieved by dilation. PMID- 3757753 TI - [Carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile duct in young child--a case report]. AB - A child, 2 years old, male suffering from severe jaundice, melena, severe anemia and right upper abdominal mass was admitted into our hospital. Diagnosis of obstructive jaundice was made before operation. On exploration, a tumor mass was found in the pancreatic head, which involved the duodenum and distal common bile duct. Pancreaticoduodenectomy with one stage pancreaticojejunostomy, choledochojejunostomy and gastrojejunostomy was carried out. Postoperative pathology showed adenocarcinoma of the distal common bile duct invading the periampullary tissues of the duodenum and infiltrating, to a lesser extent, into the pancreatic head. Carcinoma arising from the distal common bile duct is rare in infancy and childhood. Radical resection should be attempted if possible. In general, the prognosis is poor in this tumor. No complication after operation occurred on this patient but close follow-up is necessary. Pathology related to this tumor is discussed with a review of literature. PMID- 3757754 TI - [Historphin--a new opioid peptide from histone H4]. PMID- 3757755 TI - [Possibility of exciting auditory nerve fibers by acoustic signals]. PMID- 3757756 TI - [Differences in reactions of the brain bioelectric activity to voluntary hyperventilation in patients with malignant and benign neoplasms]. PMID- 3757757 TI - [Ultrastructure of T8+ large granular blood lymphocytes isolated using flow cytometry]. PMID- 3757758 TI - [Instability of unidirectional fluxes in single-file transport]. PMID- 3757759 TI - [Interaction of swine muscle lactate dehydrogenase subunits detected by complex formation with NAD pyruvate adduct]. PMID- 3757760 TI - [18 kD microtubule-associated protein--a new light chain (LC-3) of the MAP-1 protein]. PMID- 3757761 TI - Comparative toxicity study of hydrocortisone 17-butyrate 21-propionate (HBP) ointment and other topical corticosteroids in rats. AB - Comparative systemic and topical toxicity in male rats treated on the dorsal skin for 14 consecutive days with a volume of 0.15 g/100 g (body weight) of 0.1% hydrocortisone 17-butyrate 21-propionate (HBP) ointment, 0.05% clobetasol propionate (CP) ointment, 0.1% predonisolone 17-valerate 21-acetate (PVA) ointment and 0.1% diflucortolone valerate (DV) ointment was studied. In all the treated groups body weight gain was suppressed, serum concentration of total cholesterol and triglycerides increased and the lymphatic tissues and skin were atrophic. The DV and CP groups had adrenal atrophy and renal lesions, and the DV group also had gastric and hepatic lesions. The systemic effect of HBP ointment was weaker than that of the other drugs (DV greater than CP much greater than PVA greater than HBP). All the drugs significantly reduced the skin fold thickness in treated areas throughout the application period. The dermal atrophic effect of HBP ointment was also relatively weaker than that of the other drugs. From the above evidence, it was concluded that HBP ointment was less toxic than the other topical corticosteroids. PMID- 3757762 TI - Nesosteine: a new mucoregulatory agent. AB - A new, original molecule, nesosteine, modified both the rheology and the production of tracheobronchial mucus in rabbits. The drug highly significantly reduced the viscosity of tracheobronchial mucus in animals made bronchitic by H2SO4 aerosol and markedly increased mucoproduction in healthy animals. Nesosteine was more active than the best known mucolytic/mucoregulatory drugs, such as sobrerol, N-acetylcysteine, bromexine, ambroxol, S-carboxymethylcysteine and mercaptopropionylglycine. The fluidifying activity of the drug was also demonstrated in vitro (pig's gastric mucin), although this proved to be less marked than in vivo. Nesosteine reduced the amount of total proteins of the tracheobronchial mucus, acting on albumin, alpha 1, alpha 2, beta and gamma mucoproteins. PMID- 3757763 TI - Electrocerebral and behavioural analysis of systemic kainic acid-induced epilepsy in the rat. AB - A systematic study of the epileptic electrocerebral and behavioural effects of intraperitoneal kainic acid (KA) was carried out in 92 adult albino Wistar rats. The doses of KA ranged from 3 to 20 mg/kg. Chronic epidural and stereotaxically implanted cerebral electrodes (hippocampus, amygdala and thalamic reuniens nucleus) were used. All animals were studied for 5-12 after KA injection; in 20 animals the study was extended to 10 days. Sporadic spiking was the early EEG manifestation of epilepsy. Subsequently, ictal discharges were recorded. Both types of epileptic discharges were at first focal and then generalized. In the majority of animals, both types of electrographic events were first recorded from the limbic structures; in 7 to 35% of cases, however (depending on the dose of KA), they first appeared in the neocortex. Two groups of behavioural manifestations were observed: searching, staring spells, wet-dog shaking and gnawing: these could be independent of any recorded EEG epileptic event; and rearing, head nodding, forelimb clonus and tonic-clonic spells: these were always related to EEG epileptic activity, mostly generalized discharges. Spiking was still recorded from various structures 10 days after the KA injection. PMID- 3757764 TI - Prostaglandin E1 incorporated in lipid microspheres in the treatment of peripheral vascular diseases and diabetic neuropathy. AB - Lipo-PGE1 is a drug preparation of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) incorporated in lipid microspheres similar in properties to liposomes. A randomized, single-blind, cross-over study comparing free PGE1 (PGE1 cyclodextrine, PGE1CD) with lipo-PGE1 was performed. Twenty patients with peripheral vascular diseases and diabetic neuropathy entered the trial. The first seven days' treatment was either 5 micrograms/day of lipo-PGE1 or 40 micrograms/day of PGE1CD, followed by a seven day wash-out period; then cross-over was performed for another week's administration. Improvements were achieved by both PGE1 preparations. The comparison between lipo-PGE1 and PGE1CD showed that the former was significantly superior, both in final global improvement (p less than 0.01) and in terms of patients' preference (p less than 0.01); lipo-PGE1 also produced fewer side effects. This study suggests that lipo-PGE1 is a very valuable agent for the treatment of peripheral vascular disorders and diabetic neuropathy. PMID- 3757765 TI - Effects of carnitine administration in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing periodic dialysis, evaluated by computerized electromyography. AB - The effects of chronic administration of L-carnitine were evaluated by EMG analysis in 20 uraemic patients undergoing periodical haemodialysis (mean duration of dialysis 34.7 months). No important changes in motor conduction velocity or distal latency of the external popliteal nerve were found after the treatment, while a reduction in the number of polyphasic muscle action potentials was observed. After carnitine administration, an increase of total EMG power was noted and the spectral array showed a progressive shift towards lower frequencies in 8 patients who had shown higher values. These results suggest that carnitine has a prevalent "myotrophic" effect. PMID- 3757766 TI - Comparison of intravenously administered methadone, morphine and heroin. AB - Data from previously reported studies suggest that methadone may be more euphorigenic than other morphine-like drugs. To determine whether methadone is more potent in producing euphoria relative to its other opiate-like effects, single doses of intravenously administered methadone, morphine, heroin and placebo were compared in non-dependent post-addict volunteers. Morphine-like physiologic, subjective and behavioral effects were measured periodically for 24 h after drug administration. Under the conditions of the experiment methadone produced a profile of effects which was indistinguishable from that of morphine and heroin. Only the time course of miosis, which was longer lasting following methadone, differentiated among the three compounds. The relative potencies of methadone, morphine and heroin for the initial 5 h of effect were constant over all opiate-like effects, including measures of euphoria. Thus, methadone was not a selective euphoriant. PMID- 3757768 TI - Effect of amphetamine on sucrose-reinforced lever pressing: interaction with food deprivation. AB - Rats were trained to lever press on a Fixed Ratio Schedule 8 using sucrose reinforcement in one of two feeding conditions: ad lib food and water available in the home cage; reduced feeding in order to maintain the animals at 80% of their free feeding body weight. The effect of three doses of d-amphetamine (0.10, 0.25 and 0.50 mg/kg) on lever pressing was examined for each feeding condition. A systematic decrease in responding as dose increased was found in the ad lib feeding condition while only the highest dose had any effect on responding in the food restricted animals. Thus, it appeared that the effect of food deprivation was to shift the amphetamine dose-response curve to the right. PMID- 3757767 TI - Contingent methadone delivery: effects on illicit-opiate use. AB - This study examined the effects of contingent vs. non-contingent delivery of a methadone dose supplement on relapse to illicit opiate use in the context of a methadone outpatient detoxification program. Following a 3-week methadone stabilization period on 30 mg, patients (N = 39) were randomly assigned to a contingent, a non-contingent, or a control treatment group. All patients received identical gradual reductions in their assigned methadone dose. During the dose reduction period (weeks 4-11), members of the contingent (N = 13) and non contingent groups (N = 13) could obtain daily methadone-dose supplements up to 20 mg, but contingent group members could obtain supplements only if their most recent urinalysis results were opiate negative. Control subjects (N = 13) did not have dose increases available. The contingent group presented significantly lower opiate-positive urines during weeks 8-11 (14% positive) of the detox than the non contingent (38% positive) or control (50% positive) groups. Additionally, the availability of extra methadone improved treatment retention and increased clinic attendance above levels observed in the control group. The potential for further use of methadone's reinforcing properties in the treatment of opiate dependence is discussed. PMID- 3757769 TI - Serum prolactin correlates with depressed mood during alcohol withdrawal. AB - Alterations in central dopamine function have been identified in depression and in alcohol withdrawal. Attempts to determine the magnitude and direction of the central dopamine alteration in alcohol withdrawal have produced conflicting results. In this study serum prolactin (PRL) was used as an indicator of central dopamine activity since dopamine is the most important factor in the control of prolactin secretion from the pituitary. Increased serum PRL levels were found during alcohol withdrawal and they correlated significantly with high scores on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). No significant correlations were identified with The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the 'Mini-Mental State' of Folstein (MMS), The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) or The Modified Gross Alcohol Withdrawal Selective Severity Assessment Scale (GAWSSA). The authors concluded that the transient depressive symptomatology typically found in detoxifying alcoholic patients may be, in part, the result of a central hypodopaminergic state. PMID- 3757771 TI - Heart rate variability in chronic alcoholics: a follow-up study. AB - Heart rate variability (HRV) was studied in 11 chronic alcoholic subjects, 1-30 days after the beginning of abstinence and again 5, 12 and 24 weeks later. Two patients could be re-examined after 19 and 22 months, respectively. In the follow up study, the total patient group showed a statistically significant increase in HRV with prolonged abstinence of at least 6 months. No recovery of efferent vagal function was found in 4 patients. It is suggested that the vagal neuropathy may improve in chronic alcoholics, but perhaps only in patients with a short to moderately long duration of drinking history or a functional rather than an organic vagal damage. PMID- 3757770 TI - Cognitive group therapy for wives of alcoholics--a pilot study. AB - This paper reports on the results of group therapy for the wives of alcoholics where the alcoholics themselves were offered no treatment. The reason for running such a group is based on the idea that wives might seek help before their husbands, might attend sessions regularly and by acquiring better knowledge of alcoholism and improving their use of coping strategies might favourably influence their husbands' behaviour. At 6-month follow-up it was evident that coping styles were learned quickly; the sessions also provided support and friendship. Attendance at the group induced change, though not always positive in all marriages. Suggestions for future work are discussed. PMID- 3757772 TI - Development of morphine tolerance under tonic control of brain oxytocin. AB - Acute morphine tolerance was induced in mice by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of a high dose (30 or 100 mg/kg) of morphine. The degree of tolerance was estimated 5 h later. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of graded doses of oxytocin (OXT) dose-dependently attenuated the development of tolerance. i.c.v. injection of a specific anti-OXT serum, on the other hand, facilitated the development of tolerance. Neither OXT nor anti-OXT serum had any effect on the pain sensitivity in morphine-naive mice; nor did these treatments modify the antinociceptive action of a single morphine treatment. It is concluded that the endogenous OXT of the mouse brain is normally involved in the adaptive response of the organism, leading to the development of morphine tolerance. PMID- 3757774 TI - Attitudes toward alcoholism in volunteer therapist aides: do they change? AB - The Marcus Alcoholism Questionnaire was administered pre- and post-experience to discern attitudes held by volunteer helpers, recruited from the community to help in an alcoholism rehabilitation programme. Forty-four volunteers completed all requirements of the 6-month programme. Pre-experience attitudes appeared fairly neutral or positive towards relevant aspects of alcoholism, and two patterns emerged using principal components analysis, one centering on the predisposing influence of alcohol and the alcoholic, and the other on the social consequences of drinking. Multivariate analyses showed some significant post-programme attitudinal changes, with the older volunteers differing in some aspects from their younger counterparts. PMID- 3757773 TI - Postpartum acute renal failure in a drug addict. AB - Renal diseases occur in intravenous drug abusers, especially heroin addicts, in the form of interstitial nephritis, nephrotic syndrome or acute renal failure due to rhabdomyolysis. We report a case of acute renal failure not ascribable to rhabdomyolysis nor to the main pathogenetic mechanisms of pregnancy-related acute renal failure in a pregnant heroin addict woman after vaginal delivery following uncomplicated pregnancy. Drug-related immunological abnormalities and microcirculatory distress may be involved. PMID- 3757775 TI - The abdomen. AB - This article describes the normal anatomy and physiology of the abdomen. Physical examination techniques illustrate the evaluation of the abdominal structures. The text describes physical presentation of selected diseases and discusses their pathophysiology. The text material is applied through a case study. PMID- 3757776 TI - Missing: reports of clinical experiences with generic drugs. PMID- 3757777 TI - Specialization--revisited. PMID- 3757779 TI - The mackerel was in fact a red herring. AB - A case of misdiagnosis and therapeutic misadventure is presented. The misdiagnosis resulted from the coincidental intake of mackerel and poor history taking. The therapeutic misadventure resulted from treatment with allopurinol and thiazide, which may not have been indicated. Dietary regulations for the treatment of certain biochemical abnormalities may be more desirable than therapeutic interventions. Use of allopurinol for hyperuricemia, if indicated, should be reserved for overproducers and not undersecretors. PMID- 3757778 TI - Drug utilization research in clinical practice. AB - This report describes the use of drug utilization studies in clinical practice, with special emphasis on future developments. It has been shown that pharmacy services affect prescribing patterns, have great potential for reducing health care costs, and are in a position to produce financial savings in drug therapy and drug use. However, it is essential to balance the drug utilization figures against the resulting outcome, and attention should be focused on the assessment of therapeutic results. To make therapeutic result assessment possible, end points need to be defined. Several examples of such end points are given and include incidence of nosocomial infections and postoperative wound infections. New parameters have been established to assess the severity of the illness and to follow the effect of drugs on the disease process in the form of an Index of Disease Activity (IDA). IDAs have been prepared for Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. It then becomes possible to link drug utilization data with a drug's influence on a disease, making drug utilization research a recognized discipline within the medical field. PMID- 3757780 TI - Parenteral benzyl alcohol-induced hypersensitivity reaction. AB - An uncommon hypersensitivity reaction due to parenteral benzyl alcohol administration is reported. One patient treated with benzyl alcohol-preserved cytarabine, vincristine, and heparin solutions developed a systemic hypersensitivity reaction on three separate occasions. Hypersensitivity to benzyl alcohol was confirmed by skin testing. Clinically, the patient presented with a fever and a maculopapular rash on the chest and arms. None of the reactions were life-threatening or required hospitalization of the patient. PMID- 3757781 TI - Lidocaine excretion in breast milk. AB - Nursing mothers are occasionally treated with intravenous lidocaine for ventricular dysrhythmias. There have been no reports on the excretion of lidocaine into breast milk. This case documents the excretion of lidocaine into breast milk in small amounts and shows the validity of the TDx methodology used in the whole-milk lidocaine assay. We observed breast-milk concentrations of lidocaine at 40 percent of the serum levels. Clinical practitioners should be aware the lidocaine is excreted into breast milk in small amounts and the mother could probably continue to safely breast-feed her child while on parenteral lidocaine. Any adverse reactions in the nursing infant would probably be limited to an idiosyncratic or allergic reaction. PMID- 3757782 TI - Evaluation of tetracycline on theophylline disposition in patients with chronic obstructive airways disease. AB - Theophylline is a commonly used bronchodilator in the treatment of chronic obstructive airways disease (COAD) with a narrow therapeutic range of 10 to 20 micrograms/ml. Patients with COAD frequently receive concomitant antibiotic therapy for respiratory infections. This study evaluated the effect of tetracycline therapy on theophylline disposition in adults with COAD. Six males (five nonsmokers) with obstructive ventilatory defects were studied in two phases: control, after receiving sustained-release theophylline in the same dosage regimen for four days, and treatment, after receiving tetracycline 250 mg po qid for five days in addition to theophylline. During each phase, 10 blood samples were obtained over one dosing interval and analyzed for theophylline content. The following pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated: Cmin, Cmax, Css, percentage fluctuation and Cl. Differences for each value were tested as paired data with Student's two-tailed t-test. When all patients were evaluated, the only statistically significant difference was for Cmax. However, when the five nonsmokers were evaluated separately, differences were observed for Css (micrograms/ml; mean +/- SD) 9.3 +/- 3.0, control, and 10.6 +/- 3.8, treatment (p = 0.041); and for Cl [( ml/h]/kg; mean +/- SD) 49.0 +/- 11.1, control, and 43.6 +/- 10.2, treatment (p = 0.019). This study demonstrates that tetracycline may weakly inhibit theophylline clearance in nonsmoking adults with COAD. PMID- 3757783 TI - Compatibility of cefazolin and gentamicin in peritoneal dialysis solutions. AB - The compatibility of cefazolin and gentamicin in fluid commonly used for continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) was studied. Five admixtures containing cefazolin (75 mg/L and 150 mg/L) and gentamicin (8 mg/L), alone and in combination, were prepared in 1.5% dextrose peritoneal dialysis solution. Solutions were stored for 48 hours at 4 degrees C, 26 degrees C, and 37 degrees C; aliquots for drug assay were obtained at 0, 4, 8, 24, and 48 hours. HPLC and immunofluorescent assays were used to determine cefazolin and gentamicin concentrations, respectively. The cefazolin and gentamicin concentration changes over the study period did not reach statistical significance. Maximal cefazolin and gentamicin losses (12 and 7 percent of the initial concentrations, respectively) were observed at 48 hours in solutions stored at 37 degrees C. No significant differences in concentration changes were observed between combination solutions and solutions containing either cefazolin or gentamicin alone. Cefazolin and gentamicin, alone or in combination, are compatible for at least 48 hours in CAPD solutions. PMID- 3757784 TI - Conversion from intravenous to sustained-release oral theophylline in pediatric patients with asthma. AB - A method for converting pediatric patients from intravenous aminophylline to sustained-release oral theophylline was evaluated in eight asthmatic children. The administration of Theo-Dur tablets two hours before discontinuation of a continuous intravenous aminophylline infusion resulted in a peak rise of 5.6 +/- 3.0 micrograms/ml over steady-state serum theophylline concentrations. This method of conversion is acceptable in children with equivalent oral and intravenous doses of theophylline and serum theophylline concentrations less than 15 micrograms/ml. Children with steady-state theophylline concentrations greater than 15 micrograms/ml are likely to develop concentrations exceeding the therapeutic range using this conversion method. PMID- 3757785 TI - Individualization of theophylline dosage in adults with bronchial asthma. AB - The influence of age on the disposition of theophylline was studied in 95 adult patients (nonsmokers) with bronchial asthma requiring oral theophylline therapy: 17 patients age less than or equal to 39 years, 50 patients age 40-59 years, and 28 patients greater than or equal to 60 years. A decrease was observed in total body clearance together with an increase in the elimination half-life of theophylline parallel to the advance in age of the patients. The apparent volume of distribution of theophylline was similar in the three groups of patients. According to the results obtained, recommendations are made regarding the dosage regimens of theophylline in elderly patients. PMID- 3757786 TI - Evaluation of premixed intravenous theophylline loading doses. AB - We evaluated the use of a standard protocol utilizing premixed theophylline containers in comparison to traditional intravenous aminophylline loading doses in 19 critically ill adults. Blood samples were obtained immediately before and after 30-minute infusions of aminophylline and theophylline bags. Aminophylline loading doses were calculated to the exact mg/kg and were delivered as such. Calculation of the theophylline loading dose used a simplified protocol that uses doses rounded to the nearest 100 mg. Comparison of the relative performance of the two loading dose methods was evaluated by computing mean squared prediction errors and root mean squared errors. The two methods were not statistically different when evaluated by a matched pair t-test. We conclude that use of a standard protocol that rounds theophylline doses to the nearest 100mg results in peak theophylline concentrations not significantly different from those predicted. PMID- 3757787 TI - Cefonicid cost analysis compared with conventional therapy in serious infections. PMID- 3757789 TI - Comments: i.v. drug compatibility. PMID- 3757788 TI - Comment: drug interactions with oral contraceptives. PMID- 3757790 TI - Rho Chi lecture. Pharmacy in a smaller world. AB - Health care is a business. Pharmacy is in the health business. The health care delivery system in the U.S. is rapidly becoming a managed system by corporations. Further, these corporations are moving toward international markets where some already have considerable experience. There are many parts of the world not participating in these developments in health care. Some are just off our shores in the Caribbean Basin. A review of activities occurring in recent years by various groups suggests that more could be done. Two modest approaches are presented. Support of the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy's "Pharmacy School Twinning Project" through which U.S. pharmacy schools would work with pharmacy schools in Central and South America is recommended. Also, national pharmacy associations jointly with pharmaceutical companies would work together using their expertise in continuing pharmacy education to develop new education models for the needy areas of the world. PMID- 3757792 TI - Repeat prescribing--is it necessary and can it be safe? PMID- 3757791 TI - Routine checks for dental disease reconsidered. PMID- 3757793 TI - Tamoxifen in breast cancer. PMID- 3757794 TI - Sulconazole--a new antifungal for the skin. PMID- 3757795 TI - Mitozantrone. PMID- 3757796 TI - [Painful piezogenic pedal papules and physical activity]. AB - Piezogenic papules are present in 10%-20% of the investigated population. They occur in all age groups, more frequently among women than men, but also among children, as shown in this case report. Herniation of fat tissue into the dermis causes their appearance. This disease may result in occupational limitations or inability to engage in certain sports. PMID- 3757798 TI - [Dental implantation]. PMID- 3757797 TI - [Skin and mucous membrane reactions caused by Dieffenbachia species house plants]. AB - A survey, based on 60 essays in the relevant medical and botanical literature, reviews the erosive effects, on skin and mucous membranes, caused by contact with plants of the Dieffenbachia species. Although these common house plants are the most frequent cause of skin and mucous membrane damage by flora and fauna, the pathogenesis of these rapidly occurring caustic actions has not been satisfactorily explained. The assumption that "injection" of proteolytic enzymes into healthy tissue by "shooting cells" (raphid-idioblasts), full of calcium oxalate needles, is responsible, must be viewed as the most readily acceptable explanation. Unfortunately, this hypothesis can not be regarded as proven. PMID- 3757799 TI - [Hemorrhagic internal pachymeningitis. A clinical study of 131 cases]. AB - Between 1980 and 1985, 131 patients suffering from haemorrhagic internal pachymeningitis had undergone surgery. Mean patient age was 59 years (range: 16 90 years). Operation technique was burr-hole craniotomy with closed-system drainage in 124 cases. In five cases primary, in 24 cases secondary removal of the capsule was performed. An Ommaya reservoir was implanted in eight cases. All patients were re-examined after an average of six months and classified into six groups according to the neurological findings. Comparison of initial findings and final results showed an improvement in the patients' condition in 83 cases (63%). There was no change in 20 patients (15%) and deterioration in seven (5%). Twenty one patients (16%) died during the observation period. PMID- 3757800 TI - [Acetylcholine receptor antibodies in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. Study of 406 confirmed cases]. AB - Antibodies against acetylcholine antibodies in the IgG fraction were determined in 342 patients with clinically confirmed generalized myasthenia gravis and in 64 patients with purely ocular myasthenia. The standard immunoprecipitation assay was used with detergent-extracted and 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin-marked human acetylcholine receptors as antibodies. 340 patients with generalized myasthenia and 29 with purely ocular myasthenia (99% and 45%, respectively) had titres above 0.5 nmol/l; two with generalized and five with ocular myasthenia had borderline levels (0.4 nmol/l). Titres below 0.4 nmol/l were obtained in patients with non myasthenic oculomotor diseases (82) and other neuromuscular diseases (111). Abnormal titres were also obtained in five patients with malignant thymoma but no clinical myasthenia and one child with an immunoneuropathy. Using acetylcholine receptors from human eye muscles as antigen there was no difference between ocular myasthenia and myasthenia initially with ocular signs but later becoming generalized. Bungarotoxin-blocking antibodies were found in lower concentrations in 32 of 65 patients examined. Serial examinations demonstrated intra-individual but not linear correlations with myasthenic signs. CONCLUSION: Antibody determination is a useful and highly specific addition to the diagnostic armamentarium and is suitable for controlling treatment in patients severely affected by the disease. PMID- 3757801 TI - [Cyclophosphamide stosstherapy synchronized with plasmapheresis in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis]. AB - High-dosage stosstherapy of cyclophosphamide was administered, as far as possible optimally synchronized with plasmapheresis, to 12 patients with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. The basis for such synchronization lies in experimental data pointing to an increased antibody production after plasmapheresis (antibody rebound). Initial large-volume plasmapheresis was followed by high-dose immunosuppression in the phase of likely maximal proliferation of antibody-producing cells. The serum creatinine level in the 12 patients was 7.7 +/- 3.3 mg/dl before treatment. Eight patients required dialysis. After a period of observation of one year, ten patients are still alive. In one patient treatment had to be discontinued because she did not tolerate it. In the other nine patients renal function stabilized on a dialysis free level. After one year the serum creatinine level averaged 2.5 +/- 1.2 mg/dl. With one exception no maintenance immunosuppressive treatment is required after one year. These preliminary results suggest that this treatment concept further improves the prognosis of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. PMID- 3757802 TI - [Malignant histiocytosis. Clinical aspects and therapy]. PMID- 3757804 TI - [Meningitis following lumbar puncture]. PMID- 3757803 TI - [Peptic ulcer and Campylobacter pyloridis]. PMID- 3757805 TI - [Intensified reaction following the tine test]. PMID- 3757806 TI - [Medical problems in diving as a sport]. PMID- 3757807 TI - [Does seronegative chronic polyarthritis have a special place? Clinical, biochemical and immunogenetic profile of early seronegative seropositive chronic polyarthritis]. AB - In the framework of an early-diagnosis out-patients clinic 100 patients (mean age 51 years), 82 of them female, were identified as highly suspicious of having chronic rheumatoid arthritis of recent onset (2-12 months). Five or more ARA criteria were present in 77 patients. IgM rheumatic factor was present in serum of 51 patients (latex-fixation test). A Waaler-Rose test of greater than or equal to 32 IU/ml was present in 21. After adjusting for alpha errors, there was a significantly higher prevalence of HLA-DR4 among those seropositive in the latex fixation test (64 vs 29%). A further 19 constitutional, anamnestic, clinical, biochemical and psychosocial criteria failed to reveal any different distribution between seropositive and seronegative cases. Using the specific definition of seropositivity in the Waaler-Rose test eliminated HLA-DR4 differences. The latter did not serve as a distinguishing criterion. There was only a marginal difference between DR4-positive and negative patients. These results fail to lend support to recent views of a special position of seronegative chronic rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 3757808 TI - [Risk of tuberculosis infection among hospital personnel]. AB - The decrease in morbidity due to tuberculosis and the increasing number on non infected persons strongly suggest a review of the conventional tuberculosis monitoring procedures in hospital staff. A study at Luebeck university on the risk of tuberculosis infection among medical personnel showed that tuberculin tests in non-infected persons and chest x-rays only if exposed to patients in the infectious stage of tuberculosis will suffice and comply with the Federal regulations governing health protection of medical and paramedical staff. PMID- 3757809 TI - [Diagnosis of primary aldosteronism]. PMID- 3757810 TI - [Therapy of primary aldosteronism]. PMID- 3757811 TI - [Tinnitus: causes, diagnosis and therapy]. PMID- 3757812 TI - [DNA-methylation: signal for gene regulation]. PMID- 3757813 TI - [Etintidine versus ranitidine in the treatment of reflux esophagitis]. PMID- 3757814 TI - [Nuclear spin tomography in fully implanted catheter systems]. PMID- 3757815 TI - [Significance of early acoustic evoked potentials in the diagnosis of brain death]. AB - Tests of early acoustic evoked potentials in 49 patients in whom clinical and EEG criteria indicated brain death demonstrated a bilateral loss of brainstem generated components III to V in 12.6%, a loss of the components II-V in 16.8% and a loss of all early acoustic evoked potentials in 47.4%. This method, practicable in an intensive care unit, seems thus suitable for demonstrating loss of brainstem function as demanded for diagnosis of brain death. PMID- 3757817 TI - [Recommendations for the diagnosis and expert evaluation of respiratory tract diseases in medical practice]. PMID- 3757816 TI - [Atenolol poisoning]. AB - A 44-year-old obese female patient ingested 200 mg diazepam and 1000 mg atenolol with suicidal intent. On admission to the clinic 24 hours later she was in deep coma, with a body temperature of 28.9 degrees C. The blood level of atenolol was 250 mg/l (therapeutic range 0.2-0.5 mg/l); this is the highest level yet recorded. She was treated with gastric lavage, instillation of charcoal and with orciprenaline, dopamine and dobutamine. She survived the poisoning without any untoward sequelae. PMID- 3757818 TI - [Aeromonas hydrophila--causative agent of severe enterocolitis?]. PMID- 3757819 TI - [Spontaneous course of LAV/HTLV-III infection]. PMID- 3757820 TI - [Increased CK-MB activity in a body builder]. PMID- 3757822 TI - Effects of prolonged tremor due to penitrem A in mice. AB - Adult mice were given subcutaneous injections of purified penitrem A (10 mg/kg) dissolved in corn oil. The mycotoxin was prepared by ether extraction and absorption chromatography; identity was established by absorption and mass spectra. Tremors were sustained for 72 hr following a single dose; readministration every 3 days was used to provide continuous trembling for 18 days. No lesions specifically attributed to penitrem A could be detected by histological examination of brains even after 18 days of trembling. Pharmacological agents affecting central nervous system neurotransmitters had some capacity to modify the effects of penitrem A. The results of those studies were such that a definitive conclusion regarding mechanisms of action of the toxin could not be determined. PMID- 3757821 TI - [Therapy of bacterial meningitis]. PMID- 3757823 TI - The acute toxicity and primary irritancy of 2,4-pentanedione. AB - 2,4-Pentanedione was found to have acute peroral LD50 values (with 95% confidence limits) in the rat of 0.78 (0.66-0.91) ml/kg for males and 0.59 (0.51-0.70) ml/kg for females, and acute percutaneous LD50 values by 24 hr occluded contact on the rabbit of 1.41 (0.80-2.49) ml/kg for males and 0.81 (0.59-1.12) for females. Lt50 values for exposure of rats to saturated vapor atmospheres were 52 min (7060 ppm) for males and 55 min (7912 ppm) for females. The 4 hr LC50 value for rats was 1224 (1063-1409) ppm for combined male and female data. A 4 hr occluded contact with 0.5 ml produced mild local erythema and edema. Instillation of 0.1 ml into the inferior conjunctival sac, produced mild conjunctivitis of less than 24 hr duration without corneal injury. PMID- 3757824 TI - Acute and subchronic toxicity of dimethylformamide and dimethylacetamide following various routes of administration. AB - Dimethylformamide (DMF, CAS No. 68-12-2) and dimethylacetamide (DMAC, CAS No. 127 19-5) are widely used for their superior solvent properties. A series of single and multiple dose experiments in rodents were conducted to determine the target organs, and to establish doses which, under various routes of administration, produced those changes. DMF produced moderate irritation in the rabbit eye, with the corneal response clearing in 2 to 4 weeks. DMAC produced only mild, quickly reversible conjunctival irritation. Oral doses of DMF to the rat of 2,250 mg/kg or greater produced lethality which was associated with liver damage. Lethality occurred following oral doses of 4,500 mg/kg DMAC with LD50's for male and female rats of 5,809 and 4,930 mg/kg, respectively. The 1 hour LC50 by inhalation for DMAC in the rat was 2,475 ppm or greater. Sensory irritation was produced in the mouse at concentrations of 1,658 ppm or greater for DMF. Repeated oral doses of 450 mg DMF/kg to rats produced reduced body weight gain and liver injury with both changes being reversible. DMAC tested similarly produced body weight effects, liver injury, and testicular changes in the rat with all changes again being readily reversible. Dermal doses of 2,000 mg/kg of either DMF or DMAC were poorly tolerated by rabbits. DMAC was slightly more toxic with all treated rabbits dying of acute hepatic necrosis. Repeated inhalation of 2,000-2,500 ppm produced mortality in rats exposed to DMF but not DMAC. Liver injury was seen with DMF, testicular changes with DMAC. DMF and DMAC both produced slight anemia and leukocytosis in rats during 90 days of feeding. Liver weights were elevated in rats fed DMF, but not DMAC, at a level of 1,000 ppm. The "no-observed effect level" in rats fed DMF for 90 days was 200 ppm. The overall toxicologic profiles of both DMAC and DMF are similar with the target organ being the liver. PMID- 3757825 TI - Effect of simultaneous exposure to nickel chloride and benzo(a)pyrene on developing chick embryos. AB - In the present investigation the effect of Benzo(a)pyrene (BP) and Nickel chloride, quite often identified in crude and refined or waste oil, when injected in combination, was investigated on developing chick embryos after exposing them through yolk sac route on 6th day of incubation. Exposure to this combination in different doses resulted in no new deformities other than those experienced in BP treated chick embryos. The mortality and malformations experienced in the chick embryos exposed to BP alone and NiCl2 alone were seen to be added when both the chemicals were simultaneously inoculated into the same chick eggs. PMID- 3757826 TI - Effects of concurrent prenatal exposure to rubratoxin B and T-2 toxin in the mouse. AB - T-2 toxin and rubratoxin B are toxic mold metabolites that are known mammalian teratogens. These mycotoxins were given individually or together by ip injection to pregnant CD-1 mice at doses of 0.5 (T-2 toxin) and 0.4 (rubratoxin B) mg/kg on day 10 of gestation. The combination resulted in an increased adverse effect on both fetal weight and mortality of the conceptus in comparison with either treatment given alone at the doses used. Only T-2 toxin resulted in gross malformations, and these were not increased in incidence by addition of rubratoxin B. PMID- 3757827 TI - The fate of ultra-low viscosity 14C-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose in rats following gavage administration. AB - The disposition of 14C-Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) with a viscosity of 2.25 centipoise was studied in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats following a single 500 mg/kg body weight gavage dose, or five consecutive daily doses. Recoveries for the single dose were: feces, greater than 99%; urine, approximately 1%; carcass and tissues, approximately 0.2%; expired air, 0.07%; and bile, 0.05%. Plasma radioactivity had a monophasic excretion half-life of approximately 2 hours for either sex. The majority of the residual radioactivity in the tissues was found in the gastrointestinal tract. The absorbed radioactivity in the urine, based on thin layer chromatography (TLC) analyses, represented methyl ethers of glucose and oligomers; this amounted to 0.56% recovered in a study in which urine samples were isolated from possible contamination by radioactivity in the feces. The 0.56% correlated well with the 0.53% portion of the original dosing solution which consisted of cellulose units with an average molecular weight of less than 1000. Recovery of radioactivity in the feces of rats on the 5-day dosing regimen was 97% and 102% for males and females, respectively, without any evidence for accumulation in tissues. Approximately 1% was recovered in the urine. Thus, the results of this work show that ultra-low viscosity 2.25 centipoise HPMC was only minimally absorbed with essentially all of a single 500 mg/kg gavage dose, or 5 daily consecutive doses, being excreted unabsorbed in the feces. PMID- 3757828 TI - [Management of ventricular arrhythmias]. PMID- 3757829 TI - [How did the divining rod and soil radiation phenomena become connected with cancer?]. PMID- 3757830 TI - [Neurologic manifestations in multiple myeloma]. PMID- 3757831 TI - [Sudden flexion of arms and respiration-like thoracic movements in a brain-dead patient]. PMID- 3757832 TI - [Transient osteoporosis of the hip joint]. PMID- 3757833 TI - [Treatment of obstructive upper respiratory tract infections in children]. PMID- 3757834 TI - [Clinicopathological conference. Leg trouble in a young woman]. PMID- 3757835 TI - [Contrast media for nuclear magnetic resonance imaging]. PMID- 3757836 TI - [Fetal heart echography]. PMID- 3757837 TI - [Recurrent subcutaneous and mediastinal emphysema]. PMID- 3757838 TI - [Full-term pregnancy following failed induced abortion]. PMID- 3757839 TI - [Outpatient with cough]. PMID- 3757840 TI - [Diabetic complications in newly-diagnosed non-insulin-dependent diabetes]. PMID- 3757841 TI - [Pleural effusion and flail chest; 2 rare complications of multiple myeloma]. PMID- 3757842 TI - [The diagnosis of schizophrenia]. PMID- 3757843 TI - [Interaction of genetic and exogenous factors in teratogenesis]. PMID- 3757845 TI - [Is health education of any benefit?]. PMID- 3757844 TI - [Genes and environmental factors in the etiology and pathogenesis of diabetes]. PMID- 3757846 TI - [How should the patient be examined?]. PMID- 3757847 TI - [A thousand and one laboratory tests]. PMID- 3757848 TI - [Rational use of clinical imaging techniques]. PMID- 3757849 TI - [Double-blind or open mind?]. PMID- 3757850 TI - [Poor patient compliance--a neglected hazard?]. PMID- 3757851 TI - [The pros and cons of chemotherapy for hematologic malignancies]. PMID- 3757852 TI - [Who should become a physician?]. PMID- 3757853 TI - [Medical education: practice and prospects]. PMID- 3757854 TI - [Physician learning: how to learn and how to teach the patient-doctor relationship]. PMID- 3757855 TI - [Postgraduate training in medical research]. PMID- 3757856 TI - [Obstacles to clinical research]. PMID- 3757857 TI - [The premises of meaningful research]. PMID- 3757858 TI - Psychologic aspects of cleft lip and palate. PMID- 3757859 TI - Audiologic management of the patient with cleft palate. PMID- 3757860 TI - The speech-language pathologist's role on the craniofacial team. PMID- 3757861 TI - Nursing and administrative functions on the craniofacial anomalies team. PMID- 3757862 TI - Orthodontic management of the patient with cleft lip and palate. PMID- 3757863 TI - Surgical management of clefts. PMID- 3757864 TI - Genetic counseling in cleft lip and palate. PMID- 3757865 TI - Effect of safe application rate (SAR) concentrations of some biocides on the gonads of the fresh water murrel, Channa punctatus (Bl.)--a biochemical study. AB - The effect of safe application rate (SAR) concentrations of fenitrothion 50% EC- an organo-phosphate and carbofuran 3% G--a carbamate on the gonads (ovaries/testes) of Channa punctatus was studied for 120 days (mid-April through mid-August) extending over the preparatory, prespawning, and spawning phases of annual reproductive cycle. The studies have revealed that the levels of total proteins, RNA, total lipids, and ascorbic acid decreased, while those of the cholesterol and the phospholipids increased following exposure to the two biocides. Furthermore, it was observed that in both treatments the decline in the levels of total total proteins, RNA, total lipids, and ascorbic acid was relatively more marked in the testes than in the ovaries. On the contrary, increase in the levels of cholesterol was relatively more in the ovaries, while increase in the levels of phospholipids was more in the testes in both treatments. The results suggest that the decrease/increase in the levels of the above-mentioned biochemical parameters was more in the fenitrothion treatment than in the carbofuran treatment and, therefore, may be considered relatively more toxic to this species. PMID- 3757866 TI - Physiological responses of rainbow trout in a pulp and paper mill recipient during four seasons. AB - The toxicity of pulp and paper mill effluents was estimated by exposing rainbow trout to the effluents in situ during four seasons. The experiments were carried out using one control group and three test groups at different distances from the discharge. After a 10-day exposure mainly hematological parameters were determined from the caged fish. The caging site affected most of the 15 parameters analyzed (blood Hct, MCHC, erythrocyte, and leucocyte counts; plasma gluc, prot, urea, Ca2+, Mg2+). Some changes were detected even at the farthest caging site, 8 km from the discharge. The time of year strongly influenced the results. Seasonal variation exceeded the variation caused by caging site. In addition, the season influenced the responses of rainbow trout to the effluent in many parameters. None of the responses detected were observed in all the experiments. The only significant changes in the median values of the parameters from the caging experiments were a decrease in the plasma Mg2+ and an increase in the plasma K+ concentration. PMID- 3757867 TI - Analytical procedures to detect 2,3,7,8-TCDD at Seveso after the industrial accident of July 10, 1976. AB - The analytical procedures used at Seveso (Milan, Italy) for the determination of 2,3,7,8-TCDD, and some isomers, in biological and environmental samples are reviewed in this paper. During the emergency period, up until the first 10 days of August, the extracts, mostly from soil or vegetation samples, were evaporated to dryness and then mixed with less than or equal to 10-ml solvent. Of these solutions, aliquots up to 10 microliter were injected into a low-resolution gas chromatograph (GC) combined with a low-resolution mass spectrometer (MS). Analytical sensitivity for vegetation and soil was less than 10 ppb and approximately 100 ppt, respectively--sufficient for the early mapping of the most heavily contaminated territory. After the emergency period, the greatest improvement in environmental sample analysis was the introduction of cleanup procedure which greatly reduced the presence of unwanted material in samples. Cleanup was followed by the complete removal of the solvent. Dry samples could be taken up with rather small volumes (greater than or equal to 0.1 ml) of solvent, of which an aliquot was used for GC-MS analysis. The instrumental setup was kept as above. For animal samples, extraction entailed preliminary alkaline digestion followed by a number of cleanup steps. The final dry sample was taken to desired volume by adding solvent (greater than or equal to 0.1 ml), of which a few microliters were injected in GC-MS apparatuses. Detection thresholds improved markedly and were less than 10 ppt for agricultural soil and sediment, less than or equal to 0.05 ppt for water, in the range of 60 to 200 ppt for air dust, less than 10 ng/m2 and 10 ppt for wipe and scrape tests, respectively, less than 50 ppt for vegetation, and 250 ppt for biological substrata. Major later improvements in TCDD assay were the use of high-resolution gas chromatography (hrGC-MS), in some cases combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry (hrGC hrMS). This provided greater specificity, sometimes accompanied by a very marked increase in detection sensitivity. PMID- 3757869 TI - The relationship of the increased level of metallothionein with heavy metal levels in the tissue of the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina). AB - The relationship between age, heavy metal levels, and a heavy-metal binding protein, metallothionein (MT), in the liver and kidney of the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) was studied. The cadmium (Cd) level in the liver and the Cd, inorganic mercury (I-Hg), and zinc (Zn) levels in the kidney were increased with body length, suggesting an age-related accumulation of these metals. The MT levels determined by an MT radioimmunoassay showed concentrations of 240 +/- 139 micrograms/g in the liver and 343 +/- 219 micrograms/g in the kidney. These MT levels were shown to be correlated with age. The statistically significant relationship of the MT levels with the levels of Cd and Zn in the liver and those of Cd, Zn, and I-Hg in the kidney suggested that the protein is responsible for the sequestration of these metals as already observed in terrestrial animals. PMID- 3757868 TI - Effects of fenvalerate on biochemical parameters, survival, and reproduction of Daphnia magna. AB - Daphnia magna were exposed to fenvalerate at nominal concentrations of 0.5, 0.25, 0.13, 0.06, and 0.03 micrograms/liter for 21 days. On Days 7 and 21 of exposure, levels of ribonucleic acid (RNA), deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), glycogen, and lipid were measured, and the results were related to survival and reproduction during the 21 day test period. Survival was not significantly (alpha = 0.05) affected by the 21 day exposure; however, reproduction was reduced at fenvalerate concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5 micrograms/liter. On Day 7, protein, RNA, ADP, caloric equivalents, and glycogen were also significantly reduced at fenvalerate concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5 micrograms/liter. Thus, these biochemical parameters identified the same no observable effect concentration (NOEC) as did reproduction. Variables derived from biochemical parameters were related to reduced protein growth and reproduction. Decreases in protein/RNA and glycogen/lipid ratios and increases in ADP/DNA, ADP/ATP, protein/RNA/DNA, and lipid/DNA ratios were observed at Day 7 for those daphnia exposed to 0.5 micrograms/liter of fenvalerate. The only derived variable that reflected the reduced protein growth at Day 7 in daphnia exposed to 0.25 micrograms/liter of fenvalerate was the glycogen/lipid ratio. Biochemical determinations at Day 21 indicated that the organisms exposed to 0.25 micrograms/liter of fenvalerate were not different from controls, whereas those exposed to 0.5 micrograms/liter were still affected. PMID- 3757870 TI - Inhibition of arm regeneration by Ophioderma brevispina (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) by tributyltin oxide and triphenyltin oxide. AB - Effects of water-bourne toxicants on regeneration of arms by the brittle star, Ophioderma brevispina, are described. Regeneration was inhibited by 0.1 micrograms liter-1 bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide and bis(triphenyltin)oxide. Both substances are known to act upon the nervous system, and it is suggested that inhibition was caused by neurotoxicological action of the tin compounds or by their direct effect upon tissue at the breakage point. The former is most likely because regeneration is mediated by the radial nerves of brittle stars. PMID- 3757871 TI - [Significance of selective proximal vagotomy (spV) in the treatment of gastroduodenal ulcer in a district hospital of an occupational health service]. AB - In a small district hospital of the Factory Public Health the selective proximal vagotomy was introduced in conformity with the indicated standard operation technique in patients with gastroduodenal ulcer. This operation technique was based on the literature publications and on the own experiences within the methodical instructions in university hospitals. The importance of the selective proximal vagotomy (spV) was checked by means of 110 surgical operations, above, all for the reincorporation of the miners into the work procedure. Simultaneous the value of a continually dispensary care of the patients who underwent gastric operation was emphasized. The possibilities of the preoperative and postoperative diagnostic in a small district hospital were pointed out; at this a good cooperation and interdisciplinary collaboration with greater hospitals guarantees optimum investigation programmes. The regular medical supervision of operated patients is at the same time followed by a control of quality of the own performed work. PMID- 3757872 TI - [Endometriosis of the cecum simulating cancer of the large intestine]. AB - A case of endometriosis of the large intestine is reported in a 41 years old woman. The endometrioma involved the Bauhin-valve, the distal ileum and the right adnexa. The symptoms and signs were thought of a caecal carcinoma causing a mechanical ileus. The morphologic aspects and the management of the diagnostic and therapeutic procedure are discussed with respect to the endometriosis of the intestine. PMID- 3757873 TI - [Role of the avian thymus in the graft vs. host reaction]. PMID- 3757874 TI - [Neuropharmacological activity of 2 newly synthesized compounds from the piperazine group. I. The effect on experimental models of excitation and inhibition of the central nervous system]. PMID- 3757875 TI - [Effect of atmospheric pollution by nitrogen dioxide on white rats with a model lung lesion]. PMID- 3757876 TI - [Hormonal regulation of the immune response. II. The effect of thyroidectomy in rats on humoral and cellular immunity]. PMID- 3757878 TI - [Relation of the blastomogenic effect of nitrosodimethylamine in rats to the method of its administration]. AB - It is proved in experiments with the interrupting and twenty-four hour inhalations and peroral use of nitrosodimethylamine on the Wistar and white rats, that blastomogenic effect is submitted to the dose-effect dependence. On the whole the tumour incidence is determined by a total dose of carcinogen but its size may vary to a considerable extent depending on the regime of nitrosodimethylamine delivery. The daily and single doses of carcinogen are of great importance. Relatively high daily doses introduced within a short period of time cause a greater effect than low doses introduced within a larger period of time. The greater blastomogenic effect is caused by a longer peroral introduction of the same daily dose. PMID- 3757877 TI - [Method of predicting the probability of tumor occurrence in the control of chemical carcinogens]. AB - A method of permissible dose assessment for chemical carcinogens is presented. The method is based on regulatory implications in terms of the tumour occurrence probability and on the used non-threshold concept. The cumulative log-normal distribution function is used as a mathematical model of the dose-effect. Equation parameters are estimated by the least square method. PMID- 3757879 TI - [Modifying effect of methylcobalamin in organ cultures of the mouse kidney when administered transplacentally in combination with N-nitrosoethylurea]. AB - The influence of methylcobalamin (MeCbl) on transplacental effect of N nitrosoethylurea (NEU) was studied in organ cultures of embryonic tissue of DBA/2 mice by the histoautoradiography (3H TdR). A combined transplacental treatment of pregnant mice with MeCbl and NEU produced a 3.3-fold increase in the frequency of focal hyperplastic growth of epithelium as compared to the effect of NEU alone. Under such conditions the modifying effect of methylcobalamin, coenzyme of methionine synthetase, was probably due to an increase in the proliferative activity of epithelial cells. PMID- 3757881 TI - [Effect of sodium selenite on the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase) during hepatocarcinogenesis]. AB - Influence of sodium selenite on functioning of the systems of intracellular generation and detoxication of active oxygen compounds in hepatocarcinogenesis induced by diethylnitrosamine has been studied in experiments on rats. It has been shown that the duration of latent period initiated by ions of Fe2+ chemiluminescence of homogenate of the liver rather objectively reflects the state of the functioning of the systems in charge of the formation and utilization of free radicals of oxygen in a cell. It is supposed that one of the mechanisms of anticarcinogenic action of selenium is connected with its antioxidant functions in the organism and consists in the increase of the activity of superoxide dismutation and selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidases, providing a reliable level of enzymatic protection of normal cells from disturbing action of "active oxygen". PMID- 3757880 TI - [Interrelation between the phospholipid composition of rat liver plasma membranes and adenylate cyclase activity in the early stages of liver carcinogenesis induced by nitrosodiethylamine]. AB - The content of total phospholipids, the level of cholesterol and individual phospholipids and the activity of basal as well as of NaF-stimulated adenylate cyclase (AC) (EC 4.6.1.1.) in plasma membranes of the rat liver are studied at the initial stages of nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Already by the 2nd week a substantial increase in the phospholipid content and a decrease in the cholesterol content are observed. By the 4th week of the experiment the cholesterol content is normalized. In this period the phospholipid content increases sharply and the basal and NaF-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity lowers significantly as compared with the normal level. In the process of hepatocarcinogenesis changes in individual phospholipids and particularly in phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine, and sphingomyelin are observed. PMID- 3757882 TI - [Study of precancerous changes in the rat pleural mesothelium following exposure to asbestos using scanning electron microscopy]. AB - Rat pleural mesothelium was studied 16 to 22 months after intrapleural inoculation of chrysotile-asbestos. Irregular diffuse hyperplasia and focal solid and papillary pretumoral lesions were found. The morphological picture of these lesions in SEM and light microscopy have been discussed. PMID- 3757883 TI - [Immunochemical study of antigens in the ascitic fluid of patients with ovarian cancer]. AB - 5 antigens are identified in ascitic fluid from patients with ovarian tumours- AgA, AgB, AgV, AgG and AgD. Specific antisera are produced in rabbits by immunization with different protein and glycoprotein fractions of this fluid and by simultaneous injections of gamma-globulin fraction from antihuman plasma protein and pool of 25 ascitic fluids to rabbits. By the double immunodiffusion technique with standard test-systems for these antigens. It is found that all of them are absent in donor blood serum, but are present in certain normal and fetal tissues. AgA and AgD are also found in some extracts of lung, stomach, colon, and connective tissue tumours. The immunohistochemical and high-sensitive serological methods are necessary for determination of the usefulness of these antigens as tumour markers. PMID- 3757884 TI - [Localization of lectin receptors on the surface of C1300 neuroblastoma cells]. AB - D-mannose, D-galactose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and L fucose which are sugar determinants of receptors were found on the surface of neuroblastoma cells by means of four carbohydrate-specific lectin groups. Labeling of lectins was performed by horseradish peroxidase, ferritin and colloidal gold. Peculiarities of the lectin receptors distribution on the surface of immature neuroblastoma cells were detected. PMID- 3757885 TI - [Effect of induced hyperglycemia on the metastasis of RL-67 lung carcinoma]. AB - The effect of multiple artificial hyperglycemia treatments on metastatic spreading and tumour growth depending on the stage of the tumour development is studied in experiments on mice with transplanted subcutaneous lung cancer LC-67. Intensification of the metastatic spreading and of the primary tumour growth under hyperglycemia treatment of early and advanced diseases is detected. Artificial hyperglycemia does not influence the tumour progress at the terminal stage of the disease. PMID- 3757887 TI - [Enhancement of the antineoplastic effect of local hyperthermia by induced hyperglycemia]. AB - It is shown that the antitumour effect of local hyperthermia (2450 MHz, 43 degrees C, 60 min) is enhanced essentially if it follows immediately after i. v. infusion of 20% glucose solution at a rate of 80 mg X kg-1 X min-1 for 90 min in experiments on rats bearing the Guerin carcinoma. Under such a combined treatment the rate of tumour growth decreases by a factor of 2. An assumption is advanced that such an enhancement of the hyperthermia effect is caused mainly by low pH values of the tumour which are observed under hyperglycemia. PMID- 3757888 TI - [Temperature kinetics in sarcoma 45 during ultrasonic hyperthermia]. AB - The thermoeffect of local ultrasonic hyperthermia of sarcoma 45 in rats was studied at the depth of 0.5 cm, 1.0 cm, and 1.5 cm with ultrasonic intensity of 1.2 W/cm2 and 2.1 W/cm2. It is shown that there are no differences in kinetics of temperature changes at different depths. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of kinetics dependences is performed in accordance with total temperature kinetics; four characteristic areas are singled out and mean velocity of the temperature change is calculated for each area. PMID- 3757886 TI - [Comparative study of the antineoplastic and immunoadjuvant activity of acrylic acid (co)polymers]. AB - The paper deals with the carcinostatic and immunomodifying action of synthetic polyelectrolytes containing acid and basic groups as well as of polyampholytes and nonionogenic polymers. Polyacrylic acid was found to possess the highest antitumour and adjuvant activity. The antitumour effect of polyacrylic acid increases with its molecular mass. Introduction of other polymers into a polymer chain of acrylic acid results in a decrease in its antitumour and immunoadjuvant action. PMID- 3757889 TI - [Induction of thermotolerance in clonogenic cells of Lewis lung carcinoma]. AB - The cell killing effect of hyperthermia (43 degrees C, 15 min) on the clonogenic Lewis lung carcinoma cells forming colonies in agar cultures in diffusion chambers was studied in vitro and in vivo. Survival rate of clonogenic tumour cells was 7.5 to 10.5%, the most prominent effect being observed in vitro. The preliminary heating resulted in 2-fold reduction of these cells' sensitivity to repeated hyperthermia. The thermotolerance effect persisted for 3 days after its induction. PMID- 3757890 TI - [Effect of the Japanese cucumaria on phospholipid metabolism in the liver of mice with solid Ehrlich carcinoma]. AB - Japan cucumaria possesses an inhibitory action on the solid Ehrlich adenocarcinoma. The optimum dose, 15000 mg/kg, is established which provides a 46.49% of the growth inhibiting. The delay of the malignant process development is followed by normalization on phospholipid metabolism in the liver of tumour bearing mice: the contents of phosphatidylcholine reached the normal level, the contents of sphingomyelin decreased, a portion of lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine was considerably reduced. The results obtained show that certain doses of cucumaria improve metabolic processes in the liver. PMID- 3757891 TI - [Characteristics of the growth rate of the transplantable sarcoma 45]. AB - The growth dynamics of the experimental tumour was analyzed in 180 mongrel rats with sarcoma-45 inoculated intramuscularly and subcutaneously. One of the approaches to the calculation of doubling time is estimated. It is suggested that the changes of the C-45 tumour size may be described according to the function V = A exp(T/B)--C. PMID- 3757892 TI - [Oncologic diseases of the inhabitants of Nigeria]. PMID- 3757893 TI - Mathematical and graphic model of the audiomotor reflex of the musculus orbicularis oculi and the law of energy. PMID- 3757895 TI - A peculiar changes of the plethysmogram following the human laughing act. PMID- 3757896 TI - Selective recording of motor unit potentials. PMID- 3757894 TI - The effects of two barbiturates, pentobarbital and thiopental, on the nociceptive electrically and nociceptive mechanically evoked potentials in dogs. PMID- 3757897 TI - Diabetic neuropathy. Topography, general electrophysiologic features, effect of ischaemia on nerve evoked potential, and frequency of the entrapment neuropathy. PMID- 3757898 TI - Somatosensory evoked potentials in childhood. PMID- 3757899 TI - Anomalous behavior of protein synthesis inhibitors on the turnover of the estrogen receptor as measured by density labeling. AB - Estrogen receptor half-life has been previously estimated to be as great as 5 days in uterine tissue (using protein synthesis inhibitors) and as short as 4 h in MCF-7 breast cancer cells (using dense amino acid incorporation). Using the density shift technique we have demonstrated that the half-life of the estrogen receptor is 2.1 h in primary uterine cell cultures. However, the protein synthesis inhibitors, cycloheximide and puromycin, in conjunction with the density shift technique, block this rapid turnover rate. Presence of steroid does not markedly alter the turnover rate. Dense amino acid incorporation did not appear to alter either the turnover rate or the ability of receptor to undergo ligand-induced transformation. PMID- 3757900 TI - Purification and physiochemical properties of a recombinant bovine growth hormone produced by cultured murine fibroblasts. AB - Mouse fibroblast cell lines which secrete bovine (b) GH have been generated. This was accomplished by cotransforming mouse L cells (thymidine kinase-negative [TK-] and adenine phosphoribosyl transferase-negative [APRT-]) with DNA molecules encoding the Rous sarcoma virus-long-terminal repeat and bGH genes along with the herpes viral TK gene and the hamster APRT gene. One stable cell line, Pd lambda pbGH 4-13, was found to secrete approximately 75 micrograms bGH per 24 h/5.0 X 10(6) cells. Media from this cell line were collected for purification of recombinant bGH (rbGH). Purification involved (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, ion exchange chromatography, and gel filtration on Sephacryl S-200. The rbGH was characterized by bioassay, RIA, radioreceptor assay, and sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. Results of these analyses were compared with those obtained with a highly purified pituitary bGH. In the rat tibia bioassay, rbGH was found to be as potent as pituitary bGH. Results from the RIA, radioreceptor assay, and sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis also suggested that the rbGH was similar to that of pituitary origin. Amino acid composition, partial (amino-terminal) sequence, and tryptic peptide maps were also found to be similar between the rbGH and pituitary bGH preparations. The amino terminus of the rbGH showed similar heterogeneity to that of the bGH of pituitary origin. We conclude that rbGH which was synthesized, processed, and secreted from transformed mouse fibroblasts possessed almost exactly the same physiochemical properties as pituitary bGH. PMID- 3757901 TI - Precise timing for peak relaxin and decreased progesterone secretion after hysterectomy in the pig. AB - Relaxin and progesterone secretion by aging corpora lutea (days 90-120) was examined in pregnant and lactating gilts compared with that in hysterectomized animals. The length of pregnancy is about 115 days in pigs. Unmated gilts were hysterectomized on day 6 (estrus = day 0). From days 90-101, relaxin concentrations in peripheral plasma remained consistently low in pregnant gilts (range, 0.7-1.5 ng/ml) and less (P less than 0.05) than those in hysterectomized animals (range, 0.9-3.5 ng/ml). Relaxin increased abruptly (P less than 0.01) to a peak of 66 ng/ml in pregnant gilts and 37 ng/ml in hysterectomized animals. Relaxin peaked in pregnant animals at 113 +/- 0.7 days (+/- SE) and in hysterectomized gilts at 113 +/- 0.7 days; gestation length averaged 114 +/- 0.8 days. In pregnant gilts, relaxin decreased from a peak of 66 to 11 ng/ml within 1 day and remained low (less than 1.0 ng/ml) in these lactating dams until day 120. In hysterectomized gilts, peak relaxin also decreased abruptly from 37 to 4.2 ng/ml, but remained consistently greater (P less than 0.05) than that in lactating dams. Although there were abrupt shifts in relaxin concentrations within 20 min, there was no evidence for consistent episodic relaxin release between days 112-116. Plasma progesterone concentrations were consistently greater (P less than 0.05) in hysterectomized than in pregnant gilts from days 102-110. Progesterone decreased abruptly in prepartum gilts (days 111-114) from 16 to 1.2 ng/ml and remained low during lactation (0.5 ng/ml). In hysterectomized animals, it decreased abruptly on days 110-113, ranging from 20-12 ng/ml, and remained at this lower level until day 120. These results clearly indicate that a precisely timed peak release of relaxin and coincident decrease in progesterone secretion occur in unmated hysterectomized gilts at the same time as those found a few hours preceding parturition during normal pregnancy. These abrupt shifts in relaxin and progesterone secretion on days 112-113 in both hysterectomized and pregnant gilts may be regulated autonomously from within the ovary or from the central nervous system and pituitary gland. PMID- 3757902 TI - Receptors for chorionic gonadotropin in the corpus luteum of the rhesus monkey during simulated early pregnancy: lack of down-regulation. AB - Stimulation of the primate corpus luteum (CL) by endogenous CG in early pregnancy or by exogenous hCG in simulated early pregnancy is transient, possibly due to a drop in the number of available gonadotropin receptors in the CL. The objective of the current study was to determine if this reduction in available CG receptors in the CL is due to down-regulation of the total receptor population or occupation of receptors by CG. CL were removed from rhesus monkeys (n = 27) during prolonged CG exposure in simulated early pregnancy. Luteal tissue was homogenized, and a particulate preparation (20,000 g) was formed. Bound gonadotropin was eluted from half of each tissue preparation with 0.05 M Na acetate-HCl in 0.1% gelatin (pH 3.3); the other half was treated with control buffer (0.05 M Tris-HCl, pH7.4). The hCG in the eluate was quantified by RIA and used to estimate the number of occupied receptors. Numbers and affinities of receptors were estimated by Scatchard analyses of specific [125I]hCG binding. Serum concentrations of progesterone increased within 9 h of hCG treatment and declined between 3 and 10 days of treatment. Whereas the number of available receptors declined from 0 h to 10 days of hCG treatment, the number of receptors occupied by hCG increased throughout treatment from 0.19 +/- 0.01 fmol/mg tissue (mean +/- SE) after 2 h of treatment to 7.76 +/- 1.73 fmol/mg after 10 days of treatment (P less than 0.05). The total number of receptors (available plus occupied) did not change throughout the 10-day treatment period (11.93 +/- 2.11 fmol/mg at 0 h vs. 9.64 +/- 1.86 at 10 days; P greater than 0.10). The dissociation constants (Kd) for CG binding were greater (P less than 0.05) after 6 days (4.10 +/- 0.57 X 10(-10) M) and 10 days (5.24 +/- 0.54 X 10(-10) M) of treatment than after 0-3 days (0.95 +/- 0.06 X 10(-10) M) of treatment. Notably, the percentage of total receptors able to rebind hCG after elution declined from 0 h (79.0 +/- 5.4%) to 10 days (23.0 +/- 3.2%; P less than 0.05). Rebindability was highly correlated with the number of available (r = 0.906; P less than 0.05) and occupied (r = -0.999; P less than 0.01) CG receptors. Thus, the reduction in available gonadotropin-binding sites in the CL during simulated early pregnancy is largely due to occupancy rather than down-regulation of receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3757904 TI - Antagonism of female sexual behavior with intracerebral implants of antiprogestin RU 38486: correlation with binding to neural progestin receptors. AB - The steroidal antiprogestin 17 beta-hydroxyl-11 beta-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-17 alpha-(1-propynl)estra-4,9-dien-3-one (RU 38486) was administered systemically or was implanted into the ventromedial hypothalamus and other brain regions (habenula, preoptic area, interpeduncular region, in order to determine whether the compound could antagonize progesterone (P) activation of estrous responsiveness and whether the compound would exert its behavioral effects at the presumed site of P action and/or at other neural sites implicated in the regulation of female sexual behavior. RU 38486 (5 mg) administered sc 1 h before 200 micrograms P inhibited P facilitation of lordosis behavior in estrogen-primed rats. Intracerebral application of RU 38486 to the ventromedial hypothalamus reduced lordosis responses in 14 of the 25 animals tested. Similar implants in the habenula also inhibited lordosis in 5 of the 14 animals tested. Antiprogestin implants in the interpeduncular region and preoptic area were virtually without effect (1 of 7 inhibited in each group). Interactions of RU 38486 with steroid binding sites in the hypothalamus-preoptic area (HPOA) were also assessed. RU 38486 appeared to be a competitive inhibitor of progestin ([3H] R5020) binding in HPOA cytosols. Scatchard analysis of [3H]RU 38486 binding showed that when unlabeled P was used as the competitor to assess nonspecific binding, the antiprogestin bound with high affinity [dissociation constant Kd = 8.4 nm] to brain cytosols. In addition, the number of [3H]RU 38486 binding sites in HPOA cytosol increased by approximately 50% in estrogen-primed female rats. Competition studies indicated that unlabeled RU 38486 was the most effective competitor for [3H]RU 38486 binding but that P and R5020 were nearly as effective. Corticosterone, hydrocortisone, deoxycorticosterone, and triamcinolone also competed for [3H]RU 38486 binding but were somewhat less effective than the progestins. Testosterone and estradiol did not displace [3H]RU 38486 except at very high molar excesses. Thus RU 38486 appears to bind with highest affinity to HPOA progestin receptors, but it also binds to glucocorticoid receptors. These data are consistent with the interpretation that inhibition of estrous responsiveness by RU 38486 is associated with the antagonist's interference with brain progestin binding. PMID- 3757903 TI - Response of rachitic rat bones to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: biphasic effects on mineralization and lack of effect on bone resorption. AB - Rachitic rats, maintained on a diet adequate in Ca and P, were treated daily with varying amounts of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3]. At low levels (1 ng/day) 1,25-(OH)2D3 sustained a healing response equivalent to that of 25 hydroxyvitamin D3 (100 ng/day) or the parent vitamin. Above 5 ng/day administration of 1,25-(OH)2D3 resulted in an accumulation of osteoid, giving a histological appearance similar to vitamin D deficiency. The effects of 1,25 (OH)2D3 on bone did not correlate with changes in plasma Ca or inorganic phosphorus; doses that were effective in raising bone ash and reducing the amount of osteoid failed to normalize plasma Ca, whilst the amount of sterol required to normalize plasma Ca was excessive in terms of the effect on bone. 1,25-(OH)2D3 did not stimulate any of the histological parameters of bone resorption. We conclude that 1,25-(OH)2D3 can effectively heal the bone lesions of vitamin D deficiency, but that, at high concentrations, the sterol can inhibit mineralization. Furthermore, these results question the accepted role of 1,25 (OH)2D3 as a regulator of bone resorption in vivo. PMID- 3757905 TI - Uteroglobin messenger ribonucleic acid: localization in rabbit uterus and lung by in situ hybridization. AB - The messenger RNA (mRNA) coding for uteroglobin has been localized in the rabbit uterus and lung by in situ hybridization. Tissue sections fixed in ethanol-acetic acid were hybridized to the cloned complementary DNA probe labeled with tritium. The hybridization sites were detected by radioautography. Control experiments using [3H]pBR322 DNA demonstrated the specificity of the observed labeling. In the lung, uteroglobin mRNA, present in small concentrations, could be clearly visualized only after background was decreased by incubation of sections with S1 nuclease. In pregnant rabbit uterine horns, uteroglobin mRNA, visualized by silver grains, was found in the endometrial epithelium. The concentration was greater in the cells of glandular epithelium than in the cells of surface epithelium. Specific and intense labeling was spread through the cytoplasm. Practically all epithelial cells contained uteroglobin mRNA. Hybridization was very weak in the uterine epithelial cells of the nonpregnant rabbit. In the lung, a high degree of labeling occurred on the ciliated and bronchiolar cells of the epithelium of bronchi and bronchioles whereas the goblet cells remained unlabeled. Certain cells lining alveolar ducts and alveoli in the pulmonary parenchyma also showed a slight labeling. No differences in the labeling were observed in the lung of either pregnant or non-pregnant animals. There are several differences in the intensity and distribution of labeling between our hybridization experiments and previous studies involving immunocytochemical detection of uteroglobin protein. The latter technique thus probably not only reflects the pattern of synthesis of the protein but also depends on uteroglobin retention in the cells. Moreover, no evidence was found to bear out the hypothesis that some endometrial cells which contain uteroglobin do not synthesize this protein but take it up from endometrial fluid. PMID- 3757906 TI - Somatomedin-C/insulin-like growth factor I and vitamin D-induced growth. AB - We measured serum somatomedin-C/insulin-like growth factor I (Sm-C/IGF-I) concentrations in vitamin D-deficient (-D) rats from 3-7 weeks of age to evaluate the role of Sm-C/IGF-I in the growth effects of vitamin D. To exclude effects of alterations in food intake, feeding patterns, and plasma minerals, controls included the following groups: pair fed (PFC; n = 10), low calcium diet (LCa; n = 10), meal fed (MFC; n = 10), and ad libitum fed (AdLC; n = 5). The -D, LCa, and PFC groups had similarly depressed growth rates and Sm-C/IGF-I concentrations. The growth and Sm-C/IGF-I concentrations of the MFC group were less than those in the AdLC group, but greater than those in the -D, PFC, and LCa groups. In all groups Sm-C/IGF-I concentrations correlated well with food intake, indicating that calorie intake, and not vitamin D deficiency or hypocalcemia, was the primary factor in reducing Sm-C/IGF-I. In the final 4 days of the study, half of the -D rats were given 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (2 ng/g BW;-D/repleted), while half of the PFC rats were given excess food during the meal period (PFC/refed). The weight gain of -D/repleted rats surpassed that of the -D rats treated with vehicle (P less than 0.05); similarly, the weight gain of PFC/refed rats exceeded that of the PFC rats (P less than 0.01). In contrast, the food intake and Sm C/IGF-I levels of PFC/refed rats were greater than those in PFC rats (P less than 0.01), while the -D/repleted rats did not have significantly altered food intake or Sm-C/IGF-I levels. We conclude 1) that alterations in Sm-C/IGF-I concentrations of young growing -D rats are not directly related to lack of vitamin D, but, rather, to poor nutrition resulting from reduced food intake; and 2) that serum Sm-C/IGF-I is not a primary mediator of growth in -D/repleted rats since improved weight gain resulting from 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 treatment can occur, acutely, without changes in serum Sm-C/IGF-I concentrations. PMID- 3757907 TI - The phagocytic function of Sertoli cells: a morphological, biochemical, and endocrinological study of lysosomes and acid phosphatase localization in the rat testis. AB - The lysosomal population of the seminiferous tubules of the rat was studied by conventional electron microscopy and electron microscopic histochemistry. Biochemical determinations of acid phosphatase were carried out in whole cell suspensions of seminiferous tubular cells or in different cell populations purified by sedimentation in albumin gradients. Lysosomes were rarely found in spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes. Young spermatids showed up to six lysosomes per section, and this number increased as spermatid maturation proceeded. Residual bodies had a very heterogeneous lysosomal content. Sertoli cells showed cyclical variations in their lysosomes. These were present in small numbers from stages I-IV of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium and progressively increased to be numerous in Sertoli cells at stages VI-VIII. After spermiation, their rapidly decreased. Acid phosphatase contents were (nanomoles of nitrophenol formed per mg protein/min): whole cell suspension, 67.5 +/- 7.8; pachytene spermatocytes (72% purity), 76.5 +/- 10.6; round spermatids (73% purity), 95.0 +/- 2.8; residual bodies (88% purity), 96.0 +/- 14.2; and Sertoli cell-enriched fraction, 278.5 +/- 75.7. In a group of rats, endogenous LH and testosterone were lowered by administration of anti-LH antibodies. There was an intense degeneration of meiotic spermatocytes, which were phagocytized and digested by these immature testosterone-depleted Sertoli cells. It is concluded that lysosomes of the seminiferous epithelium show cyclical variations, with an increase toward the time of spermiation and a decrease after the residual bodies have been digested; the acid phosphatase and lysosomal contents of Sertoli cells are higher than those of germ cells, residual body disposal is probably initiated by autophagy and completed by Sertoli cell phagocytosis; and the phagocytic function of Sertoli cells is not hormone (testosterone) dependent. PMID- 3757908 TI - Roles of the arcuate nucleus and ovary in the maturation of growth hormone, prolactin, and nongranulated cells in the mouse adenohypophysis during postnatal development: a stereological morphometric study by electron microscopy. AB - With the use of monosodium L-glutamate (MSG) treatment and ovariectomy, we studied how the arcuate nucleus and ovary are involved in the maturation of GH, PRL, and nongranulated cells in the anterior pituitary lobe during postnatal development. From day 1 to day 7 female pups were injected sc daily with MSG (2 mg/g BW) (MSG mice) or distilled water (control mice). Just before puberty (at 30 days of age) some control and MSG mice were ovariectomized (OVX) (control + OVX mice and MSG + OVX mice, respectively). All animals were killed at 60-70 days of age by decapitation. Populations of GH, PRL, and nongranulated cells in the anterior pituitary lobe were calculated by applying morphometric procedures. Percentages of GH, PRL, and nongranulated cells in MSG mice were not different from those of control mice. In control + OVX mice the percentage of GH cells was greater than that of control mice, while PRL cells were markedly decreased. On the other hand, in MSG + OVX mice the percentage of PRL cells was less than that of MSG mice, while GH cells showed no difference; nongranulated cells were increased. The number of parenchymal cells in the anterior pituitary lobe in MSG mice was approximately two thirds that of control mice. The parenchymal cells in control + OVX mice were the same in number as those in control mice, while those in MSG + OVX mice were approximately half the number of the parenchymal cells in MSG mice. Numbers of GH and PRL cells in MSG mice were half those of control mice. There was no difference in the number of nongranulated cells between MSG and control mice. GH cells in control + OVX mice were more abundant than those of control mice, while PRL cells were fewer. On the other hand, both GH and PRL cells in MSG + OVX mice were fewer when compared with those of MSG mice. The numbers of nongranulated cells in most groups showed no significant differences among each other. All of these data taken from control mice were the same as those taken from normal mice. These results suggest that the arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus stimulates the differentiation of GH and PRL cells during postnatal life, and that the ovary stimulates the differentiation of PRL cells through a direct effect on the anterior pituitary lobe but inhibits that of GH cells via the arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus, while the differentiation of nongranulated cells is little affected. PMID- 3757909 TI - Inhibitory effects of exogenously induced hyperprolactinemia on the endogenous cyclic release of luteinizing hormone and prolactin in the estrogen-primed ovariectomized rat. AB - The inhibitory effects of acute hyperprolactinemia on the cyclic release of LH and PRL were examined in the ovariectomized estradiol-treated rat. In Exp 1, animals were ovariectomized (day 0) and received sc injections of ovine (o) PRL (4 mg/kg BW) or vehicle beginning at 0900 h on day 4, 6, or 7 postovariectomy and continuing every 8 h until 0900 h on day 9. All animals were given Silastic capsules containing estradiol (E2) on day 7, were cannulated via the external jugular vein on day 8, and were bled at 0900 and 1030 h and at hourly intervals between 1200-1800 h on day 9. No effect of oPRL treatment on the cyclic release of LH was seen in 1-week ovariectomized rats regardless of the duration of PRL treatment. The endogenous rat PRL surge was attenuated by treatment with oPRL. In Exp 2, animals were ovariectomized (day 0) and, beginning on day 11 or 14 postovariectomy, received sc injections of oPRL or vehicle every 8 h until 0900 h on day 16. On day 14, animals received Silastic E2 capsules. The following day (day 15), the external jugular vein was cannulated, and at 1800 h, E2 capsules were removed from half of the rats. On day 16, rats were bled at the times outlined in Exp 1. When E2 levels were maintained by the continuous presence of an E2 capsule, hyperprolactinemia did not suppress the cyclic release of LH and only attenuated or shifted the timing of the rat PRL surge. In marked contrast, when E2 stimulation was discontinuous, oPRL abolished the steroid-induced LH surge in all animals treated with oPRL beginning on day 11 and in 57% of the animals treated beginning on day 14. Treatment with oPRL abolished the endogenous PRL surge in all animals regardless of the duration of PRL exposure. In conclusion, oPRL-induced hyperprolactinemia can inhibit E2-induced LH and PRL surges in long term ovariectomized rats under conditions of discontinuous E2 exposure. In contrast, when estrogen levels are maintained, hyperprolactinemia had no effect on the LH surge and only attenuated or shifted the timing of the endogenous PRL surge. Thus, the long term ovariectomized rat receiving discontinuous E2 provides a model that is particularly suited for the study of the possible neural mechanisms by which PRL inhibits cyclic release of LH. PMID- 3757910 TI - The relation between the effects of hysterectomy, decidual tissue, prolactin, or luteinizing hormone (LH) and the ability of indomethacin to prevent luteolysis in rats bearing LH-dependent corpora lutea. AB - In adult rats hysterectomized on day 8 of pseudopregnancy, the mean serum progesterone (P) level fell from 88 ng/ml on day 8 to 44 ng/ml on day 15 (n = 61). In response to a single sc injection of 0.5 ml of a specific antiserum to LH (LHAS) on day 10, the P level fell to less than 10 by day 15 in 29 of 33 rats; however, this fall, which was indicative of luteolysis, was briefly interrupted by a return to the control level 36 h after treatment. Indomethacin (400 micrograms, sc) administered 12 h before, during, and 12 h after the LHAS injection prevented the luteolysis that followed the 36 h surge in 10 of 15 rats (P less than 0.001). Treatment with 400 micrograms 2Br-alpha ergocryptine (CB 154), sc, on day 10, with or without indomethacin, however, induced a rapid, uninterrupted, and permanent fall to less than 10 in 13 of 13 rats. Treatment with both LHAS and CB 154 reduced the luteolytic effect of CB 154 (P less than 0.001), and indomethacin treatment combined with both LHAS and CB 154 tended to further reduce the luteolytic effect of CB 154 (P less than 0.01). Hypophysectomy on day 10, however, induced rapid, uninterrupted and permanent luteolysis in all rats (15); this was not affected by indomethacin (7 rats) or LHAS (8 rats). Pituitary homotransplantation on day 8 prevented the luteolytic effect of LHAS on day 10 in 6 of 6 rats (P less than 0.003). In decidual tissue (DT)-bearing rats, LHAS on day 10 induced rapid, uninterrupted, and permanent luteolysis in 18 of 18 rats. The response to LHAS on day 10 changed to that of the hysterectomized rat when the DT-bearing uterus was removed on day 8 (12 of 12 rats) or 10 (7 of 7 rats) (P less than 0.001), but did not change when it was removed on day 11 (5 of 5 rats). In DT-bearing rats hysterectomized on day 8, indomethacin in intrabursal Silastic wafers prevented luteolysis in response to LHAS on day 10 (6 of 6 rats; P less than 0.001). Intrabursal indomethacin had no effect on the response to LHAS in intact DT-bearing rats (3 of 3 rats). These results suggest that even when the corpus luteum becomes LH dependent, PRL may retard or prevent LHAS induced luteolysis in hysterectomized rats. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3757911 TI - Maternal endocrine extirpations do not abolish maternal coordination of the fetal circadian clock. AB - The maternal circadian system coordinates the timing of the fetal circadian clock to the prevailing light-dark cycle. The role of various maternal endocrine organs as the source of a coordinating signal was investigated in rats. Either metabolic activity of the fetal suprachiasmatic nuclei or pineal N-acetyltransferase activity in 10-day-old pups was used to monitor the fetal circadian clock. Extirpations of the maternal pituitary, adrenals, thyroid-parathyroids, ovaries, or pineal (each performed in separate experiments) did not abolish maternal coordination. PMID- 3757913 TI - Internalization and lysosomal association of [125I]angiotensin II in norepinephrine-containing cells of the rat adrenal medulla. AB - The morphological localization of [125I]angiotensin II (AII) in the rat adrenal medulla (AM) was studied by light- and electron-microscopic radioautography in vivo. With light microscopy the presence of binding sites for AII in both norepinephrine-containing (NE) and epinephrine-containing (E) cells was confirmed. With electron microscopy, it was found that AII binds to the cell surface of NE cells, is progressively internalized, and is associated with lysosomes and Golgi complex within 20 min, whereas in E cells AII seems to be internalized earlier and recycled back to the cell surface within 5 min without any appreciable association with intracellular organelles. These results suggest different intracellular pathways for AII in NE and E cells of the rat AM. PMID- 3757912 TI - Effect of androgen and estrogen treatment on hamster liver and kidney estrogen 2 /4-hydroxylase activity. AB - The activity of microsomal estrogen 2-/4-hydroxylase enzyme (ESH), which mediates the formation of catechol estrogens, was determined in the hamster kidney and liver under different endocrine states and after treatment with diethylstilbestrol (DES) and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone alone or in combination. Our results indicate that at least 64% of the renal ESH activity is localized in the kidney cortex. Employing either estrone or 17 beta-estradiol as substrate, a significant decline in renal ESH activity was observed after castration, with estrone remaining the more active substrate. In contrast, hepatic ESH activity, which is about 2.0- to 2.5-fold higher than the kidney enzyme, was not altered after gonadectomy using either estrogen substrate. A further reduction in renal ESH activity was found in DES-treated castrated hamsters when estrone was used. Androgen treatment resulted in a nearly 2-fold increase in kidney ESH activity using either estrogen substrate. Animals treated concomitantly with DES and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone exhibited catechol estrogen formation similar to untreated castrate hamster kidney microsomes. In contrast, hamster liver ESH activity was unaffected by androgen treatment. HPLC profiles of the catechol estrogen monomethyl ethers confirm these changes. Hamster kidney ESH activity in females was only 5-7% of that in intact males. Ovariectomy resulted in a 3-fold increase in the activity of this microsomal enzyme with either estrogen substrate. ESH activity was substantially increased in uteri of intact animals after androgen treatment. These data clearly demonstrate that ESH activity is under androgen control, particularly in the hamster kidney of both sexes, and may be pertinent in understanding the antagonism of this hormone in estrogen-induced renal tumorigenesis. PMID- 3757914 TI - Limited synthesis of labile hemoglobin A1 in vivo and in vitro by the preexisting hemoglobin A1 in diabetic subjects. AB - The synthesis of labile hemoglobin A1 in vivo was studied in subjects with non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, impaired and normal glucose tolerance. The labile hemoglobin A1 index defined as delta labile hemoglobin A1 divided by delta plasma glucose at 30 min after oral glucose load, representing the rate of labile hemoglobin A1 synthesis in vivo, was low in diabetic subjects and high in normal subjects, showing an inverse correlation with the amount of preexisting hemoglobin A1. The study on the synthesis of labile hemoglobin A1 in vitro showed a lower initial rate of synthesis and a smaller increase in labile hemoglobin A1 at saturation in red blood cells from diabetic subjects with a relatively large amount of preexisting hemoglobin A1, as opposed to red blood cells from normal subjects. Although the further study is necessary in which delta plasma glucose levels are kept relatively constant in each of 3 groups by glucose-clamp methods, our data suggest that the synthesis of labile hemoglobin A1 is limited in vivo and in vitro in diabetic subjects by the preexisting hemoglobin A1 due to the saturability of its synthesis. PMID- 3757915 TI - The significance of duration of salt loading on cardiovascular response and urinary excretion of catecholamine in rats. AB - To analyze the conflicting data on the relationship between sodium intake and catecholamine release, the effect of the duration of high sodium loading on cardiovascular response and catecholamine release was examined in conscious rats. Urinary excretions of norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA) were measured frequently over a 4 week period. Male Wistar rats at 4 weeks of age were given a diet containing either basal (0.3%) or high (3.1%) sodium content. Systolic blood pressure was measured weekly by the tail cuff method. Twenty-four hour urine collections were made for analysis of catecholamines in metabolic cages every other day during the initial 2 weeks and once a week in the following 2 weeks of salt loading. High sodium intake resulted in a rise in blood pressure and a reduction in heart rate. Bradycardia was significant during the initial 2 weeks and not significant during the following 2 weeks after the initiation of salt loading. Urinary excretion of NE did not change during the initial 2 weeks of salt loading but increased significantly following the 2 week period after salt loading. Urinary excretion of DA increased diphasically, showing the first peak at 1 week after salt loading and the second peak at 4 weeks after the initiation of salt loading. These results suggest that the heart rate and urinary excretion of catecholamine are influenced by the duration of salt loading. When we estimate the effect of salt loading on cardiovascular response and urinary excretion of catecholamine, we should draw attention to the importance of the duration of salt loading, because this duration of time further elicites delayed response in the sympathetic nervous system. PMID- 3757916 TI - Hypercalcemia in glucocorticoid withdrawal. AB - We found severe hypercalcemia in the course of hydrocortisone withdrawal in a patient who had undergone unilateral adrenalectomy to resect a cortisol hypersecreting adenoma. Serum calcium gradually but progressively increased after unilateral adrenalectomy. Severe hypercalcemia developed on the 77th postoperative day (the 15th day after discontinuing hydrocortisone replacement). The serum concentration of calcium, PTH, 25(OH)D, and 1,25(OH)2D were 8.0 mEq/l, less than 100 pg/ml, 10.1 ng/ml and 29.6 pg/ml, respectively. This hypercalcemia was accompanied by marked urinary hydroxyproline excretion and less calcium excretion in the urine than the prevailing level of serum calcium. Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)2D and PTH were not elevated during the severe hypercalcemia. We concluded that the hypercalcemia in this patient was due in part to enhanced bone resorption and increased renal tubular reabsorption of calcium as a result of glucocorticoid withdrawal, but not to the elevation of serum PTH or serum 25(OH)D and serum 1,25(OH)2D. PMID- 3757917 TI - Further data supporting episodic degenerative discharge of thyroid hormone from nodular goiters. AB - To elucidate the features of thyroid hormone secretion under conditions of impaired circulation, blood samples were withdrawn at operation from thyroid and peripheral veins of 23 patients with thyroidal and non-thyroidal diseases. They were taken from the respective veins simultaneously, when the arterial supply to the thyroid tissue was partially occluded by surgical manipulation. It was found that triiodothyronine was preferentially, as compared with thyroxine, secreted from the thyroid, irrespective of the disease. Serum levels of thyroglobulin were also markedly elevated in the thyroid vein. These results suggest that episodic degenerative discharge of thyroid hormone from nodular goiters may be a cause of impaired or blunted TSH response to TRH, frequently observed in patients with common nontoxic nodular goiters. PMID- 3757918 TI - Inhibitory effects of the porcine follicular fluid on estradiol and progesterone secretion by cultured rat granulosa cells. AB - The effect of porcine follicular fluid on estradiol and progesterone secretion was examined using a rat granulosa cell culture with FSH and testosterone in the medium. Follicular fluids from small (less than 5 mm) and large (greater than 6 mm) follicles (SFFI, LFF1) were treated with charcoal, and then fractionated by filtration through an Amicon XM-50 and an PM-10 membrane. The addition of 25% SFF1 and LFF1 into the culture system significantly inhibited estradiol and progesterone secretion (P less than 0.005). These inhibitory activities were observed in PM-10 retentates (10,000-50,000 MW) and filtrates (less than 10,000 MW) of SFF1 and LFF1. The addition of XM-50 filtrates (less than 50,000 MW) of SFF1 and LFF1 caused a dose-dependent inhibition of estradiol and progesterone secretion. The dose-response relationship between the filtrates and estradiol secretion was linear with a significant correlation coefficient. The addition of the filtrates exerted no inhibitory effect on the growth of the cells cultured. XM-50 filtrate of LFF1 from a batch with a low ratio of small/large follicles showed a lower inhibitory activity on estradiol secretion than that of LFF1, while the inhibitory activities in both filtrates on progesterone secretion were almost equivalent. These results suggest that the follicular fluid of small porcine follicle contains nonsteroidal regulators capable of inhibiting estradiol and progesterone secretion by cultured rat granulosa cells, and that the estradiol secretion inhibitor activity decreases in the fluid of large follicle while the progesterone secretion inhibitor activity does not decrease in it. PMID- 3757919 TI - Effect of androgen on ornithine decarboxylase activity in androgen-dependent mouse mammary tumor (Shionogi Carcinoma 115) and its androgen-independent subline (CS 2). AB - The activity of ornithine decarboxylase in androgen-dependent mouse mammary tumor (Shionogi Carcinoma 115) was reduced to 25% by castration of tumor-bearing mice and restored to the normal level 12 h after administration of testosterone or 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Administration of estradiol-17 beta to the tumor bearing castrated mice also stimulated the enzyme activity while progesterone and cortisol had little effect. On the other hand, the enzyme activity was affected by neither castration nor androgen injection to CS 2, which is a subline of SC 115 and completely independent of androgen for growth. The inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase activity in SC 115 by injecting alpha difluoromethylornithine did not affect the enhancement of RNA polymerase I activity by androgen, showing independent elevation of the levels of the two enzymes by androgen. PMID- 3757920 TI - Effect of 9 alpha-fluorocortisol on the excretion of urinary digoxin-like substance in normotensive men. AB - In order to investigate the possible role of mineralocorticoid in the regulation of digoxin-like substance (DLS), 9 alpha-fluorocortisol (9-F) was administered to 6 healthy men and urinary excretion of DLS was measured. The administration of 0.6 mg of 9-F caused slight increases in body weight and blood pressure and significant decreases in urinary Na excretion, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone, which indicate the expansion of extracellular fluid (ECF) volume by 9-F administration. Urinary excretion of DLS decreased significantly from the baseline level of 43.3 +/- 2.6 (SEM) to 29.8 +/- 5.1 (SEM) ng/day; digoxin equiv. after 9-F. These results suggest that a large dose of mineralocorticoid may suppress DLS despite an increase in the ECF volume. PMID- 3757921 TI - Changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis during acute starvation in non obese patients. AB - We investigated changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis before, during, and after fasting in twenty-one non-obese euthyroid patients with psychosomatic diseases. Blood samples for free T3 (FT3), T3, free T4 (FT4), T4, reverse T3 (rT3), and TSH were obtained from all patients before and on the 5th day of fasting, and in 11 of the same individuals on the 5th day of refeeding. Serum TSH and T3 responses to TRH were also evaluated in 10 patients before and on the 5th day of fasting. During the fast, FT3, T3 and TSH levels decreased significantly and rT3 levels increased significantly whereas FT4 and T4 levels remained within the normal range. Maximal delta TSH, peak TSH levels, max delta T3, peak T3 levels, and net secretory responses to TRH decreased significantly. Peak TSH levels and max delta TSH to TRH correlated well with basal levels of TSH. A statistically significant negative correlation between basal levels of FT4 and TSH was observed. After refeeding, there was a significant increase only in TSH which returned to prefasting values. These results demonstrated that in a state of "low T3" during acute starvation a reduction in serum T3 might depend partly on TSH-mediated thyroidal secretion. PMID- 3757923 TI - Impaired mineral metabolism in Cushing's syndrome: parathyroid function, vitamin D metabolites and osteopenia. AB - To clarify the mechanism for the impaired mineral metabolism in Cushing's syndrome, the clinical features, biochemical parameters before and after oral calcium load, and vitamin D metabolism were compared between two groups of patients of endogenous Cushing's syndrome (17 cases) with and without osteopenia. The patients with osteopenia [OP (+): 7 cases, all female] were older (42.7 +/- 8.3 y. o.) and had a longer duration (117 +/- 75 M) of the syndrome than those without osteopenia [OP (-): 33.8 +/- 8.9 y. o., 36 +/- 25 M]. OP (-) showed a blunted hypercalciuria after oral calcium load (63.7 +/- 20.4 to 90.9 +/- 36.1 mg/g X Cr), while OP (+) had higher levels of urinary excretion of calcium (fasting: 120.4 +/- 37.5, and after oral calcium load: 235.6 +/- 72.6 mg/g X Cr), of cyclic AMP (7.6 +/- 1.1 nmol/dl X GF), and of plasma 1.25(OH)2D (76.6 +/- 34.0 pg/ml) than OP (-) (u-cAMP: 3.2 +/- 2.0 nmol/dl X GF, 1,25(OH)2D: 27.9 +/- 16.3 pg/ml). These results indicate that 1) elderly female patients with Cushing's syndrome of long duration are susceptible to OP, 2) during the early phases of the syndrome, reduced intestinal calcium absorption with sustained calciuria (probably through the inhibition of calcium reabsorptive effect of PTH by glucocorticoid) induces negative calcium balance, leading to 3) a development of secondary hyperparathyroidism which stimulates 1,25(OH)2D synthesis. Thus, the mechanism involving bone resorption stimulated by excess PTH along with the direct inhibition of bone formation by glucocorticoid seems to play an important role in a progressive development of OP in Cushing's syndrome. PMID- 3757922 TI - Effect of aldosterone on dome formation by MDCK mono-layer. AB - Effect of aldosterone on the dome formation in the reconstructed MDCK cell epithelia was studied. MDCK cells derived from dog kidney are assumed to be originated from distal tubules or collecting ducts. When cultured to a confluency, these cells formed a epithelial layer with many domes which contained fluid transported from the apical to the basolateral surface through this layer. Aldosterone at a concentration of 10(-8) to 10(-6) M increased the number of domes dose-dependently, probably through a receptor mediated process, since the dome formation induced by this hormone was completely abolished in the presence of spironolactone. This study primarily disclosed that the dome formation in MDCK cells was stimulated by aldosterone, probably through a receptor mediated mechanism. PMID- 3757924 TI - Nocturnal enhancement of plasma melatonin could be suppressed by benzodiazepines in humans. AB - Plasma melatonin levels were determined every 20 and 30 min for 24 hours on the last day of repeated oral administrations (1 or 2 mg a day for 8 or 9 days) of a benzodiazepine derivative (450191-s), which is known to be metabolized to active benzodiazepines after administration. In one of the two subjects, the nocturnal enhancement of plasma melatonin which was obvious on a control day with placebo was diminished almost completely. In the other subject, observed were not only the diminishment of its nocturnal enhancement but also its increase during the daytime almost to the nocturnal levels on a control day, which may indicate a rebound increase in melatonin synthesis or a shift in its day-night rhythmicity. Such suppressing effects of benzodiazepines on the nocturnal plasma melatonin levels were also examined in the case of a single administration of 2 mg of 450191-s or flunitrazepam in the second series of experiments. Even a single flunitrazepam seemed to have lowered nocturnal plasma melatonin levels, which then recovered to the usual levels following the administration of 5 mg of a benzodiazepine antagonist, Ro 15-1788, given 6 hours after the flunitrazepam. However, single 450191-s did not show any remarkable effects. Thus, it has been suggested that benzodiazepines could suppress the nocturnal levels of plasma melatonin or shift its day-night rhythmicity at least when administered repeatedly. The possible action site of benzodiazepines may be the central nervous system, since melatonin synthesis has been though to be under strongly regulated by the central nervous pathway from the retina to the pineal body. Therefore, these effects of benzodiazepines may provide a method for investigating the physiological role of melatonin and its day-night rhythmicity as well as to further clarify the system regulating melatonin synthesis in humans. PMID- 3757925 TI - An improved and simplified method for the detection of thyroid hormone autoantibodies (THAA) in serum. AB - We have developed and evaluated a new and simplified method for the detection of thyroid hormone autoantibodies (THAA) in serum. The method includes acidification of serum followed by adsorption of liberated thyroid hormones onto dextran-coated charcoal and then alkalinisation of the serum in assay buffer prior to performing a binding study. Using our method, specific binding of 125I-T4 to serum THAA in two patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis was almost the same regardless of whether or not the sera had been preincubated with a large amount of cold T4. On the other hand, without the acid treatment, preincubation with cold T4 considerably inhibited the binding of 125I-T4 to serum THAA in both cases. These results indicate that serum THAA can be easily detected under conditions in which circulating thyroid hormones hardly affect the binding study by using our new sensitive method. PMID- 3757926 TI - Esophageal dilatation after surgical resection. AB - Strictures of the esophagus following surgical resection present uncommonly. Reports are few describing the occurrence and management of this entity especially in the contemporary literature. In general a postoperative stricture is approached in the same manner as any other type of esophageal stricture, i.e., by clinical, radiographic and endoscopic evaluation. In particular, the stricture is carefully examined endoscopically, appropriate biopsies and/or cytology obtained and dilation carried out. Methods of dilating these strictures include those techniques most commonly used and especially the method which is most familiar and comfortable for the endoscopist. Standard Eder-Puestow bougies, Maloney and Hurst dilators and Savary-Gilliard bougies exert forces along a longitudinal axis which may be more uncomfortable for the patient and associated with higher morbidity than balloon dilators, which exert forces along a radial axis. Dilatation of post-surgical esophageal strictures is performed as safely as possible with minimal discomfort to the patient and should provide long-term results requiring infrequent interventions. PMID- 3757927 TI - Early detection of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. AB - Fifty-two cases of primary adenocarcinoma of the esophagus were studied with respect to their origin and features in the early stage. The origin of the tumor was determined in 12 cases. Six cases arose in Barrett's esophagus, 5 cases in esophageal glands, and one case in ectopic gastric mucosa. The postoperative prognosis was closely related to the invasion to the adventitia. Tumors with no adventitial invasion showed excellent results, and their early detection is recommended. Submucosal tumors arising in Barrett's epithelium or in leading ducts of esophageal glands presented as small elevated lesions at endoscopy. On the other hand, tumors arising in submucosal glands showed diffuse infiltration into the esophageal wall and were difficult to detect in the early stage. Endoscopic examination aided by the staining method or brush cytology is recommended. PMID- 3757928 TI - Dynamic fluorescence measurements on the main phase transition of dipalmytoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles. AB - The kinetics of the main phase transition in dipalmytoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) vesicles have been investigated using our iodine laser-T-jump technique with fluorescence detection. A set of three fluorescent probes has been used to sense different parts of the bilayer hydrocarbon chain region. The well established membrane probes DPH and TMADPH as well as DPHPC, a labelled DPPC molecule. We report three relaxation signals in the microseconds and ms time range, which are detected with all three probes. This result supports our model of the main phase transition in DPPC vesicles. PMID- 3757929 TI - Dimyristoylphosphatidic acid/cholesterol bilayers. Thermodynamic properties and kinetics of the phase transition as studied by the pressure jump relaxation technique. AB - Lipid bilayers and monolayers composed of dimyristoylphosphatidic acid (DMPA) and cholesterol were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and film balance measurements. Increasing cholesterol content decreases the bilayer phase transition temperature and enthalpy in a manner similar to that observed before for other lipid/cholesterol systems. In monomolecular films at the air-water interface cholesterol exhibits the well known condensing effect in the liquid expanded phase, while the liquid-condensed phase is less affected. As with the bilayer phase transition, the transition temperature and change in area at the liquid-condensed to liquid-expanded phase transition, as measured from isobars at 25 dynes/cm, decreases with increasing cholesterol content. The kinetics of the phase transition of DMPA/cholesterol bilayers were measured using the pressure jump relaxation technique with optical detection. Three relaxation times were observed. The relaxation times and amplitudes pass through maximum values at the transition midpoint. With increasing cholesterol content the maximum values of the relaxation times decrease but not in a linear fashion. The time constants display an intermediate maximum at ca. 10% to 12 mol% cholesterol. This observation is discussed in terms of a possible change in the nature of the phase transition from first-order with phase separation to a continuous second-order transition. The dependence of the relaxation amplitudes on cholesterol content gave evidence for nucleation being the rate limiting step for the transition in this particular system. PMID- 3757930 TI - Noise-induced neural impulses. AB - The firing pattern of neural pulses often show the following features: the shapes of individual pulses are nearly identical and frequency independent; the firing frequency can vary over a broad range; the time period between pulses shows a stochastic scatter. This behaviour cannot be understood on the basis of a deterministic non-linear dynamic process, e.g. the Bonhoeffer-van der Pol model. We demonstrate in this paper that a noise term added to the Bonhoeffer-van der Pol model can reproduce the firing patterns of neurons very well. For this purpose we have considered the Fokker-Planck equation corresponding to the stochastic Bonhoeffer-van der Pol model. This equation has been solved by a new Monte Carlo algorithm. We demonstrate that the ensuing distribution functions represent only the global characteristics of the underlying force field: lines of zero slope which attract nearby trajectories prove to be the regions of phase space where the distributions concentrate their amplitude. Since there are two such lines the distributions are bimodal representing repeated fluctuations between two lines of zero slope. Even in cases where the deterministic Bonhoeffer van der Pol model does not show limit cycle behaviour the stochastic system produces a limit cycle. This cycle can be identified with the firing of neural pulses. PMID- 3757931 TI - Small angle scattering of cell nuclei. AB - Neutron and X-ray small angle scattering techniques have been applied to study chromatin structure inside different types of cell nuclei. Scattering from genetically inactive chicken erythrocyte nuclei exhibits a maximum at Q = 0.1 0.15 nm-1 which cannot be observed by studying isolated chromatin derived from the same kind of cells. In highly active transcribing rat liver nuclei such a nuclear pattern is absent. The radius of gyration of isolated "superbeads" was determined. It is discussed whether the characteristic maximum of the nuclei originates from this superstructural organisation of chromatin. Rat liver nuclei were fractionated on sucrose gradients in order to determine whether the absence of the extra maximum in scattering profiles of these nuclei is due to overlapping effects of different chromatin organisation in the various cell types of the liver. As compared to unfractionated nuclei no strong deviations in the scattering profiles of the fractions could be observed. Erythrocyte nuclei were dialysed in buffers differing in the ionic strength of monovalent cations. The typical maximum from the nuclei is shifted from 60 nm (very low salt concentration) to about 35 nm (physiological ionic strength) and is linearly proportional to the decreasing radius of the nuclei. In conclusion, chromatin structure inside the nucleus has a scattering maximum due to an ordered packing of the fibres which is absent in nuclei with high genetic activity. PMID- 3757932 TI - Analysis of pulmonary phospholipid compartments in the unanesthetized rat during prolonged periods of hyperpnea. AB - We exposed rats to 4% CO2-10% O2-86% N2 for 24 h before infusing with 20 microCi kg-1 (methyl-3H)choline chloride. They were then exposed for periods up to 48 h, at which times their lungs were degassed and lavaged. The lavage fluid was divided into a tubular myelin-rich (PLalv-1) and a tubular myelin-poor (PLalv-2) fraction. Lamellar body (lb) and microsomal (m) fractions were prepared from the lung tissue and the amount of phospholipid (PL) was determined in each of the 4 fractions. Specific activity (sp.act.) curves were constructed for both control and hyperpneic groups. Exposure to the gas doubled both tidal volume and frequency of breathing. Total PLalv, PLlb and PLm were all markedly elevated, which, when taken in conjunction with the changes in sp.act. in these fractions, suggests that the rate of surfactant PL synthesis was increased within 24 h. The shapes of the sp.act. curves suggest precursor-product relationships between PLlb and PLalv-1 and between PLalv-1 and PLalv-2. However, when we applied analysis based on the Zilversmit steady-state equation, instead of the expected straight line, we found a marked clockwise hysteresis that did not return to the origin. Whereas this may reflect PLalv being supplied from 2 tissue pools, we argue that, in fact, we are not dealing with classic compartmental precursor-product relationships. PMID- 3757933 TI - Altered morphology, growth, and biosynthetic activity of a type 2 pneumocyte related cell strain induced by lymphokine-enriched supernatants of mitogen stimulated spleen cells. AB - Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of type 2 pneumocytes during the evolution of subacute and chronic pulmonary injury cannot always be satisfactorily explained in terms of reparative responses to type 1 pneumocyte injury. We hypothesized that immunocompetent cells, evoked as part of the interstitial inflammatory response, may be secreting factors which affect proliferation and surfactant biosynthesis by type 2 pneumocytes. To evaluate this hypothesis in vitro, we tested the effects of lymphokine-enriched supernatants, from serum-free cultures of concanavalin A-stimulated spleen cells, upon the type 2 pneumocyte-related cell strain NAL 1A. Addition of these supernatants in culture induced irreversible morphologic and ultrastructural alterations in the NAL 1A cells, inhibited cell replication, and evoked increased and apparently abnormal surfactant phospholipid biosynthesis. Supernatants from unstimulated spleen cells had no effect. There was no evidence of toxic injury to the cells in culture, and an immunologically specific cytoplasmic protein continued to be expressed. The active factor(s) appeared to be a protein or peptide of greater than 10,000 molecular weight. A specific soluble factor such as is present in the mitogen stimulated lymphoid cell supernatants may be capable of mediating a similar interaction with type 2 pneumocytes in vivo. PMID- 3757934 TI - Long-term effects of early status epilepticus on the acquisition of conditioned avoidance behavior in rats. AB - The acquisition of active avoidance behavior in a shuttle-box apparatus was studied in 45-day-old rats. In these animals a single episode of status epilepticus had been induced by the systemic administration of kainic acid (KA) or pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), when they were 10 or 25 days old. The results were compared with those obtained from animals in which, at the same ages, only saline solution had been injected. In KA-treated rats a decrement of right responses and a prolonged reaction time were observed, with these results more evident in animals treated earlier (10 days). Parallel with the behavioral alterations, the histological, morphometric and morphological examinations revealed neuronal and glial abnormalities at the neocortical level, while no lesions were found in the hippocampus. PTZ-treated rats showed no behavioral alteration nor histological abnormality. The different findings obtained after KA and PTZ injection suggest that not only status epilepticus per se, but the mechanism of action and the neurotoxicity of the convulsant agent, are very important in impairing late performances. PMID- 3757935 TI - Pharmacological studies on lamotrigine, a novel potential antiepileptic drug: I. Anticonvulsant profile in mice and rats. AB - Lamotrigine (LTG), 3,5-diamino-6-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-1,2,4-triazine, is a structurally novel anticonvulsant. The anticonvulsant profile of LTG following oral administration in two standard anticonvulsant tests, the maximal electroshock (MES) test in mice and rats and the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) infusion test in mice, was studied in comparison with the known anticonvulsant drugs phenytoin (PHT), phenobarbitone, diazepam, carbamazepine (CBZ), sodium valproate, ethosuximide (ETH), and troxidone (TROX). ED50 values for the abolition of hindlimb extension (HLE) in the MES test and PTZ infusion tests and doses increasing the latency of PTZ-evoked clonus were determined. The duration of action of LTG was examined in rats and mice in the MES test by determining ED50 values for the abolition of HLE at various drug intervals to shock administration. In the MES test, LTG was well absorbed in both species, with peak activity at 1 h and persistence at this level of potency for at least 8 h. Of the drugs examined, LTG was ranked the most potent and persistent in both species. LTG also abolished PTZ-evoked HLE, while ETH and TROX were inactive. Clonus latency was not increased by LTG, PHT, or CBZ, but was significantly increased (p less than 0.05) by the remaining anticonvulsants. Thus, LTG resembled PHT and CBZ in its ability to block HLE but not to increase PTZ-induced clonus latency. Acute behavioural studies in mice and rats have suggested a wide separation between anticonvulsant doses and those producing behavioural impairment. These results suggest that LTG may be of value in the treatment of generalised tonic-clonic and partial seizures. PMID- 3757936 TI - Pharmacological studies on lamotrigine, a novel potential antiepileptic drug: II. Neurochemical studies on the mechanism of action. AB - Lamotrigine (LTG) [3,5-diamino-6-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-1,2,4-triazine] is a novel anticonvulsant chemically unrelated to current antiepileptic drugs and with a pharmacological profile similar to that of phenytoin. The effect of LTG has been compared with that of phenytoin, on the release of endogenous amino acids and radiolabelled acetylcholine evoked by veratrine or potassium, from slices of rat cerebral cortex in vitro. Both veratrine and potassium evoked a marked release of glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), with a more moderate release of aspartate. LTG inhibited veratrine-evoked release of glutamate and aspartate, with ED50 values of 21 microM for both amino acids, but LTG was less potent in the inhibition of GABA release (ED50 = 44 microM). At concentrations up to 300 microM, LTG had no effect on potassium-evoked amino acid release or on spontaneous release. Also, LTG was some five times less potent in the inhibition of veratrine-evoked [3H]acetylcholine release (ED50 = 100 microM) than in glutamate or aspartate release. The total lack of effect of LTG on potassium evoked release and the potent effect on veratrine-evoked release (at concentrations found in rat brain after anticonvulsant doses) strongly suggest that LTG acts at voltage-sensitive sodium channels to stabilise neuronal membranes and inhibit transmitter release, principally glutamate. The role of glutamate in the aetiology of epilepsy is discussed. PMID- 3757937 TI - Localization of the origin of self-sustained afterdischarges (SSADs) in the rat: I. The spike-and-wave type of SSAD. AB - The genesis of the thalamocortical self-sustained afterdischarge (SSAD) composed of spike-and-wave (S + W) rhythm was studied in adult male albino rats. Under control conditions, rhythmic electrical stimulation of the specific somatosensory nucleus of the thalamus always elicited type S + W SSAD. An electrolytic lesion of the nonspecific thalamic nuclei did not prevent generation of type S + W SSAD, while stimulation of the ventrobasal complex evoked both type S + W SSAD and another type of SSAD composed of large waves with superimposed fast activity. Elimination of the cortex (by suction or spreading depression) ipsilateral to the stimulated thalamus completely suppressed any possibility of the formation of type S + W SSAD; elimination of the contralateral cortex did not affect it. Our results suggest that the cortex is the decisive factor in the genesis of S + W rhythm, while the thalamus markedly influences the conditions of its formation. PMID- 3757938 TI - Spontaneous rhythmic synchronous activity in epileptic human and normal monkey temporal lobe. AB - Intracellular recordings were obtained from neurons in tissue taken from human epileptic temporal lobe and normal monkey hippocampus. Using the in vitro slice preparation, we confirmed that spontaneous rhythmic synchronous events (SRSEs) were predominantly found in cells of mesial temporal lobe. These synaptic-like events appeared to be mediated by a GABAergic mechanism, since they were blocked by bicuculline. An interneuron-like cell type was found which discharged in a burst pattern in parallel with SRSE occurrence in pyramidal neurons. Burst discharges were graded and excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)-triggered; all-or-none paroxysmal depolarizations were extremely rare. These features of SRSE activity suggest that population synchrony in this tissue is largely dependent on local inhibitory interneuronal circuitry. SRSEs were found in normal monkey hippocampus as well as in mesial tissue from human epileptic temporal lobe. This result indicates that SRSEs are not a direct reflection of tissue epileptogenicity. However, the circuitry underlying SRSEs may be important in the determination of tissue seizure susceptibility, since it provides a substrate for cell synchronization. PMID- 3757939 TI - Effect of carbamazepine on dopamine release and reuptake in rat striatal slices. AB - Carbamazepine has been shown to enhance dopaminergic agonist behavioral effects, but not to displace [3H]spiroperidol binding. To verify if carbamazepine acts presynaptically on dopaminergic neurons, reuptake and release of [3H]dopamine were measured in rat striatal slices in vitro. It was observed that carbamazepine blocked 20% of the reuptake of [3H]dopamine, while cocaine blocked 82% of the reuptake, compared with control. Carbamazepine released 62% and tyramine released 92% of the accumulated [3H]dopamine, compared with control. It was concluded that carbamazepine acts presynaptically on striatal neurons, mainly through enhancement of dopamine release. This finding can be related to some behavioral effects described for carbamazepine; however, the importance of its effects in epileptic and manic-depressive patients remains to be clarified. PMID- 3757940 TI - Effect of systemic estrogen on seizure susceptibility in the immature animal. AB - Estrogens have previously been reported to be proconvulsants in adult animals. This study evaluated the effects of acute, high-dose estrogen administration on rate of kindling in immature rats. No significant differences in rate of kindling between the estrogen-treated rats and controls were noted. This study, using the kindling model, demonstrates that estradiol does not have a significant effect on the development of seizures in the immature animal. PMID- 3757942 TI - 1984 International Chemical Congress of Pacific Basin Societies. Formation of mutagens during cooking and heat processing of food. December 16-21, 1984, Honolulu, Hawaii. PMID- 3757941 TI - Cimetidine and carbamazepine: a complex drug interaction. AB - Cimetidine has been shown to inhibit the elimination of carbamazepine after a single oral dose. The mechanism of this interaction is thought to be inhibition of carbamazepine metabolism by the hepatic microsomal enzyme system. Because carbamazepine metabolism undergoes autoinduction with chronic administration, it is not known whether or not the clinical significance of this interaction can be predicted from the results of a single-dose study. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the presence of an interaction under steady-state enzyme-induced conditions. Using an open treatment design, carbamazepine, 300 mg b.i.d., was taken by eight healthy volunteers for 42 days (days 1-42). Cimetidine, 400 mg t.i.d., was taken for 7 days (days 29-35). Steady-state carbamazepine increased 17% after 2 days of cimetidine treatment (from 4.7 +/- 0.8 to 5.5 +/- 1.4 micrograms/ml; p less than 0.05). Six of the eight subjects noted side effects shortly after starting cimetidine treatment. Carbamazepine returned to the pre cimetidine level and the side effects diminished by the 7th day of cimetidine administration. Therefore, the clinical significance of this interaction appears to be time dependent, and could not be predicted from the results of single-dose studies. PMID- 3757944 TI - Chemistry of mutagens and carcinogens in broiled food. AB - From a chemical point of view, the following subjects are important areas in studies on mutagens and carcinogens in broiled foods. In addition to heterocyclic amines which need microsomal activation, the structural elucidation of more labile direct-acting mutagens is necessary. It is known that there are still various unknown minor mutagens in broiled foods. Although the structural characterization of such compounds is more difficult, it is important since they might be hazardous in spite of their low mutagenicity. A more feasible and easier method for quantitative analysis of mutagens, in addition to HPLC and GC/MS methods presently employed, must be developed. The mechanism of formation of mutagens by broiling of food should be studied. An effective chemical method to prevent formation of mutagens or to destroy them, once formed, should be developed. PMID- 3757943 TI - Metabolic aspects of pyrolysis mutagens in food. AB - The first step in metabolic activation of mutagenic and carcinogenic heterocyclic amines has been elucidated to be N-hydroxylation by cytochrome P-448. N Hydroxyamino compounds are further activated to form N-O-acyl derivatives that readily react with DNA. The adducts between the metabolites of Trp-P-2 and Glu-P 1 and DNA were shown to have a C8-guanylamino structure. In the case of Glu-P-1, modification of guanine in GC clusters occurred preferentially. Glutathione transferases and myeloperoxidase were shown to inactivate some heterocyclic amines or their active metabolites. Hemin and fatty acids bind to and inactivate them. Fibers and other factors from vegetables also work to inactivate heterocyclic amines. Nitrite at low pH also degraded some heterocyclic amines, but those with an imidazole moiety were resistant. Glu-P-1 induced intestinal tumors in a high incidence when fed orally to rats. When 14C-Glu-P-1 was administered by gavage into rats about 50% and 35% were excreted into feces and urine, respectively, within 24 hr. When the bile was collected, around 60% of radioactivity was excreted into it within 24 hr. In the bile, N-acetyl-Glu-P-1 was identified as one of the metabolites of Glu-P-1. It showed a mutagenic activity of about one fourth that of Glu-P-1 with S9 mix. Some radioactivity was also detected in the blood. At 24 hr after administration, most of the radioactivity was found to be bound to erythrocyte beta-globins and serum proteins including albumin. PMID- 3757945 TI - Hydroxylation of guanine in nucleosides and DNA at the C-8 position by heated glucose and oxygen radical-forming agents. AB - Heated glucose is mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium TA 100 in the absence of S 9 mix. For identifying unknown mutagens in heated glucose (dry solid, 200 degrees C, 20 min), reaction with isopropylideneguanosine (IPG) was followed by isolation and characterization of the mutagen-IPG adduct. Two adducts, glyoxal-IPG and 8 hydroxy-IPG, were identified in the reaction mixture by this technique. To elucidate the mechanism of this hydroxylation reaction, we investigated the abilities of various agents to hydroxylate deoxyguanosine or guanine base in DNA. Various reducing agents, metals, asbestoses, polyphenols, aminophenols, and X-ray were effective for hydroxylation, and an oxygen radical seems to be the reactive species. For sensitive detection of 8-hydroxyguanine, a monoclonal antibody for it was prepared. PMID- 3757946 TI - Mutagenic activities of heterocyclic amines in Chinese hamster lung cells in culture. AB - A mutation assay system with Chinese hamster lung cells (CHL) using diphtheria toxin resistance as a selective marker has been established. The mutagenic activities of heterocyclic amines, originally isolated from pyrolyzates of amino acids and proteins, broiled fish and fried beef were assayed in cultured CHL cells in the absence and presence of a metabolic activation system, with diphtheria toxin resistance as a marker. All the heterocyclic amines tested except 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido [4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-1) required the presence of a metabolic activation system for mutagenicity on CHL cells. 3-Amino 1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-2) was the most mutagenic among the heterocyclic amines tested. Other compounds were also mutagenic in the following order of decreasing potency: Trp-P-1, 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (MeIQ), 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3 b]indole (A alpha C), 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2 amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole (Glu-P-1) and 2-aminodipyrido[1,2 a:3',2'-d]imidazole (Glu-P-2). PMID- 3757947 TI - Genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and mode of action of the fried food mutagen 2 amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ). AB - Because mutagens typified by 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) observed in cooked foods are widely consumed, detailed studies of their biochemical and biological properties including carcinogenicity are most important. IQ induces unscheduled DNA synthesis in liver cells, which when taken together with its powerful mutagenicity in the Salmonella typhimurium test system, predicts carcinogenicity. In female Sprague-Dawley rats, IQ did exhibit potent carcinogenicity for the mammary gland, the ear duct, and to a lesser extent, pancreas and bladder. Data from Japanese laboratories indicate carcinogenicity also to the intestinal tract. Thus, one of the mutagens formed during cooking is a versatile carcinogen that because of extensive human intake requires urgent exploration for specific human cancer risk. PMID- 3757949 TI - Chemical constituents of peppers (Piper spp.) and application to food preservation: naturally occurring antioxidative compounds. AB - In a structure analysis of the compounds of the genus Piper (Family Piperaceae), we identified five phenolic amides from Piper nigrum, seven compounds from P. retrofractum, and two compounds from P. baccatum. All the phenolic amides possess significant antioxidant activities that are more effective than the naturally occurring antioxidant, alpha-tocopherol. One amide, feruperine, has antioxidant activity as high as the synthetic antioxidants, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Naturally occurring antioxidants, therefore, may surpass BHA and BHT in their ability to inactivate mutagens in food. PMID- 3757948 TI - Carcinogenicity in mice and rats of heterocyclic amines in cooked foods. AB - Carcinogenicities of mutagenic heterocyclic amines in cooked foods have been tested in CDF1 mice and F344 rats of both sexes. Eight heterocyclic amines--Trp-P 1, Trp-P-2, Glu-P-1, Glu-P-2, MeA alpha C, A alpha C, IQ, and MeIQ--were given to mice and/or rats at 0.02 to 0.08% in the diet continuously. In mice, all heterocyclic amines tested were demonstrated to be carcinogenic. Hepatocellular carcinomas were induced in a high incidence in all groups treated with heterocyclic amines. Hemangioendothelial sarcomas were also induced by Glu-P-1, Glu-P-2, MeA alpha C, and A alpha C. Most hemangioendothelial sarcomas were located in the interscapular brown adipose tissue. In mice given IQ, forestomach and lung tumors were also observed in a high incidence. Carcinogenicity tests on MeIQ are ongoing, and interim data by week 83 show that MeIQ also induces forestomach tumors in addition to liver tumors. In rats, hepatocellular carcinomas were induced by Trp-P-1, Glu-P-1, Glu-P-2, and IQ. In rats given Glu-P 1, Glu-P-2, and IQ, adenocarcinomas in the small and large intestines, squamous cell carcinomas in the Zymbal gland and clitoral gland were also observed in a high incidence. PMID- 3757950 TI - Epidemiologic studies on possible health effects of intake of pyrolyzates of foods, with reference to mortality among Japanese Seventh-Day Adventists. AB - To elucidate the effect of intake of mutagenic and/or carcinogenic pyrolysis products of proteins and amino acids on carcinogenesis in man, we have undertaken two epidemiologic cohort studies: one concerning the possible association of broiled fish consumption with cancer and the other concerning the cancer mortality among Japanese Seventh-Day Adventists. The main findings of these studies are described. PMID- 3757952 TI - Future directions and research priorities for food mutagens. AB - This article is an expanded summary of the workshop discussions. Its objective is to add perspective and future orientation to the scientific symposium presented in the previous articles of this volume. PMID- 3757951 TI - Urine mutagenicity as an indicator of exposure to dietary mutagens formed during cooking of foods. AB - Studies were undertaken with individuals fed fried bacon meals to determine whether fruit or vegetables, ingested along with bacon, modified uptake and subsequent excretion of bacon mutagen(s). Urinary mutagenic activity was significant in those who had consumed bacon or mixed bacon/vegetable or bacon/fruit meals within the previous 2 to 3 hr period. Although urine activity varied by a factor of 4 among 15 subjects who consumed different meals, there was no evidence from this investigation that fruit or vegetables contributed to the inherent variability in total urinary mutagenic activity. However, some differences in excretion kinetics may be attributable to vegetable or fruit supplements in mixed meals. PMID- 3757953 TI - Identification of the mutagens in cooked beef. AB - The purification of cooking mutagens depends on the extraordinary sensitivity of the Ames/Salmonella mutagenicity test and its usefulness for tracking the mutagens during the purification steps. Following aqueous/acid (pH 2) extraction of fried ground beef (cooked at 200, 250, or 300 degrees C), XAD-2 column adsorption and elution with acetone, and acidic and basic liquid/liquid extractions, the samples are separated into six distinct peaks with preparative reverse-phase HPLC. A total of nine distinct mutagens can be separated after two additional HPLC steps. These compounds fall into a class of compounds called aminoimidazoazaarenes (AIAs). The majority of the mutagenic activity is made up of MeIQx1 (m/z 213, C11H11N5), DiMeIQx (m/z 227, C12H13N5), trimethylimidazopyridine (TMIP) (m/z 176, C9H12N4) and phenylimidazopyridine (PhIP) (m/z 224, C13H12N4). Smaller contributions are from IQ (m/z 198, C11H10N4), MeIQ (m/z 213, C12H12N4), a nonpolar peak containing oxygen and two unidentified trace polar mutagens. Mass estimates (per kilogram uncooked beef) include: 15 micrograms for PhIP, 1.0 micrograms for MeIQx, 0.5 microgram for DiMeIQx, and 0.02 microgram for IQ. Because of the uncoupling of mutagenic and carcinogenic potencies of these aromatic amines, the PhIP, which contributes the highest mass content to the cooked meat, but has the lowest mutagenic potency, might ultimately make a significant contribution to the carcinogenicity. PMID- 3757954 TI - Modulation of carcinogenesis by dietary factors. AB - The purpose of this report is to present recent data on two modulating factors of carcinogenesis that are found in Western-type diets: a beef-derived mutagenesis modulator that has been shown to inhibit the initiation of epidermal carcinogenesis in mice, and the possible role of net energy rather than dietary fat per se in the enhancement of rat mammary carcinogenesis. PMID- 3757956 TI - Use of blue cotton for detection of mutagenicity in human feces excreted after ingestion of cooked meat. AB - Fried ground beef has been shown to contain mutagens, and the major mutagenic component has been identified as 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx). Mutagens in feces of three adult volunteers were fractionated by treatment of the feces with blue cotton followed by chromatography on a carboxymethyl cellulose column. The chromatographic fraction corresponding to MeIQx in terms of the position of elution was examined for mutagenicity in S. typhimurium TA 98 with metabolic activation. When meals containing no heated meat were eaten, this fraction of feces showed little or no mutagenicity. On eating fried ground beef, the feces excreted in the next 2 days showed greatly increased mutagenicity in this fraction. By eating no-meat meals subsequent to the meat meal, the mutagenicity resumed the original low level on the fourth day after the meat meal. The components in the mutagenic fraction were analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography, and were shown to differ from MeIQx. PMID- 3757955 TI - Hepatic effects of phthalate esters and related compounds--in vivo and in vitro correlations. AB - The hepatic effects of phthalate esters and related compounds on peroxisomal and microsomal enzyme activities were investigated in the intact animal and in primary hepatocyte cultures. In vitro studies with a series of phthalate monoesters demonstrated structure activity differences in the induction of the specific peroxisomal marker KCN-insensitive palmitoyl-CoA oxidation and also of carnitine acetyltransferase. These effects could be reproduced in vivo, and potency differences were also observed between di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and its straight-chain isomer, di-n-octyl phthalate. In in vivo studies, DEHP, mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and clofibrate/clofibric acid produced large increases in liver size and peroxisomal enzyme activities in Sprague-Dawley rats and Chinese hamsters, but had less effect in Syrian hamsters. These effects could be largely reproduced in vitro where good responses were obtained with rat and Chinese hamster hepatocytes, but either little or no effect with Syrian hamster and Dunkin-Hartley guinea pig hepatocytes. Both DEHP and clofibrate appeared to induce similar form(s) of microsomal cytochrome P-450 which exhibited a high specificity towards lauric acid hydroxylation. With a range of hypolipidemic agents, including phthalate monoesters, a good correlation was observed between the induction of peroxisomal and microsomal enzyme activities in rat hepatocyte cultures. These results thus demonstrate a good relationship between the in vivo and in vitro effects of phthalate esters and related compounds and suggest that hepatocyte cultures may be useful for further studies on the hepatic effects of peroxisome proliferators. PMID- 3757957 TI - Analysis of mutagens from cooked foods by directly combined liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. AB - Directly combined high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) has been studied as a method of analysis of heterocyclic aromatic mutagens in cooked foods, in the parts per billion concentration range. Identification and semiquantitative estimation of mutagens is based on accurate measurement of chromatographic retention (k') and molecular weight-selective detection of mutagens, which are protonated during passage of the chromatographic eluant into a thermospray interface of a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Standard chromatographic retention (k') values in two reversed-phase systems and data from thermospray mass spectra from nine mutagens are reported. An isolation scheme employing CH3OH extraction, acid-base partition, cellulose-trisulfo-Cu phthalocyanine adsorption, and normal-phase HPLC was used prior to LC/MS analysis. Initial applications have been demonstrated in the analysis of 2-amino 3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) and 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5 f]quinoline (MeIQ) in broiled salmon flesh. Levels measured were estimated to be in the range 0.2 to 0.4 microgram/kg IQ and 0.4 to 0.9 microgram/kg MeIQ. The method is judged to be generally applicable with minimal sample prefractionation to detection of mutagens at the parts per billion level in cooked foods. PMID- 3757958 TI - Synthesis and radiolabeling of heterocyclic food mutagens. AB - The imidazoquinoline and imidazoquinoxaline food mutagens found in cooked meat are being synthesized by unambiguous methods that allow for the preparation of sufficient quantities of material for biological studies. These methods avoid difficult separations of regioisomeric mixtures of products and are designed to allow incorporation of specific high level tritium labeling. PMID- 3757959 TI - Browning reaction systems as sources of mutagens and antimutagens. AB - Heated food systems contain hundreds of chemical compounds, some being mutagenic and others being antimutagenic. Studies have indicated that foods exposed to drying, frying, roasting, baking, and broiling conditions possess net mutagenic activity as assessed by the Ames/Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test and the chromosome aberration assay with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. With the above-mentioned heat treatment of food, nonenzymic browning reactions are generally proceeding at rapid rates and are involved in the development of mutagens. Caramelization and Maillard reactions are two important pathways in the nonenzymic browning of food and are responsible for the formation of volatile aromatic compounds, intermediate nonvolatile compounds, and brown pigments called melanoidins. Heated sugar-amino acid mixtures possessed mutagenic activities which have been assessed by short-term bioassays. Purified Maillard and caramelization reaction products such as reductones, dicarbonyls, pyrazines, and furan derivatives have exhibited mutagenicity and clastogenicity. The water insoluble fraction (WIF) of instant coffee and a model-system melanoidin (MSM) have been shown to inhibit the mutagenicity of known carcinogens--aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), and benzo(a)pyrene (BP)--in aqueous dispersion. WIF and MSM were found to be effective binding agents for the carcinogens. PMID- 3757960 TI - Formation of mutagens by heating foods and model systems. AB - We have demonstrated that the pyrolysis products of amino acids and proteins in model systems are mutagenic. The mutagenic principles in the pyrolyzates of amino acids have been isolated and identified by Sugimura et al. We have isolated and identified amino-alpha-carbolines from pyrolyzed soybean globulin as mutagens. The yield of mutagens by the heating of food constituents is changed by the heating method. Effects of heating methods on the yield of amino-alpha-carbolines were studied in a series of experiments, and the results are shown in this paper. Additionally, it has been shown that by the heating of creatine-sugar mixtures imidazoquinoline or quinoxaline mutagens are formed. PMID- 3757961 TI - Mutagen formation in a model beef supernatant fraction. IV. Properties of the system. AB - To identify the precursors and elucidate the reaction conditions that yield heterocyclic amine mutagens in cooked meat products and fish, we have used a supernatant 2 (S2) fraction prepared from H2O-homogenized lean round steak. Compounds (MW less than 500) in S2 are the sources of the microsomal-dependent, Salmonella TA 1538 mutagenic activity in open boiled (aqueous), 200 degrees C pressure-heated (aqueous), or 200 to 300 degrees C oven-baked (freeze-dried) homogenates. Combined incorporation-HPLC experiments show that they are also the precursors for frameshift mutagen formation in the outer surfaces of 200 degrees C griddle-fried ground beef. Maximal stimulations of boiled S2 mutagenic activity are given by 10 mM Trp, 2.5 mM creatine phosphate (CP), and synergistically by 10 mM Trp + 2.5 mM CP + 1.0 mM FeSO4 (a mixture abbreviated as S2*). Boiling S2 for 30 hr at the acidic optimum pH of 4.0----600 TA 1538 revertants (no additions) and 1,400 revertants (+CP), while S2*----24,000 revertants/10(8) bacteria/g of dry beef. By the criteria of HPLC, paper electrophoresis, and resistance of the active HPLC fractions to acid-nitrite inactivation, boiled S2 contains 2-amino-3 methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp P-2) and a minor amount of 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (MeIQ). Boiling S2 with CP doubles the IQ, halves the Trp-P-2, produced traces of MeIQ, and generates an unknown nitrite-resistant mutagen. Boiled S2* contains these same four mutagens, but both the IQ and Trp-P-2 are increased and large amounts of Trp-P-1 also are generated. The identities of IQ, Trp-P-2, and Trp-P-1 were verified by purification and by light-absorption and mass spectra. Their increments in stimulated S2 indicate that Trp (or its degradation products) and CP (or its degradation products) are the beef juice precursors for the indole ring in Trp-P type mutagens and the NH2-imidazole ring in IQ-type mutagens, respectively. Aqueous (pressure) heating or oven-baking S2 for 2 hr at 200 degrees C greatly elevates its TA 1538 activity----45,000 revertants/10(8) bacteria/g of dry beef; dry heating at 300 degrees C----approximately 180,000 revertants/g of dry beef. Along with the increases in total TA 1538 activity at 200 to 300 degrees C, the number of mutagens formed from the less than 500 MW S2 precursors also multiplies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3757962 TI - Mutagens in coffee and other beverages. AB - A cup of coffee contains mutagens which produce about 5 X 10(4)-10(5) revertants of Salmonella typhimurium TA 100 without S9 mix. One of the mutagens was identified to be methylglyoxal. Methylglyoxal was present in various beverages such as black tea, whisky, and brandy. Methylglyoxal itself induced tumors in rats when administered by subcutaneous injection. However, the mutagenic properties of coffee were different from those of methylglyoxal. The mutagenicity of coffee was suppressed by catalase, and coffee was found to contain hydrogen peroxide. Furthermore, coffee solution was found to have a hydrogen peroxide generating system. Instant coffee (15 mg/mL) contains 130 microM hydrogen peroxide immediately after the dissolution of coffee powder in water at room temperature. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide increased with time. The mutagenicity of methylglyoxal was increased by the copresence of hydrogen peroxide. A maximum of 30-fold enhancement was observed. The mutagenicity of black tea but not that of whisky was suppressed by catalase. PMID- 3757963 TI - Rabbit lung after inhalation of hexa- and trivalent chromium. AB - Rabbits were exposed to aerosols of hexavalent (Na2CrO4) and trivalent chromium (Cr(NO3)3) at concentrations of 0.9 and 0.6 mg/m3 of chromium respectively for 4 6 weeks (5 days/week and 6 hr/day). Three of eight rabbits exposed to Cr(VI) and three of eight rabbits exposed to Cr(III) showed nodular accumulations of alveolar macrophages, similar to the lesions observed in previous experiments after exposure to Ni2+, Cd2+, or metallic nickel. Macrophages from rabbits exposed to Cr(III) usually contained round dark inclusions, large lysosomes, and laminated inclusions similar to the lamellar bodies in the type II cells, and most macrophages from rabbits exposed to Cr(VI) showed enlarged lysosomes. However, the total amount of phospholipids and the volume density of type II cells did not differ significantly between exposed rabbits and controls. Our findings indicate that the macrophages are directly affected by chromium. The accumulation of laminated structures in the alveolar macrophages after Cr(III) exposure might be due to an impaired catabolism of surfactant. PMID- 3757964 TI - Dipalmitoyl lecithin and lung surfactant adsorption at an air-liquid interface by respirable particles. AB - The effects of kaolin and flyash on synthetic dipalmitoyl lecithin and lung surfactant from the lavage of excised rat lungs were studied using a Wilhelmy type surface balance. After control studies with dipalmitoyl lecithin and rat lung surfactant, particles were sprinkled onto the surface at minimum surface area and the surface tensions vs surface areas were recorded. The results showed increased minimum surface tensions and decreased hysteresis areas when the particles were added. More particles were required to change the hysteresis area of lung surfactant than were required for synthetic dipalmitoyl lecithin. The effects of changes in surface areas of alumina and zinc oxide particles on dipalmitoyl lecithin were also studied. The amount of particles required to reduce surface tension-surface area hysteresis increased as the particles' surface area per gram decreased. This study indicates that respirable dusts may adsorb dipalmitoyl lecithin or lung surfactant in vivo and, therefore, may prevent surface tension from reaching the low values generally thought to occur in vivo. PMID- 3757965 TI - Health risks of SO2 released from coal-fired plants: a model for general evaluations. AB - A model recently proposed for evaluation of health risks from airborne effluents released by the nuclear cycle is applied to SO2 release by coal-fired plants. The main feature of the model is that it makes such evaluations extremely simple by not requiring any detailed knowledge of the local concentrations of the pollutant considered. A schematization of the behavior of the pollutant into the atmosphere is proposed taking into account deposition and SO2-SO4 conversion. An example of application is worked out and discussed. PMID- 3757966 TI - Pulmonary response to impaired lung clearance in rats following excessive TiO2 dust deposition. AB - Rats were exposed to TiO2 by the inhalation route at concentrations of 0, 10, 50, or 250 mg/m3 for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 2 years. Lung weights of rats at 10 mg/m3 were within normal limits after 2 years exposure. Lung weights increased significantly after 6 months at 50 mg/m3 and after 3 months at 250 mg/m3. After 2 years exposure, TiO2 retention in dried lung was 3.1% (26.5 mg per lung) at 10 mg/m3, 16.9% (124 mg per lung) at 50 mg/m3, and 28% (665 mg per lung) at 250 mg/m3. Lung clearance mechanisms appeared to be overloaded at 250 mg/m3. Dust particles were retained in the lung in a dose-related fashion, but there was no significant difference in lung clearance rate between 10 and 50 mg/m3. Lung response at 10 mg/m3 satisfied the biological criteria for a "nuisance dust," while adverse effects resulting from gradually accumulated particles (8.1%, 67.7 mg per lung) were found after 1 year of exposure to 50 mg/m3. An early pulmonary response indicating an overloaded lung clearance mechanism was manifested by massive accumulation of dust-laden macrophages (dust cells), foamy dust cells, free particles, or cellular debris derived from disintegrated foamy dust cells in the alveoli adjacent to the alveolar ducts. Alveolar proteinosis also appeared to be an important marker of an overloaded lung clearance mechanism and was observed at 50 and 250 mg/m3 after 1 year of exposure. Cholesterol granulomas were developed with degenerative foamy dust cells at 50 and 250 mg/m3 after 1 year of exposure. After 2 years exposure at 250 mg/m3, bronchioalveolar adenomas occurred in the alveoli showing type II pneumocyte hyperplasia, while cystic keratinizing squamous carcinomas were developed from squamous metaplasia of alveoli showing bronchiolarization in the alveolar duct region. Since the lung tumors were a unique type of experimentally induced tumors under exaggerated exposure conditions and have not usually been seen in man or animals, their relevance to man is questionable. PMID- 3757967 TI - Ozone-induced elevation of creatine kinase activity in blood plasma of rats. AB - Rats exposed to three different low concentrations of ozone for 2 hr show alterations in blood plasma activity comparable to those previously observed in mice. The reactions are explained as compensatory, possibly being involved in the initial phase of adaptation development. PMID- 3757968 TI - Pulmonary deposition and clearance of a coal fly ash aerosol by inhalation. AB - Wistar male rats were exposed to coal fly ash aerosols at average exposure concentration of 10.4 mg/m3 for 7 hr/day, 5 days/week for 1 month. Some rats were sacrificed just after the exposure, while others were kept for 6 or 10 months clearance time before sacrifice. There were no differences in body weight gain between fly ash exposure groups and controls. The burden of fly ash was estimated by the measurement of aluminum contents in rat organs. Aluminum concentrations in lungs of exposure groups were much higher than those of controls. No apparent deposition of fly ash was observed in the liver, kidneys, spleen, and blood, but lung burdens of up to about 0.7 mg of fly ash were found. The apparent deposition fraction was 5.1% after the 1-month exposure. The clearance rate of fly ash deposited in rat lungs may be very slow. PMID- 3757969 TI - Toxicity of 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid to the adult crested newt. AB - The toxicity of the herbicide Agroxone 3, a commercial formulation of the sodium salt of 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), in the adult newt (Triturus cristatus carnifex) was tested after percutaneous exposure. At the concentration of 3200 ppm, the LT50 values were 17 and 21 hr for male and female newts. At 1600 ppm, the LT50 values were 35 and 45.5 hr. At 800 ppm, most of the animals were still alive after the 3 months of experimentation. There were no deaths at 400 and 200 ppm. Severe neuromuscular disorders were observed in animals exposed to lethal concentrations. PMID- 3757970 TI - Sexual differences in the distribution and retention of organic and inorganic mercury in methyl mercury-treated rats. AB - At 56 days of age, male and female Long-Evans rats received 1 mumole of 203Hg labeled methyl mercuric chloride per kilogram sc and total, organic, and inorganic mercury contents and concentrations in tissues were determined for up to 98 days postdosing. Whole body clearance of mercury was faster in females than in males, and females attained higher peak percentages of the methyl mercury dose in kidney and brain than did males. Females had significantly higher mean percentages of the mercury dose present in the kidney and brain as organic or total mercury and in brain as inorganic mercury than did males. Males had significantly higher mean percentages of the dose present as organic or total mercury in pelt and whole body than did females. When expressed on a concentration basis, the only significant sexual difference was in the higher average concentration of organic mercury in the kidneys of females. When expressed on a tissue content basis, significant male-female differences in the kinetics (sex X time interactions) of organic mercury retention were found in kidney, brain, skeletal muscle, pelt, and whole body. Significant sex X time interactions in the concentrations of organic mercury were found in kidney, skeletal muscle, and whole body. Kinetics of retention and concentration of inorganic Hg in the pelt differed significantly for males and females. Discordance in degree of statistical significance of differences in mercury contents and concentrations reflected in part differences in relative body composition of males and females. Integrated exposures of tissues of males and females to organic or inorganic mercury were determined by fitting multiexponential retention functions to retention data. Differences in integrated exposure were estimated by the female-to-male ratio of areas under retention curves. Reconstruction of whole body organic and inorganic mercury burdens from constituent tissues indicated that integrated exposures of males and females to inorganic mercury were equal but females had a lower integrated exposure to organic mercury. Integrated exposure of liver to either form of mercury was about equal in males and females. However, the integrated exposure of the brain of females to inorganic mercury was 2.19 times that of males suggesting a sexual difference in accumulation or retention of inorganic mercury in the nervous system. These sexual differences in distribution and retention of organic and inorganic mercury after methyl mercury exposure may underlie reported sexual differences in sensitivity to the toxic effects of methyl mercury. PMID- 3757971 TI - Histopathological changes induced in rat tissues by oral intake of lead acetate. AB - In the present study an attempt has been made to observe the pathological alterations brought about in the intestine, liver, and kidney of lead-intoxicated rats. A short-term exposure to a sublethal dose of lead (44 mg/kg body wt/day) is seen to cause conspicuous degenerative changes in the three tissues. The intestinal mucosal epithelium is affected which leads to malabsorption, while in the kidney proximal tubular cells degenerate causing secretion of essential materials such as glucose, amino acids, etc., in the urine. PMID- 3757972 TI - Effect of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) on rat erythrocytes. AB - The widespread use of antioxidants in the food processing industries, especially oil and oil based ones, has great economic advantages. Yet since the ban on the further usage of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) by the FAO in 1980, there have been several reports indicating that BHA and BHT might have both beneficial and detrimental effects. Studies were performed in healthy mature rats both males and females in a 1:1 ratio. In vitro estimations of the percentage hemolysis (50% hemolysis indicating a 50% toxicity level) showed that BHT is more toxic than BHA and the hemolytic activities (kinetics) showed a peak at 60-65% after 12 min with BHT and at 50% after 20 min with BHA. This clearly indicates that at the concentrations of 0.75%, BHA and BHT are harmful to the blood. Further work of dietary effects on blood is in progress. Thus while BHA and BHT are known to be metabolized in the liver and eliminated through the urine, they might be very detrimental to the circulatory system. PMID- 3757973 TI - Pulmonary effects of sulfur dioxide and respirable carbon aerosol. AB - Four-hour individual and combined exposures to 1.0 ppm sulfur dioxide (SO2) and 0.5 mg/m3 (1.5 micron mass median diameter) activated carbon aerosol (ACA) were studied in 20 healthy nonsmoking subjects to determine if activated carbon as a "carrier" aerosol can augment the pulmonary response to SO2. Fifteen-minute exercise stints (VE = 35 liters/min) were performed at commencement and completion of each 4-hr period. Significant increases in nose or throat irritation occurred with the SO2 and SO2 + ACA exposures and in eye irritation with the SO2 + ACA exposure. Small, statistically significant decrements in spirometric function were observed following the first exercise (t = 17 min) for both the SO2 and SO2 plus ACA exposures; no significant changes were associated with the ACA exposure. Comparing function changes between the SO2 and the SO2 + ACA exposures demonstrated no statistically significant differences, thus a lack of SO2 response enhancement by the carbon aerosol. The determination that the activated carbon sorbed only 1% of the SO2 challenge concentration could explain the observed lack of SO2 response enhancement. PMID- 3757974 TI - Studies on surface properties of asbestos. II. Role of dimensional characteristics and surface properties of mineral fibers in the induction of pleural tumors. AB - In animal experiments, the probability that pleural tumors will develop after mineral fiber implantation is dependent upon the fiber's size. This was originally analyzed in relation to the number of injected fibers with specific dimensional characteristics and, more recently, in relation to average aspect ratio (average length/diameter ratio). New experimental data on various mineral fibers suggest that the carcinogenic potency of a solid particle depends on two parameters: the nature of the mineral and therefore the nature of active surface sites, and the aspect ratio of the particle. These two parameters can intervene in a mechanism of model reaction involving the basic properties of lateral faces of fibers. PMID- 3757975 TI - Localization of mercury in CNS of the rat. I. Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) per os. AB - Adult Wistar rats of both sexes were exposed to mercuric chloride (HgCl2) through drinking water (20 mg HgCl2 liter-1 distilled water) ad libitum during an 8-month period. Animals were subsequently sacrificed by transcardial perfusion with glutaraldehyde. Coronal sections of the brain and cervical spinal cord were examined according to a histochemical technique based on a physical development process which renders mercury deposits visible. Mercury was found unevenly distributed in the brain and spinal cord with the heaviest deposits found within the motor nuclei of the rhombencephalon. In cerebral cortex, the highest concentration of mercury was found in the striate area. Mercury was also localized within the deep nuclei of cerebellum; none was found within Purkinje cells. A proportionately high amount of mercury was additionally found in the anterior horn motoneurons of the spinal cord. In general, mercury was found primarily within neurons, but it was also observed in the cytoplasm of glia and ependymal cells. PMID- 3757976 TI - Generation and dose as modifying factors of inorganic mercury accumulation in brain, liver, and kidneys of rats fed methylmercury. AB - Through three generations, male rats were fed a commercial chow supplemented with four levels of methyl mercury; the average mercury concentrations were 0.038, 0.18, 7.23, and 33.92 nmol Hg/g food for control, low, middle, and high dose groups, respectively. No clinical abnormalities except enlarged kidneys were found in these animals. The effects of dose and generation on tissue distribution and accumulation of inorganic mercury and total mercury were studied in the brain, kidneys, and liver. The dose level of methyl mercury greatly determined the organ accumulation of total mercury and inorganic mercury, as well as the ratio of inorganic mercury concentration to total mercury concentration (I/T) in organs. The I/T ratio was inversely related to the dose level of methyl mercury. With generational procession, the most notable change was found in the liver, i.e., the increasing I/T ratio and the decreasing total mercury accumulation at any dose level. In contrast, the I/T ratio in the kidney showed no constant tendency with generation. The present results suggest that the generational enhancement of inorganic mercury formation from methyl mercury occurs mainly in the liver. PMID- 3757977 TI - Biological effects of the respirable dusts from ore mines. AB - The biological effects of ore dusts were examined on peritoneal macrophages in vitro and on rat lung in vivo. The methylene blue adsorption of the dust samples, cytotoxicity, and phospholipid and hydroxyproline content of the lung were determined. It was realized that the examined ore samples had cytotoxic effects and from the in vitro results one can get information about the type of damage to be expected in the lung tissue. It is supposed that the examined ore dusts are less dangerous and slower acting than quartz, but they cause progressive fibrosis. The in vivo biochemical experiments do not give information about the type of damage to be expected in lung tissue; and the data on ore, bentonite, and coal do not differ from each other. To determine the typical biochemical changes caused by quartz, we obtain the most valuable information by determination of lung weight and phospholipid, phosphatidylcholine, and hydroxyproline content. PMID- 3757978 TI - Silicosis and risk of lung cancer or lung tuberculosis: a cohort study. AB - This is a study of cancer mortality, cancer incidence, and incidence of lung tuberculosis among cases of silicosis reported to the National Swedish Pneumoconiosis Register during 1959-1977. Two occupational categories were extracted--"mining, tunneling, and quarrying" (n = 284) and "iron and steel foundries" (n = 428), respectively. Control groups were drawn from a national register of persons undergoing periodic health examinations with regard to silicosis risk. The controls were matched for occupation, age, and time of first exposure. The follow-up was performed through record-linkage operations to computerized information in Swedish Death Statistics, Swedish Cancer Register, and the Swedish Tuberculosis Index. End of follow-up was set at December 31, 1980. In cases drawn from mining, quarrying, and tunneling workers seven deaths in lung cancer were observed and two among the controls. Among iron and steel foundry workers the corresponding numbers were 10 and 6. The values for expected numbers, based on general population statistics, were 1.3 and 2.6, respectively, for these two occupational groups. When cancer incidence statistics were used, the case/control ratio for lung cancer was 2.1 for "mining, quarrying, and tunneling" and 0.6 for "iron and steel foundries." There were 29 cases of lung tuberculosis registered among the silicosis cases during the follow-up period. Only one tuberculosis case was observed among the controls. The results demonstrate that persons with silicosis contracted in the mining, quarrying, and tunneling occupations are subject to an increased risk of lung cancer. The risk is observed when both the general population and a closely matched control population from the same occupations are used for values of reference. The results also demonstrate the high risk of persons with silicosis to contract lung tuberculosis. PMID- 3757979 TI - Influence of copper and iron on subacute cadmium intoxication in protein malnourished rats. AB - Male albino rats maintained on low-protein (9%) diets were dosed intraperitoneally with 0.75 mg Cd/kg, as cadmium chloride, for 20 days. Groups of these animals were provided with diets supplemented with 40 ppm Cu, 400 ppm Fe or a combination of both during the exposure period. Hepatic and renal distribution of Cd, Zn, Cu, and Fe along with activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases and ribonuclease and glutathione content were studied. Uptake of Cd both in liver and in kidney was significant and was accompanied by increased Zn and depletion of Fe concentration. The Cu level remained unaltered. Dietary supplementation of Cu or Fe interacted effectively and influenced the metal distribution. Acid and alkaline phosphatases in both liver and kidney were inhibited by Cd exposure. However, Cu and/or Fe supplements could to a varying degree offset the Cd-induced inhibition. Cadmium exposure did not, however, elicit any effect on hepatic and renal ribonuclease activity of low-protein-fed animals. The glutathione concentration registered profound increase on Cd exposure, possibly to act as a defence mechanism. PMID- 3757980 TI - The toxicity of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid to the adult crested newt. AB - The toxicity of the herbicide Agroxone 5, a commercial formulation of the iso octyl ester of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), in the adult crested newt (Triturus cristatus carnifex) was tested after percutaneous exposure. The compound was lethal to all the animals within 72 hr at concentrations of 100, 125, and 150 ppm. Males appeared to be more susceptible than females to the toxic effects of 2,4-D, since the LT50 values at 75 ppm were 102 and 132 hr for male and female newts, respectively. At 50 ppm, all the males died within 31 days of exposure, whereas the females were still alive at the end of the 3-month experiment. Only one male died at 25 ppm after 21 days. Vacuolar degeneration of liver parenchyma and necrosis of kidney tubules were found at lethal concentrations of 2,4-D. The severity of the lesions was related to the duration of exposure more than to the concentration of the herbicide. PMID- 3757981 TI - Chromosomal aberrations in lymphocytes of pharmaceutical factory workers. AB - Chromosomes were analyzed in peripheral lymphocytes of 31 male workers who were exposed to sulfonamide drugs in a pharmaceutical factory. The number of cells with structural chromosomal aberrations was significantly increased as compared to 15 unexposed individuals (controls). The chromosomal damage observed was mainly gaps and breaks. PMID- 3757982 TI - Blood bromine levels in a Pacific atoll population. AB - Serum and red cells from 20 Marshallese on two atolls and from 10 subjects in New York were compared for their elemental composition employing an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence technique. The elements analyzed in serum included Cl, Zn, and Br, whereas red cells were analyzed for Cl, K, Fe, Zn, Br, and Rb. Both Marshallese groups showed statistically significant (P less than 0.01) elevations in serum Br (51 and 96%) and in red cell Br (393 and 478%) as compared to the New York group. The Marshallese Br/Cl ratio in serum and in red cells was elevated when compared to that of the New York group, whereas the Rb/K ratios were equivalent. The red cell Br/serum Br ratio was also elevated in the Marshallese subjects. There were no similar differences noted among the other elements tested. Drinking liquids in the Marshall Islands were analyzed for Br but did not provide a clear source for the elevated Br levels. PMID- 3757983 TI - Asbestos fibers and trace metals in the blood of cattle grazing in fields inundated by asbestos-rich sediments. AB - During a major storm in 1975, a pasture was inundated with serpentinitic sediments which are rich in asbestos fibers and trace metals. Little natural revegetation has occurred at the site and dairy and beef cattle which continue to graze in and around the contaminated site are exposed to asbestos fibers by inhalation and ingestion. The effect of this material on the cattle was investigated in this study by analyzing blood samples from exposed and control animals for asbestos fibers, trace metals, and general blood chemistry. The analysis showed that at the time of exposure Ni and Mn values were significantly higher in the exposed animals than in the controls, and in six out of seven samples asbestos fibers were present as determined by STEM analysis. Once the animals were removed from the site, trace metal levels returned to normal but asbestos fibers were still present in three out of seven animals. Two of the control animals unaffected by the sediments also showed asbestos fibers and there were no relationships between the magnitude of fibers and trace metal content. This suggests that the sediments influence the blood chemistry of animals but the presence and magnitude of asbestos fibers in the blood can be influenced by other factors as well. PMID- 3757984 TI - Measurement of glycinamide ribonucleotide synthetase activity in intact human fibroblasts and Chinese hamster ovary cells. AB - An intact cell assay system based on Tween 80 permeabilization was used to investigate glycinamide ribonucleotide (GAR) synthetase activity in human fibroblasts and Chinese hamster ovary cells. Optimal conditions for the assay of the enzyme were determined with regards to ATP, MgCl2, NH4Cl and ribose-5' phosphate concentrations as well as pH. Using the optimal assay conditions, the Vmax values as determined by Lineweaver-Burke double reciprocal plots were found to be 5.19 nmol GAR formed/5 X 10(5) cells/30 min for the fibroblasts and 13.4 nmol GAR formed/5 X 10(5) cells/30 min for the Chinese hamster ovary cells. PMID- 3757985 TI - beta-Glucuronidase in the bull seminal plasma and reproductive organs. AB - The biochemical distribution of beta-glucuronidase activity was studied in different reproductive organs, seminal plasma and spermatozoa of the bull. The highest specific activity was found in the epididymis, where the activity seemed to be mostly in nonsecretory and only partly in secretory form. A molecular weight of 340 X 10(3) to 360 X 10(3) was recorded for beta-glucuronidase in the bull seminal plasma and different reproductive organs with gel filtration on Sepharose 6B. In chromatofocusing four activity areas (CF-1 to CF-4) were usually obtained for beta-glucuronidase in the bull seminal plasma. The major peak CF-2 (also in the different reproductive organs) had a pI value of 5.6-5.3 and the two minor activity areas CF-1 and CF-3 had pI values of 6.0-5.8 and 5.2-4.5, respectively. Peak CF-4 eluted with a NaCl gradient after the Polybuffer elution and possibly represents an enzyme form incompletely detached from negatively charged cellular material. Isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel confirmed the heterogeneity of beta-glucuronidase, since several activity bands were detected in the secretion of the different parts of the epididymis. beta Glucuronidase activities CF-1, CF-2 and CF-3 had similar pH activity profiles (pH optimum around pH 3.0-4.0) and response to thermal inactivation at 50 degrees C. The multiple beta-glucuronidase activities of the bull seminal plasma are proposed to derive mainly from the secretion of the cauda epididymidis. PMID- 3757986 TI - Blood glucose symptom beliefs of diabetic patients: accuracy and implications. AB - Both diabetic patients and health care practitioners often assume that the subjective symptoms of extreme low and high blood glucose (BG) levels are easily recognized. This study tested the accuracy of BG symptom beliefs in a group of 26 insulin-dependent diabetic patients. A within-subject, repeated measures design was used to identify symptoms related to low and high glucose levels for individual subjects. On three occasions over a 1-year period, subjects completed symptom checklists just prior to 40 consecutive self-measurements of BG (an average of four times per day for 10 days). At the end of the year, subjects reported which symptoms they believed were related to their own low and high glucose levels. After determining whether each checklist item was empirically related to glucose levels and believed to relate to glucose levels, symptom beliefs were categorized as hits, false alarms, misses, or correct rejections. Across subjects, the frequency of accurate beliefs (hits and correct rejections) was higher than the frequency of inaccurate beliefs (false alarms and misses). Symptom belief accuracy differed greatly for individual subjects, however, and every subject had at least one inaccurate belief. False alarm beliefs were the more common type of error. Female subjects' symptom beliefs yielded more hits, as well as more false alarms. Males missed more symptoms, especially low BG symptoms, than females. Symptom belief accuracy was greater if symptom-glucose relationships remained stable across time. PMID- 3757987 TI - An information seeking disposition in child surgery patients. AB - Several studies in the last decade have demonstrated the importance of considering an information seeking versus information avoiding coping dimension in adult medical patients. However, there have been few empirical demonstrations of such a dimension in children. The present study utilized the Coping Strategies Interview to assign an information seeking score to child elective surgery patients. This information seeking score was related to several parent-rated variables, including the child's historical success in coping with medical procedures, the child's typical preference for information acquisition, and the child's typically emitted coping behaviors. In addition, the information seeking score was related to question asking and discussion of medical procedures as rated by an objective observer during the blood test, by the nurse during anesthesia induction, and by the parent during recovery from surgery. It was strongly related to the information acquired prior to hospitalization. Information seeking was also related to stress responses, such that high information seeking scores predicted more adaptive behaviors prior to the blood test. This cross-rater and cross-situation validation suggests the existence of an information seeking dimension in children and the utility of considering this dimension in future research. PMID- 3757988 TI - The Nutrition Attitude Survey: associations with dietary habits, psychological and physical well-being, and coronary risk factors. AB - Attitudes play an important role in the adoption and maintenance of a variety of health habits. In the present study, the Nutrition Attitude Survey (NAS) was developed to measure attitudes pertaining to the adoption of a low-fat, low cholesterol diet. Factor analysis identified four primary attitudinal factors: Helpless and Unhealthy, Food Exploration, Meat Preference, and Health Consciousness. For a community sample of 415 healthy men and women, relationships were examined among these attitudinal factors and dietary habits, family food patterns, medical and psychological symptoms, and traditional coronary risk factors. For both men and women, the Helpless and Unhealthy factor was associated with increased meat consumption, weight, emotional distress, reported medical and psychological symptoms, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The Food Exploration factor was more characteristic of younger men and women and positively associated with men's reported involvement in family food preparation activities. For both sexes, Meat Preference scores were positively associated with meat consumption and inversely associated with consumption of meatless meals, beans, and fruit. Health Consciousness factor scores were associated with less meat consumption, more meatless meals, and better overall dietary adherence scores for both men and women. Overall, the findings provide initial support for the reliability and predictive validity of the NAS and underscore the importance of assessing and addressing the attitudes and preferences of participants in dietary intervention programs. PMID- 3757989 TI - Type A behavior, family history of hypertension, and cardiovascular responsivity among black women. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of Type A behavior and family history of hypertension on cardiovascular reactivity to mental stress in a group of employed black women. Measures of heart rate and of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were taken at rest, during a mental arithmetic task, and during the Type A Structured Interview (SI). Results indicated that the Type A behavior pattern was associated with SBP and DBP hyperresponsivity during the SI but not during mental arithmetic. Additionally, certain speech components of the Type A pattern, as well as features of the potential-for-hostility component, were also related to cardiovascular responses during the SI. Family history of hypertension did not influence the cardiovascular parameters either alone or in combination with Type A behavior. The results suggest that many of the cardiovascular response characteristics of the Type A pattern that have been observed in predominantly white samples also hold true for blacks. Replication of these findings with other subgroups of blacks, such as young females and middle-aged males, will help document the generality of these findings within the black population. PMID- 3757990 TI - Cardiovascular reactivity to psychological stress in aerobically trained versus untrained mild hypertensives and normotensives. AB - Cardiovascular reactivity to video game and mental arithmetic stressors was compared among three groups of men: aerobically trained mild hypertensives, untrained mild hypertensives, and a comparison group of untrained normotensives. Relative to the untrained hypertensives, the trained hypertensives reacted to the video game with marginally smaller systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, but there were no significant differences between these groups in reactivity during the mental arithmetic task. Comparisons between each hypertensive group and the normotensive group showed that blood pressure (BP) reactivity of normotensives during the video game was generally similar to that of trained hypertensives but smaller than that of untrained hypertensives. These results indicate that aerobic training, which has been found to reduce resting BP in mild hypertensives, may also exert a favorable impact in reducing cardiovascular reactivity of hypertensives during some stressful situations. PMID- 3757991 TI - Health practices and hardiness as mediators in the stress-illness relationship. AB - Two stress and illness models that include the joint mediating effects of health practices and hardiness were tested prospectively over a 2-month period. At the beginning of one academic quarter, 60 female and 26 male undergraduate students completed five subscales indexing hardiness. Stress, health practices, and illness for the prior month were assessed at this time as well as 1 and 2 months later. Stress was measured by the number of negatively rated stressors reported on the Life Experiences Survey. Health practices were measured by the Self Care Inventory. In the first model, illness was measured by the severity of physical symptoms reported on the Seriousness of Illness Rating Scale; in the second model, it was measured by the number of symptoms reported. Correlations between all measures of stress and illness were typical for life events research (r = .22 to .29). In both models, path analyses revealed that stress acted directly to affect illness as well as indirectly by changing health practices. Hardiness also had a direct effect on illness as well as in indirect effect through health practices. Hardiness did not appear to have a stress-buffering effect on illness; rather, its effects on illness appeared to be independent of its effects on stress. Implications for life events research are discussed. PMID- 3757992 TI - Perceived stress and diabetes control in adolescents. AB - Studies of diabetes control have traditionally focused on patients' regulation of insulin, diet, and exercise. Although psychosocial stress may also influence blood glucose, researchers have infrequently accounted for the three primary physiological factors when estimating the effects of stress. In addition, few investigators have considered the influence of everyday minor stressors on health outcome. The Tennessee Camp for Diabetic Children provided an opportunity to monitor insulin administration, dietary intake, and exercise levels and to obtain measures of blood glucose and perceived minor stressors. The best index of stress was one in which number and magnitude of negative stressors were combined into a cumulative stress measure. Negative cumulative stress significantly correlated with blood glucose levels after controlling for the effects of insulin, diet, and exercise. In addition, diabetes control tended to be better when adolescents, particularly boys, adjusted well to negative stress. These findings suggest that minor stressors can influence health outcome, but positive and negative stress need to be assessed independently. PMID- 3757993 TI - Family characteristics and school achievements of type A children. AB - We examined the familial characteristics of Type A children and the consequences of Type A behaviors for children's classroom achievements. A maximum of 156 boys and 190 girls enrolled in elementary and middle schools and their parents participated in various aspects of the data collection procedures and analyses reported in this article. Results showed that Type A children were not more likely to have families with a history of cardiovascular-related diseases or families of upper socioeconomic status. Young Type A boys, but not girls, had Type A mothers and fathers, suggesting an early modeling of Type A behaviors by boys. Competitive boys and girls and Type A girls had higher achievement test scores and classroom grades, independent of IQ test scores, than did relatively noncompetitive children and Type B girls, respectively. Thus, the competitive aspect of Type A leads to important early achievements, independent of ability, perhaps because care givers and teachers respond to Type A behaviors of children by encouraging them to continue to strive to achieve. Gender differences in the findings were also discussed and related to the adult literature. PMID- 3757994 TI - Relationship between mood and blood pressure in the natural environment: an adolescent population. AB - We examined the relation between psychological variables and blood pressure (BP) as 28 adolescents engaged in their customary activities over a 24-hr period in their natural environment. Each subject had previously participated in a laboratory study of cardiovascular reactivity. During the ambulatory monitoring period, subjects monitored mood state, perceptions of the environment, and ambulatory BP at 30-min intervals. Mood ratings and BP were averaged across the waking hours. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) reactivity to laboratory stressors was significantly correlated with average SBP in the home environment. Ambulatory SBP was positively associated with worried, hostile, depressed, and tense mood ratings as well as perceptions of the environment as hostile, demanding, and noisy. Ambulatory diastolic blood pressure was correlated with hostile, depressed, and upset mood ratings as well as with hostile and demanding perceptions of the environment. In general, average ambulatory BP appeared to be associated with negative emotions and perceptions of the environment. PMID- 3757995 TI - Gastroenterology--a new equine discipline. PMID- 3757997 TI - Gastric dilation and rupture. PMID- 3757996 TI - Gastroenterology. PMID- 3757998 TI - Hands across the colon. PMID- 3757999 TI - Responsible referral for colic surgery. PMID- 3758000 TI - Pathophysiology of equine postoperative ileus: effect of adrenergic blockade, parasympathetic stimulation and metoclopramide in an experimental model. AB - An experimental model of postoperative ileus was developed in ponies using trauma to, and exposure of, a length of small intestine which gave rise to a reproducible and reversible set of changes in gut activity. This was assessed by recordings of electrical and mechanical activity and by propulsion of spheres from stomach to anus. Activity was depressed, especially in the stomach and colon, and transit was slowed. All drugs given increased electromechanical activity but propranolol was the least effective and did not alter the delayed transit of spheres. Yohimbine was more effective and the addition of bethanechol produced a little extra propulsive action. Metoclopramide had the best effect, virtually returning transit to normal and was the only drug fully restoring coordination of gastric and small intestinal activity which was disrupted by the ileus procedure. Loss of gastroduodenal coordination is probably the central lesion in equine ileus and may be mediated by dopamine. PMID- 3758001 TI - Effects of amitraz, several opiate derivatives and anticholinergic agents on intestinal transit in ponies. AB - Amitraz, atropine, glycopyrrolate and morphine (but not its derivatives, meperidine [pethidine], oxymorphone and butorphanol) produced similar effects on clinically observed intestinal functions and significantly prolonged intestinal transit, as assessed with polyethylene glycol (PEG). However, their mechanisms of action, particularly on intestinal transport (fluid movement), may differ widely. Loperamide appeared to exert a preferential action on intestinal transport rather than motility, as there was no significant delay in PEG transit. The action of amitraz in perturbing smooth muscle coordination and enhancing absorption involved, at least partially, an alpha 2 adrenergic component susceptible to yohimbine. Naloxone, an opiate antagonist, did not influence amitraz responses but induced the return of intestinal sounds and defecation after a refractory period in morphine-dosed ponies. The results suggest potential clinical applications in horses for loperamide in diarrhoea therapy, for alpha 2 adrenergic antagonists in obstruction and ileus and, possibly, of amitraz-like agents in reducing fluid losses in diarrhoea. PMID- 3758002 TI - Incidence, diagnosis and treatment of postoperative complications in colic cases. AB - A survey of 259 surgical colic cases revealed that over 50 per cent of fatalities occurred in the postoperative period. Postoperative ileus and circulatory/endotoxaemic shock accounted for 70 per cent of these deaths. Other less important complications were salmonellosis, long bone fracture, adhesions, haemorrhage, laminitis, wound infection and ischaemic muscle damage. Close monitoring of postoperative progress is necessary to enable early diagnosis and treatment. Recent developments in understanding of the pathophysiology of endotoxic shock and ileus may lead to more successful treatment regimes. The possibilities include the use of cyclooxygenase inhibitors, anti-endotoxin hyperimmune serum and dopamine antagonists. PMID- 3758003 TI - Haemostatic abnormalities in horses with colic--their prognostic value. AB - The incidence and nature of coagulation abnormalities in horses presented with colic and the possible prognostic value of these abnormalities was investigated. A coagulogram was performed on each of 24 adult Thoroughbred or Standardbred horses. A coagulogram consisted of measurements of eight parameters; platelet count, plasma fibrinogen, plasma antithrombin III (AT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), prothrombin time (PT), thrombin clotting time (TCT), soluble fibrin monomer (SFM) and fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products (FDP). Retrospective determination of the cause of the colic and outcome (survival vs non-survival) was carried out. All patients examined had at least one abnormal parameter with the frequency being: Increased SFM 67 per cent; prolonged PTT 63 per cent; prolonged TCT 50 per cent; elevated plasma fibrinogen 46 per cent; reduced platelet count 29 per cent; reduced plasma AT 29 per cent; prolonged PT 25 per cent; and elevated serum FDP 21 per cent. When survivor and non-survivor groups were compared there was little difference in the frequency of abnormalities such as elevated SFM, elevated fibrinogen and prolonged PTT. The abnormalities which had the greatest frequency difference between non-survivors and survivors, and therefore the greatest prognostic value, were decreased AT greater than prolonged TCT = prolonged PT greater than elevated FDP greater than reduced platelet count. The frequency of these abnormalities in non-survivors compared to survivors was 8.6:1, 7.1:1, 5.7:1 and 3.6:1, respectively. The average number of abnormal parameters in non-survivors (five) was significantly greater than in survivors (two). PMID- 3758004 TI - Study of variables commonly used in examination of equine colic cases to assess prognostic value. AB - In a retrospective study, the prognostic value and individual merit of seven variables, used in routine examination of colic cases, were tested. The following variables proved to be significant in discriminating between horses which survived and those which died: heart rate (P less than 0.00005), packed cell volume (P less than 0.00005) and intensity of colic signs (P less than 0.0001). PMID- 3758005 TI - Colitis: differential diagnosis and treatment. AB - Equine colitis characterised by diarrhoea and/or pain may be caused by a wide variety of bacterial, viral, protozoal agents and toxins. The causative agent of Potomac horse fever, Ehrlichia risticii, is the most recently recognised cause of colitis. Salmonella, the agent typically associated with colitis, also causes abdominal pain (colic) of variable intensity. Acute colitis is also caused by colitis X, various antibiotics, endotoxic shock and peritonitis caused by arterial infarction. The principles of therapy for each of these, together with means of differential diagnosis, are presented. PMID- 3758006 TI - Gastric ulceration in mature thoroughbred horses. AB - Routine post mortem examination of 195 Thoroughbreds in Hong Kong revealed that 66 per cent suffered from gastric ulceration. Racehorses killed straight out of training suffered a significantly greater incidence of ulceration (80 per cent) than those having been retired for a month or more (52 per cent). The macroscopic findings post mortem enabled a classification of equine gastric ulceration to be suggested (Types 1, 2, 3), according to severity. Severe lesions (Types 2 and 3) were present in 45 per cent of horses put down from training and 5 per cent of retired horses. This difference was significant. Lesions appeared to be chronically progressive during training, but to regress during retirement. The observed difference of gastric ulceration between the two groups of horses was similar for different age groups. PMID- 3758007 TI - Gastric rupture in horses: a review of 54 cases. AB - The historical, clinical, laboratory, surgical and necropsy findings in 54 cases of gastric rupture in horses are described. Eleven per cent of the deaths of horses undergoing exploratory coeliotomy for colic during the period of the study were a result of gastric rupture. Comparison with all horses which had exploratory coeliotomies for colic over an eight year period did not show that horses with gastric rupture were different from these reference horses regarding age, breed or season. There were fewer stallions than expected in the gastric rupture group. Horses with histories of both acute and chronic (more than 36 h) colic were susceptible to gastric rupture. Primary and idiopathic causes of gastric dilation and rupture accounted for about one-third of the horses. All but one of these cases resulting from secondary causes fell into three aetiologically related groups: obstructive, peritoneal and enteric, with approximately equal numbers of horses in each group. Most of the ruptures occurred along the greater curvature of the stomach. At least six horses ruptured their stomachs postoperatively in the presence of an indwelling nasogastric tube. The presence or absence of gastric reflux following nasogastric intubation was not a reliable indicator, on its own, of gastric dilation. Horses that later died from gastric rupture had markedly elevated heart rate, hypochloraemia, peritoneal exudative effusion (particularly with evidence of sepsis), pre- and/or postoperative gastric reflux and small or large intestinal disease. However, no distinctive feature of these horses was shown to place them at risk of gastric rupture. PMID- 3758008 TI - Barium swallow as an aid to the diagnosis of grass sickness. AB - Twenty-five horses, suspected on clinical grounds of having grass sickness, were given a barium swallow. Using image intensification the passage of the barium bolus was followed radiographically from the pharynx to the stomach. All 18 horses in which grass sickness was later confirmed at post mortem examination showed defective oesophageal motility. Although the specificity of the abnormality could not be proven, the technique offers a valuable aid to the ante mortem diagnosis of grass sickness. PMID- 3758009 TI - D-xylose absorption in the growing foal. AB - Seven healthy foals (five ponies and two horses) were maintained on grass pasture with their dams. All foals had normal faeces at the time of testing. An oral xylose absorption test was performed on each foal at one, two and three months of age. Following an 8 h fast, 0.5 g/kg D-xylose as a 10 per cent solution was given via a nasogastric tube. Control and 30 min interval plasma samples were collected for 3 h and the plasma was analysed for xylose using the phloroglucinol microassay technique. Maximum xylose concentration levels were reached between 30 and 60 mins for each of the foals. The mean (+/- sem) peak xylose concentration at one, two and three months of age was 3.14 +/- 0.29, 2.19 +/- 0.30 and 1.25 +/- 0.22 mmol/litre respectively, which were all significantly different from each other. Xylose absorption capacity decreased, therefore, with age, becoming similar to the adult horse by three months of age. The oral xylose absorption test can be used to evaluate small intestinal absorptive capacity in the foal provided that the results are compared with foals of the same age group. PMID- 3758010 TI - Faecal composition in foal heat diarrhoea. AB - Developmental changes of the gastrointestinal tract were probably responsible for the changes in faecal composition during the first week of the foals' life, which resembled small intestinal ingesta of adult horses, suggesting a minimal colonic modification. Faecal composition at the time of foal heat diarrhoea was suggestive of a secretory-type diarrhoea, in that the electrolyte concentration accounted for most of faecal osmolality and the faecal pH was alkaline. After foal heat diarrhoea faecal composition slowly approached that of adult horses. These data suggest that foal heat diarrhoea is most likely caused by hypersecretion in the small intestinal mucosa, which may overwhelm an immature colon that is unable to compensate by increased fluid and electrolyte absorption. PMID- 3758011 TI - Gastroduodenal ulceration in foals. AB - Gastroduodenal ulceration is becoming recognised as an important disease in foals during the first few months of life. Aetiopathogenesis is presumed to be similar to peptic disease in humans associated with back diffusion of hydrogen ions into the mucosa. Many factors have been incriminated as predisposing foals to ulceration but few have been proven. To date, use of non-steroidal anti inflammatory agents has been the only documented cause of gastroduodenal ulceration in foals. The clustering of affected foals on certain farms suggests an infectious aetiology but attempts to identify a causative organism have been unsuccessful. Four clinical syndromes defined for foals with gastroduodenal ulceration include: silent ulcers, which occur most often in the non-glandular stomach along the margo plicatus and are identified as incidental findings at necropsy; active ulcers which are often manifested by abdominal pain, excessive salivation and bruxism; perforating ulcers which usually result in a severe, diffuse peritonitis; and pyloric or duodenal obstruction from a healing ulcer. General approaches to therapy of a foal with active ulceration consist of reduction of gastric acidity and enhancement of mucosal protection. Antacids and type 2 histamine receptor antagonists are used most often to neutralise or decrease acid secretion, respectively. Sucralfate, a locally active sulphated sucrose preparation, is commonly used as a cytoprotective agent. The efficacy and safety of many products used have not been evaluated adequately in foals. Perforating ulcers are usually associated with death or humane destruction of the foal because of fulminating peritonitis. Surgical intervention and bypass procedures are indicated in foals that develop pyloric or duodenal obstructions from healing ulcers. PMID- 3758012 TI - Surgical management of intussusception in the horse. AB - During a 14 year period, 27 of 310 horses undergoing laparotomy because of abdominal pain were found to have an intussusception involving the small intestine (16 cases) or caecum (11 cases). The clinical signs, operative findings and techniques adopted to overcome the obstruction are described. An evaluation of possible predisposing factors provided further evidence of the important role of the tapeworm Anoplocephala perfoliata in initiating intussusception involving the ileum and caecum. PMID- 3758013 TI - Resection and anastomosis of small intestine: current methods applicable to the horse. AB - Intraoperative techniques for assessing the viability of ischaemic bowel are discussed. Intravenous administration of sodium fluorescein appears useful but further investigation of the method is required. Methods of resection and anastomosis of small intestine are described and illustrated, including the use of automatic stapling instruments. PMID- 3758014 TI - Surgical repair of a partial gastric rupture in a horse. PMID- 3758015 TI - Gastric retention associated with acquired pyloric stenosis in a gelding. PMID- 3758016 TI - Colic in two horses associated with smooth muscle intestinal tumours. PMID- 3758017 TI - Early detection and successful reversal of disseminated intravascular coagulation in a thoroughbred mare presented with a history of diarrhoea and colic. PMID- 3758018 TI - Submucosal haematoma as a cause of obstruction of the small colon in the horse: a review of four cases. PMID- 3758019 TI - Partial obstruction of the small colon associated with an abdominal testicular teratoma in a foal. PMID- 3758020 TI - Road-accident data: interpreting the British experience with particular reference to the risk homoeostasis theory. PMID- 3758021 TI - Factors affecting ambulatory heart rate in industrial workers. PMID- 3758022 TI - Assessment of the static fit of automobile lap-belt systems on front-seat passengers. PMID- 3758023 TI - Effects of display vibration and whole-body vibration on visual performance. PMID- 3758024 TI - Identification of ground materials with the aid of tapping sounds and vibrations of long canes for the blind. PMID- 3758025 TI - Changes in oxygen consumption associated with treadmill walking and running with light hand-carried weights. PMID- 3758026 TI - Modulation of replication, aminoacylation and adenylation in vitro and infectivity in vivo of BMV RNAs containing deletions within the multifunctional 3' end. AB - The genome of brome mosaic virus (BMV) is comprised of three (+) strand RNAs, each containing a similar, highly structured, 200 base long sequence at its 3' end. A 134 base subset of this sequence contains signals directing interaction of the viral RNA with BMV RNA replicase, ATP,CTP:tRNA nucleotidyl transferase and aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. A series of mutants containing deletions within this region, previously constructed and tested in vitro for the effect on replication and aminoacylation activities, has now been assayed in vitro for adenylation function and in vivo for ability to replicate in isolated protoplasts and whole plants. These tests indicate that features of viral RNA recognized by BMV replicase overlap those directing adenylation, but are distinct from those directing aminoacylation. Consequently, the lethality of a deletion preferentially inhibiting aminoacylation suggests that this function may have an essential role contributing to viral replication in vivo. An RNA3 mutant bearing a 20-base deletion yielding normal levels of aminoacylation and enhanced levels of replicase template activity and adenylation in vitro was able to replicate in protoplasts and plants; however, its accumulation in protoplasts was reduced relative to wild-type. This suggests that additional functions affecting the replication and accumulation of viral RNA reside in the conserved 3' sequence. PMID- 3758027 TI - The reaction site of a non-competitive antagonist in the delta-subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. AB - A site in the primary structure of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo marmorata covalently labeled with the non-competitive antagonist [3H]triphenylmethylphosphonium (TPMP+) was localized. The label was found in position 262 of the delta-polypeptide chain. This site is specifically labeled in the presence of the agonist carbamoylcholine. Labeling is prevented by the non competitive antagonist histrionicotoxin. Position 262, probably a serine, is located in the highly conserved membrane-spanning helix M2 (according to the predicted folding scheme of Finer-Moore and Stroud (1984). The relationship of this site to the receptor's ion channel and its regulation is discussed. PMID- 3758028 TI - Developmental and transformation-sensitive expression of the Sparc gene on mouse chromosome 11. AB - SPARC is a Mr 43,000 secreted, acidic, cysteine-rich glycoprotein homologous to 43K bovine endothelial 'culture shock' protein. We show here that it is encoded by a single gene localized to the central region of mouse chromosome 11. During development SPARC mRNA is expressed at higher levels in all the extra-embryonic tissues than in the fetus. Highest levels are found in the parietal endoderm, while visceral endoderm has approximately 6-fold less. This differential expression is also seen in F9 teratocarcinoma cells treated with retinoic acid under conditions in which they give rise to either parietal or visceral endoderm. The 20-fold increase seen during differentiation into parietal endoderm is due, at least in part, to an increase in gene transcription. We also report SPARC expression in a variety of adult tissues and cultured cells, and present evidence that a decrease accompanies the transformation of fibroblast cell lines. PMID- 3758029 TI - Evolution and higher-order structure of architectural proteins in silkmoth chorion. AB - Genomic and cDNA clones have been sequenced that encode the E2 silkmoth chorion protein. E2 assembles with E1 [Regier, J.C. and Pacholski, P. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82, 6035-6039] to form the 'filler' that helps mold prominent chorion surface structures called aeropyle crowns. E2 has two distinct domains. The amino terminal domain consists of four alternating stretches of hydrophobic and hydrophilic residues, the first three of which are homologous in sequence to about half of the E1 protein. Comparison of predicted secondary structures provides further support for the localized homology of E2 and E1. The carboxy terminal domain of E2 is much longer, is hydrophilic and consists entirely of multiple tandem copies of a single, variant hexapeptide repeat sequence that is absent from E1. Numbers of hexapeptide repeat sequences differed dramatically in two animals. The types of events required for such variation are discussed. Finally, we have elaborated our earlier model for how E proteins may assemble in vivo to form filler. PMID- 3758031 TI - Hormonal responses to a graded mental workload. AB - Three mental arithmetic tests of graded difficulty were presented to eight young male volunteers on consecutive days. The effort compensation patterns were investigated using urinary catecholamines and salivary cortisol. A significant increase in adrenaline excretion was found in response to all three tests. Urinary adrenaline was partially graded according to the level of difficulty of the tests. The response patterns to mental workload also included a significantly lower noradrenaline/adrenaline ratio and a higher adrenaline/dopamine ratio after the tests. No significant increase was found after the tests for noradrenaline and dopamine. Changes in salivary cortisol concentration during the tests were graded with respect to test difficulty between the easiest and both of the more difficult tests. Salivary cortisol concentration changes are proposed as the basis for field observations involving mental workload. It is concluded that mental workload causes distinguishable effort compensation patterns and that under certain conditions urinary adrenaline and salivary cortisol allow one to distinguish different mental workload levels. PMID- 3758030 TI - The killer toxin of Kluyveromyces lactis: characterization of the toxin subunits and identification of the genes which encode them. AB - The killer character of the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis is associated with the presence of the linear DNA plasmids k1 and k2 and results from the secretion of a protein toxin into the growth medium. We find that toxin activity co-purifies with three polypeptides which we have termed the alpha- (mol. wt 99,000), beta- (mol. wt 30,000) and gamma- (mol. wt 27,500) subunits. The alpha-subunit appears to contain a single asparagine-linked oligosaccharide chain but neither of the smaller subunits is glycosylated. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of each subunit has been determined. Comparison of these data with the DNA sequence of plasmid k1 indicates that it encodes all three subunits. The alpha- and beta subunits must be processed from the primary translation product of a single gene by an enzyme related to the KEX2 endopeptidase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PMID- 3758032 TI - Predicting running velocity at blood lactate threshold from running performance tests in adolescent boys. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between running velocity at blood lactate threshold (VLT) and running performance (50 m, 40 s and 5 min) in boys aged 14 years at puberty (n = 30) and young men aged 16-20 years (n = 39), and to examine the possibility of predicting VLT from running performances in boys during adolescence. Special attention was also paid as to whether these parameters are related to bone maturity in boys at puberty. After allowing for chronological age, height, weight and fat content, all the running performances were positively correlated to bone maturity in non-active boys at puberty. In contrast, VLT was negatively correlated to bone maturity. In spite of these results, VLT was significantly related to performance in the 5 min run in both the boys and the young men. However, the correlation coefficient for the former was significantly lower than that for the latter. The 5 min and 40 s runs were selected by stepwise regression analysis for predicting VLT in the two groups. The same predictor was selected from the combined data from both groups using the following equation: VLT(m X min-1) = 124 - 0.83 X 40 s run(m) + 0.202 X 5 min run(m). The correlation between actual and estimated VLT, and the standard error of the estimate of this formula were 0.726 and - 5 + 15 m X min-1 in the boys, and 0.880 and 4 + 11 m X min-1 in the young men, respectively. This formula was similar in precision to the formulae obtained from the data in each individual group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3758033 TI - Conditioning exercise decreases premenstrual symptoms. A prospective controlled three month trial. AB - Conditioning exercise decreased premenstrual symptoms during 3 months of a prospective controlled training study. Eight women with normal ovulatory menstrual cycles began a running exercise training programme while completing intensity-graded questionnaires concerning molimina. Six sedentary control women followed the same protocol for 3 months but did not exercise. Oral basal temperatures evaluated by mean temperature analysis were obtained for all cycles. Exercise distance and time, average exercise heart rate, basal and maximal heart rate and body weights were recorded prospectively and evaluated during the control (0) and 3rd month of the study. Mid-luteal phase progesterone and estrogen levels were sampled during the analyzed cycles for the exercise group. Molimina did not change over 3 months time in the control group. The exercise group, after increasing distance run to 51.0 +/- 18.1 km/cycle at 3 months, showed decreases in overall molimina (scores on a 9-point scale) 6.5 +/- 1.8 to 3.5 +/- 0.9, p less than 0.01). Breast symptoms decreased from 8.3 +/- 0.7, p less than 0.005. Fluid symptoms also decreased from 7.3 +/- 1.8 to 5.5 +/- 0.9, p less than 0.025. Menstrual cycle intervals, luteal lengths, body weights and mid luteal estrogen and progesterone levels were normal and unchanged. Moderate exercise training without major weight, hormonal or menstrual cycle alteration significantly decreased premenstrual symptoms. PMID- 3758034 TI - Transient responses in cardiac function below, at, and above anaerobic threshold. AB - Exercise-induced alterations in cardiac function during graded cycling with submaximal and maximal intensities were studied in 13 trained and 13 untrained young men. Stroke volume (SV) and stroke index (SI) at rest and during submaximal and maximal exercise, determined by impedance cardiography, were consistently greater in the trained than in the less fit group. Training-induced bradycardia was evident in the trained group at rest and during submaximal exercise. Even when SV and SI were compared at the same absolute heart rate and left ventricular ejection time, those for the trained group were markedly greater than those for the untrained. SV for the untrained group was relatively diminished above the work rate corresponding to the anaerobic threshold. The difference in SV during exercise may be attributed to inadequate filling due to the smaller stretch of myocardial fibers in diastole and/or lesser systolic emptying of the left ventricle due to the reduced myocardial contractility in systole of untrained individuals. PMID- 3758035 TI - Muscle metabolism during intense, heavy-resistance exercise. AB - The objective of this study was to examine the muscle metabolic changes occurring during intense and prolonged, heavy-resistance exercise. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis of 9 strength trained athletes before and 30 s after an exercise regimen comprising 5 sets each of front squats, back squats, leg presses and knee extensions using barbell or variable resistance machines. Each set was executed until muscle failure, which occurred within 6-12 muscle contractions. The exercise: rest ratio was approximately 1:2 and the total performance time was 30 min. Concentrations of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), creatine phosphate (CP), creatine, glycogen, glucose, glucose-6-phosphate (G-6 P), alpha-glycerophosphate (alpha-G-P) and lactate were determined on freeze dried tissue samples using fluorometric assays. Blood samples were analyzed for lactate and glucose. The exercise produced significant reductions in ATP (p less than 0.01) and CP (p less than 0.001), while alpha-G-P more than doubled (p less than 0.05), glucose increased tenfold (p less than 0.001) and G-6-P fourfold (p less than 0.001). Muscle lactate concentration at cessation of exercise averaged 17.3 mmol X kg-1 w. w. Glycogen concentration decreased (p less than 0.001) from 160 to 118 mmol X kg-1 w. w. It is concluded that high intensity, heavy resistance exercise is associated with a high rate of energy utilization through phosphagen breakdown and activation of glycogenolysis. PMID- 3758036 TI - Effect of posture on arterial baroreflex control of heart rate in humans. AB - Altered baroreflex function may contribute to the cardiovascular changes associated with weightlessness. Since central blood volume (CBV) increases during simulated weightlessness we have examined the possibility that acute changes in CBV may modify baroreceptor function. We used graded head-up tilt (HUT) and head down tilt (HDT) to induce changes in CBV, and neck suction to stimulate carotid baroreceptors, in 6 subjects. The increase in pulse interval induced by a negative pressure of 8.2 kPa (62 mm Hg) imposed for 10 s while supine was compared with the increase while tilted for 8 min at +/- 15 degrees, +/- 30 degrees and +/- 45 degrees. During HDT at 15 degrees the pulse interval over the first 5 cardiac cycles following suction onset was 51 +/- (SEM) 18 ms longer (p less than 0.05), at 30 degrees it was 61 +/- 20 ms longer (p less than 0.05), and at 45 degrees it was 74 +/- 35 ms longer (p less than 0.01), compared with supine. During HUT at 15 degrees the pulse interval was 25 +/- 9 ms shorter (p less than 0.05) than when supine, but was not significantly different at 30 degrees and 45 degrees. These responses occurred independently of changes in brachial blood pressure. Attenuation was also observed after 5 min (56 +/- 17 ms; less than 0.05), and after 40 min (25 +/- 9 ms; p less than 0.05) of 60 degrees HUT compared with supine. We conclude that posture does modify arterial baroreflex control of heart rate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3758037 TI - Blood platelet activation and increase in thrombin activity following a marathon race. AB - To see whether strenuous prolonged exertion increases blood platelet activation and thrombin activity in healthy well-trained men, 16 male amateur runners (mean age 31,8) were studied. A marathon race (mean time 2 h 44 min 30 s) caused a significant increase in plasma beta-thromboglobulin (beta-TG), platelet factor 4 (PF4), fibrinopetide A (FPA) and factor VIII (F VIII) activity. Sixty min after exertion beta-TG and F VIII activity were still significantly elevated. FPA continued to rise, reaching peak values 60 min after the run. 22 h after finishing the race F VIII activity was still significantly elevated. The study has demonstrated the great inter-individual variability of marathon race-induced haemostatic changes. The elevation of beta-TG varied from 42% to 156%, F VIII from 112% to 625%, and in three runners FPA reached more than 900% of its pre exercise value. In some individuals the haemostatic changes observed could be potentially unfavourable for coronary heart disease prevention. PMID- 3758038 TI - Some pathophysiological aspects of vibration-induced white finger. AB - The level of sympathetic nervous activity was assessed by evaluating cardiovascular responses to a cold test in 63 vibration-exposed workers (50 subjects without vibration white finger (VWF) and 13 subjects at stages 1 and 2 of VWF) and in 41 controls. Blood pressure, heart rate, systolic time intervals and the skin temperature of the third finger of the right hand were monitored throughout the cold test period. Basal urinary excretion of free catecholamines and platelet aggregation indices both in vitro and in vivo were also determined in all subjects. Systolic time intervals such as electromechanical systole index (QS2I) and left ventricular ejection time index (LVETI) were found to be shorter in the vibration-exposed workers with and without VWF than in the controls, both at rest and during cold exposure and recovery (p less than 0.001). A significant inverse relationship between urinary free catecholamines and the duration of LVETI was observed under resting conditions (p less than 0.03). The recovery rate of the basal finger skin temperature after local cooling was slower in vibration workers with VWF than in those without VWF (p less than 0.05) and in the controls (p less than 0.001). Platelet aggregation indices were similar in all groups studied. The results suggest that the level of sympathetic nervous activity is higher in vibration-exposed workers than in controls. In subjects with VWF, sympathetic hyperactivity in combination with local factors such as vibration induced hyperresponsiveness to cold of the digital vessels may be responsible for finger blanching attacks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3758039 TI - Effects of muscle stimulation in situ in pregnant rats. AB - Effects of muscle stimulation were studied in the perfused hindleg of late pregnant and age-matched control rats. Muscle stimulation increased tissue glucose uptake in both groups with a tendency towards higher values in the pregnant rats. The stimulation-induced lactate production was markedly larger in pregnant than in control rats. In the pregnant rats muscle tension output decreased more rapidly and vascular resistance was greater than in non-pregnant group. The decline of tension, accompanied by the enhanced lactate production of contracting muscles, may suggest a reduced muscle oxidative potential in late pregnancy and/or delayed adaptation of the local blood flow. The greater vascular resistance found during muscle stimulation in pregnant animals might have been due to the persistent local action of estrogens. The data obtained indicate that pregnancy modifies skeletal muscle function during stimulation in situ. PMID- 3758040 TI - Endurance capacity of untrained males and females in isometric and dynamic muscular contractions. AB - The capacity to perform isometric and dynamic muscle contractions at different forces has been measured in two separate groups of subjects: 25 men and 25 women performed sustained isometric contractions of the knee-extensor muscles of their stronger leg to fatigue, at forces corresponding to 80%, 50% and 20% of the maximum voluntary force of contraction (MVC). The second experimental model involved a bilateral elbow-flexion weight lifting exercise. Eleven women and 12 men performed repetitions at loads corresponding to 90%, 80%, 70%, 60% and 50% of maximum load (1RM), at a rate of 10 X min-1 to the point of fatigue. Males were stronger (p less than 0.001) than females in both the static (675 +/- 120 N vs 458 +/- 80 N; mean +/- SD) and dynamic (409 +/- 90 N vs 190 +/- 33 N) contractions. Isometric endurance time of the males at a force corresponding to 20% of MVC was less than that of the females (180 +/- 51 s vs 252 +/- 56 s; p less than 0.001) but there was no difference between the sexes at 50% or 80% of MVC. Similarly, when the sexes were compared using dynamic elbow-flexion exercise, the female subjects were able to perform a greater number of repetitions than males at loads of 50% (p less than 0.005), 60% (p less than 0.001) and 70% (p less than 0.025) of 1RM, but there was no difference between the sexes at loads of 80% or 90% of 1RM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3758041 TI - Mechanically induced reflex responses in human triceps brachii. AB - The short and long latency reflex responses of human triceps brachii muscle were recorded in 14 healthy volunteers. An electromechanical hammer was used to stretch the muscle and recordings were made from a surface electromyogram. The monosynaptic tendon reflex occurred at a mean latency of 12.5 ms (SE 0.7 ms). Later responses were observed in activated conditions (weak force production, preparatory period) at a mean latency of 62.8 ms (SE 3.5 ms). The amplitude of the short latency reflex increased during weak tension, the long latency reflex amplitude seemed to increase during the preparatory period testing. The amplitude increases can be attributed to increased lower motoneuron excitability even during weak voluntary activity. The tendency towards an increased amplitude during the preparatory period may be connected with the higher regulation of the long latency reflex. PMID- 3758042 TI - The response of runners to arduous triathlon competition. AB - As very few of the competitors in a triathlon are truly specialist in more than one of the three disciplines, high levels of physical (and mental) stress may result during the course of the event. We investigated some of the physiological responses occurring in runners participating in an "Iron Man" triathlon consisting of canoeing (20 km), cycling (90 km) and running (42 km), in that sequence. Twenty-one male entrants volunteered as subjects for the study. Prior to the competition, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) was determined. Basal venous blood samples were collected on the day prior to the competition and post exercise venous blood samples were collected within 5 minutes of completion of the race. Serum iron was significantly reduced from a mean basal value of 20.6 mumol X l-1 to a mean value of 8.4 mumol X l-1 after the race. Cortisol levels showed a 3 fold increase after the race. Gross VO2max (l X min-1) and mass standardised VO2max (ml X min-1 X kg-1) were both negatively correlated to cortisol levels after the race (p less than 0.05). Total performance time was not related to gross VO2max (l X min-1) but was well correlated to mass corrected VO2max (ml X min-1 X kg-1). The marked fall in serum iron may have been related to heavy sweating or prelatent iron deficiency. Chronic iron deficiency (without frank anaemia) can impair physical performance, although we were unable to show any significant correlation between serum iron level after the race and time taken to complete the event.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3758043 TI - On a model of human bioenergetics. II. Maximal power and endurance. AB - The properties of a proposed three component hydraulic model of human bioenergetics are examined in respect of the maximum exertable power and the endurance time for given workloads. An equation expressing the decline in maximal effort during an "all-out" exercise is derived, from which a VO2 time equation can be deduced. In addition a workload versus endurance time equation can be obtained, enabling the prediction of time to exhaustion. The resulting equations are illustrated graphically by means of a numerical example. Model predictions, when compared with experimental results, reveal discrepancies which confirm the rejection of the model, as was suggested in an earlier paper. PMID- 3758044 TI - Activity in torso muscles during relaxed standing. AB - Electromyographic activity of erector spinae, external oblique, and rectus abdominis muscles was studied during relaxed standing compared to lying down. Activity in the forearm extensors and forearm flexors was also studied. Surface electrodes were used. Each of the torso muscles exhibited 0.2 microV of activity and the forearm muscles 0.1 microV while subjects were relaxed and lying down. During quiet standing the erector spinae, external oblique, and rectus abdominis muscles showed a median activity of 1.0 microV, 2.5 microV, and 0.7 microV respectively (for a minimum of ten 10-sec samples per subject). Examination of the integrated records during standing revealed no periods without increased muscle activity in the torso muscles. By contrast, activity in the forearm muscles did not increase during standing. The major superficial muscles of posture in the torso appear to act as guy wires, being continually active during standing. There is no support for hypotheses of passive support for the torso, nor do torso muscles act in either/or fashion; both anterior and posterior muscles are active at once. There is no sign of generally increased muscle tone in all muscles or in extensors; only the postural muscles are continuously active. PMID- 3758045 TI - Force, speed and power output of the human upper limb during horizontal pulls. AB - The purpose of the experiment was to examine how force, speed and power output of horizontal pulling with the upper limb was affected by the height of pull. Fourteen seated male subjects made horizontal pulls with maximal effort at eye, shoulder and elbow level from their positions of full reach when the trunk and shoulder girdle were rigidly constrained. Dynamic pulls were performed against a water-filled viscous dynamometer in which the resistance, proportional to the square of the velocity, could be varied. The height of pull had no significant effect on either static or dynamic performance. A force-velocity-position surface is presented which describes the conditions at the handle during the pulls. It confirms the importance of degree of reach upon the dynamic performance, and over a greater range of velocities than has been studied previously. A simple model shows that the similarity of performance at eye, shoulder and elbow heights is remarkable because they occur under very different biomechanical circumstances. The total work done in a complete pull increases with resistance. Peak power output is obtained against the same resistance (50 kg m-1) that was reported for elbow flexion and standing pulls. PMID- 3758046 TI - Age-associated blood glucose levels during exercise in female swimmers. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine whether age-associated alterations in blood glucose levels occur during exercise. In addition, blood lactate and fitness levels (VO2max) were examined to ascertain if these factors influenced the age-related responses. Sixty-four female masters swimmers (25-75 years) were classified into either a well trained (WT) or recreational trained (RT) group and exercised on a treadmill to VO2max X VO2max data confirmed our classification of WT and RT swimmers based on activity levels. There were no differences in post absorptive blood glucose and lactate levels across age and fitness. Significant age-related effects on blood glucose levels during exercise (p less than 0.01) but no fitness effect were revealed by ANOVA. Within the first or second exercise stage all age groups demonstrated a significant decline in blood glucose (6.3 to 14.1%). A hyperglycemic response was observed during recovery in all age groups with the exception of the over 60 (60+) group. The 60+ group exhibited lower blood glucose levels compared to all other age groups during exercise commencing with the second exercise stage. There were no significant differences in glucose levels among any of the other age groups during exercise or recovery. There were no age-related differences in maximal or recovery lactates. These data indicate that there is an alteration of blood glucose homeostasis during exercise in females over 60 years of age. PMID- 3758047 TI - Prediction of peak torque and contraction work at different isokinetic angular velocities of plantarflexion. AB - Contraction work (CW) and peak torque (PT) of maximum isokinetic plantar flexions were measured in clinically healthy subjects randomly chosen from the official census list of Umea, Sweden, in three groups: 40-44, 50-54 and 60-64 years of age, with similar proportions of men and women. Maximum isokinetic plantar flexions were performed at angular velocities of 30, 60, 120 and 180 degrees X s 1. Body-weight, height and crural circumference were measured. Subjects rated their levels of leisure and occupational activities. To establish formulae to predict CW and PT, stepwise regression procedures were applied. The predictive powers (r2) of the formulae which incorporated age, sex and crural circumference, were higher for PT (30 degrees X s-1: 0.82, 60 degrees X s-1: 0.79, 120 degrees X s-1: 0.75, 180 degrees X s-1: 0.56) than for CW (30 degrees s-1: 0.63, 60 degrees s-1: 0.63, 120 degrees s-1: 0.60, 180 degrees s-1: 0.52). Thus the part of the variance explained decreased with increasing angular velocity, but more than 50% was still explained at 180 degrees s-1. The results indicate that the mechanical output of the plantar flexors is predictable. PMID- 3758048 TI - Central transmural venous pressure and plasma arginine vasopressin during negative pressure breathing in man. AB - After overnight food and fluid restriction, 8 normal healthy males were examined in the upright sitting position before (prestudy), during and after (recovery) negative pressure breathing (NPB) with a pressure (P = difference between airway pressure and barometric pressure) of -9.6 +/- 0.5 to -10.4 +/- 0.4 mm Hg for 30 min. Plasma arginine vasopressin (pAVP) did not change significantly comparing prestudy with 10 and 30 min of NPB or comparing recovery with NPB at 10, 20 or 30 min. However, at 20 min of NBP, pAVP was slightly lower than at prestudy (p less than 0.05). Central venous pressure (CVP) decreased significantly during NPB, and central transmural venous pressure (CVP-P) increased significantly from -0.9 +/- 0.8 mm Hg to 3.8 +/- 0.7, 4.3 +/- 0.7 and 4.5 +/- 0.6 mm Hg (p less than 0.001) after 10, 20 and 30 min, respectively. Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure and heart rate did not change significantly during NPB. Diuresis, natriuresis, kaliuresis, osmotic excretion and clearance were slightly increased during the recovery hour after NPB compared to prestudy, while urine osmolality decreased during NPB (n = 6). However, none of these changes were significant. There was no significant correlation between CVP-P and pAVP. In conclusion, -10 mm Hg NPB for 30 min in upright sitting subjects did not change pAVP consistently, while CVP-P was significantly increased and HR and arterial pressures were unchanged. This lends support to the concept that arterial baroreceptors and not cardiopulmonary mechanoreceptors are of importance in regulating AVP secretion in man. PMID- 3758051 TI - Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia. PMID- 3758049 TI - Metabolic and hormonal responses during squash. AB - The metabolic and hormonal response during squash was observed in eight normal men. Significant increases from resting were found for blood glucose, lactate, pyruvate, alanine and glycerol while total ketone bodies and plasma nonesterified fatty acids rose after play stopped. Insulin and C-peptide decreased significantly and catecholamines, ACTH, prolactin and growth hormone increased. PMID- 3758050 TI - The effects of body position and exercise on plasma volume dynamics. AB - We examined the plasma volume changes associated with a protocol of either exercise or controlled rest under identical positional and ambient conditions. Nine healthy adult males rode (E) and on another occasion sat quietly (C) on a cycle ergometer for 30 min. Ten minutes of cycle exercise immediately followed the resting C protocol. Ambient temperature was 30 degrees C (rh = 35%) and exercise load was equal to 50% of peak VO2. Venous blood samples were obtained with subjects both in the supine and seated positions prior to all experiments. Additional blood was drawn during minutes 1, 5, 10, and 30 in both experimental conditions. A final sample was taken during C after the 10 min exercise. Moving from the supine to a seated position resulted in an average loss of 162 ml of plasma across all experiments. During the E condition a further reduction in plasma volume (76 ml) occurred by one minute of exercise. Plasma volume stabilized by 5 min of exercise under the E protocol. During the C condition, subsequent fluid loss (98 ml) was not apparent until 10 min after the first seated sample and totalled 176 ml at the end of 30 min of rest. Ten minutes of cycling at the end of the C experiment resulted in a further plasma volume reduction of 137 ml. Plasma protein and albumin contents decreased by 5 min of exercise in E and by 30 min of rest in C. [Na+] and [Cl-] did not change in either condition but a rapid increase in [K+] during exercise indicated an addition of potassium to the vascular volume.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3758052 TI - Cross-resistance of nalidixic acid resistant Enterobacteriaceae to new quinolones and other antimicrobials. AB - One hundred urine isolates Enterobacteriaceae screened for resistance to 30 micrograms nalidixic acid by disc diffusion test were examined by MIC determination for in vitro susceptibility to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim, cephalexin and ceftazidime. Those resistant to nalidixic acid and also gentamicin or a cephalosporin were further examined to determine the mechanism of resistance. Compared to the total urine isolates of Enterobacteriaceae from the same time period, this population as a whole was less susceptible to all antimicrobials tested except gentamicin. Strains that exhibited multiple resistance had the conventional mechanisms of resistance to those antimicrobials. No multiply resistant strains had a permeability barrier due to outer membrane protein alterations causing cross resistance to chemically unrelated classes of antimicrobials. PMID- 3758053 TI - Incidence and significance of candida antigen in low-risk and high-risk patient populations. AB - A latex agglutination test which detects candida antigen in patients with disseminated infection was used to screen 328 patients. Of these patients 100 had renal failure but no signs or symptoms of candida infection, and 100 had high rheumatoid factor titers but also no signs or symptoms of candida infection. The remaining 128 patients were considered at high risk of developing systemic candida infection. Sequential titers were also determined in a number of these patients. The incidence of candida antigen titers greater than or equal to 1:4 in the low-risk population was 3% as compared to 53% in the high-risk group. None of the patients with positive rheumatoid factor titers had candida antigen titers greater than or equal to 1:2, however 13% had nonspecific agglutination at titers greater than 1:2. The incidence of nonspecific agglutination increased with increasing rheumatoid factor titers. In general the candida antigen titers correlated well with clinical findings and with the course of infection in those patients in whom sequential candida antigen titers were determined. This latex test thus appears to be a useful adjunct procedure for the diagnosis of serious candida infections. PMID- 3758054 TI - Hydrophobic and adherence properties of Clostridium difficile. AB - Nine strains of Clostridium difficile isolated from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients and four other species of clostridia were tested for relative hydrophobicity by determining the degree of adherence to polystyrene. Under three different conditions of growth all strains of Clostridium difficile had high rates of adherence, whereas the other clostridial species showed no pronounced adherence. Isolates of Clostridium difficile were also tested for their ability to adhere to human embryonic intestinal cells and adult colon cells. All strains adhered to both cell lines, although the percentages of organisms adhering varied. Adherence was greatest at pH 5.5-6.0 but was not significantly altered at a pH of 7.0-7.8 (p = 0.15, p = 0.20); it decreased significantly upon washing with 1% Tween 80 but not with 0.1% Tween 80. This capacity for adherence may play a part in the organism's colonization of the human intestinal tract. PMID- 3758055 TI - Possible pathogenic implications of right-sided polymicrobial endocarditis in a heroin abuser. PMID- 3758056 TI - Reduction of experimental wound infection rate by administration of clindamycin in addition to netilmicin. PMID- 3758057 TI - Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in peripheral lymph and skin blisters. PMID- 3758058 TI - Comparison of three selective agars for isolation of campylobacters. PMID- 3758059 TI - Renal elimination of sulfo-ciprofloxacin, a new metabolite of ciprofloxacin. PMID- 3758060 TI - The gamma 1 and gamma 2 subunits of human liver alcohol dehydrogenase. cDNA structures, two amino acid replacements, and compatibility with changes in the enzymatic properties. AB - cDNA clones corresponding to two alleles of the ADH3 locus were identified by hybridization with synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides specific for class I human liver alcohol dehydrogenase. Sequences were determined for a 1457-nucleotide cDNA, covering the whole gamma 2-coding region, and a 1224-nucleotide cDNA, including the region coding for amino acid residues 53-374 of the gamma 1 subunit. Two amino acid replacements between the gamma 1 and gamma 2 subunits were identified. At position 349, isoleucine in gamma 1 instead of valine in gamma 2 is a conservative exchange of a superficial residue which has been ascribed no special importance. The other exchange, at position 271, arginine in gamma 1 and glutamine in gamma 2, explains differences in enzyme properties. Electrophoretically, it is consistent with the less cathodic mobility of the gamma 2 subunit. Functionally, the location of the exchange at the surface of the coenzyme-binding pocket may influence the dissociation of the reduced coenzyme. PMID- 3758061 TI - Isolation and characterization of a lectin from tulip bulbs, Tulipa gesneriana. AB - A lectin, which agglutinated specifically the yeast cells of the Saccharomyces genus, was isolated from tulip bulbs (Tulipa gesneriana) using affinity chromatography on mannan-Sepharose 4B. Its relative molecular mass was determined by gel filtration to be approximately 67,000. On polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate, a relative molecular mass of 17,000 was obtained, suggesting that the lectin is a tetramer. Binding studies performed with iodinated lectin indicated that Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells contained approximately 5.7 X 10(6) binding sites per cell, whereas little binding was observed with yeasts other than the Saccharomyces genus, bacteria and animal erythrocytes. D-Mannose, D-mannose 6-phosphate, L-fucose and L-fucosylamine were potent inhibitors of the lectin binding to S. cerevisiae cells, while, D-glucose, D-galactose and D-mannosamine were inactive, indicating that hydroxyl group at C 2 of D-mannose was essential for the lectin binding. Furthermore, inhibition experiments, using various manno-oligosaccharides, suggested that the lectin recognized (1----6)-linked manno-oligosaccharide units larger than mannobiose. PMID- 3758062 TI - Kinetic implications of the occurrence of several relaxations in the conformational transition of mnemonical enzymes. AB - If the conformational transition involved in enzyme memory occurs in several elementary steps, the time constant of the overall 'slow' relaxation is mostly determined by the individual values of the rate constants pertaining to the overall transconformation. The extent of kinetic co-operativity of the enzyme reaction, however, is mostly controlled by the degree of reversibility of the elementary steps of the conformational transition. There is then no simple relation between the time scale of the 'slow' transition and the extent of kinetic co-operativity of the enzyme reaction. A slow transition of about 10(-3) s-1 is therefore perfectly compatible with a strong positive or negative co operativity and in particular with the negative co-operativity observed with wheat germ hexokinase LI. The relationship that has been established recently [Pettersson, G. (1986) Eur. J. Biochem. 154, 167-170] between the 'slow' enzyme relaxation and the extent of kinetic co-operativity holds only in the specific case where the transconformation occurs in one step. Owing to the possible occurrence of a multistep conformation change, the lack of this relationship means nothing as to the validity, or the invalidity, of the concept of mnemonical transition. More informative than the time scale of the 'slow' transition is its dependence with respect to glucose and glucose 6-phosphate, which both react with the enzyme. The effect of reaction products on the modulation of kinetic co operativity is also of cardinal importance in the diagnosis of enzyme memory. Since an alternative model has been recently proposed by Pettersson (cited above) to explain the mechanistic origin of kinetic co-operativity of monomeric enzymes, the effect of products on the kinetic co-operativity predicted by this alternative model has been studied theoretically, in order to determine whether it is consistent with the experimental results obtained with wheat germ hexokinase LI. This analysis shows that the predictions of this model are in total disagreement with both the predictions of the mnemonical model and the experimental results obtained with wheat germ hexokinase LI, as well as with other enzymes. This alternative model cannot therefore be considered as a sensible explanation of the mechanistic origin of co-operativity of monomeric enzymes. It is therefore concluded that the mnemonical model which rests on numerous experimental results, obtained by different research groups, on different enzymes is the simplest and most likely explanation of the kinetic subtleties displayed by some monomeric enzymes, and in particular wheat germ hexokinase LI. PMID- 3758063 TI - Use of a trypsin-pulse method to study the refolding pathway of ribonuclease. AB - Trypsin pulses, applied after varying times of refolding, have been employed to probe the accessibility of the polypeptide chain of ribonuclease A during the process of refolding. The increase in resistance against proteolytic cleavage was measured by activity assays and by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The sites of cleavage which become inaccessible in the course of refolding are located in the 31 - 39 chain segment of the ribonuclease chain. Protection of this region against attack by trypsin is attained on the major slow refolding pathway in parallel with the formation of a native-like folded, active intermediate, when refolding is carried out under conditions which strongly stabilize the folded state. Under conditions of marginal stability intermediates are not observed during refolding and the formation of trypsin-resistant molecules occurs with the same kinetics as the generation of native ribonuclease. In the native protein the 31 - 39 region of the ribonuclease chain largely forms a loop structure, which is located at the surface of the molecule. Our results indicate that this part of the sequence is still accessible at early stages of refolding, when a hydrogen-bonded network is formed. It is structured and hence does not become inaccessible until the formation of the overall folded native or native-like structure. This suggests that the 31 - 39 region of the ribonuclease chain is not important for early steps which direct the pathway of refolding. PMID- 3758064 TI - Cryoenzymological study of aspartate aminotransferase. Detection of intermediates by monitoring single turnovers with a true substrate. AB - The mechanism of action of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase has been investigated by cryoenzymological methods. For the first time a single half reaction of enzymic transamination with a fast-reacting natural substrate could be monitored. The cryosolvent (50% methanol) did not affect the kinetic parameters for the overall reaction at 4 degrees C with cysteine sulfinate and oxaloacetate as substrates. The Km value for cysteine sulfinate at -44 degrees C, as determined from single-turnover experiments, was only slightly higher than that at 4 degrees C with and without cryosolvent. The kcat values obtained from analysis of the overall reaction at 4 degrees C to -33 degrees C give a linear Arrhenius plot (Ea = 87 kJ mol-1), which extrapolates to the kcat value estimated from single-turnover experiments at -44 degrees C. Apparently no change in the reaction path occurs over this large temperature range. On mixing pyridoxal enzyme and cysteine sulfinate at -44 degrees C, an intermediate absorbing at 430 nm was observed, which decayed in a biphasic process and most probably reflects the external aldimine. Under all conditions tested a build-up of a quninonoid intermediate was not observed, indicating that the protonation at C4' of the coenzyme is far from being rate-limiting and/or the equilibrium favors strongly the aldimine. The initial decay rate of the 430-nm intermediate indicates that this step might be partly rate-determining. However, the slower turnover rate as well as the shapes of intermediate spectra suggests another step, most likely the hydrolysis of the ketimine, to be actually rate-limiting. PMID- 3758065 TI - Primary structure of the neutral carbohydrate chains of hemocyanin from Panulirus interruptus. AB - The N-glycosidic carbohydrate chains of Panulirus interruptus hemocyanin, consisting of only mannose and N-acetylglucosamine residues, were liberated by hydrazinolysis of a pronase digest of the purified glycoprotein. The carbohydrate chains were fractionated by high-voltage paper electrophoresis, yielding mainly neutral oligosaccharide-alditols. These were further separated by high performance liquid chromatography and characterized by 500-MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy as (formula; see text). PMID- 3758066 TI - The structure of the O-glycosidic oligosaccharide chains of the major Zajdela hepatoma ascites-cell-membrane glycoprotein. AB - Glycoprotein MII2, the major cell surface glycoprotein (molecular mass 110 kDa) of Zajdela hepatoma ascites cells, contains about 25 O-glycosidic oligosaccharide chains per molecule. They were released as oligosaccharide-alditols by alkaline borohydride treatment of MII2, and purified by gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-6 followed by high-voltage paper electrophoresis. Four oligosaccharide-alditol fractions (A-D) were obtained in relative yields of 8:6:3:3. The structure of the components of fractions A-C was determined by 500-MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy in combination with sugar composition analysis, to be as follows. (A) NeuAc alpha(2- --3)Gal beta(1----3)[NeuAc alpha(2----3)Gal beta(1----4)GlcNAc beta(1--- 6)]GalNAc-ol; (B1) NeuAc alpha(2----3)Gal beta(1----3)[Gal beta(1----4)GlcNAc beta(1----6)]GalNAc-ol; (B2) Gal beta(1----3)[NeuAc alpha(2----3)Gal beta(1--- 4)GlcNAc beta(1----6)]GalNAc-ol; (C) NeuAc alpha(2----3)Gal beta(1----3)GalNAc ol. On the basis of sugar composition and characteristics on Bio-Gel P-6 filtration, paper electrophoresis and thin-layer chromatography, the structure of the carbohydrate component of fraction D is proposed to be as follows. (D) NeuAc alpha(2----3)Gal beta(1----3)[NeuAc alpha(2----6)]GalNAc-ol PMID- 3758067 TI - Purification and characterization of heme-containing low-activity form of catalase from greening pumpkin cotyledons. AB - In germinating pumpkin seeds, catalase is synthesized as a precursor (59-kDa) form, with molecular mass larger than the mature molecule (55 kDa). Both the precursor and mature forms of catalase are localized in the microbodies, i.e., glyoxysomes and leaf peroxisomes [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 4809-4813 (1984)]. We have now purified the 59-kDa catalase precursor and compared its properties with those of the 55-kDa mature molecule. The molar catalytic activity of the 59-kDa catalase was tenfold lower than that of the 55-kDa molecule, whereas the heme content was found to be same, with both forms containing four hematin groups per molecule. It is inferred from these results that the low activity of the 59-kDa molecule is not related to the binding of heme to the protein, but presumably involves conformational differences between the 59-kDa and 55-kDa molecules. We have further found that the reduction of total catalase activity in pumpkin cotyledons during greening was due to a decrease in the amount of the enzymically active 55-kDa catalase accompanying an increase in the 59-kDa molecule. PMID- 3758068 TI - Dependence of the substrate specificity and kinetic mechanism of horse-liver alcohol dehydrogenase on the size of the C-3 pyridinium substituent. 3 Benzoylpyridine-adenine dinucleotide. AB - The kinetic mechanism and the substrate specificity of liver alcohol dehydrogenase are changed when 3-benzoylpyridine-adenine dinucleotide is used as coenzyme. Only primary alcohols are substrates of the enzyme and with ethanol the mechanism becomes rapid-equilibrium random bi-bi. According to model building experiments on a graphic display, the benzoyl group partially enters the substrate binding site, whereas the essential interactions between coenzyme and enzyme are preserved. This restraint on the substrate binding site provides a molecular explanation for the observed dependence between coenzyme and substrate chemical structures. PMID- 3758069 TI - The effects of metyrapone, chalcone epoxide, benzil, clotrimazole and related compounds on the activity of microsomal epoxide hydrolase in situ, in purified form and in reconstituted systems towards different substrates. AB - The influence of metyrapone, chalcone epoxide, benzil and clotrimazole on the activity of microsomal epoxide hydrolase towards styrene oxide, benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide, estroxide and androstene oxide was investigated. The studies were performed using liver microsomes from rats, rabbits, mice and humans; epoxide hydrolase purified from rat liver microsomes to apparent homogeneity; and the purified enzyme incorporated into liposomes composed of egg-yolk phosphatidylcholine or total rat liver microsomal lipids. All four effectors were found to activate the hydrolysis of styrene oxide by epoxide hydrolase in situ in rat liver microsomal membranes, in agreement with earlier findings. Epoxide hydrolase activity towards styrene oxide in liver microsomes from mouse, rabbit and man was also increased by all four effectors. The most striking effect was a 680% activation by clotrimazole in rat liver microsomes. However, none of the effectors activated microsomal epoxide hydrolase more than 50% when benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide, estroxide or androstene oxide was used as substrate. Indeed, clotrimazole was found to inhibit microsomal epoxide hydrolase activity towards estroxide 30-50% and towards androstene oxide 60-90%. The effects of these four compounds were found to be virtually identical in the preparations from rats, rabbits, mice and humans. The effects of metyrapone, chalcone epoxide, benzil and clotrimazole on purified epoxide hydrolase were qualitatively the same as those on epoxide hydrolase in intact microsomes, but much smaller in magnitude. These effects were increased in magnitude only slightly by incorporation of the purified enzyme into liposomes made from egg-yolk phosphatidylcholine. However, when incorporation into liposomes composed of total microsomal lipids was performed, the effects seen were essentially of the same magnitude as with intact microsomes. When the extent of activation was plotted against effector concentration, three different patterns were found with different effectors. Activation of epoxide hydrolase activity towards styrene oxide by clotrimazole was found to be uncompetitive with the substrate and highly structure specific. On the other hand, inhibition of epoxide hydrolase activity towards androstene oxide by clotrimazole was found to be competitive in microsomes. It is concluded that the marked effects of these four modulators on microsomal epoxide hydrolase activity are due to an interaction with the enzyme protein itself, but that the presence of total microsomal phospholipids allows the maximal expression leading to similar degrees of modulation as those observed in intact microsomes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3758070 TI - Calcium release from calmodulin and its C-terminal or N-terminal halves in the presence of the calmodulin antagonists phenoxybenzamine and melittin measured by stopped-flow fluorescence with Quin 2 and intrinsic tyrosine. Inhibition of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum. AB - Calcium dissociation from the C-terminal and N-terminal halves of calmodulin, intact bovine brain calmodulin and the respective phenoxybenzamine complexes or melittin complexes was measured directly by stopped-flow fluorescence with the calcium chelator Quin 2 and, when possible, also by protein fluorescence using endogenous tyrosine fluorescence by mixing with EGTA. Calcium dissociation from the C-terminal half of calmodulin, which contains only the two high-affinity calcium-binding sites, and from intact calmodulin was monophasic, with good correlation of the rates of calcium dissociation obtained by the two methods. The apparent rates with Quin 2 and endogenous tyrosine fluorescence were 13.4 s-1 and 12.8 s-1, respectively, in the C-terminal half and 10.5 s-1 and 10.8 s-1, respectively, in intact calmodulin (pH 7.0, 25 degrees C, 100 mM KCl). Alkylation of the C-terminal half resulted in a biphasic calcium dissociation (Quin 2: kobs 1.90 s-1 and 0.73 s-1 respectively; tyrosine: kobs 1.65 s-1 and 0.61 s-1 respectively). Alkylation of intact calmodulin resulted in a four-phase calcium dissociation measured with Quin 2 (kobs 85.3 s-1, 11.1 s-1, 1.92 s-1 and 0.59 s 1); the latter two phases are assumed to represent calcium release from high affinity sites since they correspond to the biphasic tyrosine fluorescence change in intact alkylated calmodulin (kobs 2.04 s-1 and 0.53 s-1 respectively) and the rate parameters determined in the C-terminal half. Evidently perturbation of the calcium-binding sites by alkylation reduces the rate of calcium dissociation and allows a distinction to be made between dissociation from each of the two high affinity sites as well as the distinct conformational change on dissociation of each calcium. Alkylation of the N-terminal half resulted in biphasic calcium release with rates (kobs 153 s-1 and 10.9 s-1 respectively) similar to those observed in intact alkylated calmodulin. The rates of calcium dissociation from calmodulin-melittin or fragment-melittin complexes, measured with Quin 2, were slower and monophasic in the C-terminal half (kobs 1.12 s-1), biphasic in the N terminal half (kobs 140 s-1 and 26.8 s-1 respectively) and triphasic in intact calmodulin (kobs 126 s-1, 12.1 s-1 and 1.38 s-1). Calmodulin antagonists thus increase the apparent calcium affinity of high and low-affinity sites mainly due to a reduced calcium 'off rate', presumably because of conformation restrictions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3758072 TI - Aminoacylaminonucleoside inhibitors of protein synthesis. A new approach for evaluating their potency. AB - In a model system derived from Escherichia coli, Ac[3H]Phe-puromycin is produced in a pseudo-first-order reaction between the preformed Ac[3H]Phe-tRNA-poly(U) ribosome complex (complex C) and excess puromycin [Kalpaxis et al. Eur. J. Biochem. 154, 267, 1986]. Amicetin and gougerotin inhibit this reaction to various degrees depending on whether or not complex C is allowed to interact with the inhibitor (I) prior to the addition of puromycin (S). The kinetic analysis shows a phase where competitive inhibition can be observed provided that S and I are added simultaneously. After preincubating C with I, the inhibition becomes of the mixed non-competitive type. The Ki (the dissociation constant of the CI complex), calculated from the competitive plot, is 20.0 microM for amicetin and 15.0 microM for gougerotin. This inhibition constant (Ki) cannot distinguish amicetin from gougerotin. Its acceptance as a criterion of potency does not explain why after preincubation amicetin proves to be a stronger inhibitor than gougerotin. The determination of the apparent catalytic rate constants of peptidyltransferase at various inhibitor concentrations and the appropriate replotting of these rate constants distinguish amicetin from gougerotin. A new approach for evaluating the potency of these inhibitors is proposed. The familiar Ki is supplemented with an apparent kinetic constant obtained from a replot in which the intercepts of the double-reciprocal plots (1/kobs versus 1/[S]) are plotted versus the inhibitor concentration. PMID- 3758071 TI - The mouse myoglobin gene. Characterisation and sequence comparison with other mammalian myoglobin genes. AB - Seal myoglobin (Mb) exons 1 and 3 were used as probes to isolate the functional mouse Mb gene. This gene has a very low level of Mb expression in skeletal muscle. Although it is shorter, the mouse Mb gene displays the common organisation found in human and seal Mb genes. In addition, we have defined blocks of conserved sequences in the 5' flanking region by comparison with other mammalian Mb genes. Moreover, about 10(3) bases upstream of the cap site we identified a repetitive B1 element directly associated with two overlapping open reading frames, containing a putative polyadenylation signal. A polypyrimidine rich region has also been located upstream from the gene. PMID- 3758073 TI - Further characterization of an early expressed glycoprotein of the rabbit small intestinal brush border. Its interaction with some hydrolases. AB - Mouse 23 B 921 monoclonal antibody recognized a rabbit brush-border antigen with an apparent molecular mass 140 kDa (140-kDa Ag) which, unlike most hydrolases, is expressed in the poorly differentiated crypt cells of the small intestine. Immunoelectron microscopy of brush-border vesicles showed that the 23 B 921 bound to an epitope localized on the outside of the membrane. As is the case with hydrolases the external domain of the 140-kDa Ag constitutes the main part of the molecule, which can be released by papain treatment of brush-border vesicles. The presence of a small hydrophobic domain, anchoring the molecule into the membrane and responsible for its amphipatic character, was shown by its affinity for Triton-X114 micelles. The topological organization in the membrane of 140-kDa Ag seemed to be identical to that of hydrolases. Unlike hydrolases, however, the native structure of the antigen was found from its sensitivity to proteolysis to be very dependent on its integration into the lipid bilayer. Nevertheless, detergent-extracted 140-kDa Ag can be purified by immunoaffinity chromatography although it cannot be stocked for more than 48 h even in the presence of protease inhibitors. The carbohydrate moiety of 140-kDa Ag, bearing the human blood group A determinant, amounts to 20% of the total molecular mass. The existence of some privileged relationship was established between 140-kDa Ag and hydrolases: in the membrane, hydrolases protect the 140-kDa Ag from papain action; after detergent extraction, 140-kDa Ag is strongly associated with several hydrolases particularly disaccharidases. PMID- 3758074 TI - Control of a futile urea cycle by arginine feedback inhibition of ornithine carbamoyltransferase in Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Rhizobia. AB - In Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Rhizobia arginine can be used as the sole nitrogenous nutrient via degradation by an inducible arginase. These microorganisms were found to exhibit arginine inhibition of ornithine carbamoyltransferase activity. This inhibition is competitive with respect to ornithine (Km for ornithine = 0.8 mM; Ki for arginine = 0.05 mM). This type of urea cycle regulation has not been observed among other microorganisms which degrade arginine via an arginase. The competitive pattern of this inhibition leads to its being inoperative in ornithine-grown cells, where the intracellular concentration of ornithine is high. In arginine-grown cells, however, the intracellular arginine and ornithine concentrations are compatible with inhibition and ornithine recycling appears to be effectively blocked in vivo. PMID- 3758075 TI - The alternative oxidase of Candida parapsilosis. AB - The yeast Candida parapsilosis is able to grow on a glycerol medium, supplemented with antimycin A, due to a secondary mitochondrial pathway, able to reoxidize specifically cytoplasmic NADH. It is antimycin-A-insensitive, but inhibited by salicylhydroxamic acid and high cyanide concentrations. This pathway involves the participation of a specific pool cytochrome c, reducible by NADH but not by ascorbate/N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine, and a cytochrome 590 named cytochrome a1 in bacteria. In C. parapsilosis, both oxidases aa3 and a1 are implicated in the electron transfer pathway. PMID- 3758076 TI - Oral immunization with a synthetic peptide of cholera toxin B subunit. Obtention of neutralizing antibodies. AB - The ability of free synthetic fragments of the cholera toxin (CT), administered by parenteral or oral route, without adjuvant, to induce antibodies cross reacting with CT was tested. Two peptides corresponding to the sequences 30-50 and 50-75 of the CT beta chain were selected and synthesized. Both free peptides, given intraperitoneally or orally, without adjuvant, elicited seric antibodies cross-reacting with CT. The anti-(P50-75) antibodies were able to neutralize the CT activity. Our results show that protection against a toxin at the systemic level can be obtained with a synthetic peptide even when administered by an oral route. PMID- 3758078 TI - Structural differences around hormonogenic sites on thyroglobulins from different species detected by monoclonal antibodies. AB - Thyroxine remains attached to its synthetic site in thyroglobulin until it is released by proteolysis. Strong homology in the primary sequence surrounding thyroxine-forming residues in thyroglobulins from various species suggests a unique three-dimensional structure at hormonogenic sites. To examine this, two thyroxine-binding mouse anti-(chicken thyroglobulin) monoclonal antibodies, 1A10 and 5F6, were used as probes for this region in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent inhibition assay. The thyroxine content of thyroglobulins had a marked positive influence on the monoclonal antibody binding: when the thyroxine content of human thyroglobulin rose by 6.6-fold, cross-reactivities rose 25-fold for the 1A10 monoclonal antibody and 17.6-fold for the 5F6 monoclonal antibody. However, interspecies comparison of thyroglobulin preparations with similar thyroxine content showed lower than expected cross-reactivities for human, pig and sheep thyroglobulins when compared with chicken thyroglobulin. Only when the thyroxine content of heterologous thyroglobulin preparations was two or three times higher did the cross-reactivities equal or surpass that of chicken thyroglobulin. It is concluded that in thyroglobulin there are structural differences in the different animal species near the thyroxine-forming sites bound by these monoclonal antibodies. The known primary sequence similarity does not seem to result, therefore, in identical three-dimensional structures about this site. These differences may reflect species-specific variations in distant regions brought close as a result of chain folding to form the hormonogenic site, such as those around the donor diiodotyrosine residue or in polysaccharide structures. These monoclonal antibodies provide information about the structure of thyroglobulin, which cannot be obtained from knowledge of the amino acid sequence alone. PMID- 3758077 TI - Modification of the actin interface of skeletal myosin subfragment-1 by treatment with dibromobimane. AB - Recently, by treating the head portion of skeletal myosin subfragment-1 (S1) with the bifunctional agent dibromobimane, we introduced an intramolecular covalent cross-link which resulted in the stabilisation of an internal loop in the heavy chain structure of the head [Mornet et al. (1984) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 82, 1658-1662]. In order to define the functional properties of this new S1 conformational state, we have first determined the experimental conditions for the optimum modification of S1 by dibromobimane. We finally settled on a 60% yield of cross-linked S1. Because the modification occurs between the 50-kDa and the 20-kDa tryptic heavy chain fragments which have been postulated to be involved in the interaction of native S1 with actin, we have investigated the association of dibromobimane-treated S1 with actin, using chemical cross-linking of their rigor complex with 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl] carbodiimide. The cross-linked species obtained were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and compared with those known for unmodified S1. The carbodiimide-catalyzed linkage between actin and dibromobimane-modified S1 led to a singlet protein band migrating with an apparent molecular mass of 155 kDa, in contrast to the usual doublet bands of 175 kDa and 185 kDa produced with native S1. This result suggests that a change has occurred at the actin interface on the dibromobimane treated S1 heavy chain. The covalent complex generated by carbodiimide cross linking between actin and dibromobimane-modified S1 (27-kDa + 50-kDa + 20-kDa fragments) was submitted to chemical hydrolysis with hydroxylamine. The nature of the products identified is consistent with the conclusion that the internal freezing of the heavy chain structure by dibromobimane induces the loss of the ability to cross-linkage of the actin site on the 20-kDa domain but does not affect the conformation of the second site on the 50-kDa segment, which becomes the unique actin region cross-linkable by actin. PMID- 3758079 TI - Structural and immunological comparison of human thrombospondins isolated from platelets and from culture supernatants of endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Evidence for a thrombospondin polymorphism. AB - Thrombospondin is a 450-kDa glycoprotein secreted by a variety of cells including endothelial cells, fibroblasts and platelets. The aim of this study was to compare the structural and immunological properties of human endothelial, fibroblast and platelet thrombospondins. All three thrombospondins were purified, digested with thermolysin, and the subsequent thermolysin-generated fragments isolated on a Superose 12 gel-permeation column using non-denaturating conditions. Each isolated proteolytic fragment of thrombospondins was then detected using either a radioimmunoassay with a polyclonal antibody or an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay with three monoclonal antibodies (P10, MA-I, MA-II) directed against different epitopes of whole platelet thrombospondin. The fragmentation pattern of human endothelial thrombospondin consists of six major thermolysin-generated fragments (135-110, 98-82, 54-47, 25-20, 18-15 and 10 kDa) having molecular masses very similar to those observed with human fibroblast thrombospondin (115-100, 92-80, 54-49, 27-21, 17-13 and 12-10 kDa). Treatment of platelet thrombospondin with thermolysin only generated four proteolytic fragments having molecular masses of 110, 50, 25 and 12/10 kDa respectively. All these proteolytic fragments of endothelial, fibroblast and platelet thrombospondins were recognized by a polyclonal antibody. Monoclonal antibodies MA-I and P10 essentially recognized two proteolytic fragments (135-110, 98-82 kDa) of endothelial and fibroblast (115-100, 92-80 kDa) thrombospondins, and the 110-kDa fragment of platelet thrombospondin. Monoclonal antibody MA-II recognized three proteolytic fragments (54-47, 25-20, 18-15 kDa) of endothelial and fibroblast (54-49, 27-21, 17-13 kDa) thrombospondins, and two fragments (50, 25 kDa) of platelet thrombospondin, different from those detected by P10 an MA-I. The results clearly demonstrate that, under non-denaturating conditions, endothelial and fibroblast thrombospondins are structurally different from platelet thrombospondin since two fragments of endothelial thrombospondin (98-82, 18-15 kDa), equivalent to those of fibroblast thrombospondin (92-80, 17-13 kDa), are not released from platelet thrombospondin after thermolysin treatment. These three forms of thrombospondin are, however, immunologically indistinguishable. To investigate further the structural differences observed between platelet and the two other forms of thrombospondin, their degree of polymerization was compared. Prior to thermolysin treatment, the three forms of thrombospondin were separated into several oligomers ranging from 450 kDa to 3300 kDa when injected onto a Superose 6 gel-permeation column.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3758080 TI - The amino-acid sequence of the 2S sulphur-rich proteins from seeds of Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.). AB - Storage proteins of the albumin solubility fraction from seeds of Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K. were separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and their primary structures were determined by gas-phase sequencing on intact polypeptides and on the overlapping tryptic and thermolysin peptides. The 2S storage proteins consist of two subunits linked by disulphide bridges. The large subunit (8.5 kDa) is expressed in at least six different isoforms while the small subunit (3.6 kDa) consists of only one form. These proteins are extremely rich in glutamine, glutamic acid, arginine and the sulphur containing amino acids cysteine and methionine. One of the variants even contains a sequence of six methionine residues in a row. Comparison with known sequences of 2S proteins of other dicotyledonous plants shows limited but distinct sequence homology. In particular, the positions of the cysteine residues relative to each other appear to be completely conserved, suggesting that tertiary structure constraints imposed by disulphide bridges dominate sequence conservation. It has been proposed that the two subunits of a related protein (the Brassica napus storage protein) is cleaved from a precursor polypeptide [Crouch, M. L., Tenbarge, K. M., Simon, A. E. & Ferl, R. (1983) J. Mol. Appl. Genet. 2,273-283]. The amino acid sequence homology of the Brazil nut protein with the former suggests that a similar protein processing event could occur. PMID- 3758081 TI - Structural analysis of the sequence coding for an inducible 26-kDa protein in human fibroblasts. AB - When human fibroblast cells were stimulated with poly(I) X poly(C) in the presence of cycloheximide for the production of interferon-beta (IFN-beta), a 26 kDa protein could be immunoprecipitated by antiserum raised against partially purified human IFN-beta [Content, J., De Wit, L., Pierard, D., Derynck, R., De Clercq, E. & Fiers, W. (1982) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 79, 2768-2772]. In our hands this 26-kDa protein showed no antiviral activity. Other investigators have, however, reported the presence in the same conditions of a second type of IFN, a so-called beta 2 species [Weissenbach, J., Chernajovsky, Y., Zeevi, M., Shulman, L., Soreq, H., Nir, U., Wallach, D., Perricaudet, M., Tiollais, P. & Revel, M. (1980) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 77, 7152-7156] of which the mRNA structure and protein characteristics strongly suggests identity with the 26-kDa product. In this paper we describe the nucleotide sequence of the 26-kDa cDNA and part of the corresponding genomic clone. The cDNA clones were isolated from a library made with mRNA from induced human fibroblasts. As, however, the information thus obtained was still incomplete, genomic clones were isolated from a total human DNA library. In this way, the entire region coding for the 26-kDa protein was established, as well as the neighbouring sequences including the inducible promoter area. From the deduced polypeptide sequence a number of characteristics of the 26-kDa protein can be explained. It turns out that the 26-kDa protein gene and the so-called 'IFN-beta 2' gene are identical. However, extensive homology searches indicate that the 26-kDa protein does not show statistically significant sequence homology with any known interferon species. Hence, the question of whether the 26-kDa product represents a novel IFN species remains open. PMID- 3758082 TI - Localization of protective 143/140 kDa antigens of Plasmodium knowlesi by the use of antibodies and ultracryomicrotomy. AB - Immune sera from mice immunized with the 143/140 kDa protein have been shown to partially block erythrocyte invasion by P. knowlesi merozoites. Therefore, immunoelectron microscopy utilizing ultracryomicrotomy, antibody to 143/140 kDa protein, and protein A gold particles were used to determine the precise localization of this protein in malarial parasites. Gold particles were not seen associated with young trophozoites but appeared in the parasite cytoplasm as the parasites grew to multi-nucleate schizonts. In presegmenter-schizonts, gold particles were associated with the well-developed endoplasmic reticulum, the parasite plasma membrane, and the parasitophorous vacuole membrane. The surface of merozoites was covered with gold particles. Maurer's clefts, which appeared in Plasmodium infected erythrocytes, were also associated with gold particles. These observations suggest that 143/140 kDa protective malarial proteins may be synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum of P. knowlesi schizonts before being transported to the surface of the schizonts and merozoites. Shedding of the merozoite surface coat may be responsible for the presence of the 143/140 kDa proteins in the parasitophorous vacuole and Maurer's clefts. PMID- 3758083 TI - Calmodulin and acetylcholine receptor clustering in embryonic chick myotubes. AB - We have used the calmodulin antagonists, trifluoperazine (TFP) and calmidazolium, to study the potential role of this protein in the movement of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) to and from the myotube membrane, as well as in the formation of clusters of AChRs within the plasma membrane. Neither calmidazolium (up to 10( 6) M) nor TFP (10(-5) M) inhibited receptor degradation or the incorporation of new receptors (12 to 24 h). In addition, neither drug blocked the increased synthesis of receptors induced by chick brain extract, nor significantly affected AChR clusters already in the plane of the membrane at the time of drug addition. However, both drugs blocked new receptor clusters (induced by a basement membrane extract from Torpedo electric organ) from forming. These results indicate that receptors can move to and from the cell membrane in a calmodulin-independent fashion, but movement in the plane of the membrane to form a cluster requires the participation of calmodulin. PMID- 3758084 TI - In vivo uptake of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase from watermelon by mitochondria of Xenopus laevis oocytes. AB - The heterologous in vivo translation system of Xenopus laevis oocytes was used to translate messenger RNA isolated from water-melon cotyledons. Immunocytochemistry was used to localize the translation products in situ within the oocyte. In addition, the translation products were immunoprecipitated from homogenized oocytes, separated on SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis and visualized by fluorography. A variety of watermelon proteins encoded in the injected mRNA were translated within the oocytes. Among them was the mitochondrial isoenzyme of malate dehydrogenase (mtMDH). The mtMDH was correctly imported into the mitochondria of the oocytes, as detected by immunocytochemistry. PMID- 3758085 TI - RCA I-binding patterns of the Golgi apparatus. AB - The distribution in the Golgi apparatus of binding sites for the galactose specific Ricinus communis I lectin (RCA I) was studied in differently specialized cells, including goblet cells and absorptive enterocytes of the rat small intestine as well as acinar cells of the rat embryonic pancreas and submandibular gland. For the purpose of localizing the binding reactions, a pre-embedment method using horseradish peroxidase for electron microscopic visualization, and a post-embedding technique making use of the colloidal gold system were employed. The reactions obtained, localizing cell constituents which contain saccharides with terminal or internal beta-D-galactosyl residues, labeled diverse Golgi subcompartments. The goblet cells showed intense RCA I staining of the cisternae of the trans side of the Golgi stacks. The reaction was weak in the medial cisternae and the cis side of the stacks mostly was devoid of label. In the absorptive cells, in addition to the RCA I reaction of trans Golgi elements, binding sites for this lectin were concentrated in the stacks' medial section. In the embryonic acinar cells, accessible galactosyl residues were either confined to the trans and/or medial cisternae, or distributed across elements of all the stacked saccules. In the latter stacks, the reactions mostly were weak in the cis cisternae and increased in intensity towards the trans side. As regards the respective labeling patterns, similar percentages were calculated for the early and late stages of development: they were approximately 62% for the pattern which showed RCA I label limited to trans/medial cisternae and approximately 38% for the "cis-to-trans"-distributed RCA I reaction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3758086 TI - An electron microscopic study of the interaction in vitro of vimentin intermediate filaments with vesicles prepared from Ehrlich ascites tumor cell lipids. AB - The interaction of intermediate filaments prepared from pure, delipidated vimentin with vesicles obtained from Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) cell lipids was studied employing sucrose density gradient centrifugation in combination with electron microscopy. In negative stain electron microscopy, preformed vimentin filaments were seen in lateral association with lipid vesicles; end-on contacts of filaments with liposomes were rarely detected. When the reaction of filaments with vesicles was carried out at 0 degree C, sucrose density gradient equilibrium centrifugation of the reaction products led to the banding of relatively light filament-vesicle meshworks in clear separation from free filaments and free vesicles. With certain vimentin and lipid preparations, occasionally partial breakdown of the filaments during centrifugation and banding of vesicle-free fragments in denser regions of the sucrose gradients was observed. However, when the reaction mixtures were incubated at 37 degrees C prior to sucrose gradient analysis, all filaments were released from vesicles and totally fragmented during centrifugation. Electron microscopy showed unraveling of the filament fragments into subfilament strands. Employing lipid vesicles labeled with [3H]cholesterol, a low but significant amount of radioactivity was found to be associated with the fragments in a non-vesicular form. Filament reconstitution experiments performed in the presence of EAT cell lipids revealed an inhibitory effect of vesicles on filament assembly, particularly at lower temperatures. The mechanical labilization of the filament structure by lipid vesicles might play a role in the redistribution of intermediate filaments in the course of certain cellular processes involving turnover and fragmentation of intracellular membrane systems. PMID- 3758087 TI - Cytosolic free calcium and DNA synthesis in BALB/c 3T3 cells: aequorin luminescence studies. AB - In order to investigate how growth factors stimulate DNA synthesis, we studied the relationship between early increases in the intracellular concentration of free calcium (Cai) and early mitogenic events (competence) in quiescent BALB/c 3T3 cells. Cai was measured by aequorin luminescence, and DNA synthesis was quantitated by autoradiography. While both serum (2%) and platelet-derived growth factor (2 U/ml) stimulated large increases in Cai without inducing competence, fibroblast growth factor (100-400 ng/ml) produced a large number of competent cells without causing a detectable increase in Cai. Thus, there was no correlation between the magnitude of Cai increase and subsequent competence for DNA synthesis. PMID- 3758088 TI - DNA repair in human cells: in Cockayne syndrome cells rejoining of DNA strands is impaired. AB - Fibroblasts from patients with Cockayne Syndrome (CS) are hypersensitive to UV light. DNA repair was analyzed in these cells by sedimentation behaviour of DNA nucleoids in sucrose gradients and compared to normal control cells. The initiation of repair, the incision of the DNA strand next to the UV lesion appeared to be normal. The rejoining of DNA stretches, however, is retarded in CS cells. DNA repair synthesis of UV damages was measured by autoradiography of [14C]thymidine incorporation into resting cells. Up to 4 h the DNA repair synthesis was comparable with normal cells. From 4 to 7 h the incorporation of radioactive precursors declined in CS cells. Besides a defective DNA polymerase this could be due to accelerated excorporation of radioactive nucleotides as a consequence of delayed ligation. In ligation the enzyme itself could be affected as well as its activation by ADP-ribosylation. Nicotine adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is needed for the ADP ribosylation process. The cellular NAD+ content, however, was found to be the same in normal and in CS fibroblasts. Increase of the extracellular NAD+ supply accelerated the rejoining of UV damaged DNA in CS cells. PMID- 3758089 TI - Relation between power spectrum time course during ventricular fibrillation and electromechanical dissociation. Effects of coronary perfusion and nifedipine. AB - To relate the evolution of ventricular fibrillation (VF) to the haemodynamic recovery after cardioversion, we characterized the differences in the ECG power spectrum (PS) time course, among different types of VF: under control conditions, with previous administration of nifedipine and on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). In the first few seconds VF showed a PS with a narrow peak between 8 and 15 Hz and its higher harmonics, suggesting some organization and regularity. In the following 40 seconds, the arrhythmia accelerated slightly, maintaining an organized spectrum. Afterwards, the PS became slow and irregular, losing its initial characteristics after 60 seconds. Conversely, VF on CPB maintained its organized PS, over a prolonged period. Previous administration of 0.32, 0.64 mg kg-1 of nifedipine maintained the initial characteristics of the PS for 90 and 150 seconds. Similar results were obtained with previous autonomic blockade. In another group of dogs, defibrillation was performed after successive periods of VF, to study electromechanical dissociation (EMD). In all control dogs, EMD was observed after 90 seconds of VF. Pretreatment with nifedipine postponed EMD until 120-150 seconds and was not observed in dogs on CPB. The PS time course during VF seems a reliable method of analyzing and quantifying the different types of VF. It could be related with the onset of EMD, reflecting the metabolic alterations that happen during VF. Nifedipine could delay the ischaemic effects during VF and increase the possibility of successful cardiac resuscitation. PMID- 3758090 TI - Prevalence and prognostic significance of cardiac arrhythmias detected by ambulatory electrocardiography in subjects 85 years of age. AB - 24 hour ambulatory electrocardiography was performed in a representative group of people born in 1897. Out of 73 people included in the study, 22 were without known heart disease, 15 had definite ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and 36 symptoms of possible cardiac origin. An R-R interval in excess of 2000 ms was seen in only 3 subjects and Wenckebach A-V block in only one. One subject without a history of syncope had a nocturnal episode of complete A-V block with an escape interval of 8000 ms. The most striking difference between healthy subjects and patients with IHD was the higher number of patients with more than 1000 ventricular premature beats (VPBs) per 24 hour and ventricular couplets compared with the number of healthy subjects with such findings. At follow-up two years later 11% had died, with the highest mortality in patients with IHD (33%), and out of 8 patients with IHD who had more than 1000 VPBs per 24 hour, 4 (50%) had died compared with only one (14%) of those with less than 1000 VPBs. Our results seem to indicate that more than 1000 VPBs per 24 hour is a very unusual finding in healthy 85 year old individuals. When it occurs in very old people, it is usually in connection with IHD, and in this setting it signifies a poor prognosis. PMID- 3758091 TI - Clinical cardiac electrophysiology of indoramin, a post-synaptic alpha blocker. AB - Indoramin is a selective post-synaptic alpha blocker. Animal experiments had shown that it has antiarrhythmic effects, but whether this is due to its alpha blocking effect or some other mechanism is not known. Fifteen patients (10 males) underwent electrophysiological investigations before and 15 minutes after intravenous indoramin injection (0.2-0.5 mg kg-1). The plasma level of indoramin was measured and the patients were divided into two groups: group 1 (8 patients) whose plasma level was less than 100 micrograms ml-1 (average 72 micrograms ml-1) and group 2 (7 patients) whose plasma level was more than 100 micrograms ml-1 (average 151 micrograms ml-1). In both groups there was a significant drop in the systolic blood pressure after indoramin (129 +/- 22 to 111 +/- 23 mmHg, P less than 0.001). There was a marked improvement in the sinus node recovery time in group 1 only (253 +/- 92 to 163 +/- 40 ms, P less than 0.01). Similarly there was a decrease in AH interval during fixed rate atrial pacing in group 1 only (128 +/ 33 to 100 +/- 37 ms, P less than 0.05) and a significant decrease in the Wenckebach cycle length after indoramin in group 1 only (372 +/- 85 to 347 +/- 74 ms, P less than 0.05). At the atrial level there were no significant effects in either group but there was a significant increase in the ventricular effective refractory period in group 2 (231 +/- 35 to 264 +/- 64 ms, P less than 0.05) but no change in group 1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3758092 TI - Exercise radionuclide ventriculography after uncomplicated myocardial infarction: what could we gain from the analysis of LVEF throughout the whole test? AB - To assess the usefulness of a step by step evaluation of exercise left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), 219 consecutive patients with recent uncomplicated myocardial infarction and 30 normal subjects underwent a symptom limited cycloergometer test followed by exercise radionuclide ventriculography (ExRNV). LVEF was monitored throughout the whole test. 49 patients underwent coronary arteriography for clinical reasons. 5 patterns of exercise LVEF could be observed: progressive increase: 55 patients (25%) and 27 normal subjects (90%); progressive decrease: 37 patients (17%); initial increase followed by significant decrease: 54 patients (25%); lack of initial modification and terminal decrease: 35 patients (16%); no modification: 38 patients (17%) and 3 normal subjects (10%). Grouping the patients in this fashion allowed us to increase the specificity of ExRNV from 70% to 100%, without loss of sensitivity (95%). As for the patients in subgroup C, 32/54 showed unequivocal ECG ischaemic changes, occurring simultaneously with LVEF decrease; in 33/54 LVEF dropped during the last workload; in 25/54 the last stage LVEF was equal to or higher than the basal LVEF. The statistical analysis showed that ischaemic ECG changes (P less than 0.0001), exercise-induced wall-motion abnormalities (P less than 0.0001), and the presence of multivessel coronary artery disease (P less than 0.0001) were significantly more frequent in patients showing patterns (b)-(d), which should be considered as ischaemic. Our method allowed the unequivocal identification of ischaemic patterns in LVEF during exercise, which might be missed if only its basal and final values are considered. PMID- 3758093 TI - Non invasive assessment of regional diastolic left ventricular function with first pass radionuclide functional imaging in ischaemic heart disease. AB - Functional images of regional distribution of rapid filling (RF) rates have been developed and applied at rest and on exercise for regional analysis of 301 coronary artery territories (103 compromised by coronary narrowings, 198 normal). The observed time-interval of RF averaged 209 ms at rest (range 200 to 280) and 172 ms on exercise (range 125 to 200 ms). Normal RF is directed to the apex, and it is deviated from territories with reduced compliance to normal territories. Sensitivity in detection and localization of territories compromised by coronary narrowings exceeds 90% at rest for the anterior and infero-posterior wall and is higher than that obtained from systolic functional images. Specificity amounts also to over 90% and is much higher than that observed with systolic functional images. During RF, moderate to severe loss in compliance results in initial regional paradoxical inward motion in 40 to 45% of anterior or postero-inferior segments eventually accompanied by significant inward displacement of blood. Thus, with functional imaging of regional RF rates one can establish dysfunction and functional significance of coronary narrowings. PMID- 3758094 TI - Variability of positive inotropic response to acute amrinone administration in chronic cardiac failure. AB - To determine the factors conditioning the variability of positive inotropic response after intravenous acute amrinone administration, 14 patients with chronic cardiac failure were studied by quantitative M-mode and cross-sectional echocardiography. Six patients had idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and 8 patients had severe chronic aortic insufficiency. Myocardial contractility (evaluated as peak arterial systolic pressure/end-systolic volume ratio: PAP/ESV) did not change in patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathy, a significant increase of myocardial contractility occurred in patients with aortic regurgitation only if the control value of PAP/ESV was greater than 1. Mean systolic wall stress decreased significantly in all patients, independent of aetiology of cardiac failure and was the factor determining the improvement of left ventricular performance (evaluated as fractional shortening) in patients without changes in myocardial contractility. Maximum improvement in left ventricular performance occurred 10 minutes after amrinone administration. It is concluded that the possibility of detecting the positive inotropic properties of amrinone in man depends on the aetiology of the cardiac failure and on the basal level of myocardial contractility. PMID- 3758095 TI - Aortic root abscess in Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans endocarditis: non invasive diagnosis and successful outcome following early surgery. AB - The case described is the first in which Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans endocarditis affecting the aortic valve was complicated by aortic root abscess formation. The diagnosis was supported by the development of complete left bundle branch block, the presence of pericarditis and the two-dimensional echocardiographic appearance. Early surgery was performed and the diagnosis confirmed. The patient made a full recovery. PMID- 3758096 TI - Critical appraisal of secondary prevention after myocardial infarction. 2-3 September 1983, Liege, Belgium. PMID- 3758097 TI - Electrophysiological disturbances associated with acute myocardial infarction. AB - By the time most patients reach hospital with acute myocardial infarction the risk of developing ventricular fibrillation (VF) is receding and Q wave evolution is complete. While these changes are the culmination of a single irreversible ischaemic insult, this may follow several reversible episodes of ischaemia associated with marked ECG changes during the preceding hours or days and further ischaemic episodes may follow the development of Q waves. Cellular electrophysiological changes associated with experimental myocardial ischaemia in an isolated guinea pig preparation were a reduction in refractory period and action potential amplitude, Vmax and duration while conduction time and QRS width were prolonged. Spontaneous recovery in action potential amplitude and Vmax was observed after 12 min of ischaemia and depended on the presence of residual coronary flow. Electrophysiological recovery commenced rapidly on reperfusion but with further shortening of action potential duration. Reperfusion VF was most likely to occur when the associated ischaemic insult was 20-30 min in duration. Myocardial catecholamine depletion significantly reduced these arrhythmias and this antiarrhythmic action was associated with marked attenuation of the electrophysiological effects of ischaemia and reperfusion. PMID- 3758098 TI - Calcium antagonists and the ischaemic myocardium. AB - We have investigated whether Ca2+ antagonists reduce the amount of noradrenaline (NA) lost from the myocardium during periods of ischaemia and reperfusion. Hearts obtained from adult, male, normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats were perfused at 37 degrees C before being made globally ischaemic for 15 or 60 min and assayed for catecholamines. Some of these hearts were reperfused. Aerobic perfusion for 90 min failed to cause a significant loss of left ventricular NA. Ischaemia for 15 min followed by reperfusion for 15 min, and ischaemia for 60 min with or without reperfusion caused a significant loss of NA. The loss of NA caused by 15 min ischaemia and reperfusion was abolished or attenuated by verapamil, nifedipine, nitrendipine, nisoldipine and diltiazem. PMID- 3758099 TI - Ultrastructural changes of the myocardium in regional ischaemia and infarction. AB - This study describes ultrastructural changes observed in experimental myocardial ischaemia and infarction in the dog heart. In myocardial cells, the evaluation of the state of mitochondria, nuclei and myofilaments by electron microscopy allows the differentiation of reversible versus irreversible ischaemic injury. Other subcellular symptoms such as glycogen loss, lipid deposition or occurrence of cytoplasmic proteinous substances are indicative of metabolic disturbances in ischaemia. The microvasculature shows degenerative as well as regenerative processes; a close interaction of the endothelium with platelets and leucocytes is evident. The extravascular space shows necrosis of interstitial cells as well as proliferation indicating early preparations for scar formation. Blood cells in the tissue are found to be typical of an early unspecific inflammatory response. Regional ischaemia seems to provoke a whole cascade of events on the subcellular level which are apparently closely linked with each other. PMID- 3758100 TI - Isolation and labelling of human leukocytes with 99mTc. AB - The role of the leukocyte isolation procedure on cell labelling with 99mTc has been evaluated. Separation of leukocytes was performed by two procedures: sedimentation on methyl cellulose, followed by discontinuous gradient centrifugation; methyl cellulose sedimentation and hypotonic haemolysis of residual red blood cells. After washing the cells in saline and incubation with a stannous pyrophosphate agent, the leukocytes were labelled with 5-10 mCi 99mTc. Procedure 1 gave a higher purity but lower recovery of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and a minor contamination of red blood cells. 99mTc labelling of cells was slightly more efficient with this method, probably due to the presence of red blood cells. Procedure 1 is recommended for in vitro studies on cell kinetics and procedure 2 is recommended for clinical use. PMID- 3758101 TI - Combined evaluation of first-pass radionuclide angiography and equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. I. Results at rest. AB - The results of 203 patients who underwent first-pass radionuclide angiography (FP), as well as quantitative equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography (qERNV), were stored in a data base system and evaluated statistically. In patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) without previous myocardial infarction (MI), evaluation of global and regional ejection fraction (gEF, rEF) at rest revealed a poor sensitivity of 64% (Rest-qERNV) and 69% (Rest-FP), respectively. In patients with a history of one previous MI, the sensitivity of both methods was equivalent: FP 87% and qERNV 84%. In patients with several MIs, sensitivity was higher than 90%. Concerning localization of MI, remarkable differences between FP and qERNV were found. In posterior wall infarction, the FP sensitivity was 87% and qERNV only 67%, whereas in anterior wall infarction, the results were similar for both methods: 93% (FP) and 96% (qERNV), respectively. Since 30 degrees RAO camera position achieves the best visualization of the anterior and posterior wall, FP is superior to qERNV in the evaluation of posterior wall asynergies. In addition, qERNV often fails to discriminate anterior and posterior wall motion abnormalities. PMID- 3758102 TI - Scintigraphic assessment of ectopic splenic tissue localization and function following splenectomy for trauma. AB - Twenty-three subjects who had a splenectomy as a result of trauma underwent scintigraphic evaluation with a sensitive heat-denatured 99mTc-labeled red blood cells (DRBC). This method enabled detection of ectopic splenic tissue foci (ESTF) as small as 1 X 1 cm in diameter. ESTF splenosis or accessory spleen was detected in 15 cases (65%), a higher incidence than previously reported. The size of the ESTF ranged from 1 X 1 to 5 X 10 cm (0.8-40 cm2), and 53% were less than 2 X 2 cma (3 cm2). A new multiparametric scintigraphic evaluating technique is described, which estimates the quantity of ESTF and its grade of activity, relative to that of the liver. The technique is a highly efficient assessor of ESTF function. Good correlation was found between the size and activity of the ESTF and the presence of Howell-Jolly bodies (HJB), but with a low sensitivity for detecting small ESTF. Correlation was low between residual splenic tissue and concentrations of IgM, IgA and IgG immunoglobulins. The 99mTc-DRBC method described is recommended for verification of ESTF existence, localization, and function. PMID- 3758103 TI - Kinetic analysis of the blood clearance and organ uptake curves of IgG-coated red cells in HLA-typed controls and patients with Wegener's granulomatosis. AB - Reticuloendothelial function and HLA type were studied in 22 controls and 15 patients with Wegener's granulomatosis (WG). IgG-coated red cells were injected intravenously and half-life times of blood disappearance and liver spleen uptake curves were related to the degree of antibody coating. Erythrocytes with 13,990 molecules of IgG per cell gave biexponential blood disappearance curves and were suitable for measuring splenic reticuloendothelial function. Half-life times thus obtained were not significantly different for individuals with the HLA-DR2 or DR3 phenotype. In WG patients with major disease activity, blood clearance of the injected cells was considerably decreased. Kinetic analysis of blood disappearance and spleen uptake curves revealed that this was partly due to a decrease in reversible trapping of the cells in the spleen. This suggests that a blocking effect of circulating immune complexes on splenic Fc receptors is not likely to be the sole cause of the observed hyposplenism. PMID- 3758104 TI - Myocardial and vascular uptake of a bone tracer associated with secondary hyperparathyroidism. AB - A patient on chronic hemodialysis, with secondary hyperparathyroidism was referred for a radionuclide bone-imaging study. Deposition of 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate (99mTc-MDP) was apparent in the myocardium and abdominal blood vessels, as well as in the skeleton by four-color processed scintigraphy. Plain radiographs of the chest and abdomen demonstrated no calcification in the myocardium or abdominal blood vessels. Several possible mechanism for this uptake are discussed briefly. PMID- 3758105 TI - Gastric xenon trapping mimicking COPD: recognition using an effervescent agent. AB - Trapping of xenon 133 in the stomach due to gas swallowing can mimic xenon 133 retention in the left lower lobe due to obstructive lung disease on pulmonary ventilation/perfusion studies. In such cases, ingestion of sodium citrate bicarbonate-simethicone crystals, which form CO2 gas on contact with water, can distend the xenon-containing stomach and allow clear delineation of its gastric location. This approach is useful in selected cases and may help avoid false positive diagnoses of obstructive airways disease. PMID- 3758106 TI - Pharmacological aspects and neurological potentials of calcium entry blockers. Symposium at the XIIIth World Congress of Neurology. Hamburg, September 3, 1985. PMID- 3758107 TI - Possible role of calcium entry blockers in brain protection. AB - Cerebral protection in its proper meaning is understood as a method to suppress electrophysiological and metabolic activity of the CNS. More generally, methods which avert injury to the brain, particularly when anticipated, can be considered as cerebral protection. Prevention of secondary brain damage following a primary ischemic or traumatic lesion is a particularly important goal of cerebral protection. The concept of secondary brain damage implies that secondary changes in principle should be prevented by inhibition of the pathomechanisms involved. The introduction of Ca2+ antagonists into the treatment of traumatic or ischemic cerebral injury is an excellent example of a powerful therapeutical method, which is developed on the basis of an understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Ca2+ antagonists may interfere at various levels, e.g. blood flow, cellular destruction or other forms of secondary brain damage. Intracellular Ca2+ overload appears to be a common pathway to failure of pertinent cell functions, and eventually cell death. Thus, inhibition of this process might be central for cell and, hence, cerebral tissue protection. However, the use of Ca2+ antagonists requires careful considerations of the type of drug needed and of their potential side effects. PMID- 3758108 TI - Differentiation of calcium entry blockers into calcium channel blockers and calcium overload blockers. AB - The heterogeneity of the several subgroups of calcium-antagonistic drugs requires a rigid and well-defined differentiation of this type of agents. From the chemical point of view verapamil-like drugs, dihydropyridines, benzothiazepines and diphenylalkylamines should be distinguished. Among these largely different groups no obvious relationship between chemical structure and calcium antagonistic activity can be recognized. Irrespective of the chemical classification all above-mentioned compounds inhibit the entry of calcium into cells. However, from a pharmacological point of view a distinction should be made between calcium channel blockers and calcium overload blockers. Calcium channel blockers selectively and competitively inhibit the transmembranous slow inward current, which is carried by calcium ions both in cardiac tissues and in vascular smooth muscle under physiological conditions. However, calcium overload blockers only inhibit the overload of the cell with calcium ions, which occurs under pathological, ischemic conditions. Finally, a survey is given of the various subtypes of calcium-antagonistic drugs with respect to their organ specificity and therapeutic applicability. PMID- 3758109 TI - Role of calcium entry blockers in neurological diseases. AB - The current neurological indications for calcium entry blockers list a potential usefulness in tissue protection against the effects of cerebral anoxia and ischemia. Experimental data support these indications. Clinical data are preliminary so far and suggest designs for larger trials. A possible alternative strategy is the study of particular subgroups of patients such as the patients at excessive risk of stroke. PMID- 3758110 TI - Is there a need for alternative approaches in the therapy of cerebrovascular disorders? AB - Acute ischemia of the brain induces a cascade of biochemical and physiological events. The final consequences depend on the fact whether ischemia is of transient or permanent, total or partial nature. Alteration of extracellular potassium concentration, intracellular calcium and potassium concentration, development of cytotoxic and vasogenic edema, postischemic hyperfusion and no reflow phenomenon are important factors which decide about the final fate of functional capacity. CO2 reactivity, autoregulation and hemorheology must be considered when therapeutic approaches are used to influence basic flow during ischemic condition. At present there exists no therapy which has been fully accepted and is able to guarantee benefit to the hypoperfused tissue. Since the calcium metabolism is altered by ischemic processes, substances which act on this metabolism might be of value in the treatment of ischemia and its consequences. However, their beneficial effect on cerebral infarction has not been proven yet. In subarachnoid hemorrhage and migraine calcium antagonists are used to prevent and treat ischemia. In epilepsia calcium overload blockers have been tried by one group with promising results. PMID- 3758111 TI - Sleep and sleep disorders. Symposium organized by the South-East European Society for Neurology and Psychiatry. Baden/Vienna (Austria), April 19-20, 1985. PMID- 3758112 TI - Sleep alterations in ischemic stroke. AB - In 19 patients with cerebral infarctions in the middle cerebral artery territory, investigations of sleep using a mobile EEG recording system were performed. Sleep was found to be markedly altered compared to a normal group. Although an increase of time in bed and sleep period time was observed, total sleep time did not rise in a parallel manner, so that a distinct reduction of the sleep efficiency index was found. This increase of quantitative parameters was particularly caused by a higher amount of NREM time, whereas REM sleep was found to be deeply suppressed. Regarding the different NREM sleep stages, stage 0 (time spent awake during the night) and stage 1 had increased, whereas stage 4 was reduced. Interhemispheric differences were noticed referring to the sleep period time, which was found to be increased particularly in right-sided infarctions (because of an increase of NREM time) and a reduction of REM sleep in lesions of the right hemisphere (worsening of the REM to NREM ratio). Slow-wave sleep (stage 4), on the contrary, was found to be decreased in infarctions of the left hemisphere. These results support the hypothesis of a REM-inducing and regulating function of the right hemisphere and will lead to a new understanding of sleep-controlling mechanisms. PMID- 3758114 TI - Interaction sleep and epilepsy. AB - In order to improve the diagnosis of epilepsy, a routine EEG recording can be supplemented with a long-lasting sleep recording or with an ambulatory EEG recording. In this paper we compare the all-night polygraphic sleep recording with the 3- to 5-hour recording after 1 night total sleep deprivation, and we discuss the outcome with each. In the first part we have analyzed the relationship between the clinical form of epilepsy and the kind and depth of sleep and we have tried to determine the optimal registration time (in hours) to obtain a maximum diagnostic gain. In the second part we have evaluated the changes in the sleep composition induced by the occurrence of epileptic EEG phenomena and by the intake of antiepileptic drugs. In the third part we have analyzed the changes in the morphological aspects of the epileptic EEG phenomena which can occur under influence of light (NREM 1-2) and deep (NREM 3-4) slow-wave sleep and REM sleep. A sufficient knowledge of these changes is very important to avoid misinterpretations. PMID- 3758113 TI - Distribution of muscle activity during sleep in bruxism. AB - 10 outpatients with bruxism were investigated by polygraphic recordings during night sleep. Electromyogram, electrooculogram and electroencephalogram derivations were used to evaluate the activities of masseter muscle and the different stages of sleep. The results of the bruxist group were compared to those of an age-matched control group. The amount and the length of pressing and grinding jaw movements were correlated with the sleep period time as well as with the different sleep stages. In comparison to the control group, a significant difference of muscle activity longer than 5 s was found, but there was no difference regarding activities of 3-5 s duration. The highest level of activity was found in sleep stage two and during awakening times. No difference was seen with regard to percentages of the sleep stages. PMID- 3758115 TI - Vigilance, sleep and epilepsy. AB - The correlations between vigilance and epilepsy are manifold. Nearly all epileptic seizures cause a diminution of vigilance extending to unconsciousness. Many of the influences triggering or inhibiting epileptic seizures produce alterations of vigilance or are produced by them. Nearly all chemical influences more or less cause diminution of vigilance. The enhancement of vigilance may inhibit seizures. Decreasing vigilance may act vice versa. As a means to enhance vigilance afferent stimuli are able to trigger seizures. This may be accomplished when singular or rhythmic stimulation of afferents gets the already excited neuronal system oscillating. This principle is also responsible for the strong correlation between triggering of seizures and the sleep/waking cycle with its different grades of neuronal synchronization. On the other hand, inhibition of seizures is possible by a continuously applied stimulation load, which may disturb the increasing excitatory oscillation. Also, conditioning may trigger or inhibit seizures. But the EEG biofeedback only is used to decrease abnormal neuronal activity. PMID- 3758116 TI - Sleep deprivation as a method of EEG activation. Observation on the incidence of positive responses. AB - Sleep deprivation is known to be one of the principal mechanisms to activate epileptogenic activity in the EEG recording and indeed it is one of the most common activation techniques in EEG practice. It is generally recognized that about one third of patients with seizures presenting a normal or borderline normal routine EEG may be expected to exhibit an abnormal paroxysmal recording after sleep deprivation. In the present study it was estimated that activation, by sleep deprivation, of a normal EEG into a record with abnormal paroxysmal activity, may be expected to be even higher with selection of patient population. The incidence of such activation was found to be 23% among patients presenting a history of attacks with variable clinical paroxysmal manifestations with or without impairment of consciousness, but in whom the overall picture could not be judged typically epileptic upon historical grounds alone. However, the incidence of activation was found to increase up to 57% among patients with attacks judged by history to be typical as to their epileptic nature. This higher incidence of activation appears to parallel the higher incidence of underlying abnormality as revealed by CAT scanning. PMID- 3758117 TI - Epileptic activity during sleep and wakefulness. AB - In 23 untreated patients the temporal distribution of generalized spike-wave activity was investigated by means of mobile long-term EEG recordings. Distribution classes (S, A, W) were defined if the relative amount of epileptic activity within the phases sleep, awakening and waking exceeded a threshold, otherwise a diffuse distribution (D) was scored. A, S and D distributions were found approximately with the same frequency. In no patient was the middle part of the night most prominent. In one patient, it was shown by micro-hypnograms that 'micro-arousals' are closely related to spike-wave activity. PMID- 3758118 TI - Mobile long-term EEG monitoring in generalized seizure disorders of different etiology. AB - Eighteen EEG long-term recordings were carried out in patients with generalized fits of different etiologies using a mobile 4-channel monitoring system in order to observe individual patterns of epileptic activity. In patients with idiopathic tonic-clonic seizures (A) no connection of frequency of spike-wave bursts with the sleep-wakefulness cycle was observed. In patients suffering from fits of organic nature (B) a peak of paroxysms was obtained in the hours before sleep onset, whereas in patients with absence seizures (C) a maximum was found in the morning hours after awakening. In patients with idiopathic fits (tonic-clonic and absence seizures) the minimum of bursts was observed in REM sleep, whereas stage 0 (tonic-clonic) and stage 1 (absence) were most prone to discharges. Patients with secondary generalized epilepsy had most spike-wave bursts in deep sleep. In the absence seizure group the transitional periods within the light non-REM-sleep stages were more susceptible to paroxysms than the retained stages. In patients with idiopathic grand mal seizures, the highest frequency of paroxysmal discharges was found during time spent awake in the night when retained over a longer period of time. The group including cases with attacks of organic nature did not show any preference to shifting times or preservation episodes of sleep stages. PMID- 3758119 TI - DSIP in sleep disturbances. AB - The effects of DSIP on night sleep and on waking functions are demonstrated in double-blind studies in insomniacs, presenting influences of single dose treatments as well as of repeated injections. Moreover, a single case study describes the efficiency of DSIP on narcolepsy. PMID- 3758120 TI - Human slow wave sleep. AB - Human slow wave sleep (hSWS) is an important form of sleep that seems to take priority over REM sleep. Although hSWS is commonly thought to be associated with enhanced tissue repair, evidence supporting this view is questioned. For example, total sleep deprivation and loss of hSWS have little or no adverse effect on body functioning outside the brain. hSWS may play a key role for the cerebrum. PMID- 3758121 TI - Clinical aspects of sleep disturbances and sleeping drugs. AB - Complaints about sleep disturbances are a common every-day problem in the general practitioner's surgery. Only a few patients need a thorough expert examination in a special sleep laboratory. Thanks to EEG, which makes available a continuous record of uninterrupted sleep cycles, knowledge of the physiology of sleep now includes important information about the normal circadian rhythm of waking and sleeping, the alternation of REM and non-REM periods, and the depth of the individual sleep cycles. EEG results are also an important basis for checking the effect of sleeping drugs. Analysis of sleep disturbances is based on the formal distinction between hypersomnia, and hyposomnia and parasomnia. Etiologically, a distinction must be made between exogenic and endogenic sleep disturbances and attention given to the fact that disturbances of night sleep also affect vigilance on the following day. These considerations are also important for the use of sleeping drugs, whose half-life and biological effect allow a useful differentiation between substances giving impulses to sleep, sleep-inducing drugs, and those enabling uninterrupted sleep during night-time. Sleep disturbances combined with certain other symptoms belong to particular syndromes in which it may be necessary to use sleeping drugs, but these should only be used in combination with other drugs, in order to reduce the risk of side effects, tolerance changes, dependence and addiction with long-term treatment. When a combination of different drugs is given, interference through interaction with lipid or protein binding, and induction or enzyme breakdown in the liver should be taken into account. PMID- 3758122 TI - Sleep recording in the home with automatic analysis of results. AB - Sleep recordings can now be carried out in the home using the Oxford Medilog recording system, and analysed automatically by the Oxford Medilog Sleep Stager. The Sleep Stager follows the recommendations of Rechtschaffen and Kales: its purpose is to review a period of recorded sleep, allocate a stage to each epoch and print out the results in the form of a hypnogram and various sleep statistics. Manual and automatic staging of 20 recordings were compared epoch by epoch. Percentage agreement over these recordings ranged from 74 to 89 (mean 84). PMID- 3758123 TI - Comparison of visual analysis and automatic sleep stage scoring (Oxford Medilog 9000 System). AB - The Oxford Medilog 9000 System with Sleep Stager, a device for the mobile recording of sleep EEGs and automatic analyses of sleep, was tested with regard to its functional capacity, possible applications and reliability. Four all-night sleep records were evaluated visually and compared with the automatic analysis. Tendentially uniform differences were evident in two areas: the automatically scored sleep onset time was always shorter than the visually assessed time, and the automatic analysis consistently scored less REM than the visual assessment. There ought, therefore, to be fundamental reasons for these two situations. The advantages of the mobile EEG recording and automatic analysis of sleep are that considerably less time and personnel are involved, and that the results are readily available, which means that one can perform considerably more investigations. The differences from the visual evaluation can be attributed to the system and are thus calculable, provided that a few necessary improvements are made with regard to reliability. PMID- 3758124 TI - Computer evaluation of sleep. AB - Night sleep registrations were carried out using a portable 4-channel tape recorder (Medilog 4-24 recorder). The evaluation of the sleep stages was done by a computer analysis. One channel was used for EMG, 1 for EOG and 2 channels for EEG. For the analysis of the particular sleep stages the criteria of the Florida modification of the classification of Dement and Kleitman were applied. The computer analysis was based on the estimation of the power spectrum of the 2 EEG channels and the number of REM in the EOG. Automatic artifact detections were fit into the computer program and the individual differences of the EEG of the sleep recordings were taken into consideration. PMID- 3758125 TI - Miniaturized eight-channel telemetry system for long-term EEG registration of humans and laboratory animals. AB - According to the increasing importance of telemetric EEG registration, a miniaturized telemetry system for AC and DC transmission has been developed. The basic model has been constructed for the demands of experiments with small rodents. The transmitter is 19 X 13 X 5 mm in size and weighs 5 g including two 1.5 V batteries. The transmission of AC or DC potentials can be chosen for each channel separately. In the case of eight-channel transmission, the bandwidth ranges from 0.8 to 100 Hz, and in the case of using only one channel, signals up to a frequency of 17 kHz may be registered. Semimicroelectrodes with an electrode impedance of about 10 M omega, as well as conventional surface electrodes can be applied. In case of long-term EEG registration of humans the total amplification at V = 1,000 has to be enlarged by using an extension module. This module consists of an additional amplification stage, a modified HF oscillator to enlarge the omnidirectional transmission sphere and external batteries to increase the operation time of the transmitter. Small dimensions, light weight and multifunctionality plead for the attractivity of this construction according to various clinical and experimental demands. PMID- 3758126 TI - Sleep spindle detection and its clinical relevance. AB - In this paper we describe one hardware and two software automated sleep spindle detection methods, used in our laboratory. With each of the three methods at least 500 polygraphic sleep recordings were analyzed and the results compared with the outcome of the visual analysis. In this way we were able to evaluate the advantages and the disadvantages of each of the three methods and also to discuss the practical application of this method for clinical and scientific purposes, as for example a better quantification of the variation in sleep spindle density under influence of the intake of benzodiazepine derivatives. PMID- 3758127 TI - Computerized analysis of epileptic activity and sleep in mobile long-term EEG monitoring. AB - Implemented on a LSI 11/73 microcomputer, an approach is presented to perform pattern recognition of one channel in high speed (factor 20). A mimetic algorithm, acting in time domain, continuously tests the signal with respect to the occurrence of spike-wave-like patterns and calculates a low frequency index describing the time of sleep. Those epochs suspected of containing paroxysmal activity are stored on disk for subsequent editing. In a similar way, 8-channel analysis is possible if the replay speed is less than 20 times real time. PMID- 3758128 TI - Sleep disorders in depression. AB - Recently some hypotheses explaining sleep disturbances in depression have been proposed. One hypothesis assumes an advanced phase position of the circadian pacemaker controlling a.o. REM sleep (REMS) production. In another a deficiency of process S is proposed. In this paper the sleep of depressed patients and healthy subjects is compared with respect to REMS production and EEG power density (a possible reflection of process S). Data were derived from the literature and from own experiments. The results provide support only for the S deficiency hypothesis. PMID- 3758129 TI - Sleep-inducing effect of L-tryptophane. AB - Night sleep recordings were performed in 10 patients with sleep disturbance in falling asleep as well as in maintaining sleep using a mobile 4-channel EEG registration system. Three consecutive nights, which were spent under different conditions, were evaluated automatically. The first night without treatment was used as a baseline night to objectify the disturbed sleep, the second night was measured following an infusion of a physiological saline solution and prior to the third recording 5 g l-tryptophane were applied to the patients. Besides a significant decrease of delayed latency times until the appearance of the light sleep stages, an influence was seen on the quantitative sleep parameters such as sleep period time and total sleep time. In parallel, an improvement of the subjective feeling measured by a self-rating scale resulted after l-tryptophane. On the other hand, no definite influence on the other sleep parameters such as an increase of slow wave sleep was observed, so that the use of this treatment might be recommended in disturbances in falling asleep particularly. PMID- 3758130 TI - Effect of biologically active light and partial sleep deprivation on sleep, awakening and circadian rhythms in normals. AB - The effects of biologically active light (BL) on subjective and objective quality of sleep and awakening, as well as circadian rhythms in cortisol, temperature and well-being were studied in 10 hospitalized normal female volunteers as compared with partial sleep deprivation (PSD). After 2 adaption days, three 24-hour periods were recorded before (baseline), during (intervention) and after (recovery) treatment with BL (exposure between 5.00-9.00 p.m. and 6.00-9.00 a.m.; light sensitivity: 2,800 lx at eye level) and PSD (1.30-6.00 a.m.). Somnopolygraphic investigations demonstrated a significant improvement in sleep maintenance both after BL and PSD, while sleep induction improved only after PSD. Subjectively experienced sleep quality increased after both treatments. However, subjective and objective awakening quality (objectivated by means of psychometric test battery) was improved by BL only, while PSD produced no changes or even a deterioration. Cortisol levels tended to be lowered by BL, while the troughs increased after PSD; there was also an earlier rise in cortisol levels after PSD than BL. No significant differences were found in regard to temperature. Subjectively experienced well-being tended to improve after both interventions. Our findings concerning the beneficial effect of BL on objective and subjective quality of sleep and awakening in normals encourages us to initiate a single-dose study with BL in depressed patients. PMID- 3758131 TI - A partial theory of sleep. A novel view of its phenomenology and organization. AB - The various stages of sleep are characterized by specific vigilance profiles across the universe of available behavioral systems. The induction and structuring of sleep and its adaptation to a variety of internal needs is the result of a general vigilance-controlling apparatus. PMID- 3758132 TI - Light treatment in depressive illness. Polysomnographic, psychometric and neuroendocrinological findings. AB - Objective and subjective quality of sleep and awakening as well as circadian rhythms in cortisol, temperature and well-being were investigated in 10 female hospitalized depressed patients diagnosed as major depressive disorders according to RDC criteria before (baseline), during (intervention) and after (recovery) treatment with biologically active or bright light (BL) and were compared with the findings in 10 normals. Polysomnographic evaluation demonstrated in depressed patients an increased sleep latency, decreased total sleep time, attenuated S4 and augmented REM sleep, as well as a shortened REM latency and a statistically significant increased average REM length as compared with normals. BL tended to shorten sleep onset, decrease number of awakenings, increase REM latency and significantly attenuated the average REM length. Subjective sleep quality tended to improve as did the subjective awakening quality after the recovery night. There was, however, a statistically significant improvement of the objectively evaluated quality of awakening and early morning behavior characterized by an improved attention, reaction time and performance in the reaction time task, while concentration and psychomotor activity tended to improve as as well. BL effects were also seen in hormonal secretion patterns: circadian cortisol secretion maxima occurred earlier in depressed patients than in normals before and after BL treatment, while during BL intervention this difference disappeared. Circadian temperature rhythms did not exhibit any significant findings with the exception of an earlier occurring minimum in depressed patients than in normals after treatment. Finally, subjective well-being as rated by means of an analogue scale was significantly worse in depressed patients than normals before but not during and after light treatment. The findings are discussed. PMID- 3758133 TI - For how long can the liver tolerate ischaemia? AB - In this study the ability of the normal liver to tolerate normothermic ischaemia was assessed. The survival rate in pigs after 3, 6 and 12 h of normothermic hepatic ischaemia was 71, 46 and 0%, respectively. A patient who survived after inadvertently being subjected to 90 min of normothermic hepatic ischaemia is also presented. These findings suggest that the 'safe period' for liver blood flow occlusion could be extended beyond 1 h. PMID- 3758134 TI - A predictable pathophysiological model of porcine hepatic failure. AB - A technique is described in which acute hepatic failure may be uniformly induced in pigs using a combination of oral phenobarbitone pretreatment and 2-hour interruption of hepatic arterial blood supply followed by intragastric carbon tetrachloride. This results in deep hepatic coma over a narrowly predictable time span and death within 12-52 h. Amino acid levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid obtained 24 h after the induction of hepatic failure were similar to those reported in human and experimental encephalopathy. PMID- 3758135 TI - Hepatotrophic effect of portal blood during hepatic arterial recirculation. AB - Portal branch ligation (PBL) is known to induce a rapid and progressive atrophy in the liver parenchyma without portal blood flow and compensatory hyperplasia in the segments receiving the whole portal flow. In this study, the hepatotrophic effect of portal blood was studied in rats with PBL and after this procedure was combined with different portosystemic shunts. After 2 weeks, the most severe atrophy was found in ligated lobes of rats with PBL alone. In shunted animals, the atrophy was significantly inhibited and in relation to the magnitude of portal flow bypassed the liver. This suggests that in shunted rats, the portal bone hepatotrophic factors undergo systemic recirculation and affect the liver by way of the hepatic artery. Simultaneously, in PBL + shunt rats, the rate of atrophy normally induced by a shunt was also dependent on the amount of portal blood available to this part of the liver. By a balance between these 2 processes, the total liver mass was maintained at the level found in sham PBL + shunt control rats. PMID- 3758136 TI - Electromyographic characteristics of small bowel motility in the rat. AB - Rats are widely used in intestinal motility studies, but no precise observation has yet been carried out on the organization of motility throughout the whole small bowel of the rat. The aim of this work was to investigate the characteristics of small intestinal motility of the rat using an electromyographic technique. The variables describing the pattern of occurrence of the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) were studied as well as the relative distribution of the 3 phases within the MMC cycles. The mean duration of the MMC was 20 min on the jejunum, and it increased up to twofold along the ileum. The propagation of the MMCs was regular in the jejunum, but about half the MMCs disappeared along the ileum and did not reach the caecum. The electromyographic characteristics of the jejunum are greatly different from those of the ileum, and the motility of a segment is not representative of the whole small bowel motility. Considering these particularities of intestinal motility, rats differ in many details from other species. PMID- 3758137 TI - Chemically fixed human umbilical cord vein grafts as arterial substitutes: potential and limits. AB - In spite of reported successes, synthetic fabric grafts and microporous and plain synthetic conduits have proven unsuitable for aorto-coronary bypasses and showed weaknesses below the knee. Readily available and uniform diameter vascular substitutes with biological and mechanical properties comparable to human vessels would be of paramount interest. Following reported successes with chemically fixed human umbilical veins (HUV), we have attempted to develop smaller diameter blood conduits and have improved the currently prevalent techniques of fixation, preparation and storage to generate more convenient surgical products. In vitro assessment of the processed HUV demonstrated that the HUV can be easily processed to make an arterial substitute that can be preserved either in a liquid medium or as a dry product. However, the in vivo implantations in dogs led to disappointing results for liquid-preserved or albuminated veins. Critical-point dried grafts gave better results, unfortunately they do not heal and they can only degrade after implantation. PMID- 3758138 TI - The search of an ideal oral positive inotropic agent. PMID- 3758139 TI - Therapeutic traditions in Northern Ireland, Norway and Sweden: II. Hypertension. WHO Drug Utilization Research Group (DURG). AB - A questionnaire survey based on hypertension case histories was performed among a representative sample of 400 GP's and hospital doctors in Northern Ireland, Norway and Sweden, countries having markedly different utilization of antihypertensive drugs. We found a greater propensity to start antihypertensive drug treatment in Northern Ireland than in Norway and Sweden. This was true both in mild diastolic and isolated systolic hypertension. Yet the utilization of antihypertensive drugs in Sweden is about 60% higher than in Northern Ireland and 30% higher than in Norway. Swedish physicians preferred beta-blockers as their first choice to a greater extent than physicians in Northern Ireland and Norway who selected thiazides more often. In general, the choice of drugs agreed with the sales and prescribing patterns in the three countries. Besides providing more insight in therapeutic traditions the study indicates that the lower prescribing of antihypertensive drugs in Northern Ireland, and to some extent in Norway, compared to Sweden, might be due to differences in true or apparent morbidity. PMID- 3758140 TI - Kinetics of the Fab fragments of digoxin antibodies and of bound digoxin in patients with severe digoxin intoxication. AB - 17 patients with severe digoxin intoxication were successfully treated with 320 to 480 mg Fab fragments of digoxin-specific IgG from sheep. The infusion period ranged between 0.5 and 7 h. Serum and urine concentrations of digoxin bound to Fab fragments, and in 11 cases unbound Fab fragments in serum, were determined during and after the infusion. The renal clearance of bound digoxin and therefore of the antibody was 13.6 ml/min. The median extrarenal clearance of the Fab fragments was 10.9 ml/min. The half-life of the serum concentrations starting at 12 h was 14.3 h, and the value was increased to 25.4 h when regression began at 24 h; the corresponding apparent distribution volumes were 25.9 and 541. These figures exceed the volume of the extracellular space and suggest intracellular penetration of the Fab fragments. The dosage of the antibody should be sufficiently high to bind digoxin in the most severe cases of poisoning. The maximum serum concentrations of bound antibody were 30 mg/l after 3 h and 20 mg/l after 5 h. A loading dose of 160 mg followed by an infusion of 0.5 mg/min was sufficient to absorb digoxin re-diffusing into the serum during the first 8 h. In some cases free digoxin reappeared in the serum 8-12 h after beginning the treatment. This might be prevented by infusing a further ampoule at a rate of 0.1 mg/min or less. PMID- 3758141 TI - Effects of spironolactone on serum and muscle electrolytes in patients on long term diuretic therapy for congestive heart failure and/or arterial hypertension. AB - The effect of adding spironolactone (Aldactone) on muscle electrolytes was studied in 48 patients with arterial hypertension and/or congestive heart failure who had received conventional diuretic treatment, including a potassium supplement, for more than 1 year. After 6 months on spironolactone 100 mg/day as well as the original conventional diuretic therapy, there was a significant increase in both skeletal muscle potassium and magnesium. At the same time these parameters decreased in the control group. In the spironolactone group there was also a significant increase in the mean serum potassium and creatinine levels. There was a significant fall in blood pressure in the spironolactone-treated group. PMID- 3758142 TI - Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of three different doses of urapidil infused in hypertensive patients. AB - The study was designed to follow the haemodynamic effects and pharmacokinetics under steady-state conditions of three different doses of urapidil infused continuously. Nine male hypertensive patients received three randomly assigned intravenous infusions of 32.5, 65 and 130 mg urapidil, over 14 h during 6 consecutive days, in a change-over fashion. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured over a period of 28 h after the infusion began and were compared with a reference profile obtained prior to the treatment periods. Urapidil and its main metabolite, parahydroxylated urapidil, were also determined for 28 h after the infusion began using HPLC. The 32.5 mg dose of urapidil caused a maximum decrease in systolic blood pressure of 33 +/- 8 mmHg, the 65 mg dose a maximum decrease of 39 +/- mmHg and the 130 mg dose a maximum decrease of 50 +/- 12 mmHg. The 32.5 and 65 mg doses resulted in similar serum urapidil concentrations, with maximum levels in the 100 to 200 ng/ml range, and the 130 mg dose caused a maximum level approximately four times that achieved with the 32.5 mg dose. The serum concentration of parahydroxy urapidil was proportional to the corresponding dose of urapidil. Four patients reported mild headache, fatigue, weakness, pressure in the head, perspiration and orthostatic dysregulation. The side-effects were probably drug related but required no specific therapy. In summary, the 32.5 mg dose of urapidil resulted in a pronounced decrease in blood pressure. The average pressure reduction over the 14-h infusion period showed further dose-dependent increases after the 65 and 130 mg doses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3758143 TI - Evaluation of once daily endralazine in hypertension. AB - Endralazine, a novel vasodilator related to hydralazine, exhibits a longer half life and is only minimally influenced by acetylator status. The antihypertensive action of once daily endralazine has been studied in 17 patients previously controlled with an antihypertensive regimen which included hydralazine and a beta blocker. Hydralazine was discontinued but other medications were unchanged. Pre study dosage of hydralazine ranged from 25 mg b.i.d. to 50 mg g.i.d., mean daily dose 126.5 mg. Endralazine was started at a dose of 10 mg o.d. and increased by 10 mg to a maximum of 40 mg o.d. until seated DBP was controlled below 95 mmHg. All 17 patients completed the study. Seated BP significantly decreased from 147.5/99.7 to 133.8/83.9 and standing BP from 145.8/99.2 to 133.6/87.3 mmHg. Ten patients (59%) were successfully controlled with endralazine once daily but 7 patients required twice daily dosage schedules because of lack of BP control at 24 h after dosing or excessive hypotension shortly after dosing. Other adverse effects were headache, palpitations and fatigue. There was a statistically insignificant average weight gain of 1 kg but pedal edema was not observed. Endralazine is an effective antihypertensive agent with adverse symptoms similar to those experienced with hydralazine. PMID- 3758144 TI - Potential pulmonary uptake and clearance of morphine in postoperative patients. AB - The influence of lung uptake and lung clearance on the disposition of morphine was studied in surgical patients. In the postoperative period morphine was given intravenously by a two-rate infusion regimen. Under steady-state conditions samples of mixed central venous blood (pulmonary artery) and peripheral arterial blood (radial artery) were taken simultaneously and at the same time cardiac output was measured. The concentration differences between venous and arterial blood were used to calculate the extraction ratio of morphine across the lung. In all patients there was marked pulmonary uptake, but the concentration differences in most of them were small under steady-state conditions. The extraction ratio (mean +/- SD) across the lung was 0.06 +/- 0.10, implying insignificant lung clearance. However, in two patients, both with diabetes mellitus, there was a significant concentration gradient, indicating that the lung could contribute to the total body elimination of morphine. On the other hand, the total clearance was similar in diabetic and nondiabetic patients (1190 and 1150 ml/min, respectively), implying that pulmonary clearance would have no significant influence on the kinetics of morphine. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was used to describe the disposition of morphine in post-operative patients. The model allowed simulation of pulmonary diffusion, uptake and elimination and supported conclusions based on model-independent experimental data. PMID- 3758145 TI - Rate-limiting diffusion processes following intrathecal administration of morphine. AB - Morphine concentrations in plasma in five patients following intrathecal (i.t.) administration and in five other patients following intravenous (i.v.) administration were measured by a specific RIA sensitive to 0.1 ng/ml. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed a similar apparent total body clearance of morphine following both i.t. and i.v. administration, and complete bioavailability of i.t. morphine to the systemic circulation. This indicates that morphine is probably not metabolised in the CNS and that all of an i.t. dose diffuses from CSF to the plasma compartment. However a marked decrease in the i.t. terminal rate constants, involving a flip-flop phenomenon, contributed to the prolonged terminal half-life of i.t. morphine. The slow diffusion of morphine from the i.t. space to the plasma compartment can account for the prolonged analgesia following i.t. administration. PMID- 3758146 TI - Venoconstrictor effects of dihydroergotamine after intranasal and intramuscular administration. AB - A parenteral formulation of dihydroergotamine (DHE) is the only galenical form now available for the treatment of acute attacks of migraine in which a rapid onset of action is required. A recently developed nasal spray of DHE has been compared with intramuscular DHE for its venoconstrictor activity. In a randomised double-blind, cross-over trial, 9 healthy male volunteers received a single dose of DHE 1 mg intranasally, DHE 0.5 mg i.m. or placebo (intranasally and i.m.) on three different occasions, with an interval of at least 1 week between doses. Both active treatments, but not placebo, produced marked venoconstriction as shown by reduced compliance of superficial hand veins. The effect persisted for more than 8 h. The maximum venoconstrictor effect of 1 mg DHE intranasally was 40 +/- 12% (mean +/- SEM) and after 0.5 mg i.m. it was 52 +/- 15%. The time course of the venoconstrictor effect was similar after both routes of administration. Blood pressure and heart rate changes in these normotensive subjects were almost identical after dihydroergotamine and placebo. The results suggest that the nasal spray could be used as an alternative to parenteral DHE, permitting self administration of the drug for the treatment of acute attacks of migraine. PMID- 3758147 TI - Clonazepam pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy in neonatal seizures. AB - Eighteen newborns (gestational age 28 to 42 weeks and post-natal age 0.5 to 44 days) suffering from convulsions not controlled by phenobarbital were treated with clonazepam 0.1 mg/kg (8 cases) or 0.2 mg/kg (10 cases) administered by slow intravenous infusion. The plasma half-lives in these "phenobarbital pretreated neonates' were of the same order of magnitude as those reported in adults (20-43 h). Post-natal age did affect clearance, which was 50-70% less than in adults and older children. At the end of the infusion period, plasma clonazepam ranged from 28 to 117 ng/ml in the 0.1 mg/kg group and from 99 to 380 ng/ml in the 0.2 mg/kg group. In the former an immediate therapeutic response was observed in 7 out of 8 cases, and in the latter a significant and somehow delayed effect on convulsion was present only in 6 cases. The data suggest that optimal therapeutic response might already have been achieved with the 0.1 mg/kg dose. Higher doses and toxic concentrations of clonazepam may be detrimental to complete control of seizures and may expose the newborn to an unnecessary risk of adverse events. PMID- 3758149 TI - Pharmacokinetics of fluocortolone in man. AB - The kinetics of the synthetic corticoid fluocortolone was determined in 9 healthy female volunteers after a single oral dose of 20 mg. The maximal plasma level fluocortolone (Cmax) of 202 +/- 70 ng/ml occurred within 85 +/- 32 min of oral intake after which it declined monoexponentially. Total plasma clearance was 6.48 +/- 2.07 ml/min X kg and the clearance of unbound fluocortolone was 60.38 +/- 26.67 ml/min X kg. Plasma protein binding was 83 to 95%. The volume of distribution at steady-state was 1.01 +/- 0.341/kg for total fluocortolone and 11.21 +/- 3.771/kg for unbound drug. The results of the study characterize the kinetics of unbound fluocortolone for the first time. In addition, the kinetics of total fluocortolone presented here confirm values calculated previously. PMID- 3758148 TI - Protein binding of tolfenamic acid in the plasma from patients with renal and hepatic disease. AB - The protein binding of tolfenamic acid in plasma from patients with renal and hepatic disorders was studied by equilibrium dialysis. Drug binding to the cellular components of whole blood and blood cell suspensions was also measured. Salicylic acid was used as the reference drug in all experiments. Renal and hepatic diseases increased the unbound fraction of tolfenamic acid. Free drug fractions were significantly correlated with changes in creatinine, urea, and total bilirubin, but not with those in albumin or total protein in plasma. Comparison of the theoretical binding parameters in control plasma and similar changes in protein binding in all the plasma samples studied revealed that tolfenamic acid and salicylic acid probably share a common primary binding site. The significance of the correlation permits use of salicylic acid as a model drug for predicting changes in the protein binding of tolfenamic acid. The measurements of binding properties in whole blood and blood cell--buffer suspension showed that tolfenamic acid interacts with the lipid membrane structures of blood cells, while salicylic acid is distributed into the aqueous cell space. PMID- 3758150 TI - Lack of effect of cimetidine on pharmacodynamics and kinetics of single oral doses of R- and S-acenocoumarol. AB - The kinetics and dynamics of single doses (5 mg p.o.) of the optical isomers of acenocoumarol (R-AC and S-AC) were followed in healthy subjects and the effect on them of cimetidine 800 mg/day was also investigated. The AC enantiomers differed greatly in their pharmacokinetics. The mean residence time (MRT) of R-AC was about 10 times longer than that of S-AC, 15 h vs 1.2 h. There was no difference in the volume of distribution. Depression of blood clotting activity (Thrombotest) was observed only after administration of R-AC. The inactivity of S AC as a vitamin K antagonist must be ascribed to its short MRT. Cimetidine did not affect the acute oral kinetics of R- and S-AC, nor did it affect the anticlotting activity of R-AC. The urinary excretion pattern of the 6- and 7 hydroxylated AC metabolites was not altered during cimetidine treatment. Although the present studies showed no effect of cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics and dynamics of acenocoumarol, the findings of Serlin et al. suggest that cimetidine should not be administered during acenocoumarol therapy. PMID- 3758151 TI - Influence of topical beclomethasone dipropionate suspension on human nasal mucociliary activity. AB - The local effect of an aqueous suspension of beclomethasone dipropionate on human nasal mucociliary clearance was studied in 14 healthy volunteers. A triple blind, randomized, placebo controlled, cross-over design was utilised. Measurements of mucociliary clearance were made before treatment, after a single dose and after one week of continuous treatment either with placebo or active substance, utilising the saccharine-dye test. No change in mucociliary clearance was found after treatment with beclomethasone dipropionate or placebo suspension. PMID- 3758152 TI - Diurnal variation in the pharmacokinetics of intravenous theophylline and etophylline in healthy subjects. PMID- 3758153 TI - Priming immune response to cholera toxin induced by synthetic peptides. AB - A systematic study has been conducted of the priming effect in the immunization against cholera toxin (CT). We demonstrate that a priming phenomenon can be achieved by synthetic peptides of the CT B subunit, leading (after a subsequent booster with a subimmunizing dose of the intact toxin) to an efficient anti-CT neutralizing antibody response. This effect is obtained even upon a single administration of a peptide conjugate and even by peptides that as such are not able to induce CT cross-reactive antibodies whatsoever. This effect is specific and dose dependent. A macromolecular carrier as well as an adjuvant are essential for the induction of anti-toxin response. In this respect, a totally synthetic priming agent, CTP3-poly(DL-alanyl)--poly(L-lysine), was adequate for an effective priming response. The specificity of the antibodies formed after the booster was mainly towards the whole CT molecule and only a small fraction of them were specific towards the peptide used for priming. The ability of synthetic peptides to prime the immune system towards a secondary stimulus with whole organism or native protein might be of general practical value, especially in endemic areas where the population is probably constantly exposed to a low level of a particular infectious agent. This exposure, which has no influence on the unprimed immune system, could serve as a booster in the case of individuals primed with an appropriate peptide, leading to a secondary immune response. PMID- 3758154 TI - Does the deletion within T cell receptor beta-chain gene of NZW mice contribute to autoimmunity in (NZB X NZW)F1 mice? AB - To determine the transacting genetic factors of NZW contributing to the development of autoimmune disease in (NZB X NZW)F1 (B/W F1) mice, we examined the relationship between the T cell receptor beta chain gene deletion and the severity of autoimmune manifestations in 76 B/W F1 X NZB backcross mice. Very high association between the T cell receptor beta chain gene deletion and the development of autoimmune manifestations including the production of IgG anti-DNA antibodies and circulating retroviral gp70 immune complexes was observed, indicating that a defect in the NZW T cell receptor beta chain gene or a locus closely linked to it contributes to the autoantibody formation in B/W F1. PMID- 3758155 TI - Effects of morphine, hypoxaemia and hypercapnia on the rat stomach. AB - The effects of morphine, hypoxaemia or hypercapnia on gastric acid secretion, gastric mucus synthesis and the gastric mucosa were studied in conscious rats with pyloric occlusion. Hypoxaemia and hypercapnia were induced by morphine 32 mg/kg given i.p., or each condition was produced separately by adjusting the composition of respired air in the chamber where the animals were kept during the experimental period. Hypoxia significantly enhanced gastric mucus synthesis whereas hypercapnia significantly reduced gastric acid secretion. These effects were significantly alleviated by atropine pretreatment. Morphine-treated rats exhibited decreased gastric acid secretion, increased gastric mucus synthesis and a higher mean ulcer index but only the reduced gastric acid output was significantly prevented by atropine. It is suggested that the effect of morphine on gastric acid secretion may result from its respiratory depressant action and consequent acute stress production. However, the mechanisms by which morphine can increase mucus synthesis and produce ulceration remain obscure. PMID- 3758156 TI - Opposite effects of sulfated cholecystokinin on DA-sensitive adenylate cyclase in two areas of the rat nucleus accumbens. AB - The nucleus accumbens of the rat receives a mixed DA/CCK8 innervation in its posterior part while its anterior part is innervated by distinct DA and CCK8 fibres. In vitro, the addition of CCK8 (0.3-1 microM) potentiated the activating effect of DA (10-30 microM) on adenylate cyclase in tissue homogenates obtained from the posterior part of the nucleus accumbens, whilst this activating effect was reduced by CCK8 in the anterior part. These results suggest the existence of two types of regulation of the D1 receptor by CCK8 depending on the identity (mixed or not mixed) of their innervating fibres. PMID- 3758157 TI - Acute desensitization to angiotensin II: evidence for a requirement of agonist induced diacylglycerol production during tonic contraction of rat aorta. AB - A possible role for protein kinase C during the tonic phase of arterial contraction was examined in rat aorta by observing the effects of the phorbol ester, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), on angiotensin II (AII) induced responses. The ability of AII and phenylephrine (PE) to induce diacylglycerol (DAG) production was monitored as agonist-stimulated 32P-labelling of phosphatidic acid (PA). AII (5 X 10(-7) M) causes only a transient contractile response, while PE (10(-5) M) causes a sustained tonic contraction. 32P-labelling studies showed that AII caused an initial increase of PA synthesis equal to PE, however, AII failed to sustain this increase at 5 and 10 min while PE was able to do so. This indicates a failure of AII to provide DAG to sustain protein kinase C activation. Activation of protein kinase C with TPA prior to and during AII exposure converted the normally transient contraction to a more sustained, tonic pattern. These results suggest that the capacity of neuroendocrine agonists to maintain tension is due to their ability to produce DAG continuously and thereby activate protein kinase C. PMID- 3758158 TI - The stress of a novel environment reduces formalin pain: possible role of serotonin. AB - Compared to rats that were given three daily sessions of habituation to a laboratory environment, non-habituated rats were behaviourally less reactive when pain was produced by 0.05 ml of 2.5% formalin injected s.c. in one hindpaw. This behavioural analgesia was equivalent to that produced by approximately 2.0 mg/kg morphine and was interpreted as analgesia induced by the stress of exposure to a novel environment. Methysergide (10 mg/kg) or 1-valine (200 mg/kg) alone, or combined with naloxone (0.1 or 2.0 mg/kg), reversed the effect of exposure to a novel environment. Naloxone itself had no significant effect. In habituated rats 1-valine reduced the response to formalin-induced pain whereas methysergide combined with naloxone increased it. It is concluded that analgesia induced by the stress of exposure to a novel environment depends on serotonin. PMID- 3758159 TI - Effects of verapamil on the binding characteristics of muscarinic receptor subtypes. AB - The calcium channel antagonist verapamil inhibited [3H]N-methyl scopolamine ([3H]NMS ) binding to muscarinic receptors from both rat brain cortex, an area rich in M1 receptors, and from pons-medulla, an area rich in M2 receptors. Verapamil reduced the dissociation kinetics of [3H]NMS binding in cortical receptors but had no detectable effects on the dissociation kinetics of receptors from the pons-medulla. These data suggest that receptors from the cortex have an allosteric site which regulates the binding kinetics, whereas receptors from the pons-medulla lack this site. PMID- 3758160 TI - Chlorimipramine--but not imipramine--rapidly reduces [3H]imipramine binding in human platelet membranes. AB - A single dose of 50 mg chlorimipramine was followed by a rapid and pronounced decrease in [3H]imipramine binding to platelet membranes. Incubation of human platelets or platelet membranes with 25 nM chlorimipramine similarly reduced [3H]imipramine binding. Imipramine, desmethylchlorimipramine, chlorpromazine and some serotonin uptake inhibitors did not have this effect. The effect was not due to chlorimipramine remaining in the membranes during the binding analysis. PMID- 3758161 TI - In mice repeated administration of electroconvulsive shock or desmethylimipramine produces rapid alterations in 5-HT2-mediated head-twitch responses and cortical 5 HT2 receptor number. AB - Mice treated with a single electroconvulsive shock (ECS) daily for up to 3 days showed progressively enhanced head-twitch to 5-methoxy-N,N'-dimethyltryptamine 24 h after 1,2 and 3 shocks. Injection of desmethylimipramine (DMI, 5 mg/kg) twice daily for up to 3.5 days progressively decreased head-twitch responses on days 2, 3 and 4. Cortical [3H]ketanserin binding was increased by ECS X 3 and decreased by 3.5 days DMI treatment. These data demonstrate that in mice antidepressant treatments produce rapid changes 5-HT2 function. PMID- 3758162 TI - Quantitative autoradiographic localization of the dopamine transport complex in the rat brain: use of a highly selective radioligand: [3H]GBR 12935. PMID- 3758163 TI - Decreased density of human striatal dopamine uptake sites with age. PMID- 3758164 TI - The effect of cisapride on smooth muscle cells of guinea-pig taenia caeci. AB - Cisapride (5 X 10(-7) M) caused depolarization, enhancement of spike activity, increase in muscle tone and potentiation of the contraction evoked by transmural stimulation of taenia caecum of the guinea-pig at 35 degrees C. At higher cisapride concentrations (2.5 X 10(-6) M) the potentiation of the evoked contraction was less pronounced or was even reversed into inhibition. Muscle tone was also enhanced by cisapride after relaxation of the smooth muscle cells by isobutylmethylxanthine (4 X 10(-5) M), a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. This effect of cisapride on muscle tone was smaller in the presence of atropine (10(-6) M), prazosin (10(-6) M) and propranolol (10(-6) M) and was also decreased in the presence of tetrodotoxin (3 X 10(-7) M). With these receptor blocking agents cisapride (5 X 10(-7) M) also depolarized smooth muscle cells and increased spike activity. The amplitude of the inhibitory junction potential represented by hyperpolarization was also enhanced and was followed by a more pronounced rebound activity. The depolarization induced by cisapride persisted in low sodium-low chloride and calcium-free solution, respectively. The cisapride depolarization was completely inhibited in the presence of orthovanadate (1 mM). It is concluded that cisapride inhibits calcium extrusion by a direct action on the smooth muscle cells of taenia caecum, leading to depolarization and enhancement of electrical and mechanical activity. PMID- 3758165 TI - Efficacy of the antidepressant iprindole against experimental arrhythmias. AB - The antiarrhythmic activity of iprindole was compared to that of imipramine in a variety of experimental arrhythmia models. Iprindole at 20 mg/kg i.v. showed efficacy in reverting ouabain- and aconitine-induced arrhythmias in pentobarbital anesthetized dogs, and at 15-30 mg/kg i.v. reduced the severity of the ventricular arrhythmias following acute coronary artery occlusion in anesthetized pigs. Imipramine (5-10 mg/kg i.v.) was also effective in reverting ouabain- and aconitine-induced arrhythmias, but appeared to exacerbate arrhythmias during coronary occlusion. In microelectrode experiments on isolated dog Purkinje fibers, iprindole reduced maximal upstroke velocity (Vmax) and action potential duration (characteristics of Class Ib antiarrhythmic agents) at concentrations greater than 1 microgram/ml. Significant decreases in Vmax occurred at lower iprindole concentrations when membrane potential was reduced by increasing external potassium from 4 to 10 mM, suggesting that electrical activity in depolarized cells may be selectively suppressed by iprindole. The present data indicate that iprindole may exert beneficial therapeutic effects in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias, mediated, at least in part, through a Class I mechanism of action. PMID- 3758166 TI - LG 30435 is a new bronchodilator agent with multiple sites of action. AB - LG 30435, a new quaternary derivative of the H1-histamine antagonist mequitazine, was evaluated against bronchospasm induced by different agonists. This compound inhibited equipotently methacholine- and histamine-induced contractions of isolated guinea-pig trachea. When administered to guinea-pig by the i.v. and/or the aerosol route, LG 30435 inhibited dose dependently the bronchospasm induced by acetylcholine and histamine and to a lesser degree that induced by 5 hydroxytryptamine and LTD4. When compared to that of mequitazine, its potency was higher in each case, up to 500-fold when tested in vitro against methacholine. LG 30435 also counteracted antigen-induced bronchospasm both in passively sensitized guinea-pigs and in actively sensitized rats. This compound had a rapid onset of action and an adequate duration after aerosol administration. It was poorly absorbed both by the oral and the aerosol routes and it did not appear to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. These results show that LG 30435 is a new aerosol bronchodilator agent, which, due to its multiple pharmacodynamic actions and to its suitable pharmacokinetics, is potentially useful in the therapy of obstructive airways disease. PMID- 3758167 TI - Alterations of rat cardiac adenylate cyclase activity with age. AB - Basal, 5'-guanylimidodiphosphate, GTP-, NaF-, forskolin-, D,L-isoproterenol-, glucagon- and secretin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activities were investigated in cardiac membranes from young adult (6 month old), old (20 month old) and senescent (24 month old) Sprague Dawley rats. The only significant difference between old and young adult rats was a 43% decrease of the glucagon-stimulated enzyme activity. In senescent rats compared to young adult rats, we observed a 23% decrease in forskolin-stimulated enzyme activity, a more severe (-73%) decrease in glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity and a decrease (-38%) of the response to secretin. The response to the beta-adrenoreceptor agonist D,L isoproterenol was unaffected. These results suggest an alteration with age in the vicinity of the catalytic unit of adenylate cyclase and a selective decrease of functional glucagon and secretin receptors. PMID- 3758168 TI - Neuropeptide Y and pancreatic polypeptide: effects on thyroid hormone secretion in the mouse. AB - Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is known to occur in adrenergic nerves within the thyroid gland and may thus be released concomitantly with noradrenaline upon adrenergic activation. In this study, the effects of combined administration of NPY and noradrenaline on thyroid hormone secretion were investigated under in vivo conditions in the mouse. Mice were pretreated with radioiodine and thyroxine: the subsequent release of radioiodine into blood upon stimulation is a reflection of the release of thyroid hormones since more than 90% of the released radioiodine is in the form of thyroid hormones. It was found that TSH enhanced the radioiodine levels in blood to 197 +/- 8% (P less than 0.01). Noradrenaline inhibited the TSH-induced thyroid hormone secretion to 168 +/- 6% (P less than 0.01), and NPY potentiated this inhibitory action of noradrenaline (P less than 0.01): the TSH-induced thyroid hormone secretion was only 19 +/- 6% after administration of both noradrenaline and NPY. Furthermore, alpha-adrenoceptor blockade by phentolamine abolished the effect of noradrenaline on TSH-induced thyroid hormone secretion and, during alpha-adrenoceptor blockade, NPY potentiated the secretory response to TSH. To study the specificity of the effects exerted by NPY, the influences of avian pancreatic polypeptide (APP) and bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP), which both show structural similarities to NPY, were also studied. However, in contrast to NPY, neither APP nor BPP had any effects on TSH-stimulated thyroid hormone secretion. Interestingly, an inhibitory action on non-stimulated radioiodine release (= TSH-independent thyroid hormone secretion) was seen in response to APP and BPP. This effect was not exerted by NPY.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3758169 TI - The effect of ethanol on arrhythmias and myocardial necrosis in rats with coronary occlusion and reperfusion. AB - Ethanol (1, 2 and 3 g/kg, intravenously) decreased the severity of the ischemic arrhythmias in rats with ligation of the left coronary artery and subsequent coronary reperfusion. Reperfusion arrhythmias occurring intensively after occlusion times of 5 and 15 min, respectively, were however not antagonized. Similar results were obtained in isolated perfused rat hearts with final concentrations of 4 and 6 mg ethanol/ml. In rats with reperfusion after 60 min of coronary occlusion, 2 g ethanol/kg significantly reduced the percentage of the ischemic area which underwent necrosis. Moreover, the increase in the wet weight/dry weight ratio of the lungs, as a measure of edema formation, was prevented. The ethanol effects are discussed in the light of present knowledge of the pathogenesis of arrhythmias and myocardial necrosis in experimental myocardial infarction. PMID- 3758170 TI - Cardiovascular and endocrine effects of naloxone compared in normotensive and hypertensive patients. AB - Naloxone, a competitive antagonist of opioid receptors, and placebo (dextrose 5% in water (D5W) were administered on separate days to healthy normotensive (NT) male volunteers and to male patients with essential hypertension (HT). A single blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design was employed. Increasing doses of naloxone (0.4, 1.2, 3.6, 10.8, 32.4, 97.2 mg) were given every 30 min as slow i.v. boluses. On a separate day, i.v. boluses of D5W were given according to a similar protocol. Naloxone failed to significantly modify systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate, oral temperature or plasma catecholamines. No adverse reactions or behavioral effects were seen with naloxone. Naloxone produced a dose-dependent increase in plasma cortisol, whereas plasma cortisol showed a gradual decline on the placebo day (circadian variation). HT and NT showed similar maximal increases in plasma cortisol. Hypertensives responded to lower doses of naloxone with greater increases in plasma cortisol. The results were significantly different only if corrected by using the baseline values obtained on the placebo day. The study suggests that in awake, resting men, endogenous opioids play no role in regulating BP, HR, respiration, temperature or the activity of the sympathetic nervous system. It also suggests that the sustained elevation of BP in HT is not due to endogenous opioid substances. However, endogenous opioid substances produce a tonic inhibitory effect on the release of cortisol. This tonic inhibition seems to be greater in hypertensives than in normotensives. PMID- 3758171 TI - Oxiracetam prevents electroshock-induced decrease in brain acetylcholine and amnesia. AB - In the rat, 1 min following electroshock (ECS) a 46 and 39% decrease in acetylcholine levels was found in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, respectively. The decrease in the hippocampus was still statistically significant 30 min after ECS. The ECS applied 1 min after training also disrupted the performance of a passive avoidance conditioned response ('step down') tested 30 min later. Oxiracetam (100 and 300 mg/kg i.p.) administered 90 min before training prevented, in a dose-dependent manner, the decrease of acetylcholine in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Oxiracetam prevented the ECS disruption of the acquisition of a passive avoidance response. At the dose of 300 mg/kg the acetylcholine level 1 min after ECS was significantly higher than in the sham treated rats. Piracetam at the same doses was inactive. These results support the hypothesis that oxiracetam may prevent the disruption of the conditioned response by acting on cortical and hippocampal cholinergic mechanisms. PMID- 3758172 TI - Characterization of serotonin receptors and lack of effect of antidepressant therapy on monoamine functions in various regions of the rabbit brain. AB - The effects of single and long-term administration of the antidepressants imipramine, desimipramine, amitriptyline, zimelidine and maprotiline were studied in the rabbit brain. Special attention was given to the brain serotonin (5-HT) receptors. Our results show that in different areas of the rabbit brain, the binding sites for 5-HT display pharmacological characteristics very similar to those of the 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptors described for the rat brain. No significant correlation could be shown between the distribution of either of the receptors and the distribution of serotonergic nerve terminals (as measured by the 5-HT content and the [3H]5-HT accumulation). Addition of antidepressants to rabbit brain slices, in vitro, caused an inhibition of the [3H]5-HT accumulation. The compounds only weakly inhibited the binding of [3H]5-HT and [3H]ketanserin as compared to the inhibition caused by serotonergic agonists and antagonists. The [3H]5-HT accumulation in brain slices was markedly reduced 2 h after a single i.p. injection of imipramine. After a two-week administration of the antidepressants, the specific binding of neither [3H]5-HT nor [3H]ketanserin was significantly altered. The simultaneous determination of monoamine metabolites and of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in the cerebrospinal fluid of these treated rabbits did not reveal any significant difference from the control animals. PMID- 3758173 TI - Further evidence for the effect of pinacolyl dimethylphosphinate on soman storage in muscle tissue. AB - Diaphragms isolated from rats 60 or 120 min after the intravenous injection of 6 X LD50 soman were incubated with electric eel acetylcholinesterase. As calculated from the enzyme inhibition, detectable amounts of P(-)-soman (1,2-dimethylpropyl methylphosphonofluoridate) were released from the diaphragm into the medium even 120 min post-injection. This release was reduced by additional pretreatment of the rats with pinacolyl dimethylphosphinate, providing further evidence that this compound prevents the storage of soman in diaphragm tissue. PMID- 3758174 TI - Epinephrine synthesis in the PC12 pheochromocytoma cell line. AB - PC12 is a rat pheochromocytoma cell line which has been increasingly used as a model system for both neural differentiation and chromaffin cell function. PC12 cells have been reported to synthesize dopamine and norepinephrine, but not epinephrine. We have found that PC12 cells do synthesize small amounts of epinephrine and that dexamethasone increases both epinephrine content as well as phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) activity. These results suggest that the PC12 cell line may be useful in the investigation of the regulation of PNMT. PMID- 3758175 TI - Secoverine is a non-selective muscarinic antagonist on rat heart and brain receptors. AB - In an attempt to determine if the selectivity of secoverine observed in vivo and in isolated tissues might be due to selective association with muscarinic receptor subtypes, we analyzed the binding of secoverine to three different receptors with specific radioligands: rat cardiac receptors (M2 receptors with low affinity for atropine), and rat cerebral cortical M1 receptors and M2 receptors with high affinity for atropine. At concentrations up to 10(-6) M, secoverine interaction with muscarinic receptors was competitive and of high affinity (Ki 4.10(-9) M) for cardiac and brain receptors. A detailed analysis using, in addition to [3H]N-methylscopolamine, the agonist [3H]oxotremorine-M (selective for high affinity binding sites at cardiac receptors) and the M1 selective antagonist [3H]pirenzepine at brain receptors, revealed identical affinities towards both receptor types, making it unlikely that secoverine distinguished the different muscarinic receptor subtypes. At concentrations between 10(-6) and 10(-3) M, secoverine interaction with an additional receptor site resulted in profound changes of tracer kinetics, suggesting the formation of a ternary complex (secoverine-radioligand-muscarinic receptor). The potency of secoverine for provoking this allosteric interaction was both tracer- and tissue dependent. It is concluded that secoverine does not differentiate between M1, brain M2 and cardiac M2 receptors or between cardiac receptors with high, low and very low affinity for agonists. At very high concentrations secoverine recognized an allosteric site on the muscarinic receptors and reduced the dissociation rates of the 3H-ligands. PMID- 3758176 TI - Effect of estrogen and progesterone treatment on calcium uptake by the myometrium and smooth muscle of the lower urinary tract. AB - In order to elucidate the mechanisms by which estrogen treatment increases uterine contractility, the effect of estrogen on Ca uptake was measured in the isolated rabbit uterus as well as in the urethra and urinary bladder. Estrogen treatment more than doubled the amount of cellular Ca uptake in the uterus during both rest and potassium-induced depolarization. Combined estrogen and progesterone treatment had a similar effect to estrogen alone. In both urinary bladder and the urethra, treatment with estrogen alone, or estrogen combined with progesterone had no effect on Ca uptake. Cellular Ca uptake was higher in uteri of rabbits subjected to progesterone withdrawal than in those that were under progesterone dominance. It is concluded that estrogen-induced increase in Ca entry into the uterine smooth muscle cells is a likely mechanism underlying increased uterine contractility. Since this effect of estrogen was not antagonized by progesterone, it may not strictly rely on the genomic action of estrogen. The increase in cellular calcium following progesterone withdrawal could be one of the mechanisms for the evolution of myometrial activity at parturition. PMID- 3758178 TI - The influence of stimulus parameters on the potentiation of striatal dopamine release by metoclopramide: in vivo voltammetric data. AB - Carbon fibre microelectrodes were implanted acutely into the striatum of chloral hydrate-anaesthetised rats to measure the dopamine released by electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral nigrostriatal pathway. High speed cyclic voltammetry was used throughout. The effects of metoclopramide and of different stimulation parameters (frequency and duration) were investigated. Using a 10 s stimulus train, it was found that frequencies less than 25 Hz evoked little measurable dopamine release. Maximum release occurred at 50-62.5 Hz. Metoclopramide (2.5-20 mg/kg i.p.) increased stimulated dopamine release in a dose-dependent fashion. The effect of metoclopramide (10 mg/kg) was investigated in detail at 25, 37.5 and 50 Hz stimulation frequency and at 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 s after the onset of stimulation. Metoclopramide, at all stimulation frequencies, caused the largest percentage elevation of release at 2.5 s of stimulation. The results indicate that prolonged stimulation can deplete the releasable pool of dopamine and mask the effects of dopamine receptor blockade. PMID- 3758177 TI - Effect of pertussis toxin on the heart acetylcholine muscarinic receptor affinity. AB - The effect of pertussis toxin on the affinity for agonists and antagonists of the heart muscarine acetylcholine receptor was studied using the radiolabeled antagonist [3H]quinuclidinyl benzylate ([3H]QNB). In cardiac membranes from control rats the displacement of [3H]QNB by carbachol was consistent with two classes of binding sites, kDH 25 +/- 10 nM and kDL 3,006 +/- 869 nM. The proportion of sites in the high and low affinity state for agonists was 55 and 45% respectively. In the presence of 100 microM guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p), only the low affinity state for agonists was observed (kDL 3,804 +/- 759 nM). In cardiac membranes from pertussis toxin-treated rats, two classes of binding sites with affinities similar to those seen in the controls were also observed in the absence of guanine nucleotide (kDs 39 +/- 12 and 3,315 +/- 845 nM) but the proportion of sites were 20 and 80% for high and low affinity respectively. Gpp(NH)p shifted the remaining 20% of sites from the high affinity to the low affinity state (KD 4,093 +/- 744 nM). The receptor KD for antagonists was decreased by pretreatment with pertussis toxin from 83 +/- 7 to 56 +/- 5 pM (P less than 0.01); Gpp(NH)p induced a further change in the affinity for the antagonist in membranes from both control and pertussis toxin-treated rats. The change suggested positive cooperativity. The total number of sites was not modified significantly by either pertussis toxin treatment or guanine nucleotides. These results are consistent with a possible reciprocal modulation of the affinity for agonists and antagonists of the cardiac muscarine receptor. PMID- 3758179 TI - Inhibition of 3,4-diaminopyridine-induced coronary oscillation by adenyl compounds. AB - 3,4-Diaminopyridine (DAP) contracted the isolated canine coronary arteries rhythmically. Together with the contractions, plateau potentials which were often preceded by spike-like potentials were recorded with glass microelectrodes. Adenosine inhibited both the DAP-induced contraction and the depolarization. ATP, ADP and AMP inhibited the contraction similarly. Cyclic AMP had a slight inhibitory effect on the contraction and dibutyryl cyclic AMP had no effect on it. Aminophylline antagonized the inhibitory effect of adenosine, ATP and ADP. Dilazep potentiated the effect of adenosine and indomethacin did not affect it. These results show that adenosine occupies the P1-purinoceptor and blocks the DAP induced repetitive contractions of isolated canine coronary arteries by suppressing the rhythmic depolarization. PMID- 3758180 TI - The effects of ICS 205-930, a 5-HT antagonist, on arrhythmias and catecholamine release during canine myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion. AB - The effects of ICS 205-930 [3 alpha-tropanyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid ester), an antagonist of 5-HT at neuronal M receptors, were examined in anaesthetised greyhounds subject to acute coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion. Intravenous administration of 0.3 or 2.0 mg kg-1 of ICS 205-930 did not significantly alter haemodynamics or blood gases. The higher dose had marked antiarrhythmic activity. The total number of ischaemia-induced extrasystoles was reduced to 167 +/- 64 compared with 467 +/- 99 in controls. Ventricular fibrillation induced by reperfusion after 40 min of ischaemia was also significantly reduced from 80 to 33%. Immediately following release of the coronary artery occlusion significant increases in plasma noradrenaline and dopamine concentrations were detected in local coronary venous blood draining from the ischaemic area in control dogs. This catecholamine release was also evident in the dogs which received 2 mg kg-1 ICS 205-930 but was less marked. Thus the antiarrhythmic activity of ICS 205-930 may be related to antagonism of detrimental effects of 5-HT, such as the ability to facilitate the release of noradrenaline from sympathetic nerve terminals in the heart, although other mechanisms may be involved. PMID- 3758181 TI - Effects of cyanamide on body weight and brain monoamines and metabolites in rats. AB - Cyanamide, a disulfiram-like drug used in the treatment of alcoholism, decreased in a dose-dependent manner (2-25 mg/kg) the body weight gain curve in rats, which resulted in a marked decrease of body weight (10-35%). Long-term administration of cyanamide also decreased food intake (6-34%) in a dose-dependent manner (2-25 mg/kg). Both effects of cyanamide were reversible. After the acute and long-term administration (1-12 months) of cyanamide (8-35 mg/kg) the brain concentration of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol sulphate (MOPEG-SO4) was also significantly increased (26-46%). Cyanamide, however, had no effects on the brain concentration of noradrenaline, dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, tryptophan and 5 hydroxyindolacetic acid. It is suggested that the loss of weight, the decrease in food intake and the increase in brain MOPEG-SO4 induced by cyanamide reflect possible anorectic properties of the drug. PMID- 3758183 TI - The dopamine response in mouse neuroblastoma cells is mediated by serotonin 5HT3 receptors. AB - Serotonin (5HT) and dopamine (DA) induce, in neuroblastoma N1E-115 cells, a transient membrane depolarization associated with an inward current. The half maximum response is obtained with 2 microM 5HT or 200 microM DA. The maximum response to 5HT is 2-3 times that to DA. The selective 5HT3 receptor antagonists ICS 205-930 and MDL 72222 at nanomolar concentrations block both the 5HT- and the DA-induced response. High concentrations (10 microM) of 5HT2 receptor antagonists are without effect. It is concluded that, in N1E-115 cells, 5HT and DA activate a single population of 5HT3 receptors. PMID- 3758182 TI - Effect of diltiazem on ischemic myocardial depolarization and extracellular K+ accumulation. AB - Diltiazem retards ischemic arrhythmias and reduces cellular depolarization, as inferred from recordings of T-Q segment depression (delta T-Q). To explore this further, we correlated delta T-Q with the extracellular K+ electrode potential (delta EK) during serial ischemic trials. delta T-Q and delta EK were uniform in control trials, but decreased markedly in trials that immediately followed diltiazem infusion (0.5 mg/kg). delta EK at 2 min of ischemia was reduced from 11.8 +/- 1.3 to 7.4 +/- 1.2 mV; while delta T-Q was reduced from 7.2 +/- 0.5 to 4.4 +/- 0.7 mV. The effect of diltiazem on ischemic depolarization is largely, but not entirely explained by reduction of delta EK. PMID- 3758184 TI - Direct effects of diltiazem, nifedipine and verapamil on peripheral sympathetic nerve function, cardiac impulse conduction and cardiovascular function in anesthetized dogs subjected to ganglionic blockade. AB - The Ca2+ entry blockers diltiazem, nifedipine and verapamil produced dose dependent increases in atrioventricular conduction time (A-H interval), while decreasing heart rate and mean arterial pressure in anesthetized dogs previously subjected to ganglionic blockade to prevent hypotension-induced reflex changes in sympathetic tone. Nifedipine and verapamil, but not diltiazem, also reduced (P less than 0.05) the tachycardia produced by electrical stimulation of the cardioaccelerator nerve at doses which did not alter the heart rate response to direct beta-adrenoceptor stimulation by isoproterenol (0.1 microgram/kg i.v.). The lowest doses of nifedipine (0.03 mg/kg) and verapamil (0.3 mg/kg) that produced decreases in mean arterial blood pressure were the same as or greater than those which selectivity reduced the tachycardiac effects of low frequency (1 Hz, 25-35 V, 5 ms), but not high frequency (10 Hz, 25-35 V, 5 ms) cardiac nerve stimulation. These data suggest that threshold vasodilator doses of some Ca2+ blockers may selectively reduce low level (or basal) sympathetic neurotransmission and this additional pharmacologic action may contribute to the antihypertensive mechanism. The failure to inhibit the high frequency nerve response may also help to explain the relatively low incidence of orthostatic hypotension associated with the clinical use of Ca2+ blockers as compared to other direct-acting vasodilators. PMID- 3758185 TI - Intraventricular arginine vasopressin blocks the acquisition of ethanol tolerance in mice. AB - Intracerebroventricular administration of [Arg8]vasopressin (AVP) blocks the development of tolerance to ethanol, when ethanol is administered to mice in a learning paradigm. This effect appears to result from an influence of AVP on both functional and dispositional components of tolerance. PMID- 3758186 TI - Relaxant effects of xanthines, a beta 2-receptor agonist and Ca2+ antagonists in guinea-pig tracheal preparations contracted by potassium or carbachol. AB - Potassium (124 mM K+ Krebs) produced a biphasic contractile response in the guinea-pig isolated trachea. An initial phasic contraction was followed by a larger and sustained contraction. Repeated potassium-induced contractions in spontaneously contracted guinea-pig tracheas were not reproducible. However, reproducible K+ responses were obtained in the presence of indomethacin (10(-6) M) that almost abolished the spontaneous tone. This suggested that endogenous cyclooxygenase products were variably released by K+ and interfered with its contractile effects. Both phases of K+-induced contractions were inhibited in Ca2+-free/EGTA Krebs. In contrast, about 80% of the contractile response to carbachol persisted in this medium. Tracheas contracted by potassium (indomethacin present) were completely relaxed by theophylline and enprofylline but only partly relaxed by terbutaline. All bronchodilators completely relaxed carbachol-contracted preparations. Each bronchodilator was 2-3 times less potent to relax K+- than carbachol-induced contractions. In sharp contrast, two Ca2+ antagonists, verapamil and nimodipine, preferentially relaxed K+-induced contractions. The results obtained with Ca2+ antagonists, which are poorly effective in asthma, compared to the established antiasthma drugs, xanthines and beta 2-receptor agonists, may indicate that depolarization-induced mechanisms contribute little to bronchoconstriction in asthma. PMID- 3758187 TI - Effects of calcium channel blockers on neuromuscular blockade induced by aminoglycoside antibiotics. AB - The effects of several calcium channel blockers (nifedipine, verapamil and diltiazem) on rat phrenic-hemidiaphragm preparations were studied. The calcium channel blockers were used either alone or associated with two aminoglycoside antibiotics, neomycin and streptomycin. All drugs investigated produced a concentration-dependent decrease in indirectly elicited diaphragmatic contractions. The order of potency was: verapamil greater than neomycin congruent to nifedipine greater than diltiazem greater than streptomycin. Moreover, neomycin-induced neuromuscular blockade was significantly increased by nifedipine (1 and 10 microM), verapamil (1 and 10 microM) and diltiazem (10 microM), whereas the streptomycin-induced neuromuscular blockade was increased only by nifedipine (1 and 10 microM) and verapamil (10 microM). PMID- 3758188 TI - Studies on the involvement of dopamine D-1 and D-2 receptors in the anticonvulsant effect of dopamine agonists in various rodent models of epilepsy. AB - Dopamine agonists with different selectivity for dopamine D-1 and D-2 receptors in the brain were tested for their effects: on thresholds for maximal electroshock seizures in mice and rats and for pentylenetetrazol-induced clonic seizures in mice; on seizures induced by air blast stimulation in gerbils, and on seizures induced by amygdala-kindling in rats. The mixed D-1/D-2 agonist apomorphine exerted anticonvulsant effects in all models except kindling. In gerbils and mice, the anticonvulsant action of apomorphine could be antagonized by the D-2 selective dopamine antagonist sulpiride. When injected alone, sulpiride exerted no significant effect on seizure activity. The preferential D-2 receptor agonists lisuride and (+)-PHNO [+)-4-propyl-9-hydroxynaphthoxazine) differed in their profile of action. Both compounds displayed anticonvulsant efficacy in gerbils, while only lisuride proved capable of reducing kindled seizure severity. (+)-PHNO increased the threshold for electroconvulsions in mice while lisuride was ineffective in this respect or even decreased the threshold. The reverse was obtained in regard to electroshock seizures in rats. The threshold for seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol in mice was increased significantly by lisuride but not by (+)-PHNO. The selective dopamine D-1 receptor agonist SKF 38393-A exerted no anticonvulsant effect in any seizure test except a moderate increase of the electroconvulsive threshold in mice. In contrast, the dopamine precursor L-DOPA (injected after pretreatment with carbidopa) proved capable of reducing seizure activity in all models. In mice, the increase in the threshold for maximal electroshock seizures induced by L-DOPA was significantly reduced by sulpiride, which also attenuated the anticonvulsant effect of L-DOPA in gerbils. Collectively, the data indicate that dopamine D-2 receptors mediate the anticonvulsant effect of dopamine agonist and, at least in part, of L-DOPA whereas D-1 receptors seem not to be involved. PMID- 3758189 TI - Kynurenines do not antagonise GABA in rat hippocampus. AB - Kynurenine and kynurenic acid are known to produce convulsions in rats and mice and it has been reported that kynurenine can displace GABA from its neuronal binding sites. The present study shows that neither kynurenine nor kynurenic acid are antagonist of GABA when tested on the rat hippocampal slice preparation. It is therefore unlikely that kynurenine seizures result from the blockade of inhibitory neurotransmission. PMID- 3758190 TI - Effects of ionic substitution on [Ca2+]i rises evoked by thrombin and PAF in human platelets. AB - We have investigated the effects of substituting extracellular Na+ by choline or K+ on responses of quin2- and fura-2-loaded human platelets to thrombin and platelet-activating factor (PAF). Na+ substitution by choline did not affect the extent of the rise in [Ca2+]i evoked by either agonist. The response to thrombin, but not PAF, was slightly slowed. High K+ did not activate the cells, but the rises in [Ca2+]i evoked by both agonists were slowed and reduced. Shape change evoked by both agonists was little affected by either substitution. Aggregation evoked by PAF was reduced in high K+ but unaffected in choline. Thrombin-induced aggregation was unaffected by either substitution, even when the rise in [Ca2+]i was markedly reduced. The results suggest that the mechanism which generates Ca2+ fluxes in platelets is not voltage-dependent; but high K+ appears to interfere with the influx mechanism. PMID- 3758191 TI - Model systems for pharmacokinetics of steroid drugs subject to enterohepatic circulation. AB - A number of drugs including steroid hormones undergo enterohepatic circulation (EHC) which influences the drug disposition parameters. EHC of drugs leads to prolonged drug exposition which may enhance the risk of liver incompatibility. The extent of EHC expressed by the reabsorption rate of a given drug is of interest from the clinical and toxicological point of view. A two-compartment model with an additional time lag was realized by a hybrid computer system to study the influence of EHC on the shape of plasma concentration-time profiles and pharmacokinetic parameters. Reabsorption rates of potential steroid drugs were calculated by model-simulation and the results compared with the experimentally found ones. Although the lag time model is only a simplified approximation to the underlying physiological processes it reflects sufficiently the pharmacokinetic profile of steroid drugs subject to EHC. PMID- 3758192 TI - Classification of anabolic steroids using the method of competitive metabolism. AB - The effect of increasing concentrations of testosterone (T) and 19 nortestosterone (N) on the in vitro metabolism of [3H]N in minced tissue of the rat seminal vesicle indicates that T and N are equally appropriate substrates for the 5 alpha-reductase. Experiments in which increasing concentrations of 17 methyl-T (MT) or 1-ene-MT were incubated with [3H]T and vesicular mince have revealed that the formation of [3H]5 alpha-dihydro-T is suppressed markedly by MT while 1-ene-MT has no measurable effect. Since 5 alpha-dihydro-MT binds to the androgen receptor with a higher affinity than MT does and (relative to T) MT does not exhibit myotropic-androgenic (= M-A) dissociation, it can be concluded that MT is, whereas 1-ene-MT is not a substrate for the 5 alpha-reductase. Our present and previous data suggest that N exemplifies one class of anabolic steroids that become less androgenic due to 5 alpha-reduction, it shows high myotropic activity, M-A dissociation (= 7-30) and affinity to the androgen receptor. On the other hand, 1-ene-MT belongs to another class of anabolic steroids that are not substrates for the 5 alpha-reductase, exhibit a relatively small myotropic activity, M-A dissociation (= 2-3) and receptor affinity. PMID- 3758193 TI - Assignment of anabolic-androgenic and antiandrogenic properties to some chlorine substituted steroids on the basis of their binding characteristics to the androgen receptor of the rat seminal vesicle. AB - In this study we investigated the affinity of several 4-chlorinated and 1-ene derivatives of 17 alpha-methyltestosterone (MT) and 17 alpha-methyl-5 alpha dihydrotestosterone (MDHT) to the androgen receptor, and, additionally, the effect of a few MT-derived steroids on the activity of the 5 alpha-reductase enzyme present in the rat seminal vesicle. From our results we conclude, that delta 1 or/and delta 4 double bonds in ring A counteract the inhibition of receptor-binding caused by chlorine-substitution at C4; the dissociation of myotropic and androgenic effects [= M/A dissociation] of 4-chloro-MT (as compared to MT) is due to its inactivation by 5 alpha-reductase in androgen target organs and/or to the inhibition of the conversion of endogenous testosterone to DHT; the M/A dissociation of 1-ene-MT and 4-chloro-1-ene-MT may be explained by their inability to be activated by 5 alpha-reductase; for the same reason, M/A dissociation can be assigned to the effects of 4 alpha-chloro-1-ene-DHT. We determined the short-term and long-term competition of cyproterone acetate and chlormadinone acetate with [3H]DHT for receptor binding at 0 degrees C and showed, that the complexes formed by these antiandrogens with the androgen receptor have equally reduced stabilities compared to the DHT-receptor complex. PMID- 3758194 TI - Adrenal catecholamine content: effects of congenital GH, PRL and TSH deficiency and of hormone replacement therapy in the male mouse. AB - The content of epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) was measured in the adrenals of male Snell dwarf mice, which are characterized by a genetically determined lack of growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL) and thyrotropin (TSH), and in normal male mice of the same strain. Additionally, adrenal catecholamine (CA) content of both normal and dwarf mice was determined after 6-day treatment with TSH, GH or PRL. Although the adrenal E content (in saline-, TSH- and PRL-treated groups) and DA content (in saline- and PRL-treated groups) of dwarf mice were significantly lower than those observed in respective groups of normal animals, such differences were not found for NE. The latter finding suggests the presence of a much higher adrenal NE concentration in dwarf mice, since their adrenal glands are several-fold smaller than those of phenotypically normal mice. It is suggested that the increased concentration of NE in dwarfs is related to the reduced activity of an enzyme, phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase (PNMT), which converts adrenal NE into E. Moreover, it was demonstrated that GH treatment resulted in abolition of the differences in adrenal E, NE and DA content between normal and dwarf mice. The mechanism of this effect of GH remains unclear. PMID- 3758195 TI - Daily variations in response of certain immunity indices to prolactin in White Leghorn chickens. AB - The purpose of this experiment was to elucidate whether the effect of exogenous prolactin (PRL) on immunity parameters of White Leghorn chickens varies during the day. The experiment was carried out on cockerels kept after hatching during 6 weeks under L:D = 12:12 conditions. During 5 consecutive days cockerels were injected with bovine PRL (150 micrograms per bird daily) or its solvent at different time points, i.e., at 0, 4, 8 or 12 HALO (Hours After Light Onset). The birds were sacrificed 24 hours after the last injection at the same time point when the injections were given. It was found that given at 4 HALO prolactin raised, whereas at 8 HALO it decreased the peripheral lymphocyte number. PRL had no effect on granulocyte number, natural anti-rabbit red blood cells (anti-RRBC) agglutinin titre and serum lysozyme activity. Administered at 0 and 12 HALO PRL tended to decrease the thymus and bursa of Fabricius weight. This different PRL effect on peripheral lymphocytes in chickens during the circadian period may be one of the causes of varying effect of this hormone on immunity (stimulatory or suppressive) described in literature. The role of PRL in regulation of immunity is discussed in relation to the possibility of PRL receptors occurrence on chickens lymphocytes. PMID- 3758196 TI - Evidence of extragastric gastrin release in postoperative ulcer patients. AB - The principal sites of gastrin production in man are localized at the level of the gastric antrum; both the oral glucose load and the protein meal stimulate the gastrin secretion. The aim of this study was to verify the gastrin response in patients with gastric resections presented with various stimuli. In the operated patients, the behavior of serum gastrin after a protein meal was different with respect to that observed in control subjects. After glucose, on the contrary, a very similar result was seen when compared to controls. The increase in serum gastrin of patients with Billroth II provides a further confirmation of an extragastric origin of gastrin. PMID- 3758197 TI - Relationship between cellular diadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P4-tetraphosphate level, cell density, cell growth stimulation and toxic stresses. AB - In order to elucidate the postulated role of diadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P4 tetraphosphate (Ap4A) in cell growth regulation, the Ap4A cellular content was measured in cells submitted to various treatments affecting the cell growth. Ap4A level was found to increase ten times when cells reached confluence, whereas no significant variation of the ATP pool was observed. Cell growth arrest after serum depletion did not cause any variation in the Ap4A pool. A limited increase in the Ap4A pool was observed when growth of arrested cells was reinitiated but this variation reflected only the increase of cell density. No significant variation in the Ap4A intracellular level was observed after submitting two eukaryotic cell lines to various stresses (cytotoxic drugs, ethanol and heat shock treatments). These results suggest that, in eukaryotic cells, Ap4A is not involved in cell growth stimulation but rather is associated with cell contact growth inhibition. They also suggest that Ap4A is not an 'alarmone', contrary to what has been proposed for bacteria. PMID- 3758198 TI - Disappearance of statin, a protein marker for non-proliferating and senescent cells, following serum-stimulated cell cycle entry. AB - Statin, a protein of 57,000 D, is present in the nuclei of quiescent or senescent fibroblasts (Wang, E, J cell biol 100 (1985) 545), but is absent in their young replicating counterparts. Immunohistochemical survey of a variety of tissues demonstrates that the presence of statin is a marker for cells that are no longer involved in proliferation, i.e. those cells that are terminally differentiated. Statin expression was examined by immunofluorescence microscopy in serum-starved cultures whose replication had been reinitiated by raising the serum concentration from 0.5 to 10%. Prior to serum addition, more than 85% of the cells stained positively for statin. After stimulation with serum, the expression of statin disappeared rapidly within the first 12-14 h. On the other hand, an increase in the level of DNA synthesis, signifying entry into S phase, was observed initially at 18 h after serum stimulation, and reached maximal levels 6 h later. Immunoprecipitation of statin derived from cells harvested at different intervals after serum stimulation revealed that the level of statin synthesis was reduced by 4 h and was hardly detectable at 8 h. These results demonstrate that the synthesis of statin occurs primarily when cells are in a quiescent state, and declines rapidly when cells are induced to proliferate; this decline precedes the transition from G1 to S phase. PMID- 3758199 TI - Tumorigenic Xenopus cells express several maternal and early embryonic mRNAs. AB - Recombinant cDNA libraries were constructed from poly(A)+ RNA isolated from different stages of oogenesis and embryogenesis from the clawed toad Xenopus laevis. Hybridization analyses were used to describe the accumulation of specific RNAs represented by these cDNA clones in oocytes, embryos, adult liver, a cell line derived from Xenopus borealis embryos (Xb693), and a tumorigenic substrain of that cell line (Xb693T). It was found that from 550 cDNA clones analysed, six sequences accumulate to higher titers in poly(A)+ RNA isolated from the tumorigenic cell line compared with the non-tumorigenic cell line. All six sequences were expressed at high levels during oogenesis, and the titers of three of these sequences decreased considerably during oogenesis. DNA sequencing of these three sequences followed by a computer search of protein data banks has identified them as coding for the glycolytic enzyme enolase, the ATP-ADP carrier protein, and a-tubulin. PMID- 3758200 TI - The timing of initiation of macronuclear DNA synthesis is set during the preceding cell cycle in Paramecium tetraurelia. Analysis of the effects of abrupt changes in nutrient level. AB - In many eukaryotic organisms, initiation of DNA synthesis is associated with a major control point within the cell cycle and reflects the commitment of the cell to the DNA replication-division portion of the cell cycle. In Paramecium, the timing of DNA synthesis initiation is established prior to fission during the preceding cell cycle. DNA synthesis normally starts at 0.25 in the cell cycle. When dividing cells are subjected to abrupt nutrient shift-up by transfer from a chemostat culture to medium with excess food, or shift-down from a well-fed culture to exhausted medium. DNA synthesis initiation in the post-shift cell cycle occurs at 0.25 of the parental cell cycle and not at either 0.25 in the post-shift cell cycle or at 0.25 in the equilibrium cell cycle produced under the post-shift conditions. The long delay prior to initiation of DNA synthesis following nutritional shift-up is not a consequence of continued slow growth because the rate of protein synthesis increases rapidly to the normal level after shift-up. Analysis of the relation between increase in cell mass and initiation of DNA synthesis following nutritional shifts indicates that increase in cell mass, per se, is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for initiation of DNA synthesis, in spite of the strong association between accumulation of cell mass and initiation of DNA synthesis in cells growing under steady-state conditions. PMID- 3758201 TI - Control of cell division in Paramecium tetraurelia. Effects of abrupt changes in nutrient level on accumulation of macronuclear DNA and cell mass. AB - In the cell cycle of Paramecium there are three points of interaction between cell growth-related processes and the processes of macronuclear DNA replication and cell division: initiation of DNA synthesis, regulation of the rates of growth and DNA accumulation, and initiation of cell division. This study examines the regulation of the latter two processes by analysis of the response of each to abrupt changes in nutrient level brought about either by transferring dividing cells from a steady-state chemostat culture to medium with unlimited food, or by transferring well-fed dividing cells to exhausted medium. The rates of DNA accumulation and cell growth respond quickly to changes in nutrient level. The amounts of these cell components accumulated during the cell cycle following a shift in nutrient level are typical of those occurring during equilibrium growth under post-shift conditions. Commitment to division occurs at a fixed interval prior to fission that is similar in well-fed and nutrient-limited cells. Initiation of cell division in Paramecium is associated with accumulation of a threshold DNA increment, whose level is largely independent of nutritive conditions. The amount of DNA accumulated during the cell cycle varies with nutritional conditions because the rates of growth and DNA accumulation are affected by nutrient level; slowly growing cells accumulated relatively little DNA during the fixed interval between commitment to cell division and fission. PMID- 3758202 TI - Spreading and orientation of epithelial cells on grooved substrata. AB - The spreading and orientation of epithelial (E) cells was studied on titanium coated grooved substrata by light, transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Vertical-walled grooves and V-shaped grooves, 3-60 microns deep, were produced in silicon wafers by micromachining, a process which was developed for the fabrication of micro-electronic components, and the grooved substrata were replicated in Epon. Photolithography was used to prepare photoresist-based and silicon dioxide-silicon substrata with grooves of approximately 2 and approximately 0.5 micron deep, respectively. Cell clusters were markedly oriented by all the grooved substrata examined, with the orientation index being highest for substrata with grooves of the smallest repeat spacing. Time-lapse cinemicrography showed that the grooves directed the migration of E cells, but the control was not absolute, as some cells crossed over the ridges and descended into the grooves. The 0.5 micron grooves appeared less effective than the deeper grooves in directing cell locomotion. SEM and TEM of E cells spreading on the grooved substrata demonstrated that cell processes, including lamellae and filopodia, were capable of bending around and closely adapting to groove edges. E cells did not flatten as extensively on a substratum with 22 microns deep V-shaped grooves as on a smooth surface, although some cells were markedly elongated. One mechanism proposed to explain contact guidance of fibroblasts is that linear elements of the locomotory system, such as microfilament bundles, are unable to operate when bent. The observed flexibility of epithelial cell processes and the ability of substrata with shallow grooves to orient E cells indicate that contact guidance of E cells on micromachined substrata cannot be explained by the mechanical stiffness of long linear cytoskeletal elements. PMID- 3758203 TI - On the position of nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) in interphase nuclei. Studies with a new, non-autoradiographic in situ hybridization method. AB - The distribution of 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), i.e. the chromosomal nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) was visualized in interphases and metaphases of non-stimulated and phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated human lymphocytes with a recently developed non-autoradiographic in situ hybridization method. This procedure involves mercurated RNA as a probe and a sulfhydryl-trinitrophenyl mercury binding ligand and FITC-labelled antibodies as detection system. Silver staining was used to visualize nucleoli in interphase. In the secondary constriction of all ten acrocentric chromosomes, varying amounts of rDNA were detected. In the interphase nuclei of most of the non-stimulated human lymphocytes, only one small nucleolus could be seen. The in situ hybridization, however, revealed several agglomerations of rDNA scattered over the whole nuclear area, clearly outnumbering the number of nucleoli in these cells. This means that not all of the NORs are transcriptionally active in non-stimulated lymphocytes and that these inactive NORs lie at a distinct distance from the active ones. With PHA stimulation (transforming the small lymphocytes from peripheral blood into large, lymphoblast-like cells) the number of nucleoli increased slightly, whereas the number of separable rDNA spots decreased. This means that in the course of PHA-induced cellular activation, formerly inactive NORs become transcriptionally active and tend to associate with one another. This indicates the occurrence of movements of the NORs within the nucleus, depending on their transcriptional activity. PMID- 3758204 TI - Colcemid inhibits growth during early G1 in normal but not in tumorigenic lymphocytes. AB - Mitogenically stimulated human and mouse lymphocytes enter the cell cycle (G0, G1A, G1B, S, G2+M) via a newly recognized subphase, G1'. This subphase precedes G1A and is distinct from G0. The G1' subphase is absent in immortalized and tumorigenic lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) by cytofluorimetric criteria. Furthermore, colcemid inhibits transition through the G0/G1' as well as G2 phases in mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes and in LCLs. Tumorigenic LCLs are not sensitive to growth inhibition by colcemid during early G1. These observations suggest that a progressive series of changes have occurred during G0/G1' which lead to deregulation of growth control. PMID- 3758206 TI - Microdissection of human chromosomes by a laser microbeam. PMID- 3758205 TI - Early increase in phosphatidyl choline synthesis by choline and transmethylation pathways in spreading fibroblasts. AB - Phosphatidyl choline (PC) synthesis in trypsinized and reattaching fibroblasts during the spreading state was studied by incorporation of [14C]choline and [methyl-14C]methionine. The choline and phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (PE) transmethylation pathways were both transiently increased about 2-fold during the first 2 h after replating. Maximum increase appeared to be simultaneous with maximum spreading. Incorporation of [32P]orthophosphate showed that the increase in PC synthesis was specific and most probably related to establishment of cell substrate adhesion sites. PMID- 3758207 TI - Bombesin stimulation of c-fos and c-myc gene expression in cultures of Swiss 3T3 cells. AB - Bombesin has been shown to be a potent mitogen for Swiss 3T3 cells. At nanomolar concentrations it stimulates DNA synthesis in quiescent cultures of 3T3 cells and also induces the expression of c-fos and c-myc mRNA. c-fos mRNA transcripts dramatically increase 15 min after the addition of bombesin, are still abundant after 30-60 min and then decrease. c-myc mRNA induction is detectable later, 1 h after bombesin treatment. Conversely, no changes in c-Ki-ras expression are observed after stimulation with bombesin. These results demonstrate that the increased expression of c-fos and c-myc mRNAs appears to be a common response to diverse agents that induce DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. PMID- 3758208 TI - Fibronectin dependence of the contraction of collagen lattices by human skin fibroblasts. AB - The role of fibronectin in the contraction of collagen lattices by human skin fibroblasts has been investigated. Incubation of lattice cultures in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with increasing concentrations of non dialysed or dialysed fetal calf serum demonstrated that the rate of contraction was dependent on non-dialysable serum components. The suppression of contraction observed when fibronectin was eliminated from serum, either by affinity chromatography on gelatin-agarose columns or by precipitation with anti fibronectin antibodies, showed that fibronectin is critical for the contraction. When collagen lattices were incubated in a serum-free culture medium totally devoid of fibronectin, no contraction occurred. When fibronectin was added to this medium, their contraction was correlated with the concentration of fibronectin added. The contraction was inhibited by cycloheximide, tunicamycin, and monensin. These results demonstrate that the contraction of collagen lattices by human skin fibroblasts is dependent on fibronectin, and that other protein factors synthesized by the cells or contained in serum are also necessary. PMID- 3758209 TI - Light and dark control of the cell cycle in two marine phytoplankton species. AB - The effect of light and dark on growth, DNA replication and cell division of two marine phytoplankters Thalassiosira weissflogii (a diatom) and Hymenomonas carterae (a coccolithophorid) was investigated using flow cytometry. The two species displayed very differing behavior. When transferred from light to prolonged darkness, all coccolithophorid cells were arrested at the beginning of the G1 stage of the cell cycle. When shifted back into light, they resumed cycling at a rate slightly slower than prior to arrest. In contrast, diatom cells were arrested either in the G1 or G2 stage of the cell cycle in the dark. Upon re exposure to light, cells which had been dark-arrested in G1 resumed cycling at the same rate as prior to arrest, while cells arrested in G2 cycled much more slowly. These results suggest that in both species, light control of cell cycle progression is effective only over a restricted part of the cell cycle, as has been hypothesized by Spudich & Sager (J cell biol 83 (1980) 136) [38] for Chlamydomonas. In the coccolithophorid there is a single light-dependent segment located at the beginning of G1, whereas the diatom appears to have two such segments, one in G1 and the other in G2, corresponding to two different light requiring processes. PMID- 3758210 TI - Replicative and differentiative behavior in daughter pairs of myogenic stem cells. AB - Time-lapse microcinematography was used to trace the migration and subsequent fate of daughter pairs from single myogenic stem cells. The generation times of siblings which divide are closely correlated (r, 0.73) compared with randomly selected cells (r, 0.059), suggesting the more or less equal partition of stem cell components. The commitment to differentiative expression, however, is not inherited and must occur following stem cell division. Within the combined group in which at least one sibling fused, the ratio of pairs in which both fuse to pairs in which one divides and one fuses is 21:18. X2 for this ratio (compared with 1:1) is 0.103 indicating that it is just as likely that one daughter fuses and the other divides as that both fuse. We see no evidence of an intrinsic mitotic clock. If there were, one would expect that both or neither daughter would differentiate, depending on whether or not the 'clock' had run out for a particular stem cell. PMID- 3758211 TI - Analysis of the G1 arrest position of senescent WI38 cells by quinacrine dihydrochloride nuclear fluorescence. Evidence for a late G1 arrest. AB - Senescence of the human diploid fibroblast-like cell line, WI38, is characterized by a loss of proliferative activity and an arrest of cells with a 2C DNA content (G1 or G0). To examine the specific region within G1 in which senescent cells arrest, senescent cells were stained with quinacrine dihydrochloride (QDH) and their nuclear fluorescence was compared with that of young cultures arrested in early and late G1 by serum deprivation and hydroxyurea exposure, respectively. Release of these G1-arrested young cultures from their blocking conditions and timing the kinetics of their entry into the S phase by autoradiographic detection of [3H]thymidine incorporation revealed that serum-deprived cells entered the S phase within 15-18 h, whereas hydroxyurea-exposed cells entered the S phase within 1.5 h, thus confirming their relative G1-arrest positions. QDH-stained, serum-deprived and hydroxyurea-exposed young cells exhibited relative nuclear fluorescence intensities of 51.7 and 23.9, respectively. Senescent cells exhibited a relative nuclear fluorescence intensity of 17.4, closely resembling the fluorescence of young cultures arrested in late G1 by hydroxyurea exposure. These data support the concept that senescent cells are arrested from further progression in the cell cycle in late G1. PMID- 3758212 TI - Possible translocation of actin and alpha-actinin along stress fibers. AB - We have employed fluorescent analogue cytochemistry and fluorescence photobleaching to study the mobility of actin and alpha-actin along stress fibers. Rhodamine-labeled actin or alpha-actinin microinjected into embryonic chick cardiac fibroblasts soon became incorporated into stress fibers. A pulse of a laser microbeam was used to photobleach small spots on the fluorescent stress fibers. Images of the bleached fiber were recorded with an intensified image processing system at 2-3 min intervals. The distance between the bleached spot and the terminus of the stress fiber, which remained stationary throughout the experiment, was then measured in the successive images. Movement of bleached spots was detected along stress fibers located in the apparently trailing processes of polygonal fibroblasts, and only occurred in one direction: away from the distal tip of the stress fiber. The rate of movement calculated for alpha actinin-injected cells was 0.24 +/- 0.12 micron/min, for actin-injected cells, 0.29 +/- 0.11 micron/min. The rate did not seem to be affected by the location of the spot relative to the distal end of the stress fiber unless the spot was located within the most distal 5 microns of the stress fiber. Anti-myosin antibody staining indicated that stress fibers which demonstrated translocation were relatively depleted of myosin. The apparent translocation of proteins along stress fibers, possibly generated by stretching, may be related to the retraction of cell processes during locomotion. PMID- 3758213 TI - Acidic lens-protein-degrading activity in aqueous humour. AB - Lens-protein-degrading activity in human aqueous humor was determined biochemically. Proteolytic activity was found in the pellet of aqueous humor from patients with Morgagnian cataract, traumatic cataract, after cataract, traumatic lens luxation, and phacolytic glaucoma. The activity was found at pH 3.8 and it was inhibited partly by pepstatin or leupeptin. Possibly, cathepsin D and lysosomal thiol proteinases in the macrophages play a major role in the degradation of escaping lens protein under pathologic conditions. PMID- 3758214 TI - Catecholaminergic binding sites in cat retina, pigment epithelium and choroid. AB - The distribution of catecholaminergic binding sites was studied in the cat eye by measuring binding of [3H]spiperone and [3H]dihydroalprenolol in central and peripheral parts of the neural retina, in retinal pigment epithelium, and in choroid homogenates. Significant binding to beta-adrenergic sites was present in central and peripheral neural retina and choroid homogenates, whereas significant binding to dopaminergic D2 sites was found in homogenates of neural retina and retinal pigment epithelium. PMID- 3758215 TI - Deposits on soft contact lenses. Electrophoresis and scanning electron microscopic examinations. AB - Deposits on soft contact lenses were studied by several methods, microscopic examination, scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe and electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels of removed proteins. The first two approaches permitted classification of deposits into globular deposits, "Mulberry like growths", opaque deposits, protein films and red spots. The electron microprobe indicated specific compositions of each. The electrophoretic technique demonstrated the presence of lysozyme in all the deposit types, with other unidentified proteins or degradation peptides. Whatever the deposit type, heat disinfection is not advisable since proteins are always present. Combination of chelating agents and oxidizing products are logically to be preferred for cleaning lenses. PMID- 3758216 TI - Ascorbate regeneration in bovine ocular tissues by NADH-dependent semidehydroascorbate reductase. AB - Despite its fast autoxidation in vitro, ascorbate remains in its reduced form in vivo, indicating a special mechanism may be involved in its regeneration. The presence of an NADH-dependent reductase system, semidehydroascorbate reductase (SDR), for regeneration of ascorbate from its partially oxidized form, semidehydroascorbate (SDA), was demonstrated in bovine ocular tissues after extraction in Triton X-100. Highest SDR activity was detected in retinal extracts in the order of retina greater than pigment epithelium-choroid = ciliary body greater than iris. Minimal or no activity was observed in lens extracts or in aqueous fluid. Freezing and thawing, or boiling, destroyed the NADH-dependent SDR activity. NADH oxidation was significantly reduced (22% of total activity) when assays with retinal extracts were performed at 5 degrees C. Treatment with 4 mM, N-ethylmaleimide reduced the rate of NADH oxidation to 73 or 42% compared with control values with retinal or ciliary body extracts, respectively. PMID- 3758217 TI - Bovine lens aldehyde dehydrogenase: activity and non-linear steady-state kinetics. AB - Bovine lens aldehyde dehydrogenase is located predominantly in the cortical and nuclear regions, although the specific activity is highest in the epithelial cells. A novel two-step procedure has been used to purify aldehyde dehydrogenase from bovine lens to homogeneity. A comparison using published assay methods for aldehyde dehydrogenases showed that the dimeric lens enzyme had the highest specific activity of any cytoplasmic aldehyde dehydrogenase, although the kcat value was not exceptional. Computer curve-fitting showed that the minimum degree of the rate equation with propionaldehyde and acetaldehyde as substrates was 2:2. The relationship (a2 X b1)/(a1 X b2) was used to show the marked effect of temperature, and to a lesser extent pH, on the non-linear steady-state kinetics. These results indicate that the rate-determining step at low aldehyde concentrations (probably aldehyde binding) is accelerated by increasing temperature to a much greater degree than the rate-determining step at high aldehyde concentration (probably NADH release). PMID- 3758218 TI - Distribution of the total and non-freezable water in rat lenses. AB - Twenty Sprague-Dawley rats of ages from 7 days to 29 weeks were studied. The cortical and nuclear samples from rat lenses were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (freezable water content) and thermogravimetric analysis (total water content). Both cortical and nuclear regions showed a decrease in total water content with aging. Only the nuclear parts of the rat lenses showed a statistically significant increase in the non-freezable portion of the total water with aging. The cortical parts showed a slight but statistically non significant increase in this parameter. It is concluded that in rat lenses aging is primarily an aggregation process and syneresis does not play a significant role. PMID- 3758219 TI - Disc shedding and autophagy in the cone-dominant ground squirrel retina. AB - The temporal pattern of cone outer-segment disc shedding was examined in the retina of the California ground squirrel, Spermophilus beecheyi, under two different lighting conditions. Squirrels were entrained to either 10-180 lx (room lighting) or 1,400 lx. Cone shedding during the dark period was biphasic in both conditions, with increases occurring at 2-3 hr and 5-6 hr after light offset. Entrainment to 1400 lx resulted in an increase in shedding at 2 hr after light offset and a slight advance in the timing of both peaks. Dense granules were often found in photoreceptors, retinal neurons, Muller cells, microglia and vascular cells. These granules, which were found primarily during the dark period and early light period, were lipofuscin-like in their lipophilia, size and autofluorescence. Many of the granules were probably autophagic in origin, but some within Muller cells may have originated via endocytosis of extracellular material which was exocytosed by photoreceptors. PMID- 3758220 TI - Transport of acidic amino acids by the bovine pigment epithelium. AB - The regulation of acidic amino-acid transport across the retinal pigment epithelium is of particular interest since glutamate and possibly aspartate have been identified as putative neurotransmitters in the retina, at the level of the photoreceptor cell. The present study, designed to measure the rate of acidic amino-acid transport across the mammalian pigment epithelium (PE), shows that there is a net transport of both glutamate and aspartate in the retina to choroid direction (R-C), with the R-C unidirectional flux of glutamate being substantially larger than the corresponding aspartate flux. The R-C and C-R fluxes of glutamate were found to be inhibited by ouabain. Further investigations utilizing aspartate revealed that the fluxes in both directions were inhibited when ouabain was present on the retinal side of the tissue preparation. The R-C flux of glutamate was significantly reduced by lowered concentrations of Na+, K+ and Ca2+, whereas the C-R flux was diminished only by the reduced concentration Ca2+. The changes in K+ concentration which markedly altered the R-C flux of glutamate were within the range of light-induced changes of K+ which has been observed in the extracellular space of the photoreceptor cells. The transporting system appears to be relatively specific for the acidic amino acids; for aspartate was an effective competitive inhibitor of glutamate transport whereas basic (lysine) and neutral (leucine) amino acids were not. The directionality, ouabain sensitivity, ionic dependence and substrate specificity of the transmembrane fluxes tend to support the concept of active transport as a mechanism of acidic amino-acid removal from the neural retina. PMID- 3758221 TI - Two-dimensional gel electrophoretic analysis of lectin receptors in the bovine interphotoreceptor matrix. AB - Proteins and glycoproteins of the bovine interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM) with or without neuraminidase treatment was analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with Western blotting and staining with seven horseradish peroxidase-labeled lectins. More than 80 spots of proteins and glycoproteins were revealed on the gel. Nineteen spots (or groups of spots) were revealed by staining with five lectins [concanavalin A, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), peanut agglutinin (PNA), Ricinus communis agglutinin-1 (RCA-1) and soybean agglutinin (SBA)]; some of those spots were specific for one lectin and others reacted with several lectins. We could not detect distinct spots reacting with Dolichos biflorus agglutinin or Ulex europaeus agglutinin-1. Neuraminidase digestions of the IPM increased and unmasked the binding spots for PNA, RCA-1 and SBA. The spots of WGA-receptors without neuraminidase treatment were mostly identical to the receptors for PNA, RCA-1 and SBA, which became prominent after the digestion. Spots reacting with RCA-1 were mostly identical to the spots of SBA-receptors. The spots reacting with PNA coincided only partially with the spots reacting with RCA-1 and SBA. PMID- 3758222 TI - Regional distribution of acetylcholine and associated enzymes and their regeneration in corneal epithelium. AB - Acetylcholine and choline acetyltransferase are found in high concentrations in the corneal epithelium of most species, although their function is unknown. We have measured the levels of each in different regions of the rabbit cornea and found that both are much more abundant in central than in peripheral cornea or conjunctival epithelium. Following abrasion of the cornea, epithelial cells from the surrounding cornea or conjunctiva move over rapidly and regenerate. We have assayed choline acetyltransferase and total protein after complete or incomplete abrasion of the corneal epithelium. Acetylcholine-synthesizing activity was not detectable in the regenerating cells until 14-21 days later (depending on the degree of abrasion). Like glycogen and oxidative enzymes, which are also much more abundant in corneal than conjunctival epithelium, choline acetyltransferase regeneration is complete about 28 days after abrasion. In contrast with acetylcholine and choline acetyltransferase, cholinesterase activity is low and its distribution relatively uniform over cornea and conjunctiva. The high ratio of acetylcholine synthesis to cholinesterase activity suggests that acetylcholine released from the corneal epithelium would be able to diffuse to more distant structures within the eye. PMID- 3758223 TI - Glucose metabolism by human cataracts in culture. AB - Metabolism in human senile cataracts has been studied using uniformly labeled [14C]glucose. Intracapsularly extracted lenses were cultured in TC-199 media with a glucose concentration of 5.5 mM. Results show that lactate production accounts for 97% of the glucose metabolized. Under these standard incubation conditions there is negligible accumulation of alpha-glycerol phosphate, glucose-6 phosphate, and sorbitol. The rate of lactate production was found to be relatively uniform over a range of cataract severities which were determined from the CCRG classification. The effects of several perturbants in the medium were measured. An ATP concentration of 3 mM was found to inhibit lactate production. Labeled glucose-6-phosphate in the medium was found to produce lactate at a rate approximately one half that of glucose. Elevated glucose concentration resulted in a slight decrease in lactate production and, in some lenses, production of a small amount of sorbitol. Overall, the glycolytic pathway appears to be functioning normally and without regard for cortical and nuclear opacification. PMID- 3758224 TI - Age-dependent changes in nuclear DNA content and cell size of presumably normal human corneal endothelium. AB - In order to investigate a relationship between cellular DNA-content and enlargement in cell size of human corneal endothelium in healthy population, both nuclear DNA-cytofluorometry and cell morphometry were performed on individual cells of presumably normal corneas taken from six autopsy cases. The cornea was treated in 0.2 M phosphate buffer containing 60 mM Na2EDTA and fixed with absolute methanol. The endothelial-cell layer was separated from Descemet's membrane by placing the tissue in distilled water. The specimen was marked with rhodamine-labelled wheatgerm agglutinin (WGA)-lectin for identifying cell boundaries and subsequently stained with DAPI for measurement of DNA contents. The area of each cell was measured by means of a color image analyser and compared with its cytofluorometric nuclear DNA content. The enlarged endothelial cells which appeared with age contained diploid, polyploid or multiple nuclei. The polyploid and multinucleated cells had larger mean and maximum cell sizes and more irregular and polymorphous shapes than diploid cells. There were neither small polyploid nor small multinucleated cells. It was suggested that the loss of human corneal endothelium was compensated in vivo by cell size enlargement with or without doubling of nuclear DNA. PMID- 3758225 TI - Exchanges of lead in vitro by the rabbit crystalline lens. AB - Lead (using 203Pb as a tracer) is accumulated by rabbit lenses in vitro. This accumulation was time and concentration-dependent and could be inhibited by La3+. The results suggest that the process involves diffusion, but an interaction with anionic sites on the cell membranes may be involved. Tissue saturation concentrations of Pb were six times greater at 10(-5) M Pb as compared with 10( 6) M suggesting that the affinity of the metal ion for tissue ligands is quite low, but comparable to that in other tissues. Loss of accumulated 203Pb was slightly increased by La3+ suggesting that some binding to the plasma membrane is occurring. The thiol agent dithiothreitol considerably enhanced loss of 203Pb. Exposure of lenses to 10(-4) M Pb for 2 days resulted in an increased accumulation of sodium and loss of potassium, but lenses remained viable in 10( 5) M Pb for at least 3 days. PMID- 3758226 TI - Use of cationized ferritin to trace aqueous humor outflow in the monkey eye. PMID- 3758227 TI - Isolation and partial characterization of the human alpha A-crystallin gene. PMID- 3758228 TI - Aging modifies the expression of hepatic microsomal cytochromes P-450 after pretreatment of rats with beta-naphthoflavone or phenobarbital. AB - The various forms of hepatic cytochrome P-450 respond differentially to aging and induction. We examined the levels of six forms of cytochrome P-450, designated as Forms 1 through 5 and Form b, as a function of age and induction. Radial immunodiffusion analysis of rat liver microsomes indicate that cytochrome P-450 Forms 1 and 2 respond to induction by beta-naphthoflavone or phenobarbital less well in aging rats than in young rats. beta-naphthoflavone is less effective in inducing Forms 3, 4, and 5 in aging rats than in young rats. Phenobarbital, however, is more effective in inducing Forms 3 and 4 in aging rats than in young rats but does not induce Form 5 in either young or aging rats. Although Form b is induced predominantly by phenobarbital, beta-naphthoflavone induces Form b moderately in aging rats. Phenobarbital induces Form b to approximately the same extent in aging rats and in young rats. In untreated rats Form 2 is the predominant form, while Forms 1 and 3 are present in moderate amounts. The results of the immunodiffusion analysis were confirmed by the resolution and partial purification of cytochromes P-450 from microsomes of aging and young rats pretreated with beta-naphthoflavone or phenobarbital. These results identify changes with age in specific forms of cytochrome P-450 as a function of the aging process in rats. PMID- 3758229 TI - Endogenous GABA concentration in cortical synaptosomes from young and aged rats. AB - The objectives of this study are threefold: to compare the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration of a preparation of cortical synaptosomes from young male rats to that of aged rats; to compare the GABA concentration in synaptosomes retained by Millipore filtration for young and aged rats; and to compare the GABA concentration in the synaptosomal preparation to that in synaptosomes retained by Millipore filtration for young and aged rats. The GABA concentration is measured in cortical synaptosomes from Long-Evans rats at 2 months and 30 months of age. Concentration of the synaptosomal preparation declined significantly from 2.97 mM in 2-month animals to 2.68 mM in 30-month animals. In order to compare the results with previous studies of GABA transport, in which Millipore filters are used to separate synaptosomes from incubation medium, the GABA concentration is also measured following placement of synaptosomes on 0.65 mu pore size Millipore filters. For both young and aged animals, this population of synaptosomes is found to contain GABA at a concentration more than triple that in the overall population. This is the expected result if the filtration process reduces the non synaptosomal component of the total preparation, since GABA uptake is known to be a function of the nerve-ending component. Comparison of 2-month and 30-month synaptosomes reveals that the GABA concentration of those synaptosomes retained by the filtration process declined to a greater extent in the aged group than did the content of the overall population (from 9.33 mM to 8.37 mM).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3758230 TI - The regulation of blood sugar in the aging blowfly, Phormia regina. AB - The adult blowfly, Phormia regina, reveals a substantial homeostatic capability when examined for its ability to regulate externally administered additions to its blood sugar. As well, results of experiments done at intervals throughout the entire adult life of the fly show that there is no decrease over time in the efficiency of operation of the complex system involved in the control of the blood sugar level. Taken together with other independent investigations of Phormia metabolism, the research indicates that this animal, in contrast to the rat, possesses a number of physiological systems which embody regulatory processes that may be only marginally subject to the normal "aging" process. PMID- 3758231 TI - Liver heme and drug metabolism in Sprague-Dawley rats of varying age. PMID- 3758232 TI - Induction by hemin of proliferation and of differentiation of progenitor erythroid cells responsible for erythropoietin. AB - Erythroid progenitor cells were obtained from rat fetal liver by immunolysis of the whole erythroid population with an antiserum directed against adult rat erythrocytes, followed by separation on a density gradient. Immediately after their isolation, these cells contained only minute amounts of globin mRNAs and their heme synthesis was negligible. In the absence of erythropoietin (Epo), they did not proliferate or differentiate. In the presence of Epo, they proliferated, synthetized heme and globins actively, accumulated large amounts of globin mRNAs, and developed hemoglobinized colonies in methylcellulose. Hemin, in concentrations of 5-100 microM, induced, in the absence of Epo, the proliferation and differentiation of these cells (e.g., accumulation of globin mRNAs, synthesis of heme and globins, and increased density of membrane antigens characteristic of the erythrocyte). Nevertheless, Epo and hemin actions were not superimposable: in methylcellulose, Epo induced the appearance of large (greater than or equal to 32 cells) hemoglobinized colonies in 48 h, whereas hemin induced smaller and fewer colonies in only 24 h. Succinylacetone (SA, inhibitor of heme synthesis) mostly prevented the effects of Epo on cell proliferation and differentiation; SA inhibition was relieved by hemin. Thus, hemin seems to intervene in erythroid differentiation as a factor of both proliferation and maturation. PMID- 3758233 TI - Congenital murine osteopetrosis inherited with osteosclerotic (oc) gene: hematological characterization. AB - Two- to three-week-old mice homozygous for the recessive oc gene had negligible numbers of marrow cells but possessed no significant spleno- and hepatomegaly. They also maintained normal numbers of blood cells except for monocytes, which were significantly lower. Additionally, they had reduced numbers of total cells and resident macrophages in the peritoneum, as determined by cell counts in the peritoneal lavage fluid. The frequency of spleen colony-forming units (CFU-S) in the spleens of oc/oc mice was the same as that in the spleens of normal littermate control mice. These oc/oc CFU-S showed essentially similar differentiation patterns as CFU-S of control mice. Also, a few CFU-S could be detected in livers of oc/oc mice. On the other hand, the frequency of cells that formed macrophage colonies in a four-day liquid-culture system in the presence of colony-stimulating activity was significantly reduced in oc/oc mice and abnormalities were observed in the formation of the adherent (stromal) layers by oc/oc spleen cells in liquid cultures. Numbers of fibroblastoid cell colonies in these layers were reduced and, moreover, cultures demonstrated a marked decrease in the number of macrophages both within and outside the fibroblastoid cell colonies. Transplants of spleen and thymus cells of oc/oc mice into lethally irradiated +/? recipients induced oc/oc-like lesions. They included peritoneal macrophage deficiency, marrow deficiency, as well as hepatosplenomegaly. This suggests a hemopoietic stem cell and not microenvironmental defect in this particular type of osteopetrosis. The murine mutant characterized in this study may be useful in studies of cellular interactions during blood and bone formation and in studies of the mononuclear phagocyte system. PMID- 3758234 TI - Evaluation of the effect of age on hematopoiesis in the C57BL/6 mouse. AB - The effect of age on hematopoiesis was studied in young (six-month) and old (24 month) C57BL/6 mice. In addition, studies were performed on very old (42-month) mice, housed either singly or in groups of five animals per cage. Although a reduction in hematocrit was found in the older mice, red cell mass was normal in both old and very old single-caged mice. A detailed evaluation of erythropoiesis that included plasma- and erythron-iron turnover (PIT and EIT), red cell survival, and quantitation of the marrow erythroid progenitor and differentiated cells demonstrated no age-related change in single-caged animals. Similarly, quantitation of marrow myeloid precursors was identical in these groups. These results indicate that no age-related change in basal hematopoiesis can be demonstrated even in animals approaching maximal life expectancy. When very old mice were routinely housed in groups of five per cage, however, a decrease in hematocrit was found which was accompanied by significant alterations in hematopoiesis, including reductions in total differentiated erythroid cells, erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E), erythroid colony-forming units (CFU-E), and colony-forming-unit culture (CFU-C) levels. It is likely that in very old animals, group housing constitutes a sufficient stress to compromise hematopoiesis. These findings indicate that basal hematopoiesis is unaltered by aging, although the bone marrow's reserve capacity is markedly compromised. PMID- 3758235 TI - Modulation of tissue mononuclear phagocyte clonal growth by oxygen and antioxidant enzymes. AB - We have investigated the effects both of oxygen concentrations below that of ambient air in the gas phase and antioxidant enzymes on the clonal growth of various tissue mononuclear phagocyte colony-forming cells in vitro. The degree of enhancement in growth is dependent on the source of these colony-forming cells. Clonal growth of colony-forming cells from peritoneal exudate was enhanced both by lowering the oxygen tension and using three antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase). The optimal concentration of oxygen was 6%. Colony-forming cells from alveolar spaces failed to respond to either the reduction in oxygen tension or the addition of antioxidant enzymes to the culture dishes. The optimal concentration of oxygen for the clonal growth of blood monocytes was 6%. However, clonal growth was enhanced more in soft agar than in liquid culture. Our data also suggest that at least part of the growth enhancing effect of hemolysate may be attributable to its ability to decrease oxygen toxicity. PMID- 3758236 TI - Growth of mixed erythroid-granulocytic colonies in culture derived from bone marrow of patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria without addition of exogenous stimulator. AB - Hematopoietic progenitor cell cultures were studied in 16 patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). Both erythroid and granulocyte macrophage progenitors in the blood and bone marrow decreased despite hypercellular marrow. In eight out of 16 patients, mixed erythroid-granulocytic colonies were observed in the bone marrow cultures without erythropoietin and colony-stimulating factor. Removal of monocytes and T-lymphocytes before culture failed to abrogate spontaneous mixed-colony formation. Conditioned media prepared from blood and bone marrow of PNH patients could not promote the growth of mixed colonies in normal individuals. The autonomous, spontaneous mixed-colony formation in patients with PNH is an abnormality of PNH stem cells not described previously. PMID- 3758237 TI - Antigenic analysis of hematopoiesis. V. Characterization of My-10 antigen expression by normal lymphohematopoietic progenitor cells. AB - The My-10 glycoprotein is an hematopoietic cell surface antigen expressed specifically by undifferentiated (blast) cells, constituting 1%-4% of normal adult bone marrow leukocytes. We used several immunological and in vitro culture methods to analyze the expression of this unique antigen on a variety of lymphohematopoietic progenitor cells. Colony-forming cells (CFC) for granulocyte monocyte colonies (CFC-GM) and erythroid colonies (BFU-E) were predominantly My 10 positive. CFC with higher proliferative potential were more strongly My-10 positive than CFC with lower proliferative potential, and those for mixed-lineage and blast cell colonies were even more uniformly My-10 positive. Cells maintaining CFC-GM number in short-term marrow culture (pre-CFC) were found to be My-10 positive, as were lymphoid precursors defined by their content of intranuclear terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. More mature erythroid precursors (CFU-E) were heterogeneous for antigen expression and lost My-10 antigen progressively, in parallel with advancing maturational stage. The My-10 antigen permits rapid identification and purification of hematopoietic progenitor cells for further study or potential clinical application. The disappearance of the My-10 antigen, moreover, may be a probe for differentiation-linked cellular events. PMID- 3758238 TI - Effect of orally administered orciprenaline on tracheobronchial mucociliary clearance. AB - The relative effects of beta-2-adrenergic stimulation of mucociliary transport in the trachea and the bronchial airways was determined in 12 healthy non-smoking males using radioaerosol techniques with and without the oral administration of 20 mg of orciprenaline. Orciprenaline increased tracheal mucociliary transport rates (TMTR) from a control mean of 4.4 +/- 2.4 mm/min to 6.6 +/- 4.0 mm/min (p less than 0.01), but the percentage of particles cleared from the lung in 2 h was not significantly different in the drug study (44 +/- 14%) compared to the control study (48 +/- 19%). Furthermore, a strong positive correlation existed between TMTR and bronchial clearance that was lost after administration of orciprenaline. This study demonstrates that low doses of orally administered orciprenaline increased tracheal mucociliary transport but not bronchial clearance in healthy adults. PMID- 3758239 TI - Comparison of Nebuhaler and nebulizer treatment of acute severe asthma in children. AB - In a double-blind, cross-over study, 21 children with acute severe asthma were treated with terbutaline (0.10 mg/kg) delivered by a pressurized aerosol with a 750 ml spacer (Nebuhaler) or as a nebulized solution by a Pari Inhalier Boy. A significant increase in FEV-1 was seen after both treatments. Furthermore, nebuhaler treatment resulted in significantly greater bronchodilation than treatment with the nebulizer (p less than 0.05). Irritation of mouth and throat and coughing were observed in 12 patients during nebuhaler treatment. These problems were not seen when the nebulizer was used. Eleven children preferred treatment with the nebuhaler, whereas only one child preferred the nebulizer. The main reason for preferring the nebuhaler was the shorter administration time. PMID- 3758240 TI - Diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage associated with anticoagulant therapy. PMID- 3758241 TI - Unusual radiological manifestations of Q fever. PMID- 3758242 TI - Flow volume curve: the "saw-tooth" sign. PMID- 3758243 TI - Hard metal lung disease: a clinical, histological, ultrastructural and X-ray microanalytical study. AB - Four employees occupied in hard metal grinding work at the same machine shop developed interstitial lung disease after 2-7 years of working. Open lung biopsies from two of them showed giant cell interstitial pneumonia with bronchiolitis. The multinucleate giant cells were shown by electron microscopy to include both pneumocytes and macrophages. The giant pneumocytes were severely damaged, the endoplasmic reticulum being swollen and the few lamellar bodies being small, and some mitoses were visible in the pneumocytes. No mitoses were found in the giant macrophages. Pulmonary dust particles were studied in situ by scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectrometry. Cobalt was no longer found in most of the pulmonary hard metal particles, but it was regularly detected in grinding dust particles in air samples studied by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectrometry. PMID- 3758244 TI - The treatment of acute transient cough: a placebo-controlled comparison of dextromethorphan and dextromethorphan-beta 2-sympathomimetic combination. AB - The efficacy of an antitussive-beta 2-sympathomimetic combination (dextromethorphan-salbutamol) was compared with that of a plain antitussive (dextromethorphan) and a placebo in a double-blind trial in 108 out-patients with cough associated with acute respiratory infection. The dextromethorphan salbutamol combination was superior to dextromethorphan or placebo in the suppression of cough at night, although a spontaneous improvement occurred in all treatment groups during the 4-day treatment period. No statistically significant differences between the treatments were shown in the symptom scores for the cough frequency and severity during the day, sputum quantity or ease of expectoration. A significant improvement in cough during the day was observed in all treatment groups. The results suggest that the use of antitussives is usually unnecessary; the only indication might be symptomatic relief, especially at night. An antitussive combined with a beta 2-sympathomimetic might be the most effective treatment in this type of cough. PMID- 3758245 TI - Evidence for direct reciprocal interactions between the central rhythm generators for spinal "respiratory" and locomotor activities in the rabbit. AB - Rhythm generators for locomotion and respiration have been previously identified in the high spinal rabbit treated with nialamide and DOPA. In curarized preparations, with no sensory feedback, simultaneous recordings of motor commands from the nerves to the diaphragm and to several hindlimb nerves have demonstrated that central (intraspinal) interactions exist between these respiratory and locomotor activities. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the nature of these interactions. Two main possibilities existed: "direct" interactions taking place between the rhythm generators; the activity of one of the rhythm generators modifying the other generator's activity at its "output" (at the interneuronal or motoneuronal level). The present analysis of the timing (and resetting) of activities in the phrenic, hindlimb extensor (gastrocnemius medialis) and flexor (tibialis anterior) nerves suggests a strong direct interaction between the two sets of rhythm generators. Each new locomotor cycle thus only begins at the termination of a "long-lasting phrenic burst" and a respiratory burst can only occur at certain parts of a locomotor cycle. PMID- 3758246 TI - Bicuculline-induced alterations of response properties in functionally identified ventroposterior thalamic neurones. AB - Extracellular recordings of 105 neurones in the cat's somatosensory thalamus were obtained with carbon fibre-containing multibarrel micropipettes. The responses of cells to natural stimulation of cutaneous or deep structures were characterized and the responses to electrical stimulation of primary somatosensory cortex were determined. Receptive fields were mapped and the functional properties were examined before and during the microiontophoretic administration of glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and bicuculline methiodide (BMI). Modality and submodality properties of all cells tested apparently remained unchanged qualitatively, despite all pharmacological interventions. BMI lowered the response threshold of a majority of the 48 cells tested for this variable, although almost 25% responded with elevated thresholds. BMI changed the temporal properties of the responses of both thalamocortical relay neurones and of presumed interneurones. Discharges evoked by natural stimuli and by electrical stimulation of the cortex were prolonged and their pattern was altered. Decreases in the frequency of bursts of discharges were often observed with BMI, and these bursts were invariably prolonged and the interspike interval profiles were altered. Receptive field size changes were observed only in 8 of 48 neurones. For two of these, the field size decreased, while for the others there were small increases. PMID- 3758247 TI - Cholinergic, GABAergic and excitatory amino acidic neurotransmission in the goldfish vagal lobe. AB - Some neurotransmitter systems operating in the goldfish vagal lobe, an hypertrophied gustatory center, have been studied by means of experimental (kainic acid injection and vagal rhizotomy), neurochemical and ultrastructural methods. The use of the neurotoxin, kainic acid, revealed the existence of cholinergic and GABAergic neurons in the vagal lobe. The results of histochemical observations and biochemical assays performed after rhizotomy of sensory and motor vagal roots, suggest that the motor neurons of the vagal motor layer are cholinergic. The same experiments also indicate that the primary gustatory afferents distributing to the sensory layer of the vagal lobe are, at least in part, cholinergic. By contrast, no decrease of excitatory amino acid uptake was demonstrated following the experimental lesions. GABA is likely to play an important role in the goldfish vagal lobe, particularly in the sensory layer, where the highest level of its synthetic enzyme, glutamate decarboxylase, is recorded. The significant decrease of glutamate decarboxylase in the sensory layer after vagal rhizotomy suggests that either GABAergic primary afferents reach the vagal lobe, or that deafferentation results in a decreased GABA synthesis in intrinsic GABAergic neurons. PMID- 3758248 TI - Extent of the ipsilateral representation in the ventral posterior medial nucleus of the monkey thalamus. AB - Single and multiunit mapping was used to determine the extent of the representation of ipsilateral structures in the ventral posterior medial (VPM) nucleus of the thalamus in cynomolgus monkeys. The extent of the VPM occupied by terminations of afferent fibers arising in the ipsilateral principal trigeminal nucleus was also determined by anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Both methods indicate that most of the medial half of VPM is occupied by the ipsilateral representation. This is much larger than previously suspected. Units in the medial half of VPM have small, well localized receptive fields on the ipsilateral side of the lower lip, tongue and palate, in the ipsilateral cheek pouch and on the ipsilateral teeth. The representation is largest for the ipsilateral side of the tongue and the cheek pouch. Most units in the lateral half of VPM have small, contralateral receptive fields. Few units in VPM have bilateral receptive fields. VPM is clearly distinguishable by cytochrome oxidase (CO) staining. Anteroposteriorly elongated, CO-positive aggregations correspond to elongated aggregations of units with the same or closely similar receptive fields, especially in the medial, ipsilateral representation. PMID- 3758249 TI - Influence of meningeal cells on the proliferation and maturation of rat neuroblasts in culture. AB - Neuronal cells were obtained by dissociating cells from the cerebral hemispheres of rat embryos (10 to 17-day-old), either cleaned entirely or only partially of their meningeal membranes. These cells were seeded on poly-lysine-coated Petri dishes in serum-containing medium. The cultures most enriched in neuronal cells were obtained from brains of 13- to 15-day-old embryos and after 2 h, the culture medium was switched to Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, without serum, supplemented with the N1 supplements as described by Bottenstein et al. (1980). The proliferation of neuroblasts from 13-day-old embryos in the presence or absence of meningeal cells was studied by using a combination of tritiated thymidine autoradiography and immuno-staining against neurofilament proteins. The neuroblasts seem to proliferate during the first 3 days. The proliferative activity was further enhanced in the presence of meningeal cells. The glioblasts multiply only after a period of one week in culture conditions as observed here. The subsequent development of the neuroblasts was followed over a period of 4 weeks and the ultrastructural appearance of these cells was investigated at 2 and 3 weeks. In the presence of meningeal cells, many neurons, intensely stained for neurofilament proteins, survived for 21 days, while in control cultures they underwent massive degeneration after 2 weeks. Synapses with numerous clear vesicles were abundant in cultures grown under the influence of meningeal cells; they were rare and possessed few vesicles in control cultures. The data indicate that meningeal cells affect the proliferation and maturation of rat neuroblasts in culture. PMID- 3758250 TI - Role of agonist and antagonist muscles in fast arm movements in man. AB - Fast goal-directed voluntary movements of the human upper extremity are known to be associated with three distinct bursts of EMG activity in antagonistic muscles. The role of each burst (AG1, ANT, AG2) in controlling motion is not fully understood, largely because overall limb response is a complex function of the entire sequence of bursts recorded during experimental trials. In order to investigate the role of each burst of muscle activity in controlling motion, we studied fast voluntary arm movements and also developed two simulation techniques, one employing a mathematical model of the limb and the other using electrical stimulation of human arm muscles. These techniques show that two important movement parameters (peak displacement, time to reach peak displacement) are non-linear functions of the magnitude of the antagonist input (torque and stimulation voltage, respectively, in our two simulations). In the fastest movements, the agonist muscle is primarily responsible for the distance moved, while the antagonist muscle provides an effective means of reducing movement time. The third component of the triphasic pattern moderates the antagonist braking forces and redirects the movement back to the target. PMID- 3758251 TI - Cerebellar Purkinje cell activity related to the classically conditioned nictitating membrane response. AB - Because of the purported critical role of cerebellar lobule HVI in classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response of the rabbit, we recorded extracellularly from HVI Purkinje cells (PCs) during differential conditioning. Rabbits were trained using tonal conditioned stimuli (CSs) and stimulation of the periocular region as the unconditioned stimulus (US). Many PCs responded to the US, the most frequently observed response being a burst of simple spikes. PCs in HVI showed a variety of responses to CSs that were related to conditioned responses (CRs). The most frequently observed response was an increase in simple spikes correlated with CRs. The activity of many of these cells antedated CRs by 20-200 ms. A smaller proportion of cells exhibited inhibition of simple spike activity that antedated CRs. The existence of PCs that alter their firing before CRs suggests that they may be causally involved in this behavior, and in this respect they reinforce reports that lesions of HVI or its connections disrupt nictitating membrane CRs. Although complex spike activity was not generally related to the US or to CRs, a few PCs responded in relation to CRs with only complex spikes. In demonstrating CR-related activity in cerebellar PCs, this study supports theories of cerebellar learning such as those of Marr and Albus. PMID- 3758253 TI - Impairment of stereoacuity in cats with oculomotor proprioceptive deafferentation. AB - Stereoacuity was measured with an operant conditioning technique in adult cats with unilateral deafferentation of oculomotor proprioception (section of the ophthalmic branch of the fifth cranial nerve). Binocular stereoacuity was found not to exceed monocular depth sensitivity, in contrast to what is obtained in normal cats. The results confirm previous findings and indicate a role of oculomotor proprioception in binocular depth perception of the cat. PMID- 3758252 TI - The effects of prenatal and neonatal monocular enucleation on visual topography in the uncrossed retinal pathway to the rat superior colliculus. AB - The visual representation in the uncrossed retinal projection to the superior colliculus (SC) was examined electrophysiologically by recording multi-unit responses in paralysed, anaesthetised adult rats (both pigmented and albino), which had been monocularly enucleated either prenatally or soon after birth. This manipulation partially stabilises an exuberant neonatal projection from the remaining eye to the ipsilateral SC. Neuronal responses were also stronger and the multi-unit receptive fields larger than in intact animals. Many of the visual fields recorded on penetrations in caudal SC were located in the peripheral ipsilateral visual hemifield, corresponding to nasal retina. Such receptive fields are not seen in normal animals and were not found in animals enucleated on day 3 or later. The topographic representation of the dorso-ventral retinal axis, lateral to medial in the SC, was normal in all experimental animals. The representation of the naso-temporal retinal axis was abnormal and more variable. In all operated animals as the recording electrode was moved caudally away from the rostral pole of the SC, the corresponding receptive fields moved gradually from up to 40 degrees in the ipsilateral visual hemifield to about 40 degrees into the contralateral hemifield (a location corresponding to the peripheral edge of the temporal retina). This is the mapping polarity found in the normal uncrossed retinal projection. In the enucleated animals, the map was expanded and frequently displayed a clustering of fields arising from far temporal retina. In animals enucleated prenatally or on the day of birth, visual responses could be recorded in more caudal SC. The corresponding receptive fields now moved nasally on the retina, generating reversals in the map. The most caudal penetrations in these early enucleates frequently gave receptive fields located in retina nasal to the optic disc, up to 90 degrees into the ipsilateral visual hemifield. These results demonstrate that a temporal relationship exists between the order and mapping polarity of the visual field in SC and the time of enucleation. Prenatal enucleation produces reversals of the mapping polarity in caudal SC while neonatal enucleation produces an expanded map but one with a mapping polarity appropriate for an uncrossed projection. PMID- 3758254 TI - Selective lesions of mesostriatal dopamine neurons ameliorate hypoglycemic damage in the caudate-putamen. AB - Unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of the mesostriatal dopaminergic system was found to ameliorate neuronal necrosis in the caudate-putamen following 30 min of insulin-induced hypoglycemic coma. We propose that increased release of dopamine in the striatum during hypoglycemia or in the recovery period potentiates a deleterious neuronal hyperexcitation, probably induced by excessive release of glutamate or related compounds, thereby aggravating neuronal necrosis. PMID- 3758255 TI - Directional preponderance in human optokinetic nystagmus. AB - In afoveate animals, and in neonatal or cortically deficient foveate animals, monocular optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is controlled by directly innervated subcortical nuclei and occurs only in response to temporonasal motion. In higher mammals, the subcortical nuclei receive direct inputs predominantly from the nasal hemiretinae and indirect inputs from the visual cortex. These indirect inputs counterbalance the directional asymmetry of the primitive mechanism. These facts lead to the prediction that the velocity of the slow phase of OKN in the normal human adult should be higher for stimuli moving centripetally rather than centrifugally in each monocular and binocular hemified. The predicted patterns of directional preponderance were found in both monocular and binocular hemifields. Directional asymmetries were still present in monocular hemifields when the central retina was occluded and were reduced when the stimulus was confined to a narrow central strip of the visual field. These results are discussed in terms of the contributions of the central and peripheral retina to directional preponderance. PMID- 3758256 TI - Velocity characteristics of smooth pursuit eye movements to different patterns of target motion. AB - Horizontal smooth pursuit eye movements were recorded in normal subjects in response to different patterns of target motion that was either periodic or not. Periodic patterns were triangular and sinusoidal waves. Non-periodic patterns were ramps with either constant or sinusoidally varying velocity. In both cases, several different amplitudes and peak velocities were considered. The experimental results indicate that (a) the performance of the smooth pursuit system depends on the spatio-temporal characteristics of target motion, (b) the relationship between smooth pursuit eye velocity and target velocity during the tracking of constant velocity ramps is strongly nonlinear with a saturation depending on the amplitude of target excursion, (c) in the remaining experimental conditions, there is a linear behaviour up to target velocities of 75 deg/s with a gain of about 0.9. PMID- 3758257 TI - The effects of pretectal and superior collicular lesions on binocular vision. AB - Monkeys with mid-brain lesions involving the pre-tectum and superior colliculi often have an odd stare, as if the visual axes were parallel and the animal was looking into the distance. Such a visuomotor abnormality could lead to double vision for objects close to the animal. The experiments reported here were designed to test this hypothesis of diplopia in monkeys with combined bilateral ablations of the colliculi and frontal eye-fields (area 8). These animals performed better on a task of visually-guided reaching, and in a series of visual pattern discriminations, when they viewed stimuli monocularly rather than binocularly. Monkeys with other cortical lesions showed no such monocular superiority. We propose that an abnormality of vergence eye movements provides a simple explanation for some of the so-called perceptual impairments that follow damage to the mid-brain visual pathways in monkeys. PMID- 3758258 TI - Topographic refinement of the regenerating retinotectal projection of the goldfish in standard laboratory conditions: a quantitative WGA-HRP study. AB - The topographic precision of the regenerating retinotectal projection of the goldfish was studied between 18 and 524 days (at 20 degrees C) after optic nerve cut, using retrograde transport of wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) from one of two standardized tectal injection sites. All labelled ganglion cells in each flat-mounted retina were plotted individually, and their degree of dispersion was assessed by a statistical method based on distance to nearest neighbour. Labelled cells in normal fish were clustered tightly, covering on average only 1.3% of the retina. Early in regeneration (18 28 days) they were widely dispersed, covering up to 75.2%, and they did not begin to form recognizable clusters at appropriate sites until about 35 days after nerve cut. Between 18 and 70 days, the proportion of retina covered by labelled cells fell dramatically, halving about every 14 days. Between 70 and 524 days, no further reduction could be demonstrated: overall, clusters remained significantly larger than normal, though a few individual retinae were virtually normal. Several others, labelled from similar single injections between 56 and 524 days after nerve cut, showed pairs of cell clusters; a sign that persistent errors in topography are common. The very wide initial scatter of labelled cells reflects a striking lack of 'goal-directedness' in regenerative axon growth. Extensive branching in the optic nerve, tract and tectum, for which there is already evidence, must contribute to this. Though uptake of some WGA-HRP by nonsynaptic growth cones cannot be ruled out, other evidence for mislocated functional synapses at early stages encourages us to favour 'trial and error' synapse formation as the likely basis of map refinement. PMID- 3758259 TI - Impaired refinement of the regenerated retinotectal projection of the goldfish in stroboscopic light: a quantitative WGA-HRP study. AB - The retinotectal projection of the goldfish was studied after regeneration of a cut optic nerve in stroboscopic light, constant light or diurnal light, with the lens removed to blur the retinal image. Retrograde transport of wheatgerm agglutinin, conjugated to horseradish peroxidase, from a standard tectal injection site was used to measure the topographic precision of the projection. The dispersion of labelled retinal ganglion cells, which reflects this precision, was assessed by a method based on distance to nearest neighbour. In normal fish treated similarly, these cells are known to be clustered into about 1% of the retinal area. Early in regeneration, however, they are widely dispersed. The projection map then re-acquires its precision over two or three months. In diurnal light, lens ablation had no effect on refinement of the regenerated map. Constant light increased the number of labelled cells but also had no significant effect on the map. But in stroboscopic light with a continuous pseudorandom pattern of flash intervals (average rate 4.8 Hz), much less refinement was seen. Even after 70-98 days of regeneration, labelled cells remained scattered, on average, over 20% of the retinal area. These retinae were indistinguishable by several criteria from those obtained in diurnal light after only 32-39 days. Mislocated axon terminals, which are largely eliminated during the second and third months of regeneration in diurnal light, evidently persist much longer in stroboscopic light that synchronizes ganglion cell activity across the retina. These results, like previous ones obtained by blocking the transmission of activity to the tectum, support a model of map refinement based on correlation in the firing of neighbouring neurons, which may have wide application within the nervous system. PMID- 3758260 TI - Effect of contrast on spatial frequency tuning of neurones in area 17 of cat's visual cortex. AB - Previous investigations have revealed that perceived spatial frequency of gratings rises as contrast is lowered. In order to account for this finding it has been postulated that the spatial frequency which produces the maximum response from cortical neurones decreases with contrast. We have examined this hypothesis by determining optimal spatial frequency at 3-5 different contrast levels for 37 neurones in the cat striate cortex. For the complete sample no systematic changes in optimal spatial frequency was observed. However, a shift in the predicted direction was found for cells tuned to high spatial frequencies. PMID- 3758261 TI - Changes in polysynaptic Ia excitation to quadriceps motoneurones during voluntary contraction in man. AB - Homonymous Ia facilitation of quadriceps (Q) motoneurones (MNs) was significantly larger during (and at the onset of) a very weak Q voluntary contraction than at rest. This increase in Ia facilitation only appeared with a conditioning-test interval within the narrow range of 5-9 ms, which fits the time course of the recently described polysynaptic Ia excitation to Q MNs. This suggests that interneurones mediating polysynaptic Ia excitatory effects to Q MNs receive a strong descending excitation during such a contraction. It is therefore argued that these interneurones might mediate part of the descending command to Q MNs during voluntary contraction. PMID- 3758262 TI - Mechanisms of epileptic brain damage: evidence for a protective role of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus system in the rat. AB - This study explores the possibility that the noradrenergic locus coeruleus system influences epileptic brain damage. Bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the locus coeruleus projection to the forebrain were found to aggravate neuronal necrosis in the neocortex following 60 min of flurothyl-induced status epilepticus. We propose that the activation of the inhibitory locus coeruleus system during status epilepticus counteracts a deleterious neuronal hyperexcitation, probably induced by excessive release of excitatory amino acids, thereby limiting neuronal necrosis. PMID- 3758263 TI - Development of horizontal intrinsic connections in cat striate cortex. AB - Intracortical injections of horseradish peroxidase conjugated with wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) reveal a characteristic patchy staining pattern within the superficial layers of cat striate cortex. The patches consist of a dense accumulation of labeled neurons and axonal arborizations. We have investigated the tangential organization and the development of these intrinsic cortical connections by using a flat-mount preparation of area 17. The diameter of the patches varied from 200 to 400 micron, the center-to-center distance ranged from 400 to 800 micron, and the spread of patches extended further in the anterior posterior than in the medial-lateral direction. The expression of these horizontal patchy connections is age- and experience-dependent. From ten days to six weeks of age patches are exuberant and on occasion fuse to beaded bands extending radially from the injection site. From 6 weeks onwards the number and the tangential spread of the patches decreases to one or two rows of isolated clusters. Long-term binocular deprivation disrupts this pattern of intrinsic connections nearly completely. We infer from these results that there is an inborn pattern of discrete horizontal connections in striate cortex which is shaped by visual experience and requires contour vision for its maintenance. PMID- 3758264 TI - Substantia nigra stimulation evoked antidromic responses in rat neostriatum. AB - Electrical stimulation of the substantia nigra of rats elicits a burst of small amplitude waves with a latency of 4-6 ms that may last for 10-15 ms throughout much of the neostriatum. Frontal cortex stimulation also elicits a burst response, which can occlude the substantia nigra response. The substantia nigra evoked burst response was still present after chronic neocortical ablation or thalamic transection or both treatments combined. The response corresponds to the first sharp negative wave of the substantia nigra evoked neostriatal field potential. Single substantia nigra evoked action potentials were recorded in neostriatum with a mean latency of 9.8 ms, ranging from 4-22 ms. These action potentials were considered to be antidromic because they were occluded during appropriate collision intervals by orthodromic action potentials elicited by frontal cortex stimulation. Subthreshold frontal cortex conditioning stimulation did not alter the threshold for activation from substantia nigra. The refractory period for the axon was at least as long as that for the soma and ranged between 0.8-2.0 ms. The antidromic responses failed to follow low frequency stimulation (less than 40 Hz for 3000 ms). This failure occurred in the axon between substantia nigra and globus pallidus. The burst response and first sharp negative wave of the field potential probably represent the antidromic activation of the ubiquitous and densely packed medium spiny neostriatal projection neurons. These responses occur at the same latency, respond in the same manner to twin pulse and repetitive stimulation and are occluded by frontal cortex stimulation in the same manner as antidromic action potentials. PMID- 3758266 TI - The responses of pericruciate cortical neurones to distal forepaw electrical stimulation in the unanaesthetized, unrestrained cat. AB - Experiments were performed to examine the responses of cortical neurons in the pericruciate cortex to cutaneous afferent input from the distal forepaw. Ninety nine cortical neurons responding to electrical stimulation of the forepaw were recorded from four cats. Their response latencies ranged from 6 to 23 ms. The units had cutaneous receptive fields which ranged in size from those restricted to one digit to those extending over the whole forelimb. They were recorded from area 4 and area 3. Intracortical microstimulation at the recording sites activated either the distal or proximal musculature of the forelimb. When the characteristics obtained from each recording site were examined as a group of features, a uniform population emerged which was significantly different from the rest of the sample. These units had the shortest latency responses to distal forepaw electrical stimulation, the shortest duration of evoked discharge, the smallest distal cutaneous receptive fields. Such units were recorded at the border between areas 3 and 4, at sites which on microstimulation resulted in movements of the distal forepaw musculature. PMID- 3758265 TI - Transneuronal transport of peroxidase-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) from the olfactory epithelium to the brain of the adult rat. AB - The sensory neurons of the olfactory epithelium, as a consequence of their odor detection function, contact both the external environment and the central nervous system. The possibility that substances applied to the epithelium might reach the central nervous system was investigated by the intranasal application of peroxidase-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP). WGA-HRP was transported through olfactory receptor axons to the glomerulus of the olfactory bulb. Reaction product was localized electron microscopically to tubulovesicular profiles and dense bodies in sensory axons. Evidence of transneuronal transport was indicated by reaction product localized in dense bodies in dendrites postsynaptic to receptor cell axons. Periglomerular, tufted and mitral cells in the olfactory bulb also were transneuronally labeled. Anterograde transneuronal labeling occurred in the olfactory tubercle, piriform cortex and surrounding the lateral olfactory tract. Retrograde transneuronal label was found in neurons of the basal forebrain with the largest number of perikarya in the lateral nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band, a major source of cholinergic afferents to the olfactory bulb. These data suggest that substances, specifically those which bind to receptors, are transported from the olfactory receptor neurons in the nasal epithelium to the brain. Thus, the olfactory system may provide a route of entry for exogenous substances to the basal forebrain. PMID- 3758267 TI - Further observations on the occurrence of express-saccades in the monkey. AB - Express-saccades, i.e. goal directed eye movements with extremely short saccadic reaction times (SRT) have recently been observed in rhesus monkey (70-80 ms) and human subjects (around 100 ms). In the gap task which has been used so far, a central fixation point (Fp) was turned off a short time before a new target (Tg) in the near periphery was presented. Therefore, express-saccades occurred when the goal of fixation was no longer visible. To determine whether or not the absence of the Fp is a necessary condition for the execution of an express saccade, we used an overlap task in which the monkeys had to change the direction of gaze in the presence of the Fp. The results for this overlap task were compared to those found in the gap task. Three major observations have emerged from the present study. Even though the Fp remained visible, a suddenly appearing peripheral target could be reached by an express-saccade. Express-saccades persisted if the location as well as the time of the appearance of the target was randomized. It appears that for an express-saccade to occur, the process of interruption of previous active fixation must be completed at the time when a new target becomes visible. The spectrum of the monkey's saccadic reaction times contains at least three different peaks: express-saccades with reaction times below 100 ms, fast regular saccades with reaction times around 130 ms, and slow regular saccades with reaction times around 180 ms. PMID- 3758268 TI - Neural correlates of isometric force in the "motor" thalamus. AB - The relationship between single cell activity in the "motor" thalamus and the generation of isometric force between the fingers has been investigated in 2 monkeys. Neurons related to the task were found in the thalamic motor regions VLo, VPLo, and VA where microstimulation occasionally elicited motor reactions in hand and fingers. 58% of these 55 neurons, designated "typical", showed modulation of their discharge patterns with force similar to neurons in precentral cortex and could be assigned to one of 5 discharge patterns described for the motor cortex. Only a small percentage of the thalamic neurons were found to have phasic activity. The other "atypical" neurons (42%) had discharge patterns with complex sequences of phasic and tonic activation with respect to force. For 18 typical and atypical neurons with tonic and phasic-tonic modulation of their firing rate with force significant regression coefficients between firing rate and static force were observed. The mean index of force sensitivity (rate-force slope) was 54.5 Hz/N for the neurons increasing their discharge rate with force, i.e. approximately that of precentral cells. Neurons tested for their sensory properties had receptive fields located on hand and/or fingers and were activated mainly by stimulation of muscle and joint receptors. The characteristics of these thalamic neurons are compared to those of precentral cells recorded under identical experimental conditions and are discussed in relation to the known input-output relationships of the motor thalamic nuclei. The data strongly support the hypothesis that parameters of movement, in particular force are represented by the activity of neurons in the "motor" thalamus. PMID- 3758269 TI - Binocular suppression in cortical neurons. AB - Dichoptic presentation of patterns similar in shape but of very different contrast results in the perception of only the high contrast pattern (binocular suppression). When recording from binocular neurons of the cat visual cortex, we have found an effect which is strikingly similar to this perceptual phenomenon. If a high and a low contrast grating are presented simultaneously, one to each eye, the cell's response to the low contrast stimulus is suppressed. PMID- 3758270 TI - Motor strategies involved in the performance of sequential movements. AB - The present study analyses the strategies adopted by normal subjects when they are asked to make two separate movements as rapidly as possible one after the other. Five subjects performed the following sequential movements in their own time. 1) Squeeze an isometric force transducer between fingers and thumb to a force of 30 N and then flex the elbow of the same arm through 15 degrees. 2) Squeeze the transducer with one hand and then flex the elbow of the other arm. 3) Perform an isotonic opposition of finger and thumb and then flex the elbow of the same arm. 4) First flex the elbow through 15, 30 or 45 degrees and then squeeze the transducer. 5) Flex and then extend the elbow as rapidly as possible. In tasks 1-4 there was no correlation between the times taken to complete the two separate components of the sequence. Because of this we suggest that the two movements remained under the control of two separate motor programmes. In contrast, in task 5, the times taken for the two components were correlated and hence we suggest that in this case a single programme was used to perform the sequence. In tasks 1-3, in which the mean duration of the first movement was some 135-162 ms, there was a mean pause of about 85 ms before the start of the second movement. Subjects tended to chose a minimum inter-onset latency between the start of the first and the start of the second movement of a sequence of some 230 ms. The reason for this appeared to be that if subjects were encouraged to decrease their inter-onset latencies to less than 200 ms, the speed of the second movement decreased sharply. However, if the duration of the first movement was prolonged as in task 4, the second movement could be delayed, although there now was little or no pause between the two movements. We conclude that when a single motor programme is run, it is followed by a "relative refractory period". If a second programme is run within this period, it cannot be executed without loss of speed. Switching from one motor programme to another is achieved with an optimal minimum delay of 200 ms. Sequential movements which are controlled by a single programme do not share this limitation. PMID- 3758271 TI - The relationship of periaqueductal gray neurons to vocalization and laryngeal EMG in the behaving monkey. AB - The midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) of most higher animals has been shown by stimulation and lesion methods to be important in vocalization. In order to learn how the PAG is involved in vocalization, activity from single PAG neurons was recorded from 3 awake, vocalizing monkeys. From a population of 149 units that were temporally related to vocalization, 91 were analyzed with respect to specific parameters of vocalization and laryngeal EMG activity. Measures of the activity of 52 units were significantly correlated with vocalization or EMG activity. Units tended to be correlated with only a few measures of vocalization or EMG activity suggesting rather specific relationships between PAG units and vocalization measures. Microstimulation near recorded cells usually did not excite every muscle sampled, suggesting PAG projections to brainstem motor nuclei may be somewhat specific. The results confirm previous suggestions that the PAG may be involved in the coordination of brainstem motor nuclei during vocalization. PMID- 3758272 TI - Single vibrissal cortical column in the mouse labeled with 2-deoxyglucose. AB - Columnar labeling was found in the primary somatosensory cortex of mice after stimulation of a single mystacial vibrissa following 2-deoxyglucose injection. The cortical vibrissal column had a cylindrical shape, passing through all layers of the cortex and was centered upon the appropriate vibrisal barrel. Columnar labeling extended beyond this barrel onto parts of neighbouring barrels, particularly within the same row. The densest labeling was found in layer IV in the barrel hollow. Removal of the non-stimulated vibrissae resulted in a subsequent lowering of 2DG uptake in the barrelfield surrounding the activated column, but did not affect the dimension of the activated column. PMID- 3758273 TI - Is areal extent in sensory cerebral cortex determined by peripheral innervation density? AB - The whisker-to-barrel pathway of mice (an important component of the animal's somatosensory system) was studied in two experiments. In one, the cortical representation of a row of whiskers was caused to be larger by lesioning a neighbouring row of follicles, while the innervation density remained unchanged. In the second experiment mice, selectively bred for particular whisker and barrel patterns, showed for their supernumerary vibrissal follicles a relatively large cortical representation. On the basis of the second experiment we formulate a possible role of the sensory periphery in brain evolution. PMID- 3758274 TI - Cell activity in monkey caudate nucleus preceding saccadic eye movements. AB - Single cell activity was recorded in the monkey caudate nucleus. The monkey fixated a visual target, and, if the target jumped, followed it by making a saccade. A group of cells showed spike discharges before a contralateral saccade to the target. This activity was related to the saccade rather than the onset of the target, but was conditional in that it was unrelated to spontaneous saccades which were made without a particular target. Some caudate cells showed activity only when the saccade was made to a remembered position of a target. It is suggested that caudate cells contribute to the initiation of saccades in a selective manner by removing nigro-collicular tonic inhibition. PMID- 3758275 TI - Sympathetic effects of manual and electrical acupuncture of the Tsusanli knee point: comparison with the Hoku hand point sympathetic effects. AB - Sympathetic effects of manual and electrical acupuncture of the Tsusanli knee point were evaluated by thermography in 19 normal subjects under the same procedure used in a previous study using the Hoku hand point. A generalized long lasting warming (sympathetic inhibition) effect was observed under manual and electrical acupuncture of the Tsusanli point. In addition, a segmentally related short-lasting cooling (sympathetic activation) effect occurred with Tsusanli electrical acupuncture only. The warming effect is consistent with the results of the Hoku study and appears to be a central sympathetic inhibition evoked by acupuncture. The cooling effect was segmentally related to the acupuncture site in both studies. This cooling effect most likely reflects a segmental activation of vasomotor spinal reflexes and not a general emotional arousal. These sympathetic mechanisms may be functionally correlated with central and peripheral mechanisms of acupuncture analgesia. PMID- 3758277 TI - Plasmalogen deficiency in cultured skin fibroblasts from neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy. AB - The plasmalogen ratio (defined as area ratio of lysophosphatidylethanolamine to the diacyl form of phosphatidylethanolamine) was investigated in cultured skin fibroblasts from neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (N = 4) and X-linked recessive (N = 3) in addition to Zellweger syndrome (N = 3) because plasmalogen was reported to be reduced in Zellweger syndrome. The ratio was markedly decreased in all cases of Zellweger syndrome studied and in three of the four cases of neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy, whereas it was normal in the X-linked cases. This is the first documentation of a plasmalogen deficiency in neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy. PMID- 3758276 TI - Selective ablation of neurons by methylazoxymethanol during pre- and postnatal brain development. AB - Neonatal or pregnant albino rats were injected with either single or double doses of methylazoxymethanol (20 mg/kg) to test the temporal specificity of its effect on clearly definable regions of the brain. A single dose, to dams from gestational day 11 to 21 (G11-G21) and to neonatal rats from birth to postnatal day 5 (P0-P5), produced differential weight reductions among various brain regions. Two prominent peaks of reduction were found: one occurring between G13 and G15 for the cerebrum and hippocampus and one occurring between P0 and P1 for the cerebellum and olfactory bulbs. Dual injections of the drug on G14 and G15 produced 60% weight reduction in the cerebrum, and slightly earlier injections on G13 and G14 reduced the weight of the cerebellum by about 23%. This weight reduction was accompanied by narrowing of the cerebellar width, which we believe was due to fewer Purkinje cells. Dual injections of methylazoxymethanol at P0 and P1 reduced the weight of the olfactory bulb by 65%, the cerebellum by 62%, and the hippocampus by 18%. These results show that its short action is within the window of cell division for various neurons and becomes additive on two successive days. This precise toxic effect on brain development can be used to disproportionally reduce the number of neuroblasts in specific regions of the brain. A differential ablation allows analysis of plasticity on pyramidal and nonpyramidal cells of the neocortex and hippocampus, Purkinje and granule cells of the cerebellum, and the granule and mitral cells of the olfactory bulbs. PMID- 3758278 TI - Effect of repetitive lidocaine infusion on peripheral nerve. AB - Neurotoxicity in rat tibial nerve was assessed following injections of lidocaine through implanted catheters. Doses of 1 to 4% lidocaine in volumes sufficient to inhibit motor nerve function, were infused three times a day for 3 days. When 4% lidocaine was infused into a Silastic cuff surrounding the sciatic nerve, all function was lost and there was considerable nerve fiber degeneration. When 4% lidocaine was infused within the muscle pocket surrounding the nerve, but at some distance from the nerve, there was no measurable permanent loss of motor function, but occasional nerve fiber degeneration. In contrast, 1% lidocaine appeared to cause no neurotoxicity, even when infused within a surrounding cuff. In addition, 1% lidocaine injection did not cause damage to the underlying muscle. Therefore, intermittent nerve block with low concentrations of lidocaine appears to be nontoxic to nerve and muscle when administered during 3 days. However, long-term studies are needed before clinical usage can be considered, because there is the potential for nerve and muscle damage. PMID- 3758279 TI - Reinnervation and recovery of cat muscle receptors after long-term denervation. AB - After nerve injury muscles remain denervated until axons return to begin reinnervation and recovery. The delay between injury and recovery in human limb nerves averages 13 weeks after crush, and 16 weeks after transection and suture. In order to assess the effects of such long denervation periods on the recovery of cat muscle receptors, we crushed the common peroneal nerve and denervated peroneus brevis for 10 to 134 days; 39 days were allowed for reinnervation in each experiment. After 50 days denervation, the mean number of terminal bands in the regenerated spindle primary endings was 10.3 compared with a normal mean of 29.0. After 134 days, the mean was 0.6 and spindles were severely atrophied. Despite this most spindle afferent fibers continued to respond normally to ramp and-hold stretch, abnormal responses being recognized as those that failed to maintain firing during the held phase of the ramp. After 50 days, 21% of spindle afferent fibers responded abnormally and about this proportion did so after all the longer denervation periods. Maximum afferent firing rates were all significantly lower than normal, and many afferent fibers fatigued more rapidly. Tendon organs were atrophied after 113 and 134 days and received fewer terminals, but their afferents fired apparently normally during muscle twitch. These results imply that the consequences of long-term denervation on human muscle spindles would be unlikely to affect the overall pattern of response to stretch of any Ia or II afferent fibers reinnervating them, though the quality of their response might be impaired. PMID- 3758280 TI - Specific inhibition of myelination by lead in vitro; comparison with arsenic, thallium, and mercury. AB - Lead induces peripheral nerve segmental demyelination in rats. Arsenic and thallium produce a peripheral neuropathy characterized by axonal degeneration in humans. Mercury and thallium appear to damage both the peripheral and the central nervous system. It is not known whether this difference in effect is due to different molecular forms of the elements, to differential access to various compartments of the nervous system, or to intrinsically different properties of the elements. Using an in vitro model system of dorsal root ganglion neurons and morphometry of neurite outgrowth and myelination, we demonstrated that mercury and arsenic produce 50% inhibition of neurite outgrowth at 3.9 and 9.6 X 10(-6) M, respectively, whereas the same degree of inhibition is produced by 1.3 X 10( 4) M thallium and 3.3 X 10(-4) M lead. Lead also produces complete inhibition of myelination at 1 X 10(-6) M, suggesting that a primary effect on myelination is present in this model system as well as in the intact rodent. PMID- 3758281 TI - L-fucose labeling of brain tumors in rats. AB - These studies used L-[14C]fucose to identify 9L brain tumors in rats. Ten days after intracranial implantation of 9L tumor cells, labeled L-fucose was injected intravenously. Autoradiography demonstrated high levels of radioactive L-fucose in the resultant 9L tumors but very little L-fucose in normal brain tissue. In vitro studies comparing uptake of labeled fucose into 9L cells, normal rat fibroblasts and transformed rat fibroblasts, rat astrocytes, and human brain tissue suggest that fucose is not preferentially transported into the 9L cells. These data imply that a permissive blood-brain barrier rather than differences in fucose metabolism underlie 9L tumor labeling. PMID- 3758282 TI - Effects of allylglycine on photosensitivity in the lateral geniculate-kindled cat. AB - The effects of DL-allylglycine, an inhibitor of GABA synthesis, on the responses to photic stimulation were studied in the cat kindled in the lateral geniculate body (GL). For 3 to 8 h after the injection of DL-allylglycine at a subconvulsant dose (30 or 40 mg/kg, i.v.), the kindled cat showed a stable level of photosensitivity without any toxic effects and responded with various degrees of myoclonus or a generalized tonic-clonic convulsion when photic stimulation was repeated at hourly intervals. The incidence of photically induced myoclonus reached its plateau during this period. Our results suggest that photosensitivity of the lateral geniculate-kindled cat is related to the modification of GABAergic mechanisms, and that when the GL-kindled cat is pretreated with DL-allylglycine it is a reliable model of photosensitive epilepsy. PMID- 3758283 TI - Calibers and microtubules of sympathetic axons are not subject to trophic control by the preganglionic nerve. AB - The caliber and microtubular content of the fibers emerging from the superior cervical ganglion of the cat were studied up to 60 days following preganglionic nerve transection. No significant difference was observed between normal and treated animals. This suggests that the caliber and microtubular content of the sympathetic axon are not subject to trophic control by the preganglionic nerve and that the normal firing rate of the pathway seems insufficient to affect the microtubular content of the fiber. PMID- 3758284 TI - Laterality associated with sexual dimorphism in the volume of the mouse hypogastric ganglion. AB - The volume of the hypogastric ganglion was investigated in male, female, and prenatally androgen-exposed female newborn mice. Two milligram testosterone propionate was injected into pregnant ICR mice from days 14 to 16 of gestation. The volume of the ganglia on both sides in intact male neonates was significantly larger than that in female neonates. The volume of ganglia in testosterone exposed females was significantly larger than those in intact females, but did not attain the male volume. In intact males, the ganglion on the left side was significantly larger than on the right. This left-right difference in the volume of the ganglia was not recognized in the intact or TP-exposed females. These results suggest that sex difference and lateralization of the volume of the hypogastric ganglion were highly dependent on the prenatal sex hormone environment. PMID- 3758285 TI - Hippocampal pyramidal cells and aging in the human: a quantitative study of neuronal loss in sectors CA1 to CA4. AB - A number of investigators have proposed that hippocampal pathology contributes to the memory impairment seen in normal aging. The published morphometric studies of aging-associated quantitative changes in pyramidal cells in human hippocampus have yielded somewhat inconsistent results. We measured the volume, pyramidal cell density, and neuronal and nuclear cross-sectional areas in sectors CA1 through CA4 in right and left hippocampi from the brains of 23 normal subjects (age range 4 to 98 years) in the Yakovlev Collection. All four hippocampal sectors tended to show a decline in volume and pyramidal cell density with age, but the degree of neuronal loss was statistically significant only in CA4. The aging-related cell loss did not appear to be linear, but was most obvious after age 65. Elderly subjects had 19% (CA1), 16% (CA2), 17% (CA3), and 25% (CA4) lower mean pyramidal cell density compared with subjects under age 65. The relatively greater neuronal loss in CA4 could possibly be related to its high catecholaminergic innervation. PMID- 3758286 TI - Impaired muscle-nerve interaction (motility) characterizes the brachial region of dystrophic embryos. AB - During development ex ovo, the avian mutant with an hereditary form of muscular dystrophy demonstrates biochemical, histochemical, and physiological (functional) abnormalities which may result from impaired muscle-nerve interaction. To investigate if impaired functional activity also characterizes the dystrophic process during development in ovo, limb motility, an index of embryonic functional muscle-nerve interaction, was compared between normal and dystrophic embryos from day 6E through day 16E. A highly significant reduction in this parameter was exhibited by dystrophic wings from day 11E to day 14E inclusive. In contrast, genotypically dystrophic hind limbs demonstrated values equivalent to normal legs. Thus, in the dystrophic embryo, impaired muscle-nerve interaction characterized the brachial region exclusively during a specific period of embryogenesis. PMID- 3758288 TI - Intracranial hypertension and cerebrospinal fluid production in dogs: effects of furosemide. AB - A method using chronically prepared, anesthetized dogs was devised for studying the effects of treatments of intracranial hypertension induced by applying a reversible extradural mass lesion while simultaneously measuring production of cerebrospinal fluid. This was measured with a ventricular-cisternal perfusion technique in which the rate of cisternal outflow could be controlled by a pump and matched to the inflow, allowing intracranial pressure to fluctuate despite simultaneous measurement of cerebrospinal fluid formation. Elevations of intracranial pressure to the range 20 to 35 Torr were induced and maintained during perfusion, but elevations above 35 Torr would not permit continued perfusion. At normal intracranial pressure, 10 Torr or less, rates of cerebrospinal fluid formation were the same whether the outflow controlling pump or free outflow was used. Formation of cerebrospinal fluid decreased progressively as intracranial pressure increased above 20 Torr. It also decreased with time after the start of perfusion during the course of 5 h, but returned to the initial range during the control phase of subsequent experiments in the same animal. Furosemide, 3 mg kg-1, i.v., had no significant effect on rate of formation but did induce a small decrease in ICP in time-controlled experiments in which i.v. fluid replacement limited net fluid losses to 20 ml kg-1 with no change in mean arterial or central venous pressures. PMID- 3758287 TI - Experimental hyperthyroidism stimulates axonal growth in mesothelial chambers. AB - An experimental model is presented for studying axonal growth after experimental hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. The left sciatic nerve of the rat was transected and transposed to the back. The proximal nerve stump was inserted into a 50-mm-long mesothelial chamber leaving the distal end of the chamber open. Different groups of young adult rats were given daily injections of thyroxine (10 micrograms/100 g body weight) or the goitrogen, thiamazol, in the drinking water (0.125 g/liter) for 12 weeks. Thyroxine treatment increased significantly the extent of axonal outgrowth from the proximal nerve stump compared with untreated rats. Experimental hypothyroidism (thiamazol treatment), evidenced by a retarded body growth, did not affect the extent of axonal outgrowth. In other experiments the left proximal nerve stump was cross-anastomosed with the right distal nerve stump. The two nerve stumps were bridged with a mesothelial chamber leaving a 15 mm gap. This gap distance is known from our previous studies to inhibit axonal overgrowth to the distal nerve stump. As evidenced by histological evaluation, in three of six thyroxine-treated rats, axons had bridged the 15-mm gap. We conclude that experimentally induced hyperthyroidism enhances axonal growth in mesothelial chambers. PMID- 3758289 TI - Unchanged norepinephrine turnover and concentrations in amygdala-kindled rat brain regions 2 months postseizure. AB - Norepinephrine turnover and concentrations were examined in eight brain regions of amygdala-kindled and yoked control rats. The subjects were killed 2 months after the kindled subjects had exhibited their sixth "stage 4-5" generalized seizure. No significant differences were found in norepinephrine turnover or concentrations between kindled and yoked control rats in any of the brain regions examined. Dopamine turnover and concentrations in brain regions were also unchanged in kindled rats compared with their yoked controls. The data suggest that amygdala kindling does not produce any long-lasting alterations in brain regional catecholamine turnover or concentrations. PMID- 3758290 TI - Status epilepticus facilitated by pilocarpine in amygdala-kindled rats. AB - A novel model of status epilepticus based on the kindling model of epilepsy is described. The model involves the administration of a small dose of pilocarpine (20 mg/kg) to rats that have been previously kindled. Stimulation of these pretreated rats produces seizures which continue uninterrupted for approximately 4 h before spontaneous termination. The electroencephalographic discharge pattern showed characteristic changes in polarity and amplitude throughout the duration of status epilepticus. Behaviorally, the animals showed motor seizures which varied between stages I through IV, with evidence of extensive bilateral hemispheric involvement through much of the seizure episode. Animals that had been partially kindled to stage II seizures did not develop status epilepticus after stimulation when pretreated with pilocarpine, indicating that prior kindling is integral to the development of status epilepticus in this model. Administration of scopolamine was ineffective in terminating the condition when it had begun, suggesting that cholinergic stimulation is necessary for the initiation, but not the maintenance, of status epilepticus. This model holds promise for the study of status epilepticus because the condition develops in a seizure-prone (kindled) rat, and the seizures are self-sustaining, without the presence of exogenous chemicals or neurotoxins. PMID- 3758291 TI - Regional variations in the "adenine/oxypurine" pool of the heart in normoxia and oxygen deficiency. AB - The regional distribution of energy-related metabolites was determined for the normal dog heart by using high performance liquid chromatography to analyse the levels of ATP, ADP, AMP, IMP, adenosine, inosine, hypoxanthine/xanthine, uric acid and NAD in tissue samples from 7 defined areas of the myocardium and 2 of the conduction system, and calculating the overall concentration of these metabolites in each area. From 8 of the 20 hearts used, additional samples were taken and allowed to undergo autolysis in vitro at 37 degrees C for up to 2 h before being analysed in the same manner. The total concentration of the metabolites assayed ("adenine/oxypurine" pool) did differ from one area to another, most notably between ventricles (left = 6.08, right = 5.93, apex = 6.08 microM/g wet tissue weight) and atria (left wall = 4.44, left appendage = 4.12, right wall = 4.34, right appendage = 3.57 microM/g wet tissue weight), but for each area remained essentially constant during the period of autolysis studied. PMID- 3758292 TI - Peripheral chromatolysis in spinal ganglia neurons after aortic ligature in dog. AB - The chromatolytic response of neurons to repeated aortic ligature (2 X 40 min) was studied in lumbar spinal ganglia in dogs with 1, 2, 3 and 6 days survival. The cells were examined by electron microscopy and morphometry. The early changes of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) were characterized by a degranulation of its cisterns and disaggregation of polysomes and resulted in reduction of membrane component remarkable mainly in the peripheral zone of cytoplasm. The chromatolytic neurons were more numerous after a 2 days survival and most of them (60%) showed signs of peripheral chromatolysis. Morphometric analysis revealed a significant decrease in ER area and an increase in its cistern dispersion as well as a reduction of ER membrane component (2 days). Changes of the observed parameters with longer period of survival (6 days) turned to normal level. PMID- 3758293 TI - Solitary abscess in rat brain: light and electron microscopy observations. AB - The authors describe the histological and ultrastructural features of a well demarcated single abscess. Histopathological features are consistent with those observed in experimental models and human material. In addition this study allowed the ultrastructural definition of some of the capsule components as meningothelial-like structures and myofibroblasts. Their possible role in the evolution of the lesion is discussed. PMID- 3758294 TI - Automated microscopic image evaluation for histological diagnosis of tumours (grading). AB - Described in this paper is an automated approach to histological diagnosis of tumours (urinary bladder). This approach actually substitutes individual analysis and classification of a tumour for a formalistic consideration and is likely to offer the clinician a better decision-finding aid for therapeutic approach to the individual case. PMID- 3758295 TI - Acquired protein appetite in rats: dependence on a protein-specific need state. AB - Rats are shown to acquire a preference for protein-predictive olfactory cues which depends on a state of mild deficit in protein intake--i.e. a learned protein-specific appetite. PMID- 3758296 TI - 42K spaces in submandibular gland of early postnatal rats: effects of carbachol and transport inhibitors. AB - Equivalent spaces of 42K were measured in fragments of the submandibular gland of 1-, 7-, 14- and 21-day-old and adult rats in the absence and presence of carbachol and the transport inhibitors ouabain and furosemide. The results indicate that the 42K space was increased by carbachol in an ouabain-sensitive manner at all ages studied and that part of the secretagogue-stimulated K uptake occurred by way of a furosemide-sensitive transport system in the latter part of the postnatal period and in the adult. PMID- 3758297 TI - Restraint stress induced changes in rat liver and serum metallothionein and in Zn metabolism. AB - 24 h of a psychogenic stress (restraint) caused a strong increase of liver metallothionein (MT) levels. 3 h of stress were sufficient to induce an increase in liver MT, measured 21 h later, but the increase was much lower than in continuously restrained rats. Stress induction of liver MT was not due to food deprivation, since rats deprived for 24 h showed lower MT levels than stressed ones. Zn on MT presented the same qualitative but not quantitative pattern of response as MT protein. Liver cytosolic Zn was increased by restraint in spite of their being no decrease in serum Zn. Any treatment altered serum MT. Liver and serum MT were not correlated. The present results demonstrate that basically psychogenic stresses increased liver but not serum MT levels. No positive evidence for a relationship between corticosterone secretion and MT induction was found. PMID- 3758298 TI - On the renal inner medullary concentration of sodium. AB - The principles of 'central volume' is applied to the sodium and water contents of the inner medullar of the mammalian kidney. The analysis raises questions about the possibility of concentrating sodium ions in the inner medulla by a mechanism that postulates, in the same tissue segment, water withdrawal from the descending thin limb of the loop of Henle and sodium entry from the ascending thin limb. PMID- 3758299 TI - High potassium intake increases the plasma concentration and urinary excretion of vasopressin in the rat. AB - The effect of alterations of dietary potassium intake on the plasma concentration and the urinary excretion of vasopressin was studied in male rats. Ingestion of a high potassium diet resulted in increases in the plasma concentrations of potassium and vasopressin, systolic blood pressure, urine flow, and urinary vasopressin excretion. Ingestion of a low potassium diet had little effect on the plasma vasopressin concentration and systolic blood pressure but caused decreases in the plasma potassium concentration and urinary vasopressin excretion. The results indicate that physiological changes in the plasma potassium concentration or some other consequence of altered dietary potassium intake can affect vasopressin release and excretion. PMID- 3758300 TI - Chronic hydrogen peroxide intake and peroxide metabolizing enzyme activities in some tissues of mice and rats. AB - Chronic daily intake of 0.5% H2O2 in drinking water decreased Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GSHPx) activity in rat skeletal muscle, kidney and liver. Non-Se GSHPx activity decreased in kidney. Deprivation of drinking water decreased Se-GSHPx activity in kidney and non-Se GSHPx activity in kidney and liver. H2O2 intake decreased activity of catalase in rat skeletal muscle. H2O2 intake or water deprivation caused no changes in these enzyme activities in mice. PMID- 3758301 TI - Altered K+ movement in liver mitochondria from alloxan diabetic rats. AB - Potassium movements were monitored in liver mitochondria from control and alloxan diabetic rats with a cationic electrode. There was net accumulation of K+ after Ca2+ addition to the mitochondria with the diabetic but not with the control. PMID- 3758304 TI - Articular cartilage canals--a new pathogenetic mechanism in infectious arthritis. AB - In experimentally-induced erysipelas polyarthritis, preexisting cartilage canals in articular cartilage play a crucial role during the very onset of the disease. This observation might have some implications for the pathogenesis of other infectious arthritides in young animals or even rheumatoid arthritis in man. PMID- 3758303 TI - Long-term motor activity recording of dogs and the effect of sleep deprivation. AB - Motor activity of laboratory dogs was recorded for several weeks with an ambulatory monitoring device. The effect of 24 h sleep deprivation (SD) on motor activity during recovery was investigated. A clear rest-activity rhythm was established. The dogs exhibited a similar mean daily rest-activity pattern: rest occurred mainly in the dark; the animals were most active after light onset; activity increased during the last two dark hours; a rest period was found at noon and reduced activity during afternoon hours. There was a marked difference in total activity between individual dogs. Activity patterns varied as a function of the day of the week; this may have been a reflection of variations in the level of human activities in the laboratory. There was a significant reduction of motor activity during the 24-h period following SD. This was particularly evident in the first 6 h of the light period immediately following the deprivation. In addition, there was a significant increase in the number of episodes with activity less than or equal to 5 counts during recovery. The study confirms the possibility of measuring motor activity to assess compensatory mechanisms during recovery after SD. Sleep regulation, therefore, does not necessarily need to be exclusively examined by the invasive technique of EEG registration. PMID- 3758302 TI - Effect of lipophilic cations on thiamine transport system in isolated rat hepatocytes. AB - The effect of lipophilic cations such as triphenylmethylphosphonium, tetraphenylphosphonium and tetraphenylarsonium in addition to dibenzyldimethylammonium on thiamine transport in isolated rat hepatocytes was studied. Lipophilic cations at the concentration 10 microM almost completely inhibited thiamine uptake. Kinetic studies showed that these compounds were competitive inhibitors with a very high affinity. These results suggest that lipophilic cations in addition to quaternary ammonium compounds also share a common binding site for thiamine in isolated rat hepatocytes. PMID- 3758305 TI - Experimental argyrosis: ultrastructural localization of silver in rat eye. AB - The present paper provides a description of the ultrastructural localization of silver deposits in eyes of adult rats exposed to silver either perorally or intraperitoneally. Silver was found in lysosomes of most cell types, an exception being the neural retina. Extracellularly, silver was present in vascular basal laminae and in connection with connective tissue fibers. Systemic silver intoxication was found to result in a rapid and long-lasting deposition of the metal in the eye. PMID- 3758306 TI - Influence of cyclosporin A treatment on intracellular membranes of hepatocytes. AB - The effect of cyclosporin A treatment on rat hepatocytes was investigated using both short and prolonged exposure to the drug. During a 5-week period of high dose treatment. body weight, liver weight, protein content, and phospholipid content decreased somewhat, while the protein per phospholipid ratio in the isolated mitochondrial, microsomal, and peroxisomal fractions remained unchanged. Mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase activity increased considerably, and carnitine acetyl transferase decreased. The respiratory control ratio was completely intact and the level of oxidative phosphorylation was unchanged. The two microsomal electron transport chains exhibited inverse behavior: the NADH oxidizing system increased while the NADPH counterpart decreased. Contrary to the known peroxisomal inducers, cyclosporin A decreases beta oxidation of fatty acids in addition to catalase and urate oxidase activities in isolated peroxisomes which may suggest an inhibition of certain steps in protein synthesis. When rats were treated with lower doses of cyclosporin A over a 15-month period, we observed effects that were similar in several aspects to the ones obtained after the shorter period of exposure. PMID- 3758307 TI - Effects of administration of metabolic inducers and inhibitors on pulmonary toxicity and covalent binding by 1,1-dichloroethylene in CD-1 mice. AB - The administration of 1,1-dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE, 125 mg/kg ip) to CD-1 mice caused bronchiolar necrosis, which was accompanied by substantial covalent binding of radiolabeled compound and/or metabolite to lung. Lung injury and covalent binding were not modified by phenobarbital pretreatment. However, 3 methylcholanthrene provided a protective influence but failed to alter covalent binding to lung macromolecules. Prior administration with the metabolic inhibitors, piperonyl butoxide and SKF 525-A, produced differential effects. While piperonyl butoxide exacerbated bronchiolar injury by 1,1-DCE, covalent binding remained unaltered. In contrast, SKF 525-A protected from lung damage and significantly decreased covalent binding. Hepatic necrosis was relatively mild, and was not observed in all animals treated with 1,1-DCE. Although the hepatic lesion was not modified by phenobarbital, liver injury was slightly diminished by 3-methylcholanthrene. The inducers, piperonyl butoxide and SKF 525-A, enhanced liver necrosis, with the latter eliciting more severe effects than the former agent. Covalent binding to liver tissues was not significantly changed by pretreatment with either inducers or inhibitors. These results indicate that lack of an unequivocal correlation of cellular injury with covalent binding, but suggest that metabolism may be involved in the pneumotoxicity by 1,1-DCE. The influence and modification of lung injury by the liver, however, remain to be further elucidated. PMID- 3758308 TI - Light and electron microscopical visualization of selenium in adrenal glands from rats exposed to sodium selenite. AB - A histochemical study was performed to determine the cellular localization of selenium in the adrenals from rats exposed to sodium selenite, as these organs were known to obtain the highest concentration in the rats. Male rats were treated either with 1-15 mg of sodium selenite for 14 days to 6 months in the drinking water, or with 1-20 mg as intraperitoneal injections. Selenium was shown to accumulate in both norepinephrenic and epinephrenic cells in a dose-dependent fashion. After oral exposure most deposits were found in the epinephrenic cells, whereas the norepinephrenic cells contained most in the injected animals. Fourteen days after a single injection (4 mg/kg), deposits could still be observed in the granules of the chromaffin cells. At the ultrastructural level, accumulations were primarily found in the chromaffin granules and to a lesser extent in the lysosomes. Selenium may possibly form bonds to endogenous zinc in the adrenals as has been suggested for the brain. PMID- 3758309 TI - Features of families with major affective disorders. AB - This article reports the authors' observations on 22 families in which a young adult member has been diagnosed as manic-depressive, and on 11 families in which a member has been diagnosed as suffering from major schizoaffective disorder. All families could be described as extremely rigid and bound-up systems. Many of them were characterized by a "restrictive parental complementarity" and reciprocal delegation, and they shared certain cognitive features and assumptions. "Manic depressive" families showed similarities as well as differences when compared with families in which there were schizophrenic and serious psychosomatic disorders. PMID- 3758310 TI - Circumplex Model VII: validation studies and FACES III. AB - This paper reviews some of the recent empirical studies validating the Circumplex Model and describes the newly developed self-report measure, FACES III. Studies testing hypotheses derived from the Circumplex Model regarding the three dimensions of cohesion, change, and communication are reviewed. Case illustrations using FACES III and the Clinical Rating Scale are presented. These two assessment tools can be used for making a diagnosis of family functioning and for assessing changes over the course of treatment. This paper reflects the continuing attempt to develop further the Circumplex Model and to bridge more adequately research, theory, and practice. PMID- 3758311 TI - The cybernetic metaphor: a critical examination of ecosystemic epistemology as a foundation of family therapy. AB - This article proposes that recent disputes between two groups of family therapists, represented by Watzlawick and Keeney, have a substantive base as yet unexplicated in current literature. However, guiding principles of the approach known as ecosystemic epistemology have received considerable attention by Wittgenstein, a colleague of Russell's, and Rorty, a contemporary philosopher. Both contend that the prospect of systematizing language and culture may be ill advised. The article suggests that discussion regarding the nature and practice of family therapy ought not be confined to epistemological thinking. PMID- 3758312 TI - Coping in families with a retarded child. AB - The impact of a retarded child on a family has previously been described by individual family members' reports. This study of 40 families, 10 in each of four critical periods during the life of the retarded child, utilized videotaped interviews with whole families, with subsequent clinical observation and analysis based on the Beavers family assessment model. Healthy and problematic adaptations are delineated, with specific attention to systems concepts such as family structure and power, member individuation, feeling expression, and values. The report includes data analysis and a summary of pattern differences in family functioning. PMID- 3758313 TI - Social competence and family environment: 15-year follow-up of disturbed adolescents. AB - Measures of familial emotional climate and communication deviance, obtained when subjects were adolescents, were used to predict social adjustment 15 years later. The results showed that disturbed family functioning predicted poor quality of later intimate relationships, but did not predict other dimensions of adult social functioning. PMID- 3758314 TI - Beginning work with families of hospitalized adolescents. AB - This paper describes systemic issues that are central to the admission of an adolescent family member for inpatient psychiatric evaluation and treatment, and proposes ways in which family therapy on admission can offer opportunities for the growth, development, and autonomy of the adolescent, the family system, and the hospital system. PMID- 3758315 TI - An empirical investigation of interaction and relationship patterns in functional and dysfunctional nuclear families and stepfamilies. AB - This study identifies key variables that distinguish nuclear families from stepfamilies, and functional from dysfunctional stepfamilies. Sixty-three family triads (mother, father, child) were studied using five instruments: Family Concept Test, Locke-Wallace Marital Inventory, Family Relations Test, Family Interaction Task, and background questionnaire. Results indicated that functional stepfamilies are similar to functional nuclear families in that both exhibit good marital adjustment, strong, positive bonds between biological parent and child, disinclination to exclude family members, and ability to make mutually compromised family decisions. The key differences were less intense interpersonal involvement between the stepfather and child and a stronger tendency toward the existence of parent-child coalitions in stepfamilies. Similarities between dysfunctional stepfamilies and dysfunctional nuclear families include stronger parent-child coalitions compared to their functional counterparts and lack of mutual decision-making skills that fulfill the choices of individual members. Unexpectedly, marital adjustment was better in dysfunctional stepfamilies than in dysfunctional nuclear families. Relationship patterns were similar in functional stepfamilies and in dysfunctional stepfamilies except that they were more extreme in the dysfunctional stepfamilies. Results are discussed in terms of theoretical implications for understanding stepfamilies, and clinical implications in terms of how dysfunctional stepfamilies might best be treated. PMID- 3758316 TI - An evaluation of an intergenerational consultation process to increase personal authority in the family system. AB - This paper reports an evaluation of an intergenerational consultation process designed to help people change significant relationships in the three generational family system. The paper first describes the theory behind the consultation process that focuses on increasing personal authority in the family system; this is followed by a description of the consultation process. Clients who participated in the consultation process were compared to clients who participated in systems-oriented psychotherapy. The results indicate that clients who participated in the intergenerational consultation reported significantly more change in intergenerational triangulation and personal authority than did the control group. There were no differences between the groups in reported change in presenting problems, satisfaction with therapy, or helpfulness of therapy. Persons who had their parents in the office for a consultation also reported significantly more change in personal authority and less intergenerational intimidation than did clients who did not have their parents in the office for consultation. Implications of these findings for intergenerational theory and therapy as well as future research are discussed. PMID- 3758317 TI - Epistemology, family patterns, and psychosomatics: the case of obesity. AB - A family systems model of obesity is developed that attempts to integrate systems epistemology, Minuchin's work on psychosomatic disorders, and a review of the literature on obesity. The model presents obesity as being inextricably embedded in relationship patterns that fundamentally influence its etiology and maintenance. It is argued that the emergent properties of these relationships need to be the focus of analysis, rather than the elementary components residing within the individual, which are emphasized in traditional theories of obesity. The radical shift involved in moving from the traditional mechanistic models to a systems perspective is also discussed because these approaches are based on different epistemologies. The fundamental differences between these epistemologies are important and often underemphasized, which has led to much confusion in past research. Based on the model developed here and supportive data from the obesity literature, the conclusion is reached that obesity research and treatment are likely to be advanced by adopting a systemic approach. PMID- 3758318 TI - The social dynamics of cigarette smoking: a family systems perspective. AB - This paper uses family systems concepts and the Family FIRO model to show how cigarette smoking occurs in the context of the important relationships in a smoker's life. Specifically, smoking is viewed as a way a person is included in relationships, is in control in relationships, and perhaps is intimate in relationships. When smoking is well-established in the relationship, predictable interaction patterns surround it. When a person tries to quit or succeeds in quitting, these patterns change and may need to be replaced by nonsmoking alternatives. Partners may respond with support and willingness to create alternative patterns, or with undermining behavior stemming from a perceived threat to the established patterns. The model is offered for its heuristic value in guiding research and clinical experimentation. The paper also describes implications for family therapists as consultants to smoking-cessation programs. PMID- 3758319 TI - Leaving home: later stages of treatment. AB - While the Leaving Home approach has greatly enhanced the work of many therapists struggling to help troubled young adults and their families, a more thorough consideration of the difficulties that often arise in the later stages of Leaving Home treatment is still needed. This paper examines the ways in which the function of the symptom and difficulties with life-cycle transitions may lead to problems in the later stages of treatment. Common manifestations of later-stage problems, including loss of therapeutic focus and failure of parents to follow through on plans are examined. Direct and indirect strategies for addressing these problems are identified and guidelines for their use presented. PMID- 3758320 TI - [Statistical tables for the rapid quantitative evaluation of a pharmacological effect]. PMID- 3758322 TI - [Effects of pharmacological substances structurally close to gamma-aminobutyric acid on the synthesis, metabolism and membrane transport systems in the cerebral cortex of rats in vitro]. AB - Effects of pantogam (calcium homopantotenate), piracetam, phenibut (beta-phenyl GABA), sodium hydroxybutyrate and sodium valproate (depakine) at concentrations of 100 and 500 microM on the activities of glutamic acid decarboxylase, GABA transaminase, Na, K- and Mg-ATPases, synaptosomal uptake and K+-stimulated release of 3H-GABA were studied in vitro. None of the compounds influenced the 3H GABA uptake and activity of Mg-ATPase. Piracetam and phenibut stimulated slightly Na, K-ATPase. Phenibut and hydroxybutyrate exerted the inhibitory effect on GABA transaminase activity. Hydroxybutyrate produced a moderate decrease of 3H-GABA release and suppressed the activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase. PMID- 3758321 TI - [Harman and its derivatives as potential atypical antidepressants]. AB - A number of properties common both for harman and its derivatives and for imipramine and pyrazidol were revealed: a capability to enhance impulse release of 3H-noradrenaline and 3H-serotonin from the rat brain slices, to reduce the duration of immobilization in mice swimming test, to increase at chronic administration to rats ED50 for clonidine (depression of the locomotor activity and orientation) and 5-hydroxytryptophan ("head twitch" phenomenon) and to decrease ED50 for propranolol (depression of orientation). The potential antidepressant activity of harman and its derivatives and their place among the conventional antidepressants are discussed. PMID- 3758323 TI - [Effect of Cavinton on convulsions caused by chemical substances]. AB - Cavinton was shown to protect mice against convulsions induced by corazol, strychnine and thiosemicarbazide. In addition, cavinton exhibited a definite antagonism to convulsive reactions produced by systemic administration of penicillin to cats and a combined administration of penicillin (intramuscularly) with tryptophan metabolite, quinolinic acid (intracerebroventricularly). The anticonvulsant action of cavinton is suggested to be due to the involvement of the brain GABA- and serotonergic mechanisms. It is reasonable to test cavinton as a drug for treating some forms of epilepsy. PMID- 3758325 TI - [Effect of plant polysaccharides on blood coagulation activity in animals]. AB - The effects of polysaccharides isolated from plants of the families Asteraceae, Tiliaceae and Polygonaceae on the process of hemocoagulation during 14-day administration were studied. Polysaccharides were shown to activate the blood coagulation system. PMID- 3758324 TI - [Comparative study of the anticoagulant activity of dimethoxyphosphates of rare earth elements]. AB - It was shown in experiments on rabbits that dimethoxyphosphates of rare-earth elements injected intravenously displayed a marked anticoagulant activity. The highest effect was produced by compounds of neodymium, holmium, terbium, europium, thulium, dysprosium, and erbium. PMID- 3758326 TI - [Action of ratibol on the blood coagulation system]. AB - Oral ratibol (10 mg/kg) produced in rabbits a decrease of blood coagulability (increased the time of thromboelastogram reaction, reduced the activity of prothrombin complex according to Quick, tolerance to heparin and activity of factors II, VII, XIII and concentration of factor I). The drug administration (1 mg/kg) for 20 days caused at the first stage a decrease and at the second stage an increase of blood coagulability. At a single and 20-day administration ratibol enhanced the fibrinolytic activity, reduced the resistance of fibrin clot to streptokinase and increased the antithrombin activity. PMID- 3758327 TI - [Effect of foridon on 45Ca uptake in isolated blood vessels]. AB - In the experiments on rabbit isolated aorta and portal vein phoridone, a vasodilating agent of dihydropyridine series, was shown to exert the blocking effect on the basal uptake of labeled calcium by cells. It was demonstrated in the experiments on rabbit aorta and bovine coronary artery that phoridone inhibits 45Ca uptake stimulated by potassium and noradrenaline. The inhibition of 45Ca uptake enhanced by potassium appeared to be definitely more pronounced in the experiments on coronary artery. The action of phoridone on 45Ca uptake by smooth muscle cells of the vessels did not differ significantly from that of phenyhidine. PMID- 3758328 TI - [Determination of the specific activity and biological availability of Soviet made furosemide]. AB - Experiments on mice, rats and dogs showed that furosemide manufactured in the USSR is not inferior by its specific activity to furosemide manufactured abroad. Furosemide manufactured in the USSR and furosemide-substance made in Finland were compared at three doses--1, 5 and 25 mg/kg. The bioavailability of furosemide tablets manufactured in the USSR and that of "Polfa" production tablets studied on rats (5 and 25 mg/kg) and dogs (40 mg) appeared to be identical. PMID- 3758329 TI - [Effect of cyclophosphane on bile formation and lipid peroxidation in the liver]. AB - In experiments on male albino rats cyclophosphamide (100-250 mg/kg) was shown to produce a hepatic lesion presented with the increase in the activity of alanine- and aspartate aminotransferase of blood serum, and the inhibition of secretion of bile, bile acids and bilirubin. In addition, the drug possesses prooxidant properties: at the doses of 10-250 mg/kg it promotes an increase in the content of malon dialdehyde and diene conjugates in the liver, kidneys, myocardium and lungs. The prooxidant properties of cyclophosphamide were suggested to play an important role in its toxicity. PMID- 3758330 TI - [Characteristics of the action of parlodel on endocrine functions of the body]. AB - The effect of dopamine agonist parlodel (1 and 5 mg/kg) on the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system, lactotropic and somatotropic pituitary functions was studied. The content of ACTH and corticosterone in the blood and tissue, aldosterone in the blood, prolactin, somatotropic hormone in the pituitary, catecholamines in the hypothalamus and cerebral cortex demonstrated the inhibitory effect of the drug on the functioning of the hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal system, and pituitary, lactotropic and somatotropic functions. The mode of parlodel action consists probably in the decrease of turnover rather than in any changes of dopamine and catecholamine content in the hypothalamus and cerebral cortex. Parlodel failed to affect steroid metabolism in the body. PMID- 3758331 TI - [Safety and possible penetration of pyridoxal phosphate across the skin barrier when used epicutaneously]. AB - It was demonstrated in experiments on various animal species that pyridoxal phosphate had low toxicity and easily penetrated across the skin barrier without producing general toxic, irritant and allergenic effects. PMID- 3758332 TI - [Kinetics of the excretion of a membrane-active macroheterocycle from the body in mice]. AB - The study of the excretion kinetics of N-(3H-aminoacetyl)-I-aza-4,7,10,13 tetraoxacyclopentadecane hydrochloride and its metabolites with the mouse urine and feces showed a high relative effectiveness of the urinary excretion (only some 2% of the dose is excreted with the feces). It was also found that there occurs an intensive biotransformation of the compound yielding free and water soluble metabolites. PMID- 3758333 TI - [Activity of key enzymes of cholesterol biotransformation and lipid content in the liver, aorta, adrenals and blood of rats exposed to chloroquine]. AB - Intraperitoneal administration of chloroquine (50 mg/kg, 7 days) to rats was followed by the increase of cholesterol, its esters, triglycerides and phospholipids levels in tissues, the decrease of lysosomal cholesterol esterase and acyl-koA-cholesterol acyl transferase activity in the liver and the enhancement of the non-sedimentable activity of acid phosphatase and beta galactosidase. At concentration range of 3.5 to 140 mM the drug inhibited the activity of cholesterol esterase in the rat liver lysosome fraction. PMID- 3758334 TI - [Corrective effect of trimethylglycine on the nicotinamide coenzyme and adenine nucleotide content of the tissues in experimental atherosclerosis]. AB - Experiments on adult rabbits with experimental atherosclerosis induced by cholesterol (0.25 g/kg for 90 days) showed that chronic administration of trimethylglycine (1.5 g/kg for 30 days) prevented a decrease of the liver and myocardium content of nicotinamide coenzymes and adenine nucleotides. PMID- 3758335 TI - [Effect of carnitine on experimental hypertriglyceridemia in rats]. AB - Carnitine was shown to normalize the rat blood levels of triglycerides and fatty acids elevated by a 7-day administration of saccharose. It was also found that the serum content of endogenous carnitine is decreased in experimental hypothyroidism. PMID- 3758336 TI - [Effect of nootropil on the conditioned reflex activity in acute myocardial infarct]. AB - At the acute stage of myocardial infarction the higher functions of the brain such as fixation and reproduction of temporary connections were shown to be markedly depressed. The use of nootropil in experimental myocardial infarction was followed by the improvement of conditioned-reflex activity. PMID- 3758337 TI - [Action of nonachlazine on the creatine phosphokinase and acid phosphatase activity and on the lysosomal membrane stability of the ischemic myocardium in rats after preliminary reserpinization]. AB - Experiments on the ischemic myocardial tissue of the rat in vitro showed that despite the fact that reserpine-induced depletion of the tissue catecholamine storage failed to affect the stability of lysosomal membranes, a combination of reserpine pretreatment of the animals with subsequent administration of nonachlazine at the low dose yielded stabilization of lysosomal membranes to a greater extent than administration of nonachlazine alone. The effects of nonachlazine (0.25 mg/kg) on the activity of creatine phosphokinase and total activity of acid phosphatase with and without reserpine pretreatment were similar. PMID- 3758338 TI - [Anti-ulcer action of the sodium salt of N-(4-sulfolanol-3-yl) methionine]. AB - Sodium salt of N-(4-solfolanol-3-yl)methionine studied on 13 models of gastric ulcers in rats was shown to have antiulcerative activity both during preventive and therapeutic use as well as the capability to prevent and abolish the ulcerogenic effect of some drugs. PMID- 3758339 TI - [Antioxidant effectiveness in isoniazid-induced lesions of the liver]. AB - In male albino rats tocopherol acetate and sodium selenite were shown to be efficient in treatment of isoniazide-induced liver damage. The disturbances of secretion of bile, bile acids and bilirubin and excretion of cholesterol were less pronounced. A decrease of the activity of marker blood serum enzymes- alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase- also indicated the hepatoprotective effect of these drugs. The intensity of lipoperoxidation indicated by a decrease of lipid peroxidation indices in the liver and blood was diminished. Tocopherol acetate and sodium selenite increase the number of sulfhydryl groups but decrease the number of disulfide groups in these biosubstrates. PMID- 3758340 TI - [Effect of enomelanin on erythrocyte hemolysis induced by free-radical reactions and other factors]. AB - Grapes-isolated melanin (enomelanin) was shown to inhibit red cell haemolysis induced by Fenton reagent, photoactivated chlorpromazine and antierythrocyte antibodies. Enomelanin failed to produce any effect on osmotic hemolysis. PMID- 3758341 TI - [Effect of 3,12-B-dimethyloctahydroindolo-(2,3-a)-quinolyzine on the alcohol predilection of laboratory animals]. AB - It was shown that 3,12-b-dimethyl-octahydroindol-(2,3-a) quinolyzine (at the dose of 1/6 of LD50) exerted an antialcohol effect in mice and rats which is probably due to an increased content of the brain 5-hydroxytryptamine resulting from selective inhibition of its deamination. PMID- 3758342 TI - Regulation of glycerol 3-phosphate oxidation in mitochondria by changes in membrane microviscosity. AB - The inhibition of glycerol 3-phosphate oxidation by oleic acid correlates with changes in membrane microviscosity monitored by the steady-state fluorescence anisotropy of DPH. The dynamic measurements indicate that the changes of both the limiting anisotropy and rotational relaxation time occur in a concentration range where the enzyme activity is strongly inhibited. PMID- 3758343 TI - Precursors of the mammalian synthesis of morphine: (+)-salutaridine and (-) thebaine from (+)-6-demethylsalutaridine, and (-)-N-13CH3-thebaine from (-) northebaine. AB - Standard samples of pure (+)-salutaridine and (-)-thebaine required to study the mammalian origin of morphine, were prepared from (+)-6-demethylsalutaridine by published procedures and were characterized by CD spectra and physical data. Reductive N-methylation of (-)-northebaine afforded (-)-thebaine, and when 13C labeled formalin was used, (-)-thebaine with a 13C label on the N-methyl carbon atom resulted. The latter represents a model procedure to prepare ultimately N 14CH3-labeled (-)-thebaine and 14C-labeled congeners. PMID- 3758344 TI - Photochemical cross-linking of 125I-hydroxyphenylisopropyl adenosine to the A1 adenosine receptor of rat adipocytes. AB - Rat adipocyte plasma membranes were incubated with the A1 adenosine receptor agonist, 125I-hydroxyphenylisopropyl adenosine (1 nM) and then treated with the photoactive cross-linking agent, ANB-NOS. The membranes were solubilized and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. A single protein, Mr approx. 38,000, was specifically labeled. Reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol did not affect the apparent Mr of the labeled protein. Labeling was inhibited by the adenosine receptor agonists, HPIA, PIA and NECA, and by the antagonist, theophylline, but was unaffected by inosine. We conclude that the A1 adenosine receptor is a single protein of Mr approx. 38,000. PMID- 3758345 TI - Proposed alignment of helical interruptions in the two subunits of the basement membrane (type IV) collagen. AB - We have isolated a cDNA clone for part of the alpha 2 type IV collagen (pCIV-2 176). Deoxynucleotide sequence analysis shows that this clone codes for 439 amino acids from the helical domain adjacent to the C-terminal globular domain of the alpha 2 (IV) chain. By aligning the deduced amino acid sequence of the alpha 2 (IV) chain with the published sequence for the alpha 1 (IV) chain, we find that all interruptions in the alpha 1 (IV) chain coincide with an interruption in the alpha 2 (IV) chain. Additional interruptions in the alpha 2 (IV) chain exist, however, three out of the four analysed only slightly disturb the collagen triple helix. PMID- 3758346 TI - A novel 40,000 Da Ca2+-dependent actin modulator from bovine brain. AB - A monomeric protein of Mr 40,000 that modulates the polymer state of actin has been isolated from bovine brain. When added either to preformed actin filaments or to monomeric actin, prior to polymerization, the modulator reduces the low shear viscosity of F-actin provided that Ca2+ is present. The 40 kDa protein also inhibits the rate of actin polymerization. The inhibition is fully suppressed by removal of Ca2+ and restored by subsequent readdition of Ca2+, suggesting that the Ca2+-controlled interaction of actin with the 40 kDa modulator is freely reversible. PMID- 3758347 TI - Synthesis of human des-tryptophan-1,norleucine-12-minigastrin-II and its biological activities. AB - A human minigastrin-II analog was prepared by conventional methods in solution using N-benzyloxycarbonyltyrosine O-sulfate as starting material in the synthetic route. Upon removal of the acid-labile protecting groups and purification by preparative reversed-phase chromatography the sulfated gastrin peptide was obtained in satisfactory overall yields as homogeneous material. It was found to be about twice as active as the non-sulfated form in stimulating gastric acid secretion and to exhibit a 10-fold higher affinity to gastrin receptors of purified parietal cells. PMID- 3758348 TI - Evidence for two distinct adenylate cyclase catalysts in rat brain. AB - The Lubrol-soluble adenylate cyclase activity of brain synaptosomal membranes appeared, upon gel filtration or sucrose gradient centrifugation, as two overlapping peaks. Fractions corresponding to the peak of the largest Stokes radius (Biogel pool 1) or highest s value (gradient pool 1) contained an adenylate cyclase activity which could be detected whatever the enzyme assay conditions. In contrast, in fractions from the second peak (Biogel pool 2 or gradient pool 2), forskolin was needed to reveal adenylate cyclase activity. The enzyme activity of each Biogel pool was retained by forskolin-agarose and eluted by forskolin with a 34-83% yield. A polypeptide of 155 kDa made up 80% of the forskolin-agarose eluate 1, whereas it was almost absent from eluate 2. Since data from various groups point to the 155 kDa polypeptide as a brain adenylate cyclase catalyst, still another distinct catalyst of lower molecular mass is likely to be present in brain. PMID- 3758349 TI - Changes in the expression of cell surface sialoglycoproteins during transition of human monocytes into macrophages. AB - Cell surface sialoglycoproteins of human mononuclear phagocytes in different maturation stages were labelled by the periodate/borohydride method and separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The main surface glycoproteins of peripheral blood monocytes had molecular masses of 115 and 95 kDa. During in vitro transition into adherent macrophages, the monocyte-characteristic surface glycoproteins disappeared. Most of the changes in the surface glycoprotein pattern occurred during the first 24 h and after 96 h the changes were completed. The major sialoglycoproteins of the macrophage cell surface had molecular masses of 130 and 55 kDa. The macrophage cell surface showed further changes when cultured in the presence of synovial fluid (10%). These results may reflect the in vivo maturation of monocytes into tissue macrophages. In synovium, tissue derived factors may also take part in differentiation. PMID- 3758350 TI - Evidence for sialidase hydrolyzing gangliosides GM2 and GM1 in rat liver plasma membrane. AB - Rat liver plasma membrane removed sialic acid from mixed bovine brain gangliosides more efficiently than from sialyllactose and orosomucoid with an optimal pH of 4.5. When individual gangliosides, each labeled with [14C]sialic acid or [3H]sphingosine, were tested, not only GD1a and GM3 but also GM2 and GM1, both of which had been considered to resist mammalian sialidases, were desialylated. The products of GM2 and GM1 hydrolysis were identified as asialo GM2 and asialo-GM1, respectively, by thin-layer chromatography. PMID- 3758351 TI - Demonstration of intermediates between deoxy and carbonmonoxy hemoglobins by anaerobic high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - Intermediary ferrous hemoglobins (Hb) partially liganded with carbon monoxide (CO) were separated using an anaerobic high-performance liquid chromatography system equipped with a cation-exchange column at room temperature. Separations were achieved by applying various mixtures of oxy- and CO-Hb A to the column. The mobile phase contained 3 mM sodium dithionite which deoxygenated the oxy hemes but left the CO hemes intact, thereby producing hemoglobins bound with various numbers of CO molecules. Spectrophotometric analyses of the eluent showed that hemoglobins were eluted in the order of deoxy hemoglobin, Hb(CO), Hb(CO)2 Hb(CO)3 and Hb(CO)4. PMID- 3758352 TI - Identification of disulphide-bonded type X procollagen polypeptides in embryonic chick chondrocyte cultures. AB - A high-Mr (Mr 120,000), disulphide-bonded collagenous polypeptide was observed to co-purify with the prox1(X) chain during isolation of cartilage collagens from culture medium of embryonic chick tibiotarsal chondrocytes. This high Mr polypeptide was subsequently shown by two-dimensions l SDS-PAGE and peptide mapping to represent a dimer of the prox1(X) chain of type X collagen linked by disulphide bonding in the non-collagenous domains. PMID- 3758353 TI - Rapid effects of phorbol ester on platelet shape change, cytoskeleton and calcium transient. AB - Platelets are rapidly activated by several agonists. When phorbol 12-myristate 13 acetate (PMA) was added to washed platelet suspensions 10 s prior to either thrombin or ADP, it caused a dose-dependent inhibition of shape change correlated with decreased myosin association with the cytoskeleton and with inhibition of the calcium transient measured in fura-2-loaded platelets. PMA added 5-10 s after agonists did not reverse shape change or the association of myosin with the cytoskeleton, but markedly increased the rate at which the calcium signal returned to the baseline. The analogue, 4 alpha-phorbol didecanoate did not cause these effects. Our results suggest that one effect of C-kinase activation is to provide negative feedback in sequential responses. PMID- 3758354 TI - Protein kinase C translocation in relation to proliferative state of C3H 10T1/2 cells. AB - Protein kinase C (PKC) activity of cytosol and membrane fractions of 10T1/2 cells was studied. In cytosol of fast growing cells PKC activity was found in material eluted with 0.150 M NaCl whereas in membrane fractions activity was eluted with 0.065 and 0.150 M NaCl. In the membrane fraction of confluent cells, in contrast to cytosol, very low PKC activity was observed. The translocation pattern of PKC activity eluted with 0.065 M NaCl may be associated with proliferation. PMID- 3758355 TI - Human inhibin genes. Genomic characterisation and sequencing. AB - Inhibin is a gonadal hormone involved in the non-steroidal regulation of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion. Using the cDNAs coding for bovine inhibin A and B subunits we have identified inhibin genes within the human genome using Southern blot hybridisation techniques. The genes are likely to be present as single copies. Cloning and sequencing inhibin genes obtained from lambda libraries of human genomic DNA provide structural and sequence data on the human A and B genes. Comparison of the known inhibin gene sequences showed, in particular, that the B subunits have identical sequences in man, pigs and cattle thus demonstrating a remarkable evolutionary conservation in these genes. PMID- 3758357 TI - Oncological surgery--to be or not to be? PMID- 3758356 TI - Proton NMR study of the influence of heme vinyl groups on the formation of the isomeric forms of sulfmyoglobin. AB - The formation of sulfmyoglobin has been investigated for myoglobin reconstituted with hemins having vinyls replaced by hydrogens to determine the participation of the vinyl groups in the reaction processes. Green complexes are produced in all cases, proving that vinyls are not obligatory for the formation of sulfproteins. In the presence of the 4-vinyl group, the 1H NMR spectra of the met-cyano derivatives indicate the formation of three green species; however, the most stable of these products is not formed in the absence of this group, confirming reaction of the 4-vinyl in this species. Two new red extractable sulfmyoglobin derivatives are formed in the absence of the 4-vinyl group. PMID- 3758358 TI - Surgery in children with cancer. PMID- 3758359 TI - Considerations for surgical treatment of gastric carcinoma. PMID- 3758360 TI - Prognostic factors in stomach cancer surgery. AB - The most important tumour-related prognostic factors in gastric carcinoma are the depth of infiltration and lymphatic spread. The tumour site itself did not significantly influence prognosis. Histological type according to the WHO classification as well as the histological degree of malignancy were of no significance. Laurens classification offers no great prognostic difference for tumours within the same stage, but at the time of diagnosis, diffuse type generally shows a more advanced stage than intestinal type. Prognosis is decisively influenced by the choice of surgical therapy, especially by whether the tumour can be curatively removed or not, and by the margins of clearance obtained in curative surgery. The extent of these margins of clearance should be chosen bearing in mind the differences between growth behaviour of intestinal and diffuse type carcinomas. In this fashion, a histology-oriented surgical approach can be achieved. PMID- 3758361 TI - Intra-operative radiotherapy for carcinoma of the stomach. AB - Intra-operative radiotherapy (IOR) was performed for the treatment of 101 patients with gastric cancer. Doses of 28 to 35 Gy with electron beams were delivered during the surgical procedure to tumour beds, high risk lymphnodes and/or remaining cancer nests after gastrectomy. Five-year survival rates were 87.2% for patients with Stage I disease, 83.5% for Stage II, 62.3% for Stage III and 14.7% for Stage IV. Compared with the data on 110 patients treated by surgery alone, IOR has yielded better results in patients with locally advanced disease. Based on these results, indications of IOR for gastric cancer were discussed. PMID- 3758362 TI - The current state of chemotherapy in gastric cancer. PMID- 3758363 TI - Beta-glucuronidase, LDH and LDH isoenzyme levels and screening for gastric cancer. AB - Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and beta-glucuronidase (bGLU) levels are elevated in the gastric juice of patients with gastric cancer, and these enzymes have been used as a screening test for gastric cancer. False positives are common, however, and we have measured enzyme levels, including LDH isoenzyme fraction, in tissue homogenates from resected stomach specimens and compared these with histological features. Increases in bGLU were found in carcinoma and chronic gastritis, an increase in LDH was found in carcinoma, whilst mLDH fraction was increased in chronic gastritis, carcinoma and intestinal metaplasia, particularly the sulphomucin variant. These findings indicate the basis for the screening test, and also the reason for the false positives. An elevated mLDH fraction may be a useful marker of a group at increased risk of developing gastric cancer, and worthy of long-term follow-up. PMID- 3758364 TI - Oestrogen receptor status of breast cancers from related patients. AB - Breast tumours from nine pairs of related women have been studied with respect to their oestrogen receptor (ER) concentrations and histological appearance and grade. 72% of these tumours were oestrogen receptor positive in both soluble and nuclear fractions. in eight of the nine pairs, the tumours were of the same ER status. Apart from a suggestion of a similar host response to the tumours in two related pairs, the histological appearance of the tumours showed no striking similarities. This small study suggests that familial breast cancers are more likely to be hormone dependent. PMID- 3758365 TI - The effect of surgical technique on local recurrence rates following mastectomy. AB - The effects of two different axillary techniques, i.e. sampling and dissection, in combination with mastectomy for operable carcinoma are compared. The dissection technique when combined with radiotherapy gives better local disease control than sampling. This also confirms the proposition that an axillary sampling technique is an inefficient method of staging breast cancer and its use will result in inferior local disease control. PMID- 3758366 TI - Oestrogen receptor concentration and macrophage infiltration in human breast cancer. AB - Oestrogen receptor concentration and percentage macrophage content were estimated in 40 human primary breast cancers. Macrophages were identified by Fc (IgG) receptor expression and by the presence of a macrophage-associated antigen. A significant inverse correlation between receptor concentration and macrophage content was found, and this was strengthened by correcting receptor level for tumour cellularity. PMID- 3758367 TI - Regional arterial chemotherapy of liver tumours. I. Performance comparison between a totally implantable pump and a conventional access system. AB - Thirty-nine patients with liver tumours have been submitted to regional arterial chemotherapy by means of either totally implantable Infusaid-400 pumps (22 c.) or implantable ports (17 c.). The latter were subsequently perfused with external pumps. There was one single major operative complication and no operative deaths. Most patients underwent continuous Fudr infusion. Access related complications occurred in both groups. Treatment was stopped for access related complications in 18.4% and 29.4% of cases out of the pump and port groups respectively. In most of those cases, however, several cycles of chemotherapy had already been performed. The Infusaid-400 pumps showed a 12-month functional duration of 57% with a 13-month median, the 10-month duration of ports being 67%. The difference was not significant. The new implantable systems give better results in comparison with traditional regional access methods, the functional performances of the port systems appearing very similar to the totally implantable pumps, with an obvious advantage for the pumps as far as quality of life is concerned. PMID- 3758368 TI - Primary pulmonary Hodgkin's disease and the dilemma of E stage. AB - Primary pulmonary Hodgkin's disease is rare. We report the case of a previously healthy 23-year-old woman who presented with isolated involvement of the right upper pulmonary lobe. Nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease was diagnosed after curative surgery. The clinical stage is felt to be IEBL+. The reasons for this staging, as opposed to a stage IV, are discussed. Adjuvant radiotherapy was given, delivering 39.6 grays in 22 courses of 1.8 grays. Three years after diagnosis, the patient is well and free of disease. A review of the literature indicates that the majority of primary pulmonary Hodgkin's disease present as a single mass amenable to curative surgery and radiation therapy. Chemotherapy can be reserved for the rare diffuse presentation. PMID- 3758369 TI - Facial nerve damage in the treatment of tumours of the parotid gland. PMID- 3758370 TI - Synthetic muramyl peptides: their origin, present status, and future prospects. Introductory remarks. PMID- 3758371 TI - Chemical structure and biological activity relationship of bacterial cell walls and muramyl peptides. AB - The biological activities of the cell walls of bacteria having different types of peptidoglycans, and those of stereoisomers and analogs of muramyl dipeptide (MDP), of N-acetylglucosaminyl-beta(1-4)-N-acetylmuramyl tetrapeptides having different L- and D-amino acids at the COOH-terminus, and of 6-O-acyl-MDPs were examined to elucidate the relationship between structure and activity. Replacement of the L-alanine residue of MDP with glycine and replacement of the D isoglutamine residue with L-isoglutamine, L-glutamic acid, and D-isoasparagine, but not with D-glutamic acid, caused a marked decrease in the biological activities of the MDP molecule. Test disaccharide tetrapeptides, irrespective of the configuration of COOH-terminal amino acid, showed strong immunoadjuvant activity and stimulation of macrophages, whereas those having COOH-terminal L amino acids exhibited greater pyrogenicity, induction of acute joint inflammation, and hemorrhagic necrosis at a primed site than those having COOH terminal D-amino acids. Introduction of an alpha-branched higher fatty acid to the muramic acid residue resulted in the disappearance of pyrogenicity after i.v. injection, an increase of adjuvanticity, and a loss of dependence on administration vehicles. The lack of the immunopotentiating activity (adjuvanticity) in cell walls from group B-type bacterial species was explained by the combined inhibitory effects of the replacement of the L-alanine residue by glycine and involvement of the alpha-carboxyl group of the D-glutamic acid residue in linking with neighboring peptide subunits. PMID- 3758372 TI - Immunopharmacology of muramyl peptides. AB - In recent years the immunomodulatory activity of muramyl peptides has become of major interest because of their possible physiological and clinical importance. Many data suggest that this group of compounds has other pharmacological activities besides effects on the immune system. Some of these effects, such as pyrogenicity, sleep enhancement, and analgesic activity, are linked to the central nervous system (CNS). Other activities of muramyl peptides may involve CNS and peripheral mechanisms. These include antiinflammatory and hepatoprotective activities and the effect of muramyl peptides on blood pressure. The multiplicity of pharmacological actions of muramyl peptides suggests that these compounds might have a general modulatory role in physiological functions. PMID- 3758373 TI - Somnogenic muramyl peptides. AB - Sleep-promoting materials isolated from human urine and rabbit brain are muramyl peptides (MPs). The most active component of the urinary material is N acetylglucosaminyl-1,6-anhydro-N-acetylmuramyl-Ala-Glu-diaminopimel yl-Ala; 1 pmol, infused into a lateral cerebral ventricle of rabbits, induced excess slow wave sleep (SWS) for several hours. MP-induced sleep is normal in that it is similar to the deep sleep that follows sleep deprivation. Other biological actions of MPs (e.g., pyrogenicity and immunomodulatory activity) could be dissociated, but only in part, from somnogenic actions. Interleukin 1, a substance thought to mediate many MP activities, is somnogenic, and thus may be involved in MP-induced sleep. That MPs and other immunologically active substances can greatly enhance SWS suggests that some immunological mechanisms integrate sleep in their actions. PMID- 3758374 TI - Muramyl peptides in mammalian tissues and their effects at the cellular level. AB - Muramyl peptides (MPs), presumably breakdown products of bacterial cell walls, have been found in the brain, liver, and kidney of the rat. They exert multiple physiological effects on higher animals as immunoadjuvants, activators of macrophages, pyrogens, antitumor agents, inducers of contractility of smooth muscle, and promoters of slow-wave sleep, as well as nonspecific protectors of animals against infection. Structure-function relationships of these substances have been extensively studied, especially with respect to somnogenicity. In the role an intact muramyl ring is required, and the 1,6-anhydro form is active. The presence of free carboxyls or amides on the glutamyl and diaminopimelyl entities have important effects. The stereochemistry is crucial: the alanine adjacent to the N-acetylmuramyl entity must be L, and the glutamate must be D. Studies were carried out with murine macrophages to establish mechanisms of action of these glycopeptides. There are two populations of binding sites for MPs on those cells. When compounds of different structure are compared, binding ability correlates with pyrogenic and somnogenic activity. Serotonin competes with these agents for binding sites. Binding of that substance induces at least one macrophage response characteristic of the binding of MP. PMID- 3758375 TI - Mechanical factors affecting protein turnover in isolated rat hearts. AB - Induction of cardiac work increased protein synthesis in hearts supplied glucose or a mixture simulating normal plasma levels of glucose, insulin, glucagon, lactate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate. During 2 h of perfusion, cardiac work did not accelerate protein synthesis in hearts supplied a mixture of glucose, lactate, and higher concentrations of insulin. Protein degradation was decreased by work in hearts supplied glucose. Nitrogen balance was negative in Langendorff-perfused hearts provided glucose, but was less so in working preparations. Nitrogen balance was zero or positive in working hearts provided the mixture simulating plasma or the mixture of glucose, lactate, and insulin. In Langendorff preparations, increased aortic pressure accelerated protein synthesis during the second hour of perfusion in hearts supplied glucose, glucose plus insulin, or pyruvate. When ventricular pressure development was prevented by ventricular draining or when drained hearts were arrested with tetrodotoxin, protein synthesis still increased as perfusion pressure was raised from 60 to 120 mm Hg. Oxygen consumption increased as aortic pressure was increased in drained, beating hearts, but was unaffected in arrested, drained hearts. These studies indicated that increased aortic pressure and its attendant stretch of the ventricular wall were the mechanical parameter most closely associated with faster rates of protein synthesis. PMID- 3758376 TI - Expression of myosin heavy chains during thyroid hormone-induced cardiac growth. AB - The expression of mRNAs for two cardiac myosins has been studied in the ventricles of hypo- and hyperthyroid rabbits by using cloned cDNA sequences corresponding to the mRNAs of the alpha- and beta-myosin heavy chains (HCs). The temporal change in relative levels of the alpha and beta HC mRNAs after triiodothyronine (T3) treatment of hypothyroid rabbits was determined by nuclease S1 mapping. In the hypothyroid state, only NC beta-mRNA was expressed in the ventricles. The HC alpha-mRNA was first detectable 4 h after administration of T3 (200 micrograms/kg) to hypothyroid animals. By 12, 24, and 72 h, HC alpha-mRNA represented 20, 50, and 90% of total myosin mRNA. The relationship between the relative mRNA levels and relative synthesis rates of myosin HCs was evaluated in 5- to 6-wk-old normal and thyrotoxic rabbits. Myosin synthesis rates were determined by labeling of protein in vivo with [2H]leucine. The V1 (HC alpha) and V3 (HC beta) isomyosins were separated by immune affinity chromatography and the HCs were isolated electrophoretically. In a normal euthyroid group of animals and in animals 12 and 24 h after administration of 200 micrograms of thyroxine, the relative mRNA levels and relative synthesis rates of the alpha and beta HCs were not significantly different. Our results show that, first, thyroid hormone causes a rapid accumulation of HC alpha-mRNA and loss of HC alpha-mRNA, and second, in normal and thyrotoxic rabbits, the relative synthesis rates of HC alpha and HC beta reflect the relative abundance of their respective mRNAs. These data are consistent with the thyroid hormones regulating synthesis of ventricular myosin at steps that precede translation of its message. PMID- 3758378 TI - Government, media and the animal issue. PMID- 3758377 TI - Mesenchymal-epithelial interactions as factors influencing male accessory sex organ growth in the rat. AB - Mesenchyme (UGM) and epithelium (UGE) isolated from the urogenital sinuses (UGS) of 17-day male and female rat embryos were separated by using a trypsinization procedure, grown on soft agar, transplanted into syngeneic pubertal male hosts as subcapsular renal grafts, and then collected after 29-30 days. Neither UGM nor UGE underwent prostatic morphogenesis when grown under these conditions. However, tissue recombinants composed of UGM + UGE grew and produced prostatic glands with acinar secretory material. Further, UGM + UGE recombinants were made by varying the proportions of mesenchymal and epithelial tissues. The size of the implants was a function of the absolute amount of mesenchyme; increasing the absolute amount of UGM produced larger specimens whereas varying the UGE had no effect. The UGM was also found to be essential for supporting the growth of small glandular elements derived from the ventral prostate of pubescent rats. Segments isolated from the terminal vesicles (TIPs) and from prostatic tissue adjacent to the urethra (PDCT) regressed when implanted alone under the kidney capsule. However, combination of the prostatic segments with UGM produced prostatic glands with relative wet weight and DNA content responses of the following order: UGM + TIP greater than UGM + PDCT = UGM + UGE. Two-dimensional gel electrophoretic protein patterns from UGM + PDCT and UGM + TIP specimens had differential expression of three protein regions unique to the ventral prostate Quantitative and qualitative responses of the TIP and PDCT segments to UGM inductive influences indicate that differences exist between the epithelia of the TIP and PDCT regions of the ventral lobes of the rat prostate. PMID- 3758379 TI - Artificial insemination by donor--a new look. PMID- 3758380 TI - Microsurgical tubocornual anastomosis for occlusive cornual disease: reproducible results without the need for tubouterine implantation. AB - Microsurgical tubocornual anastomosis (TCA) and tubouterine implantation are the two primary operations used to treat proximal tubal occlusion (PTO). Tubouterine implantation usually has been reserved for cases of PTO in which the occlusion spans the entire intramural tubal segment. Yet TCA has proven to be more likely to lead to successful pregnancy than tubouterine implantation. In this series, all PTO was treated by TCA. The article compares the reproducibility of results of TCA by two different operators and establishes the usefulness of TCA in all cases of PTO without resort to tubouterine implantation. Fifteen of 26 women achieved viable intrauterine pregnancies, a rate virtually identical to that published earlier by Gomel. Microsurgical TCA can be used to the exclusion of tubouterine implantation to achieve higher pregnancy rates, despite complete intramural occlusion. PMID- 3758381 TI - Assessment of follicular function in women by measurement of urinary estrogen conjugates. AB - Daily early morning urine samples from 23 women during their conception cycles were evaluated for urinary estrone (E1) conjugates and pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (PdG) levels and indexed by creatinine (Cr) concentrations. These 23 cycles were classified into two groups according to the rate of E1 conjugates increase following implantation. Urine from 16 nonconception cycles was available for 11 of the women. The two groups differed significantly both before and after, but not during, the midcycle E1 conjugates peak. The length of the follicular phase was significantly shorter in the group of women with the lower E1 conjugate levels. These data suggest that differences in estrogen excretion at times other than the preovulatory estrogen surge represent the endocrine activity of subdominant ovarian follicles. Further, such urinary estrogen profiles may represent useful parameters for defining ovarian follicular populations and/or indicating the effects of hazards to female reproduction. PMID- 3758382 TI - Hypermodal cells, hypomodal cells, and repetitive abortions. AB - The frequency of neither hypermodal cells (2N = 47) nor hypomodal cells (2N = 45) differed between lymphocytes of individuals experiencing repetitive spontaneous abortions (N = 429) and controls (N = 90). The same conclusion held when data were analyzed according to chromosome involved (sex chromosome, autosome) or other variables (e.g., prior reproductive outcome). A study of this relatively large sample failed to confirm findings of smaller and sometimes uncontrolled studies. Hypermodal cells do not necessarily serve as a clue to meiotic instability and in turn probably do not identify couples at risk for recurrent aneuploidy. PMID- 3758383 TI - Polysiloxane vaginal rings and cylinders for physiologic endometrial priming in functionally agonadal women. AB - 17 beta-estradiol (E2)-and/or crystalline progesterone (P)-impregnated polysiloxane vaginal rings and cylinders were tested as a system for endometrial priming in functionally agonadal women awaiting donor embryo transfer. Endometrial tissue was obtained by a transcervical biopsy procedure on simulated cycle day 26. The adequacy of the replacement regimen was judged by endometrial histologic dating, scanning electron micrographs, receptor content, and circulating E2 and P serum concentrations. Endometrial dating was consistent with cycle day 26. Electron micrographs showed normal surface characteristics. E2 and P receptor concentrations were within the normal range. Serum E2 levels were midfollicular, 105 +/- 12.8 pg/ml (mean +/- SEM), and midcycle, 254 +/- 28.6 pg/ml. P levels during the simulated follicular phase were undetectable (less than 0.2 ng/ml) but rose to a mean peak level of 17.3 +/- 1.8 ng/ml. The steroid impregnated polysiloxane vaginal ring and cylinder system provided continuous and sustained hormone release, morphologically and endocrinologically normal endometrium, serum levels of E2 and P within the normal range for the entire menstrual cycle, and a convenient and physiologic therapeutic alternative to oral, vaginal, or intramuscular steroid replacement. PMID- 3758384 TI - Nutritional intakes and status of highly trained amenorrheic and eumenorrheic women runners. AB - This study was conducted to determine whether nutritional status contributes to the amenorrhea associated with long distance running. Dietary intakes and biochemical measures of nutritional status were compared in highly trained amenorrheic (AM) and eumenorrheic (EU) women runners matched for height, weight, percent fat (11% to 12%) and training distance (113 km/week). Serum estradiol (E2) (EU, 104.7 pg/ml, versus AM, 22.5 pg/ml) and cortisol (EU, 22.4 micrograms/dl, versus AM, 26.6 micrograms/dl) concentrations differed between the two groups. Three-day dietary records revealed that fat intake by AM runners was significantly lower than by EU runners (EU, 97 gm/day, versus AM, 66 gm/day). AM runners consumed large amounts of vitamin A activity, probably in the form of B carotene, and fairly high quantities of crude fiber. Zinc intake by AM runners was well below the recommended dietary allowances (RDA), compared with EU runners (EU, 15.4 mg, versus AM, 10.9 mg). Further, plasma zinc tended to be lower for the AM runners (EU, 85.7 micrograms/dl, versus AM, 81.2 micrograms/dl). It was concluded that the potential contributions of dietary fat, B-carotene, and zinc to inducing changes in menstrual function and the metabolism of certain hormones should be investigated. PMID- 3758385 TI - A new approach to follicular stimulation for in vitro fertilization: programed oocyte retrieval. AB - Programed oocyte retrieval was performed in a group of 35 patients undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment. The date of follicular aspiration was decided several months in advance and the cycle prior to oocyte recovery was modified with a progestagen or an estrogen-progestagen contraceptive pill. This was followed by a fixed-schedule ovulation stimulation and induction regimen. Follicular growth was not monitored. Thirty-four of the 35 patients had follicular aspiration, and at least one embryo was obtained in 30 of them. The clinical pregnancy rate (excluding cryopreserved embryos) was 20% per IVF cycle, 21% per attempted oocyte retrieval procedure, and 23% per embryo transfer cycle. Programmed oocyte retrieval is a realistic option for follicular stimulation for IVF treatment and is associated with significant practical and economic benefits. PMID- 3758386 TI - Cumulative pregnancy rates for in vitro fertilization. AB - Data on 575 couples undergoing 1057 consecutive cycles of in vitro fertilization (IVF) were used to calculate cumulative pregnancy rates for repeated IVF cycles. Excluding preclinical abortions and couples in whom the male partner had poor semen parameters, calculated cumulative pregnancy rates for cycles 1 to 6 were 13.6%, 24.8%, 37.2%, 47.8%, 52.2%, and 59.6%, respectively. A parametric model used to fit these data yielded a strong correlation between observed and predicted pregnancy rates (r = 0.99, P less than 0.001). Predicted cumulative pregnancy rates after 9 and 12 cycles were 75% and 84%, respectively. Excluding preclinical abortions, the pregnancy rate per cycle was approximately constant, at approximately 15% over repeated cycles. As the cost of IVF declines and as treatment cycles become more easily tolerated, persistence in IVF can lead to successful pregnancy for a large proportion of couples. PMID- 3758387 TI - Sexual functioning and psychologic evaluation of in vitro fertilization couples. AB - Couples requesting in vitro fertilization (IVF) may be sexually dysfunctional either as an etiologic factor in their infertility or because they experience decreased sexual satisfaction as a reaction to previous infertility treatment. The present study assessed the sexual functioning and psychologic status of 45 married couples who had requested IVF. The couples were given complete psychosexual evaluation by senior staff members of the Sexual Behaviors Consultation Unit and each participant completed the Derogatis Sexual Functioning Inventory (DSFI). Seven couples (15.5%) were experiencing a sexual dysfunction and 13 individuals (14.4%) were given Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders III diagnoses. In total, 19 individuals (21%) of the sample were found to have either a sexual dysfunction or psychologic disorder. Couples with a sexual dysfunction were more likely (P = 0.05) to have unexplained infertility. Norms for psychologic evaluation as part of IVF are suggested and the role of such evaluation discussed. PMID- 3758388 TI - A prospective study of intrauterine insemination of processed sperm from men with oligoasthenospermia in superovulated women. AB - The effectiveness of intrauterine insemination (IUI) was compared with that of intracervical insemination (ICI) in 49 infertile couples, in whom the major cause for infertility was oligoasthenospermia. All women had ovulation stimulated with either a clomiphene citrate (CC)-human gonadotropin combination or human gonadotropins alone. The ovulatory dose of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was given after adequate estradiol levels were reached. The timing of inseminations was standardized--IUI was 28 hours after hCG and ICI was immediately after hCG administration. Only one insemination per month was performed with either IUI or ICI. The first treatment cycle was assigned randomly to be either IUI or ICI, and subsequent inseminations were alternated. A total of 182 cycles were completed, with 96 IUIs and 86 ICIs. Pregnancy occurred in eight patients, seven with IUI (14.3%) and one with ICI (2.0%); the difference is significant at P less than 0.05. The pregnancy rate per treatment cycle was 7.3% versus 1.2% (P less than 0.001). This study supports the use of IUI with processed sperm in the treatment of infertility due to oligoasthenospermia. PMID- 3758389 TI - The chromosomal constitution of human sperm selected for motility. AB - The chromosome constitutions of sperm selected for motility according to the swim up technique were compared cytogenetically with those of sperm remaining in the semen with the use of the human sperm/hamster egg system, in which human sperm are fused with hamster eggs to give analyzable haploid chromosome complements. Three semen samples from one donor resulted in 153 chromosome complements from selected, highly motile sperm and 110 unselected, control complements. Four samples were donated by another man, from which 181 selected and 186 control complements were obtained. The frequencies of chromosomal aberrations recovered from the population selected for high motility and the unselected population were not statistically different from one another. PMID- 3758390 TI - Cryopreservation of human spermatozoa: correlations of ultrastructural sperm head configuration with sperm motility and ability to penetrate zona-free hamster ova. AB - Freezing and storage of human male gametes is associated with a reduction in the overall semen quality and establishment of pregnancy. This study was done to evaluate the integrity of sperm head ultrastructure (SHU) with computerized and vapor freezing. Comparisons were made between the effect of cryopreservatives glycerol (G) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) on SHU. Twelve ejaculates from five proven fertile donors were studied with the use of routine semen analysis, zona free hamster ova, and SHU. Both cooling processes, regardless of the preservative used, significantly reduced sperm function and the number of SH with intact plasma membranes. The staged cooling technique was substantially superior to vapor freezing in all parameters analyzed (P less than 0.01). G was less detrimental to the postthaw SHU than 1 M DMSO. A significant positive correlation (r = 0.98; P less than 0.01) was noted between the total number of intact SH and motile sperm. Computerized freezing in a G-diluted semen rendered a sperm environment that allowed the highest number of forms with intact SH membranes and with the best chances to penetrate zona-free hamster ova. PMID- 3758391 TI - The effect of cauterization of the rabbit ovary on adhesion formation. AB - A new treatment modality that involves laparoscopic electrocautery of the ovary has been described as an alternative to ovarian wedge resection. The authors investigated the effect of multiple cautery of the rabbit ovary on adhesion formation. Twenty animals were studied after being divided into four groups of five animals each. Group 1 animals underwent a control operation that involved opening and closing of the peritoneum only. All other animals underwent cautery of the right ovary, with the left ovary used as a control. Group 2 animals had no intraperitoneal substance instilled. Group 3 animals had 2.5 ml/kg of sterile normal saline instilled intraperitoneally. Group 4 animals had 2.5 ml/kg of 32% dextran 70 instilled intraperitoneally. Two weeks later, adhesions were evaluated with a macroscopic and a microscopic scoring system. Cautery of the ovaries was associated with the formation of a significant amount of adhesions. The mean macroscopic adhesion score for a cauterized ovary was 2.73 +/- 0.38 and for the control ovary was 0.00 +/- 0.00 (P less than 0.01). According to the microscopic scoring system, the adhesion scores were 1.86 +/- 0.16 and 1.20 +/- 0.28, respectively (P less than 0.05). The 32% dextran 70 group had the lowest mean macroscopic adhesion score, but this was not statistically significant. PMID- 3758392 TI - Interstitial pregnancy following bilateral salpingectomy and in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer. PMID- 3758393 TI - Transposition of the fallopian tube in a woman with a poorly developed uterine horn. PMID- 3758394 TI - Hysterography and hysteroscopy: a comparison. PMID- 3758395 TI - Mild androgen insensitivity presenting with sexual dysfunction. AB - A man presented with sexual dysfunction and was found to have elevated serum levels of both gonadotropins and T, suggesting AIS. Small external genitalia were the only phenotypic abnormality. Serum T levels increased appropriately in response to hCG and CC, but the patient was severely oligospermic, and testicular biopsy study revealed profoundly impaired spermatogenesis. Studied on androgen receptors in genital skin fibroblasts were normal. PAIS with a virtually normal male phenotype can present in adulthood with sexual dysfunction as well as infertility. As with the syndrome of complete AIS, androgen receptor studies indicate that this is a heterogeneous group of disorders. PMID- 3758396 TI - Women regretting their sterilization. PMID- 3758397 TI - Bioavailability of nasally administered progesterone. PMID- 3758399 TI - Male/female ratio after induced ovulation. PMID- 3758398 TI - Evidence for contractility of the human seminiferous tubule confirmed by its response to noradrenaline and acetylcholine. AB - The experiments reported here demonstrate for the first time that the isolated human seminiferous tubule is capable of undergoing contraction after exposure to noradrenaline and acetylcholine. Isoproterenol produces a relaxation of the seminiferous tubule. It is indicated that there are the adrenergic alpha and beta receptors and muscarinic receptors in the myoid cells of human seminiferous tubules. PMID- 3758400 TI - Femoral neuropathy following tubal microsurgery. PMID- 3758401 TI - New guidelines for the use of semen donor insemination: 1986. The American Fertility Society. PMID- 3758402 TI - [Electrophysiologic analysis of efferent neurons of the associative parietal lobe of the cat]. AB - Efferent neurons of the associative parietal cortex sending axons to the sensomotor cortex, red nucleus and pontine nuclei, were identified by means of antidromic stimulation in cats. Collateral branching of axons of the neurons projecting simultaneously to two of the above structures were studied using the impulse collision technique. Peculiarities of spatial distribution of efferent neurons in the cerebral parietal cortex were shown. PMID- 3758403 TI - [Effect of kainic acid on the metabolism of intracellular calcium and oxidation reduction processes in structures of the cerebral cortex]. AB - The dynamics of calcium ions bound within intracellular membranes (Ca2+b), changes of redox--state and bioelectrical activity were studies in vital brain preparation after kainic acid (KA) application either to the micro--zones iontophoretically or to the whole surface of the preparation. The Ca2+b dynamics depended on KA dose and included release of Ca2+b as well as bounding of calcium attracted from extracellular space. The early period of the reaction consisted of an increased intracellular reduction equivalents and a release of Ca2+b. Theme correlating processes were followed by "seizure" activity specific for the KA effect. The calcium free bounding effect started to prevail with increasing KA dose. PMID- 3758404 TI - [Changes in the functional activity of cortical brain structures and their blood supply during motion sickness in the alert rabbit]. AB - In alert rabbits, sea sickness induced an increase in the cerebral blood supply, alteration of the ECoG frequency components, bradycardia, hypotension. Different responses of the bioelectrical activity were revealed in summer and winter. The enhancement of bioelectrical activity and blood flow in the motor cortex were shorter than in the auditory and visual areas. These changes become more obvious in repeated fits of sea sickness and gradually reduced later on. In winter, the responses of the rabbit electrophysiological parameters are more obvious and longer lasting than in summer. The blood supply parameters preserved in summer whereas the ECoG changes returned to initial values faster in summer. PMID- 3758405 TI - [Effect of brain extracts of the donor rat on recovery of hindlimb function disorders in the recipient rat]. AB - The motor function recovery was studied for 3 weeks after surgical unilateral damage of the motor cortex in albino rats. Distance between the 1st and the 5th fingers was compared in intact sham--operated, operated rats, and operated animals which were suboccipitally injected with brain extract obtained from reconvalescent donor rats with the same type of damage. The injections resulted in specific changes of the parameter measured up to the level of recovery reached by the donor animal. PMID- 3758406 TI - [Change in the activity of sympathetic preganglionic neurons of the lumbar segments of the spinal cord as a result of thermal stimulation of the skin of the abdomen]. AB - The activity of antidromically identified sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs) located in the lateral horn of the L2--L3 spinal cord segments was recorded in anesthetized and immobilized cats. The localization of SPNs with tonic activity and the conduction velocities of their axons were revealed. Two groups of SPNs were shown which increased their firing rates either in cooling or heating of the abdominal skin. Some intermediate neurons possibly conducting thermal information to SPNs, were studied. The data obtained are considered within the limits of segmentary model of the vasomotor thermoregulatory reaction. PMID- 3758407 TI - [Dynamics of various characteristics of the sympathetic ganglia of animals subjected to chemical sympathectomy at high altitude]. AB - The effect of high altitude hypoxia on the sympathetic nervous system was studied on desympathized rats. The degree of the sympathetic ganglion neurons destruction and catecholamine fluorescence were determined. The investigation showed an increase of catecholamine fluorescence in sympathetic ganglia in high altitude adaptation. 30-day administration of sympatholytic guanethidine at high altitude results in destruction of less ganglion neurons than at low altitude. At high altitude the rate of fluorescence of biogenic amines in unaffected cells remains high. After partial desympathization (7 days), the rate of neuron destruction diminishes and biogenic amines fluorescence increases along with the duration of preliminary adaptation. PMID- 3758408 TI - [Hemodynamic coupling of capillary, arterial and venous pressures in skeletal muscle vessels]. AB - The dependence of capillary hydrostatic pressure (Pc) on changes of arterial (Pa) and venous (Pv) pressure was determined at different levels of the vascular tone in the m. gastrocnemius, the tone being either reduced with decentralization of the preparation or papaverine, or enhanced with noradrenaline. The Pc and Pv were closely related, the coefficients of the venous pressure transmission onto the capillary level being rather similar (93-97%) within a large range of Pv and vascular tone changes. The conjugation of Pc and Pa was disproportional as revealed in a decrease of the coefficient of arterial pressure transmission onto the capillary pressure, accompanying the Pa growth. This coefficient increased along with a reduction of the muscle arteries tone. The data obtained are regarded from the standpoint of participation of antero- and retrograde hemodynamic effects on capillary pressure and their role in forming the transcapillary fluid exchange in skeletal muscles. PMID- 3758409 TI - [Electrophysiologic characteristics of cells of the conducting system in the right atrioventricular valve of the pigeon heart]. AB - Distribution of the APs of Purkinje and pacemaker cells on the atrial and ventricular surfaces of the isolated muscle of the right atrioventricular valve was studied in the pigeon heart. The presence of a constant pacemaker area was found at the atrial side of the valve throughout the extent of its base. Due to the presence of the muscle valve in the right atrioventricular orifice in the bird heart, the "extension" of the pacemaker area of the atrioventricular node and a respective obvious branching of the Purkinje fibers of the atrioventricular bundle seem to take place. PMID- 3758410 TI - [Effect of corticosterone on the contractile activity of the portal vein in the normotensive and hypertensive rat]. AB - Corticosterone (28 nM/l) sharply increased the phasic tension of the portal vein whereas in dose 140 nM/l it sharply inhibited the phasic activity after its short enhancement, simultaneously, increasing the contraction rate and basal tone of the vessel in the normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats. The initial response to corticosterone was absent in the spontaneously hypertensive rats, and their system maintaining the tonic component of contraction of the portal vein smooth muscles, was immediately activated. A primary membrane effect of the hormone on the vascular smooth muscle cells seems to be absent in the corticosterone effect on the spontaneous contractile activity of the portal vein in hypertensive animals. PMID- 3758411 TI - [Effect of multiple exposure to stress on the lysosomal system of neutrophilic leukocytes]. AB - The lysosomes of neutrophils and system influenced by the Hageman factor were shown to take part in adaptation of the body to manyfold stress. The data obtained show that manyfold stress (immobilization) led to adaptation of the neutrophil lysosomes so as no need occurred in the lysosome enzymes to take part in the humoral regulation. PMID- 3758412 TI - [Effect of the functional status of the supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus on surface-active properties of the lungs and external respiration in the rabbit]. AB - The surface tension of pulmonary extracts in the balance of the Wilgelmi type, respiratory volumes, elasticity and the act of respiration were investigated in 72 control and active effects on the hypothalamic supraoptical nuclei in rabbits (local infusion of acetylcholine-electrostimulation with and without adrenalectomy, bilateral electrical lesion of the nuclei). Possible peptidergic mechanisms of inducing the surface-active properties of the lung, are discussed. PMID- 3758413 TI - [Role of the condition of serum water in regulating its osmolality in the suslik during spontaneous arousal]. AB - An increase in osmolality, content of total lipids, sodium--free and potassium- free concentrations, and a decrease in magnesium concentration were revealed in suslik blood serum during hibernation and spontaneous awakening. The total water content was not changed. The data obtained suggest that the solvent condition plays a major part in maintenance of the osmotic pressure. PMID- 3758414 TI - [Adrenergic innervation of the uterus of the rat in various phases of the estrous cycle]. AB - Adrenergic innervation of the rat uterus is connected chiefly with vessel innervation. The highest density of fibers and the highest intensity of specific fluorescence is shown in the stage of dioestrus, the least those--in oestrus. These indices correlated with the estradiol and progesterone level in the plasma. PMID- 3758415 TI - [Rate of sexual maturation of tame and aggressive gray rats]. AB - The sexual maturation of female and male rats selected for domestic behaviour, occur much earlier than in aggressive animals as revealed by an earlier vagina opening in females and start of spermiogenesis in males. Hormonal activity of ovaries and testicles is also more obvious in the prepubertal period in domesticated male and female rats. PMID- 3758416 TI - [Effect of delta sleep-inducing peptide on interaction between symmetrical structures of the cerebral cortex after section of the corpus callosum]. PMID- 3758417 TI - [Physiology and pathology of cortico-visceral relations as the scientific basis for psychosomatic medicine]. PMID- 3758418 TI - [Effect of cortisol on a model of stereotypical behavior in the rabbit in the form of hindlimb thumping]. AB - A 5-sec electrical shock applied to the rabbit medial hypothalamus induced series of stereotype behavioral responses in the form of synergic blows with hindlimbs. Adaptation to the stimulation occurred in repetition of the stimuli every 1.5-2.0 min. Pharmacological experiments revealed that intraperitoneal administration of cortisol (10 and 20 mg/kg) enhanced the stimulation-induced behavioral response and shortened its latency. PMID- 3758419 TI - [Changes in the activity of cortical neurons after administration of biogenic amines]. AB - Effects of different neurotransmitters on activity of cortical neurons were studied in immobilized rabbits. The final effect of serotonin and noradrenaline, in contrast to acetylcholine and GABA, depended on initial functional level of the neurons. Various types of cortical neurons responses to the same monoaminergic stimuli are described. The comparative analysis of the data obtained suggests participation of serotonin and noradrenaline in neurochemical organization of positive and negative reinforcement, resp. PMID- 3758420 TI - [Lipid peroxidation by rat brain synaptosomes in sleep disorders]. AB - Paradoxical sleep deprivation for 24 hrs reduced lipid peroxidation in synaptosomes from the rat brain cortex. Production of conjugated dienes was shown to decrease by 30% and fluorescent products--by 18%, the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive products being unchanged. The sleep disturbance resulted in a 25% activation of superoxide dismutase. PMID- 3758421 TI - [Features of the morphofunctional organization of the embryonal nerve tissue of a transplant into the brain of the adult rat]. AB - Foetal CNS tissue was implanted into different sites of mature rat brain. Analysis of morpho--functional organization and unit activity of the grafts was made 2-5 months after the implantation. Correlations among morphological and functional characteristics of the grafts and sites of the implantation are discussed. Morphofunctional peculiarities of the grafts seem to be due to heterogeneous influences of the host brain. PMID- 3758423 TI - [Evaluation of extravascular lung fluid]. AB - The possibility of using the thermodilution technique for diagnosis of pulmonary oedema was studied in theoretical model of thermodilution between intra- and extravascular fluid spaces of pulmonary tissue as well as in acute experiments on anesthetized and immobilized dogs with hydrostatic pulmonary oedema. The intensity of thermoindicator diffusion at the "left atrium--aorta" stretch was found to depend on the degree of oedema. The following equation is suggested for calculating the pulmonary extravascular fluid volume: Vev = tev (Qao--Qpa). The thermodilution technique may be used as an independent method for diagnosis of pulmonary oedema. PMID- 3758422 TI - [Oxygen consumption of the Baikal seal during unrestrained swimming in a pool and diving of different duration]. AB - In 7 male Baikal seals (14-49 kg) spending 60-90% of the time under water, swimming unrestrained in the swimming pool, the average VO2 ranged from 8.6 +/- 7.01 ml (kg min)-1 for a 14-kg seal up to 4.8 +/- 2.22 ml (min kg)-1 (+ sigma) for adult 49-kg seal. A short forced diving (3-5 min) induced no change of the VO2 level because of stored oxygen. More prolonged diving (10-30 min) induced a 2 3-fold reduction of general VO2 and accumulation of a considerable O2-dept. During 3-5 min, 50-80% of this debt is covered in the 1st phase of recovery. The rest of the debt is covered during 10-40 min, depending on diving duration, body mass and, probably, oxidizing of metabolites of anaerobic exchange. PMID- 3758424 TI - [Features of the digestion and absorption of the protein of natural products after preliminary enzymatic hydrolysis]. AB - Partial hydrolysis of natural food products carried out before enteral nutrition induces no changes of digestion or absorption in dogs when using the tube nutrition. PMID- 3758425 TI - [Dynamics of the amino acid composition of the blood during adaptation to muscular loads]. AB - A single fatiguing muscular load results in increase of the blood free amino acids concentration in animals. Regular training with moderate physical loads leads to amino acid content increase during first weeks of training and then to its normalizing in the process of adaptation to loads. Excessive training with heavy muscular loads is accompanied by the decrease of essential amino acids concentration in the blood. PMID- 3758426 TI - [Simple electromechanical device for automatic recording of rotational behavior in the cat and the rat]. PMID- 3758427 TI - [Optical recording of muscle contractions of double sucrose-bridge preparations]. PMID- 3758428 TI - Role of asymmetry in the immune network. AB - Conditions under which asymmetry (unidirectional pathway) in transmitting activation in the immune network exists are analyzed. Asymmetry results from a certain structural organization of the variable domain of each receptor and antibody; the differences between receptor populations inside the family of receptors belonging to the same network level. The analysis allows us to postulate that in evolution, the affinity of the receptors could have been a factor ensuring limitation of activation in the immune network. This approach makes it possible to explain the occurrence of different immunological phenomena, including induction of the non-specific component involved in the immune response to antigen or in the anti-idiotypic effects; to make some suggestions concerning the anti-idiotypic stimulation of the lymphocytes of only a certain immune network level (including lymphoid cells of the first level that react to epitopes of foreign antigens). PMID- 3758430 TI - [Plasma dopamine concentrations in various types of hypertension]. AB - The concentrations of unconjugated plasma dopamine (PDA) were studied in patients with various types of hypertension. Catecholamines were extracted from plasma specimens (1.0-3.0 ml) through an Amberlite CG50 (Li+-form) microcolumn and eluted by a magnesium sulfate - ethanol solution. The elute was then desalinated and deproteinized by the ethanol-treated precipitation procedure and dried in a vacuum oven at 25 degrees C. A fraction of catecholamines was assayed with the modified procedures of the COMT-mediated radio-enzymatic method. This assay system was sensitive enough to permit an accurate measurement of PDA as low as 6.0 pg per ml of plasma without any detectable contamination of the conjugated dopamine. The resting levels of PDA were 10.1 +/- 1.0 pg/ml (mean +/- SEM), 9.5 +/- 1.0 and 13.7 +/- 0.6 in patients with borderline hypertension (BH, n = 25), essential hypertension (EH, n = 22) and renovascular hypertension (RVH, n = 8), respectively. The values in EH patients were significantly smaller than those in age-matched normal controls (13.0 +/- 1.4, n = 14, p less than 0.05). Remarkably increased PDA values were observed in patients with pheochromocytoma (76.5 +/- 25.4, n = 9, p less than 0.01). Significantly raised PDA values were also found in patients with primary aldosteronism (PA, 27.8 +/- 9.0, n = 6, p less than 0.05), while their plasma norepinephrine levels (PNE, 169 +/- 39 pg/ml) tended to be lower than those of normal controls (206 +/- 20), showing an apparent dissociation between the values of PDA and PNE. Upright posture for 15 minutes induced a significant rise in PDA (p less than 0.05) in all subjects except PA patients. The postural changes of PDA, however, were invariably smaller than those of PNE (p less than 0.05). The resting values of PDA in normal, BH and EH patients showed a significant negative correlation with their mean arterial pressures (r = -0.301, n = 61, p less than 0.05) and a positive correlation with those of PNE (r = 0.381, p less than 0.01). There was no correlation between PDA and age in any group studied. These findings indicate that PDA might not be only a precursor fraction of neurotransmitters released from the sympathetic nervous system but could also represent a physiological function of the dopaminergic regulatory system. The varied but distinctive features of PDA status in various types of hypertension suggest the possibility that the peripheral dopaminergic mechanisms play an inherent role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. PMID- 3758429 TI - [Pharmacokinetics of prednisolone (PSL) during PSL treatment. I. PSL pharmacokinetics during daily PSL treatment]. AB - We studied the pharmacokinetics of prednisolone (PSL) in eight patients (two each with subacute thyroiditis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and nephrotic syndrome: and one each of Crohn's disease and aortitis syndrome) before and during the daily treatment with PSL(duration of 0.5-4.0 months with the mean of 1.9 months; total amount of 0.3-8.0 g with the mean of 2.8 g). PSL was measured by radioimmunoassay. Cmax, Tmax and AUCp.o. were calculated on the single oral administration of 40 mg PSL, and T1/2 beta, Vd and MCR were calculated when 25.6 mg of PSL sodium succinate (equivalent to 20 mg of PSL) was injected intravenously. Bioavailability was calculated by the ratio of AUCp.o. X PSL i.v. dose to AUCi.v. X PSL p.o. dose. With the oral administration, there was no difference in Cmax, Tmax and AUCp.o. between before and during the treatment, respectively. With the intravenous PSL administration, significant increase of AUCi.v. (p less than 0.01), significant decrease of MCR (p less than 0.01), significant elongation of T1/2 beta (p less than 0.05), and significant decrease of the bioavailability (p less than 0.001) were found in the PSL treatment period compared with before the treatment, but no significance was found in Vd between, before, and during the treatment. There was no difference in these changes in parameters among the diseases. Nor were any correlations found between the changes in these parameters of T1/2 beta, MCR or bioavailability and the duration or the total amount of PSL administered, respectively. These results indicate that the decreased MCR, elongated T1/2 beta and the decreased bioavailability of PSL were brought about by daily administration of PSL, regardless of the kind of diseases, or the total amount or the duration of PSL administration. PMID- 3758431 TI - [Aluminum associated bone disease in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis]. AB - The widespread clinical use of hemodialysis has prolonged the survival of a vast number of uremic patients, but it has also yielded some problems including renal osteodystrophy. Recently, it has become well known that the clinical use of active vitamin D metabolites is effective in many patients with renal osteodystrophy. However, there are many patients with bone diseases resistant to such treatment. Several lines of evidences implicate aluminum as one of the causal factors in the production of such diseases. We recently found 20 patients with bone diseases associated with the deposition of aluminum in front of active calcification in the bone. All of them were undergoing maintenance hemodialysis with softened water thrice weekly and taking aluminum containing antacids and 1 alpha-(OH)D3. The age of the patients ranged between 30 y.o. and 62 y.o. (46.5 +/ 9.0, mean +/- s.d.). All of them had severe bone pain and 8 of them had bone fractures. Bone X-ray, bone scintigraphy, serum Ca, P, ALP, serum aluminum and bone histology were examined. Based on the bone histology, they were classified into four types; inactive type (9), osteomalacia type (6), mild type (4) and mixed type (1). There were no significant differences among each group concerning serum values of Ca, P and aluminum. Serum value of ALP tended to be high in the osteomalacia type, and that of c-PTH was significantly low in the inactive type compared with the other types. Our finding suggest that aluminum associated bone disease is not so rare in Japan and show that the diagnosis of this disease should be made histologically and that clinical and blood chemical features are not reliable for the diagnosis of aluminum associated bone disease in hemodialysis patients. PMID- 3758432 TI - The current status of surgery for carcinoma of the esophagus. PMID- 3758434 TI - Social Security and the disabled patient. PMID- 3758433 TI - Metabolic alkalosis and hypermagnesemia following "non-absorbable" antacid therapy. PMID- 3758435 TI - Prevention of fetal alcohol syndrome. PMID- 3758436 TI - Adult immunization: the forgotten area of preventive medicine. PMID- 3758437 TI - Bilateral hand pain. Congenital cervical spinal stenosis with an associated herniated disc. PMID- 3758438 TI - Studies on the detection of malaria at primary health centres. Part II. Age and sex composition of patients subjected to blood examination in passive case detection. PMID- 3758439 TI - Progressive changes in the liver function of monkeys following Plasmodium knowlesi infection. PMID- 3758440 TI - Comparative effectiveness of different anabolic and sex steroids on the development of Anopheles stephensi. PMID- 3758441 TI - Impact of malathion thermal fogging on mosquito populations in Delhi and its place in malaria control. PMID- 3758442 TI - Family reunification and the immigration multiplier: U.S. immigration law, origin country conditions, and the reproduction of immigrants. PMID- 3758443 TI - Swedish-Finnish return migration, extent, timing, and information flows. PMID- 3758444 TI - The effect of marital status at first birth on marital dissolution among adolescent mothers. AB - The sequencing of marriage and first birth was expected to play an important role in the stability of marriage among adolescent mothers. We hypothesized that adolescent women who married prior to conception would have the lowest rates of marital disruption, followed by those who married between conception and birth. Adolescent women who gave birth prior to marriage were expected to suffer the highest rates of marital dissolution. The results provide partial support for our hypotheses. There is little difference in the probability of separation between adolescent mothers who had a postmarital conception and those who had a premarital conception but married before the birth. Having a premarital birth, however, significantly increases the probability of marital dissolution. We also hypothesized that marital status at first birth would have less effect on the probability of marital dissolution for blacks than for whites. This, too, is generally supported by our findings. Among black females, those with a premarital birth are the first to suffer a marital disruption, but by the end of ten years there is little difference in the probability of separation among the three marital status groups. In contrast, among white females, those with a premarital birth are the first to experience a disruption, and this differential persists over all subsequent marriage duration intervals. Thus, the sequencing of marriage relative to birth has similar short term effects for whites and blacks, but the effect for blacks is evident only in the short term. Ten years after the marriage, black adolescent mothers have similar rates of marital stability regardless of the sequencing of marriage. This is consistent with the findings of previous research and with our hypothesis; with the black family pattern of lower rates of marriage, higher rates of illegitimacy and higher divorce rates, the sequencing of marriage has no long lasting consequences on marital stability. Finally, our predicted decline in the effect of marital status at first birth over historical time also finds partial support. For white females there has been a change in the effect of marriage-first birth sequencing on separation over time. In the period encompassed by the women in our study, white adolescent mothers who married subsequent to the birth have been the most likely to experience a separation at all marriage duration intervals, but this differential narrows as age at interview declines. Among black females there has been no change in the effect of a premarital birth over time.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3758445 TI - Contraceptive sterilization in Puerto Rico. PMID- 3758446 TI - Religion and fertility in the United States: the importance of marriage patterns and Hispanic origin. PMID- 3758447 TI - Voting status life tables for the United States, 1968-1980. PMID- 3758448 TI - Statistics and politics: the "Hispanic issue" in the 1980 census. PMID- 3758449 TI - Age patterns of Chinese marital fertility, 1950-1981. PMID- 3758450 TI - An assessment of methods for estimating adult mortality from two sets of data on maternal orphanhood. PMID- 3758451 TI - Examination of the generalized age distribution. AB - The formula for the age distribution and other relationships that follow from it for any (non-stable) population presented by Preston and Coale are significant contributions to demography. The formulas summarize the relationships among various demographic measures precisely, and are formally analogous to the relationships that hold for stable populations. The significance of these formulas cannot be overstated; they allow us to understand clearly the relationships among demographic measures in any arbitrary population. However, when it comes to using them for estimating demographic measures when census data are defective, the method of estimation is still affected by defective data. The reason is that the series of age-specific growth rates reflects the observed census age distributions exactly so that any defects in the census data are summarized in the growth rates. This paper begins with the formulation of the discrete version of the "new synthesis" developed by Preston and Coale. With the discrete formulation, the three kinds of errors introduced when the continuous time formulas are applied to real data can be avoided. Then it is pointed out that when two accurate census data are available, the Preston-Coale procedure of "estimating" the age distribution at the second census is equivalent to checking the identity of the age distribution formula. Also "estimating" mortality by the procedure of Preston-Coale is shown to be equivalent to obtaining mortality directly from intercensal survival rates. That the procedure which involves the age-specific growth rates is equivalent to those that involve the intercensal survival rates may have escaped notice because there are no a priori constraints for patterns of age-specific growth rates to follow. The irregularity in growth rates due to defective data are not distinguishable from true irregularity that exists in the population, contrary to the well-known regularity in the pattern of survival rates in human populations. PMID- 3758452 TI - A comment on Elwood Carlson's "The impact of international migration upon the timing of marriage and childbearing". PMID- 3758453 TI - Hypereosinophilic dermatitis with response to ketotifen and sulfone. PMID- 3758455 TI - Which laser for what? PMID- 3758454 TI - [Kaposi-like acroangiodermatitis (pseudo-Kaposi sarcoma)]. PMID- 3758457 TI - Autosomal recessive epidermolysis bullosa of the albopapuloid type. PMID- 3758456 TI - Bone marrow investigation in patients with lichen planus. AB - Seven patients with an extensive lichen planus of unknown etiology were investigated with bone marrow smears. Normal values were found by differential counting. PMID- 3758458 TI - Partial lipodystrophy, meningococcal meningitis and nephritis. AB - Partial lipodystrophy (PLD) started in a 12-year-old girl after measles. Aged 17 she had meningococcal meningitis. Nephritis, hypocomplementemia and nephritic factor were found some years later at the time of her first pregnancy. Only few patients with PLD and meningococcal infections have been described and all were hypocomplementemic. Like other patients with complement deficiency, patients with PLD should be aware of this life-threatening complication. PMID- 3758459 TI - Fatty acid induced hemolysis. Protective action of ceruloplasmin, albumins, thiols and vitamin C. AB - The hemolytic effect of saturated fatty acids increased rapidly, when the number of carbon atoms in the chain exceeded 12. At low fatty acid concentrations (less than 60 microM) the hemolytic effect decreased with increasing number of double bonds in the carbon chain (cis-form fatty acids). A more complex pattern was observed at higher fatty acid concentrations. Trans-unsaturated fatty acids were more hemolytic than cis-analogs. Ceruloplasmin, a serum protein with no fatty acid binding capacity, reduced the hemolytic effect of fatty acids; possibly by interacting with the cell membrane. Reducing compounds (thiols, vitamin C) also protected against fatty acid induced hemolysis. PMID- 3758460 TI - Calcium-induced membrane metabolic alterations modify the sex steroids binding into dog brain synaptosomal plasma membranes. AB - The binding of 45Ca2+ into synaptosomal plasma membranes (SPM) of dog brain follows a sigmoid path. In graphical analysis of this binding the mean Hill coefficient (h) was 1.64 +/- 0.09 (r2 = 0.96 +/- 0.02). Binding of Ca2+ into SPM was saturable, with an apparent binding constant of 1.2 +/- 0.1 microM. At saturation, such calcium specific binding sites corresponded to 11.2 +/- 0.9 nmol/mg SPM protein. The Hill plot in combination with the biphasic nature of the curve to obtain the equilibrium constant, showed a moderate degree of positive cooperativity in the binding of calcium into SPM of at least one class of high affinity specific binding sites. [14C]estradiol, [14C]estrone and [14C]progesterone, when incubated with SPM up to a concentration of 10 microM for 2 hr at 37 degrees C, bind into SPM at nmolar concentrations. Ca2+ ions up to 5 mM considerably increase steroids binding into SPM. This effect of calcium was concentration-dependent, reached saturation at approx 4-5 mM. Once calcium has promoted steroids binding, the subsequent addition of 25 mM EGTA failed to displace bound steroids. Molecular interactions between calcium and SPM was assessed by measuring the steady-state fluorescence polarization (P) of 1,6 diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH), and by estimating the production of malondialdehyde (MDA) during 2 hr incubation of Ca2+ (5 mM) with SPM at 37 degrees C. The effect of Ca2+ on the SPM structure was to increase both the rigidity of the membrane and the MDA production. Chelation of Ca2+ (5 mM) with EGTA (25 mM) did not reverse the increase in the rigidity owing to metabolic alterations of SPM lipids (e.g. production of MDA).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3758461 TI - Non-ferritin, non-heme iron pools in rat tissues. AB - Concentrations of intracellular, low molecular weight (LMW) and desferrioxamine B (DF) chelatable Fe, in tissues of normal, Fe-deficient and Fe-loaded female rats, were determined. Ice cold, high speed supernatants were rapidly fractionated on Ultrogel AcA202 or by filter centrifugation. After correction for residual blood and DF effects on Fe proteins, liver, kidney, heart and spleen contained 3-8 micrograms/g LMW Fe, brain 20 micrograms/g, with DF; two-thirds of this was detected without DF. There was little variation with Fe status. MW standardization and fractionation on Sephadex G-25 indicated components of apparent MW 13,000, 1400 and 350; the latter two were rapidly labeled with in vivo 59Fe. PMID- 3758462 TI - Distribution of terminal transferases of acylglycerol synthesis in cell fractions from lactating mammary gland. AB - Cytoplasmic lipid droplets and microlipid droplets, intracellular precursors of milk lipid globules, had little ability to incorporate radioactivity from glycerol 3-phosphate or palmitoyl-CoA into triacylglycerols. The limited incorporation of these precursors by micro- and cytoplasmic lipid droplets from rat and cow mammary gland was into phospholipids primarily. Acyltransferases catalyzing incorporation of glycerol 3-phosphate into acylglycerols were concentrated in a relatively high buoyant density class of rough microsomes. Palmitoyl-CoA-sn-1,2-diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity was distributed heterogeneously among fractions obtained by equilibrium density gradient fractionation of mammary homogenates. Observations suggest that terminal steps of acylglycerol synthesis are localized primarily in rough endoplasmic reticulum of milk secreting mammary epithelial cells. There appears to be a heterogeneous distribution of acyltransferases along the reticular network. PMID- 3758463 TI - Preparation and purification of the proteinase inhibitor, leupeptin, from culture filtrates of Streptomyces lavendulae. AB - Leupeptin (N-acetyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-argininal) was produced as an extracellular metabolite by Streptomyces lavendulae. Addition of lysine to the growth medium stimulated leupeptin production from 200 to 1400 micrograms/ml. Incubation of late exponential phase mycelium in a synthetic medium was used to prepare single labelled (3H) and double labelled (3H/14C) inhibitor for metabolic studies. An improved purification scheme that generates leupeptin of high purity with good recoveries is also reported. PMID- 3758464 TI - Induction and catalytic activities of cytochromes P-450b/e and P-450c in the liver microsomes of neonatal rats. AB - The activities of cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenases has been investigated in the liver microsomes of newborn rats (3-16 days after birth) induced with PB or 3-MC. It has been shown that the induction by PB and 3-MC results in the increase of both the total amount of cytochrome P-450 as determined by the CO reduced spectrum and the amount of induced forms P-450b/e and P-450c respectively. In the course of induction of the specific forms of cytochrome P 450 BP-hydroxylase and 7-ER-O-deethylase activities increased at 3-MC-induction, while BPh-N-demethylase and BP-hydroxylase increased at PB-induction. Analysis of inhibition of monooxygenase reactions with antibodies has showed that only P-450c was involved in metabolism of BP and 7-ER. Participation of P-450b/e in BPh N demethylation was notably lower in the neonates in comparison to the adult rats. In the one-week-old rats induced with 3-MC a considerable rate of BP hydroxylation and 7-ER O-deethylation (2-4.5 nmol of product min-1 mg-1) has been observed despite a small amount of P-450 (0.02-0.1 nmol/mg of protein). This fact shows the higher catalytic activity of this cytochrome P-450 in the neonates compared to similar characteristics of P-450c in the 3-MC-induced microsomes. Metabolism of BP in the PB-microsomes of the neonatal rats was inhibited neither by anti-P-450b/e nor anti-P-450c in contrast to the adults, where this reaction was inhibited by antibodies against P-450b/e. PMID- 3758465 TI - The effect of alkaline phosphatase on the activation of glucocorticoid-receptor complexes in rat liver cytosol. AB - Calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase was found to stimulate the rate of in vitro activation of rat liver glucocorticoid-receptor complexes. This effect was registered both at 0 and 25 degrees C and could be prevented by sodium molybdate. The resulting change in sedimentation behaviour (shift of sedimentation coefficient from 9.6 S to 4.8 S for molybdate-stabilized and alkaline phosphatase treated complexes, respectively) was similar to that observed after heat activation. PMID- 3758466 TI - Distribution of metabolic fluxes towards glycerol phosphate and L-lactate from fructose 1,6-biphosphate in vitro: effect of glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase. AB - A metabolic system in vitro, which converts fructose 1,6-biphosphate into the two alternative products, lactate and glycerol phosphate, was designed to study the distribution of metabolic fluxes and, specifically, the control of glycerol phosphate production rate in rat muscle extract. Experiments were carried out at several protein concentrations by dilution of rat muscle extract, showing non linear behaviours of flux versus protein concentration. These were hyperbolic for glycerol phosphate and logarithmic for L-lactate. The influence of the flux towards any alternate product on the rate giving the other was studied by stimulation of each. Results obtained show that in this system, flux towards glycerol phosphate is not affected by lactate production and the same occurs for the contrary case. Glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase seems to be the only enzyme in this system whose activity controls the flux towards glycerol phosphate. PMID- 3758467 TI - Carteolol treatment of essential hypertension: a long-term study of safety and efficacy. AB - The long-term safety and antihypertensive efficacy of carteolol were evaluated in an open-label, multicenter trial of 245 hypertensive patients. For those patients maintained on carteolol monotherapy, three months of treatment with once-daily oral doses of carteolol ranging from 2.5 to 60 mg reduced the mean recumbent blood pressure by 12/14 mm Hg from baseline values of 151/100. Blood pressure reductions observed at three months were maintained throughout the study. The final daily dose of carteolol for most patients was 10 mg or less. Carteolol was shown to be safe and well tolerated by most patients. PMID- 3758468 TI - Prevention of platelet hyperaggregation during coronary angiography. AB - The authors previously reported an increase in platelet aggregration in the days after coronary angiography, accompanied at times by worrying cardiovascular disorders (ventricular fibrillation in one case, death in two others). In the present study, ten patients received a platelet antiaggregating drug (ticlopidin) 5 days before their coronary angiography. No significant changes were detected in the test for circulating platelet aggregates (CPA test) in these patients. PMID- 3758469 TI - Comparison of the diuretic effects of single dose frusemide/triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide/amiloride in healthy adults. AB - The diuretic and potassium- and magnesium-conserving action of a single dose of frusemide/triamterene, F + TRI (40 mg/50 mg), and hydrochlorothiazide/amiloride, HCT + AMI (50 mg/5 mg), fixed combination preparations were compared in ten healthy adults in a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study. Urinary volume during 24 hours was significantly higher after HCT + AMI ingestion than after F + TRI. The urine and sodium excretions caused by HCT + AMI lasted markedly longer and were smoother than the short and somewhat unpleasant effects of F + TRI. HCT + AMI also spared potassium and magnesium relatively more effectively than F + TRI. PMID- 3758470 TI - Comparison of in vivo antibacterial activity of hydro-alcoholic solutions of hexamidine and of chlorhexidine. AB - Samples of cutaneous flora were obtained from the antecubital fossa of 20 healthy volunteers before and after treatment with hydro-alcoholic solutions of chlorhexidine (CHX) and of hexamidine (HXM). Percentage reductions in bacterial flora were statistically greater (p less than 0.001) after CHX (99 to 100%) than after HXM (about 70 to 90%). Furthermore, CHX had a smaller disturbing effect upon the natural balance of the bacterial population than HXM with a more rapid return towards the initial proportions of the different organisms one hr after treatment. PMID- 3758471 TI - Controlled trial of the action of a toothpaste containing nicomethanol hydrofluoride in the treatment of dentine hypersensitivity. AB - A double-blind clinical trial was performed on 76 patients with dentine hypersensitivity. For four weeks the patients used either a toothpaste containing nicomethanol hydrofluoride or one containing potassium nitrate and sodium monofluorophosphate. After one, two and four weeks the pain responses of the teeth to three types of stimuli were assessed. In normal conditions of oral hygiene, the nicomethanol hydrofluoride toothpaste was found at least as effective as the potassium nitrate/sodium monofluorophosphate preparation. PMID- 3758472 TI - Characterization of antiestrogen stimulation of cell number and prolactin production. AB - The antiestrogens LY117018 and tamoxifen increased prolactin production about 4 fold and cell number about 2.5-fold in the pituitary tumor cell line, GH4C1; these increases were 30-40% of the maximal effects of estradiol. The antiestrogens competed with binding of [3H]estradiol, and LY117018 was more active than tamoxifen in biological activities and binding activity. The antiestrogens inhibited stimulation caused by 10(-10) M estradiol; the inhibition could be overcome by increased estradiol concentrations. Tamoxifen and LY117018 increased the amount of prolactin mRNA per cell. These antiestrogens behave as partial agonists in the GH4C1 cells, but have two unusual features. Estrogens are approximately 10-fold more potent in stimulating cell number than in stimulating prolactin production, but the antiestrogens showed the same dose-response for both effects. The partial agonist activity was biphasic and at higher concentrations the antiestrogens showed more antagonist activity (GH4C1 cells, 17 beta-estradiol, tamoxifen). PMID- 3758473 TI - Effect of androgens on mRNA for a secretory protein of rat dorsolateral prostate and seminal vesicles. AB - The androgen dependence of a highly abundant mRNA found in the rat dorsolateral prostate and seminal vesicles has been investigated using a complementary DNA clone from a rat dorsal prostate library. The 1.5 kilobase (kb) mRNA codes for a 52 000 Da translation product which is processed to 49 000 Da in the presence of microsomal membranes. This product appears to correspond to the previously described SVS II protein secreted by rat seminal vesicles and can be immunoprecipitated with anti-SVS II antiserum. Dot hybridization assays indicated that the mRNA is abundant in the dorsal and lateral prostate glands and in seminal vesicles but not in the ventral prostate, coagulating gland or other non accessory sex tissues. Castration of mature male rats reduces the 1.5 kb mRNA 10 fold in the seminal vesicles and 7-fold in the dorsolateral prostate in 9 days. Androgen administration to one-week castrates returned the mRNA level to normal in both tissues within 48 h. The levels of the 1.5 kb mRNA are very similar in the dorsolateral prostate and seminal vesicles at maturity but distinct patterns of developmental regulation of this gene exist in the two tissues. Between 3 and 6 weeks of age, the level of the 1.5 kb mRNA increases approximately 3-fold in the dorsolateral prostate while the increase in the seminal vesicles is more than 600-fold. PMID- 3758474 TI - Phospholipid-dependent Ca2+-activated protein kinase (C-kinase) in the pituitary: further characterization and endogenous redistribution. AB - Phospholipid-dependent, Ca2+-activated protein kinase (C-kinase) was recently shown to be expressed in rat pituitary. The enzyme is activated by Ca2+ and phosphatidylserine (PS). Diacylglycerol (DG), which is liberated during phosphoinositide turnover, and the potent tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) activate pituitary C-kinase in the presence of PS, even at resting levels of intracellular Ca2+ (10(-7) M), and increase the apparent affinity of the enzyme for Ca2+. While micromolar concentration of Ca2+ had no effect on the apparent affinity of the enzyme for PS (Km approximately 15 micrograms/ml), elevation of Ca2+ to the millimolar range produced a sharp increase in the apparent affinity for PS (Km approximately 5 micrograms/ml). Elevation of PS (up to 500 micrograms/ml) could not replace Ca2+ in supporting maximal enzyme activity even in the presence of DG. Cytosolic pituitary C-kinase (70% of total enzyme activity) is recovered in an inactive state and can be activated without further purification. The particulate enzyme (30%) is recovered in a cofactors-insensitive form but can be activated after detergent solubilization and anion exchange chromatography. Endogenous redistribution of soluble pituitary C-kinase to the membrane does not convert it to its proteolytic product which is insensitive to Ca2+, PS and DG. Pituitary C-kinase characterized here most likely plays a key role in signal transduction mechanisms involved in pituitary functions. PMID- 3758475 TI - Metabolism of [3H]ecdysone by isolated tissues of the female ixodid tick Amblyomma hebraeum (Ixodoidea; Ixodidae). AB - Malpighian tubules, gut, ovaries and carcasses of the adult female tick Amblyomma hebraeum were incubated in vitro in the presence of 2 microM [3H]ecdysone. Organs and media were separately extracted after 6, 24 and 48 h incubations and the patterns of ecdysone metabolites were analyzed by HPLC. Esterase-susceptible apolar metabolites similar to the AP2 already described in the soft tick Ornithodoros moubata and thus presumably corresponding to the same conjugates (C 22 esters with fatty acids) were rapidly produced in all tissues investigated. They were mainly found within the organs but they were also released into the medium to some extent. By contrast, less apolar metabolites corresponding to the AP1 esters were mainly found in the media. Malpighian tubules and gut were the most active organs regarding the conversion of ecdysone into 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). However, only low quantities of 20E were formed, reaching respectively 12.5% and 11.6% of the total metabolites after 48 h incubations. In the carcass and in the ovary the formation of 20E was only a minor pathway (1.7% and 3.1% of the total metabolites after 48 h). In ovaries we observed a massive conversion of ecdysone into 3-epiecdysone, which (as in insects) presumably proceeded through the intermediate formation of 3-dehydroecdysone. These two compounds were identified among the metabolites by CI/D mass spectrometry. The 3-epimer was released into the media, in contrast with the AP2 which were essentially stored within ovaries. Epimerization was also realized to some extent by carcasses, and again the epimer was released into the culture media. The different pathways are compared with those found in other tick species and in insects, and the significance of the various metabolites is discussed. PMID- 3758476 TI - Cranial neural crest cells exhibit directed migration on the pronephric duct pathway: further evidence for an in vivo adhesion gradient. AB - Previous studies on the elongation of the Ambystoma pronephric duct provided evidence that this morphogenetic movement is adhesion directed. Through the use of a simple and rapid grafting technique that enables genetically marked donor and host cells to be distinguished in transplantation experiments, we demonstrate that cranial neural crest cells, which normally migrate concurrently with, but at a distance from, pronephric duct cells, are able to follow the pronephric duct guidance information. Utilizing neural crest cells as probes for adhesive properties of the lateral plate mesoderm, we extend our previous model of the formal properties of the pronephric duct guidance information. We propose that cells of the cranial neural crest, the pronephric duct primordium and the lateral plate mesoderm all exhibit molecular components of at least one shared cell adhesion system. PMID- 3758477 TI - Conditions increasing the adrenergic properties of dissociated chick superior cervical ganglion neurons grown in long-term culture. AB - Neurons dissociated from the embryonic chick superior cervical ganglion (SCG) were separated from ganglionic nonneuronal cells using a density gradient formed with Percoll. The sympathetic neurons were then grown for 3-4 weeks in serum containing medium on a polyornithine substrate precoated with heart-conditioned medium. Both catecholamine (CA) and acetylcholine (ACh) are synthesized and accumulated by these neurons, but the amount of CA is higher and increases much more over time in culture than the amount of ACh. The cultures become therefore more adrenergic with time. We report here that the adrenergic properties of these cells can be enhanced. A 3-fold increase in CA synthesis, as expressed on a per neuron basis, is obtained by increasing neuron cell density 3- to 4-fold. ACh synthesis, however, is decreased at high neuronal density. Optimal CA production is obtained at densities of 120-150,000 neurons/cm2. This effect is due to direct cell contact since it cannot be transferred to low density cultures by medium conditioned by high density cultures. Nerve growth factor concentrations 5-10 fold higher than the amount necessary for optimal neuronal survival (1 microgram/ml 7S NGF) increases CA production but do not affect ACh synthesis. This effect is highest at low plating densities (20-30,000 neurons/cm2, 10-fold increase) and progressively decreases with increasing neuronal density. No increase is obtained in high density cultures where CA production is maximal. In addition, we made the novel observation that medium conditioned by chick liver cells in culture (LCM) increases CA production approximately 4-fold, whereas it does not increase ACh production by the SCG neurons. Work is in progress to biochemically characterize the active component(s) present in the LCM and to determine whether they favor the survival of a subpopulation of adrenergic neurons possible present in these ganglia. Alternatively, the adrenergic differentiation of neurons initially capable of synthesizing both CA and ACh could be selectively increased by LCM. PMID- 3758478 TI - The regulation of primary mesenchyme cell migration in the sea urchin embryo: transplantations of cells and latex beads. AB - After their ingression, the primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) of the sea urchin embryo migrate within the blastocoel, where they eventually become arranged in a characteristic ring-like pattern. To gain information about how the movements of the PMCs are regulated, a microinjection procedure was developed and used to transplant PMCs to novel environments within embryos of different developmental stages. Donor PMCs were vitally stained with rhodamine isothiocyanate so their movements could be followed. When PMCs were transplanted into the blastocoel of embryos at the mesenchyme blastula stage, the donor cells moved to the vegetal region and joined with the host's PMCs in forming a normal ring pattern and skeleton. When PMCs were microinjected into the blastocoel of early (prehatching) blastulae, they moved toward and accumulated in the vegetal region of the host embryo within 3 hr. They did not, however, elaborate a complete ring pattern when they would have done so if left in situ. Instead, they participated in the formation of the ring pattern that was subsequently formed by the PMCs of the host embryo. These data indicate that information present in the host embryo and established well before the mesenchyme blastula stage guides the donor PMCs to the vegetal region of the blastocoel. Subsequent changes in the host environment, however, are necessary for the formation of the ring pattern. When PMCs were transplanted into older hosts (late gastrula or prism stage embryos), they exhibited a reduced capacity for elaborating a correct pattern. Their ability to do so was dependent upon their initial placement within the blastocoel, and may reflect a restricted ability on the part of the PMCs to migrate within the blastocoel of a developmentally "old" embryo. The specificity of the interaction between the PMCs and their migratory environment was examined by microinjecting latex beads, ectoderm cells, and secondary mesenchyme cells into the blastocoel of prehatching and mesenchyme blastulae. Neither the latex beads nor the transplanted cells migrated like the PMCs, indicating that the interaction between the PMCs and their migratory environment is a highly specific one. PMID- 3758479 TI - Cell lineage dependent and independent control of Purkinje cell number in the mammalian CNS: further quantitative studies of lurcher chimeric mice. AB - Recent quantitative studies of lurcher chimeric mice have shown that the adult population of cerebellar Purkinje cells can properly be described as a small number of developmental clones of cells. The clones are not seen as patches of contiguous neurons; rather, the cells of any one clone distribute throughout the half-cerebellum that contains them, intermingling extensively with the Purkinje cells of other linkages. Lurcher----wild-type chimeras were analyzed using the cell autonomous Purkinje-cell-lethal mutant, lurcher (+/Lc), as a cell marker. Cell counts from these chimeras revealed that the number of surviving Purkinje cells was always an integral multiple of a unit clone size. These numerical quanta are the evidence for the existence of Purkinje cell developmental clones. When two different inbred strains of mouse were compared (C3H/HeJ and C57BL/6), the resulting clonal analysis showed that the unit clone size (i.e., the number of Purkinje cells in one quantum) is an autonomous property of the lineage and hence, presumably, intrinsic to the progenitor cell that founded it. The current study uses the lurcher chimeric mouse system to examine the cell lineage relationships among the Purkinje cells of a third inbred strain of mouse, AKR/J. The data both support and extend our previous studies. Quantitative analysis reveals that the Purkinje cells of this strain also exist in clones, and the size of these clones is also strain-specific. The number of cells in a single clone (7850), however, is different from either C3H/HeJ (10,200) or C57BL/6 (9200). The fact that this value is so highly polymorphic among the inbred strains of mouse makes it likely that, rather than being a function of different alleles at a single genetic locus, clone size may well represent a multifactorial (but still cell-autonomous) property of developing Purkinje cells. Additional results from a single chimeric animal suggest strongly that clone number (i.e., the number of progenitors selected to found the population) is not strain-specific but results instead from cell:cell interactions during early nervous system formation. PMID- 3758480 TI - Sex determination in hydra: control by a subpopulation of interstitial cells in Hydra oligactis males. AB - The stability of sexual phenotype was examined in a single clone of Hydra oligactis males maintained at two culture temperatures, 18 and 22 degrees C. At these temperatures animals of this species do not reproduce sexually, but reproduce asexually by budding, and males and females are morphologically indistinguishable. When the temperature is lowered to 10 degrees C gametogenesis is induced and sexual phenotype can be assayed. Males cultured for several years at 18 degrees C expressed a stable sexual phenotype when induced to undergo gametogenesis; males remained male. Those cultured at 22 degrees C for 1 year, however, expressed a low frequency of sex reversal from male to female; males ceased sperm differentiation and began producing eggs. Male sex reversal in cultures maintained at the higher temperature was correlated with the loss of a specific subpopulation of interstitial cells, those that bind the monoclonal antibody, AC2, which labels cells specific to the spermatogenic pathway in H. oligactis males. When interstitial cells restricted to this pathway were reintroduced into sex-reversed males (phenotypic females), the male phenotype was reestablished and animals reverted to sperm production. To further investigate the role of AC2+ cells in the masculinization of females, normal males (containing AC2+ cells) and sex-reversed males (lacking AC2+ cells) were grafted to females. In grafts between normal males and females, egg production ceased and sperm differentiation ensued, whereas those between sex-reversed males and females continued to produce eggs. Thus, the presence of AC2+ interstitial cells is strictly correlated with male sexual phenotypes and it is only in their absence that the female phenotype is expressed. PMID- 3758481 TI - The skeletal and cardiac alpha-actin genes are coexpressed in early embryonic striated muscle. AB - The relative steady-state abundance of cardiac and skeletal alpha-actin mRNAs at different stages of embryonic skeletal and cardiac (striated) muscle development was determined by a reverse transcriptase extension assay employing an single oligonucleotide primer complementary to a perfectly conserved region near the 5' end of both mRNAs. Both mRNAs were found to be present at every stage of embryonic striated muscle development tested, including the earliest assayable stages of limb muscle and cardiac muscle development. At early stages of skeletal muscle development the two mRNAs are present at similar levels while at later stages the abundance of the skeletal alpha-actin mRNA far exceeds that of the cardiac alpha-actin mRNA. Both mRNAs are also present at similar levels throughout embryonic cardiac muscle development while in adult cardiac muscle the cardiac alpha-actin mRNA predominates over the skeletal alpha-actin mRNA. These results for early embryonic striated muscle, in combination with previous results with late embryonic and adult striated muscle, indicate that both genes are coexpressed throughout striated muscle ontogeny. These two genes may not, therefore, be regulated under unique tissue-specific regulatory programs but each may have acquired regulatory elements which confer important quantitative differences in their level of expression in mature striated muscle cells. PMID- 3758482 TI - Cell-cycle regulation of center initiation in Dictyostelium discoideum. AB - The center-initiating behavior of Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae in various cell-cycle phases was investigated. Small populations of synchronized AX-2 cells were seeded 1 in 1000 into cultures of a nonsignaling mutant (NP160) incapable of initiating centers. The ability of the wild-type AX-2 cells to initiate centers among mutant amoebae displayed cell-cycle regulation. Approximately 50% of a population of S-phase cells initiated centers while only 7.5% of a population of late G2-phase cells resulted in center formation. The timing of center formation also varied with cycle position. Synchronous cultures containing only AX-2 S phase amoebae (no NP160) displayed the initial signs of aggregation after 4.5 hr of starvation and streaming into the aggregate was complete after 6 hr. In contrast, cultures of late G2-phase amoebae initiated aggregation centers after 5.5 hr of starvation and did not complete streaming until 7.5 hr. In addition, the number of aggregates formed by these synchronous cultures of AX-2 cells also varied with cycle position. In general, these results suggest a cell-cycle modulation of the autonomous signaling responsible for center initiation. PMID- 3758483 TI - Normal epithelial branching morphogenesis in the absence of collagen I. AB - Interstitial collagens are thought to mediate epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during organogenesis. We have used the collagen I-deficient mouse mutant Mov13 to directly investigate the role of this major representative of the interstitial collagens in epithelial branching morphogenesis. Since homozygous embryos die at midgestation, we have studied the development of organ rudiments from Mov13 homozygous (i.e., collagen I-deficient), heterozygous, and wild-type embryos in culture. Development of all explants, including lung, kidney, salivary glands, pancreas, and skin, was normal by light and electron microscopic criteria and was independent of the genotype of the donor embryo. Metabolic labeling and immune staining verified the complete absence of collagen I in homozygous explants while revealing substantial production of collagens III and V in explants of all three genotypes. These results indicate either that collagen I has no role in the morphogenesis of these organs, or that its function is shared, or can be substituted for, by other fibrillar collagens. PMID- 3758484 TI - Role of laminin and fibronectin in selecting myogenic versus fibrogenic cells from skeletal muscle cells in vitro. AB - Growth of embryonic skeletal muscle occurs by fusion of multinucleated myotubes with differentiated, fusion-capable myoblasts. Selective recognition seems to prevent fusion of myotubes with nonmyogenic cells such as muscle fibroblasts, endothelial cells, or nerve cells, but the nature of the signal is as yet unknown. Here we provide evidence that one of the selection mechanisms may be the enhanced affinity for laminin of myogenic cells as compared to fibrogenic cells. Growing myotubes in myoblast cultures accumulate laminin and type IV collagen on their surface in patches and strands as the first step in assembling a continuous basal lamina on mature myofibers (U. Kuhl, R. Timpl, and K. von der Mark (1982), Dev. Biol. 93, 344-359). Fibronectin, on the other hand, assembles into an intercellular fibrous meshwork not associated with the free myotube surface. Over a brief time period (10-20 min) myoblasts from embryonic mouse thigh muscle adhere faster to laminin than do fibroblasts from the same tissue; these adhere faster to fibronectin. When a mixture of the cells is plated for 20 min on laminin/type IV collagen substrates, only myogenic cells adhere, giving rise to cultures with more than 90% fusion after 2 weeks; on fibronectin/type I collagen in the same time primarily fibroblastic cells adhere, giving rise to cultures with less than 10% nuclei in myotubes. The differential affinities of myoblasts for basement membrane constituents and of fibroblasts for interstitial connective tissue components may play a role in sorting out myoblasts from fibroblasts in skeletal muscle development. PMID- 3758485 TI - Neurite extension across regions of low cell-substratum adhesivity: implications for the guidepost hypothesis of axonal pathfinding. AB - According to the adhesive "guidepost" hypothesis, pioneer axons follow pathways marked by specific nonadjacent cells (guidepost cells). The hypothesis implies that high adhesivity between extending axons and guidepost cells facilitates axon extension across low-adhesivity tissues or spaces between guidepost cells. This study investigates the ability of a high-adhesivity substratum to promote axonal extension across a low-adhesivity substratum in vitro. Dissociated chick embryo dorsal root ganglion neurons are cultured on a substratum consisting of areas of high-adhesivity substratum-bound laminin (i.e., model adhesive guideposts) separated by a low-adhesivity agarose substratum. Increasing the cell-substratum adhesivity of these guideposts results in an increase in the percentage of neurites spanning a given width of the low-adhesivity substratum. Filopodial processes at the tips of neurites can extend over the low-adhesivity substratum. Apparently, filopodial contact with high-adhesivity guideposts enables neurites to extend across intervening low-adhesivity substrata. The maximum width of low adhesivity substratum discontinuities spanned by some neurites in vitro is comparable to the distance between some putative guidepost cells in insects. Consistent with the adhesive guidepost hypothesis, these findings demonstrate neurite extension on a substratum of discontinuous cell-substratum adhesivity. PMID- 3758486 TI - Effects on the behavior of infant common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) of separation from caregivers and of drug-induced reduction in caregiver responsiveness. AB - The effects of separating 4-week-old twin marmosets for 8 days from their families are compared with the effects of leaving 4-week-old infants with their families, but reducing the responsiveness of their caregivers for 8 days by administration of the tranquilizer fluphenazine decanoate. Both treatments reduce infant mobility, abolish play, and increase the time that infants spend with each other. During the period after the termination of the treatment, both treatment groups continue to play and move less than controls, and try to climb onto the mothers more frequently. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the principal factor precipitating disturbed behaviors in infant monkeys subjected to long-term separation is disruption of the infant-caregiver relationship rather than the separation itself. Some post-treatment differences occur between separated and tranquilized groups. Notably, reunion after separation appears to involve a marked readjustment of the behavior of all family members to the return of the infants, whereas withdrawal of the tranquilizer does not. PMID- 3758487 TI - Ontogenesis of the antennal activity associated with food transfer in the callow worker ant. PMID- 3758488 TI - Behavioral responses of infant rats to maternal licking: variations with age and sex. AB - Behavioral interactions of Norway rat pups and their dams during maternal anogenital licking (AGL) were observed. Regularities in posture and orientation that may facilitate AGL were noted, and age-related changes in the pup's postural adjustments that may contribute to the decline of AGL in the 3rd postpartum week were described. It was found that cutaneous stimulation of the perineum, such as that provided by AGL, stimulates a characteristic leg extension response from pups. It was concluded that this response, which includes immobility and extension of all limbs, may permit maternal licking to continue long enough to stimulate the pup to eliminate and to allow the dam to ingest the urine. Males and females were found to exhibit similar responses and similar age-related changes. However, the latency from onset of AGL to performance of the leg extension response was shorter in males. PMID- 3758489 TI - Physical and behavioral sequelae of low birthweight in spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus). AB - Physical and behavioral sequelae of low birthweight (LBW) were investigated in spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus). When raised by their biological mother, pups whose Day-2 weights were 1 SD or more below the population mean remained smaller through the first 30 days postpartum than pups born within normal (N) weight ranges. LBW pups fostered onto mothers who gave birth to N pups gained weight more rapidly than LBW pups remaining with their own mother. Similarly, N pups fostered onto mothers of LBW pups displayed reduced weight gain relative to N siblings raised by their biological mother. It appears that rate of weight gain is influenced by an interaction between birthweight and maternal rearing environment. LBW pups also were less responsive than N pups to maternal chemical cues, indicating that low birthweight is correlated with deficits in adaptive behavior. PMID- 3758490 TI - Visceral nociception in developing rats. AB - Maturational changes in visceral nociception were measured in developing or adult rats challenged with hypertonic saline or acetylcholine. Chemically induced abdominal constrictions were absent in rats younger than 7 days of age, regardless of the dose of hypertonic saline or acetylcholine used. Age-related increases in the percent of animals responding, the number of abdominal constrictions emitted per responder, and total response duration occurred in animals 10-20 days of age, until adult-like patterns of responding were attained at the time of weaning. Additional changes in the percent animals responding, as well as in the frequency and total duration of abdominal constriction responses, were also seen in postweanling, but not in preweanling, animals. Five-day-old animals did emit audible vocalizations to the intraperitoneal insertion of a hypodermic needle, however, at a time when these animals failed to show observable responses to the noxious visceral stimuli. Hence, mechanisms mediating pain associated with intraperitoneal needle insertion may be functional during the first postnatal week, at a time when mechanisms mediating visceral pain appear to be immature. These differences may be caused by the differential maturation of sensory, neural, or motoric mechanisms important for hypodermic needle insertion versus visceral nociception. PMID- 3758491 TI - Technical comment: an automatic hatch detector for birds. PMID- 3758492 TI - Hemoglobin South Florida. New variant with normal electrophoretic pattern mistaken for glycosylated hemoglobin. AB - An 8.75-yr-old Caucasian boy was discovered to have a markedly elevated (14.8%) hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) as estimated by ion-exchange chromatography (Bio Rex 70). Glycohemoglobin (GHb) measured by a colorimetric method with thiobarbituric acid (TBA) was normal (equivalent to a 6.4% HbA1c). Nondiabetic quantities of GHb were found with affinity chromatography, and the glucose tolerance test was normal. Intensive efforts to identify an abnormal variant hemoglobin by several electrophoretic methods were unsuccessful. A family survey identified a similar abnormality in 11 other individuals, revealing an autosomal-dominant pattern. None of the affected individuals had any other hematologic abnormality. Structural analysis in one family member revealed a new hemoglobin variant (approximately 45% of the total hemoglobin) with the substitution of methionine for valine at the beta-NH2-terminal. In addition, the initiator methionine residue was preserved. Approximately 20% of the variant hemoglobin was modified by acetylation of the NH2-terminal methionine. The modified variant coeluted with HbA1c. We suggest that patients who do not have an explanation for their elevated HbA1c should have GHb measured by the TBA method or affinity chromatography because hemoglobin electrophoresis does not identify this confounding artifact. PMID- 3758493 TI - Platelet-density analysis and intraplatelet granule content in young insulin dependent diabetics. AB - This study was designed to assess the density characteristics of platelets from controls (N = 10) and three groups of diabetics (N = 32) exhibiting various degrees of glycemic control. With continuous gradients of Percoll, platelets from controls and diabetics (N = 8) with an HbA1 less than or equal to 9% formed a band extending from 1.0625 g/ml to 1.0925 g/ml with a mean platelet density of 1.0775 g/ml. In the two groups of diabetics with HbA1 greater than or equal to 10%, there was an increase in the proportion of low-density platelets recovered on the gradients and the mean platelet density was reduced to 1.0750 g/ml (HbA1 = 10-13%) and 1.070 g/ml (HbA1 greater than or equal to 14%). All three groups of diabetics had normal levels of intraplatelet ATP/ADP and beta-thromboglobulin. It is unlikely that in vivo degranulation of platelets after activation was responsible for the altered density profiles. We propose that abnormal platelet subpopulations with low density but normal intraplatelet granule content were responsible for the changed density profiles. PMID- 3758494 TI - Lower prevalence of diabetes in female former college athletes compared with nonathletes. AB - The prevalence rate of diabetes was determined for 5398 living college alumnae (2622 former college athletes and 2776 nonathletes) from data on medical history, athletic training, and diet. For all ages, the prevalence rate among the former athletes was 0.57% (15/2622) and among the nonathletes was 1.3% (37/2776). The former college athletes and the nonathletes had similar percentages in family history of diabetes, i.e., 12.0 and 13.5%, respectively. For cases occurring at age greater than or equal to 20 yr (thus assessing the effects of college athletic training), 0.5% (13/2622) of the former college athletes had diabetes compared to 1.2% (32/2776) of the nonathletes; the relative risk is 2.24 [95% confidence limits (CL), 1.19 and 4.74, respectively]. Omitting cases of gestational diabetes, the relative risk of diabetes in nonathletes versus athletes is 3.41 (95% CL, 1.33 and 8.70). The percentages of former athletes and nonathletes that are insulin-using, non-insulin-using, and gestational diabetics did not differ significantly. The athletes were leaner than the nonathletes at all ages up to 70 yr. Of the former college athletes, 82% had been on precollege teams, compared to 25% of the college nonathletes; 74% of the former athletes were exercising regularly, compared to 57% of the nonathletes. We conclude that long-term athletic training is associated with a lower risk of the development of diabetes. PMID- 3758495 TI - Fine structural abnormalities of the placenta in diabetic rats. AB - In the streptozocin-induced diabetic rat, the placenta is larger and the fetus is smaller than normal. To study cellular differences that might contribute to the size and functional disparity between diabetic and control placentas, a light- and electron-microscopic analysis was performed on 14-, 18-, and 22-day (term) control and diabetic placentas. Diabetic placentas, especially later in gestation, were marked by the presence of large numbers of glycogen-distended cells in the basal zone. Within the placental labyrinth, the trophoblastic layers of the interhemal membrane were significantly thicker in the diabetic placentas on days 18 and 22, and large accumulations of liid droplets were present, especially in the inner two trophoblastic layers. In normal placentas there is a marked thinning of the placental barrier in the labyrinth by day 22 of gestation, making the thickness of the labyrinthine layers in age-matched diabetic placentas even more impressive. Finally, the labyrinth of 22-day diabetic placentas contained more glycogen and rough endoplasmic reticulum in the inner trophoblastic layer, a feature that is found in less-mature (18-day) control placentas. Thus, the diabetic placentas have a number of features that are consistent with functional immaturity/dysmaturity. Cytologic evidence confirms the presence of increased glycogen and lipid reserves in both the junctional zone and the cellular area between maternal and fetal blood.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3758496 TI - Ten-year consistency in neurological test performance of children without focal neurological deficit. AB - To assess 'soft-sign' persistence and its correlates outside a referred sample, 159 members of a local birth cohort of the United National Collaborative Perinatal Project were traced and their performance on six neurological test scales was measured at age 17 by examiners blind to their status at age seven. A comparison group was also formed, who had been 'sign-free' at age seven. On four of the six tests (dysdiadochokinesis, mirror movements, dysgraphesthesia and motor slowness) index boys did significantly worse than the comparison boys; by contrast, index girls scored significantly worse than comparisons only on motor slowness. PMID- 3758497 TI - Assessment of neurological 'soft signs' in adolescents: reliability studies. AB - The validity and reliability of a scoring system for 'neurological soft signs' in teenagers was assessed. Six scales were adapted and fitted into the framework of a conventional neurological examination. The following emerged: each of the three multi-item scales had high internal consistency; inter-rater agreement on mirror movements of 'live' subjects was satisfactory; ratings of videotapes agreed among examiners for mirror movements and dysdiadochokinesis but not for choreiform movements; data-based cut-off scores defining present vs. absent were congruent with the ratings of outside neurologists; and each examiner was consistent in rating mirror movements and rapid alternating movements from videotapes over several months. PMID- 3758498 TI - Asymmetrical head-turning of preterm infants: some effects on later postural and functional lateralities. AB - Asymmetrical head-turning and its effects on subsequent functional lateralities and postural asymmetries were examined in 44 relatively low-risk preterm and 53 fullterm infants. Persisting head-turning to the right was observed more often among preterm infants, as was an asymmetrical skull with flattened right occiput and head-turning to the right. Asymmetrical trunk posture was present in 20 preterm and four fullterm infants. At nine months right-hand preference was more marked in preterm infants, and hand preference was well coincident with head turning. Changes in hand preference occurred more often among fullterm infants. Asymmetrical gait seemed to correlate with head-turning in preterm infants. PMID- 3758499 TI - Assessment of early auditory and visual abilities of extremely premature infants. AB - The early auditory and visual abilities of 47 extremely premature infants (31 born less than or equal to 28 weeks gestation) were assessed with a bell, a light and an optokinetic nystagmus drum. All the infants altered to the bell and blinked to the light from 25 weeks postconceptional age (PCA) and beyond. A few infants at first had only a change in heart rate or respiratory rate in response to the bell, or required a high-intensity light to elicit a blink. The majority appeared to habituate to the bell and light during their first examination at one week of age. None of the infants blinked in response to a threatening gesture. Optokinetic nystagmus could be elicited as early as 30 weeks PCA, could be elicited in the majority by 36 weeks PCA, and universally by term (40 weeks PCA). The responses of 15 fullterm newborn infants were not significantly different from those of the preterm infants at term. Alerting to a bell, blinking to light and habituation to both are simple bedside maneuvers for assessing extremely premature infants less than 30 weeks PCA. Optokinetic nystagmus may be useful in assessing the visual abilities of premature infants closer to term. PMID- 3758500 TI - Sequelae of growth failure in appropriate for gestational age, very low birthweight infants. AB - The pattern of growth of 235 very low-birthweight children, whose weights were appropriate for gestational age, was characterised by a significant decline in weight, length and head circumference from birth to discharge from hospital, followed by partial recovery in all three measures of growth by two years corrected age. 29 per cent of the children were below the 10th percentile for weight at two years, and this group had a significantly higher incidence of major disabilities, poorer muscular development, more hypotonia and lowered performance on the psychomotor index of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development than their heavier peers. These children's mothers more often perceived them as actively disliking close physical contact, and they were reported by their mothers to have had more infections, minor surgery and chronic otitis media. Taken together, the suboptimal weight-gain, delayed gross motor development and increased maternal perceptions of 'sickliness' and lack of 'cuddliness' in these children are reminiscent of non-organic failure to thrive. PMID- 3758501 TI - A prospective study of inhibitive casting as an adjunct to physiotherapy for cerebral-palsied children. AB - The effect of a three-week course of inhibitive casting and neurodevelopmental therapy on the static muscle tonus, developmental skills, passive range of ankle dorsiflexion and gait pattern was determined in 32 cerebral-palsied children. Two weeks after treatment, passive range of ankle dorsiflexion and foot-floor contact in walking had improved significantly but there was no significant change in the static muscle tone or developmental skills. After five months the improvements in ankle dorsiflexion and walking pattern were no longer evident. Further objective studies to determine the effect of 'inhibitive casting' are necessary before the modality is used indiscriminately. PMID- 3758502 TI - Ambulation of children with myelomeningocele: parapodium versus parapodium with Orlau swivel modification. AB - The feasibility of ambulation for children with high spinal lesions is questionable because of the relatively high exercise intensity and energy cost required, so orthotics designed for ambulation must keep energy expenditure to a minimum. This study determined the self-selected walking velocity and maximum walking velocity of 10 paraplegic children using two orthotic devices, the parapodium and swivel walker, and compared the energy cost, gait efficiency and relative exercise intensity (per cent maximum heart-rate). Walking velocities were significantly higher with the parapodium, but energy cost and gait efficiency were significantly better with the swivel walker. Differences between the two devices in relative exercise intensity were not significant. Although walking velocity is slower, the lower metabolic cost appears to give the swivel walker an advantage over the parapodium. PMID- 3758503 TI - Behavioural differences of school-age children who were small-for-dates babies. AB - Twenty-one children aged between five and nine years who were small for gestational age (SFD) at birth and whose intra-uterine head growth was shown by ultrasonography to be slowing before 35 weeks were observed in a special room, using video-cameras. Their behaviour was compared with that of 21 matched control children who had had normal birthweight. The children in the SFD group were quieter, more compliant and less active than the control group, and their play behaviour suggested that they were less advanced developmentally. The behaviour of the mothers of the SFD group showed that they were aware of their child's problems and tried to compensate for it by teaching the child while they were waiting for the observational session to start, by sitting closer to the child during a drawing test, and by using more words to explain it. PMID- 3758504 TI - Successful management of severe intracranial hypertension by surgical decompression. AB - Because of the rather disappointing results in the treatment of acute head-injury in adults, surgical decompression has been little used in the management of severe intracranial hypertension. The authors report the successful use of the technique for a child with encephalitis in whom cerebral perfusion was compromised. PMID- 3758505 TI - Traumatic trochlear-nerve palsy due to haematoma. AB - An unusual case is described of traumatic fourth cranial-nerve palsy due to a small haematoma in the region of the superior cerebellar cistern. The clinical picture improved with resorption of the haematoma. PMID- 3758506 TI - Subgaleal hematoma in a child, without skull fracture. AB - The rare cases of subgaleal hematoma in childhood reported previously have all been related to head trauma. A case of apparently spontaneous subgaleal hematoma is reported which was associated with a qualitative platelet defect and not with trauma. Subgaleal hematoma must be differentiated from subgaleal infection and air from frontal sinusitis with bony erosion, and from an encephalocele or tumor erosion through the skull. Computed cranial tomography is useful in that differentiation. Most cases have been managed conservatively, but subgaleal tap may be indicated if there is severe headache or potential scalp necrosis. PMID- 3758507 TI - Measurement of kinaesthetic sensitivity. PMID- 3758508 TI - X-linked mental retardation and infantile spasms in two brothers. PMID- 3758509 TI - Marguerite Auzias' test of handedness. PMID- 3758511 TI - Nocturnal enuresis and penile erection in childhood. PMID- 3758510 TI - Report of a meeting on the standardisation of the recording and reporting of cerebral palsy. PMID- 3758512 TI - Incubation of rat hepatic tumor cells with ethanol and acetaldehyde in vitro: effects on growth rate, albumin secretion and cellular protein content. AB - The in vitro response (defined as changes in growth rate, cellular protein content, and albumin secretion) of liver epithelial cells to the putative hepatotoxins ethanol and acetaldehyde were evaluated using the well-characterized 32IIIA 6/2d rat liver tumor clonal cell line. Exposure of hepatic tumor cells to ethanol (50-100 mM) for a period of 3 days reduced final population density (apparently due to a drug-induced increase in mean cell cycle transit time), reduced secretion of albumin, and increased the mean cellular protein content. Since these ethanol-associated effects were also observed in cells cultured in growth medium containing acetaldehyde (0.1 mM), and were inhibited by simultaneous addition of pyrazole, the changes in the parameters measured in this study appear to be induced by products of ethanol metabolism. These data complement recent in vivo studies implicating acetaldehyde as an inhibitor of hepatocyte secretory function. The 32IIIA 6/2d liver cell system, thus, responds to certain hepatotoxic compounds in a manner analogous to the in vivo organ and may facilitate future analysis of molecular mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced liver disease under defined culture conditions. PMID- 3758513 TI - Prevalence of autoimmune atrophic gastritis in vitiligo. AB - Gastric biopsies, and measurements of fasting serum gastrin levels and titers of antihuman parietal cell antibodies have been performed in 65 unselected patients with vitiligo. Histologic evidence of autoimmune atrophic gastritis has been obtained in 10 cases (15%), who were all positive for the antibodies and who had elevated gastrin levels. The study of gastric secretion after pentagastrin stimulation, performed in 7 of these patients, showed a markedly reduced acid output. The present study provides definite evidence of the association of autoimmune atrophic gastritis with a proportion of vitiligo cases and suggests the need for surveillance of these patients in terms of gastric neoplasia. PMID- 3758514 TI - Chenodeoxycholic and ursodeoxycholic acids alter motility and fluid transit in the canine ileum. AB - We examined the effects of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on fasting motility patterns and transit in ileocolonic loops of 5 dogs. Animals were prepared with isolated loops (40 cm ileum and 5 cm colon) which maintained neuromuscular continuity with the intact bowel through a bridge of tunica muscularis. Myoelectrical activity was recorded from multiple serosal, monopolar electrodes and muscle contractions recorded from serosal strain gauges; fluid transit was assessed by continuous perfusion (1.4 ml min-1) of solutions containing polyethylene glycol 4000 marker, with or without bile acids. Saline perfusion did not disturb the fasting cycle of motility and mean cycle length in unperfused (106 +/- 7 min) loop was the same as during perfusion of saline (108 +/- 9 min). Bile acids abolished interdigestive cycles in 11 of 12 experiments, fasting patterns returned 64-106 min after bile acid perfusion was stopped. The fasting pattern continued to cycle normally in the proximal small bowel during bile acid perfusion. CDCA (15 mM) stimulated the occurrence of propulsive contractions of long duration. Bile acids shortened transit time through the loops and altered the pattern of flow towards a more continuous, steady stream. These effects of bile acids on ileal motility, like those described previously in the colon, could play a role in bile acid diarrhea. PMID- 3758515 TI - Postprandial cholylglycine serum concentration and extent of ileal inflammation or resection in Crohn's disease. AB - Postprandial cholylglycine serum concentration was determined in 45 resected and non-resected patients with Crohn's disease of the distal ileum. Cholylglycine serum concentration after meal stimulus in patients with ileal involvement of more than 30 cm was significantly lower than in controls and in patients with minor spread of inflammation. In patients with inflammation area less than 30 cm, there was a somewhat faster and higher increase and delayed decline of postprandial cholylglycine serum concentration. The present study shows that postprandial cholylglycine serum level gives a good estimate of the extent of ileal inflammation or resection. PMID- 3758516 TI - Studies on the localization of secretin release from canine intestine. AB - In conscious dogs with chronic pancreatic fistulas, duodenal perfusion with HCl (16 mmol/h) stimulated pancreatic HCO-3 secretion to a similar degree as exogenous secretin (2 U/kg X h), while meat feeding (500 g) and duodenal perfusion with oleate (16 mmol/h) increased this secretion to about 58 and 43% of the highest response to secretin. Plasma secretin increments with duodenal HCl, feeding and duodenal oleate amounted to about 45, 13 and 8% of that achieved with secretin, producing the highest HCO-3 response. Perfusion of the in situ intestine with HCl at gradually increasing rates produced HCO-3 responses similar to those induced by exogenous secretin in graded doses, but the increments in plasma secretin with duodenal HCl were only about half those obtained with exogenous secretin, producing an equal rate of HCO-3 secretion. HCl perfusion of isolated Thiry loops made of the duodenojejunal portion also stimulated the HCO-3 secretion in a dose-dependent way, but raised plasma secretin only to about half that attained with secretin, producing a similar secretory rate. HCl in the proximal duodenal and distal jejunal loop slightly stimulated the HCO-3 secretion without affecting plasma secretin, and that in the ileal loop was without any effect on the pancreatic or plasma secretin. This study provides evidence that (a) endogenous secretin is released by feeding and duodenal perfusion with HCl and oleate, but only HCl appears to release sufficient amounts of secretin to drive the HCO-3 secretion, and (b) the release of secretin is confined mainly to the distal duodenum and proximal jejunum. PMID- 3758517 TI - 'Acute' autoimmune hepatitis. AB - A previously well young woman presented with an acute hepatitis resembling viral hepatitis and a liver biopsy after 5 weeks showed features of acute hepatitis. Infection with identifiable viruses or other organisms known to cause hepatitis was excluded. Evidence for autoimmune chronic active hepatitis ab initio included prolonged fever, lymphadenopathy, urticaria, arthralgia, Coombs' positive hemolytic anemia, lymphopenia, a markedly raised level of immunoglobulin G and a positive antinuclear antibody test. Liver biopsies after 4 and 28 months showed typical histologic features of autoimmune chronic active hepatitis and the subsequent clinical course was typical, being marked by relapses and remissions responsive to prednisolone. Thus, described here is a woman in whom an acute onset of autoimmune chronic active hepatitis was clinically and histologically identified. PMID- 3758518 TI - Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in Sudanese diabetics. AB - Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was performed in 40 Sudanese patients with diabetes mellitus. 25 were insulin-dependent and 15 were noninsulin-dependent. ERCP was normal in all the patients with insulin-dependent diabetes. Two patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes had pancreatographic changes compatible with minimal-change pancreatitis. Diabetes mellitus in Sudan unlike in other tropical countries is not associated with structural changes in the exocrine pancreas. PMID- 3758519 TI - European Pancreatic Club XVIIIth meeting, Nijmegen, September 18-20, 1986. Abstracts. PMID- 3758520 TI - Tom Peters on excellence: managing is a social art. PMID- 3758522 TI - Creating a healthy community: the preferred role for hospitals. PMID- 3758521 TI - National survey reveals how hospitals are promoting health. PMID- 3758523 TI - Diagnostic and treatment centres: ideal locations for promoting health. PMID- 3758524 TI - Physical fitness and absenteeism: implications for hospitals. PMID- 3758525 TI - Demonstration project supports use of public areas for health promotion. PMID- 3758526 TI - Patient explanatory models--medicine and social science merge. PMID- 3758527 TI - Ontario committee reports on legal implications of AIDS. PMID- 3758528 TI - Health care employees with AIDS--set policies before problems arise. PMID- 3758530 TI - Beyond treatment and education. PMID- 3758529 TI - Workload measurement systems: their applications and limitations. PMID- 3758531 TI - Albumin-directed antibodies in diabetes: demonstration of human serum albumin directed IgM autoantibodies. AB - Sera of 406 individuals, 174 Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients, 125 non-diabetic family members and 107 unrelated control subjects, were screened for the presence of antibodies against glycated albumin. In none of these sera could such antibodies be detected. However, antibodies directed towards monomeric, unmodified human serum albumin were detected in 13 sera. These albumin autoantibodies were of the IgM class, and occurred in sera from nondiabetic persons (0.9-1.6%) and with a five-fold higher frequency in sera from diabetic patients (5.2%). The presence of albumin antibodies was neither related to the presence of diabetic late complications, islet cell antibodies, HLA-status nor duration of diabetes. The albumin antibodies were also found in sera from persons carrying antibodies against mumps (17%) or Epstein-Barr virus. PMID- 3758532 TI - Cigarette-smoking as a risk factor for macroproteinuria and proliferative retinopathy in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes. AB - In a case control study 192 cigarette-smoking patients with Type 1 (insulin dependent) diabetes were compared with 192 non-cigarette-smoking patients pair matched for sex (90 females), duration of diabetes (mean 14 years), and age (mean 32 years). Macroproteinuria was found in 19.3% of the smoking and in 8.3% of the non-smoking patients (p less than 0.001). Proliferative retinopathy was present in 12.5% of the smoking and in 6.8% of the non-smoking patients (p less than 0.025). The percentages of patients with normal proteinuria or without retinopathy were comparable between the two groups. In addition, glycosylated haemoglobin values and the prevalence of hypertension were similar between smoking and non-smoking patients. Thus, cigarette-smoking appears to be a risk factor for the progression of incipient to overt nephropathy and of background to proliferative retinopathy in Type 1 diabetes. PMID- 3758534 TI - 22nd annual meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Rome, Italy, 16-20 September 1986. Abstracts. PMID- 3758533 TI - Myelinated nerve fibres in experimental diabetes: a reply to Bhoyrul and Sharma. PMID- 3758535 TI - Pharmacokinetics in low dose extrapolation using animal cancer data. AB - Data on rodents exposed to carcinogens indicate that their tumor probabilities are proportional to effective concentrations of parent compound or metabolites at the target tissues. This proportionality suggests that observed nonlinear dose response curves reflect dose-dependent kinetics between applied dose rate and effective concentrations. Therefore low dose extrapolation procedures that include pharmacokinetic data could improve extrapolation accuracy. To test such procedures, we simulated bioassay and pharmacokinetic "data." Then, ignoring the mechanisms generating the data, we used four extrapolation procedures to estimate tumor probability at a low applied dose rate. Two of the procedures use a pharmacokinetic model and simulated pharmacokinetic data, and two do not. The pharmacokinetic model used for extrapolation was only an approximation to the one used to generate the pharmacokinetic data. The procedures that include pharmacokinetics often performed better and never did much worse than those that ignore them, regardless of the relations used to generate the data, the amount of experimental error in the pharmacokinetic data, and the appropriateness of the pharmacokinetic and extrapolation models used. Moreover they performed substantially better when effective concentration and tumor probability were concave-up functions of applied dose rate. PMID- 3758536 TI - Effect of cyanogenic glycosides and protein content in cassava diets on hamster prenatal development. AB - Cassava is a staple food for 450-500 million people in 26 tropical countries. Groups of pregnant hamsters were fed diets consisting of cassava meal:laboratory chow (80:20) during Days 3-14 of gestation. One low cyanide (sweet) cassava meal and one high cyanide (bitter) cassava meal were studied. One additional group was fed a diet which resembled cassava in nutritional value, but which lacked the cyanogenic glycosides. Thiocyanate concentrations increased significantly in the urine and blood of dams fed cassava diets. Increased tissue thiocyanate concentrations were observed in fetuses recovered from cassava-fed dams. Cassava fed dams gained significantly less weight than did control animals and their offspring showed evidence of fetotoxicity. Reduced fetal body weight and reduced ossification of sacrocaudal vertebrae, metatarsals, and sternebrae were associated with cassava diets. High cyanide cassava diets were also associated with a significant increase in the numbers of runts compared to litters from dams fed either low protein or laboratory stock diets. PMID- 3758537 TI - Effect of gavage vehicle on hepatotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride in CD-1 mice: corn oil versus Tween-60 aqueous emulsion. AB - This investigation was conducted to evaluate the effect of gavage vehicles on altering the severity of the subchronic hepatotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Male and female CD-1 mice were gavaged with 0, 1.2, 12, and 120 mg/kg CCl4 in either a corn oil or 1% Tween-60 vehicle once daily for 5 consecutive days per week for 90 days. The study revealed that the hepatotoxicity was greater in the mid- and high-dose groups of mice that had received CCl4 administered in corn oil. Increases in serum enzyme activities were detected in the mid-dose groups of mice that were gavaged with CCl4 in corn oil. The serum enzyme activities were significantly higher in the high-dose groups of animals in which CCl4 was administered in corn oil. Histopathological findings indicated that hepatocellular changes following the administration of CCl4 at the mid- and high dose levels were more frequent and more severe when CCl4 was given in corn oil than when it was administered in Tween-60. The experimental findings indicate that the no-observed-adverse-effect level from CCl4 exposure was lowered by an order of magnitude (from 12 to 1.2 mg/kg) and that the hepatotoxicity of CCl4 was enhanced in the high-dose treatment groups when corn oil was employed as the gavage vehicle. PMID- 3758538 TI - Quantitation of mucous glycoprotein removed from the respiratory tract of the rat by pulmonary lavage. AB - Mucous glycoprotein (MGP) hypersecretion is a cause of chronic pulmonary obstructive disease and is also a common response of the pulmonary airways to toxicant-induced injury. To examine the feasibility of employing pulmonary lavage to assess the airway MGP content of the rat, the MGP removed from the lungs of male Sprague-Dawley rats by three successive lavages with cold isotonic saline were solubilized with urea and mercaptoethanol, and were purified by ultrafiltration and Sepharose CL-6B gel chromatography. MGP, which elute with the void volume of this gel, were quantitated by their carbohydrate content. Initial studies revealed that succeeding lavages removed succeedingly less MGP, suggesting that some pool of MGP was being washed out by this procedure. In a second study, isoproterenol was administered by a regimen known to produce MGP hypersecretion in the rat as assessed by histologic criteria (100 mg/kg/day, sc, for 6 days). Lavage MGP content of isoproterenol-treated rats averaged 450 micrograms compared to 210 micrograms in vehicle-treated controls (p = 0.01). In summary, it is possible to purify and quantitate the MGP removed from the airways of the rat by pulmonary lavage and the amount of lavagable MGP is approximately doubled by isoproterenol, an agent known to induce the morphologic signs of mucous hypersecretion. PMID- 3758539 TI - Teratology study in rats with amsacrine, an antineoplastic agent. AB - Amsacrine, an acridinylamino derivative used in the treatment of refractory leukemias, was evaluated for its teratogenic potential in pregnant rats. The compound was given by intraperitoneal (ip) administration on Days 6 to 9 of gestation to groups of 20 female CD rats at levels of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg. Appropriate vehicle and untreated controls were included. Dams given 2.0 mg/kg lost weight during and after the treatment period. Food consumption was comparable to controls at all dose levels except for the high dose group in the post-treatment period. Decreased litter size, increased postimplantation loss, and reduced fetal weights occurred with doses of 2.0 mg/kg. Significantly reduced fetal body weight and increased incidence of stunting were the only adverse findings at 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg, respectively. Two fetuses at 2.0 mg/kg, one at 1.0 mg/kg, one at 0.5 mg/kg, and two vehicle control fetuses had gross abnormalities. Fetotoxicity, manifested by inhibition of osteogenesis and minor skeletal abnormalities, occurred with doses of 0.5 mg/kg or more. The results indicate that amsacrine was embryolethal to rats at doses of 2.0 mg/kg and embryotoxic at lower dose levels. Teratogenicity was not evident at doses which did not affect fetal survival. PMID- 3758540 TI - Studies on reproduction in rats with pirmenol, an antiarrhythmic agent. AB - Fertility and perinatal-postnatal studies were performed in CD rats given pirmenol, an antiarrhythmic agent, at dosages of 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg. The drug was administered orally as diet admixtures in all studies. In the male fertility study, mature male rats were treated for 61 days prior to mating with virgin, untreated female rats. In the female fertility study, mature virgin female rats were treated for 15 days prior to mating with untreated partners with treatment continuing throughout mating, pregnancy, parturition, and weaning of the litters. In both studies, one-half of the dams in each group were killed on Day 21 of pregnancy and the remaining dams were allowed to deliver and wean their offspring and postnatal development was monitored. At weaning, two males and two females were arbitrarily selected from each litter, allowed to mature on unmedicated diet, and then mated within treatment groups to produce the F2 generation. In the perinatal-postnatal study, pregnant females were treated continuously from Day 15 of pregnancy until weaning of the litters on Day 21 postbirth. No adverse effects on fertility, general reproductive parameters, or offspring survival and development were evident at doses employed in these studies. PMID- 3758541 TI - Evaluation of the dermal carcinogenic potential of tar sands bitumen-derived liquids. AB - The carcinogenic potential of Athabasca tar sands and six experimental liquids derived from crude bitumen was evaluated utilizing the mouse epidermal carcinogenesis model. Tar sands, bitumen, and untreated naphtha produced few, if any, tumors. Three thermally and catalytically cracked liquids, light (nominal boiling range: 149-316 degrees C) and heavy (nominal boiling range: greater than 316 degrees C) gas oils and gas oil blend (boiling range: greater than 316 degrees C), produced a significant number of epidermal neoplasms. A synthetic crude oil, prepared by blending naphtha and light and heavy gas oils, was moderately carcinogenic; however, the activity of this sample fell within the range of values obtained in studies of crude petroleum samples. Since the bitumen derived streams do not differ substantially in carcinogenic potency from petroleum-derived materials of comparable boiling range and process history, industrial hygiene practices which limit exposures to levels comparable to those observed in the petroleum-refining industry should provide similar measures of protection. PMID- 3758542 TI - Assessment of procedures for screening agents for effects on male reproduction: effects of dibromochloropropane (DBCP) on the rat. AB - This study was designed to evaluate new protocols proposed for use as an initial screen or a dose-response test of an agent for adverse effects on male reproduction. Seven groups of adult male rats (15/group) were nongavaged or received orally 0.00, 0.94, 1.88, 3.75, 7.5, or 15.0 mg/kg of 1,2-dibromo-3 chloropropane (DBCP) in corn oil each day for 77 days. From Day 65 to Day 71, each male was caged with 2 untreated female rats. Pregnancy rate and the ratio between the numbers of embryos and corpora lutea were determined. Males were killed on Day 78 and blood was collected and one testis and epididymis were used to determine daily spermatozoal production and epididymal spermatozoal reserves. The contralateral testis was fixed for quantitative histologic evaluation. Considering only data for the 15.0 and 0.00 mg/kg doses, as in an initial screen, DBCP would have been identified as a compound of concern. Body weight, paired testicular weight, parenchymal weight of the left testis, daily spermatozoal production per testis, numbers of sperm in the caput-corpus or cauda epididymidis, mean diameter of seminiferous tubules, and the ratio of leptotene spermatocytes to Sertoli cells were reduced (p less than 0.05). Fertility was normal, but the incidence of dead embryos and the ratio of dead embryos to corpora lutea were increased. Considering all data, as in a dose-response test, discriminant analysis was more sensitive in distinguishing treated rats from those receiving 0.0 mg DBCP/kg than was univariate analysis of variance. Using DBCP as a test compound, it was concluded that use of relatively simple, objective criteria in a test lasting approximately 10 weeks will be useful in identifying agents requiring detailed scrutiny. PMID- 3758543 TI - Measurement of particle clearance from the alveolar region of the rabbit respiratory tract. AB - This paper describes a method for the measurement of the clearance of inert, insoluble radioactively tagged tracer particles from the alveolar region of the rabbit respiratory tract. The technique uses a fixed detector for noninvasive, external monitoring. Validation of the method is presented, as is the clearance pattern of 3.5-micron latex particles as measured for 56 days postexposure. The clearance of latex deposited within the alveolar region can be described by two phases within this time frame, having half-times of 4.9 and 30.1 days, respectively. Clearance of latex initially deposited on the tracheobronchial tree was essentially complete by 2 days after exposure. PMID- 3758544 TI - Early alveolar clearance of particles in rabbits undergoing acute and subchronic exposure to ozone. AB - The concentration-response relationship for changes in early alveolar clearance resulting from O3 inhalation were investigated. Groups of five rabbits were exposed to 0.0, 0.1, 0.6, or 1.2 ppm O3, 2 hr/day X 1 day; or to 0.0, 0.1, or 0.6 ppm O3, 2 hr/day X 13 days. Following the initial O3 exposure all rabbits inhaled an aerosol of 85Sr-tagged, 3.0-micron, polystyrene latex particles and particle retention was determined daily for the following 14 days. Single exposures to O3 produced a concentration related trend from accelerated clearance at 0.1 ppm to a transient impairment of clearance at 1.2 ppm. Subchronic exposure resulted in a significant acceleration of particle clearance at both 0.1 and 0.6 ppm, with the effect more pronounced at the higher level. These results demonstrate that single or repeated exposure of rabbits to 0.1 ppm O3, a level below the current National Ambient Air Quality Standard, produces alterations in early alveolar clearance. The effects observed at higher levels of O3 appeared to depend on both the concentration and exposure regime; acute exposures produced a concentration related trend toward an initial retardation of clearance, which was followed by an acceleration in particle removal, while repeated exposures resulted in a persistent acceleration of clearance. PMID- 3758545 TI - Association between adverse maternal and embryo-fetal effects in norfloxacin treated and food-deprived rabbits. AB - Norfloxacin is a new antibiotic which caused embryo-fetal toxicity in association with maternotoxicity when given orally to rabbits at 100 mg/kg/day. The intestinal flora of rabbits is unusually sensitive to many antibiotics and it was suspected that the maternotoxicity and embryo-fetal toxicity caused by oral norfloxacin were secondary to an effect on the intestinal flora. To test this idea, a teratologic study was conducted in which rabbits were dosed on Days 6 to 18 of gestation with norfloxacin given orally at 100 mg/kg/day or subcutaneously at 20 mg/kg/day. The oral treatment caused decreased food consumption (to less than 15 g/day in some animals), body weight loss, an increased resorption rate, and decreased fetal weight. Among the females in the orally dosed group, there was a significant correlation (p less than or equal to 0.005) between the effects on maternal body weight and the resorption rate. The subcutaneous treatment caused little intestinal exposure (biliary excretion = only 2-4% of dose) and no maternotoxicity or embryo-fetal toxicity, even though blood levels of drug were at least as high as those in the oral group. Since the maternotoxicity and embryo fetal toxicity were specific to the oral route and not correlated with the level of systemic exposure, the maternotoxicity may have been secondary to an effect on the intestinal flora and the embryo-fetal toxicity may have been secondary to the maternotoxicity. The decreased food consumption observed in the oral group may have contributed to the embryo-fetal toxicity since, in a separate study, it was found that lowering the amount of food provided to rabbits on Days 6 to 18 of gestation from 150 g/day to 50 or 15 g/day also caused adverse maternal and fetal effects including, at 15 g/day, fetal malformations. PMID- 3758546 TI - A subchronic, teratologic, and dominant lethal study of 2-methylresorcinol in rats. I. Subchronic toxicity. AB - 2-methylresorcinol (2-MR) was administered to groups of 40 male and 35 female Sprague-Dawley rats by admixture with diets at levels of 0.1, 0.4, and 1.5% for periods up to 6 months. Methemoglobin levels were determined after 6 weeks. After 90 days 10 animals/sex/group were killed for clinical pathological and histopathologic determinations. The 25 remaining females and 20 males per group were utilized in teratology and dominant lethal studies presented in Part II (T.A. Re, R.F. Loehr, S.C. Rodriguez, D. E. Rodwell, C.M. Burnett, 1986, Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 7, 293-298). Ten additional males were killed after 6 months of exposure for additional clinical pathologic determinations and gross pathologic observations. The 20 males/group used in the dominant lethal study (Part II) were also killed after 6 months to serve as a comparison recovery group (gross examination of organs). Feeding 2-MR at a level of 1.5% in the diet was associated with a significant reduction in body weight gains. Females fed at a level of 0.4% also weighed significantly less than the control. No pathological effects were noted after either 90 or 180 days of feeding. PMID- 3758547 TI - A subchronic, teratologic, and dominant lethal study of 2-methylresorcinol in rats. II. Teratologic and dominant lethal study. AB - 2-Methylresorcinol (2-MR) was administered to groups of 40 male and 35 female Sprague-Dawley rats by admixture with the diets at levels of 0.1, 0.4, and 1.5% (see Part I; T.H. Re, R.F. Loehr, S.C. Rodriguez, C.E. Gilmore, and C.M. Burnett, 1986, Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 7, 287-292). Following 90 days of exposure, 25 randomly selected females in each group were mated to untreated males in a teratology study in which exposure to 2-MR continued throughout the gestation period. After 20 weeks of exposure to 2-MR, 20 males per group were removed from the test diets containing 2-MR and were mated to untreated females in a dominant lethal study. Feeding 2-MR at levels of 0.4 and 1.5% in the diet was associated with a significant reduction in body weight gain. 2-MR was not teratogenic nor did it induce a dominant lethal effect under the conditions of this study. PMID- 3758548 TI - Acute toxicity of pesticides in adult and weanling rats. AB - LD50 values were determined for 57 pesticides administered by the oral or dermal route to adult male and female Sherman rats. Thirty-six of the chemicals were also tested by the oral route in one sex of weanlings. Nine pesticides tested by the oral route (bufencarb, cacodylic acid, dialifor, deltamethrin, dicamba, diquat, quintozene, phoxim, pyrazon) and four tested by the dermal route (bufencarb, chlordimeform, dichlofenthion, leptophos) were more toxic to females than to males whereas famphur and 2,4,5-T (oral route) were less toxic to females. Eighteen of the test chemicals were more toxic to the adult than to the weanling and four compounds (leptophos, methidathion, pyrazon, and sulfoxide) were more toxic to the weanling. In additional studies the variability of the LD50 value over a 1-year period was examined for two typical insecticides. Six consecutive bimonthly oral LD50 determinations for parathion and DDT in adults of both sexes indicated that the LD50 values were little affected by the time of year that the tests were done. PMID- 3758549 TI - Systemic distribution of blood flow during T-2 toxin induced shock in swine. AB - Three groups of swine (6 per group) were used to determine hemodynamic and blood flow alterations induced by T-2 toxin. Two groups were dosed at 0.6 or 2.4 mg/kg T-2 toxin, and one group served as a vehicle control (70% ethanol). Organ blood flow was determined at 0 hr (predosing) and at 90-min intervals for 6 hr postdosing using 15-micron diameter radionuclide labeled microspheres injected into the left atrium. Hemodynamic parameters were obtained at the same time points. The infusion of T-2 toxin resulted in reductions in cardiac output. This trend appeared to reverse itself in the low dose animals after 3 hr, whereas in the high dose group, cardiac output continued to decline. Mean aortic pressure (MAP) declined in a dose dependent fashion which tended to parallel the reduction observed in cardiac output. Heart rate was increased in both groups treated with T-2 toxin. Blood flow, to the brain, heart, and kidneys decreased following exposure to the toxin. The relative percentage of cardiac output received by these organs, however, was maintained despite the drop in blood flow. Pancreatic and splenic blood flows were the most severely compromised as a result of T-2 toxicosis. Consequently, the percentage of cardiac output going to the pancreas and spleen was dramatically reduced. Adrenal, hepatic, and total gastrointestinal blood flows increased or did not change from control values. As a result, the percentage of cardiac output supplying these organs increased. PMID- 3758550 TI - 2,4-Pentanedione: 9-day and 14-week vapor inhalation studies in Fischer-344 rats. AB - Fischer-344 rats, in groups of 10 males and 10 females, were exposed for 9 days (6 hr/day) to 2,4-pentanedione (2,4-PD) vapor at mean concentrations of 805, 418, 197, and 0 (control) ppm. No deaths occurred, and the only adverse signs were of sensory irritation (partial closure of eyelids, periocular and perioral wetness) at 805 ppm. Also at 805 ppm were decreased body and organ weights, lymphocytosis, and moderate inflammation of the nasal mucosa. At 418 ppm there was a decrease in body weight gain and mild inflammation of the nasal mucosa. Apart from minimal nasal mucosal inflammation, there were no effects at 197 ppm. In the subchronic (14-week) study, rats were exposed (6 hr/day; 5 days/week) to 650, 307, 101, and 0 (control) ppm of 2,4-PD vapor, using groups containing 20 males and 20 females, with half being sacrificed at the end of the exposure period and the remainder kept for a 4-week postexposure recovery period. An additional 10 males were added to the 650 and 0 ppm groups for glutaraldehyde perfusion and subsequent electron microscopic examination of sciatic nerves. At 650 ppm, all females and 10 of 30 males died between the second and sixth weeks of exposure. These animals had acute degenerative changes in the deep cerebellar nuclei, vestibular nuclei and corpora striata, and acute lymphoid degeneration in the thymus. Seven of 15 male survivors of the 650 ppm group (combined 14-week and recovery sacrifices) had gliosis and malacia in the same brain regions, minimal squamous metaplasia in the nasal mucosa, decreased body and organ weights, lymphocytosis, and minor alterations in serum and urine chemistries. No ultrastructural evidence of peripheral neuropathy was observed. Except for central neuropathy, many of the adverse effects at 650 ppm were less marked in the 4-week recovery animals. No deaths occurred at 307 ppm, but females had slightly decreased body weight gains, and in both sexes there were minor alterations in hematology, serum chemistry, and urinalysis parameters, which were not present in the 4-week recovery animals. Rats exposed to 101 ppm showed no differences from the control rats. Subchronic exposure to 650 ppm of 2,4-PD vapor causes serious adverse biological effects. Under these study conditions, the minimum-effects concentration was 307 ppm, and the no-adverse effects concentration was 101 ppm. PMID- 3758551 TI - Comparative acute toxicity of four nickel compounds to F344 rat lung. AB - Nickel subsulfide (Ni3S2), nickel chloride (NiCl2), nickel sulfate (NiSO4), and nickel oxide (NiO) are compounds of widely differing solubility encountered in the nickel-refining and electroplating industries. Inhalation is a common route of exposure and toxicity to the respiratory tract is possible. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biochemical, cytological, and morphological changes in lung following administration of these compounds by intratracheal instillation. F344/Crl rats were administered a single dose of nickel compound containing 0.0, 0.01, 0.10, or 1.0 mumol Ni by intratracheal instillation. Rats were sacrificed at 1 or 7 days after compound administration, with half the animals in each exposure group taken for determination of nickel lung burden and the remaining half used for evaluation of biochemical, cytological, and histological changes. In the latter group, the right lung was lavaged and the fluid obtained was analyzed for indicators of pulmonary inflammation: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), beta-glucuronidase (BG), total protein (TP), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GP), and sialic acid (SA). Total and differential cell counts on cells recovered in lavage fluid were also determined. The left lobe was examined for morphological changes. Clearance of nickel from the lung was most rapid for NiCl2 and NiSO4, followed by Ni3S2 and NiO. Minimal changes in all parameters were observed at 1 day after exposure. No significant changes in any parameter occurred in rats exposed to NiO, while Ni3S2, NiSO4, and NiCl2 caused increased in LDH, BG, TP, GR, SA, and total nucleated cells at 7 days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3758553 TI - Rodent carcinogenicity testing. PMID- 3758552 TI - Decreasing epididymal sperm reserves enhances the detection of ethoxyethanol induced spermatotoxicity. AB - Current test strategies for assessing male reproductive toxicity may be inadequate for estimating risk in humans. High levels of sperm production and existence of large epididymal sperm reserves in most test species may impede the detection of spermatotoxicity at low doses. The current report reflects initial efforts to address these issues. An active schedule of copulation was employed to reduce cauda epididymal reserves in the rat. The detection of spermatotoxicity in this animal relative to its nonmated counterpart was then compared following exposure to ethoxyethanol (EE). Adult, male Long-Evans hooded rats were assigned to a "mate" or "nonmate" condition, with the former mated every other day (3-hr sessions) for 2 weeks prior to and then throughout the experiment. After 2 weeks, males from each group were randomly assigned to receive either 0, 150, or 300 mg/kg (po) of EE, 5 days/week for 6 weeks. Males were then sacrificed and organ weights, testicular spermatid counts, and cauda epididymal sperm count and sperm morphology were obtained. EE produced a significant reduction in testicular weight and spermatid counts in mated and nonmated animals receiving 300 mg/kg. Significant decreases were also noted in epididymal sperm count and percentage normal morphology. However, these effects were seen in the nonmated animals only at 300 mg/kg, whereas significant reductions in both parameters were also obtained at 150 mg/kg in the males mated bidaily. The data from this study suggest that bidaily matings, by reducing epididymal sperm reserves, can enhance the detection of spermatotoxicity. PMID- 3758554 TI - [Effect of hyperdynamia on the function of the hepatobiliary system in adolescents]. PMID- 3758555 TI - [Possible role of taurine in regulating physiological hemostasis]. PMID- 3758556 TI - [Indices of the system of blood aggregation during measured physical loading]. PMID- 3758557 TI - [Age-related dynamics of the cyclic nucleotide and thyroid hormone content and fat-mobilizing activity of the blood]. PMID- 3758558 TI - [Health status prediction of elderly persons based on data on the hemodynamic reaction to a physical load]. PMID- 3758559 TI - [Systemic and peripheral hemodynamics of healthy persons of different ages and both sexes]. PMID- 3758560 TI - [The prospects for quantitative electroplethysmography]. PMID- 3758561 TI - [Reactions of the cardiorespiratory system to low-intensity infrared laser irradiation of local areas of the skin on the wrist]. PMID- 3758562 TI - [Vascular reactions to cold exposure in mountain climber candidates for an Everest expedition]. PMID- 3758563 TI - [Effect of different types of hyperthermia on work capacity]. PMID- 3758564 TI - [A simplified heat exchange model]. PMID- 3758565 TI - [Reorganization of the microcirculation of the lower extremities during local orthostatic hypertension]. PMID- 3758566 TI - [Effect of immersion hypokinesia on the characteristics of the rhythmic activity of the motor units of the soleus muscle]. PMID- 3758567 TI - [Functional aspects of the dynamic support systems for mental activities in the human brain]. PMID- 3758568 TI - [Dynamic characteristics of the slow biopotentials of the brain in patients with a brain stem lesion in the postoperative period]. PMID- 3758569 TI - [Evoked cortical potentials to vertical threshold accelerations in man]. PMID- 3758570 TI - [Correlation and regression analyses of the electropolygraphic characteristics of human sleep]. PMID- 3758571 TI - [Visual sequential images as an index of functional interhemispheric asymmetry]. PMID- 3758572 TI - [Modelling of the regulation of pupillary diameter]. PMID- 3758573 TI - [Functional evaluation of the operator under sensory deficit conditions]. PMID- 3758574 TI - [Reactivity of the human autonomic nervous system based on data on the oculocardiac, carotid sinus and solar reflexes]. PMID- 3758575 TI - [Physical work capacity and central and regional hemodynamic functions in children and adolescents]. PMID- 3758576 TI - [The cardiac component of the orthostatic reaction with a varying initial heart beat rate]. PMID- 3758577 TI - [Somnifacient effect of rhythmic heat stimuli acting on the nasolabial area]. PMID- 3758578 TI - [A gauge for measuring the temperature sensitivity of human skin]. PMID- 3758579 TI - [Sources of equipment measurement error in stimulation electromyography]. PMID- 3758580 TI - [Prognostic evaluation of patients surviving acute myocardial infarct: univariate and multivariate analysis]. AB - The relationship between 31 variables and survival after acute myocardial infarction was evaluated in 432 patients discharged from our Coronary Care Unit from 1975 to 1984. The patients were followed for 1 to 105 months and either univariate and multivariate analysis were performed. For end-point death the significant variables (p less than 0.05) selected by the univariate analysis were: age, diabetes, smoke, heart rate at recovery, supraventricular arrhythmias, cardiac failure and complex ventricular arrhythmias either during recovery, either after discharge and finally spontaneous angina after hospital discharge. Meanwhile, for the end-point cardiac death age, smoke and supraventricular arrhythmias were not yet significant while arterial pressure at recovery and effort angina after hospital discharge were. Multivariate analysis identified cardiac failure during recovery, diabetes, complex ventricular arrhythmias before and spontaneous angina after discharge as independent variables contributing to total mortality: effort angina was a further significant one relatively to cardiac death. Thus, our study points out the importance of multivariate survival analysis when evaluating the relationship between survival after discharge for the effect of other prognostic factors. Moreover, providing identification of high risk cohorts permits appropriate interventions designed to lessen risk. PMID- 3758581 TI - [Fetal echocardiography. A horizontal study of biometry and cardiac function in utero]. AB - The anatomy and the cardiac growth in normal fetal heart was studied by real-time directed M-mode ultrasound from the 19th gestation week until term. A correct fetal cardiac M-mode recording was obtained in 94 out of 144 women (65%). Echocardiographic variables were plotted against gestational age and respective correlation coefficients were determined by linear regression analysis. A comparison between the variables was studied by paired t-test. Left ventricular, right ventricular, left atrial and right atrial chamber size, interventricular septum thickness, right and left wall thickness, aortic and pulmonary diameter all increased linearly with age. Right ventricle (10.1 +/- 3.1) was slightly larger than left ventricle (9.2 +/- 2.8 mm) (p less than 0.001), the pulmonary artery (7.9 +/- 1.9 mm) was greater than the aorta (7.6 +/- 2 mm) (p less than 0.001), while no significant difference was noted between left atrium (10.8 +/- 3.5 mm) and right atrium (10.1 +/- 2.6 mm), right ventricular wall thickness (2.7 +/- 0.9 mm) and left ventricular wall thickness (3.0 +/- 1.1 mm). The ratios of left ventricular/right ventricular diameter, left atrial/right atrial and left atrial/aortic diameters, the relative wall thickness and arterial vessels diameters did not change significantly throughout the pregnancy. The ratio interventricular septum/posterior wall thickness was 1.14 +/- 0.36 and ratio of 1.5 or greater was found in 14.5% of the fetal normal heart. The ratio left atrial/aortic diameter was 1.32 +/- 0.21 and left atrium was significantly greater than aorta (p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3758582 TI - Echocardiographic diagnosis of congenital bicuspid aortic valve in gonadal dysgenesis. AB - Among the gonadal dysgenesis, Turner's syndrome (T.S.) is often associated with cardiovascular malformations, mainly of the aorta. In order to assess noninvasively the incidence of those abnormalities we have evaluated 36 consecutive female patients (pts) with gonadal dysgenesis, mean age 13.3 +/- 2 years, range 3-24 years, without a prior history of cardiovascular disease, by clinical examination chromosomal karyotyping, 12 leads electrocardiography (ECG), and by Time Motion (TM) and Two-Dimensional (2D) Echocardiography (Echo). The following parameters were considered: presence of an auscultatory systolic ejection click (SEC); evidence of a bicuspid aortic valve (BAV); aortic valve stenosis (AVS); aortic valve eccentricity index (AVEI); left ventricle wall hypertrophy (LVWH). 9 pts out 36 (25%) presented a BAV at the 2D Echo; 8 pts out of 36 (22%) presented a SEC, 3/9 (33%) mild AVS, 2/9 (22%) displayed AVEI on TM study and 3/9 (33%) had LVWH. These findings indicate that an isolated BAV is present in a high percentage of pts with gonadal dysgenesis, more than before suspected. Echocardiography shows to be particularly useful and reliable in the assessment of that abnormality. PMID- 3758583 TI - [Aortic regurgitation: evaluation by pulsed Doppler echocardiography]. AB - Ninety-one consecutive patients with aortic regurgitation, either isolated (23 subjects) or associated with other valvular diseases (68 subjects), were studied with pulsed Doppler echocardiography and subsequent aortography, and the results were compared in order to assess the value of the noninvasive technique for a semiquantitative evaluation of the degree of the aortic regurgitation. Both the noninvasive and invasive estimations were graded on a four-point scale. In the long-axis parasternal view, the outflow tract of the left ventricle was divided in four areas going from the aortic valve to the apex. Echo-Doppler grading (from + 1 to +4) was obtained by assessing the area where the abnormal diastolic flow could still be recorded. In the group as a whole, concordant degrees of the aortic insufficiency were obtained in 73 of 91 patients (r = .93; p less than .001); the degree of the aortic regurgitation was overestimated in 8 cases (9%) and underestimated in 10 cases (11%). Most of the discrepancies between the Doppler and the aortographic evaluation were found in patients with intermediate degree (+2, +3) of aortic regurgitation; the degree of discordance was never more than +1 or -1. Correlation between Doppler and aortography was higher in the subjects with pure aortic regurgitation (r = .94, p less than .001) and lower in the subgroup of the subjects with associated mitral stenosis (r = .87, p less than .001). Two-dimensional pulsed Doppler echocardiography is a simple and little time consuming technique that in selected groups of patients can be relied upon for the semiquantitated evaluation of the degree of aortic regurgitation. PMID- 3758584 TI - [Echocardiography in primary hypothyroidism. Study of 25 patients]. AB - 25 patients affected by Primary Hypothyroidism and a control group of 25 subjects were studied with M-mode and Two-dimensional echocardiography. In hypothyroid patients mean left ventricular and aortic root dimensions were normal compared to control subjects. Pericardial effusion was found in 22 out of 25 patients (88%). Septal hypertrophy was found in 12 hypothyroid patients (48%), only in 3 out of these 12 patients left ventricular posterior wall hypertrophy was found. A moderate left atrial enlargement was found in 7 out of 25 hypothyroid patients. Two-dimensional echocardiography revealed an uniform degree of parietal hypertrophy from the basal segments to the cardiac apex. Therefore the main echocardiographic findings in hypothyroidism are: presence of pericardial effusion and asymmetrical septal hypertrophy. No correlations between these echocardiographic findings and age of patients, severity of "biochemical" alterations and duration of the thyroid disease was observed. PMID- 3758585 TI - Aortic dissection at autopsy: a fifty-four year survey in Torino. AB - The Authors reviewed the postmortem findings of 36,671 autopsies performed from 1929 to 1982 in the hospitals of Torino with emergency ward. Two hundred and sixty-five cases of Aortic Dissection (A.D.) were found, and studied in relation to their frequency by sex and age, pathology, and antemortem diagnosis. The main outcome of this survey was the increasing frequency of the lesion in the autopsy population during the last 36 years considered, from 1/759 necropsies in 1947 1952, to 1/52 in 1977-1982. These data are discussed in relation to the hypothesis of a possible actual increase of A.D.. PMID- 3758586 TI - Double tachycardia following surgery for recurrent ventricular arrhythmias. AB - Simultaneous accelerated "junctional" rhythm and atrial flutter were observed postoperatively in a patient who had undergone electrophysiologic surgery for recurrent ventricular fibrillation. Digitalis toxicity was excluded, based on the low serum level of the drug and on the recurrence of the tachycardia after withdrawal of digitalis. While atrial flutter probably represented a postoperative recurrence of a clinically occurring arrhythmia, the accelerated "junctional" rhythm at unusually fast rates most likely developed as a consequence of a cryolesion applied to the ventricular septum as part of the surgical treatment. Phenytoin proved effective in suppressing this "junctional" tachycardia. PMID- 3758587 TI - [Percutaneous embolization of a Blalock-Taussig shunt in an adult]. AB - The technique used in percutaneous embolization of a Blalock-Taussig shunt in a 35-year-old male is described. After selective catheterization of the left subclavian artery leading to the shunt, some spring coils were inserted which completely occluded the shunt. The choice of occluding material is discussed. PMID- 3758588 TI - [Value of multidimensional analysis by Cox's model]. PMID- 3758589 TI - [Is alcoholism a disease?]. PMID- 3758590 TI - [Multidimensional analysis by Cox's model of the survival of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis]. AB - A group of 249 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis was prospectively studied in order to assess the prognostic value of 23 clinical and biochemical factors. Methods included the Cox model completed with validation by assessing the proportionality and by comparing the estimated and observed results, a study of the influence on the results of the truncated data and the factors with non normal distribution, and an expression of the results using predictive values. Results showed that encephalopathy, age, serum albumin and total bilirubin concentrations and serum gamma glutamyl transpeptidase activity had an independent prognostic value. The Cox model was validated and results showed that taking into account the truncated data and the non normal distribution modified the results. An index using the five independent prognostic factors had a good negative predictive value, permitting to predict, in one third of the patients, survival i. e. which patient had a probability to be alive at two years greater than 90 p. 100. PMID- 3758591 TI - [Trends of mortality from cirrhosis in France between 1925 and 1982]. AB - In 1982, 13,866 deaths secondary to cirrhosis were reported. Between 1925 and 1982, the number of deaths increased by 163 p. 100. This overall change was observed gradually: profound drop in the cirrhosis mortality rate during the Second World War, increase between 1945 and 1967, stabilization between 1967 and 1975 and more pronounced decline from then on. Cirrhosis mortality rate per 100,000 increased from 9.17 to 28.21 (+208 p. 100) in males and from 3.63 to 10.38 (+186 p. 100) in females from 1945 to 1982. The increase was approximately the same whatever the age. A cohort effect was observed in both sexes. There were two successive waves of increased mortality separated by an interval of non augmentation for the cohorts born between 1906 and 1915 and between 1931 and 1940. Since 1967, mortality due to cirrhosis has stopped increasing in both sexes. These changes may be related to decreasing alcohol consumption in France, certainly one of the major objectives in present day health programs. Abrupt reduction of alcohol consumption should be followed by a dramatic fall in the number of deaths from cirrhosis. Progressive decline of consumption is possibly associated with a decrease in the incidence of the disease. In 2,000, the rate for cirrhosis mortality is expected to be the same as that observed in the middle of the 20th century. PMID- 3758592 TI - [Treatment of gastric acid hypersecretion in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome with a thioamide derivative (40749 RP). Comparison with ranitidine]. AB - The efficacy of a new gastric antisecretory drug, 40749 RP, was studied in five cases of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Daily oral dosage was 2 mg/kg bw b.d. Clinical results and tolerance were excellent in all five cases (follow-up 1 to 16 months). In two cases, chronic duodenitis disappeared with 40749 RP only. Antisecretory activity was evaluated on basal acid output and 24 h pH profile. During 24 h period, the mean number of hours at or below pH 1.5, 2 and 3 obtained with 40749 RP in the five cases was 5, 9 and 12 h versus 13, 14 and 19 h with ranitidine. In all cases, basal acid output measured during one hour before fractional intake of 40749 RP was below 7 mmol/h during the first month of treatment. Clinical and biological results obtained with 40749 RP are similar to those obtained with omeprazole. PMID- 3758593 TI - Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of the secretin infusion test in the diagnosis of gastrinoma. AB - From 1974 to 1981, 55 patients, 18 with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) histologically confirmed and 37 patients with duodenal ulcer (DU) without pylorostenosis were followed for a minimal period of 5 years. The diagnostic values of a) basal acid output (BAO mEq/h); b) 60 min acid output after secretin infusion, 3 CU-GIH/kg, (MAO-SE mEq/h); c) basal serum gastrin (BSG pg/ml: mean of 4 gastrin determinations) and d) serum gastrin after secretin (SG-SE pg/ml: mean of 4 gastrin determinations during secretin infusion) were calculated. Cut off point values of 100 p. 100 specificity (i. e. no DU patient reached these values) with a positive predictive value of 100 p. 100 (i. e. probability for gastrinoma when this cut off point was attained) were BAO greater than 26 mEq/h, MAO-SE greater than 18 mEq/h, BSG greater than 221 pg/ml, SG-SE greater than 186 pg/ml. The sensitivities of these parameters (i. e. percent of ZES which reached the given cut off point) were respectively (p. 100): 39, 78, 72 and 94. Ranking these parameters according to their own discriminative value expressed by R2 (square correlation coefficient) gave SG-SE, R2 = 0.559; BSG, R2 = 0.508; MAO-SE, R2 = 0.456; BAO, R2 = 0.414. The most discriminative association of 2 variables was SG SE and MAO-SE (R2 = 0.650). Association of SG-SE, MAO-SE and BAO or BSG (or BAO and BSG) did not increase significantly the discrimination between ZES and DU (R2 = 0.672). PMID- 3758594 TI - [Incidence of colorectal cancer in the Haute-Garonne Department. Evaluation of 2 years of registration (1982-1983)]. AB - During a two-year period ending in 1983, 882 colorectal cancers (CRC) were diagnosed among 820,000 residents in the department of Haute-Garonne (France). The age-standardized incidences were 24.3 and 19.1 per 100,000 in men and 15.2 and 9.5 per 100,000 in women, for colon and rectal carcinomas respectively. The Haute-Garonne population-based registry showed one of the highest rates of risk of CRC in Europe. A relatively high incidence of rectal cancer, a marked male preponderance particularly in left-side colon cancers, and a higher mean age in female patients (67.1 +/- 11.6 and 70.2 +/- 11.9 (p less than 0.001] was observed. Distribution of CRC within the department was heterogeneous. Although there was no significant difference between urban and rural areas, some regions showed a higher incidence (the "Volvestre" in both sexes and the "Riviere" in women) whereas the "Pyrenees Centrales" showed a lower incidence in women only. CRC was often diagnosed at an advanced stage (Dukes A: 26.1 p. 100, Dukes B: 22.2 p. 100, Dukes C: 27.4 p. 100, visceral metastases: 24.4 p. 100 especially in women (p less than 0.02). Among symptom-free patients (4.5 p. 100) cancers limited to the colonic wall represented 71.4 p. 100 of cases. This suggests that prognosis of CRC could be improved by routine screening of healthy populations. Surgery was performed in 91 p. 100 of colonic cancers and 85 p. 100 of rectal cancers but was considered to be curative in only 55 p. 100 of all cases. PMID- 3758595 TI - Human fascioliasis: cure by mebendazole? A case report. AB - We report a case of invasive human Fasciola hepatica infection in which, for the first time, a successful treatment with high doses of mebendazole (4 g/day for 3 weeks) was achieved. This therapy resulted in a prompt and prolonged normalization of eosinophil counts, liver enzymes abnormalities and specific serological tests together with the disappearance of liver necrosis indicating the eradication of liver flukes. The efficacy of mebendazole in the treatment of fascioliasis must be confirmed by further studies. PMID- 3758596 TI - [Anorectal stenosis caused by suppositories of dextropropoxyphene and paracetamol (Diantalvic)]. AB - Occasionally, administration of medical substances per annum may result in serious local lesions. The authors report the case of a 58 year-old woman presenting ulcerative and stenosing lesions of the anal canal which led to abdominoperineal resection. History revealed the administration of two suppositories daily, each containing an association of dextropropoxyphene and paracetamol, during seven years because of a cervical pain. Fourteen similar cases have been found in the literature, underlining the difficulties in clinical and pathological diagnosis. The exact mechanism of these lesions remains unknown. PMID- 3758597 TI - [Relation between the serum concentration of total IgE and the course of viral hepatitis]. PMID- 3758598 TI - [Hepatotoxicity of isoniazid: influence of carbamazepine?]. PMID- 3758599 TI - [Cancers of the rectum: predictive factors for locoregional recurrence. Multifactorial study]. PMID- 3758600 TI - [Evaluation of the effects of smectite on the concentration of expired hydrogen]. PMID- 3758601 TI - [Hemostasis of hemorrhagic gastric ulcers by endoscopic sclerosing injection of pure ethanol]. PMID- 3758602 TI - [Pseudomembranous colitis and josamycin]. PMID- 3758603 TI - Is sucralfate a first choice drug in duodenal ulcer? PMID- 3758604 TI - Colonic transit scintigraphy. A physiologic approach to the quantitative measurement of colonic transit in humans. AB - Colonic transit scintigraphy was developed to quantitatively evaluate colonic transit. Using this technique the progression of a radiolabeled marker from cecal instillation to defecation was studied in 7 normal male volunteers. An 8-ml bolus containing 50 mu Ci of indium 111-diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid was instilled into the cecum via a 2-mm tube, which was passed orally, and serial scintigrams were obtained over 48 h. By 48 h, 70.7% +/- 9.1% (mean +/- SEM) of the instilled activity had been defecated. The cecum and ascending colon emptied rapidly, with a half-emptying time of 87.6 +/- 27.0 min. Geometric center analysis showed an initial logarithmic progression of activity in the proximal colon and a linear progression distally. This study suggests that the transverse colon, not the cecum and ascending colon, may be the primary site for fecal storage. Colonic transit scintigraphy is a safe, physiologic, and quantitative method for evaluating the colonic transit of fecal material and may provide a useful tool for evaluating normal and abnormal large intestinal physiology. PMID- 3758605 TI - Porosity of the basement membrane overlying Peyer's patches in rats and monkeys. AB - The porosity of the epithelial basement membrane (basal lamina) overlying lymphoid follicles within Peyer's patches was studied in rats and monkeys by scanning electron microscopy. Basement membranes of lymphoid follicles are markedly porous, more conspicuously so than those of adjacent villus cores. The porosity increases centrifugally from the apex of the follicle to its periphery, where the basement membrane continues into the cul-de-sacs of the crypts. Such porosity may facilitate bidirectional passage of lymphocytes during an immune response. The unique structure of the basement membrane overlying lymphoid follicles suggests a biologic adaptation of this tissue boundary to a specific physiologic activity of the organism. PMID- 3758606 TI - Clostridium difficile cytotoxin inhibits protein synthesis in fibroblasts and intestinal mucosa. AB - The pathophysiology of Clostridium difficile colitis is thought to be mediated by release of toxin A, an enterotoxin, and toxin B, a cytotoxin. We compared the differential effects of toxin B on protein synthesis in IMR-90 fibroblasts and in hamster esophagus, stomach, gallbladder, small intestine, and cecum in organ culture. Toxin B in low concentrations stimulated (p less than 0.001) incorporation of [3H]leucine into fibroblast proteins, whereas at higher dosages it inhibited incorporation (p less than 0.001). This biphasic effect was independent of cell rounding and was not caused by a change in uptake of precursor. Purified toxin B had no effect on protein synthesis in a cell-free rabbit reticulocyte translation system, indicating that inhibition of protein synthesis in intact fibroblast monolayers and intestinal explants is a consequence of toxin B effect on some other cellular target. Toxin B significantly inhibited protein synthesis in hamster cecal explants in a dose dependent fashion. Again, this inhibition was not mediated by altered precursor uptake. Toxin B significantly inhibited in vitro protein synthesis in hamster terminal ileum, cecum, and sigmoid colon, but not in esophagus, gallbladder, stomach, or duodenum. These results suggest that toxin B-mediated inhibition of protein synthesis may be a generalized toxic effect in tissue culture cells and intestinal epithelium. Inhibition of protein synthesis in the distal intestinal epithelium may contribute to the pathophysiology of colitis caused by this organism. PMID- 3758607 TI - Cholecystokinetic and pancreozymic effect of O-sulfated gastrin compared with nonsulfated gastrin and cholecystokinin. AB - To assess whether sulfated gastrin contributes to the cholecystokinetic and pancreozymic activity of plasma in humans, 8 healthy subjects on separate days received a mixed meal, graded i.v. infusions of synthetic human tyrosine-O sulfated gastrin 17 (10.9, 32.7, and 98.1 pmol/kg X h), which was compared with nonsulfated gastrin 17 (12.2, 36.6, and 109.8 pmol/kg X h) and O-sulfated cholecystokinin-octapeptide (5.5, 16.5, and 49.5 pmol/kg X h). Gallbladder volumes were measured by ultrasonography, and the concentrations of gastrin and cholecystokinin in the circulation were determined by specific radioimmunoassays. Neither of the gastrins induced changes in gallbladder volume at serum concentrations occurring postprandially, whereas cholecystokinin-octapeptide produced a significant reduction in gallbladder volume even at a plasma cholecystokinin concentration lower than observed postprandially. Another 8 subjects received the same infusions in combination with a background infusion of synthetic secretin (0.3 CU/kg X h). Gastric and duodenal juice was continuously aspirated using a double-marker perfusion technique. Neither of the gastrins caused an increase in the output of amylase, lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, or bilirubin, but both induced a modest increase in the output of bicarbonate and duodenal juice, the former only significantly during infusion of sulfated gastrin 17. The output of all parameters was significantly elevated during all doses of cholecystokinin-octapeptide. The results indicate that neither of the gastrins stimulates gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion in humans under physiologic conditions. However, gastrin may, like cholecystokinin, potentiate the effect of secretin on pancreatic secretion of juice and bicarbonate. PMID- 3758608 TI - Colonic dysfunction during cholera infection. AB - To study the function of the colon in cholera, 12 patients with acute cholera diarrhea were subjected to measurements of ileocecal flow rates, fecal flow rates, and ionic compositions of stool and ileocecal fluid. Subtraction of fecal flow rates from ileocecal flow rates was taken as a measure of net fluid absorption by the colon. Additionally, these patients underwent colonoscopic perfusion of the colon that measured net colonic absorption rates of water and ions. The mean ileocecal flow rate was 7.9 ml/min compared with a mean fecal flow rate of 7.6 ml/min, indicating a small mean net fluid absorption by the colon of +0.30 ml/min. By colonoscopic perfusion, 6 patients showed net colonic absorption of water and 6 patients net secretion of water with a slight mean net fluid secretion of -0.03 ml/min. The handling of ions by the colon showed mean net absorption of sodium (100 mu Eq/min) and chloride (127 mu Eq/min), and net secretions of potassium (-42 mu Eq/min) and bicarbonate (-112 mu Eq/min). During convalescence, 5 patients who were studied again all showed net colonic absorption of water, and the handling of potassium changed significantly from net secretion in acute disease to net absorption (p less than 0.05). These results showed that the colon contributes to the clinical expression of cholera by failing to absorb water normally, and by secreting potassium at high rates. PMID- 3758609 TI - Mechanism of increased exocrine pancreatic secretion in pancreatic juice-diverted rats. AB - We investigated a possible role of endogenous cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK PZ) in the mechanism of exocrine pancreatic secretion after excluding pancreatic juice from the intestine in rats. Fasting plasma immunoreactive CCK-PZ was determined in normal rats, in rats with pancreatic duct ligation, and in sham operated rats. The mean fasting plasma CCK-PZ concentration of rats with pancreatic duct ligation, 25.1 +/- 2.0 pM, was significantly greater (p less than 0.001) than those of normal and sham-operated rats, 14.3 +/- 1.7 and 11.5 +/- 2.2 pM, respectively. Whereas mean postprandial plasma CCK-PZ concentrations of normal and sham-operated rats were significantly greater (p less than 0.001) than their fasting levels, no significant increase occurred in the rats with pancreatic duct ligation after a meal. The mean fasting plasma CCK-PZ concentration of rats with pancreatic duct ligation was comparable to the mean postprandial CCK-PZ level of normal and sham-operated rats. To determine a possible role of circulating endogenous CCK-PZ on the pancreatic secretion, anesthetized rats were prepared with ligation of pylorus and cannulation of pancreatic duct. After diversion of pancreatic juice began, pancreatic secretion including protein significantly increased, which coincided with a significant increase in plasma CCK-PZ concentration. The increases in both pancreatic secretion and plasma CCK-PZ were reversed by intraduodenal administration of bovine trypsin or rat pancreatic juice. Furthermore, the increase in pancreatic secretion was abolished by intravenous infusion of proglumide or an intravenous bolus injection of a rabbit anti-CCK-PZ serum, which also blocked clearly the increase in the pancreatic secretion stimulated by exogenous CCK-PZ8 (0.125 micrograms X kg-1 X h-1) in rats. Thus we conclude that the increase in pancreatic secretion resulting from elimination of pancreatic juice from the intestine is attributable, in part, to increased release of CCK-PZ, and thus it is suggested that trypsin in the intestinal lumen plays a significant role in release of CCK-PZ. PMID- 3758610 TI - Bone metastases in malignant gastrinoma. AB - Six patients (4 women, 2 men) with malignant gastrinoma developed multiple bone metastases; osteolytic as well as osteoblastic lesions occurred. All lesions involved the central skeleton, most caused symptoms, and, in 2 cases, there was associated hypercalcemia with normal serum parathormone levels. Poor responses were observed after treatment with cytotoxic drugs, but good symptomatic responses occurred after radiotherapy in 2 of the 4 patients in whom it was used. The peptic ulcer component of the disease was well controlled in all patients by cimetidine with or without anticholinergic supplements or by ranitidine alone in doses of 300-600 mg daily. Five of the 6 patients died with a mean survival after diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome of 3.3 yr (range 1.0-7.0 yr), suggesting that bone metastases are associated with a poor prognosis in metastatic gastrinoma. PMID- 3758611 TI - Delayed rectal sensation with fecal incontinence. Successful treatment using anorectal manometry. AB - Retraining of the external sphincter response to rectal distention and improving the sensory threshold to balloon distention is documented as effective treatment for fecal incontinence in selected patients. Using anorectal manometric techniques, delayed conscious rectal sensation was demonstrated in 28% of 46 consecutive patients referred for fecal incontinence. In patients with delayed recognition of balloon distention, conscious rectal sensation seemed to correlate with a consistent level of internal sphincter relaxation rather than the primary stimulus of balloon distention of the rectum. Anorectal retraining techniques resulted in correction of sensory delay of 2-22 s, elimination of fecal incontinence, and improved sensory threshold in 10 of 13 patients. This previously unreported sensory abnormality represents a treatable manometric abnormality identified by anorectal motility in patients with fecal incontinence. PMID- 3758612 TI - Circadian variation of susceptibility to gastric mucosal injury by acidified aspirin or absolute ethanol in the rat. AB - Circadian rhythms of physiologic processes allow coordination of interdependent functions and separation of incompatible functions. Several gastrointestinal processes, which potentially alter the balance between gastric mucosal protection and injury, show regular fluctuations. We investigated the possibility that susceptibility to gastric mucosal injury by acidified aspirin and absolute ethanol may vary with phases of the light/dark cycle in the rat. We found that acidified aspirin caused significantly more gastric mucosal lesions when administered early in the light phase compared with administration early in the dark phase. The differences in susceptibility were not altered by pretreatment conditions such as immobilization or length of the fasting period. Absolute ethanol also caused significantly greater gastric mucosal injury when administered in the light than in the dark phase, but this difference was only evident in rats immobilized during the pretreatment fasting period. In contrast to the acidified aspirin group, rats unrestrained during pretreatment fasting did not have light/dark differences in susceptibility to ethanol injury. We concluded that rats show circadian variation in susceptibility to gastric mucosal injury by acidified aspirin. PMID- 3758613 TI - Increased HLA-DR expression by enterocytes in children with celiac disease. AB - Class II histocompatibility antigens, known to be present on immunocompetent cells, were recently demonstrated on enterocytes. Because of their role in antigen presentation and immune response regulation, HLA-DR antigens were studied in patients with celiac disease. Cryostat sections of jejunal biopsy specimens were stained with several anti-DR monoclonal antibodies using an avidin-biotin peroxidase technique. Thirty patients with celiac disease either active (n = 5), in remission (n = 10), or in relapse (n = 15) were compared with 16 controls, 9 with a normal mucosa and 7 with a flat mucosa but without celiac disease. In celiac patients with active disease or in relapse, enterocytes were heavily stained on the surface epithelium and the crypts. This contrasted with the absence of crypt staining in the biopsy specimens of the other patients. Increase in DR expression was associated with an increase in the number of T8(+) lymphocytes in the crypts. Modulation of DR expression by enterocytes may be involved in the pathogenesis of celiac disease. PMID- 3758614 TI - Scintigraphic measurements of canine ileocolonic transit. Direct and indirect effects of eating. AB - Eight dogs were equipped with ileal catheters, 50 cm proximal to the ileocolonic junction, and serosal electrodes at 5, 25, 55, 100, and 150 cm. Transit was assessed by injecting a bolus of 99mTc-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid through the ileal catheter and following isotope movements by serial, 4-min scintiscans. Isotope was injected in separate studies: during phase I of an interdigestive myoelectrical cycle, 10 min before a meal, and or 2 or 4 h after a meal (600 ml, 385 kcal, thickened with 4 g guar). At another time, mouth-to-colon transit of the same meal was measured by labeling it with 111In diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid and scanning at hourly intervals for 11 h. Transit of isotope through the terminal ileum and entry into the colon was characteristically erratic; long periods of immobility were interspersed with sudden "bolus" movements. In the fasting studies, most sudden movements occurred while phase III (migrating motor complex) of the interdigestive myoelectrical cycle migrated through the last 50 cm of ileum. Passage of a single migrating motor complex through the terminal ileum propelled about one-half the dose of isotope into the colon; complete clearance of the ileum required two or more migrating motor complexes. Immediately after the meal, ileal movements increased transiently; however, these were followed by a period of quiescence. Overall, the time for 50% of the counts to enter the colon was not different when isotope was injected 10 min before the meal from when the injection was made 2 h postprandially (207 +/- 16 min and 162 +/- 25 min, respectively). However, transit of isotope injected 4 h postprandially was significantly faster (91 +/- 13 min). In the fed state, some bolus movements could be related to specific patterns of ileal motility; however, the majority occurred during apparently random "fed-type" motility. In part II, meal marker accumulated faster in the colon after 3-4 h, suggesting that the rapid ileocecal transit at 4 h postcibal was due to increased flow of chyme through the ileum at this time. PMID- 3758615 TI - Role of aldosterone in the regulation of sodium and chloride transport in the distal colon of sodium-depleted rats. AB - Dietary sodium depletion with elevated aldosterone levels induces electrogenic, amiloride-sensitive sodium absorption and inhibits electroneutral sodium chloride absorption in the rat distal colon. To assess the role of aldosterone in the production of these changes, unidirectional 22Na and 36Cl fluxes were performed under voltage clamp conditions across isolated distal colonic mucosa of rats given continuous aldosterone infusions for up to 12 days. Aldosterone infusion for 7-12 days produced identical changes in both electrogenic sodium absorption and electroneutral sodium chloride absorption compared with dietary sodium depleted animals. In contrast, aldosterone at 24, 48, and 72 h produced varying changes in ion transport: electrogenic sodium absorption progressively increased, whereas electroneutral sodium chloride absorption was initially augmented but then inhibited. Aldosterone induced active potassium secretion, demonstrated by a reversed short-circuit current after addition of amiloride, in all experimental groups. These results demonstrate that the changes in ion transport observed in sodium-depleted animals are produced by aldosterone, and that aldosterone not only stimulates electrogenic sodium absorption and potassium secretion but in a time-dependent manner both stimulates and inhibits electroneutral sodium chloride absorption. PMID- 3758616 TI - Bile salt malabsorption in pancreatic insufficiency secondary to alcoholic pancreatitis. AB - Twenty patients with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency secondary to alcohol abuse were studied for the presence of bile salt malabsorption. Fecal bile salts and fecal fat excretion were determined in 15 patients receiving pancreatic enzyme therapy, not receiving enzyme therapy, and on a regimen of pancreatic enzymes plus cimetidine. Serum bile salt levels were measured during fasting and postprandial conditions both during enzyme therapy and after it was stopped in 8 cases. In addition, 5 patients underwent [14C]cholylglycine breath testing during and after discontinuation of enzyme therapy. The fecal bile salt excretion varied between 610 and 3460 mg/day in the untreated patients. Treatment with pancreatic enzymes was associated with significant (p less than 0.05) reduction in fecal bile salt and fecal fat excretion. Cimetidine therapy in addition to enzyme therapy further reduced steatorrhea but failed to alter bile salt excretion significantly. Serum cholylglycine level showed significant (p less than 0.05) postprandial increase in patients receiving enzyme therapy, suggesting improved bile salt absorption. These data suggest a wide range of bile salt malabsorption in alcoholic patients with pancreatic insufficiency, which improves with pancreatic enzyme therapy. PMID- 3758618 TI - Effect of glucagon on alcohol dehydrogenase activity in rat hepatocyte culture. AB - The effect of glucagon on the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase in rat hepatocyte culture was determined. Glucagon concentrations of 0.1 nM enhanced, whereas concentrations greater than 1 nM decreased, alcohol dehydrogenase. These effects became apparent after exposure of the cultures to glucagon for 4 or more days. The presence of corticosterone (1 microM) prevented the enhancing effect of 0.1 nM glucagon on alcohol dehydrogenase activity. The changes in alcohol dehydrogenase caused by glucagon were associated with parallel changes in the rate of ethanol elimination. Alcohol dehydrogenase appears to be rate-limiting for ethanol oxidation, as uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation did not modify the rate of ethanol elimination. These studies suggest a physiologic role of glucagon in enhancing liver alcohol dehydrogenase activity, whereas higher pharmacologic concentrations of glucagon have an opposite, depressant effect. PMID- 3758617 TI - Sex hormone-related functions in regenerating male rat liver. AB - Sex hormone receptors were quantitated in normal male rat liver and in regenerating liver at several different times after partial (70%) hepatectomy. Both estrogen and androgen receptor content were altered dramatically by partial hepatectomy. Total hepatic content and nuclear retention of estrogen receptors increased, with the zenith evident 2 days after partial hepatectomy, corresponding to the zenith of mitotic index. Serum estradiol increased after 1 day, and reached a maximum at 3 days after surgery. In contrast, total and nuclear androgen receptor content demonstrated a massive decline at 1, 2, and 3 days after resection. Serum testosterone displayed a parallel decline. In addition, hepatic content of two androgen-responsive proteins was reduced to 15% and 13% of normal values during this period. The activity of these various proteins during regeneration of male rat liver is comparable to that observed in the liver of normal female rats. Taken together, these results indicate that partial hepatectomy induces a feminization of certain sexually dimorphic aspects of liver function in male rats. Furthermore, these data provide evidence that estrogens, but not androgens, may have an important role in the process of liver regeneration. PMID- 3758619 TI - Demonstration of a transcellular vesicle pathway for biliary excretion of inulin in rat liver. AB - We tested the hypothesis that the blood to bile transport of hydrophilic inert nonelectrolytes such as inulin is mediated in part by a transcellular pathway involving endosomelike vesicles (transcytosis). Forty minutes after intravenous injection of [3H]methoxyinulin into renal pedicle ligated rats, 0.8% of the radioactivity was recovered in liver homogenate and 85% +/- 3.6% of this radioactivity was associated with membrane bound vesicles. Subcellular fractionation studies and electron microscopy confirmed this association. If rats were treated with taurochenodeoxycholic acid, 5 mumol/100 g body wt, the hepatocellular uptake of [3H]methoxyinulin increased approximately twofold and [3H]methoxyinulin was again recovered in small subcellular vesicles. Furthermore, taurochenodeoxycholic acid also stimulated the biliary excretion of [3H]methoxyinulin, which peaked in bile at 20 min. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid had similar effects on the biliary excretion of horseradish peroxidase, a protein known to be transported from blood to bile by membrane vesicles. Thus under the conditions of these experiments, the dihydroxy bile acid taurochenodeoxycholic acid can stimulate the rate of vesicle-dependent transcellular transport into bile. If inulin clearance represents a maximal estimate of this process, only 6% 8% of total bile production in the rat under basal conditions would be mediated by vesicle-mediated transcytosis. PMID- 3758620 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis of Budd-Chiari syndrome. AB - Noninvasive imaging modalities may suggest the diagnosis of Budd-Chiari syndrome but they are rarely diagnostic. Inferior vena cavography, hepatic venography, and liver biopsy, alone or in combination, are usually necessary for definitive diagnosis. Because of its excellent depiction of blood vessels as regions of absent signal, magnetic resonance imaging has the potential to make a noninvasive diagnosis of hepatic vein thrombosis. A case illustrating the usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of Budd-Chiari syndrome is presented. PMID- 3758621 TI - Methyl tert-butyl ether fails to dissolve retained radiolucent common bile duct stones. AB - Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) has been recently proposed as a new therapeutic modality for the dissolution of cholesterol gallstones. To further evaluate efficacy and tolerability of this new litholytic agent, we have administered MTBE to 3 patients with nonobstructive radiolucent common bile duct stones after recent surgery. Methyl tert-butyl ether (8-11 ml/day) was infused after aspiration of bile via a Teflon catheter inserted through the postoperative T tube. Gentle aspiration and reinfusion were performed continuously to generate stirring. The total amount of MTBE retrieved during the entire procedure was equivalent to approximately 30% of the volume infused. In all cases, MTBE failed to dissolve the radiolucent stones, which were then dissolved with continuous infusion of monooctanoin via the biliary catheter. The characteristic odor of MTBE was detected on the breath of the patients, and nausea and somnolence developed during the treatment. Serum hepatic and pancreatic enzymes did not change after MTBE. In the third subject, who received 11 ml/day of MTBE for 2 consecutive days (total of 22 ml), histologic evidence of duodenitis was found around the papilla. In our opinion, the lack of efficacy of MTBE in dissolving retained radiolucent common bile duct stones was mainly related to its leakage from the common bile duct into the duodenum and the ensuing local chemical toxicity and systemic absorption. As MTBE needs a persistent stone-solvent contact to exert its litholytic action and, at the same time, its toxicity prevents the infusion of larger doses, MTBE use should be restricted to stones placed in closed chambers, such as the gallbladder. PMID- 3758622 TI - Esophageal cryptosporidiosis in a child with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. AB - Oral Candida and Candida esophagitis are common findings in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. The intestinal protozoan, Cryptosporidium, is known to cause gastrointestinal symptoms in these patients. We report a 2-yr old child with acquired immune deficiency syndrome, who had oral candidiasis, dysphagia, and vomiting. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and esophageal biopsy led to a diagnosis of esophageal cryptosporidiosis. We recommend upper gastrointestinal endoscopy as a diagnostic tool in selected patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. This is in contradistinction to a previous report that concludes that endoscopy is not necessary in this setting. PMID- 3758623 TI - Asiatic cholera: nature's experiment? PMID- 3758624 TI - Pseudomyxoma peritonei--benign or malignant. PMID- 3758625 TI - [AIDS: problems and consequences in gynecology and obstetrics]. AB - The increasing infection of young pregnant women with the LAV/HTLV-III virus means that AIDS is now also becoming a problem for the gynecologist. This article reports on findings in 6 women, four of whom have borne a child. The three children examined to date are infected, with one of the children manifesting a lymphadenopathy syndrome. This supports the supposition that, in the majority of cases, a diaplacental transmission of the virus to the child takes place during pregnancy. Since pregnancy, moreover, leads to a deterioration in the patient's condition, termination should be advised to women who are seropositive. Now that women belonging to non-risk groups have been found to be infected, generous interpretation of the known indications for antibody scanning in young women is recommended. PMID- 3758626 TI - [Fetal monitoring sub partu in West Germany. III. Associations]. AB - If the number of births per year at a clinic is divided by the number of available cardiotocographs, a variable is obtained, designated Q, which reflects the electronic fetal monitoring situation: the larger Q is, the more births per cardiotocograph, and the less satisfactory is the fetal monitoring situation. The smaller Q becomes, the greater the probability that every fetus can be monitored sub partu. Q has an empirical distribution pattern. The median of Q is between 139 and 215 births per year and per monitor, depending on the size of the clinic. There is a significant relationship between the monitoring value Q and the percentage frequency of cesarean and forceps deliveries: the higher the potential monitoring capacity, i.e., the smaller Q is, the higher the number of cesarean and forceps deliveries of a clinic. Intensive monitoring therefore increases the number of surgical deliveries, though no drop in the unadjusted perinatal mortality rate was observed. No association could be established between Q and the risk of fetal acidosis - possibly due to a lack of data. The conclusion drawn from these data is that the theoretical and practical training of obstetricians and midwives in cardiotocography should be further intensified. PMID- 3758627 TI - [Prepartal expectations, behavior in labor and the puerperium and postpartal satisfaction with the labor experience. I. Significance of partner and prenatal preparation]. AB - Attitudes and expectations of future parents towards the birth experience have changed thoroughly in the past years. In a prospective trial with 95 women we evaluated whether prepartal intentions for a common birth experience were actually carried out and what changes occurred during the past 5 years. 95 women with uncomplicated pregnancies filled in a questionnaire in the 38th week of pregnancy and several days after birth. Behavioural intentions and their realisation correlated well. The changes of attitude became evident comparing our results with those of a survey made 5 years ago in the same hospital. Depending on the social status of the couples, an increase in the participation of fathers of up to 30% was noted. 92% of the couples of social stratum B experienced childbirth together. Participation in any kind of birth preparation was comparably low and seems improvable. Women of lower social status, in particular, should be supported instead of discouraged to attend birth preparation courses. PMID- 3758628 TI - [Severe urge incontinence--therapeutic concept]. AB - Basing on our experience with 39 patients with severe urge incontinence (in one quarter of the cases pure urge incontinence, in one-half of the cases mixed incontinence and in a further quarter of the cases neurogenic bladder disorders) a supervised programme (mictiogram) and a well-tried therapy (especially in the Anglo-Saxon countries) consisting of the triad hospitalisation/bladder training/medication therapy are presented. After an average hospitalisation period of 14 days, we were able to achieve a symptom-free state in 94% of the patients. Cure was achieved on a long-term basis in 76%. Failure of conservative therapy was due especially to severe neurogenic bladder disorders, followed by urethral obstructive insufficiency that cannot be influenced. The superimposed psychic cause of urge incontinence that should not be underestimated and often presents as a transference of unresolved emotional needs (51% of our group are psychologically unstable), is discussed. With these facts in mind, our therapy concept is translated into reality. Hospitalisation brings about a change in surroundings, making the supervision of bladder training and adjustment to medication easier, thus supplying the basis for patient compliance and success of follow-up therapy subsequent to hospitalisation and discharge from hospital. PMID- 3758629 TI - [A rare case of gonadal dysgenesis with 45, X-46, X ring X mosaic--case report]. AB - This paper presents a case of gonadal dysgenesia with an uncommon structural X chromosome abnormality (45, X-46, X, ring X mosaicism). The ring chromosome was not derived from an Y-chromosome as excluded by Q-banded analysis. The phenotypic expression of this abnormality caused typical Turner stigmata such as short stature, dysmorphic feature, streak ovaries with hypergonadotropic condition. PMID- 3758630 TI - [Incomplete uterine inversion in the late puerperium in placental polyp]. AB - The author reports on a rare case of chronic uterine inversion during the puerperium resulting in severe and dangerous haemorrhage six weeks post partum, caused by a large placental polyp. A case of this kind has so far not been described in international medical literature. PMID- 3758631 TI - [Clinical and pathomorphologic studies of the precancerous significance and prognostic assessment of epithelial changes in the vulva]. AB - For an observation period of 19 years the authors compiled the relevant clinical and pathomorphological data of patients of the Department of Gynaecology of the University of Cologne to assess the epithelial alterations in the vulva. Particular attention was given to the simultaneous or earlier presence of other genital carcinomas and of genital precancerous growths, especially to the high coincidence rate of malignant and premalignant lesions of the cervix uteri. Metric measurements were performed on histological section preparations to determine the extent and dimensions of microinvasions, i.e. of microcarcinomas. Histological examination of the epithelial alterations adjacent to invasive vulvar carcinomas revealed a carcinoma in situ in only 35% of the cases, in contrast to the situation at the cervix uteri. No definite answer can as yet be given to the question of the concrete risk of malignant degeneration of the carcinoma in situ of the vulva. PMID- 3758632 TI - [Postoperative therapy of epithelial ovarian cancer at the Gottingen University Gynecologic Clinic. A retrospective analysis of 82 patients 1981-1984]. AB - An epithelial ovarial carcinoma was diagnosed and treated during 1981 to 1984 in 82 patients of the Department of Gynaecology of the University of Gottingen. The diagnostic approach and therapy are described in the paper by Grospietsch et al. [Geburtsh. u. Frauenheilk. 46 (1986), 588]. The present paper deals with the results of postoperative treatment, with particular emphasis on those factors presently considered to be prognostically relevant, such as postoperative tumour residue, age of the patient and stage of tumour spread. The results are classified according to rate of response, progression-free interval and survival time or survival rate. Analysis of the results shows that on the one hand an improvement of long-term results (survival time) has been very unsatisfactory with present-day methods--and moreover, that partly such long-term results are obtained only on the basis of an accurate diagnosis--whereas on the other hand the short-term results (tumour-free interval) together with a clear improvement of the quantity and quality of life do justify the considerable effort required by the treatment concept. Improvement of the overall result is more likely to be achieved by clinical and preclinical research towards consolidation of the primary therapy effect than by employing "trial-and-error" methods within the framework of primary therapy. PMID- 3758633 TI - [Afterloading short-term irradiation of inoperable uterine cancer]. AB - Irradiation using the afterloading therapy equipment enabling monitored short term high-dose radiation, not only reduces exposure of the medical staff to radiation, but also places less strain on the patients. 94 patients with endometrial carcinoma were treated by irradiation alone between 1980-1985 and could be followed up for at least 12 months up to 5 years. Evaluation was performed with regard to a recurrence-free survival rate and radiation side effects. The 5-year survival rates with radiation alone are compared with a previously recorded control group. Before the afterloading technique had become available, the 5-year survival for endometrial carcinoma treated by intracavitary radium-226 was 50%. Using the afterloading iridium-192 technique, the 3-year recurrence-free rate was 81% and the 5-year survival rate 70%. There was no difference between younger (50-69 years of age) and older (70-85 years of age) patients, nor was there any difference between highly and less differentiated tumours. Incidence of severe damage caused by radiation in the overall group: 2 cases of ileus, 1 case of rectovaginal fistula, 3 cases of rectal ulcers and 1 case of severe vaginal necrosis. Severe complications did not occur with the optimal intrauterine fraction dose of 850 cGy (4 times) and 700 cGy intravaginal (once), nor could any complications be observed when the total rectal dose did not exceed 500 cGy. In only 5% of the patients the treatment was combined with percutaneous telecobalt irradiation (stage II). Intrauterine and intravaginal applications were performed without anaesthesia or sedation, and outpatient treatment was possible in almost all cases. PMID- 3758634 TI - [Surgical gynecologic interventions in females over 75 years of age]. AB - In a retrospective analysis of 181 gynaecological operations performed in women older than 75 years the authors examined whether surgery had been meaningful and useful. Malignancy was established histologically in 50.3% of the cases, whereas in 49.7% benign diseases had led to an operation. Postoperative morbidity was 7.73% and depended on the magnitude of the procedure as well as on the diagnosed status of the histological findings. The mortality was 0.55%. Because of this low complication rate under appropriate internal and intensive care, surgery is recommended even in elderly women, if medical indication necessitates an invasive diagnostic or therapeutic procedure. PMID- 3758635 TI - [Subjective and objective improvement of urinary incontinence in females following vaginal and abdominal incontinence operations]. AB - 236 patients were reevaluated one year after vaginal or suprapubic continence surgery. Personal history, clinico-gynaecological status, morphology and urodynamics were considered. 70.6% respectively 82% of all patients considered themselves cured. These numbers correlate well with objective control parameters. The clinical examination shows that a suprapubic approach is better for an urethrocele whereas vaginal surgery is more successful for a cystocele or rectocele. The correction of an urethrocele has however a greater influence on the chance of cure. Obesity is a risk factor especially for vaginal surgery and in both groups oestrogen application improved the healing process. The morphological examination demonstrates the importance of urethro-vesical suspension giving better results after suprapubic than after vaginal operation. The urodynamic results depend on the choice of measurement parameters. Suprapubic surgery generally brings about a greater improvement in pressure conditions than vaginal surgery. The best parameter seems to be the Dep Q. Vaginal continence surgery needs a good indication with a best possible urethro-vesical suspension. This is not an operation for beginners. PMID- 3758636 TI - [Pregnancy, labor and the puerperium in paraplegic patients]. AB - Due to better care and better knowledge pregnancies in paraplegic patients nowadays have a good prognosis. We report on 16 deliveries in 13 paraplegic or tetraplegic patients. To minimise the danger of possible further damage it is important to know about the special problems associated with pregnancies in paraplegic mothers. It is particularly important to know about the elevated risk of premature labour and the risk of autonomic hyperreflexia in lesions above D7. To prevent urogenital infections, patients should try to keep the genital region clean and try to empty the bladder as completely as possible. Intermittent catheterisation might be necessary. One should try to prevent decubital ulcers, and therefore an eventual anaemia (below 80%) should be corrected by transfusions. The patients should be instructed how uterine contractions can be palpated manually because sometimes perception of contractions in other ways is not possible. Repeated examinations of the cervix also help to prevent premature birth. Hospitalisation of the mother two to three weeks before the expected date of birth is suggested. If the lesion is higher than D7, symptoms of autonomic hyperreflexia (bradycardia and rise of blood pressure with the risk of cerebral haemorrhagia) are almost always present when labour starts. To prevent this possibly life-threatening complication, early application of epidural anaesthesia is suggested. There is no contraindication to spontaneous delivery. Vacuum extraction or forceps are necessary more frequently. In the post-partal period, prophylaxis of decubital ulcers is important. Breast feeding is not influenced. PMID- 3758637 TI - [Fetal bigeminus following combined bronchodilator treatment of the mother]. AB - After a combined bronchodilatory treatment of theophylline and terbutaline an intermittant fetal bigeminus is observed. The cardiotoxic changes disappear after days when treatment is stopped. After delivery the child is healthy. The slow disappearance of the arrhythmia is a result of the prolonged half-life of theophylline in the fetus. A combined therapy for asthma should be avoided. If this is not possible, regular cardiologic controls of the fetus should be carried out. PMID- 3758638 TI - [Ruptured pedicled myoma node with hemoperitoneum]. AB - The authors report on an extremely rare complication observed by them in association with uterus myomatosus, namely, rupture of a pedunculated myoma node during an examination under anaesthesia with subsequent haemoperitoneum. Basing on this case report, rare but dramatic complications in uterus myomatosus are recalled. PMID- 3758639 TI - [Ultrastructure and surface architectonics of the lymph node cells in patients with malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma]. PMID- 3758640 TI - [Characteristics of gastric mucosa lesions in patients with lymphocytic leukemia and lymphogranulomatosis]. PMID- 3758641 TI - [Lennert's lymphoma (problems of diagnosis and nosologic affiliation)]. PMID- 3758642 TI - [Effect of plasma on the proliferative activity of leukocytes in patients with leukemia]. PMID- 3758643 TI - [Anti-alcoholism propaganda--an important part of Soviet preventive medicine]. PMID- 3758644 TI - [Problems in determining the cellular composition of a punctate after bone marrow aspiration]. PMID- 3758645 TI - [Age-related indicators in the blood of white mice]. PMID- 3758646 TI - [Intraerythrocytic 2,3-DPG level and various indicators of erythropoiesis in alcoholism]. PMID- 3758647 TI - Brain stem involvement in the effects of chlorpromazine on the monosynaptic reflex of the rat lumbar spinal cord. AB - The brain stem areas involved in the inhibitory effect of chlorpromazine (CPZ) on the monosynaptic reflex (MSR) in the lumbar spinal cord of rats were investigated following brain stem transection and focal thermo-lesioning. Transection of the medulla oblongata markedly reduced the effect of CPZ, while transection in the mid-brain or more anterior level did not alter the effect of CPZ. With regard to focal lesions at various sites of the brain stem, lesioning of the medial portion of the medulla oblongata most effectively attenuated the MSR inhibition by CPZ and also attenuated the MSR inhibition induced by phenoxybenzamine. Bilateral lesioning of the locus coeruleus did not attenuate the MSR inhibition by CPZ. These results suggest that the pathway involved in the inhibitory effect of CPZ on the MSR originates in the pons and passes through the medial portion of the medulla oblongata, and that the coerulo-spinal pathway is not the major pathway involved in the effect of CPZ. PMID- 3758648 TI - Action on ileal smooth muscle of synthetic detergents and pardaxin. AB - Pardaxin (PX), a toxic and repellent substance isolated from the Red Sea flatfish, causes a sharp ball-like profile of drop of saline placed on a hydrophobic film to turn into a flattened one. This effect results with a decrease of the contact angle (theta) from 96 degrees to a maximum of 42 degrees at 10(-4) M of PX. The action of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), a synthetic anionic detergent, benzalkonium chloride (BAC) cationic detergent and pardaxin (PX) a toxic protein with detergent properties, were studied in the ileal guinea pig longitudinal smooth muscle preparation. SDS (4 X 10(-4) M) and PX (5 X 10(-6) M) diminished the muscle contractile response to field stimulation (0.1 Hz, 1 msec) and to acetylcholine (Ach) and to histamine and elicited a prolonged (4-6 min) TTX-insensitive muscle contraction. The dose dependence of muscle contraction to SDS and PX was found to be sigmoidal and occurred over a narrow range of concentrations. The SDS- but not PX-induced muscle contraction could be reduced by diphenhydramine (H1 antihistamine). BAC (10(-5)-10(-4) M) suppressed the muscle's contractile response to electrical stimulation (0.1 Hz, 1 msec), to Ach, histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine but did not produce muscle contraction. PX at concentrations higher than 5 X 10(-6) M is a potent detergent and at this concentration shares several pharmacological similarities with SDS. PMID- 3758649 TI - GABAergic influences on barbital withdrawal induced convulsions. AB - Animals which had been long-term treated with increasing concentrations of sodium barbital in the drinking water were killed 30 min or 72 hr after the last day of treatment, to determine striatal GABA levels and turnover rate. The effects of pentobarbital administration on GABA metabolism of rats withdrawn or not withdrawn from barbital were also studied. Barbital withdrawal induced a significant decrease in striatal GABA levels and also in the turnover rate after pentobarbital treatment. The latter effect was greater in rats killed 72 hr after drug removal. In control animals, pentobarbital treatment increased striatal GABA levels but did not affect the turnover rate. Barbital removal also made the rats less responsive to the effects of pentobarbital on striatal GABA levels. These results suggest the participation of a central GABAergic system in barbital withdrawal convulsions. PMID- 3758650 TI - The lymphatic route--III. Pharmacokinetics of human natural interferon-beta injected with albumin as a retarder in rabbits. AB - The aim of the present investigation was to define whether multisite, subcutaneous (s.c.) administration in unanesthetized, unrestrained rabbits of human natural interferon-beta (nat. IFN-beta) either in saline, or in a human albumin (ALB) solution (10 and 13% final concentrations) modified the pharmacokinetic parameters calculated from the IFN plasma levels. Plasma disappearance rates of nat. INF-beta were measured in two rabbits after intravenous (i.v.) administration and the kinetic was adequately represented by a bi-exponential curve. The highest ALB concentration (13%) caused a significant reduction of the plasma IFN Cmax, a longer half-life, a three-fold increase of the area under curve (AUC value) and a marked decrease of the plasma clearance. Interestingly, the bio-availability of IFN was increased almost four-fold. The data suggest that, when nat. IFN-beta is injected subcutaneously, the presence of a high concentration of ALB may prevent its inactivation and may favour its absorption via lymphatics rather than blood capillaries. It is remarkable that by using this approach, low but constant IFN levels are maintained for as long as two days, a fact that may well increase the therapeutic index of IFN in patients. PMID- 3758651 TI - Effects of morphine in the isolated mouse urinary bladder. AB - Acute morphine increased the responses to acetylcholine of the isolated mouse urinary bladder. A chronic morphine treatment did not change the responses of the urinary bladder to acetylcholine or ATP. The acute administration of morphine did not modify the contractile response to ATP in the urinary bladders from untreated or chronically morphine treated mice. Methadone and ketocyclazocine decreased the responses to the electrical stimulation of the urinary bladder. These depressant effects were not modified by naloxone. The results suggest the nonexistence of opiate receptors in the mouse urinary bladder and the lack of direct effects of morphine on the neuroeffector junction. PMID- 3758652 TI - Evidence that alpha-methyl-p-tyramine is implicated in behavioural augmentation to amphetamine. AB - Behavioural studies showed that administration of alpha-methyl-p-tyramine (AMT; 10 mg/kg i.p.) to rats 24 hr before treatment with d-amphetamine (AMPHET; 4 mg/kg i.p.) resulted in augmentation of AMPHET-induced stereotype activity. Parallel experiments involving electro-chemical estimation of dopamine metabolites in the striatum showed that the decrease in the concentration of homovanillic acid (HVA) produced by AMPHET (4 mg/kg) was enhanced in AMT (10 mg/kg) pretreated animals. These findings suggest that AMT derived from previous doses of AMPHET may play a role in the phenomena of behavioural augmentation observed after chronic administration of AMPHET. PMID- 3758653 TI - Differential effects of single and long-term amphetamine and apomorphine administrations on locomotor activity of rats. AB - The effects of single and long-term administration of apomorphine (AP) and amphetamine (AM) on the locomotor behaviour of rats observed in an open-field (LF), and on the locomotion stereotyped behaviour (LSB) of rats were compared in the present study. Single AP treatment did not modify LF and LSB. Single AM treatment reduced the duration of LSB 2 and 3 days after drug administration, but did not alter the LF. Long-term treatment with both drugs reduced the inhibitory effects of low AP doses on open-field behaviour. Subsensitivity of dopaminergic autoreceptors induced by the long-term dopaminergic agonist administration was considered to be involved in the differences observed. PMID- 3758654 TI - Biological effect and plasma concentrations of DDAVP after intranasal and peroral administration to humans. AB - DDAVP was administered intranasally (20 micrograms) and perorally (100 and 200 micrograms) to 6 hydrated volunteers. Urine was collected and blood was sampled at intervals for the following 6 hr. In all experiments DDAVP induced a marked and long lasting antidiuretic response. Radioimmunoassay of DDAVP in blood samples made it possible to calculate bioavailability of DDAVP after the two forms of administration. Following intranasal application 11.3% of the dose appeared in the blood and the figures for oral administration was 0.7-1.0%. Based on analysis of the amount of DDAVP excreted in the urine the urinary clearance rate was estimated to be 0.10 ml/min/kg body wt. PMID- 3758655 TI - Actions of 5'-methylthioadenosine in isolated guinea pig tracheal rings. AB - The effects of 5'-methylthioadenosine (MTA) on smooth muscle were investigated using isolated guinea pig tracheal rings. MTA, at high concentrations caused the relaxation of isolated guinea pig tracheal rings in a concentration-dependent manner. These actions were pronounced in the tracheal rings contracted by histamine or leukotriene D4. The tracheal contractions induced by varying doses of histamine or leukotriene D4 were also suppressed by pretreatment of relatively low doses of MTA in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment of the tracheal rings with propranolol, tetrodotoxin, indomethacin and dipyridamole did not block the actions of MTA. In contrast, theophylline blocked the effects of MTA. These results suggested that MTA action on tracheal smooth muscle cells may be mediated by direct action on adenosine receptors. PMID- 3758656 TI - Antinociceptive action of picrotoxin in the mouse. AB - Picrotoxin, an antagonist of GABA-associated chloride ionophores with convulsant activity, possesses antinociceptive activity in the hot-plate and writhing tests in the mouse. Analgesia produced by a subconvulsant dose of picrotoxin (0.75 mg/kg, s.c.) was reversed by naloxone (1.0 mg/kg, s.c.), atropine (5 mg/kg, i.p.), and methysergide (10 mg/kg, i.p.) in the jumping reaction (hot-plate test). These data indicate that opiate pathways, as well as cholinergic and serotoninergic pathways could be involved in the mechanism that underlies picrotoxin-induced analgesia. Furthermore, such results should be considered when interpreting the behavioral effects of picrotoxin. PMID- 3758657 TI - Effects of naloxone administration on attack by castrated male mice on lactating intruders. AB - The effect of the narcotic antagonist naloxone (a mu blocker at low doses) on the attack displayed by castrated male mice towards lactating intruders was investigated. Naloxone at doses of 1 mg and 2 mg/kg decreased attacks an effect which was also evident to a lesser extent at 0.75 mg/kg. These findings suggest a role for endogenous opiates in the expression of this form of aggression although one must warn that naloxone at some of the higher doses used here can influence kappa and delta receptors as well as gabaergic activity. The interrelationships between endogenous opioids, gabaergic neurotransmission and gonadal hormones in the regulation of this attack response are discussed. PMID- 3758658 TI - Selectivity of cerebral vasodilators on basilar arteries. AB - Ca-antagonistic activities of cerebral vasodilators, nicardipine and 1-(3,4 dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-diphenylmethylpiperazinyl)ethanol dihydrochloride (NC-1100) were tested on basilar and renal arteries, thoracic aorta and portal vein of rabbit, and rat vas deferens. Both the cerebral vasodilators used herein had a selectivity to basilar arteries. The selectivity to the basilar arteries is considered to be one of the factors in deciding the pharmacological property of the cerebral vasodilators. PMID- 3758659 TI - Electrical stability of artificial membranes. AB - The electrical breakdown potential of the planar lipid membranes has been shown to decrease following UV-induced lipid peroxidation, action of phospholipase A2, adsorption of protamine sulphate and expansion of the membrane by hydrostatic pressure. Membrane potential generated upon the addition of potassium acetate (or ammonium sulphate) and protonophore CCCP to liposomes, when large enough, was also able to break membranes; this was suggested by liposome swelling and a rapid decrease in suspension turbidity. UV-irradiation decreased liposomal membrane breakdown potential, while cholesterol increased it. Detergents and water-soluble products of lipid peroxidation decreased the breakdown potential. The possible role of the membrane electrical breakdown phenomenon in cell pathology is discussed. PMID- 3758660 TI - Inactivation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in brain synaptic membranes by free fatty acids. Evaluation of the role of lipid phase. AB - Arachidonic, linolenic and linoleic acids decreased the binding of the m cholinergic antagonist [3H] QNB and did not affect the ratio of high to low affinity binding sites to the agonist carbamoylcholine in rat brain synaptic membranes. In the presence of arachidonic acid, SH-reagent N-ethylmaleimide acquired the ability to block QNB binding to receptor. Lipids in the bilayer and annular regions were probed by fluorescence of 1,6-diphenyl-1, 3, 5-hexatriene and pyrene. A microviscosity drop induced by increasing temperature from 10 to 37 degrees C did not affect the level of QNB equilibrium binding, whereas arachidonic acid strongly inhibited the binding at concentrations inducing the same drop in microviscosity as that induced by heating. For various unsaturated fatty acids an equal extent of receptor blocking was reached at quite different degrees of bilayer fluidization, the state of annular lipid being not changed under these conditions. It is suggested that the effect of unsaturated acids is reached through their direct interaction with the receptor, which undergoes a conformational change, rather than by an alteration of the physical state of the lipid phase of the membrane. PMID- 3758661 TI - The possible role of intracellular Ca2+-stores in the rhythm-inotropic relationship of frog heart muscle (a simulation study). AB - The hypothesis that intracellular calcium stores play an essential role in determining force-frequency relationships of frog myocardium was tested quantitatively. A simplified mathematical model of excitation-contraction coupling in frog heart muscle was developed and its behaviour under various patterns of stimulation was analysed by means of computer simulation. The model represents a system of ordinary differential equations for individual fluxes within the cell Ca2+-recirculation system and includes a one-compartmental intracellular pool as opposed to the two-compartmental structure of the mammalian sarcoplasmic reticulum (Kaufmann et al. 1974). The behaviour of the model is consistent with available experimental data concerning the basic rhythm-inotropic characteristics of amphibian myocardium and offers some evidence in favour of the basic concept. Within the framework of the proposed model the staircase phenomena in amphibia were accounted for and the impact of different intracellular Ca movements on the resulting contractile response and rhythm-inotropic phenomena was elucidated. PMID- 3758662 TI - Synthesis of actin-like protein in rat liver mitochondria. AB - Isolated rat liver mitochondria failed to exhibit in vitro incorporation of [14C] amino acids into actin-like protein. The use of a pulse-labelling technique demonstrated the appearance of [14C]-actin-like protein in the mitochondria of control, cycloheximide-free rats. The actin-like protein was identified by the method of affinity binding on DNAse1-sepharose and by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel with sodium dodecyl sulphate. It was shown that mitochondrial actin-like protein is not included among the nine polypeptides synthesized in mitochondria during cycloheximide-induced blockade of cytoplasmic protein synthesis. It was shown that actin-like protein was not desorbed from mitochondria by repeated washing with isotonic sucrose-mannitol medium. The results obtained indicate that the actin-like protein is biosynthesised in the cytoplasmic compartment. PMID- 3758663 TI - Liposome-interaction induced conformation changes of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. AB - Tryptophanyl emission spectra of rabbit muscle glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) were measured after the addition of liposomes prepared of natural phospholipids: phosphatidylinositols (PI), phosphatidylserines (PS) and phosphatidylcholines (PC). The measurings were made for various molar lipid/protein ratios (100-1000). A decrease in the enzyme fluorescence intensity and a "red" shift of the emission band maximum were observed. The susceptibility of the enzyme fluorescence to liposome action strongly depended on the kind of phospholipid and changed in the sequence PI greater than PS greater than PC. The presence of liposomes affected the accessibility of tryptophan residues for the fluorescence quencher (acrylamide). The results suggested that interaction induces some specific conformation changes in the enzyme molecules which may be responsible for modification of the enzyme activity. A comparison of the modification in fluorescence characteristics with those observed during denaturation suggested that the denaturation mechanism is not operative. Other possible mechanisms of the interaction are discussed. PMID- 3758664 TI - Interaction of phosphoglycerate kinase with phosphatidylserine liposomes. AB - The interaction of 3-phosphoglycerate kinase from bovine heart with natural phosphatidylserine (I) and synthetic dipalmitoyl phosphatidylserine (II) in form of liposomes was investigated by measuring fluorescence and activity of the enzyme. The addition of increasing amounts of I resulted in progressive quenching of protein fluorescence with no shift in the emission maximum. In contrast, II did not cause any change in the fluorescence. In the presence of low amounts of I and II (lipid/protein molar ratio 10-40) full enzymatic activity of 3 phosphoglycerate kinase was observed even after 80 min of incubation, whereas without phospholipids the activity considerably decreased. At higher lipid concentrations I strongly inactivated the enzyme and the inactivation by II was only insignificant. It was concluded that the phospholipid membrane protects the enzyme against thermal denaturation, whereas the inactivation is mainly due to phospholipid impurities. PMID- 3758665 TI - Cyclic voltammetry of DNA at a mercury electrode: an anodic peak specific for guanine. AB - Synthetic homopolyribonucleotides poly(A), poly(U), poly(C), and poly(G), poly(A, G, U), apurinic acid and native and denatured DNA from calf thymus were analyzed by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV) using a hanging mercury drop electrode. It was shown that guanine containing polynucleotides, i.e. poly(G), poly(A, G, U) and DNA yield an anodic peak of guanine in the vicinity of a potential of -0.3 V (against a saturated calomel electrode). The guanine peak appeared only at a sufficiently negative switching potential (about -2 V). The appearance of the guanine peak was conditioned by a reduction of guanine residues in the region of the switching potential and reoxidation of the reduction product in the vicinity of -0.3 V. Native and thermally denatured DNAs were investigated under the conditions of both complete and incomplete coverage of the electrode in various background electrolytes. Both DNA forms yielded anodic CV peaks of guanine with the peak of denatured DNA being always higher than that of native DNA. Irradiation of native DNA with relatively small doses of gamma radiation (5-120 Gy) resulted in an increase of the anodic peak. A comparison of changes induced by gamma radiation in the anodic (guanine) and cathodic (reduction of adenine and cytosine) peaks showed a steeper increase of the cathodic peak as compared to that of the anodic one. It has been concluded that in the given dose range the DNA double-helical structure is mainly damaged in the adenine-thymine rich regions. PMID- 3758667 TI - Industrial ecotoxicology "acid rain". AB - The acid rain phenomenon was studied in the province of Cordoba, Argentina. This study, based on a previously outlined framework, determined the anthropogenic origin of the low pH due to the presence of industrial hydrochloric acid wastage. This industrial ecotoxicological phenomenon seriously affected the forest wealth, causing a great defoliation of trees and shrubs, with a lower effect on crops. A survey on its effects on human beings has not been carried out, but considering the corrosion caused to different metals and its denouncing biocide effect on plants and animals, we should expect to find some kind of harm to the health of the workers involved or others engaged in farming, and even to those who are far away from the polluting agent. PMID- 3758666 TI - Effect of gonadotropin on rat testicular membrane lipid fluidity. PMID- 3758668 TI - Tuberculosis in West Bengal. AB - Inspite of the various curative and preventive measures the control of tuberculosis has not been effective. Today it persists as an endemic disease in many parts of India. The present study aims to map the spatial distribution of tuberculosis in West Bengal and to evaluate the spatial change over time between 1960 to 1980. The mortality data for the 16 districts of West Bengal have been used to map spatial distribution of tuberculosis for 1980 and the expected deaths have been calculated based on the mid-year population. The rural and urban sectors have been treated separately. Similarly a time space change in tuberculosis mortality has been calculated for the districts based on the quinquinneal population change between 1960, 1965, 1970, and 1980. In all cases the probability has been tested by Poissons Probability model at the significance levels of p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.05. The principal zones of tuberculosis endemicity are the Nn.Hill region and the adjoining plains, the central plains of Bankura district, and Calcutta. A wide rural urban difference is perceptible in spatial context as well as in time scale. Though tuberculosis is principally a disease of the male population, it is more prevalent among females of the lower age group. The declining trend of tuberculosis though observable from 1965 is not uniform for all districts. An increasing trend in Purulia is apparent in the present decade while in Calcutta the trend of decline is very gradual. PMID- 3758669 TI - Environment and cancer in China--with special reference to Shanghai. PMID- 3758670 TI - Problems of health in the remote hill areas of Uttarkashi. PMID- 3758672 TI - Abstracts. IGU symposium "Geography of health". Montpellier, 21-26 August 1984. PMID- 3758671 TI - [Technical note on hospital hierarchies and the determination of density areas]. PMID- 3758673 TI - The structure of the nosorange of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Old World (an experience in mapping, typology and zonation). PMID- 3758674 TI - Health services and administration in Madras City: problems and professional perceptions. AB - The paper discusses in four parts material related to health services and administration in Madras City. A historical account on the health services establishment and administration is first presented. This is followed by the structural and organizational characteristics of the present health service system. A brief analysis of health services in Madras City and the problems they face in their day-to-day operations is then presented. And finally the discussion turns to professional perceptions on the administrative problems and their redress where we see different views of people handling at present the several departments in public hospitals of the city. The perceptions are such that they leave us enormously concerned with the state of affairs in public health services delivery system. PMID- 3758675 TI - Infectious hepatitis in urban India. AB - The paper is about infectious hepatitis in urban India. The discussion is on two case studies: one of Madras, and the other of Madurai: two major cities in the State of Tamilnadu, South India. The Madras study is on the temporal and spatial analysis of the distribution and diffusion of hepatitis during 1971-1978. The Madras study also relates age to incidence, the major conclusion being that children are more susceptible to hepatitis than elders. The diffusion of hepatitis is said to occur in a wave - like form, covering newer areas and intensifying in time in core areas. The Madurai study is about the epidemic of hepatitis during January-October of 1981. Relating incidence with share of slum population, and number of borewells in city localities, the study yields a positive relation between them with a correlation coefficient value of .7424 and .7812, respectively. General lack of environmental quality and use of contaminated water for domestic purposes appear to be causes of high incidence of infectious hepatitis. PMID- 3758676 TI - [Medico-geographic aspects: the role of popular therapeutic methods and medicinal plants in the Szabolcs-Szatmar Region and its vicinity]. PMID- 3758677 TI - Structure and expression of a new murine interferon-alpha gene: MuIFN-alpha I9. AB - A new murine alpha interferon gene, MuIFN-alpha I9, isolated from a BALB/c genomic clone, was characterized. It encodes a mature polypeptide of 167 amino acids (aa), presenting from 77 to 86% homology with the seven other MuIFN-alpha I aa sequences previously described. When compared to the latter, pre-IFN-alpha I9 has 13 distinctive aa, and, remarkably, ten of these occur in pairs. The coding region, fused to the SV40 early promoter and introduced into COS monkey cells, directed the transient secretion of an acid-stable functional IFN of 18-21 kDa. The production in this system reached levels of 300 000 units per 0.15 ml. A comparison of the aa sequence of different murine, rat, bovine, and human alpha and beta IFNs revealed certain common features allowing us to propose a putative secondary structure of the IFN proteins. A detailed analysis of results previously published by us and by others showed that the MuIFN-alpha I9 gene is, together with a least twelve other MuIFN-alpha I genes, located on chromosome 4. PMID- 3758678 TI - Molecular cloning of a cDNA for human delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase. AB - A cDNA encoding human delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D; EC 4.2.1.24), the second enzyme in the heme biosynthetic pathway, was isolated from a human liver cDNA expression library. Of the original 17 clones selected with anti-ALA-D antibody, only four expressed anti-ALA-D epitopes as assessed by rescreening with antibody preabsorbed with purified antigen. Subsequent screening of the antibody positive clones with mixed oligodeoxynucleotide (oligo) probes, synthesized to correspond to human N-terminal and bovine active-site peptide sequences, identified three clones which hybridized only with the oligo probes for the bovine amino acid (aa) sequences. Restriction endonucleases analysis revealed that these three clones contained the same 800-bp cDNA insert. This insert was recloned into bacteriophage M13mp18 and mp19 and sequenced by primer extension. The aa sequence predicted from the partial nucleotide sequence was found to be essentially colinear with the sequences of four bovine ALA-D peptides, totaling 35 non-overlapping aa residues. PMID- 3758679 TI - Discrimination among the transcripts of the allelic human beta-globin genes beta A, beta S and beta C using oligodeoxynucleotide hybridization probes. AB - Three nonadecadeoxynucleotides complementary to the sense strand of the normal human beta-globin gene, beta A, and to the two allelic genes beta S and beta C were synthesized. The beta S and beta C globin genes both differ from the beta A gene by a single nucleotide substitution in the sequence coding for codon 6. The oligodeoxynucleotides are complementary to the genes in the region of the mutations and are therefore allele-specific. When radiolabeled and used as hybridization probes, the oligodeoxynucleotides are found to hybridize specifically to the mRNA transcribed from each allele. PMID- 3758680 TI - Preventing osteoporosis: the new significance of hyperparathyroidism. AB - Although a cautious approach is essential, there is still no safe and effective chronic medical therapeutic regimen that can substitute for surgical management of primary hyperparathyroidism in the elderly. The primary care physician should recognize that: the natural history of this disease is variable and unpredictable; symptomatic disease in the elderly patient may be easily overlooked; and therefore, older patients who have vague and varied nonspecific neuromuscular, GI, and constitutional complaints or acquired behavior disturbances should be carefully scrutinized. This approach to hyperparathyroidism should lead to earlier diagnosis and symptomatic relief in many patients who would otherwise be viewed as merely "old" or as chronic complainers. PMID- 3758681 TI - Angina: DDx of atypical presentations in the elderly. AB - Pretest probability of coronary heart disease should be considered in interpreting exercise test results. In general, 90% of patients with typical angina pectoris, 50% of patients with atypical angina pectoris, and only 10% of patients with nonanginal chest pains have CHD. Marked ST-segment depression in multiple leads is a good indication of extensive coronary artery disease, especially when it occurs early during exercise or at submaximal exercise, and if associated with a blunted or a hypotensive BP response. PMID- 3758682 TI - Antidepressants: their uses in nonpsychiatric disorders of aging. AB - Antidepressants are recommended by some clinicians as therapy for irritable colon even when there is no evidence of clinical depression, since this syndrome may represent a type of chronic masked depression. Antidepressants may be a good alternative in elderly patients with peptic ulcer disease, particularly in those with concurrent depression. Advantages include once-a-day administration, lower cost, and ease of serum monitoring. PMID- 3758683 TI - The liver cancer that wasn't. PMID- 3758684 TI - The concept of visual field indices. AB - Statistical methods for the evaluation of quantitative visual fields are presented in addition to a mathematical description of the calculation of different visual field indices. The "mean defect" is important for diffuse damage as well as for follow-up in advanced stages. "Short-term fluctuation" provides information about the reliability of the results as well as about possible early damage. "Corrected loss variance" quantifies local defects in an early stage; it also separates real local defects from increased scatter. "Skewness" is a test for very early local defects, and "spatial correlation" provides a measurement of the clustering of any local defects that may be present. PMID- 3758685 TI - Regression of posterior uveal malignant melanomas after cobalt plaque radiotherapy. AB - We reviewed the records of 17 patients with posterior uveal malignant melanoma who had been followed for at least 3 months prior to cobalt plaque radiotherapy and whose tumor had been documented to enlarge in thickness during that interval. We evaluated the relationship between the rates of pretreatment tumor enlargement and post-treatment tumor shrinkage using linear regression analysis. We found that the rate of postirradiation tumor shrinkage correlated strongly with the rate of preirradiation tumor enlargement regardless of whether the pretreatment rate of growth was slow, intermediate or rapid. We speculate that the more rapidly regressing tumors were more mitotically active than their more slowly regressing counterparts. If true, the survival rate of patients whose posterior uveal malignant melanomas regress rapidly following radiation therapy may prove to be worse than that of patients whose tumors regress slowly. PMID- 3758686 TI - Experimental calcium oxalate retinopathy compared with cystine- and tyrosine induced retinal damage. An ophthalmoscopical, histological, and electrophysiological study. AB - Subcutaneously administered calcium chloride and dibutyloxalate solutions produce calcium-oxalate retinopathy in rabbits that is demonstrable opthalmoscopically and histologically, with remarkable impairment of the electroretinogram, whereas orally administered cystine seems to be inefficient. Orally administered tyrosine induces transitory pathological ERG signals in rabbits. PMID- 3758687 TI - Xenon-arc endophotocoagulation during vitrectomy for diabetic vitreous haemorrhage. AB - The value of scatter xenon-arc endophotocoagulation in stabilising eyes with respect to post-operative rubeosis iridis and vitreous haemorrhage is demonstrated in a consecutive series of 100 vitrectomies undertaken for diabetic vitreous haemorrhage. Seventy eyes ultimately achieved 6/36 or better vision. Endophotocoagulation of untreated ischaemic retina is recommended in eyes undergoing vitrectomy for diabetic vitreous haemorrhage. PMID- 3758688 TI - Experimentally induced cystine keratopathy in rabbits. AB - L-Cystine was administered orally to albino and nonalbino rabbits in order to study cystine-induced corneal lesions. Contact and noncontact specular microscopy revealed opaque preendothelial structures similar to those found in benign cystinosis in humans. Light microscopy showed cytoplasmatic vacuoles in the basal cell layer of the corneal epithelium. Using scanning electron microscopy, increased desquamation of the corneal epithelial cells and massive deposition of proteinic material on the surface of the corneal endothelium were demonstrated. PMID- 3758689 TI - Experimentally induced calcium oxalate keratopathy in rabbits. AB - In a period of 21 days, six subcutaneous injections of calcium chloride and dibutyloxalate solution produced a flecklike, polymorphous corneal opacity and a slight stromal clouding in chinchilla rabbits, as seen with the slit lamp. In front of the endothelium, opaque structures could be seen with the specular microscope. New Zealand white rabbits showed only a diffuse corneal clouding. Light microscopy revealed a reticular alteration of the cytoplasm in the basal layers of the corneal epithelium primarily in chinchilla bastard rabbits. In central corneal areas an irregular structure of the basal epithelial cells and a papillalike alteration of the stromal-epithelial border was seen. In the endothelium an increased formation of vacuoles was observed in both species. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated endothelial cell loss. PMID- 3758691 TI - Experimental endothelial lesions by means of an ultrasound phacoemulsificator. AB - The current study deals with experimental use of an ultrasound generator for phacoemulsification and its effect on bovine corneal endothelium. The extent of the endothelial defect was defined by staining cell borders and nuclei. Histological examination showed that endothelial cells on the edge of a defect had no nuclei and were partially detached from the Descemet's membrane in some cases. Quantitative determinations of endothelial cell defects demonstrated the effects of distance from the generator (1, 2, and 3 mm) as well as duration of exposure. At 2 and 3 mm, addition of sodium hyaluronate (Healon) to the incubation medium was associated with a statistically significant reduction in size of the endothelial defect. PMID- 3758690 TI - Immunohistochemical evidence of the origin of human corneal endothelial cells and keratocytes. AB - Human corneal endothelial cells and keratocytes were immunohistochemically examined using antisera against neuronal tissue antigens, namely, S-100 protein and neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and intermediate filaments such as vimentin, neurofilament, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The corneal endothelium and keratocytes showed a positive immunoreaction to neuron-specific enolase and S-100 protein antisera, and these cells were also stained with antiserum against vimentin, a main intermediate filament of mesenchymal cells. These immunohistochemical findings provide additional evidence that the corneal endothelium and keratocytes originate from neural crest cells and then differentiate into mesenchymal cells. PMID- 3758692 TI - Real light scatter in the human crystalline lens. AB - A comparison is made between the luminances of slit-lamp images of the normal human lens in frontal view with plane polarized light, when one ocular is provided with an analyzer and the other with variable neutral density filters, the light source being polarized perpendicularly to the direction of the analyzer. The amount of extinguished light is significantly larger as seen in the former, and rises systematically with age. The effect of varying the spectral composition of the illumination is also examined. What is conventionally referred to as scattered light appears to be made up of at least two separate components. The effect which this may have for our interpretation of pathological images is discussed. PMID- 3758693 TI - Acid hydrolases in the bovine corneal epithelium. AB - The activities of acid phosphatase, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, alpha mannosidase, alpha-fucosidase, beta-glucuronidase, arylsulfatase, and cathepsin D were biochemically investigated in the bovine cornea by separating the tissue into two layers, epithelium and stroma-endothelium. Acid phosphatase, alpha mannosidase, alpha-fucosidase, and arylsulfatase disclosed much higher activities in the epithelial layer than in the stroma-endothelial layer. The other enzymes showed little difference in enzyme activity between the two layers. PMID- 3758694 TI - The pattern of distribution of intraocular pressure in the albino rabbit. AB - The distribution pattern of intraocular pressure (IOP) was studied in a population of normal albino rabbits to find out whether IOP is Gaussian or distributed log-normally. The average IOP was 17.5 +/- 3.1 mmHg (mean +/- SD, n = 175) with a coefficient of variation of 17.7%. Using optimized graphical analysis, it was found that the IOP in the rabbit is distributed log-normally. This is in good agreement with the conclusions obtained in a recent study of normal human subjects, using the same analytical procedures. The diurnal variations in IOP cannot be a major contributing factor to the log-normal pattern of distribution of IOP in the albino rabbit, since a log-normal pattern of distribution was observed after the exclusion of the evening (high IOP) data. PMID- 3758695 TI - Electroretinogram as a possible monitor of anesthetic depth. AB - The effects of volatile anesthetics, i.e., methoxyflurane, halothane and enflurane, on the electroretinogram (ERG) were studied in 15 albino rabbits. The ERG was analyzed in terms of the a-wave, and the first oscillatory component (01) in the b-wave. The 01 peak latency showed a significant dose-related prolongation when anesthetic end-tidal concentrations were in excess of 0.8 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC). One MAC, a measure of anesthetic potency, is the end-tidal concentration of an anesthetic at 1 atmosphere that induces immobility in 50% of animals against a noxious stimulus. The amplitudes of the a-wave and the 01 decreased in dose-dependent manners, but their changes were less striking than those of the 01 latency. The peak latency of the a-wave remained unchanged. We conclude that the 01 peak latency is a useful monitor of the depth of inhalational anesthesia. PMID- 3758696 TI - The relationship between retinal vessel tortuosity, diameter, and transmural pressure. AB - Increases in retinal vein tortuosity are thought to be caused by increases in vascular transmural pressure. We have attempted to determine the relationship between retinal vessel tortuosity, diameter, and transmural pressure by examining the effects of changes in transmural pressure on latex tubes with fixed ends. As the transmural pressure is raised, tube diameter increases, but tortuosity does not begin increasing until a critical pressure is reached. Above the critical pressure, tortuosity increases more rapidly than diameter. Our results support the above hypothesis and also suggest that at high transmural pressures, retinal vessel tortuosity is a more sensitive indicator than is the diameter of changes in retinal venous transmural pressure, but diameter is more sensitive than tortuosity at lower pressures. PMID- 3758697 TI - The effect of liquid silicone on the corneal endothelium in rabbits. A comparative specular microscopic and histopathologic study. AB - Specular microscopic and histopathologic findings in the corneal endothelium were compared after the injection of liquid silicone into the anterior chamber of both eyes in 15 rabbits. The findings demonstrated serious damage to the endothelium in the area of contact of liquid silicone with the posterior surface of the cornea and disclosed some problems in the interpretation of specular microscopic findings. An abnormal endothelial mosaic can be probably found even in a zone of preserved intercellular borders or in a zone with a relief of the bases of extinct endothelial cells. PMID- 3758698 TI - [Release of pesticides into the air and their transformation products in the soil during agricultural operations]. PMID- 3758699 TI - [Molecular connectivity and the acute toxicity of substances]. PMID- 3758700 TI - [Prediction of the hazard parameters of benzene phenyl halide derivatives by the electron nuclear structure of the compounds]. PMID- 3758701 TI - [Particle structure of a welding aerosol and its biological activity]. PMID- 3758702 TI - [Use of statistical values in plotting dose-effect relationships and determining the action thresholds of factors]. PMID- 3758703 TI - [Prediction of the cardiotoxic action of metals]. PMID- 3758704 TI - [Hygienic study of the redistribution of pathogenic enterobacteria in an aqueous environment as affected by surface-active substances]. PMID- 3758705 TI - [Experimental research on the toxicity of hydrolytic alcohols]. PMID- 3758706 TI - [Biological action and hygienic significance of the electromagnetic field created by coastal radar facilities]. PMID- 3758707 TI - [Characteristics of immunological indices during physical loads under chronic exposure to radioactive and nonradioactive toxic chemicals]. PMID- 3758709 TI - [Gas chromatographic method of determining the insecticide methoxychlor in water and plant tissues]. PMID- 3758708 TI - [27th Congress of the CPSU and the tasks of the epidemiological health service of the USSR]. PMID- 3758710 TI - [Use of gas-liquid chromatography for determining ethers of o-phthalic and sebacic acids in water and aqueous extracts from polymeric materials]. PMID- 3758712 TI - [Possible methodological approach to setting control levels for radiation factors]. PMID- 3758713 TI - [Current problems of hygienic standards in relation to the use of polymeric materials]. PMID- 3758711 TI - [Method for studying the function of the olfactory analyzer in white rats using the respiratory reflex]. PMID- 3758714 TI - [Hygiene and immunology, the tasks and outlook]. PMID- 3758715 TI - [Quantitative assessment of the modifying effect of nitrogen oxides on the carcinogenic action of benzo(a)pyrene in the respiratory organs]. PMID- 3758716 TI - [Atmospheric pollution in the manufacture of enameled insulated wire]. PMID- 3758717 TI - [Experimental establishment of the maximum permissible concentration of 1,4- and 3,4-dichlorobutenes in reservoir water]. PMID- 3758718 TI - [Hygienic regulation of O,O-diisopropyl phosphite and ammonium diisopropyl thiophosphate in reservoir water]. PMID- 3758719 TI - [Standards for benzo(a)pyrene in seawater]. PMID- 3758720 TI - [Function of phagocytosing cells in the late period after body exposure to coal dust]. PMID- 3758721 TI - [Characteristics of the toxic action of furadan at optimal and high temperatures with excess UV irradiation in an acute experiment on rats]. PMID- 3758723 TI - [Differential approach to the criteria for evaluating climatic conditions in resolving settlement problems]. PMID- 3758722 TI - [Correlation between physical work capacity and direct and indirect indices of trace element metabolism]. PMID- 3758724 TI - [Risk factors for incurring injuries on board ships of the cargo fleet of the northern basin]. PMID- 3758725 TI - [Dynamics of the physical work capacity of the pupils of a secondary vocational and technical school in mining]. PMID- 3758726 TI - [The health of the population as the object of hygiene studies]. PMID- 3758727 TI - [Objectives of the medico-epidemiological service in government control of the environment]. PMID- 3758728 TI - [Approach to the evaluation of the sensitizing effect of complex atmospheric pollution]. PMID- 3758729 TI - [Serotonin and histamine levels after exposure to noise and electromagnetic fields]. PMID- 3758730 TI - [How should the physical development of children and adolescents be evaluated?]. PMID- 3758731 TI - [Cause-effect relations between lead levels in biomedia and various indicators of its biological effect in preschool children]. PMID- 3758732 TI - [Experimental study of the embryotoxic effect of cuprous chloride]. PMID- 3758733 TI - [Chronotoxicity of trichlorometaphos-3 after its entry into the body through the skin, and the methods of its study]. PMID- 3758734 TI - [Characteristics of the toxic effect of cyclophos after continuous and intermittent exposure]. PMID- 3758735 TI - [Effect of beryllium chloride and oxide on the sexual function of female rats and the development of their progeny]. PMID- 3758736 TI - [Problems of ethics and deontology in the work of physicians in the field of nutrition hygiene]. PMID- 3758737 TI - [Use of situation problems in the preparation of parents for anti-alcoholism education of children]. PMID- 3758738 TI - [Methodological approach to the study of the combined effects of occupational toxic substances]. PMID- 3758739 TI - [Medico-bacteriological substantiation of the conditions and time of preservation of various perishable food products on ships during long-term voyages]. PMID- 3758740 TI - [Data bank for complex hygiene studies of the environment and public health in the environs of a large industrial and energy complex]. PMID- 3758741 TI - [Determining the maximum permissible exposure level of cotoran in atmospheric air with calculation of its late effects]. PMID- 3758742 TI - [Combined effects of arsenous anhydride and germanium dioxide after their hygienic regulation in atmospheric air]. PMID- 3758743 TI - 39th annual scientific meeting of the Gerontological Society of America. November 19-23, 1986, Chicago, Illinois. Abstracts. PMID- 3758744 TI - [The main research results and tasks in pesticide toxicology]. PMID- 3758745 TI - [Characteristics of changes in the upper respiratory tract as affected by different occupational hazards]. PMID- 3758746 TI - [Degenerative changes in the cervical spine of female workers in the carpet weaving industry]. PMID- 3758747 TI - [Health and hygiene assessment of working conditions in the manufacture of metallized pellets]. PMID- 3758748 TI - [Industrial hygiene problems in the use of sodium sulfide for the flotation of nonferrous and rare-metal ores]. PMID- 3758749 TI - [Hygienic assessment of working conditions in the manufacture of plastic insulated wire]. PMID- 3758750 TI - [Morbidity with temporary loss of work capacity among iron ore miners using trinitrotoluene-based explosives]. PMID- 3758751 TI - [Use of the blast transformation reaction for evaluating the functional activity of peripheral lymphocytes in chemical workers]. PMID- 3758753 TI - [Effect of lead poisoning on immediate allergy]. PMID- 3758752 TI - [Rapid establishment of the MPEL of complex mixtures having selective irritant action]. PMID- 3758754 TI - [Role of zinc tetragonal crystals in the etiopathogenesis of foundry fever]. PMID- 3758755 TI - [Evaluation of the carcinogenicity of the respirable dust of Bulgarian anthophyllite asbestos]. PMID- 3758757 TI - [Photometric method for determining methylnaphthalenes in the air]. PMID- 3758756 TI - [Hygienic regulation of bis-phosphite in the air of work areas]. PMID- 3758758 TI - [New sorption material for sampling hydrogen fluoride in the air]. PMID- 3758759 TI - [Effect of work strain on the health status of administrative and management workers]. PMID- 3758761 TI - [Radical surgical treatment and radiotherapy of women with cancer of the cervix uteri (14-year clinical data)]. PMID- 3758760 TI - [Evaluation of the morphology and progesterone production in long-term cultures of granulosa cells obtained from human preovulatory graafian follicles stimulated with clomiphene and chorionic gonadotropin]. PMID- 3758762 TI - [Evaluation of the effectiveness of chemotherapy in patients with advanced ovarian cancer by the second-look operation]. PMID- 3758763 TI - [Trace elements in human milk. I. Cu, Zn, Mg and Fe]. PMID- 3758764 TI - [Trace elements in human milk. II. Pb, Cr, Ni, Co and Mn]. PMID- 3758765 TI - [Neurohistological and enzymatic changes in women with cervical cancer]. PMID- 3758767 TI - [Occurrence of mast cells in invasive cancer of the cervix uteri]. PMID- 3758766 TI - [Epidemiological analysis of cancer of the cervix uteri (data from the Szczecin district 1981-1983)]. PMID- 3758768 TI - [Analysis of the occurrence of CEA in the blood of women with cervical neoplasms]. PMID- 3758769 TI - [Prevention of neoplasms of the female genital organs in the northeastern region of Poland 1975-1980]. PMID- 3758770 TI - [Course and prognosis of the disease in relation to the clinical and histopathological forms of cervical cancer]. PMID- 3758771 TI - [The role of prolactin and sex steroids in the pathophysiology of the milk gland. 1. Morphological appearance of the milk gland in pseudopregnant female rabbits after active immunization with estradiol]. PMID- 3758772 TI - [The role of prolactin and sex steroids in the pathophysiology of the milk gland. 2. Morphological appearance of the milk gland in pseudopregnant female rabbits after active immunization with prolactin]. PMID- 3758773 TI - [Management of pregnant women with an abnormally located placenta (analysis of our own material)]. PMID- 3758774 TI - [Fluorescent analysis of vaginal smears of pregnant women in the perinatal period]. PMID- 3758775 TI - [Diagnostic-therapeutic conization]. PMID- 3758777 TI - [Evaluation of the presence of polychlorinated insecticides (pesticides) in trophoblasts from spontaneous and artificial abortions]. PMID- 3758776 TI - [The level of polychlorinated insecticides in the milk of women in the puerperium from the Opole region]. PMID- 3758778 TI - [Levels of immunoglobulin, seromucoid and protein fraction in women with chronic exacerbated adnexitis]. PMID- 3758779 TI - [Dysplastic and neoplastic changes in polyps of the cervix and coexistence of endometrial cancer with polyps of the cervix]. PMID- 3758780 TI - [Application of selected tests of tissue sensitivity to androgens in the diagnosis of women with somatic hyperandrogenization]. PMID- 3758781 TI - [The risk of epithelial dysplasia and early forms of cervical cancer in girls and very young women]. PMID- 3758782 TI - [Epidemiological analysis of clinical patients treated for cervical cancer in the years 1971-1980]. PMID- 3758783 TI - [Evaluation of the growth and morphology of granulosa cells from rat follicles in various culture media]. PMID- 3758784 TI - [Role of prolactin and sex steroids in the pathophysiology of the breast. V. Evaluation of selected steroid metabolic changes in human breast tissue cultures]. PMID- 3758785 TI - [Colorimetric determination of lecithin and sphingomyelin in the amniotic fluid]. PMID- 3758786 TI - [Evaluation of placental thickness in pregnancy in cases of intrauterine retardation of fetal development]. PMID- 3758787 TI - [Use of an ethanol extract of propolis in the treatment of vaginitis and conditions after electrocoagulation of cervical erosion]. PMID- 3758788 TI - [Ectopic pregnancy with a coexistent intrauterine contraceptive device]. PMID- 3758789 TI - [Cavernous hemangioma of the cervix uteri]. PMID- 3758791 TI - [Hemodynamic correction of atresia of the tricuspid valve and solitary ventricle]. PMID- 3758792 TI - [Rehabilitation of pulmonary function after pulmonary artery embolectomy]. PMID- 3758790 TI - [Giant mucinous cystadenoma of the ovary]. PMID- 3758793 TI - [Axial cineangiography in the diagnosis of complex forms of transposition of the great vessels]. PMID- 3758794 TI - [Myocardial protection using retrograde coronary perfusion with cold blood during surgical correction of aortic valve defects]. PMID- 3758795 TI - [Ultrastructure and function of the myocardium after biventricular shunting of the heart in acute heart failure]. PMID- 3758796 TI - [Evaluation of the condition of the liver during determination of indications for heart surgery]. PMID- 3758797 TI - [Results of surgical treatment of congenital lobar pulmonary emphysema]. PMID- 3758798 TI - [Use of long-term trans-nasal catheterization in the treatment of patients with abscesses of the lung]. PMID- 3758799 TI - [Temporary endobronchial occlusion]. PMID- 3758800 TI - [Surgical treatment of coarctation of the aorta associated with other congenital anomalies of the heart and vessels]. PMID- 3758801 TI - [Clinico-morphologic analysis of complications of surgical treatment of diseases of the lungs taking into account the provisions of the 9th revision of the International Classification of Diseases]. PMID- 3758802 TI - [Comparative analysis of methods of removing pathologic structures from the lungs]. PMID- 3758803 TI - [Surgical treatment of neoplasms of the thymus gland]. PMID- 3758804 TI - [Method of connecting the trachea to a bronchus]. PMID- 3758805 TI - [Methodology and technic of bibronchospirography]. PMID- 3758806 TI - [Alcoholic visceropathy]. PMID- 3758807 TI - [Endoscopic diagnosis and surgical correction of partial anomalous drainage of the pulmonary veins]. PMID- 3758808 TI - [Successful correction of congenital aortocaval fistula associated with interatrial communication]. PMID- 3758809 TI - [Case of successful repeated mitral valve prosthesis as a result of malfunction of a disk prosthesis]. PMID- 3758810 TI - [Echinococcosis of the heart]. PMID- 3758811 TI - [Treatment of suppurative diseases of the lungs complicated by hemorrhage]. PMID- 3758812 TI - Human colonic smooth muscle: spontaneous contractile activity and response to stretch. AB - The length dependence of the spontaneous contractile activity of human colonic muscle was assessed in vitro. Muscle obtained from the right colon was more distensible than that of the left colon. This was true for all muscle layers. Maximum spontaneous active stress was exerted by both circular and longitudinal muscle layers of the right colon at greater degrees of stretch (p less than 0.001) than those of the left colon. The contractile frequency of longitudinally oriented strips increased with length. The contractile frequency of intertaenial longitudinally oriented strips from the right colon was lower (p less than 0.001) than that of strips from the left colon. The contractile frequency of circularly oriented strips from the right colon (6.25 +/- 0.38 min) was higher (p less than 0.001) than that of strips from the left colon (3.35 +/- 0.35 min). The human colon appears to consist of two distinct areas based on the mechanical behaviour of the smooth muscle during spontaneous contraction. PMID- 3758813 TI - Bladder smooth muscle dysfunction in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. AB - Urodynamic studies were carried out on 30 patients with irritable bowel syndrome and 30 matched controls. Fifty per cent of the irritable bowel patients compared with only 13% of the control group had evidence of bladder dysfunction (p = 0.006). In the irritable bowel group detrusor instability was observed in 10 patients compared with only one control subject (p = 0.008). A steep cystometrogram occurred in five irritable bowel patients and three controls (NS). Detrusor instability was most common in patients with a bowel habit characterised by alternating constipation and diarrhoea. This is the first study to provide objective evidence that patients with irritable bowel syndrome may have a disorder of smooth muscle or its innervation that is not confined to the gastrointestinal system. PMID- 3758814 TI - Physiologic study of the terminal digestive tract in chronic painful constipation. AB - A manometric study of the sigmoid colon and of the anorectum was undertaken in 65 chronically constipated patients complaining of abdominal pain, and in a control group of 23 healthy volunteers. Rectal compliance was tested in both groups. The sigmoid motility study allowed for the segregation of the constipated patients into three groups: hypokinesia (12 cases), normokinesia (34 cases), hyperkinesia (19 cases). Rectal manometry showed anal hypertony in 24 patients, impaired rectal conscious sensitivity in 12 subjects, and normal functions in the remaining cases. The rectal compliance study disclosed a decreased compliance in 15 cases and increased compliance in 13 other patients. In 12 cases disordered sigmoid motility was the only abnormality; in 10 cases only a rectoanal abnormality was found. Most of the patients (52%) exhibited miscellaneous disorders. In contrast, all parameters were normal in nine subjects. No consistent pattern of motility disorders was thus demonstrated in this clinically homogeneous group of patients with chronic, painful, constipation. PMID- 3758815 TI - Depression and functional bowel disorders in gastrointestinal outpatients. AB - Although depression has been linked with both the irritable bowel syndrome and non-organic abdominal pain, which are common in gastrointestinal outpatients, the prevalence of depression in most surveys of outpatient practice has been low. Use of the Beck Depression Inventory to screen new referrals to a general medical and gastrointestinal clinic and to a minor surgical clinic showed that 50 of 100 medical patients were rated as having some degree of depression, compared with 14 of 75 (19%) of the surgical patients in whom abdominal pain and bowel dysfunction were rare (X2 = 9.6, p less than 0.01). In the medical clinic no organic disorder was detected in 64% of the depressed patients, the majority of whom presented with abdominal pain or irritable bowel syndrome. Depression was significantly commoner in this group of patients than in those with other conditions, (X2 = 6.63, p = 0.01). That depression is common in gastrointestinal outpatients is not always appreciated and its symptoms should be sought in all patients with bowel dysfunction and chronic abdominal pain. PMID- 3758816 TI - Human alpha-lactalbumin as a marker of macromolecular absorption. AB - alpha-Lactalbumin was purified from human milk and a competitive radioimmunoassay for measuring serum concentrations of human alpha-lactalbumin was developed. Human alpha-lactalbumin was not detected (less than 5 micrograms/l) in serum from adult men (n = 4), non-pregnant women (n = 6) or in serum from seven of eight formula fed infants. alpha-Lactalbumin was found in serum from pregnant women (19 130 micrograms/l, n = 4), cord blood (22-72 micrograms/l, median value 35 micrograms/l, n = 9), and from newborn non-fed infants (less than 1 day old) (less than 5-50 micrograms/l, median value 15 micrograms/l, n = 11). In breast fed infants the serum concentration of alpha-lactalbumin was highest in preterm infants (140-952 micrograms/l serum/l human milk/kg body weight, n = 4) and decreased in term infants successively with maturity (age 5-30 days: median value 85 micrograms/l serum/l human milk/kg body weight, n = 7; age 31-60 days: median value 43, n = 6; age 61-135 days: median value 12, n = 6). A human milk feeding to three infants one month of age gave serum peak values of alpha-lactalbumin after 30 to 60 minutes. We suggest that human alpha-lactalbumin is a suitable marker for investigating macromolecular absorption in physiological and pathological conditions. PMID- 3758817 TI - Bile acid secretion in cystic fibrosis: evidence for a defect unrelated to fat malabsorption. AB - In order to define basic biliary defects not related to steatorrhoea in cystic fibrosis, we studied 12 control and 18 cystic fibrosis subjects, with a wide range of pancreatic function. Duodenal aspirates were collected over three consecutive 20 minute periods, during continuous intravenous infusion of cholecystokinin and secretin using a marker perfusion technique, and analysed for pancreatic enzyme output (colipase, lipase, trypsin), bile acid output and concentration, and biliary lipids. Cystic fibrosis patients, at all levels of pancreatic function, had significantly reduced total bile acid output (mumol/kg/h) with delayed appearance of the bile acid peak, compared with control subjects. Actual duodenal bile acid concentrations were significantly higher in cystic fibrosis subjects than in controls, however, probably because of the markedly reduced water output shown in these patients. The lithogenic index was not raised in cystic fibrosis patients at any level of pancreatic function. The reduced bile acid output and the delayed peak appearance probably reflect a defect in gall bladder responsiveness which is independent of pancreatic function and steatorrhoea. Whether this defect is related to gall bladder filling or a defective peptide hormone response awaits further study. PMID- 3758818 TI - Adenosine deaminase activity in the diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis. AB - We studied the activity of adenosine deaminase in the peritoneal fluid of 66 patients who were divided into five groups according to causes of ascites as follows: tuberculous peritonitis (group I), septic peritonitis (group II), secondary to malignant tumours (group III), miscellaneous conditions (group IV), and control subjects of transudates (group V). In patients with tuberculous peritonitis the enzyme activity was significantly higher than for the rest of the groups (p less than 0.001), and enzyme concentrations in all patients were well above the upper non-tuberculous value. Adenosine deaminase activity in the peritoneal fluid has proved to be a simple and reliable method for early diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis. PMID- 3758819 TI - Comparison of the effects of gastric antisecretory agents in healthy volunteers and patients with duodenal ulcer. AB - Thirty published studies of the clinical pharmacology of gastric antisecretory agents in normal volunteers and duodenal ulcer patients were reviewed. The aim was to investigate the relationship between antisecretory effect in the two populations. There was a significant correlation between effect in patients and normal subjects for suppression of 24 hour intragastric acidity (r = 0.732; p = 0.0068), nocturnal intragastric acidity (r = 0.861; p = 0.0033) and nocturnal acid output (r = 0.964; p = 0.0069). The regression lines for 24 hour and nocturnal acidity were very similar. The expected antisecretory effect of a particular dosage regimen in patients with duodenal ulcer can be predicted mathematically from data derived from studies in normal volunteers. PMID- 3758821 TI - Ulcerative colitis complicated by Budd-Chiari syndrome. AB - We present two cases of ulcerative colitis associated with a chronic pattern of hepatic vein thrombosis (Budd-Chiari syndrome). Progression of the hepatic disorder appeared to be unrelated to the activity of the colitis. Liver function tests were normal until a late stage in the disease except for a high serum alkaline phosphate and a low serum albumin. This combination of abnormalities together with ascites merit further investigation and should raise the suspicion of hepatic vein thrombosis complicating ulcerative colitis. PMID- 3758820 TI - Histological and histochemical changes in the columnar lined (Barrett's) oesophagus. AB - Multiple endoscopic specimens were obtained from 58 patients with a columnar lined gesophagus to study the histological and histochemical features of this metaplastic epithelium. Five patients (8.6%) had presented with a primary oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Three different epithelial types, junctional, atrophic fundic and intestinal were identified. Twenty two (38%) patients had just one type of epithelium present, the other 36 (62%) having a combination of two or three different types. Intestinal type of epithelium, either alone or in combination with gastric type epithelium was present in 48 (83%) patients. In every case this intestinal type epithelium took the form of an incompletely differentiated variant of intestinal metaplasia, although complete intestinal metaplasia as a focal change was also present in 14 of these patients. Histochemically, sulphomucins were present in the biopsies of 43 (74%) of the patients studied. They were seen in both goblet and columnar mucous cells with almost equal frequency. Incomplete intestinal metaplasia with sulphomucin production was present in four of the five patients with an oesophageal adenocarcinoma. In the columnar lined oesophagus sulphomucin production is common and its presence does not help to identify those individuals at particular risk of developing an adenocarcinoma. PMID- 3758822 TI - Budd-Chiari syndrome presenting as fulminant hepatic failure. AB - Two cases of the Budd-Chiari syndrome are described in whom the diagnosis was finally confirmed at necropsy. The presentation was with encephalopathy, occurring within eight weeks of first symptoms and coming therefore within the definition of fulminant hepatic failure. In one, thought to have non-A, non-B hepatitis, encephalopathy progressed to grade 4 coma with death 12 days after presentation. In the other, mistakenly thought to have intra-abdominal malignancy, an exploratory laparotomy exacerbated the encephalopathy with death three weeks later. In neither case were non-invasive investigations, such as ultrasound and isotope scanning, carried out which might have facilitated an earlier diagnosis and consideration for orthotopic liver transplantation, probably the most appropriate form of therapy for these very severe cases. PMID- 3758823 TI - Dietary essential fatty acids and peptic ulcer disease. PMID- 3758825 TI - Twenty four hour intragastric acidity analysis for the future. PMID- 3758824 TI - Collagenous colitis. PMID- 3758826 TI - The tunnel at the end of the light. PMID- 3758827 TI - Electrophysiology of the human colon: evidence of segmental heterogeneity. AB - The electrical properties of epithelial cell membranes in human descending and ascending colon were studied using microelectrodes and the Na channel blocker amiloride. Under control (pre-amiloride) conditions, the transepithelial electrical measurements in the two colonic segments were similar. The mucosal addition of 0.1 mM amiloride to descending colon totally abolished the transepithelial voltage (Vt) and short-circuit current (Isc), and significantly increased the total tissue resistance (Rt) by 19% (p less than 0.005). Intracellular recordings in descending colon obtained with microelectrodes revealed that the transepithelial effects of amiloride reflected hyperpolarization of the apical membrane and a significant increase in apical membrane resistance, changes which were consistent with amiloride-blockade of apical Na channels and complete inhibition of electrogenic Na transport. An appreciable amiloride-insensitive conductance was also present in the apical membrane of the descending colon. In contrast, the mucosal addition of 0.1 mM amiloride to ascending colon decreased Vt by only 30% (p less than 0.02) and Isc by 43% (p less than 0.05), but had no significant effect on Rt. These results indicate that electrogenic Na transport accounts totally for Isc in human descending colon in vitro, but only partly for Isc in human ascending colon, suggesting that Na transport in ascending colon is mediated primarily by electroneutral processes, and the apical membrane of human descending colon contains an amiloride-sensitive conductance for Na in parallel with an amiloride insensitive conductance, which may transport K. PMID- 3758828 TI - Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the uterine corpus and cervix. AB - Embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas of the uterus and cervix are rare tumors with a very poor prognosis historically. Adjuvant multidrug chemotherapy combined with local radiation therapy and/or surgery has resulted in markedly improved survival rates. Six patients with embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the uterus/cervix are reported, with a compilation of 28 additional patients from the literature. Nineteen of 24 patients (79%) treated with combination therapy were alive and well 4-147+ months (median 61 months) after diagnosis. The six cases from USC Medical Center and affiliated hospitals are all well 17-144 months (mean 95 months) after diagnosis. Analysis of the collected series indicates that extent of disease is an important prognostic factor. Adjuvant chemotherapy with vincristine, actinomycin D, and cyclophosphamide (VAC) improves survival. Initial therapy for embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma confined to the uterus/cervix should include radical hysterectomy, pelvic lymphadenectomy, and adjuvant chemotherapy with VAC. Pelvic radiotherapy should be employed for involved surgical margins or positive nodes. Advanced disease managed initially with chemotherapy and radiotherapy may allow subsequent curative extirpative surgery. PMID- 3758829 TI - Differences in clinical significance of blood group antigens A, B, and H in carcinoma tissue in the uterine cervix. AB - The losses of blood group antigens A, B, and H in carcinoma tissue of the uterine cervix were studied by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) method and the relations of these losses to invasion and dedifferentiation of primary cancer were examined. The incidence of cases showing complete loss of A or B antigen increased in proportion to the progression of cancer, but in most cases even of invasive cancer, H antigen, the precursor of A and B antigens, was detected. Complete loss of H antigen was not demonstrated in well-differentiated keratinizing invasive carcinomas, but was seen in 15% (15/101) of the cases of large cell non-keratinizing type cancer and 50% (8/16) of those of small cell non keratinizing type cancer. No relationship was found between losses of A, B, and H antigens and parametrial spread of carcinoma or metastasis to the pelvic lymph nodes, but the incidence of death within 2 years after hysterectomy was higher in H antigen-negative cases than in H antigen-positive cases. These results indicate that loss of A and B antigens depends on some activity of invasion of cancer, while loss of H antigen strongly indicates dedifferentiation of cancer cells and also may indicate a poor prognosis. PMID- 3758830 TI - Endocervical curettage: does it contribute to the management of patients with abnormal cervical cytology? AB - Routine endocervical curettage has been advocated in the colposcopic evaluation of patients with abnormal cervical cytology. To assess the usefulness of this procedure, we reviewed the records of 518 patients referred to the Colposcopy Clinic with abnormal Pap smears. Data was reviewed retrospectively in 411 patients and collected prospectively in 107 patients. Dysplasia was present in 1.4% of ECC specimens obtained in patients with conclusive colposcopic examinations, and in 25.7% of specimens in patients with inconclusive examinations. Invasive cancer was not detected in any ECC specimen. Eighty patients with inconclusive colposcopic examinations underwent conization of the cervix; in this group, the final pathologic diagnosis was CIN III in 51.2%, microinvasive cancer in 2.5%, and invasive cancer in 1.2%. In patients with conclusive colposcopic examinations, the final pathologic diagnosis was CIN III in 17.2%, and no cases of microinvasive or invasive cancer were present. When the colposcopic examination is conclusive, the incidence of positive ECC is low and may not warrant performing ECC in all patients. When the examination is inconclusive, ECC rarely obviates the need for diagnostic conization as ECC rarely yields a diagnosis of invasive cancer. PMID- 3758831 TI - Vincristine infusion in refractory gynecologic malignancies. AB - Prolonged intravenous infusion of vincristine was evaluated in 26 patients with advanced, refractory gynecologic malignancies. Most patients (88%) had progressive disease following treatment with one or more chemotherapeutic agents. Treatment consisted of a 0.5 mg intravenous bolus injection followed immediately by continuous infusion of 0.25-0.50 mg/m2 vincristine given daily for 5 days. There were no objective responses observed among 14 patients with carcinoma of the cervix, 7 patients with carcinoma of the ovary, or 5 patients with carcinoma of the endometrium. Toxicity was mild when present and consisted of paresthesias and myalgias. Vincristine infusion appears to be a well-tolerated but ineffective treatment for refractory gynecologic malignancies. PMID- 3758832 TI - Androstenedione production by malignant epithelial ovarian tumors. AB - The concentration of plasma androstenedione in women with malignant epithelial ovarian tumors is investigated. Fifty-one postmenopausal and/or oophorectomized women with no other malignant or endocrine disease are included in the study. All FIGO stages and the histologic types I C, II C, III C, and IV are represented. The tumor volumes were evaluated once a month using bimanual rectovaginal palpation under anesthesia. Four blood samples were drawn for androstenedione radioimmunoassay at monthly intervals. The plasma levels were compared with those of a control group of postmenopausal women and a control group of fertile women in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. The results show a relationship between tumor volume and plasma androstenedione level. Histologic type and FIGO stage seem to be of subordinate importance and secondary to tumor volume. During chemotherapy the plasma concentration of androstenedione decreased parallel to the reduction in tumor volume. The initial plasma androstenedione concentration seems to have prognostic importance. PMID- 3758833 TI - [Breast palpation as the basis for an earlier diagnosis of malignant breast changes]. PMID- 3758834 TI - [The vaginal smear and hormonal status]. PMID- 3758835 TI - [Cesarean section--changing indications and frequency]. PMID- 3758836 TI - [Relation between perinatal mortality and cesarean section frequency]. PMID- 3758837 TI - [Effects of the method of delivery on the extremely premature infant in breech presentation]. PMID- 3758838 TI - The importance of aspartate aminotransferase for platelet aggregation. AB - In bovine platelets aspartate aminotransferase has a high activity. The enzyme in vitro is inhibited in a dose dependent manner by aminooxyacetate (IC50 = 10(-4) M), hydroxylamine (IC50 = 10(-4) M), and cycloserine (IC50 = 5 X 10(-3). The inhibitory effect of all the three compounds is strongest at low substrate (aspartate) concentration. Blocking of aspartate aminotransferase activity by these compounds in intact platelets is accompanied by the inhibition of ADP and collagen-induced aggregation. Among the three compounds the strongest inhibitor of platelet aggregation was hydroxylamine, which was also the most effective inhibitor of aspartate aminotransferase. Other metabolic blockers, i.e. dinitrophenol (DNP), rotenone and antimycin also inhibited the aggregation of platelets, and a synergism has been demonstrated between DNP, rotenone and antimycin A action on platelet aggregation and blockade of aspartate aminotransferase activity. The results are interpreted to mean that transamination is of importance in the energy production in the activated platelet, probably through its participation in reducing equivalents transport from the cytosol to the mitosol via the malate: oxaloacetate: aspartate shuttle. PMID- 3758839 TI - Frequency of non-secretor types among stomach cancer patients. AB - The secretor type and the ABO blood group characteristics were studied in 293 patients suffering from cancer of the stomach. The results were compared with the corresponding data of 760 healthy persons. The frequency of non-secretors was found to be 8.8% lower among the stomach cancer patients, and the incidence of A blood group substance 10% higher than in normal ones. PMID- 3758840 TI - Acute megakaryocytic myelosis preceded by myelodysplasia. Report of a case and review of the literature. AB - Acute megakaryocytic myelosis represents a distinct disease entity. As shown by a survey of the literature, it is a rapidly fatal disease, not preceded by a chronic myeloproliferative disorder, and mostly refractory to cytotoxic treatment. The first manifestation is pancytopenia with initial absence but quick development of hepatosplenomegaly. In contrast to "acute myelofibrosis", which is characterized by hyperplasia of all three haematopoietic lineages, a purely megakaryocytic proliferation develops together with a slight reticulinic fibrosis. Immature megakaryocytic cells may appear in the circulation, allowing classification of the disease as a variant of acute non-lymphatic leukaemia. This view is stressed by the observation of a preceding myelodysplastic phase in the case reported here. PMID- 3758841 TI - Time-evolution of erythrocyte physico-chemical properties in blood stored at different temperatures. AB - Several interrelated biophysical and biochemical properties of erythrocytes and plasma from whole blood stored at 4 degrees C, and 37 degrees C with CPD preservative were determined over a 21-day period. Changes in red cell volume, deformability and osmotic fragility (all measured by resistive pulse spectroscopy) showed some surprising fine structure that correlated well with dynamic variations in extracellular species, especially sodium, potassium and lactate dehydrogenase. Several features of these data suggest the existence of three distinct stages of cell condition, apparently not recognized previously. Changes are interpreted primarily in terms of membrane behavior, and implications for storage monitoring are discussed. PMID- 3758842 TI - Effect of dipyridamole on adenosine incorporation into hypoxanthine nucleotides of fresh human red cells. AB - Fresh human red cells were incubated for 2 hours in a medium containing adenosine, pyruvate and inorganic phosphate (APP medium), or in APP medium supplemented with 10(-4) M dipyridamole (APPD medium). No measureable amount of ITP was found in fresh red cells, and the average IMP content in these cells was 0.18 +/- 0.09 mumol/g Hb. After 2 hours incubation in APP medium, the IMP content increased almost 8.5-fold to 1.52 +/- 0.78 mumol/g Hb. Under these conditions the ITP level also increased to 1.40 +/- 0.84 mumol/g Hb. After 2 hours incubation of red cells in APPD medium, the average IMP content increased to 5.30 +/- 2.33 mumol/g Hb, about 3.5 times that found in APP medium. At the same time ITP content was about 53.6% lower, that is 0.65 mumol/g Hb. In red cells incubated in APPD medium, penetration of 8-14C-adenosine decreased by 50%, and incorporation of this nucleotide into the pool of all free nucleotides also decreased by 18.2% as compared to red cells incubated in APP medium. It is concluded that IMP is probably formed directly from AMP gained by the phosphorylation of adenosine during its penetration. PMID- 3758843 TI - Prognostic factors in dysmyelopoietic syndromes. AB - Dysmyelopoietic syndromes are characterized by cytopenia in peripheral blood and marrow maturation abnormalities. The condition has been studied in 33 patients with regard to the initial haematologic picture. A certain number of variables of prognostic value was observed: excess of marrow blasts, pancytopenia, and decreased growth of bone marrow cells in agar culture. The length of survival and the percentage of leukaemic transformation were different in patients with refractory anaemia and refractory anaemia with an excess of blasts. PMID- 3758844 TI - [Conservative management of severe pre-eclampsia at less than 36 weeks gestation]. PMID- 3758845 TI - [Nocturnal penile tumescence screening for impotence]. PMID- 3758846 TI - [Vaginal hysterectomy by the Porges technique]. PMID- 3758847 TI - [Congenital cystic disease of the lung]. PMID- 3758848 TI - [Esophageal perforation]. PMID- 3758849 TI - [Measurement of cognitive functions in Parkinson's disease]. PMID- 3758851 TI - [Epidemiologic factors in ischemic stroke and their relation to functional recovery]. PMID- 3758850 TI - [Primary endocardial calcification of the right ventricle with interatrial shunt and cyanosis]. PMID- 3758852 TI - [Doxycycline induced esophageal ulcer]. PMID- 3758853 TI - [Papillary thyroid carcinoma with Grave's disease]. PMID- 3758854 TI - [The community hospital--old wine in new bottles]. PMID- 3758855 TI - [Stroke in hospitalized patients]. PMID- 3758856 TI - [An irritable mind or an irritable bowel]. PMID- 3758857 TI - [Thalassemia minor and iron deficiency anemia among Israeli soldiers]. PMID- 3758858 TI - [Surgical treatment of morbid obesity by vertical banded gastroplasty]. PMID- 3758859 TI - [A ten year survey of diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of cancer of the colon in a regional hospital]. PMID- 3758860 TI - [Computerized tomography in epilepsy]. PMID- 3758861 TI - [Early syphilitic hepatitis]. PMID- 3758863 TI - [Hyperbaric oxygen treatment of multiple sclerosis]. PMID- 3758862 TI - [A vaccine against organophosphorus poisoning--is it possible?]. PMID- 3758864 TI - [Skin diseases and zinc]. PMID- 3758865 TI - [Regulation of hemopoiesis and immunomodulation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3]. PMID- 3758866 TI - Efficacy of salinomycin, monensin and lasalocid against spontaneous eimeria infection in rabbits. AB - Rabbits spontaneously infected with coccidia of the genus Eimeria were treated with salinomycin, lasalocid and monensin. The drugs were applied in pellets in the doses of 50 ppm. The weight gain in rabbits treated with salinomycin and monensin was higher than in those treated with lasalocid and by 22.6% higher than in control animals. The weight gain in animals treated with lasalocid was almost the same as in the control group. The oocyst production was suppressed most significantly by salinomycin. PMID- 3758867 TI - Water snails as paratenic hosts of Hymenolepididae Fuhrmann, 1907 in Czechoslovakia. AB - The distribution of cysticercoids of Hymenolepididae Fuhrmann, 1907 parasitizing water birds (Anseriformes and Ralliformes) in Czechoslovakia was studied. A total of 2970 snail specimens (429 Lymnaea stagnalis (L.), 531 L. ovata (Drap.), 1, 462 L. peregra (O. F. Mull.), 158 L. auricularia (L.), 262 Planorbis planorbis (L.) and 65 Viviparus viviparus (L.)) were examined for this purpose. Among them, 122 snails were infected with cysticercoids of 13 cestode species (Dicranotaenia coronula (Dujardin, 1845), Diorchis inflata (Rudolphi, 1810), D. nyrocae Yamaguti, 1935, D. ransomi Schultz, 1940, Diploposthe laevis (Bloch, 1782), Echinocotyle rosetteri Blanchard, 1891, Fimbriaria fasciolaris (Pallas, 1781), Microsomacanthus compressa (Linton 1892), M. paracompressa (Czaplinski, 1956), M. paramicrosoma (Gasowska, 1931), M. spiralibursata (Czaplinski, 1956), Sobolevicanthus gracilis (Zeder, 1803), and S. octacantha (Krabbe, 1869). PMID- 3758868 TI - Some precursors of glycogen in Ascaris suum females. AB - Intensity of incorporation of the labelled carbon from glucose, glucosamine and leucine into the glycogen of somatic cells and reproductive organs of Ascaris suum females has been studied. Glucose was most intensively incorporated into the growing oocytes and into the uterine epithelial cells, whereas its incorporation into muscle glycogen was found to result in lowest rates. Radiocarbons from glucosamine and leucine were incorporated into tissue glycogen of female worms much less than glucose. Incorporation of isotopes into glycogen of the eggs depended on the formation of their primary shells. The ways of incorporation of isotopes into glycogen of the eggs after formation of all the shell layers are discussed. PMID- 3758869 TI - The concept of vector in parasitology, ecology of agents, epidemiology and epizootology. AB - The concepts of "host" and "vector" are compared in application to arthropods which are capable to transmit pathogens to man and animals. The paper shows that these concepts are not identical. The function of such arthropods as hosts of microorganisms, as well as their possible importance in population ecology, epidemiology and epizootology are discussed. The system of different concepts corresponding to the tasks of these scientific disciplines is also considered. PMID- 3758870 TI - Some features of the ecology of fleas inhabiting the nests of the suslik (Citellus citellus (L.)). I: Population dynamics, sex ratio, feeding, reproduction. AB - While studying the suslik fleas in artificial nests planted in free nature, significant changes in the population dynamics of N. setosa, C. simplex and C. orientalis (from the spring build up to the autumnal peak and the decrease of flea number until the next spring) were noted. The predominance of females in the spring period was recorded in N. setosa. Significant seasonal changes in the number of engorged females of N. setosa and C. simplex and of C. orientalis males (the increase of engorged specimens in the spring and summer) were demonstrated. A significant predominance of females with mature eggs in the spring and summer and their negligible number in the autumn were found in N. setosa and C. simplex. PMID- 3758871 TI - Rhabdovirus-like particles in the sporocyst of the trematode Brachylaimus fuscatus from terrestrial mollusc Ponsadenia duplocincta. AB - Rhabdovirus-like particles containing nucleoprotein in a helix with eight turns was demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy in subtegumental cells and syncytial layer of tegument in Brachylaimus fuscatus sporocyst. This is the first case of virus infection in trematodes. The possibility of transfer of the virus to intra-molluscan parasitic generations of the trematode is discussed with respect to the peculiarities of the life cycles of the family Brachylaimidae. PMID- 3758873 TI - Circulation of mosquito-borne viruses in large-scale sheep farms in eastern Slovakia. AB - Samples of blood sera collected from 608 sheep in large farms of the districts of Trebisov, Michalovce, Vranov nad Toplou and Humenne were investigated in hemagglutination-inhibition test for the presence of mosquito-borne viruses Sindbis, West Nile, Tahyna and Calovo. Antibodies to arboviruses Tahyna (11.5%) and Calovo (10.9%) were detected most frequently, while a lower sero-positivity was recorded to the Sindbis (2.3%) and West-Nile (1.0%) viruses. Certain differences were found in the infection rates in the respective districts: the highest frequency of antibodies to Tahyna and Calovo viruses was recorded in sheep of the district of Trebisov and the lowest one in animals of the district of Humenne. PMID- 3758872 TI - Study of the properties of alkaline phosphatase in Taenia crassiceps (Zeder, 1800) cysticerci. AB - The properties of alkaline phosphatase present in Taenia crassiceps cysticerci were studied. Approximately a half of the total activity was free and the remaining part was bound to membranes. Kinetic studies did not show any differences between the free and bound alkaline phosphatases. It was found that high substrate concentrations produced an inhibitory effect on the enzyme. This effect was much greater at lower pH. pH optimum changed with the concentration of the substrate. PMID- 3758874 TI - [Electroencephalographic effects of 450191-S and its metabolites in rabbits with chronic electrode implants]. AB - Electroencephalographic (EEG) effects of 450191-S and its metabolites were investigated in unanesthetized rabbits with chronic electrode implants, and they were compared with those of nitrazepam and estazolam. 450191-S at doses of 0.1 0.5 mg/kg, i.v., induced a drowsy pattern of spontaneous EEG: high voltage slow waves and spindle bursts increased in the cortex and amygdala, while the hippocampal theta rhythm was desynchronized. In addition, low voltage fast waves appeared particularly in the cortical EEG. The EEG arousal response to auditory stimulation and to electric stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation, posterior hypothalamus and centromedian thalamus was markedly suppressed by 450191-S. The photic driving response elicited by a flash light in the visual cortex was significantly suppressed by 450191-S. 450191-S showed no significant effect on the recruiting response. The EEG effects of nitrazepam were qualitatively similar but less potent and shorter in duration of action than those of 450191-S. The effects of estazolam were approximately as potent as those of 450191-S, but its duration of action was much shorter than that of 450191-S. 450191-S was more potent than nitrazepam and approximately equipotent to estazolam in suppressing hippocampal and amygdaloid after-discharges. The EEG effects of M-1 and M-2 were similar to those of 450191-S in both qualitative and quantitative aspects. The effects of M-A were quantitatively similar but less potent and shorter in duration of action than those of 450191-S. PMID- 3758875 TI - [Pharmacological studies on proglumetacin maleate, a new non-steroidal anti inflammatory drug. (1). Anti-inflammatory effects]. AB - Anti-inflammatory effects of proglumetacin maleate (PGM), a new indomethacin (IND) derivative, were compared with those of IND on an equimolar-dose basis. PGM produced a dose-dependent inhibition of vascular permeability and carrageenin edema. These inhibitory effects of PGM were greater when given 4 hr prior to phlogistic agents than when given 1 hr before. Moreover, these effects of PGM were long-acting. Inhibitory effects of PGM on kaolin edema and UV-erythema were slightly less active than those of IND. PGM markedly reduced the leukocyte migration in carrageenin pleurisy. Subacute anti-exudative and anti-granuloma effects of PGM were nearly equal to those of IND. Also, PGM showed strong prophylactic and therapeutic effects on adjuvant arthritis, the model of chronic (immuno-reactive) inflammation. These effects of PGM were superior or equal to those of IND. These pharmacological properties of PGM suggested its potential usefulness in rheumatic and other inflammatory disorders. It was considered that the mode of action of PGM mainly depended on its active metabolite, IND. However, PGM was also active in the case of local administration into the sites of inflammation on rat hind paw edema. Therefore, it seemed that PGM had a different behavior than a so called "prodrug". PMID- 3758876 TI - [Effects of ambroxol on pulmonary surfactant--analysis of the fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholine in the sputum and normal respiratory tract fluid in rabbits]. AB - The mechanism of action of secretagogic expectorants (ex., ambroxol) has not been clarified. Recently, attention has been directed to the relationship of their action to pulmonary surfactants. In the present study, the fatty acid (FA) composition of phosphatidylcholine (PC), which is the main physiological surfactant, was investigated using sputum, respiratory tract fluid, mucin-like substance, lung washings and lung tissue of rabbits. Effects of ambroxol (20 mg/kg, i.s.) on several parameters such as output volume, FA contents of PC, protein content and viscosity of respiratory tract fluid of rabbits were also investigated. In respiratory tract fluid, lung washings and mucin-like substance of rabbits, saturated FA, especially C16:0, were predominant components of PC; while in sputum and lung tissue of rabbits and respiratory tract fluid of hens, unsaturated FA, especially C18:1 and C18:2, were more predominant components in comparison with those in the above specimens. Ambroxol significantly increased the contents of C16:0, saturated FA and total FA of PC, and it also increased protein content with an increase in the viscosity of respiratory tract fluid. These results suggest that in the respiratory tract fluid of rabbits, PCs are pulmonary surfactants, and the increasing secretion of pulmonary surfactant is likely to be involved in the expectorant action of ambroxol. PMID- 3758877 TI - [Effects of ipriflavone (TC-80, an anti-osteoporotic drug) on acute and chronic pain]. AB - The effects of TC-80 on acute and chronic pain in rats and mice were examined. Single oral administration of TC-80 at 50-300 mg/kg was not analgesic in the phenylquinone writhing, acetic acid writhing, and hot plate tests in mice or the tail flick test in rats. Three-weeks administration of TC-80 in a dose of 100 mg/kg/day, p.o., to rats had no analgesic action in the acetic acid writhing and tail flick tests. When TC-80 was given orally in a dose of 100 mg/kg/day for 3 weeks to rats with adjuvant arthritic chronic pain, analgesic effects were observed 2 weeks after the start of administration in males and in ovariectomized estrone-supplemented females; the effect seen in the females was statistically significant. Changes in the bones of the hind paws were examined radiologically, and synovitis, periosteal new bone formation and bone destruction were examined histopathologically in the females. These variables were improved by treatment with TC-80 for 3 weeks. It is concluded that TC-80 has no analgesic effect, but may inhibit chronic pain by anti-osteoporotic action on bone disease. PMID- 3758879 TI - [Responsibility of the family physician is determinative. Amputation following falsely assessed risk of occlusion]. PMID- 3758878 TI - Production of bacteriocin-like substances by Yersinia frederiksenii, Y. kristensenii, and Y. intermedia strains. AB - The production of bacteriocin-like substances by strains of Yersinia frederiksenii, Y. kristensenii and Y. intermedia in broth culture was established. These substances showed a selective activity against Y. enterocolitica, Y. frederiksenii, Y. kristensenii and Y. intermedia strains. Electron micrographs revealed the presence of phage tails in culture media. The production of these substances was detected in cultures grown at 25 degrees C but not in those grown at 37 degrees C, while these bacteriocin-like substances were active at 25 and 37 degrees C. Y. enterocolitica serogroups 0:3 and 0:9 were more susceptible to these bacterin-like substances than strains of Yersinia isolated from environmental sources. PMID- 3758880 TI - [Differentiated HDL study]. PMID- 3758881 TI - [Adjuvant therapy of breast cancer. 1: Cytostatic therapy]. PMID- 3758882 TI - [How do gestational hormones modify sodium balance? Contribution to the genesis of "pill hypertension"]. PMID- 3758883 TI - [Therapy of activated arthroses with antirheumatic agents in retard form]. PMID- 3758884 TI - [First sterilization, then refertilization--who pays?]. PMID- 3758885 TI - [Fibrinolytic therapy of deep venous thromboses. Prevention of post-thrombotic syndrome in the area of the pelvis and leg]. PMID- 3758887 TI - [Organic sleep disorders. Diagnosis and therapy]. PMID- 3758886 TI - [Sodium picosulfate in stoma therapy. Mechanism of action and value]. PMID- 3758888 TI - [Acquired immunologic deficiency syndrome. Follow-up studies in patients with increased risk]. PMID- 3758889 TI - [The aluminum problem in antacid therapy]. PMID- 3758890 TI - [ A loop diuretic with prolonged effect (intereview by T.U. Keil)]. PMID- 3758891 TI - [Pediatric gynecology as prevention]. PMID- 3758892 TI - [Unwanted pregnancy in adolescents: existential background factors]. PMID- 3758893 TI - [Pathogenesis of inner ear hearing loss. Follow-up of auditory evoked potentials in acute cerebral ischemia]. PMID- 3758894 TI - [Effect of lecithin on memory performance. Evaluating the validity of a learning and memory test (LGT-3) in 45 to 55-year-old patients]. PMID- 3758895 TI - [Empirical studies of sexual behavior of psychotic patients--a review]. AB - The review is based upon the observation that the topic of sexuality so far seems to be underrepresented in psychiatric research and practice. The present empirical studies concerning aspects of sexual behavior and experiences of patients with affective and schizophrenic psychoses are summarized in this paper. First, studies related on characteristics of the premorbid sexual behavior of the patient groups are considered. A summary of investigations concerning changes in the sexual life due to the psychiatric illness is divided into results on the changes in the frequency of sexual activities and changes in sexual appetence, results on sexual deviant acts, on sexual activities of psychiatric inpatients, and results on sexual orientation, especially for patients with paranoid symptoms. The review ends with a report of the most important results concerning characteristics of the sexuality specific for the disease and results on the frequency of sexual dysfunctions in different groups of patients. As the review shows, our knowledge about the sexual life of psychiatric patients so far seems very incomplete. More thoroughly performed empirical studies will help to counteract the distribution of stereotypic beliefs. PMID- 3758896 TI - [Dynamics of eye movements in paralytic strabismus]. AB - The characteristic clinical signs of paralytic strabismus can be confounded by phenomena concerning either the ipsilateral and/or the contralateral eye, the latter particularly occurring when fixating with the paretic eye. Specific clinical and EOG-phenomena and the underlying dynamic mechanisms of the peripheral oculomotor apparatus in acute and chronic paralytic strabismus are described. PMID- 3758897 TI - [Relation between criminal and suicidal behavior]. AB - Results of many psychological, clinical, and epidemiological studies indicate a possible relationship between criminal and suicidal behavior. However, most data supply indirect evidence only and they are by no means conclusive regarding such a relationship. The results of a few well controlled studies, devoted specifically to this issue reveal that there is no real inner relatedness between criminality and completed suicide, even though both behaviours can sometimes occur together, e.g. in connection with alcoholism. It is still not clear whether there is a relationship between criminal and parasuicidal behavior. PMID- 3758898 TI - [4th meeting of the German Society for Biologic Psychiatry. 18-20 September 1986, Wurzburg. Abstracts]. PMID- 3758899 TI - [Morphometric study of the human locus coeruleus. The changes in aging and degenerative neurological diseases]. PMID- 3758900 TI - Continuing problem in congenital rubella syndrome in southern Japan. Its outbreak in Fukuoka and the surrounding areas after the 1965-1969 and 1975-1977 rubella epidemics. PMID- 3758901 TI - [Endometrial carcinoma. A histopathologic analysis of 155 cases with special reference to prognostic factors and background lesions]. PMID- 3758902 TI - [Effects of KCl on the distribution of vimentin in cultured cells]. PMID- 3758903 TI - Radiotherapy for lingual cancer. A clinical evaluation. PMID- 3758904 TI - Pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials in hepatic cirrhosis. AB - Whole-field pattern-reversal VEPs (VEP) were examined in fifteen patients screened for hepatic cirrhosis. Twelve age- and sex-matched normal individuals and twenty-four psychotic patients on maintenance neuroleptic medication served as controls. There were no differences in latency or amplitude of the major positive component VEP (P100) to binocularly or monocularly presented reversing patterns between hepatic and control groups. Pre-exposure to flicker (the "photostress test") caused no abnormalities of VEP. Only in one patient with hepatic cirrhosis did monocular stimulation in the photostress condition cause a marked delay of P100. It is possible that this was an idiosyncratic response and that visual abnormalities detectable with the VEP technique can be attributed to other factors such as poor attention or accompanying disorders of the visual system. PMID- 3758905 TI - Hepatic angiosarcoma among Egyptian farmers exposed to pesticides. AB - A greatly increased incidence of hepatic angiosarcoma (H.A.S.) among Egyptian farmers involved in pest-control spraying operations attracted our attention. Fourteen patients were diagnosed at Ain Shams University Hospital between the years 1980-1984 as having H.A.S. Eleven were males and 3 females with an average age of 49 years, and a male:female ratio of 3.8:1. Eleven patients reside in Lower Egypt and 3 in Upper Egypt. Ten out of the 14 patients had a definite history of a direct chronic recurrent exposure to agricultural pesticides of variable chemical nature, throughout the year. The period of exposure ranged from 11-20 years with an average of 14 years. The other 4 patients had no history of exposure to any of the known carcinogenic factors. This significant increase in angiosarcoma among farmers involved in pesticide spraying suggests that agricultural pesticides might play a role in the genesis of H.A.S. in Egypt. PMID- 3758906 TI - Serologic markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis D virus infection in carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen who are frequently exposed to HBV. AB - Serum hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and HBV DNA are indicators of active replication of HBV, whereas IgM antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (IgM anti HBc) may indicate an active immune response to chronic HBV infection. Fifty-eight carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) who had frequent parenteral exposures were studied for the presence of HBeAg, HBV DNA, IgM anti-HBc and hepatitis delta virus (HDV) serologic markers. Active replication of HBV was detected in 36.2% (25% of drug addicts, 16.7% of thalassemia patients, and 46.9% of hemodialysis patients) and seropositivity for IgM anti-HBc in 55.2% of the HBsAg carriers. Among the 39 HBsAg carriers who were negative for HBeAg, IgM anti HBc was detected significantly more frequently than HBV DNA (46.1% vs. 5.1%, p less than 0.001). Serologic evidence of HDV infection was detected in 35% of drug addicts, 50% of thalassemia patients and in 9.4% of hemodialysis patients. These data revealed that continued replication of HBV was more frequent in hemodialysis patients than in drug addicts and thalassemia patients who are HBsAg carriers and the opposite was true for the prevalence of HDV infection. PMID- 3758907 TI - Familial clustering of heterogeneous chronic unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. AB - This study concerns the family of a girl affected by type 2 Crigler-Najjar syndrome; a brother and a sister died of kernicterus a few months after birth. The father and two living siblings had moderate unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. The patient's liver uridine-diphospho-glucuronyl-transferase activity (UDPGT) was markedly reduced. All the family members underwent nicotinic acid (NA) load to test hepatic uptake capacity. This test, and NA half-life were normal in the patient and in her mother, and altered in the other relatives. The extent of the hyperbilirubinemic response to NA load, and of the NA half-life, together with physical examination over a one-year period were in good agreement with the diagnosis of Gilbert's syndrome in the patient's father and siblings. Our conclusion is that different impairments of hepatic handling of organic anions may be present in members of families with non-hemolytic bilirubinemia. PMID- 3758909 TI - Effects of secretin antibody on gastric acid inhibition and pancreatic bicarbonate stimulation by acidified liver extract meal in dogs. AB - Duodenal acidification is known to inhibit gastric H+ secretion while stimulating pancreatic HCO-3 secretion, but the mechanisms of these effects have not been fully explained. This study was designed to determine the role of endogenous and exogenous secretin in gastric inhibition and pancreatic stimulation by an acidified liver extract (LE) meal in conscious dogs prepared with chronic gastric and pancreatic fistulas pretreated with normal serum (control) or anti-secretin serum. In control tests, plasma gastrin and gastric H+ secretion showed a marked rise with LE meals at pH ranging from 7.0 to 4.0, but significantly declined at pH 3.0 and 2.0. Plasma secretin and pancreatic secretion started to rise with LE meals at pHs below 4.5, and both reached peaks at pH 2.0. Exogenous secretin infused at graded doses suppressed plasma gastrin and gastric H+ responses to LE meals at doses of 1.0 and 2.0 U/kg-h, but increased, dose-dependently, plasma secretin and pancreatic HCO-3 starting with a dose of 0.03 U/kg-h. Following the administration of anti-secretin serum, the effects of exogenous secretin on plasma gastrin and secretin levels as well as on gastric and pancreatic secretion were almost completely abolished. The increase in plasma secretin and pancreatic HCO-3 responses to LE meals at pH below 4.5 were also abolished by anti-secretin serum, but the suppression of plasma gastrin level and the inhibition of gastric H+ responses to LE meals at lower pH (3.0 and 2.0) remained virtually unchanged.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3758908 TI - The papilla of Vater and chronic pancreatitis. AB - The histological investigation of 150 surgical preparations obtained from patients with chronic pancreatitis, frequently revealed pathological changes affecting the papilla of Vater, such as inflammatory infiltration (69%), fibrosis (81%), glandular hyperplasia (94%), and adenomyosis (95%). In 59% of the cases, these changes had led to a histological suspicion of papillary stricture. No statistically significant correlations were found between the degree of pathological papillary changes and the degree of chronic pancreatitis. Nevertheless, a number of case histories indicated that the pathological changes in the papilla could be both the cause and the consequence of pancreatitis. The secondary papillary stenosis caused by chronic pancreatitis could possibly maintain or accelerate the scarring process in the pancreas. Simple papillotomy would not eradicate this "obstruction to flow" of the pancreatic juice, for the pathological changes are localized mainly at the base of the papilla and often involve the pre-papillary segment of the pancreatic duct. A more sophisticated clinical diagnostic work-up of papillary function in chronic pancreatitis might, however, lead to differential treatment. PMID- 3758910 TI - New unusual forms of colitis. Report of four cases with known and unknown etiology. AB - Four patients with colitis, in two of whom the etiology was unknown, are presented. One patient with discontinuous segmental colitis was infected by Aeromonas hydrophila, and another with presumed idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease was superinfected by this pathogen. Although Aeromonas hydrophila has been known as a rare cause of diarrhea in our region, it is in the first instance reported to cause severe long-lasting colitis as well as superinfection of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IIBD). Another patient presented with segmental ischemic colitis which was rather atypical and of unknown etiology; the patient was young and had no predisposing factors for vascular occlusive disease. The fourth patient with long-lasting segmental granulomatous colitis which was suspected to be parasitic in origin remained without a definitive diagnosis. This presentation of patients with endoscopically proven colitis should in view of our increasing knowledge of colitis remind us to keep a look out for new infections and other forms of inflammatory bowel disease. PMID- 3758911 TI - [Screening of early lung cancer: results of the Miyagi study]. PMID- 3758912 TI - [Mass screening of gastric cancer in Hokkaido Prefecture]. PMID- 3758913 TI - [Current problems in mass screening of lung cancer]. PMID- 3758914 TI - [Present status of mass screening of cancer of the uterine cervix]. PMID- 3758915 TI - [Epidemiologic study of cardiovascular diseases in Hokkaido--with special reference to hypertension, diabetes mellitus and ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 3758916 TI - [Studies of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase in pig epidermis]. AB - Calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (C kinase) is activated by diacylglycerol which is produced in the signal-induced turnover of inositol phospholipid. C kinase has a important role in the transduction of extracellular signals of cellular function, proliferation and differentiation. C kinase in pig epidermis was investigated. Pig epidermal homogenates were centrifuged at 30,000 g for 30 min, and the supernatant was applied on a DEAE-cellulose column for purification. The partially purified enzyme was stimulated by simultaneous addition of Ca2+ and phosphatidylserine. Small amount of diolein or 12-o tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) further activated the enzyme activity. Polyprenoic acid (E5166) which is a newly-synthesized retinoic acid derivative inhibited the TPA activation of C kinase. This inhibition may explain the mechanism in which retinoids inhibit TPA-induced tumor promotion. C kinase preferentially phosphorylated seryl and threonyl residues of lysine-rich histone. Endogenous C kinase phosphorylated 97kD pig epidermal soluble protein. This protein was phosphorylated immediately. With two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, it was shown to be a basic protein. PMID- 3758917 TI - [Clinico-hematological studies on the activity of serum erythropoietin and erythropoiesis in hypoplastic anemia]. AB - I have examined Ferrokinetics and the activity of serum erythropoietin (by Frieds method) for determining the in vivo erythropoiesis, additionally the presence of "effective" or "ineffective" erythropoiesis in patients with hypoplastic anemia. The number of reticulocytes and the reticulocyte production index also were analysed concerning erythropoiesis. Based on above-mentioned findings, the prognosis of these patients was analysed. Furthermore, from the relationship between the morphological examination of the erythroid cells in the bone marrow and the time course of the activity of serum erythropoietin, the change of erythropoiesis was investigated. From these results, a higher level of serum erythropoietin was observed in patients with more severe type in erythropoiesis, whereas the prognosis in these patients was much poorer in relation to an elevated value of serum erythropoietin. Furthermore, it might be suggested that a high level of erythropoietin which is enough to help the erythroid progenitor cells to differentiate and maturate to normal erythroblasts was able to shorter the maturation time of the erythroid cells and also effectively abolished "ineffective erythropoiesis" inducing the proper erythropoiesis. PMID- 3758918 TI - [Macrophage-mediated induction of drug-resistance variants in a mouse mammary tumor cell line]. AB - The ability of macrophages to induce drug-resistant mutants was studied in an in vitro, macrophage-tumor cell coculture system utilizing the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) locus as measured by resistance to 6 thioguanine. Tumor cells of the metastatic mouse mammary tumor line 66 were sensitive to macrophage induction of thioguanine resistance as shown by an increase in the frequency of thioguanine resistant variants which arose following macrophage coculture to levels at least 5 to 10 fold above the spontaneous frequency. This increased frequency was not seen in a series of related, generally nonmetastatic lines. Detection of increased numbers of variants depended upon the macrophage to tumor cell ratio, with 50:1 or greater being necessary. The activity of the macrophages was dependent upon their activation stage. The induction of drug-resistant variants could be inhibited by oxygen radical scavengers. The basis for the emergence of thioguanine resistant cells appeared to be induction of new variants rather than selection of pre-existing resistant cells from the parental population since thioguanine sensitive and resistant cells were equally sensitive to macrophage mediated toxicity. In 6 of the 6 macrophage-induced variants tested, resistance was associated with loss of HGPRT activity. The reverse mutation frequency rate at the HGPRT locus in 5 macrophage-induced variants was low and similar to that of a stable, ethyl methanesulfonate-induced thioguanine resistant line, suggesting that macrophage induction of thioguanine resistance was the result of a true mutation, rather than an epigenetic event. Macrophages isolated directly from growing mammary tumors, as well as activated peritoneal macrophages, were capable of inducing thioguanine resistance in line 66 cells. PMID- 3758919 TI - [Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (micro-ELISA) for serological diagnosis of multilocular echinococcosis]. AB - Multilocular echinococcosis caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus multilocularis is an important zoonosis with high mortality. In Hokkaido, Japan, although the prevalence among inhabitants has been very low, the areas infested with the parasite are rapidly spreading in recent years. Therefore, we improved on the procedure of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (micro-ELISA) for serological diagnosis of multilocular echinococcosis to carry out the epidemiological survey. A micro-ELISA plate (M129A, DYNATECH), antigen of E. multilocularis cyst extract, peroxidase-conjugated anti-human IgG (MILES-YEDA), O phenylenediamine and a plate reader (Multiskan MC, TITERTEK) were used for the assay. Reactions were performed with 0.1 ml of reagents in wells of plate at each step and 0.1 ml of 0.2N H2SO4 was finally added for stop of the reaction. The optimum condition was determined by block titration, as 10 micrograms/ml of protein for antigen concentration, 1:40 for serum dilution and 1:4,000 for conjugate dilution. In this assay system, 30 serum samples could be examined in one plate. After correcting the absorbance of negative control to 0.300, positive range was defined as more than 0.600 which was twice the value of negative control. Doubtful positive range was defined as between 0.450 and 0.600, and negative range as less than 0.450. According to this criterion, 30 serum samples of proven patients with multilocular echinococcosis were examined. Positive and doubtful positive reactions were found from 20 sera (66.7%) and 7 sera (23.3%), respectively. Three patient sera (10.0%) showed negative reactions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3758920 TI - Separation of cerebral embolism with angiographical criteria--a preliminary report. AB - Total of 35 cases of cerebral arterial occlusion were studied with repeated angiography. Cerebral embolisms (E group; 18 cases) were distinguished from cerebral thrombosis (T group; 17 cases) by angiographical criteria: recanalization of occluded arteries of demonstration of embolus with distinct contour. Clinical findings and laboratory data of each group were compared and thought to be well separated. Appropriateness and significance of these criteria are discussed. PMID- 3758921 TI - [Histological and endocrinological studies on the oocyte factor in the cumulus oophorus formation]. AB - The mechanism of cumulus oophorus formation with the follicular growth has been little observed. In order to make clear about it, the possible existence of a granulosa cell growth factor (GGF) in the oocyte was investigated by using the Mitotic Index (MI) (%0) of granulosa cells (GC) in human antral follicles. In each follicle, GC were divided into two groups, cumulus and mural GC, on the basis of the distance from the oocyte. The MI of cumulus GC was 8.2 +/- 0.5 (M +/ SE), constantly high in value with no relation to the follicular diameter, and two fold higher than that of mural GC, 4.7 +/- 0.4 (p less than 0.001). In general, Estradiol (E2) is well known as a granulosa cell growth factor. Hence, we investigated whether oocyte had E2 to know how E2 participates in the cumulus oophorus formation, by using the enzyme histochemical study. E2 content of the oocytes measured by Multi-Micro-Spectrophotometer in preantral and small antral follicles in which GC actively proliferate were 13.6 +/- 0.8% and 10.2 +/- 0.7% respectively, and higher than that of in large antral follicle, 7.6 +/- 1.0%. To examine the origin of E2 in oocytes, oocytes, GC and follicular fluid were measured using porcine ovaries. E2/protein of oocytes was 34.1 +/- 6.4 (pg/mg. prot) and that of GC was 10.2 +/- 2.8. It means that the origin of E2 may be from the oocyte itself. These results suggest, E2 in oocytes is estimated to be one of the oocyte factor to stimulate the granulosa cell proliferation and E2 plays a crucial role in the cumulus oophorus formation. PMID- 3758922 TI - Effect of sustained hyperglycemia on growth hormone secretion in free-moving rats. AB - Sustained hyperglycemia was shown not to suppress growth hormone secretion in the free-moving conscious rat. It is concluded that the rat is not a suitable model for the study of the effects of glucose on growth hormone secretion. PMID- 3758923 TI - Alteration by concanavalin A of the slow dissociable component in the human growth hormone-receptor interaction. AB - In mice liver plasma membranes (PM), the binding affinity of receptors for [125I] human growth hormone (hGH) was dependent on the association time: after 18 hours, a high affinity receptor form with KA = 6.8 X 10(9) M-1 accumulated and, as compared to after 1 hour, an increase up to 88%, in a slow dissociating component was observed. Preincubation of PM with concanavalin A (Con A) or other lectins from Lens culinaris (LCA), Ricinus communis (RCA I), Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) specifically inhibited the binding of hGH to receptors by 54, 28, 50 and 25%, respectively. Furthermore, PM pretreatment with Con A concomitantly increased the rate of dissociation of the hormone-receptor (H-R) complex to 92 or 65% after association for 1 or 18 hours. These Con A-induced alterations resulted from a reduced fraction of the slow dissociable component together with an increased rate constant. The treatment of PM with Con A subsequent to incubation with the hormone did not decrease hormone binding but caused the conversion of the class of hGH receptors exhibiting fast dissociation kinetics towards a form exhibiting slow ones. These data strongly suggest a role for glycoproteins of the N acetyllactosaminic type in the affinity state of liver membrane hGH receptors. PMID- 3758924 TI - Ontogeny of an 8S androgen binding protein in rat liver cytosol. AB - Studies were performed to elucidate the ontogeny of a single class of androgen binding protein in male rat liver cytosol which exhibits characteristics of a ligand specific, high affinity (Kd = 2.3 nM), 8S-receptor capable of nuclear translocation. Detectable levels of receptor first appear at 45 days of age in the male and reach maximum concentration at 65 days. Barely detectable levels are seen in females throughout the duration of study (80 days). Gonadectomy in both sexes (65 days) and androgen treatment of oophorectomized females do not alter the normal development of sexual differentiation of the high affinity androgen receptor. After neonatal castration (2 days) and DES replacement however, receptor sites do not undergo differentiation and adult males exhibit female levels. Conversely, neonatal androgen replacement in 2-day castrates partially restores the level of binding sites to control males values (TP, 71%; DHT, 51%). Neonatal castration without replacement retards but does not fully eliminate sexual differentiation of levels of receptor sites in adult males. Likewise, neonatal androgen treatment in females results in a partial masculinization of binding sites. Following hypophysectomy, levels of receptor sites in females are similar to intact or hypophysectomized males; sexual differences in the adult are abolished. These studies suggest that sexual differentiation of specific liver cytosol androgen binding sites in the adult may be partially programmed at birth by testicular androgen and furthermore, adult sexual dimorphism is maintained through an inhibitory influence of the pituitary in the female. PMID- 3758925 TI - Fetal-maternal transfer of [H3]-6 beta-hydroxycortisol in the pregnant ewe. AB - Distribution and fetomaternal transfer of 6 beta-hydroxycortisol (6 beta-OHF) was studied using serial sampling following injection of tritium labelled 6 beta-OHF into various fluid compartments in the chronically cannulated unaesthesized pregnant ewe. There was a rapid transfer of 6 beta-OHF from the fetal circulation into amniotic fluid and maternal blood. In contrast, the maternal----fetal transfer of this steroid metabolite was considerably less. The sequence of appearance of 6 beta-OHF in fetal blood and amniotic fluid following injection into maternal blood suggests that this steroid is first transferred across the placenta to fetal blood before gaining entry into the amniotic fluid space. The half-lives of 6 beta-OHF after initial equilibration in maternal plasma, fetal plasma and amniotic fluid were 2.0 h, 5.1 h and 8.9 h respectively. The amniotic sac appears to contain a relatively static pool of 6 beta-OHF and may act as a "trap" for 6 beta-OHF in the ovine conceptus. PMID- 3758926 TI - Comparison of insulin antibody levels during the first 3 years of treatment of adult diabetics with monocomponent porcine lente-insulin and single peak beef NPH insulin. AB - Insulin antibody production was studied in two groups of 9 adult diabetics each, who were never treated before with insulin. One group received Monocomponent porcine lente insulin (MC) and the other group single peak beef NPH insulin, for 3 years. Insulin antibodies were evaluated by antibody-bound immunoreactive insulin (Abl) and by the labelled insulin binding capacity (IBC) which presented a significant correlation best fitted by a logarithmic curve. The patients treated with MC insulin developed significant levels of insulin antibodies, however, at lower levels and appearing later in comparison to those with beef NPH. Only 3 patients did not produce significant levels of insulin antibodies. The highest titers occurred after different lengths of treatment in the two groups of patients. Abl decreased after continuation of treatment particularly in the MC series. While in the MC-treated patients there was some positive correlation between the insulin dose and the level of Abl no significant correlation was found between the diabetes control and insulin antibody titers in both groups of patients. PMID- 3758927 TI - Growth hormone-induced regulation of rRNA gene activity in human cultured cells. PMID- 3758928 TI - Dissociation of the central and peripheral effects of naloxone on PRL secretion. PMID- 3758929 TI - Corticoids during hypothermic open-heart operations in children. PMID- 3758930 TI - Prolactin and delay of implantation in lactating adrenalectomized rats. AB - Adrenalectomy before pregnancy in rats caused the persistence of high blood levels of prolactin (PRL) throughout the ensuing postpartum lactation. The persistence of hyperprolactinaemia was without effect on the (delayed) timing of blastocyst implantation during lactation. The findings indicate that ovarian cycles and pregnancy may continue normally despite the absence of adrenal hormones. They reveal that the enhanced release of pituitary PRL in response to suckling is not dependent on the removal of the adrenals during early lactation. The normal delay of blastocyst implantation through suckling, in the presence of abnormally high concentrations of PRL in blood, throws doubt on the supposed critical role of PRL in determining the length of the period of delay of implantation during lactation. PMID- 3758931 TI - Regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor by glucocorticoids in human mononuclear leukocytes. AB - We analyzed glucocorticoid receptor binding in peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes from normal adult males and from females at the follicular and luteal phases. Healthy controls were analyzed before and after 17 days of treatment with two synthetic glucocorticoids: prednisone and an oxazoline derivative of prednisolone (deflazacort). We also studied for comparison 4 patients with adrenocortical insufficiency, two of them on long-term corticoid replacement, and 7 patients with Cushing's syndrome. Using a whole-cell competitive binding assay and 3H-dexamethasone as tracer, normal human mononuclear leukocytes (19 males, 6 females) were found to have 4,529 +/- 1,532 (mean +/- SD) binding sites per cell and a dissociation constant (Kd) of 9.5 +/- 2.3 nM. In Cushing's syndrome the receptor parameters were within the normal range. Cells from patients with untreated Addison's disease had low levels of sites per cell. The number of binding sites increased to normal after long-term glucocorticoid replacement. All the adrenal insufficiency cases had a normal Kd. Finally, following treatment with the synthetic glucocorticoid, deflazacort, the sites per cell were reduced but the Kd remained unchanged. Prednisone had no effects. PMID- 3758932 TI - Regulation of somatomedin-C/insulin-like growth factor I by nutrients. AB - Nutritional intake is an important regulator of plasma somatomedin-C/insulin-like growth factor I (Sm-C/IGF-I) concentrations in plasma. Concentrations in humans are reduced to the hypopituitary range by fasting for only a few days, and their normalization after fasting depends on the adequacy of energy and protein in the refeeding diet. The changes correlate with changes in nitrogen balance. In rats we have observed a close relationship between change in plasma Sm-C/IGF-I and hepatic GH binding with fasting and refeeding, suggesting that alterations in GH binding might be responsible partly for changes in Sm-C/IGF-I. When malnourished humans are given nutrient repletion, the increase in Sm-C/IGF-I is far more dramatic than changes in other nutrient-related serum proteins. PMID- 3758933 TI - Genetically determined polymorphisms in drug oxidation. PMID- 3758934 TI - Assessment of prognosis in advanced liver disease: to score or to measure, that's the question. PMID- 3758935 TI - Ethanol-induced liver fibrosis in rats fed high fat diet. AB - Severe hepatic steatosis and focal necrosis of hepatocytes have previously been induced in rats by continuous intragastric infusion of ethanol and a diet containing only 5% fat as a per cent of total calories as reported by us previously. Since the ethanol diet fed ad libitum with such a low level of fat has previously failed to produce alcoholic fatty liver, continuously high blood alcohol levels achieved in this model appeared to be key in induction of the progressive pathologic lesions in the liver. In the current study, effects of increased fat intake on alcohol-induced liver injury were investigated. Seventeen pairs of male Wistar rats were implanted with gastrostomy cannulas and infused with a liquid diet containing 25% of total calories as fat plus ethanol or isocaloric dextrose. Ethanol intake was progressively increased from 32% up to 47% of total calories to maintain sustained intoxication for 30 to 120 days. Light and electron microscopic examination of the liver revealed moderate to severe fatty infiltration in all of the ethanol-fed rats, of which 14 had spotty or zonal necrosis in the centrilobular areas accompanied by polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cell infiltration. In addition, fibrosis was observed in association with the necrotic lesions or with large-droplet steatosis. Reticulin and trichrome stains clearly demonstrated fine fibrosis, including perivenular fibrosis as well as septum formation progressing to bridging fibrosis. Furthermore, increased numbers of Ito cells and myofibroblasts were observed in the perivenular fibrotic areas. These results demonstrate striking potentiation of alcohol-induced liver injury by the increased fat intake or by the concomitant decrease in carbohydrate intake.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3758936 TI - Phagocytosis, an unrecognized property of murine endothelial liver cells. AB - Impairment of the phagocytic capacities of Kupffer cells, as is found in Frog Virus 3 hepatitis of mice, allows the endothelial liver cells to take up intravenously inoculated latex particles of 1.0 micron diameter. In vitro experiments with cultivated endothelial cells isolated by collagenase perfusion of the liver and purified by centrifugal elutriation demonstrate that uptake occurs via a typical mechanism of phagocytosis involving pseudopodia. Ingestion of latex is inhibited by incubation of the cells at 4 degrees C and by treatment with cytochalasin B, whereas colchicine has no effect. These results demonstrate that: the Kupffer cells are not the only cells of the hepatic sinusoid capable of phagocytosis; and under conditions where the phagocytosis in Kupffer cells is impaired, the endothelial cells may participate in the clearance of large particles from the blood. PMID- 3758937 TI - Receptor-mediated uptake of asialoglycoprotein by the primate liver initiates both lysosomal and transcellular pathways. AB - The degradation of asialoglycoproteins in hepatocytes has been well described in several animal models, but no direct evidence has yet been obtained for asialoglycoprotein processing in the primate liver. A double radiolabeling strategy was employed in the experiments described in this paper to evaluate the fate of asialoorosomucoid in the squirrel monkey. Intravenously injected asialoorosomucoid was taken up by the liver with a half-time of 1 min. Electron microscopic autoradiography showed progression of asialoorosomucoid from the hepatocyte plasma membrane through vesicles to multivesicular bodies and then to secondary lysosomes near the Golgi-rich area of the cell. Over 75% of the grains initially associated with clear endocytic compartments after injection had moved to these later organelles within 20 min. Following degradation of asialoorosomucoid labeled with the Bolton and Hunter reagent, radiocatabolites were secreted into bile, peaking approximately 47 min after injection. We also found that 7 to 8% of the injected protein entered an alternative pathway which led to resecretion of the ligand at the bile canaliculus. This was considerably more than in rats (1 to 3%), but roughly comparable to the amount in guinea pigs (10 to 17%). Intact asialoorosomucoid peaked in monkey bile approximately 27 min after injection and was 3 to 4 times more concentrated than the initial plasma concentration, indicating receptor-mediated transport. Gel filtration chromatography and polyacrylamide gel analysis of the secreted protein indicated that it had arrived in bile unaltered. Since less than 1% of the autoradiographic grains were localized to nonparenchymal cells, the hepatocyte was identified as the cell type simultaneously responsible for both pathways. We propose that missorting of some of the asialoglycoprotein to bile reflects diffusion within intracellular sorting compartments to areas primarily dedicated to the processing of unrelated ligands, such as those newly synthesized for biliary secretion. PMID- 3758938 TI - Determination of iron to phosphorus ratios of iron storage compounds in patients with iron overload: a chemical and electron probe X-ray microanalysis. AB - The amounts of phosphorus and iron in various isolated ferritin preparations were investigated by: chemical analysis on ferritin samples and electron probe X-ray microanalysis on ferritin particles from the same preparations. A high correlation was found between iron to phosphorus ratios obtained by both methods. Further investigation by electron probe X-ray microanalysis on lysosomes of hepatic cells of patients with idiopathic and secondary hemochromatosis revealed lysosomal iron to phosphorus ratios which were very similar in all parenchymal cells but different from ratios obtained in Kupffer cells. Lysosomal iron to phosphorus ratios in hepatocytes did not change after intensive phlebotomy treatment. It is postulated therefore that, during phlebotomy, iron and phosphorus are concomitantly lost from the hepatic lysosomes. PMID- 3758939 TI - The mechanisms of iron uptake by fetal rat hepatocytes in culture. AB - The mechanisms of iron accumulation by cultured hepatocytes isolated from fetal rat liver (19 days gestation) were investigated using rat transferrin labeled with 125I and 59Fe. The rates of iron and transferrin internalization by the cells were measured by incubating the hepatocytes with the labeled transferrin at 37 degrees C followed by treatment with pronase at 4 degrees C to remove surface bound transferrin and iron. Iron internalization increased linearly with time. Approximately 65% of the internalized iron was incorporated into ferritin. In contrast to iron, the rate of transferrin internalization was biphasic, with a rapid phase during the first 10 to 15 min and a second slower phase which becomes more apparent after that time. Iron and transferrin internalization were temperature-dependent. Chase experiments showed that the internalized transferrin donated all of its iron to the cell and was then released in a biphasic manner which was dependent on the time of preincubation with radiolabeled transferrin. These experiments showed that iron uptake occurs by at least three processes. The first mechanism involves the specific receptor-mediated endocytosis of transferrin. Each cell has an average of 7.8 +/- 1.0 X 10(5) (mean +/- SE, n = 5) transferrin binding sites with an apparent association constant of 2.0 +/- 0.4 X 10(6) M-1. The second process is nonsaturable up to a transferrin concentration of at least 6 microM but like the specific process, also leads to accumulation of iron in excess of transferrin. It involves the endocytosis of transferrin mediated by 4.2 X 2.6 X 10(5) M-1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3758940 TI - Low serum alkaline phosphatase activity in Wilson's disease. AB - Low values for serum alkaline phosphatase activity were observed early in the course of two patients with Wilson's disease presenting with the combination of severe liver disease and Coombs' negative acute hemolytic anemia. A review of other cases of Wilson's disease revealed that 11 of 12 patients presenting with hemolytic anemia had values for serum alkaline phosphatase less than their respective sex- and age-adjusted mean values; in eight, serum alkaline phosphatase activity was less than the lower value for the normal range of the test. Low values for serum alkaline phosphatase were much less common in Wilson's disease patients with more chronic forms of presentation. Copper added in high concentration to serum in vitro did not have an important effect on serum alkaline phosphatase activity. The mechanism responsible for the decrease in serum alkaline phosphatase activity in patients is uncertain. PMID- 3758941 TI - Metabolism of 24-norlithocholic acid in the rat: formation of hydroxyl- and carboxyl-linked glucuronides and effect on bile flow. AB - 24-Norlithocholic (3 alpha-hydroxy-24-nor-5 beta-cholan-23-oic) acid is the lower homologue of lithocholic acid, a potent cholestatic agent. In order to characterize its cholestatic potential and metabolic fate, 3 beta-tritiated 24 norlithocholate was infused intravenously into adult male Sprague-Dawley rats prepared with an external biliary fistula. The results demonstrate that 24 norlithocholate does not induce cholestasis in rats when administered in doses in excess of those necessary for lithocholate to produce cholestasis. Hydroxyl- and carboxyl-linked glucuronides were identified as major metabolites secreted in the bile. Especially noteworthy is the identification of carboxyl-linked glucuronides of mono-, di- and trihydroxylated C23 bile acids. Their total amount (25% of recovered radioactive products) is comparable to that of the hydroxyl-linked glucuronide of 24-norlithocholic acid (41%). In this study, for the first time, a bile acid diglucuronide, substituted both at 3-hydroxyl and carboxyl groups, was detected (11%). PMID- 3758943 TI - Nonsyndromatic paucity of interlobular bile ducts: light and electron microscopic evaluation of sequential liver biopsies in early childhood. AB - Liver biopsies and/or autopsy specimens from 17 children (ages 1 week to 5 years) with nonsyndromatic paucity of the interlobular bile ducts were studied by light and electron microscopy. Initial biopsies were obtained before 90 days of age from all patients, and two or more specimens were available from nine. No specific underlying condition was found in nine infants. The remaining cases were associated with Down's syndrome (n = 2), hypopituitarism (n = 2), cystic fibrosis (n = 1), alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency (n = 1), cytomegalovirus (n = 1) and Ivemark syndrome (n = 1). Before 90 days of age, portal changes included duct paucity and fibrosis. Lobular changes were nonspecific, consisting of cholestasis, giant cell transformation, extramedullary hematopoiesis and perisinusoidal fibrosis. Duct paucity, portal fibrosis and perisinusoidal fibrosis persisted after 90 days. Cholestasis was mild or no longer apparent. Portal changes before 90 days of age appear to be sufficiently distinctive to microscopically distinguish nonsyndromatic from syndromatic paucity. Electron microscopic findings suggest that paucity in nonsyndromatic patients may result from a primary ductal insult: ultrastructural studies revealed bile duct destruction characterized by undulation and breaks in the basal lamina and infiltration of the epithelium by lymphocytes. Bile canalicular dilatation with blunting of microvilli and electron-dense material in the lumen, predominantly seen before 90 days, also reinforces the hypothesis of a primary ductal defect. PMID- 3758942 TI - Gallstone prevention in prairie dogs: comparison of chow vs. semisynthetic diets. AB - The effects of a standard rodent chow were compared with those of a semisynthetic diet of known composition (with and without added cholesterol) in the prairie dog model of cholesterol cholelithiasis. Gallstone incidence was 40% higher in animals fed a semisynthetic diet plus cholesterol compared to chow plus cholesterol. The semisynthetic diet plus cholesterol caused significant increases in tissue cholesterol levels (serum, liver and bile) and lithogenic index, but significant decreases in the activity of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase compared to chow plus cholesterol. Histologic study of liver sections revealed that the semisynthetic diet plus cholesterol resulted in moderate to marked portal tract changes characterized by bile duct proliferation, inflammatory infiltration and fibrosis, whereas the cholesterol-supplemented chow diet caused only slight bile duct proliferation with minimal inflammation and fibrosis in the portal areas. Dietary hyodeoxycholic acid prevented cholesterol gallstones and biliary cholesterol crystals when added to either chow plus cholesterol or semisynthetic plus cholesterol diets. The hyodeoxycholic acid supplements also prevented the development of severe histopathologic alterations along the portal tracts. Biliary cholesterol levels were elevated in prairie dogs fed cholesterol plus hyodeoxycholic acid; these animals had liquid crystals in the bile, and hyodeoxycholic acid and its 6 beta-isomer became the major biliary bile acids. A semisynthetic diet plus cholesterol is superior to a high cholesterol chow diet for gallstone formation and prevention studies, but in prolonged feeding experiments, the potential hepatotoxicity of this diet in the prairie dog must be appreciated. PMID- 3758945 TI - Prognostic value of the aminopyrine breath test in cirrhotic patients. AB - The aminopyrine breath test has been proposed as a quantitative test of hepatic function, but its long-term prognostic value in patients with cirrhosis has not been determined. The aim of this study was to examine the usefulness of the aminopyrine breath test in assessing prognosis and to compare it with traditional methods of evaluating liver function. One-hundred eighty-seven patients with histologically confirmed cirrhosis were studied prospectively. An aminopyrine breath test was obtained at the time of inclusion in the study and results were expressed as per cent of the dose excreted in 2 hr. At inclusion, the severity of liver disease was also assessed according to the Pugh modification of the Child Turcotte classification based on ascites, neurological status, serum albumin, serum bilirubin and prothrombin time. Mean follow-up was 844 days. During that period, 59 of 187 patients died of their liver disease. Two-year survival decreased with increasing Child-Turcotte classification score: survival was 98% in Child Class A patients (n = 62), 66% in Child Class B (n = 76) and 36% in Child Class C (n = 49) (chi 2 = 65.6, p less than 0.001). Two-year survival also decreased significantly with increasing degree of aminopyrine breath test abnormalities: survival was 90% in patients with aminopyrine breath test greater than 4% (n = 56); 78% in patients with aminopyrine breath test = 2 to 4% (n = 66), and 43% in patients with aminopyrine breath test less than 2% (n = 65) (chi 2 = 36.9, p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3758944 TI - In vivo studies of GABAergic effects in experimental hepatic encephalopathy. AB - The GABAergic agonist, muscimol, and antagonists, picrotoxin and bicuculline, have been studied in rats with chronic portacaval shunts and in rats developing hepatic encephalopathy after massive ischemic necrosis due to hepatic artery ligation within 48 hr of a portacaval shunt. After the chronic portacaval shunt and to a lesser extent in normal rats intraventricular muscimol resulted in chewing and eating behavior, ataxia and loss of balance that lasted 2 to 3 hr. Lethargy, stupor and coma did not occur. Intraventricular saline had no effect. Bicuculline i.p. lessened the effects of the muscimol. In rats developing hepatic encephalopathy, intraventricular muscimol shortened the time to precoma and coma by approximately 40%. Bicuculline i.p. counteracted this effect of muscimol significantly. However, neither bicuculline nor picrotoxin given alone altered the times to precoma (Stage III), coma (Stage IV) or death. While hepatic encephalopathy in this experimental model is susceptible to GABAergic effects, its natural progression does not appear to be due to GABA. PMID- 3758946 TI - Heterogeneous expression of phenobarbital-inducible cytochrome P-450 genes within the hepatic acinus in the rat. AB - Within the hepatic acinus, the functional unit of liver parenchyma, the induction of cytochrome P-450 protein by phenobarbital is manifested primarily in hepatocytes located closer to the hepatic venule, i.e., distal hepatocytes. The objective of this study was to determine the levels of cytochromes P-450b and P 450e mRNAs in populations of hepatocytes originating in the proximal or distal half of the liver acinus in the rat, as an approach to the elucidation of the mechanisms responsible for the heterogeneous zonal expression of cytochrome P-450 protein. The development of a new method to isolate hepatocytes originating from the proximal or distal half of the liver acinus enabled the measurement of total cytochrome P-450 content and of cytochromes P-450b and P-450e mRNAs in these hepatocytes. Levels of cytochromes P-450b and P-450e mRNAs were assessed in proximal and distal hepatocytes by Northern blot hybridization of poly(A+)RNA with a cDNA recognizing sequences of these two cytochromes. The kinetics of induction were defined by measuring these parameters after a single phenobarbital injection. Cytochrome P-450 mRNA levels reached maximum induction at 16 hr, returning to basal values by 48 hr. In contrast, total cytochrome P-450 microsomal protein content reached maximum induction after 33 hr. Hepatocytes of the distal half of the hepatic acinus responded to phenobarbital with higher levels of cytochromes P-450b and P-450e mRNAs than proximal hepatocytes. These results indicated that there is modulation of the expression of the cytochromes P 450b and P-450e genes within the hepatic acinus. PMID- 3758947 TI - Simultaneous passive and active immunization against hepatitis B: noninterference of hepatitis B immune globulin with the anti-HBs response to reduced doses of heat-inactivated hepatitis B vaccine. AB - The effect of simultaneous administration of hepatitis B immune globulin on the antibody response to a low dose of heat-inactivated hepatitis B vaccine was investigated in 175 health care workers. Subjects were divided into four groups: Groups I and II received 3 monthly injections of a reduced dose (0.6 microgram) of a heat-inactivated hepatitis B vaccine (the usual dose being 3 micrograms) along with 500 IU of hepatitis B immune globulin simultaneously with the first injection of vaccine; Groups III and IV received the vaccine only. In addition, Groups I and III received a final booster injection with 0.6 microgram of the vaccine 8 months after the initial injection. Anti-HBs passively acquired from hepatitis B immune globulin did not interfere with the development of an active antibody response to the vaccine: the anti-HBs conversion rates were similar in persons treated with the combined regimen (89%) as in those who received the vaccine only (91%). At 3 and 5 months after the first injection, however, anti HBs titers in the recipients of vaccine alone were slightly but statistically significantly higher than those of persons who received both hepatitis B immune globulin and vaccine; but at 8 months, this difference was no longer statistically significant. After a booster inoculation at 8 months, the geometric mean titer of anti-HBs increased 7- to 8-fold in antibody-positive vaccinees, regardless of whether hepatitis B immune globulin had been given earlier. Moreover, 6 of 13 nonresponders to the initial three vaccine injections developed anti-HBs after the booster inoculation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3758948 TI - Frequency and significance of antibody to double-stranded DNA in chronic active hepatitis. AB - To assess the frequency and significance of immunoglobulin G antibody to double stranded DNA in chronic active hepatitis, 99 patients with severe disease were tested for the antibody by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of established sensitivity and specificity. Antibody was detected in 56 patients (57%) and occurred with similar frequency in patients with autoimmune (64%), idiopathic (46%) and type B (43%) disease. The mean serum level of antibody was higher in autoimmune disease but it was not significantly different from that in the other diagnostic categories. Patients with and without the antibody could not be distinguished by clinical, laboratory or histologic findings. Responses to corticosteroid therapy and mortality were unrelated to antibody status. In five patients, the antibody disappeared after corticosteroid treatment and induction of histologic remission. We conclude that immunoglobulin G antibody to double stranded DNA is frequently present in patients with severe chronic active hepatitis. Patients with autoimmune disease may have higher antibody levels than others, but the presence of antibody does not connote a disease of specific etiology, unique presentation or different behavior. The prevalence of the finding and its disappearance after corticosteroid therapy suggest that it is a nonspecific manifestation of inflammatory activity. PMID- 3758949 TI - The in vitro production of antibodies to mitochondrial antigens by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. AB - Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 7 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and 7 healthy control subjects were studied for their ability to produce antibodies to mitochondrial antigens in vitro. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected by lymphapheresis and cultured with or without pokeweed mitogen for 10 days. The culture supernatants were then tested for antibodies to mitochondrial antigens by both immunofluorescence microscopy and a microtiter ELISA. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 5 of 7 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis but from none of the healthy controls produced antibodies to mitochondrial antigens spontaneously (without pokeweed mitogen stimulation). In contrast, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 6 of 7 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and from 6 of 7 control subjects synthesized detectable levels of antibodies to mitochondrial antigens after stimulation with pokeweed mitogen. In general, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the primary biliary cirrhosis patients produced higher titers of antibodies to mitochondrial antigens in culture than cells from healthy controls. Furthermore, the antibodies to mitochondrial antigens reactivity produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of primary biliary cirrhosis patients exhibited a specificity for the M2 mitochondrial antigen which is present on the inner membrane of mitochondrial cristae and which is closely associated with a mitochondrial ATPase activity. In contrast, the antibodies to mitochondrial antigens reactivity produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy controls appeared to be directed at a broader range of mitochondrial antigens. These findings indicate that, inpatients with primary biliary cirrhosis, there is a marked expansion of B lymphocyte clones that produce an antibody to a specific mitochondrial antigen. PMID- 3758950 TI - Glandular lesions of the uterine cervix: the present state of our knowledge. AB - The assessment of squamous lesions of the uterine cervix is a major preoccupation of diagnostic histopathologists and this can overshadow the recognition of significant abnormalities affecting the adjacent endocervical glands. This review gives an account of recent advances in our knowledge of the histology and histochemistry of endocervical glands. The review of benign lesions concentrates on those that continue to cause diagnostic difficulty. Adenocarcinoma in situ, lesser degrees of possibly pre-malignant cervical glandular atypia and histological subtypes of adenocarcinoma are outlined. The increasing awareness that glandular and squamous lesions often co-exist is emphasized. Finally, adenocarcinoma metastatic to the cervix is discussed. PMID- 3758951 TI - Malignant disease of the pleura: a histopathological study with special emphasis on diagnostic criteria and differentiation from reactive mesothelium. AB - In order to define the histopathological criteria for the diagnosis of malignant neoplasm involving pleura, we studied 11 pleurectomy specimens containing undoubted malignant cells. The most important feature for a diagnosis of malignancy was the pattern of neoplastic infiltration of the fibrous sub-pleural tissue. These criteria were subsequently applied in a re-analysis of 76 pleural needle biopsies with a diagnosis of cancer. The patterns most frequently seen were a multi-pronged growth of at least four clusters of atypical cells in the fibrous sub-pleural tissue, a solid pattern with a large collection of atypical cells and a confluent one where large numbers of small clusters of atypical cells appeared almost fused in the stroma. Less frequently, malignant cells covered the surface of fibromuscular tissue, or were found in an intravascular or intramuscular location, but often associated with any of the three main patterns. Five needle biopsies were considered suspicious and 11, considered benign, contained a prominent mesothelial reaction. The benign control cases showed mesothelial cells mainly in a peripheral growth pattern or as clusters of cells interspersed with fibrin, without any mitotic activity; granulation tissue and lympho-histiocytic infiltrates were more frequently seen in the control group. PMID- 3758952 TI - Papillary adenocarcinoma of lung with psammoma bodies: report of a case derived from type II pneumocytes. AB - A 52-year-old woman underwent thoracotomy for the removal of a mass in the middle lobe of the right lung. Light microscopy showed a tumour with the morphology of a papillary adenocarcinoma with numerous psammoma bodies. Electron microscopy revealed the tumour cells to possess the lamellated intracytoplasmic inclusions characteristic of normal and neoplastic type II pneumocytes. Psammoma bodies have not previously been reported in type II cell carcinoma of the lung. Alveolar cell carcinoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a papillary adenocarcinoma with psammoma bodies occurring in the lung. PMID- 3758953 TI - Human genes and diseases. PMID- 3758954 TI - The professional liability crisis: an interview with Joel Klein. Interview by John A. Talbott. PMID- 3758955 TI - Recruitment of public psychiatrists: the impact of university and state collaboration on FMGs in Maryland. AB - The current emphasis on university and state collaboration to recruit competent psychiatrists to the public sector may adversely affect foreign medical graduates (FMGs) working in state hospitals, many of whom received inadequate training in autonomous state hospital residency programs. In Maryland a joint initiative of the state university and the mental hygiene administration called the Maryland Plan has been successful in attracting university-trained psychiatrists, mostly U.S. medical graduates, to public hospitals, leaving fewer training and employment opportunities for FMGs. Most FMGs have retained their positions in the state hospitals, and 15 percent of the university-trained recruits have been FMGs. However, the authors predict that few FMGs will be able to compete with U.S. medical graduates for residency slots, and they call for continued recruitment of the most qualified FMGs into the public system. PMID- 3758956 TI - Graduates of foreign medical schools in American psychiatry. AB - Members of the American Psychiatric Association who graduated from foreign medical schools, currently 25 percent of APA membership, are increasingly integrating themselves into the mainstream of American psychiatry. Nevertheless, an APA survey of members who are foreign medical graduates (FMGs) conducted in 1984 indicates that FMGs continue to pass the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology examination and to be awarded APA fellowships at a significantly lower rate than their U.S.-trained counterparts. Solutions to these disparities have been increasingly sought by the leaders of APA, especially those of the association's areas II, IV, and V, where FMGs are concentrated. The higher percentage of women among FMGs than among U.S.-trained psychiatrists and the increasing presence of Americans and Canadians among FMGs are likely to enhance pressure to solve the problems of FMGs. PMID- 3758957 TI - Manpower information and the community mental health system. AB - The lack of knowledge about basic manpower issues in the community mental health system led the authors to devise five questions that address manpower issues of general interest to community mental health system managers. The questions concern the ratio of staff to population, the types of professionals on staff and their demographic characteristics, the amount of time staff spend on various activities, the cost of the work force, and the outcomes of services. The authors discuss how these questions have been considered in the literature, and they illustrate with analyses of data from a survey of staff of New Jersey's mental health agencies how the issues of number, type, and cost of staff can be explored. The authors believe that basic manpower information can contribute directly to the decisions of managers of mental health service systems. PMID- 3758958 TI - Moving experiences: a model for inpatient transfer based on interviews with patients and their families. AB - Although transfer of psychiatric patients from one unit to another is a routine clinical procedure, it may constitute a crisis for patients and their families. The 61 recently transferred patients and 46 family members interviewed for this study expressed substantial dissatisfaction with the transfer process, especially with the planning and preparation stages. Based on their responses, the authors developed a model for understanding and improving inpatient transfers. The transfer process consists of four stages--planning, preparation, transfer, and adjustment--each of which presents different tasks for the patient, his family, and staff. The authors believe their transfer model is applicable to the transfer of medical inpatients and psychiatric outpatients. PMID- 3758959 TI - Recent developments in the care, treatment, and rehabilitation of the chronic mentally ill in Greece. AB - The chronic mentally ill in Greece are primarily cared for in large public mental hospitals or by their families because of the absence of community-based alternatives and the centralization of existing services in Athens and Thessaloniki. However, in the last decade new legislation to improve the lives of the chronically ill has been passed, additional day care facilities have been opened, and the development of decentralized mental health services has been scheduled by the National Health System. A case report illustrates the care provided at Greece's first community mental health center, established in 1979 in Athens. PMID- 3758960 TI - Medical services in community mental health programs. PMID- 3758961 TI - The process of staff change: grappling with the needs of the high-management patient. PMID- 3758962 TI - Research needs in investor-owned psychiatric facilities. PMID- 3758963 TI - Families as advocates. PMID- 3758964 TI - "Transeducation". PMID- 3758966 TI - Dimensions of disability in the chronic mentally ill. PMID- 3758965 TI - The sad state of Indian health. PMID- 3758967 TI - Unsuccessful treatment of a 45-year-old man with delusions of somatic disorders. PMID- 3758968 TI - A look at organic mental and substance use disorders. PMID- 3758969 TI - Major mental health issues: schizophrenia, cocaine abuse. PMID- 3758970 TI - The challenge of chronic mental illness: a retrospective and prospective view. AB - The challenge of chronic mental illness lies in developing effective service delivery systems that will preserve patients' functioning and limit their disability. The author uses a review of changes and excesses of the past 30 years -including deinstitutionalization, relocation of patients to nursing homes, the domination of psychodynamic concepts, and the naivety and partial successes of the community mental health movement--as a basis for outlining manageable ways to meet this challenge. Care for the chronic patient must be developed within a long term rehabilitative context and with wiser use of available benefits and funds, including consolidation of funding sources. Mental health advocates should coordinate activities rather than compete with one another, and case management should be based on more sophisticated concepts and training. PMID- 3758971 TI - Inpatient psychosocial treatment of chronic schizophrenia: negative effects and current guidelines. AB - In the inpatient psychosocial treatment of schizophrenia, therapies that are intense and overstimulating often promote or prolong regression and negatively affect long-term adjustment. These approaches fail to take into account the chronicity of the disorder, the special vulnerabilities of the schizophrenic patient, and the appropriate goals of an inpatient admission. Based on a review of these problems, the authors offer several prescriptions for inpatient psychotherapy of schizophrenia: modest, well-defined goals; gentle, supportive, educational interactions with the patient; inclusion of the patient's support system and outpatient caregivers in the treatment; and attention to long-term adjustment as well as to short-term symptom removal. PMID- 3758972 TI - The quality of life of chronic patients in a state hospital and in community residences. AB - Amidst the controversy about the effects of deinstitutionalization, the well being of the chronic mentally ill in different treatment settings remains unclear. This study examined objective and subjective quality-of-life experiences of four groups of chronic patients categorized according to whether they were inpatients of a state hospital or residents of a supervised community residence and whether their current length of stay had been less than or greater than six months. Regardless of length of stay, the community residents perceived their living conditions more favorably, had more financial resources, and were less likely to have been assaulted in the past year than the inpatients. The study illuminates the problematic living conditions of state hospitals and the benefits of appropriately designed community-based residences for the chronic mentally ill. PMID- 3758973 TI - Clinicians' assessments of the service needs of young adult patients in public mental health care. AB - The level of functioning, treatment needs, and expected degree of compliance of 327 young adult patients who had a major psychiatric or substance abuse disorder were assessed retrospectively by the clinicians who provided their primary care in Missouri's public mental health system in 1982. Forty-eight percent of the patients were rated as having poor to grossly impaired functioning. Outpatient counseling, alcohol and drug abuse treatment, and outpatient crisis intervention were the most frequently named treatment needs. The most impaired patients were thought to be in greatest need of medication and crisis intervention, but to be most likely to comply with recommendations for outpatient counseling and psychotherapy. The authors believe that clinicians' assessments of needs of young adult psychiatric patients can serve as the basis of a model system of care. PMID- 3758975 TI - Patient-therapist mismatch: we would rather switch than fight. AB - The authors studied 21 psychiatric outpatients who were granted a change in therapist at their request. The study sample did not differ significantly from other outpatients in demographic characteristics or diagnosis. Results indicated that the great majority of requests for a change in therapists resulted from patient-therapist mismatch, and the majority of patients who changed therapists remained in treatment with the new therapist and reported being satisfied with the change. The authors believe that a flexible policy regarding changes in therapists will enhance treatment effectiveness, and they offer suggestions on how to manage transfers. PMID- 3758974 TI - Successful living: a social skills and problem-solving group for the chronic mentally ill. AB - The authors describe a skills training group for chronic mental patients called Successful Living that is offered in conjunction with an outpatient medication clinic at a Veterans Administration hospital. The weekly group operates on a drop in basis and focuses on helping patients select and attain short- and long-term goals. Goal attainment is accomplished primarily through rehearsal of needed behaviors and specific homework assignments for repeating behaviors outside the group. Goals selected by an original group of 22 participants indicate that given the opportunity, chronic patients do want to change their social situation; moreover, 88 percent of completed homework assignments, or 49 percent of the total assignments, had desirable outcomes. PMID- 3758976 TI - An anatomy of countertransference: staff reactions to difficult psychiatric hospital patients. AB - Countertransference among hospital staff was investigated as part of ongoing research on difficult-to-treat psychiatric hospital patients. Staff's ratings of their emotional reactions to 127 patients on long-term units were analyzed by factor analysis, and the resulting factors were correlated by discipline with patient problem behaviors. Among the conclusions were that different forms of psychopathology elicit characteristic patterns of emotional reaction from staff; that some dimensions of psychopathology, particularly suicidal-depressed behavior and violence-agitation, elicit different emotional reactions among different disciplines, thus laying the groundwork for division among staff; and that the more difficult the process of hospital treatment, the more likely staff will experience a variety of emotions. PMID- 3758977 TI - Use of symptoms by schizophrenics to monitor and regulate their illness. AB - Interviews with 62 outpatients with chronic schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder indicated that many patients monitor symptoms that they associate with changes in their illness and alter their behavior based on their symptoms. Ninety eight percent of the subjects identified symptoms, two-thirds of which were nonpsychotic, that indicated to them they were getting worse. Eighty-two percent of those who identified symptoms of decompensation responded by altering their behavior, either by self-treatment (such as self-medicating, engaging in a diversionary activity, or attempting to ignore the symptoms), by seeking mental health assistance, or both. The authors compare their findings with those of other studies and discuss the study's implications for research on and care of schizophrenic patients. PMID- 3758978 TI - Reflections of a radio psychiatrist. PMID- 3758979 TI - Trends in CMHC services to elderly populations. PMID- 3758980 TI - Mentoring relationships in the careers of mental health administrators. PMID- 3758981 TI - Inpatient stays before and after outpatient commitment. PMID- 3758983 TI - No wet packs. PMID- 3758982 TI - Children of alcoholics. PMID- 3758984 TI - Impact of AIDS. PMID- 3758985 TI - Community services? PMID- 3758986 TI - Costs hinder teleradiography. PMID- 3758987 TI - HMOs start to capitate radiology services. PMID- 3758988 TI - X-ray film market shifts to single emulsion. PMID- 3758989 TI - Hospitals get most contracts they bid for: survey. PMID- 3758990 TI - Capitated rates hit CA hospitals. PMID- 3758991 TI - Management training in vogue for physicians. PMID- 3758992 TI - Emergency department wait too long: consumers. PMID- 3758993 TI - Hospital and staff team up for mutual benefit. Interview by Myk Cherskov. PMID- 3758994 TI - Sales of specialty supplies up. PMID- 3758995 TI - Drugs in the workplace--to test or not to test? PMID- 3758996 TI - Merger enhances employee benefits. PMID- 3758997 TI - Nurse executives seek advancement. PMID- 3758998 TI - Alliances offer assistance to rural hospitals. PMID- 3758999 TI - 15% of transfers seen as 'dumping'. PMID- 3759000 TI - Public backs teaching birth control to teens. PMID- 3759001 TI - Hospitals hazy on smoking bans. PMID- 3759002 TI - Fewer blacks enter health care administration. PMID- 3759005 TI - Deregulation is a myth in Maine. PMID- 3759006 TI - Marketing across state lines opens door to lawsuits. PMID- 3759004 TI - Liability fears linger after organ laws' passage. PMID- 3759003 TI - Sound business management = staying power. PMID- 3759007 TI - Multi salary growth outpaces general industry. PMID- 3759008 TI - Sluggish economic trends begin to ease for multis. PMID- 3759009 TI - Unions urged to be a part of the solution. PMID- 3759010 TI - AHA now alerts hospital to latest benefits changes. PMID- 3759011 TI - Some close, but most coalitions strong. PMID- 3759012 TI - Managed care: will it push providers against the wall? PMID- 3759013 TI - CEOs see money crunch, retrenchment ahead. PMID- 3759014 TI - UB-82 isn't easing receivables--yet. PMID- 3759015 TI - Tips to improve your receivables. PMID- 3759016 TI - St. Joe's goal: managing hospital costs systematically. PMID- 3759017 TI - Target 'codependent' in alcohol rehab ads. PMID- 3759018 TI - 98% satisfied with consumer-driven referral service. PMID- 3759019 TI - 74% of consumers not influenced by local hospital advertising. PMID- 3759021 TI - Mobile units seek new modalities. PMID- 3759020 TI - The radiology market: what's hot, what's not. PMID- 3759022 TI - Businesses push the limits of data confidentiality. PMID- 3759023 TI - November ballot offers mixed bag. PMID- 3759024 TI - Multis look for key to success in joint ventures. PMID- 3759025 TI - Delicate balance of power operates in small multis. PMID- 3759026 TI - Linkages among Catholic multis gain momentum. PMID- 3759027 TI - Employees audit their hospital bills for cash. PMID- 3759028 TI - Employees accept cost-control methods. PMID- 3759030 TI - 1985 FAS ratios show some improvement. PMID- 3759029 TI - Fund helps hospitals to maximize investments. PMID- 3759031 TI - Proact--don't react--to PRO data disclosure. PMID- 3759032 TI - About one in five hospitals has no inhouse marketing. PMID- 3759033 TI - A showdown in marketing to elderly patients? PMID- 3759034 TI - Hospitals and physicians make capitation work. PMID- 3759035 TI - NJ Blues plan to survey ACCs. PMID- 3759036 TI - Standard HMO data form to come. PMID- 3759037 TI - Practice purchases raise tough legal issues. PMID- 3759038 TI - Medical records make bumpy outpatient transition. PMID- 3759039 TI - LDRPs up births and cut costs. PMID- 3759040 TI - Baucus calls on rural hospitals to make big waves. Interview by Clay Mickel. PMID- 3759041 TI - Groups grumble about supplier 'price fixing'. PMID- 3759042 TI - Out of room for medical records? Try optical disks. PMID- 3759043 TI - Engineers + physicians = technological advances. PMID- 3759044 TI - New data base offers access via plain, old English. PMID- 3759046 TI - Animal rights movement ups research costs. PMID- 3759045 TI - Skin buttons set to wage war on patient infections. PMID- 3759047 TI - California puts AIDS quarantine plan to a vote. PMID- 3759048 TI - Medical records automation comes up to speed. PMID- 3759050 TI - Dermatoglyphic sexual dimorphism in Israelis: principal components and discriminant analyses applied to quantitative traits. PMID- 3759049 TI - Salivary progesterone and luteal function in two low-fertility populations of Northeast Zaire. PMID- 3759051 TI - Environmental sensitivity of different skinfold sites. PMID- 3759052 TI - Epidemiology of hypertension on the Tibetan Plateau. PMID- 3759053 TI - Bivariate path analysis of twin children for stature and biiliac diameter: estimation of genetic variation and co-variation. PMID- 3759054 TI - Cranial base shape variation with age: a longitudinal study of shape using Fourier analysis. PMID- 3759055 TI - Age at menarche among high altitude Bods of Ladakh (India). PMID- 3759056 TI - ABO blood group associations with cardiovascular risk factor variables. II. Blood pressure, obesity, and their anthropometric covariables. The Bogalusa Heart Study. PMID- 3759057 TI - Fat patterning, overweight, and adrenal androgen interactions in black adolescent females. PMID- 3759058 TI - Height-weight indices and blood lipid levels in normal controls and offspring of conjugal diabetics. PMID- 3759060 TI - Are height and weight sufficient for the estimation of human body surface area? PMID- 3759059 TI - On the calculation of actual fertility rates. PMID- 3759062 TI - Parathyroid glands in primary hyperparathyroidism: an ultrastructural study of 50 cases. AB - Parathyroid glands from 50 cases of primary hyperparathyroidism were examined by light and electron microscopy in an attempt to elucidate the diagnostic role of electron microscopy in this disease. In the cases in which only one gland was removed at surgery, a final diagnosis by light microscopy was not possible. The electron microscopic findings for some of these single glands (e.g., ribosomal lamellar complexes and groups of centrioles) suggested that they were adenomas. In cases in which two or more enlarged glands were removed, a correct final diagnosis could be made on the basis of the light microscopic findings alone, and electron microscopy provided no further significant information. Where one enlarged gland and one normally sized gland were removed, electron microscopy disclosed important findings in the normally sized glands. Specifically, light microscopic examination of normally sized glands suggested endocrine suppression, while electron microscopy showed chief cell activity, thereby changing the final diagnosis from adenoma to hyperplasia. The clinical follow-up assessment in some of these patients confirmed the electron microscopic findings. Therefore, the incidence of adenoma in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism should be critically re-evaluated by ultrastructural studies of the normal glands that should be removed with the enlarged ones. PMID- 3759061 TI - Pepsinogens in gastric carcinomas. AB - Polyclonal rabbit antisera raised against the two major groups of human pepsinogens (PG I and PG II) were used in an immunohistochemical study of human gastric carcinomas. Thirty-two carcinomas, classified histologically according to the Lauren classification as diffuse or intestinal, were studied; and the staining patterns of the tumor and adjacent gastric mucosa were assessed. In some of the tumors of both types, PG I and/or PG II staining of the neoplastic cells was seen, with PG I being found significantly more frequently than PG II. No characteristic staining pattern was associated with either Lauren type. (The presence of pepsinogens in gastric carcinoma cells therefore appears unlikely to be of relevance to the Lauren type of the tumor.) These findings do not support the notion of a separate histogenesis for diffuse and intestinal types of gastric carcinoma. PMID- 3759063 TI - The coexistence of Langerhans' cell granulomatosis and malignant lymphoma may take different forms: report of seven cases with a review of the literature. AB - Several reports in the literature have documented an association of Langerhans' cell granulomatosis (LCG) with malignant lymphoma (ML). Seven additional patients are described, and different aspects of such an association are demonstrated. The diagnosis of LCG, made on the basis of routinely stained biopsy material, was supported by S-100 protein immunoperoxidase reactivity and/or the presence of Birbeck granules on electron microscopy. In six patients (cases 1 to 6) the LCG consisted of localized foci in nodes involved by ML. However, in one of these patients (case 1) focal LCG was again associated with ML in a later lymph node biopsy specimen from a different site, and in another patient (case 6) LCG subsequently developed in the skin and lungs. In the remaining case (case 7) pulmonary LCG developed one year after the diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease. Localized LCG in a lymph node involved by ML could represent an immune response to ML (cases 1 to 6 in the present study and 16 literature cases). The findings in case 6 indicate that such a response has the potential to become disseminated. Cases in which LCG and ML are found at different sites (case 7 in the present study and five literature cases) probably represent the coincidental association of two unrelated disorders. Finally, it has been postulated that, in rare instances, the development of Hodgkin's disease or malignant histiocytosis in a patient with LCG might represent malignant evolution of this hyperplastic process. PMID- 3759064 TI - Alveolar adenoma. AB - This report describes six cases of an unusual pulmonary neoplasm, the alveolar adenoma, that consists of a benign proliferation of alveolar epithelium and septal mesenchyme. The neoplasm presents as a solitary peripheral lesion on chest radiographs, particularly in older patients. It has unique histologic features, which should be distinguished from those of sclerosing hemangioma, lymphangioma, and bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. PMID- 3759065 TI - Solitary juvenile polyp of the stomach. PMID- 3759066 TI - Prostatic tissue sampling. PMID- 3759067 TI - Fulminant hepatitis following naproxen administration. PMID- 3759068 TI - Lymphatic and blood vessel invasion in breast carcinoma: a useful prognostic indicator? AB - Recent studies have presented compelling evidence to support the prognostic importance of peritumoral lymphatic and blood vessel invasion in breast cancer. This parameter appears to be particularly valuable in the hands of pathologists who are experienced in diseases of the breast and who have developed standardized criteria and expertise in their recognition. However, its application is seriously hampered by various factors, especially interobserver and intraobserver differences in interpretation. A more uniform and objective approach, such as the use of immunohistochemical techniques, may be helpful in overcoming these obstacles. This may render lymphatic and blood vessel invasion a reliably reproducible indicator that a practicing pathologist can utilize to recognize high-risk patients and recommend appropriate therapy. The extension of this approach to evaluate neoplasms of other organs--such as malignant melanomas and thyroid, uterine, and cervical carcinomas--should also be explored. PMID- 3759069 TI - Intestinal metaplasia and its variants in the gastric mucosa of Portuguese subjects: a comparative analysis of biopsy and gastrectomy material. AB - The incidence and prevalence of intestinal metaplasia (IM) of three types were investigated in 1,041 endoscopic biopsy specimens collected from patients with gastric abnormalities in 1981 and 1982. Intestinal metaplasia was classified as type I (complete), type II (incomplete, sulfomucin-negative), or type III (incomplete, sulfomucin-positive). Intestinal metaplasia, found in 244 biopsy specimens (23%), was prevalent in gastric carcinoma (65%), compared with the incidence of 18.4 per cent in benign conditions. The sulfomucin-negative types I and II were more common than type III and were present in both benign conditions (98 per cent) and carcinoma (64 per cent). In contrast, type III IM was seen in only 12 per cent of IM-positive biopsy specimens, 90 per cent of which (26 of 29) were from patients with carcinoma. The high specificity of type III IM (98 per cent) might be acceptable for screening purposes, but its sensitivity of 36 per cent for gastric carcinoma is low. Two main factors would seem to account for the low sensitivity, as shown in the comparative analysis of IM types in gastrectomy specimens and the previous biopsy specimens from 93 patients: 1) sampling and 2) the association of type III IM with gastric carcinoma of the intestinal type but not with diffuse gastric carcinoma. The data thus confirm a significant relation between incomplete sulfomucin-secreting IM (type III) and gastric carcinoma of the intestinal type (P less than 0.001). This variant of IM should be considered a risk factor, and its presence in a biopsy specimen should prompt close surveillance. PMID- 3759070 TI - Return of the radicals. PMID- 3759071 TI - Cancer risk assessment in benign breast biopsies. PMID- 3759072 TI - Cytoskeletal features of normal and atheromatous human arterial smooth muscle cells. AB - The distribution of actin, vimentin, desmin, and tropomyosin was studied in the media of the human aorta and femoral and coronary arteries, as well as in atheromatous plaques from the same arteries, by means of immunofluorescence, densitometric analysis of sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and bidimensional gel electrophoresis. The proportions of desmin containing cells varied in the media of different arteries; 4 per cent of the cells in the aorta, 11 per cent in the coronary artery, and 37 per cent in the femoral artery contained desmin. In fibrous atheromatous plaques, independently of the artery, desmin-containing cells were almost absent, but they reappeared in complicated lesions. The content of vimentin per smooth muscle cell increased in fibrous atheromatous plaques, whereas the content of actin and tropomyosin was less than in normal media. Moreover, the alpha-actin predominance observed in the media was transformed to beta-actin predominance in the atheromatous plaques. These cytoskeletal changes provide new, possibly useful, biochemical markers for the characterization of smooth muscle cells during early and advanced phases of atheroma formation. PMID- 3759073 TI - Extraosseous Ewing's sarcoma versus primitive rhabdomyosarcoma: diagnostic criteria and clinical correlation. AB - A light and electron microscopic study of 51 cases of Ewing's sarcoma of bone (ESB) and 33 soft tissue sarcomas (carrying a variety of light microscopic diagnoses, including primitive rhabdomyosarcoma) in children and young adults was performed to clarify the similarities and differences among these tumors. Ultrastructural criteria were developed to evaluate the neoplasms. Remarkable ultrastructural uniformity was found in the cases of ESB. In contrast, the soft tissue sarcomas could be divided into two distinct groups on the basis of the ultrastructural criteria: those closely resembling primitive areas of otherwise differentiated rhabdomyosarcomas, and those indistinguishable from ESB. It is proposed that the diagnosis of soft tissue Ewing's sarcoma be reserved for lesions identical to ESB by both light and electron microscopy. The first group of sarcomas may be histogenetically related to rhabdomyosarcoma and should be distinguished from extraosseous Ewing's sarcoma, as their clinical behavior appears to be quite different. PMID- 3759074 TI - The widespread distribution of Langerhans cells in pathologic tissues: an ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study. AB - Ultrastructural and/or immunohistochemical analysis of approximately 500 specimens revealed widespread distribution of Langerhans cells in pathologic specimens. More than half of the tissue specimens were from patients with a variety of pulmonary diseases. In all specimens in which Langerhans cells were identified ultrastructurally, they were also identified by an immunoperoxidase technique for the visualization of S-100 protein; the latter technique also revealed the dendritic nature of these cells. Langerhans cells were present in 80 to 93 per cent of 66 pulmonary adenocarcinomas and 17 per cent of squamous cell lung cancers; they were not observed in neuroendocrine lung carcinomas or mesotheliomas. They were also observed in benign inflammatory conditions of the lung of several types and in a variety of other malignant neoplasms and disease processes. The Langerhans cells in these tissues varied from few to many. They were most numerous in bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma, sometimes appearing almost as frequently as tumor cells, and rare in some benign pulmonary conditions and other tumors. The function of Langerhans cells in these conditions is unknown, but they may have an immunologic function, such as antigen processing and presentation to T lymphocytes. PMID- 3759075 TI - Malignant lymphoepithelial lesion of the salivary gland. AB - Eight cases of malignant lymphoepithelial lesion (MLEL) of major salivary glands, seven of which occurred in Southern Chinese patients, are reported. All but two of the patients were older than 40 years of age; there were five male and three female patients. The parotid and submandibular glands were the sites of origin in equal numbers of cases. Six patients had elevated titers of serum IgA against Epstein-Barr virus capsid antigen. Seven remained well after surgery and local radiation therapy, and one died of miliary tuberculosis without evidence of residual neoplasm. Histologically, MLELs were characterized by syncytial clumps of large cells with vesicular nuclei and prominent nucleoli, admixed with abundant small lymphocytes and plasma cells. Two features not emphasized previously in the literature were the presence of reactive histiocytes in some epithelial islands, producing a starry sky pattern, and perineural invasion, which was identified in four cases. The tumor cells showed strong immunostaining for cytokeratin. The literature concerning this rare tumor is reviewed, and the differential diagnosis between MLEL and benign lymphoepithelial lesion, metastatic undifferentiated carcinoma, and malignant lymphoma is discussed. PMID- 3759076 TI - Nucleolar canalicular structure in extrauterine endometriosis. AB - Under the influence of progesterone the unique intranuclear structure known as the nucleolar canalicular structure (NCS) develops in the human endometrium. This organelle was not described previously outside the uterus. In this report the cases of two patients in whom the NCS appeared in extrauterine endometriosis are presented. PMID- 3759077 TI - Angiomyolipoma with regional lymph node involvement and long-term follow-up study. AB - The first long-term follow-up study of a patient who had renal angiomyolipoma with regional lymph node involvement is reported. The absence of recurrence after 15 years favors the view that regional lymph node involvement represents a multicentric hamartomatous change and is not a metastasis from a malignant renal tumor. PMID- 3759078 TI - Electron microscopy in surgical pathology. PMID- 3759079 TI - MURCS association. PMID- 3759081 TI - Pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. PMID- 3759080 TI - Detection of S-100 protein beta subunit immunoreactivity in dendritic cells in germinal centers of human lymph nodes. PMID- 3759082 TI - The expert witness. PMID- 3759083 TI - Human chromosome hot points. V. The effect of four nucleosides on chromosomes in folate-free medium. AB - Human lymphocytes from 18 healthy adults were cultured in minimal essential medium without folic acid. The addition of 4 mM cytidine or 1 mM guanosine to cultures 24 h prior to harvest produced a statistically significant increase in hot point 3p14 breaks. An excess of 3 mM adenosine or thymidine had no such effect on the hot point. The mechanism of the effects of nucleosides on hot points was discussed. PMID- 3759084 TI - Polysomy of chromosome 7 is correlated with overexpression of the erbB oncogene in human glioblastoma cell lines. AB - Chromosome analysis in a series of human glioblastoma cell lines (HeRo, HeRo-SV1, A172, T406, T508, T705) has indicated characteristic changes in the karyotype, the most striking and consistent of which is a significant increase in the copy number of chromosome 7, with up to 8 copies per metaphase. As determined by Spurr et al., chromosome 7 represents the genomic locus for the oncogene erbB (7pter q22). Therefore, we have compared the number of chromosomes 7 to the levels of expression of the erbB oncogene. Interestingly, in all of them erbB-specific mRNA was found to be increased at levels even higher than expected from the number of chromosomes 7 found. In contrast, in an astrocytoma of slightly lower grade of malignancy (cell line T567), neither polysomy 7 nor significant expression of the erbB oncogene was noted. PMID- 3759085 TI - Osteogenesis imperfecta type IV: evidence of abnormal triple helical structure of type I collagen. AB - Skin fibroblasts from a patient with mild osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) type IV synthesize two populations of type I procollagen molecules. One population contains pro alpha 1(I) and pro alpha 2(I) chains that migrate normally in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and a second population contains only slower migrating pro alpha 1(I) and pro alpha 2(I) chains. The total amount of type I procollagen made by OI cells and the ratio of pro alpha 1(I):pro alpha 2(I) is normal. When labeled under conditions that inhibit post-translational modification of pro alpha chains, the OI cells produce only single populations of pro alpha 1(I) and pro alpha 2(I) chains indicating that the apparent increased molecular weight of some OI pro alpha chains is due to excessive post-translational modification rather than peptidyl insertions. Peptide maps indicate that excessive post-translational modification occurs along the entire triple helical segment of some alpha 1(I) and alpha 2(I) chains produced by OI cells. The effect of the mutation is to lower the melting temperature of the molecules containing slow migrating alpha 1(I) and alpha 2(I) chains to 39.5 degrees C (compared to 41.5 degrees C for control), and to delay secretion of the over-modified type I procollagen from OI cells. These data are consistent with a mutation near the carboxyl-terminal end of the triple helical domain which delays triple helical formation and renders all chains available for further post-translational modification amino-terminal to the mutation. Such alterations in triple helical structure, thermal stability, and secretion previously associated only with the lethal OI type II phenotype are thus also seen in the mild OI type IV phenotype. PMID- 3759086 TI - Location of the X inactivation center in primates and other mammals. AB - In humans, the X chromosome inactivation center and an X inactivation-associated metaphase fold are at the same location (bands Xq13----21) or are very closely associated. In other mammals, the location of the X inactivation center is unknown, but it has been suggested that the relationship between the inactivation center and the inactivation-associated fold may make it a useful marker for both identifying the inactivated X and locating the inactivation center in other mammalian species. If a similar metaphase fold is present in other mammals, the inactivation center would be located at the same site or very nearby. All of nine primate species did express an inactivation-associated fold. In most, the fold was located at the band homologous to human Xq13----q21. In one of two chimpanzees, band Xq23----q24 was implicated. In five other mammals an inactivation-associated fold was observed, but in two species, no fold was observed. PMID- 3759087 TI - The fragile site (16) (q22). I. Induction by AT-specific DNA-ligands and population frequency. AB - The rare fragile site at 16q22 was experimentally induced in lymphocyte cultures with various AT-specific, non-intercalating DNA-ligands. The optimum conditions for the induction of fra(16)(q22) were determined. The best expression of fra(16)(q22) was found with the aromatic diamidine berenil which is recommended for further studies on this fragile site. The results indicate that fra(16)(q22) is a region with AT-rich, late replicating DNA. The simultaneous treatment of lymphocytes with berenil and aphidicolin (inhibitor of DNA polymerase alpha) induces both the rare fra(16)(q22) and the common fra(16)(q23) within the same chromosome. A population study on 350 unselected individuals showed that fra(16)(q22) is the most common of all rare autosomal fragile sites in man. The frequency of individuals heterozygous for fra(16)(q22) is 5.1%, no homozygosity for fra(16)(q22) was detected. Statistical analysis indicates that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with respect to the fragile and non-fragile chromosomes 16. PMID- 3759088 TI - Cytogenetic effects of methyl isocyanate exposure in Bhopal. AB - Among human survivors following the methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas tragedy the major complaints have been related to deep-seated suffocation, terrible pain in breathing, and severe ocular irritations. In order to assess the possible genetic effects we have used lymphocyte cultures and screened chromosomes by two techniques; one by looking for chromosomal aberrations and the other by estimating sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) frequencies. Both these parameters are good indicators of genetic damage in chromosomal DNA. SCE frequencies in lymphocytes have been increased more than three times in MIC-exposed persons. The results were compared to two groups of controls (one group comprising persons present in the same house; the second group of persons were chosen from distant places, 20-50 km away from the incident). Chromosomal breaks have been observed in 10 out of 14 MIC-affected people (71.4%) studied while only 6 out of 28 (21.4%) controls had chromosomal breaks. Some MIC-exposed persons had chromatin bodies in addition to the normal 46 chromosomes. These observations suggest that chromosomal DNA has been damaged. PMID- 3759089 TI - Fluctuation of a clone 46,XX,i(7q) in bone marrow in a Fanconi anaemia. AB - A 10-year-old Fanconi anaemia patient showed a 46,XX/46,XX,-7,+i(7q) constitution in bone marrow which disappeared without any specific treatment and then reappeared during a year of survey. We discuss i(7q) and Fanconi anaemia. PMID- 3759090 TI - "The chronically mentally ill, will the community accept them?". PMID- 3759091 TI - From Scotland to New Jersey: health race held in US. PMID- 3759092 TI - The Smoke-Free Spaces Program of the Canadian Heart Foundation. PMID- 3759093 TI - In black American communities, volunteer health cadres. PMID- 3759094 TI - An application of the PRECEDE model for planning and evaluating health education methods for pregnant smokers. PMID- 3759095 TI - [Health education methodology: an attempt at classification]. AB - Health education is a major tool in the implementation of any dynamic health promotion policy. In the author's view, its conventional role, the improvement of health by bringing about behavioural changes is today subject to controversy. He identifies five key approaches in health education: the traditional approach, characterized by three features: the didactic provision of information, the use of fear as an educational technique, and the appeal to the individual's sense of responsibility for his own health. the media approach, which uses marketing methods to promote health, with a tendency to resort to positive humorous messages. the socio-political approach, which questions the very purpose of health education. According to those who hold this view, wide-scale educational campaigns would only increase social and health inequalities and would be quite ineffective in fighting the powerful economic interests that control most of our habits. The health educator's real role would be to raise the people's political awareness. the epidemiological approach, which aims at great soundness through precise planning by objectives. It is based on the so-called exact sciences such as epidemiology and its aim is to study needs and assess actions. It incorporates the classical concept according to which a change in knowledge leads to a change in behaviour and habits and thus induces health improvement. Its very elaborate character accounts for both its strength and its weakness. In fact, it takes little account of the complexity of the educational process. the community approach fills some of these gaps by stressing the participation of individuals and institutions at all programming levels. For this purpose, it uses techniques designed to ensure consensus. In conclusion, the author recommends that active research in health education be undertaken in order to clarify more adequately these approaches with a view to improving the effectiveness of preventive work. PMID- 3759096 TI - The Fitness Through Churches project: description of a community-based cardiovascular health promotion intervention. PMID- 3759097 TI - Consanguinity and congenital heart disease in the rural Arab population in northern Israel. AB - The incidence of congenital heart disease (CHD) was examined in relation to the consanguinity of the parents. The study was performed in five Arab villages in the Western Galilee, Israel, where consanguineous matings are known to be very high. All children up to the age of 7 years were included in this study; there were 1,546 children, 32% were the offspring of consanguineous marriages including first- and second-degree cousins. A higher percentage of isolated CHD was found in the offspring of consanguineous marriages: 2.81% out of 498 children compared to 1.24% in 1,048 offspring of unrelated parents. Among 373 children whose parents were first cousins the percentage of CHD rose to 3.22. The differences in CHD frequencies were found to be statistically significant. CHD is believed to have a multifactorial background. This study shows that the genetic influence is an important factor in the etiology of such malformations. PMID- 3759098 TI - Genetic relationships among the inhabitants of nine Mediterranean countries. AB - Gene frequency data on 16 protein and blood group loci for the inhabitants of 9 Mediterranean countries were collected from the literature. The frequency of most of these genes was associated with longitude. The genetic distances between the same populations were also determined. The smallest genetic distances were found among the north Mediterranean countries, whereas the highest values were observed between the Algerians and the inhabitants of the other countries. PMID- 3759099 TI - Correcting for variable age of onset in the estimation of familial relative risk when there is a secular trend in incidence of disease. AB - We discuss the effects that a secular trend in incidence would have on estimation of familial relative risk (ratio of observed to expected cumulative incidence among relatives of index cases). For example, when age-specific incidence rates of a condition have increased during the lifetimes of relatives among whom relative risk is to be estimated, familial relative risk will be biased downward if cross-sectional, age-specific incidence data are used to estimate expected cumulative incidence among relatives. The stronger the trend and the older the ages of unaffected relatives, the greater the bias will be. Incorporating different age-specific incidence curves for different birth cohorts into the analysis is an approach we suggest for correcting the bias. PMID- 3759100 TI - Decrease of transferrin C2 frequency with age. AB - In previous studies, transferrin C2 has been found to be associated with spontaneous abortion, prematurity, phototoxic eczema and rheumatoid arthritis. We have suggested that the mechanism behind these negative effects may be that transferrin C2 increases the risk for damage through hydroxyl radicals. This hypothesis predicts that the C2 frequency should decrease with age. Such an effect is demonstrated in this report. In a population from northern Sweden the C2 gene frequency was found to decrease from 0.173 in newborns to 0.099 in 70 year-old healthy individuals. PMID- 3759101 TI - Esterase D polymorphism in some endogamous populations of Andhra Pradesh. AB - Esterase D polymorphism was investigated in six endogamous Brahmin sub-sects and in the Mala and Madiga castes of Andrah Pradesh. The ESD 2 gene frequency ranged between 0.184 and 0.405. The frequencies obtained did not show variation in the range of ESD 2 gene frequency from the other populations of India. PMID- 3759102 TI - Haptoglobin groups and lung cancer. AB - Haptoglobin groups were investigated in 309 patients with primary lung cancer divided by sex, smoking habits and tumor type. Patients with squamous epithelial cancer and oat-cell cancer showed no significant difference from normal controls. Among patients with pulmonary adenocarcinoma the frequency of the Hp 2-2 type was significantly (p less than 0.05) lower compared to the controls, with a corresponding increase of the Hp 1-1 and Hp 2-1 types. This difference was more pronounced (p less than 0.025) among females with pulmonary adenocarcinoma. PMID- 3759103 TI - Polymorphism of the seventh complement component, C7, in Chinese. AB - An allele of the seventh complement component, C7*2, which is very rare in Europeans, has been found at balanced polymorphic frequency (0.15) in Chinese. This marker may be useful for anthropological studies. PMID- 3759104 TI - A study of some blood genetic characteristics of Bedouin and non-Bedouin Arabs of Jordan. AB - Blood genetic markers were investigated in a sample of 111 Bedouin and 412 non Bedouin male Arabs of Jordan. The frequencies of the ABO alleles were similar in these two groups, with a relatively high frequency of the O gene (0.63; 0.61). The frequencies of Rh genes were slightly different in these two groups, with a higher Ro and a lower r in the Bedouins. A sub-sample of a smaller size was investigated for the distribution of haptoglobin types, Tf subtypes and red-cell G6PD (glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase) phenotypes. There was no significant difference in any of the systems between the two populations. No haemoglobin variant was detected. The study confirms the Arab characteristics of Jordanians with a small degree of African admixture. PMID- 3759105 TI - Factors influencing the frequency of consanguineous marriages in Japan: marital distance and opportunity of encounter. AB - The inbreeding coefficients (F) were estimated according to marital distance between birthplaces and the opportunity of encounter. As for marital distance, the F-value was the highest for the shortest distance (0.00252), whereas the F values were similar in the other distance classes (0.00072-0.00097). As for opportunities of encounter, the F-value was 30-37 times higher in the group for friendship from the time of childhood (0.00986) than in those for school, workplace and social gatherings (0.00033) and for chance meetings (0.00027). PMID- 3759106 TI - Population genetics of blood group polymorphisms in a sample of newborns from Melbourne, Australia. AB - Blood from 304 newborn infants of Melbourne, Australia, was examined for 9 polymorphic systems (red cell antigens ABO, MNSs, Rh, Kell, Duffy and Kidd, the red cell enzyme ESD and serum proteins GC and TF) in order to investigate the evolution of the Melbourne gene pool since 1975. Immigration patterns have changed considerably over the past 10 years, especially with an increase in refugees from South-East Asia. Three ethnic categories were identified on the basis of surnames; British Isles, Europe and Middle East, and South-East Asia, with the respective allele/haplotype frequencies of these groups being similar to those found in the source regions. Analysis by an R-matrix indicated that the Asians form a very distinctive subpopulation, but that their influence is minimal to date. PMID- 3759107 TI - Torus palatinus: a segregation analysis. AB - Segregation analysis of 99 sibships in 2 samples from Venezuela and Japan indicates that a torus palatinus is inherited in simple dominant fashion. The gene shows variable expressivity and penetrance close to 85%, without significant heterogeneity between the populations considered. No evidence of sporadic cases has been found. PMID- 3759108 TI - A Gc silent allele encountered in a paternity case. AB - A father-child incompatibility only in the Gc system was detected in a paternity case tested at our laboratory. Quantitative determination revealed that the Gc level in the two individuals was less than 50% of the normal mean value. Evaluation of the probability calculation for the putative father using all other markers showed that he was the biological father with a very high probability. Thus it was concluded that a silent allele Gc*QO was transmitted from the father to the child. PMID- 3759109 TI - Acid phosphatase polymorphism in some endogamous populations of Andhra Pradesh. AB - The distribution of acid phosphatase (ACP) phenotypes in six endogamous Brahmin sub-sects and in the Vysya, Mala and Madiga castes of Andhra Pradesh, India, were investigated. The ACP A gene frequency ranged from 0.167 to 0.254. The ACP C allele was observed in three Brahmin sub-sects. PMID- 3759110 TI - A silent allele for red cell acid phosphatase in a Polish family. AB - A silent allele of red cell acid phosphatase was found in three generations of a Polish family. The phosphatase levels of 4 family members were about half the normal value. PMID- 3759111 TI - FNS parameter selection and upper limb characterization. PMID- 3759112 TI - FNS control schemes for the upper limb. PMID- 3759113 TI - A discrete-time model of electrically stimulated muscle. PMID- 3759114 TI - Adaptive control technique for artificial hearts. PMID- 3759115 TI - Optimal electrode designs for electrosurgery, defibrillation, and external cardiac pacing. PMID- 3759116 TI - Effects of measurement errors and noise on MEG moving dipole inverse solutions. PMID- 3759117 TI - Computer simulation of the Wolff-Parkinson-White preexcitation syndrome with a modified Miller-Geselowitz heart model. PMID- 3759118 TI - 1/f-like scaling in normal neutrophil dynamics: implications for hematologic monitoring. PMID- 3759119 TI - A reliable myoelectric signal detector based on the propagation characteristics of motor unit action potentials. PMID- 3759120 TI - Estimation of mechanical parameters in multicompartment models applied to normal and obstructed lungs during tidal breathing. PMID- 3759121 TI - A microprocessor-based two-channel thromboelastograph. PMID- 3759122 TI - A venturi suction electrode array for clinical body surface mapping. PMID- 3759123 TI - Torsades de pointes: a characteristic spectral pattern in sudden cardiac death. PMID- 3759124 TI - A multibus-compatible interface to selected reading displays for the blind. PMID- 3759125 TI - Experimental measurement of impact pressures delivered by oral water irrigation devices. PMID- 3759126 TI - An efficient algorithm for spectral analysis of heart rate variability. PMID- 3759127 TI - C3-independent immune haemolysis: mechanism of membrane attack complex formation. AB - The isolated active complex of C5 and C6, C56, was found to bind to EAC142 in the absence of C3 or C7, and to form a unique intermediate, EAC14256, which is susceptible to lysis by the addition of C7, C8 and C9. Further studies revealed that C56 alone could bind to EAC142 but not to E, EA, EAC1 or EAC4, nor to EAC14 in the absence of C7, that the C56 binding to EAC142 was highly dependent on temperature and on the ionic strength of the buffer, and that the degree of EAC14256 formation from EAC142 and C56 depended on the amount of C2 on EAC142 and on the amount of added C56. These findings suggest that C2 or C42 on EAC142 may be an acceptor for C56. In addition, C56 appears to bind to EAC142 much more efficiently than to unsensitized erythrocytes, even in the presence of C7. Thus, binding of C56 to EAC142 is likely to be an initial step of membrane attack complex formation in C3-independent immune haemolysis. PMID- 3759128 TI - The role of opsonins in vacuolar sealing and the ingestion of zymosan by human neutrophils. AB - After opsonization with whole human serum, with IgG antibody alone or with C3 fragments alone, the ingestion of zymosan particles by human neutrophils was found to correlate most closely with the efficiency of C3 fragment deposition on the zymosan surface. Selective opsonization of zymosan particles with IgG did not promote phagocytosis at all in suspension, but could promote ingestion after particle-cell contact was induced by centrifugation. In contrast, zymosan particles in suspension selectively opsonized by C3 fragments were ingested as efficiently as those opsonized with whole serum, and we suggest that C3 fragments provide the principal stimulus for phagocytosis of zymosan. The process of vacuolar sealing was not dependent on the state of opsonization of the particles and was significantly more efficient with unopsonized particles, indicating that formation of unsealed vacuoles is not due to a failure of the 'zipper' mechanism of sequential interaction of cell surface receptors and opsonic ligands. PMID- 3759129 TI - Studies in the rat of antibody-coated and N-ethylmaleimide-treated erythrocyte clearance by the spleen. I. Effects of in vivo complement activation. AB - The splenic component of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) was investigated in the rat using N-ethylmaleimide-treated erythrocytes (NEM) and erythrocytes coated with a monoclonal IgG2b antibody (R3/13) directed against the rat RT1Aa major histocompatibility antigen. Both cell suspensions were removed by the spleen, and their clearance times were significantly longer in splenectomized animals. The mean clearance times for the NEM-treated cells in both normal and cobra venom-treated rats were similar (19.1 +/- 1.1 min and 19.0 +/- 1.0 min, respectively) but differences were seen between the clearance of R3/13 antibody sensitized cells in these two groups (normal rats 38.3 +/- 2.8 min and CVF treated rats 51.7 +/- 4.2 min, P less than 0.02). Different receptors were also involved in the removal of these cells; in normal animals recognition entailed interaction with complement receptors, whereas in CVF-treated animals this was implemented by Fc receptors. Complement activation prolonged the clearance rates of both R3/13 cells and NEM cells in normal animals, but the effect of complement activation on the clearance of NEM-treated cells was achieved via changes in splenic blood flow. When this was prevented from taking place no effect was seen on the clearance of NEM cells, although the clearance of R3/13 cells was inhibited by the complement fragments generated by complement activation. PMID- 3759130 TI - Studies in the rat of antibody-coated and N-ethylmaleimide-treated erythrocyte clearance by the spleen. II. Effects of immune complex infusion. AB - The effects of immune complex infusion on the clearance of antibody (R3/13) coated and NEM-treated rat erythrocytes by the splenic component of the rat mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) were investigated. Equivalence complexes of BSA-anti-BSA produced a significant delay in the clearance of the NEM cells (pre infusion T1/2 19.7 +/- 3.9 min, post-infusion T1/2 26.5 +/- 3.8 min, mean +/- SE, n = 6, P less than 0.01), but this effect could be abolished by agents that prevented the changes in the splenic blood flow that followed complement activation. The immune complexes formed in 10-fold antigen excess (mean size 15S) did not delay the clearance of the NEM cells. Clearance of R3/13-coated cells was impaired by the infusion of immune complexes prepared at equivalence. 10-fold antigen excess or complexes prepared with F(ab')2 fragments of rabbit anti-BSA antibody. The inhibition of red cell clearance was independent of changes in blood flow, but the degree of inhibition produced did not correlate well with the dose of immune complex injected. PMID- 3759131 TI - [Evaluation of the efficacy and tolerance of betamethasone dipropionate and salicylic acid in steroid-sensitive dry dermatosis]. PMID- 3759132 TI - [Lyme disease]. PMID- 3759133 TI - [Impact of psychosomatic factors in dermatologic pathology. A questionnaire research on the evaluation of dermatology specialists and general physicians]. PMID- 3759134 TI - [Alopecia areata. A clinical, immunologic and therapeutic study in a childhood population]. PMID- 3759135 TI - [Zinc determination in alopecia areata]. PMID- 3759136 TI - [Reynolds syndrome. First Italian epidemiologic data]. PMID- 3759137 TI - [A case of anetoderma associated with discoid type lupus erythematosus. Clinico histologic and pathogenetic observations]. PMID- 3759138 TI - [Idiopathic hyperkeratosis of the nipple. Apropos of a clinical case]. PMID- 3759139 TI - [Localized hyperhidrosis]. PMID- 3759140 TI - [Erythema dyschromicum perstans. A clinical case]. PMID- 3759141 TI - [Effects of argon laser on the skin]. PMID- 3759142 TI - [Intra-focal orgotein in the treatment of plastic penile induration]. PMID- 3759143 TI - [Evaluation of the absorption of salicylic acid in keratolytic therapy]. PMID- 3759144 TI - [Vascular heterogenicity in a case of histiocytoid hemangioma . A histologic, histoenzymatic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study]. PMID- 3759145 TI - Characterization of a cytotoxic factor induced in mouse peritoneal fluid by OK 432. AB - A cytotoxic factor (peritoneal cytotoxic factor, PCF) was strongly induced by the injection of LPS into the peritoneal fluids of mice which had been previously primed with OK-432. In order to clarify characteristics of PCF, physicochemical and immunological studies were conducted. When incubated with LPS, the macrophages from mice primed with OK-432 induced PCF whereas the lymphocytes did not. These results indicate that PCF is different from lymphotoxin. PCF appears to be quite similar to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in the serum for the following reasons: The two factors are similar in the mode of cytotoxic action in vitro; both factors have a tumor necrotizing effect when injected into tumor bearing mice; both are produced from macrophages; they are similar in physicochemical characteristics; and the cytotoxic activity of PCF is totally abolished by anti TNF serum. PMID- 3759146 TI - Inhibitory effects of tetrandrine on human neutrophil and monocyte adherence. AB - Tetrandrine is a plant alkaloid useful in the treatment of silicosis. Its mode of action is unknown, but results of the present study show dose-dependent inhibition of human neutrophil and monocyte adherence at concentrations (0.1-10 micrograms/ml) easily achieved in plasma during drug therapy. Monocytes were shown to be more sensitive to tetrandrine than neutrophils. Dye-exclusion experiments indicate that tetrandrine is non-toxic to these cells at 10 micrograms/ml concentrations. Suppression of adherence was reversible by washing, suggesting that the drug does not bind tightly to membrane components. Enhancement of adherence by the tumour promoter, phorbol myristate acetate, was abolished by tetrandrine. The uptake of deoxyglucose by neutrophils and monocytes was suppressed by tetrandrine. These results indicate that tetrandrine may act by interfering with the recruitment of these cells into silicotic lesions. PMID- 3759148 TI - Structure and polymorphism of the feline complement component C4. PMID- 3759149 TI - Study on the association of HLA with pulmonary tuberculosis. AB - The association between HLA and pulmonary tuberculosis was investigated in 50 Chinese patients. The frequencies of the HLA-A11 and -B15 antigens were increased (P less than 0.025) in patient group. Relative risks (R.R.) were 2.13 and 2.39, respectively. In contrast, the frequency of the HLA-Cw3 antigen and the R.R. (0.29) were decreased (P less than 0.005) in the patient group. These results are different from those reported by other researchers for Caucasian and Chinese tuberculosis patients. Moreover, it was found that the frequency of the A11-B15 haplotype in all patients with cavitation was 3-4 times higher (P less than 0.01) than in control individuals. The R.R. was 3.57. PMID- 3759147 TI - The human C-reactive protein gene (CRP) and serum amyloid P component gene (APCS) are located on the proximal long arm of chromosome 1. AB - The genes encoding two pentraxins, C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid P component (SAP), are located on the proximal long arm of human chromosome 1. Mapping of the CRP and SAP genes between the centromere and band q32 was achieved by Southern blot analysis of DNA from a panel of human X Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids carrying defined fragments of human chromosome 1. Both genes were localized more precisely between bands q12 and q23 by in situ hybridization to human metaphase chromosomes. PMID- 3759150 TI - Monoclonal antibodies to acetylcholine receptor secreted by human x human hybridomas derived from lymphocytes of a patient with myasthenia gravis. AB - Peripheral blood lymphocytes of a patient with myasthenia gravis (MG) were fused to the non-secreting human lymphoblastoid line HuNSI to produce human x human hybridomas that secrete monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to acetylcholine receptor (AChR). Screening of hybridomas for antibody production involved an enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assay with AChR from Torpedo californica (TAChR). 25 of 302 wells tested (8.3%) were positive for anti-AChR antibody production and have been stable in their secretion of mAb for eleven months. Nine lines have been studied in detail. All produced IgM mAb, and most had greater activity against membrane bound TAChR, than against solubilized TAChR. For anti-AChR clones, the mAb concentration in culture supernatants ranged from 2 to 33 micrograms/ml. Saturation curves of binding to TAChR performed on 4 lines demonstrated dissociation constants (Kds) estimated to range from 0.1-1.0 nM. The patient whose lymphocytes were used in this study had a serum anti-AChR antibody concentration of 243nM against human AChR and 15nM against AChR from T. californica. The results demonstrate the feasibility of producing stable human x human hybridomas secreting mAb to the autoantigen from the peripheral blood of patients with organ-specific autoimmune diseases. The mAb produced here may prove to be useful in analyzing, and possibly treating, the autoimmune phenomena in MG. PMID- 3759151 TI - Nonfermenters in human infections. PMID- 3759152 TI - Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Mycoplasma hominis. PMID- 3759153 TI - Preoperative immunisation against tetanus by a single dose. PMID- 3759154 TI - Foetal pulmonary maturation in pregnancy induced hypertension. PMID- 3759155 TI - Changing pattern of normal thyroid radioiodine uptake in Delhi. PMID- 3759156 TI - Lipids & lipoproteins in amoebic liver abscess. PMID- 3759157 TI - Serum immunoglobulins in breast carcinoma patients. PMID- 3759158 TI - Clinical, cytogenetic & hormonal profile in extreme hypospadias with bilaterally descended testes. PMID- 3759159 TI - Effect of standard breakfast & lunch on sulphadimidine bioavailability. PMID- 3759160 TI - Ganglioside content in the central nervous system after streptomycin & kanamycin intoxication in rat. PMID- 3759161 TI - Renal lesions following viper bites--a study of 14 years. PMID- 3759162 TI - Neonatal thigh circumference as an alternative indicator of low birth weight. PMID- 3759163 TI - Effect of desferrioxamine mesylate (Desferal) in anaesthetized dogs with clinical haemorrhagic shock. PMID- 3759164 TI - Colonization & protection in infant rabbits by a choleragenoid producing strain of Vibrio cholerae. PMID- 3759166 TI - Prevalence of Proteus species in urinary tract infections. PMID- 3759165 TI - Antibacterial property of methyl-DOPA & development of antibiotic cross resistances in m-DOPA mutants. PMID- 3759167 TI - Shelf life of Bacillus sphaericus reference preparations, RB 80 & SPH 84. PMID- 3759168 TI - Preliminary studies of Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Hymenopetera: pteromalidae) & its potential for controlling houseflies. PMID- 3759169 TI - Trace elements in cervical mucus of infertile women. PMID- 3759170 TI - Effects of undernutrition on the anterior pituitary gland of neonatal rat. PMID- 3759171 TI - Clinical & morphologic indicators of prognosis in primary IgA nephropathy of children & adults. PMID- 3759172 TI - Effect of amphotericin B & paromomycin on lipid peroxidation & enzymes in experimental acanthamoebic meningoencephalitis. PMID- 3759173 TI - Increase in extracellular matrix components & absence of eosinophil granule protein in heart tissue affected with endomyocardial fibrosis. PMID- 3759174 TI - Mutagenic evaluation of chlorpropamide in mice by the micro-nucleus test. PMID- 3759175 TI - Amitriptyline analgesia: tolerance & cross tolerance pattern. PMID- 3759176 TI - Potential experimental model of unilocular hydatid disease. PMID- 3759177 TI - Bacteriology of the genital tract in azoospermia. PMID- 3759178 TI - Determination of total body water in vivo by ethanol dilution in man. PMID- 3759179 TI - Increasing HBV reservoir by post-transfusion HBV infection in India. PMID- 3759180 TI - The effects of larval density, temperature and pH on the culture growth and infectivity of Saprolegnian sp. zoospores to Aedes aegypti larvae at various instars in the laboratory. PMID- 3759181 TI - Histological studies of the infection of a non sexual Saprolegnia sp(Oomycetes: Saprolegnia ceae) on some mosquito larvae. PMID- 3759182 TI - Isolated hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism--Kallmann's syndrome (a case report). PMID- 3759183 TI - Mortality due to infections in low birth weight babies. PMID- 3759184 TI - A simple relationship between maximal aerobic power and body weight in Indian adolescent boys. PMID- 3759185 TI - The oral papilloma. PMID- 3759186 TI - Health plans in India. PMID- 3759187 TI - Management of precocious puberty. PMID- 3759188 TI - Nasal septal deviation at birth and its diagnosis. PMID- 3759189 TI - Paralytic poliomyelitis in slums of Bombay. PMID- 3759190 TI - Sacrococcygeal teratoma: an analysis of 37 cases. PMID- 3759191 TI - Rhabdomyosarcoma of the middle ear. PMID- 3759192 TI - Partial deletion of the long arm chromosome 11 in Jacobsen syndrome. PMID- 3759193 TI - I.A.P. criteria for grading the nutritional status of Indian children need modification. PMID- 3759194 TI - Practical pediatric pharmacology in developing countries. PMID- 3759195 TI - Clinically important drug interactions in pediatric practice. PMID- 3759196 TI - Current antibiotic usage, I: Penicillins, cephalosporins and chloramphenicol. PMID- 3759197 TI - Penicillin hypersensitivity: mechanism, diagnosis and management. PMID- 3759199 TI - Current management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. PMID- 3759198 TI - Neonatal pharmacology--a practical approach. PMID- 3759200 TI - Drugs in lactation. PMID- 3759201 TI - Management of urinary tract infection in children. PMID- 3759202 TI - Domiciliary care of low birth weight neonates. PMID- 3759203 TI - Pattern of neoplasms in children. PMID- 3759205 TI - National health policy. Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi. PMID- 3759204 TI - Serial serum penicillin levels following an injection of benzathine penicillin (12 lakh units) in children of rheumatic heart disease. PMID- 3759206 TI - Hepatitis B associated membranous glomerulonephropathy. PMID- 3759207 TI - Estimating the preventable proportion of perinatal mortality. PMID- 3759208 TI - Perinatal mortality in India: can it be reduced through primary health care. PMID- 3759209 TI - Regionalization of perinatal care and its effect on perinatal mortality. PMID- 3759210 TI - The value of the parental interview in a perinatal mortality survey. PMID- 3759211 TI - Perinatal mortality in Vellore. Part I: A study of 21,585 infants. PMID- 3759212 TI - Perinatal mortality in Vellore. Part II: Lethal malformations. PMID- 3759213 TI - Perinatal mortality in a referral teaching hospital in Madras City. PMID- 3759214 TI - The outcome of very low birth weight infants: past, present and future. PMID- 3759216 TI - Research priorities in neonatology. PMID- 3759215 TI - Follow up of low birth weight infants. PMID- 3759217 TI - Etiology of maternal and early childhood deficiency anemia. PMID- 3759219 TI - Serum IgG levels in full term preterm and SFD neonates. PMID- 3759218 TI - Serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels in newborns: effect of gestational age. PMID- 3759220 TI - Skeletal changes in Indian childhood cirrhosis. PMID- 3759221 TI - Electrolyte content of water in Kota City. PMID- 3759222 TI - Factors related to blood pressure in a biracial adolescent female population. AB - Blood pressure levels, anthropometric parameters, and dietary intakes were assessed in 1981 and 1983 in a population of black (n = 236) and white (n = 296) adolescent girls, aged 14 and 16 years in 1983. The 14-year-old black girls exhibited significantly higher mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures than whites in both years. Body weight and Quetelet index were more strongly associated with blood pressure than were height and triceps skinfold thickness. Correcting blood pressures for weight, Quetelet index, 2-year changes in height, and age at menarche decreased in each case (but did not negate) the observed race differences in blood pressure. Dietary calcium and potassium intakes were inversely related to blood pressure, and a race difference in the intake of these nutrients (whites greater than blacks) was observed. Covariate adjustment for calcium, but not for potassium, decreased the magnitude of race differences in blood pressure. Family type (single-parent vs nuclear) and place of residence (urban vs nonurban) appeared to be the most important confounding variables for race differences in blood pressure, since differences largely were eliminated by controlling for these factors. Conflicting reports in the literature regarding the age range during which race differences in blood pressure become apparent may be partially attributed to the complex interrelationships among these factors and the potential influence of other genetic-environmental interactions that may also play a role in blood pressure regulation. PMID- 3759223 TI - Childhood familial pheochromocytoma. Conflicting results of localization techniques. AB - Childhood familial pheochromocytoma was investigated in four patients by abdominal computed tomographic scan, [131I]metaiodobenzylguanidine scan, and vena caval catecholamine sampling. Results conflicted with surgical findings. Computed tomographic scan identified all four adrenal tumors but missed two midline tumors in one patient. [131I]metaiodobenzylguanidine scan identified two of three adrenal tumors but also suggested extra-adrenal tumors not confirmed at operation in two of three patients. Vena caval sampling for catecholamines confirmed all adrenal tumors but suggested additional tumors not verified at operation in two of three patients. All patients are asymptomatic and have normal urinary catecholamines 15 to 51 months after operation. Because of the frequency of multiple tumors in familial pheochromocytoma, different diagnostic techniques were employed. False-positive results were more frequent with [131I]metaiodobenzylguanidine and vena caval sampling. Reinterpretation of the [131I]metaiodobenzylguanidine scans at a later date led to less false-positive interpretation, although the false-negative rate remained unchanged. More pediatric experience with [131I]metaiodobenzylguanidine scans and vena caval sampling in familial pheochromocytoma is needed. Confirmation of tumor and its localization rest with meticulous surgical exploration. PMID- 3759224 TI - Antihypertensive and metabolic effects of diltiazem and nifedipine. AB - The antihypertensive effect of diltiazem (180-270 mg/day) and nifedipine (40-60 mg/day) in slow-release forms was assessed over 8 weeks in a double-blind parallel study in 40 subjects with essential hypertension at rest and during exercise. Blood pressure was comparably reduced in both groups at rest as well as during exercise. The responder rates (greater than or equal to 10% reduction in diastolic blood pressure) after 8 weeks of therapy were 53% at rest and 75% during exercise in the diltiazem group and 78% and 50%, respectively, in the nifedipine group. Diltiazem decreased heart rate by 8% (p less than 0.01), while nifedipine did not affect it. As a consequence, myocardial oxygen consumption, as judged by the pressure-rate product, was reduced by diltiazem. Resting plasma norepinephrine levels were increased significantly after 8 weeks of diltiazem therapy. Plasma epinephrine, renin, aldosterone, glucose, insulin, and lactate and routine laboratory parameters were unchanged at the end of the study. No significant changes in total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were observed after 8 weeks. Whereas therapy with diltiazem resulted in an 8% fall in low density lipoprotein cholesterol after 8 weeks (p less than 0.05), nifedipine induced a drop in very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (p less than 0.05) after 8 weeks of therapy. We conclude that both diltiazem and nifedipine are effective antihypertensive agents lacking undesirable metabolic side effect. Diltiazem, however, had the advantage of lowering heart rate and myocardial oxygen consumption. PMID- 3759225 TI - Genetic association of hypertension and vascular changes in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - Isolated tail arteries from stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) exhibit oscillatory contractile activity in response to norepinephrine, whereas those from normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) do not. To determine whether the norepinephrine-induced oscillations are related to high blood pressure or to separable genetic differences between strains, the response to norepinephrine was studied in adult SHRSP, WKY, and progeny of genetic crosses of SHRSP and WKY (F1, F2, F1 X SHRSP, F1 X WKY). Helical tail artery strips were mounted in a tissue bath for isometric force recording. Rats were classified as responders if oscillatory activity in the presence of 1.8 X 10(-7) M norepinephrine exceeded 250 mg/10 min (milligrams of force amplitude during a 10-minute interval). The blood pressures (mm Hg +/- SEM; tail cuff method) and percentage of rats exhibiting norepinephrine-induced oscillations were as follows: WKY: 109 +/- 3, 0%; F1: 129 +/- 4, 0%; F2: 150 +/- 4, 38%; F1 X WKY: 137 +/- 3, 9%; F1 X SHRSP: 188 +/- 7, 71%; SHRSP: 207 +/- 7, 100%. The distribution of the frequency of animals with oscillatory activity among the progenies was consistent with the hypothesis that a single gene locus determines the observed difference in oscillatory activity between the WKY and SHRSP strains. The allele from the SHRSP that determines the activity phenotype is recessive to the allele contributed by the normotensive WKY strain. In the segregating F2 progeny, the blood pressure of the responders was higher than that of the nonresponders (161 +/- 6 vs 144 +/- 4 mm Hg; p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3759226 TI - Response of cerebral arteries to sympathetic stimulation during acute hypertension. AB - Our goal was to determine whether sympathetic stimulation during acute hypertension constricts large cerebral arteries and attenuates increases in cerebral microvascular pressure. We measured cerebral blood flow with microspheres and pressure in small pial arteries with a servonull device in anesthetized cats. During moderate hypertension, sympathetic stimulation had little effect on resistance of large or small cerebral vessels. During severe hypertension, sympathetic stimulation prevented passive decreases in resistance of large cerebral arteries and allowed pronounced constriction of small vessels. During hypertension, there was a large increase in pressure in small pial arteries. Although sympathetic stimulation prevented decreases in resistance of large arteries during severe hypertension, it did not attenuate increases in pressure in pial arteries approximately 200 micron in diameter and only modestly attenuated increases in pressure in pial arteries approximately 100 micron in diameter. These findings indicate that sympathetic stimulation has important effects on resistance of both large and small cerebral vessels during severe hypertension. Thus, although stimulation produces dilation of small cerebral vessels during normotension, sympathetic stimulation allowed constriction of small vessels during severe hypertension. These results also indicate that sympathetic stimulation does not prevent increases in pressure in small pial arteries. Thus, protection of the blood-brain barrier by stimulation of sympathetic nerves during hypertension is not the result of attenuation of increases in pial artery pressure. PMID- 3759227 TI - Sodium and glucose transport across renal brush border membranes of Milan hypertensive rats. AB - Sodium transport across luminal membranes of proximal tubules isolated from the kidney cortex of young, prehypertensive rats of the Milan hypertensive strain (MHS) and their corresponding normotensive controls, the Milan normotensive strain (MNS), was measured. A higher sodium uptake was observed in vesicles from MHS, although membrane preparations from both strains behaved similarly as far as enzyme profile and sodium-dependent glucose transport were concerned. In the presence of an inwardly directed sodium gradient, sodium uptake depended on the relative permeability of the counterion: in the presence of 100 mM NaCl, sodium transport in MHS was 26% higher than that in normotensive controls (p less than 0.05). Also, a significantly faster sodium uptake by membrane vesicles from MHS was observed when a pH gradient and an electrical potential difference (inside negative) were imposed across the membrane. In this condition, sodium uptake by membrane vesicles from MHS was up to 39% higher than that in control MNS (p less than 0.01). Therefore, the difference in sodium transport observed between preparations of luminal membrane from the proximal tubule of MNS and MHS seems to be due to a higher rheogenic sodium pathway in the MHS. The present results are in keeping with previous data showing an increased sodium transport across renal tubules of the MHS and support the hypothesis that the abnormality in sodium and water handling by kidneys from MHS can be related to an alteration in sodium transport across the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule cells. PMID- 3759228 TI - Metabolism and storage of catecholamines in rats with pheochromocytoma implants. AB - New England Deaconess Hospital rats implanted with a pheochromocytoma P259 became hypertensive and showed high concentrations of plasma dopamine (42.0 +/- 14.6 ng/ml) and norepinephrine (45.7 +/- 8.4 ng/ml). However, the norepinephrine content of several peripheral tissues of these rats did not differ from those of the New England Deaconess Hospital control rats, and their dopamine content, although slightly higher, was much lower than would have been expected from the plasma dopamine levels. Methylation by catechol-O-methyltransferase did not appear to play a major role in the inactivation of tissue catecholamines since there were no noticeable increases of normetanephrine or 3-methoxytyramine in the tissues of the rats with pheochromocytoma. There was also no increase in conjugated dopamine, in either the sulfate or glucuronide form, in the plasma or tissue of the hypertensive rats, although injection of L-dopa induced a large increase in dopamine sulfate in the plasma and urine of these rats. This finding indicated that, although their sulfoconjugation mechanism was intact and not affected by the pheochromocytoma, it did not participate in the metabolism of dopamine released by the tumor into the blood. On the other hand, plasma and urine of tumor-bearing rats exhibited abnormally high concentrations of homovanillic acid, the main metabolite of dopamine resulting from monoamine oxidase action. In contrast to the control rats, intravenous infusion of free dopamine in rats with pheochromocytoma had no effect on plasma free dopamine levels but increased homovanillic acid levels considerably. The present data underline the important role of monoamine oxidase in the removal of excessive quantities of catecholamines released by the tumor in New England Deaconess Hospital rats with the pheochromocytoma implant. PMID- 3759229 TI - Prognostic value of nephrography in atherosclerotic occlusion of the renal artery. PMID- 3759230 TI - Metabolic changes of patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis. AB - We carried out metabolic investigations of 26 patients with severe forms of acute pancreatitis which were evaluated by an organ score. We formed six groups from this data: survivors and deceased in the first week, the second week, and after a further two weeks of illness. The amino acid patterns in plasma and muscles deviated considerably from normal at all times in both the surviving and the deceased patients. In particular, changes in the concentrations of branched-chain amino acids and glutamine in the muscle tissue have a prognostic value. In the range two to four (normal range: above 20), the factor glutamine/VAL+LEU+ILE characterizes a prefinal condition in non-survivors. This factor increased in patients recovering from the illness from 6 to values over 20. Non-survivors (NS) had higher plasma levels of glucose and glucagon compared to surviving patients. Plasma glucagon concentrations in NS reached levels up to 4,000 pg/mL at admission, which declined gradually to normal range during the course of the illness. PMID- 3759231 TI - [Ammonia and glutamine metabolism of the intestine. The effect of lactulose and neomycin]. AB - The present work is directed to distinguish between ammonia production by the mucosa and by the intestinal flora, as well as to evaluate the influence of neomycin and lactulose. In vitro studies using rat intestine show that mucosa cells produce ammonia alanine and glutamic acid when incubated with glutamine, whose process can be impaired by neomycin or lactulose. Since the release of the above solutes is virtually the same in germ-free rats, the influence of the bacterial flora might be negligible under the experimental conditions used. Elimination of the aerobic microorganisms results in a minute decrease of ammonia concentration in portal blood in contrast to elimination of the anaerobic flora, which leads to an excessive reduction of ammonia formation. In germ-free rats colonisation with anaerobic microorganisms results in an increment in portal ammonia concentration, whose value, however, is still below levels observed in normal animals. Colonisation with aerobic bacteria has no effect on portal ammonia concentration. Neomycin and lactulose affect ammonia production in the gut by interfering with glutamine uptake in the mucosa cell, thus the influence upon ammonia formation apparently can not be exclusively explained by alterations of the intestinal flora. Possible reasons for the considerable increase in arterial glutamine levels in normal rats are discussed. PMID- 3759232 TI - The chicken embryo as a model for campylobacter invasion: comparative virulence of human isolates of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. AB - Eleven-day-old chicken embryos were used to compare the relative virulence of minimally passaged human isolates of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Graded doses of bacteria were inoculated onto the chorioallantoic membrane, and 50% lethal doses were calculated at 72 h postinfection. Strains varied markedly in their ability to invade the chorioallantoic membrane and kill the embryos. The 50% lethal doses varied by about 6 logs for 25 strains of C. jejuni, and by 2 logs for 5 strains of C. coli. Although both outbred and inbred embryos were employed in the study, the latter were found to be more susceptible to infection with most strains. All isolates were screened for plasmid DNA, but there was no apparent relationship between plasmid content and virulence of strains for the embryos. Neither could virulence be associated with the production of siderophores by the strains. The ability of selected strains of C. jejuni to invade the liver of embryos was also studied. The number of campylobacters culturable from the liver was found to be inversely related to the 50% lethal dose of the strain. By inoculating 11-day-old embryos intravenously, it was possible to demonstrate that a strain of C. jejuni which was poorly virulent after chorioallantoic inoculation was relatively noninvasive. Invasiveness alone, however, could not fully account for the lethality of two highly virulent strains of C. jejuni administered by the intravenous route. Finally, there was no correlation between motility and virulence in this model system. PMID- 3759233 TI - Cloning of urease gene sequences from Providencia stuartii. AB - Providencia stuartii was the most prevalent isolate recovered from urine specimens taken weekly over a 1-year period from 51 nursing home patients with urinary catheters in place. Thirty percent of the isolates were urease positive. Urease, which is implicated in renal stone formation, was shown to be transmissible on an 82-kilobase conjugative plasmid in one isolate. Plasmid DNA isolated from this strain was digested with EcoRI, ligated into the EcoRI site of pBR322, and used to transform Escherichia coli HB101. Ampicillin-resistant clones were replica plated onto urea segregation agar, and a urease-positive clone, designated pMID101, was isolated. Recombinant and native urease from cell lysates had identical electrophoretic mobilities on nondenaturing polyacrylamide urease activity gels. The native enzyme was induced fourfold when cells were grown in the presence of 0.1% urea and had a km of 9.4 mM and a Vmax of 3.2 mumol of NH3 per min per mg of protein. Its molecular weight was estimated to be 375,000 +/- 35,000 by Sephacryl S-300 chromatography. The enzyme was cytoplasmic in P. stuartii, was inhibited in vitro by hydroxyurea, acetohydroxamic acid, and EDTA, and appears to have a complex subunit structure and a unique molecular size within genera of the Proteeae tribe. PMID- 3759234 TI - Experimental evidence for the role of lipids in adherence of Candida spp. to human buccal epithelial cells. AB - Lipids extracted from Candida albicans and C. tropicalis, but not from the weakly adherent C. pseudotropicalis, significantly blocked in vitro adherence of the respective yeast cells to buccal epithelial cells. The percentage of reduction from control values ranged between 16.4 and 42.1%, depending on the species, the strain, and the solvent used for lipid extraction. The constituent lipid classes of both the acetone and chloroform-methanol extracts of C. albicans ATCC 10231 were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. The individual classes were isolated by preparative thin-layer chromatography and then tested for their effects on the adherence of this strain to buccal epithelial cells. Individual phospholipids, sterols, and steryl esters blocked adherence significantly (between 15.5 and 55.7% reduction). Triacylglycerols and free fatty acids showed no effect whatsoever. The same results were obtained when standard lipid samples were investigated. PMID- 3759235 TI - Development of an aerosol model of murine respiratory mycoplasmosis in mice. AB - Animal models of murine respiratory mycoplasmosis due to Mycoplasma pulmonis provide excellent opportunities to study respiratory disease due to an infectious agent. The purpose of the present study was to develop and characterize an aerosol model for the production of murine respiratory mycoplasmosis in mice. The exposure of mice for 30 min to aerosols generated with a DeVilbiss 45 nebulizer in a nose-only inhalation chamber consistently reproduced typical lesions. The chamber was operated with a nebulizer air flow of 5.3 liters/min at 5.0 lb/in and a diluting air flow of 20 liters/min, with the nebulizer containing 5 ml of a suspension of viable M. pulmonis organisms (a concentration between 6 X 10(5) to 6 X 10(10) CFU/ml). Infective aerosol particles of less than a 4.0-micron median aerodynamic diameter with a geometric standard deviation of approximately 2.0 reached the lungs and were evenly distributed among the different lung lobes. A minimum 1.5-log loss of viability in the M. pulmonis suspension was demonstrated. With the exception of the 50% lethal dose, all of the parameters previously established by intranasal inoculation could be examined with the aerosol model. The major advantages of the aerosol model were excellent reproducibility of exposure (both between different experiments and between animals in a given experiment), the avoidance of anesthetization, and the ability to immediately deposit the majority of the organisms in the lung. The only disadvantage was the requirement for large volumes of mycoplasmal cultures. PMID- 3759236 TI - Characterization of monoclonal antibodies to a crystal protein of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki. AB - Ten monoclonal antibodies were produced against a k-1-type crystal protein of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki. Eight of the antibodies belong to the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) subclass, with pI values ranging from 5.5 to 8.6, one could be assigned to the IgG2b subclass, and one could be assigned to the IgM class. Competitive antibody-binding assays and analysis of antibody specificity indicated that the 10 antibodies recognized at least nine distinct antigenic determinants. Eight antibodies bound to both protoxin and toxin, whereas the other two interacted with protoxin only. One antibody completely inhibited the biological activity of the delta-endotoxin, five antibodies reduced it by 15 to 82%, and four antibodies did not affect it at all. Based on cross-reaction studies, homologies and differences in the crystal protein structures of different B. thuringiensis subspecies were revealed. All of the monoclonal antibodies strongly cross-reacted with crystal proteins from strains of B. thuringiensis subsp. tolworthi, B. thuringiensis subsp. galleriae, B. thuringiensis subsp. dendrolimus, B. thuringiensis subsp. sotto, and B. thuringiensis subsp. subtoxicus. Some antibodies interacted only weakly with crystal proteins from strains of B. thuringiensis subsp. morrisoni and B. thuringiensis subsp. entomocidus, and some of these did not interact with B. thuringiensis subsp. kenyae and B. thuringiensis subsp. darmstadiensis. No cross reaction was found with the parasporal inclusion protein of B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. Studies with the monoclonal antibodies also disclosed that crystal proteins from strains of the same subspecies can exhibit substantial differences in antigenic structure. In particular, striking strain-specific differences in the protoxins of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and B. thuringiensis subsp. thuringiensis were observed. PMID- 3759237 TI - Role of NADH oxidase in the oxidative inactivation of Streptococcus salivarius fructosyltransferase. AB - A cell-associated fructosyltransferase produced by Streptococcus salivarius was irreversibly inactivated in a time-dependent manner when resting or permeabilized cell suspensions were incubated with low concentrations (less than 1.0 microM) of copper. In addition to copper, the inactivation was dependent on oxygen and on a fermentable carbon source (endogenous intracellular polysaccharide or glucose). In starved, permeabilized cell suspensions, the fermentable carbon source could be replaced by NADH but not by NADPH or ATP. Of several other S. salivarius enzymes tested, only fructosyltransferase was inactivated under these conditions. The available evidence indicated that NADH oxidase is the enzyme responsible for fructosyltransferase inactivation. Results from oxygen radical scavenger studies implicated one or more species of oxygen radicals and hydrogen peroxide in the inactivation reaction. PMID- 3759238 TI - Experimental intrauterine infection of adult BALB/c mice with Cryptosporidium sp. AB - Inoculation of adult, female BALB/c mice with 2 X 10(5) bleach-treated Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts isolated from calf feces resulted in infection of the uterine mucosa in more than 50% of the animals. Cryptosporidium sp. completed the entire life cycle in the uterus, and infectious oocysts were passed into the vagina. Two methods of application were used to establish intrauterine infection. The inoculum was either injected into the uterus after abdominal surgery or intracervically instilled. Mice were susceptible at all phases of the sexual cycle, but the highest infection rates were obtained during estrus and diestrus. Parasites were demonstrated as early as 5 days postinfection. Phagocytic cells in the uterine lumen and in the vagina contained Cryptosporidium sp. Phagocytosis may be an important immune response and a mechanism of parasitic clearance. These results suggest that Cryptosporidium sp. is a potential pathogen of the reproductive tract. PMID- 3759239 TI - Genetic control of natural resistance to nontuberculous mycobacterial infections in mice. AB - Results show that various inbred strains of mice can be segregated into two distinct groups, based on their capacity to allow a number of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections to grow in target organs following experimental intravenous infection. The first group, which allowed these infections to grow progressively, was thus designated as naturally susceptible to these infections; in contrast, those strains which were able to exert detectable bacteriostasis were designated as naturally resistant. It was then found that segregation of mouse strains based on this distinction also mirrored the capacity of these animals to generate acquired immunity to the mycobacterial infections. For example, Mycobacterium simiae grew progressively in susceptible C57BL/6 mice, subsequently triggering acquired mechanisms of immunity, whereas no evidence for acquired immunity could be found in resistant A/Tru mice infected with this organism. The possibility that acquired immunity could not be expressed in the latter strain as a result of a defect in macrophage activation was excluded. Moreover, it was found that the trait of resistance to these infections could be transferred by bone marrow cells into radiation chimeras, thus indicating that this trait was expressed by the progeny of hemopoietic precursor cells. Subsequent backcross analysis to determine the mode of inheritance of the trait of resistance to these mycobacterial infections revealed data that were consistent with the hypothesis that this resistance is controlled by more than one gene. Statistical analysis of the data by the maximum likelihood method suggested polygenic control, although in some cases the probability values suggested control by a major gene, influenced by modifier genes. These findings suggest that the previous hypothesis that the growth of mycobacterial infections in inbred strains of mice is controlled by a single gene should be reevaluated. PMID- 3759240 TI - Ocular sensitization of mice by live (but not irradiated) Chlamydia trachomatis serovar A. AB - Ocular exposure of mice to live elementary bodies of Chlamydia trachomatis serovar A results in immunological sensitization of the mice. This reactivity is manifested by the development of early (5 h) and delayed-type (24 h) dermal reactivity and serovar-specific antibody formation against either live or irradiated (100 kilorads) elementary bodies. Parallel ocular exposure of mice to irradiated elementary bodies does not result in this sensitization. The early and late dermal immune responses induced by ocular exposure to live organisms can be transferred to unexposed mice by serum and lymphoid cell transfers, respectively. It appears that successful murine ocular sensitization by human C. trachomatis serovar A elementary bodies is an ability manifested by live organisms and not by inactivated but antigenic organisms. PMID- 3759241 TI - Fate of Chlamydia trachomatis in human monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. AB - The fate of Chlamydia trachomatis (L2/434/Bu) in human peripheral blood monocytes and human monocyte-derived macrophages was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and by measuring the yield of infectious C. trachomatis in one step growth experiments. Two main types of phagosome were seen by TEM in the cytoplasm of C. trachomatis-infected human monocytes (1 h postinfection [p.i.]): one in which the elementary body (EB) was tightly surrounded by the membrane of the phagosome and another in which the EB appeared in an enlarged phagosome. Later, 24 to 48 h p.i., each phagosome contained a single EB-like particle, an atypical reticulate body, or a damaged particle. One-step growth experiments showed that infection of human monocytes with C. trachomatis results in a decrease of infectious particles between 24 and 96 h p.i., whereas infection of the monocytes by C. psittaci (6BC strain) results in productive infection with, however, a 3.5-log lower yield than in control MA-104 cells. In contrast to the abortive replication of C. trachomatis in monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages permitted replication as indicated by one-step growth experiments and TEM. in C. trachomatis-infected, monocyte-derived macrophages 72 h p.i., inclusions of two kinds were observed by TEM. One was very similar to the typical inclusions appearing in infected MA-104 (control) cells; the other was atypical, pleomorphic, often contained "channels," and held relatively few EB and reticulate bodies, some of which appeared damaged or abnormal. The significance of the responses to infection with C. trachomatis in monocytes compared with monocyte-derived macrophages and the role of these cells in sustaining chronic or latent infection and in dissemination of the infection to various parts of the body is discussed. PMID- 3759242 TI - Bacterial endotoxins. PMID- 3759243 TI - Appearance and persistence of hepatitis A IgM antibody in acute clinical hepatitis A observed in an outbreak. AB - 143 patients with acute hepatitis A observed during a common source outbreak were tested for IgM class antibody to hepatitis A virus (IgM anti-HAV) by commercially available solid phase radioimmunoassays. All patients were IgM anti-HAV positive though six of them were initially negative when tested within three days after the onset of symptoms. The levels of IgM anti-HAV peaked two to four weeks after onset, and declined gradually thereafter. The probability of IgM anti-HAV positivity was 25% at the end of the sixth month, and 3.4% at the end of the ninth month after onset. No significant sex or age difference in the persistence of IgM anti-HAV was observed. It was suggested that the timing of the assay and the level of IgM anti-HAV should be considered in the etiological diagnosis of acute hepatitis. PMID- 3759244 TI - Detection of specific IgG and IgM antibodies in the haemagglutination inhibition test and the enzyme-linked immunoassay for the diagnosis of rubella infection. AB - A study has been carried out on the sera of 710 women who wished to know their state of rubella immunity using haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA) techniques. The majority of the women presented no symptoms. The ability of HAI to detect low antibody levels (1:8, 1:16) appears to be greater than that of Rubazyme ELISA IgG, employing the recommendations of the manufacturers. The correlation between HAI and IgG values above HAI titres of 1:16 is nearly 100%. In an additional study of 17 primary infections in pregnant women with definite rubella symptoms, the total titre of antibodies was determined by HAI and IgG and specific IgM with ELISA Rubazyme in successive samples. In four cases, IgM was clearly positive and no increase in either HAI or IgG antibodies could be demonstrated over three successive samples taken at an interval of 15 to 20 days. Therefore, we consider it necessary to determine IgM antibodies (evaluating these in the absence of the rheumatoid factor) in every doubtful case occurring in pregnant women, irrespective of whether clinical signs are present or not. PMID- 3759245 TI - Prophylactic effect of human immunoglobulin against pneumococcal post-splenectomy sepsis in the rat. AB - Failure to clear the blood of pneumococci after splenectomy may be corrected by active immunization, but some patients show poor antibody response to pneumococcal vaccination. Long-term antibiotic prophylaxis against post splenectomy sepsis carries the risk of development of bacterial resistance and low patient compliance. In the present study, using a rat model for post splenectomy sepsis, human immunoglobulin was given 24 h before challenging the animals with 10(3) Streptococcus pneumoniae. Immunoglobulin at a dosage of 300 mg/kg body weight was protective. Reducing the immunoglobulin dose to 75 mg/kg did not alter the mortality rate but significantly prolonged the survival time. The results indicate that the new immunoglobulin preparations for intravenous use might provide an effective means of reducing the risk of post-splenectomy sepsis, even in the most susceptible patients. PMID- 3759246 TI - [Cryptosporidiosis in children]. AB - Cryptosporidiosis in Children. During an 11-month survey, Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in the stools of 20 of 142 children admitted with gastroenteritis. Five of these 20 patients also excreted other enteropathogens. The clinical findings in 18 children infected with cryptosporidia could be analyzed. All patients were immunocompetent. Watery diarrhea, vomiting and anorexia were the most frequent symptoms. Differences in the clinical findings were observed between children aged one to two years and older children. The older children remained ill for 4.1 days compared to 19.9 days in the younger children. The younger children also presented a history of recurrent diarrhea. Problems of etiology and therapy are discussed. Cryptosporidia should be considered as a cause of diarrhea in children. PMID- 3759247 TI - Vaccination against rabies with human diploid cell anti-rabies subcutaneous vaccination (HDVC) PMID- 3759248 TI - [Hemostatic parameters influenced by imipenem/cilastatin]. AB - Seven patients were treated for bacterial infections with imipenem/cilastatin. Imipenem is a new broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic with antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacilli. Before and during treatment parameters of blood coagulation and platelet function were studied. Blood coagulation was not influenced by the antibiotic. But there was a temporary inhibition of collagen-induced platelet aggregation during the first days of treatment. No clinical signs of enhanced spontaneous bleeding tendency were observed. PMID- 3759249 TI - [Dosage of imipenem/cilastatin]. AB - Imipenem/cilastatin was used for the treatment of 594 bacterial infections in 545 patients at a dosage of 1.5 g/day (n = 283), 2.0 g/day (n = 129), 3.0 g/day (n = 102), or 4 g/day (n = 11). The most common indications for therapy were nosocomial pneumonias followed by intraabdominal postoperative infections, and skin and soft tissue infections. Out of 1171 bacterial strains isolated from 932 patients, seven showed primary resistance to imipenem. The causative agent was eliminated in 87% of the patients. Treatment failed in 24 of the 594 patients. In 35 patients therapy was stopped because of side effects. The most frequent side effect was local irritation at the site of intravenous application. PMID- 3759250 TI - [Efficacy and tolerance of imipenem/cilastatin in the treatment of surgical infections with and without bone involvement]. AB - Imipenem/cilastatin in a doses of 1.5/day was used to treat 31 moderate to severe infections, predominantly soft tissue infections with bone involvement, in 30 surgical patients. A clinical success was achieved in 93% of the patients. In one patient with diabetic gangrene of the foot, imipenem/cilastatin treatment performed as a last resort was not able to prevent amputation. One patient died from his underlying disease while on therapy. All isolates except one Pseudomonas diminuta strain regarded as contaminant were initially sensitive to imipenem. Two Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains developed resistance by the end of therapy. Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most common aetiologic agents. Only few clinical and biochemical side-effects were observed: in two cases an allergic rash appeared following several days' treatment. Four patients developed thrombocytopenia, which, however, was completely reversible after the end of therapy. PMID- 3759251 TI - [Calculated initial chemotherapy in mechanically-ventilated postoperative patients with peritonitis, sepsis and pneumonia]. AB - Calculated chemotherapy is based on the knowledge of the typical bacterial agents of a particular infection. From January 1983 to August 1985 bacteriological findings from surgical patients with peritonitis, septicemia or pneumonia treated in an intensive care unit were analysed. The study concentrated on those findings only which differed from previous bacteriological investigations. During the first three days 53 patients on assisted ventilation suffering from peritonitis exhibited mainly enterobacteria in their peritoneal secretions. At day 10 or later we also found bacteria from the pseudomonas group. At that time the bacterial spectrum of bronchial secretions was comparable to that of the peritoneal secretions of the same patient. After day 10, the bacterial spectrum was similar in 36 ventilated patients without peritonitis, in 56 patients suffering from post-operative pneumonia and in peritonitis patients. According to our findings, calculated chemotherapy may be based on the fact that patients with peritonitis who cannot be cured within a few days have a bacterial flora comparable to that of patients with septicemia or pneumonia. Patients with severe infections following surgery, such as potentially fatal pneumonia, generalised peritonitis or septicemia were treated with imipenem/cilastatin, according to the above definitions of calculated chemotherapy. 37 of 46 patients treated between May and December 1985, were clinically cured. Microorganisms persisted in five clinically cured patients. Development of resistance to imipenem was observed in one case. In one case treatment had to be stopped because of an allergic skin reaction. Monotherapy of peritonitis by imipenem/cilastatin appeared more satisfactory than treatment with combinations of other antibiotics. PMID- 3759252 TI - [Imipenem/cilastatin in surgical intensive medicine]. AB - 26 patients from the surgical intensive care unit, University Hospital Lubeck, received imipenem/cilastatin for severe abdominal, respiratory or urogenital infections. 500 mg imipenem/cilastatin were infused i.v. over 30 min q. i. d. The treatment was successful in 84,6% of the patients suffering from severe infections. Two cases were considered to be failures. 36 of the 43 isolated pathogens (83.7%) were eliminated. Transitory elevations of liver enzymes were the most frequent side-reactions observed; an increase in serum creatinine, diarrhoea or fungal colonization were less common. PMID- 3759253 TI - [Treatment of respiratory tract infections with imipenem/cilastatin in critical patients with respiratory insufficiency]. AB - In an open prospective study the efficacy and tolerance of imipenem/cilastatin was investigated in 24 critically ill patients on mechanical ventilation with nosocomial respiratory tract infection. Nine patients had previously received antibiotic therapy, eight of them with various other beta-lactam antibiotics which had failed. Imipenem was given in a dose of 1-3 g/24 h over 5-37 (mean 11) days. Seven patients were additionally treated with aminoglycosides, one patient with erythromycin. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 14), Staphylococcus aureus (n = 4), Haemophilus influenzae (n = 4) and Escherichia coli (n = 3) were the potential pathogens most frequently isolated from tracheo-bronchial secretions. All of the isolates were susceptible to imipenem. 91% of the infections without and 77% with involvement of P. aeruginosa were successfully treated. Two patients who had not responded to previous treatment succumbed to the consequences of progressive respiratory distress syndrome. All of the gram-positive and 85% of the gram-negative pathogens (Pseudomonas not included) were eliminated in the course of therapy. By contrast, 64% of the isolates of P. aeruginosa persisted; half of these became imipenem-resistant. Nine patients showed adverse reactions including one case of pseudomembranous colitis or laboratory abnormalities which were all reversible. Imipenem/cilastatin proved highly effective and was relatively well tolerated; it is suitable as a single agent for the initial treatment of nosocomial respiratory tract infections in ventilated patients, although only with limitations in cases of infection due to P. aeruginosa. PMID- 3759254 TI - Affinity chromatography and SDS-PAGE studies of radiolabeled IgE-binding and IgG binding factors generated from human lymphoblastoid cell lines. AB - Soluble IgE-binding and IgG-binding factors were generated by 18-hour incubation at 4 degrees C of the human B cell lines RPMI 8866 and Daudi. These cells express Fc receptors for IgE (Fc epsilon R) and IgG (Fc gamma R), respectively. Binding factors specifically inhibited FcR on both lymphocytes and monocytes, and bound to Ig-Sepharose supports. RPMI 8866 cells and Daudi cells were radiolabeled with 125I by the lactoperoxidase method, and the soluble factors were labeled by the chloramine T method. Affinity chromatography of the soluble factors was performed with IgE-Sepharose, IgG-Sepharose and lentil-lectin-Sepharose followed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. The finding of a common 22,000-dalton protein in supernatants with IgE binding, IgG binding, and non-binding activity is discussed in relation to methodological difficulties and the ambiguous results in the literature, as well as the possibility of a complex formation of macromolecules with binding factor activity. PMID- 3759255 TI - Effects of muramyl dipeptide and trehalose dimycolate on resistance of mice to Toxoplasma gondii and Acanthamoeba culbertsoni infections. AB - The effects of synthetic muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and natural trehalose dimycolate (TDM) against parasitic infections by intracellular Toxoplasma gondii and free living Acanthamoeba culbertsoni were studied. Significant resistance against oral T. gondii infection was induced by intraperitoneal pretreatment with TDM but not with MDP. The protective effect of TDM against T. gondii was corroborated by a significant reduction in the number of cysts in brains of pretreated animals and elevated serum antibody levels. Partial protection against lethal intranasal A. culbertsoni infection was conferred by specific immunization with viable trophozoites of nonpathogenic Acanthamoeba lugdunensis. The nonspecific resistance induced by intravenous pretreatment with MDP was similar to, whereas that stimulated by TDM was lesser than the protection conferred by A. lugdunensis. The Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis of 51Cr-labeled sheep red blood cells by alveolar macrophages was enhanced by MDP. The phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages was increased by lower doses of TDM. PMID- 3759257 TI - IgG subclass of human serum antibodies reactive with dietary proteins. AB - Serum IgG antibodies reactive with different dietary proteins have been detected in a significant proportion of adult patients with coeliac disease, dermatitis herpetiformis and atopic eczema. Serum anti-milk antibodies were shown to be distributed predominantly between the IgG2 and IgG4 subclasses, whereas anti gliadin antibodies in atopic eczema were predominantly of the IgG4 subclass. Furthermore, as antibodies to each of these dietary antigens in healthy adults were markedly restricted to the IgG4 subclass, their production may be part of a normal immune response to dietary proteins. There was no correlation between serum IgG4 antibody and total serum IgG4 level. In contrast, restricted IgG4 anti gliadin antibodies were less prevalent in the serum of patients with coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis, suggesting defective downstream switching of Ig heavy-chain genes in these conditions. PMID- 3759258 TI - In vitro effects of sodium lauryl sulfate on DNA synthesis and fine structure of human thymocytes. AB - Sodium lauryl sulfate, a model substance in testing skin irritability was examined with regard to its effects on DNA synthesis and fine structure of human thymocytes incubated in vitro. At 5 h, incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA was inhibited with a discernable effect at 3 X 10(-4) M in serum-free medium and at 6 X 10(-4) M in medium to containing 15% serum. Under the former conditions, the effect on DNA synthesis was accompanied by disintegration of the cells as observed electron-microscopically. In contrast, no clear effects on cell morphology were seen in the latter case, in spite of a strongly depressed replicative activity. After 48 h of culture in medium containing 15% serum, there was a marked decrease in cell number due to spontaneous cell death and, consequently, a low rate of DNA synthesis. Sodium lauryl sulfate suppressed the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA at 1.2 X 10(-3) M. No clear alterations in cell morphology were observed at 3 X 10(-4) M, whereas signs of irreversible cell damage, including pyknotic nuclei, were seen at 6 X 10(-4) M and complete disruption of most cells occurred at 1.2 X 10(-3) M. The results show that sodium lauryl sulfate inhibits DNA synthesis in human thymocytes and that there is a partial discrepancy between this inhibition and the adverse effects on the structural organization of the cell. It is proposed that the irritant effect of sodium lauryl sulfate in vivo is due to the breaking up of lymphoid or other cells and a consequent release of material that gives rise to an inflammatory response. PMID- 3759256 TI - Stimulating effect of unfractionated heparin and a low molecular weight heparin fragment on the DNA synthesis response of human thymocytes to mercuric chloride. AB - The effect of unfractionated heparin and a low molecular weight heparin fragment was tested on the DNA synthesis response of human thymocytes to mercuric chloride. In a concentration of 0.01-0.11 mg/ml, unfractionated heparin somewhat stimulated this response, while the heparin fragment at 11.1 mg/ml gave an evident stimulation of the response and a lower stimulation degree at 1.1 mg/ml. PMID- 3759259 TI - Local intranasal immunotherapy with high-dose polymerized ragweed extract. AB - Thirty-one ragweed-allergic patients received preseasonal local intranasal immunotherapy (LNIT) with high doses of gluteraldehyde-polymerized ragweed extract (average total dose 544 micrograms antigen E). Minimal side effects were reported during treatment and did not interfere with the dosing schedule. During the ragweed pollen season, LNIT-treated patients had lower symptom scores for sneezing, rhinorrhea and nasal congestion than a comparable group of untreated ragweed-allergic patients. There was no difference in ragweed-induced eye symptoms between the two groups. Secretory ragweed-specific IgA and IgG rose following LNIT treatment. Absolute antibody titers and changes in titers did not correlate with clinical improvement. LNIT with the polymerized ragweed did not block the seasonal rise in serum ragweed-specific IgE. These results suggest that LNIT with high-dose polymerized ragweed extract is a safe, simple and effective form of immunotherapy. PMID- 3759260 TI - Use of steroidal antiinflammatory drug provides further evidence for a potential role of PAF-acether in bronchial anaphylaxis. AB - We presently demonstrate that PAF-acether (1-O-alkyl-2-O-acetyl-sn-glycerol-3 phosphoryl-choline) is formed by sensitized guinea pig lungs upon in vitro antigenic challenge. Pretreatment of the animals with a steroidal antiinflammatory drug, budesonide, almost totally suppresses this biosynthesis. Since budesonide inhibits the anaphylactic bronchoconstriction in actively sensitized guinea pigs, these data strongly support the assumption that PAF acether is a mediator of bronchial anaphylaxis. PMID- 3759261 TI - Liposomes as carrier for antibiotics: a comparative study on the immune response against liposome-encapsulated penicillin and other penicillin preparations. PMID- 3759263 TI - Imbalance of sex chromosomes, with gain of early-replicating X, in human solid tumors. AB - An imbalance of sex chromosomes was observed in several cases of solid tumors: colorectal, anal canal and breast carcinomas. Replication studies, using BUdR incorporation, show that in males there is a tendency towards a gain of early replicating X and a deficiency of Y chromosomes. In females, there is a tendency towards a gain of early-replicating X and a loss of late-replicating X chromosomes. Although almost no replication studies have been published in the literature, making it impossible to distinguish between late- and early replicating Xs, it is likely that a similar situation exists for several solid tumors other than those we have studied. A possible consequence of this imbalance is briefly discussed. PMID- 3759262 TI - Potentiated IgE response in Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infested rats--sites of synthesis and traffic of cells secreting potentiated antibody. AB - The distribution and the kinetics of potentiated antibody synthesis have been studied at the cellular level in rats infested with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis using the homologous adoptive cutaneous anaphylaxis technique. In animals immunized in the hind footpads with alum-absorbed ovalbumin 10 days prior to infestation with the parasite, the major sites of potentiated anti-ovalbumin homocytotropic antibody synthesis were the regional lymph nodes of the gut and the lungs. Peyer's patches were weakly active late in the response and the spleen produced considerable amounts of potentiated antibody. The regional lymph nodes of the ovalbumin immunization sites were the only organs in which specific homocytotropic antibody synthesis was detected in uninfested control rats. The kinetics of synthesis of the potentiated antibody by cells correlated well with the levels of anti-ovalbumin IgE antibodies in the sera of the infested rats. A traffic of cells secreting anti-ovalbumin homocytotropic antibody was detected in the thoracic duct lymph, but not the mesenteric lymph of immunized uninfested rats. After infestation, the mesenteric lymph also contained cells secreting potentiated antibody. The mesenteric lymph is a major route by which IgE and potentiated IgE antibodies reach the circulation in infested rats. The possible mechanisms responsible for the effects of the parasite on antibody secretion in distant lymphoid organs are discussed. PMID- 3759264 TI - Tumorigenicity of T lymphoma/T lymphoma hybrids and T lymphoma/normal cell hybrids. AB - Stable hybrids formed between clones of established murine T-cell lymphoma lines, and between lymphoma clones and normal spleen or thymus cells were examined for their tumorigenic properties by intravenous (i.v.) and intradermal (i.d.) inoculation into syngeneic AKR mice. Fusion parents consisted of T lymphoma clones of high and low tumorigenicity derived from the SL 12 cell line. In addition, normal spleen cells and thymocytes were fused with poorly tumorigenic T lymphoma clones. Hybrids tested by i.v. inoculation of 10(6) cells to syngeneic hosts showed that fusion between the lymphoma cells resulted in hybrids which displayed the phenotype of the highly tumorigenic parent. Also, it was shown that fusion of poorly tumorigenic lymphoma cells with normal spleen cells resulted in hybrids with enhanced tumorigenicity. Fusion of poorly tumorigenic lymphoma cells with normal thymocytes resulted in hybrids with the highest tumorigenic potential. The pattern of spread for the tumor/tumor hybrid was that of the highly tumorigenic parent. Tumor spread patterns for the spleen/tumor hybrids were different from those of the thymocyte/tumor hybrids. Intradermal inoculation of 10(5) cells from tumor/spleen or tumor/thymocyte hybrids revealed differences in latent periods between parental and hybrid cells, the tumor/thymocyte hybrids having the shortest latent period. Surface marker studies and T-cell antigen receptor mRNA determinations in the tumor cell/normal cell hybrids indicated that the normal parent was a cell of immature phenotype. Therefore, high tumorigenicity is a dominant characteristic, and poorly tumorigenic but "immortal" T lymphoma cells can derive characteristics which increase their in vivo growth capacity from the putative immature normal cells with which they selectively fuse. PMID- 3759265 TI - HRAS1-selected, chromosome-mediated transformants vary in phenotype in vitro and tumorigenic potential in vivo. AB - Transfection of mouse C127 cells with mitotic chromosomes isolated from a human EJ bladder carcinoma cell line gave rise, at high frequency, to foci of transformed cells. Independent, HRAS1-selected chromosome-mediated transformants displayed distinctive cellular morphologies in monolayer culture and colony forming abilities in low-melting-point agarose. Subcutaneous inoculation of neonatally thymectomized, Ara-C-protected, total-body-irradiated CBA mice was used to compare the tumorigenic potential of each transformant. Significant quantitative and qualitative differences in tumorigenicity were found between transformants which correlated with differences in malignant phenotype observed in vitro. The sensitivity of the tumorigenicity assay is such that rare transformation events can be selected directly in vivo. PMID- 3759266 TI - The diagnosis of rheumatic fever--evolution of the Jones criteria. PMID- 3759267 TI - An anatomical study of the patterns of the coronary arteries and sinus nodal artery in complete transposition. AB - The origin and course of the main coronary arteries and the sinus nodal artery are relevant to both intra-atrial and arterial relocation operations for complete transposition (the combination of concordant atrioventricular and discordant ventriculo-arterial connexions). The patterns of the main coronary arteries in 148 hearts with complete transposition have been documented together with the patterns of the sinus nodal artery in 105 of these. The terminology which has been used to describe these arteries has been explained. The findings illustrate the wide variation which exists in the origin and course of all these arteries in complete transposition and indicate areas where they are most at risk. PMID- 3759268 TI - Systolic compression of coronary artery in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. AB - To determine the prevalence and significance of the systolic compression of the anterior descending coronary artery in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, we studied 54 consecutive patients out of a catheterization laboratory population of 1619. This angiographic finding was found to be more prevalent (P less than 0.001) and severe in myopathic than in secondary hypertrophy. Complete systolic occlusion occurred in 5 of the 6 patients with nonobstructive cardiomyopathy showing the systolic narrowing. Severe septal squeezing was also present in these cases and the diastolic time lag to refill the distal branches reached 20-33% of the diastolic period. This subset of patients showed the least dynamic anterior wall contraction (P less than 0.001) and the highest incidence of thallium-201 perfusion defects (P less than 0.05) and of recurrent cardiac arrest (P less than 0.05). We conclude that severe systolic compression of the descending coronary artery in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may be an angiographic marker of the myopathic hypertrophy extending to the anterior wall and might contribute to ischemia when the time to restore the distal perfusion is greatly delayed. PMID- 3759269 TI - The timing of paradoxical wall motion in ventricular aneurysms and in asynergic ventricles. AB - The timing of paradoxical wall motion was investigated in the left ventricular cineangiograms of 15 patients in whom ventricular aneurysm was diagnosed or excluded at surgery. Eight had aneurysm and 7 had asynergic ventricles without aneurysm. Areas of paradoxical motion and inward motion were planimetered in each quarter of ejection. In both aneurysmal and asynergic ventricles paradoxical motion occurred within large akinetic areas. The extent of paradoxical motion was small, constituting only 3.4 and 2.6% of end-systolic areas. Over 80% of the maximal paradoxical motion occurred in the first half of ejection. In the latter half of ejection, further changes in paradoxical motion were small and inconsistent. There were no significant differences in the extent of quarterly paradoxical wall motion between the two patient groups. These data suggest that in the presence of marked left ventricular asynergy, the extent and timing of paradoxical wall motion from cineangiograms may not be useful in detection ventricular aneurysm. PMID- 3759270 TI - Calcific degeneration of pericardial valvular xenografts implanted subcutaneously in rats. AB - Tissue valve dystrophic calcification, resulting in hemodynamic regurgitation and/or stenosis, is the most serious complication when bioprosthetic heart valves are concerned. The objective of this investigation was to define morphologically the sequential development of calcific deposits in pericardial tissue cusps of unimplanted cardiac bioprostheses implanted subcutaneously in rats. Small samples of pericardium were implanted subcutaneously in the dorsal area of young rats weighing 60-80 g. The animals were selected randomly and sacrificed at days 1, 2, 7, 14 and 28 after implantation. The specimens were retrieved and studied morphologically. Calcific deposits were seen grossly as small punctate white masses from day 7 after implantation, progressively becoming more extensive. The light and electron microscopic studies showed that: calcific deposits occurred as early as 24 hours after implantation, the calcific degenerative process was progressive with time, and the mineralization was diffuse, although irregular in degree. The ultrastructural findings revealed that cytoplasmic organelles (mitochondria in particular) and plasma membrane of connective tissue cells appear to serve as initial sites of the process of calcification, which then progresses in the interfibrillar spaces, adjacent to collagen fibrils and elastic fibers. PMID- 3759271 TI - Ventricular development and function in complete transposition: angiocardiographic evaluation. AB - We studied 50 left ventricular cineangiograms and 41 right ventricular cineangiograms of 40 patients with usual atrial arrangement (situs solitus) together with concordant atrioventricular and discordant ventriculo-arterial connexions (complete transposition), catheterized between 1 day and 12 months of age. Our purpose was to evaluate ventricular development and function. The patients were subdivided on the basis of associated lesions into groups with intact ventricular septum; with ventricular septal defect; with ventricular septal defect together with pulmonary stenosis and with pulmonary stenosis in isolation. Each group was further separated according to age into those patients below and above 60 days. Ventricular volumes, ejection fraction and the ratio between systolic pressure and end-systolic volume were evaluated for both ventricles. The left ventricular mass, stress, and the ratio of stress to end systolic volume were also calculated. A volume overload leads to increased left ventricular volume even at birth. With an intact ventricular septum, the left ventricle in patients with complete transposition is normal at birth and also during the first weeks of life. Myocardial mass, however, does not increase proportionately with increase in volume as the patient grows and it remains inadequate by the age of one year. The left ventricular mass is also inadequate in patients with associated anomalies when the left ventricular pressure is less than 60 mm Hg. Moreover, the left ventricle in presence of an intact ventricular septum presents a decrease in contractility during the first year of life despite the finding of a satisfactory arterial oxygen saturation. The right ventricle has a normal volume at birth which increases during the first year due to a greater diastolic filling following atrial septostomy. We noted a progressive decrease in ejection fraction, however, which is related to various factors including a reduction in contractility. PMID- 3759272 TI - Rupture of tendinous chords during acute rheumatic carditis in young children. AB - Four children (age range 2 3/4-6 1/2 years) presented with acute mitral regurgitation due to rupture of the tendinous chords. All required urgent replacement of their mitral valve. Subsequent histological examination confirmed acute rheumatic carditis in all. Acute rheumatic carditis is a rare cause of ruptured tendinous chords of the mitral valve especially in young children. The difficulties in diagnosis and management are discussed. PMID- 3759273 TI - Percutaneous removal of a fractured right heart catheter from the apex of the right ventricle. AB - A 58-year-old woman underwent right and left heart catheterization for suspected ischaemic heart disease with ventricular tachycardia. During the procedure a Bourassa catheter fractured and lodged at the right ventricular apex. Under general anaesthesia and radiographic screening the fragment was removed using a bronchoscopy biopsy forceps via the jugular vein after other methods had failed. This case highlights the need for familiarity with several techniques for the removal of such fragments. PMID- 3759274 TI - Accessory atrioventricular pathway in association with ventricular septal aneurysm. AB - An unusual combination of ventricular pre-excitation, right ventricular dysplasia and a ventricular septal aneurysm is described in a 23-year-old woman. The presence of an accessory pathway was confirmed. The potential embryological mechanisms are discussed. PMID- 3759275 TI - Unusual apparent hyperchloremia induced by long-term abuse of bromide-containing drugs. AB - Recently, we have observed 8 cases showing unusually high serum chloride (Cl-) levels of 282, 279, 257, 251, 213, 169, 123 and 120 mEq/l respectively, as measured by the ion selective electrical method (ISE). All of these cases showed almost normal Cl- levels by the coulometric method. Five of the patients had been taking Bromide (Br-)-containing drugs for a long period, and were found to have high serum levels of Br- ranging from 0.6 to 11.0 mEq/l (normal level: 0.1 mEq/l greater than). The cause of this abnormal elevation in serum Cl- as measured by ISE was investigated as follows. First, normal human pooled serum was mixed with NaBr solution to give increasing concentrations of Br- ions, which was then analyzed using the ISE method. Results showed that the selective response ratio of Br- against Cl- had values as high as 15.03 with ISE in contrast to values of 1.0 obtained by coulometry. Secondly, 7 healthy volunteers were given 4 commercially obtained Br(-)-containing tablets (Sedes A; Shionogi & Co., Ltd.) every day for 8 days. Their mean serum Cl- values measured by ISE gradually increased from 108 to 112 mEq/l, paralleling increments of mean Br- value from 0.1 to 0.6 mEq/l over 9 days. From these observations, it is concluded that serum chloride values obtained by ISE are easily interfered with by Br-. Paradoxically, however, this fact is often a good indicator of Br- intoxication. The authors therefore recommend clinicians to pay more attention to the Br- intoxication that often occurs from overdosage of Br(-)-containing drugs, some of which are commercially available without prescription. PMID- 3759276 TI - Model-independent definition of the initial volume of distribution of drugs in the body. AB - Model-independent definition of the initial volume of distribution of drugs in the body as a limit of the ratio of the drug content in the body to its blood concentration with time from the start of drug administration tending towards zero is given. This definition makes it possible to calculate the initial volume of distribution as the ratio of the initial rate of drug administration to the value of the first derivative of the blood-concentration-time curve at the start of administration. The definition proposed enables one to overcome difficulties of the conventional definition of the initial volume of distribution (as the ratio of the dose administered to the initial blood concentration of a drug). Two methods for estimating the first derivative of the concentration-time curve are compared. The first one requires a single measurement of the drug concentration in blood at the time point as close as possible to the start of administration. The value of the derivative is calculated as the ratio of the drug concentration to the time of blood sampling. The second method requires at least two measurements of drug concentration during administration at various time points and consists in approximating the time dependence of the derivative by an exponential function. The value of the derivative at the start of administration can be found by extrapolation of the function to zero. The application of the methods proposed is illustrated by examples of calculating the initial volume of distribution from the data simulated by a computer on the basis of a two compartment model.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3759277 TI - Buflomedil kinetics in patients with liver disease. AB - The pharmacokinetics of single intravenous (100 mg) and oral (450 mg) doses of buflomedil was studied in 3 and 6 patients respectively, suffering from chronic liver disease. Comparisons of buflomedil kinetic parameters between the patients and healthy subjects indicate a significant increase in AUC0 infinity, T beta, u' and a significant decrease in Cle', Clnr when the patients received the oral dose, but no significant differences when the patients received the intravenous dose probably due to the small number of patients explored. The elimination of buflomedil is impaired in chronic hepatic disease. It seems advisable to reduce the usual dose to half its value when the prothrombin index is around 50% associated with a low albumin concentration and a low factor V. PMID- 3759278 TI - Liver insufficiency as a factor modifying the pharmacokinetic characteristic of the preparation nabumetone. AB - The effectiveness of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent nabumetone is related to the formation of an active metabolite: 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid. The plasma concentrations of nabumetone and its active metabolite, after administration of 1,000 mg single dose p.o., are followed at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 30 and 48 h in 6 patients with laboratory evidence for functional liver insufficiency caused by liver cirrhosis, confirmed by biopsy. In the patients with liver insufficiency the mean values of Cmax and AUC0-24 h for 6 methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid were 26.75 +/- 8.45 mg/l and 623.64 +/- 161.8 mg X h/l respectively. They did not differ significantly from the values observed in healthy volunteers [v. Schrader et al. 1983]. The Tmax-value was prolonged to 8 h, compared to 4 h Tmax-value of the volunteers. There is a tendency towards a reduced bioavailability of 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid after nabumetone administration in patients with a more severely expressed pathologic impairment, compared to patients with slight morphologic changes of the liver parenchyma. PMID- 3759279 TI - Once daily theophylline: multiple-dose comparison of an encapsulated micro osmotic system (Euphylong) with a tablet (Uniphyllin). AB - In a randomized, multiple-dose, cross-over study, serum theophylline concentrations (STC) were compared in 12 healthy volunteers for 24 hours after the first and seventh administration of two sustained-release formulations. The preparations tested were the new encapsulated micro-osmotic system Euphylong (E) and the tablet Uniphyllin (U). Daily doses of 800 mg were administered at 7 p.m., half an hour after a standardized evening meal. The relative bioavailability of E with respect to U under steady-state conditions is 93 (83-105)%. In contrast to U, E markedly truncates the high peak concentrations and leads to a sustained, plateau-like concentration throughout the night. Therefore prediction of individual maximum serum levels becomes possible for E on the basis of one blood sample taken in the morning. The significantly improved in vivo performance of E in comparison with U is reflected in a 50% reduction of the swing, a 60% increase in the plateau time, and a substantial reduction of theophylline-specific side effects such as nausea, palpitations and increased diuresis. PMID- 3759280 TI - Effect of beta-blockers on plasma lipids. AB - Forty-five hypertensive patients (I-II WHO), after two weeks wash out, were randomly allocated to receive 100 mg/day atenolol, 200 mg/day metoprolol and 10 mg/day mepindolol for three months, in order to evaluate their possible effect on lipid metabolism. Plasma triglyceride levels were increased by the three drug treatments; the increase was, however, greater after mepindolol. Total cholesterol was unchanged by atenolol, increased by metoprolol and decreased by mepindolol. HDL-cholesterol was unchanged by atenolol, decreased by metoprolol and increased by mepindolol, whereas LDL-cholesterol was increased by atenolol, unchanged by metoprolol and decreased by mepindolol. Therefore, the LDL/HDL ratio was decreased by mepindolol (from 3.15 +/- 1.71 to 2.92 +/- 1.17) and increased by atenolol and metoprolol. The results show that the treatment with atenolol, metoprolol and mepindolol does not significantly affect the lipid levels suggesting that cardioselective beta-blockers as well as those with ISA have no untoward effect on lipid metabolism. PMID- 3759281 TI - L-carnitine and rehabilitative respiratory physiokinesitherapy: metabolic and ventilatory response in chronic respiratory insufficiency. AB - Twelve subjects suffering from type A chronic respiratory insufficiency were admitted to a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. The aim of the trial was the evaluation of the effects of the oral administration of L carnitine, 2 g twice daily for 15 days, on the metabolic and respiratory parameters, at the mild physical work load involved in rehabilitative respiratory physiokinesitherapy. As previously reported, treatment with L-carnitine prevents the metabolic acidosis and hyperventilation caused by physiokinesitherapy in patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency. In correlation with the metabolic role of L-carnitine, the results of this trial suggest that L-carnitine is an essential training-like metabolic factor, particularly when the physical performance is impaired by inadequate respiratory function. PMID- 3759283 TI - Effects of age on the pharmacokinetics of mexiletine. AB - Mexiletine (1-methyl-2-(2, 6-xylyloxy)ethylamine hydrochloride) is an antiarrhythmic drug eliminated primarily by hepatic metabolism. The influence of age on the plasma pharmacokinetics of mexiletine was assessed in seven young and ten elderly healthy subjects. Mexiletine (50 mg) was administered orally three times daily for 10 days. The use of low doses of mexiletine was possible owing to the development of a new fluorescence high performance liquid chromatography method with a limit of sensitivity lower than 20 ng/ml. No differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters of mexiletine related to age were observed. At steady state plasma concentrations were 0.121 +/- 0.033 microgram-ml in the young volunteers, and 0.135 +/- 0.150 microgram/ml in the older subjects. The elimination t 1/2 was 11.4 +/- 1.78 h in the young subjects and 10.48 +/- 3.06 h in the elderly. The data provide no justification for lowering the recommended dose of mexiletine for older patients. PMID- 3759282 TI - Nifedipine compared with verapamil in unstable angina pectoris. AB - A randomized trial was performed in 22 patients with unstable angina to compare the efficacy of oral verapamil with nifedipine in reducing symptomatic ischaemic episodes. The trial consisted of a 48 h control period, a 96 h treatment period with nifedipine (20 mg every 6 h) or verapamil (120 mg every 6 h), and a follow up period. Patients who had a minimum of four symptomatic ischaemic episodes during the control period were entered into the trial. Asymptomatic ischaemic episodes were evaluated by Holter monitoring. Coronary angiography was performed at the end of the treatment period. Both nifedipine and verapamil significantly reduced the mean number of daily symptomatic ischaemic episodes (p less than 0.01) and the total number of ischaemic episodes (p less than 0.03). This study confirmed the high degree of efficacy of both nifedipine and verapamil in reducing the number of ischaemic episodes during short-term treatment of unstable angina. Nevertheless, a significant number of myocardial infarctions occurred in these patients, and some required subsequent coronary bypass graft operations. PMID- 3759284 TI - Radiosensitization by tinidazole: pharmacokinetic study. AB - In previous study on cell-cultures, the authors have proved that tinidazole had radiosensitizing properties on hypoxic cells similar to those of metronidazole. The radiosensitizing activity of tinidazole becomes useful in vitro using a concentration of 1 millimol. The purpose of this study was to determine the dose of tinidazole necessary to produce a useful radiosensitizing effect in patients cured by radiotherapy. The pharmacokinetic properties of tinidazole were studied by treating patients with 1.5-3-4.5 g of the drug per day, using single doses for two consecutive days. The plasma concentration was determined by 15 series samples during a period of 48 h. Moreover endotumoural concentrations of tinidazole were studied in a group of patients using high pressure liquid chromatography techniques. The results showed that a dose of 4.5 g of tinidazole was sufficient to reach plasmatic and endotumoural concentrations similar to those which provide a radiosensitizing effect in vitro with an enhancement factor ratio of approximately 1.5. The initial dose and the accumulation factor were also determined in order to maintain the above-mentioned concentrations for a time sufficient to be able to apply multiple daily fractions of radiotherapy. The tolerance of the drug throughout the study was excellent. PMID- 3759285 TI - Photo-reflex-rheographical method in the evaluation of elastocompression. AB - The importance of a "compression-mobilization" association in order to attain a correct therapeutical procedure is stressed. The authors then report the results of a study conducted on patients affected by varices to establish the efficacy of a treatment by means of elastic stockings with graduated compressive pressure and the efficacy of reflex-rheography as a noninvasive, economical and easy-to-use method for the assessment of the variations in venous return flow produced by the association of muscular activity and elastocompression. PMID- 3759286 TI - Studies of the blood lipid peroxide status and vitamin E levels in patients with chronic active hepatitis and alcoholic liver disease. AB - As free radicals and lipid peroxidation are involved in the pathogenesis of different inflammatory diseases of the liver, the blood malondialdehyde content, the activity or quantity of free radical eliminating enzymes and the natural antioxidant, vitamin E serum level has been studied in ten patients with chronic active hepatitis and in six subjects with alcoholic liver disease. Thirty healthy volunteers served as controls. The serum malondialdehyde/thiobarbituric acid reactive substance and its concentrations increased significantly in both hepatitis groups. The superoxide dismutase content was also raised in the patients' sera. The serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity was decreased in both groups, while the red blood cell GSH-Px showed a significantly lower activity in the alcoholic hepatitis patients. Serum catalase activity and vitamin E levels in both types of chronic hepatitis were not significantly different from the healthy controls. PMID- 3759287 TI - Disputable issues in cholinergic regulation of the salivary parotid gland functioning and in its evolution. PMID- 3759289 TI - Group therapy with schizophrenics: a review of controlled studies. PMID- 3759288 TI - Action of acetyl carnitine on patients with circulatory shock. PMID- 3759290 TI - Long-term inpatient group psychotherapy: the ward group. PMID- 3759291 TI - The therapeutic use of reminiscence. PMID- 3759292 TI - Group process instruments: therapeutic themes and issues. PMID- 3759293 TI - Group psychotherapy with ego impaired children: the significance of peer group culture in the evolution of a holding environment. PMID- 3759294 TI - The development, process, and evaluation of group psychotherapy with sexually abused preschool girls. PMID- 3759296 TI - The use of written reports in a brief group psychotherapy training. PMID- 3759295 TI - Professional activities and training of AGPA members: a view over two decades. PMID- 3759297 TI - In vitro effect of levan-activated macrophages on Lewis lung carcinoma cells. AB - The polysaccharide levan (polyfructose) has previously been shown to exert an inhibitory effect on the growth of several murine tumors. This activity is mediated by a host reaction, involving mainly macrophages but also other elements of the immune system. It was not clear, however, whether levan-activated macrophages act by a direct cytocidal effect on the tumor cells or via the activation of a specific immune response to the tumor. In the present study, the possibility of a direct cytotoxicity of levan-activated macrophages against Lewis lung carcinoma cells was tested by coculture in vitro. It was found that levan induced (as well as paraffin oil induced) macrophages actually exert a direct cytotoxic effect on Lewis lung carcinoma cells. The tumor cell killing is mediated by cell to cell contact. A cytoplasmic bridge was often seen between the macrophage and the tumor cell. The remaining tumor cells in the lysed area appear slender, shrunken and non-dividing. PMID- 3759298 TI - Effects of cimetidine on in vitro transformation of peripheral monocytes to macrophages in healthy volunteers and cancer patients. AB - Monocyte-to-macrophage transformation is a phenomenon which correlates with the absolute number of mononuclear cells, principally lymphocytes, contained in the culture. The addition of cimetidine to cultures of mononuclear cells from the peripheral blood of healthy volunteers enhances monocyte transformation (probably by way of blocking the H2 receptors of suppressors T lymphocytes) regardless of the absolute number of monocytes in the culture or of basal transformation rates. Removal of the lymphocytes from the cultures lowers the basal transformation rate and prevents the effect of cimetidine. The addition of histamine to the cultures causes significant depression of the monocyte transformation rate; this effect is partly offset by the concurrent addition of cimetidine. In the case of cancer patients, mononuclear cell cultures from peripheral blood fail to respond to cimetidine even though basal transformation rates are not significantly different from those of healthy controls; this suggests some intrinsic impairment of monocyte function, possibly mediated by blocking factors produced by the tumor. PMID- 3759299 TI - Isokinetic measurement in preadolescent males. AB - Eighteen preadolescent males (mean age 11.4 +/- 0.59 years) performed 15 knee flexion-extension repetitions on both legs. Peak torque (T peak) and torque acceleration energy (TAE) were measured using the Cybex II Isokinetic system, which permitted a study of the effect of limb velocity on T peak, TAE, and reciprocal muscle group ratios. The effect of limb dominance was also assessed. The results indicated (Student's t test) that an increase in limb velocity from 1.05 rad/s to 4.2 rad/s produced a significant decrease in the T peak generated (P less than 0.001). A similar increase in limb velocity resulted in a significant increase in the TAE recorded (P less than 0.001). The limb velocity was also shown to influence the T peak and TAE ratios in reciprocal muscle groups. At a limb velocity 1.05 rad/s mean T peak ratios of 0.64 and 0.66 were recorded for the dominant and nondominant limbs, respectively. At 4.2 rad/s, ratios recorded for dominant and non-dominant limbs were 0.79 and 0.80, respectively. The limb velocity of 1.05 rad/s produced TAE ratios of 0.21 (dominant) and 0.14 (nondominant), and at 4.2 rad/s, ratios of 0.28 and 0.24 were recorded for dominant and non-dominant limbs, respectively. No significant difference (P less than 0.001) was observed between T peak and TAE values recorded for the dominant and non-dominant limbs under the same conditions. These results indicate that young boys show velocity-related isokinetic strength characteristics similar to adults. Although they have lower absolute levels, the children showed typical adult reciprocal muscle group ratios. Limb dominance at this age is not reflected in strength differences. PMID- 3759300 TI - Stress fractures of the olecranon in javelin throwers. AB - Between the years 1977 and 1984, four javelin throwers with a stress fracture of the olecranon were seen and treated. In one patient, acute painful dislocation of the fracture occurred during a competitive throw. Two patients had stress fracture of the tip. The fracture treated conservatively healed in 18 months. The patient treated by excision of the tip was able to throw after 2 months. Two patients had slightly oblique, more distally located stress fractures, which were treated with a tension band and 2 Kirschner wires. The fractures healed in 4 months. One of the patients had a refracture 11 months after the primary operation. It was successfully treated with a compression screw and two bone pegs. Because of the high risk of delayed union and nonunion, stress fractures of the olecranon should be treated operatively in javelin throwers. PMID- 3759301 TI - Overuse and distorsion soccer injuries related to the player's estimated maximal aerobic work capacity. AB - Fourty senior male soccer players were selected for this study. Before the season, each subject performed an exercise test, and the maximal capacity of oxygen uptake was estimated according to Astrand and Rhyming. The exercise test was repeated in 25 subjects 6 months later. The subjects were then ranked according to their estimated maximal capacity of oxygen uptake (estimated VO2 max) at the first test and allocated into one of three groups of similar size. During the season, all new injuries were examined and registered by an orthopaedic surgeon, and the subjects were allocated into one of three groups (overuse injuries, distorsion injuries, and other injuries). There were significantly more overuse injuries among subjects with high estimated VO2 max, and the incidence of distorsion injuries tended to be lower among subjects with high estimated VO2 max. No correlation was found regarding the total incidence of injuries and estimated VO2 max. No significant difference in estimated VO2 max was registered between the tests before and after the season. PMID- 3759303 TI - Occurrence of athletic injuries in voluntary participants in a 1-year extensive newspaper exercise campaign. AB - In 1977 the newspaper Ostgotacorrespondenten (Corren) started a 1-year campaign for better health. The campaign was called "Piggare med Corren" (get fit with the Corren) and included antismoking, dietary, and exercise components. It was given widespread publicity in the newspaper. The purpose of the study was to examine the extent of self-reported exercise injuries in volunteers who diligently participated in a newspaper campaign. Information was collected from questionnaires sent to the most persistent participants after the campaign; 60% answered the questionnaire. An analysis of the dropouts showed that they had not started to exercise to the same extent as the others. Only 5% said that they had not exercised before the campaign; 6.7% reported that they were injured in connection with their exercising during the campaign in such a way that they had to interrupt their exercise. Thirty-seven persons had called a doctor and 19 persons were reported sick during for an average of 1 month because of the exercise injuries. There were significantly more regular exercisers who had been highly active before the campaign among those who had been injured compared with those who were not injured. PMID- 3759302 TI - Effects of breathing a normoxic He-O2 gas mixture on exercise tolerance and VO2 max. AB - The purpose of these experiments was to compare the effects of breathing air (79% N2-21% O2) and a normoxic helium oxygen gas mixture (He-O2) (79% He-21% O2) on maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) and work tolerance during both incremental and high-intensity constant load exercise. First, eight subjects underwent two separate short incremental cycle ergometer exercise tests until the subject could not maintain the desired power output. Second, four subjects exercised to exhaustion on two separate occasions at a constant exercise intensity (100% VO2 max). Each exercise protocol required the subject to breathe air on one test and a normoxic He-O2 mixture on an additional occasion. Data analysis revealed higher (P less than 0.05) minute ventilations, an increased time to exhaustion, and a greater VO2 max during He-O2 breathing in both exercise conditions. Small but significant (P less than 0.05) differences existed in the percent hemoglobin saturated with O2 (% SO2) at exercise demands greater than 120 W during the incremental experiment and during each minute of the constant load test with He O2 giving the higher value. These data support the hypothesis that breathing a normoxic He-O2 gas mixture during exercise elevates VO2 max and increases exercise tolerance. Further, although it appears that breathing a He-O2 mixture results in higher %SO2 during intense exercise, the increase in arterial O2 content is small and probably does not fully account for the higher VO2 max observed under these conditions. PMID- 3759304 TI - Resting echocardiographic parameters after cessation of regular endurance training. AB - Resting echocardiograms were examined in nonathletic healthy young men (controls, n = 16), in highly trained endurance athletes (n = 20), and in endurance athletes who stopped regular training (n = 40). The relative muscular wall thickness (Rel. MWTd), left ventricular internal diameters both in diastole and in systole (LVIDd, LVIDs), thus also the end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes (LVEDV, LVESV), and the stroke volume index (SVI) were greater in the endurance athletes still in training than in the nonathletes. The ejection fraction (EF), heart rate (HR), cardiac index (CI), and mean circumferential shortening velocity (Vcf) were significantly lower in the athletes. During the 60 days of detraining no change was seen in the Rel. MWTd, LVEDV, LVESV, and HR. The SVI became even greater; EF and Vcf rose up to the control level while CI exceeded it. The cardiovascular regulation is therefore assumed to undergo a peculiar shift during detraining in that a persisting cardiac enlargement and bradycardia is associated with a temporarily unstable autonomous control. This imbalance often leads to a hyperkinesis-like syndrome when an athlete stops endurance training abruptly. PMID- 3759305 TI - Influence of the degree of metabolic control on physical fitness in type I diabetic adolescents. AB - Seventeen type I male diabetic adolescents and 17 control subjects matched for age, height, and weight were submitted to maximal exercise on a bicycle ergometer. The diabetic subjects were divided into two groups according to their degree of metabolic control using total glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1): group 1, diabetics with HbA1 less than 8.5% (n = 9) and group 2, diabetics with HbA1 greater than 8.5% (n = 8). Oxygen uptake, pulmonary ventilation, and heart rate were recorded at rest and at maximal load. Glucose, lactate, and free fatty acids were determined in blood before and after exercise. Maximal work load and oxygen uptake were significantly lower in the two diabetic groups than in the healthy controls. An inverse relationship was observed between HbA1 concentration and the maximal work load (r = -0.63; P less than 0.01). It can be concluded that diabetic adolescents should obtain the best possible degree of metabolic control to improve their performances. PMID- 3759306 TI - Skeletal muscle enzyme activities in healthy young subjects. AB - In three groups of healthy young subjects (n = 33; mean ages 6.4, 13.5, 17.1 years), muscle enzyme activities (creatine kinase, hexose phosphate isomerase, aldolase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, fumarase) of the vastus lateralis muscle were investigated to show age-dependent variations. A significant age-dependent increase in aldolase (P less than 0.05) and pyruvate kinase (P less than 0.01) activity and a decrease in fumarase activity (P less than 0.01) were computed. In relation to the age-dependent variation, maximum LDH activities could be measured at an age of 12-14 years; significantly decreased activities of the glycolytic enzymes could only be found in the youngest group. PMID- 3759307 TI - Generalized and localized granuloma annulare. PMID- 3759308 TI - The incidence of atopic dermatitis in Nigeria. AB - The incidence of atopic dermatitis among a recent group of 4000 consecutive dermatology patients was assessed; 3.1 percent of the patients had atopic dermatitis. The ratio of F:M was 1.3:1. Sixty-five percent gave family histories of atopic diathesis. Twenty-three percent of the patients were born and residing in temperate countries when the dermatitis started. Patients tend to report late because of widespread use of topical corticosteroid preparations. Secondary bacterial infections were common, and it is not advisable to avoid the use of soap in this environment. PMID- 3759309 TI - Histopathologic concepts of intraepithelial epithelioma. AB - Intraepithelial epithelioma (IEE) is a distinct histologic expression of a variety of epithelial processes. The most common intraepidermal tumors giving rise to this histologic pattern are seborrheic keratosis and actinic keratosis, although several others were seen in our series. We report a total of 33 cases of IEE seen during a 10-year period and a review of the literature. PMID- 3759310 TI - Premycotic poikiloderma, mycosis fungoides and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Two cases and a discussion of their relevance. AB - Two patients with premycotic poikiloderma developed one squamous cell carcinoma each. A review of the literature reveals 28 reported cases of this association, but in 26 of these the patient had been exposed to carcinogens. Our patients had no history of exposure to carcinogenic agents. In both our cases, the squamous carcinomas behaved aggressively. The possible relationship with the poikiloderma is discussed. PMID- 3759311 TI - Suitable bases for patch testing in tropical countries. AB - Patients suspected of having contact dermatitis due to topical medicaments were patch tested with various bases to evaluate the most suitable base for tropical countries. Plastibase and polyethylene glycol 400 produced the least positive reactions. Both were therefore found to be suitable bases, although polyethylene glycol had more positive results than plastibase. PMID- 3759312 TI - Maculae ceruleae. PMID- 3759313 TI - Chromoblastomycosis can mimic keratoacanthoma. PMID- 3759314 TI - Pilus cuniculatus-induced cellulitis of the foot due to puncture with bristle hair. PMID- 3759315 TI - Squamous cell carcinoma arising in porokeratosis of mibelli. PMID- 3759316 TI - Association of pemphigus vulgaris and herpes simplex virus infection. PMID- 3759317 TI - Eruptive vellus hair cyst. PMID- 3759318 TI - Association of syringoma and intradermal nevus. PMID- 3759319 TI - Eruptive lesions and the sign of Leser-Trelat. PMID- 3759320 TI - Over-bathing as a cause of pruritus. PMID- 3759321 TI - Malignant melanoma of the vulva: a clinical-pathologic review of 16 cases. AB - A study of 16 malignant melanomas of the vulva was undertaken to identify the histologic variants found on the vulva and to evaluate the use of microstaging as a predictor of behavior. Ten of 16 cases were melanoma of mucous membrane (MMM) type of acral lentiginous melanoma. This percentage (63%) is notably higher than in previous reports. Three cases were nodular melanoma (NM). All lesions of MMM and NM type occurred on mucous membranes. Three cases were superficial spreading melanoma and all occurred on skin. Neurotropism was observed in 5 of the 10 MMM. Neurotropic melanoma has been reported only once previously in the vulva. Depth of the melanomas was greater than 1.0 mm in 13 of the 16 cases. This correlated with Clark and Chung levels of 3 or higher in the same 13 cases. A poor outcome with an overall 5 year survival of 20% of cases with invasive disease was found. The poor outcome and large number of thick lesions would suggest a correlation, but the distribution is skewed and number of cases too small for statistical documentation. PMID- 3759322 TI - Histopathological diagnosis of vaginal endodermal sinus tumors in infants. AB - Five cases of vaginal endodermal sinus tumors (EST) are reported. The appearance, histopathology, and main points of the differential diagnosis are discussed. The necessity of taking EST into consideration while diagnosing vaginal tumors in infants is stressed. PMID- 3759323 TI - Evaluation of the atypical squamous cell Papanicolaou smear. AB - The indicated clinical evaluation of atypical squamous cells demonstrated on Papanicolaou (Pap) smear has not been determined. Although several reports and opinions suggest that these cells are of no particular significance other studies have noted these cells in instances of advanced cervical dysplasia. A study of 429 patients with a recent Pap smear demonstrating atypical squamous cells was conducted. Abnormal colposcopy was present in 237 (55%). In 86 (36%) of the 237 patients, dysplasia was confirmed histologically. The authors would, therefore, recommend colposcopy and biopsy of abnormal areas in these patients. A summation of the repeat Pap smear findings of these dysplasia-proven patients is presented. PMID- 3759324 TI - Evidence of hybrid cell of thyroid follicular cell and carcinoid cell in strumal carcinoid. AB - A strumal carcinoid associated with mature cystic teratoma of the ovary in a 59 year-old was investigated immunohistochemically and electron microscopically. Histologically it was composed largely of trabecular and partly of insular carcinoid and individual thyroid follicles. Intensive argyrophilia was shown in both the cells of carcinoid tumor and follicular structure. Thyroglobulin was strongly positive in the follicular lining epithelium and weakly positive in the carcinoid cells adjacent to the follicular area. Immunoreactive cells for somatostatin and prostatic acid phosphatase were strongly detected in the carcinoid area and gradually blended to the follicular epithelium. Methionine enkephalin, glicentin, and pancreatic polypeptide were focally detected in the carcinoid area. Whereas calcitonin-positive cells were sparsely observed in the follicular area, carcinoembryonic antigen and serotonin were absolutely negative. Electron microscopic findings revealed abundant neurosecretory granules, microfilaments, and colloid-like droplets in the same cells. We suggest that these hybrid cells are the origin of strumal carcinoid. PMID- 3759325 TI - Are there two types of papillary endometrial adenocarcinoma, and if so, what are they? PMID- 3759326 TI - Modulation of the thermic effect of food by fenfluramine. AB - The thermogenic effect of fenfluramine was examined in rats following either fasting or the ingestion of a large meal. Fenfluramine did not produce a thermogenic effect in the fasting animal, but significantly potentiated the thermogenic effect of the meal. Furthermore, fenfluramine was found to produce a significant thermogenic effect when accompanied with a glucose meal, but not with one consisting of fat. These data demonstrate the importance of drug and nutrient interactions in the analysis of thermogenesis and suggest that substrate cycling may play a role in the thermogenic effect of fenfluramine. PMID- 3759327 TI - Renal function in the obese Zucker rat. AB - The hyperphagic, genetically obese Zucker rat (fa/fa) exhibits both a greater kidney size and a progressive, premature glomerular sclerosis. In the present study, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and renal tubular function were evaluated during study 1 in lean Zucker (FA/-), fa/fa, and lean Sprague-Dawley (S-D) rats. The GFR as measured by renal inulin clearance (ClIN) was not significantly different (P greater than 0.05) between S D (1.36 +/- 0.18 ml/min) vs FA/- (1.36 +/- 0.33 ml/min) and FA/- vs fa/fa (1.25 +/- 0.42 ml/min). The ERPF as measured by renal p-aminohippurate (PAH) clearance (ClPAH) also was not significantly different between S-D (3.98 +/- 0.80 ml/min) vs Fa/- (3.71 +/- 0.81 ml/min) and Fa/- vs fa/fa (3.34 +/- 1.60 ml/min). There was a significant difference (P less than 0.05) in the renal tubular transport maximum (Tm) of PAH between S-D (2.23 +/- 0.40 mg/min) and Fa/- (1.64 +/- 0.63 mg/min) groups but not between Fa/- and fa/fa (1.29 +/- 0.61 mg/min) groups, indicating a strain effect in organic anionic renal transport. The Fa/- vs fa/fa comparisons were significant when GFR, ERPF and Tm were corrected for total body or kidney weight. In a second group of animals (study 2), GFR (as reflected by creatinine clearance [Clcr]) and histologic studies were performed in Fa/- and fa/fa rats. Clcr values were significantly higher in the fa/fa (2.10 +/- 0.44 ml/min) vs Fa/- (1.68 +/- 0.17 ml/min). Histologic studies in group 2 demonstrated no remarkable differences between Fa/- and fa/fa rats. These results suggest wide interanimal variation in obesity associated changes in renal function and possibly pathology in the fa/fa rat. PMID- 3759328 TI - Anorectics and the set point theory for regulation of body weight. AB - Considerable interest has been recently expressed in the theory that there is a set point which is responsible for regulating body weight. Supporters of this theory propose that anorectics reduce such a set point, and that food consumption is then secondarily affected to achieve a new body weight. We report in this study data obtained in rats which favor the set point theory. The major support for this conclusion is derived from an experiment in which the 'appetite suppressor,' fenfluramine, was administered in a paradigm which dissociated its ability to reduce food intake from its capacity to decrease body weight. Under these conditions, the body weight of a control group increased by 17 g; whereas that of the fenfluramine group was reduced by 11 g. In general, the fenfluramine treated subjects ate as much as the controls. However, the controls increased body weight; whereas, the treated subjects demonstrated a decrease rather than an increase in this parameter. This result suggests that the fenfluramine group did not gain weight because the drug-altered 'set point' was lower in this group than in the controls. PMID- 3759329 TI - Nocturnal hypoxia and sleep apnoea in asymptomatic obese men. AB - A disorder of breathing during sleep with a fall in arterial oxygen saturation (%SaO2) and apnoea is reported in association with obesity. In obese women an increased severity of oxygen desaturation and the appearance of sleep apnoea is often seen after the menopause whereas the factors influencing sleep-breathing patterns in obese men are uncertain. We investigated this by studying respiration during sleep in 20 asymptomatic obese men (mean wt 125 kg, age range 18-59 y) and 20 control men of normal weight (mean wt 67 kg, age range 19-67 y). In the obese men the mean awake %SaO2 measured in the supine position was significantly less than controls (obese 95 +/- 0.4, controls 97 +/- 0.2, P less than 0.01) and a greater fall in %SaO2 occurred in this group during sleep (mean asleep %SaO2 obese 90.5 +/- 0.9, controls 96 +/- 0.2, P less than 0.01). In addition, the minimum asleep %SaO2 was significantly less in the obese (mean minimum %SaO2 obese 75 +/- 3, controls 93 +/- 0.9, P less than 0.001). Sleep apnoea was uncommon and infrequent in the controls but was seen in nine obese men and was frequent throughout the night in seven of them. In the obese group increasing age and increasing obesity were not significantly correlated with an increased severity of nocturnal oxygen desaturation. We conclude that disordered sleep breathing with marked oxygen desaturation and apnoea is a common finding in extremely obese men of all ages and suggest that this results from the mechanical impedence of breathing due to abdominal adipose tissue combined with abnormal central respiratory control. PMID- 3759330 TI - The pattern of subcutaneous fat distribution in middle-aged men and the risk of coronary heart disease: the Paris Prospective Study. AB - The relationship of subcutaneous fat repartition in a population of 6718 men aged 42-53 employed by the city of Paris with the incidence of coronary heart disease has been studied in the Paris Prospective Study after a follow-up duration of 6.6 years. Fat distribution was described from the measurement of 13 skinfold thicknesses (five on the trunk, four at the triceps level, four at mid-thigh). Principal component analysis of the data disclosed two independent factors which explained most of the total variance of the log measurements: the first one (F1) might be interpreted as a general index of adiposity, the second one (F2) opposed the skinfolds on the trunk to those on the thigh. When men who developed coronary heart disease (CHD) were compared to those who remained free of it, both F1 and F2 differed significantly between the two groups. The combination of F1 and F2 which was the best predictor of CHD in this population (G1) might be interpreted as reflecting trunk adiposity mainly abdominal. Subsequent analysis showed that the combination of F1 and F2 which was statistically independent of G1 (G2) was nearly as correlated with body mass index (BMI) as was G1 (0.49 and 0.59 respectively) but G2 was not a significant predictor of angina pectoris nor myocardial infarction. Moreover mean G2 did not differ between treated diabetics and non-diabetics at entry in the study whereas mean G1 was significantly increased in the former group. Linear correlation coefficients of G2 with systolic blood pressure total cholesterol and triglycerides measured at entry were low (0.08, 0.08, and 0.15 respectively) in comparison with those obtained with G1 (0.26, 0.24 and 0.35 respectively). It is concluded that trunk fat deposit as defined by the G1 index represents the pattern of subcutaneous fat repartition the most tightly associated with CHD complications and their main risk factors in this population of middle-aged men and that it remains a significant CHD predictor after controlling for these factors. PMID- 3759331 TI - Norepinephrine stimulates activity of brown adipose tissue in rhesus monkeys. AB - Brown adipose tissue biopsies were obtained from the axillary region of adult rhesus monkeys before and after a 30-min infusion of norepinephrine or vehicle. Binding of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) to brown adipose tissue mitochondria increased an average of 186 percent in response to norepinephrine, while vehicle infusion resulted in an average decrease of 35 percent. The results are consistent with unmasking and remasking of GDP binding sites and indicative of functional brown adipose tissue in adult primates. PMID- 3759332 TI - Thyroxine malabsorption following intestinal bypass surgery. AB - Jejuno-ileal bypass surgery for morbid obesity results in small bowel malabsorption. This may produce various nutritional or mineral deficiencies. A patient who became hypothyroid following bypass surgery required a larger than normal dose of thyroxine, presumably because of impaired absorption. In such patients it is particularly important to measure serum thyrotrophin concentrations in assessing the replacement dose of thyroxine. PMID- 3759333 TI - Conformational properties of trans Ac-Asn-Pro-Tyr-NHMe and trans Ac-Tyr-Pro-Asn NHMe in dimethylsulfoxide and in water determined by multinuclear n.m.r. spectroscopy. AB - Vicinal coupling constants between various nuclei provide backbone and side-chain conformational information for a series of asparagine- and tyrosine-containing peptides in DMSO and in H2O. By enriching Tyr of Ac-Asn-Pro-Tyr-NHMe with 15N, it has been possible to distinguish between the resonances of the two side-chain beta protons of Tyr. Analysis of the coupling constants in terms of the distributions of side-chain conformations in these peptides indicates that the addition of Asn to the Pro-Tyr sequence leads to a less random conformational distribution. When compared to the side-chain rotamer distribution of Ac-Asn-NHMe and Ac-Tyr-NHMe, particular Asn and Tyr side-chain conformations of Ac-Asn-Pro Tyr-NHMe are stabilized in dimethylsulfoxide solution. The interaction(s) which stabilize a unique Tyr side-chain conformation of Ac-Asn-Pro-Tyr-NHMe in dimethylsulfoxide are not present in Ac-Ala-Pro-Tyr-NHMe and are unaffected by the addition of Val-Pro to the C-terminus of Asn-Pro-Tyr. In water, a preferential stabilization of one Asn side-chain conformation of Ac-Asn-Pro-Tyr NHMe is also observed, while the Tyr side-chain rotamer distribution is similar to that of Ac-Tyr-NHMe. An interaction between the Asn side chain and the Pro-Tyr NHMe backbone was previously shown to stabilize a beta-bend conformation at Pro Tyr in water. Data are also presented for Ac-Tyr-Pro-Asn-NHMe, for which local interactions do not stabilize particular backbone conformations in dimethylsulfoxide or in water. The conformations of the peptides studied here are relatively insensitive to temperatures between 27 degrees and 62 degrees, both in dimethylsulfoxide and in water. The sequences Asn-Pro-Tyr and Tyr-Pro-Asn occur in ribonuclease A, and these tripeptides serve as models for the interactions involved in the folding of this protein. PMID- 3759334 TI - Kinetics of formation of hydrophobic regions during refolding of bovine serum albumin. AB - The rate of formation of hydrophobic regions during refolding of bovine serum albumin was studied using 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate as the hydrophobic fluorescent probe. The refolding of serum albumin exhibited a sigmoidal behavior. The exhibition of a lag phase followed by a faster kinetic phase suggested that the refolding is a cooperative, sequential process. Refolding under reducing conditions almost completely inhibited the regeneration of hydrophobic binding regions, suggesting that the formation of disulfide bonds plays an important role in the refolding of serum albumin. The rate and the extent of refolding was apparently maximum at about 20 degrees; at 37 degrees the extent of refolding was very low compared to that at the other temperatures studied. Based on the results, the mechanism of albumin refolding is interpreted in terms of domain structures and interdomain interactions. PMID- 3759335 TI - Isotopic labeling of tyrosine, followed by 17O n.m.r. AB - A simple chemical procedure has been developed in order to introduce oxygen-17 labels into the carboxylic and phenolic sites of L-tyrosine. Detailed studies of the 17O n.m.r. chemical shift as a function of pH reveal an unusually large titration shift upon the deprotonation of the phenol group. This result suggests that 17O n.m.r. may contribute useful information about side chain properties in peptides and proteins. PMID- 3759336 TI - N.m.r. study of conformational changes in lysozyme around the thermal transition point. AB - Natural abundance carbon-13 n.m.r. at 50.3 MHz has been used to further document the thermal transition that hen egg-white lysozyme undergoes in solution between 20 degrees and 30 degrees. The study focuses on the temperature sensitivity of more than 50 carboxylic, aromatic and aliphatic single carbon resonances for which unambiguous assignments to specific residues are known. The analysis of selective perturbations in chemical shifts indicates that residues located on both edges of the active site cleft and in the hydrophobic box are primarily involved in the temperature-induced conformational transition. N.m.r. results are compared with crystallographic data on low temperature (form A) and high temperature (form B) interconverting lysozyme crystals, taking advantage of the recent availability of quality high resolution maps for B form orthorhombic crystals. In most cases, a good correlation is found at the atomic level between residues involved in the thermal transition in solution and in the crystalline state. Discrete discrepancies are noted for some residues such as Trp-62 and His 15. PMID- 3759337 TI - A catalogue of phi, psi and omega torsion angles for tetrapeptides in proteins. AB - This work examined the degree of consistency, over multiple occurrences in several proteins, of conformations of tetrapeptides. A data base of 114 proteins was taken from the Brookhaven Data Bank. The number of occurrences of every tetrapeptide in these proteins was counted. For each tetrapeptide which occurred more than 6 times all phi, psi and omega angles were calculated and averaged over the occurrences. Due to the limitations of the data base there were only 24 tetrapeptides in this category. This does not provide sufficient information for the extensive prediction of structures which are not homologous to those already in the data base but the effectiveness of structure prediction can be expected to increase with the size of the data base. PMID- 3759338 TI - Simplified procedure for carrying out simultaneous multiple hydrogen fluoride cleavages of protected peptide resins. AB - Methods have recently been presented which greatly increase the ability to synthesize large numbers of peptides. These advances make it essential to be able to cleave large numbers of protected peptide resins. Two different procedures are presented for carrying out cleavage of protected peptide resins. The first procedure enables multiple cleavages to be carried out with many existing HF apparatuses, while the second utilizes a new apparatus design. Using these procedures, at least 50 individual cleavages can be carried out per day. PMID- 3759340 TI - Chymotrypsin catalysed synthesis of fluorescent amino acid amide and peptide derivatives. AB - Chymotrypsin catalyses a condensation reaction between 1-methyl-3,4-dihydro-beta carboline-3-methyl carboxylate and amino acid amides or peptides, yielding fluorescent derivatives. During the peptide bond formation, the enzyme ensures the reaction's steric control of both carboxyl and amino components. PMID- 3759339 TI - Oxytocin analogs with oxygen-containing side chains in position 3. AB - We have synthesized three oxytocin analogs containing an oxygen atom in the amino acid side chain in position 3 to determine the influences of increased side chain length and of hydrophilicity on the potencies and specificities of the resulting analogs. These three analogs: [3-O-methylhomoserine] oxytocin, [3-O-ethylserine] oxytocin, and [3-O-methylthreonine] oxytocin - have the following activities in U/mg: 490, 208, 265, milk ejection; 125, 129, 63, uterus in vivo; 0.2, 16, 0.03, antidiuretic; and 0.1, 0.5, 0.1, pressor. The results show that a longer side chain, [3-O-methylhomoserine] and [3-O-ethylserine] vs. [3-O-methylthreonine], tends to increase all activities. Moving the hydrophilic oxygen farther away from the peptide backbone, on the other hand, decreases vasopressin-like activities but increases or has no effect on oxytocin-like activities. PMID- 3759341 TI - Polydepsipeptides. 13. Synthesis and 1H-n.m.r. analysis of collagen model structures. AB - The synthesis of three collagen model analogs is described: Ac-Ala-Gly-Pro-Ala Gly-Pro-NHMe, Ac-Ala-Gly-Pro-Ala-Glc-Pro-NHMe, and Ac-Ala-Glc-Pro-Ala-Gly-Pro NHMe, where Glc stands for glycolic acid. The 1H-n.m.r. properties of these compounds in dimethylsulfoxide-d6 and trifluoroethanol are described. While in DMSO-d6 the compounds are random, in TFE the glycine amide protons seem to be less solvent exposed than the other amide protons. Little difference was found in the behavior of the three compounds. PMID- 3759342 TI - Physalaemin-like immunoreactive peptides from rabbit stomach. AB - Two physalaemin (PHY)-like immunoreactive peptides, designated PHLIPs, have been purified from extracts of rabbit stomach tissue. Fast atom bombardment/mass spectrometry (FAB/MS) indicated that the m/z values for the PHLIP protonated molecular ions were 867.419 and 796.4. FAB/tandem MS spectra, coupled with a knowledge of the amino acid composition and the aid of a computerized fragment matching program, indicated the amino acid sequences to be: (formula; see text) The sequences of PHLIPs-7 and -8 were confirmed with synthetic peptides. The PHY antiserum cross-reactivity of the PHLIPs reflects homology at amino acid residues 1, 3, 4 and 5 for the mammalian and amphibian residues. PMID- 3759343 TI - Water structure in [Phe4 Val6] antamanide X 12H2O crystallized from dioxane. AB - Crystals of [Phe4 Val6] antamanide (cyclic [ValProProPhePhe]2) grown from dioxane/H2O, with space group P21212 and cell parameters a = 15.099(4), b = 22.008(5) and c = 11.024(3) A, are almost identical to crystals grown from H2O/acetone, the structure of which was determined a number of years ago. Per peptide molecule there are the equivalent of 12 water molecules occupying 16 sites in both crystals; however, in the new investigation a number of water molecules present at one-half occupancy have been found in different positions than in the earlier analysis. The interpretation of the hydrogen bonding between peptide/water and between water/water is much more satisfactory. Pentagonal water assemblies are present in the solvent channel. There is a distinct indication of the occurrence of a bifurcated bond between two water molecules, as well as the presence of three-center hydrogen bonds joining three water molecules. This may be the first experimental example of a bifurcated bond between two water molecules. PMID- 3759344 TI - Deamidation of the asparaginyl-glycyl sequence. AB - The deamidation of Ac-Asn-Gly-NHMe and Ac-Isn-Gly-NHMe has been studied as a model for the facile deamidation of the Asn-Gly sequence in proteins. At alkaline pH, the product in each case is an identical mixture of Ac-alpha-Asp-Gly-NHMe (approximately 22%) and Ac-beta-Asp-Gly-NHMe (approximately 78%) as determined by n.m.r. spectroscopy. Because this same ratio is obtained from both Ac-Asn-Gly NHMe and Ac-Isn-Gly-NHMe, the postulated mechanism, that deamidation proceeds through a cyclic imide intermediate, is confirmed. Unlike peptides of aspartyl esters, cyclization does not occur under nonaqueous conditions or at low pH in aqueous solution. PMID- 3759345 TI - Dehydro-dermorphins. III. Circular dichroism investigation of conformation in solution. AB - Dehydropeptide analogs of dermorphin (H-Tyr-D-Ala-Phe-Gly-Tyr-Pro-Ser-NH2) and N terminal fragments containing one or two dehydrophenylalanine residues in the 3rd and/or 5th position, have been investigated by means of CD spectroscopy. The results indicate that the above dehydropeptides can adopt different conformations in alcohol and water solutions. In methanol and trifluoroethanol, the CD spectra are mainly consistent with the presence of folded structures, probably stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonds. In water, conversely, CD data indicate disruption of ordered structures and formation of preferentially extended flexible conformations. Models of the involved folded structures are tentatively proposed, taking into account the geometric features of dehydro residues and their tendency to favor hydrogen-bonded 10-membered rings. PMID- 3759346 TI - Recognition of emotion in hemifaces presented to the left and right visual fields. AB - Thirty-two right-handed subjects (16 males and 16 females) participated in a choice reaction time experiment replicating two previous studies which demonstrated the superiority of the left hemisphere in rapidly identifying facial emotion as either positive or negative. Slides of hemifaces split along the vertical axis, showing either positive (happiness, surprise) or negative (anger, disgust, or sadness) affect were presented tachistoscopically to either the left or right visual field. A 2 X 2 X 2 mixed ANOVA revealed main effects for visual field and type of affect. In contrast to earlier studies which presented full face stimuli, presentation of hemifaces produced a strong left visual field advantage and, as expected, positive faces produced faster reaction times than negative faces. PMID- 3759347 TI - Modulation of spinal motor asymmetry by neuroleptic medication of schizophrenia patients. AB - The effects of chlorpromazine treatment on spinal motor asymmetry was studied in right-handed chronic schizophrenia patients. Spinal motor asymmetry and lower motor neuron excitability were tested by the Hoffmann reflex recovery curve. In drug-free patients, the Hoffmann reflex recovery curve from the left leg was significantly higher than that from the right leg as in the healthy subjects. This spinal motor asymmetry disappeared and even reversed within three weeks of the neuroleptic treatment. The chlorpromazine medication lowered the left recovery curve predominantly, and slightly augmented the right recovery curve. These results do not support the hypothesis that schizophrenia may be related to an overactive, and yet functionally deficient, dominant hemisphere. It was concluded that the cooperative function of both cerebral hemispheres should be taken into consideration to explain the neural mechanisms of schizophrenia. PMID- 3759348 TI - Reduced P200 latency and allusive thinking: an auditory evoked potential index of a cognitive predisposition to schizophrenia? AB - Auditory evoked potentials were recorded in healthy medical students who were grouped according to whether they obtained a high or low score on an Object Sorting Test (OST), on which schizophrenics also obtain high scores. High-OST scoring male students compared to Low-OST scoring male students showed reduced P200 latency. This finding was replicated in a second study of medical students. The authors believe these results support the hypothesis that schizophrenic thought disorder and an equivalent loosening of thinking in nonschizophrenic populations (allusive thinking) have a neurophysiological basis in common, namely a relative weakness of inhibition operating on cortical and subcortical structures. PMID- 3759349 TI - An ultimate view of reading ability. AB - Research on reading and developmental reading disorders has almost exclusively questioned the immediate or proximate basis of these skills and deficits. A supplementary view is offered that considers reading ability from an evolutionary vantage. It is argued that in contrast to language, which has a long natural history in man and which has risen from a widespread biological adaptation in our species, reading has not, until very recently, exerted ecological pressure on humans and therefore no specific biological adaptations have occurred for these skills. It follows that developmental reading disorders may be due to genetically based, naturally occurring variants in neurological traits and not the result of pathological processes. PMID- 3759350 TI - Investigation of possible rabies reservoirs in rodents in Nigeria. PMID- 3759351 TI - Dumb (paralytic) rabies in dogs in Nigeria. AB - Five cases of dumb rabies were examined, quarantined and observed from the time of presentation until death. Two of the dogs bit four people, three children and an adult. Ages of dogs ranged from eight weeks to 30 months. Only one of these dogs had been vaccinated against rabies. One dog out of the five was simultaneously affected with trypanosomiasis and inapparent rabies. The predominant diagnostic clinical signs were conjunctival congestion, glazed eyes and idiopathic ataxia. Postmortem examination was performed on two dogs. Rabies was confirmed by the finding of Negri bodies in brain smears and by the mouse inoculation test (MIT). PMID- 3759352 TI - Prevalence and public health implications of Echinococcus granulosus in rural dogs in Eastern Nigeria. AB - Prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus infection in rural dogs in Eastern Nigeria was determined. Of the 182 dogs examined, 8 (4.4%) had Echinococcus granulosus infection. The number of Echinococcus granulosus recovered was 80, of which 16 (20%) were from faeces and 64 (80%) were derived from intestinal mucosa. Of the localities surveyed, Eke-Uke had the highest number of infected dogs, 13 out of 38 (34.3%). The females accounted for 94 out of 182 dogs (51.6%) examined, while 98 (53.8%) were males. E. granulosus was present in 7 out of 94 (7.4%) females and in 10 out of 98 (10.2%) males. Parts of the body of thd dogs (anal region, outside of the mouth and coat) examined were positive for taeniid ova. Other cestodes recovered were Taenia hydategina, Taenia ovis, and Taenia pisiformis. PMID- 3759353 TI - Prevalence of toxoplasma antibodies in Southern Louisiana swine. AB - Sera from 1,219 pigs slaughtered in Acadian Louisiana in 1980 and 1981 were tested using the indirect hemagglutination test and microtiter system for toxoplasma antibodies and 19.2% had titers of 1:64 or higher. Pigs slaughtered in the colder months, November to March, had significantly higher seroprevalences than pigs slaughtered in the warmer months. 24.6% of 236 farm bled sows and gilts had similarly high titers. PMID- 3759354 TI - Taenia saginata cysticercosis in slaughter cattle in Anambra State, Nigeria. AB - The prevalence and distribution of Taenia saginata cysticercosis in Anambra State, Nigeria, was determined from analysis of official slaughterhouse records for 1973 to 1979 and from a special survey conducted at a typical slaughter slab in the State during September to December 1980. Of the 374,541 officially inspected cattle, 1,538 (0.41 percent) were positive for cysticerci. The special survey suggested that this apparently low infection rate underestimates the true extent of infection in slaughter cattle in the State. There was a highly significant negative correlation (r = -0.9921; p less than 0.001) between age and infection rate in 2 to 5 year old cattle and no cysticerci were found in older animals. This was partly responsible for the rather low prevalence rates in the predominantly very old animals slaughtered in the State and suggests that the age at which cattle are slaughtered may influence the numbers of viable cysts and of infected animals which can be detected at routine meat inspection. PMID- 3759355 TI - Ectoparasites and gastrointestinal parasites of nomadic cattle infiltrating into Kainji Lake National Park Nigeria. AB - The examination of 317 nomadic cattle infiltrating into the Kainji Lake National Park revealed seven tick species, Ambylomma variegatum, Boophilus decolaratus, B. annulatus, Hylomma aegyptium, Rhipicephalus appendiculata?, R. everti, R. simus senegalensis, one mite Demodex bovis and a lice species Damalina bovis. These ectoparasites have the ability of attaching to wild animals of the park in particular the two host and three host tick species Hylomma sp., Rhipicephalus spp. and Ambylomma sp. The endoparasites include nine nematodes species, five trematodes and eimeria sp. The occurrence of these endoparasites is an indication of the risk of cross-infection because similar helminth fauna have been reported in wild animals of the park. It is concluded that the need to prevent entry of cattle into the park should be encouraged because of the pasture contamination and potential risk of cross parasitic infection between the domestic cattle and wild animals of the park. PMID- 3759356 TI - Flies (Diptera) infesting landed fresh water fishes of the Kainji Lake area, Nigeria. AB - Eleven species of flies were found to land indiscriminately on fresh fish in fish monger's sheds. They include Musca domestica, M. lusoria, Fannia canicularis, Stomoxys calcitran, Lyperosia minuta, Chrysomia chloropyga, C. bezziana, Gastrophilus ovis, Tabanus sp, Lucilia cuprina and Sacrophaga haemorrhoidalis. The public health significance of promiscuous landing of flies on fresh fish in relation to disease and fish spoilage are discussed. PMID- 3759357 TI - Bacterial flora associated with an organic manure-aquaculture system in Kainji Lake Basin area, Nigeria. AB - Studies on poultry-cum fish integrated aquaculture system showed contamination of water and fish by faecal and Streptococci coliform, with most probable numbers of 10(5) Fc/100 ml and 10(3) Fc/100 ml respectively. It was also found that both water and fish muscles are contaminated with Pseudomonas sp, Escherichia sp., Aeromonas sp. and Staphylococcus sp. which are of public health significance and could play primary role as occupational disease of fish handlers. PMID- 3759358 TI - A case of Dipylidium caninum in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. AB - The relevant literature concerning human dipylidiasis has been reviewed with specific reference to the association of children and their pet dog and cats. A specific case is recounted which is considered to be typical of the condition as encountered by pediatricians and general practitioners. PMID- 3759359 TI - Hydrophobia cases and post-exposure anti-rabic vaccines in Ranchi, Bihar (1979 84). AB - Rabies is endemic in India. The status of Rabies at the national level is difficult to present because of inadequate reporting system. However, a national awareness has been created over the years (Anonym 1968, 1970, 1974, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1983, 1984a and 1984b). National Canine Rabies Control Programme finalised by the National Committee on Zoonoses has been taken up recently by the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. Use of mass communication media like newspaper, radio and television has also been started. The department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology started working on Rabies in 1979. Observations of the first six years constitute this paper. PMID- 3759360 TI - Use of drug resistance markers to recover clonogenic tumor cells from occult metastases in host tissues. AB - A variant of metastatic mouse mammary tumor line 410.4 was produced which is resistant to both 60 microM thioguanine and 3 mM ouabain. Occult tumor cells which result from the metastatic spread of this subline are detected by plating cell suspensions from host tissues in selective media containing thioguanine and ouabain (TO). Only the tumor cells survive and form colonies. Tumor cell colonies were recovered when as few as 6 tumor cells mixed with 1 X 10(6) lymph node cells or normal lung cells were plated in TO. Thus, the method potentially will detect the presence of clonogenic tumor cells when the host tissue contains less than 0.0006% tumor cells. Results suggest that, within 15 min of intravenous injection, less than 10% of the injected cells are clonogenic. In addition, clonogenic tumor cells can be detected in draining lymph nodes prior to the appearance of a palpable tumor implant in the subcutis. PMID- 3759361 TI - Platelet-aggregating activities of metastasizing tumor cells. V. In situ roles of platelets in hematogenous metastases. AB - Intravenous inoculations of B16 cells having high procoagulant, thrombingenerating, and platelet-aggregating (PA) activities resulted in severe platelet reduction and fibrin-rich thromboembolism in the lungs, whereas those of 3LL cells, whose activities were moderate, caused only moderate changes. MH134 cells with low procoagulant, no thrombin-generating and moderate PA activities induced moderate platelet reduction and the formation of thrombi containing less fibrin. In contrast to the respective high and moderate colonizing abilities of B16 and 3LL cells, MH134 cells failed to form lung colonies in half of the recipients. Thrombocytopenia markedly impaired lung colonization by B16 and 3LL cells. However, thrombin injection enhanced lung colonization by MH134 cells. PMID- 3759362 TI - Seasonal variation in tumor size at diagnosis and immunologic responses in human breast cancer. AB - Seasonal variations were observed in tumor size and a number of immunologic responses among patients entered in the Breast Cancer Prognostic Study. A significantly larger number of cases were diagnosed with smaller tumors, less than 2 cm, during December through February. It was also noted that elevated inflammatory reactions were seen in breast tumors removed during November, December and January. Seasonal changes were also observed in the serum IgM and IgE concentrations at the time of the patient's mastectomy. Elevated fall-winter leukocyte migration inhibition response to MCF-7 extracts correlated with the same seasonal elevations observed with serum IgM response. Implications of seasonal variation as a reflection of immune events are considered. PMID- 3759363 TI - Ocular penetration and efficacy of chloroethyldeoxyuridine against herpetic keratouveitis. AB - Topical administration of 0.1% or 1% chloroethyldeoxyuridine eyedrops caused a significant reduction in the severity of experimental herpes simplex iritis and stromal keratitis in rabbits. The healing effect caused by chloroethyldeoxyuridine was comparable to that obtained with 0.1% and 0.5% bromovinylde-oxyuridine eyedrops. The drug levels achieved in the anterior chamber fluid following topical application of 1% eyedrops of [2-14C]CEDU, a radiolabelled analogue of chloroethyldeoxyuridine, were well above the minimum concentration (0.1 microgram/mL) required for inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 replication. The beneficial effects of chloroethyldeoxyuridine on stomal keratitis and iritis appear consistent with its efficient penetration through the cornea. PMID- 3759364 TI - Role of virus-infected mononuclear leukocytes in herpetic chorioretinitis of newborn rabbits. AB - The role of virus-infected mononuclear leukocytes (MNLs) in the pathogenesis of neonatal herpetic chorioretinitis in newborn rabbits was investigated. As early as 2 days after inoculating the animals' skins with type 2 herpes simplex virus (HSV-2), infectious MNLs in the infected animals' peripheral blood were found. The virus was associated, for the most part, with MNLs that belonged to phagocytic and adherent cell fractions. Observations by electron microscopy indicated that HSV-2 was actively replicating in the MNLs. It was also found that as few as 80 virus-infected MNLs injected via the right common carotoid artery were capable of inducing the chorioretinal lesions in 50% of the eyes, but that as many as 10(3) Pfu of free virus were required to produce the same lesions in the same percentage of eyes. This result clearly indicated that virus-infected MNLs were far more efficient in producing chorioretinitis than free virus, and may thus play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of herpetic chorioretinitis in newborn rabbits. When 111In-labeled virus-infected or uninfected MNLs were injected into normal rabbits via the right common carotid artery, the virus infected MNLs localized more readily in the eye than the uninfected MNLs. The virus-infected MNLs also attached to the cultured vascular endothelial cells significantly more often than the uninfected MNLs. These results suggested that virus-infected MNLs might be easily trapped in the circulation of the eye and, in this way, produce the ocular lesions. PMID- 3759365 TI - The role of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte in the induction of corneal edema. AB - Corneal inflammation is frequently associated with the development of corneal edema. It has been suggested the development of corneal edema might in some way be related to the presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) within inflamed corneas. In the present studies, it was found that corneal thickness markedly increased after experimental infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but in guinea pigs made neutropenic by whole body irradiation, significantly less of an increase in corneal thickness occurred. Furthermore, corneas from non neutropenic animals experimentally infected with P. aeruginosa consistently showed a greater increase in water content than did infected corneas from neutropenic animals. Over the first 48 hr of infection, the increase in corneal water was directly proportional to the corneal ingress of radiolabelled PMNLs. Corneal inflammation induced by intracorneal injection of the PMNL chemotactic agents phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or endotoxin was also associated with a significant increase in corneal water compared with neutropenic animals. These data strongly suggest that activated PMNLs in the cornea are responsible for the induction of corneal edema in infected corneas. PMID- 3759366 TI - Connective tissue remodeling in corneal and scleral wounds. AB - The fluorescent dye dichlorotriazinyl aminofluorescein will bind to amino groups of proteins covalently under physiological conditions. It has been used to dye the connective tissue around an ulcer or nonpenetrating, linear incision in the rabbit cornea and sclera, and the healing of the tissue has been examined up to 1 yr later. Sagittal sections were stained for light microscopy, and adjacent unstained sections were examined in the fluorescence microscope. The stained sections showed the reestablishment of the lamellar organization of the stromal collagen across the site of the incision; the fluorescence showed where the connective tissue that was present when the wound was made persisted, and thereby defined the limits of remodeling in the healing process. In Bowman's layer and the adjacent stroma, there was often an abrupt transition from fluorescent to new, undyed connective tissue. Deeper in the scar, and particularly around the ulcer, dark streaks were observed between the fluorescent lamellae, showing apparently new (non-fluorescent) tissue interdigitating with the old. These observations are discussed in relation to the mechanism of healing and the residual mechanical weakness that persists across scars in the cornea and sclera. PMID- 3759367 TI - Conjunctival hypoxia in diabetes mellitus. AB - A frequently cited theory for the pathogenesis of neovascularization in diabetic retinopathy is that retinal hypoxia and/or ischemia release a factor which stimulates neovascularization. To the authors' knowledge, there is no direct in vivo evidence in the human proving this theory. One hundred and twenty-two diabetic subjects were studied to see whether worsening retinopathy was associated with changes in conjunctival oxygen tension (pO2). Diabetics without retinopathy had a conjunctival pO2 which was similar to an age-matched normal population. Diabetics with only background retinopathy had a significantly lower conjunctival pO2 than those without retinopathy (P less than 0.01). Diabetics with proliferative retinopathy showed a conjunctival pO2 that was significantly lower than either of the first two groups (P less than 0.05). The lowest value of all was found in patients with rubeosis iridis. Duration of diabetes alone did not correlate significantly to conjunctival pO2. These findings support the hypoxic theory of diabetic neovascular retinopathy. PMID- 3759368 TI - Lectin binding to pseudoexfoliative material and the ocular zonules. AB - Lectin staining of pseudoexfoliative material on the lens capsule, zonules, and iris showed the presence of the beta-D-galactose (1-3) galactosamine sequence, alpha-D-galactosamine, beta-D-galactose, beta-(1-4)-D-glucosamine, and terminal sialic acid. Mono and difucosyl binding sites were also found. The likelihood that the lectins were binding to two different galactosamine-containing moieties was supported by their different distributions in the photoreceptors. These affinities suggest a complex carbohydrate composition in pseudoexfoliative material, with both O-linked sialomucin-type and N-linked oligosaccharide chains. PMID- 3759369 TI - Membrane interlocking domains in the lens. AB - "Ball and socket"-like membrane processes interlock fiber cells in the sheep lens cortex, but appear reduced deeper in the lens. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) binds preferentially to these ball and socket structures, and more weakly to other membrane regions. On protein blots, 125I WGA binds to glycoproteins with 140,000 and 32,000 apparent molecular weight, the smaller protein also binding 125I fibronectin. In two animal cataract models, the intense WGA labeling of globular bodies replaces the spotty WGA staining pattern associated with the ball and sockets in the normal lens. PMID- 3759370 TI - Polygonal arrays of actin filaments in human lens epithelial cells. An aging study. AB - In order to determine the importance of lens actin filament configuration to lens accommodation, the pattern of actin filaments in the epithelium was studied in human lenses from different decades of life spanning the accommodative and non accommodative years. Polygonal arrays of microfilaments were demonstrated in whole mounts of epithelium from normal and cataractous lenses using rhodamine phalloidin, an actin-specific, fluorescent-labeled probe. Tangential section transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies confirmed that these arrays consist of central vertices and interconnecting filament rays, which line the apical end of each epithelial cell and appear to attach to the lateral membrane. These polygonal arrays were present in human lenses ranging from 25-94 yr of age. Measurements of intervertex distance showed remarkable constancy throughout the ages studied. In view of these findings, it is proposed that a possible function of these polygonal arrays is to stabilize the lens epithelium during lens flattening. PMID- 3759371 TI - Thymidine kinase activity of ocular herpes simplex isolates resistant to IUDR therapy. AB - Thymidine kinase (TK) activity was examined in extracts of TK-deficient cells infected with low passage isolates of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) obtained from patients with herpetic keratitis. TK activity induced by the virus, relative phosphorylation rates of thymidine and iododeoxyuridine (IUDR), and Km values for thymidine and for IUDR were compared for TK induced by the different viral isolates. Four of the five isolates showing IUDR resistance in vitro and in vivo also exhibited alterations in properties of the viral TK. Two induced very low levels of viral TK. Three (including one with reduced TK) had increased Km values for IUDR. A fifth IUDR-resistant isolate induced TK similar to the IUDR sensitive isolates. The results indicate that modification of viral gene for TK may be responsible for development of clinical resistance to IUDR in many occurrences of herpetic keratitis. PMID- 3759373 TI - Physician's role in preventing drug diversion. PMID- 3759372 TI - PADS: a study of prescription drug diversion in Iowa. PMID- 3759374 TI - The Oakdale sample--a description of the modern substance abusing population. PMID- 3759375 TI - Enlarged median nerve of macrodactyly associated with carpal tunnel syndrome. PMID- 3759376 TI - Juvenile chronic arthritis: spectrum of disease in an adult rheumatology department. PMID- 3759378 TI - Current clinical, scientific and ethical situation of human in vitro fertilization. PMID- 3759377 TI - Serum thymidine kinase levels in cancer patients. PMID- 3759379 TI - Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism with epilepsy and psychosis. PMID- 3759380 TI - Doctors, alcohol and society. PMID- 3759381 TI - The sudden infant death syndrome--a bustling ignorance! PMID- 3759382 TI - Parents' perceptions of hospital services for sudden infant death syndrome. PMID- 3759383 TI - Which blow is best? A study of peak flow meters. PMID- 3759384 TI - Could most cases of congenital rubella in Ireland be prevented by post-partum immunization? PMID- 3759385 TI - Reactive arthritis--Giardia lamblia, another new pathogen? PMID- 3759386 TI - Radiology in upper gastro-intestinal Crohn's disease. PMID- 3759387 TI - General practice--a portrait. PMID- 3759388 TI - Smoking and health--the government's responsibility. PMID- 3759389 TI - A model for crisis intervention with Israeli soldiers during compulsory military service. PMID- 3759390 TI - Conflictual areas in the interaction between the Israeli adolescent and compulsory military service--a possible source of crisis situations. PMID- 3759391 TI - Risk factors in combat stress reaction--a study of Israeli soldiers in the 1982 Lebanon war. PMID- 3759392 TI - Some observations on Ethiopian psychiatry. PMID- 3759393 TI - Preschoolers type of temperament as predictor of potential difficulties in cognitive functioning. PMID- 3759394 TI - Male homosexuality: on the need for a multiaxial developmental model. PMID- 3759395 TI - Capgras-like symptoms in a delayed posttraumatic stress disorder. A clinical riddle. PMID- 3759397 TI - Maturation and learning. Symposium. Milan, 4-5 October 1985. PMID- 3759396 TI - Life events and combat stress reaction in the 1982 war in Lebanon. PMID- 3759398 TI - The relationship between motor function and cognition in the developmental perspective. AB - The relationships between motor functions and cognitive functions in the normal human subject are discussed from three points of view: a priori analysis of the operations involved in the production and control of movement; synchronic experimental data; diachronic experimental data. This evidence is adduced in support of the view that motor function is a cognitive function, a view that runs strongly counter to the concepts at present dominating the domain of motor behavior research. According to the current concepts motor function is almost independent of cognition, except in so far as concerns the ideational aspects preceding motor performance and defining the most general logical characteristics of movement. The theoretical and methodological interest of taking the developmental perspective into account in the study of motor function is emphasized. PMID- 3759399 TI - First stage of language acquisition through two modalities in deaf and hearing children. AB - We consider the earliest stages of language acquisition in both vocal and gestural modalities. The basic hypothesis is that there is a kind of equipotentiality between the two modalities and that the choice between the two depends on the linguistic input to which the child is exposed. We set forth the results of studies conducted in deaf and hearing children who acquire as native language the sign language used by deaf persons (gestural modality) and discuss the data on language acquisition in hearing and deaf children exposed to the American Sign Language (ASL) and in deaf children exposed to the Italian Sign Language (LIS). We go on to present the results of work in deaf children exposed to a bimodal Italian input. Against the background of studies in hearing children exposed to spoken Italian only we discuss the role of the gestural modality in the language acquisition of these children from the holophrastic to the diphrastic period. The comparison of sign language acquisition and spoken language acquisition will enable us to assess which aspects may be considered universal and which modality-related. PMID- 3759400 TI - Upper limb movements in the emergence of object cognition. AB - Previous studies showed that 40% of fullterm newborns with "anterior plane hypotonia" (APH) neuromotor anomaly present retarded development of object cognition. To understand the possible motor dynamics of this retardation, we studied the principal upper limb movements in a group of normal newborns and in one of APH newborns, with and without stimulus. The total quantity of movement proved to be similar in the two groups but there were differences in the frequencies of the various types of movement, to the detriment in the APH subjects of the movements considered most relevant to object relations. These data underline the importance of the qualitative integrity of newborn movement to the emergence of object cognition. PMID- 3759401 TI - Maturation and development: some conceptual issues. PMID- 3759402 TI - Development of language comprehension in preschool children: a picture identification test in the assessment of the comprehension of grammatical structures. AB - A language comprehension test based on picture identification was administered to 180 normal children aged between 3 1/2 and 6 years. Of the 20 test items 11 correlated with age and with the development of linguistic abilities. The test is sufficiently discriminant in respect of comprehension of morphological-syntactic structures between the ages of 4 and 6 years. PMID- 3759403 TI - Reading strategies in children with learning disabilities and minor neurological dysfunction. AB - The connexions between minor neurological dysfunction (MND) and learning disabilities (LD) are analysed in 48 children with LD with and without MND. The two groups did not differ in a set of reading/writing tests or in neuropsychological tests. What proved to be different were the profiles of correlation internal to reading and between reading and presupposed neuropsychological functions. The results highlight the importance of studying the connexions between MND and LD and the need to take neuromotor parameters into account in the construction of clinical subtypes of learning disabilities. PMID- 3759404 TI - Electrophysiology of skilled performances in children. AB - Skilled performance is a result of appropriate integration of sensorimotor, cognitive and motivational functions. When Piaget was asked about the nature of reality and our knowledge of it, he answered: "I know an object only when I can act on it; before this action I cannot say anything about it". It has been proposed that motor actions are the source from which mental operations emerge. The intellectual growth of a child goes through stages during which actions, perceptions and ability for concrete or abstract thought hold in turn a predominant role. On the grounds of this theoretical framework it could be argued that neuropsychophysiological investigations of skilled performance in children which incorporate the study of performance-related brain electrical activity could contribute unique information with theoretical and clinical implications. A pattern of slow and phasic brain electrical activity is consistently associated with the execution of skilled ballistic tasks. The slow potentials of the preparatory period (Bereitschfts Potential-BP) are of low amplitude in low demand tasks and in young children. The potentials closely associated with the execution of the act and reflecting sensory feedback activity (Motor Cortex Potential-MCP) are constantly present in children of all ages. The potential associated with knowledge of results (Skilled Performance Positivity-SPP) is only present if task relevant exteroceptive information is expected and occurs. The SPP is independent of the action itself and of the existence of non-informative exteroceptive stimulation. The SPP is absent in unskilled tasks and in young children. The motor performance related with the execution of the motor act improves with increasing age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3759405 TI - Development of hemisphere specialization for spatial skills in children from six to twelve years of age. AB - 208 children, male and female, aged 6 to 12 years, grouped in 6-month steps, were tested for three spatial skills: two basic abilities, recognition of two lines of differing slope and of one line of differing slope in a frame and with no frame, and one more complex skill, route-finding by means of maps. The results support the hypotheses of neuropsychological development according to which the hemisphere strategies used in the course of cognitive development for the handling of spatial tasks differ by sex and may change before and after the age of ten. PMID- 3759406 TI - Structural mechanisms of postlesional remodelling in the central nervous system. AB - Numerous recent experimental studies have evidenced that considerable remodelling takes place in the central nervous system following an injury. The postlesional reorganization is particularly active in the central circuits when the injury occurs during development. The basic structural postlesional mechanisms, such as axonal sprouting and synaptic rearrangement, are here briefly outlined. Experimental evidence of postlesional structural reorganization of central neurons is provided, with special reference to the remodelling that follows cerebellar lesions. PMID- 3759407 TI - The emergence of the sleep-wake cycle in infancy. AB - In order to investigate the appearance of a rest-activity periodicity, spontaneous motor behavior of five low-risk preterm infants (gestational age range 27-31 weeks) was monitored for 24 hours at weekly intervals until term. Using a time lapse videorecorder (6.5 fields/sec.) both slow and rapid movements were counted every three minutes; this interval was adopted as basic chronological paradigm in order to evaluate the daily distribution of motor activity. The results of quantitative analysis showed a developmental trend of motor behavior which increased from earliest conceptional ages (C.A.) until 32-33 weeks, and decreased around 36-37 weeks C.A. Prolonged complete rest intervals are rare at low C.A., while in older infants (approx. 40 weeks C.A.) an initial tendency to organize motor activity in ultradian cycle-like periods seems to be more evident, contemporary with consolidated behavioral states. PMID- 3759408 TI - Brain damage in the premature infant. Early lesions and new aspects of sequelae. AB - In spite of a significant decrease of the mortality and morbidity of neonates, cerebral damage in the premature infant remains the major concern for the neonatologist. Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and necrosis of the white matter (leukomalacia) are the two main lesions. Early morphological aspects have been known for many years, but the use of computerized tomography (CT scan) and ultrasonography (US) through the anterior fontanelle have led to renewed interest and the general recognition of IVH. Localization, extent and frequency of the lesions can readily be established. However the early diagnosis of leukomalacia is still uncertain. Long survival, with mechanical ventilation of severely ill infants, has made it possible to follow the natural history of the lesions and has modified the relative frequency of their occurrence. Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus, sclerosis of the centrum semiovale and multicystic encephalopathy are now commonly found at autopsy of infants who have survived for several weeks. PMID- 3759409 TI - Visual orientation to the human face in the premature and fullterm newborn. AB - Visual orientation to the human face was studied by the method of Brazelton in 15 fullterm newborns on the 4th-5th day of life and in 21 premature newborns (gestational age 27-37 weeks) tested weekly up to 40 weeks conceptional age. No evidence of visual orientation was found before 33 weeks. Performances on a par with those of fullterm newborns were not attained until 37-38 weeks on average, though in a few cases this was achieved at 35 weeks. The quality of orientation improved gradually from 32-33 weeks to 38 weeks, but with wide inter- and intra individual variations. Noteworthy were the discontinuity and transient worsening of visual orientation of the extremely premature subjects (gestational age less than or equal to 31 weeks) in the weeks following birth. Neurological status at the time of the test, rather than pre-and perinatal risk factors, correlated positively with the quality of the visual responses. No statistically significant differences in orientation were found between premature newborns at term age and fullterm newborns. PMID- 3759410 TI - The fetus in the extrauterine environment. AB - The influence of environmental factors on early development is discussed beginning with studies on the preterm newborn, most of which compare preterms who have reached 40 weeks conceptional age with full term newborns in respect of neuropsychic development. They are therefore open to several methodological criticisms and have supplied often contradictory results. With ultrasound techniques it is now possible to compare the fetus with the preterm in respect of motor development at the same conceptional age. The variety of methods used and the limits of fetal observability, especially in the last weeks of gestation, nonetheless demand great prudence in the interpretation of data obtained by this new means. The incidence of various motor patterns was assessed in a group of 10 preterms at low risk for neurological damage by means of weekly video recordings. The preliminary results seem to indicate that many items in the motor repertoire do not change substantially at the approach to 40 weeks conceptional age and are similar to those described in the fetus. PMID- 3759411 TI - On newborn cuddliness. AB - We discuss the methodological implications of research into the newborn's response to cuddling, that is cuddliness, an item on the Brazelton NBAS scale. After analyzing its dimension as an interaction cycle, we describe an investigation into cuddliness in 52 newborns aged 0 to 3 hours before they had been fed or presented to their mothers. We report on the behavioral changes that proved to be most significant both for postural sequence and for involvement of the partner. These data are correlated with the variations in level of alertness observed during the maneuvers and characterizing the course of the interaction, which started in the quiet awake state (level 3-4) and ended with the transition either to sleepiness or to tension. PMID- 3759412 TI - Fetal and neonatal origins of being a person and belonging to the world. AB - The complexity of the psycho-biological development of the individual in his surroundings is described according to the General Systems Theory. Biological data derived from the observation of fetal and neonatal motor development show that movement is a modular function and that genetic, epigenetic and learned repertoires of modules can be distinguished. A systemic hierarchy grows into a structure in which the mind appears to be a function of biological functions. The findings strongly support the notion of autonomous initiative in the individual who appears to be the protagonist of the building up of his personal identity and of his belonging to the world. The core of this individual autonomy and relationship with the human partners is described as "the secret". This creative autonomy is the drive for growth in the emotional and also in the cognitive dimensions. The child casts his taxonomic net on the surroundings. This net, allowing him to attain new contexts, is given initially by epigenetic paragons. Early cognitive development and learning are seen as the result of metaphoric freedom. In a systemic developmental model the qualitative gain due to the attainment of new acquisition contexts gives the phenomenon a punctate feature. PMID- 3759413 TI - The vascular territories of the carotid and vertebrobasilar systems. Diagrams based on CT studies of infarcts. PMID- 3759414 TI - Interictal EEG pattern in rabbit penicillin epilepsy. AB - The effects of Na-penicillin G (1,000,000 I.U./kg i.v.) were studied in 28 rabbits implanted with surface and deep electrodes in the medial (mT) and lateral (lT) nuclei of the thalamus and in the cornu Ammonis dorsalis (CAd). Attention was focused on interictal spike activity, cortical spindle activity and spikes spindles relationship. A multifocal interictal EEG pattern, represented by cortical and thalamic spikes, was observed in 20 animals. A clear association between cortical spikes and spindles occurred almost constantly. Moreover a statistically significant increase in the average duration of spindles without changes in the average frequency was noticed. Seizure discharges had always a focal start and secondary generalization. The EEG features of parenteral penicillin epilepsy in the rabbit appeared to be more similar to those of the rat than to those of the cat. The spindle activity changes and the paroxysmal spike activity can be interpreted as two independent penicillin induced features appearing during raised cortical excitability periods. PMID- 3759415 TI - Early prognosis of epilepsy. Effects of treatment in the first follow-up year. AB - A multicenter prospective investigation was conducted in 17 teaching and general hospitals in Italy to assess the efficacy of the care delivered to previously untreated patients with epilepsy. 175 cases were included and allocated to monotherapy. Only 112 cases completed the first year of follow-up. Of these, 59 (52.7%) were completely controlled and 53 (47.3%) had one or more seizure relapses. Controlled and uncontrolled patients were compared with respect to the main variables believed to influence non-responsiveness to standard therapy. The proportion of cases with relapses was significantly associated with the number of seizures reported before treatment was started. Selected seizure patterns (absences, myoclonic seizures) and prolonged disease duration were also reported more frequently among patients with recurrences. The implications of these findings are discussed with respect to drug response and prognosis of epilepsy. PMID- 3759416 TI - Prevalence of hereditary ataxias and paraplegias in the province of Torino, Italy. AB - A descriptive epidemiological survey of hereditary ataxias and spastic paraplegias was conducted in the province of Torino, Italy (2,327 996 inhabitants). On prevalence day (31 December 1982) 142 patients were alive. Total prevalence was 6.1 cases/100,000 inhabitants (95% confidence limits = 5.1-7.0). The prevalence rate was 2.6 for recessive or sporadic juvenile ataxias, 1.3 for spastic paraplegias, 1.2 for autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias, and 1.1 for late onset cerebellar ataxias. The prevalence of hereditary ataxias is similar in our province to that recorded in other populations, but hereditary spastic paraplegias are less frequent than in other populations. PMID- 3759417 TI - Hemifield pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials (VEPs) in retrochiasmal lesions with homonymous visual field defect. AB - This study was designed to examine the clinical significance and the reliability of hemifield pattern reversal VEPs in the assessment of homonymous visual field defects due to retrochiasmal lesions. 13 patients with traumatic, neoplastic or ischemic lesions of the cerebral parenchyma, and 18 normal subjects were studied. The results show that amplitude asymmetries over 4 microV (between responses evoked by right and left hemifield stimulation, recorded ipsilaterally to the stimulated hemifield) are clinically relevant for hemianopic visual field defect. Significant correlations were found between the VEP features and the site of the damage: lesions of the occipital cortex were generally found to cause more pronounced bioelectrical abnormalities than those due to lesions affecting the visual pathways, with cortical sparing. PMID- 3759418 TI - Three-year neuropsychological follow-up of patients with reversible ischemic attacks. AB - A short neuropsychological test battery designed to measure language, memory and visuospatial abilities was administered to 217 patients with reversible ischemic attacks. Patients were tested twice: the first time more than one month, but less than one year, from the last ischemic episode, and the second time three years later. A comparison between the first and the second testing session did not disclose any significant worsening. The degree of atherosclerosis and the occurrence of further ischemic episodes during the follow-up period were found to be unrelated to change in performance at the test battery. These results seems to challenge the hypothesis that multi-infarct dementia may follow apparently reversible, or even clinically silent, ischemic episodes. PMID- 3759420 TI - Simultaneous femoral nerve palsy due to hemorrhage in both iliac muscles. AB - A man aged 65 receiving low-dose anticoagulant therapy for a previous myocardial infarction suddenly developed a bilateral femoral nerve palsy. An abdominal CT scan showed small hemorrhages in both iliac muscles with consequent compression of the femoral nerves. The case is reported for its exceptional bilaterality. PMID- 3759419 TI - Aperiodic alternating nystagmus: report of two cases and treatment by baclofen. AB - We report two cases of non periodic alternating nystagmus, one of vascular origin (ischemia of the vertebrobasilar territory) and a second of traumatic origin (whiplash injury) with otoneurological signs, typical of lesions in posterior cranial fossa and in particular of vestibulum-cerebellum and brainstem: gaze paretic nystagmus, rebound nystagmus, saccadic dysmetria, vestibular hyperreflexia and impaired visual suppression test. In one case it was possible to give baclofen therapy, which yielded positive results. Suspension of drug administration resulted in the worsening of clinical signs. The mechanism of action of the drug will be discussed. PMID- 3759421 TI - Factors affecting hospitalization for selected diseases in Israel. AB - Hospitalization rates in Israel for five communicable and four noncommunicable diseases were computed according to age, sex, religion, origin, and place of residence. Higher rates for communicable diseases were generally found for all males and for Oriental Jews and Jews living in rural areas. Higher rates were also found for settlements inhabited by low socioeconomic populations. With few exceptions, hospitalization rates for Arabs were higher for both communicable and noncommunicable diseases, but rates for rural Arab populations were very low. These findings suggest that in a society such as Israel's, with a well-developed medical care delivery system, improvement in the health status of less privileged groups will depend more on health education than on the addition of resources to the health delivery system. PMID- 3759422 TI - Changing pattern of lung tuberculosis. AB - In 46 (20%) of 233 consecutive patients with active lung tuberculosis, the localization of the tuberculous process was unusual. The majority of patients (81%) were greater than 40 years of age. Men predominated in the usual localized tuberculosis group, whereas women predominated in the group with unusual localized tuberculosis (UNLT). The most common site of tuberculosis in the UNLT group was the anterior segment of the upper lobe or the middle lobe. In 17.5% of the patients in the UNLT group, the diagnosis was established by thoracotomy only. In patients with "protracted pneumonia," or chest X-ray suggestive of neoplastic disease, tuberculosis should be included in the differential diagnosis, irrespective of the site of the lesion. PMID- 3759423 TI - Perinatal factors influencing outcome of very-low-birth weight infants. AB - Of 106 liveborn infants weighing 751 to 1,500 g born to 97 mothers, 97 (91.5%) were transferred to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit for premature infants at the Beilinson Medical Center, Petah Tikva. Treatment with tocolytic agents (ritodrine) and corticosteroids (betamethasone) was introduced when indicated but no preventive antibiotics were used during the antenatal period. All infants received immediate care by a neonatologist and 77 infants (72.6%) survived. Although the cesarean section deliveries increased during the survey from 21.7% during the first period to 43.3% during the second, there was no statistically significant difference in the survival rate. Thus it seems that there is no advantage in performing cesarean sections for very-low-birth weight infants in either vertex or breech presentations. PMID- 3759424 TI - Overestimation of blood pressure in the elderly. AB - The blood pressure (BP) of 24 elderly (mean age +/- SD 73 +/- 5 years) and 10 young (35 +/- 11 years) hypertensive patients was measured indirectly by the cuff mercury sphygmomanometer and directly by intra-arterial recording. The differences between indirect and direct BP (delta BP) recordings were significant (P less than 0.05) for both systolic BP (delta SBP +/- SD 16.55 +/- 15.91 mm Hg) and diastolic BP (delta DBP, 6.97 +/- 9.38 mm Hg) in the elderly group but not in the young group (delta SBP, +/- 2.50 +/- 9.70 mm Hg, delta DBP, +/- -0.03 +/- 6.55 mm Hg). The use of the cuff-mercury method may overestimate systolic and diastolic BP in elderly hypertensive patients. PMID- 3759425 TI - Baroreflex control of heart rate after immediate and prolonged pressure reduction with urapidil in conscious normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - Baroreflex control of heart rate was studied in conscious normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats before and after acute and prolonged arterial pressure reduction with urapidil, a central and peripheral inhibitor of adrenergic function. While immediate treatment (1 mg/kg i.v.) caused significant reduction in mean arterial pressure (MAP) in both strains, prolonged treatment (20 mg/kg daily by gastric tube for 3 weeks) reduced MAP in the SH rats only. Following an i.v. bolus injection of norepinephrine (10 micrograms/kg) before each mode of treatment, and after immediate and prolonged treatment with urapidil, similar increases in MAP were observed in both strains, but only prolonged MAP reduction caused a significantly increased sensitivity of the reflex control of heart rate in SH rats (P less than 0.01). It is concluded that prolonged, but not immediate, reduction in MAP with urapidil was associated with a significant increase in the baroreflex sensitivity in the hypertensive strain. This may be related to the central effects of the drug. PMID- 3759426 TI - Management of uremic pericarditis. AB - Five uremic patients with hemodynamically significant pericardial effusion, which did not respond to conservative treatment (intractable effusion) or tamponade, were treated with instillation into the pericardial sac of a nonabsorbable steroid, triamcinolone hexacetonide, and with intermittent drainage. This was done by insertion of a drainage catheter into the pericardial space under direct vision by subxiphoid pericardiotomy performed under local anesthesia. All patients responded well to the procedure, and immediate relief of the symptoms was achieved. No complications of the procedure were observed, and the drainage catheters were removed 48 to 72 h thereafter. Two patients died of unrelated causes--1 month and 3 years after the events. Two other patients are still alive and on a hemodialysis program, and one has a functioning kidney graft. During the 3 to 8 years of follow-up, no recurrent pericarditis was observed, and no constrictive pericarditis developed in any patient. PMID- 3759427 TI - Diagnosis of acute cholecystitis by 99mTc-iminodiacetic acid cholescintigraphy. AB - 99mTc-iminodiacetic acid (IDA) compounds are concentrated by hepatocytes and excreted into the biliary system. The utility of 99mTc-IDA imaging in 116 patients with suspected acute cholecystitis was studied retrospectively over a 2 year period. Visualization of the gallbladder ruled out obstructed cystic duct and acute cholecystitis with a high degree of accuracy. PMID- 3759428 TI - Obstructive jaundice due to inspissated bile following disseminated intravascular coagulation. AB - Obstructive jaundice due to inspissated bile is usually a self-limited disease caused by hemolytic disease of the newborn. We present a case where disseminated intravascular coagulation caused an obstruction of the biliary tree, requiring surgical intervention for reestablishment of bile flow. PMID- 3759429 TI - Perforation of the esophagus electrocardiographically mimicking myocardial infarction. AB - A 76-year-old woman developed a perforation of the median esophagus. A concomitant electrocardiographic follow-up was compatible with an acute anterior wall myocardial infarction, but was not accompanied by typical chest pain or elevated serum myocardial enzymes. Perforation of the esophagus is added to the list of diseases electrocardiographically imitating acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 3759430 TI - Fetal outcome following primary herpetic gingivostomatitis in early pregnancy. Morphological study and updated appraisal. AB - Three women presented with acute primary herpetic gingivostomatitis during the first half of their pregnancy. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) was isolated by culture from the buccal lesions in two cases, and a serological confirmation of primary HSV infection was evident in the third case. One fetus, delivered during the second trimester of pregnancy, had a central nervous system anomaly, which was probably not related to the infection. The placenta exhibited mild diffuse deciduitis and focal villitis. The other two fetuses were normal and born at term. Microscopic examination of the placentas and membranes disclosed deciduitis and basal placentitis in one, which may have been caused by the herpes virus. The literature on intrauterine infection with HSV is reviewed, focusing on the significance of Type I virus as a possible teratogen. At present, there seems to be insufficient evidence to indicate pregnancy interruption following nongenital primary HSV infection in early pregnancy. PMID- 3759431 TI - Protective effect of cimetidine against Pseudomonas aeruginosa: infection in an experimental burned mouse model. PMID- 3759432 TI - Partial carbamyl phosphate synthetase deficiency, simulating Reye's syndrome, in a 9-year-old girl. PMID- 3759433 TI - Stressful events and the onset of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. PMID- 3759434 TI - Radiation doses during hysterosalpingography: implications in early pregnancy. PMID- 3759435 TI - Premature uterine contractions and preterm labor: a comparative study of Jewish and Arab populations in Israel. PMID- 3759436 TI - Bizarre fetal heart rate associated with congenital heart malformation. PMID- 3759437 TI - Ruptured renal angiomyolipoma presenting as acute cholecystitis. PMID- 3759438 TI - Bronchoalveolar lavage: a useful tool in the diagnosis of eosinophilic pneumonia. PMID- 3759439 TI - Changing resistance of uropathogens to antibiotics. PMID- 3759440 TI - Effect of desferrioxamine on salivary iron in thalassemic children. PMID- 3759441 TI - Inhibition by antibiotics of Rb Salmonella binding to human peripheral blood lymphocytes. AB - Several lines of evidence point out that Salmonella minnesota R345 (Rb) possesses the capacity to adhere spontaneously to human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The binding is mediated via the lipopolysaccharide moiety of the bacterial outer membrane. In this report, we have evaluated the effects of various antibiotics on bacterial binding. Our data show that trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole, chloramphenicol and erythromycin significantly decrease Rb binding, while gentamicin and sisomicin are without effect. Antibiotics display their inhibitory effect by acting on peripheral blood lymphocytes likely by competing with lipopolysaccharide for receptor binding capacity on lymphocyte surface. PMID- 3759442 TI - The effect of calmodulin antagonists on the activation of RAW-264 macrophage-like cells for tumor cell killing. AB - The effects of several calmodulin antagonists on the activation of RAW-264 macrophage-like cells for tumor cell killing were investigated. At concentrations ranging from 5 X 10(-8) to 5 X 10(-7) M, calmidazolium, trifluoperazine, chlorprothixene, chlorpromazine and W-13 inhibited the development of cytolytic activity, evoked in RAW-264 by treatment with lymphokine and lipopolysaccharide, in a dose-dependent manner. Since the order of the potency of these drugs against the activation of RAW-264 cells was much the same as their ability to inhibit calmodulin-dependent phosphodiestherase activity: calmidazolium greater than trifluoperazine greater than chlorprothixene greater than chlorpromazine greater than W-13, and because W-12, a nonactive analog of W-13, failed to inhibit the process of activation, we believe that the development of cytolytic activity in RAW-264 cells may be dependent on calmodulin. At micromolar concentrations, calmodulin antagonists (except calmidazolium) enhanced the process of activation. The enhancement of cytolytic activity was neither the result of the toxicity of these drugs nor related to their effects on intracellular calcium. It was entirely dependent on the presence of stimulants but occurred independently from the stage of macrophage activation, and most likely was due to the nonspecific interference of these agents with calmodulin-independent processes. PMID- 3759443 TI - Effect of histamine on delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice. AB - The effect of histamine on delayed-type hypersensitivity provoked in the abdominal cavity of mice was studied. When histamine (0.1-10 mg/kg) was injected twice a day for 2 consecutive days after antigen challenge, cell accumulation in the inflamed site and the production of lymphokine was significantly suppressed. Similar suppressive effects were observed after injection with an H2-agonist, dimaprit, but not in the case of an H1-agonist, 2-methylhistamine. The effect of histamine on cell accumulation in an implanted sponge was blocked by the H2 antagonists, cimetidine and ranitidine, but only slightly by the H1-antagonists, pyrilamine and diphenhydramine. In adrenalectomized mice, the suppressive effect of histamine was slightly weaker than in normal mice, but the inhibitory effect of histamine was almost completely blocked by H2-antagonists in both cases. The suppressive effect of histamine on the production of lymphokine (macrophage chemotactic factor) was also blocked by cimetidine. Using gel chromatography, the chemotactic activity fraction was eluted as molecules having a molecular weight of 30,000-70,000. These results suggest that the histamine-induced suppression of the delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in mice is affected mainly by the production of lymphokine(s) via an H2-receptor-bearing lymphocyte. PMID- 3759444 TI - Cancer risk on the island of Hawaii, 1973-1982. PMID- 3759445 TI - Gastric carcinoma in Hilo, Hawaii. An assessment of pathologic prognostic parameters. PMID- 3759446 TI - Bilateral oophorectomy vs. ovarian preservation during hysterectomy: an assessment. PMID- 3759447 TI - Depression in cancer patients: an overview. PMID- 3759448 TI - What have we learned from the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project? PMID- 3759449 TI - Incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer in Kauai during 1983. PMID- 3759450 TI - [Are there indications for cyclosporin A in dermatology?]. AB - For several years cyclosporin A has been used as an immunosuppressive agent in transplantation medicine and to avoid graft-versus-host disease. Some case reports concerning beneficial effects on different dermatoses have aroused speculation about the application of this drug in dermatology. The mode of action, a summary of the dermatologic case reports, and a discussion of the side effects of cyclosporin A are presented in this article. PMID- 3759451 TI - [Surgical therapy of regional lymph nodes in cancers of the lower lip]. AB - Based on a retrospective follow-up study of patients with lower-lip carcinoma from 1968 to 1980, the incidence of metastases of such lesions was broken down according to tumor classification, and the survival rates for these patients were computed. In the total group of 89 patients with primary surgical treatment of the tumor and lymph nodes, 17 (19.1%) were found to have metastases. Among these tumors, 5 were classified as T1, 10 as T2, and 2 as T3. Analysis of the survival rate yielded the following results. To date, there has been no recurrence in any of the patients who underwent suprahyoid lymph-node removal with no histological evidence of lymph-node metastases. Of the 17 patients in whom histological lymph node metastases were identified in the submandibular region following primary suprahyoid neck dissection, 64.7% showed no evidence of disease for 5 years on average, and all are still alive. In contrast, 90% of the patients died in whom the primary tumor was just treated locally and who did not undergo radical removal of the suprahyoid lymph-node until secondary metastases had occurred. In the light of our experience, suprahyoid lymph-node removal appears to be indicated as part of the primary treatment of lower-lip carcinoma, independent of the prevailing tumor stage. This may not apply to tumors that are clearly less than 1 cm in size. PMID- 3759452 TI - [Mycosis fungoides. Results of helioclimate therapy in high mountains (Davos, 1,560)]. AB - The efficacy of topical steroids, chemotherapy, photochemotherapy, grenz-ray therapy and electron beam therapy has already been established in the treatment of mycosis fungoides. In addition, the results of dermatological climatotherapy in the high Alpine region (Davos, 1,560 m) demonstrate that natural sun irradiation in this particular climate is very effective in treating mycosis fungoides. A total of 63% out of 128 treatment cycles of 84 patients suffering from mycosis fungoides went into remission, which lasted a maximum of at least 13 months. The best results are obtained in the early stages of mycosis fungoides and if climatotherapy lasts long enough and is repeated. PMID- 3759453 TI - [Acquired cutis laxa (elastolysis generalisata)]. AB - Following glomerulonephritis with subsequent anasarca and repeated penicillin treatments, generalized cutis laxa developed in a forty-year-old patient. Progressive signs of pulmonary emphysema appeared in the same period. Additionally, a monoclonal gammopathy was detected during extensive examination. PMID- 3759454 TI - [Skin damage caused by the effect of nitrogen mustard gas]. AB - The skin lesions seen in patients exposed to toxic war gases (dichlorethyl sulfide) are described. Histologic and electron microscopic findings are presented. The clinical course of the lesions is discussed. PMID- 3759455 TI - Radioactive contamination of manufactured products. AB - Cases of inadvertent radioactive contamination of manufactured articles have occurred sporadically in the past and bore little relationship to each other. Since 1983, however, seven instances have occurred of accidental radioactive contamination of steel either manufactured in or imported into the United States. Five of the contamination events went unrecognized by the mill operators and were discovered by others through radiation monitoring conducted for other unrelated purposes. Impacts have included costs to mill operators in the United States for decontaminating their steel plants which have ranged from $50,000 to more than $2,200,000. The states, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the private sector have taken steps to further assess the scope of the problem and to improve responses when such incidents occur. PMID- 3759456 TI - Seasonal variation of indoor Rn at a location in the southwestern United States. AB - Radon-222 concentrations have been measured in 12 homes typical of a small town in the southwestern United States. Nine of the houses, in which both summer and winter data are available, have an annual mean of 63 +/- 18 Bq m-3 (1.7 +/- 0.5 pCi L-1) and a range of 41 to 96 Bq m-3 (1.1 to 2.6 pCi L-1). These results were obtained with passive Rn dosimeters using polycarbonate nuclear track detector foils. The overall results fall slightly above the middle of the range of values obtained in other studies in the United States. Winter levels clearly exceed summer by a factor of from two to three. This result is attributed primarily to wide use of evaporative air conditioners for daytime cooling in the summer together with the fact that doors and windows are left open frequently during evening and nighttime hours. Both practices enhance the exchange of outdoor air with indoor air contributing to a decrease in the indoor Rn levels during the summer season. Room-to-room differences were evident during the winter season only. Bedrooms and bathrooms were generally higher in Rn than kitchens and living rooms but by only about 25%. The two adobe houses in the group showed higher Rn concentrations during the winter season than did those of frame-stucco, concrete, or cinder block construction. Dose equivalent calculations yielded a mean figure of 0.29 WLM y-1 for typical occupancy patterns in these New Mexico houses. PMID- 3759457 TI - Estimating individual and collective doses to groups with 'less than detectable' doses: a method for use in epidemiologic studies. AB - Distributions of annual external doses to worker populations are often found to be distributed lognormally below 15 mGy (1.5 rad). Using the properties of the lognormal distribution, and starting from individual dosimeter results, a method is presented whereby estimates can be made of collective and individual doses "missed" due to the fact that dosimeters have a threshold of detection or minimum detectable dose (MDD). For the case where only annual dose totals are available for a population, if MDD results were recorded as zero and if monitoring was done on a quarterly basis, the method developed is shown to yield reasonably good estimates of "missed" collective dose. For the other cases of only annual totals being available (i.e. monitoring was done more frequently than quarterly, or MDD results were recorded as equal to the MDD), it is shown that the method does not yield useful results. The estimates developed here may be useful in radiation epidemiology, employee relations, and in probability-of-causation calculations. PMID- 3759458 TI - Radiation carcinogenesis: cumulative empirical distribution functions and risk projection models. AB - The use of cumulative empirical distribution functions (CEDF) in connection with the prediction of radio-induced cancer risk is discussed. Two models are generally used for risk prediction: the relative risk and the absolute risk models. It can be easily demonstrated that if the relative projection model is valid, then the CEDFs of the cohort exposed to radiation and of the non-exposed cohort are the same. Land and Tokunaga have shown that for several sets of data the CEDF of exposed and non-exposed cohorts are indistinguishable. They used this result to recommend the use of the relative risk projection model and the rejection of the absolute projection model. This report discusses their argument and shows that when the absolute projection model is valid, the non-exposed and exposed CEDFs are also indistinguishable. PMID- 3759459 TI - Lung cancer risk at low doses of alpha particles. AB - A survey of inhabitant exposures arising from the inhalation of 222Rn and 220Rn progeny, and lung cancer mortality has been carried out in two adjacent areas in Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China, designated as the "high background" and the "control" area. Annual exposure rates are 0.38 working level months (WLM) per year in the high background, and 0.16 WLM/yr in the control area. In 14 yr of continuous study, from 1970 to 1983, age-adjusted mortality rates were found to be 2.7 per 10(5) living persons of all ages in the high background area, and 2.9 per 10(5) living persons in the control area. From this data, we conclude that we are unable to determine excess lung cancers over the normal fluctuations below a cumulative exposure of 15 WLM. This conclusion is supported by lung cancer mortality data from Austrian and Finnish high-background areas. A theoretical analysis of epidemiological data on human lung cancer incidence from inhaled 222Rn and 220Rn progeny, which takes into account cell killing as competitive with malignant transformation, leads to the evaluation of a risk factor which is either a linear-exponential or a quadratic-exponential function of the alpha-particle dose. Animal lung cancer data and theoretical considerations can be supplied to support either hypothesis. Thus we conclude that at our current stage of knowledge both the linear-exponential and the quadratic-exponential extrapolation to low doses seem to be equally acceptable for Rn-induced lung cancer risk, possibly suggesting a linear-quadratic transformation function with an exponential cell-killing term, or the influence of risk-modifying factors such as repair or proliferation stimuli. PMID- 3759460 TI - Incineration and monitoring of low-level 3H and 14C wastes at a biological research institution. AB - Low-level radioactive waste containing liquid scintillation fluid and known amounts of 14C and 3H has been incinerated in a modified pathological incinerator with the incinerator effluent, refractory surface and ash being monitored. The study relates the activity monitored to that incinerated and discusses how this relation was affected by a modification of the incinerator and monitoring conditions. No significant activity was found to be associated with the ash, particulates or the refractory surface. These data suggest that most of the activity is released as tritiated water vapor and 14C-labeled carbon dioxide. However, incomplete oxidation may occur for short periods of time depending on the amount of liquid scintillation fluid incinerated, with the possible release of 14C-labeled carbon monoxide. PMID- 3759461 TI - Fallout Pu in the Japanese diet. AB - The ingestion of fallout Pu from seven or six separate food groups collected in Japan during 1962 and 1983-84 are reported. The contribution of ingested Pu from algae was the highest among the food groups studied: approximately 60% of the total ingested Pu during 1962, and 74% in 1983-84. The contribution from whole marine products, i.e. algae and fish/shellfish, was approximately 70% of the total Pu ingested in 1962, and more than 90% in 1983-84. The higher Japanese ingestion rate than that of the United States is attributable to the higher consumption rate of marine food products in Japan. Also reported in this paper are the ingestion rate for 137Cs from fallout through the same food groups, and the concentration of Pu and other radioactive nuclides in specific individual foodstuffs and algae samples. PMID- 3759462 TI - Effects of continuous low-level exposure to radiofrequency radiation on intrauterine development in rats. AB - To assess the effect of low-level radiofrequency radiation on pregnant rats, gravid dams were exposed continuously to 0.1 mW cm-2 at 27.12 MHz during different periods of pregnancy. Biological assays consisted of determining pre- and post-implantation losses and the effects on maternal body weight increase. Fetal parameters monitored included sex, mean viable fetal weight on Day 20 of gestation, external, skeletal and visceral fetal malformations, anomalies and variations. Dosimetric evaluations were made in terms of average specific absorption rate (SAR) and basal metabolic rate (BMR). Findings included a considerable increase in the percentage of total resorptions, reduced body weight increase in the exposed dams and incomplete cranial ossification in their fetuses. Results obtained were compared with those shown by other authors. It seems possible to ascribe some of the effects to a specific action of the radiofrequency radiation occurring independently of the rise in temperature. The hypothesis the exposure time, together with SAR, plays an important role in inducing specific exposure effects due to radiofrequency radiation is presented. PMID- 3759463 TI - Concentrations of 210Pb and its states of equilibrium with 238U, 234U and 230Th in U miners' lungs. AB - The concentrations of 210Pb and its states of equilibrium with 238U, 234U and 230Th in U miners' lungs obtained at autopsy are reported. The concentration of 210Pb ranged from 0.63 to 123 Bq/kg wet weight with an average of 32.7 Bq/kg. The 210Pb concentrations were almost seven times higher than the concentrations of 238U, 234U and 230Th. The radiation dose rates to U miners' lungs from 210Po alone ranged from 0.017 to 3.30 mGy/y with an average of 0.88 mGy/y. The dose rates from 238U, 234U and 230Th combined ranged from 6.8 X 10(-3) to 7.2 X 10(-1) mGy/y with an average of 2.9 X 10(-1) mGy/y. The dose rates from all alpha emitting members of the 238U series, excluding 210Po, varied from 1.1 X 10(-2) to 2.2 mGy/y with an average of 7.5 X 10(-1) mGy/y. PMID- 3759464 TI - Leaching of 226Ra from U mill tailings by sulfate-reducing bacteria. AB - Relatively insoluble sulfate precipitates appear to be a major host for Ra in sulfuric acid-treated, U mill tailings. The dissolution of such precipitates by natural processes, such as metabolism by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), creates the potential for release of Ra to contacting waters. Significant leaching of Ra by SRB was achieved in the laboratory during the anaerobic incubation (1 to 119 days) of U mill tailings with pure cultures of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans and mixed cultures containing SRB isolated from the tailings, all grown on a lactate medium at room temperature. While the maximum 226Ra concentration reached in a sterile media control was 0.44 Bq/L (12 pCi/L), that in the SRB systems was 61 Bq/L (1640 pCi/L) or about 20% of the total Ra inventory in the original tailings sample. The leaching of Ra in SRB systems was accompanied by a decrease in soluble sulfate concentration, an increase in total sulfide concentration, and an increase in the number of SRB. The observed leaching effect does not appear to be due to the action of microbial chelates or to binding to cell walls. Potential implications of these findings to the management of U mill tailings and other radioactive wastes are discussed. PMID- 3759465 TI - A generic probabilistic risk analysis for a high-level waste repository. AB - A generic probabilistic risk analysis (PRA) is developed for high-level radioactive waste buried in a repository. The basic assumption is that an atom of buried waste has the same probability of escape as an atom of average rock at the same depth. Corrections are applied for variation of ground-water flow with depth, and for the fraction of ingested material derived from rock versus from soil. The final result is that we may eventually expect 0.012 deaths/GWe-yr. It is shown that this analysis is a PRA, and that the basic assumption is a conservative one--more likely to overestimate than to underestimate the hazard. This health impact is compared with those from other wastes generated in producing electricity. PMID- 3759466 TI - Indoor and soil Rn measurements in the Albuquerque, New Mexico, area. PMID- 3759467 TI - Radon-220 determination using activated C and a high-purity Ge detector. PMID- 3759468 TI - Decorporation of 85Sr by radioadsorbents from the lungs of rats with bronchial disorders. PMID- 3759469 TI - Ferromagnetic screening around a superconducting magnetic resonance imager. PMID- 3759470 TI - Life saving by nuclear activities. PMID- 3759471 TI - Survey instrument calibrations in high-energy photon fields. PMID- 3759472 TI - Health care for the indigent: research agenda for the future. PMID- 3759473 TI - Hospital output forecasts and the cost of empty hospital beds. AB - This article investigates the cost incurred when hospitals have different levels of beds to treat a given number of patients. The cost of hospital care is affected by both the forecasted level of admissions and the actual number of admissions. When the relationship between forecasted and actual admissions is held constant, it is found that an empty hospital bed at a typical hospital in Michigan has a relatively low cost, about 13 percent or less of the cost of an occupied bed. However, empty beds in large hospitals do add significantly to cost. If hospital beds are closed, whether by closing beds at hospitals which remain in business or by closing entire hospitals, cost savings are estimated to be small. PMID- 3759474 TI - Consumer acceptance of prepaid and fee-for-service medical care: results from a randomized controlled trial. AB - Do consumers find the care provided by health maintenance organizations (HMOs) and that provided in the fee-for-service (FFS) system equally acceptable? To address this question, we randomly assigned 1,537 people ages 17 to 61 either to FFS insurance plans that allowed choice of physicians or to a well-established HMO. We also studied 486 people who had already selected the HMO (control group). Those who had chosen the HMO were as satisfied overall with medical care providers and services as their FFS counterparts. The typical person assigned to the HMO, however, was significantly less satisfied overall relative to FFS participants. Attitudes toward specific features of care favored both FFS and HMO, depending on the feature rated. Four differences (length of appointment waits, parking arrangements, availability of hospitals, and continuity of care) favored FFS; two (length of office waits, costs of care) favored the HMO. HMO versus FFS differences in ratings of access to care and availability of resources mirror differences in the organizational features of these two systems that are generally considered responsible for the significantly lower medical expenditures at HMOs. Regardless of their origin, less favorable attitudes toward interpersonal and technical quality of care in the HMO have marked consequences: dissatisfaction and disenrollment. PMID- 3759476 TI - Family life education for young teens: an assessment of three interventions. AB - The impact of three variations of a family life education (FLE) program for 172 inner-city, junior-high-level students was investigated. Variations in exposure time, instructional methods, and teacher quality led to the classification of each intervention on a general intensity dimension. Separate pretest-posttest nonequivalent comparison group designs were utilized to assess program impact along seven knowledge and attitudinal dimensions. Survey results revealed that, in comparison to no-treatment groups, the more intensive the program (a) the greater the gains in knowledge about reproductive physiology, contraception, and the consequences of teen pregnancy and parenthood (especially among experimental group females); and (b) the more birth control methods participants became familiar with over time. Changes in personal acceptance of premarital intercourse and perceived responsibility for contraception were observed only in the study examining the most intensive treatment. The results of the evaluations point to the combined importance of instructional methods, teacher quality, and in-class exposure time for producing change in young adolescents' knowledge of and attitudes toward sexuality. Further potential for the impact of school-based sex education programs on knowledge and attitudes is discussed within the broader context of the young adolescent's social environment. PMID- 3759475 TI - Use of outpatient mental health services in HMO and fee-for-service plans: results from a randomized controlled trial. AB - Does a prepaid group practice (PGP) deliver less outpatient mental health care than the fee-for-service (FFS) sector when they serve comparable populations with comparable benefits? To examine this issue, we used data from the Rand Health Insurance Study, which randomized families into a prepaid group practice or FFS insurance plans. Participants in a FFS plan with no cost sharing (i.e., free care) are equally likely to visit a mental health specialist in a year, but incur 2.8 times the costs of prepaid participants (p less than .05). This difference is due to fewer visits per user, substitution of psychiatric social workers for psychiatrists and psychologists, and reliance on group rather than individual therapies in the prepaid plan. Because of the experimental design, these differences are due to institutional and incentive differences rather than adverse selection. We found no evidence of appreciable or significant adverse selection into or out of the prepaid group practice. A full evaluation of the desirability of prepaid or fee-for-service care requires data on health outcomes, which are not presented here. PMID- 3759477 TI - Seat belt education program--a model for public health settings. AB - A cohort of 268 low-income mothers participating in the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Supplemental Food Program was enrolled in a seat belt education and motivation program. The goal of the study was to determine whether seat belt use could be increased by incorporating a brief educational intervention into an existing public health program. Seat belt use was monitored by an unobtrusive observer prior to and one month following the intervention. Seat belt use increased from a baseline of 4.9 to 12.6% one month following education (p less than .01). PMID- 3759478 TI - Single-subject evaluation in health education. AB - The utilization of single-subject methodology represents a means to improve evaluation efforts in health education. This article provides a rationale for the application of the methodology in health education evaluation. Two variations of the single-subject evaluation methodology (ABAB and multiple baseline) are described. Appropriate methods of data analysis are recommended. Applications of single-subject designs in health education settings are presented. Dilemmas in health education evaluation are identified and reviewed in light of the potential contributions of single-subject methodology. PMID- 3759479 TI - The effects of health information in a worksite hypertension screening program. AB - Two studies assessed the potential impact of health education messages at worksite blood pressure screenings. The messages sought to: motivate hypertensives to enter or return to treatment, motivate normotensives to improve health habits and discourage inappropriate use of blood pressure screening by normotensives. A total of 473 participants in the two studies viewed slide/tape shows about blood pressure and/or health promotion. Individuals with elevated readings at screening viewed either a show containing standard blood pressure information or an experimental show which emphasized the asymptomatic nature of high blood pressure and which described some concrete strategies for coping with high blood pressure. In both studies, individuals with normal readings at screening viewed a standard show or an experimental show which emphasized coping strategies for preventing high blood pressure. In addition, in Study 2, some normotensive individuals viewed one of several experimental shows which focused on health promotion. Results indicate that the experimental programs were significantly more effective than the standard programs in achieving appropriate followup of screening results for both normotensives and hypertensives. Implications for worksite blood pressure screenings are discussed. PMID- 3759480 TI - Hodgkin's disease: staging and treatment. PMID- 3759481 TI - [Transcutaneous determination of bilirubin in the neonatal department: an analysis of its uses]. AB - 2000 newborns were evaluated before and 2000 after the introduction of transcutaneous bilirubinometry, with regard to frequency and methods of bilirubin determination. The number of blood sampling procedures was reduced by 79%. Transcutaneous bilirubinometry proves to be a safe method if correlation curves between the transcutaneous indices and the serum bilirubin of the individual nursery population are used together with set rules as to the indications for the controls by blood sampling (Recommendations of the Swiss Neonatology Group). A charge of sFr. 5.- to 7.- for each transcutaneous bilirubin evaluation is justified with regard to the reduced laboratory investigations. PMID- 3759482 TI - Biochemical vitamin K deficiency in early infancy: diagnostic limitation of conventional coagulation tests. AB - Thrombotest, factor II and factor X determinations were performed in two groups of children, one receiving a low vitamin K diet (breast-feeding) and one receiving a high vitamin K regimen (formula-feeding). No infant received vitamin K at birth. Thrombotest values were found to be lower at day 30, 60 and 90 after birth, and factor II levels unexpectedly higher at day 30 and 60 in breast feeding group compared to the formula-feeding group. No difference in factor X levels could be detected. Compared to the direct measurement of PIVKA II by a highly sensitive immunological method, these coagulation tests are inadequate to detect biochemical vitamin K deficiency. PMID- 3759483 TI - Diagnostic and pathogenetic aspects of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. AB - Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, usually a rapidly progressive and fatal disease, is a slow virus infection, where measles virus persists in cells of the CNS and in lymphocytes. Four patients, 3 boys and 1 girl, are described, who presented a characteristic disease course, beginning at the age of 12 to 14 years after they had contracted measles infection during infancy or early childhood. The diagnostic criteria including clinical and laboratory CSF findings are summarized, and epidemiologic features related to measles and measles immunization are briefly discussed. In two patients specific measles virus protein antibodies in serum and CSF were analyzed. The results confirm postulated mechanisms for viral persistence in the CNS and suggest in addition a possible role of the viral protein H in the pathogenesis of SSPE. PMID- 3759484 TI - Familial Bartter's syndrome: report of a case with early manifestations and persistent hypercalciuria. AB - A case of familial Bartter's syndrome is reported. The child had early and severe clinical and biochemical manifestations. Indomethacin treatment effectively controlled the increased prostaglandin excretion but corrected only partially the potassium and the calcium losses. The child developed during treatment high serum calcium levels which were associated with high parathyroid hormone and calcitriol serum levels. PMID- 3759486 TI - [Annual meeting of the Swiss Society of Pediatrics. Appenzell, 6-7 June 1986. Abstracts]. PMID- 3759485 TI - [Low T3 syndrome in young diabetics]. PMID- 3759487 TI - Trauma in pregnancy. PMID- 3759488 TI - The safety and efficacy of a new patient-controlled analgesia device in hospitalized trauma and surgery patients. PMID- 3759489 TI - Pulmonary microembolism in the canine model: report of a pilot study. PMID- 3759490 TI - Mortality from postoperative myocardial infarction in nonthoracic surgical patients at a community hospital. PMID- 3759491 TI - Nineteen-year radiographic follow-up of untreated Paget's disease of bone. PMID- 3759492 TI - Idiopathic bilateral chylothorax presenting as a left-sided neck swelling. PMID- 3759493 TI - Medical challenges in space. PMID- 3759494 TI - Imaging, screening, artificial intelligence, and the diagnostic dilemma: an epidemiologist's response. PMID- 3759495 TI - Chest radiographs in surgical intensive care patients: a valuable "routine". PMID- 3759496 TI - Hemodynamic response to fluid challenge: a means of assessing volume status in the critically ill. PMID- 3759497 TI - The failure of anthropometry as a nutritional assessment tool. PMID- 3759498 TI - The out-of-range error in microdensitometry. PMID- 3759499 TI - The practical problems of nutritional support for children on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. AB - Data are presented from the results of 46 dietary assessments on 13 children on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). The results demonstrate that even with dietary supplements, energy and protein intakes are generally inadequate. Nutritional requirements and possible reasons for suboptimal intake are discussed and potential methods for improving nutritional intake are suggested. PMID- 3759500 TI - Does behaviour therapy work for dietitians? An experimental evaluation of the effects of three procedures in a weight reduction clinic. AB - An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of introducing three procedures, associated with behaviour therapy, into a conventional National Health Service dietetic weight reduction clinic, without any extra resources or staff training. One hundred and sixty obese women entered the study and were randomly allocated to one of the eight combinations of three treatments in a 2 X 2 X 2 factorial design. The three procedures were (a) keeping a diet diary (self monitoring), (b) receiving leaflets describing and recommending cue avoidance and (c) being seen in a group. Sixty-nine women completed 16 weeks of treatment, and of these 58 were followed up 1 year later. The mean overall weight loss was 5.25 kg at the end of treatment and 3.98 kg at follow-up. Weight loss was found to be greater for those women treated in groups and the greatest losses were found in those who were seen in groups and also provided with leaflets. There was no significant effects of the experiment on either weight loss at follow-up or reported compliance with the dietary regime of the 26 subjects who returned completed diaries to the dietitian. Possible explanations of these results are discussed, together with their implications for service provision. PMID- 3759501 TI - Food glycaemic index or meal glycaemic response? AB - We have studied the glycaemic response to 50 g of carbohydrate (CHO) within a standard meal in order to ascertain the usefulness of the glycaemic index of food high in CHO for planning the diabetic diet. Carbohydrate was given in the form of three kinds of food: rice, potatoes and lentils, each having a different glycaemic index. Four types of standard meals were prepared with different energy distributions. A1,2,3: 60 per cent CHO, 10 per cent protein, 30 per cent fat and 1.35 MJ (322 kcal); A4,5,6: 60 per cent CHO, 30 per cent protein, 10 per cent fat and 1.37 MJ (327 kcal); B1,2,3: 40 per cent CHO, 20 per cent protein, 40; per cent fat and 2.08 MJ (498 kcal); B4,5,6: 40 per cent CHO, 40 per cent protein, 20 per cent fat and 2.08 MJ (499 kcal). The increase in postprandial blood glucose levels at 30 min was lower when lentils were given than with rice or potatoes in all four types of energy distribution used (P less than 0.01). No differences were found at the other times studied. The slope from time 0 to maximal increase of glycaemia was lower with lentils in meals B1,2,3 (P less than 0.006) and B4,5,6 (P less than 0.007) but not in A1,2,3 or A4,5,6. Areas under the curve of the glycaemic responses elicited by the foods studied were similar with all four types of energy distribution used. These similar glycaemic responses were unexpected since the three foods used have different glycaemic indices.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3759502 TI - The dietary intakes of women in Caerphilly, South Wales: a weighted and a photographic method compared. AB - A representative sample of 49 women (40-59 years) in Caerphilly, South Wales, completed a seven-day weighed dietary record and a similar sample of 48 women photographed all food and drink consumed for seven days. Mean nutrient intakes calculated for the two methods were very similar, indicating that the photographic method is reliable. Mean energy intake for the 97 women was 6.6 MJ/d (1568 Kcals). Mean intakes of protein fat and carbohydrate were 56 g, 72 g and 179 g per day respectively. Intakes were comparable with those reported from another survey in South Wales, but considerably lower than those reported from a study in Cambridgeshire. Possible reasons for these differences were discussed. PMID- 3759503 TI - Zinc status in children with cystic fibrosis. PMID- 3759504 TI - Ultrastructural localization of glycinin and beta-conglycinin in Glycine max (soybean) cv. Maple Arrow by the immunogold method. AB - beta-Conglycinin (7 S globulin) and glycinin (11 S globulin) are the major reserve proteins of soybean. They were localized by the protein A immunogold method in thin sections of Glycine max (soybean) cv. Maple Arrow. In cotyledons, both globulins were simultaneously present in all protein bodies. Statistical analysis of marking intensities indicated no correlation between globulin concentration and size of protein bodies. The immunogold method failed to detect either globulin in the embryonic axis and in cotyledons of four-day-old seedlings. Similar observations were made with cotyledons of two soy varieties lacking either the lectin or the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor. In another variety (T 102) lacking the lectin, the 7 S globulin could not be detected. PMID- 3759505 TI - A technique for the electron microscopic autoradiography of Al adenosine receptors in brain tissue. Ligand-receptor fixation by osmium tetroxide. AB - A procedure for the electron microscopic autoradiography of Al adenosine receptors is described. Fresh tissue slices from rat hippocampus were incubated with the radioactive adenosine analogs: Cyclohexyl[3H]adenosine, 5'-N ethylcarboxamido[3H]adenosine or or [125I]-iodohydroxyphenylisopropyladenosine. Various fixation agents were tested with respect to the retention of these ligands by the tissue. While most of the ligands were lost in aldehyde fixation they were retained by osmium tetroxide probably via a crosslinking reaction. The final method of choice was an aldehyde prefixation (in the case of [125I] iodohydroxyphenylisopropyladenosine with 4% buffered paraformaldehyde) during which more than 90% of the nonspecifically bound ligands were washed out while 40% of the specifically bound ligands remained. Subsequent fixation with osmium tetroxide (1%) allowed a standard protocoll for dehydration and embedding to be used with only minimal (less than 5%) further loss of the ligands. Electron microscopic autoradiography provided evidence for a specific distribution of the binding sites for [125I]-iodohydroxyphenylisopropyladenosine. PMID- 3759506 TI - Mononuclear phagocytes in the retina of developing rats. AB - Mononuclear phagocytes were labeled with colloidal carbon injected into the circulation or stained with cytochemical techniques for the detection of marker enzymes in whole-mounted retinae of rats from birth to 10 days after birth. Positive cells were found apposed to or scattered among the blood vessels of the immature vascular network located just vitread to the developing retina. A few cells only had carbon distributed in the cytoplasm, but all retinae tested had positive cells. The enzymes located cytochemically in the phagocytes were non specific esterase, acid phosphatase and endogenous peroxidase. When stained with aniline dyes, the phagocytes had a morphology similar to blood monocytes. Such cells were not found in the retina of adult rats. It is concluded that mononuclear phagocytes reside just vitread to the ganglion cell layer during the period of natural cell death in that layer. The phagocytes are probably associated with the removal of cell debris during the late period of retinal histogenesis. PMID- 3759508 TI - Lead induced testicular dysfunction in weaned rats. PMID- 3759507 TI - A highly sensitive method for the histochemical demonstration of copper in normal rat tissues. AB - Earlier, widely used histochemical methods for the demonstration of copper are capable of detecting only extremely high tissue levels of this metal (generally only in pathological states, e.g. Wilson's disease, or in cases of copper intoxication), because of their low sensitivity. The specificity of these methods has also proved to be unsatisfactory. We present a new method based on the release of bound (unreactive) copper by trichloroacetic acid, its primary precipitation using magnesium dithizonate, and intensification of the staining (secondary precipitation) using silver nitrate. Using this method, copper is demonstrable in various tissues of normal rats (brain, stomach, liver, small intestine, spleen, pancreas, kidneys) in the form of reddish to pink staining. This method can also be applied to locate pathologically high levels of copper. PMID- 3759509 TI - Sampling filters and dissolution methods for differential determination of water soluble chromium (VI) and chromium (III) in particulate substances. PMID- 3759510 TI - Alterations in peripheral nerve conduction velocity in low and high lead exposure: an animal study. PMID- 3759511 TI - Optimal rate of work during load transportation on the head and by yoke. PMID- 3759512 TI - Subacute inhalation experiment for methyl bromide in rats. PMID- 3759513 TI - [Equilibrium]. PMID- 3759514 TI - [Rare complications following stapes operation and their surgical treatment]. AB - After stapedectomy otoliths were displaced from the endolymphatic space to the cupula of the posterior semicircular canal and caused a paroxysmal benign positional nystagmus which lasted 18 months. The positional nystagmus demonstrated a rotatory component during the Hallpike manoeuvre. The paroxysmal benign nystagmus disappeared after transtympanic nerve neurectomy of the inferior branch of the vestibular nerve (Gacek 1974). This procedure is only recommended for vertigo lasting longer than 1 year. The current findings support the theory that cupulolithiasis is the cause of paroxysmal benign positional nystagmus which can occur after stapedectomy. The rotatory nystagmus is generated in the posterior semicircular canal. PMID- 3759515 TI - [CEA studies in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck]. AB - The serum CEA levels of 134 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were studied at the time of diagnosis, at the end of primary therapy and every three months during the follow-up period. Since such patients are mostly nicotine and alcohol addicts, only CEA concentrations above 5 ng/ml were regarded as abnormal. At the time of diagnosis 30% of the patients had clearly abnormal CEA values, more commonly in oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal tumours than for oral and laryngeal carcinomas. The incidence of pathological CEA concentrations also increased with increasing tumour extension, to a greater extent in well differentiated than in undifferentiated squamous cell carcinomas. After termination of the primary therapy we found no correlation between success of treatment and serum CEA concentration. Studies of the course of CEA values in tumour-free patients revealed both rising and falling serum values during the period of observation. It was not possible to diagnose tumour recurrence early with the aid of increasing CEA concentrations. CEA exhibits only moderate sensitivity towards squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. As correlations between the course of the disease and CEA concentrations in serum could only rarely be observed, the usefulness of this tumour marker for following the course of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma must be regarded as rather low. PMID- 3759516 TI - [Examples for possible tumor induction by immunosuppressive and cytostatic drugs (case studies)]. AB - The problems of immunosuppressive and cancer therapy are discussed based on five case reports. In each case neoplasms were observed, which appear to have been caused by the previous treatment. A tumor is particularly tragic when it follows immunosuppression for chronic inflammatory disease (eg. uveitis, rheumatoid arthritis). PMID- 3759517 TI - [Epistaxis, hypertension and neck tumor--a rare case of a hormonally active carotid paraganglioma]. AB - We report a 58 year old man suffering from recurrent epistaxis and high blood pressure. After removal of a subcutaneous tumour from the left neck the blood pressure and the pre-operatively elevated urinary excretion of adrenaline returned to normal. Histological examination of the tumour revealed a paraganglioma with immunocytochemical demonstration of serotonin. PMID- 3759518 TI - Surgical treatment of pancreatitis. PMID- 3759519 TI - Far-advanced coronary artery atherosclerosis in a 25-year-old man. PMID- 3759520 TI - Eosinophilic fasciitis. PMID- 3759522 TI - National osteopathic pediatrician survey. PMID- 3759521 TI - The craniosacral mechanism and the temporomandibular joint. PMID- 3759523 TI - Current conflicts in the management of prostatic cancer. AB - In summary, 5-, 10-, and 15-year actuarial survival can be achieved in 81, 60, and 35% of patients with disease limited to the prostate and in 61, 36, and 18% of those with extracapsular extension. In various subgroups of patients with nodular disease who were selected by the same criteria applied in the selection for surgical resection, survival of 60% can be achieved. Conversely, local control may not be achieved following irradiation because of cell survival within the target volume. More sophisticated boost therapy using interstitial implants, high energy particles, radiosensitizers, and/or hyperthermia may improve local control and hence longer term survival. Local control may not be achieved following surgical resection because of transection of tumor at the surgical margin. Case selection for surgery might be improved by pre-operative transrectal ultrasonography or MRI examination. In situations in which pathologic examination demonstrates frank tumor transection, local control still may be achieved by prompt and judicious salvage by X-ray therapy. PMID- 3759524 TI - Radiation therapy for unresectable soft tissue sarcomas. AB - Between 1954 and 1981, 72 patients with unresectable soft tissue sarcomas were treated with radiotherapy at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute at Houston, 57 with photons alone and 15 with neutrons for at least part of the treatment. Twenty-three patients received systemic chemotherapy in addition to radiation therapy. The absolute 2-year and actuarial 5-year tumor control rates were 39 and 29%, respectively. In this heterogeneous series, the malignancy group (based on pathologic diagnosis) was the only factor significantly affecting tumor control probability, which at 5 years was 58% for 12 patients with group I tumors, 32% for 10 patients with group II tumors, and 17% for 50 patients with group III tumors. No relationship between total dose and tumor control probability was found in this group of patients, though the duration of tumor control was longer in those receiving 65 Gy or more. No apparent improvement in tumor control was observed in the subsets of patients receiving fast neutron therapy or combined modality treatment with chemotherapy, but because of the many unmatched variables between the groups, no meaningful comparison of treatment modalities can be made. Distant metastasis were seen more frequently in higher malignancy groups, whereas size or site of tumors did not significantly influence the incidence of distant metastasis. Six patients sustained major complications of radiotherapy, of whom five received total doses in excess of 70 Gy or its estimated biologic equivalent. PMID- 3759525 TI - Malignant salivary gland tumors. AB - A retrospective review of 403 patients with salivary gland tumors seen between 1958 and 1980 and a mean follow-up of 10 years is reported. The median age was 58 (7-94) years and the male to female ratio 1.3:1. There were 293 (72%) parotid, 83 (21%) submaxillary and 27 (7%) tumors developed at other sites. Among these were 84 (22%) mucoepidermoid (all degrees of differentiation), 87 (22%) adenocystic carcinomas, 70 (17%) adenocarcinomas, 25 (6%) acinic, 26 (6%) squamous cell, 44 (11%) undifferentiated, 52 (13%) mixed and 12 (3%) nonspecified carcinomas. A painless lump was the first symptom in 338 (84%) patients. The first planned treatment was surgery in 110 (27%), radiotherapy in 50 (12%), and surgery and radiotherapy combined in 239 (59%) patients. Following the first treatment, the primary parotid tumor was controlled by surgery in 17/70 (24%), by irradiation in 6/39 (15%) and surgery and radiation combined in 134/182 (74%) patients. Altogether, regional metastases developed in 36 (12%) and distant metastases in 36 (12%) of 293 patients with parotid tumors. For the submandibular tumors the primary tumor was controlled by surgery in 9/31 (29%), 0/4 (0%) by irradiation, and in 32/46 (70%) by surgery and irradiation. Here, regional and distant metastases developed in 16/84 (19%) and 19/84 (23%) patients. Among the other sites the primary tumor was controlled by surgery in 4/9 (44%), 0/7 (0%) by irradiation, and in 8/11 (73%) by surgery and radiotherapy combined. In this group 4/27 (15%) and 5/27 (18%) patients developed regional and distant metastases. The 5- and 10-year cause specific survival rates were 65 and 59% for the parotid tumors, 61 and 48% for the submaxillary tumors and 62 and 52% for the other sites. These results clearly demonstrate the advantages of combining surgery and radiotherapy as the first planned treatment for most tumors. PMID- 3759526 TI - Results of high dose 106-ruthenium irradiation of choroidal melanomas. AB - The favored treatment of intraocular melanomas in Germany is 106-ruthenium eye plaque therapy. The Departments of Radiation Therapy and Ophthalmology (University of Munster) initiated a clinical study in 1981 to reveal the effect of high-dose beta irradiation (15.000 cGy to the apex of the tumor) regarding tumor regression, treatment related side effects, visual acuity, and survival. Sixty-seven patients have been treated since 1981. In 12 patients a second course of irradiation has been performed because of insufficient tumor regression or no change after the first plaque treatment. Sixty-five percent (44/67 pts.) were over 60 years of age. Twenty-four patients had a small tumor (up to 3 mm in height), 20 patients had a medium sized tumor (3.1-5 mm in height), and 22 patients had a large tumor (more than 5.1 mm in height). Fifty-one patients had a follow-up of at least 12 months. A total tumor regression was achieved in 34/51 patients (67%), partial tumor regression occurred in 13/51 patients (25%), and in 4/51 patients (8%) there was no change after the first course. After the second course of 106-ruthenium-irradiation 5 of the 12 patients showed total tumor regression, 3 had partial regression, and in 4 patients only an increase of the tumor echogenity could be assessed by ultrasonography, but no change in height. Visual acuity, which depends mostly on the localization of the tumor, was preserved at pretreatment levels in 72% of the patients. Two patients died with documented metastatic disease, one patient died of myocardial infarction. There was only one enucleation because of neovascular glaucoma. PMID- 3759527 TI - Radiation therapy for carcinoma of the pinna using iridium 192 wires: a series of 70 patients. AB - From January 1970 to November 1982, 70 patients with carcinoma of the pinna were treated by interstitial irradiation. An afterloading technique with Iridium 192 wires was used. One patient recurred and had a total pinnectomy followed by 60 Gy external radiation. This patient was alive without evidence of disease at 134 months. Three patients who had tumors greater than 4 cm in size at presentation developed late necrosis which required subsequent total pinnectomy. Cosmetic results were assessed in 55 patients and were good with few late sequelae (in 78% of cases (36/46) when the tumor measured less than 4 cm, but only in 1/9 when the tumor measured more than 4 cm). We advocate interstitial Iridium 192 irradiation for treatment of pinna tumors smaller than 4 cm. None of 39 patients with squamous cell carcinoma had biopsy proven cervical lymph node metastasis at the time of diagnosis. Four patients with squamous cell carcinoma (4/39: 10%) later developed a regional nodal metastasis after treatment of the pinna. All four relapsed in the parotid region and were managed by partial parotidectomy and neck dissection followed by external irradiation. One of these four patients died from uncontrolled cervical node disease. In our opinion, when regular follow-up is dependable, it is reasonable to save treatment of the cervical nodes for those patients who relapse with involved metastatic cervical nodes. PMID- 3759528 TI - Survival in radiation myelopathy. AB - Survival in radiation myelopathy has been the subject of analysis. Factors affecting survival are the level of the lesion, the age of the patient, and the latent period of the injury. The influence of age and level of the lesion is compared with the effects of these same parameters in traumatic myelopathy. Patients with cervical cord lesions have more rapid morbidity in both radiation and traumatic myelopathy. For thoracic but not cervical lesions, younger patients have a greater survival expectation than older patients. Patients with shorter latent periods have a more rapid mortality in cervical radiation myelopathy, but no demonstrable effect is seen in thoracic radiation myelopathy. PMID- 3759529 TI - Medulloblastoma: the Duke University Medical Center experience. AB - We have reviewed the clinical experience in the treatment of medulloblastoma with radiotherapy at Duke University Medical Center. One hundred and twenty-seven patients treated between January 1, 1940 and December 31, 1983 were evaluated. The irradiation technique was reviewed and all irradiation doses were recalculated as minimum tumor doses in Gray (Gy). The mean follow-up was 24.4 years and the median follow-up was 26.5 years. The energy of the treatment machine was known in 102 cases. Sixty patients were treated with orthovoltage equipment and 42 patients were treated with megavoltage equipment. As a gross assessment of the impact of the details of radiotherapy treatment upon outcome, patients were grouped into excellent, good, fair, and poor treatment groups. Patients undergoing cranio-spinal axis (CSA) irradiation and receiving greater than or equal to 52 Gy to the posterior fossa and greater than or equal to 30 Gy to the clinically uninvolved remainder of the CSA were classified as having "excellent" technique. Patients undergoing CSA irradiation and receiving 40 to 52 Gy to the posterior fossa and greater than or equal to 20 Gy to the remainder of the CSA were classified as "good." Patients receiving 20 to 40 Gy to the posterior fossa and greater than or equal to 10 Gy to the spinal axis with or without prophylactic cranial irradiation were designated "fair." Any patient not fulfilling the above minimum criteria was categorized as "poor." The actuarial 5 year survival for the entire population was 33%. The 10-year survival was 21%. In 93 patients for whom records were detailed enough to allow categorization of treatment technique, 5-year actuarial survivals were: Excellent 37% (n = 17), Good 55% (n = 13), Fair 35% (n = 23), Poor 20% (n = 40). A complete surgical resection was not correlated with improved disease-free survival (DFS) in the excellent and good groups, but was correlated with an improved DFS in the fair and poor groups. The posterior fossa accounted for 62% of the failures in the 55 patients completing irradiation where the initial site of failure was known. An examination of patterns of failure in the spinal canal failed to demonstrate a dose response relationship above 10 Gy for spinal canal prophylactic irradiation. No patient developed recurrence beyond their period of risk as defined by "Collins' Law."(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3759530 TI - Preoperative irradiation, lymphadenectomy, and 125iodine implantation for patients with localized carcinoma of the prostate. AB - Fifty-four patients with clinically and surgically localized prostatic carcinoma were treated with low-dose preoperative irradiation (1,050 cGy), pelvic lymphadenectomy, and interstitial 125Iodine implantation. The follow-up range is 2 to 9 years with a median follow-up of 5 years. Overall local tumor control is 92%. Actuarial 5-year survival is 86% and the actuarial disease-free survival at 5 years is 73%. Patients with poorly differentiated tumors have a significantly worse actuarial survival (62%) at 5 years than patients with well (95%) or moderately well differentiated tumors (93%), p = 0.04. Disease-free survival at 5 years was influenced by grade: well (100%), moderate (60%), and poor (48%), p = 0.03. Multivariate regression analysis indicates that only the degree of differentiation (p = 0.05) significantly impacts on survival. Both degree of differentiation (p = 0.04) and nodal status (p = 0.03) significantly influence disease-free survival. Potency has been maintained in 71% of patients potent at the time of implantation. Late reactions have been acceptable to date: bladder outlet obstruction (13%), mild proctitis (13%), cystourethritis (6%), incontinence (2%), and prostatic calculi (2%). PMID- 3759531 TI - The place of brachytherapy in the treatment of carcinoma of the tonsil with lingual extension. AB - One hundred forty-four of 170 patients (85%) were seen with cancer of the tonsil and received radical irradiation between 1959 and 1980. A 39% crude 3-year disease-free survival rate and a 51% locoregional control rate were observed. Locoregional relapse related to T Stage was 6, 43, 58, and 64% for T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively. Fifty-four of 144 patients (37%) showed tongue extension, 20% in T1-T2 stages and 50% in T3-T4 stages. Local relapse was 64% and the 3-year disease-free survival rate was 23% in 39 patients with tongue extension treated with external irradiation alone, versus 33 and 43% respectively for 90 patients with no tongue extension. The increase of lymph node metastases or neck recurrences was not related to tongue extension. In 15 patients with tongue extension, treated with external radiation plus brachytherapy, the local relapse was 40% and the 3-year survival rate 60%. External irradiation plus brachytherapy was significantly related to lower local relapse and increased survival rate compared to external irradiation alone in cancer of the tonsil with tongue extension. The combined modality was not associated with increased risk of radiation complications. PMID- 3759532 TI - Primary lymphoma of the thyroid: clinical features, prognostic factors, and results of treatment. AB - This study analyzes the results of 46 cases of biopsy-proven primary lymphoma of the thyroid, localized at diagnosis and treated at the Royal Marsden Hospital between 1948-1980. In all cases, disease was limited to the thyroid and cervical lymph nodes. There were 43 females and 3 males, with a mean age of 64.4 years (median 66 years; range 17-86). A short history (less than 3 months) of a neck mass and local compressive symptoms was the typical presentation. The majority of patients (91%) had adverse histologies, with diffuse histiocytic lymphomas being most common (78%). The overall crude 5-year survival rate was 40%, with 30% of patients surviving beyond 10 years. Disease-free and overall survival were virtually identical, indicating the ineffectiveness of salvage therapy. The important prognostic factors were: size of tumor, fixation, extra-capsular extension, and retrosternal involvement. Survival was not correlated with age, sex, histology, thyroid status, or stage of disease, as defined by the Ann Arbor classification. Patients who had total macroscopic removal of tumor had the highest rate of local control and long survival (p less than 0.005). No significant difference was seen between lobectomy, subtotal or total thyroidectomy, but 7 of 9 long-term survivors (58-129 months) have had total thyroidectomy. A radiotherapy dose to the tumor, of at least 40 Gy, was required to produce consistent local control in patients with unresected disease. The majority of patients who died had generalized disease. Only 52% of these patients were free of local recurrence. In view of the frequency of occult disseminated disease, adjuvant chemotherapy is one recommendation for patients with poor prognostic factors. For optimal local control, complete surgical eradication is recommended followed by high-dose local radiotherapy. The use of aggressive cytoreductive chemotherapy prior to radiotherapy is a possible alternative option which needs to be explored. PMID- 3759533 TI - Brain stem tumors in children: results of a survey of 62 patients treated with radiotherapy. AB - A survey was conducted by the Radiation Oncology Discipline Committee of the Pediatric Oncology Group to provide an estimate of the outcome of treatment with modern radiotherapy of brain stem tumors in children. Thirteen of thirty-eight institutions submitted data for 62 patients who had been diagnosed between 1972 and 1981, who had completed planned treatment with radiotherapy, and for whom follow-up information was available. The results were poor. Fourteen patients were alive with no evidence of recurrence between 11 and 154 (median 50.5) months post-treatment, two were alive with disease at 22 and 24 months, and forty-six died of disease at intervals ranging from 2 to 30 (median 8.7) months from initiation of treatment. Actuarial survival was 50% at 1 year, 29% at 2 years, and 23% at 5 years. The age of the patient, the surgical approach, and the volume and dose of radiotherapy all appeared to correlate with outcome on univariate analysis; but on multivariate analysis a statistically significant survival advantage was found only for patients greater than 5 years of age who had undergone surgery as part of their treatment. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed, and the roles of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy are reviewed. PMID- 3759534 TI - Brain metastases from malignant melanoma: conventional vs. high-dose-per-fraction radiotherapy. AB - This report examines the records of 72 patients who received various regimens of radiotherapy for cerebral metastases from malignant melanoma at NYU Medical Center. Treatment consisted of whole-brain irradiation, either with dose fractions of 300 cGy (conventional fractionation, CF) or 500-600 cGy (high-dose per-fraction, HDF) to a total of 3000 cGy. Two-thirds of the patients responded to radiotherapy as measured by improvement of at least one functional level. No difference in response could be attributed to dose schedules, either overall or in the subgroups of patients who had solitary or multiple brain metastases. Median survival was not significantly affected by fractionation schedule; however, patients who had solitary metastases survived longer, probably because of the nature of their disease. Treatment related toxicity was more frequent in the HDF group. The subgroup of patients who had their only clinically demonstrable lesion grossly excised prior to treatment survived more than twice as long as other patients. We conclude that radiotherapy is effective in palliating symptoms for these patients. Our data does not support the use of HDF techniques in the treatment of patients with brain metastases from malignant melanoma. PMID- 3759535 TI - The radiosensitizing effects of misonidazole (MISO) in combination with diethyl maleate (DEM) in mouse mammary tumors. AB - Large radiosensitization of C3H/He mouse mammary tumors was obtained with the combination of a non-protein sulfhydryl (NPSH) depletor, diethyl maleate (DEM), and misonidazole (MISO), compared with MISO alone over a range of MISO dose. The difference in enhancement ratios (ER's) for these two treatments was especially prominent at small MISO doses. ER's of 2.06 and 1.44 were obtained, respectively, by combined treatment with DEM (760 mg/kg) and MISO (100 mg/kg) or treatment with MISO alone. Radiosensitization of tumors by DEM alone was observed for doses over 600 mg/kg. When DEM was combined with MISO (100 mg/kg), ER's of the combination were larger than that of MISO alone, for doses over 400 mg/kg of DEM. Similarly, in case of DEM plus MISO (300 mg/kg), the ER's became larger than MISO alone, for doses over 200 mg/kg of DEM. The NPSH content in untreated tumors was 1.08 mmole/kg on the average and no changes in NPSH content was observed after MISO treatment. DEM treatment markedly reduced the NPSH content of tumors as a function of DEM dose and this decrease in NPSH was not significantly affected by MISO treatment. Tumor NPSH was reduced to 24% or less of control by administration of 760 mg/kg of DEM with or without MISO. These results are consistent with competition theory of NPSH and electron affinic radiosensitizers. PMID- 3759536 TI - Metastatic carcinoma of the neck from an unknown primary. AB - From 1974 to 1984, 31 patients with metastatic carcinoma to the neck from an unknown primary were treated with radiation therapy. On review, three groups were identified based on presentation and treatment. Group I consists of 19 patients treated with curative intent. They all presented with cervical adenopathy, 11 patients with N1 disease, 2 with Stage N2A disease, 1 with Stage N2B disease, 4 with N3A disease, and 1 with unknown stage. The majority of patients were treated with portals encompassing the nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and neck to a dose of 5000 rad followed by boosts of 1000-1500 rad. The overall 2-year NED survival in this group was 63% (12/19). The most significant prognostic factor was the stage of the metastatic nodes. The NED survival rate for the 14 patients with Stage N1 and N2 was 86% (12/14). Histology of the lesions was not an important factor in the outcome. In Group II there are six patients who received palliative treatment because of large, fixed, cervical nodes. Three of these patients (50%) died within 2 months of completion of treatment. Group III consists of six patients who presented with supraclavicular adenopathy. All had persistent or recurrent disease within 19 months. We have concluded that in patients with metastatic carcinoma to the cervical nodes from an unknown primary, radiation therapy to the neck and suspected areas of primary disease may play an important role in cure, particularly in early stage disease. PMID- 3759537 TI - Reoxygenation of the RIF-1 tumor after fractionated radiotherapy. AB - The regrowth delay assay was used to assess hypoxic fraction in the RIF-1 tumor. Results approximating those of earlier paired survival curve data were obtained for previously untreated tumors and tumors treated with a single dose of 15 Gy. Further studies showed that after 5 daily fractions of 5 Gy, the hypoxic fraction returned to approximate pretreatment values within 24 hr. PMID- 3759538 TI - Effect of latency on calculated complication rates. AB - Late complications of radiation therapy and other cancer therapies may not always be expressed because of the shortened survival of cancer patients. Methods for estimating the true complication rate must account for censoring of the data. Actuarial methods give the time-dependent probability of remaining free of the injury. However, these methods fail when the last surviving patient develops a complication. This study describes a different method for calculating the corrected complication rate. One advantage is that the method does not produce estimates of 100% for the complication rate that occur using the actuarial method when the last survivor suffers a complication. To use the method presented here, the distribution of latent periods of the injury and the survival function for the patients at risk must be identified. PMID- 3759539 TI - The manpower crisis facing radiation oncology. AB - Data from several sources document that the number of radiation oncologists being trained is substantially above the number projected as recently as 1983. This paper addresses the manpower crisis facing radiation oncology and includes information on the supply of and need for specialists, as well as possible courses of action given current circumstances. PMID- 3759540 TI - A comparison of the cost of various treatment methods for early cancer of the prostate. AB - The relative costs have been determined for treating prostate cancer by radical prostatectomy, lymph node dissection with I125 implant, and external beam radiation in a large community practice. About 15% of patients were treated with the options involving surgery. The median cost of radical prostatectomy was $14,400, lymph dose dissection and I125 implant $12,000, and external beam radiation $6750 prior to October 1984 and $5600 after October 1984. None of the data indicate superior outcome by any one of these methods for Stage A or B prostate cancer. Therefore, the surgical approaches are usually not recommended except for the patient highly motivated to maintain potency who may select the I125 implant. In an era of diminishing funds for health care, the federal government, industry, and perceptive HMO's may elect to pay only for the less expensive method. PMID- 3759541 TI - Complications resulting from spurious fields produced by a microwave applicator used for hyperthermia. AB - Microwave hyperthermia applicators are generally characterized at two or three frequencies. These frequencies usually are at the extremes of the applicator's operating range. However, such applicators are often used at arbitrary frequencies within their range. The most common reason for choice of frequency is to achieve acceptable coupling in the clinical configuration with a given patient. Occasionally a spurious transmission pattern will result from the frequency chosen that can lead to undetected high power densities well away from the target volume. In the present report, such a situation is discussed. The transmission pattern resembled "horns" reported at the field edge of certain accelerators. This pattern resulted in the inability to heat the target volume and the production of thermal blisters outside that volume. Such an occurrence underscores the need to characterize the transmission characteristics of a microwave hyperthermia applicator at all the frequencies used. PMID- 3759542 TI - Interstitial microwave hyperthermia in a canine brain model. AB - A dual frequency microwave system was constructed for interstitial heating of brain tissue. Single-junction dipole antennas were tested in a phantom model and in normal dog brain to determine how variations in physical factors affected temperature distributions. Non-survival studies were performed at both 915 and 2450 MHz to determine heating patterns that could be achieved within normal brain using this system. Chronic survival studies were performed using a single dipole antenna inserted laterally into one hemisphere of brain and driven at 2450 MHz. Temperatures of 43 or 44 degrees C for 30 min at a reference point 0.5 cm from the antenna junction were used to induce a thermal lesion of approximately 1 cm diameter in the right cerebral hemisphere of dogs. Neurologic and physical changes in dogs were monitored daily for up to 16 weeks after induction of cerebral lesions. The extent and development of thermal lesions was monitored with weekly computed tomographic (CT) examinations and, after death, at histopathologic examination. Results of the phantom studies showed that the longitudinal heating pattern was bell-shaped at both frequencies used and that there was some variation in heating length that depended on insertion depth. Acute studies in dog brain showed that 915 MHz antennas implanted less than 6.5 cm deep produced erratic heating patterns that usually included excessive heating of the surface of the brain. Conversely, 2 cm-long antennas driven at 2450 MHz gave reproducible temperature distributions both longitudinally along and radially away from the antenna. The steepest gradients--about 1 degree C/mm- occurred in the radial direction away from the antenna junction. A single 30 min heat treatment produced a large focal lesion that consisted of central coagulation necrosis surrounded by a sharply demarcated hypervascular zone. Edematous changes were minimal and were observed only during the first week after treatment. As assessed by serial CT scans, thermal lesions reached a maximum size by the first week after treatment and were essentially resolved by 16 weeks after treatment. PMID- 3759543 TI - A comparison of commercial treatment planning systems when calculating dose under shielding blocks. AB - Several commercial computerized treatment planning systems were compared when calculating dose under shielding blocks in soft tissue and lung tissue. A test case was studied in which a water-equivalent phantom containing a removable cork insert was exposed to 60Co radiation with and without a lead block in the beam. For simplicity, all cross sections were square and only central axis doses were considered. Manufacturers of treatment planning systems were asked to calculate doses for the test case for comparison with corresponding experimental values determined from ionization chamber measurements. When the initial replies seemed to indicate the existence of errors or misinterpretations, the manufacturers were informed and asked to submit revised values. The results for eight systems exhibit wide variations in the doses under the block, with differences of up to 88% between measurements and calculations. Most of the systems did not take into account heterogeneity and shielding simultaneously. While in comparison with the maximum dose the dose differences under the block are not large and their clinical significance may be debated, better accuracy and more of a consensus would be expected when elaborate computer systems dedicated to radiation therapy deal with a relatively simple problem. The results emphasize the need for caution when users implement the options offered by their treatment planning computers. PMID- 3759544 TI - The treatment of prostatic cancer. PMID- 3759545 TI - Chemical modifiers of cancer treatment. Part 2. Clearwater, Florida, 20-24 October 1985. PMID- 3759546 TI - Acute hypoxia in tumors: implications for modifiers of radiation effects. AB - Radioresistant hypoxic cells have been shown to occur in nearly all the animal tumors studied to date. Furthermore, there is a large amount of evidence, albeit indirect, that hypoxic cells exist and impair the effectiveness of radiation therapy in some human cancers. Surprisingly little is known, however, about the natural history of such hypoxic cells. Recently in our laboratories, we have developed methods which enable us to select and analyse cells from tumors as a function of their distance from the tumor blood supply. Utilizing this technique, we have been able to demonstrate using SCCVII tumors greater than or equal to 500 mg that even cells close to the blood supply may become hypoxic at any particular time. This information provides direct evidence that, at least for that tumor, hypoxia can result from transient fluctuations in blood perfusion. The existence of acutely, as well as, chronically hypoxic cells within tumors has several implications for treatment strategies. Treatments designed to increase oxygen content in the blood may not be particularly effective in sensitizing acutely hypoxic cells. However small, freely diffusable radiosensitizers would distribute throughout the tumor, and should be equally effective in sensitizing both acutely and chronically hypoxic cells to radiation. Acute hypoxia may thus be the best possible indicator for the use of chemical radiosensitizers in radiation therapy. PMID- 3759547 TI - Partial hypoxia as a cause of radioresistance in a human tumor xenograft: its influence illustrated by the sensitizing effect of misonidazole and hyperbaric oxygen. AB - While previous studies with three human tumor xenografts suggest that contact resistance plays a major role in the response of these tumors to radiation, it remains possible that partial hypoxia may provide an alternate explanation. The present study was carried out to check this possibility by investigating the influence of misonidazole (MISO) and hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) on both the initial and distal components of the survival curves of HRT18 tumor cells. The effect of a challenge dose of radiation on the initial radioresistance of this tumor was also studied. To assess the effects of MISO and HBO, tumor cell survival was determined by excision assay in two groups of tumor-bearing mice, one given MISO (1 mg/g body weight, i.p.) 45 min before irradiation and the other exposed to HBO (3.5 bars). MISO treatment caused greater sensitization than HBO. The enhancement ratios at the 5.10(-1) level were 1.7 (MISO) and 1.7 (HBO); at the 10(-1) level, they were 1.6 (MISO) and 1.4 (HBO); while at 10(-2), they were 1.6 (MISO) and 1.4 (HBO). These two sensitizing effects favor the hypothesis that solid tumors contain a compartment of partially hypoxic cells. To study the effect of a challenge radiation dose on initial radioresistance, tumors were given a challenge dose of 8 Gy, followed 24-48 hr later by doses ranging from 2-12 Gy. The challenge dose did not modify the shape of the survival curve. PMID- 3759548 TI - Induction characteristics of oxygen regulated proteins. AB - Extreme hypoxia induces many changes in the biology of cells, including the enhanced synthesis of oxygen regulated proteins (ORPs). We investigated the conditions required for the induction of ORPs and by modifying culture conditions, eliminated variables other than oxygen concentration. Several exponentially growing rodent and human cell lines were examined before, during, and after various periods of extreme hypoxia. The following responses were analyzed: cell growth, clonogenic survival, glucose consumption, lactate production, media pH, total protein synthesis, and specific protein synthesis. EMT6/Ro cells did not increase in cell number or progress through the cell cycle after initiation of extreme hypoxia. Cell morphology and cell survival were nearly normal for up to 12 hr of hypoxia. During this period, media pH remained constant, with the concentrations of glucose and lactate being virtually indistinguishable from aerobic cultures or initial values. Associated with these conditions, a marked inhibition of total protein synthesis was observed for EMT6/Ro cells, such that the hypoxic protein synthesis rate was about 60% of the aerobic rate. However, enhanced synthesis of a set of proteins, designated as ORPs, was preferentially induced in less than 6 hr. The molecular weights of the five major ORPs are 260, 150, 100, 80 and 33 kD. Under these conditions, the primary inducing agent was a low concentration of oxygen. This set of ORPs was distinctly different from the set of heat induced (heat-shock) proteins, but included the major 100 kD and 80 kD glucose regulated proteins. Although the functions of ORPs are unknown, their induction under conditions that are known to modify the sensitivity of cancer cells to therapeutic agents suggests that the presence of ORPs should be further investigated to determine their possible value in diagnosis and predicting treatment response. PMID- 3759549 TI - Theoretical evaluation of expected changes in oxygenation of tumors associated with different hemoglobin levels. AB - A mathematical computer-based model was developed which analyzes the influence of hemoglobin concentration; shape of the oxygen dissociation curve; red cell velocity; capillary network geometry; and oxygen consumption on the oxygen partial pressure (PO2) distribution in tissue. In this study, the influence of acute hemoglobin concentration changes on the oxygen supply to tissue was analyzed. The specific question, whether moderate changes in the hemoglobin concentration of only 20% (e.g., from 15 g/dl to 12 g/dl i.e. baseline is 15 g/dl), as they may often occur clinically, are able to produce a significant change in the tissue oxygenation, was addressed. This is of importance for the estimation of the possible effects of blood transfusions prior to radiation therapy. The model predicts that even a moderate 20% increase in the hemoglobin concentration is able to decrease the anoxic tissue volume by 30%. The results indicate that hemoglobin levels should not be subnormal at the beginning of chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Transfusions or the application of artificial oxygen carriers could be helpful. PMID- 3759550 TI - Tumor radiosensitization through reductions in hemoglobin affinity. AB - Alterations in the oxygen (O2) distribution in a tumor due to changes in the quantity of O2 carried in the blood can affect the response of a tumor to radiation. For example, the blood hemoglobin (Hb) level has been shown to be an important prognostic and therapeutic factor in radiation therapy. Another factor affecting the delivery of O2 to tissues is the Hb affinity for O2. Changes in Hb affinity for O2 result in shifts of the Hb-O2 dissociation curve which increase or decrease tissue oxygenation. The aim of the present studies was to determine whether reductions in Hb affinity prior to irradiation could improve the resultant tumor response. KHT sarcomas were irradiated in female C3H/HeJ mice, possessing either normal or reduced Hb affinities for O2 at the time of treatment. Changes in Hb affinity for O2 were induced by keeping tumor-bearing mice in a 12% O2 environment for various periods of time. Erythrocyte 2,3 diphosphoglycerate (2,3 DPG) was measured as an indicator of Hb affinity for O2. After 36 hr of low O2 exposure, 2,3 DPG levels increased 20-30%. This change in 2,3 DPG reflected a proportional decrease in Hb affinity for O2. Following the exposure of 12% O2, the animals were removed from the low O2 chamber and their tumors locally irradiated while the mice breathed air. After irradiation, tumor cell survival was determined using an in vivo to in vitro excision assay. The results indicate that the fraction of hypoxic cells in tumors of mice whose Hb affinity had been reduced prior to irradiation was approximately 3%. By comparison, the hypoxic fraction in tumors irradiated in mice with normal Hb affinities was approximately 15%. Thus, reductions in Hb affinity prior to irradiation can yield significant radiation sensitization in tumors. These findings form the basis for future investigations of the use of pharmacologic methods for the in vivo alteration of the Hb-O2 dissociation curve to improve tumor oxygenation. PMID- 3759551 TI - Induction of hypoxia in normal and malignant tissues by changing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin--implications for therapy. AB - The drug BW12C, which increases the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin, reduces oxygen availability to tissues. This results in protection against radiation damage to the hemopoietic system and epidermal Langerhans cells in CBA mice. The drug also protects against beta-irradiation damage in pig epidermis. BW12C increases the hypoxic cell fraction in tumors and histological examination of an experimental T cell lymphoma shows that the induced hypoxia leads to tumor necrosis. PMID- 3759552 TI - Effects of intravenously infused Fluosol-DA 20% in rats. AB - Rats were injected with a fractionated 50 ml/kg dose of Fluosol-DA 20% with and without exposure to 100% oxygen. Animals were killed at 24, 43, 92, and 183 days post-treatment and samples taken for hematological, hepatic enzyme, histological, and perfluorochemical analyses. There were no significant differences in hemograms or hepatic enzyme findings between treatment and control groups. Differences in organ weights and histology were a result of perfluorochemical (PFC) accumulation in the tissues of treated animals. All changes were reversible. There were no effects from breathing high oxygen levels in either treatment or control animals. PMID- 3759553 TI - A clinical trial of Fluosol DA 20% in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. AB - Fluosol DA 20% (Fluosol) enhances the response of several rodent tumors to radiation and oxygen. This is a Phase I/II study of Fluosol and oxygen breathing in the radiation treatment of advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Fifteen patients with Stage III/IV tumors entered and completed this trial. Patients received 1.8 Gy/fraction to 45 Gy, at which time the spinal cord was shielded and gross disease was carried to 68-72 Gy. 8 ml/kg (11 patients) or 9 ml/kg (4 patients) Fluosol was infused prior to the first fraction each week for the first 5 weeks. All patients inspired 100% oxygen before and during the initial 25 fractions. The infusions were well-tolerated. Four acute reactions that responded to diphenhydramine or steroids were observed in the 75 infusions. 8/15 patients exhibited liver function abnormalities of 2-3X normal which fell after therapy was discontinued. Normal mucosal reactions were enhanced despite the 1.8 Gy fraction size. 10/15 patients required at least one treatment break: the mean dose achieved before the break was 35 Gy. Tumor clearance was also accelerated. Thirteen patients had primary tumor clearance, but one had a local recurrence. Ten had primary and nodal clearance and 2/3 with nodal persistence had salvage surgery with fibrosis only at pathologic review. One patient, locally controlled, developed distant metastases. Thus, 10/15 patients are NED, but followup time is short. PMID- 3759554 TI - Intercapillary distance measurement as an indicator of hypoxia in carcinoma of the cervix uteri. AB - The mean tumor intercapillary distance (ICD) was measured in 44 patients in Stages IIB and III carcinoma of the cervix uteri using a histo-chemical procedure for staining capillary endothelial cells. A mean ICD of 304 +/- 30 microns was obtained, which was independent of the clinical stage and histological grade of differentiation. For each tumor, the proportion of ICD's greater than an arbitrarily chosen value of 300 microns (approximately twice the maximum oxygen diffusion range) was calculated using the normal frequency distribution statistics. The mean ICD and this proportion decreased progressively during the course of external beam pelvic irradiation up to a dose of 4000 cGy. The mean ICD was greater in patients who suffered local recurrence within two years than in patients whose tumors remained controlled. This applied to pre-treatment values and measurements performed after the delivery of 2000 and 4000 cGy. The proportion of ICD's greater than 300 microns showed a similar trend. No significant correlation was found between the hemoglobin concentration at time of presentation and either the mean ICD, or the probability of local control. It is proposed that ICD measurement may be a useful tool to identify subgroups of tumors where hypoxia can interfere with the effectiveness of radiotherapy. PMID- 3759555 TI - Hemoglobin, radiation, morbidity and survival. AB - Analyses concerned with a group of patients treated by radiotherapy for carcinoma of the bronchus give evidence to support the view that oxygen tension at the time of radiation therapy is important both in determining tumor control and radiation morbidity. PMID- 3759556 TI - The effect of pre- or post-treatment with a calmodulin inhibitor (trifluoperazine) on the response to cytotoxic agents of cells within small EMT6/Ca/VJAC spheroids. AB - Treatment of small EMT6 spheroids (approximately 250 microns in diameter) with trifluoperazine (TFP), a calmodulin inhibitor, before drug exposure did not alter cellular response to adriamycin (ADM) (5 micrograms/ml), CCNU (5 micrograms/ml) or vincristine (VCR) (1 micrograms/ml). The cell killing effect of nitrogen mustard (HN2) was, however, suppressed by TFP pre-treatment even when the TFP was removed before HN2 exposure. Treatment of small spheroids with TFP for 24 hr after drug exposure was found to have no effect on recovery from potentially lethal damage (PLDR) following bleomycin (BLM) (40 micrograms/ml), CCNU (5 micrograms/ml), HN2 (1 micrograms/ml), or X rays (9 Gy). The surviving fraction measured immediately after drug exposure (SF-0) and the surviving fraction with 24 hr delayed assay (SF-24) for cells within small spheroids were similar following 1 hr exposure to ADM. Following 3 hr ADM exposure, however, the SF-24 was less than the SF-0. If TFP was present during the 24 hr period after drug exposure, a considerable decrease in SF-24 compared to SF-0 was seen in both cases. PMID- 3759557 TI - Potentiation of chemotherapy cytotoxicity following iododeoxyuridine incorporation in Chinese hamster cells. AB - This study reports on the potentiation of selected chemotherapy drugs following halogenated pyrimidine incorporation into cellular DNA. Exponentially growing cultures of Chinese hamster V79 cells were exposed to 10(-5) M IdUrd or BrdUrd for 17 hr (approximately 2 cell doublings). This exposure resulted in approximately 16% replacement of thymidine by IdUrd or BrdUrd in the cellular DNA. Following the IdUrd exposure, dose response curves were determined for a 1 hr exposure to the various drugs. IdUrd pre-treatment was shown to enhance the cytotoxicity of melphalan, adriamycin, cisplatin, and neocarzinostatin with enhancement ratios at 1% survival of 1.5, 1.8, 1.5, and 1.4 respectively. BrdUrd pre-treatment also enhanced cisplatin cytotoxicity. A combination of BrdUrd pretreatment, cisplatin, and X rays was shown to yield additive survival effects. These findings are discussed in the context of possible clinical application of local drug perfusion of tumor-containing organs. PMID- 3759558 TI - Potentiation of CCNU toxicity by AF-2 in V79 spheroids: implications for mechanisms of chemosensitization. AB - Spheroids of Chinese hamster V79-171 cells were incubated for 1.5 hr. with 0-10 micrograms/ml of the nitrofuran AF-2 (a potent radiosensitizer and hypoxic cell cytotoxin) under 1-10% oxygen, then exposed to 0-3 micrograms/ml CCNU for a further 30 minutes in the presence of the AF-2 and a fluorescent bisbenzimide stain. Single cells from the disaggregated spheroids were then sorted by a dual laser cell sorter for subsequent analyses of clonogenicity. Two sorting criteria were intercompared: sorting on the basis of cell position in the spheroid (defined by the bisbenzimide uptake), or on the basis of the bound AF-2 (which is itself fluorescent). These studies indicated chemosensitization was not observed in the absence of AF-2 toxicity, cellular oxygen content modified AF-2 toxicity more than AF-2 potentiation of CCNU toxicity, and cellular susceptibility to intracellular AF-2 dominated the net response. PMID- 3759559 TI - Combinations of CCNU, MISO, and fractionated radiotherapy. AB - Studies were performed to determine whether the radiation sensitizer misonidazole (MISO) could enhance the tumor response of the KHT sarcoma to a treatment combining fractionated radiotherapy and the chemotherapeutic agent 1-(2 chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU). A single dose of CCNU (20 mg/kg) was given 24 hr prior to the start of a multi-fraction radiation protocol in which 10 fractions were delivered once a day in 12 days overall treatment time. Daily radiation doses ranged from 1.0 to 4.0 Gy. MISO was administered at a dose of 1.0 mmol/kg, either once as a chemopotentiator simultaneously with CCNU, or repeatedly as a radiosensitizer 30-40 min prior to each radiation dose. Tumor response to treatment was assessed using tumor regrowth delay as the end point. The results indicate that, at 1.0 mmol/kg, MISO failed to radiosensitize the tumors in each of the fractionation schedules evaluated; that is, there was no difference between the regrowth delay curves obtained when CCNU treatment was followed by fractionated radiation, administered either alone or with MISO prior to each radiation dose fraction. However, when a single dose of 1.0 mmol/kg MISO was combined with CCNU 24 hr prior to the start of radiotherapy, regrowth delay was increased for all fractionated radiation schedules, particularly, at the larger dose fraction sizes. Comparison of the dose response curves suggests that MISO, used as a chemopotentiator, effectively reduced the proportion of radiobiologically hypoxic cells in the tumors prior to the start of the radiation therapy. These findings indicate that chemopotentiation can be used effectively in a combination with fractionated radiotherapy. PMID- 3759560 TI - Interaction of nitroimidazole sensitizers with drug metabolizing enzymes- spectral and kinetic studies. AB - We have investigated the effect of a range of 2-nitroimidazoles on CCNU metabolism, using an in vitro mouse liver microsomal preparation. CCNU is hydroxylated to at least 5 monohydroxylated metabolites. For the major metabolite, cis-4-hydroxy CCNU, values of Km and Vmax were 0.026 mM and 1.92 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively. MISO and other 2-nitroimidazoles inhibited the hydroxylation of CCNU in a dose-dependent manner and their potencies as inhibitors were governed by their lipophilicities. In order of increasing potency I50 values were 15.5, 6.4, 5.8, 1.4, 0.4, and 0.37 mM for SR 2508, Ro 03-8799, MISO, Ro 07-1902, Ro 07-1127, and BENZO, respectively. Chemosensitization potency correlated well with the extent of inhibition at achieved plasma concentrations in mice, suggesting a causal relationship between enzyme inhibition and chemosensitization. All the nitroimidazoles exhibited type II optical difference spectra with phenobarbitone-induced mouse liver microsomes. However, with increasing lipophilicity of the nitroimidazole both the wavelength at maximum absorbance (lambda max) and the isosbestic point of the type II spectrum were shifted to longer wavelengths, suggesting that a type I binding component may become more significant. Our previous work has shown that changes in CCNU pharmacokinetics contribute to chemosensitization by nitroimidazoles in mice, and that altered pharmacokinetics also occur in man. The present results provide strong evidence that the mechanism involves binding to liver microsomal cytochrome P-450, leading to inhibition of CCNU metabolism. PMID- 3759561 TI - Cross-link formation and chemopotentiation of EMT-6/Ro cells exposed to MISO after CCNU treatment in vitro. AB - Experiments were designed to measure cross-link formation following combined treatment of EMT-6/Ro tumor cells with 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1 nitrosourea (CCNU) and misonidazole (MISO) in vitro. To avoid MISO-induced glutathione (GSH) depletion, which might contribute to enhanced monoadduct formation by reducing the protective GSH pools, a post-incubation (i.e. treatment with CCNU for one hour in air followed by MISO treatment in hypoxia) protocol was adopted. Utilizing this treatment scheme, it was possible to significantly enhance CCNU toxicity by post-treating with MISO immediately after exposure to CCNU. Enhanced cross-link formation detected by alkaline elution, at this time, correlated well with the magnitude of cell-kill enhancement, thereby implicating enhanced cross-link formation in the mechanism of potentiation. However, if the cells were allowed to incubate for various intervals between CCNU and MISO treatments, the magnitude of potentiation progressively diminished. Beyond approximately 8-10 hours (corresponding to the time required for maximal cross link formation after CCNU treatment), treatment with MISO was ineffective at potentiating CCNU cytotoxicity. These experiments suggest that chemopotentiation can be produced by treating with MISO after treatment with CCNU (post-incubation) and that enhanced cross-link formation is involved in the mechanism of MISO chemopotentiation of CCNU activity. The kinetic studies, using the post incubation protocol, further suggest that the chemopotentiating effect of MISO is exerted subsequent to monoadduct formation and probably does not involve inhibition of DNA-DNA cross-link repair. PMID- 3759562 TI - Carbamoylation, inhibition of glutathione reductase and chemopotentiation of nitrosoureas by misonidazole. AB - Experiments were designed to determine whether carbamoylation-related inhibition of glutathione reductase (GR) was involved in the previously reported correlation between nitrosourea carbamoylating activity (defined by the extent of binding to L-lysine) and the magnitude of Misonidazole (MISO) chemopotentiation. The extent to which 12 different nitrosoureas (NUs) inhibited GR activity in extracts of EMT 6/Ro cells was determined and compared to the magnitude of chemopotentiation realized when each was combined with MISO for the treatment of EMT-6/Ro cells in vitro. No correlation was observed between glutathione reductase inhibition and the potentiation of nitrosourea cytotoxicity by MISO in vitro, suggesting that inhibition of GR was not involved in the mechanism of MISO chemopotentiation. Furthermore, when the original correlation was re-examined with the inclusion of additional chemopotentiation data for four hydroxylated analogs of CCNU, including two which possess little or no lysine-carbamoylating activity but which were significantly enhanced by MISO, a correlation between carbamoylation and the magnitude of MISO chemopotentiation could not be established. From these studies we conclude that NU-carbamoylating activity is not the prime determinant of interaction between MISO and the NUs. PMID- 3759563 TI - Chemosensitization by monofunctional alkylating agents. AB - The chemosensitizing ability of model monofunctional alkylating agents with known DNA base alkylating characteristics, that is, methylmethanesulphonate (MMS), ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) and N-methyl-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) have been investigated. Whereas the alkyl sulphonates chemosensitize V79 cells to cisplatin and melphalan, MNNG does not. The dose response curves show shoulder removal. Drug scheduling and thiourea post-treatment experiments indicate that the effect is likely to be on the initial alkylation rather than completion of crosslink formation from an initial adduct. PMID- 3759564 TI - A phase II study of CCNU with benznidazole for metastatic malignant melanoma. AB - The response of 18 patients with metastatic malignant melanoma to the combination of CCNU (130 mg/m2) preceded 3-4 hr earlier by 20 mg/kg of the 2-nitroimidazole benznidazole has been studied. There were four partial and no complete responses in 16 patients evaluable after 1-6 courses. The median response duration was 14 wk (range 5-33) and for static disease 24 wk (range 10-54). Evidence for chemosensitization is equivocal. PMID- 3759566 TI - Renal irradiation and the pharmacology and toxicity of methotrexate and cisplatinum. AB - We used a rat model to study the effects of renal irradiation on the pharmacology of methotrexate (MTX) and cisplatinum (cis-Pt). Unanesthetized rats were given bilateral kidney irradiation (20 Gy in 9 fractions). At 9 months after irradiation, 3% of the animals had died and survivors showed moderately impaired renal function. At 15 months, 30% of the animals had died and survivors showed severely impaired renal function. Some animals were given i.v. MTX 1 week to 15 months after irradiation. In irradiated rats, the area under the MTX plasma clearance curve equaled that of controls through 6 months, and was significantly above controls from 9 months on. Other animals were given i.p. cis-Pt 1 week to 9 months after irradiation. The acute toxicity of cis-Pt was the same in control and irradiated rats when cis-Pt was given immediately before or after irradiation. Beginning 3 months after irradiation there was a progressive increase in cis-Pt toxicity and a simultaneous decrease in urinary platinum excretion. Irradiated animals that survived cis-Pt treatment showed increased radiation nephritis; the greatest effect occurred when cis-Pt was given 3 months or more after irradiation. MTX and cis-Pt clearance decreased when renal dysfunction was first observed and changes in renal function preceded changes in drug clearance and toxicity. PMID- 3759565 TI - Phase II trial of misonidazole (MISO) and cyclophosphamide (CYC) in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. AB - In animal models pre-treatment with misonidazole, a hypoxic cell radiosensitizer, enhances the antineoplastic effects of alkylating agent chemotherapy. Laboratory data suggest that hypoxic tumor cells may be more resistant to chemotherapy because of suboptimal drug delivery, reduced rates of cell division, or because hypoxia confers relative drug resistance. The therapeutic potential depends on the tumor type, doses of radiosensitizer and alkylating agent, the time interval between drug administration, and the ratio of sensitization of normal and malignant tissues. A Phase II trial of misonidazole and cyclophosphamide was initiated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group to determine the response rate and toxicity in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer. Patients received 5 gm/m2 of misonidazole intravenously two hr before 1200 mg/m2 of cyclophosphamide every 3 wk. Patients with prior chemotherapy or radiotherapy received 1000 mg/m2 of cyclophosphamide. Misonidazole was discontinued after a total dose of 15 gm/m2. The median total misonidazole dose was 23.5 gm (range 4.5 34.5 gm). The median number of cyclophosphamide cycles was 2 (range 1-12). Of the 30 patients evaluable for response, only one patient had an objective partial response. Twenty-nine patients had stable or progressive disease. One patient remains on cyclophosphamide after 9 mo. Estimated median survival is 4.8 mo. There have been no lethal toxicities; however, 9 patients (25%) experienced life threatening leukopenia and an additional 42% experienced severe hematologic toxicity. Eight patients had WBC less than 1000 on days 7-14 of cycle 1. Thrombocytopenia and grade 3 anemia occurred in 1 and 2 patients, respectively. Moderate or severe nausea and vomiting occurred in 47% and 19% of patients, respectively. Only 3 patients experienced severe neurotoxicity. Four additional patients had moderate neurotoxicity. In summary, misonidazole in this dosing schedule does not enhance the antitumor activity of cyclophosphamide in renal cell carcinoma. PMID- 3759567 TI - Potentiation of in vitro cytotoxic effects of misonidazole on human colon tumor cells by the differentiation-inducing agent N-methylformamide. AB - Human colon tumor cells (clone A) were studied in vitro with regard to modification of dose-dependent cytotoxicity to misonidazole (MISO) treatment by pre-exposure growth in medium containing the differentiation-inducing agent N methylformamide (NMF). Cells were grown as exponential cultures and were exposed for 2 passages to 170 mM NMF before exposure to graded doses of MISO (0-100 mM, 3 hours at 37 degrees C, oxic or hypoxic). Both oxic and hypoxic cells could be sensitized to MISO cell killing. Using the 10% level of survival for comparison, the calculated MISO doses (mM) were: 105, 37, 50, and 10 for oxic control cells, hypoxic control cells, oxic-NMF treated cells, and hypoxic-NMF treated cells, respectively. Therefore, for NMF treated oxic cells, cell killing was increased by a factor of about 2.1, while for NMF treated hypoxic cells, cell killing increased by a factor of about 3.7. These data indicate that NMF treatment, while potentiating effects on both oxic and hypoxic cells, appears to have selectivity towards hypoxic cells. NMF may therefore have use in combined modality radiation therapy of solid tumors with electron-affinic radiosensitizers. PMID- 3759568 TI - Survival of murine clonogenic stem spermatogonia following combined radiation and cytotoxic drug treatments. AB - The effects of combined radiation and cytotoxic drug treatments on the survival of murine clonogenic stem spermatogonia have been investigated using an in vivo clonogenic assay. Drug doses (BCNU, 15 mg/kg; cyclophosphamide (CY) 150 mg/kg, and procarbazine (PCB) 200 mg/kg) were chosen to kill a high proportion of differentiated spermatogonia, but no stem-cells, and were administered as single doses up to 14 days prior to or after 9 Gy of X rays. BCNU produced a moderate enhancement of damage (DEF, 1.0-1.3) that was relatively time-independent. Both CY and PCB demonstrated considerable enhancement of damage (DEF, 1.6 +/- 0.03, respectively) when administered 1 day prior to radiation, and also 3 days prior to radiation for PCB (DEF = 1.4 +/- 0.05). The enhancement of damage may have been caused by either a change in the shoulder width of the cell-survival curve, or additive cell-killing as indicated by a dose-response study. PMID- 3759569 TI - The effect of low dose-rate and cyclophosphamide on the radiation tolerance of the mouse lung. AB - Mice were given cyclophosphamide 30 mg/kg intraperitoneally before thoracic irradiation at high dose-rate (HDR, 100 cGy/min) or low dose-rate (LDR, 5 cGy/min). The development of pneumonitis was monitored by regular measurement of breathing rate. Peak rises in breathing rate occurred around 4-9 weeks in those given cyclophosphamide before irradiation, and around 14-16 weeks in those given radiation alone, regardless of dose-rate. The dose reduction factor (DRF = LDR/HDR ratio) for LDR irradiation was congruent to 1.8 but LDR sparing was abolished (DRF congruent to 1.0) when cyclophosphamide was given before irradiation. PMID- 3759570 TI - Exclusion of an interactive effect of combined x-irradiation and activated cyclophosphamide in tissue culture. AB - The effect of Cyclophosphamide (CY) on the X ray survival of clonogenic tumor cells has been studied in vitro. Two activated derivatives of the drug, Peroxycyclophosphamide and Hydroperoxycyclophosphamide, were employed. Two cell lines, repair-competent human HeLa cells and the repair-deficient rat REQ line, were investigated. Neither form of CY had any effect on the X ray survival curve of either cell line, indicating that any interaction anticipated in vivo could be expected to be additive. PMID- 3759571 TI - Interactions of radiation, cyclophosphamide and nimorazole in a C3H mammary carcinoma in vivo. AB - The combined effect of adjuvant Cyclophosphamide (CTX) and the hypoxic radiosensitizer, Nimorazole (NIM), on the radiation response was studied in a C3H mammary carcinoma in CDF1 mice. The effect of NIM and CTX alone or in combination without radiation was assessed by tumor growth delay measured by tumor growth time (TGT). Administration of CTX (100 mg/kg) increased the TGT from 5.2 days in untreated controls to 18.8 days. NIM (1000 mg/kg) had no effect on the TGT. The combined treatment with NIM given 4 hrs before CTX did not increase the TGT compared with CTX alone, which suggests that NIM does not potentiate CTX. The possible effect of an interaction between the therapeutic parameters was determined by administration of NIM, CTX, and radiation in different sequences to C3H mammary tumor bearing mice. The drugs were administered as single doses before or after graded single doses of irradiation. The end point was the radiation dose required to achieve local tumor control in 50% of the mice (TCD50). The enhancement ratio (ER)--defined as TCD50 for radiation alone relative to TCD50 for radiation combined with drug--was 1.2 for CTX given either 15 min before or 4 hrs after radiation. NIM given 30 min before radiation showed an ER of 1.6, but no enhancement was obtained when NIM was given after radiation. When NIM was given immediately after radiation, followed 4 hrs later by CTX, the ER was 1.2. However, applying NIM 30 min before radiation and CTX 3.5 hrs after radiation, the ER increased to 1.6. NIM given 30 min before, together with CTX given 15 min before radiation, showed an ER of 1.8. Our data suggest that: an improved tumor response may be expected when CTX is added to a radiation and hypoxic radiosensitizer treatment; this improvement is attributable to an additive effect based on the chemotherapy response alone rather than to chemopotentiation by the hypoxic radiosensitizer. PMID- 3759572 TI - Growth delay in a murine squamous cell tumor after local radiation and concurrent infusional 5-fluorouracil treatment. AB - In an effort to increase local control rates in a variety of human squamous cell carcinomas, infusional 5-Fluorouracil (5FU) has been combined with conventional fractionated radiation. The present work uses an experimental tumor system to examine the interactive effect of radiation and 5FU treatment. A transplantable murine tumor of squamous cell origin, SCC VII/SF, was grown in the legs of C3H mice. Leg diameter was measured and converted to tumor weight by an empirical calibration curve. Tumors of 0.3 g were treated by local irradiation with single or fractionated doses of 100 kVp X rays, alone, or in combination with a 7 day infusion of 5FU delivered by subcutaneously implanted mini-osmotic pumps. The tumor response was measured for single doses of 10-30 Gy and a fractionated dose of 5 Gy per day for 5 days. Studies done with single doses of radiation indicated delay and extent of tumor volume reduction, increased with dose. The effects of 5FU as a single agent were studied at infusion rates of 0.7, 1.3, or 2 mg/kg/hr for seven days. The LD50 for 5FU infusion was 1.3 mg/kg/hr. A single dose of 20 Gy or a fractionated dose of 5 Gy per day for 5 days was compared both in the presence and absence of 5FU at 0.7 mg/kg/hr. Results were consistent with the single dose radiation and infusional 5FU, interacting in a less than simply additive fashion, whereas, the 5FU-fractionated radiation interaction appears to be greater than simply additive. These results suggest that infusional 5FU may be enhancing the effects of fractionated radiation by inhibiting tumor cell repair and/or repopulation. PMID- 3759573 TI - Phase I combined modality clinical trial of alpha-2-interferon and radiotherapy. AB - Sixteen patients were enrolled in a Phase I study of the combined use of recombinant DNA alpha-2-interferon (IFN) and radiation therapy, conducted at the Georgetown University Hospital (GUH) from February 1, 1984 to September 20, 1985. Escalating IFN doses ranging from 2.0 X 10(6) IU/m2 to 5 X 10(6) IU/m2 were administered to groups of six patients per IFN dose level. Three patients at each dose level were treated on a 5-day-a-week schedule and three patients were treated on a 3-day-a-week schedule. Significant toxicity including dehydration, infection, deep vein thrombosis, and myocardial infarction was noted throughout in patients receiving IFN five times per week, with eight of nine requiring hospitalization during the treatment course. There was one treatment-related death. In the five-times-per-week group, only 22% of patients tolerated the full initially planned IFN dosage and 44% tolerated the full initially planned radiation dosage, compared to 100 and 86%, respectively, in the three-times-per week group. A tolerance dose and schedule of 5.0 X 10(6) IU/m2 of alpha-2 interferon administered subcutaneously three-times-per-week in conjunction with standard radiotherapy has been identified for use in future combined modality trials. PMID- 3759574 TI - Interaction of iododeoxyuridine and its primary metabolite, iodouracil on radiation response. AB - An in vitro model using Chinese hamster V79 cells was designed to test the interaction of iododeoxyuridine (IdUrd) and its primary metabolite, iodouracil (IU) on growth and radiation response. A recent clinical pharmacology study documented that while steady-state arterial plasma levels of IdUrd remained linear over the dose range of 250-1200 mg/m2/12 hour intravenous infusion, plasma levels of IU rose to greater than 1 log higher (approaching 10(-4) M) at the completion of the 12-hour infusion. Using these clinically relevant doses of IdUrd and IU, we report no apparent effect on radiosensitization of IU alone, or in combination with IdUrd using exponentially growing V79 cells. Similarly, IU does not result in any growth delay. Thus, unlike the recent reports of 5 fluorouracil being incorporated into DNA following phosphorylation to FdUMP, iodouracil does not appear to follow similar metabolic pathways and is unlikely to contribute to the clinical radiosensitizing potential of iododeoxyuridine. PMID- 3759575 TI - Sensitization to X ray by 5-chloro-2'-deoxycytidine co-administered with tetrahydrouridine in several mammalian cell lines and studies of 2'-chloro derivatives. AB - 5-Chloro-2'-deoxycytidine (CldC) + tetrahydrouridine (H4U) sensitizes mammalian cells (HEp-2, RIF-1, S-180) to X ray. This sensitization, as demonstrated previously with HEp-2 cells, is heightened when cells are pre-incubated with inhibitors of pyrimidine synthesis. CHO cells, which intrinsically lack both cytidine deaminase (CD) and deoxycytidylate deaminase (dCMPD), are sensitized to X ray by 5-chlorodeoxyuridine (CldU) but display no significant sensitization with CldC + H4U. The presence and level of these deaminases appears to correlate with X ray sensitization in cell culture. From experiments in cell culture, it can be inferred that one pathway of conversion, deoxycytidine kinase----dCMPD, or CD----thymidine kinase, may be sufficient for metabolizing CldC to a radiosensitizer. However, if both pathways are blocked, as in CHO cells, no X ray sensitization results. In addition to HEp-2 cells, which are extremely elevated in both CD and dCMPD activities, we have examined the sensitization of S-180 and RIF-1 cells to X ray by CldC + H4U. Both cell lines possess an enzymatic profile consistent with their sensitization to X ray by CldC + H4U. Dose enhancement ratios of 1.5 to 1.9 for cells treated with CldC + H4U and ratios of 2.0-2.7 for cells pre-treated with inhibitors of pyrimidine synthesis prior to CldC + H4U have been obtained. Based on reports of the marked X ray sensitization of bacteria by 2'-chloro-2'-deoxythymidine, we obtained 2',5-dichloro-2' deoxycytidine and 5-bromo-2'-chloro-2-deoxyuridine and found these analogs to be X ray sensitizers of mammalian cells. The strategy that we propose with CldC + H4U and the related 2'-chloro derivatives, based on the elevation of CD and dCMPD in human tumors, offers a degree of selectivity that is not necessarily related to differences in cell kinetics; such that malignancies other than brain tumors may be amenable to this therapy. PMID- 3759576 TI - Modification of DNA damage in transcriptionally active vs. bulk chromatin. AB - Our previous experiments have demonstrated that regions of nuclear chromatin, containing transcriptionally active DNA sequences and associated with the nuclear matrix, are hypersensitive to the production of both single-strand breaks and DNA protein cross-links upon gamma-irradiation of exponentially growing mammalian cells. In this study, we have irradiated Chinese hamster V79 cells in buffered saline with or without DMSO to scavenge hydroxyl radicals and in buffered salines of various tonicities to expand or condense chromatin. The yield of DNA-protein cross-links was assayed by a nitrocellulose filter binding technique and the DNA recovered from the cross-links hybridized to 125I-poly(A+)RNA to determine the relative frequency of transcriptionally active sequences in the cross-links compared to the bulk DNA. In all cases, the data show that active DNA is affected to a greater extent than bulk, primarily inactive DNA. The more extensive alteration of the level of ionizing radiation-induced damage in active DNA by the diffusible agents tested suggests that other agents, such as chemical sensitizers and protectors, which need to diffuse to the nuclear DNA, may also be acting primarily on active, matrix-associated DNA. PMID- 3759577 TI - Radiosensitization by diamide analogs and arsenicals. AB - Several analogs of the glutathione (GSH) oxidizing reagent diamide [diazenedicarboxylic acid bis(N,N'-diethylamide)] were tested as radiosensitizers of aerobic cells. In general, radiosensitization correlates with the rate of reaction with cellular reducing agents and occurs only when the reductive capacity of the cell is exceeded. SR-4077, [diazenedicarboxylic acid bis(N,N piperidide)], is particularly suitable for mechanistic studies, because it is less cytotoxic than diamide, but is equally reactive toward cellular GSH. SR-4077 sensitizes CHO cells to X rays under aerobic conditions, even when the drug is added after irradiation. Radiosensitization is expressed both as a change in the exponential slope of the radiation cell survival curve and as a decrease in the shoulder of the survival curve. Phenylarsine oxide, a dithiol-binding reagent, sensitizes aerobic CHO cells to X rays by modification of the shoulder of the survival curve. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the shoulder modifying effect of GSH oxidants is caused by the loss of protein thiols, which might be involved in the repair of X ray-induced DNA damage. PMID- 3759578 TI - Enhancement of radiation effects by acyclovir. AB - Acyclovir (ACV), a new antiviral drug, was used to investigate its effect of radiosensitivity in tumors in vivo. In in vivo experiments with Sarcoma-180 transplanted into the ICR mouse and FM3A transplanted into the C3H mouse, ACV enhanced the radiosensitivity of both tumors. In S-180, radiation effects were enhanced by treatment with 100 mg/kg of ACV from 30 min before to 60 min after irradiation. In S-180 treated by 400 mg/kg of ACV, the enhancement ratio was approximately 2.0, as evaluated by the growth delay method. In the FM3A tumor treated by 20 mg/kg of ACV, the enhancement ratio was approximately 1.3, as evaluated by tumor cure (TCD50 assay). ACV is already clinically used as an antiviral drug. Its ability to radiosensitize tumors could therefore have clinical potential when combined with radiotherapy. PMID- 3759579 TI - Inhibition of potentially lethal radiation damage repair in normal and neoplastic human cells by 3-aminobenzamide: an inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribosylation). AB - The effect of 3-aminobenzamide (3AB), an inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase, on potentially lethal damage repair (PLDR) was investigated in normal human fibroblasts and four human tumor cell lines from tumors with varying degrees of radiocurability. The tumor lines selected were: Ewing's sarcoma, a bone tumor considered radiocurable and, human lung adenocarcinoma, osteosarcoma, and melanoma, three tumors considered nonradiocurable. PLDR was measured by comparing cell survival when cells were irradiated in a density-inhibited state and replated at appropriate cell numbers at specified times following irradiation to cell survival when cells were replated immediately following irradiation. 3AB was added to cultures 2 hr prior to irradiation and removed at the time of replating. Different test radiation doses were used for the various cell lines to obtain equivalent levels of cell survival. In the absence of inhibitor, PLDR was similar in all cell lines tested. In the presence of 8 mM 3AB, differential inhibition of PLDR was observed. PLDR was almost completely inhibited in Ewing's sarcoma cells and partially inhibited in normal fibroblast cells and osteosarcoma cells. No inhibition of PLDR was observed in the lung adenocarcinoma or melanoma cells. Except for the osteosarcoma cells, inhibition of PLDR by 3AB correlated well with radiocurability. PMID- 3759580 TI - Dose response to preoperative irradiation in rectal cancer: implications for local control and complications associated with sphincter sparing surgery and abdominoperineal resection. AB - Sixty patients with locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the rectum have been treated with preoperative high dose pelvic irradiation at the University of Virginia and Rockingham Memorial Hospital. Fifty-six patients showed no evidence of distant metastases at surgery. A dose response was observed with a 67% incidence of local control with 4000 cGy vs. 91% incidence with 5000 cGy. For the 52 patients who received curative surgery, there has been no local failure alone; 6 of these patients have had local plus distant failure and 16 have had distant failure only. Forty-three percent had anterior resection (AR) and 57% had abdominoperineal resections (APR). The major complication rate was 5% and the minor 14%. No increase in complications or decrease in local control was found between APR and AR. Five-year actuarial survival was 64% for lesions limited to the bowel wall, 59% for node negative lesions with disease extending through the wall, and 23% for node positive patients. PMID- 3759581 TI - A prospective study of treatment techniques to minimize the volume of pelvic small bowel with reduction of acute and late effects associated with pelvic irradiation. AB - The volume, distribution, and mobility of opacified pelvic small bowel (PSB) were determined by fluoroscopy and orthogonal radiographs in 150 consecutive patients undergoing pelvic irradiation. Various techniques including uteropexy, omental transposition, bladder distention, inclining the patient, and anterior abdominal wall compression in the supine and prone treatment position were studied for their effect on the volume and location of small bowel within the pelvis. Abdominal wall compression in the prone position combined with bladder distention was selected for further investigation because of its simplicity, reproducibility, patient comfort, and ability to displace the small bowel. Factors correlating with the volume of pelvic small bowel (PSB) included prior pelvic surgery, pelvic irradiation (XRT), and body mass index. After pelvic surgery, especially following abdominoperineal resection (APR), there was a greater volume of PSB which was also less mobile. The severity of acute gastrointestinal effects positively correlated with the volume of irradiated small bowel. Overall, 67% of patients experienced little or no diarrhea, 30% developed mild diarrhea, and no patient required treatment interruption. Late gastrointestinal effects correlated with the prior pelvic surgery and with the volume of small bowel receiving greater than 45 Gy. Small bowel obstruction was not observed in 75 patients who had no previous pelvic surgery. However, following pelvic surgery excluding APR, 2/50 patients and following APR, 3/25 patients developed small bowel obstruction. PMID- 3759582 TI - Edema of the arm as a function of the extent of axillary surgery in patients with stage I-II carcinoma of the breast treated with primary radiotherapy. AB - Edema of the arm can be a significant complication following treatment of breast cancer. To determine the risk of arm edema and factors associated with this risk in patients treated with primary radiotherapy, we reviewed the records of 475 women with early breast cancer treated between 1968 and 1980. During this period, the use of axillary surgery prior to radiation gradually increased, and all patients received full axillary irradiation until late in the series. Based on the surgeon's report, the extent of axillary surgery was classified as either a sampling, a lower dissection, or a full dissection. Edema of the arm was scored on clinical grounds and ranged from mild hand swelling to an increased arm circumference of 8 cm. At 6 years, the actuarial risk of developing arm edema was 8% for the entire study population. This risk was 13% for 240 patients who had axillary surgery and 4% for 235 patients not undergoing axillary surgery (p = 0.006). For patients undergoing axillary surgery, the risk of arm edema was 37% with full dissection compared to 5% with sampling (p = 0.0003), and 8% with lower dissection (p = 0.03). The risk of arm edema at 6 years was 28% if more than ten nodes were removed, and 9% if one to ten nodes were removed (p = 0.03). However, the extent of axillary dissection was stronger predictor of subsequent edema than was the number of nodes obtained. The role of axillary irradiation could not be evaluated since 91% of patients received axillary irradiation. The use of chemotherapy, the site or size of the primary tumor, clinical nodal status, patient age and weight, type of suture, the use of a drain, and subsequent local or distant failure did not appear to be significant risk factors. We conclude that the combination of full dissection and full axillary irradiation results in an unacceptably high risk of arm edema. PMID- 3759583 TI - Locally advanced breast carcinoma: results with combined regional therapy. AB - To define optimal regional treatment as initial management of locally advanced (Stage III & IV) breast cancer, 509 patients treated from 1966-1982 were reviewed. All patients received comprehensive postoperative irradiation of the peripheral lymphatics and chest wall, following surgical procedures varying from incisional biopsy to classical radical mastectomy. Patients were followed from 1 to over 16 years. The survival rate at 5 and 10 years for the entire series is 41% and 26%. Fifty-eight patients having radical surgery for T3 tumors and subsequently found to have negative axillary lymph nodes showed the highest rates of survival, 72% at 5 years and 57% at 10 years. This was significantly better (p less than .01) than patients with T3N+ disease, (5 year survival 44%; 10 year, 29%) and T4N+ disease (44%, 39%). Four hundred seventy patients with non inflammatory carcinoma and no supraclavicular metastases were considered technically resectable. Three hundred eighty-one of these patients underwent a definitive surgical procedure removing all gross cancer prior to irradiation and, as expected, showed higher rates of local disease control than patients having lesser surgery (79% versus 45%, p less than .01). These patients also showed markedly better rates of survival and relapse-free survival with 50% alive and 38% disease free, versus 14 and 8%, at 5 years (p less than .01). There were no 10 year survivors among the 89 technically resectable patients having less than total gross resection. Long term relapse-free survival of locally advanced breast cancer can be achieved with aggressive combined local-regional therapy. Total resection of all gross cancer prior to irradiation is recommended. Modifications of postoperative radiation therapy techniques are suggested to further improve local control rates for these advanced tumors. This large series provides a baseline for evaluation of current programs adding adjuvant systemic therapy to regional treatment. PMID- 3759584 TI - Radiotherapy in multiple fractions per day for prostatic carcinoma: late complications. AB - The late complications associated with two different irradiation schedules with multiple fractions per day (MFD) used for the treatment of prostatic carcinoma are analyzed in 91 patients. There is a relatively high rate of side-effects with fifteen patients (16.5%) developing severe complications due to the radiotherapy. Complications are generally localized in the urinary system and consist mainly of chronic cystitis and incontinence, with only a few exclusive gastro-intestinal problems. The causative factor seems to be pronounced fibrosis of the normal pelvic tissues. PMID- 3759585 TI - The effect of prior transurethral resection of the prostate on post radiation urethral strictures and bladder neck contractures. AB - Patients treated for prostate cancer from 1975-1982 were reviewed to assess if pre-irradiation transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) predisposed to the formation of post treatment urethral strictures or bladder neck contractures. A total of 368 patients were treated with external beam irradiation delivered by a linear accelerator or 125I interstitial implants. Of the 253 patients treated by external beam, 138 patients had a history of at least one TURP before treatment. Implants were performed in 115 patients and 57 had a history of TURP before treatment. A total of 40 patients from both groups developed post treatment complications of urethral strictures or bladder neck contractures. Three patients developed both complications. An analysis of the 40 patients revealed that 29 (72.5%) patients had a TURP performed within a median time of 33 days prior to their initiation of radiation therapy. Of 195 patients in the prior TURP group, 29 (15%) developed one or both complications. Only 11 (6%) of the 173 patients in the non-TURP group developed one or both complications. This comparison was statistically significant with a p value of .025. Various factors analyzed including the treatment regimen, histologic grade, stage of disease, and volume of prostatic tissue removed at surgery did not show any positive correlation. Multiple TURP's were evaluated for greater distribution to the incidence of post treatment complications. The prior TURP group of 195 patients contained 60 with a history of at least two TURPs before radiation therapy. Eleven (18.3%) developed one or both complications. Of the 135 patients in the single TURP group, 18 (13.3%) developed complications. This was not statistically significant. Therefore, we concluded that the initial TURP was its mechanical description of mucosa and resultant scarring is a predisposing risk for development of urethral strictures or bladder neck contractures. Review of the literature concerning time sequence for healing of the urethra shows 4-6 weeks to be appropriate interval between surgery and radiation. PMID- 3759586 TI - Renal complications secondary to radiation treatment of upper abdominal malignancies. AB - A retrospective review of all patients undergoing radiotherapy for carcinoma of the colon, pancreas, stomach, small bowel and bile ducts, lymphomas of the stomach, and other GI sites and retroperitoneal sarcomas was completed to assess the effects of secondary irradiation on the kidney. Eighty-six adult patients were identified who were treated with curative intent, received greater than 50% unilateral kidney irradiation to doses of at least 2600 cGy and survived for 1 year or more. Following treatment, the clinical course, blood pressure, addition of anti-hypertensive medications, serum creatinine and creatinine clearance were determined. Creatinine clearance was calculated by the formula: creatinine clearance equals [(140-age) X (weight in kilograms)] divided by (72 X serum creatinine) which has a close correlation to creatinine clearances measured by 24 hr. urine measurements. The percent change in creatinine clearance from pre treatment values was analyzed. Of the thirteen patients with pre-radiotherapy hypertension, four required an increase in the number of medications for control and nine required no change in medication. Two patients developed hypertension in follow-up, one controlled with medication and the other malignant hypertension. Acute or chronic renal failure was not observed in any patient. The serum creatinine for all 86 patients prior to radiation therapy was below 2 mg/100 ml; in follow-up it rose to between 2.2-2.9 mg/100 ml. in five patients. The mean creatinine clearance for all 86 patients prior to radiotherapy was 77 ml/minute and for 16 patients with at least 5 years of follow-up it was 62 ml/minute. The mean percent decrease in creatinine clearance appeared to correspond to the percentage of kidney irradiated: for 38 patients with only 50% of the kidney irradiated the mean percent decrease was 10%, whereas for 31 patients having 90 to 100% of the kidney treated the decrease was 24%. Although physiologic changes were seen in patients receiving 50% or more unilateral kidney irradiation, the development of significant clinical sequelae was limited to one patient. PMID- 3759587 TI - Absence of bile acid malabsorption as a late effect of pelvic irradiation. AB - The pathophysiology of chronic radiation-induced diarrhea was evaluated in 28 patients who had undergone pelvic irradiation for gynecologic neoplasms 2 to 7 years previously. Twenty-seven patients undergoing radiotherapy with techniques that did not require abdominal or pelvic irradiation served as controls. The glycine conjugates of cholic acid (GC) were measured in serum by radioimmunoassay. Fasting and 2 hr. pp GC levels for the pelvic irradiated patients were 11.0 +/- 11.1 (mean +/- SD) and 24.8 +/- 17.3 micrograms/dl. Fasting and 2 hr. pp GC levels for controls were 12.6 +/- 7.4 and 28.0 +/- 14.7. There were no significant differences in the post-prandial increases in serum GC between pelvic irradiated patients and controls (p = .23, Type II error probability = .13). There was also no significant difference in the 2 hr. pp and fasting GC ratio (p = .39). There was significant difference between the stool frequency (p less than .01) and the prevalence of diarrhea (p less than .02) between pelvic irradiated patients and controls. The data suggest that bile acid malabsorption due to ileal dysfunction is not an inevitable late complication of pelvic irradiation and is not the major determinant in the pathophysiology of chronic radiation-induced diarrhea. PMID- 3759588 TI - Carcinoma of the uterine cervix treated with external irradiation alone. AB - One hundred and four out of 2701 patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix were treated with a curative intent by external irradiation alone at the National Cancer Center Hospital from 1962 to 1979. All patients were judged inappropriate for the combined treatment of intracavitary and external irradiation, which was the treatment of choice for patients with advanced carcinoma of the uterine cervix in the hospital. The 5-year survival rate was 17% overall and 36, 17, and 5% for patients with Stage II, III, and IV disease, respectively. The local control rate was 20%, at 2 years, for all patients. Major complications were observed in five patients. There were no major complications in patients given a total dose of less than 115 in the Time Dose Fractionation factor (TDF). External irradiation combined with interstitial irradiation and/or hyperthermia is being considered to improve the results. PMID- 3759589 TI - Radiotherapy of brain metastases. AB - The effect of radiotherapy in 254 cases of brain metastases, treated between 1977 and 1984, were studied. The cases included 141 of lung cancer, 28 of mammary cancer, and 85 of other primary sites. The percentages of patients with improvement in clinical symptoms were 8, 39, and 66, respectively. These were groups of patients irradiated with less than 30 Gy, 30 Gy to 50 Gy, and more than 50 Gy. The 50% survival periods from the start of irradiation for the last group were as follows: for radiotherapy only, 4.1 months, radiotherapy and surgery, 4.2 months, radiotherapy and chemotherapy combined, 6.9 months, radiotherapy, surgery and chemotherapy combined, 12.1 months. The intervals between the initial diagnosis and brain metastases were different in lung cancer and mammary cancer, but the prognosis after brain metastases showed little difference between them. PMID- 3759591 TI - Response of previously irradiated mouse skin to a second course of irradiation: early skin reaction and skin shrinkage. AB - The responses of previously irradiated hind legs of mice to second courses of gamma ray irradiation were studied using early skin reaction and skin shrinkage as end points. The hind legs of mice were treated with various doses in single and multifractionated irradiation at one-day intervals, 12 months after a variety of doses in various treatment schedules and in a single exposure, respectively. The re-irradiated skin was relatively radioresistant compared to the previously non-irradiated skin, depending on the skin site used and the end point used to evaluate the skin's radiation sensitivity. Early skin reactions that occurred after test doses administered to pre-irradiated skin developed sooner, and remained longer, than skin reactions that developed in the previously non irradiated controls, regardless of treatment regimens. The degree of early skin reaction to the test dose was greater in the pre-irradiated skin, when the test dose was relatively small, and lower, when the test dose was relatively large, regardless of treatment regimens with one exception: the ventral aspect of the mouse's hind leg responded more to multifractionated test doses in the pre irradiated skin. The degree of skin shrinkage, assessed 50-60 days after the test dose, was less in the pre-irradiated skin than in the previously non-treated controls, for each dose in each test treatment schedule. The amount of skin shrinkage, resulting from a given test dose (25 or 40 Gy), decreased with increasing dose during the first course of each treatment schedule. The degree of skin shrinkage caused by the first and second exposure, however, increased when the total dose of the first course and the test exposure was increased. PMID- 3759590 TI - Experimental studies on the pathogenesis of the chronic radiation ulcer of the large bowel in rats. AB - Following local irradiation of a 24 mm segment of the large bowel with 23 Gy, 90% of Wistar rats developed a chronic radiation ulcer leading to progressive large bowel obstruction within 8 weeks. The incidence and latency of the chronic radiation damage was markedly altered by local treatments after irradiation, especially those which modified the amount and texture of the feces. The results of these studies suggest that the primary radiation damage to the large bowel is to the microvasculature of the mucosal and submucosal stroma leading to progressive mucosal atrophy which thus becomes very vulnerable. The chronic radiation ulcer and the hypertrophic, cystic mucosa (which is the result of hyperregeneration of subclinical ulcers) are secondary to the interaction of the primary radiation damage to the vascular-connective tissue of the intestinal wall with mechanical and infectious damage to the chronically atrophic mucosa. PMID- 3759592 TI - Radiosensitizing effect of misonidazole in combination with an inhibitor of glutathione synthesis in murine tumors. AB - The radiosensitizing effects of misonidazole (MISO) in combination with D,L buthionine-S, R-sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis, were studied in NFSa tumors of C3H/He mice. The radiation response of tumors was assayed by the tumor growth delay time. The GSH contents in tissues were assayed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). GSH content in the tumors decreased to the minimum level (45% of the control), and then gradually recovered to 75% of the control, respectively, 12 and 24 hr after the intraperitoneal injection of 5 mmole/kg BSO. On the other hand, the maximum non protein sulfhydryl (NPSH) depletion (29% of the control) in the liver of tumor bearing mice was achieved 6 hr after the administration of the same dose of BSO, but fully recovered 24 hr later. When 5 mmole/kg BSO was injected repeatedly 4 times at an interval of 6 hr, GSH content in the tumors decreased to 19% of the control 24 hr after the first injection of BSO. The radiosensitizing effect of 0.5 mmole/kg MISO was markedly increased by this BSO treatment. The enhancement ratio (ER) of this combined treatment was 1.93. On the other hand, ERs of 1.44 and 1.16 were obtained for MISO (0.5 mmole/kg) and for 4 injections of BSO (5 mmole/kg) in combination with radiation, respectively. Although a considerable increase in the radiosensitizing efficiency of MISO in vivo by the treatment with BSO was found without any notable side effects of the combination, more studies on toxicities are needed to get a definite conclusion on the clinical applicability of the combination. PMID- 3759593 TI - Microwave hyperthermia as an adjunct to radiation therapy: summary experience of 256 multifraction treatment cases. AB - Results in 256 cases of malignant disease treated by multifraction combination hyperthermia-radiation therapy under the supervision of one physician are presented. The overall response rate was 94% including a 62% complete response. Complications specifically ascribed to hyperthermia were minor, and most side effects of combined treatment were radiation dose related. Tumor response was somewhat better for chest wall recurrence (72% CR) and for adenocarcinoma in general (64% CR), but no significant dependence on tumor site or type was found. Most patients were treated with low dose external radiation with hyperthermia given by air cooled microwave applicators or intracavitary antennae operating at 915 or 300 MHz, and some by interstitial microwave antennae plus 192 Ir. Results appeared to be independent of the microwave source employed. Response did depend on radiation dose: complete response rate with 4000 rad was 65%, and with 2000 rad was 42%. PMID- 3759594 TI - Quality control parameters of intraoperative radiation therapy. AB - We have tried to outline many of the factors which must be considered in the technical delivery of IORT and in subsequent evaluation of these patients. Unless careful attention is given to details of patient selection, surgery, pathology, radiation therapy and follow-up, it is likely that a vast morass of data will be obtained which will be very difficult to interpret. It is the hope of the IORT Working Group that other institutions using IORT will employ our recommendations with regard to dosimetry, follow-up, and the general technical approach. This will likely lead to an earlier understanding of the exact role of this modality in cancer therapy today. PMID- 3759595 TI - Radiotherapy treatment planning using lymphoscintigraphy. AB - A method for the three dimensional location of lymph nodes with respect to the skin surface is described. The technique is based on the reconstruction of surface shape using isocentric radiographs taken with metal chains draped on the patient. Registration of the radiographic study to the lymphoscintigraphic study is accomplished automatically by matching the location of four radiopaque and radioisotope markers. This method allows nodes to be located in a beam's eye view with any set up of an isocentric radiotherapy machine. An accurate determination of the depth of lymph nodes is obtained, which is of value in electron beam therapy. PMID- 3759596 TI - On the origin and function of Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells. PMID- 3759597 TI - DNA index, ploidy, and radiosensitivity. PMID- 3759599 TI - Psychosocial correlates of glycemic control as a function of age in youth with insulin-dependent diabetes. AB - Research into the psychosocial correlates of glycemic control in youth with insulin-dependent diabetes has been variable in outcome. The present study tested the hypothesis that psychosocial correlates will vary with the individual's developmental stage. Psychosocial measures completed by or about youth, parents, and family were regressed against glycosylated hemoglobin (Ghb), an index of glycemic control. Correlation sets based on age (8-10, 11-13, and 14-16 years) were tested for overall significance. One of the three sets originating from youth and one of six from parents attained setwise significance, allowing interpretation of individually significant coefficients. Relationships within these sets provided limited confirmation of the initial proposition. Health locus of control beliefs in 8-10 year olds, and parental continuity and consistency of expectations and affirmations of structure and organization within the 11-13-year old group, were salient correlates of Ghb, suggesting a potential focus for preventive/supportive family assistance. PMID- 3759598 TI - Clinical observations of Mexican-American, Caucasian, and black pregnant teenagers. AB - Few data are available on the prenatal health problems and postnatal outcomes of Mexican-American pregnant teenagers. Our study population consisted of 199 consecutive Caucasian, Mexican-American, or Black pregnant adolescents, ages 11 19 years, followed prospectively at the University of California San Diego Medical Center Teen Obstetric Clinic from 1978 to 1981. The patients included 79 Caucasians, 76 Mexican-Americans, and 44 Blacks. Mexican-American adolescents were shorter, less likely to be cigarette smokers, and delivered heavier babies than their non-Hispanic peers. More than 50% of the teenagers in all three groups gained more than the recommended upper limit of 12 kg during the pregnancy, but excessive gain was most pronounced in the Mexican-American group. Black pregnant adolescents were more likely to be anemic and had a higher frequency of goiter. It is recommended that data concerning Hispanic mothers and infants be analyzed separately from data of Caucasian and Black adolescents to more accurately define their pregnancy problems. PMID- 3759600 TI - Substance use and its relation to sexual activity among inner-city adolescents. AB - A study of inner-city Black and Caucasian males and females in two junior and two senior high schools provided data on sexual knowledge, attitudes and behaviors, and substance use based on over 2500 anonymous, voluntary self-administered questionnaires. Substance use was high among Caucasians, particularly females. Females smoked more cigarettes than males and men drank more alcohol. Marijuana smoking showed only small racial, age, and gender differences. Compared to Blacks, Caucasians used more hard drugs. Using an index scoring types of substances and frequencies of use, sexually active students were higher than virgins in all subgroups, with those who initiated intercourse early appearing highest on the index. A regression model explaining 21% of the variance in substance use showed independent effects of age, race, gender, and sexual activity. The importance of an index for screening early use is discussed, and research on the relationship of low-level youthful experimentation with future dysfunctional use is proposed. PMID- 3759601 TI - Contraceptive use. A comparison between ever- and never-pregnant adolescents. AB - There is controversy about how the experience of a teenage pregnancy affects the contraceptive behavior of adolescent women. Data from 425 sexually active, unmarried teenage women who had access to contraception were used to address this issue. Chi-square tests suggest that ever-pregnant teens are significantly less likely to have used contraception at last intercourse than never-pregnant teens. This finding persists when comparing never-pregnant teens to subgroups of ever pregnant adolescents whose contraceptive behavior was expected to have been affected positively by their pregnancy. Logistic regression results show a significant pregnancy-history effect after controlling for other important predictors of teenage contraceptive behavior. Additional analysis suggests that the negative effect of pregnancy history may occur because ever-pregnant teens hold more positive attitudes about pregnancy than their never-pregnant peers. PMID- 3759603 TI - Weight gain in adolescent and young adult oral contraceptive users. AB - This study analyzed weight gain as a side effect of oral contraceptive use in teens and young adults. A retrospective chart review from 1978 to 1983 was conducted at two family planning clinics. Weight gain over 12 months was compared between females starting oral contraceptive pills and a control group using an IUD or a barrier method. One-hundred thirty-eight charts were included in the oral contraceptive group and 35 in the control group. There was no significant difference between the oral contraceptive group and control group in initial weight and weight after one year of use. Distribution of weight was also similar. There were no significant blood pressure changes. In the oral contraceptive group only five (3.7%) users listed weight gain as a side effect. The results suggest that for many young women who use oral contraceptive pills there is no greater risk of weight gain than for other sexually active young females. PMID- 3759602 TI - Health practices, problems, and needs in a population of Micronesian adolescents. AB - Saipan, one of many islands of the Pacific Trust Territory, depends on the United States for its medical care. The limited resources on the island have resulted in little medical attention for adolescents. This study surveyed 519 Saipan adolescents to determine their health practices, problems, and needs. Although these teenagers rarely saw physicians, they commonly reported health problems such as headaches, abdominal pain, and dental cavities. In the psychosocial arena, their problems involved parents, girlfriends/boyfriends, school, and suicidal thoughts. The health topics found to be of most interest included sex education, jobs, suicide prevention, drugs, and birth control. The most popular methods for learning about these subjects were books, movies, films, and school classes. There were high reported incidences of drug and alcohol problems among boys, and thoughts about suicide in all respondents. PMID- 3759604 TI - Effect of an adolescent medicine rotation on medical students and pediatric residents. AB - This study evaluated the effects of an adolescent medicine rotation on the attitudes and skills in the care of adolescents of third-year pediatric residents and medical students. Competence, comfort, and prior training in four areas were assessed by a self-evaluation questionnaire. Ratings were made at the start of the year, prerotation, and post a four- to six-week rotation. Residents not taking the rotation were rated at the beginning and end of the year. In addition, pelvic-examination skills were assessed by the clinic nurse and by the patients during the first and last week of the rotation. There were no significant changes in those not taking the rotation. In those residents taking the rotation, there was no change from beginning of year to prerotation, but there were significant changes after the rotation. Only those residents taking the rotation indicated an increase in liking adolescents. Pelvic examination skills were rated significantly higher during the last week of the rotation by the nurse and patients. A one-year follow-up study continued to show significantly higher scores in those residents taking the rotation. An adolescent medicine elective may significantly improve medical students' and residents' self-assessed levels of competence, comfort, and training in adolescent health care and pelvic examination skills. PMID- 3759605 TI - Epidemic proportions of diseases caused by Chlamydia trachomatis in adolescents. PMID- 3759606 TI - Considers theses to be publications. PMID- 3759607 TI - Veterinary manpower. PMID- 3759608 TI - Veterinary student admissions. PMID- 3759609 TI - Veterinary manpower: looking back and ahead. PMID- 3759611 TI - Animal rights. PMID- 3759610 TI - Legislation and the future of veterinary medicine. PMID- 3759612 TI - Research on genetic disorders. PMID- 3759613 TI - Cassia occidentalis toxicosis in growing pigs. AB - Approximately 70 feeder pigs developed ataxia and other signs of neuromuscular dysfunction. The ration fed the pigs was found to be contaminated with Cassia occidentalis seeds. Experimentally, other feeder pigs were fed this ration, and they developed ataxia and other signs of neuromuscular dysfunction within 6 to 8 weeks. In further experiments, feeder pigs fed diets containing 1%, 2%, or 4% ground cassia seeds also became intoxicated. Microscopically, diaphragmatic myopathy and pancreatic tissue necrosis were the principal pathologic findings. PMID- 3759614 TI - Strategic deworming for spring-calving beef cow/calf herds. AB - Strategic application of an anthelmintic was tested during the 1982 grazing season as part of the continued study of the epidemiology of beef cattle parasitism in central Missouri. Forty Hereford and Hereford X Simmental cow/calf pairs were assigned to 2 treatment groups. The 20 cow/calf pairs in group 1 were nonmedicated controls. After calving in mid-March, the 20 cows in group 2 were drenched with a 10% suspension of the anthelmintic fenbendazole (10 mg/kg of body weight). Ten cow/calf pairs were placed on each of four 20-acre fescue or orchard grass pastures in mid-May. Cows and calves in treatment group 2 were drenched with the 10% fenbendazole suspension (5 mg/kg) in mid-July. Body weights and fecal specimens were obtained monthly. Nematode egg counts in cow and calf fecal specimens collected monthly were significantly (P less than 0.05) lower in treatment group 2 than in treatment group 1. Numbers of larvae cultured for speciation revealed that Ostertagia ostertagi was the predominant nematode species. Developmental arrest of O ostertagi was found to be significantly (P less than 0.05) greater than zero from mid-May to mid-July. An important significant difference (P less than 0.01) was shown in body weights of calves, with the calves in treatment group 2 having a higher mean weight gain of 22.5 kg in adjusted 205-day weaning weights, and a higher mean daily gain of 0.11 kg. Weight maintenance of cows was not affected significantly by anthelmintic treatment. Nematode egg counts in monthly cow and calf fecal specimens were not significantly different between those animals on different pastures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3759615 TI - Actinomycotic mycetoma in a cat. AB - Actinomycotic mycetoma, a chronic, progressive infection of the subcutaneous tissue characterized by tumefaction, draining sinuses, and grains, was diagnosed in the right hindlimb of a young adult, male cat. The organisms that cause actinomycetoma are soil or plant saprophytes that gain entrance to the skin through abrasion or traumatic implantation. Streptomyces griseus, an organism generally considered to be a saprophyte, was cultured bacteriologically. Despite extensive surgery and long-term antibiotic therapy, the infection persisted, and the cat was euthanatized. PMID- 3759616 TI - Implantation of a permanent transvenous pacing catheter in a horse with complete heart block and syncope. AB - A permanent, transvenous, atrioventricular, sequential pacing system was implanted successfully in a 7-year-old Quarter Horse gelding with complete heart block. The transvenous atrial and ventricular electrodes were placed in their respective positions in the heart, using real-time, 2-dimensional echocardiography. The horse was able to return successfully to competition as a show horse. PMID- 3759617 TI - Lateral ligamentous injury to the carpus of a racing greyhound. AB - The lateral collateral ligament of the ulna and the dorsolateral ligaments of the radiocarpal joint of a racing Greyhound were ruptured, resulting in instability of the carpus when the joint was flexed. This report describes a technique for making a ligament prosthesis, using the ulnaris lateralis tendon. Although the dog did not return to racing, the carpus was stable enough for general activity. PMID- 3759618 TI - Chronic diarrhea associated with Campylobacter jejuni infection in a cat. AB - Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from a cat with chronic diarrhea. The diarrheic cat and another cat (which previously had diarrhea) in the same household had bactericidal antibody titers to the C jejuni. Clinical response to antibiotic therapy and not recovering Campylobacter sp from normal feces after treatment also supported the diagnosis of Campylobacter-associated diarrhea. Although the owner had a protracted episode of diarrhea, C jejuni was not isolated from the owner's feces, nor was a bactericidal antibody detected in the owner's serum. PMID- 3759619 TI - Metacarpal and metatarsal fractures in dairy cattle: 33 cases (1979-1985). AB - Metacarpal (22) and metatarsal (11) fractures in 33 dairy cattle were treated by application of short or full limb casts. Twelve fractures involved the distal physis (6 closed, 6 open) and 21 fractures were nonphyseal (17 closed, 4 open). All physeal fractures were noncomminuted and 11/12 were classified as Salter Harris type II. Eleven (52%) of nonphyseal fractures were comminuted. Closed fractures were reduced and a cast was applied after manual restraint, sedation with xylazine (along with use of ropes), or general anesthesia. Open fractures were best treated with the cow under general anesthesia. These fractures were carefully debrided, lavaged, and reduced, and a cast was applied. Antibiotics and analgesics were given parenterally. All cattle were restricted to a box stall during fracture healing. Fracture healing generally was rapid and uncomplicated. No closed fracture perforated the skin. Fracture healing was characterized radiographically by extensive circumferential periosteal new bone growth, closure of the distal physis, and preservation of articulations adjacent to the fracture site. Follow-up ranged from 6 to 78 months (mean, 32 months). Thirty of 33 (91%) cattle survived for a long period. All cows with closed (23) and 7 of 10 (70%) with open fractures survived. Three cows were euthanatized; 2 developed severe osteomyelitis and one fractured her metatarsus above a short cast. All 30 surviving cattle were considered by their owners not lame on the previously injured limb, with no noticeable angulation, bowing, or shortening. No deleterious effects on milk production were detected. PMID- 3759620 TI - Status of veterinarians. PMID- 3759621 TI - AVMA supervision and coordination of veterinary licensing examinations. PMID- 3759622 TI - Professional association with unlicensed persons. PMID- 3759623 TI - FDA regulation of veterinary prescription drugs. PMID- 3759624 TI - Subchondral osseous cystic lesions of the elbow of horses: conservative versus surgical treatment. AB - Subchondral osseous cystic lesion of the elbow was diagnosed as a cause of lameness in 6 horses. Persistent lameness and signs of degenerative joint disease developed in the first 3 horses treated conservatively with confinement. Subsequently, 3 horses were each treated by extra-articular enucleation of the cystic cavity via the proximal-medial aspect of the radius. Compared with conservative management, better long-term success (determined by return of athletic soundness and less evidence of degenerative joint disease) was achieved with surgical curettage of elbow subchondral cystic lesions. PMID- 3759625 TI - Brucellosis in heifers weaned from seropositive dams. AB - Fifty-six heifers were weaned from dams that were card-test positive for brucellosis. Forty-four dams were positive by rivanol and complement-fixation tests and Brucella abortus field strain was isolated from 14. Numbers of expected pregnancies following natural breeding and numbers of viable calves produced were not reduced in the heifers. Persistent B abortus infection was documented in 2 of 37 parturient heifers from reactor dams. The frequency of infection was 1 of 10 in strain 19-vaccinated heifers, and 1 of 27 in nonvaccinated heifers. The 2 persistently infected heifers had atypical serologic reaction patterns before normal parturitions. PMID- 3759626 TI - Fractures of the distal phalanx of the forelimb in eight foals. AB - Fractures of the distal phalanx of the forelimb were diagnosed in 5 colts and 3 fillies ranging in age from 2 weeks to 5 1/2 months at the time of fracture. Three fractures entered the distal interphalangeal joint and 6 fractures (one foal had bilateral fractures) were nonarticular. All foals with articular fractures became sound with conservative treatment. Four of 5 foals with nonarticular fractures became sound with conservative treatment and 1 foal developed separation of the hoof at the coronary band after application of acrylic around the hoof. On the basis of our observations in these foals, sagittal articular and nonarticular distal phalangeal fractures in foals should be treated conservatively. Foals so treated would have an excellent prognosis for return to soundness. PMID- 3759627 TI - Intracranial lymphosarcoma in a Holstein bull. AB - A 2-year-old Holstein bull was examined because of decreased appetite. Clinical signs included head tilt, circling, head pressing, ptosis, hypesthesia of the face, and dysfunction of the parasympathetic component of cranial nerve III. Necropsy revealed intracranial lymphosarcoma. PMID- 3759628 TI - Coxofemoral luxation in two foals wearing hindlimb casts. AB - Two foals wearing hindlimb casts developed coxofemoral luxations 6 days and 9 days after the casts were applied. One foal had a cast on one hindlimb up to the proximal portion of the tibia and the other foal had tube casts on all 4 limbs. Although the incidents that resulted in the luxations were not observed, they probably occurred during awkward attempts to stand or from being pushed by the mare, with the affected limb being caught under the body in a forward extended and adducted position. PMID- 3759629 TI - Cocklebur poisoning in cattle. AB - Cocklebur poisoning occurred in a herd of cattle in Oklahoma during the month of July. The poisonous dicotyledonary stage of cocklebur plant growth usually occurs during the early spring in Oklahoma. In this instance, dicotyledonary sprouts were in a lowland pasture adjacent to a river. Sprouting and growth occurred after receding water and hot dry weather had created favorable conditions for germination. The diagnosis was made on the basis of the finding of the dicotyledonary stage of plant growth and evidence of the plants having been grazed, as well as the clinical signs, gross necropsy findings, and histopathologic findings in the affected cattle. PMID- 3759630 TI - Cryptosporidiosis. PMID- 3759631 TI - Treatment of urinary tract infections in dogs and cats. PMID- 3759632 TI - Triple osteotomy of the pelvis and trochanteric osteotomy as a treatment for hip dysplasia in the immature dog: the surgical technique and results of 77 consecutive operations. AB - Triple osteotomy of the pelvis with transplantation of the greater trochanter was performed in 41 immature dogs (77 hips) with hip dysplasia. Before surgery, all hips were moderately to severely subluxated and unstable on palpation. The juxta acetabular location of the ilial, ischial, and pubic osteotomies allowed repositioning of the acetabulum over the femoral head even when subluxation was severe. The acetabular fragment was rotated 70 degrees to 90 degrees in all hips. After surgery, craniodorsal coverage of the femoral head was increased and each hip was stable on palpation. Bilateral procedures were performed 4 to 7 weeks apart. The functional status of the limb was assessed and physical examination and radiography were performed in 71% (55) of the hips 1.0 to 5.5 years (mean, 2.7 years) after surgery. Functional ability was considered satisfactory in 93% (51) of the limbs, though few dogs had a normal gait. On palpation, all hips were stable and all but one were evaluated as nonpainful. In most instances, contact between the femoral neck and the repositioned acetabular rim resulted in a variable amount of crepitus and restriction of motion when the hip was abducted and rotated externally and internally. Eighty-two percent (45) of the hips had little or no evidence of degenerative joint disease. A satisfactory functional, physical, and radiographic result was obtained in 73% (40) of the hips. PMID- 3759633 TI - Quantitative buffy coat analysis of blood collected from dogs, cats, and horses. AB - Using quantitative buffy coat analysis (QBCA), rapid and accurate measurements can be made of the erythrocyte PCV, total WBC count, and platelet count, and the leukocyte population can be differentiated into total granulocytes (including quantitation of eosinophils), and lymphocytes and monocytes. The QBCA is performed by placing a blood sample (50 to 111 microliters) into a high-precision bore microhematocrit tube that contains a freely moving, closely fitting, cylindrical plastic float. After centrifugation for 5 minutes, the buffy coat components separate by density. The plastic cylinder floats in the buffy coat, thereby expanding the lengths of the buffy coat layers. The layers are measured in a manner that is similar to that used for measuring PCV. Results of QBCA of blood samples from dogs, cats, and horses indicated that the hematologic values obtained correlated with results obtained by use of conventional methods. The accuracy and ease of use of QBCA and the availability of results while the animal is still being examined make QBCA a useful tool for hematologic evaluation of animals. PMID- 3759634 TI - Levamisole toxicosis in a dog. AB - A single oral dose of levamisole hydrochloride given at the rate of 12 mg/kg was believed responsible for bradycardia, tachypnea, hypothermia, cerebrocortical depression, and diarrhea in a dog. Supportive treatment and symptomatic treatment for the bradycardia were required for 4 days. In addition to these previously reported abnormalities associated with levamisole toxicosis, cerebrocortical depression and multiple foci of irritation were characterized by electroencephalography. PMID- 3759635 TI - Brucella suis biotype 1 infection in a dog. AB - Brucella suis biotype 1 was isolated from the semen of a dog with hindlimb weakness and a large, firm, left epididymis. A semen sample was oligospermic, with many neutrophils, the numbers of which decreased in serial sampling. A card agglutination test for B abortus and a rapid slide agglutination test for B canis were positive. The modified 2-mercaptoethanol slide agglutination test for B canis and the agar gel immunodiffusion test, using B canis cell wall antigen, were negative. At necropsy, chronic granulomatous inflammation was found in, and B suis biotype 1 was isolated from, the left epididymis and prostate gland. PMID- 3759637 TI - Amyloidosis in a dog: treatment with dimethylsulfoxide. AB - A dog with hypoalbuminemia, proteinuria, and renal amyloidosis was treated with dimethylsulfoxide for 2 years. During a 1-year period, serum albumin concentrations increased to within normal range. The 24-hour urinary protein excretion was 5.7 g before treatment with dimethylsulfoxide. Two years after initiation of treatment, the 24-hour urinary protein excretion was 3.7 g. Removal of a testicle containing a Sertoli cell tumor and treatment of interdigital pyoderma may have been factors in the dog's clinical improvement. The only adverse effect from the dimethylsulfoxide treatment was the characteristic disagreeable odor. PMID- 3759636 TI - Pyelonephritis associated with renal failure in a horse. AB - A 20-year-old gelding with weight loss and generalized weakness that progressed gradually over a 3-month period was diagnosed as having pyelonephritis caused by Staphylococcus aureus infection. Abnormal laboratory findings included high values for BUN, creatinine, potassium, and calcium, and depletion of sodium. Determination of glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow indicated a severe decrease in renal filtration and perfusion. PMID- 3759638 TI - Food hypersensitivity in a cat. AB - Food hypersensitivity was diagnosed in a 4-year-old Siamese cat. Clinical signs included intense erythema, with alopecia, excoriations, erosions, and crusts involving the ventral portion of the abdomen, inguinal region, medial aspect of each thigh, and cranial and lateral aspects of all 4 limbs. The cat was intensely pruritic. Histologically, there was cutaneous mast cell hyperplasia and diffuse infiltration of eosinophils in the dermis. Blood eosinophilia also was found. Clinical signs resolved after exclusive feeding of a hypoallergenic diet. PMID- 3759639 TI - Transmural pyloric perforation associated with naproxen administration in a dog. AB - Naproxen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug developed for use in man for relief of pain and discomfort associated with rheumatoid arthritis, was believed responsible for a transmural pyloric perforation in a dog. The perforation was repaired surgically. PMID- 3759640 TI - Immunoglobulin and neutrophil defense against uterine infection in mares resistant and susceptible to chronic endometritis: a review. PMID- 3759641 TI - Antibacterial activity of some cephalosporins and their 7 alpha-methoxy derivatives. PMID- 3759642 TI - Further studies on the cyclization of the unnatural tripeptide delta-(D-alpha aminoadipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine to penicillin N. PMID- 3759643 TI - Production of fosfomycin (phosphonomycin) by Pseudomonas syringae. PMID- 3759644 TI - A new antitumor antibiotic: demethylstreptonigrin. PMID- 3759645 TI - Structures of neorustmicins B, C and D new congeners of rustmicin and neorustmicin A. PMID- 3759646 TI - Syntheses of 23-C-substituted derivatives of mycaminosyl tylonolide. PMID- 3759647 TI - N-dimethylaminoacyl derivatives of polyene macrolide antibiotics. PMID- 3759648 TI - Isolation and structural identification of nine avilamycins. AB - Avilamycin is an antibiotic complex produced by cultures of the organism Streptomyces viridochromogenes, strain NRRL 2860. These compounds belong to the orthosomycin family of antibiotics. Structural composition of the major avilamycins and several minor avilamycins are known. Nine additional minor avilamycins, designated F through N, have been isolated via semi-preparative silica gel or reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography with final purification using a reverse-phase column loading solvent switching technique. 1H NMR and mass spectroscopy, negative ion fast atom bombardment (neg FAB) and electron impact, were used to structurally identify the avilamycins. All of the compounds were microbiologically active and similar in structure to other known avilamycins. PMID- 3759649 TI - Intensely potent anthracycline antibiotic oxaunomycin produced by a blocked mutant of the daunorubicin-producing microorganism. AB - A new potent anthracycline antibiotic oxaunomycin was isolated from the culture broth of a blocked mutant derived from a baumycin producer and was identified as 7-O-(alpha-L-daunosaminyl)-beta-rhodomycinone. It exhibited about 100 times more strongly cytotoxic activity against leukemic L1210 cell culture than doxorubicin. PMID- 3759650 TI - 13C NMR study of actinoidins: carbohydrate moieties and their glycosidic linkages. AB - The configuration of the glycosidic linkages and the conformation of the carbohydrate moieties in the molecules of the glycopeptide-type antibiotics actinoidins A and B (1a, 1b) have been determined by means of two-dimensional 13C/1H correlation NMR technique and with the application of model compounds 2-4. PMID- 3759651 TI - The effect of ubenimex on N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-induced stomach tumor in rats. AB - The effect of ubenimex on the progression of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)-induced stomach tumor in rats was studied. Tumor induction was performed by giving MNNG via drinking water for 34 weeks. Ubenimex was ip administered twice a week at 0.5 mg/kg for 84 weeks in one group and 49 weeks in another starting from the first and 36th weeks after initiation of MNNG administration, respectively. The stomachs were endoscopically examined 2 times. At the 64th week after initiation of MNNG administration tumorous lesions were observed with about 70% of the rats in both ubenimex administration groups. In the ubenimex non administration group nearly 90% of the rats had the lesions. After completion of ubenimex administration almost all the rats had the lesions in the three groups but the sizes were much smaller with the two ubenimex administration groups. Almost all of these lesions were histopathologically identified as tumorous. The tumor volume per rat in the two ubenimex administration groups from the 1 and 36th weeks was 21.0 and 19.2% of the volume in the control group, respectively. Tumor number per rat was similar among the three groups. The natural killer activity of rats was also examined after completion of the above experiment. The activity markedly increased when ubenimex was administered from the 36th week after initiation of MNNG administration. When ubenimex was administered from the first week, the activity did not increase demonstratively. From all the results described above we conclude that ubenimex exerts an inhibitory action against the progression of MNNG-induced stomach tumor in rats. Contribution of the increase of natural killer activity to ubenimex antitumor action may be dependent on schedule of ubenimex administration. PMID- 3759652 TI - Molecular cloning of a xylanase gene from Streptomyces sp. No. 36a and its expression in streptomycetes. AB - The gene for an extracellular xylanase from Streptomyces sp. No. 36a was cloned into Streptomyces lividans TK21 using pIJ702 as a vector plasmid. The smallest DNA fragment encoding the xylanase gene and its possible promotor was determined to be a 1.04 kb Sph I-Sac I fragment by sub-cloning studies. This xylanase gene fragment was transferred into the pSK2 series of plasmids and introduced into Streptomyces kasugaensis G3 protoplasts. The cloned xylanase gene was expressed in both S. lividans TK21 and S. kasugaensis G3, and these clones produced and secreted high yields of xylanase into the culture medium. The xylanase production was not detected when a foreign DNA fragment was inserted into the Bcl I site locating in the xylanase gene fragment. PMID- 3759653 TI - Bagougeramines A and B, new nucleoside antibiotics produced by a strain of Bacillus circulans. I. Taxonomy of the producing organism and isolation and biological properties of the antibiotics. AB - A bacterial isolate from soil, designated as TB-2125 had a unique pattern of multiple resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics (AG) and produced new nucleoside antibiotics. Taxonomic properties of this strain fell into those of Bacillus circulans, providing unique characteristics such as strict susceptibility to acidic pH, motility of colony as well as multiple AG resistance. Two new antibiotics which were named bagougeramines A and B had a broad antimicrobial activity and a specific activity against the two spotted spider mite. PMID- 3759654 TI - Bagougeramines A and B, new nucleoside antibiotics produced by a strain of Bacillus circulans. II. Physico-chemical properties and structure determination. AB - Bagougeramines A and B obtained as sulfates were soluble in water and positive to Sakaguchi, chlorine-tolidine and ninhydrin color reactions. Their structures were determined by acid hydrolysis and spectroscopic analysis. Structurally they were closely related to gougerotin and they contained the guanidino-D-alanine instead of the serine residue in gougerotin. Bagougeramine B had the spermidine instead of the 6'-NH2 in structure of bagougeramine A. PMID- 3759655 TI - Capuramycin, a new nucleoside antibiotic. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and characterization. AB - A new antibiotic capuramycin was isolated from the culture filtrate of Streptomyces griseus 446-S3 by adsorption and partition column chromatography. Based on its chemical structure being an uracil nucleoside with a caprolactam substituent, this substance was named as capuramycin. This paper describes the taxonomy of a producing organism, fermentation, isolation, characterization and biological properties of capuramycin. PMID- 3759656 TI - SQ 30,957, a new antibiotic produced by Penicillium funiculosum. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, structure determination, synthesis and antibacterial activity. AB - A new antibiotic, SQ 30,957, 4-diazo-3-methoxy-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-one, has been isolated from fermentation broths of Penicillium funiculosum. The structure (1) was deduced from its spectroscopic properties and its degradation reaction. SQ 30,957 has excellent activity against anaerobic bacteria such as Clostridium and Bacteroides and has moderate activity against aerobic bacteria. The compound has an LD50 of less than 17 mg/kg in mice by intraperitoneal administration. PMID- 3759657 TI - K-252a, a potent inhibitor of protein kinase C from microbial origin. AB - K-252a, a metabolite isolated from the culture broth of Nocardiopsis sp. K-252a, was found to exhibit an extremely potent inhibitory activity on protein kinase C. The IC50 value was 32.9 nM. PMID- 3759658 TI - K-252b, c and d, potent inhibitors of protein kinase C from microbial origin. AB - Nocardiopsis sp. K-290 was found to produce novel metabolites, designated K-252b, c and d, which were structurally related to K-252a. These compounds were isolated from the culture broth and the physico-chemical and biochemical properties were examined. The compounds strongly inhibited protein kinase C. IC50 values (the concentrations causing 50% inhibition) for the effects of K-252b, c and d on the rat brain enzyme were 38.3, 214, and 337 nM, respectively. PMID- 3759659 TI - The structures of the novel protein kinase C inhibitors K-252a, b, c and d. AB - The structures of four new protein kinase C inhibitors of microbial origin, K 252a, b, c and d were determined by spectral studies and chemical conversion. PMID- 3759660 TI - PD 113,618 and PD 118,309, new pactamycin analogs. AB - Two antibiotics were isolated from culture broths of a Streptomyces sp. and identified as 8"-hydroxypactamycin and 7-deoxypactamycin. The latter antibiotic was shown to be identical to cranomycin. An additional compound, 8" hydroxypactamycate, was also isolated. PMID- 3759661 TI - Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of a new series of cephalosporins, BMY-28142 and related compounds. AB - The synthesis of a series of 7-[(Z)-2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-oxyiminoacetamido] 3-ammoniomethyl-3-cephems is described. Variations of an oxyimino moiety in the 7 side chain and a quaternary ammonium moiety in the 3-side chain were examined and structure-activity relationships studied. BMY-28142, the 3-(N methylpyrrolidinio)methyl derivative of the 7-alpha-methoxyimino series of cephalosporins, exhibited broad antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PMID- 3759662 TI - Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of acyl derivatives of 16-membered macrolide antibiotics related to tylosin. AB - A large number and wide variety of acyl derivatives of the tylosin-related macrolides 23-demycinosyltylosin (DMT), 23-demycinosyloxytylosin (DMOT) and 5-O mycaminosyltylonolide (OMT) were synthesized and evaluated. This encompassed conversion of the hydroxyl groups at 2',4' and 23 of the appropriate macrolides to the corresponding esters, in which a variety of different substitution patterns were examined. A wide range of acyl substituents was investigated, particularly for 23-O-acyl derivatives of OMT, since these were substantially more active in vitro than OMT itself. However, the acyl derivatives which were prepared demonstrated no substantial improvement in oral efficacy or bioavailability over the parent macrolides. PMID- 3759663 TI - Biosynthesis of lasalocid A. Metabolic interrelationships of carboxylic acid precursors and polyether antibiotics. AB - The metabolic interrelationships of isobutyrate, n-butyrate, and propionate in Streptomyces lasaliensis are established to show how these acids are used as precursors for the biosynthesis of the polyether antibiotic, lasalocid A. PMID- 3759664 TI - Cyclization of phenylacetyl-L-cysteinyl-D-valine to benzylpenicillin using cell free extracts of Streptomyces clavuligerus. AB - Benzylpenicillin, a typical antibiotic produced by some species of fungi, was obtained by direct cyclization of the heteropeptide phenylacetyl-L-cysteinyl-D valine using cell-free extracts of Streptomyces clavuligerus. This is the first description of evidence of the synthesis of benzylpenicillin from a non natural molecule using a bacterial enzyme. PMID- 3759665 TI - A novel method of screening for immunomodulating substances, establishment of an assay system and its application to culture broths of microorganisms. AB - A novel method of screening for immunomodulating substances is developed employing lymphocytes and three mitogens. Concanavalin A (Con A) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) are applied as T cell specific stimulants and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a B cell specific stimulant respectively. The lymphocytes obtained from mouse spleen are cultured with an antibiotic or a sample extract in the presence or absence of mitogen for three days and pulsed with [3H]thymidine for five hours before harvest. Differential effects of a sample compound on [3H]thymidine incorporation by the activated and quiescent lymphocytes are scored. In this procedure most of the tested antibiotics or chemical compounds with different mode of actions show non-specific effects. Cyclosporin A, a potent immunosuppressive substance, suppresses both Con A and PHA responses more extensively than LPS response and quiescent cell growth, and two cytochrome bc1 complex inhibitors, funiculosin and antimycin A3, are less suppressive to PHA response than to the others. The present system was also applied to the methanol extracts of the culture broths prepared from the type strains of Actinomycetes and Penicillium. PMID- 3759666 TI - Enhancement of 5-fluorouracil uptake into the bacterial cell by piperacillin. AB - The antibacterial activity of 5-fluorouracil, an antineoplastic agent, was found to be enhanced by piperacillin, a beta-lactam antibiotic, resulting in a synergism. It was considered that the synergism was caused by an increase of 5 fluorouracil uptake into the bacterial cell. On the other hand, amount of piperacillin bound to penicillin binding protein (PBP) did not change when 5 fluorouracil was added. The morphological change of the cell was due to the 5 fluorouracil when synergism appeared between 5-fluorouracil and piperacillin. PMID- 3759667 TI - The structure of a new anthracycline, cinerubin X produced by a blocked mutant of Streptomyces violaceochromogenes. PMID- 3759668 TI - Aggreceride, a new platelet aggregation inhibitor from Streptomyces. PMID- 3759669 TI - A new class of 2-heterocyclylalkylthiopenems. PMID- 3759670 TI - A new class of penems--C-2-N-substituted compounds--synthesis and antibacterial activity. PMID- 3759671 TI - Phase-locking in the cochlear nerve of the guinea-pig and its relation to the receptor potential of inner hair-cells. AB - The high-frequency limit of phase-locking has been measured in fibres of the auditory nerve in the guinea-pig. It is shown that phase-locking begins to decline at about 600 Hz and is no longer detectable above 3.5 kHz which is about 1 octave lower than in the cat, squirrel monkey and some birds. Direct measurements of the cochlear afferent fibre synaptic delay are consistent with indirect estimates from phase-locking, both giving values of 0.7-0.8 ms. Measurements of the receptor potentials of inner hair-cells in the guinea pig cochlea indicate that as the stimulus frequency is increased there is a progressive decrease in the a.c. component compared to the steady depolarization. The cause of this decline is the low-pass filtering of the a.c. component by the hair-cell membrane. The cut-off and slope of the decline in the a.c. component is consistent with the suggestion that this process is the limiting factor in cochlear nerve fibre phase-locking. The implications of these findings for interspecies variation in phase-locking cut-off, for cochlear mechanisms and for the encoding of complex sounds are discussed. PMID- 3759672 TI - Physiology and anatomy of single olivocochlear neurons in the cat. AB - A surgical approach to the cat's VIIIth nerve has been developed which allows recordings to be made from efferent fibers of the olivocochlear bundle (OCB) as well as primary afferent fibers, without compromising the acoustic responsiveness of either ear. The designation of OCB fibers as those with regular interspike intervals was confirmed in five cases by intracellular labeling with horseradish peroxidase. Labeled fibers could be traced centrally to somata in the superior olivary complex and peripherally to large endings on outer hair cells. The locations of the labeled neurons are consistent with a classification as cells of the medial olivocochlear system [Warr and Guinan (1979): Brain Res. 173, 152 155]. Within the cochlea, efferent neurons branched profusely to innervate as many as 84 outer hair cells over as much as 2.8 mm of the organ of Corti. Efferent units had tuning curves which were similar to those of primary afferents, although most were somewhat more broadly-tuned than afferents from the same animal. The cochlear region innervated by an efferent neuron was always close to the place where afferent fibers of the same characteristic frequency (CF) would be found. Most efferents (89%) were excited by only one ear and showed no spontaneous activity. Neurons with an ipsilateral response (n = 3) had cell bodies in the contralateral brainstem and vice versa (n = 2). Binaural units (none of which were labeled) often had spontaneous discharge and were generally restricted to low-CF regions. Differences between low- and high-CF units, which cut across the monaural/binaural distinction, were seen in the dynamic range and minimum latency. Interanimal differences seen in the responses of the efferent neurons may be related to differences in the level of anesthesia. PMID- 3759673 TI - Directional sensitivity of the auditory midbrain in the mustached bat to free field tones. AB - To ascertain the directional characteristics of the auditory system in the mustached bat, Pteronotus parnellii, we measured the summated neural response at the lateral lemniscus (N4) in response to pure tones at 30, 60 and 90 kHz, frequencies that are typical of the harmonics of this species' biosonar signal. Stimuli were presented at various vertical and horizontal locations in the contralateral hemifield. Intensity-response functions were measured at different horizontal locations for the second harmonic, and showed no variation in shape with variations in azimuth. There was little difference in directionality measured from either threshold or amplitude of N4 potentials. Our results show that areas of maximum sensitivity (best areas) were significantly different for each of the harmonics (P less than 0.05). The centers of the best areas were: first harmonic (30 kHz), 39 degrees azimuth and -19 degrees elevation; second harmonic, 20 degrees azimuth and 0 degrees elevation; and third harmonic, 12 degrees azimuth and -11 degrees elevation. Thus, with increasing frequency best areas shifted toward the vertical midline. Directionality to first harmonic stimuli was broader than to either of the two higher harmonics. PMID- 3759674 TI - Effects of zeranol and trenbolone acetate on testis function, live weight gain and carcass traits of bulls. AB - The ability of zeranol and trenbolone acetate (trenbolone) to alter testis function, weight gain and carcass traits of young bulls was studied. In Exp. 1, the effects of age at initial zeranol implantation was determined. After a 235-d experimental period, sequential implantation (56-d intervals) beginning at 100 or 150 d of age had reduced testis growth (P less than .01), sperm production (P less than .01) and serum testosterone concentration in response to gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH; P less than .01). The 200-d age group was partially suppressed, while the 250-d age group was not affected. Body weights were similar to controls in all groups. In Exp. 2, bulls previously implanted with zeranol at 175 and 231 d of age received single implants of zeranol, trenbolone or trenbolone plus zeranol at approximately 300 d of age. At slaughter (135 d later), body weight and carcass characteristics in all treatments were similar to controls. However, trenbolone reduced sperm production (P less than .05), zeranol reduced sperm production and testes weight (P less than .05), but trenbolone plus zeranol was similar to controls. Mean testosterone response to GnRH was suppressed in all implant groups on d 65 (P less than .01), but only in trenbolone or trenbolone plus zeranol groups on d 112 (P less than .05). Results indicate that zeranol suppresses spermatogenesis and testosterone production if implanted before approximately 200 d of age. Reduction of endogenous testosterone without alteration of weight gain or carcass characteristics may be of benefit if behavioral or masculinity traits of bulls are altered. Also, it appears that no benefit is derived from implanting bulls with both trenbolone and zeranol. PMID- 3759675 TI - Estimates of beef growth trait variances and heritabilities determined from field records. AB - Variance components were estimated from field-collected performance records for use in national beef sire evaluation mixed-model programs. Estimates of residual error variances (sigma 2e), sire effect variances (sigma 2s) and dam effect variances (sigma 2d) were obtained for the American Hereford and the American Angus breeds for each of three growth traits: birth weight, weaning weight and postweaning gain. Estimates obtained for birth weight were sigma 2e, 8.43 and 9.26 kg2; sigma 2s, 1.34 and .66 kg2; and sigma 2d, 3.24 and 3.70 kg2 for the Hereford and Angus breeds, respectively. Estimates obtained for weaning weight were sigma 2e, 438.09 and 267.38 kg2; sigma 2s, 20.37 and 17.13 kg2; and sigma 2d, 162.25 and 157.28 kg2 for the Hereford and Angus breeds, respectively. Estimates obtained for postweaning gain were sigma 2e, 425.75 and 374.33 kg2; sigma 2s, 20.08 and 16.49 kg2; and sigma 2d, 41.74 and 48.61 kg2 for the Hereford and Angus breeds, respectively. PMID- 3759676 TI - Genetic and maternal effects on pig weights, growth and probe backfat in diallel crosses of high- and low-fat lines of swine. AB - Two Duroc and two Yorkshire lines of pigs that had been selected at Beltsville Agricultural Research Center for 12 and 10 generations, respectively, for either thinner or thicker backfat were mated to produce all possible pure lines and reciprocal crosses in 1967, 1969 and 1970. Data for littermate gilts and barrows from 136 litters were analyzed to estimate genetic and maternal influence on individual pig weights at birth, 21 d, 56 d and 140 d of age; age at 79.4 kg; average backfat thickness at 79.4 kg and postweaning average daily gain (56 d to 79.4 kg). Pure-line gilts differed among breed-lines (P less than .05 or P less than .01) for all traits except weight at 56 d. Gilts of the two low-fat lines were heavier than gilts of the two high-fat lines through 56 d of age, but Yorkshire low-fat gilts were lightest at 140 d, were oldest at 79.4 kg and had the slowest daily gain, in addition to the least backfat. The Duroc low-fat line gilts were heaviest at 140 d, youngest at 79.4 kg and were second thinnest in backfat. Among pure-line barrows, the low-fat lines were heaviest at birth, at 21 d and at 140 d and were thinnest in backfat. Line-cross gilts were heavier than pure-line gilts at all four ages, were younger at 79.4 kg and higher in daily gain. Among barrows, line crosses were heavier in all weights except at 21 d, were younger at 79.4 kg and were higher in daily gain than pure lines. Differences between pure lines and line crosses in backfat were not significant for either sex. Heterosis varied from 6.5 to 16.7% among weights and growth traits. Pigs of both sexes differed among breed-lines in general combining ability for all traits except 21-d weight, and differed in maternal ability for weights through 56 d and for backfat. Specific combining ability (SCA) was significant only for intra-breed crosses for weight at 21 d, and for inter-breed, intra-line crosses for 21- and 56-d weights and for age at 79.4 kg among gilts, with no significant effects in SCA for any trait among barrows. General combining ability was not correlated with maternal effects for any trait except 21-d weight, for which they were positively correlated (r greater than .80). PMID- 3759677 TI - Heritabilities and genetic correlations of growth and reproductive measurements in Hereford bulls. AB - Weight, hip height, heart girth, pelvic height, pelvic width and scrotal circumference were measured at 403 and 490 d on 427 Hereford bulls. The bulls were members of a random-selection herd so estimates of genetic parameters should have a minimum of bias due to selection. Heritabilities and genetic correlations were estimated by normal paternal half-sib (PHS) correlation procedures. In addition, 256 son-sire pairs (RSS) were used to estimate heritabilities and genetic correlations by regression and covariance methods. The PHS method produced heritability estimates in the range of .41 to .58 for all measures at both ages, with the exceptions of hip height at 403 d (.24) and pelvic height at 490 d (.23). The estimates derived in the RSS method ranged from .10 to .60. The RSS relationship would contain a portion of any maternal X direct covariance effects. A difference in heritability estimated by the two methods could be a reflection of this covariance. Genetic correlations tended to be larger than phenotypic and, in several cases, were negative. The difference in the correlation between two measurements taken at 403 d vs the same correlation estimated at 490 d was not readily explainable but may be evidence for differences in maturation rates or maternal effects. Scrotal circumference had a positive genetic correlation with weight and heart girth and near 0 or negative genetic correlations with pelvic measures. Hip height had positive genetic correlations with weight and heart girth at 403 and 490 d and with pelvic measurements at 403 d, but the correlations were not as large at 490 d.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3759678 TI - Reproduction in Javanese sheep: evidence for a gene with large effect on ovulation rate and litter size. AB - Three breeds of Javanese sheep are described briefly and data suggesting the segregation of a gene with large effect on ovulation rate and litter size are presented. The three breeds are Javanese Thin Tail (JTT), Javanese Fat Tail (JFT) and Semarang (SEM), the last possibly a substrain of JTT. All three breeds have mean mature ewe weights under 30 kg. Ovulation rate and litter size did not differ significantly among the three; all had litter sizes of up to 4 or 5 with a mean for mature ewes of approximately 2. Ovulation rate ranged from 1 to 5 and had an average within-breed repeatability of .8 within season and .65 between seasons. Within-breed repeatability of litter size was .35 +/- .06. Prenatal survival in pregnant ewes with two, three and four or more ovulations averaged 93, 88 and 86% over two seasons. Dams that had at least one ovulation rate or litter size record greater than or equal to 3 produced two groups of daughters in approximately equal numbers: one group with many records greater than or equal to 3 and mean ovulation rate and litter size of 2.73 and 2.31, respectively, and one group with ovulation rates and litter sizes of 1 or 2 and corresponding means of 1.39 and 1.38. Dams with ovulation rate or litter size records of only 1 or 2 produced daughters in which over 90% had records of only 1 or 2. Estimated heritabilities for the mean of approximately three ovulation rate or litter size records from these daughter-dam comparisons exceeded .7. These results suggest segregation of a Booroola-type gene, one copy of which increases ovulation rate by about 1.3 and litter size by .9 to 1.0. Relationships between duration of estrus and ovulation rate, and between timing of release of luteinizing hormone and number of eggs shed, resemble the pattern in Booroola Merino more closely than that in Finnish Landrace or Romanov, supporting the hypothesis of a major gene. PMID- 3759679 TI - Estimates of heritabilities and correlations of traits associated with pelvic area in beef cattle. AB - Pelvic measurements, cow weights and cow ages were obtained on 703 Angus- and Hereford-sired cows from five Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station herds. Cows were either purebred or crossbred, ranging in age from 1 to 14 yr, and sired by 52 Angus and 63 Hereford bulls. All pelvic measurements were obtained via the rectum by the same technician. Paternal half-sib heritability estimates and genetic (rG) and phenotypic (rP) correlations were computed for pelvic height (PH), pelvic width (PW), pelvic area (PA-I; the product of PH X PW), the ratio of PH to PW and cow weight (CW). Pelvic area was also calculated as an ellipse using the formula PA-II = pi (PH/2)(PW/2). Mean PA-I was 298.5 cm2 while PA-II averaged 234.4 cm2. The pooled heritability estimate for PA-I was .68 +/- .34, indicating that pelvic area is a highly heritable trait and should respond to selection. The estimate for PA-II was similar (.66 +/- .34). The heritability of PW was higher than for PH or PA-I. The heritability of CW was .57 +/- .34 and CW was positively correlated (rG2 = .47 and rP = .40) with PA-I. Direct selection for PA-I was estimated to yield a response of 12.2 cm2 in one generation with a correlated response for CW of 12.5 kg. If change in CW was held at zero using a restricted selection index, about 90% as much increase in PA-I was estimated compared with ignoring CW in the index. Therefore, selection for increased pelvic area can be accomplished without causing large increases in cow size. This should aid in reducing calving difficulty. PMID- 3759680 TI - Direct and maternal genetic effects on preweaning characters of Brahman, Hereford and Brahman-Hereford crossbred cattle. AB - Birth weight, preweaning gain and weaning weight (adjusted 180-d weight) data, collected at McGregor, Texas, were analyzed for genetic differences. Breedtypes represented in the data were Brahman, Hereford and various Brahman-Hereford crosses. Preweaning gain was calculated as adjusted 180-d weight less birth weight. All statistical models included effects of dam age, year, season and sex. Analyses were performed using a breedtype model and a regression model that redefined breedtype as direct additive, direct heterotic, maternal additive and maternal heterotic effects. Brahman dams produced calves with lightest birth weights. Brahman-sired calves were heaviest at birth compared with those by other sire breedtypes. The estimated Brahman direct additive effect on birth weight was 4.6 kg greater than Hereford. The Brahman maternal additive effect was 7.5 kg less than Hereford. Direct and maternal heterotic effects on birth weight were 2.2 and .6 kg, respectively. Calves from F1 dams had larger preweaning gains than those of the other breedtypes. The Brahman direct additive effect on preweaning gain was 17.7 kg less than Hereford and the Brahman maternal additive effect was 20 kg greater than Hereford. Direct and maternal heterotic effects on preweaning gain were 19.6 and 19.5 kg, respectively. Results of weaning weight analyses were similar to preweaning gain analyses. The largest effects on weaning weight were direct and maternal heterosis, which were 21.6 and 19.8 kg, respectively. PMID- 3759681 TI - Calfhood weights, body measurements and measures of fatness versus criteria of overall size and shape for predicting yearling performance in beef cattle. AB - Data were collected over a period of 4 yr from bulls and heifers of two location breed groups (East Tennessee-Polled Hereford, Cumberland Plateau-Angus). Variables measured and recorded at the time all calves were weaned (at an average age of approximately 230 d) were age (in d at time of data collection; AGE), weight (WT), visual condition score (COND), ultrasonically measured subcutaneous fat thickness (FAT), body length (LT), heart girth (HG) and hip width (HIP). These variables were included in principal-components (PC) analyses. The first principal component (PC1) was a measure of overall size, accounting for 66 to 69% of the total variation. Remaining principal components contrasted body shapes. Stepwise multiple regression analyses (separate for each location-sex subgroup) were conducted using various combinations of the weaning variables listed above, or principal components of these variables, to predict birth to yearling average daily gain (BYADG), weaning to yearling average daily gain (WYADG) and yearling condition score (YCOND). Condition score (COND) appeared to be the most valuable complement to AGE and WT, with LT somewhat useful also. In equations including principal components, after AGE, PC1 most frequently entered first, generally followed by PC2. Coefficients of multiple determination (R2) were largest for BYADG (greater than .50), followed by YCOND (.15 to .50) and WYADG (less than .15). Longer-bodied, thinner-fleshed animals of a given age and weight tended to have larger gains and smaller YCOND. PMID- 3759682 TI - Proportion of types I and III collagen in longissimus collagen from bulls and steers. AB - The proportion of types I and III intramuscular collagen in longissimus muscles of Simmental bulls (n = 8) and steers (n = 8) 17 mo of age was studied. Longissimus samples taken 7 d after slaughter were evaluated for total collagen, types I and III collagen, heat-soluble collagen, sensory panel traits and Warner Bratzler shear force. Intramuscular collagen (IMC) was isolated and digested with cyanogen bromide, and peptides were resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Percentage of type III IMC was calculated from the total of types I and III collagen as determined from the peak area of densitometric scans of the cyanogen bromide peptides alpha 1(I)CB8 and alpha 1(III)CB8. Longissimus muscles from steers had lower (P less than .05) Warner Bratzler shear values, less (P less than .05) sensory panel-detectable connective tissue and more (P less than .05) tender panel ratings for muscle fiber tenderness and overall tenderness. Muscles from steers had more (P less than .05) heat-soluble collagen than those from bulls, but no differences (P greater than .05) were found for total collagen and percentage of type III collagen. Some intramuscular-collagen characteristics may have contributed to the less tender muscle of bulls. However, the proportion of types I and III collagen did not account entirely for the tenderness difference between steer and bull muscles. Because there were differences in collagen solubility in muscles from steers and bulls, other collagen characteristics such as crosslinking or fiber size may have been more important than collagen type. PMID- 3759683 TI - Methionine, choline and sulfate interrelationships in the diet of weanling swine. AB - Experiments were conducted to examine the interrelationships between methionine, choline and inorganic sulfate in the diet of weanling pigs, and to evaluate the selenium (Se) status of pigs fed diets with or without supplemental sulfate. Two trials utilized 288 weanling (3-wk-old) pigs allotted to dietary treatment based on weight, sex and litter origin. There were six pigs/pen and three replicate pens/treatment in each trial. The basal corn-soybean meal diet was formulated to supply .55% sulfur amino acids and contained a choline and sulfur-free vitamin and mineral premix. Lysine was added to provide a total of 1.13% lysine. Seven additional treatments were formulated by substituting for corn .17% DL methionine, .29% choline dihydrogen citrate or .25% Na2SO4 to create a 2(3) factorial arrangement of treatments. There were methionine X choline X sulfate interactions for average daily gain (P less than .001) and feed-to-gain ratio (F:G; P less than .05). Adding choline, methionine, Na2SO4 or choline plus methionine to the basal diet did not improve gains. However, when Na2SO4 plus methionine or Na2SO4 plus choline were added, daily gains were increased (P less than .05) and F:G was improved (P less than .1). Addition of all three supplements did not result in a further increase in gain. Pigs fed choline supplemented diets had higher (P less than .01) hematocrit and tended (P = .07) to have increased hemoglobin concentration. There was no effect on serum triglycerides or alkaline phosphatase activity due to dietary treatment. The concentration of Se in muscle, liver, kidney and blood was not influenced by sulfate content of the diet. PMID- 3759684 TI - Response of nonpregnant versus pregnant gilts and their fetuses to severe feed restriction. AB - Crossbred (Chester White X Landrace X Large White X Yorkshire) primiparous gilts were fed a standard gestation diet at 6,000 or 2,000 kcal calculated digestible energy (DE; 1.8 or .6 kg feed) daily for 84 or 108 (106 to 112) d after mating. Nonpregnant littermates were matched by body weight and assigned to the same diet treatments. Body weight and ultrasonic backfat measurements were made at 3-wk intervals. At 77 and 100 d, eight pregnant gilts (four control and four restricted) were fitted with indwelling jugular cannulas for frequent blood sampling (33 times over an 8-h period) to determine plasma glucose and growth hormone concentrations. At 84 and 108 d all gilts (eight pregnant and eight nonpregnant at d 84 and nine pregnant and nine nonpregnant at d 108 for each diet) were slaughtered and internal organs and reproductive tracts were removed and weighed. Fetal body and organ weights were recorded and an umbilical artery blood sample was removed from fetuses for plasma glucose, growth hormone, total protein and albumin measurements. The results demonstrated the ability of the primiparous gilt to maintain pregnancy through 106 to 112 d of gestation while consuming one-third (2,000 kcal DE daily) of recommended daily feed. Fetal weight at 84 and 108 d was reduced by about 13% without affecting litter size in gilts fed severely restricted intakes. Absolute and relative weights of maternal organs were affected by severe feed restriction, and backfat was reduced but there was no evidence of "pregnancy anabolism" in either adequately fed or restricted gilts. Fetal liver, kidney and gastrointestinal tract weights were reduced by maternal feed restriction; relative kidney weights were reduced while relative brain cortex weight was increased by maternal restriction. Maternal plasma glucose was unchanged by pregnancy or feed intake while plasma growth hormone peak amplitude, but not mean concentration or number of peaks, was increased by feed restriction. Fetal plasma glucose increased with time and in response to severe maternal feed restriction while plasma total protein and albumin decreased. Plasma growth hormone declined with time and was negatively correlated with fetal body weight. PMID- 3759685 TI - Lack of influence of nursery temperature on the response of weanling pigs to supplemental vitamins C and E. AB - Three trials using 240 weanling pigs were conducted during winter months to determine the influence of nursery temperature ("comfortable" vs "cold") on the response of weanling pigs to added vitamin C (700 ppm) or E (55 IU/kg) to a corn soybean meal diet. A "comfortable" temperature schedule (27 C initially with a weekly 2 C drop) was maintained in one nursery, with the temperature schedule in the "cold" nursery about 8 C lower. Plasma concentrations of vitamin C and vitamin E were elevated when the respective vitamins were added to the diet, but were not consistently influenced by nursery temperatures. Daily gain, daily feed intake and feed efficiency were not improved with the added C or E. Daily feed intake was increased and feed-to-gain ratios were larger for pigs housed in the "cold" nursery compared with pigs housed in the "comfortable" nursery; however, daily gains were similar in the two environments. Pigs housed in the "cold" nursery were slightly stressed, as indicated by heavier adrenal glands, but the antibody response and serum glucocorticoid concentrations were not significantly affected by either diet or temperature. PMID- 3759686 TI - Effects of nitrogen and energy source on nutrient digestibility in the young pig. AB - Dried whole whey, lard or dried skim milk was added to a corn-soybean meal basal diet to determine the effect on apparent nitrogen (ND), energy (ED) and dry matter digestibility (DMD) in pigs weaned at 28 d. Four groups of four littermate barrows were allotted to the experimental diets and placed in individual metabolism pens for 12 d (3 d adjustment and three collection periods of 3 d each) after weaning. The study was a 4 X 3 factorial with diet and period as main effects. Addition of dried skim milk or dried whey to the diet resulted in higher values (P less than .05) for DMD and ED as compared with the basal or corn-soy and lard diet. Pigs fed added dried skim milk had improved (P less than .05) ND over pigs on other dietary treatments. All nutrient digestibility coefficients increased (P less than .05) from period 1 to period 2, and ND increased (P less than .05) from period 2 to 3. It was concluded that the young pig requires at least 6 to 9 d after weaning at 28 d to adjust to typical corn-soybean meal starter diets. PMID- 3759687 TI - Etiology of ammoniated hay toxicosis. AB - Some animals consuming hay treated with anhydrous ammonia have developed neurological signs including hyperexcitability, circling and convulsions. A series of experiments was conducted to identify tentatively the toxin and determine its mode of action. Three out of four sheep fed ammoniated orchardgrass hay (approximately 4% ammonia on a dry basis) developed convulsions. Two of the three sheep died within 18 h of the onset of signs. The concentrations of blood lactate and pyruvate were elevated in the symptomatic sheep (P less than .05). A proposed toxin, 4-methyl imidazole, did not induce the syndrome when 750 mg/d (approximately 10 times the dietary amount) were administered orally. Four out of five calves that received milk from cows fed ammoniated oat hay (approximately 5% ammonia on dry basis) displayed hyperexcitability and circling. Concentrations of blood lactate and pyruvate were also elevated in the calves. The crude alkaloid fraction of the toxic milk produced neurological signs similar to those of the calves when injected into mice. A fluorescent compound was found in the alkaloid fraction of toxic milk and ammoniated hay, but not in control milk or untreated hay. The fluorescent compound was quite labile; hence, characterization has been unsuccessful thus far. PMID- 3759688 TI - Toxic effects of supplemental copper and roxarsone when fed alone or in combination to young pigs. AB - Three experiments were conducted to investigate the roxarsone (3-nitro-4 hydroxyphenylarsonic acid) X copper (Cu) interaction in weanling pigs. Supplemental roxarsone at 400 mg/kg diet decreased rate and efficiency of weight gain and caused visible neurological signs of toxicosis. Copper addition (CuSO4 X 5H2O) at a level of 650 mg Cu/kg diet likewise decreased weight gain and feed efficiency, and it also increased hepatic Cu deposition. The combination of these growth-depressing dosages of roxarsone and Cu resulted in a far greater reduction in gain and efficiency of feed utilization than was the case when either compound was fed alone. A growth-promoting dosage of Cu (250 mg/kg) increased weight gain by 32% in one experiment but showed no efficacy in alleviating the growth depression resulting from feeding 400 mg/kg roxarsone. A roxarsone dosage of 100 mg/kg increased gain and feed efficiency. Surprisingly, the decreased weight gain in pigs fed 650 mg/kg Cu was ameliorated by feeding 100 mg/kg roxarsone concomitantly. This level of roxarsone also reduced liver Cu concentration substantially. It thus appears that the nature of the roxarsone X Cu interaction is dependent on the dose of each compound administered. Moreover, low-dose roxarsone administration appears to ameliorate Cu toxicity, but low-dose Cu feeding does not show efficacy against roxarsone toxicity. PMID- 3759689 TI - Effect of unilateral cornual insemination upon fertilization rate in superovulating and single-ovulating cattle. AB - In Exp. 1, 21 first-service cattle and seven repeat-breeder cattle, averaging 4.7 infertile services, were brought into estrus and superovulated by treatment with follicle-stimulating hormone and prostaglandin F2 alpha. At insemination, semen was deposited in the greater curvature of one uterine horn, about midway between the utero-cervical junction and the utero-tubal junction. Cattle were necropsied 2 to 7 d after estrus and ova were recovered and examined. The fertilization rate for first-service cows was 74% of 362 intact ova and for repeat-breeders, 43% of 128 intact ova (P less than .001). Fertilization rate in first-service cows was 81% on the side of semen deposition and 68% on the opposite side (P less than .01); the rates in repeat-breeders were 54% and 32% (P less than .025). Differences between sides were due mostly to four cows that averaged 93% fertilization on the side of semen deposition and 19% on the opposite side. The proportion of fertilized ova with accessory sperm (17%) did not differ between sides of the reproductive tract. In Exp. 2, 60 first-service and 32 repeat breeder cows in natural estrus had semen deposited in the uterine body or in the greater curvature of one uterine horn, either on the side of impending ovulation or on the opposite side. At necropsy, 55 ova were recovered from first-service cows, of which 42 (76%) were intact and 13 (24%) were ruptured or fragmented. Of the 42 intact ova, 41 (98%) were cleaved. From the 32 repeat-breeders, 30 ova were recovered, of which 26 (87%) were intact and 4 (13%) were ruptured; 23 of the 26 intact ova (88%) were cleaved. Site of semen deposition had no significant effect on either fertilization rate or number of accessory sperm in either type of cow. First-service cows averaged more accessory sperm (40) than did repeat breeders (19, P less than .01). Overall results indicated that sperm deposited deep in one uterine horn fertilized ova nearly as frequently in the opposite oviduct as in the adjacent oviduct except in 14% of superovulating cattle. PMID- 3759690 TI - Influence of calf removal on the serum luteinizing hormone response to naloxone in the postpartum beef cow. AB - Twelve anestrous, postpartum beef cows were used to determine the effect of calf removal on the effect of naloxone on serum luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations. On d 1, six cows were injected iv with saline and six with 200 mg naloxone dissolved in saline. Blood samples were taken at 15-min intervals for 2 h before and 2 h after naloxone or saline administration. At the beginning of blood sampling, calves were removed from three cows in each treatment. At 48 h after calf removal (d 3), all cows were injected iv with 200 mg naloxone and blood samples were collected as on d 1. On d 1, naloxone treatment increased (P less than .01) serum LH concentrations from 1.2 +/- .3 ng/ml at time 0 to 4.3 +/- .6 ng/ml and 4.7 +/- .8 ng/ml at 15 and 30 min, respectively. Injection of saline had no effect on serum LH concentrations. Forty-eight-hour calf removal increased (P less than .01) serum LH concentrations in five of six cows (1.7 +/- .8 vs 4.4 +/- 1.2 ng/ml). Naloxone treatment failed to increase serum LH concentrations in these cows. Injection of naloxone increased (P less than .01) serum LH concentrations in the one cow that did not exhibit an LH increase after calf removal and in six cows whose calves were not removed (1.4 +/- .2 vs 4.4 +/- .5 ng/ml). The present study provides additional evidence that endogenous opioids regulate LH in the postpartum beef cow. We hypothesize that suckling stimulates an opioid inhibition of LH secretion and removal of the suckling stimulus removes the opioid inhibitory tone. PMID- 3759691 TI - Endocrine changes during restoration of estrous cycles following induction of anestrus by restricted nutrient intake in beef heifers. AB - The working hypotheses in this experiment were: that ovarian estradiol would inhibit luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in heifers that were anestrus as a result of restricted dietary energy intake and the responsiveness of LH secretion to estradiol negative feedback would decrease during the period when restoration of estrous cycles occurred following feeding of diets adequate in energy. Fifteen heifers weighing 341 +/- 12 (mean +/- SE) kg were fed a diet containing 50% of the energy required for maintenance until 40 to 50 d following cessation of estrous cycles. Heifers were assigned to intact control (C, n = 5), ovariectomized (OVX, n = 5) or ovariectomized-estradiol-17 beta-implanted (OVX + E2, n = 5) treatments. Heifers were subsequently provided a high-energy (HE) diet until termination of the study. Progesterone concentrations indicating cessation of corpus luteum function were detected after heifers had lost 71 +/- 8 kg body weight over 186 +/- 28 d. Control heifers re-initiated estrous cycles as indicated by increased progesterone concentrations in serum at 49 +/- 9 d after initiation of feeding the HE diet (360 +/- 18 kg body weight). Initiation of pulsatile LH secretion was observed in heifers by d 12 following OVX. Estradiol suppressed LH secretion in OVX + E2 heifers during the period of nutritional anestrus in C heifers. Suppressive effects of E2 on LH secretion continued in OVX heifers after C heifers had initiated corpus luteum function. Therefore, the working hypothesis that LH secretion is inhibited by E2 in the nutritionally anestrous heifer is accepted but responsiveness to estradiol does not subside with re-initiation of estrous cycles, thus this working hypothesis is rejected. PMID- 3759692 TI - Effect of energy intake after weaning on the sexual development of beef bulls. II. Age at first mating, age at puberty, testosterone and scrotal circumference. AB - Simmental and Hereford bulls were individually fed varying levels of the same diet to determine the effect of energy intake after weaning on rate of sexual development. For 200 d, 29 Simmentals were fed an average of 14.6, 19.2 or 23.8 Mcal and 27 Herefords were fed 13.4, 17.5 or 22.2 Mcal metabolizable energy per bull daily. Higher energy did not hasten sexual development, as measured by serum testosterone, age at first mating or age at puberty. As energy level increased, weight at puberty increased (P less than .05) for both breeds, and scrotal circumference at puberty increased (P less than .05) for Simmentals. When adjusted for breed and energy level, bulls that were heavier at 1 yr of age had larger scrotal circumference (P less than .05) and were younger at puberty (P less than .01). Bulls that had higher serum testosterone at 1 yr of age reached puberty earlier (P less than .01). At a constant age there was no relationship between testosterone and scrotal circumference. Although higher levels of energy increased scrotal circumference of Simmentals, it did not hasten sexual development for either breed. PMID- 3759693 TI - Effects of marginal selenium deficiency and winter protein supplementation on growth, reproduction and selenium status of beef cattle. AB - Seventy-two Hereford X Simmental cows, averaging 498 kg in body weight and 5.2 yr of age, were used in a 2-yr study to ascertain if selenium (Se)-vitamin E (E) injections and winter protein supplementation would affect growth, reproduction and health of beef cattle maintained year-round on feedstuffs marginally deficient in Se (.03 to .05 mg/kg). Cows received either no injection or a mixture of 30 mg Se (as sodium selenite) and 408 IU E injected subcutaneously beginning 3 to 4 mo prepartum and at 60-d intervals throughout the 2-yr period. Calves born to Se-E treated cows were injected with 5.5 mg Se and 75 IU E/100 kg body weight at 60-d intervals beginning at 1 mo of age. Calves were born between December 30 and February 20 and cows were bred between March 20 and May 20. Cattle grazed pasture (.05 mg Se/kg) that consisted of orchardgrass, bluegrass and white clover during the fall, spring and summer. During winter (December 15 to May 2), cattle were fed corn silage (.03 mg Se/kg) supplemented with either: no protein supplement (control), soybean meal or a urea-corn mixture. Cows and calves receiving Se-E had higher (P less than .01) whole blood glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and plasma Se concentrations than controls. Selenium E injections reduced (P less than .05) calf death losses from 15.3% to 4.2% and slightly increased (P less than .10) adjusted calf weaning weights. Hemoglobin concentrations were higher (P less than .05) in Se-E-injected supplemented calves at 1 mo of age but not at 5 or 7 mo of age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3759694 TI - Comparison of various amino acids for estimation of microbial nitrogen in digesta. AB - Methods of estimating microbial N in digesta were compared, and two simplified methods were described for separation of diaminopimelic acid (DAP) from methionine in acid hydrolysates of biological samples using an automated amino acid analyzer. Recoveries of DAP when added to bacterial, abomasal and feed samples were 92 to 98%. All samples analyzed (bacteria, protozoa and several feedstuffs) contained detectable DAP (or another amino acid with similar elution time). Apparent DAP-N (percentage of total sample N) in feeds ranged from 12 to 78% of bacterial DAP-N concentration. These values are greater than can be accounted for by bacterial contamination. Correction for apparent dietary DAP was appropriate when using this microbial marker. Reasonable estimation of bacterial N was made in abomasal digesta of steers fed high-grain diets using DAP, lysine or combinations of DAP and leucine or lysine and leucine. There was excellent agreement among these marker methods in ranking dietary treatment regimens with respect to bacterial N present in the abomasum. The use of leucine alone, or the combination of DAP and lysine, gave nonrealistic values. Two-amino ethylphosphonic acid (AEP) was not detected in acid hydrolysates of mixed ruminal protozoa or abomasal digesta. Two other ninhydrin-reactive compounds with elution times close to AEP were detected in all samples analyzed, which may have been identified as AEP in other studies. It was concluded that corrected DAP and lysine were the best estimates of bacterial N and AEP was precluded as a marker of protozoal N. PMID- 3759695 TI - The histology of developing porcine adipose tissue. AB - At each of the following days after conception (45, 60, 75, 90 and 105), pig fetuses were removed from sows representing lean and fat stains. From two additional litters, postnatal pigs were sacrificed at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21 d. Pelikan dye was injected into fetuses and pigs. The whole of the dorsal subcutaneous tissue, including some underlying muscle, was removed. Tissue was fixed into paraffin blocks or was frozen. Paraffin and frozen sections were stained and examined for stromal-vascular and cellular changes during growth. Organized stromal-vascular changes occurred during a period of adipocyte formation from 45 d gestation until 9 d postnatally. At 45 d gestation, the subcutaneous tissue contained many short unorganized connective tissue fibers. Gradually, these fibers became more organized in a ventral to dorsal and caudal to cranial gradient, so that by 1 d postnatally, they formed complete lobules around all existing fat cell clusters. The presumptive adipose space of the complete lobules contained delicate strands of connective tissue and reacted metachromatically for mucin. Connective tissue around lobules became progressively thinner throughout the remaining postnatal ages. Vascularity of the subcutaneous tissue increased as the stromal became organized. Lipid was not present in the subcutaneous tissue at 45 d gestation, but some deposition was apparent in the inner layer at 60 d. Between 60 d gestation and 9 d postnatally, fat cells filled both subcutaneous layers in a ventral to dorsal formation. Presumptive adipose lobules were the source of adipocytes and capillaries of developing fat cell clusters. Adipocytes from fetuses through 1-d postnatal pigs were multilocular, while unilocular fat cells were first observed at 3 d. At 9 d, multilocular adipocytes were found singly or in groups within unilocular fat cell lobules. PMID- 3759696 TI - Mitotic activity in fetal and early postnatal porcine adipose tissue. AB - Tritiated thymidine autoradiography and histochemistry were used to study the development of subcutaneous adipose tissue of lean and obese fetuses and postnatal pigs. A pattern of tritiated thymidine uptake by pre-adipocytes and adipocyte lipid accumulation was demonstrated during the growth of the fetal pig. In the youngest fetuses there was a period of intense stromal cell mitotic activity before any adipocyte lipid accumulation. During subsequent fetal development, clusters of tightly arranged stromal cells were formed. Lipid accumulation occurred only in these cell clusters. During this time of cell cluster formation and lipid accumulation, mitotic activity was minimal. In obese fetuses, stromal cell mitotic activity overlapped temporarily with the cell cluster formation and lipid accumulation period. In early postnatal pigs, fat cell clusters increased in size until they "physically filled" the adipose tissue. In pigs 3 d and older, there was extensive mitotic activity of cells within the fat cell clusters. The synthesis of this second bed of pre-adipocytes and the altered developmental pattern in the obese fetuses is suggested to be due to the influence of a high fat diet. The significance of these findings in terms of plausible links between pre-adipocyte mitosis and lipid accumulation is discussed. PMID- 3759697 TI - Aerosolized 5 alpha-androst-16-en-3-one reduced agonistic behavior and temporarily improved performance of growing pigs. AB - Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of aerosolized 5 alpha androst-16-en-3-one (androstenone) on pig aggressive and submissive behaviors and on pig performance. In Exp. 1, twenty-four 5-wk-old pigs were randomly regrouped in a two-pig bioassay. A solution of either isopropyl alcohol or .5 mg androstenone in isopropyl alcohol per pig was aerosolized on both pigs in the observation pens. Summarization of video records from the 90-min bioassay showed that pens of pigs aerosolized with androstenone spent 58% less time engaged in aggressive behavior (P less than .05) and 96% less time engaged in submissive behavior (P less than .01). In Exp. 2, a performance trial was conducted with finishing pigs from 57 to 91 kg body weight. Factorially arranged treatments included aerosolized androstenone (.5 mg/pig) or the vehicle isopropyl alcohol and regrouping into uniform body weight blocks or no regrouping. Regrouping depressed average daily feed consumption (P less than .05) and average daily gain (P less than .05) for the first 7 d of the trial. Pigs reveiving the androstenone aerosol had improved average daily gain (P = .01) and gain:feed ratio (P less than .01) for the first 28 d of the trial. Performance of all treated pigs was similar for the entire finishing period. This olfactory stimulant reduced pig agonistic behavior and transiently improved performance of regrouped and non regrouped finishing pigs. PMID- 3759698 TI - Potassium and lasalocid effects on performance and digestion in lambs. AB - Two trials were conducted to evaluate effects of dietary potassium (K) concentration and lasalocid (L) in lamb finishing diets. Treatments were arranged in a 2 X 2 factorial and consisted of a 65% concentrate diet with 1.1% K (C), .9% K + 21.3 mg L/kg (CL), 2.1% K (P) and 2.5% K + 20 mg L/kg (PL). In trial 1, 64 fine-wool lambs (initial wt 35.3 kg) were randomly assigned to the four treatments (two pens of four wethers and four ewes/treatment) for a 56-d feeding trial. Average daily gain was not affected by K, but was increased (P less than .10) by L (.23 vs .26 kg/d). Lasalocid tended (P less than .20) to improve feed:gain ratio (5.6 vs 6.3). A K X L interaction (P less than .06) was noted for feed intake, with values of 1.37, 1.45, 1.49 and 1.51 kg X head-1 X d-1 for the C, CL, P and PL groups, respectively. In trial 2, 16 wether lambs (four/treatment fed at 2% of body weight) were used in a site and extent of digestion and nitrogen (N) balance trial, using the same four diets as in trial 1. Site of digestion was estimated from abomasal samples taken at slaughter, with indigestible acid detergent fiber as a marker. Total tract organic matter digestibility was increased (P less than .05) with added K (80.1 vs 76.4%) and L (80 vs 76.4%). Ruminal starch digestibility was not affected by added K, but was decreased (P less than .10) by added L (71.8 vs 88.2%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3759699 TI - Progestin and prostaglandin for estrous synchronization in beef heifers. AB - Seventy-eight Simmental-Angus-Hereford crossbred yearling heifers, in 1983, and 99 similar heifers, in 1984, were used to compare two estrous synchrony regimens. One treatment group (SMB) was synchronized using the commercially available Syncro-Mate-B procedure, which involved placing a norgestomet implant in the ear for 9 d and giving an injection of norgestomet and estradiol valerate at the time of implantation. A second group (PR + PG) was given a norgestomet implant (PR) for 7 d and a 5-mg injection of alfaprostol (PG) at implant removal. Percentage of heifers cycling during the synchronization period and percent conceiving in 5 d or 30 d were not different (P greater than .10) due to treatment. The interval from implant removal to onset of behavioral estrus was shorter (P less than .01) for the heifers treated with SMB than for the heifers treated with PR + PG (42.8 vs 58.0 h). The group treated with SMB had a more uniform synchrony of estrus than the group treated with PR + PG. The effect of day of the estrous cycle at implantation on hours to estrus after implant removal was determined by a regression analysis, which showed a linear response for the SMB group with a slope of .78 (P = .09); the PR + PG group regression was cubic (P less than .01); this also indicated a more uniform response by the SMB group. These results indicate that the combination of norgestomet and alfaprostol produced more variation in interval from treatment to estrus than the Syncro-Mate-B procedure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3759700 TI - Digestibility and utilization of ammonia-treated and urea-supplemented peanut skin diets fed to cattle. AB - A metabolism study and two feedlot trials were conducted to evaluate urea supplementation of peanut skin (PS) diets and ammoniation of PS as methods of reducing detrimental effects of tannins in PS on nutrient digestibility and performance of beef cattle. Tannin content of PS was reduced by 42% after ammoniation. Digestibility coefficients for dry matter, crude protein, nitrogen free extract, energy and total digestible nutrients were higher (P less than .05) for the control diet without PS compared with urea-supplemented PS (UPS) and ammoniated PS (APS) diets. Ether extract digestibility was higher (P less than .05) for UPS and APS diets compared with the control diet. Fecal N was higher (P less than .05) and N retention was lower (P less than .05) in steers fed UPS and APS diets compared with controls, which suggested that in UPS and APS diets dietary protein was being complexed with tannins and excreted. Steers fed the APS diet had lower (P less than .05) plasma urea nitrogen compared with control and UPS diets at 2, 4 and 6 h post-feeding. Eighteen heifers were fed control, UPS and APS diets individually for 84 d, resulting in similar (P less than .05) feedlot performance and carcass traits for heifers on all dietary treatments. Rumen fluid propionic acid levels were similar for control and APS heifers and somewhat lower (P greater than .05) for UPS heifers at 3 and 6 h post-feeding on d 62 of the trial. The experimental diets were fed to 54 steers (360 kg initial wt) ad libitum. After 98 d on dietary treatments average daily gains (ADG), final weights, carcass weights and carcass quality grades were not different (P greater than .05) for control and APS steers. Live weight and ADG were lower (P less than .05) for UPS steers on d 98 compared with control and APS steers, and UPS steers continued in the feedlot through d 147. After 98 d on control or APS diets 72.2% of the beef carcasses produced on each diet graded USDA Choice, and 100% of the carcasses of steers fed UPS graded USDA Choice after 147 d. A urea-supplemented PS diet or a diet containing ammoniated PS was ineffective in improving digestibility and N retention of PS diets when limit-fed to steers. However, ad libitum feeding of an ammoniated PS diet was effective in overcoming detrimental effects of tannins on feedlot performance of heifers and steers. PMID- 3759701 TI - Lambing date and lamb production of spring-mated Rambouillet, Dorset and Finnsheep ewes and their F1 crosses. AB - The reproductive performance of 255 Rambouillet (R), Dorset (D), Finnsheep (F) and F1 ewes born in 1978-1979 (group I) and 1979-1980 (group II) and managed in a semiconfinement fall/winter lambing system was evaluated through 4 yr of age of all ewes and through 5 yr for a portion of group I ewes. Ewes were with rams from approximately May 1 to late September each year, with a 2-wk break late in July/early August. Traits considered were fertility (ewes lambed/ewes exposed), lambing date, litter size, lamb survivial and 70-d lamb weights. Breeds and crossbred groups differed significantly in lambing date, with DR crossbred ewes earliest and F ewes latest. Repeatabilities for groups I and II were .31 and .22, .24 and .24 and .11 and .07 for lambing date, fertility and litter size, respectively. There was no significant heterosis in lambing date, although DR ewes in both groups I and II were superior to (D + R)/2, by about 1 wk on average. There was significant positive heterosis for fertility and traits of which fertility is a component in FR ewes in group I, but none in group II. The FD ewes showed negative heterosis for litter size, -.23 (P less than .05) for group I and -.09 for group II. The results indicate: F and FD ewes are not well adapted to the Mediterranean climate where this experiment was conducted; there is little, if any, useful heterosis in crosses among these three breeds for lambing date or other reproduction traits and RD and R ewes are most suitable of the groups tested, while late onset of the breeding season limits the usefulness of even 50% Finnsheep ewes for an autumn lambing system in this environment. PMID- 3759702 TI - An analysis of body weights and maturing patterns in western range ewes. AB - The objectives were to determine the association of maturing patterns with growth rates and body weights and to estimate heritabilities and genetic and phenotypic correlations among these characters of sheep. Records of 1,109 range ewes from the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station Red Bluff Research Ranch at Norris were analyzed. Body weight and degree of maturity of body weight at birth, weaning, 12 mo of age, 18 mo of age and maturity (body weight only), and absolute growth rate (AGR), absolute maturing rate (AMR) and relative growth rate (RGR) over various age intervals were examined. Mature weight, required to calculate degree of maturity and AMR, was estimated by the average of the fall weights taken at 42, 54, 66 and 78 mo of age. Heritability estimates were .53 +/- .12 for mature weight and from .26 to .46 for immature weights. Genetic correlations among body weights at all ages were positive and generally large between immature weights and mature weights. Heritability estimates for degree of maturity ranged from .63 +/- .12 at 12 mo of age to .19 +/- .11 at 30 mo of age, at which time maturity was being approached. Genetic correlations between degree of maturity and body weight at the same age were positive; however, degree of maturity at all ages was negatively correlated with mature weight. Animals more mature at any age or stage during growth tended to be more mature at later stages, to be lighter at maturity, and to grow faster and weigh more up to 12 mo of age. Heritability estimates for AGR, RGR and AMR were moderate to high and were similar for the same age intervals. Selection for any one of the measures of growth rate would tend to expand the shape of the growth curve toward heavier weights and lower degree of maturity for any interval. PMID- 3759703 TI - Postnatal expression of adipose tissue metabolic activity associated with a porcine genetic obesity. AB - To determine the age at which phenotypic expression of adipose tissue metabolic activities or adipocyte hypertrophy were detectable in a porcine obesity model, adipose tissue samples were obtained from genetically obese and lean pigs at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42 and 56-d postpartum (weaning at 28 d). Adipocyte size was determined on osmium-fixed tissue slices using particle counter methods. Rates of glucose metabolism to CO2, total lipids and glyceride-fatty acids, as well as the basal and epinephrine plus theophylline-stimulated lipolytic rates were measured in tissue slices in vitro. Larger adipocytes were discernible in obese than lean pigs at birth and all subsequent postpartal ages. Expressed per cell, adipose tissue from obese pigs had greater glucose metabolism rates in vitro than that from lean pigs at 42 and 56 d; the rates were the same in obese and lean pigs at 28 d. Adipose tissue lipolytic rates in obese compared with lean pigs tended to be greater, were greater and were similar at 28, 42 and 56 d, respectively. These metabolic rates in vitro suggest that the early manifestation of the obesity evident as cell hypertrophy at birth and during early postnatal development is not the result of increased rates of adipose tissue glucose metabolism or decreased rates of adipose tissue lipid degradation. PMID- 3759704 TI - Comparison of plasma free-fatty-acid and blood-glycerol concentrations with measurement of lipolysis in porcine adipose tissue in vitro. AB - Rates of adipose tissue lipid metabolism in vitro are often measured to evaluate the function in vivo of metabolic pathways and thus appraise the accretion or loss of depot fat. This study directly addressed the comparison of degradative metabolism in vitro and in vivo. The concentrations of plasma free-fatty-acids and blood-glycerol as putative representatives of lipolysis in vivo and the lipolytic rate in adipose tissue in vitro obtained at the time of blood sampling were both measured in the same pig. Concentrations of plasma free-fatty-acids and blood-glycerol were increased or decreased by infusion of the norepinephrine analog, isoproterenol or by infusion of the adrenergic antagonist, propranolol, respectively. Although lipolytic rates and sensitivity to isoproterenol in vitro changed during some acute hormonal manipulations of the pig, the modulation in vitro was usually small relative to the large changes observed in plasma free fatty-acid and blood-glycerol concentrations. Some of the subtle changes in vitro may reflect biological responses to hormone infusion, e.g., desensitization of the response to adrenergic agonists, but the magnitude of rate changes in vitro negates prediction of the rates in vivo from rates in vitro. Extrapolation of lipolytic rates in vitro and several adipose tissue anabolic rates obtained from the literature indicate the improbability for prediction of rates and degree of fat accretion in pigs from metabolic rates in vitro. PMID- 3759705 TI - Effects of growth rate and compensatory growth on body composition in lambs. AB - Fifty lambs were used in a comparative slaughter experiment to determine the effects of growth rates and compensatory growth on body composition. The study consisted of a growing and a finishing phase. During the growing phase, lambs (20 to 30 kg) were fed three different concentrate levels (30, 50 or 70%) to gain at three different rates (slow, medium and rapid). The finishing phase was evaluated in two periods (early, 30 to 38 kg; late, 38 to 45 kg). All lambs received 70% concentrate diets during the finishing phase. Groups of five lambs were sacrificed at 20, 30, 38 and 45 kg fleece-free weights for whole-body chemical analysis. At 30 kg live weight, lambs on a rapid growth diet were the fattest (P less than .01) and contained the least protein (P less than .05) in their empty bodies. The slower the lambs gained during the growing phase, the greater (P less than .05) was the response in rate of gain and feed efficiency during both periods of the finishing phase. Compensatory growth occurred in two stages; a greater proportion of protein gain was made early while a greater proportion of the fat gain was made during the late period of the finishing phase. PMID- 3759706 TI - Effects of breed type and restricted versus ad libitum feeding on fatty acid composition and cholesterol content of muscle and adipose tissue from mature bovine females. AB - Fatty acid composition and cholesterol content of muscle and adipose tissue from mature cows (N = 101) representing 15 breeds and crosses were determined. An initial group of cows was slaughtered after being fed slightly above the maintenance level for 2 wk; the remaining cows were fed either at the maintenance level or ad libitum for 84 d, then slaughtered. Samples of triceps brachii and longissimus muscle and subcutaneous and perinephric adipose tissue were obtained from each carcass. In addition, phospholipid and triacylglycerol fatty acids from total lipid extracts of triceps brachii muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue were analyzed for 24 cows that were fed ad libitum or at the maintenance level for 84 d. Breed type effects on fatty acid composition were more pronounced in adipose tissue than in muscle tissue. Total lipid extracts of both triceps brachii and longissimus muscle from animals fed a maintenance diet for 84 d contained higher (P less than .01) percentages (3 to 8%) of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and lower percentages (2 to 3%) of saturated fatty acids (SFA) than those from animals fed ad libitum for 84 d. This reflected significant variation in the fatty acids C14:0, C16:0, C18:2, C18:3 and C20:4 for both longissimus and triceps brachii muscle. Fatty acid composition within phospholipid and triacylglycerol fractions was similar regardless of maintenance or ad libitum feeding. Much of the variation in total lipid fatty acid composition appeared to be the result of differences in triacylglycerol:phospholipid ratios. Adipose tissue contained about twice as much cholesterol (mg/100 g wet weight) as muscle tissue. Both breed type and feeding group effects on cholesterol content of muscle tissue were nonsignificant. Values for cholesterol content of adipose tissue from cows fed restricted diets were higher than those from cows fed ad libitum (approximately 55 mg/100 g higher for subcutaneous and 25 mg/100 g for perinephric). The results show that changes in fatty acid composition of bovine tissues can be made genetically and by varying the energy level in the diet. Alteration of the cholesterol content of muscle tissue by these methods does not appear to be feasible. PMID- 3759707 TI - Growth and reproductive performance of rabbits on a moderately low crude protein diet with or without methionine or urea supplementation. AB - The reproductive and growth performances of New Zealand White rabbits on four dietary treatments were compared. The treatments were a 21.5% crude protein (CP) diet control, a 16% CP diet (LP), LP + .3% DL-methionine (LP + met) and LP + 2.1% urea (LP + urea). The CP in the LP diet was derived entirely from alfalfa meal and wheat mill run, with no protein supplement used. Data were collected over five parities. Preweaning and postweaning growth rates and reproductive performance as assessed by litter size, conception rate and litter interval, were comparable for the four treatments. Average daily postweaning gain was about 40 g per d. Litter size at weaning was seven kits per litter. This study indicates that a simple diet of forage and a grain-milling by-product, with no cereal grain or protein supplement, can support normal growth and reproduction of commercial meat rabbits. PMID- 3759708 TI - Effect of lactation and rebreeding phase energy intake on primiparous and multiparous sow performance. AB - Fifty-three primiparous sows were used to study the effects of a high-energy, fat supplemented diet on sow lactation and rebreeding performance. Sows received either a low [Lo, 12.5 Mcal metabolizable energy (ME)/d] or high (Hi, 16.0 Mcal ME/d) energy sorghum-soybean diet during a 28-d lactation. At weaning, sows were randomly allotted, within lactation treatment, to a low (lo, 5.54 Mcal ME/d) or high (hi, 9.61 Mcal ME/d) energy sorghum-soybean diet until the day of first postweaning estrus. Primiparous sows fed Lo weaned larger (P less than .05) litters than sows fed Hi; however, average pig weight was not affected by lactation treatments. Primiparous sows fed Hi had more backfat at weaning (P less than .01) than Lo sows. In contrast, sow weight was not affected by dietary treatments. Neither lactation nor rebreeding treatments influenced days to rebreeding; however, an interaction (P less than .01) was observed. Mean days from weaning to rebreeding for Lolo, Lohi, Hilo and Hihi sows were 10.0, 7.6, 6.9 and 17.1, respectively. Forty sows were maintained on the same dietary treatments during their second parity. Sows receiving Lo during their second parity farrowed and weaned more (P less than .05) pigs than Hi sows. Multiparous sows fed Hi nursed heavier (P less than .05) pigs on d 21 of lactation and at weaning compared with Lo sows. Sows fed Hi were heavier (P less than .05) and had more (P less than .01) backfat at weaning of their second litter compared to Lo sows. Days to postweaning estrus were not affected by lactation or rebreeding diets. Mean length of the second parity rebreeding interval for Lolo, Lohi, Hilo and Hihi sows was 6.2, 10.2, 7.0 and 10.5 d, respectively. These results suggest that feeding levels during lactation of 12.5 Mcal ME/d or higher supported adequate rebreeding performance. Postweaning feeding levels did not influence days to first estrus. Feeding a high energy diet continuously throughout the lactation and rebreeding phases in primiparous sows may lengthen the postweaning interval to estrus. PMID- 3759709 TI - Equine energetics. I. Relationship between body weight and energy requirements in horses. AB - Energy balance studies using indirect calorimetry were conducted with four mature equids ranging in weight from 125 to 856 kg. Each animal was fed three different levels of intake of the same diet. The amounts of digestible and metabolizable energy required for zero energy balance were determined by calculating regression equations for energy balance against energy intake. It was concluded that the maintenance requirements of equids vary linearly with body weight. No advantage was found for the use of weight for the comparison of equids within the range studied. The digestible energy (DE) requirement for equids confined to metabolism stalls was DE (kcal/d) = 975 + 21.28 X W where W equals body weight in kg. If a factor for activity similar to that suggested by the National Research Council was included, the requirement could be calculated by the equation: DE (kcal/d) = 1,375 + 30.0 X W. PMID- 3759710 TI - Equine energetics. II. Energy expenditure in horses during submaximal exercise. AB - Energy expenditure was measured in four geldings (433 to 520 kg) during submaximal exercise on a racetrack using a mobile open-circuit indirect respiration calorimeter. A total of 304 5-min measurements of O2 consumed and CO2 produced were taken. Measurements were made with and without riders. The amount of energy expended by the horses was exponentially related to speed and was proportional to the body weight of the riderless horse or the combined weight of the horse plus rider and tack. Total energy expended by the four horses walking, trotting, cantering was best described by the equation: Y = e3.02 + .0065X where Y = energy expended (cal X kg-1 X min-1) and X = speed (m/min). Digestible energy (DE) required above maintenance was calculated as (Formula: see text). PMID- 3759711 TI - The effects of sorbic acid in high moisture sorghum grain diets on performance of weanling swine. AB - Three experiments were conducted with 288 weanling pigs to determine the effects of sorbic acid (SA) added to dry (DSG), high moisture (HMSG) or reconstituted (RSG) sorghum grain diets on gains and feed conversion. Dietary treatments for Exp. 1 were: DSG with and without .1% SA; HMSG with .1% SA and RSG with .1% SA. The DSG diets were fed ad libitum. The HMSG and RSG diets were mixed fresh from oxygen-limiting storage every 3 and 7 d and were also fed ad libitum. Pigs fed RSG diets consumed more feed than those fed HMSG diets (P less than .08). Performance was similar between pigs fed DSG diets without or with SA. Dietary treatments for Exp. 2 and 3 consisted of sorghum grains reconstituted to two moisture contents (MC), with additions of either 0, .05 or .1% SA. The diets were mixed fresh from oxygen-limiting storage every 7 d and fed ad libitum. In Exp. 2 and 3, pigs fed the higher MC diets were more efficient in feed conversion (P less than .03) than those fed the lower MC diets. In Exp. 3, a quadratic response (P less than .04) for average daily gain and average daily feed intake was observed for the main effect of SA. Feed efficiency improved (P less than .05) in a linear fashion as SA levels were increased in the diets. The results of these experiments indicate that weanling pigs may be fed HMSG or RSG without adverse effects on pig performance. Inconsistencies in pig response to SA were observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3759712 TI - Endogenous opioid modulation of luteinizing hormone and prolactin secretion in postpartum ewes and cows. AB - A possible role for endogenous opioid peptides (EOP) in the control of luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (PRL) secretion was studied by injecting the opioid antagonist, naloxone (NAL), into postpartum ewes and cows. Twelve ewes that lambed during the fall breeding season and nursed their lambs were injected iv with NAL (1.0 mg/kg) on d 10, 14, 18, 22 and 26 postpartum. Blood samples were collected at 15-min intervals from 2 h before to 2 h after NAL, and serum concentrations of LH and PRL were quantified. Following treatment on d 10, suckling lambs were removed from 6 of the 12 ewes, creating non-suckled (NS) and suckled (S) treatment groups for subsequent study on d 14 through 26. On d 10, NAL treatment increased LH (P less than .01) but concentrations of PRL were not affected. When averaged across d 14 to 26, post-NAL concentrations of LH were greater (P less than .001) than pre-NAL concentrations (6.5 +/- .7 vs 1.9 +/- .4 ng/ml). In contrast, concentrations of PRL in the post-NAL period were lower (P less than .001) than pre-NAL concentrations (129 +/- 15 vs 89 +/- 10 ng/ml). Compared with S ewes over d 14 to 26, those in the NS group had similar pre-NAL concentrations of LH, tendencies for higher (P less than .10) post-NAL concentrations of LH, lower (P less than .001) mean serum concentrations of PRL (pre- and post-NAL) and similar pre-NAL vs post-NAL differences in serum PRL. Six suckled beef cows on d 24 to 35 were injected iv with either saline or NAL (.5 mg/kg) in a replicated crossover design. Injections of NAL increased serum concentrations of LH (P less than .05), when averaged over all 12 injections in the six cows, but serum PRL was not changed. However, three of six cows did not respond to NAL with increases in serum LH. These non-responding cows were similar to the responding cows in their pre-injection concentrations of LH and PRL, but they tended (P = .10) to have higher serum concentrations of cortisol than responding cows. PMID- 3759713 TI - Glycosaminoglycans in ewe reproductive tracts and their influence on acrosome reactions in bovine spermatozoa in vitro. AB - Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) promote acrosome reactions (AR) in bovine and rabbit spermatozoa in vitro. Female bovine reproductive tract secretions contained GAG and the concentrations and composition of those GAG varied with different regions and stages of the estrous cycle. This study was designed to evaluate the types of GAG found in reproductive tract secretions of ewes at different stages of the estrous cycle and the ability of the secretions to promote AR. Ewes (n = 48) were slaughtered at 0, 12, 24, 36, 72 and 144 h following observations of standing estrus. Reproductive tracts were flushed with a modified Tyrode's medium (TALP: 7 ml) not containing calcium. Concentrations and composition of GAG in the tract were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Concentrations of GAG decreased anterior to the cervix: 2.28 to .74 mg/100 mg protein (P less than .05). Increases in heparin-like GAG during the estrual phase and chondroitin sulfate GAG during the luteal phase were noted. Bovine sperm were incubated in tract flushings standardized to contain 4 micrograms/ml of GAG and supplemented with calcium. Sperm incubated in estrual flushings for 9 h exhibited a higher incidence of AR than those incubated in luteal flushings or control, 50% vs 36% and 29%, respectively (P less than .0001). It is concluded that during the estrous cycle there were changes in concentrations and composition of GAG in ewe reproductive tracts and the potencies of those female secretions causing AR varied. PMID- 3759714 TI - Effects of alkaline hydrogen peroxide treatment of wheat straw on site and extent of digestion in sheep. AB - Two experiments (4 X 4 Latin squares) were conducted, using four multiple cannulated wethers (mean body weight, 65 kg), to determine effects of treating wheat straw (WS) with alkaline solutions (pH 11.5) of hydrogen peroxide (AHP; .26 g hydrogen peroxide/g WS) on site and extent of nutrient digestion in sheep. Diets contained either 33 to 37% (low WS) or 70 to 72% (high WS) AHP-treated (T) or non-treated (C) WS. Treatment of WS with AHP resulted in increased acid detergent fiber and cellulose concentrations and decreased acid detergent lignin (ADL) concentrations compared with non-treated WS. In Exp. 1, intakes were held constant at approximately 1,044 g dry matter (DM)/d. When fed AHP-treated WS diets, wethers digested more (P less than .05) DM, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and cellulose in the stomach (54.8, 47.4, 51.6 and 20.0%; 65.6, 68.8, 51.5 and 37.2%; 66.6, 74.2, 45.2 and 40.7% of intake, respectively, for low WS-T, high WS T, low WS-C and high WS-C diets) and in the total tract (83.0, 74.8, 68.4 and 50.0%; 81.8, 81.0, 53.9 and 42.1%; 85.2, 86.9, 50.2 and 47.6%, respectively, for the low WS-T, high WS-T, low WS-C and high WS-C diets), and had lower (P less than .05) ruminal pH than when fed the non-treated WS diets. In Exp. 2, the same wethers were fed diets similar to those fed in Exp. 1, but at ad libitum intake. Wethers consumed less (P less than .05) feed when fed the high WS-C diet than when fed the other three diets (2,234, 2,526, 2,271 and 1,297 g/d for the low WS T, high WS-T, low WS-C and high WS-C diets, respectively). Digestibilities of DM, NDF and cellulose were higher (P less than .05) when sheep were fed the treated WS diets than when fed the non-treated WS diets (82.7, 70.7, 68.4 and 58.0%; 78.6, 72.9, 49.4 and 51.6%; 78.0, 84.0, 53.8 and 37.5%, respectively, for the low WS-T, high WS-T, low WS-C and high WS-C diets). Fluid and particulate dilution rates in the rumen were higher (P less than .08) when wethers consumed AHP treated WS diets compared with non-treated WS diets (8.21, 8.56, 6.96 and 6.81%/h; 6.06, 6.73, 4.05 and 3.15%/h, respectively, for the low WS-T, high WS-T, low WS-C and high WS-C diets). The AHP treatment was successful in overcoming the major barriers to microbial degradation of WS in the gastrointestinal tract of wethers. PMID- 3759715 TI - Effect of acid and alkali treatment of soybean meal on nitrogen utilization by ruminants. AB - Soybean meal (SBM) was treated with acid or alkali to determine effects on N solubility, in vitro NH3-N accumulation, in situ N degradability, and N digestion and retention in growing lambs. The following SBM treatments resulted in decreased (P less than .05) N solubility and in vitro NH3-N accumulation compared with control SBM: spraying with 2.5 or 5% acetic or propionic acid, soaking in .5 N HCl, .5 N NaOH or .5 N propionic acid followed by air drying, and soaking in H2O, .5 N HCl or .5 N propionic acid followed by drying at 100 C. In situ residual N was determined for SBM subjected to the above treatments. Soybean meal sprayed with 2.5 or 5% acetic or propionic acid had greater (P less than .05) in situ residual N after 4, 8 and 12 h of incubation than control SBM. Soybean meal soaked in .5 N HCl or .5 N NaOH and air-dried, and soaked in H2O, .5 N propionic acid or .5 N HCl and dried at 100 C had greater (P less than .05) in situ residual N after 4, 8, 12 and 24 h of incubation than control SBM. In a lamb N balance trial, SBM treated by spraying with 5% acetic or propionic acid or by soaking in .5 N NaOH did not result in reduced N digestion compared to control SBM. Feeding SBM soaked in .5 N NaOH resulted in a 39% increase (P less than .05) in N retention compared with control SBM (5.21 vs 3.74 g/d, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3759716 TI - Response to monensin in cattle during subacute acidosis. AB - A steer metabolism study was conducted to measure changes in ruminal and blood components in response to monensin level following an abrupt switch from forage to a concentrate diet. Six ruminal-cannulated crossbred steers (373 kg) were fed either 0, 150 or 300 mg monensin per head daily in a replicated 3 X 3 Latin square design. In all treatments, ruminal pH declined to a low of 5.4 to 5.6 12 h post-feeding, suggesting steers experienced subacute acidosis. Also in the first 12 h post-feeding, all treatments exhibited nearly a twofold increase in total ruminal volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations, while peak ruminal lactate concentrations ranged from .86 to 1.50 mM. During the entire 48-h period, there were no significant treatment differences in blood pH, HCO3- or ruminal lactate, although there was a trend of higher ruminal and blood lactate associated with increased level of monensin supplementation. Feeding higher levels of monensin resulted in higher pH and propionate with lower acetate and butyrate concentrations. Increasing the level of monensin fed resulted in reduced (P less than .01) total ruminal VFA concentrations. Ruminal pH was more highly correlated to total ruminal VFA concentrations (r = -.69, P less than .01) than lactate concentrations (r = -.14, P less than .10). Results from this study indicate the significance of total ruminal organic acid concentration rather than ruminal lactate concentration during subacute acidosis. Monensin maintained a higher ruminal pH by reducing concentrations of VFA. PMID- 3759717 TI - Evaluation of alfalfa-corn cob associative action. I. Interactions between alfalfa hay and ruminal escape protein on growth of lambs and steers. AB - Three trials evaluated associative action of alfalfa in ammonia (NH3)-treated corn residue diets and(or) potential ruminal degradable protein X escape protein interactions. In trial 1, 128 crossbred steers (250 kg) were fed 0 or 3% NH3 treated residue diets replaced by 0, 15, 30 or 100% of alfalfa hay. Basal diets were formulated to contain adequate metabolizable and crude protein but were nearly devoid of ruminal degradable protein. Ammonia treatment increased (P less than .02) dry matter (DM) intake of residues. Pooled across residue treatment, intake increased linearly (P less than .01) with increased level of alfalfa. A residue treatment X level of alfalfa interaction (P less than .02) for daily gain resulted because the response to level of alfalfa was linear (P less than .01) for nontreated residues and quadratic (P less than .01) for NH3-treated residues. Similar responses (P less than or equal to .07) were found for efficiency of gain, indicating that addition of 15 or 30% alfalfa promoted greater associative action for combinations involving NH3-treated vs nontreated residues. In an in vitro trial (trial 2) with the same corn cob and alfalfa diets used in trial 1, NH3 treatment increased (P less than .01) in vitro DM disappearance and rate of cell wall digestion of corn cobs. Alfalfa had no effect on rate of nontreated cob cell wall digestion, but increased (P less than .01) the rate for NH3-treated cobs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3759718 TI - Evaluation of alfalfa-corn cob associative action. II. Comparative tests of alfalfa hay as a source of ruminal degradable protein. AB - The effect of ruminal degradable protein source in roughage diets on nutrient digestibility and animal growth was evaluated in two trials using lambs. In trial 1, two qualities of alfalfa and smooth brome hays replaced 0, 15, 30 or 100% of an ammonia (NH3)-treated corn cob negative control diet in a digestion trial using 26 mixed breed wethers (31.8 kg). Fifteen or 30% inclusion of hay increased (P less than .01) dry matter (DM) intake, regardless of hay type or quality. Cell wall intake was highest for 100% high quality brome hay. Positive associative action on digestibility of DM and cell walls occurred with 30% of each hay tested when diets were fed ad libitum. Measured at equal intakes, DM and cell wall digestibilities were affected by forage type X level and forage quality X level interactions (P less than .01), which showed that the magnitude of associative action was greater for 30% of high vs low quality and alfalfa vs brome hay, respectively. Magnitude of associative response on cell wall digestibility was more highly correlated to degradable N (r = .88) than cell solubles (r = .64) content of hay. In trial 2, 72 young growing lambs were allotted to three sources of supplemental ruminal degradable N (NH3, casein, corn steep liquor) superimposed upon two levels of alfalfa hay (0 or 30% of diet DM). Diets containing 0% alfalfa were supplemented with ruminal escape protein equivalent to that supplied by 30% alfalfa hay.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3759719 TI - Evaluation of alfalfa-corn cob associative action. III. The effect of mechanically separated alfalfa fractions on intake, digestibility and ruminal characteristics of ammonia-treated corn cob diets fed to sheep. AB - The influence of mechanically separated alfalfa fractions on intake, digestibility and rate of ruminal passage was investigated using 48 lambs (32 kg) in a digestion trial. Whole plant pre-bloom alfalfa (25% crude protein) or fractions (presscake, dehydrated presscake, protein coagulum, dehydrated protein coagulum, whole juice or deproteinized juice) were added to a 3% ammonia (NH3) treated corn cob negative control diet at levels equal to 20% wholeplant alfalfa dry matter (DM); eight treatments, six lambs/treatment. Ad libitum intake was greater (P less than .05) for alfalfa fiber (presscake) or juice supplemented diets compared with 20% direct cut alfalfa. Dry matter intake, digestibility of DM and cell walls, and rate of passage were highly correlated when diets were fed ad libitum. At equal DM intakes, dehydrated vs wet presscake increased (P less than .05) DM and cell wall digestibility. Heating of the protein may have reduced degradation rate and consequently a slower release of nutrients for microorganisms in the rumen. Whole vs deproteinized juice increased digestibility of cob DM (P = .11) and cell walls (P = .13), suggesting a response to level of degradable alpha-amino N. Whole and deproteinized juice increased cell wall digestibility compared with the negative control by 23.0 and 18.5 percentage units, respectively, suggesting that degradable alpha amino-N and cell solubles or other nutrients interacted to maximize microbial fiber digestion. Total and branch-chain volatile fatty acids measured at 6, 12 and 18 h post-feeding were highly correlated with nutrient digestibility. Ruminal NH3-N measured at 18 h was negatively correlated with dry matter (r = -.74) and cell wall (r = -.72) digestibility, showing that alfalfa supplies nutrients required by ruminal microorganisms for NH3 assimilation and fiber digestion. The mode of alfalfa associative action in high fiber diets is in supplying ruminal microorganisms with degradable protein and (or) other nutrients, rather than altering ruminal retention time. PMID- 3759720 TI - Xenobiotic biotransformation in livestock: comparison to other species commonly used in toxicity testing. AB - Wildlife, domesticated animals and humans are exposed daily to myriad chemicals present in our environment. The risk posed by these chemicals to one species is often determined by extrapolation from data gathered from another species. Several extensive studies have examined the capability of the liver to biotransform xenobiotics in animals commonly used in toxicity testing and in livestock. The present paper is a compilation of these data into a single source to permit comprehensive examination of inter-species variation in rates of hepatic biotransformation. Several substrates were studied for each enzyme system, including cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenases, epoxide hydrolases, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, N-acetyltransferases, glutathione S-transferases and sulfotransferases. The numerous differences in substrate specificity for an individual enzymatic pathway reflect the apparent multiplicity of these enzymes in all 11 species studied. Several hundred- to several thousand-fold differences between species in enzymatic activities for certain substrates under well-defined conditions emphasize the need for caution and the risk of error in extrapolation of xenobiotic metabolism from one species to another. In spite of these uncertainties, knowledge of the rate of biotransformation may help us predict the fate of new chemicals in various species. PMID- 3759721 TI - Repeated measurement: sensitive tests for experiments with few animals. AB - Animal scientists who conduct experiments involving repeated measurements of animals often are frustrated by low statistical power of tests for comparisons of treatment means. In many cases, low power of the traditional tests simply is the consequence of low replication (few animals per treatment) that was forced by cost or complexity of experimental technique. A method is given for comparing treatments in a way that permits sensitive tests (via partition of the treatment X period interaction), often when the number of animals per treatment is not more than five or six. Modifications for the procedure are given for the case of heterogeneous variances and covariances. An example from mammary physiology is used to illustrate the procedure and to compare it with standard methods of analysis. PMID- 3759722 TI - Flow cytometry evaluation of testicular and sperm cells obtained from bulls implanted with zeranol. AB - Flow cytometry of testicular and sperm cells was used to evaluate effects of pre weaning zeranol implants on spermatogenesis. Forty five Angus-Simmental bulls were randomly assigned to three treatment groups of 15 bulls each: no implant, one implant at 30 d of age and two implants, one at 30 and the second at 120 d of age. Prior to slaughter at approximately 15 mo, semen was collected from 30 bulls, 10 of each group. Following slaughter, testes were weighed, and testicular biopsies and vas deferens sperm obtained from the same 30 bulls. Testicular and sperm cells were stained with acridine orange and measured by flow cytometry. Proportions of testicular haploid, diploid and tetraploid cells were determined by relative amounts of green (DNA) and red (RNA) fluorescence. Treatment of sperm at low pH prior to acridine orange staining potentially induces partial denaturation of DNA, detectable by the metachromatic shift from green (native DNA) to red (single-stranded DNA) fluorescence. The effect of this shift was quantified by alpha-t [alpha t = red/red + green) fluorescence]. Nonimplanted bulls had heavier (P less than .01) testicular weights than treated bulls. The proportion of haploid cells was greater (P less than .02) and diploid cells less (P less than .03) in testes of nonimplanted bulls. Sperm from implanted bulls had altered chromatin structure, indicated by higher (P less than .05) alpha t values. Flow cytometry is an effective means for detecting changes in testicular cell subpopulations and chromatin structure of sperm. PMID- 3759723 TI - Stoichiometry of glucose and starch splitting by strains of amylolytic bacteria from the rumen and anaerobic digester. AB - The stoichiometry of glucose and starch splitting by the amylolytic bacteria Streptococcus bovis, Selenomonas ruminantium, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Eubacterium ruminantium and Clostridium sp. was followed. There were many differences in the ratios of metabolites and in growth yields, as well as in the cell composition, between the growth on glucose and starch. The bacteria employ different nutritional strategies with respect to both energy sources. PMID- 3759724 TI - Hydrocephalus shunt infections and their treatment. PMID- 3759725 TI - Kinetics of erythromycin uptake and release by human lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leucocytes. AB - The uptake of 14C-labelled erythromycin by human lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leucocytes was studied. Erythromycin was concentrated by the cells. The amount of accumulated erythromycin was correlated with the cell count and was found to increase with alkaline pH and with increasing temperature of the incubation medium. The uptake of erythromycin could be reduced by compounds which inhibit cell respiration, glycolysis and (Na+-K+)membrane ATPase. Furthermore, the uptake was saturable and followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics (Km = 0.7 and 1.6 mM for lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leucocytes, respectively). The intracellular concentrations cannot be explained by the principle of non ionic diffusion. It is suggested that erythromycin is actively transported via the nucleoside transport system. The accumulated erythromycin was rapidly released when the cells were washed and re-incubated in antibiotic-free medium. Probably, no strong intracellular binding takes place. PMID- 3759726 TI - The utility of diffusion chambers as models for the description of drug disposition. AB - Tissue cages were employed to explore the diffusion processes of several cephalosporins into extravascular fluids. Concentrations of cefotaxime in serum and in subcutaneous chambers increased proportionally to the amount of the drug injected. Administration of single equal doses of cephalothin, cephaloridine and cefotaxime resulted in different concentration-time courses in the serum and in diffusion chambers. These observations suggest that diffusion chambers are linked to the tissue at the implantation site. None of the classical compartmental approaches can be applied to evaluate the kinetics of drug diffusion into tissue cages. Correlations of total or non-protein bound drug concentrations in tissue cages to those in the peripheral compartment assumed concentration and time dependent diffusion processes. No specific diffusion constant based on the law of Fick could be derived for the diffusion chambers used in this study. Concentration-time courses in serum and interstitial fluid can be simultaneously evaluated according to pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models. Based on the equation describing the effect site this model can be used to simulate drug concentrations in tissue cages by varying the dose size or the dose interval. PMID- 3759727 TI - The molecular evolution of antibiotic resistance genes in gram-negative bacteria. PMID- 3759728 TI - Antibiotics in catheterized patients. PMID- 3759729 TI - The quantification of the neutralization of the action of antibiotics by cationic iron. AB - This paper describes the reversal of antibiotic action by iron. Crude measurements of the molar ratio of iron to various antibiotics at reversal indicated that ampicillin, carbenicillin and lincomycin had low ratios of 0.2 to 2.4. With the remainder the ratios lay between 13 and 105; they averaged 46 for the tetracyclines, and 70 for the aminoglycosides. Precise measurement with Fe+++ and tetracycline revealed that the molar ratio for neutralization increased with increasing concentrations of tetracycline; from 1 to 625 mg/l the ratio increased over three-fold from 35 to 118. At the tetracycline concentration of 5 mg/l- usually achieved in plasma during effective therapy--the ratio is of the order of 45. PMID- 3759730 TI - Pharmacokinetics of aztreonam in the aqueous humour. AB - Fifteen patients awaiting cataract extraction were given a 2 g intravenous bolus injection of aztreonam. The mean aztreonam concentrations in the aqueous humour. 1, 2 and 4 h after the injection were 1.22, 1.46 and 2.22 mg/l, respectively. PMID- 3759731 TI - Pharmacokinetics of cefonicid in uraemic patients. AB - Eight subjects with normal renal function and 20 uraemic patients with various degrees of renal insufficiency were given a single iv dose of 1.0 g cefonicid, as a bolus injection. Five groups of subjects were studied: group I, GFR greater than 80 ml/min, group II 30 less than GFR less than 80 ml/min, group III 10 less than GFR less than 30 ml/min, group IV GFR less than or equal to 10 ml/min and group V, haemodialysis patients. Cefonicid concentrations in plasma and urine were measured by microbiological assay (MA) and HPLC method. Results were similar with the two techniques. The mean peak plasma levels were 200-300 mg/l and the apparent volume of distribution was 0.18-0.20 1/kg for all patients. The elimination half-life (T 1(2) beta) increased as renal function decreased: 5.31 +/- 1.30 h in healthy subjects and 58.92 +/- 12.38 h in patients with end-stage renal disease. Urinary elimination of cefonicid was inversely related to the degree of renal impairment: 83% of the dose in 24 h in normal subjects and 13.6% of the dose in patients with severe renal failure. Total body clearance decreased from 23.9 +/- 3.4 ml/min/1.73 m2 (group I) to 1.9 +/- 0.2 ml/min/1.73 m2 (group V). Renal clearance fell from 19.0 +/- 4.9 ml/min/1.73 m2 (group I) to 1.0 +/- 0.4 ml/min/1.73 m2 (group IV). The fractional clearance and the non renal clearance were similar in normal subjects and in uraemic patients. Cefonicid is not haemodializable because of its high protein binding. Dosage of cefonicid should be adjusted according to the degree of renal impairment. Supplemental doses are not necessary after haemodialysis. PMID- 3759732 TI - Metronidazole metabolism following oral benzoylmetronidazole suspension in children with giardiasis. AB - A suspension of benzoylmetronidazole (6.4% w/v) was given orally at a dose of 15 25 ml, equivalent to 0.6-1 g metronidazole, once a day for three days to 11 children with giardiasis. Blood samples were collected after the first and third doses for analysis of plasma metronidazole and its main oxidative metabolite by high performance liquid chromatography. Peak metronidazole concentrations were 22.60 +/- 8.52 mg/l (mean +/- S.D.) after the first dose, and 30.22 +/- 10.06 mg/l after the third dose, occurring at 3.6 +/- 1.4 and 4.4 +/- 2.9 hours post dose, respectively. Peak concentrations of the metabolite were 4.26 +/- 1.94 mg/l after the first dose and 7.96 +/- 3.63 mg/l after the third dose, occurring 7.2 +/- 1.6 and 9.1 +/- 3.3 h post-dose, respectively. Calculation of plasma metronidazole half-life and clearance values was not possible. This study shows that oral administration of metronidazole as its benzoyl ester slows the rate of metronidazole absorption, followed by sustained plasma concentrations and a prolonged elimination phase. Giardiasis does not appear to prevent metronidazole absorption. Concurrent giardiasis is unlikely to influence metronidazole therapy for systemic anaerobic infections. PMID- 3759733 TI - A morphometrical analysis of the effect of a single therapeutic oral dose of doxycycline on cell membrane area of neutrophil polymorphonuclear leucocytes. AB - Previous authors reported that in-vitro incubation with doxycycline reduced the number and length of filopods projecting from the surface of neutrophils. In the present study, control neutrophils were harvested from 11 probands at time zero. The probands were then given an oral single-dose of 400 mg doxycycline monohydrate. Test cells were harvested 24 h later. Control cells and test cells were compared by means of quantitative morphometry applied to electron microscopy. No effect of doxycycline treatment could be demonstrated on cell area, cell volume and cell surface density. The results suggested that there is no effect of conventional doxycycline treatment on neutrophil filopods. PMID- 3759734 TI - The concentration of latamoxef achieved in the bile and gallbladder wall of patients with cholecystitis. AB - This study reports the clinical and pharmacokinetic results following an injection of latamoxef (moxalactam disodium) in patients undergoing cholecystectomy for symptomatic cholelithiasis. Two groups were involved in the study. Group A consisted of 22 patients who received 1 g of intramuscular latamoxef at the time of premedication prior to surgery, and group B consisted of 12 patients each of whom received an intravenous dose of 0.5 g of latamoxef at the time of anaesthetic induction. Latamoxef levels were then measured in peripheral blood, gall bladder bile, common bile duct (CBD) bile and gall bladder wall. Despite a significant difference in the sampling times, inhibitory levels were obtained in the majority of samples in both groups, singularly high levels being assayed in CBD bile. We conclude that an intravenous dosage of latamoxef (0.5 g) given with anaesthetic induction is as effective as 1 g intramuscular dosage given with the pre-medication. PMID- 3759735 TI - Enhanced bactericidal action of mouse macrophages by subinhibitory concentrations of monobactams. AB - The effects of sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of monobactams (aztreonam and AMA1080) on the host-parasite relationship were studied in an in vitro system using an established mouse macrophage cell line. The presence of sub MICs aztreonam or AMA1080 enhanced significantly the macrophage bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli S615, Pseudomonas aeruginosa K1, Klebsiella pneumoniae 12 and Serratia marcescens US5. Even four times the MIC of monobactams had no direct effect on macrophages. A synergistic bactericidal effect against E. coli was also observed with sub-MICs of monobactams and lysozyme or macrophage lysate. Furthermore, E. coli treated with sub-MICs of aztreonam was more sensitive to two bactericidal macrophage products, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion. These results suggest that the effects of monobactams are exerted on bacteria and not on macrophages; sub-inhibitory levels of monobactams may alter the bacterial cell rendering it more susceptible to bactericidal substances released by macrophages, thus favouring phagocytosis and killing by macrophages. Electron microscopic observations support these conclusions. This study provides evidence that monobactams at sub-MICs may work in partnership with host defenses against Gram-negative bacterial infections. PMID- 3759736 TI - The antimicrobial activity of ciprofloxacin against Legionella species and the treatment of experimental Legionella pneumonia in guinea pigs. AB - The antimicrobial activity of ciprofloxacin was tested against 15 standard reference strains, and 37 clinical and environmental strains of Legionella pneumophila by an agar dilution method, using a new growth medium (B-SYE agar) which we devised. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin were found to be inoculum dependent, and ranged from 0.02 to 0.06 mg/l at 10(4) cfu inoculum and 0.02 by 0.125 mg/l at 10(6) cfu inoculum. The most potent antibacterial activity was shown by rifampicin, followed by ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, norfloxacin, erythromycin and pipemidic acid in that order. The therapeutic efficacy of ciprofloxacin in experimental guinea pig pneumonia due to L. pneumophila was fairly good with a survival rate of 80%. From other data of ours, its effectiveness in experimental pneumonia was equal to or greater than that of erythromycin. Further studies would be appropriate to investigate the possibility of using ciprofloxacin for the treatment of human L. pneumophila infection. PMID- 3759737 TI - Influence of formulation on ketoconazole pharmacokinetics in man: comparison of standard tablet versus capsule containing citric acid. PMID- 3759738 TI - Nitrofurantoin induced chronic liver disease. PMID- 3759739 TI - Increase in electromyogram low-frequency power in nonfatigued contracting skeletal muscle. AB - We studied the relationship between changing elbow joint angle and the power spectral density of the biceps brachii muscle electromyogram (EMG) during submaximal isometric contractions. For this purpose, we recorded the EMG of the biceps brachii muscle with surface electrodes in 13 subjects. Each subject held a 2.8-kg weight and contracted the biceps isometrically for 30 s at one of two lengths. The length of the muscle was changed by flexing the forearm toward the upper arm to form an angle of 135 degrees (L1) or 45 degrees (L2). We found that the mean centroid frequency (fc) of the EMG power spectral density was 26% lower at L1 than at L2 (P less than 0.01). For each subject there was no significant change in fc during the isometric contraction at either angle. In addition, in nine subjects who sustained fatiguing contractions of the biceps with a 6-kg load, fc decreased by 15% (P less than 0.025). These data suggest that a change in the length at which a muscle contracts isometrically can alter or induce indirectly an alteration in the frequency content of its EMG. This finding may have important implications for the assessment of respiratory muscle EMG especially during loaded breathing. PMID- 3759740 TI - Respiratory changes induced by prolonged laryngeal stimulation in awake piglets. AB - To examine the role of the laryngeal reflex in modulating cardiorespiratory function, we stimulated the superior laryngeal nerves (SLN) bilaterally in unanesthetized, chronically instrumented piglets (n = 10, age 5-14 days). The SLN were placed in cuff electrodes and wires were exteriorized in the neck for stimulation. A cannula placed in the aorta was used for blood pressure recording and arterial blood sampling. During each experiment, 1-2 days after surgery, ventilation was recorded using whole-body plethysmography, and electroencephalogram and electrocardiogram were recorded after acute subcutaneous electrode placement. After base-line recordings, the SLN were electrically stimulated for 1 h. During this period, mean respiratory frequency decreased by 40-75% and apneas of 10-15 s were regularly interspersed between single breaths or clusters of breaths. Periods of breathing were always associated with opening of the eyes and generally with head and body movements, an awakening that occurred every 10-15 s. At 1 h into the stimulus period, minute ventilation had decreased by 57 +/- 7% (mean +/- SE), arterial partial pressure of O2 (PaO2) by 68 +/- 3 Torr, and arterial partial pressure of CO2 (PaCO2) had increased by 19 +/- 2 Torr. Throughout the entire stimulus period, mean blood pressure and average heart rate were maintained within 12% of base line. We suggest that: low threshold SLN afferents exert primarily respiratory effects and only minor cardiovascular effects; breathing during laryngeal reflex activation is sustained by an arousal system; and the laryngeal reflex does not pose an imminent threat to the unanesthetized, awake, young animal. PMID- 3759741 TI - Acetylcholine release from canine isolated airway is not modulated by norepinephrine. AB - We measured acetylcholine (ACh) release from canine isolated tracheal smooth muscle (TSM) and bronchial spirals using a radioenzymic assay technique. Tissue was incubated in physiological salt solution containing physostigmine (3.10(-5) M), atropine (10(-7) M), and choline (5.10(-6) M), and bath fluid was collected every 15 min for assay. There was a resting release of ACh of 209 +/- 44 pmol/g tissue (mean +/- SE) from 53 to 77 specimens of TSM. Electrical field stimulation (ES) increased ACh release, which was blocked by tetrodotoxin (10(-6) g/ml), confirming the neural origin of ACh. The ACh output during ES (2-ms pulses) at 10 Hz increased linearly from 188 +/- 50 pmol/g tissue (mean +/- SE) for a 1-min volley, to 323 +/- 57 for three volleys, and 544 +/- 128 for five volleys. The ACh output/pulse was constant during ES at 20, 15, 10, and 5 Hz, but it was significantly higher at 2 than at 5 Hz (P less than 0.005). Incubation of TSM with norepinephrine (NE, 10(-5) M) did not affect ACh output either at 2 or 10 Hz. Likewise, ACh output from bronchial spirals during ES and 2 Hz was unaffected by NE. In contrast, NE treatment of isolated guinea pig ileum reduced the ACh released by ES at 2 Hz to 40 +/- 7% (P less than 0.001) of the control ACh output. It is concluded that evoked release of ACh (output/pulse) from cholinergic nerves in canine airway is frequency dependent, as in guinea pig ileum, but that, unlike guinea pig ileum, NE does not modulate its release. PMID- 3759742 TI - Simultaneous determination of fluid shifts during thermal stress in a small animal model. AB - We have developed methodology to simultaneously measure fluid redistribution among the major compartments during moderate and severe hypohydration. Total body water (TBW) was determined using tritiated water, extracellular fluid volume (ECF) was measured using a single-injection [14C]inulin technique, and plasma volume (PV) was determined by indocyanine green dye dilution. Moderate (10% decrease in body wt) and severe (15%) hypohydration resulted in significant losses in TBW, ECF, and PV. Plasma volume was decreased by approximately 25% in both groups, and other fluid compartments were differentially affected. For example, the moderately dehydrated group maintained PV by shifting fluid from the interstitial fluid volume (ISF) compartment while preserving the intracellular fluid volume (ICF); conversely, the severely dehydrated group maintained PV by redistributing fluid from both the ISF and ICF compartments. The data indicated that the initial response to fluid loss was the movement of fluid from the ISF pool to sustain both PV and ICF. In severely hypohydrated rats, PV was maintained at the expense of ICF. These experiments indicated that PV and ICF were maximally protected, probably to preserve the integrity of the cardiovascular system and to minimize organ injury. PMID- 3759743 TI - Prostanoid inhibition potentiates vasoconstrictor response to acetylcholine in dog lung. AB - We determined whether cyclooxygenase or phosphodiesterase inhibition would alter the vasomotor response to acetylcholine in the dog lung. Lower left lobes were removed and then cannulated, ventilated, and pump perfused with autogenous blood at constant flow [6.0 +/- 0.1 ml X min-1 X g-1 lower left lobe (LLL)]. LLLs were challenged with graded doses of acetylcholine (ACh) (100-1,000 nmol) into the arterial cannula before and after administration of either 40 microM indomethacin (n = 5), 1 mM aspirin (n = 4), or 1 mM theophylline (n = 5). ACh produced a dose dependent increase in pulmonary arterial pressure (Pa) and a decrease in the upstream-to-down-stream resistance ratio (Rus/Rds). Pretreatment with either indomethacin or aspirin potentiated the Pa response to ACh while eliminating the ACh-associated decrease in Rus/Rds. Pretreatment with the phosphodiesterase inhibitor theophylline significantly antagonized the ACh pressor response and decrease in the Rus/Rds. The present study suggests that the pulmonary pressor response to ACh is enhanced with cyclooxygenase inhibition. Our results indicate that ACh stimulates pulmonary vascular muscarinic cholinoceptors to cause vasoconstriction. Additionally or as sequelae to this response, predominantly vasodilatory prostanoids appear to be released. PMID- 3759744 TI - Influence of endogenous opioids on the response of selected hormones to exercise in humans. AB - To examine the influence of endogenous opioids on the hormonal response to isotonic exercise, eight males were studied 2 h after oral administration of placebo or 50 mg naltrexone, a long-lasting opioid antagonist. Venous blood samples were obtained before, during, and after 30 min of bicycle exercise at 70% VO2max. Naltrexone had no effect on resting cardiovascular, endocrine, or serum variables. During exercise epinephrine was higher [mean 433 +/- 100 (SE) pg/ml] at 30 min with naltrexone than during placebo (207 +/- 26 pg/ml, P less than 0.05). Plasma norepinephrine showed the same trend but the difference (2,012 +/- 340 pg/ml with naltrexone and 1,562 +/- 241 pg/ml with placebo) was not significant. Plasma glucose was higher at all times with naltrexone. However, the difference was significant only 10 min into recovery from exercise (104.7 +/- 4.7 vs. 94.5 +/- 2.8 mg/dl). Plasma growth hormone and cortisol increased during recovery and these elevations were significantly (P less than 0.05) augmented by naltrexone. Plasma vasopressin and prolactin increased with exercise as did heart rate, blood pressure, lactic acid, and several serum components; these increases were not affected by naltrexone. Psychological tension or anxiety was lower after exercise compared with before and this improved psychological state was not influenced by the naltrexone treatment. These data suggest that exercise-induced activation of the endogenous opioid system may serve to regulate the secretion of several important hormones (i.e., epinephrine) during and after exercise. PMID- 3759745 TI - Ion transport across cat and ferret tracheal epithelia. AB - Sheets of trachea from ferret and cat were mounted in Ussing chambers and continuously short circuited. Under resting conditions, in both the cat and ferret there was little or no Cl secretion, and Na absorption accounted for most of the short-circuit current (Isc). Ouabain (10(-4) M, serosal bath) reduced Isc to zero in 30-60 min. This decline was matched by a decrease in net Na absorption. Amiloride (10(-4) M, luminal bath) caused a significant decrease in Isc and conductance (G) in both species. Bumetanide (10(-4) M, serosal bath) had negligible effects on Isc and G. In both species, isoproterenol increased Isc by stimulating Cl secretion. Methacholine induced equal amounts of Na and Cl secretion, with little change in Isc. In the cat, prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha and bradykinin increased Isc, responses which were abolished in Cl-free medium. In open-circuited cat tissues, Na flux from the serosal to mucosal side was measured simultaneously with the secretion of nondialyzable 35S. Prostaglandins E1, E2, and F2 alpha, histamine, bradykinin, methacholine and isoproterenol all increased both Na and 35S-mucin secretion. PMID- 3759746 TI - Effects of hypercapnia and hypoxemia on fetal breathing after decortication. AB - The effects of hypercapnia and hypoxemia on breathing movements were studied in 12 chronically decorticated fetal sheep, 127-140 days gestation. The fetal state of consciousness was defined in terms of activity of the lateral rectus and nuchal muscles. Arterial blood pressure was monitored. Fetal breathing was determined by integrated diaphragmatic electromyogram (EMG) and analyzed in terms of inspiratory time (TI), expiratory time (TE), electrical equivalent of tidal volume (EVT), breath interval (TT), duty cycle (TI/TT), mean inspiratory flow equivalent (EVT/TI), and instantaneous ventilation equivalent (EVT/TT). Fetal breathing occurred only during episodes of rapid-eye movements, and the response to hypercapnia consisted of an increase in EVT, TI, EVE, and EVT/TI and a decrease in the coefficient of variation of all measured parameters. Induction of hypoxia during episodes of spontaneous fetal breathing produced a decrease in the rate of breathing and an increase in EVT and TI with no change in the variability of all parameters studied. Since similar responses to hypercapnia and hypoxemia are seen in the intact fetus, we conclude that the cerebral cortex has no obvious effect on the chemical control of fetal breathing. PMID- 3759747 TI - A delivery-independent blood flow effect on skeletal muscle fatigue. AB - The hypothesis that hyperperfusion decreases muscle fatigue by increasing O2 and substrate delivery to the muscle was tested. Canine gastrocnemius-plantaris in situ preparations were stimulated at 5 Hz for 4 min during a free-flow control period and for 20 min during a pump-perfused experimental period. O2 delivery during these two periods was matched either by decreasing blood flow in animals breathing 100% O2 (high O2/low flow) [experimental-to-control ratio (E/C) = 0.97 + 0.02] or by increasing the blood flow in animals breathing 14% O2 (low O2/high flow) (E/C = 1.01 + 0.01). Plasma flow estimated from hematocrit to approximate substrate delivery was matched in the two contraction periods either by maintaining blood flow at the steady-state level (constant flow) (E/C = 0.98 + 0.10) or by increasing flow in animals with a dextran for 6% of blood volume exchange (dilute/high flow) (E/C = 1.02 + 0.02). E/C for initial developed tension was 1.00 + 0.02. Over 20 min, developed tension decreased 15.0 + 1.1% with low O2/high flow and 16.0 + 1.8% with dilute/high flow. Tension decreased by 28.0 + 3.0 and 27.8 + 1.5% with high O2/low flow and constant flow, respectively. Thus hyperperfusion decreased fatigue by a mechanism independent of increased O2 and substrate delivery. PMID- 3759748 TI - Diaphragmatic activity is a determinant of postnatal lung growth. AB - To test the hypothesis that activity of respiratory muscles determines regional growth of lung parenchyma, we studied the effects of unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis on contralateral/ipsilateral lung growth in cats and piglets. Five 10- to 12-wk-old cats and five 8-wk-old piglets underwent unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis by thoracic and cervical phrenectomy, respectively. Five to seven weeks after surgery, when the cats were killed for studies of lung growth, gain in body weight was the same as in five sham-operated controls. At this time, mean pleural pressure ipsilateral to the paralyzed hemidiaphragm was the same as contralateral mean pleural pressure during tidal breathing, and values did not differ from controls. However overall functional residual capacity was lower in the phrenectomized cats (35 +/- 4 ml) than in the controls (55 +/- 11 ml, P less than 0.01). Growth of contralateral lungs relative to ipsilateral lungs was greater in the phrenectomized cats than in the controls, as shown by ratios of contralateral/ipsilateral wet lung weight (1.44 vs. 1.34, P less than 0.01), maximum inflation volume (1.53 vs. 1.33, P less than 0.05), and total protein content (1.45 vs. 1.26, P less than 0.05). Ratios of total protein to DNA and RNA to DNA were unchanged. One week after surgery in the piglets, the ratio of contralateral/ipsilateral wet lung weight was increased (1.61 vs. 1.29, P less than 0.01) and total weight of both lungs was reduced. We conclude that regional growth of lung parenchyma by cell proliferation depends in part on regional distribution of respiratory muscle activity. PMID- 3759749 TI - Importance of oscillations in alveolar gas concentrations in the analysis of rebreathing data. AB - Cyclic rebreathing of a soluble inert gas can be used to estimate lung tissue volume (Vt) and pulmonary blood flow (Qc). A recently proposed method for analyzing such cyclic data (Respir. Physiol. 48: 255-279, 1982) mathematically assumes that ventilation is a continuous process. However, neglecting the cyclic nature of ventilation may prevent the accurate estimation of Vt and Qc. We evaluated this possibility by simulating the uptake of soluble inert gases during rebreathing using a cyclic model of gas exchange. Under cyclic uptake conditions alveolar gases follow an oscillating time course, because gas concentrations tend to increase during inspiration and to decrease during expiration. We found that neglecting these alveolar gas oscillations leads to the underestimation of soluble gas uptake by blood, particularly during the early rebreathing breaths. When continuous ventilation is assumed Vt and Qc are overestimated unless rapid rebreathing rates, large tidal volumes, and gases of moderately low solubility are used. Under these conditions the amplitude of the cyclic oscillations is minimized, the alveolar time course more closely resembles that expected from continuous ventilation, and the resulting errors are minimized. Alternatively, when the effect of oscillating alveolar gas concentrations on mass transfer are considered, these estimation errors can be eliminated without restricting rebreathing rate or gas solubility. We conclude that failure to consider the effect of cyclic rebreathing on the time course of alveolar gas concentrations may result in significant errors when evaluating rebreathing data for Vt and Qc. PMID- 3759750 TI - Estimates of ventilation from body surface measurements in unrestrained subjects. AB - To make estimates of ventilation from measurements of body surface movements in unrestrained subjects, we measured changes in linear dimensions and cross sectional areas of the rib cage (RC) and abdomen (AB) of six healthy unrestrained subjects during a variety of maneuvers. RC and AB anteroposterior diameters and abdominal length in the cephalocaudal axis (axial displacement) were measured with magnetometers, and RC and AB cross-sectional areas were measured with a respiratory inductance plethysmograph. Flow was measured at the mouth with a pneumotachograph and integrated electrically to give volume. Volume and body surface measurements were analyzed by multiple linear regression. Addition of the axial measurements to either the anteroposterior dimensions or cross-sectional areas of RC and AB improved estimates of tidal volume in all subjects (P less than 0.01). With measurements of axial displacement and cross-sectional area of the RC and AB, tidal volume could be reliably estimated to within 20% of actual ventilation. We conclude that measurement of axial displacements improves estimates of ventilation in unrestrained subjects. PMID- 3759751 TI - Production mechanism of crackles in excised normal canine lungs. AB - Lung crackles may be produced by the opening of small airways or by the sudden expansion of alveoli. We studied the generation of crackles in excised canine lobes ventilated in an airtight box. Total airflow, transairway pressure (Pta), transpulmonary pressure (Ptp), and crackles were recorded simultaneously. Crackles were produced only during inflation and had high-peak frequencies (738 +/- 194 Hz, mean +/- SD). During inflation, crackles were produced from 111 +/- 83 ms (mean +/- SD) prior to the negative peak of Pta, presumably when small airways began to open. When end-expiratory Ptp was set constant between 15 and 20 cmH2O and end-expiratory Ptp was gradually reduced from 5 cmH2O to -15 or -20 cmH2O in a breath-by-breath manner, crackles were produced in the cycles in which end-expiratory Ptp fell below -1 to 1 cmH2O. This pressure was consistent with previously known airway closing pressures. When end-expiratory Ptp was set constant at -10 cmH2O and end inspiratory Ptp was gradually increased from -5 to 15 or 20 cmH2O, crackles were produced in inspiratory phase in which end inspiratory Ptp exceeded 4-6 cmH2O. This pressure was consistent with previously known airway opening pressures. These results indicate that crackles in excised normal dog lungs are produced by opening of peripheral airways and are not generated by the sudden inflation of groups of alveoli. PMID- 3759752 TI - Effects of hyperoxia on alveolar permeability of neutropenic rabbits. AB - We investigated whether neutrophil suppression would prevent the early hyperoxic injury to the rabbit alveolar epithelium. Rabbits received a single intravenous injection of either nitrogen mustard (2 mg/kg) or saline and were exposed to 100% C2 for 64 h. At the end of the hyperoxic exposure, there were 20 +/- 7 neutrophils/ml blood in the nitrogen mustard group vs. 5,935 +/- 1,174 in the control group (means +/- SE; P less than 0.05). The corresponding numbers in lung extravascular tissue, expressed per high-power field, were 0.37 +/- 7 and 5.9 +/- 0.35, respectively (P less than 0.05). At this time, the rate constants of solute flux for 57Co-vitamin B12 (r = 6.5 A) and 131I-cytochrome c (r = 17 A), across the alveolar epithelium, were 33 +/- 5 (min-1) and 7 +/- 2 for the nitrogen mustard and 29 +/- 5 and 6 +/- 1 for the saline group, respectively. These variables were ninefold higher than their corresponding values in animals breathing air. We concluded that neutrophils do not play a significant role during the early stages of sublethal hyperoxic injury to rabbit alveolar epithelium. PMID- 3759753 TI - Rebreathing lung tissue volume of sheep with normal and edematous lungs. AB - To determine the accuracy of measurements of lung tissue volume (Vlt) by rebreathing acetylene in normal and edematous lungs, we compared gravimetric values of total lung weight (Ql) and extravascular lung water (Qwl) with Vlt in anesthetized control sheep (C) and sheep with hydrostatic pulmonary edema (HPE) or oleic acid-induced permeability pulmonary edema (PPE), five animals each. In eight additional sheep we determined that acetylene solubility in blood (0.117 +/ 0.010 ml X 100 ml-1 X Torr-1) differed significantly from that in lung-blood homogenates (0.095 +/- 0.009 ml X 100 ml-1 X Torr-1, P = 0.0017). The latter value was used in all calculations. In C, Vlt was 194% of Qwl and 98% of Ql; in HPE, Vlt was 144% of Qwl and 87% of Ql; and in PPE, Vlt was 112% of Qwl and 77% of Ql. We conclude that when the lungs are normal, Vlt reasonably measures Ql not Qwl. However in both HPE and PPE, Vlt progressively underestimates Ql and cannot differentiate between increased blood volume and increased Qwl. PMID- 3759755 TI - Effects of cognitive and psychomotor tasks on breath-holding span. AB - Bartlett (J. Appl. Physiol. 42: 717-721, 1977) demonstrated that a psychomotor task (hand dynamometer) extended breath holds at functional residual capacity (FRC) in a manner comparable to Valsalva and Mueller maneuvers. This led us to the hypothesis that distraction of a subject's attention from dyspneic sensations accounted for Bartlett's findings. This hypothesis was tested by comparing a hand dynamometer task (rubber-bulb squeeze) with a mental performance task (mental arithmetic). Results for tasks performed separately and concurrently in a within subjects design showed comparable effects, without reaching a FRC breath-hold performance ceiling. Implications of results for effects of nonmechanical and nonchemical factors on respiratory drive are discussed. PMID- 3759754 TI - Effect of hypoproteinemia on lung fluid balance in awake newborn lambs. AB - To study the influence of plasma protein concentration on fluid balance in the newborn lung, we measured pulmonary arterial and left atrial pressures, lung lymph flow, and concentrations of protein in lymph and plasma of eight lambs, 2-3 wk old, before and after we reduced their plasma protein concentration from 5.8 +/- 0.3 to 3.6 +/- 0.6 g/dl. Each lamb underwent two studies, interrupted by a 3 day period in which we drained protein-rich systemic lymph through a thoracic duct fistula and replaced fluid losses with feedings of a protein-free solution of electrolytes and glucose. Each study consisted of a 2-h control period followed by 4 h of increased lung microvascular pressure produced by inflation of a balloon in the left atrium. Body weight and vascular pressures did not differ significantly during the two studies, but lung lymph flow increased from 2.6 +/- 0.1 ml/h during normoproteinemia to 4.1 +/- 0.1 ml/h during hypoproteinemia. During development of hypoproteinemia, the average difference in protein osmotic pressure between plasma and lymph decreased by 1.6 +/- 2 Torr at normal left atrial pressure and by 4.9 +/- 2.2 Torr at elevated left atrial pressure. When applied to the Starling equation governing microvascular fluid balance, these changes in liquid driving pressure were sufficient to account for the observed increases in lung fluid filtration; reduction of plasma protein concentration did not cause a statistically significant change in calculated filtration coefficient. Protein loss did not influence net protein clearance from the lungs nor did it accentuate the increase in lymph flow associated with left atrial pressure elevation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3759756 TI - Contractile properties of the human diaphragm in vivo. AB - The mechanical properties of the human diaphragm have been studied at fractional residual capacity in normal seated subjects with closed glottis. The transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) developed in response to single shocks or to trains of stimuli at increasing frequency was approximately 3 times greater during bilateral than unilateral stimulation. During unilateral phrenic nerve stimulation the Pdi twitches increased as the interval (0-200 ms) of a preceding conditioning stimulus to the contralateral phrenic nerve was decreased suggesting that the two hemidiaphragms are mechanically coupled in series. The contraction time and half-relaxation time of single bilateral twitches as well as the Pdi frequency relationship (5-35 Hz) during bilateral tetanic stimulation indicate that the contractile properties of the human diaphragm are intermediate between those of fast- and slow-twitch muscle fibers. The results suggest that the contractile properties of the human diaphragm are well illustrated by single bilateral twitches recorded from the relaxed muscle, but that the responses to unilateral stimulation are misleading due to distortion by abnormal changes in the muscle geometry. PMID- 3759757 TI - Potentiation of vagal contractile response by thromboxane mimetic U-46619. AB - We studied the effect of the thromboxane mimetic U-46619 on tracheal smooth muscle contraction caused by bilateral stimulation of the vagus nerves in 14 mongrel dogs in situ. The parasympathetic contractile response was studied isometrically after beta-adrenergic blockade with 2 mg/kg iv propranolol plus 20 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1 continuous intravenous infusion and blockade of endogenous prostaglandin synthesis with 5 mg/kg iv indomethacin. An initial frequency-response curve was generated by electrical stimulation of the caudal ends of cut cervical vagi over the range of frequencies 2-25 Hz (constant 25 V) at 15-s intervals. In five dogs, 10(-10) to 10(-8) mol of the thromboxane mimetic (15S)-hydroxyl-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5Z,13E-dienoic acid (U 46619) was injected selectively into the tracheal arterial circulation, causing a transient contractile response (less than or equal to 10 g/cm). Additional frequency response studies were generated 7 min before and 1, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min after U-46619. Substantial augmentation of tracheal contraction to efferent vagal stimulation was observed after U-46619 for all frequencies greater than 4 Hz (P less than 0.02). Augmentation of vagally mediated contraction was not observed in four other dogs after equivalent tracheal contraction was elicited without U-46619. Similarly, in four separate dogs, augmentation of tracheal contraction was not observed when acetylcholine was given instead of vagal stimulation after U-46619. We conclude that the thromboxane analogue, U-46619, causes augmentation of tracheal contractile response induced by efferent vagus nerve stimulation. Potentiation is caused by a prejunctional action of U-46619 and is not induced by nonspecific precontraction with another agonist. PMID- 3759758 TI - Effects of perceived musical rhythm on respiratory pattern. AB - The effects of rhythmic input on breath period (TT) under constant metabolic drive were assessed in 10 musically trained and 10 untrained subjects. They tapped to a metronome and then to four musical segments, each for 5 min. Ten of these subjects (5 from each group) also listened to the selections without tapping. TT, beat period (TB), and phase coupling (PC) were assessed during the last 20 breaths of each presentation. TT coefficient of variation decreased significantly (P less than 0.001) in all subjects (base line = 23%; listening = 15%; listening and tapping = 10%). Significant correlation between rhythm and TT, indicating relative entrainment, was found in half of the subjects (r greater than 0.45; P less than 0.01). Significant integer TT/TB ratio and PC, both indicating tight entrainment between rhythm and breathing, were observed in 12 subjects (though not consistently in each one). These data advance the following hypothesis: musical rhythm can be a zeitgeber (i.e., pacemaker), with its ability to entrain respiration dependent on the strength of its signal relative to spurious signals from the higher neural centers that introduce noise into the central pattern generator. Tapping reinforces the zeitgeber, increasing its signal-to-noise ratio and thereby promoting entrainment. PMID- 3759759 TI - The Astrand-Ryhming nomogram revisited. AB - Relationships among O2 uptake (VO2), heart rate, and work rate during constant load submaximal cycle ergometry and ramp-forced exercise to exhaustion have been studied in core groups of trained (n = 15) and untrained (n = 10), 20- to 29-yr old males. A signal aim was to improve on the accuracy of the 1954 Astrand Ryhming (A-R) nomogram predicting maximum aerobic power from heart rate elevation at submaximum work rates. A new nomogram has been developed based on a linear relationship, established in experimental groups, between VO2 and delta HR, the latter being defined as the elevation of exercise heart rate above that reached during zero-load pedaling at 90 rpm. The delta HR variable used in a nomogram linking it and submaximum VO2 (either derived by calculation from the concomitant steady-state work rate or measured directly from respiratory gas analysis) successfully differentiated maximum aerobic power of trained from untrained subjects in core groups whose different abilities could not otherwise be distinguished by the A-R nomogram itself. In a validation group of trained (n = 5), untrained (n = 5), and moderately trained (n = 4) 20- to 29-yr-old males, the correlation measured between VO2max values and those predicted from the new nomogram was significantly better (r = 0.98) (P less than 0.05) than predictions made from the A-R nomogram (r = 0.80). PMID- 3759760 TI - Influence of tissue compressibility on calibration for strain-gauge plethysmography. AB - Strain gauges employed in plethysmography for determination of limb blood flow tend to counter the expansion of the limb during venous occlusion. Traditionally a mechanical calibration is performed in situ to compensate for tissue compressibility. Greenfield, Whitney, and Mowbray stated that, otherwise, large errors would result (Br. Med. Bull. 19: 101-109, 1963). Nonetheless, not all of the recent reports on skin blood flow in humans have been based on a calibration procedure that corrects for tissue compressibility. To evaluate the significance of this problem, we developed a new strain-gauge holder that made possible frequent, reproducible, stretching of a single-strand Whitney gauge in situ. We compared the apparent sensitivity thus obtained to electrical or bench mechanical determinations. We independently determined tissue compressibility by recording limb circumference as tension in a circumferential tube was varied. Both techniques showed that tissue compressibility is a small source of error (5%) and that compressibility decreases during occlusion. Therefore the cumbersome holder and potential artifacts associated with the traditional technique need not be tolerated. We also investigated the consequences of nonuniform tension distribution and temperature changes; practical considerations for dealing with these are discussed. PMID- 3759761 TI - Dynamic torquemeter calibration of bicycle ergometers. AB - Bicycle ergometers as widely used in both clinical testing and exercise physiology studies are mechanical, hydraulic, or electromechanical devices. They are thus subject to change and error, creating a need for repeated calibration. We have developed a compact inexpensive torquemeter that permits dynamic calibration of the entire range of an ergometer. The torquemeter continuously measures the input torque at the pedal shaft of the ergometer and thus includes all work done in the drivetrain. It also permits adjustment of electrically braked ergometers to a specified torque using internal adjustments to give correct scale readings. The torquemeter depends on a high carbon steel torsion spring whose ends are rotated in angular deflection by increasing applied torque. Relative rotation is sensed through a multiturn potentiometer, the resistance of which is measured externally through a slip ring contact. PMID- 3759762 TI - Simulation of the vertical gradient of transpulmonary pressure by stable foams. AB - We describe a simulation of the vertical gradient of transpulmonary pressure (VGTP) using a stable foam, which is suitable for use in studies of the effect of the VGTP on excised lungs. We generated foams that produced linear hydrostatic pressure gradients (HPGs) from 0.18 to 0.44 cmH2O/cm depth, which were stable over time and were reproducible. The HPG was similar under static and dynamic conditions. The foam did not affect lung elastic properties or cause histological changes. We conclude that these stable foams provide a practical, inexpensive simulation of the VGTP and should be useful in studying the effects of the VGTP on regional lung behavior. PMID- 3759763 TI - Validation of a respiratory mask for measuring gas exchange in exercising swine. AB - A respiratory mask was developed for resting and exercising swine. The lightweight, low-dead-space design fits airtight against the animals' snouts to provide breath-by-breath measurements of respiration and metabolism. Validation of the mask was carried out using the Fick principle with dye-dilution cardiac outputs and arterial and mixed venous O2 content measurements. Linear regression analysis of O2 consumption (VO2) measurements by the two techniques revealed a slope of 1.07 and a Y-intercept of -1.06 ml X kg-1 X min-1. The standard error of the estimate of VO2 was 3.5 ml X kg-1 X min-1. The mask design permits rapid measurements of ventilation and metabolism in response to acute and chronic exercise. PMID- 3759764 TI - Dynamics of mammalian thermoregulation and its circadian component. AB - This note attempts to focus a physical theory for the dynamics of mammalian thermoregulation, its relation to thermodynamic near-equilibrium, and its relation to a circadian component of that regulation. As such, it is an extension of the analysis and discussion carried on in earlier references. That earlier analysis is tested and extended by the use of two additional data sets not found in the earlier work. PMID- 3759765 TI - Total body water-to-lean body mass ratio in baboons (Papio sp.) of varying adiposity. AB - Total body water (TBW), lean body mass (LBM), and triglyceride mass were measured in 23 5-yr-old baboons (13 females and 10 males). Male baboons weighed more, had more LBM, more TBW, and contained less triglyceride mass per unit body weight than female baboons. Among all baboons, triglyceride mass per unit body weight ranged from 2.4 to 33.5%. The ratio TBW:LBM ranged from 0.70 to 0.92, increasing (r = 0.98) with increased body triglyceride content (both percent and absolute mass) in both male and female baboons. However, the water content per unit weight of tissues free of fat cells (liver, lungs, kidneys, central nervous system, eyes, tongue) was nearly constant at 0.73 +/- 0.02. The increase in TBW:LBM is more than can be expected from the water in the increased adipose tissue mass. We conclude that TBW:LBM is not constant but is influenced by body triglyceride content in baboons. PMID- 3759766 TI - Rapid shallow breathing evoked by capsaicin from isolated pulmonary circulation. AB - Recently Green et al. (J. Appl. Physiol. 57:562-567, 1984) reported that pulmonary C-fibers initiate the prompt apnea evoked by pulmonary arterial injections of capsaicin; however, their role in the subsequent rapid shallow breathing of the pulmonary chemoreflex is still in dispute. To determine whether this reflex tachypnea is triggered by pulmonary C-fibers rather than by afferents further downstream, we separately perfused the pulmonary and systemic circulations in dogs anesthetized with either halothane or alpha-chloralose as the lungs were ventilated with a servo-controlled ventilator driven by phrenic nerve activity. Injection of capsaicin (10 micrograms/kg) into the pulmonary artery of the isolated pulmonary circulation evoked an immediate apnea followed by rapid shallow breathing. Injection of the same dose of capsaicin into the left atrium of the isolated pulmonary circulation had no effect. By contrast, when capsaicin was administered at a slower rate into the pulmonary artery (10-20 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1) rapid shallow breathing occurred but without apnea. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that in spontaneously breathing animals, stimulation of pulmonary C-fibers can evoke rapid shallow breathing. PMID- 3759767 TI - High glycogen levels enhance glycogen breakdown in isolated contracting skeletal muscle. AB - The influence of supranormal muscle glycogen levels on glycogen breakdown in contracting muscle was investigated. Rats either rested or swam for 3 h and subsequently had their isolated hindquarters perfused after 21 h with access to food. Muscle glycogen concentrations were measured before and after 15 min of intermittent electrical muscle stimulation. Before stimulation, glycogen was higher in rats that swam on the preceding day (supercompensated rats) compared with controls. During muscle contractions, glycogen breakdown in fast-twitch red and white fibers was larger in supercompensated hindquarters than in controls, and glycogenolysis correlated significantly with precontraction glycogen concentrations. In slow-twitch fibers, electrical stimulation did not elicit glycogenolysis in either group. Glucose uptake and lactate release were decreased and increased, respectively, in supercompensated hindquarters compared with controls. O2 uptake, release of tyrosine and glycerol, and tension development were similar in the two groups. In conclusion, during muscle contractions, increased muscle glycogen levels lead to increased breakdown of glycogen and release of lactate and decreased uptake of glucose by mechanisms exerted within the muscle cells. Intramuscular lipolysis and net protein breakdown are unaffected. There seems to be no close linkage between needs and mobilization of fuel within the working muscle. PMID- 3759768 TI - Effects of delayed freezing on content of phosphagens in human skeletal muscle biopsy samples. AB - The concentrations of ATP, phosphocreatine (PCr), creatine, and lactate were determined in muscle biopsy samples frozen immediately or after a delay of 1-6 min. During the delay the samples were exposed to normal air or a gas mixture of 6.5% CO2-93.5% O2. The ATP content was unchanged, but PCr increased significantly from 72 mmol after rapid freezing to 85 mmol X kg dry muscle-1 during the 1st min in air. The lactate concentration increased (2.8 to 5.2 mmol X kg-1). If muscles were made anoxic by circulatory occlusion for 4-6 min before sampling, no increase in PCr was observed. Direct homogenization of fresh tissue in perchloric acid gave the same ATP, PCr, and lactate contents as frozen samples. It is concluded that the ATP and PCr contents in muscle are unaffected by freezing but that the biopsy procedure activates the energy utilization processes resulting in PCr decrease. It is suggested that the muscle PCr content after a 1-min delay in tissue freezing corresponds to the level in resting fresh muscle. PMID- 3759769 TI - Exponential and diphasic ventilatory response to hypoxia in conscious lambs. AB - This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that in the neonate the hypoxic chemoreflex drive adapts to steady-state hypoxia but not to progressive hypoxia. First we have compared the ventilatory (VE) response of 2-day-old conscious lambs to steady-state hypoxia with their response to progressive hypoxia. Second, we have quantified the chemoreceptor excitatory function operating at the end of each period of hypoxia by studying the immediate VE response to the withdrawal of the hypoxic stimulus. Lambs responded to steady-state hypoxia [fractional concentration of inspired O2 (FIO2) = 0.08] by a diphasic VE response but responded to progressive hypoxia (FIO2 0.21-0.08) by an exponential VE increase. Hyperventilation in steady-state hypoxia was transient; VE increased immediately from 532 to a mean peak response of 712 ml X kg-1 X min-1 and decreased to 595 ml X kg-1. min-1 within 10 min. With progressive hypoxia, VE increased within 13 min from 514 to 705 ml X kg-1 X min-1. At the end of steady-state and progressive hypoxia the abrupt withdrawal of the hypoxic drive caused an instantaneous VE decrease to 390 and 399 ml X kg-1 X min-1, respectively; the VE decrease was respectively 306 and 205 ml X kg-1 X min-1 (P less than 0.05). This demonstrates that during steady-state hypoxia the lambs had suffered a loss of one third of the chemoreceptor excitatory function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3759770 TI - Glucose feeding and exercise in trained rats: mechanisms for glycogen sparing. AB - This investigation studied the effect of an oral glucose feeding on glycogen sparing during exercise in non-glycogen-depleted and glycogen-depleted endurance trained rats. The non-glycogen-depleted rats received via a stomach tube 2 ml of a 20% glucose solution labeled with [U-14C]glucose just prior to exercise (1 h at 25 m/min). Another group of rats ran for 40 min at higher intensity to deplete glycogen stores, after which they received the same glucose feeding and continued running for 1 h at 25 m/min. The initial 40-min run depleted glycogen in heart, skeletal muscle, and liver. In the non-glycogen-depleted rats the glucose feeding spared glycogen in the liver, primarily from the oxidation of blood-borne glucose in muscle. In the glycogen-depleted rats, muscle glycogen was repleted after the feeding, but sources other than the administered glucose also contributed to glycogen synthesis. The results suggest that glycogen depletion rather than the glucose feeding per se stimulates glycogen resynthesis in muscle during exercise in endurance-trained rats. PMID- 3759771 TI - Respiratory resistance with histamine challenge by single-breath and forced oscillation methods. AB - Relaxed expirations were obtained from five anesthetized dogs under control conditions and during various rates of intravenous infusion of histamine. All volume vs. time curves obtained from 20 ms to 2 s after the start of expiration were poorly described by a single exponential function but were fitted very well by a biexponential function. The resistance of the respiratory system as a function of frequency from 2 to 26 Hz was also determined by the forced oscillation method in the same dogs. Three two-compartment models of the respiratory system were identified from the exponentials fitted to the relaxed expiration data, and the one that had the most plausible parameter values under control conditions consisted of a homogeneous lung compartment connected to a viscoelastic compartment. Although a two-compartment model is arguably appropriate for describing relaxed expirations in normal dogs, physiological considerations suggest that there should be more than two interacting components with histamine infusion. We cannot identify all these components from our data, however. The equivalent complex impedance of the respiratory system was also calculated from the biexponential curves and showed significant variation in resistance over the frequency range from 0 to 2 Hz and negligible variation above 2 Hz. The calculated resistances at 2 Hz were consistently higher than those obtained by the forced oscillation method, which may be due to the nonlinear behavior of the respiratory system during relaxed expiration. We conclude that the single-breath and forced oscillation methods should be viewed as providing complimentary information about respiratory resistance. PMID- 3759772 TI - Endurance exercise training reduces lactate production. AB - In situ muscle stimulation in trained and untrained rats was used to reevaluate whether adaptations induced by endurance exercise training result in decreased lactate production by contracting muscles. The gastrocnemius-plantaris-soleus muscle group was stimulated to perform isotonic contractions. After 3 min of stimulation with 100-ms trains at 50 Hz at 60/min, the increases in lactate concentration in the plantaris, soleus, and fast-twitch red muscle (deep portion of lateral head of gastrocnemius) were only approximately 50% as great in trained as in sedentary rats. In the predominantly fast-twitch white superficial portion of the medial head of the gastrocnemius the increase in lactate concentration was 28% less in the trained than in the sedentary group. The decreases in muscle glycogen concentration seen after 3 min of stimulation at 60 trains/min were smaller in the trained than in the untrained group. The reduction in lactate accumulation that occurred in the different muscles in response to training was roughly proportional to the degree of glycogen sparing. These results show that endurance training induces adaptations that result in a slower production of lactate by muscle during contractile activity. PMID- 3759773 TI - Pharyngeal cross-sectional area in normal men and women. AB - Pharyngeal size and the dynamic behavior of the upper airway may be important factors in modulating respiratory airflow. Patients with obstructive sleep apnea are known to have reduced pharyngeal cross-sectional area. However, no systematic measurements of pharyngeal area in healthy asymptomatic subjects are available, in part due to the lack of simple, rapid, and noninvasive measurement techniques. We utilized the acoustic reflection technique to measure pharyngeal cross sectional area in 24 healthy volunteers (14 males, 10 females). Pharyngeal area was measured during a continuous slow expiration from total lung capacity (TLC) to residual volume (RV). We compared pharyngeal cross-sectional areas in males and females at three lung volumes: TLC, 50% of vital capacity (VC), and RV. In males, pharyngeal areas (means +/- SD) were 6.4 +/- 1.3 cm2 at TLC, 5.4 +/- 0.9 cm2 at 50% VC, and 4.1 +/- 0.8 cm2 at RV. In females, pharyngeal areas were 4.8 +/- 0.6 cm2 at TLC, 4.2 +/- 0.5 cm2 at 50% VC, and 3.7 +/- 0.6 cm2 at RV. The difference in area between males and females was statistically significant at TLC and 50% VC but not at RV. However, when the pharyngeal cross-sectional area was normalized for body surface area, this difference was not significant. In males there was a negative correlation of pharyngeal area with age. We conclude that sex differences in pharyngeal area are related to body size, pharyngeal area shows a similar variation with lung volumes in males and females, and in males pharyngeal area reduces with age. PMID- 3759774 TI - Breathlessness during exercise with and without resistive loading. AB - The purpose of this study was to quantify the intensity of breathlessness associated with exercise and respiratory resistive loading, with the specific purpose of isolating the quantitative contributions of inspiratory pressure, length, velocity, and frequency of inspiratory muscle shortening and duty cycle to breathlessness. The intensity of inspiratory pressure was quantified by measurement of estimated esophageal pressure (Pes = pressure at the mouth plus lung pressure), the extent of shortening by tidal volume (VT), and the velocity of shortening by inspiratory flow rate (VI). Six normal subjects underwent five incremental (100 kpm X min-1 X min-1) exercise tests on a cycle ergometer to maximum capacity. The first and last test were unloaded and the intervening tests were performed with external added resistances of 33, 57, and 73 cm H2O X l-1 X s in random order. The resistances were selected to provide a range of pressures, tidal volumes, flow rates, and patterns of breathing. At rest and at the end of each minute during exercise the subjects estimated the intensity of breathlessness (psi) by selecting a number ranging from 0 to 10 (Borg rating scale, 0 indicating no appreciable breathlessness and 10 the maximum tolerable sensation). Breathlessness was significantly and independently related to Pes (P less than 0.0001), VI (P less than 0.0001), frequency of breathing (fb) (P less than 0.01), and duty cycle [ratio of inspiratory duration to total breath duration (TI/TT)] (P less than 0.01): psi = 0.11 Pes + 0.61 VI + 1.99 TI/TT + 0.04 fb - 2.60 (r = 0.83). The results suggest that peak pressure (tension), VI (velocity of inspiratory muscle shortening), TI/TT, and fb contribute independently and collectively to breathlessness. The perception of respiratory muscle effort is ideally suited to subserve this sensation. The neurophysiological mechanism purported is a conscious awareness of the intensity of the outgoing motor command by means of corollary discharge within the central nervous system. PMID- 3759775 TI - Ventilatory response to sustained hypoxia in normal adults. AB - We examined the ventilatory response to moderate (arterial O2 saturation 80%), sustained, isocapnic hypoxia in 20 young adults. During 25 min of hypoxia, inspiratory minute ventilation (VI) showed an initial brisk increase but then declined to a level intermediate between the initial increase and resting room air VI. The intermediate level of VI was a plateau that did not change significantly when hypoxia was extended up to 1 h. The relation between the amount of initial increase and subsequent decrease in ventilation during constant hypoxia was not random; the magnitude of the eventual decline correlated confidently with the degree of initial hyperventilation. Evaluation of breathing pattern revealed that during constant hypoxia there was little alteration in respiratory timing and that the changes in VI were related to significant alterations in tidal volume and mean inspiratory flow (VT/TI). None of the changes was reproduced during a sham control protocol, in which room air was substituted for the period of low fractional concentration of inspired O2. We conclude that ventilatory response to hypoxia in adults is not sustained; it exhibits some biphasic features similar to the neonatal hypoxic response. PMID- 3759776 TI - Effect of prolonged bed rest on lung volume in normal individuals. AB - Pulmonary function was assessed in supine subjects before, during, and after three separate bed-rest studies of 11 and 12 days duration. Forced vital capacity (FVC) increased during bed rest in each subject. Total lung capacity (TLC) was measured by helium dilution in one bed-rest study and increased in each subject, while residual volume and functional residual capacity of the respiratory system did not change. No change in FVC was found in an ambulatory control group using identical measurement techniques. Maintaining base-line plasma volume during one bed rest by the use of exogenous estrogen did not prevent an increase in FVC, and decreasing plasma volume with diuretics in ambulatory subjects to the same degree as seen in the bed rests did not cause an increase in FVC. We conclude that prolonged bed rest results in a small significant increase in TLC and that this change is not dependent on alterations in plasma volume. PMID- 3759777 TI - Work rate-dependent lactate kinetics after exercise in humans. AB - Arterial blood lactate concentrations were measured on 19 subjects before, during, and after a 3-min bicycle exercise at several work rates, and the concentrations during the recovery phases were fitted to a biexponential time function consisting of a rapidly increasing and a slowly decreasing component. Highly significant correlations with the work rate of the exercise preceding the recovery were found for all the parameters of the fitted equation. The two velocity constants show inverse linear relationships, whereas the other parameters vary according to a definite power function. A functional meaning has been given to the two velocity constants, namely the ability of the tissues to exchange and to remove lactate. For the group of subjects studied, after exercises at work rates below about 3.5 W/kg, the tissue's ability to utilize, and possibly to exchange lactate, increases over values generally reported for resting conditions, whereas after exercises at higher work rates the inverse occurs. Lactate kinetics during recovery appear to be the result of two underlying processes, one enhancing the ability of the tissues to exchange and remove lactate and the other restraining it. PMID- 3759778 TI - Thermoregulation, metabolism, and stages of sleep in cold-exposed men. AB - Four naked men, selected for their ability to sleep in the cold, were exposed to an ambient temperature (Ta) of 21 degrees C for five consecutive nights. Electrophysiological stages of sleep, O2 consumption (VO2), and skin (Tsk), rectal (Tre), and tympanic (Tty) temperatures were recorded. Compared with five nights at a thermoneutral Ta of 29 degrees C, cold induced increased wakefulness and decreased stage 2 sleep, without significantly affecting other stages. Tre and Tty declined during each condition. The decrease in Tre was greater at 21 degrees C than at 29 degrees C, whereas Tty did not differ significantly between conditions. Increases in Tty following REM sleep onset at 21 degrees C were negatively correlated with absolute Tty. VO2 and forehead Tsk also increased during REM sleep at both TaS, whereas Tsk of the limb extremities declined at 21 degrees C. Unsuppressed REM sleep in association with peripheral vasoconstriction and increased Tty and VO2 in cold-exposed humans, do not signify an inhibition of thermoregulation during this sleep stage as has been observed in other mammals. PMID- 3759779 TI - Effect of respiratory alkalosis during exercise on blood lactate. AB - A biofeedback model of hyperventilation during exercise was used to assess the independent effects of pH, arterial CO2 partial pressure (PaCO2), and minute ventilation on blood lactate during exercise. Eight normal subjects were studied with progressive upright bicycle exercise (2-min intervals, 25-W increments) under three experimental conditions in random order. Arterialized venous blood was drawn at each work load for measurement of blood lactate, pH, and PaCO2. Results were compared with those from reproducible control tests. Experimental conditions were 1) biofeedback hyperventilation (to increase pH by 0.08-0.10 at each work load); 2) hyperventilation following acetazolamide (which returned pH to control values despite ventilation and PaCO2 identical to condition 1); and 3) metabolic acidosis induced by acetazolamide (with spontaneous ventilation). The results showed an increase in blood lactate during hyperventilation. Blood lactate was similar to control with hyperventilation after acetazolamide, suggesting that the change was due to pH and not to PaCO2 or total ventilation. Exercise during metabolic acidosis (acetazolamide alone) was associated with blood lactate lower than control values. Respiratory alkalosis during exercise increases blood lactate. This is due to the increase in pH and not to the increase in ventilation or the decrease in PaCO2. PMID- 3759780 TI - Thoracoabdominal blood volume change and its effect on lung and chest wall volumes. AB - The effects of changing blood volume within the thoracoabdominal cavity (Vtab) have been studied in four male subjects trained in respiratory maneuvers. Subjects were studied lying supine in a pressure plethysmograph with inflatable fracture splints placed around both arms and legs. Changes in Vtab were produced by inflating the splints to 30 cmH2O. Thoracic gas volume (Vtg) measured by Boyle's law, and the change in chest wall volume (delta Vw), measured by anteroposterior magnetometers on rib cage and abdomen, were measured almost simultaneously and at two respiratory system volumes. The quantity of blood moved by splint inflation was estimated for each subject at both respiratory system volumes and varied between 215 and 752 ml. The chest wall increased 64 +/- 11.8% (mean +/- SD) of the increase in Vtab. Thus increases in thoracoabdominal blood volume increase Vw about twice the decrease in Vtg. PMID- 3759781 TI - Effects of ozone exposure on four consecutive days on work performance and VO2max. AB - The effects of 4 consecutive days of 1-h exposure to 0.35 ppm ozone (O3) on maximal O2 uptake (VO2max), performance time, pulmonary function, and subjective symptom responses were studied in eight aerobically trained males. Each subject was first exposed in random order to filtered air (FA) and 0.35 ppm O3 while exercising on a bicycle ergometer for 50 min at a work load eliciting minute ventilation of approximately 60 1/min. A rapidly incremented VO2max test to volitional fatigue was completed within 10 min following each of these exposures, as well as on day 4 of the consecutive daily exposures to O3. Initial exposure to O3 induced the occurrence of subjective symptoms, as well as significant pulmonary function impairment and decrements in maximal exercise performance time (from 253 to 211 s) and VO2max (from 3.85 to 3.62 l/min). Following the fourth consecutive day of exposure to O3, pulmonary function impairment was not significantly different from initial exposure to O3, although subjective symptom severity was significantly reduced. Exercise performance time (239 s) and VO2max (3.79 l/min) on the fourth consecutive daily exposure to O3 were not significantly different from FA values. These data indicate no significant adaptation to initial O3 exposure-induced pulmonary function impairment following four consecutive daily exposures to O3, although reduced subjective symptom severity and enhanced exercise performance time on day 4 suggest an habituation effect. Our results also suggest that O3 adaptation may be a more complex phenomena than identified previously. PMID- 3759782 TI - Plasma aldosterone and sweat sodium concentrations after exercise and heat acclimation. AB - This investigation was designed to determine the relationship between the levels of plasma aldosterone and eccrine sweat gland sodium excretion following exercise and heat acclimation. Ten subjects exercised at 45% of their maximal O2 uptake in a hot (40 degrees C), moderately humid (45% relative humidity) environment for 2 h/day on ten consecutive days. Acclimation was verified by significant reductions in exercise heart rate, rectal temperature, and heat storage, as well as significant elevation of resting plasma volume (12%, P less than 0.05) and exercise sweat rate on day 10 compared with day 1 of acclimation. During exercise, the concentration and total content of sodium in sweat as well as plasma aldosterone were significantly decreased from day 1 to day 10. The ratio of sweat sodium reabsorbed to plasma aldosterone concentration was significantly increased from day 1 to day 10 after both 1 and 2 h of exercise. These data indicate that plasma aldosterone concentrations decrease following heat acclimation; and eccrine gland responsiveness to aldosterone, as represented by sweat sodium reabsorption, may be augumented through exercise and heat acclimation. PMID- 3759783 TI - Altered pulmonary epithelial permeability in canine radiation lung injury. AB - A radioaerosol scanning technique measuring regional clearance of sodium pertechnetate (99mTcO-4) and 99mTc-labeled diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (99mTc DTPA) was used to assess changes in canine pulmonary epithelial permeability following lung irradiation. Doses of 2,000 cGy (11 dogs), 1,000 cGy (2 dogs), and 500 cGy (2 dogs) were given in one fraction to either the entire right hemithorax (500 cGy) or the right lower lung (1,000 and 2,000 cGy). Radioaerosol scans, chest roentgenograms, and computerized tomograms (CT) were obtained before and serially after irradiation. A dose of 2,000 cGy resulted in a decrease in regional pulmonary epithelial permeability to both 99mTcO4- and 99mTc-DTPA; both showed significant decreases from the 2nd wk postirradiation onward. In comparison, CT and chest roentgenogram did not become abnormal until 7.1 +/- 2.8 (SD) and 8.2 +/- 2.6 wk, respectively. Doses of 1,000 and 500 cGy produced reversible decreases in 99mTcO4- clearance. Lung morphology showed definite changes of radiation pneumonitis after 2,000 and 1,000 cGy but not after 500 cGy at approximately 9, 17, and 12 wk postirradiation, respectively. These results suggest that dose-dependent changes in pulmonary physiology may precede obvious structural alterations in radiation lung injury. PMID- 3759784 TI - Effects of bacterial endotoxin on protecting copper-deficient rats from hyperoxia. AB - The administration of very low doses of bacterial endotoxin protects rats during exposure to hyperoxia and is associated with the induction of lung antioxidant enzyme activities. Copper-deficient rats have increased susceptibility to O2 toxicity, which may be related to their decreased lung superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) or decreased plasma ceruloplasmin concentrations. To determine whether endotoxin can protect against hyperoxia in this susceptible model, we exposed copper-deficient and control rats to a fractional inspiratory concentration of O2 greater than 0.95 for 96 h after pretreatment with 500 micrograms/kg of bacterial endotoxin or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Mortality in the copper-deficient and control rats given PBS and exposed to O2 for 96 h was 100%. Copper-deficient rats died significantly earlier during the exposure than controls. No mortality occurred in either group treated with endotoxin and hyperoxia despite the decreased activity of copper-dependent enzymes in the copper-deficient rats. Copper-deficient rats treated with endotoxin and exposed to hyperoxia did increase lung Cu-Zn-SOD activity, but activity remained below levels found in air-exposed controls. Mn-SOD activity was found to be induced above air-exposed controls in the copper-deficient rats treated with endotoxin and exposed to hyperoxia. Hyperoxic exposure resulted in a marked increase in plasma ceruloplasmin concentrations in the control rats, but no increases in ceruloplasmin occurred in the copper-deficient animals. Endotoxin protects copper-deficient rats from hyperoxia despite their decreased lung Cu-Zn SOD activity, and decreased plasma ceruloplasmin. PMID- 3759785 TI - Differential effects of lower body negative pressure on forearm and calf blood flow. AB - Modest degrees of lower body negative pressure (less than 20 mmHg) cause a reflex constriction of forearm resistance vessels attributable to a decrease in activity of cardiopulmonary mechanoreceptors. In the present study, we sought to determine whether the calf vessels respond similarly. Left forearm and right calf blood flows were measured simultaneously by strain-gauge plethysmography in 10 healthy volunteers. Forearm flows decreased significantly from control during negative pressures of 10, 15, or 20 mmHg, whereas calf flows did not decrease significantly until 20 mmHg; at 10, 15, and 20 mmHg, decreases in forearm flow were significantly greater than those of the calf. Similar results were obtained in a second series of experiments in which venous pooling in the right leg during lower body negative pressure was prevented by enclosing it in a boot. At 40 mmHg, or after a Valsalva maneuver, both forearm and calf vessels constricted markedly and to the same degree. It appears that the reflex reduction in blood flow to the skeletal muscles of the limbs resulting from deactivation of the low-pressure intrathoracic mechanoreceptors is directed primarily to the arm. PMID- 3759786 TI - Lactate and ventilatory thresholds: disparity in time course of adaptations to training. AB - We tested the hypothesis that the lactate threshold (Tlac) during incremental exercise could be increased significantly during the first 3 wk of endurance training without any concomitant change in the ventilatory threshold (Tvent). Tvent is defined as O2 uptake (VO2) at which ventilatory equivalent for O2 [expired ventilation per VO2 (VE/VO2)] increased without a simultaneous increase in the ventilatory equivalent for CO2 (VE/VCO2). Weekly measurements of ventilatory gas exchange and blood lactate responses during incremental and steady-rate exercise were performed on six subjects (4 male; 2 female) who exercised 6 days/wk, 30 min/session at 70-80% of pretraining VO2max for 3 wk. Pretraining Tlac and Tvent were not significantly different. After 3 wk of training, significant increases (P less than 0.05) occurred for mean (+/- SE) VO2max (392 +/- 103 ml/min) and Tlac (482 +/- 135 ml/min). Tvent did not change during the 3 wk of training, despite significant (P less than 0.05) reductions in VE responses to both incremental and steady-rate exercise. Thus ventilatory adaptations to exercise during the first 3 wk of exercise training were not accompanied by a detectable alteration in the ventilatory "threshold" during a 1 min incremental exercise protocol. The mean absolute difference between pairs of Tlac and Tvent posttraining was 499 ml/min. Despite the significant training induced dissociation between Tlac and Tvent a high correlation between the two parameters was obtained posttraining (r = 0.86, P less than 0.05). These results indicate a coincidental rather than causal relationship.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3759787 TI - Use of diathermy for weeding heterogeneous tissue cultures. AB - Cultures generated from tissues consisting of multiple types of cells are often heterogeneous. Unless the cell type of interest has or can be given some selective growth advantage it may be overgrown by other cells. While developing techniques for the tissue culture of microvascular endothelial cells we evaluated an electrosurgical generator (diathermy) to selectively kill nonendothelial cells. Primary cell cultures were observed at X 100 magnification under phase contrast microscopy and a needle electrode apposed to the cell to be destroyed. A return electrode was constructed by placing a sterile clip in contact with the culture medium. The diathermy power setting controlled the area of lysis. Use of this technique allowed weeding of unwanted cells without damage to endothelial cells, which were able to grow to confluence in pure culture. PMID- 3759788 TI - Optimal parameters for the polybrene-induced DNA transfection of diploid human fibroblasts. AB - Recently it has been shown that Polybrene, in conjunction with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) shock, can markedly increase frequency of DNA transfection of chicken embryo fibroblasts as compared with the frequency obtained with the standard calcium phosphate protocol. We have adapted this procedure for use with diploid human fibroblasts. Using plasmid DNA containing a dominant selectable marker gene (resistance to Geneticin), we have determined that treatment of the cells for 6 h in culture medium containing Polybrene at a concentration of 2 to 5 micrograms/ml, followed by a 4-min shock with 30% DMSO, resulted in the highest yield of transfectants, ca. 400/10(6) cells treated with as little as 100 ng of plasmid DNA. The selective agent could be added immediately after the DMSO shock. This allows transfection and selection to be carried out in the same dishes and ensures that each clone represents a unique event. PMID- 3759789 TI - Altered growth kinetics precede calcium-induced differentiation in mouse epidermal cells. AB - Primary cultures of newborn mouse epidermal cells proliferate rapidly and with a high growth fraction for several months when grown in medium with low calcium (0.02 to 0.1 mM). Addition of calcium to levels generally used in culture medium (1.2 mM) was followed by rapid changes in the pattern of proliferation. By using a combination of technics (a stathmokinetic method, autoradiography, [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA, DNA flow cytometry) it was found that cell flux was blocked for 5 to 6 h, followed by a short rise in the mitotic rate at 10 h, and a gradual fall in all growth parameters until about 32 h after the calcium switch. There was no accumulation of cells in any particular cell cycle phase. The results indicate that the calcium switch is followed by a strong reduction in cell flux from G1 whereas the majority of the cells that had left G1 at the time of the switch completed one cell division before cessation of all proliferative activity. Both before and after the switch the primary epidermal cultures consisted of one diploid and one tetraploid G1 DNA stemline that seemed to react in the same way to calcium. PMID- 3759790 TI - Microvascular endothelium and pericytes: high yield, low passage cultures. AB - Cultured microvascular endothelial cells (MEC) have become a valuable model for studies of microvascular physiology and pathology. Most current techniques involve manual removal of undesirable cell types or cloning, require one to several months, and yield high population doubling level cultures derived from a relatively small sample of the original population. We have devised a technique to more rapidly produce larger numbers of MEC. This method provided primary cultures consisting predominantly of MEC within 1 wk. The technique involves selective aspiration of gray matter from the bovine cerebral cortex followed by homogenization, sieving, enzymatic dissociation, and then dense plating (10(4) to 10(5) vessel fragments/cm2) onto gelatin- or fibronectin-coated plastic. Typical yields were 0.1 to 0.5 X 10(6) fragments/g of aspirated gray matter. The optimal culture medium for these cells was 15% equine plasma derived serum, 20% conditioned medium, 2% retinal extract, 60% fresh medium, and 500 micrograms/ml heparin. Cells attached within 24 h, well-spread colonies were present within 1 to 2 d, and cultures approached confluence within 2 to 3 d. Alkaline phosphatase staining confirmed the microvascular origin of the material plated. Morphology, Factor VIII-related antigen staining and 1,1'-dioctacecyl-3,3,3'3,-tetramethyl indocarbocyanine perchlorate acetylated low density lipoprotein uptake suggested that MEC predominated. Cultures could be passaged and additionally purified by sequential exposure to pancreatin and trypsin-EDTA. Pancreatin selectively removed MEC colonies leaving a relatively homogeneous pericyte population. The relative ease with which such cultures can be produced should facilitate the in vitro study of brain microvascular function and may also provide insights useful for growing MEC from other vascular beds. PMID- 3759791 TI - The growth of WI-38 cells in a serum-free, growth factor-free, medium with elevated calcium concentrations. AB - The growth of WI-38 cells in serum-free growth medium with and without hormone supplementation in the presence of elevated Ca2+ concentrations was investigated. At 5 mM CaCl2, WI-38 cells seeded at low density without serum or hormone supplementation showed up to a 12-fold increase in cell number at saturation density over that obtained at day 1. Saturation densities were comparable when either 5 mM CaCl2 or epidermal growth factor (1 mM CaCl2) was used in the presence of insulin, dexamethasone and transferrin. Combining suboptimal doses of epidermal growth factor and CaCl2 resulted in an additive effect on saturation density. Thus, normal human diploid cells are capable of substantial growth in serum-free, hormone-free growth medium. In contrast, confluent cultures refed with the same medium are not responsive to elevated Ca2+ concentrations. In fact, elevated Ca2+ concentrations inhibited the proliferative response of confluent cultures to epidermal growth factor, but enhanced their response to the combined treatment of insulin, transferrin and dexamethasone. PMID- 3759792 TI - Mechanical effects on endothelial cell morphology: in vitro assessment. AB - Endothelial cells are subjected to fluid mechanical forces which accompany blood flow. These cells become elongated and orient their long axes parallel to the direction of shear stress when the cultured cells are subjected to flow in an in vitro circulatory system. When the substrate is compliant and cyclically deformed, to simulate effects of pressure in the vasculature, the cells elongate an orient perpendicular to the axis of deformation. Cell shape changes are reflected in the alignment of microtubule networks. The systems described provide tools for assessing the individual roles of shear stress, pressure, and mechanical strain on vascular cell structure and function. PMID- 3759793 TI - Confrontation of an invasive (MO4) and a noninvasive (MDCK) cell line with embryonic chick heart fragments in serum-free culture media. AB - Confronting cultures of precultured embryonic chick heart fragments (PHF) with aggregates of malignant cells in vitro have been shown to be relevant for a number of aspects of tumor invasion in vivo. Preculture of the heart fragments, formation of cell aggregates, and subsequent culture of confronting pairs have so far been done only in serum-containing culture media. We describe here confronting cultures of PHF with invasive MO4 mouse cell aggregates or noninvasive MDCK dog kidney cell aggregates in serum-free media. Heart fragments precultured in the absence of serum seemed to be necrotic after confronting culture in serum-free media. However, preculturing in media supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum allowed us to do subsequent confronting cultures in absence of serum. Cell aggregates were also prepared in serum-containing medium. MO4 cells occupied and replaced the heart tissue within 4 d, whereas MDCK cells remained at the periphery of the PHF. This indicates that serum-free confronting cultures can discriminate between invasive and noninvasive cells. The viability of individual PHF and cell aggregates cultured in the same way as in confrontations was ascertained by histology and by explantation and postculturing on a solid tissue culture substrate. Growth of the cultures was smaller in serum-free media than in media supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. The main advantage of serum-free culture conditions in vitro is the elimination of the influence of serum components on invasion, and the ability to examine the effect on invasion of drugs that are susceptible to inactivation by serum. PMID- 3759794 TI - A method for isolating large numbers of viable disaggregated cells from various human tissues for cell culture establishment. AB - A method is described for the isolation of large numbers of viable disaggregated cells from human tissues. This method combined the mechanical action of a Stomacher Model 80 Lab Blender, 0.1 mg/ml trypsin or 0.5 mg/ml collagenase, and 0.1 mM [ethylene bis(oxyethylenenitrolo)]-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). Tissue (0.2 to 1.0 g) obtained from human fetal intestine, kidney, liver, lung, and skin were separately minced into approximately 1-mm3 pieces. The pieces were placed in a sterile bag containing 60 ml of calcium- magnesium-free phosphate buffered saline, the appropriate enzyme (0.1 mg/ml trypsin or 0.5 mg/ml collagenase) plus 0.1 mM EGTA, and 0.1% methylcellulose. The bag was then placed into the blender and mixed at a low speed for 3 to 20 min at room temperature. After a single cell suspension was observed by phase contrast microscopy, 10 ml of bovine calf serum was added to the cell suspension to inactivate the proteolytic enzymes. At this time 130 ml of cold Hanks' balanced salts solution containing 5% bovine calf serum was added and the entire cell suspension passed through a tissue sieve (100 mesh, 140 micron) and the cells collected by centrifugation. These cells were then resuspended into the appropriate culture medium. In comparison to other methods for establishment of cell cultures from human tissues, the method described requires shorter incubation times with relatively low concentrations of proteolytic enzymes, and yields two- to three-fold greater number of cells per tissue with 86 to 93% viability. Also, depending on the cell type, 50 to 75% of the isolated cells attached to the culture vessel within 24 h. Variation of the time and concentration of digestive enzymes can be used to select different cell types for culture. PMID- 3759795 TI - Increased viability and differentiation of normal and dystrophic striated muscle in vitro. AB - Primary cultures of muscle from normal (line 412) and dystrophic (line 413) chick embryos were exposed to corticosterone-21-acetate (C-21-A) or sodium ibuprofen (Motrin) for 28 d after myotube formation. Ibuprofen (0.5 to 500 micrograms/ml) or C-21-A (0.4 to 40 micrograms/ml)-treated cultures were fixed and assessed semiquantitatively using phase microscopy. On this basis, ibuprofen (50 micrograms/ml) and C-21-A (40 micrograms/ml) seemed to be effective in maintaining both normal and dystrophic muscle cultures. Using ibuprofen and C-21 A at these concentrations, experiments were repeated and analyzed quantitatively. Ibuprofen maintained culture viability (up to 68% more myotubes than untreated controls) but had no significant effect on the number of striated cells. C-21-A effectively maintained culture viability (up to 73% increase) and strongly promoted the formation of striated cells in these cultures (up to a sixfold increase). Both normal and dystrophic cultures were affected similarly by these agents, but the dystrophic cultures showed more consistent if not more extensive improvements in the parameters examined here. Thus, it seems that ibuprofen and C 21-A may affect both normal and dystrophic muscle directly to maintain survival and even promote differentiation. PMID- 3759796 TI - Growth factor responses of human arterial endothelial cells in vitro. AB - Human arterial endothelial cells were cultured in vitro for up to 40 cumulative population doublings. Culture conditions similar to those required for long-term propagation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells were employed. These included fibronectin-coated culture vessels, 5 to 20% fetal bovine serum, endothelial cell growth factor, and heparin. Thoracic aorta endothelial cells were larger than iliac artery endothelial cells. Both cell types stained positively for Factor VIII antigen by immunofluorescence. A decrease in confluent density as a function of population doubling level was correlated with the appearance of large, senescent cells in the cultures. Serum growth factors to which the arterial endothelial cells responded included insulin, transferrin, epidermal growth factor, thrombin, and somatomedins. The effect of thrombin did not require the availability of the active site of the protease. The effect of the somatomedins was only seen in the presence of heparin. Neither platelet derived growth factor nor hydrocortisone induced arterial endothelial cell proliferation. These growth factor responses were also observed on the part of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. PMID- 3759797 TI - Right and left ventricular volume characteristics after external conduit repair (Rastelli procedure) for cyanotic congenital heart disease. AB - We studied right and left ventricular (RV and LV) volume characteristics in 18 patients who had undergone an external conduit repair (Rastelli procedure) at 3 17 years of age (mean 7.5 years). Cardiac output, measured by means of a thermodilution method, was 3.8 +/- 0.8 1/min/m2 (mean +/- SD). Peak RV pressure was 104 +/- 28 mmHg in six patients who had been operated on 6 years or more before this study, significantly higher than in patients with a shorter follow-up period (72 +/- 19 mmHg for 1-5 years follow-up in six patients and 54 +/- 10 mmHg at 1 month after operation in six patients). RV end-diastolic volume (EDV) was 113% +/- 40% of normal, and RV ejection fraction (EF) was 0.52 +/- 0.10, lower than normal. RVEDV was inversely correlated with peak RV pressure (r = -0.78). This parameter was 0.42 +/- 0.06 in the six patients with the longest follow-up period, lower than in the other two groups (0.52 +/- 0.08 in 1-5 years follow-up, 0.60 +/- 0.03 at 1 month after surgery). LVEF was 151% +/- 38% of normal. LVEF was lower than normal in 6 of 12 patients who underwent surgery at the age of 6 years or more and in none of the six younger patients. The data indicate that in these patients, RVEF decreases with the increase of peak RV pressure and the increase in time since operation, especially 6 years or more after surgery. LV pump function is also depressed, possibly partly because of longstanding pre operative hypoxemia. PMID- 3759798 TI - Ventricular septal defect in Chinese with aortic valve prolapse and aortic regurgitation. AB - The incidence of aortic valve prolapse and aortic regurgitation (AR) among Chinese with ventricular septal defect (VSD) has not been studied, and controversies still exist regarding optimal surgical treatment and timing of operation for this condition. A prospective study of 332 consecutive patients with VSD showed that aortic valve prolapse and AR occurred in 43 (11.9%) patients. Valve lesions occurred more commonly among patients with subpulmonic VSD (28.0%) than with subaortic VSD (8.8%) (P less than 0.005). A retrospective study of another 306 patients revealed that 37 (12.1%) had valve complications. Of the 80 patients with valve lesions, 60 were males and 20 were females. The youngest ages of prolapse and AR in subpulmonic VSD were 7 months and 3 years 8 months, respectively; those in subaortic VSD were 2 years and 3 years 6 months, respectively. Valve prolapse occurred mostly before the age of 6-10 years, leading progressively to AR. The coronary cusps prolapsed in subpulmonic VSD were limited to the right cusp; and those in subaortic VSD were the right cusp, noncoronary cusp, or both. The magnitude of left-to-right shunts was small and the pulmonary artery pressure was normal in the majority of patients. Seventy-two patients underwent open-heart closure of the VSD, with additional valvuloplasty in 15 and valve replacement in three patients. It is concluded that Chinese with VSD are prone to develop aortic valve complications. Surgical closure of the subpulmonic VSD may restore the prolapsed valve to normal. Closure of the subaortic VSD has little effect. Valvuloplasty in subaortic VSD may palliate AR, but in all probability cannot restore valve competency. PMID- 3759799 TI - Pathological anatomy of ventricular septal defect associated with aortic valve prolapse and regurgitation. AB - In an attempt to clarify the pathogenetic morphology of aortic regurgitation (AR) due to prolapse of the aortic valve (prolapsing AR) associated with ventricular septal defect (VSD), 201 specimens from Japanese autopsy series with isolated VSD were examined. Among these hearts, there were 128 cases (64%) of infundibular VSD (IVSD); 29 of them (14%) showed AR due to prolapsed cusp, of which nine cases developed a large aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva. Another 32 cases (16%) had varying degrees of prolapse but without AR and were considered to show the prodrome of prolapsing AR. These 61 cases (30%) were examined with special reference to the type of septal alignment, location of the defect, relation of the defect to the aortic valve, and anomalies of the aortic valve and sinus of Valsalva. There were two principal forms in this syndrome: The common form, i.e., simple punched-hole IVSD with normal septal alignment in 82% (50/61) of cases, and a rare form, i.e., malalignment IVSD in 18% (11/61) of cases. The latter included Eisenmenger-type IVSD due to anteriorly deviated outlet septum (10/11 cases) and coarctation-type IVSD due to posteriorly deviated septum (1/11). Both forms had several subtypes according to the location of the defect, i.e., subpulmonic, muscular, perimembranous, and total IVSD. The relevant anatomical findings of the common form of the syndrome were: There was no septal malalignment with a normal aortic valve position. The VSD was a simple muscular defect in any part of the infundibular septum between the pulmonary valve above and the membranous septum below, the majority of cases (80%), however, showed subpulmonic IVSD. The annulus and sinus of Valsalva wall of the right coronary cusp, which is normally supported firmly by this septum, became exposed in the muscle defect and were poorly supported. The majority of cases showed a normally formed aortic valve but with poor support. The muscular defect was relatively large, but the functioning VSD was usually less than moderate in size with a half moon shape below the denuded sinus of Valsalva wall and annulus. The functioning VSD appeared to become narrower depending on the degree of prolapse into the defect, resulting in a crescent-moon or slit-like shape, and it may close in rare cases. The major anatomical findings of the rare form were: There was mild to moderate dextroposition (or levoposition) of the aortic valve due to a septal malalignment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3759800 TI - Interrelationship between end-systolic pressure-volume and stress-strain relations. PMID- 3759801 TI - Reconsideration of normalization of Emax for heart size. AB - We previously proposed Emax Vd as a normalized form of Emax for heart size relatively independent of wall volume Vm, where Emax is the slope of the end systolic pressure-volume line and Vd is its volume axis intercept. When Emax Vd remains constant, average circumferential stress for a specified average circumferential strain in the ventricular wall also remains relatively constant, despite changes in Vd/Vm around its normal value. Because accurate determination of Vd is difficult and stress for a given Emax Vd changes slightly with Vd/Vm, we investigated whether Vd could be replaced with Vm in a normalized Emax in this analysis. As the result, we obtained a function of Vd/Vm as the coefficient by which to multiply Emax Vd or Emax Vm to yield stress for a specified strain. Using this coefficient, one can easily calculate stress for any strain from Emax, Vd, and Vm in order to compare myocardial contractility among left ventricles of different sizes. The present study confirms the importance of Vd as an indispensable reference volume for normalization of Emax, as well as the low sensitivity of Emax Vd as a normalized Emax to changes in Vd/Vm. Only when Vd/Vm remains constant is Emax Vm proportional to Emax Vd and can replace Emax Vd. PMID- 3759802 TI - A new approach to defining regional work of the ventricle and evaluating regional cardiac function: mean wall stress-natural logarithm of reciprocal of wall thickness relationship. AB - A new method of defining regional mechanical work done by a unit volume of myocardium of the ventricular wall and evaluating regional cardiac function is proposed. This method uses the relationship between mean wall stress (sigma) and the natural logarithm of the reciprocal of wall thickness (ln(1/H)). 1/H at a point on the epicardial surface is proportional to the regional area (A) of the ventricular wall containing that point. The value for regional work obtained from the relationship between the sigma and ln A or sigma and ln(1/H) has a true dimension of work, i.e., [J/m3]. The sigma-ln(1/H) relationship was studied in ten anesthetized dogs. Wall thickness and internal diameter of the left ventricle were measured with ultrasonic dimension gauges. Regional work per unit volume of myocardium multiplied by the total myocardial volume of the left ventricle correlated well with the total mechanical work of the entire left ventricle calculated from the pressure-volume relationship during pressure loading, contractility change, and volume loading. During pressure loading, the end systolic sigma-ln(1/H) relationship showed linearity. After bolus injection of isoproterenol the sigma-ln(1/H) loop shifted to the left. We concluded that the sigma-ln(1/H) relationship provides a method of characterizing regional function normalized to the unit volume of myocardium. In addition, our methods have a potential for echocardiographic application. PMID- 3759803 TI - Microvascular function at the margins of early experimental myocardial infarcts in isolated rabbit hearts. AB - Injection of low-viscosity resin was used to identify in situ functional blood vessels at the margins of developing regional myocardial infarcts. The ventral interventricular branch (VIB) of the left coronary artery was occluded for 0-240 min in 20 isolated perfused rabbit hearts. After perfusion fixation with glutaraldehyde, resin was injected into the coronary arteries--that injected into the VIB contained dispersed lead dioxide and that injected into the remainder of the heart contained Fat Red 7B dye. This allowed macroscopic and microscopic identification of functional blood vessels. Following transmural freeze fracture, left ventricles were examined using back-scattered electron imaging in a scanning electron microscope. Close to 60% of capillaries in nonischemic myocardium allowed the passage of resin. Thirty minutes of ischemia produced a hyperemic increase to 80%-90% in the proportion of filled vessels. After 60 min, however, a severe reperfusion defect corresponding to the "no-reflow" phenomenon had developed, with virtually all vessels collapsed and less than 10% functional. Among the structurally normal myocytes adjacent to the infarct margin there was a significant reduction (to 30%-40%) in the proportion of functional capillaries. This was due to groups of dilated vessels which were not accessible to arterial supply. Although these marginal "low-flow" regions were of small volume at any one point in time, they seem likely to contribute to the progression of ischemic necrosis, and are probably nonfunctional due to the compression of their venous drainage traversing the infarct. PMID- 3759804 TI - Changes in coronary flow following repeated brief coronary occlusion in the conscious dog. AB - Studies were conducted in 12 conscious, unsedated dogs instrumented for measurements of subendocardial segment length in the area perfused by the left circumflex coronary artery, blood flow velocity of this artery, and left ventricular pressure. An externally inflatable pneumatic occluder was placed to occlude the circumflex coronary artery for selected durations at selected intervals. Resting coronary blood flow velocity was measured before and after collateral development induced by repeated brief coronary occlusion. Under conditions of comparable myocardial oxygen consumption, shown by the similar pressure-rate product, preocclusion resting coronary blood flow velocity of the repeatedly occluded artery decreased by 21.3% (P less than 0.001) in association with collateral growth. These findings strongly suggest that the perfusion territory of the collateralized artery decreases considerably secondary to the periodic ischemic stimulus. PMID- 3759805 TI - Step response analyses of the cardiovascular system and their application to the measurement of systemic and pulmonary vein compliances. AB - A theoretical analysis of the step response in the closed cardiovascular system induced by a sudden shift of the right cardiac output curve predicted that if the relations of the right heart output (COr) and the total systemic capillary flow (CFs) to the systemic venous pressure (Psv) are linear, then the time course of Psv change will become monoexponential with a time constant T given by T = Csv/(Gr + Gs), where Csv is the systemic vein compliance and Gr and Gs are the conductances of the transient COr-Psv and CFs-Psv relationships. A similar prediction was obtained for the time constant T of the pulmonary vein pressure (Ppv) response to the step change in the left cardiac output (COl) curve, pulmonary vein compliance (Cpv) and the conductances of the COl curve, and the pulmonary capillary flow (CFp) curve against Ppv. The actual Psv or Ppv changes following sudden alteration of the COr or COl curve by inflation and deflation of the balloon in the right or left atrium revealed monoexponential time courses. Semilogarithmic plots of the transient vein pressure changes yielded correlation coefficients of -0.995 +/- 0.006 (means +/- SD) in 11 curves for Psv and 0.977 +/ 0.017 in 16 curves for Ppv (P less than 0.01). The assumed linearity of dynamic COr and COl curves was confirmed by beat by beat COr-Psv and COl-Ppv relationships during the step responses, except for the first few beats immediately after the balloon maneuver. The linearity of the dynamic CFs curve was examined by measuring CFs with a double-step balloon maneuver so as to cause rapid equilibrium between COr and CFs at varied moments of the transient process. The correlation coefficient between CFs and Psv thus obtained was 0.98 +/- 0.04 (P less than 0.01). A similar linearity of the dynamic CFp-Ppv relationship was suggested from their steady-state curves. The values of Csv calculated from the experimental data were 1.70 +/- 0.12 ml/mmHg/kg body wt in 11 curves and those of Cpv were 0.13 +/- 0.03 ml/mmHg/kg in 15 curves. These results are mostly consistent with those previously reported. PMID- 3759806 TI - Simultaneous video imaging of lip and vocal cord movements for videographic documentation of laryngeal function. PMID- 3759807 TI - A look at cigarette smoke. PMID- 3759808 TI - Biophotographer--professional, technician or skilled laborer? PMID- 3759809 TI - Biological photographic collections: the Buckingham and Holinger endoscopic photography collections. PMID- 3759810 TI - A traction apparatus for specimen photography. PMID- 3759811 TI - The phototypesetter--personal computer connection: a method of reducing typesetting costs. PMID- 3759812 TI - Normal values for forced oscillation parameters in small children. AB - A commercially available forced oscillation unit was used to perform pulmonary function testing in 90 healthy children, aged 4 to 7 years. Normal values for resistance and reactance of the respiratory system, resonant frequency, and frequency dependence are reported. The implications of each of the forced oscillation parameters, and their potential usefulness as objective measures of pulmonary function in young children, are discussed. PMID- 3759813 TI - The self-image of asthmatic adolescents. AB - The self-image of mildly asthmatic and severely asthmatic adolescents was compared through use of the Offer Self-Image Questionnaire (OSIQ). All those studied were seen in an outpatient private allergy practice. Comparisons were made for boys and girls separately, and the asthmatics' self-images also were compared to those of normal (nonasthmatic) subjects. Results showed no differences in self-image between mildly and severely asthmatic adolescents. Asthmatic girls' self-image was better than that of their normal counterparts in many areas. No differences between asthmatic boys' mean self-image scores and those of normal adolescent males were found. Implications were drawn for psychogenic theories of asthma and of adolescents' ability to cope with asthma, at least with asthma of the severity seen in an outpatient practice. PMID- 3759814 TI - Transdermal scopolamine in the treatment of asthma: a preliminary report. AB - The use of atropine has emerged over the past few years as a treatment for asthma. Scopolamine is pharmacologically similar to atropine and, as such, was used in a study of nine patients as a bronchodilator. These nine patients had diverse types of lung diseases. Two patients were intolerant to the medication and were not able to participate in the study. The other seven patients had variable responses with significant improvement in baseline pulmonary function testing occurring in four patients. Five of the seven patients had symptomatic relief and are now employing transdermal scopolamine on a once-every-3-days basis for the treatment of their bronchoconstriction. Baseline testing was performed to indicate response to parasympatholytic medications. Transdermal scopolamine appears to be a safe and effective means of achieving bronchodilation in some patients with asthma. PMID- 3759815 TI - The relationship of clinical allergy and the chemical contamination of food. PMID- 3759816 TI - Re: Clinical aspects of mucus and mucous plugging in asthma. PMID- 3759817 TI - 41st annual conference of the Association of Physicians of India. Udaipur, 18-22 January 1986. Abstracts. PMID- 3759818 TI - Treatment of neurogenic postural hypotension. The search continues. PMID- 3759819 TI - Comparative study of immunochemical and cytopathological parameters in rheumatoid arthritis and seronegative spondarthritis syndrome. PMID- 3759820 TI - Effectiveness of oral verapamil in controlling ventricular rate in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation receiving digoxin. PMID- 3759821 TI - Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure monitoring following blood transfusion in cases of chronic severe anaemia. PMID- 3759822 TI - Serum catecholamine levels in cases of acute myocardial infarction with special reference to arrhythmias. PMID- 3759823 TI - Assessment of cardiac autonomic neuropathy in type II (non insulin dependent) diabetic subjects. PMID- 3759824 TI - Adult Still's disease-a cause of pyrexia of unknown origin. PMID- 3759825 TI - Syphilis and rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 3759826 TI - Computerisation of data for diabetics. PMID- 3759828 TI - The role of carotid sinus massage in bedside evaluation of cardiovascular functions. PMID- 3759827 TI - Treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension with indomethacin. PMID- 3759829 TI - Multiple myeloma. PMID- 3759830 TI - Myelomatous pleural effusion. PMID- 3759831 TI - Subcutaneous emphysema and pneumothorax a rare complication in measles. PMID- 3759832 TI - Total recovery from large pontine hematoma. PMID- 3759833 TI - Hydrophobia in a case of viral hepatitis. PMID- 3759834 TI - Rheumatoid arthritis in association with skeletal fluorosis. PMID- 3759835 TI - D-penicillamine induced cholestatic jaundice. PMID- 3759836 TI - The diet-heart question in 1985? PMID- 3759837 TI - Anaphylactic reaction to topical administration of lignocaine hydrochloride (Lignotox 4%) PMID- 3759838 TI - "Evening diuretics". PMID- 3759839 TI - Hepatitis following nitroxazepine therapy. PMID- 3759840 TI - Myxedema coma. PMID- 3759841 TI - Atypical presentation of tropical pulmonary eosinophilia. PMID- 3759842 TI - Bhopal tragedy--a year later. PMID- 3759843 TI - JAPI as a mirror of research and medical journalism in India. PMID- 3759844 TI - Clinical application of radioimmunoassay of salivary testosterone. PMID- 3759845 TI - Neurological involvement in lymphomas. PMID- 3759846 TI - Right ventricular infarction: a noninvasive study. PMID- 3759847 TI - Distribution of serum acid phosphatase variants in areas with different levels of industrialisation. PMID- 3759848 TI - A comparative evaluation of risk factors in myocardial and nonembolic cerebral infarction. PMID- 3759849 TI - Fibrinolytic abnormalities in hepatic disorders. PMID- 3759850 TI - Time course relation between ST segment elevation in inferior leads and ST segment depression in precordial leads in acute inferior wall myocardial infarction. PMID- 3759851 TI - Renal function in the geriatric age group. PMID- 3759852 TI - Diagnostic evaluation of bacteriological and serological tests in cases of typhoid fever. PMID- 3759853 TI - Jaccoud's arthritis and true overlap of rheumatoid arthritis and rheumatic heart disease. PMID- 3759854 TI - Guar incorporated diet in maturity onset diabetes mellitus. PMID- 3759855 TI - Role of potassium in mild and moderate essential hypertension. PMID- 3759856 TI - Clinical status of tricyclic antidepressants in peptic ulcer. PMID- 3759857 TI - Acanthosis nigricans as a diagnostic sign. PMID- 3759858 TI - Torsade de Pointis in young age. PMID- 3759859 TI - Hereditary sensory neuropathy (HSN) type I with neurotrophic keratitis. PMID- 3759860 TI - Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis with calf hypertrophy--report of two cases from one family. PMID- 3759861 TI - Duane's retraction syndrome. PMID- 3759862 TI - A case of visceral leishmaniasis. PMID- 3759863 TI - Pulmonary oedema following scorpion sting. PMID- 3759864 TI - Unclassifiable seronegative spondyloarthritides. PMID- 3759865 TI - Long acting preparation of Peritrate. PMID- 3759866 TI - Author inflation. PMID- 3759867 TI - Habitual cathartic abuse--cause of acquired Q-T prolongation. PMID- 3759868 TI - Counterirritation in trigeminal neuralgia. PMID- 3759869 TI - Electrocardiographic (ECG) changes in aluminium phosphide (ALP) poisoning. PMID- 3759870 TI - An unusual reaction after aspirin ingestion. PMID- 3759871 TI - Distribution of blood pressure and hypertension in healthy subjects residing at high altitude in the Himalayas. PMID- 3759872 TI - Treadmill test--a screening method for detection of latent coronary artery disease in diabetics. PMID- 3759873 TI - Cryoglobulins in infective endocarditis: correlation with organ involvement. PMID- 3759874 TI - Dermatoglyphic studies in allergic disorders. PMID- 3759875 TI - Postinfectious acute cerebellar ataxia in adults. PMID- 3759876 TI - Post encephalitic behaviour problems. PMID- 3759877 TI - Liver in abdominal tuberculosis. PMID- 3759878 TI - Hydralazine induced necrotizing vasculitis. PMID- 3759879 TI - Serum immunoglobulin levels in chronic bronchitis. PMID- 3759880 TI - Disulfiram--ethanol reaction. PMID- 3759881 TI - Coronary angiography: in whom? PMID- 3759882 TI - Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in male. PMID- 3759883 TI - Disseminated gonococcaemia with arthritis, tenosynovitis and moderately severe jaundice. PMID- 3759884 TI - Bilateral carotid-cavernous fistulae--a case report. PMID- 3759885 TI - Acute spinal epidural abscess. PMID- 3759886 TI - Cherubism--a case report. PMID- 3759887 TI - Internuclear ophthalmoplegia. PMID- 3759888 TI - Motor paralytic bladder. PMID- 3759889 TI - Osteopetrosis with bilateral facial nerve palsy. PMID- 3759890 TI - Index finger--a tongue depressor. PMID- 3759891 TI - Wenckebach phenomenon in enteric fever. PMID- 3759892 TI - Isosexual precocity: non-salt losing variety. PMID- 3759893 TI - Beta-blockade-vasodilator therapy in peripartum cardiomyopathy. PMID- 3759894 TI - Furosemide addiction/resistance. PMID- 3759895 TI - Cardiovascular collapse following small dose of chloroquin in healthy young adult. PMID- 3759896 TI - Falciparum hepatitis. PMID- 3759897 TI - Efficacy of nifedipine in Raynaud's phenomenon associated with systemic sclerosis. PMID- 3759898 TI - Ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest due to neem leaf poisoning. PMID- 3759899 TI - [Role of computerized tomography in the study of endometriosis]. PMID- 3759900 TI - [Mondini's malformation: a case of congenital malformation of the inner ear associated with recurrent meningitis]. PMID- 3759901 TI - The radiological diagnosis of the Ellis-van Creveld syndrome in the newborn. Report of one case. PMID- 3759902 TI - Ascites complicated with right sided hydrothorax. PMID- 3759903 TI - cmp, a cis-acting plasmid locus that increases interaction between replication origin and initiator protein. AB - pT181, a 4.4-kilobase multicopy plasmid of Staphylococcus aureus, encodes a trans acting initiator protein, RepC, which was rate limiting for replication. Deletions in a 500-base-pair region of the plasmid external to the minimal replicon decreased the ability of the plasmid to compete with a coexisting incompatible plasmid. These deletions, which define a region called cmp (for competition), appeared to affect the interaction of RepC and the plasmid origin of replication. However, in the homoplasmid state the deletions affected neither copy number nor plasmid stability. The Cmp phenotype is orientation independent, and cmp defects could not be complemented in trans. PMID- 3759905 TI - Biosynthesis of a galactose-and galacturonic acid-containing polysaccharide in Rhizobium meliloti. AB - Previous work showed that two different strains derived from a culture of Rhizobium meliloti 102F51 differed with respect to phage specificity, agglutinability by alfalfa seed lectin, and synthesis of a galactose-containing polysaccharide (R. A. Ugalde, H. Handelsman, and W. J. Brill, J. Bacteriol. 166:148-154, 1986). Inner membranes from the more competitive strain incorporated galactose from UDP-galactose when a thermostable factor was present. This factor has now been identified as UDP-galacturonic acid. UDP-glucuronic acid was also active as a donor; however, this activity may be due to the presence of a 4 epimerase. Galacturonic acid, together with galactose, is incorporated into the reaction product, which appears to be a polysaccharide formed by several repeating units of these two monosaccharides. Partial acid hydrolysis liberates the disaccharide with galactose at the reducing end. PMID- 3759904 TI - Molecular characterization of a host-range-determining locus from Agrobacterium tumefaciens. AB - The virulence loci play an essential role in tumor formation by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. This study focused on the virC locus, which affects the host range Agrobacterium species. virC mutants display an attenuated or avirulent phenotype on certain host plants, but remain fully virulent on other plant hosts. The nucleotide sequence revealed that the virC locus of pTiA6NC is an operon consisting of two open reading frames. These two open reading frames, designated virC1 and virC2, encode protein products of 25,713 and 22,710 daltons, respectively, which were visualized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Only two nucleotides separated the stop codon for virC1 from the start codon for virC2, indicating that these genes may be translationally coupled. PMID- 3759907 TI - Three-dimensional structure of the T-layer of Bacillus sphaericus P-1. AB - The three-dimensional structure of the regular surface layer of Bacillus sphaericus P-1 (T-layer) was determined to a resolution of ca. 2.5 nm by electron microscopy and image analysis. The T-layer has P4 symmetry, a lattice constant of 13 +/- 0.2 nm, and a thickness of ca. 8 nm. The reconstruction revealed three distinct domains: a major, a minor, and an arm domain. In the z-direction, the domains are arranged in two planes creating two different surface reliefs. PMID- 3759906 TI - Haptenic oligosaccharides in antigenic variants of mycobacterial C-mycosides antagonize lipid receptor activity for mycobacteriophage D4 by masking a methylated rhamnose. AB - The simple apolar C-mycosides, i.e., structurally well-defined hydrophobic glycopeptidolipids of several Mycobacterium species (see diagram below), were earlier shown to behave as receptors for adsorption of mycobacteriophage D4. This phage is usually virulent for Mycobacterium smegmatis. More complex, polar C mycosides with additional carbohydrate substituents attached solely to the deoxytalose have recently been described. They are the highly specific serotyping antigens discovered by W. B. Schaefer--lipids which characterize members of the Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare-Mycobacterium scrofulaceum (MAIS) complex. Both kinds are depicted in the structure below: (Formula: see text) where X equals H (for simple, apolar C-mycosides) and X equals small oligosaccharides (for antigenic forms; more complex, polar C-mycosides). The present investigations showed that the purified polar antigenic lipids exhibit considerably less adsorptive activity for D4 than do the apolar C-mycosides. Thus, the haptenic oligosaccharides are believed to shield the site in the molecule that the phage recognizes, and the blocking is reinforced by the specific antibodies that the antigens elicit. Although the MAIS serovars usually also produce the phage-reactive apolar C-mycosides, they are not permissive hosts for D4, nor do whole cells adsorb the phage. We suggest that in these species the apolar forms are probably "covered" at the cell surface by the antigenic lipids. Therefore, these antigenic mycosides may play a putative role in virulence of the MAIS members by protecting these mycobacteria from their own potential pathogen. The results of chemical transformations at specific sites of the mycoside core coupled with studies of simple synthetic lipid glycosides indicated that the principal phage receptor activity resides in the terminal methylated rhamnose (see diagram). It is this sugar which is evidently masked by the (seemingly remote) haptenic oligosaccharides. PMID- 3759908 TI - Three-dimensional structure of the tetragonal surface layer of Sporosarcina ureae. AB - The three-dimensional structure of the regular surface layer of Sporosarcina ureae has been determined to a resolution of 1.7 nm by electron microscopy and image reconstruction. The S-layer has p4 symmetry, a lattice constant of 12.9 nm, and a minimum thickness of 6.6 nm. The reconstruction reveals a distinct domain structure: a massive core, arms connecting adjacent unit cells, and spurs which make contact at the subsidiary fourfold symmetry axes. In the z-direction the domains appear to be arranged in three planes, creating two entirely different surface reliefs. The S-layer has a complex pattern of pores and gaps that are 2 to 3 nm wide. In addition, the secondary-structure composition has been determined by infrared spectroscopy: about 35% of the polypeptide appears to have a beta-structure conformation. PMID- 3759909 TI - Organization and expression of genetic determinants for synthesis and assembly of type 51 R bodies. AB - Type 51 R bodies are produced by all bacterial endosymbionts (Caedibacter taeniospiralis) of Paramecium tetraurelia that confer the hump-killer trait upon their hosts. Type 51 R-body synthesis by C. taeniospiralis is required for expression of the hump-killer trait. The genetic determinants for type 51 R-body synthesis by C. taeniospiralis 47 have been cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. In this communication we describe three species of polypeptides required for R-body synthesis and the organization of their genetic determinants. Each polypeptide species is controlled by a separate gene that is expressed as an independent transcriptional unit possessing regulatory signals that are recognized by E. coli. Two polypeptide species of 10 and 18 kilodaltons are required for R-body synthesis but apparently are not structural subunits. The third polypeptide species (13 kilodaltons) is the major structural subunit. R body assembly involves polymerization reactions that result in high-molecular mass polypeptide complexes, primarily composed of the 13-kilodalton polypeptide species, that appear to be the result of covalent cross-linking between structural subunits. The results presented here have been suggested to apply to the assembly and structure of all type 51 R bodies, but not necessarily to other R-body types. PMID- 3759910 TI - Multicopy derivative of pock-forming plasmid pSA1 in Streptomyces azureus. AB - Streptomyces azureus carried one copy or less of plasmid pSA1, which elicited pocks at 0.1 to 1.0%. Strain PK100 was isolated from the wild-type strain after UV irradiation. PK100 carried approximately 20 to 30 copies of pSA1.1, a derivative of pSA1. Plasmid pSA1.1 elicited pocks at 100% and inhibited spore and thiostrepton production. PMID- 3759911 TI - Iron-dependent production of a heat-modifiable, 23,000-Mr outer membrane protein in Paracoccus denitrificans. AB - Production of a 23,000-Mr major outer membrane protein of Paracoccus denitrificans ATCC 13543 was dependent upon the addition of iron to a succinate salts medium. The 23,000-Mr protein was not produced in an iron-deficient medium, but production of five outer membrane proteins in the 85,000- to 72,000-Mr range and of catechol were induced. The 23,000-Mr protein was not produced in a complex medium even when ferric citrate was added to the medium. Production of the protein was influenced by the carbon source and was decreased by peptone. PMID- 3759912 TI - Cloning of Pseudomonas sp. strain CBS3 genes specifying dehalogenation of 4 chlorobenzoate. AB - The degradation of 4-chlorobenzoate (4-CBA) by Pseudomonas sp. strain CBS3 is thought to proceed first by the dehalogenation of 4-CBA to 4-hydroxybenzoate (4 HBA), which is then metabolized following the protocatechuate branch of the beta ketoadipate pathway. The cloning of the 4-CBA dehalogenation system was carried out by constructing a gene bank of Pseudomonas sp. strain CBS3 in Pseudomonas putida. Hybrid plasmid pPSA843 contains a 9.5-kilobase-pair fragment derived from the chromosome of Pseudomonas sp. strain CBS3. This plasmid confers on P. putida the ability to dehalogenate 4-CBA and grow on 4-CBA as the only source of carbon. However, pPSA843 did not complement mutants of P. putida unable to grow on 4-HBA (POB-), showing that the genes involved in the metabolism of 4-HBA were not cloned. Subcloning of Pseudomonas sp. strain CBS3 genes revealed that most of the insert is required for the dehalogenation of 4-CBA, suggesting that more than one gene product is involved in this dehalogenation. PMID- 3759913 TI - Tests of cognition and their relationship to psychiatric diagnosis and demographic variables. AB - Psychiatric and control subjects were given a test of cognition consisting of orientation, spelling the word "world" backward, serial 7's test, and recalling three words. The interrelationships among test scores, diagnosis, and demographic variables were determined. Dementia was differentiated from nonorganic psychiatric disorder using only orientation and recall of three words. Depressed, schizophrenic, and bipolar patients were significantly different from controls in their ability to recall three words. In nondemented subjects, the serial 7's test was positively correlated with years of education; spelling "world" backward was negatively correlated with age. Sex, marital status, and orientation showed no significant correlation and hence were bias free. PMID- 3759914 TI - Sleep-disordered breathing in normal and pathologic aging. AB - In a study of sleep-disordered breathing among 139 elderly individuals, sleep apnea (defined as 5 or more apneas per hour) occurred in 34 (41.7%) Alzheimer's subjects compared with 56 (5.4%) healthy controls, 35 (11.4%) depressive subjects, and 24 (16.7%) patients with mixed symptoms of both cognitive impairment and depression (p less than .001). Alzheimer's patients had a significantly higher proportion of NREM-related than REM-related apnea. Moreover, a significant (p less than .01) positive correlation between the apnea index and severity of dementia, as measured by the Blessed Dementia Rating Scale, was found in apnea-positive Alzheimer's patients, as well as in the entire sample of Alzheimer's patients (p less than .05). No such correlation was found in the mixed-symptoms group. Possible clinical and neuropathologic implications are discussed. PMID- 3759915 TI - Kinetics and dynamics of single doses of oxazepam in the elderly: implications of absorption rate. AB - Five healthy elderly volunteers aged 64 to 67 years and 12 healthy young subjects aged 23 to 44 years received single 30 mg oral doses of oxazepam in two different dosage forms (two 15 mg tablets or one 30 mg capsule) on two occasions in a random crossover sequence, with at least 1 week elapsing between trials. In both age groups, rate of oxazepam absorption of the capsule form of the drug was significantly slower than that of the tablets. Peak plasma concentrations were lower and were delayed longer with the capsule form; however, the relative extent of oxazepam absorption did not differ between preparations in either age group. Clinical self-ratings in the elderly group, based on visual analog scales, were consistent with the delayed onset of sedative effects that is associated with the capsule form of administration. Kinetic comparisons in the two groups indicated a significantly prolonged oxazepam elimination half-life with the tablet (p less than .001) and with the capsule (p less than .06) and a trend (p less than .08) toward reduced oxazepam clearance in the elderly. The delayed absorption of oxazepam from the capsule was found in both the young and elderly groups. PMID- 3759916 TI - The dexamethasone suppression test in bulimia before and after successful treatment with desipramine. AB - Recent reports have suggested that normal-weight bulimic patients without clinical evidence of major depressive disorder will have an abnormal response to dexamethasone. Of 23 normal-weight bulimic patients without clinical evidence of major depressive disorder, 11 had abnormal results on their dexamethasone suppression tests (DSTs). This finding closely matches those of other reports. After successful treatment with desipramine, repeat DSTs showed conversion to normal suppression in 6 of the 7 patients tested. Pretreatment DST results failed to predict the response to medication. The striking similarity of these findings to those reported in patients with major depression suggests that bulimia may be a consequence or an equivalent of major affective disorder. PMID- 3759917 TI - Brain atrophy and interhemispheric fissure enlargement in Cotard's syndrome. AB - The hallmark of Cotard's syndrome is the delusion of being dead. The literature indicates that it is often associated with parietal lobe lesions. This association was investigated by blindly comparing the computed tomographic scans of eight patients who had Cotard's syndrome (one of whom is described) with those of eight controls matched as closely as possible for age, sex, race, and principal psychiatric diagnosis. Two trends emerged. Compared with controls, patients with Cotard's syndrome had more brain atrophy in general and more median frontal lobe atrophy in particular. Parietal disease did not discriminate between the index and control groups. Cotard's syndrome may be associated with multifocal brain atrophy and medial frontal lobe disease. PMID- 3759919 TI - Clonazepam treatment of organic brain syndromes in three elderly patients. AB - Three agitated, confused, elderly patients with organic brain syndromes were successfully treated with low-dose clonazepam. Plausible mechanisms of action include its influence on serotonin levels and seizure threshold. PMID- 3759918 TI - Appearance of mania in drug-resistant bipolar depressed patients after treatment with L-triiodothyronine. AB - L-Triiodothyronine (T3) has been reported to potentiate the antidepressant effects of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) in patients who do not respond to these drugs, while thyroxine (T4) has been used to treat rapid-cycling bipolar disorder patients. The development of mania in antidepressant-resistant bipolar depressed patients after T3 was added to their antidepressant treatment is reported. It is speculated that thyroid hormone-catecholamine receptor interaction might underlie these T3-associated clinical manifestations. It is concluded that T3 did not prevent the switch to mania in the bipolar depressed patients reported here. Further study is necessary to determine if T3 plays a role in promoting the switch to mania in depressed patients treated with T3 in conjunction with TCAs, and if bipolar depressed patients are particularly vulnerable to mania from the combined effects of TCAs and T3. PMID- 3759920 TI - Physostigmine in alcohol withdrawal: a new clinical approach. PMID- 3759921 TI - New directions in biological psychiatry. Symposium. June 18, 1986, Coronado, California. PMID- 3759922 TI - New directions in biological psychiatry. Introduction. PMID- 3759923 TI - Structure of a sugar chain of a protease inhibitor isolated from barbados pride (Caesalpinia pulcherrima Sw.) seeds. AB - An asparagine-linked sugar chain of a protease inhibitor from barbados pride (Caesalpinia pulcherrima Sw.) was liberated by hydrazinolysis. After N acetylation, the reducing end residue of this carbohydrate unit was coupled with 2-aminopyridine and the pyridylamino (PA-) derivative was purified by gel filtration and reversed-phase HPLC. The structure of the resulting PA-sugar chain was determined mainly by stepwise exoglycosidase digestions and 500 MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy and proved to be as follows: (formula; see text). PMID- 3759924 TI - Carbohydrate-binding properties of L-fucose, D-mannose-specific lectin (SFL 100 2) particles produced by Streptomyces sp. AB - L-Fucose, D-mannose-specific lectin (SFL 100-2) particles produced by Streptomyces no. 100-2 were labeled with N-succinimidyl-[2,3-3H]propionate to investigate quantitatively their binding properties to human erythrocytes. The labeling did not influence the physical properties or the hemagglutinating activity of the lectin particles. The binding studies suggested that two kinds of receptor sites were present on the erythrocytes. Association constants (Ka's) of the lectin particles to the receptor sites and the numbers of the receptor sites (n) on human O erythrocytes were calculated to be 4.60 X 10(8) M-1 and 3.17 X 10(4)/cell for high-affinity receptor sites, and 7.5 X 10(7) M-1 and 1.33 X 10(5)/cell for low-affinity ones. The inhibition constants (Ki's) for L-fucose, p nitrophenyl (PNP)-beta-L-fucoside, D-mannose, and PNP-alpha-D-mannoside were calculated to be 1.20 X 10(3), 1.82 X 10(3), 1.82 X 10(2), and 2.40 X 10(2) M-1, respectively. The numbers of carbohydrate-binding sites (m) on the lectin particles were estimated to be 2.82, 2.18, 2.19, and 2.21 for L-fucose, PNP-beta L-fucoside, D-mannose, and PNP-alpha-D-mannoside, respectively, suggesting that SFL 100-2 has two carbohydrate-binding sites per particle. PMID- 3759925 TI - Thermophilic HB8 DNA ligase: effects of polyethylene glycols and polyamines on blunt-end ligation of DNA. AB - NB8 DNA ligase from an extract of Thermus thermophilus HB8 could catalyze blunt end ligation in the presence of high concentration of polyethylene glycols (PEG) or in the presence of polyamines. In the presence of high molecular weight PEG 20,000, 6,000, or 1,000 (8-28%), the enzyme catalyzed blunt-end intermolecular joining to yield linear oligomers, but no circular DNA forms. But in the presence of low molecular PEG 400, 200 (8-80%), or the monomer, ethylene glycol (16-80%), the circular forms were also detected by intramolecular ligation. In the presence of polyamines, the blunt-end ligation products were linear oligomers and the optimum concentrations were as follows: caldopentamine (0.05 mM), thermine (0.1 0.2 mM), spermine (0.2 mM), thermospermine (0.4 mM), and sperminediol (0.75 mM). Spermidine and putrescine were less capable of producing oligomers. PEG and polyamines elevated the ligation temperature by HB8 DNA ligase. The optimum temperature of blunt-end ligation was about 65 degrees C. PMID- 3759926 TI - Acrosomal actin bundles of Asian and American horseshoe crab sperm differ in protein composition. AB - Acrosomal actin bundles were isolated from the sperm of horseshoe crabs from four different sources, three from Asia and one from North America, and their protein constituents and structures were compared. The bundle from the American Limulus polyphemus sperm was composed of actin and two associated proteins of MW 95,000 and MW 52,000, as reported previously (Tilney, L. G. (1975) J. Cell Biol. 64, 289 310). However, those from the three Asian species (Tachypleus tridentatus, T. gigas, and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda) were composed only of actin and the protein of MW 95,000. Electron microscopic and optical diffraction studies indicated that both the helical structures and the interfilament spacing of the actin filaments composing the acrosomal bundle were indistinguishable among the four species. These results suggest that the MW 95,000 protein crosslinks actin filaments in the bundle. Moreover, they support the idea that Limulus and the three Asian species have evolved independently from a common ancestor. PMID- 3759927 TI - Age-related changes in the content and composition of glycosaminoglycans isolated from the mouse skeletal muscle: normal and dystrophic conditions. AB - Glycosaminoglycans were isolated from the skeletal muscle of either normal or dystrophic mice aged from 3 to 18 weeks. The glycosaminoglycan content of the normal muscle, based on the tissue weight, decreased slightly during the period from 3 to 10 weeks, and remained almost unchanged after 10 weeks. The major glycosaminoglycan in normal muscle was hyaluronate, the relative amount of which increased slightly (from 70% to 80%) with age. Both dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate were also obtained. The relative amounts of these sulfated glycosaminoglycans tended to decrease with age. On the other hand, the glycosaminoglycan content of the dystrophic muscle was higher than that of normal muscle even at 3 weeks. The proportion of hyaluronate was almost constant (about 65%) throughout the age range examined. The relative amount of dermatan sulfate increased from 20% to 30% with a compensatory decrease in the amount of heparan sulfate. Further, the incorporation of [35S]sulfate into glycosaminoglycans by the dystrophic muscle was reduced to about 60% of the normal. These differences in glycosaminoglycan composition and [35S]sulfate incorporation between the normal and the dystrophic muscles may be related to the progressive muscular dysfunction seen in this disease. PMID- 3759929 TI - Isolation of a 5,300-dalton peptide containing a pyridoxal phosphate binding site from the 38,000-dalton domain of band 3 of human erythrocyte membranes. AB - A hydrophobic 5,300-dalton peptide was isolated from the 38,000-dalton domain of Band 3 by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The peptide was affinity labeled with pyridoxal phosphate and sodium [3H]borohydride when erythrocytes were incubated in vitro. The peptide was not labeled with these agents when cells were incubated in the presence of a specific inhibitor of anion transport, suggesting that the peptide contains at least a part of the active center for the anion transport system in the cell membrane. The peptide was eluted from a reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography column with a high concentration of acetonitrile (more than 65%), although the elution pattern of the hydrophobic peptide was not as sharp as that of the soluble peptides. However, a satisfactory separation was achieved when this procedure was employed in combination with sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. PMID- 3759928 TI - Occurrence of cytochrome P-450 with prostaglandin omega-hydroxylase activity in rabbit placental microsomes. AB - The microsomes of placenta and uterus from pregnant rabbits have been found to catalyze the omega-hydroxylation of PGE1, PGE2, PGF2 alpha, and PGA1 as well as the omega- and (omega-1)-hydroxylation of palmitate and myristate in the presence of NADPH. These activities were greatly inhibited by carbon monoxide, indicating the involvement of cytochrome P-450. The apparent Km for PGE1 was 2.38 microM and 2.1 microM with the placental and uterus microsomes, respectively. Cytochrome P 450 has been solubilized with 1% cholate from the placental microsomes, and partially purified by chromatography on 6-amino-n-hexyl Sepharose 4B, DEAE Sephadex A-50 and hydroxylapatite columns. The partially purified cytochrome P 450 efficiently catalyzed the omega-hydroxylation of various prostaglandins such as PGE1, PGE2, PGF2 alpha, PGD2, and PGA1 in a reconstituted system containing NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, cytochrome b5, and phosphatidylcholine. The reconstituted system also hydroxylated palmitate and myristate at the omega- and (omega-1)-position, but could not hydroxylate laurate. These catalytic properties resemble those of a new form of cytochrome P-450 highly purified from the lung microsomes of progesterone-treated rabbits (Yamamoto, S., Kusunose, E., Ogita, K., Kaku, M., Ichihara, K., and Kusunose, M. (1984) J. Biochem. 96, 593-603). This type of cytochrome P-450, viz., cytochrome P-450 with high prostaglandin omega-hydroxylase activity may play a role in the regulation of prostaglandin levels in pregnancy. PMID- 3759930 TI - Hepato-renal transport of phenolsulfonphthalein in analbuminemic rats: albumin is essential for hepatic compensatory elimination of a nephrophilic ligand in animals with renal dysfunction. AB - To investigate a possible function of plasma albumin in partitioning organic anions into bile and urine, phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) was administered intravenously and its in vivo fate was studied in normal and analbuminemic mutant rats (NAR). No significant change in the rate of PSP disappearance was observed in bilaterally nephrectomized normal rats. However, biliary excretion of the injected dye increased remarkably in nephrectomized normal rats. Intravenously injected PSP disappeared very rapidly from the circulation of NAR. Thus, the plasma clearance and distribution volume of PSP were significantly larger in NAR than in normal rats. Bilateral nephrectomy also failed to decrease the plasma clearance and distribution volume of the dye in NAR. In striking contrast to the experiments in normal rats, bilateral nephrectomy did not increase the biliary secretion of PSP in NAR. When PSP bound to equimolar albumin was injected into bilaterally nephrectomized NAR, the biliary excretion of PSP increased significantly with concomitant decrease in both plasma clearance and distribution volume of the dye. These results indicate that, in cases of renal transport dysfunction, albumin plays a critical role in hepatic compensatory excretion of PSP, a nephrophilic organic anion, whose molecular weight (MW 354) is close to the threshold value for partitioning a ligand to the eliminatory routes in liver and kidney of a rodent. PMID- 3759931 TI - Unfolding by temperature and guanidine hydrochloride of chicken pancreatic polypeptide. AB - Thermal unfolding of chicken pancreatic polypeptide at two different concentrations was studied at various pH values. The thermal stability was higher at higher protein concentrations. The transition temperatures at two different protein concentrations changed with pH in parallel and decreased by about 30 degrees C on lowering pH from 5 to 2. The results on the thermal unfolding were analyzed by assuming that the dimerization constant is independent of pH, that the thermal unfolding occurs only after the pancreatic polypeptide dimers dissociated into the monomers, and that one ionizable group participates in the acid unfolding of the monomer. The free energy change for the unfolding of the pancreatic polypeptide monomer was estimated to be 1.4 kcal/mol. The unfolding of pancreatic polypeptide by guanidine hydrochloride at pH 6.0 and 25 degrees C was also studied. The stability to guanidine hydrochloride was higher at higher protein concentrations. PMID- 3759932 TI - Two types of coagulogen mRNAs found in horseshoe crab (Tachypleus tridentatus) hemocytes: molecular cloning and nucleotide sequences. AB - The complete cDNA sequence coding for the coagulogen present in the horseshoe crab (Tachypleus tridentatus) hemocytes was determined. Clones carrying cDNA fragments for coagulogen were isolated from a cDNA library of the hemocyte mRNA using synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides as probes. The nucleotide sequence analyses of the cloned cDNAs revealed that the hemocyte coagulogen consists of 175 amino acids with 20 amino acids in a presegment, and that there are two types of mRNAs for coagulogen. The two mRNAs exhibited three nucleotide substitutions, two of which were in their protein-coding regions, resulting in two amino acid replacements. Subsequently, two molecular species of coagulogen, named coagulogens type I and type II, were identified by tryptic peptide mapping of the mature proteins isolated from the hemocyte lysate. These results suggest that the two types of coagulogens are first synthesized as preproteins and are incorporated into the granules that are abundantly present in the hemocytes with liberation of the signal peptides. PMID- 3759933 TI - The oscillator strengths of hemoproteins. Their relation to the coordination structure and magnetic susceptibility. AB - The oscillator strengths of hemoproteins in the light frequency range of 1.11 X 10(4) to 3.23 X 10(4) cm-1 (wavelength range of 900 to 310 nm) were measured by means of computer-assisted spectrophotometry. The obtained values of oscillator strength per molar heme ranged from about 1.4 to 2.2. By comparing the oscillator strength values of the ferric and ferric cyanide-bound forms of hemoproteins and also the values of low molecular weight ferric heme complexes, it was found that the oscillator strength was lower for those hemoproteins whose heme was coordinated with strong field ligands. It was also found that the hemoproteins showing a smaller pH-dependent change in the carbon monoxide-difference spectrum had lower oscillator strengths. The following linear relation was observed, with various ligand complexes of bovine methemoglobin, horse metmyoglobin, and ferric horseradish peroxidase, between the oscillator strength (f) determined in the present study and the respective magnetic susceptibility (10(6) X chi 20 degrees M) values in the literature: f = A (10(6) X chi 20 degrees M) + B. The values of constants A and B in the equation were estimated for horseradish peroxidase, methemoglobin, and metmyoglobin. On varying the temperature in the range of 0 to 40 degrees C, the oscillator strength of the metmyoglobin-azide complex changed in parallel with the change in the spin state. Taking advantage of the fact that fluoride complexes of many hemoproteins show 10(6) X chi 20 degrees M values close to 14,500 and also that the values of intersection B are around 86.4% of the respective values of the fluoride complexes of ferric horseradish peroxidase, methemoglobin, and metmyoglobin, an empirical equation was evolved for the calculation of an approximate 10(6) X chi 20 degrees M value from the f value of a given complex (fobs) and that of the fluoride complex (fF) of a hemoprotein. The approximate magnetic susceptibilities of various ligand complexes of bovine lactoperoxidase could be thus calculated with the equation. The oscillator strengths of ferrous hemoproteins were also investigated and ligand-dependent regular changes were found. PMID- 3759934 TI - Dinitrophenylation as a probe for the determination of environments of amino groups in protein. Reactivities of individual amino groups in lysozyme. AB - Dinitrophenylation of hen egg white lysozyme with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) was carried out at pH 7-11 and room temperature in order to examine whether dinitrophenylation could be applied to determine the environments of individual amino groups in lysozyme or not. Lightly dinitrophenylated lysozyme was reduced, S-carboxymethylated and then subjected to reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). All tryptic peptides, which contained dinitrophenylated amino groups (one alpha-amino group, Lys 1(alpha), and six epsilon-amino groups, Lys 1(epsilon), Lys 13, Lys 33, Lys 96, Lys 97, and Lys 116), could be separated and monitored by absorbance measurement at 360 nm on RP-HPLC. The relative reactivities of individual amino groups, determined from the relative peak areas of dinitrophenylated tryptic peptides at 360 nm, were found to be sensitive to the reaction pH and to the presence of the trimer of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine or NaCl. It was concluded that dinitrophenylation of a protein with DNFB followed by peptide analysis by RP-HPLC with detection at 360 nm is a good method for probing the environments of individual amino groups in the protein. PMID- 3759935 TI - Crystallization of Bowman-Birk type protease inhibitor (peanut) and its complex with trypsin. AB - Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic study of Bowman-Birk type protease inhibitors, A-I, A-II, and B-III from peanut seeds (Arachis hypogaea), and of the A-II + trypsin complex were carried out. A-II, with 70 amino acid residues, crystallizes in a trigonal system, P3(1)21 (or P3(2)21), a = 71.8, c = 65.9 A, Z = 12 or 18. The A-I crystal is isomorphous with that of A-II, indicating that the N-terminal residues are in a disordered state in both crystals. The B-III crystal is monoclinic, C2, a = 119.6, b = 69.6, c = 94.2 A, beta = 115.1 degrees, Z is about 40. The A-II + trypsin complex crystallizes in an orthorhombic system, P2(1)2(1)2(1), a = 55.5, b = 56.0, c = 182.1 A, Z = 4. PMID- 3759936 TI - Binding of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin to gangliosides. AB - The binding characteristics of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins of types B, C1, and F to gangliosides was studied by thin layer chromatography plate and microtiter plate methods at low (10 mM NaCl in 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.2) or high (150 mM NaCl in 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.2) ionic strengths and at 0 or 37 degrees C. The three types of toxins bound exclusively to three kinds of gangliosides, GD1a, GD1b, and GT1b, in both the thin layer chromatography plate and the microtiter plate methods. Type C1 toxin bound to the three gangliosides under all the conditions, while type B and F toxins bound only at low ionic strength and 37 degrees C. At low ionic strength, the binding kinetics for the three toxins was monophasic in Scatchard plots, and the association constants obtained in the microtiter plate system were 2-4 X 10(8) M-1. In contrast, the binding kinetics of type C1 toxin in high ionic strength was biphasic in the Scatchard plot, and two association constants were obtained in the microtiter plate system. The heavy chain facilitated the binding of the toxin to the gangliosides. These results indicate that different types of botulinum toxins bind to the gangliosides under different optimal conditions and that gangliosides may not be the common receptor for all types of botulinum toxins. The gangliosides may bind to type C1 toxin together with other potential receptor(s) on synaptosomal membranes. PMID- 3759937 TI - Purification and tissue distribution of rat cathepsin L. AB - Cathepsin L was purified to apparent homogeneity from rat kidney. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 30,000, but part of the enzyme was found to consist of two polypeptide chains of Mr 25,000 and 5,000. Antibody against rat kidney cathepsin L did not cross-react with rat cathepsin B or H and detected only cathepsin L in crude rat tissue preparations on immunoblotted sheets. The concentrations of cathepsin L in various rat tissues and peripheral blood cells of rats were determined by a sensitive immunoassay, in which the minimum detectable amount of cathepsin L was 20 pg/assay. The concentration of cathepsin L was found to be highest in the kidneys, where it was more than 3 times higher than in the liver, spleen, lungs, and brain. Nervous tissues, especially the cerebellar cortex, also contained fairly high concentrations of cathepsin L, but the heart, skeletal muscle, and gastrointestinal tract contained low concentrations, as did peripheral blood cells. The cathepsin L content of macrophages was 20% of that of cathepsin B. The concentrations of cathepsin L in lymphocytes, neutrophils, and erythrocytes were 10%, 20%, and less than 0.2%, respectively, of those in resident macrophages. PMID- 3759938 TI - Structural differences of microtubule associated proteins from brain probed by tryptic peptide mapping. AB - Microtubules were purified from porcine brain by two cycles of temperature dependent assembly and disassembly, then microtubule associated proteins, MAP-1, MAP-2, and tau, were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Two-dimensional tryptic peptide maps of radioiodinated polypeptides were compared with each other by means of mixed sample experiments, and the following results were obtained. Subspecies of MAP-1 (355-345 and 325 kDa) showed about 33% homology in the tryptic peptide maps. Structural homology of MAP-1 and MAP-2 was very low; only 3 out of 40 peptide spots of MAP-2 were identical with those of MAP-1-C. Subspecies of tau proteins (65 and 60 kDa) were very closely related. Structural similarity between MAP-2 and tau was very low. MAP-1 from porcine brain and rat brain showed very high structural homology. PMID- 3759939 TI - Characterization of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) demethylase activity from fish muscle microsomes. AB - A crude microsomal fraction isolated from red hake (Urophycis chuss) muscle demethylated trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). Two cofactor systems were capable of stimulating activity; the system of NADH and FMN required anaerobic conditions while the other system, composed of iron and cysteine and/or ascorbate functioned in the presence or absence of oxygen. The components of each cofactor system functioned synergistically and kinetic parameters were established for each. Of several amine compounds common to fish muscle, TMAO was the only substrate demethylated by the microsomes. Activity was inhibited by iodoacetamide, potassium cyanide, and sodium azide under certain conditions, but not by carbon monoxide. An enzymic nature of the reaction was demonstrated by the properties of heat lability, sensitivity to protease treatment, the requirement of microsomes for TMAO demethylation and by the exhibition of typical hyperbolic kinetics with respect to substrate (TMAO). Moreover, TMAO demethylation by the microsomes was 3 to 4 orders of magnitude faster than the non-enzymic reaction and the reaction was specific for dimethylamine (DMA) as product. It appears the two cofactor systems may share a common catalytic unit in the process of TMAO demethylation. PMID- 3759940 TI - Partial purification of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) demethylase from crude fish muscle microsomes by detergents. AB - Detergent treatments were examined for their efficacy in purifying trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) demethylase activity from fish muscle microsomes. Tritons X-100 and X-45, deoxycholate, Brijs, Tweens 20, 65, and 80, and SDS were generally ineffective in solubilizing demethylase activity from this membrane fraction, at concentrations up to 10 mg detergent per mg protein. In all of these cases, specific activity became enriched in the particulate fraction obtained post treatment. Highest fold-purification was achieved by using 10 mg SDS per mg protein in 5 mM histidine, pH 7.0 at 10-14 degrees C. Activity was relatively stable to the presence of SDS at this level, and with this treatment, TMAO demethylase activity became purified in the resultant particulate fraction 28- and 58-fold for activity stimulated by ascorbate-iron-cysteine and FMN-NADH, respectively. The presence of urea or 2-mercaptoethanol, or sonication of the SDS microsome suspension during purification resulted in significant losses of recovered activity. This partially purified fraction represented about 1% of the original microsomal protein and SDS-PAGE revealed the presence of several protein components. The partially purified demethylase could utilize the same two cofactor systems as the native microsomes. It displayed a curvilinear dependence on iron for activity and a sigmoidal response for cysteine. Utilization of NADH, FMN, and ascorbate differed for the purified fraction as compared to the microsomes. Substrate inhibition by TMAO was observed for the partially purified preparation, whereas saturation kinetics were previously noted for microsomal activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3759941 TI - Proton nuclear magnetic resonance study on the multimode interactions of human serum albumin with drug molecules. AB - The interactions of human serum albumin (HSA) with a number of ligands (mostly drugs) were examined by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Ligand presence-absence difference spectra of HSA solutions were measured. Nonspecifically bound drugs such as tiaramide showed difference spectrum patterns which were similar to the spectra of the drugs themselves but were broadened as to the line-widths of signals. Thus, the difference spectra of these drugs reflect only the changes in the surroundings of the drug molecules, that is, between the bound and free states. In contrast, specifically bound drugs like ibuprofen and warfarin showed difference spectra in which signals from the HSA molecule only were observed. Furthermore, according to the characteristic peaks in these difference spectrum patterns, specifically bound drugs may be classified into several groups; the drugs in the first group bind to the ibuprofen binding site, those in the second group to the warfarin binding site, and those in the third group to sites other than the warfarin and ibuprofen sites. These findings suggest that the specific binding of drugs to HSA brings about a conformational change of this protein which is specifically correlated to the binding site. PMID- 3759942 TI - Interplay between lipids and viral glycoproteins during hemolysis and fusion by influenza virus. AB - Since mixtures of lipids alone are known to elicit membrane fusion without participation of fusion proteins, the role of viral lipids in the so-called virus induced hemolysis and cell fusion has been investigated, using as a model the fowl plague virus (influenza A/FPV/Rostock/H7N1). The experiments were planned in a way that allowed quantitative modification of viral lipids without changing envelope glycoproteins. Under the conditions employed, cholesterol oxidase of Nocardia erythropolis and phospholipase C of Bacillus cereus were shown to completely modify their substrates in the virus without altering virus-associated hemagglutinating and neuraminidase activities. It was found with such enzyme treatment that virus-induced hemolysis and cell fusion are greatly influenced by cholesterol and phospholipids of the envelope. It became clear, that hemolysis and fusion are differently dependent on the nature of lipid components even though mediated by the same viral glycoproteins. PMID- 3759943 TI - The complete cDNA and amino acid sequence of human apolipoprotein B-100. AB - We have determined the complete sequence of apolipoprotein (apo) B-100 cDNA. It is 14.1 kilobases in length and codes for a 4563-amino acid protein, including a 27-amino acid signal peptide and a 4536-amino acid mature protein. Further, we identified 2366 residues of apoB-100 by direct sequence analysis of apoB-100 tryptic peptides. The mature peptide is characterized by high hydrophobicity (0.916 kcal/residue) and predicted beta-sheet content (21%). Dot matrix analysis revealed the presence of many long internal repeats in apoB-100. The mature peptide contains 25 cysteine residues, 12 of which are in the N-terminal 500 residues. Twenty potential N-linked glycosylation sites were identified, of which 13 were proven to be glycosylated, and 4 were found not to be glycosylated by direct analysis of tryptic peptides. Our findings on apoB structure provide a basis for future experimentation on the role of apoB-100-containing lipoproteins in atherosclerosis. PMID- 3759944 TI - Regulation of vasopressin gene expression in rat hypothalamic neurons. Response to osmotic stimulation. AB - Although the steps involved in biosynthesis and secretion of the neuropeptide vasopressin (AVP) have been extensively studied, the factors which regulate AVP gene expression remain unknown. Therefore, we sought to determine the dynamics of AVP mRNA accumulation in response to a strong stimulus for AVP release, i.e. during salt imbibition and the ensuing period of rehydration. AVP mRNA levels were determined in terms of absolute amounts by a novel quantitative densitometric hybridization assay, using in vitro synthesized sense-strand RNA as a quantitative standard and complementary anti-sense RNA as a specific probe. The template used for RNA transcription consisted of a 196-base pair genomic DNA fragment corresponding to exon C of the rat AVP gene. Determination of basal hypothalamic AVP mRNA levels yielded 12.5 +/- 2.7 fmol/hypothalamus. Salt imbibition, which induced a 6% rise in blood osmolality and an 82% loss of pituitary AVP, resulted in a 3-fold increase of AVP mRNA to 35 +/- 5 fmol/hypothalamus. Following rehydration, plasma osmolality returned to control levels by day 2, pituitary AVP by day 6, and hypothalamic AVP by day 14. By contrast, AVP mRNA levels remained significantly elevated throughout the 30-day rehydration period. Furthermore, pituitary AVP reached a level of 177% of control by day 14 of rehydration. These data show that osmotic stimulation results in a long-lasting elevation of hypothalamic AVP mRNA; during rehydration, these elevated mRNA levels direct AVP biosynthesis at a rate which surpasses secretory demands; AVP mRNA accumulation does not appear to be directly regulated by either pituitary or hypothalamic AVP. Therefore, either an unusually long half-life of greater than or equal to 7 days must be assumed for AVP mRNA or, alternatively, a continued stimulation of AVP gene transcription must occur, even in the absence of a secretory stimulus and following complete repletion of cellular AVP stores. PMID- 3759945 TI - Steady-state kinetic studies of superoxide dismutases. Saturative behavior of the copper- and zinc-containing protein. AB - The mechanism of the Cu-Zn-containing superoxide dismutase (SD) was studied using a stopped-flow spectrophotometric system capable of forming aqueous solutions of O2- having initial concentrations up to approximately 5 mM. By lowering the temperature to 5.5 degrees C, we were able to observe saturation of the enzyme. At 5.5 degrees C and pH 9.3, the Michaelis-Menten parameters extracted from the kinetic traces were turnover number (TN) approximately 1 X 10(6) s-1, Km approximately 3.5 X 10(-3) M. Under our conditions, the average rate at which O-2 binds to the active site, TN/Km is 0.26 X 10(9) M-1 s-1. TN was decreased in the presence of D2O, and a solvent isotope effect of TNH/TND approximately 3.6 was measured while TN/Km was essentially unaffected by D2O. TN was increased by the presence of the general acid, ND4+. These observations, by analogy to earlier work with Fe X SD from Escherichia coli (Bull, C., and Fee, J. A. (1985) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107, 3295-3304), suggest that H2O serves to donate the protons required to form product H2O2. Values of Km and TN for the zinc-deficient enzyme were found to be approximately a factor of 2 less than those obtained for the holoenzyme under identical experimental conditions, whereas TN/Km was largely unchanged. The imidazolate bridge is thus not essential for catalytically competent extraction of a proton from the solvent. PMID- 3759946 TI - Purification and characterization of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase from the parasitic helminth Ascaris suum. AB - Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase has been purified from homogenates of Ascaris suum muscle strips to apparent homogeneity as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purification is a three-step procedure which yields pure enzyme in milligram quantities with good yield. The subunit molecular weight of the Ascaris enzyme is between 75,000 and 80,000. The native molecular weight is 83,000 as determined by gel filtration. The kinetic constants for substrates of the carboxylation reaction were determined and compared to those measured for the avian liver enzyme. From kinetic studies it appears likely that two separate roles for divalent metal ions exist in the catalytic process. Studies conducted with Mn2+ or with micromolar concentrations of Mn2+, in the presence of millimolar concentrations of Mg2+ suggest that Mn2+ but not Mg2+ binds directly to and activates the enzyme while either Mn2+ or Mg2+ may bind to the nucleotide resulting in the metal-nucleotide complex. The metal nucleotide is the active form of the substrate for the reaction. In the presence of Mg2+, an increase in the Mn2+ concentration results in a decrease in the Km for P-enolpyruvate suggesting a direct role for Mn2+ stimulation and regulation of activity. The concentrations of Mn2+ and Mg2+ in Ascaris muscle strips were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy and support the proposed hypothesis of a specific Mn2+ activation of the enzyme. The nucleotides ATP and ITP act as competitive inhibitors against GTP with KI values of 0.50 and 0.75 mM, respectively. ITP is a competitive inhibitor against both IDP and P-enolpyruvate, suggesting overlapping binding sites for the two substrates on the enzyme. PMID- 3759947 TI - Ovothiol: a novel thiohistidine compound from sea urchin eggs that confers NAD(P)H-O2 oxidoreductase activity on ovoperoxidase. AB - Sea urchin eggs contain a small molecular weight heat-stable factor that confers cyanide-resistant NAD(P)H-O2 oxidoreductase activity on ovoperoxidase (Turner, E., Somers, C. E., and Shapiro, B. M. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 13163-13171), the enzyme responsible for cross-linking the extracellular protein coat (fertilization membrane) of the egg. Here we report the isolation of the active cofactor and its identification by ultraviolet, NMR, and mass spectroscopy as a new sulfur-containing amino acid derivative, 1-methyl-alpha N,alpha N-dimethyl-4 thiohistidine, or ovothiol. Ovothiol reacts slowly with atmospheric oxygen or rapidly with micromolar concentrations of H2O2 to form ovothiol disulfide, which is inactive as a cofactor for the ovoperoxidase NAD(P)H oxidase. Reduced active ovothiol is regenerated by treatment with disulfide reductants and shows significant differences in its ultraviolet and NMR spectra from oxidized ovothiol. The oxidoreductase activity of the ovoperoxidase/ovothiol system is similar to that previously characterized with crude cofactor preparations; it is greatly enhanced by Mn2+ and is relatively insensitive to CN-, compared to the peroxidase activity of ovoperoxidase. The ovothiol content of eggs is estimated as 1.8 pmol/egg or an intracellular concentration of 6.8 mM. This concentration exceeds the amount of reductant needed for the CN-(-)insensitive oxygen consumption following fertilization and used in the production of H2O2 for fertilization membrane cross-linking. Whether ovothiol is involved in the cross linking reaction, protects the egg from damage from H2O2, or has another role in development remains unclear. PMID- 3759948 TI - Isolation of a novel metal-binding protein from rat testes. Characterization and distinction from metallothionein. AB - This study was undertaken to further establish the nature of the low molecular weight metal-binding proteins in rat testes. In all cases, control testes were compared to livers of zinc-treated rats, which are known to contain high concentrations of metallothionein. Gel filtration of testicular and hepatic cytosol revealed a major zinc- and/or cadmium-binding protein in the low molecular weight range in both tissues. This protein could be partially purified from either source by a combination of heat treatment and sequential acetone precipitation. When such partially purified preparations were further fractionated by high performance liquid chromatography using a linear gradient of 25%-40% acetonitrile in 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, two major forms with similar retention times were seen in each tissue. The utility of this high performance liquid chromatography system for separating isoforms of metallothionein was verified by separation of commercially available purified rabbit hepatic metallothionein into a total of five separate forms. Amino acid analysis of the two proteins derived from rat liver was consistent with the known amino acid composition of metallothionein. However, the two testicular forms separated by high performance liquid chromatography were notably different in amino acid composition from metallothionein, with a distinctly lower content of cysteine. These results indicate that the major low molecular weight cadmium/zinc-binding proteins in rat testes are not metallothioneins. PMID- 3759949 TI - Solubilization of functional and stable follitropin receptors from light membranes of bovine calf testis. AB - Rapid destabilization of FSH receptor after solubilization by detergents is a serious problem complicating its purification and further study. We have developed a procedure for the solubilization of stable and functional FSH receptors with Triton X-100. The new protocol selectively utilizes pure lighter membranes isolated from bovine calf testes by preparative sucrose density gradient centrifugation as the source of receptor. The conditions of detergent solubilization were optimized to reduce the required ratio of Triton X-100 to membrane protein to a minimum. In addition, during detergent extraction the membranes were treated with petroleum ether to remove interfering neutral lipids, thus facilitating solubilization of FSH receptors by the detergent. FSH receptors so obtained appeared to be soluble by criteria such as failure to sediment at 145,000 X g after 90 min, passage through 0.22-micron Millipore filters, and retardation upon chromatography on Sepharose 6B column. Approximately 86% of receptors originally present in the light membranes were recovered after solubilization, with a 24-fold increase in specific activity. The detergent soluble fraction has several interesting properties not previously reported. It contains only high affinity receptors for FSH (Ka = 1.02 X 10(10) M-1), which are stable in the absence of glycerol for 4 days at 1 degree C or 6 months at -80 degrees C. Luteinizing hormone and human chorionic gonadotropin receptor activity usually associated with detergent-solubilized extracts of testes is low due to incomplete solubility of these receptors under the conditions utilized for solubilization of FSH receptors. Of particular interest is the ability of the receptor in the detergent extract to respond to added FSH with stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity. Adenylate cyclase activity also responds to F- stimulation and the detergent extract retains full guanosine 5'-imidotriphosphate binding activity. This suggests that under the extraction conditions employed, a high proportion of soluble receptors are associated with related components of the adenylate cyclase system. Our data are consistent with the notion that the solubilized hormone-binding sites represent the physiologically relevant and functional receptors originally present in the light membrane fraction of calf testis. The availability of this detergent-soluble, stable and functional receptor fraction in larger amounts (2.2 g of protein from each batch of 11.5 kg bovine calf testes) than heretofore possible should facilitate further studies on FSH receptor purification and its mechanism of action. PMID- 3759950 TI - The influence of uncoordinated histidines on iron release from transferrin. A chemical modification study. AB - Histidine residues that influence the chelate-mediated removal of iron from transferrin have been investigated. Diferric human serum transferrin was chemically modified to various extents using ethoxyformic anhydride, a reagent for histidines. A kinetic analysis of the modification reaction revealed the presence of a fast reacting pool of 9 +/- .8 histidine residues and a slow reacting pool of 5.8 +/- .6 residues. There are 18 histidine residues in transferrin. The rates of modification of the two pools differed by a factor of 5. The pyrophosphate-mediated removal of iron from the two binding sites of native and partially modified transferrins was studied at pH 6.9 using desferrioximine B as a terminal iron acceptor. Under these conditions, the rate of iron removal from the NH2-terminal site was about six times faster than from the COOH-terminal site. Both rates were significantly reduced, i.e. by a factor of approximately 6-8, upon complete ethoxyformylation of all reactive histidines on the protein. The kinetic data of partially modified transferrins were analyzed by the Tsou Chen-Lu statistical method; the results are consistent with the hypothesis that modification of a single uncoordinated histidine in each of the two iron binding domains stabilizes the protein kinetically against loss of iron. The dependence of the iron removal reaction on pH is consistent with such an interpretation. The putative histidines, although not ligands, may be close to the metal in both binding sites, thus influencing the rate of iron removal by pyrophosphate. These histidines belong to the pool of rapidly modified residues and thus are readily accessible to solvent and chelators. PMID- 3759951 TI - Thiol/disulfide redox equilibrium and kinetic behavior of chicken liver fatty acid synthase. AB - Chicken liver fatty acid synthase is rapidly inactivated and cross-linked at pH 7.2 and 8.0 by incubation with low concentrations of common biological disulfides including glutathione disulfide, coenzyme A disulfide, and glutathione-coenzyme A mixed disulfide. Glutathione disulfide inactivation of the enzyme is accompanied by the oxidation of a total of 4-5 enzyme thiols per monomer. Only one glutathione equivalent is incorporated per monomer as a protein-mixed disulfide, and its rate of incorporation is significantly slower than the rate of inactivation. The formation of protein-SS-protein disulfides results in significant cross-linking of enzyme subunits. The inactive enzyme is rapidly and completely reactivated, and the cross-linking is completely reversed by incubation of the enzyme with thiols (10-20 mM) including dithiothreitol, mercaptoethanol, and glutathione. In a glutathione redox buffer (GSH + GSSG), disulfide bond formation comes to equilibrium. The enzyme activity at equilibrium is dependent both on the ratio of glutathione to glutathione disulfide and on the total glutathione concentration. The equilibrium constant for the redox equilibration of fatty acid synthase in a glutathione redox buffer is 15 mM (Ered + GSSG in equilibrium Eox + 2GSH). The formation of at least one protein-protein disulfide per monomer dominates the redox properties of the enzyme while the formation of one protein-mixed disulfide with glutathione (Kmixed = 0.45) has little effect on activity. The oxidation equilibrium constant suggests that there would be no significant cycling between the reduced and the oxidized enzyme in response to likely physiological variations in the hepatic glutathione status. The possibility that changes in the concentration of cellular glutathione may act as a mechanism for metabolic control of other enzymes is discussed. PMID- 3759952 TI - Developmental regulation of insulin-like growth factor II mRNA in different rat tissues. AB - Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) is present at high levels in fetal and early neonatal rat plasma, and decreases profoundly following birth. In the present study, the levels of IGF-II RNA in different rat tissues at different ages were determined by hybridization to a rat IGF-II cDNA probe. IGF-II RNA was present in 11 of 13 fetal or neonatal tissues examined: at higher levels in muscle, skin, lung, liver, intestine, and thymus; at lower levels in brain stem, heart, cerebral cortex, kidney, and hypothalamus; and undetectable in spleen and pancreas (although the latter RNA was partially degraded). In each tissue, Northern blot hybridization revealed the presence of six IGF-II RNAs: 6, 4, 3.8, 2.2, 1.7, and 1.2 kilobase pairs, consistent with results previously observed in the BRL-3A rat liver cell line and attributed to alternative RNA processing. Although differences in the relative abundance of these RNAs were observed in different tissues, the same size species occurred in all tissues with the 4 kilobase pair RNA the most abundant species. RNAs from the different tissues were examined at six developmental ages (days 16 and 21 of gestation; days 2, 11, 22, and 75 after birth) by hybridization to slot blots and Northern blots. In lung, thymus, kidney, and brain stem, IGF-II RNA was expressed at higher levels in the fetus than after birth, whereas in muscle, skin, liver, heart, and intestine, the high fetal levels of IGF-II RNA continued through day 11 or day 22 after birth. IGF-II RNA persisted into adulthood in cerebral cortex and hypothalamus. Although the significance of these tissue-specific differences in the developmental regulation of the expression of IGF-II RNA remains to be established, they exhibit intriguing temporal correlations with major maturational events in some tissues such as lung and muscle. PMID- 3759953 TI - Transient kinetics of heparin-catalyzed protease inactivation by antithrombin III. The reaction step limiting heparin turnover in thrombin neutralization. AB - The intrinsic protein fluorescence quenching which accompanies the heparin accelerated inhibition of thrombin (T) by antithrombin III (AT) was resolved into a heparin-independent component associated with formation of the product T-AT complex and a component associated with an AT conformational change linked to heparin dissociation. To determine whether dissociation of heparin from the product T-AT complex limits the rate at which heparin can turn over catalytically, the kinetics of protein fluorescence quenching during the reaction of thrombin with AT X heparin complex (AT X H) were investigated by stopped-flow fluorimetry under pseudo-first order conditions ([AT X H]o much greater than [T]o). Both fluorescence components were quenched in a single exponential reaction with a hyperbolic dependence of the first order rate constant (kobs) on [AT X H]o. An indistinguishable hyperbolic dependence of kobs on [AT X H]o was measured by displacement of p-aminobenzamidine from the T active site, with both signals extrapolating to a limiting rate constant of 5 s-1. These results indicate that heparin dissociation occurs concomitant with T-AT complex formation at the limiting 5 s-1 rate constant. In reasonable agreement with this value, a kcat of 2.3 s-1 was determined for heparin turnover at catalytic concentrations. We conclude that formation of the T-AT complex is the primary rate-limiting step in heparin catalytic turnover and that this reaction is accompanied by a change in conformation of the AT component resulting in facile heparin dissociation. PMID- 3759954 TI - Disproportionate reduction of actin synthesis in hearts of starved rats. AB - We examined the synthesis of proteins in rat myocardium after starvation. Rates of total protein synthesis in myofibrillar and nonmyofibrillar fractions of myocardium of starved animals were reduced similarly (to 70-80% of the rates in hearts of fed animals, p less than 0.002), but rates of synthesis of some individual proteins were affected discoordinately. Radiolabeled proteins from atrial and ventricular explants, separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, revealed that starvation for 2 days reduced the rate of cardiac actin synthesis to 26-38% of control levels, while the rate of myosin heavy chain synthesis in the same hearts was only moderately reduced (74-80% of control levels). This starvation-induced reduction in actin synthesis could be accounted for at least in part by disproportionately decreased levels of actin mRNA in starved hearts, as revealed by Northern blot hybridization and by in vitro translation analysis. The dramatic decrease in cardiac actin synthesis was rapidly reversible, and actin synthesis returned to normal after a single day of refeeding. The selective reduction of actin synthesis after starvation was specific for the heart: rates of myosin heavy chain and actin synthesis in skeletal muscles (soleus and extensor digitorum longus) were coordinately reduced in response to starvation. To our knowledge, this is the first example of such dramatic discoordinate regulation of myofibrillar protein synthesis in response to a physiological stimulus. PMID- 3759955 TI - Isolation and characterization of a new Mr 18,000 protein with calcium vector properties in amphioxus muscle and identification of its endogenous target protein. AB - A new Ca2+-binding protein, called CaVP, has been detected in muscle of the cephalochordate amphioxus and purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. The Mr 18,000 protein (pI = 4.9) binds 2 Ca2+ atoms in a noncooperative way with an intrinsic binding constant of 8.2 X 10(6) M-1. Ca2+, but not Mg2+, induces a 10% increase in alpha-helical content in the metal-free protein. CaVP does not interact with chlorpromazine, but forms a Ca2+-dependent complex with melittin. In situ, CaVP forms a high affinity Ca2+-dependent complex with an Mr 36,000 protein present in muscle extracts of amphioxus. This complex has been purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography, and the target protein further purified after dissociation of the complex in the presence of Ca2+-chelating agents and 6 M urea. The nearly pure Mr 36,000 protein also forms a Ca2+ dependent complex with calmodulin which, however, is less stable during electrophoresis than the CaVP-Mr 36,000 protein complex. Amphioxus CaVP does not substitute for calmodulin in a specific enzyme assay nor for troponin C in restoring Ca2+ sensitivity to skinned muscle fibers. Its polyclonal antibody does not cross-react with the latter two activators. No immunological cross-reacting counterpart of CaVP was found in organs of fish and rat. Its relative abundance in amphioxus muscle indicates that CaVP must underlie an important new limb of Ca2+ regulation in this particular muscle. PMID- 3759956 TI - Determinants in the pathways followed by the carbons of acetone in their conversion to glucose. AB - [2-14C]Acetone was infused into rats that were fed or fasted. Each was infused with either a trace quantity of acetone or a large quantity that resulted in a blood concentration of acetone of at least 4 mM. The distribution of 14C in the carbons of glucose from each rat was determined. Two of the rats were given acetone in their drinking water and one was diabetic. Whether a rat was chronically exposed to acetone, fed or fasted, normal or diabetic, if given the trace dose, over 80% of the 14C in the glucose it formed was in carbons 1, 2, 5, and 6 of the glucose. If a rat was given the large dose, about 50% was in carbons 3 and 4. Thus, the major determinant of the pathways followed by acetone when it is metabolized is its concentration and not the prior dietary state of the animal or its previous exposure to acetone. Incorporation into carbons 1, 2, 5, and 6 occurs in the conversion of the carbons of [2-14C]lactate into glucose, whereas incorporation into carbons 3 and 4 occurs in the conversion of the carbons of [1 14C]acetate into glucose. Therefore, at high acetone concentration, the pathway that has been proposed for acetone's metabolism via acetate predominates, and via acetate there can be no net synthesis of glucose from acetone. When rats were given cyanamide and then the large dose of acetone, 74% of the 14C in the glucose they formed was in carbons 3 and 4 of the glucoses. Thus, the relative contribution of the pathway to lactate, or its metabolic equivalent, that has been proposed appears to be lessened by the administration of an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor. PMID- 3759957 TI - Iron incorporation into apoferritin. The role of apoferritin as a ferroxidase. AB - Apoferritin catalyzes the oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III). Ferroxidase activity is assayed and characterized by coupling the oxidation with the binding of Fe(III) to transferrin. The initial rate of Fe(II) oxidation is dependent on apoferritin and initial Fe(II) concentration but independent of transferrin concentration. The ferroxidase activity is inhibited by Zn(II). Ferritins with varying loads of iron have the same ferroxidase activity level. It is suggested that the described oxidation process represents the initial step of iron deposition in apoferritin. Since transferrin can intercept Fe(III) before it is deposited in apoferritin, active sites for Fe(II) oxidation must be on or near the surface of apoferritin. This finding is contrary to the current view of apoferritin-catalyzed oxidation of Fe(II) which places active sites in the channels to the core or inside the central core. PMID- 3759958 TI - Prothrombin fragment 1 X 2 X 3, a major product of prothrombin activation in human plasma. AB - The conversion of the blood coagulation zymogen prothrombin to thrombin is associated with the production of several cleavage intermediates and products. In contrast to earlier studies of prothrombin cleavage in chemically defined systems, the current investigation examines the fragmentation of human prothrombin in normal plasma. Radiolabeled prothrombin was added to platelet-poor relipidated normal human plasma, and clotting was initiated with the addition of Ca(II) and kaolin. Analysis of the radiolabeled prothrombin cleavage products by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of dodecyl sulfate and beta mercaptoethanol identified a heretofore unobserved product of prothrombin activation with an apparent molecular weight of 45,000. This product was identified as fragment 1 X 2 X 3, the NH2-terminal 286 amino acids of prothrombin. The product was isolated from a prothrombin digest by immunoaffinity chromatography using anti-prothrombin:Ca(II) antibodies and by preparative gel electrophoresis. Its amino-terminal sequence is identical to that of prothrombin. Digestion of this product with either Factor Xa or thrombin yields, at a minimum, fragment 1 X 2 and fragment 1. Amino-terminal sequence analysis of the products obtained by digestion with Factor Xa of the unknown activation product indicated 3 amino acid residues at each cycle consistent with the presence of fragment 1, fragment 2, and fragment 3. To unambiguously identify the COOH-terminal amino acid sequence of the product, its factor Xa digestion products were separated by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Edman degradation of one peptide revealed the complete sequence of fragment 3. On this basis, we identify the Mr 45,000 polypeptide as fragment 1 X 2 X 3 and indicate that it is a prominent product of prothrombin conversion to thrombin when activation occurs in plasma. PMID- 3759959 TI - Analogs of diaminopimelic acid as inhibitors of meso-diaminopimelate decarboxylase from Bacillus sphaericus and wheat germ. AB - Analogs (1----6) of diaminopimelic acid have been synthesized and tested for inhibition of meso-diaminopimelate decarboxylases from Bacillus sphaericus IFO 3525 and from wheat germ (Triticum vulgaris). Difluoromethyl diaminopimelate 1 does not irreversibly inactivate or strongly competitively inhibit either enzyme. Lanthionine sulfoxides (2ab, 2c, and 2d) are good competitive inhibitors (about 50% inhibition at 1 mM) of both decarboxylases. The meso and LL-isomers of lanthionine sulfone (3ab and 3c) and lanthionine (6ab and 6c) are weaker competitive inhibitors (about 50% inhibition at 10-20 mM). The corresponding DD isomers (3d and 6d) are less effective. The N-modified analogs are the most potent competitive inhibitors. The inhibition constant (Ki) values for B. sphaericus and wheat germ decarboxylases with N-hydroxydiaminopimelate 4 (mixture of isomers) are 0.91 and 0.71 mM, respectively; for the N-aminodiaminopimelate 5 (mixture of isomers) the Ki values are 0.10 and 0.084 mM, respectively. These N modified analogs do not effectively inhibit L-lysine decarboxylase. None of the compounds showed any time-dependent inactivation of the decarboxylases, in contrast to behavior of other pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes with analogous substrate derivatives. Possible mechanisms of inhibition are discussed. In preliminary tests for antibiotic activity 4 and 5 both gave 75% growth inhibition of Bacillus megaterium at 20 micrograms/ml in defined media. Other analogs (1----3) showed essentially no antibacterial activity. PMID- 3759960 TI - The glycocalicin portion of platelet glycoprotein Ib expresses both high and moderate affinity receptor sites for thrombin. A soluble radioreceptor assay for the interaction of thrombin with platelets. AB - A soluble radioreceptor assay has been developed to characterize thrombin receptor activities of the human platelet membrane. 125I-Thrombin was added to platelet membranes solubilized in 1% Triton X-100, and thrombin bound to platelet receptors was separated from free thrombin by precipitation with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) in the presence of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein as carrier. Both high affinity binding (Ki, 0.09 nM; R1, 0.30 pmol/mg protein) and moderate affinity binding (K2, 38 nM; R2, 72 pmol/mg protein) were detected in the detergent-solubilized membrane preparations and these binding parameters were in excellent agreement with values previously determined using intact platelets (Harmon, J. T., and Jamieson, G. A. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 58-64). Using the soluble radioreceptor assay, both high and moderate affinity binding was detected in highly purified preparations of glycoprotein Ib (GPIb) and glycocalicin, and the binding isotherms were identical with those of the crude detergent solubilized membrane preparation. Treatment of detergent-solubilized membranes with increasing concentrations of a monospecific polyclonal antibody to glycocalicin resulted in the stepwise depletion of GPIb and concomitant reductions of thrombin binding activity. These results demonstrate that both high and moderate affinity binding of thrombin to platelets is completely expressed in the glycocalicin portion of GPIb. PMID- 3759961 TI - Progesterone receptor synthesis and degradation in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells as studied by dense amino acid incorporation. Evidence for a non-hormone binding receptor precursor. AB - We have used the technique of density labeling of proteins by biosynthetic incorporation of 2H, 13C, 15N (dense) amino acids to study the synthesis and degradation rates of the progesterone receptor in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. In cells grown in the absence of progestin, sucrose gradient shift analyses reveal that it takes 17 h for the normal density progesterone receptor levels to be reduced to half the initial value, whereas in the presence of 10 nM of the synthetic progestin [3H]R5020, the receptor turns over more rapidly, such that the normal density R5020-occupied progesterone receptor complexes are reduced to half in 12 h. The accelerated progesterone receptor turnover in the presence of [3H]R5020 reflects increased turnover rates of both the A (Mr-85,000) and B (Mr-115,000) subunits, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel analyses of dense and light receptors photoaffinity labeled with [3H]R5020. In both control and progestin-exposed cells, the time course of progesterone receptor turnover shows a lag of approximately 6 h after dense (15N, 13C, 2H) amino acid exposure, before dense hormone binding receptor species are seen and before normal density progestin binding activity starts decreasing. Since our evaluations of progesterone receptor depend upon its binding of radiolabeled ligand ([3H]R5020), this lag in the density shift kinetics would be consistent with the presence of a non-hormone binding biosynthetic precursor, from which the hormone-binding form of progesterone receptor is derived. A kinetic model is used to analyze the lag-decay profiles and to determine the rate constants for progesterone receptor synthesis, activation to the hormone-binding form, and degradation. PMID- 3759962 TI - The respiratory burst oxidase of human neutrophils. Further studies of the purified enzyme. AB - A superoxide-forming oxidase from activated human neutrophil membranes was solubilized by two slightly different methods, then purified by "dye-affinity" chromatography. Kinetic studies of the purified preparations gave Vmax values of 5-10 mumol of O-2/min/mg of protein, and Km values for NADH and NADPH that were in reasonable agreement with values determined previously using particulate and crude solubilized preparations of the respiratory burst oxidase. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed prominent bands at 67, 48, and 32 kDa, together with some minor contaminants, whereas gel electrophoresis under non-denaturing conditions gave a single major band that when eluted and re electrophoresed in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate showed bands at 67, 48, 32 kDa. We believe that all three bands represent oxidase components. The flavin content of the purified enzyme was 20.4 +/- 2.0 S.E. pmol of FAD/microgram of protein, whereas heme averaged 0.1 +/- 0.02 pmol/microgram and ubiquinone could not be detected. Assuming that the enzyme is composed of one 67-kDa subunit, one 48-kDa subunit, and one 32-kDa subunit (i.e. that its molecular mass is approximately 150 kDa), it can be calculated to have a turnover number of 700 1500 min-1, in agreement with a value reported previously for oxidase in a particulate O-2-forming system (Cross, A. R., Parkinson, J. F., and Jones, O. T. G. (1985) Biochem. J. 226, 881-884), and to contain the following quantities of redox carriers (mol/mol): FAD, 3.0; heme, 0.015; ubiquinone, less than 0.06. It remains to be determined whether this preparation represents the complete respiratory burst oxidase or is only the pyridine nucleotide dehydrogenating component of a more complex enzyme. PMID- 3759963 TI - Testosterone-induced changes in contractile protein isoforms in the sexually dimorphic temporalis muscle of the guinea pig. AB - The guinea pig temporalis muscle is sexually dimorphic, classified histochemically as a fast-red muscle in the female, but as a fast-white muscle in the adult male. Since this sexual difference in metabolic properties is related to plasma testosterone levels, we asked if testosterone also affected the contractile protein isoforms. In the newborn guinea pig, both male and female temporalis muscles contained a fast-red isoform of the myosin heavy chain and approximately equal amounts of alpha- and beta-tropomyosins. At puberty, the male began to replace the fast-red isoform with a fast-white isoform of the heavy chain and by 120 days the muscle contained predominantly the fast-white myosin heavy chain. This transition in myosins in the male was accompanied by a shift to greater than 90% alpha-tropomyosin. No changes in myosins or tropomyosins were observed in the female. The changes in the male could be reversed by castration and could be mimicked in the female by the injection of testosterone. Although these same myosins and tropomyosins could be detected in other fast-twitch muscles, postpartum transitions in contractile protein isoforms in those muscles were testosterone-insensitive, and no sexual dimorphism of these proteins was seen in other muscles. PMID- 3759964 TI - Analysis of glucocorticoid receptor activation by high resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis of affinity-labeled receptor. AB - To determine if activation of the glucocorticoid receptor involves covalent charge modification of the steroid-binding protein, unactivated and activated IM 9 cell glucocorticoid receptors were examined by high resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. As previously reported (Smith, A. C., and Harmon, J. M. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 4946-4951), two-dimensional electrophoresis of immunopurified, [3H]dexamethasone mesylate-labeled, steroid-binding protein from unactivated receptors resolves two 92-kDa isoforms (pI congruent to 5.7 and 6.0 6.5). After activation, the apparent pI of neither isoform was altered, indicating that there had been no covalent charge modification of the steroid binding protein. Thus, the physicochemical changes observed after activation of the steroid receptor cannot be explained by dephosphorylation or other models which involve covalent charge modification of the steroid-binding protein. This conclusion was consistent with the observation that treatment of immunopurified, affinity-labeled receptors with calf intestine alkaline phosphatase did not alter the apparent pI values or distribution of the steroid-binding protein isoforms. However, chromatography of activated steroid-receptor complexes on DNA-cellulose revealed that only the more basic of the two steroid-binding protein isoforms bound to DNA. Therefore, the charge heterogeneity of the steroid-binding protein may be important in regulating the ability of the steroid-binding protein to interact with DNA. PMID- 3759965 TI - Thermodynamic parameters are sequence-dependent for the supercoil-induced B to Z transition in recombinant plasmids. AB - The entropy and enthalpy changes which contribute to the thermodynamics of the B to Z transition were determined for three recombinant plasmids containing a (dC dG)16 tract and for a plasmid containing a pair of (dT-dG)20 regions. For each base pair which adopts a left-handed conformation in the plasmids with (dC-dG)16 sequences, the delta HBZ and delta SBZ are -2.1 kcal/mol bp and -8.8 cal/K-mol bp, respectively. In the plasmid containing the (dT-dG)20 tracts, however, the delta HBZ and delta SBZ values are 0.58 kcal/mol bp and -0.76 cal/K-mol bp, respectively. Also, these determinations show that for each B-Z junction that forms in the plasmids containing the (dC-dG), the enthalpy and entropy changes are 24 kcal/mol junction and 65 cal/K-mol junction, whereas for the (dT-dG) plasmid, the enthalpy and entropy changes are -1.8 kcal/mol junction and -22 cal/K-mol junction, respectively. Those values for the enthalpy and entropy changes for the formation of a BZ junction in (dC-dG) and (dT-dG) plasmids suggest that the properties and possibly the structures of the junctions are different. Calculations using the enthalpy and entropy changes determined in this study reveal that the B to Z transition in plasmids containing (dC-dG) blocks are more temperature-dependent than the transitions in plasmids with (dT-dG) blocks. Surprisingly, at temperatures above 60 degrees C, calculations indicate that the B to Z transitions in (dT-dG) plasmids should be energetically favored over that transition in (dC-dG) plasmids. PMID- 3759966 TI - Sequence and expression of the chicken beta 3 tubulin gene. A vertebrate testis beta-tubulin isotype. AB - We report the determination of the complete DNA sequence for c beta 3, a chicken beta-tubulin gene which we show to be the dominant beta-tubulin expressed in testis. Like all previously studied vertebrate beta-tubulin genes, the gene is divided into four exon sequences interrupted by three intervening sequences (located between amino acids 19 and 20, within codon 56, and within codon 93). Analysis of the program of expression of this gene indicates that it encodes the dominant chicken testis beta-tubulin, although it is also expressed at lower levels in a wide variety of cell and tissue types. Comparison of the predicted polypeptide sequence for c beta 3 with four other available chicken beta-tubulin genes confirms our earlier suggestion that within an otherwise conserved framework, sequences within two variable region domains serve to define specific beta-tubulin polypeptide isotypes. The data indicate that the c beta 3 gene encodes a unique beta-tubulin isotype which diverges from the dominant neuronal beta-tubulin isotype in 18 of 445 residues (4%). Although the protein coding regions of the c beta 3 gene are highly homologous to the chicken c beta 1, c beta 2, c beta 4, and c beta 5 genes previously reported by us, no significant sequence homology with these previously analyzed genes is discernible in the 5'- or 3'-untranslated region sequences, in the intervening sequences, or in the presumptive transcriptional promoter sequences. PMID- 3759967 TI - Purification and analysis of a proteinaceous aphrodisiac pheromone from hamster vaginal discharge. AB - Hormonally regulated proteinaceous material secreted in hamster vaginal discharge is detected via the vomeronasal organ and elicits copulatory behavior in males. The major soluble protein in estrous vaginal discharge has been isolated, characterized by molecular weight and amino acid content, and shown to have substantial aphrodisiac activity. The aphrodisiac activity of the purified protein is abolished by heating or proteolysis, and the native protein retains the activity after procedures for removing possible ligands such as volatile odorants, steroids, and peptides. This evidence that the protein is a reproductive pheromone indicates that the mammalian vomeronasal organ can mediate sensory detection of behaviorally relevant macromolecules. PMID- 3759968 TI - Sequence analysis of phospholamban. Identification of phosphorylation sites and two major structural domains. AB - Phospholamban is a regulatory protein in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum that is phosphorylated by cAMP- and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activities. In this report, we present the partial amino acid sequence of canine cardiac phospholamban and the identification of the sites phosphorylated by these two protein kinases. Gas-phase protein sequencing was used to identify 20 NH2 terminal residues. Overlap peptides produced by trypsin or papain digestion extended the sequence 16 residues to give the following primary structure: Ser Ala-Ile-Arg-Arg-Ala-Ser-Thr-Ile-Glu-Met-Pro-Gln-Gln-Ala- Arg-Gln-Asn-Leu-Gln-Asn Leu-Phe-Ile-Asn-Phe-(Cys)-Leu-Ile-Leu-Ile-(Cys)- Leu-Leu-Leu-Ile-. Phospholamban phosphorylated by either cAMP-dependent or Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase was cleaved with trypsin, and the major phosphorylated peptide (comprising greater than 70% of the incorporated 32P label) was purified by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. The identical sequence was revealed for the radioactive peptide obtained from phospholamban phosphorylated by either kinase: Arg-Ala-Ser-Thr-Ile-Glu-Met-Pro-Gln-Gln-. The adjacent residues Ser7 and Thr8 of phospholamban were identified as the unique sites phosphorylated by cAMP- and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, respectively. These results establish that phospholamban is an oligomer of small, identical polypeptide chains. A hydrophilic, cytoplasmically oriented NH2-terminal domain on each monomer contains the unique, adjacent residues phosphorylated by cAMP- and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activities. Analysis by hydropathic profiling and secondary structure prediction suggests that phospholamban monomers also contain a hydrophobic domain, which could form amphipathic helices sufficiently long to traverse the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. A model of phospholamban as a pentamer is presented in which the amphipathic alpha-helix of each monomer is a subunit of the pentameric membrane-anchored domain, which is comprised of an exterior hydrophobic surface and an interior hydrophilic region containing polar side chains. PMID- 3759969 TI - Crystallization of Acanthamoeba profilin-I. AB - Profilin-I, a protein that inhibits actin polymerization in Acanthamoeba castellanii, has been crystallized in a form suitable for high resolution x-ray analysis. The crystals have the symmetry of the space group C2 with lattice constants a = 110.4 +/- 0.2, b = 31.7 +/- 0.1, c = 33.5 +/- 0.1 A, beta = 112.2 degrees. They diffract to at least 2.0-A resolution. The asymmetric unit contains one 12,800-dalton monomer of profilin-I. PMID- 3759970 TI - Developmental changes in isoactin expression in rat aortic smooth muscle cells in vivo. Relationship between growth and cytodifferentiation. AB - There is an inverse relationship between cellular proliferation and smooth muscle alpha-isoactin expression in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) (Owens, G.K., Loeb, A., Gordon, D., and Thompson, M.M. (1986) J. Cell Biol. 102, 343 352). In the present studies, changes in isoactin expression were studied during developmental growth of rat aortic SMCs (ages 1-180 days) to better understand interrelationships between growth and cytodifferentiation in these cells in vivo. Actin expression (i.e. content and synthesis) was evaluated by one- and two dimensional gel electrophoresis and using isoactin-specific antibodies. The major actin present in cells from newborn rats was nonmuscle beta-actin (56% of total actin), whereas cells from adult animals contained principally smooth muscle alpha-actin (Sm-alpha-actin) (76% of total actin). Increases in Sm-alpha-actin content with increasing age were due, in part, to an increase in Sm-alpha-actin synthesis. However, in SMCs from 90- and 180-day-old rats, the fractional content of Sm-alpha-actin exceeded its fractional synthesis at a time when total Sm-alpha actin content was increasing. This suggests that Sm-alpha-actin turns over more slowly in mature animals. Decreases in the frequency of SMCs undergoing DNA synthesis with age could not account for increases in Sm-alpha-actin expression with age. However, combined immunocytological and [3H]thymidine autoradiographic studies demonstrated that nearly 50% of the medial derived cells from newborn rat aortas did not show detectable staining with a monoclonal antibody to smooth muscle-specific isoactins, and the replicative frequency was much higher in these cells than in cells that contained Sm-alpha-isoactins. Taken together, the results of the present studies and previous studies in cultured SMCs support the hypothesis that cessation of proliferation during development is associated with the induction of Sm-alpha-actin expression, but that factors other than cellular growth state play an important role in determining the level of Sm-alpha-actin expression in fully differentiated SMCs. PMID- 3759971 TI - S-adenosylhomocysteinase from rat liver. Amino acid sequences of the peptides containing active site cysteine residues modified by treatment with 5'-p fluorosulfonylbenzoyladenosine. AB - 5'-p-Fluorosulfonylbenzoyladenosine (FSBA) inactivates rat liver S adenosylhomocysteinase exhibiting characteristics of an active site-directed reagent. The inactivation is not associated with the covalent binding of the reagent, but is correlated with the loss of 2 sulfhydryl groups/enzyme subunit (Takata, Y., and Fujioka, M. (1984) Biochemistry 23, 4357-4362). Treatment of the FSBA-inactivated enzyme with iodoacetate in the absence of reducing agent and then with [14C] iodoacetate after reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol yielded the enzyme containing approximately 2 mol of radiolabeled S-carboxymethylcysteine/mol of subunit. Analysis of tryptic peptides showed that the radioactivity was associated with 2 carboxymethylcysteine-containing peptides whose amino acid sequences were: Trp-Ser-Ser-Cys(Cm)-Asn-Ile-Phe-Ser-Thr-Gln-Asp-His-Ala-Ala-Ala Ala-Ile- Ala-Lys and Gly-Glu-Thr-Asp-Glu-Glu-Tyr-Leu-Trp-Cys(Cm)-Ile-Glu-Gln-Thr Leu-His-Phe- Lys, respectively. These results indicate that the inactivation of S adenosylhomocysteinase by FSBA is the consequence of formation of a disulfide between two specific cysteine residues on each of the four identical subunits. PMID- 3759972 TI - Biosynthesis of monoterpenes. Enantioselectivity in the enzymatic cyclization of (+)- and (-)-linalyl pyrophosphate to (+)- and (-)-bornyl pyrophosphate. AB - Enzymes from Salvia officinalis and Tanacetum vulgare leaf epidermis catalyze the conversion of the acyclic precursor geranyl pyrophosphate to the cyclic monoterpenes (+)- and (-)-bornyl pyrophosphate, respectively. The antipodal cyclizations are considered to proceed by the initial isomerization of the substrate to the respective bound tertiary allylic intermediates (-)-(3R)- and (+)-(3S)-linalyl pyrophosphate. [(3R)-8,9-14C,(3RS)-1E-3H] Linalyl pyrophosphate (3H:14C = 5.22) was tested as a substrate with the cyclases from both sources to determine the configuration of the cyclizing intermediate. This substrate yielded (-)-bornyl pyrophosphate with 3H:14C ratio greater than 31, indicating specific utilization of (+)-(3S)-linalyl pyrophosphate as predicted. With the (+)-bornyl pyrophosphate cyclase, the 3H:14C ratio of the product was about 4.16, indicating a preference for the (-)-(3R)-enantiomer, but the ability also to utilize (+) (3S)-linalyl pyrophosphate. (3R)- and (3S)-[1Z-3H]Linalyl pyrophosphate were separately compared to the achiral precursors [1-3H] geranyl pyrophosphate and [1 3H]neryl pyrophosphate (cis-isomer) as substrates for the cyclizations. All functional precursors afforded optically pure (-)-(1S,4S)-bornyl pyrophosphate with the T. vulgare-derived cyclase (as determined by chromatographic separation of diastereomeric ketals of the derived ketone camphor), and (+)-(3S)-linalyl pyrophosphate was the preferred substrate. With the (+)-bornyl pyrophosphate cyclase from S. officinalis, geranyl, neryl, and (-)-(3R)-linalyl pyrophosphates gave the expected (+)-(1R,4R)-stereoisomer as the sole product, and (-)-(3R) linalyl pyrophosphate was the preferred substrate. However, (3S)-linalyl pyrophosphate yielded (-)-(1S,4S)-bornyl pyrophosphate, albeit at lower rates, indicating the ability of this enzyme to catalyze the anomalous enantiomeric cyclization. PMID- 3759973 TI - Regulation of synthesis of lactosylceramide and long chain bases in normal and familial hypercholesterolemic cultured proximal tubular cells. AB - We have investigated the effects of lipoproteins on sphingolipid metabolism in proximal renal tubular cells from normal subjects and low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-negative homozygous familial hypercholesterolemic subjects employing radioactive precursors, e.g. [3H]serine, [3H]glucose, and [14C]galactose. Compared to cells incubated with lipoprotein-deficient serum, maximum suppression (70-80%) of incorporation of [3H]glucose and [3H]serine into ceramide and LacCer occurred when the LDL concentration in the medium was 25 micrograms/ml medium, and addition of higher amounts of LDL (up to 500 micrograms/ml medium) to normal cells did not produce further suppression. In contrast, high density lipoproteins did not suppress the incorporation of [3H]glucose into lactosylceramide (LacCer) in normal cells. The incorporation of [14C] galactose into LacCer was also suppressed by LDL (50% suppression at a concentration of 100 micrograms/ml medium). In contrast, LDL modified by reductive methylation of lysine residues did not suppress the incorporation of [3H]glucose into LacCer and the incorporation of [3H]serine into ceramide, whereas, native LDL exerted a concentration-dependent suppression of [3H]serine incorporation into ceramide and sphingomyelin in normal cells. At high concentrations of LDL (50-500 micrograms/ml medium), the incorporation of [3H]glucose and [14C]galactose into LacCer in homozygous FH cells was stimulated approximately 2-fold. Maximum stimulation of [3H]serine incorporation into ceramides, LacCer, and sphingomyelin occurred at 100 micrograms LDL/ml medium. Our studies indicate that the endogenous synthesis of sphingolipids in normal renal cells is regulated by the LDL receptor. Modification of the lysine residues in LDL by reductive methylation results in the inability to suppress sphingolipid synthesis in normal cells. Lack of LDL receptors, as in the case of homozygous FH cells, results in the lack of suppression of endogenous sphingolipid synthesis. PMID- 3759974 TI - Uptake and metabolism of lactosylceramide on low density lipoproteins in cultured proximal tubular cells from normal and familial hypercholesterolemic homozygotes. AB - The metabolism of low density lipoproteins (LDL), and LDL modified by reductive methylation (M-LDL) of lysine residues, was studied in proximal tubular (PT) cells both from normal human kidney and from urine of patients with homozygous (LDL receptor-negative) familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). LDL and M-LDL was labeled either in the protein moiety with 125I or in the lactosylceramide moiety with 3H. The binding and degradation of 125I-LDL in normal cells was saturable and displaced by unlabeled LDL but not by M-LDL. The uptake of [3H]lactosylceramide (LacCer) low density lipoprotein in normal renal cells was saturable, and time and temperature-dependent. Exogenously derived [3H]LacCer on LDL was rapidly taken up and catabolized to monoglycosylceramide, or it was utilized for the endogenous synthesis of globotriaosylceramide (trihexosylceramide) and globotetraosylceramide (tetraglycosylceramide). [3H]LacCer M-LDL was taken up less avidly and metabolized less extensively than [3H]LacCer-LDL in normal cells. In homozygous FH renal cells the binding of 125I LDL was not saturable and not displaced by unlabeled LDL. 125I-LDL degradation did not occur in FH cells. The homozygous FH PT cells took up a 2-fold greater amount of exogenously derived [3H]LacCer on LDL than normal cells. Yet, most of the [3H]LacCer taken up by FH PT cells accumulated as LacCer, and only small amounts were metabolized to monoglycosylceramide, globotriaosylceramide (trihexosylceramide), or globotetraosylceramide (tetraglycosylceramide). When normal and FH PT cells were preincubated with LDL (0-100 micrograms/ml medium), there was a 5-fold increase in cellular LacCer levels in FH cells at saturating levels of LDL, whereas there was about a 50% decrease in LacCer levels in normal cells. While the high affinity binding of LDL was not essential for the delivery of LacCer to cells, the data support the conclusion that LDL binding to the LDL receptor facilitates further LacCer processing and metabolism in normal renal cells. We speculate that [3H] LacCer is taken up by FH homozygous cells via a LDL receptor-independent mechanism and accumulates in the cells without significant metabolism. LacCer taken up by this mechanism contributes to the storage of LacCer in FH PT cells. PMID- 3759975 TI - A large chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (PG-M) synthesized before chondrogenesis in the limb bud of chick embryo. AB - Extraction of stage 22-23 chick embryo limb buds that had been metabolically labeled with [35S]sulfate yielded heparan sulfate proteoglycan, small chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, and large chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (designated PG M). PG-M constituted over 60% of the total macromolecular [35S]sulfates. It was larger in hydrodynamic size, richer in protein, and contained fewer chondroitin sulfate chains as compared to the predominant proteoglycan (PG-H, Mr congruent to 1.5 X 10(6)) of chick embryo cartilage. The chondroitin sulfate chains were notable for their large size (Mr greater than or equal to 60,000) and high content of nonsulfated chondroitin units (about 20% of the total hexosamine). Hexosamine-containing chains corresponding in size to N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides were also present. The core protein was rich in serine, glutamic acid (glutamine), and glycine which together comprised about 38% of the total amino acids. Following chondroitinase AC II (or ABC) digestion, core molecules were obtained which migrated on sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis as a doublet of bands with approximately Mr = 550,000 (major) and 500,000, respectively. The Mr = 550,000 core glycoprotein was structurally different from the core glycoprotein (Mr congruent to 400,000) of PG-H, as ascertained by tryptic peptide mapping and immunochemical criteria. Immunofluorescent localization of PG-M showed that the intensity of PG-M staining progressively became higher in the core mesenchyme region than in the peripheral loose mesenchyme, closely following the condensation of mesenchymal cells. Since the cell condensation process has been shown to begin with the increase of fibronectin and type I collagen concentration, the similar change in PG-M distribution suggests that PG-M plays an important role in the cell condensation process by means of its interaction with fibronectin and type I collagen. PMID- 3759976 TI - Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (PG-M-like proteoglycan) is involved in the binding of hyaluronic acid to cellular fibronectin. AB - Preparations of cellular fibronectin from chick embryonic fibroblasts have previously been shown to have hyaluronate-binding activity. However, gel filtration and CsCl isopycnic centrifugation of fibronectin preparations showed that the binding activity was associated with molecules with a density and a molecular weight higher than those of fibronectin. An immunoprecipitation assay using antibodies to the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (PG-M) from the mesenchyme of chick embryo limb bud showed that the hyaluronate-binding activity of fibronectin preparations was precipitable with this antibody. The immunoprecipitation analyses also showed that fibronectin preparations as well as conditioned culture medium and extracts of chick embryonic fibroblasts contained a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, the protein-enriched core molecules from which were identical to those from PG-M with respect to electrophoretic mobility and immunological reactivity. This proteoglycan was purified from conditioned culture medium and extracts of fibroblasts by dissociative CsCl isopycnic centrifugation. The proteoglycans from medium or extracts gave core derivatives with electrophoretic mobility identical to those from PG-M, and they had equal hyaluronate-binding activities. These results, taken together, suggest that most, if not all, of the hyaluronate-binding activity in preparations of chick cellular fibronectin is due to a proteoglycan identical to PG-M. This proteoglycan was also found to bind directly to fibronectin and to type I collagen, but not to laminin or type IV collagen. It is possible that the fibroblast proteoglycan mediates interactions between hyaluronate, fibronectin, and type I collagen, thereby participating in formation of the pericellular matrix of fibroblasts. PMID- 3759977 TI - Nonenzymatic glycosylation of albumin in vivo. Identification of multiple glycosylated sites. AB - Nonenzymatic glycosylation of albumin in vivo occurs at multiple sites. Glucose gets attached to Lys-199, Lys-281, Lys-439, and Lys-525 as well as to some other lysine residues. The principal glycosylated site is Lys-525. Approximately 33% of the overall glycosylation occurs at this site. This site specificity is remarkable and is postulated to be a consequence of local catalysis of the nonenzymatic glycosylation reaction. It appears that positively charged amino groups in the protein catalyze the Amadori rearrangement at specific sites. The principal glycosylated site, Lys-525, lies in a Lys-Lys sequence; other glycosylated sites lie in a Lys-Lys, Lys-His, and Lys-His-Lys sequence or are near disulfide bridges, which are likely to place amino groups of more remote parts of the protein closer to these sites. The occurrence of nonenzymatic glycosylation at most of the identified sites in albumin from diabetic patients is explained by the concept of local acid-base catalysis of the Amadori rearrangement. PMID- 3759978 TI - Intracellular pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase from human jejunal mucosa. Isolation and characterization. AB - Human jejunal intracellular pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase was purified 30-fold from intestinal mucosa. The apparent molecular weight of the enzyme was 75,000 by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration, and the isoelectric point was at pH 8.0. The enzyme was maximally active at pH 4.5 and was unstable at increasing temperatures. Intracellular pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase cleaved both terminal and internal gamma-glutamate linkages. In contrast, brush-border pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase catalyzed the hydrolysis of only terminal gamma glutamate linkages. The intracellular enzyme showed greatest affinity for the complete folic acid molecule with longer glutamate chains. Subcellular fractionation studies showed the intracellular enzyme was localized in lysosomes. These data show that the properties of human jejunal intracellular pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase are distinct from those of the brush-border enzyme but are similar to the properties of intracellular pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase described in other tissues. PMID- 3759979 TI - Chloroplast biogenesis. Demonstration of the monovinyl and divinyl monocarboxylic routes of chlorophyll biosynthesis in higher plants. AB - It is shown that barley (Hordeum vulgare), a dark monovinyl/light divinyl plant species, and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) a dark divinyl/light divinyl plant species synthesize monovinyl and divinyl protochlorophyllide in darkness from monovinyl and divinyl protoporphyrin IX via two distinct monovinyl and divinyl monocarboxylic chlorophyll biosynthetic routes. Evidence for the operation of monovinyl monocarboxylic biosynthetic routes consisted (a) in demonstrating the conversion of delta-aminolevulinic acid to monovinyl protoporphyrin and to monovinyl Mg-protoporphyrins, and (b) in demonstrating the conversion of these tetrapyrroles to monovinyl protochlorophyllide by both isolated barley and cucumber etiochloroplasts. Likewise, evidence for the operation of divinyl monocarboxylic chlorophyll biosynthetic routes consisted (a) in demonstrating the biosynthesis of divinyl protoporphyrin and divinyl Mg-protoporphyrins from delta aminolevulinic acid, and (b) in demonstrating the conversion of the latter tetrapyrroles to divinyl protochlorophyllide. Finally, it was shown that the divinyl tetrapyrrole substrates were metabolized differently by barley and cucumber. For example, divinyl protoporphyrin, divinyl Mg-protoporphyrin, and divinyl Mg-protoporphyrin monoester were converted predominantly to monovinyl protochlorophyllide and to smaller amounts of divinyl protochlorophyllide by barley etiochloroplasts. In contrast, cucumber etiochloroplasts converted the above substrates predominantly to divinyl protochlorophyllide, although smaller amounts of monovinyl protochlorophyllide were also formed. Furthermore, it was shown that monovinyl protochlorophyllide was not formed from divinyl protochlorophyllide either in barley or in cucumber etiochloroplasts. These metabolic differences are explained by the presence of strong biosynthetic interconnections between the divinyl and monovinyl monocarboxylic routes, prior to divinyl protochlorophyllide formation, in barley but not in cucumber. PMID- 3759980 TI - Profile of the disulfide bonds in acetylcholinesterase. AB - The inter- and intrasubunit disulfide bridges for the 11 S form of acetylcholinesterase isolated from Torpedo californica have been identified. Localized within the basal lamina of the synapse, the dimensionally asymmetric forms of acetylcholinesterase contain either two (13 S) or three (17 S) sets of catalytic subunits linked to collagenous and noncollagenous structural subunits. Limited proteolysis of these molecules yields a tetramer of catalytic subunits that sediments at 11 S. Each catalytic subunit contains 8 cysteine residues which were identified following tryptic digestion of the reduced, 14C-carboxymethylated protein. The tryptic peptides were purified by gel filtration followed by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and then sequenced. The disulfide bonding profile was determined by treating the native, nonreduced 11 S form of acetylcholinesterase with a fluorescent, sulfhydryl-specific reagent, monobromobimane, prior to tryptic digestion. Peptides again were resolved by gel filtration and reverse-phase HPLC. One fluorescent cysteine-containing peptide was identified, indicating that a single sulfhydryl residue, Cys231, was present in its reduced form. Three pairs of disulfide-bonded peptides were identified. These were localized in the polypeptide chain based on the cDNA-deduced sequence of the protein and were identified as Cys67-Cys94, Cys254-Cys265, and Cys402 Cys521. Hence, three loops are found in the secondary structure. Cys572, located in the carboxyl-terminal tryptic peptide, was disulfide-bonded to an identical peptide and most likely forms an intersubunit cross-link. Since the 6 cysteine residues in acetylcholinesterase that are involved in intrachain disulfide bonds are conserved in the sequence of the homologous protein thyroglobulin, it is likely that both proteins share a common folding pattern in their respective tertiary structures. Cys231 and the carboxyl-terminal cysteine residue Cys572 are not conserved in thyroglobulin. PMID- 3759981 TI - Chemical mutations of the catalytic carboxyl groups in lysozyme to the corresponding amides. AB - In a two-step process, esterification and ammonolysis, Glu-35 and Asp-52 in lysozyme were amidated to glutamine and asparagine residues. Since the side chains of glutamine and asparagine are almost equal in size to those of glutamic acid and aspartic acid, these conversions would provide appropriate derivatives to elucidate the catalytic participations of these residues. The enzymatic activities of the resulting [Gln35]lysozyme and [Asn52]lysozyme were found to be less than 4% of that of native lysozyme in a pH range of 3.4-8.0. As these derivatives were inactive, we could determine the dissociation constants (Ks values) for the binding of beta-1,4-linked n-mer, a hexasaccharide of N-acetyl-D glucosamine, to [Gln35]lysozyme and [Asn52] lysozyme. The values of Ks at pH 5.5 and 40 degrees C were 1.6 X 10(-5) M for [Gln35]lysozyme and 2.7 X 10(-5) M for [Asn52]lysozyme. These values are similar to that for native lysozyme. The results are direct proof for the involvements of Glu35 and Asp52 in the catalytic action of lysozyme. A method for ammonolysis of ester groups in proteins in liquid ammonia is described and will be useful for amidation of carboxyl groups of proteins. PMID- 3759982 TI - Frameshift mutagenesis by eucaryotic DNA polymerases in vitro. AB - The frequency and specificity of frameshift errors produced during a single round of in vitro DNA synthesis by DNA polymerases-alpha, -beta, and -gamma (pol-alpha, -beta, and -gamma, respectively) have been determined. DNA polymerase-beta is the least accurate enzyme, producing frameshift errors at an average frequency of one error for each 1,000-3,000 nucleotides polymerized, a frequency similar to its average base substitution accuracy. DNA polymerase-alpha is approximately 10-fold more accurate, producing frameshifts at an average frequency of one error for every 10,000-30,000 nucleotides polymerized, a frequency which is about 2- to 6 fold lower than the average pol-alpha base substitution accuracy. DNA polymerase gamma is highly accurate, producing on the average less than one frameshift error for every 200,000-400,000 nucleotides polymerized. This represents a more than 10 fold higher fidelity than for base substitutions. Among the collection of sequenced frameshifts produced by DNA polymerases-alpha and beta, both common features and distinct specificities are apparent. These specificities suggest a major role for eucaryotic DNA polymerases in modulating frameshift fidelity. Possible mechanisms for production of frameshifts are discussed in relation to the observed biases. One of these models has been experimentally supported using site-directed mutagenesis to change the primary DNA sequence of the template. Alteration of a pol-beta frameshift hotspot sequence TTTT to CTCT reduced the frequency of pol-beta-dependent minus-one-base errors at this site by more than 30-fold, suggesting that more than 97% of the errors at the TTTT run involve a slippage mechanism. PMID- 3759983 TI - Physical and surface properties of insect apolipophorin III. AB - Apolipophorin III (apoLp-III) from Manduca sexta has a molecular weight of 18,100. Based on its hydrodynamic properties (sedimentation and diffusion coefficients, frictional ratio, intrinsic viscosity) and its behavior during gel permeation chromatography, we concluded that apoLp-III is a prolate ellipsoid with an axial ratio of about 3. The circular dichroic spectrum of apoLp-III suggests that the protein contains approximately 50% alpha-helix. At the air water interface, apoLp-III forms a monolayer which is gaseous at surface pressures less than or equal to 1 dyne/cm. The isotherm of this phase yields an excluded molecular area of 3800 A2/molecule (23 A2/amino acid). At a surface pressure of 22.1 dynes/cm, the monolayer undergoes a phase transition reminiscent of a first-order phase transition of pure lipids. The monolayer can be compressed in this surface pressure range to an area per molecule of 480 A2 (2.9 A2/amino acid). Since a globular protein of molecular weight 18,100 could occupy an area of only about 2000 A2 when bound to a surface, it is suggested that in the expanded state, apoLp-III must unfold on the surface, whereas in the compressed state, the molecule is oriented with its minor axis parallel to the water surface. ApoLp-III binds with high affinity (Kd = 1.9 X 10(-7)M) to both phosphatidylcholine- and diacylglycerol-coated polystyrene beads. All of these results are consistent with the proposal that apoLp-III plays a key role in increasing the capacity of the insect lipoprotein, lipophorin, to transport diacylglycerol by stabilizing the increment of lipid-water interface that results from diacylglycerol uptake. PMID- 3759984 TI - Retinol metabolism in LLC-PK1 Cells. Characterization of retinoic acid synthesis by an established mammalian cell line. AB - Specific assays, based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography, were used to quantify the conversion of retinol and retinal into retinoic acid by the pig kidney cell line LLC-PK1. Retinoic acid synthesis was linear for 2-4 h as well as with graded amounts of either substrate to at least 50 microM. Retinoic acid concentrations increased through 6-8 h, but decreased thereafter because of substrate depletion (t1/2 of retinol = 13 h) and product metabolism (1/2 = 2.3 h). Retinoic acid metabolism was accelerated by treating cells with 100 nM retinoic acid for 10 h (t1/2 = 1.7 h) and was inhibited by the antimycotic imidazole ketoconazole. Feedback inhibition was not indicated since retinoic acid up to 100 nM did not inhibit its own synthesis. Retinol dehydrogenation was rate-limiting. The reduction and dehydrogenation of retinal were 4-8-fold and 30-60-fold faster, respectively. Greater than 95% of retinol was converted into metabolites other than retinoic acid, whereas the major metabolite of retinal was retinoic acid. The synthetic retinoid 13-cis-N-ethylretinamide inhibited retinoic acid synthesis, but 4 hydroxylphenylretinamide did not. 4'-(9-Acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide, an inhibitor of aldehyde oxidase, and ethanol did not inhibit retinoic acid synthesis. 4-Methylpyrazole was a weak inhibitor: disulfiram was a potent inhibitor. These data indicate that retinol dehydrogenase is a sulfhydryl group dependent enzyme, distinct from ethanol dehydrogenase. Homogenates of LLC-PK1 cells converted retinol into retinoic acid and retinyl palmitate and hydrolyzed retinyl palmitate. This report suggests that substrate availability, relative to enzyme activity/amount, is a primary determinant of the rate of retinoic acid synthesis, identifies inhibitors of retinoic acid synthesis, and places retinoic acid synthesis into perspective with several other known pathways of retinoid metabolism. PMID- 3759985 TI - Site of inhibition of rat liver microsomal fatty acid chain elongation system by dec-2-ynoyl coenzyme A. Possible mechanism of inhibition. AB - The present study examines the effect of the acetylenic thioester dec-2-ynoyl-CoA (delta 2 10 identical to 1-CoA) on the microsomal fatty acid chain elongation pathway in rat liver. When the individual reactions of the elongation system were measured in the presence of delta 2 10 identical to 1-CoA, the trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase activity was markedly inhibited (Ki = 2.5 microM), whereas the activities of the condensing enzyme, the beta-ketoacyl-CoA reductase, and the beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrase were not affected. The absence of inhibition of total microsomal fatty acid elongation was attributed to the significant accumulation of the intermediates, beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA and trans-2-enoyl-CoA, without formation of the saturated elongated product, indicating that the trans-2 enoyl-CoA reductase-catalyzed reaction was the only site affected by the inhibitor. The nature of the inhibition was noncompetitive. In contrast to the delta 2 10 identical to 1-CoA, delta 3 10 identical to 1-CoA did not inhibit trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase activity, suggesting that the mode of inhibition was not via formation of the 2,3-allene derivative. Based on the observation (a) that p-chloromercuribenzoate markedly inhibits reductase activity, (b) that dithiothreitol protects the enzyme against inactivation by delta 2 10 identical to 1-CoA, (c) of the spectral manifestation of the interaction between thiol reagents and delta 2 10 identical to 1-CoA depicting an absorbance peak similar to that of the beta-ketoacyl thioester-Mg2+ enolate complex, (d) of a similar absorbance spectrum formed by the interaction between delta 2 10 identical to 1 CoA and liver microsomes, and (e) of the absence of formation of a similar spectrum by delta 3 10 identical to 1-CoA, trans-2-10:1-CoA, or delta 2 10 identical to 1 free acid with liver microsomes, we propose that delta 2 10 identical to 1-CoA inactivates trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase by covalently binding to a critical sulfhydryl group at or in close proximity to the active site of the enzyme. PMID- 3759986 TI - The kinetics of the reactions of Parasponia andersonii hemoglobin with oxygen, carbon monoxide, and nitric oxide. AB - Hemoglobin I was isolated from nodules formed on the roots of Parasponia andersonii inoculated with Rhizobium strain CP 283. The rate of oxygen dissociation from Parasponia hemoglobin increases about 12-fold between pH 4 and 7, with apparent pK 6.4, to reach a limiting value of 14.8s-1. The optical spectrum of oxyhemoglobin in the visible region is also dependent on pH with pK near 6.4. The rate constant for oxygen combination with Parasponia hemoglobin increases about 7-8-fold between pH 4 and 7, with apparent pK 5.37, to reach a value of 1.67 X 10(8) M-1 s-1 at pH 7. The optical spectrum of deoxyhemoglobin in the visible region and the rate constant for carbon monoxide combination are also dependent on pH with apparent pK 5.65 and 5.75, respectively. The rate constant for carbon monoxide dissociation is independent of pH. The oxygen affinity of Parasponia hemoglobin, P50 = 0.049 torr at 20 degrees C, calculated from the kinetic constants at pH 7, is very great. At alkaline pH there is a prominent geminate reaction with oxygen and nitric oxide, with both subnanosecond and tens of nanosecond components. These reactions disappear at acid pH, with pK 6.4, and the effective quantum yield is reduced. In general, the reactions of Parasponia hemoglobin with oxygen and carbon monoxide resemble those of soybean leghemoglobin. In each, great oxygen affinity is achieved by unusually rapid oxygen combination together with a moderate rate of oxygen dissociation. We suggest that protonation of a heme-linked group with pK near 6.4 controls many properties of Parasponia oxyhemoglobin, and protonation of a group with pK near 5.5 controls many properties of Parasponia deoxyhemoglobin. PMID- 3759987 TI - Metabolism of threo-beta-fluoroaspartate by H4 cells. Inhibition of adenylosuccinate lyase by fluoro analogs of its substrates. AB - DL-threo-beta-Fluoroaspartate is a substrate for the two enzymes in de novo purine biosynthesis that use aspartate, namely 4-(N-succino)-5-aminoimidazole-4 carboxamide ribonucleotide (SAICAR) synthetase and adenylosuccinate synthetase. With both enzymes, Vmax with threo-beta-fluoroaspartate is about 50% of that observed with aspartate. The products of the two enzyme reactions, threo-beta fluoro-SAICAR and threo-beta-fluoroadenylosuccinate, are inhibitors of adenylosuccinate lyase purified from rat skeletal muscle. In 20 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, the KI values for threo-beta-fluoro-SAICAR are 5 and 3 microM and for threo-beta-fluoroadenylosuccinate are 3 and 1 microM, in the SAICAR and adenylosuccinate cleavage reactions, respectively. In 20 mM 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1 piperazineethanesulfonic acid buffer, pH 7.4, the KI values for threo-beta-fluoro SAICAR are approximately 0.14 and 0.03 microM and for threo-beta fluoroadenylosuccinate are approximately 0.05 and 0.015 microM, in the same two reactions, respectively. These KI values are one-half to one-hundredth of the Km values for SAICAR and adenylosuccinate, the two substrates of adenylosuccinate lyase. After an 8-h incubation with 45 microM threo-beta-fluoroaspartate, H4 cells contain 200-300 microM threo-beta-fluoro-SAICAR and 60-90 microM threo-beta fluoroadenylosuccinate. These concentrations of fluoro analogs are sufficient to substantially inhibit adenylosuccinate lyase and hence the de novo synthesis of purines in H4 cells. PMID- 3759989 TI - Cryogenic stabilization of myoglobin photoproducts. AB - The low frequency resonance Raman spectra of photodissociated carbon monoxymyoglobin at cryogenic temperatures (4-77 K) differ from those of deoxymyoglobin. Intensity differences occur in several low frequency porphyrin modes, and intensity and frequency differences occur in the iron-histidine stretching mode. This mode appears at about 225 cm-1 in deoxymyoglobin. At the lowest temperature studied, approximately 4 K, the frequency of the iron histidine stretching mode in the photoproduct is approximately 233 cm-1, and the intensity is very low. When the temperature of the photoproduct is increased, the intensity of the mode increases, but its frequency is unchanged. The differences between the photoproduct and the deoxy preparation persist to 77 K, the highest temperature studied, and are independent of whether samples are frozen in phosphate buffer or a 50:50 ethylene glycol/phosphate buffer mixture. It is proposed that the frequency of the iron-histidine stretching mode is governed by the tilt angle of the histidine with respect to the normal to the heme plane, and the intensity of the mode is governed by the overlap between the sigma orbital of the iron-histidine bond and the pi orbital of the porphyrin macrocycle. This model can account for differences between the resonance Raman spectra of the photoproduct and the deoxy preparations of both hemoglobin and myoglobin. Furthermore, by considering the F-helix motions in going from 6-coordinate to 5 coordinate hemoglobin and myoglobin, the heme relaxation of these proteins at room temperature with 10-ns pulses can be explained. Based on the findings reported here, low temperature relaxation pathways for both hemoglobin and myoglobin are proposed. PMID- 3759988 TI - Quantitation of the efflux of acylcarnitines from rat heart, brain, and liver mitochondria. AB - The efflux of individual short-chain and medium-chain acylcarnitines from rat liver, heart, and brain mitochondria metabolizing several substrates has been measured. The acylcarnitine efflux profiles depend on the substrate, the source of mitochondria, and the incubation conditions. The largest amount of any acylcarnitine effluxing per mg of protein was acetylcarnitine produced by heart mitochondria from pyruvate. This efflux of acetylcarnitine from heart mitochondria is almost 5 times greater with 1 mM than 0.2 mM carnitine. Apparently the acetyl-CoA generated from pyruvate by pyruvate dehydrogenase is very accessible to carnitine acetyltransferase. Very little acetylcarnitine effluxes from heart mitochondria when octanoate is the substrate except in the presence of malonate. Acetylcarnitine production from some substrates peaks and then declines, indicating uptake and utilization. The unequivocal demonstration that considerable amounts of propionylcarnitine or isobutyrylcarnitine efflux from heart mitochondria metabolizing alpha-ketoisovalerate and alpha-keto-beta methylvalerate provides evidence for a role (via removal of non-metabolizable propionyl-CoA or slowly metabolizable acyl-CoAs) for carnitine in tissues which have limited capacity to metabolize propionyl-CoA. These results also show propionyl-CoA must be formed during the metabolism of alpha-ketoisovalerate and that extra-mitochondrial free carnitine rapidly interacts with matrix short-chain aliphatic acyl-CoA generated from alpha-keto acids of branched-chain amino acids and pyruvate in the presence and absence of malate. PMID- 3759990 TI - Reaction of [3H]meproadifen mustard with membrane-bound Torpedo acetylcholine receptor. AB - The Torpedo nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) contains a binding site for aromatic amine noncompetitive antagonists that is distinct from the binding site for agonists and competitive antagonists. To characterize the location and function of this allosteric antagonist site, an alkylating analog of meproadifen has been synthesized, 2-(chloroethylmethylamino)-ethyl-2, 2-diphenylpentanoate HCl (meproadifen mustard). Reaction of [3H]meproadifen mustard with AChR-rich membrane suspensions resulted in specific incorporation of label predominantly into the AChR alpha-subunit with minor incorporation into the beta-subunit. Specific labeling required the presence of high concentration of agonist and was inhibited by reversible noncompetitive antagonists including proadifen, meproadifen, perhydrohistrionicotoxin (HTX), and tetracaine when present at concentrations consistent with the binding affinity of these compounds for the allosteric antagonist site. No specific alkylation of the AChR alpha-subunit was detected in the absence of agonist, or in the presence of the partial agonist phenyltrimethylammonium or the competitive antagonists, d-tubocurarine, gallamine triethiodide, or decamethonium. Reaction with 35 microM meproadifen mustard for 70 min in the presence of carbamylcholine produced no alteration in the concentration of [3H]ACh-binding sites, but decreased by 38 +/- 4% the number of allosteric antagonist sites as measured by [3H]HTX binding. This decrease was not observed when the alkylation reaction was blocked by the presence of HTX. These results lead us to conclude that meproadifen mustard alkylates the allosteric antagonist site in the Torpedo AChR and that part of that site is associated with the AChR alpha-subunit. PMID- 3759991 TI - A phospholipase C from Trypanosoma brucei which selectively cleaves the glycolipid on the variant surface glycoprotein. AB - The surface coat of Trypanosoma brucei is composed of 10(7) molecules of the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG). Each VSG molecule is tethered to the cell membrane by a glycolipid moiety which contains 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn phosphatidylinositol (Ferguson, M. A. J., Low, M. G., and Cross, G. A. M. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 14547-14555). Following cell lysis, an endogenous phospholipase C cleaves dimyristoyl glycerol from the glycolipid, releasing soluble VSG. We have purified this enzyme, which we designate VSG lipase, by detergent extraction, (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, hydrophobic chromatography, and cation exchange chromatography. It is purified 2600-fold and is virtually homogeneous. Based on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the apparent molecular mass is 37 kDa. In solutions containing the detergent 3 [(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonic acid (CHAPS), the Stokes radius (2.6 nm), S20,w (3.7 S), and v (0.77 cm3/g) of VSG lipase suggest a molecular mass for the native enzyme of about 47 kDa, part of which may be due to bound CHAPS. Therefore, it is probably monomeric. VSG lipase does not require Ca2+; it is stimulated by chelating agents or dithiothreitol, and it is inhibited by some sulfhydryl reagents. The purified enzyme appears to be highly specific. Under the conditions of our assay, it cleaves the VSG glycolipid, a biosynthetic precursor of the VSG glycolipid, and, to a much lesser extent, 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn phosphatidylinositol. There was no apparent cleavage of other myristate containing lipids of trypanosomes or 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn phosphatidylinositol. PMID- 3759992 TI - Isolation and partial purification of a Na+-dependent phlorizin receptor from dog kidney proximal tubule. AB - This paper describes a new method for solubilization and partial purification of a Na+-dependent phlorizin receptor from dog kidney proximal convoluted tubule. Selective solubilization is carried out with 0.1% Na+-deoxycholate followed by complete solubilization with 0.5% deoxycholate. The 100,000 X g supernatant of the deoxycholate extract is then subjected to a combination of chromatofocusing and gel exclusion chromatography. Purification is monitored by a new column assay which permits detection of the Na+-dependent high affinity phlorizin receptor in solubilized preparations. Na+-dependent phlorizin binding exhibits the same characteristics on the column assay as in intact brush border vesicles. Binding is temperature-dependent, inhibited by proteolytic agents, Na+-dependent, and inhibited by excess cold phlorizin and D-glucose but not L-glucose. Quantitation of specific binding at different stages of the isolation procedure indicates a final purification of approximately 80-140-fold compared to intact brush border membrane fragments. Enrichment of specific phlorizin binding is paralleled by enrichment of a 61-66-kDa polypeptide on sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It is postulated that this polypeptide contains both the Na and the sugar specific binding site and represents a subunit of the intact Na+ dependent glucose transporter from dog kidney proximal tubule brush border membrane. PMID- 3759993 TI - Crystallographic characterization of a photoactive yellow protein with photochemistry similar to sensory rhodopsin. AB - A photoactive yellow protein purified from the phototrophic bacterium Ectothiorhodospira halophila, has been crystallized by vapor diffusion from ammonium sulfate solution. The hexagonal crystals are in space group P6(3) with unit cell dimensions a = b = 66.89, c = 40.68 A and appear to have one 15,000 dalton protein in the asymmetric unit. Photoactive yellow protein contains a chromophore with retinal-like properties; its color can be reversibly bleached, by visible light, with kinetics similar to those of sensory rhodopsin. The crystals can also be bleached by an intense visible light source without cracking, but are not bleached by x-rays. This suggests that structures can be obtained for both bleached and colored conformations of the protein-bound chromophore. The crystals diffract strongly to at least 1.3 A resolution, are resistant to radiation damage, and are suitable for a high resolution structure determination. The covalently bound chromophore and photobleaching characteristics of the protein offer unique opportunities to study protein conformational change and refolding as well as to understand the mechanisms of light-induced conformational change at atomic resolution. PMID- 3759994 TI - Two novel matrix proteins isolated from articular cartilage show wide distributions among connective tissues. AB - Two proteins of Mr = 58,000 and 59,000, respectively, were purified from 4 M guanidinium chloride extracts of articular cartilage by dissociative CsCl-density gradient centrifugation followed by gel chromatography on Sephadex G-200 and ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The two proteins differ in ionic properties and only the one with Mr = 59,000 bound to the ion exchanger. Although the two proteins showed dissimilar peptide patterns after proteolysis, their amino acid composition was similar, with very high contents of leucine and aspartic acid/asparagine. The two proteins showed no cross-reactivity in radioimmunoassays. By use of these assays, the proteins were demonstrated in extracts of most connective tissues, with high contents of about 0.1% of tissue wet weight determined in several types of cartilage. Among the non-cartilage connective tissues, tendon and sclera had the highest contents of the proteins, i.e. about 0.1% of the tissue wet weight. Bone extracts, on the other hand, contained insignificant amounts of the proteins. Only the Mr = 59,000 protein was detected in serum, its concentration being about 33 micrograms/l. Both proteins were shown to be localized in the extracellular matrix of cartilage, predominantly in the territorial matrix, by using indirect immunofluorescence. PMID- 3759995 TI - The development and standardization of an antigen detection ELISA for rubella virus grown in rabbit cells. AB - A double antibody sandwich ELISA for the detection of rubella virus antigen was developed and standardized. Commercially available antisera were chosen in order to make the assay readily available. Antigen detection gave an excellent correlation to titers obtained by examination of cytopathogenic effect (CPE, r = 0.986). Replication of rubella virus grown in rabbit cells was identified with CPE and positive ELISA appearing within a difference of +/- one day. ELISA provided an objective detection of rubella virus which is often difficult by the reading of CPE. The method was found to be both sensitive and reproducible and facilitated work in rubella virus control involving a large number of virus titrations. PMID- 3759996 TI - A comparative study on quantitation of measles vaccine virus in Vero cells maintained in foetal bovine serum and calf serum. PMID- 3759997 TI - A comparison of the reactivity and immunogenicity of RA 27/3 strain rubella vaccine prepared in WI-38 or MRC5 human diploid cells. AB - The immunogenicity and clinical reactivity of rubella vaccine derived from WI-38 or MRC5 human diploid cells was compared in 125 seronegative adolescent females. Seroconversion rates, assessed by single radial haemolysis testing of paired pre- and post-vaccination samples exceeded 98% (56/57 and 68/68 vaccinees, respectively) for both vaccines. Quantitative assessment of rubella-specific antibodies in 53 post-vaccination sera by an ELISA technique also failed to reveal any difference in immunogenicity between the vaccines. Assessable calendar records documenting the occurrence of local and systemic signs and symptoms in the four weeks following vaccination were returned by 106 subjects. No important statistically significant difference in parameters of clinical reactivity between the vaccine groups was observed although the incidence of pain at the injection site was found to be significantly higher for vaccinees receiving WI-38 derived vaccine. PMID- 3759998 TI - ELISA for the routine determination of antitoxic immunity to tetanus. AB - Serum samples from 727 persons with different vaccination histories were assessed for tetanus antitoxin content in an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and tested for tetanus toxin neutralization activity in mice in order to compare the results obtained by the two methods. Neutralizing antibody activities in sera from individuals previously completely vaccinated correlated well with results obtained by ELISA and the accuracy increased with increasing antitoxin concentration in serum. This correlation was observed in sera from persons vaccinated recently as well as in sera from persons vaccinated many years ago. In sera from persons with an incomplete vaccination history ELISA was found to be an unreliable tool for the prediction of in vivo results. Many of these sera had antitoxin levels by ELISA far above the in vivo values, probably due to the presence of non specific or low avidity antitoxin which is detected in ELISA. The lowest ELISA value reliably predictive of protective antibody activity in serum irrespective of vaccination history was found to be 0.16 IU/ml. It was concluded that ELISA is useful for larger population studies as an initial test, but sera with an antitoxin content below 0.16 IU/ml should also be assessed in a neutralization system. PMID- 3759999 TI - A new parallelism acceptance criterion for validating large plate bioassay results. AB - Large plate bioassays are normally assessed by analysis of variance. The British Pharmacopoeial approach requires a validation of the assay through a test for parallelism. This approach is shown to be impractical as it does not allow for improvements in technique which tend to reduce the error mean square value for the bioassay and hence increase the F ratio for parallelism. A new parallelism acceptance criterion is proposed in which a critical value for parallelism mean square is determined by multiplying the appropriate critical F value for parallelism by the value for error mean square which provides a limiting value for the fiducial limits. This approach allows for improved bioassay technique but does not lead to the acceptance of doubtful assay results. The results of 15 months of bioassays covering over 500 assays using the proposed parallelism acceptance criterion are discussed. PMID- 3760000 TI - The assessment of immunity against hepatitis B after vaccination. PMID- 3760001 TI - Synthesis and antithrombogenicity of polyetherurethaneurea containing quaternary ammonium groups in the side chains and of the polymer/heparin complex. AB - Novel polyetherurethaneureas containing tertiary amino groups in the side chains (PAEUU) were synthesized, quaternized with different alkyl halides (Q-PAEUU), and heparinized (H-PAEUU). The antithrombogenicity of PAEUU in vitro was improved by quaternization, and further by heparinization. The excellent antithrombogenicity of H-PAEUU was controlled by the kind of quaternizing agent through the polar effect of quaternizing agent on the water content and through the steric effect of quaternizing agent on the heparin content of H-PAEUU. The antithrombogenicity of H-PAEUU was found to be affected by the water content more strongly than by the heparin content. H-PAEUUs containing tertiary amino groups in the main chain, which were synthesized previously, showed a little better short-term antithrombogenicity than the present H-PAEUUs containing tertiary amino groups in the side chains. Since ammonium groups in the side chains of Q-PAEUU impose little steric hindrance against the heparin adsorption, the release of heparin from the side chains of H-PAEUU was slower but lasted longer than that from the main chain. Therefore, the present H-PAEUU is expected to be a long-term antithrombogenic material. PMID- 3760002 TI - Suppression of platelet activity on microdomain surfaces of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-polyether block copolymers. AB - Block copolymers constructed from chains of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) and either poly-ethyleneoxide (PEO) or poly-propyleneoxide (PPO) were synthesized. These block copolymers exhibited microdomain structure. Platelet adhesion on their surfaces was investigated by a column elution method to examine the effect of microdomain structure. The number of platelets adhered from whole blood was smaller for the block copolymer systems than for the homopolymers. Minimum points of platelet adhesion appeared at approximately 0.38 mol fraction of HEMA in the HEMA-PO system. Both block copolymer surfaces showed microdomains of alternate lamellar structure. Furthermore, the percent of platelets released from the column after incubation was investigated using PRP. In the case of homopolymers, released platelet percentages decreased with an increase of incubation time. Released platelet percentages from the block copolymers, however, were nearly constant with changing incubation time. These results show that HEMA-EO and HEMA-PO block copolymers had the ability to suppress both reversible and irreversible adhesion of platelets to their respective microdomain surfaces. PMID- 3760003 TI - Adhesion behavior of rat lymphocytes to poly(ether)-poly(amino acid) block and graft copolymers. AB - Block and graft copolymers consisting of poly(ether) and poly(amino acid) were synthesized, and adhesion behavior of rat lymphocytes to the surface of the film made from these copolymers was analyzed by the microsphere column method. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(benzyl L-glutamate) (PBLG) were used as poly(ether) and poly(amino acid), respectively. Adhesion behavior of lymphocytes was found to depend on the content and chain length of the components in these copolymers. PMID- 3760004 TI - Crystallinity and solubility behavior of iron-containing fluoridated hydroxyapatites. AB - Iron-containing fluoridated hydroxyapatites with various fluoride contents were synthesized at 80 degrees C and pH 7.4 using FeCl2 X nH2O as a source of iron. The Fe2+ uptake of fluoridated apatites was independent of fluoride concentration in the solution. a-Axis dimensions of Fe-containing apatites decreased with the degree of fluoridation in addition to the decrease related to the substitution of Fe2+ ions. All Fe-containing fluoridated apatites were less well crystallized than Fe-free fluoridated apatites previously reported, although with increasing degree of fluoridation, the crystallinity behavior of the former apatites appeared analogous to that of the latter apatites. In contrast to this inhibited crystallinity behavior, the apparent solubility of Fe-containing fluoridated apatites decreased more than that of Fe-free fluoridated apatites at low fluoride content. PMID- 3760005 TI - Fracture analysis of retrieved orthopedic wires. AB - Ten retrieved samples of 316L stainless steel wires, implanted for times from 11 months to 11 years, were examined fractographically and metallurgically to evaluate the effects of a physiological environment on their fracture. Seven samples were from L-rod instrumentation, and three samples were from trochanter reattachment. Of 16 breaks in the 10 samples, 94% were caused primarily by cyclic loading (fatigue), and 6% were caused by tensile forces. Two factors were found to influence the effective life of an implanted wire. First, the surface condition (deformation) appeared to be most important, and second, corrosion pits present on most wire surfaces could possibly be an influence in initiating a crack. Biomechanical forces on wires enveloping L-rods tended to promote metal deformation and faceting, which decreased time to fracture. This decrease in wire life was evident from a substantial hardness increase in faceted areas. PMID- 3760007 TI - Biomechanical analysis of needle holding security. PMID- 3760006 TI - Antithrombogenic heparinized polyacrylonitrile copolymer. AB - A new antithrombogenic polymer was synthesized by the photograft-copolymerization of methoxypolyethyleneglycol methacrylate and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate to polyacrylonitrile containing bromine atoms, and by quaternizing and heparinizing the graft-copolymer. Hydrophilicity and heparin content of the polymer could be controlled by changing the feed ratio of the acrylates to be grafted. The heparinized polymer showed excellent mechanical and antithrombogenic properties. PMID- 3760008 TI - Hydrophilic-hydrophobic microdomain surfaces having an ability to suppress platelet aggregation and their in vitro antithrombogenicity. AB - Block copolymers were synthesized by a coupling reaction of hydrophilic chains of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) with hydrophobic chains of polystyrene (PSt), or poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS). Microstructures of films of the block copolymers exhibited a hydrophilic-hydrophobic microphase separated structure. For evaluation of in vivo antithrombogenicity, small diameter tubes (1.5 mm I.D. and 20 cm length) coated by the copolymers on their internal surfaces were implanted in rabbits as arteriovenous shunts. Occlusion times of the tubes, measured by formation of thrombus, were three days for PHEMA, two days for PSt, and three days for PDMS. The block copolymers showed excellent antithrombogenic properties: occlusion times were 20 days for HEMA-St block copolymer and 12 days for HEMA-DMS block copolymers. In vitro examination of polymer-platelet interaction in terms of platelet adhesion and aggregation, which are important initial processes of blood coagulation, demonstrated suppressed adhesion and aggregation on microdomain surfaces constructed of hydrophilic and hydrophobic block copolymers. From both in vivo and in vitro examination, it was concluded that HEMA-St and HEMA-DMS block copolymers showed promising antithrombogenic activities by suppressing activation and aggregation of platelets. PMID- 3760009 TI - Effect of microstructure of poly(propylene-oxide)-segmented polyamides on platelet adhesion. AB - The relationship between microstructure and platelet adhesivity of six types of poly(propylene oxide) (PPO)-segmented polyamides based on the polyamide segments nylon 210, 310, 410, 510, 610, and 710 were investigated. These multiblock PPO segmented copolymers were prepared by interfacial polycondensation. Physical characterization of these copolymers was by means of thermal analysis, transmission electron microscope, wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The WAXD and SAXS measurements showed that the copolymers had microstructures containing crystalline and amorphous phases and that these microstructures, represented by means of crystallite thickness and long period, varied with incorporation of PPO segments. Blood compatibility of these copolymers was evaluated by estimating the amount of adhering platelets on the copolymer surfaces. The amount of adhering platelets was minimum for the surfaces of the copolymers having a crystallite thickness of 6.0-6.5 nm and a long period of 12-13 nm. This result suggests that the particular size and distribution of the crystalline and amorphous phases in the copolymer could be determining factors for suppressing platelet adhesion on the copolymer surface, and that the control of these factors could lead to ideal antithrombogenic polymers. PMID- 3760010 TI - Effect of pH on the microhardness of renal calculi. AB - The effects of synthetic urine environments of pH 4, 6, and 9.5 on the microhardness of renal calculi have been investigated. Tests were made, using both Vickers and Knoop indenters, on three compositions of calculi: 100% calcium oxalate monohydrate (whewellite), 100% uric acid, and 98% magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate (struvite) mixed with 2% carbonate apatite. Whewellite calculi hardness was lowered, relative to (dry) values by 45-55% when saturated with a solution of pH 9.5. Exposure to lower pH conditions was not as effective in lowering hardness in this case. Struvite calculi hardness was lowered by 41 52% compared to the dry hardness and uric acid calculi hardness decreased by 25 36%, compared to dry hardnesses. For uric acid stones the reduction in hardness did not depend on pH within the range of pH values investigated. For struvite stones, acid pH conditions appear to give an increased softening, compared to other pH values. PMID- 3760011 TI - Collagen at interfaces. I. In situ collagen adsorption at solution/air and solution/polymer interfaces. AB - Collagen was isolated from rat tail tendons and acetylated with 1-14C acetic anhydride. In situ adsorption of this collagen from a buffer solution (pH = 2.7) was measured at the interfaces to air, polyethylene and polyethylene grafted with poly(maleic acid), respectively. The kinetics of adsorption were recorded for all surfaces studied and the corresponding diffusion coefficients for collagen in solution with various protein concentrations were calculated. The desorption of collagen from polymer surfaces was also studied. These experiments reveal the existence of both a reversibly and an irreversibly adsorbed collagen layer on the polymers tested. The desorption/adsorption ratio for the polyethylene is higher than that for the grafted polyethylene indicating stronger interactions of collagen with the grafted surface than with the non-modified polyethylene. PMID- 3760012 TI - Polymer coating for hemoperfusion over activated charcoal. AB - Plasma polymerization (glow discharge) was used to make a polymeric coat with hexamethyldisiloxane on the surface of activated charcoal granules. These samples were examined with ESCA and SEM for surface chemical analysis, coat thickness, and uniformity, and for changes in surface topography. The effects of the coat on absorptive capacity and release of fine particles were examined. PMID- 3760013 TI - Synthesis of novel polyaminoetherurethaneureas and development of antithrombogenic material by their chemical modifications. AB - Novel polyaminoetherurethaneureas containing tertiary amino groups in the main chain were synthesized (PAEUU), quaternized (Q-PAEUU), and heparinized (H-PAEUU). Films of PAEUU showed a microphase separation, which was influenced by the quaternization and the heparinization. With increasing content of amino group, the water content of Q-PAEUU and the heparin content of H-PAEUU increased. The heparin-releasing rate from H-PAEUU into physiological saline solution was slow, but increased with increasing content of quaternary ammonium groups in the polymer. The water content, the heparin adsorption, and the heparin-releasing rate were controlled by the kind of quaternizing agent. The antithrombogenicity of the polyurethaneureas was improved by quaternization and very much by heparinization, and affected by the kind of quaternizing agent. Heparinization was indispensable for achieving antithrombogenicity of the polymer, although the antithrombogenicity of H-PAEUU was affected more strongly by the water content than by the heparin content. The surface free energy of these polymer films was also investigated. PMID- 3760014 TI - Some thoughts on the aetiology of varicose veins. AB - The accepted view that varicose veins are primarily due to valvular incompetence is challenged and the alternative theory of weakness of the vein wall is supported by the correlation of clinical, operative and histological findings. It is shown that there appears to be a basic abnormality of the muscle cell associated with abnormal collagen infiltration. The morphological changes in the vein wall are demonstrated by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. It is thought that the cause of these changes are to be sought in an investigation of the enzyme systems involved in maintaining tissue equilibrium in the vein wall. PMID- 3760015 TI - Profunda femoris revascularization in limb salvage. AB - A retrospective study of 282 profunda femoris artery reconstructions between 1971 and 1981 with follow-up at least two years in 212 (75.1%) is presented. Arteriographic evaluation was performed in 92 cases. Stages III and IV were the indication for revascularization in 86% of cases. An inflow correction was necessary in 60.3% of profunda reconstructions. Factors that bear on the success or failure of profundaplasty were evaluated. These were aorto-iliac inflow, the extent of disease in the profunda femoris artery, the run-off in the distal popliteal-tibial system and the extent of the ischemic lesion. Of the failures most were due to established gangrene, obstructions throughout the whole length of the profunda or patients with a poor popliteal-tibial run-off system. The cumulative limb salvage at two years was 86.8% in limbs subjected to inflow correction procedure and profundaplasty but only in 56.5% of repair of the profunda alone. In the majority of the below-knee amputations after profundaplasty, repair of the profunda was used to lower the level of amputation from above knee to below the knee. Profundaplasty is worth considering even in those patients who cannot be offered other revascularization surgery. PMID- 3760016 TI - Practice and theory of "delayed" embolectomy. A 22-year perspective. AB - A study was made of delayed embolectomy in 45 patients (55 limbs). In 5 patients (11%) the cause of arterial embolization was rheumatic heart disease, and 40 patients (89%) suffered from atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The study was divided into 3 phases: I (1960-1964), II (1965-1974) and III (1975-1981). In phases II and III surgery was carried out using the Fogarty catheter technique. In 5 patients the embolus was located in the upper extremity. Seven patients died and 8 major amputations were performed within 30 days of surgery. Use of the Fogarty catheter technique and persistent anticoagulant therapy effected 71.8% limb salvage in phase II and 91.6% limb salvage in phase III. Successful revascularization was achieved in 70.9% of the limbs in which peripheral emboli had occurred on an average of 2.7 days prior to surgical intervention. A theoretical basis for the late development of the acute embolic onset is presented. PMID- 3760017 TI - Carotid endarterectomy in the community hospital. A continuing controversy. AB - A retrospective review of 390 carotid endarterectomies performed in two major private hospitals over 78 months by general and neurological surgeons, was conducted. The mortality was 3.1% including five fatal strokes. Permanent neurological deficit was noted in 7.2% of survivors. Use of an intraoperative shunt, or the occurrence of postoperative hypotension did not alter the morbidity. Postoperative hypertension was clearly detrimental, while those with a stable postoperative course fared best. General vascular surgeons were classified as having had additional cardiovascular training, special interest or occasional experience in vascular surgery. Neither training nor case load appeared to affect morbidity. Individual differences within groups were greater than between groups. Improvement of statistics was noted in the second 18 months. It is concluded that the best method to improve results in the moderate sized community with a mixed pool of surgeons is to promote open and ongoing peer review of indications and results of carotid endarterectomy. PMID- 3760018 TI - Comparison of extraperitoneal and transperitoneal methods of aorto-iliac reconstruction. Twenty years experience. AB - The operative technique of extraperitoneal approach to the aorta is described. The results of operation on the aorta using this technique are compared with those using the standard transperitoneal approach. PMID- 3760019 TI - Haematuria and abdominal aortic aneurysm. AB - Haematuria and left loin pain in a patient with abdominal aortic aneurysm and associated with the radiological finding of a poorly or non-functioning left kidney are the pathognomonic features of aorto-left renal vein fistula, a condition in which the aneurysm leaks into an anomalous retro-aortic left renal vein. PMID- 3760020 TI - Suprahepatic vena caval obstruction. Case history. AB - Membraneous obstruction of the suprahepatic vena cava is an uncommon but treatable problem. Successful management is dependent upon accurate radiologic diagnosis followed by surgical repair. The amount of fibrosis of the obstruction dictates the surgical approach and type of procedure. Close follow-up and judicious use of invasive radiology has led to successful treatment in this unusual case. PMID- 3760021 TI - Prevention of thrombosis of central venous catheters. AB - All central venous catheters develop a fibrin sheath and clot formation which can cause pulmonary emboli, especially when the catheter is withdrawn. The degree of fibrin sheath and clot is dependent not on the length of residence in the vein but related more to the type of catheter material. A study was performed placing the more commonly used catheters in arteries and veins of canines for two weeks and then evaluating the volume of sheath and thrombus. Polyurethane catheters were the most thrombogenic, whereas polyurethane coated with hydromer was the least thrombogenic, followed closely by silicone catheters. Polyvinyl chloride catheters were intermediate in their thrombogenic activity. PMID- 3760022 TI - Anastomosis of vascular grafts to the below knee vessels with the aid of Fogarty catheter. AB - A simple method for constructing a distal anastomosis is reported with the aid of Fogarty catheter. By this method exposure of the artery at the distal end is improved. Possible trauma caused by clamps is avoided and construction of anastomosis is simplified. PMID- 3760023 TI - Results of open heart surgery in patients with impaired renal function as creatinine clearance below 30 ml/min. The effects of pulsatile perfusion. AB - Twelve patients (pts) with coronary and/or valvular heart disease and preoperative creatinine clearance (Ccr) below 30 ml/min underwent cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with pulsatile (P:n = 7) and nonpulsatile (NP:n = 5) perfusion. Preoperative Ccr was 15.8 +/- 4.4 ml/min in the P group and 26.5 +/- 4.7 ml/min in the NP group. After surgery, the NP group showed significant increases in BUN and serum creatinine within a week, but the P group showed significant increase in BUN only. The NP group had a significant decrease in Ccr on the 7th postoperative day, but there was no significant change in the P group. Three patients, 2 from the NP group and one from the P group, died from complications (operative mortality: 14 vs 40%). These data suggested that P-CPB appeared to be advantageous in patients with preoperatively impaired renal function with low Ccr although many other factors might influence the outcome. PMID- 3760024 TI - Protamine sulphate and heparin rebound following open-heart surgery. AB - The efficacy of heparin reversal was investigated in 35 patients undergoing open heart surgery. A total protamine sulphate dose of 3.0 mgs/kg was administered in divided doses and given as a continuous infusion. On this regime complete heparin neutralisation was observed 10 min after decannulation, but heparin levels were again detectable in 29% of cases 2 hours later. This phenomenon was found to correlate with the total circulating load of heparin to be neutralised. All cases with detectable postoperative heparin levels had in-vivo protamine sulphate: heparin ratios of less than 1.6. These data suggest that in-vitro assays of protamine sulphate neutralisation of heparin may seriously underestimate the required dose of protamine sulphate following open-heart surgery. PMID- 3760025 TI - A current appraisal of the Waterston shunt. AB - Recent reports have suggested that the classical Blalock-Taussig shunt and its prosthetic modification have a low patency rate in neonates. This prompted a review of 58 neonates undergoing a Waterston shunt for cyanotic congenital heart disease. The 4 mm anastomosis was constructed using a calibrated clamp. There were 20 (35%) hospital deaths, of which 3 were directly related to shunt failure. Operative mortality was associated with increasing complexity of the cardiac lesion, emergency operation, weight less than 3 kg and age less than 48 hours. There were 5 late deaths resulting in an actuarial survival of 52% at ten years. There was one case of late occlusion corresponding to a patency of 92% at 2 years. Anastomotic kinking with preferential flow to one lung occurred in 2 (7%) of 28 patients undergoing repeat angiography at 3 and 5 years respectively. Nineteen patients underwent corrective surgery a mean of 27 months after shunt construction. Six (32%) required an angioplastic repair of the pulmonary artery. Six (16%) of the 38 operative survivors required diuretic therapy for excessive pulmonary flow. The high patency ensures that the Waterston shunt continues to play an important role in the management of low weight neonates who require an emergency systemic-pulmonary shunt. The use of a calibrated clamp reduces the incidence of excessive pulmonary flow. Early corrective surgery and shunt dismantling may reduce the necessity for angioplastic repair. PMID- 3760026 TI - Temporary pacing leads in cardiac surgery. A comparison of multifilament braided electrode and localized solitary stainless steel electrode. AB - The standard braided wire lead used for temporary pacing following open heart surgery may be rendered ineffective by high current thresholds. In this study braided leads were compared with a lead incorporating a localised stainless steel electrode in 17 patients undergoing routine cardiac surgical procedures. Each patient acted as his own control. The localised electrode lead gave significantly lower current and voltage thresholds compared to the braided lead, this difference being apparent both on the day of operation and prior to lead removal (p less than 0.0005). Use of a lead incorporating a localised electrode is therefore less likely to be restricted by difficulties in capture and sensing. PMID- 3760027 TI - Induction of controlled cardiac tamponade in the management of massive unexplained postcardiotomy bleeding. Case report and review of the literature. AB - Massive unexplained bleeding is a catastrophic complication of open heart surgery. The following paper describes a successful attempt to terminate such a hemorrhage by induction of controlled cardiac tamponade which caused augmentation of mediastinal pressure without hemodynamic decompensation, thereby aiding in hemostasis. This modality has not previously reported. Few events in clinical medicine are so ominous as the major unexplained hemorrhage. Diffuse bleeding from multiple transected small vessels may be controlled by mechanical techniques which apply pressure directly over the bleeding area. However, where the mediastinum is the source of bleeding, application of such a direct pressure with a closed chest, is both technically difficult and potentially risky. Reported attempts to stop bleeding by increasing the mediastinal pressure included the induction of pneumothorax, and the increase of positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) has been published. To the best of our knowledge, a deliberate induction of controlled cardiac tamponade in order to terminate prolonged unexplained massive postcardiotomy hemorrhage has not been reported so far. PMID- 3760028 TI - Thrombosis of the Saint Jude Medical valve prosthesis in the aortic position: a diagnostic and surgical emergency. AB - Three cases of prosthetic thrombosis with the SJM mechanical bileaflet pyrolitic valve in the aortic position occurred in a series of 355 patients operated on over a four-year period (October 1978-September 1982). Symptoms and signs of inadequate left ventricular flow (with various degrees of aortic regurgitation) were marked and developed rapidly. The patient is usually aware of muffling of the valve sounds. Auscultation is typical (muffled or abolished valve sounds; appearance of a systolo-diastolic murmur). Echocardiogram and carotidogram are suggestive. Adequately oriented fluoroscopy is diagnostic. Emergency prosthetic replacement is life-saving. Long term, well controlled, anticoagulation with coumadin is advocated. PMID- 3760029 TI - Sheath detachment: a complication of cardiac catheterisation and its management. AB - In a patient undergoing repeat cardiac catheterisation via the femoral artery, the introducing sheath became detached--a potentially serious complication. PMID- 3760030 TI - Malignant tumor embolism: a rare presentation of malignant disease. AB - Tumor emboli to peripheral vessels usually arise from atrial myxomas. A new case of non-myxomatous embolization is presented, as well as a review of the literature regarding embolization from previously unrecognized malignancies. Sites of origin of peripheral tumor emboli are discussed, as are possible pathological mechanisms. PMID- 3760031 TI - Sodium 22+ washout from cultured rat cells. AB - The washout of Na+ isotopes from tissues and cells is quite complex and not well defined. To further gain insight into this process, we have studied 22Na+ washout from cultured Wistar rat skin fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). In these preparations, 22Na+ washout is described by a general three exponential function. The exponential factor of the fastest component (k1) and the initial exchange rate constant (kie) of cultured fibroblasts decrease in magnitude in response to incubation in K+-deficient medium or in the presence of ouabain and increase in magnitude when the cells are incubated in a Ca++ deficient medium. As the magnitude of the kie declines (in the presence of ouabain) to the level of the exponential factor of the middle component (k2), 22Na+ washout is adequately described by a two-exponential function. When the kie is further diminished (in the presence of both ouabain and phloretin) to the range of the exponential factor of the slowest component (k3), the washout of 22Na+ is apparently monoexponential. Calculations of the cellular Na+ concentrations, based on the 22Na+ activity in the cells at the initiation of the washout experiments, and the medium specific activity agree with atomic absorption spectrometry measurements of the cellular concentration of this ion. Thus, all three components of 22Na+ washout from cultured rat cells are of cellular origin. Using the exponential parameters, compartmental analyses of two models (in parallel and in series) with three cellular Na+ pools were performed. The results indicate that, independent of the model chosen, the relative size of the largest Na+ pool is 92-93% in fibroblasts and approximately 96% in VSMCs. This pool is most likely to represent the cytosol. PMID- 3760032 TI - Heparin inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation: a cellular site of action. AB - The potential of a given amount of heparin to inhibit smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation can be increased more than 13 fold if quiescent cultures are pretreated with this mucopolysaccharide for 48 h. The large increase in antiproliferative activity was attributable to a 74% inhibition of the first cell cycle traverse of SMC after serum addition. If the mucopolysaccharide was added to SMC coincident with serum, the initial cell cycle traverse was only suppressed by 27%. In both heparin pretreated and nonpretreated SMC cultures, 48 to 72 h elapsed before substantial inhibition was observed. The inhibitory effects of heparin were reversible and inversely proportional to the starting cell density of the cultures. The effects of known heparin binding proteins on the inhibitory capability of heparin were examined. Neither platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), low density lipoprotein (LDL), nor platelet factor 4 (PF4) were able to reduce the antiproliferative effects. Heparin retained full biological activity in medium containing serum depleted of all heparin binding proteins by heparin Sepharose chromatography. These results indicate that heparin does not inhibit growth by preventing serum mitogens or nutrients from interacting with SMC. Rather, our data suggest that heparin is slowly internalized by SMC following binding to specific, non-PF4 dissociable sites. Heparin may accumulate intracellularly and block a crucial point in the proliferative machinery of SMC. PMID- 3760033 TI - Growth inhibition of 3T3 fibroblasts by lysosomotropic amines: correlation with effects on intravesicular pH but not vacuolation. AB - The effects of five lysosomotropic amines on the growth of Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts were measured and compared with effects on intravesicular pH. Tributylamine and benzylamine, amines that affect intravesicular pH without causing vacuolation, were found to inhibit cell growth to a similar extent as vacuologenic amines previously tested. Excellent correlation between the half-maximal concentrations for the growth and pH effects were found for tributylamine, benzylamine, chloroquine, and ammonium chloride. The results suggest that growth inhibition by these amines is a direct result of their effects on pH and not due to other effects (such as vacuolation). In contrast, a 100-fold difference in the half maximal concentrations was found for methylamine, suggesting that methylamine inhibits growth by a mechanism unrelated to pH. PMID- 3760034 TI - Activated N-ras gene induces neuronal differentiation of PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells. AB - Activated mouse N-ras gene transfected into PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells suppressed proliferation and promoted neuronal differentiation. Normal mouse N ras in a LTR-containing vector caused differentiation with a reduced efficiency, but normal N-ras in a vector lacking LTR sequences failed to alter the PC12 phenotype. Cultures of NGF-resistant PC12 variant subline U7 also showed outgrowth of neurites and cessation of cell division following transfection with the mutated ras gene. The present findings suggest that ras genes can, in certain cells, play a role in promoting differentiation and suppressing proliferation, in contrast to their established oncogenic neoplasia-promoting activity in other cells. PMID- 3760035 TI - Effects of 25-hydroxycholesterol, cholesterol, and isoprenoid derivatives on the G1 progression in Swiss 3T3 cells. AB - The effect of inhibition of 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A reductase (HMG CoA reductase) on cell cycle progression in proliferating 3T3 cells was studied. It was found that short transient exposures to the HMG CoA reductase inhibitor 25 hydroxycholesterol temporarily blocked the cell cycle traverse in the postmitotic half of G1 (G1pm), whereas cells in the subsequent cell cycle phases were unaffected. The kinetics of the cell cycle delay, induced by 25 hydroxycholesterol, resembled the kinetics of the delay induced by serum depletion, which also inhibited the activity of HMG CoA reductase. In contrast to the case of serum depletion, platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), which efficiently prevented the decrease of HMG CoA reductase in serum-free medium, was not capable of preventing the growth inhibitory effect following treatment by 25 hydroxycholesterol. However, cholesterol and two isoprenoids, dolichol and coenzyme Q, were effective in this respect. In addition, dolichol counteracted the cell cycle delay following short periods of serum starvation. PMID- 3760036 TI - Phenotypic characterization of Ewing sarcoma cell lines with monoclonal antibodies. AB - The histogenesis of Ewing sarcoma, the second most frequent bone tumor in humans, remains controversial. Four Ewing cell lines were analyzed by immunological methods. A panel of antibodies directed to T, B, and myelomonocytic markers gave negative results. Surface antigens recognized on Ewing cells were found to be related to the neuroectoderm lineage. Ganglioside GD2, a marker of neuroectodermal tissues and tumors, was present on all lines. These were also stained by the mouse monoclonal antibody HNK-1, which detects a carbohydrate epitope present on several glycoconjugates of the nervous system, including two glycoproteins, the myelin-associated glycoprotein and the neural cell-adhesion molecule (N-CAM), and an acidic glycolipid of the peripheral nervous system. The P61 monoclonal antibody, which reacts with a peptide moiety of N-CAM, and a rabbit antiserum, raised to purified mouse N-CAM and not recognizing the HNK-1 defined epitope, were also reactive. By contrast, all antibodies specific for hematopoietic cell surface antigens were totally negative. Besides these antigenic features, Ewing sarcoma cells are characterized by a specific t(11;22)(q24;q12) translocation also observed in neuroepithelioma, a neuroectodermal tumor, suggesting a possible evolutionary related origin. The recent finding that the human N-CAM gene is located at the vicinity of the breakpoint on chromosome 11 indicates that it might be involved in genetic rearrangements occurring in this region. PMID- 3760037 TI - Differential expression of metastasis-associated cell surface glycoproteins and mRNA in a murine large cell lymphoma. AB - A metastatic variant cell subline of the Abelson virus-transformed murine large lymphoma/lymphosarcoma RAW117 has been selected in vivo ten times for liver colonization. Highly metastatic subline RAW117-H10 forms greater than 200 times as many gross surface liver tumor nodules as the parental line RAW117-P. Analysis of cellular proteins and glycoproteins indicates reduced expression of murine Moloney leukemia virus-associated p15, p30, and gp70, and increased expression of a sialoglycoprotein, gp150, in the highly metastatic H10 cells. Northern analyses of oncogene expression suggested that mRNA of various oncogenes was expressed equally or not expressed in the RAW117 cells of differing metastatic potential. Differential gene expression was examined using a cDNA library of 17,600 clones established from poly A+ mRNA isolated from H10 cells. The cDNA library was screened by the colony hybridization technique using probes made from both RAW117 P and -H10 cells. Approximately 99.5% of these cDNA clones were expressed identically in P and H10 cells. Of the few differentially expressed cDNA clones (approx. 150/17,600), one-half of these were identified as Moloney leukemia virus sequences in a separate probing with a radiolabeled Moloney leukemia virus probe. The remainder of the differentially expressed mRNA detected by colony hybridization of the cDNA library were expressed at higher levels (approx. 1/6) or lower levels (approx. 1/3) in the highly metastatic H10 cells. PMID- 3760038 TI - Increases in cerebral interstitial fluid adenosine concentration during hypoxia, local potassium infusion, and ischemia. AB - This study used the brain dialysis technique to test the hypothesis that the adenosine concentration of cerebral interstitial fluid increases during situations in which cerebral oxygen supply is inadequate for oxygen demand. Sealed 300-micron hollow dialysis fibers were implanted in the caudate nucleus of pentobarbital-anesthetized rats and perfused at 2 microliter/min with artificial cerebrospinal fluid. In vitro tests indicated the recovery of adenosine, inosine, and hypoxanthine from the external medium to be approximately 20% at 2 microliter/min and close to 100% at 0.1 microliter/min. Three in vivo interventions were tested: hypoxia/hypotension (PaO2 = 41.9 mm Hg; MABP = 42.8 mm Hg; n = 9), local potassium infusion (n = 4), and cerebral anoxia/ischemia (n = 10). These interventions produced 10-, 4-, and 30-fold increases in perfusate adenosine concentration, respectively, as well as increases in perfusate concentrations of inosine and hypoxanthine. A separate group of rats (n = 9) perfused at 0.1 microliter/min yielded estimates of cerebral interstitial fluid adenosine, inosine, and hypoxanthine concentrations of 1.26, 3.30, and 7.19 microM, respectively. These results are consistent with the adenosine hypothesis for the regulation of CBF. PMID- 3760039 TI - Role of a hydrostatic pressure gradient in the formation of early ischemic brain edema. AB - We studied whether a hydrostatic pressure gradient between arterial blood and brain tissue plays a role in the formation of early ischemic cerebral edema after middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in cats. Tissue pressure, regional CBF, and water content were measured from the cortex in the core and the peripheral zone of brain normally perfused by the MCA. Intraluminal arterial pressure was altered at intervals by inflation of an aortic balloon to vary the blood-tissue pressure gradient in the ischemic zone. Brain water content in the ischemic core, where flow fell to 5.5 ml/100 g/min, increased within 1 h of occlusion. After occlusion tissue pressure rose from 7.95 +/- 0.72 mm Hg at 1 h to 13.16 +/- 1.13 mm Hg at 3 h. When intraluminal pressure was increased, water content increased further, but only at 1 h after occlusion. In the periphery where flow was 18.9 ml/100 g/min during normotension, neither water content nor tissue pressure rose within 3 h of occlusion. Increased intraluminal pressure was accompanied by increased water content only at 3 h. This study indicates that a hydrostatic pressure gradient is an important element in the development of ischemic brain edema, exerting its major effect during the initial phase of the edema process. PMID- 3760040 TI - Cortical deafferentation in cat focal ischemia: disturbance and recovery of sensory functions in cortical areas with different degrees of cerebral blood flow reduction. AB - During and after 15-min occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in cats, local CBF and neuronal activity were measured in cortical areas varying in the degree of CBF reduction. In an area within the ischemic center (primary auditory cortex, middle ectosylvian gyrus), CBF was severely suppressed. Click-induced auditory evoked potentials and evoked as well as spontaneous single-unit activity ceased within 1 min after occlusion. Recirculation resulted in a recovery of the different neurophysiological parameters with a time delay ranging from several minutes to 2 h. In two areas surrounding the ischemic focus (a visual area in the marginal gyrus and the forelimb representation area in the primary somatosensory cortex), CBF was reduced but remained above 30 ml/100 g/min during MCA occlusion. Visual flash-induced evoked potentials and somatosensory evoked potentials induced by median nerve electrical stimulation ceased in the corresponding areas with a somewhat slower time course as compared to the auditory responses and they recovered faster after recirculation. In another somatosensory area (hindlimb projection area in the primary somatosensory cortex), CBF stayed nearly at control levels during occlusion. Evoked potentials and single-unit activity induced by tibial nerve electrical stimulation decreased approximately 5 min after occlusion and were abolished approximately 5 min later. At that time, single-unit activity had changed to a nonresponsive pattern but persisted. However, potentials evoked transcallosally by electrical stimulation of the contralateral hemisphere were still recorded. After reopening the MCA, the recovery of neuronal functions was usually complete and occurred within approximately 5 min.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3760041 TI - Changes in extra- and intracellular pH in the brain during and following ischemia in hyperglycemic and in moderately hypoglycemic rats. AB - Incomplete forebrain ischemia of 15-min duration was induced in rats made hyperglycemic or moderately hypoglycemic prior to ischemia. Tissue CO2 tension, CO2 content, labile tissue metabolites, and extracellular pH (pHe) were measured, and intracellular pH (pHi) was derived by calculation on the assumption that cerebral intracellular fluids can be lumped into one space. In hypoglycemic animals, mean tissue lactate content increased from 2 to 10 mumol g-1. Tissue CO2 content was virtually unchanged and the CO2 tension increased from approximately 50 to approximately 145 mm Hg. In hyperglycemic animals, tissue lactate content rose to 20 mumol g-1, and the CO2 content decreased by 25%, demonstrating that some CO2 was lost to the blood supplied by the remaining perfusion. Accordingly, tissue CO2 tension did not rise above 200 mm Hg. pHe was reduced in proportion to the amount of lactate accumulated, the values obtained in hypo- and hyperglycemic animals showing relatively little scatter (6.76 +/- 0.03 and 6.25 +/- 0.04, respectively). In hypoglycemic animals the extracellular HCO-3 concentration was virtually unchanged, demonstrating that any influx of lactic acid from the cells must have been accompanied by H+ efflux and/or HCO-3 influx via independent routes. In hyperglycemic animals [HCO-3]e fell by greater than 10 mumol ml-1. In both groups [HCO-3]e was reduced during the first 5 min of recovery. Recovery of pHe was slower in hyper- than in hypoglycemic animals. During ischemia calculated pHi fell to 6.37 +/- 0.04 and 5.95 +/- 0.06 in hypo- and hyperglycemic animals, respectively. Differences in pHi were maintained for the first 15 min of recovery, but in both hypo- and hyperglycemic animals pHi had normalized after 30 min. It is concluded that preischemic hyperglycemia leads to a more pronounced intra- and extracellular acidosis than normo- and hypoglycemia, an acidosis that also resolves more slowly during recirculation. PMID- 3760042 TI - Local cerebral glucose utilization during intracerebral pH changes. AB - The effect of ventriculocisternal perfusion with mock CSF with alkaline or acidic pH on the local CMRglu (LCMRglu) in the caudatoputamen was studied in artificially ventilated and relaxed rats. In control rats both lateral cerebral ventricles were perfused with mock CSF at pH 7.4. In the experimental series one cerebral ventricle was infused with normal mock CSF while the other was infused with mock CSF in which the pH was decreased or increased by changing [HCO-3]. LCMRglu was depressed in acidotic brain tissue while it was strongly increased in alkalotic brain tissue. The importance of these alterations in brain glucose metabolism for the homeostatic regulation of brain pH is discussed. PMID- 3760043 TI - Subarachnoid hemorrhage in the rat: cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism during the late phase of cerebral vasospasm. AB - A double-isotope technique for the simultaneous measurement of CBF and CMRglu was applied to a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) model in the rat. Cisternal injection of 0.07 ml blood caused a rather uniform 20% reduction in CBF together with an increase in glucose utilization of 30% during the late phase of vasospasm. In one third of the SAH animals, there were focal areas where the flow was lowered to 30% of the control values and the glucose uptake increased to approximately 250% of control. We suggest that blood in the subarachnoid space via a neural mechanism induces the global flow and metabolic changes, and that the foci are caused by vasospasm superimposed on the global flow and metabolic changes. In the double-isotope autoradiographic technique, [14C]iodoantipyrine and [3H]deoxyglucose were used for CBF and CMRglu measurements, respectively, in the same animal. In half of the sections, the [14C]iodoantipyrine was extracted using 2,2-dimethoxypropane before the section was placed on a 3H- and 14C-sensitive film. The other sections were placed on x-ray film with an emulsion insensitive to 3H. The validity of the double-isotope method was tested by comparing the data with those obtained in animals receiving a single isotope. The CBF and metabolic values obtained in the two groups were similar. PMID- 3760044 TI - Subarachnoid hemorrhage in the rat: cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism after selective lesions of the catecholamine systems in the brainstem. AB - A double-isotope autoradiographic technique was used to evaluate CBF and glucose metabolism 2 days after a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in rats with lesions in the lower brainstem. Lesioning in the mesencephalon of the ascending catecholamine pathways from locus ceruleus and from the A1 and A2 nuclei, or lesioning in the medulla oblongata of the ascending fibers from A1 and A2, prevents the development of the global changes in flow and metabolism seen in normal animals post SAH. Also the focal low-flow areas with markedly elevated deoxyglucose uptake, which can develop in normal animals 2 days post SAH, were not seen in the lesioned animals after the SAH. The findings indicate that the A1 and A2 nuclei, which project to the hypothalamus-pituitary, are essential for the flow and metabolic changes after an SAH. The lesions per se did not change baseline flow and metabolism as compared with sham-lesioned animals. PMID- 3760045 TI - Infarct rim: effect of hyperglycemia on direct current potential and [14C]2 deoxyglucose phosphorylation. AB - Focal ischemia was produced by occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery (MCA) in normo- and hyperglycemic rats. In the cortical infarct rim, regional [14C]2-deoxyglucose [( 14C]2-DG) phosphorylation was correlated to spontaneous transient changes in extracellular potassium recorded as direct current (DC) potential deflections. In normoglycemic rats the DC potential showed transient but recurrent deflections in the first hours following MCA occlusion. The 2-DG phosphorylation was elevated by 200% in the same area. In contrast, hyperglycemic rats had no, or a single, deflection of the DC potential in the rim, and the 2-DG phosphorylation remained normal. The same pattern was obtained by application of 3 M KCl to the exposed cortex. In normoglycemia potassium application resulted in recurrent deflections of the DC potential, and 2-DG phosphorylation increased in most parts of the hemisphere. Hyperglycemic animals had a nearly stable DC potential, and 2-DG phosphorylation increased only in the tissue area situated directly below the site of potassium application. The results indicate that metabolism in the cortical infarct rim is stimulated by spontaneous and recurrent changes in extracellular potassium--a phenomenon that may be related to spreading depression--and that the metabolism remained normal in the same area in hyperglycemic animals owing to an inhibition of transient increases of extracellular potassium. PMID- 3760046 TI - Transformation of postischemic perineuronal glial cells. I. Electron microscopic studies. AB - The effects of cerebral ischemia on perineuronal glia were studied in the rat model of transient four-vessel occlusion. Striatum containing irreversibly injured neurons and paramedian cerebral cortex containing reversibly injured neurons were prepared for electron microscopy at intervals of 3 min up to 24 h following ischemia. Perineuronal astrocytes showed cytoplasmic swelling and configurational changes in and pleomorphism of mitochondria similar to those described previously in parenchymal astrocytes in this model. Dark oligodendroglia showed only transient swelling of cisterns of Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum. However, medium-light oligodendrocytes significantly increased in size and accumulated microtubules and tubovesicular profiles in the cytoplasm. Reactive glia with features of both oligodendrocytes and astrocytes appeared at 15 min. A sharp drop in the number of perineuronal medium-light oligodendrocytes occurred at 3 h after ischemia and was accompanied by increased numbers of astrocytes and intermediate glia. Cortical glia showed similar changes that were milder and reversible. These studies suggest that certain perineuronal glia are transformed into reactive astrocytes in areas of ischemic neuronal necrosis, although current data are insufficient to determine if the transforming cells are astrocytes, light oligodendrocytes, or intermediate glia. Possible stimuli for these glial reactions include loss of or changes in neuronal trophic factors upon CNS glia or alterations in the interstitial fluid composition. PMID- 3760047 TI - High-performance digital image analyzer for quantitative autoradiography. AB - A digital image-processing system was developed for high-spatial resolution analysis of autoradiograms. The system uses a linear array of charge-coupled devices operating under computer control to scan and digitize autoradiograms into 512 X 512 matrices with 256 gray levels. Software was developed to facilitate quantitative analysis of autoradiograms produced in single- and multiple-tracer studies. Because of the high output, linearity, and accuracy of the solid-state detectors, the system was found to digitize autoradiograms significantly more precisely and accurately than previously described video camera- or photomultiplier tube-based scanning densitometers. PMID- 3760048 TI - Thiamine deficiency and the intrinsic opioids in the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. PMID- 3760049 TI - Liquid chromatographic separation of enantiomers of beta-amino acids using a chiral stationary phase. AB - The enantiomers of both alpha-substituted beta-alanines and beta-substituted beta alanines may be chromatographically separated using silica-bonded chiral stationary phases derived from N-acetylated alpha-arylalkylamines. The amino acids are chromatographed as alkyl esters of N-3,5-dinitrobenzoyl derivatives; separability factors range from 1.11 to 1.65 for nine alpha-substituted beta alanines and from 1.08 to 1.20 for nine beta-substituted beta-alanines. The enantiomers of beta-aminoisobutyrate and beta-leucine, chiral beta-amino acids occurring in animal tissues and physiological fluids, are among those resolved. The enantiomers of R,S-beta-aminoisobutyrate and several related alpha-alkyl-beta alanines were prepared by chromatographic resolution of diastereomeric dipeptides. PMID- 3760050 TI - Determination of cresols in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 3760051 TI - Simultaneous determination of bromochlorosalicylanilide and bamipine in pharmaceutical formulations by high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 3760052 TI - Isolation of factor IX concentrates for clinical use by ion-exchange chromatography and ammonium sulphate precipitation. PMID- 3760053 TI - Preparative fractionation of carbohydrate-rich components present in germ-free rat intestinal mucin by gel filtration. Comparison of Dynospheres XP-3505 and sepharose CL 4B. AB - Fractionation of the carbohydrate-rich mucin present in the intestines of germ free rats has been achieved on Dynospheres XP-3505. Comparison with Sepharose CL 4B shows that the separation on Dynospheres XP-3505 is better and quicker. The carbohydrate composition of the fractions show little difference from that of the crude material. PMID- 3760054 TI - Microanalysis of free fatty acids in plasma of experimental animals and humans by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for microanalysis of thirteen free fatty acids using 200 microliter of plasma. Fatty acids were derivatized with 9-anthryldiazomethane for HPLC analysis. Use of an ODS minicolumn for pretreatment of plasma gave a more accurate determination of free fatty acids in plasma than by chloroform extraction. Using this method, thirteen free fatty acids in the plasma of normal human, dog, rabbit, guinea pig and rat were determined. PMID- 3760055 TI - Fluorimetric high-performance liquid chromatography of prostaglandins and its application to their determination in human seminal fluid. AB - A highly sensitive and simple high-performance liquid chromatographic method with fluorescence detection for the determination of prostaglandins is described. Prostaglandins are converted into the corresponding fluorescent derivatives by reaction with 3-bromomethyl-6,7-dimethoxy-1-methyl-2(1H)-quinoxalinone in the presence of potassium hydrogen carbonate and 18-crown-6 in acetonitrile. The derivatives are separated simultaneously within 34 min (the total run time per injection, 56 min) on a reversed-phase column (YMC Pack C8) by a stepwise elution with mixtures of acetonitrile, methanol and water and detected fluorimetrically. The detection limits are 10-15 fmol at a signal-to-noise ratio of 5 in a 10 microliter injection volume. Prostaglandins E1, E2, F1 alpha and F2 alpha in human seminal fluids are measured by this method. PMID- 3760056 TI - Automated liquid chromatographic determination of the 20-dihydro isomers of cortisol and cortisone in human urine. AB - A fully automated method for the simultaneous assessment of cortisol, cortisone and their 20-dihydro isomers in human urine is described. On-line sample enrichment, prepurification, focusing and injection are combined with automated high-performance liquid chromatographic separation and quantification. Losses of steroids throughout the total procedure are negligible. Thus, external calibration is feasible for quantification. Coefficients of variation range between 8.7 and 17.0% for inter-assay variability and between 1.3 and 5.2% for intra-assay variability. Assay sensitivity is 15 nmol/l. In normal students, the medians of the relative excretion rates of free 20 alpha-dihydrocortisol, 20 alpha-dihydrocortisone, 20 beta-dihydrocortisol and 20 beta-dihydrocortisone were 10.9, 6.1, 7.7 and 4.4 mumol/mol creatinine. The fully automated feature renders the present method well suited for routine diagnosis of hypercorticoidism. PMID- 3760057 TI - Determination of 27 dansyl amino acid derivatives in biological fluids by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - The concentrations of free amino acids in plasma and in ascitic liquid of mice with Ehrlich ascitic tumours were determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using pre-column derivatization with Dns chloride and UV detection at 254 nm. Sample preparation is simple, and the Dns derivatives are stable. Complete separation of 27 amino acids, including proline and cysteine, was achieved in 70 min with detection limits of less than 25 pmol. There was no interference from Dns-Cl, Dns-OH and Dns-NH2. Retention time reproducibility was better than 1%. The described method enables a rapid, economical and reproducible quantification of free amino acids in biological fluids. PMID- 3760058 TI - Determination of 2-mercaptopropionylglycine in plasma and urine by high performance liquid chromatography. AB - Methods for quantitative analysis of total and non-protein-bound 2 mercaptopropionylglycine (2-MPG) in plasma, and total 2-MPG in urine, have been developed. By reduction of urine, plasma or deproteinized plasma samples with tributylphosphine, 2-MPG is liberated from its disulphides, and after clean-up of the sample, 2-MPG is derivatized with N-(7-dimethylamino-4-methyl-3 coumarinyl)maleimide (DACM). The 2-MPG-DACM derivative is then quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorimetric detection. Both ion suppression and ion-pair HPLC gave satisfactory chromatograms. The precision of the methods was satisfactory (coefficient of variation 3.1-5.8%), analytical recovery was quantitative (85-99%) and the two HPLC techniques were well correlated (r = 0.99). Five healthy subjects receiving 500 mg of 2-MPG showed maximal total plasma concentration of 13.8-26.9 mumol/l at 3-5 h after intake, and their non-protein-bound 2-MPG was, at the same time, 62-77% of the total 2 MPG. The urinary excretion was 27.8 +/- 3.8% (mean +/- S.D.) of the given dose, most of it excreted within 12 h after intake. PMID- 3760059 TI - Quantitative fractionation of serum bilirubin species by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. AB - A rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic method is described for separating and quantifying four bilirubin species present in serum: bilirubin, bilirubin monoglucuronide, bilirubin diglucuronide, and bilialbumin. Sample preparation consists of dilution with ascorbic acid and dimethylsulfoxide and filtration to remove solid materials. The diluted serum was injected directly onto a wide-pore (300 A) reversed-phase column and the bilirubin species eluted with a water-isopropanol gradient. Excellent agreement was found between the total bilirubin concentration measured by the high-performance liquid chromatographic method and a diazotized sulfanilic acid procedure. PMID- 3760060 TI - Sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of plasma vitamin E and vitamin A using amperometric and ultraviolet detection. AB - A highly sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic assay using amperometric detection has been developed for measuring alpha-tocopherol in plasma. Other minor components of vitamin E (beta-, gamma- and delta-tocopherols) can also be detected by this method. All-trans-retinol is simultaneously monitored by UV detection at 313 nm. This assay requires only 50 microliter of plasma for quantification of both vitamin E and A. The minimum detectable quantities for both alpha-tocopherol and retinol are 1.0 ng with corresponding signal-to-noise ratios of 4.0 and 3.5. The total chromatographic analysis time for each sample is less than 15 min. This assay has been used to determine the concentrations of vitamin A and E in plasma obtained from patients with liver disease, liver transplant patients and normal healthy volunteers. PMID- 3760061 TI - Fractionation of bone-marrow cells by counter-current distribution in aqueous polymer two-phase systems. Relation between settling time and the efficiency of separation. AB - The fractionation of heterogeneous populations of rat and human bone-marrow cells has been studied by counter-current distribution in a charged 5% dextran-4% poly(ethylene glycol) two-phase system. The subfractionation into two broad populations has been achieved at a low top/bottom phase volume ratio by increasing (up to 20 min) the settling time allowed for the phases to be separated after each mixing step. No effect of this parameter on a homogeneous population of erythrocytes has been observed. However, heterogeneous cell separations can be improved by exploiting different phase settling times. PMID- 3760062 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of carbamazepine and carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide in plasma and saliva following solid-phase sample extraction. AB - A rapid, sensitive and simple to operate high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of carbamazepine (CBZ) and carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide (CBZ-EP) in plasma and saliva is described. The drug and its metabolite are extracted from both plasma and saliva using commercially available reversed-phase octadecylsilane bonded silica columns (Bond-Elut C18, 2.8 ml capacity). Separation of CBZ and CBZ-EP was achieved by reversed-phase chromatography, using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-methanol-water (19:37:44) at a flow-rate of 1.8 ml/min in conjunction with a Nova-Pak C18 column. The analytical column, in Radial-Pak cartridge form, was used in combination with a Z-module RCSS and protected by a Guard-Pak precolumn module containing a Guard-Pak mu Bondapak C18 insert. Using ultraviolet detection at 214 nm, levels in the region of 50-100 ng/ml for CBZ and CBZ-EP can be measured with only 250 and 500 microliters of plasma and saliva, respectively. The method, which has been used to determine steady-state concentrations of the drug and its metabolite in paediatric patients receiving CBZ monotherapy, is also suitable for pharmacokinetic studies. PMID- 3760063 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of etoposide in plasma using electrochemical detection. AB - A quantitative analytical method has been established for the determination of a semi-synthetic epipodophyllotoxin, etoposide, in plasma. The method employs reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection. Sample preparation consisted of extraction with 1,2-dichloroethane followed by phase separation, evaporation of the organic phase, and reconstitution of the residue. Observed recoveries were 76.8 and 87.5% for 50 and 500 ng/ml, respectively. The method had a linear range of 10-1000 ng/ml. Correlation coefficients of 0.997 or greater were obtained during validation experiments and study sample analysis. PMID- 3760064 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of pyrazinamide in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma in the rabbit. AB - A simple procedure for the determination of pyrazinamide in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in the rabbit is described. The assay involves a preliminary extraction of the drug and an internal standard, paracetamol, from the acidified sample (pH 4.2). The extract is evaporated to dryness at 45 degrees C and the residue is redissolved in methanol (50 microliters). A 25-microliters aliquot is injected into the liquid chromatograph and eluted with acetonitrile-10 mM phosphate buffer of pH 3.5 (10:90, v/v) on a 30-microns C8 pre-column linked to a 5-microns C8 reversed-phase column at ambient temperature (25 +/- 1 degree C). The eluate is detected at 215 nm. The method has been used to investigate the disposition of pyrazinamide in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in six rabbits. PMID- 3760065 TI - Analysis of reduced oligosaccharides by combined use of gel chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 3760066 TI - Hydrolysis of all gangliosides, including GM1 and GM2, on thin-layer plates by Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase. PMID- 3760067 TI - Analysis of clonidine in biological tissues and body fluids by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. PMID- 3760068 TI - Comparison of gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography for the analysis of probucol in plasma. PMID- 3760069 TI - Determination of phenacetin and its major metabolites in human plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 3760070 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of sudexanox as the free acid in plasma. PMID- 3760071 TI - Determination of diflunisal in human plasma and urine by fast high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 3760072 TI - Liquid chromatographic analysis of chloroquine and desethylchloroquine in human plasma, saliva and urine. PMID- 3760073 TI - Simple and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of enprofylline, theobromine, paraxanthine, theophylline and caffeine using high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 3760074 TI - Determination of ornidazole in human plasma and red blood cells using high performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 3760075 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of flunarizine in plasma and its application to biopharmaceutic investigations. PMID- 3760076 TI - Determination of chlorothiazide in urine using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. PMID- 3760077 TI - Determination of rubidazone and its metabolites in human plasma and urine by reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 3760078 TI - Determination of rhein and its conjugates in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 3760079 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of ibuprofen in human plasma and urine by direct injection. PMID- 3760080 TI - Electron-capture gas chromatographic analysis of beta-phenylethylamine in tissues and body fluids using pentafluorobenzenesulfonyl chloride for derivatization. AB - A gas chromatographic procedure is described for the analysis of beta phenylethylamine (PEA) in tissues and body fluids. The method involves the use of pentafluorobenzenesulfonyl chloride for extraction and derivatization of PEA. This is followed by separation and analysis of the derivatized amine on a gas chromatograph equipped with a fused-silica capillary column and an electron capture detector. The procedure is rapid, provides a stable and sensitive derivative, and has been applied to analysis of PEA in brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, spleen and blood from the rat and urine from human subjects. PMID- 3760081 TI - Detection of sialuria by cation-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A simple and selective method for the detection of sialuria by high-performance liquid chromatography is described. The urine sample (2 ml) is purified using a C18 cartridge or ion-exchange chromatography, and free N-acetylneuraminic acid is separated on an Aminex HPX-87 cation-exchange column using 3 mM sulphuric acid as the mobile phase. The retention time of N-acetylneuraminic acid is ca. 8 min and the detection limit ca. 1 mumol/l. The within-day coefficient of variation is less than 4.9% and the day-to-day coefficient of variation is less than 5.6%. The method was tested on twenty normal individuals and four sialuria patients. PMID- 3760082 TI - Improved procedure for the separation of the molecular species of dimethylphosphatidate by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - We describe a rapid and efficient high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure for the separation of the molecular species of dimethylphosphatidic acid derived from phosphatidylcholine, which naturally occurs in mammalian tissues. The separation was accomplished on a reversed-phase column after derivatization of phosphatidylcholine to dimethylphosphatidate by means of phospholipase D and subsequent diazomethane treatments. Separation of the major molecular species of dimethylphosphatidate by reversed-phase HPLC was achieved within 40 min. Dimethylphosphatidate from rat liver phosphatidylcholine was resolved into twelve separate peaks. Thirteen different molecular species in rat liver phosphatidylcholine were identified by gas chromatographic determination. This improved method is applicable to studies on the metabolism of the phosphate group of the molecular species of phospholipid of a variety of tissues using a radioactive precursor. PMID- 3760083 TI - Sample preparation procedure for determination of dopamine sulfate isomers in human urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with dual-electrode electrochemical detection. AB - We developed a procedure utilizing small columns of solid-phase extraction material for sample preparation for the determination of dopamine sulfate (DAS) isomers in human urine. Processed sample is then subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with dual-series-electrode electrochemical detection. Dopamine 3-O-sulfate (DA-3-S) and dopamine 4-O-sulfate (DA-4-S) were determined using two different HPLC systems. The ratio of the urinary excretion rate of DA-3-S to DA-4-S was relatively constant, but the 24-h excretion rates of total DAS varied widely among individuals. This method should prove useful in future studies concerning the metabolic and physiologic roles of DAS isomers. PMID- 3760084 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of glutathione and its thiol and disulfide degradation products. AB - A rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method for quantitation of picomole levels of glutathione, glutathione disulfide, cysteine, cystine, cysteinylglycine, cysteinylglycine disulfide and cysteine glutathione mixed disulfide in biological samples is described. The compounds were separated isocratically on a reversed-phase column by ion-pair chromatography. The mobile phase consisted of an aqueous buffer containing 0.1 M monochloroacetic acid and 3.3 mM 1-heptanesulfonic acid (pH 2.60)-methanol-N,N-dimethylformamide (96.5:3.0:0.5). After chromatographic separation, the disulfides were reduced by a potential (-1.0 V) from a battery, with subsequent detection of all thiols by electrochemical oxidation (+0.15 V) with a dual gold-mercury electrode. Thiol and disulfide concentrations were determined in tissue extracts (liver and kidney) and fluids (bile and plasma) from control rats and rats treated with acivicin, an inhibitor of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase. A marked increase in biliary glutathione concentration was observed in treated animals with a corresponding decrease in cysteine and cysteinylglycine concentrations. The results demonstrate that this method is useful for measuring glutathione and its degradation products in tissues and fluids. PMID- 3760085 TI - Purification of biologically active apolipoproteins by chromatofocussing. AB - Chromatofocussing has been used to isolate homogeneous apolipoproteins (apo) from human very-low-density lipoproteins and high-density lipoproteins with protein recovery of 70%. The inclusion of sulfhydryl-reducing agent (dithiothreitol) was required during solubilization of the lipoproteins (following delipidation) to achieve reproducible elution profiles. Removal of polyvalent buffers from apoproteins was rapidly accomplished on small columns of hydroxylapatite. The biological activity of purified apo AI and apo CII was confirmed by assessment of their ability to activate lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase or lipoprotein lipase, respectively. Functional properties of isolated apo E were assessed by in vitro interaction with the low-density lipoprotein receptor expressed by cultured fibroblasts. Apolipoproteins purified by this rapid procedure exhibit identical physical, chemical and biological properties to those purified by other, more tedious techniques. PMID- 3760086 TI - Estimation of tetrahydrobiopterin and other pterins in cerebrospinal fluid using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical and fluorescence detection. AB - We describe an isocratic, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous measurement of fully oxidised, dihydro- and tetrahydropterins in cerebrospinal fluid. Tetrahydrobiopterin is detected electrochemically using an ESA Coulochem detector in the redox mode. Dihydropterins are detected by fluorescence following post-column electrochemical oxidation, and fully oxidised pterins by their natural fluorescence. Apart from addition of antioxidants, no sample preparation is required. Comparison is made with methods requiring chemical oxidation for detection of tetrahydrobiopterin. Some results on children with neurological disease are presented. PMID- 3760087 TI - Micromethod for the analysis of evans blue in plasma using ion-pair high performance liquid chromatography. AB - A micromethod for the determination of Evans Blue in plasma has been developed. Effective release of the dye from the dye-albumin complex was accomplished using a solution of urea and 2-mercaptoethanol. Ion-pairing techniques were used to extract the dye as well as the internal standard (Naphthol Blue Black B) from plasma. Separation involved ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography. Eluent was monitored at 605 nm. The technique results in a linear response over the concentration range of approximately 1.0-30.0 micrograms/ml. Assay performance was verified by estimating plasma volume in the rat. PMID- 3760088 TI - Simultaneous determination of perhexiline and its monohydroxy metabolites in biological fluids by gas chromatography-electron-capture detection. AB - A rapid and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of perhexiline and its cis-4-axial and trans-4-equatorial monohydroxy metabolites (M1 and M3, respectively) in human plasma, urine and bile is described. The assay utilises a single diethyl ether extraction, heptafluorobutyric acid anhydride derivatisation and separation and detection by gas chromatography-electron-capture detection. The limits of detection are 0.1 microgram/ml for perhexiline and 0.025 microgram/ml for the M1 and M3 metabolites. This method has been used in a five day kinetic study of three healthy adult males who ingested a single 300-mg dose of perhexiline maleate. One of these volunteer subjects exhibited elevated plasma perhexiline and markedly reduced plasma and urinary M1 concentrations together with profoundly prolonged plasma and urinary M1 elimination times when compared with the other two subjects. These differences are thought to be of genetic origin. There were also obvious differences in urinary M3 concentrations which were discussed. PMID- 3760089 TI - Isothermal gas chromatographic determination of nanogram amounts of chlorimipramine, chlorpromazine and their N-desmethyl metabolites in plasma using nitrogen-selective detection. AB - A gas chromatographic method using nitrogen-selective detection for the quantitative determination of nanogram amounts of chlorimipramine, chlorpromazine and their nor1 and nor2 derivatives in plasma is described. Derivatization with trifluoroacetic anhydride of nor1 and nor2 metabolites allowed the chromatographic separation of these compounds. A three-step solvent extraction procedure was performed using n-heptane containing 1% isoamyl alcohol and n hexane and compared with a plasma clean-up procedure using C18 Sep-Pak cartridges. The two procedures were characterized by similar degrees of precision. The use of C18 Sep-Pak cartridges, however, produced a significant time and material saving over the conventional extraction method. PMID- 3760090 TI - Simultaneous determination of codeine and chlorpheniramine in human plasma by capillary column gas chromatography. AB - A specific and highly sensitive capillary column gas chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of codeine and chlorpheniramine in human plasma. The method involves a solvent extraction and analysis by capillary column gas chromatography on a cross-linked 50% phenylmethyl silicone fused silica capillary column with flame thermionic detection. A 10% solution of n butanol in toluene was used as extraction medium and pyrilamine was used as internal standard. Reproducibility, linearity of calibration curves and specificity were all satisfactory with both drugs. The plasma concentration of codeine and chlorpheniramine could be measured at levels down to 0.9 ng/ml as codeine phosphate and 0.4 ng/ml as chlorpheniramine maleate, respectively. The method was applied to plasma samples from normal volunteers, and was confirmed to be adequate for biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic studies. PMID- 3760091 TI - Analysis of digoxin at therapeutic concentrations using high-performance liquid chromatography with post-column derivatization. AB - A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure has been developed for the analysis of digoxin in plasma at therapeutic concentrations. The assay method provides resolution of digoxin from its metabolites using a 15 cm X 4.6 mm HPLC column containing 3-micron octadecylsilane-bonded stationary phase. The effluent of the column is passed through a post-column reactor in which a fluorescent derivative is formed by the co-addition of hydrochloric acid and dehydroascorbic acid. Detection of the derivative is accomplished in a fluorometer with excitation at 336 nm and emission at 425 nm. The extraction efficiency for recovery of digoxin from plasma samples was 70% using chloroform-isopropanol (9:1) following a pre-wash with isooctane to remove endogenous substances. The calibration curve was linear (r = 0.9999) over the range 0.5-4 ng/ml digoxin in plasma using digitoxigenin as internal standard. The minimum detectable quantity of digoxin in plasma was 0.5 ng/ml at a signal-to-noise ratio of 4:1. Split samples of digoxin control sera were assayed by the HPLC procedure and by the prescribed radioimmunoassay procedure. Excellent correlation was observed between the two methods (r = 0.999). No interference was noted when a selection of commonly co-prescribed drugs were evaluated for chromatographic co-elution or interference in detection with that of digoxin or the internal standard. PMID- 3760092 TI - Determination of benzylpenicillin and probenecid in human body fluids by high performance liquid chromatography. AB - A method for the determination of benzylpenicillin and probenecid concentrations in human body fluids using ion-pair reversed-phase chromatography with UV detection has been developed. For plasma samples two extraction techniques were investigated. Precipitation of the plasma proteins with acetonitrile followed by liquid-liquid extraction offered the best results. The limits of detection were 0.5 microgram/ml for benzylpenicillin and 0.25 microgram/ml for probenecid, which offer sufficient sensitivity for application in pharmacokinetic experiments. PMID- 3760093 TI - Rapid analysis of ranitidine in biological fluids and determination of its erythrocyte partitioning. AB - A reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatographic assay is described for the rapid and sensitive quantitation of the H2-receptor antagonist ranitidine in human plasma and urine. The method involves a single-step extraction of the alkalinized sample with methylene chloride and analysis of the evaporated extract on a cyano column. Detection was performed by ultraviolet absorbance monitored at 318 nm. The overall run time of the assay was 5 min at a flow-rate of 2.0 ml/min. The limit of sensitivity was 1 ng/ml ranitidine in human plasma. Urine and plasma samples collected from a subject after administration of an oral dose of 150 mg of ranitidine were analyzed by this method. Furthermore, the procedure was applied to determine the red blood cell partition coefficient of ranitidine in a concentration range up to 10 micrograms/ml. PMID- 3760094 TI - Improved determination of sulpiride in plasma by ion-pair liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. AB - A specific and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the measurement of sulpiride in plasma is described. The internal standard used was veralipride, a structurally related substituted benzamide. A fluorescence detector with maximum excitation at 300 nm and maximum emission at 365 nm was used for quantitation. After an alkaline extraction procedure, the benzamides were separated on a 5-micron ODS column using a large organic counter ion in the mobile phase. The detector response was linear from 10 to 1000 ng/ml and the detection limit was 10 ng/ml, which is sensitive enough for pharmacokinetic studies. The suitability of the method for the analysis of biological samples was tested by studying the variation with time of plasma concentrations of sulpiride in normal human volunteers after a single therapeutic 200-mg oral dose of three different formulations of sulpiride. PMID- 3760095 TI - Quantitative gas chromatographic determination of urinary hydantoin-5-propionic acid in patients with disorders of folate/vitamin B12 metabolism. PMID- 3760096 TI - Determination of creatine in serum by ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection. PMID- 3760097 TI - Separation of the 9-anthryldiazomethane derivates of fatty acids by high performance liquid chromatography on a Fatty Acid Analysis Column. Application to albumin-bound fatty acid analysis. PMID- 3760098 TI - Use of an inexpensive mass-selective detector for the high-sensitivity gas chromatographic determination of nadolol in plasma. PMID- 3760099 TI - Selective on-line sample handling for the determination of barbiturates in urine by liquid chromatography with precolumn technology. PMID- 3760100 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of the enantiomeric composition of urinary phenolic metabolites of phenytoin. PMID- 3760101 TI - Modified method for the determination of moxalactam in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 3760102 TI - Rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of oxolinic acid in chicken plasma. PMID- 3760103 TI - Micromethod for the determination of indalpine in mouse plasma using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. PMID- 3760104 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of proguanil and cycloguanil in biological fluids. PMID- 3760105 TI - An evaluation of laboratory investigations in patients with multiple sclerosis. AB - The contribution of VEP, CT and oligoclonal bands (OB) to the diagnosis of MS was studied in a group of 213 hospitalized patients. Whereas the diagnostic values of VEP and OB were both in the same range, the combination of both methods increased the proportion of cases with "definite MS" from 58 to 75%, whereas CT did not contribute significantly to diagnostic ascertainment. Vitamin B12 absorption was less than 10% in 27% of cases. A slight tendency towards increased serum IgG and IgM levels was found, and the rheumatoid factor was demonstrated in 6% of cases. PMID- 3760106 TI - Community-wide prevention strategies: evaluation design of the Minnesota Heart Health Program. AB - The Minnesota Heart Health Program (MHHP) is a community-based research and demonstration program designed to accelerate population-wide changes in coronary risk factors and disease. MHHP is on-going in three pairs of communities in Minnesota, North and South Dakota. To strengthen inference of program effects, its basic design involves elements of control, repetition, sensitive trend measurements and evaluation of the effects of program components. Its evaluation design is presented here as a comprehensive measurement system for disease endpoints, risk factor levels and efficacy of specific educational programs. The MHHP design is able to compare risk factor levels and mortality rates between education and comparison communities. MHHP statistical power is sufficient to detect community-wide changes of public health import. Early results show comparability of education and comparison communities for most variables. Widespread community awareness of and participation in MHHP programs is reported. PMID- 3760107 TI - Recent incidence and secular trends in Hodgkin's disease and its histologic subtypes. AB - Incidence data from national cancer surveys (1947, 1969-71, 1973-80) in selected regions of the United States were used to describe the epidemiology of Hodgkin's disease (HD) in whites over all regions by age, sex and Rye histologic subtype in the 1970s, and time trends for HD overall. Before 1971, rates increased in young adults, notably men, and in older persons. During the 1970s, rates in children were stable, but young adult rates were high and rose slightly, particularly among women; both trends reflected elevated incidence of Nodular Sclerosis, the only subtype with increasing rates. For adults over 40, rates of all subtypes declined after 1969-71. Thus HD incidence in this country is not static, even over the last decade. Rate stability in younger children may indicate disappearance of environmentally caused HD. Incidence declines for older persons suggest a cohort effect, depletion of young adult susceptibles, or improvements in diagnostic accuracy. PMID- 3760108 TI - School absence rates as outcome measures in studies of children with chronic illness. AB - Health care providers are caring for growing numbers of children with chronic illnesses and research on the effects of various interventions with these children are being increasingly published. Data from a variety of sources indicate that children with chronic illness miss more school than their healthy peers. The relative ease with which school attendance data can be obtained and analyzed and the implications of excessive school absence for children's academic performance, social adjustment, and ultimate capacity to function in society suggest that school absence rates deserve to be more broadly emphasized in research on chronic illness in childhood. Although school absence rates have not been widely used as outcome measures in such studies they do reflect a wide variety of aspects of children's health status and have been shown to be responsive to interventions with children with various physical and mental health problems. Since these rates reflect both health and non-health related factors it is important that investigators recognize the nonspecific nature of this measure and account for non-health related influences either by sampling or analytic techniques. PMID- 3760110 TI - Observational studies of cause-effect relationships: an analysis of methodologic problems as illustrated by the conflicting data for the role of oral contraceptives in the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis. AB - We review the structure of the two most common observational study designs, cohort and case-control studies, and outline guidelines to help clinicians evaluate the validity of studies that employ these designs. To demonstrate the use of these guidelines we apply them to the important issue of whether oral contraceptive usage may reduce the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis. A recent case-control study has contradicted provocative evidence from two previous studies suggesting the existence of such a protective effect. Our analysis leads to the conclusion that the case-control study suggesting no association of oral contraceptives with the subsequent development of rheumatoid arthritis provides the best estimate of the effect of oral contraceptives currently available, and furthermore, the analysis permits recommendations to be made for the design of future investigations on this topic. PMID- 3760109 TI - A comparison of positive family history definitions for defining risk of future disease. AB - The relative risk of developing future coronary heart disease (CHD) or hypertension between positive and negative family history families is compared for different definitions of a positive family history when applied to life-table data for 94,292 persons. Having two or more first degree relatives with CHD identifies 8% of the population with relative risks of 3.3-5.9 for CHD before age 50. A quantitative family history score (FHS) compares the family's age and sex specific disease incidence to that expected in the general population and predicts future disease incidence in unaffected family members slightly better (relative risks = 3.4-6.9 for CHD before age 50). Using only one affected relative, even if affected at an early age (less than 55 years old) does not discriminate low and high risk families as well (relative risks = 1.4-3.9 for CHD before age 50). Similar results were obtained for family history of hypertension. There is an increase in future disease incidence for all ages with increasing FHS values (p less than 0.0001), which can be used as a continuous or categorical variable in analysis where family history is associated with a particular variable under study. These results provide a rational basis for choosing and applying specific definitions of a positive family history of coronary disease or hypertension in clinical, epidemiologic and genetic studies. PMID- 3760111 TI - Calcium-dependent release of carboxyl-terminal fragments of parathyroid hormone by hyperplastic human parathyroid tissue in vitro. AB - The role of intracellular calcium in the secretion of fragments of PTH by human parathyroid tissue has not been examined previously. We used an in vitro perifusion system to study this phenomenon. Hyperplastic human parathyroid tissue, obtained at surgery from patients with chronic renal failure, was sliced into small pieces, placed in perifusion chambers, and exposed to low (0.5 mM) or high (2.0 mM) calcium concentrations. PTH secreted into the perifusion medium was analyzed by gel exclusion chromatography and RIA using a carboxyl-terminal antiserum. Under high calcium conditions, proportionally more carboxyl-terminal fragments of PTH (65.3%) were released by the perifused tissue than intact PTH (34.7%). When perifused with low calcium medium, the tissue released more intact PTH (55.0%) than carboxyl-terminal fragments (45.0%). These studies are consistent with the suggestion that calcium-dependent intracellular degradation of PTH plays an important role in the regulation of hormone secretion. PMID- 3760112 TI - The effect of human calcitonin on the cytoplasmic spreading of rat osteoclasts. AB - We previously found that calcitonin (CT), which inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption, abolished the cytoplasmic motility of isolated osteoclasts. The transition from motility to immotility was accompanied by a characteristic change in cell shape which coincided with the loss of pseudopodial ruffling activity and gradual cytoplasmic retraction. In this report we used computer-assisted morphometry to quantify the reduction in cytoplasmic spreading induced by human CT (hCT). Osteoclasts, isolated from neonatal rat long bones, were allowed to spread on a plastic surface for 120 min. The outlines of six osteoclasts were recorded on a time-lapse video recorder. hCT, other hormones, or plasma samples were then added. The outlines of the same six osteoclasts were recorded after incubation, and the area covered by the cells after incubation was calculated as a percentage of the area covered by the same cells before hormone addition. Osteoclastic spreading was reduced by hCT in a dose-dependent manner and was significantly decreased by concentrations of 2 pg/ml and above. High concentrations of PTH and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 had no effect on osteoclasts. This technique is a sensitive and quantitative assay of hCT concentration which is unaffected by the presence of other calcium-regulating hormones likely to be present in plasma. PMID- 3760113 TI - Characterization of the testicular abnormality in 5 alpha-reductase deficiency. AB - The testes of five phenotypic women (from four families) with 5 alpha-reductase deficiency were studied. In one of the patients, the enzyme deficiency was similar in the testis and epididymis and in fibroblasts cultured from the labia majora. In testes from four of the patients, the concentrations of the 5 alpha reduced steroids dihydrotestosterone and 3 alpha-androstanediol were less than 10% of those in normal subjects. We conclude that the testis is involved in 5 alpha-reductase deficiency. Impaired spermatogenesis was evident in testicular biopsies from all five subjects, and in two, sperm production, as estimated in testicular homogenates, was less than 10% of normal. The extent to which spermatogenic arrest is due to 5 alpha-reductase deficiency or testicular maldescent is not clear. PMID- 3760114 TI - Effect of sodium balance and calcium channel-blocking drugs on plasma aldosterone responses to infusion of angiotensin II in normal subjects and patients with essential hypertension. AB - To study the role of calcium movements in mediating the effects of sodium chloride on the response of plasma aldosterone to angiotensin II (AII), we administered calcium channel-blocking drugs (nifedipine and diltiazem) and calcium infusions to normal subjects during high and low sodium intakes before and after AII infusion. AII was also infused in 13 patients with essential hypertension eating a high sodium diet. In preliminary studies, the effects of nifedipine (20 mg, orally) on blood pressure, PRA, plasma aldosterone, and plasma cortisol concentrations were determined. Sensitivity to infused AII was calculated as the slope of the linear regression of the increase in plasma aldosterone as a function of the AII infusion rate (nanograms per dl/ng AII/kg X min). During sodium restriction (10 meq Na/day), both drugs significantly (P at least less than 0.05) reduced AII sensitivity. During the high sodium diet (200 meq Na/day), only diltiazem decreased AII sensitivity, and the reduction was less (P less than 0.05) than that during the low sodium diet. There was a significant (P less than 0.001) inverse correlation between the initial plasma aldosterone sensitivity to AII and the change in sensitivity induced by the calcium channel blocking drugs in normal subjects (r = -0.89) and hypertensive patients (r = 0.70). Five hypertensive patients had greater than normal aldosterone sensitivity to AII, which was significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced by nifedipine. Calcium infusion increased the aldosterone sensitivity to AII during the low sodium diet, but not during the high sodium diet. The results suggest that in normal subjects, increased plasma aldosterone responses to AII induced by reduction in sodium intake are partially mediated by increased extracellular to intracellular calcium movements, since they are blocked by the structurally different calcium channel blocking drugs nifedipine and diltiazem. In hypertensive patients eating a high sodium diet, increased aldosterone responses to AII infusion were blocked by nifedipine, indicating that they are at least partly mediated by increased extracellular to intracellular calcium flux. PMID- 3760115 TI - Monoclonal gammopathy in Hashimoto's thyroiditis and malignant lymphoma of the thyroid. AB - Serum protein electrophoresis was performed in 681 patients (43 men and 638 women) with an initial diagnosis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis between April and November 1983. All patients whose thyroid size was estimated to be greater than 50 g underwent biopsy; 1 man was found to have thyroid prelymphoma, and 13 patients (4 men and 9 women) were found to have malignant lymphoma of the thyroid. Monoclonal gammopathy (M-component) was demonstrated in 5 of 667 patients (0.7%) with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (1 man and 4 women), 1 man with thyroid prelymphoma, and 3 of the 13 patients (23.1%) with malignant lymphoma of the thyroid (2 men and 1 woman). Intracytoplasmic monoclonal immunoglobulin was found in the 1 thyroid prelymphoma and in all 3 malignant lymphoma of the thyroid in patients who had M-component in their serum, but not in thyroid tissue from any of the 5 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis who had M-component in their serum. Thus, the finding of monoclonal intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin in tissue sections permitted the diagnosis of malignant lymphoma of the thyroid or thyroid prelymphoma. PMID- 3760116 TI - Comparison of parathyroid hormone assays with bone histomorphometry in renal osteodystrophy. AB - Bone biopsies were studied in 67 dialysis patients to determine if a PTH RIA specific for intact plasma PTH is a better predictor of osteitis fibrosa than a RIA that measures inactive carboxy-terminal/midregion plasma PTH fragments. An amino-terminal-specific antiserum that cross-reacts with intact PTH, but not midregion or carboxy-terminal fragments, and an antiserum that cross-reacts with the 44-68 region of the PTH molecule and measures both intact and midregion/carboxy-terminal PTH fragments were used in the comparisons. Plasma PTH concentrations measured by both assays correlated positively with bone formation rate, bone apposition rate, osteoblastic osteoid, osteoclast number, and marrow fibrosis. The optimum predictive value of the amino-terminal PTH assay for osteitis fibrosa was 88%, compared to 74% for the midregion PTH assay. This difference in predictive value could be attributed to the highly significant correlation of marrow fibrosis with plasma amino-terminal PTH. In conclusion, these data suggest that a PTH RIA that uses an amino-terminal-specific antiserum may be a better predictor of osteitis fibrosa in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. PMID- 3760118 TI - Serum somatomedin levels in adults with chronic renal failure: the importance of measuring insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF-II in acid-chromatographed uremic serum. AB - Somatomedin levels measured by radioreceptor assay (RRA) or RIA on acid-ethanol extracted or unextracted serum from patients with uremia are quite variable relative to normal values. We have investigated whether compounds accumulating in uremic serum were interfering with these RRA and RIA measurements. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF-II were separated from carrier proteins by either Sephadex G-50 acid chromatography or acid-ethanol extraction. IGF-I was measured by RIA, and IGF-II was determined by rat placental membrane RRA. IGF-I levels in the acid-ethanol extracts of serum from eight uremic adults were only 50% of the levels found in seven normal subjects, and IGF-II levels in these uremic patients were 350% of normal values. However, these significant differences were not found when comparable serum samples were acid chromatographed rather than acid-ethanol extracted; instead, IGF-I levels were 343 +/- 168 (mean +/- SD) ng/ml in uremic patients and 325 +/- 54 ng/ml in normal subjects, while IGF-II levels were 780 +/ 215 ng/ml in uremic patients and 588 +/- 46 ng/ml in normal subjects. To determine whether compounds that interfere with somatomedin assays were present in the acid-ethanol extracts of uremic serum, we acid chromatographed these extracts and found that a compound eluting in the carrier protein fraction of the uremic extract artifactually decreased IGF-I levels measured by RIA and increased IGF-II levels measured by RRA. We also found that unsaturated carrier protein binding of IGF-I and IGF-II was significantly increased in the carrier protein fraction of uremic acid-ethanol extracts at the dilutions used for somatomedin assays. We conclude that acid chromatography of unextracted or acid-ethanol extracted uremic serum is necessary to remove a compound, probably unsaturated carrier protein, which interferes with RIA of IGF-I and RRA of IGF-II. Once this compound is removed, serum IGF-I levels (RIA) in uremic patients are not different from normal, and serum IGF-II levels (RRA) are not lower than normal. PMID- 3760117 TI - Expression of the myc cellular proto-oncogene in human thyroid tissue. AB - The expression of cellular oncogenes was examined in human thyroid tissue. Four thyroid adenomas and three thyroid carcinomas expressed c-myc oncogene mRNA transcripts, which were not expressed in normal thyroid tissues. Agarose gel electrophoresis of poly(A) RNA extracts of adenoma tissues followed by hybridization with v-myc DNA yielded two distinct c-myc mRNA species [2.1 and 4.0 kilobases (kb)]. Thyroid cancer tissue poly(A) RNA revealed a predominant larger c-myc mRNA species (approximately 6 kb) and a smaller 2.1-kb species. After enzymatic dispersion of thyroid adenoma cells, cytoplasmic dot blot hybridization of immobilized thyroid adenoma RNA extracts with the v-myc cDNA probe showed stimulation of c-myc mRNA expression by TSH in a dose- and time-dependent manner. After 72-h pretreatment with serum-free medium, the quiescent adenoma cells yielded a negligible hybridization signal which was stimulated by TSH (10 mU/ml) after 6 h of treatment. Although normal cultured thyroid cells did not contain detectable c-myc mRNA, TSH also stimulated the myc protooncogene expression in a time-dependent manner in normal thyroid cells. These results demonstrate the expression of c-myc mRNA in human thyroid tumors and the in vitro induction of c myc mRNA in both normal and adenoma thyroid cell cultures by TSH. PMID- 3760119 TI - Mechanism of inhibition of human testicular steroidogenesis by oral ketoconazole. AB - To determine the antisteroidogenic effect of ketoconazole (KTZ) in the human testis, we measured the plasma delta 5-pregnenolone, delta 5-17 alpha hydroxypregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), progesterone, 17 alpha hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione (A), and testosterone (T) concentrations in three men with previously untreated metastatic prostate cancer at various time intervals for 24 h before and 48 h after the administration of 200 mg oral KTZ every 8 h. The adrenal glands of these three patients were suppressed (as measured by the plasma cortisol levels) by the administration of 1.0 mg dexamethasone daily for 7 days before and during the study. After six doses of KTZ, bilateral orchiectomy was performed, and the intratesticular concentration of the aforementioned seven steroids and the intratesticular activities of the 17 alpha-hydroxylase, 17,20-desmolase, and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes in the delta 4-steroidogenic pathway were determined. These seven intratesticular steroids and three intratesticular enzyme activities were compared to those in five men with previously untreated prostate cancer who underwent orchiectomy as primary treatment for their disease. Plasma A, DHEA, and T all significantly decreased during KTZ therapy. There was no significant change in the other four steroids in the plasma. In the testis, delta 5-pregnenolone, delta 5-17 alpha-hydroxypregnenolone, and delta 4-17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone were all significantly elevated, whereas intratesticular DHEA, A, and T were significantly decreased in the three KTZ-treated patients compared to levels in the five non-KTZ-treated patients. Measurement of the enzyme activities demonstrated a significant reduction in both 17 alpha-hydroxylase and 17,20 desmolase, but no change in 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, in the KTZ treated patients compared to the levels in the non-KTZ-treated patients. We conclude that oral KTZ decreases testicular T production by inhibiting the 17,20 desmolase and also the 17 alpha-hydroxylase steps in both the delta 4- and delta 5-T biosynthetic pathways. PMID- 3760120 TI - Determination of the source(s) of androgen overproduction in hirsutism associated with polycystic ovary syndrome by simultaneous adrenal and ovarian venous catheterization. Comparison with the dexamethasone suppression test. AB - To determine the source(s) of the excessive androgen production in patients with the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), 12 hirsute women with PCOS underwent selective left adrenal and left ovarian venous catheterization. Blood samples were collected simultaneously for determination of cortisol, 17-hydroxy progesterone, androstenedione (delta), testosterone (T), dehydroepiandrosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. The relative contributions of adrenal secretion rates of T and delta in each patient were estimated by relating their adrenal gradients to those of cortisol. From such calculations we found that in all patients the major source of androgens was the ovary (direct ovarian secretion and/or ovarian secretion of prehormones which then were converted to androgen in the peripheral circulation). After catheterization, 11 of the 12 patients underwent a 5-day dexamethasone suppression test (2 mg/day). In 7 patients studied, plasma delta and/or T levels decreased significantly. Our results indicate that in hirsutism associated with the PCOS, the predominant source of androgens is the ovaries and that glucocorticoid suppression cannot assign adrenal origin as the site of excessive androgens. PMID- 3760121 TI - Parallelism in the luteinizing hormone responses to opioid and dopamine antagonists in hyperprolactinemic women with pituitary microadenoma. AB - Endogenous opiate peptides are considered to inhibit LH secretion via a dopaminergic mechanism, and increased opioid inhibition of LH secretion has been found in some hyperprolactinemic women with a pituitary microadenoma. To assess the role of endogenous dopaminergic tone in the opioid regulation of LH secretion in such patients, LH responses to an opioid antagonist (naloxone) and a dopamine antagonist (metoclopramide) were determined in 11 women with a prolactinoma. Neither naloxone nor metoclopramide administration induced any change in serum LH levels in normal women during the early follicular phase. In contrast, 7 of the 11 hyperprolactinemic women responded to both antagonists with a significant increase in LH levels. The parallelism in the LH responses to both antagonists in these hyperprolactinemic patients lends further support to a functional link between opioid and dopamine regulation of LH secretion. PMID- 3760122 TI - Luteal phase concentrations of a progestagen-associated endometrial protein (PEP) in the serum of cycling women with adequate or inadequate endometrium. AB - We previously demonstrated that the human endometrium synthesizes and secretes a specific protein designated "Progestagen-associated Endometrial Protein" or PEP. This work was undertaken to determine luteal phase levels of PEP in serum of cycling women with histologic evidence of adequate endometrium (endometrium in phase) or inadequate endometrium (endometrium out of phase by 3-4 days). The results provide a normative curve with 95% confidence limits for serum PEP concentrations vs normalized cycle day in women with adequate endometrium (judged by histologic endometrial dating), and indicate that the PEP concentration increases exponentially after day 22, with a mean doubling time of 2.95 +/- 1.60 (mean +/- SD) days (based on serial data from 13 women). More importantly, the proportion of serum PEP values falling outside of the 95% confidence limits was significantly greater (p less than 0.001) in women with inadequate endometrium (83%) than in women with adequate endometrium (16%). Therefore, determination of PEP in serum, rather than the more invasive endometrial biopsy examination, may serve as a method of choice for evaluating endometrial adequacy in infertile women. PMID- 3760123 TI - [Nerve regeneration with pulsing electromagnetic field stimulation, with special reference to nerve conduction velocity]. PMID- 3760124 TI - [A study of the distribution of footsole pressure when standing on one leg]. PMID- 3760125 TI - [Clinical aspects of severe subarachnoid hemorrhage in the peracute stage]. PMID- 3760126 TI - [An ecological study of Vibrio cholerae O-1 and Vibrio cholerae non O-1, with special regard to behavior in foodstuffs and living shellfish]. PMID- 3760127 TI - [The effects of gastrectomy on experimentally induced colonic cancer in rats]. PMID- 3760128 TI - [Imaging diagnostic approach to opacity media in the eye]. PMID- 3760129 TI - Congenital pyloric atresia. A report on a successfully treated case and existing research. PMID- 3760130 TI - The cerebral blood flow in patients with chronic renal failure during hemodialysis. PMID- 3760131 TI - Volume of blood submitted for culture from neonates. AB - We prospectively examined 298 sets (298 aerobic, 299 anaerobic, and 73 resin cultures) of blood cultures from 161 critically ill newborns. The attending physicians were unaware of the study. The mean blood volume per patient (aerobic and anaerobic) was 1.05 (range, 0.11 to 3.04) ml. The mean blood volume per aerobic bottle was 0.53 (range, 0.01 to 1.90) ml. Among aerobic samples 2.7% were less than or equal to 0.1 ml, 16% were less than or equal to 0.3 ml, 33% were less than or equal to 0.4 ml, and 55% were less than or equal to 0.5 ml. For anaerobic cultures the mean blood volume was 0.52 (range, 0.01 to 1.79) ml. Among anaerobic samples 2.7% were less than or equal to 0.1 ml, 15% were less than or equal to 0.3 ml, 35% were less than or equal to 0.4 ml, and 58% were less than or equal to 0.5 ml. Blood volume did not correlate with gestational age, chronologic age, or weight. The mean volume of blood submitted in positive cultures was not significantly greater than that in negative cultures. The blood volume used for culture from ill newborns may be inadequate for detecting sepsis, and the adequacy of currently available culture methods needs to be assessed for the small samples submitted from critically ill newborns. PMID- 3760132 TI - Spheroplastic phase of mycobacteria isolated from patients with Crohn's disease. AB - Two strains of an unclassified Mycobacterium species were isolated after 18 and 30 months of incubation of media inoculated with resected intestinal tissues from patients with Crohn's disease. These strains represented the third and fourth isolates of this organism from Crohn's disease patients. Ultrastructural examination of this strain and two previously isolated strains revealed the presence of spheroplasts which eventually transformed into the bacillary form of a previously unrecognized Mycobacterium species. These cell wall-deficient forms did not stain with conventional dyes and failed to grow on hypertonic media. Restriction polymorphism of the ribosomal DNA genes was used to determine the relationship between the cell wall-deficient and bacillary forms. Identical restriction patterns of the ribosomal DNA genes were found between the spheroplasts and Mycobacterium sp. isolates with EcoRI, BamHI, and XhoI restriction endonucleases, thus providing definitive evidence of their origin. Unidentified spheroplasts were isolated from an additional 12 patients with Crohn's disease, of which 7 of 10 seroagglutinated with antiserum prepared against the Mycobacterium sp. Spheroplasts were isolated from 16 of 26 (61%) patients with Crohn's disease but not from tissues of 13 patients with ulcerative colitis or 13 patients with other diseases of the bowel. These findings support the role of mycobacteria as etiologic agents in some cases of Crohn's disease. PMID- 3760133 TI - Isolation of Mycoplasma species and Ureaplasma urealyticum from obstetrical and gynecological patients by using commercially available medium formulations. AB - One hundred duplicate endocervical specimens from obstetrical and gynecological patients were cultured for Mycoplasma spp. and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Rates of recovery of these organisms from commercially prepared A7 medium and the Mycotrim GU system were compared. We detected 14 (93%) of the total 15 isolates of Mycoplasma spp. on A7 plates and 11 (73%) in the Mycotrim-GU system. We detected 34 (89%) of the total 38 isolates of U. urealyticum on A7 plates and 32 (84%) in the Mycotrim-GU system. The times of detection for both types of organism were similar in the two systems. We conclude that cultivation on A7 medium as described is a more cost-effective method of recovery of Mycoplasma spp. and U. urealyticum than the Mycotrim-GU system. PMID- 3760134 TI - Specific immunoglobulin M enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for confirming the diagnosis of measles. AB - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was evaluated for the detection of measles virus-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) (MIgM). The ELISA was standardized by deriving a seronegative range of values from sera which should not contain MIgM (24 cord sera, 59 sera from immune health care workers, and 47 sera from infants before the administration of measles vaccine). These values were separable from those obtained from individuals convalescing from measles. Twenty sera containing rheumatoid factor were MIgM seronegative. Of 30 acute-phase sera from suspected measles cases, 26 contained MIgM; those that were seronegative were obtained on day 0, 0, 2, or 9. All 25 convalescent-phase samples contained MIgM. Of the 25 paired samples, 22 were IgG positive at the first sampling; 3 of the 22 did not show a rise in IgG titer. The MIgM ELISA can be used for confirming suspected measles cases, often requiring only a single serum specimen. PMID- 3760135 TI - Serum bactericidal testing with the Autobac system. AB - Current methodology for the serum bactericidal test requires a minimum of 48 h. A procedure was devised for performing this test with the Autobac system (General Diagnostics, Div. Organon Inc., Raleigh, N.C.) in a shortened time span. All titers obtained with the Autobac were compared against results obtained with a standardized tube dilution procedure. The Autobac low-thymidine eugonic broth performed comparably to the tube dilution diluent, a 1:1 ratio of pooled human serum and cation-supplemented Mueller-Hinton broth (99.2% correlation between bactericidal endpoints). Over 300 tests were conducted by using stock reference bacterial strains, clinical isolates, pooled human serum seeded with antimicrobial agents, and serum from patients on antimicrobial therapy. With the Autobac procedure, serum inhibitory titers can be reported in 3 to 4 h (93.4% correlation with the tube dilution procedure). Serum bactericidal titers can be obtained in 24 h without the necessity of subculturing (95.6% correlation). With the exception of staphylococci tested against penicillin, serum bactericidal titers can be obtained in 3 to 4 h (88.4% correlation). The Autobac procedure can provide the clinical laboratory with a rapid, reliable method for performing the serum bactericidal test. PMID- 3760136 TI - Concurrent Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia microti infection in nymphal Ixodes dammini. AB - Ixodes dammini nymphs were examined for evidence of concurrent infection with Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia microti. A total of 19 nymphs (18.6%) from Nantucket Island were simultaneously infected, as were 24 nymphs (8.2%) from Naushon Island. These observations are consistent with a common reservoir host for both I. dammini-transmitted pathogens. PMID- 3760137 TI - Comparative efficacy of seven selective media for isolating Campylobacter jejuni. AB - Diarrheal stools from 263 patients were inoculated on seven selective media: Butzler selective medium, Blaser medium, Skirrow blood agar, Preston campylobacter selective medium, Preston campylobacter blood-free medium, Butzler Virion medium, and modified Preston medium (with amphotericin B [2 mg/liter]). A similar number of Campylobacter jejuni strains were isolated from all the media studied; nevertheless, the presence of competing fecal flora (FF) made the detection of suspect colonies difficult. Preston campylobacter blood-free medium with cefoperazone yielded the greatest number of C. jejuni isolations, and contaminating FF grew in only 9% of the plates showing C. jejuni growth; all the other media allowed the abundant growth of other FF, regardless of whether C. jejuni was isolated from them or not. PMID- 3760138 TI - Isolation of Francisella tularensis from blood. AB - The isolation of Francisella tularensis from blood culture is extremely rare; a review of the literature produced only five documented cases. However, over a recent 17-month period we saw four cases of tularemia in which the organism was isolated in blood culture. The clinical presentations of our patients and those reported previously were very similar. Most of the patients had a significant underlying disease and presented with the typhoidal form of tularemia. Furthermore, all our patients had sepsis, pleuropulmonary disease, and rhabdomyolysis. Tularemia agglutinins were not performed on admission serum specimens or were nondiagnostic. All the F. tularensis isolates from blood culture in our series and most of the recent documented cases were obtained in radiometric blood culture systems, which may be more sensitive than conventional systems for detecting this fastidious microorganism. PMID- 3760139 TI - Modified method for fungal slide culture. AB - A modified slide culture method which combines advantages found in several slide culture methods is described. A block of inoculated nutrient agar sandwiched between two sterile cover glasses is placed in a plastic petri dish containing water agar. After adequate growth has occurred, the slide culture is disassembled and mounted in a conventional manner. PMID- 3760140 TI - Comparison by studies in squirrel monkeys, chimpanzees, and adult humans of avian human influenza A virus reassortants derived from different avian influenza virus donors. AB - We evaluated the abilities of three different avian influenza A viruses to attenuate the wild-type human influenza A/Korea/1/82 (H3N2) virus in squirrel monkeys, chimpanzees, and adult seronegative human volunteers. Two of these, avian influenza A/Mallard/NY/78 and A/Mallard/Alberta/76 viruses, appeared to be satisfactory donors of attenuating genes for the production of live influenza A reassortant virus vaccines for human use because the reassortants exhibited an acceptable balance between attenuation and immunogenicity. PMID- 3760141 TI - Bacteroides fragilis meningitis successfully treated with metronidazole after a previous failure with thiamphenicol. AB - A case of pyogenic meningitis caused by Bacteroides fragilis in a 72-year-old woman is reported. Although the isolate was susceptible to thiamphenicol, the patient did not respond to this drug. Metronidazole, which showed high bactericidal activity, was administered and achieved sterilization of the cerebrospinal fluid and complete clinical response. PMID- 3760143 TI - Medium dependence for rapid detection of thermonuclease activity in blood culture broths. AB - The thermonuclease test for rapid identification of Staphylococcus aureus in blood cultures was evaluated by using 16 different blood culture media and 4 DNase agar media. The reliability of this test was profoundly medium dependent, and the source of the DNase agar was particularly important. PMID- 3760142 TI - Detection of elevated levels of 2-5A synthetase in serum from children with various infectious diseases. AB - By a sensitive radioimmunoassay method, (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase was detected in serum from patients with viral, bacterial, or mycoplasmal infections at elevated levels compared with enzyme levels in serum from healthy individuals and patients suffering from noninfectious diseases. PMID- 3760144 TI - Newly recognized Leptospira species ("Leptospira inadai" serovar lyme) isolated from human skin. AB - Leptospira strain 10, which represents a new Leptospira species, was isolated from a skin biopsy of a patient with Lyme disease. Although pathogenic for laboratory animals, the organism was not considered to have a significant role in the patient's illness. PMID- 3760145 TI - Inhibition of pneumococcal autolysis in lysis-centrifugation blood culture. AB - The recovery of Streptococcus pneumoniae from the Isolator lysis-centrifugation blood culture has been low in many studies. The poor survival of pneumococci was not due to toxicity of the Isolator medium but to autolysis before plating. This autolysis was completely inhibited by adding 10 mM phosphorylcholine to the Isolator medium. PMID- 3760146 TI - Presumptive identification of "Streptococcus milleri" in 5 h. AB - Rapid miniaturized tests for acetoin production, arginine hydrolysis, and sorbitol fermentation were used for presumptive identification of non-beta hemolytic "Streptococcus milleri" isolates in 5 h. All 77 "S. milleri" strains tested were Voges-Proskauer positive, arginine hydrolysis positive, and sorbitol fermentation negative. On the basis of these reactions, "S. milleri" was differentiated from isolates of other viridans group streptococcal species and from Streptococcus bovis. PMID- 3760147 TI - Endocarditis with Moraxella-like M-6 after cardiac catheterization. AB - A patient developed bacteremia with CDC group M-6, a Moraxella-like bacterium, after a complicated heart catheterization. He was treated with tobramycin and ampicillin. The aortic valve was later replaced and did not show any signs of infection. The slow growth of M-6 can delay diagnosis and give misleading antibiotic susceptibility results. Penicillin is not always active against this organism. PMID- 3760148 TI - Burn wound biopsy techniques. PMID- 3760149 TI - Role of Proteeae in diarrheal disease. PMID- 3760150 TI - Tension responses of muscle to n-step pseudo-random length reversals: a frequency domain representation. AB - A high resolution, time efficient method is described for determining the complex modulus of activated striated muscle. In this method the applied oscillation of muscle length takes the form of pseudo-random binary noise, PRBN. As a time domain signal, PRBN is an extension of the double step approach to include n steps; as a frequency-domain signal, PRBN has the properties of quasi-white noise. Fourier analysis of the PRBN length oscillations and the resulting interrupted tension transients gives rise to the complex modulus values. PRBN provides a practical demonstration of the conceptual link between time and frequency domain descriptions of strain sensitive dynamics. The method is demonstrated with intact rat papillary muscle, and glycerol extracted rabbit psoas muscle. PMID- 3760151 TI - Influence of V1 and V3 isomyosins on the mechanical behaviour of rat papillary muscle as studied by pseudo-random binary noise modulated length perturbations. AB - Experiments were done on four-week-old rats, containing biochemically verified V1 only, and thyroidectomized adult rats, treated with propylthiouracil, verified to contain V3 only. Contracture tension was induced in isolated papillary muscles either by high potassium solution or 0.5 mmol l-1 Ba2+. Small amplitude length perturbations with peak-to-peak value not exceeding 0.15% L0 were applied to the activated muscle. Both the applied length perturbations and the corresponding resulting force changes were analysed by computer for dynamic stiffness and phase values. In order to reduce data acquisition time, pseudo-random binary noise length changes, rather than the conventional sinusoidal length changes, were used. The plot of the dynamic stiffness against frequency displays a minimum, akin to a resonance phenomenon. The frequency, fmin, at which this resonance occurs, reflects crossbridge kinetics. It was found that the fmin values for the two types of papillary muscles differed by a factor of two. Experiments were also done on chemically skinned muscles containing V1 or V3 isomyosin activated by different concentrations of either barium or calcium ions. It was found that fmin values of skinned fibres were higher than those obtained from intact fibres. However, for each type of muscle the fmin was independent of the activator used as well as the level of activation. The ratio of fmin for V3 to that for V1 remained the same as for intact preparations. We conclude that the difference in mechanical parameters did not arise a possible difference in excitation contraction coupling mechanism, but rather is a difference in the dynamic properties of the two types of crossbridges. PMID- 3760152 TI - The temperature dependence of post-vibration tension recovery in intact and skinned rat tracheal smooth muscle. AB - The contraction kinetics of rat tracheal smooth muscle were studied by analysing the time course of tension recovery after the cessation of a 2 s length vibration (100 Hz, sinusoidal) in activated preparations. An initial fast component of tension recovery reflects the rearrangement of those crossbridges previously detached by vibration. The subsequent slow component could be related to the kinetics of the regular actin-myosin interaction. Both components still occur independently of the duration and type of activation (electrical field stimulation and 0.1 mM 1(-1) acetylcholine), the bath temperature (16, 22, 28 and 37 degrees C), and of the functional behaviour of the cell membrane (intact or Triton X-100 skinned preparations). The time constants of post-vibration tension recovery were increased distinctly during prolonged activation, low temperature, and after skinning (lack of calmodulin). The activation enthalpy was calculated according to Arrhenius by using the time constant of the slow component of post vibration tension recovery. It amounted to 94.7 +/- 0.6 kJ mol-1 for the intact preparation and 97.2 +/- 1.0 kJ mol-1 for the skinned one (temperature range 16 28 degrees C). These results provide further evidence that vibration affects the contractile system directly and that the kinetics of post-vibration tension recovery reflect the kinetics of actin-myosin interaction. PMID- 3760154 TI - Absence of exogenous satellite cell contribution to regeneration of frozen skeletal muscle. AB - Rat extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were repeatedly frozen and thawed to kill completely all cellular constituents. Within four days, blood vessels and phagocytic cells invaded the muscle. Migrating or circulating myoblasts were not among the invading cells, and could be induced to invade the frozen muscle only when a physical bridge was created with an adjacent intact muscle. A further requirement for migration was that the connective tissue investments of both the frozen EDL and adjacent muscle had to be disrupted. This study demonstrates that regeneration of a muscle is primarily dependent upon the intrinsic satellite cell population, although under some circumstances recruitment of extrinsic cells is possible. PMID- 3760155 TI - An immune-mediated guinea pig model for lower motor neuron disease. AB - Guinea pigs were immunized with motor neurons from swine spinal cords. One month after the last of five serial immunizations, the recipients showed progressive weight loss. By seven months of age, five of the six immunized animals had died. Pathological examination showed destruction of motor neurons in the spinal cords without demyelination, but with atrophy of the related skeletal muscle groups. By immunofluorescent and histochemical tests, serum from the guinea pigs was shown to react with motor neurons of swine and guinea pig cord. This experimental disorder of guinea pigs appeared to be based on the immunologically mediated destruction of motor neurons and it may serve as a model for the human motor neuron diseases. PMID- 3760153 TI - Stiffness of carbodiimide-crosslinked glycerinated muscle fibres in rigor and relaxing solutions at high salt concentrations. AB - In this article, we have applied a crosslinking technique with a water-soluble carbodiimide to single glycerol-extracted muscle fibres from the rabbit. We have measured the stiffness of the fibres in a relaxing solution at high salt concentration. These fibres were crosslinked to varying extents in the rigor state. The relaxing solution caused uncrosslinked crossbridge heads (S1) to detach. High salt concentrations were used because the fibres were not activated by the crosslinked crossbridges under these conditions, although they were at physiological ionic strength. We found a linear correlation between the extent of S1 crosslinking to thin filaments and the stiffness and that the stiffness in the relaxing solution of muscle fibres with all the S1 heads crosslinked to thin filaments was the same as the rigor stiffness of the fibres before crosslinking. We conclude that the sarcomere compliance is mostly a property of the crossbridges (with more than 65% of the crossbridge compliance in the S1 portions and less than 35% in the S2 portion) and little of other sarcomere structures. In an earlier paper [Kimura & Tawada, Biophys. J. 45, 603-10 (1984)], we demonstrated that the S2 portion of the crossbridge was stiff. It then follows that the crossbridge compliance, and thus the sarcomere compliance, is a property of the S1 heads. Assuming that the S1 portion of the crossbridges in rigor strained muscle fibres is bent, we calculated the Young's modulus of the S1 portion and found that it is about 10(2) MN m-2. Because this order of magnitude is reasonable in terms of globular protein elasticity, bending is likely to be the nature of the S1 compliance in rigor muscle fibres. PMID- 3760156 TI - Immunoglobulin abnormalities in the cerebrospinal fluid during bacterial meningitis. AB - 11 patients with bacterial meningitis, examined during the course of the disease for immunoglobulin (Ig) abnormalities in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), all had an increased CSF IgM index equal to (CSF/serum IgM):(CSF/serum albumin), indicating intrathecal IgM production. Seven patients had a slightly increased CSF IgG index, and 7 a slightly increased IgA index. Six of the 11 patients had an increased IgM index in the presence of normal indices for IgG and IgA. Follow up revealed the return of these values to normal. Four patients had identical oligoclonal IgG bands in the CSF and serum, probably representing a systemic immune response, but in only one case were oligoclonal bands suggestive of intrathecal IgG production found. No oligoclonal IgA response was demonstrable in the 4 patients examined. Antigen-immunofixation or antigen-absorption studies revealed evidence of a specific, intrathecal IgG antibody response in only 2 patients, while a search for IgG antibodies against aetiologically unrelated bacterial and viral antigens was negative. With the exception of IgM production, therefore, a humoral intrathecal immune response is less common in bacterial than in aseptic meningitis. PMID- 3760157 TI - Cortisol stimulation by recombinant interferon-alpha 2. AB - Serum cortisol concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay in cancer patients undergoing experimental therapy with recombinant interferon-alpha 2. Cortisol concentration rose steadily after interferon administration and was significantly different from that on control day at 8 h following intramuscular injection of interferon-alpha 2. Cortisol elevation was increased as weekly doses of interferon were increased (0-120 X 10(6) units). Recent clinical trials of interferons for treatment of neurological and malignant diseases provide a compelling need to understand the actions and side effects of exogenously administered interferons. PMID- 3760158 TI - Effect of macrophage activators on the phagocytosis of mycobacteria by Schwann cells. AB - Concanavalin A-induced lymphokines decreased the phagocytosis of 14C-acetate labelled Mycobacterium w by 33B rat Schwannoma cells while increasing the phagocytosis by macrophages. This suggests that Schwann cells are responsive to lymphokines. Phorbol myristate acetate decreased the phagocytosis in Schwannoma cells but increased that in macrophages. Schwann cells, thus, respond to stimulants of macrophage phagocytosis in a manner opposite to that of macrophages. PMID- 3760159 TI - Leukoregulin inhibits the growth of human glioblastoma in vitro. AB - Growth of cultured human glioblastoma cells was profoundly inhibited by concentrated lymphokines prepared from mitogen-activated blood mononuclear cells of normal donors. Cloning efficiency of glioma cells and their absolute number were decreased as well. Partially purified leukoregulin, free of lymphotoxin, tumor necrosis factor and gamma-interferon, similarly suppressed DNA synthesis and clonogenicity. The decrease in absolute numbers of tumor target cells indicated that leukoregulin was directly cytolytic as well as cytostatic for human glioblastoma cells. Our data indicate that leukoregulin is at least one of the factors produced by activated lymphocytes which inhibits the proliferation of human glioblastoma in vitro. PMID- 3760160 TI - Fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis of bulk-isolated porcine oligodendrocytes. AB - We describe here the methods by which enriched populations of oligodendrocytes were isolated from adult porcine brains using Percoll density gradient centrifugation and their immunological properties analyzed by a fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS). The analyses by immunofluorescence microscopy and FACS indicated 95% and 93% purity of oligodendrocytes in the cell preparations when galactocerebroside antibody, an oligodendrocyte-specific marker, was employed. Further FACS analysis indicated that 90% of the cells with the forward angle light scatter characteristics of oligodendrocytes were immunolabelled by the monoclonal antibody HNK-1. The FACS sorting capability was then used to correlate the forward angle light scatter and propidium iodide uptake characteristics of our cell preparations to cell debris, erythrocytes as well as viable and non-viable oligodendrocytes. By gating on a multiparameter basis on both defined forward light scatter and positive galactocerebroside immunolabelling, oligodendrocyte populations exceeding 98% purity were obtained which were suitable for long-term culture and further immunological and neurobiological studies. PMID- 3760161 TI - Hip dislocation and subluxation in cerebral palsy. AB - Four hundred sixty-four patients with cerebral palsy were reviewed. They were placed in four function groups: independent ambulators (n = 76), dependent ambulators (n = 43), independent sitters (n = 41), and dependent sitters (n = 304). The percentage of subluxated or dislocated hips increased from 7% for independent ambulators to 60% for dependent sitters. In the dependent sitters, a level pelvis or different degrees of pelvic obliquity did not correlate with whether the hip was located, subluxated, or dislocated. The subluxated or dislocated hip did not correlate with the high side or the amount of pelvic obliquity. Muscle imbalance around the hip and not the pelvic obliquity is the cause of the hip subluxation or dislocation. PMID- 3760162 TI - The unstable paralytic hip: treatment by combined pelvic and femoral osteotomy and transiliac psoas transfer. AB - Between 1970 and 1985, 26 pelvic and femoral osteotomies and transiliac psoas transfers were performed in one or two stages on 18 patients with progressive hip instability associated with flaccid or spastic paralysis. Average follow-up was 95 months. Twenty hips were located, two were subluxated, and none was dislocated. The acetabular index was 30 degrees preoperatively and 19 degrees at follow-up. The center edge angle was -24 degrees preoperatively and 15 degrees at follow-up. The combination of pelvic and femoral osteotomy and transiliac psoas transfer, now done in one stage, is an effective means of obtaining and maintaining location of the hip in patients with myelomeningocele and cerebral palsy. PMID- 3760163 TI - Relationship of pain to the radiological anatomy of the hip joint in adults treated for congenital dislocation of the hip as infants: a long-term follow-up of patients treated by three methods. AB - Sixty female patients with congenital dislocation of the hip treated by three methods were followed up to a mean age of 27.3 years. Standard radiographic measurements of hip joint morphology, including stereoscopic measurements of acetabular and femoral neck anteversion, were made. The Severin score of the hip joint, but not acetabular or femoral neck anteversion, was related to symptoms. Hips treated by femoral derotation osteotomy had superior results to hips treated by traction reduction alone. Both of these methods gave much better results than treatment by closed manipulative reduction. The "normal" opposite hip was morphologically abnormal, although usually asymptomatic. PMID- 3760164 TI - Acetabular coverage: three-dimensional anatomy and radiographic evaluation. AB - The three-dimensional relationship between acetabulum and femoral head, known as coverage, was evaluated radiographically using a modified inlet view of the pelvis. The relationship of the anterior edge, the center of the femoral head, and the posterior edge of the acetabulum is a straight line (180 degrees) in normal coverage but less in dysplastic hips. This radiographic method provides anatomical information concerning anterior and posterior coverage. Evaluation of 26 hips delineated problems, including possible danger of anterolateral rotation of the acetabulum in the face of posterior deficiency and inadequacy of posterior coverage after Chiari osteotomy. PMID- 3760166 TI - School screening for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. AB - Two school examination schemes for scoliosis were compared in a defined population of 13,757 children. During the first period, there was no screening program. During the second period, all children in grades 4-8 were examined yearly by forward-bending tests. Brace treatments were started in 0.39%. The two periods did not differ significantly with respect to frequency of children regularly observed for scoliosis by orthopedic surgeons, frequency of brace treatment, age at detection, or mean scoliotic curve at the start of treatment. A single forward-bending test in grade 4 appears to be sufficient for detection of scoliosis requiring treatment. PMID- 3760165 TI - Interspinous process segmental spinal instrumentation for scoliosis in cerebral palsy. AB - Interspinous process segmental instrumentation (ISSI) was used in 34 patients with scoliosis due to severe cerebral palsy. Average age was 17 years, and average curve was 82 degrees. Anterior fusion was performed in 21 patients before ISSI. Mean correction was 50.5%, and progression averaged 5 degrees at the 22 month follow-up. Posterior fusion alone gave good results in smaller curves. A brace was needed only for severe movement disorders. Gross functional level improved in fewer than one-third of patients. Minor gains were made by 74%. ISSI is effective in severe cerebral palsy. It may be used alone in the smaller (less than 80 degrees), more supple curves. PMID- 3760167 TI - Efficacy of surgical management for scoliosis in myelomeningocele: correction of deformity and alteration of functional status. AB - The effect of spinal fusion for paralytic scoliosis in 49 patients with myelomeningocele was studied. Improved sitting balance was seen in 70% of the patients following anterior and posterior fusions, 67% following posterior fusion alone, and 28% after anterior fusion alone. The ability to ambulate was adversely affected in 67% of the patients who had undergone combined anterior and posterior fusions, in 57% following anterior fusion alone, and in 27% following posterior fusion alone. Sitting is likely to be improved but ambulation may be more difficult following spinal correction and fusion. PMID- 3760168 TI - Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis: a distinct clinical entity. AB - We reviewed the cases of five children with the diagnosis of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) and compared and contrasted them to 11 cases of subacute osteomyelitis. Significant differences were found between these two groups in the number of cases with positive biopsy cultures, number of clinical episodes, and number of bones involved. In CRMO, cultures are negative, and recurrent clinical episodes involve different bones at different times. The data indicate that CRMO is a distinct clinical entity, different from subacute osteomyelitis; it is a benign, self-limiting inflammatory disease of bone, and no chronic problems have occurred as a result of CRMO. Restraint in antibiotic treatment and in performing repeated biopsies is indicated in CRMO. PMID- 3760169 TI - Surgical correction of muscular torticollis in the older child. AB - Thirty-three children between 6 and 16 years of age who were treated for muscular torticollis were followed up from 2 to 10.5 years after surgery. All patients had a distal open release of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Preoperative and postoperative assessment by a rigid scoring system showed that all patients improved in terms of function as well as cosmesis. Children less than 12 years of age showed the most improvement, with 71% excellent and good results. Late release of the sternomastoid in muscular torticollis can, therefore, give acceptable results. PMID- 3760170 TI - Results of posteromedial release for the resistant clubfoot. AB - Sixty-nine children with 99 resistant clubfeet were operated on between 1973 and 1979 at the James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children (Indianapolis, IN). Three groups of children according to age at the time of surgery were identified: Group I, less than 12 months of age; Group II, between 12 and 36 months of age; and Group III, greater than 36 months of age. Minimum follow-up was 30 months, with an average follow-up for the entire series of 58 months. The radiographic results based on the talocalcaneal index revealed 95 of the 99 feet to have good or acceptable results. The clinical assessment of pain and function mirrored these good results, although, on occasion, the appearance was somewhat less than optimal. PMID- 3760171 TI - Intraoperative radioactive localization of osteoid osteomas: four case reports. AB - We have excised four osteoid osteomas in four children, aided by intraoperative radioactive localization. Here we report these cases and describe the equipment used. Exact detection and elective excision are the two advantages of this technique. PMID- 3760172 TI - Intertrochanteric varus osteotomy in Legg-Calve-Perthes disease: a report of 112 hips. AB - The results of 112 intertrochanteric femoral varus osteotomies performed on 102 children with Legg-Calve-Perthes disease were analyzed. The result worsened with the increasing age of the patient at operation. It was seldom good when the patients age was greater than or equal to 9 years. Catterall grouping and the concept of head at risk were of prognostic significance in patients operated on before 9 years of age and before the disease had reached the healing phase. No correlation was observed between the result and the femoral neck-shaft angle measured preoperatively and after consolidation of the osteotomy. PMID- 3760173 TI - Sublaminar wiring. AB - A technique for sublaminar wiring is described. This technique emphasizes prevention of deep penetration of the wires into the spinal canal by a method of crimping the wire around the lamina. The authors have experienced a low neurologic injury rate with this technique. PMID- 3760174 TI - Splitting of the intervertebral disc in spondylolisthesis: a magnetic resonance imaging finding in two cases. AB - Two patients with grade III spondylolisthesis of L5 on S1 underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as part of their preoperative evaluation. The nucleus pulposus of the involved intervertebral disc was noted to be divided into anterior and posterior halves. The signal intensity of the involved nucleus pulposus was decreased, a finding correlated to degenerative changes of the disc material. Moderate narrowing of the thecal sac was noted at the level of spondylolisthesis. Both patients underwent in situ posterolateral spinal fusion from L4 to S1 without decompression. We were not able to correlate the MRI findings to etiology of pain in spondylolisthesis. PMID- 3760175 TI - Recurring digital fibrous tumor of childhood: case report with long-term follow up and review of the literature. AB - A case report and literature review of recurring digital fibrous tumors of childhood are presented. Of 92 reported cases, 78 patients were treated surgically. Tumor excision ultimately was curative in 85%, with 64% having recurrences and 10% needing amputation. Our patient, the first with follow-up of greater than 10 years, had extensive tumors of the hands and feet and eventually required partial amputation of many digits. At 19 1/2 years of age, no recurrences were noted. Recurring digital fibrous tumors of childhood should be treated with early surgical excision, with amputation reserved for cases of severe and progressive lesions. PMID- 3760176 TI - Idiopathic localized gigantism: a 26-year follow-up. AB - A 26-year follow-up of a case of localized congenital gigantism is presented. This is the longest known follow-up reported. After initial digital amputation, the lesion recurred twice, requiring further surgery. Histology does not show evidence of underlying neurofibromatosis. PMID- 3760177 TI - Primary osteomyelitis caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci. AB - Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CONS) are occasionally cultured from foci of osteomyelitis in otherwise healthy individuals and are usually regarded as contaminants. The present report describes two children with subacute osteomyelitis of the distal tibia in which pure cultures of CONS were obtained from bone. In one patient, the infection was multifocal, and CONS were isolated from two anatomical sites at two different times. In the other patient, the infection was unifocal, and CONS were cultured from two separate specimens obtained from the same site. In both patients, the symptoms progressed until appropriate antibiotic treatment was initiated. CONS isolated from cultures of bone should not automatically be disregarded. Appropriate antibiotic therapy may result in clinical resolution. PMID- 3760178 TI - Fracture of the distal radial physis complicated by compartment syndrome and premature physeal closure. AB - Complications after injury to the epiphyseal growth plate of the distal radius are uncommon. An 11-year-8-month-old boy developed two complications--compartment syndrome of the forearm and premature closure of the physis--after a Salter Harris Type I injury. Treatment included closed reduction, decompression, skin grafting, excision of the physeal bar, and epiphysiodesis of the distal ulna and the remaining open physis of the distal radius. PMID- 3760179 TI - Chronic atlantoaxial rotatory fixation correction by cervical traction, manipulation, and bracing. AB - Atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation is a well-known cause of childhood torticollis. The rotatory displacement may occur spontaneously or may be associated with trauma, upper respiratory tract infections, or congenital abnormalities of the cervical spine. Unrecognized chronic dislocations can be successfully treated by cervical traction and bracing. PMID- 3760181 TI - Circulatory heat sources for canine respiratory heat exchange. AB - We assessed the roles of the pulmonary and bronchial circulations as potential heat sources to the pulmonary airways during respiratory heat loss, by observing the changes in airstream temperature that accompanied temporary occlusion of the pulmonary or bronchial circulations. Baseline end-expiratory and end-inspiratory airstream temperatures were 35.4 +/- 0.2 degrees C (SEM) and 30.9 +/- 0.3 degrees C, respectively, among all trials. With occlusion of the lower lobe pulmonary arteries for 3 min ipsilateral end-expiratory and end-inspiratory airstream temperatures fell by 2.8 +/- 0.2 and 1.1 +/- 0.2 degrees C, respectively, during hyperpnea with room temperature air, and by 3.5 +/- 0.5 and 1.8 +/- 0.2 degrees C, respectively, during hyperpnea with frigid air. In marked contrast, interruption of the bronchial circulation for 3 min had no effect on airstream temperatures. These data indicate that under these conditions, the pulmonary circulation, but not the bronchial circulation, serves as an important local heat source for respiratory heat exchange within the pulmonary airways. PMID- 3760180 TI - Ammonium inhibits processing and cytotoxicity of reovirus, a nonenveloped virus. AB - Successful viral infection involves a series of interactions between the virus and the host cell. The outcome of viral infection is, in fact, dependent on intact cellular function; it is required for viral binding, internalization, and uncoating. To determine the potential importance of lysosomal processing on the outcome of infection with a nonenveloped virus, we have studied the effects of NH4Cl on the course of reovirus infection on a beta-cell tumor in culture. Addition of 10 mM NH4C1 to the medium inhibited viral growth by greater than 80% and reduced toxic effects of the virus on cell viability, protein, and DNA synthesis by 30-45%. In addition, synthesis of viral proteins was markedly decreased. Uptake of virus prelabeled with [35S]methionine was not affected by the ammonium; however, cleavage of mu1C, an outer capsid protein of the virus whose cleavage appears to be required for viral replication, was delayed. These results suggest that intracellular processing of reovirus is dependent on a lysosomal pathway and that disruption of this pathway can alter the course of viral infection. PMID- 3760182 TI - Ketoconazole blocks bile acid synthesis in hepatocyte monolayer cultures and in vivo in rat by inhibiting cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase. AB - In cultured hepatocytes conversion of [4-14C]cholesterol into bile acids was dose dependently reduced by the antimycotic drug ketoconazole, giving half-maximal inhibition at 10 microM ketoconazole in rat hepatocytes and at 1 microM in human hepatocytes. No change was observed in the ratio of produced cholic, beta muricholic, and chenodeoxycholic acid with increasing amounts of the drug. Conversion of [4-14C]7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol, an intermediate of bile acid pathway, to bile acids was not affected by ketoconazole. These results together with kinetic studies with rat liver microsomes, demonstrating noncompetitive inhibition (Ki = 0.4 microM), indicate that cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase is the main site of inhibition. In bile-diverted rats a single dose of ketoconazole (50 mg/kg) dramatically impaired bile flow and biliary bile acid output (92% inhibition). A similar blockade was observed using [4-14C]cholesterol as precursor for bile acid synthesis. Therefore, treatment of patients with this drug may inhibit bile acid synthesis, resulting in a reduction of the bile acid pool size after long-term ketoconazole therapy. PMID- 3760183 TI - Role of shear rate and platelets in promoting fibrin formation on rabbit subendothelium. Studies utilizing patients with quantitative and qualitative platelet defects. AB - The deposition of platelets on subendothelium of rabbit aortic segments exposed to non-anticoagulated human blood increased progressively with increasing wall shear rates (50-2,600 s-1), whereas fibrin deposition decreased. Studies in normal subjects and patients with platelet disorders suggested that, under the conditions used, platelets were essential for fibrin deposition at intermediate (650 s-1) but not low (50 s-1) shear rates. Fibrin deposition was markedly diminished in a patient with Scott syndrome whose platelets have a diminished capacity to bind Factor Xa and activate Factors IX and II. In glycoprotein IIb IIIa deficiency, fibrin deposition was normal (or somewhat increased), whereas in glycoprotein Ib deficiency the association of fibrin with platelets, but not subendothelium, was decreased. The findings indicate that platelets, perhaps through surface localization of coagulation proteins, promote fibrin deposition on subendothelium at arterial shear rates and suggest that agents directed against platelet coagulant properties could be antithrombotic. PMID- 3760185 TI - Opposing effects of glucagon and triiodothyronine on the hepatic levels of messenger ribonucleic acid S14 and the dependence of such effects on circadian factors. AB - We have studied the effect of glucagon on the expression of a triiodothyronine (T3) and carbohydrate-inducible mRNA sequence (mRNA-S14) in rat liver that undergoes a threefold diurnal variation (peak, 2200 h; nadir, 0800 h). Glucagon injection into euthyroid rats (25 micrograms/100 g body wt i.p., three doses at 15-min intervals) during the nocturnal plateau of mRNA-S14 caused a monoexponential disappearance of this sequence (t1/2, 90 min) accompanied by a 90% reduction in the transcriptional rate in a nuclear run-off assay, indicative of a near total reduction of synthesis. This effect was markedly attenuated in rats treated with T3 (200 micrograms/100 g body wt i.p.) 24 h before glucagon injection. When T3 was given 15 min after glucagon, the glucagon-initiated decline in mRNA-S14 was reversed within 90 min, suggesting a rapid interaction between the two hormones in the evening. Curiously, administration of T3 alone at this hour did not affect a significant increase in mRNA-S14. At 0800 h, however, T3 caused the expected brisk induction of this sequence, whereas glucagon was without effect. In essence, glucagon affected mRNA-S14 synthesis only in the evening, while T3 increased levels of this sequence above the baseline only in the morning. T3, however, reversed the effect of prior glucagon injection at night. The observed alterations in hormonal responsivity could underly the diurnal variation of mRNA-S14 expression. Moreover, the data suggest the hypothesis that T3 may act on S14 gene expression by antagonizing factors that inhibit its transcription. PMID- 3760184 TI - Increased calcium absorption in prehypertensive spontaneously hypertensive rat. Role of serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels and intestinal brush border membrane fluidity. AB - Changes in Ca absorption have been described in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) compared with Wistar-Kyoto (WKy) rats. In 3.5-wk-old SHR and age matched WKy controls, we measured direct arterial blood pressure, Ca absorption, and serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] levels and small intestine brush border membrane (BBM) fluidity and lipid composition. The two objectives were (a) to define the nature of the absorptive changes before detectable hypertension and (b) to evaluate the potential mechanism(s). We found that even at this normotensive stage (106 +/- 4 vs. 107 +/- 2 torr for the female and 109 +/- 3 vs. 104 +/- 3 torr for the male), the SHR (a) absorbed more Ca (1.46 +/- 0.06 vs. 1.14 +/- 0.08 mmol/d and 1.53 +/- 0.06 vs. 1.28 +/- 0.06 mmol/d, respectively) and retained more Ca, (b) had higher serum 1,25(OH)2D3 levels (340 +/- 36 vs. 160 +/- 18 pg/ml and 230 +/- 25 vs. 150 +/- 16 pg/ml, respectively), and (c) possessed BBM with increased fluidity and with reduced fatty acyl saturation index owing to decreased stearic (32.2 +/- 2.6% vs. 38.2 +/- 0.9%) but increased linoleic acids (12.2 +/- 2.0% vs. 7.6 +/- 1.6%). These results demonstrate increased Ca absorption in prehypertensive SHR associated with increased serum 1,25(OH)2D3 levels, increased intestinal BBM fluidity, and reduced saturation index, which singly or in combination could produce the changes in intestinal Ca transport. PMID- 3760187 TI - Translational profiles of alpha 1-, alpha 2-, and beta-globin messenger ribonucleic acids in human reticulocytes. AB - In human reticulocytes, the critical balancing of alpha- and beta-globin synthesis may be controlled in part by differential translation of the three major adult globin messenger RNAs (mRNAs), alpha 1, alpha 2, and beta. In this study, we determined, as a parameter of translational efficiency, the relative ribosome loading of these three mRNAs. Using oligonucleotide probes specific for the alpha 1- and alpha 2-globin mRNAs, we find that these two mRNAs have identical translational profiles. Their distribution contrasts with that of beta globin mRNA, which is present on heavier polyribosomes and is less prevalent in pre-80S messenger ribonucleoprotein fractions. The relative distribution of alpha vs. beta-globin mRNA is consistent with more efficient beta-globin translation. In contrast, the parallel distributions of alpha 1- and alpha 2-globin mRNAs suggests they are translated with equal efficiencies. Considering the relative concentrations of the two alpha-globin mRNAs in normal reticulocytes, this result predicts a dominant role for the alpha 2-globin locus in human alpha-globin expression. PMID- 3760186 TI - Hypocalcemia may not be essential for the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure. AB - Hypocalcemia is the main factor responsible for the genesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal disease. Studies with parathyroid cells obtained from uremic patients indicate that there is a shift in the set point for calcium-regulated hormone (parathyroid hormone [PTH] secretion. Studies were performed in dogs to further clarify this new potential mechanism. Hypocalcemia was prevented in uremic dogs by the administration of a high calcium diet. Initially, ionized calcium was 4.79 +/- 0.09 mg/dl and gradually increased up to 5.30 +/- 0.05 mg/dl. Despite a moderate increase in ionized calcium, immunoreactive PTH (iPTH) increased from 64 +/- 7.7 to 118 +/- 21 pg/ml. Serum 1,25(OH)2D3 decreased from 25.4 +/- 3.8 to 12.2 +/- 3.6 pg/ml. Further studies were performed in two other groups of dogs. One group received 150-200 ng and the second group 75-100 ng of 1,25(OH)2D3 twice daily. The levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 increased from 32.8 +/- 3.5 to a maximum of 69.6 +/- 4.4 pg/ml. In the second group the levels of serum 1,25(OH)2D3 after nephrectomy remained normal during the study. Amino-terminal iPTH did not increase in either of the two groups treated with 1,25(OH)2D3. In summary, the dogs at no time developed hypocalcemia; however, there was an 84% increase in iPTH levels, suggesting that hypocalcemia, per se, may not be the only factor responsible for the genesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism. PMID- 3760188 TI - Testosterone and estradiol are co-secreted episodically by the human testis. AB - In spite of a striking pulsatile pattern of luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion, testosterone (T) fluctuations in peripheral blood in normal adult men are irregular and of low amplitude. To determine whether T secretion by the human testis is episodic, T was measured in blood samples drawn at 15-min intervals for 4 h through a catheter placed in the testicular vein of six men with varicocele associated infertility. Estradiol (E2) concentrations were also determined in each sample. Each subject released testosterone in well-defined pulses. Gonadal vein T levels ranged from 1 to 1,540 ng/ml. Mean (+/- SE) pulse amplitude was 176 +/- 42 ng/ml, with a frequency of 4.0 +/- 0.3 pulses per 4 h. Testicular vein E2 levels ranged from 0.01 to 6.8 ng/ml. E2 secretory episodes were generally coincident with T pulses, and their amplitudes were highly positively correlated (r = 0.90, P less than 0.01). These results indicate that T secretion by the adult human testis is pulsatile, and suggest a functional relationship between intermittent LH secretion and normal testicular steroidogenesis in men. The failure to appreciate these fluctuations as hormone pulses in peripheral blood may relate to their absolute amplitude and frequency. The concordance between E2 and T pulses suggests that the Leydig cell, under LH control, is the source of most of the E2 secreted by the adult human testis. PMID- 3760189 TI - Characterization of a transthyretin (prealbumin) variant associated with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy type II (Indiana/Swiss). AB - Amyloid fibrils were isolated from cardiac tissue of two brothers who died from familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP) type II. Sequence analysis on peptides derived from proteolytic cleavage with trypsin and fragmentation with cyanogen bromide reveal that the fibril subunit protein is derived from plasma transthyretin (prealbumin). About two-thirds of the fibril subunit protein was found to contain an amino acid substitution at position 84 where the normal isoleucine residue has been replaced by serine. Sequence analysis of the plasma transthyretin (prealbumin) from the two brothers as well as two clinically diagnosed FAP type II family members and two of four children of affected individuals showed the presence of serine at position 84. The presence of this substitution also correlates with low serum levels of retinol-binding protein and thus transthyretin (prealbumin) position 84 may be involved with the interaction of these two proteins. PMID- 3760190 TI - Expression of macrophage procoagulant activity in murine systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - To explore the induction of monocyte/macrophage procoagulant activity in autoimmune disease, the BXSB murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus was studied. Splenic macrophage procoagulant activity rose coincident with age and the development of glomerulonephritis from 38 +/- 6 mU/10(6) macrophages at 1 mo to a maximum of 29,000 +/- 15,000 mU at 4 mo. Macrophages from 1-mo-old mice could be induced to express a 1,000-fold increase in monocyte/macrophage procoagulant activity when incubated with lymphocytes or lymphocyte supernatants from 5-mo-old mice. Plasma from 5-mo-old but not from 1-mo-old mice was able to induce the production of the lymphokine by cells from 1-mo-old animals. This lymphokine was not interleukin 1,2, or gamma interferon. We conclude that induction of monocyte/macrophage procoagulant activity parallels disease development in the male BXSB mouse, is dependent on the interaction between lymphocytes and plasma factors, and may be important in mediation of injury in lupus nephritis. PMID- 3760191 TI - Preweaning food intake influences the adiposity of young adult baboons. AB - The hypothesis that preweaning nutrition influences adult fat cell number and adiposity was tested in baboons. Newborn baboons were fed Similac formulas with caloric densities of 40.5 kcal (underfed), 67.5 kcal (fed normally), and 94.5 kcal (overfed) per 100 g formula. From weaning (16 wk) until necropsy at 5 yr of age all baboons were fed the same diet. At necropsy, fat cell number and fat cell size in 10 fat depots were measured. Female baboons overfed as infants had markedly greater fat depot mass, primarily because of fat cell hypertrophy, than normally fed or underfed females. Overfed male baboons had a greater fat mass in 4 of 10 depots compared with males underfed or fed normally as infants. Underfeeding did not affect body weight, nor adipose mass of either sex. The results show that infant food intake does not have a major influence on the fat cell number of young adult baboons. PMID- 3760192 TI - Palmitate and glycerol kinetics during brief starvation in normal weight young adult and elderly subjects. AB - Data obtained in vitro suggest that the ability to mobilize fat decreases with age. We determined lipolytic rates in vivo in normal weight young adult (22-33 yr) and elderly (65-77 yr) subjects using a simultaneous infusion of [1,2 13C2]palmitate and [2H5]glycerol. The subjects were studied after a 12-h fast and again after 60-82 h of fasting. When lipolysis was expressed per unit of adipose tissue the values for the young adults were more than double those for the elderly (P less than 0.05). However, the amount of body fat in the elderly was twice that of the young adults, so that lipolysis per unit of body weight was similar in both groups. These results demonstrate that lipolysis per unit of adipose tissue is lower in elderly subjects. This may be due to their increase in body fat, however, since the total amount of potential energy mobilized from adipose tissue was similar to that of the young adults. PMID- 3760193 TI - Autoantibodies to the low density lipoprotein receptor in a subject affected by severe hypercholesterolemia. AB - We studied a 32-yr-old man with a benign paraproteinemia (IgA) affected by severe nonfamilial hypercholesterolemia. In vitro experiments demonstrated that lipoprotein-deficient serum (LPDS) from the patient inhibited the binding of low density lipoprotein (LDL) to human skin fibroblasts cultured in vitro (up to 70%) whereas LPDS from controls had no effect. Removal of IgA from the patient's serum by immunoprecipitation with mono-specific antisera abolished the inhibition of LDL binding. IgA isolated from the serum of the patient by affinity chromatography inhibited, in a dose-dependent manner, the binding of LDL to human skin fibroblasts in vitro, thus showing an IgA-mediated effect. Ligand-blotting experiments demonstrated that the paraprotein directly interacts with the LDL receptor, thus inhibiting the binding of the lipoprotein. Treatment of the receptor protein with reducing agents blocked the interaction of the antibody with the LDL receptor. From these data we speculate that this autoantibody may be responsible for the severe nonfamilial hypercholesterolemia of the patient. PMID- 3760194 TI - Binding of fibrinogen to human monocytes. AB - The interaction of fibrinogen with monocytes was studied. After stimulation with ADP (10 microM) or thrombin (1 U/ml), platelet-free suspensions of human monocytes bind 125I-fibrinogen with two different affinities in a specific and Ca2+-dependent reaction with saturation at 5.80-7.35 X 10(-7) M of added protein. The binding of fibrinogen to specific receptors on monocytes induces the procoagulant activity of these cells. Thrombasthenic cells or normal monocytes preincubated with a monoclonal antibody to the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex (10E5) do not bind fibrinogen and have no procoagulant activity. Metabolic studies with [35S]methionine revealed that cultured monocytes actually synthesize a surface antigen precipitated by 10E5 antibody as a major band with 92,000 relative molecular weight. Our data indicate that monocytes express receptors for fibrinogen only in part related to the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex. Furthermore, the binding of fibrinogen to monocytes enhances the cooperation of these cells in hemostasis. PMID- 3760197 TI - Which Vietnam veterans develop posttraumatic stress disorders? AB - Fifty Vietnam combat veterans diagnosed PTSD were compared with 50 controls, who were also combat veterans. The two groups were evaluated with a structured interview, and assessments were made of childhood and family histories, immediate preservice experiences, combat experiences, and postdischarge experiences. The two groups differed significantly in the intensity of their combat experiences and their perceptions of their homecoming experiences. Neither early history nor immediate preservice factors differentiated the two groups. PMID- 3760195 TI - Spontaneous luminal disequilibrium pH in S3 proximal tubules. Role in ammonia and bicarbonate transport. AB - We determined whether a spontaneous luminal disequilibrium pH, pHdq (pH measured pH equilibrium), was present in isolated perfused rabbit S2 and S3 proximal tubules. Luminal pH was measured by perfusing with the fluorescent pH probe 1,4 DHPN, and the equilibrium pH was calculated from the measured collected total CO2 and dissolved CO2 concentrations. S2 tubules failed to generate a spontaneous pHdq. S3 tubules generated a spontaneous acidic pHdq of -0.46 +/- 0.15 (P less than 0.05), which was obliterated following the addition of carbonic anhydrase (0.1 mg/ml) to the perfusate. In S3 tubules perfused and bathed in 4 mM total ammonia, luminal total ammonia rose from 4.08 +/- 0.05 mM (perfusate) to 4.95 +/- 0.20 mM (collected fluid) (P less than 0.02). Carbonic anhydrase added to the perfusate prevented the rise in the collected total ammonia concentration. We conclude that the rabbit S3 proximal tubule lacks functional luminal carbonic anhydrase. The acidic pHdq in the S3 segment enhances the diffusion of NH3 into the lumen. In contrast, the S2 segment has functional luminal carbonic anhydrase. PMID- 3760196 TI - Biosynthesis of electron transfer flavoprotein in a cell-free system and in cultured human fibroblasts. Defect in the alpha subunit synthesis is a primary lesion in glutaric aciduria type II. AB - We investigated the biosynthesis of electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) in a cell-free system. Both alpha-(alpha-ETF, 32,000 molecular weight [mol wt]) and beta-subunits (beta-ETF, 27,000 mol wt) were nuclear-coded, and synthesized in the cytosol. alpha-ETF was synthesized as a precursor (p alpha-ETF), 3,000 mol wt larger than its mature counterpart, and was translocated into the mitochondria and processed to the mature alpha-ETF. The newly synthesized beta-ETF was the same as the mature beta-ETF. Using [35S]methionine labeling, we also studied the biosynthesis in cultured normal human fibroblasts. p alpha-ETF was detected when the cells were labeled in the presence of dinitrophenol or rhodamine 6G. Among six glutaric aciduria type II (GAII) and two ethylmalonic-adipic aciduria cell lines, defective p alpha-ETF synthesis was observed in three GAII cell lines, and beta-ETF synthesis was normal. In one of them, no p alpha-ETF was synthesized at all, while in another, a faint p alpha-ETF band of normal size was detected, and was efficiently processed. In the third line, alpha-EFT was 1,000 mol wt smaller than the normal counterpart, both as the precursor and as the mature form. PMID- 3760198 TI - Emotional and intellectual correlates of unsuccessful suicide attempts in people with epilepsy. AB - This study evaluated the emotional and intellectual correlates of unsuccessful suicide attempts in persons with seizure disorders. Psychosocial evaluations were completed on 198 adults with epilepsy, of whom 32 had made one or more suicide attempts. The MMPI demonstrated increased anxiety and decreased ego strength among those with histories of suicide attempts in comparison to those without such a history. Intellectual abilities as evaluated by the WAIS were slightly lower among the suicide attempters, especially on language-related tasks. Unsuccessful suicidal behavior in epilepsy is probably the product of multiple conditions and circumstances, including seizures themselves, decreased adaptive abilities, increased emotional problems, and the continual availability of agents (antiepileptic medications) with which a suicide attempt may be undertaken. PMID- 3760199 TI - Differences between experienced and anticipatory distress. AB - Differences between distress ratings of anticipated and experienced life events were examined (N = 168). Results showed significant differences between perceived and experienced aversion across events predicting symptoms of stress, depression, anxiety, and somatic discomfort in occupational, social, and familial situations. Gender differences were also found. Women reported significantly greater ratings of distress than men. Results reinforce the use of experienced events in overall distress assessment for individual clients, bring to question the existence of anticipated or perceived stress, and suggest that gender differences should be accounted for in the interpretation of distress measures. PMID- 3760200 TI - An MMPI analysis of similarities and differences in three classifications of eating disorders: anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and morbid obesity. AB - While considerable clinical literature exists on the personality characteristics of the different classifications of eating disorders, standardized psychometric measures have not often been utilized to compare the various disorders with each other. The present investigation employed the MMPI to study the similarities and differences of the mean profiles of 30 hospitalized anorexic patients, 30 hospitalized bulimic patients, 30 morbidly obese outpatients, and 30 subjects in a matched control group. The results indicated that there was no significant difference in the overall profiles of the three experimental groups, but that all differed from the control group. Individual scale analysis demonstrated that the three experimental groups shared a core disturbance demonstrated by common elevations on scales 1 (HS), 2 (D), and 4 (PD). Differences on scales 6 (PA), 7 (PT), 8 (SC), and 0 (SI) were discussed in terms of the specific manifestations of the core disturbance symptomatology. PMID- 3760201 TI - Predisposition for nightmares: a study of hypnotic ability, vividness of imagery, and absorption. AB - The relationships of nightmare frequency to hypnotic ability, vividness of visual imagery, and the tendency to become absorbed in fantasy-like experiences were examined. Subjects were 841 undergraduate university students who participated in group tests of hypnotic ability, after which they estimated the number of nightmares that they had experienced in the prior year. In addition, 406 of the subjects completed Marks' Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire, and Rotenberg and Bowers' Absorption scale. Of the subjects, 76% reported experiencing at least one nightmare in the prior year; 8.3% indicated one or more per month. Individuals with frequent nightmares scored higher on hypnotizability, vividness of visual imagery, and absorption. PMID- 3760202 TI - Discrepancies between therapists' role preferences and role expectations. AB - The present study focused on the relationships between therapists' preferences and expectations with regard to their own and their clients' role behaviors. Fifty therapists completed the Role Expectations and Preferences Questionnaire before entering 147 counseling sessions with clients. It was found that therapists' preferences differ from their expectations. This was more pronounced with regard to clients' behaviors than to therapists' role behaviors. Both preferences and expectations changed over time in therapy, but, contrary to hypothesis, the preferences-expectations gap did not decrease over time. The overall pattern of results indicated that preferences-expectations discrepancies reflect the therapists' assessment of the clients' willingness and/or ability to behave in ways prescribed by the therapists' theoretical orientation. The paper suggests that future research consider the time-related aspects of role preferences and expectations and the consequences of preferences-expectations gap. PMID- 3760203 TI - A cross-validation of the Keane and Penk MMPI scales as measures of post traumatic stress disorder. AB - The scores of DSM-III-diagnosed post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients (N = 116), psychiatric patients who did not meet the criteria, and normals (N = 19) on the Keane, Malloy, and Fairbank (1984) PTSD and Penk Combat scales for the MMPI were compared. The Keane scale discriminated PTSD-positive patients from normals at a substantial level of accuracy (omega 2 = .23; mean hit rate = 80.5%) and PTSD-positive from PTSD-negative patients at a more modest level (omega 2 = .09; mean hit rate = 64%). The scores of the PTSD-positive and PTSD-negative patients were considerably lower than those of Keane et al.'s (1984) samples, which suggests that local norms may be needed to facilitate their interpretation. The Penk Combat Intensity scale, which was correlated highly with the Keane scale, differentiated the PTSD-positive patients from both the normals and the PTSD-negative patients, but with less differentiating power (omega 2'S = .07 and .08). The Penk Combat Exposure scale did not separate the groups. PMID- 3760204 TI - A scale for the assessment of object relations: reliability, validity, and factorial invariance. AB - Factor analysis of the Bell Object Relations Inventory items produced four subscales interpreted to be underlying dimensions of object relations. Replication factor analysis confirmed the factor structure. Subscales had high internal consistency and were free of age, sex, or social desirability response bias. Subscales had low intercorrelations with Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) sum scores, Global Assessment Scale scores, and most BPRS symptoms. Subscales appear to represent common features of personality and to sample a domain that is distinct from symptomatology, but related to variations in psychopathology. Percentage of high scoring subjects and subscale mean values are compared for seven criterion groups. High scores were least frequent among community active adults and most frequent among borderlines. Selected findings from the group comparisons are discussed to illustrate the potential of the instrument for empirical examination of theoretical assumptions about the object relations ego function and its components. PMID- 3760205 TI - The detection of faking on the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI). AB - This study investigated the effects of a variety of faking strategies on the Weight Factor correction scores (designed to detect malingering) of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory, a relatively new personality questionnaire. Subjects (both psychiatric patients [N = 95] and general medical/surgical controls [N = 90]) were asked to take the MCMI according to one of the following instructional sets: traditional faking-good; traditional faking-bad; role faking positive; role faking-negative; role faking-neutral; and honest. The results indicated that neutral social role faking resulted in no significant differences in weight factor correction from subjects in the honest condition and that directionally role faked profiles did not differ in correction from those in the traditional "best" and "worst" conditions. Finally, only the Weight Factor corrections in the protocols from the fake bad conditions (whether in traditional "worst" or negative social role conditions) differed significantly from those in the honest conditions for both subject groups. Implications for the practicing clinician are discussed. PMID- 3760206 TI - A manifest anxiety scale from the MMPI-168. AB - An established measurement of anxiety that uses MMPI items is Taylor's Manifest Anxiety Scale (MAS). Because the items on the MAS are distributed over the entire MMPI, this measure is not available from a popular short form, the MMPI-168. A new composite anxiety scale that comprises items on the MMPI-168 is described, together with relevant normative statistics and its relationship with other MMPI scales. PMID- 3760207 TI - MMPI evaluation of erectile dysfunction: failure of organic vs. psychogenic decision rules. AB - This study examined previously published decision rules to ascertain the empirical utility of the MMPI in discriminating between organic and psychogenic erectile dysfunction. Subjects were 41 males who were being evaluated for prosthesis implant surgery. The mean overall 1-2-3 MMPI profile revealed diffuse somatic complaints, depression, and denial. Results indicate that the MMPI failed to discriminate between organic and psychogenic subgroups. Men with psychogenic erectile dysfunction evidenced neither significantly more nor less psychopathology on the MMPI than did those with objective organic findings. PMID- 3760208 TI - The assessment of denial and physical complaints: the validity of the Hy scale and associated MMPI signs. AB - Little and Fisher (1958) have demonstrated that the MMPI Hysteria (Hy) scale consists primarily of items that address the denial of psychological problems (the DN scale) and items that involve the admission of physical problems (the AD scale). The traditional interpretation of an elevated Hy score implies that both DN and AD subscales are elevated significantly. Using samples of psychiatric (N = 1,246), medical (N = 330), and chronic pain patients (N = 126), the effectiveness of the HY scale and of various combinations of MMPI scales as predictors of the simultaneous occurrence of these two characteristics was evaluated. The results suggest that when the 13 standard MMPI scales were used, simultaneous elevations on scales K, HS, and HY proved to be the best indicator of the denial of psychological factors associated with a physiological disorder. It was found unwarranted to suggest the presence of hysteroid features on the basis of an elevated HY score unless scales K and HS also were elevated. The value of the HY scale as a measure of psychological denial associated with physical complaints must be considered questionable. PMID- 3760209 TI - Utility of the MMPI Pain Assessment Index in predicting outcome after lumbar surgery. AB - A Pain Assessment Index (PAI), computed from a weighted combination of MMPI scales scores, has been developed to assess a pain patient's tendency toward continued pain complaints after surgery (Smith & Duerksen, 1979). This study examined the ability of the PAI, determined from presurgery MMPIs, to predict outcome subsequent to lumbar laminectomy and discectomy. One hundred and six chronic low back pain patients (61 males, 45 females) were categorized as having good, fair, or poor outcome 1 year or more postsurgery. Using the cutting score proposed by Smith and Duerksen (1979), the PAI correctly classified 79% of the subjects as having good or fair/poor outcome, and 87% as to whether they were working at follow-up. However, the MMPI Hypochondriasis (HS) scale alone correctly predicted the overall outcome of 83% and the work status of 81% of the subjects. The PAI (and, to a lesser extent, the HS and Hysteria [HY] scales of the MMPI) were found to have good ability to identify patients who were doing well after surgery, but low power in predicting which patients would have a fair or poor surgical result. PMID- 3760210 TI - Digit repetition in brain-damaged adults: clinical and theoretical implications. AB - Digit repetition was investigated in samples of unilaterally (N = 87) and bilaterally (N = 75) brain-damaged adults. The study was designed to investigate the hemispheric and neuropsychological factors that underlie performance on these two dissimilar tasks. Digit repetition was disproportionately depressed in such patients, especially those with left hemisphere lesions. The incidence of individually impaired digit repetition performance, especially of digits backward, was significantly higher than in normals, again particularly within the left hemisphere sample. However, impaired digit repetition was not invariably associated with brain dysfunction. The data suggest, but do not confirm, a differential function hypothesis, as well as a unilateral hemispheric hypothesis that underlies the ability to repeat forward and backward digits; this finding is consistent with some previous literature. Group performance showed considerable overlap, which limited the possibility of demonstrating a double dissociation between digits forward and verbal measures, and digits backward and nonverbal factors. Digit repetition in brain-damaged patients appears to have some theoretical value, but limited clinical utility. PMID- 3760211 TI - Utility of half-credit scoring of Russell's revision of the Wechsler Memory Scale. AB - This study examined interrater reliability of Russell's revision of the Wechsler Memory Scale logical memory using an explicit scoring method in a male medical/psychiatric population. Secondly, it examined whether the ratio of full to half-credit scores can be used to differentiate unimpaired patients from patients with documented cerebral dysfunction. Twenty-five unimpaired and 25 brain-impaired patients matched for age and education were used. Pearson correlations indicate excellent interrater reliability. t-tests indicate that the groups were not significantly different from the ratio of full- to half-credit responses on immediate memory, but were significantly different on delayed memory. A posteriori analyses indicated that a small ratio score (less than 3) on delayed recall classified patients with modest success. Results indicated that brain-impaired and unimpaired patients not only differ in regard to level of recall performance, but also differ in regard to pattern of recall performance. Cross-validation of these results is suggested. PMID- 3760212 TI - Perceptual aberration and brain hemisphere reversal of foreperiod effect on time estimation. AB - An auditory warning signal of 3 seconds' duration was followed by tachistoscopic presentation of a single dark dot to either the left or the right visual field (N = 18). The warning signal was presented monaurally to the left or to the right ear. The duration of the warning signal constituted foreperiod. The task was verbal estimation of the duration of the dot. For those who showed little or no sign of aberration of personal body image, as detected by Chapman's Perceptual Aberration Scale, time estimation of dot duration tended to be longer when the warning signal was presented to the left ear than to the right ear. For those who showed substantial sign of such aberration, the laterality of foreperiod effect was reversed, so that time estimation of dot duration was longer for the right ear than for the left ear. There was no such hemispheric reversal in terms of visual field. PMID- 3760213 TI - Performance of psychiatric inpatients and intellectually deficient individuals on a task that assesses the validity of memory complaints. AB - A brief psychological screening test, devised by Rey (1964), was developed to assess the validity of memory complaints. Although Rey hypothesized that malingerers would be mislead to perform poorly while even individuals with severe concentration problems could succeed, a review of the literature did not reveal any empirical reports that examined the actual performance of nonmalingering though disturbed patients. Therefore, Rey's test was administered to samples of acutely disturbed psychiatric patients (N = 50) and intellectually deficient individuals (N = 16). The results confirmed the criterion proposed by Lezak (1983) and suggested that malingering should be considered among individuals who deny remembering at least 9 of the 15 times of the Rey test. PMID- 3760214 TI - Use of the Shipley Institute of Living Scale for neuropsychological screening of the elderly: is it an appropriate measure for this population? AB - This investigation examined the performance of 61 healthy 60- to 85-year-olds on the Shipley Institute of Living Scale (SILS). This highly functioning group (as indicated by performance on WAIS Block Design and Digit Span subtests) obtained a mean Conceptual Quotient (CQ) that fell within the range commonly considered indicative of cognitive impairment, with only 5% who performed within the "normal" range. Analysis of the frequency distribution for the number of Abstraction items correct shows a clustering at the low end of the scale. This suggests potential problems of reliability of the Abstraction and CQ measures with this population and appears to limit potential discriminative power of CQ to measure organic changes in cognitive functioning. Provision of age-based norms is thus unlikely to make the SILS an efficient screening device for organic cognitive changes in the elderly. PMID- 3760215 TI - The Goldstein-Scheerer Cube Test: a developmental-regressive study. AB - The Goldstein-Scheerer Cube Test was analyzed within a developmental frame of reference because Goldstein and Scheerer's criteria of pathological thought processes were found to be parallel to stages of development in concept formation. In addition to accuracy of the reproduction, the shape of the design frame and any rotations also were studied. Hypotheses were that the younger the subjects, the more global and diffuse their reproduction, while with increasing age the designs would be more accurate. A developmental gradient was suggested on a priori theoretical considerations. Thus, a gradient that consisted of three stages of perceptual matching, superceded by five stages of abstract analysis of the design, was envisaged. With regard to the frame and position of the reproduction, the breaking up of the square frame was considered most regressive. Among the rotations, those of 90%-180% were seen as more regressive than those of 45%; distinctions were made according to the causes of the rotations. The test was administered to samples of children aged 5, 7, 9, and 11 years, respectively (N = 171). The hypotheses generally were supported. The stages of the gradient of the configuration of the pattern showed very high scalability. The ranking among the shape of the frame of the copies and the various rotations of the copies relative to the design were supported. The 5-year-olds were significantly different from the three older age groups, as predicted. The results indicate a regressive hierarchy among faulty reactions to the Cube Test. PMID- 3760216 TI - Evaluation of two shortened forms of the SAWAIS with three diagnostic groups. AB - This study evaluated the shortened forms of the WAIS by Coolidge (1976) and Golden (1976), respectively. This was accomplished by administering the South African Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (SAWAIS) to subjects with depression (N = 42), mentally retarded subjects (N = 32), and subjects who presented with an organic brain syndrome (N = 79). Correlations between the full scale scores and the shortened form scores fluctuated between .80 and .91. With all three groups the shortened forms indicated significance (p less than .01 with all six correlations). It appears that these two shortened forms, depending on the reason for testing, can be used successfully with different psychiatric groups. However, the results must be used with caution, especially when used with mentally retarded patients. PMID- 3760217 TI - WISC-R factor reliability at 11 age levels. AB - The reliability coefficients of the normative WISC-R factors (Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Organization, Freedom from Distractibility) were computed for each age level of the standardization sample from a formula provided by Tellengen and Briggs (1967). Results indicated that the Verbal Comprehension and Perceptual Organization factors possess generally equivalent reliability to their analogous intelligence quotients. Freedom from Distractibility possesses adequate reliability for routine clinical interpretation. Criticisms of the reliability of the third factor (Distractibility) as being too low for individual assessment appear unwarranted. A table of reliability coefficients is presented for each age level in the standardization sample. PMID- 3760218 TI - Comparison of the PPVT-R and WAIS-R in state hospital psychiatric patients. AB - This study examined the relationship between the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test Revised (PPVT-R) and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) in 40 adult psychiatric inpatients. The tests were administered to the patients in counterbalanced order as part of their overall psychological evaluation. Mean scaled scores were obtained for both tests. There were no significant differences between PPVT-R scores and WAIS-R Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQ scores. Significant correlations between the PPVT-R and all three WAIS-R scores also were obtained. However, further analysis indicated a great deal of variability between individual PPVT-R and WAIS-R Full Scale scores. In addition, the PPVT-R was found to underestimate significantly the WAIS-R IQ scores of a subgroup (N = 13) of mildly mentally retarded subjects. A tendency for the PPVT-R to overestimate the WAIS-R as IQ improved also was noted. PMID- 3760219 TI - "Mental imbalance" and the prediction of recurrent delinquent behavior. AB - Cognitive and personality patterns of 84 court-referred adolescents were examined to identify predictors of recurrent delinquent behavior. Continued behavioral problems at follow-up were more likely in adolescents with discrepancies between Verbal and Performance IQ or large differences between "neurotic" and "psychotic" scale elevations on the MMPI. Positive outcomes were most likely for adolescents who could be described as "mildly neurotic." Combining the discrepancy scores from the intelligence and personality tests with other background variables in a Bayesian conditional probability model resulted in accurate predictions of later behavior for 81% of the sample. These findings suggest that imbalances in cognitive and personality development may limit a delinquent adolescent's ability to interact appropriately with the environment. PMID- 3760220 TI - Retention and outcome in a narcotic antagonist treatment program. AB - Investigations of outpatient narcotic antagonist programs have found high attribution rates when compared to such modalities as methadone. Moreover, outcome studies generally are lacking. The present study followed 50 patients through their course of treatment at an outpatient clinic of the Nassau County Department of Drug and Alcohol Addiction. Retention was found to average 69.22 days. This was slightly higher than the average found by other investigators. Patients in the present study who remained longer were similar demographically to those who dropped out early, but were found to enter treatment with more stable employment records and less recent opiate use. They also appeared more successful at termination, with better vocational stability, less extraneous drug use, and greater acceptance of referrals to other treatment. Identification of the needs of individuals at greater risk for premature termination can serve as a basis for refining treatment efforts. PMID- 3760221 TI - Self-change of psychological distress: laypersons' vs. psychologists' coping strategies. AB - This study investigated the change processes that laypersons (N = 270) and psychologists (N = 158) reported using to overcome psychological distress. Eighty nine percent of the community sample and 82% of the professional sample experienced at least one episode of distress. Interpersonal relationships and willpower strategies were employed commonly in both samples; medication was used infrequently. Gender, education, and previous treatment were related to coping processes among laypersons. A comparative analysis indicated that, relative to laypersons, psychologists exhibited a larger and more varied repertoire of coping strategies. PMID- 3760222 TI - The influence on patients' pain intensity ratings of antecedent reinforcement of pain talk or well talk. AB - This study sought to determine whether positive verbal reinforcement for pain talk or well talk could effectively influence chronic pain patients' subsequent ratings of pain intensity. Four female chronic pain inpatients were each exposed over seven consecutive days to two conditions within an alternating treatments design. Inter-rater reliability analysis from the audiotapes on occurrences of pain and well talk, verbal reinforcement and appropriate reinforcement of verbal behavior across conditions resulted in agreement values from 91 to 100%. Findings revealed that subjects' pain intensity ratings were consistently and significantly lower after verbally reinforcing well talk compared with verbally reinforcing pain talk. PMID- 3760223 TI - Behavioral analysis of a fetish: first interview. PMID- 3760224 TI - Development of a computerized reference retrieval system: a behavior therapy training tool. AB - The vastness of the behavior therapy literature base often poses problems for beginning therapists who need greater familiarity with assessment and intervention literature. Hence a computerized reference retrieval system was developed for trainees to access behavior therapy references efficiently. The system contains over 1600 references from 158 problem categories and is economically competitive with commercial systems. Similar systems can be established using currently available microcomputer technology. The present system is primarily used by doctoral and masters students to assist in case conceptualizations and decision making during practicum courses. PMID- 3760225 TI - A structured interview for assessing dental fear. AB - Ninety-six students responded to a dental fear questionnaire. Several weeks later they responded to a structured Dental Fear Interview and repeated the questionnaire. Fifteen additional students also responded to the interview and questionnaire. Each of two raters derived fear intensity- and adaptive-impairment scores from each set of interview notes. Inter-rater correlations for both intensity and impairment were high. Interview fear and impairment ratings correlated highly with same-day fear questionnaire results. The interview ratings also discriminated high from low scorers on the initial questionnaire. The Dental Fear Interview is recommended for research and for encouraging clinical development. PMID- 3760226 TI - "Conversion reactions" in adolescents: a biofeedback-based operant approach. AB - This paper describes the brief in-patient treatment of two adolescents with hysterical conversion disorder. It is unique in that treatment was conducted on a general medical/surgical service. Although operantly based, the treatment utilized biofeedback and measurable psychophysiological changes as criteria to obtain reinforcement. The advantages of this approach to both patient and hospital staff are discussed. PMID- 3760227 TI - Behavioral treatment of a choking phobia. AB - A 30-year-old man with a phobia of choking was treated with graduated in vivo exposure to fear-eliciting foods. Six therapy sessions produced clinically significant fear reduction which was maintained at 6-month follow-up. PMID- 3760228 TI - Operant and cognitive intervention to restore effective functioning following a death in a family. AB - The present case study describes the successful reduction of aggressive behavior of an adolescent by combining cognitive intervention with operant techniques in order to restore effective family functioning. PMID- 3760229 TI - Private exposure and covert sensitization in the treatment of exhibitionism. AB - The present report describes the treatment of a long standing exhibitionism case by covert sensitization and private exposure in front of his wife within an A-BC B-BC-C single case experimental design. The therapeutic phase of the treatment lasted 10 weeks. Results show that the combination of covert sensitization and private exposure seems to be an interesting technique for married exhibitionists and their wives. Covert sensitization was used to eliminate deviant fantasies and private exposure seemed to have rendered exhibitionism socially acceptable. The various measures of subjective responses indicated that there were no exhibitionist activities during baseline and treatment nor during the year's follow-up, and the patient has been asymptomatic for more than 2 years, as confirmed by a recent follow-up visit. Controlled studies with larger groups of patients are now needed to prove the efficacy of this active, nonaversive and economical treatment for exhibitionists and their wives. PMID- 3760230 TI - The effect of alcohol intake on the disposition of diphenhydramine in man. AB - The disposition of diphenhydramine (DPHA) and its principal metabolites was investigated in two subjects after i.v. and oral dosing. Based on these parameters the results of a multiple oral dose regimen were predicted and compared to the results obtained in these volunteers. During one dose interval of the multiple oral dose regimen, the volunteers indulged in social drinking. Comparison of this interval with a control period showed no differences in disposition. Alcohol therefore, would appear to have no effect on the disposition of DPHA. PMID- 3760231 TI - Patient characteristics and prescribing patterns at the Paediatric Asthma Clinic of a teaching hospital serving a developing community. PMID- 3760232 TI - Septicaemia and meningitis caused by dysgonic fermenter-2 (DF-2). AB - A patient developed dysgonic fermenter-2 (DF-2) septicaemia and meningitis after having been bitten by a dog. The pathogenic organism was isolated from the oral cavity of the dog, which, it is believed, is the first time that this has been done. The growth characteristics of the organism and the immunological response of the patient were studied. The isolation of the infecting agent from the dog confirms that the oropharyngeal flora of dogs is a reservoir of the organism: the fastidiousness and slow growth of this Gram negative bacillus may account for the small number of reported cases of infection caused by this organism. PMID- 3760234 TI - Quantitative method for determining serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme activity II. Development and clinical application of method for measuring four serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes. AB - A method for quantitating the liver, bone, intestinal and placental alkaline phosphatase activity of serum, using an algorithm for converting selective inactivation by guanidine hydrochloride, L-phenylalanine, and heat into equivalent isoenzyme activity is described. The method can individually quantify mixtures of isoenzymes to within a margin of 3%; it has acceptable reproducibility and has been used to develop both age and sex related reference ranges. Analysis time is about 30 minutes. The clinical reliability of this method has been shown in a study of 101 patients, in 79% of whom isoenzyme results were compatible with the final clinical diagnosis; in 10% a clinical diagnosis resulted from isoenzyme analysis, and in a further 11% the source of the increased alkaline phosphatase activity was identified and supported by electrophoresis, with a definite clinical diagnosis yet to be made. PMID- 3760233 TI - Quantitative method for determining serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme activity I. Guanidine hydrochloride: new reagent for selectively inhibiting major serum isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase. AB - The potential use of the protein denaturant guanidine hydrochloride to inhibit selectively the enzyme activity of serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes from liver, bone, intestine, and placenta was investigated. Inhibition of each isoenzyme was shown to be dependent on time and concentration of inhibitor. In the presence of 0.3 mol/l (28.7 g/l) guanidine hydrochloride for 170 seconds 14%, 47%, and 90% of the total alkaline phosphatase activity remained in samples of bone, liver, and intestinal origins, respectively. In contrast, the activity of the placental isoenzyme increased by 24%. The degree of inhibition was shown to be independent of total alkaline phosphatase activity. Investigations were performed at 37 degrees C using the Cobas Bio centrifugal analyser. We conclude that this reagent has several practical advantages over urea as a selective inhibitor of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes, including a faster and more reproducible inhibition at a much lower reagent concentration. PMID- 3760235 TI - Simple reagent modification of Technicon H6010C that permits processing of uraemic samples. PMID- 3760236 TI - Centrorrhexis: a "new" reaction pattern of lymph nodes. PMID- 3760237 TI - Immunoreactivity of Reed Sternberg cells in paraffin and frozen sections. PMID- 3760238 TI - Source of infection in Hickman catheters. PMID- 3760239 TI - Terminology in gynaecological cytopathology: report of the Working Party of the British Society for Clinical Cytology. AB - The report defines and recommends terms for use in cervical cytology. PMID- 3760240 TI - Adenomatosis of small intestine: case report. AB - A patient complained of severe diarrhoea for about four years. About 2.5 m of the jejunum was resected and duodenal polyps were also removed at laparotomy. Histologically, they were tubular or tubulovillus adenomas, which closely resembled colonic adenomas. No malignant change was detected in these adenomas. Severe inflammatory changes were seen in the jejunal mucosa and various gut hormones were seen in the same area. As far as we know no similar case with adenomatosis of the small intestine has been reported. We were unable to establish any association between adenomas and severe watery diarrhoea. PMID- 3760241 TI - DNA ploidy patterns and cytokinetics of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. AB - Flow cytometry studies for cellular DNA analysis were performed in 115 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, 53 of which had not received any prior chemotherapy or radiotherapy. DNA content was measured in ethanol fixed cells stained with chromomycin A3. According to the criteria of the International Working Formulation there were 43 low grade, 58 intermediate grade, and eight high grade lymphomas; six cases were in the miscellaneous group. Seventy seven (67%) had only diploid DNA content. Thirty eight (33%) showed DNA aneuploidy; 20 of these had been previously treated with chemotherapy or radiotherapy, or both. DNA aneuploidy was seen as hyperdiploidy in all cases except one, and it varied from slightly hyperdiploid to tetraploid. The incidence of aneuploidy increased significantly with increasing histological grade (p = 0.0002) and was not related to previous treatment. The low, intermediate, and high grade lymphomas had 14% (six of 43), 47% (27 of 58), and 62.5% (five of eight) cases, respectively, that showed DNA aneuploidy. The percentage of cells in S phase increased significantly with a higher histological grade (p less than 0.0001). The median S fraction in the low, intermediate, and high grade lymphomas was 1.0 (0.5 to 10)% 4 (0.4 to 35)%, and 27 (4.6-56)%, respectively. There is a significant correlation between histological grade and S fraction and the presence or absence of aneuploidy. There is heterogeneity, however, within both histological grade and a histological subtype. PMID- 3760242 TI - The anonymity of drug development. PMID- 3760243 TI - Graphic methods in pharmacokinetics: the basics. AB - A considerable amount of information regarding the kinetics of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion can be obtained by graphic analysis of plasma concentration and/or urinary excretion data. The simplest pharmacokinetic model is used to describe the analysis of drug concentration profiles in plasma after administration intravenous or nonvascular routes. Methods to calculate pharmacokinetic and pharmacologic parameters include urinary excretion rate, cumulative excretion, and the construction and analysis of Sigma-minus plots. The treatment for this simple pharmacokinetic model provides a basis for graphic analysis of more complex models. PMID- 3760244 TI - The effect of C1 spinal cord transection or bilateral adrenal vein ligation on thioridazine-induced arrhythmia and death in the cat. AB - The phenothiazine thioridazine 1 mg/kg/min was infused intravenously into three groups of cats: (1) thioridazine alone (N = 5), (2) after bilateral adrenal ligation (N = 4), and (3) after spinal cord section at the atlanto-occipital junction (C1; N = 6). The times to arrhythmia and death with thioridazine alone were 47.8 +/- 7.8 and 72.8 +/- 5.6 minutes respectively. After bilateral adrenal ligation, arrhythmia and death occurred at 41.1 +/- 5.2 and 53.1 +/- 5.8 minutes, respectively, which showed no increase (P greater than .05) from thioridazine alone. After spinal cord section, thioridazine-induced arrhythmia and death occurred at 74.0 +/- 13.7 and 85.7 +/- 13.8 minutes, respectively, which were not increased (P greater than .05) when compared with thioridazine alone. The results of this study suggest that neither adrenomedullary catecholamines nor the central sympathetic component above C1 plays a significant role in acute thioridazine induced arrhythmia. The action of thioridazine to induce arrhythmia in spite of transection of the spinal cord or bilateral adrenal vein ligation suggests that its cardiotoxicity is a result of a direct myocardial effect. Thioridazine depressed blood pressure without producing the sustained reflex tachycardia normally seen with hypotension. This suggests that the agent may modify the baroreceptor reflex arc. PMID- 3760246 TI - Abstracts. Fifteenth annual meeting. American College of Clinical Pharmacology. PMID- 3760245 TI - Pharmacokinetics of diphenhydramine and a demethylated metabolite following intravenous and oral administration. AB - Ten healthy volunteers received a single 50-mg dose of diphenhydramine (DP) hydrochloride intravenously and orally on two separate occasions. Kinetics of DP and a major demethylated metabolite (DMDP) were determined from multiple plasma samples drawn during a 24- to 48-hour period after dosage. Modification of a gas chromatographic (GC) technique allowed simultaneous quantitation of DP and DMDP. Mean kinetic variables for DP after intravenous (IV) dosage were: volume of distribution, 4.5 L/kg; elimination half-life, 8.4 hours; clearance, 6.2 mL/min/kg. After oral DP administration, a peak plasma level of 66 ng/mL was reached 2.3 hours after dosage. Systemic availability was 72%, nearly identical to the predicted estimate (71%) based on clearance of IV DP relative to hepatic blood flow. Appearance of the metabolite, DMDP, mirrored disappearance of DP; the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) for DMDP was highly correlated (r = .79, P less than .05) with a clearance of IV DP. However, metabolite AUC was significantly higher after oral as opposed to IV DP (218 vs 145 hr-ng/mL, P less than .05). Because DP and DMDP elute nearly identically on standard GC systems, methodologic modifications are needed to resolve them. Coelution of the two compounds could bias kinetic data based on plasma concentration presumed to be specific for intact DP. PMID- 3760247 TI - Microelectrode maps, myeloarchitecture, and cortical connections of three somatotopically organized representations of the body surface in the parietal cortex of squirrels. AB - Microelectrode mapping methods and anatomical procedures were combined in the same animals to reveal the cortical connections of three architectonically distinct representations of the body surface in the somatosensory cortex of grey squirrels. In individual experiments, microelectrode multiunit recordings were used to determine the somatotopic organization of regions of the cortex and to identify sites for injections of the anatomical tracer, wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. After the brains were perfused, the cortex was separated from the brainstem, flattened, and cut parallel to the flattened surface to facilitate comparisons of areal connection patterns, physiological data, and architectonic subdivisions. Recordings in the primary (S-I) and secondary (S-II) somatosensory fields confirmed earlier descriptions of the somatotopic organization of these fields (Sur et al.: J. Comp. Neurol. 179:425 450, '78; Nelson et al.: J. Comp. Neurol. 184:473-490, '79). In addition, recordings in the cortex caudal to S-I and ventral to S-II revealed a third representation of the body surface in parietal cortex, the parietal ventral area (PV). Neurons in PV were responsive to light tactile stimulation of skin and hairs. Multiple unit receptive fields of neurons in PV were larger than those for neurons in S-I but similar in size to those for neurons in S-II. PV represented the contralateral body surface in a somatotopic manner that can be roughly characterized as an inverted "homunculus" with the limbs directed medially, the trunk located ventrally, and the face congruent with the representations of the upper lip and nose in S-I. Neurons in some electrode penetrations in PV were also responsive to auditory clicks. Microlesions placed at physiologically determined borders allowed all three somatic representations to be related to myeloarchitectonically defined fields. S-I was architectonically distinct as a densely myelinated region. Within S-I, a lightly myelinated oval of the cortex between the representation of the hand and face, the "unresponsive zone" (Sur et al.: J. Comp. Neurol. 179:425-450, '78), was an easily recognized landmark. S-II and PV corresponded to less densely myelinated fields. Other subdivisions such as motor cortex, primary auditory cortex, and visual areas 17 and 18 were distinguished. Connections were revealed by placing injections within S-I, S-II, or PV.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3760248 TI - Histochemical and architectonic differentiation of zones of pretectal and collicular inputs to the pulvinar and dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei in the macaque. AB - The pattern of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivity was studied in the pulvinar and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (DLG) of the adult macaque monkey. Discrete islands of AChE reactivity were found that correlated precisely in location with the pattern of projections from the superior colliculus and pretectum. Specifically, AChE overlies terminal fields of superior colliculus projections in the DLG, in four foci in the medial and lateral pulvinar, and in several foci in the inferior pulvinar. All of these tectal projection areas have very high AChE reactivity such that they are easily distinguished. In addition, the pretectum projects to a specific focus in the lateral pulvinar that also has a very dense AChE histochemical reaction. A number of these AChE foci could be further distinguished from other areas in the pulvinar by myeloarchitectonic characteristics. Some of the foci in the lateral and inferior pulvinars could also be distinguished by unique cytoarchitectonic features (as seen with both Nissl and Golgi stains). In an attempt to determine the possible origin of a cholinergic input to the pulvinar, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections and choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry were also done. The results of this experiment indicate that the AChE reactivity seen in the midbrain projection zones to the thalamus may be due to the precise overlap of terminal projections from the brainstem cholinergic cell groups, Ch5, Ch6, and Ch8. These results, taken together, imply that there are several anatomically and histochemically distinct zones related to extrageniculate pathways located within classically defined thalamic boundaries. PMID- 3760249 TI - Anatomical and physiological observations on supraspinal control of bladder and urethral sphincter muscles in the cat. AB - In 15 cats injections of 3H-leucine were made in the pontine tegmentum. Injections in the medial part of the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum (M-region) resulted in specific projections to the sacral intermediomedial and intermediolateral cell groups. The intermediolateral cell group contains preganglionic parasympathetic neurons that form the motor supply of the detrusor muscle of the bladder. Injections in the lateral part of the pontine tegmental field (L-region) produced labeled fibers in the nucleus of Onuf, which contains motoneurons innervating the pelvic floor including the anal and urethral sphincters. L-region projections to the sacral preganglionic parasympathetic neurons and M-region projections to the nucleus of Onuf were very limited or absent. In 12 cats physiological experiments were performed. Electrical stimulation in the L-region elicited a prompt increase in the pelvic floor EMG and urethral pressure but had little influence on the intravesical pressure. Stimulation in the M-region elicited a prompt decrease in the pelvic floor EMG and urethral pressure followed, after a delay of 2 seconds, by an increase in the intravesical pressure, so simulating normal micturition. PMID- 3760250 TI - The organization of the reciprocal connections between the subiculum and the entorhinal cortex in the cat: I. A neuroanatomical tracing study. AB - The connections between the subiculum (SUB) and the entorhinal cortex (EC) were studied in the cat with retrograde and anterograde tracing techniques. Injections of the retrogradely transported tracer WGA-HRP at different levels along the septotemporal axis of the subiculum result in labeled neurons predominantly in the medial entorhinal cortex (MEA) in the superficial layers II and III. In the deep layers labeled cells are found more widespread over the EC. The superficially located labeled EC neurons are topographically distributed in a lateromedial gradient, which corresponds to a septotemporal gradient along the longitudinal axis of the subiculum. This organization of the EC-SUB projection system could be substantiated by the use of injections anterogradely transported radioactively labeled amino acids in EC. The SUB to EC projections were investigated with the anterograde transport of WGA-HRP and with radioactively labeled amino acids that were injected at different levels along the septotemporal axis of the subiculum. This results in a patch of anterogradely labeled fibers and terminals in MEA, predominantly in layers II and III, with a wider band of label in the deep layers. Again, a topographical distribution along the lateromedial axis of the EC corresponding to the septotemporal axis of the SUB was observed. Contralateral reciprocal connections between EC and SUB are also present, and exhibit a similar topographical organization. PMID- 3760252 TI - Thalamic inputs to visual areas 1 and 2 in the rabbit. AB - Thalamic projections to two cortical representations of the visual field, visual areas 1 and 2 (V1, V2), in the rabbit were studied by using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Physiological guidance was employed to inject small amounts of HRP into topographically defined regions of V1 or V2. Injections restricted to V1 revealed a dense projection from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus as well as projections from the pulvinar, the posterior thalamic nucleus, and the ventral lateral nucleus. Injections restricted to V2 revealed projections from the pulvinar, the ventral lateral nucleus, and the posterior thalamic nucleus, but only a slight projection from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. V2, but not V1, receives an input from neurons within the fiber plexus between the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and the pulvinar. Finally, the neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus that project to V2 have larger somata on average than those that project to V1 (means = 18.25 micron vs. 14.04 micron, P less than .001). PMID- 3760251 TI - Differential origin of brainstem serotoninergic projections to the midbrain periaqueductal gray and superior colliculus of the rat. AB - Previous studies have shown that both the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) and the superior colliculus receive a significant serotoninergic (5-HT) innervation. In the present study the origins of these 5-HT projections to the rodent PAG and superior colliculus were analyzed by using a combined immunohistochemical retrograde transport technique. Thirteen brainstem regions were found to contain double-labelled 5-HT-like immunoreactive neurons following HRP injections into the PAG while only four brainstem nuclei contained double-labelled neurons following superior collicular injections. After HRP deposits into the ventral PAG, the largest percentage of double-labelled neurons was identified in nucleus raphe magnus, pars alpha of the nucleus gigantocellularis, and the paragigantocellular nucleus. The dorsal PAG, on the other hand, received the largest percentage of its 5-HT projections from nuclei raphe dorsalis, raphe obscurus, raphe pontis, and raphe medianis. The 5-HT input to the superior colliculus was found to arise exclusively from nuclei raphe dorsalis, raphe medianis, and raphe pontis and from the contralateral periaqueductal gray. Raphe nuclei were found to contribute serotoninergic projections to both the PAG and the superior colliculus while reticular nuclei contributed 5-HT projections only to the PAG. Injections of the fluorescent retrograde tracers true blue and nuclear yellow were then made into the PAG and superior colliculus to ascertain if neurons located in raphe nuclei that projected to both structures provided axon collaterals to both areas. Generally, less than 10% of raphe neurons projecting to the superior colliculus were identified as providing axon collaterals to the PAG. The present results demonstrate major quantitative and qualitative differences in the origin of 5-HT projections to the ventral PAG and superior colliculus. The origin of 5-HT input to the dorsal PAG, on the other hand, showed many similarities to the origin of 5-HT innervation of the superior colliculus. These data also indicate that approximately 35% of raphe neurons provide nonserotoninergic projections to the PAG and superior colliculus. PMID- 3760253 TI - Organization of immature intrahemispheric connections. AB - In the adult cat injections of retrograde fluorescent tracers near the border between areas 17 and 18 and extending to the underlying white matter label neurons in restricted parts of nine other ipsilateral visual areas. A very similar, restricted distribution of retrograde labeling is found in newborn kittens when injections near the 17/18 border are confined to the cortical gray matter. When, however, the neonatal 17/18 border injection reaches the underlying white matter, more visual areas and numerous nonvisual areas become labeled, each of them over nearly its whole tangential extent. Labeled nonvisual areas include the primary and secondary auditory areas, the auditory areas of the posterior ectosylvian gyrus, areas 7 and 5, the cingulate gyrus, and the primary and secondary somatosensory areas. The widespread labeling in kittens was not due to larger or differently placed injections, since the distribution and extent of retrograde labeling in the ipsilateral lateral geniculate nucleus were similar at all ages. The transitory projections from the auditory and somatosensory areas are not reciprocated by a projection from areas 17 or 18. In kittens injected around the end of the first postnatal month the distribution of labeled association neurons is similar to that found in the adult; i.e., many of the juvenile projections have been eliminated. Only a few of the transitory axons to areas 17 and 18 enter the gray matter; the others remain confined to the white matter. Some of these axons were anterogradely labeled with rhodamine-B-iso thiocyanate from the auditory cortex; they show bulbous endings, some of which are probably growth cones. Retrograde double-labeling experiments showed that, in the newborn, some neurons on the lateral sulcus have at least two long collaterals, one running rostrally, the other caudally; such branching is not observed in adults. In conclusion, areas 17/18 receive at birth from a large, continuous territory including areas, or parts of areas, which will later eliminate these projections. Most of the transitory projections do not appear to enter the cortex to any great extent. The major reshaping of association projections occurs before the end of the first postnatal month. The development of association projections resembles that of callosal projections. PMID- 3760254 TI - Competition and the dynamics of axon arbor growth in the cricket. AB - The growth of an identified axonal arborization in the cricket cercal sensory system was studied under conditions that vary the number of neighboring axonal arborizations. The cell studied is one of a small number of neurons that arborize bilaterally and is called the X-neuron. Normally the axonal arborization of X is distributed roughly symmetrically about the midline. Seven days after the birth of this neuron, as soon after its birth as it can be stained, the axonal arbor is more than half the normal size and it exhibits the normal degree of bilaterality. During the remaining 50 days of postembryonic development, the arbor grows to its adult size, maintaining the bilateral distribution. The relationship between the growth of this axonal arbor and the presence or absence of its neighbors was studied by the removal of one of the sensory appendages. The removal of a cercus removes those neighbors near one half of the X-neuron's arbor and causes a dramatic shift in the bilateral distribution of X's axonal processes; after treatment nearly all of the varicosities were found in the deafferented region (Figs. 2, 6). Thus, neuron X responds to the loss of some to its neighbors by removing synaptic material from the area with normal neighbors and inserting additional material in the region with fewer neighbors. This effect is age dependent. Removal of neighbors early in life, during the initial period of synaptogenesis, causes a very rapid change, while similar treatment later in life causes a much slower response (Fig. 7). Thus the flexibility of the neuron is correlated with its growth rate; it is very flexible during its early, rapid growth phase and less flexible when the growth rate slows later in life. This continuing flexibility of the axonal arbor could also be demonstrated by allowing the amputated cercus to regenerate (Figs. 8, 9). Under these conditions the growth of X's arbor returned toward the normal bilateral distribution. However, regeneration of the neighboring arbors never restored the arbor to complete normality because a bias in the structure had already been imposed. In effect, regeneration arrested the change but could not reverse it. In brief, an identified sensory neuron's growth has been demonstrated to depend in part on the presence or absence of neighbors. This dependence extends throughout the life of the animal and fits the definition of a competitive interaction. PMID- 3760255 TI - Organization of the reciprocal connections between the subiculum and the entorhinal cortex in the cat: II. An electrophysiological study. AB - The projection of the entorhinal cortex (EC) to the subiculum (SUB) and the projection in the opposite direction from the SUB to the EC have been studied in the cat by using electrophysiological methods. Field potentials elicited by EC stimulation were recorded in the SUB. Different topographic distributions of the amplitude of the average evoked potentials (AEPs) were obtained depending on the place of stimulation along a lateromedial axis in the EC. Stimulation of the lateral EC elicited the largest AEPs in the septal part of the SUB whereas stimulation of the medial EC evoked maximal responses in the temporal part of the SUB. Field potentials evoked by subicular stimulation were measured in the EC; the topographic distribution of the AEPs was dependent on the place of stimulation along the subicular septotemporal axis. Septal SUB stimulation elicited the largest field potentials in the laterocaudal part of the EC whereas temporal SUB stimulation evoked maximal responses in the mediocaudal part of the EC. These findings indicate that a topographical organization exists in the EC SUB connections and that these connections are reciprocal. Unit activity both orthodromically and antidromically elicited by SUB stimulation was recorded in the EC. Mean conduction velocities were estimated and found to vary around 1 m/second-1. The physiological evidence is discussed along with the anatomical data reported in the accompanying paper. PMID- 3760256 TI - Laminar organization of ON and OFF regions and ocular dominance in the striate cortex of the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri). AB - The organization of ON and OFF responses and ocular dominance in the striate cortex of the tree shrew was electrophysiologically investigated by using flashed, stationary visual stimuli presented monocularly to either the ipsilateral or contralateral eye. We measured cortical multi-unit activity at 25 micron intervals with glass-insulated platinum-plated tungsten microelectrodes. Penetrations were made perpendicular to the cortical layers and the responses were quantitatively analyzed in layers IIIc to V. In sublayers IIIb, IIIc, and upper V, phasic responses of approximately equal magnitude occurred to both light ON and light OFF (ON-OFF regions). In layer IV, tonic as well as phasic responses were often evoked by the flashed spot of light. In sublayer IVa stronger responses occurred to light ON than to light OFF (ON region) while in sublayer IVb stronger responses occurred to light OFF than to light ON (OFF region). In an ON region, the increased neural activity that occurred at light ON was often accompanied by a decrease in activity below baseline level at light OFF. A similar decrease often occurred in an OFF region at light ON. Recordings from the region of the cell-sparse cleft in layer IV were characterized by ON-OFF responses, signalling a transition zone between sublayers IVa and IVb. In addition, the responses to stimulation of the ipsilateral eye typically were very weak in the cleft region. In the other regions examined, the multi-unit activity generally was driven binocularly with slightly greater responses being elicited by the contralateral eye. We conclude that the ON-center and OFF-center afferent pathways that are organized at the retinal level remain generally segregated in the tree shrew through the first synapse in the striate cortex. In addition, our recordings confirm that a horizontal organization of ocular dominance occurs in layer IV of the striate cortex in tree shrews. PMID- 3760257 TI - Changing role of forebrain astrocytes during development, regenerative failure, and induced regeneration upon transplantation. AB - When the cerebral midline is lesioned in the embryo or neonate, the would-be callosal axons form neuromas. We have shown that an untreated Millipore implant inserted between the neuromas in young acallosal animals can support the migration of immature astrocytes that, in turn, support the de novo growth of commissural axons between the hemispheres. Since callosal neuromas persist into adulthood, we asked whether a critical period exists after which reactive glia no longer promote axon growth. We found that a critical period does exist and have documented a variety of changes in reactive gliosis that, in part, may lead to the axon growth-refractory state. In acallosal mouse postnates given untreated implants on or prior to day 8, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)+, stellate shaped astrocytes migrated and attached to the implant by inserting foot processes into the pores of the filter. This form of gliotic response established an axon growth-promoting substratum within 24-48 hours after implantation. During this critical stage there was no evidence of scar formation or necrosis at or around the implant surface. However, when acallosal mice were implanted on or later than postnatal day 14, extensive tissue degeneration occurred, and a mixed population of astrocytes and fibroblasts invaded the surface of the filter, producing a dense scar. Reactive cells within the scar did not promote axonal outgrowth. To determine whether glia from neonates can influence the host environment and/or induce axonal regeneration in acallosal animals after the critical period, we harvested immature astrocytes on Millipore from critical period mouse forebrains and transplanted the glia-coated prostheses into the brains of post-critical-period acallosal animals. Such transplants reduced glial scarring in the host, inhibited extensive bleeding and secondary necrosis, and promoted axonal regeneration. Our studies suggest that when controlled with a prosthesis, gliosis during the critical period is a beneficial process that can promote the reconstruction of malformed axon pathways; that in older animals a variety of changes in reactive glia and the extracellular matrix may work together to hinder axon regeneration after the critical period; and that axonal regeneration in the postcritical CNS may be stimulated by reintroducing an immature glial environment at the lesion site. PMID- 3760258 TI - Myeloarchitecture of the cerebellum of the chicken (Gallus domesticus): an atlas of the compartmental subdivision of the cerebellar white matter. AB - A myeloarchitectonic atlas of the longitudinal (or mediolateral) subdivision of the cerebellum of the chicken (white Leghorn) was prepared from serial Haggqvist or toluidine-blue-stained sections of five animals. This myeloarchitectonic subdivision is based on the alternate occurrence of large fiber accumulations (LFAs) and small fiber areas (SFAs) in the cerebellar white matter and allows the distinction of a number of parasagittal fiber compartments, each of which consists of a medial LFA and a lateral SFA. The compartmental subdivision of the cerebellar white matter in mammals and birds derives its importance from the fact that essentially it corresponds to the organization of the afferent and efferent connections of the cerebellar cortex. The simple structure of the avian cerebellum makes it ideally suited for a complete description of its compartmental subdivision and may serve as a natural system of coordinates in future anatomical and physiological studies. The number of fiber compartments that can be counted in the chicken cerebellum on either side of the midline varies from six (in the narrowest folium I) to nine (in the widest folia IX and X) and is approximately the same as in mammals, in which a maximum of eight or ten compartments can be recognized. On the basis of the organization of its myeloarchitecture and the otherwise relatively scarce data on the organization of the connections of its cortex, it can, therefore, be postulated that the avian cerebellum is the homologue of the entire mammalian cerebellum. In addition, the present knowledge of the connections of the cerebellar cortex in birds indicates that the avian compartments 1-3 may correspond to the mammalian compartments A1, A2, and A3 (or X), whereas the avian compartment 4 or 5 (or both) may represent the mammalian B compartment. Lack of further anatomical data so far precludes conclusions on a possible homology between the avian compartments 6-9 and the mammalian C and D compartments. PMID- 3760259 TI - Times of generation of glutamic acid decarboxylase immunoreactive neurons in mouse somatosensory cortex. AB - The birth dates of neurons showing glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) immunoreactivity have been determined in mouse somatosensory cortex. Pregnant C57Bl mice received pulse injections of (3H)thymidine from E10 through E17 (E0 being the day of mating). The distributions of thymidine-labeled, GAD-positive and nonimmunoreactive (non-GAD) cells as a function of depth under the pial surface were recorded in adult animals. The maximum rate of generation of GAD positive neurons occurred at E14, whereas the generation of non-GAD neurons reached its maximum rate at E13. Except for those in layer I, GAD-positive neurons followed an inside-out sequence of positioning. GAD-positive neurons born at E12 and E13 were located in layers VI-IV. GAD-positive neurons born at E14 were found throughout the cortical thickness, with a maximum in layer IV. The GAD positive neurons labeled after pulses at E15 or E16 or E17 were limited to the superficial strata, forming a band that became narrower as it moved toward the pial surface with increase in age of pulse labeling. GAD-positive neurons in layer I were generated at a constant rate during the whole embryonic period analyzed. Non-GAD neurons also followed an inside-out spatiotemporal gradient. Two partially overlapping phases were distinguished in non-GAD neurogenesis. During the first phase (from E12 to E14) neurons populating adult layers VI and V originated, while neurons located in layers IV through I were generated during the second phase (from E13 to E17). Since GAD-immunoreactive neurons form a heterogeneous population, we envisage further studies in order to test whether differences exist in birth dates among the classes. PMID- 3760260 TI - The dopaminergic innervation of the ventral striatum in the rat: a light- and electron-microscopical study with antibodies against dopamine. AB - Dopamine (DA) in the dorsal and ventral striatum is associated with different aspects of locomotor activity control. The ventral striatum may form an interface between the limbic system and the extrapyramidal motor system. The distribution of dopaminergic fibers in this interface position was studied in detail with a method applying antibodies against DA. Furthermore, the ultrastructural morphology of the DA fibers was examined by means of immuno-electron microscopy. The results show that DA immunoreactivity is distributed over the ventral striatum in a highly compartmentalized fashion. In the dorsal striatum few compartments were found. The DA fibers in the ventral striatum establish mainly symmetric synaptic contacts, preferably with dendritic shafts and spines. The results are discussed in relation to previous data concerning the light and electron-microscopic identification of catecholaminergic fibers in the ventral and dorsal striatum. PMID- 3760261 TI - A comparison of endomyocardial disease in the rat with endomyocardial fibrosis in man. AB - The features of 39 cases of spontaneous endomyocardial disease occurring in the rat heart are discussed and the condition is compared with endomyocardial fibrosis occurring in man. Rat endomyocardial disease is an age-related change characterized by subendocardial proliferation of spindle cells that may progress to a lesion histologically similar to fibrosarcoma. Human endomyocardial fibrosis, on the other hand, is not age-related and shows essentially fibrohyaline changes of low cellularity preceded by the occurrence of acid mucopolysaccharides in the subendocardial region; no evidence of malignant change has ever been reported. PMID- 3760262 TI - Further studies on knee ligament failure in broiler breeding fowls. AB - A group of 88, predominantly male, broiler breeding fowls was examined and, in 38, knee ligament failure was identified. All birds were aged between 15 and 60 weeks when examined. Although derangement of the caudal cruciate ligament was the most frequent finding (25 birds), partial or total rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament was also identified (10 birds). Medial (10 birds) and lateral (5 birds) collateral ligament failure was also noted. Knee ligament failure may, in part, be age related. The most frequent concomitant finding in individual birds was tendon or ligament failure elsewhere in the same skeleton. It can therefore be assumed that male broiler breeding fowls are predisposed to ligament and tendon failure and a high proportion will have lesions at more than one skeletal site. PMID- 3760264 TI - Morphological changes in red blood cells of calves caused by Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona. AB - Haemoglobinaemia is seen in certain hosts infected by certain serovars of Leptospira interrogans, but is absent from other serovar-host associations. Comparisons were made between calves infected with serovar pomona and those receiving a crude "toxin" prepared from the same organism. Red blood cells from "toxin"-injected calves showed discocyte-echinocyte transformation and contained portions of cytoplasm segregated within vacuoles. These animals showed increased sequestration of RBCs within the spleen but no overt haemoglobinaemia. Red blood cells from infected and haemoglobinaemic animals were spherical and pitted. They also showed vacuoles and tracts under the cell membrane in fully haemoglobinized RBCs and dark granular inclusions within the cytoplasm of those which were only partially haemoglobinized. Intracellular leptospires were not seen within the RBCs. Red blood cell sequestration and erythrophagocytosis were very pronounced within the spleen, liver and bone marrow. The changes in the RBCs are not easily explained by the previously proposed theory that RBC destruction is due to a phospholipase-like toxin acting directly upon the RBC membrane. A more appropriate hypothesis is that the RBC lesions are due to the adverse effects of leptospiral "toxin(s)" on the metabolism of the RBC causing the formation of defective portions of cytoplasm. These are then either degraded and expelled, leaving empty vacuoles, or are degraded and left within the cytoplasm as dark granular inclusions. PMID- 3760263 TI - Intracerebral infection of mice with ovine strains of Chlamydia psittaci: an animal screening test for the assay of vaccines. AB - Intracerebral inoculation of mice with the A22 strain of ovine C. psittaci gave a reproducible non-lethal infection; multiplication of the inoculum could be quantitated by titration of mouse brain extracts in tissue culture. Mice which had recovered from infection, or which had been inoculated subcutaneously with living organisms of A22 strain, showed solid resistance to intracerebral challenge infection. However, subcutaneous inoculation of formalin-inactivated chlamydia showed little protective effect unless given in very high dosage. Inactivated vaccines of the heterologous ZC113 strain gave better, but still incomplete, protection against A22 challenge infection than did the homologous inactivated vaccine. The implication of these findings is discussed. The mouse intracerebral protection test appears to be a suitable laboratory procedure for assessing the potency of vaccines against enzootic ewe abortion and for comparing the immunological cross-protection between the various strains of C. psittaci currently found in the natural disease in sheep. PMID- 3760265 TI - Pathogenesis and red blood cell destruction in haemoglobinaemic leptospirosis. AB - Sequential morphological changes were seen in RBCs, spleen and liver from hamsters during the development of haemoglobinaemia following infection with Leptospira interrogans serovar ballum. Spleens from pre-haemoglobinaemic hamsters showed sequestration of RBCs and erythrophagocytosis but to a lesser degree than was seen in the haemoglobinaemic hamsters. Erythrophagocytosis and RBC sequestration were also seen in the liver, particularly in the haemoglobinaemic animals. None of these changes was seen in the RBCs, spleens and livers from moribund and dead hamsters suffering from non-haemoglobinaemic disease resulting from infection with Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona. Intracellular leptospires were readily identifiable within the spleens and livers of hamster infected with both ballum and pomona. It is suggested that leptospiral toxins affect RBC metabolism and eventually RBC morphology. The affected cells are detected and removed by the reticulo-macrophage system, usually before intravascular haemolysis can take place. If the toxins affect a certain enzyme or biochemical pathway, there are sufficient normal metabolic differences in RBCs between animals of different species and, in the same species of animal, between the same and different aged animals, to explain the differing susceptibilities of the RBCs to leptospiral toxins. PMID- 3760266 TI - The use of three esterase kits to measure plasma cholesterol concentration in the rat and three other species. AB - Three enzymatic methods for the determination of cholesterol and its esters were applied to plasma samples obtained from normocholesterolaemic rats, dogs, rabbits and man. A major difference was observed for rat plasma values, where the results obtained with a microbial esterase for the hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters were much lower than those obtained with mammalian esterases. This difference was greater for rats than for the other three species studied and is probably related to the plasma distribution of lipoproteins in the rat. PMID- 3760267 TI - Pneumonia in goats following administration of live and heat-killed Pasteurella haemolytica. AB - Six of 7 and 3 of 4 goats inoculated with live and heat-killed P. haemolytica (biotype-T), respectively, had pneumonia at necropsy. Clinically, the pneumonia was only detected in 8 of 9 goats with diseased lungs. One goat died of a fibrinous pneumonia which was associated with a profuse growth of both P. haemolytica (biotype-T) and P. multocida and a limited growth of Escherichia coli from the lungs. In the remaining 8 goats with lung lesions, the pneumonia was of the proliferative type, with only some showing the exudative feature. Five of these goats (including 3 controls) had bacteriologically sterile lung lesions, while the other 3 yielded P. haemolytica (biotype-T) and in one of them, chlamydia were also isolated. P. haemolytica (biotype-T) and P. multocida were isolated from 1 of 2 goats with normal lungs. PMID- 3760268 TI - Malignant phaeochromocytoma with widespread metastasis in the rat. AB - Malignant phaeochromocytomas occurring in the adrenals of 2 aged male rats are reported. The primary tumour was unilateral and had metastasized to the other adrenal, pancreas, liver, spleen, lung, kidney and bone marrow. Metastatic deposits were also seen in a co-existing pituitary tumour and in an islet cell carcinoma of the pancreas. The cells, although resembling normal medullary cells, were smaller and had sparse cytoplasm; the nuclei were generally hyperchromatic. The cells were arranged in nests and sometimes in a trabecular pattern. The presence of phaeochromocytomas with widespread metastasis is of interest since, in general, phaeochromocytomas of rats are not prone to metastasize. In addition, invasion into a pancreatic islet cell tumour and into a pituitary tumour was unusual. PMID- 3760269 TI - Urinary cytology of a canine bladder carcinoma. AB - This is a study of a case of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder in a dog. Clinical and radiological signs were inconclusive. The morphology of cells exfoliated from the tumour was very similar to that of cells exfoliated from transitional cell carcinomas in human patients. On the basis of this information a diagnosis was made which was confirmed at post-mortem examination. The findings in this case report demonstrate the usefulness of this technique in the diagnosis of poorly differentiated transitional cell carcinoma. PMID- 3760270 TI - The effect of neuraminidase on the molecular weight and the isoelectric point of the steroid induced alkaline phosphatase of dogs. AB - Isoelectric focusing and gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were used to define the physical differences between canine liver alkaline phosphatase (LAP) and steroid induced alkaline phosphatase (SIAP). LAP has an isoelectric point (pI) of pH 4.3 and a molecular radius (Mr) of 100,000, while SIAP has a pI of pH 3.5 and an Mr of 110,000. After removal of sialic acid residues by neuraminidase, the two isoenzymes were still distinct. The pIs of both LAP and SIAP were increased with the pI of LAP becoming pH 4.7 to 4.8 and that of SIAP becoming pH 4.5 to 4.6. On gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate, SIAP gave a single band of Mr 100 000 after neuraminidase treatment, while LAP increased in molecular size in spite of the denaturing conditions of the electrophoretic separation. PMID- 3760271 TI - Treatment of basal cell carcinoma with intralesional interferon. AB - Eight patients with basal cell carcinomas were treated with recombinant alpha-2 interferon. Each patient had a biopsy-proved basal cell carcinoma of the nodular or superficial type that was injected intralesionally three times a week for 3 weeks (9 total injections) with 1.5 X 10(6) IU (0.15 ml) of alpha-2 interferon per injection (total dose, 13.5 X 10(6) IU). Excisional biopsy 2 months after completion of therapy revealed no evidence of basal cell carcinoma in any patient. Minimal side effects were observed. In these eight patients alpha-2 interferon was therefore an effective and safe modality of treatment. The encouraging results of this pilot study suggest that additional evaluation of interferon in the treatment of basal cell carcinoma is warranted. PMID- 3760272 TI - Unusual features of scabies complicating human T-lymphotropic virus type III infection. AB - Four cases of "exaggerated scabies" are described in patients who were immunodeficient secondary to human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) infection. As in classical scabies, these patients had a pruritic dermatitis but lacked the usual distribution of the eruption. The rash was initially misdiagnosed in all four patients. Scabies should be considered in pruritic dermatitis in patients at risk for HTLV-III infection. PMID- 3760273 TI - Atopic dermatitis. A genetic-epidemiologic study in a population-based twin sample. AB - Atopic dermatitis is a multifactorial disease that seems both to rise in frequency and to be dependent on a genetic predisposition. In order to clarify these issues we encircled a representative twin series with atopic dermatitis from a total twin population of 592 like-sexed twin pairs. We found that the cumulative incidence rate (0-7 years) of atopic dermatitis in Denmark has increased significantly from 0.03 for the birth cohort 1960-1964 to 0.10 for the birth cohort 1970-1974, that monozygotic twin pairs are more often concordant for atopic dermatitis than dizygotic twin pairs, that monozygotic twins run a risk of 0.86 of having atopic dermatitis if the twin partner has the disease, whereas the disease risk of 0.21 run by dizygotic partners does not differ from the frequency seen in ordinary brothers and sisters. The results indicate that genetic factors play a decisive role in the development of atopic dermatitis and that widespread environmental factors are operating in genetically susceptible individuals. PMID- 3760274 TI - Efficacy of a sunscreen containing butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane against ultraviolet A radiation in photosensitized subjects. AB - Topical formulations containing a new chemical entity, the ultraviolet A absorber Parsol 1789 (butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane), were evaluated as agents for protecting human skin against ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation. Healthy subjects were photosensitized to UVA radiation by ingestion of 8-methoxypsoralen (0.6 mg/kg). After 90 minutes, five formulations (vehicle, vehicle + butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane, vehicle + butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane + padimate O, vehicle + padimate O, and a marketed sunscreen containing padimate O, oxybenzone, and octyl salicylate) were applied in a randomized, double-blind manner to areas on the lower part of the back. Thirty minutes later, sites in the five treated areas and in a sixth unprotected area were exposed to graduated doses of UVA radiation. Test sites were evaluated for erythema 48 and 72 hours after UVA exposure, and for melanogenesis approximately 2 weeks later. The combination of butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane + padimate O demonstrated significantly greater protection than the combination of padimate O, oxybenzone, and octyl salicylate. PMID- 3760275 TI - Double-blind comparison of 2% ketoconazole cream and placebo in the treatment of tinea versicolor. AB - Malassezia furfur (Pityrosporum orbiculare) was confirmed by microscopic potassium hydroxide (KOH) examination in 101 patients with recurring lesions of tinea versicolor. In a double-blind comparative study, patients were randomly assigned to once-daily ketoconazole 2% or placebo cream. At the end of treatment, 98% (p less than 0.0001) of the patients using ketoconazole and 28% of those using placebo responded clinically (healed or had mild residual disease). There was an overall 84% mycologic cure rate (negative KOH at treatment end) for patients using ketoconazole 2% cream and 10% for those using placebo cream (p less than 0.0001). Ketoconazole-treated patients who were cured at the end of treatment remained cured 8 weeks later. By contrast 75% of those responding to placebo had relapsed by the 8-week follow-up visit. Follow-up after 2 years revealed that 79% (38/48) of the patients treated with ketoconazole remained clear 12 or more months. PMID- 3760276 TI - Effects of topically applied capsaicin on moderate and severe psoriasis vulgaris. AB - Alterations in the cutaneous vascular system are prominent in psoriasis and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of this disorder. We evaluated the effects of topically applied capsaicin (trans-8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide), a known inhibitor of cutaneous vasodilatation, on moderate and severe psoriasis. Under a double-blind paradigm, forty-four patients with symmetrically distributed psoriatic lesions applied topical capsaicin to one side of their body and identical-appearing vehicle to the other side for 6 weeks. After 3 and 6 weeks of treatment, we performed ratings on changes in scaling and erythema, as well as overall improvement of the psoriasis. Over the course of the study, significantly greater overall improvement was observed on sides treated with capsaicin compared to sides treated with vehicle. Similarly, significantly greater reductions in scaling and erythema accompanied capsaicin application. Burning, stinging, itching, and redness of the skin were noted by nearly half of the patients on initial applications of study medication but diminished or vanished upon continued application. These results suggest that topical application of capsaicin may be a useful new approach in the treatment of psoriasis. PMID- 3760277 TI - Oral methotrexate therapy for chronic rheumatoid arthritis ulcerations. AB - Eight patients with long-standing rheumatoid arthritis and cutaneous vasculitis ulcerations resistant to conventional therapy were treated successfully with a low-dose intermittent regimen of oral methotrexate. Objective clinical response was prompt and complete resolution was observed at about 12 weeks of therapy. The drug was well tolerated. Mild gastrointestinal side effects were the most common untoward reaction. We conclude that methotrexate therapy is an effective agent for some of the extraarticular manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis including vasculitis, and further clinical evaluation should be a consideration. PMID- 3760278 TI - Comparison of the infrared coagulator and the carbon dioxide laser in the removal of decorative tattoos. AB - A comparative study of the removal of decorative tattoos by the infrared coagulator and the CO2 laser was performed. The comparison was made by following the parameters of length of healing time, postoperative pain, presence of residual pigment, and tendency for scarring. The results showed that the infrared coagulator had the advantages of a more rapid healing time, an easier-to-care-for treatment site, and an equivalent cosmetic result in comparison with the CO2 laser. The CO2 laser had the advantage of total pigment removal in a single treatment, whereas the infrared coagulator often left residual pigment. PMID- 3760279 TI - Socioeconomics--two myths too much. PMID- 3760280 TI - The risk of transmission of the hepatitis B virus from health care personnel to patients. PMID- 3760281 TI - Acute methoxsalen intoxication. PMID- 3760282 TI - Dermatology's role in sexually transmitted diseases. PMID- 3760283 TI - Tzanck preparation as a diagnostic aid in disseminated histoplasmosis. PMID- 3760284 TI - Leukonychia totalis and partialis: a single family presenting a peculiar course of the disease. PMID- 3760285 TI - Lessening the pressure on scalp dermabrasions. PMID- 3760286 TI - Leukonychia striata associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 3760287 TI - Hereditary disorders--a dermatologist's role. PMID- 3760288 TI - Symmetric lividities--therapy with aluminum chloride solution. PMID- 3760289 TI - Treatment of psoriasis with prolonged application of tape. PMID- 3760290 TI - Diet and atopic dermatitis. AB - Prevention or modification of the onset of atopic dermatitis has been difficult to document through prolonged breast feeding or delayed introduction of solid foods. Dietary management of established atopic dermatitis is not routinely indicated for the majority of patients. Dietary management of atopic dermatitis should not be continued indefinitely. Gradual reintroduction of the offending food(s) is often appropriate. The foods most commonly avoided in the management of atopic dermatitis are cow's milk, wheat, eggs, and nuts. Severe or prolonged dietary restrictions should not be instituted without full consideration of their impact on the patient's general health. PMID- 3760291 TI - Autointoxication revisited. AB - The pustular dermatitis associated with small bowel bypass surgery and the cutaneous manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease are well known and generally assumed to be due to the absorption of microbial antigens from the bowel. Monomeric serum IgA is assumed to originate in the gastrointestinal tract, and circulating IgA immune complexes, as seen in dermatitis herpetiformis, should make us suspicious of a gastrointestinal tract source. These circulating immune complexes and perhaps polyclonal increases in serum IgA may be the result of minor perturbations of mucosal permeability or the failure of locally produced dimeric serum IgA to inactivate bacterial or dietary antigens. Such disparate entities as Reiter's syndrome, psoriasis, pyoderma gangrenosum, and ankylosing spondylitis, as well as the pustular eruptions of Behcet's syndrome, pustular psoriasis, and lithium therapy, may share this common pathogenesis. PMID- 3760292 TI - First patient. PMID- 3760293 TI - Effect of external factors on gonadal activity and body mass of male golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). AB - Effects of photoperiod, temperature and food and water availability on body and testicular mass of golden hamsters were investigated. Lack of water or food inhibited body growth. Short photoperiod (LD 8:16) enhanced body growth in males fed 'poor diet' but it had no effect in animals on 'high quality diet'. Cold exposure diminished body growth in animals with access to water but not in those deprived of water. It is suggested that lowered motor activity is mainly responsible for body mass gain of animals kept under the short photoperiod. All stressful factors (water deprivation, 'poor diet' or cold) induced involution of testes. The time course of testicular involution was similar to that induced by short photoperiod. Testicular involution was, after several weeks, followed by spontaneous recrudescence. Combination of stressful external cues speeded up testicular involution. Since the testicular involution induced by water deprivation, "poor diet" and cold also occurred in animals kept in constant light or under long photoperiod (which are known to produce functional pinealectomy) it is concluded that the inhibitory effects of stressful external factors on testes are not mediated by the pineal. The decrease in testosterone production induced by external cues precedes changes in testicular mass. In individuals kept in the cold, testosterone production remains low, in spite of spontaneous recrudescence of the testes. No simple relationship between testosterone concentration in the blood and testicular mass was observed. The mass of the interscapular brown adipose tissue (ISBAT) changes strikingly during the hibernation cycle. Immediately after exposure to cold it decreases and stays at the low level for 40 days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3760294 TI - Phosphorylation of a 75,000 molecular weight cytosol protein induced by platelet derived growth factor and tumor promoter in BALB/c-3T3 cells. AB - In order to identify common mechanisms of action by which both the platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and the tumor promoter tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA) initiate cell growth, the effects of PDGF and TPA on phosphorylation of cellular proteins were examined in density-inhibited Balb/c-3T3 cells. Cultures were incubated with 32Pi and growth factor, and 32P-labeled cellular proteins were examined after separation by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. TPA and PDGF each induced phosphorylation of a major cytosol protein of approximately 75,000 molecular weight (pp75). Phosphorylation of this protein was not induced by either epidermal growth factor or insulin, neither of which initiate 3T3 cell growth but enhance growth later in the 3T3 cell cycle. pp75 was a single band under reduced and non-reduced conditions, and a single spot was seen on two-dimensional gels. Phosphorylation did not occur at 4 degrees C. Phosphorylation of the protein was observed within 3 min and reached a maximum in 10-30 min. Submitogenic doses of TPA and PDGF induced submaximal phosphorylation. The phosphoprotein was labeled only on serine. Cell free phosphorylation of pp75 occurred at 4 degrees C in the presence of Mg++ and Ca2+. Homogenates from cultures pretreated with TPA phosphorylated pp75 in the presence or absence of Ca2+. Phosphorylation of this protein may possibly be related to activation of the Ca2+-dependent, phospholipid sensitive protein kinase C. PMID- 3760295 TI - Radioimmunoassay for measurement of bovine alpha-lactalbumin in serum, milk and tissue culture media. AB - A sensitive, specific radioimmunoassay for bovine alpha-lactalbumin (alpha-la) suitable for measurement of serum, tissue culture media and milk was developed. alpha-La was not detected in serum from prepubertal male or female cattle, but was detected as early as 60 d of gestation in nulliparous Holstein heifers, the level being greatly increased during the last one third of gestation. Serum from cross bred beef heifers contained less alpha-la and it was not detected until late gestation. Concentrations of alpha-la in serum samples from pregnant multiparous Holstein cows decreased at drying-off and subsequently increased just before parturition. Secretion of alpha-la by mammary tissue explants from steroid primed prepubertal Holstein heifers was induced by the addition of bovine prolactin, ovine prolactin or human growth hormone to tissue culture media. PMID- 3760296 TI - An inhibitor typing scheme for Streptococcus uberis. AB - A typing scheme was used to test 15 strains of Streptococcus uberis according to their production of (P-type) and sensitivity to (S-type) bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances. Twelve of the strains were inhibitor producers and nine different P-types were detected. All of the strains were typable according to inhibitor sensitivity, ten different S-types being distinguished. Both the P-type and S-type designations of the strains were reproducible on repeated testing. By combination of P-typing and S-typing, highly discriminatory inhibitor 'fingerprints' of the strains could be obtained. This scheme would appear to have considerable potential for typing isolates of Str. uberis as an aid to investigations into the epidemiology of Str. uberis mastitis in dairy cattle. PMID- 3760297 TI - Lactogenic effect of bovine placental lactogen on pregnant rabbit but not pregnant heifer mammary gland explants. AB - The biological function of bovine placental lactogen is unknown. However, bovine placental lactogen is known to bind prolactin receptors in rabbit mammary gland. This hormone was therefore cultured with rabbit mammary gland explants to confirm that it is lactogenic in this species. Mammary explants from pregnant heifers were also cultured with bovine placental lactogen to determine if the same preparation of hormone possessed similar lactogenic potential in homologous species. Bovine placental lactogen was tested over a range of concentrations from 10 to 500 ng/ml and was about 50 to 80% as potent as bovine prolactin when cultured with mammary explants from 19-d pregnant virgin rabbits. Lactogenic response was assessed by both the incorporation of [14C]acetate into lipid and by the synthesis of casein. Bovine placental lactogen displayed negligible lactogenic activity when cultured with mammary explants from 6 to 7-mo pregnant heifers. Lactogenic response was assessed using the same criteria as used with the rabbit mammary explants; in addition, accumulation of alpha-lactalbumin in the explants was also measured. Although bovine placental lactogen was lactogenic in the rabbit, the same hormone preparation was apparently not lactogenic in cattle. It is therefore vital to test for the biological activity of a hormone in a homologous system, because inappropriate conclusions may be drawn from the response obtained in a heterologous system. PMID- 3760298 TI - Cyclic changes in plasma calcium and the calcium homeostatic endocrine system of the postparturient dairy cow. AB - Plasma Ca, P, Mg, parathyroid hormone, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D were measured in blood samples taken daily from d 5 before until d 15 to 30 after calving in 28 aged dairy cows (5 yr or older) and 9 first lactation cows. Subnormal plasma Ca concentrations were defined as being below the lower limit (2.18 mmol/L) of the 99% confidence interval for lactating cows outside the month of calving. A parturient minimum in plasma Ca and P concentrations occurred usually within 24 h after calving in all animals. Plasma mineral changes very similar to those at parturition were observed in 50% of the aged cows at one, two, or even three later occasions during the 1st mo postpartum. Interval between subsequent subnormal Ca minima in these Ca-cycling cows was 7 to 10 d. The function of the Ca regulating endocrine systems appeared adequate. Calcium cycling with increased amplitude could be induced by feeding 200 micrograms/d of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 for about 5 d around parturition (8 animals). The hypocalcemic episode was more pronounced than in untreated cows, and Ca cycling was traced throughout the 1st mo of lactation. Similar treatment also induced Ca cycling in 4 heifers, whereas 8 untreated heifers showed no tendency to Ca cycling in the postparturient period. The hypothesis is put forward that variations in intestinal Ca absorption induced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 are the primary cause of the cyclic changes in plasma Ca postpartum of the aged dairy cow. PMID- 3760299 TI - Effect of isolation temperature on the determination of bovine plasma very low density lipoprotein concentrations. AB - A split-plot design was used to determine effect of temperature on isolation of plasma very low density lipoproteins that were high in either saturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids. Four steers received abomasal infusion of 400 ml of water (control) or of corn oil, which served as the whole plot treatment, and the isolation of lipoproteins by ultra-centrifugation at 4, 20 and 37 degrees C were the subplot treatments. Measured concentrations of plasma very low density lipoproteins (less than 1.007 g/ml) in control steers was 59 and 19% of that at 37 degrees C when isolation occurred at 20 and 4 degrees C, respectively. Measured concentrations of lipoproteins with densities less than 1.024 g/ml were not affected by lowering the isolation temperature from 37 to 20 degrees C but were decreased approximately 50% at 4 degrees C. Abomasal infusion of corn oil for 48 h reduced plasma very low density lipoprotein concentration from 18.3 to 5.2 mg/dl (37 degrees C isolation). Triglycerides of lipoproteins isolated from animals during the abomasal corn oil infusion had less C18:2 (average 36.3 vs. 4.0%) fatty acids than during the control treatment. Reducing the temperature of isolation did not affect measured lipoprotein concentration in plasma obtained from animals during oil infusion. Reduction in isolation temperature has a greater effect on the recovery of very low density lipoproteins, which are relatively high in saturated fatty acids compared with those high in polyunsaturated fatty acids. PMID- 3760300 TI - Ruminal degradation of dried brewers grains, wet brewers grains, and soybean meal. AB - A series of trials was conducted to determine the ruminal degradation of nitrogenous compounds and dry matter of soybean meal, wet brewers grains, and dried brewers grains. In situ and in vitro estimates of degradation were positively correlated but yielded different absolute values for measures of ruminal degradation. Ruminal digestion of protein, predicted from in situ data, was 42, 73, and 83% for brewers dried grains, brewers wet grains, and soybean meal. Drying of wet grains at either 50 or 150 degrees C increased resistance to ruminal digestion equally. Measurements of flow of dry matter and nitrogen of feed origin to the duodenum were made in vivo for diets containing either brewers dried grains or soybean meal. Negative apparent digestibility of nitrogen in the rumen for a 13% crude protein, brewers dried grains ration indicates the potential for using a non-protein nitrogen supplement with this ration. Resistance to digestion of nitrogen from brewers dried grains occurred only in the rumen. Amino acid patterns delivered to the small intestine and digestion of duodenal contents were similar for diets containing brewers dried grains or soybean meal. PMID- 3760301 TI - Performance of dairy cows fed forage and grain separately versus a total mixed ration. AB - Forty multiparous cows beyond peak production were fed forage ad libitum behind Calan doors and grain at 1 kg/2.5 kg milk through a computer controlled feeder, and 40 similar cows were fed a total mixed ration balanced for 32 kg milk behind Calan doors ad libitum. Based on mean milk production from d 16 through 21 of a preliminary period, cows were balanced into two groups within each group of 40 cows. Both groups received the originally assigned ration during d 22 through 49. During d 50 through 77, 20 cows were switched abruptly to the other ration and 20 remained on the original. Cows fed forage and grain separately had milk yields similar to those fed total mixed ration. Dry matter intake was lower for cows fed forage and grain separately from d 22 through 49 due to reduced forage intake and was also lower from d 50 through 77 due to decreased grain intake. Four percent fat-corrected milk production efficiency was higher for cows fed forage and grain separately. Abruptly changing cows from one feeding system to another did not influence milk yield, milk composition, or body weight gain. The computer controlled feeder system is an effective method to allot grain according to milk production requirements in freestall housing. PMID- 3760302 TI - Rates of hoof growth and wear in Holstein cattle. AB - Rates of hoof growth and wear were recorded on 223 Holstein cows in two herds during 20 mo. Herd 1 was mainly on pasture or dirt lots, and herd 2 was completely or partially confined in a new freestall facility. Growth and wear were measured on both dorsal and lateral surfaces of front and rear outside claws. Lateral measurements were taken 1 cm in front of the junction of wall and heel. No differences were detected in rates of hoof growth for various places on the dorsal wall. Herd effects influenced rates of growth and wear. Cow differences were not significant for hoof growth but were for a few wear rates. Monthly rates of dorsal hoof growth during first lactation were 6.04 mm for front claws and 6.58 mm for rear claws. Corresponding monthly wear rates were 5.78 and 6.11 mm, respectively. Wear rates on front and rear claws decreased with advancing stage of lactation. Front hooves grew and wore less than rear hooves. Lateral walls grew faster and wore more than dorsal walls on both front and rear hooves. Cows completely confined had higher rates of hoof growth and wear than cows on pasture. Rates of growth and wear were lowest during winter and highest during spring and summer. PMID- 3760303 TI - Interrelationships between feed quality, digestibility, feed consumption, and energy requirements in desert (Bedouin) and temperate (Saanen) goats. AB - Intake of high quality roughage (alfalfa hay) by black Bedouin goats was lower than by Swiss Saanen goats. Bedouin goats have lower energy requirements and less tendency to accumulate solids. Apparent dry matter digestibility was higher in Bedouin than Saanen goats even when high quality hay was offered. It was more pronounced when a medium quality roughage (Rhodes grass mixed with alfalfa) was fed. Differences in apparent digestibility of dry matter were greater when a poor quality feed such as wheat straw was offered. Similar differences between the two breeds were noted in relation to the apparent digestibility of cell wall constituents (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) and nitrogen. When medium quality roughage was fed, Bedouin goats apparently consumed enough energy to sustain both maintenance and production, whereas Saanen goats consumed only enough to maintain very low production. Bedouin goats maintained their body weight and solids on an energy intake up to 50% less than the estimated maintenance requirement of goats, whereas Saanen goats lost body weight and solids. It is suggested that reduction in metabolic rate helps desert ruminants cope with chronic energy shortage. PMID- 3760304 TI - Potential of somatic cell concentration in milk as a sire selection criterion to reduce mastitis in dairy cattle. AB - Lactation records for somatic cell counts in milk, bacteriological culture results, antibiotic treatment for mastitis, and production were formed for cows in 30 cooperating dairy herds in Virginia. A second data set, including somatic cell counts and production information for cows in approximately 400 herds in Virginia (not including the original 30), was used to evaluate sires genetically for somatic cell count. Approximate genetic correlations between measures of cell count and measures of infection ranged from .36 to .67. These were highest (lowest) for frequency of infection by major (minor) pathogens. Corresponding phenotypic correlations were similar but slightly smaller. Neither somatic cell counts nor measures of infection were well correlated with treatment. Production traits generally had small, negative genetic and phenotypic relationships with cell counts, rates of infection, and measures of treatment. Correlations for evaluations of sires for cell count were positive with daughter averages for infection rates (.20 to .38) and treatment measures (.02 to .13). Largest (absolute value) correlations between evaluations of sires for cell count and production traits were for fat percentage (-.38) and fat yield (-.28). Evaluation and selection of sires for decreased somatic cell count may augment management and treatment programs in the reduction of mastitis incidence. PMID- 3760305 TI - Reproductive performance of lactating Holstein cows fed supplemental beta carotene. AB - Fifty-six Holstein cows were used in a replicated study to determine whether supplemental beta-carotene improved reproductive performance. Each of two replicates was of completely randomized design with 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of two diets with or without beta-carotene supplementation. On a dry matter basis, diet 1 was 5% hay, 20% haylage, 25% corn silage, and 50% concentrate. Diet 2 was 7.5% hay, 42.5% corn silage, and 50% concentrate. The diets contained adequate amount of vitamins A, D, and E. From 10 d postpartum until pregnancy was confirmed by rectal palpation, half the cows on each diet received a supplement of 400 mg beta-carotene per head daily. The remaining cows on each diet received a supplement of 160,000 IU vitamin A per head daily. Supplemental beta-carotene increased plasma beta-carotene throughout the trials. Median days to first ovulation, first service, days open, and mean services per conception were: 22, 77, 97, and 1.6 for cows receiving beta-carotene supplement compared with 19.5, 73, 82, and 1.9 in controls. Supplementation did not affect first service conception rate, uterine involution, or milk yield. Incidence of follicular cysts, luteal cysts, pyometra, and endometritis in cows fed beta-carotene were 11, 7, 0, and 7% compared with 8, 21, 4, and 13% in control cows. Supplemental beta-carotene did not improve the fertility of Holstein cows. PMID- 3760306 TI - Determinants of estrous behavior in lactating Holstein cows. AB - The objective was to determine factors that affect the expression of estrus. Thirteen lactating Holstein cows were ovariectomized about 4 to 6 wk postpartum and then challenged repeatedly with progesterone and estradiol benzoate to induce estrus six times during the postpartum period. Each challenge included 5 d when the cow was primed with progesterone through insertion of a progesterone impregnated, foam rubber pessary. Estradiol benzoate (1 mg) was injected intramuscularly 36 h after removal of the pessary. Groups of two to three cows each began the experiment at 3-mo intervals to avoid confounding treated simultaneously. Observations for estrous behavior were at 8-h intervals following each challenge. A minimum of three sexually active cows were always observed together to avoid differences in estrous behavior caused by having too few sexually active animals in the group. Observations for estrous behavior were at 8 h intervals following each challenge. During each observation, cows were observed for 30 min on dirt and for 30 min on concrete. Standing behavior was not influenced by postpartum interval, season of year, or milk yield. Mounting behavior increased from the first to the sixth postpartum challenge, but it was not affected by season of year or milk yield. Duration of estrus, mounting activity, and standing activity were greater on dirt than on concrete. These results indicate that the surface on which cows were observed had a profound effect on sexual behavior; however, postpartum interval, season of year, and milk yield were of minor importance. PMID- 3760307 TI - Determining animal drug combinations based on efficacy and safety. AB - A procedure for deriving drug combinations for animal health is used to derive an optimal combination of 200 mg of novobiocin and 650,000 IU of penicillin for nonlactating cow mastitis treatment. The procedure starts with an estimated second order polynomial response surface equation. That surface is translated into a probability surface with contours called isoprobs. The isoprobs show drug amounts that have equal probability to produce maximal efficacy. Safety factors are incorporated into the probability surface via a noncentrality parameter that causes the isoprobs to expand as safety decreases, resulting in lower amounts of drug being used. PMID- 3760309 TI - More on spider veins. PMID- 3760308 TI - The power of surgical thinking. PMID- 3760310 TI - Stump the experts. PMID- 3760311 TI - Blastomycosis-like pyoderma--report of a case responsive to combination therapy utilizing minocycline and carbon dioxide laser debridement. AB - Blastomycosis-like pyoderma is an uncommon reaction pattern to a superficial bacterial infection in persons with a variety of predisposing conditions such as chronic ethanol use and poor nutrition. We are reporting a case that initially responded poorly to previously described treatment regimens but responded well to combination treatment with carbon dioxide laser debridement and long-term minocycline. PMID- 3760312 TI - Eccrine adenocarcinoma--report of a case, treatment with Mohs surgery. AB - Eccrine adenocarcinomas are neoplasms with a low incidence of occurrence and a prolonged and insidious course. The diversity of the histologic findings compatible with the diagnosis contributes to the difficulty of establishing a histologic prognosis from the pathology. Tumors with histologic features consistent with benign adenomas have subsequently metastasized, reflecting both the variable behavior of these tumors and problems with diagnostic and prognostic classification. Eccrine adenocarcinoma usually presents as a discrete lesion involving the scalp or upper extremities. It may also occur on the trunk and lower extremities. The gross morphology of the tumor is not specific, therefore the clinical diagnosis of eccrine adenocarcinoma is rarely made. Herein we report a case of the malignant eccrine acrospiroma type with lymph node metastasis, an approach to therapy, and guidelines for histologic criteria of malignancy. PMID- 3760313 TI - Razor blade surgery of keratoacanthoma. AB - This simple method is both a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure which combines the advantages of other methods that have been proposed in the literature. The cosmetic results have been very good in the presented cases. PMID- 3760314 TI - The bilateral occipito-parietal flap. AB - The "bilateral occipito-parietal flap" is a technique whereby the entire occipito parietal, donor dominant scalp is undermined past the galeal attachment and advanced forward into the balding areas. Use of this method for the treatment of bitemporal recessions and type 6 male pattern baldness is discussed in detail. PMID- 3760315 TI - Chromoblastomycosis treated by Mohs micrographic surgery. AB - Mohs micrographic surgery has been used to treat a variety of skin cancers with excellent results. We present a case where the application of this technique was used effectively to treat a lesion of localized cutaneous chromoblastomycosis. One year following the surgery no recurrence has occurred. PMID- 3760317 TI - Primary malignant melanoma of the vermilion of the lower lip. AB - A 30-year-old man with primary nodular, rapidly growing malignant melanoma of the vermilion of the lower lip is described. The tumor was excised with wide tumor free margins and an Abbe-Estlander reconstruction was carried out. The literature on oral melanomas has also been reviewed with special attention given to melanoma of the lip which is extremely rare (31 reported cases). This case is highly unusual in two respects: the melanoma was a nodular type, level 5, while nearly all melanomas reported previously have been superficial with slow radial growth; it was a small lesion arising on the vermilion and not an extension from the cutaneous junction or oral mucosa. PMID- 3760316 TI - Extravascular effects of sclerosants in rabbit skin: a clinical and histologic examination. AB - Sclerotherapy refers to the injection of a material for the purpose of obliterating a blood vessel. During this procedure a small quantity of sclerosing solution may be unintentionally injected into the tissues surrounding the vessel, either by missing the vessel or leakage of sclerosant upon withdrawal of the needle. Occasionally, the sclerosant may be intentionally injected into an extravascular site in the hope of reducing telangiectatic mats (best described as multiple, grouped, extremely fine telangiectatic vessels). The various sclerosants in use appear to vary in their potential to cause necrosis of perivascular tissues as a complication. This study examines the clinical and histologic effects of the intradermal injection of 0.1 ml of 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0% Aethoxysklerol (AES); 0.5% Sotradecol (SOT); and 23.4% hypertonic saline (HS) in rabbit skin. All three agents produced some clinical necrosis with intradermal injection. AES in all three concentrations produced the least clinical necrosis, no histologic necrosis, and resolved faster than SOT or HS. PMID- 3760318 TI - Solitary pigmented Bowen's disease of the scrotum. AB - An elderly Chinese man with solitary pigmented Bowen's disease of the scrotum is described. This disease must be distinguished from seborrheic keratoses, pigmented basal cell carcinoma, melanocytic nevus, malignant melanoma, and bowenoid papulosis. PMID- 3760319 TI - A retrospective study of 130 consecutive multiple trauma patients in an intensive care unit. AB - A retrospective study of 130 multiple trauma patients admitted to an intensive care unit is presented. Overall mortality was 33% for a mean ISS of 39.4. Craniocerebral trauma, multiple organ failure, sepsis and ARDS are the main causes of death, although there is no statistical difference for these between survivors and non-survivors. There is a good correlation between ISS and mortality (r = 0.86). Patients developing MOF, sepsis and ARDS have significantly higher ISS. Mortality from complications such as sepsis, MOF, ARDS and aspiration pneumonia seems more related to age. PMID- 3760320 TI - Prognostic evaluation in meningococcal disease. A retrospective study of 115 cases. AB - A retrospective study of the medical records of 115 consecutive cases of meningococcal disease with 11 fatalities was carried out in order to evaluate the power of 15 clinical and laboratory variables available on admission in predicting a fatal outcome. On linear discriminant analysis, six variables showed a significant discriminating power in predicting death: low systolic blood pressure, low platelet count, extensive petechiae, high body temperature, low CSF polynuclear cell count and absence of meningism. From a stepwise linear discriminant analysis, two alternative procedures for prognostic evaluation were derived. If a large high risk group is accepted which will include practically all patients at risk of death, a prognostic evaluation based only on systolic blood pressure on admission is sufficient. Alternatively, if unconventional, potentially hazardous therapy is considered for high risk patients, a small high risk group may be defined. Patients with systolic blood pressure less than 100 mm Hg, platelet count less than or equal to 125 X 10(9)/l and body temperature greater than 39 degrees on admission constitute a small group with a very high mortality. A similar risk group was defined if platelet count less than or equal to 125 X 10(9)/l was substituted for extensive petechiae. The advantage of the latter procedure is that only a simple bedside examination is required for the prognostic evaluation. PMID- 3760322 TI - A simple system of intracranial pressure monitoring for use by non-neurosurgeons. AB - A technique is described for intracranial pressure monitoring that can be used in the intensive care unit by doctors with no neurosurgical experience. The system uses the extradural route, thus reducing the risks of intracranial haemorrhage and infection associated with techniques requiring opening of the dura and cannulating the brain. PMID- 3760321 TI - Artifacts in the assessment of metabolic gas exchange. AB - In mechanically ventilated patients metabolic gas exchange recordings are frequently influenced by routine patient therapy. In this study the influence of such artifacts is investigated and a method for automatic detection and suppression proposed. This method reduced the influence of artifacts on diurnal oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange from up to 10% to a maximum of 1%. PMID- 3760323 TI - Hypochloruria associated with hypovolemia. AB - Hypochloruria is proposed as an indicator of hypovolemia in ICU non cardiac patients. Twelve of 13 patients presenting with Clu less than or equal to 20 mmol X l-1 and Nau greater than or equal to 20 mmol X l-1 or twice the Clu value had a CVP less than or equal to 0 mmHg. This pattern occurred in those with a metabolic alkalosis or acidosis, renal insufficiency or normal renal function, in the presence or absence of dopamine and/or diuretic administration and with or without controlled ventilation. Hypochloruria may be a better indicator of hypovolemia than a low urinary Na in ICU patients. PMID- 3760324 TI - A scoring system for ARDS? PMID- 3760325 TI - Thoracostomy tube pleurodysis by collagen instillation. PMID- 3760326 TI - Sounds, source levels, and associated behavior of humpback whales, southeast Alaska. AB - Humpback whales in Southeast Alaskan waters produced five categories of sounds: moans, grunts, pulse trains, blowhole-associated sounds, and surface impacts. Frequencies (Hz) of moans and grunts were 20-1900. Major energy in low-frequency pulse trains was in a band of 25-80 Hz with pulse duration of 300-400 ms. Blowhole-associated sounds, recorded as transiting whales encountered one another, were of two types: shrieks, 555-2000 Hz, and trumpetlike horn blasts with fundamental at 414 Hz (median). Pulses and spread spectrum noise were associated with gas bubble formation and explosive bursts, respectively, in connection with spiral feeding maneuvers. Surface impacts resulted from fluke or flipper slaps in sequences of 3-21 sounds. Source levels ranged from 162 (low frequency pulse trains) to 192 dB (surface impacts), re: 1 microPa, 1 m. Songs, commonly heard on winter breeding grounds, were absent from our recordings. Feeding and perhaps certain other whale activities can be monitored based on sound production. PMID- 3760327 TI - Vowel errors in noise and in reverberation by hearing-impaired listeners. AB - The effects of noise and reverberation on the identification of monophthongs and diphthongs were evaluated for ten subjects with moderate sensorineural hearing losses. Stimuli were 15 English vowels spoken in a /b-t/ context, in a carrier sentence. The original tape was recorded without reverberation, in a quiet condition. This test tape was degraded either by recording in a room with reverberation time of 1.2 s, or by adding a babble of 12 voices at a speech-to noise ratio of 0 dB. Both types of degradation caused statistically significant reductions of mean identification scores as compared to the quiet condition. Although the mean identification scores for the noise and reverberant conditions were not significantly different, the patterns of errors for these two conditions were different. Errors for monophthongs in reverberation but not in noise seemed to be related to an overestimation of vowel duration, and there was a tendency to weight the formant frequencies differently in the reverberation and quiet conditions. Errors for monophthongs in noise seemed to be related to spectral proximity of formant frequencies for confused pairs. For the diphthongs in both noise and reverberation, there was a tendency to judge a diphthong as the beginning monophthong. This may have been due to temporal smearing in the reverberation condition, and to a higher masked threshold for changing compared to stationary formant frequencies in the noise condition. PMID- 3760328 TI - Superior lateral pharyngeal wall movements in speech. AB - Medial movements of the lateral pharyngeal wall at the level of the velopharyngeal port were examined by using a computerized ultrasound system. Subjects produced CVNVC sequences involving all combinations of the vowels /a/ and /u/ and the nasal consonants /n/ and /m/. The effects of both vowels on the CVN and NVC gestures (opening and closing of the velopharyngeal port, respectively) were assessed in terms of movement amplitude, duration, and movement onset time. The amplitude of both opening and closing gestures of the lateral pharyngeal wall was less in the context of the vowel /u/ than the vowel /a/. In addition, the onset of the opening gesture towards the nasal consonant was related to the identity of both the initial and the final vowels. The characteristics of the functional coupling of the velum and lateral pharyngeal wall in speech are discussed. PMID- 3760329 TI - Testing a model of intonation in a tone language. AB - Schematic fundamental frequency curves of simple statements and questions are generated for Hausa, a two-tone language of Nigeria, using a modified version of an intonational model developed by Garding and Bruce [Nordic Prosody II, edited by T. Fretheim (Tapir, Trondheim, 1981), pp. 33-39]. In this model, rules for intonation and tones are separated. Intonation is represented as sloping grids of (near) parallel lines, inside which tones are placed. The tones are associated with turning points of the fundamental frequency contour. Local rules may also modify the exact placement of a tone within the grid. The continuous fundamental frequency contour is modeled by concatenating the tonal points using polynomial equations. Thus the final pitch contour is modeled as an interaction between global and local factors. The slope of the intonational grid lines depends at least on sentence type (statement or question), sentence length, and tone pattern. The model is tested by reference to data from nine speakers of Kano Hausa. PMID- 3760330 TI - Auditory filter shapes in the chinchilla. AB - Auditory filter shapes were determined for the chinchilla using the notched-noise technique [R. D. Patterson, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 59, 640-654 (1976)]. Here, the derivative of the curve relating threshold to masker gap width outlines the shape of the auditory filter. Three chinchillas were trained, using positive reinforcement techniques, to provide forward masked thresholds at 1.0 and 10.0 kHz, at three masker spectrum levels. Unexpectedly, the threshold curves contained inflection points and regions of constant or nonmonotonic changes in threshold, so that the derived filters contained dips in their central passbands. Nonmonotonic variations in threshold may be discerned in human threshold versus notch width functions of previously published studies, suggesting that the two types of data are qualitatively similar. The filters computed from the chinchilla data widened with increasing masker level and were more broadly tuned than those obtained in humans. The physiological response to each frequency component of any stimulus is likely a combination of excitation and suppression. Hence, one cannot predict masked threshold from the acoustic spectra of the maskers used here since they differ from their internal representations. Thus the threshold versus notch width function probably reflects the operation of both an auditory filter and a nonlinearity. PMID- 3760331 TI - Sound localization of frequency-modulated sinusoids by Old World monkeys. AB - Directional hearing acuity, as measured by the minimum audible angle (MAA), was determined in four Old World monkeys, Macaca radiata. The acoustic stimuli were linear changes in frequency (sweeps) for different frequency ranges and sweep rates. The sweeps ranged between 0.5 and 1.3 kHz, at two durations, 100 and 200 ms. In upsweeps which began at 0.5 kHz and were 200 ms in duration, MAA decreased as sweep rate and frequency range increased. These thresholds were compared to MAAs of sweeps which traversed the same range of frequencies but at a different rate, to MAAs of sweeps with identical rates but over different frequency ranges, and to the MAAs of downsweeps. These comparisons indicated that range, and not sweep rate, exerts the greatest effect on the MAA. Interaural phase differences derived from the upper limits of the frequency range are discussed as potential FM localization cues. PMID- 3760332 TI - Acoustics of ear canal measurement of eardrum SPL in simulators. AB - The effect of standing waves on the ear canal measurement of eardrum sound pressure level (SPL) was determined by both calculation and measurement. Transmission line calculations of the standing wave were made using the dimensions of the ANSI S3.25-1979 ear simulator and three different eardrum impedances. Standing wave curves have been obtained for the standard eardrum impedance at 1-kHz intervals in the range of 1-8 kHz. The changes in standing wave position due to each of the three eardrum impedances and their effects on ear canal measurements of SPL were computed for each of the eardrum impedances. Ear canal SPL measurements conducted on simulators modified to correspond to the eardrum impedances used in the calculations were compared to the computed values. Differences between eardrum SPLs and those measured at different locations in the ear canal approached a standing wave ratio (SWR) of 10-12 dB as the position of the measuring probe approached the standing wave minimum at each frequency. These maximum differences compared favorably with data developed by other investigators from real ears. Differences due to the eardrum impedance were found to be significant only in the frequency region of 2-5 kHz. Calibration of probes in a standard or modified ANSI simulator at the same distance from the eardrum as in the real ear reduces the eardrum SPL measurement errors to those resulting from differences in eardrum impedance. PMID- 3760333 TI - A design for a general digital filter for state estimation of an arbitrary stochastic sound system. AB - This article describes a new attempt at the design of a general digital filter for the state estimation of a nonstationary nonlinear stochastic sound system. A recursive algorithm for estimating the higher-order statistics of arbitrary function type, mean, and variance is obtained by introducing a new expansion form of Bayes' theorem. Further, the state probability density function (PDF) can also be estimated in a unified form of orthogonal or nonorthogonal series expansions by using these estimates. This method is widely applicable for cases where the random-noise fluctuation is non-Gaussian. The estimation algorithm proposed in this article agrees completely with a well-known Kalman filtering theory [J. Basic Eng. 82, 35-45 (1960); Kalman and Buchy, J. Basic Eng. 83, 95-108 (1961)], as a simplified special case when the stochastic system is of linear type with Gaussian random excitation. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed theory were confirmed experimentally by applying it to actually observed room acoustic data and road-traffic noise data. PMID- 3760334 TI - An investigation of the sound field above the audience in large lecture halls with a scale model. AB - Measurements of steady-state sound pressure levels above the audience in large lecture halls show that the classical equation for predicting the sound pressure level is not accurate. The direct field above the seats was measured on a 1:10 scale model and was found to be dependent on the incidence angle and direction of sound propagation across the audience. The reverberant field above the seats in the model was calculated by subtracting the direct field from the measured total field and was found to be dependent on the magnitude and particularly on the placement of absorption. The decrease of sound pressure level versus distance in the total field depends on the angle (controlled by absorption placement) at which the strong reflections are incident upon the audience area. Sound pressure level decreases at a fairly constant rate with distance from the sound source in both the direct and reverberant field, and the decrease rate depends strongly on the absorption placement. The lowest rate of decay occurs when the side walls are absorptive, and both the ceiling and rear wall are reflective. These consequences are discussed with respect to prediction of speech intelligibility. PMID- 3760335 TI - Space variances in the mean-square pressure at the boundaries of a rectangular reverberation room. AB - It was found that it was possible to reduce the number of samples needed for power measurements by sampling at the boundaries in a reverberation room. The space variances in the mean-square pressure of oblique wave fields in a rectangular reverberation room were calculated. The sound source was assumed to be a narrow-band noise source. Space variances throughout the room sigma 2A, on the floor sigma 2B, on the edge sigma 2C, and at the corner sigma 2G were compared with each other numerically. The numerical results confirmed that the relation sigma 2G less than sigma 2C less than sigma 2B less than sigma 2A holds well. Particularly, in a rectangular reverberation room, under the condition that the receiver position is fixed at the corner of the room (corner method), the number of samples reduces to 1/2-1/3 the number of samples needed under the condition that both receiver positions and source positions are changed throughout the room. Some experimental results regarding the power measurements by the corner method are also shown. The experimental results confirmed the suitable estimation of the power for a noise source at low frequencies. PMID- 3760336 TI - Nonlinear response in evaluating the subjective diffuseness of sound fields. AB - Tests were conducted to determine which horizontal reflection angles are most effective in stimulating subjective diffuseness for a listener in a room. Paired comparison tests were carried out where subjects were asked to judge in which of two sound fields they perceived more diffuseness. Results show that the most effective horizontal angle depends on the frequency of the one-third-octave-band noise, as is indicated by the interaural cross correlation. The remarkable finding in this investigation is that the scale value of subjective diffuseness may be formulated in terms of the 3/2 power of the magnitude of interaural cross correlation (IACC) and that the scale value does not vary with the frequency of the bandpass noise source. PMID- 3760337 TI - Predictors of speech intelligibility in rooms. AB - Three different types of acoustical measures were compared as predictors of speech intelligibility in rooms of varied size and acoustical conditions. These included signal-to-noise measures, the speech transmission index derived from modulation transfer functions, and useful/detrimental sound ratios obtained from early/late sound ratios, speech, and background levels. The most successful forms of each type of measure were of similar prediction accuracy, but the useful/detrimental ratios based on a 0.08-s early time interval were most accurate. Several physical measures, although based on very different calculation procedures, were quite strongly related to each other. PMID- 3760338 TI - Speech intelligibility studies in classrooms. AB - Speech intelligibility tests and acoustical measurements were made in ten occupied classrooms. Octave-band measurements of background noise levels, early decay times, and reverberation times, as well as various early/late sound ratios, and the center time were obtained. Various octave-band useful/detrimental ratios were calculated along with the speech transmission index. The interrelationships of these measures were considered to evaluate which were most appropriate in classrooms, and the best predictors of speech intelligibility scores were identified. From these results ideal design goals for acoustical conditions for classrooms were determined either in terms of the 50-ms useful/detrimental ratios or from combinations of the reverberation time and background noise level. PMID- 3760339 TI - A model for insertion loss degradation for parallel highway noise barriers. AB - An algorithm is developed and validated for the prediction of the reduction, or degradation, of traffic noise barrier insertion loss when a second barrier is placed on the opposite side of the highway. The algorithm combines the basic emission, propagation, and barrier attenuation features of the Federal Highway Administration traffic noise prediction model with a geometrical acoustics approach for multiple reflections. The resultant model can accommodate any number of source lanes or receivers, three vehicle categories, and independently variable barrier heights and absorption coefficients. The model was validated against mathematical, scale model, and full scale field data received from other researchers, and has proved to be a good predictor of insertion loss degradation. PMID- 3760340 TI - On the use of symmetrized dot patterns for the visual characterization of speech waveforms and other sampled data. AB - While the spectrogram (and related graphic analyses) have been invaluable in showing the general frequency content of an input signal, sometimes it is difficult for trained and untrained users to see on the spectrogram differences which are perceptible to the ear. In this paper, several demonstrations of a novel representation are presented which, in some cases, can make subtle differences in input signals obvious to the human analyst. The representation, a "symmetrized dot pattern" (SDP), provides a stimulus in which local visual correlations are integrated to form a global percept and can potentially be applied to the detection and characterization of significant features of any sampled data. PMID- 3760341 TI - Pitch and rhythm paradoxes: comments on "Auditory paradox based on fractal waveform". AB - Schroeder [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 79, 186-189 (1986)] describes the paradox of acoustic waveforms that sound lower when reproduced at higher speeds. The author has also demonstrated this paradox [J.C. Risset, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 46, 88 (A) (1969); see also Seventh ICA, Budapest, S10, 613-616 (1971)]; in addition he has recently synthesized a rhythmic analog of the paradox, namely rhythmical sequences that can sound slower when reproduced at higher speeds. PMID- 3760342 TI - Automated data-logging personal exposure monitors for carbon monoxide. PMID- 3760343 TI - Odor thresholds by forced-choice dynamic triangle olfactometry: reproducibility and methods of calculation. PMID- 3760344 TI - Yale Children's Inventory (YCI): an instrument to assess children with attentional deficits and learning disabilities. I. Scale development and psychometric properties. AB - The Yale Children's Inventory (YCI), a parent-based rating scale, and the scales derived from it have been developed to identify and measure multiple dimensions of learning disabilities with particular emphasis on attentional deficits. Scale construction was based on factor-analytic procedures. Measures of internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and coefficients of congruence support the reliability and stability of the 11 scales. A discriminant function classified normal and learning-disabled children with a relatively high rate of accuracy. The relationship and content of the three relevant YCI scales were compared to the DSM-III diagnostic categories for ADD. As operationalized, DSM-III criteria for hyperactivity formed a cohesive factor, while criteria for attention and impulsivity were not distinguishable from each other since they loaded together on a single factor. In contrast, the equivalent YCI scales for attention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity were found to be distinct. PMID- 3760346 TI - Effects of treatments and their outcomes on peer perceptions of a hyperactive child. AB - In an exploration of the social impacts of treatments for hyperactivity, two age groups (kindergarteners and first-graders vs. fourth- and fifth-graders) heard about a hyperactive child whose problem was treated either by an internal and controllable means (effort) or by an external and uncontrollable means (medication) and whose behavior either did or did not improve. The attributions and affective responses of both age groups were influenced by both the nature and the effectiveness of treatment, and there was only weak support for the hypothesis that younger children are more influenced by treatment outcome than older children are. However, older children, conforming to attribution theory predictions, held target children more accountable for the success or failure of their own efforts than for the outcomes of medication, particularly valuing the child whose own efforts succeeded. By contrast, young children judged the child whose efforts failed as more worthy of pride and more likable than the child whose medication failed. Implications for peer acceptance of hyperactive children over the childhood years are discussed. PMID- 3760345 TI - Sustained attention in children at risk for schizophrenia: findings with two visual continuous performance tests in a new sample. AB - In partial replication of an earlier study, 35 children at high risk for schizophrenia, 25 children at high risk for affective disorder, and 53 normal control children from a new sample of 7- to 12-year-old subjects were tested with two new visual continuous performance tests. Response levels and intrasubject variability were analyzed separately. Multivariate analyses on factor scores derived from response levels indicate that "groups" is a significant predictor for a factor reflecting discriminability (or sensitivity) for the more difficult of these tests but not for the less difficult one, and that high risk for schizophrenia is associated with lower performance. Factor scores and multiple regression analyses were used to dichotomize subjects as to whether or not they are low performance outliers. A significantly larger proportion of subjects from the high risk for schizophrenia group than from the control groups were low performance outliers. Among subjects that developed psychopathology in adolescence, subjects at high risk for schizophrenia were more likely to have contributed low performance outliers early during childhood. PMID- 3760347 TI - Visual and auditory attention performance in hyperactive children: competence or compliance. AB - The effect of self-control and compliance on the attentional performance of hyperactive children was assessed. Visual and auditory attention tasks were presented in conditions in which the experimenter was either absent and therefore not imposing external control, or present and therefore imposing some degree of control. There was no difference in performance between hyperactives and controls when the experimenter was present, but the hyperactives' performance showed a greater deterioration than controls when the experimenter was absent. The amount of movement displayed during the tasks was greater for hyperactives and increased more for this group during experimenter-absent conditions. The results support the contention that noncompliance is a major contributor to the poor performance of hyperactive children, which can be seen as an "application" deficit rather than an "ability" deficit. These findings have relevance for the current debate on the association between hyperactivity and conduct disorder, and from an applied perspective they serve to stress the importance of situational contributors to the problem behaviors of hyperactive children. PMID- 3760348 TI - Parent-identified problem preschoolers: mother-child interaction during play at intake and 1-year follow-up. AB - Parent-referred 2- and 3-year-olds and controls, participating in a longitudinal study of hyperactivity and related behavior problems, were observed with their mothers during play at an initial assessment and a 1-year follow-up. Mothers of problem children provided more redirection initially and made more negative control statements at follow-up than mothers of controls; problem youngsters tended to play more aggressively. Sex differences were prominent. Mothers of boys, regardless of referral status, were more directive at the initial assessment; their sons were less cooperative and somewhat more aggressive in their play. Maternal involvement in play decreased over time, possibly as a response to developmental changes in children's play. Group by time interactions indicated that mothers of control children provided fewer negative control statements at follow-up relative to mothers of problem children and to their own levels at the first assessment; mothers of problem youngsters redirected their children less than they had initially. Mothers of boys were also less directive at follow-up relative to their initial levels. Situational and developmental factors are discussed briefly. PMID- 3760349 TI - Incidental learning, distraction, and sustained attention in hyperactive and control subjects. AB - Thirty-two children designated as hyperactive (ADD) were compared with an equal number of control subjects who were matched for age, sex, and verbal IQ. The subjects were tested on a component selection task, measuring serial memory and incidental learning and a cancellation task, assessing attentional variables and distractibility. No straightforward group differences were found on the component selection task, whereas hyperactive subjects made more omission and commission errors than controls on the cancellation task. It was concluded that a deficit in sustained attention and impulsivity best described the group differences. Age was also found to influence performance on a number of variables, including incidental learning on the component selection task and response rate and omission errors on the cancellation task. Because subjects in the hyperactive group were rated as extreme on a number of subscales not necessarily related to hyperactivity, the data were reexamined by multiple regression analyses. Subscales considered to be related both to hyperactivity and to conduct disorder were associated with different performance variables, indicating that each of these subscales provided some unique information. PMID- 3760350 TI - Attention styles and peer relationships of hyperactive and normal boys and girls. AB - Attention skills of hyperactive and normal boys and girls and behavioral ratings by teachers were investigated. Peer perceptions were obtained using a sociometric measure. Results supported previous research that found attentional deficits in hyperactive children. Results also suggested that hyperactive girls, as well as hyperactive boys, have difficulty with peer relationships. Hyperactive boys and girls displayed different patterns of problem behavior, although both groups displayed more problems than normal boys and girls. Specifically, the hyperactive girls displayed more conduct problem behavior than normal girls, but less than hyperactive boys. Because of the disruptive behavior problems they present, hyperactive boys may be identified earlier than are hyperactive girls. PMID- 3760351 TI - Response cost, reinforcement, and children's Porteus Maze qualitative performance. AB - Sixty fourth-grade children were given two different series of the Porteus Maze Test. The first series was given as a baseline, and the second series was administered under one of four different experimental conditions: control, response cost, positive reinforcement, or negative verbal feedback. Response cost and positive reinforcement, but not negative verbal feedback, led to significant decreases in the number of all types of qualitative errors in relation to the control group. The reduction of nontargeted as well as targeted errors provides evidence for the generalized effects of response cost and positive reinforcement. PMID- 3760352 TI - Relation between clinical features of the mitral prolapse syndrome and echocardiographically documented mitral valve prolapse. AB - Mitral valve prolapse, the most common inherited cardiovascular condition, has been associated with a variety of signs, symptoms and electrocardiographic abnormalities, but the true spectrum of the mitral prolapse syndrome remains in doubt because clinical findings often contribute to patient identification and their prevalence in patient groups may be overstated because of ascertainment bias. Accordingly, clinical findings in 88 patients with echocardiographic mitral prolapse were compared with those in 81 of their adult first degree relatives with mitral prolapse (a group free of ascertainment bias) and in two control groups without mitral prolapse: 172 first degree relatives and 60 spouses. Comparison of relatives with and without mitral prolapse demonstrated true associations between mitral prolapse and clicks or murmurs, or both (67 versus 9%, p less than 0.001), thoracic bony abnormalities (41 versus 16%, p less than 0.001), systolic blood pressure less than 120 mm Hg (53 versus 31%, p less than 0.001), body weight 90% or less of ideal (31 versus 14%, p less than 0.005) and palpitation (40 versus 24%, p less than 0.01). In contrast, relatives with mitral prolapse showed no significant increase over normal relatives or spouses without mitral prolapse in prevalence of chest pain, dyspnea, panic attacks, high anxiety or repolarization abnormalities, but these features were all more common in women than in men (p less than 0.01 to less than 0.001). Thus, the true spectrum of the mitral prolapse syndrome encompasses a midsystolic click and late systolic murmur, thoracic bony abnormalities, low body weight and blood pressure and palpitation. Other suggested clinical features, including nonanginal chest pain, dyspnea, panic attacks and electrocardiographic abnormalities, have appeared to be associated with mitral valve prolapse because of ascertainment bias and an erroneous classification of differences between men and women as being due to mitral valve prolapse. PMID- 3760353 TI - Atrioventricular block in acute inferior wall myocardial infarction: harbinger of associated obstruction of the left anterior descending coronary artery. AB - In a prospective study 51 consecutive patients who survived the acute phase of inferior wall myocardial infarction underwent coronary arteriography. Eleven patients developed some degree of atrioventricular (AV) block in the acute phase of infarction that disappeared within a few days and was considered by electrocardiographic analysis to be located in the AV node. Patients with AV block during acute myocardial infarction had a significantly higher prevalence of left anterior descending coronary artery obstruction (91 versus 55%, p less than 0.05) than did patients without AV block and the obstruction preceded the exit of the first septal perforator branch in 73% of cases with heart block and in 30% of cases without block (p less than 0.01). The sensitivity, specificity and predictive values were 31, 95 and 91%, respectively, for the existence of left anterior descending coronary artery obstruction when AV block occurred during acute inferior myocardial infarction, and 40, 90 and 73%, respectively, for the occurrence of the coronary artery obstruction before the exit of the first septal perforator branch. Patients with inferior myocardial infarction and left anterior descending coronary artery obstruction have a sixfold greater chance of developing heart block in the acute phase of infarction than do patients with inferior infarction without such obstruction (p less than 0.05). These findings also support the observations that the proximal AV conduction system usually has a dual arterial blood supply from both the right and left anterior descending coronary arteries, and may explain the transient behavior of heart block and lack of necrosis of the AV node seen in these patients. PMID- 3760354 TI - Hemodynamic effects of infused arginine vasopressin in congestive heart failure. AB - The hemodynamic effects of exogenously administered arginine vasopressin were assessed in 11 patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Infusion rates of 0.1 to 0.8 pmol/kg per min increased plasma arginine vasopressin from 6.5 +/- 2.7 (SD) pg/ml at control to 63 +/- 39 pg/ml at the highest infusion rate. There were progressive decreases in cardiac output and stroke volume, with increases in systemic vascular resistance and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, but only minimal changes in heart rate and blood pressure. Changes in cardiac output, stroke volume and systemic resistance were evident from the first infusion rate, which increased plasma arginine vasopressin from 6.5 +/- 2.7 to 9.9 +/- 4.6 pg/ml. A paired analysis of baseline hemodynamic data with those measured during infusions producing an arginine vasopressin level averaging 15 +/- 2.6 pg/ml yielded the following changes: cardiac output decreased from 4.6 +/- 1.2 to 4.2 +/- 0.96 liters/min (p less than 0.01), stroke volume decreased from 60 +/- 19 to 54 +/- 16 ml (p less than 0.005) and systemic vascular resistance increased from 1,329 +/- 396 to 1,443 +/- 395 dynes X s X cm-5 (p = 0.01). Thus, small increases in circulating arginine vasopressin cause modest but significant adverse circulatory effects in patients with congestive heart failure. A fall in cardiac output, probably as a result of increased afterload, is seen at levels of arginine vasopressin within the basal range found in congestive heart failure. These data demonstrate that circulating arginine vasopressin in physiologic concentrations is capable of influencing hemodynamics in patients with congestive heart failure and suggest that therapy for this condition directed at inhibition of the vascular effect of arginine vasopressin may be potentially useful. PMID- 3760355 TI - A new echocardiographic model for quantifying three-dimensional endocardial surface area. AB - A new technique for quantitatively mapping the three-dimensional left ventricular endocardial surface was developed, using measurements from standard cross sectional echocardiographic images. To validate the accuracy of this echocardiographic mapping technique in an animal model, the endocardial areas of 15 excised canine ventricles were calculated using measurements made from echocardiographic studies of the hearts and compared with areas determined with latex casts of the same ventricles. Close correlation (r = 0.87, p less than 0.001) between these two measures of endocardial area provided preliminary confirmation of the accuracy of the maps. To further characterize the mapping algorithm, it was translated into computer format and used to map the surfaces of idealized hemiellipsoids. Areas measured with this mapping technique closely approximated the actual areas of idealized surfaces with a wide spectrum of shapes; maps were particularly accurate for ellipsoids with shapes similar to those of undistorted human ventricles. Also, the accuracies of area calculations were relatively insensitive to deviation from the assumed positions of the echocardiographic short-axis planes. Finally, although the accuracy of the mapping technique improved as data from more transverse planes were added, the procedure proved reliable for estimating surface areas when data from only three planes were used. These studies confirm the accuracy of the echocardiographic mapping technique, and they suggest that the resulting planar plots might be useful as templates for localizing and quantifying the overall extent of abnormal wall motion. PMID- 3760356 TI - An echocardiographic technique for quantifying and displaying the extent of regional left ventricular dyssynergy. AB - A convenient noninvasive method of mapping the left ventricular endocardial surface has been developed that can be used to display regional dysfunction and calculate the total area of abnormal endocardial excursion from data obtained in two orthogonal apical and three or more short-axis cross-sectional echocardiographic images. Visually identified regions of abnormal systolic function are plotted on end-diastolic, planar endocardial surface maps, and the extent of dysfunction can be expressed either as an absolute area or as a fraction of the total endocardial surface area involved. The extent of the left ventricular surface moving abnormally, calculated with this echocardiographic mapping technique, was compared with two histochemical measures of infarct size in a series of 11 closed chest dogs with acute circumflex coronary artery occlusions. Overall extent of abnormally moving left ventricular wall correlated closely with both the fraction of the endocardial area overlying infarct (r = 0.92, p less than or equal to 0.001) and the fraction of the myocardial volume infarcted (r = 0.86, p less than or equal to 0.001). This suggests that the echocardiographic mapping technique can be used to accurately quantify the global extent of abnormal systolic function in the presence of regional wall motion abnormalities. PMID- 3760357 TI - Exercise electrocardiographic variables: a critical appraisal. AB - To compare four recently proposed methods of analyzing the exercise electrocardiogram with the conventional analysis of ST segment depression, 303 consecutive patients without myocardial infarction who had been referred for coronary arteriography underwent stress electrocardiography and stress thallium imaging. The specificity for the prediction of a greater than 50% coronary obstruction of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mm ST segment depression measured in the conventional way was 0.59, 0.73, 0.88 and 0.94, respectively. The specificity of a thallium perfusion defect was 0.79. Sensitivities of the conventional ST depressions, thallium defect, the change in the sum of the R amplitudes and the slope adjusted for heart rate increase were calculated and compared at the cited levels of specificity. R wave changes had a significantly lower sensitivity than did the conventionally analyzed ST depression at each level of specificity. Slope adjusted ST depression had a slightly higher sensitivity than that of conventional ST depression only at a specificity of 0.73 (0.68 versus 0.65, p = 0.07). R wave-adjusted ST depression was significantly more sensitive than conventional ST depression only at a specificity of 0.94 (0.45 versus 0.36, p = 0.01). Heart rate-adjusted ST depression was more sensitive than conventional ST depression at all of the specificities except 0.59. This pattern of superior accuracy of heart rate-adjusted ST depressions was preserved for the prediction of multivessel coronary disease. Heart rate adjustment is a simpler and more accurate modification of the conventional electrocardiographic analysis than are the other three methods studied. PMID- 3760358 TI - High dose dipyridamole echocardiography test in effort angina pectoris. AB - The dipyridamole echocardiography test (intravenous dipyridamole with two dimensional echocardiographic monitoring) was performed in 93 patients with effort chest pain and in 10 control subjects. The test was considered positive when regional asynergy appeared after dipyridamole administration. When negative at the low dose (0.56 mg/kg body weight in 4 minutes), the test was repeated on a different day with a higher dose (0.84 mg/kg in 10 minutes). All 93 patients underwent coronary arteriography; 72 of them had significant (greater than 70% luminal reduction) coronary artery disease. Thirty-eight of the 93 patients had a positive low dose dipyridamole echocardiography test; 15 other patients with a negative low dose test had a positive high dose test. All 53 patients with a positive test had significant coronary artery disease; 12 of them had a negative exercise stress test. In relation to the presence of coronary artery disease, the dipyridamole echocardiography test had an overall specificity higher than that of the exercise stress test (100 versus 71%) and a similar overall sensitivity (74 versus 69%). The dipyridamole echocardiography test is feasible in all patients with a good baseline echocardiogram. It detects the site of apparent ischemia more precisely than does an exercise stress test, and can unmask electrocardiographically silent ischemia. If performed in patients with a negative low dose dipyridamole echocardiography test, the high dose test adds sensitivity (probably by achieving maximal dilation in patients in whom the low dose is only partially effective), without any loss in specificity and with no apparent increase in risk. PMID- 3760359 TI - A new animal model of atrial flutter. AB - A new, simple and reliable model of atrial flutter utilizing postpericardiotomy pericarditis was developed in the dog. Using a sterile technique, the pericardium was opened by way of a right thoracotomy, Teflon-coated, stainless steel wire electrodes were fixed to three selected sites on the atria and exteriorized, the atrial surfaces were generously dusted with talcum powder and a single layer of gauze was placed on the free left and right atrial walls. The dogs were allowed to recover. Subsequently, the inducibility of atrial flutter and selected electrophysiologic properties of the atria were determined by daily programmed atrial stimulation studies with the dogs in the conscious, nonsedated state. Atrial flutter could be induced in 23 of 25 dogs initially studied. It was sustained (that is, lasting greater than or equal to 5 min) in 17 of the 23. Neither atrial excitability, intraatrial conduction time nor atrial refractoriness determined by pacing and recording from the three fixed sites predicted the inducibility of atrial flutter. One hundred thirty-nine episodes of atrial flutter induced in these 23 dogs were analyzed. The mean sustained atrial flutter cycle length was 131 +/- 20 ms (mean +/- SD) (range 100 to 170); the atrial flutter cycle length was 150 ms or more in 23 episodes, between 120 and 150 ms in 64 episodes and 120 ms or less in 52 episodes. In five dogs, the stability of the atrial flutter cycle length during sustained atrial flutter was studied and shown to be remarkably stable in all five until interrupted by rapid atrial pacing 35 to 95 minutes after its induction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3760360 TI - Ultrasound study of acoustic properties of the normal canine heart: comparison of backscatter from all chambers. AB - Much effort has recently been directed toward ultrasound characterization of normal and abnormal left ventricular myocardium. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the normal acoustic properties of all four cardiac chambers as a first step toward tissue characterization of the atria and ventricles. The hypothesis was that integrated ultrasound backscatter would follow the pattern of collagen concentration in the cardiac chambers, being higher in the right side of the heart than in the left and in the atria compared with the ventricles. Seven normal canine hearts, perfusion-fixed in 10% formalin, were examined. Sections of the free walls of right and left ventricles and atria were studied in vitro with a 5 MHz transducer positioned at the focal distance from the epicardium. The radio frequency ultrasound signal energy from each specimen was derived, corrected for sample thickness and expressed as integrated backscatter, in decibel units less than the reflected energy from a stainless steel block. The backscatter was higher from the right ventricle than from the left ventricle ( 64.5 +/- 1.25 [mean +/- SEM] [n = 7] versus -73.6 +/- 1.32; p less than 0.05), higher from the right atrium than from the right ventricle (-58.5 +/- 0.83 versus -64.5 +/- 1.25; p less than 0.05) and higher from the left atrium than from the left ventricle (-62.8 +/- 1.14 versus -73.6 +/- 1.32; p less than 0.05). These data show that backscatter is higher in the right ventricle than in the left ventricle and in the atria compared with the ventricles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3760361 TI - Stabilization of a derangement in adenosine triphosphate metabolism during sustained, partial ischemia in the dog heart. AB - Severe myocardial ischemia in dogs (perfusion 10% of normal) caused progressive deterioration in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) metabolism. Between 1/2 hour and 5 hours, myocardial ATP content fell from 55 to 6% of normal, and the sum of adenine nucleotides fell from 66 to 14% of normal. Moderate ischemia (perfusion 20 to 70%) also disturbed ATP metabolism, but to a lesser degree. Moreover, there was no significant change in the concentration of any ATP metabolite between 1/2 hour and 5 hours of moderate ischemia. ATP content was 66 and 52% of normal, and adenine nucleotide content was 73 and 59% of normal at 1/2 hour and 5 hours, respectively. Trivial ischemia (perfusion 80% or greater) barely perturbed ATP metabolism at either 1/2 hour or 5 hours. Thus, in contrast to severe or trivial ischemia, prolonged moderate ischemia produced a derangement in ATP metabolism that persisted and was relatively stable for 5 hours. PMID- 3760362 TI - Valve replacement in children less than 5 years of age. AB - Between 1966 and 1984, there were 63 children less than 5 years of age who underwent 70 valve replacements (49 mitral [5 repeat], 6 aortic, 11 tricuspid [systemic ventricle; 2 repeat]), 2 tricuspid [pulmonary ventricle] and 1 multiple [mitral-aortic]) at Children's Hospital. Tissue valves were used in 20%. Since 1980, only Bjork-Shiley and St. Jude valves have been used. The most common indication for valve replacement was mitral regurgitation after repair of atrioventricular (AV) canal (34%). Mortality dropped considerably over time: 76% before 1979, 33% from 1979 to 1982 and 22% since 1982. More than two-thirds of fatalities were operative deaths, usually within 3 days of surgery. Actuarial survival curves for those operated on since 1980 predict 1 and 5 year survival of 73 and 51%, respectively. For the 46 operative survivors 1 and 5 year valve survival was 97 and 70%, respectively. Postoperative hemodynamics were significantly improved on elective postoperative catheterizations. All but one patient with non-tissue valves received anticoagulant therapy. Postoperative complications included thromboembolism (1.6/100 patients-years) and hemorrhage (0.8/100 patient-years). The frequency of intravascular hemolysis and endocarditis was 1.6%, comparable with adult experience. Complete heart block requiring a pacemaker developed in nine patients (14.1%), in all after AV valve replacement. Valve replacement in young children generally results in considerable hemodynamic improvement. The mortality rate remains above that observed in adults but has declined considerably for those operated on after 1980. PMID- 3760363 TI - Percutaneous balloon valvotomy of congenital pulmonary stenosis using oversized balloons. AB - Percutaneous balloon valvotomy was attempted in 27 patients (aged 6 days to 19 years, median 2 years, 11 months) with unoperated typical valvular pulmonary stenosis using a balloon 7 to 60% (mean 30%) larger than the valve anulus. One patient had undergone a previous balloon valvotomy elsewhere. To achieve an oversized dilation diameter in three larger patients, two balloons were inflated side by side. Their "effective dilation diameter" was determined by the diameter of the circle with the same area as that of the oval enveloping the two balloons. A significant reduction of the transvalvular gradient occurred in all patients (mean +/- SD = 74.3 +/- 14.7%, range 33 to 100%). The average gradient of 65.0 +/ 19.0 mm Hg (mean +/- SD) fell to 15.9 +/- 7.6 mm Hg (0 to 30 mm Hg). Twenty-five of 27 patients had a residual transvalvular gradient of less than 25 mm Hg. The calculated valve orifice area increased by an average of 183 +/- 80%. No significant complications occurred. It is concluded that percutaneous balloon valvotomy with a balloon 20 to 40% larger than the valve anulus is the treatment of choice for typical congenital valvular pulmonary stenosis. PMID- 3760364 TI - Left ventricular function in tricuspid atresia: a radionuclide study. AB - Left ventricular function was evaluated by radionuclide angiocardiography in patients with tricuspid atresia before and after the Fontan operation. Ejection fraction was 0.54 +/- 0.13 in 29 patients without the Fontan procedure and 0.56 +/- 0.14 in 14 postoperative patients. Group means were not statistically different, but both were less than normal values for the institution (p less than 0.001). Function did not correlate significantly with age or aortic oxygen saturation. Serial studies demonstrated little change in eight of nine patients examined over 1 to 3 years preoperatively. From the preoperative group of nine patients with abnormal ejection fraction, three underwent surgery, with two survivors. Although 5 of 14 patients had abnormal systolic function after the Fontan operation, only 1 was symptomatic. Depressed response to isometric exercise was found in two patients with a normal ejection fraction at rest. Group systolic function after Fontan surgery did not correlate significantly with age at surgery but all patients were operated on at more than 5 years of age. Of seven patients studied both preoperatively and postoperatively two had an increase and three a decrease in ejection fraction. The trend in these seven studied serially after surgery was toward early improvement in ejection fraction. This study shows variability in left ventricular performance in patients with tricuspid atresia before and after surgery. Individuals undergoing the Fontan procedure after 5 years of age do not necessarily have an increase in ejection fraction over preoperative values, and may even have a decrease. Serial improvement over early postoperative results may be expected, without significant deterioration, during the next 1 to 3 years. PMID- 3760365 TI - Use of a venous assist device after repair of complex lesions of the right heart. AB - Sixteen patients underwent hemodynamic evaluation of a venous assist device after complex operations on the right side of the heart. The device consists of an inflatable abdominal binder attached to a Jobst extremity pump causing intermittent external compression of the abdomen. In addition, six of these patients were evaluated using total lower body compression for comparison. Modifications of the Fontan procedure were performed in 14 patients, mitral valve anuloplasty and tricuspid valve replacement in 1 patient and reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract for treatment of pulmonary atresia with intact septum in 1 patient. The patients' ages ranged from 23 months to 31 years (mean 10.7 +/- 1.8 years). Systemic blood pressure, right and left atrial pressures, heart rate and arterial-mixed venous oxygen saturation difference were recorded in each patient with and without the device in place. With the venous assist device, mean systolic pressure increased from 95 +/- 4 to 122 +/- 3 mm Hg (p less than 0.05) and diastolic pressure rose from 57 +/- 3 to 70 +/- 3 mm Hg (p less than 0.05). Left atrial pressure increased from 7 +/- 1 to 15 +/- 1 mm Hg and right atrial pressure from 15 +/- 1 to 23 +/- 1 mm Hg (both p less than 0.05). In addition, arterial-mixed venous oxygen saturation difference decreased from 29% without the device to 23% with the device in place (p less than 0.05). Total lower body compression gave similar results to intermittent abdominal compression alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3760366 TI - Cardiology office computer use: primer, pointers, pitfalls. AB - An office computer is a utility, like an automobile, with benefits and costs that are both direct and hidden and potential for disaster. For the cardiologist or cardiovascular surgeon, the increasing power and decreasing costs of computer hardware and the availability of software make use of an office computer system an increasingly attractive possibility. Management of office business functions is common; handling and scientific analysis of practice medical information are less common. The cardiologist can also access national medical information systems for literature searches and for interactive further education. Selection and testing of programs and the entire computer system before purchase of computer hardware will reduce the chances of disappointment or serious problems. Personnel pretraining and planning for office information flow and medical information security are necessary. Some cardiologists design their own office systems, buy hardware and software as needed, write programs for themselves and carry out the implementation themselves. For most cardiologists, the better course will be to take advantage of the professional experience of expert advisors. This article provides a starting point from which the practicing cardiologist can approach considering, specifying or implementing an office computer system for business functions and for scientific analysis of practice results. PMID- 3760367 TI - Computerized records in clinical cardiology. AB - Major strides in both computer hardware and software with respect to costs, reliability and user friendliness have made computer systems more and more popular for information management. Although the acquisition and maintenance of patient medical records lend themselves extremely well to computerization, there are few, if any, descriptions of successful implementations of computerized medical records in a private clinical practice. This article examines the basic fundamentals of the medical record, compares paper and computerized records and describes a specific computerized office system installed in a private cardiovascular/internal medicine practice with specific emphasis on patient medical records. PMID- 3760368 TI - Electrophysiologic and antiarrhythmic efficacy of oral sotalol for sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias: evaluation by programmed stimulation and ambulatory electrocardiogram. AB - Programmed ventricular stimulation and ambulatory electrocardiography were performed both before and during oral sotalol therapy in 39 patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmia inducible by programmed stimulation (sustained ventricular tachycardia [n = 31], ventricular fibrillation [n = 3], nonsustained ventricular tachycardia [n = 5]). Oral sotalol was started at 80 mg twice daily and the dose thereafter was then gradually increased until a mean daily dose of 300 mg (range 160-480) was reached. In 12 of 34 patients with inducible sustained ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation the arrhythmia was suppressed; in 19 patients it was not and in 3 the spontaneous arrhythmia recurred. Reproducibly inducible nonsustained ventricular tachycardia was suppressed by sotalol in all five patients with this arrhythmia. Thus, a favorable electrophysiologic response was obtained in 17 (44%) of 39 patients. Arrhythmia suppression correlated with the type of arrhythmia (unsustained or sustained) induced during the control period (p less than 0.05), and nonresponders had a higher incidence of previously ineffective drug trials (p less than 0.05). In 22 patients treated long term with sotalol suppression of arrhythmia inducibility on programmed stimulation predicted freedom from recurrences (16 of 17), whereas continued inducibility indicated drug failure (5 of 5) (p less than 0.005). Serial ambulatory electrocardiograms performed in 37 of the 39 patients did not correlate with the results of electrophysiologic testing. For the patients on long-term treatment, invasive testing was superior to electrocardiographic monitoring in predicting outcome. These data indicate that in daily doses of 160 to 480 mg oral sotalol is a very useful agent in patients presenting with sustained ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation, and its efficacy is fairly well predicted by programmed stimulation. PMID- 3760369 TI - Physician practice in the management of congestive heart failure. PMID- 3760370 TI - Doppler and two-dimensional echocardiographic diagnosis of Bjork-Shiley prosthetic valve malfunction: importance of interventricular septal motion and the timing of onset of valve flow. AB - In a 69 year old woman with a "sticking" Bjork-Shiley mitral prosthesis, the diagnosis was suggested by both the two-dimensional and the Doppler ultrasound examinations. In particular, the findings of early diastolic paradoxic septal motion, intermittent delayed opening of the prosthetic disc and variable timing of the onset of mitral valve inflow were believed to be diagnostic of a sticking tilting disc prosthesis. PMID- 3760371 TI - Transesophageal two-dimensional echocardiography: its role in solving clinical problems. AB - The diagnostic value of transesophageal two-dimensional echocardiography is described in 32 patients in whom precordial echocardiography or angiography, or both, failed to establish a definitive diagnosis. All attempted transesophageal studies were completed without complication and the referral question was definitively answered. Nineteen patients were subsequently submitted to surgery. In 18 of them, the transesophageal echocardiographic diagnoses were proven correct; in 1 patient, the diagnosis was proven partially incorrect. In the 13 unoperated patients the transesophageal echocardiographic diagnoses were not independently confirmed but were assumed correct because incontrovertible images were obtained. These results indicate that transesophageal echocardiography significantly extends the diagnostic capabilities of echocardiography. PMID- 3760372 TI - Frequent episodes of silent myocardial ischemia after apparently uncomplicated myocardial infarction. AB - Frequent episodes of silent myocardial ischemia were documented in two patients, one with recognized and one with unrecognized prior myocardial infarction. Neither patient had symptoms after the infarction, but both demonstrated silent myocardial ischemia on exercise testing, which prompted further study with 48 hour ambulatory electrocardiographic (Holter) recordings. In each patient, heart rate recorded with the Holter monitor during the ischemic episodes was usually less than that observed during ischemia precipitated by exercise testing. This suggests that increased vasoconstrictive tone may play a role in silent ischemic episodes occurring during daily activities. PMID- 3760373 TI - Heterogeneous fate of the left ventricle after acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 3760374 TI - Risk of sudden death with exercise. PMID- 3760375 TI - Exercise testing after myocardial infarction: a perspective. PMID- 3760376 TI - Role of exercise testing after myocardial infarction. PMID- 3760377 TI - Comparative study of coronary flow reserve, coronary anatomy and results of radionuclide exercise tests in patients with coronary artery disease. AB - A comparative assessment of regional coronary flow reserve, quantitative percent diameter coronary stenosis and exercise-induced perfusion and wall motion abnormalities was performed in 39 patients with coronary artery disease. Coronary flow reserve was determined by a digital angiographic technique utilizing contrast medium as the hyperemic agent. Percent diameter stenosis was calculated by an automated quantification program applied to orthogonal cineangiograms. Thallium-201 scintigraphy and radionuclide ventriculography were used to assess regional perfusion and wall motion abnormalities, respectively, at rest and during exercise. In Group A, 19 patients without transmural infarction or collateral vessels, coronary flow reserve was inversely related to percent diameter stenosis (r = -0.61, p less than 0.0001), and scintigraphic abnormalities occurred only in vascular distributions with a coronary flow reserve of less than 2.00. There was a strong relation among abnormal regional exercise results, stenoses greater than 50% and reactive hyperemia of less than 2.00. Patients with multivessel disease, however, often had normal exercise scintigrams in regions associated with greater than 50% stenosis and low coronary flow reserve when other regions had a lower coronary flow reserve or higher grade stenosis, or both. In Group B, 20 patients with angiographically visible collateral vessels, 12 of whom had prior myocardial infarction, coronary flow reserve correlated less well with percent diameter stenosis than in Group A (r = 0.47, p less than 0.004). As in Group A patients, there was a significant relation between abnormal exercise test results and stenoses greater than 50%. However, reactive hyperemia values were generally lower than in Group A, and positive exercise stress results were strongly correlated only with highly impaired flow reserves of 1.3 or less. In Group B patients, the coronary flow reserve of vessels with less than 50% stenosis was significantly lower than that of similar vessels in Group A patients (2.40 +/- 0.79 versus 1.56 +/- 0.43; p less than 0.0002). It is concluded that: there is a general relation between quantitative percent diameter stenosis and reactive hyperemia that is not of sufficient precision to allow accurate prediction of coronary flow reserve in individual cases; exercise scintigraphic abnormalities are usually associated with low coronary flow reserve, and the relation between these two functional tests is stronger than the relation between exercise test results and quantitative percent diameter stenosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3760378 TI - Isn't it time to reevaluate the sensitivity of noninvasive approaches for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease? PMID- 3760379 TI - Ventricular arrhythmias initiated by programmed stimulation in four groups of patients with healed myocardial infarction. AB - Programmed electrical stimulation of the heart was prospectively used in 160 patients with healed myocardial infarction to study the incidence and characteristics of ventricular arrhythmias induced. Thirty-five patients had neither documented nor suspected ventricular arrhythmias (Group A); 37 patients had documented nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (Group B); 31 patients had been resuscitated from ventricular fibrillation (Group C); and 57 patients had documented sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (Group D). No electrophysiologic differences were found between patients in Group A and Group B, but patients in both groups differed significantly from patients in Group C and Group D. In the last two groups, sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia was more frequently induced, the cycle length of the induced ventricular tachycardia was slower and a lesser number of premature stimuli was required for induction. No differences were found in the incidence, rate or mode of induction of nonsustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, but nonsustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation were more frequently induced in Groups A and B. It is concluded that the substrate for sustained ventricular arrhythmia is present in at least 42% of patients after myocardial infarction. The electrophysiologic characteristics of the substrate for ventricular tachycardia seem to be the major determinant of the clinical occurrence of sustained ventricular arrhythmia. Changes in the electrophysiologic properties of the substrate of ventricular tachycardia, either spontaneously with time or induced by ischemia or antiarrhythmic drugs, can contribute to the clinical occurrence of sustained ventricular arrhythmias in patients with an old myocardial infarction. PMID- 3760380 TI - Doppler echocardiographic measurement of aortic valve area in aortic stenosis: a noninvasive application of the Gorlin formula. AB - Thirty adult patients with aortic stenosis had Doppler echocardiography within 1 day of cardiac catheterization. Noninvasive measurement of the mean transaortic pressure gradient was calculated by applying the simplified Bernoulli equation to the continuous wave Doppler transaortic velocity recording. Stroke volume was measured noninvasively by multiplying the systolic velocity integral of flow in the left ventricular outflow tract (obtained by pulsed Doppler ultrasonography) by the cross-sectional area of the left ventricular outflow tract (measured by two-dimensional echocardiography). Non-invasive measurement of aortic valve area was calculated by two methods. In method 1, the Gorlin equation was applied using Doppler-derived mean pressure gradient, cardiac output and systolic ejection period. Method 2 used the continuity equation. These noninvasive measurements were compared with invasive measurements using linear regression analysis, and mean pressure gradients correlated well (r = 0.92). Aortic valve area by either noninvasive method also correlated well with cardiac catheterization values (method 1, r = 0.87; method 2, r = 0.88). The sensitivity of Doppler detection of critical aortic stenosis was 0.86, with a specificity of 0.88 and a positive predictive value of 0.86. Cardiac output measured nonsimultaneously showed poor correlation (r = 0.51). Doppler echocardiography can distinguish critical from noncritical aortic stenosis with a high degree of accuracy. Measurement of aortic valve area aids interpretation of Doppler-derived mean pressure gradient data when the gradients are in an intermediate range (30 to 50 mm Hg). PMID- 3760381 TI - Myocardial contrast echocardiography in humans: I. Safety--a comparison with routine coronary arteriography. AB - Myocardial contrast echocardiography is a new diagnostic cardiovascular imaging technique capable of defining perfusion zones of coronary vessels in vivo; ultimately, it may be used to measure absolute regional myocardial blood flow. However, before it can be used in humans, its safety must be clearly established. Accordingly, the electrocardiographic and hemodynamic effects of intracoronary injections of 2 cc of sonicated Renografin-76 were compared with 5 to 10 cc of non-sonicated Renografin-76 in 10 subjects with normal coronary arteries. Two cubic centimeters of sonicated Renografin provides optimal myocardial opacification during echocardiography, while 5 to 10 cc of Renografin is required for an adequate coronary arteriogram. During coronary arteriography, heart rate decreased while PR and QT intervals and QRS duration increased as compared with baseline and myocardial contrast echocardiography (p less than 0.01). Similarly, the decrease in aortic pressure and first derivative of left ventricular pressure (dP/dt) was significantly (p less than 0.01) greater during routine coronary arteriography than during myocardial contrast echocardiography. Changes in left ventricular end-diastolic or pulmonary capillary wedge pressure were similar during myocardial contrast echocardiography and coronary angiography. There were no significant differences in the duration of electrocardiographic and hemodynamic changes between myocardial contrast echocardiography and coronary arteriography. It is concluded that intracoronary injection of 2 cc of sonicated Renografin-76 provides optimal myocardial opacification. It is safe in humans, producing transient electrocardiographic and hemodynamic alterations that are less pronounced than those seen during routine coronary angiography. PMID- 3760382 TI - Gated blood pool scintigraphic monitoring of doxorubicin cardiomyopathy: comparison of camera and computerized probe results in 101 patients. AB - Serial gated blood pool scintigraphic monitoring of cardiac function with both a nonimaging scintillation probe and a conventional gamma camera-computer imaging system was performed in 101 patients receiving doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin) chemotherapy. Comparison of probe- and camera-derived ejection fractions (n = 287) correlated significantly (r = 0.70, p less than 0.005) as did the interstudy (n = 183) change in ejection fraction (r = 0.76, p greater than 0.005). Significant discordance in probe- and camera-derived ejection fraction change occurred in 3 (1.6%) of 183 interstudy intervals. Average intrastudy variability of absolute probe-derived ejection fraction was 2.9%. This variability was unrelated to the level of cardiac function. Thirteen patients (13%) developed clinical cardiotoxicity, including four at cumulative Adriamycin levels less than 450 mg/m2. Mean absolute camera ejection fraction decline for these patients was 21% from baseline evaluation, and mean absolute probe ejection fraction decline was 22%. The minimal absolute ejection fraction decline was 11% for patients with clinical congestive heart failure. Eight asymptomatic patients had therapy terminated before the development of clinical cardiotoxicity after a mean decline in absolute camera ejection fraction of 19 +/- 4% (SD) and in probe ejection fraction of 19 +/- 9% into abnormal ranges (a decline in magnitude equivalent to that in patients developing congestive failure). None of these five asymptomatic patients available for clinical follow-up at 6 months after termination of Adriamycin therapy subsequently developed signs of ventricular dysfunction. The majority of patients (83%) studied at 450 mg/m2 cumulative dose levels did not have a 15% or greater decline from baseline into the abnormal range.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3760383 TI - Congenital abnormalities of the conduction system in sudden death in young adults. AB - The sudden death of four apparently healthy young people, three men aged 25, 24 and 21 years, respectively, and one woman aged 20 years, was investigated. The heart was of normal size in two and was slightly enlarged in two. The conduction system in all hearts was serially sectioned. In all hearts the His bundle showed loop formation. In two, the branching bundle was left-sided with the right bundle branch intramyocardial. In the other two, the His bundle was markedly fragmented. Two had myocarditis, and three had arteriolosclerosis of the summit of the ventricular septum. These findings suggest the following: autopsy may be otherwise normal or show minimal findings in cases of sudden death in young people, with significant abnormalities seen only in the conduction system. The common denominator in the conduction system may be a congenital abnormality of the His bundle (in two hearts it was fragmented, in two it was left-sided and there was loop formation in all). Acquired changes may be present, such as arteriolosclerosis of the summit of the ventricular septum (three cases), myocarditis (two cases), and fatty infiltration in the atria (all four cases), a congenital abnormality of the His bundle with or without other findings (congenital or acquired) may cause reentrant phenomena or increased automaticity, ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death. PMID- 3760384 TI - Predictive value of lung biopsy in ventricular septal defect: long-term follow up. AB - Although the Heath-Edwards classification has been used for more than 25 years to evaluate pulmonary vascular changes, its potential to predict the long-term course after successful ventricular septal defect closure has not been proved. Operative lung biopsy slides obtained at the time of closure from 57 infants and children who had been among the first survivors (between 1954 and 1960) of such surgery were graded in blinded fashion according to the Heath-Edwards classification system, and the resultant biopsy grade of each was compared with the eventual long-term outcome of each child. In 53 (93%) of the 57 cases, the Heath-Edwards system correlated well with long-term clinical or hemodynamic status of the patient. Grade IV changes were predictive of a usually fatal outcome, while grade I and II changes were generally benign. Death from pulmonary vascular disease occurred, however, in four children whose operative lung biopsy had been classified as either grade I or II, indicating that the focal nature of the higher Heath-Edwards grades, or human error, must be considered when this classification system is employed. PMID- 3760385 TI - Coronary artery caliber in normal children and patients with Kawasaki disease but without aneurysms: an echocardiographic and angiographic study. AB - A total of 110 children aged 3 months to 16 years underwent two-dimensional echocardiography of the coronary arteries. Forty-two normal subjects and 68 patients with Kawasaki disease were evaluated. All 68 patients with Kawasaki disease underwent selective coronary arteriography. The objectives of this study were to 1) develop a normal profile of the proximal left and right coronary arteries as to caliber and shape in infants, toddlers and children using echocardiography; 2) compare the dimensions and shape of the coronary arteries of patients with Kawasaki disease but no obvious aneurysms with those of the coronary arteries of normal children; and 3) develop criteria that would permit distinguishing a large but normal coronary artery from a true aneurysm in patients with Kawasaki disease. In the normal subjects and patients with Kawasaki disease, the caliber of the coronary arteries showed little variability from the ostium to 10 mm distally, and ranged in size from 2 mm in infants to 5 mm in teenagers. There was no significant difference between male and female subjects. The feature that distinguished the large but normal coronary artery without aneurysm from that with an aneurysm was its uniformity of caliber. Also, the caliber of the opposite coronary artery was generally at the lower limits of normal. It appears that the proximal coronary arteries of infants and children can be accurately assessed using high resolution two-dimensional echocardiography, and that sequential evaluation of subtle changes over time may be performed. PMID- 3760386 TI - Application of information theory to decision analysis in potentially prostaglandin-responsive neonates. AB - To define settings in which use of prostaglandin E1 before transfer from a community hospital to a tertiary care center benefits neonates with possible heart disease, information theory was used to predict the probability of a favorable response to prostaglandin therapy from the limited information of clinical variables. Records of 250 patients, newborn to 7 days old, with suspected heart disease were reviewed to assess six clinical variables (cyanosis, respiratory distress, heart murmur, pulse contour, hepatomegaly and prematurity). According to the anatomic and hemodynamic cardiovascular condition, each case was categorized as to whether a favorable response to prostaglandin E1 could be anticipated. Information content of each clinical variable with respect to prostaglandin responsiveness was determined, and patients were classified according to the most informative clinical variable. Stepwise extraction of information proceeded until remaining clinical variables added no significant information. Bayes' rule gave estimates of probability of prostaglandin responsive defect in final subgroups for use in decision analysis. Cyanosis, murmur, small volume pulses and prematurity gave information about prostaglandin responsive defects. Decision analysis indicated that frequency of poor outcome is minimized by early prostaglandin treatment of cyanotic term infants with a murmur or poor pulses, regardless of how ill they appear, and by treating any critically ill term newborn who has either cyanosis or poor pulses. Acyanotic patients with normal pulses are best untreated with prostaglandin until after definitive diagnosis is made. Advantage to either course was not seen in some small subgroups. Information theory with decision analysis is a rigorous approach to identify relevant clinical variables and define their roles in critical decisions in pediatric cardiology. PMID- 3760387 TI - Pulmonary vascular supersensitivity to catecholamines in systemic high blood pressure. AB - Pulmonary pressure and arteriolar resistance are elevated in uncomplicated primary systemic hypertension. This study was carried out in 16 men with this form of hypertension and in 9 healthy men to compare 1) their pulmonary vascular reactivity to endogenous catecholamines released during mental arithmetic and cold pressor tests, and 2) the dose-response relation to exogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine. Arithmetic and cold pressor tests were associated, respectively, with a predominant increase in plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentration; changes were significantly greater in hypertensive men. During the two tests, pulmonary arteriolar resistance in the normotensive group was reduced by 13% and augmented by 7% of baseline, respectively, whereas it was raised by 31 and 70%, respectively, in the hypertensive group. In normal subjects, the dose (microgram)-response (delta dynes) relation to epinephrine was 1 = -4, 2 = -9, 3 = -9 and 4 = -10; to norepinephrine it was 2 = +3, 4 = +6, 6 = +7 and 8 = +7. In hypertensive patients, the respective relations were 1 = +18, 2 = +44, 3 = +59 and 4 = +77; and 2 = +39, 4 = +54, 6 = +76 and 8 = +98. Group differences were highly significant. In each of these circumstances, the driving pressure across the lungs was significantly augmented in the hypertensive but not the normotensive group. Both epinephrine and norepinephrine have a vasoconstrictor influence on the lesser circulation as a consequence of vascular overreactivity. The opposite changes in resistance between normotensive and hypertensive subjects produced by epinephrine suggest that a constrictor vascular supersensitivity becomes active in the pulmonary circuit with the development of systemic high blood pressure. PMID- 3760388 TI - Effects of adenosine and adenosine 5'-triphosphate on ventricular escape rhythm in the canine heart. AB - The effects of adenosine and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) on ventricular escape rhythms were studied in 16 closed chest dogs after electroablation of the His bundle region. All dogs exhibited complete atrioventricular (AV) block and stable ventricular escape rhythm with a mean cycle length of 1,210 +/- 80 ms and a QRS width of 91 +/- 5 ms. Physiologic AV sequential pacing was operative during experiments and was interrupted for rapid (less than or equal to 1 second) administration of either adenosine or ATP (3 mumol/kg) into the right atrium. Adenosine and ATP effectively depressed ventricular escape rhythms in a similar manner both qualitatively and quantitatively (cycle length from 1,210 +/- 80 to 1,764 +/- 132 ms and from 1,274 +/- 84 to 2,000 +/- 150 ms, respectively; each p less than 0.01). These effects were not significantly altered by either physostigmine (an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor) or atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic blocker), but were slightly attenuated by propranolol (a beta adrenoceptor blocker). In the presence of autonomic blockade, the adenosine transport blocker dipyridamole markedly enhanced the depressant effects of adenosine and ATP. The adenosine competitive antagonist aminophylline reversed the action of dipyridamole. Thus, both adenosine and ATP depress ventricular escape rhythms in vivo, independent of the autonomic nervous system. Moreover, the effects of ATP can be accounted for in large part by its rapid breakdown to adenosine. PMID- 3760389 TI - Assessment of left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relations with an impedance catheter and transient inferior vena cava occlusion: use of this system in the evaluation of the cardiotonic effects of dobutamine, milrinone, Posicor and epinephrine. AB - The end-systolic pressure-volume relation has been postulated as a load independent measure of cardiac contractility, but has been difficult to measure because of technical problems associated with the serial measurement of intracardiac volume over a physiologic range of ventricular loading conditions. Utilizing a multielectrode impedance catheter to assess continuous, on-line left ventricular relative volume during transient inferior vena cava occlusion, a method is described for determining the end-systolic pressure-volume relation and for assessing changes in this relation secondary to inotropic modulation. In particular, using this method, the relative inotropic properties were determined of four drugs: dobutamine, milrinone, epinephrine and an experimental cardiotonic agent (Ro 13-6438, Posicor). Left ventricular micromanometer pressure and impedance catheter volume were measured continuously in 10 open chest, anesthetized dogs and 14 pigs. Arterial pressure was altered over a range of 20 to 60 mm Hg by brief inferior vena cava constriction. A linear end-systolic pressure-volume relation was observed in pressure-volume diagrams constructed from on-line pressure and impedance catheter recordings. Administration of dobutamine, milrinone and epinephrine resulted in a leftward shift and an increase in the slope of the end-systolic pressure-volume relation as compared with baseline; Posicor did not alter the slope over a range of doses, despite an increase in the cardiac output secondary to arterial vasodilation. Volume changes as measured by the impedance method closely paralleled simultaneous changes in the ultrasonic crystal-determined segment length, and the impedance end-systolic pressure-volume relation slope was reproducible with repeated load-altering maneuvers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3760390 TI - N-2-mercaptopropionylglycine improves recovery of myocardial function after reversible regional ischemia. AB - Myocardial reperfusion after reversible regional ischemia is known to result in delayed recovery of contractile function, but the mechanism responsible for this phenomenon remains unclear. We examined the ability of N-2 mercaptopropionylglycine, a synthetic thiol compound with oxygen free radical scavenging properties, to attenuate postischemic dysfunction in open chest dogs undergoing a 15 minute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery followed by 4 hours of reperfusion. Treated animals received an infusion of N-2 mercaptopropionylglycine (50 mg/kg per h) for 4 hours starting 15 minutes before coronary occlusion. Collateral flow, as determined with radioactive microspheres after 10 minutes of ischemia, was 0.07 +/- 0.01 ml/min per g (mean +/- SE) in both control (n = 20) and treated (n = 13) groups. The occluded vascular bed, as determined by postmortem perfusion, averaged 26.1 +/- 1.2% of the weight of the left ventricle in control and 29.6 +/- 1.3% in treated animals. Systolic wall thickening (an index of regional function) was assessed with an epicardial pulsed Doppler probe. The two groups exhibited comparable systolic thickening under baseline conditions and similar degrees of dyskinesia during ischemia. Nevertheless, recovery of function (expressed as percent of baseline) was considerably greater in the treated dogs at 1 hour (44.6 versus 12.8%, p = 0.05), 2 hours (64.0 versus 31.6%, p less than 0.02), 3 hours (77.1 versus 36.7%, p less than 0.01) and 4 hours of reperfusion (75.0 versus 40.0%, p less than 0.05). Thus, N-2-mercaptopropionylglycine produced a significant and sustained improvement in recovery of contractile function after a brief episode of regional myocardial ischemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3760391 TI - Effect of verapamil on infarct size in dogs subjected to coronary artery occlusion with transient reperfusion. AB - Reocclusion after successful coronary reperfusion occurs in 15 to 35% of patients receiving thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. The present study was designed to simulate the clinical situation of reocclusion and determine whether verapamil might be effective in reducing myocardial necrosis and preserving high energy phosphates in this setting. Pentobarbital-anesthetized, open chest dogs underwent occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery for 2 hours followed by 1 hour of reperfusion and a further 4 hours of coronary artery occlusion. Treatment with verapamil (intravenous bolus dose of 0.2 mg/kg body weight followed by infusion of 0.56 +/- 0.14 mg/kg per h) was begun 1 hour after occlusion and infusion was continued for the remainder of the experiment. The dose of verapamil was adjusted to lower mean arterial pressure to approximately 90 mm Hg. The area at risk was determined by intraatrial injection of monastral blue dye and the area of necrosis was assessed by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. In vivo myocardial needle biopsy for determination of adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate was performed at the end of the experiment. The area of the left ventricle at risk was similar in both groups (control [n = 8], 20.2 +/- 1.6% versus verapamil-treated [n = 9], 23.1 +/- 2.9%; p = NS). The area of necrosis expressed as a percent of the area at risk was reduced in the verapamil-treated group compared with the control group (43.3 +/- 5.0% versus 63.1 +/- 6.8%, p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3760392 TI - Sequelae of injury to the heart caused by multiple needles. AB - A case is reported in which multiple needles were inserted into the heart by a patient, resulting in the unusual combination of a coronary artery-cameral fistula to the left ventricle, an intramural defect of the left ventricular free wall and a ventricular septal defect. This unique lesion was suspected on the basis of two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography and contrast computed tomographic imaging. Its presence was confirmed during cardiac catheterization and cineangiography. PMID- 3760393 TI - Mechanism of atropine-resistant atrioventricular block during inferior myocardial infarction: possible role of adenosine. AB - Mechanisms responsible for atrioventricular (AV) block during acute inferior myocardial infarction are only partially understood. Increased parasympathetic tone is the factor usually postulated; however, persistence of AV block after atropine administration is frequently observed. Adenosine, an endogenous ischemic metabolite, has well established depressant effects on AV node conduction. In this report, an episode of atropine-resistant AV block was reversed by aminophylline, a competitive adenosine antagonist, in a patient with an acute inferior myocardial infarction. This observation suggests a role for adenosine in the mediation of ischemia-induced AV node block. PMID- 3760395 TI - Who should be an author? PMID- 3760394 TI - Diagnosis of mitral valve perforation by real-time two-dimensional Doppler flow imaging technique. AB - It has been difficult to diagnose mitral regurgitation due to valve perforation using either noninvasive or invasive methods, differentiating it from that resulting from incomplete coaptation of the mitral valve. This report describes three patients with infective endocarditis and mitral valve perforation, which was definitively diagnosed by the real-time two-dimensional Doppler flow imaging technique. In these three patients, B-mode echocardiography demonstrated an echo interruption on the anterior mitral leaflet. However, it was not certain whether this interruption was simply an echo dropout or indicated an interruption of the valve tissue. Doppler flow imaging then demonstrated unusual flow in the vicinity of the echo interruption, which appeared to flow from the left ventricular cavity into the left atrial cavity across the midportion of the anterior mitral valve leaflet during systole and in the opposite direction during diastole. This was interpreted as mitral valve perforation. In general, Doppler flow imaging may play a complementary role with B-mode echocardiography in cardiac diagnosis. PMID- 3760396 TI - Sick sinus syndrome. PMID- 3760397 TI - Within- and between-day reproducibility of isocapnic cold air challenges in subjects with asthma. AB - Eight adult subjects with asthma had isocapnic cold air challenges on 4 different days. Three consecutive tests were performed on each visit with functional recovery between tests. Subjects were asked to breathe dry cold air (-20 degrees C) for progressively increasing levels of minute ventilation (7.5, 15, 30, and 60 L/min and maximal voluntary ventilation) until a 20% fall in FEV1 had been reached or when maximal voluntary ventilation was done. FEV1 was assessed between each level. The doses of respiratory heat exchange and minute ventilation causing 10%, 15%, and 20% changes in FEV1 were interpolated from dose-response curves. The within- and between-day 95% confidence intervals based on a single determination on the loge scale varied from +/- 0.32 to 0.59 for the indices derived from respiratory heat exchange. Reproducibility of the between-day results was more satisfactory than for the corresponding within-day assessments. No significant within-day tachyphylaxis was demonstrated for these indices. PMID- 3760398 TI - Occupational asthma in sawmills of eastern Canada and United States. AB - Eleven individuals with a history of work-related asthma are described. They were employed in 10 different sawmills of northwestern and southeastern Quebec and Maine where coniferous trees (spruces, firs, and pines) are cut into boards. Duration of exposure and symptomatology varied from 1.5 to 40 years and 0.5 to 10 years, respectively. Ten subjects were atopic and seven demonstrated immediate skin reactivity to mixed tree pollens. The diagnosis of occupational asthma was confirmed by significant and sustained changes in serial peak expiratory flow rates at work as compared with a period off work in every individual and significant changes in bronchial responsiveness to histamine at work as compared with a period off work in eight individuals or significant changes in FEV1 at work in the three other subjects. Specific inhalation tests by exposing four workers to sawdust in our laboratory were negative. We conclude that working in this specific type of sawmills of eastern Canada and northeastern United States can cause occupational asthma. Although the causative agent is unknown, the presence of atopy and/or immediate skin reactivity to tree pollens and/or bronchial hyperresponsiveness might be risk factors. PMID- 3760399 TI - Sunflower oil is not allergenic to sunflower seed-sensitive patients. AB - The allergenicity of edible oils derived from sunflower seeds was investigated in two patients with anaphylactic sensitivity to sunflower seeds. Specific IgE mediated hypersensitivity to sunflower seed was demonstrated by history, prick skin tests, positive passive transfer skin test, and RAST. Specific IgE directed toward sunflower oil, refined or cold pressed, could not be conclusively demonstrated. The Prausnitz-Kustner reaction with sunflower oils performed with one patient's serum was negative. Although the cold-pressed sunflower oil was found to contain a minute amount of protein, open challenge with the derivative oils resulted in no immediate or delayed reaction in the two patients studied. Sunflower oil ingestion in these patients who were highly sensitive to the parent material proved safe. Nonallergenicity of derivative products needs to be proven for each case. PMID- 3760400 TI - Immunologic response to aerosols of affinity-purified antigen in hypersensitivity pneumonitis. AB - On epidemiologic grounds, respirable particles from chilled-water air conditioning systems in textile production plants have been implicated as a cause of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. We have purified the antigen from scum growing in this chilled water by antibody-affinity chromatography by use of IgG isolated from a pool of serum obtained from three workers with disease. Two patients with the disease, three coworkers without the disease, and two unexposed control subjects inhaled a dose of the purified antigen approximately equivalent to that amount calculated to be inhaled during an 8-hour work shift. Both workers with disease experienced fever, malaise, cough, and dyspnea 6 to 8 hours after the aerosol challenge. In these two patients the exposure evoked a transient decrease in circulating lymphocytes, predominantly T cells. Before challenge the patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells demonstrated a blastogenic response to the antigen. The responding cells had disappeared from the circulation 24 hours after the challenge. Seventy-two hours after the challenge, mononuclear cells that were producing large amounts of specific IgG antibody appeared in the circulation. We conclude that the same antigen(s) that react with IgG antibody produced an acute episode of the disease, that specific antigen-recognition cells disappear from the peripheral blood after exposure to the antigen (presumably because they are attracted to the lung), and that antibody-forming cells appear in the peripheral blood approximately 2 days after a challenge. These antigen-specific reactions of circulating mononuclear cells may be specific for the disease, but studies on a larger number of cases are needed to be certain. PMID- 3760401 TI - Clinical characteristics of cold-induced systemic reactions in acquired cold urticaria syndromes: recommendations for prevention of this complication and a proposal for a diagnostic classification of cold urticaria. AB - The acquired cold urticaria (ACU) syndromes consists of nonfamilial heterogeneous disorders characterized by urticaria, angioedema, and occasionally symptoms of hypotension after cold exposure. In a study of 50 consecutive patients with ACU syndromes, it was observed that 70% experienced cold-induced systemic reactions, most frequently with aquatic activities. Patients with ACU syndromes were categorized by their response to an experimental cold-stimulation time test (CSTT) i.e., minimum time threshold of cold stimulation required to induce a coalescent wheal. One subpopulation of patients with ACU syndromes with positive CSTTs of 3 minutes or less experienced the highest incidence (68%; 13/19) of severe systemic reactions with hypotensive symptoms after natural cold exposure. However, 32% of patients with ACU syndromes (6/19) who experienced cold-induced systemic reactions with hypotension had a negative CSTT or a positive test of greater than 3 minutes. These observations indicate that all patients with ACU with active histories of cold urticaria are at risk to develop systemic reactions to cold and should therefore refrain from participating in aquatic activities. In addition, high-risk patients should receive prophylactic medications (i.e., cyproheptadine or doxepin) that are effective in suppressing this disorder. A diagnostic classification of cold urticaria is presented. This classification permits a more specific definition of the various cold urticaria disorders that comprise the ACU syndromes. PMID- 3760402 TI - Sensitivity to hydrocortisone is a relevant factor in the immunoendocrine relationship. I. The cell-mediated immune response in relation to blood levels and in vitro immunosuppressive effects of hydrocortisone in patients with asthma and healthy control subjects. AB - The role of endogenous hydrocortisone in the regulation of lymphocyte activity was assayed in patients with asthma (patients with chronic nonspecific lung disease, characterized by attacks of dyspnea, alternating with symptom-free periods) and healthy control subjects. After priming, delayed-type hypersensitivity skin reactions were induced with Helix pomatia hemocyanin (HPH). Hydrocortisone blood levels were measured. The effect of hydrocortisone on HPH induced lymphocyte proliferation was determined in vitro. The results demonstrate that hydrocortisone in low concentrations (100 ng/ml) inhibited in vitro lymphocyte proliferation equally in patients and control subjects. However, both groups demonstrated a large interindividual variation in hydrocortisone sensitivity. Therefore, in order to determine the immunologic effect of hydrocortisone blood levels in vivo, a hydrocortisone suppression index (HSI) was calculated by use of the information on hydrocortisone concentrations in vivo and the biologic effect of hydrocortisone in vitro. This HSI appeared to be inversely related with the in vivo cell-mediated immune response to HPH. This was reflected in an inverse correlation between HSI and delayed-type hypersensitivity skin reactions to HPH, both in patients (R = -0.64), in control subjects (R = -0.69), and in the total group (R = -0.68; p less than 0.001). No differences were observed between patients and control subjects. It is concluded that endogenous hydrocortisone is likely to play an important role in the regulation of lymphocyte activity in patients with asthma and healthy control subjects. This may have important consequences for the clinical expression of asthmatic symptoms, since the role of lymphocyte activity in the pathogenesis of asthma is increasingly recognized. PMID- 3760403 TI - Positive skin tests and Prausnitz-Kustner reactions in metabisulfite-sensitive subjects. AB - Sulfiting agents have been reported to cause anaphylaxis, asthma, urticaria/angioedema, seizure, nausea, abdominal pain and diarrhea, and death. There is no consensus regarding the pathogenesis of these reactions. The possible role of IgE-mediated mechanism has been debated. To clarify the pathogenesis of these reactions, we studied 53 patients with a variety of symptoms related to either restaurant meals or alcoholic beverages. Food allergy was excluded as a cause of their symptoms by means of skin testing and elimination diet. Symptoms included urticaria/angioedema (32), asthma (nine), headache (eight), rhinoconjunctivitis (two), and abdominal pain (one), and one patient with anaphylaxis. Twenty normal control subjects were studied as well. Prick and intradermal skin testing with potassium metabisulfite (K2S2O5, 1 mg/ml) were carried out on all subjects. Single-blind oral provocative challenge tests were conducted with placebo (lactose) and with 1, 5, 10, 25, and 50 mg of K2S2O5 in all nine subjects with asthma, nine patients with urticaria/angioedema (excluding one subject with severe coronary insufficiency and positive skin testing to 1 mg of K2S2O5), four subjects with headache, one subject with rhinoconjunctivitis, and one patient with anaphylaxis. Pulmonary function tests (FEV1 and FVC) were measured in all subjects with asthma. Five patients had positive skin tests. One subject with asthma had a positive prick test. Four positive intradermal tests occurred (two subjects with asthma, one subject with urticaria/angioedema, and one subject with anaphylaxis). Single-blind oral provocative challenge testing was positive in the subject with anaphylaxis, as was intradermal skin testing, and also in three subjects with asthma, two of whom had positive skin testing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3760404 TI - Effects of glucocorticoids on eosinophil colony growth. AB - The in vivo and in vitro effects of glucocorticoids on eosinophilopoiesis were examined with soft agar cultures of bone marrow and peripheral blood cells. Prednisone, 10 mg four times daily for three days, administered to normal volunteers, caused a significant drop in circulating eosinophil numbers (p less than 0.005) but did not decrease eosinophil colony numbers in cultures of bone marrow or peripheral blood. A patient with peripheral blood eosinophilia demonstrated a larger percentage decrease in mean eosinophil colony numbers (50%) after prednisone than did any normal volunteer. Incubation of bone marrow cells for 1 hour with either high concentrations of hydrocortisone, up to 3.3 X 10(-4) mol/L, or with postinfusion plasma from volunteers administered intravenous hydrocortisone, plasma levels to 1.6 X 10(-5) mol/L, did not decrease the numbers of eosinophil colonies. At a concentration of 3.3 X 10(-6) mol/L of hydrocortisone, there was a slight but statistically significant stimulation of eosinophil colony numbers. In contrast, incubation with high concentrations of dexamethasone, 3.3 X 10(-4) mol/L or 3.3 X 10(-6) mol/L, significantly reduced eosinophil colony numbers. Prednisone caused a significant reduction in plasma levels of Charcot-Leyden crystal protein but not of eosinophil granule major basic protein. The results indicate that soft agar assay of eosinophil colony growth by blood or bone marrow cells cannot be used to model the in vivo eosinopenic effect of glucocorticoids, levels of dexamethasone in excess of levels commonly administered in clinical practice are required to inhibit eosinophilopoiesis in vitro, and patients with peripheral blood eosinophilia may be more susceptible to the eosinopenic effects of glucocorticoids than normal subjects. PMID- 3760406 TI - Immune complexes in hereditary angioneurotic edema (HANE) PMID- 3760405 TI - Basidiomycete mycelia and spore-allergen extracts: skin test reactivity in adults with symptoms of respiratory allergy. AB - One hundred fifty adults, with respiratory-allergic disease, and 14 control subjects, without symptoms of respiratory allergy, were skin prick tested with 16 common inhalant allergens, 12 extracts of mycelia from Basidiomycetes grown in vitro, and/or 10 to 15 basidiospore extracts. Eighty-three subjects (58%) had positive skin tests to two or more of the common inhalant allergens. Twenty-seven percent of the study subjects had positive skin reactions to one or more of the Basidiomycete mycelia extracts, and 32% demonstrated positive skin reactions to one or more basidiospore extracts. None of the 14 control subjects had positive skin reactivity to basidiospore extracts. Skin prick reactivity of study subjects to 15 different basidiospore extracts ranged from 5% for Cantharellus cibarius to 17% for Scleroderma sp. The prevalence of skin test reactivity to basidiospores did not differ significantly from the reactivity to commercial mold extracts of several common species of the Fungi Imperfecti (6% for Cladosporium herbarum or Penicillium notatum to 13% for Alternaria tenuis). These results demonstrate that a significant number of individuals reporting symptoms of respiratory allergy have skin test reactivity to basidiospores and suggest that these spores are important fungal aeroallergens in the New Orleans environment. PMID- 3760407 TI - Schizophrenia in children. Introduction. PMID- 3760408 TI - Antecedents of an acute schizophrenic break. PMID- 3760409 TI - The search for the psychobiological substrate of childhood onset schizophrenia. PMID- 3760410 TI - Abnormal P300 responses in schizophrenic children. PMID- 3760411 TI - Psychotherapy with schizophrenic children. PMID- 3760412 TI - Mother-infant interaction in multiproblem families: finding those at risk. PMID- 3760414 TI - Dimensional and categorical approaches to the diagnosis of attention deficit disorder in children. PMID- 3760413 TI - Fragile X syndrome in a population of autistic children. PMID- 3760415 TI - Psychopathology in abused or neglected children. PMID- 3760416 TI - Psychopathology and its relationship to suicidal ideation in childhood and adolescence. PMID- 3760417 TI - Biobehavioral aspects of precocious puberty. PMID- 3760418 TI - Relationship between depression and conduct disorder in children and adolescents. PMID- 3760419 TI - The effect of temperament on longitudinal academic achievement in primary school. PMID- 3760420 TI - Personality dysfunction and behavioral disturbance in early adolescence. PMID- 3760421 TI - Trends in violence among psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents: 1969 and 1979 compared. PMID- 3760422 TI - Psychological adjustment of seriously ill children. PMID- 3760423 TI - Alternative therapy with a recalcitrant fire-setter. PMID- 3760424 TI - Integrating multiple perspectives in forensic child psychiatry consultation. PMID- 3760425 TI - Clinical investigators under stress: a critique of Garmezy's commentary. PMID- 3760426 TI - A call for low or no-fee public service. PMID- 3760427 TI - Taste perception of children with chronic renal failure. AB - Taste sensitivity and preference in the suprathreshold ranges were compared for 20 pediatric patients with renal disease and 15 children with normal renal function. Nine patients had chronic renal insufficiency, and 11 had endstage renal disease. Subjects were also evaluated for various dietary, anthropometric, and biochemical parameters. All subjects were asked to pull out a tape measure to rate the strength of five varying concentrations of aqueous solutions of sucrose, sodium chloride, and quinine sulfate. The subjects' abilities to judge increasing concentrations with greater perceived intensity were measured by calculating individual and group slopes. No significant differences in the values were found between the groups. Similarly, no significant differences in mean peak preference concentrations were found between the groups. The patients with renal disease were found to be considerably growth retarded (height and weight less than 5th percentile), with a mean caloric intake less than 65% of the RDA even after an adjustment had been made for height. Serum zinc levels were all normal. PMID- 3760428 TI - A prenatal screening system for use in a community-based setting. AB - An obstetrical risk and a nutritional risk screening system were developed and implemented in Massachusetts to be used for the identification of high-risk pregnant women. Components of the obstetrical risk score include age, parity, length of interconceptual periods, a pregravid weight-for-height index, and prior history of miscarriages and low birth weight (LBW) infants. The nutritional risk screening system is based on a modified food frequency using four food groups- meat and their alternates, milk, bread and cereal, and fruits and vegetables. Results from this study on 910 WIC and 418 non-WIC pregnant women indicate that women classified as at high obstetrical risk had a significantly higher incidence of LBW infants than women in the low-risk group. However, the nutritional risk score had no predictive value in identifying those women likely to produce LBW infants. PMID- 3760429 TI - The accuracy of children's self-reports of diet: Family Health Project. AB - This study was designed to test the accuracy of four different methods for enabling children in the third to sixth grades to record their frequency of consumption of foods high in any of four targeted nutrients. The forms varied in two ways: recording the whole day or a segment of the day (morning, afternoon, or evening) or use or non-use of pictures of the food items. The accuracy of the children's recording of food consumption was validated by observation of their behavior for 2 continuous 12-hour days. Twenty-four children in the third to sixth grades were observed for each of the 2 days. An 82.9% agreement was obtained between the child's self-reported food frequency and the observer's record of the child's consumption. Ethnicity slightly affected the accuracy of form completion, while gender and grade level of the children did not. The results of this study validate the accuracy with which children record diet using a food frequency of consumption method. PMID- 3760430 TI - Use of published analyses of food items to determine dietary trans octadecenoic acid. AB - To estimate the dietary levels of trans octadecenoic acid (18:1t) in the diets of eight healthy white adolescent girls, diet records were obtained for a 7-day period. Published trans fatty acid values in foods were used to calculate the trans octadecenoic acid present in the diets. The usefulness of this method was tested by comparing the estimated values with values obtained by chemical analysis of diets collected by the duplicate portion technique from the same subjects over the same period of time. There was no significant difference in the values for the trans octadecenoic acid content of the 54 diets used in this study whether the values were calculated from the diet records or determined by chemical analysis. Dietary trans octadecenoic acid averaged 5.3% of total fatty acids by both methods. The mean trans octadecenoic acid in the daily diet was 2.8 gm as calculated from the diet records and 2.6 gm according to actual analysis. Those values were not significantly different. The present study demonstrated that the trans octadecenoic acid content of the diets of a group of adolescent girls can be estimated from diet records using previously published values for individual food items. PMID- 3760432 TI - Guidelines for writing an effective resume. AB - An effective resume is an important marketing tool in a dietitian's job search. Since studies indicate that the average resume is initially scanned for only 20 to 30 seconds, it is imperative that the dietitian give considerable thought to preparing a resume. The use of three basic principles is recommended: There is no "right" format. Every concept should be ranked in order from most important to least important, not only down the page but also within categories. Only items leading directly to setting up the interview should be included. The article reviews chronological and functional resumes and offers specific guidelines for the various components of the chronological resume, including the job objective, education, professional experience, personal data, and references sections. The importance of the cover letter is briefly discussed. The article emphasizes the need to keep an up-to-date resume for successful career development. PMID- 3760431 TI - Preventive nutrition intervention in coronary heart disease: risk assessment and formulating dietary goals. AB - Risk factor screening and establishing realistic goals are key steps for the dietitian to follow in planning strategies to prevent coronary heart disease. The major risk factors that are responsive to dietary intervention include: elevated plasma total cholesterol and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, elevated blood pressure, glucose intolerance, and obesity. The criteria used in assessing nutrition-related risk in coronary heart disease are presented. The long-term goals of preventive nutrition intervention in heart disease are discussed, with emphasis on a unified and progressive approach to diet planning. PMID- 3760433 TI - A survey of weight control methods used by adults in Lincoln, Nebraska. PMID- 3760434 TI - Encouraging hospital dietitians to participate in teaching of family medicine residents. PMID- 3760435 TI - Systemic antibiotic use in nursing homes. A quality assessment. AB - In this evaluation of the prevalence and quality of systemic antibiotic use in nursing homes, 42 skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) and their 11 attached intermediate care facilities (ICFs) were surveyed. A random sample of 2238 patients (51%) from the total of 4378 beds was selected and of these, 7.7% of the total (8.6% of the SNF and 4.5% of the ICF) patients were on systemic antibiotics on the day of the survey. The most common suspected sites of infection were urinary tract (58.4%), lower respiratory tract (19.1%), and skin or subcutaneous tissue (4.6%). Criteria for appropriateness of initiating systemic antibiotics, for adequacy of initial diagnostic workup, and for appropriate specific antibiotics were developed by the authors, with input from a group of medical directors of nursing homes, based on Centers for Disease Control and Federal Drug Administration guidelines. Evidence to start an antibiotic was judged adequate in 62.4% of cases. Workups were considered inadequate in a high proportion of cases. For example, urinalysis was ordered in only 23.8% and urine culture in 57.4% of suspected urinary tract infections; chest x-ray was ordered in 24.2% and sputum culture in 3.0% of suspected lower respiratory infections. Recommendations are made as to minimum adequate workup for suspected infections and appropriate evidence to justify start of a systemic antibiotic, recognizing the limitations in diagnostic modalities in the nursing home setting and the special problems of their resident populations. PMID- 3760436 TI - Agitated behaviors in the elderly. II. Preliminary results in the cognitively deteriorated. AB - Agitation was studied in 66 nursing home residents from two nursing units for agitated, cognitively deteriorated elderly. The frequency of occurrence of manifestations of various agitated behaviors was documented by nursing home staff using a seven-point was frequency rating scale. Additionally, the factors of age, cognitive level, activities of daily living (ADL) functioning, frequency of waking up at night, and medication for agitation were monitored, and nurses' attributions for agitation in each individual were reported. Results indicated that: agitated behaviors were strongly interrelated; specific nonaggressive behaviors, such as pacing and constant request for attention, occurred most frequently; in this very agitated and cognitively deteriorated group, agitated individuals did not differ from nonagitated persons in age, cognitive level, and waking up at night; agitated individuals received more medication for agitation and had a higher incidence of falls as compared with nonagitated people; and the most frequent medications given for agitation were thioridazine and haloperidol. The study is viewed as a preliminary effort to understand the phenomenon of agitation. Results serve as indicators for future research and demonstrate the widespread implications of research for handling and preventing agitation as well as for policy planning with regard to placement and reimbursement. PMID- 3760437 TI - Autopsy proven pulmonary embolism among the institutionalized elderly. AB - The presentation of pulmonary embolism is variable in the elderly as in any age group. Common symptoms such as chest pain, dyspnea, and hemoptysis may be absent. Furthermore, precursors such as phlebitis, malignancy, and recent surgery often may be absent as well. Our intent was to examine the occurrence in a long-term care institution of pulmonary embolism at autopsy and the extent of missed antemortem diagnosis of this condition, and to compare patients with and without pulmonary embolism by chart and autopsy review. The incidence of pulmonary embolism in our study of elderly patients during a six-year period in a teaching nursing home was 12.8%. Although our series is small, consisting of 47 autopsies, our results are in accord with reports from other patient sites. Few autopsies are performed on nursing home patients and even fewer have been studied with regard to the occurrence and characteristics of pulmonary embolism in this population. The diagnosis remains difficult and uncertain, especially so in the elderly, because of the variability of presentation and association, the lesser pursuit of aggressive or invasive diagnostic methods, and the paucity of postmortem documentation. PMID- 3760438 TI - Rationing is a reality. PMID- 3760439 TI - Effective elderly adjustment. PMID- 3760440 TI - Specialization: are women in surgery different? PMID- 3760441 TI - Masochism and violence. PMID- 3760442 TI - Psychoanalysis and time. AB - Psychoanalysis is fundamentally related to time because it is an effort to understand how disturbances in the present are determined by events in the past. Technically, we know that the patient who is reporting immediate perceptions is not aware of the passage of time, but he becomes self-conscious as undesirable elements threaten to appear in his associations. Time is not sensed by direct awareness, nor is it an agent of action or events. Various functions of the ego influence how time is experienced consciously, leading to phenomena such as deja vu, a sensation of timelessness, misjudgment of time duration, the experience of premonition. Psychoanalysis more than any other discipline sheds light on the coexistence of past, present, and future, as influenced by unconscious fantasy thinking. The analyst's understanding of the patient's associations is guided by temporal factors such as context and contiguity, succession of similar or opposite elements. Basically, the self is a time-bound concept; identity implies that a self is the same entity at different points in time. There is a deep seated rebellion against the tyranny of time, beginning with need frustration in the infant and culminating in the knowledge that man is destined to lose the struggle against death. PMID- 3760443 TI - Affect availability, tolerance, complexity, and modulation in psychoanalysis: followup of a longitudinal, prospective study. AB - Evaluation of 22 patients in supervised psychoanalysis showed that affect availability and tolerance changed in a positive direction during the course of psychoanalysis. In this study, we have defined criteria of change that can be clinically observed. The changes observed were present one year following the completion of psychoanalysis. Ratings of analysts' and patients' interviews, and ratings of psychological tests all revealed that patients had derived "therapeutic benefit" in relation to affect experience and management. Discriminations were made among changes in affect modulation, which reflected both loosening and tightening of controls, changes in affect availability, changes in experience of painful affects, and changes in experience of affect complexity. Analysts' interviews and psychological test data reflected notable changes in affect modulation in the direction of increased control, while patients' interviews more often reflected changes in the direction of increased expressiveness. PMID- 3760444 TI - Freud: objects and structure. AB - This paper, part of a series exploring the development of Freud's object concept, deals with the concepts of objects and psychic structure in the period from 1915 to 1938. In connection with the increased prominence of object loss and hostility in his clinical material, the role of objects in the building of psychic structure via identification assumed increased importance from 1917 on. After introduction of the ego-id-superego model, Freud asserted for the first time that object choice does take place as early as the oedipal period, and interpolated the phallic-oedipal phase into his sequence of developmental phases. The prominence of structure formation through identification continued, but no new object concepts are discerned. PMID- 3760445 TI - Freud, Dora, and the maid: a study of countertransference. AB - Early advances in psychoanalytic knowledge, profound though they were, were incomplete structures to be built upon, modified, and partially discarded. In addition to errors due to insufficient knowledge, Freud's difficulties with Dora stemmed from countertransference. Dora's transference included an identification with a governess/maid. Important oedipal role played by a nursemaid in Freud's life made him vulnerable to being left by Dora. The maid, Monika, "the prime originator" of Freud's neurosis, seduced him, chastised him, and taught him of hell. In his self-analysis she was associated with Freud's mother who left him when she gave birth to his sister. When he was two and a half years old, Monika was discharged and jailed for stealing. I suggest that Freud's attraction to Dora revealed itself in his libidinal imagery of the treatment and his premature sexual interpretations, the effects of which he misjudged. Defending against his attraction, he pushed her away from him, did not act to keep her in analysis or allow her to reenter analysis later. In addition, since Dora had left him as he must have felt his childhood nursemaid had, he reacted as if she were that maid. Hurt, saddened, and angered, he used reversal and deserted her, thus damping his feelings. PMID- 3760446 TI - The revival of "Dora": advances in psychoanalytic theory and technique. AB - For nearly six decades after its publication in 1905, Freud's remarkable case of Dora remained untouched by critical comment. However, beginning in the early 1970's, an abundance of articles began to appear, which focused exclusively on the Dora case. The present paper reviews the literature of this so-called "Dora revival" in order to explain the historical and theoretical reasons leading to this extraordinary burst of research. Above all, two vital developments in the psychoanalytic discipline created the climate that fostered the Dora revival. First, there was a revolutionary change in attitude toward the phenomenon of countertransference: in contrast to the classical view of countertransference as a disruptive interference in treatment, analysts increasingly regarded countertransference as a pervasive and natural process, which could be potentially utilized to enhance understanding of the patient's unconscious conflicts and defenses. Second, there was enormous and rapid growth of a comprehensive psychoanalytic theory of adolescence and its treatment. Thus, based on a more favorable attitude toward countertransference, and a much improved understanding of the unique problems of adolescence, psychoanalysts could reexamine and better understand the decisive events that contributed to Freud's abortive analytic treatment of Dora. PMID- 3760447 TI - The princess in the tower: Zelda Fitzgerald's creative impasse. AB - Gifted women often find it difficult to integrate an acceptable social image with an autonomous artistic identity. This paper explores the ambitions and conflicts of Zelda Fitzgerald, who aspired to be an artist in several fields, but whose fame is largely contingent on the role she played in the life of her husband, F. Scott Fitzgerald. Zelda's flamboyant public pose, which served as a model for many of her husband's literary characters, is interpreted as an attempt to organize a consistent identity configuration by means of constant appeals for applause from an admiring audience. But although this configuration provided some stability and cohesion for her during her twenties, it was a superficial and vulnerable structure which failed to support her serious artistic aspirations. An examination of the separation conflicts and difficulties in internalization which contributed to Zelda's dilemma leads to a consideration of the role of the father in the organization of differentiated female achievements. Although Zelda Fitzgerald's pathology was extreme, her struggles suggest useful insights into the intrapsychic and social barriers commonly confronting creative women. PMID- 3760448 TI - Childhood amnesia: a conceptualization in cognitive-psychological terms. AB - Childhood amnesia is defined operationally as the forgetting of early life events to a significantly greater degree than is accounted for by "normal" forgetting, which is an increasing recall decrement as time since occurrence increases. Three cognitive processes and their developmental changes are discussed which, when considered with psychodynamic factors, may broaden the understanding of childhood amnesia. It is argued that psychoanalytic theory and technique can benefit from the research and methods of cognitive psychology. PMID- 3760449 TI - Evaluation of the relationship between chemical and biological monitoring of low level lead poisoning. AB - Blood lead levels, together with delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity determinations have been measured on rats dosed with up to 1000 ppm lead acetate in their drinking water for periods up to 5 weeks. Despite evidence of a compensation mechanism developing in the enzyme determinations, enzyme activity ratios, if properly chosen, still correlate reasonably well (r = 0.87) with blood lead levels. Activity ratios using data on the shoulders of pH-activity profiles (e.g. activity ratios of 6.4 and 7.2), however, give much less satisfactory correlations. These data provide a more stringent test of the chemical monitor biological monitor correlation than has previously been possible. PMID- 3760450 TI - Comparison of the effects of urinary flow on adjusted and non-adjusted excretion of heavy metals and organic substances in 'healthy' men. AB - The effect of variation in urinary flow rate (ml urine min-1, UF) on adjusted and non-adjusted urinary excretion of metals and organic substances was examined in ten 'healthy' men. The effect of UF was found to be eliminated when urinary concentrations of lead (Pb), hippuric acid (HA), delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and coproporphyrin (CP) were adjusted to urinary specific gravity and to UF. Similarly, the effect of UF on inorganic mercury (Hg) was eliminated when the concentration was adjusted to timed excretion and to UF. The effect on zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) was eliminated when adjusted to urinary creatinine (Cn) and to UF. The difference in the effect of UF on the adjusted urinary excretion was explained by the effect of UF on timed excretion of substance, which was ranked in the following order: Pb, HA, total urinary solutes, ALA and CP; Zn; Cu; Cn; and Hg. It was concluded that 'UF-adjusted concentration' is applicable to measurement of all substances in urine as a method of minimizing UF effects, while the other three adjustment methods have only limited uses. PMID- 3760451 TI - Chelation in metal intoxication. XIX. alpha-Mercapto-beta-aryl acrylic acid as antidotes to nickel and lead toxicity. AB - In view of the reported effectiveness of alpha-mercapto-beta-(2-furyl) acrylic acid (MFA) as an effective antidote to inorganic mercury toxicity, some alpha mercapto-beta-aryl acrylic acids were synthesized and examined for their efficacy in counteracting nickel and lead intoxication in rats. alpha-mercapto-beta-(3,4 dimethoxyphenyl)acrylic acid (MDA) was most effective and other compounds were less but about equally effective in enhancing urinary excretion and in reducing tissue concentration of Ni. MDA was the only compound to remove Ni from the brain. MFA was also more effective than other structurally related compounds in enhancing urinary and faecal excretion and in lowering body burden of Pb. All the compounds significantly reduced the inhibition of the activity of blood delta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (delta-ALA-D) and increase in the urinary excretion of delta-aminolevulinic acid (delta-ALA) caused by Pb. The results do not show any relationship between the nature of the substitution at the beta position of alpha-mercapto acrylic acids and their ability to reduce the concentration and the toxic effects of the two metals. However, these thiol chelating agents appear promising as antidotes to Ni and Pb poisoning. PMID- 3760452 TI - Cyanide stimulation of tri-N-butyltin mediated hemolysis. AB - The effects of tributyltin and sodium cyanide on hemolysis in human erythrocytes are described. Tributyltin has a sharp cut-off concentration for induction of hemolysis. A 5 microM concentration of tributyltin induces hemolysis and 1 microM or less does not in erythrocyte suspensions with 2.3 X 10(8) cells per ml. The kinetics for tributyltin-induced hemolysis are sigmoidal indicating a complex molecular mechanism leading to lysis. Ten mM sodium cyanide plus 1 microM tributyltin does not stimulate hemolysis rates above levels observed with 10 mM sodium cyanide alone. Five mM sodium cyanide plus hemolytic concentrations of tributyltin stimulates hemolysis rates synergistically compared with either cyanide or tributyltin alone. Ultrastructurally, hemolytic concentrations of tributyltin can be visualized in the electron microscope by osmium staining during fixation as electron-dense spheres penetrating the lipid bilayer of the erythrocyte plasma membrane. Ten mM sodium cyanide plus 25 microM tributyltin increases slightly the size of osmiophilic structures in erythrocyte membranes compared with those spheres seen in cells exposed to 25 microM tributyltin alone. Sodium cyanide is the only compound tested that stimulates tributyltin-induced hemolysis. Sodium thiocyanate, previously shown to be rapidly exchanged across erythrocyte membranes by tributyltin, reduces the rate of hemolysis. It is likely that sodium cyanide stimulates hemolysis in the presence of hemolytic tributyltin concentrations because the multimolecular, membrane-intercalated, tributyltin aggregates are transporting cyanide anion by the electrically silent, anion exchange mechanism demonstrated for other anions. It is suggested that this mechanism delivers cyanide anion to or near critical membrane sites where it is available for enzyme inhibition or cross-linking of protein sulfhydryl groups. PMID- 3760453 TI - Significance of the dog as 'second animal species' in toxicity testing for establishing the lowest 'no-toxic-effect level'. AB - The toxicity data of 66 compounds adequately tested in the rat (as 'prime animal species') and in the dog (as 'second animal species') were studied to find out for how many of these compounds the study in dogs led to a lower 'no-toxic-effect level' (NTEL) than that found in the rat. From a quantitative point of view such information would contribute to a better insight into the desirability of toxicity studies in dogs, because acceptable daily intakes and permissible exposure levels in man are generally based on the lowest NTEL. For 44% of the compounds the NTEL in the dog was lower than that in the rat. When rat NTEL was divided by the arbitrary factor of 10, the adjusted NTEL was lower than the dog NTEL for 86% of the compounds tested in sub-chronic studies, and for 80% of the compounds tested in chronic studies. Whether it is justifiable to substitute such an adjusted NTEL for a study in dogs should be judged from compound to compound. It mainly depends on the size of the margin between the NTEL in the rat (as 'prime animal species') and the (expected) actual exposure level in humans, and also on the acceptability of loosing additional qualitative toxicological information. When this margin is large enough (e.g. 1000 or more), a study in dogs might be superfluous, despite the loss of qualitative data. Such an approach could lead to a reduction of the number of animals in toxicity testing and also to a reduction of the costs. PMID- 3760454 TI - The toxicity of brass dust to the microalgae Ankistrodesmus falcatus and Selenastrum capricornutum. AB - The toxicity of brass dust was examined by conducting 96 h growth inhibition tests. Two species of algae were used, Ankistrodesmus falcatus (EC50 = 0.316 mg brass/l) and Selenastrum capricornutum (EC50 = 0.056 mg brass/l). Brass dissociates into two components, Cu (68.5%) and Zn (27.5%). Enhanced algal growth was exhibited at concentrations of 0.01 and 0.001 mg brass/l. Available literature on the toxicity of copper to S. capricornutum (EC50 = 0.047 mg Cu/l), indicate that the toxicity of brass dust is due to the ionized copper. Reported toxicities of zinc are orders of magnitude lower than copper. The ionization of the brass is dependent on pH and hardness. The literature cites cases in which copper toxicity varies with pH, clay content and dissolved organics. At present little is known of the fate and distribution of brass dust upon the release into the environment. However, the presence of heavy metals has consistently been shown to impact aquatic systems. PMID- 3760455 TI - The distribution of arsenic and cobalt in patients with laryngeal carcinoma. AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate tissue and plasma concentrations of arsenic and cobalt in an attempt to discover the role of these elements in the malignant process. Using neutron activation analysis, arsenic and cobalt levels were determined in plasma and in non-malignant and malignant human tissues in 15 patients with laryngeal carcinoma. Arsenic and cobalt levels were about 60% higher in tumor than in adjacent non-malignant tissue (P less than 0.001): arsenic 72.4 +/- 18.0 ng/g versus 43.1 +/- 9.4 in non-malignant tissues, and cobalt 68.7 +/- 7.3 ng/g versus 39.6 +/- 7.0 in non-malignant tissues. Mean plasma arsenic and cobalt levels were also significantly higher in patients with laryngeal carcinoma than in healthy control subjects. PMID- 3760456 TI - The effect of topically applied n-butylester of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on the immune response in mice. AB - Six-week-old female CD-1 mice were administered the n-butylester of 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The 2,4-D ester was applied dermally at dosages ranging from 0 to 500 mg/kg (2,4-D content) in the acute studies and 0 to 300 mg/kg in the 3 week subacute studies. Following acute exposure, antibody production against sheep red blood cells was suppressed at higher exposure levels. Evidence of clinical toxicity, myotonia and depression, and histopathological alterations in the central nervous system including perivascular edema and ganglial cell necrosis, was also seen in the mice. No alterations were observed in the T- and B-lymphocyte proliferative responses induced by concanavalin A, a T-lymphocyte mitogen, or Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide, a B-lymphocyte mitogen. Subacute 2,4-D ester exposure which produced minimal clinical or pathological alterations, had no effect on antibody production, but did enhance the B- and T-lymphocyte proliferative responses. The immunosuppressive effects of acute 2,4-D ester exposure which were observed in this study, were unlikely a direct immunological alteration, but rather a secondary manifestation of the clinical syndrome. Since the subacute exposure levels may be more comparable to occupational or environmental exposure, it is unlikely that 2,4-D esters will have any major immunotoxicological significance in agricultural communities. PMID- 3760457 TI - Combined effect of ethanol and carbon disulphide on cytochrome P-450 mono oxygenase, lipid peroxidation and ultrastructure of the liver in chronically exposed rats. AB - A 5-month treatment of rats with ethanol (10% solution in drinking water) stimulated aniline p-hydroxylase and the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) by 140 and 70%, respectively, cytochrome P-450 by 22% and accompanied by lipid peroxidation by 40% in microsomes. It also caused smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) proliferation and rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) degranulation in hepatocytes. Repeated inhalatory exposure of rats to 1.5 g/m3 of CS2, 5 h daily, 5 days a week for 5 months decreased aniline p-hydroxylase and MEOS by 70 and 55% respectively, doubled hexobarbital sleeping time and depressed cytochrome P-450 by 30% and its conversion to cytochrome P-420; these effects were accompanied by the appearance of cytochrome P-420, the intensification of lipid peroxidation in microsomes and some degranulation of RER in hepatocytes. Combined exposure of rats to ethanol and CS2 resulted in a significant potentiation of the inhibitory effects of CS2 on cytochrome P-450 mono-oxygenase and MEOS but with enhancement of CS2 effects on the liver microsomal mono-oxygenase, but CS2 decreased the effect of ethanol on SER proliferation. The interaction both on the biochemical and the morphological level can be explained with the ethanol stimulated biotransformation of CS2 to reactive electrophilic derivative(s), the subsequent destruction of cytochrome P-450 to cytochrome P-420 and the intensification of lipid peroxidation. PMID- 3760458 TI - Stimulation of lipid peroxidation and impairment of glutathione-dependent defence system in the liver of rats repeatedly treated with carbon tetrachloride. AB - To study the effect of carbon tetrachloride treatment on hepatic lipid peroxidation and glutathione-dependent defence system, rats were injected with carbon tetrachloride (0.2 ml/kg body weight, i.p.) twice weekly for a period of 4 weeks. Carbon tetrachloride treatment caused a significant increase in hepatic lipid peroxide levels and significant decreases in hepatic glutathione levels and glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase activities. These results show that chronic carbon tetrachloride administration to rats leads to the stimulation of hepatic lipid peroxidation, which seems to be the consequence of impaired cellular defence by glutathione and glutathione-related enzymes. PMID- 3760459 TI - Aflatoxin decomposition in various soils. AB - The persistence of aflatoxin in the soil environment could potentially result in a number of adverse environmental consequences. To determine the persistence of aflatoxin in soil, 14C-labeled aflatoxin B1, was added to silt loam, sandy loam, and silty clay loam soils and the subsequent release of 14CO2 was determined. After 120 days of incubation, 8.1% of the original aflatoxin added to the silt loam soil was released as CO2. Aflatoxin decomposition in the sandy loam soil proceeded more quickly than the other two soils for the first 20 days of incubation. After this time, the decomposition rate declined and by the end of the study, 4.9% of the aflatoxin was released as CO2. Aflatoxin decomposition proceeded most slowly in the silty clay loam soil. Only 1.4% of aflatoxin added to the soil was released as CO2 after 120 days incubation. To determine whether aflatoxin was bound to the silty clay loam soil, aflatoxin B1 was added to this soil and incubated for 20 days. The soil was periodically extracted and the aflatoxin species present were determined using thin layer chromatographic (TLC) procedures. After one day of incubation, the degradation products, aflatoxins B2 and G2, were observed. It was also found that much of the aflatoxin extracted from the soil was not mobile with the TLC solvent system used. This indicated that a conjugate may have formed and thus may be responsible for the lack of aflatoxin decomposition. PMID- 3760460 TI - Teratogenicity of bifenox and nitrofen in rodents. AB - The teratogenicity of the diphenyl ether herbicide bifenox [2,4-dichlorophenyl 3' carboxymethyl-4'-nitrophenyl ether] was compared to that of nitrofen [2,4 dichlorophenyl 4'-nitrophenyl ether] in rats and in mice. Neither compound increased prenatal mortality in mice. Because nitrofen causes both malformations that are compatible with survival to weaning and a high incidence of perinatal (but not of fetal) mortality, emphasis was placed on postnatal parameters of bifenox toxicity. In rats, bifenox caused a low incidence of "bloody tears", but it did not decrease survival to term or to weaning in rats or mice, and did not reduce Harderian gland weight in mice. Because the weight of the Harderian glands is a more objective measure of their status than is the presence of an eye discharge, it is concluded that bifenox is not teratogenic at the levels administered. Nitrofen decreased litter size, pup weight, and Harderian gland weight in mice. PMID- 3760461 TI - Effect of bromocriptine on plasma catecholamines in normal subjects and prolactin secreting tumor patients. AB - The effect of short term bromocriptine (5 mg/day, 5 days) on plasma epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and prolactin (PRL) was studied in 4 normal women and 6 bearing PRL-secreting tumors. When studied on placebo no significant differences were found between controls and patients in E, NE and DA plasma levels. Bromocriptine induced: a 70% decrease in PRL levels in both groups, a significant (p less than 0.05) decrease in plasma NE levels in the control group, no significant change in plasma NE levels in the hyperprolactinemic patients when considered as a group. These results do not indicate that bromocriptine is a useful tool in the diagnosis of defective central dopaminergic regulation since individual responses of the PRL-secreting tumor patients were variable. Nevertheless, the impaired response of the group as a whole may be suggesting an underlying alteration of DA2 receptor activity in these tumor patients. PMID- 3760463 TI - Improved sperm counts in mink males (Mustela vison) treated with clomiphene citrate. AB - A group of 12 sterile, azoospermic mink males were treated with clomiphene citrate (10 mg/kg/day) for 10 days during the mating season; 50% of the males showed improved sperm counts already after 2 days of treatment and the maximum effect was seen 4-6 days after the start of the treatment. The other half of the group did not respond to the treatment and their sperm counts remained near zero during the whole experiment. PMID- 3760462 TI - Serum levels of calcitonin in Cushing's syndrome. AB - Serum levels of calcitonin (CT) were studied in 21 patients with Cushing's syndrome (CS), 18 females and 3 males aging from 16 to 59 years, and in 70 age and sex matched normal subjects. Patients with CS showed CT values significantly lower than those found in controls (9.9 +/- 5.0 pg/ml vs. 15.9 +/- 6.3 pg/ml, mean +/- SD; p less than 0.01), while no difference was observed in total serum calcium and phosphate and calcium corrected for albumin. No correlation between CT and serum calcium and phosphate, serum cortisol and urinary free cortisol was found. It is possible that low CT levels are involved in the pathogenesis of bone loss observed in CS. PMID- 3760464 TI - Pituitary apoplexy in acromegaly after pituitary computed tomography: spontaneous or induced? AB - A case of acromegaly is reported, in which pituitary apoplexy had occurred immediately after computed tomographic examination of the sellar region, followed by recovery from the disease and partial hypopituitarism. The possible mechanisms underlying this event are discussed. PMID- 3760465 TI - Short term ethanol ingestion can affect the testicular response to single-dose human chorionic gonadotropin in normal subjects. AB - Ten sober adult male subjects, with normal sexual development and function, were examined under basal conditions and after a short-term period (7 days) of alcohol ingestion (200 g/daily). Plasma concentrations of testosterone (T), 17 beta estradiol (E2), progesterone (P) and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OH P) were measured on blood samples drawn before and then every 24 h until the 96th h following a single dose of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG, 2,000 IU im). Basal plasma T was significantly decreased after short-term ethanol ingestion (p less than 0.01) whereas E2, P and 17-OH P were comparable in both conditions. The magnitude of the T response to hCG injection was significantly lower after ethanol ingestion but still significantly higher than the corresponding one obtainable in chronic alcoholics. At the 7th day of ethanol ingestion plasma LH levels were higher than controls (p less than 0.05). These results demonstrate that short-term ingestion of 200 g ethanol daily can lead to altered testicular response to hCG in normal adult males and corroborate the view that ethanol is a gonadal toxin. PMID- 3760466 TI - [Prevention of endemic goiter in Italy with iodine: an urgent problem to be solved]. PMID- 3760467 TI - [Frequency of vulvovaginal infections in independent practice]. AB - In the autumn of 1983 a representative sample of 78 gynaecologists practising independently were asked about the incidence and the bacteriological diagnosis of vulvovaginal infections in their practices. From this enquiry one can estimate that between 1 and 1.3% of French women who were over 18 years of age saw their gynaecologists complaining of vulvovaginal infections in the months of September and October 1983. The organisms that were most frequently found on bacteriological examination were candida (49%), non-specific non-pathogenic germs (47%) and trichomonas (20%). PMID- 3760468 TI - [Neonatal mortality and birth weight. Which strategy for the future?]. AB - In this study the authors analysed the neonatal mortality rates in Belgium in 1981 and 1982. Newborns were grouped into four categories according to their birth weight: 500-1,499 gr (Cat. A), 1,500-2,499 gr (Cat B), 2,500-3,499 gr (Cat C), 3,500 gr or more (Cat D). The distribution of neonatal deaths in those four categories was 33.2% in category A, 29% in category B, 27.3% in category C and 10% in category D. A specific strategy to lower neonatal mortality in each category could be worked out. The authors analysed what priority should be given to each category according to the data found in the literature concerning the following criteria: effectiveness, cost and doing the least damages. They concluded that the present focus on category A, is over done and should not be the strategy to be used at present. The higher neonatal mortality of newborns of category C (2,500-3,499 gr) as compared with the neonatal mortality in category D (3,500 gr and more) is generally underestimated and underanalysed. Reducing this extra mortality could result in lowering Belgium neonatal mortality by 12%. The organisation and accessibility of obstetric care seem to be linked to this higher mortality. In their conclusions the authors suggest other studies and short-term objectives that should be considered in order to lead to a continued lowering in neonatal mortality. PMID- 3760469 TI - [An example of the effect of research on perinatal mortality in Guadeloupe (1984 1985). I. Objectives and methodology]. AB - Research with a view to action being taken was carried out in Guadeloupe in 1984 and 1985 to try to find out the causes of the high level of perinatal mortality which persists on the island before suggesting to the public health authorities what action to take. All the cases of perinatal mortality (above 500 g in weight) were looked at and analysed carefully according to a protocol that had been prepared. The events preceding the perinatal death were described and also the antenatal and intranatal as well as immediate post-natal care given to the children. A control case was studied for each case that had been registered and the same questionnaire was filled in. The present work shows the methodology used to carry out the enquiry and how it was organized with the collaboration of all the actors in the public health department as well as the doctors and the health authorities authorities. PMID- 3760470 TI - [Pregnancy and unexpected children following failed sterilization and voluntary pregnancy interruption. 2: Bases of civil responsibility in cases of failed induced abortion or sterilization and the prevention of medicolegal risks]. AB - Bases for responsibility of the civil courts in cases where legal abortion or sterilisation has failed and which, as described in the previous article, have given rise to a disturbing amount of French and foreign jurisprudence have been analysed in order to demonstrate three elements: failure or carelessness in performing the procedure; the detriment that has really been suffered and the link between the causes of the first two elements. Practical advice is given which has been based on detailed analysis of the cases found both in the French and foreign jurisprudence to protect gynaecologists or surgeons from this new unexpected medico-legal risk. The decisions of the courts both for termination of pregnancy and for sterilisation have been reviewed in relationship to pregnancy or to the birth of a child resulting from the statistically acceptable chances of failure that must happen in procedures that are carried out thousands of times a year in France. PMID- 3760471 TI - [Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl administered via peridural route in the woman in labor]. AB - Seven women in labour received a single epidural dose of 0.8 mcg/kg of fentanyl together with bupivacaine. A pharmacokinetic study was performed of the fentanyl. As previously described, plasma concentrations were low. However, wide variations and important fluctuations were observed between different individuals with frequent late second peaks. The explanation for these second peaks of plasma fentanyl is discussed. The dose of fentanyl used in epidural administration for pain relief in labour must not be over 1 mcg/kg in order to avoid toxic levels, in the fetus. PMID- 3760472 TI - [Free salivary steroids and plasma hormones in women]. AB - The use and limitations of steroid assay in saliva are presented and discussed. Salivary cortisol was well correlated with unbound cortisol plasma, the only biological active fraction of total cortisol. Assay of salivary cortisol is particularly useful in patients taking oral contraceptives or during pregnancy. Indeed, in these patients, because of the marked increase in plasma cortisol binding globulin concentration (from 41 to 100 mg% or more), plasma total cortisol concentration increases from 18 +/- 4 micrograms% to 40 +/- 10 micrograms% whereas plasma unbound cortisol usually remains within the normal range. During the menstrual cycle, salivary progesterone rises from 5.4 +/- 1.8 to 15.1 +/- 3.6 ng%. As it is well correlated with plasma unbound progesterone concentration, salivary progesterone may be considered as a convenient and reliable index of luteal function. Because of its very low concentration, salivary estradiol is difficult to assay with routinely available techniques and, at present, is of limited interest for clinical investigation. PMID- 3760473 TI - [Gliomas of the uterus. Apropos of 3 cases and review of the literature]. AB - We report three cases of uterine gliomas in young women with a past history of pregnancies and abortions. A survey of the literature revealed that the published cases also concerned young women with the identical gynecological history. The general belief is that the cause of uterine gliomas is the transplanting of fetal nervous tissue during local manipulations in early abortions. Increased numbers of abortions should lead to a higher frequency of such tumors. Transplanted embryonic glial tissue is viable at the beginning of pregnancy and provokes only a weak immunologic rejection. These tumors are benign and no case of transformation into glioblastomas has been reported. PMID- 3760474 TI - [Pregnancy following surgery for cancer of the breast]. AB - Twenty-tree cases of pregnancy subsequent to mastectomy for carcinoma of the breast were observed. This association accounts for 8% of cases of breast carcinoma in potentially fertile women under 40. The overall prognosis is good, with a crude survival of 89% at 5 years and 70% at 10 and 15 years, superior to the figures observed in a control group matched for age, stage and date of treatment. Nevertheless, after elimination of the "selection effect" (pregnancy is more likely to occur in patients with a prolonged survival and no evidence of disease), no evidence of a biological effect of pregnancy was found: the prognosis in cases in which the delay from cancer to pregnancy is short is not different from the prognosis of the matched group. However, the disease free interval was longer in the pregnancy group. PMID- 3760475 TI - [Rupture of the pregnant uterine horn following salpingectomy with resection of the interstitial portion. Report of 3 cases of which one followed in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer]. AB - Uterine horn pregnancies are rare among ectopic pregnancies. Total salpingectomy with resection of the interstitial portion of the tube is usually recommended in order to prevent implantation in the interstitial stump. Three personal case histories of rupture of the uterine horn early in pregnancy, which all followed resection of the interstitial portion, have led the authors to discuss the physio pathological mechanisms that lead to intra-mural implantations. The value of total salpingectomy in preventing these accidents is also considered. One of these three cases particularly interested the authors because it followed in vitro fertilisation and embryo transfer. This case has to be added to the twenty series already published of ectopic pregnancies after this treatment for sterility. PMID- 3760476 TI - [Term pregnancy in a rudimentary uterine horn with a live infant. An unusual case report]. AB - We present a rare case history of a pregnancy that went to term and was followed by the birth of a live baby in a ruptured rudimentary horn of the uterus. The diagnosis was made when caesarean section was carried out past term in a primiparous woman who had been followed in the antenatal clinic. The child who is now 5 months of age was born live. A review of the literature has produced two similar cases by O'Leary and Bourgeois. After reviewing briefly the embryological, anatomical and physiological factors we have discussed how difficult it is to make a diagnosis before operation. PMID- 3760477 TI - [Prevention of the risk of infection and thromboembolism following cesarean section. 2. Results of a multicenter study]. AB - The amount of infection following caesarean operations changes according to the indication for the caesarean and the length of time the membranes have been ruptured. Antibiotics should be prescribed according to these parameters. It does not seem that the numbers of thrombo-embolic complications in this series were reduced by using heparin prophylactically in the usual doses. It does seem to us that women with real factors for this risk should receive heparin in high doses to lower blood coagulation. PMID- 3760478 TI - [Ambulatory hysterofibroscopic treatment of persistent metrorrhagias using the Nd:YAG laser]. AB - Several types of intra-uterine lesions can be destroyed endoscopically by coagulation with laser Nd-YAG. The use of a small diameter malleable fibroscope makes it possible to direct the energy accurately so that it is easy to use throughout the whole procedure. Operative hysteroscopy using laser has been performed in 12 cases of persistent metrorrhagia. Using this technique it has been possible to avoid open surgery such as hysterectomy or myomectomy. The procedure is quick and painless. It can be used on outpatients. PMID- 3760479 TI - [Transposition of a tube and transposition of an ovary in the treatment of sterility]. AB - The transposition of an ovary or of a tube is a simple procedure and it is valuable in certain kinds of tubal pathology. In the four cases here presented this technique allowed three pregnancies to occur. It can however only be used in certain types of lesions. PMID- 3760480 TI - [Polychemotherapy of ovarian cancer via combined intravenous and intraperitoneal routes. Technic and preliminary results]. AB - 20 patients with F.I.G.O. stages III ovarian cancer were entered into a randomised trial between January 1980 and March 1984. After a surgical resection as complete as possible, 10 of these patients received an intravenous chemotherapy with Adriamycin, Vincaleucoblastin Bleomycin, Fluorouracil and Ifosfamid monthly for 10 months. The other 10 patients received the same combined chemotherapy but by a double route: Intravenously and intraperitoneally. The results were judged at "second look surgery". 1 Of the 10 patients who were treated intravenously, 2 who had had a complete surgical resection had no recurrence. Of the remaining 8 patients who had had an incomplete resection, 4 still had residual lesions that could not be removed completely. PMID- 3760481 TI - [Cesarean section before the end of 32 weeks of amenorrhea]. AB - The authors report the results of 59 caesarean operations in which 74 children were born before the end of the 32nd week of amenorrhoea. The gross mortality was 21.9% and the corrected mortality 18.5%. 7.9% of the infants had major neurological sequellae and 8.6% mild sequellae. 65.2% are alive and well with normal psychomotor development. The follow-up has been between 1 and 5 years. The factors that influence survival and the indications for caesarean section at this time are reviewed and discussed. PMID- 3760482 TI - Catecholamine secretion from the adrenal medulla of the fetus, regulation by hormones. AB - In the ovine fetus, the adrenal medulla activity secretes catecholamines into the circulation under normal and stress conditions. Little is known regarding the endocrine regulation of adrenal medullary catecholamine secretion in the fetus. The present study was undertaken to investigate the direct effects of the hormones prolactin, angiotensin II and cortisol on catecholamine release from fetal adrenal medulla, and to determine whether the effect of the hormones change during development into adulthood. Adrenal medulla from fetal, newborn and adult pregnant sheep was collected, dispersed into single cells and plated. Following preincubation, the cells were treated with ovine prolactin or angiotensin II at 8, 40 and 200 micrograms/ml; or cortisol at 10(-8), 10(-7) and 10(-6)M for 24 h. Catecholamine release into the medium were measured at 3, 6, 12 and 24 h. Ovine prolactin at 8 to 200 micrograms/ml significantly stimulated the release of total catecholamines after 12 h of incubation. The effect of prolactin was dose dependent such that the magnitude of the response increased and the response time shortened with increasing concentrations of prolactin. In addition, the release of all three catecholamines--dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine--was significantly elevated. In newborn cells, only the highest concentration of 200 micrograms/ml ovine prolactin stimulated total catecholamine release at 6 h and 12 h, with significant increases of the three catecholamines at 12 h. In maternal cells, stimulation of catecholamine release was observed also with the highest concentration of prolactin tested (200 micrograms/ml) and after 12 h of incubation, when only the release of epinephrine was significantly enhanced by 324%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3760483 TI - Calibration of respiratory inductive plethysmography in spontaneously breathing lambs and piglets. AB - Respiratory inductive plethysmography is a method of assessing breathing pattern without an airway connection. We employ a single position graphic calibration technique for gain factor calculation. Nineteen studies were completed in piglets and 20 studies were completed in lambs. The single position graphic technique utilizes selection of two breaths from a 20 s run of breaths with different ribcage/pneumotachograph and abdomen/pneumotachograph ratios for gain calculation. Validation of gains was performed by comparing volumes obtained simultaneously by respiratory inductive plethysmography and pneumotachography. Total study time ranged between 15 and 30 min. Results suggest that the single position graphic calibration technique provides time-efficient and accurate calibration of respiratory inductive plethysmography in the spontaneously breathing, sedated lamb and piglet, allowing respiratory inductive plethysmography to become an additional tool for ventilatory parameter measurement. PMID- 3760484 TI - The renal response to the ingestion of fluid by the fetal sheep. AB - To see if the variability in fetal urine flow and sodium excretion was related to fetal drinking activity, renal function was investigated in two groups of oesophageally-ligated fetuses and one group of non-ligated fetuses. There was no significant difference in urine flow, sodium excretion or glomerular filtration rate in the ligated fetuses compared with the non-ligated fetuses. Furthermore, oesophageal ligation had no effect on the variability in urine flow and sodium excretion rate. The response of fetal kidney to ingestion of fluid was investigaeed in 2 groups of oesophageally-ligated fetuses. In one group it was shown that ingestion of 20 ml/kg of amniotic fluid by the fetus had no consistent effect on fetal renal function. In the other group it was shown that the ingestion of 200 ml water also had no consistent effect on fetal renal function. The water load caused a rise in fetal blood pressure and a fall in plasma osmolality. Since there was no significant increase in free water clearance and fetal plasma osmolality decreased then rose towards control levels, it is concluded that the oral water load was absorbed from the fetal gastrointestinal tract and diffused out of the fetal compartment across the placenta. These experiments show that fetal drinking is probably not responsible for the variability often seen in fetal urine flow and sodium excretion rate. PMID- 3760485 TI - The central effects of morphine on fetal breathing movements in the fetal sheep. AB - The fetal respiratory and electrocortical effects of 0.6 microgram to 600 micrograms of morphine, administered into the lateral cerebral ventricle, have been studied in chronically catheterised, unanaesthetized fetal sheep at 115-135 days gestation. Morphine at 0.6 microgram had no effect on breathing movements or electrocorticographic activity, and at 6 micrograms induced a period of apnoea (43-122 min) but had no effect on electrocortical activity. Intravenous naloxone (2 mg bolus and infusion of 2 mg/kg/h for 2 h) to the fetus had no effect on this apnoea. Morphine at 60 micrograms induced an initial period of apnoea (30-65 min) followed by episodic but significantly deep breathing movements with no effect on electrocortical activity and at 600 micrograms induced an initial period of apnoea (22-95 min) which was followed by deep, irregular and continuous (126-302 min) breathing movements. During the apnoea electrocortical activity initially remained cyclic, but as apnoea progressed there was a gradual reduction in the voltage of the electrocorticogram to a low voltage state. Intravenous naloxone (2 mg bolus and infusion of 2 mg/kg/h for 2 h) reversed both the respiratory and electrocortical effects. The hyperventilation was also inhibited by hypoxia. Naloxone alone had no effect on fetal breathing activity. PMID- 3760486 TI - The need for reliability and validity in hand assessment instruments. PMID- 3760487 TI - Long-term results of Kienbock's disease treated by excisional arthroplasty with a silicone implant or coiled palmaris longus tendon. AB - Of 32 patients with Kienbock's disease, 19 had lunate silicone implant replacements, and 13 had coiled palmaris longus tendon replacement. The carpal height was measured and osteoarthritic changes were noted in plain x-ray films before and after the operation. Follow-up periods ranged from 3 to 11 years, with an average of 6 years 4 months. In patients in the mild stages of the preoperative carpal collapse, both excisional arthroplasties had good clinical results. The x-ray films showed that a silicone implant played a more important role in preventing further carpal collapse than a palmaris longus tendon replacement in patients in the early carpal collapse stage. However, the clinical results of the silicone implant replacement were unsatisfactory because of the postoperative progression of osteoarthritic changes or subluxation of the prosthesis in the advanced stages of carpal collapse. The palmaris longus tendon replacement gave satisfactory results in four of seven patients with advanced carpal collapse. These results suggest that silicone implant replacement is indicated primarily in patients with the early stages of carpal collapse, and replacement of the palmaris longus tendon is rarely recommended in either the early or late stages of carpal collapse. PMID- 3760488 TI - Trans-scaphoid palmar lunate dislocation with concurrent scapholunate ligament disruption. AB - Palmar dislocation of the lunate is believed to be associated with either disruption of the scapholunate ligament or a fracture through the scaphoid--the two being mutually exclusive. A case of trans-scaphoid palmar lunate dislocation with associated complete disruption of the scapholunate ligament is reported. PMID- 3760489 TI - Displaced dorsal oblique fracture of the hamate treated with a cortical mini lag screw. AB - A dorsal oblique fracture of the hamate was associated with a dorsal dislocation of the base of the fifth metacarpal. Open reduction and internal fixation of the fracture with a cortical mini lag screw achieved an excellent result in union, joint restoration, and function. PMID- 3760490 TI - Dislocation of the hamate associated with fracture of the trapezial ridge. AB - A case of dislocation of the hamate bone, associated with palmar ridge fracture of the trapezium, is described. The mechanism of this injury is thought to be traction force through the transverse carpal ligament caused by a flattening of the transverse carpal arch. PMID- 3760491 TI - Lateral stability of the proximal interphalangeal joint. AB - Current diagnostic criteria and therapeutic guidelines for injuries to the collateral ligaments of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint are imprecise and vague. Laxity determinations, failure analysis, radiographic stress testing, and microscopic dissections were performed on 112 PIP joints. The lateral collateral ligament (LCL) is the primary restraint to varus and valgus angulation of the PIP joint. Its palmar fibers are tight in joint extension and provide the first line of resistance to lateral angulation. Failure of the LCL almost always occurs proximally in a sequential fashion that begins with the palmar fibers and progresses to the more dorsal bundles. Proximal LCL disruption is followed by separation of the accessory collateral-LCL junction and finally by failure of the distal palmar plate. Midsubstance tears of the LCL are rare. If the lateral stress test shows more than 20 degrees of varus or valgus angulation, the LCL can be presumed to be completely disrupted. Angulation of less than 20 degrees is associated with a 53% chance of partial LCL failure and a 47% chance of complete disruption, but the proper position of the LCL will be maintained by the overlying connective tissues. A clinical investigation will be necessary to define the criteria for surgical intervention. PMID- 3760492 TI - Ligamentous avulsion of the ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb of a child. AB - Ulnar collateral ligament ruptures of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb in children are usually associated with epiphyseal fractures of the proximal phalanx and, less frequently, cartilaginous fragments from the metacarpal. Radiographs are often normal. We describe an isolated ligamentous avulsion of the ulnar collateral ligament from the thumb metacarpal, without a bony or cartilaginous fragment, in a skeletally immature 12-year-old boy. PMID- 3760494 TI - Small-joint arthrodesis in the hand. AB - Arthrodesis of selected small joints of the hand is often indicated; however, in previously reported series nonunion is not uncommon. There were 171 consecutive arthrodeses of small joints performed on 134 patients. The operative method employed was essentially the method described by Littler. Emphasis was placed on the accurate coaptation of bone surfaces, the use of cancellous bone graft when needed, maintenance of the coaptation with Kirschner wires, and the need for postoperative immobilization. This technique resulted in union of 170 out of 171 arthrodeses (a nonunion rate of 0.6%). There were no infections. There were four delayed unions. PMID- 3760493 TI - The stability of internal fixation in the proximal phalanx. AB - A biomechanical study was performed to assess quantitative differences in the stability obtained with five commonly used types of internal fixation used in proximal phalangeal fractures. The techniques included dorsal plating, dorsal plating combined with an interfragmentary lag screw, two interfragmentary lag screws, tension-band technique, and crossed Kirschner wires. Rigidity and strength in apex palmar bending were determined after oblique osteotomy and fixation of the proximal phalanx. The failure modes for each fixation technique were also observed and described. The results showed that both of the techniques that used interfragmentary lag screws across the oblique osteotomies provided significantly more rigidity than did dorsal plating alone or the wired configurations but that measurements of strength were similar between all techniques tested. Dorsal plates were at a mechanical disadvantage on the compression surface in our apex palmar bend test and consequently provided no more rigidity and strength than did the wired techniques. The tension band technique represented a combination of stiff and flexible intraosseous wires without strict application of tension band principles and provided intermediate rigidity and strength. Rigidity and strength in intact proximal phalanges in the controls were significantly greater than in all techniques tested. PMID- 3760495 TI - Above elbow limb replantation: functional results. AB - Seven patients with a complete transhumeral limb amputation had their limb replanted. In all seven limbs the mechanism of injury was avulsion, and the ischemic time was relatively prolonged, with a range of 10 to 14 hours. The five patients with surviving limbs achieved useful elbow control. Of these patients, two achieved useful distal function to the wrist and hand and one had a below elbow amputation. All but one patient required multiple secondary operative procedures, with an average of 2.8 procedures for those patients with surviving limbs. We did not encounter any significant life-threatening problems. Less serious complications were encountered in all but three patients during the postoperative period. We suggest that limb replantation at transhumeral levels may be of value for recovery of elbow function in most of these patients. In some instances, this may permit the conversion of an above elbow level amputation to a functional below elbow level. In a few patients, recovery of useful hand function may be achieved. PMID- 3760497 TI - Digital vibrogram: a new diagnostic tool for sensory testing in compression neuropathy. AB - A Bekesy audiometer was modified for use in analysis of vibrotactile sensibility of the hand at frequencies ranging from 8 to 500 Hz. In control subjects the "digital vibrogram" has a typical shape, which differs characteristically in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Changes in digital vibrogram usually parallel or precede abnormalities in neurophysiologic tests, and appear long before changes in two-point discrimination (2PD). One-hundred-thirty-two hands of 76 patients diagnosed as having CTS were tested with a vibrometer. Of 113 hands with normal 2PD, the digital vibrogram showed abnormal in 86 cases. Of 19 hands with abnormal 2PD, the digital vibrogram showed abnormal in all but three cases. Twenty-six hands with neurophysiologically normal appearance had abnormal digital vibrogram in 14 cases, while 53 hands neurophysiologically classified as CTS showed abnormal digital vibrogram in 44 cases. It is concluded that the digital vibrogram is a useful tool for early diagnosis of CTS. PMID- 3760496 TI - Pulse oximetry for vascular monitoring in upper extremity replantation surgery. AB - Pulse oximetry as a postoperative monitor for replanted or revascularized digits was evaluated experimentally and clinically. The accuracy of detection of vascular occlusion was 100%, and arterial and venous occlusion could be differentiated by changes in pulse inflow and oxygen saturation. Digits demonstrating O2 saturations above 95% remained viable, those below 85% were associated with venous occlusions, and those with no saturation represented arterial occlusions. This method is simple, noninvasive, continuous, and accurate, and it reliably assesses revascularized digits and replanted parts. PMID- 3760498 TI - Median nerve compression neuropathy by the lacertus fibrosus: report of three cases. AB - Three patients exhibiting acute onset of proximal forearm pain and muscle weakness are reviewed. After nonoperative therapy failed, surgical exploration revealed compression of the median nerve at the level of the lacertus fibrosus. All three patients experienced complete recovery after release of the lacertus fibrosus. PMID- 3760499 TI - Autogenous nerve pedicle graft in the forearm. AB - We report our experience during a 15-year period with three patients who had severe segmental loss of more than 10 cm of both the median and ulnar nerves in the arm and forearm. The procedure was described by St. Clair Strange and by Silverstone in 1947. A modification of the procedure was used in our three patients. In two patients, the proximal stumps of the median and ulnar nerves were sutured together in the proximal forearm. The ulnar nerve was transected high in the axilla, leaving its blood supply intact. Several months later the ulnar nerve was transposed distally, and a juncture with the distal median nerve was created. The third patient had a significant segmental loss in the arm of both the median and ulnar nerves. The distal stumps of the median and ulnar nerves were sutured together, and at a later stage the ulnar nerve was transposed proximally and sutured to the median nerve in the axilla. In all three patients, an advancing Tinel sign was observed. Subjectively, all three patients believed there was a definite improvement in sensibility. Objective testing was, however, less convincing. This operation has limited applicability but definitely has a place in situations where direct sutures or nerve grafting are impossible. PMID- 3760500 TI - Computerized tomography of the distal radioulnar joint: correlation with ligamentous pathology in a cadaveric model. AB - The kinematics of the normal distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) and the stabilizing function of various structures about the DRUJ were investigated in a study involving six fresh frozen cadavers. Sequential division of the supporting structures was correlated with abnormalities detected by computerized tomography (CT). The infratendinous portion of the extensor carpi ulnaris is a major restraint against dorsal and palmar subluxation. Division of the radioulnar ligaments and triangular fibrocartilage alone produced only minor changes. Lateral displacement was controlled by the interosseous membrane and the pronator quadratus. CT is a useful method of gaining objective and quantifiable information regarding incongruity of the DRUJ. Three scans--one each in pronation, neutral, and supination--would be optimal. The pronation scan is likely to detect palmar subluxation, while the neutral scan is sensitive for dorsal subluxation and DRUJ diastasis. The supination view should confirm reduction of any subluxation. An important observation of this study was the spontaneous reduction of palmar, dorsal, and lateral displacement in supination. This suggests that immobilization in supination may be indicated in cases of acute DRUJ injury. PMID- 3760501 TI - Management of subungual keratoacanthoma. AB - Two-year follow-up of a subungual keratoacanthoma treated by curettage has shown partial reconstitution of the bony defect in the distal phalanx. Previous recommendations for treatment of this tumor have been divergent, ranging from conservative local excision to aggressive amputation. Review of the 18 cases reported in the literature reveals that 86% of the lesions ultimately treated by curettage did not recur. Two patients with recurrent disease after curettage were cured by eventual conservative amputation. Aggressive ablative surgery as the initial intervention for this benign condition should be discouraged. PMID- 3760502 TI - Long-term follow-up of the Moberg key grip procedure. AB - The long-term results of the key grip procedure (tenodesis of the flexor pollicis longus tendon to the radius, release of the A1 pulley, and percutaneous pin fixation of the interphalangeal joint of the thumb) were evaluated in 10 tetraplegic patients. Seven patients also had tenodesis of the extensor pollicis longus and brevis tendons to prevent flexion at the metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint. Patients were examined an average of 7.4 years after surgery. Progressive flexion of the MP joint gradually occurred, indicating failure of the extensor tenodesis. Excessive bowstringing of the flexor pollicis longus tendon across the MP joint occurred in nine patients. Because of failure of the extensor tenodesis and bowstringing of the flexor tendon, the patients had to progressively extend the wrist further to pinch small objects. Functional testing demonstrated improved hand use in eight patients. Lateral pinch strength was related to wrist extension torque. PMID- 3760503 TI - Lead poisoning from a gunshot wound to the hand. AB - Lead intoxication from retained bullets is uncommon but potentially fatal. A 45 year-old man was shot in the left wrist with a .32-caliber rifle. He was first seen 16 months later with symptoms, signs, and laboratory values that were consistent with the diagnosis of plumbism. The factors leading to plumbism, its evaluation, and treatment are reviewed. PMID- 3760504 TI - Osteoid osteoma of the coronoid process of the elbow: surgical excision by a posteromedial approach. AB - An osteoid osteoma at the elbow is uncommon. We report a case of such a tumor at the coronoid process, without involvement of the joint. The tumor was excised through a posteromedial approach to the elbow, with release of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle. PMID- 3760505 TI - Idiopathic bilaterally symmetrical brachymetacarpia of the fourth and fifth metacarpals. AB - We report on a patient with short fourth and fifth metacarpals that are bilaterally symmetrical. No members of the patient's family are known to have this condition, and the patient is otherwise in perfect health, with no other congenital anomalies. PMID- 3760506 TI - Juvenile aponeurotic fibroma with disseminated fibrosarcoma. AB - Juvenile aponeurotic fibromas, although locally recurrent, generally do not metastasize. This observation supports the practice of incomplete excision of the tumor to preserve the function of the involved extremity. We report on a patient with a juvenile aponeurotic fibroma of the palm, who returned 5 years after the second local surgical excision with metastatic fibrosarcoma of the lungs and bones. PMID- 3760507 TI - The first dorsal interosseous muscle: an anatomic study. AB - The anatomy of the first dorsal interosseous muscle, with particular reference to its vascular and nerve supply, was studied in ten fresh cadaveric hands. A constant dorsal and palmar blood supply is identified from four major branches of the radial artery and deep palmar arch. The ulnar nerve innervates the muscle in a pattern that parallels the palmar blood supply. This information provides a basis for the use of the muscle as a local transposition flap. PMID- 3760508 TI - Gnathostomiasis externa: a case report. AB - A case report of a cutaneous larva migrans caused by the nematode, Gnathostoma spinigerum, in which the worm was visualized at surgery and successfully removed, is presented. To the best of our knowledge, this is the second case of documented subcutaneous gnathostomiasis in the Western Hemisphere and the first in the upper extremity. PMID- 3760509 TI - An unusually aggressive Mycobacterium marinum hand infection. AB - An unusually aggressive Mycobacterium marinum infection of the hand that progressed despite surgical and medical treatment is presented. The infection progressed over a 3-week period after the patient had surgical treatment and received isoniazid (INH), rifampin, and ethambutol hydrochloride. The patient had a collar-button abscess, destruction of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint capsule, flexor and extensor tenosynovitis, and metacarpal and proximal phalanx bone destruction at the MCP joint and metacarpal shaft. Although atypical mycobacterial infections of the hand are usually indolent but persistent, this Mycobacterium marinum hand infection progressed rapidly, even with surgical and medical treatment. A judgment was made to perform an index ray amputation. With a more complete excision of the infected tissue, there was a higher probability of controlling this severe infection. The patient was treated with antituberculosis medications for 6 months and is doing well 1 year after the operation. PMID- 3760511 TI - Proceedings. American Society for Surgery of the Hand. Forty-first annual meeting. February 17, 1986, New Orleans. Abstracts. PMID- 3760510 TI - "Double loop" tendon anastomosis. PMID- 3760512 TI - Two-point discrimination tester. PMID- 3760513 TI - Radiolunate arthrodesis in the rheumatoid wrist. PMID- 3760515 TI - Are prostaglandins truly "cytoprotective"? PMID- 3760514 TI - A study of the dynamic anatomy of extensor tendons and implications for treatment. AB - This study correlates the excursion of the extrinsic finger extensors in zones V, VI, and VII and the extensor pollicis longus tendon in zones T IV and T V ("T" is used to designate thumb zones) with joint motion. Excursion was estimated by review of the literature, biomechanic calculations, and intraoperative observations. A simple equation determines extrinsic extensor tendon excursion in zone V, VI, and VII. This equation is substantiated by Brand's work on radians and by intraoperative studies. Guidelines are suggested for controlled motion for extrinsic finger extensors and the extensor pollicis longus tendon on the basis of our 6 years experience of treating extensor tendon injury with early passive motion. PMID- 3760516 TI - Excess sick-listing in nonulcer dyspepsia. AB - The pattern of sick leave among 88 patients with nonulcer dyspepsia (NUD) and 73 patients with duodenal/prepyloric ulcer disease (DU/PPU) was studied by means of a computerized register held by the National Health Insurance Service, which covered all instances in which patients received cash benefit due to sickness. Patients with either NUD or DU/PPU were associated with a considerably increased risk of being sick-listed. The risk of needing sick days was significantly higher in the NUD group than in the ulcer group (p less than 0.02), and the NUD patients had on an average 2.6 times as many sick days requiring compensation as the corresponding background population. The ulcer patients were absent from work mainly because of their abdominal symptoms; other reasons for sick-leave were rare. On the other hand, the sick-listing among NUD patients was due to a host of complaints, dominated not by abdominal but by musculoskeletal symptoms. Thus, it seems as if several factors other than dyspepsia contribute to the disposition towards absenteeism among NUD patients. Psychosocial factors might play an even greater role in NUD than in DU/PPU patients. The present study contradicts the concept of NUD and DU/PPU as different manifestations or stages of the same disease entity. In view of the high prevalence of NUD, the substantial amount of sickness absenteeism poses a considerable economic burden on society. PMID- 3760518 TI - Functional renal failure and liver disease. Importance of lymph imbalance in pathogenesis and treatment. PMID- 3760517 TI - Tropical peptic ulcer disease: an endoscopic study from rural Haiti. AB - We performed upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in 60 rural Haitian patients who complained of chronic upper abdominal pain. Twenty-five of 37 men (68%) and 5 of 23 women (22%) had abnormal findings. In men the predominant abnormalities were severe duodenal ulcer, duodenitis, and pyloroduodenal obstruction; duodenal ulcer or duodenitis appeared to precede obstructive disease by about 20 years. In women the abnormal findings invariably were milder than in men and consisted of duodenal ulcer, duodenitis, and gastritis. These observations as well as the observations of others indicate that peptic ulcer disease is common in developing countries, particularly among men. We hypothesize that this familiar abnormality reported from unfamiliar places represents the ordinary spectrum of peptic ulcer disease, but that inadequate treatment of recurrent episodes over time leads to obstruction. Physicians need to learn more about the epidemiology of peptic disease in developing countries and to devise better methods of effective treatment to prevent the late complication of gastric outlet obstruction. PMID- 3760519 TI - Endoscopic follow-up of patients with gastric ulcer. A prospective study. AB - Most previous studies have followed gastric ulcer patients by x-ray or endoscopy for less than 2 years. We report an endoscopic follow-up in 110 patients with gastric ulcer for at least 5 years to give data regarding history, radiology, ulcer features, evolution, outcome, recurrences, and diagnostic accuracy. Recurrences had a lesser healing rate than the first lesion; some recurred after more than 5 years. We reached a diagnostic accuracy of 93.6%. We conclude that nonmalignant gastric ulcers treated medically should be followed by endoscopy at 6 and 12 weeks. Healed ulcer should be reinvestigated at least clinically every year up to 5 years. PMID- 3760521 TI - Hyperamylasemia in patients at an intensive care unit. AB - We have evaluated the prevalence of hyperamylasemia in various acute disorders that required admission to an intensive care unit. Hyperamylasemia was found in 27 of 53 patients (51%). The source of hyperamylasemia was determined by isoamylase analysis with an inhibition method using an inhibitor specific to salivary type isoamylase. Increased pancreatic type isoamylase with a high P/S ratio was found in six patients with disorders related to the pancreas and elevated salivary type isoamylase with a low P/S ratio in 17 with various extrapancreatic diseases of heart, lung, trauma, or in the postoperative state. We found a simultaneous rise in pancreatic and salivary type isoamylases with normal P/S ratio in four patients with renal failure. Our experience suggests that isoamylase analysis by an inhibition method can be done rapidly and inexpensively. Knowing whether hyperamylasemia is pancreatic or nonpancreatic in origin should help to exclude unnecessary evaluation and treatment. PMID- 3760522 TI - Vitamin C status in 137 outpatients with Crohn's disease. Effect of diet counseling. AB - Vitamin C intake, and serum and leukocyte ascorbate levels were assessed serially over 6 months in 137 outpatients with Crohn's disease. Vitamin C intake was low in 18% of males and 37% of females. Serum ascorbate levels were suboptimal in 11% of males and 18% of females. Leukocyte ascorbate levels were low in 26% of males and 49% of females. Serum ascorbate levels were more frequently below the reference range in patients who smoked, but neither the serum nor the leukocyte ascorbate levels were affected by Crohn's disease activity, the use of an oral contraceptive agent, or by taking prednisone or sulfasalazine. Monthly diet counseling sessions significantly increased vitamin C intake, led to more patients consuming a normal ascorbate intake, and to a normalization of serum ascorbate values. We did not establish the importance of these ascorbate abnormalities on the clinical course of Crohn's disease. We conclude that low serum or leukocyte ascorbate levels are relatively common in patients with active or inactive Crohn's disease; these abnormalities are due in part to the reduced intake of dietary ascorbate; and the ascorbate status in patients with Crohn's disease may be normalized by improving the dietary intake of vitamin C. PMID- 3760520 TI - Wound sepsis after cholecystectomy. Influence of incidental appendectomy. AB - We undertook a prospective study of the effect of incidental appendectomy on the safety of cholecystectomy in patients under the age of 50 years. One hundred twenty patients were randomized to have either cholecystectomy alone or cholecystectomy and appendectomy. All patients received preoperative antibiotic cover. Both groups were well matched for age, sex, obesity, and length of hospital stay. Twelve patients were withdrawn from the trial. Wound infections occurred in three of the 56 patients in the cholecystectomy group (5.3%) and in two of the 52 patients in the cholecystectomy plus appendectomy group (3.8%). Incidental appendectomy is a safe addition to elective cholecystectomy. PMID- 3760523 TI - Small bowel contamination and vitamin B12 deficiency in the elderly. AB - Bacterial contamination of the small bowel in the elderly can occur without any anatomical defect, but the importance and pathogenesis of this phenomenon are debatable. We describe two such patients, both with profound vitamin B12 deficiency. Clinical recovery took place without specific treatment of the bacterial overgrowth. In one patient with pernicious anemia, malabsorption of xylose and fat was corrected after vitamin B12 therapy. In the other gastric acidity was normal, but unsuspected mesenteric ischemia led to gangrene of the bowel. In old age there may be more than one explanation for vitamin B12 deficiency and for bacterial overgrowth. Vitamin B12 deficiency within the intestinal cells may be one common factor leading to malabsorption. PMID- 3760524 TI - Energy intake and body weight in ovo-lacto vegetarians. AB - Vegetarians have a lower body weight than omnivores. In this study the relationship between the weight/height ratio and food consumption was evaluated in 92 ovo-lacto vegetarians and 113 omnivores in Israel. The average weight of the vegetarians was significantly lower than that of the omnivores (60.8 kg vs. 69.1 kg), even though the vegetarian diet supplied a significantly higher amount of calories than the nonvegetarian diet (3,030.5 cal/day vs. 2,626.8 cal/day). Consumption of fat was similar in both groups. Carbohydrate consumption was higher in the vegetarians while protein consumption was lower. The prevalence of obesity was significantly lower in the vegetarian group (5.4%) as compared to 19.5% among the omnivores. The lower body weight of vegetarians despite a higher caloric intake is of considerable interest. PMID- 3760525 TI - Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction or Ogilvie's syndrome. Report of two cases treated with colonoscopic decompression and review of the literature. AB - Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (ACP), or Ogilvie's syndrome, is a disorder characterized by massive dilatation of the colon, and typically occurs in the critically ill or post-operative patient. The clinical presentation may be impossible to distinguish from mechanical causes of colonic obstruction. Its importance is reflected in an overall mortality of up to 30%, perforation of the cecum occurring in 14.8% of patients with a reported mortality of up to 46%. Medical therapy has had variable results. Tube cecostomy or other operative interventions can lead to much morbidity and mortality in the critically ill patient. Colonoscopy recently has proven to be highly effective in achieving colonic decompression as well as excluding a mechanical etiology for obstruction and poses minimal risk to the patient. Colonoscopy should be reserved for patients who show progressive cecal dilatation or who deteriorate clinically despite aggressive medical therapy. We report two patients with ACP treated with colonoscopy and review the literature. PMID- 3760526 TI - Sigmoidovesicular fistula in a hemophiliac with diverticular disease. AB - A sigmoidovesicular fistula developed in a hemophiliac from a spontaneous sigmoid intramural hematoma. As the hemophiliac population lives longer as a result of improved factor therapy, they will develop more of the diseases and complications of age. PMID- 3760527 TI - Common bile duct stone caused by a foreign body. AB - Foreign bodies are very rare in the common bile duct. We report a patient with incomplete obstruction of the common duct, due to stone formation around an ingested fish bone. PMID- 3760528 TI - Radiographic magnification of colon polyps. AB - Radiographic magnification was evaluated on conventional and remote control machinery using a phantom with steel rods positioned at different levels. Depending on the rod-film distance, the range of magnification was 8-47% on remote control and conventional overhead films and 11-82% on conventional fluoroscopic spot-films. Extrapolation to the colon based on cross-sectional anatomic correlation showed a 14-27% variation in the radiographic magnification depending on the machinery used, the segment of the colon considered, and the position of the patient. This implies that substantial inaccuracy in the measurement of colonic polyps is common by barium enema examination, particularly when a conventional fluoroscope is used. PMID- 3760529 TI - Can candy be sour, or the distribution of marital assets. PMID- 3760530 TI - Hydrostatic balloon dilators--fair or foul. PMID- 3760531 TI - A case of viral esophagitis. PMID- 3760532 TI - Transient elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase after choledochotomy and T-tube placement. PMID- 3760533 TI - Continuous electrocardiographic monitoring during percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. PMID- 3760534 TI - A case of duodenal adenocarcinoma showing movable abdominal mass. PMID- 3760535 TI - Serum group I pepsinogens level in normal adults. PMID- 3760536 TI - Size polymorphism and heteroplasmy in the mitochondrial DNA of lower vertebrates. AB - The mitochondrial DNA of the bowfin fish and each of two species of treefrogs displays large-scale size variation. Within each species, mitochondrial genomes span more than a 700 base pair range, and the size polymorphism is localized to one portion of the genome. In addition, about 5 percent of the total 357 individuals surveyed were observed to carry two size classes of mtDNA. These findings are among the few documented instances of extensive within-species mtDNA size polymorphism and individual heteroplasmy, and constitute exceptions to previously reached generalizations about the molecular basis of mtDNA variation. PMID- 3760537 TI - Population dynamics of mutant alleles under maternal effect in plant populations. AB - Fitness interactions via maternal effects were analyzed by constructing a mathematical model. Here, the fitness of an individual is determined by its own phenotype and the maternal phenotype. It is assumed that two alternative phenotypic states are determined by two alleles at a single locus. Under this assumption, the model developed here reduces to a social selection model of human populations that considers that the fitness of an individual is determined by the individual as well as the parental phenotypes. The effect on genetic variability of random fluctuations in the magnitude of maternal effects was studied by considering the fixation probability and the equilibrium frequency of mutant genes. It is shown that genetic variability decreases as the magnitude of variation in maternal effect intensity increases. PMID- 3760538 TI - Inheritance and linkage of isozyme variants in incense-cedar. AB - Isozymes extracted from seed of incense-cedar (Calocedrus decurrens [Torr.] Florin) are described. These isozymes appear to be encoded by 27 loci; allelic variants are identified for 25 loci. Three pairs of loci appear to be linked: alpha est:Fest, with a recombination frequency (RF) of 0.02-0.06; Got3:Mdh 1, with an RF of 0.10-0.19; and Got2:Pgi2, with an RF of 0.02-0.11. The latter linkage has been described for several taxa within the Pinaceae; it may represent an ancient arrangement predating the divergence of Pinaceae and Cupressaceae. PMID- 3760539 TI - Mutant allele frequencies in domestic cats of Taiwan. AB - Preliminary data for Taiwanese cats generally agree with previous findings in far eastern populations, especially Vladivostok. However, surveys are still too few in number to achieve any detailed perspective for this vast region. PMID- 3760540 TI - Effect of early and late postnatal hypoxia on subcellular synaptosomal fractions from cerebral cortex of rats. I. An electron-microscopical and biochemical study. AB - Synaptosomal fractions of brain cortex of rats exposed to moderate intermittent hypobaric hypoxic conditions during the first or second decade of the postnatal life were investigated electron microscopically one day or up to one week after the hypoxia experiment. Mitochondria and synaptosomes with impaired morphology were observed to occur more frequently in fractions obtained from hypoxic animals. Synaptosomes showed lesions of the outer membrane and loss of the synaptoplasmatic content, or condensation of the synaptosomal content with increasing electron density, deformation of the synaptosomes in size and shape, disappearance of structural details, degeneration of intrasynaptosomal mitochondria in form of strong condensation and, finally, formation of intrasynaptosomal vacuoles with dense core inclusions. The mitochondrial reaction was characterized by two antagonistic configurations: condensation of the matrix with secondary enlargement of the intracistal spaces and of the outer compartment and, finally, the decay of the matrix condensate in several crumbs. On the other hand, swelling of the matrix with strong enlargement of the whole mitochondrium, later defects in the outer membrane and the degeneration into empty mitochondrial ghosts, appearing in the upper fractions. Some characteristic marker enzymes were tested in the fractions. The results hint at an elevated vulnerability of synaptosomes obtained from animals exposed to postnatal hypoxia, as indicated by the lowered quotient of LDH activities after and before addition of Triton X-100. Furthermore, there are clues to a decrease in the number of synaptic connections within the cortex of hypoxia exposed animals, as is concluded from the diminished AChE activity in the subcellular fractions of these animals. However, no different effect of early or late postnatal hypoxia exposition was evident in the biochemical parameters. PMID- 3760541 TI - Effect of early and late postnatal hypoxia on subcellular synaptosomal fractions from cerebral cortex of rats. II. A quantitative ultrastructural study. AB - Synaptosomal subfractions were isolated by discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation from the P2-fraction of cerebral cortices of juvenile rats exposed to moderate intermittent hypobaric hypoxia from day 2-11 (early postnatal period) or from day 12-21 (late postnatal period) after birth. Ultrastructural investigations were carried out on fractions A and E of the preparation. Quantitative parameters of synaptosomes and mitochondria (volume density, numerical density, profile size frequency distribution) were estimated in a stereological analysis. Early postnatal hypoxia exposition strengthened the irreversible swelling of mitochondria. The effect on synaptosomes was less pronounced, very large synaptosomes showed significant condensation. Late postnatal hypoxia exposition resulted in strong condensation of synaptosomes in all size classes and similar reaction in mitochondria. Both hypoxia experiments produced an enhanced vulnerability of the synaptosomal membranes against the fractionation procedure and the appearance of monstrous large condensed synaptosomes. The results are discussed in view of hypothetical biochemical mechanisms underlying these changes. PMID- 3760542 TI - Persistence of deafferentation-induced presynaptic dendrites in the cerebellar cortex of adult rats. AB - The paper provides morphological evidence for a long-lasting morphogenetic potential of the excitatory granule cells and the inhibitory small Golgi neurons to manufacture and to maintain presynaptic sites on their otherwise exclusively postsynaptic dendritic processes and somata. The development of new dendrodendritic and somato-dendritic synapses follows and is the direct consequence of the mossy fiber deafferentation of the cerebellar cortex. By GABA immunocytochemistry it was demonstrated that not only Golgi axons but also the Golgi somata and presynaptic dendrites contain GABA, suggesting that this inhibitory transmitter is an operating factor in many of the newly formed synapses. PMID- 3760543 TI - [Encephalization of the marine lamprey, Petromyzon marinus (L.). Quantitative analysis of the principle brain subdivisions]. AB - The measure of both the somatic weight (S) and the brain weight (E) on a sample of 13 adult individuals of Petromyzon marinus (L.) leads for this species to the determination of its brain-body weight coefficient of allometry and to the knowledge of its index of encephalization. The value of the first one is 0.556. Its locates the Sea-Lamprey at the highest level of a scale of decreasing values belonging one after the other to Chondrichthyes (0.551), to Teleost fishes (0.487), to Anurans (0.458), to Reptiles (0.43) and at last to Mammals (0.25). This result revalues our previous hypothesis which gives to this kind of statistic a phylogenetic meaning (RIDET et al. 1977). The index of encephalization has been arbitrarily fixed at the 10 value; it is the lowest of all the other indices previously known and consequently it points the Sea-Lamprey as the less encephalized Vertebrate species. The histological study carried out on the brain allows to the knowledge of the volumes of the main encephalic subdivisions. It leads to various results as: 1. The study the relative volumes (that is to say the volume of each subdivision expressed in percentage of the volume of the whole brain) emphasizes the olfactory bulbs and the Tegmentum + Medulla oblongata which have together the highest values amongst the brain percentages of Petromyzon marinus (and also of Lampetra planeri). This peculiarity has no equivalence in the brain structure of the other studied species of Vertebrates and we consider it as the expression of a primitive brain pattern. 2. The isoponderal indices locate also the Sea-Lamprey at the lowest level for all its encephalic subdivisions, as it was previously the case for the whole brain expressed by the index of encephalization. Such an unanimity seems also to be related to a fundamental brain organization. Comparisons between Petromyzon marinus, Lampetra planeri and Myxine glutinosa corroborate the paraphyletic status of the last one in the Agnathes. The differences pointed also between the two first species are less obvious but justify meanwhile a more detailed study of this group (Petromyzontidae) which shall be given soon. PMID- 3760544 TI - Ultrastructure of the dorsal cortex of the lizard Psammodromus algirus. AB - The dorsal cortex of Psammodromus algirus shows three layers, superficial plexiform layer (SPL), cellular layer (CL), and deep plexiform layer (DPL), from the pia mater to the ependyma. The marginal glial sheet constitutes the outer limit of the SPL. This glial sheet consists of flattened tanycytic processes running parallel to the cortical surface. A few globous neurons are scattered within the neuropil of the SPL which is formed by axons, axon terminals, dendrites and dendritic spines. Three types of axon terminals, type S, type F, and axon terminals with large dense core vesicles, can be observed in the SPL. The CL presents numerous neuronal somata tightly packed. Large neurons with spherical to oval nucleus and dispersed chromatin, and smaller neurons with chromatin clumps are found in this layer. The DPL consists of neuropil with many solitary or clustered neurons. Three neuronal types are found: neurons with indented nucleus, small neurons with spherical nucleus and large juxtaependymal neurons. Glial cells are present throughout the dorsal cortex. Astrocytes are most abundant and do not show a defined pattern of distribution. Oligodendrocytes are frequently related to the alveus fibers. The ependyma forms the ventral limit of the dorsal cortex. It is formed by clear and electron-dense cells. PMID- 3760545 TI - The nucleus "k" of Meessen and Olszewski efferents to the cerebellar paramedian lobule: a retrograde tracing histochemical (HRP) study in the rabbit and the cat. AB - The group "k" of Meessen and Olszewski (1949) was identified in the brain stems of normal rabbits and cats. In the rabbit, a topographical subdivision of the group "k" into the well defined cell aggregations k1, k2 and k3 was found. In the cat, the nucleus corporis pontobulbaris was subdivised into a posterodorsal and a anteroventral part. The former was located ventrally to the motor and principal sensory trigeminal nuclei, the latter was wedgeshaped and situated more anteriorly at the lateroventral margin of the pons. In 9 rabbits and 7 cats the neurons of origin for cerebellar paramedian lobule afferents were identified with retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase within the nucleus "k" and nucleus corporis pontobulbaris, respectively. In both species, most projections to the paramedian lobule were seen as originating ipsilaterally with only a small contralateral component. The study suggests that there are certain segregated projections of the nucleus "k" or the nucleus corporis pontobulbaris to the cortex of the anterior and posterior parts of the paramedian lobule, with some valid species differences. In the cat, the whole projection was found to originate in the more anterior and ventral parts of the nucleus "k" (nucleus corporis pontobulbaris). The posterior part of the paramedian lobule in the rabbit receives afferents from the homolateral subdivisions k3 and, to a minor degree, from k2; while in the cat, afferents are bilateral with an ipsilateral preponderance and originate from the posterior cellular group of the nucleus corporis pontobulbaris dispersed among and medially to the exiting motor root of the trigeminal nerve. The anterior part of the paramedian lobule afferents in the rabbit originates bilaterally within subdivision k1, to a minor degree ipsilaterally in the dorsal region of subdivision k3, and occasionally in subdivision k2, whereas in the cat afferents originate from the anterior and posterior levels of the corpus pontobulbaris. Additionally, some afferents for the rabbit anterior paramedian lobule originate within the homolateral nucleus "n". No evidence for a longitudinal zonal pattern of the projection onto the paramedian lobule was found. The study is discussed in the light of present information on the connections of the nucleus "k" (nucleus corporis pontobulbaris). PMID- 3760546 TI - Organization of the nervous tissue (hippocampus and septum) developing in the anterior eye chamber. III. Axonal processes and their synaptic endings. AB - Embryonal tissue of rat's septum and hippocampus developing in the anterior eye chamber for three to four months was investigated. Electron microscopic analysis of axonal processes and synaptic boutons is presented in this paper. Dense neuropil of the grafts includes myelinated and unmyelinated fibers. Some of them have definite structural features of peripheral fibers; there are also some transitory forms, combining the traits of peripheral and central axons. Synapses of presumed monoaminergic nature and other unidentified synaptic contacts with the neurons are formed by peripheral fibers entering the grafts from the iris. The majority of axons belongs to the neuronal elements of the grafts themselves. Distribution of the synapses upon neuronal somata and dendritic trees seems to be quite normal. Synapses of symmetric type are present mainly upon neuronal bodies and dendritic shafts; synapses with dendritic and somatic spines are asymmetric. At the same time some unusual features are observed: the presence of the axonal growth cones, long ribbon-like axonal terminals, forming numerous serial synapses with elements of neuropil or neuronal bodies, pseudo-glomerular synaptic contacts encapsulated by glial processes. Increased pinocytotic and microphagocytotic activity between various elements of neuropil is present within the grafts. Spinular complexes, which are often encountered in interneuronal contacts, possibly also participate in processes of exocytosis-endocytosis. Some ultrastructural characteristics of the grafted tissue indicate to its incomplete maturation which may result from deficit of normal afferentation or from absence of some more general developmental factors in the intraocular grafts. PMID- 3760547 TI - Neuronal types of the cerebral cortex of the adult chicken (Gallus gallus). A Golgi study. AB - The telencephalic cortex of adult chicken (Gallus gallus) consists of two anatomical regions: the medial cortex (or hippocampal cortex) and the dorsal cortex (or parahippocampal cortex) which we have denominated "dorsomedial cortex" (DMC) as a whole. The dorsomedial cortex shows, with Nissl's technique, two main layers of lamination, besides the ependymal layer: plexiform layer and granular layer. In the plexiform layer, there is a sub-layer called periventricular. In Golgi impregnations, the plexiform layer of the DMC is filled with neurons of horizontal type and fibers. The granular layer of the medial region is mainly occupied with pyramidal and bipyramidal neurons, as well as some short-axon and long-axon multipolar neurons. In the granular layer of the dorsal region basically long-axon multipolar neurons are found and, to a lesser extend, short axon multipolar ones are also seen. In the periventricular sub-layer of all the DMC are located the periventricular neurons. In general, we can say that the chicken DMC is a poorly developed cortical structure. PMID- 3760548 TI - The brain of Geogale aurita Milne-Edwards and Grandidier 1872 (Tenrecidae, Insectivora). AB - Macromorphology, composition, and encephalization of the brain of Geogale aurita, a small Madagascan tenrec, were studied. The relative brain size (encephalization) seems to be lower in Geogale than in the Tenrecinae (spiny or bristled tenrecs) which so far have been found to be at the bottom of the encephalization scale of extant mammalian species. Conservative features found in brain macromorphology are e.g. a minute corpus callosum and an uncovered tectum, and such found in brain composition are e.g. an extremely small neocortex and a large medulla oblongata. In all these brain characteristics, Geogale approaches more to the Tenrecinae than to the Oryzorictinae. However, including Geogale in the Tenrecinae would distinctly widen the range of variation of these characters in this subfamily. Therefore, a classification of Geogale in a specific subfamily would be more appropriate. PMID- 3760549 TI - Computer-aided pattern representation of microscope pictures with the mosaic grid. AB - The conventional study of larger areas with the necessary low lens magnification may affect cytoarchitectonical investigations since the material is insufficiently magnified. Faroff lying structures cannot be seen with the requested high magnification, i.e. they are only visible in the microscope with low magnification. The present work aims at providing the morphologist with a computer-assisted solution of this technical problem. The software developed by our scientists permits a hardcopy representation of a standardized model of a theoretically unlimited investigational area with free-choice magnification. Furthermore, this paper tackles, problems of the increase of the resolution level of modelling. PMID- 3760550 TI - The cerebral neurosecretory cells and retrocerebral endocrine complex in several representatives of staphyliniformic beetles (Coleoptera, Staphyliniformia). AB - The cerebral neurosecretory cells and retrocerebral endocrine complex were histologically studied in 20 species representing 4 families of the series Staphyliniformia (Coleoptera, Polyphaga). In their brains, the neurosecretory cells are clustered in one usually unpaired median group of the pars intercerebralis and in paired dorso-lateral and lateral groups. Up to 5 distinct neurosecretory cell types were found in the pars intercerebralis. In Hydrophilidae, Staphylinidae and in Nicrophorus species (Silphidae), the median group includes generally 20 type I neurosecretory cells and 16 type II neurosecretory cells. In Histeridae and Silphini species, the number of type I and II neurosecretory cells reaches 60-90 each. In staphyliniformic beetles, as in other Coleoptera, the number of type III and V neurosecretory cells is equal to 4. The corpora cardiaca are paired and fused with lateral aorta walls. In Hydrophilidae, Staphylinidae and Silphini, two pairs of the nervi corporis cardiaci innervate the corpora cardiaca. There is only one pair of the nervi corporis cardiaci in Histeridae and Nicrophorus species. The corpora allata join directly the corresponding corpora cardiaca. They contain frequently the neurosecretory products of cerebral neurosecretory cells. PMID- 3760551 TI - Ciliated neurons of the nucleus praeopticus magnocellularis and nucleus lateralis tuberis of an advanced teleost, Chelon labrosus (Risso, 1826). AB - Large groups of cilia are found on certain nucleus praeopticus magnocellularis (NPOM) and nucleus lateralis tuberis (NLT) neurons in the hypothalamus of a higher teleost, Chelon labrosus. They normally appear in an invaginated area of the perikaryon in the proximity of large numbers of synapsis buttons, and often close to unfenestrated capillaries. It is suggested that these ciliosynaptic groups act as osmoreceptors. PMID- 3760552 TI - Ventricular labyrinths of the ependyma adjacent to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in the turtle Mauremys caspica. AB - Labyrinthic recesses projecting to the subependymal tissue have been observed in the ependyma of the III ventricle in close relation to the neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in the turtle Mauremys caspica. There seems to be evidence of a direct contact between the paraventricular nucleus neurons and the cerebrospinal fluid whose physiological significance is discussed in the present work. PMID- 3760553 TI - The effect of fatty acid deficient diet on the developing optic nerve of the rat. AB - Axon-myelin interrelationship was analysed morphometrically in developing optic nerves of Wistar rats maintained during the maturation on normal, lipid deficient and lipid enriched diets. The results obtained lead to the following conclusions: Myelinogenesis in the optic nerve of Wistar rats is severely retarded in animals maintained on a fatty acid deficient diet during the last period of intrauterine life and during their whole postnatal life. The axon diameter of the optic nerves in animals fed on a fatty acid deficient diet is normal in the first weeks of postnatal development, but it does not reach the values of normal ones in the young adult animals. The dietary deficit of fatty acids caused qualitative changes in the myelin-axon interrelationship in the course of myelinogenesis as indicated by an altered distribution of the ratios in the number of myelin lamellae to the axon diameter (the regression equation has changed from a linear to a parabolic one). Comparison of the morphometric and chemical studies of the developing myelin in the fatty acid deficiency experiments testify that the numerically normal myelin in young adult animals is still deficient in basic lipid classes. PMID- 3760554 TI - A survey of occurrence of about seventeen circumventricular organs in brains of various vertebrates with special reference to lower groups. AB - The occurrence of about 17 circumventricular organs is described in 31 species belonging to various groups of vertebrates from cyclostomes to mammals and the phylogeny of each organ is discussed briefly. The neurohypophysis (median eminence and neural lobe) and the subcommissural organ are observed in all species studied. The pineal is also ubiquitous except for the hagfish (Eptatretus) and the caiman (Caiman). These four circumventricular organs are phylogenetically the oldest organs. The subfornical organ and the area postrema may be phylogenetically the youngest organs, although the subfornical organ is found in the lungfish (Lepidosiren) and the area postrema is observed in the dogfish (Mustelus) and the brachiopterygians (Polypterus and Erpetoichthys) among the piscine vertebrates studied. The other significant findings may be summarized as follows. Osteoglossomorphous teleosts (Osteoglossum and Gnathonemus) possess a distinct median eminence. The median eminence of the caiman (Caiman) is divided into the anterior and posterior parts as in birds. The saccus vasculosus is observed in the freshwater ray (Potamotrygon), but not in the freshwater teleost (Osteoglossum). The organum vasculosum laminae terminalis of the dogfish (Etmopterus) contains fuchsinophilic neurosecretory fiber terminals and is considered as the neurohemal organ. The paraventricular organ is not differentiated in the lungfish (Lepidosiren) and the caecilian (Typhlonectes). The paraphysis is found in the dogfish (Mustelus) and the osteoglossomorphous teleosts (Osteoglossum and Gnathonemus). The so-called paraphysis of the lungfish is not a paraphysis, but a dorsal sac. The development of the subfornical organ is variable among amphibians. The area postrema is well developed in the caecilian (Typhlonectes). PMID- 3760555 TI - Historical, literary, and erotic aspects of lesbianism. PMID- 3760556 TI - Sexual fulfillment of heterosexual, bisexual, and homosexual women. AB - Seventy females were interviewed in depth regarding their sexual responses and sexual fulfillment. They were categorized as heterosexual, bisexual, or homosexual according to self-definition. The quantity and quality of female sexual response, the source of the response, and the interactional patterns of sexuality were analyzed, and shown to differ, for different sexual orientations. The fallacy of emphasizing heterosexuality, and the fallacy of utilizing a heterosexual-homosexual dichotomy, in studies of female sexuality are indicated. It is suggested that knowledge about all sexual orientations can lead to more fulfilling sexuality in general, regardless of the individual's particular orientation. PMID- 3760557 TI - Lesbians over 65: a triply invisible minority. AB - Questionnaire responses from 50 lesbians, 65 to 85 years of age, were used to describe their present status, their educational background, their economic and occupational condition, their personal and psycho/social concerns, as well as their perception of their own physical and mental health. The data suggests that the 65+ lesbian is a survivor, a balanced personality, coping with aging in a satisfactory manner. PMID- 3760558 TI - A portrait of the older lesbian. PMID- 3760559 TI - The lesbian corporate experience. AB - By means of semi-structured interviews, this study investigates the work experience of 13 lesbians employed by large corporations. The respondents, who were already discredited for being women, had to manage the further potentially discrediting information of their lesbianism. The author examines the strategies used to manage such information. Because these strategies frequently included deception, the respondents then had to design a series of counter-strategies to avoid seeing themselves as dishonest. Each woman's strategy was unique; nevertheless, certain perceptions and approaches were common to all the respondents. PMID- 3760560 TI - Confronting internalized oppression in sex therapy with lesbians. AB - This paper focuses on a much-neglected aspect of therapy with lesbian clients: treatment of sexual dysfunction. It examines roots of dysfunction that can be found in cultural homophobia and misogyny, and presents a theoretical framework for intervention in the sexual problems of lesbian clients. PMID- 3760561 TI - Hybrid resistance to parental mast cell precursors in the skin of (WB X C57BL/6)F1-W/Wv mice. AB - When bone marrow cells of (WB X C57BL/6)F1-+/+ (WBB6F1-+/+) and WB-+/+ (WB) mice were directly injected into the skin of genetically mast cell-deficient WBB6F1 W/Wv mice, mast cell clusters appeared at the injection sites. However, the number of WB bone marrow cells necessary for appearance of mast cell clusters was significantly larger than when bone marrow cells of WBB6F1-+/+ mice were used. When WB bone marrow cells were mixed either with WB thymus cells or with silica particles, the proportion of injection sites at which mast cell clusters appeared increased to the level that was observed after the injection of the same number of WBB6F1-+/+ bone marrow cells. When suckling WBB6F1-W/Wv mice of less than or equal to 18 days of age were used as recipients, bone marrow cells of WBB6F1-+/+ and WB mice produced mast cell clusters with a comparable efficiency. Both syngeneic thymus cells and silica particles are known to abrogate the hybrid resistance that is observed in the spleen against parental hematopoietic stem cells. The hybrid resistance in the spleen is not detectable in suckling mice, either. Thus, the poor growth of mast cell precursors in the skin and the poor growth of hematopoietic stem cells in the spleen seem to be regulated by the same mechanism. PMID- 3760562 TI - Growth inhibition and cytotoxicity of tumor necrosis factor in L929 cells is enhanced by high cell density and inhibition of mRNA synthesis. AB - L929 cells were growth-inhibited after 1 to 2 days of treatment with human recombinant tumor necrosis factor (rTNF). This effect of rTNF was largely reversible, and L929 cells resumed normal growth when rTNF was removed. The rTNF showed growth inhibitory and cytotoxic activity when L929 cells approached a high cell density and grew slowly. This was shown in experiments in which L929 cells approached confluency at different times after being seeded at increasing initial densities. The rTNF had little effect on the growth of cells seeded at the lowest density tested. L929 cells cultured to high density synthesized RNA at a reduced rate. This suggested that a reduced rate of RNA synthesis may be at least in part responsible for the growth inhibitory and cytotoxic activities of rTNF on cells grown to high density. Treatment with inhibitors of RNA synthesis potentiated the cytotoxic activity of rTNF. Inhibition of mRNA synthesis was apparently responsible for the enhanced sensitivity to rTNF, as shown by experiments with 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole, an inhibitor of the synthesis of poly(A)-containing RNA. PMID- 3760563 TI - Monoclonal antibodies raised against denatured HLA-B locus heavy chains permit biochemical characterization of certain HLA-C locus products. AB - Twelve monoclonal antibodies (HC-MoAb) were prepared against a mixture of denatured HLA-B7 and -B40 heavy chains and were characterized by biochemical methods. The patterns of reactivity of 11 out of 12 of these MoAb were very similar and showed marked preference for the HLA-B locus heavy chains. A single antibody, HC-3, reacted with a subset of the HLA class I heavy chains recognized by the other HC-MoAb, which react with all HLA-B locus heavy chains tested. In pulse-chase experiments, only biosynthetic intermediates consisting of free class I heavy chains were precipitated by the HC MoAb. In addition to free HLA-B and minor quantities of some HLA-A heavy chains, additional class I polypeptides were recognized by the HC-MoAb. A number of these additional class I polypeptides showed a striking correlation with HLA-C as determined serologically. None of these polypeptides could be clearly identified in immunoprecipitations prepared from continuously labeled cells with the MoAb W6/32, previously thought to recognize all HLA-A, B, and C specificities. These findings suggest that in human cells, HLA-C locus products may be associated only weakly with B2m, explaining some of the difficulties encountered in biochemical studies of HLA-C antigens. PMID- 3760564 TI - Implantation of cultured thymic fragments in congenitally athymic nude rats: ignorance of thymic epithelial haplotype in generation of alloreactivity. AB - We studied the development of thymus-dependent immunity in congenitally athymic nude rats after implantation of cultured thymic fragments (CTF), particularly the development of in vitro alloreactivity in allogeneic combinations. CTF of DA (RT1a), PVG (RT1c), and RP (RT1p(u,1] origin were implanted in nude rats of WAG (RT1u) origin. In analysis 14 to 18 wk later, all recipients exhibited thymus dependent immunocompetence assessed by (immuno)-histology of lymphoid organs and responsiveness to in vitro concanavalin A stimulation and in vivo ovalbumin immunization. Control nude animals were unresponsive. Also, in vitro alloreactivity was observed, measured by mixed lymphocyte reaction and cell mediated lympholysis. The alloresponse to the allogeneic CTF donor haplotype was as to a third party, but that to the recipient was negative. The CTF before implantation were devoid of lymphoid elements and revealed epithelial-like cells as the major component. Cells in CTF showed expression of RT1 class I and class II antigens. CTF at autopsy had the architecture of a normal thymus. In immunohistochemistry using haplotype-specific antibodies, lymphocytes showed RT1u class I expression as in the normal WAG thymus. In the cortex-like area of CTF, stromal cells revealed class I and class II haplotype expression of the donor thymus, but in the medulla-like area, class II haplotype expression was that of the recipient WAG rat. These data indicate that after implantation in nude rats, CTF become populated not only with lymphoid elements, but also with stromal components from the recipient. In induction of thymus-dependent immunity, these acceptor-derived stromal (dendritic) cells may be involved in generation of allospecificity; class I and class II haplotype expression by the donor cortex (epithelial) compartment is ignored in this process. PMID- 3760565 TI - IgG subclasses of anti-tetanus toxoid antibodies in adult and newborn normal subjects and in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, and drug-induced autoimmunity. AB - The IgG subclasses of anti-tetanus toxoid (anti-TT) antibodies were quantitated in normal sera and sera from patients with rheumatic disease. Detection relied on a set of four mouse monoclonal antibodies, each of which showed specificity for the respective isotype, independent of gamma-chain allotype or light chain class of the human antibody. Approximately 90% of the total anti-TT activity in normal adults and patients with Sjogren's syndrome was IgG1. In addition, IgG4 antibodies were detected in one-half the samples, but IgG2 and IgG3 antibodies were observed in only two out of 36 sera. However, antibodies elicited in children immunized with TT were exclusively IgG1 and IgG3, with IgG4 antibodies detectable only at birth (presumably due to transplacental passage of antibody) in three of 12 children. In contrast to normal adults, patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and drug-induced autoimmunity (DIA) had a more promiscuous isotype profile. IgG2 and/or IgG3 anti-TT antibodies were detected in 13 of 22 SLE patients and IgG3 antibodies in six of 11 patients with DIA. IgG4 anti-TT antibodies were predominant in seven of these 33 patients. These findings suggest that IgG isotypes may depend on the frequency of the stimulus, but global alterations in immunologic status as reflected in systemic autoimmune disease may override the homeostatic mechanisms that control isotype restriction. PMID- 3760566 TI - IgG subclasses of autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, and drug-induced autoimmunity. AB - The IgG subclasses displayed by autoantibodies were examined in patients with systemic rheumatic diseases. Solid-phase assays performed with purified antigens were combined with a set of four mouse monoclonal antibodies specific for each human subclass to provide quantitative data for all the major autoantibody specificities. IgG1 accounted for an average of 55% of the total antibody activity to native and denatured DNA, Sm antigen, and histone and constituted significantly more anti-SS-B and anti-nRNP (84% and 92%, respectively). The remaining antibody activity consisted largely of IgG3, and this subclass was particularly prominent with anti-histone and anti-Sm in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. In contrast, IgG2 constituted 3 to 12% of the anti-native and anti-denatured DNA and less than 5% of the anti-SS-B/La activity in only three patients with Sjogren's syndrome. IgG2 was essentially undetectable in antibodies to Sm and RNP antigens. IgG4 was also uncommon, although this isotype was significantly more prevalent in anti-histone from patients treated with procainamide showed that the isotype distribution of anti-histone and anti denatured DNA remained remarkably constant. However, during periods of large increases in autoantibody activity, a shift from predominantly IgG3 to predominantly IgG1 occurred, consistent with the interpretation that there might be a sequential activation of heavy chain constant regions as the immune response matures. The disproportionately high levels of IgG1 and IgG3 displayed by all the autoantibody specificities examined may indicate that a common immunogenic feature of autoantigens or a common control mechanism underlies the regulation of autoantibody expression. PMID- 3760567 TI - Lupus serum and normal human serum contain anti-DNA antibodies with the same idiotypic marker. AB - We have previously shown that serum from patients with active SLE contain high levels of Id-16/6 and anti-DNA antibodies. In this study we investigated whether serum Id 16/6 is related to anti-DNA antibodies. Sera from 12 patients with active SLE were absorbed individually with poly(dT) cellulose (to purify anti-DNA antibodies) and rabbit (R) anti-Id-16/6 Sepharose (to purify Id 16/6 Ig). Removal of all anti-DNA activity removed most of the Id-16/6. Conversely, removal of all Id 16/6 removed most of the anti-DNA activity. Although there was no measurable anti-DNA antibody activity in normal serum, such antibodies were isolated by absorption with poly(dT) cellulose. The eluted immunoglobulins also had Id 16/6 activity. Similarly, Id 16/6 with anti-DNA activity were isolated from normal serum by absorption with R anti-Id 16/6 Sepharose. We conclude that a large fraction of anti-DNA antibodies in SLE serum are Id-16/6+, and that most Id 16/6 immunoglobulins in lupus serum have anti-DNA activity. Our observations suggest that lupus anti-DNA antibodies result from an overproduction of autoantibodies that are present in normal people. PMID- 3760568 TI - Tumor necrosis factor production by human monocytes is a regulated event: induction of TNF-alpha-mediated cellular cytotoxicity by endotoxin. AB - Expression of cellular cytotoxicity by monocytes or macrophages has been conceived as an induced function secondary to collaboration in the immune response or to other agonists. However, a form of spontaneous cellular cytotoxicity by monocytes analyzed with unseparated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) has been described by using the 6-hr 51Cr release from actinomycin D (ActD)-treated murine WEHI 164 cells, a target cell refractory to the cytotoxic effects of natural killer and cytolytic T cells. We observe that when cells are isolated under rigorously endotoxin-free conditions, there is no cytotoxicity. Inclusion of serum does not induce cellular cytotoxicity; however, cytotoxic activity is induced by the presence of as little as 1 pg/ml of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). PBM required 2 hr of preexposure to endotoxin in order to express full cytotoxic activity. We investigated the basis of the cytotoxicity of WEHI 164 cells and the effect of ActD. ActD-treated target cells are highly susceptible to the effects of TNF-alpha and TNF-beta (alpha lymphotoxin), whereas untreated target cells were resistant. In contrast, ActD does not affect susceptibility to the cytotoxic effects of H2O2, and interleukin 1 is not cytotoxic to the target cells. With the use of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody specific for TNF-alpha, the cytotoxic activity induced by LPS greatly diminished and the amount of TNF-alpha neutralized is similar to that required for equivalent cytotoxicity. We conclude that monocytes present in human PBM are not "spontaneously" cytotoxic for ActD-treated WEHI 164 target cells, but that the reported cytotoxicity results from exposure to a level of endotoxin or endotoxin-like agonists to which the cells are exposed. The cytotoxicity is mediated mostly if not entirely by TNF-alpha, an established product of monocytes/macrophages. With the use of endotoxin-free conditions, PBM can be isolated in a cytotoxically latent state, suitable for analysis of the immunologic regulation of TNF-alpha-mediated monocyte cellular cytotoxicity. PMID- 3760569 TI - Natural killer-sensitive targets stimulate production of TNF-alpha but not TNF beta (lymphotoxin) by highly purified human peripheral blood large granular lymphocytes. AB - Highly purified populations of large granular lymphocytes (LGL) have been shown to mediate natural killer (NK) cell activity. The mechanism of target cell killing by NK cells is as yet undefined; however, it has been postulated that such killing may involve soluble cytotoxic factors produced and secreted by NK cells. The data presented show that NK-sensitive, but not NK-resistant, tumor cell lines induce highly purified populations of human LGL to produce factors with cytotoxic and/or cytostatic activities. We have identified one of these factors as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and have shown that production of this factor is enhanced by recombinant human interferon-gamma (rHuIFN-gamma). We have also examined the role of TNF-alpha in the cytotoxic function of NK cells. The data show that although highly purified LGL populations produce low levels of TNF-alpha, the cytotoxic/cytostatic activity of this lymphokine on tumor target cells does not correlate with the cytotoxic activity of highly purified populations of LGL on tumor target cells. Furthermore, NK cell mediated cytotoxicity is not reliably inhibited by antibodies directed against various epitopes of recombinant human TNF-alpha and/or recombinant TNF-beta (lymphotoxin) or rHuIFN-gamma. These data show that although TNF-alpha is produced by highly purified NK-containing LGL cell populations, this factor does not appear to be responsible for NK cell cytotoxicity against classical NK target cells such as Molt-4 or K562. We suggest that NK function can be attributed to a combination of factors rather than to a single factor alone, and that at least two major phenomena are involved in LGL function: the rapid cytotoxic events which lead to the cell lysis measured in classical in vitro NK assays such as against K562; and the release of factors such as TNF-alpha with cytotoxic/cytostatic activities which would inhibit the growth of invading tumor cells in vivo. PMID- 3760570 TI - The mechanism of action of 3,6-bis(2-piperidinoethoxy)acridine trihydrochloride (CL 246,738) in the potentiation of natural killer cells. AB - An effort has been made to determine the mechanism by which the immunomodulator 3,6-bis(2-piperidinoethoxy)acridine trihydrochloride (CL 246,738) enhances the cytotoxic activity of natural killer (NK) cells. Orally administered CL 246,738 produced augmentation of NK cell activity in mice in a dose-related fashion over a dose range of 10 to 160 mg/kg, with a peak stimulation occurring at 40 mg/kg. The stimulatory effect was short-lived and only persisted for 3 days after a single oral dose of the drug. However, it could be boosted by a subsequent treatment. With anti-asialo GM-1 (anti-ASGM-1) antibody used as an NK cell marker, it was determined that the compound increased the number of ASGM-1 positive cells in mice, as indicated by radioimmunoassay and immunofluorescence staining. NK cells of beige mice were also activated by CL 246,738. Furthermore, the compound at concentrations of 0.02 to 0.2 microgram/ml induced NK cell activity in vitro, with a minimum 3-day incubation being required for optimal activation. This effect was dependent on the presence of macrophages and was inhibited by anti-IFN-alpha + beta but not anti-IFN-beta antibody. Taken together, it is postulated that the compound functions by stimulating macrophages to release IFN-alpha, which subsequently activates NK cells. As an effective stimulator of IFN and NK cells, CL 246,738 may prove clinically useful in the immunotherapy of certain types of malignancy. PMID- 3760571 TI - Treatment of murine peritoneal macrophages with bacterial lipopolysaccharide alters expression of c-fos and c-myc oncogenes. AB - Expression of the c-fos, c-myc, and c-fms proto-oncogenes has been studied in thioglycollate-elicited murine peritoneal macrophages after exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). After incubation with LPS (20 ng/ml), a transient and rapid induction of the expression of c-fos and c-myc oncogenes could be observed, whereas the RNA levels for c-fms were not affected. Treatment with lipid A, the active moiety of the LPS molecule, increased the c-fos and c-myc expression to a comparable degree. Similar induction of c-fos and c-myc was observed after treatment with phorbol myristate acetate, suggesting that this effect of LPS on murine macrophages might be mediated through stimulation of protein kinase C. Under similar experimental conditions, LPS treatment of macrophages did not trigger DNA synthesis. Treatment with LPS blocked DNA synthesis in macrophages treated with L cell-conditioned medium containing colony-stimulating factor. Thus changes in c-fos and c-myc expression may be elements in the complex series of biochemical events that contribute to macrophage activation and are not necessarily related to induction or priming for cellular proliferation. PMID- 3760572 TI - Generation of tumor-specific transplantation antigens by UV radiation can occur independently of neoplastic transformation. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine whether the UV-associated antigens present on tumors induced in mice by chronic UV irradiation could be induced by in vitro irradiation of cells that were already tumorigenic, or whether their occurrence was associated with the primary neoplastic transformation event. Cells of a nonantigenic, spontaneous fibrosarcoma cell line were exposed to UV radiation in vitro, were cloned, and were tested for antigenic properties. A large number of the clones obtained after UV irradiation of the fibrosarcoma cells were highly antigenic (20 of 39), whereas clones derived from unirradiated cultures were not (0 of 10). The antigenic variants did not induce cross protection among themselves, but induced only variant-specific immunity in vivo. Several antigenic variants were tested for susceptibility to the action of UV induced suppressor cells, which seem to recognize a common determinant shared among UV-induced tumors. The variants tested were indeed subject to the activity of the UV-induced suppressor lymphocytes. These results demonstrate that the unique antigenic properties exhibited by UV-induced murine skin cancers are also exhibited by cells exposed to UV radiation in vitro. In addition, they imply that the UV-associated antigens arise as a consequence of exposing cells to UV radiation and that they can occur independently of an initial neoplastic transformation event. PMID- 3760573 TI - Coexistence of a chemotactic factor and a retroviral P15E-related chemotaxis inhibitor in human tumor cell culture supernatants. AB - Two sets of seemingly contradictory evidence have been reported concerning the effects of tumor cell products on the regulation of monocyte migration in vitro and presumably the extravasation of macrophages into tumors in vivo. The present study was designed to explore the relationship between chemotactic and anti chemotactic products related to tumor cells: a tumor-derived chemotactic factor (TDCF) and retroviral P15E-related inhibitor(s) of chemotaxis. Culture supernatants of the human 8387 sarcoma and SW626 ovarian carcinoma were depleted of P15E-related antigens with immobilized anti-P15E monoclonal antibodies. This treatment produced a significant and consistent increase of the polarizing and chemotactic activity in the tumor cell supernatants. The material eluted from Sepharose-bound anti-P15E antibodies was devoid of chemotactic and polarizing activity and suppressed the polarization and migration of monocytes in response to chemoattractants. These results demonstrate the coexistence in culture supernatants of two human tumor cell lines of factors with opposite influences on monocyte chemotaxis. The data suggest that the entry of monocytes into neoplastic tissue may be regulated by the interplay of chemotactic and anti-chemotactic principals produced by tumor cells. PMID- 3760574 TI - Defining the role of complement in experimental pemphigus vulgaris in mice. AB - Parenteral passive transfer of human pemphigus vulgaris IgG (PV IgG) into neonatal mice reproduces the cutaneous disease. We used this model to study the role of complement in the development of acantholysis in three steps. Peptic F(ab')2 fragments were prepared from PV IgG and were injected into seven newborn mice, and all animals developed acantholytic skin blisters without local complement activation, as shown by direct immunofluorescence. These fragments were reduced and alkylated to produce Fab' fragments with equivalent in vitro binding activity. The monovalent fragments were given in an identical fashion to five littermates but failed to produce disease even though they were bound in the epidermis in vivo. Intact PV IgG was injected in 20 genetically C5-deficient neonates (B10-D2-OSN strain) and 20 control neonates (B10-D2-NSN, normal complementemic). Extensive blistering, with a positive Nikolsky sign, was produced in all 40 animals. PV IgG was given to 34 BALB/c neonates that were complement depleted by pretreatment with cobra venom factor (CoF) for 24 hr, and to 38 untreated neonates from the same litters. There was no difference in the disease produced after CoF treatment in animals that received high doses of PV IgG (5 to 15 mg/g/day). In animals receiving 2.5 mg PV IgG/g/day, blister formation was delayed and the final extent of the cutaneous lesions was less in CoF-treated mice (n = 12) than in normal complementemic controls (n = 12, p less than 0.02). These results show that complement activation is not an essential mechanism in PV IgG-induced acantholysis in vivo, but it does have an amplifying effect on the development of cutaneous lesions under certain conditions, and lesions can be induced in vivo by bivalent F(ab')2 fragments of PV IgG, but not by the monovalent Fab' fragments, suggesting that cross-linking of the cell surface antigen is an initiating signal in acantholysis. PMID- 3760576 TI - Ribonuclease activity associated with human eosinophil-derived neurotoxin and eosinophil cationic protein. AB - The eosinophil granule contains a series of basic proteins, including major basic protein, eosinophil peroxidase, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). Both EDN and ECP are neurotoxins and helminthotoxins. Comparison of the partial N-terminal amino acid sequences of EDN and ECP showed 67% identity; surprisingly, they also showed structural homology to pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase). Therefore, we determined whether EDN and ECP possess RNase enzymatic activity. By spectrophotometric assay of acid soluble nucleotides formed from yeast RNA, purified EDN showed RNase activity similar to bovine pancreatic RNase, whereas ECP was 50 to 100 times less active. The RNase activity associated with ECP was not significantly inhibited after exposure of ECP to polyclonal or monoclonal antibody to EDN. These results indicate that EDN and ECP both possess RNase activity, the RNase activity of EDN and ECP is specific, and EDN and ECP have maintained not only structural but also functional homology to pancreatic RNase. PMID- 3760575 TI - Characterization and purification of mouse macrophage procoagulant-inducing factor. AB - Macrophage procoagulant-inducing factor (MPIF) is a product of mouse Lyt-1+2- cells that induces macrophage procoagulant activity (MPCA) on mouse peritoneal exudate cells or on the macrophage-like tumor cell line WEHI-265. Supernatants from Sepharose-bound concanavalin A-stimulated cells were fractionated by using DEAE-Sephacel, heparin-Sepharose, and isoelectric focusing. This procedure resolved three different MPIF: MPIF alpha (pI 8.5), MPIF beta (pI 8.8 to 9.2), and MPIF gamma (pI 5 to 5.5). MPIF alpha and beta were small molecules (approximately 14 kD and 20 to 25 kD) as determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G200 and Biogel P100. MPIF beta was sharply resolved as a peak eluting after lysozyme by gel filtration on HPLC columns I-150 and I-125, although SDS-PAGE of the HPLC-enriched material resolved two well-defined bands of 70 and 120 kD and some poorly defined material of 14 kD. Silver staining failed to detect components of MPIF alpha after SDS-PAGE. MPIF gamma activity was associated with material that separated over a broad range (20 to 60 kD and 60 to 200 kD), possibly due to aggregation with other components of the supernatants. Crude supernatants were stable to heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min and pH 2 treatment, although more highly enriched fractions were unstable to these treatments. Heating at 90 degrees C for 5 min totally destroyed MPIF activity. The properties of the two basic MPIF differ from other lymphokines known to affect macrophage function, e.g., colony-stimulating factor, migration-inhibition factor, interferon-gamma, and interleukin 1. PMID- 3760577 TI - Generation of, lipid neutrophil chemoattractant activity by histamine-stimulated cultured endothelial cells. AB - Endothelial cell-neutrophil interactions are an important aspect of inflammatory responses. Because vascular endothelial cells respond to the inflammatory mediator histamine, these studies determined whether histamine could induce endothelial cells to release substances that affect human neutrophil migration. Cultured bovine and human endothelial cells incubated with histamine released neutrophil chemoattractant activity within 1 min; peak levels were noted in 45 min. Cimetidine, an H2 receptor antagonist, blocked chemoattractant production, whereas diphenhydramine, an H1 receptor antagonist, did not. Cycloheximide did not inhibit release of chemoattractant activity, suggesting de novo protein synthesis was not necessary for its appearance. Extraction with acidified diethyl ether partitioned all neutrophil chemoattractant activity into the organic phase. The lipoxygenase pathway inhibitors, diethylcarbamazine and 5,8,11,14 eicosatetraynoic acid, inhibited generation of this lipophilic chemoattractant activity, whereas indomethacin, a cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, did not. Resolution of the histamine-induced endothelial cell-derived chemoattractant activity by reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography yielded several peaks of chemoattractant activity, none of which co-eluted with leukotriene B4, platelet activating factor, or two mono-hydroxyeicostetraenoic acids. These findings suggest that endothelial cells release lipid neutrophil chemoattractant activity that may play a role in inflammatory responses associated with histamine. PMID- 3760578 TI - Heat-labile IgG2a antibodies affect cure of Trypanosoma musculi infection in C57BL/6 mice. AB - Immune plasma (IP) obtained from mice cured of Trypanosoma musculi infection is able to mediate trypanosome clearance both in vivo and in vitro. A protein A derived immunoglobulin fraction of IP containing primarily IgG2a and IgG3 shares this curative activity. Additional purification of IP with the use of anti-IgG2a and anti-IgG3 coupled to Sepharose beads demonstrates that the curative activity of IP resides solely in the IgG2a fraction; IP depleted of IgG2a is no longer able to effect T. musculi removal. Furthermore, this curative IgG2a is labile to heat treatment for 30 min at 56 degrees C. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays show that trypanosome-specific IgG2a builds up gradually over the course of infection, and temporarily drops slightly at the time of parasite clearance. PMID- 3760579 TI - Three distinct H-2Ks molecules differing at the carboxy terminus are expressed on a tumor from SJL/J mice. AB - A dimethylbenzanthracene-induced leukemia of H-2s origin expressed at least two class I molecules on the cell surface that were precipitated by anti-H-2.19, an alloantiserum prepared against the private H-2Ks specificity. Mapping studies in recombinant inbred strains along with comparisons of tryptic peptide maps and N terminal sequences indicated that the proteins were virtually identical and probably encoded by the same class I gene. When cells were labeled in the presence of tunicamycin, the proteins precipitated by anti-H-2.19 were further resolved into three distinct peptides. Experiments were performed to determine which of these various proteins were phosphorylated and which were recognized by an anti-synthetic peptide serum directed against the ultimate C-terminus of H-2K class I molecules. The results indicate that a single class I gene from the H-2Ks region may encode three class I molecules that differ only at the C-terminus due to alternative splicing of pre-mRNA. PMID- 3760580 TI - Synergistic antitumor effect of interferon and anti-idiotype monoclonal antibody in murine lymphoma. AB - Both IFN-alpha and anti-idiotype monoclonal antibody therapy have significant antitumor activity in vivo in a murine B cell lymphoma model. Combination therapy with syngeneic anti-idiotype antibody of the IgG2a or IgG2b isotype (a single i.p. injection of 100 micrograms) and recombinant human hybrid interferon-alpha A/D (10(4) to 10(6) U three times weekly for 3 wk) synergistically increased median survival time in mice challenged with a lethal dose of tumor cells compared with the sum of the median survival times of the two individual treatments. IFN-alpha has direct antiproliferative activity against 38C13 in vitro and enhances in vitro macrophage anti-idiotype antibody-specific cytolysis for IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG1 isotypes. PMID- 3760581 TI - Development and optimization of the FAST-ELISA for detecting antibodies to Schistosoma mansoni. AB - The Falcon assay screening test (F.A.S.T.) system was used to develop a rapid, sensitive, and quantitative kinetic-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (k ELISA) for detecting antibodies against Schistosoma mansoni adult microsomal antigens (MAMAs). The FAST-ELISA uses polystyrene beads on sticks molded to the lid of a microtitration plate. The beads are coated with antigen. Reagents and sera are placed in microtitration plates and the beads exposed to reagents by immersion. The exposure time required for a single dilution of serum or other antibody source, conjugate, and substrate is 5 min each. Excluding preparation time, two plates can easily be assayed in 30 min. The optima for assay conditions, reproducibility, quantitative linearity, and sensitivity are delineated. A battery of sera from patients with both homologous and heterologous infections was tested, and a dilution series of a standard reference serum pool was included with each test. Results were expressed in number of units as calibrated against the standard reference sera pool. Antigen-coated bead storage studies were performed with untreated and three chemically treated antigens. The storage stability of MAMA, ability to perform the assay with minimal equipment, sensitivity, short assay time, and ease of operation make the FAST-ELISA ideal for field studies. PMID- 3760582 TI - The buffy coat leukoagglutination (BCLA) test. AB - The clumping of leukocytes in the buffy coat of whole blood is a new approach to the leukoagglutination technique. Not only is this procedure simpler, it produces consistent replicates and the results are reproducible. One of its features is the lack of cell manipulation. Buffy coat leukoagglutination (BCLA) can be induced by the addition of a variety of antigens, lectins or allogeneic sera to small samples of whole blood. It is an indicator of both cell-mediated immune responses and humoral anti-leukocyte activity. The occurrence of two morphologically distinct types of clumping also reflects this duality of the test. There is some evidence that BCLA may be a model for in vivo events. PMID- 3760583 TI - Percutaneous inoculation of lymph nodes. AB - Injections into rat lymph nodes are easily performed percutaneously, without the need for a skin incision, if the nodes are enlarged in advance. The requisite enlargement of the popliteal lymph node can be obtained in 2 or 3 weeks by a single injection of tin powder or other particulate material into the foot. This method may be especially useful when multiple intranodal inoculations are contemplated. PMID- 3760585 TI - Rapid recovery of non-hemolyzed serum and untraumatized cells by using a new method of blood defibrination in vitro. AB - Platelet-free cellular elements and non-hemolyzed, chemically unaltered serum are important research components of the cellular immunology laboratory. Both can be recovered from the same peripheral blood sample if it is properly defibrinated. The numbers of cells recovered from heparinized aliquots of blood from healthy donors were not significantly different from the numbers of mononuclear leukocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and erythrocytes recovered from blood samples which had been mechanically defibrinated in vitro with a stationary, cone shaped 'TP'-like device which we here describe. Compared with serums obtained from clotted blood, or from blood defibrinated by using glass beads, we found that serums from blood defibrinated with the 'TP'-like device had the lowest detectable levels of hemoglobin, free DNA, or LDH. Serums from TP-defibrinated blood were not different from clotted serum samples with regard to the function of the classical complement pathway, the alternative complement pathway, C4 hemolytic activity, and most serum chemistries. Use of the TP-defibrinator in immunology laboratories is an ideal way to prepare blood for rapid isolation of cellular elements and non-hemolyzed serum from the same sample. PMID- 3760584 TI - Measurement of NADPH oxidase activity in detergent lysates of human and mouse macrophage monolayers. AB - An assay to measure NADPH oxidase activity in detergent lysates of macrophage monolayers is described. The addition of a reaction mixture containing appropriate concentrations of disrupting detergents, NADPH as oxidase substrate and cytochrome c as electron acceptor, to macrophages monolayers permits the reliable detection of a superoxide dismutase-sensitive NADPH-dependent cytochrome c reductive activity. This activity is strictly substrate dependent and NADH could not substitute for NADPH. The NADPH-dependent superoxide anion-forming activity (NADPH oxidase) was investigated in different populations of human and mouse macrophages. NADPH oxidase was activated by stimulation of macrophages with phorbol-myristate acetate and activity levels correlated with ability of intact cells to produce superoxide anion. The optimal conditions for assay of NADPH oxidase were investigated and the assay was used to measure the kinetic properties of the NADPH oxidase. The assay permits investigations of the enzymatic basis of oxidative metabolism in macrophages cultivated as adherent cells without any requirements for recovery of the cells in suspension and subcellular fractionation. PMID- 3760586 TI - Computer-assisted determination of protein concentrations from dye-binding and bicinchoninic acid protein assays performed in microtiter plates. AB - The bicinchoninic acid protein assay was scaled down to operate in the wells of microtiter plates. The total volume of the assay was reduced to 210 microliters and required only 10 microliters of sample per assay. The assay can be rapidly performed and then read with a plate reader. The analysis of the data was performed with a microcomputer interfaced with the reader. A computer program was developed to analyze the data from the bicinchoninic acid assay as well as the dye-binding assay at either the high or low protein concentration ranges. Based upon the absorbance values of the standards, the program computed a linear regression formula which was then used to calculate the concentrations of the sample proteins. A series of assays performed using bovine serum albumin, alpha chymotrypsin and gamma globulin demonstrated that the scaled down bicinchoninic acid assay produced linear absorption versus concentration data with average correlation coefficients between 0.9967 and 0.9940 at the high and low concentration ranges respectively. The protein-to-protein variation and proper selection of either protein assay based upon the presence of interfering materials was considered. PMID- 3760587 TI - A reaction vessel for the measurement of oxygen consumption by small numbers of cells in suspension. AB - A reaction vessel is described that permits measurement of oxygen consumption in small numbers of cells in suspension. The assay permits accurate detection of changes in oxygen tension amounting to less than 0.016 nmol X min-1, and allows the continuous monitoring and calculation of oxygen consumption by as few as 3-6 X 10(5) blood granulocytes or mouse peritoneal macrophages. The results obtained with this assay are highly reproducible, and the values agree closely with those obtained in 10-15-fold larger samples with commercially available oxygraphs. The reaction vessel offers three basic advantages: (1) fewer cells are required per sample (at most 1/10 the number needed for conventional oxygraphs); (2) smaller volumes of test media are needed (i.e., cytokines, opsonins); and (3) the oxygen tension of the medium can be rapidly changed to any desired level at the start of or during experiments. The applications described include the oxygen consumption by human granulocytes and murine peritoneal macrophages before and after addition of both soluble and particulate stimuli. With the use of this technique it was found that the maximum oxygen consumption by human granulocytes after stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate is proportional to the oxygen tension of the medium during the addition of the triggering agent. PMID- 3760588 TI - Direct counting of tritium by dissolving Microelisa wells in scintillation fluid. AB - Radioassays with low-energy beta-emitting nuclides (e.g., 3H, 14C, 35S) in 96 well plastic plates are tedious and frequently inaccurate because of the necessity of quantitatively removing and transferring the contents of each well to scintillation fluid. We therefore investigated the possibility of counting these nuclides by directly placing the entire break-apart well (Microelisa) along with the sample into one of four scintillation counting fluids: toluene-PPO-POPOP with or without Protosol, ACSR, and EcoLite. Although some of these scintillation fluids fully dissolved the plastic wells and other did not, we found that the presence of the wells did not appreciably interfere with the efficiency of tritium counting. This technique saves considerable time and reduces possible errors in liquid scintillation counting of samples from plastic microtitration plates. PMID- 3760589 TI - Re.: Blot strips for easy, large-scale immunoblotting. PMID- 3760590 TI - Re.: A new method for detection of radioimmunoassays. PMID- 3760591 TI - Stimulation of hematopoiesis in untreated and cyclophosphamide treated mice by the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. AB - Indomethacin (IN) was administered to untreated or to cyclophosphamide (CY) treated C57B1/6 mice to study the roles of prostaglandins in regulating hematopoiesis. The following hematopoietic parameters were quantitated: peripheral blood leukocyte (PBL) count; total nucleated cells per spleen; total nucleated cells per femur; and spleen weight. Assays were performed in vitro to measure the number of colony forming units (CFU) present in the bone marrow and spleen. Untreated mice administered IN had a transient rise in their PBL count. These animals also developed splenomegaly and had an increased number of nucleated cells in their spleen. All CY treated mice had a marked decrease in PBL count, spleen cellularity, bone marrow cellularity, and spleen size during the first 5 days after CY treatment. These observations were followed by hematopoietic recovery over the next 10 days. Cyclophosphamide treated mice exhibited a more rapid hematopoietic recovery when treated with IN than without IN treatment. Analysis of the CFU capacity of bone marrow and spleen cells in soft agar showed a larger number of CFU in the bone marrow and spleen of IN treated mice or of CY/IN treated mice than in animals not receiving IN. These results indicate that prostaglandins are involved in the regulation of hematopoiesis in untreated mice and that prostaglandins may limit the hematopoietic recovery of CY treated mice. PMID- 3760592 TI - Suppression of spontaneous insulin-dependent diabetes in BB rats by administration of ciamexone. AB - BB rats spontaneously develop an insulin dependent diabetes which resembles in many features human type I diabetes. We have tested the effect of the immunomodulatory drug Ciamexone, a 2-cyan-aziridine-derivative, on the development of diabetes in BB rats. Ciamexone was given once daily during 6 days per week beginning with the age of 42 or 50 days up to 120 days. For comparison cyclosporin A (10 mg/kg) was applied following the same protocol. At 1 mg/kg ciamexone administration led to complete prevention of diabetes in females but was not beneficial in males. At 10 mg/kg the drug caused significant suppression of diabetes development in males but more pronounced in females. Both, a reduction of the incidence of diabetes and a delay in the onset of hyperglycaemia was observed only in females. After administration of cyclosporin A none of the animals developed diabetes. Ciamexone treatment did not affect granulocyte and lymphocyte counts and subsets in the peripheral blood except for a tendency to suppress eosinophilia. The growth of animals was not retarded. It is concluded that ciamexone seems to influence the autoimmune state of the BB rat resulting in partial suppression of the disease. PMID- 3760593 TI - Hemopoietic effects of intravenous soluble glucan administration. AB - A soluble form of the reticuloendothelial- and immune modulating agent glucan (glucan-F) has been evaluated for its effects on hemopoiesis. A single 5.0 mg intravenous injection of glucan-F into C3H/HeN mice increased peripheral white blood cellularity, bone marrow and splenic cellularity, bone marrow and splenic granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cell numbers (GM-CFC), and splenic pluripotent stem cell (CFU-s) and erythroid progenitor cell (CFU-e) numbers. Serum levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating activity (CSA) were also elevated following glucan-F administration. These hemopoietic responses correlate well with those previously shown to be induced by intravenous administration of particulate glucan (glucan-P). In contrast to glucan-P, however, intravenous glucan-F administration has been shown not to induce granuloma formation and severe hepatosplenomegaly, thus the potential clinical use of glucan-F as a hemopoietic stimulant is more likely than that of glucan-P. PMID- 3760594 TI - Viral haemorrhagic fevers. PMID- 3760595 TI - Group G streptococcal infection of joints and joint prostheses. AB - Eight cases of septic arthritis caused by beta-haemolytic streptococci of Lancefield group G are presented and compared with others previously reported. Involvement of prosthetic joints is notable (25%) as is accompanying cellulitis (75%) which is probably related to the portal of entry of the organism. Other associated conditions were rheumatoid arthritis (38%) and malignant neoplastic disease (25%). Carriage of the group G streptococcus was detected in two of the eight patients. Serological tests for streptococcal antibodies were found to be less useful in the diagnosis of septic arthritis due to group G streptococci than culture of aspirated fluid. In the absence of endocarditis, which was not present in any of our patients, the prognosis appears to be good after treatment with appropriate antibiotics and open drainage of the joint. Both affected joint prostheses, however, required removal. PMID- 3760596 TI - Infections caused by Kingella kingae: report of four cases and review. AB - Kingella kingae, formerly known as Moraxella kingae, is a fastidious, non-motile, coccobacillary, fermentative Gram-negative rod that has been chiefly associated with two types of infections in man: bone and joint infections, and endocarditis. We describe four patients with K. kingae infections, one with septicaemia, two with endocarditis, and one with osteoarthritis. The current literature on infections with K. kingae is reviewed. PMID- 3760597 TI - Pseudomonas cepacia--fatal pulmonary infection in a patient with cystic fibrosis. AB - A 9-year-old girl with cystic fibrosis (CF) was admitted with an exacerbation of respiratory infection and subsequently died. At death Pseudomonas cepacia was cultured from her sputum, in large numbers, 10(7) colony forming units/ml. PMID- 3760598 TI - Candida albicans arthritis in an infant. AB - Candida albicans arthritis, preceded by peritonitis and septicaemia arose in an infant following cardiac surgery. Details of the case are described. Diagnosis and management of this condition are discussed. PMID- 3760599 TI - Cutaneous mucormycosis: a rare cause of leg ulceration. AB - Cutaneous mucormycosis followed trivial injury to the leg of a 72-year-old man. The lesion progressed rapidly requiring above-knee amputation. PMID- 3760600 TI - Campylobacter peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. PMID- 3760601 TI - Erythromycin-resistant beta-haemolytic streptococci in North Yorkshire. PMID- 3760602 TI - Cavernous sinus thrombosis due to Streptococcus milleri. PMID- 3760603 TI - Two related cases of listeriosis? PMID- 3760604 TI - [Epididymal prognostic factor in epididymo-deferential anastomosis]. AB - Results of a 1981 study are complemented and analyzed with respect to epididymal histology in 94 patients undergoing uni- or bilateral epididymo-deferential anastomosis. Testicular histology was normal in all patients. Epididymal histology could be differentiated into two main groups: one with normal or only slightly altered epididymis, the other with major epididymal lesions. Repermeabilization was more frequent and of better quality (10 X 10(6) sperm/ml or more) in the first group, in which there were also all the pregnancies. Previous genital infection or injury is of poor prognosis due to the severe epididymal lesions present. PMID- 3760605 TI - [Radiotherapy of seminomas of the testis. Apropos of 41 cases]. AB - Our study reports on 41 patients with testicular seminoma (21 stage I and 20 stage II). Stage I patients received 20 Gy and stage II 35 to 36 Gy on infradiaphragmatic nodes and 20 Gy preventive mediastino-supraclavicular irradiation. The survival rate at 5 years for stage I patients was 100%. The stage II 5-year survival rate was 70%: 83.3% for stage IIA and 50% for stage IIB. For stage I patients only one death occurred and this was the result of a second cancer (bronchial cancer) which was diagnosed during the 8th year postirradiation. Of the stage II patients who did not respond to treatment, 3 were misdiagnosed histologically, one was due to the evolution of a secondary site (bladder), the 5th was due to insufficient irradiation and the 6th (anaplastic seminoma) presented extension of the disease in both irradiated and non-irradiated zone. Excluding these latter cases our study substantiates the curability of testicular seminomas by radiotherapy when dealing with stage I and stage II tumors. This early forms represent three fourths of all seminoma patients. PMID- 3760606 TI - Primary transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate. AB - Two cases of the rare primary paramalpighien tumors of prostate, arising from the prostate gland canals lined with paramalpighien epithelium, are described and their poor prognosis due to rapid local and metastatic spread emphasized. PMID- 3760607 TI - [Parapyelic cysts]. AB - Parapyelic cysts present particular characteristics in relation to cystic disease of the kidney. Their intrasinusal development in contact with vascular and canalar elements of the renal hilum explains their often explosive symptomatology and the frequent need for surgical excision of the cyst--procedure difficult to accomplish and nearly always incomplete. Four cases are reported, including 2 with cysts communicating with excretory pathways, and symptoms, signs and diagnostic and therapeutic aspects discussed. Arguments are in favor of an acquired pathogenicity of these cysts (communication with excretory pathways, contingent presence of smooth muscle fibres in the cyst wall). PMID- 3760608 TI - Pyeloplasty in children. PMID- 3760610 TI - Killing of human dermal capillary endothelial cells by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. AB - Damage to the microvasculature occurs commonly in autoimmune diseases affecting the skin. There has been little investigation of immune mechanisms other than immune complex deposition as a major cause of microvascular damage. We have investigated the potential of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) to cause vascular destruction in an in vitro model consisting of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells to which were added antibody and leukocytes. Severe damage was induced by antibody and lymphocytes. Monocytes or neutrophils were not able to mediate cytotoxicity although activated neutrophils caused endothelial detachment. The cytotoxic cells were OKT3-, Leu 11+ and were identified as K cells. ADCC was not inhibited by human serum or aggregated IgG. These results imply that ADCC may have a role in causing the vascular destruction observed in some human autoimmune skin diseases. PMID- 3760609 TI - Differential rates of percutaneous absorption through the eczematous and normal skin of a monkey. AB - A monkey (Macaca fascicularis), diagnosed as having eczematous dermatitis on the basis of histopathology of a skin biopsy, was used to study the percutaneous absorption of 2 anti-inflammatory steroids. Absorption was measured through involved and uninvolved skin by using in vitro diffusion cell techniques. Hydrocortisone (0.5%) and triamcinolone acetonide (0.1%) were applied to the skin in a petrolatum vehicle. After application for 24 h, the permeation of hydrocortisone was approximately doubled (from 2.6 to 5.5% of the applied dose) when diseased skin was used. The absorption of triamcinolone acetonide was enhanced through the eczematous skin during the initial 12 h. At 24 h, however, no significant difference in total absorption was obtained. PMID- 3760611 TI - Immediate dermal changes in pig skin after exposure to moderate amounts of heat and electrical energy. AB - Pig skin was exposed to approximately 80 joules of heat and electrical energy [50 Hz alternating current (a.c.) and direct current (d.c.)], respectively, under controlled conditions in order to find methods to document electrical torture. Biopsies were obtained immediately after exposure, and the morphology of the electrical lesions was compared with that of heat lesions and unexposed skin by using normal and polarized light microscopy. In areas exposed to 50 Hz a.c. and in cathode areas after d.c., where calcified collagen fibers have been found 2 days after injury, the collagen fibers showed a regular, densely spaced, cross striation. This type of cross-striation was not found in heat or anode lesions. It was possible to blindly group all biopsies correctly with regard to influence of heat, 50 a.c. and d.c. PMID- 3760613 TI - Contraction of collagen lattices by skin fibroblasts from dystrophic recessive epidermolysis bullosa and other dermatoses. AB - Skin fibroblasts incorporated into a lattice of hydrated collagen contract it to form a tissue-like structure. Fibroblasts from patients with skin diseases, including psoriasis, epidermolysis bullosa, and scleroderma, and from control subjects, all showed a similar ability to contract the lattice. The established skin epithelial cell line NCTC 2544, melanoma cells, and 3T6 mouse fibroblasts produced little contraction. Contraction required the presence of serum and was unaffected by the addition of fibronectin (10-20 micrograms/ml). Hyaluronic acid at 50-500 micrograms/ml had no effect, but contraction was inhibited at 1 mg/ml. PMID- 3760612 TI - Growth kinetics of primary versus metastatic human melanoma xenografts in nude mice. AB - Primary and metastatic tumors from a single patient with fatal malignant melanoma were heterotransplanted and maintained in BALBc/Nu mice. Kinetic parameters were determined using tritiated thymidine as a single injection for percent labeled mitoses studies and continuous infusion for growth fraction studies. Tumor growth characteristics in mice were also examined. Karyotyping and ouabain studies showed that the human chromosomes were maintained in serial transplantation and did not form hybrid cells with the mice. Results suggest that while the metastatic cells have longer cell cycle and duration of S phase, they possess other characteristics which permit faster growth and easier transplantation. The possible role of an "angiogenesis factor" in this situation is discussed. PMID- 3760614 TI - [Numbers and sizes of myocytes, amount of interstitial space, fibrosis and disarray in dilated cardiomyopathy]. AB - The features characteristic of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) are dilatation of the left ventricular cavity without thickening of the wall, and decreased contractility of the left ventricle. The myocardial wall thickness depends on three variables: the number of muscle layers, the mean size of myocytes and the percent area of interstitial space. To clarify the histological pathogenesis of the special features of DCM, these three variables including wall thickness, fibrosis and disarray in the left ventricular wall of autopsied hearts were quantitatively measured in 10 patients with DCM, 10 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and 20 patients with normal hearts (N). The heart weight was 651 +/- 128 g in the DCM group, 614 +/- 216 g in the HCM group, and 280 +/- 40 g in N group. The S (ventricular septum)/F (left ventricular free wall) of the wall thickness was 9 +/- 1/9 +/- 1 (mm) in DCM, 25 +/- 5/16 +/- 2 (mm) in HCM, and 13 +/- 1/13 +/- 1 (mm) in the N group. The S/F of % fibrosis was 9 +/- 5/11 +/- 4 in DCM, 14 +/- 4/8 +/- 5 in HCM, and 1 +/- 1/1 +/- 1 in N. S/F of the size (mu) of myocytes was 18 +/- 2/21 +/- 3 in DCM, 19 +/- 3/21 +/- 2 in HCM, and 13 +/- 1/14 +/- 1 in N. S/F of the numbers of muscle layers was 310 +/- 60/260 +/- 40 in DCM, 630 +/- 80/360 +/- 70 in HCM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3760615 TI - [Factors related to the pathogenesis and clinicopathological findings in dilated cardiomyopathy]. AB - It has been suggested that various factors related to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) may concern its onset and/or progression. This study was performed to clarify whether these factors contribute different clinical and morphological characteristics. Subjects were 39 patients with DCM, consisting of 28 men and 11 women whose average age was 46.5 years. The subjects were divided into five groups; namely, the Familial, Myocarditic, Alcoholic, Hypertensive, and Unknown Groups. Clinical parameters including past history, blood pressure, chest radiographs, electrocardiograms, echocardiograms and left ventricular end diastolic pressures (LVEDP) were evaluated. Morphology of right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy specimens was evaluated in terms of hypertrophy, disarrangement, fibrosis, degeneration, endocardial thickening, interstitial changes, and types of fibrosis. The results were as follows: The Familial Group was characterized by the onset at younger age, highly elevated LVEDP, a lack of myocardial hypertrophy, and proliferation of small vessels. The Myocarditic Group was characterized by the onset at young age, elevated LVEDP, severe fibrosis showing a plexiform pattern in more than half of the patients, cellular disarrangement, and cellular infiltration. The Alcoholic Group showed possible improvement clinically and fatty infiltration in half of the patients. The Hypertensive Group was characterized by high prevalence of a previous alcohol intake, high diastolic blood pressure on admission, clinical improvement, and myocardial hypertrophy with a mild degree of perivascular fibrosis. From these findings, it is thought that each factor related to DCM offers a somewhat different clinical and histological profiles and that these factors may play an important role in the onset and/or progression of DCM. Furthermore, it is highly suggestive that specific therapy against these factors or the removal of these factors is especially necessary for favorable long-term prognosis of DCM. PMID- 3760616 TI - [A clinicopathologic study of dilated cardiomyopathy in the aged]. AB - This is a report of a clinicopathologic study of seven cases with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) among 3,000 consecutive autopsied cases 60 years or more in age. In this study DCM in the aged was defined as 1) cases of refractory heart failure with marked cardiomegaly of unknown cause by clinical and pathologic examinations, excluding hypertensive heart disease, ischemic heart disease, and valvular heart disease, and 2) pathologic examinations showing cardiac weight more than 400 g, normal coronary arteries with less than 9/15 coronary stenotic index (CSI) and a globular shaped heart with marked dilatation of the left ventricle. The following results were obtained: Seven cases of DCM in the aged consisted of two men and five women with an average age of 69.7 years. The incidence was 0.23% (7/3,000 autopsies). The average age of this group was less than those with other heart diseases such as myocardial infarction or valvular disease in the aged. CLINICAL FINDINGS: The clinical course ranged from 3 to 22 years with a mean of 12 years. The symptoms of three of the seven cases persisted from the middle age. Electrocardiograms showed atrial fibrillation in five cases (71%), left bundle branch block in three (43%) and complete heart block in one (14%). The mean cardiothoracic ratio was 77.3%. Valvular regurgitation was detected in five cases including five with mitral regurgitation (MR) and three with tricuspid regurgitation (TR). All patients died of cardiac events. Pathologic findings: The heart weights ranged from 410 g to 600 g, with an average of 527 g, and a CSI from 1/15 to 8/15 with a mean of 4.4/15. Though five cases had valvular regurgitation, no primary change was observed in the corresponding valves. Therefore, the valvular regurgitation in these cases were attributed to secondary changes due to dilatation of the valve ring and/or associated decreased compliance of the ventricular wall. The circumferences of the atrioventricular valve rings were enlarged, but the semilunar valve rings were in normal range. Bilateral atrial and ventricular volumes calculated morphologically were larger [201 ml (normal 77 ml) and 83 ml (normal 29 ml), respectively]. Three cases had mural thrombi, two of whom developed pulmonary infarction. Histologically, there were three cases with the fibrosis dominant type, two with the hypertrophy dominant type, one with the degenerative type, and one of the mixed type, respectively. PMID- 3760617 TI - [Progressive left ventricular dilatation in a child with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a case report]. AB - Clinical pictures of a patient with progression from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy to dilated cardiomyopathy features in the end stage was described. Echocardiography performed at the age of five years revealed septal hypertrophy without systolic anterior motion (SAM). At 7 years of age, it revealed ventricular septal thickness of 18 mm, left ventricular posterior wall thickness of 24 mm, and marked SAM. Echocardiography at 14 years of age revealed left ventricular dilatation (52 mm in diastole) with poor contraction. Ventricular septal thickness was 18 mm and left ventricular posterior wall thickness was 16 mm. The SAM was no longer present. At autopsy, the heart weighed 590 g, and there was moderate dilatation of the right and left ventricular cavities. Histologically, there were massive fibrosis and myocardial disarray in the right and left ventricular walls. PMID- 3760618 TI - [Asymmetric septal hypertrophy of sporadic form with abnormal thallium perfusion and myocardial enzymes]. AB - Asymmetric septal hypertrophy with abnormal thallium scintigram and elevated cardiac enzymes were observed in five patients and were studied with special reference to the clinical significance of their clinicopathological features. They were not familial cardiomyopathy patients. Two of the five patients (Cases 1 and 2) exhibited the clinical features characteristic of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy without abnormal thallium perfusion and serum cardiac enzyme levels. A right endomyocardial biopsy for Case 1 disclosed myocardial fibrosis in addition to hypertrophy and disarray of myocardial fibers. The left ventricular cavities of two other patients (Cases 4 and 5) tended to be dilated with signs of impaired systolic function and asymmetric septal hypertrophy. A regional area of reduced thickness was observed in the medial portion of the left ventricular posterior wall of Case 4. The remaining case (Case 3) exhibited left ventricular dilatation and reduced left ventricular systolic function, disproportionate hypertrophy, and had clinical signs of congestive heart failure. Necropsy disclosed massive fibrosis and diffuse disarray of myocardial fibers. Some patients with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy progress to exhibit clinical features of dilated cardiomyopathy in the terminal stages, and have massive fibrosis of the myocardium histologically. Thallium scintigraphic abnormalities and elevated serum levels of cardiac enzymes, especially the LDH1 isoenzyme, in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may be a meaningful indicator of such progression in its early stages. The five patients in the present study exhibited a variety of clinical and histological features which may comprise a spectrum of clinical conditions during the progression from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy to a condition like dilated cardiomyopathy, similar to that in familial patients. This progression and the factors promoting it should be studied further in the near future. PMID- 3760619 TI - [The natural history of dilated cardiomyopathy and pathophysiology of congestive heart failure]. AB - To clarify the natural history and mechanisms of compensation and decompensation in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), the hemodynamic and follow-up data of 52 patients who underwent cardiac catheterization between April 1976 and July 1984 were evaluated. The symptoms of the majority of 42 patients who were in severe congestive heart failure (CHF) (New York Heart Association Functional Class IV) on admission were improved. Two were in Class I, 22 in Class I, 22 in Class III, only six remaining in Class IV at the times of their catheterizations one to two months post admission. The patients were categorized as compensated (Class I and II) and decompensated (Class III and IV), and their data were compared with those of 30 normal subjects. Cardiac status was evaluated at the end of August 1984, and the mean follow-up period was 44 months. The hemodynamic and angiographic characteristics of DCM consisted of an enlarged and poorly contracting left ventricle, with an increased left ventricular (LV) muscle mass, low LV systolic pressure, reduced cardiac output, and elevated systemic vascular resistance. LV volume was larger, and the ejection fraction (EF) was more reduced in the decompensated group in association with elevated preload and afterload. Preload and afterload were within the normal range in the compensated group. LV wall thickness tended to decrease in the decompensated group, and the LV muscle masses did not differ between these two groups. There was a significant inverse correlation between afterload and EF (r = -0.57, p less than 0.01) in DCM. There were five sudden deaths and five CHF deaths, and cardiac symptoms improved in the majority of the survivors. One, two and five year survival rates were 91.2%, 79.8%, and 72.5%, respectively. No hemodynamic variables could be available to predict the prognosis except for the LV end-diastolic pressure and stress. It is concluded that the absence of adequate compensatory hypertrophy and the inappropriate elevation of afterload, or so-called "afterload mismatch" plays an important role in the development of CHF, in addition to depressed contractility in DCM. Persistent elevation of preload despite vigorous medical treatment indicates a poor prognosis. No other hemodynamic variables were good indicators of prognosis. PMID- 3760620 TI - [Prognosis of dilated cardiomyopathy: an integrated study using a prognostic index]. AB - A ten year follow-up study of 111 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) was conducted. The five year survival rate after onset of subjective symptoms was 53%; the ten year survival rate, 22%. To evaluate the prognosis of DCM, the cardiothoracic ratio (CTR), ECG, hemodynamics, and histopathological contractility failure index (HCFI) which we constructed via a right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy, were compared. Patients having malignant arrhythmias with mildly impaired cardiac status, mild cardiomegaly and low HCFI were more prone to sudden death. In patients with progressively deteriorating cardiac status, refractory cardiomegaly, supraventricular arrhythmias, left axis deviation, prolongation of QRS interval, low voltage and high HCFI, the cause of death was more likely refractory heart failure. A prognostic index of DCM was then constructed through cardiac status, CTR, ECG, hemodynamics and HCFI. The mortality rate of the group with a prognostic index of seven points or below was 5.0%; the group with eight points or above was 82.1%. The prognostic index of DCM was thus shown to be a useful prognostic indicator. PMID- 3760621 TI - [Long-term results of corrective surgery for tetralogy of Fallot: hemodynamics according to anatomical types and operative methods]. PMID- 3760622 TI - [Surgical management of perimembranous or midconal ventricular septal defect associated with aortic regurgitation or prolapse or aortic cusp]. PMID- 3760623 TI - [Electron microscopic observation of platelets following cardiopulmonary bypass]. PMID- 3760624 TI - [Left ventricular deformity as a predictor of right ventricular systolic hypertension in children: a cross-sectional echocardiographic study]. PMID- 3760626 TI - [Experimental study in intraaortic balloon pumping and left ventricular assist device for left ventricular failure, individually and in combination; influence on coronary sinus flow and renal artery flow]. PMID- 3760625 TI - [Hemolytic anemia due to paravalvular leakage after valve replacement: its clinical course and an indication for reoperation]. PMID- 3760627 TI - [Quantitative analysis of left ventricular wall motion in patients with mitral valvular diseases]. PMID- 3760628 TI - [Prediction study of risk factors of postoperative complications following pulmonary resection--multivariate statistical analysis]. PMID- 3760629 TI - [Superior vena cava reconstruction with an antiplatelet agent]. PMID- 3760630 TI - [Experimental studies on heart preservation--an assessment of heart viability by 31P-NMR]. PMID- 3760631 TI - [Anterior chest wall reconstruction with Marlex sandwich]. PMID- 3760632 TI - [Successful surgical repair of single right ventricle with asplenia syndrome (A(s), L, L)--a case report]. PMID- 3760633 TI - [Management of intrathoracic tracheal disruption due to blunt trauma]. PMID- 3760634 TI - [Two cases of secundum atrial septal defect corrected in infancy]. PMID- 3760635 TI - [Multicentric occurrence of liposarcoma: report of a case and review of the literature]. PMID- 3760636 TI - [Aortic rupture due to blunt chest trauma--a report of 4 cases]. PMID- 3760637 TI - [Function and gene expression of RuBisCO]. PMID- 3760638 TI - [Chemically modified abnormal fibrinogen]. PMID- 3760639 TI - Origin and differentiation of natural killer cells. III. Relationship between the precursors and effectors of natural killer and natural cytotoxic activity. PMID- 3760640 TI - [Clinicopathological study of squamous carcinoma in situ of the vulva]. PMID- 3760641 TI - [Clinical evaluation of tumor markers in patients with lung cancer, laying stress on tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA)]. PMID- 3760642 TI - [The treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma with human lymphoblastoid alpha interferon]. PMID- 3760643 TI - [Experimental study on prophylactic whole lung irradiation for metastases of murine RCT sarcoma with special reference to effectiveness and side effects]. PMID- 3760645 TI - [Abstracts of the Twenty-third Congress of the Japan Society for Cancer Therapy]. PMID- 3760644 TI - [Sequential dose of methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil in advanced gastric cancer- response, survival time and toxicity]. PMID- 3760646 TI - Recurrence patterns of mobile tongue cancer after radical neck dissection. PMID- 3760647 TI - [Cytotoxic activity of monoclonal antibody (KOR-N34).liposome.adriamycin conjugates to cultured lymphoid cell lines]. PMID- 3760648 TI - [SCC-antigen in patients with lung cancer]. PMID- 3760649 TI - [Therapeutic effect of human lymphoblastoid interferon (MOR-22) on malignant skin tumors--a phase II study]. PMID- 3760651 TI - [Criteria set by the Japan Society for Cancer Therapy for the determination of solid tumor chemotherapy]. PMID- 3760650 TI - [Therapeutic effect of human lymphoblastoid interferon (MOR-22) on malignant brain tumors--a phase II study]. PMID- 3760652 TI - [Experimental carcinogenesis on the rat intestine induced by combination of 1, 2 dimethylhydrazine and n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine]. PMID- 3760653 TI - [A study on the anticancer effects of transcatheter arterial chemo-embolization (TAC-E)]. PMID- 3760654 TI - [Comparison of intracellular uptake, retention and sensitivity of adriamycin in HeLa S3, HMV-1, and NIH 3T3 cells in vitro]. PMID- 3760655 TI - [Role of pulmonary resection in the management of patients with metastatic bone and soft tissue sarcomas]. PMID- 3760656 TI - The usefulness of the sperm penetration assay in predicting in vitro fertilization (IVF) success. PMID- 3760657 TI - Successful fertilization, embryo development, and pregnancy in human in vitro fertilization (IVF) using a chemically defined culture medium containing no protein. AB - A randomized control trial involving the fertilization and culture of human embryos in culture medium (T6) containing either 10% maternal serum or no protein or amino acid supplement was carried out to assess the effect of deletion from culture of all fixed nitrogen on fertilization, embryo development, and embryo viability. There was no difference in fertilization rates (68 vs 69%), development of apparently normal embryos (96 vs 97%), pregnancy rate (18 vs 14%), or birth rate (13 vs 11%) between protein-containing and protein-free media. Deletion of protein from the culture medium may enable the constitution of more appropriate and defined culture media for human in vitro fertilization (IVF). PMID- 3760658 TI - Follicular aspiration using a syringe suction system may damage the zona pellucida. AB - The incidence of the formation of cracks in the zona pellucida during aspiration was assessed by comparing two methods of aspirating follicular contents by suction: manual aspiration by syringe and mechanical aspiration by pump. Of 36 patients whose follicles were evacuated manually using syringes, 18 had at least one damaged oocyte. Of 38 other patients whose follicles were aspirated by pump, only one had an oocyte with a cracked zona pellucida. Four patients had their oocytes aspirated by both syringe and pump. In all four, the oocytes were intact when aspirated by the pump, but one oocyte was damaged in three of four cases when the follicles were aspirated using syringes. PMID- 3760660 TI - In vitro fertilization children: early psychosocial development. AB - Following community concerns regarding the status of children conceived by in vitro fertilization (IVF), 33 children who had received pediatric follow-up were seen for a psychosocial evaluation. Parents were interviewed in a semistructured format by a child psychiatrist regarding their child's development, child centered problems, parental problems, marital issues, parenting experience, and experience of the IVF program. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development were administered to the children by a clinical psychologist. Children's ages ranged from 12 to 37 months (the majority between 12 and 20 months). There was a high incidence of prematurity and twins in the population seen. Twenty-two children had no current problems and seven presented minor problems. Of the four with significant developmental problems, two had been very low-birth weight infants with significant neurological problems and one had severe congenital heart disease. Overall Bayley Scale scores were within the normal range and parents as a group were seen to function well. Problems presented were in accordance with those expected in a population of this age range, particularly considering the high incidence of prematurity. PMID- 3760659 TI - Clinical study on embryo transfer after human in vitro fertilization. AB - One hundred forty-six embryo transfers were carried out in the In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Clinic at St. Pierre Hospital, Brussels, between November 1983 and February 1985. In each of these cases a series of characteristics of the replacement procedure was systematically recorded. Analysis of these data in relation to pregnancy rates indicated that no significant differences appeared among three different operators, the absence or occurrence of cervical bleeding and subjective evaluation of the procedure were related to the chances of establishing a pregnancy, and the duration of replacement had no influence on the outcome of trials. A prospective randomized study of 100 replacements showed that no better pregnancy rate was obtained by placing patients in the knee-to-chest rather than the dorsal position and the addition of a rigid external sleeve to the catheter did not provide any advantage. A simplified method of replacement is thus advocated. PMID- 3760661 TI - Developmental assessment of twenty in vitro fertilization (IVF) infants at their first birthday. AB - The pregnancy details, delivery outcome, and developmental status as measured on the Griffiths Developmental Scales are provided on the first 20 infants reaching their first birthday following in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) within the PIVET Programme. An increased rate of preterm delivery, intrauterine growth retardation, and cesarean sections was noted. One significant and two minor abnormalities were detected and only one infant was slightly under the expected developmental assessment at 1 year on the corrected general quotient of the Griffiths Developmental Scales for children. PMID- 3760662 TI - The need for appropriate controls in studies on human in vitro fertilization. PMID- 3760663 TI - Pregnancy following gamete intrafallopian transfer: a case report. PMID- 3760664 TI - In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer at "Groupe Hospitalier Pitie Salpetriere," Paris, France. PMID- 3760665 TI - Clinical results of an in vitro fertilization/embryo transfer program at Ulm University. PMID- 3760667 TI - Instrument failure--comment by manufacturer. PMID- 3760666 TI - Initial results with in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer at the University Central Hospital of Tampere, Finland. PMID- 3760668 TI - Drugs and the intestinal absorption of folate. PMID- 3760669 TI - Competitive inhibition of folic acid absorption in rat jejunum by triamterene. AB - Triamterene, a diuretic agent, has been reported to cause megaloblastic anemia in some patients. Because this drug is a pteridine derivative, we investigated its effect on folic acid absorption in the rat jejunum. In an in vivo intestinal loop method, triamterene inhibited the intestinal absorption of folic acid in a dose dependent fashion, with 50% inhibition of systemic absorption occurring at a luminal concentration of 0.01 mmol/L of triamterene. Kinetic analysis using the influx chamber method demonstrated that triamterene is a competitive inhibitor of intestinal folate transport, with a Ki of 0.125 mmol/L. Because therapeutic doses can result in luminal concentration of the drug approximating or exceeding the Ki, the interaction between triamterene and folate absorption is potentially of clinical interest. PMID- 3760670 TI - Inhibition of glycation of albumin and hemoglobin by acetylation in vitro and in vivo. AB - Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid or ASA) is known to inhibit glycosylation (glycation) of albumin in vitro. The mechanism has been presumed to be acetylation, but this has never been validated. The new affinity aminophenylboronic acid procedure for determination of glycosylated albumin was used to demonstrate inhibition of glycosylation by aspirin. ASA, but not salicylic acid, inhibited glycation. The inhibition of glycation by equimolar acetic anhydride was greater than that by ASA. Pretreatment of albumin with ASA in the absence of glucose demonstrated that inhibition was extremely rapid, occurring in a matter of minutes. However, the inhibition by ASA could not be prevented by massive acceleration of glycation induced by borohydride reduction. Glycation of hemoglobin was also inhibited by ASA, but the dose requirement was considerably higher. Various analogues of ASA were evaluated for inhibition of glycation. Only acetyl-5-ethylsalicylic acid was more effective than ASA in inhibiting albumin glycation. None of these agents was more potent than ASA in inhibiting glycation of hemoglobin. ASA was fed to diabetic rats in a long-term experiment. Glycohemoglobin and glycoalbumin levels were decreased by ASA administration. We conclude that ASA inhibits glycation by a very rapid acetylation process. This process is apparently quite selective in terms of the protein involved, presumably because of the local environment of affected lysine groups. The phenomenon can be produced in vivo by administration of ASA. PMID- 3760671 TI - Filtration by rat glomeruli after expansion of extracellular fluid volume. AB - We studied the filtration characteristics of glomeruli isolated from the superficial and deep renal cortex of Munich-Wistar rats (180 to 300 gm) to determine whether the ultrafiltration coefficient (Kf) or hydraulic conductivity (Lp) of the glomerular capillary is altered during expansion of extracellular fluid volume with isotonic protein-free (SAL) or hyperoncotic (ALB) solutions. SAL rats were given an initial infusion of 1% dextrose in lactated Ringer's solution (0.1 ml/gm body weight) followed by a maintenance infusion for 18 to 20 hours. ALB rats were given hyperoncotic bovine serum albumin (0.01 gm/gm body weight) intravenously 2 hours before sacrifice. At sacrifice, urine flow rate and fractional excretion of sodium were increased and plasma renin activity decreased in both SAL and ALB rats. Expansion of intravascular volume was evidenced by a decrease in the hematocrit of ALB but not of SAL rats; plasma protein concentration was increased in ALB and unchanged in SAL rats. Kf and Lp were estimated during in vitro filtration. Because SAL rats were significantly larger than ALB rats, results were compared with those in separate size-matched controls. Kf of superficial glomeruli of large control and SAL rats did not differ (3.7 +/- 0.4 and 3.5 +/- 0.4 nl/min/mm Hg, respectively). Lp, of the same glomeruli, calculated as the quotient of Kf and estimated filtering area (LpD), were also comparable (1.9 +/- 0.2 and 1.8 +/- 0.2 microliter/min/mm Hg/cm2). Kf of superficial glomeruli of ALB rats was significantly greater than Kf of size matched control rats (3.7 +/- 0.3 vs. 2.9 +/- 0.1 nl/min/mm Hg, P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3760672 TI - Red cell vesiculation--a common membrane physiologic event. AB - Loss of red blood cell membrane material in the form of microvesicles has been noted in sickle cells, in Ca++-loaded and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-depleted normal red blood cells; and during storage of normal red blood cells. To further understand the vesiculation process, we have studied vesicles generated by a variety of perturbations of the red blood cell membrane. Vesicles were isolated by centrifugation at 30,000 X g from plasma of heparinized pathologic blood samples (sickle cell anemia, hemoglobin H disease, hereditary spherocytosis, hereditary elliptocytosis, and protein 4.1 deficiency) incubated overnight at 4 degrees C. Vesicle formation also was induced in normal erythrocytes by ATP depletion, by heating to 49 degrees C, by incubation at pH 5.4, and by incubation in 5 mmol/L diamide. Membrane protein composition was characterized on denaturing polyacrylamide gels and by immunoblot. The vesicles all contained band 3, glycophorin A, and band 4.1. Spectrin was depleted in all vesicles. Thiol disulfide exchange chromatography revealed evidence of oxidative cross-linking of spectrin in pathologic and normal red blood cells that had undergone vesiculation. This suggests that the mechanism of vesiculation may be related to cross-linking of membrane proteins. Membrane phospholipid composition of sickle cell and acid-induced vesicles was similar to that of normal red cells as determined by thin-layer chromatography. Possible pathophysiologic effects of vesiculation were assessed by using a modified Russell's viper venom assay. All vesicles examined shortened Russell's viper venom clotting time by 55% to 70% of control values. In addition, ektacytometer studies reveal that cells remaining after acid-induced vesiculation are rigid. These observations indicate that the vesicles may play a role in the hypercoagulation seen in some hemolytic disorders and that the process of vesiculation itself may contribute to increased rigidity of red cells and their subsequent removal from the circulation. PMID- 3760673 TI - Methionine synthetase activity of human lymphocytes both replete in and depleted of vitamin B12. AB - The activity of the enzyme methionine synthetase (MS) (methyltetrahydrofolate:homocysteine methyltransferase) (EC 2.1.1.13) was measured in human lymphocytes of various types and cobalamin (vitamin B12) status. Total and holo MS activity was low in unstimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes from persons with tissue deficiency of cobalamin, but not in cells from those with low serum cobalamin levels for other reasons. The MS activity of the lymphocyte was increased by treatment of the patients with vitamin B12. The number of lymphocytes was often low or low normal in the circulation of those deficient in cobalamin. Holo MS activity was low in an established line of human B cells, RPMI 6410 cells, depleted of cobalamin. The total and holo MS activity of both RPMI 6410 cells, replete or depleted, and lymphocytes stimulated in culture was increased by cobalamin in vitro; 222 nmol/L free cobalamin was roughly the equivalent of 0.22 nmol/L cobalamin bound to transcobalamin II. Both lymphocytes and RPMI 6410 cells required folate for growth and could meet these needs via methylfolate, homocysteine, and the cobalamin-dependent MS reaction. Depleted RPMI 6410 cells, however, used cobalamin in some way in addition to the provision of available folate from methylfolate. The consequences of the reduced MS activity in deficient cells could include a reduction in available folate with diminished capacity for clonal expansion of lymphocytes in reaction to infection and impairment of essential methylations including those of protein synthesis. The prompt induction of MS activity by cobalamin, especially in the in vitro model, suggests an effect of therapeutic vitamin B12 well in advance of the numerical increase in cells of the blood. PMID- 3760674 TI - Nitrous oxide and vitamin B12 deficiency interact adversely on rat growth. AB - The effects of vitamin B12 deprivation and exposure to nitrous oxide were studied in growing rats. A significant synergistic retardation of growth was seen in rats deprived of vitamin B12 and exposed to nitrous oxide for 90 minutes each day. PMID- 3760676 TI - Effect of forskolin on the maintenance of platelet properties during storage. AB - During storage of platelet concentrates under routine blood banking conditions a gradual increase takes place in the degree of platelet activation. Studies were designed to determine whether the addition of forskolin, a direct activator of platelet adenylate cyclase and inhibitor of platelet activation, could reduce some of the deleterious changes occurring during a 10-day storage period at 20 degrees to 24 degrees C. Forskolin was added to the platelet-rich plasma before preparation of the platelet concentrates. Dose-effect studies in which 0.5, 5, and 50 mumol/L forskolin were compared indicated that 5 mumol/L forskolin was the optimal concentration for the reduction of platelet activation over this period as assessed by measuring the release of beta-thromboglobulin and the formation of thromboxane B2. It was determined that cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels were increased approximately fourfold by 5 mumol/L forskolin and maintained at a high level for at least the first 48 hours. These results show that the presence of forskolin inhibits the activation of platelets during storage. PMID- 3760675 TI - Absence of lung edema in nephrotic rats. AB - The effect of decreases in plasma colloid osmotic pressure (COP) on the development of lung edema was studied in nephrotic rats. Five control animals were compared with five animals with nephrotic syndrome induced by administration of anti-rat glomerular basement membrane antibody. The COP and the left ventricular diastolic pressure (LVDP) were significantly decreased in nephrotic rats. However, no significant differences were seen in the COP - LVDP gradient, weight-to-dry lung weight ratio, or arterial oxygenation between the nephrotic and control animals. These data suggest that decreases in COP during nephrosis are not associated with accumulation of extravascular lung water. PMID- 3760677 TI - In vivo gallbladder absorption: a new dual-isotope technique. AB - Available methods for measuring in vivo gallbladder absorption preclude the use of animals in which hepatic bile enters the gallbladder via accessory or aberrant channels. However, accessory bile ducts are present in many of the animal models currently used in gallstone research. The aim of this study, therefore, was to evaluate a new dual-isotope technique that corrects for accessory bile flow and to compare data on electrolyte and water absorption with those derived from the standard, single-isotope technique. Prairie dogs underwent gallbladder exclusion by cystic duct ligation and common bile duct cannulation. Carbon 14-polyethylene glycol-labeled lactated Ringer's solution was instilled into the gallbladder while tritiated cholic acid was administered intravenously to label the bile acid pool. There is no correlation between water or electrolyte absorption and time, nor between water and electrolyte absorption, when these parameters are calculated by the standard, single-isotope technique. In contrast, use of the dual-isotope technique quantifies accessory bile duct flow and yields a linear increase in water and electrolyte absorption, both of which are time dependent. These data suggest that the dual-isotope technique provides a means to accurately measure in vivo gallbladder absorption in animals with or without accessory bile ducts. PMID- 3760678 TI - Accidental deaths in the aged by protective devices. PMID- 3760679 TI - Patients rights in psychiatric treatments (and how to avoid malpractice). PMID- 3760680 TI - A reassessment of hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy in patients with sarcoidosis. PMID- 3760681 TI - Stereocilia versus kinocilia. Part I: In the acoustic sensors. PMID- 3760682 TI - Current conservative treatment of childhood chronic secretory otitis media (a survey and discussion). AB - A questionnaire on medical treatment of childhood secretory otitis was posted to all Consultant Otologists in the Thames Regions of the National Health Service. Questions dealt with indications for medical management, choice of treatment, and indications for omitting medical therapy in favour of immediate surgery, or giving no treatment at all. 86 questionnaires were completed. 81.4 per cent of respondents used medical treatment, but there was no consensus as to the drug or combination preferred. Oral decongestant preparations were the most popular. 87.1 per cent of users of medical therapy sometimes omitted it in favour of immediate surgery, most commonly because previous treatment by another practitioner appeared a failure. 63.1 per cent of all respondents left some cases completely untreated. The views of experienced otologists on the treatment of 'glue ear' vary widely, and there is no acceptable evidence to support any method of medical therapy. Large-scale trials are needed to clarify the position. PMID- 3760683 TI - Re-operation after failure of surgery for chronic ears. PMID- 3760684 TI - Auditory brainstem evoked potentials in asymptomatic lead-exposed subjects. AB - Auditory Brainstem Evoked Potentials (ABEP) were recorded from 29 adults and children, accidentally exposed to lead through food until approximately a year prior to this study. ABEP were recorded in response to 75 dBHL clicks presented at rates of 10/sec. and 55/sec. Average values were calculated for peak latency and for interpeak latency differences. Average values of the effect of increasing stimulus rate were calculated as well. Similar values were calculated for normative child and adult control groups. IPLD(I-III) showed the most significant and recurring results, with longer intervals in lead-exposed children compared with their control group. Increasing stimulus rate, on the other hand, affected the adult lead-exposed subjects more than the children. These results may imply an impairment of the peripheral portion of the auditory system with axonal and myelin involvement. ABEP is suggested as a sensitive detector of subclinical lead exposure effects on the nervous system. PMID- 3760685 TI - Dysequilibrium of ageing (presbyastasis). AB - We reviewed clinical findings in 740 patients over age 65 who consulted the Otological Medical Group, Inc., during a one-year period for dizziness. A thorough neurotologic evaluation is indicated in every such case to determine the specific cause of dizziness. In 21 per cent of these patients, a specific cause of dizziness was found. In the remaining 79 per cent, the diagnosis of primary dysequilibrium of ageing (presbyastasis) was made. We classified dysequilibrium of ageing (presbyastasis) according to the character, time course, and precipitating factors of dizziness. Two clinical types were described: constant and episodic; episodic dizziness was subdivided into orthostatic, positional, and unclassified. The histological findings in the temporal bones of four cases with dysequilibrium of ageing were reviewed. Pathological changes other than those in the peripheral vestibular system seem to be responsible for dysequilibrium of ageing. In the present series, about three-fourths of the patients had a daily dose of nicotinic acid to produce flushing of the skin. In 16 per cent, the dizziness was minor, requiring no special treatment. In the remaining 9 per cent with incapacitating vertigo, a vasodilator regimen, antivertiginous drugs, and Cawthorne's vestibular exercises were prescribed. PMID- 3760686 TI - The relevance of physical signs in recurrent tonsillitis in children (a prospective study). AB - Tonsillar physical signs plus cervical lymphadenopathy are irrelevant factors in the assessment of children with recurrent tonsillitis. Tonsillar protrusion, but not size, is related to snoring. PMID- 3760687 TI - Childhood tonsillectomy and discharge after 24 hours. PMID- 3760688 TI - A black ear without frostbite. PMID- 3760689 TI - The development of cholesteatoma in association with congenital abnormalities of the ear. PMID- 3760690 TI - Lightning causing inner ear damage and intracranial haematoma. AB - Lightning can transmit energy by way of the telephone network to the middle and the inner ear and thus cause pronounced injuries. In the patient mentioned here, the middle ear remained intact, while the inner ear was the seat of widespread damage combined with vascular rupture, the latter causing the formation of an intracranial haematoma. This was originally interpreted wrongly as a neoplasm. PMID- 3760691 TI - Aspergillosis of the paranasal sinuses: (a case report and historical perspective). PMID- 3760692 TI - Laser treatment of primary amyloidosis of the larynx. PMID- 3760693 TI - Branchiogenic carcinoma--or cystic lymph node metastasis. PMID- 3760694 TI - Neuronal activity in otology. PMID- 3760695 TI - Future of the LD field: research and practice. PMID- 3760696 TI - The future of the LD field: intervention approaches. PMID- 3760697 TI - Training the helpers. PMID- 3760698 TI - Staffing the field for the future. PMID- 3760699 TI - Psychometric and qualitative comparison of four preschool screening instruments. PMID- 3760700 TI - Patterns of auditory perception skills in children with learning disabilities: a computer-assisted approach. PMID- 3760701 TI - The usefulness of the Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery Cognitive Cluster Scores for learning disabled college students. PMID- 3760702 TI - The IQ of learning disability samples: a reexamination. PMID- 3760703 TI - The science for the job. PMID- 3760704 TI - Nonpromotion correlates and outcomes at different grade levels. PMID- 3760705 TI - Speech production/phonological deficits in reading-disordered children. PMID- 3760706 TI - Sequential-simultaneous processing and reading skills in primary grade children. PMID- 3760707 TI - Biliary lipid secretion in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and combined hyperlipidemia. Influence of bezafibrate and fenofibrate. AB - Serum and biliary lipid metabolism were examined in 13 patients with different types of hyperlipoproteinemia before and after 4 weeks of treatment with either bezafibrate or fenofibrate. In patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), bezafibrate (n = 5) and fenofibrate (n = 7) produced a similar significant reduction of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides by 21, 23, and 32%, respectively. In patients with familial combined hyperlipidemia (CHL), only triglycerides decreased markedly. Biliary lipid secretion rates in patients with heterozygous FH were not different from those of young male volunteers, indicating that a reduction of hepatic LDL receptors did not affect hepatic elimination of cholesterol or bile acids. Biliary cholesterol secretion increased significantly from 57 to 75 mg/hr during bezafibrate therapy (n = 8) and from 62 to 71 mg/hr during fenofibrate therapy (n = 9). No consistent change in bile acid or phospholipid secretion was observed. The elevated output of biliary cholesterol increased cholesterol saturation significantly from 147 to 185% and from 152 to 173% during administration of bezafibrate and fenofibrate, respectively. The present study indicates that treatment with bezafibrate or fenofibrate is effective in lowering LDL cholesterol in patients with heterozygous FH, but both drugs increase cholesterol saturation of bile, which might enhance the risk of cholesterol gallstone formation. PMID- 3760708 TI - Divergent effects of d-norgestrel on the metabolism of rat very low density and low density apolipoprotein B. AB - Rats treated with the contraceptive steroid d-norgestrel have lower plasma very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)-triglycerides and higher low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol than controls. To explain these results, the kinetics of VLDL and LDL turnover were studied by injecting 125I-labeled rat-VLDL and 131I-labeled rat-LDL simultaneously into rats treated with a small dose of d-norgestrel (4 micrograms per day per kg body weight0.75 for 18 days, n = 22) and their untreated controls (n = 22). VLDL- and LDL-apoB specific activity-time curves obtained over 50 hr best conformed to a three-pool model. VLDL-apoB clearance expressed as irreversible catabolic rate (k01) was markedly enhanced in the treated versus control rats (0.57 vs. 0.34 pools hr-1), leading to a marked reduction in VLDL-apoB pool size (270 vs. 420 micrograms). However, VLDL-apoB production rates were similar in the two groups (160 vs. 140 micrograms/hr, respectively). The 125I-labeled apoB specific activity-time curve derived from the catabolism of 125I-labeled VLDL-apoB also showed enhanced clearance in d norgestrel-treated rats. 125I-Labeled IDL-apoB and 125I-labeled LDL-apoB specific activity-time curves failed to intersect the VLDL-apoB curve at maximal heights, suggesting input of intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) and LDL independent of VLDL catabolism in both groups. However, the extent of independent LDL-apoB production was similar in both groups. Clearance of 131I-labeled LDL-apoB following injection of 131I-labeled rat-LDL was delayed in the d-norgestrel treated versus control rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3760709 TI - A diphytanyl ether analog of phosphatidylserine from a methanogenic bacterium, Methanobrevibacter arboriphilus. AB - Several ninhydrin-positive lipids were found in methanogenic bacteria and the structure of one of them, designated as PNL2 from Methanobrevibacter arboriphilus, was identified as a diphytanyl ether analog of phosphatidylserine. The chromatographic behavior of the lipid on thin-layer plates and on a DEAE cellulose column was identical to the ester form of phosphatidylserine. The infrared spectra showed the presence of amino, carboxyl, ether, and phosphate groups, and the absence of an ester linkage. The hydrophobic portion of the lipid was identified as diphytanyl glycerol diether on the basis of the mass spectrum of the acetolysis product and gas-liquid chromatography of the iodinated alkyl chain prepared by hydroiodic acid cleavage of PNL2. The fast atom bombardment ionization and field desorption mass spectrum provided a molecular weight of 819 and several fragment ions consistent with the proposed structure. Hydrofluoric acid hydrolysis resulted in water-soluble products including serine, phosphoserine, and ammonia, which accounted for 95% of hydrolyzed PNL2. The lipid product of the hydrolysis was mainly the diether form of phosphatidic acid. This is the first report on the structural characterization of an amino-containing phospholipid in archaebacteria. Amino lipids have been found in many other methanogenic bacteria. PMID- 3760710 TI - Localization of phosphatidylethanolamine in microsomal membranes and regulation of its distribution by the fatty acid composition. AB - Rat liver microsomes were incubated with the monofunctional aminoreagent fluorescamine. Although the probe easily penetrated the membranes, two pools of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) could be detected. The first pool rapidly reacted with the probe and comprised 80% of the total PE. The second pool exhibited a very slow interaction. The two pools showed differences in fatty acid composition as well as in their sites of attachment. In vivo labeling with ethanolamine, glycerol, and palmitic and stearic acid resulted in a higher specific activity in the first pool after 1 hr; equilibration with the second pool took about 3 hr. No equilibration between the pools could be detected under in vitro conditions. In vivo incorporation of labeled fatty acids showed that palmitic and stearic acids were mainly incorporated into phosphatidylethanolamine by de novo synthesis, while linoleic and arachidonic acids were introduced through deacylation reacylation processes. Injection of liposomes consisting of labeled synthetic phosphatidylethanolamines into the portal vein was followed by uptake by the hepatocytes and incorporation of the lipids into the microsomal membranes. Depending on the fatty acid composition of the injected lipid, one of either of the two pools became labeled. It is suggested that the fatty acid composition of a given phospholipid molecule exerts a signal function directing the lipid to its final intramembranous location. PMID- 3760711 TI - A species comparison of low density lipoprotein heterogeneity in nonhuman primates fed atherogenic diets. AB - Six male cynomolgus monkeys and five male African green monkeys were fed dietary cholesterol to induce hypercholesterolemia. The two groups studied had equivalent total plasma cholesterol concentrations. Low density lipoproteins (LDL) were isolated from whole plasma by ultracentrifugation and separated from other lipoprotein classes by agarose column chromatography. LDL were further subfractionated by density gradient ultracentrifugation in a VTi-50 vertical rotor. The material within five density regions was pooled from each sample and molecular weight, electrophoretic mobility, apoprotein heterogeneity, and percentage composition were determined for each subfraction. In general, cynomolgus monkey LDL were larger and more polydisperse than African green monkey LDL, and the LDL subfractions of cynomolgus monkeys were generally of lower densities although molecular weights at any density were in the same range for both species. ApoB-100 was the major apoprotein in each subfraction. ApoE was frequently present in the less dense subfractions while apoA-I was often seen in the more dense subfractions. Cynomolgus monkey LDL appeared to contain more apoE than African green monkey LDL. Over the entire spectrum of LDL, the percentage composition of the particles at any given density was indistinguishable between the species. In general, the average cynomolgus monkey LDL was larger, more polydisperse, less dense, and appeared to contain more apoE than the average African green monkey LDL. One or all of these differences might help explain the increased susceptibility to diet-induced atherosclerosis seen in cynomolgus monkeys. PMID- 3760712 TI - Free fatty acid release from endothelial cells. AB - Cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells that have been previously enriched with fatty acid are able to release free fatty acid (FFA) into the extracellular fluid. No stimulus other than the presence of albumin in the medium is needed to elicit the FFA release. Intracellular triglycerides appear to be the source of most of the FFA that is released. The released FFA is composed of a mixture of fatty acids, with the fatty acid used to enrich the cells contributing about half of the total. Under certain conditions sufficient fatty acid can be released to increase the FFA concentration of the extracellular fluid. Cells enriched initially with arachidonic acid released 1.7- to 2.9-times more FFA as compared to cells enriched with corresponding amounts of oleic acid. Neither prostaglandins nor lipoxygenase products contributed appreciably to the amount of FFA released from cells enriched with arachidonic acid. Porcine pulmonary artery endothelial cells also can release net amounts of FFA. These findings indicate that endothelial cells have the capacity to release fatty acid in the form of FFA. This process could possibly play a role in the transfer of fatty acids, particularly arachidonic acid, across the endothelium. PMID- 3760714 TI - Simple diagnosis of the Zellweger syndrome by gas-liquid chromatography of dimethylacetals. AB - The absence of peroxisomes in patients with the cerebrohepatorenal syndrome of Zellweger leads to several biochemical abnormalities, including deficient synthesis of plasmalogens as well as accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids and intermediates in bile acid biosynthesis. Accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids in serum and fibroblasts has hitherto been used most extensively for diagnosis. Due to the relatively small amounts of the very long-chain fatty acids also in the Zellweger patients, and the risk for interfering impurities, such analyses are difficult. Direct assay of plasmalogens is also relatively difficult and time-consuming. In this report, we describe a relatively simple method for diagnosis, based on gas-liquid chromatography of a lipid extract of erythrocytes after methyl transesterification. The alpha, beta-unsaturated ether in the plasmalogen is converted to the dimethylacetal of the corresponding aldehyde, and the relative amount of plasmalogen is thus reflected by the ratio between 18:0 dimethylacetal and methyl stearate as well as by the ratio between 16:0 dimethylacetal and methyl palmitate. The ratio 18:0 dimethylacetal/methyl stearate was found to be 0.28 +/- 0.03 (mean +/- SD) after analyses of erythrocytes from healthy or non-Zellweger infants, but less than 0.02 in erythrocytes from three infants with the Zellweger syndrome. Preliminary work with amniotic fluid suggests that this analysis may be suitable also for prenatal diagnosis of the Zellweger syndrome. PMID- 3760713 TI - Transfer of cholesterol and a fluorescent cholesterol analog, 3'-pyrenylmethyl 23,24-dinor-5-cholen-22-oate-3 beta-ol, between human plasma high density lipoproteins. AB - A fluorescent cholesterol analog, 3'-pyrenylmethyl-23,24-dinor-5-cholen-22-oate-3 beta-ol (PMCA), has been synthesized as a spectroscopic probe of cholesterol function. The substrate activity of PMCA, about two-thirds that of cholesterol, with lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase indicates that PMCA is a reasonable cholesterol analog and that the orientation of the substituted sterol in the phospholipid interface is similar to that of cholesterol. The fluorescence properties of PMCA are similar to those of other pyrene-containing compounds that exhibit concentration-dependent excimer fluorescence. The rate of transfer of [3H]PMCA between HDL is about six times faster than cholesterol. These results indicate that the analog will be useful in studies of cholesterol function. PMID- 3760716 TI - On the joint asymptotic distribution of additive genotype for polygenic characters. PMID- 3760715 TI - Use of a rapid and highly sensitive fluorescamine-based procedure for the assay of plasma lipoproteins. AB - A rapid and sensitive method for determining protein concentrations using fluorescamine has been characterized for use in the analysis of intact lipoproteins. It was shown that there is no interference with the assay due to the presence of lipid-associated turbidity or primary amine content. The assay was shown to be sensitive to as little as 0.3 microgram of lipoprotein and to yield similar results when compared to the Lowry method. PMID- 3760717 TI - Performance of one- and two-dimensional models for a slow flow system in a long, permeable tubule. AB - A radially symmetric slow flow system in a long cylinder with moderate wall leakage is considered, with physical parameters taken from the renal proximal tubule. Dimensional analysis yields a simplified system which, under certain assumptions, is well-posed, and possesses a unique solution if a solution exists. A lumped parameter analysis generates a one-dimensional model identical to a typical one-dimensional model in a special case. The one- and two-dimensional models agree well in the situations examined. When the wall fluxes are of a certain class, the concentration to which the solution tends as the fluid proceeds down the tubule can be computed algebraically. PMID- 3760718 TI - Optimal harvesting of a logistic population in an environment with stochastic jumps. AB - Dynamic programming is employed to examine the effects of large, sudden changes in population size on the optimal harvest strategy of an exploited resource population. These changes are either adverse or favorable and are assumed to occur at times of events of a Poisson process. The amplitude of these jumps is assumed to be density independent. In between the jumps the population is assumed to grow logistically. The Bellman equation for the optimal discounted present value is solved numerically and the optimal feedback control computed for the random jump model. The results are compared to the corresponding results for the quasi-deterministic approximation. In addition, the sensitivity of the results to the discount rate, the total jump rate and the quadratic cost factor is investigated. The optimal results are most strongly sensitive to the rate of stochastic jumps and to the quadratic cost factor to a lesser extent when the deterministic bioeconomic parameters are taken from aggregate antarctic pelagic whaling data. PMID- 3760719 TI - A numerical study of oxygen diffusion in a spherical cell with the Michaelis Menten oxygen uptake kinetics. AB - A numerical method is presented for the solution of reaction diffusion systems in biology. The method is used to re-examine the oxygen diffusion in a spherical cell with the Michaelis-Menten oxygen uptake kinetics. PMID- 3760720 TI - Entrainment in pacemakers characterized by a V-shaped PRC. AB - The behaviour of a class of pacemakers characterized by a V-shaped PRC has been determined, for all possible frequencies and amplitudes of stimulation. The analytical study of the phase transition equation reveals that all rhythmic stimuli, but for a set of measure zero, give rise to entrainment. The ratio between firing and stimulation frequencies is a generalized Cantor function of the ratio between spontaneous and stimulation frequencies. A procedure to compute the detailed input/output pattern that underlies each entrainment ratio is given. Finally, the neurophysiological assumptions and implications of the results obtained are discussed. PMID- 3760721 TI - Persistence in population models with demographic fluctuations. AB - A persistence and extinction theory is developed through analytical studies of deterministic population models. Under hypotheses that require demographic parameters to fluctuate temporally, the populations may or may not oscillate. Extinction, when it occurs, is asymptotic. An hierarchy of persistence criteria, based upon fluctuations measured by time average means, is derived. In some situations a threshold value is found to separate persistent population models from those that tend to extinction. Application of the persistence-extinction theory is to the problem of assessing effects of a toxic substance on a population when toxicant inputs to the environment and to resources are oscillatory. PMID- 3760722 TI - On the maintenance of genetic variation: global analysis of Kimura's continuum-of alleles model. AB - Methods of functional analysis are applied to provide an exact mathematical analysis of Kimura's continuum-of-alleles model. By an approximate analysis, Kimura obtained the result that the equilibrium distribution of allelic effects determining a quantitative character is Gaussian if fitness decreases quadratically from the optimum and if production of new mutants follows a Gaussian density. Lande extended this model considerably and proposed that high levels of genetic variation can be maintained by mutation even when there is strong stabilizing selection. This hypothesis has been questioned recently by Turelli, who published analyses and computer simulations of some multiallele models, approximating the continuum-of-alleles model, and reviewed relevant data. He found that the Kimura and Lande predictions overestimate the amount of equilibrium variance considerably if selection is not extremely weak or mutation rate not extremely high. The present analysis provides the first proof that in Kimura's model an equilibrium in fact exists and, moreover, that it is globally stable. Finally, using methods from quantum mechanics, estimates of the exact equilibrium variance are derived which are in best accordance with Turelli's results. This shows that continuum-of-alleles models may be excellent approximations to multiallele models, if analysed appropriately. PMID- 3760723 TI - A model of weak selection in the infinite alleles framework. AB - Ewens (1972) proposed a model in the infinite allele framework for populations with neutrality of all alleles at a particular locus. This paper proposes a generalisation of Ewens' result for situations where there is a form of weak selection. The models considered here are continuous time, discrete state space Markov processes. PMID- 3760724 TI - Smoking in hospitals? PMID- 3760725 TI - Conspiracy of silence. PMID- 3760726 TI - Special issues for female impaired physicians. PMID- 3760727 TI - Alcoholism and other drug addictions: a primary disease entity. PMID- 3760728 TI - An analysis of two groups of alcohol and drug patients. PMID- 3760729 TI - Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: follow-up care. PMID- 3760730 TI - Locum tenens. PMID- 3760731 TI - Clinical applications of Doppler echocardiography. PMID- 3760732 TI - Living will update. PMID- 3760733 TI - Anesthesia for thymectomy. Retrospective studies of 103 patients. PMID- 3760734 TI - Birthweight and placental weight, Thailand 1982-1983. PMID- 3760735 TI - The use of super-saturated sucrose solution for chronic skin ulcers (resurrection of an old remedy). PMID- 3760736 TI - Family dynamic in childhood of male homosexuals. PMID- 3760737 TI - Treatment of vaginal candidosis with oral ketoconazole. PMID- 3760738 TI - Serum unconjugated estriol levels in the third trimester and their relationship to gestational age. PMID- 3760739 TI - Maternal blood groups and birth sex ratio. PMID- 3760740 TI - Reappearance of the thymus in old rats after orchidectomy: inhibition of regeneration by testosterone. AB - The thymus is a critically important organ during development, but atrophies progressively during the ageing process after puberty and is often considered to be unimportant in adult life. We have found that the thymus, which is grossly atrophied in 12- to 15-month-old male rats, is markedly restored in size 30 days after orchidectomy. The organ then appears normal histologically, having a well defined cortex and medulla, is vascularized and filled with thymocytes. The regeneration of the thymus after orchidectomy was inhibited in a dose-related fashion by testosterone implants which produced serum concentrations of testosterone within the physiological range. The thymus was also increased in size after orchidectomy of 10-week-old rats, and testosterone inhibited the enlargement of the thymus. These results have important implications for the possible enhancement of the immune system with associated improvement of health during ageing and disease. They also point to an important physiological link between the endocrine and immune systems. PMID- 3760741 TI - Reproduction in the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops): endometrial oestrogen and progestin receptor dynamics during normal and prolonged menstrual cycles. AB - Sixteen individually caged adult female vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops), whose reproductive parameters had been studied for 5 years, were hysterectomized/ovariectomized during three reproductive states; i.e. the late follicular (15.4 +/- 4.7 (S.D.) days) and luteal (27.8 +/- 4.7 days) phases of the normal cycle (20-50 days), and during prolonged intermenstrual intervals (PII; 99.0 +/- 2.5 days since the previous menses). These latter animals showed characteristics of both follicular and luteal phases; i.e. their ovaries contained both corpora lutea and large antral follicles and systemic oestradiol and progesterone concentrations were raised. Analysis of cytoplasmic oestrogen and progestin receptors (CER and CPR) revealed that endometrium during PII had CER levels of 0.58 +/- 0.07 pmol/mg protein, similar to those of the follicular phase (0.60 +/- 0.12); CPR levels (1.20 +/- 0.87) were not different from those of the luteal phase (1.05 +/- 0.45). The ratio of CPR to CER during the luteal phase was about tenfold higher than that of the follicular phase. Levels during PII were intermediate between the two phases. Under receptor-activating conditions, the DNA-binding components of the PII cytoplasmic fraction underwent over 40% loss while those present during both phases of the normal cycle doubled. The hormone-binding sites at all times remained intact indicating that the DNA and hormone-binding sites are distinct on both CER and CPR. Less than 50% interaction of CER/CPR with DNA-cellulose was obtained, indicating the presence of only limited quantities of cytoplasmic activating factors which may be a prerequisite for receptor binding to the genome. During PII, factors which deactivate DNA-binding sites may also have been induced. Extensive accumulation of nuclear oestrogen receptor was evident in PII endometrium with 80% being salt resistant. This level is higher than that in the follicular and luteal phases (37 and 52% respectively). These data, suggesting a possible aberration of receptor activation in vitro and receptor processing in vivo, may be indicative of endometrial dysfunction during PII. This could lead to a delay in menstruation. PMID- 3760742 TI - In-vitro conversion of thyroxine to tri-iodothyronine by chicken hepatic 5' deiodinase: kinetic studies. AB - In-vitro studies with chicken liver homogenates demonstrate that the conversion of thyroxine (T4) to tri-iodothyronine (T3) is dependent upon tissue concentration, time of incubation, pH, temperature, the presence of dithiothreitol (DTT) and the concentration of substrate (T4), and is heat-labile. The generation of T3 is inhibited by iopanoic acid and 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil. The kinetics of conversion of T4 to T3, determined by Lineweaver-Burke analysis, indicated an apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) of 1.16 mumol/l with a maximum velocity (Vmax) of 44.57 pmol T3 generated/mg protein per min from T4. Dithiothreitol appears to behave as a co-substrate for this system with an apparent Km of 98.5 mumol/l and a Vmax of 1.41 pmol T3 generated/mg protein per min at a T4 concentration of 5 mumol/l. These data suggest that the conversion of T4 to T3 in fowl proceeds by means of an enzymatic system, probably 5' monodeiodinase, and is responsible for maintaining T3 levels in vivo. PMID- 3760743 TI - Factors affecting prolactin secretion during the breeding cycle of the ring dove (Streptopelia risoria) and its possible role in incubation. AB - Plasma prolactin began to increase significantly about 5 days after the onset of incubation in both sexes of the dove to reach a peak at the time of hatch. At this time, the concentration of prolactin in the plasma of the female was significantly higher than in the male. In the middle of the incubation period prolactin levels measured over a 24-h period remained constant in both sexes, although the male sits during the middle of the day and the female for the rest of the time. Nest deprivation resulted in a sharp, significant decline in the concentration of prolactin in both sexes. Newly hatched squabs stimulated the release of prolactin only in those doves which had been incubating eggs for several days. A distinct sex difference was observed in the expression of nest defence behaviour of the ring dove during the breeding cycle. At the time of laying, the female was significantly more aggressive than the male and her aggression increased only slightly up to the time of hatching. In contrast, male aggression increased gradually from a low level at laying to reach a peak at the time of hatching. The levels of plasma progesterone in the female showed a significant increase around the time of lay. No significant changes occurred in the plasma concentration of either progesterone or 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in the male. Administration of prolactin increased the length of time of incubation of infertile eggs. Nest manipulations which had the effect of inducing the doves to begin incubation 4 days before laying showed that (1) the length of time of incubation of infertile eggs is fixed and independent of events which occur at courtship or oviposition, (2) the initiation of the increase in plasma prolactin concentration during incubation is independent of events which occur at courtship and oviposition and (3) the termination of incubation is always preceded by a fall in the concentration of plasma prolactin. It is concluded that the length of time of incubation is dependent upon sustained raised levels of plasma prolactin. The concentration of plasma prolactin increases several days after the onset of incubation in response to the tactile stimulation of sitting. High levels, if maintained by visual stimulation from the nest, maintain incubation for a fixed period. After this, if the eggs fail to hatch, prolactin levels fall and the doves cease incubation and begin a new cycle. PMID- 3760744 TI - Effects of multiple injections of LH on the secretion of pregnane compounds from polycystic ovaries of androgen-sterilized rats. AB - Differences in the secretion of pregnane compounds by follicular polycystic ovaries of androgen-sterilized rats and by normal preovulatory ovaries of early pro-oestrous rats were compared. Some rats were injected i.v. with LH 30 min before bleeding, in order to stimulate the secretion of steroids. This injection of LH greatly increased the secretion of progesterone, 5 alpha-pregnane-3,20 dione and 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one by both types of ovaries. The response of the two progesterone metabolites in the polycystic ovaries was low, suggesting low 5 alpha-reductase activity. Because it is known that the preovulatory LH surge is absent in androgen-sterilized rats, a classical approach was taken to circumvent the probable deficit in cyclic release of LH by giving an i.v. injection of LH (25 micrograms) every 4 days for 16 days. Ovarian venous blood was collected 4 days after the last injection. The mean secretion of 5 alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione and 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one from the ovaries of such androgen-sterilized rats became much (P less than 0.01) higher than that of multiple saline-treated controls. These results suggest that low 5 alpha-reductase activity of polycystic ovaries in androgen-sterilized rats may be due to the absence of cyclic release of LH from the pituitary gland. PMID- 3760745 TI - Effect of age on the 3,5,3'-tri-iodothyronine-induced increase in sugar uptake in rat thymocytes. AB - The effect of age on the responsiveness of rat thymocytes to 3,5,3'-tri iodothyronine (T3) was studied. It has been demonstrated previously that the plasma membrane-mediated effect of T3 to increase sugar uptake by rat thymocytes is influenced by age and sex. In both sexes, T3 given in vitro stimulated sugar uptake in cells from animals of 15 days of age, had no effect at 21 days and was again effective at 26 days. In the male, thymocytes from animals of 40 days of age and older were refractory to T3. However, in the female, T3, although less effective than in cells from 26-day-old animals, remained stimulatory in cells from 40- and 60-day-old rats. T3 had no effect in cells from animals of 90 days of age and older. In in-vivo studies in which female rats of 26, 60 and 90 days of age were first injected with T3 and 1 h later with [3H]2-deoxyglucose, the responsiveness of thymocytes to T3 also declined progressively with advancing age; T3 was most effective in cells from 26-day-old animals, less stimulatory in 60-day-old and essentially without effect in cells from 90-day-old animals. From these observations we have concluded that in both male and female rats the responsiveness of thymocytes to T3 declines progressively with age, and that this decline occurs at an earlier age in cells obtained from males. PMID- 3760746 TI - Social behaviour and testicular activity of juvenile rats. AB - The juvenile stage of ontogeny is often characterized as a time of inactivity and quiescence for the immature reproductive system. The principle social behaviour by juveniles of many mammalian species is a rough-and-tumble activity known as play-fighting. An experiment is reported in which play-fighting by male rats was observed after various manipulations of gonadal steroids. Rats were housed in groups and castrated either on day 1 or day 10, times which are respectively during and after the sensitive period for androgen-induced organization of neural tissues in rats. Animals were injected with either 40 micrograms testosterone propionate or vehicle between 21 and 45 days of age, and play-fighting with unoperated, unfamiliar rats was examined. Castration on days 1 and 10 suppressed play-fighting. The behaviours remained suppressed in rats castrated on day 1 and injected with testosterone propionate, but testosterone propionate restored play fighting to near-normal levels until 35 days of age in rats castrated on day 10. Moreover, gonadally intact juvenile males exposed to the androgen antagonist flutamide play-fought less than intact control males, although their social activity increased appreciably after day 35. It is concluded that the juvenile is not experiencing endocrine quiescence. Behavioural and physiological data suggest a reproductive system which is active, although differently from that in the adult. Hypersensitivity to testosterone and surges of gonadotrophin-releasing factors and LH at 35 days of age may be the events responsible for changes in play-fighting resulting from manipulations of gonadal steroids in juvenile rats. PMID- 3760747 TI - [3H]9-desglycinamide,8-arginine vasopressin: metabolism and in-vivo fate. AB - Half-lives based on the disappearance of [3H]9-desglycinamide,8-arginine vasopressin ([3H]DGAVP) following in-vitro incubation in plasma were 1.7 h (dog), 5.8 h (rat) and greater than 12 h (man). For all three species, and particularly dogs, biotransformation of the peptide in plasma occurred predominantly through carboxypeptidase activities, leading to the accumulation of AVP-(1-7). Disappearance of [3H]DGAVP from rat blood after a single i.v. injection followed a biphasic decay with half-lives of 2.2 +/- 0.8 (S.D.) min (distribution phase) and 14.4 +/- 1.2 min (elimination phase). The central and peripheral volumes of distribution were high and of the same order of magnitude, being 0.21 and 0.25 litres/kg respectively. Blood clearance values ranged from 36 to 45 ml/min per kg. In addition to [3H]AVP-(1-7), [3H]tyrosine was also found to be a major radioactive metabolite in blood. Compared with i.v. dosing, the s.c. route of administration for [3H]DGAVP resulted in longer-lasting peptide levels in blood which persisted for up to 4-5 h after injection. Maximal concentrations were reached at 7.5 min, whereafter they declined bi-exponentially with terminal half lives of 31.1 +/- 8.7 min. The mean bioavailability for DGAVP was almost 100%, demonstrating virtually complete absorption from the s.c. injection site. PMID- 3760748 TI - The economics of the law of effect. AB - A corollary of the law of effect predicts that the larger the reinforcement, the greater the rate of responding. However, an animal must eat more small portions than large portions to obtain the same daily intake, and one would predict, therefore, that when eating smaller portions an efficient animal would eat less (conserving time and energy) and/or respond faster (conserving time). The latter of these predictions was supported by the present experiments with free-feeding rats for which portion size (pellet size or duration of feeder presentation) and portion price within meals were varied. Response rate was a function of the unit price (responses/g) of food: Rats responded faster when portions were smaller or when prices were higher. Meal size and frequency were relatively unaffected by unit price, but were influenced by the price of meal initiation. The results are discussed in relation to the economic differences between traditional operant and free-feeding paradigms and to both traditional and more recent formulations of the law of effect. PMID- 3760750 TI - Rapid determinations of preference in multiple concurrent-chain schedules. AB - With concurrent chains arranged for a pigeon's key pecks, pecks on two concurrently available initial-link keys (left and right) respectively produce separately operating terminal links (A and B). Preferences for terminal link A over terminal link B are usually calculated as deviations of relative initial link response rates (left divided by total pecks) from those during baseline conditions, when A equals B. Baseline preferences, however, are often variable and typically are determined indirectly (e.g., with unequal A and B, reversing left-right assignments of A and B over sessions and estimating the baseline from differences between the relative rates generated). Multiple concurrent-chain schedules, with components each consisting of a pair of concurrent chains, speed the determination of preferences by arranging A and B and their reversal within sessions. In two experiments illustrating the feasibility of this procedure, one component operated with circles projected on initial-link keys and the other with pluses; when left and right initial-link pecks respectively produced terminal links A and B in one component, they produced B and A in the other. Even as the baselines fluctuated, preference was observable within sessions as the difference between relative initial-link response rates in the two components. The first experiment demonstrated the rapid development of preferences when terminal links A and B consisted of fixed-interval 15-s and 30-s schedules. The second demonstrated the sensitivity of the procedure to preference for a fixed-interval 30-s schedule operating for pecks on either of two keys (free choice) over its operating for pecks on only a single key (forced choice). PMID- 3760749 TI - Self-control in adult humans: variation in positive reinforcer amount and delay. AB - In five experiments, choice responding of female human adults was examined, as a function of variations in reinforcer amount and reinforcer delay. Experiment 1 used a discrete-trials procedure, and Experiments 2, 3, 4, and 5 used a concurrent variable-interval variable-interval schedule. Reinforcer amount and reinforcer delay were varied both separately and together. In contrast to results previously reported with pigeons, the subjects in the present experiments usually chose the larger reinforcers even when those reinforcers were delayed. Together, the results from all the experiments suggest that the subjects followed a maximization strategy in choosing reinforcers. Such behavior makes it easy to observe self-control and difficult to observe impulsiveness in traditional laboratory experiments that use adult human subjects. PMID- 3760751 TI - The discontinuous visual projections on the Xenopus optic tectum following regeneration after unilateral nerve section. AB - The establishment of retinotectal projections following transection of one optic nerve in developing Xenopus has been investigated. Between 3 weeks and 11 months after the operation, the nerve fibre tracer horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was applied to either the operated or the unoperated nerve, and the brains were prepared for examination as whole mounts. In most cases fibres from the operated nerve innervated both tecta, with the result that one tectum was doubly innervated and one tectum singly innervated. Two months after transection of the optic nerve in tadpole life, between stages 50 and 54, this nerve usually made a uniform projection on the contralateral tectum and a striped projection on the ipsilateral, doubly innervated, tectum. The projection made by the unoperated nerve on this tectum was a similar pattern of stripes, which ran generally rostrocaudally. Two months after transection of the optic nerve of newly metamorphosed animals, the projection formed by the operated nerve on the doubly innervated tectum was usually a pattern of spots or spots mixed together with stripes in no particular orientation superimposed on a roughly uniform background. In a small number of cases the projections made by the same nerve on the two tecta were approximately complementary; that is, the presence of label on one tectum corresponded with its absence on the other tectum. The results are examined in the context of the development of the retina and of the tectum. It is suggested that the consistently oriented stripes which result from nerve transection at a stage at which only a small proportion of the retinal fibres had reached the tectum are formed by the interaction of two equally matched sets of developing fibres, stripe orientation being determined by the mode of growth of the optic tectum. The formation of patterns of spots or spots mixed together with stripes following nerve transection after the end of the main phase of tectal histogenesis, and when 50% of the optic fibres had already reached the tectum, is attributed to an unequal competition between the two sets of fibres. PMID- 3760752 TI - Size regulation in the mouse embryo. I. The development of quadruple aggregates. AB - The development of mouse embryos formed by the aggregation of four 8-cell-stage eggs was analysed in comparison with control single embryos. The analysis revealed that: Quadruple aggregates undergo size regulation over several days, starting before implantation and being completed by 6.5 days post coitum. The attainment of recognizable postimplantation morphological stages is independent of size. Regulation is not brought about by disproportionate alterations in the size of the internal cavities. Regulation in both inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm derivatives is completed between 5.5 and 6.5 days post coitum. Despite the abnormal proportions of ICM and trophectoderm in quadruple blastocysts, the proportions of the tissues derived from them are already normal by 5.5 days. The possibility that down regulation in size of aggregate embryos occurs as a consequence of limited nutrient supply is discussed. PMID- 3760753 TI - Corneal epithelial-specific cell surface antigen recognized by a monoclonal antibody. AB - Monoclonal antibodies, specific against cell surface differentiation antigens of human corneal epithelial cells, were developed using epithelial cells resected from human corneas as the immunogens. One of these antibodies reacted specifically with corneal epithelial cells and not with epithelial cells of other tissues when tested by an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. Nonidet P-40 extracts of different subcellular fractions of human corneal epithelial cells were tested for their reactivity against this antibody using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results indicated that the antigen recognized by this antibody is associated with the plasma membrane. This was further verified by immuno-electron-microscopic analysis using ferritin-conjugated anti-mouse IgG antibody. This antigen was not detectable in the corneal epithelial cells in primary cultures nor in the epithelial cells from early stages of developing cornea (12 to 18 weeks in utero) but was present in the epithelial cells in the corneas of an 8-month-old infant. Therefore, this surface-associated antigen identified in the present study is a developmentally regulated marker of human corneal epithelium. PMID- 3760754 TI - Basal laminar thinning in branching morphogenesis of the chick lung as demonstrated by lectin probes. AB - Three lectins, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), soybean agglutinin (SBA) and Ricinis communis agglutinin I (RCA), were used to study the basement membrane of developing chick lungs. Thinning of the basement membrane at the tips of newly formed bronchi was visualized with all three lectins, but was particularly evident using SBA. Control sections established the ability of the lectins to stain hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphate. Neuraminidase, bovine testes hyaluronidase and Streptomyces hyaluronidase removed some of the staining, but none were able to affect the staining of the basement membrane. Possible explanations for this are discussed in the text. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine is enhanced at the tips relative to the interbud area in stage-30 lungs, extending previous studies on stage-26 lungs. Evidence has been presented here which demonstrates that mechanisms of morphogenesis used in avian embryos are similar to those already elucidated in work on mammalian embryos. PMID- 3760755 TI - Branching morphogenesis in the avian lung: electron microscopic studies using cationic dyes. AB - The developing chick lung was examined in the electron microscope for intimate cell contacts between epithelium and mesenchyme, discontinuities in the basal lamina and substructure of the basement membrane. Cell filopodia were seen which crossed the basal lamina from both the epithelial and the mesenchymal cells. Ruthenium red and tannic acid staining of the basal lamina of the chick lung showed it to be thin and sometimes discontinuous at the tips compared to the more substantial basal lamina in the interbud areas. The bilaminar distribution of particles seen with ruthenium red is similar to those seen in the cornea and lens. With tannic acid staining, filaments could be seen which crossed the lamina lucida and connected with the lamina densa. Spikes perpendicular to the basal lamina were sometimes seen with a periodicity of approximately 110 nm. Alcian blue staining revealed structure similar to that seen by ruthenium red staining in the salivary and mammary glands, although the interparticle spacing was closer. Collagen was located in areas of morphogenetic stability, as has been seen by other investigators in different tissues. Collagen was coated with granules (probably proteoglycan) at periodic intervals when stained with ruthenium red. The fibrils were oriented circumferentially around the mesobronchus and were assumed to continue into the bud, but the fibres curve laterally at the middle of a bud. This orientation is opposite to that seen by another investigator in the mouse lung. In general, the observations made in the avian lung are similar to those seen in branching mammalian tissue. It is likely, therefore, that the chick lung uses strategies in its morphogenesis that are similar to those that have been elucidated previously in developing mammalian organs. PMID- 3760757 TI - Analysis of the cytosolic proteins of chick embryo gonads by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. AB - Gonads and mesonephros dissected from normal chick embryos, as well as a blood sample, were labelled in vitro with [35S]methionine and [14C]leucine. The patterns of cytosolic protein synthesis of the different tissues were analysed using two-dimensional (2-D) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Three developmental stages, i.e. 8, 12 and 17 days of incubation, were investigated. Five sex-specific proteins were detected in the male and two in the female. In the testis, only one protein is already present at the 8-day stage. In the ovary, one protein exists since the 8-day stage, but it is also synthesized in the mesonephros. The second ovary-specific protein appeared only at the 12-day stage. PMID- 3760756 TI - Protein requirements for germinal vesicle breakdown in ovine oocytes. AB - The regulation of the cell cycle during the transition from prophase to metaphase I was studied by analysing protein changes and introducing protein blocks during the transition phase. The results show that the progression to metaphase in ovine oocytes is totally dependent on new protein synthesis. By delaying the addition of the inhibitor, cycloheximide, for progressively longer periods after the resumption of meiosis it was established that the required synthesis occurs in the 1-2 h immediately preceding germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD). The action of cycloheximide was fully reversible: removal of the drug resulted in GVBD between 3 and 4 h later. The synthesis and modification of proteins during these first few hours of maturation were studied by short-term radiolabelling of oocytes with [35S]methionine and [32P]phosphate followed by rapid assessment of their precise nuclear configuration. Changes in phosphorylation of two polypeptides were detected 4-5 h after the beginning of culture, but these changes were not dependent upon protein synthesis. The earliest change in synthesis was the appearance of a new polypeptide 6-8 h after explantation, immediately before GVBD. This polypeptide (Mr 47 X 10(3), pI 5.8) was not significantly phosphorylated and was relatively stable. Oocytes released from cycloheximide treatment began to synthesize this molecule 3-4 h later, again coinciding with GVBD. Synthesis of the polypeptide was suppressed by inhibition of transcription with alpha-amanitin. PMID- 3760758 TI - Interdigital tissue chondrogenesis induced by surgical removal of the ectoderm in the embryonic chick leg bud. AB - In the present work, we have analysed the possible involvement of ectodermal tissue in the control of interdigital mesenchymal cell death. Two types of experiments were performed in the stages previous to the onset of interdigital cell death: removal of the AER of the interdigit; removal of the dorsal ectoderm of the interdigit. After the operation embryos were sacrificed at 10-12 h intervals and the leg buds were studied by whole-mount cartilage staining, vital staining with neutral red and scanning electron microscopy. Between stages 27 and 30, ridge removal caused a local inhibition of the growth of the interdigit. In a high percentage of the cases, ridge removal at these stages was followed 30-40 h later by the formation of ectopic nodules of cartilage in the interdigit. The incidence of ectopic cartilage formation was maximum at stage 29 (60%). In all cases, cell death took place on schedule although the intensity and extent of necrosis appeared diminished in relation to the intensity of inhibition of interdigital growth and to the presence of interdigital cartilages. Ridge removal at stage 31 did not cause inhibition of the growth of the interdigit and ectopic chondrogenesis was only detected in 3 out of 35 operated embryos. Dorsal ectoderm removal from the proximal zone of the interdigit at stage 29 caused the chondrogenesis of the proximal interdigital mesenchyme in 6 out of 18 operated embryos. The pattern of neutral red vital staining was consistent with these results revealing a partial inhibition of interdigital cell death in the proximal zone of the interdigit. It is proposed that under the present experimental conditions the mesenchymal cells are diverted from the death programme by a primary transformation into cartilage. PMID- 3760759 TI - Electric fields, contact guidance and the direction of nerve growth. AB - Nerve orientation in response to electrical guidance cues in one direction and contact guidance cues in an orthogonal direction has been studied. Where neurites had a free choice between following contact guidance cues or electrical cues, the direction of nerve growth was determined predominantly by the vector of the applied electric field. PMID- 3760760 TI - Positional signalling by Hensen's node when grafted to the chick limb bud. AB - Hensen's node from stage 4 to stage 10 shows polarizing activity when grafted to the anterior margin of the chick limb bud. It can specify additional digits though its action is somewhat attenuated when compared with the effect of a grafted polarizing region. At stage 10 the activity disappears from the node and is found both posterior to the node and in the future wing region of the flank. The ability of Hensen's node to generate a positional signal suggests that the signal in the limb and early embryo may be similar. The results support the view of the polarizing region as a discrete signalling region. PMID- 3760761 TI - The application of aqueous two-phase partition to the study of chick limb mesenchymal diversification. AB - A technique which identifies cells differing in surface character, aqueous two phase partition using thin-layer countercurrent distribution (TLCCD), has been used to study differentiation and pattern formation in the developing chick limb bud. The TLCCD profiles of cell populations, derived from various regions of morphologically undifferentiated mesenchyme from three different stages of limb development, have been compared. At no stage, or location, has the population been found to be homogeneous. Cells from progress zones and more proximal regions could all be resolved into several populations. The populations from progress zones at three different developmental stages were qualitatively similar but differed in the proportions of cells in each. The most striking differences in cell populations were those obtained from the most proximal region of the limb, closest to the flank, which represents the developmentally most advanced region. PMID- 3760762 TI - The regeneration of double dorsal and double ventral limbs in the axolotl. AB - Surgically made double dorsal and double ventral upper arms, comprising double extensor and double flexor muscles respectively, were amputated immediately following operation; both limb types regenerated. In terms of skeletal anatomy, a range of limb types was found. These included four-digit limbs of normal cartilage pattern, and hypomorphic limbs having from one to three digits. All of the double dorsal and the majority of the double ventral limbs were symmetrical in the dorsal-ventral axis. This was detected by analysing their muscle patterns at carpal and mid-forearm level, and muscle and epidermal characteristics in the metacarpal region are discussed in terms of the significance of healing time and stump pattern on the regenerative ability of surgically created limb regions. PMID- 3760763 TI - Reconstruction of bipinnaria larvae from dissociated embryonic cells of the starfish, Asterina pectinifera. AB - Cells dissociated from swimming embryos of the starfish are able to reconstruct bipinnaria larvae. This process consists of reaggregation (stage 1), formation of the external epithelium (stage 2), development of the internal cavities which will eventually grow either into the blastocoel or the intestinal lumen (stage 3), gastrulation or fusion of the internal and the external epithelia (stage 4), formation of the mouth (stage 5) and the established bipinnaria (stage 6). The optimal population of cells to support the process of reconstruction is estimated to fall between 500 and 1000, values corresponding to one eighth and one fourth the total number of cells of a normal embryo, respectively. Morphogenetic events of reconstruction are discussed in relation to the normal course of starfish development and to the reconstruction process of the sea urchin. PMID- 3760764 TI - What do dissociated embryonic cells of the starfish, Asterina pectinifera, do to reconstruct bipinnaria larvae? AB - The cellular events that take place during reconstruction of larval forms from dissociated embryonic cells of the starfish are investigated by thick and thin sections. Dissociated cells reaggregate, form an external epithelium (ectoderm), internal epithelial vesicles (endoderm), the blastocoel and the mesenchyme. The internal vesicles continue to fuse until there is only one large one suspended in the centre of the blastocoel. Eventually, the ectoderm invaginates at one or more sites and fuses with the endoderm to form blastopore(s). Special emphasis is placed on the differences in cell behaviour during endoderm-to-endoderm and endoderm-to-ectoderm fusion. PMID- 3760765 TI - Replacement of posterior by anterior endoderm reduces sterility in embryos from inverted eggs of Xenopus laevis. AB - The genital ridges of Xenopus laevis tadpoles reared from eggs kept in an inverted position contain less than 40% of the number of primordial germ cells (PGCs) of controls (Cleine & Dixon, 1985). It has been suggested that this reduction is caused by the germ cells' ectopic position in the anterior endoderm of larvae from inverted eggs, from where they may be unable to migrate into the genital ridges (Cleine & Dixon, 1985). This hypothesis is tested here by interchanging anterior and posterior endodermal grafts between pairs of inverted embryos at the early tailbud stage. Replacement of anterior by posterior endoderm has no effect but replacement of posterior by anterior endoderm increases the number of PGCs in the genital ridges and significantly reduces the proportion of sterile embryos. In a control series, in which the same type of grafting was done with normal embryos, replacement of posterior by anterior endoderm reduced the number of germ cells to almost zero, but replacement of anterior by posterior endoderm nearly doubled it. These findings are explained in terms of the distribution of the germ cells in the endoderm at the time of grafting. The results firstly show that the position of the germ cells is crucial to successful migration and secondly they support the notion that germ plasm has a determinative role during early germ cell differentiation. PMID- 3760766 TI - Cell surface glycoconjugates and carbohydrate-binding proteins: possible recognition signals in sensory neurone development. AB - Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurones transmit cutaneous sensory information from the periphery to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Subpopulations of DRG neurones that subserve distinct sensory modalities project to discrete regions in the dorsal horn. The formation of specific sensory connections during development may involve cell-surface interactions with spinal cord cells. Molecules that are expressed on the surface of functional subpopulations of DRG and dorsal horn neurones have therefore been identified. Distinct subsets of DRG neurones express globo- or lactoseries carbohydrate differentiation antigens. The expression of defined carbohydrate structures correlates with the embryonic lineage, peptide phenotype and the central termination site of DRG neurones. Similar or identical glycoconjugates have been implicated in cellular interactions that contribute to preimplantation embryonic development. Small-diameter DRG neurones that project to the superficial dorsal horn express N-acetyllactosamine backbone structures that are potential ligands for beta-galactoside-specific binding proteins (lectins). Two lectins have been identified that are expressed early in development in the superficial dorsal horn. These complementary molecules may contribute to the development of sensory afferent projections in the spinal cord. PMID- 3760767 TI - Hormonally mediated reprogramming of muscles and motoneurones during the larval pupal transformation of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. AB - The larval-pupal transformation of Manduca sexta results from an exposure to ecdysteroids in the absence of juvenile hormone (the commitment pulse), followed by a larger exposure to ecdysteroids (the prepupal peak) with a reappearance of juvenile hormone (JH). The prepupal ecdysteroid peak triggers the degeneration of abdominal muscles, and the dendritic regression and death of identified motoneurones. The present experiments examined the role of the commitment pulse in the larval-pupal reprogramming of these cells. The commitment pulse did not overtly affect the muscles and motoneurones, but it switched their hormonal responsiveness; before the commitment pulse, exposure to ecdysteroids in the presence of JH had no effect on the larval cells, whereas after the commitment pulse the same treatment caused regression and death. Thus, JH lost its ability to prevent pupal development. Furthermore, treatment with ecdysteroids in the absence of JH before the commitment pulse promoted pupal development much less effectively than did the same treatment given after the commitment pulse, indicating that the commitment pulse facilitates the subsequent responsiveness to ecdysteroids. Thus, the commitment pulse covertly causes both qualitative and quantitative changes in the hormonal sensitivity of the larval muscles and motoneurones. PMID- 3760768 TI - The relationship of muscle electrical activity, tremor and heat production to shivering thermogenesis in Japanese quail. AB - We measured the electrical activity and the tremor of the pectoral muscle and total body heat production in control and cold-acclimated Japanese quail at +26 degrees C, +12 degrees C and +2 degrees C before and after 3 weeks of acclimation, using electromyography, accelerometer recordings, and indirect calorimetry. Japanese quail shiver in 0.2- to 3-s bursts that occur in groups. An increase in both the frequency and the duration of bursts and burst groups contributes to the increase in heat production by shivering at low temperatures. A compilation of shivering patterns in birds is given and its implications for the neural control and phylogeny of shivering are discussed. A rather non specific increase in electromyographic (EMG) activity and heat production was observed after cold acclimation at all experimental temperatures, although many of the normal signs of cold acclimation (e.g. decrease in gonad mass, increase in heart mass and serum triiodothyronine) were seen. The increase in muscle electrical activity was greater than the increase in oxygen uptake, which resulted in a lower VO2/EMG ratio. The amplitude distribution of muscle electrical activity remained normal, but a shift towards higher frequencies occurred in the EMG spectra of cold-acclimated birds. Despite the increase in muscle electrical activity, power spectra of accelerometer recordings indicated that the amplitude of the muscle tremor was lower in cold-acclimated birds. The increase in the high-frequency components of the EMG indicates that decreased synchronization of motor unit firing may account for the lower tremor amplitude. We suggest that this change is adaptive because it reduces heat loss and/or because more fatigue-resistant motor units are recruited. These results show that temperature acclimation modifies the neural control of shivering in skeletal muscle. PMID- 3760769 TI - Kinetics of oxygen uptake and release by red blood cells of chicken and duck. AB - The specific conductance (G) for O2 transfer by red blood cells (RBCs) of chicken and muscovy duck was measured using the experimental (stopped-flow) and analytical techniques (RBC model) previously applied to human RBC (Yamaguchi, Nguyen Phu, Scheid & Piiper, 1985). Avian RBCs behaved similarly to human RBCs: G values were of similar magnitude; G for O2 uptake decreased with time and increasing O2 saturation; G for O2 release at high levels of dithionite decreased slightly with decreasing O2 saturation; G for O2 release was higher than G for O2 uptake. The deoxygenation kinetics of oxyhaemoglobin in solution was similar for both avian species. The G measured for O2 release at high dithionite concentration, considered to represent a good approximation to intra-erythrocyte O2 diffusion conductance, averaged (in mmol min-1 Torr-1 ml-1 RBC) 0.33 for chicken and 0.25 for duck (at 41 degrees C, pH of the suspension = 7.5, O2 saturation range 0.4-0.8). These species differences can be explained by differences in cell size, the RBC volume averaging 104 micron3 in the chicken and 155 micron3 in the duck. Compared with human RBCs, the G estimates for avian RBCs are somewhat smaller than would be predicted from size differences, which can be explained by the discoid shape of mammalian RBCs which constitutes an advantage compared with the ovoid avian RBC. PMID- 3760770 TI - Detection of infrasound by the Atlantic cod. AB - Below about 50 kHz the level of ambient noise in the sea increases continuously towards lower frequencies. In the infrasound range the spectral slope is particularly steep. This low-frequency noise may propagate long distances with little attenuation, causing a directional pattern of infrasound in the sea. Using a standing-wave acoustic tube, we have studied the sensitivity of cod to infrasound down to 0.1 Hz by means of the cardiac conditioning technique. The threshold values, measured as particle acceleration, showed a steady decline towards lower frequencies below 10 Hz, reaching a value close to 10(-5)ms-2 at 0.1 Hz. The spectrum level at 0.1 Hz in the sea ranges between 120 and 180 dB (re 1 microPa), with corresponding particle accelerations from less than 10(-6) to more than 10(-4)ms-2. The sensitivity of cod is thus sufficient to detect the highest levels of ambient infrasound, and we put forward the hypothesis that fish may utilize information about the infrasound pattern in the sea for orientation during migration, probably in addition to an array of other sensory inputs. PMID- 3760771 TI - Cholinergic action on the heart of the leech, Hirudo medicinalis. AB - Experiments were performed to determine the role of acetylcholine (ACh) in neuromuscular transmission in the heart of the leech Hirudo medicinalis. Superfused or iontophoretically applied ACh rapidly depolarized both isolated heart muscle cells and muscle cells in isolated hearts in a dose-dependent manner. the depolarization was associated with a conductance increase of the muscle membrane that had a reversal potential of -9 mV. Eserine potentiated the response to superfused ACh, reducing the threshold from 10(-6) to 10(-8) mol l-1. Acetylcholinesterase was localized histochemically to be in the immediate area of neuromuscular terminals. Superfused nicotinic agonists mimicked the effects of ACh, while superfused nicotinic antagonists reversibly blocked the iontophoretic response of heart muscle fibres to ACh. 5 X 10(-7) mol l-1 curare, 5 X 10(-5) mol l-1 nicotine and 1 X 10(-4) mol l-1 atropine reduced the iontophoretic response to half its original amplitude. Alpha-bungarotoxin did not block the response of heart muscle cells to iontophoretically applied ACh. Curare was used to determine whether the neurones that innervate the heart-HE motor neurones and HA modulatory neurone--use ACh as a neuromuscular transmitter. The fast depolarizing component of the HE cell's neuromuscular transmission was reversibly blocked by 10(-4) mol l-1 curare, while the HA cell's modulatory effects on the heart were apparently unaffected by 10(-4) mol l-1 curare. Our results indicate that heart muscle cells have nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that open in the presence of ACh, thereby increasing membrane conductance. The HE motor neurone is probably cholinergic and engages these receptors in its neuromuscular transmission, while the HA modulatory neurone is probably not cholinergic. PMID- 3760772 TI - Intrinsic mechanical properties of the perfused rainbow trout heart and the effects of catecholamines and extracellular calcium under control and acidotic conditions. AB - A perfused rainbow trout heart was developed which generated its own intrinsic heart rate and a physiological power output. This preparation was used to examine the intrinsic mechanical properties of the trout heart, the dose-response effects of catecholamines and extracellular calcium on these properties, and the effects of catecholamines and extracellular calcium during exposure to acidotic conditions. The trout heart was relatively pressure-insensitive to a physiological range of ventral aortic pressures. Preload exerted an important control over cardiac output through the Starling response. Heart rate was independent of both these intrinsic mechanisms. The intrinsic mechanical capabilities of the trout heart were greater than those observed previously in less active, benthic teleosts. Physiological concentrations of catecholamines significantly improved cardiac contractility through positive inotropy and chronotropy. Adrenaline was more potent than noradrenaline, indicating that these effects were mediated by beta 2-adrenoceptors. Elevated extracellular calcium produced only a modest improvement of cardiac contractility compared to that produced by adrenaline. Positive inotropy and negative chronotropy were observed with elevated extracellular calcium. Extracellular acidosis always reduced cardiac contractility through negative chronotropy and inotropy. Extracellular calcium improved the inotropic state of the acidotic heart and restored contractility, but the overall improvement of cardiac performance was compromised by an accompanying negative chronotropy. Physiological levels of adrenaline improved cardiac performance during extracellular acidosis. The roles of catecholamines and extracellular calcium are discussed with respect to post exercise cardiac performance in trout. PMID- 3760773 TI - Myocardial intracellular pH in a perfused rainbow trout heart during extracellular acidosis in the presence and absence of adrenaline. AB - Myocardial intracellular pH was measured in a perfused rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, with DMO (5,5-dimethyl-2,4-oxazlidinedione), to test the hypothesis that catecholamines promote active regulation of myocardial pH in order to protect contractility during a respiratory acidosis comparable to that observed after exercise. Under control conditions (extracellular pH = 8.0; PCO2 = 2 Torr), myocardial pH was 7.53 +/- 0.01 (N = 5). Acidosis (extracellular pH = 7.45; PCO2 = 8.6 Torr) reduced contractility, mechanical efficiency and intracellular pH (7.25 +/- 0.04), but did not affect myocardial O2 consumption. The addition of 0.5 mumol l-1 adrenaline during extracellular acidosis prevented the loss of contractility, restored mechanical efficiency, but did not change intracellular pH significantly. Thus, adrenaline enabled cardiac contractility to recover, without intracellular pH regulation, possibly by modulation of sarcolemmal calcium changes. The absence of a myocardial acidosis after exercise in vivo is discussed with respect to possible intracellular pH regulation via lactate uptake and metabolism. PMID- 3760774 TI - Intraverbal acquisition of semantic concepts by preschoolers. AB - Intraverbal learning is a process through which semantic knowledge is acquired from purely linguistic information. The concern of this study is to investigate the role of intraverbal learning in the preschool-aged child's acquisition of semantic concepts. Three- and 4-year-old children were either shown pictures illustrating novel concepts or they were told verbal definitions of novel concepts, the definitions containing information about key physical and functional properties. An additional manipulation consisted of including or omitting information about the superordinate category membership of the concept. Concept acquisition was assessed via a battery of comprehension tasks; these tasks assessed both referential and formal knowledge of the concepts. Results indicate a correspondence between the type of information received and the type of knowledge acquired, with intraverbal information resulting in broader knowledge than pictorial information. Purely pictorial information was associated with referential knowledge only, while intraverbal information enhanced both referential and formal knowledge. PMID- 3760775 TI - Habituation, response to novelty, and dishabituation in human infants: tests of a dual-process theory of visual attention. AB - Two experiments were conducted to test a dual-process theory of infants' performance on visual habituation-dishabituation tasks. The findings demonstrate that (a) infant habituation functions are often nonmonotonic, with fixation increasing before the eventual response waning; (b) this initial increment in responding is related to stimulus "complexity"; (c) response to novelty is enhanced by increasing the "complexity" of the novelty-test stimulus; and (d) dishabituation, followed by decay, occurs for familiarized patterns when retested after the introduction of a "complex" stimulus, but not after introduction of a "simple" stimulus. Following P. Groves and R. Thompson (1970, Psychological Review, 77, 419-450) we propose that infant visual attention to repeated presentations of a stimulus involves two processes, habituation and sensitization. PMID- 3760776 TI - Classifying color materials: children are less holistic than adults. AB - Much recent research indicates that children respond to materials which are separable for adults as though those materials were integral. The present studies examined differences between 5-year-olds and adults in the processing of integral materials. In Study 1, both children and adults made a majority of similarity classifications for those materials. However, the children were found to make fewer of those integral similarity classifications and more dimensional classifications than adults for materials varying in the integral dimensions of chroma and value. In Study 2, children's similarity judgments were also indicative of greater separability of those dimensions. For both children and adults, similarity ratings given in Study 2 were predictive of classification behavior in Study 1. Age differences in similarity ratings were also predictive of age differences in classification. The overall pattern of results is consistent with the idea that children's perception is neither more nor less holistic than that of adults. Whether children or adults are found to be more holistic depends on the nature of the material presented. With integral materials, young children respond in a manner which appears less holistic than that of adults. PMID- 3760777 TI - Aging and arteriosclerosis. I. Development of myointimal hyperplasia after endothelial injury. AB - Old Fischer 344 rats are more susceptible to vascular lesions after arterial endothelial injury than are young animals. Thus, 20-26-mo-old Fischer 344 rats developed greater and more persistent intimal proliferative lesions than did 2-5 mo-old rats after aortic endothelial denudation. 3 d after deendothelialization, intimal thickness was increased two-fold in both old and young animals. However, 14 d after endothelial injury, intimal thickness had increased nearly five times in old animals, but had regressed to normal in young animals. Intimal thickness of young aortic grafts transplanted into young recipients did not differ significantly from adjacent host aorta or autotransplanted aortic segments 6 wk after surgery. In contrast, intimal thickness of old grafts transplanted into young recipients was eight times greater than adjacent young host aorta 6 wk after surgery. The density of cell nuclei in the intima of old grafts was also much greater than that in young grafts. Thus, in two experimental models of vascular injury, old rats have consistently had greater myointimal hyperplasia than young rats. The increased proliferative response of aortic smooth muscle cells after vascular injury of old animals may contribute to the increased prevalence of vascular disease with age. PMID- 3760778 TI - Novel macrophage receptor for glucose-modified proteins is distinct from previously described scavenger receptors. AB - A high-affinity macrophage receptor has been identified that recognizes proteins modified by a common in vivo process, long-term nonenzymatic reaction of glucose with proteins (AGE proteins). This receptor for glucose-modified proteins is now shown to be distinct from previously described scavenger receptors, using competition and crosscompetition experiments between AGE-modified protein and a variety of in vitro-modified scavenger receptor ligands, including unmodified BSA, unmodified low-density lipoproteins (LDL), acetyl-LDL, maleyl-BSA, and formaldehyde-treated BSA. Furthermore, the specific pattern of AGE-protein receptor inhibition by the polyanionic compounds polyinosinic acid, polyadenylic acid, polyglutamic acid, polycytidylic acid, fucoidin, and heparin was distinctly different from that of acetyl-LDL. By thus selectively recognizing a time dependent in vivo protein modification, macrophages may preferentially degrade senescent macromolecules, thereby having an important role in the regulation of extracellular protein turnover. PMID- 3760779 TI - Peptides as antigens. Importance of orientation. AB - Factors known to be important in producing protein-reactive peptide antibodies include the accessibility of the region from which the peptide sequence is derived, the hydrophilic-phobic character of the sequence, and the length of the peptide. The data presented here indicate that the orientation of the peptide coupled to a carrier protein also influences the binding pattern of peptide antibodies. An octapeptide, representing a sequence from the alpha chain of the human acetylcholine receptor, was coupled either through an N- or C-terminal cysteine-glycine-glycine linker to a carrier protein and used to immunize rabbits. The resulting antisera reacted at comparable titers to the uncoupled immunizing peptides, but did not crossreact with the identical but opposite linked peptide. Characterization of the binding to other homologous peptides showed that immunization with the N-terminal-linked peptide induced antibodies reactive specifically with the C-terminal amino acid(s). Immunization with the C linked peptide resulted in antibodies reactive with a site of the peptide near the C-terminus. PMID- 3760780 TI - Effects of activation on lipoprotein lipase secretion by macrophages. Evidence for autoregulation. AB - Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity was measured in the media of cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages that were isolated after the intraperitoneal injection of inflammatory agents in order to yield a variety of states of activation. Fully activated macrophages obtained from Corynebacterium parvum-injected mice secreted very low levels of LPL when compared to unstimulated macrophages, while inflammatory and primed macrophages had increased LPL secretion. When inflammatory macrophages were incubated with conditioned medium obtained from fully activated macrophages, LPL secretion decreased in a time- and dose dependent fashion. The factor(s) secreted by fully activated macrophages that inhibited LPL secretion was shown to be thermolabile and distinct from tumor necrosis factor. These results demonstrate that activation dramatically alters macrophage LPL secretion. PMID- 3760781 TI - Cachectin/tumor necrosis factor mediates changes of skeletal muscle plasma membrane potential. AB - Lethal infections are associated with cellular dysfunction as evidenced by a decrease in the resting transmembrane potential difference (Em) of skeletal muscle fibers. Endotoxin stimulation of macrophages evokes production of cachectin, a protein that has been implicated as a mediator of the lethal effects of endotoxemia. In the present study, rat skeletal muscle fiber Em decreased when incubated with recombinant human cachectin. The reduction of Em induced by cachectin occurred in a dose-related fashion and was inhibited by mAb against the monokine. Infusion of cachectin induced a decline of skeletal muscle Em in vivo, and suggests that cachectin may acutely mediate alterations of skeletal muscle membrane function after infection. PMID- 3760782 TI - Streptococcal M protein size mutants occur at high frequency within a single strain. AB - Streptococcal M protein, the antiphagocytic molecule on the surface of the organism, was previously found to exhibit extensive size heterogeneity between as well as within M serotypes. In this study, methods were devised to isolate M protein size mutants within a laboratory-grown culture. We were able to isolate three independent M protein deletion mutants and one additional mutant, which was derived from the first deletion mutant. We found that these deletion mutants occur at a frequency of approximately 1 in 2 X 10(3) CFUs in culture. Functional studies revealed that the deletion mutants were able to survive as well as the parental strain in human blood. They also had the determinants necessary to absorb opsonic antibodies as well as the parent. Pepsin digestion experiments localized the deletions within the N-terminal half of the M molecule, which is distal to the cell wall surface. This is the region of the molecule in which extensive sequence repeats are found. This is consistent with the suggestion that the size changes may be the result of homologous recombination between the repeat regions in the gene. These results support the idea that strains showing M protein size variation within successive clinical isolates from single patients may be derived from the initial infecting organisms, and are not the result of separate unrelated acquisitions of the same serotype. This size change may be important in the survival of the streptococcus in vivo. PMID- 3760783 TI - Enhanced reactive lysis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria erythrocytes. Studies on C9 binding and incorporation into high molecular weight complexes. AB - As part of a broader analysis of the mechanism(s) by which the most sensitive (type III) paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) erythrocytes are excessively sensitive to reactive lysis by isolated C5b6, C7, C8, and C9, we have compared type III PNH (PNH-III) and normal human E in respect to both total specific binding of 125I-C9 and the proportion of cell-bound C9 appearing in high molecular weight (HMW) complexes. In a previous report, we found that after exposure to purified C5b6 and 125I-C7, specific C7 binding and, by implication, EC5b-7 formation were equal for PNH-III E and normal E. In the present study, C8 dependent binding of 125I-C9 to PNH-III EC5b-7 and normal EC5b-7 was also similar, although lysis of the PNH-III E was up to five times greater; that is, PNH-III E required fewer bound C9 molecules to produce an effective lytic site than did normal E. To quantify radioactivity in monomeric and HMW forms of membrane-bound C9, lysed and unlysed E were subjected to low ionic strength buffers to convert all E to ghosts. These ghosts were solubilized in 0.1 or 2% SDS (without reduction) and electrophoresed on 2.4-11% polyacrylamide gradient gels followed by autoradiography and densitometric scanning. With 0.1% SDS, broad, heterodisperse zones of HMW C9 were recovered from both PNH and normal ghosts; the amounts of C9 incorporated into the HMW complexes were similar for PNH-III E and normal E. In selected experiments, 125I-C7 could be shown in these same HMW bands. When membranes were solubilized in 2% SDS, the overall proportion of HMW C9 complexes compared with dimer and monomer C9 was reduced on both PNH and normal membranes. In many, but not all experiments, more of the highest mol wt C9 complexes were detected from PNH-III E membranes solubilized in 2% SDS than from normal or PNH-II E membranes similarly treated. When antibody-sensitized E were lysed by purified C1-C9, PNH-III EA bound far more C9 than did normal EA, and both lysis and C9 incorporation into HMW complexes were markedly and proportionately increased over normal; however, lytic efficiency of 125I-C9 bound to PNH EA was equal to or less than that bound to normal EA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3760784 TI - 24 h excretion patterns of free, conjugated and methylated catecholamines in man. AB - A method based on high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection is described for quantification of adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine (free and total), metanephrine, normetanephrine, and 3-methoxytyramine (free) in urine samples. Purification of the samples is achieved on disposable Bio-Rad ion exchange columns in combination with small Sephadex G 10 columns. A clear circadian rhythm was found in the 24 h excretion pattern of free adrenaline and noradrenaline for 4 volunteers (city bus drivers during a working day). No rhythms were seen in the 24 h excretion pattern of free or conjugated dopamine, conjugated adrenaline or conjugated noradrenaline, or of the methylated free catecholamines. It is concluded that in order to obtain information about the neurotransmitter function of peripheral catecholamines it is sufficient to determine the non-conjugated compounds; values for the conjugated and methylated metabolites contribute no extra information. PMID- 3760785 TI - Urinary glutathione-S-transferase in cisplatin nephrotoxicity in the rat. AB - Rats given a single toxic dose of cisplatin all developed detectable glutathione S-transferase activity in their urine between the third and fifth day after injection of cisplatin, simultaneously with the decreased urine osmolality and increased urine volume characteristic of cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Peak urinary glutathione-S-transferase levels occurred at the same time as maximal serum creatinine levels, and there was a significant statistical correlation between these two variables. These findings suggest that urinary glutathione-S transferase activity is a marker for proximal renal tubular injury from cisplatin. PMID- 3760786 TI - Functional analysis of plasma fibronectin with special consideration of binding interferences. AB - So far, soluble fibronectin has been quantitated mostly by immunological techniques. In this investigation we show that an immunological assay provides reliable results only with intact fibronectin. Fibronectin fragments resulting from proteolysis give rise to falsely raised values. We present four functional tests based on the sandwich (ELISA) technique on microtitre plates. These quantify fibronectin on the basis of its binding capacity to collagen, heparin, fibrin and carboxy-group-modified IgG with high sensitivity, specificity and precision. Analysis of the bioactivity spectrum of intact fibronectin is not disturbed by fibronectin fragments. Furthermore we demonstrate interferences, in particular between heparin and collagen in their mutual binding to fibronectin. This provides new indications of a "substrate activation" of fibronectin. PMID- 3760787 TI - Jaffe' reaction products. AB - Polarographic and spectrophotometric studies of the interaction of creatinine with alkaline picrate have been undertaken in sodium hydroxide concentrations ranging between 0.95 and 4.5 mol/l. Red colored 1:1 and orange colored 2:1 creatinine-picrate complexes readily formed along with orange colored 1:1:1 creatinine-picrate-hydroxide complexes. The red and orange colored complexes were easily identified by their corresponding absorption maxima near 490 nanometers and 390 nanometers, respectively. Alkaline picrate polarograms showed three well defined nitro group reduction waves with approximate half-wave potentials of 0.60 volts, -0.77 volts, and -0.91 volts. Increased concentrations of hydroxide and/or creatinine resulted in a decreased diffusion current for reduction waves 1 3 and the appearance of a fourth reduction wave, with an approximate half-wave potential of -1.24 volts. Further increases in base and/or creatinine concentration resulted in the disappearance of reduction waves 1-3, with only reduction wave 4 remaining. Based upon the experimental data, a tri-nitro anion structure has been assigned for the 2:1 complex. PMID- 3760788 TI - The measurement of 11 beta, 17 beta-dihydroxy-4-androsten-3-one (11 beta hydroxytestosterone) by radioimmunoassay in human plasma. AB - A radioimmunoassay (RIA) is described for the measurement of 11 beta,17 beta dihydroxy-4-androsten-3-one (11 beta-hydroxytestosterone) in human plasma. The reliability criteria of the new RIA were similar to those of other steroid hormone radioimmunoassays. The mean plasma 11 beta,17 beta-dihydroxy-4-androsten 3-one level for healthy young subjects was 1.31 +/- 0.32 nmol/l (means +/- SD) in males and 1.19 +/- 0.35 nmol/l in females at 8 a.m.; during the night, there was a marked decrease, and at 11 p.m. the recorded values were 0.41 +/- 0.15 nmol/l and 0.46 +/- 0.14 nmol/l, respectively. During the corticotropin stimulation test, 11 beta,17 beta-dihydroxy-4-androsten-3-one increased from 1.03 +/- 0.33 nmol/l to 1.31 +/- 0.41 nmol/l, while in dexamethasone suppression tests a decrease from 2.04 +/- 0.82 nmol/l to 0.25 +/- 0.05 nmol/l was seen. In contrast, chorionic gonadotropin administration on 3 consecutive days did not influence plasma concentrations of 11 beta,17 beta-dihydroxy-4-androsten-3-one. PMID- 3760789 TI - A distribution-free, multivariate discriminating method. Initial experience with the discrimination of patient groups by 2 or more clinical chemical parameters. AB - We communicate a distribution-free quasi graphic procedure for obtaining a linear discriminating function. The method is based on the following considerations: Suppose a group A is to be separated from a group B using two parameters X and Y. The centre of each group is defined as the median (or mean or mode) of its points. Of all straight lines passing through any point of A and any point of B those are retained which intersect the segment joining the centres of A and B. For each of these the number of wrongly allocated points is calculated (i.e. the points which do not lie on the same side of the straight line as their group centres). In this way one obtains straight lines with maximal separating power (for the two groups given). Finally, each optimal line is rotated in such a way that its defining points are also correctly allocated. If more than two parameters are available a stepwise procedure can be used: the distance from the separating straight line obtained from the first two parameters is introduced as a new parameter, which is then combined with the third parameter to yield a new discriminating function which depends on all three parameters. Iterating this step one can combine any number of parameters. The method was implemented on a personal computer. It was first applied to a textbook model (chances of survival for M. haemolyticus neonatorum estimated by concentrations of haemoglobin and bilirubin in cord blood).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3760790 TI - Urine analysis. Report on the Workshop Conference of the German Society for Clinical Chemistry and the Society of Nephrology in Wurzburg, October 25-26, 1985. AB - In an expert workshop conference amongst 45 members of the Society of Nephrology and the German Society for Clinical Chemistry, topical aspects and problems of urine analysis were presented and discussed. The present report summarizes the most significant results, points arising in discussion, and recommendations for test strip analysis, microscopic urine analysis, determination and differentiation of proteinuria and urine enzymology. PMID- 3760791 TI - Chronic disease surveillance. PMID- 3760792 TI - Office audiometry. PMID- 3760793 TI - Disturbances of bone growth in a child who survived septic shock. PMID- 3760794 TI - Visit frequency for controlled essential hypertension: general practitioners' opinions. AB - A survey of 50 randomly selected South Glamorgan general practitioners was undertaken to determine how often they would treat and see patients with uncomplicated controlled essential hypertension. The decision to treat for high blood pressure depended on the level of diastolic pressure, patient age and sex, and interactions between diastolic pressure and age and diastolic pressure and sex. The range of responses for visit frequently was every two weeks to once yearly. On average, patients would be seen every 14.8 weeks (standard deviation, 9.2 weeks). The follow-up interval was significantly affected by level of pretreatment diastolic pressure (16 weeks for pressures 95 to 100 mmHg; 13.6 weeks for pressures greater than 105 mmHg), the patient's age (13.9 weeks for those 40 to 49 years old; 15.6 weeks for those 60 to 65 years old), and the decision to treat for high blood pressure (13.4 weeks for those treated; 17.9 weeks for those not treated). If the variability of physician opinion observed in this study is reflected in practice patterns, then it is important to know whether these variations affect outcome. Follow-up intervals can be related to physician, patient, illness characteristics, and outcomes. Visit frequency is a useful variable for studying the process of care. PMID- 3760795 TI - Feasibility of 105-cm flexible sigmoidoscopy in family practice. AB - The 105-cm flexible sigmoidoscope was studied for the feasibility of its use in a family practice setting in screening for colorectal cancers and polyps. A total of 49 examinations were performed. The average length of colon examined was 71 cm. Insertion to 105 cm was accomplished in 14 patients (29 percent) and exceeded 65 cm in 28 patients (57 percent). No complications of the procedure were encountered. The study indicated that some patients, with no special preparation or medications and no additional discomfort, might benefit by the more thorough screening afforded by 105-cm flexible sigmoidoscope. What is not yet known is the efficacy of large-scale screening for cancers and polyps utilizing the 105-cm flexible sigmoidoscope in the family practice setting. PMID- 3760796 TI - Validity of two psychological screening measures in family practice: Personal Inventory and Family APGAR. AB - To determine the level of accuracy with which the Personal Inventory and Family APGAR identify patients with psychological distress, the two instruments were administered to patients new to a family practice clinic. Eighteen months later, the following clinical variables were recorded by chart audit: number of physician visits, number of chronic and acute illnesses or conditions diagnosed, and presence of psychological symptoms. A high frequency of psychological symptoms was observed in the clinical sample; depression, anxiety, marital problems, and chemical dependency were most frequently seen. Statistically significant differences were observed between the mean scores for symptomatic and nonsymptomatic patients on both the Personal Inventory and Family APGAR. Cutting scores established for each instrument allowed for the accurate classification of 83 percent of symptomatic patients by the Personal Inventory and 68 percent of symptomatic patients by the Family APGAR. Substantial gains in screening accuracy occurred when both measures were administered and when a "symptomatic" score on either instrument was considered suggestive of psychological distress. Although individuals with "symptomatic" scores attended the clinic more frequently than those nonsymptomatic by test, differences were not statistically significant. The results support the use of the Personal Inventory and the adjunctive use of the Family APGAR. PMID- 3760797 TI - Defining family in family medicine: perceived family vs household structure in an urban black population. AB - This paper explores two hypotheses: first, that household structure, the people who live in one's household, and perceived family, the people one considers members of one's family, are different entities among urban black pregnant women; and second, that the perceived family is a stronger predictor of social, psychological, and health outcomes than is household structure. The study data are from the first interview of a prospective study of a consecutive sample of 140 black pregnant women patients of a Cleveland, Ohio, university hospital family practice center. The study hypotheses are supported: household structure and perceived family differ in their size and the inclusion or exclusion of members of the family of origin and the father of the baby. Household structure is strongly correlated with demographic variables such as age, socioeconomic status, and household income, whereas perceived family is less strongly associated with these measures. Perceived family, but not household structure, is associated with family functioning, measures of psychological status, worries about household change, and better family and parental relationships during the woman's childhood. PMID- 3760798 TI - Gender-specific differences in family practice graduates. AB - In 1979 the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) conducted a study of family practice residency graduates to develop a database of personal and professional characteristics. Questionnaires were sent to 4,295 physicians, and results were based on a total of 3,021 respondents. Female physicians made up 7.1 percent of this sample; however, analysis of the data at that time did not distinguish between men and women. The current study is a reanalysis of the data collected by the AAFP to include comparisons of male and female respondents and to determine whether gender differences that have been reported in the literature continue to persist. Results indicate that gender differences did persist in four of six areas studied; however, these differences were not so large as described in earlier studies. Areas in which differences were found are demographics, family structure, practice arrangements, and salary. Notable differences were not found in the areas of career choice development and professional activities. Now that the number of female physicians approaches 20 percent of all new family physicians, further data collection efforts are needed to determine their impact on family practice as a specialty. PMID- 3760799 TI - Clinical experience of medical students in model family practices and private family practices. AB - The clinical experience of 21 Duke medical students during their family medicine clerkship is analyzed to compare experience in model family practices with that in private family practices. In model practices where 50 percent of the time involved patient care, students saw an average of 41 different patients for 45 encounters and 73 problem contacts during the month. In private practices with 100 percent time devoted to patient care, students saw 140 patients for 193 encounters and 346 problem contacts during the month. Most patients were seen in the physician office in both sites (89.0 percent model and 70.4 percent private), but fewer were seen as hospital inpatients in the model than in the private practices (6.3 vs 25.7 percent). The types of patient problems were alike, with the same 11 problems ranking in the top 15 most frequently seen in the two locations. The major difference in experience relates to the larger volume of patients and problems encountered in the private than in the model sites. PMID- 3760800 TI - Silent thyroiditis. AB - Silent thyroiditis is an increasingly recognized cause of transient thyrotoxicosis. Inflammatory destruction of thyroid follicles results in release of preformed thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Patients present with symptoms of thyrotoxicosis, but unlike subacute thyroiditis, lack thyroid pain or tenderness. The thyrotoxic state spontaneously resolves in 2 to 12 weeks at which time the patient either returns to a euthyroid state or passes through a transient hypothyroid phase. Diagnostic laboratory findings include elevations of thyroxine and triiodothyronine and a markedly depressed radioactive iodine uptake. It is imperative for the primary care physician to distinguish silent thyroiditis from chronic causes of hyperthyroidism, eg, Graves' disease, since treatment must be palliative rather than definitive. Long-term prognosis is usually excellent. PMID- 3760801 TI - Obturator hernia--a rare cause of intestinal obstruction. PMID- 3760802 TI - Truncal rashes associated with Demodex. PMID- 3760803 TI - Superior vena cava syndrome. PMID- 3760804 TI - A comparison of family practice clinics and free-standing emergency centers: organizational characteristics, process of care, and patient satisfaction. AB - Because of the increasing popularity of free-standing emergency care centers as a source of primary care services, this cross-sectional study was conducted to compare four of them with two family practice centers that provided extended hours. A total of 2,339 patient encounters were examined with data obtained from both physicians and patients. The factors that were found to be a basis for discrimination between the two types of practice were the cost of care and the patient's satisfaction with convenience and personal attention from the physicians. The overall average costs were significantly higher for the free standing centers ($45) as compared with the family practice clinics ($27). Convenience and time factors, including waiting time, time spent with the physician, time to get an appointment, clinic location, and out-of-pocket cost, all produced a higher level of satisfaction for the free-standing clinic patients. Conversely, the personal concern of the physician and the ability to see the same physician brought higher levels of satisfaction for the family practice clinic patients. The free-standing emergency center is clearly becoming a significant factor in the delivery of primary care with evidence to suggest that patients are willing to pay a premium for convenience. PMID- 3760805 TI - A computer summary for general practice medical records: MEDSUM. PMID- 3760806 TI - Assisted fertilization by zona drilling: a mouse model for correction of oligospermia. AB - A micromanipulation apparatus was used to produce holes in the zonae pellucidae of unfertilized mouse oocytes. A microneedle loaded with acid Tyrode's solution was brought into contact with the zona surface, and positive flow was used in conjunction with mechanical pressure to cause a localized dissolution of the zona. Treated eggs were then fertilized in vitro in comparison with control cells. The zona drilling procedure decreased the sperm count required to achieve fertilization by a factor of approximately 100. The rate of polyspermy in zona drilled oocytes was not greater than in controls, and oocytes fertilized after drilling, when implanted into pseudopregnant foster females, developed to term at the same rate as controls. The results demonstrate that zona drilling is a safe, effective method of increasing the efficiency of fertilization in vitro and may be useful both in agriculture and medicine for conferring fertility upon males with low sperm counts. PMID- 3760807 TI - Organisation of Xenopus egg cytoplasm: response to simulated microgravity. AB - The cytoplasm of Xenopus fertilised eggs appears to be organised into three major compartments based primarily on the uneven distribution of yolk platelets. There is a shift of these yolk compartments during the first cell cycle that is thought to be involved in the dorsal/ventral morphogenesis of the embryo. The involvement of gravity in Xenopus cytoplasmic organisation and in compartment shifts was addressed by examining, cytologically, the yolk compartments in embryos that developed under the simulated microgravity conditions of the horizontal clinostat. The cytoplasmic organisation into yolk compartments was found to be maintained, and the asymmetric movements of compartments still occurred in eggs that developed on the clinostat. It is suggested that the organisation of Xenopus egg cytoplasm into discrete compartments relies on forces other than those involving gravity (i.e., not density differences), and that the compartment shifts that take place during the first cell cycle are active movements. The variation in compartment size and composition observed from batch to batch of eggs, and to a lesser extent from egg to egg, during this study was addressed. PMID- 3760808 TI - Microfilaments appear in boar spermatozoa during capacitation in vitro. AB - Boar spermatozoa were incubated in a capacitation medium and examined for the presence of filamentous actin by using the fluorescent probe NBD-phallacidin. F actin was not observed in uncapacitated sperm, but developed in most regions of the cell during the capacitation period. Fluorescent staining was most intense in the flagellum. When fresh seminal plasma was added to capacitated sperm and the sperm was further incubated, F-actin was no longer observed. In view of previous experiments which indicated that plasma membrane proteins (PMPs), including a major integral PMP, move out of the sperm head into the flagellum during capacitation and that this movement is inhibited by the microfilament poison cytochalasin D (Peterson, Saxena, Saxena, and Russell: Biol. Reprod., in press, '86), we suggest that actin-PMP interactions play a major role in capacitating boar spermatozoa. PMID- 3760809 TI - Vitamins and amino acids stimulate hamster blastocysts to hatch in vitro. PMID- 3760810 TI - The estimation of Widmark's factor. PMID- 3760811 TI - The typing of group-specific component in case bloodstains using narrow pH interval isoelectric focusing gels. PMID- 3760812 TI - Group-specific component content in bloodstains. An ageing and distribution study. PMID- 3760813 TI - Vertebral artery injuries in road traffic accidents: a post-mortem study. PMID- 3760814 TI - External Na-independent Ca extrusion in cultured ventricular cells. Magnitude and functional significance. AB - The relative magnitudes and functional significance of Ca extrusion by Na-Ca exchange and by an Nao-independent mechanism were investigated in monolayer cultures of chick embryo ventricular cells. Abrupt exposure of cells in 0-Nao, nominally 0-Cao solution to 20 mM caffeine produced a large contracture (3.94 +/- 0.90 micron of cell shortening) that relaxed with a t1/2 of 8.60 +/- 1.22 s. An abrupt exposure to caffeine plus 140 mM Na resulted in a contracture that was smaller in amplitude (1.53 +/- 0.50 micron) and relaxed much more rapidly (t1/2 = 0.77 +/- 0.09 s). An abrupt exposure to caffeine in 0-Nao solutions produced an increase in 45Ca efflux that persisted for 20 s, and a net loss of Ca content, determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), of approximately 4 nmol/mg protein, within 35 s. A comparable net loss of Ca was demonstrated in the presence of 100 microM [Ca]o. The abrupt exposure of cultured cells to 0 Nao in 1.8 mM Ca produced a Ca uptake, estimated with 45Ca, of 3.2 nmol/mg protein X 15 s, but produced no increase in cell Ca content (AAS). In cells in which a 30% increase in Nai was produced by 5 min exposure to 10(-6) M ouabain, the abrupt exposure to 0 Nao produced a Ca uptake of 6 nmol/mg protein X 15 s and an increase in Ca content (AAS) of 4 nmol/mg protein. We conclude that there is an Nao-independent mechanism for Ca extrusion in these cells, presumably a Ca-ATPase Ca pump, with a limited Ca transport capacity of no more than 2 nmol/mg protein X 15 s. This is five times smaller than the demonstrated maximum capacity of the Na Ca exchanger in these cells. The relaxation of twitch tension in these cells seems to be dependent primarily on sarcoplasmic reticulum uptake of Ca, with a secondary role provided by the Na-Ca exchanger. The Ca pump appears to contribute little to beat-to-beat relaxation. PMID- 3760815 TI - Novel transmissible factors in a non-O1 Vibrio cholerae and a Vibrio sp. AB - Transmissible factors encoding production of lacunae (L factors) were demonstrated in a non-O1 Vibrio cholerae and a Vibrio sp. of recent environmental origin. Lacunae were produced in lawns of non-O1 V. cholerae indicator strains under the same assay conditions as those where lacunae were produced by the well characterized P fertility plasmid of V. cholerae O1 and the V fertility factor found in a non-cholera vibrio strain. The origin of the lacunae produced by strains harbouring the V and L factors was examined. No vibriocin or phage activity was found in culture supernates or in lacunae produced by the strains, suggesting that, as in the case of the P plasmid, the lacunae probably represent sites of active mating. Unlike the P plasmid, neither the Vn or L factor could be detected or isolated by conventional plasmid techniques. PMID- 3760816 TI - Interaction of Chlamydia trachomatis with human genital epithelium in culture. AB - Primary cultures of human endometrial and ectocervical epithelial cells were examined as a new model system to study genital infection by Chlamydia trachomatis. Initial studies demonstrated that these cells were indeed susceptible to chlamydial infection. Inocula, adjusted to produce inclusions in 50 to 80% of equivalent numbers of standard McCoy cells, resulted in infection rates of approximately 15 to 30% for the columnar cells of the endometrium and 5 to 10% for the squamous cells of the ectocervix. Exposure of cultures to DEAE dextran and centrifugation-assisted inoculation, manipulations reported to enhance infection of HeLa and McCoy cells, did not alter the number of inclusion positive genital cells. Addition of cycloheximide to the post-inoculation culture medium slightly increased numbers of inclusion-bearing cells while growth of genital cells in hormone-supplemented medium resulted in a variable effect on inclusion development and a significant reduction in the association of radiolabelled organisms with these cells. The basis for the different levels of infection in McCoy versus genital cell cultures was revealed by immunofluorescence analysis of chlamydial association with host cells immediately after inoculation. Chlamydiae failed to adhere to many cells in the genital cell cultures while adherence to McCoy cells was uniform. In addition, the association of radiolabelled C. trachomatis was significantly lower with genital cells than with McCoy cells. Finally, culture conditions were defined which markedly inhibited inclusion development without an immediate loss of chlamydial growth potential. This investigation indicates that primary genital cell cultures are susceptible to chlamydial infection and will be valuable for studies on the nature of C. trachomatis interactions with natural human target cells. PMID- 3760817 TI - Outer membrane proteins of Fusobacterium nucleatum Fev1. AB - Outer membrane enriched material from six strains of Fusobacterium nucleatum was analysed by SDS-PAGE. The protein profiles of all the strains were dominated by proteins with molecular masses of about 40 kDa, and a very high degree of homology in relation to apparent molecular masses was observed. In all strains except Fev1, one of the most dominant proteins exhibited heat modifiable properties, having an apparent molecular mass of about 38 kDa and 42 kDa when heated in SDS at 50 and 100 degrees C, respectively. None of the proteins of the outer membrane of F. nucleatum Fev1 demonstrated such heat modifiable properties. The 40 kDa protein, and several other proteins, appear to be both exposed on the cell surface and peptidoglycan associated. PMID- 3760818 TI - Purification, characterization and immunological properties of the serotype specific capsular polysaccharide of Pasteurella haemolytica serotype A7 organisms. AB - The serotype-specific capsular polysaccharide from two strains of Pasteurella haemolytica serotype A7 organisms was purified and characterized by chemical analysis and by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy using one- and two-dimensional methods. The polymer has the repeating unit----3)-beta-2-acetamido-2 deoxygalactopyranose-(1----3)-alpha- 2-acetamido- 2-deoxy-6-O-acetyl glucopyranose-(1-phosphate----. It was immunogenic (capable of eliciting antibodies) for sheep. Chemical removal of O-acetyl groups destroyed both the ability of the polymer to adhere to sheep erythrocytes at neutral pH and the ability to form immune precipitates with specific antisera. Studies using the protein A-gold technique in the electron microscope showed the polysaccharide to be peripherally localized on the bacterial surface. PMID- 3760819 TI - Partial purification of an osteolytic toxin from Pasteurella multocida. AB - A protein toxin apparently composed of one polypeptide with an estimated Mr of 155,000 was purified from sonicated cells of a type D strain of Pasteurella multocida (LFB3) by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and DEAE-Sephadex A50 chromatography. Its specific activity was 150-fold greater than that of the crude extract. The partially purified protein was cytotoxic for embryonic bovine lung cells, lethal for mice and caused turbinate atrophy in gnotobiotic pigs; a single intraperitoneal injection of approximately 360 ng kg-1 caused 50% turbinate atrophy. Reversal of the two-step purification procedure using DEAE-Sephacel chromatography followed by preparative PAGE increased the yield of toxin 30-fold; the specific activity of the partially purified toxin was 1970-fold greater than that of the crude extract. PMID- 3760820 TI - Capsulation of in vitro and in vivo grown Bacteroides species. AB - By centrifugation on a four step Percoll density gradient cells of Bacteroides species could be separated according to the size of extracellular structure. The difference in size was visible by both light and electron microscopy. Two structures were observed on Bacteroides fragilis by electron microscopy, namely a fibrous network and an electron dense layer. An electron dense layer was visible on Bacteroides ovatus only when stained with ruthenium red. B. fragilis cells grown in the mouse peritoneal cavity did not produce a large fibrous network. An electron dense layer was observed on some cells in the presence of ruthenium red stain and cells possessing this layer were phagocytosed in vivo. PMID- 3760822 TI - Heterogeneity of lipopolysaccharide banding patterns in Leptospira spp. AB - Strains of Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira biflexa, examined by electrophoresis after whole cell lysis and protein digestion, revealed the presence of 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate and an heterogeneous lipopolysaccharide electrophoretic banding pattern, which was characteristic of the species. PMID- 3760821 TI - Oxidative and phagocytic functions of macrophages during infections induced in mice by Mycobacterium intracellulare and Listeria monocytogenes. AB - The oxidative metabolism (chemiluminescence and H2O2 release) and phagocytic activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages during chronic infections induced by Mycobacterium intracellulare and more acute infections due to Listeria monocytogenes were studied. In M. intracellulare infections, macrophage chemiluminescence in response to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) was greatest at around 2 weeks, with a 1 week lag phase after infection, while the PMA-triggered H2O2 release was markedly enhanced even 1 d after challenge, and remained high thereafter for up to 10 weeks. The pattern of changes in the phagocytic activity of host macrophages in response to latex beads during this infection resembled the pattern seen with macrophage H2O2 release. In the L. monocytogenes infections, the PMA-triggered chemiluminescence of the host macrophages increased 4 d (in a sublethal infection) and 2 d (in a lethal infection) after bacterial challenge, whereas the PMA-triggered H2O2 release was markedly enhanced as early as 1 d after infection and the elevated level persisted until either the bacteria were eliminated or the animals died. The patterns of changes in phagocytic activity of the host macrophages during L. monocytogenes infection at sublethal and lethal doses differed. In the former, phagocytosis was most active in the early phase of infection, with a peak around day 2, followed by a rapid decrease; in the latter, the phagocytic ability increased more slowly, and remained elevated until the animals died. The results suggest that the macrophages induced by M. intracellulare are in a more activated state than are those induced by L. monocytogenes. PMID- 3760823 TI - A comparative study of the biodegradation of the surfactant sodium dodecyltriethoxy sulphate by four detergent-degrading bacteria. AB - The 35S-labelled metabolites produced during biodegradation of sodium dodecyltriethoxy [35S]sulphate (SDTES) by four bacterial isolates were identified and quantified. All four isolates used ether-cleavage as the predominant primary degradation pathway. In two of the organisms, the etherase system (responsible for approx. 60-70% of primary biodegradation) liberated mono-, di- and triethylene glycol monosulphates in substantial proportions, the last two esters undergoing some further oxidation to acetic acid 2-(ethoxy sulphate) and acetic acid 2-(diethoxy sulphate), respectively. For these isolates, liberation of SO4(2 ) directly from SDTES was also significant (30-40%) and the organisms were shown to contain alkyl sulphatases active towards SDTES. For the remaining two isolates, etherase action was even more important (responsible for greater than 80% of primary biodegradation) and was restricted almost totally to the alkyl ether bond to generate mainly triethylene glycol sulphate, some of which was further oxidized. Very small amounts of diethylene glycol monosulphate were also produced, but its mono-homologue, and the oxidation products of both these esters, were absent. Small amounts of inorganic sulphate (approx. 10%) were liberated by these isolates and one of them also produced compounds tentatively identified as intermediates of omega-/beta-oxidation. PMID- 3760824 TI - Metabolite production during the biodegradation of the surfactant sodium dodecyltriethoxy sulphate under mixed-culture die-away conditions. AB - Sodium dodecyltriethoxy sulphate (SDTES), either pure or as a component of commercial surfactant mixtures, underwent rapid primary biodegradation by mixed bacterial cultures in OECD screen and river-water die-away tests. Inoculation of [35S]SDTES-containing solutions with OECD screen test media acclimatized to surfactants or their degradation products led to production of various 35S labelled glycol sulphates and their oxidation products, all known to occur during degradation of [35S]SDTES by pure bacterial isolates. Triethylene glycol monosulphate was the major catabolite together with smaller amounts of di- and monoethylene glycol monosulphates implying, by analogy with pure cultures, that ether-cleavage was the major primary biodegradation step. The oxidation product (carboxylate derivative) of each glycol sulphate was also detected together with metabolites tentatively identified as omega-/beta-oxidation products of the dodecyl chain. Relatively little SO2-4 was liberated directly from SDTES but mixed cultures derived from sewage could metabolize the sulphated glycols to SO2 4. The environmental relevance of these degradation routes was established by following metabolite production from [35S]SDTES in full-scale river-water die away tests. Triethylene glycol sulphate was formed first, then rapidly oxidized to acetic acid 2-(diethoxy sulphate) which persisted as the major metabolite for 2-3 weeks. Small amounts of sulphated derivatives of di- and monoethylene glycols were also detected during the same period. Very little SO2-4 was formed directly from SDTES but large amounts accompanied the eventual disappearance of glycol sulphate derivatives. None of the 35S-labelled organic metabolites was persistent and, whenever [35S]SDTES was a component of a commercial mixture, all ester sulphate was completely mineralized to 35SO4(2-) within 28 d. PMID- 3760825 TI - Dissociation of the haemagglutination inhibition and the infectivity neutralization in the reactions of influenza A/USSR/90/77 (H1N1) virus variants with monoclonal antibodies. AB - Variants of influenza A/USSR/90/77 (H1N1) virus selected with monoclonal antibody HC 142 (Res 142-1 and Res 142-2) were resistant to this antibody in a virus neutralization (VN) test, but were inhibited in a haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test. A variant selected with HC 22 monoclonal antibody (Res 22) was resistant to HC 142 only in VN tests. A mouse-adapted variant of A/USSR/90/77, shown previously to be resistant to HC 22, reacted with HC 142 in a manner similar to that of Res 142-1, Res 142-2 and Res 22. Another monoclonal antibody, HC 125, behaved similarly to HC 142. The addition of anti-immunoglobulin serum restored the ability of HC 142 and HC 125 (already bound to the virus) to neutralize the infectivity of the resistant variants. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed differences in the mobility of haemagglutinin among the variants. PMID- 3760826 TI - Monoclonal antibodies against the glycoproteins of mumps virus: fusion inhibition by anti-HN monoclonal antibody. AB - Six monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein and three against the fusion (F) protein of mumps virus were obtained. Anti-HN MAbs were classified into three antigen-specific groups in competitive binding assays. All of the anti-HN MAbs showed virus-neutralizing and haemolysis inhibiting activities and inhibited fusion from without (FFWO). Three of them inhibited fusion from within (FFWI) and the cell-to-cell spread of infection. The most effective MAb in inhibiting FFWI possessed neuraminidase-inhibiting activity and little haemagglutination-inhibiting activity. All anti-F MAbs inhibited virus induced haemolysis but none of them inhibited FFWO, FFWI or the cell-to-cell spread of infection. PMID- 3760827 TI - [Prenatal diagnosis of genetic diseases using chorionic villi]. AB - Chorionic villi biopsy allows first trimester prenatal diagnosis of some genetic diseases. In this study the results of 163 diagnoses are presented, and among these, 59 diagnoses of autosomal recessive metabolic diseases with 8 observations of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21 OH deficiency and 6 observations of Fanconi anemia. PMID- 3760828 TI - [Requests for prenatal diagnosis from parents of children with cystic fibrosis]. AB - The request for prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis has been evaluated by an interview during a visit at a cystic fibrosis clinic among 32 couples whose one or several children are affected. Six couples resorted to the procedure between June 1984 and October 1985. In all the cases, in these families the only child (or children) alive was affected. The diagnosis of the disease in the first affected child reduces the number of children planned by the family. The significant use of the test, since its availability points to the existence of a real demand from the parents. PMID- 3760829 TI - [Unexpected chromosomal abnormalities in prenatal diagnosis. 4 case reports with preservation of the pregnancy]. AB - Four unexpected karyotypes were found in prenatal diagnosis: 47,XXX; 47,XXY; double reciprocal translocation; Yq-. Supplementary biological studies (including specific Y-DNA probes) are carried out in order to help in the parents' decision. No induced abortion was performed. The children are described after delivery. PMID- 3760830 TI - [Genetic study of spinocerebellar hereditary degenerations in Tunisia. Role of consanguinity in their occurrence]. AB - The genetic analysis of 101 genealogical trees of families with spinocerebellar heredo-degeneration enabled the authors to specify the transmission inheritance for each clinical type. Autosomic recessive transmission has been observed for Friedreich's ataxia (68 out of 69 families), Pierre-Marie's heredo-ataxia (15 families) and familial spastic paraplegia (2 families). A dominant mode of transmission has been observed in 13 families affected by familial spastic paraplegia (Strumpell-Lorrain) and in only one family with Friedreich's ataxia (an intermediate or incomplete form). It has also been observed that the consanguinity rate among this group of families is very high compared with that of the general tunisian population (25%). Marriage between cousins occurs in 75% of the cases of Friedreich's ataxia, in 78% of the cases of Pierre-Marie's heredo ataxia and in only 61% of familial spastic paraplegia of Strumpell-Lorrain. The authors have come to the conclusion that the recessive autosomic transmission of the spino-cerebellar heredo-degenerative diseases are closely related to a high consanguinity rate. PMID- 3760831 TI - [Genetic study of eight cases of spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasia tarda and its autosomal recessive transmission]. AB - Spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasia tarda is an hereditary disease of bone first described by Maroteaux in 1957. The disease affects only boys, then is transmitted on X-linked recessive pattern. The authors describe two tunisians families with 8 patients presenting clinical and radiologic symptoms resembling spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasia tarda but affecting both sexes. Autosomal recessive inheritance is probable in these families. Conclusion is that genetic heterogeneity of the disease must be precise. PMID- 3760832 TI - [Hereditary multicentric osteolysis]. AB - Report of a family with dominant hereditary multicentric osteolysis. The review of the literature proves the clinical and genetic heterogeneity of the disease. PMID- 3760833 TI - [Reinfection after rubella and congenital polymalformation syndrome]. AB - A case is reported of a term newborn with intra uterine growth retardation and numerous malformations such as complex heart disease, abnormalities of distal limbs, cleft palate. Death occurred after two days. The diagnosis of rubella embryopathy was confirmed by the following criteria: a high level of rubella antibodies in mother and newborn (1/1000) an isolation of rubella virus from the infant's urine. Diagnosis of rubella after reinfection was documented by a high level of antibodies in the mother three years before this pregnancy. Other observations reported in literature confirm the extreme rarity of congenital rubella after reinfection. PMID- 3760834 TI - [Transmission of an 18 ring chromosome in two generations in subjects of normal phenotype]. AB - We report the clinical and cytogenetic findings on three cases with ring chromosome 18. These patients are phenotypically apparently normal. The 18 ring chromosome was segregating in two generations. In the available literature, we found only one report of a r (18) transmission through generations, and none report of case without giving any phenotypic effect or mental retardation. PMID- 3760835 TI - Autosomal dominant piebaldism and mental retardation syndrome associated with a t(1;2) (p22.1;q36). AB - A syndrome of piebaldism and mild to moderate mental retardation was present in 3 sibs and their father. Besides, the disorder was segregating concordantly with a t(1;2) (p22.1;q36). It is concluded that the syndrome is due, either by gene breakage or dysfunction, to the translocation. PMID- 3760836 TI - Trisomy 6qter resulting from a familial (6;10) (q23;q26) translocation. AB - An infant deceased at 2 months of age was found to have a 46,XY,-10, +der(10),t (6;10) (q23;q26) mat karyotype. Since the clinical findings were similar to those of the trisomy 6qter syndrome, the present observation agrees with the assignment of the 6q23----qter segment as the pathogenetic determiner of this entity. PMID- 3760837 TI - Pericentric inversions of the X chromosome. A new observation and review of the published cases. AB - A pericentric inversion of the X chromosome-inv(X) (p11.3q22) is transmitted in 3 generations. Male and female carriers are normal. The proposita is tetraplegic, severely retarded and suffers from general seizures. Grand mal seizures are known in the mother and grandmother. Different proportions of inactive X chromosomes in the proposita and the normal sister are discussed. The published cases of inv(X) are reviewed. PMID- 3760838 TI - Prenatal diagnosis of type III congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung. AB - The authors report a case of type III Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation (CCAM) of the lung in a stillborn with ultrasound and pathological findings. CCAM is an unusual morphological entity and the solid pattern (type III) is the rarest. Antenatal demonstration may allow to salvage these infants by surgical removal in immediate postnatal period. PMID- 3760839 TI - [Conclusions of a European multicenter study on neural tube defects (350 cases)]. PMID- 3760840 TI - [Prenatal diagnosis of congenital malformations of the central nervous system and its implications for care of the newborn]. PMID- 3760841 TI - [Preventive treatment of neurodysraphias]. PMID- 3760843 TI - Daily versus major life events as predictors of symptom frequency: a replication study. AB - Predictions of physical symptomatology by daily life events and by major life events were compared, replicating and expanding work reported by DeLongis, Coyne, Dakof, Folkman, & Lazarus (1982). Analyses of daily, prospective data collected on 79 married men for 90 days demonstrated that daily, undesirable events were better predictors of symptom frequencies than either past, major life events or daily, desirable events. These results, similar to those found by DeLongis et al. (1982), were further explored by examining "healthy" subjects versus subjects with prior medical conditions. Undesirable daily events were a much stronger predictor of physical symptoms in the healthy group than in the prior medical conditions group. PMID- 3760842 TI - Seasonal variations in maternal serum and mammary immunity to RS virus. AB - We have recorded the systemic and mammary/mucosal immune responses of women following natural infection with RS virus during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Anti-RS virus IgG antibody levels in the sera of women collected in the first trimester of pregnancy showed a bimodal distribution with high and low antibody groups. Antibody levels increased after exposure to the winter RS virus epidemic in the second trimester of pregnancy, probably as a result of infection but only for women in the low antibody group. Despite the increases, antibody levels for these women remained well below those of the high antibody group. There was no rise in mean antibody levels after exposure in the third trimester, even among women with low antibody, suggesting a degree of immunosuppression in late pregnancy. There was no evidence that infection during pregnancy was associated with adverse consequences for the infant. Exposure to RS virus in the first two trimesters, but not the third, was associated with high colostral IgA antibody levels that were maintained in the milk throughout the first 7 weeks of lactation. There was a significant correlation between colostral and maternal nasal IgA antibody levels at delivery. Levels of blood or colostral lymphocyte transformation responses at delivery were unaffected by exposure to RS virus in pregnancy. These observations upon natural infection suggest that vaccination during pregnancy is likely to achieve only marginal effects upon serum antibody levels but boost maternal mammary/mucosal immunity. PMID- 3760844 TI - Kinesthetic aftereffects and individual differences in carryover effects. AB - Prior research has found that individual differences in long-lasting carryover effects occur in the kinesthetic aftereffect (KAE) task both when the aftereffect inducing block was wider (I greater than T) and narrower (I less than T) than the test block. The present study found that such individual differences in carryover effects also occur for a no-aftereffect-induction control condition, with a magnitude approximately equal to that found for the I greater than T and I less than KAE variants used here. PMID- 3760845 TI - Informed consent: II. Withdrawal-without-prejudice clauses may increase no-shows. AB - Undergraduate volunteers (N = 132) were either informed of the withdrawal-without prejudice clause immediately prior to testing or at the time of recruitment several days earlier. Of those informed of the withdrawal clause at recruitment, 50% failed to attend the study session, whereas only 27% of those who were not informed of the clause until the time of the appointment failed to keep the appointment. Performance on a test designed to measure persistence was not affected. No-shows had a more external locus of control over academic matters and lower grade point averages than did appointment keepers. PMID- 3760846 TI - The influence of color and demand characteristics on muscle strength and affective ratings of the environment. AB - Demand characteristics may influence claims that the color pink inhibits muscle strength whereas blue increases muscle strength. In Experiment 1, undergraduates (N = 59; 30 women, 29 men) were told either that the experimenters thought pink would increase and blue decrease strength or that blue would increase muscle strength and pink decrease muscle strength. A hand dynamometer assessed grip strength as subjects stared at each of 8 differently colored panels. Results indicated that men viewing the pink or orange panels had higher grip strength under pink-strengthen than under pink-weaken instructions. The reverse relationship was found for men viewing a green panel. For women, the pink-weaken instructions resulted in a higher grip strength than did the pink-strengthen instructions, regardless of actual color present. In Experiment 2, women in a no instruction control condition had lower grip strength than women given the pink weaken instructions. For men, the control (no-instruction) condition resulted in higher grip strength than the pink-weaken condition. Results of both studies suggest that men followed overt demand characteristics but that women reacted with increased intensity to any suggestion that a stereotypically feminine pink is associated with weakness. PMID- 3760847 TI - Descriptive validity of DSM-III depressions. AB - There are five categories of psychiatric disorders in DSM-III that embrace depressive moods: adjustment disorder with depressed mood (group 1), bipolar depression (group 2), major depression (group 3), dysthymic disorder (group 4), and atypical depression (group 5). A large sample of patients seen in a metropolitan university psychiatric referral center, with these categories as primary diagnoses in axis I, constitute the subjects studied (N = 2988). The study includes a comparison of the cross-sectional clinical properties of these patients, including an inventory of psychopathological symptoms, entries in axes II to V (i.e., as described in DSM-III, plus a sixth axis measuring current adjustment) and immediate dispositions rendered by clinicians. This study addresses the descriptive validity of DSM-III diagnostic categories of depression. A clustering of depressions based on a continuum of severity is uncovered as well as unique features of certain subtypes that point to categorical aspects of DSM-III mood disorders. The nature and implication of these findings are discussed. PMID- 3760848 TI - Demographic, historical, and symptomatic features of the nonmanic psychoses. AB - Consecutively admitted patients with nonmanic psychosis were more likely to meet Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for schizoaffective disorder, depressed type (N = 47), than for psychotic major depression (N = 29) or schizophrenia (N = 21). Although the RDC duration requirements for these three disorders are quite similar, schizophrenics had already experienced much more chronicity as reflected in episode duration, psychosocial impairment during the preceding 5 years, marital status, and low likelihood of prior remission. Schizoaffective patients took intermediate positions in these measures in accord with the majority of follow-up studies comparing these disorders. Although the RDC specify the same array of psychotic symptoms for schizoaffectives and for schizophrenics, these symptoms were significantly more prominent among the schizophrenics. Conversely, although this system also specifies the same list of depressive symptoms for major depression and schizoaffective depression, symptoms of endogenous depression were significantly more prominent in the major depression group. Thus, among functionally psychotic patients, those with schizophrenia-like symptoms have milder and less typical depressive symptoms whereas those with depressive syndromes have fewer and milder schizophrenia-like symptoms. PMID- 3760849 TI - The validity of hysterical signs and symptoms. AB - In an attempt to validate recent assertions that the strongest indicators of hysteria are the "positive" findings in the neurological examination, seven of the most accepted features (history of hypochondriasis, secondary gain, la belle indifference, nonanatomical sensory loss, split of midline by pain or vibratory stimulation, changing boundaries of hypalgesia, giveaway weakness) were sought in 30 consecutive neurology service admissions with acute structural nervous system damage. All subjects showed at least one of these findings; most presented three or four. The presence of these "positive" findings of hysteria in patients with acute structural brain disease invalidates their use as pathognomonic evidence of hysteria. A second, retrospective study on the misdiagnosis of hysteria demonstrated that women, homosexual men, the psychiatrically ill, and patients presenting plausible psychogenic explanations for their illness are most liable to be misdiagnosed. Certain disorders, particularly movement disorders and paralysis, are most often mislabeled as hysteria. A diagnosis of hysteria must be made with great caution as it so often proves incorrect. PMID- 3760850 TI - How culture is considered in evaluations of psychopathology. AB - A mail survey was conducted to explore how mental health professionals take culture into account in their evaluations of psychopathology and to assess their reported attitudes toward the role of culture in their work. The respondents were 118 licensed social workers, psychologists, and psychiatrists from the state of California. Their reported attitudes and behavior represent a culturally sensitive position. For example, 83% of the sample indicated that they consider culture for most or all of their culturally different patients. A total of 96 therapists provided brief case summaries describing how they took culture into account for a given patient. A qualitative analysis revealed that culture is considered throughout the evaluation and treatment process. Furthermore, 35 case summaries referred to changes in the therapists' clinical evaluations as a result of considering culture. All but three of the case summaries indicated that clinicians judged the problems to be less severe or less pathological when thought to be cultural in nature. The risk of dismissing actual psychopathology as culturally normative behavior is considered. PMID- 3760851 TI - Use of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in a community population of mixed ethnicity. Cultural and linguistic artifacts. AB - The Mini-Mental State Evaluation (MMSE) was used in an epidemiological survey of a community of mixed ethnicity (Hispanic, white non-Hispanic) as part of the Los Angeles Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program. Results of the study showed that age, educational level, ethnicity, and language of the interview influenced the number of MMSE errors. Items on which the effects of ethnicity and language were most pronounced were identified, and suggestions on ways to minimize such sociocultural artifacts are provided in efforts to improve the epidemiological significance of the instrument, particularly as it concerns cross-cultural research. PMID- 3760852 TI - Out-of-body experiences in schizophrenia. A questionnaire survey. AB - Questionnaires on perceptual distortions, symptoms of schizophrenia, and out-of body experiences (OBEs) were completed by 71 volunteers with a history of schizophrenia and 40 control subjects (patients in a hospital accident ward). Significantly more of the schizophrenics (42%) than of the control group (13%) answered "yes" to a question about OBEs. However, a follow-up questionnaire showed that only 14% of schizophrenics (i.e., the same as the control group) had had "typical" OBEs, in which a change of viewpoint was reported. Those reporting typical OBEs did not report more perceptual distortions or symptoms of schizophrenia than did those reporting no OBEs, although those reporting other atypical experiences did. On this basis there is no evidence to consider the typical OBE as pathological or as symptomatic of schizophrenia. PMID- 3760853 TI - Patterns of recall in schizophrenics and normal subjects. AB - In two experiments it was demonstrated that the patterns of recall exhibited by schizophrenics qualitatively changed as the amount of structure present in the encoding and retrieval environments changed. When the encoding environment was structured and the retrieval environment was left unstructured (experiment 1), the schizophrenics' recall was not only lower than that of the normal subjects, but the patterns of recall of the two groups qualitatively differed. When encoding and retrieval environments were both structured (experiment 2), the patterns of recall exhibited by both groups were identical, although the schizophrenics continued to exhibit a recall deficit. This pattern of performance is more consistent with the notion that the recall deficit is caused by disease induced depression of attentional capacity rather than by irreversible defects in ability to process information. PMID- 3760854 TI - Unresolved grief of 25 years duration exacerbated by multiple subsequent losses. AB - A case report is presented in which there was a pathological grief reaction of 25 years duration that was not identified during many psychiatric hospitalizations. The case illustrates some of the situational and personality factors that can contribute to the failure to resolve grief, theoretically for an indefinite period of time. It also illustrates what a confusing clinical picture can be presented in a pathological grief reaction unless the impact of significant losses has been thoroughly evaluated. Finally, the manner in which this patient attempts to resolve his grief is discussed. Further research is needed to define the manifestations of bereavement as a clinical entity, to identify factors predisposing individuals to a pathological outcome, and to specify the various ways by which people come to accept a loss. PMID- 3760855 TI - Profound behavioral toxicity due to tricyclic antidepressants. AB - The incidence of tricyclic antidepressant-induced behavioral toxicity appears to be fairly high in elderly patients but has rarely been reported in the young. We present a case of significant behavioral side effects in a young woman secondary to elevated plasma levels of imipramine and desipramine, masquerading as an agitated psychotic depression. PMID- 3760856 TI - Preferences of the side chains in proteins for helix, beta strand, turn, and other conformations. Secondary structures of copper proteins. AB - Statistical preferences of the side chains in proteins for the helical conformation, the beta strand conformation, and the turn conformation were derived from the computer-assigned secondary structures of 55 protein chains reported by Levitt and Greer in 1977 after averaging redundant structures and weighting structures that showed greater than 25% homology by w = square root N/N. Separate preferences are reported for free cysteine side chains and for cystine. These preferences are used to predict the secondary structures of cucumber plastocyanin and cupredoxin, whose crystal structures will be reported soon. The loops in the C-terminal copper-binding regions are discussed. PMID- 3760857 TI - Catalysis of the dephosphorylation of an ATP-molybdate complex by calcium and magnesium ions. AB - Calcium and magnesium catalyze the dephosphorylation of a molybdate complex of adenosine triphosphate but not the corresponding molybdate complex of adenosine disphosphate. We conclude that catalysis of breaking the bond between the beta and gamma phosphates involves metal chelation of the alpha and beta phosphates. ATP hydrolysis with calcium was stimulated by phosphate, apparently because of formation of a calcium-phosphomolybdate complex. The reaction with magnesium, which does not form a comparable complex, was not affected by phosphate. Strontium, cadmium, and barium behaved like calcium. The reactions with transition metal cations showed autoinhibition. PMID- 3760858 TI - Rates of pi-electron oxidation and reduction of free base and Zn(II) porphyrins, chlorins, and isobacteriochlorins. AB - The rates of pi-electron oxidation and reduction of two homologous series of free base and Zn(II) porphyrins, chlorins, and isobacteriochlorins were studied by chronocoulometry at a platinum disk electrode. The macrocycles were octaethylporphyrin, tetraphenylporphyrin, and the chlorins and isobacteriochlorins derived therefrom. The rates were found to vary to within a factor of 3, and some consistent trends are noted. However, the most important conclusion of this work is that pi-electron redox processes for these macrocycles occur at essentially the same rate, despite the previously noted large differences in pi-electron redox potentials. PMID- 3760859 TI - Generation of hydrogen peroxide by incidental metal ion-catalyzed autooxidation of glutathione. AB - Autooxidation of reduced glutathione in 50 mM buffer at pH 7.9 is indetectably slow in the presence of 1 mM DETAPAC, EDTA, TET, or tripyridine, but passing buffer through Chelex resin was insufficient to remove traces of catalytically active metals. Production of hydrogen peroxide during glutathione autooxidation was catalyzed by traces of Fe+2 or Cu+2, and to a much lesser extent by Cu+1 and Ni+2, but not to a detectable extent by Na+1, K+1, Fe+3, Al+3, Cd+2, Zn+2, Ca+2, Mg+2, Mn+2, or Hg+2. Cysteine was a much better precursor for hydrogen peroxide production than were cysteine sulfinic or sulfonic acids. The chelators EGTA, NTA, bipyridine, dimethyl glyoxime, salicylate, and Desferal were ineffective at preventing autooxidation. EDDA and 8-hydroxyquinoline were partially effective. Catalase could completely prevent the accumulation of detectable H2O2, but superoxide dismutase was only slightly inhibitory. Hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen quenching agents (mannitol and histidine) stimulated. A mechanism for the production of H2O2 during trace metal catalyzed oxidation of glutathione is proposed, involving glutathione-complexed metal and dissolved oxygen. Although a radical intermediate can not be ruled out, no radical initiated chain reaction is necessary. PMID- 3760860 TI - X-ray absorption studies of the copper-beta domain of rat liver metallothionein. AB - Rat liver metallothionein contains two domains, each of which enfolds a separate metal-thiolate cluster. The binding stoichiometry of these clusters depends on the particular metal ion bound. In the aminoterminal beta domain the cluster can accommodate either three Cd(II) ions or six Cu(I) ions. The Cd ions are known to be coordinated in a tetrahedral geometry. In order to better understand the binding of Cu ions in this domain, the Cu-beta domain fragment of metallothionein was prepared and investigated by x-ray absorption spectroscopy. Quantitative analysis of the EXAFS data indicates copper-sulfur distances of 2.25 +/- 0.03 A. The EXAFS amplitudes and distance results are most consistent with trigonal coordination. A trigonal biprism is proposed for the Cu6Cys9 complex in which Cu occupies each vertex and cysteinyl sulfur bridges at each of the nine edges. PMID- 3760861 TI - Mercury, silver, and gold inhibition of selenium-accelerated cysteine oxidation. AB - In vivo, cysteine in proteins or glutathione is the major amino acid involved in sulfhydryl oxidation-reduction reactions. An in vitro model of cysteine oxidation accelerated by selenium compounds was used to study the interaction of selenocystine and sodium selenite with metal ions. The interaction of metal ions with selenium compounds inhibited cysteine oxidation. The ionic forms of three toxic soft-acid metals, mercury, silver, and gold, were the most effective inhibitors. The antiarthritic gold drugs, aurothiomalate and aurothioglucose, were of particular interest as they inhibit the activity of selenium-glutathione peroxidase. The effect of gold ligands on gold(I) inhibition of selenocystine accelerated cysteine oxidation was tested. Sodium cyanide partially reversed inhibition and potassium iodide had no effect. Inhibition of selenium-accelerated oxidation-reduction reactions by soft-acid metal ions may be of biological relevance during toxicities or during antiarthritic gold therapy. PMID- 3760862 TI - Factors controlling the Pb(II) promoted dephosphorylation of nucleotides. AB - The conditions under which Pb(II) promotes dephosphorylation of nucleotides have been studied with the Pb(II) complexes of several isomers of AMP, dAMP, GMP, and dGMP. A number of factors which together control the dephosphorylation reaction have been identified. These include the tendency of Pb(II)-induced nucleotide base stacking, as evidenced by large enhancement in ultraviolet circular dichroism, to occur in the complexes and limit the reaction; hydroxylation of the metal, either with weakening of the lead-nucleotide binding, or eventually with displacement of the nucleotide; and the solubility of the complexes, which limits the reaction, but is increased by raising the temperature and by hydroxylation of the complexes. The pH range in which both base stacking and metal hydrolysis are minimized can define a "reaction window" for the complexes. PMID- 3760863 TI - Some transition metal chelates of 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonamides as possible drugs. AB - Fe(II), Fe(III), Co(II), and Ni(II) chelates with three quinolinol sulfonamides have been prepared and characterized. Characterization of the solids so obtained was accomplished by elemental analysis, electronic and ir spectra, and conductivity measurements. It was found that the sulfonamide ligands act as monobasic bidentate ON donors. The bonding sites are ascertained, and the complexes were all six-coordinate assuming a distorted octahedral geometry. It was identified that the metal chelates possess enhanced antibacterial and antifungal activities relative to the free ligands. PMID- 3760864 TI - Taurine levels in discrete brain nuclei of rats. AB - Concentrations of taurine have been measured in 44 microdissected rat brain nuclei or areas. Taurine is ubiquitously present and distributed unevenly in the rat brain: the ratio of the highest (pyriform cortex) to lowest (midbrain reticular formation) concentrations is 4.7:1. High taurine levels were found in cerebral cortical areas, caudate-putamen, cerebellum, median eminence, and supraoptic nucleus. Acute pain stress reduced taurine levels in the hypothalamus and the lower brainstem nuclei but not in cortical areas. Increased locomotor and behavioral activities following a high dose of amphetamine elevated taurine concentrations significantly in the substantia nigra and locus ceruleus. PMID- 3760865 TI - Polyamine localization and biosynthesis in chemically fractionated rat retina. AB - For elucidation of polyamine localization and biosynthesis in various cell types of rat retina, the putrescine, spermidine, and spermine contents as well as the ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activities have been measured in retinal cell layers obtained by the selective cytotoxic action of iodoacetate on photoreceptor cells and of monosodium glutamate on higher-order retinal neurons. A notable depletion only in spermine content was associated with loss of the visual cell layer. Total ornithine decarboxylase and S adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activities per retina were significantly lower in all chemically fractionated tissue, but loss of the photoreceptor layer produced the greatest decrease. The specific activities of these enzymes did not show marked changes in rat retinas deprived of inner neurons. The data support the suggestions that polyamine synthesis, storage, and catabolism have different distributions in the retinal layers and that the spermine levels and the high value of the spermine/spermidine molar ratio might depend essentially on the proportion of rods to cones. PMID- 3760866 TI - Brain alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex: kinetic properties, regional distribution, and effects of inhibitors. AB - The substrate and cofactor requirements and some kinetic properties of the alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC; EC 1.2.4.2, EC 2.3.1.61, and EC 1.6.4.3) in purified rat brain mitochondria were studied. Brain mitochondrial KGDHC showed absolute requirement for alpha-ketoglutarate, CoA and NAD, and only partial requirement for added thiamine pyrophosphate, but no requirement for Mg2+ under the assay conditions employed in this study. The pH optimum was between 7.2 and 7.4, but, at pH values below 7.0 or above 7.8, KGDHC activity decreased markedly. KGDHC activity in various brain regions followed the rank order: cerebral cortex greater than cerebellum greater than or equal to midbrain greater than striatum = hippocampus greater than hypothalamus greater than pons and medulla greater than olfactory bulb. Significant inhibition of brain mitochondrial KGDHC was noted at pathological concentrations of ammonia (0.2-2 mM). However, the purified bovine heart KGDHC and KGDHC activity in isolated rat heart mitochondria were much less sensitive to inhibition. At 5 mM both beta methylene-D,L-aspartate and D,L-vinylglycine (inhibitors of cerebral glucose oxidation) inhibited the purified heart but not the brain mitochondrial enzyme complex. At approximately 10 microM, calcium slightly stimulated (by 10-15%) the brain mitochondrial KGDHC. At concentrations above 100 microM, calcium (IC50 = 1 mM) inhibited both brain mitochondrial and purified heart KGDHC. The present results suggest that some of the kinetic properties of the rat brain mitochondrial KGDHC differ from those of the purified bovine heart and rat heart mitochondrial enzyme complexes. They also suggest that the inhibition of KGDHC by ammonia and the consequent effect on the citric acid cycle fluxes may be of pathophysiological and/or pathogenetic importance in hyperammonemia and in diseases (e.g., hepatic encephalopathy, inborn errors of urea metabolism, Reye's syndrome) where hyperammonemia is a consistent feature. Brain accumulation of calcium occurs in a number of pathological conditions. Therefore, it is possible that such a calcium accumulation may have a deleterious effect on KGDHC activity. PMID- 3760867 TI - The dopamine metabolite 3-methoxytyramine is not a suitable indicator of dopamine release in the rat brain. AB - It has been postulated that changes in the concentration of 3-methoxytyramine (3 MT) in the brain might reflect changes in the release of 3,4 dihydroxyphenylethylamine (DA, dopamine) and, therefore, might be used as an index of dopaminergic activity in the brain. 3-MT is known to accumulate rapidly after death. Killing by microwave irradiation (MWR) is considered to be the method of choice to obtain "undisturbed" 3-MT concentrations. We measured striatal 3-MT concentrations even lower than those following MWR when the brains were excised and frozen in dry ice very rapidly (typical time between decapitation and freezing of the brain 22 s). There was a linear increase in striatal 3-MT concentration when the time between decapitation and freezing was varied between 13 and 300 s. Extrapolation to time zero indicated negligible amounts of 3-MT at the time of decapitation. In addition, it was observed that DA, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and homovanillic acid decompose during the cooling phase after heating the brain by microwave. It is concluded that MWR induces artifactual changes in the postmortem levels of DA and metabolites. Consequently 3-MT cannot be considered to be a reliable indicator of DA release in the rat brain. PMID- 3760868 TI - Glucose transporter in plasma membranes of cultured neural cells, as characterized by cytochalasin B binding. AB - Identification of hexose transporter sites by cytochalasin B binding was conducted with a centrifugation assay. The determination of KD and Bmax values by LIGAND computer analysis provided binding data that are similar in primary astrocytes (238 nM and 14 pmol/mg protein) and neuroblastoma cells (179 nM and 13.6 pmol/mg protein). In contrast, only an insignificant number of transporter sites was detectable in C6 glioma cells, irrespective of whether membrane fractions were obtained by a two-phase polymer system or by a latex phagocytosis technique yielding inside-out plasma membranes. The latter membrane preparation was utilized to identify and quantitate the transporter molecules at the inner membrane surface of primary astrocytes, i.e., 160 nM (KD) and 5.8 pmol/mg protein (Bmax), respectively. PMID- 3760869 TI - Ca2+/diacylglycerol-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase in the Hermissenda CNS. AB - In mammalian systems, Ca2+/diacylglycerol-activated phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (C-kinase) appears to play an important role in regulating physiological responses that outlast the transient rise in cytosolic Ca2+. Electrophysiological experiments in neurons of the nudibranch mollusc, Hermissenda crassicornis, have suggested a role for C-kinase in the long-lasting reductions in early and late K+ currents that have been observed following associative learning. Accordingly, we have investigated the catalytic properties of C-kinase in Hermissenda CNS. Following homogenization in Ca2+-free buffer, C kinase can be separated from Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase by centrifugation; C-kinase activity is found in the supernatant whereas essentially all of the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase is found in the membrane fraction. Addition of Ca2+, phosphatidylserine, and diacylglycerol to the cytosol results in phosphorylation of at least eight endogenous proteins. The Hermissenda CNS C-kinase can also phosphorylate lysine-rich histone, a substrate for mammalian C-kinase. The molluscan enzyme exhibits phospholipid specificity in that phosphatidylserine is much more effective than phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidic acid. Addition of diacylglycerol, in the presence of Ca2+ and phosphatidylserine, increases the activity of the C-kinase. The percentage of activation by diacylglycerol is larger at lower Ca2+ concentrations. Enzyme activity is inhibited by trifluoperazine and polymixin B sulfate. These studies indicate that the Hermissenda C-kinase is catalytically similar to mammalian C-kinase. PMID- 3760870 TI - Effects of phenylalanine on the release of endogenous dopamine from rat striatal slices. AB - We examined the effect of phenylalanine (50-400 microM) on the electrically stimulated release of endogenous 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine (dopamine or DA) from superfused rat striatal slices. In the absence of tyrosine, phenylalanine (25 microM) partially sustained DA release, but less well than an equimolar concentration of tyrosine. In the presence of tyrosine (50 microM), phenylalanine (in concentrations of greater than or equal to 200 microM) inhibited DA release into the superfusate. This inhibition was not associated with changes in tissue levels of tyrosine or DA, nor was it mimicked by addition of high concentrations of tyrosine or leucine to the medium. We conclude that phenylalanine is a less effective precursor of DA in rat striatum than tyrosine and that it can also act to inhibit DA synthesis, depending on its concentration. PMID- 3760871 TI - Acetylcholine, ATP, and proteoglycan are common to synaptic vesicles isolated from the electric organs of electric eel and electric catfish as well as from rat diaphragm. AB - Cholinergic synaptic vesicles were isolated from the electric organs of the electric eel (Electrophorus electricus) and the electric catfish (Malapterurus electricus) as well as from the diaphragm of the rat by density gradient centrifugation followed by column chromatography on Sephacryl-1000. This was verified by both biochemical and electron microscopic criteria. Differences in size between synaptic vesicles from the various tissue sources were reflected by their elution pattern from the Sephacryl column. Specific activities of acetylcholine (ACh; in nmol/mg of protein) of chromatography-purified vesicle fractions were 36 (electric eel), 2 (electric catfish), and 1 (rat diaphragm). Synaptic vesicles from all three sources contained ATP in addition to ACh (molar ratios of ACh/ATP, 9-12) as well as binding activity for an antibody raised against Torpedo cholinergic synaptic vesicle proteoglycan. Synaptic vesicles from rat diaphragm contained binding activity for the monoclonal antibody asv 48 raised against a rat brain 65-kilodalton synaptic vesicle protein. Antibody asv 48 binding was absent from electric eel and electric catfish synaptic vesicles. These antibody binding results, which were obtained by a dot blot assay on isolated vesicles, directly correspond to the immunocytochemical results demonstrating fluorescein isothiocyanate staining in the respective nerve terminals. Our results imply that ACh, ATP, and proteoglycan are common molecular constituents of motor nerve terminal-derived synaptic vesicles from Torpedo to rat. In addition to ACh, both ATP and proteoglycan may play a specific role in the process of cholinergic signal transmission. PMID- 3760872 TI - Characterization of high-affinity dopamine D2 receptors and modulation of affinity states by guanine nucleotides in cholate-solubilized bovine striatal preparations. AB - 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylethylamine (dopamine) D2 receptors, solubilized from bovine striatal membranes using a cholic acid-NaCl combination, exhibited the typical pharmacological characteristics of both agonist and antagonist binding. The rank order potency of the agonists and antagonists to displace [3H]spiroperidol binding was the same as that observed with membrane-bound receptors. Computer assisted analysis of the [3H]spiroperidol/agonist competition curves revealed the retention of high- and low-affinity states of the D2 receptor in the solubilized preparations and the proportions of receptor subpopulations in the two affinity states were similar to those reported in membrane. Guanine nucleotide almost completely converted the high-affinity sites to low-affinity sites for the agonists. The binding of the high-affinity agonist [3H]N-n-propylnorapomorphine ([3H]NPA) was clearly demonstrated in the solubilized preparations for the first time. Addition of guanylyl-imidodiphosphate completely abolished the [3H]NPA binding. When the solubilized receptors were subjected to diethylaminoethyl Sephacel chromatography, the dopaminergic binding sites eluted in two distinct peaks, showing six- to sevenfold purification of the receptors in the major peak. Binding studies performed on both peaks indicated that the receptor subpopulation present in the first peak may have a larger proportion of high-affinity binding sites than the second peak. The solubilized preparation also showed high-affinity binding of [35S]guanosine-5'-(gamma-thio)triphosphate, a result suggesting the presence of guanine nucleotide binding sites, which may interact with the solubilized D2 receptors. These data are consistent with the retention of the D2 receptor-guanine nucleotide regulatory protein complex in the solubilized preparations and should provide a suitable model system to study the receptor effector interactions. PMID- 3760873 TI - Developmental changes in levels of translatable mRNAs for enolase isozymes in chicken brain. AB - Using chicken brain mRNAs, alpha and gamma enolase precursors were synthesized in the rabbit reticulocyte cell-free translation system. The product proteins showed molecular weights almost identical to those of the mature subunits. The levels of translatable mRNAs for alpha and gamma subunits were determined by the cell-free translation system and immunoprecipitation with specific antisera, during development of chicken brain. The level of alpha mRNA was high at any developmental stage of the brain. On the other hand, the gamma mRNA level was very low at the early embryonic stage, and increased rapidly during development of the brain. These changes were closely correlated with those of the corresponding enzyme activities, indicating that the levels of enolase activities in developing brain were controlled primarily by the level of the translatable alpha and gamma mRNAs. PMID- 3760874 TI - Characterization of newly formed and aged granules in the neurohypophysis. AB - Neurosecretory granules from the rat and bovine neurohypophysis were isolated and some of their biochemical and biophysical properties studied. Neurosecretory granules (NSG) from rat neurohypophysis were labeled, in vivo, with [35S]cysteine and isolated on isoosmotic gradients. Whereas 1 day after labeling most of the radioactivity was found in the lower part of the gradient, 35 days later the isotope was also located in the lighter NSG-containing fraction. Different analytical procedures showed that the lighter fraction, both in bovine and rat NSG, contain more subpopulations of neurophysin-like material than the heavier fraction. The first material to be released during stimulation of secretion, in vivo or in vitro, is mobilized from the heavy NSG. Isolation of rat NSG, at different times during and after dehydration of the animals, reveals that the newly synthesized material is found in the heavy NSG-containing fraction. Furthermore, the results indicate that the newly synthesized NSG are more resistant to lysis than the lighter granules. The results are discussed in relation to the maturation and degradation processes of the granule content and to the functional state of the NSG. PMID- 3760875 TI - A kinetic study of stimulus-induced vesicle recycling in electromotor nerve terminals using labile and stable vesicle markers. AB - The kinetics of recovery, by recycling electromotor synaptic vesicles, of the biophysical parameters of the reserve population has been studied in perfused blocks of electric organ of Torpedo marmorata prestimulated in vivo, followed by density gradient separation of the extracted vesicles in a zonal rotor using labile (acetylcholine and ATP) and stable (proteoglycan) vesicle markers. Stimulation in vivo at 0.15 Hz for 3.3 h depleted tissue acetylcholine much less than stimulation at 1 Hz for 1 h but nevertheless generated a much larger pool of recycled vesicles that recovered more slowly. At the lower rate of stimulation, recovery of the biophysical characteristics of the reserve population by the recycled vesicles, identified by their content of newly synthesized transmitter, was essentially complete by 8 h. The stable proteoglycan marker was immunochemically assayed and was bimodally distributed in the vesicle-containing portion of the density gradient even in experiments with unstimulated or recovered tissue. The second peak corresponded with that of newly synthesized transmitter and was thus identified as containing the recycled vesicles. Its normalized acetylcholine/proteoglycan ratio was lower than that of the first peak, which is consistent with earlier findings that recycled vesicles, before recovery, are only partially loaded with transmitter. However, as expected, the proportion of total vesicular proteoglycan and acetylcholine associated with the recycled vesicle fraction was very much lower in preparations derived from unstimulated or recovered tissue than in those from recently stimulated tissue. PMID- 3760876 TI - Thyroid hormone actions on a cholinergic neuroblastoma cell line (S-20Y). AB - Thyroid hormone (T3) has a multiplicity of effects on the developing nervous system. We have investigated T3 action using a cholinergic neuroblastoma cell line (S-20Y) as a model. S-20Y contains a nuclear receptor for T3 with binding properties similar to those of other T3 target tissues. In addition, these cells can carry out 5'-deiodination, which is necessary to produce active thyroid hormone in vivo. The enzyme involved in this process appears to be a type I deiodinase, based on its reaction kinetics and its susceptibility to inhibition by propylthiouracil. S-20Y cells maintained in T3-depleted medium showed decreased choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity. ChAT activity was restored to the control level in a dose-dependent manner by T3 repletion. Neither cell density nor viability was influenced by the hypothyroid state. The presence of a T3 receptor and the enzyme activity for T3 production, together with an effect of T3 on ChAT activity, demonstrate that S-20Y cells are a target for T3 action and suggest that these cells represent an excellent model system for studies of T3 effects on nervous tissues. PMID- 3760877 TI - Effect of 2-(4-phenylpiperidino)cyclohexanol on acetylcholine release and subcellular distribution in rat striatal slices. AB - These experiments measured the effect of 2-(4-phenylpiperidino)cyclohexanol (AH5183) on the release of acetylcholine (ACh) and its subcellular distribution in slices of rat striatum incubated in vitro. The AH5183, a drug that blocks the uptake of ACh by isolated synaptic vesicles, reduced the release of ACh from slices stimulated to release transmitter in response to K+ depolarization. Tissue stimulated in the presence of AH5183 contained more ACh in a nerve terminal cytoplasmic fraction than did tissue stimulated in the drug's absence, but stimulation in AH5183's presence reduced the amount of ACh measured in fractions containing synaptic vesicles. The depletion of ACh caused by stimulating tissue in the presence of AH5183 was more evident in the fraction of nerve terminal ACh occluded within synaptic vesicles as isolated by gradient centrifugation (fraction D) than it was in other nerve terminal occluded stores. It is concluded that the synaptic vesicles isolated as fraction D under the present experimental conditions likely contain releasable transmitter. The AH5183 also depressed the spontaneous release of ACh from incubated slices of striatum and this effect was evident in the presence or the absence of medium Ca2+. It is suggested that this effect might indicate that the process of spontaneous ACh release measured neurochemically results, in part, from an AH5183-sensitive carrier-mediated process. PMID- 3760878 TI - Solubilization and characterization of D2-dopamine receptors in an estrone induced, prolactin-secreting rat pituitary adenoma. AB - D2-dopamine (3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine) receptors were successfully solubilized with 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propane sulfonate from an estrone-induced rat pituitary adenoma. Forty-five percent of initial protein and 48% of initial [3H]spiroperidol binding sites were solubilized. The high affinity as well as the stereoselectivity of the sites was preserved. The order of potency of dopaminergic agonists was found to be typical of D2 receptors. Target size analysis by radiation inactivation indicated a molecular weight of 143,000 +/- 3,000 and of 106,000 +/- 4,000 daltons for membrane-bound and solubilized receptors, respectively. This suggests the loss of a 37,000-dalton subunit during solubilization without significant modification of binding characteristics. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of receptor protein preparation photolabeled with N-(p-azido m[125I]iodophenethyl)spiroperidol confirmed the existence of a 94,000-dalton peptide which probably constitutes the ligand binding site of the receptor. Thus, our data indicate that chronic estrogen treatment of rats, although inducing a pituitary adenoma, does not modify the pharmacological characteristics of D2 receptors. These data suggest therefore that these adenoma may represent an ideal source of material for further biochemical characterization of D2 receptors. PMID- 3760879 TI - On the active principles of the Euphorbiaceae, XII. Highly unsaturated irritant diterpene esters from Euphorbia tirucalli originating from Madagascar. AB - The latex of Euphorbia tirucalli originating from Madagascar contains as irritant constituents ingenane- and tigliane-type diterpene esters derived from the parent alcohols ingenol and phorbol. The main irritant constituents are isomeric 12,13 acetates, acylates of phorbol as well as 3-acylates of ingenol. As acyl groups, they carry homologous, highly unsaturated aliphatic acids of the general structure CH3-(CH2)m-(CH = CH)n-COOH (m = 2,4; n = 2,3,4,5; total number N of C atoms = 2n + m + 2). The lack of 4-deoxyphorbol esters in this latex as compared to latex of South African origin is probably indicative of the existence of chemical races of E. tirucalli. In the acyl moiety of phorbol esters investigated in detail, an increasing number of C-atoms or an increasing number of double bonds at a fixed number of C-atoms leads to an increase of irritant activity. As compared to their saturated analogs, corresponding unsaturated phorbol esters exhibit similar irritant activities. On the other hand, by an increasing number of conjugated double bonds in the acyl moieties of phorbol esters, the promoting activity is decreased, thus indicating that irritant activity is a necessary, but insufficient, requirement for promoting activity of phorbol esters. An assessment of a potential carcinogenic risk involved in mass production and handling of the plant should point to the very weak tumor-promoting activity and the chemical instability demonstrated for the diterpene constituents in the latex and hence in all plant parts. PMID- 3760880 TI - Isolation of isopteropodine from the marine mollusk Nerita albicilla: establishment of the structure via two dimensional NMR techniques. PMID- 3760881 TI - Antineoplastic agents from higher plants: application of tandem mass spectrometry to xanthones from Psorospermum febrifugum. AB - Psorospermum febrifugum was examined using tandem ms for the presence of 3',4' deoxypsorospermin-4'-chloro-3'-ol and psorospermin. Collision-induced dissociation at both high and low energy is used to bring about fragmentation. Daughter spectra were interpreted to reveal characteristic fragmentations for both compounds. Examination of the authentic compounds, various extracts of the plant root, and the plant root material itself established that psorospermin occurs naturally in the plant. The data also suggest the presence of the chlorohydrin in the root, as well as establishing its presence in the root extracts. The detection of neutral compounds in complex mixtures by tandem ms is facilitated if comparisons can be made between spectra resulting from different methods of ionization and excitation. PMID- 3760882 TI - Antitumor agents, 79. Cytotoxic antileukemic alkaloids from Brucea antidysenterica. AB - Two cytotoxic antileukemic alkaloids, the new 1,11-dimethoxycanthin-6-one (3) and the known 11-hydroxycanthin-6-one (1), as well as the known canthin-6-one (2) were isolated from the stem of Brucea antidysenterica. The structures of 1-3 were determined from their spectral data and X-ray analysis of the o-bromobenzoate of 1. PMID- 3760883 TI - Formation of beta-peltatin-A methyl ether and coniferin by root cultures of Linum flavum. AB - Extracts of root cultures of Linum flavum contained high cytotoxic activity due to the presence of 1% beta-peltatin-A methyl ether of the dry mass. During chromatographic analysis of the cell extracts, coniferin was identified as the major uv-absorbing but noncytotoxic constituent with levels of up to 3% of the dry mass. Growth, culture appearance, and product accumulation varied greatly with the 2,4-D concentration in the medium. PMID- 3760884 TI - Two new quassinoids from Simaba multiflora fruits. AB - Two new quassinoids, 13, 18-dehydro-6 alpha-senecioyloxychaparrin (4) and 12 dehydro-6 alpha-senecioyloxychaparrin (5), have been isolated from Simaba multiflora fruits. Their structures were deduced from spectral data. 1H-13C 2-D chemical-shift correlation nmr was applied to the structural elucidation of the antileukemic quassinoid 4. PMID- 3760885 TI - Synthesis of 13-oxoellipticine. AB - The Strychnos dinklagei alkaloid and ellipticine-metabolite 13-oxoellipticine (8) has been synthesized from indole (4) in seven steps and 38% yield. PMID- 3760887 TI - Production of artemisinin in tissue cultures of Artemisia annua. PMID- 3760886 TI - A comparative study on anti-inflammatory activities of the enantiomers, shikonin and alkannin. AB - A pharmacological comparison between the enantiomers, shikonin (R) and alkannin (S), was made with regard to their inhibitory effects on the increased capillary permeability and thermal edema in rats, using phenylbutazone as a positive control in both models. The results of experiments have shown that there is no significant difference in the anti-inflammatory activity between the two compounds. PMID- 3760888 TI - Isolation of lapachol from Diphysa robinoides. PMID- 3760889 TI - The role of autonomic neuropathy in diabetic foot ulceration. AB - Five standard, non-invasive tests of cardiovascular, autonomic function were performed in each of four groups of 30 subjects: controls, group 1, diabetics without clinical evidence of neuropathy; group 2, diabetics with neuropathy, but without foot ulceration; group 3, diabetics with neuropathic ulceration of the foot. The results showed a significant impairment of autonomic function in diabetics without clinically demonstrable somatic neuropathy compared with controls diabetics with somatic neuropathy compared with those without diabetics with neuropathic ulceration compared with those with neuropathy without ulceration. Parasympathetic function was more seriously affected than sympathetic. In patients who had only mild sensory neuropathy on clinical assessment, those with ulcers had significantly greater impairment of autonomic neuropathy compared with those with uncomplicated neuropathy. PMID- 3760890 TI - Voluntary muscle strength in hemiparesis: distribution of weakness at the elbow. AB - Maximal voluntary strength (torque) of the flexors and extensors of the elbow was measured in 56 normal subjects and 18 hemiparetic subjects. In normal subjects the ratio of extension to flexion strength averaged 55% and did not differ significantly between sides or sexes. The ratio of maximal extensor to flexor strength on the clinically unaffected side of hemiparetic subjects was the same as that for the normal subjects but it was significantly increased on the affected side. This increase indicates that the elbow flexors were relatively more weakened than the extensors on the hemiparetic side, a conclusion contrary to conventional clinical teaching. The increase in the ratio was not the result of co-contraction of either muscle group. A possible physiological basis for the observed distribution of weakness is suggested. PMID- 3760891 TI - Limb apraxia in patients with damage confined to the left basal ganglia and thalamus. AB - Limb apraxia was investigated with standardised tests in 14 patients whose CT scan provided evidence of a vascular lesion confined to the left basal ganglia, or the thalamus, or both, and not involving the cortex or adjacent white matter. Five patients were severely impaired in imitating movements and pantomiming object use. Four of them also performed poorly when tested with real objects. In two patients the lesion was primarily thalamic and in three the lesion was primarily in the lenticular nucleus and the posterior limb of the internal capsule. Patients without apraxia generally had smaller injuries, but there were exceptions. Apraxia is currently conceived of as due to damage of cortical areas and their cortico-cortical connections, but the present data suggest that the model should be enlarged to include the deep nuclei and the pathways running through them. PMID- 3760892 TI - Deep intracerebral (basal ganglia) haematomas in fatal non-missile head injury in man. AB - Deep intracerebral (basal ganglia) haematomas were found post mortem in 63 of 635 fatal non-missile head injuries. In patients with a basal ganglia haematoma, contusions were more severe, there was a reduced incidence of a lucid interval, and there was an increased incidence of road traffic accidents, gliding contusions and diffuse axonal injury than in patients without this type of haematoma. Intracranial haematoma is usually thought to be a secondary event, that is a complication of the original injury, but these results suggest that a deep intracerebral haematoma is a primary event. If a deep intracerebral haematoma is identified on an early CT scan it is likely that the patient has sustained severe diffuse brain damage at the time of injury. In the majority of head injuries damage to blood vessels or axons predominates. In patients with a traumatic deep intracerebral haematoma, it would appear that the deceleration/acceleration forces are such that both axons and blood vessels within the brain are damaged at the time of injury. PMID- 3760894 TI - A pharmacodynamic evaluation of midazolam as an antiepileptic compound. AB - Midazolam is a water soluble 1,4 benzodiazepine which is suitable for intramuscular administration. It is currently used for pre-medication and the induction of anaesthesia. Its antiepileptic properties have been evaluated by studying its effect on interictal spikes on the EEG of six adult epileptic patients. The results indicate that intramuscular midazolam 15 mg is more effective than intramuscular diazepam 10 mg in abolishing interictal spikes and as effective as intravenous diazepam 20 mg five minutes after administration. PMID- 3760893 TI - Anticysticercous antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in patients with cerebral cysticercosis. AB - Fifty-one cases of cerebral cysticercosis proved by surgery or CT scanning were studied prospectively with the ELISA test in order to detect anticysticercous antibodies in blood and CSF. The ELISA test was also performed for detection of antibodies in 20 control patients who had CSF withdrawn during a myelogram and in 119 serum samples of asymptomatic subjects. We found an overall sensitivity of the ELISA test in the blood of 87% with a specificity of 90%. In the CSF we found a sensitivity of 87% with a specificity of 100%. However, when we compared patients with cerebral cysticercosis of a benign type with patients with cerebral cysticercosis of a malignant type we found a serum sensitivity of 75% for the benign group as compared to 93% of the malignant group. The CSF sensitivity was 80% in the benign group and 93% in the malignant group. This difference was statistically significant. PMID- 3760895 TI - Assessment of the therapeutic range of tiapride in patients with tardive dyskinesia. AB - Ten patients with tardive dyskinesia were treated with tiapride at an increasing dosage to establish the dose-concentration relationship and the dose-effect relationship. The effect was scored with the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) and the Doppler-radar method. The intra individual dosage-serum concentration correlation coefficients varied from 0.86 to 0.99 and the slopes of the individual regression lines varied from 0.16 to 0.58. All patients showed a diminution of their involuntary movements during the treatment period. A negative correlation coefficient was found between the dosage of tiapride and the AIMS; range -0.22 till -0.93, mean: -0.65 +/- 0.23 (SD). The Doppler-radar method results were inconclusive. No side-effects were observed. PMID- 3760896 TI - Quantitative sweat test in diabetics with neuropathic foot lesions. AB - The volume of sweat produced by axon reflex stimulation using acetylcholine was measured in one foot each of 35 control subjects and 52 feet of 37 diabetic patients (28 with neuropathic ulceration, 11 with Charcot arthropathy, nine with somatic neuropathy but no foot lesion and four with no evidence of somatic neuropathy). In controls, the volume of sweat was greater in males than females. A flare response was seen in 94% of control feet. In diabetics, the volume of sweat was within the control range in 17 feet, increased in one, reduced in seven, and absent in 27. Sweating was absent in 75% of feet with a neuropathic ulcer; a flare response was absent in 86% of them. Sweating was only absent in 36% of feet with Charcot arthropathy and was increased in one, whereas the flare response was absent in all. Autonomic cardiovascular reflexes were more frequently abnormal than the sweat test; sweating was absent in only one patient with normal cardiovascular reflexes. PMID- 3760897 TI - Vibratory perception thresholds at the clavicle in patients with spinal cord injury. AB - Vibratory perception thresholds were measured by an electromagnetic device applied over the clavicles of 64 patients with spinal cord injuries. Patients with neurological levels of C5 and below had low threshold values (0.63 +/- 0.23 micron of vibration amplitude; mean +/- SD) which were used as reference values. The patients with a neurological level of C1/2 had very high vibratory thresholds bilaterally (above 11.0 micron). Patients with C2/3-3/4 neurological levels also had significantly elevated thresholds (2.56 +/- 2.01 micron), while those with C4 C4/5 levels did not differ significantly from the reference group. The results agree with earlier observations that the C4 segment innervates the clavicle and imply that patients with a lesion at or above C4 may have elevated clavicular vibratory thresholds. It is concluded that vibrametry, a non-invasive technique, is applicable in patients with spinal cord injury and disease, and can be useful for assessment of sensory level and particularly for follow-up of such patients. PMID- 3760899 TI - Aleukaemic leukostasis in a case of large cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: report of a case with a distinctive central nervous system involvement. AB - A 52-year-old man with large cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma developed a unique pattern of central nervous system involvement by lymphoma while in apparent systemic remission. Despite intermittent neurological episodes suggestive of CNS involvement by lymphoma no evidence of CNS lymphoma was found on repeated cerebrospinal fluid and brain CT scan examinations. At necropsy widespread occlusion of cerebral blood vessels by malignant lymphoid cells was observed with extensive tissue necrosis and haemorrhages. Leukaemic involvement of peripheral blood was not detected on repeated blood film examinations during life. PMID- 3760898 TI - Apoplexy in small pituitary tumours. AB - Three cases are described in which the typical clinical features of pituitary apoplexy were associated with a normal pituitary fossa on plain skull radiographs. Failure to consider pituitary disease led to considerable delay in the diagnosis of two of the three patients. Catastrophic haemorrhage may occur even in small pituitary tumours and may result in the clinical syndrome of apoplexy with or without subsequent hypopituitarism. PMID- 3760900 TI - Traumatic intracranial aneurysms and fistula associated with epidural haematoma. PMID- 3760901 TI - A case of parkinsonism following striatal lacunar infarction. PMID- 3760902 TI - Beneficial effect of physostigmine on clinical amnesic behaviour and neuropsychological test results in a patient with a post-encephalitic amnesic syndrome. PMID- 3760903 TI - Arginase deficiency and phenylketonuria. PMID- 3760904 TI - CSF and plasma levels of pro-opiomelanocortic-related peptides. PMID- 3760905 TI - The syndrome of Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum. AB - Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum was the first to describe catatonia in 1868. There has been a tendency to consider catatonia as a psychiatric disease despite many case reports demonstrating a wide range of medical and neurological as well as psychiatric causes. We present our accumulated experience of the catatonic syndrome. Most cases (36%) were associated with affective illness but five cases (20%) had a defined organic disorder. A significant minority had no identifiable cause and there was only one case of schizophrenia. The idiopathic and affective groups had a high incidence of recurrent catatonic episodes and many had a family history of a similar problem. The prognosis was excellent, except for the few patients who presented with the acute and rapidly progressive form of the syndrome which led to acute renal failure. PMID- 3760906 TI - Interpretation of abnormal responses to the Quality Extinction Test in schizophrenia. AB - The Quality Extinction Test (QET) has proved to be valuable for detecting abnormal hemisphere functioning in neurological as well as psychiatric patients. The present and other studies have shown a higher frequency of left side extinction in schizophrenics. This has been attributed either to contralateral parietal malfunction or to ipsilateral frontal abnormality. To evaluate the role of different brain regions in determining tactile extinctions in schizophrenic patients, a population of 70 such subjects were subgrouped according to their QET scores (left, right, left/right, and non-extinguishers) and their neuropsychological task performance profiles were compared. Right extinguishers had QET scores similar to those of non-extinguishers; left/right extinguishers were closer to left extinguishers. Non-extinguishers were the best performers and left extinguishers the poorest, particularly where right hemisphere-dependent tasks were concerned. PMID- 3760907 TI - Primary cultures of human myasthenia gravis thymus and normal thymus. Studies of cell morphology, cell proliferative pattern and localization of alpha bungarotoxin binding sites on cultured thymic cells. AB - We have established primary cultures of human myasthenia gravis (MG) thymuses and normal thymuses. In cultures of 19 thymuses with hyperplasia among 23 MG thymuses and 12 thymuses among 13 normal thymuses, epithelial cells migrated in a mosaic like arrangement and were maintained for more than 5-10 weeks. There were, among mononuclear epithelial cells, some multinucleated cells, some of which were considered to be derived from epithelial cells because they had a desmosome-like structure and contained tonofilaments in their cytoplasm. There was no significant difference in the morphology of epithelial cells between MG thymuses and normal thymuses. The growth rate of thymic epithelial cells was identified by [3H]thymidine autoradiography(ARG), labeling indices rising to a peak around a week and falling to low levels gradually. There was no significant difference in the growth rate of epithelial cells between MG thymuses and normal thymuses. An autoradiographic method with 125I-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin was used to detect the presence of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) on the cultured cells. ARG of human MG thymuses and normal thymuses, which were cultured for 4 weeks, revealed diffusely distributed silver grains on the epithelial cells. Toxin binding sites (AChRs) were considered to be present on the epithelial cells. There was no significant difference in the distribution of AChR on the epithelial cells between MG thymuses and normal thymuses. PMID- 3760908 TI - Biochemical and ultrastructural effects of chloroquine on horseradish peroxidase uptake and lysosomal enzyme activities in innervated and denervated mouse skeletal muscle. AB - The effects of chloroquine treatment on horseradish peroxidase (HRP) uptake and lysosomal enzyme activities in innervated and denervated mouse skeletal muscle have been studied using biochemical, histochemical and ultrastructural techniques. Chloroquine treatment caused a large (59-101%) increase in the activity of cathepsin D in both innervated and denervated muscle. The activity of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase also increased slightly in denervated muscle. No effect was observed on acid phosphatase activity. The in vivo uptake of HRP in innervated and denervated muscle was unaffected by chloroquine treatment. The results show that the activities of certain lysosomal enzymes may increase in skeletal muscle without an increase in endocytic activity. This is discussed in comparison to what is seen in denervated and dystrophic muscle. Histochemical and ultrastructural studies showed the HRP uptake to occur segmentally in denervated muscle fibres from untreated as well as chloroquine-treated animals. Ultrastructurally the peroxidase-positive phagosomes occurring in these segments were found to contain increased levels of undegraded material after chloroquine treatment suggesting that these phagosomes are of a lysosomal nature and also participate in autophagic processes. PMID- 3760909 TI - Nutritional rehabilitation of skeletal muscle in protein-deprived young rats. AB - The effect of severe protein deprivation and subsequent nutritional rehabilitation on the fibre size and mitochondrial enzyme activity of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscles of the young rat has been examined. Protein deprived rats showed atrophy of type 2 fibres predominantly, reduced histochemical activity of succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) and reduced biochemical activity of citrate synthase. Nutritional rehabilitation indicated by resumption of the original body weight resulted in complete restitution of the weight of the muscles and the size of type 1 and type 2 fibres, but not of the activity of SDH and citrate synthase. The results indicate that regarding size, type 2 fibres tend to be more influenced than type 1 fibres by the nutritional supply. The mitochondrial enzyme activity which is decreased by protein deprivation does not regain the normal levels as quickly as the muscle fibres resume their normal size. PMID- 3760910 TI - Pleomorphism of fine structure of rabies virus in human and experimental brain. AB - Identification of the Negri bodies in the brain of an 8-year-old boy who died 8 days after a paralytic illness and 20 days after a dog bite, and who had received 9 injections of Semple's anti-rabies vaccine, provided evidence that he died of acute rabies encephalitis and not of post-vaccinal allergic encephalomyelitis. The Negri bodies in the human subject and those seen in the inoculated mouse differed in their morphological structure: the former consisted of a matrix of very fine granular material bearing larger granules or strands of higher electron density resembling nucleic acids and representing products of host cell-virus interaction; and the latter showed better defined areas of granular matrix containing tubular, bullet-shaped and elongated forms of viral structures, and nucleocapsids or capsule-deficient cores, representing the virions, emerging from them. Fine structural examination of the patient's brain and of the inoculated mouse has provided evidence of the pleomorphism of the Negri bodies and the various stages of formation of viral material and virions in them, the animal alone showing the mature virions of rabies, and proving the infectivity of the Negri bodies of the human brain. PMID- 3760911 TI - The significance of cerebrospinal fluid routine screening for neurosyphilis. AB - From 1980 to 1985 the cerebrospinal fluid microhaemagglutination assay for Treponema pallidum antibodies (MHA:TP-CSF) was routinely examined from 10 386 consecutive CSF samples of more than 10,000 patients admitted to a large neurological unit in Helsinki. Twenty one patients were considered to have neurosyphilis on the basis of clinical, serological and CSF findings. The MHA:TP CSF test was positive in 14 patients, in 4 patients the result was undefined, and in 3 patients negative. No false-positive results were obtained. Ten of the patients had no previous history of syphilis demonstrating the value of this type of routine screening, and in only 2 of these patients the diagnosis was suspected by clinicians before the CSF examination. The serum MHA:TP was positive in all examined 18 neurosyphilis patients indicating its value for the routine screening method instead of the CSF examination. PMID- 3760912 TI - Acetylcholinesterase activity in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia. AB - Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with Alzheimer-type dementia and control subjects was analyzed by centrifugation on a sucrose density gradient, and by column chromatography on Sephadex G-200. The sedimentation coefficient and molecular weight of CSF AChE were calculated as 10S and 380,000, respectively, which corresponded to those of G4 isozyme in the brain. Other isozymes of AChE were not detected in the CSF of either patients with Alzheimer-type dementia or the controls. Sufficient activity of AChE was observed in the CSF of a patient with familial pseudocholinesterase deficiency, although the pseudocholinesterase activity was not found either in the serum or in the CSF. CSF AChE activity in control subjects increased with advancing age (P less than 0.02). AChE activity in the CSF was significantly lower in patients with presenile dementia (Alzheimer's disease), compared with age-matched control subjects (P less than 0.001). However, AChE activity in the CSF showed a wide variation among patients of Alzheimer-type dementia with a late onset (senile dementia). PMID- 3760913 TI - Salt intake, intracellular cations, and hypertension. PMID- 3760915 TI - Community-based approach to control mild hypertension. PMID- 3760914 TI - Nutrition, metabolism, and hypertension. A comparative survey between dietary variables and blood pressure among three nationalities in China. AB - The prevalence of hypertension among Kazak, Han, and Uygur nationalities living in Xinjiang Autonomous Region was 15.3%, 4.2%, and 2.1%, respectively; 257 men (92, 92, 83 subjects, respectively), aged 40-59 years were studied. The variables analyzed were serum total cholesterol, total protein, albumin, alpha-GT, triglyceride, plasma fibrinogen, and glucose concentrations; and urinary Na, K, Ca, Mg, urea nitrogen, taurine, sulfate, and NaCNS (an index of smoking), content. The data on nutritional variables indicated that Kazak subjects have a higher intake of sheep meat and milk, add salt to milk and tea, and take little starchy food, fresh fruits, and vegetables, as compared with Han and, especially, Uygur subjects. Statistical analysis showed Na intake (Na/K) exerted a prehypertensive effect; Ca (Ca/Mg) was implicated in blood pressure regulation; an antihyperlipidemic factor may exist in the Kazak diet; animal protein is correlated with elevated blood pressure; alcohol consumption may contribute to hypertension; and a mosaic model of metabolic disturbances, including high blood pressure, high blood sugar, impaired fibrinolytic activity, and hyperlipidemia, appear to exist. PMID- 3760916 TI - Health education and public health policies for detection, prevention, and treatment of hypertension. AB - Health education and policy issues in high blood pressure concern concepts and actions for prevention, early detection, and long-term control. Complementary modes of dissemination of the health education message are a medical preventive ("high-risk") strategy and community-oriented programs ("population strategy"). Today, a clear preventive message can be given to the public to prevent and control high blood pressure in whole communities. Data from a Swiss health survey show avenues for future action. Although not only health information matters to the general population, but also easy access to services ("enabling factors"), factors such as health knowledge and attitudes and the presence of a supporting partner ("predisposing factors") are of additional importance for hypertensive patients. For future action, then, the health message should be intensified, and more research on the nature and kind of information is warranted. PMID- 3760917 TI - Symposium on nutritional and metabolic aspects of hypertension. Anacapri, Naples, 3-4 June 1985. PMID- 3760918 TI - Searching for truth--from biblical to modern times. PMID- 3760919 TI - A comparative assessment of home versus hospital comprehensive treatment for advanced cancer patients. AB - A prospective comparative analysis of home and hospital comprehensive treatment for advanced non-ambulatory cancer patients was conducted. Patients were assigned to hospital (group A) and home (group B) treatment groups based on geographic location. Home treatment was provided by the Don Monti Home Oncology Medical Extension (HOME) program. A multidisciplinary health team, including an oncologist, oncology nurse, social worker, dietitian, and medical technologist, was transported to the home in a medically equipped van. Services included physical examinations, pain control, psychosocial interventions, chemotherapy and blood transfusions, nutrition consultation, and bereavement counseling. One hundred seventy-four patients were treated at home and 44 in the hospital. Pretreatment characteristics were similar for both groups, with the exception that age under 50 years was more frequent in the hospital group, and home patients were more likely to have gastrointestinal (GI) cancer. Medical benefits for home treatment included decreased narcotic analgesic requirements, decreased hospitalization and length of stay, and improved measurements of fat stores for female patients. Improved survival for home patients was related to Karnofsky performance status, since there was no difference in survival for sicker patients with lower performance status whether they received home or hospital treatment. Patient and family acceptance of home treatment was excellent. Comprehensive home treatment provided by a multispecialty oncology team is an effective alternative to hospitalization for terminal cancer patients. PMID- 3760920 TI - Publication bias: the case for an international registry of clinical trials. AB - A problem in evaluating different therapies from a review of clinical trials is that the published clinical trial literature may be biased in favor of positive or promising results. In this report, a model is proposed for reviewing clinical trial results which is free from publication bias based on the selection of trials registered in advance in a registry. The value of a registry is illustrated by comparing a review of published clinical trials located by a literature search with a review of registered trials contained in a cancer trials registry. Two therapeutic questions are examined: the survival impact of initial alkylating agent (AA) v combination chemotherapy (CC) in advanced ovarian cancer, and the survival impact of AA/prednisone v CC in multiple myeloma. In advanced ovarian cancer, a pooled analysis of published clinical trials demonstrates a significant survival advantage for combination chemotherapy (median survival ratio of CC to AA, 1.16; P = .02). However, no significant difference in survival is demonstrated based on a pooled analysis of registered trials (median survival ratio, 1.05; P = .25). For multiple myeloma, a pooled analysis of published trials also demonstrates a significant survival advantage for CC (median survival ratio, 1.26; P = 04), especially for poor risk patients (ratio, 1.66; P = .002). A pooled analysis of registered trials also shows a survival benefit for patients receiving combination chemotherapy (all patients, P = .06; poor risk, P = .03), but the estimated magnitude of the benefit is reduced (all patients: ratio, 1.11; poor risk: ratio, 1.22). These examples illustrate an approach to reviewing the clinical trial literature, which is free from publication bias, and demonstrate the value and importance of an international registry of all clinical trials. PMID- 3760921 TI - Encoding timing and intensity in the ventral cochlear nucleus of the cat. AB - Physiological response properties of neurons in the ventral cochlear nucleus have a variety of features that are substantially different from the stereotypical auditory nerve responses that serve as the principal source of activation for these neurons. These emergent features are the result of the varying distribution of auditory nerve inputs on the soma and dendrites of the various cell types within the nucleus; the intrinsic membrane characteristics of the various cell types causing different responses to the same input in different cell types; and secondary excitatory and inhibitory inputs to different cell types. Well-isolated units were recorded with high-impedance glass microelectrodes, both intracellularly and extracellularly. Units were characterized by their temporal response to short tones, rate vs. intensity relation, and response areas. The principal response patterns were onset, chopper, and primary-like. Onset units are characterized by a well-timed first spike in response to tones at the characteristic frequency. For frequencies less than 1 kHz, onset units can entrain to the stimulus frequency with greater precision than their auditory nerve inputs. This implies that onset units receive converging inputs from a number of auditory nerve fibers. Onset units are divided into three subcategories, OC, OL, and OI. OC units have extraordinarily wide dynamic ranges and low-frequency selectivity. Some are capable of sustaining firing rates of 800 spikes/s at high intensities. They have the smallest standard deviation and coefficient of variation of the first spike latency of any cells in the cochlear nuclei. OC units are candidates for encoding intensity. OI and OL units differ from OC units in that they have dynamic ranges and frequency selectivity ranges much like those of auditory nerve fibers. They differ from one another in their steady-state firing rates; OI units fire mainly at the onset of a tone. OI units also differ from OL units in that they prefer frequency sweeps in the low to high direction. Primary-like-with-notch (PLN) units also respond to tones with a well timed first spike. They differ from onset cells in that the onset peak is not always as precise as the spontaneous rate is higher. A comparison of spontaneous firing rate and saturation firing rate of PLN units with auditory nerve fibers suggest that PLN units receive one to four auditory nerve fiber inputs. Chopper units fire in a sustained regular manner when they are excited by sound.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3760922 TI - Physiological studies on neurons in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of cat. AB - Results reported here support the conclusion that an individual neuron in the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) can exhibit pauser, buildup, and chopper patterns in response to tone pips. Fusiform cells have been previously identified as the principal cell exhibiting these patterns. Fusiform cells can also exhibit an onset response followed by suppression of spontaneous activity at their characteristic frequency (CF). Off CF only suppression is seen. These neurons are characterized by a restricted excitatory region near threshold. All these cells can exhibit nonmonotonic rate curves, narrow excitatory regions, and inhibitory sidebands. Nonmonotonicity occurred in 34% of pausers, 52% of buildup, 89% of onsets with a graded response, and 50% overall in the DCN cells. Chopper units occur as often as the other types combined in the DCN. Only 14% show nonmonotonic rate curves. Those with high-spontaneous activity also show inhibitory sidebands. Cells with a predominant buildup pattern occur most frequently in the fusiform cell layer, whereas pausers occur throughout the DCN below the molecular layer. Intracellular potentials often reflect the average response pattern. Sharply delimited response areas indicate that these cells may be useful for performing a spectral analysis. These cells show almost no phase locking suggesting that temporal encoding is an unlikely function. It is suggested that the effects of anesthetic on the function of the DCN is not as marked as previously indicated. PMID- 3760923 TI - Classification of primate spinothalamic and somatosensory thalamic neurons based on cluster analysis. AB - Data analyzed in this study were derived from the responses of 128 spinothalamic tract (STT) cells and 110 thalamic neurons recorded in 75 anesthetized monkeys. A k-means cluster analysis, a nonhierarchical clustering technique, was performed using the relative magnitudes of responses to a graded series of innocuous and noxious mechanical stimuli applied to the receptive field. For comparison, a parallel analysis was performed based on definitions of low-threshold (LT), wide dynamic range (WDR), and high-threshold (HT) cells used by our laboratory. For 128 STT cells, a classification scheme with three clusters was found statistically to be the best. This yielded groups of 22, 57, and 49 cells in clusters 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Cluster 1 cells were activated best by low intensity mechanical stimuli, whereas cluster 3 cells were activated primarily by nociceptive stimuli. Cluster 2 cells had intermediate characteristics. When the classification scheme based on the cluster analysis was compared with the classification of the same neurons as LT, WDR, and HT cells, cluster 1 cells were divided into LT and WDR cells, whereas cluster 2 and 3 cells included WDR and HT cells. For 110 thalamic neurons, a classification scheme with five clusters was found statistically to be the best. Clusters 1-5 contained 25, 34, 17, 10, and 24 cells, respectively. Response characteristics of cells in each group indicated a gradual change in sensitivity to higher intensities of peripheral input from cluster 1 to 5. When this classification scheme was compared with the classification scheme previously used by our laboratory, cluster 1 cells belonged to the LT group, clusters 2 and 3 split into LT and WDR cells, and clusters 4 and 5 included WDR and HT cells. It is concluded that a classification scheme based on a cluster analysis of the responses of neurons to standardized stimuli may provide an objective and functionally meaningful way to categorize somatosensory neurons. PMID- 3760924 TI - Responses of primate spinothalamic neurons to noxious thermal stimulation of glabrous and hairy skin. AB - Extracellular recordings were made from 81 primate spinothalamic (STT) neurons in the L7-S1 segments of the spinal cord. The majority of the sample was recorded from within laminae IV-V. The responses of STT neurons to noxious thermal stimulation of glabrous and hairy skin were studied in an attempt to identify a neural substrate for the differences in thermal sensation evoked by noxious stimulation of these two types of skin. In addition, the responses to graded mechanical stimuli were examined for evidence of differential sensitivity. Thermal intensity-response functions were constructed from the alteration in the mean discharge rate produced by a 30-s thermal pulse of 43-55 degrees C. Generally, the functions derived from stimulation of both hairy and glabrous skin were either linear or positively accelerating. Deceleration in the response functions was occasionally observed above 53 degrees C. The population mean discharge rate derived from glabrous skin stimulation was significantly greater than that derived from hairy skin stimulation above 49 degrees C. Cluster analysis was used to assess whether the STT population could be partitioned into functionally relevant subgroups. No clustering was evident on the basis of the alteration in discharge rate during stimulation alone. Analysis of the alteration in mean discharge rate during and following thermal stimulation identified four groups; these were referred to as the Amnr, Bmnr, Cmnr, and Dmnr classes. The clustering was not dependent on differences in the responses evoked from hairy and glabrous skin. The mechanical and thermal sensitivities of each thermal class covaried. The capacity of the STT population to code the quality of noxious thermal stimuli, as judged by changes in the across-neuron discharge pattern, was assessed with a multidimensional scaling technique (MDS). The results suggest that the population discharge could be used to order stimuli correctly from 45 to 55 degrees C. Also, it was found that a substantial change in the population's discharge pattern occurred to stimuli between 47 and 49 degrees C when delivered to hairy skin. A similar alteration in the population's discharge pattern occurred to glabrous skin stimuli near 51 degrees C. These alterations in population behavior may underly the alterations in sensory quality in humans that occur in these temperature ranges when stimulating hairy and glabrous skin. The possible roles of the thermally and mechanically based classes in thermal intensity and quality coding were examined. Within the lower intensity ranges (less than 49-51 degrees C), the Cmnr and Dmnr classes appeared to be best suited to intensity coding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3760925 TI - Temporal features of the responses of primate spinothalamic neurons to noxious thermal stimulation of hairy and glabrous skin. AB - Extracellular recordings were made from 81 primate spinothalamic (STT) neurons in the L7-S1 segments of the spinal cord. The majority of the sample was recorded from within laminae IV-V. The temporal features of the responses to noxious thermal stimulation of glabrous and hairy skin were studied in an attempt to determine whether natural groupings of STT neurons could be identified on the basis of response time course alone and whether these groups were skin type dependent. The relationship between these groups and those based on static response features (37) was also explored in an attempt to define more fully their potential functional roles. In most STT neurons, the thermally evoked responses typically appeared to have two response components, particularly at stimulus temperatures above 49 degrees C. The first response phase typically peaked within 1-12 s of stimulus onset and then adapted. The second phase slowly rose to a maximum, typically 15-30 s following stimulus onset. The existence of natural groupings of STT neurons based upon the characteristics of these two response components was assessed with a k-means cluster analysis. On the basis of the onset and early peak latencies, two well-defined short and long latency neuronal clusters were found in the responses evoked from both glabrous and hairy skin; these were referred to as the SP1 and LP1 classes, respectively. The glabrous and hairy skin SP1 classes did not differ significantly in either onset or early peak latency for stimuli of 47-55 degrees C. However, the hairy skin LP1 class had significantly shorter onset latencies than the glabrous skin LP1 class for stimuli of 49-53 degrees C, as well as shorter peak latencies for stimuli of 49 and 51 degrees C. The SP1 class constituted 62% of the hairy skin subset, whereas the LP1 class constituted 57% of the glabrous skin subset. A cluster analysis of the late-peak latencies also revealed two subgroups. In the responses evoked from both glabrous and hairy skin, the longer latency classes (LP2) constituted more than 80% of the samples. With one exception, no dependence upon the type of skin that was stimulated was found in the latencies of either the LP2 class or the shorter latency SP2 class. Prior conditioning of the skin with a 30-s thermal pulse of 51-55 degrees C led to a suppression of the early response phase and an enhancement of the late phase in nearly all cases examined (n = 11). This pattern was independent of skin type.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3760927 TI - Effects of aging, hearing loss, and anatomical location on thresholds of inferior colliculus neurons in C57BL/6 and CBA mice. AB - Multiple-unit threshold curves (MTCs) were obtained from inferior colliculus (IC) neurons across much of the (approximately 2-2.5 yr) life-span of two inbred mouse strains: the C57BL/6, which undergoes progressive age-related sensorineural hearing loss; and the CBA, which maintains good sensitivity until well into the second year of life. Tonotopic organization (the orderly dorsoventral arrangement of frequency sensitivity) is disrupted in the IC central nucleus (ICC) of aging C57 mice. Dorsal (low-frequency) MTCs change little during the first year of life, but in more ventral (high-frequency) regions high-frequency portions of MTCs are eliminated, best frequencies become lower, and low-frequency thresholds are reduced. These changes make the curves more similar to one another along the dorsoventral axis. During the second year of life, all thresholds become greatly elevated with neurons throughout the IC responding only to middle frequencies at very high intensities. In C57 mice, Q10 ratios (a measure of MTC tip sharpness) decline after 7 mo. The decline of Q10 with aging is associated with the age related lowering of best frequencies and elevation of thresholds, both of which are positively correlated with smaller Q10s. The frequency range of C57 MTCs begins to decrease at 14 mo of age, when hearing loss is quite severe at all frequencies. In CBA mice, the above changes are minimal or do not occur even in 22 mo olds, which have moderate loss of sensitivity across all frequencies. Even in young mice (prior to demonstrable cochlear pathology in C57 mice), there are differences in MTCs between the two strains employed, with sensitivity of CBA mice being "shifted" toward higher frequencies. Age-related changes in MTC properties depend on the pattern of hearing loss (e.g., high frequency vs. flat) and the dorsoventral location of neurons within the ICC. PMID- 3760926 TI - Response characteristics of neurons in the ventral posterior lateral nucleus of the monkey thalamus. AB - The activity of 132 neurons in the caudal part of the ventral posterior lateral nucleus (VPLc) of the thalamus was recorded from 23 anesthetized monkeys. All single thalamic units that could be excited by electrical search stimuli applied to the contralateral sciatic nerve were investigated. Responses of these cells to mechanical, thermal, and electrical stimuli applied in the periphery indicated that at least half of the sampled cells were nociceptive. Based on responses to graded mechanical stimuli applied to the periphery, 110 of the sampled cells that received a predominant input from cutaneous receptive fields were classified. There were 56 low-threshold, 39 wide dynamic range, and 15 high-threshold cells. The same neurons were also classified into five mechanical types based on a cluster analysis: types 1-5 contained 25, 34, 17, 10, and 24 cells, respectively. The fact that about half the population of cells belonged to either the wide dynamic or the high threshold group (or mechanical types 3-5) suggested that a large population of VPLc neurons respond to mechanical nociceptive stimuli either exclusively or preferentially. Responses of 63 thalamic neurons were tested to noxious heat pulses applied to their cutaneous receptive fields with a contact thermostimulator. Of these, 47 cells were excited, whereas only 16 cells did not respond. The peripheral nerve that innervated the receptive field of each of 82 thalamic neurons was stimulated with graded strengths to activate A fibers only or both A and C fibers. All tested cells responded to peripheral A fiber volleys. In addition, 42 of these cells responded to peripheral C fiber volleys. The C fiber responses could be either short lasting (a few hundreds of milliseconds) or long lasting (up to several seconds). The recording sites of 80 cells were reconstructed. Of these, 78 were in the VPLc nucleus and the remaining two were in the reticular nucleus of the thalamus. No obvious relationship between the response characteristics and the locations of the cells within the VPLc nucleus was found. Sampled thalamic units had a variety of sources of input from the periphery, including both cutaneous and/or deep tissue receptive fields. The majority of the cells, however, had exclusively cutaneous receptive fields. The sizes of the cutaneous receptive fields were often very small, so that nearly half (41%) of the receptive fields of cells sampled occupied an area of skin smaller than half the foot.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3760928 TI - Nonsynaptic epileptogenesis in the mammalian hippocampus in vitro. I. Development of seizurelike activity in low extracellular calcium. AB - Epileptiform activity induced in rat hippocampal slices by lowering extracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]o) was studied with extracellular and intracellular recordings. Perfusing the slices with low Ca2+ (less than or equal to 0.2 mM) or EGTA-containing solutions blocked the synaptic responses of hippocampal pyramidal cells (HPCs). Despite the block, spontaneous paroxysms, termed seizurelike events (SLEs), appeared in the CA1 area and then recurred regularly at a stable frequency. Transient hypoxia accelerated their development and increased their frequency. When [Ca2+]o was raised in a stepwise manner, the SLEs disappeared at 0.3 mM. With extracellular recording from the CA1 stratum pyramidale, a SLE was characterized by a large negative shift in the field potential, which lasted for several seconds. During this period a large population of CA1 neurons discharged intensely and often in synchrony, as concluded from the frequent appearance of population spikes. Synchronization, however, was not a necessary precursor for the development of paroxysmal activity, but seemed to be the end result of massive neuronal excitation. The cellular counterpart of a SLE, as revealed by intracellular recording from HPCs in the discharge zone of the paroxysms, was a long-lasting depolarization shift (LDS) of up to 20 mV. This was accompanied by accelerated firing of the neuron. A prolonged after-hyperpolarization succeeded each LDS and arrested cell firing. Brief (approximately 50 ms) bursts were commonly observed before LDS onset. Single electrical stimuli applied focally to the stratum pyramidale or alveus evoked paroxysms identical to the spontaneous SLEs, provided they surpassed a critical threshold intensity. Subthreshold stimuli elicited only small local responses, whereas stimuli of varied suprathreshold intensities evoked the same maximal SLEs. Thus the buildup of a SLE is an all or nothing or a regenerative process, which mobilizes the majority, if not all, of the local neuronal population. Each SLE was followed by absolute and relative refractory periods during which focal stimulation was, respectively, ineffective and less effective in evoking a maximal SLE. In most slices the spontaneous SLEs commenced at a "focus" located in the CA1a subarea (near the subiculum). SLEs evoked by focal stimulation arose near the stimulating electrode. From their site of origin the paroxysmal discharges spread transversely through the entire CA1 area at a mean velocity of 1.74 mm/s. Consequently, the discharge zone of a SLE could encompass for several seconds the entire CA1 area.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3760929 TI - Nonsynaptic epileptogenesis in the mammalian hippocampus in vitro. II. Role of extracellular potassium. AB - The role of extracellular K+ (K+o) in nonsynaptic epileptogenesis induced in the CA1 area of rat hippocampal slices by lowering [Ca2]o was studied with K+ selective microelectrodes (KSMs). Extracellular field potentials and [K+]o were recorded simultaneously with 1-2 KSMs in the CA1 stratum pyramidale. In slices perfused with an oxygenated standard physiological solution (containing 2 mM Ca2+), base-line [K+]o was stable for several hours. The washout of Ca2+o was accompanied by a gradual tonic rise of [K+]o. Spontaneous and stimulus-evoked maximal seizurelike events (SLEs) appeared when [K+]o was approximately 0.5 mM above the initial 5 mM base line. These changes were reversible in normal medium. When K+o was pressure ejected in the CA1 stratum pyramidale of spontaneously active slices, a local rise in [K+]o of approximately 0.5 mM was necessary to trigger a SLE. A similar apparent [K+]o "threshold" was associated with SLEs evoked by electrical stimulation. Increasing [K+] in the perfusing solution by small increments (1 mM) markedly enhanced SLEs frequency and velocity of spread and decreased the period of absolute refractoriness that succeeded each paroxysm. Similar changes occurred during periods of transient hypoxia. Small [K+] decreases in the perfusate had the converse effects. Spontaneous SLEs were associated with phasic increases in [K+]o. In simultaneous [K+]o recordings from two layers, these transients were largest (up to 3.5 mM above base line) and rose more steeply at the stratum pyramidale. Toward the outer dendritic layers they became smaller, slower in time course, and delayed in onset. We conclude that the main source for these [K+]o transients are the hippocampal pyramidal cell bodies, which discharge intensely during a SLE, and that excess K+o is spatially dispersed around the discharge zone of the paroxysm. [K+]o continued to rise, though at a slower rate, throughout the course of a SLE. Following SLE termination, [K+]o decayed slowly to base line. The invasion of a CA1 region by a propagating SLE was preceded quite often by a slow rise in [K+]o. A sudden transition to a steeply rising [K+]o marked the explosive recruitment of this region into the discharge zone of the spreading paroxysm. The total (tonic and phasic) increase in [K+]o during SLEs did not surpass a maximal level of approximately 9 mM, which was the ceiling level of [K+]o in low [Ca2+]o. However, when spreading depression occurred, [K+]o rose up to 30-40 mM for several minutes. Spreading depression rarely appeared spontaneously despite the recurrence of SLEs, but could be provoked by repetitive electrical stimulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3760930 TI - Aftereffects in the responses of cat muscle spindles. AB - Responses have been recorded from primary endings of muscle spindles in the cat soleus muscle. Changes in spindle responsiveness were measured following a period of conditioning that consisted of a series of rapid stretches or of tetanic ventral root stimulation. In the testing procedure the response of a single spindle afferent was recorded to stimulation of a dynamic fusimotor axon during a slow stretch. Changes in gross afferent discharge coming from the muscle were measured by integrating the activity recorded in dorsal roots. If, after conditioning stretches, the muscle was immediately returned to its initial length, the spindle responded to the test fusimotor stimulation with a high frequency burst of afferent impulses. If the muscle was held stretched for 3 s after conditioning the response to the brief test tetanus was small or "depressed." It has been suggested that conditioning stretches result in detachment of stable crossbridges in intrafusal fibers and that these bridges then reform over the next few seconds at whatever length the muscle happens to have at the time. When it is long, shortening the muscle back to the initial length leads to the development of slack in intrafusal fibers because of the passive stiffness they have acquired from the presence of the stable bridges. Under these conditions a brief test fusimotor tetanus will lead to a depressed response because the slack must first be taken up before a full response can be generated. It was possible to reverse the depression by interposing an extrafusal contraction during the period between the conditioning and test sequences. It is suggested that lateral compression from the contracting extrafusal fibers and the stretch they impose as they relax reduces any intrafusal slack and thereby reduces the depression. A more quantitative measure of intrafusal slack than the test for depression is to determine the delay in onset of the afferent response to a longer fusimotor tetanus. The delay was short a long initial muscle lengths where, if the muscle was left undisturbed, it soon disappeared completely and spontaneously. It is suggested that at long lengths passive tension in the muscle tends to remove any slack in intrafusal fibers and therefore removes any after effects. The rise in resting discharge of muscle afferents after a conditioning tetanus applied to the ventral root ("postcontraction sensory discharge") can be accounted for by the same hypothesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3760931 TI - Velocity sensitivity and direction selectivity of neurons in areas V1 and V2 of the monkey: influence of eccentricity. AB - One hundred and forty two neurons in V1 and V2 were quantitatively tested using a multihistogram technique in paralyzed and anesthetized macaque monkeys. V1 neurons with receptive fields within 2 degrees from the fixation point (central V1 sample) and V1 neurons with eccentric receptive fields (15-25 degrees eccentricity, peripheral V1 sample) were compared to assess changes in velocity sensitivity and direction selectivity with eccentricity. The central V1 sample was compared with V2 neurons with receptive fields in the same part of the visual field (central V2 sample) to compare the involvement of both areas in the analysis of motion. Velocity sensitivity of V1 neurons shifts to faster velocities with increasing eccentricity. V1 and V2 neurons subserving central vision have similar preference for slow movements. All neurons could be classified into three categories according to their velocity-response curves: velocity low pass, velocity broad band, and velocity tuned. Most cells in parts of V1 and V2 subserving central vision are velocity low pass. As eccentricity increases in V1, velocity low-pass cells give way to velocity broad-band cells. There is a significant correlation between velocity upper cutoff and receptive field width among V1 neurons. The change in upper cutoff velocity with eccentricity depends both on temporal and spatial factors. Direction selectivity depends on stimulus velocity in most V1 cells. Neurons in the central V1 sample retain their direction selectivity at lower speeds than do neurons in the peripheral V1 sample. The proportion of direction-selective cells is low in both V1 and V2. In V1, direction selectivity decreases with eccentricity. In V1, both velocity upper cutoff and direction selectivity correlate more with laminar position than with receptive field type. The similarity between V1 of the monkey and area 17 of the cat, and the dissimilarity between V2 of the monkey and area 18 of the cat, are discussed. PMID- 3760932 TI - Gradation of isometric tension by different activation rates in motor units of cat flexor carpi radialis muscle. AB - Single motor units of the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) muscle were activated with a series of constant-rate stimulus trains to study the relation between the frequency of activation and isometric tension development (F-T relation). The tension produced by each stimulus train was expressed as a percentage of the maximum tension-time area (Amax) found for a given unit. Between 25 and 75% Amax a clear separation was seen in the rates needed to produce the same relative tension for the F-T curves of slow-twitch (type S) and fast-twitch (type F) units. Over the steepest portion of the F-T curve (25-50% Amax), where tension output was most sensitive to changes in activation rate, type F units required substantially higher stimulation rates (30 pps) to achieve the same relative tension output as type S units. Furthermore, the frequency range that corresponded to the steep portion of the curve was 2.3 times greater for type F units. For both type S and F units, twitch duration was deemed to be an important determinant of the F-T curve, as has been shown previously. A direct continuous relation was seen between the integrated twitch time (ITT) and the stimulus interval needed to produce 50% Amax (r = 0.94, P less than 0.001). Thus, units that had relatively brief twitches required higher activation rates to achieve the same relative percentage of Amax. Comparison of F-T curves from FCR with those derived by other investigators for cat hindlimb units (medial gastrocnemius and peroneus longus) revealed that significant differences in activation rates were needed to produce the same percentage of Amax throughout the midrange of the F-T curve. At 50% Amax, type F units in FCR required activation rates approximately 20 pps higher than type F units in the hindlimb. Type S units in FCR required only slightly higher rates (approximately equal to 5 pps). Based on a number of well-founded assumptions, F-T curves derived from FCR units were used to estimate the potential contribution of rate coding to total muscle tension by type S and F units. This analysis leads to the conclusion that rate modulation is a potentially important factor in the gradation of tension for the FCR muscle. PMID- 3760933 TI - Postnatal development of receptive field surround inhibition in kitten dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. AB - We recorded the responses to visual stimulation of single neurons in the A-layers of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) of 4- to 5-wk-old kittens and adult cats. Visual stimuli were generated on a cathode-ray tube (CRT) display and consisted of circular spots and annuli whose contrast was twice the threshold for each neuron and was modulated about a background luminance of 28 cd/m2 at 0.5 Hz. Neural responses were collected as interspike intervals and displayed as instantaneous firing rates for individual trials. From the responses to a series of sizes of spot stimuli, area-response functions were constructed and used to derive a quantitative measure of the strength of the receptive field (RF) surround inhibition of each neuron, the spatial density minimum ([SDmin[). To separate neural from optical factors that affect measurements of surround inhibition, published values for the posterior nodal distances of the kitten and adult eye were used to scale stimuli in terms of the retinal area subtended. Of 153 kitten and 95 adult LGNd neurons studied, the responses to a complete series of spot stimuli of different sizes (areas) were obtained for 52 kitten neurons [44 with linear spatial summation (L) and 8 with nonlinear spatial summation (NL)] and 45 adult (24 X-and 21 Y-) neurons. In addition, intracellular recordings were made from 30 of the kitten neurons that were filled iontophoretically with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and were evaluated structurally. In the adult, neurons were classified as X-or Y-cells on the basis of a battery of physiological properties, including linearity of spatial summation, latency to electrical stimulation of the optic chiasm, and ability to respond reliably to rapidly moving stimuli. Kitten neuronal responses allowed them to be clearly identified as exhibiting linear or nonlinear spatial summation, but application of additional criteria produced ambiguous results for classification into X-or Y-categories. Kitten L or NL neurons showed differences typical of adult X-and Y-cells on some [e.g., RF center size (P less than 0.01)] but not other [e.g., latency to stimulation of optic chiasm (P greater than 0.40)] properties. In addition, by direct comparison of morphological features with these physiological responses, some kitten cells with adult X-cell physiological properties on these tests were found to have typical adult Y-cell somadendritic structure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3760934 TI - High-frequency oscillations in human electromyograms during voluntary contractions. AB - Spectral analysis was used to identify correlated sinusoidal frequency components in left and right side diaphragm electromyographic (EMG) recordings from human subjects during voluntary deep inspirations. In 31 of 33 subjects bilaterally correlated high-frequency oscillations were found in broad or narrow bands in the range of 60-84 and 16-40 Hz. To determine if such oscillations were associated also with bilaterally symmetric, phasic, voluntary activation of nonrespiratory muscles, we obtained EMG signals from left and right masseter muscles during clenching of the jaw; left and right sternomastoid muscles during lifting of the head against gravity; and left and right biceps muscles during lifting of a weighted bar. Weakly correlated frequency components, mainly at frequencies below 60 Hz, were found in the left and right masseter EMGs on at least one trial from 12 of 17 subjects. No bilaterally correlated frequency components were found during phasic contraction of biceps and sternomastoid muscles. Power spectra of biceps EMGs, however, sometimes exhibited peaks indicative of oscillations that were not bilaterally correlated. In nine subjects, correlated frequency components in the 60-84 Hz range were found in intercostal EMGs from the axillary region of the fifth interspace during voluntary deep inspirations but not during postural contractions. We conclude that high-frequency oscillations in the range of 60-84 Hz in diaphragm and intercostal EMGs are associated particularly with respiratory activation of respiratory muscles. These results support the hypothesis that high-frequency oscillations may be a manifestation of control of muscular contraction via a central pattern generator. PMID- 3760935 TI - Expression of the jimpy gene in the spinal cords of heterozygous female mice. I. An early myelin deficit followed by compensation. AB - The jimpy mutation results in severe hypomyelination throughout the CNS of hemizygous male mice. In the female carrier of the jimpy gene, partial hypomyelination is predicted as a consequence of genetic mosaicism resulting from random X-chromosome inactivation. The spinal cord of the female carrier was studied morphologically to determine if hypomyelination is present, the manner in which a possible myelin deficit is expressed, and the extent, if any, of compensation. The spinal cords of 14- to 15-d-old heterozygotes were found to be hypomyelinated. A deficit of 31% in the amount of myelin as compared to controls was detected in these young carriers by point-counting stereology. By the end of the first month the deficit was 12%, and after the fifth month complete recovery had occurred. These results demonstrate that the neuroglial cells are capable of compensating totally for the jimpy defect over a several month period. The reduction in the amount of myelin at 2 weeks postnatally is due to the ensheathment of fewer axons than normal and the formation of myelin sheaths that are thinner than normal. It is not due to a significant reduction in amount of axoplasm and a corresponding decrease in amount of myelin. This finding indicates that overall brain development is not retarded but that expression of the jimpy gene selectively affects the glial cells. Our morphologic studies also suggest that the neuron is not the target of the jimpy mutation. One line of evidence for this statement is that virtually all the axons are partially ensheathed, a condition that should not occur if 50% of the neurons are defective in the mosaic. The coexistence of both normal and defective cells within the same cell population and the apparent sparing of the neuron makes the female carrier of the jimpy gene an excellent model for studying mechanisms of compensation and plasticity of neuroglial cells. PMID- 3760936 TI - Oligodendroglial cell death in jimpy mice: an explanation for the myelin deficit. AB - Neuroglial cell death was investigated in 3 white matter tracts of jimpy and normal mice. In normal animals, glial death during development ranged from 0.5 to 2.7% of the total glial population. The number of dying glial cells was significantly higher in jimpy animals at times corresponding with oligodendroglial proliferation and the onset of myelination in each tract. At certain ages, over 10% of the glial population were pyknotic at the light microscopic level. Dying glial cells that were identified ultrastructurally presented the characteristics of oligodendrocytes. Premature death of oligodendrocytes presents a simple explanation for the gross deficits of myelin in jimpy animals. The shortened life span of the jimpy oligodendrocyte may preclude the elaboration of a normal myelin sheath. The jimpy model may prove to be a valuable tool in delineating a role for normal neuroglial cell death during the development of the nervous system. PMID- 3760937 TI - Protein complexity of central nervous system cell lines. AB - The total extracellular proteins and the most abundant 960 intracellular proteins of clonal CNS nerve and glial cell lines were examined by quantitative 2 dimensional acrylamide gel electrophoresis. While less than 0.2% of the intracellular proteins differ among the 5 nerve and 4 glial cell lines studied, over 65% of the extracellular proteins vary in distribution between the 2 major classes of CNS cells. These data indicate that the phenotypic complexity of nerve and glia populations is similar and that most of the protein complexity is in extracellular molecules. PMID- 3760938 TI - Cholinergic septal grafts into the hippocampal formation improve spatial learning and memory in aged rats by an atropine-sensitive mechanism. AB - Behaviorally impaired old rats were selected from a population of 75 21- to 23 month-old rats on the basis of the place-investigated abilities in the Morris' water-maze task. After the pretransplant test, half of the old impaired rats received bilateral intrahippocampal cell suspension grafts prepared from the fetal septal-diagonal band region, which is rich in developing cholinergic neurons; the other half were left as sham-operated controls. Twelve weeks after grafting, the rats were retested in the water-maze using alternating cue navigation and place-navigation trials (i.e., with visible or nonvisible escape platform). While the old impaired controls had deteriorated further between the 2 tests and showed poor retention of the pretransplant performance level, the grafted rats were significantly improved in comparison with both their pretransplant performance and the performance of the old impaired controls in the posttransplant test. The graft-induced effect was due both to an improved retention of the performance level acquired in the test performed prior to transplantation surgery, and to an improved acquisition of spatial memory of the escape platform site during the posttransplant test week (measured as an improved focusing of search over the platform site after platform removal). The acetylcholine esterase inhibitor physostigmine had no or only marginal effects on the performance of any of the young or aged rat groups. By contrast, the recovered navigational abilities and spatial memory in the grafted animals were completely abolished after administration of the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine. A similar atropine-sensitivity was seen in behaviorally nonimpaired aged rats but not in the well-trained young control rats. The results show that cholinergic septal grafts, implanted into the hippocampal formation, improved spatial learning in the impaired aged rats primarily, or perhaps exclusively, by a recovery of the rats' ability to use spatial cues for place-navigation in the water-maze, while other aspects of the performance deficits in the water-maze task in the aged rats were left unaffected by the septal grafts. On the basis of parallel morphological studies, it is proposed that the effects of the septal grafts on the spatial learning impairments in the aged rats are critically dependent on the direct action of cholinergic neurons in the grafts via synapses formed onto neuronal elements in the host by their ingrowing axons. PMID- 3760939 TI - Sprouting of GABAergic synapses in the red nucleus after lesions of the nucleus interpositus in the cat. AB - An immunocytochemical study using anti-GAD serum was performed to examine the plastic changes of GABAergic inhibitory synapses in the red nucleus (RN) after lesions of the nucleus interpositus (IP) of the cat. Light-microscopic analyses revealed that 20-175 d after the unilateral lesion of the IP, somatic profiles of large neurons in the magnocellular RN contralateral to the lesion were more densely covered with GAD-immunoreactive puncta than those in the ipsilateral RN. Electron-microscopic analyses demonstrated that the GAD-immunoreactive puncta observed with the light microscope were synaptic terminals and that the number of GAD-immunoreactive synaptic terminals per unit length of somatic membrane of RN neurons was increased on the deafferented side. The GAD-immunoreactive terminals on somata of RN neurons made symmetric synaptic contacts with somatic membranes on both the deafferented and control sides. The number of immunoreactive synapses on somata of RN neurons was markedly increased on the deafferented side following IP lesion, whereas that of the unlabeled asymmetric synapses was decreased. These observations indicate that new GABAergic synapses were formed on somata of RN neurons after deafferentation from the IP. PMID- 3760940 TI - Interspecific comparisons of the size of neural song control regions and song complexity in duetting birds: evolutionary implications. AB - Previous studies have demonstrated a correlation between song repertoire size and volume of song control regions (SCRs) in the brains of songbirds. In the present study we demonstrate that 2 congeneric species of tropical duetting wrens, the rufous-and-white wren (Thryothorus rufalbus) and the bay wren (T. nigricapillus), share the same relationship between SCR volume and vocal complexity. In each species, females sing in elaborate duets with males. Males of these species have similar song repertoire sizes; there is no significant difference between heterospecific males in the volumes of SCRs. Female rufous-and-white wrens have less than half as large a song repertoire as female bay wrens, and all of their SCRs measured are significantly smaller than those of bay wren females. This interspecific equivalence of the relationship between SCR volume and repertoire size suggests that the neural system regulating vocal behavior in songbirds is evolutionarily conservative in the manner in which it encodes song complexity. PMID- 3760941 TI - Cell death of lumbosacral motoneurons in chick, quail, and chick-quail chimera embryos: a test of the quantitative matching hypothesis of neuronal cell death. AB - The quantitative matching hypothesis of neuronal cell death was tested for the chick hindlimb by determining the relationship between myotube number at the onset of motoneuron cell death and the number of motoneurons that survive in chicks, quail, and chick-quail chimeras. Hindlimb buds, which differ in size between the 2 species, were exchanged at stages 16 1/2-19, myosin ATPase-stained myotubes in selected thigh muscles were counted during the cell death period (stages 30-34), and lumbosacral motoneurons were counted following the cell death period (stage 38). No quail motoneurons were rescued when quail cords innervated chick limbs. When chick cords innervated quail limbs, the number of surviving motoneurons was significantly decreased but not to quail values. We consider that this occurred because chicks develop more slowly than quail, and we found that transplanted chick limbs were developmentally younger than the contralateral quail limb at the onset of motoneuron cell death and contained fewer myotubes. Similarly, transplanted quail limbs contained more myotubes at the onset of cell death than normal stage 30 quail limbs. An excellent correlation was obtained during normal development of both species between the number of myotube clusters at the onset of cell death and the number of surviving motoneurons. This correlation was also observed for chick-quail chimeras, and when the data points were plotted for control chick, control quail, chick host-quail limb, and quail host-chick limb, the correlation coefficient was 0.996. This strongly suggests that some parameter closely related to myotube number limits the number of motoneurons that will survive. A proposal consistent with our observations is that motoneuron survival is dependent on the uptake of a myotube-derived trophic factor that can only be taken up at synaptic sites and that the number of such sites is limited and directly related to myotube number. In conclusion, our observations strongly support a quantitative-matching component in the process of neuronal cell death. However, since we were unable to rescue any neurons, we cannot exclude the possibility that some proportion of neurons normally dies for reasons other than peripheral competition. PMID- 3760942 TI - Forward and backward classical conditioning of the flexion reflex in the spinal cat. AB - Effects of forward and backward conditioned-unconditioned stimulus (CS-US) intervals on classical conditioning of the flexion reflex were examined in a cat spinal preparation. Interstimulus intervals (ISIs) ranging from +3.0 to -3.0 sec were employed in 9 experimental groups and the results compared with those of an explicitly unpaired control group. Forward conditioning produced an asymmetrical, inverted U-shaped gradient relating magnitude of conditioning to ISI for both acquisition and extinction. The optimum ISI was 1.0 sec. Backward ISIs also produced excitatory conditioning, with optimal conditioning at -0.25 sec. Unlike forward conditioning, backward conditioning produced little sign of retention during extinction trials. The results, which parallel in several ways those of ISI effects in studies of intact animals, support the hypothesis that backward and forward conditioning may be fundamentally different phenomena, under the control of different neural processes. PMID- 3760943 TI - Human amnesia and the medial temporal region: enduring memory impairment following a bilateral lesion limited to field CA1 of the hippocampus. AB - During the past 100 years clinical studies of amnesia have linked memory impairment to damage of the hippocampus. Yet the damage in these cases has not usually been confined to the hippocampus, and the status of memory functions has often been based on incomplete neuropsychological information. Thus, the human cases have until now left some uncertainty as to whether lesions limited to the hippocampus are sufficient to cause amnesia. Here we report a case of amnesia in a patient (R.B.) who developed memory impairment following an ischemic episode. During the 5 years until his death, R.B. exhibited marked anterograde amnesia, little if any retrograde amnesia, and showed no signs of cognitive impairment other than memory. Thorough histological examination revealed a circumscribed bilateral lesion involving the entire CA1 field of the hippocampus. Minor pathology was found elsewhere in the brain (e.g., left globus pallidus, right postcentral gyrus, left internal capsule), but the only damage that could be reasonably associated with the memory defect was the lesion in the hippocampus. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of amnesia following a lesion limited to the hippocampus in which extensive neuropsychological and neuropathological analyses have been carried out. PMID- 3760944 TI - The appearance of an L1-like molecule in the chick primary visual pathway. AB - A monoclonal antibody, 8D9, has been obtained that binds to axons in the chick nervous system. Biochemical and immunological experiments indicate that the 8D9 antigen is related to the mouse L1 cell-adhesion molecule. The results of immunohistochemical experiments using monoclonal antibody 8D9 to study the development of the chick visual system are consistent with the 8D9 antigen functioning in axon fasciculation. PMID- 3760945 TI - Preserved motor learning in Alzheimer's disease: implications for anatomy and behavior. AB - Learning and retention of 3 types of information were examined in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in normal controls. While patients were unable to learn series of frequent words and unfamiliar faces, they improved significantly in a motor skill, showing a learning curve similar to controls. Furthermore, no significant loss of the motor skill was evident in a 20 min delay trial. Such dissociation in learning has not been noted previously in AD, although it has been noted in amnesias caused by other disease processes. The results support the existence of two, relatively independent, learning systems related to "declarative" knowledge and "procedural" knowledge. Judging from the pathologic correlates of these amnesias, the declarative knowledge system appears to be associated with corticotemporo/limbic structures, while the procedural system is likely to depend on corticocerebellar/striatal structures. The data also offer additional cognitive correlates for the selective damage to neural systems recently identified in AD. PMID- 3760946 TI - Activation of substantia nigra neurons: role in the propagation of seizures in kindled rats. AB - The substantia nigra (SN) is crucial to the propagation of seizures in kindled rats and in other experimental seizure models. However, the mechanisms by which the SN acts to facilitate the propagation of seizures are unknown. To investigate these mechanisms we quantified the activity of SN neurons during seizures in kindled and naive rats in a paralyzed, ventilated state and examined the relationship between activity of neurons in the SN and the seizure-facilitating action of this structure. Our principal findings were that the majority of both SN dopamine and SN pars reticulata neurons, in kindled rats, fired in bursts temporally correlated to EEG waveforms recorded outside the SN during seizures; this response was only rarely found in SN neurons of naive rats during seizures elicited by stimulation of the amygdala; unlike kindled rats, lesions of the SN in naive rats did not suppress seizures. The finding that SN neurons fired in bursts during seizures in kindled, but not naive, rats indicates that seizure activity propagated into SN only in kindled rats. The correlation between seizure suppressant effects of lesions and SN activation during seizures leads us to propose that one mechanism by which the SN promotes seizure propagation involves SN activation and transmission of seizure activity to targets of SN. PMID- 3760947 TI - Cholecystokinin-dopamine coexistence: electrophysiological actions corresponding to cholecystokinin receptor subtype. AB - Cholecystokinin (CCK)-like peptides when administered intravenously produce 2 distinct actions on the single-unit activity of mesencephalic dopamine (DA) neurons in the rat: an excitatory action and a potentiation of the inhibitory effects of DA agonists. The ability of several CCK fragments that have been shown to bind selectively to the peripheral and/or the central CCK-binding sites were examined for their ability to induce either excitation or a potentiation of DA. Only sulfated CCK-8 was able to induce excitation of mesencephalic DA neurons, but both sulfated and unsulfated CCK-8, as well as CCK-4, potentiated the inhibitory effects of the DA agonist apomorphine (APO). CCK-3 failed to potentiate APO-induced inhibition. Both of these effects appeared to be confined to cell bodies in regions of the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra, zona compacta that have been reported to contain both DA and CCK. Thus, CCK-like peptides that have been shown to bind to the high-affinity CCK binding site in brain potentiated the effects of DA. In contrast, the ability of CCK-like peptides to induce neuronal excitation corresponds with their affinity for the peripheral-type CCK binding site. PMID- 3760948 TI - Primary culture of identified neurons from the visual cortex of postnatal rats. AB - We have examined the properties of neurons from the visual cortex of postnatal Long Evans rats in dissociated cell culture. Visual cortex from rat pups 1-15 d old was subjected to enzymatic and mechanical dissociation to yield a suspension of single cells. Neurons plated onto collagen or a feeder layer of astrocytes rapidly extended processes and survived for 4-10 weeks. Antisera to glutamic acid decarboxylase, choline acetyltransferase, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide stained 22 +/- 2, 2.3 +/- 0.3, and 2.4 +/- 0.2% of all neurons, respectively, suggesting that different neuronal classes survived roughly in proportion to their number in vivo. In order to study a particular identified class of cortical neurons, we prelabeled cells in vivo by retrograde transport of a fluorescent tracer. Neurons in layer V of visual cortex that project to the superior colliculus were labeled after injecting fluorescent latex microspheres into the colliculus. Retrogradely labeled neurons were readily identified immediately after dissociation and throughout the period in vitro. After 2 weeks in culture, labeled cells exhibited many ultrastructural features characteristic of pyramidal neurons in vivo. Intracellular recording techniques were used to evaluate the response properties of labeled layer V neurons, as well as other, unlabeled neurons, to excitatory amino acid agonists and antagonists. Glutamate and aspartate--as well as the synthetic agonists N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), kainate, and quisqualate--excited every cortical neuron tested. The antagonist 2 amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid had no effect on responses to quisqualate and kainate but completely blocked depolarizations due to NMDA and aspartate and reduced depolarizations elicited by low concentrations of glutamate. Kynurenic acid, piperidine dicarboxylic acid, and gamma-D-glutamylglycine antagonized responses to all 5 of the agonists. These results provide evidence that corticocollicular neurons in culture express both NMDA-type and non-NMDA receptors for excitatory amino acids. PMID- 3760949 TI - Schwann cells stimulated to proliferate in the absence of neurons retain full functional capability. AB - Schwann cells from neonatal rat sciatic nerve can be maintained and grown in culture in the absence of neurons. We are interested in substantially expanding such cultures for use in the study of Schwann cells, their growth responses, and their interactions with neurons. However, it was important to determine if expanded cell populations retained their distinguishing biological properties and their ability to differentiate when recombined with neurons. Therefore, we have compared the functional properties of extensively expanded populations of sciatic nerve Schwann cells to those of embryonic dorsal root ganglion (DRG) Schwann cells that had been briefly expanded in vitro in the continuous presence of ganglion neurons. Sciatic nerve Schwann cells were cultured and purified according to the methods of Brockes et al. (1979). A combination of crude glial growth factor and forskolin was found to act synergistically in providing maximal stimulation of Schwann cell proliferation. Sciatic nerve Schwann cells that were continuously expanded for at least 2 months were compared to Schwann cells derived from fetal dorsal root ganglia. The results indicate that the complement of secreted proteins from both cell populations, either in isolation or recombined with neurons, was essentially identical; both cell populations expressed the cell-surface antigens laminin and Ran 1 (217C antibody); after seeding onto DRG neurons, both cell populations associated with neuronal processes with the same time course; and under identical nutrient conditions, both cell populations were observed to exhibit a comparable capacity for myelination of DRG axons in vitro. Thus, methods used to establish primary cultures of rat sciatic nerve Schwann cells and to expand secondary cultures in vitro in the absence of neurons preserve basic Schwann cell functions. PMID- 3760950 TI - The medullary dorsal horn: a target for the expression of opiate effects on the perceived intensity of noxious heat. AB - We examined the effects of morphine microinjected into the medullary dorsal horn (MDH) on the ability of monkeys to detect temperature increases in the noxious heat range. Behavioral detection latency and the percentage of correct detections were used as measures of the perceived intensity of noxious heat stimuli. Three monkeys were trained to detect a change (T2) of 0.4, 0.6, or 1.0 degrees C from a previous noxious heat level of 46 degrees C (T1). Effects on attentional, motivational, and motoric aspects of the monkeys' behavior were assessed by having them detect innocuous cooling and visual stimuli in tasks of similar difficulty. Morphine (1, 3, and 10 micrograms) microinjected into the MDH produced a dose-dependent and stimulus-intensity-dependent increase in the latency to detection of the T2 stimuli. These effects were opiate receptor mediated since they were antagonized by systemically administered naloxone (0.5 mg/kg, i.m.) given 40 min after the microinjection of morphine. There were no effects of morphine on the behavioral detection latencies to the innocuous cooling and visual stimuli, indicating that the effects of morphine were modality specific and independent of changes in motivation, attention, or motoric ability. These data demonstrate a pharmacologically specific effect of opiates on the perceived intensity of noxious heat stimuli at the earliest central relay pathway transmitting noxious information. PMID- 3760951 TI - Saphenous vein bypass grafts for giant aneurysms and intracranial occlusive disease. AB - The authors report their experience with the use of saphenous vein bypass grafts for treating advanced occlusive disease in the posterior circulation (77 patients, all of whom had failed medical management and showed severe ischemic symptoms), deteriorating patients with giant aneurysms of the posterior circulation (nine patients), progressive ischemia in the anterior circulation (26 patients, none of whom had a normal examination), and giant aneurysms in the anterior circulation (20 patients, all of whom presented with mass effect or subarachnoid hemorrhage). Graft patency in the first 65 cases treated was 74%. However, after significant technical changes of vein-graft preparation and construction of the proximal anastomosis, patency in the following 67 cases was 94%. Excellent or good results (including relief of deficits existing prior to surgery) were achieved in 71% of patients with advanced occlusive disease in the posterior circulation, 44% of those with giant aneurysms of the posterior circulation, 58% of those with ischemia of the anterior circulation, and 80% of those with giant aneurysms of the anterior circulation. Mean graft blood flow at surgery in the series was 100 ml/min for posterior circulation grafts and 110 ml/min for anterior circulation grafts. Experience to date indicates that this is a useful operation, and is particularly applicable to patients who are neurologically unstable from advanced intracranial occlusive disease in the posterior circulation or with giant aneurysms in the anterior circulation. The risk of hyperfusion breakthrough with intracerebral hematoma restricts the technique in patients with progressing ischemic symptoms in the anterior circulation, and the intolerance of patients with fusiform aneurysms in the posterior circulation to the iatrogenic vertebrobasilar occlusion limits the applicability of this approach to otherwise inoperable lesions in that system. PMID- 3760952 TI - Risks of surgery for unruptured intracranial aneurysms. AB - A series is presented of 43 patients with multiple aneurysms and subarachnoid hemorrhage in whom a second operation was necessary in order to clip all the aneurysms. There was one surgical death due to coronary thrombosis and infarction which occurred 3 weeks after surgery, for a surgical mortality rate of 2.3%. One patient developed a permanent neurological deficit (hemiparesis and dysphasia). Thus, the surgical risks are smaller than the natural risk of bleeding and death from hemorrhage. Patients with any other serious illness increasing the surgical risk should not be subjected to an operation for an unruptured aneurysm; a second operation is indicated in all low-risk patients with multiple aneurysms or with incidentally identified aneurysms. PMID- 3760953 TI - Study of the posterior circulation in moyamoya disease. Part 2: Visual disturbances and surgical treatment. AB - The involvement of the posterior circulation in moyamoya disease was studied in 178 patients. Forty-three had several types of disturbance such as visual field defect, decreased visual acuity, episodes of blindness, and scintillating scotomata. Most of these symptoms were attributed to occlusive lesions in the posterior circulation. Visual disturbances were seen more often in patients with a juvenile onset than in cases of adult onset. Superficial temporal artery (STA) to middle cerebral artery (MCA) anastomosis and encephalomyosynangiosis (EMS) improved the cerebral perfusion both in the anterior and posterior circulation by redistribution of blood. In most cases, the visual symptoms subsided or were stabilized after STA-MCA anastomosis and EMS. These surgical procedures did not, however, lead to direct revascularization in cases of ischemia in the visual cortex. In five patients with impending blindness, transplantation of the omentum to the occipital lobe led to improved vision. PMID- 3760954 TI - Internal carotid artery stump angioplasty for the treatment of cerebrovascular occlusive disease. AB - Nineteen patients underwent a total of 21 stump angioplasty procedures for an occluded internal carotid artery. Indications for surgery included the preparation of the donor vessel for a subsequent extracranial-intracranial bypass procedure, the occurrence of emboli to the intracranial vasculature from the external carotid artery circulation, and the association with symptomatic occlusive disease of the external carotid artery accompanying occlusion of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery. The technique utilized and the results obtained in these 19 patients are presented. In select patients, the removal of an occluded internal carotid artery stump via a stump angioplasty is beneficial in preventing the catastrophic sequela of embolic cerebrovascular disease. PMID- 3760955 TI - DREZ lesions for relief of pain related to spinal cord injury. AB - Fifty-six patients with intractable pain following a spinal cord injury were treated with dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) lesions. After a follow-up period ranging from 6 months to 6 years, 50% of patients had good pain relief. Certain pain syndromes tended to respond better to DREZ lesions than did others. Patients with pain extending caudally from the level of the injury and patients with unilateral pain were most likely to obtain pain relief from the procedure; diffuse pain and predominant sacral pain did not respond as well. PMID- 3760956 TI - A proposed grading system for arteriovenous malformations. AB - An important factor in making a recommendation for treatment of a patient with arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is to estimate the risk of surgery for that patient. A simple, broadly applicable grading system that is designed to predict the risk of morbidity and mortality attending the operative treatment of specific AVM's is proposed. The lesion is graded on the basis of size, pattern of venous drainage, and neurological eloquence of adjacent brain. All AVM's fall into one of six grades. Grade I malformations are small, superficial, and located in non eloquent cortex; Grade V lesions are large, deep, and situated in neurologically critical areas; and Grade VI lesions are essentially inoperable AVM's. Retrospective application of this grading scheme to a series of surgically excised AVM's has demonstrated its correlation with the incidence of postoperative neurological complications. The application of a standardized grading scheme will enable a comparison of results between various clinical series and between different treatment techniques, and will assist in the process of management decision-making. PMID- 3760957 TI - A proposed scheme for grading intracranial arteriovenous malformations. AB - A four-grade classification scheme for intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVM's) is proposed. Grading is based on the size of the AVM; its location and depth; its arterial supply; and its venous drainage. Each of these aspects is divided into four grades with respect to the difficulty it poses for surgical excision. A description of the grading system and its application is given. This grading scale has been correlated with the operative morbidity and mortality in 100 cases of excised intracranial AVM's. The results show that the higher the grade of AVM, the greater the risk of surgical morbidity and mortality. This grading scale is simple and easy to apply. It can guide neurosurgeons in selecting AVM patients suitable for operation, in determining the best type of operation to perform, and in predicting operative difficulties as well as postoperative results. PMID- 3760958 TI - Hypothalamic dysfunction following whole-brain irradiation. AB - The authors describe 15 cases with evidence of hypothalamic dysfunction 2 to 9 years following megavoltage whole-brain x-irradiation for primary glial neoplasm. The patients received 4000 to 5000 rads in 180- to 200-rad fractions. Dysfunction occurred in the absence of computerized tomography-delineated radiation necrosis or hypothalamic invasion by tumor, and antedated the onset of dementia. Fourteen patients displayed symptoms reflecting disturbances of personality, libido, thirst, appetite, or sleep. Hyperprolactinemia (with prolactin levels up to 70 ng/ml) was present in all of the nine patients so tested. Of seven patients tested with thyrotropin-releasing hormone, one demonstrated an abnormal pituitary gland response consistent with a hypothalamic disorder. Seven patients developed cognitive abnormalities. Computerized tomography scans performed a median of 4 years after tumor diagnosis revealed no hypothalamic tumor or diminished density of the hypothalamus. Cortical atrophy was present in 50% of cases and third ventricular dilatation in 58%. Hypothalamic dysfunction, heralded by endocrine, behavioral, and cognitive impairment, represents a common, subtle form of radiation damage. PMID- 3760959 TI - Detection of human glioma-associated antigen by rat monoclonal antibody raised against syngeneic rat glioma cells. AB - A monoclonal antibody termed "FR77" was obtained from a hybridoma clone established by fusion between P3x63Ag8.653 mouse myeloma cells and spleen cells of a Fischer F344 rat hyperimmune to syngeneic 9L/R3 glioma cells. Immunoperoxidase staining of various cultured cells showed that FR77 was reactive to both rat and human glioma cells, but was not reactive with other nonglioma cells. Immunohistochemical examination of paraffin-embedded or cryostat-frozen sections of various human tissues revealed that FR77 was strongly reactive with glioblastoma, grade III astrocytoma, and craniopharyngioma; partially reactive with intracerebral primitive neuroectodermal tumor, pineoblastoma, and desmoplastic medulloblastoma; and weakly reactive with low-grade astrocytoma. It was not reactive with other types of brain tumors and normal human tissues tested. The FR77-defined antigen was observed to be predominantly localized in the cytoplasm of antigen-bearing cells as suggested by the immunostaining pattern, but part of it was also expressed on the cell surface of glioma cells as demonstrated by a complement-mediated cytotoxic test. Fractionation of the antigenic component and periodic acid treatment of tumor tissue bearing the FR77 defined antigen indicated that the antigen is of a neutral glycolipid nature and that the antigenic determinant to FR77 is present on its sugar portion. PMID- 3760960 TI - Development of experimental meningeal gliomatosis models in rats. AB - Experimental models of meningeal gliomatosis (MG) have been produced by intracisternal inoculation of rat C6 and 9L glioma cells into Wistar and Fischer 344 rats, respectively. Tumor growth was steady and rapid in both MG models when more than 10(6) tumor cells were implanted. The median survival time of the rats inoculated with tumor cells was inversely related to the number of the cells inoculated. The clinicopathological features observed in both MG models were similar to those seen in diffuse leptomeningeal involvement of gliomas in humans. The models may be useful for investigating the pathophysiology of MG and for the determination of the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents in brain-tumor chemotherapy. PMID- 3760961 TI - Neuronal responses in rostral trigeminal brain-stem nuclei of macaque monkeys after chronic trigeminal tractotomy. AB - Unilateral trigeminal tractotomy was carried out at the level of the obex, just rostral to the subnucleus caudalis, in five young adult Macaca fascicularis monkeys. The animals had been trained previously to perform a behavioral shock avoidance task in response to electrical stimulation of dental pulp and facial skin. Tractotomy produced an elevation in the stimulus strength which elicited escape behavior when facial skin was stimulated but not when the tooth pulp was stimulated. Unit activity, evoked by electrical stimulation of the tooth pulp and facial skin as well as innocuous and noxious mechanical stimulation of orofacial regions, was recorded from neurons in the trigeminal main sensory nucleus and the subnuclei oralis and interpolaris of the spinal nucleus 8 to 12 weeks after tractotomy. Primary afferent input to these nuclei is unaffected by the tractotomy which is located more caudally. The tractotomy interrupts primary afferent input into the trigeminal nucleus caudalis and also intranuclear connections between caudalis and the more rostral nuclei. Forty-one units contralateral and 47 ipsilateral to the tractotomy were studied. Thirty-six of the units responded only to low-threshold mechanical or electrical stimulation of orofacial zones, 46 were responsive to innocuous mechanical and electrical stimulation of orofacial zones and also to electrical stimulation of the dental pulp. Six units responded only to dental pulp stimulation. No statistically significant differences between the populations of neurons ipsilateral and contralateral to the tractotomies were found relating to the size or location of the peripheral receptive fields, latencies, thresholds, mean firing densities, or responsiveness to the various forms of stimulation. The behavioral results suggest that trigeminal relay neurons rostral to the obex are able to signal dental pain sensation, and the physiological studies confirm that the firing of such neurons is unaffected by tractotomy. The physiological studies demonstrate that the firing patterns of relay neurons activated by natural and electrical cutaneous facial stimuli and which are located in trigeminal brain-stem nuclei rostral to the obex are also not affected by tractotomy. The cutaneous facial analgesia observed after tractotomy thus appears to be due to deafferentation of relay neurons in trigeminal nucleus caudalis rather than to alterations in coding patterns in rostrally located trigeminal neurons due to interruption of the intratrigeminal pathway between the caudal and rostral nuclear groups. PMID- 3760962 TI - Discrepancies among CT, histological, and blood-brain barrier findings in early cerebral ischemia. AB - The development of ischemic edema and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption during the 1st day of experimental cerebral infarction induced by transorbital occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in cats was evaluated by computerized tomography (CT) scanning and compared to gravimetric and pathological studies. Regional cerebral blood flow was measured using the hydrogen clearance technique or stable xenon-enhanced CT scanning. Edema was observed gravimetrically and microscopically as early as 1 hour after the onset of ischemia in the cortex and at 3 hours or later in both the cortex and white matter. However, a significant decrease of Hounsfield numbers on the CT scans was not detectable at 1 or 3 hours and was scarcely visible at 9 hours after occlusion. Disruption of the BBB was detected by leakage of Evans blue dye at 3 hours after the occlusion in two of six animals and at 9 hours in five of five animals. However, CT scanning after infusion of contrast material showed no significant increase in Hounsfield number even 24 hours after MCA occlusion. These discrepancies should be emphasized when the dynamics of ischemic edema and BBB disruption are evaluated for clinical therapy by CT scanning. PMID- 3760963 TI - Duration versus degree of hypotension as critical conditions of brain infarction in the albino rat. AB - In 41 anesthetized, spontaneously breathing male adult albino rats, cerebral hypotension of precisely defined duration and magnitude was induced by means of controlled arterial hemorrhage. One common carotid artery was occluded throughout the hypotensive period, and the target pressure was monitored in the ipsilateral internal carotid artery. Regional brain infarcts developed in all 16 animals with a target pressure of 14 mm Hg maintained for 90 minutes and in all five animals with a target pressure of 12 mm Hg maintained for 70 minutes. However, the brains of all 10 rats with a target pressure of 17 mm Hg maintained for 80 minutes remained intact. In two further groups of five animals each with target pressures of 15 mm Hg for 80 minutes and 16 mm Hg for 90 minutes the incidence of infarct was about 30%. There were no marked differences between the five groups of rats in body weight, body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, PaO2, PaCO2, arterial pH, or hematocrit. The data suggest that, in the rat, the clear-cut threshold for the induction of brain infarcts is a function of the severity and duration of arterial hypotension. Evidence is presented indicating that this function is distinctly species-dependent, due to species differences in the dilatory capacity of the arteries supplying the brain rather than species differences in brain vulnerability. PMID- 3760964 TI - Cerebral perivascular nerves in subarachnoid hemorrhage. A histochemical and immunohistochemical study. AB - The authors have studied the changes induced by subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in the density and distribution of cerebral perivascular nerves in monkeys and rats. The SAH was induced in monkeys by placement of an autologous blood clot after opening the basal cisterns over the arteries of the circle of Willis on one side. In the rat study, SAH was induced by injection of autologous arterial blood into the cisterna magna. The nerves examined were adrenergic nerves, acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-containing nerves, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-like immunoreactive nerves, and substance P-like immunoreactive nerves. In the monkey study, all animals underwent baseline cerebral angiography, then had repeat angiography just before sacrifice on Day 2, 7, 28, or 70 after SAH. Two sham-operated monkeys underwent the surgical procedure without clot placement and were sacrificed on postoperative Day 7, after repeat angiography. Clot placement in monkeys reduced staining of all middle cerebral artery (MCA) perivascular nerves for between 2 and 28 days post-SAH. The number of stained nerve fibers of MCA's on the non-operated side was slightly reduced on Days 2 and 7 after SAH. Sham-operated monkeys showed a mild reduction of staining in all nerves, but only on the operated side. Cerebral vasospasm was observed on all angiograms taken on Days 2 and 7 following SAH. No vasospasm was found in normal or sham-operated monkeys. The disappearance of nerve staining without associated vasospasm was found on the operated side of the sham-operated monkeys and on the clot side of the animal sacrificed on Day 28 after SAH. Rats sacrificed on Days 2 and 7 post SAH showed reduction in adrenergic and VIP-like immunoreactive staining around basilar arteries, while nerves containing AChE were not affected. Saline-injected rats exhibited no change in the appearance of perivascular innervation. These results suggest that SAH as well as surgical manipulation of the vessel wall caused a reduction of the studied substances in cerebral perivascular nerves. This reduction in immunoreactive staining of perivascular nerves did not correlate with the development of angiographic vasospasm after SAH. PMID- 3760965 TI - Surgical anatomy of the arteries of the posterior fossa. AB - The development of revascularization for vertebrobasilar ischemic events has created a need to identify the best sites at which to perform bypass procedures. Since the occlusive process may selectively affect various levels of the vertebrobasilar tree, sites in different vessels must be used to reestablish flow distal to the area of occlusion. Twenty-seven unfixed human brains were obtained 4 to 8 hours post mortem, and the vertebrobasilar system was injected with polyester resin. Under a surgical microscope the outer diameter, length, and site of origin of major branches were recorded for the following arteries: vertebral, basilar, posterior inferior cerebellar (PICA), anterior inferior cerebellar (AICA), superior cerebellar (SCA), and posterior cerebral (PCA). The ideal sites for an anastomosis were identified as the pretonsillar segment of the PICA, the second portion of the AICA, the perimesencephalic segment of the SCA, and the perimesencephalic part of the PCA. Based on the anatomical observations reported here, these were the best sites because of their outer diameter, degree of mobility, least number of branches, and frequency of occurrence. Use of two of these arteries, however, may pose potential problems: although the PCA has an ideal outer diameter, it also has numerous branches to the brain stem in its most accessible site in the perimesencephalic area; and the PICA is not consistently present, being found in only 75% of the 27 specimens studied. PMID- 3760966 TI - Air in acute epidural hematomas. Report of two cases. AB - Two pediatric patients with acute epidural hematomas containing air bubble(s) are reported. A skull fracture was observed extending to the mastoid cells of the temporal bone in both patients. In one patient the hematoma and air bubbles subsequently increased in volume, requiring a craniotomy. The clinical significance of air in an acute epidural hematoma is discussed. PMID- 3760967 TI - Splitting of the optic nerve by a carotid-ophthalmic artery aneurysm. Case report. AB - A patient with splitting of the optic nerve by a carotid-ophthalmic artery aneurysm is presented. Possible explanations for this previously unreported configuration are discussed. PMID- 3760968 TI - Compression-expansion forceps for intracranial dissection and retraction. Technical note. AB - A hand-held double-bladed retractor has been designed in the form of a cross action bayonette. It acts to retract both lips of an incision simultaneously. The device can be adapted for other uses. PMID- 3760969 TI - Radiopaque synthetic sponge as a prosthesis for microvascular decompression. Technical note. AB - A radiopaque synthetic sponge is proposed as a prosthesis for microvascular decompression. Displacement of the prosthesis can be easily detected on a plain x ray skull film. PMID- 3760970 TI - California Association of Neurological Surgeons' Emergency Services Committee report: guidelines for establishment of trauma centers. AB - The CANS supports the concept of organized neurological trauma care consisting of an appropriate amalgamation of prepared communities, institutions, and adequate numbers of committed neurosurgeons. It further supports the guidelines of the ACS regarding institutions designated to receive trauma cases. It opposes mandatory uncompensated limitations on practice imposed by trauma institutions. It supports the concept of prehospital triage of trauma victims as conducted by well-trained field personnel and reasonable triage criteria agreed upon by the local neurosurgical community. It further supports audit systems that include neurosurgeons to assess and improve the quality of neurosurgical care. PMID- 3760971 TI - Carcinogenic potential of isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate. PMID- 3760973 TI - Anaphylactic reactions to intradiscal chymopapain. PMID- 3760972 TI - Intracranial tuberculoma. PMID- 3760974 TI - Barbiturate coma in head injury. PMID- 3760975 TI - Side effects of "rational dose" iodine-131 therapy for metastatic well differentiated thyroid carcinoma. AB - Benua, Leeper, and others (BEL) have advocated the estimation of radiation exposure to the blood to select a more rational maximum safe dose of radioiodine (dosimetry) to treat metastatic functioning well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. After adopting the BEL dosimetry approach, we reviewed the immediate (during hospitalization) and intermediate (from discharge up to 3 mo) side effects after our initial 15 therapies in ten patients. The doses ranged from 51 mCi (1,887 MBq) to 450 mCi (16.65 GBq). Immediate side effects were observed in 12/15 (80%), are described in detail, and were as follows: gastrointestinal 10/15, salivary 9/15, nonsalivary neck pain, swelling, etc. 2/15, pulmonary 0/15. Intermediate side effects were observed in 10/15 (67%), are described in detail, and were as follows: gastrointestinal 0/15, salivary 3/15, nonsalivary neck pain, swelling, etc. 3/15, nasal complaints 2/15, transient bone marrow suppression 9/10, pulmonary 0/15. No patient required blood transfusions or had complications secondary to reduced blood counts. All patient complaints resolved; however, several patients may have reduced baseline blood counts one year after therapy. No other long-term side effect has been noted but the mean follow-up has been only 15 mo. In our opinion, we have not observed any side effect to date which would contraindicate the continued use and evaluation of the BEL dosimetry approach. PMID- 3760976 TI - Changes in biochemical parameters during complete thyroid hormone deficiency of short duration in athyreotic patients. AB - The effect of withdrawal of suppressive therapy with thyroid hormones (200 micrograms L-thyroxine/day) on serum biochemical profiles and blood cell counts were studied in ten athyreotic thyroid carcinoma patients. After 14 days off therapy, all patients but one were still clinically and biochemically euthyroid. Twenty-eight days without thyroid hormones resulted in severe clinical and biochemical (TT4, TSH) hypothyroidism. At that time, the following parameters changed significantly: CPK activities increased (in five of ten patients above normal) as well as activities of SGOT, SGPT, and LDH (means and s.d.s within the respective normal ranges). Total cholesterol and triglycerides increased within the normal range. There were minimal but significant increases of serum creatinine and of mean corpuscular volume of erythrocytes as well as decreases of serum sodium and calcium. Our study underlines the importance of further investigation if pathologic biochemical or hematologic parameters are obtained in athyreotic patients after 4 wk withdrawal of thyroid hormone therapy. PMID- 3760977 TI - 17-Iodine-123 iodoheptadecanoic acid for metabolic liver studies in humans. AB - (17-123I)-Iodoheptadecanoic acid ([123I]HA) was used for dynamic planar scintigraphy of the liver in normal individuals (control I), in patients without liver disease but with elevated serum cholesterol and/or triglycerides (control II), and in patient groups with alcohol-induced fatty liver (PG I), fatty liver not due to alcohol (PG II), alcohol-induced liver cirrhosis (PG III), or liver cirrhosis of the posthepatitic type (PG IV). Tracer uptake and elimination time were assayed in different liver regions; mean elimination time was expressed for total liver. In control I, tracer uptake was homogeneous, and mean elimination time was 20.7 +/- 5.3 min without significant local variations. In control II, tracer uptake was reduced but homogeneous and mean elimination time was 59.4 +/- 35.8 min with some local variations. In PG I, uptake was reduced and inhomogeneous and elimination time was the same as in control I, irrespective of cholesterol and triglyceride values. In PG II, uptake was the same as in PG I but mean elimination time was 48 +/- 8.1 min with some local variations. In PG III, uptake was extremely reduced and spotty and elimination time correlated with the severity of disease from 19 to 881 min in different liver regions. PMID- 3760978 TI - Age-, sex-, and menopause-related changes of vertebral and peripheral bone: population study using dual and single photon absorptiometry and radiogrammetry. AB - Vertebral and peripheral bone mass have been measured with single and dual photon absorptiometry and radiogrammetry in 146 male and 220 female volunteers ranging in age from 20 to 85 yr. One hundred four subjects with interfering diseases, treatment, or x-ray manifestations of lumbar osteoarthritis were excluded for purposes of this study. Patterns of age-related bone gain and diminution differed between sexes and measuring sites. The effect of menopause on the peripheral and vertebral skeleton also differed. Men, at all measured sites, have more bone than women. In the fifth decade, however, women's lumbar bone mineral content was almost equal to the value found in men. Bone loss associated with aging was more marked in women than in men and started, for the lumbar spine, at about the age of 25 yr in both women and men and, for the peripheral bones, at the age of 55 in women and 65 in men. Bone loss in the spine in women was not linear. Women in the fifth and sixth decade, who still had menstruation, differed significantly from those who had not menstruated for at least the last 6 mo. Bone diminution at menopause was twice as great in the lumbar spine than elsewhere in the peripheral skeleton, 15% versus 7%. Of the 25% total bone loss of the spine during adult life in women, 60% was lost within 10 yr after menopause. Estrogen deficiency, not aging, is the predominant cause of bone loss in the spine. For the peripheral skeleton, there is a two-component decrease, a rapid loss induced by the menopause superimposed on a slower age-related loss. Although there was a significant correlation between peripheral and vertebral bone mass indices, it was clear that observations made at one site will not necessarily reflect changes observed at another site. PMID- 3760979 TI - Direct quantitation of thoracic gallium-67 uptake in sarcoidosis. AB - A method of direct quantitation of 67Ga uptake in the lung is described. The attenuation coefficient requires calculation and is obtained simply for each patient by transmission using a planar radionuclide source. The validity of the method was tested with a phantom (error less than 10%). Forty-three patients with pulmonary and/or mediastinal sarcoidosis were classified. The different groups of patients as defined clinically and radiographically (controls, nonactive, and active sarcoidosis) were well-differentiated (p less than 0.001). PMID- 3760980 TI - Scintigraphic findings in Gaucher's disease. AB - Gaucher's disease involves the liver, the spleen, and the bone. Liver-spleen and bone scintigraphy were used during an 8-yr period to evaluate changes caused by this disease. Patients were investigated with a liver-spleen scan for abdominal pain, mechanical discomfort, enlarged liver or spleen on physical examination, abdominal mass, abnormal liver function tests, and symptoms of hypersplenism. Fourteen liver-spleen scans were performed in nine patients. Liver scintigraphy showed various degrees of enlargement and inhomogeneous uptake. In two patients focal defects were detected. In one, focal defects were due to liver involvement with Gaucher's disease, but in the other they were caused by metastatic pancreatic carcinoma. The study was also useful in detecting splenic infarction and in following enlargement of the spleen after partial splenectomy. The main indication for bone scintigraphy in six patients was bone pain. This was found to be caused by either aseptic necrosis of the head of the femur, bone infarction, pathological fractures, or osteomyelitis. Loosening after total hip replacement was ruled out in three patients and missed in one patient. Scintigraphy appears to be a simple, sensitive test for evaluation of the liver, spleen, and bony skeleton in patients with symptomatic Gaucher's disease. PMID- 3760981 TI - Recurrent medullary carcinoma of the thyroid demonstrated by thallium-201 scintigraphy. AB - Thallium-201 scintigraphy has been used in the evaluation of thyroid neoplasms, but uptake in recurrent or persistent medullary thyroid cancer has not been reported. We present two cases where focal 201TI activity localized superior mediastinal recurrences which were subsequently resected. Postoperative 201TI scans in both cases showed elimination of the focal uptake seen before surgery, as well as return of previously elevated serum calcitonin levels to normal. Scanning with 201TI may be useful in the preoperative localization of recurrent medullary thyroid cancer. PMID- 3760982 TI - Radiophosphate disclosure of subperiosteal bone formation in renal osteodystrophy. AB - Subperiosteal bone formation, in contradistinction to resorption, is an unusual occurrence in renal osteodystrophy, and particularly rare in the long bones of the lower extremities according to the radiological literature. Two cases are presented with radiographic and radiophosphate evidence of subperiosteal bone formation in the femora and tibiae, and both showed histologic changes of profound secondary hyperparathyroidism. PMID- 3760984 TI - Nitrogen-13 glutamate uptake and perfusion in Walker 256 carcinosarcoma before and after single-dose irradiation. AB - Nitrogen-13 (13N) glutamate uptake was recorded in 18 anesthetized rats, both before and at least once after intervention. Each investigation was immediately followed by imaging of blood flow distribution using [11C]butanol. All animals had Walker 256 carcinosarcoma implants in one hind leg. Tumors were locally irradiated with a dose of 800 rad in 14 rats; in four rats, the vasoactive substance 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was administered. Prior to interventions, the [13N]glutamate tumor-to-muscle uptake showed a linear correlation with blood flow close to identity (y = 0.117 + 0.915x, r = 0.97). After irradiation, a discordant pattern was observed: blood flow tended to increase, while [13N]glutamate tumor-to-muscle uptake dropped from 4.30 +/- 0.66 (s.e.m.) to 3.06 +/- 0.36 (p less than 0.005) during 30 min and attained 4.04 +/- 0.67 2 days later. If [13N]glutamate tumor-to-muscle uptake was related to that of [11C] butanol in each individual animal, this index dropped from 0.93 +/- 0.03 (s.e.m.) to 0.62 +/- 0.04 (p less than 0.001) 30 min after irradiation and attained 0.90 +/- 0.09 after 2 days. In animals treated with 5-HT, [13N]glutamate and [11C]butanol showed a parallel drop from 6.60 +/- 0.84 to 2.10 +/- 0.60 (p less than 0.05) and from 6.8 +/- 0.78 to 2.08 +/- 0.74 (p less than 0.05), respectively. Thus, single-dose irradiation causes [13N]glutamate uptake to be uncoupled with respect to flow, while [13N]glutamate uptake in untreated tumors is flow-limited and responds together with flow on vasomotion. PMID- 3760986 TI - Performance of solid-state 48 detector gamma counter using solid phase total thyroxin and free thyroxin assays. AB - We evaluated the performance of an automated 48 detector KinetiCount gamma counter using solid phase reagents for total thyroxin (TT4) and free thyroxin (FT4). Interassay coefficients of variations (CV) for both total T4 and free T4 ranged from 5.4% to 13%. Between-method correlation coefficients were 0.9798 for TT4 and 0.8844 for FT4. Detection limits for TT4 and FT4 were 3 micrograms/l and 3 ng/l, respectively. TT4 was linear up to 200 micrograms/l. The recovery of TT4 was between 99 to 101%. A computer-stored standard curve for total T4 was stable over a 6-day period. The 48 counting chambers demonstrated stability over a 45 day period with no significant changes in counting efficiency (p greater than 0.5). Precision between the 48 chambers gave a CV of 1.6%. Crosstalk between chambers was less than 0.3% with count rates up to 80,000 cpm. We conclude that the KinetiCount immunoassay system using solid phase separation technology performs well and is suitable for routine clinical use. PMID- 3760983 TI - New method for measuring myocardial blood flow by high resolution scintigraphy in the excised dog heart. AB - The standard method for measuring myocardial blood flow (MBF) with radioactive microspheres requires processing of selected tissue samples usually from the excised heart, and consequent loss of exact relation to myocardial morphology. A computer-based image processing method was developed by using [99mTc]microspheres (mean particle size 20 microns) for quantitative analysis of MBF in 25 dogs. A computer-controlled gamma camera was used to obtain the images of radioactive microsphere distribution in transaxial slices of the ex vivo heart. Any portion of these slice images could be quantitated by using a computer program based on modification of the formula for determining MBF by the standard microsphere method. Regional myocardial perfusion calculated by this technique correlated well with values obtained with reference microspheres (r = 0.96) over a broad range of MBF. The results show that our new method, accurately and with high resolution, delineated zones of differing MBF and confirmed the increase of MBF in surviving myocardium with healing. PMID- 3760985 TI - Evaluation of plasma clearance by synthesis of continuous infusion: principles and use. AB - There is a technique of engineering analysis which can be described as "impulse synthesis" which uses the observational data of a system's response to a single sharp blow in order to predict its response to a steady force. This same technique has been applied to the calculation of in situ drug levels and for calculating plasma clearance values. The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the principles of this calculation technique and to critically assess its application to plasma clearance studies. We begin by tracing the history of the measurement of renal clearance of plasma. We then proceed to exposit the relevant principles of the synthesis technique. Finally, we report the results of our application of this technique to the analysis of simulated data in a manner intended to be of use to clinicians who might wish to consider employing the technique. PMID- 3760987 TI - Effect of patient positioning on liver size estimation. AB - Technetium sulfur colloid imaging is widely regarded as a simple, accurate technique for the evaluation of liver size. Although numerous strategies have been proposed for standardizing measurements, none has considered the possibility of a variation depending on whether the patient is imaged erect or recumbent. We imaged several patients in both positions and observed an apparent increase in the vertical length of the liver from supine to upright. We confirmed this by demonstrating a significant increase in the vertical length of both the right and left lobes in a majority of 55 patients imaged in both positions. PMID- 3760989 TI - Cardiovascular nuclear medicine--training for the future. PMID- 3760988 TI - Imaging the heart: cardiac scintigraphy and echocardiography in U.S. hospitals (1983). AB - The rapid growth of cardiac catheterization has raised questions about the availability of less costly, "noninvasive" tests such as cardiac scintigraphy and echocardiography. To assess their availability and rates of use, we surveyed 3,778 non-federal short-term U.S. hospitals in June, 1983. Overall, 2,605 hospitals (69%) offered 201Tl myocardial perfusion scans, 2,580 (68%) 99mTc equilibrium gated blood pool scans, and 2,483 (67%) cardiac shunt scans; 1,679 hospitals (44%) offered M-mode and/or 2-dimensional echocardiography, and 768 (20%) pulsed Doppler echocardiography. Volumes of procedures varied enormously among hospitals capable of performing them. High volumes of both scintigraphy and echocardiography were performed in a small number of hospitals. Larger, voluntary, and teaching hospitals performed higher volumes of both procedures. Despite widespread availability of these "noninvasive" technologies, high volumes of both cardiac scintigraphy and echocardiography procedures are concentrated in a small number of U.S. hospitals. PMID- 3760990 TI - Uncontrolled variables in the measurement of renal function. PMID- 3760991 TI - Determination of glomerular filtration rate by Gates' method. PMID- 3760992 TI - Measurement of glomerular filtration rate. PMID- 3760993 TI - Biliary propensities of technetium-99m glucoheptonate. PMID- 3760994 TI - Peripheral versus axial skeleton absorptiometry in osteoporosis. PMID- 3760995 TI - Expressing the variability in results of metabolizable energy assays. AB - In estimating the metabolizable energy of a food or feedstuff (MEf), the ME of a reference diet (MEr, containing glucose monohydrate) and the ME of a test (MEt, containing the feedstuff substituted for glucose) are determined from a feeding trial: MEf = MEglucose -1/P (MEr - MEt) where P is a proportion of substitution. Traditionally, MEr has been used in calculating the variance of MEf as if it were measured without error, leading to an underestimation of the variance in MEf. Variances of MEf estimated by a method based on the variances MEr and MEt were 4 11% greater for sample data. Underestimation of variances can lead to excess confidence in ME estimates. Too few replicates may be used for the desired confidence. Figures depicting the influence of replication and degree of substitution are included to help select the replication and proportion of substitution necessary to achieve acceptable results. PMID- 3760996 TI - Effect of dietary fat on sodium transport and sodium-lithium countertransport in rat erythrocytes and thymocytes. AB - Two groups of normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats were fed high fat diets (40% of calories derived from fat). One group received a diet high in polyunsaturated fat (corn oil 45% polyunsaturated), and the other a diet high in saturated fat (coconut oil). Growth rates were the same in both groups. Sodium transport was measured in isolated thymocytes from both groups. The rats fed the diet high in polyunsaturated fat had lower sodium efflux rate constants than those fed the diet high in saturated fat. The reduction was almost entirely confined to the ouabain-sensitive portion of sodium efflux. Sodium-lithium countertransport in isolated thymocytes and erythrocytes was the same for both groups. PMID- 3760997 TI - Fecal steroid excretion in relation to the development of casein-induced hypercholesterolemia in rabbits. AB - Two groups of nine rabbits fed a purified diet containing soy protein were injected intravenously with [4-14C]cholesterol. One group was fed the same diet for 78 d while the other group was fed a diet containing casein. The feces of the rabbits were collected and analyzed for radioactivity present in the neutral steroid and bile acid fractions. The excretion of neutral steroids and bile acids was lowered within 3 d after soy protein was replaced by casein and before the serum cholesterol concentration was increased. However, in the casein-fed rabbits the specific radioactivity of the bile acids was greater, whereas the amount of excreted bile acids was lower than in the soy protein-fed rabbits. After the serum cholesterol level in the casein-fed animals became constant (d 35), a further injection of [4-14C]cholesterol was given to all animals. Kinetic parameters of cholesterol metabolism according to a two-pool model were estimated from the die-away curve of [4-14C]cholesterol in serum. The size of the rapidly exchangeable pool (pool A) was greater in the casein-fed rabbits than in the soy protein-fed rabbits, whereas the size of pool B was similar in the two groups. The partial turnover rate of pool A was lower, as was the partial turnover of the slowly exchangeable pool (pool B), and the production rate of cholesterol was significantly lower on the casein-fed rabbits than in the soy protein-fed rabbits. This study suggests that the reduced excretion of steroids in casein-fed rabbits could be the cause of the hypercholesterolemia and is not the result of it. PMID- 3760998 TI - Requirement for sulfur-containing amino acids in infancy. AB - A series of studies designed to define the requirement of normal infants for sulfur-containing amino acids (methionine, cystine) was conducted with formulas providing 3.0, 2.8, 2.6, 2.2 or 1.8 g of isolated soy protein per 100 kcal. The formulas were fed with or without a methionine supplement. Adequacy of the diet was determined by measurement of growth, serum chemical indices and nitrogen balance. Nitrogen balance demonstrated a beneficial effect of methionine supplementation only at the lowest protein concentration (1.8 g/100 kcal). However, measurement of weight gain and/or serum concentrations of urea nitrogen and albumin clearly showed a beneficial effect of methionine supplementation at protein concentrations of 2.2 and 2.6 g/100 kcal. Intakes of sulfur-containing amino acids of 435 and 495 mumol/100 kcal therefore appear inadequate. At higher intakes of protein (2.8 and 3.0 g/100 kcal) there was no beneficial effect of methionine supplementation. Possible exceptions were male infants provided with 3.0 g protein per 100 kcal, in whom weight gain between 8 and 56 d of age was significantly (P less than 0.05) greater with than without a methionine supplement. Based on intakes of sulfur-containing amino acids from the formula providing 2.8 g of isolated soy protein per 100 kcal without methionine supplementation, we conclude that for male infants older than 56 d the requirement for sulfur-containing amino acids is no more than 588 mumol/100 kcal when intake of methionine is 264 mumol/100 kcal. However, it seems possible that such intake fails to meet the requirement in male infants less than 56 d of age. For female infants, regardless of age, 533 mumol/100 of sulfur-containing amino acids per 100 kcal meet the requirement when intake of methionine is 239 mumol/100 kcal. PMID- 3760999 TI - Bioavailability of zinc to rats as affected by protein source and previous dietary intake. AB - The bioavailability of zinc from defatted soy flour, dried chicken meat or mixed (50:50 dry weight basis) soy flour and chicken meat included in egg white-based diets was investigated in rats. Following a 6-d experimental diet (9 ppm Zn) feeding period, marginally zinc-depleted weanling rats were fed a test meal, identical in composition to the experimental diet except that the protein source was labeled either intrinsically or extrinsically with 65Zn. Retention of 65Zn from the chicken test meal was significantly higher than that from the soy test meal. Retention of 65Zn from the mixed soy/chicken test meal was midway between the retention values for either protein alone regardless of which protein source was labeled. Intrinsic and extrinsic labeling techniques resulted in similar assessment of zinc bioavailability. Additionally, the influence of previous dietary protein source on zinc retention from a soy test meal was investigated. Retention of 65Zn from an intrinsically labeled soy test meal was higher in rats adapted to chicken protein than in rats adapted to soy protein. The levels of tibia zinc and tibia 65Zn were associated with whole-body retention of 65Zn. PMID- 3761000 TI - Influence of genetic obesity on tissue concentrations of zinc, copper, manganese and iron in mice. AB - The concentrations (micrograms/gram dry wt) of four essential trace metals in various tissues from C57BL/6J lean (+/?) and obese (ob/ob) mice were determined. Lower concentrations of zinc were found in liver, femur, small intestine and muscle from obese mice than in those from lean mice at 22 wk of age. The concentrations of copper in liver, femur, small intestine, muscle and testes, iron in liver, femur, muscle and plasma, and manganese in liver, femur and small intestine from adult obese mice were also significantly below the concentrations present in tissues from age-matched lean mice. Hepatic concentrations of zinc, copper and manganese in obese mice were also lower than those in lean mice when the different amounts of neutral lipid in obese and lean liver were considered. In contrast with the trend towards lower concentrations of trace metals in tissues from adult obese mice, plasma zinc and copper levels and ceruloplasmin activity were higher in adult obese mice than in lean controls. The effect of genetic obesity on tissue trace metals concentrations was similar in male and female mice. Several tissues from young (5-6 wk of age) obese mice also had lower concentrations of the trace metals than age-matched lean mice, although the differences were not as great as in adults. These data demonstrate that chronic obesity in the genetically obese (ob/ob) mouse is associated with lower concentrations, but not necessarily lower total quantities, of several inorganic micronutrients in tissues. The possibility tht chronic obesity alters the nutritional requirements for these trace metals is discussed. PMID- 3761001 TI - Selenium content and glutathione peroxidase activity in the testis of the maturing rat. AB - In rats fed a diet with 0.25 mg Se/kg the testis selenium content rose during maturation. The value in 4-mo-old animals (7.0 mg Se/kg dry mass; 0.9 mg Se/kg wet mass) was six times higher than that in 20-d-old weanling rats. By comparison, the selenium content in the main selenium pools, muscle and liver, remained unchanged and rose by half, respectively. Due to the increased selenium requirement of the testis during its pubertal maturation the amount of selenium taken up by the male gonads was 50% of the amount deposited in muscle and liver, whereas before and after that period it was about 10%. Feeding animals a low vitamin E diet had no effect on the rise in testis selenium. Glutathione peroxidase activity was twice as high in 4-mo-old animals as in weanling rats. Because only a small percentage of the element in the male gonads was bound to the enzyme, the rise in testis selenium must have been due to other selenium compounds. The selenium content of the spermatozoa was about 21 mg Se/kg dry mass, which by far exceeded the level of this element in other compartments of the rat. The increase in testis selenium content coincided with the beginning of spermatogenesis, and it may therefore ensure the supply of adequate amounts of the element for the spermatozoa. PMID- 3761002 TI - Comparative studies of selenium-75 (selenite and selenomethionine) absorption from various milk diets in suckling rats. AB - Selenium (Se) absorption was studied in human milk, bovine milk and infant formula (Similac) using suckling rats as a model. The effect of age on Se absorption from the three milk diets extrinsically labeled with 75Se, either as selenite or selenomethionine, was also investigated. Milk diets were fed by gastric intubation and the radioactivity in the carcass, gastrointestinal tract and the liver were measured 3 h after feeding. There was no difference in [75Se]selenite absorption from the three milk diets between 8-20 d of age. However, significantly higher quantity of 75Se was absorbed from all three milk diets by 20-d-old rats than by the younger rats (46 vs. 32%). This increase in [75Se]selenite absorption with advancing age is opposite to what has been found for most other trace elements. When rats were fed milk diets labeled with [75Se]selenomethionine, the absorption of 75Se was approximately twofold higher in all age groups compared with 75Se absorption from selenite. No difference in [75Se]selenomethionine absorption existed among the three milk diets in 8- or 10 d-old suckling rats. However, at 15 d of age [75Se]selenomethionine absorption from human milk was higher (82%) than from either bovine milk (72%) or infant formula (72%). Between 8 and 20 d of age, absorption of [75Se]selenomethionine from the three milk diets decreased with advancing age. Adding sodium selenate to increase the total nonradioactive Se of human milk, bovine milk (endogenous plus the added selenium) did not affect the absorption of either [75Se]selenomethionine or [75Se]selenite. PMID- 3761003 TI - Effect of dietary protected lipids on the essential fatty acid status of the newborn kid. AB - Pregnant goats were fed either a control diet or one in which part of the concentrate ration was replaced, for either the last 2 mo or the last month of gestation, with a polyunsaturated fatty acid supplement protected from biohydrogenation in the rumen. On the day of parturition, goats fed a supplemented diet, during either 1 or 2 mo before parturition, exhibited markedly higher concentrations of linoleic acid in the major plasma lipid fractions, i.e., phospholipids, cholesteryl esters, triacylglycerols and nonesterified fatty acids, than did goats not fed the supplement. At birth, the four main lipid fractions in the plasma of the kids from goats fed the supplemented diet, during either 1 or 2 mo before parturition, exhibited considerably higher proportions of linoleic and arachidonic acids and lower proportions of eicosatrienoic acid than did those of newborn kids from unsupplemented mothers. These findings show appreciable transfer of lipids across the placenta and demonstrate that the low essential fatty acids status of kids at birth can be raised by this particular manipulation of the maternal diet. PMID- 3761004 TI - Influence of pregnancy, lactation, litter size and diet energy density on the pancreas of sows. AB - In a first experiment, each of 52 sows having raised one litter was randomly assigned to one of the five following groups: control (nongravid) for pregnancy (CP), 110 d pregnancy (P110), control (nongravid) for lactation (CL), 4 wk lactation with 8 (L8) and with 12 (L12) piglets. In a second experiment, each of 36 sows having raised three litters was randomly assigned to the following groups: control group (nongravid) fed a low energy density 1% tallow diet (CLED) and two lactation groups, one fed the low energy density diet (LLED) and the other fed a high energy density 10% tallow diet (LHED). At slaughter the pancreas was excised, freed from fat and weighed. Fragments were homogenized for evaluation of protein, amylase, chymotrypsin, RNA and DNA content. Pancreas weight was not affected by pregnancy, lactation or litter size. Pancreatic cellular mass (15.2%), amylase (42.6%) and chymotrypsin (34.6%) concentrations were smaller among pregnant sows (P110) than among their controls (CP). Amylase concentration tended to be lower among the L12 than among the L8 sows (P = 0.067). Sows fed the high energy diet (LHED) had greater pancreas weight (15.3) and chymotrypsin activity (48.1%) than those fed the low energy diet (LLED). Pregnancy, lactation, litter size and dietary energy density during lactation all had a significant effect on the pancreas of the sow. PMID- 3761005 TI - Response of adult lean and obese female Zucker rats to intermittent food restriction/refeeding. AB - Previously, it was found that lean and obese Zucker rats (9-15 wk of age) responded differently to the first of four cycles of food restriction/refeeding. In later cycles, they responded similarly. The present study was undertaken to determine if this finding was due to age, adaptation to the intervention or the obesity. Adult (35-wk-old) lean and obese rats were classified into four groups, ad libitum-fed lean and obese and food-restricted lean and obese. Food-restricted rats underwent four 3-wk periods when they were fed 50% of their ad libitum intake, each followed by a 3-wk period of ad libitum refeeding. Food-restricted rats lost and regained sufficient weight in each cycle to weigh a similar amount as their ad libitum-fed groups by the end of each refeeding period. In lean rats, there were no permanent effects of this intervention except for a 25% reduction in carbohydrate intake. Similar results were found in obese rats, although they did have significantly lower retroperitoneal fat pad weight and serum triacylglycerol levels than ad libitum-fed obese rats at the end of the experiment. These results indicate that lean and obese adult rats respond to each food restriction/refeeding cycle in a similar manner. Results in the earlier experiment would appear to be due both to age and genotype. PMID- 3761006 TI - Bone resorption, renal function and mineral status in cows treated with 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol and its 24-fluoro analogues. AB - The relative potencies of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, 24-F-1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol, and 24,24-F2-1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol at three doses (25, 100 or 400 micrograms) were assessed in nonlactating Jersey cows. The 24,24-F2-1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol induced a significantly greater hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia than did 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. The 24-F-1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol was intermediate in its hypercalcemic and hyperphosphatemic potency. Urinary hydroxyproline excretion rate and plasma hydroxyproline concentration were not significantly increased by treatment with any of the compounds. This indicates that these compounds did not stimulate bone resorption in nonlactating, nongravid cows. Renal function was significantly impaired in cows that received a 400-micrograms dose of any compound. There was a severe reduction in glomerular filtration rate (up to 42%) and urine specific gravity. Renal function was most severely affected in cows treated with 24,24-F2 dihydroxycholecalciferol and was evident even at the 100-micrograms dosage level. PMID- 3761007 TI - Effects of dietary protein, fat and restriction on body composition and energy balance in lactating rats. AB - Isoenergetic diets formulated at three levels of dietary protein using 12,24 and 40% casein and at two levels of fat using 2.26 and 13.82% corn oil were fed at five levels of intake, ad libitum, 75, 62.5, 50 and 37.5% of average ad libitum intake, to 90 lactating rats from d 7 to 14 of lactation. Regression equations developed from lactating rats killed on d 7 of lactation were used to calculate initial body composition and energy of rats killed on d 14 of lactation. Changes in body weight and body water were significantly (P less than 0.05) affected by dietary fat and protein, but change in dry lean body mass was affected only by level of dietary fat, whereas body nitrogen and fat and lean body energy were not affected by level of dietary fat or protein. However, restricted intake significantly increased loss of all these. Likewise, restricted intake decreased milk production. Changes in weights of heart and liver were not affected by diet or intake, whereas intestinal weight decreased with intake restriction. Liver enzyme activities were markedly affected by intake restriction, whereas responses to dietary protein and fat were marginal. PMID- 3761008 TI - Relationships among dietary protein, feed intake and changes in body and tissue composition of lactating rats. AB - To quantify effects of protein and energy intake on changes in tissue composition in lactating rats, 36 rats were fed three diets (L, M and H, containing 12,24, and 36% protein, respectively) at four levels of intake (100, 70, 50 and 30% of ad libitum) from d 7 to 14 of lactation. Three rats per treatment were killed on d 14; carcass, viscera, liver and mammary glands were dissected and analyzed for water, fat, protein and ash. Twelve rats killed on d 7 provided initial composition estimates. All rats lost weight loss was affected slightly by diet but drastically by intake, ranging from 22.4 g in ad libitum-fed rats to 79.9 g in the 30% group. Fat losses, mostly from carcass, were insensitive to diet but were increased to maximum at the 70% intake level, and further restriction did not result in significantly greater fat losses. Protein losses in all tissues increased with degree of feed restriction. Protein losses in viscera, liver and mammary decreased with higher dietary protein. Possible homeorrhetic adaptations responsible for these patterns of nutrient partition are discussed in terms of changes in rates of fat and protein turnover and hormonal effects upon these rates. PMID- 3761009 TI - Stimulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion by a peptide purified from rat bile pancreatic juice. AB - We purified a peptide from rat pancreatic juice that enhances pancreatic enzyme secretion in a manner different from that of exogenous trypsin inhibitors, such as soybean trypsin inhibitor, when it is infused into the rat intestine. In this paper, we present evidence for the release of gut hormone(s) into the blood of rats after intestinal administration of the peptide. In the presence of atropine, an anesthetized rat small intestine was washed out with saline containing soybean trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz type) to eliminate proteases. Under these conditions, the rat small intestine was divided into four equal parts by ligation. Administration of the peptide into the first quarter of the small intestine stimulated pancreatic enzyme secretion. However, administration into the more distal parts did not stimulate the enzyme secretion. Moreover, intravenous injection of 1 mL of plasma from rats in which the peptide had been infused into the duodenum caused stimulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion in the recipient rats. It was suggested that the purified peptide acts in the proximal small intestine and that it stimulates the release of gut hormone(s) into the blood to enhance pancreatic enzyme secretion. These findings support the hypothesis that the peptide we purified is responsible in part for the humoral control of pancreatic enzyme secretion in the response to food intake. PMID- 3761010 TI - Gender-linked differences in dietary induction of hepatic glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme in the rat. AB - The objective of these studies was to determine how alterations in dietary carbohydrate affect hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), 6 phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH) and malic enzyme (ME) activities in adult female rats. Rats were either starved 2 d and then refed a nonpurified diet or a purified 65% carbohydrate diet (glucose, sucrose, fructose or cornstarch) for 3 d, or switched from nonpurified to purified diets for 3 d. Liver G6PDH, 6PGDH and ME activities were determined. In males, enzyme activities were 8- to 12-fold and 3-fold higher when starved and refed purified diets and nonpurified diets, respectively, whereas in females, activities were 2- to 3-fold higher only when refed purified diets. Both genders had higher enzyme activities when shifted to purified diets. Females responded less dramatically than males. Of the higher enzyme activities observed during starvation-refeeding studies, in females 58-65% of the change is a function of switching rats from nonpurified to purified diets. In contrast, in males only 24-40% of the higher activities could be attributed to diet shifting. Results of these studies indicate that the effects of dietary carbohydrates on hepatic G6PDH, 6PGDH and ME activities are gender dependent. PMID- 3761011 TI - Absence of a generalized disaccharide effect in adult female rats. AB - Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were either prefed ground nonpurified diet, starved 48 h, then refed a purified carbohydrate diet for 72 h or shifted from ground nonpurified diet directly to a purified carbohydrate diet for 72 h. Diets were formulated to contain 65% carbohydrate either as the disaccharides maltose or sucrose or as their respective monosaccharide equivalents glucose and invert sugar (glucose: fructose, 1:1). Alternations in hepatic glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH) and malic enzyme (ME) activities, relative liver size and food efficiency were determined. Rats starved and refed invert sugar had higher levels of G6PDH and ME than those red glucose, indicating a positive fructose effect. The greatest changes in hepatic enzyme activities were observed in rats consuming diets containing sucrose. Positive fructose and disaccharide effects were obtained with sucrose for all enzymes studied in both dietary shift and starve-refeed studies. No disaccharide effect was observed with maltose. In conclusion, females did not display a generalized disaccharide effect with either dietary shifting or starvation refeeding. PMID- 3761012 TI - Lead toxicity in chicks: interactions with dietary methionine and choline. AB - Two factorial experiments were conducted to study the effects of dietary methionine and choline on lead toxicity in chicks. Dietary variables were 0.3 or 0.63% (experiment 1) or 0.23 or 0.75% methionine (experiment 2); 0 or 1000 ppm lead (as Pb acetate X 3H2O); and 1130 or 3300 mg/kg (experiment 1) or 396 or 1266 mg/kg choline (experiment 2). In both experiments, lead depressed growth while methionine stimulated growth. Growth depression by lead was less with methionine adequate than with methionine-inadequate diets. There were no differences in growth with the choline-marginal or choline-excess diets. In experiment 2, the methionine x lead interaction for growth was observed with choline-adequate but not with choline-inadequate diets. Lead-induced depression of growth was exacerbated by added choline when methionine-inadequate diets were fed. With methionine-adequate diets, choline level had no effect on the lead-induced depression of growth. Hepatic nonprotein sulfhydryl (NPSH) concentrations were increased by both supplemental methionine and lead with no interaction. Choline levels had no effect on NPSH. Dietary methionine significantly lowered Pb concentration of kidney and muscle but not of bone, liver or blood. Choline had no effect on organ Pb concentrations. Methionine, either dietary or in the dosing solution, had no effect on in situ intestinal absorption or 203PbCl2. These results suggest that lead lowers the chick's choline requirement and that the methyl moiety of methionine does not participate directly in lead detoxication. The amelioration of Pb toxicity by methionine appears to be related to increased excretion of Pb. PMID- 3761013 TI - Hepatocyte-like cells within the pancreas of rats fed methyl-deficient diets. AB - Administration of a methyl-group-deficient diet with or without an initial single injection of diethylnitrosamine to male Fischer 344 rats resulted in the development of cells structurally similar to hepatocytes that lay in small clusters around one or more islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. These cells were detected in 15/256 rats fed various methyl-deficient diets in study 1 and in 7/28 rats fed a severely methyl-group-deficient diet in study 2. The results of special staining procedures for the detection of glycogen, albumin and particulate iron uptake indicated that at least some of these cells shared features common to liver cells. These results, as well as previously reported observations of similar cells in hamsters treated with ethionine, provide additional evidence that the lack of available physiological methyl donors contributes to altered differentiation of pancreatic acinar cells. PMID- 3761014 TI - Diet, plasma cholesterol and coronary heart disease. PMID- 3761015 TI - Recommended nutrient intakes: guidelines for the prevention of deficiency or prescription for total health. PMID- 3761016 TI - Selenium and cancer: meaning of serum selenium levels. PMID- 3761017 TI - NCHS standard is affected by puberty. PMID- 3761018 TI - ApoE distribution among lipoproteins of rhesus monkeys is modulated by dietary fat and cholesterol. AB - The effect of dietary saturated fat and cholesterol on plasma cholesterol and apolipoprotein E (apoE) distribution among lipoproteins was studied in rhesus monkeys. Two groups of four monkeys had been fed diets containing 31% energy as either corn oil or coconut oil for 5 yr from birth. Each group was then fed short term their respective diet with a 0.2% cholesterol supplement, the opposite fat without cholesterol, the opposite fat +0.2% cholesterol, followed by their original fat without cholesterol for 5 to 8 wk periods. Plasma was assayed for total cholesterol, total triglyclerides, and the distribution of apoE within lipoproteins (VLDL, IDL, LDL, HDL) separated by gradient-density electrophoresis. When coconut oil was fed, plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were 134% and 157%, respectively, of the levels when corn oil was fed. Cholesterol supplementation of corn oil also elevated the plasma cholesterol (141%), whereas cholesterol supplementation of coconut oil appeared to induce a synergistic increase (198%). Both groups of monkeys responded similarly to a given diet. The distribution of apoE in lipoproteins differed according to dietary treatment, with cholesterol feeding causing a major shift from HDL to IDL, whereas coconut oil caused a modest shift from HDL to VLDL. The relative amount of apoE in LDL was unchanged by diet. We conclude that dietary saturated fat or cholesterol can modulate the apoE distribution within lipoproteins in rhesus monkeys in conjunction with the previously noted expansion of the cholesteryl ester pool in VLDL and IDL. PMID- 3761019 TI - Effect of essential fatty acid deficiency on acyl group composition, membrane fluidity and adenylate cyclase activity in plasma membranes of rat submandibular salivary glands. AB - The effects of a marginal and severe deficiency of essential fatty acids (EFA) on the fatty acid composition, fluorescence polarization of diphenylhexatriene (DPH) and adenylate cyclase activity were studied in plasma membranes of rat submandibular salivary glands (SMSG). Three groups of male weanling Sprague Dawley rats were fed ad libitum EFA-deficient (EFAD), marginally EFA-deficient (MEFAD) or the control diets. Rats were killed after 8-17 wk of feeding and plasma membranes were prepared from the SMSG and the assayed for basal and fluoride-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. In membranes prepared from EFAD and MEFAD rats, the fluoride-stimulated enzyme activity was 30-35% higher than that of the control group. Lower double-bond index of phospholipids in plasma membranes of the SMSG from EFAD and MEFAD rats was observed, suggesting a lower fluidity compared with the control group. Higher fluorescence polarization of DPH in membranes of EFAD and MEFAD rats was more evidence of lower fluidity. It is suggested that higher adenylate cyclase activity in SMSG of rats fed EFAD or MEFAD diets may be related to lower membrane fluidity. Fluoride-stimulated enzyme activity and fatty acid composition of membrane lipids were restored to normal values after feeding the control diets for 6 wk to the EFAD and MEFAD rats. PMID- 3761020 TI - Effect of an oral dose of vitamin E on the vitamin E and cholesterol content of tissues of the vitamin E-deficient rat. AB - Weanling rats (female Sprague-Dawley) were fed until maturity a vitamin E deficient diet or the deficient diet supplemented with 66 IU RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate/kg. Vitamin E, vitamin E quinone and total cholesterol levels in plasma, liver, paraovarian adipose tissue, lung, ovary and adrenal tissue were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Vitamin E levels were greatly diminished, but cholesterol levels were unchanged in all tissues except adipose tissue of animals fed the deficient diet. Vitamin E-deficient animals received a single oral dose of 2 or 16.7 mg of RRR-alpha-tocopherol, and tissues were examined at 12 and 48 h. Plasma and liver formed a vitamin E pool that peaked at 12 h, had a high vitamin E/cholesterol ratio at 12 h and contained only trace amounts of vitamin E quinone. Adipose tissue, lung, ovary and adrenal concentrated vitamin E throughout the 48-h period, had low vitamin E/cholesterol ratios and contained small but significant amounts of vitamin E quinone. Vitamin E levels (micrograms/gram) at 48 h in lung, ovary and adrenal were higher than the vitamin E level in liver but the liver contained much more vitamin E (micrograms/organ) than the other tissues combined. Cholesterol levels (micrograms/gram) in plasma and liver decreased 45 to 55% in a dose- and time dependent manner when a single oral dose of vitamin E was administered to deficient animals. Cholesterol levels in adipose tissue, lung and ovary were unchanged while the cholesterol level in adrenal increased 122% in a time dependent manner with a single oral dose of vitamin E. These data show that a single oral dose of vitamin E has a profound effect on cholesterol levels in short-time experiments with the vitamin E-deficient rat. This rat model is appropriate for studies on the relationship between vitamin E and cholesterol metabolism in plasma, liver and the adrenal. PMID- 3761021 TI - Urea cycle activity and arginine formation in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) AB - Studies were conducted to determine whether rainbow trout fingerlings possess the ability to synthesize arginine via the urea cycle. Several urea cycle enzymes were detected in trout tissues. An experiment was conducted to determine whether the enzymes increase in response to starvation or in response to dietary protein level (0, 30, 40, 50% protein). Although some effects were observed, they did not appear to be consistent with the function of the urea cycle as a mechanism of detoxifying ammonia in the fish. The activities of kidney arginase and liver and muscle carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS) were higher (P less than 0.05) when protein was omitted from the diet (P less than 0.05) than when it was present but were unaffected by protein level otherwise. The activities of liver arginase and kidney and muscle CPS and ornithine transcarbamoylase (OTC) were higher (P less than 0.05) in starved fish than in fish that received adequate levels of protein. Liver CPS and OTC were lower in starved fish than in fish fed 30% protein. L-[l 14C]ornithine hydrochloride and L-[carbamoyl-14C]citrulline, injected intraperitoneally, were incorporated into tissue arginine, a finding consistent with arginine biosynthesis via the urea cycle. When one-half of dietary arginine was replaced by equimolar amounts of glutamic acid, ornithine or citrulline, glutamic acid markedly reduced growth (P less than 0.05), whereas growth was depressed only slightly by ornithine (P less than 0.05) and not depressed by citrulline (P greater than 0.05). We conclude that trout have a urea cycle that provides for potential arginine biosynthesis. PMID- 3761022 TI - Metabolism of nonessential 15N-labeled amino acids and the measurement of human whole-body protein synthesis rates. AB - Eight 15N-labeled nonessential amino acids plus 15NH4Cl were administered over a 10-h period to four healthy adult males using a primed-constant dosage regimen. The amount of 15N excreted in the urine and the urinary ammonia, hippuric acid and plasma alanine 15N enrichments were measured. There was a high degree of consistency across subjects in the ordering of the nine compounds based on the fraction of 15N excreted (Kendall coefficient of concordance W = 0.83, P less than 0.01). Protein synthesis rates were calculated from the urinary ammonia plateau enrichment and the cumulative excretion of 15N. Glycine was one of the few amino acids that gave similar values by both methods. PMID- 3761023 TI - Prediction of brain and serum free amino acid profiles in rats fed graded levels of protein. AB - Daily weight gains and food intakes were measured in male, 120-g rats fed graded levels of dietary casein. After 14 d, serum and brain amino acid concentrations were measured. All physiological responses were tested for a functional relationship to dietary casein concentration. Food intake, weight gain and many serum amino acid profiles were shown to be saturable functions of percent casein in the diet. In general, essential amino acids increased in serum with increasing dietary casein concentration while nonessential amino acids decreased with increasing dietary casein concentration. Brain amino acid concentrations were shown to be linear functions of serum levels with the exceptions of phenylalanine and the acidic amino acids. Most amino acids showed a smaller range of values in brain than in serum. The exceptions were the levels of threonine, glutamine, serine and histidine, which were three times greater in brain than in serum. Brain levels of the neutral amino acids tryptophan and tyrosine were highly correlated with the amino acid/neutral amino acid ratios in serum, whereas leucine was negatively correlated. Brain histidine, which was inversely correlated with dietary casein, was found to correlate with specific food intake patterns. The four-parameter mathematical model for physiological responses was able to predict all the observed saturation type responses in the experiment. PMID- 3761024 TI - Intake and gastric emptying of mono- versus disaccharides by rats. AB - Eating and gastric emptying of mono- versus disaccharides were measured in rats which consumed each day a carbohydrate solution and, 5 h later, a restricted amount of a nutritionally adequate dry diet. When Wistar rats were offered 30% (wt/vol) sugar solutions for 60 min a day, energy intakes were smaller for glucose than for maltose or dextrin and smaller for invert sugar (fructose + glucose) than for sucrose. Sprague-Dawley rats consumed less energy from glucose than maltose when fed 60%, but not 15%, solutions of these sugars. Among Wistar rats accustomed to hypotonic carbohydrate meals, gastric emptying (kilocalories/minute) was slower for 30% glucose than 30% maltose and for 63% maltose than 21% maltose. These differences became obscured with continued exposure to highly hypertonic meals. Monosaccharides, being small, highly soluble molecules, can impart great osmolality to stomach contents. It appears that this osmotic property of monosaccharides tends to slow eating and gastric emptying. PMID- 3761025 TI - Effects of food restriction and starvation-refeeding on volatile fatty acid concentrations in the rat. AB - Adult male rats were fed either ad libitum or at levels of 19 or 15 g of nonpurified diet per rat daily or subjected to 48 h of starvation followed by 24 h of refeeding. Concentrations of total and individual volatile fatty acids (VFA) in cecal contents were higher in rats fed ad libitum than in those restricted to 19 or 15 g/d. Only butyrate concentration was lower in rats given 15 g/d than in those given 19 g/d. In starved animals all cecal VFA declined within 24 h of food removal, but the greatest change was in butyrate, which fell to less than 12% of the initial value. Acetate and propionate fell further after 48 h, but their concentrations were restored to control values within 24 h of refeeding while butyrate remained depressed by 50%. Cecal pH was closely related to total VFA concentration, although the highest degree of correlation was with butyrate. Hepatic portal venous plasma VFA concentrations generally reflected those in cecal digesta except that the proportion of butyrate was relatively lower in this blood vessel than in cecal contents. Under all conditions acetate was the only VFA found in arterial plasma and in the fully fed state was lower than in hepatic portal venous plasma. Food restriction and starvation did not alter arterial concentrations, indicating abolition of net uptake. We conclude that all VFA are affected by availability of fermentable material to the large bowel microflora but that the disproportionate changes in butyrate may reflect preferential use of this acid by cells of the large bowel wall. PMID- 3761027 TI - Heme, ferritin and vegetable iron absorption in humans from meals denatured of heme iron during the cooking of beef. AB - The iron absorption from heme, ferritin and vegetable foods was tested in 63 humans (10 males and 53 females). The iron absorption from heme in beef exposed to prolonged heating was markedly reduced, following the degree of denaturation of the heme. The iron absorption from ferritin was about 31% of the absorption of the reference dose when administered with meat alone, falling to 11% of the reference dose when administered in a meal containing meat and vegetable foods. The absorption of ferritin iron was less than half that of vegetable iron. The data confirm a previous proposal that ferritin forms part of a subgroup of the non-heme iron pool. PMID- 3761026 TI - Deposition of dietary organic and inorganic selenium in rat erythrocyte proteins. AB - The deposition of selenium (Se) in erythrocyte proteins was studied in rats fed Se as sodium selenite, selenocystine, selenomethionine (Se-Met), high Se wheat or selenium-enriched yeast. Ion-exchange chromatography of acid hydrolyzates of selenium-enriched yeast, high Se wheat and intrinsically labeled 75Se wheat indicated that the majority of the Se was present as Se-Met. Gel filtration (Sephadex G-150) of erythrocyte lysates revealed that Se was deposited mainly in two proteins, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and hemoglobin (Hb). When selenite or selenocystine was the dietary form of Se, the majority of the erythrocyte Se was present with GPx, but when the Se was supplied from either Se-Met, yeast or wheat, it was deposited to a greater extent in Hb than GPx. Injection of 75Se as either Se-Met or selenite gave results consistent with the feeding studies. 75Se labeled selenite injection resulted in labeling of primarily GPx, but 75Se-Met injection labeled predominantly Hb. Hence, the dietary forms of Se influence the relative distribution of Se between GPx and Hb in erythrocytes, and this may be a factor contributing to the difference between human and animal erythrocytes. PMID- 3761028 TI - Efficiency of manganese absorption in chicks fed corn-soy and casein diets. AB - Experiments were conducted with young chicks to quantify the absorption efficiency of manganese (Mn) using tibia Mn uptake as the response criterion. Chicks in experiment 1 were fed a corn-soybean meal diet and either injected intraperitoneally or crop intubated twice daily with three levels of inorganic Mn provided as MnSO4 X H2O. After 14 d, chicks were killed, and intact tibias were removed to facilitate calculation of bone Mn concentration. Excellent straight line fits (bone Mn concentration as a function of Mn administered) allowed estimation of gut absorption efficiency of Mn by slope-ratio methodology. Absorption efficiency of Mn was calculated to be 1.71% for chicks fed the corn soy diet. Identical methodology was employed in experiment 2 wherein chicks were fed a phytate- and fiber-free casein-dextrose diet. An absorption efficiency of 2.40% was estimated for chicks fed this diet. Hence, absorption efficiency of inorganic Mn was 40% greater in chicks fed the purified diet than in those fed the conventional corn-soy diet. PMID- 3761029 TI - Enhancement of fluoride retention by low dietary chloride without manifestation of chloride deficiency in the rat. AB - Weanling male albino rats were fed a purified diet containing 10 ppm fluoride as sodium fluoride and 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, or 0.10% chloride as sodium chloride for 6 wk. Food intake was unaffected by the level of dietary chloride. Rats fed diets containing either 0.02 or 0.04% chloride had significantly higher fluoride retention and skeletal uptake of fluoride than did rats fed higher chloride levels. Diets, however, had to contain 0.04% chloride or more to support normal weight gain, femur ash weight and plasma chloride concentration. The ability to enhance fluoride content of bone on a low chloride diet without undesirable effects of chloride deficiency may have important implications, since fluoride is thought to play a role in strengthening the mineral apatite structure of bone. PMID- 3761030 TI - Response of body protein and energy gain in growing chicks to differences in energy intake and composition of diet. AB - Responses of metabolized energy, body protein gain and body energy gain of growing chicks to planes of energy intake and dietary composition of energy yielding nutrients were studied. Ten diets were formulated to cover the entire range of composition (0-100%) of protein, fat and carbohydrate on the basis of gross energy (GE) and three sets of 10 groups of chicks were force-fed these diets at planes of 1380, 1076 and 773 kcal GE/chick per 10 d. The response surfaces of metabolized energy at each plane of GE intake were convex, and the upper two surfaces contacted in the field of 0% GE of dietary protein (PGE). The response surface of body energy gain was almost parallel to that of metabolized energy at each plane of GE intake, but the slopes of the body energy gain upward to the peak from the foot on the 100% PGE field were steep compared with those of the metabolized energy. On the other hand, the response surfaces of body protein gain at any plane of GE intake were also convex, and sloped down from the field of about 60% PGE to the higher PGE field and to the 0% PGE field. Regardless of the plane of GE intake, the body energy gain reached a plateau at about 25% PGE and the body protein gain at about 60% PGE. That body protein gain depends on both protein intake and plane of GE intake was clearly shown. On the basis of these results we calculated partial efficiency of metabolized energy utilization, and discussed validity of the classical definition of a "balanced ration." PMID- 3761031 TI - Zinc-vitamin A interaction in pregnant and fetal rats: supplemental vitamin A does not prevent zinc-deficiency-induced teratogenesis. AB - The influence of a higher-than-normal intake of vitamin A on the detrimental effects of zinc deficiency on vitamin A metabolism was investigated in pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats. At mating, rats were fed diets containing 100 (control), 4.5, or 0.5 micrograms/g zinc combined with 4 (control) or 8 micrograms retinyl acetate/g. Low intake of zinc, but not of vitamin A, caused food intake, total body weight change, fetal weight and placental weight to be low. Incidence of teratogenic effects was more pronounced in low zinc groups than in controls. Concentrations of vitamin A in maternal plasma and liver were affected by the amount of zinc in the diet. Dietary vitamin A, however, did not affect either of these parameters. Maternal plasma zinc concentration was affected only by low dietary zinc, whereas plasma copper and iron were unaffected by the dietary treatments. Maternal liver iron was higher in zinc-deficient rats than in controls; however, maternal liver zinc and copper concentrations were not altered by dietary treatments. No significant differences in vitamin A concentration of fetal liver, fetal plasma, or placenta were seen among the groups. Fetuses from zinc-deficient dams had significantly lower levels of liver vitamin A and liver zinc than did controls. Fetal liver iron was higher in zinc-deficient fetuses than in controls, whereas fetal liver copper was not affected by dietary treatment. These data suggest that supplemental dietary vitamin A does not ameliorate the effect of zinc deficiency on vitamin A metabolism during pregnancy. PMID- 3761032 TI - Short-chain fatty acids in germfree mice and rats. AB - The short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have been analyzed in small intestinal and cecal content of 10 germfree and six conventional mice from a Norwegian laboratory, in cecal content and serum of five germfree rats and two germfree mice from a Swedish laboratory and in Norwegian and Swedish autoclaved, nonpurified rodor diets. The mean total SCFA concentration was 1020 mumol/kg in cecum and 1010 mumol/kg in small intestine of Norwegian germfree mice; 124,600 mumol/kg in cecum and 6,250 mumol/kg in small intestine of conventional mice; 490 mumol/kg in cecum and 370 mumol/L in serum of Swedish rats; 360 mumol/kg in cecum and 290 mumol/L in serum of Swedish mice; 31.4 mmol/kg in Norwegian and 19.5 mmol/kg in Swedish nonpurified diets. Acetic acid accounted for more than 90% of the total concentration in all samples from germfree animals and diet, but detectable concentrations of propionic, isobutyric, n-butyric, isovaleric and n valeric acid were also present. Thus, germfree animals have low, but measurable, concentrations of SCFAs in intestinal content compared to conventional animals. Most probably these acids originate mainly from the diet. PMID- 3761033 TI - Milk lipid synthesis and secretion during milk stasis in the rat. AB - The lipid content of milk expressed from rats decreased from 15.8% wt/vol within 1 h of the removal of the pups to 4.2% in samples obtained 12 h after the removal of the pups. The protein and lactose concentrations were unchanged. Analysis of gland homogenates showed that lactose and total lipid accumulated throughout the 12 h period of milk stasis. The rate of mammary fatty acid synthesis in vivo determined using tritiated water was not significantly altered by 12 h of milk stasis, and analysis of the milk and gland fatty acids showed that the relative proportions of de novo synthesized fatty acids (medium-chain fatty acids) and those derived from the circulation (16 and 18 C acids) had been maintained. Light and electron microscopy showed the accumulation of considerable quantities of lipid within the lumen of the alveoli even while the pups were still suckling. Twelve hours after the removal of the pups there was not only a marked increase in the lumenal lipid, but also considerable lipid trapped in the epithelial cells. In rats where the nipples were ligated unilaterally and allowed to be suckled for 12 h, the milk from the ligated glands contained significantly less lipid than that from the suckled glands but more lipid than from milk of rats removed from their pups for 12 h. Administration of oxytocin during 12 h of milk stasis significantly increased the milk lipid content. PMID- 3761034 TI - Circadian changes in serum and liver metabolites and liver lipogenic enzymes in ad libitum- and meal-fed, lean and obese Zucker rats. AB - Circadian rhythms were studied in ad libitum- and meal-fed Zucker rats. Lean and obese female rats were fed ad libitum or in a single meal from 1400-1800 for 12 d. Both groups of ad libitum-fed rats exhibited a nocturnal feeding pattern; obese rats ate more than the lean rats during the light and dark parts of the cycle. After 12 d, groups of rats were killed at 4-h intervals over a 24-h period, inclusively, and the presence of circadian rhythms was evaluated for the serum metabolites, liver constituents and the liver lipogenic enzymes. The obese ad libitum-fed rats demonstrated rhythms for serum triglycerides, serum cholesterol, liver protein and glycogen, and the activities of fatty acid synthetase, citrate cleavage enzyme (EC 4.1.3.8), and glucose-6-P dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49). Meal feeding the obese rats modified the rhythms for serum cholesterol, liver glycogen and the activities of glucose-6-P dehydrogenase, and citrate cleavage enzyme and a rhythm was established for serum glucose. The feeding schedule did not cue a rhythm for serum triglycerides and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.44) or modify the rhythm for liver protein. The lean ad libitum-fed rats displayed rhythms for all the measured parameters except serum glucose. Feeding-cued rhythms for all metabolites except serum cholesterol were observed when the lean rats were meal-fed. These data suggest that the rhythms of the ad libitum-fed obese rats may not be similar to those observed in the lean rat. Yet, changing the feeding schedule may be important in establishing rhythm patterns that will alter the anabolic profile characteristic of the Zucker obese rat. PMID- 3761035 TI - Relationships among dietary protein, feed intake and tissue protein turnover in lactating rats. AB - Effects of protein and energy intake on tissue protein synthesis and degradation were studied in rats fed 12, 24 and 36% protein diets at 100, 70, 50 and 30% of ad libitum intake begining on d 7 of lactation. Rates of protein synthesis were measured in liver, mammary, abdominal viscera and remaining carcass of rats on d 10 of lactation. Tissue protein loss was estimated as the difference in tissue protein from d 7 to 14. Data were analyzed using stepwise multiple quadratic regression to define response surfaces of protein loss, synthesis and degradation to intake of protein and energy. Protein loss increased with restriction of energy and protein intake in all tissues. However, carcass protein synthesis and degradation did not vary systematically with either energy or protein intake. Energy intake restriction increased visceral protein turnover while protein intake restriction decreased rate of protein turnover. Liver protein loss increased with decreased dietary protein due to increased liver protein degradation. Decreased energy intake also increased liver protein loss without directly affecting rate of synthesis or degradation. Mammary protein synthesis decreased very slightly with energy restriction while decreased protein intake sharply inhibited protein synthesis. PMID- 3761036 TI - Effect of treadmill training on muscle oxidative capacity and accretion in young male obese and nonobese Zucker rats. AB - This study was designed to determine if treadmill training of the male obese Zucker rat could reverse its deficit in muscle accretion, expose a possible latent defect in its muscle oxidative capacity or significantly alter its food intake and lipid deposition. At 12 wk of age muscle mass and myofibrillar protein concentration were significantly lower and body lipid and food intake were significantly higher in the sedentary obese than in the nonobese rat. Exercise, by both inducing hypophagia and increasing energy output, led to a lower body weight, body lipid, and muscle mass in the exercised than in the nonexercised rats. This response to exercise did not differ between both phenotypes, except for body lipid. In that case the reduction of body lipid was greater for the obese rats. Muscle mitochondrial enzyme activities and rates of mitochondrial respiration in the obese rats were not different or greater than those of their sedentary or pair-exercised nonobese counterparts. Taken together these data indicate that oxidative capacity per unit of muscle is not significantly lower in the obese rats than in nonobese rats in both sedentary and exercised states, but that total muscle oxidative capacity is lower on a whole-animal basis since total muscle mass is lower. Further, exercise reduces, but does not prevent the enhanced weight gain and lipid accretion that characterizes the obese rat. PMID- 3761037 TI - NIH consensus conferences: by whom, for what?--Obesity. PMID- 3761038 TI - Nutritional and physiological implications of fish oils. PMID- 3761039 TI - Is euthanasia of rats by decapitation inhumane? PMID- 3761040 TI - Menaquinone (vitamin K2)-6 production by mutants of Flavobacterium meningosepticum. AB - Flavobacterium meningosepticum IFO 12535, a menaquinone (MK) producer, was mutagenized to improve productivity. A mutant, which was resistant to 1-hydroxy-2 naphthoate (HNA), was found to produce MK more abundantly: 34 mg/liter of culture broth and 5.5 mg/g of dry cells. The mutant was less sensitive to inhibition by HNA on MK biosynthesis than the wild-type strain. MK was isolated from cells of the mutant and identified as MK-6 based on its physicochemical characteristics. Mutants, which were given each KCN resistance, aromatic amino acid auxotrophy and no carotenoid productivity, did not show further increase of productivity. PMID- 3761041 TI - Effect of dietary protein on vitamin E levels in erythrocytes and tissues of rats. AB - The effect of dietary protein level on the transfer of alpha-tocopherol in blood to tissues including RBC was studied using rats. The first experiment comprised a 10% casein (low protein), 20% casein (normal) and 20% SPI (normal soybean protein) diet groups supplemented with 71.5 mg of alpha-Toc/kg diet. In Exp. 2 the relationship of the tissue alpha-Toc level and protein level in diets, as shown by recovery from vitamin E-deficient status after the administration of alpha-Toc for 3 days, was checked by adjusting the protein level in diets to 10%, 20% and 40% casein. In Exp. 1 alpha-Toc in RBC decreased significantly in the 10% casein and 20% SPI groups compared to the 20% casein group. Moreover, alpha-Toc in kidney, lung and muscle decreased significantly in the 10% casein and 20% SPI groups. alpha-Toc in liver in the 20% SPI group decreased significantly compared to the 20% casein group. In Exp. 2 similar results were observed (Table 4), but alpha-Toc in RBC showed only a tendency to decrease with the low protein diet. In Exp. 1 free cholesterol in RBC increased significantly in the 10% casein group compared with the other two groups. PMID- 3761042 TI - Effect of erythorbic acid administration on ascorbic acid content in guinea pig tissues. AB - The effect of erythorbic acid (ErA) on ascorbic acid (AsA) content in the tissues of normal and AsA-deficient guinea pigs was studied. The animals were sacrificed at varying intervals during the experimental period, and the liver, adrenal glands, spleen and kidneys were removed. The amounts of AsA and ErA in the tissues were measured by HPLC. The content of AsA in the tissues of the animals administered both AsA and ErA was lower than that of the animals administered only AsA. But the disappearance rate of AsA from the tissues of the AsA-deficient animals was similar to that of the animals administered only ErA. The amount of AsA in the tissues of the animals administered both AsA and ErA during the repletion period was lower than that of the animals administered only AsA. These results suggest that ErA administration may affect the amount of AsA in the tissues by inhibiting its tissue uptake or its storage in the tissues, and not by accerelating the catabolism of AsA in the tissues. PMID- 3761043 TI - Antiscorbutic effect of dehydro-L-ascorbic acid in vitamin C-deficient guinea pigs. AB - The antiscorbutic effect of dehydro-L-ascorbic acid (DAsA) was investigated in vitamin C-deficient guinea pigs. Male guinea pigs were fed vitamin C-deficient diets for 16 days to deplete body L-ascorbic acid (AsA) pools and then fed the deficient diet supplemented with DHA and/or AsA intraperitoneally for 14 days. During the repletion period, most of the animals injected with 0.5 mg DAsA/day developed scurvy, their body weights decreased and their mortality rate was higher than that of the other groups injected with 0.5 mg AsA/day or 5 mg DAsA/day. Injecting animals with 0.5 mg AsA/day resulted in the disappearance of the typical scorbutic symptoms and regaining of body weight. These data indicate that DAsA has considerably less antiscorbutic activity than AsA in vitamin C deficient guinea pigs. PMID- 3761044 TI - Effect of food consumption pattern on total serum cholesterol level: a methodological approach. AB - The food intake and serum cholesterol levels of 60 healthy, middle-aged inhabitants of Kobe city were surveyed from 1974 to 1981. We attempted to estimate the serum cholesterol level in which food consumption patterns (8-factor scores) were chosen as dietary indicators. Every two years, multiple regression analysis was applied cross-sectionally for males and females, using the eight factor scores as independent variables and the total serum cholesterol level as a dependent variable. The multiple regression coefficients based on the factors were significant for both males and females. Reproducibility of the standard partial regression coefficients, beta, for females was also high. We obtained a formula for estimating serum cholesterol level based on the scores of Factor 1 (staple foods), F5 (prepared foods), F6 (traditional Japanese foods), F7 (vegetable oil) and F8 (nutrition-consciousness): multiple regression coefficient R = 0.56 and coefficient of determination R2 = 0.31. The multiple regression equation indicated that serum cholesterol level increased with the combined effects of the uniformity of the food life, westernized-type food consumption, concern for nutrition and a relatively low intake of vegetable oil. PMID- 3761045 TI - Effect of dietary medium chain triglyceride on lipogenic enzyme activity in rat liver. AB - This study was conducted to confirm that medium chain triglyceride (MCT) feeding itself would increase hepatic lipogenic enzyme activity without causing a lack of essential fatty acids (EFA) in the liver. Male weaning rats were fed for 11 weeks on diets containing 2% corn oil and 13% various fats: MCT, corn oil, tripalmitin or beef tallow, respectively. MCT feeding was clearly shown to increase the activities of fatty acid synthetase (FAS) and malic enzyme (ME) in the liver. Rats weighing 170 g were pair-fed for 7 days on diets containing 15% MCT, 13% MCT + 2% corn oil, 15% corn oil, and 2% corn oil and no fat (control groups), respectively, under a fixed level of carbohydrate (sucrose). The addition of 2% corn oil to MCT (13%) did not depress these enzyme activities, even though supplementing the fat-free diet with 2% corn oil resulted in a significant decline in the activities. When the rats received various amounts of MCT, the extent to which the degree of FAS and ME activities increased by MCT feeding depended on the amount of MCT in the dietary fat mixture with corn oil. Supplement of over 5% corn oil to MCT diets did not inhibit them sufficiently. In the liver lipids of animals fed MCT, there were no appearances of 20:3 omega 9 (5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid), but the levels of mono-unsaturated fatty acids were increased by MCT feeding. The results suggest that MCT ingestion itself enhances lipogenic enzyme activity via some metabolic charge. PMID- 3761046 TI - Acute effect of ethanol on intestinal calcium transport. AB - In vivo studies in rats demonstrated that acute intragastric administration of ethanol (3 g/kg BW) resulted in a reduced net absorption of fluid and calcium. Thirty minutes after an i.v. injection of 2 microCi 45Ca, the gastrointestinal 45Ca content in ethanol-treated rats was significantly higher than in controls indicating an increase in calcium secretion. The effect of ethanol on calcium movement was quantitated by measuring calcium fluxes across the in situ duodenal and ileal loops. Ethanol administration suppressed net duodenal calcium absorption by inhibiting the lumen to plasma flux of calcium. In contrast, ethanol enhanced plasma to lumen calcium flux in the ileum, resulting in net calcium secretion. PMID- 3761047 TI - Magnesium utilization during gestation in the rat and effect of hydrocortisone on it. AB - The changes of magnesium utilization during pregnancy in rat and the influence of hydrocortisone acetate on it was studied. In the late days of gestation the Mg balance and magnesium content of bone increased significantly. This may be due to a greater requirement at this stage and to bone acting as a store for this cation. Hydrocortisone acetate at a dose of 4 mg/100 g body weight/day decreased the magnesium balance but did not modify the bone content of this mineral. The hormone had a catabolic effect on Longissimus dorsi muscle, producing a loss in magnesium. The effect is directly proportional to the duration of treatment. PMID- 3761048 TI - Detection of folate deficiency in alcoholism using the peripheral blood lymphocyte deoxyuridine suppression test. AB - Twenty-seven alcoholic patients were studied for folate status. Twenty-two (81%) had neutrophil hypersegmentation and were detected as folate deficient by also having low serum folate, erythrocyte folate, lymphocyte folate and/or an abnormal peripheral blood lymphocyte deoxyuridine suppression test. Seventeen (63%) had an abnormal lymphocyte deoxyuridine suppression test and all 17 were corrected by the addition of methyltetrahydrofolate or pteroylglutamate. Comparison of these 63% abnormal (corrected by folate) results using the peripheral blood lymphocyte deoxyuridine suppression test with the lower percent abnormal (corrected by folate) bone marrow deoxyuridine suppression tests found in folate-deficient alcoholics by others suggests that the peripheral blood deoxyuridine suppression test may be more useful than the bone marrow deoxyuridine suppression test for laboratory diagnosis of folate deficiency responsive to folate therapy in alcoholism. Hidden iron deficiency is common in alcoholism, and in the concomitant presence of deficiencies of hemoglobin synthesis and of folate, the serum and erythrocyte folate and deoxyuridine suppression test in bone marrow are frequently normal, despite the suppression test being abnormal in lymphocytes and corrected by folate. PMID- 3761049 TI - The tissue distribution of L-ascorbic acid and dehydro-L-ascorbic acid in the guinea pigs injected intravenously with dehydro-L-ascorbic acid. AB - The tissue distribution of L-ascorbic acid (AsA) and dehydro-L-ascorbic acid (DAsA) in guinea pigs injected with DAsA intravenously was examined using high performance liquid chromatography. DAsA injected into guinea pigs fed normal diets containing AsA (control group) was readily taken into erythrocytes, and AsA contents of plasma and other tissues rapidly increased after DAsA injection. In animals fed vitamin C-deficient diets, DAsA was also detected in erythrocytes; however, the increase of AsA in their tissues was considerably less than that of control group. From these results, it was suggested that utilization of DAsA as AsA in vitamin C-deficient guinea pigs was less than that of control animals, and the reduction mechanism of DAsA to AsA in vitamin C-deficient guinea pigs may have differed from that of control groups. PMID- 3761050 TI - Conversion of pyridoxine into 6-hydroxypyridoxine by food components, especially ascorbic acid. AB - In experiments designed to examine interactions between pyridoxine (PN) and food components, PN was found to be converted into an unidentified compound in the presence of the homogenates of various plant foods under mild conditions. The formation of the compound tended to be higher when food samples had a higher ascorbic acid (AsA) content. The reaction was neither thermal decomposition nor photodecomposition. This compound was also formed by incubating PN with AsA in the dark. Conversion of PN into the compound proceeded with oxidation of AsA, and was negligible under anaerobic conditions. The pH optimum for the reaction was between 4 and 7, and the temperature optimum was between 30 and 50 degrees C. The compound was purified by ion-exchange chromatography, isolated as colorless needles, and identified as 6-hydroxypyridoxine from UV, PMR, IR and MS spectral data. 6-Hydroxypyridoxine had neither vitamin B6 nor antivitamin B6 activity for Saccharomyces carlsbergensis 4228 (ATCC 9080). From these results, we inferred that hydroxylation of PN in the presence of food components, especially AsA, caused loss of vitamin B6 in plant foods during food processing, storage and cooking. PMID- 3761051 TI - Stimulation of chenodeoxycholic acid excretion in hypercholesterolemic mice by dietary taurine. AB - The effects of dietary taurine on fecal steroid excretion and bile acid pool size were investigated in Jcl: ICR strain mice. The mice were fed on semi-purified diets for five weeks: a cholesterol-free diet (Standard), a lithogenic diet containing 0.5% cholesterol and 0.25% sodium cholate (C-CA) and a lithogenic diet supplemented with 5% taurine (C-CA + 5% taurine). The changes in fecal steroid excretion were studied as a function of time and the bile acid pool size was estimated. Dietary taurine affected fecal bile acid excretion both quantitatively and qualitatively. No change in bile acid pool size was observed. The fecal excretion of bile acids increased in taurine-supplemented mice. The increase in the fecal neutral steroid excretion was less than that in C-CA fed mice. The proportion of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and the related bile acids to total bile acids increased both in the fecal bile acids and in the bile acid pool. Therefore, the protective effect of dietary taurine against cholesterol gallstone formation may be related to the stimulation of bile acid synthesis, especially of CDCA and related compounds. PMID- 3761052 TI - Spatial-frequency discrimination in cats. AB - Spatial-frequency discrimination thresholds were measured in two cats by using a two-alternative forced-choice procedure. A range of standard spatial frequencies centered around the peak of the cat's contrast-sensitivity function was sampled. For comparison, discrimination thresholds were also measured in two human observers at spatial frequencies centered around the peak of the human contrast sensitivity function. For the humans, spatial-frequency discrimination thresholds averaged 4%, while for cats discrimination thresholds averaged 50%. The relatively poorer performance of the cats cannot be entirely explained on the basis of the larger sample spacing of the feline retinal mosaic. More accurate predictions can be obtained from a model that assumes that the cat bases its discrimination performance on the level of activity within that mechanism maximally activated by the standard spatial frequency. PMID- 3761053 TI - Encoding contour shape by curvature extrema. AB - Curvature extrema provide significant information about the shape of an image contour, such as a silhouette, and are the basis for the Hoffman-Richards codon representation for shape. This representation based on curvature easily translates into a binary string that will describe the abstract shape of any smooth image curve. The computation of the basic shape primitives requires dealing with two ever-pervasive problems: contour noise and scale. We show how contour noise can be estimated given knowledge of the shape of the filter used to compute curvature from the edge list of the contour. To handle the scale problem, we use an adaptation of Witkin's scale space. Our algorithm differs from Witkin's by using a notion of parts to set criteria for significant structures. PMID- 3761054 TI - Two-view motion analysis: a unified algorithm. AB - We present a linear algorithm for determining the three-dimensional rotation and translation of a rigid object from two time-sequential perspective views using point correspondences. The algorithm is different from existing ones in two respects. First, various measures for combating noise are incorporated. Second, the algorithm is unified in the sense that, assuming that the surface assumption holds, it can handle both the case of nonzero translation and the case of zero translation. PMID- 3761055 TI - Three-dimensional motion analysis by direct matching. AB - We describe a direct-matching approach to determining motion of a rigid body from two time-sequential perspective views. The method does not require finding feature correspondences. It is valid under the following assumptions: Brightness constancy--the brightness of an image point corresponding to a fixed object point does not change after motion. The mathematical form of the object surface is known to within a finite number of parameters. We also show how the computation can be simplified in the case of small motion. PMID- 3761056 TI - Determining the kinematic parameters of a moving imaging sensor by processing spatial and temporal intensity changes. AB - A method is presented that determines the motion parameters of an imaging sensor by evaluating the spatial and temporal intensity changes in the image plane. It is not necessary to compute the optical flow. If the environment in the field of view is described parametrically, constraint equations between the kinematic parameters and the intensity changes can be derived. Linear solutions of these equations are the so-called pure parameters, which are nonlinear functions of the motion parameters. These quantities are the roll, pitch, and yaw rate, the angle of attack and the angle of yaw, and orientation parameters. They can be obtained directly by solving a 3 X 3 eigenvalue problem. The algorithm was implemented and applied to artificial and natural image sequences. An error and covariances analysis shows that the method is robust and accurate enough for autonomous navigation. PMID- 3761058 TI - Fishing for a worm. PMID- 3761057 TI - Endoscopic laser therapy for gastrointestinal disorders. Part IV: Laser therapy in neoplastic disease, continued (4). PMID- 3761059 TI - Prostaglandins and psychiatry. PMID- 3761060 TI - Morphologic changes following Neodymium-YAG laser irradiation of urinary bladder tumors. PMID- 3761061 TI - Dislocated fractures of the femoral neck treated with von Bahr screws or hip compression screw. Results of a prospective, randomized study. PMID- 3761062 TI - [Physiological characteristics of first order horizontal canal neurons in guinea pigs. 3. Relationship between spontaneous activity and response to angular acceleration]. PMID- 3761063 TI - [Establishment of a permanent human maxillary sinus carcinoma cell line and generation of a monoclonal antibody reactive with maxillary sinus carcinoma]. PMID- 3761064 TI - [A study on abrupt high tone loss in perceptive hearing-impaired patients using a new audiological method--characteristics observed in the confusion chart and the width of uncertainty in DLSI]. PMID- 3761065 TI - [Mucin-type glycoprotein of nasal secretion from patients with chronic sinusitis: solubilization and biochemical analysis of the O-glycosidic oligosaccharide chains]. PMID- 3761066 TI - [Salivary gland tumors. A clinical report of ninety-two cases]. PMID- 3761067 TI - [Frontal mucocele--a report of 59 cases]. PMID- 3761068 TI - [Mechanical properties of the human vocal fold in vivo--resonance characteristics by a single rectangular pulse excitation]. PMID- 3761069 TI - Mast cells in acute hepatitis. AB - The prevalence and morphological characteristics of mast cells were studied in 41 liver biopsies from patients with acute hepatitis of different causes. In 17 of these biopsies mast cells were found both in portal tracts and sinusoids. They were mainly found in the classical and periportal types of hepatitis, and were more abundant in the later stages of the disease. Their presence was established both by staining for mast cells at light microscopic level and by electron microscopy. Two types of mast cells were found. Those in the portal tracts had the characteristics of connective tissue mast cells in other organs. The second type was the sinusoidal mast cell. These were closely associated with a variety of myeloid cells, and ultrastructural evidence suggests that they may be derived from the latter. Mast cells are considered to participate in the inflammatory response in acute hepatitis. PMID- 3761070 TI - The use of monoclonal antibodies to blood group isoantigens as markers of endothelial cells. PMID- 3761071 TI - Clinical presentation of sickle cell-hemoglobin C disease. AB - Early symptoms were observed in a representative sample of 166 children with sickle cell-hemoglobin C disease diagnosed at birth. Symptoms were uncommon in the first year of life; in approximately 50% specific symptoms had developed by 5 years, but 22% remained without specific symptoms to 10 years. The age at presentation was significantly earlier in patients with low hemoglobin F levels, but was not influenced by heterozygous alpha-thalassemia-2. Painful crisis was the initial manifestation in 77% of the children; other symptoms included dactylitis (14%) and pneumococcal septicemia and acute splenic sequestration (4% each). The commonest nonspecific symptom was acute chest syndrome. The relatively mild early clinical course of sickle cell-hemoglobin C disease indicates that neonatal diagnosis does not have the same urgency as for homozygous sickle cell disease. PMID- 3761072 TI - Objective diagnosis of otitis media in early infancy by tympanometry and ipsilateral acoustic reflex thresholds. AB - Otitis media in early infancy carries a high risk of recurrent otitis media and prolonged middle ear effusion. To fulfill the need for objective diagnostic methods in this age group, we investigated susceptance tympanograms and ipsilateral acoustic reflex thresholds in infants younger than 5 months of age. Tympanometry and acoustic reflex thresholds were performed with an otoadmittance meter using a 660 Hz probe tone. Tympanograms were interpreted using quantitative measures. These findings were compared with independent otoscopic diagnoses in 67 ears with middle ear effusion and 69 ears that were effusion free. Diagnoses were confirmed by tympanocentesis when clinically indicated. There was excellent agreement among otoscopy, peak tympanogram susceptance, and ipsilateral acoustic reflex thresholds (kappa 0.82 to 0.86, agreement 91% to 93%). We conclude that susceptance tympanograms and ipsilateral acoustic reflex thresholds are accurate diagnostic tests for otitis media in infants younger than 5 months of age. PMID- 3761073 TI - A simple method for detection of heterozygous carriers of the gene for classic phenylketonuria. AB - Plasma phenylalanine (Phe) and tyrosine (Tyr) concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography in arteriolar blood obtained by finger prick from 78 normal volunteers and 36 heterozygote carriers of phenylketonuria (PKU). Subjects were tested at midday, 3 to 4 hours after their breakfast. Values for the micromolar ratio of Phe/Tyr and Phe2/Tyr for control subjects fell below 1.2 and 80, respectively; values for all carriers of PKU were higher for one or both ratios. This method should be applicable to widespread screening of the general population for carriers of the gene for PKU. PMID- 3761074 TI - Diuretic and hormonal responses to head-out water immersion in nephrotic syndrome. AB - The diuretic and natriuretic response to water immersion, which is known to increase effective central blood volume, was studied in eight edematous children with nephrotic syndrome. The rise in central blood volume was indicated by a decrease in hematocrit from preimmersion median of 40.2% to 38.6% during water immersion (P less than 0.05, Friedman test). Similarly, serum protein concentration fell from 36.7 gm/L to 33.5 gm/L (P less than 0.05). Water immersion induced diuresis from a preimmersion median of 0.33 ml/min/1.73 m2 to 1.52 ml/min/1.73 m2 (P less than 0.05). Osmolar clearance rose, as did sodium and potassium excretion. Urine osmolality fell during water immersion (P less than 0.05). Serum sodium concentration and plasma osmolality did not change. Plasma arginine vasopressin values fell from 11.1 pg/ml to 3.0 pg/ml (P less than 0.05), as did renin activity (8.5 ng to 5.2 ng angiotensin l/ml/hr, P less than 0.01), aldosterone (18.0 ng/dl to 10.1 ng/dl), and norepinephrine (344 pg/ml to 213 pg/ml, P less than 0.05). Water immersion produces a potent natriuretic and diuretic response in children with nephrotic syndrome. PMID- 3761075 TI - Type 1 procollagen as a biochemical marker of growth in children with inflammatory bowel disease. AB - Using radioimmunoassay, we measured the levels of the C-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (pColl-I-C) in sera from 69 children with functional bowel disease (control population), 18 children with ulcerative colitis, and 35 children with Crohn disease. Sexually mature fully grown adolescents from all three patient groups had mean pColl-I-C concentrations (12.0 +/- 0.8 micrograms/dl) similar to those previously reported for adults (5 to 17 micrograms/dl). Children with functional bowel disease and normal growth had significantly higher concentrations (32.8 +/- 1.7 micrograms/dl) (P less than 0.001) than did the fully grown adolescents. In patients with inflammatory bowel disease a significant relationship between growth velocity and pColl-I-C concentrations was noted (P less than .001). Lower pColl-I-C concentrations were found in patients receiving daily prednisone therapy compared with those receiving alternate-day therapy (P less than 0.01) or those not taking the drug (P less than 0.01). These data suggest that pColl-I-C concentrations reflect growth activity in children. Repeated determinations may allow rapid assessment of the effects of various therapeutic modalities on growth in children with inflammatory bowel disease. PMID- 3761076 TI - Abnormal ventilatory patterns during sleep in infants with myelomeningocele. AB - Some infants with myelomeningocele, hydrocephalus, and Arnold-Chiari malformation have symptomatic apnea or hypoventilation. The incidence of abnormalities of the ventilatory pattern during sleep in asymptomatic infants with myelomeningocele is not known. Therefore we performed overnight pneumograms (recordings of ventilatory pattern and electrocardiogram) in 18 asymptomatic infants with myelomeningocele and compared them with pneumograms from 64 control infants. Infants with myelomeningocele had longer total sleep time (596 +/- 16 minutes vs 536 +/- 10 minutes, P less than 0.005), longer episodes of longest apnea (12.6 +/ 0.8 seconds vs 8.1 +/- 0.3 seconds, P less than 0.001), greater total duration of apnea greater than or equal to 6 seconds as percent total sleep time (1.02% +/ 0.18% vs 0.23% +/- 0.03%, P less than 0.001), and lower mean heart rates (120 +/ 5 vs 145 +/- 5, P less than 0.001) than did control infants. No abnormal bradycardia was observed in either group. Thirteen (72%) of 18 infants with myelomeningocele had abnormal pneumograms, compared with 4 (6%) of 64 control infants (P less than 0.0005). We conclude that asymptomatic infants with myelomeningocele have a high incidence of ventilatory pattern abnormalities during sleep. PMID- 3761077 TI - Pseudodiastrophic dysplasia: a distinct newborn skeletal dysplasia. AB - Pseudodiastrophic dysplasia is a distinct disorder that differs from diastrophic dysplasia on the basis of clinical, radiographic, and chondro-osseous histopathologic findings. In addition to the rhizomelic shortening of the limbs and severe clubfoot deformity, which suggest the diagnosis of diastrophic dysplasia, distinguishing features are elbow and proximal interphalangeal joint dislocations, platyspondyly, and scoliosis, which are observed in infancy. This disorder has been reported previously in three infants, all of whom died in the first year of life. Two of these were sisters, suggesting autosomal recessive inheritance. We report four new patients with this distinct skeletal dysplasia, including two children now older than 4 years of age. In both of these patients neonatal contractures have improved with physical therapy and scoliosis has progressed significantly. PMID- 3761078 TI - A new skeletal dysplasia: clinical, radiologic, and pathologic findings. AB - Two siblings, one male and one female, were noted to have a distinct skeletal dysplasia. The clinical and radiographic features resemble those observed in Kniest dysplasia and Rolland-Desbuquois syndrome, but important differences were noted. Specifically, these two patients have microstomia, "pursed" lips, and ectopia lentis, and their radiographs reveal no coronal clefts. Chondro-osseous features also differ from those observed in either of the other disorders. Scattered dense patches consisting of collagen fibers 10 to 30 times broader than normal are seen scattered throughout the cartilage matrix; the "Swiss cheese" appearance characteristic of Kniest dysplasia is not observed. These patients appear to have a new skeletal dysplasia, most likely inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion. PMID- 3761079 TI - Clinical impression versus laboratory result. PMID- 3761080 TI - Pediatric anesthesiology, as in pediatrics. PMID- 3761081 TI - Intractable seizures in Legionnaires disease. PMID- 3761082 TI - Bacterial contamination rates for non-clean-catch and clean-catch midstream urine collections in boys. PMID- 3761083 TI - Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with Campylobacter enteritis in a child. PMID- 3761084 TI - Plasma amino acid levels after single-dose aspartame consumption in phenylketonuria, mild hyperphenylalaninemia, and heterozygous state for phenylketonuria. PMID- 3761085 TI - Familial porencephaly and congenital hemiplegia. PMID- 3761086 TI - Vitamin K deficiency in the newborn infant: prevalence and perinatal risk factors. AB - The prevalence of vitamin K deficiency in newborn infants and the influence of perinatal risk factors were studied prospectively in 934 infants. A noncarboxylated prothrombin assay to detect proteins induced in vitamin K absence (PIVKA-II) was used to determine the presence of vitamin K deficiency; of 934 cord blood samples assayed, 2.9% were positive for PIVKA-II (0.015 to 0.15 U/ml). All infants found to have detectable PIVKA-II were born at term. The number of infants positive for PIVKA-II was greater in the group small for gestational age (7.4%) than in those appropriate (2.7%) or large (3.1%) for gestational age. Nine categories of perinatal risk groups were defined: however, the majority of infants who were PIVKA-II positive (63%) were normal. All infants received prophylactic vitamin K, and no infant with PIVKA-II in the cord sample subsequently had clinical bleeding. In two patients the rate of 50% disappearance of PIVKA-II after vitamin K administration approximated 70 hours. Two PIVKA-II positive patients with active bleeding or disseminated intravascular coagulation had an accelerated disappearance of 20 to 40 hours. The long disappearance time of PIVKA-II in a steady state may allow detection of vitamin K deficiency despite administration of vitamin K. The majority of cases of neonatal vitamin K deficiency occurred in normal newborn infants. Therefore, all infants should receive prophylactic vitamin K at birth. PMID- 3761087 TI - Effects of prematurity and dysmaturity on growth at age 5 years. AB - Forty-two term and 106 preterm appropriate for gestational age (AGA), and 43 term and 31 preterm small for gestational age (SGA) children were observed from birth to age 5 years. Parents' weight and height were also measured in 193 subjects including 97 couples. The percentage of short children was higher in SGA (17%) than in AGA (3.4%) children (P less than 0.01). This difference was significant in the preterm but not in the term children, suggesting that early failure of growth in utero can result in reduced growth in children. The findings were similar for weight and head circumference, but microcephaly was more frequent in term SGA (30%) than in preterm SGA (6.4%) children (P less than 0.05), suggesting that late impaired growth in utero can result in poor growth of the head. Height at the age of 5 years correlated with the parents' height only in AGA children, and with length at birth in SGA children. Weight of the 5-year-old children correlated with the mother's weight only in AGA children. Multivariate analysis in 66 couples and their children confirmed a greater tendency toward the influence of parental factors in AGA children and a more significant relationship with perinatal factors in SGA children. PMID- 3761088 TI - Ventricular septal thickness and cardiac function in neonates after in utero ritodrine exposure. AB - Cardiac septal hypertrophy occurs after in utero ritodrine exposure. To assess the effect of septal hypertrophy on cardiac function we obtained M-mode echocardiograms on day 1 of life in 41 infants exposed to ritodrine and 22 control infants matched for gestational age. Mean duration of ritodrine exposure was 16.2 +/- 13.2 days (range 1 to 49 days). Disproportionate septal hypertrophy (DSH) was defined as an interventricular septal thickness/posterior wall thickness ratio (ST/PW) of greater than 1.3. Infants exposed to ritodrine in utero had DSH and increased right systolic time intervals compared with control values (P less than 0.05). A subgroup, those infants exposed for 2 weeks or longer, had not only DSH but also an absolute increase in septal thickness compared with control infants and infants exposed to ritodrine for less than 2 weeks. ST/PW correlated well with the duration of ritodrine exposure (r = 0.96); the longer the exposure the thicker the septum. Although all echocardiographic changes lasted for less than 3 months, we have no information regarding the effect on the fetus of maternal ritodrine exposure for longer than 7 weeks. Until such information is available, cardiac evaluation is recommended in neonates exposed to ritodrine in utero for longer than 7 weeks. PMID- 3761089 TI - Increased urinary excretion of inorganic sulfate in premature infants fed bovine milk protein. AB - We report measurements of urinary inorganic sulfate (iSO4) in 38 very low birth weight (VLBW) premature infants receiving various protein intakes in the first 2 months of life. The primary source of urinary iSO4 is the metabolism of amino acids containing sulfur (methionine, cysteine, taurine). It was hypothesized that urinary iSO4 excretion would be increased in VLBW infants fed the relatively high concentrations of protein in mother's own milk (HM), mother's own milk fortified with 0.85 gm/dl bovine whey (fortified HM), and a special formula for premature infants (Similac Special Care, 20 cal/oz), and that urinary iSO4 excretion would correlate with calcium excretion. VLBW premature infants fed HM (protein intake 3.3 gm/kg day) excreted very small amounts of urinary iSO4 compared with infants fed fortified HM (4.5 gm/kg/day protein), Similac SC (2.9 gm/kg/day protein), or Similac (2.7 gm/kg/day protein), all three of which contain bovine whey. Unlike the case in adults, there was no correlation between either total protein intake and urinary calcium excretion or urinary iSO4 excretion. There was, however, a significant correlation between methionine intake and urinary iSO4 excretion (r = 0.48). We speculate that increased urinary iSO4 excretion is indicative of an overload of sulfur-containing amino acids, namely methionine, present in bovine whey protein. The data also support the ability of premature infants to catabolize relatively large quantities of sulfur-containing amino acids after 2 weeks of age. PMID- 3761090 TI - A simple estimate of glomerular filtration rate in low birth weight infants during the first year of life: noninvasive assessment of body composition and growth. AB - The management of the preterm infant often requires rapid assessment of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). We sought to develop a screening test using GFR = kL/Pcr, where GFR is expressed as ml/min/1.73 m2, L is body length in centimeters, Pcr is plasma creatinine concentration, and k is a constant that depends on muscle mass. The value for k in 118 appropriate for gestational age preterm infants (0.34 +/- 0.01 SE) was significantly less than that of full-term infants (0.43 +/- 0.02, P less than 0.001). There was no difference between 12- to 24-hour single-injection inulin clearance and either 0.33 L/Pcr or creatinine clearance in preterm infants. We compared the body habitus of preterm and full term infants using the assessment of muscle mass from urinary creatinine excretion (UcrV) and from upper arm muscle area (AMA) and volume (AMV), and that of fatness from the sum of five skinfold thickness measurements. During the first year of life, premature infants were found to have a lower percentage of muscle mass than term infants did. On the other hand, they took on a relatively greater amount of subcutaneous fat. There was a very good correlation between AMA or AMV and urinary creatinine excretion (r = 0.91 and 0.94, respectively) in 68 infants with heterogeneous body composition during the first year, indicating the validity of the urinary creatinine measurement. Absolute GFR (ml/min) was also well estimated from AMA or AMV factored by Pcr. We conclude that GFR can be well estimated from 0.33 L/Pcr in preterm infants. The lower value for k reflects the smaller percentage of muscle mass in preterm versus term infants. As a screening test, 1.5 X k or 0.05 L/Pcr predicted low values of GFR with an efficiency of 73%, specificity of 67%, and sensitivity of 88%. PMID- 3761091 TI - In vitro effect of Intralipid on polymorphonuclear leukocyte function in the neonate. PMID- 3761092 TI - Interference by antibiotics with neonatal screening for galactosemia. PMID- 3761093 TI - Severe hypernatremic dehydration after use of an activated charcoal-sorbitol suspension. PMID- 3761094 TI - Foreclosing on life. PMID- 3761095 TI - High-dose IVIgG in autoimmune hemolytic anemia. PMID- 3761096 TI - Effects of immune globulin on natural killer activity. PMID- 3761097 TI - Indomethacin for prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in low birth weight infants. PMID- 3761098 TI - Cirrhosis with hepatitis B infection. PMID- 3761099 TI - Acute chest syndrome in sickle cell disease. PMID- 3761100 TI - Short-term hemodialysis for ethylene glycol poisoning. PMID- 3761101 TI - Calcium metabolism in children with malnutrition. PMID- 3761102 TI - Bile acids and bile alcohols in two patients with Zellweger (cerebro-hepato renal) syndrome. AB - The Zellweger cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome (CHRS) is a rare hereditary disease in which there is a generalized deficiency of peroxisomal function. Liver peroxisomes are important for the conversion of 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestanoic acid into cholic acid, and, consequently, 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestanoic acid and metabolites of this bile acid precursor accumulate in serum and bile of patients with CHRS. Little is known about the urinary excretion of bile acids in this disease. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry we have analyzed serum bile acids and urinary excretion of bile acids and bile alcohols in two Swiss male CHRS patients. As expected, serum concentrations and urinary excretions of 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestanoic acid and 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,24-tetrahydroxy-5 beta-cholestanoic acid were elevated, which is probably an obligatory finding in CHRS. In addition, the urinary excretion of 1,3,7,12 tetrahydroxy-5 beta-cholanoic acid (a very polar unusual bile acid) was increased (99-1556 nmol/24 h). In contrast, the excretion of the major urinary bile alcohol, 27-nor-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha,12 alpha,24,25-pentol was found to be normal. 3 alpha, 7 alpha,12 alpha-Trihydroxy-5 beta-C29-dicarboxylic acid, a metabolite of 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestanoic acid previously believed to be obligatory in CHRS, was found only in one of our patients. PMID- 3761103 TI - Statistical analysis of symptoms and signs in pediatric patients with peptic ulcer. AB - It is not well known which symptoms or signs related to peptic ulcer are crucial for its diagnosis in children. In order to clarify this problem, we evaluated the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictability of 13 ulcer related symptoms and signs. The data of 160 patients, who were suspected of having peptic ulcer and had undergone endoscopic examinations, were studied. It was significant that five symptoms, i.e., presence of pain in the epigastrium, relationship between the time of pain and that of eating, family history, vomiting, and bleeding, were frequently found in ulcer patients. There was, however, no symptom or sign that predicted by itself precisely the existence of a peptic ulcer. Thus, we computed a discriminant function by combining the data by multivariate analysis. With this score, we could predict the existence of ulcer more precisely. Finally, it was concluded that epigastric pain, food-related pain, vomiting, bleeding, and family history were crucial factors for the diagnosis of peptic ulcer in childhood and that an overall consideration of symptoms and signs was needed for the evaluation of these factors. PMID- 3761104 TI - Effect of metoclopramide on prolonged intraesophageal pH testing in infants with gastroesophageal reflux. AB - The effect of metoclopramide (MCP) on prolonged intraesophageal pH testing was evaluated in 42 infants with gastroesophageal reflux (GER). Following a baseline period of intraesophageal pH monitoring, MCP was administered by injection at 0.1 mg/kg/dose (10 patients), 0.2 mg/kg/dose (11 patients), or 0.3 mg/kg/dose (21 patients). The percentage of time of intraesophageal pH less than 4, reflux frequency, and acid clearance time were calculated for each subject before and after MCP for both 5% dextrose and formula feedings. These parameters were further separated into 2-hour or shorter and more than 2-hour postprandial periods. No significant differences with either type of feeding were noted at either 0.1 or 0.2 mg/kg/dose. Significant decreases in the percentage of time the intraesophageal pH was less than 4 (30.0 +/- 2.9 versus 15.6 +/- 3.1, p = 0.001), the reflux frequency (episodes/hour; 6.5 +/- 0.9 versus 4.0 +/- 0.6, p = 0.004), and the acid clearance time (minutes/episode; 3.8 +/- 0.7 versus 2.2 +/- 0.3, p = 0.047) were noted in the 2-hour or shorter period following 5% dextrose feedings but not following the formula feedings in the subjects receiving 0.3 mg/kg/dose. Three of the 42 study patients developed increased irritability, and one developed dystonia following MCP. These data suggest that if a clinical trial of MCP in infants with GER is performed, a larger dose of the medication than previously appreciated might be required. PMID- 3761105 TI - Antibodies to gliadin by ELISA as a screening test for childhood celiac disease. AB - The sera of 309 children who were subjected to jejunal biopsy were tested for antigliadin antibodies (AGA) with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in order to evaluate the usefulness of this test as a screening test for childhood celiac disease (CD). Thirty-one children had flat intestinal mucosa later confirmed to be due to CD. Ninety percent of these children had significantly elevated levels of IgA class AGA and 94% had significantly elevated levels of IgG class AGA as compared to standard references. Two hundred and seventy-eight children had normal villous structure. In this group, 37 children out of 271 (seven excluded because of selective IgA deficiency) had elevated levels of IgA class AGA, and 93 children out of 278 had elevated levels of IgG class AGA. We conclude that ELISA-AGA is suitable as a screening test for childhood CD. PMID- 3761106 TI - Estimated and measured energy content of infant formulas. AB - This study was undertaken to assess to what extent estimated energy content of 13 infant formulas was related to gross energy measured by bomb calorimetry. Measured gross energy exceeded significantly metabolizable energy as claimed by the manufacturers by applying the classical Atwater's factors by about 12% (range, 6-17%). Measured gross energy also exceeded significantly gross energy calculated by applying either FAO/WHO or our own values of heat combustion of nutrient by 6% (range, 3-9%) and 3.5% (range, 1-6%), respectively. It is concluded that for reasons of symmetry and simplicity, the labeling of the energy content of infant formulas should continue to be calculated by applying the classical Atwater's factors to the nutrient composition. However, when accurate energy balance studies are carried out, the energy content of the diet should be measured by bomb calorimetry rather than be estimated by applying conversion factors to claimed or determined nutrient composition. PMID- 3761107 TI - Growth, biochemical status, and mineral metabolism in very-low-birth-weight infants receiving fortified preterm human milk. AB - We compared the growth, biochemical status, and mineral status of 30 very-low birth-weight infants randomly assigned to receive preterm human milk (Group I, 10 infants) from their own mothers, fortified preterm human milk (Group II, 8 infants), or a high-caloric-density premature formula (Group III, 12 infants). Added to the infant's own mother's milk, a human milk fortifier at full strength provided additional protein (60:40 whey/casein, 0.7 g/dl), calories (4 kcal/oz), and minerals. Volume of intake, feeding tolerance, and complications were similar in the three groups. Infants receiving fortified preterm human milk showed growth, biochemical status, and mineral status similar to those receiving high caloric-density formula, but infants receiving fortified preterm human milk grew faster (12.0 +/- 3.2 vs. 8.9 +/- 1.1 days/300 g, p less than 0.05), had higher serum protein (4.6 +/- 0.5 vs. 4.2 +/- 0.2 g/dl, p less than 0.05), and tended to have better mineral status (higher serum calcium, lower alkaline phosphatase, and higher serum phosphorus, none individually significant) than infants receiving preterm human milk alone. This study supports previous observations that fortified preterm human milk provides nutritional advantages for very-low-birth weight infants. PMID- 3761108 TI - Effect of iron fortification of infant formula on trace mineral absorption. AB - This study was designed to examine whether iron fortification of infant formulas has an effect on utilization of other nutrients, particularly the trace elements zinc and copper. Metabolic balance studies were performed with seven normal infants who were between 43 and 420 days of age. Two formulas of nearly identical composition except for iron concentration (10.2 and 2.5 mg/L) were fed. Each infant had four balance studies performed, two while being fed formula 10.2 and two while being fed formula 2.5, in an alternating sequence. No effect of formula iron concentration was evident on absorption and/or retention of nitrogen, fat, calcium, and magnesium. Although absorption of phosphorus was significantly (p less than 0.05) less with formula 10.2 than formula 2.5, the difference was trivial. No effect on absorption of zinc was seen. However, absorption of copper was only 13.4% (SD 13.0) of intake when formula 10.2 was fed, compared with 27.5% (SD 15.3) of intake when formula 2.5 was fed. The difference was statistically significant (p less than 0.01). We conclude that iron in amounts present in iron fortified formulas has a measurable effect on copper utilization. Because the magnitude of the effect is relatively small, we doubt that the finding is clinically relevant. PMID- 3761109 TI - Membrane distribution and carotenoid content in human colostrum. AB - Daily colostrum samples from 5 donors were fractionated into fat globules, non lipid phase (skim milk), and cells. These and portions of the intact samples were assayed for protein, phospholipid and cholesterol, the latter two serving as criteria of membrane. The intact samples were also analyzed for total lipid and carotenoids, and skim milk phases for protein patterns by gel electrophoresis. Membrane material was highest in the first two daily samples with substantial amounts in both fat globule and skim milk phases; quantities declined over the 5 day sampling period, particularly in the skim milk. Membrane in the cell fraction was less than 1% of total. In first colostrum there was more than twice as much membrane material as in mature milk (greater than 1 month of lactation), and seven times as much in the skim milk phase. The protein pattern and carotenoid content of colostrum changed markedly during the sampling period. The elevated carotenoids in colostrum are attributed to mobilization of lipids stored in the breast. Based on pigmentation and density, colostrum contains two kinds of fat globules. PMID- 3761110 TI - Comparison of the cholesteryl ester composition of human milk from preterm and term mothers. AB - Milk was obtained on postpartum days 2-3 (colostrum) and days 7, 21, 42, and 84 from mothers of 18 very premature (VPT, 26-30 weeks gestational age), 28 premature (PT, 31-36 weeks), and 6 term (T, 37-40 weeks) infants. Lipids were extracted in chloroform-methanol and analyzed by thin-layer (TLC) and gas liquid chromatography (GLC). Fatty acid composition of cholesteryl esters was determined by GLC after isolation of cholesteryl esters by preparative TLC and preparation of methyl esters of the constituent fatty acids. As lactation progressed, amounts of total cholesterol and cholesteryl esters declined. Cholesteryl esters decreased from about 5 mg/dl in colostrum to 1 mg/dl in mature milk. The cholesteryl esters of colostrum from mothers of premature infants were different in fatty acid composition from those of term infants. Proportions of medium-chain saturated fatty acids (12:0, 14:0, 16:0) of preterm colostrum (VPT and PT) were considerably lower than in term colostrum: 23% of total fatty acids versus 35%. Proportions of 18:3, 20:3, and 20:4 of VPT (5.6%) and PT (6.2%) colostrum were considerably higher than T colostrum (1.8%). The fatty acid composition of cholesteryl esters of VPT, PT, and T milk was relatively similar at all subsequent lactation periods. Fatty acids esterified with cholesterol in weight percents were as follows: 10:0, 0.7; 12:0, 2.6; 14:0, 2.3; 16:0, 11.4; 16:1, 5.0; 18:0, 8.8; 18:1, 32.9; 18:2, 30.6; 18:3, 1.7; 20:3, 0.9; and 20:4, 1.8. Unsaturated fatty acids contributed 73 wt % of fatty acids in cholesteryl esters, which is considerably higher than in milk triglycerides. The greatest difference occurred in 18:2 content, which was 30.6% in cholesteryl esters and only 13.0% of total fatty acids in milk. Results suggest that unsaturated fatty acids are associated preferentially with the cholesteryl ester fraction and that the fatty acid composition of cholesteryl esters differs from the composition of total milk lipid. PMID- 3761111 TI - Conversion of thyroxine into tri-iodothyronine in zinc deficient rat liver. AB - Hepatic thyroxine (T4) to tri-iodothyronine (T3) conversion was measured in six animal groups: Group A was fed a severe zinc-deficient diet (1.98 ppm) for 5 weeks; group B was a pair-fed control group for group A; group C was fed a less severe zinc-deficient diet (6.10 ppm) for 5 weeks; group D was a pair-fed control group for group C; group E was fed a zinc-supplemented control diet (90.4 ppm) for 5 weeks; and group F was first fed the severe zinc-deficient diet for 5 weeks and then placed on the zinc-supplemented control diet until a body weight corresponding to the final weight of group E was obtained. Serum T3 and T4 levels and T4 to T3 conversion were significantly reduced in group A. A significant positive correlation was observed between T4 to T3 conversion and alcohol dehydrogenase (zinc-metalloenzyme) activity in liver tissue from the six groups. Thus, it appeared that an appropriate amount of zinc might be one of the factors in thyroxine to tri-iodothyronine conversion in liver tissue normally. PMID- 3761112 TI - Red cell destruction and bilirubin production in adult rats with short-term biliary obstruction. AB - The rate of total bilirubin production and the concomitant relative rate of early labeled bilirubin (ELB) formation were studied in adult Wistar rats with short term common bile duct ligation. The pulmonary excretion rate of CO (VeCO), an index of total bilirubin production, was measured preoperatively and postoperatively on day 3 and on day 5 or 6. While the VeCO measurements of control and experimental animals were similar preoperatively, the postoperative VeCO measurements of the experimental animals averaged 30% higher than those of control animals. On postoperative day 3, the relative rate of ELB formation was measured by the recovery of excreted 14CO after the administration of 14C-labeled delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) or glycine as nonerythropoietic or total heme synthesis precursor, respectively. No significant differences were found in the 14CO recovered from either compound during the study period between the experimental and control animals. The half-life of 51Cr-labeled transfused red blood cells was decreased by nearly 50% in bile duct ligated rats compared to that in the sham operated ones. We conclude that hemolysis is a major factor contributing to the increase in total bilirubin production even after short-term biliary obstruction in the rat. PMID- 3761113 TI - Prolonged gastric retention of a swallowed coin following pyloromyotomy. AB - Ingestion of foreign objects is a common problem in children 6 months to 3 years of age. Of swallowed objects reaching the stomach, 97% will pass through the remainder of the gastrointestinal tract. The following is a report of a child who had a pyloromyotomy for pyloric stenosis as an infant and had prolonged retention of a swallowed penny. PMID- 3761114 TI - Aneurysmal bone cyst of the femur in a child with celiac disease. AB - A case of aneurysmal bone cyst of the femur in a 2-year-old boy with celiac disease is described. The bone cyst presented with a pathological fracture while the boy was undergoing gluten challenge. The definite diagnosis of celiac disease according to the criteria formulated by the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition was established. A hypothetical association between the two disorders is discussed. PMID- 3761115 TI - Secondary amyloidosis in Crohn's disease of childhood. AB - Secondary amyloidosis is a rare complication of Crohn's disease, especially in pediatric patients. This report describes an 11-year-old child with Crohn's disease who developed intermittent proteinuria and thyroid enlargement at 14 years of age as the initial manifestations of secondary amyloidosis. Deterioration in renal function resulted in her death at 20 years of age. Published reports that discuss the occurrence of systemic amyloidosis in Crohn's disease and the pediatric age group are reviewed. PMID- 3761116 TI - Hepatic failure following ingestion of multiple doses of acetaminophen in a young child. AB - A 7-month-old male developed hepatic failure following the mistaken administration of multiple excessive doses of acetaminophen. Hepatic toxicity following multiple dose ingestion has been reported infrequently. Risk factors for hepatic toxicity following multiple dose ingestion are discussed. PMID- 3761117 TI - A single case of hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria. AB - A single case of hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria and an elevated level of serum 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D is reported. The characteristic features (genu valgum, rickets, short stature, increased renal phosphate excretion, decreased serum phosphorus level, elevated serum alkaline phosphatase level, and normal serum calcium level) were comparable to those in hypophosphatemic vitamin D resistant rickets. Massive doses of 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D were not effective for the rickets and the biochemical defect in this patient. Long-term phosphate supplementation on its own resulted in the reversal of all clinical and biochemical abnormalities except for the decreased ratio between the maximum tubular reabsorption rate for phosphorus and the glomerular filtration rate. In this patient, the concentration of serum 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D seemed to be controlled by the concentration of serum phosphorus rather than by the serum parathyroid hormone level. It is noted that this is the first case of a single hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria. PMID- 3761118 TI - Protein quantity and quality in term and preterm infants: effects on urine creatinine and expression of amino acid excretion data. PMID- 3761119 TI - The development of primary process in children's Rorschachs. AB - Three cohorts of normal Italian schoolchildren, 55 boys and 47 girls, were given Rorschachs at ages 6, 7, and 8; 9, 10, and 11; and 12 and 13. Regardless of sex or score, primary process (scored by Holt's method) tends to diminish with age; but significantly among the boys only for the sums of all primary process, of Level 2 responses, and of content. Measures of control showed similar developmental trends, mean form level advancing significantly in the total sample and among girls. Even stronger trends within cohorts were confounded by retest effects. PMID- 3761120 TI - The predictive validity of subtle and obvious empirically derived psychological test items under faking conditions. AB - The relative contributions of subtle and obvious item endorsements to the prediction of a relevant criterion were assessed under faking and control ("honest") conditions. The MMPI and a nonconformity questionnaire were first administered to 100 male college students. Items on the Pd scale and 101 additional MMPI items that correlated significantly with the nonconformity questionnaire were then rated by 38 other male college students for apparent relationship to psychopathology. From these ratings, a scale (designated PdX) was constructed, which consisted of 21 subtle and 21 obvious items. After a third group of 98 male college students completed the nonconformity questionnaire, they were asked to respond to the items of the Pd and PdX subscales under control, fake-good, and fake-bad instructions. Significant correlations between the nonconformity scale and certain PdX and Pd subscales were found only for the control group. Implications for test construction and for clinical interpretation under faking conditions are discussed. PMID- 3761121 TI - Alternative scoring system of repeated items on the MMPI: caveat emptor. AB - There are 16 items in the standard MMPI group forms which are included twice. It was found that a number of computerized scoring services use only the first occurrence of repeated items in scoring the MMPI scales, whereas the handscoring templates use an arbitrary combination of the first and second occurrence of these items. Comparison of these conventions suggested a potential for significant differences in score, particularly on the Sc scale. Scoring a set of 126 MMPIs of chronic pain patients by both of these scoring conventions revealed differences of up to 10 T points on the Sc scale. It is recommended that a single scoring convention for the MMPI be adopted by psychologists. For several reasons we suggest that only the first occurrence of repeated items should be used for scoring purposes. In the absence of a single convention, comparisons between Sc scores on different protocols should not be made without first insuring that the protocols were scored in the same manner. PMID- 3761123 TI - The stability of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory for psychiatric inpatients. AB - This study investigated the stability of the personality and symptom scales of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) for a sample of psychiatric inpatients. Patients were administered the MCMI shortly following admission and shortly preceding discharge. As would be expected theoretically, results indicated that stability estimates were greater for the basic personality scales than for the symptom scales. These results were also compared with results from a previous study investigating the stability of MCMI scales. Overall, stability coefficients for the inpatient sample were lower than those reported for other samples. Possible explanations for this and other findings are discussed. PMID- 3761122 TI - The relations between type A behavior, clinically relevant behavior, academic achievement, and IQ in children. AB - The relation of Type A behavior to IQ, academic achievement, and several clinically relevant dimensions of behavior in children was assessed in 873 fourth, fifth, and sixth graders by means of the Matthews Youth Test for Health (MYTH), the Cognitive Abilities Test (CAT), the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills (ITED), and the teachers' form of the Missouri Children's Behavior Checklist (MCBC-T). The MYTH and its competitiveness and impatience-aggression subscales were found to be differentially related to academic achievement and to account for a small but significant portion of the variance in achievement not accounted for by IQ. The subscales of the MYTH were found to be highly correlated with several clinically familiar dimensions of children's behavior. The significance of these findings for the construct validity of the MYTH is discussed. PMID- 3761124 TI - Hand Test personality variables related to automotive moving violations in female drivers. AB - The Hand Test was administered to 170 females ranging in age from 17 to 72 years to determine if specific personality traits would be significantly related to automotive moving violations. Although personality traits derived from the Hand Test were found to be associated with aggressive and directive behavior (direction, acting-out score), the relationships differed as a function of age. PMID- 3761125 TI - Relation of intelligence to ego functioning in an adult psychiatric population. AB - Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) IQs and clinical ratings of 10 ego functions in a diagnostically heterogeneous sample of 60 adult psychiatric inpatients were correlated. With severity of pathology statistically controlled, higher intelligence was associated with more adequate ego functioning in several spheres: primary autonomous functions, thought processes, object relations, and mastery-competence. There were also some clinically meaningful differences between the Verbal and Performance IQs in the pattern of correlations. Extending Hartmann's original views, the authors employ an ethological framework to conceptualize intelligence in relation to the ego's role in adaptation, emphasizing that intelligence is an important-albeit neglected-aspect of ego functioning. PMID- 3761126 TI - The development and evaluation of an online computer-assisted Rorschach Inkblot Test. AB - An interactive computer program was developed in the BASIC language to present the performance and inquiry phases of the Rorschach Inkblot Test. As the subjects handled the traditional cards they entered their perceptions into the computer database, guided by instructions presented on the computer display. No assumptions were made about the percepts, but the Klopfer scoring questions were asked directly by the computer during the inquiry. The program scored the test as the subject answered the scoring questions on the keyboard. Thirty subjects were assessed using a test-retest design. One subgroup was tested first by a psychologist, and the other was tested first by the computer. The determinants of the psychologist and computer testing situations were found to be correlated and overall not significantly different except in location and time scores where the media differed. PMID- 3761127 TI - MMPI predictors of mania among psychiatric inpatients. AB - MMPI data from 64 patients with a diagnosis of manic-depressive illness, manic type, were compared with MMPI data from patients in two comparison groups--64 patients with a psychotic diagnosis other than manic-depressive illness, and 64 patients with a variety of psychiatric diagnoses. Manic patients had higher Ma scale scores for MMPI scales that assess personal distress and interpersonal difficulties (e.g., D and Si). Discriminant analysis, with the Ma, D, and Si scales as predictors, correctly classified as manic or not manic 82.5% of the patients in the derivation sample and 74.2% of the patients in the cross validation sample. Two high-point pairs, Sc-Ma/Ma-Sc and Pa-Ma/Ma-Pa, occurred in the MMPI profiles of almost half of the manic patients but were rarely found among the profiles of other patients. The results of this study support the use of the MMPI in identifying manic patients, particularly when discriminating between mania and other types of psychosis. PMID- 3761128 TI - Screening for psychopathology in groups of black and white prison inmates by means of the MMPI. AB - Of 225 male offenders who were administered both the MMPI and a structured diagnostic interview, the Psychiatric Diagnostic Interview (PDI), 51 (25 blacks, 26 whites) earned highly elevated MMPI profiles (at least one clinical scale greater than or equal to T score of 90) and 46 (26 blacks, 20 whites) achieved profiles that were essentially within normal limits (all clinical scales less than T score of 70). It was noted that the concordance between the MMPI and the total number of PDI syndromes reported by inmates was significantly greater in the white group (classification accuracy = 96%) relative to the black group (classification accuracy = 71%). However, both the black and white hit rates were found to significantly improved upon chance. PMID- 3761129 TI - Body weight and body image among college women: perception, cognition, and affect. AB - This study examined the relations between body weight and multiple parameters of body image in a nonclinical sample. Thirty-six female undergraduate students with stable body weights served as subjects; 12 were underweight, 12 were normal weight, and 12 were overweight, as determined using recent normative tables. Each subject responded to a general weight information questionnaire and to the Body Self Relations Questionnaire, a standardized instrument assessing affective, cognitive, and behavioral components of appearance-related body image. A newly developed apparatus and procedure for estimating body size, the Body Image Detection Device, was utilized for perceptual and cognitive measures of body image. Each subject estimated and also subjectively appraised the width of her own body at five points and that of a realistic female mannequin. A caliper was used to record actual widths, and a standard laboratory scale and rule measured weight and height. The general finding of the study was that the perceptual, affective, and cognitive components of body image differed as a function of body weight, but the nature of the differences varied with the measure employed. The pattern of results for the perceptual measure suggest a cautious view of its reliability and validity. The multidimensional approach of our study, in marked contrast to earlier fractionated studies, offers a more integrated perspective on body image and provides new directions for future research. PMID- 3761130 TI - [The influence of 2 topical digestive agents on the pharmacokinetics of acetylsalicylic acid]. PMID- 3761131 TI - [Manioc starch: an excipient used in tableting]. PMID- 3761132 TI - Proceedings of the 6th Symposium on Development and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations. Tokyo. Abstracts. PMID- 3761133 TI - Accelerated clearance of intravenously administered theophylline and phenobarbital by oral doses of activated charcoal in rats. A possibility of the intestinal dialysis. AB - The effect of oral administration of activated charcoal on the clearance of theophylline and phenobarbital following their intravenous administration was studied in rats. Oral administration of multiple doses of activated charcoal significantly decreased the serum half-life and AUC (area under the curve) and increased the total body clearance of both theophylline and phenobarbital as compared with their respective controls. The volume of distribution was not significantly different between treatments. A single dose of activated charcoal showed only a slight enhancement of clearance of theophylline. Accelerated clearance of both drugs by oral activated charcoal was rationalized in terms of adsorption of exsorbed drugs and inhibition of their reabsorption by activated charcoal in the gastrointestinal tract. PMID- 3761134 TI - Effect of food on absorption of 450191-S, a 1H-1,2,4-triazolyl benzophenone derivative from rat small intestine. AB - 5-[(2-Aminoacetamide)methyl]-1-[p-chloro-2-(o-chlorobenzoyl)phenyl]- N, N dimethyl-1 H-s-triazole-3-carboxamide hydrochloride dihydrate (450191-S), a newly synthesized sleep inducer, is a masked compound which is converted to 1,4 benzodiazepine by intestinal aminopeptidases during absorption from the small intestine. This study was an investigation on the effects of food on 450191-S pharmacokinetics. When 14C-450191-S was administered to non-fasted rats, peak plasma levels of total radioactivity were markedly reduced and its excretion into the bile was more delayed than when it was administered to fasted rats. One of the causes for these phenomena was thought to be a delayed absorption caused by the direct interaction between 450191-S and food in the intestinal lumen as well as the delayed gastric emptying rate. To confirm this interaction, we examined the effect of food on 450191-S uptake by the small intestine using rat everted jejunal sac in vitro. Subsequently, we found that the desglycylation of 450191-S was inhibited by rat food and that the uptake of 450191-S was reduced. In conclusion, 450191-S absorption is delayed by food, which results in the decreased total plasma level of 450191-S metabolites. PMID- 3761135 TI - Mechanisms of spasmolytic action of bile salts in depolarized guinea-pig taenia coli. AB - The effects of bile salts on the calcium movements and the electrical activity of the guinea-pig taenia coli were investigated and compared with those of papaverine in order to explore the mechanisms of their spasmolytic action. Four bile salts, deoxycholate, chenodeoxycholate, ursodeoxycholate and cholate, as well as papaverine, dose-dependently relaxed the depolarized taenia coli. The bile salts and papaverine caused the acceleration of 45Ca-efflux with the synchronous muscle relaxation and inhibited the cellular 45Ca-uptake by the depolarized muscle preparation. The bile salts also inhibited the increased spike frequency and the developed tension in the depolarized taenia coli. Furthermore, the dose-relaxation curves for bile salts were shifted to the right as the external calcium ion was increased. These findings suggest that the bile salts, like papaverine, may exert their spasmolytic action through accelerating the Ca efflux and inhibiting the Ca-influx of the smooth muscle cells. PMID- 3761136 TI - A kinetic study on chlorpromazine disposition and hypothermic response in rats. AB - Pharmacokinetic relationships were developed to characterize a multi-exponential drug disposition and pharmacologic response time courses. The derived expressions were applied to serum and cerebral concentrations and the hypothermic response data, which were obtained after rapid intravenous administration of chlorpromazine hydrochloride to rats. The results of this study indicate that the magnitude of the pharmacologic effects of chlorpromazine such as decrease in metabolic heat production and increase in tail blood flow, at a given time, are logarithmic logistic functions of the cerebral chlorpromazine concentration at that time. PMID- 3761137 TI - Hepatic trimethadione-oxidizing capacity remains normal in patients with extrahepatic cholelithiasis. AB - In the present study, using trimethadione (TMO) as an indicator substrate, we estimated pre- and post-operative differences in hepatic drug-oxidizing capacity in patients with extrahepatic cholelithiasis. Only total and direct bilirubin values were significantly higher in preoperative patients than in the controls. After operative procedures, those parameters did not show significant differences from corresponding control values. The serum dimethadione (DMO)/TMO ratios estimated 4 h after administration of 4 mg/kg of TMO. Neither pre- nor post operative serum DMO/TMO ratios were significantly different from those in the controls. These results suggest that the hepatic drug-oxidizing capacity in patients with extrahepatic cholelithiasis remains unchanged even though the bilirubin level deviated from normal. PMID- 3761138 TI - Uptake of 450191-S, a 1H-1,2,4-triazolyl benzophenone derivative, in the everted sac of rat small intestine: role of intestinal aminopeptidases. AB - 5-[(2-Aminoacetamido)methyl]-1-[p-chloro-2-(o-chlorobenzoyl)phenyl ]-N,N-dimethyl 1 H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide hydrochloride dihydrate (450191-S), a sleep inducer, is a ring-opened derivative of 1,4-benzodiazepine and has been reported to be activated by intestinal aminopeptidases in a step of absorption. In this study, we investigated the role of the intestinal aminopeptidases in the uptake of 450191-S by the intestine by using various aminopeptidase inhibitors in everted sacs of rat small intestine in vitro. Glycylglycine did not affect the desglycylation of 450191-S but glycyl-L-leucine or L-leucyl-L-leucine inhibited the reaction. This inhibition was accompanied by reduced concentration of 450191 S metabolites in the intestinal tissue. When the incubation was carried out at 0 degrees C or with puromycin, the desglycylation was also inhibited and the concentration was similarly reduced. Since the extent of inhibition of the desglycylation of 450191-S was negatively correlated with the total concentration of 450191-S metabolites in the intestinal tissue (r = 0.9660), the aminopeptidases must play an important role in the uptake of 450191-S by the intestine. To confirm this, we examined the uptake of the desglycylated product of 450191-S, 8-chloro-6-(2-chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazolo- [1,5 alpha] [1,4]-benzodiazepine-2-carboxamide (M-1) in the same manner. No effect of dipeptides, puromycin or reduced temperature was found on M-1 uptake by the intestine, leading to the conclusion that the aminopeptidases are important for enhancing the uptake of 450191-S in the intestine. PMID- 3761139 TI - Absorption of indomethacin and its calcium salt through rat skin: effect of penetration enhancers and relationship between in vivo and in vitro penetration. AB - The in vivo percutaneous absorption and in vitro penetration of indomethacin (IND) and the calcium salt (IND-Ca) in ointments were investigated on rat abdominal skin under occlusions in the presence or absence of penetration enhancers. The absorption of IND-Ca from the gel (Hiviswako) ointment was significantly higher than that from a standard ointment of IND, an approximation of a commercial product. Sorbitan monooleate had no enhancer effect for the IND Ca gel ointment, while the addition of calcium thioglycolate dramatically decreased the absorption of IND-Ca due to powdering of the ointment. The absorption of drugs was significantly increased by adding Azone in the gel ointment resulting in an approximate 3-fold increase in the parameters, Cmax and AUC. The percutaneous absorption of drugs from white petrolatum base was relatively lower than that from gel ointment. The plasma IND concentrations after a topical application of the gel ointments for 6 h (3.0 cm X 3.0 cm area, 1.0 g of 5% IND ointment) were over the therapeutically effective concentrations during 48 h. The bioavailability of IND after application of ointments was 9.1-27.8% for the gel base and 4.5-6.3% for the white petrolatum base. The in vitro penetration behavior of drugs using a Franz diffusion cell resembled the result of the in vivo absorption more closely. The relationship between the in vitro (the permeability coefficient and skin/ointment partition coefficient) and in vivo (Cmax and AUC) penetration parameters was linear and there was a clear correlation between both parameters. PMID- 3761140 TI - Pharmaceutical evaluation of hollow type suppositories. IV. Improvement of bioavailability of propranolol in rabbits after rectal administration. AB - Three kinds of suppositories were constructed with oleaginous base material (Witepsol H-15): a conventional type suppository containing propranolol (PPL) hydrochloride mixed with a base material (I), a hollow type suppository containing PPL in a form of aqueous solution (PPL was dissolved in isotonic NaCl solution) in its cavity (II), a hollow type suppository containing PPL as powder (hydrochloride salt) in its cavity (III). Bioavailability was estimated after rectal administration of each suppository in rabbits and compared with oral administration. The peak plasma PPL concentration (Cmax) and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) were lower with I than with II or III. The Cmax and the AUC measured after rectal administration of III were significantly higher than those in the case of oral administration. By using III, the highest values of the mean Cmax (795 +/- 160 ng/ml) and of the mean AUC (459 +/- 21 h X ng/ml) were obtained. It was found that systemic availability was increased by rectal administration of PPL hollow type suppositories. These data on bioavailability suggested that PPL was absorbed more efficiently with the hollow type suppository than with the conventional one. PPL was released faster from II and III than from I. It was concluded that the hollow type suppository was a suitable device for absorption of PPL into the rectum. PMID- 3761141 TI - Effect of medium-chain glycerides (MGK) on the intestinal absorption and the hepatobiliary transport of bromthymol blue. AB - The effect of medium chain glyceride (MGK) emulsion on the intestinal absorption and the biliary excretion of bromthymol blue (BTB) was investigated in rats. Extensive tissue accumulation of BTB was reduced when BTB was administered with MGK emulsion formulation. HCO-100, an emulsifier, was also important for the decrease in the tissue accumulation of BTB. The ratios of absorption percent to tissue accumulation percent and to free fraction, not contained in the droplet of emulsion, in MGK emulsion were much greater than that of the control. Pretreatment with BTB-free emulsion reduced BTB absorption under the control, although tissue accumulation was not affected. The absorption appeared to decrease with increase in the time of pretreatment. The effect of leaving treatment after pretreatment on the absorption of BTB was also investigated. With the increase in leaving time after pretreatment, reduced absorption tended to resume to the level of control. The change in monocaprylate content from 54 to 60% in MGK made a difference in BTB absorption and it was suggested that monocaprylate content in MGK was one of the significant factors of MGK emulsion on drug absorption. Bile recovery study was simultaneously carried out with an in situ recirculation experiment. The recovery of BTB into bile tended to decrease. The ratio of recovery percent of BTB into bile to the absorption percent of BTB also decreased extensively, which is possibly another effect of MGK on drug disposition. PMID- 3761142 TI - Hypotensive response of spontaneously hypertensive rats to centrally administered diltiazem and its metabolites: in relevance to the hypotensive action by oral administration. AB - In order to study whether a part of the antihypertensive action of orally administered diltiazem is mediated by the central nervous system and whether metabolites of diltiazem contribute to the actions of diltiazem, we compared the effects of diltiazem and its main metabolites on blood pressure by intravenous administration with those by intracerebroventricular administration to spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Contents of diltiazem and its metabolites in the brain of SHR after oral administration were also studied. Hypotensive action of intravenously administered diltiazem was stronger than that of its main metabolites in terms of potency and durability. Diltiazem (30 micrograms or more) and its main metabolites (100 micrograms) showed weak hypotensive action by intracerebroventricular administration. Oral administration of diltiazem (30 mg/kg) decreased mean blood pressure by about 40 mmHg 30 min after the administration. At this time, contents of unchanged form and metabolites of diltiazem in the brain were 0.78 +/- 0.10 and 7.58 +/- 0.89 micrograms/whole brain, respectively. It was suggested that hypotensive action of diltiazem was mainly attributable to the unchanged form and that the contribution of central action to the acute hypotensive action of diltiazem was unlikely, although centrally administered diltiazem can cause systemic hypotension. PMID- 3761143 TI - Hypotensive action of diltiazem in conscious renal hypertensive dogs: comparison with nifedipine and interaction with pindolol. AB - The hypotensive action of diltiazem by oral administration to conscious renal hypertensive dogs (one kidney, one figure 8) was studied and the effect was compared with that of nifedipine. Diltiazem decreased mean blood pressure 10-20 mmHg at doses of 1-4 mg/kg. The same doses of nifedipine exhibited hypotensive actions similar to diltiazem, but nifedipine induced a more pronounced reflex tachycardia than diltiazem. Combined administration of diltiazem with pindolol produced a greater hypotension than that caused by individual drugs and caused an increase in heart rate, smaller than by pindolol alone and larger than by diltiazem alone. When 60 mg of diltiazem was administered 3 times a day for 10 consecutive days, blood pressure decreased 15 mmHg on the third day or later. Although the time course of plasma level of diltiazem on the last day was similar to that on the first day, the heart rate initially increased slightly and decreased later. Prolongation of the PQ interval of an electrocardiogram was diminished after the fourth day. In conclusion, diltiazem decreased blood pressure of renal hypertensive dogs at doses comparable to those used for clinical treatment in acute and chronic experiments. PMID- 3761145 TI - Set/reset: use and disuse of concepts in impression formation. AB - In three experiments, impressions of an ambiguously described stimulus person were assimilated toward the implications of primed concepts when performance of the priming task was interrupted, but were contrasted with these implications when performance of the priming task was allowed to continue to completion. In addition, when the primed concepts were evaluatively consistent (Experiment 1), assimilation and contrast were observed on both prime-related and prime-unrelated dimensions. When the primed concepts were evaluatively inconsistent (Experiment 2), however, these shifts in impression were observed only on dimensions directly related to the primed concepts. When no concepts descriptively relevant to the stimulus information were primed (Experiment 3), the assimilation and contrast were relative to the favorableness of a primed general evaluative person concept. Taken together, these results suggest that a concept may be accessible to an individual and may be relevant to target information, yet not be used to encode that information; that assimilation and contrast may occur for reasons other than the discrepancy between the target and the contextual stimuli on the dimension of judgment; and that individuals may use the evaluative implications of their person representation as a cue in deciding which of several equally applicable, equally accessible descriptive concepts to use in interpreting information about a person. PMID- 3761144 TI - Learning and memory for personality prototypes. AB - Although personality traits are commonly assumed to be represented in memory as schemata, little research has addressed whether such schemata can be learned from observation. Subjects in three studies classified 60 person instances into group members and nonmembers as defined by the instances' match to a complex personality prototype. To simulate learning of fuzzy categories, each person instance provided conflicting cues to group membership. Learning for instances' group membership was excellent across studies. In Study 1, frequency of cues indicating group membership was greatly overestimated among nongroup instances. In Study 2, schema-consistent memory bias was revealed for person instances. In Study 3, schemata of consistently positive (or negative) traits were learned faster than arbitrary schemata. The findings implicated frequency sensitivity of memory (Estes, 1986), and a model of probabilistic cued-memory retrieval was developed to account for the effects. The findings were then discussed in relation to everyday cognitive performance. PMID- 3761146 TI - Attitude accessibility as a moderator of the attitude-perception and attitude behavior relations: an investigation of the 1984 presidential election. AB - It was hypothesized that the extent to which individuals' attitudes guide their subsequent perceptions of and behavior toward the attitude object is a function of the accessibility of those attitudes from memory. A field investigation concerning the 1984 presidential election was conducted as a test of these hypotheses. Attitudes toward each of the two candidates, Reagan and Mondale, and the accessibility of those attitudes, as indicated by the latency of response to the attitudinal inquiry, were measured for a large sample of townspeople months before the election. Judgments of the performance of the candidates during the televised debates served as the measure of subsequent perceptions, and voting served as the measure of subsequent behavior. As predicted, both the attitude perception and the attitude-behavior relations were moderated by attitude accessibility. The implications of these findings for theoretical models of the processes by which attitudes guide behavior, along with their practical implications for survey research, are discussed. PMID- 3761147 TI - Adolescent loneliness, self-disclosure, and private self-consciousness: a longitudinal investigation. AB - This study builds on an earlier investigation of the causal relations that exist among loneliness, self-disclosure, and private self-consciousness (Franzoi & Davis, 1985). Using structural equation techniques and a longitudinal (Year 1 Year 2) design, the present investigation tested a theoretical model that links these variables. Participants were 406 high school students. As in the previous study, results generally indicated a good fit between the theoretical model and the observed relations. In particular, however, this investigation provided new evidence concerning two alternative interpretations of the original Franzoi and Davis study. First, this study supports the original hypothesis that private self consciousness leads to greater self-disclosure to peers, but it offers no support for the alternative view that such disclosure in turn increases private self consciousness. Second, this investigation is somewhat equivocal with respect to the original hypothesis that greater self-disclosure reduces loneliness. Both this hypothesis and the alternative view that greater loneliness reduces self disclosure, receive some support from the data in this study. Finally, the difficulty in obtaining significant longitudinal paths (from Year 1 to Year 2) suggests that the time lags in the variables' effects on one another are relatively short rather than long. PMID- 3761148 TI - The content of personality inventory items. AB - Four aspects of the item content of personality inventories were studied: the area of psychological functioning addressed (cognitive, preferences, feelings, behavioral), degree of reference to situational factors, degree of reference to response frequency, and the nature of reference to time. Three judges rated items of the California Psychological Inventory, Eysenck Personality Inventory, Maudsley Personality Inventory, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Jackson Personality Research Form, and Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. Behavioral acts were found infrequently addressed in inventory items, and the other areas of functioning were approximately equally represented. More than half of the items referred to situation characteristics, 39% included the notion of frequency of behavior or experience, and most referred to the present. Rating reliabilities were also presented, and results for individual inventories were compared. Implications for controversies in the field of personality were discussed. PMID- 3761149 TI - Shyness: conceptualization and measurement. AB - The concept of shyness and its measurement were investigated in a series of studies (total N = 1,687). Data collection and analysis proceeded in three phases: the revision and continued development of a measure of shyness, the Social Reticence Scale; a psychometric comparison among five measures of shyness; and an examination of the factor structure underlying the construct of shyness. Phase 1 assessed the reliability and validity of the Social Reticence Scale, including ratings of videotaped monologues and ratings by significant others. Phase 2 compared the five shyness measures with one another on indices of internal consistency and with other relevant measures of emotionality, personality, relationships, and behavior. Items from the five shyness measures were combined in a factor analysis in Phase 3, and the resulting factors were correlated with the self-report and rating data obtained in Phase 2. Overall, the results from these studies confirmed that the shyness measures were valid, reliable, and empirically distinct from measures of related constructs. Behavioral validity was observed for several of the shyness scales. Additional analyses suggested that three interpretable factors underlie responses to the shyness scales but provided little support for drawing conceptual distinctions among types of shyness. Discussion focuses on the implications of these data for the measurement and conceptualization of shyness. PMID- 3761150 TI - The interactional model of anxiety: an evaluation of the differential hypothesis. AB - The interactional model of anxiety states that individuals who score high on trait anxiety measure for a specific situation dimension will respond with elevated state anxiety only in reaction to encounters with congruent situations. We tested this model by presenting subjects who scored high or low on ego threat, physical danger, novelty ambiguity, and daily routine trait measures with stressors representative of the four situation dimensions. The interactional model was partially supported for ego threat trait anxiety. However, results generally supported the influence of situation rather than the trait or interaction on anxiety response. The lack of trait factor independence for the novelty ambiguity and daily routine trait dimensions is discussed as a potential reason for the nonsupport of the interactional model. Finally, we suggest that the experimental design used in this study is a more accurate and vigorous test of the differential hypothesis than past research. PMID- 3761151 TI - [Effects of phencyclidine, the drug induces psychosis on the central nervous system]. PMID- 3761152 TI - [Action of phospholipase D on the lecithin liposome which contains L-alpha phosphatidylinositol and cholesterol]. PMID- 3761153 TI - [Reduction of nitrazepam and nimetazepam with enteric bacteria]. PMID- 3761154 TI - [Studies on Chinese medicines used in cancer. IV. Antitumor constituents in rhizoma zedoariae, periostracum cicadae, galla wisteriae, and radix Hostae]. PMID- 3761155 TI - [Interaction between human serum albumin and thromboxane A2 synthetase inhibitors (OKY-1580 and OKY-046)]. PMID- 3761156 TI - [The aggregation mechanism of sera from cancer patients by galactosaminoglycan (CO-N)]. PMID- 3761157 TI - [Studies on beta-lactam antibiotics for medicinal purposes. XXI. Studies on the metabolism of pivaloyloxymethyl (6R,7R)-7-[(Z)-2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2 methoxyiminoacetamido]- 3-[(5-methyl-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)methyl]-3-cephem-4 carboxylate (T-2588) (1)]. PMID- 3761158 TI - [Studies on beta-lactam antibiotics for medicinal purposes. XXII. Studies on the metabolism of pivaloyloxymethyl (6R,7R)-7-[(Z)-2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2 methoxyiminoacetamido]- 3-[(5-methyl-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)methyl]-3-cephem-4 carboxylate (T-2588) (2)]. PMID- 3761159 TI - [Studies on the origin, processing and quality of crude drugs. V. Pharmacologic evaluations of the Chinese drug "zhu" in experimental gastric ulcer. (5). The preventive effects of Atractylodes ovata on stress-induced gastric ulcer]. PMID- 3761160 TI - [Central depressant effect of barbituric acid and N,5,5-triallylbarbituric acid in mice]. PMID- 3761161 TI - Intrinsic molecular volume as a measure of the cavity term in linear solvation energy relationships: octanol-water partition coefficients and aqueous solubilities. AB - A new, calculated value of the van der Waals or intrinsic molecular volume VI is shown to be at least as effective as molar volume, V (the molecular weight divided by the liquid density), as a measure of the cavity term in linear solvation energy relationships for octanol-water partition coefficients and aqueous solubilities. Use of VI obviates the need for the empirical 10-mL/mol correction factor for aromatic and alicyclic solutes which was previously required, and which is shown here to arise from an underestimate of the cavity term due to reduced free volume in the pure liquid. In addition, since VI is a calculated quantity, equations which contain this term can be extended to compounds that are solids or gases in the pure state. Octanol-water partition coefficients, log P, of gases and solids are predicted accurately by the equation: log P = 0.41 + 5.14 VI/100 - 0.29 mu - 3.58 beta, where mu is the dipole moment and beta is the hydrogen bond acceptor basicity. Aqueous solubilities of some solids are reasonably well predicted by the equation: log Sw = 0.19 - 5.79 VI/100 + 0.24 mu + 4.95 beta - 0.01 (mp - 25), where mp is the melting point. The same equation without the melting point term gives good estimates of the comparable solubility of some gases. PMID- 3761162 TI - Comparison of calculated versus measured partition coefficients of some phenyl beta-D-glucopyranosides. AB - Experimentally determined octanol-water partition coefficient values of substituted phenyl beta-D-glucopyranosides are compared with the calculated values using the computer program CLOGP. The systematic deviation of the calculated values from the measured ones in this series suggests that caution is required when calculations are performed on classes of compounds where many of the partition coefficients have not been experimentally determined. PMID- 3761163 TI - Relationship between the solubility parameter and the binding of drugs by plasma proteins. AB - An equation, based on regular solution theory, was used to relate the solubility parameter to the binding of drugs by plasma proteins. The equation was tested on a homologous series and a good correlation was found. Sulfonamides showed maximum binding when their solubility parameters were similar to the solubility parameters of the amino acids situated in a sequence with one tryptophan residue. This observation supports the assumption that this sequence is the primary binding site for the sulfonamides. Binding peaks were also found at solubility parameters in other drug series corresponding to the solubility parameters of human serum albumin (HSA) or bovine serum albumin (BSA) amino acids. It is suggested that the solubility parameter could be used to predict the binding of drugs to plasma proteins. PMID- 3761164 TI - Solubilization of water by hydrotropic salts. AB - The effect of some electrolytes, nonelectrolytes, surfactants, and hydrotropic salts on the solubility of water in 1-butanol and 1-hexanol was investigated. While sodium chloride and sodium acetate decrease the solubility of water in 1 butanol, urea has no significant effect. The ionic surfactants, sodium lauryl sulfate and cetrimide, cause an initial decrease in the solubility of water in 1 butanol followed by an increase at high surfactant concentrations. The nonionic surfactant, polysorbate 20, does not show the initial decrease in water solubility. On the other hand, the hydrotropic salts, sodium benzoate, sodium salicylate, and sodium gentisate, are shown to be the best water solubilizers in 1-butanol. Sodium salicylate showed the maximum solubilizing power. The effect of sodium benzoate, sodium salicylate, and sodium lauryl sulfate on the solubility of water in 1-hexanol was also investigated. Similar results were obtained. PMID- 3761165 TI - Hepatic binding and Michaelis-Menten metabolism of drugs. AB - Certain drugs with metabolism that obeys Michaelis-Menten kinetics are extensively bound in the liver. During the initial distribution phase after a single dose, the binding sites act as a "sink" and compete with the metabolizing enzymes for the drug. After this phase is completed, the bound sites act as a source of drug for the enzymes. Computer simulations of a perfused liver system, with well-stirred reservoir and hepatic compartments, were performed to assess whether or not such binding, as measured by the partition coefficient (Kp) between the liver and the emergent venous blood, affects the tendency to saturate metabolism. Metabolism was assumed to follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics and only unbound drug was assumed to have access to the enzymes. The value of Kp was varied to determine the effect of binding (instantaneous equilibrium) on the tendency to saturate metabolism. The effect of binding rate was also determined by adjusting the association and dissociation rate constants while maintaining a constant value of the equilibrium partition coefficient. Input into reservoir and liver were done to simulate "intravenous" and "oral" dosing, respectively. The average clearance (dose divided by the area under the reservoir concentration time curve) of the "intravenous" dose increased and the bioavailability of the "oral" dose decreased when the value of Kp was increased, indicating that the tendency to saturate metabolism was reduced by hepatic binding. This effect diminished as the binding rate constants were made smaller, but was still substantial, when association was slower than metabolism. PMID- 3761166 TI - Probenecid disposition by parallel Michaelis-Menten and dose-dependent pseudo first-order processes. AB - Re-evaluation of published data on the urinary excretion of probenecid [4 (dipropylamino)sulfonylbenzoic acid, 1] and its metabolites as a function of orally administered dose has revealed that the elimination process is comprised of five parallel pathways. Excretion of the major metabolite, the acyl glucuronide 2 (35-45% of dose), follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The three oxidized metabolites, the mono-N-propyl, carboxylic acid, and secondary alcohol derivatives 3, 4, and 5, respectively, (totaling 30% of dose), each adhere to pseudo-first-order kinetics in which the elimination rate constant, as a result of product inhibition, is a function of the administered dose. Four to 13% of the dose is eliminated unchanged in apparent first-order fashion. A mathematical relationship between elimination half-life and dose, under conditions of product inhibition, is derived. Computer simulation of the elimination process confirms the experimental observation that the fraction of dose excreted in the form of each metabolite remains relatively constant over the dose range of 0.5 to 2 g. This study is believed to represent the first application of parallel Michaelis Menten and dose-dependent pseudo-first-order processes to drug disposition. It demonstrates that the observation of constant proportions of excreted metabolites over a relatively wide range of doses does not provide evidence that the elimination process remains first-order. PMID- 3761167 TI - A two-constant equation for multiple albumin-binding isotherms. AB - It has been found that binding of low molecular weight ligands to human serum albumin is generally nonsaturating. Equations commonly used for describing the binding equilibria, i.e., the Scatchard and Klotz (Adair) equations, are saturation functions. We have accordingly tried to establish an equation which would fit the observed data, i.e., not reach a saturation plateau. An empirical equation, in which the bound ligand is expressed as a function of the free ligand [R(C) = b1 in (b2C + 1)], is shown to give reasonably good fits to observed binding equilibrium data for the binding of several organic ligands to human serum albumin, when the two parameters, b1 and b2, are given suitable values. The curve of bound versus free ligand, as plotted from this equation, has the same slope and curvature as that obtained from the Klotz stepwise binding equation at C = 0, if b1 = K1/[2(K1 - 2K2)] and b2 = 2(K1 - 2K2), where K1 and K2 are the first and second stoichiometric binding constants. PMID- 3761168 TI - Biliary excretion and enterohepatic cycling of glycyrrhizin in rats. AB - The enterohepatic cycling of glycyrrhizin was examined using rats with and without biliary fistulization. The plasma decay in the control rats without fistulization following an iv dose of 100 mg/kg of glycyrrhizin, was generally biphasic. However, secondary peaks were observed in all rats in the elimination phase, i.e., 0.5 to 12 h following dosing. The plasma concentrations in the rats with biliary fistulization administered the same dose showed a biexponential decline. The AUC and CLtot were significantly higher and lower in the control rats, respectively. The biliary excretion was 80.6 +/- 9.9% of the administered dose, and intestinal absorption was confirmed by using the bile collected after iv dosing. From these results, we concluded that glycyrrhizin was predominantly secreted from the liver into the bile, and that the secondary peaks in the elimination phase, the higher AUC, and the lower CLtot in the control rats were due to the effects of enterohepatic recycling of glycyrrhizin. Furthermore, the transport of the drug from the liver to the bile appears to be a saturable process. PMID- 3761169 TI - Intestinal absorption of 5-fluorouracil and its alkylcarbamoyl derivatives in the rat small intestine. AB - The intestinal absorption of 5-fluorouracil (1) and its alkylcarbamoyl derivatives possessing various lipophilic pro-moieties including the butylcarbamoyl, hexylcarbamoyl, octylcarbamoyl, and nonylcarbamoyl groups, was investigated in the rat using both in situ and in vitro techniques. All compounds showed greater apparent partition coefficients and lipophilic indices (k') (by HPLC) and lower solubilities in water than 1. Although enhancement of uptake by the everted intestine in vitro was observed when the alkylcarbamoyl chain length was increased, the appearance of the prodrugs in the mesenteric vein in the in situ intestinal loop (complete venous collection) was decreased and sustained. The conversion of alkylcarbamoyl derivatives to 1 was noted in the absorption process. PMID- 3761170 TI - Discontinuous oral absorption of cimetropium bromide, a new antispasmodic drug. AB - The pharmacokinetic profiles of cimetropium bromide, after either intravenous injection of 10 mg or oral ingestion of 200 mg, were determined in eight healthy volunteers. After intravenous administration, the plasma levels and urinary excretion indicated that the drug is distributed and eliminated at a rapid rate (terminal half-life, 50 +/- 8 min) and that urinary excretion is not the exclusive route of elimination (46 +/- 2%) of the administered dose). After oral administration, a low percentage of the drug is absorbed (1-4% of the administered dose), however, the amount is sufficient for therapeutic effect. The absorption is discontinuous, with two distinct phases, and ends abruptly during the second phase. PMID- 3761171 TI - Placental transfer of diphenhydramine in chronically instrumented pregnant sheep. AB - To study the placental transfer and pharmacokinetics of the H1 receptor blocker, diphenhydramine [2-(diphenylmethoxy)-N,N-dimethylethylamine], 100 mg of the drug was administered to four pregnant sheep (122-129 d gestation) by intravenous injection through catheters chronically implanted in the ewe and fetus. Rapid placental transfer occurred, with peak fetal plasma concentrations occurring within 5 min after injection. The fetal-maternal ratio of the area under the plasma concentration versus time curves averaged 0.85, indicating significant fetal exposure to the drug. The average apparent terminal elimination half-life in the ewe (52 min) was not significantly different from that obtained in the fetus (46 min). The maternal total body clearance was 3.6 L X h-1 X kg-1, and the volume of distribution at steady state was 3.2 L/kg. In summary, this study demonstrates rapid and extensive placental transfer of diphenhydramine after maternal drug administration. Since placental permeability to lipid-soluble compounds does not differ greatly in different species, it is likely that a similar situation exists in humans. PMID- 3761172 TI - Toxicity of benzyl alcohol in adult and neonatal mice. AB - Benzyl alcohol, a bacteriostatic agent found in many parenteral preparations, has been implicated as the agent responsible for precipitating "the gasping syndrome" in premature neonates. To investigate this toxicity, benzyl alcohol was administered intraperitoneally to adult (23-28 g) and neonatal (2-7 g) CD-1 male mice. Gross behavioral changes were monitored. Low doses (less than 800 mg/kg) produced minimal toxic effects within an initial 4-h observation period. At the end of this time, the LD50 was determined to be 1000 mg/kg for both age groups. When mortality in the adult group was observed after 7 d following a single treatment with benzyl alcohol, the LD50 on day 7 was determined to be 650 mg/kg. Rapid absorption and conversion of benzyl alcohol to its primary metabolite, benzaldehyde, occurred within both experimental groups; the plasma levels of each were comparable in both neonatal and mature animals when determined by GC. In an attempt to alter the toxicity of benzyl alcohol, pyrazole and disulfiram were used to inhibit the activities of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase, respectively. Treatment with pyrazole, before benzyl alcohol exposure, resulted in an increase in benzyl alcohol levels to 203% of control values and a marked increase in toxicity. Although pretreatment with disulfiram led to benzaldehyde levels which were 368% of control values, toxicity was unchanged. These data imply that the acute toxicity of benzyl alcohol, which includes sedation, dyspnea, and loss of motor function, is due to the alcohol itself and not to its metabolite, benzaldehyde. PMID- 3761173 TI - Hypolipidemic activity of N,N-dimethyl-n-octadecylamine borane in rodents. AB - N,N-Dimethyl-n-octadecylamine borane proved to be an effective hypolipidemic agent in rodents, lowering both serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels by greater than 40% after 16 d of administration. The agent lowered serum lipid levels by inhibiting the enzymatic activity of rate-limiting enzymes of both de novo cholesterol and triglyceride pathways in the liver. The reduction led to lower levels of lipids in the liver and small intestine tissues, with a reduction of the cholesterol and triglyceride levels of the serum low density lipoprotein (LDL) fraction. Concurrently, the cholesterol level of high density lipoproteins (HDL) was significantly elevated in rats after 14 d of treatment. The drug caused an increased rate of cholesterol clearance from the body, essentially via the feces. The ability of the agent to modulate the cholesterol levels of LDL and HDL fractions suggests that the agent should be an effective agent for the treatment of hyperlipidemic states in humans. PMID- 3761175 TI - Time- or position-dependent diffusivity as a mechanism for regulating drug release from slab matrix systems: theoretical models. PMID- 3761174 TI - Liquid chromatographic assays for barbiturate injections. AB - Precise, rugged, stability-indicating HPLC assays were developed for phenobarbital, pentobarbital, and secobarbital sodium injections. Degradation products of the three barbiturates were prepared and chromatographed to demonstrate method specificity. The degradation products were also used to demonstrate specificity of official GC methods for pentobarbital and secobarbital sodium capsules. The acetylurea degradation products of pentobarbital and secobarbital were characterized following the separation of their diastereoisomers by HPLC. PMID- 3761176 TI - Use of the Washburn-Rideal equation for studying capillary flow in porous media. PMID- 3761177 TI - Effect of acetaminophen on inorganic sulfate concentrations in human cerebrospinal fluid. PMID- 3761178 TI - Contaminants leached from rubber stoppers into a water soluble vitamin E intravenous injectable product. PMID- 3761179 TI - Osteomyelitis. A conceptual approach. PMID- 3761180 TI - Interdigital neuromas. Results of surgical excision of 152 neuromas. PMID- 3761181 TI - Scleredema of Buschke of the lower extremity. PMID- 3761182 TI - Chinese bound foot. A literature review and case report. PMID- 3761183 TI - Proximal nail groove pain associated with an exostosis. PMID- 3761184 TI - Diabetic osteolysis. A case report. PMID- 3761185 TI - Polycythemia induced metatarsalgia. A case report. PMID- 3761186 TI - Tarsal ankylosis in juvenile ankylosing spondylitis. PMID- 3761187 TI - Painful heel syndrome. A case presentation. PMID- 3761188 TI - Fixation of a tarsal navicular stress fracture. A case report. PMID- 3761189 TI - Heterotrophic ossification (myositis ossificans) in the foot. A case report. PMID- 3761190 TI - Evaluation of ankle ligamentous insufficiency using the Telos ankle stress apparatus. PMID- 3761191 TI - Cardiac electrophysiologic effects of acute and chronic amiodarone administration in the isolated perfused rabbit heart: altered thyroid hormone metabolism. AB - The electrophysiologic changes produced by amiodarone were examined in the isolated buffer-perfused rabbit heart. Long-term amiodarone administration (20 mg/kg/day for 28 days) depressed the intrinsic sinus heart rate and prolonged the PR and QT intervals of the electrocardiogram (P less than .05 vs. control). Ventricular refractoriness and the AH interval of the His-bundle electrogram were prolonged (P less than .05 vs. control) without a prolongation of the HV or QRS intervals. The electrophysiologic actions observed with long-term amiodarone treatment were reversed by the simultaneous administration of triiodothyronine (T3). No differences were noted in the electrophysiologic parameters measured in hearts removed from control and long-term amiodarone- plus T3-treated rabbits. The perfusion of the normal rabbit hearts with a buffer solution containing 1 microgram/ml of amiodarone hydrochloride failed to mimic the electrophysiologic changes produced by long-term amiodarone administration. Only a prolongation of the AH and PR intervals occurred with acute drug administration. The long-term administration of amiodarone was accompanied by decreased plasma T3 concentrations and increased concentrations of the less active thyroxine and reverse T3 species. The present data demonstrate the reversal of the electrophysiologic effects of long-term amiodarone administration by T3 administration. The data also suggest that the electrophysiologic actions of long term amiodarone administration may be due in part to an antagonism of the actions of thyroid hormones. PMID- 3761192 TI - Isolation of a factor (substance B) that antagonizes presynaptic modulation: pharmacological properties. AB - An aqueous extract of brain has recently been shown to contain a factor (substance B) that antagonizes presynaptic inhibition of evoked [3H]acetylcholine release from guinea pig ileal synaptosomes. This factor antagonized the inhibition of electrically evoked contractions of the intact guinea pig longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus preparation by a variety of pharmacological agents including clonidine, 2-chloroadenosine, morphine and phencyclidine. pA2App values for substance B antagonism of these four agonists were very similar. Schild plot analysis suggests a functional competition between substance B and each of these receptor agonists. In the absence of any agonist, substance B had a minimal effect on the force of contraction. This reversal of inhibition by substance B was not altered by the ganglionic blocking agent hexamethonium. Substance B was not able to reverse the inhibition of contractions elicited by atropine. In addition to its localization in brain, the factor was also found in appreciable quantities in the heart and the ileum, but not in the liver or kidney. These results indicate that an endogenous neuromodulator exists in innervated tissues that antagonizes a subcellular mechanism(s) involved in mediating inhibition of neurotransmitter release by alpha adrenergic, opiate and purinergic agonists, as well as phencyclidine. PMID- 3761193 TI - Tubular sites of furosemide natriuresis in volume-replaced and volume-depleted conscious rats. AB - There is accumulating evidence that the renal Li clearance reflects the delivery of Na and volume out of the proximal tubules. In the present study we used the Li clearance technique to evaluate the effects of submaximal furosemide (Fur) infusion (7.5 mg/kg/hr) on proximal and distal Na reabsorption in conscious rats with and without volume replacement with saline. Li was given as an p.o. test dose (0.5 mmol/kg) and [3H]inulin was infused in saline to measure the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). In control rats not infused with F, fractional Na excretion was about 1% and fractional Li excretion was about 30 to 35%. Infusion of F with constant rate and volume replacement increased fractional Na excretion to 22% and fractional Li excretion to 57% associated with a small decrease of the GFR. Without volume replacement F infusion caused a smaller and temporary diuretic and natriuretic response (maximum fractional Na excretion = 7.5%) followed by a decrease of urine flow and Na excretion almost to control levels, despite continued high excretion rates of F. The GFR decreased by 25% and fractional Li excretion showed an initial increase followed by return to baseline levels. The results suggest that in conscious rats submaximal doses of F cause major inhibition of proximal tubular Na reabsorption, which effect contributes substantially to the initial natriuresis. Along with diuretic-induced volume contraction, the natriuretic response is abolished due to a fall in GFR and particularly due to a secondary increase in fractional Na reabsorption, which occurs both in proximal distal tubular nephron segments. PMID- 3761194 TI - Preferential stimulation of dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats by ethanol. AB - The effect of the i.p. administration of ethanol on the release of dopamine (DA) and on the output of its main metabolites, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid, was estimated in the rat by transcerebral dialysis of two terminal dopaminergic areas, the nucleus accumbens and the dorsal caudate. Low doses of ethanol (0.25-0.5 g/kg i.p.) stimulated DA release specifically in the n. accumbens and elicited pure behavioral stimulation. Higher doses of ethanol (1.0-2.5 g/kg) elicited sedation and hypnosis and stimulated further DA release and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid output in the accumbens and, although less, also in the caudate. High doses of ethanol (5 g/kg i.p.) elicited long-lasting hypnosis and sedation and induced a depression followed by stimulation of DA release in the accumbens. DA release in the caudate was stimulated further. Low doses of apomorphine (0.05 mg/kg s.c.) reversed completely the stimulant effect of 0.5 g/kg of ethanol on behavior and on DA release in the accumbens. Moreover, the stimulation of behavior and of DA release in the accumbens elicited by 0.5 g/kg of ethanol were abolished completely by pretreatment with 700 mg/kg of gamma-butyrolactone, an agent which blocks DA firing and DA release. The results indicate that ethanol preferentially stimulates DA transmission in the mesolimbic system probably by activating the firing activity of mesolimbic DA neurons and provide direct evidence that these changes are involved in the motor stimulant effects of ethanol. PMID- 3761195 TI - Cellular redistribution of 45Ca in rabbit renal artery determined by electron microscopic autoradiography: changes in response to K+-induced depolarization and nitrendipine. AB - Redistribution of Ca++ in response to K+-induced depolarization and/or nitrendipine (10(-6) M) was studied in isolated rabbit renal arteries using 1) isometric tension measurements, 2) 45Ca uptake measurements and 3) 45Ca electron microscopic autoradiography. Renal artery rings developed a mean tension of 1.67 +/- 0.30 g in response to high K+. Preincubation with 10(-6) M nitrendipine for 1 hr inhibited 80% of the initial portion and 100% of the sustained portion of the K+-induced contraction, without affecting rest tension. Using the modified lanthanum technique, cellular uptake of 45Ca increased 25% in muscles exposed to K+-substituted solution compared to control muscles (P less than .001). Preincubation with nitrendipine for 1 hr inhibited the K+-induced increase, whereas exposure to nitrendipine alone decreased 45Ca uptake compared to control muscles (P less than .001). Electron microscopic autoradiography of control renal arteries showed that relative 45Ca activities for the plasma membrane (PM), sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and mitochondria were higher than the cytoplasmic 45Ca activity, whereas activities for the nucleus were similar to that for the cytoplasm. Exposure to high K+ solution substantially decreased 45Ca activities of both the PM and SR (P less than .001), but changes in relative activities of other sites were insignificant. Muscles exposed to nitrendipine alone or nitrendipine plus high K+ had SR and PM activities intermediate with values from control and high K+ groups. Thus, Ca++ is released from both the SR and PM during exposure to high K+ and this Ca++ may contribute to the Ca++ pool involved in a depolarization-induced contraction. PMID- 3761196 TI - Clonidine protection from the toxicity of soman, an organophosphate acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, in the mouse. AB - Mice pretreated with the centrally active alpha-2 adrenergic agonist, clonidine, were protected from several of the toxic manifestations of soman, an organophosphate acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. The protection resulted in increased survival rates and a reduction in centrally mediated symptoms of soman, including tremor and straub tail, as well as one peripheral muscarinic symptom, excessive salivation. Doses of clonidine between 0.1 and 1 mg/kg, administered between 5 and 40 min before LD80 to LD90 doses of soman, produced significant protection. Pretreatment with atropine (25 mg/kg) also protected against soman toxicity. When atropine was combined with clonidine, the degree of protection afforded by the combination was greater than that predicted for a simple additive effect. Mice protected by atropine from the initial toxicity of soman frequently died within 24 h; no such delayed lethality was observed with protective doses of clonidine. Clonidine noncompetitively inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity in vitro and after in vivo administration at protective doses. At brain concentrations obtained after in vivo administration in protective doses, clonidine also inhibited ligand binding to cortical muscarinic receptors in vitro. The protective effects of clonidine are likely to involve multiple effects, including blockade of acetylcholine release and postsynaptic muscarinic receptors and transient inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. PMID- 3761197 TI - Modification of behavioral effects and biodisposition of phencyclidine in rats by ammonium chloride. AB - The ability of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) treatment to alter the pharmacological effects and biodisposition of phencyclidine (PCP) was investigated in rats. Either a single gavage of NH4Cl (2.5 mEq/kg) or six hourly gavages with either 2.5 or 5.0 mEq/kg of NH4Cl decreased urinary pH to approximately 5.5 at the 7-hr time point. A single gavage with NH4Cl (2.5 mEq/kg) failed to alter the time course of rotarod performance in rats that had been treated 45 min earlier with either 10, 25 or 50 mg of PCP per kg (p.o.). A treatment regimen of six hourly gavages of NH4Cl (5.0 mEq/kg) proved to be highly toxic, whereas gavages with 2.5 mEq/kg did not produce overt effects. Six hourly treatments with the lower dose of NH4Cl did not alter motor impairment induced by oral doses of 10 and 25 mg/kg of PCP but did diminish that produced by 50 mg/kg. This treatment regimen also produced a slight reduction in the time course of motor dysfunction in rats receiving an i.v. injection of either 5, 10 or 15 mg/kg of PCP. The biodisposition of orally administered [3H]PCP (50 mg/kg) was altered by six hourly gavages of 2.5 mEq/kg of NH4Cl in that urinary excretion of [3H]PCP was increased whereas concentrations in kidney, lung and brain were significantly decreased at selected times. However, the brain concentrations of [3H]PCP, as measured by area under the curve, were not altered significantly by NH4Cl treatments. PMID- 3761198 TI - Monoiodinated angiotensin II is a potent, full agonist analog of angiotensin II. AB - Mono 125I-angiotensin II (Ang II) has been used extensively as a radioligand to identify Ang II receptors whereas its receptor binding properties are well characterized, its biological activity has been less well studied. To examine this issue, nonradioisotopic monoiodo-Ang II was prepared and compared to Ang II. Monoiodo-Ang II was found to be a potent, full agonist in in vivo bioassays and a more potent (2.5-fold) pressor agent than the native hormone Ang II in the pithed rat. In eliciting dipsogenic responses monoiodo-Ang II was equipotent to Ang II, but was less potent (2.7-fold) than Ang II in contracting rat aortic strips. These results suggest that the well characterized binding affinity of monoiodo Ang II is representative of its biological activity (40-250% of the activity of Ang II). The variation in relative peptide potency is consistent with the hypothesis of a heterogeneity of Ang II receptors. Most importantly, the similar efficacies between Ang II and monoiodo-Ang II indicate that the monoiodinated Ang II is a suitable ligand for the study of Ang II receptors. PMID- 3761199 TI - Design of oxytocin antagonists with prolonged action: potential tocolytic agents for the treatment of preterm labor. AB - In our continuing effort to produce more potent and specific oxytocin (OT) antagonists that may have value as tocolytic agents, we have synthesized a number of new OT antagonists. Our previous studies have shown that rigid conformational structure and restricted dynamic properties are associated with antagonistic activity of the [1-penicillamine]OT [( Pen1]OT) analogs. We therefore synthesized a series of structural analogs of [Pen1,] OT; [Pen1,Thr4]-OT and [Pen1,Phe2,Thr4]OT with greater restricted conformational features. They are [Pen1,delta 3,4-Pro7]OT; [Pen1,Thr4,delta 3,4-Pro7]OT; [Pen1,Phe2,Thr4,delta 3,4 Pro7]OT; [Pen1, Orn8]OT; [Pen1,Phe2,Thr4,delta 3,4,-Pro7,Orn8]OT; [Pen1, Tyr(OMethyl)2,-Thr4,Orn8]OT; [Pen1,Tyr(OEthyl)2,Thr4,Orn8]OT; [Pen1,Phe(Methyl)2,Thr4,Orn8]OT and [Pen1Phe(Ethyl)2,Thr4, Orn8]OT. As expected, all were found to be potent OT antagonists, with in vitro pA2 values ranging from 5.32 to 7.67. They were also effective OT antagonists in vivo in the term pregnant rats. Structural modifications in the above analogs produced various and interesting effects. Dehydroproline substitution for 7-proline in [Pen1]OT increased antagonistic potency, whereas in [Pen1,Thr4]OT and in [Pen1,Phe2,Thr4]OT decreased antagonistic potency. Most significantly, analogs with O-alkyl-Tyr2, Orn8 and p-alkyl-Phe2,Orn8 substitutions were found to have prolonged action both in the isolated rat uterus assays and in the term pregnant rats. Generally, substitution of the alkyl groups resulted in a reduction in anti OT potency, and increasing the size of the alkyl substituent from a methylene group to an ethyl group diminished antagonistic potencies markedly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3761200 TI - Effect of prevention of inorganic sulfate depletion on the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen in rats. AB - The elimination of large doses of acetaminophen is associated with substantial depletion of endogenous inorganic sulfate which is utilized for the formation of acetaminophen sulfate. This depletion has pronounced dose- and time-dependent effects on the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen. The purposes of this investigation were to determine the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen in rats when endogenous sulfate depletion is prevented by administration of inorganic sulfate and to develop a simple, physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for the elimination of acetaminophen under these conditions. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats received an i.v. injection and a continuous infusion of sodium sulfate as well as an i.v. injection of acetaminophen, either 15, 30, 150 or 300 mg/kg. Serum inorganic sulfate concentrations remained at or above the physiologic level at all times. Plasma concentrations of acetaminophen declined exponentially with time after the two lower doses but exhibited initial downward curvature in log linear plots after the two larger doses. The time-averaged plasma clearance of acetaminophen decreased with increasing dose whereas the terminal half-life was dose-independent. Most of the drug was eliminated in the urine as acetaminophen sulfate but the dose fractions of acetaminophen glucuronide and unmetabolized drug excreted in the urine increased with increasing dose. The renal clearance of acetaminophen did not exhibit dose-dependence but the apparent formation clearance of acetaminophen glucuronide tended to decrease with increasing dose. The formation of acetaminophen sulfate is describable by Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with a Vmax of about 6.5 mumol/min/kg and an in vivo KM (referenced to plasma) of about 100 microM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3761202 TI - [Chronometric study of a posturo-kinetic program associated with voluntary movement]. AB - Posturo-kinetic programming was investigated by a simple reaction time paradigm. Standing subjects performed voluntary upper limb elevations differing by the importance of their destabilizing effect on the initial balance. It was shown that: The reaction time varied according to the destabilizing effect of the forthcoming movement. These variations were due to differences in the duration of postural adjustments which were shown to precede voluntary movement. Duration of pre-motor period, corresponding to delay between the response signal and the onset of the earliest postural adjustment, did not depend on parameters of the forthcoming movement. PMID- 3761201 TI - Age dependence of adenylate cyclase in guinea pig ureter homogenate. AB - Adenylate cyclase activity was measured in ureteral homogenates from guinea pigs of five age groups, ranging from neonates to older adults (retired breeders). Isoproterenol stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity is lost completely in ureters from 90 day and older animals. Forskolin activation also declines rapidly with increasing age; there is a significant (39%) decrease in activation at 30 days when compared to 10-day values with a further decline at 90 days. At 90 days, NaF, GTP and 5'-guanylimido-diphosphate stimulation of adenylate cyclase decreases by only 1, 9 and 23%, respectively, from the 10-day values. Prostaglandin E1 stimulation over 5'-guanylimido-diphosphate control does not decrease with age. 5'-Guanylimido-diphosphate in the presence of ethanol, activates adenylate cyclase to a greater extent in the older animals. These data may suggest that the decreased ability to activate adenylate cyclase with age may be due to a loss of the efficiency of coupling in the more rigid aged membranes. Other explanations include loss of catalytic function with age. The loss of adenylate cyclase activity in aging correlates well with our previously reported study showing that isoproterenol causes a greater decrease in contractility of ureters from younger than from older guinea pigs. PMID- 3761203 TI - Active defence of retinal temperature during hypothermia of the eye in cats. AB - The first objective was to determine how large changes in externally applied cooling influence intraocular temperature. The second objective was to determine whether vasoactive changes in the choroidal circulation influence retinal temperature. Temperature in the conjunctiva was decreased down to 6 degrees C by direct cooling of the cat's eye and the temperatures along the visual axis were measured with thermocouple probes. Temperature in the retina was maintained fairly constant showing thus an active resistance to cooling of the eye, but temperatures in the anterior chamber and lens were dependent on external temperature changes. Administration of vasoconstrictor drugs in the retrobulbar space resulted in drop of retinal temperature presumably by reducing choroidal blood flow during eye cooling. The experiments showed that the eye is provided with vasoactive mechanisms that allow temperature preservation in critical areas, such as the retina, even in the presence of extreme temperature changes. However, other ocular regions show passive resistance to cooling of the eye. PMID- 3761204 TI - Effects of postnatal microwave exposure on thyrotropin level in the adult male rat. AB - Postnatal exposure of male rats to microwaves modulated the evolution of the thyrotropin level. Indeed, this treatment increased plasma TSH without affecting significantly plasma thyroxine. Moreover, the histological study of the thyroid demonstrated a high activity of this gland in irradiated animals. The modification observed in the thyrotropin level was correlated to an increase in hypothalamic noradrenaline described previously in rats submitted to the same irradiation. PMID- 3761205 TI - Renal effect of acute hypobaric pressure breathing in normal and diabetes insipidus rats. AB - The role of blood volume regulatory mechanisms located in the low pressure system in the control of urinary excretion was studied using hypobaric pressure breathing in normal and diabetes insipidus (Brattleboro strain with a congenital lack of vasopressin) rats. Rats were placed in an altitude simulator chamber for 4 h. A pump maintained pressure reduced to 701, 577 and 472 mbar simulating respectively altitude of 3,000, 4,500 and 6,000 m. In normal rats, hypobaric breathing induced an increase in urine flow, urinary urea and K+ excretion and urinary pH but did not significantly modify creatinine and Na+ excretion. In diabetes insipidus rats, hypobaric breathing produced oliguria and an decrease in urea, creatinine, Na+, K+, Cl- urinary excretions. Since acute hypobaric pressure breathing induced opposed effects in normal and Brattleboro rats, it is suggested that this kind of experimental procedure which increases intrathoracic blood volume elicits a diuretic response through an inhibition of vasopressin release. These experiments confirm the main role of vasopressin in the control of central blood volume. PMID- 3761206 TI - [Changes in the activity of cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus by stimulation of the abducens nucleus area in rabbits]. AB - These investigations are aimed at studying the influence of the electrical stimulation of the VIth nucleus (abducens nucleus) on responses of lateral geniculate cells in rabbits. The animals were prepared in the usual fashion for single cell recordings at the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). Results show that: Electrical stimulation of the VIth nucleus always produced excitatory discharges whose latency varied from 30 to 400 ms. Interestingly, an electrical pulse applied to the abducens nucleus was capable of enhancing the light-evoked responses without altering the spontaneous rate of firing. It thus seems that the ascending influence of the VIth nucleus manifests itself when it coincides with light responses. Most cells which were sensitive to electrical activation of the abducens nucleus had their receptive field located peripherally (greater than 50 degrees). Histological reconstructions of recording electrode tracts suggest that cells which responded to electrical stimulation were located in a narrow band lying dorsally relative to the LGN. This area can be paralleled with the perigeniculate area observed in other mammals, although not identified in rabbits. It is suggested that these extraretinal impulses which reach the LGN and emerge from an area surrounding the VIth nucleus are associated with corollary discharges. PMID- 3761207 TI - Spontaneous bronchobiliary fistula--an unusual complication of acalculous cholecystitis (a case report). PMID- 3761208 TI - Retrograde jejunogastric intussusception: an unusual cause of hematemesis (a case report). PMID- 3761209 TI - Acute cerebellar ataxia in adults (report of two cases). PMID- 3761210 TI - Serum cholesterol and cholesterol binding reserve in children of patients of myocardial infarction. PMID- 3761211 TI - Phagocytic and chemotactic function of human polymorphonuclear cells during tetanus infection. PMID- 3761212 TI - Dinitrochlorobenzene contact sensitization in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 3761213 TI - Nasogastric air insufflation in early diagnosis of perforated peptic ulcer. PMID- 3761214 TI - Incidence of Ureaplasma urealyticum in nongonococcal urethritis (NGU). PMID- 3761215 TI - Glycoproteins as markers of inflammation in rheumatic disorders. PMID- 3761216 TI - Non-suture closure of wound using cyanoacrylate. PMID- 3761217 TI - Test-taking behaviors by hypertensive and normotensive individuals. AB - Systematic ratings were made on the Tulane Test-Behavior Scale of the global and integrated behaviors observable for hypertensive and normotensive subjects as they worked to complete a battery of neuropsychological tests--the degree of attention and effort displayed, for example, self-confidence and self-criticism. The results for 82 subjects (41 subject pairs matched for age, race, and education) revealed substantial and consistent differences between groups. Early, mild hypertensive subjects (unmedicated) displayed significantly less optimal behaviors than did normotensive controls. These may be best understood as subtle functional consequences of the abnormal physiological state imposed on the brain by a chronically elevated blood pressure, just as the functional disruptions of reduced kidney filtration fraction or minor abnormalities of the electrocardiogram appear early in the course of the disorder for other target organs. Certain testable implications of this hypothesis are discussed. PMID- 3761218 TI - Isolated teenagers, cooperative learning, and the training of social skills. AB - The effects of individual and group contingencies on the achievement and social integration of isolated, learning-disabled students were studied. Five socially isolated and withdrawn eighth-grade students in foreign-language and math classes were subjects. The choice of working alone or in a group with no academic contingency (i.e., bonus points) was compared with working in cooperative learning groups with a group-academic contingency (i.e., bonus points), a group academic contingency with social-skills training, and a group-academic contingency in combination with a social-skills contingency (i.e., bonus points). The results indicated that the combination of group-academic and social-skills contingencies produced in the socially isolated and withdrawn students the highest rates of appropriate social interaction with peers, acceptance and liking by peers, positive attitudes toward the subject area, and achievement. PMID- 3761219 TI - Construct validity of the Kendrick Battery with institutionalized aged. AB - In this study, we attempted to explore the construct validity of the Kendrick Battery by using an American sample and psychometric tests as indexes of diffuse organicity, depression, and normality. Institutionalized residents (N = 53) were tested twice (6-week interval). When organicity was defined by disorientation and memory deficits, then both the Object Learning test and the Digit Copying test were accurate in differentiating preestablished criterion groups. When organicity was defined more broadly, including sensorimotor function, the Digit Copying test alone was more accurate when depression was defined in terms of irritability, restlessness, and despair. These data suggest that although the Kendrick scales appeared to be sensitive to organicity and depression in this sample, their validity varied with the criteria for each when such were defined psychometrically. PMID- 3761220 TI - Gender differences in the relationship of drinking motivations and outcomes. AB - Questionnaire data were used to test the hypothesis that stated motivations for drinking would be more directly related to drinking outcomes among adolescent girls than among adolescent boys. Evidence in support of this hypothesis was found, and we suggest that this gender difference might be due to different norms and role expectations in regard to drinking by boys and men and girls and women in our society. PMID- 3761221 TI - Directional components derived from initial-orientation data of inexperienced homing pigeons. AB - 1,324 vanishing bearings of individual pigeons, completely inexperienced in homing, were recorded during 100 releases at 36 sites symmetrically distributed around their home loft near Wurzburg at distances ranging from 7 to 180 km. Two directional components could be derived from the data: a weak but significant 'homeward component' pointing to the loft site and a more pronounced 'compass component' pointing to the northwest. With the latter kind of tendency the pigeons clearly demonstrated what earlier had been described as 'preferred compass direction' (PCD). Homeward directedness at the 36 differently situated release sites is negatively correlated with angular divergence between PCD and homeward direction. Compass preferences derived from different quartets of symmetrically arranged sites were similar. Over a period of 11 years the PCD varied significantly in time but did not change fundamentally. Interrelations between various parameters of initial-orientation data were investigated by correlation analyses . PCDs have not only been found in the Wurzburg area but around many other loft sites as well. They are, however, differently pronounced, and in experienced pigeons they are generally weaker than in first-flight birds. Various reasons (partly evident, partly thought possible) for variability of PCDs, and for their absence in some series of experiments, are discussed. As a PCD persists, and even tends to become clearer, after elimination of homeward orientation by olfactory deprivation, it is concluded that it reflects directional tendencies which are independent of the process of site localization. A great deal of what is called 'release-site biases', i.e., site-specific deviations from the beeline course towards home, can be understood on a PCD basis. The functional background of the PCD is unknown. Hypothetical advantages for the pigeons' homing strategy are considered. PMID- 3761222 TI - Light-sampling behavior in photoentrainment of a rodent circadian rhythm. AB - Behavioral aspects of photoentrainment of circadian locomotor activity rhythms were recorded for a nocturnal den-dwelling rodent, the flying squirrel, Glaucomys volans. Methods included both telemetric monitoring and infrared observations of animals under constant dark (DD) or light-dark (LD) schedules in either standard wheel cages or in newly developed simulated den cages. By means of the den cages, several aspects of a circadian activity cycle could be simultaneously measured emphasizing the arousal from rest, the light-sampling behavior by which a squirrel assessed the environmental photoregimen, and the phase-shifting by which photoentrainment was achieved. Each animal in a den cage remained for 12 or more hours of its rest period almost exclusively in the darkened nest box, then at an abrupt arousal time moved to the light-sampling porthole. In darkness each animal initiated wheel activity immediately after arousal; light at arousal time, however, induced a return to the nest box for a nap and a delay phase-shift in onset of activity of approximately 40 min. On subsequent days, each animal appeared to be free-running (tau FR less than 24 h) until onset again advanced into the light period. A squirrel usually viewed only a few minutes light per day, and on free-running days occasionally saw none of the 12-h light period. The significance of these data for theories of circadian photoentrainment is discussed. PMID- 3761223 TI - Colliding of activity onset and offset: evidence for multiple circadian oscillators. AB - When hamsters, Mesocricetus auratus, are kept in dim light, wheel running at the onset and the offset of their active phase have different circadian periods. As a result, the active phase expands and eventually the two activity components collide. There is then a temporary explosion of activity at a time that was previously in the rest period. This is followed by disorganization of the rhythm or by phase jumps. Such phase jumps probably stem from the interaction of two oscillators with different natural periods rather than from threshold changes for the expression of activity. PMID- 3761224 TI - Neural correlates of novelty detection in pulse-type weakly electric fish. AB - Evoked potentials (EPs) and single unit recordings from various electrosensory processing regions of several pulse-type gymnotiform species were made to investigate neural activity patterns that could be associated with novelty detection. Whereas the electrosensory afferents and cells in the ELL exhibited only minor changes in response size as stimuli were presented less frequently (novel stimuli), most units studied in the torus semicircularis (TS) showed very strong, increased responsiveness to stimuli presented less frequently relative to stimuli presented persistently (at every EOD event. The responses of the TS were graded with respect to stimulus frequency. The discrimination between novel and persistent stimuli by the TS occurred with stimuli presented transversely or longitudinally with respect to the fish's long axis, and regardless of the timing of the stimulus with respect to the fish's pacemaker-related signal (PS). When electrosensory novelties were presented persistently the responses of the TS rapidly habituated. This may indicate that activity in this region of the TS is novelty related. This novelty-related activity in the TS can be correlated with certain aspects of the fish's behavior, i.e., EOD interval length during a behavioral novelty response. However, TS activity may continue to indicate the occurrence of electrosensory novelties after the behavior has habituated. It is suggested that the novelty-related activity of the TS of these fish is necessary, but not sufficient, for the production of electrosensory novelty-induced behavioral responses. Lesions of the region of the TS containing the rapidly habituating neurons abolished the electrosensory novelty response, but not that resulting from visual and auditory stimulation. PMID- 3761225 TI - Frequency selectivity of hearing in the green treefrog, Hyla cinerea. AB - Frequency selectivity of hearing was measured in the green treefrog, Hyla cinerea. A psychophysical technique based on reflex modification was used to obtain masked threshold estimates for pure tones (300-5,400 Hz) presented against two levels of broadband masking noise. A pure tone (S-1) presented 200 ms prior to a reflex-eliciting stimulus (S-2) inhibited the motor reflex response to S-2. The magnitude of this reflex modification effect varied systematically with the sound pressure level (SPL) of S-1, and threshold was defined as the SPL of S-1 at which the reflex modification effect disappeared. Masked thresholds were used to calculate critical ratios, an index of the auditory system's frequency selectivity. The frequency selectivity of the treefrog's hearing is greatest and critical ratios are lowest (22-24 dB) at about 900 and 3,000 Hz, the two spectral regions dominant in the male treefrog's species-specific advertisement call. These results suggest that the treefrog's auditory system may be specialized to reject noise at biologically-relevant frequencies. As in other vertebrates, critical ratios remain constant when background noise level is varied; however, the shape of the treefrog's critical ratio function across frequencies differs from the typical vertebrate function that increases with increasing frequency at a slope of about 3 dB/octave. Instead, the treefrog's critical ratio function resembles its pure tone audiogram. Although the shape of the treefrog's critical ratio function is atypical, the critical ratio values themselves are comparable to those of many other vertebrates in the same frequency range. Critical ratio values here measured behaviorally do not match critical ratio values previously measured physiologically in single eighth nerve fibers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3761226 TI - Heart rate as an indicator of stress in surgeons and anaesthetists. AB - Ambulatory monitoring of heart rate was used as one indication of psychological stress among 8 doctors involved in cardio-thoracic surgery and 8 doctors performing anaesthesia in the same operating theatre. Twenty-three days of recording were available and the heart rate traces were related to observations of activities made by the authors. Comparisons of mean heart rates are made for these and other occupations. Certain sorts of activities are shown to increase and decrease heart rate. The value of heart rate as an indicator of psychological stress in field studies is discussed. PMID- 3761227 TI - Autonomic arousal and pain sensitivity in women with premenstrual syndrome at different phases of the menstrual cycle. AB - Eleven women with a clinical diagnosis of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and ten non PMS control women were compared on physiological measures in the intermenstrual and premenstrual phases of their menstrual cycle. Heart rate (HR) and skin conductance level (SCL) were monitored during baseline conditions and in response to a stressful laboratory procedure. Analyses for HR revealed a three-way interaction (groups X phase X tests) which approached significance indicating that the PMS group was generally lower during the intermenstrual testing but was higher in the premenstrual phase. No significant differences were observed on behavioral measures (pain threshold, pain tolerance) between the groups. Pain intensity ratings were found to be overall higher in the PMS group irrespective of menstrual cycle phase. The role of cognitive-perceptual processes is discussed in the context of the acquisition and maintenance of PMS symptomatology. PMID- 3761228 TI - Heart rate response, emotional disturbance and hyperventilation. AB - The heart rate and electrocardiographic responses were documented in 40 subjects undergoing hyperventilation provocation tests. Forced overbreathing produced a similar mean heart rate increase in all subjects, regardless of whether the result of the provocation tests suggested the hyperventilation syndrome. In contrast subjects diagnosed as hyperventilators by virtue of prolonged hypocapnia in response to psychological provocation showed significant increased heart rate responses compared to the remaining subjects (p less than 0.001). Significant electrocardiographic abnormalities were also produced. The view is presented that the hypocapnia may allow persistence of the cardiovascular responses in the presence of emotional challenge. PMID- 3761229 TI - Psychosocial factors and risk of ischaemic heart disease and death in women: a twelve-year follow-up of participants in the population study of women in Gothenburg, Sweden. AB - A community sample of 795 women of the ages 38, 46, 50 and 54 yr was subjected to comprehensive medical and psychiatric examinations and was followed up for 12 yr. The 12-yr incidence of angina pectoris was 3.2% and of electrocardiographic changes indicating ischaemic heart disease 5.8%. The corresponding incidence of myocardial infarction was 1.4% and death rate 4.2%. High initial ratings of passive dependency, neuroticism, experience of strain, grade of mental disorder and severity of major or minor depression were predictive of angina pectoris. A low rating of aggression was predictive of the development of electrocardiographic changes indicating ischaemic heart disease. Low ratings of guilt feelings and neurotic self-assertiveness were predictive of myocardial infarction. Death rate was not related to any of the psychosocial factors studied. These associations remained significant after adjustments for age, social class, marital status or confounding conventional risk factors for ischaemic heart disease. The results show that the different clinical manifestations of ischaemic heart disease are related to different sets of psychosocial predictors. PMID- 3761230 TI - Social influences on factored dimensions of the McGill Pain Questionnaire. AB - The McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) was administered to 268 subjects following electrical stimulation to pain-tolerance limits. Subjects received stimulation under four social modeling conditions: tolerant, intolerant, control, and no model. The number of factors and degree of obliqueness most appropriate for the MPQ scores were determined using multiple criteria. Five factors, reflecting 46.6% of the total variance, were derived and labelled as follows: affective arousal, sensory-pressure, perception of harm, somesthetic pressure, and cutaneous sensitivity. The various modeling conditions did not produce any significant between-group differences on the factors. The repeated demonstration that the MPQ assesses substantially more than the three components originally proposed suggests that considerable caution is warranted with respect to using the 'sensory-evaluative-affective' method of scoring this test. Considered in relation to previous research, the present findings are consistent with the conclusion that social influences affect fundamental components of subjective reactions to pain. PMID- 3761231 TI - Adults' attitudes to children with epilepsy: the use of a visual analogue scale questionnaire. AB - A new visual analogue questionnaire was used to compare attitudes to epilepsy in childhood among the parents of three groups of children, one with epilepsy, one with diabetes and one with healthy children. The results showed that there were more similarities than differences between the groups. The parents of the children with epilepsy were knowledgeable about the educational and behavioural problems of children with epilepsy, although they often regarded epilepsy as a sign of serious disease. There was also an association between the severity of their child's epilepsy and high questionnaire scores among the parents of children with epilepsy. This questionnaire could be used by paediatricians to assess whether parents' views are realistic for their child and also to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention study to modify inappropriate attitudes among parents of children with epilepsy. PMID- 3761232 TI - Selection of imagery in the relief of chronic and acute clinical pain. AB - This study examined the effects of pleasant imagery and type of pleasant imagery on the relief of acute and chronic pain. Two images were used in alternation, both selected from five images generated by the patient. The first image was the one most preferred by the patient; the second was the one determined by the experimenter to represent the most successful mastery of developmental stages according to the schemata outlined by Erickson (International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, Vol. 9, McMillan, 1968). It was hypothesized that an image associated with successful phases of life would be less likely to provoke anxiety disruptive of the relaxation procedure and thus be more effective in the relief of pain. Both images were successful in reducing reported pain relief over a three-day period, but as predicted, the developmentally-selected image was more effective. The general effectiveness of these images held only for patients with acute pain. PMID- 3761233 TI - Bereavement and catecholamines. AB - Urinary catecholamine output was studied in 59 middle-aged and elderly persons who were either acutely bereaved (n = 39) or threatened with the loss of a spouse (n = 20). The study was done with the hypothesis that urinary catecholamine output would be elevated among the bereaved subjects both in comparison to norms in the literature for non-stressed controls and to the group of subjects who were threatened with a loss. It was also expected that individually high measures of psychological distress would be associated with high urinary catecholamines. Twenty-four hour urinary output of norepinephrine and epinephrine was observed to be higher than normal during acute bereavement but was not associated with depression scores. No differences were found between those who had experienced an actual loss two months earlier and those who were threatened with a loss. Expected relationships between indices of psychological distress and catecholamine output were not observed. Finally, an association was found between increasing age and higher levels of urinary norepinephrine and epinephrine output among acutely bereaved subjects, suggesting that the adaptation of the sympathetic-adrenal medullary system to stress among older persons is slower. PMID- 3761235 TI - [How to develop the evaluation of diagnostic procedures in medical imaging. Current experiences and prospects]. PMID- 3761234 TI - Mediating factors in non-medical treatment for migraine headache: toward an interactional model. AB - The inadequacy of traditional (i.e. pharmacological) treatment for migraine headache has led to the development of numerous non-medical interventions (e.g. biofeedback, relaxation, cognitive-behavioral programs). All of these non-medical interventions have produced at least some success in reducing migraine headache parameters. However the mechanism of treatment efficacy is unclear, with a number of not mutually exclusive relationships proposed. Purported mediators of successful outcome in these treatments include specific control of vascular activity, general reduction of autonomic arousal, biochemical changes, cognitive, affective, and behavioral change, therapist contact and support, and credibility and placebo expectancy. The present paper attempts to discuss and evaluate the mechanisms of change that have been proposed as mediators of successful treatment of migraine headache. An interactional model of adaptive change as a function of treatment is presented. The implications of the model for assessment and treatment are discussed. It is suggested that the interactional model may be applicable to the treatment of a range of chronic pain problems. PMID- 3761236 TI - [Left coronaro-ventricular microfistulas. Apropos of 25 cases]. AB - A retrospective study of 25 patients with left coronaroventricular microfistulae, investigated in the same vascular radiologic exploration unit, and data in the international literature were used to analyze these lesions in greater detail. Their frequency appears to have been underestimated since they represented 1.33% of coronarographies performed in adults in this series. Distribution into two groups as a function of presence or absence of significant coronary lesions, vascular disease or myocardial insufficiency showed that the group with isolated microfistulae was composed solely of women of about 50 years of age (16 cases). These patients presented typical angina with a simple course (absence of infarction), but a sometimes severe disability due to the symptomatology. The myocardial ischemia could result from a "coronary steal" phenomenon but other hypotheses have been evoked. Their congenital origin is widely accepted but their relation to atherosclerosis has not been established (cause, consequence or fortuitous association). They present specific images on routine coronarography. Treatment is symptomatic but surgical in exceptional cases with refractory, very disabling angina. Finally, detection of left coronaroventricular microfistulae should, when combined with metabolic studies, allow classification of the difficult problem of "angina with angiographically normal coronary arteries". PMID- 3761237 TI - [Cerebral venous angioma. Angiographic and x-ray computed tomographic aspects. Apropos of a case]. AB - Cerebral venous angioma is a vascular malformation, rarely recognized before use of C.T. It remains an angiographic diagnosis and prescribes, except when hemorrhage, quite uncommon, the surgical abstention. PMID- 3761238 TI - [Diagnosis of ivory vertebra. Bibliographic study, report of 2 cases of pagetic ivory vertebra]. AB - Two cases are reported of ivory vertebra, an isolated lesion difficult to diagnose clinically or radiologically. Tomographic and if necessary computed tomographic analysis should provide a precise diagnosis of a Paget's disease origin, biopsy being reserved for cases for which a doubt exists. PMID- 3761239 TI - [Cervico-occipital injury and bilateral paralysis of cranial nerve XII. Apropos of a case]. AB - A patient with bilateral traumatic hypoglossal palsy is presented. Evaluation of the atlanto-occipital articulation is difficult. Prompt radiographic diagnosis of this injury can be made by computed tomography. In this case, there was bony avulsion of the alar ligament from the occipital condyle. We suggest a severe blow to the head in a lateral direction. PMID- 3761240 TI - [Demonstration of a traumatic bronchobiliary fistula by cholescintigraphy with 99m technetium-EHIDA]. AB - A case of traumatic bronchobiliary fistula is presented. It is a rare complication of liver injuries. The diagnosis can be made on the observation of biliptysis. Technetium 99m EHIDA cholescintigraphy is of great help in demonstrating the fistulous tract in these patients for early diagnosis and planning for surgical approach. PMID- 3761241 TI - Resin corrosion cast (Mercox) in experimental evaluation of small vessel anastomosis. AB - This study focuses on obtaining more information about the site of anastomosis, with three-dimensional examination using methylmethacrylate resin (Mercox) corrosion casts. Seventy microvascular anastomoses were performed in Wistar albino rats, divided into two groups before sacrifice. In Group 1 (35), Mercox was injected into the vessels, whereas in Group 2 (35), the tissues were prepared without injecting Mercox. Both groups were compared under the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The SEM preparation in Group 1 was simple, easy, and artifacts were significantly minimized. The anastomotic site could be well appreciated in three-dimensional views. Clear negative imprints of the endothelial surface were achieved without any breakage in the Mercox corrosion cast, and it can be reliably used in the evaluation of small vessel anastomosis. PMID- 3761242 TI - Free radial forearm flap versatility for the head and neck and lower extremity. AB - Microsurgical techniques have developed numerous territories suitable for free tissue transfer. However, the demand for thin cutaneous resurfacing limits the choice of flaps available to the reconstructive microsurgeon. The radial forearm flap is a thin, axial, fasciocutaneous flap, offering pliable cutaneous resurfacing, with or without sensation. We have used 15 flaps to reconstruct defects in the head and neck and lower extremity resulting from burns, blunt and avulsive trauma, radiation necrosis, and tumor ablation. Two flaps (15 percent) developed venous congestion and were salvaged by reoperation. One retrograde flap (7.5 percent) developed partial necrosis from arterial insufficiency. Neural re innervation was successful in two out of three patients in whom it was attempted. Two patients (15 percent) sustained minor donor site skin graft loss that healed secondarily. In our series of predominantly older patients the donor sites have been relatively inconspicuous at one year follow-up. A functional restoration was achieved in all patients. PMID- 3761243 TI - Comparison of the pattern of early revascularization of conventional versus vascularized nerve grafts in the canine. AB - Blood flow to both conventional and vascularized canine saphenous nerve grafts was quantitated at two, 24, and 72 hours postoperatively, using radionuclide labeled microspheres. For all time periods vascularized nerve grafts demonstrated adequate blood flow equal to or exceeding normal nerve controls. In contrast, conventional nerve grafts exhibited no significant fascicular revascularization in the first 24 hours, and only one of three dogs demonstrated adequate blood flow by three days postoperative. PMID- 3761244 TI - Liposuction for debulking free flaps. AB - Suction-assisted lipectomy is a useful adjunct technique that allows the microsurgeon to debulk composite tissue transfers safely, without fear of compromising flap viability. The functional and aesthetic results of free flaps can often be enhanced in a single stage, which may not be possible using other conventional procedures. PMID- 3761245 TI - Towards 2000. PMID- 3761246 TI - Towards 2000: abstracts from the plenary sessions of the 11th Conference of the World Organization of National Colleges, Academies, and Academic Institutions of General Practitioners/Family Physicians. PMID- 3761247 TI - Job-loss and health--the influence of age and previous morbidity. AB - Analysis of data on morbidity in a group of factory workers shows a significant increase when these workers are threatened with and subsequently made redundant. The influence of increasing age and of low prior morbidity are shown to be detrimental to the health of both male and female employees. When these risk factors are combined these employees show a 150% increase in the number of consultations, a 70% increase in the number of episodes of illness, a 160% increase in the number of referrals to hospital outpatient departments and a 200% increase in the number of attendances at outpatient departments.These changes occur two years before actual job-loss when the workers learn that their employee is in financial difficulty and their jobs are in jeopardy.It is suggested that older employees demonstrate greater stress because of their poor re-employment prospects and reduced adaptability. It is also suggested that existing differences in consulting tendency might represent differing levels of work attachment among the employees - the low consulters being most strongly oriented towards their jobs and therefore suffering the greater loss when made redundant. PMID- 3761248 TI - Job-loss and morbidity in a group of employees nearing retirement age. AB - As part of a study of the morbidity of a group of workers made redundant from a meat products factory, the health of employees nearing retirement has been investigated. Consultations, episodes of illness and referrals to and attendances at hospital outpatient departments were recorded annually as the indices of morbidity. With the threat of redundancy a significant increase in morbidity was noted for the male employees but not for the female employees. It is suggested that these men adapt less easily to redundancy than the women. PMID- 3761249 TI - Erythema infectiosum in a village primary school: clinical and virological studies. AB - In a questionnaire response to an outbreak of erythema infectiosum in a village primary school, 55 (46%) of the 121 pupils reported an illness with rash. Three of the 12 members of staff also developed a rash. Onset in most affected children was indicated by the classical ;slapped cheek' appearance of erythema infectiosum with subsequent spread of the rash to the extremities. However, in 17 (35%) of 49 children who provided additional clinical data, the rash spread either in the reverse direction or not at all. Nineteen children (39%) reported recurrence of the rash.Serological studies confirmed that human parvovirus was the cause of the outbreak. Forty-six (44%) of 104 children investigated had significant levels of virus-specific immunoglobulin (lg)M and/or lgG antibodies consistent with recent infection. Most infections occurred in older children. Human parvovirus infection was also confirmed in five of the 12 adults. These studies revealed a substantial number of subclinical episodes - 14 (22%) of 64 subjects who remained well had serological evidence of recent infection with human parovovirus. Significantly, 43 individuals (37% of those investigated) remained seronegative despite frequent exposure to infection within the school. This finding, together with the observed temporary interruption of the outbreak which coincided with school holidays substantiates the view that human parvovirus has a relatively low infectivity and requires close person-to-person contact for its transmission. PMID- 3761250 TI - Reducing delay in booking for antenatal care. AB - THE STUDY COMPARED TWO SCHEMES OF BOOKING FOR ANTENATAL CARE: booking at a health centre by general practitioners in conjunction with a hospital consultant or booking in a hospital clinic by hospital staff. the health centre scheme reduced the proportion of women booking late at 16 or more weeks gestation from 44% to 11% and at 20 weeks or more from 28% to 6%. There was no improvement in delay in booking owing to late confirmation of pregnancy. The benefits of this scheme were due to improved attendance and reduced delays in booking among women who confirmed pregnancy before 16 weeks gestation. PMID- 3761251 TI - Screening for antenatal and postnatal depressive symptoms in general practice using a microcomputer-delivered questionnaire. AB - One-hundred and eight women participated in a study which screened for depressive symptoms in the antenatal period. Of these women, 92 completed at least two further screenings during the postnatal year. The screening tool was the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, adapted for self-rating, and administered by a microcomputer. It was found that mean scores and the prevalence of depressive symptoms rose throughout pregnancy, with a sharp peak in the third trimester. Following delivery there was an abrupt fall in the prevalence of depressive symptoms, followed by another rise, with a postnatal peak at six months.There were significant associations, at all levels of severity, between raised scores antenatally, and those developing postnatally in women completing the study. These were more marked in multiparae than primiparae. There was also a significant association between a past history of treated depression and the development of raised postnatal scores for depression.The routine use of a microcomputer to administer questionnaires to patients has proved feasible within general practice. PMID- 3761252 TI - Patients' difficulties in obtaining appointments--a general practice audit. AB - Information on delays in obtaining appointments in a city practice was collected. The results showed that although overall 89% of patients could be offered appointments with one of the doctors by the next day, only 60% chose to accept one, the remainder electing to wait for a particular doctor or surgery time. When patients making urgent requests for appointments were analysed separately, it was shown that 98% were offered same-day appointments and 96% accepted. Only 17% of patients making an urgent request expressed a preference for a particular doctor or time, compared with 68% of non-urgent requests. The frequency of urgent requests was greater for patients under five years of age and lower for those over 65 years old. The study suggested that longer waiting times for an appointment were the result of patient choice for a particular doctor or time, which in turn was dependent on the degree of urgency, rather than the unavailability of appointments. PMID- 3761253 TI - Teams for tomorrow--towards a new primary care system. PMID- 3761254 TI - Patients' attitudes to generic prescribing. PMID- 3761255 TI - Patients' access to their records. PMID- 3761256 TI - Referral from general practice to specialists in Denmark. PMID- 3761257 TI - Health care for the homeless. PMID- 3761258 TI - Minor surgery in general practice. PMID- 3761259 TI - Fate of superfluous sperm products after vasectomy and in the normal male tract of the mouse. AB - The progression of 3H-labelled spermatozoa (thymidine or arginine) was followed through the tracts of unilaterally vasectomized, bilaterally vasectomized, oligozoospermic (t6/tw5) and normal mice; the regional lymph nodes were also investigated. The same rate of sperm production and transport was found in normal and in vasectomized tracts, down to the corpus epididymidis; there was some delay in spermatozoa entering the cauda in the vasectomized tracts. In the mouse, therefore, vasectomy does not affect the rates of sperm production or transport until just before the blockage in the swollen cauda epididymidis. Radioactivity appeared in the caudal and 'para-aortic' lymph nodes as the radioactive spermatozoa passed from the corpus, showing that this is one route of disposal of spermatozoa, or of sperm products, after vasectomy. Naturally oligozoospermic and normal mice gave similar results; again the caudal, iliac and renal lymph nodes received radioactive spermatozoa/sperm products. Some loss of (by definition) superfluous spermatozoa in the normal male tract therefore occurs naturally by this route, and we suggest that vasectomy further exploits this physiological pathway. This would account for the finding that many males do not make antisperm antibodies after vasectomy, just as normal males do not, even though their lymph nodes normally receive spermatozoa/sperm products. PMID- 3761260 TI - In-vivo and in-vitro maturation rate of oocytes from two strains of mice. AB - Female mice of the KE and CBA strains were used to examine the rate of oocyte maturation in vivo and in vitro. In CBA females killed just before ovulation most preovulatory oocytes were already in the metaphase II stage, while the oocytes of KE mice were arrested at metaphase I until the time of ovulation, and further stages of maturation occurred in the oviduct, reaching the metaphase II stage 3-5 h later. A similar strain difference in oocyte maturation rate was observed from in-vitro culture of cumulus-free oocytes, isolated from the ovaries of PMSG primed females and intact females killed at the metoestrous phase of the cycle. This indicates that the strain-specific course of maturation is determined in the oocyte by a few days before ovulation. Therefore, if the rate of oocyte maturation is influenced by somatic components of the follicle, this must occur at some earlier stages of follicle development. PMID- 3761261 TI - Delayed puberty in lambs chronically treated with oestradiol. AB - Intact female lambs were chronically treated with low levels of oestradiol by Silastic implant from 20 weeks of age. Reproductive cycles were initiated in only 33% of these lambs (3 of 9) compared to 80% of untreated females (11 of 14) by 45 weeks when the study was terminated. Moreover, in the 3 oestradiol-treated lambs which began cycles, the age at first oestrus was delayed 3 weeks (37 +/- 1 weeks of age vs 34 +/- 1 weeks of age for untreated controls). Retardation of the pubertal process was not due to absence of the pubertal rise in circulating LH. At about 32 weeks of age, chronic oestradiol treatment was no longer able to suppress tonic LH secretion and serum LH increased in intact, oestradiol-treated lambs. These results indicate that a maturational decrease in responsiveness to oestradiol inhibition of tonic LH secretion can be demonstrated in the intact female, as in the ovariectomized female. However, chronic oestradiol suppression of prepubertal LH secretion also delays onset of reproductive cycles. This finding raises the possibility that low tonic LH secretion, presumably in the form of slow pulses, is necessary for development or maintenance of ovarian function before puberty. In the absence of LH during the last part of sexual maturation, the ability of the ovary to respond to the high frequency LH pulses during the pubertal gonadotrophin rise may be delayed. PMID- 3761262 TI - Effects of gonadotrophin deficiency on follicular development in hypogonadal (hpg) mice. AB - The rates of follicle growth and death in GnRH-deficient hypogonadal (hpg) mice and in normal mice were studied using the stochastic compartmental model of follicle dynamics. The rate estimates derived from this model suggest that in normal mice gonadotrophins act at several stages in the development of ovarian follicles. Gonadotrophins appear to regulate the number of follicles beginning to grow by controlling both the rate at which non-growing follicles enter the growing pool and the loss of non-growing follicles to atresia. They also appear to promote the growth of medium-sized follicles by reducing the rate of loss to atresia of these follicles rather than by stimulating growth per se. Furthermore, these data suggest that an intra-ovarian autoregulatory mechanism may exist to control the number of large follicles that are formed. PMID- 3761263 TI - Ovarian follicular development during early pregnancy in cattle. AB - On the day of oestrus (Day 0), 23 cows were assigned randomly to 4 groups in a 2 X 2 factorial experiment. Main effects were cow status [pregnant (P) versus non pregnant (NP; not mated)] and day (Day 17 versus Day 34) when cows were slaughtered and ovaries collected; i.e. Groups NP-17 (N = 6), NP-34 (N = 5), P-17 (N = 6) and P-34 (N = 6). To mimic CL maintenance associated with presence of a conceptus in Group P-34, cows assigned to Group NP-34 were hysterectomized between Days 4 and 6 after oestrus. Pregnancy in Groups P-17 and P-34 (recovery of conceptus) and CL maintenance between day of surgery and Day 34 in Group NP-34 were confirmed. In Group NP-17, all cows except one were slaughtered before luteolysis. CL-bearing ovaries were serially sectioned (10 microns) and follicles (greater than 0.15 mm) were counted and measured using routine histological techniques. For each size class of follicles, the percentages of follicles were similar (P greater than 0.1) on Days 17 and 34. The percentage of non-atretic follicles (less than 4 pycnotic bodies) was lower (P less than 0.002) in pregnant than non-pregnant groups in the smallest class of antral follicles (0.16-0.28 mm) but was higher (P less than 0.03) in larger classes (0.68-3.67 mm) for pregnant groups. Percentages of atretic follicles were 3.7 and 4.9 (P greater than 0.1) for follicles of 0.16-0.67 mm, 91.1 and 78.9 for follicles of 0.68-3.67 mm (P less than 0.04) and 5.1 and 16.1 (P less than 0.05) for follicles of 3.67-78.56 mm in pregnant and non-pregnant groups respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3761264 TI - Whole protein uptake and metabolism by mouse blastocysts. AB - Preimplantation mouse embryos take up whole 125I-labelled BSA from their environment. In blastocysts this uptake was temperature-sensitive and reversibly inhibited by trypan blue: properties consistent with an endocytotic mechanism. The uptake kinetics indicate that a saturable component predominates at low protein concentrations, but a non-saturable component is the major uptake route at higher concentrations. This suggests that BSA is pinocytosed probably bound to the membrane and dissolved in the bulk solvent phase. The rate of uptake, equivalent to about 5 pl/min/blastocyst was similar to that reported for non saturable glycine uptake. In blastocysts the protein is degraded to acid-soluble products. At reported genital tract fluid protein concentrations this would represent a significant contribution to the embryonic pool of fixed nitrogen. PMID- 3761265 TI - Histamine induces ovulation in the isolated perfused rat ovary. AB - Ovulatory effects of histamine and specific antagonists were studied in isolated perfused ovaries from immature rats treated with 10 i.u. PMSG to stimulate follicular growth and maturation. Histamine alone, like LH, induced ovulation in all ovaries tested, but the number of follicular ruptures was lower after histamine (7.0 and 2.2 ruptures, respectively, per ovary). The histamine-induced ovulations could be inhibited dose-dependently by the H1-receptor antagonist, pyrilamine, or the H2-antagonists, cimetidine and ranitidine. At the concentrations tested, these antagonists did not, when given separately, reduce the LH-induced ovulations significantly, but pyrilamine and cimetidine in combination lowered the ovulation frequency by 65%. The prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, indomethacin, was not able to block the histamine-induced ovulations. PMID- 3761266 TI - The effect of restraint stress in early pregnancy in mice. AB - Mice were exposed to 5 h of restraint stress on Days 1-3, 4-6, or 1-6 of pregnancy in the morning (08:30-13:30 h, a.m.) or afternoon (13:30-18:30 h, p.m.). Stress reduced the pregnancy rate from 90 to 52% (P less than 0.005) and average litter size on Day 18 from 8.2 to 5.2 young (P less than 0.005). Stress for 6 days was more effective than for 3 days (P less than 0.005) and an a.m. stress was more effective than a p.m. stress (P less than 0.005) in reducing the average litter size. Animals examined on Day 7 after 6 days of a.m. stress had decreased numbers of normal corpora lutea (CL), increased numbers of abnormal CL, decreased serum progesterone concentrations and tended to have fewer implantation sites. Abnormalities of embryo transport and implantation were also present. Changes in CL morphology and embryo transport and development were evident on Day 4 after only 3 days of restraint stress. These results show that many reproductive events of early pregnancy can be disrupted by restraint stress. PMID- 3761267 TI - Blood flow in the ovary and oviduct of rats after sympathetic denervation. AB - The effect of sympathetic denervation on blood flow in the ovary and oviduct was studied in rats undergoing oestrous cycles or at Day 14 of pregnancy. The ovary and oviduct on one side were denervated by briefly freezing the ovarian vascular pedicle and the ovarian suspensory ligament. Blood flow was measured using 15 microns 57Co-labelled microspheres while the rats were under barbiturate anaesthesia. In cyclic rats denervation raised blood flow to the oviduct by 90% the next day (P less than 0.01) and 39% at 4-10 days (0.05 less than P less than 0.1). Blood flow to the ovary was not affected. Denervation on Day 13 of pregnancy raised blood flow in the oviduct 5-fold at Day 14 (P less than 0.01) and denervation on Day 7 raised blood flow 3-fold on Day 14 (P less than 0.05). Blood flow to the luteal and non-luteal components of the ovary was not affected. Sham-operation did not affect blood flow in the oviduct or ovary. It is concluded that sympathetic nerves exert tonic vasoconstrictor control on the vasculature of the oviduct but not on that of the ovary, and that these nerves do not regulate the major changes in blood flow that occur in ovaries in various physiological states. PMID- 3761268 TI - Effect of testosterone oenanthate on spermatogenesis and serum testosterone concentrations in adult mice. AB - Administration of 80 or 160 micrograms testosterone oenanthate s.c. three times per week for 8 or 12 weeks reduced testis weight and increased seminal vesicle weight in mice. Radioimmunoassay indicated that treatment increased serum testosterone concentrations. Treatment with testosterone oenanthate decreased the number of step 16 and step 7 spermatids, pachytene spermatocytes and type A spermatogonia, and particularly reduced the proportion of step 7 spermatids which matured to form step 16 spermatids. PMID- 3761269 TI - Influence of mating and vaginocervical stimulation on rat uterine activity. AB - Twenty female rats were implanted with myometrial electrodes and intrauterine balloons to study the effects of mating on uterine contractile activity. Mating produced both immediate and delayed effects. Uterine activity typically doubled during the period of active mating (the immediate effect), then briefly returned to the premating activity level after ejaculation. Beginning 5 min after the ejaculation, the delayed effect of mating was observed: contractile activity increased when the baseline activity had been low, but decreased when baseline was fast. This delayed effect lasted for 30 min to several hours. Vaginocervical stimulation seemed to play a critical role in these responses: artificial vaginocervical stimulation mimicked the response while vigorous mounting by males that were prevented from intromitting did not evoke these responses. Vaginocervical stimulation, whether mating-derived or experimenter-delivered, produced immediate and delayed effects on uterine contraction rate. PMID- 3761270 TI - Infertility in mice infected genitally with a human strain of Chlamydia trachomatis. AB - Progesterone-treated C3H and TO mice were inoculated genitally with a human C. trachomatis strain, serovar E, designated N.I. 1 or with 2SP control medium. Of the C3H mice serving as controls 93% had litters by the end of a 6-month period compared to 31% of mice infected with chlamydiae. This infertility could not be explained by tubal occlusion, since the oviducts appeared normal at autopsy. Some of the mice were induced to superovulate. Eggs were never recovered from the oviducts on the inoculated sides of infertile mice although they were sometimes found in the lumen of the uninoculated oviducts. In contrast, eggs were recovered routinely from both oviducts of control mice. In addition, eggs and/or their accompanying cumulus cells could be seen in the periovarial space of mice inoculated with chlamydiae, indicating a failure of the transportation of eggs to the oviduct. This could explain the high incidence of ectopic pregnancies in women after chlamydial infection. No adverse effect on fertility was seen in TO mice inoculated genitally with strain N.I.1. Of the mice given 2SP medium, 73% had litters, but 87% of the mice inoculated with chlamydiae were also fertile. There was, however, a significantly greater variation in the birth weights of mice born to infected TO mothers than those born to control mice. This difference in the susceptibility of mouse strains suggests that a genetic predisposition should also be considered for man. PMID- 3761272 TI - Influence of various substrates on the acetylcarnitine:carnitine ratio in motile and immotile human spermatozoa. AB - Human spermatozoa were incubated in albumin-containing Hepes-buffered modified Ringer's solution, in the presence or absence of externally supplied substrates. The acylated forms of carnitine were identified by bioautography. Incubation of the cells with propionate or n-valerate resulted in increased content of propionylcarnitine, but n-butyrate, isobutyrate, n-valerate, isovalerate, hexanoate or heptanoate did not result in the appearance of acylcarnitine of chain length C4-C7. The addition of methionine, valine or isoleucine (whose catabolic pathways should produce propionyl-CoA) to the incubation medium did not increase propionylcarnitine. In all cases acetylcarnitine was the major acylcarnitine in human spermatozoa. The ratio of acetylcarnitine:carnitine remained relatively constant in spermatozoa incubated without external substrate for up to 4 h. No significant change in the ratio was observed when glucose, fructose or citrate were present in the incubation medium. Sorbitol decreased the ratio slightly and aspartic acid slightly increased it. A more pronounced increase in the ratio was caused by lactate or pyruvate. This increase was observed in motile spermatozoa but not in samples from asthenospermic men, indicating that metabolic utilization of pyruvate and lactate may differ in motile and immotile cells. PMID- 3761271 TI - Capillary permeability changes in the uteri of recipient rabbits after transfer of blastocysts from indomethacin-treated donors. AB - Blastocysts recovered from control or indomethacin-treated (10 mg/kg s.c. twice daily starting on Day 4.5 of pregnancy) donor rabbits were transferred to the uteri of Day-6 or 6.5 pseudopregnant recipients. The minimal time required to cause an increase in capillary permeability in the endometrium underlying control blastocysts was approximately 9 h. Blastocysts derived from the indomethacin treated donors were depleted of PGE and PGF (determined by RIA) and were unable to produce any increase in capillary permeability during the same time period, although after 46 h in vivo the diameters of the implantation swellings related to control or indomethacin-treated blastocysts were not different. This suggests that, in the untreated recipients, blastocysts depleted of PGs can become replenished and then release these PGs in a site-directed manner. Indomethacin thus causes a delay rather than a complete inhibition of implantation. Incubation of the indomethacin-treated blastocysts in vitro led to replenishment with PGs, but such replenished blastocysts failed to induce an increase in capillary permeability within the same time-frame as control blastocysts. Evidence is presented that indomethacin is probably not the cyclooxygenase inhibitor of choice, since it interferes with PG uptake and efflux. Such an action could explain the failure of the replenished blastocysts to induce a normal increase in capillary permeability. PMID- 3761273 TI - The testis temperature of anaesthetized quail. AB - The temperatures of the left testis, and of the adjacent viscera, of 11 anaesthetized quail were measured. The testes averaged 0.6 degrees C cooler than the surrounding viscera and 1.3 degrees C cooler than the fight muscle. We suggest that endothermic reactions are the cause of the testicular temperature being below that of its immediate surroundings. PMID- 3761274 TI - Absence of prostaglandins in semen of men with cystic fibrosis is an indication of the contribution of the seminal vesicles. AB - Five men with cystic fibrosis delivered semen samples which were analysed for the content of the four main groups of prostaglandins (PGs). No PGs could be found in any of the specimens. The results of the present study provide further evidence that the seminal vesicles constitute the dominant site of production of PGs in human semen. PMID- 3761275 TI - Urogenital vasculature and local steroid concentrations in the uterine branch of the ovarian vein of the female tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii). AB - The urogenital vasculature of the tammar comprises 4 major paired arteries and veins: the ovarian, the cranial urogenital, the caudal urogenital and the internal pudendal artery and vein. The ovarian artery and vein and their uterine branches which supply the ovary, oviduct and uterus, ramify extensively. Each anterior urogenital artery and vein supplies the caudal regions of the ipsilateral uterus, lateral and median vagina and cranial parts of the urogenital sinus. The caudal urogenital arteries and veins supply the urogenital sinus and caudal regions of the bladder. The internal pudendal artery and vein vascularize the cloacal region, with some anastomoses with branches of the external pudendal vessels. Anastomoses connect the uterine branch of the ovarian artery with the uterine branch of the cranial urogenital and cranial branches of the caudal urogenital arteries, and connect the caudal urogenital and the internal pudendal arteries. Anastomotic connections between the left and right arterial supply also occur across the midline of the cervical regions of the uteri and the anterior lateral vaginae. Similar connections are seen in the venous system. The uterine branch of the ovarian artery ramifies extensively very close to the ovary, giving a plexiform arrangement with the ovarian veins, and also with the uterine venous system on the lateral side of each uterus. This plexiform structure provides an anatomical arrangement which could allow a local transfer of ovarian hormones from ovarian vein into the uterine arterial supply, and thence to the ipsilateral uterus. Progesterone concentrations in plasma from the mesometrial side of the uterine branch of the ovarian vein are markedly higher than in tail vein plasma, especially during the 'Day 5 peak' early in pregnancy, and also at full term. There is also a marked decrease in progesterone concentration from all sites immediately before birth as previously reported for peripheral plasma. These results support the suggestion of a countercurrent transfer mechanism, at least for progesterone, and possibly other hormones, between the ovarian vein and uterine artery. Such a local transfer could explain the different morphological responses of the endometria of the two adjacent uteri during pregnancy in macropodid marsupial species. PMID- 3761276 TI - Influence of the fetal pituitary-adrenal axis on fetal and maternal progesterone and unconjugated oestrogen concentrations in the pig. AB - Fetal and maternal plasma progesterone and unconjugated oestrone and oestradiol 17 beta concentrations were measured in intact pig fetuses and those in which the pituitary had been destroyed. Progesterone concentrations were significantly higher (P less than 0.05) and oestrogen concentrations significantly lower (P less than 0.01) in hypophysectomized fetuses than in intact fetuses. When fetuses in one uterine horn only were hypophysectomized, oestrogen concentrations in the uterine vein draining this horn were lower than those from the contralateral vein. The results indicate that both fetal and maternal oestrogen concentrations are influenced by the fetal pituitary. When dexamethasone was infused (at 27 micrograms/h for 96 h) into 5 chronically-catheterized hypophysectomized fetuses no changes in peripheral fetal progesterone or oestrone were observed. PMID- 3761277 TI - Kinetic and autoradiographic studies on binding of hCG to the testicular LH receptors of neonatal rats. AB - The properties of hCG binding to LH receptors of the neonatal (5-day-old) rat testis were analysed and compared with those of the adult testis. The equilibrium association constants (Ka) of hCG-binding were similar at both ages, 2-4 X 10(10) M-1. In contrast, kinetic binding studies revealed that the association and dissociation rate constants of hCG binding were more rapid in the neonatal testis. Likewise, it was observed that the progression from loose (easily dissociable) to tight (non-dissociable) binding was less complete in the young than in the adult testis. Autoradiography of 125I-labelled hCG binding to interstitial cell suspensions at the two ages showed that the gonadotrophin binding per Leydig cell was about 50% lower in the neonatal testis. Conversely, since the surface area of adult Leydig cells was about 4-fold larger, the receptor density appeared to be higher in the neonatal Leydig cells. The rapid recovery of LH receptors after hCG stimulation, typical of the neonatal cells, was due to rapid replenishment of binding in the cells initially occupied by the injected hormone, rather than to an hCG-induced increase of Leydig cell number. Finally, in-vivo experiments with cycloheximide revealed that the rapid recovery of LH receptors was dependent on protein synthesis. These differences in the kinetics of neonatal testicular LH receptor turnover may be involved in the unique functional features of the fetal-neonatal growth phase of rat testicular Leydig cells. PMID- 3761279 TI - Relationship between human sperm motility characteristics and sperm penetration into human cervical mucus in vitro. AB - A series of 100 modified Kremer tests of human sperm penetration into human cervical mucus was carried out as part of the routine investigation of couples presenting with infertility. The outcome of these tests was significantly correlated with the concentration and progressive motility of the spermatozoa in the semen sample used for the test. Other semen characteristics significantly correlated with the test result were the mean velocity of progression (VP) and the amplitude of lateral head displacement about the axis of progression (AH) of the progressive spermatozoa. Normal sperm morphology was also correlated with the outcome. Using these semen characteristics as the independent variables to predict the test outcome in a discriminant analysis (normal vs abnormal tests), 34.2% of the variance was accounted for. From the discriminant function equation 75.0% of the test results could be predicted correctly. In the 30 cases in which the semen samples used for the tests showed greater than or equal to 25 X 10(6) progressively motile spermatozoa per ml, mean VP of greater than or equal to 25 microns/sec and mean AH of greater than or equal to 7.5 microns, 83.3% had normal test results. Conversely, all 13 cases for which the semen characteristics were below these limits had abnormal test results. Therefore, both the concentration of progressively motile spermatozoa and their movement characteristics are significant factors determining the outcome of homologous tests of human sperm cervical mucus interaction. PMID- 3761278 TI - Synthesis and secretion of sulphated glycoproteins by rabbit oviduct explants in vitro. AB - The ability of rabbit oviduct explants to incorporate radiolabelled precursors into specific secretory products was investigated. Ampullary and isthmic oviduct segments were cultured in the presence of [3H]glucosamine or [35S]sodium sulphate. Medium samples were analysed for the presence of secreted, labelled macromolecules. Explants incorporated the [3H]glucosamine and secreted labelled glycoproteins in vitro. SDS gel electrophoresis and subsequent fluorographic analysis of culture medium demonstrated a differential secretion of glycoproteins between the ampulla and the isthmus. Although ampullary tissue secreted a greater amount of labelled glycoproteins during the sampling period, the major secretory constituent of Mr approximately 66,000 was common to both oviduct segments. Tissue incubated with [35S]sodium sulphate also secreted a labelled glycoprotein or subunit of Mr approximately 66,000. The results indicate that rabbit oviduct explants are capable of synthesis and secretion of specific sulphated glycoproteins in vitro and that there is a difference in the type and amount of secretion produced between the two oviduct segments. PMID- 3761280 TI - Prediction of ovulation with basal body temperature. AB - Basal body temperature (BBT) is used extensively to monitor ovulation in the treatment of infertility. There are well-defined methods of interpreting the BBT graph retrospectively that identify a presumptive day of ovulation. The prediction of ovulation through utilization of the BBT graph (strictly concurrent interpretation) is adversely influenced by temperature fluctuation and cycle length variability. The BBT graph can be very useful when its interpretation is well defined and its limitations understood. PMID- 3761281 TI - Cervical mucus changes and ovulation prediction and detection. AB - Cervical mucus can be used to predict ovulation if a woman has received adequate education in the method and is committed to careful observation of her cervical mucus changes. Many different tests have been based on the quantity, physical properties or biochemical constituents of cervical mucus. However, routine use of cervical mucus for ovulation monitoring by patients requires that the tests be more practical for accurate sample collection and more objective for the detection of cervical mucus changes. PMID- 3761283 TI - The skin and internal malignancy. PMID- 3761282 TI - Self-prediction of ovulation using a urinary luteinizing hormone test. AB - An accurate home test for prediction of ovulation can be useful in the treatment of infertility. An enzyme immunoassay for luteinizing hormone determination was compared with other ovulation-monitoring methods. The accuracy and convenience of this method suggest that such a test merits consideration for many infertility applications. PMID- 3761284 TI - Sick doctors. PMID- 3761285 TI - Sports medicine. PMID- 3761286 TI - Neurological manifestations of the hyperventilation syndrome. AB - Seventy-eight patients with the hyperventilation syndrome are described, none of whom had been diagnosed prior to referral for neurological assessment. There is a constellation of symptoms associated with this condition, and attacks need to be reproduced by hyperventilation in order for the diagnosis to be established. Loss of consciousness and paraesthesiae were more frequent than in previously published series. PMID- 3761287 TI - Spironolactone in the treatment of idiopathic hirsutism and the polycystic ovary syndrome. AB - Forty-eight hirsute women were treated with spironolactone 100 mg twice daily for 3 to 12 months. Both facial and body hirsuties improved by 30-40%, and there was a threefold reduction in frequency of local treatments such as waxing or shaving. Plasma testosterone fell by 30%, though the improvement in hirsuties grading did not correlate with the fall in plasma testosterone. Six subjects discontinued treatment because of lack of effect, and 4 because of menstrual disturbance. Spironolactone was equally effective in the treatment of idiopathic hirsutism and of the polycystic ovary syndrome. PMID- 3761288 TI - Anaesthesia and monitoring for paediatric radiotherapy. AB - Four hundred and sixty-nine anaesthetics were given to 27 children between the ages of 18 months and 5 years so that they could receive radiotherapy. When ketamine was used as the sole anaesthetic agent, the induction of anaesthesia was frequently stressful and traumatic, with problems and difficulties being encountered during 24% of anaesthetics. A change to an entirely gaseous method of inducing and maintaining anaesthesia resulted in a much more acceptable service being offered to the children and the incidence of complications fell to only 4%. The problems of monitoring children whilst they receive radiotherapy under general anaesthesia are discussed, the merits of different methods are reviewed and the use of the capnograph is commended. PMID- 3761289 TI - Anaesthesia for hip replacement in ankylosing spondylitis. AB - Thirteen total hip replacements in 8 patients with ankylosing spondylitis are reviewed. Complications of the disease which can lead to anaesthetic difficulties are discussed, and the importance of a preoperative visit and the value of indirect laryngoscopy emphasized. As intubation problems may occur, especially in undiagnosed cases, equipment for emergency intubation should always be readily available. The results fully justify the operation. PMID- 3761290 TI - Carcinoma of the colon--association with low dietary vitamin A in females: preliminary communication. AB - Seventeen patients with non-metastatic carcinoma of the colon (9 male, 8 female) were compared with age- and sex-matched controls in a study examining the relationship of diet and altered cholesterol metabolism with carcinoma of the colon. Bile acid excretion in the faeces was significantly less in cancer patients (P less than 0.001), and a significantly lower intake of retinol (P less than 0.01) and vitamin A (P less than 0.05) was demonstrated in female cancer patients. There was no difference between patients and controls in hepatic cholesterol enzyme activity or in fasting plasma lipid levels. PMID- 3761291 TI - Vascular compression of the duodenum. AB - Compression of the third or fourth part of the duodenum by the superior mesenteric artery or one of its branches is the anatomic basis for some cases of duodenal obstruction. Two cases of vascular obstruction of the duodenum after surgical correction of scoliosis are presented. The embryologic and pathoanatomic bases for this condition, and the rationale for treatment, are described. PMID- 3761292 TI - Hobson's Conversational Model of psychotherapy--training and evaluation: discussion paper. PMID- 3761293 TI - Treatment of paralysis of the vocal cords: a review. PMID- 3761294 TI - Renal cystic disease--problems in identification, inheritance and prognosis: a review. PMID- 3761295 TI - A clinical fellowship in the USA as part of higher surgical training. PMID- 3761296 TI - Aggressive polyfibromatosis. PMID- 3761297 TI - Cutaneous vasculitis: a presenting feature in Hodgkin's disease. PMID- 3761298 TI - Tuberculous meningitis associated with meningeal tuberculoma. PMID- 3761299 TI - Head injuries: whither specialization? PMID- 3761300 TI - Molecular design toward biologically significant compounds based on platelet activating factor: a highly selective agonist as a potential antihypertensive agent. PMID- 3761301 TI - Synthesis and inhibitory activity on carbonic anhydrase of some new sulpiride analogues studied by means of a new method. AB - The pharmacological activity of several new sulpiride analogues was studied by means of a new approach, based on a potentiometric technique with a pCO2 sensor, capable of detecting carbonic anhydrase inhibition at equilibrium conditions. This procedure gives results stated as percent of inhibition of enzymatic activity (IP, inhibitory power). To prove the reliability of the proposed approach and to study structure-activity relationships, several new molecules were synthesized and tested in comparison with the two sulpiride enantiomers. A possible inhibition mechanism is discussed in terms of experimental evidence obtained from the interactions between the molecular structures of the new synthesized compounds and carbonic anhydrase. PMID- 3761302 TI - Functional cholesteryl binding agents: synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antibody binding to modified phospholipid vesicles. AB - A series of functionalized cholesteryl derivatives were synthesized. The various lipophilic protein modification agents were analyzed for their protein binding ability. The binding of human IgG, labeled with 125I, to modified phospholipid vesicles was ascertained. Two agents performed well. These were cholest-5-en-3 beta-yl 5-carboxypentyl ether succinimido ester and cholest-5-en-3 beta-yl 6 carboxyhexyl ether succinimido ester. PMID- 3761303 TI - Structure-activity studies of 16-methoxy-16-methyl prostaglandins. AB - The synthesis of the pure diastereoisomer of 16-methoxy-16-methyl-PGF2 alpha, PGE2, and -PGE1 is described. The absolute configuration of C-16 was established by chemical methods, while the absolute C-15 configurations of the diastereoisomers were assigned tentatively on the basis of their chromatographic behavior and NMR spectra. The synthetic prostaglandin analogues were evaluated for antisecretory, antifertility, and diarrheogenic effects. Both the C-15 and C 16 configurations were found to be critical for the biological activities. These studies indicate that the introduction of the methyl and methoxy groups at C-16 into the prostaglandin analogues markedly increases the ratio of antisecretory to diarrheogenic action. One of the PGE1 derivatives, 9f(15 alpha, 16R) (MDL 646, mexiprostil), was selected for further pharmacological evaluation and is currently under clinical investigation. PMID- 3761304 TI - Dihydropyridazinone cardiotonics: the discovery and inotropic activity of 1,3 dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-5-(1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-6-oxo-3-pyridazinyl)-2H -indol-2- one. AB - We discovered that 6 (N-[4-(1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-6-oxo-3 pyridazinyl)phenyl]acetamide) is a potent positive inotrope in dogs, and we have prepared several lactam analogues of this agent. These included 16 (1,3-dihydro-5 (1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-6-oxo-3-pyridazinyl)-2H-indol-2-one), 32 (the analogous quinolin-2-one), and 37 (the analogous benzazepin-2-one). The inotropic ED50's of these compounds were 24, 3.3, and 5.2 micrograms/kg, respectively, after iv administration to pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. Compound 20 (LY195115, 1,3 dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-5-(1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-6-oxo-3-pyridazinyl)-2H-i ndol-2- one), the geminal dimethyl analogue of 16, was 3.5-fold more potent than 16 when administered iv (ED50 = 6.8 micrograms/kg). However, the most profound effect of the geminal alkyl substitution was on oral activity. The approximate ED50's of 20 and 16 after oral administration to conscious dogs were 25 and 400 micrograms/kg, respectively. The increase in contractility produced by 25 micrograms/kg of 20 was maximally sustained in excess of 8 h. Thus, 20 is one of the most potent and long-acting oral inotropes described to date. PMID- 3761305 TI - Inactivation of gamma-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase by (S,E)-4-amino-5 fluoropent-2-enoic acid and effect on the enzyme of (E)-3-(1-aminocyclopropyl)-2 propenoic acid. AB - (S,E)-4-Amino-5-fluoropent-2-enoic acid (6) is synthesized in six steps starting from the known gamma-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase (gamma-Abu-T) inactivator, (S)-4-amino-5-fluoropentanoic acid (1). Compound 6 is a mechanism based inactivator of gamma-Abu-T: time-dependent inactivation is saturatable and protected by substrate; thiols do not protect the enzyme from inactivation; no enzyme activity returns upon dialysis. This compound (6) binds 50 times more tightly to gamma-Abu-T than does the saturated analogue (1). No transamination of 6 occurs prior to inactivation. However, five molecules of 6 are required to inactivate the enzyme with concomitant release of five fluoride ions. Therefore, four molecules are being converted to product for each inactivation event. (E)-3 (1-Aminocyclopropyl)-2-propenoic acid is synthesized in seven steps from 1 aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid. It is prepared as a cyclopropyl derivative of the proposed intermediate in the inactivation of gamma-Abu-T by 6. The cyclopropyl derivative, however, is a noncompetitive inhibitor and does not inactivate the enzyme. This study shows the usefulness and hazards of incorporation of a trans double bond into potential gamma-Abu-T inactivators. PMID- 3761306 TI - Mechanism of action of the marine natural product stypoldione: evidence for reaction with sulfhydryl groups. AB - Stypoldione, a marine natural product that possesses an o-quinone functional group, has been shown to inhibit a variety of biological processes including cell division. We found that stypoldione binds covalently to sulfhydryl groups of thiol-containing compounds via addition of sulfur to the C-4' position of the quinone ring. We examined the ability of stypoldione to add to sulfhydryl groups of a number of thiol-containing substances, including glutathione, thiophenol, beta-mercaptoethanol, and the protein tubulin. We suggest that the biological actions of stypoldione may be caused by the addition of this compound to thiol groups of biological molecules. PMID- 3761307 TI - Preparation and antitumor activity of 7-substituted 1,2-aziridinomitosenes. AB - 7-Methoxy-1,2-aziridinomitosenes were prepared from mitomycin A and its N-methyl homologue by catalytic reduction followed by air oxidation. Treatment of these products with amines, including ammonia, ethylenimine, 2-methylethylenimine, propargylamine, and furfurylamine gave the corresponding 7-(substituted amino) derivatives. Screening of these compounds against P-388 leukemia in mice revealed some good activities. The more easily reduced compounds gave prolongation of life span comparable to that of mitomycin C, but their optimal doses were higher. Among these compounds, a methyl group on the aziridine nitrogen increased potency. The 7-amino derivatives, which were difficult to reduce to hydroquinones, were essentially inactive. The aziridinomitosenes were subjected to a Hansch-type analysis, but no statistically significant correlation was found. PMID- 3761308 TI - Enantiomers of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)- and 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-N-n propylpiperidine: central pre- and postsynaptic dopaminergic effects and pharmacokinetics. AB - This study emphasizes the importance of the metabolic conversion of the enantiomers of 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-N-n-propylpiperidine (3-PPP) into their catechol analogues, the enantiomers of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-N-n propylpiperidine. These isomers are both shown to be excellent substrates for COMT, with a slight preference for the S-(-) enantiomer. Assessment of the dopaminergic activity of these catechols and the results from the determination of brain levels of the enantiomers of 3-PPP and their metabolites indicate that the metabolites probably do not alter the pharmacological profiles established for (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-3-PPP. The conversion of the monophenols into catecholic metabolites is only 1-5%, and the further conversion of these catecholic metabolites into methoxylated analogues is very rapid. However, the very interesting observation was made that, when inhibiting COMT by means of tropolone and subsequently treating the rats with high doses of (S)-(-)-3-PPP (ip), postsynaptic dopaminergic activity was elicited. This has never been seen for (S) (-)-3-PPP without tropolone pretreatment and might indicate that, in this special case, the catecholic metabolite affects the in vivo pharmacological profile of (S)-(-)-3-PPP. PMID- 3761309 TI - A molecular mechanics approach to the understanding of presynaptic selectivity for centrally acting dopamine receptor agonists of the phenylpiperidine series. AB - Molecular mechanics (MMP2) calculated geometries and conformational energies have been employed in an attempt to elucidate the molecular basis for presynaptic dopamine receptor selectivity of centrally acting agonists of the phenylpiperidine series. A receptor interaction model based on the McDermed receptor concept, on superimpositions of calculated structures, and on conformational analysis is presented. The model focuses on the interaction between N-alkyl substituents and the receptor. From comparisons with rigid structures having either agonistic or antagonistic properties it is concluded that the presynaptically selective compound (S)-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-N-n propylpiperidine [S)-3PPP) is acting as an agonist in one rotameric form and as an antagonist in another one. The selectivity of (S)-3PPP and the nonselectivity of its enantiomer are suggested to be due to differences in the interactions between N-alkyl substituents and the receptor. The receptor model presented led to the hypothesis that the piperidine ring in the compounds studied should be equivalent to a N-methyl group in its receptor interactions. Examples are given in support of this idea. Presynaptic selectivity was predicted for an aminotetralin derivative and was also observed in subsequent testing. PMID- 3761310 TI - Synthesis and dopaminergic binding of 2-aryldopamine analogues: phenethylamines, 3-benzazepines, and 9-(aminomethyl)fluorenes. AB - A series of 2-aryldopamine analogues were synthesized and evaluated for their effects on D1 and D2 dopamine receptors. The 2-phenyldopamine and 6 phenylbenzazepine analogues exhibited weak binding to both D1 and D2 receptors. The 9-(aminomethyl)fluorenes also exhibited weak D2 binding; however, 2,5,6 trihydroxy-9H-fluorene-9-methanamine (4b) exhibited D1 binding comparable to apomorphine. The binding activity has been correlated with the calculated torsion angle of the biphenyl portion of these molecules. Good D1 dopamine binding occurs when the aromatic rings approach coplanarity; poor binding occurs when the aromatic rings are orthogonal. PMID- 3761311 TI - Acyl, N-protected alpha-aminoacyl, and peptidyl derivatives as prodrug forms of the alcohol deterrent agent cyanamide. AB - Cyanamide (H2NC identical to N), a potent aldehyde dehydrogenase (AlDH) inhibitor that is used therapeutically as an alcohol deterrent agent, is known to be rapidly metabolized and excreted in the urine as acetylcyanamide (1). On the basis of our observation that 1 is deacetylated to cyanamide in vivo, albeit very slightly, thereby serving as a precursor of prodrug form of the latter, several acyl derivatives of cyanamide were synthesized specifically as prodrugs, including benzoylcyanamide (2), pivaloylcyanamide (3), and 1-adamantoylcyanamide (4), as well as long- and medium-chain fatty acyl derivatives such as palmitoyl- (6), stearoyl- (7), and n-butyrylcyanamide (5). N-Protected alpha-aminoacyl and peptidyl derivatives of cyanamide were also synthesized, and these include N carbobenzoxyglycyl- (10), hippuryl- (13), N-benzoyl-L-leucyl- (14), N carbobenzoxyglycyl-L-leucyl- (18), N-carbobenzoxy-L-pyroglutamyl- (22), L pyroglutamyl-L-leucyl- (19), and L-pyroglutamyl-L-phenylalanylcyanamide (20). All of these prodrugs of cyanamide raised ethanol-derived blood acetaldehyde levels in rats significantly over controls 3 h after ip drug administration, and some of these were still capable of elevating blood acetaldehyde 16 h post drug administration. A selected group of cyanamide prodrugs were also evaluated by the oral route of administration and showed nearly equivalent activity as the ip route in elevating ethanol-derived blood acetaldehyde. These results suggest potential utility of these prodrugs as deterrent agents for the treatment of alcoholism. PMID- 3761312 TI - Tissue distribution properties of technetium-99m-diamide-dimercaptide complexes and potential use as renal radiopharmaceuticals. AB - A series of new ligands and the corresponding technetium-99m chelates based on diamide dimercaptide donor groups were synthesized as derivatives of technetium 99m 1,2-bis(2-thioacetamido)ethane, a complex shown to be excreted by renal tubular secretion. Chelation with 99mTc resulted in single radiochemical products or the expected numbers of stereoisomers. They were purified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and evaluated in mice as potential renal tubular function agents. The in vivo properties were sensitive to the presence of functional groups, the positional isomerism of the carboxylate group functionality, and the chelate ring stereochemistry of the ligand. The presence of methyl groups slowed renal transit and decreased renal specificity. Cyclohexyl rings fused to the ethylene bridge of the center chelate ring decreased renal excretion while aromatic rings essentially abolished renal excretion. Slow hepatobiliary clearance was observed as an alternate mode of excretion. Polar groups, such as hydroxyl, carboxylate, and carboxamide, increased renal excretion rates and specificity in a stereochemically dependent manner. 99mTc chelates of 1,3-bis(2-thioacetamido)-2-hydroxypropane, 3,4-bis(2-thioacetamido)butanoate and 1,8-dimercapto-2,7-dioxo-3,6-diazanonanoate were identified as promising new renal radiopharmaceuticals. PMID- 3761313 TI - Cholecystokinin antagonists. Synthesis of asperlicin analogues with improved potency and water solubility. AB - Seventeen analogues of the selective, competitive cholecystokinin (CCK) antagonist asperlicin 1 were prepared. These compounds were tested as inhibitors of the binding of [125I]CCK to rat pancreas and guinea pig brain receptors. Compounds 4, 7, and 8 were more potent than asperlicin on the pancreatic CCK receptor. One analogue, 17, displayed potency equivalent to asperlicin on the pancreas CCK receptor and showed a marked improvement in aqueous solubility, thereby facilitating the use of this class of CCK antagonists in physiological and pharmacological studies. PMID- 3761314 TI - Tuftsin analogues: synthesis, structure-function relationships, and implications for specificity of tuftsin's bioactivity. AB - Thirteen analogues of the natural macrophage activator peptide tuftsin, ten of which are novel, were synthesized with the aim of exploring the relation between their biological potency and their capacity to attach specifically to cellular tuftsin's receptors. The analogues representing modifications and chain extensions at various parts of the parent tuftsin molecule can be classified as N terminal analogues, C-terminal analogues, "within-chain" derivatives, or dimers of tuftsin and retrotuftsin. The various synthetic routes employed to prepare the analogues are described. A direct correlation was found between the ability of analogues to inhibit [3H-Arg4]tuftsin specific binding to mice peritoneal macrophages and their capacity to enhance phagocytosis or to inhibit tuftsin mediated phagocytosis by the cells and to potentiate the cell's immune response. PMID- 3761315 TI - Role of the C-terminal carboxylate in angiotensin II activity: alcohol, ketone, and ester analogues of angiotensin II. AB - [Ac-Asn1, Val5]angiotensin II analogues containing a C-terminal alcohol (Phe-ol), methyl ketone (Pmk), methyl ester (Phe-OMe), or alpha-methyl methyl ester (Phe(alpha Me)-OMe) were prepared in order to examine the relative importance of COOH-mediated ionic vs. hydrogen bonding interactions in angiotensin activities. Based on the observation that only [Ac-Asn1,Phe-OMe8]AII (AII, angiotensin II) had significant activities (20% oxytocic and 13% pressor) in the rat, with all other analogues having negligible agonistic and antagonistic effects, it is concluded that ionic interaction of the C-terminal carboxylate with the receptor is necessary for angiotensin binding and that hydrogen bonding has little effect. Thus, the different potencies observed for the AII methyl ester and for various C terminal analogues previously reported may simply reflect their relative abilities to generate the active carboxylate species in situ. PMID- 3761316 TI - Binding requirements of phenolic phenylethylamines in the benzonorbornene skeleton at the active site of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. AB - In order to determine the active site binding orientation of norepinephrine, a series of conformationally defined analogues of the tyramines, in which the ethylamine side chain is held fixed by incorporation into a benzonorbornene skeleton, were prepared and evaluated for phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) activity. While exo-2-amino-5- and exo-2-amino-8-hydroxybenzonorbornene (7 and 10, respectively) were prepared from 5-methoxybenzonorbornadiene by azidomercuration/demercuration and reduction, it was necessary to employ both normal (inversion of configuration) and abnormal (retention of configuration) Mitsunobu reactions to prepare, stereoselectively, exo-2-amino-6- and exo-2-amino 7-hydroxybenzonorbornene (8 and 9, respectively) from 6- and 7 methoxybenzonorbornen-2-ol. None of the six analogues were substrates. However, exo-2-amino-6-hydroxybenzonorbornene (8) and anti-9-amino-6 hydroxybenzonorbornene (12) displayed significant activity as inhibitors toward PNMT. The greater potency of 8 and 12, as compared to the parent unsubstituted analogues exo-2-amino- and anti-9-amino-benzonorbornene (4 and 5, respectively), indicates the presence of a spatially compact hydrophilic pocket within the aromatic ring binding region of the active site of the enzyme. Furthermore, the greater activity of 12, relative to 8, is consistent with an active site binding preference for molecules in which a more coplanar relationship exists between the aromatic ring and the amine nitrogen. From the findings of this study, it appears that norepinephrine has a different active site binding orientation than most known substrates and competitive inhibitors of PNMT. PMID- 3761317 TI - Alkyl-substituted thiolo-, thiono-, and dithio-gamma-butyrolactones: new classes of convulsant and anticonvulsant agents. AB - A series of sulfur-containing congeners have been prepared from alpha-ethyl-alpha methyl-gamma-butyrolactone, beta-ethyl-beta-methyl-gamma-butyrolactone, and alpha,alpha,beta,beta-tetramethyl-gamma-butyrolactone as potential neuropharmacologic agents. The lactones were treated with benzyl mercaptide anion to form 4-(benzylthio)butyric acid, which, on treatment with trifluoroacetic acid, cyclized to yield thiololactones. The thiono- and dithiolactones were prepared by treating the corresponding lactones either with Lawesson's reagent or with phosphorus pentasulfide, respectively. As had been observed previously for the lactones, the beta-substituted and alpha,beta-substituted congeners were potent convulsants that caused generalized clonic and tonic seizures in mice. The alpha-substituted congeners were effective in inhibiting pentylenetetrazole induced seizures in mice. alpha-Ethyl-alpha-methylthiolo-gamma-butyrolactone showed an increase in potency over the congeneric alpha-ethyl-alpha-methyl-gamma butyrolactone and, additionally, was effective against maximal electroshock seizures. In no cases was a convulsant converted to an anticonvulsant or vice versa by sulfur-for-oxygen substitution. PMID- 3761318 TI - Chemical and stereochemical aspects of propranolol metabolism. Diastereomeric 1 (1-hydroxy-2-propylamino)-3-(1-naphthoxy)-2-propanols produced by rat liver microsomal omega-hydroxylation. AB - A new metabolic pathway of terminal hydroxylation (omega-hydroxylation) of the N isopropyl group of propranolol (1) was established. Selected ion-monitoring GC-MS analysis, based on use of the synthesized mixture of diastereoisomers of 1-(1 hydroxy-2-propylamino)-3-(1-naphthoxy)-2-propanol (2) as a standard, established formation of both diastereoisomers of 2 as metabolites of 1. These diastereoisomers were formed in unequal amounts when 1, its hexadeuterated analogue 8 or heptadeuterated analogue 9, were incubated in the presence of the rat liver microsomal fraction. Authentic (2R,2"S)-2, obtained from the amide formed from (2S)-3-(1-naphthoxy)-2-hydroxypropionic acid [(2S)-5] and (2S) alaninol by diborane reduction, facilitated examination of stereochemical aspects of this process. From incubations of the enantiomers of 1 and pseudoracemic propranolol [equimolar (2R)-propranolol-3,3-d2 and (2S)-propranolol-d0] in the presence of the rat liver microsomal fraction, we established that the diastereomeric products were formed in the order (2S,2"S)-2 approximately equal to (2S,2"R)-2 greater than (2R,2"R)-2 greater than (2R,2"S)-2. (2S)-1, which was metabolized to 2 to a greater extent than (2R)-1, showed no stereoselectivity, affording about equal amounts of (2S,2"S)-2 and (2S,2"R)-2. (2R)-1, which was metabolized to 2 to a lesser extent, afforded considerably more (2R,2"R)-2 than (2R,2"S)-2. omega-Hydroxylation was a minor metabolic pathway in the microsomal incubation. About 2000X less 2 than 1-amino-3-(1-naphthoxy)-2-propanol (3), the product of N-dealkylation of 1, was formed. PMID- 3761319 TI - Derivatives of 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-butanamine: representatives of a novel therapeutic class. AB - The alpha-ethyl phenethylamine derivative 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-butanamine was prepared. An asymmetric synthesis was used to prepare the enantiomers of this compound and the related alpha-methyl homologue (MDA). The racemates and enantiomers of both compounds were evaluated in the two-lever drug discrimination assay in rats trained to discriminate saline from 0.08 mg/kg of LSD tartrate. Stimulus generalization occurred with the racemate and the R-(-) enantiomer of the alpha-methyl homologue and the S-(+) enantiomer of the alpha-ethyl primary amine. No generalization occurred with the other enantiomers or with the N-methyl derivatives of either series. Human psychopharmacology studies revealed that the N-methyl derivative of the title compound was nonhallucinogenic and that it had a new, novel psychoactive effect. It is suggested that this compound is the prototype of a new pharmacologic class that may have value in facilitating psychotherapy and that this class be designated as entactogens. PMID- 3761320 TI - Assessment of a potential dopaminergic prodrug moiety in several ring systems. AB - The ortho hydroxy/methyl, hydroxy/hydroxymethyl, hydroxy/formyl, and hydroxy/carboxy substitution patterns, some of which confer dopaminergic agonist effects upon 2-aminotetralin ring systems, have been incorporated into beta phenethylamine, 2-aminoindan, and trans-octahydrobenzo[f]quinoline rings. Certain of the 2-aminoindan derivatives displayed pharmacologic properties consistent with their being dopaminergic agonists. The beta-phenethylamine derivative did not show any significant dopamine-like activity. The 7-hydroxy-8 methyloctahydrobenzo[f]quinoline derivative 4a was a moderately potent, short acting DA2 receptor antagonist. All of the carboxylic acid derivatives were inert. Of the ortho hydroxy/methyl derivatives, only the 5-hydroxy-6-methyl-2 aminotetralin derivative displayed pharmacological properties consistent with its being a dopaminergic prodrug. It is concluded that 5-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-(di-n propylamino)tetralin (1a) is structurally unique for a dopaminergic drug. PMID- 3761321 TI - Studies on prodrugs. 5. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of N (oxoalkyl)norfloxacin derivatives. AB - Several N-(oxoalkyl)norfloxacin derivatives (3a-g) were synthesized and evaluated for antibacterial activity in vitro and in vivo. Most of the compounds exhibited in vitro activity comparable to that of norfloxacin for Gram-positive bacteria, whereas their activity was lower than for Gram-negative bacteria. N-(2 Oxopropyl)norfloxacin (3b) liberated norfloxacin in the blood after oral administration in mice, and the serum level of norfloxacin was about 3-fold higher than that of norfloxacin itself. Thus, 3b showed high antibacterial activity in vivo. PMID- 3761322 TI - Nucleoside conjugates. 7. Synthesis and antitumor activity of 1-beta-D arabinofuranosylcytosine conjugates of ether lipids. AB - Three new 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine conjugates of ether lipids (alkyl glycerols) linked by a pyrophosphate diester bond have been prepared and evaluated against mouse leukemia L1210 and P388. These include ara-CDP-rac-1-O hexadecyl-2-O-palmitoylglycerol (9a) (ara-CDP = 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-diphosphate), ara-CDP-rac-1-O-octadecyl-2-O-palmitoylglycerol (9b), and ara CDP-rac-1-O-octadecyl-2-O-methylglycerol (9c). Among them, conjugate 9a produced significant increase in life span (200-293%) in mice bearing ip and ic implanted L1210 lymphoic leukemia at a total dose of 400-500 mg (406-508 mumol/kg). Significant schedule dependence was not observed when the conjugate was given ip once daily on day 1, days 1, 5, and 9, and days 1-5. The new conjugates are water soluble by sonication. PMID- 3761323 TI - Nitrobenzyl derivatives as bioreductive alkylating agents: evidence for the reductive formation of a reactive intermediate. AB - o- and p-nitrobenzyl chlorides and carbamates were chemically and electrochemically reduced in the presence and absence of the nucleophile morpholine; activation of these compounds by reduction was required to produce an intermediate capable of alkylation. The reduction products formed by the catalytic hydrogenation of each compound were examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In addition, the products generated by controlled-potential electrolysis were examined by ESR and NMR spectrometry. After a one-electron reduction, o- and p-nitrobenzyl chlorides were activated to the nitrobenzyl radicals, which subsequently dimerized to the dinitrobibenzyl derivatives or reacted with morpholine when present in the reaction medium to form the (nitrobenzyl)morpholine adducts. The nitrobenzyl carbamates were not activated after a one-electron reduction; however, the morpholine and the ether adducts of these agents were observed after catalytic hydrogenation. It was assumed that an intermediate or intermediates formed after the one-electron reduction product, or the full reduction product of the carbamates, were capable of alkylating various nucleophiles. Chemical reduction of the potential bioreductive alkylating agent (o-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioguanine produced (o-aminobenzyl)-6-thioguanine, indicating a lack of formation of a reactive electrophile by reduction. (o-, (m-, and (p nitrobenzyl)-6-thioguanine analogues were also examined for cytotoxic activity toward EMT6 tumor cells under aerobic and hypoxic conditions. In agreement with the inability of (o-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioguanine to form a reactive species after chemical reduction, no decrease in the survival of neoplastic cells exposed to 10(-4) M drug occurred under either aerobic or hypoxic conditions. PMID- 3761324 TI - Synthesis and estrogen receptor binding of 6,7-dihydro-8-phenyl-9-[4-[2 (dimethylamino)ethoxy] phenyl]-5H-benzocycloheptene, a nonisomerizable analogue of tamoxifen. X-ray crystallographic studies. AB - Syntheses of the title compound (5), a novel nonisomerizable antiestrogen containing a seven-membered ring, are described. In one method, 6,7-dihydro-9-(4 methoxyphenyl)-5H-benzocycloheptene was brominated at the 8-position and the bromine displaced by phenylzinc chloride with palladium complex catalysis to introduce the 8-phenyl substituent. Alternatively, benzosuberone was alpha phenylated with tricarbonyl(eta 6-fluorobenzene)chromium (0) and the product treated with the appropriate aryllithium reagent to introduce the 9-aryl group last. The relative binding affinities for estrogen receptors in cell cytosol and whole cells and growth inhibitory activity against the MCF-7 human breast tumor cell line in vitro were for 5 comparable to those of tamoxifen (1) and the corresponding six-membered ring analogue (7). X-ray crystallographic analyses of 10 and 15, which are methoxy derivatives of 5 and 7, show that in some respects 5 bears a closer structural relationship to tamoxifen than does nafoxidine (3) or 7. Thus, the aromatic ring, which is fused in the cyclic analogues, was twisted 64, 45, 20, and 19 degrees out of the plane of the double bond for 1, 10, 3, and 15, respectively. Low-temperature NMR studies indicate that 5 is more rigid than tamoxifen; interconversion between enantiomeric conformers is slow on the NMR time scale at -75 degrees C. PMID- 3761326 TI - Synthesis of sulfur analogues of alkyl lysophospholipid and neoplastic cell growth inhibitory properties. AB - Five sulfur-containing phospholipid analogues (compounds 1-5) of alkyl lysophospholipid (1-O-alkyl-2-O-methyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine, ALP) were synthesized and tested for inhibition of neoplastic cell proliferation with two human ovarian carcinoma cell lines in a clonogenic assay and with the HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cell line. Compared with 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-methyl-rac glycero-3-phosphocholine (ET-18-OMe), the most active reference analogue, these thio analogues are at least as active against HL-60 cells, and the 1-S-hexadecyl 2-O-ethyl analogue (2) is twice as active in the clonogenic assays. PMID- 3761325 TI - N-(cyanomethyl)- and N-(2-methoxy-1-cyanoethyl)anthracyclines and related carboxyl derivatives. AB - Treatment of doxorubicin with formaldehyde and NaCN afforded the N-(cyanomethyl) derivative as a stable alpha-cyanoamine with but moderate antitumor activity in mice, although it was prototypal to the intensely potent alpha-cyanomorpholine derivative. 2-Methoxyacetaldehyde and NaCN afforded the N-(2-methoxy-1 cyanoethyl) derivative as an open-chain analogue of the cyanomorpholine. This analogue underwent rapid hydrolysis to doxorubicin and appeared to act as a prodrug, giving increased antitumor efficacy although with decreased potency. N (Carboxymethyl)daunorubicin was a highly water-soluble but inactive analogue, synthesized by N-alkylation with ethyl iodoacetate and saponification. The similar N-alkylation of N-(cyanomethyl) daunorubicin demonstrated the combining of N-alkyl chains having different functional substituents. PMID- 3761327 TI - Synthesis of 10-acetyl-5,8-dideazafolic acid: a potent inhibitor of glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase. AB - 10-Acetyl-5,8-dideazafolic acid has been synthesized in good yield from the parent compound, 5,8-dideazafolic acid. This quinazoline folate analogue showed no activity as a substrate for the folate-requiring de novo purine biosynthetic enzyme glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase isolated from the murine lymphoma cell line L5178Y, but proved to be a potent competitive inhibitor, Ki = 1.3 microM, of the purified enzyme. PMID- 3761328 TI - N-(2-hydroxyethyl)doxorubicin from hydrolysis of 3'-deamino-3'-(3-cyano-4 morpholinyl)doxorubicin. AB - The susceptibility of 3'-deamino-3'-(3-cyano-4-morpholinyl)doxorubicin to hydrolysis at pH 7, 4, and 2 has been compared with that of the typically stable morpholine analogue. At pH 7, 74% of the cyanomorpholine was unchanged after 24 h at room temperature, but at pH 2 only 10% remained. Products identified were aglycon (8%) and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)doxorubicin (7%). Most of the losses were to unidentified polar products not eluted from HPLC. Authentic hydroxyethyl was synthesized from doxorubicin by reductive alkylation with glycolaldehyde. Antitumor potency was comparable to that of doxorubicin rather than of cyanomorpholine. PMID- 3761329 TI - Nursing ethics and medical ethics. PMID- 3761330 TI - Medical confidentiality: an intransigent and absolute obligation. AB - Clinicians' work depends on sincere and complete disclosures from their patients; they honour this candidness by confidentially safeguarding the information received. Breaching confidentiality causes harms that are not commensurable with the possible benefits gained. Limitations or exceptions put on confidentiality would destroy it, for the confider would become suspicious and un-co-operative, the confidant would become untrustworthy and the whole climate of the clinical encounter would suffer irreversible erosion. Excusing breaches of confidence on grounds of superior moral values introduces arbitrariness and ethical unreliability into the medical context. Physicians who breach the agreement of confidentiality are being unfair, thus opening the way for, and becoming vulnerable to, the morally obtuse conduct of others. Confidentiality should not be seen as the cosy but dispensable atmosphere of clinical settings; rather, it constitutes a guarantee of fairness in medical actions. Possible perils that might accrue to society are no greater than those accepted when granting inviolable custody of information to priests, lawyers and bankers. To jeopardize the integrity of confidential medical relationships is too high a price to pay for the hypothetical benefits this might bring to the prevailing social order. PMID- 3761331 TI - Ethical dilemmas in nursing. AB - Nurses are increasingly realising that they can offer relevant information and participate in decision-making involving ethical issues. However, inter professional communications are frequently inadequate, and do not permit exchange of opinions. The consequences are often frustrating and upsetting for nurses whose care is affected by others' policies. This paper explores these issues using some clinical examples. PMID- 3761332 TI - Patients' wants versus patients' interests. AB - Should we treat other people according to what they want (their own values), or according to what we take their best interests to be? If they have given us no mandate to decide for them, their values should prevail. This applies not only to allowing but also to assisting them to get what they want. Taking this seriously in medical practice involves a lot of communication between doctor and patient, and a lot of research to establish a typology of patients in respect of their wants. The results would seriously affect doctor-patient relationships and the organisation of general practice and hospital care. It is with this, rather than dramatic 'moral problems', that medical ethics should be chiefly concerned. PMID- 3761333 TI - Can paternalism be modernised? AB - The contention that paternalism can be modernised in such a way as to avoid the usual criticisms is examined and dismissed. The alleged 'modernisation' consists simply in going through the motions of achieving the patient's free consent, while leaving the ultimate decision to the physician. Paternalism in this form is no better than the more old-fashioned variety, since it still takes away from patients the fundamental human right to make decisions about their own fate. PMID- 3761334 TI - An ethical analysis of the policies of British community and hospital care for mentally ill people. AB - Scant consideration has been given to the ethical implications of the policy of closing down psychiatric hospitals in favour of community care. The recent adherents of this policy in government have been enthusiastic in encouraging its implementation. This paper has three sections: a brief resume of the history and principles of community care for the mentally ill; a discussion on the merits and de-merits of psychiatric care in the hospital and in the community; and an outline of some preliminary categories for ethical analysis. PMID- 3761336 TI - 'Medical ethics'--an alternative approach. AB - Contemporary medical ethics is generally concerned with the application of ethical theory to medico-moral dilemmas and with the critical analysis of the concepts of medicine. This paper presents an alternative programme: the development of a medical philosophy which, by taking as its starting point the two questions: what is man? and, what constitutes goodness in life? offers an account of health as one of the primary concepts of value. This view of the subject resembles that implied by ancient theories of goodness, and in later sections of the paper it is shown how Aristotle points us towards a coherent theory of human nature as psycho-physical, which overcomes the inadequacies of dualism and physicalist reductionism. What is on offer therefore, is the prospect of an integrated account of human nature and of what constitutes its flourishing: to be healthy is to be an active unity-of-parts in equilibrium. PMID- 3761335 TI - Prenatal diagnosis and female abortion: a case study in medical law and ethics. AB - Alarm over the prospect that prenatal diagnostic techniques, which permit identification of fetal sex and facilitate abortion of healthy but unwanted female fetuses has led some to urge their outright prohibition. This article argues against that response. Prenatal diagnosis permits timely action to preserve and enhance the life and health of fetuses otherwise endangered, and, by offering assurance of fetal normality, may often encourage continuation of pregnancies otherwise vulnerable to termination. Further, conditions in some societies may sometimes render excusable the inclination to abort certain healthy female fetuses. In places where abortion for fetal sex alone is recognised as unethical, however, medical licensing authorities already possess the power to discipline, for professional misconduct, physicians who prescribe or perform prenatal diagnosis purely to identify fetal sex, or those who disclose fetal sex when that is unrelated to the fetus's medical condition. PMID- 3761337 TI - Drunken drivers: what should doctors do? Aberdeen Medical Group. PMID- 3761338 TI - Some reflections on the Wendy Savage Case. PMID- 3761339 TI - The need to promote careers that combine research and clinical care. AB - Realistic descriptions of careers that successfully combine medical research and patient care should be given to students early in medical school. The students need to be told the various ways to prepare for such careers and should see a number of role models who exemplify these combined careers and who can convey the excitement, challenges, and satisfaction in these careers. Opportunities for research training in M.D.-Ph.D. programs, the medical student program offered jointly by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and the NIH postresidency physician-scientist programs are discussed. PMID- 3761340 TI - Selection and change of specialties by medical school graduates. AB - Previous studies of reasons for choosing medical specialties have been restricted to one specialty or to surveys of medical students. Since some students change their specialties after medical school, the present authors surveyed the graduates of a medical college's classes of 1971 through 1982 in regard to their selection of a number of different specialties. Overall, factors related to the content of the specialty and to contact with patients were rated as the most important in choosing a specialty; the quality of the medical college educational program was rated as of intermediate importance and life-style and personal factors as of least importance. Thirteen percent of those surveyed made major changes in specialties after graduation, with more of them leaving than entering internal medicine, pediatrics, and family practice and more of them entering than leaving the hospital service specialties (such as radiology and pathology) and psychiatry. The reasons for these changes involved financial and life-style considerations, for example, working hours, location, and financial rewards of practice. PMID- 3761341 TI - Factors affecting residents' decisions to moonlight. AB - Moonlighting by residents has been a major concern of residency program administrators, since extensive moonlighting by residents in addition to their already demanding residency work schedule might jeopardize patient care. In this paper, the authors examine the influence of several factors on residents' decisions to moonlight. The results indicate that the main motivating factor behind their moonlighting is economic and that residents moonlight more frequently when they have the opportunity to do so. In addition, the residents with higher levels of medical school indebtedness were significantly more likely to moonlight than residents with less indebtedness. Personal characteristics of the residents and their specialties also influenced moonlighting but had a smaller impact than amounts of stipends and indebtedness and the number of off duty hours. The results also suggest that residency administrators can influence their residents' decisions to moonlight. PMID- 3761342 TI - Faculty members' evaluations of sabbaticals. AB - Seventy medical school faculty members at seven institutions who had taken a sabbatical leave were interviewed about their sabbatical experiences, and 15 who were eligible but had not taken a sabbatical were asked their reasons for abstaining. Nineteen of 35 medical schools solicited also provided information about sabbaticals. The sabbatical experience was viewed very favorably by 80 percent of the participants; and three out of four were judged by the authors of the present paper as having accomplished something substantial, such as writing research papers or books or reorganizing teaching programs, following the sabbaticals. Presabbatical planning was emphasized by the respondents as the key to a satisfying sabbatical. Postsabbatical depression was common but not severe. At the 19 responding schools, sabbaticals were taken by an average of less than one-sixth of the eligible faculty members. Faculty members who had not taken sabbaticals gave a variety of reasons for the modest level of participation. Responses of the faculty members who had taken sabbaticals indicated that most medical school administrations did not capitalize on the opportunity to make the results of sabbaticals of maximum value to their institutions. PMID- 3761343 TI - Clinical skills acquired during a clerkship in family medicine. AB - The authors report on their study of the perceived acquisition of clinical skills by 151 second-year students in six required clerkships: surgery, internal medicine, pediatrics, obstetrics-gynecology, psychiatry, and family medicine. The students completed self-assessments of their clinical skills concerning 78 problems or procedures when taking the family medicine clerkship as their first and last rotations and when taking any of the other clerkships as their first rotation. Fifty percent of the 36 students who took the family medicine clerkship after completing all five traditional clerkships reported that they learned the management of some of the most common health problems, including osteoarthritis and hypertension, only during the family medicine clerkship. Overall, the skills of these 36 students increased from 60 percent to 89 percent of the items surveyed after taking the family medicine clerkship as their last required rotation. The principal contributions of the family medicine clerkship were in the management of common problems, performance of therapeutic procedures, and recommendation of health maintenance procedures. PMID- 3761344 TI - The resident as teacher during work rounds. AB - The resident is a central figure in the education of medical students and other residents. In order to examine the ways in which residents fulfill their teaching responsibilities, the authors observed 14 first- and second-year internal medicine residents as they reviewed a total of 158 cases during work rounds. Inpatient work rounds were selected for study because in this setting an attending faculty member is not present and the resident bears total responsibility for initiating any teaching that occurs. The results of the study indicated that the most frequently observed teaching behaviors were associated with patient care at the bedside: providing a model of appropriate interaction with patients and verifying clinical findings. Away from the bedside, the residents frequently used brief lectures to teach. The least frequently observed teaching behaviors involved referring to the literature, giving feedback, demonstrating techniques and procedures, and asking questions. Following these observations, the authors initiated a course on clinical teaching for residents. PMID- 3761345 TI - Computer-assisted information management for the pediatric residency review process. AB - Directors of training programs must systematically compile information on the patient population used for graduate education. The revised special requirements and application form of the Residency Review Committee for Pediatrics of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education call for detailed information on the patient-centered activities of residents. Since data on patient contacts cumulate rapidly, the Pediatrics Residency Program of the Mt. Sinai Medical Center in Cleveland, Ohio, instituted a microcomputer-assisted information management system. Under the system, a personal computer with a fixed disk and data-base management software provides the means for documenting the residents' patient contacts and learning experiences. PMID- 3761346 TI - Determining the policies of a residency selection committee. PMID- 3761347 TI - Nutrition education for family practice residents. PMID- 3761348 TI - A comparison of locus of control between men and women in an internal medicine residency. AB - In this comparison of men and women PGY-1 residents, a significant difference in perceived locus of control, a personality variable, was detected. At the beginning and the end of PGY-1, women residents perceived a more external locus of control than men residents. These findings may be important in understanding the different responses of men and women to the stresses of medical training. PMID- 3761349 TI - Interviewing skills of first-year medical students. PMID- 3761350 TI - Development and validation of an accomplishment interview for radiology residents. PMID- 3761351 TI - Increasing minorities in academia: the faculty role model. PMID- 3761352 TI - The lecturer and the lecture. PMID- 3761353 TI - McMaster University graduates. PMID- 3761354 TI - Combining surgical fields. PMID- 3761355 TI - In vitro IgE production by peripheral blood lymphocytes and rectal mucosal biopsies and antigen-induced basophil degranulation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. AB - IgE production by peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and rectal mucosal biopsies in vitro has been examined in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). The degranulation of peripheral blood basophils to food antigens has also been investigated in these patients. Mitogen-induced IgE production was reduced in patients with UC, but enhanced in PBL cultures from patients with CD. Increased numbers of basophils degranulated in the presence of cows' milk in UC patients, but normal responses occurred in patients with CD. This evidence supports the suggested role of IgE-mediated mechanisms involving mast cell/basophil interactions in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. PMID- 3761356 TI - A rapid enzyme immunoassay for the detection of IgM rheumatoid factor--a comparison of "sero-negative" and "sero-positive" rheumatoid patients. AB - The ELISA technique for measuring RF is a reliable, low cost, quick method which has adequate specificity and improved sensitivity over other methods. This last property plus its flexible potential for measuring RF in classes other than IgM should make it a particularly useful tool in assessing "sero-negative" patients, while in the long run its routine use should supersede that of the other tests. PMID- 3761357 TI - Non-Stokesian nature of transverse diffusion within human red cell membranes. PMID- 3761358 TI - Relationships among sodium current, permeability, and Na activities in control and glucocorticoid-stimulated rabbit descending colon. AB - Effects of a potent synthetic glucocorticoid, methylprednisolone (MP), on transepithelial Na transport were examined in rabbit descending colon. Current voltage (I-V) relations of the amiloride-sensitive apical Na entry pathway were measured in colonic tissues of control and MP-treated (40 mg im for 2 days) animals. Tissues were bathed mucosally by solutions of various Na activities, (Na)m, ranging from 6.2 to 75.6 mM, and serosally by a high K solution. These I-V relations conformed to the "constant field" flux equation permitting determination of the permeability of the apical membrane to Na, PmNa, and the intracellular Na activity, (Na)c. The following empirical relations were observed for both control and MP-treated tissues: Na transport increases hyperbolically with increasing (Na)m obeying simple Michaelis-Mentin kinetics; PmNa decreased hyperbolically with increasing (Na)m, but was unrelated to individual variations in (Na)c; (Na)c increased hyperbolically with (Na)m; both spontaneous and steroid stimulated variations in Na entry rate could be attributed entirely to parallel variations in PmNa at each mucosal Na activity. Comparison of these empirical, kinetic relations between control and MP-treated tissues revealed: maximal Na current and PmNa were greater in MP tissues, but the (Na)m's at which current and PmNa were half-maximal were markedly reduced; (Na)c was significantly increased in MP tissues at each (Na)m while the (Na)m at half-maximal (Na)c was unchanged. These results provide direct evidence that glucocorticoids cause marked stimulation of Na absorption across rabbit colon primarily by increasing the Na permeability of the apical membrane. While the mechanism for the increased permeability remains to be determined, the altered relation between PmNa and (Na)m suggests possible differences in the conformation or environment of the Na channel in MP-treated tissues. PMID- 3761359 TI - Kinetic mechanism of Na+, K+, Cl--cotransport as studied by Rb+ influx into HeLa cells: effects of extracellular monovalent ions. AB - Ouabain-insensitive, furosemide-sensitive Rb+ influx (JRb) into HeLa cells was examined as functions of the extracellular Rb+, Na+ and Cl- concentrations. Rate equations and kinetic parameters, including the apparent maximum JRb, the apparent values of Km for the three ions and the apparent Ki for K+, were derived. Results suggested that one unit molecule of this transport system has one Na+, one K+ and two Cl- sites with different affinities, one of the Cl- sites related with binding of Na+, and the other with binding of K+(Rb+). A 1:1 stoichiometry was demonstrated between ouabain-insensitive, furosemide-sensitive influxes of 22Na+ and Rb+, and a 1:2 stoichiometry between those of Rb+ and 36Cl . The influx of either one of these ions was inhibited in the absence of any one of the other two ions. Monovalent anions such as nitrate, acetate, thiocyanate and lactate as substitutes for Cl- inhibited ouabain-insensitive Rb+ influx, whereas sulfamate and probably also gluconate did not inhibit JRb. From the present results, a general model and a specialized cotransport model were proposed: In HeLa cells, one Na+ and one Cl- bind concurrently to their sites and then one K+(Rb+) and another Cl- bind concurrently. After completion of ion bindings Na+, K+(Rb+) and Cl- in a ratio of 1:1:2 show synchronous transmembrane movements. PMID- 3761360 TI - Parathyroid hormone-induced changes of the brush border topography and cytoskeleton in cultured renal proximal tubular cells. AB - In order to examine the possibility of parathyroid hormone-mediated ultrastructural rearrangements in target epithelium, isolated canine renal proximal tubular cells were grown on a collagen-coated semipermeable membrane in a defined medium. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of these monolayers revealed abundant microvilli. Exposure of the proximal tubular cells to parathyroid hormone resulted in a biphasic changes involving: dramatic shortening and rarefaction of microvilli within 1 min; and recovery of microvillar topography after 5 min. A similar shortening of microvilli was observed following exposure to ionomycin, whereas incubation with cyclic AMP resulted in an elongation of microvilli. Parathyroid hormone stimulated cyclic AMP production and increased cytoplasmic free calcium concentration in cultured proximal tubular cells. Pretreatment of cells with a calmodulin inhibitor abolished the effect of parathyroid hormone on brush border topography. Shortening of microvilli was associated with a disappearance of microvillar core filaments. Staining of F-actin with fluoresceinphalloidin showed that parathyroid hormone resulted in fragmentation of stress fibers. It is concluded that parathyroid hormone-induced cell activation involves cytoplasmic-free calcium, calmodulin, and the cytoskeleton. PMID- 3761361 TI - Potential-sensitive response mechanism of diS-C3-(5) in biological membranes. AB - The potential-sensitive response mechanism of 3,3'-dipropylthiodicarbocyanine iodide (diS-C3-(5] was examined based on our previous model of diS-C3-(5) interaction with brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) in the absence of a membrane potential. The model contained binding (6 msec), reorientation (30 msec), dimerization (less than 10 nsec), and translocation (1 sec) reaction steps (Cabrini & Verkman, 1986. J. Membrane Biol. 90:163-175). Transmembrane potentials (psi) were induced in BBMV by K+ gradients and valinomycin. Steady-state diS-C3 (5) fluorescence (excitation 622 nm, emission 670 nm) increased linearly with psi. The reorientation and translocation reaction steps were resolved by the stopped-flow technique as a biexponential decrease in fluorescence following mixture of diS-C3-(5) with BBMV at varying psi. The fractional amplitude of the faster exponential increased from 0.36 to 0.73 with increasing psi (-17 to 87 mV); the time constant for the faster exponential (30-35 msec) was independent of psi. There were single exponential kinetics (0.5-1.5 sec) for diS-C3-(5) fluorescence response to a rapid (less than 2 msec) change in psi in the absence of a diS-C3-(5) concentration gradient. These results, and similar findings in placental brush border vesicles, red cell vesicles, and phosphatidylcholine vesicles, support a translocation mechanism for diS-C3-(5) response, where induced membrane potentials drive diS-C3-(5) redistribution between sites at the inner and outer membrane leaflets, with secondary effects on diS-C3-(5) dimerization and solution/membrane partitioning. Fluorescence lifetime and dynamic depolarization measurements showed no significant change in diS-C3-(5) rotational characteristics or in the polarity of the diS-C3-(5) environment with changes in psi. Based on the experimental results, a mathematical model is developed to explain the quantitative changes in diS-C3-(5) fluorescence which accompany changes in psi at arbitrary dye/lipid ratios. PMID- 3761363 TI - Stereology of arbitrary particles. A review of unbiased number and size estimators and the presentation of some new ones, in memory of William R. Thompson. AB - This paper deals with isolated, countable items, often termed particles, in three dimensional space. Its substance is the unbiased stereological estimation of the number, height, surface and volume of such particles without any assumptions about their shape. The full range of estimators is described, some of them for the first time, some in an improved form, several in more than one version, and all of them under the single, absolute requirement that one can in fact identify what one is quantifying on sections. In terms of the minimal number of sections for the analysis, the estimators may be classified as follows: On a single section it is possible to estimate vV, the mean volume of particles in the volume weighted or 'sieving'-distribution. On two parallel sections, separated by a known distance, estimators exist of particle number and of all mean sizes (height, surface and volume) in the ordinary number distribution, as well as of SDN(v), the standard deviation in the number distribution of particle volumes. If the containing space is relatively transparent the sections may be two optical sections within one thick physical section. On a stack of parallel sections, at least as high as the largest particle, and separated by known distances, one can get twelve mean sizes and twelve distributions of individual sizes: all combinations of three sizes: height, surface and volume in four different types of distributions: number, height, surface and volume. Fulfilling the sampling requirements of the above two estimation principles it has been shown very recently that by combining them one may even estimate mean sizes and number of arbitrary particles in a stack of sections with constant but unknown separation. Finally, a unique, unbiased estimator of the total number of items in a specimen is described for the use of which one need not measure the distance between sections, nor their thickness, nor the volume of the specimen, nor assume anything about shrinkage/swelling, sectioning compression or lost caps. It is the fractionator. PMID- 3761362 TI - Osmotic water permeabilities of brush border and basolateral membrane vesicles from rat renal cortex and small intestine. AB - The osmotic water permeability Pf of brush border (BBM) and basolateral (BLM) membrane vesicles from rat small intestine and renal cortex was studied by means of stopped-flow spectrophotometry. Scattered light intensity was used to follow vesicular volume changes upon osmotic perturbation with hypertonic mannitol solutions. A theoretical analysis of the relationship of scattered light intensity and vesicular volume justified a simple exponential approximation of the change in scattered light intensity. The rate constants extracted from fits to an exponential function were proportional to the final medium osmolarity as predicted by theory. For intestinal membranes, computer analysis of optical responses fitted well with a single-exponential treatment. For renal membranes a double-exponential treatment was needed, implying two distinct vesicle populations. Pf values for BBM and BLM preparations of small intestine were equal and amount to 60 microns/sec. For renal preparations, Pf values amount to 600 microns/sec for the fast component, BBM as well as BLM, and to 50 (BBM) and 99 (BLM) microns/sec for the slow component. The apparent activation energy for water permeation in intestinal membranes was 13.3 +/- 0.6 and in renal membranes 1.0 +/- 0.3 kCal/mole, between 25 and 35 degrees C. The mercurial sulfhydryl reagent pCMBS inhibited completely and reversibly the high Pf value in renal brush border preparations. These observations suggest that in intestinal membranes water moves through the lipid matrix but that in renal plasma membranes water channels may be involved. From the high Pf values of renal membrane vesicles a transcellular water permeability for proximal tubules can be calculated which amounts to approximately 1 cm/sec. This value allows for an entirely transcellular route for water flow during volume reabsorption. PMID- 3761364 TI - Stereology for anisotropic cells: application to growth cartilage. AB - A number of either new or recently available stereological methods are described for estimating volume, surface area and number of anisotropic cells. The methods are illustrated with direct reference to the epiphyseal growth plate. Different estimates of a given quantity are obtained by applying alternative methods to the same set of sections, in order to compare the relative merits of the methods. For instance, the surface area of the cells is estimated via the Dimroth-Watson model (which gives a measure of the degree of anisotropy in addition to the surface area estimate) and from vertical sections using cycloid test systems. Cell number is estimated by traditional unfolding methods and by the new disector method. Also, volume-weighted mean cell volume is estimated from vertical sections via point-sampled intercepts using two different kinds of rulers to classify intercept lengths. Finally, nested design statistics is applied to a set of data from twelve animals in order to compare the relative impacts of biological and stereological (sampling) variations on the observed coefficient of error of a group mean estimate. The preferred methods are listed in the final section. PMID- 3761366 TI - The use of gold markers in immunocytochemical studies of microbiological organisms: a review. AB - Colloidal gold probes have revolutionized electron immunocytochemistry and are now used extensively for microbiological studies. The gold probes can be applied in one of several methods to gain valuable information from the sample. The pre embedding technique, the post-embedding technique, the immunonegative stain technique, the immunoreplica technique and the immunofreeze-fracture technique, are each described and their applications in microbiology, for diagnosis, for the detection of the site of antigen synthesis in host cells, for vaccine production and for genetic engineering are reported. PMID- 3761365 TI - Light microscopical detection of single 5 and 20 nm gold particles used for immunolabelling of plasma membrane antigens with silver enhancement and reflection contrast. AB - To detect plasma membrane antigens, cytocentrifuge preparations of the macrophage like cell line P388D1 were incubated with monoclonal antibodies and labelled with 5 and 20 nm gold particles conjugated to immunoglobulins or protein A. The 20 nm, but not the 5 nm, particles could be observed by reflection-contrast light microscopy. Single 5 nm particles, however, were clearly demonstrable with silver contrast enhancement, both in absorption contrast and in reflection contrast. The method proved to be compatible with cytochemical methods such as acid phosphatase. PMID- 3761367 TI - Epiglottitis in a community hospital. PMID- 3761368 TI - Adventitial cystic disease of the popliteal artery: case report. PMID- 3761369 TI - Withholding or withdrawing life prolonging medical treatment. Opinion of the AMA Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs. PMID- 3761370 TI - Gender identity and gender transposition: longitudinal outcome study of 32 male hermaphrodites assigned as girls. AB - The longitudinal case histories of 32 female-assigned male hermaphrodites aged 18 or older were indexed and abstracted for evidence of variables related to gender transposition, i.e., bisexualism, lesbianism, or sex reassignment to live as male. The prevalence of transposition was biased because of the referral of cases selected for reassignment. Childhood stigmatization, either subtle or blatant, because of the birth defect of the sex organs correlated with gender transposition (p less than .001) and was related to the age of feminizing surgery (p less than .05), which often coincided with the age of gonadectomy. Variables not significantly correlated with gender transposition were: neonatal ambivalence regarding the sex of announcement; feminizing or masculinizing puberty; presence or absence of mullerian organs; and gross family pathology. Physicians encountered no moral problem with sex reassignment as the chromosomal and gonadal sex were male. PMID- 3761371 TI - Enhancing relationships: understanding the feminine mystique of pretending orgasm. AB - As individuals become increasingly aware of their sexuality and orgasmic responsiveness, concomitantly, the phenomenon of pretending orgasm is becoming a greater part of the sexual relationship for many couples. However, few studies exist concerning this phenomenon despite the fact that nearly two-thirds of all females have reported pretending orgasm. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to profile those females who have pretended orgasm by examining the dimensions of their sexual and orgasmic behaviors, the factors that inhibit their orgasm, the dynamics of partner interaction, and any desired changes in their sexual lives. A survey research design was employed utilizing the responses of 805 professional nurses who participated in a study concerning self-perceptions of the female sexual response. The findings indicate that those females who have ever pretended orgasm became sexually active at a younger age and have been more sexually explorative than those females who have not pretended orgasm. Furthermore, the role of their sex partners was a significant dimension in their orgasmic pretense. The resultant impact on coupled relationships has many critical implications for therapists. PMID- 3761372 TI - Psychological subtypes of anorgasmia: a marker variable approach. AB - Seventy-six women who presented with a principal complaint of anorgasmia were compared with a matched cohort of sexually functional controls on the domains of the Derogatis Sexual Functioning Inventory (DSFI). Patients were case matched with controls on age, race, marital status, and social class. Initial comparisons revealed significant differences between patient and control groups on a number of psychosexual characteristics, consistent with prior research. Based on evidence of heterogeneity within the patient sample and earlier research by our group, the anorgasmic cohort was partitioned by a "marker variable" approach into two anorgasmic subtypes. The marker variable used to create the subtypes was the presence of homosexual fantasies. Subsequent contrasts, both between the two anorgasmic subgroups, and with functional controls, revealed highly significant differences, and provided strong evidence for at least two psychologically distinct subtypes of anorgasmia. PMID- 3761373 TI - Premarital counseling as perceived by newlywed couples: an exploratory study. AB - Ten couples from a marriage enrichment program for newlyweds and 68 female graduates from a high school course on family life were surveyed about their involvement in and their perceptions of the effectiveness of premarital counseling for preparing them for the realities of married life. Perceived effectiveness of premarital counseling was found to be related to duration of counseling in hours and to the degree to which the program was seen as voluntary. Perceived effectiveness was not consistently related to the duration of courtship. Suggestions for future research with larger samples are presented, along with recommendations for program design in premarital counseling programs. PMID- 3761374 TI - Sex therapy: an adjunct in the treatment of marital discord. AB - This is a pilot project where sex therapy format was used in a group setting for the treatment of six married couples who had severe marital discord. None of the patients had a diagnosable sexual dysfunction, but sexual dissatisfaction was one of the common universal complaints. The article describes the treatment format and the clinical progress of the couples. In spite of the fact that the couples' marital discord has been refractory to prior therapy, there has been an overall improvement in their marriage as their sexuality improved. Possible therapeutic factors which led to this improvement are addressed. Despite limitations in patients' sampling and size, the results have been promising enough to encourage others to explore this modality as an alternative or adjunctive treatment for couples with severe marital discord and sexual dissatisfaction who have been refractory to unstructured traditional therapy. PMID- 3761375 TI - Again, no time for hysteria. PMID- 3761376 TI - Physician perceptions of problems in the care of elderly patients. AB - A survey of family physicians in the District of Columbia and family practice residents and academic internists in a university hospital was undertaken to examine attitudes, perceptions of problems, and decision-making processes relative to the care of the elderly patient.Physicians report having more problems with elderly patients, although when compared with reports of perceptions of problems with nonelderly patients, there are no significant statistical differences. There is also no evidence of patterns of significant statistical differences between black and white physicians in their perceptions of problems in care of the elderly. Implications for medical education are reflected in physician acknowledgment of need for assistance in management of both elderly and nonelderly patients for most facets of psychosocial dimensions of care and in their concerns for negative societal conditions. The rationale for current curricular emphasis in the nation's medical schools upon geriatrics and human values in medicine appears to be supported by this exploratory study. PMID- 3761377 TI - Success of minority applicants in the National Residency Matching Program. AB - This study was undertaken to determine how minority students at nonminority medical schools perform on the National Residency Matching Program. PMID- 3761378 TI - Epidemiology of spontaneous abortions: the effects of alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking. AB - A prospective epidemiologic study of spontaneous abortions and fetal wastage was undertaken over a period of 12 months in Oklahoma City. A total of 1,050 pregnant women were followed from their first prenatal visit until the termination of pregnancy. In addition to the available information in the patients' medical records, a questionnaire was administered to each patient during her first visit. Detailed information was sought on the patient's smoking and drinking habits. Alcohol and cigarettes were found to have an independent, positive association with adverse pregnancy outcome. A dose-response relationship was observed, and a synergistic effect was illustrated. PMID- 3761379 TI - Induction of mixed-function oxidase activity in mouse lymphoid tissues by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. AB - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure can cause mixed-function oxidase (MFO) enzyme induction in certain tissues of various organisms. Measurement of such induction might serve as a useful bioindicator of human exposure to PAHs, provided readily obtainable human tissues can be utilized for such measurements. We have investigated the MFO activity in various lymphoid tissues of the C3H mouse as a model system and have studied the effect of systemic PAH treatment on such enzyme activity. An MFO enzyme assay was used to measure the activity of 7 ethoxyresorufin deethylase, an enzyme activity that may be specific for the cytochrome P-448 subset of MFO enzymes (those enzymes that are induced in cells or tissues following PAH administration). Intraperitoneal injection of mice with 180 mg/kg (4.6 mg) benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) or 160 mg/kg (4.0 mg) 3 methylcholanthrene (MC) produced a significant induction in MFO activity in mouse spleen S9 fractions 48 h after the injection. Induction ratios (induced activity/control activity) between 4 and 5 were seen with BaP; MC produced induction ratios of 2.5-3.0. Enzyme activity was not induced in the spleen within 16 h following BaP or MC administration. Other experiments indicated that MFO activity could be induced in thymus cells 48 h after either BaP or MC treatment. Treatment with BaP or MC did produce significant enzyme induction in the liver and lung tissues from the animals both 16 and 48 h after chemical treatment. PMID- 3761380 TI - Effects of chlordimeform on cardiovascular functional parameters: Part 2. Acute and delayed effects following intravenous administration in the postweanling rat. AB - The effects of intravenous (iv) administration of chlordimeform (CDM) were investigated in 22- to 30-d-old pentobarbital-anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals (n = 25) were given sequential iv injections of 5, 10, 30, 60, and 120 mg CDM/kg, or normal saline vehicle followed by a single injection of 60 mg CDM/kg. Heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressure (BP), and electrocardiogram (ECG) were monitored for all animals, while body temperature was maintained at control levels (37 degrees C). CDM produced profound acute effects on all cardiovascular parameters monitored and persistent delayed effects on HR and BP. These effects were similar to but less severe than those observed in a previous study using geriatric animals. Younger animals also appeared to be more resistant to the lethal actions of CDM. PMID- 3761381 TI - Effects of chlordimeform on cardiovascular functional parameters: Part 3. Comparison of different routes of administration in the postweanling rat. AB - The effects of intraperitoneal (ip) administration of chlordimeform (CDM) were investigated in 22- to 24-d-old pentobarbital-anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals (n = 32) received a single ip injection of CDM at either 10, 30, or 60 mg/kg, or of normal saline vehicle. Heart rate (HR) and electrocardiogram (ECG) were monitored for all animals, while body temperature was maintained at control levels (37 degrees C). HR decreased 21-29% in the treated animals, and there were no differences observed across dose groups or over time. ECG effects were confined to rate-related changes only. The decrease in HR produced by CDM in these animals was comparable to the delayed HR effect seen in previous studies from this laboratory, despite major differences in dosing regimens and routes of administration. PMID- 3761382 TI - Toxicity, distribution, and elimination of thiol complexes of methylmercury after intracerebral injection. AB - Intracerebral injection of CH3Hg and CH3Hg complexed with glutathione (GSH), cysteine (cys), cysteinylglycine (cys-gly), and homocysteine (homocys) resulted in differences in toxicity. Criteria based on neurological indices, mortality, and weight loss indicated that the cys-gly complex of CH3Hg was significantly less toxic than CH3Hg or the other complexes. The other complexes of CH3Hg (GSH, homocys, and cys) were also found to be less toxic than CH3Hg. The selenium status of the animal did not seem to significantly influence the toxicity of CH3Hg and the complexes. While CH3Hg complexed to cys-gly was significantly less toxic than CH3Hg alone, there were no differences observed in the CH3Hg half-life values or in the distribution of these compounds in the kidneys, brain, liver, and blood. It was observed, however, that the CH3Hg--cys-gly complex had higher fecal excretion on d 3 and 4 following intracerebral injection. PMID- 3761383 TI - Effects of chlorine dioxide on thyroid function in the African green monkey and the rat. AB - In a previous study from this laboratory, chlorine dioxide (ClO2) treated drinking water depressed thyroxine (T4) levels in the African green monkey. The present study again demonstrated a decrease in T4 levels in the same species after 4 wk of oral exposure. However, after 8 wk of treatment T4 levels rebounded to above pretreatment levels, coinciding with an increase in thyroid radioiodide uptake. This T4 rebound phenomenon and increased iodide uptake may be due to a compensatory endocrinological mechanism. In rats, T4 levels dropped during the 8 wk ClO2 treatment period in a dose-dependent manner, and no rebound effect was observed. Iodide uptake values in the rat were not affected. It appears that ClO2 may have an effect on thyroid function in both species. PMID- 3761384 TI - Changes in early alveolar particle clearance due to single and repeated nitrogen dioxide exposures in the rabbit. AB - To better understand the potential health risks associated with short-term NO2 exposures, a study was conducted to examine the effects of single and repeated NO2 exposures on the clearance of inert tracer particles from the alveolar region of rabbit lungs. Single 2-h exposures to 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, and 10.0 ppm produced a concentration-related acceleration in alveolar particle clearance, which resulted in greater particle removal when compared to control. The greatest response was produced at the lower NO2 levels, where as much as 40% more particles were cleared when compared to control. Fewer particles were cleared following a 10.0 ppm NO2 exposure when compared to the lower NO2 levels, and there were indications from the clearance pattern that the higher level was beginning to slow clearance, although an actual retardation was not found. Repeated 14-d exposures (2 h/d) to 1.0 or 10.0 ppm NO2 produced a response similar to a single exposure at the same concentration, suggesting a certain degree of adaptation was produced after the initial exposures. Possible mechanisms for these differences in clearance patterns are discussed. The results of this study demonstrated altered alveolar clearance following short-term NO2 exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations; changes in this important host defense mechanism may be indicative of some underlying pathologic condition. PMID- 3761386 TI - Growth patterns of primary cultures dissociated from 3-day-old chick embryos: morphological and biochemical comparisons. AB - Cultures were prepared by dissociating 3-day-old whole chick embryos and plating the dispersed cells on poly-L-lysine-coated dishes in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium with 10% fetal calf serum. By 48 hr in culture, aggregates and neuritic sprouting were observed. Long neuritic bundles connecting cell aggregates were evident by 4 days in culture. Consistent patterns throughout the lifespan of the cultures were contacts between neurites, and flat isolated cells, presumptively glial, emerged. Throughout the lifespan of the cultures, the cholinergic cell population was characterized histochemically by the method of Karnovsky and Roots and biochemically by assaying choline acetyltransferase. By 4 days in culture, all aggregates showed light cholinesterase-positive staining; however, with days in culture, several aggregates had no staining, and some positive-stained aggregates were interconnected with other aggregates showing only spotted positive staining. Choline acetyltransferase activity showed a developmental profile in agreement with the histological findings. The early presence of choline acetyltransferase activity is taken as indication of the early commitment of cholinergic neurons. PMID- 3761385 TI - Correlation between inhibition of myelin basic protein (arginine) methyltransferase by sinefungin and lack of compact myelin formation in cultures of cerebral cells from embryonic mice. AB - Sinefungin, a known inhibitor of protein methylation, inhibited the myelin basic protein (arginine) methyltransferase activity in homogenates of cultured cerebral cells from embryonic mice. Fifty percent inhibition was achieved with 25 microM sinefungin. Electron microscopic examination of the myelin fraction, isolated by gradient density centrifugation and obtained from untreated cells, revealed numerous ringlike multilamellar membranous substructures that had a major dense line periodicity, compactness, and the general appearance expected of myelin obtained by the same technique from whole brain. Cells treated with 30 microM sinefungin, which inhibits myelin basic protein methyltransferase in broken cell preparations about 60%, produced ringlike structures that were devoid of multilamellar periodicity and compactness reminiscent of the vacuolated myelin observed in subacute combined degeneration and in nitrous-oxide- or cycloleucine treated animals in which methyltransferase activity is also inhibited. The sinefungin-induced change in multilamellar periodicity cannot be attributed to a lack of myelin basic protein, since the ratio of myelin basic protein to total protein did not decrease in sinefungin-treated cells. This primary culture system should be useful for further evaluating the hypothesis that the methylation of myelin basic protein is related to the formation of compact myelin. PMID- 3761387 TI - Brain enzyme adaptation to mild normobaric intermittent hypoxia. AB - The adaptation to repeated periods of intermittent normobaric hypoxia (oxygen:nitrogen = 10:90, 12 hr daily for 5 days) of some specific enzymatic activities related to energy metabolism has been observed in different rat brain areas (cerebral cortex, hippocampus, corpus striatum, hypothalamus, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata). The evaluation of the maximum rate (Vmax) of the enzymes was carried out on: the homogenate "in toto," the nonsynaptic mitochondrial fraction, and the crude synaptosomal fraction. The adaptation to intermittent normobaric hypoxic exposure was characterized by significant modifications of some enzyme activities in the homogenate "in toto" (decrease of hexokinase activity in cerebellum), in the nonsynaptic mitochondrial fraction (increase of succinate dehydrogenase activity in corpus striatum and decrease of cytochrome oxidase activity in cerebral cortex), and, particularly, in the synaptosomal fraction (decrease of cytochrome oxidase activity in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, corpus striatum, and cerebellum, and decrease of malate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase activity in cerebellum). The adaptation to normobaric intermittent hypoxia differs according to the brain area, subcellular fraction, and enzyme activity tested. PMID- 3761388 TI - A reinterpretation of tyramine sympathomimetic effect and tachyphylaxis. AB - In this commentary, the indirect sympathomimetic effect of tyramine and the phenomenon of tyramine tachyphylaxis are reinterpreted in terms of carrier mediated exchange processes. Extracellular tyramine would exchange with intraterminal noradrenaline and, upon repeated tyramine administration, with a mixture of noradrenaline and tyramine progressively more enriched in the pharmacologically inactive amine. PMID- 3761389 TI - [Toxicity studies of VP 16-213 (I)--Acute toxicity in mice, rats and rabbits]. AB - VP 16-213 (etoposide, abbr. to VP), an oncostatic drug, was examined for its oral, subcutaneous or intravenous acute toxicity using Slc : ICR mice, Crj : CD (Sprague-Dawley) rats and JW-NIBS rabbits of both sexes. The summarized results obtained are as follows: A mode of manifestation of toxic effects was classified into immediate-type symptoms predominantly caused by the carrier and delayed-type symptoms predominantly caused by VP regardless of animal species and routes of administration, excluding the case of intravenous dosing to rabbits. Referring to the delayed-type toxic signs, depilation, diarrhea and suppression of body weight increase were observed for mice and rats regardless of administration routes, and diarrhea was noted in rabbits by oral route. Necropsy of three species of animals and histopathology on rabbits revealed thymic and splenic atrophy in mice and rats as well as thymic atrophy and inflammatory changes of intestine in rabbits dying by oral administration. The drug-related cause of death for mice and rats seemed to be due to the cytocidal action of VP as an oncostatic drug, but the cause of death for rabbits by oral administration was considered to be somewhat different from that for mice and rats. LD50 values (mg/kg) were as follows, showing oral toxicity in rabbits being rather potent as compared with that in mice or rats: (table; see text). PMID- 3761390 TI - [Toxicity studies of VP 16-213 (V)--Intravenous three-month toxicity in rats]. AB - VP 16-213 (etoposide, abbr. to VP), an oncostatic drug, was administered intravenously to Crj : CD (Sprague-Dawley) rats of both sexes at dose levels of 0.05, 0.15, 0.5 and 1.5 mg/kg/day for three months with the object of examining its toxicity and the reversibility of toxic effects. For the purpose of comparison, vincristine (abbr. to VCR) was administered in the same manner at a dose level of 0.02 mg/kg/day. The summarized results obtained are as follows: VP 1.5 mg/kg brought anemia as well as suppression of body weight increase and food intake, and 0.5 and 1.5 mg/kg increased water consumption. However, no drug related deaths occurred. VP 0.5 and 1.5 mg/kg predominantly decreased red blood cell count and white blood cell count accompanied with lowered lymphocyte fraction which was agreeable to the findings on bone marrow. VP 1.5 mg/kg increased platelet count. VP 1.5 mg/kg lowered total serum protein content and elevated A/G ratio. VP 0.15 mg/kg and higher decreased testicular weight; 0.5 and 1.5 mg/kg brought thymic atrophy, suppression of spermatogenesis, tubular atrophy and hydropic change in testis. VP 1.5 mg/kg induced decrease of sperms in number and appearance of giant cells in epididymis. Above-described changes excluding the findings on testis and epididymis were shown to be generally reversible. Most of the findings for a reference drug, VCR, were qualitatively comparable to those for VP. Based on these results, the non-effect dose level of VP under the present experimental condition was estimated to be 0.05 mg/kg/day against male rats and 0.15 mg/kg/day against female rats. PMID- 3761391 TI - [Toxicity studies of VP 16-213 (VI)--Antigenicity in guinea pigs]. AB - VP 16-213 (etoposide, abbr. to VP), an oncostatic drug, and VP-protein conjugates were examined for their antigenic properties using male Hartley guinea pigs. The results of systemic anaphylaxis test, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test, passive hemagglutination test and Schultz-Dale reaction revealed that VP possessed neither antigenic nor haptenic properties. The dose levels of VP employed in the present experiment were confirmed not to suppress immune reactions. PMID- 3761392 TI - [Toxicity studies of VP 16-213 (II)--Oral one-month subacute toxicity in rats]. AB - VP 16-213 (etoposide, abbr. to VP), an oncostatic drug, was administered orally to Crj : CD (Sprague-Dawley) rats of both sexes at dose levels of 3, 10, 30 and 100 mg/kg/day for one month with the object of examining its subacute toxicity and the reversibility of toxic effects. The summarized results obtained are as follows: VP 30 mg/kg suppressed body weight increase and feed intake, and brought soft stool. VP 100 mg/kg decreased body weight and feed intake, and induced diarrhea, depilation and so forth. Furthermore, half of the animals at this dose level died showing systemic debility and emaciation. VP 30 and 100 mg/kg predominantly decreased red blood cell count as well as white blood cell count accompanied with lowered lymphocyte fraction. VP 10 mg/kg and higher lowered total serum protein content and serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and elevated A/G ratio. VP 10 mg/kg and higher caused thymic atrophy and a decrease in testicular weight; 30 and 100 mg/kg brought suppression of spermatogenesis; and 100 mg/kg predominantly induced appearance of giant cells in epididymis, hypoplasia of bone marrow, ileocecitis, and atrophy of prostate, seminal vesicle and splenic germinal centers. Above-described changes excluding exacerbation of the findings on testis and epididymis were shown to be generally reversible. Based on these results, the no-effect dose level of VP under the present experimental condition was estimated to be 3 mg/kg/day against rats of both sexes. PMID- 3761393 TI - [Reproduction studies of VP 16-213 (I)--Oral administration to rats prior to and in the early stages of pregnancy]. AB - VP 16-213 (etoposide, abbr. to VP), an oncostatic drug, was administered orally to male Crj : CD (Sprague-Dawley) rats for 64 days and to female rats of the same strain for 15 days prior to mating at dose levels of 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg/day. These animals were then mated under the consecutive administration of this drug and the females confirmed to be copulated were further dosed from day 0 through 7 of gestation. The summarized results obtained are as follows: VP 10 mg/kg suppressed the body weight increase in females from day 8 of pre-mating through day 20 of gestation, but did not affect the body weight in males. VP 10 mg/kg decreased the organ weights of testes, epididymides and thymus in males and induced atrophy of these organs macroscopically, but did not affect their reproductive performances. As for fetuses, VP 10 mg/kg elevated the mortality and induced anophthalmia, microphthalmia and dilated lateral ventricles, as well as suppressed their growth and the ossification processes of sternums, sacral and coccygeal vertebrae, metacarpus, thoracic vertebrae and pubis. Based on these results, the no-effect dose level of VP under the present experimental condition was estimated to be 3 mg/kg/day against parent rats of both sexes and their offspring. PMID- 3761394 TI - [Reproduction studies of VP 16-213 (II)--Oral administration to rats during the period of fetal organogenesis]. AB - VP 16-213 (etoposide, abbr. to VP), an oncostatic drug, was administered orally to pregnant Crj: CD (Sprague-Dawley) rats from day 7 through 17 of gestation at dose levels of 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg/day. The summarized results obtained are as follows: VP 10 mg/kg suppressed the maternal body weight increase from day 12 through 20 of gestation. VP 10 mg/kg brought the inhibition of fetal growth accompanied by the lowered values in body weight and body length. Furthermore, the elevated incidences of skeletal anomalies and unossified 5th and 6th sternums, as well as retarded ossification of thoracic vertebrae were also noted in this dose level. VP 10 mg/kg induced anophthalmia, microphthalmia and dilated lateral ventricles in fetuses (F1), as well as unilateral anophthalmia in offspring (F1). VP 10 mg/kg increased the days required for opening of eyelids and descending of testes in offspring (F1), but failed to affect their learning ability, motility, motor activity or emotional development. VP 10 mg/kg suppressed the growth of genital organs in F1 rats of both sexes, but failed to affect their reproductive ability or gestation period. As for F2 newborns derived from F1 rats whose dams had ever received VP 10 mg/kg during the period of fetal organogenesis, the number of implantations and survivors as well as birth indexes lowered due to changes in these items restricted to a few litters. Based on these results, the no-effect dose level of VP under the present experimental condition was estimated to be 3 mg/kg/day against dams and their offspring. PMID- 3761395 TI - [Reproduction studies of VP 16-213 (III)--Oral administration to rabbits during the period of fetal organogenesis]. AB - VP 16-213 (etoposide, abbr. to VP), an oncostatic drug, was administered orally to pregnant JW-NIBS rabbits from day 6 through 18 of gestation at dose levels of 0.3, 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg/day. The summarized results obtained are as follows: VP 3 and 10 mg/kg elevated the maternal mortality dose-responsively. VP 3 mg/kg and lower doses failed to affect the fetal growth and ossification processes, and did not induce drug-dependent external and visceral anomalies as well as skeletal variations and anomalies. Based on these results, the no-effect dose levels of VP under the present experimental condition were estimated to be 1 mg/kg/day against dams and 3 mg/kg/day against fetuses. PMID- 3761396 TI - [Reproduction studies of VP 16-213 (IV)--Oral administration to rats during the perinatal and lactation periods]. AB - VP 16-213 (etoposide, abbr. to VP), an oncostatic drug, was administered orally to female Crj: CD (Sprague-Dawley) rats from day 17 of gestation through postpartum day 20 at dose levels of 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg/day. The summarized results obtained are as follows: VP 10 mg/kg induced thymic atrophy in dams. VP failed to affect the parturition of dams. VP 10 mg/kg lowered the viability of newborns (F1) on postpartum day 3 and increased the days required for descending of testes, but failed to affect the growth of genital organs, learning ability, motility motor activity or emotional development. VP 10 mg/kg brought a transient suppression of body weight increase in pregnant F1 rats, but failed to affect their reproductive ability and parturition. F2 newborns derived from F1 rats whose dams had ever received VP during the prenatal and lactation periods showed no changes in observation items at birth. Long-term rearing F1 rats derived from VP-treated dams manifested no delayed toxicity including carcinogenicity. Based on these results, the no-effect dose level of VP under the present experimental condition was estimated to be 3 mg/kg/day against dams and their offspring. PMID- 3761397 TI - [Reproduction studies of VP 16-213 (V)--Intravenous administration to rats prior to and in the early stages of pregnancy]. AB - VP 16-213 (etoposide, abbr. to VP), an oncostatic drug, was administered intravenously to male Crj: CD (Sprague-Dawley) rats for 61 days and to female rats of the same strain for 14 days prior to mating at dose levels of 0.05, 0.2 and 0.8 mg/kg/day. These animals were then mated under the consecutive administration of this drug and the females confirmed to be copulated were further dosed from day 0 through 7 of gestation. The summarized results obtained are as follows: Body weight increases were suppressed at the dose level of VP 0.8 mg/kg in males and females. VP 0.2 and 0.8 mg/kg decreased the thymic weight and 0.8 mg/kg decreased testicular and epididymal weight in males showing macroscopic atrophy of these organs, but these doses failed to affect the reproductive ability and so on in parent rats. As for fetuses, VP 0.8 mg/kg elevated the mortality, decreased the number of survivors and suppressed their growth. Furthermore, this dose raised the incidences of anophthalmia, microphthalmia, dilated lateral ventricles and unossified 5th and 6th sternums, as well as brought retarded ossification of sternums, cervical vertebrae, sacral and coccygeal vertebrae, metacarpus and thoracic vertebrae. Based on these results, the no-effect dose levels of VP under the present experimental condition were estimated to be 0.05 mg/kg/day against parent rats of both sexes and 0.2 mg/kg/day against their offspring. PMID- 3761398 TI - [Reproduction studies of VP 16-213 (VI)--Intravenous administration to rats during the perinatal and lactation periods]. AB - VP 16-213 (etoposide, abbr. to VP), an oncostatic drug, was administered intravenously to female Crj: CD (Sprague-Dawley) rats from day 17 of gestation through postpartum day 20 at dose levels of 0.05, 0.2 and 0.8 mg/kg/day. The summarized results obtained are as follows: VP 0.2 and 0.8 mg/kg suppressed the body weight increase and brought thymic atrophy in dams. VP failed to affect the states of birth of newborns (F1). In F1 offspring, VP 0.8 mg/kg increased the days required for testicular descending and vaginal opening, and suppressed the body weight increase, but failed to affect the growth of genital organs, reproductive ability, learning ability, motility, motor activity or emotional development. F2 newborns derived from F1 rats whose dams had ever received VP during the prenatal and lactation periods showed no changes in observation items at birth. Based on these results, the no-effect dose level of VP under the present experimental condition was estimated to be 0.05 mg/kg/day against dams and 0.2 mg/kg/day against their offspring. PMID- 3761399 TI - [Mutagenicity tests of etoposide and teniposide]. AB - Mutagenicities of Etoposide (VP 16-213) and Teniposide (VM-26), podophyllotoxin derivatives with antitumor activity, were studied by Rec-assay, Salmonella/microsome reverse mutation assay (Ames' test) and Micronucleus test. In the Rec-assay, both Etoposide and Teniposide showed positive results on B. subtilis H17 rec+ and M45 rec-. They also induced the revertants of S. typhimurium TA 98, TA 1537 and TA 1538, but not of S. typhimurium TA 100, TA 1535 or E. coli WP2 uvrA in the Reverse mutation test. The results were not influenced by the addition of S-9 Mix. In the Micronucleus test, Etoposide and Teniposide induced significantly micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes of the bone marrow cells in mice; 3.3-4.3% at the doses of 0.75-6 mg/kg and 4.0-6.1% at 0.5-4 mg/kg, respectively. These results indicate that Etoposide and Teniposide are both mutagenic. PMID- 3761400 TI - [Toxicity studies of VP 16-213 (III)--Oral six-month chronic toxicity in rats]. AB - VP 16-213 (etoposide, abbr. to VP), an oncostatic drug, was administered orally to Crj : CD (Sprague-Dawley) rats of both sexes at dose levels of 1, 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg/day for six months with the object of examining its chronic toxicity and the reversibility of toxic effects. The summarized results obtained are as follows: VP 30 mg/kg suppressed body weight increase and feed intake, and brought transient diarrhea, anemia and depilation. Some animals receiving this dose died showing systemic debility, emaciation and ataxia. VP 3 mg/kg and higher predominantly decreased red blood cell count as well as white blood cell count accompanied with lowered lymphocyte fraction. VP 30 mg/kg lowered total serum protein content and elevated A/G ratio in males, and lowered serum alkaline phosphatase activity in females. VP 10 and 30 mg/kg predominantly induced thymic atrophy, testicular atrophy with suppression of spermatogenesis and tubular atrophy, a decrease in epididymal weight, and splenic erythropoiesis. Above described changes excluding the findings on testis and epididymis in VP 30 mg/kg group were shown to be generally reversible. Based on these results, the non effect dose level of VP under the present experimental condition was estimated to be 1 mg/kg/day against rats of both sexes. PMID- 3761401 TI - [Toxicity studies of VP 16-213 (IV)--Intravenous one-month subacute toxicity in rats]. AB - VP 16-213 (etoposide, abbr. to VP), an oncostatic drug, was administered intravenously to Crj : CD (Sprague-Dawley) rats of both sexes at dose levels of 0.15, 0.50, 1.5 and 4.5 mg/kg/day for one month with the object of examining its subacute toxicity and the reversibility of toxic effects. For the purpose of comparison, vincristine (abbr. to VCR) was administered in the same manner at dose levels of 0.04 and 0.08 mg/kg/day. The summarized results obtained are as follows: VP 0.50 mg/kg and higher suppressed body weight increase and food intake dose-responsively. VP 4.5 mg/kg brought depilation and anemia, and some of male animals receiving this dose died showing systemic debility, emaciation and ataxia. VP 0.50 mg/kg and higher decreased white blood cell count accompanied with lowered lymphocyte fraction, and 1.5 and 4.5 mg/kg predominantly decreased red blood cell count. VP 1.5 and 4.5 mg/kg lowered total serum protein content and serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and elevated A/G ratio. VP 0.50 mg/kg and higher predominantly decreased testicular weight, and 1.5 and 4.5 mg/kg predominantly brought thymic atrophy, hypoplasia of bone marrow and testicular atrophy with suppression of spermatogenesis and tubular atrophy. VP 4.5 mg/kg induced atrophy of germinal centers and hemosiderosis in spleen, and epididymal atrophy with decrease of sperms in number and appearance of giant cells. Above described changes excluding the findings on testis and epididymis were generally reversible. Most of the findings for a reference drug, VCR, were similar to those for VP, and their severities brought by VP 1.5 and 4.5 mg/kg were comparable to those by VCR 0.04 and 0.08 mg/kg, respectively. Based on these results, the non effect dose level of VP under the present experimental condition was estimated to be 0.15 mg/kg/day against rats of both sexes. PMID- 3761402 TI - [Study on the toxicity of SF-1008C (I): Acute toxicity study in mice and rats]. AB - The oral acute toxicity studies of SF-1008C, an elemental diet for hepatic failure, and its components (peptide and rice oil) were evaluated in ICR mice and Sprague-Dawley rats. The following results were obtained. Mortality; The minimum lethal doses for SF-1008C in male and female mice and rats were higher than 40 g/kg. The minimum lethal doses for peptide in male and female mice and rats were higher than 6 g/kg. The minimum lethal doses for rice oil in male and female mice and rats were higher than 20 ml/kg. General symptoms; the major signs observed were loose stool in the mice treated with SF-1008C, yellowish brown urine in the rats treated with SF-1008C or peptide and diarrhea in the rats treated with rice oil. Body weight and food consumption; decrease in food consumption and slight decrease in body weight gain were observed in the female mice treated with SF 1008C, peptide and rice oil, but the decrease was not dose-dependent. Decrease in food consumption was also observed in the male and female rats treated with of SF 1008C and rice oil, but the decrease was not dose-dependent. Body weight, however, did not show significant change in any group of rats. Gross pathology; no drug-related changes in organs and tissues were observed by necropsy in any group of mice or rats. Based on these results, the acute toxicities of SF-1008C and its components were low, respectively. PMID- 3761403 TI - [Study on the toxicity of SF-1008C (II): Subacute toxicity study in rats]. AB - The toxicity of an elemental diet (SF-1008C) for hepatic failure and recovery after administration were investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were orally administered the drug in doses of 10, 20 and 30 g/kg/day for five weeks, after which, recovery was studied for five weeks. The results were summarized as below: In the 30 g/kg/day group, decreases in food and water consumption were observed, while the body weight gain and the rate of body weight gain were high compared to the treated control group. In addition, urinary pH and serum total protein were lower, and serum glucose and calcium levels were higher than in the treated control group, but these results were not considered to be due to the drug's toxicity. In the 20 and 10 g/kg/day groups, a slight decrease in food consumption was observed, though the rate of body weight gain was higher than in the treated control group. Slight decreases in urinary pH and serum total protein were observed, but were not considered to be due to the toxic effect of the drug. From the above results, it was concluded that the maximal non-effect dose of SF 1008C in oral administration was 30 g/kg/day, which was the maximally applicable dose in rats. PMID- 3761404 TI - [Reproduction study of 1,1,3-trimethyl-5-phenylbiuret (ST-281): teratological study in rabbits by oral administration]. AB - Teratogenicity of 1,1,3-trimethyl-5-phenylbiuret (ST-281), a new anti-rheumatic agent, was evaluated in rabbits. ST-281 at doses of 0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/day were administered orally to pregnant NZW rabbits from day 6 to day 18 of pregnancy. Body weight and food consumption at the administration and the subsequent periods were significantly decreased in 400 mg/kg/day group, and 5 dams (41.7%) affected severely were dead. No remarkable changes were investigated in findings at near-term caesarean section in any dosed group including 400 mg/kg/day. In visceral and skeletal examinations, no significant increase in incidence of abnormal fetuses were observed. This report suggests that ST-281 has no embryotoxicity or teratogenicity in rabbits. PMID- 3761405 TI - A fifty-two-week chronic toxicity study of halopredone acetate (THS-201) in dogs. AB - In order to evaluate the long-term-safety of halopredone acetate (THS-201: 17 alpha, 21-diacetoxy-2-bromo-6 beta, 9 alpha-difluoro-11 beta-hydroxy-1, 4 pregnadiene-3, 20-dione), a 52-week chronic toxicity study was performed on the basis of its local accumulation in dogs. In doses of 0.1, 0.5 and 2.5 mg/kg, THS 201 was injected into the right knee joint in both sexes of dogs every 2 weeks for 39 weeks and withdrawn for 13 weeks. In this study, the below slight local changes were observed in both sexes of dogs treated with 2.5 mg/kg/2 weeks of THS 201: focal loss of hair of the injection site, lesser stain in cartilage matrix of articular cartilage and meniscus in light microscopic examinations, and irregular thickness and elongation of collagen fibers, roughness of fibrous density and decrement of proteoglycans in electron microscopic examinations. In conclusion, systemic adverse effects were not observed in any dogs treated with THS-201. PMID- 3761406 TI - Considerations on the psychotherapy of the substance abuser. AB - Psychotherapy is an important treatment option for many substance abuse patients. There are some similarities but important differences in psychotherapeutic procedures with substance abusers as compared to other psychiatric patients. The primary goal of the treatment process must be abstinence; resolution of psychological conflicts is not a necessary condition for the achievement or maintenance of abstinence. The initial treatment phase including development of a therapeutic alliance often requires the therapist to take an active educational and conforntative role. The pharmacology and patterns of abuse of the drugs should be well understood. Twelve-step programs such as Alcoholic Anonymous (AA) are a valuable component of the treatment process; psychotherapists must be sensitive to the ethos and procedures of these programs. PMID- 3761407 TI - The ethics of intervention: informed consent in a drinking driver intervention program. PMID- 3761408 TI - Alcoholism as an addiction: the disease concept reconsidered. AB - The concept of alcoholism as a disease is compared to the concept of addiction in regard to individual intentionality, the resultant social and legal accountability and especially the total phenomenology of the addictive process. It is held that alcoholism is essentially an addiction like any other that if active, can culminate in various diseases and in death but that its most significant and characteristic volitional disorder: starting to drink when sober, is not explained by the disease concept. The concept of alcoholism as a disease is basically due to a reversal of the perception of cause and effect and has thereby impoverished full understanding and treatment of the entire process of addictive emotionality, addictive relationships and the addictive way of life. The disease concept can contribute best by inclusion to describe the results of active alcoholism but not as an explanation. This means we must turn to the concept of addiction to provide more accurate guidance in the development of adequate domestic and societal responses to alcoholism and especially for more adequate management methods for the physician confronted with the many overt and hidden forms of alcoholism in daily practice. PMID- 3761409 TI - Smoke gets in our eyes: professional denial of smoking. PMID- 3761410 TI - Two cases of misdiagnosis: some essentials of intake. AB - This article traces the history of two clinical cases. The first case describes a substance abusing patient who enacted the part of a narcotics addict. This enactment was affirmed by both alcohol and narcotic treatment programs, leading to a misdiagnosis. The second case describes a substance using client misdiagnosed as a result of assumptions made by the referral source. Biases inherent in the assessment of drug involved patients are illustrated and the utility of the hypotheses testing approach as a method of diagnostic error reduction and correction is discussed. PMID- 3761411 TI - Alcohol and drug collegiate treatment programs: a proposal. AB - The study describes key elements of an administrative and clinical structure for campus alcohol/drug treatment programs. The description is the product of a national study of collegiate alcohol/drug treatment programs in the United States, and the administrative and clinical experience of the authors. It is suggested that the administrative structure be an integral part of the campus organization. The need for sophisticated clinical assessment and treatment techniques is emphasized. PMID- 3761412 TI - Automated production and analysis of echo contrast agents. AB - To develop and standardize contrast agents for use in contrast echocardiographic imaging, microbubble size, concentration, decay, and ultrasound backscatter must be known. These parameters were assessed with a scanning laser particle counter, a commercial ultrasound unit, and various sonicated intravenous solutions. The scanning laser particle counter proved to be a fast and effective means of evaluating microbubble size, concentration, and stability. In addition, sonication was found to be a reliable and reproducible technique for preparing standardized echo contrast agent solutions containing uniformly small microbubbles. The bubbles generated ranged in size from 1 to 15 micron in diameter. All solutions had mean bubble diameters less than 6 micron. The half life of solutions ranged from 44 +/- 12 seconds for Hypaque 50%, to 253 +/- 73 seconds for Iopamidol. Addition of the surfactant to dextrose 70% prolonged bubble half life from 58 +/- 12 seconds to 1018 +/- 276 seconds. Phased array two dimensional echocardiography of sonicated microbubble solutions, and subsequent videodensitometric analysis, revealed that bubble concentration was directly proportional to echo-reflective properties, and that the solutions have significant ultrasound reflective properties in vitro at concentrations of less than 1500 bubbles/ml. PMID- 3761413 TI - Thermal and heart rate response to ultrasonic exposure in the second and third trimester dog fetus. AB - A total of 39 fetuses from five pregnant dogs were used in this study. Following pentobarbital anesthesia of the dams the gravid uterus was exposed and partially exteriorized. Fetal and maternal electrocardiograms were recorded, along with fetal abdominal temperatures, during ultrasound exposures of 3.4 MHz and 2, 4, 6, 8 or 12 W/cm2 (continuous wave), spatial average intensities, for 6 minutes. Baseline fetal abdominal temperatures were 35.2 +/- 1.5 (SD) degrees C. Baseline fetal heart rates were 176.8 +/- 4.3 (SD) beats per minute. These studies indicate that the product of intensity and time of exposure, under the conditions of these experiments, is directly related to increases in fetal abdominal temperature and fetal heart rate. PMID- 3761414 TI - Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD): a pharmacokinetic-based information resource. AB - The Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD) is a pilot project funded through the USDA Extension Service. It represents a major effort to compile into a single source large amounts of information on veterinary pharmaceutics, pharmacokinetics and physiochemical properties of drugs and other chemicals used in livestock production. FARAD is a computer-based system consisting of five data and numerous command files that access the data files to facilitate rapid input and retrieval of the desired information. The data files include proprietary information on all pharmaceutical products approved for use in food animals in the United States; physicochemical information on more than 100 chemicals contained in the databank; regulatory information pertaining to tolerance and action levels of chemical residues in animal products and allowable concentrations of drugs in feed; pharmacokinetic rate and volume constants pertinent to residue depletion modeling in a variety of species; bibliographic citations to which all of the information contained in the databank is referenced. All of the information in FARAD is currently available through three regional access centers in the United States, and direct computer access to the data may become available in the future. PMID- 3761416 TI - Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of chloramphenicol in normal and febrile goats. AB - The effect of induced fever on the plasma concentrations and disposition kinetics of chloramphenicol (CHPC) was studied in adult goats. Fever was induced and maintained for 12 h by injecting Escherichia coli endotoxin (0.1 microgram/kg, i.v.) and repeating it at half the dose (0.05 microgram/kg) 8 h later. Pharmacokinetics of CHPC was studied in both normal (n = 6) and febrile (n = 6) animals following intravenous administration of CHPC Na-succinate (25 mg/kg). Intramuscular bioavailability of the drug was also investigated in both normal and febrile animals. Pharmacokinetics of CHPC following intravenous administration could be described by a two-compartment open model in both normal and febrile animals. In normal animals the half-life of CHPC was 73.0 +/- 4.95 min and the volume of distribution was 2.217 +/- 0.24 l/kg. These and other pharmacokinetic parameters did not differ significantly (P less than 0.05) between normal and febrile animals, except for Cop and A. Absorption of CHPC following intramuscular administration was good as indicated by its high bioavailability in both normal (83.34%) and febrile (81.98%) animals. Volume of distribution is usually expected to change when the febrile state is induced. Lack of such an effect in the present study could be due to high individual variation, or to the fact that CHPC already has a relatively large volume of distribution, which is less likely to be altered by a febrile state of short duration. PMID- 3761415 TI - 2-(1,1'-Biphenyl-4-yl)- 1,2,4-triazole[5,1-a] isoquinoline (L 14105), a potential orally active contragestational agent for the bitch: studies in the rat, hamster and dog. AB - In the search for second generation post-coital pregnancy terminating agents belonging to the class of 2-phenyl-triazole[5,1-a]isoquinolines, the contragestational profile of (1,1'-biphenyl)-4-yl-1,2,4-triazole[5,1 a]isoquinoline, referred to as L 14105, was investigated in hamsters, rats, and bitches. Following subcutaneous or intramuscular administration in oily vehicles, L 14105 shows a very high anti-fertility activity in the three animal species, being from 1.8 to 2.5 times more effective than the parent drug, DL 717-IT. Unlike DL 717-IT, L 14105 possesses a high activity when administered by the oral route. The results obtained in the bitch make it confirm its potential use as a new orally active agent for the interruption of unwanted pregnancies. PMID- 3761417 TI - Characterization of a Pasteurella multocida (serotype B) bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis model and the effect of antimicrobials during peracute infection. AB - A method to produce bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis for experimental purposes was studied and the clinical response of experimentally infected calves to selected antimicrobials was characterized. Male Holstein calves stressed with multiple hot and cold water applications followed by intratracheal inoculation of broth cultures of Pasteurella multocida serotype B developed acute clinical illness consistent with pneumonia. Infected, untreated calves consistently developed classic pneumonic pasteurellosis, infected calves treated with either oxytetracycline or sulfadimethoxine recovered from acute clinical disease, and the uninfected controls remained healthy. This disease model offers potential for use in pharmacokinetic and target tissue drug concentration studies and for dosage titration of drugs intended for treatment of bacterial pneumonias. PMID- 3761418 TI - Investigation into the inhibitory effect of flurofamide on animal ureaplasmas and its use in the treatment of ureaplasma-infected sheep. AB - In vitro tests with the urease inhibitor flurofamide demonstrated that the final inhibitory concentration of 0.5-4 microM on the growth of nine ureaplasma strains was largely ureaplasmastatic, requiring prolonged incubation to have a ureaplasmacidal effect. Intramuscular injection of flurofamide successfully eliminated genital infections of ureaplasma in sheep only when the treatment was repeated on two consecutive days. A dose rate of 5-20 mg/kg body weight eliminated the organism from naturally infected sheep, but 15-25 mg/kg body weight was required to eliminate the infection from eleven of fourteen experimentally, newly infected sheep. Administration of the flurofamide orally in the drinking water failed to eliminate ureaplasmas from any of twenty newly infected sheep. PMID- 3761419 TI - Antinociceptive activity and mechanism of action of detomidine. AB - The antinociceptive activity and mechanism of action of detomidine, a novel sedative-analgesic, were studied in mice and rats. Xylazine and morphine were included in the studies for comparison. In both acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice, and in tail flick test in rats, detomidine had potent, dose-dependent antinociceptive effects with ED50 values of 0.06 and 0.2 mg/kg i.p., respectively. Both xylazine and morphine were clearly less potent than detomidine in these tests. The antinociceptive effect of detomidine was only inhibited by alpha-2 antagonists (idazoxan, rauwolscine), which suggests that this action is mediated through stimulation of alpha-2 adrenoceptors. The significance of these findings for the use of detomidine in veterinary medicine is discussed. PMID- 3761420 TI - Bioavailability of four slow-release theophylline formulations in the beagle dog. AB - Theophylline was administered to six Beagles intravenously (Aminophyllin Injectable, Searle Laboratories) and orally as four sustained-release formulations (Choledyl -SA Tablets, Parke-Davis; Theo-Dur Tablets, Key Pharmaceuticals; Theo-24 Capsules, Searle Laboratories, and Slo-bid Gyrocaps, William H. Rorer, Inc.). Values were determined for mean residence time, mean absorption time, absolute bioavailability, time to peak plasma concentration, and peak plasma concentration normalized to a theophylline dose of 20 mg/kg. In this order the values found for each formulation were: Choledyl (10.2 +/- 1.8 h, 2.8 +/- 2.2 h, 63 +/- 10%, 3.9 +/- 1.0 h, 10 +/- 1.1 micrograms/ml), Theo-Dur (12.1 +/- 5.2 h, 4.9 +/- 5.3 h, 76 +/- 18% 4.7 +/- 3.1 h, 12 +/- 3.7 micrograms/ml), Theo-24 (15.6 +/- 8.9 h, 8.1 +/- 8.4 h, 30 +/- 16%, 3.6 +/- 1.7 h, 3.5 +/- 1.3 micrograms/ml), and Slo-bid (11.9 +/- 1.9 h, 4.4 +/- 1.3 h, 60 +/- 9%, 4 +/- 1.1 h, 8.6 +/- 0.8 micrograms/ml). Choledyl, Theo-Dur and Slo-bid appear to have absorption characteristics which, if given twice daily, would maintain therapeutic plasma concentrations of theophylline between 10 and 20 micrograms/ml in the dog. Of these, Theo-Dur was predicted to provide the least peak:trough fluctuation in theophylline plasma concentrations. PMID- 3761421 TI - The effect of incorporation of cloxacillin in liposomes on treatment of experimental staphylococcal mastitis in mice. AB - The effect of incorporation of cloxacillin in liposomes on the treatment of staphylococcal mastitis was assessed bacteriologically 18 h after treatment of experimental infections in mice caused by two strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Intramammary treatments were cloxacillin incorporated in liposomes, cloxacillin in combination with liposomes, empty liposomes, cloxacillin in saline and saline alone. In none of the experiments did entrapment of cloxacillin within liposomes enhance its antibacterial effects. Electron microscopic studies demonstrated the presence of liposomes in neutrophils which also contained staphylococci. The results support the hypothesis that intracellular staphylococci are metabolically dormant and therefore not susceptible to the action of inhibitors of cell wall synthesis such as cloxacillin. PMID- 3761422 TI - Pharmacokinetics and diuretic effect of bumetanide following intravenous and intramuscular administration to horses. AB - Concentrations of the potent diuretic bumetanide were determined by a sensitive high performance liquid chromatographic procedure in plasma and urine from horses following intravenous and intramuscular administration of a dose rate of 15 micrograms/kg. The elimination half-life was found to be 6.3 min, the volume of distribution at steady state 68 ml/kg and the total plasma clearance 10.9 ml/min/kg. The onset of diuresis occurred within 15 min and diuresis was no longer apparent 1 h after i.v. administration. Given by the intramuscular (i.m.) route, bumetanide was rapidly absorbed; bioavailability was 70-80%. i.m. administration of bumetanide prolonged its plasma half-life (11-27 min) and enhanced and prolonged its diuretic effect. PMID- 3761423 TI - Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of guanidine hydrochloride in an hereditary myasthenia gravis-like disorder in dogs. AB - The pharmacokinetic parameters of guanidine hydrochloride were analysed in dogs with an hereditary neuromuscular transmission disorder by the use of 14C guanidine hydrochloride. The content of intravenously administrated 14C-guanidine hydrochloride in plasma, urine and faeces was determined by liquid scintillation counting. The drug was rapidly distributed in the organism with a plasma half life of 7-8 h and most was eliminated in the urine. The clinical and electrophysiological effects of guanidine hydrochloride on the muscular weakness and fatigue induced by exercise were determined after oral and intravenous administration. Guanidine hydrochloride improved muscle-function, but had no apparent effect when administered during an attack of weakness. An effective level of guanidine in plasma (2-10 micrograms/ml) changed the muscle response evoked by trains of repetitive stimulation. The myasthenic decrement during short stimulation trains was unchanged. PMID- 3761424 TI - The nephrotoxic potential of gentamicin in the cat: a pharmacokinetic and histopathologic investigation. PMID- 3761425 TI - Acetylation and hydroxylation of sulfadimidine by the turtle Cuora amboniensis. PMID- 3761426 TI - Flunixin fails to enhance cloxacillin in treatment of experimental staphylococcal mastitis in mice. PMID- 3761427 TI - Superiority of the power function over exponential functions for prediction of renal gentamicin residues in sheep. PMID- 3761428 TI - Nonneurogenic neurogenic bladder (the Hinman syndrome)--15 years later. AB - Every child with day and night wetting is a suspect for vesicourethral dysfunction on a behavioral basis, which, when severe, appears as a syndrome that we have called the nonneurogenic neurogenic bladder. Futile attempts by the child at sphincteric urinary control in the face of uncontrollable bladder contractions not only produce the symptoms but also the anatomical and functional changes: vesical trabeculation, distortion of the ureterovesical orifices and dilatation of the upper tracts, along with residual urine and consequent bacteriuria. These changes are indistinguishable from obstructive or, particularly, neurogenic factors, although these causes must be ruled out. Urodynamic investigations in these children show incoordination between detrusor contraction and the expected but not forthcoming urethral sphincteric relaxation. Since these children usually are toilet trained initially, the incoordination appears to be a learned behavior or habit, perhaps as a response to under-appreciated detrusor contractions. Reversal of the syndrome is achieved by suitable medication and by some form of suggestion or retraining. Reparative operations will fail if done before the system is balanced. PMID- 3761429 TI - Urogenital abnormalities in genetic disease. PMID- 3761430 TI - Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in patients with a solitary kidney. AB - Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy was used to treat 68 patients with renal calculi in a solitary kidney. Epidemiological information, including stone number, size and location, was similar to that of other patients treated with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Renal function as measured by serum creatinine changed negligibly in the majority of the patients. Three patients had transient serum creatinine elevations greater than 2 mg. per dl. that were caused by obstruction from stone fragments. There were 2 perirenal hematomas that required transfusion. One patient required retrograde manipulation of a ureteral stone before extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, while 6 required stone manipulations after therapy for steinstrasses. Of 59 patients evaluable after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy 58 (98.3 per cent) had a successful result: 38 (64.4 per cent) were completely free of stones and 20 (33.9 per cent) had clinically insignificant residual fragments. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is effective and safe in a solitary renal unit. We believe that in most patients it is the procedure of choice. Attention to fever, urine output and fragment size perioperatively is crucial. PMID- 3761431 TI - Urological management of patients with von Hippel-Lindau's disease. AB - We present our experience with 7 patients with von Hippel-Lindau's disease. Five patients had bilateral renal tumors and 2 had pheochromocytomas. Staging is accomplished best with abdominal computerized tomography and renal angiography. Computerized tomography is the preferred method to follow the patients. Because of the tendency for these patients to have bilateral renal involvement, surgical efforts should be directed toward preserving renal parenchyma without compromising adequate tumor excision. Of the 7 patients 6 are alive 4 months to 8 years postoperatively. One patient had metastatic disease at autopsy. No patient required dialysis or renal transplantation. The relationship between the multifocal renal cysts and renal carcinomas in this disease remains unknown. PMID- 3761432 TI - Computerized tomography in the early postoperative management of renal cell carcinoma. AB - Computerized tomography of the abdomen was used to detect local and intra abdominal recurrence of renal cell carcinoma within 2 years in 22 patients with stage I, II or IIIA disease at the time of initial radical nephrectomy with regional lymphadenectomy. Six patients had recurrences initially limited to the abdomen and retroperitoneum. Therapeutic procedures, including surgical excision of recurrent tumor in 2 patients, did not alter the progression of the disease. Computerized tomography provides earlier detection of local recurrence of renal cell carcinoma but current therapy offers limited benefit when a recurrence is detected. PMID- 3761433 TI - Antibodies to cultured tumor cells detected in sera of renal cell carcinoma patients by a quantitative avidin-biotin method. AB - Antibodies reacting with the tumor cell line RC-Pa were measured by a quantitative avidin-biotin complex method. Sera of renal cell carcinoma patients, patients with other types of cancer and healthy donors were analyzed. Of 71 sera from renal cell carcinoma patients 67 (94 per cent) were classified as showing renal cell carcinoma, while 32 of 36 sera (89 per cent) from healthy subjects were classified as showing no renal cell carcinoma. Four of 21 serum specimens (19 per cent) from individuals with other than renal cancer were misclassified. Furthermore, sera from renal carcinoma patients immunized with a mixture of autologous tumor cells and Corynebacterium parvum showed a marked increase in reactivity compared to those from patients receiving progesterone. The results indicate that this assay might become useful to detect or monitor renal cell carcinoma. PMID- 3761434 TI - Solitary late recurrence of renal cell carcinoma. AB - Solitary late recurrence is an unpredictable behavior pattern of renal cell carcinoma. We describe a patient with recurrence at the cranial bone 10 years after surgical management and another with recurrence at the sacral bone 13 years after treatment with radiotherapy and alpha-interferon. Both patients have been followed satisfactorily for 9 months. Unpredictable behavior of renal cell carcinoma makes lifelong followup of patients necessary. If a solitary recurrence is detected operative management definitely should be considered depending on the site of recurrence. PMID- 3761435 TI - Prognostic value of deoxyribonucleic acid content in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. AB - The deoxyribonucleic acid content of tumor specimens from 23 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma was analyzed prospectively by flow cytometry and static cytophotometry. Of the primary tumors 10 (43 per cent) were homogeneously diploid or near diploid in 8 samples studied from each tumor and 13 (57 per cent) had an aneuploid deoxyribonucleic acid content in 1 to 8 samples. At the end of followup 9 of 10 patients with diploid or near diploid primary tumors were alive, compared to only 1 of 13 with aneuploid primary tumors. Patients with homogeneously diploid or near diploid tumors survived significantly longer compared to those with aneuploid tumor deoxyribonucleic acid content (p less than 0.001). After excision of solitary diploid or near diploid metastases 4 patients had no evidence of disease. In 3 of these patients the primary tumors were diploid or near diploid, whereas 1 had 1 aneuploid and 7 diploid or near diploid samples in the primary tumor. In 10 other patients 28 metastases revealed concordance in deoxyribonucleic acid content with the primary tumors. Our results indicate that deoxyribonucleic acid content might be a useful prognostic discriminator with implications for the clinical management of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. PMID- 3761436 TI - Aggressive treatment of metastatic renal cancer. AB - Radical nephrectomy and excision of metastases were performed in 21 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Followup was 12 years. Eight patients had metastases at the time of diagnosis and survived an average of 54 months, with 50 per cent alive 5 years postoperatively. Metastases developed after nephrectomy for localized disease in 13 patients. After extirpation of the secondary lesions these 13 patients survived an average of 38 months and 25 per cent were alive at 5 years. Survival varied with the length of time free of disease. Patients in whom metastases developed later than 2 years after nephrectomy survived 55 months compared to only 22 months for those in whom metastases developed earlier. Survival also was influenced by tumor aggressiveness (reflected by prognostic index number) and completeness of surgical excision of the secondary lesion. PMID- 3761437 TI - Flow cytometry versus urinary cytology in the evaluation of patients with bladder cancer. AB - We compared the roles of urinary cytology and flow cytometry in the evaluation of patients with bladder cancer in clinical practice situations at a large general hospital. Specimens included 105 bladder washings from patients being followed for urothelial carcinomas and 28 control washings from individuals undergoing cytoscopy for other reasons. Flow cytometry and cytology were performed on aliquots of the same specimen in all bladder cancer samples. When carcinoma was present at the time of specimen collection it was detected by positive cytology in 75 per cent and deoxyribonucleic acid aneuploidy in 78 per cent of the cases. Combination of flow cytometry and urinary cytology increased the diagnostic yield to 95 per cent. Flow cytometry was slightly more sensitive than urinary cytology for detection of abnormalities in specimens from noninvasive and untreated tumors but the only statistically significant difference between the 2 procedures occurred among specimens from treated invasive cancers in which flow cytometry was a less sensitive method than cytology. Abnormal deoxyribonucleic acid ploidy was documented in a few specimens from noncancer-bearing patients having diseases associated with high urothelial cell turnover rates but the concomitant urinary cytology was negative for neoplasia. When used in conjunction with urinary cytology, flow cytometry was a valuable procedure in the followup of patients with bladder cancer. The diagnostic yield with this combination was such that flow cytometry and cytology may be used to reduce the frequency of cystoscopy and biopsy during clinical management in selected situations. PMID- 3761438 TI - Two courses of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. AB - Bacillus Calmette-Guerin intravesical immunotherapy is becoming the adjunctive treatment of choice for patients with recurrent superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. The recurrence rates following bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy reported to date vary widely but generally they fall within the 20 per cent range. The results of retreatment of bacillus Calmette-Guerin failures with a second 6-week course of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin have not been reported previously. We report the response rates of 61 patients treated with a single 6-week course of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin, and 25 patients who failed to respond to the initial course and were treated with a second 6-week course. Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy (120 mg. Pasteur strain) was administered weekly for 6 weeks. No intradermal injections of bacillus Calmette-Guerin were given. Patients were followed with urinary cytology and bladder biopsy every 3 months. Patients with tumor at followup were treated with a second 6-week course of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin. Of 19 patients with carcinoma in situ 8 (42 per cent) responded to the initial course of bacillus Calmette-Guerin, while 5 of 9 (56 per cent) became free of tumor after the second course, for a cumulative response rate of 68 per cent (mean followup 13.5 +/- 2.1 months). Of 13 patients treated for residual papillary tumors 6 (46 per cent) responded to the initial course of bacillus Calmette-Guerin and 3 of 7 (43 per cent) to the subsequent course, providing a cumulative response rate of 69 per cent (mean followup 14.8 +/- 2.8 months). Of 29 patients treated for prophylaxis against tumor recurrence 20 (69 per cent) remained free of tumor after a single 6-week course, while 6 of 9 (67 per cent) were free of tumor after the second treatment course. A 90 per cent cumulative response rate was observed in the prophylaxis category (mean followup 12.8 +/- 1.3 months). Over-all 48 of 61 patients (79 per cent) were observed to respond when all 3 categories and both treatment courses were considered. Individually, the response rate for each 6 week treatment course was 56 per cent (34 of 61 and 14 of 25, respectively). Toxicity for each treatment course was well tolerated and consisted of dysuria/frequency, hematuria and a flu-like syndrome. Toxicity was progressively more severe with prolonged treatment. Retreatment with a second course of bacillus Calmette-Guerin is warranted for patients failing the initial treatment course.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3761439 TI - A comparative evaluation of lymphoscintigraphy versus lymphangiography and computerized tomography scanning in diagnosis of lymph node metastases in advanced bladder cancer. AB - The potential of lymphoscintigraphy to detect lymph node metastases compared to lymphangiography and computerized tomography scanning was evaluated in 26 patients who underwent radical cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer. Four-view images of the abdominoperineal area were taken 90 to 120 minutes after 99mtechnetium-rhenium sulfide was injected into 2 interdigital spaces in each foot. Results of lymphoscintigraphy interpretation correlated with surgical and histological findings: a correct diagnosis was made in 61.5 per cent of the patients, while 23.1 per cent had false positive and 15.4 per cent had false negative results. Although computerized tomography was the most accurate method to detect lymph node metastases (correct diagnosis in 73.1 per cent of the patients) no significant difference was found among the 3 diagnostic methods. False positive interpretation of lymphoscintigraphy was twice as common as that of the radiological studies (23 versus 11.5 per cent). The possibilities that may cause image variation interpreted as a false positive result are discussed. Because lymphoscintigraphy is an easier and less time-consuming study than lymphangiography, the former method is suggested to be an additional and sometimes (for example if short-term followup studies are required) preferred modality to evaluate the extent of lymph node involvement in cases of invasive bladder cancer. PMID- 3761440 TI - Selective urethrectomy following cystoprostatectomy for bladder cancer. AB - The poor prognosis in patients who have symptomatic urethral carcinoma after cystoprostatectomy has prompted some investigators to recommend prophylactic urethrectomy. However, this approach subjects the majority of these patients (up to 90 per cent) to an operation for a disease that they might never have and precludes some innovative urinary diversion techniques. From June 1976 to July 1985 we performed 75 cystoprostatectomies for bladder cancer in men. Three patients underwent simultaneous urethrectomy because of tumor in the urethra. Of the remaining 72 patients who were followed by urethral wash cytology studies every 6 months 7 (10 per cent) had positive cytology studies during followup and underwent urethrectomy. Subsequent histological examination showed carcinoma in situ in all 7 specimens. To date 6 of the 7 patients are free of disease. One patient died 18 months after urethrectomy without evidence of transitional cell carcinoma. We have had no false positive urethral wash cytology studies and no patient has had local recurrence in the absence of a positive cytology study. PMID- 3761441 TI - Female urinary incontinence: preoperative selection, surgical complications and results. AB - A total of 98 women with stress urinary incontinence underwent surgical repair via 3 different techniques: 38 patients underwent a Burch colposuspension (group 1), 25 underwent a Stamey procedure (group 2) and 35 had a modified Pereyra operation (group 3). The main indication for an operation was clinically unacceptable incontinence, and urodynamic studies were done on all patients with associated stress and urge incontinence or who underwent reoperation. Subtracted bladder pressure recording was an important preoperative screening tool, since patients with high pressure instability did worse surgically than those with a stable bladder or low pressure instability. In patients with detrusor stability similar results were achieved for initial surgery and reoperations. Among the patients with a stable bladder with and without a previous anti-incontinence operation the over-all results were better in groups 1 and 3 than in group 2. Complications were of lesser magnitude in groups 2 and 3 than in group 1. PMID- 3761442 TI - Prognosis of untreated stage A1 prostatic carcinoma: a study of 94 cases with extended followup. AB - Previously we showed that in cases of stage A prostatic cancer, if the tumor involved 5 per cent or less of the tissue and was not high grade (stage A1), only 2 per cent of the tumors progressed at 4 years. The current study investigated a larger group of 94 men with stage A1 disease and extended followup. While 26 men (mean age 75 years) died of other causes less than 4 years after diagnosis, of the 50 men who remained at risk 8 years or longer from the time of diagnosis 8 (16 per cent) had progression of disease. The intervals from diagnosis to progression ranged from 3.5 to 8 years, with 6 of the 8 patients dying of the cancer. Neither volume nor grade predicted progression, since of the 8 tumors that progressed 4 involved less than 1 per cent of the tissue and 6 were low grade. Based on these findings we conclude that stage A1 tumors progress at longer intervals from diagnosis and at lower frequency than stage A2 tumors. However, patients with stage A1 disease are not entirely free of risk of progression, and because 16 per cent of the men in this study who were at risk 8 years or longer experienced progression this factor must be recognized in the management of young men with stage A1 tumors. PMID- 3761443 TI - Long-term followup of young patients with stage A adenocarcinoma of the prostate. AB - A total of 23 men less than 60 years old with stage A adenocarcinoma of the prostate who were managed expectantly (that is untreated) and were at risk for 10 to 25 years form the basis of this study. The original amount of tissue obtained at transurethral resection, number of chips involved and examined, and tumor grade (Mayo grades 1 to 4) were recorded and compared in an in-depth analysis whereby the entire tissue removed was examined without knowledge of previous grading attempts. On the basis of volume estimation of the amount of cancer present 8 patients were reclassified as having stage A2 disease. Of these 8 patients 2 had disease progression and 1 died of metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate. At review 15 patients remained with stage A1 disease and 4 had disease progression (3 systemically and 1 locally) an average of 10.2 years after diagnosis. Because of longer life expectancy the young patient with stage A1 disease is at increased risk for local and/or systemic disease progression. Therefore, when incidental adenocarcinoma of the prostate is found in young patients consideration should be given to examination of all tissue resected, and to repeat transurethral resection and biopsy to ensure accurate staging. Lifelong careful followup is mandatory not only to detect local recurrence owing to heterogeneous adenocarcinoma of the prostate but also to detect a possible secondary clinical lesion. PMID- 3761444 TI - Seminal vesiculography in chronic bacterial prostatitis. AB - A total of 15 patients with proved chronic bacterial prostatitis underwent bilateral seminal vesiculography to determine the morphological appearance of the seminal vesicles and the ampulla ducti deferentis in this condition. A pathological condition, such as segmental stenosis or complete shriveling of the seminal vesicles, was obvious in 21 of 24 vesiculograms (87.5 per cent), while malformations of the ampulla were seen in 7 (29.1 per cent). The role of chronic bacterial prostatitis as an important pathogenetic factor in the history of epididymo-orchitis is discussed. PMID- 3761445 TI - In vitro dissolution of cystine urinary calculi. AB - Dissolution of cystine urinary calculi was studied in vitro. Sodium hydroxide, acetylcysteine and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (tromethamine) were tested for effectiveness in dissolving cystine calculi. Calculi were mounted in a dissolution apparatus. Dissolution rates were calculated from the amount of cystine released into solution per unit time and were compared with linear regression techniques. Calculated dissolution rates of all the irrigating agents tested were similar at a pH of 7.5 and were significantly different at pH 10.0. The most effective agent in the promotion of cystine dissolution was 2 per cent acetylcysteine. Sprague-Dawley rats were used to test the effect of 2 per cent acetylcysteine, 0.3 molar tromethamine and 2 per cent acetylcysteine mixed with 0.3 molar tromethamine on the urothelium. A nephrostomy tube was placed in the left kidney of each rat. The kidneys were irrigated for 3 days with either 2 per cent acetylcysteine, 0.3 molar tromethamine or 2 per cent acetylcysteine mixed with 0.3 molar tromethamine. The rats then were sacrificed at various intervals after infusion. Irrigation with 2 per cent acetylcysteine at a pH of 10 caused an acute inflammatory response at 3 days that was healed almost completely in 4 weeks. The addition of tromethamine to the acetylcysteine did not prevent the inflammatory response. PMID- 3761446 TI - Diaphragm use and urinary tract infections: analysis of urodynamic and microbiological factors. AB - To investigate how diaphragm use predisposes to urinary tract infection we studied 22 women who experienced 1 or more urinary tract infections while using a diaphragm and 21 who used a diaphragm and did not have a urinary tract infection. For women with and without a prior urinary tract infection the mean peak urine flow rate was significantly less with than without a diaphragm. However, the mean decrease in peak urine flow rate with a diaphragm was not significantly greater for women with a prior urinary tract infection. There also was no significant increase in time to peak flow with the diaphragm in place. Women who reported a sensation of obstruction to voiding with a diaphragm demonstrated a significant decrease in peak urine flow rate and this finding was particularly apparent in those with a history of urinary tract infection in whom the peak urine flow rate decreased by an average of 10.0 ml. per second. Current users of a diaphragm with a history of urinary tract infection had heavier growth of coliform organisms from cultures of the vagina and urethra, and significantly more episodes of infection than women without such a history (p equals 0.03 and 0.05, respectively). We conclude that use of a diaphragm can cause urinary obstruction in some women but that the obstruction is of relatively small magnitude and does not correlate with the acquisition of a urinary tract infection. Changes in vaginal flora associated with diaphragm use may be of greater importance. PMID- 3761448 TI - Use of tunica vaginalis to prevent fistulas in hypospadias surgery. AB - Tunica vaginalis was used to wrap around the neourethra at the time of hypospadias repair. This tunica vaginalis wrap prevented urethrocutaneous fistulas in 20 patients who underwent hypospadias repair. It also was successful when used in conjunction with urethrocutaneous fistula repair in 2 patients. PMID- 3761447 TI - Predictors of eventual end stage renal disease in children with posterior urethral valves. AB - We reviewed the long-term outcome of 25 boys born with posterior urethral valves who were followed longitudinally. Patient age at diagnosis varied from 7 months intrauterine to 7 years postnatal, and the mean duration of followup was 9 years. Of the children 40 per cent had retardation of growth by the end of the followup period and 44 per cent had end stage renal disease. Of the various factors delay in diagnosis and the association of persistent vesicoureteral reflux seem to predict eventual end stage status. In 18 of 25 children the diagnosis of posterior urethral valves was made before they were 2 years old. Only 5 of these children have reached end stage disease status. In comparison, of 7 children whose diagnosis was delayed beyond 2 years 6 have end stage disease (p less than 0.01). Similarly, 7 of 9 children with persistent reflux had end stage disease compared to 4 of 16 who did not have persistent reflux (p less than 0.01). Since end stage renal disease status was reached at widely varying intervals a prolonged followup of children with this anomaly is necessary. PMID- 3761449 TI - Primary site as a prognostic variable for children with pelvic soft tissue sarcomas. AB - From 1974 to 1983 we treated 16 children between 1 and 16 years old for soft tissue sarcoma arising in the pelvis, bladder or prostate. An incisional biopsy was obtained in every patient. Each child then was treated with a combination chemotherapy program, incorporating vincristine, actinomycin D and cyclophosphamide with or without doxorubicin, cis-platinum and etoposide. Of the 16 patients 13 (81 per cent) also received radiation therapy. In 8 children with urinary obstruction or hematuria sarcomas arose in the bladder or bladder prostate region, including 7 who had localized tumors and 1 who had lung metastases at diagnosis. The median tumor diameter in these patients was 5 cm. Of these 8 patients 3 eventually required total cystectomy and prostatectomy to eradicate persistent local tumor, and 6 are alive and remain free of recurrent sarcoma for 1 to 9 years after initiation of therapy. The 8 other children had a pelvic mass at diagnosis, which arose adjacent to but outside of the bladder or prostate, and 2 had lung metastases at diagnosis. The median tumor diameter in these patients was 15 cm. Only 3 of these 8 children are alive and remain free of sarcoma for 1 to 8 years after initiation of therapy. In only 1 of these children was complete tumor excision ever possible despite the use of local radiation therapy and aggressive chemotherapy. Sarcomas arising in the bladder-prostate region are found when relatively small, perhaps because they soon produce overt signs, and they appear to have a better prognosis than those arising in the retroperitoneum-pelvis outside the bladder. Better treatment strategies are needed for the latter group of tumors that often are locally uncontrollable. PMID- 3761450 TI - Renal cell carcinoma. PMID- 3761451 TI - Stage A prostatic cancer. PMID- 3761452 TI - Emphysematous pyelonephritis: successful management by percutaneous drainage. AB - Emphysematous pyelonephritis is a life-threatening infection that usually requires open surgical drainage. We report a case of emphysematous pyelonephritis treated successfully with percutaneous drainage. PMID- 3761453 TI - Use of epsilon aminocaproic acid in protracted bleeding from polycystic kidneys: a case report. AB - A case is reported in which protracted and massive bleeding from polycystic kidneys was treated successfully with epsilon aminocaproic acid with no adverse effects. Our experience with this case suggests that a short trial with epsilon aminocaproic acid is a reasonable choice before surgical intervention in patients bleeding from polycystic kidneys. PMID- 3761454 TI - Chromosome anomalies suggestive of malignant transformation in bilateral renal oncocytoma. AB - A patient with bilateral renal oncocytoma is presented, and the clinical, radiological and pathological characteristics of this uncommon, clinically benign renal tumor are discussed briefly. Chromosomal analysis studies revealed the following clonal abnormalities: trisomy of chromosome 7, and monosomy of chromosomes 3 and 14, and the X chromosome. A possible clonal abnormality of chromosome 10 and 3 nonclonal anomalies also were identified. The same anomalies were present in both tumors. These karyotypic anomalies are compatible with malignant transformation of the cells of these tumors and, since benign tumors rarely are associated with demonstrable cytogenetic changes, they suggest that oncocytoma, although clinically benign, may have malignant potential. PMID- 3761455 TI - Aberrant colonic epithelium in the bladder: report of a case. AB - We report autopsy findings of an immature neonate whose bladder included a focus of colonic type epithelium in the posterior wall. The small island of mucosa consisted of columnar epithelium with numerous goblet cells and crypt formation. There appeared to be several signet-ring cells in the transitional epithelium adjacent to this area. No gross congenital abnormalities of the bladder or inflammation of the lamina propria was observed. The island of colonic epithelium was considered to be aberrant enteric mucosal tissue rather than glandular metaplasia of the transitional cell epithelium. PMID- 3761456 TI - Bladder dysfunction and neurosyphilis. AB - Neurosyphilis today is a rare problem. We describe a man who presented with organic brain syndrome, psychosis and incontinence, and diagnosis was neurosyphilis with resultant bladder dysfunction. Urodynamic studies defined the voiding dysfunction as detrusor areflexia with a positive bethanechol test. This case reminds us of the necessity of obtaining a test for venereal disease to rule out neurosyphilis in patients with idiopathic voiding dysfunction. PMID- 3761457 TI - Leiomyoma of the bladder. AB - We report 5 cases of leiomyoma of the bladder and review the literature. Because of its size and location, this tumor usually is asymptomatic unless urinary tract function is affected. Excretory urography and computerized tomography were useful in identifying the location, consistency and size of the lesions. Small lesions can be managed with transurethral resection and large lesions require segmental resection. Cystectomy is not indicated. PMID- 3761458 TI - Urethral duplication. AB - Duplication of the urethra is a rare congenital anomaly. While it is true that in some instances reconstructive surgery is not necessary, those cases that require repair pose a significant challenge to the urologist. Our experience with 3 cases illustrates the potential complexity of this deformity. Two patients presented with significant renal compromise secondary to bladder outlet obstruction and required reconstruction of the entire anterior urethra. The third patient presented with a urethral fistula after circumcision and repair was done by ventral-to-dorsal urethrourethrostomy. A workable classification of duplicated and accessory urethra is outlined. This classification is based on the source of the secondary channel, its point of emptying (that is internal, external or blind) and the relationship of the secondary channel to the normal urethra (that is dorsal or ventral). PMID- 3761459 TI - An unusual complication of the inflatable penile prosthesis. AB - We report a case of erosion of a corporeal cylinder of the Mentor penile prosthesis. The management and possible etiology are discussed. PMID- 3761460 TI - Vaginal and phallic urethra with prominent clitoris in female pseudohermaphroditism. AB - Idiopathic female pseudohermaphroditism associated with a vaginal urethra, prominent clitoris and an accessory phallic urethra is a rare syndrome, with no apparent cause to account for the masculinization of the genitalia and exhibit of similar characteristic features. We report such a case and review the pertinent literature. PMID- 3761461 TI - Re: Extensive pelvic malacoplakia: observations on management. PMID- 3761462 TI - Re: 25-year experience with replacement of the human bladder (Camey procedure) PMID- 3761463 TI - Septicemia following transurethral resection of the prostate. PMID- 3761464 TI - Effectiveness of antiandrogens in the rat. AB - In order to determine the relative effectiveness of several antiandrogens, megace (megestrol acetate), flutamide and RU23908 were administered in optimal doses (20 mg./kg., 10 mg./kg. and 20 mg./kg.) subcutaneously daily to adult male Sprague Dawley rats for 14 and 28 days and their effects on ventral prostate, seminal vesicles, and serum testosterone were determined. To avoid the possibility that these agents might also work through inhibition of testosterone production, all the treated animals were castrated and then implanted with a testosterone-filled silastic pellet to maintain a constant exogenous source of the androgen. A castrate placebo-treated group, an implanted placebo-treated group, and an intact placebo-treated group served as controls. The mechanisms and sites of action of the antiandrogens were thus limited to the target organs. Serum testosterone levels were equivalent at all time periods for all groups except the castrate controls which were significantly lower. The ventral prostates of the flutamide and RU23908 groups were similar and reduced 75% and 85% at 14 and 28 days respectively; the group receiving megace experienced prostatic regression of 49% and 65% which was significantly less of a reduction than that of the flutamide or RU23908 group. Results for seminal vesicle weights indicated similar trends. The administration of both steroidal (megace) and nonsteroidal (flutamide and RU23908) antiandrogens yielded a significant reduction of androgen dependent tissue weights relative to the intact control group and the implanted placebo group but still not as great a reduction as the effect produced by castration. In the rat, castration remains the optimal means of inducing regression of androgen dependent tissues. PMID- 3761465 TI - Correlation between intracavernous pressure and contraction of the ischiocavernosus muscle in man. AB - An artificial erection was induced in nine patients consulting for erectile dysfunction. Changes in the intracavernous pressure (ICP) and in the integrated EMG of the ischiocavernosus muscle were recorded during voluntary muscular contractions. During such contractions elevations in ICP, varying between 100 and 525 mm. Hg, were recorded. Changes in ICP were always in phase with changes in the integrated electromyogram (EMG) of the ischiocavernosus muscle, and correlations between the duration of changes showed an almost perfect linear relationship between both physiological events. Correlations between maximum changes in ICP and integrated EMG generally showed a positive relationship between both measures. Results are interpreted to suggest involvement of the ischiocavernosus muscle in the process of penile rigidity. PMID- 3761466 TI - Testicular cytotoxicity of intravenous doxorubicin in rats. AB - Although the testicular cytotoxicity of many chemotherapeutic drugs has been evaluated in mice, their small size can pose technical problems. In this report, we describe doxorubicin-induced testicular toxicity in a larger animal model, the Sprague-Dawley rat. Fifty-three rats were used for this study. On day 0, rats in the treatment groups were anesthetized and given different single intravenous doses of doxorubicin (0.1 to 30 mg./kg.). On day 56 +/- 2, all surviving rats were killed and necropsied. Testicular toxicity was evaluated qualitatively by histology and quantitatively by testicular weight, sperm head count, repopulation index and epididymal index. The histologic effects of doxorubicin on the heart, liver and kidney were qualitatively evaluated. Progressive dose-dependent testicular atrophy and oligospermia occurred at low and intermediate dosages of doxorubicin (0.1 to 5 mg./kg.). Marked testicular atrophy, oligospermia and germinal aplasia were observed at high dosage of doxorubicin (10 mg./kg.). LD50 for animal mortality at day 56 +/- 2 for doxorubicin appears to be 10 mg./kg. These findings are similar to those reported in mice. The rat is a suitable model for the study of techniques to avoid drug-induced testicular damage. PMID- 3761467 TI - Detrusor smooth muscle in rats with alloxan-induced diabetes. AB - Following five weeks of alloxan-induced diabetes, female rats were killed and the urinary bladder was used either for organ bath experiments, collagen determination or electron microscopy. Mean bladder weight increased from 70 +/- 3 (SE, n = 8) for controls to 131 +/- 7 mg. (n = 9) for the diabetic rats. Collagen concentration decreased from 104 +/- 5 (n = 8) to 69 +/- 4 (n = 9) micrograms/mg. but due to the weight gain total bladder collagen increased from 7.4 +/- 0.6 to 8.9 +/- 0.3 mg. Electron microscopy indicated an increase in mean cross-sectional area of the detrusor smooth muscle cells from 8.1 +/- 0.5 (n = 132) to 19 +/- 0.9 (n = 144) mu 2. Despite these changes the bladders from diabetic animals and the controls had similar characteristics with regard to nerve mediated frequency response relations, atropine resistance, responses to alpha-agonists and high-K+ solution. No functional neurogenic lesion and no impairment of smooth muscle cell contractility could thus be detected, and it is proposed that the bladder hypertrophy in the diabetic animals is due to a physiological adaptation to the four-fold increase in urinary production. PMID- 3761468 TI - Improved growth of human urothelial carcinoma cell cultures. AB - From January, 1981 through June, 1982 specimens from 21 patients with bladder (urothelial) cancer were placed in tissue culture, and one long term cell line was established (5%). From July, 1982 through February, 1984, using an improved culture medium, seven long term cell cultures were established from 21 patients (33%). In addition, one long term culture from a patient with a bladder melanoma was established using the standard culture medium. The nine cell cultures were derived from the following types of tumors: transitional cell carcinoma (6), adenocarcinoma (1), squamous cell carcinoma (1) and melanoma (1). All of the cell lines have produced tumors in athymic nude mice except for one transitional cell carcinoma. All of the cultures demonstrate aneuploidy. Homogeneously staining regions have been seen in some cell cultures. A common marker chromosome has not been identified. PMID- 3761470 TI - Carotid endarterectomy--is it safe in the community? PMID- 3761469 TI - Urinary bladder reinnervation. AB - The ability of mixed spinal nerve roots to regenerate and reinnervate the urinary bladder was examined in young adult female cats. Using microsurgical technique, a unilateral extradural spinal nerve root anastomosis of a lumbar (L7) to a sacral root (S1) either with or without a nerve graft was performed. Remaining ipsilateral sacral roots were transected. The contralateral normal sacral roots remained intact and allowed the animals adequate urination during the period necessary for axonal regeneration. At the time of restudy seven months later, stimulation of the anastomosed nerve root proximal to the anastomosis (isolated from the spinal cord) elicited a bladder contraction. Significant lumbar axonal regeneration was substantiated by compound action potentials recorded across the anastomosis. In addition, redirection of axons from a lumbar to a sacral distribution was demonstrated. The contralateral normal sacral roots provided control cystometric and electrophysiological data against which responses from the previously anastomosed nerve roots were compared. In conclusion, significant bladder reinnervation can occur after an anastomosis of a lumbar and sacral root with or without a nerve graft. This technique, or variations thereof, may have a clinical role in selected patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction to reinnervate the bladder and restore central control. PMID- 3761471 TI - Angioscopy as an adjunct to arterial reconstructive surgery: a preliminary report. AB - To date our use of angioscopy as an adjunct to in situ vein grafting, arterial embolectomy, femoropopliteal bypass surgery, and laser recanalization has been studied in 11 patients. Three angioscopes have been used: a 1.7 mm optiscope, a 2.8 mm laser optiscope, and a 3.2 mm bronchoscope. Scopes were introduced through an arteriotomy and a clear field maintained by continuous saline infusion. Twenty four angioscopic evaluations were performed in the 14 patients studied. Adequate visualization was achieved with all three scopes. Angioscopy showed total atherosclerotic occlusion of six superficial femoral and popliteal arteries, intimal flaps in two arteries, thrombus in two arteries and one graft, adequate valvulotomy in three saphenous veins used for in situ bypass grafting, and removal of thrombus after embolectomy in one artery. With the 2.8 mm laser optiscope, the optical fiber used for laser recanalization could be positioned at the site of arterial occlusion before lasing and recanalization were done under direct vision. The 1.7 mm scope could be passed through the recanalized artery to inspect the channel and confirm communication with the artery distal to the occlusion. Thus, angioscopy appears to be potentially useful as a diagnostic device in arterial occlusive disease and as an adjunct in in situ saphenous vein grafting or laser recanalization of occluded arterial segments. PMID- 3761472 TI - Lower extremity amputation: the control series. AB - Although various techniques to determine amputation level have become available, obvious clinical factors may yet identify patients in whom a major amputation is unlikely to heal. We have analyzed the association of multiple clinical factors with the morbidity of 1028 consecutive amputations performed in 786 patients during a 13-year period. The overall operative mortality rate was 7% (57 of 786 patients). Cardiac complications were the leading cause of death (43%). In the 729 patients surviving operation, 345 above-knee amputations (AKAs) and 626 below knee amputations (BKAs) were performed. After operation, 15.4% of these amputations failed to heal and required proximal revision. The AKA failure rate was 9% and the BKA failure rate was 19%. Significantly higher failure rates were noted in whites, nondiabetics, and those patients with heart disease. It is concluded that major amputation continues to be associated with significant morbidity and mortality rates despite changes in perioperative care and surgical technique. Common clinical characteristics indicate high-risk patients in whom a BKA is unlikely to heal and who may benefit from prospective attempts to determine amputation level. PMID- 3761473 TI - Limitations of the femoral artery pulsatility index with aortoiliac artery stenosis: an experimental study. AB - Relationships between femoral artery pulsatility index (PI) (a number calculated from Doppler-derived arterial blood velocity waveforms) and three directly measured physiologic parameters (proximal artery stenosis, blood pressure index (BPI), and blood flow) were studied in a canine model. All combinations of stenoses were constructed, including 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 90% reduction in a cross-sectional area in the infrarenal aorta and/or left common iliac artery of 14 animals. PIs, BPIs, and mean blood flows were measured for each stenosis pattern at both the right (control) and left femoral arteries. Three groups were studied--group I, the left femoral artery remained open; group II, the left femoral artery was ligated; and group III, a left femoral arteriovenous fistula was constructed. Correlations between reductions in femoral artery PI and increasing arterial stenosis as well as decreasing BPI and blood flow were obtained. However, positive correlations were weak and only recognized when high grade stenoses were present. Moreover, these correlations were further influenced by the multiplicity of stenoses present as well as flow velocity into the distal arterial bed. These data suggest that PI lacks the sensitivity to be a clinically useful diagnostic test. PMID- 3761474 TI - Axillary-subclavian venous occlusion: the morbidity of a nonlethal disease. AB - To evaluate results of medical and surgical treatment of axillary-subclavian venous occlusion, the clinical courses of 95 patients were reviewed. Twenty-three patients had acute axillary-subclavian venous thrombosis, and 72 patients had chronic occlusion. Thirty-four patients with thoracic outlet syndrome and axillary-subclavian occlusion represented 3.5% of the 969 patients treated for thoracic outlet syndrome during the same period. Nonlethal pulmonary embolization from the axillary-subclavian vein occurred in four patients. Sixty percent of patients were asymptomatic or had mild symptoms during strenuous exercise at last follow-up (mean, 5.4 years). Forty-eight of these 56 patients had received anticoagulation during the acute phase of the disease. Twenty-seven percent of patients had symptoms with moderate exercise and 12.6% had symptoms at rest. Thirteen patients had operations, with improvement demonstrable in 10 patients. All five patients who underwent first rib resection for intermittent venous occlusion or for thoracic outlet syndrome after thrombosis occurred on the contralateral side did well. Axillary-subclavian venous occlusion is a nonlethal disease but late sequelae occur in one third of patients. Early anticoagulation appears to be beneficial and, in some patients with concomitant thoracic outlet syndrome, first rib resection also appears to be helpful. Further data are needed to evaluate results of fibrinolytic treatment, thrombectomy, and venous reconstruction. PMID- 3761476 TI - Cholelithiasis and aortic reconstruction: the problem of simultaneous surgical therapy. Conclusions from a personal series. AB - From 1976 to 1983, 682 patients have undergone aortic reconstruction at Parkland Memorial Hospital and the Veterans Administration Hospital in Dallas, Texas. Thirty-five patients (5.1%) had a biliary tract operation performed before, during, or after their aortic procedure. Fourteen percent of patients had bacteria in the bile and 11.4% needed common bile duct exploration. Twelve patients had their aortic reconstruction first. Biliary pancreatitis developed postoperatively in one patient. Two patients who had infected prostheses removed had acalculous cholecystitis after operation and one had jaundice and fever 3 years after operation, but no biliary disease was found. Twenty-one patients had the biliary procedure first. Four patients were operated on for suspected aneurysm rupture an average of 18 months after operation. There was one true rupture; this patient had no gallstones. One patient had acute aortic thrombosis 10 days after emergency operation for acute cholecystitis. Only two patients underwent combined operative procedures; both were patients with acute aortic problems in whom chronic and subacute biliary disease was found. Eight operative deaths occurred, all in the patients undergoing aortic procedures. There were no ruptured aneurysms or acute biliary problems needing emergency operation in any patient with cholelithiasis. On the basis of our experience, we believe that concomitant cholecystectomy and aortic reconstructions rarely need to be performed and then only in those patients in whom the risk of not treating both biliary and aortic conditions is greater than the operative risks. In these circumstances, cholecystostomy should be considered to decrease operative time and the risk of graft contamination. PMID- 3761475 TI - Chronic intestinal ischemia: diagnosis and therapy. AB - Splanchnic arteriosclerosis is common among the elderly population, but intestinal angina is distinctly a rare entity. Extensive and efficient mesenteric collateral pathways make development of intestinal angina unlikely unless at least two major vessels exhibit hemodynamically important stenoses. Herein we describe the surgical management of 17 patients with chronic intestinal ischemia. The patients most commonly had postprandial pain and lost significant weight; angiography, including lateral aortography, confirmed the diagnosis. An average of 2.5 vessels in these 17 patients were arteriosclerotically involved. These 17 patients underwent 20 major splanchnic artery reconstructions altogether (average, 1.2 vessels per patient) for relief of symptomatic intestinal ischemia. Arterial reconstructions (16 bypass procedures and 4 endarterectomies) were undertaken with either autogenous saphenous vein (10 vessels) or Dacron prosthetics (6 vessels). Revascularizations involved the superior mesenteric artery (six patients), hepatic artery (three patients), splenic artery (seven patients), and inferior mesenteric artery (four patients). Five deaths occurred after operation, two early and three late, all from myocardial infarctions. All patients who survived have been relieved of their pain, and there has been no recurrence. The average length of follow-up has been 60.9 months and repeat angiography in six patients at intervals of up to 5 years has shown no evidence of revascularization occlusion. PMID- 3761477 TI - Regional nerve block for femoropopliteal and tibial arterial reconstructions. AB - Thirteen high-risk patients underwent lower extremity revascularization anesthetized with a regional nerve block technique. The sciatic, femoral, and obturator nerves were infiltrated with 1% lidocaine and 0.25% bupivacaine. Eight femoropopliteal and five femorotibial bypasses were performed for limb salvage (11 patients), disabling claudication (one patient), and popliteal artery aneurysm (one patient). Analgesia was adequate with only one patient who needed supplemental nitrous oxide. One patient died on the sixth postoperative day of a myocardial infarction. Regional nerve block is an effective anesthetic technique that should be considered if general or spinal anesthesia is inappropriate. PMID- 3761478 TI - Brachial artery injury after cardiac catheterization. AB - During a 3-year period, 12,158 cardiac catheterizations were performed via the brachial artery. During this same period, 106 patients were operated on for complications of brachial artery injury and/or thrombosis, an incidence of 0.9%. The indication for the cardiac catheterization was coronary artery disease in almost 92% of the patients. Early (less than 4 days) brachial artery repair was done in 90% of the patients. The operative findings were thrombosis (91%), intimal injury (54%), stenosis (13%), laceration and/or perforation (11%), and atherosclerotic plaque (6%). Because of vessel injury, localized resection was done in two thirds of the patients. Vascular continuity was obtained with axial reanastomosis in 45 patients and interposition vein graft in 26 patients. Primary lateral repair was performed in 23 patients (22%). Ninety-five percent (101 patients) had initial excellent results. Of the five patients who required reoperation, flow was restored in four patients. Thus, 99% of patients had restoration of a patent brachial artery. Contributing factors for brachial artery complications are "redo" catheterization, prolonged catheterization time, catheter change, brachial artery atherosclerosis, improper arteriotomy closure, experience of cardiologist, female patient, and failure to use heparin. Because of the unpredictability of ischemic symptoms occurring after brachial artery thrombosis, the need for bypass graft surgery when delayed, and the good results with early surgical intervention, early exploration of brachial artery complications after cardiac catheterization and appropriate repair are recommended. PMID- 3761479 TI - Angioscopically monitored saphenous vein valvulotomy. AB - Angioscopy was used during in situ saphenous vein bypass grafting in seven patients. We were able to visualize valve incision, immediately identify and correct incomplete valvulotomy, identify side branches as potential arteriovenous fistulas, and assess distal anastomotic integrity. We encountered no retained valve cusps after angioscopy, as verified by Doppler ultrasound and completion angiography. Angioscopy verified distal anastomotic integrity in all patients with distal vein grafts large enough to accept the angioscope. Angioscopy requires minimal time, is relatively easy to use, serves as an adjunct to Doppler ultrasound and completion angiography, and has future potential as a therapeutic tool. PMID- 3761480 TI - Sciatic artery aneurysms: report of three cases and review of the literature. AB - Sciatic artery aneurysms (SAAs) develop in a persistent sciatic artery, which is a congenital anomalous continuation of the internal iliac artery and may be the major blood supply to the lower extremity. SAAs may appear clinically with rupture, thrombosis, distal embolization, or compression of the sciatic nerve. We have reviewed our three cases and the literature to delineate those factors that permit correct preoperative diagnosis and appropriate surgical intervention. Our three patients (aged 54 to 82 years) appeared with severe ischemia that resulted in above-knee amputations. The literature reveals 21 patients ranging in age from 35 to 84 years (58% were women). Twenty of those patients had operations, one of which resulted in death, and five in above-knee amputations. Unexplained sciatic or buttock pain, or a palpable "pulsating" buttock mass, suggests an SAA. The diagnosis is confirmed by angiography. The recommended treatment is femoropopliteal bypass grafting followed by ligature or percutaneous endovascular thrombosis of the aneurysm. Early diagnosis and correct surgical therapy are the keys to successful management of SAA. PMID- 3761481 TI - Embolic lesions from the subclavian artery causing transient vertebrobasilar insufficiency. AB - Thirteen patients with transient vertebrobasilar insufficiency caused by emboli from a proximal subclavian artery lesion were treated over a 5-year period. This group was characterized by the absence of significant carotid disease (12 of 13 patients) and equal arm pressures bilaterally in most patients (8 of 13 patients). An isolated supraclavicular bruit (12 of 13 patients) and a history of ipsilateral digital ischemia (5 of 13 patients) were common. Arch angiography demonstrated proximal subclavian lesions in 12 patients, with obvious ulcerations in 10 cases and thrombus in an old carotid-subclavian bypass graft in one case. Surgery directed at removal or exclusion of the lesion was successful in all cases. Isolated lesions in the subclavian artery can be a source of emboli into the vertebrobasilar circulation. These lesions are effectively treated by exclusion and vascular reconstruction. PMID- 3761482 TI - The carotid sinus syndrome: a frequently overlooked cause of syncope in the elderly. AB - Exaggerated carotid sinus reflexes may account for alterations in consciousness responsible for significant disability and injury in elderly patients. Nonspecificity of symptoms and concomitant medical conditions frequently delay diagnosis and therapy. During a recent 9-year period, 82 patients were identified as having symptomatic carotid sinus hypersensitivity (CSH). Fifty-nine patients described complete syncope, 73 patients had multiple syncopal or near-syncopal episodes, and 40 patients related cervical pressure or motion as provocative events. Electrophysiologic testing demonstrated that 47% had cardioinhibitory CSH, 26% had vasodepressor CSH, and 27% had combined vasodepressor and cardioinhibitory CSH. The mean follow-up period of all patients was 36 months. Surgical therapy included ventricular demand pacemaker implantation in 33 patients and carotid sinus denervation in seven patients. Medical therapy was used in 32 patients, 11 mildly symptomatic patients were not treated, and 3 patients had carotid sinus irradiation. Pacemaker implantation relieved symptoms in 53%; however, 11 patients (33%) had significant postoperative complications. Carotid sinus denervation relieved symptoms in 86%, medical therapy in 54%, and carotid sinus irradiation in 33% of patients. Because of its demonstrated effectiveness in all variants of CSH and negligible perioperative morbidity, carotid sinus denervation should be offered to acceptable operative candidates when the diagnosis of CSH is confirmed. PMID- 3761483 TI - Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm presenting as symptomatic inguinal mass: report of six cases. AB - Six elderly male patients (mean age, 73 years; range, 66 to 78 years) were admitted with groin masses caused by ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms. A palpable abdominal mass was present in 33%. All patients eventually underwent abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy with a resultant mortality rate of 50%. Delayed diagnosis, preoperative hypotension, advanced age, poor nutritional status, and excessive intraoperative blood loss were factors contributing to this high mortality rate. In this unusual clinical presentation of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm, a high index of suspicion by the emergency room staff and prompt surgical intervention are mandatory to improve mortality rates. The anatomy of the retroperitoneal space and the phylogenetic development of a channel between the scrotum and the kidney are important factors in the development of this symptom complex. PMID- 3761484 TI - Influence of the profunda femoris vein on venous hemodynamics of the limb. Experience from thirty-one deep vein valve reconstructions. AB - Venous valve reconstruction in 31 limbs (28 patients) with chronic deep venous insufficiency is analyzed. The indications for operation were primary or secondary deep valvular incompetence with severe reflux and venous hypertension. Valvuloplasty was performed on a proximal valve of the superficial femoral vein (SFV) in 17 limbs and on a common femoral vein valve in two limbs; transplantation of a valve-bearing segment of the axillary vein was made to the common femoral vein in two limbs, to the SFV in seven limbs, and to the popliteal vein in three limbs. The results of valvuloplasty were satisfactory, with six failures observed during a follow-up period extending to 84 months (mean, 44 months). Eight of 12 valve transplant reconstructions failed within 2 years. Patency and competence of the reconstruction were obtained in 27 limbs at the 6 month postoperative control period. The effects on venous pressure were analyzed regarding the presence or absence of reflux into the profunda femoral vein (PFV) with preoperative retrograde phlebography. The results showed significant reduction of the ambulatory venous pressure (p less than 0.05) and increase in venous recovery time (p less than 0.01) in limbs with PFV competence. In limbs in which the PFV was incompetent the pressure values remained unchanged. These findings suggest that the functional state of the PFV is of great importance to the venous hemodynamics of the limb. This study also indicates that the principle of one-level repair in the SFV seems appropriate in limbs with a competent PFV. PMID- 3761485 TI - Characterization in vitro of the biomechanical properties of anastomosed host artery-graft combinations. AB - An in vitro investigation is described in which the biomechanical properties of several host artery-graft combinations are characterized under realistic hemodynamic environments. Canine carotid arteries served as the host vessel and were anastomosed to one of the following graft materials: 4 mm I.D. thin-walled expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE), 6 mm I.D. thin-walled e-PTFE, modified human umbilical vein, autogenous foreleg vein, and carotid artery. A novel feature of the experimental design is the use of a pulsatile perfusion apparatus that simulates realistic normotensive or hypertensive hemodynamics, including pulse rate, perfusion pressure, and flow rate. Measurements of dynamic transmural pressure and vessel radial motion (determined with a helium-neon laser micrometer) were obtained during pulsatile perfusion. From these data calculation of the mismatch in diameter and elasticity modulus between the host carotid artery and various graft materials is made. The longitudinal propagation of the non-uniform radial displacement associated with the construction of the anastomotic junction is also calculated and presented. The present methodology is directly applicable to testing of other vascular substitutes and provides repeatable and reliable biomechanical data. PMID- 3761486 TI - Popliteal artery stenosis caused by a Baker's cyst. AB - Popliteal artery compression may be caused by a Baker's cyst as documented by this case report. Typically this occurs in a relatively young patient without other evidence of atherosclerosis. The ischemic symptoms may be intermittent. Treatment should include resection of the offending cyst and any damaged popliteal artery. PMID- 3761487 TI - Ruptured aneurysm of the profunda femoris artery. AB - An unusual case of a ruptured aneurysm involving the profunda femoris artery is reported. This problem was managed by resection of the aneurysm and revascularization of the lower extremity with a polytetrafluoroethylene graft to the distal branches of the profunda femoris artery. The limited available literature is reviewed. PMID- 3761488 TI - Aortic injury occurring after minor trauma in ankylosing spondylitis. AB - Lethal aortic injury as a result of fracture of the lumbar spine in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis is reported. This complication is a direct result of the pathophysiologic changes of ankylosing spondylitis that cause the aorta to become firmly adherent to the anterior longitudinal ligament. Recognition of the potential for this injury in patients with ankylosing spondylitis should prompt early investigation of the integrity of the aorta and planned reconstructive surgery for this potentially lethal injury. PMID- 3761490 TI - Screening for ovarian cancer. PMID- 3761489 TI - Consent: informed, implied, and deferred. PMID- 3761491 TI - Changing gloves between vaginal and rectal examination: reinstitution of old practices for new diseases. PMID- 3761492 TI - Doxycycline-induced esophageal ulcers in physicians. PMID- 3761493 TI - Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. PMID- 3761494 TI - Diphenhydramine abuse and withdrawal. PMID- 3761495 TI - Boxing, personal freedom and the right of lions to Christians. PMID- 3761496 TI - Independent associations of bacterial vaginosis and Chlamydia trachomatis infection with adverse pregnancy outcome. AB - We prospectively studied the relationship of pregnancy outcome to bacterial vaginosis, an anaerobic vaginal condition, and to other selected genital pathogens among 534 gravid women. Bacterial vaginosis was presumptively diagnosed by gas-liquid chromatographic identification of microbial organic acid metabolites in 102 women (19%), and cervical infection with Chlamydia trachomatis was found in 47 (9%) of the women. Although women with and without bacterial vaginosis had similar demographic and obstetric factors, neonates born to women with bacterial vaginosis had lower mean birth weight than did neonates born to women without bacterial vaginosis (2960 +/- 847 g vs 3184 +/- 758 g). Bacterial vaginosis was significantly associated with preterm premature rupture of the membranes (odds ratio [OR], 2.0; 95% confidence interval [Cl], 1.1 to 3.7), preterm labor (OR, 2.0; Cl, 1.1 to 3.5), and amniotic fluid infection (OR, 2.7; Cl, 1.1 to 6.1), but not with birth weight below 2500 g (OR, 1.5; Cl, 0.8 to 2.0). Cervical infection with C trachomatis was independently associated with preterm premature rupture of the membranes, preterm labor, and low birth weight (OR, 1.5; Cl, 0.8 to 2.0). PMID- 3761497 TI - Familial malignant melanoma. AB - Characteristics associated with familial compared with nonfamilial malignant melanoma were assessed. These data were obtained from consecutive prospectively completed questionnaires on 1169 cases of cutaneous malignant melanoma. Of these, 69 patients indicated a positive family history for this cancer. Among the various clinical and histological variables compared, those that significantly correlated with the familial occurrence of malignant melanoma include younger age at first diagnosis, smaller diameter of the lesion, lower Clark level, decreased frequency of nonmelanoma skin cancer, and reduced prevalence of noncutaneous cancer. Increased awareness of malignant melanoma among family members could account for some of these observations. Identification of the familial variety of malignant melanoma has practical implications concerning early detection and prompt intervention. PMID- 3761498 TI - The use and misuse of sex chromatin screening for 'gender identification' of female athletes. AB - According to the rules of sports organizations such as the International Olympic Committee, competitors registered as females must undergo a "gender verification" test that consists of screening with sex chromatin, followed by further tests in those with an abnormal or inconclusive result. The aims of the gender verification test have not been published but presumably they are to exclude from women's sports events males or other individuals whose muscle strength or body build gives them an unfair advantage over their competitors. It is shown herein that the sex chromatin screening method reveals only a small proportion of such individuals. Moreover, women with certain congenital chromosome abnormalities and other abnormal conditions without increased muscle strength are found to have "abnormal" sex chromatin. Thus, the present screening method is both inaccurate and discriminatory. It is proposed that the aims of gender identification should be defined and methods chosen that achieve the desired result. PMID- 3761499 TI - How cost sharing affects the use of ambulatory mental health services. AB - The less generous insurance coverage for mental health care has generated some controversy. The major unresolved question is how the demand for outpatient mental health care responds to cost sharing. We used data from a randomized trial of fee-for-service health insurance for the nonelderly to address this question. The study enrolled 5809 persons. The results are based on 19 819 person-years of data. One hundred thirty-three percent more is spent on outpatient psychotherapy when care is free to patients than when they pay 95% of the fee, subject to an annual catastrophic limit. But, the absolute level of expenditure is low on all plans; $32 per person per year with free care. The response to psychotherapy services to cost sharing is insignificantly larger than that for outpatient general medical services. We found no evidence that more generous coverage for outpatient psychotherapy decreases total health expenditures. PMID- 3761500 TI - Familial tendency for abdominal aortic aneurysms. AB - To examine the hypothesis that a tendency toward aneurysmal degeneration of the abdominal aorta may be inherited, we compared the family histories of 250 patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) with those of 250 control subjects. Among the control subjects, six (2.4%) reported having a first-degree relative with an aneurysm, compared with 48 (19.2%) of the patients with AAA. After adjustment for age and sex, this corresponds to an estimated 11.6-fold increase in AAA risk among persons with an affected first-degree relative. This study suggests that the relatives of patients with AAA may themselves be at significantly increased risk for the development of aneurysmal degeneration. Because early diagnosis and elective management of AAA significantly prolong life, noninvasive screening to detect early AAA formation may be warranted in relatives of patients with AAA. PMID- 3761501 TI - Gender testing in the Olympics. PMID- 3761503 TI - Questions surround shuttle, future life sciences studies. PMID- 3761502 TI - Coverage, care, cost, and outcome. PMID- 3761504 TI - Physicians called upon to help chart future space effort. PMID- 3761505 TI - Soviet space medical data grow; other nations joining in. PMID- 3761506 TI - Physicians trade white coats for space suits. PMID- 3761507 TI - The body pays a penalty for defying the law of gravity. PMID- 3761508 TI - How will humans act as science fiction becomes fact? PMID- 3761509 TI - Contempo '86. PMID- 3761510 TI - Biology, culture, dietary changes conspire to increase incidence of obesity. PMID- 3761511 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Declining anemia prevalence among children enrolled in public nutrition and health programs. Selected states, 1975-1985. PMID- 3761512 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Measles--United States, first 26 weeks, 1986. PMID- 3761513 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Antigenic variation of recent influenza A(H1N1) viruses. PMID- 3761514 TI - Death and injury by firearms: who cares? PMID- 3761515 TI - Borrelia in the brains of patients dying with dementia. PMID- 3761516 TI - Prevalence and incidence of HTLV-III infection in a prison. PMID- 3761517 TI - Night of the living dead II: slow virus encephalopathies and AIDS: do necromantic zombiists transmit HTLV-III/LAV during voodooistic rituals? PMID- 3761518 TI - Oklahoma rejects immunoaugmentation. PMID- 3761519 TI - Improved cognition after control of risk factors for multi-infarct dementia. AB - A cohort of 52 patients (30 men and 22 women) with multi-infarct dementia (MID) has been followed up prospectively for a mean interval of 22.2 months. Clinical course has been documented by serial history taking and interviews and neurological, medical, and psychological examinations, and correlated with measurements of cerebral blood flow. The clinical course and cognitive performance have been compared with those of age-matched normal volunteers and patients with Alzheimer's disease. Patients with MID were subdivided into hypertensive and normotensive groups, and also into those displaying stabilized or improved cognition and those whose condition deteriorated. Among hypertensive patients with MID, improved cognition and clinical course correlated with control of systolic blood pressure within upper limits of normal (135 to 150 mm Hg), but if systolic blood pressure was reduced below this level, patients with MID deteriorated. Among normotensive patients with MID, improved cognition was associated with cessation of smoking cigarettes. PMID- 3761520 TI - Hospice approach to the treatment of patients with advanced dementia of the Alzheimer type. AB - A program that limits the extent of medical treatment in patients with advanced dementia of the Alzheimer type was initiated on an intermediate medical ward. Five levels of care were designed to define options that stress maintenance of patient comfort without striving for a maximal period of survival (hospice approach). An optimal care level for each patient recommended by the staff correlated highly with the severity of dementia, but care levels assigned during meetings of family members with the multidisciplinary team for 40 patients correlated poorly with the staff recommendations and the severity of dementia. Intensive nursing care and comfort measures, which included antipyretics, analgesics, and (if necessary) oxygen and anticholinergics, were provided during the terminal phase. Preliminary results indicate that the mortality did not increase significantly during the first year of this program, although the extent of medical care was limited in all patients, and 62% were not treated with antibiotics if they developed symptoms of pneumonia or urinary tract infection. PMID- 3761521 TI - Individual and institutional liability for transfusion-acquired diseases. An update. PMID- 3761522 TI - Dying and dementia. PMID- 3761523 TI - Utilization of Intralipid in septic rats: effects of sepsis on the clearance of exogenous fat emulsion from various organs. AB - The rats were used for the study of the effects of sepsis on the utilization of exogenous fat emulsion. The studies were carried out by measuring the rate and the pattern of clearance of intravenously-administered 14C-Intralipid from the plasma, liver, spleen, kidney, and muscle of control and septic rats. Plasma clearance of the exogenous fat measured for 14C at 30, 60, 90, 120, 360 min (n = 5) after intravenous injection revealed that the clearance was retarded by sepsis. In the liver, the initial 14C uptake was much greater in the septic rats than those in the control group (34.8 +/- 3.6% vs 14.4 +/- 1.6%, p less than 0.01). Six hr after injection, as high as 19.6 +/- 2.4% of the injected dose was detected in the liver of the septic rats, but the control rats had only 4.4 +/- 0.8%. In spleen, kidney, and muscle, however, both the 14C uptake and the rate of its clearance were greater for the control rats than those of the septic group. The increase in the amount of liver uptake of the exogenous fat by the septic rat and the retained large amount of the fat may account for the decreased plasma clearance and the decrease in its subsequent utilization by other organs and tissues. Significant increase in liver contents of total lipid and triglyceride with a decrease in nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) at the end of a 6-hr period in septic rats suggest that accumulation of fat in the liver may be a result of impaired triglyceride hydrolysis, possibly due to suppressed lipoprotein lipase activity. PMID- 3761524 TI - Taste preferences for nutritional supplements: comparison of cancer patients and healthy controls using a wine-tasting scale. AB - Thirty-nine cancer patients (Ca) and 37 age-and sex-matched healthy controls (Co) evaluated 11 commercially available enteral supplements using a modified wine tasting scale. The cancer patients were 19 males with lung cancer and 20 females with breast cancer, and their controls consisted of 17 males and 20 females, respectively. Mean evaluation scores for the individual supplements revealed no significant differences (NS) between lung cancer patients and controls. Ensure Plus (strawberry) received the highest score from both groups (Ca 16.0 +/- 3.0 vs Co 17.1 +/- 2.6, N.S.) while Vital received the lowest (Ca 6.3 +/- 4.8 vs Co 4.9 +/- 4.2, NS). Similar results were obtained for breast cancer patients and their controls except that chocolate Sustacal was rated significantly higher by breast cancer patients than by controls (16.6 +/- 2.6 vs 13.3 +/- 4.3, p less than 0.01). Again, Ensure Plus (strawberry) received the highest score from both groups (Ca 17.0 +/- 3.5 vs Co 17.8 +/- 2.3, NS), while Vital was rated lowest by both groups (Ca 5.6 +/- 4.7 vs Co 4.3 +/- 5.0, NS). The modified wine-tasting scale provides a method for quantitating taste preference for various dietary supplements. We report here the numerical rating of 11 supplements by patients with lung cancer and patients with breast cancer as well as their age- and sex matched controls. PMID- 3761525 TI - Estimation of nitrogen balance based on a six-hour urine collection in infants. AB - The accuracy of a 6-hr vs a 24-hr urine collection for the determination of urinary urea nitrogen was studied in 15 infants. Patient's age ranged from 2 weeks to 3 yr, encompassing a wide variety of diagnoses. All patients had normal renal function at the time of the study. Participants had indwelling foley catheters throughout the study. Urine specimens were collected over a continuous 24-hr period. Aliquots obtained from urine collected over 0 to 6 hr and the total urine collection were analyzed utilizing the urease enzymatic method in the Astra. Statistical analysis was performed comparing the actual 24-hr determination to the estimation based on the 6-hr collection, utilizing linear regression. The analysis of data produced a highly significant correlation (r = 0.904, p less than 0.0001). When a 24-hr urine collection is not possible, a 6-hr collection is a useful alternative for the calculation of nitrogen balance in infants. PMID- 3761526 TI - Delayed pneumothorax: a complication of subclavian vein catheterization. PMID- 3761527 TI - Atrial contribution to ventricular filling in patients with coronary artery disease as assessed by cardiac pacing. AB - Analysis of beat to beat changes in left ventricular (LV) ejection time during cardiac pacing was utilized to assess the atrial contribution to ventricular filling in coronary artery disease. The recordings of aortic pressure were made during atrial and ventricular pacing at a rate of 5 to 10 beats/min above sinus rhythm. During ventricular pacing, LV ejection time became maximum when an atrial contraction preceded a ventricular contraction by a physiologic interval and was similar to that obtained during atrial pacing (max ET). When the atrial systole occurred with or followed the paced ventricular contraction, LV ejection time became minimum (min ET). The atrial contribution was calculated as (max ET--min ET)/max ET X 100(%). Patients with coronary artery disease had a significantly large atrial contribution. In patients without myocardial infarction, the atrial contribution was increased to compensate for impaired early diastolic filling. In patients with myocardial infarction, the atrial contribution was reduced when LV end-diastolic pressure was markedly high. The atrial contribution generally plays an important role in increasing stroke volume, but it had less effect despite the forceful atrial contraction as LV filling pressure became more elevated. PMID- 3761528 TI - Histological findings of the right and left ventricular myocardium and clinical follow up in idiopathic ventricular tachycardia. AB - In order to evaluate the etiology of so-called idiopathic ventricular tachycardia, endomyocardial biopsies were performed in four patients with electrocardiographically documented recurrent and sustained ventricular tachycardia. During the episodes of ventricular tachycardia, standard ECG showed a QRS pattern of right bundle branch block with left axis deviation in two patients and left bundle branch block in two patients. The episodes were associated with palpitation, dyspnea and hypotension in all cases. No organic heart disease was detected by physical examination, chest X-ray films, echocardiograms, left ventriculograms or coronary cineangiograms. His bundle electrograms showed blocks at various sites in the atrioventricular conduction system. The biopsy specimens revealed nonspecific myocardial degeneration in the right and left ventricles. These findings suggest mild but wide-spread myocardial damage in both the working myocardium and the conduction system. The clinical course of these patients appeared benign according to follow-up data of one to nine years' duration. None developed overt clinical signs of dilated, hypertrophic or restrictive cardiomyopathy. PMID- 3761529 TI - Pulmonary vein blood flow velocity waveform--with special reference to pulmonary "systolic runoff" in patients with atrial septal defect. AB - In order to evaluate the magnitude of pulmonary "systolic runoff", we studied the pulmonary vein blood flow velocity waveform by positioning a catheter-tip velocity-pressure transducer into the extraparenchymal pulmonary vein just distal to the left atrium. We recorded blood flow velocity and pressure simultaneously, and subsequently identified the zero blood flow velocity with blood flow velocity level of the pulmonary artery in diastole. Patients with atrial septal defect were used as subjects because of the technical ease although the altered hemodynamics were present. Two kinds of flow velocity waveforms were consistently demonstrated. One was a waveform of two peaks with the first peak in late systole and the second peak in early diastole (n = 9). The other was a waveform of one peak with a summit near the end of systole (n = 5). On the assumption that the blood flow velocity waveform obtained with this method is roughly equivalent to the flow volume waveform, we initiated the second study. The area encompassed between the actual flow velocity waveform and the line of zero flow velocity was divided into two compartments, i.e., ventricular systole (S) and diastole (D). The ratios of the area in systole to the sum of the areas in systole and diastole, i.e., (S)/[S) + (D], which are analogous to the pulmonary "systolic runoff", were 0.45 +/- 0.07 (mean +/- SD, n = 13). This suggests that about 40% of the right ventricular stroke volume flows into the pulmonary veins, the left atrium and a portion of the right atrium through the atrial septal defect during ventricular systole. PMID- 3761530 TI - Diastolic property of left ventricle under experimental volume overload. AB - Diastolic property of left ventricle (LV) was estimated by the passage of time using an experimental model of volume overload. Volume overload was surgically induced in dogs by means of bradycardia (complete A-V block). LV dimension and LV pressure were simultaneously recorded and pressure-volume curve (P-V curve) was obtained at the three stages, i.e., just after the creation of bradycardia; 8 approximately 14 days after the operation; and 2 approximately 4 months after the operation. The rightward shift of P-V curve was confirmed as being associated with the development of eccentric hypertrophy; but this study showed no significant changes in indices of LV chamber elasticity. Indices of muscle elasticity derived from myocardial stress-strain (sigma-epsilon) relationship also remained constant in the three stages. It was demonstrated that the shift of the P-V curve resulted neither from the changes of LV chamber elasticity, nor myocardial elasticity. PMID- 3761531 TI - Time lag between pulmonary congestion and pulmonary edema in dogs. AB - The time course of pulmonary congestion and pulmonary edema was examined using a gravimetric method in 19 open-chest anesthetized dogs. Balloon catheters in the left atrium (LA) were inflated to elevate LA pressure more than 25 mmHg. The dogs were divided into 4 groups (G) according to the duration of the elevated LA pressure: G.1 (n = 6) as control; G.2 (n = 4) for 15 minutes; G.3 (n = 4) for 30 minutes; and G.4 (n = 5) for 60 minutes. Although no significant increase of extravascular lung water content (an indicator of pulmonary edema) was observed in G.2 (4.97 +/- 0.85 g/kg) and G.3 (4.46 +/- 0.96) compared with G.1 (4.02 +/- 0.88), a significant increase was observed in G.4 (6.81 +/- 1.21, p less than 0.05). Residual pulmonary blood content (an indicator of pulmonary congestion) was significantly increased in G.2, 3 and 4 compared with G.1. By light and electron microscopes, pulmonary congestion was revealed in G.2, whereas interstitial pulmonary edema was demonstrated only in G.4. Thus, it was concluded that pulmonary congestion occurred within 15 minutes, but pulmonary edema occurred 30 to 60 minutes after left atrial pressure was elevated more than 25 mmHg. This time lag may be an important factor in explaining the discrepancy between the elevated left atrial pressure and the clinical manifestation of pulmonary edema. PMID- 3761532 TI - Arteriolar dimensions from unanesthetized rabbits. AB - Arteriolar dimensions were determined during vasodilated states of natural vasomotion in unanesthetized rabbits using the ear chamber technique. Analysis of 383 arteriolar segments were made in 16 New Zealand white rabbits, 8-9 weeks after implantation of the ear chamber under the conditions of 25.5 +/- 0.5 degrees C (room temperature), 33.6 +/- 1.4 degrees C (ear surface temperature), 38.3 +/- 0.5 degrees C (rectal temperature), 66.5 +/- 3.2 mmHg (aortic mean blood pressure) and 238.6 +/- 33.0 beats/min (heart rate). Inside diameter (ID) and outside diameter were measured by closed circuit television microscopy using a Vista model 308 video image splitter. Wall thickness (WT) vs. ID, wall-to-lumen ratio (W/L) vs. ID and cross-sectional wall area (CSWA) vs. ID were fitted to the formulae: WT = 0.14 X ID + 3.8 (r = 0.76, p less than 0.001), W/L = 4.23 divided by ID + 0.12 (r = 0.84, p less than 0.001) and CSWA = 0.57 X ID2 + 11.0 X ID + 93.7 (r = 0.93, p less than 0.001), respectively. W/L increased rapidly in precapillary arterioles, especially below 30 micron ID, since WT has a finite size while ID does not. This structural property of resistance vessels is important in regulating peripheral resistance, blood flow, and downstream capillary density. PMID- 3761533 TI - Double orifice mitral valve associated with endocardial cushion defect. AB - Duplication of the mitral valve is a rare congenital cardiac anomaly. We encountered a case of duplication of the mitral valve associated with a partial form of endocardial cushion defect in a 6-year-old girl. The mitral orifice was separated by a fibrous tissue and each orifice provided papillary muscle and complete subvalvular mechanisms except for the cleft region. The fibrous tissue also provided a subvalvular apparatus. The cleft was repaired without complication. The short axis view of the two-dimensional echocardiogram demonstrated two separate holes in the mitral valve, which constituted the most obvious diagnostic sign prior to surgery. PMID- 3761534 TI - [Clinical evaluation of cefixime in children]. AB - A new beta-lactamase-stable oral cephem antibiotic, cefixime (CFIX), was evaluated for safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics in children. CFIX was effective in 19 of 20 cases (95%) with bacterial infections. The drug was especially effective against the cases of pneumonia due to beta-lactamase producing H. influenzae or B. catarrhalis. Pharmacokinetic parameters of CFIX (3 mg/kg) with premeal administration were as follows: Kel 0.328 +/- 0.066 hr-1, T 1/2 2.14 +/- 0.36 hrs, AUC 10.9 +/- 8.7 micrograms X hr/ml, and Vd/F 1.64 +/- 1.42 L/kg. In most of the cases tested, the urinary excretion rate in 12 hours was 5 to 17%. A dose of 3 mg/kg twice daily seems to be adequate for a regular treatment. PMID- 3761535 TI - [Clinical studies of cefixime granules in pediatrics]. AB - A newly developed cephalosporin, cefixime (CFIX), was evaluated clinically in 35 pediatric patients. A pharmacokinetic study was also performed with 11 patients. CFIX was administered as granules. The pharmacokinetic study was conducted in 11 patients, each of 6 patients was given CFIX at a dose of 3 mg/kg and each of the remaining patients was given CFIX at 6 mg/kg. Serum concentrations of CFIX were measured at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 hours after dosing. Urinary concentrations of CFIX were measured for periods of 0-6 and 6-12 hours after dosing. CFIX was assayed by the disk method using E. coli ATCC 39188 as the test organism. The clinical evaluation was conducted in 35 children including 5 patients of acute tonsillitis, 10 of acute lacunar tonsillitis, 1 of purulent lymphadenitis, 1 of scarlet fever, 8 of acute bronchitis, 5 of pneumonia, 3 of urinary tract infections and 1 of paratyphoid B. One additional patient was included only in the evaluation of safety since he was suffering from Mycoplasma pneumonia. the patients were from 4 months to 8 years 2 months old and 11 of them were inpatients. Daily doses were from 6.0 to 13.5 mg/kg. After CFIX administration in doses of 3 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg, peak serum concentrations were 1.75 and 3.36 micrograms/ml, half-lives were 2.65 and 2.86 hours and urinary excretions rates up to 12 hours after dosing were 16.1 and 12.4%, respectively. Serum concentrations were dose dependent and the half-life was fairly long compared with other known oral cephalosporins. Clinical efficacies of CFIX in 34 patients were "excellent" in 25 children, "good" in 8 and "poor" in 1 with effectiveness rate of 97.1%. Twenty-two strains of causative organisms, including 6 strains of S. aureus, 3 of S. pyogenes, 2 of S. pneumoniae, 3 of E. coli, 5 of H. influenzae, 2 of H. parainfluenzae and 1 of S. paratyphi B, were isolated. After treatment all strains except 2 strains of S. aureus (one was unknown and the other was decreased), 1 strain of S. pneumoniae (unknown) and 1 strain of H. influenzae (unknown) were successfully eradicated but S. paratyphi B was proved again in feces 9 days after treatment. No adverse reaction was observed. Among 18 children who went through laboratory test, however, an elevation of eosinophile and elevations of GOT and GPT were observed in 2 children and 1 child, respectively. PMID- 3761536 TI - [Fundamental and clinical studies of cefixime granules in pediatrics]. AB - Fundamental and clinical studies of cefixime (CFIX) granules, a new oral cephalosporin, were carried out with the following results: The MICs of CFIX against 234 clinical isolates were determined. Antibacterial activities of the drug against S. aureus, S. epidermidis and E. faecalis were weaker than those of conventional oral cephalosporins but antibacterial activities against Gram negative bacteria were almost the same as those of cephem antibiotics of the Fujii's group 5. Peak serum concentrations of CFIX after oral doses of 3 and 6 mg/kg were, respectively, 1.51-4.86 micrograms/ml at 2-6 hours and 3.22-7.76 micrograms/ml at 4-8 hours. Serum concentrations of CFIX were dose-dependent in a patient given 3 and 6 mg/kg in a cross-over study. CFIX granules were administered mainly to children suffering from respiratory tract infection, otitis media and urinary tract infection at a dose of 3 mg/kg b.i.d. or t.i.d. for 3-27 days. The clinical responses to CFIX were excellent to good in 44 of the 50 children with infections, with an effectiveness rate of 88%. Thirty-five strains of the 40 clinical isolates were eradicated by the treatment with CFIX. The bacteriological eradication rate was 87.5%. Side effects observed were diarrhea and soft stool in 2 patients each, and elevated GOT X GPT and eosinophilia in 1 patient each. These symptoms and laboratory abnormalities disappeared on the day after the completion of therapy with CFIX. From the above results it has been concluded that CFIX is a useful and safe antibiotic for treating various bacterial infections in children. PMID- 3761537 TI - [Fundamental and clinical studies on cefixime (5% granules) in the pediatric field]. AB - Fundamental and clinical studies were carried out on cefixime (CFIX) 5% granules, and the results are summarized below. Antimicrobial activity Antimicrobial activities of CFIX, cefaclor, cefroxadine, cephalexin and amoxicillin (AMPC) were studied against clinical isolates. CFIX showed greater activities than all the other antibiotics against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, P. mirabilis, E. cloacae and S. marcescens, but it was slightly less active than AMPC against S. pyogenes. Absorption and excretion Serum concentrations and urinary excretions of CFIX were determined following single or repeated oral administration. In 8 patients given single dose of CFIX 1.5 or 3.0 mg/kg, mean serum concentrations were 1.27 and 1.09 micrograms/ml at 2 hours, 1.27 and 1.35 micrograms/ml at 4 hours, 0.85 and 1.10 micrograms/ml at 6 hours, 0.17 and 0.24 micrograms/ml 12 hours after administration, respectively. Mean serum half-lives were 2.54 hours for the dose of 1.5 mg/kg and 2.60 hours for 3.0 mg/kg. Urinary recovery rates in the 12-hours urine varied 6.7 to 33.6%, with an average of 13.5%. In 3 patients given a repeated dose of CFIX 3.0 or 5.6 mg/kg b.i.d., the serum concentrations were 0.23-1.01 micrograms/ml at 0 hour, 1.91-2.80 micrograms/ml at 2-4 hours and 1.13-2.07 micrograms/ml at 6-8 hours after administration. Clinical study The CFIX was given orally by mainly b.i.d. at a daily dose of 4.4-11.6 mg/kg for 4-15 days to a total of 33 patients consisting of 3 patients with pneumonia, 3 with bronchitis, 9 with tonsillitis, 15 with UTI, one each with scarlet fever, lymphadenitis and colitis. Clinical responses were excellent in 24 patients, good in 8 and fair in 1, with an effectiveness rate of 97.0%. All of the 21 bacterial isolates examined were eradicated after CFIX treatments including 3 beta lactamase producing strains. No side effects of abnormal laboratory findings were observed in these patients. PMID- 3761538 TI - [Fundamental and clinical studies on cefixime in the pediatric field]. AB - Fundamental and clinical studies on cefixime (CFIX), a new oral cephem antibiotic, were carried out in the pediatric field. The results were as follows: Serum concentrations and urinary recovery rates were determined after oral administration of CFIX at doses of 3 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg in 2 cases each (4 cases in total). The mean serum concentrations of CFIX were 0.52 and 0.58 micrograms/ml at 2 hours, 0.80 and 1.42 micrograms/ml at 4 hours, 0.73 and 1.36 micrograms/ml at 6 hours, 0.54 and 1.12 micrograms/ml at 8 hours, respectively. The mean peak serum concentration of CFIX was obtained at 4 hours after administration, with serum half-lives (T1/2) of 3.77 and 5.30 hours, respectively. The mean cumulative urinary recovery rates within 12 hours after administration of CFIX at doses of 3 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg were 8.4% and 6.8%, respectively. Antibacterial activities of CFIX against clinically isolated strains of S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae. E. faecalis, S. aureus, E. coli, H. influenzae, H. parainfluenzae were compared with those of amoxicillin (AMPC), cefaclor (CCL), and cephalexin (CEX). It was observed that CFIX was a little less active than AMPC against S. pyogenes and S. pneumoniae, but CFIX was more active than CCL and CEX. CFIX was the most active against E. coli, H. influenzae and H. parainfluenzae. Twenty-one pediatric patients with bacterial infections (10, tonsillitis; 4, pharyngitis; and 7, urinary tract infections) were treated with CFIX at doses of 1.5-6.0 mg/kg in 2 or 3 times daily for 4-10 days. The efficacy rate was 95.2% clinically and 91.3% bacteriologically. No adverse reactions were observed. An abnormal laboratory finding (slight elevation of S-GOT and S-GPT) was observed in 1 case. PMID- 3761539 TI - [Fundamental and clinical studies on cefixime in pediatrics]. AB - Bacteriological, pharmacokinetic, and clinical studies of cefixime (CFIX), a newly developed oral cephalosporin, was conducted in our pediatric department as outlined below. Bacteriology The prevalent MICs of CFIX by microbiological species, compared with those of the reference drugs, were detailed below. Against 16 strains of S. aureus, the MICs averaged 6.25 micrograms/ml, and were found to be nearly the same as the MICs of amoxicillin (AMPC) but higher than those of cephalexin (CEX) and cefaclor (CCL). For 4 strains of S. pyogenes, the MICs averaged 0.05 microgram/ml, and were higher than the MICs of AMPC but lower than those of CEX and CCL. Mean MICs of CFIX against other clinical isolates were lower than those of CEX, CCL, or AMPC; E. coli (20 strains), 3.13 micrograms/ml; K. pneumoniae (9), 0.10 microgram/ml; P. mirabilis (16), 0.025 microgram/ml; P. vulgaris (5), 0.10 microgram/ml; H. influenzae (11), 0.05 microgram/ml; and S. typhimurium (4), 0.10 microgram/ml. The MICs of CFIX against 10 strains of P. aeruginosa were distributed at and above 25 micrograms/ml, a range much lower than greater than or equal to 100 micrograms/ml for CEX, CCL, or AMPC. Pharmacokinetics The serum concentrations and urinary recovery were studied in 3 children ranging from age 7 to 13. They were given CFIX on empty stomach in 2 different single doses of 3 and 6 mg/kg in a cross-over design. Average serum CFIX concentrations were dose-dependent, as evidenced by the respective peak concentrations of 1.70 microgram/ml for a 3 mg/kg dosage and 2.72 micrograms/ml for 6 mg/kg, which were attained 4 hours after the administration of the drug. The average half-lives of CFIX in the serum were 3.09 hours and 3.11 hours, respectively, and the 12-hour serum concentrations were 0.32 microgram/ml and 0.77 microgram/ml, respectively, for the 2 different dose levels. The average 12 hour urinary recovery was 25.2% and 22.3%, respectively. Clinical study Clinical effectiveness, bacteriological effectiveness, and side effects were studied in 27 children with infection including 4 patients with acute pharyngitis, 13 with acute purulent tonsillitis, 5 with acute pneumonia, 3 with urinary tract infection, and 1 each with acute rhinitis and acute bronchitis. One child with acute pneumonia (Mycoplasma pneumonia) was excluded from the study. The therapeutic effectiveness was "excellent" in 21, "good" in 3, "fair" in 1, and "poor" in 1, with an effectiveness rate of 92.3%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3761540 TI - [Clinical study on cefixime granules in the field of pediatrics]. AB - The absorption and excretion and clinical effectiveness of cefixime (CFIX) granules, a new oral cephalosporin, were studied with pediatric patients with tonsillitis and urinary tract infection (UTI). Peak serum concentrations in 3 children given orally a single dose of 3 mg/kg on fasting were 0.545 micrograms/ml at 2 hours in 1 patient, and 1.56 and 1.26 micrograms/ml at 4 hours in the other 2. The half-lives in the 3 patients were 3.21-3.42 hours, with an average of 3.29 hours. The urinary concentration during the first 6 hours was 36.5 micrograms/ml in 1 patient showing the low serum level, and the first 6-hour urinary recovery rate was 7.3%. In the other 2 patients, urinary concentrations and recovery rates up to 6 hours were 87 and 62 micrograms/ml, and 17.0 and 15.1%, respectively. The second 6-hour urinary concentrations and recovery rates were 35.5 and 20.8 micrograms/ml, and 12.7 and 8.8%, respectively. The urinary recovery rates up to 12 hours were 29.7 and 23.9%, respectively. CFIX was given orally to 19 children with 20 diseases in daily doses of 6.4-12.9 mg/kg in 2 or 3 divided portions for 3 to 12 days. Clinical evaluations were made on 18 diseases. Clinical effects of CFIX were excellent in 4, good in 7 and poor in 1 of the 12 patients with tonsillitis, and excellent in 5 and good in 1 of the 6 patients with UTI. The overall clinical effectiveness rate was 94.4%. No side effects were observed in any of the 19 patients. Hematological tests, showed slight elevation of blood platelet counts in 2 patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3761541 TI - [Clinical experience with cefixime in the pediatric infections]. AB - We used cefixime (CFIX), a newly developed oral cephalosporin antibiotic, to treat 21 children with various infections. The results are summarized as follows. The serum half-lives of CFIX after an administration of 6 mg/kg to each of 2 children were 2.56 and 2.79 hours. The serum concentrations were high enough to ensure the therapeutic response. The clinical response was "excellent" in 16 children and "good" in 5, with a 100% efficacy rate. No side effects were recorded. The only abnormal finding was slight eosinophilia in 1 child. PMID- 3761542 TI - [Clinical experience with cefixime in the pediatric field]. AB - Cefixime (CFIX) was given orally to 25 children with acute bacterial infections including 13 with acute tonsillitis, 1 with acute tonsillitis and cervical lymphadenitis, 1 with acute bronchitis, 5 with bronchopneumonia and 5 with urinary tract infection. Good to excellent clinical response was obtained in 23, and bacteriological response was obtained in 14 of the 16 children who underwent bacteriological tests. Side effects with soft stool or eosinophilia were observed in 1 child each. The flavor and odor of CFIX appeared to be well accepted by children. Our clinical experience has suggested the usefulness of this antibiotic for the treatment of various bacterial pediatric infections. PMID- 3761543 TI - [Clinical studies on cefixime in pediatrics]. AB - A clinical study of cefixime (CFIX), a new oral cephalosporin, was carried out to evaluate its therapeutic effectiveness on bacterial infections in children. CFIX was orally administered to 13 patients including 6 with upper respiratory tract infection (RTI), 3 with pneumonia, and 1 each with bronchitis, otitis media, skin abscess, and urinary tract infection (UTI). The daily dosage per kg bodyweight ranged from 5.1 to 17.4 mg (average: 8.7 mg), and was given in 2 or 3 divided doses per day for 3 to 10 days (average: 5.8 days). The clinical response was excellent in 4 (30.8%), good in 7 (53.8%) and poor in 2 (15.4%), with an overall efficacy rate of 84.6%. Bacteriological efficacy was good, and 6 of the 8 identified causative organisms were eradicated. Side effects were observed in 3 children, i.e., loose stool in 1 and transient elevations of GOT and GPT in 2. The above results suggest that CFIX is a useful new oral cephalosporin for the treatment of bacterial infections in children. PMID- 3761544 TI - [Fundamental and clinical studies on cefixime in pediatrics]. AB - We have evaluated cefixime (CFIX) fine granules for pharmacokinetics and therapeutic effectiveness in children with infections. The results were summarized as follows. Pharmacokinetic parameters after the oral administration of single doses of 1.5 mg and 6.0 mg per kg body weight in a cross-over design in 1 child were as follows: The peak serum CFIX concentrations were 0.65 microgram/ml at 2 to 3 hours and 3.33 micrograms/ml at 4 hours for the low and the high doses, respectively; the respective biological half-lives were 2.4 hours and 2.5 hours, and urinary recovery was 10.3% at 8 hours and 5.2% at 12 hours, respectively. A clinical study was performed on 19 children with infections, including 7 with bronchitis; 3 each with tonsillitis, UTI, and cervical lymphadenitis; and 1 each with pharyngitis, retroauricular lymphadenitis, and enteritis. Doses ranging from 1.8 to 7.8 mg/kg body weight were given b.i.d. or t.i.d. The period of treatment ranged from 3 to 13 days. The therapeutic response was considered "excellent" in 15 and "good" in 4, with an effectiveness rate of 100%. No side effects were observed. The only abnormal laboratory findings was a slight elevation of GOT and GTP recorded in 1 child. It was concluded that CFIX was a promising drug for the treatment of bacterial infections in children. PMID- 3761545 TI - [Fundamental and clinical studies on cefixime in pediatric field]. AB - Cefixime (CFIX) was evaluated for pharmacokinetics, therapeutic effectiveness on infection, safety, and bacteriological effectiveness in pediatrics. The following is a summary of the results. Pharmacokinetics in 4 children, 2 each receiving a single dose of 1.5 mg or 6.0 mg per kg body weight, were examined. Peak serum CFIX concentrations after the dose of 1.5 mg/kg were 1.12 and 1.34 micrograms/ml, and the serum half-lives were 1.83 and 3.53 hours. For the children administered with 6.0 mg/kg of CFIX, the respective figures were 2.50 and 7.46 micrograms/ml, and 6.77 and 6.64 hours. The 12-hour urinary recoveries were 4.9 and 34.1% and 9.4 and 25.4% for the small and the large doses, respectively. Therapeutic effectiveness in 19 children with infections was "excellent" in 14 and "good" in 5, with an effectiveness rate of 100%. Bacteriological effectiveness was evaluated in 10 children. Classified by causative organisms, 5 cases had H. influenzae, 2 each H. parainfluenzae and S. pyogenes, and 1 mixed infection by H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae. Only the H. influenzae in the child with mixed infection resisted the therapy, and all the other pathogens were successfully eradicated. No side effects were recorded. The only abnormal laboratory test finding attributed to CFIX was eosinophilia in 2 children. PMID- 3761546 TI - [Pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of cefixime in pediatrics]. AB - Pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of cefixime (CFIX), a new oral cephalosporin antibiotic, in pediatric field were investigated. The result obtained were summarized as follows. CFIX (5% granules) was given to each of 5 children twice in a single dose of 1.5 or 3.0 mg/kg in a cross-over trial. The mean peak serum concentration of CFIX was 0.64 micrograms/ml at 4 hours after given the dose of 1.5 mg/kg and 1.15 micrograms/ml at 4 hours after the dose of 3.0 mg/kg. The mean half-life and the mean AUC values were 2.72 hours and 4.10 micrograms X hr/ml, respectively after the dose of 1.5 mg/kg, and 2.77 hours and 8.26 micrograms X hr/ml after the dose of 3.0 mg/kg. The urinary recovery was investigated in 5 children after the dose of CFIX of 1.5 mg/kg and in 4 children after the dose of 3.0 mg/kg. The mean peak urinary concentrations of CFIX and the mean 12-hour urinary recovery rates were 10.6-67.9 micrograms/ml at 2-10 hours and 15.7% after the dose of 1.5 mg/kg, and were and were 6.16-230 micrograms/ml at 2-8 hours and 18.9% after the dose of 3.0 mg/kg, respectively. CFIX was given to 6 children twice in a single dose of 50 mg either in the form of 5% granules or in capsules in a cross-over trial. The mean peak serum concentrations, half life and AUC values were 1.26 micrograms/ml at 4 hours, 3.09 hours and 9.63 micrograms X hr/ml, respectively after the dose of 50 mg CFIX in 5% granules, and were 1.16 micrograms/ml at 4 hours, 2.87 hours, and 7.82 micrograms X hr/ml, respectively after the dose of 50 mg in capsules. The urinary recovery was investigated in 5 children. The mean peak urinary concentrations and the mean 12 hour urinary recovery rates were 19.1-114 micrograms/ml at 4-10 hours and 15.7%, respectively after the dose of 50 mg in 5% granules, and were 8.16-89.0 micrograms/ml at 4-10 hours and 11.3%, respectively after the dose of 50 mg in capsules. Clinical efficacy of CFIX was investigated in a total of 26 children including 2 with tonsillitis, 2 with acute bronchitis, 2 with scarlet fever and 20 with urinary tract infection. Each of children were given orally a dose of 2.6 mg/kg CFIX 2-3 times a day for 11 days in average.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3761547 TI - [Fundamental and clinical studies of cefixime in children]. AB - Cefixime (CFIX), a new oral cephalosporin, was administered clinically at a daily dose of 3.4 mg/kg to 10.4 mg/kg to each of 12 children, aged from 2 months to 14 years old. An additional separate study was done to compare the serum and urinary levels of CFIX in 3 children when each was administered with 100 mg of the drug in capsule with the serum and urinary levels of the drug in the same children when each was given the same amount of drug in the form of 5% granules. The results of these trials are summarized below. Peak serum levels of CFIX administered in capsules and 5% granules averaged 1.4 micrograms/ml and 1.9 micrograms/ml, respectively. The half-life of the former was 5.13 hours, while that of the latter was 4.17 hours. The difference in the peak levels was statistically insignificant. The urinary excretion of CFIX in either form of the drug (capsules and granules) was about 14-18% in 12 hours. In 9 cases of respiratory infections, therapeutic results were excellent in 3 cases, good in 6 cases, and the effective rate was 100%. In 2 cases of urinary tract infection, results were excellent in 1 case and good in 1 case. The drug efficacy was poor in 1 case of purulent cervical lymphadenitis, probably caused by Staphylococcus aureus. No adverse reactions attributable to the drug were observed. CFIX may be expected to be a highly effective and safe agent in moderate respiratory and urinary tract infections of children. PMID- 3761548 TI - [Incidence of infection after transurethral prostatectomy]. AB - The incidence of preoperative and postoperative infections among 46 patients who underwent transurethral prostatectomy (TUR-P) was studied. Perioperative antibacterial schedule was as follows: one gram of cefotaxime (CTX) was intravenously injected just before the beginning of TUR-P, One gram of the antibiotic was intravenously infused once more on the day after TUR-P, twice on the next day, and once during each of the succeeding 2 days. Thirteen cases out of 46 (28.3%) had significant preoperative bacteriuria (greater than or equal to 1 X 10(4)/ml), but the postoperative eradication of the bacteria was observed for 10 of the 13 cases (76.9%). Among the 33 cases that did not have significant preoperative bacteriuria, only one case developed significant bacteriuria. In this case, a non-significant bacterial contamination of the urine had been observed before TUR-P. PMID- 3761549 TI - [Effect of cefminox on bacterial flora in human adult feces]. AB - Cefminox (CMNX), a new cephamycin, was administered by one shot intravenous injection twice daily with a dose of 1,000 mg each time for 5 days to seven healthy male volunteers whose ages ranged from 21 to 28 years (mean: 25 years) and body weights were from 60 to 92 kg mean: 72 kg). The effect of the drug on fecal bacterial flora was investigated and the concentrations of the drug in feces were measured on 5th day before the treatment, on 0, 3rd, and 5th day (the final day of the treatment) during the treatment, and on 3rd, 5th, and 10th day after the treatment. Antibiotic susceptibility tests of CMNX, cefmetazole (CMZ) and cefotaxime (CTX) against several strains of organisms isolated from feces of the seven volunteers were performed. Clinical adverse reactions and effect on laboratory examinations were also investigated. The results of the study are described as follows. Among Enterobacteriaceae, populations of E. coli, Klebsiella sp. and Citrobacter sp. temporarily disappeared during the treatment of CMNX. After 5-day-treatment, that of Citrobacter sp. transiently increased and the isolation of Enterobacter sp. increased during treatment and up to 5 days after treatment, while those of Proteus sp., H. alvei, or Serratia sp. did not show a definite change. The mean Enterobacteriaceae population in general was 10(8) to 10(9) cells/g feces, showing almost no variation, on all examination days except 5th day during treatment when these organisms were not isolated from only one subject. No remarkable change was not found in populations of other isolated organisms including Gram-negative bacilli; Aeromonas sp., Pseudomonas sp. and Acinetobacter sp., and Gram-positive bacteria; Staphylococcus sp., Enterococcus sp., Micrococcus sp. and Candida sp. Among anaerobes, the mean population of Bacteroides sp. was 10(10) to 10(11) cells/g feces, showing almost no variation, and C. difficile was not isolated from any subject, however the toxin was detected in samples from 5 of 7 subjects; one subject showed always positive for toxin on all examination days; 1 on 5th day during treatment to 10th day after treatment; 2 on 5th and 10th day after treatment, and 1 only on 10th day after treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3761550 TI - [General pharmacology of T-2588, a new oral cephem antibiotic]. AB - A new oral cephem antibiotic, T-2588, the pivaloyloxymethyl ester of (+)-(6R, 7R) 7-[(Z)-2-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)-2-methoxyiminoacetamido]-3- [(5-methyl-2H-tetrazol 2-yl)methyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2. 0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (T 2525), is mainly absorbed from the intestinal tract and biotransformed to T-2525 thereafter. General pharmacological activities of T-2588 were studied and following results were obtained. On the central nervous system, T-2588 did not show any effects at oral doses of 500-2,000 mg/kg and T-2525 produced only a slight elevation of body temperature in rabbits without any other effects at an intravenous dose of 500 mg/kg. On the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, T 2525 caused a slight hypotension and increased both respiratory rate and femoral blood flow, but no changes were observed in heart rate and electrocardiogram in dogs at an intravenous dose of 500 mg/kg. The T-2525 exerted no significant influence on blood pressure response to isoproterenol, acetylcholine or histamine, but showed a slight tendency to decrease pressor response to adrenaline in dogs at intravenous doses of 100-500 mg/kg. For the renal function in rats, T-2588 had no effects on urine volume, electrolytes and PSP excretion at oral doses of 500-2,000 mg/kg. Intravenous administration of T-2525 caused an increase of sodium excretion at 500 mg/kg and dose-dependent increases of PSP excretion at 20-500 mg/kg. Hematological studies revealed that both T-2588 at oral doses of 500-2,000 mg/kg and T-2525 at intravenous doses of 100-500 mg/kg had no effects on bleeding time in mice, blood coagulation and platelet aggregation in rats. The T-2588 exerted no effect on the gastrointestinal system in rats or mice and had no antiinflammatory activity in rats at oral doses of 500 2,000 mg/kg. The T-2525 scarcely affected the motilities of isolated smooth muscle preparations in experimental animals including stomach, ileum, colon, uterus, vas deferens and trachea at a concentration as high as 10(-3) g/ml. The T 2525 increased bile secretion in rats at intravenous doses of 100-500 mg/kg. The T-2525 slightly decreased the twitch tension of musculus gastrocnemius induced by electrical stimulation in rats at an intravenous dose of 500 mg/kg. These results indicate that T-2588 is a pharmacologically inactive antibiotic. PMID- 3761551 TI - [Studies on absorption, distribution and excretion of 14C labeled pivaloyloxymethyl (+)-(6R,7R)- 7-[(Z)-2-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)-2 methoxyiminoacetamido]- 3-[(5-methyl-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)methyl]-8-oxo-5-thia- 1 azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate (14C-T-2588) in rats and mice]. AB - Absorption, distribution and excretion of T-2588 were studied in rats and mice using (aminothiazole-2-14C) T-2588 and (pivaloyloxymethyl-14C) T-2588. Results are summarized below. The binding rate of 14C-T-2525, an activated form of 14C-T 2588 in vivo, to serum protein was 90 approximately 100% in rats and mice after an oral administration of (aminothiazole-2-14C) T-2588. Blood levels of radioactivity reached to the highest concentration at 1 hour after an oral administration of (aminothiazole-2-14C) T-2588 to rats, and then gradually diminished. After an oral administration of (aminothiazole-2-14C) T-2588 to rats and mice, the highest radioactivity distribution was found in kidney among all the organs except stomach, intestine and bladder. Radioactivity was widely distributed into other organs such as adrenal, lung, liver, heart and pancreas. But little radioactivity was found in the brain. In new born rats, tissue levels of radioactivity were lower and diminished slower than those of adult rats. After an oral administration of (aminothiazole-2-14C) T-2588 to rats and mice, urinary excretion of radioactivity was about 26% and 35% of the dosed radioactivity in rats and mice, respectively, and fecal excretion was about 76% and 63% of the dosed radioactivity in rats and mice, respectively. Urinary and fecal excretion patterns of radioactivity after multiple oral administration of (aminothiazole-2 14C) T-2588 for 7 days to mice were similar to those after a single administration. This result suggests that T-2588 did not accumulate in the body. After an oral administration of (pivaloyloxymethyl-14C) T-2588 to rats and mice, urinary excretion was both about 8% of the dosed radioactivity, and fecal excretion was both about 6%. Then excretion of 14CO2 into respiratory air was about 55% and 66% of the dosed radioactivity in rats and mice, respectively. Biliary excretion was about 6.5% of the dosed radioactivity after an oral administration of (aminothiazole-2-14C) T-2588 to rats. Small amount of radioactivity was secreted to the milk after intravenous administration of (aminothiazole-2-14C) T-2525 to nursing rats. After an administration of (aminothiazole-2-14C) T-2588 to pregnant mice, radioactivity hardly transferred into the fetus. PMID- 3761552 TI - [The autoradiographic studies on the distribution of 14C-labeled pivaloyloxymethyl (+)-(6R,7R)- 7-[(Z)-2-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)-2 methoxyiminoacetamido]- 3-[(5-methyl-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)methyl]-8-o xo-5-thia- 1 azabicyclo [4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate (14C-T-2588) in mice]. AB - The distribution of T-2588 was studied with whole body autoradiography in normal male mice and pregnant mice using two radioactive T-2588 labeled at the aminothiazole or pivaloyloxymethyl moieties. When (aminothiazole-2-14C) T-2588 was orally administered, the radioactivity was distributed widely to whole tissues except central nervous systems such as brain and spinal cord. In pregnant mice, no detectable radioactivity was present in the fetus. These results suggested that T-2588 was well absorbed and hardly crossed the blood-brain barrier and placenta. At 4 hours after administration, radioactivity was only observed in gastrointestinal tract implying rapid excretion of T-2588. When (pivaloyloxymethyl-14C) T-2588 was orally administered, radioactivity was accumulated to all tissues and fetus. From these results we speculated that formaldehyde formed by hydrolysis at the pivaloyloxymethyl ester and entered the C1-metabolic pathway. PMID- 3761553 TI - [A study on penetration of mezlocillin into the cerebrospinal fluid]. AB - The concentration of antibiotics in cerebrospinal fluid is of great interest in therapeutics, especially for the treatment of the central nervous system. We studied the penetration of mezlocillin (MZPC) in 3 cases with V-P shunt and 7 cases after neurosurgical operation. After intravenous injection of 4 g MZPC in the 3 cases with V-P shunt, a peak concentration (0.26-3.6 micrograms/ml) of MZPC in the cerebrospinal fluid was reached in 2-4 hours. In the 7 cases after neurosurgical operation, cerebrospinal fluid was sampled at 4 hours after the intravenous injection of 4 g MZPC by spinal tap. Concentrations of MZPC in cerebrospinal fluid ranged from 1.1 to 17.5 micrograms/ml. The mean maximum concentration of MZPC was 5.85 micrograms/ml, which exceeded 90% MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) against S. epidermidis, E. faecalis, H. influenzae. It is concluded MZPC can be useful for the prophylaxis of meningitis. PMID- 3761554 TI - [The prophylactic effects of latamoxef against the postoperative infections to open heart surgery. Studies on the penetration of latamoxef into the pericardial fluid and the auricle of heart]. AB - Latamoxef (LMOX, Siomarin) at a dose of 2 g was intravenously administered to each of 23 patients undergoing the open heart surgery and the concentrations in serum, pericardial fluid and auricle of heart were measured. Pharmacokinetic observations are summarized below. The peak serum concentration (t = 0) was 227.3 micrograms/ml and the serum half-life (T1/2 beta) was 1.74 hours. In pericardial fluid, LMOX reached the peak concentration of 28.44 micrograms/ml at 4.9 hours and the half-life was 9.99 hours. In auricle of heart, LMOX reached the peak concentration of 42.78 micrograms/g at 6.9 minutes and the half-life was 1.74 hours. It was shown that LMOX penetrates well into the pericardial fluid and the auricle of heart, and it is considered that their levels exceed the minimal inhibitory concentration against a majority of clinical isolates except Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PMID- 3761555 TI - [Penetration of cefotaxime into human bone marrow blood]. AB - Concentrations of cefotaxime (CTX) in bone marrow blood and venous blood were examined with the passage of time in 21 cases which received operations of bone and joint. Concentrations of CTX in bone marrow blood at 30 minutes of a single intravenous administration 2 g each of CTX were found to be 85.2 +/- 24.5 micrograms/ml. Concentration ratio of CTX in bone marrow blood to that in venous blood was reached the peak at 120 minutes after administration. Concentrations of CTX observed were higher than the MIC of CTX against major pathogens responsible for the postoperative infections in orthopaedic field. The CTX, therefore, is expected to have an effective antibiotic in prophylaxis. PMID- 3761556 TI - [Septicemia of children in Japan (1980-1984). Part 3. Antibiotic therapy and prognosis]. AB - Seven hundred and thirteen cases of proved bacteremia experienced at 48 pediatric institutions throughout Japan during 1980-1984 were analyzed with respect to their chemotherapeutic treatment and prognosis. Case fatality rate was the lowest in cases of monotherapy and the highest in those treated with 3 different antibiotics. Those treated with 2 different antibiotics showed significantly higher fatality rate than in cases treated with single antibiotic. Cephalosporins showed a trend to be administered singly more often than penicillins. Of all penicillin prescriptions ampicillin (ABPC) was chosen in 61.1% and in 62.3% of any combination therapies of penicillins. Among combination therapies gentamicin (GM) was most frequently combined with ABPC, i.e., in 58.9%. In 135 cases treated with combination of ABPC and GM or similar combination like ABPC and antipseudomonas aminoglycosides, deaths resulted in 42 cases compared with 108 deaths out of 578 cases treated with other chemotherapy revealing a statistically significant difference (P less than 0.005). The utilization of new cephem antibiotics found in this study clearly paralleled to the trend of the consumption of new injectable cephalosporins in Japan since the appearance of new cephem antibiotics in 1980. The clinical effect of new cephem antibiotics in pediatric bacteremia seems fairly good but will need further observations, particularly when combined with aminoglycosides. A very large difference exists in the choice of chemotherapy for bacteremia in children among different hospitals. In general, those institutions that prefer monotherapy with some combination therapies of other antibiotics than penicillins and aminoglycoside demonstrated better therapeutic results than those that prefer therapies with the orthodox ABPC and GM combination. Further analysis is necessary concerning backgrounds of these cases examined in our study. PMID- 3761557 TI - [Septicemia of children in Japan (1980-1984). Part 4. Antibiotic treatment and prognosis according to causative agents]. AB - Seven hundred and thirteen cases of septicemia whose causative organisms were detected from peripheral blood at 48 pediatric institutions throughout Japan during 1980-1984 were analyzed with respect to their chemotherapeutic outcome relative to causative microorganisms. Against Gram-positive cocci including S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, S. viridans, S. pneumoniae, E. faecalis, penicillins (PCs) demonstrated excellent results, and cephalosporin antibiotics (CEPs) also showed good results except against E. faecalis. Combinations of PCs and aminoglycosides (AGs) resulted in a significantly high fatality rate in streptococcal infections, and very significantly high fatality rate of 38.7% in infections due to S. aureus. Combinations of CEPs and AGs showed a little lower rate than the above combinations, but monotherapy gave the best result. Infections due to S. epidermidis revealed better prognosis than those due to S. aureus. We recommend that PC II (PCase resistant) and CEP I or II should be combined with fosfomycin (FOM), if necessary, for the treatment of staphylococcal septicemia. For the treatment of septicemia due to H. influenzae, ampicillin (ABPC) is the best drug against sensitive strains and CEP IV or V may also be the drug of choice even against ABPC resistant strains. Against septicemia due to E. coli, although its prognosis is not good in general, monotherapy gave the lowest mortality. Among combined therapies, "CEPs + AGs" resulted in a significantly lower death rate of 13.3% than "PCs + AGs" which showed a death rate of 38.3%. Pseudomonas septicemia is very difficult to treat with by a monotherapy using even PC IV, CEP V or AGs any of which is effective against P. aeruginosa. However, even then, the combination of "beta-lactam + AGs" gave higher mortality than monotherapies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3761558 TI - [The pharmacokinetic studies on astromicin in dogs. Intramuscular, intravenous or drip intravenous administration]. AB - The pharmacokinetics of astromicin (ASTM), a new aminoglycoside antibiotics, was studied in dogs after intramuscular (i.m.), intravenous (i.v.) or drip intravenous (d.i.v.: for 0.5, 1 hr. or 2 hrs.) administration at a dose of 20 mg/kg. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using one-compartment open model (i.m.) or two-compartment open model (i.v. and d.i.v.). The peak plasma levels of ASTM were 34.1 mcg/ml (i.m.), 50.5 mcg/ml (d.i.v., 0.5 hr.), 39.8 mcg/ml (d.i.v., 1 hr.) and 28.2 mcg/ml (d.i.v., 2 hrs.), respectively. The pharmacokinetic parameters (T1/2, AUC infinity, Kel, Vd and Cl) of ASTM except Cmax and Tmax were similar for different routes of administration. Urinary recovery rates of ASTM were 90.5% (i.m.), 95.2% (i.v.), 91.6% (d.i.v., 0.5 hr.), 92.6% (d.i.v., 1 hr.) and 93.5% (d.i.v., 2 hrs.) by 24 hours. After intramuscular, intravenous or 1 hour drip intravenous administration of ASTM, no active metabolite was found in urine of dogs. PMID- 3761559 TI - [A phase I study on intravenous drip infusion of astromicin]. AB - A phase I study on intravenous drip infusion of astromicin (ASTM, KW-1070), an aminoglycoside antibiotic, was performed on 9 healthy adult male volunteers to investigate the safety and pharmacokinetics of this drug. ASTM 200 mg was dissolved in 250 ml of saline and given to each of 6 volunteers by drip infusion in 1 hour. For comparison, 200 mg of ASTM in 1 ml of saline was injected intramuscularly. No subjective and objective reactions were found, and laboratory test value did not show any change possibly caused by ASTM. In a single administration study, Cmax was 10.8 micrograms/ml by intramuscular injection and 12.0 micrograms/ml by intravenous drip infusion. The areas under the time-serum concentration curve were 35.6 micrograms X hr/ml and 34.9 micrograms X hr/ml, respectively; that is, the serum levels of ASTM after one-hour intravenous drip infusion changed almost identically to those after intramuscular injection. In a multiple administration study, the change in serum levels of ASTM after the ninth administration was approximately the same as that after the first one. This means that no accumulation of ASTM in serum occurred. Recovery rates of ASTM in urine up to 8 hours after a single intramuscular injection and a single intravenous drip infusion were 85.4% and 87.5%, respectively. These results also support the conclusion that there is no accumulation of ASTM in the body by repeated administrations. PMID- 3761560 TI - [Pharmacokinetic studies of astromicin using a constant-rate continuous intravenous infusion method]. AB - Astromicin (ASTM) was administered intravenously to 4 healthy adult volunteers with an average body weight of 62 kg using a continuous infusion apparatus at a constant rate of 200 mg in 1 hour (Group I), 400 mg in 1 hour (Group II) and 200 mg in 2 hours (Group III). Concentrations of the drug in serum and urine were determined by high power liquid chromatography (HPLC). The mean serum concentration of the 4 subjects reached the peak of 13.32 micrograms/ml in Group I, 22.12 micrograms/ml in Group II and 9.89 micrograms/ml in Group III. The peak concentration was achieved at the end of infusion and was dose-related. After 8 hours, the concentration dropped to less than 1 micrograms/ml in all groups. The urinary recovery rate was 90% in 8 hours and 95% in 24 hours. T1/2 (beta) analyzed by the two-compartment open model was 1.64-1.72 hours. AUC infinity was also dose-related, such as 33.1 micrograms X hr/ml and 31.6 micrograms X hr/ml in Group I and Group III, and 57.6 micrograms X hr/ml in Group II. It is recommended for amikacin (AMK) that the peak serum concentration should not exceed 35 micrograms/ml and the maximum concentration before the next infusion should be less than 5 micrograms/ml. In these experiment, ASTM which is lower in toxicity than AMK did not approach 35 micrograms/ml even at the peak level with the dosage of 400 mg in 1 hour. Furthermore, the excretion of the drug was fast and the serum level of the drug became much lower than 5 micrograms/ml very quickly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3761561 TI - [Pharmacokinetics of astromicin intravenous drip infusion in patients with renal disorders]. AB - Astromicin (ASTM), a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, was administered to 7 patients with renal disorders. Concentrations of ASTM in blood were determined for pharmacokinetic analysis. ASTM was administered by intravenous drip infusion over 1 hour at a dose of 200 mg to each of 6 patients and at a dose of 100 mg to 1 patient. Renal function was observed by the clearance of intrinsic creatinine (Ccr) as the indicator. Concentrations of ASTM in blood became higher and retention times longer as degrees of the loss of renal function were larger. Although ASTM is proved to be one of drugs with the highest degree of safety compared with other existing aminoglycoside antibiotics, it should be administered with care to patients with renal disorders. PMID- 3761562 TI - [Effects of astromicin on a host defence mechanism]. AB - We investigated the effect of astromicin (ASTM) on a defence mechanism. The existence of ASTM (100 micrograms/ml) did not influence the ability of phagocytizing and killing by the mouse peritoneal exudated polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN). We observed no change of either phagocytizing and killing or phagocytizing ability of PMN by a pretreatment with ASTM (100 micrograms/ml). When the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of PMN was examined, a slight decrease of relative light intensity in the presence of ASTM was observed at a concentration of 100 micrograms/ml or 50 micrograms/ml. There was, however, no change of relative light intensity in the presence of 20 micrograms/ml of ASTM. The chemotaxis of PMN was not influenced in the presence of even 100 micrograms/ml of ASTM. We also examined whether a combination effect existed between ASTM and either fresh human serum or fresh mouse serum in vitro. Considerable combination effects were observed against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. marcescens, K. pneumoniae and S. aureus. From these results, we concluded that ASTM did not exert a detrimental effect on examined functions of PMN which is important in the nonspecific host defence mechanism in the early phase of bacterial infections. We also concluded that ASTM, which had a synergic effect with a human serum factor, was a safe and effective chemotherapeutic agent. PMID- 3761563 TI - Coronary angiography after myocardial infarction. A comparison between a Japanese community hospital and Western countries. AB - The purpose of our study was to determine differences in coronary lesions after myocardial infarction between Japan and Western countries. One hundred ninety-two patients under 69 years of age admitted to our CCU were diagnosed as having an acute myocardial infarction. One hundred thirty of 153 surviving patients received coronary arteriography, and 12% had zero-vessel, 42% single-vessel, 25% two-vessel and 12% three-vessel coronary artery disease. Of 113 patients without a previous history of myocardial infarction, 12% had zero-vessel, 44% single vessel, 27% two-vessel and 17% three-vessel disease. We compared these results with the reports of three similar studies from Western countries. The percentage of multivessel patients in our study was the lowest among the four studies (p less than 0.05). Coronary lesions in patients without a previous history of myocardial infarction differ from reports in the United States (p less than 0.05). These results may suggest that we should carefully evaluate the reports of secondary prevention for chronic myocardial infarction, considering the different severity of coronary lesions in each country. PMID- 3761564 TI - Isoproterenol infusion stress two-dimensional echocardiography in diagnosis of coronary artery disease in elderly patients. Comparison with the other stress testing methods. AB - Since a dynamic exercise stress test cannot always be performed adequately in elderly patients, an alternative method is needed for evaluation of coronary reserve. We studied two-dimensional echocardiographic (2-DE) and electrocardiographic (ECG) responses to infusion of isoproterenol (ISP) at a rate of 0.02 micrograms/Kg/min in 40 elderly patients with chest pain. The results were compared with exercise ECG (EX-ECG) tests and exercise radionuclide angiocardiography (EX-RNA) in 13 of these patients. No serious complications were encountered in the ISP test. The diagnostic sensitivity for coronary artery disease (CAD) was 71% for ISP-2-DE, 71% for ISP-ECG, 86% for EX-ECG and 71% for EX-RNA. The specificity for CAD was 83% for ISP-2-DE, 33% for ISP-ECG, 50% for EX ECG and 100% for EX-RNA. In conclusion, the ISP-2-DE test is a safe, easily available and useful method for the assessment of coronary artery disease in elderly patients. PMID- 3761565 TI - Effects of major coronary artery stenosis on the pressure-flow relationship of an adjacent intact coronary artery branch in isolated supported canine left ventricle. AB - We investigated whether the relationship between the mean left anterior descending and septal coronary blood flow and the mean perfusion pressure varies with left circumflex coronary stenosis. We used excised, perfused canine heart preparations (n = 10), in which variables to influence the myocardial oxygen demand and supply relation can be fairly well controlled. The results showed that coronary blood flow in the adjacent, non-stenosed coronary artery increased significantly following LCX stenosis; this increased flow was found at the same values of heart rate, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and perfusion pressure, as those in the preischemic state. Moreover, this increased flow was also observed when the values of peak left ventricular pressure and pressure length loop area were similar between the pre-ischemic and ischemic states. Thus, contributions of neurohumoral factors or alterations in mechanical factors determining the myocardial oxygen demand and supply relation are negligible. This increased flow may be important in maintaining overall cardiac function in cases of acute coronary stenosis or coronary occlusion. PMID- 3761566 TI - Myocardial ischemia stimulates catecholamine synthesis and catabolism in the dog adrenal medulla. AB - The effects of regional ischemia of the myocardium upon metabolism and catabolism of catecholamines were studied in the dog adrenal medulla. Regional ischemia was induced by ligating a small branch of the left anterior descending coronary artery for 1 or 24 hours. Sham-operated controls were run in parallel. Coronary ligation for 24 hours resulted in a decrease in the level of epinephrine and an increase in the level of dopamine in the adrenal medulla, and also resulted in an increase in the activities of the phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT), monoamine oxidase, and catechol-O-methyltransferase. The results after coronary ligation for 1 hour were essentially the same as those after coronary ligation for 24 hours, except that the activity of PNMT decreased. These results suggest that both synthesis and catabolism of catecholamines in the adrenal medulla are accelerated during coronary ligation for a period of 1 to 24 hours. PMID- 3761567 TI - Experimental production of AV block. Comparison between electrical ablation and a new catheter technique using anhydrous alcohol. AB - Production of chronic complete atrioventricular block (CAVB) was attempted by two closed-chest methods in dogs. One is a modified electrical ablation method (EA), and the other is a new catheter technique to inject anhydrous alcohol into the subendocardium of the AV junction (alcohol method). EA was performed in 6 dogs and the alcohol method in 10 dogs. Chronic CAVB was produced in 5 dogs (83%) by EA and in 7 dogs (70%) by the alcohol method. Escape ventricular rhythm with narrow QRS morphology was found in 4 dogs (80%) with EA, and in 3 dogs (43%) with the alcohol method. Except for transient supraventricular tachyarrhythmias which occurred immediately after EA, both methods were performed without complication. EA had a higher success rate in producing CAVB on the narrow QRS of the escape ventricular rhythm occurred more frequently than reported in the literature and than in the case of the alcohol method. The alcohol method, though, may be superior to EA for human applications because it does not require general anesthesia. PMID- 3761568 TI - Peculiar mitral valve and papillary muscle lesions induced by vagus manipulations in rabbits. An experimental model for nonrheumatic mitral regurgitation. AB - Peculiar lesions of mitral valves and papillary muscles developed in 50 to 80% of rabbits after clipping (N = 38), crushing (N = 15) or electrical stimulation (N = 44) of their cervical vagi. Both right and left vagus manipulations induced similar cardiac lesions. The earliest manifestation was bleeding of the mitral leaflets, which was followed by swelling and fibrosis of the papillary muscles. Ventricular arrhythmias and systolic murmurs were frequently associated with the vagus manipulations. During or just after electrical stimulation of the vagus, ventricular premature contractions (VPCs) were observed in 30 of 44 animals. Twenty-nine of these 30 animals with VPCs (96.7%) were found to have mitral valve and/or papillary muscle lesions at autopsy, whereas only 5 of 14 animals without VPCs (35.7%) had the cardiac lesions. These results indicate that the occurrence of these ventricular arrhythmias during vagus manipulations was closely related with the mitral valve and papillary muscle lesions. PMID- 3761569 TI - Inotropic and chronotropic activity of a new cardiotonic agent, DM 9278 (1,2,3,4,8,9,10,12-octahydro[2,1-b]pyrido[2,3-f]quinazolin-9-one ), on isolated dog atrial and ventricular muscles. AB - The cardiac effects of DM9278 were studied in isolated and blood-perfused atrial and ventricular preparations from mongrel dogs. In spontaneously beating isolated right atria, DM9278 caused positive chronotropic and inotropic responses in a dose-related manner (1-100 micrograms). DM9278 produced relatively larger positive inotropic than positive chronotropic effects as compared with effects of aminophylline or papaverine. DM9278 increased the developed tension in left ventricles electrically driven at 1.5-2.0 Hz. Positive inotropic and chronotropic responses to DM9278 in both atrial and ventricular preparations were suppressed slightly but not significantly by 1-3 micrograms of propranolol, which completely blocked the positive chronotropic and inotropic effects of norepinephrine (0.01 0.1 micrograms). From these results, it is concluded that DM9278 has direct cardiotonic properties in isolated dog heart tissues, showing relatively selective positive inotropic activity. PMID- 3761570 TI - Effects of calcium-antagonists on norepinephrine release from sympathetic nerve endings in rat mesenteric vasculature. AB - The present study was designed to investigate whether Ca-antagonists influence norepinephrine release from the sympathetic nerve endings in resistance vessels. Isolated mesenteric vascular preparations of rats, perfused with Ringer-Locke solution, were used to determine the effects of verapamil or diltiazem on norepinephrine release from sympathetic nerve terminals. Pressor responses to exogenous norepinephrine and electrical nerve stimulation were recorded, and the norepinephrine contents of the perfusate were measured before and after the electrical nerve stimulation, using high pressure liquid chromatography with an electrochemical detector. Pressor responses to exogenous norepinephrine and electrical nerve stimulation were depressed dose-dependently by verapamil and diltiazem. The inhibition of the pressor responses for nerve stimulation was greater than exogenous norepinephrine. Both verapamil and diltiazem reduced norepinephrine release from the mesenteric arterial beds after the electrical nerve stimulation. These results indicate that Ca++-antagonists, such as verapamil and diltiazem, have inhibitory effects on norepinephrine release from the sympathetic nerve endings, in addition to their direct actions on the vascular smooth muscle. It is also suggested that the presynaptic inhibitory action of Ca++-antagonists could be due to the blockade of Ca++-channels in nerve cell terminals, which may be important in the clinical use of Ca-antagonists. PMID- 3761571 TI - Cardiovascular effects of budralazine in the dog. AB - Cardiovascular effects of budralazine were investigated in isolated and cross circulated dog atrial preparations. When budralazine was injected into the jugular vein of the donor dog, a hypotension was produced with slight tachycardia in a dose-related manner. At the same time, slight positive chronotropic and biphasic inotropic effects were induced in the isolated atrium perfused with donor's arterial blood. When budralazine was injected into the cannulated sinus node artery of the isolated atrial preparation, it produced only slight negative chronotropic and inotropic responses, occasionally followed by positive responses. Vehicle injections induced monophasic negative chronotropic and inotropic effects. It is concluded that budralazine has a potent vasodilator action, a reflex-induced sympathomimetic action, but no direct cardiac stimulating properties. Moreover, a direct catecholamine releasing action of budralazine does not appear to be prominent. PMID- 3761572 TI - Complete and delayed reversal of a large dyskinetic area with early spontaneous reperfusion during evolving myocardial infarction. AB - Sequential angiographic studies have shown that spontaneous reperfusion occurs in approximately 30 to 40% of patients during evolving myocardial infarction. However, it is difficult to establish the effects of spontaneous reperfusion on left ventricular function. We report the case of a 65 year old woman with clinical features of acute myocardial infarction with early spontaneous reperfusion and complete recovery of ventricular function 1 year later. PMID- 3761574 TI - Pheochromocytoma and Ca++ channel blocker. AB - This is a case report of a 57-year-old woman who was diagnosed as suffering from pheochromocytoma on the basis of serum catecholamine levels, the results of abdominal echography and CT scanning. Her fluctuating blood pressure was treated successfully by intravenous administration of diltiazem. Diltiazem elicits a marked reduction in vascular resistance. There was no evidence that diltiazem affects catecholamine secretion levels, as reported by others for nifedipine. PMID- 3761573 TI - A successful electrical ablation of recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia in a postoperative case of tetralogy of Fallot. AB - A 26 year old female patient developed recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) after undergoing heart surgery for the third time for chronic pulmonary regurgitation following repair of tetralogy of Fallot. At the last surgery, ventriculotomy was again performed in the outflow tract of the right ventricle. At that time, scar formation and thinning of the cardiac wall were obvious. The surgical result was excellent. Three months later, she lost consciousness. ECG showed VT which was refractory to tolerated doses of antiarrhythmic drugs. Electrophysiologic study showed fragmented activity in the outflow tract of the right ventricle during VT which could be induced and terminated by programmed electrical stimulations. DC energy delivery of 200 Joules to catheter electrodes which recorded local activity 20 msec prior to the onset of the QRS of VT was successful in preventing VT. VT could not be induced by extensive programmed stimulation 1 month later. PMID- 3761575 TI - Periodic fluctuation of blood pressure in a case of norepinephrine secreting extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma. AB - A rare case of pheochromocytoma with wide fluctuation of blood pressure at regular 7-min intervals is described. Direct blood pressure monitoring revealed periodic changes between 120/80 mmHg and 220/130 mmHg. The plasma norepinephrine concentration increased selectively in parallel with the elevation of the blood pressure. The tumor was found adjacent to the left kidney, and all abnormal data improved after its resection. PMID- 3761576 TI - [Stomatocytosis with hemolysis presumably induced by vincristine administration in a patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma]. PMID- 3761577 TI - [Malignant histiocytosis associated with hypogammaglobulinemia]. PMID- 3761578 TI - [Changes in pathogens in infectious diseases]. PMID- 3761579 TI - [Chemotherapy and clinical bacteriological tests]. PMID- 3761580 TI - [Changes in pathogenic microbes in infectious diseases--present status and future]. PMID- 3761581 TI - [Changes in pathogenic microbes in infectious diseases--infections in the immuno compromised host]. PMID- 3761582 TI - [Changes in pathogenic microbes in infectious diseases--infections in the pediatrics]. PMID- 3761583 TI - [Changes in pathogenic microbes in infectious diseases--infections in the aged]. PMID- 3761584 TI - [Changes in pathogenic microbes in infectious diseases--eye infections]. PMID- 3761585 TI - [Changes in pathogenic microbes in infectious diseases--infections in otorhinolaryngologic diseases]. PMID- 3761586 TI - [Changes in pathogenic microbes in infectious diseases--oral and dental infections]. PMID- 3761587 TI - [Progress in chemotherapeutic agents--cephalosporins]. PMID- 3761588 TI - [Progress in chemotherapeutic agents--aminoglycoside antibiotics]. PMID- 3761590 TI - [Progress in chemotherapeutic agents--pyridonecarboxylic acid]. PMID- 3761589 TI - [Progress in chemotherapeutic agents--macrolide antibiotics and related compounds]. PMID- 3761591 TI - [Progress in chemotherapeutic agents--antifungal agents]. PMID- 3761592 TI - [Progress of chemotherapy in various fields--internal medicine (respiratory tract infections)]. PMID- 3761593 TI - [Progress of chemotherapy in various fields--pediatrics]. PMID- 3761594 TI - [Progress of chemotherapy in various fields--otorhinolaryngology]. PMID- 3761595 TI - [Progress of chemotherapy in various fields--obstetrics and gynecology]. PMID- 3761596 TI - [Progress of chemotherapy in various fields--ophthalmology]. PMID- 3761597 TI - [Prophylactic administration of antimicrobiological agents and reflections ther on--common cold]. PMID- 3761598 TI - [Application and problems of combination drug therapy--interactions of antibiotics]. PMID- 3761599 TI - [Drug resistance of bacteria and countermeasures--current status of resistance. 1. Gram-positive aerobic cocci]. PMID- 3761600 TI - [Drug resistance of bacteria and countermeasures--current status of resistance. 5. Anaerobic bacteria]. PMID- 3761601 TI - [Methods of interpreting cineangiography of coronary diseases--local diagnosis and diagnosis of the lesions]. PMID- 3761602 TI - [Progress in emergency medicine and improvement of the survival rate in patients with myocardial infarction]. PMID- 3761603 TI - [Importance of early treatment of coronary diseases and the system of emergency medicine]. PMID- 3761604 TI - [Improvement of the survival rate of patients with coronary diseases by the MCCU]. PMID- 3761605 TI - [Recent progress in coronary care unit equipment]. PMID- 3761606 TI - [Coronary surgery and emergency operation systems]. PMID- 3761607 TI - [Progress in emergency medicine and cardiovascular imaging methods: synchrotron radiation coronary angiography]. PMID- 3761608 TI - [Stage classification of acute myocardial infarction]. PMID- 3761609 TI - [Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia]. PMID- 3761610 TI - [Dysfunction of the exocrine glands: autonomic nervous system insufficiency]. PMID- 3761611 TI - [Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]. PMID- 3761612 TI - [WDHA (watery diarrhea, hypokalemia and achlorhydria) syndrome]. PMID- 3761613 TI - [Pancreatic cystic fibrosis]. PMID- 3761614 TI - [Congenital pancreatic lipase deficiency]. PMID- 3761615 TI - [Congenital crocodile tear syndrome]. PMID- 3761616 TI - [Johanson-Blizzard syndrome]. PMID- 3761617 TI - [Frey's syndrome (gustatory sweating)]. PMID- 3761618 TI - [Application of artificial intelligence in laboratory diagnosis]. PMID- 3761619 TI - [Biosensor technology and clinical analysis]. PMID- 3761620 TI - [Present situation of autoanalyzer systems and possible future developments]. PMID- 3761621 TI - [Communication technology and laboratory automation]. PMID- 3761622 TI - [Is clinical laboratory diagnosis possible?]. PMID- 3761623 TI - [Present status and future of laboratory data base]. PMID- 3761624 TI - [Analyses of latent thyroid pathophysiology from a large laboratory database]. PMID- 3761625 TI - [A proposal of new classification of acid-base dynamics in diagnosing the pathophysiological processes that induced the changes of acid-base equilibrium]. PMID- 3761626 TI - [Comparison of urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity determined by using 24-hour and 2-hour urine]. PMID- 3761628 TI - [A histopathological study of the apparently uninvolved areas in cases of acute pancreatitis]. PMID- 3761627 TI - [Analysis of guanase by agarose gel electrophoresis]. PMID- 3761629 TI - [Isolation of Legionella bozemanii from the lung tissue]. PMID- 3761630 TI - [Procedural changes by systematization of medium-size hospitals]. PMID- 3761631 TI - [Application of microcomputers for totally automated laboratory systems]. PMID- 3761632 TI - [Clinical laboratory systems and automation, aiming at rapid reporting]. PMID- 3761633 TI - [An outpatient clinic-oriented laboratory system--proposal for a personal computer network system]. PMID- 3761634 TI - [The benefits and problems of the application of personal computer networks to clinical laboratory information systems]. PMID- 3761635 TI - [Systematization of clinical serum study]. PMID- 3761636 TI - [Studies on the clinical significance of glycosylated hemoglobin as an index for glycemic control in diabetic patients]. PMID- 3761637 TI - [Determination of serum apolipoprotein A-IV (Apo A-IV) by immunoelectrophoresis]. PMID- 3761638 TI - [Rapid determination of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymandelic (vanilmandelic) acid and 4 hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylacetic (homovanillic) acid in urine by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection]. PMID- 3761639 TI - [Analysis of serum pancreatic enzyme provocative test in the pancreozymin secretin test]. PMID- 3761640 TI - [Application of the cumulative delta check method for hematological tests]. PMID- 3761641 TI - [Intestinal amyloidosis and perforation of the gastrointestinal tract--a case of jejunal perforation due to amyloidosis]. PMID- 3761642 TI - [A case of adrenal ganglioneuroblastoma--cytology of the bone marrow aspirate as an important evidence of the diagnosis]. PMID- 3761643 TI - [Analysis of arrhythmia in healthy subjects using 24-hour ambulatory ECGs]. PMID- 3761644 TI - [Epidemiology, clinical pathology, and diagnosis of prostatic cancer]. PMID- 3761645 TI - [Pathomorphology and classification of prostatic cancer]. PMID- 3761646 TI - [Efficacy of long-term monitoring of markers of prostate cancer, with special reference to gamma-Sm and PAP]. PMID- 3761647 TI - [Histological staging of prostatic cancer and gamma-Sm]. PMID- 3761648 TI - [Stages of prostatic cancer and serum gamma-Sm levels]. PMID- 3761649 TI - [Clinical tests for the diagnosis of bone metastasis of prostatic cancer. A. General hematological tests, including the reticulocyte count]. PMID- 3761650 TI - [Clinical tests for the diagnosis of bone metastasis of prostatic cancer. B. Serum alkaline phosphatase and its isoenzymes]. PMID- 3761651 TI - [Mass screening for the early diagnosis of prostatic cancer]. PMID- 3761652 TI - [Tests for prostate-derived enzymes. A. Analysis of serum acid phosphatase and its clinical significance]. PMID- 3761653 TI - [Analysis of seminal plasma proteins. A. Gamma-Seminoprotein (gamma-Sm)--its immunochemical characteristics]. PMID- 3761654 TI - [Computed tomographic detection of lymph nodes in the hepatoduodenal ligament- study of Thorotrast deposit patients]. PMID- 3761655 TI - [CT of peritonitis carcinomatosa]. PMID- 3761656 TI - [Traumatic renal infarction: CT and angiography]. PMID- 3761657 TI - [Embolization of renal arteriovenous malformations]. PMID- 3761659 TI - [Systemic air embolism associated with campomelic dysplasia]. PMID- 3761660 TI - [Jugular venous reflux observed on radionuclide angiogram]. PMID- 3761661 TI - [A case of remarkable intracranial calcification]. PMID- 3761658 TI - [Experience with percutaneous nephrostomy and ureteral stent placement]. PMID- 3761662 TI - [CT of primary malignant lymphoma of the paranasal sinuses]. PMID- 3761663 TI - [A case of pulmonary agenesis associated with congenital tracheal stenosis and aberrant left pulmonary artery]. PMID- 3761664 TI - [Two cases of adrenal myelolipoma]. PMID- 3761665 TI - [Dynamic CT and pathologic studies on hepatic cavernous hemangioma]. PMID- 3761666 TI - [Clinical experience using gadolinium-DTPA--contrast enhanced MR imaging]. PMID- 3761667 TI - [Roentgenologic appearance of a mediastinal bronchogenic cyst]. PMID- 3761668 TI - [Evaluation of 201-Tl accumulation in the lung by multivariate information analysis]. PMID- 3761669 TI - [Brain stem encephalitis? Acute multiple sclerosis?]. PMID- 3761670 TI - [A case of lung cancer presenting as multiple cystic shadows]. PMID- 3761671 TI - [A case of hepatic hemangioendothelioma in an infant]. PMID- 3761673 TI - [A case of metastatic adenocarcinoma with abnormal uptake of 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate in multiple subcutaneous nodules]. PMID- 3761672 TI - [A case of renal leiomyosarcoma]. PMID- 3761674 TI - [Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies of benign juvenile melanomas. I: Relationship between the clinical color of tumors and the melanosome]. PMID- 3761675 TI - [Immunohistochemical study of the distribution of blood group antigens A, B and H in normal skin]. PMID- 3761676 TI - [Studies on percutaneous absorption of pantethine in guinea pigs]. PMID- 3761677 TI - Lipids from human platelets in primary thrombocythemia. AB - Lipids in platelets of a patient with primary thrombocythemia were analyzed. Main neutral and acidic glycosphingolipids were globo-series and hematoside (GM3), respectively. In addition, galactosylceramide was found for the first time in human platelets. This glycosphingolipid contained a considerable amount of hydroxy-fatty acids. Free ceramide was found, and compared to about half the total amount of the glycosphingolipids. The ceramide moiety of sphingomyelin was slightly different from those of the glycosphingolipids. Molar ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid showed 0.71 which was higher than that in normal platelets. PMID- 3761678 TI - Effect of cerulenin, an inhibitor of fatty acid synthesis, on the immune cytolysis of tumor cells. AB - Effect of cerulenin, an inhibitor of biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols on the immune cytolysis of tumor cells was investigated. In cytotoxicity experiment, MH134 cells pretreated with cerulenin in a range of concentrations causing minor cellular injuries were lysed by xenogeneic antiserum and complement in a significantly higher degree than non-treated MH134 cells. C3H/He mice inoculated ip with 1 X 10(5) syngeneic MH134 cells, received cerulenin on days 3 and 6, and then the antiserum against MH134 cells on days 4 and 7. Such mice survived markedly longer than 3 control groups of mice carrying MH134 tumor cells; one without treatments, one treated only with cerulenin and the other only with the antiserum. Inhibition of biosynthesis of cell membrane fatty acid and sterols, that was indicated by inhibition of 14C-acetate incorporation, is thought to enhance the susceptibility of the tumor cells to killing by antibodies and complement. Such an inhibitor of fatty acids and sterols might be a beneficial adjuvant to the adoptive cancer immunotherapy. PMID- 3761679 TI - [Correlation of quantitative changes of gastric mucosal glycoproteins in restraint and water immersion stress in rats]. PMID- 3761680 TI - [Electron microscopic observation of cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcer in the rat]. PMID- 3761681 TI - [Role of Clostridium difficile toxins in pseudomembranous colitis with special reference to experimental studies using germfree rats]. PMID- 3761682 TI - [Investigation of endogenous prostaglandins in 1,2-dimethyl-hydrazine induced colonic cancer in rats--inhibition of proliferation in colonic cancer with indomethacin treatment]. PMID- 3761683 TI - [Studies of lymphoid cell subsets of colonic mucosa in ulcerative colitis]. PMID- 3761684 TI - [The effect of dopamine on liver circulation in man]. PMID- 3761685 TI - [Studies on experimentally induced acute hepatic failure in mice. Characteristics of the hepatocytotoxic factors released from the activated liver adherent cells]. PMID- 3761686 TI - [The effect of chronic ethanol administration on halothane hepatotoxicity in rats]. PMID- 3761687 TI - [Two cases of Crohn's disease in siblings with pancreatitis]. PMID- 3761688 TI - [An interesting case of metastasis to the bowel tract after removal of renal cell carcinoma]. PMID- 3761689 TI - [A case with multiple lymphomatous polyposis]. PMID- 3761690 TI - [A case of mesenteric gastrinoma identified six years after the diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]. PMID- 3761691 TI - [A case of congenital choledochal dilatation followed up for 13 years]. PMID- 3761692 TI - [Expression of c-myc mRNA in surgically resected stomach cancer tissues]. PMID- 3761693 TI - [Desmin filaments in cultured Ito cells]. PMID- 3761694 TI - Correlations between mother and child blood selenium concentrations at birth. PMID- 3761695 TI - [Effect of Shinkansen litigation on complaints in the Shinkansen noise and vibration survey]. PMID- 3761696 TI - [Changes in coefficient variations of live birth weight by prefecture]. PMID- 3761697 TI - [Investigation of bacteria in drinking water in a rural village in North East Thailand]. PMID- 3761698 TI - [A study of the relationship between total IgE in serum of school children and types of heaters]. PMID- 3761699 TI - [The aging society and gerontology]. PMID- 3761700 TI - Four years after the World Assembly; a review and appraisal. PMID- 3761701 TI - [The nutrition in elderly people]. PMID- 3761702 TI - [Medical care in the aged]. PMID- 3761703 TI - [The ability of the brain grows throughout life?]. PMID- 3761704 TI - [Aging in the dopaminergic regulation of the pituitary hormone secretion in men (I): Changes in the pituitary response to dopamine]. PMID- 3761705 TI - [Aging in the dopaminergic regulation of the pituitary hormone secretion in men (II): Changes in the pituitary response to domperidone]. PMID- 3761706 TI - [Geographic and occupational comparisons of left ventricular dimensions by echocardiography, with special reference to the changes in blood pressure over 10 years]. PMID- 3761707 TI - [Ostium secundum atrial septal defect in the patients aged 40 and over]. PMID- 3761708 TI - [Effect of aging on onset mechanism of bronchial asthma. 1. Immediate allergic reaction]. PMID- 3761709 TI - [Overnight urine Na, K, creatinine in the Haruno-cho Blood Pressure Survey]. PMID- 3761710 TI - [Effects of toluene vapors on signaled bar press shock avoidance performance in rats]. AB - The effects of single exposure to toluene on signaled lever press shock avoidance behavior in rats were tested during and after exposure. The results obtained were as follows: Rats exposed to 125, 250 and 500 ppm toluene showed a decline in conditioned avoidance responses at 20 min exposure as compared to the pre exposure baseline, although they recovered to almost the same level of performance as that before exposure. Exposure to 1,000 ppm toluene produced an exposure duration related to the increase in the number of total lever presses and the decrease in the effective response rate. The number of total lever presses increased drastically after 2,000 ppm toluene exposure. Effective avoidance response rate decreased to about 70% compared to the pre-test performance. Beginning at 4,000 ppm toluene exposure, the response rate increased, thereafter it gradually decreased and finally slight ataxia was observed. After 4,000 ppm exposure, all of the rats showed signs of excitation such as marked increase in the response rate. Acceleration of the reaction time was remarkably observed after 1,000 and 2,000 ppm exposure. As a whole, in the case of toluene exposure, concentration-related increases in lever presses and decreases in the effective avoidance response rate beginning at 1,000 ppm were observed. Animals showed excitatory response at 1,000 and 2,000 ppm toluene exposure and at other levels such as 4,000 ppm they showed depressive behavior. The effects were closely dependent on toluene concentration and exposure duration. PMID- 3761711 TI - [Improved method for the determination of urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid in lead workers]. AB - An improved method for the determination of urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) as an indicator of lead absorption is described. It is a modification of the analytical procedure described by Tomokuni and Ogata in 1972. In the present method, the spot urine from lead-exposed workers which was diluted 3-fold with distilled water beforehand was used as the sample to eliminate as much as possible the urinary matrix interference. In addition, methyl acetoacetate was used as the condensation reagent for ALA-pyrrole, because the color intensity of ALA-pyrrole was higher with the use of methyl acetoacetate than that with ethyl acetoacetate which was used in the original method. The urinary ALA value determined by the present method was similar to that measured using an internal standard addition method. This method is suitable as a rapid and inexpensive screening procedure for the routine quantitative analysis of urinary ALA. PMID- 3761712 TI - [Quantitative determination of urinary hippuric acid and o-, m- and p-methyl hippuric acids by high performance liquid chromatography]. PMID- 3761714 TI - [A routine analytical method for carcinogenic isomers in commercial 1 aminoanthraquinone and 1-aminoanthracene by high performance liquid chromatography]. PMID- 3761713 TI - [Digital blood pressure measurement after local cooling in vibration syndrome]. PMID- 3761715 TI - [Changes of hemoglobin A1 and A1c in workers exposed to lead]. PMID- 3761716 TI - [A fatal case of acute organic solvent poisoning in painters]. PMID- 3761717 TI - [Comprehensive health care and its problems]. PMID- 3761718 TI - [A study on dose-response relationship of occupational allergy in a pharmaceutical plant]. AB - The dose-response relationship between the frequencies or concentration of exposure to powdered drug allergens and drug induced allergic onsets was studied in a pharmaceutical plant for 15 years from 1974 to 1984. The subjects were 41 male workers and the target allergens were two kinds of anti-inflammatory enzymes (Bromelain and Trypsin) and three kinds of antibiotics (Ampicillin, Amoxycillin and Cephalexin). The allergic onsets were confirmed by periodic allergological examinations and occasional clinical findings. Statistical analysis was made by the person-year method. The results showed that in workers who had any allergic history, the incidence rates of allergic onsets increased with elevation in the frequencies or concentration of exposure to these allergens, while in the cases without such history, the incidence rates increased only in those with high frequencies of exposure to the allergens. The findings suggest that the incidence rates of occupational drug allergy were dependent on the frequencies and concentration of exposure to allergens. PMID- 3761719 TI - [Survey on subjective symptoms in VDT workers: complaint rate and years of service]. AB - A questionnaire survey was conducted on 271 workers of microelectronics company. The questionnaire included such items as age, years of service, working conditions and subjective symptoms related to visual, musculoskeletal and general status. The following results were obtained: Of these workers, approximately 80% operated visual display terminals (VDT). The years of service for most were less than 4 to 5 years with the average being about 2 years (Fig. 1). The working hours per day on the VDT for most of them was less than 90 min, although some workers operated VDT for 3 or more hours per day (Fig. 2). A high incidence of complaints of visual function, i.e. eye strain and blurring of distant objects, was observed. Some also complained of musculoskeletal and general symptoms (Table 1). The rates of these subjective symptoms increased with years of service (Figs. 4 and 5), while the complaint rates decreased with age (Fig. 3). Significant positive correlations were found between most of these complaint rates and length of service (Table 2), although correlations between the complaint rates and age were generally non-significant but negative. The complaints tended to increase with working hours per day, although the operators who worked for longer period per day did not seem to complain as much as those who did not work so long (Fig. 6). In conclusion, the results of this questionnaire suggest that the effects of visual display terminals (VDT) work accumulate gradually over months and years. PMID- 3761720 TI - [Effects of one-day food restriction on the metabolism and toxicity of organic solvents in rats]. AB - Studies were made with male Wistar rats on the effects of 50% food restriction on the metabolism of eight organic solvents (chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, 1,2 dichloroethane, 1,1-dichloroethylene, trichloroethylene, benzene, toluene and styrene) and on the hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride inhalation at 400 ppm for 4 h. The activities of liver drug-metabolizing enzymes for these solvents were enhanced almost equally without exception by one-day food restriction, although the restriction produced no significant increase in the microsomal protein and cytochrome P-450 contents. Carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity was enhanced by the food restriction, as evidenced by a marked increase of serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) activities in the food-restricted rats. Histological findings of the liver also supported this finding. Thus, food restriction enhances metabolism of organic solvents in the liver, and can modify toxicity of some chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride, which need metabolic activation to become cytotoxic. PMID- 3761721 TI - [Development of a simple database system using the commands and language of dBASEII]. PMID- 3761722 TI - [Fibrillation detection method using a blood pressure sensor and evaluation of output circuits in an implantable defibrillator]. PMID- 3761723 TI - [Measurement of the magnetic field associated with eye movement]. PMID- 3761724 TI - [Development of a portable computerized gait analysis system and measurement of the force distribution under the foot in various modes of walking]. PMID- 3761725 TI - [Dual energy subtraction in digital radiography]. PMID- 3761726 TI - [A flexible electrogoniometer using electro-conductive rubber]. PMID- 3761727 TI - [Standardization of the terminology of electrical medical equipment]. PMID- 3761728 TI - [28th annual meeting of the Japanese Society of Nephrology. Abstracts]. PMID- 3761729 TI - [Evaluation of skeletal muscular involvement in neuromuscular disorders with thallium-201 whole body scintigraphy]. PMID- 3761731 TI - [Quantitative assessment of irradiated salivary gland by sequential sialoscintigraphy]. PMID- 3761730 TI - [Measurement of split glomerular filtration rate, effective renal plasma flow, and filtration fraction by fractional renal uptake]. PMID- 3761732 TI - [Clinical usefulness of the phase analysis of Tc-99m blood-pool imaging in patients with old myocardial infarction complicated with bundle branch block]. PMID- 3761733 TI - [201Tl to 67Ga crude uptake ratio as a prognostic indicator in primary lung cancer]. PMID- 3761734 TI - [Dynamic sequential scintigraphy using I-123-IMP in patients with intracranial mass lesions, a comparison with the Xe-133 method]. PMID- 3761735 TI - [Statistical aging study on human tissue with in vivo NMR]. PMID- 3761736 TI - [Fundamental and clinical evaluation of a CEA immunoradiometric assay using a monoclonal antibody coated tube]. PMID- 3761737 TI - [The quantitation of 18F-autoradiogram using 14C-standard sources]. PMID- 3761738 TI - Changes in optic disc in ocular hypertension and glaucoma. AB - Most ophthalmologists use subjective methods to evaluate the optic disc for abnormalities and changes that occur in ocular hypertension and glaucoma. We have developed new techniques that allow more accurate evaluation of the blood supply to the optic disc and of changes in disc cupping and pallor. To evaluate the blood supply we use the technique of fluorescein angiography of the optic disc. With this technique, we have found that fluorescein defects commonly appear in open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension and are more frequent and larger in glaucomatous and ocular hypertensive discs than in normal optic discs. Fluorescein angiography demonstrates distinct changes in the blood supply to the optic disc in the glaucomatous or ocular hypertensive eye. Cupping of the optic disc is measured by photogrammetry from stereophotographs, which provide three dimensional measurements not only of the volume of the cup, but of the depth, the slopes of the walls of the optic cup, and the area of the surface opening. This technique also allows us to determine a volume profile of the cup: that is, its cross-sectional area from top to bottom. The volume profile characterizes the shape of the optic cup and shows distinct differences in shape between normal, ocular hypertensive and glaucomatous cups. Pallor is measured by computerized image analysis. This technique allows us to determine the percent area of pallor of the optic disc. These three techniques permit us not only to evaluate abnormalities, but to measure changes over time in the optic disc in ocular hypertension and glaucoma, thereby increasing our diagnostic capability and improving patient management. PMID- 3761739 TI - Lysosomal enzymes in tear fluids from patients with ocular diseases. AB - Lysosomal enzyme activities in the tear fluids were determined in patients with ocular diseases. Acid phosphatase, beta-D-glucuronidase, N-acetyl-beta-D glucosaminidase, and beta-D-mannosidase activities were almost the same among the tear fluids from patients with myopia, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, simple diabetic retinopathy and pigmentary retinal dystrophy. In contrast, the activities were lower in the affected eyes of patients with herpetic keratitis and vernal conjunctivitis than in the fellow normal eyes. It is possible that the lysosomal enzyme activities in the tears may be closely related to the condition of the external eye disease. PMID- 3761740 TI - Glycosaminoglycans in pterygium tissues and normal conjunctiva. AB - Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in pterygium tissues were analyzed and the results were compared with those in the normal human conjunctiva. A marked difference in the GAG composition was found: 78% of the total hexosamines of GAG from pterygium was glucosamine, whereas 98% of those of the conjunctiva was galactosamine. Pterygium contained mainly hyaluronic acid (48.8%), followed by chondroitin sulfate A, chondroitin sulfate C, chondroitin and dermatan sulfate in this order. The normal conjunctiva contained mainly chondroitin sulfate C (73.5%), followed by chondroitin sulfate A and chondroitin sulfate E-like GAG. The amino acid composition showed some differences between pterygium and normal conjunctiva. The pterygium tissues contained an extremely large amount of hydroxyproline, but the conjunctiva contained a very small amount of this substance. Considerable changes in amino acid composition of both tissues were found after digestion with elastase. PMID- 3761741 TI - Age-related changes of iris stromal melanocytes in human eyes. AB - Age-related changes of the melanocytes in the human iris stroma were studied by electron microscopy. The iris specimens were obtained during cataract surgery of patients aged from 70 to 84 years. The most characteristic age-related changes in the iris stromal melanocytes were formation of melanosome complexes in the cytoplasm. In addition, nuclear bodies were seen within the nucleus. The diameter of the nuclear bodies varied from 0.8 to 2.0 micron and they contained dense osmiophilic granules similar to melanin granules. Lipofuscin granules, which are known as an age-related marker of cardiac muscle cells and neurons, were not observed in the cytoplasm. The clinical significance of these age-related changes in the iris stromal melanocytes remains to be discussed in the future. PMID- 3761742 TI - Acidic lens-protein degrading activity in bovine ciliary body. III. Lens crystallin degradation by fractions A and B. AB - We studied the in vitro digestion of lens crystallin by two fractions (Fractions A and B) of acidic lens-protein degrading activity from the bovine ciliary body. With whole lens crystallin as substrate, Fraction A degraded beta L-crystallin most significantly, and beta H-, gamma-, and alpha-crystallins moderately. Fraction B degraded alpha-crystallin most significantly, beta H- and beta L crystallins moderately, and gamma-crystallin slightly. Insoluble protein was most resistant to digestion by Fractions A and B. Crystallins from the lens cortex and nucleus were degraded in the same manner as those from the whole lens. PMID- 3761743 TI - Axon morphology at the lamina cribrosa in monkey eyes. AB - The eyes of 8 monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) were studied. The mean cross-section area and the least diameter of axon cylinders were calculated from measurements made by computer assisted planimetry of electron photomicrographs of sections through the optic nerve head at the level of the lamina cribrosa. The density of intrabundle connective tissue and glial cell elements in nerve fiber bundles was also calculated. The mean cross-section area and minimum diameter of axons in the temporal part were less than in the nasal part of the nerve. The values for axons in the superior and inferior parts of the nerve were intermediate. A similar pattern of increasing dimensions was seen in axons from the more axial nerve compared to neurons in the more circumferential nerve sectors. The density of the intrabundle, nonaxonal tissue elements did not differ significantly across the nerve. Although axon dimensions may play some role in defining the vulnerability of neuronal tissue to a pressure insult, the results of this anatomic investigation do not support the hypothesis that differences in axonal distribution by size across the nerve section define the regional vulnerability of the nerve head to elevated intraocular pressure. PMID- 3761744 TI - The origin of square wave jerks: conditions of fixation and microsaccades. AB - The effects of various fixation stimuli on square waves of eye movements were studied in 16 normal subjects. Fixation eye movements were recorded by infrared reflection oculography under visual and nonvisual conditions. The target size was varied from 9 to 72 minutes of arc in four steps. The mean amplitude of the square wave was enlarged more than 0.5 degrees with the targets over 18 minutes of arc and in total darkness. The findings indicate that the square wave jerks are enhanced microsaccades and are closely related to the instability of the fixation eye movements. PMID- 3761746 TI - The relative potency of enkephalins and beta-endorphin in guinea-pig ileum, mouse vas deferens and rat vas deferens after the administration of peptidase inhibitors. AB - Previous studies have shown that three distinct enzymes, amastatin-sensitive aminopeptidase, captopril-sensitive peptidyl dipeptidase A, and phosphoramidon sensitive endopeptidase-24.11, played a critical role in the inactivation of enkephalins in isolated preparations. In the present study, therefore, the rank order of the potency of three endogenous opioid peptides, [Met5]-enkephalin, [Leu5]-enkephalin, and beta-endorphin, in three isolated preparations, guinea-pig ileum, mouse vas deferens, and rat vas deferens, was estimated in the presence of the mixture of three peptidase inhibitors, amastatin, captopril, and phosphoramidon. [Met5]-Enkephalin was approximately three-fold more potent than [Leu5]-enkephalin and four-fold more potent than beta-endorphin in guinea-pig ileum in which three opioid peptides were indicated to act on mu-receptors. Additionally, [Met5]-enkephalin was slightly but significantly more potent than [Leu5]-enkephalin and approximately twenty-fold more potent than beta-endorphin at delta-receptor sites in mouse vas deferens. Moreover, [Met5]-enkephalin was approximately three-fold more potent than [Leu5]-enkephalin, but sixty-fold less potent than beta-endorphin in rat vas deferens in which the opioid-receptor type interacting with enkephalins could not be determined. In conclusion, the well known rank order of the potency of three endogenous opioid peptides was shown to be altered in both guinea-pig ileum and mouse vas deferens but not in rat vas deferens by the pretreatment of the preparations with the mixture of three peptidase inhibitors. PMID- 3761745 TI - Studies on the efficacy of diethyxime as an antidote against organophosphorus intoxication in rats. AB - Diethyxime, a non-quaternary cholinesterase reactivator was evaluated for its antidotal efficacy against organophosphorus intoxication in rats using the protection index, cholinesterase reactivation and neuromuscular function as the experimental protocol. Diethyxime along with atropine produced a marked antidotal effect against dimethyl dichlorovinyl phosphate (DDVP) poisoning on all the parameters studied. The action of diethyxime was mainly peripheral. The protective efficacy against diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) poisoning was not observed with this reactivator. PMID- 3761747 TI - Antiulcer effect of (-)-cis-2,3-dihydro-3-(4-methylpiperazinylmethyl) -2-phenyl 1,5-benzothiazepin-4-(5H)-one hydrochloride (BTM-1086) in experimental animals. AB - Effects of (-) cis-2,3-dihydro-3-(4-methylpiperazinylmethyl)-2-phenyl-1,5-benz othiazepin-4-(5H ) -one hydrochloride (BTM-1086) on various experimental gastric and duodenal ulcers were studied in rats. In the pylorus-ligated ulcer, restraint and water immersion stress ulcer, and drug-induced ulcer (indomethacin, aspirin, reserpine, serotonin, cysteamine), BTM-1086 prevented the development of ulcer at a dose of 0.1 to 1 mg/kg, p.o., but only weakly inhibited the histamine-induced gastric ulcer. The inhibitory activities of BTM-1086 were significantly higher than those of atropine sulfate. In the healing experiment with the acetic acid induced stomach ulcer, BTM-1086 (1 mg/kg/day, p.o., X 14) showed a significant healing effect, which was higher than that of propantheline bromide. BTM-1086 at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg, i.d., remarkably inhibited the gastric secretion 6 hr after pylorus ligation. The aspirin-induced reductions of the total acid and K+ as well as the increments of the volume and Na+ in the gastric secretion were prevented dose-dependently by pretreatment with BTM-1086. PMID- 3761748 TI - Effects of a blended Chinese medicine, xiao-chai-hu-tang, on Lewis lung carcinoma growth and inhibition of lung metastasis, with special reference to macrophage activation. AB - The antitumor effects of Xiao-Chai-Hu-Tang (Shosaiko-To: SHX) with or without 5 fluorouracil (5-FU) or cyclophosphamide (CY) were examined in an experimental system of lung metastasis induced by Lewis lung carcinoma in C57BL/6crSlc mice. Lewis lung carcinoma cells were implanted into the footpads of the mice. Ten days later, the implanted tumors were surgically removed. The effects of SHX were evaluated by the number of lung surface nodules present 14 days after removal of the implanted tumor. The administration of SHX, p.o. (300 mg/kg X 2/day X 10) caused the antimetastatic effect. Therapy with SHX plus 5-FU or CY significantly inhibited the development of lung metastases. The number of peritoneal macrophages and the degree of the binding of C3 cleavage products (C3b) to macrophages were enhanced in the mice treated with SHX. Lung metastases were inhibited by the i.v. administration of peritoneal macrophages activated with SHX, p.o. These findings raise the possibility that SHX may have clinical value in the prevention of cancer metastasis. PMID- 3761749 TI - Weak arrhythmogenic property of the new cardiotonic agent denopamine in dogs: comparison with catecholamines. AB - We studied the arrhythmogenic activity of denopamine, in relation to its positive inotropic action, in dogs and compared it with those of catecholamines. The positive inotropic activities of the compounds as expressed in terms of the ED100 (microgram/kg, i.v.), that increased LV dp/dt max of anesthetized dogs by 100% of the control were 8.0 for denopamine, 0.27 for norepinephrine, 0.03 for isoproterenol, 3.8 for dobutamine and 16 for dopamine. On the other hand, the doses of these drugs at which the "non-sinus/total rate" increased significantly (about 30% of total beats, microgram/kg, i.v.) were more than 1000 for denopamine, 1.0 for norepinephrine and isoproterenol, and 300 for dobutamine and dopamine in coronary ligated dogs. The ratios of these doses to the ED100 are more than 126 for denopamine, 80 for dobutamine, 33 for isoproterenol, 19 for dopamine and 3.8 for norepinephrine. Arrhythmogenic activity of denopamine was also weaker than those of dobutamine and dopamine in halothane anesthetized dogs. The arrhythmogenic activity of dobutamine was weak as reported, but that of denopamine was the weakest among the drugs tested. PMID- 3761750 TI - Monitoring of intracellular Ca2+ elevation in a single neural cell using a fluorescence microscope/video-camera system. AB - For monitoring the changes in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), we developed a simple system combining a fluorescence microscope, an image intensifier, a video-camera, a cathode ray tube display and a photodiode, employing quin2 as a Ca2+ indicator. We recorded increases of the fluorescence intensity due to [Ca2+]i rises, when high K+ medium, neurotransmitter and Ca2+ ionophore were applied to the single cells of nervous system origin in culture. The present system is capable of simultaneous detection of the [Ca2+]i changes from multiple separate cells. PMID- 3761751 TI - Effects of a K ionophore, lonomycin A, on the action potential in canine cardiac Purkinje fibers. AB - Effects of a K ionophore, lonomycin A (K+:Na+ = 6:1), on the action potential and contractile force in canine cardiac Purkinje fibers were examined. Lonomycin A increased the developed and resting tensions. The agent shortened the action potential, decreased the plateau height and suppressed the automaticity. In addition, lonomycin A also shortened the duration of the slow action potential response, and it shortened the action potential duration to about the same extent in the presence and absence of tetrodotoxin. In quiescent Purkinje fibers, lonomycin A decreased K content in both 1.8 mM Ca Tyrode's solution (contracture observed) and 0.18 mM Ca Tyrode's solution (contracture not observed). These results suggest that lonomycin A-induced changes in the action potential configuration of Purkinje fibers is mainly due to the increase in K conductance, and the increase is induced irrespective of the degree of the increased [Ca2+]i. PMID- 3761752 TI - Drug metabolizing activity in rats with chronic liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride: relationship with the content of hydroxyproline in the liver. AB - The drug metabolizing activity of rat liver during long-term administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), and its relationship with the content of hydroxyproline (Hyp) in the liver were examined. The contents of cytochrome P-450 (P-450) and cytochrome b5 (b5) and the metabolization of aniline, aminopyrine, 7 ethoxycoumarin (7-EC) and benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) in the microsomal fraction were examined five days after the final administration of CCl4. The contents of P-450 and b5 and the activity to metabolize the four substrates were gradually reduced as the Hyp content in the liver increased. However, aminopyrine N-demethylation and B(a)P hydroxylation, particularly the latter, was more reduced than aniline hydroxylation and 7-EC O-deethylation in the early stage of hepatic fibrosis. Such differences may be due mainly to the different P-450 subtypes affected by CCl4. PMID- 3761753 TI - Central cholinergic descending pathway to the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus in regulation of gastric functions. AB - A possible role of the cholinergic mechanism within the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (NDV) in the regulation of gastric functions was examined in urethane anesthetized rats. Pretreatment with atropine (1-5 nmole), intracerebroventricularly inhibited the increase in both gastric acid output and mucosal blood flow (MBF), as induced by electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). Bethanechol, microinjected into the dorsal vagal complex (the NDV, the nucleus tractus solitarius and area postrema) induced dose dependent (5-30 nmole) increases in gastric acid output and MBF, while nicotine was without effect. Pretreatment with atropine 3 nmole microinjected into the dorsal vagal complex completely blocked the increases induced by electrical stimulation of the LHA. Furthermore, the increases in these gastric parameters induced by the administration of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) were also significantly inhibited by atropine microinjected into the dorsal vagal complex. These results suggest that neurotransmission of the central descending pathway to the NDV in excitatory regulation of gastric functions is probably mediated through cholinergic muscarinic receptors. PMID- 3761754 TI - Beneficial effect of OKY-046, a selective thromboxane A2 synthetase inhibitor, on experimental cerebral vasospasm. AB - Effects of OKY-046, a selective inhibitor of thromboxane (TX)A2 synthetase and a platelet aggregation inhibitor, on in vitro and in vivo models of cerebral vasospasm were studied. The contraction of the isolated rabbit basilar artery by an exposure to 1.0 ml of whole rabbit blood plus 0.05 or 0.1 units/ml of thrombin was diminished by the treatment with 10(-4) M of OKY-046 and/or 10(-6) M of cinanserin. When the whole blood of rabbits treated intravenously with 1 mg/kg/min of OKY-046 was used, the contraction of the basilar artery was decreased to about half of the control contraction. Angiographically recognized cerebral vasospasm in vivo, by a transorbital injection of 5.0 to 7.0 ml of autologous arterial blood into the cisterna magna of dogs, was suppressed by 0.05 and 0.5 microgram of OKY-046. Moreover, the decrease in the regional cerebral blood flow in autologous blood infused-dogs was inhibited by 0.5 microgram of OKY 046. The increase in TXB2 in the cerebrospinal fluid of dogs was significantly inhibited, and the level of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha was slightly increased by the treatment of OKY-046. The ratio of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha/TXB2 was increased from 1.5 to 5.2 in OKY-046-treated dogs. No effect on the basal tone and response to vasoactive agonists such as norepinephrine, KCl and PGE1 was observed in the isolated spiral thoracic aorta of guinea pigs or rabbits. Taken together with our previous findings, we conclude that the inhibition of cerebral vasospasm in the in vitro and in vivo models by the treatment of OKY-046 might be due to an inhibition of platelet aggregation, an inhibition of TXA2 generation and an increase in the ratio of PGl2/TXA2. PMID- 3761755 TI - Effects of GABA-mimetic drugs on turnover of histamine in the mouse brain. AB - The effect of GABA-mimetics on histaminergic activity in the mouse brain was investigated. Systemic administration of muscimol (2 and 5 mg/kg), THIP (5-15 mg/kg) and aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA) (25 mg/kg) but not baclofen (2.5-15 mg/kg) inhibited the pargyline (65 mg/kg)-induced accumulation of tele-methylhistamine (t-MH). There was no regional difference in the inhibitory effect of muscimol on the t-MH accumulation by pargyline treatment. Muscimol and AOAA also inhibited decrease in the histamine (HA) level induced by alpha-fluoromethylhistidine (50 mg/kg), a specific inhibitor of histidine decarboxylase. These results suggest that these GABA-mimetics reduce the HA turnover in the mouse brain. PMID- 3761756 TI - Copper-induced alteration of muscarinic binding in bovine adrenal medulla. AB - In microsomes of bovine adrenal medulla, there were two affinity binding sites for carbamylcholine with a high and a low affinity. Copper (1-10 microM) largely enhanced the affinity of carbamylcholine at the low affinity binding site, with a slight increase in the affinity at the high affinity binding site. On the other hand, copper slightly decreased the binding affinity of pirenzepine and atropine. Thus, low concentrations of copper modulate the muscarinic receptors in the adrenal medulla by selectively increasing agonist affinity. PMID- 3761757 TI - Comparison of effects of tiapride and sulpiride on D-1, D-2, D-3 and D-4 subtypes of dopamine receptors in rat striatal and bovine caudate nucleus membranes. AB - To determine the affinity of tiapride to D-1, D-2, D-3 and D-4 subtypes of dopamine (DA) receptors, inhibitory effects of tiapride on [3H]-cis-flupenthixol, [3H]spiperone and [3H]N-propylapomorphine binding were examined in the rat striatum and bovine caudate nucleus membranes and compared to those of sulpiride and haloperidol. The IC50 values of tiapride, sulpiride and haloperidol were estimated as follows: 1440, 132 and 0.295 microM for D-1; 45.8, 8.8 and 0.004 microM for D-2; greater than 100, greater than 100 and 0.64 microM for D-3; 11.7, 2.88 and 0.0044 microM for D-4, respectively. It is suggested that the affinity of tiapride is high to D-2 and D-4, but is not high to D-1 and D-3. The affinity pattern of tiapride to each DA receptor subtype is similar to but lower than those of sulpiride and haloperidol. In the D-2 receptor assay, the IC50 values of tiapride and sulpiride were 1/22.7 and 1/19.1 of those in the presence of 100 mM NaCl, respectively, suggesting that benzamide drug binds to the D-2 subtype with higher affinity in the presence of Na+ than in the control. PMID- 3761758 TI - Comparative studies on rat primary cultured and isolated hepatocytes in the evaluation of a therapeutic agents for liver disease. AB - We have investigated the effect of a therapeutic agent for liver disease, Laennec, on the GOT leakage from freshly isolated and primary cultured rat hepatocytes which were treated with CCl4. By treatment with Laennec together with CCl4, the GOT leakage from isolated hepatocytes increased and that from cultured hepatocytes decreased, compared to those incubated only with CCl4. The results suggest that it is better to use primary cultured hepatocytes than to use freshly isolated hepatocytes to evaluate therapeutic agents for liver disease. PMID- 3761759 TI - [The mentality differences between the delinquent and non-delinquent boys]. AB - The purpose is to explore the mentality differences between the delinquents and non-delinquents by sixty-item questionnaire. Subjects were 41 delinquents in the reformatory and 86 high school boys. In the first analysis, principal factor and geomax rotation were applied to these items, which yielded sociability, self esteem, and will-power factors. ANOVA of scores on these three factors classified two groups well. In the second analysis, oblique geomax rotation as applied to the two groups separately. The data of delinquents yielded five factors, characterized by problem behavior and timidness, while the data of non delinquents yielded three factors. The similarity of structure between the two was low, when the best matching solutions were considered as criteria. PMID- 3761760 TI - [Stereotype-based expectancy and social judgment: rethinking from a Bayesian perspective]. AB - To examine effect of prior stereotypical expectancy on social judgment from a Bayesian perspective, undergraduate subjects (N = 204) were asked to infer a target person's attitude toward an atomic power problem. Half of them were told in advance that he was a member of Liberal Democratic Party (pro-expectancy condition), and the other half were told that he was a member of Japanese Socialist Party (con-expectancy condition). Then subjects were given a series of his previous relevant utterances, which had either high or low diagnostic values for the inference of his attitude. "Labeling effect" occurred. That is, despite being given identical utterances, subjects given L.D.P. label estimated the target's attitude to be more favorable toward the atomic power than subjects given J.S.P. label. This effect emerged mainly when subjects were given low diagnostic utterances. Subjects given high diagnostic utterances inadequately underused the base-rate information (prior expectancy) compared with the Bayesian normative value. Utterances congruent with prior expectancy were better recalled than utterances incongruent with prior expectancy. PMID- 3761761 TI - [Effects of learning experiences on the shift of hemispheric functional asymmetry]. AB - Effects of learning experiences on the direction of shifts occurred in the functional asymmetry of the hemispheres were examined with unfamiliar stimuli. Hangul scripts were presented to 32 right handed university students who had no previous knowledge about Hangul. In the test session 1, the subjects were asked to discriminate the Hangul scripts tachistoscopically presented as fast and accurately as possible, and the left visual field advantage was obtained. The subjects were then assigned into following four groups with different conditions; to teach nothing, to teach the pronunciations of scripts, to teach the meanings of scripts, to teach both the pronunciations and the meanings of scripts. Then, the same discrimination task as that of the test session 1 was repeatedly given as the test session 2. No visual field differences was shown in the pronunciation teaching group, while the left visual field advantage was shown in other three groups. Possible mechanism as for the effects of learning experiences in relation to the hemispheric specialization were discussed. PMID- 3761762 TI - [Perceptual categorization of emotional expression cued by ones back posture]. AB - Subjects looked at 8 mm motion pictures of the bodily movement from rear view perspective of male and female communicators, who faced to emotionally-toned scenes. If the subjects detected some sign of emotional expression, they rated the relevance of expression on five point scale. Varimax rotated factor analysis yielded three factors: F1 rejection-acceptance, F2 avoidance-approach, and F3 sadness. Rejection was categorized as expressions of anger, disgust, and contempt, while anger was categorized when a clenched fist with forward and extended arm were observed. Disgust and contempt were categorized when stationary posture was observed. Acceptance was categorized when the signs of affection, anticipation, and acceptance were observed. Avoidance was categorized when signs of fear and surprise were observed. A typical fear was categorized when signs of freezing was observed, surprise was categorized by stepping back, and sadness was categorized by crouching and self attachment. PMID- 3761763 TI - [Effects of nifedipine on gas exchange in patients with chronic lung disease]. PMID- 3761764 TI - [The relationship between the patterns of the flow-volume curve and the respiratory threshold of acetylcholine in childhood and adolescent asthma]. PMID- 3761765 TI - [Effects of systemic hypercapnia on one lung hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the dog]. PMID- 3761766 TI - [Analysis of bronchial mucosal hemodynamics by tissue spectrum analysis- difference between cases of inflammation and lung cancer]. PMID- 3761767 TI - [Method of decreasing oral corticosteroids by adding a beclomethasone dipropionate inhaler for steroid-dependent asthmatic patients]. PMID- 3761768 TI - [Effects of dialyzer material and dialysate composition on hypoxemia during hemodialysis]. PMID- 3761769 TI - [A surgical case of right atrial giant thrombus associated with diffuse pericardial calcification and with an onset of multiple pulmonary infarction]. PMID- 3761771 TI - [A case of minocycline-induced pneumonitis]. PMID- 3761770 TI - [Recurrent pneumothorax and cystic disease of the lung, in a case receiving steroid therapy for rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 3761772 TI - [Hyper-IgE syndrome with metastatic pulmonary abscess]. PMID- 3761773 TI - Analysis of feline plasma proteins by immunoelectrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. PMID- 3761774 TI - Morphology and microvascular pathways in the spleen of Afghan pikas (Ochotona rufescens rufescens). PMID- 3761775 TI - Bronchoalveolar phagocytic cell response to pulmonary infection of mice with Rhodococcus (Corynebacterium) equi. PMID- 3761776 TI - Avianized rabies virus infection in mice. PMID- 3761777 TI - Effect of onion ingestion on anti-oxidizing agents in dog erythrocytes. PMID- 3761778 TI - Alteration of the intrinsic heart rate and autonomic nervous tone during the growing process of rats and pigs. PMID- 3761779 TI - An outbreak of fowl cholera in green pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) in Japan. PMID- 3761780 TI - Subcapsular cell hyperplasia in the mouse adrenal glands. PMID- 3761781 TI - Effect of particle size on inhalation toxicity of chlorfenvinphos. PMID- 3761782 TI - Immunologic relationships among Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae strains of serovar 1 to 5 in guinea pigs. PMID- 3761783 TI - Specific increase of a 35K protein in the sera of cows with fatty liver. PMID- 3761785 TI - Spongiform encephalopathy in sheep scrapie: electron microscopic observations. PMID- 3761784 TI - Susceptibility of cats to the Hokkaido isolate of Echinococcus multilocularis. PMID- 3761786 TI - Bovine cerebellar zygomycosis: a case report. PMID- 3761787 TI - Subfornical organ neurons projecting to the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus in the rat. PMID- 3761788 TI - Kinetic properties of pig erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. PMID- 3761789 TI - Bovine myoglobin: detection of myoglobin in sera and urine of calves with nutritional myopathy by immunodiffusion method. PMID- 3761790 TI - Chordoma-like tumor in the tail of a mouse. PMID- 3761791 TI - Tolazoline as an antagonist of xylazine in cattle. PMID- 3761792 TI - [Long term results of short course chemotherapy in pulmonary tuberculosis--(1st study):twelve- and eighteen-month chemotherapy with rifampicin-isoniazid and ethambutol]. PMID- 3761793 TI - [Nutritional assessment of patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 3761794 TI - [Surgical treatment of bronchial tuberculosis--bronchoplasty in tuberculous stenosis]. PMID- 3761795 TI - [Possibility of arresting paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia by transesophageal electrical heart stimulation at the prehospital stage]. PMID- 3761796 TI - [Dissecting aortic aneurysm complicated by recurrent myocardial infarct]. PMID- 3761797 TI - [Organization of the work of cardiology offices]. PMID- 3761798 TI - [Hemorrheological research in ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 3761799 TI - [Concept of the polyfascicular structure of the atrioventricular junction in patients with reciprocal paroxysmal nodal tachycardias]. AB - Intracardiac electrophysiologic studies were carried out in 41 patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias. Reciprocal atrioventricular tachycardia due to dissociated conduction through the atrioventricular junction was diagnosed in 29 patients. Electrophysiologic data suggested trifascicular atrioventricular conduction in 4 patients, and quadrifascicular conduction in 2. A concept of polyfascicular impulse conduction through the atrioventricular junction in some cases of reciprocal nodal tachycardia is proposed. It is demonstrated that combinations of congenital cardiac conduction abnormalities may be possible in the same individual. PMID- 3761800 TI - [Role of Holter ECG monitoring in the diagnosis of paroxysmal tachyarrhythmias in heart surgery patients]. AB - Eighty-five patients with a variety of paroxysmal cardiac arrhythmias were studied. Total informative value of Holter ECG monitoring was 84.7%. Additional data on previously undetected rhythm and conductivity disorders were obtained in some cases. The duration of tachyarrhythmias varied widely, fasting 7 to 10 minutes in most cases, and about half the cases were undetected by standard ECG. The comparison of patients' subjective assessments and complaints with ECG monitoring data showed that some patients were either unaware of serious arrhythmias or could only sense individual paroxysms. In all cases, Holter monitoring data were correlated with the results of invasive electrophysiologic studies. Paroxysms could not be induced in 4 patients, while Holter monitoring diagnosed tachyarrhythmias in those cases. PMID- 3761801 TI - [Recording the bundle of His potential using an esophageal electrode]. AB - A noninvasive method for recording His bundle potential is reported that includes amplification of ECG in bipolar esophagosternal leads. A total of 106 patients were examined, with the His potential recorded in 78 (73.6%) of those. The method was validated by simultaneously recorded intracardiac electrograms in 6 patients and by atrial pacing in 3 patients. The advantages and limitations of this method are discussed. PMID- 3761802 TI - [Unstable stenocardia: the results of the intracoronary administration of fibrinolytic agents]. AB - Intracoronary thrombolytic infusions were used in 10 patients with unstable angina and high risk of myocardial infarction (MI). Streptokinase (500,000 units per hour) was used in 9 patients, and urokinase, in one. Vascular recanalization was achieved in 4 cases where angiography showed coronary arterial occlusion by a thrombus. Myocardial infarction developed in 8 patients (large-focal in 6 and small-focal in 2) within 1 to 16 days after the thrombolytic infusion. Therefore, short-term local thrombolytic infusion fails to prevent myocardial infarction in patients with unstable angina. PMID- 3761803 TI - [Effect of phosphocreatine on the incidence of ventricular heart rhythm disorders in the 1st 24 hours of myocardial infarct]. AB - Twenty-four-hour Holter ECG monitoring was conducted in 60 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Thirty patients received 2-hour intravenous creatine phosphate (CP) infusions at the rate of 4 g/hour, and the other 30 patients were taken as controls. The CP treatment was shown to reduce the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias within the first day of the attack. CP-treated patients showed significantly reduced incidence of paired extrasystoles, bigeminyes, early R-to-T extrasystoles and ventricular tachycardias, as compared to the controls. PMID- 3761804 TI - [Comparison of the data from electrocardiotopography and morphological research on the heart in myocardial infarct]. AB - Diagnostic value of electrocardiotopography (ECTG) is assessed for different sites of myocardial infarction by means of comparison of postmortem morphologic findings in the hearts of 53 diseased patients with their intravital ECTG data. ECTGs were recorded from 80-100 electrodes applied between the first and tenth intercostal space around the body. ECTG gave an accurate topic structure of MI and cicatricial changes in 49 of 53 patients, while ECG from 12 leads was accurate in 25 patients only. The significance of ECTG for the diagnosis of posterior- and inferior-wall left-ventricular MI is demonstrated. Advantages of this ECTG system are explained, as compared to ECG from 35 anterolateral chest leads. No specific electrocardiotopographic features of right-ventricular MI were identified. PMID- 3761805 TI - [Early ventricular repolarization syndrome and heart function in the inhabitants of Asia, Africa and Latin America]. AB - Electrocardiographic screening of 1306 normal 17- to 30-years-old student coming to study in the USSR from Asia, Africa and Latin America detected 59 cases of the early ventricular repolarization syndrome (EVRS). The diagnosis of EVRS was significantly more frequent in the Africans (9.1%), as compared to the Asiatics (2.6%) and Latin Americans (2.2%). The EVRS observed in African students was often combined with negative and effaced T wave. Cardiac function was assessed by one-dimensional echocardiography in 22 individuals. Normal hemodynamics and left ventricular operation as well as data of 4-6 years' follow-up indicate that EVRS specific myocardial repolarization pattern has no effect on cardiac contractility. PMID- 3761806 TI - [The scissors phenomenon in the reaction of hormonal systems to the physical load test in ischemic heart disease patients]. AB - A difference between baseline and final plasma hormonal (insulin, cortisol, somatotrophic hormone, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyronine (T4) levels, related to the pattern of response to physical stress, was demonstrated in 67 coronary patients with angiographically verified diagnosis. Post-exercise increase in these hormones was associated with their lowered baseline and elevated final blood levels, as compared to those patients who showed a decrease in hormonal levels in response to exercise, with the baselines exceeding final values. PMID- 3761807 TI - [Echocardiographic diagnosis of anomalous chordae of the left and right ventricles]. AB - Seventy-two normal subjects and 486 cardiac patients were investigated by ultrasonic sectorial scanning and one-dimensional echocardiography. An abnormal chorda of the left and/or right ventricle was detected in 19 (3.4%). Echocardiographic symptoms and differential diagnosis of abnormal ventricular chordae are discussed. PMID- 3761808 TI - [Echocardiography in the diagnosis of paravalvular fistulae in mitral prosthesis]. AB - Echocardiographic findings were analysed in 25 patients after surgical application of biological mitral valve prosthesis BAKS-M and 10 patients with paravalvular fistulas developing after similar operations employing different types of prosthesis. A tendency to increased postoperative size of the heart, left-atrial systolic turbulent flow, normalized ventricular septal movement and high-frequency oscillations of the aortic valve cusps are characteristic echocardiographic signs of paravalvular fistula. PMID- 3761809 TI - [Anatomical types of the conduction system in congenital heart defects]. AB - A correlation is demonstrated between the fully formed conduction system and the anatomical type of the so-called normal and abnormal heart. Changes in the anatomy of the conduction system in congenital heart diseases are interpreted as a consequence of respective changes in the anatomy of the heart. New principles are formulated for the classification of congenital heart diseases on the basis of the anatomical types of the conduction system. They permit simultaneous systematization of types of ventricular septal defects and complex congenital heart diseases with ventricular septal defects. PMID- 3761810 TI - [Rate constants of left ventricular relaxation: the effect of inotropic and mechanical factors]. AB - Changes in isovolumetric (IRRC) and auxovolumetric (ARRC) relaxation rate constants in response to inotropic and mechanical influences were studied experimentally in 23 narcotized cats. IRRC was determined by the slope of the curve of isovolumic relaxation pressure, expressed as natural logarithms, in relation to time. ARRC was determined on the basis of auxovolumetric relaxation pressure values. A pressure variation between 100 and 180 mmHg over one cycle had no noticeable effect on either IRRC or ARRC; those only diminished as the pressure rose beyond 200 mmHg. Electric stimulation of heart rate before and after propranolol administration raised both IRRC and ARRC, the latter showing twice the increment of the former. ARRC was also more sensitive to blood Ca2+, as compared to IRRC, that was measured by means of intravenous administration of CaCl2 and sodium citrate. It is concluded that ARRC is more indicative of myocardial relaxation, as compared to IRRC or relaxation time constant. PMID- 3761811 TI - [Atrial electrocardiotopogram in acute myocardial infarct complicated by heart failure]. AB - Atrial electrocardiotopography is shown to be a fairly informative non-invasive method for both the detection of heart failure and the assessment of its severity. Its findings were verified by conventional invasive and non-invasive procedures. Moderate left-ventricular heart failure was only associated with increased total left-atrial electrical activity, while marked heart failure also involved an expanded negative P wave projection zone and a greater total magnitude of right-atrial potentials. PMID- 3761812 TI - [Trial of using integral topography with myocardial infarct patients at different treatment stages]. PMID- 3761813 TI - [Comparative effectiveness of mono- and combined anti-arrhythmia drug therapy]. PMID- 3761814 TI - [Dynamics of creatine phosphokinase activity in the blood of the coronary sinus in stenocardia and ischemic ST segment depression induced by atrial electrical stimulation]. PMID- 3761815 TI - [Method of determining and evaluating the normal values of the ECG Q--T interval]. PMID- 3761816 TI - [Role of the anamnesis in diagnosing coronary artery lesions in persons with pains in the area of the heart]. PMID- 3761818 TI - [Role of the individual links in the blood coagulation system in the pathogenesis of different stages of heart failure in patients with ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 3761817 TI - [Dynamic interrelation of stroke volume and repolarization rate in ischemic heart disease patients undergoing the bicycle ergometry test]. PMID- 3761819 TI - [Results of a 5-year prospective observation of ischemic heart disease patients with stable stenocardia due to stenosing coronary arteriosclerosis]. AB - A prospective five-year study and medicinal treatment were conducted in 317 coronary patients with stable angina in the absence of any signs of heart failure, and stenosing coronary arterial atherosclerosis as evidenced by selective coronary angiography. Total mortality was 2.8%, and the incidence of documented non-fatal myocardial infarction was 3.8% per year. The mortality was mostly dependent on the severity of angina's functional class and the number of affected major coronary arteries (narrowed by more than 70%). A group of patients with unfavorable prognosis was identified (functional class III to IV, low physical stress tolerance, the involvement of two or three major coronary arteries). The results demonstrate the efficiency of long-term medication in coronary patients with stable angina due to stenosing coronary atherosclerosis. PMID- 3761820 TI - [Transient changes in the ST-T complex of patients with stable stenocardia of effort during 24-hour ECG monitoring]. AB - Changes in ST-T complex were studied using Holter electrocardiographic monitoring in 83 male patients with stable angina of effort. Episodes of transitory ST displacement were detected in 74.8% of patients. Of the recorded 886 ST displacement episodes, ST depression was seen in 35.9% of cases, with accompanying anginal pain in 88.4% of those. ST elevation was seen in 64.1% of cases, but anginal pain only accompanied a more than 2 mm elevation in 3.2% of those, while 96.8% of 1-2 mm elevations were asymptomatic. Total duration of ST depression was found to be an objective criterion for the assessment of the severity of stable angina of effort, amounting to less than 1% of the day in patients referred to functional class (FC) 1, 1-4% in FC 2, 5-10% in FC 3 and more than 10% in FC 4. PMID- 3761821 TI - [24-hour ECG monitoring of patients with unstable stenocardia]. AB - Twenty-four hours' Holter ECG monitoring was carried out in 100 patients with unstable angina pectoris. The monitoring done promptly upon admission demonstrated transitory ST changes that were usually accompanied by pain in 52% of patients. Painless ECG changes were detected in 11% of patients. ST depression was a common feature, whereas ST elevation was a much rarer one. Transitory ST changes occurred at similar rates in patients with different degrees of coronary arterial involvement, as evidenced coronary-angiographically. Variation in the ST segment and heart rhythm disorders were more typical in patients with poor outcomes (myocardial infarction, sudden death in hospital). PMID- 3761822 TI - [Expert assessment method in the prognosis of myocardial infarct in unstable stenocardia]. AB - The questioning of highly-qualified cardiologists, using the expert assessment technique, demonstrated that 4 groups of signs could be identified in unstable angina which differed significantly (p less than 0.01) with respect to the risk of myocardial infarction. Nine of 18 signs, associated with the poorest prognosis are listed in order of significance. There is no basic agreement among highly qualified cardiologists as to the assessment of risk signalled by the individual signs. Patients with unstable angina are not a homogeneous sample as regards the short-term prognosis of myocardial infarction where infarction risks seem to increase at a relatively even pace rather than by peaks. Therefore, the assessment of myocardial infarction risks requires that more than 2 groups be identified. Patients with different types of unstable angina may have similar prognosis. The prognosis tended to be particularly poor in patients with spontaneous angina. PMID- 3761823 TI - [First-onset stenocardia: indices of the atherogenicity of the blood plasma lipoprotein system and the coronary angiographic data]. AB - Coronary angiography and the assessment of blood lipoproteins were carried out in 43 patients with recent (not more than three months old) angina. A rise in cholesterol above 270 mg/dl and/or triglycerides above 200 mg/dl was demonstrated in 19. The level of alpha-cholesterol was below 35 mg/dl in 11 of 24 normolipidemic patients. The apoprotein B/apoprotein AI ratio was above 1.0 in 7 of 13 patients with normal cholesterol levels. Plasma phospholipid composition was disturbed in 4 of 6 patients with normal apoprotein B/apoprotein AI rations. Therefore, atherogenic changes in plasma lipoprotein composition were found in 95% of patients with recent angina. PMID- 3761825 TI - [Distribution of HLA antigens in ischemic heart disease patients with stenocardia]. AB - HLA antigens were typed by A, B, and C loci in 162 male residents of Moscow with coronary heart disease (CHD) and angina pectoris, aged 27 to 69 years. Coronary patients showed significantly increased incidence of HLA antigens B13, B15, B17, B22 and Cw3, as compared to control population samples. The rates of some histocompatibility antigens carriage were different in different patients, showing a dependence on the duration of disease, the hyperlipoproteinemic type, serum apoprotein level and some clinical characteristics (the severity of CHD, the number of affected coronary arteries). PMID- 3761824 TI - [Blood plasma lipids and apolipoproteins as indicators of coronary atherosclerosis]. AB - An assessment of one-feature and combined diagnostic value of plasma lipid and apolipoprotein parameters, using stepwise discriminant analysis, was designed to make possible correct differentiation between coronary heart disease (CHD) due to angiographically-verified coronary atherosclerosis and neurocirculatory dystonia (NCD) without signs of coronary arterial affection. The apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein AI (apo B/apo AI) ratio was shown to be the best single apolipoprotein marker capable of correct differentiation between CHD and NCD in 74% of cases. It was similar to the best lipid diagnostic marker, the cholesterol atherogenic index, in terms of discriminating power. The combination of the apo B/apo AI ratio + age + systolic arterial blood pressure proved to be the best combined indicator, bringing the diagnostic error down to 18%. PMID- 3761826 TI - [Use of dipyridamole and the radioactive 133Xe clearance method for assessing the coronary reserve of stenocardia patients]. AB - Coronary flow reserve was assessed by means of the 133Xe clearance test making use of dipyridamole in the left coronary artery of 11 patients with angina of effort and coronary arterial stenoses involving also the basin of the left coronary artery (group 1), 6 patients with the anginal syndrome showing no angiographic evidence of coronary lesions (group 2A), and 6 patients with cardialgias and intact coronarograms (group 2B). Coronary reserve was shown to be decreased in groups 1 and 2A, as compared to the values shown by group 2B patients. PMID- 3761828 TI - [Central hemodynamic characteristics of patients with acute myocardial infarct of the right ventricle]. AB - A study of central hemodynamic parameters and clinical patterns of acute right ventricular myocardial infarction (ARVMI) is reported. Thirty-nine patients with acute inferior left-ventricular myocardial infarction were divided into 2 groups: 28 patients with electrocardiographic signs of ARVMI (group 1) and 11 patients showing no such signs (group 2). All patients were subjected to catheterization of the heart's right compartments, and their minute blood volumes were measured by thermodilution. Three patterns of ARVMI were identified on the basis of the mean pulmonary arterial blood pressure: hypo-normo- and hypertensive ones. All the three were associated with the development of prevailing right-ventricular insufficiency in group 1. PMID- 3761827 TI - [Left ventricular regional function in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (computerized echocardiographic data)]. AB - Computerized echography was used to assess left-ventricular dysfunction in 40 patients with dilatation cardiomyopathy (DCM). The so-called "floating" system was shown to be the most acceptable model for the correction of DCM-associated superposition. An original system was used for segment division by two- and four chamber projections. Total left-ventricular hypokinesia and a significant reduction of the total ejection fraction (32.5 +/- 1.9%) were demonstrated. PMID- 3761829 TI - [Dynamics of the anti-anginal effect and of the concentrations of verapamil and its metabolites in the blood serum of patients with stenocardia of exertion]. AB - Anti-anginal effect of verapamil was examined in 17 patients with angina of effort (a 120 mg single dose in 10 patients and a 200 mg dose in 7), using repeated identical treadmill exercise with ECG monitoring. Serum levels of verapamil and its three primary metabolites were measured simultaneously. A correlation was demonstrated between verapamil's anti-ischemic effect and serum concentrations, while no significant contribution of the metabolites to the effect could be shown. In most patients, a marked anti-ischemic effect was observed where blood levels of verapamil exceeded 100 ng/ml. A considerable variability was noted in both the maximum concentrations of the drug and its individual concentrations corresponding to the same anti-anginal effect. PMID- 3761830 TI - [Importance of collateral circulation for compensating for myocardial ischemia during physical loading in ischemic heart disease patients]. AB - Exercise-induced electrocardiotopographic ST depression was analysed with reference to the presence of a collateral blood flow, angiographic assessment of the coronary bed and a history of myocardial infarction in 94 coronary patients. The presence of a collateral blood flow is shown to contribute to a more rapid elimination of post-exercise myocardial ischemia, irrespective of the number of affected coronary arteries and the history of myocardial infarction. Myocardial ischemia developing in response to exercise is particularly extensive in case of multiple coronary arterial lesions and the presence of a collateral blood flow. PMID- 3761831 TI - [Dynamics of the indices of spirometry and bicycle ergometry in stenocardia patients undergoing repeated studies]. AB - A study of reproducibility and patterns of change in 7 control bicycle and respiration ergometric tests in 14 coronary anginal patients demonstrated consistent change in stress tolerance and gaseous exchange: a rapid adaptation period (first 2 or 4 tests) when stress tolerance, ventilation and maximum oxygen uptake increased significantly, and a slow adaptation period (most later tests) when tolerance grew gradually, while oxygen consumption first dropped and then stabilized above the baseline. Accidental stress tolerance variation exceeded 1 step in 20% of patients, obviously due to their inability to adapt to the testing procedure. It is suggested that pharmacodynamic studies of antianginal drugs, making use of bicycle and respiration ergometry can only be conducted in the slow adaptation period, provided the individuals showing wide spontaneous variability are excluded from the study. PMID- 3761832 TI - [ECG changes during the performance of a loading test in coronary atherosclerosis patients with asynergies]. AB - The findings of coronary angiography, ventriculography and bicycle ergometry were compared in 64 patients with coronary heart disease and asynergic zones in the left ventricle. An increase in the sum of the amplitudes of R waves of the ECG during the exercise test generally combined with a displacement of the ST segment was predominantly observed in patients with asynergies of ischemic genesis. By contrast, in patients with asynergies secondary to post-infarction cardiosclerosis, an elevation of R waves during bicycle ergometry cannot be a reliable sign of coronary failure, yet it permits the identification of individuals with marked disorders of the contractile function of the left ventricle. PMID- 3761833 TI - [Characteristics of the adequate and pathological reactions to the standard treadmill test in a female population 20 to 69 years old]. AB - Treadmill exercise tests were carried out in 397 women, aged 20 to 69, who were selected at random from an unorganized population. Four types of response were identified: ischemia, reduced stress tolerance due to excessively elevated systolic arterial blood pressure or other causes; reduced stress tolerance due to premature muscular fatigue or dyspnea (in less than 9 minutes of exercise) and the adequate type. The parameters of adequate response to physical stress were established. The incidence of ischemic response was relatively small in women, as compared to men. Ischemic response was only seen in women between 50 and 69 years of age, making a 4.5% rate. PMID- 3761834 TI - [Prognostic significance of the results of a physical loading test in myocardial infarct patients]. AB - The predictive value of clinical, hemodynamic and electrocardiographic changes in response to an exercise test was assessed with respect to the probability of fatal outcome within 2 years after myocardial infarction (MI). A total of 421 male MI patients were studied; their age averaged 49 +/- 7.7 years. Exercise tests (bicycle ergometry) were carried out 6 to 12 weeks after MI in 364 (86.4%) patients; they were contraindicated to 57 (13.6%) patients. Within 2 postinfarction years, 19 (5.0%) patients died of coronary heart disease in the tested group, and 5 (8.7%) died in the group where the tests were contraindicated. Poor prognosis was associated with low exercise threshold (450 kgm/min for 2 min or less) and horizontal or slanting ST depression. The presence of medical contraindications to exercise tests is as significant with respect to mortality as the low exercise threshold (450 kgm/min for not more than 2 min). PMID- 3761835 TI - [Principles of the graduated drug treatment of ischemic heart disease patients with stable stenocardia]. PMID- 3761836 TI - [Sexual functions of men with a history of myocardial infarct during rehabilitation]. AB - A sexologic investigation, using questionnaires, in convalescing postmyocardial infarction male patients aged 26 to 55 years showed considerable disturbance of sexual functions: depressed libido, fewer spontaneous erections and copulations, and even complete sexual failure, resulting in the inferiority complex and the hypochondriac syndrome. A 1.5-2 months' treatment with iohimbina (GDR), tendex forte (India) and speman forte (India) improved considerably sexual functions in males of all ages. PMID- 3761837 TI - [Effectiveness of physical training in patients who have had a myocardial infarct]. AB - A study of the effects of exercise on cardiovascular function of myocardial infarction survivors showed their physical stress tolerance to increase as a result of improved myocardial contractility and the optimum adjustment of hemodynamic and oxygen support of exercise. Therefore, exercise should be used more extensively as part of the rehabilitation effort following myocardial infarction. PMID- 3761838 TI - [Importance of isometric training in the rehabilitation of myocardial infarct patients]. AB - A method of isometric exercise was developed for myocardial infarction patients, and its efficiency was evaluated in the course of rehabilitation after acute myocardial infarction in 48 patients aged 39 to 57 years. The trained patients showed significantly increased tolerance to arm and leg isometric exercise and better systemic hemodynamic response to isometric exercise, manifested in a lower cost of one isometric tension unit, and increased minute blood volume, a result of increased stroke volume. It is concluded that isometric exercise has a favorable effect on cardiovascular function and physical working capacity of postmyocardial-infarction patients. PMID- 3761839 TI - [Maintenance of gaseous homeostasis in chronic coronary insufficiency]. AB - Mechanical resistance of erythrocytes was studied in patients with chronic coronary insufficiency and normal subjects using an original method (the blood sample was subjected to vibration effects after which the percentage of destroyed cells was determined). Erythrocyte resistance was assessed at 40 dB vibration and the frequencies of 125, 250 and 500 Hz. A vibration of 40 dB at 250 Hz destroyed 33.0 +/- 0.9% of erythrocytes in normal subjects, and 17.0 +/- 1.2% in the patients (p less than 0.001), an evidence of considerable rejuvenation of the erythrocyte population that helps to maintain normal myocardial oxygen consumption even in conditions of a 12% reduction of coronary flow owing to a smaller shunted oxygen inflow. PMID- 3761840 TI - [Action of ethacizin on normal and anomalous forms of Purkinje fiber automaticity in the dog]. AB - The effect of a new anti-arrhythmic drug etacysin was studied in various forms of dog Purkinje's fibres automativity: normal and abnormal arising at a late stage of experimental myocardial infarction (24 hrs after coronary artery ligation) and induced by ions Ba2+. An average 57% decrease in the frequency of automaticity of normal Purkinje's fibres due to steepening the slope of slow diastolic depolarization and almost complete depression of an abnormal one was observed for the drug concentrations 5 X 10(-7) and 10(-6) g/ml. Reduced automaticity was also related to decreased slow diastolic depolarization. Maximal values of diastolic potential were found unchanged. PMID- 3761841 TI - [Case of the intravital diagnosis of a tumor of the left atrium by using the Uzkar-3 echocardiographic apparatus]. PMID- 3761842 TI - [Heart aneurysm following a gunshot wound of the chest cavity]. PMID- 3761843 TI - [Differential diagnosis of tachyarrhythmias]. PMID- 3761844 TI - [Prevention of a disorder in the electrical stability of the heart in experimental myocardial infarct by using preliminary adaptation to brief stress exposures and the antioxidant ionol]. AB - Preliminary adaptation to short-term stress was shown to prevent the fall of the heart fibrillation threshold and its increased ectopic activity which is usually observed in experimental myocardial infarction. This protective effect involves an enhanced activity of the organism's antioxidant systems. On this basis, synthetic antioxidant ionol was applied to prevent disturbances of heart electric stability in infarction. Ionol completely prevented the decrease in the electric threshold and the increase in ectopic activity of the heart in experimental infarction, demonstrating thereby an anti-arrhythmic effect. PMID- 3761846 TI - [Comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of different shapes of defibrillating pulses]. AB - Experiments in dogs were performed to investigate the defibrillation efficacy of the trapezoidal impulses with ascending and descending slope, the rectangular impulses, and the sinusoidal impulses. The lowest threshold values for current strength, energy and charge were observed when defibrillating the heart by means of rectangular impulses and especially by trapezoidal impulses with ascending slope. Classical strength-duration curves for trapezoidal impulse with ascending slope were recorded. As a result, the suggested duration of the trapezoidal defibrillating impulse to be used is between 4 and 9 ms. PMID- 3761845 TI - [Anti-arrhythmia and antifibrillatory properties of dibenzazepine derivatives]. AB - Antiarrhythmic and antifibrillation properties of bonnecor, a derivative of dibenzepin, were studied in comparison with ethmozine, quinidine and novocainamide, using various experimental arrhythmia models. Bonnecor activity was somewhat smaller than that of ethmozine, and much greater than that of quinidine and novocainamide in the mixed atrioventricular arrhythmia model simulated in aconitin-treated rats and the ventricular arrhythmia model simulated by two-degree coronary occlusion in dogs. Intravenous 1 mg/kg and oral 6 mg/kg bonnecor doses prevented ventricular fibrillation caused by acute coronary occlusion in rats, while ethmozine showed no such effect. PMID- 3761847 TI - [Changes in the myocardial contractility of the left ventricle and in the central hemodynamic indices during the onset and termination of a paroxysmal tachycardia attack]. AB - Three types of myocardial contractility and central hemodynamic response were identified on the basis of myocardial function and heart rate during an attack of paroxysmal tachycardia. Heart rates of up to 180 beats per minute are not associated with any myocardial contractility disorders, and hemodynamic disturbances are controlled by elevated myocardial inotropism. Heart rates reaching 190 beats/min are associated with a suppression of myocardial relaxation, and the Frank-Starling mechanism is added to elevated inotropism to control the disturbance. Where the heart rate is above 200 beats per minute, both myocardial relaxation and contraction are suppressed; the Frank-Starling mechanism is responsible for the control here. PMID- 3761848 TI - [Heart rhythm disorders in mitral valve prolapse syndrome and their treatment]. AB - Sixty-three patients with the mitral prolapse (MP) syndrome and a variety of heart rhythm disorders were studied. Diagnostic signs of MP and arrhythmias associated with this conditions are discussed. The most common heart rhythm and conductivity disorders encountered were ventricular extrasystoles (in 27 patients) and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (in 13). The mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias and blocks, and principles of their treatment in patients with the MP syndrome are discussed. PMID- 3761849 TI - [Ultrasonic diagnosis of the function of heart valve prostheses]. AB - Ninety-six patients with mitral, aortic and tricuspid valvular prostheses were investigated echocardiographically, with a total of 116 assessments of prosthetic function between 8 days and 20 years after surgery, using one-dimensional, two dimensional and dopplerographic techniques. Possibilities of prosthetic dysfunction diagnosis by these techniques are discussed. PMID- 3761850 TI - [Effect of intracoronary streptokinase infusion and verapamil treatment on the size of the affected area in myocardial infarct patients]. AB - The effect of intracoronary streptokinase administration (31 patients), verapamil treatment (23 patients) and conventional therapy (27 patients) on the size of the affected area was examined in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI). Streptokinase was administered in a dose of 250,000-500,000 IU within the first 3 to 20 hours of myocardial infarction, and verapamil, 360 to 400 mg, daily within the first 5 to 12 hours of the attack. The occluded coronary artery was recanalized in response to streptokinase administration in 21 patients. Serial measurements of CPK activity and serum myoglobin levels, and electrocardiographic precordial cartograms demonstrated a reduction in MI size following streptokinase administration. Verapamil had no basic effect on the final size of myocardial lesion, although it improved somewhat the clinical course of the disease. PMID- 3761851 TI - [Biochemical blood indices of patients with a myocardial infarct complicated by heart rupture]. AB - Adrenal function, blood kallikrein-kinin status and the levels of serotonin, histamine, electrolytes and enzymes were repeatedly assessed in 97 patients with myocardial infarction and external cardiorrhexis. Certain patterns were identified as common to the pre-rupture period and the time of the rupture proper that can have a pathogenetic, and sometimes also diagnostic and predictive, significance. PMID- 3761852 TI - [Rheological properties of the blood in hypertension patients]. AB - Blood rheologic properties, and serum and erythrocyte membrane lipids were studied in 65 patients with essential hypertension, stage II-III, and 20 normal subjects. Essential hypertension was shown to be associated with marked rheologic disorders, such as increased packed cell volume and plasma viscosity. A greater rigidity of the erythrocyte membranes was also demonstrated. PMID- 3761853 TI - [Hemodynamic aspects of heart and respiratory failures in ischemic heart disease patients with severe pulmonary hypertension and their dynamics during treatment]. AB - The greater and lesser circulation: hemodynamics and external respiratory function were repeatedly examined in the course of treatment in 90 patients with atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis and circulatory insufficiency, stages I-IIB. In heart failure, hemodynamic shifts were earlier and more pronounced in the lesser circulation, as compared to the greater circulation. Respiratory insufficiency also preceded hemodynamic shifts in the greater circulation and was more pronounced in patients with pulmonary hypertension. In the course of treatment, these patients showed a more significant blood pressure fall in the pulmonary artery and progressively diminishing manifestations of respiratory insufficiency. PMID- 3761854 TI - [External respiratory function, blood oxygenation and the biogenic amine content in different hemodynamic variants of hypertension]. AB - Pulmonary ventilation and hemodynamics, ventilation/perfusion ratios, arterial blood oxygen and plasma biogenic amines were examined in 126 essentially hypertensive patients with different hemodynamic types. Changes in pulmonary ventilation and hemodynamics result in increased venous admixture in patients with eukinetic hemodynamics, but the arterial blood oxygen level only diminishes in the hypokinetic type. Increased venous admixture is due to a regional decrease in the ventilation/perfusion ratio which is largely dependent on pulmonary hemodynamic disorders. A direct correlation is demonstrated between arterial blood oxygen concentration and daily noradrenaline excretion in eu- and hypokinetic hemodynamic types. Arterial hypoxemia may be responsible for depressed sympathetic activity in patients with these circulation types. PMID- 3761855 TI - [Effect of nifedipine on the clinical manifestations of ischemic heart disease occurring with stable stenocardia and the hemodynamic indices]. PMID- 3761856 TI - [Electrophysiological (cartographic) and organometric indices of the heart in myocardial infarct in chronic bronchitis patients]. PMID- 3761857 TI - [Use of ECG in assessing the effect of medical gymnastics on acute myocardial infarct patients]. PMID- 3761858 TI - [Retrograde depolarization of the atria in P-synchronized ventricular electrostimulation of the heart]. PMID- 3761859 TI - [Long-term use of frequent electrical stimulation of the atria in atrial flutter in a patient with severe concomitant pathology]. PMID- 3761861 TI - Symposium on methods in renal research. PMID- 3761860 TI - [Unusual ECG changes occurring during the transvenous destruction of the atrioventricular junction simulating a myocardial infarct]. PMID- 3761862 TI - Single tubule perfusion techniques. PMID- 3761863 TI - Methods for imaging renal tubule cells. PMID- 3761864 TI - Requiem for gouty nephropathy. PMID- 3761865 TI - [Emergencies in childhood. 4. Emergencies in disorders of water-electrolyte balance]. PMID- 3761866 TI - [Effectively decreasing residues following use of formaldehyde disinfection of incubators]. PMID- 3761867 TI - [Bacterial infections in children in a neonatal unit--report on 38 illnesses]. PMID- 3761868 TI - [Digitoxin therapy in childhood without poisoning?]. PMID- 3761869 TI - [Lipid absorption from Ki-Na, Milasan and Manasan]. PMID- 3761870 TI - [Value of the glycerol lysis test in an acid medium (AGLT) in the diagnosis of hereditary spherocytosis]. PMID- 3761871 TI - [Diagnosis and surgical treatment of aneurysms of the infrarenal segment of the aorta]. PMID- 3761872 TI - [Early complications after/late embolectomy of the aorta and peripheral arteries of the extremities]. PMID- 3761873 TI - [Selection of the optimal hemosorbent for the treatment of patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans of the lower extremities]. PMID- 3761874 TI - [Causes of failure of left-side thoracic sympathectomy in endarteritis obliterans]. PMID- 3761875 TI - [Status of the immunological reactivity in patients with nonspecific aortoarteritis]. PMID- 3761876 TI - [Catecholamine excretion before and after unilateral resection of the adrenal gland and lumbar sympathectomy in patients with obliterative arteriosis]. PMID- 3761877 TI - [Regional hemodynamics in a neurovascular syndrome of the lower extremities of functional nature]. PMID- 3761878 TI - [Functional tests in determining indicators for the creation of lymphovenous anastomoses in patients with lymphedema of the extremities]. PMID- 3761879 TI - [Principles of creating antibacterial vascular prostheses of a new type]. PMID- 3761880 TI - [Formation of the neointima in explants after hemosorption]. PMID- 3761881 TI - [Causes of thrombosis of autovenous transplants and methods for its prevention]. PMID- 3761882 TI - [Possibilities of using weak solutions of hydrogen peroxide in the treatment of experimental ischemia of the lower extremities]. PMID- 3761883 TI - [Functional evaluation of lymphonodulovenous anastomoses]. PMID- 3761884 TI - [Restoration of blood circulation in the internal iliac artery after operations on the aorto-iliac segment]. PMID- 3761885 TI - [Xenotransplants in reconstruction of the superficial femoral artery]. PMID- 3761886 TI - [Infection of vascular prostheses after reconstructive operations on the aorto iliac segments]. PMID- 3761887 TI - [Prevention of the development of revascularization syndrome after injuries of major arteries of the extremities]. PMID- 3761888 TI - [Thoracic endoscopic sympathectomy]. PMID- 3761889 TI - [Value of lumbar sympathectomy in chronic arterial insufficiency of the lower extremities]. PMID- 3761890 TI - [Rheohepatography in the complex surgical treatment of diabetic angiopathies of the lower extremities]. PMID- 3761891 TI - [Lymphedema of the lower extremities and its treatment]. PMID- 3761892 TI - [Treatment of acute thrombophlebitis of the lower extremities using electrophonophoresis]. PMID- 3761894 TI - [Comparative evaluation of the results of auto- and allovenous shunting of femoro popliteal arteries]. PMID- 3761893 TI - [Repeated operations on blood vessels of aorto-iliac and femoro-popliteal segments]. PMID- 3761895 TI - [Aorto-femoral shunting and vagotomy in a patient with occlusion of the abdominal aorta complicated by ulcer]. PMID- 3761896 TI - [A case of multiple dissecting arterial aneurysms]. PMID- 3761897 TI - [The causes of disability and approaches to its reduction in diseases of the veins of the lower extremities]. PMID- 3761898 TI - [Treatment of thrombophlebitis of varicose veins of the lower extremities in a general surgery department]. PMID- 3761899 TI - [Paravasal blocks in the combined treatment of thrombophlebitis]. PMID- 3761900 TI - [Injuries of major vessels]. PMID- 3761901 TI - [A method of the blood flow restoration in reconstructive re-operations after alloprosthesis of the aorto-iliac segment]. PMID- 3761902 TI - [A catheter for thrombectomy and intraluminal obturation of blood vessels]. PMID- 3761903 TI - [Intraoperative arteriography in surgery of arteriosclerotic lesions of the femoro-popliteal segment]. PMID- 3761904 TI - [Late thrombembolectomy in arterial occlusion]. PMID- 3761905 TI - [Thyroid hormones in the surgical treatment of goiter in children]. PMID- 3761906 TI - [Late results of plastic repair of the diaphragm]. PMID- 3761907 TI - [Free transplantation of the toes to the hand in children and adolescents]. PMID- 3761908 TI - [Injuries to the extensor tendons of the hand and fingers in children]. PMID- 3761909 TI - [Functional traction method in pathological hip dislocation in children]. PMID- 3761910 TI - [Metaepiphyseal osteomyelitis in children]. PMID- 3761911 TI - [Preperitoneal abscesses in newborn infants]. PMID- 3761912 TI - [Relaparotomy in children]. PMID- 3761913 TI - [Perforating appendicitis in a newborn infant with an acute form of Hirschsprung's disease]. PMID- 3761915 TI - [Aberrant pancreas in the stomach wall of a child]. PMID- 3761914 TI - [Perforated stomach ulcer in a child]. PMID- 3761916 TI - [Strangulated diaphragmatic hernia in children]. PMID- 3761917 TI - [Rupture of the diaphragm combined with splenic rupture in a child]. PMID- 3761918 TI - [Causes of gastrointestinal tract dyskinesia in newborn infants and infants in the 1st year of life (preliminary report)]. PMID- 3761919 TI - [Acute appendicitis in a strangulated hernia in a child]. PMID- 3761920 TI - [Mesenchymoma of the greater omentum]. PMID- 3761921 TI - [Cystic lymphangioma of the greater omentum]. PMID- 3761922 TI - [Traumatic rupture of the superior mesenteric artery and duodenum complicated by stenosis in a child]. PMID- 3761923 TI - [Cervicomediastinal lymphangioma causing asphyxia]. PMID- 3761924 TI - [Acute small-intestine obstruction in adult Siamese twins]. PMID- 3761925 TI - [Peripheral neurofibroma]. PMID- 3761927 TI - [Determination of the degree of intoxication in children with surgical suppurative-septic diseases]. PMID- 3761926 TI - [Suppurative surgical infection in newborn infants and the clinico-immunological effect of using dekaris]. PMID- 3761928 TI - [Current problems of surgery on the newborn]. PMID- 3761929 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of intestinal invagination in children over 1 year]. PMID- 3761930 TI - [Intestinal blood flow in acute intestinal invagination in children]. PMID- 3761931 TI - [Idiopathic omentitis in children]. PMID- 3761932 TI - [Infarct of the greater omentum in children]. PMID- 3761933 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of splenic dystopia and torsion in children]. PMID- 3761934 TI - [Immunity following splenectomy in children with extrahepatic blockade of the portal circulation]. PMID- 3761935 TI - [Hamartomous polyposis of the gastrointestinal tract in children (Peutz-Jeghers syndrome)]. PMID- 3761936 TI - [Surgical treatment of chronic duodenal obstruction in children]. PMID- 3761937 TI - [X-ray diagnosis of acute appendicitis by measured hydrostatic irrigoscopy]. PMID- 3761938 TI - [Treatment of acute appendicitis in children]. PMID- 3761939 TI - [Functional diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease in children]. PMID- 3761940 TI - [Functional evaluation of the surgical results in incompetence of the anal sphincter in children]. PMID- 3761941 TI - [Examination and treatment of newborn infants with anorectal developmental defects]. PMID- 3761943 TI - [Complete duplication of the ureters in children]. PMID- 3761942 TI - [Femoral hernias in children]. PMID- 3761944 TI - [Artificial esophagus made from the large intestine in children]. PMID- 3761945 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of congenital esophageal stenosis in children]. PMID- 3761946 TI - [Syndromal forms of congenital deformities of the chest cavity and their treatment]. PMID- 3761947 TI - [Pulmonary echinococcosis in children]. PMID- 3761948 TI - [Clinical picture, diagnosis and surgical treatment of diseases of the peripheral vessels in children]. PMID- 3761949 TI - [Assessment of the effectiveness of respiration and hemodynamics in single-lung ventilation with adequate respiratory volume]. PMID- 3761950 TI - [Pressure changes in the pulmonary artery during general anesthesia and in different ventilation regimens in thoracic surgery]. PMID- 3761951 TI - [Gynecomastia--symptom or disease? Its surgical treatment]. PMID- 3761952 TI - [2 cases of heart injury]. PMID- 3761953 TI - [Lymphogranulomatosis of the digestive tract]. PMID- 3761954 TI - [Severe complication of Fraley syndrome]. PMID- 3761955 TI - [Hermetic sealing and consolidation of the parietal peritoneum in appendectomy]. PMID- 3761956 TI - [Permanent electrostimulation of the heart via the subxiphoid abdomino transdiaphragmatic approach]. PMID- 3761957 TI - [Proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Pathogenesis and possibilities for treatment with cytostatic drugs]. AB - The pathogenesis of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is divided into five stages: (1) destruction of the integrity of vitreoretinal structures; (2) cell migration; (3) cell proliferation; (4) cell contraction, and (5) stabilization by synthesis of the extracellular matrix. Current knowledge concerning the treatment of PVR with antiproliferative drugs (5-fluorouracil, Daunomycin) is described. PMID- 3761958 TI - [Long-term results of Nd-YAG laser iridotomy and indications deriving from it]. AB - Of 132 patients who had undergone Nd-YAG laser iridotomy, 70 were randomly selected for follow-up examinations. Nd-YAG laser iridotomies were subsequently performed on 124 eyes (of these 70 patients), 12 for acute angle-closure glaucoma, 19 fellow eyes of those which had angle-closure glaucoma, 70 for chronic angle-closure glaucoma, and 23 eyes with increasingly narrow chamber angle under miotic therapy. The follow-up period ranged from 1 to 25 months (median = 9 months). Eighty-seven percent of the iridotomies remained visibly open. Of 12 acute glaucomas, 10 were successfully treated, whereas only 2 required a basal iridectomy. In the large group of 106 eyes with a "narrow angle condition," a significant pressure reduction from 20.9 +/- 5.8 to 16.7 +/- 3.4 mm Hg and a significant enlargement of the chamber angle resulted. Since fistulizing procedures involve a risk of malignant glaucoma, Nd-YAG laser iridotomy, which this investigation showed to be risk-free, is the initial procedure of choice in narrow-angle conditions, especially subacute and chronic angle-closure glaucoma, in order to alleviate the angle-closure component in such angle-closure situations, to diagnose its contribution to peak IOP, and to facilitate argon laser trabeculoplasty when needed. PMID- 3761959 TI - [Tolerance and pharmacologic effectiveness of antiglaucoma eyedrops]. AB - The beta-blocking agent carteolol hydrochloride differs slightly from other beta blockers by its intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. Its effect on intraocular pressure and heart rate was tested in a comparison with timolol maleate, as was subjective tolerance of it, in 28 eyes (14 subjects) with either ocular hypertension or simple chronic open-angle glaucoma. The two drugs had a similar effect on intraocular pressure; both were well tolerated subjectively. Carteolol lowered heart rate more in patients with higher heart rates, while timolol lowered it more in patients with lower heart rates. PMID- 3761960 TI - [Catalase activity in argon-laser irradiation]. AB - Catalase may provide protection against photochemical action of superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide. The authors tried to measure its activity in freshly enucleated calf eyes before and after argon laser irradiation. It was established by iodometric titration that catalase activity was reduced after irradiation in vitreous and in purified catalase solution, but not in the lens. PMID- 3761961 TI - [Experimental tyrosine keratopathy in rabbits]. AB - Tyrosine was given to White New Zealand and Chinchilla bastard rabbits. The corneal epithelium showed pinpoint lesions and a pseudokeratitis dendritica from the fourth day on. In spite of continued tyrosine dosage these lesions disappeared clinically within 6 days. Scanning electron microscopy revealed necrosis of isolated epithelial cells even after the twentieth day of tyrosine dosage. Specular microscopy sporadically revealed glittering pre-endothelial structures. It was found by light microscopy that there was a tendency to focal proliferation of corneal epithelial cells and a vacuolization in the basal epithelial cell layers. Endothelial defects may be responsible for circumscribed edema of the corneal stroma. PMID- 3761962 TI - [Side effects of YAG laser treatment]. AB - In enucleated pig eyes endothelial cell damage was demonstrated after YAG laser coagulation. The extent of the damage can be correlated to the distance between the laser focus and the endothelium, and to the energy. Similar effects and correlations can be demonstrated on intraocular implant lenses in an experimental model. PMID- 3761963 TI - [Floppy eyelid syndrome: light and electron microscopy studies]. AB - A 60-year-old patient with "Floppy Eyelid" syndrome was treated by wedge-shaped lid resection. The excised tissue was studied by light and electron microscopy. Apart from the signs of chronic inflammation already described no abnormality was found in the ultrastructure or distribution of the collagen and elastic fibers of the tarsus. PMID- 3761964 TI - [Unilateral Purtscher traumatic angiopathy]. AB - Description of the fundus picture in a case of traumatic angiopathic retinopathy (Purtscher's disease). The authors present a report on a 19-year-old man who had a chest injury. Ophthalmoscopic changes were found in one eye only. The fundus alterations are compared with those found in cases of fat embolism. PMID- 3761965 TI - [Sympathetic ophthalmia following interventions for hemorrhagic glaucoma]. AB - A case of sympathetic uveitis which developed after several operations to reduce intraocular pressure is reported. Initially there was a thrombosis of the central vein; secondary glaucoma developed after laser coagulation and iridectomy; six operations followed. Some months later the diagnosis of sympathetic uveitis was established. The pathogenesis of sympathetic uveitis in this case is discussed. PMID- 3761966 TI - [Therapy of preretinal macular hemorrhages]. AB - Within the first 3 to 4 days after occurrence of a premacular subhyaloid hemorrhage the posterior vitreous boundary layer may be lacerated by argon laser coagulation in such a way, that the blood floats into the vitreous body, where it is absorbed within a few weeks. Older premacular hemorrhages under an intact vitreous boundary layer, typically green-white in color have to be treated by more invasive vitreo-surgical procedures. PMID- 3761967 TI - [Defective artificial lenses]. AB - The authors found the following defects in sterile-packed intraocular lenses, ready for implantation: the positioning holes had sharp edges; the lens surfaces were scratched from polishing and drilling; the lens loops were distinctly deformed. Following a description of these defects the possible clinical complications are discussed. PMID- 3761968 TI - [Local treatment with diclofenac-Na eyedrops in diseases of the anterior eye segment]. AB - The nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac-sodium, in the galenic form of an eye drop solution (0.1%), has been tested in an open clinical trial in the following indications: episcleritis (30 patients), limbal corneal ulcer (9 patients), hay-fever conjunctivitis and/or conjunctivitis phlyctaenulosa (11 patients). The result of this clinical trial has shown that diclofenac-sodium eye drop solution fulfills all the requirements of a well-tolerated and effective NSAID. The application of diclofenac-sodium eye drop solution (3-5 times daily) resulted in a clear-cut reduction in the use of eye drops containing steroids and its prominent analgesic effect was impressive. Although a slight, transient burning sensation was noticed by a few patients shortly after instillation, no local or systemic adverse reactions were observed. PMID- 3761969 TI - [Changes in the concentration of pilocarpine eyedrops in normal storage]. AB - The accommodative myopia induced by pilocarpine eye drops served as an indicator for the pharmacological activity. In a case of pigment glaucoma a reproducible 50% decay of the accomodative myopia was measured in the course of two weeks after opening an original bottle. Correlated to the reduction in accommodative myopia, a rise in intraocular pressure was observed. This may be due to an active principle decay caused by moderate temperatures. PMID- 3761970 TI - [Treatment of senile maculopathy with etaretin]. AB - The results of parenteral treatment with Etaretin in 40 patients (79 eyes) suffering from senile maculopathy are reported. In 84% of the cases there was a degeneration of the dry type and in 16% a disciform exudative maculopathy. The cases of dry maculopathy responded well within a floow-up period of 8 to 18 months. PMID- 3761972 TI - [Rhine-Main ophthalmologists meeting. 57th meeting. 20-21 October 1984. Darmstadt]. PMID- 3761971 TI - [Development of an anatomically shaped lens for facilitating indirect ophthalmoscopy]. AB - A newly developed, anatomically shaped indirect ophthalmoscopy lens is described. Outstanding features of this lens are its low weight and superiority for examining the fundus in patients with particular anatomical abnormalities or pathologic disorders (e.g., an extremely high bridge of the nose, or paralytic strabismus). PMID- 3761973 TI - [Experiences with laser therapy in different forms of glaucoma with open and closed chamber angle]. AB - Results of laser treatment of open-angle and angle-closure glaucomas are communicated. Argon laser trabeculoplasty was performed in 78 eyes with open angle glaucoma. The most favorable site for photocoagulation was the gone between the pigmented and nonpigmented trabecular meshwork. Forty-two eyes with angle closure glaucoma were treated by argon laser gonioplasty. This method proved successful in chronic angle-closure glaucoma and for the prophylactic management of acute angle-closure glaucomas. A combination of argon laser gonioplasty and argon laser trabeculoplasty was used in 16 eyes. Both methods were found to be effective in treating certain forms of juvenile glaucoma. A further 11 eyes with acute angle-closure glaucoma were treated by Nd-YAG laser iridotomy, 9 of them successfully. PMID- 3761974 TI - [Effect of cyclosporin A, dexamethasone and various preservatives on epithelial wound healing in the denervated guinea pig cornea]. AB - In order to examine a possible connection between punctate keratopathy following keratoplasty and the various drugs used in postoperative treatment, denervation was performed in white Pirbright guinea pigs by corneal trepanation with a 6 mm trephine to a depth of 0.25 mm. One week later an iodine gas applicator was used to produce erosion in the cornea, which had healed in the meantime. Until the erosions healed, the corneas were photographed four times daily after fluorescein staining; the negatives were enlarged by projection and the erosions measured planimetrically. The linear regression method was used to calculate a compensating straight line and thus the hourly epithelial wound-healing surface (mm2/h) for each eye. This was 0.76 mm2/h in control eyes. Dexamethasone 0.1%, benzalconium chloride 0.01%, and chlorobutanol 0.2% did not significantly inhibit wound healing, while Spersadex (dexamethasone 0.1% + benzalconium chloride 0.01%) and Totocortin (dexamethasone 0.1 + chlorobutanol 0.2%) did. Polyvinyl alcohol (1.4% without preservative) significantly delayed epithelial wound healing. Cyclosporin A 2% (in castor oil) had no influence on epithelial wound healing. PMID- 3761975 TI - [HPLC detection of pathologic metabolites of melanin and melatonin metabolism in the urine in malignant melanoma of the choroid]. AB - In 19 patients with malignant melanoma of the choroid and 11 controls 20 different metabolic parameters of melanin and melatonin metabolism in urine were examined by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Significant differences were found in DOPA, DOPAC, MHPG, alpha-keto-glutaric acid, pseudo-uridine, serotonin, OH-tryptophan and homovanillic acid. PMID- 3761976 TI - [Expansion behavior of intravitreous sulfur hexafluoride in exposure to nitrous oxide]. AB - In experiments with 19 rabbits the changes in volume and concentration of intravitreously instilled sulfur hexafluoride were investigated under normal air conditions (10 rabbits in group A) and with application of laughing, gas to the inspiration system for 3 hours (9 rabbits in group B). Under normal air conditions the SF6 gas bubble attained its greatest volume after 24 hours (twice its initial volume). With the addition of 67% laughing gas to the inspiration system the largest expansion in volume (260%) was found after 3 hours, i.e., at the end of application of laughing gas, and was followed by another peak after 24 hours. With regard to the sulfur hexafluoride concentration in the gas bubble, the results in the two groups were similar. The authors conclude that in retinal surgery with application of sulfur hexafluoride general anesthesia should not include laughing gas. PMID- 3761977 TI - [Double-blind study with cyclosporin A eyedrops in healthy probands]. AB - Cyclosporin-A eye drops initiate an immunosuppression after corneal transplantation in rabbits as well as in humans, as experimental and clinical studies showed. A tolerance study with 12 volunteers (healthy and without any ophthalmological disease) was designed as a randomized double-blind study. Apart from two objectively slight intolerance reactions there were no side-effects. The use of these drops after corneal transplantation is discussed. PMID- 3761978 TI - [Treatment of dry eye with a new gel in eyedrop form]. AB - Vidisic, a liquid gel derived from a polymerisate of acrylic acid for the treatment of dry eyes, was tested for 3 months in an open prospective study in 55 patients with severe dry eye. Vidisic spreads well over the cornea and conjunctiva and does not cause streaks. Compared with other tear substitutes so far available, Vidisic has a much longer viability, so that no more than 3 or 4 drops a day are necessary. Also, Vidisic is better tolerated and more effective. Moreover, there was a significant improvement, both subjectively and objectively, in the patients' conditions. PMID- 3761979 TI - [Concretions in the nasolacrimal duct and lacrimal sac]. AB - Report on six patients with concretions in the lacrimal sac and the nasolacrimal duct. It was possible to remove the concretions in four patients by irrigation of the nasolacrimal sac with cortisone solutions. In one patient a dacryocystostomy was necessary. PMID- 3761980 TI - [Detection of an intralenticular metallic foreign body by computerized tomography]. AB - An intralental metallic foreign body was identified by computerized tomography and removed by extracapsular cataract extraction. A Simcoe posterior chamber lens was implanted without any problem. The problems of lens implantation in younger patients are pointed out. PMID- 3761981 TI - [Instrument requirements for lens implantation in the capsule sac]. AB - The more accurate the positioning and fixation of the intraocular lens has to be, the more important the process of gentle, but nevertheless reliable introduction of the lens into the posterior chamber becomes. New types of instruments are required for this. The special instruments needed for intracapsular implantation are discussed and their use demonstrated. Newly developed implantation forceps are described for the first time. PMID- 3761982 TI - [A new iris retractor for the implantation of a posterior chamber lens with a tight pupil]. AB - This article describes a new iris retractor which enables the entire posterior capsule to be seen during extracapsular cataract extraction. PMID- 3761983 TI - [Optics of surgical microscopes]. AB - Operating microscopes are binocular telescopic magnifying glasses which have been extended by afocal systems. The important feature of these instruments is that the magnification can be changed rapidly. The way the pancreatic magnification changer works can be described very simply as a synthesis of two Galilean telescopes. Operating microscopes can also be used as binocular ophthalmoscopes. PMID- 3761984 TI - [Aspherical single-strength eyeglasses with improved wearing comfort]. AB - A new plastic single-vision lens series is presented with an aspherically designed front surface for the weak to medium-strength positive power range. With this lens the asphere is used to improve the non-optical properties and, at the same time, to maintain an image quality comparable to the high standard offered by regular spectacle lenses. The various factors which determine the optimization of so-called comfort in wear are discussed in detail. PMID- 3761985 TI - [Prototype of an ophthalmoscope for studying an upright image with light amplification]. AB - The instrument described here is the prototype of a direct ophthalmoscope with amplification of available light. The beam path has already been published and patented under reference number 3124305. It does not require drug-induced mydriasis, reduces light toxicity of the retina, and facilitates examination of pre-eclamptic and other patients who are sensitive to light. With this ophthalmoscope it may be possible to demonstrate the autofluorescence of the hyalocytes, described by Cremer-Bartels and Balacz. PMID- 3761986 TI - [Instrument myopia as a possible source of error in nyktometer examinations]. AB - In comparative studies covering 142 eyes a "night myopia" of 0.5 to 1.5 D was found in 33 eyes with the Nyktometer (Rodenstock) and in 23 eyes with the Mesoptometer I (Oculus). In 17 eyes the same degree of "night myopia" was determined with both instruments, while in 16 eyes it was found to be more severe when measured with the Nyktometer than with the Mesoptometer. In one eye this myopia was only found with the Mesoptometer. This more severe "night myopia" measured with the Nyktometer is probably attributable to "instrument myopia." PMID- 3761987 TI - [Glaucoma perimetry--optimization of test point patterns with an information index]. AB - An experimental clinical study on 274 glaucomatous eyes was performed to investigate extensively the relation between test point patterns and information in glaucoma. We used the Humphrey Field Analyzer 620 and a special high-density pattern of 165 points containing all classic patterns of threshold perimetry (31, 32, 61). By deleting points the classic patterns, as well as other patterns, were deduced and compared. Using objective criteria, we measured the frequency of scotoma detection, modification, and refinement that occurred with pattern condensation in different areas. The average gain of information by new points, expressed by an information index, showed an exponential decrease with increasing spatial resolution. Also, the information index decreased toward the periphery for the same step. Optimal patterns, which have an equilibrated information index in all areas, should be denser in the center and coarser at the periphery. Two of these, a 3 degrees-4.2 degrees-6 degrees pattern (called "30-S") and a 4.2 degrees-6 degrees-8.5 degrees pattern ("half 30-S") were compared to the classic patterns and appeared to be superior, best demonstrable in the detection rate: each of the classic patterns (31, 32) missed 15% of the early glaucomatous defects, the adequate central condensed pattern only half of this. In the combination the classic patterns still missed 2.5% of the early defects; the corresponding central condensed pattern missed none. Moreover, these central condensed patterns have fewer points, so that test time is shorter. Changing to these patterns during follow-up is no problem, because this new family of test patterns is deduced from the classic patterns and corresponds in the majority of test locations. PMID- 3761988 TI - [Comparative krypton and argon laser trabeculoplasty]. AB - Laser trabeculoplasty was performed to treat medically uncontrolled open-angle glaucoma (glaucoma chronicum simplex). Twenty-five eyes were treated with a red krypton laser, while in 110 eyes the usual blue-green argon laser was used, and in 14 eyes a pure green argon laser, under the same conditions. After treatment with the krypton laser the average drop in intraocular pressure at 24 hours was 4.8 mm Hg; at 4 weeks it was 2.3 mm Hg, and at 3 months there was no longer any appreciable effect. In the cases treated by argon laser the pressure drop was significantly greater and lasting, averaging 7.8-8.2 mm Hg from 24 hours after the treatment onward for at least 12 months. There was no difference between the blue-green and the green argon laser as regards pressure drop and improvement in outflow facility. PMID- 3761989 TI - [Reversible posterior detachment of the vitreous body]. AB - As a rule, posterior detachment of the vitreous body (even the simple, flat, incomplete type) is irreversible, but in some cases of fresh, moderate, retrovitreal hemorrhage caused by untreated vasoproliferative retinopathy there is evidence of spontaneous reattachment of the vitreous body. Details of this finding are described. PMID- 3761990 TI - [Optimization of irradiation time in the treatment of malignant melanoma of the choroid with beta applicators (106Ru/106Rh)]. AB - Brachytherapy with 106Ru/106Rh necessitates protracted irradiation because the applicators have to be sutured to the sclera. Protracted radiotherapy causes more intensive damage in tumor cells with increased metabolism and a higher mitosis rate than in normal tissue. Beta irradiation of rabbit eyes with 0.258-0.231 Gy/min produced more extensive exudative reactions and morphological damage of the retina than a lower dosage rate with 0.035-0.026 Gy/min and the same total dose of 650 Gy. For the study reported here 75 patients suffering from choroidal melanoma and irradiated with 106Ru/106Rh plaques between 1967 and 1977 were evaluated. They developed more exudative and hemorrhagic side effects after a short period of irradiation (1-6 days) than after a longer one (7-14 days). Spontaneous recovery of the radiation-induced retinal detachment was seen in all cases. Complete tumor regression with development of a flat scar was achieved with almost equal success with both short-term and protracted irradiation. To minimize radiogenic side effects the duration of irradiation recommended hitherto, i.e., 7-14 days, should be adhered to when treating malignant melanomas of the choroid with beta-ray applicators. PMID- 3761991 TI - [Significance of fluorescence spectra for the evaluation of lens opacities]. AB - The fluorescence spectra of nucleus and cortex material from human lenses obtained as a result of extracapsular cataract extraction were observed. With advancing cataract formation the fluorescence spectra changed in a very characteristic way. The changes in ascorbic acid were compared with those caused by cataract development. Clinical application of corresponding measuring instruments would appear to make sense. PMID- 3761992 TI - [Distance of muscle insertions in the corneal limbus]. AB - During the last 3 years (1983 to 1985) accurate measurements of the distance between rectus muscle insertions and the corneal limbus were made on strabismus patients during surgery. After dissection of a muscle the distance from the posterior limbus (gray-white line) to the insertion line of the muscle was measured with calipers both at the midpoint and at each end of the insertion. A limbal incision was employed without exception. Statistical analysis was performed on a personal computer, using the Lotus 1-2-3 program. In contrast to the traditionally popular values determined by Fuchs, which are already over 100 years old (in parentheses), we found the following mean values: medial rectus insertion 4.5 mm (5.5), in 675 eyes operated on; inferior rectus insertion 5.67 mm (6.5), in 22 eyes operated on; lateral rectus insertion 6.20 mm (6.9), in 493 eyes operated on; and superior rectus insertion 6.64 (7.7), in 21 eyes operated on. The reasons for these differences are discussed. Because of the large size of the samples for the horizontal muscles it was possible to narrow down the confidence limits for the true mean values considerably; however, it is clear from the great differences between the lowest and highest values observed that the distance from the muscle insertions to the corneal limbus varies widely. PMID- 3761993 TI - [Eye and skin manifestations of endogenous oxalosis of the protracted type (follow-up)]. AB - The present paper reports the authors' observations in a rare case of primary hereditary oxalosis (adult type). Four years after renal function loss, calcium oxylate deposits were found in the skin and in both retinae. In spite of hemodialysis and a special diet, the deposits increased considerably during an observation period of 19 months. The skin was indurated and the genucubital articulations were immobilized. In spite of incipient circumscribed edema the retinal changes did not cause any detectable restriction of function, as the fovea was not involved and the retinal border was only slightly affected. PMID- 3761994 TI - [Eosinophilic granuloma of the eyelids in the aged]. PMID- 3761995 TI - [Support of an unusual orbital fracture by 2 balloons]. AB - Six weeks after a traffic accident a patient presented with enophthalmos of 6 mm on the right side, a marked divergent squint, and double vision in all directions of gaze. CT scans showed a posterior medial, and inferior fracture of the orbit with tissue prolapse. In the course of surgery it became clear that an antral balloon alone would not be sufficient to push back the prolapsed tissue in the ethmoidal region. For this reason an additional, smaller (Lincoff-Kreissig) balloon was inflated in this region. The procedure was successful. PMID- 3761996 TI - [Acupuncture for pain in the cranial region and for blepharospasm without organic cause]. AB - In patients with functional ophthalmological disturbances classical acupuncture therapy was compared to a technique of inserting the needles close to superficial nerves. Seventy-five patients with migraine, 47 patients with functional blepharospasm, 18 with trigeminal neuralgia, and 9 with posttraumatic pain syndromes were treated. Treatment comprised seven sessions at four-day intervals. Of 62 patients undergoing classical acupuncture, 21 (33.9%) were subsequently free of complaints and 33 (53.2%) felt a great improvement. Nerve points were stimulated in 83 patients, 31 (38%) of whom were completely free of symptoms after treatment, and 45 of whom (54%) felt much better. Hence, there was no marked difference between the two methods as regards therapeutic effect. These results support the concept of acupuncture therapy being a combination of dermal stimulation and suggestion. The therapeutic approach to pain or blepharospasm by use of the mainly suggestive effects of acupuncture is recommended only if underlying organic diseases can be ruled out. PMID- 3761997 TI - [Iatrogenic eye perforation in para- and retrobulbar injections]. AB - The authors report on 5 cases of inadvertent iatrogenic perforation of the globe in the course of retrobulbar and parabulbar injections. Perforation occurred twice by injection of the drug into the eyeball itself (subretinally or intravitreally), while in 3 cases a double perforation occurred, as a result of which the drug penetrated behind the eye. The prognosis is better in the latter case. Even though perforation of the globe during parabulbar and retrobulbar injections is extremely rare, it must always be considered if there is a sudden deterioration in vision and/or severe pain immediately after the injection; depending on the situation, retinal and/or vitreous surgery must then be performed at once. PMID- 3761998 TI - [Silicone implant for surgery of therapy-refractory glaucomas]. AB - A silicone implant for surgery of refractory glaucomas has been developed. It consists of a tube 0.64 mm in diameter glued to the upper surface of a plate resembling a contact lens. The surgical procedure, which is similar to a trabeculectomy, is described. PMID- 3761999 TI - [Diagnostic tests in the evaluation of the tear film]. AB - Critical appraisal of the most important testing methods for diagnosing normal and disturbed stability of the tear film meniscus. Only a carefully compiled history, a thorough inspection of the eye and several tests to determine the type and severity of the disorder can provide information about the disturbed stability of the tear film meniscus. PMID- 3762000 TI - [The papilla and visual field in glaucoma. Relation between planimetrically determined papilla and visual field changes]. AB - From 126 patients with ocular hypertension and/or primary open-angle glaucoma, those (n = 18) who had an untreated intraocular pressure of at least 25 mm Hg or a cup/disk ratio of at least 0.8 were selected for this study. The course of the disease was followed by means of photos of the disk and visual field examinations performed with an automated perimeter. The area of the neuroretinal rim was measured planimetrically. The mean period of observation was 3.7 years, in the course of which the size of neuroretinal rim became decreased in 10 patients, merely fluctuated in 6 patients, and increased in 2 patients. No definite correlation between the course of the visual fields and that of changes in the neuroretinal rim could be demonstrated at either the first or the last examination. Nonetheless, when the visual field changes were juxtaposed to those in the neuroretinal rim, a tendency to a decrease in rim area and an increase in visual field losses was noted. However, numerous exemplary cases showed that one cannot necessarily predict visual field losses from the size of the rim and vice versa. Comparison of estimated rim areas with those determined planimetrically obviously verifies that planimetry provides more accurate results. PMID- 3762001 TI - [BCG vaccination of the newborn infant with the 131 Copenhagen strain]. AB - From October 1, 1979 to September 30, 1981 a prospective study on the side effects of BCG inoculation was conducted in the cities of Duisburg, Essen, and Mulheim, in very close cooperation with practising pediatricians, public health authorities, and obstetric departments. Particular consideration was given to suppurating regional lymphadenitis. In the period covered by the study 21.294 infants from 23.390 live births (i.e., 89%) were BCG-vaccinated using the Copenhagen 1331 strain manufactured by Behringwerke. A suppurating regional lymphadenitis occurred in 66 cases, i.e., a complication rate of 0.3%. The conversion ratio was high. Out of 8.144 documentation forms that could be assessed 6.840 (84%) attested to a positive tuberculin reaction caused by prophylactic test U 4. If the result of this test was negative a second test, after Mendel-Mantoux, strength 10, was used. According to this a total of 7.311, i.e., altogether 98.4% of the inoculation results evaluated, were positive. Both the conversion ratio as well as the incidence of ulcers at the vaccination site depend to a slight degree on the concentration of units in the vaccine which are capable of reproduction, to the extent that at higher concentrations the conversion ratio increases, as does the number of ulcers at the vaccination site. PMID- 3762002 TI - [Guidelines for therapy of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in childhood]. AB - The term "idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)" comprises a rather heterogeneous group of diseases with different etiology and pathogenesis. 80% of the cases are acute forms following viral infections. Within the first 6 months the spontaneous remission rate is higher than 80%. The remaining patients develop an intermittent or chronic form of the disease. Lethal complications, commonly cerebral hemorrhage, are rare (less than 2%). Following a review of the established and the recent experimental therapeutic approaches, the authors try to give comprehensive therapeutical guide-lines for the management of the various clinical forms of the disease. If there is only a minor bleeding diathesis, it is recommended to withhold therapy for 2 to 3 weeks, irrespective of the platelet count. If no spontaneous remission occurs, we suggest therapy with corticosteroids. In case of failure of this therapy, infusions of high-dose immunoglobulins are advisable. Short-lasting successes may even be prolonged with further infusions (once a week or at longer intervals)--thus postponing splenectomy. In addition, a combination of high-dose immunoglobulins and corticosteroids may be effective. Following pneumococcal vaccination and penicillin prophylaxis, splenectomy should be performed not earlier than one year after diagnosis of ITP and only in children older than 5 years. If splenectomy does not lead to recovery of the platelet count, immunoglobulin infusions- possibly combined with corticosteroids--may be repeated. Finally, if all the above proposed therapeutic actions have failed, immunosuppressive drugs (azathioprime or vincristine) may be necessary.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3762004 TI - [Clonidine therapy of "paradoxical hypertension" following surgery of isolated stenosis of the aortic isthmus in childhood]. AB - In the period from 1974 to 1983, altogether 234 children underwent surgery of isolated coarctation of the aorta at the Heart Center Munich. In 146 of these patients, a reactive increase of blood pressure has been noted following surgery, and in about half of them the blood pressure was considerably elevated above the 95-percentile. Since the success of surgery may be endangered by a critical increase of blood pressure, in 66 patients an antihypertensive therapy with clonidine has been started immediately after operation. By this treatment the intended decrease of blood pressure has been effected within the first two days after surgery, and in 91% of the patients the therapy could be stopped within the first two postoperative weeks. In 6 out of these 66 patients, the "paradoxical hypertension" persisted so that the clonidine therapy had to be continued after discharge from hospital. The empirically determined dosage and the duration of treatment have been modified by the clinical requirements, i.e. by the actual level of the blood pressure. The average duration of drug administration has been lengthened according to the advanced age at time of surgery, while the required clonidine dosage simultaneously showed a tendency to decrease. Since no side effects have been registered in the course of this procedure, the use of clonidine suggests a promising therapeutical approach to "paradoxical hypertension". PMID- 3762003 TI - [Blood group antigens and ABH secretor status in dystrophia myotonica (Curschmann Steinert)]. AB - The linkage between the dominantly inherited Dystrophia myotonica and ABH Secretor locus is well known. It has been used as a genetic marker for the early detection of heterozygous patients. Genetic counselling, however, requires exact knowledge of the gene combination. 25 persons from a special ambulance, patients and their advice seeking relatives, were examined for ABH, Lewis, Kidd, and Lutheran blood groups. Secretor test was performed from saliva. In 42% of the patients the combination of Dystrophia myotonica to the (Se) or (se) allele could not be exactly determined, nor in any of their relatives because the number of family members available for analysis was insufficient. Therefore this genetic marker is considered to be of limited practical importance for genetic counselling despite of its high theoretical value. The occurrence of lewis-b antigen in the saliva of 3 nonsecretor patients cannot be explained yet. PMID- 3762005 TI - [Anterior fontanelle as a window to the brain--normal values and timing of closure]. AB - Nowadays an exact examination of the infant's brain is possible through the anterior fontanelle by ultrasonography (US); however for that a certain minimal size of the fontanelle is necessary. In the literature standards for size and timing of closure are scarce. In the Bonn Longitudinal Study of growth and development of preterm infants in comparison with full term infants also the length (anterior-posterior diameter) and width (transversal) of the anterior fontanelle have been measured monthly from birth, and the timing of closure was registered. As a measure of fontanelle size here the width (transversal diameter) is used. For the full term infants the width (50. percentile) at birth is 2.0 cm; it decreases to 0.6 cm until the age of 12 months. The great variability of fontanelle size observed in the Bonn study is also confirmed in the literature. In the appropriate for gestational age (AGA) preterm infants the anterior fontanelle (50. percentile) increases between 32 and 40 postmenstrual weeks from 1.8 to 2.5 cm and is then significantly greater than in the full term infants. At least at the age of 3 months there is no significant difference between the AGA preterm infants and the full term infants, either for the boys or for the girls. For the boys, in spite of their significantly greater head circumference there is a tendency to have a smaller fontanelle than the girls; the difference is at no age significant. For preterm as well as for full term infants timing of closure occurs somewhat earlier in the boys than in the girls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3762006 TI - Probable autosomal recessive syndrome with triphalangia of thumbs, thrombasthenia Glanzmann and deafness of internal ear. AB - A 22-year-old woman is described who presented with triphalangeal thumbs, Glanzmann's thrombasthenia and deafness of internal ear. These are features of a probable genetically determined syndrome, which can be differentiated from other radial defect syndromes. Like in typical Glanzmann's thrombasthenia, our patient showed severely reduced concentrations of glycoprotein IIb-IIIa. The patient's parents revealed reduced concentrations of glycoprotein IIb-IIIa and were considered to be heterozygotes. Thus autosomal recessive inheritance of the bleeding disorder was demonstrated. As a consequence we suppose that the complete syndrome follows this way of inheritance. PMID- 3762007 TI - [Variance in the clinical picture and course of asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia (Jeune syndrome)]. AB - The asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia (Jeune syndrome) is inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder. It's main characteristics are a narrow thorax with typical radiologic features resulting in respiratory problems of varying degrees. In addition typical changes of the pelvic bones and the phalanges may be demonstrated radiographically. The "major form" usually leads to respiratory failure in early infancy. If the patients survive the neonatal period they may suffer from recurrent infections of the respiratory tract. But there are also patients without respiratory problems. Renal abnormalities and renal failure are a significant feature and a hazard in later life. Patient 1, a female newborn infant with severe manifestation of the clinical and radiologic signs died from respiratory insufficiency on the 17, day of life despite of artificial ventilation. Patient 2, a now eight month old female child with typical radiologic features represents the "minor form". She had respiratory problems only during the first days of life when she required artificial ventilation and is now at a good general condition. PMID- 3762008 TI - [Simultaneous illness in siblings with exogenous allergic alveolitis of the farmer's lung type--report of a 3-year course, familial sensitization and HLA markers]. AB - Two sisters (6 and 8 years old) fell ill with coughing, fever and dyspnea after playing in the rotten straw in the barn of their parents' farm. Within 2 weeks symptoms changed to the insidious form of Exogen Allergic Alveolitis. In the broad spectrum of antibodies detected, the Thermophile Actinomycetes were probably the relevant antigens. In spite of efforts to avoid contact with the antigens, there was a relapse of the disease, the most probable sources of the antigens being a mattress in the bed-room and a fodderroom. Since consequent avoidance of antigens is practiced, no signs of relapse have been seen. The other three members of the family were exposed too. The mother and the youngest daughter showed neither symptoms nor specific antibodies. The father turned out to be sensibilitized too. By more attentive self-observation he discovered signs of illness. The distribution of the HLA-markers in the family was not concordant with the pattern of disease nor of antibodies. Some HLA-markers have been described as being associated with Exogen Allergic Alveolitis. Among the markers of our family there are none of these. PMID- 3762009 TI - [Transitory pseudohypoparathyroidism in the newborn infant]. AB - This is a report on two young infants suffering from transitory pseudohypoparathyroidism. Therapy with vitamin D in high doses was not helpful but metabolic changes were promptly corrected by the administration of 1.25-(OH)2 D3 (Rocaltrol). The typical pretreatment findings were: hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, reduced clearance of phosphate. Parathormone in serum was normal. Treatment with 0.25 and 0.5 micro-Gram 1.25-(OH)2-D3 respectively resulted in prompt correction of serum calcium- and serum-phosphate-changes. The observation of the urinary-cAMP-excretion during the course of the disease enables one to differentiate between the permanent and the transient form of the disease: values reaching 5-10 nmol/mg Creatinine indicate the time when treatment can be discontinued in the transitory form. PMID- 3762010 TI - [Intrapericardial diaphragmatic hernia]. AB - Report of a case with congenital right sided intrapericardial diaphragmatic hernia. This type of a congenital diaphragmatic hernia occurs only rarely. Until 1984 30 cases are recorded in the available literature. PMID- 3762011 TI - [Recurrent obstructive bronchitis caused by isolated intramural stenosis of the left main bronchus in an 8-month-old boy]. PMID- 3762012 TI - [Physiologic variability of plasma catecholamines]. AB - In an earlier publication, we described a modified procedure for the determination of plasma catecholamine levels using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), followed by amperometry. In this paper, we present our results on the variability of normal catecholamine values in plasma for noradrenaline (NA), adrenaline (A) and dopamine (DA). In 122 women and men at rest, the range for NA was 0.15-3.5 nmol/l, for A 0.01-0.8 nmol/l and for DA 0.04 4.5 nmol/l. We also describe the effects of orthostasis, intravenous catheters, food intake, cigarette smoking, age and sex on venous catecholamine levels. The efficiency of the HPLC method allowed us to check, using a large subject group, the results obtained by other authors from studies involving smaller subject groups with more expensive and time-consuming methods. PMID- 3762013 TI - [IgG antibodies against toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 in human immunoglobulins]. AB - IgG antibodies against toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 in human immunoglobulins were determined using the ELISA technique. Of the drugs for intramuscular application, hemogamma and beriglobin contained the highest amount of antibodies. The highest concentration of antibodies in drugs for intravenous application was found in Pseudomonas polyglobin and in Venimmun. PMID- 3762014 TI - Pharmacokinetics and dynamics of penbutolol in humans: evidence for pathway specific stereoselective clearance. AB - The pharmacokinetics and dynamics of the D- and L-isomers of the beta-adrenergic blocking agent penbutolol were investigated in healthy human volunteers. In Study One, subjects received a single 40-mg oral dose of L-penbutolol (the pharmacologically active stereoisomer), and matching placebo on two occasions. A mean peak serum penbutolol concentration of 268 ng/ml was reached at 0.9 h after dosing. Elimination half-life averaged 1.6 h, and total clearance 16.6 ml/min per kg body weight. Changes in blood pressure, ventricular rate, and rate of circumferential fiber shortening (Vcf) did not differ between L-penbutolol and placebo. In Study Two, subjects received 40 mg D-penbutolol, L-penbutolol, and placebo on three occasions. Total clearance of D-penbutolol was higher than for the L-isomer (43.7 vs 15.9 ml/min/kg; P less than 0.01); this was reflected in correspondingly increased area under the serum concentration curve for conjugates of the oxidized metabolite 4-hydroxy penbutolol (2.25 vs 0.66 micrograms/ml X h; P less than 0.005). In contrast, direct conjugates of L-penbutolol achieved higher serum concentrations than conjugates of D-penbutolol. Alterations in blood pressure, ventricular rate, and Vcf for D-penbutolol, L-penbutolol, and placebo were quantitatively small. Thus the clearance of penbutolol after oral administration in humans is stereoselective, but the oxidative pathway is more stereosensitive than the parallel conjugative pathway. Penbutolol causes minimal alterations in parameters of cardiac function after single 40-mg doses in healthy humans. PMID- 3762015 TI - [Thromboxane concentrations in the arterial blood of cigarette smokers]. AB - Thromboxane concentrations were investigated in the arterial plasma of 44 patients (25 smokers, 19 nonsmokers) with chronic obstructive arterial disease (COAD) of the lower extremities, documented by angiography. The thromboxane levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. The results indicate that smokers with COAD have significantly higher thromboxane levels than nonsmokers with COAD. The potential effect of nicotine on thromboxane is discussed. PMID- 3762017 TI - [Diagnostic validity of CEA determination in metastasizing breast cancer]. AB - The diagnostic validity of serial CEA determinations in metastatic breast cancer was investigated. First, the CEA values within 8 weeks after start of therapy were correlated with the response to therapy. Second, the CEA levels were used to predict progression after remission or stable disease. These investigations were performed in 150 patients with advanced breast cancer who had clinical follow-ups and serial CEA determinations every one to three months. CEA was not useful for monitoring response to therapy (sensitivity 63%, specifity 58%) or prediction of relapse (sensitivity 61%, specifity 82%) if CEA levels were correlated with clinical course in all patients. However, diagnostic validity of CEA was achieved if the patients were selected and appropriate definitions of significant changes in CEA used. Thus, 83% of the responders (sensitivity) could be identified by a significant decrease of CEA titers in patients with CEA levels of greater than or equal to 10 ng/ml. A decrease of more than 10% of pretreatment levels during the first 4-8 weeks after start of therapy proved to be the appropriate definition of a significant decrease of CEA titers. However, 32% of the nonresponders were misclassified as responders (unspecifity) using these criteria. The positive predictive value of a significant decrease of CEA for response to therapy was 72% (prevalence 45%), the negative predictive value 82% (prevalence 55%). Rising CEA titers specifically predicted progression of disease in patients with remission or stable disease. However, an appropriate sensitivity (86%) was achieved only in patients with baseline CEA levels of greater than or equal to 5 ng/ml.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3762016 TI - [Predictor function of hemorheologic parameters with reference to the incidence of manifest circulatory disorders: Concept of the Aachen study]. AB - The prevention of cardiovascular disease has up till now generally been limited to control of the classical risk factors. The primary problem of the risk factor model is, that although a statistically verified relationship exists between risk factors and vascular disease, an individual prognosis is presently impossible. Surveys that show a relation between risk factors and impaired blood fluidity support the conception that a change in blood fluidity could be considered an early detection screening of vascular diseases. Prospective studies have shown that the hematocrit is related to circulatory disturbances. The main aim of the present study was to determine the clinical relevance of rheological parameters (hematocrit, plasma viscosity, erythrocyte rigidity, thrombocyte aggregation, erythrocyte aggregation), and the importance of altered blood fluidity as a predictor of manifest cerebral, cardiac or peripheral vascular disturbance. PMID- 3762018 TI - Additive positive inotropic effects of milrinone, ouabain and calcium in diseased human ventricular myocardium. AB - The interactions of milrinone, ouabain and calcium on force of contraction in isolated, contracting human papillary muscle strips were measured. Milrinone (EC50, 8 X 10(-5)M) increased force of contraction maximally by 2.8 +/- 0.8 mN at 5 X 10(-4)M; significantly less than either ouabain (1 X 10(-7)M; 4.8 +/- 0.5 mN increase) or calcium (15 mM; 6.2 +/- 0.6 mN increase). A submaximal, but not a maximal, inotropic effect of ouabain could be increased by the addition of milrinone; in contrast, both ouabain and calcium increased the maximal inotropic effect of milrinone by 1.7 +/- 0.2 mN and 2.7 +/- 0.3 mN, respectively. The combined inotropic effect of milrinone with either ouabain of 4.2 +/- 0.3 mN or calcium of 5.6 +/- 0.4 mN was not different from that with calcium or ouabain alone. We conclude that further positive inotropic effects should be expected when digitalis is given to patients with congestive heart failure who are already optimally treated with milrinone. PMID- 3762019 TI - Inhibition of androgen receptor binding by natural and synthetic steroids in cultured human genital skin fibroblasts. AB - The ability of various natural and synthetic steroids (some of which are widely used in clinical practice) to compete with dihydrotestosterone receptor binding in human genital skin fibroblasts was studied. Binding was assessed in fibroblast monolayers after incubation for 1 h at 37 degrees C with 2 nM 3H dihydrotestosterone in the presence or absence of increasing concentrations of the steroid to be tested. Inhibition constants (Ki) were determined as the concentration of competitor-required for 50% inhibition of 3H-dihydrotestosterone binding. In addition, relative binding activity (RBA) of each test compound was calculated. Each competitor was tested in at least two different cell strains. The concentrations of unlabeled methyltrienolone (a synthetic nonmetabolizable androgen) and dihydrotestosterone for 50% inhibition of 3H-dihydrotestosterone binding were in the same order of magnitude, namely, 2 nM (2.2 respectively, 2.4 nM), whereas the affinity of testosterone was approximately one-fifth that of dihydrotestosterone. Other potent competitors for dihydrotestosterone binding were three progestins (norgestrel, gestoden, and medroxyprogesterone acetate) which have Ki values similar to testosterone. An order of magnitude lower Ki values (around 10(-7) M) were found for the androgen 17 alpha-propylmesterolone, the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate, and the progestin norethisterone acetate. Binding affinities of all other steroids to the androgen receptor were markedly lower and showed the following order of potency: estrogens (estradiol, ethinyl estradiol, diethylstilbestrol) greater than glucocorticoids as well as aromatase inhibitors and potassium canrenoate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3762020 TI - [How useful is administration of colloidal Berlin blue for the decontamination of radio-cesium?]. PMID- 3762021 TI - Distribution of pneumococcal capsular serotypes in Japan. PMID- 3762022 TI - Cauda equina tumor causing increased intracranial pressure. PMID- 3762023 TI - [Status of fibrinolysis and the reactivity of thrombocytes in patients with hypertension and coronary arteriosclerosis]. PMID- 3762024 TI - [Various factors in the risk of developing hypertension in persons with borderline arterial hypertension]. PMID- 3762025 TI - [Echocardiographic signs of thromboembolism of the pulmonary artery]. PMID- 3762026 TI - [Echocardiography in the diagnosis of insufficiency of the aortic valve]. PMID- 3762027 TI - [Effect of nitrosorbide on blood circulation in patients with heart failure]. PMID- 3762028 TI - [Characteristics of the course of myocardial infarction in alcoholic patients]. PMID- 3762029 TI - [A case of severe septic endocarditis with an isolated lesion of the mitral valve and its perforation]. PMID- 3762030 TI - [Recurrent myocarditis in Reiter's disease]. PMID- 3762031 TI - [Etiology of chylous pleuritis]. PMID- 3762032 TI - [Problem of the association of psychological and somatic pathology]. PMID- 3762033 TI - [Painless forms of ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 3762034 TI - [Scientific and technological progress and medicine]. PMID- 3762035 TI - [Differential diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction and infarction-like syndromes]. PMID- 3762036 TI - [Hemodynamic criteria in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction of the right ventricle]. PMID- 3762037 TI - [Pulmonary edema in myocardial infarction]. PMID- 3762038 TI - [Significance of accessory chorda in the left ventricle in patients with a history of myocardial infarction]. PMID- 3762039 TI - [Status of the coronary arteries and left ventricle in young patients with a history of myocardial infarction]. PMID- 3762040 TI - [Heart rupture in myocardial infarction]. PMID- 3762041 TI - [Vegetovascular dystonia and plasma lipoproteins in adolescents]. PMID- 3762042 TI - [Comparative evaluation of various methods of detecting ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 3762043 TI - [Evaluation of the functional state of patients with ischemic heart disease based on the degree of energy expenditure during physical load]. PMID- 3762044 TI - [Dynamics of blood lipids and indicators of lipid peroxidation and energy metabolism after administration of Essentiale to patients with ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 3762045 TI - [Prevention of meteorological destabilization of ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 3762046 TI - [Psychophysiological aspects of the color coding of pilot navigational information on onboard electronic displays]. AB - Psychophysiological characteristics of pilots were compared when they used a color or a black-and-white electronic indicator in simulating a landing approach on a pilot trainer. No significant differences were seen in the objective evaluations of the visual function or in the precision with which the prescribed flight profile was maintained. However, subjective preferences were given to the color indicator. When the task was more complex (simulation of the deviated landing course), the time spent on looking for significant symbols and on recovering the necessary course decreased, if the pilots used a color indicator. It is concluded that the use of a color indicator can be redundant in performing simple tasks and therefore indifferent for pilot activities but it can be useful in performing complicated tasks when the pilot has to make a precise and quick assessment of the situation. PMID- 3762047 TI - [Prediction of the work capacity of operators on a regimen of long-term uninterrupted activity]. AB - It is shown that the work capacity of operators performing continuously for 56 hours can be predicted on the basis of their EEG and HR. It is found that a drastic decrease of work capacity is preceded by a 20-30% increase of low frequency (delta and theta) activity and a 15-40% decrease of high-frequency (alpha and beta) activity as well as by a simultaneous decrease of HR. These changes were revealed 1 to 4 hours before changes in the operator's work capacity. PMID- 3762049 TI - [Visual-optical assessment of the threshold values of the distortion of observational objects due to lens defects in the flat window glass of the cockpits of transport vehicles]. AB - It has been shown experimentally that the threshold values of optical distortions of test objects projected by a collimator during binocular observation through the lens defects of vehicle transparencies depend on their dioptric value and sign, distance between the observer's eyes and the transparencies as well as on the angle of those latter. The experimentally derived dependences can be used to standardize optical parameters of vehicle transparencies. PMID- 3762048 TI - [+Gz load tolerance in nonflight personnel of different ages]. AB - Ninety-six healthy nonpilots, aged 21 to 50 years, were exposed to 228 rotations on a 7.25 m arm human centrifuge. The study demonstrated age-related changes in +Gz tolerance of 3 to 5 G (for 30 sec). The subjects at the age 31 to 40 years showed the highest tolerance while the subjects at the age 21 to 25 and 46 to 50 years the lowest tolerance. Young subjects (21-25 years old) often developed an asthenic type of the systolic pressure reaction in the ear lobe and visual disorders whereas older subjects (46-50 years old) displayed cardiac arrhythmias, lower heart rate and delayed recovery of blood pressure after exposure. It was also found that 60-80% subjects aged over 40 well tolerated acceleration of up to 5 G and therefore can be viewed as potential candidates for cosmonauts. PMID- 3762050 TI - [Mathematical modeling of the kinematic reaction of the human body to impact accelerations]. AB - This paper considers the problem of selecting the structure of a mathematical model that describes the kinematic reactions of the human body during traffic accidents. The paper presents a calculation procedure and a program that allow selection of a structure (up to 17 elements) without deriving repeatedly equations of motion as well as automatic recalculation of all inertia and size parameters. PMID- 3762051 TI - [Characteristics of the visual control of instrument information in flight maneuvers]. AB - Visual monitoring of flight parameters in a maneuvering flight simulated by a pilot trainer was investigated. Eye movements were recorded using a Japanese NAC cinecamera. It was concluded that visual monitoring and attention concentration included chained routes of predicted sequence which was determined by current events throughout the flight. The most interesting finding was that the chains of gaze switching between angular parameters of spatial position or parameters of pitch and roll flights included several components whereas the chains of gaze switching between one parameter of the angular position and one parameter of the trajectory control or between two parameters of the trajectory control included exclusively one component. Circular or closed routes of gaze switching and chained proper or open multi-component routes were discriminated. In a complex flight the chained or circular routes between two parameters of the angular coordinates became longer. This paper describes the microstructure of gaze switching within one indicator (air horizon) and discusses important problems requiring further research. PMID- 3762052 TI - [Biological value of proteins in food rations of crews on Saliut orbital stations]. AB - The biological value of the protein component of three modifications of the Salyut space diet was measured in laboratory studies and in simulated space flights. Three experimental runs of up to 68 days in duration were carried out on 20 volunteers. During the study the following parameters of protein metabolism were measured: total protein and protein fractions in serum; urea, uric acid and creatinine in blood; total nitrogen, urea, ammonia, uric acid and creatinine in urine. The results obtained showed that the diet modifications provided an adequate nutritional status and a normal level of the above parameters of protein metabolism. PMID- 3762053 TI - [Human tolerance for high-intensity contact heat exposure of the surface of the skin]. AB - Significant heating of the thermoprotective suit leads to a rapid growth of the temperature of its inner layer which is in contact with the human body. Prediction of the allowable time of high-temperature exposure is important when evaluating safety parameters. This paper presents the results of measuring the time during which the direct contact between cotton and wool clothes and the forearm skin can be tolerated. The results describe the time and amplitude parameters of the maximally allowable heat exposure. They can be used in testing prototypes of the protective equipment and in selecting their thermophysical characteristics as applied to an extreme environment. PMID- 3762054 TI - [Behavioral reactions of animals subjected in the prenatal development period to space flight conditions]. AB - The Wistar female rats were flown on the biosatellite Cosmos-1514 during their pregnancy days 13-18. Offspring (at the age 1 to 3 months) of four of these rats were used to investigate their behavioral reactions in the open field and mazes of different design, food attraction being applied. Control rats of matched pregnancy term were kept either in a vivarium or in a biosatellite mockup where all flight factors, except for weightlessness, were simulated. It was found that exposure to weightlessness in the above intrauterine developmental period caused no serious changes in the behavioral reactions of rats during their postnatal development. The number of refusals and errors and the latency period were similar in the rats from the flight and control groups. Changes were seen only in fine behavioral regulation. The flown animals displayed a lower research activity in the open field, a longer time of search in the maze, a far longer time or grooming and a greater number of inadequate movements, and a stronger response to external inhibiting stimuli. These changes seem to be caused by a slight attenuation of the basic nervous processes (primarily, inhibitory) and a decrease of their balance and lability. These effects may be associated with an inhibitory influence of space flight factors on the maturation of cortical structures. PMID- 3762055 TI - [Effect of weightlessness on the skeletal development of the rat fetus]. AB - The size of the ossified areas of skeletal bones of fetuses of white rats flown onboard Cosmos-1514 during their pregnancy days 13 to 18 was compared with that of synchronous and vivarium controls. The effect of zero-g on the pregnant animals in the course of an active formation of fetal bones involved a distinct (13-17%) arrest of the development of nearly every area of the fetal skeleton. The signs of the arrest development were more manifest in less mature skeletal structures. Since the Ca2 content was identical in the flight and control rats, it can be concluded that the inhibited ossification of the flight fetuses was produced by the impairment of mechanisms controlling Ca2+ incorporation into the growing skeleton. The ossified areas in the skeleton of the flight newborns were significantly larger than those of the synchronous and vivarium controls. This means that during the readaptation period (pregnancy days 18 to 23) the inhibited ossification of the fetal skeleton was completely compensated and that the flight newborns (i. e. the rats whose prenatal development occurred in part in zero-g) were ahead of the controls with respect to the ossification rate. PMID- 3762056 TI - [Function of adenohypophyseal somatotropic cells in rats during hypokinesia]. AB - Morphological and cytokaryometric examinations of the somatotropic cell population of the rat pituitary anterior lobe were performed on hypokinetic days 30, 90 and 165, and 60 days after 165-day hypokinesia (readaptation period). During prolonged hypokinesia the major changes occurred in the cytoplasm of somatotropic cells and were accompanied by an inhibition of the growth hormone synthesis. A higher activity of somatotropic cells during readaptation suggested that diminished motor activity may be responsible for a lower hormone production in the pituitary. The experimental findings and published data allow the conclusion that the inhibition of animal growth which takes place during hypokinesia is closely associated with an inhibited somatotropic function. PMID- 3762057 TI - [Noradrenaline regulation of the energy of heat production and ATP utilization during normal single muscle contraction and in hyperoxia]. AB - The effect of noradrenalin (NA, 0.008 microgram/ml) on the rate of heat release (V) during a single isometric contraction of an isolated diaphragm was investigated in rats kept in air and 99% oxygen for 3 hours. The effect was measured by the electrothermometric method in the presence and in the absence of ATP (0.01 mg/ml) in the incubation solution. Hyperoxia doubled V of muscle contraction. The calorigenic effect of NA was not detected in the norm and was very distinct during hyperoxia so that VNA = 0.14X XVinit + 10.88. ATP addition increased V both in the normal and hyperoxic state. However, the increase of the initial V level was 5.3-fold in the hyporexoc state and 1.5-fold in the norm. It is concluded that hyperoxia disturbs energy metabolism of muscle contraction through NA-dependent acceleration of ATP-lytic processes and increase of energy expenditures of heat formation in the course of muscle contraction. PMID- 3762059 TI - [Relationship between the constitutional traits and functional characteristics of the cardiovascular system in clino- and orthostatism in healthy persons and in arterial hypertension patients]. AB - This paper describes the results of a correlation analysis of the relationship between the basic parameters of central hemodynamics (arterial pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume, peripheral vascular resistance) and primary somatometric characteristics carried out in 90 healthy subjects and 62 patients with arterial hypertension in the clinostatic and orthostatic position. In the orthostatic position the correlation between somatometric characteristics and hemodynamic parameters increased significantly in comparison to the clinostatic position. It is assumed that orthostatic characteristics of circulation are an adequate phenotypical manifestation of the human genotype as a biped living being. PMID- 3762058 TI - [Central hemodynamic indices during dry immersion of patients borderline arterial hypertension]. AB - Central hemodynamics parameters were measured in eight men, aged 45 to 55 years, with boundary arterial hypertension using a Soviet-made instrument and a dye (wofaverdin). Measurements were taken before "dry" immersion, 24 and 120 hours after the onset of "dry" immersion, and during recovery. Individual variations in the parameters of central hemodynamics to "dry" immersion were detected. PMID- 3762061 TI - [Evaluation of a method for sampling and concentrating organic trace contaminants from the air]. PMID- 3762060 TI - [Specialized equipment for the magnetic recording of physiological information for biosatellite experiments]. PMID- 3762062 TI - [Endocrine status of cosmonauts following the completion of prolonged space flight expeditions]. PMID- 3762063 TI - [Orthostatic reaction of heart rhythm in wakeful Macaca mulatta monkeys]. PMID- 3762064 TI - Chromogranins and neuroendocrine secretion. PMID- 3762065 TI - Chromogranin A, B, and C in human adrenal medulla and endocrine tissues. AB - Antisera against bovine chromogranin A, B, and C were used to identify these proteins in human tissues by one- and two-dimensional immunoblotting and by immunohistochemistry. Human chromaffin granules contain all three chromogranins. Their molecular weight differs slightly from the bovine proteins. Chromogranin B and to a lesser degree chromogranin A are apparently processed by endogenous proteases yielding several smaller proteins which cross-react immunologically. In human granules the two families of chromogranins A and B represent the major protein groups, whereas in bovine granules the chromogranins A are by far the most prominent component. All three chromogranins are also found in the anterior pituitary. In immunoblotting these pituitary proteins behave identically to the adrenal chromogranins. In immunohistochemistry a portion of the pituitary cells stains for all three chromogranins. In endocrine pancreas only chromogranin A and B could be found, whereas in the parathyroid gland only chromogranin A is present. This study establishes that human chromaffin granules contain three immunologically distinct groups of acidic proteins. These chromogranins are also found in other endocrine tissues but they are not always stored together. Antisera against these three proteins might be used as immunological markers for tumors derived from endocrine tissue. PMID- 3762066 TI - Modulation of endotoxin-induced endothelial cell toxicity by low density lipoprotein. AB - Bacterial endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides (LPS] have been reported to the toxic to endothelial cells in vivo. In vitro they have been shown to be toxic to bovine endothelial cells but not to human endothelial cells. In this report we demonstrate that the presence of plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) protected bovine endothelial cells from LPS-induced toxicity whereas the presence of LDL actually promoted LPS-induced toxicity to human endothelial cells. These effects of LPS were independent of its source or method of preparation. High density lipoprotein also inhibited LPS-induced toxicity to bovine endothelial cells but unlike LDL, did not enhance LPS-induced toxicity to human cells. The toxicity of LPS to human endothelial cells in the presence of LDL required the oxidation of LDL by free radicals produced by the endothelial cells. LDL modified by acetylation enhanced LPS-induced toxicity to both human and bovine endothelial cells. The toxicity to human endothelial cells of LPS plus either LDL (after endothelial cell-mediated oxidation) or acetyl-LDL was inhibited by fucoidin and polyinosinic acid, blockers of the acetyl-LDL (scavenger) receptor. Polymyxin B, a specific LPS antagonist, inhibited the toxicity of LPS to bovine endothelial cells but not the toxicity of LPS plus LDL to human endothelial cells. These results are consistent with our hypothesis that LDL prevents the toxicity of LPS to bovine endothelial cells by binding the LPS and making it less accessible to the cells. Human endothelial cells are not directly susceptible to LPS-induced toxicity but, unlike bovine cells, produce oxygen free radicals in sufficient quantity to oxidize LDL and render the LDL-LPS complex recognizable for uptake by a scavenger receptor-like process similar to that for acetyl-LDL. LPS thus enters the human endothelial cells via this complex and kills the cells. These findings may have important implications for the study of LPS-induced toxicity to endothelial cells in vitro and for understanding the phenomenon in vivo. PMID- 3762068 TI - Problems of cough in children. PMID- 3762067 TI - Effects of donor age on protein and collagen synthesis in vitro by human diploid fibroblasts. AB - Diploid fibroblast strains were established from explants of normal gingiva from donors ranging in age from 12 to 68 years. By using labeled amino acid precursors, we measured protein and collagen production, and intra- and extracellular protein degradation. Qualitative assessment of the patterns of protein production was performed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and detection of labeled components by fluorography. Protein and collagen production decreased more than 5-fold as a function of increasing donor age over the age range studied while protein degradation remained unaffected by donor age. The pattern of proteins produced was unaffected by donor age. These data demonstrate a large statistically significant slowdown in general protein synthesis with increasing donor age. This slowdown is not selective, but appears to affect all of the proteins being produced. PMID- 3762069 TI - Overview of the problems of the small birth weight baby in Singapore. PMID- 3762070 TI - Haematological problems in the newborn. PMID- 3762071 TI - Rickets in Singapore infants and children. PMID- 3762072 TI - A 3-year study of neonatal nosocomial infections in Alexandra Hospital 1982-1984. PMID- 3762073 TI - Intrapartum pyrexia--risk of perinatal infection. PMID- 3762074 TI - The management of symptomatic patient ductus arteriosus in premature infants. PMID- 3762075 TI - Erythema toxicum neonatorum present at birth. PMID- 3762077 TI - Diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism. PMID- 3762076 TI - Spectrum of allergic disorders in children. PMID- 3762078 TI - Pathophysiological and therapeutic considerations in diseases caused by viruses. PMID- 3762079 TI - Pubertal development: normal, precocious and delayed. PMID- 3762080 TI - Two-dimensional echocardiography in congenital heart disease. 2. Post-operative evaluation. PMID- 3762081 TI - Pulmonary function in children with congenital heart disease. PMID- 3762082 TI - Some aspects of child-rearing practices and their relationship to behavioural deviance. PMID- 3762083 TI - Asbestos exposure in the motor vehicle repair and servicing industry in Hong Kong. PMID- 3762084 TI - Peak expiratory flow rate and blood histamine in textile mill workers. PMID- 3762085 TI - Dangers from jewellry: an unusual electrical burn. PMID- 3762086 TI - Alcohol and safety in industry. PMID- 3762087 TI - Child labour and health in Greece. PMID- 3762088 TI - Employment of persons with sickle-cell disease and sickle-cell trait. PMID- 3762089 TI - Employment of diabetics in a post office region. PMID- 3762090 TI - Pleural plaques, respiratory symptoms and respiratory function in shipyard workers exposed to man-made mineral fibres. PMID- 3762091 TI - A nine year retrospective mortality study of workers in a British pharmaceutical company. PMID- 3762092 TI - Lead absorption in the mineral extraction industry. PMID- 3762093 TI - Studies in stuttering as a prosodic disturbance. AB - In two experiments, various aspects of prosody in adult male stutterers and nonstutterers were studied. The results showed that stutterers did not speak with a generally reduced pitch pattern, they were able to place sentence accent correctly but had difficulty executing this prosodic feature, stuttering episodes were located mainly on stressed syllables, a fixed timing pattern of speech enhanced fluency, and the intervals between stressed syllables were more variable in the speech of stutterers, even in symptom-free passages, than in the speech of nonstutterers. Results support the conclusion that stuttering, seen on the symptomatic level of disfluencies produced, is a prosodic disturbance. PMID- 3762094 TI - Audiologic and nonaudiologic correlates of hearing handicap in black elderly. AB - The purpose of this study was to explore the contributions of audiologic and nonaudiologic factors, including medical, social, economic, and psychological, towards understanding hearing handicap in black elderly. One hundred hearing impaired black elderly subjects from Harlem Hospital were given audiologic evaluations, including speech recognition tests under varied conditions. Audiologic factors were significantly related to hearing handicap, measured by the Hearing Handicap Scale (HHS) and the Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly (HHIE), with stronger correlations for speech recognition measured at 50 dB HL in a sound field than at 40 dB SL under earphones. Once hearing loss was taken into consideration, nonaudiologic factors (measured on the Multidimensional Functional Assessment Questionnaire), particularly the dependability dimension of social support and the lethargy and paranoid dimensions of mental health, emerged as contributing predictor variables for HHS and HHIE scores. These findings suggest that a multidimensional approach is key to understanding and remediating hearing handicap in black elderly. PMID- 3762096 TI - Acoustic measures of stutterers' and nonstutterers' fluency in two speech contexts. AB - The purpose of this study was to compare stutterers' and nonstutterers' fluency during multiple productions of two dissimilar speech contexts. Twenty-two adult stutterers were matched within 1 year of age to 22 nonstutterers. Spectrographic analyses were performed on subjects' five consecutively fluent productions of a simple isolated phrase and a phrase extracted from an oral reading passage. Measures of fluent voice onset time (VOT), and vowel, consonant, and total phrase durations were calculated from the five repetitions of each phrase. From the isolated phrase, there were a total of five fluent durational measures (i.e., one VOT, two vowel, one consonant, & one phrase duration). For the phrase taken from the oral reading passage, six fluent measures were obtained (i.e., one VOT, three vowel, one consonant, & one phrase duration). Results demonstrated that only one of the five measurements taken during the isolated phrase condition was significantly different between the groups. Three of the six measures obtained from the phrase taken from the oral reading condition revealed significant between-group differences. No group differences were associated with the repetitions of either phrase for any of the dependent measures for both groups. These findings suggest that the length and complexity of the speech tasks used to obtain acoustic measures of stutterers' fluency play an important role in the discovery of differences between the fluency of the two groups. PMID- 3762095 TI - Body type and speech breathing. AB - Diameter changes of the rib cage and abdomen were recorded during tidal breathing and speech production in 12 adult male subjects grouped on the basis of prominence on three body type components: relative fatness, relative musculoskeletal development, and relative linearity. Data were charted to solve for lung volume, volume displacements of the rib cage and abdomen, and muscular mechanism. Tidal breathing differed across subject groups with regard to depth, rate, and chest wall configuration. Subjects rated high in relative fatness breathed deeper, slower, and with a greater chest wall deformation from relaxation than did other subjects. Speech breathing differed across subject groups with regard to relative volume contributions of the rib cage and abdomen, abdomen excursions, rib cage paradoxing, and chest wall configuration. Subjects rated high in relative fatness demonstrated substantial abdomen contributions to lung volume change, large abdomen excursions, frequent rib cage paradoxing, and marked chest wall deformations from relaxation. By contrast, subjects rated high in relative linearity demonstrated large rib cage contributions to lung volume change, small abdomen excursions, and slight chest wall deformations from relaxation. Subjects rated high in relative musculoskeletal development generally represented a mixture of characteristics of the other two subject groups in their speech breathing performance. Functional differences are discussed in relation to possible underlying mechanism and inferences are drawn concerning evaluation and management of individuals with speech breathing disorders. PMID- 3762097 TI - Analytic study of the Tadoma method: language abilities of three deaf-blind subjects. AB - This study reports on the linguistic abilities of 3 adult deaf-blind subjects. The subjects perceive spoken language through touch, placing a hand on the face of the speaker and monitoring the speaker's articulatory motions, a method of speechreading known as Tadoma. Two of the subjects, deaf-blind since infancy, acquired language and learned to speak through this tactile system; the third subject has used Tadoma since becoming deaf-blind at age 7. Linguistic knowledge and productive language are analyzed, using standardized tests and several tests constructed for this study. The subjects' language abilities prove to be extensive, comparing favorably in many areas with hearing individuals. The results illustrate a relatively minor effect of limited language exposure on eventual language achievement. The results also demonstrate the adequacy of the tactile sense, in these highly trained Tadoma users, for transmitting information about spoken language sufficient to support the development of language and learning to produce speech. PMID- 3762098 TI - Movements of the upper and lower lips during speech: interactions between lips with the jaw fixed at different positions. AB - Inferior-superior displacements of the upper lip, lower lip, and jaw were transduced with a strain-gauge system in 4 normal-speaking adults. Movements of the upper and lower lips were compared across conditions in which the jaw was free to move and when bite blocks were used to fix the jaw at four different vertical positions. As jaw-open position was increased with the bite blocks, it was found that: Positions of both lips changed for bilabial closure, but the closing movements did not usually maintain consistent proportions between lips across different bite-block sizes; although the lips maintained fairly consistent maximum interlabial opening across many conditions, this opening was reduced in the small bite-block conditions; and in a few cases there was an increase in the duration of lip-closing movements, but these were small and inconsistent. The findings are discussed relative to possible organizational systems that would produce the observed interactions among speech articulators. PMID- 3762099 TI - Damping the hearing aid frequency response: effects on speech clarity and preferred listening level. AB - Damped hearing aid frequency responses were compared with undamped responses to determine the effect of response smoothing on speech clarity and on gain received when the hearing aid was adjusted to the preferred listening level (PLL). Damping elements were located in the hearing aid's earhook. Three commercially available hearing aids, two bandwidths, and two speech input levels were evaluated in a completely crossed experimental design. Data were collected using a paired comparison method and 10 hearing-impaired subjects. Results indicated that the undamped frequency responses were judged to produce more clear, pleasant, natural sounding speech than the damped responses (p = .09). Although significant midfrequency peak reduction was achieved through earhook damping, the effects on gain at PLL were negligible. PMID- 3762100 TI - Acquisition of semantic role by language-disordered children: differences between production and comprehension. AB - Six 3-year-old language-disordered children were taught the relationship between semantic role and word order through either production or comprehension training. All 6 subjects successfully learned the relationship through production training as indicated by their responses to a production probe and by their use of word order to express semantic role distinctions in their conversational speech. These subjects never used word order cues to decode semantically reversible sentences on comprehension tests even after they were using word order appropriately in their conversational speech. Also, none of the subjects were able to learn word order through comprehension training. The results were interpreted to mean the subjects could learn a word-order rule by teaching them to say sentences that contrast word order and meaning but that they could not learn by being taught to respond to sentences. The problem with this latter procedure may be that it requires a mental operation that is beyond the level of cognitive development of children under the age of 4. PMID- 3762101 TI - Interactive play: the frequency of related verbal responses. AB - The potential relationship between interactive play and the frequency of related responding to comments was investigated within the dyadic interactions among a 4 year-old Specifically Language Impaired (SLI) boy and normal-language users. The normal-language users were of similar chronological age or language level to the SLI boy. The results indicated that the SLI boy's frequency of related responding was variable but consistently associated with the following: the ratio of other directed partner turns in play; the frequency of a particular discourse pattern; and the frequency of shared reference across the discourse pattern. Unlike related responses of the SLI child, the frequencies of related responses of normal children were essentially stable. Implications of the differences are discussed. PMID- 3762102 TI - Electroglottographic observations of young stutterers' fluency. AB - The purpose of this study was to compare the laryngeal behavior associated with the perceptually fluent speech of young stutterers (n = 8) to that of their normally fluent peers (n = 8). Laryngeal behavior during fluent productions of the initial and final consonants and medial vowels in each of the words Pete, bake, face, and veal was observed by means of an electroglottograph (EGG). The recorded EGG signal was electrically processed to obtain a measure of vocal fold abduction from the "open quotient" (glottal open time divided by glottal period) during consonant-vowel (CV) and vowel-consonant (VC) transitions, as well as during the central portion of the vowel. In each case, a Typical pattern for the abduction measure that was consistent with the underlying production mechanism for the sound sequence was found for the normally fluent subjects. The normally fluent children exhibited significantly more Typical patterns during the CV/CV transitions than did the stuttering youngsters, with 72% of the total transition samples from normally fluent youngsters being Typical versus 42% for the young stutterers. Though some Atypical patterns for the vowels were noted, most of the normally fluent (94%) and stuttering (84%) youngsters' total vowel samples were Typical. These findings suggest that some young stutterers tend to have difficulty stabilizing and controlling laryngeal gestures even during speech judged fluent by trained listeners, particularly at those points in the utterance where these youngsters must move between sound segments. PMID- 3762103 TI - A reconsideration of the relation between age and mean utterance length. AB - Although a linear relationship between age and utterance length during the preschool years has been reported, that result was only partially replicated from age 2 to 5 years in two new research samples, one cross-sectional and the other longitudinal in design. Instead, a deceleration in age curves, particularly beyond about 36 months, was observed in each sample. Some explanations and implications of the findings are discussed from normative and developmental viewpoints. PMID- 3762104 TI - Tinnitus as a source of internal noise. AB - For 7 patients with sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus, pitch and loudness matches were made to the tinnitus. These matches were followed by measurement of three psychometric functions (probability of a correct response as a function of signal level) for pure tones, one in the presumed tinnitus region (i.e., at the average frequency matching the pitch of the tinnitus), one below the minimum frequency of the matches, and one above the maximum frequency of the matches. The data reveal that pitch-loudness matches are usually quite variable and that the slope of the psychometric function is flattest in the presumed tinnitus region. The first result is consistent with the idea that tinnitus is an unstable signal. The second result is consistent with the notion that the unstable tinnitus acts as a source of "internal" noise. PMID- 3762105 TI - Magnitude estimation and the "paradoxical" loudness of tinnitus. AB - Ten patients with sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus matched external tones to the tinnitus pitch. These matches were followed by magnitude estimates to measure the loudness function of tones at 1 kHz at the presumed tinnitus frequency (i.e., at the average frequency matching the pitch of the tinnitus), magnitude estimates of the tinnitus itself, and loudness matches of external tones to the tinnitus. The slope of the loudness function at 1 kHz is substantially smaller than the slope at the presumed tinnitus frequency. Most importantly, the magnitude estimates of the tinnitus coupled with intensity matches to the tinnitus provide coordinates that typically lie near the loudness function of the external tone used in the intensity match. Because the slope of the loudness function is much greater at the tinnitus frequency than at 1 kHz, the magnitude estimate of tinnitus loudness corresponds to a lower sensation level at that frequency than at 1 kHz. This finding favors the conclusion that rapid changes in loudness of external tones at the tinnitus frequency account for the "paradoxical" loudness of the tinnitus. The conclusion is independent of any mathematical description of the loudness function. PMID- 3762106 TI - Modulation detection by patients with eighth-nerve tumors. AB - Detection thresholds for sinusoidally amplitude-modulated broad-band noise were measured as a function of modulation frequency for 4 normally hearing listeners and for 6 patients suffering eighth-nerve tumors. Measurements were obtained using a method-of-adjustment (MOA) procedure. On average, the threshold values revealed that more modulation was needed across all modulation frequencies for the patients' affected ears relative to either the normally hearing listeners or the patients' better ears. The cutoff frequency derived from the average modulation-threshhold function (MTF) for the affected ears was about half the normal value. For a simple lowpass-filter model of the process, the latter result suggested a doubling of the auditory time constant in the affected ears. These patients, on average, exhibited the characteristic high-frequency audiometric hearing loss most often associated with eighth-nerve tumors. Their MTFs closely resembled MTFs described previously for high-frequency audiometric hearing loss. The results of statistical analyses suggested that high frequency audiometric hearing loss, irrespective of other influences, is the most parsimonious explanation for the increased modulation thresholds measured for the eighth-nerve tumor patients. PMID- 3762107 TI - Influence of the acoustic reflex on vowel recognition. AB - Computer synthesized vowels of 50- and 300-ms duration were presented to normal hearing listeners at a moderate and high sound pressure level (SPL). Presentation at the high SPL resulted in poor recognition accuracy for vowels of a duration (50 ms) shorter than the latency of the acoustic stapedial reflex. Presentation level had no effect on recognition accuracy for vowels of sufficient duration (300 ms) to elicit the reflex. The poor recognition accuracy for the brief, high intensity vowels was significantly improved when the reflex was preactivated. These results demonstrate the importance of the acoustic reflex in extending the dynamic range of the auditory system for speech recognition. PMID- 3762108 TI - Distribution of auditory response behaviors in normal infants and profoundly multihandicapped children. AB - Responsiveness (yes/no decisions) to sound has been found to be similar for normal infants and profoundly multihandicapped children of comparable developmental ages (Flexer & Gans, 1985). The purpose of this investigation is to extend the comparison of these two groups by examining the distribution of their response behaviors to sound. Ten normal and 10 multihandicapped children were videotaped while various auditory signals were presented. Without knowledge of stimulus type, five judges listed the behaviors that occurred during 24 sound and 24 catch trials for each child. The behaviors were then evaluated as a function of the stimulus parameters of meaningfulness, bandwidth, and intensity. Results revealed that the profoundly multihandicapped children displayed relatively more reflexive than attentive type behaviors and exhibited fewer behaviors per response. The effects of stimulus-type on the numbers and distribution of responses are discussed. PMID- 3762109 TI - Role of the collar on the femoral stem of cemented total hip replacements. AB - Three dimensional finite element models with realistic loading conditions were used to analyse the role of the collar of cemented total hip stems. Three types of implant were considered: large collared stems, small collared stems and totally collarless stems. A computer model of the natural femur provided an indication of the bone stresses before hip replacement, and thus aided the identification of possible mechanisms of bone resorption. In particular, resorption of the medial femoral neck was examined, and its effect on the stress distribution within the stem-cement-bone structure is discussed. The results indicate that loss of bone at the femoral neck is a serious symptom for any design of implant. The factors leading to the resorption are complex but it is clear that it is not a consequence of simple stress shielding of the bone. The most likely cause is the manner in which the stem moves within the femoral shaft, which is a function of whether the stem is collared or not. PMID- 3762110 TI - Application of the Pisarenko Harmonic Decomposition method to physiological data. AB - In this paper the Pisarenko Harmonic Decomposition (PHD) method is presented as a technique for short duration spectral estimation; it has been tested under various conditions to provide guidelines for its implementation. There appears to be a range of frequencies for which the PHD method gives non-biased frequency estimates. A rapid method for obtaining the sampling frequency required for non biased frequency estimates is also discussed. PMID- 3762111 TI - Semi-automatic image-analysis applied to the quantification of bone microstructure. AB - Bone microstructure can be quantified by methods ranging from simple manual techniques to fully automatic image analysis systems. We describe a semi automatic method, developed in BASIC and running on a laboratory microcomputer. Its core is based on two special algorithms for image conversion and for calculation. These two algorithms produce quantifying characteristics for any irregularly shaped structure, as defined by one or more open or closed contour lines. The quantification of these structural parameters relies only on contour line digitization. The improved efficiency of this semi-automatic method is a consequence of combining automatic calculations and human assistance. The structural parameters chosen were for a specific research project; the correlation between mechanical and microstructural properties of cortical bone, but they may readily be changed as circumstances demand. PMID- 3762112 TI - Scanning fluorometer for the rapid assessment of pyridine nucleotide and flavoprotein fluorescence changes in tissues in vivo. AB - This paper describes a scanning fluorometer which produces images in real time of the distribution of pyridine nucleotide or flavoprotein fluorescence at the surface of tissues in vivo. The basic difference between this device and others reported in the literature is that fluorescence changes at any selected point within the image can be quantified as they occur. We suggest that the apparatus has potential application in those areas of surgery where vascular replacement or repair is required and where it would be advantageous to have an immediate measure of the cellular response to a return of blood flow. PMID- 3762113 TI - Trachea noise biofeedback device to help reduce bronchospasm in asthmatics. AB - Evidence suggests that conscious control of bronchial smooth muscle tone may be possible. The asthmatic wheeze is caused mainly by broncho-constriction and it is hypothesized that if wheeze were consciously reduced, some bronchodilation would occur. Described here is a biofeedback device which records asthmatic tracheal noise with a microphone, and generates both an audio and visual display of the degree of wheeze sound intensity. The subject attempts to reduce wheeze using the device. Wrong information is also generated within the device so that the placebo effect can be investigated. PMID- 3762114 TI - Validity of some methods of estimating circumferential elastance of vascular prostheses. AB - The two methods for tensile testing of vascular prostheses, cited in a Draft International Standard, have been compared on normal aorta, autologous vein, two knitted Dacron, expanded PTFE and elastomeric composite prostheses before and after implantation as an aorto-femoral bypass in the dog. With the exception of Gore-Tex expanded PTFE, tensiometric stressing and balloon distension are not equivalent techniques in 'as supplied' prostheses or in normal vessels, owing to the basic anisotropic properties of the different materials. The tensiometric method gave much lower estimates of circumferential elastance, ranging from 44.6% for CCV elastomeric to 80.4% for normal canine aorta of the elastance estimate using balloon distension. The differences between the two methods were much less marked on explant samples of synthetic prostheses, but remained for autologous vein. It is concluded that although the methods are equally valid for quality assurance purposes they are inappropriate to compare probable clinical performance, unless carried out on explant samples. The preferred method to cover all the prostheses studied, including autologous vein, should employ omnidirectional stressing. Manufacturers' specifications are, therefore, not necessarily related to clinical performance. PMID- 3762115 TI - Pressure distribution under the ischium of normal subjects. AB - This paper describes the development of a system for measuring pressure distribution at the patient-support interface. The instrument uses pneumatic techniques under microcomputer control to measure pressures, with an overall accuracy of 3 per cent of full scale. The instrument has been used to investigate the pressure distribution under the ischium of four normal subjects, using a rectangular matrix. The study demonstrated a small variability in pressure distribution with a subject sitting still. Repositioning the subjects produced large variations in pressure readings, as a result of postural changes, which must be taken into account in the design of seating trials. PMID- 3762116 TI - Bone marrow pressure chamber: a permanently inserted titanium implant for intramedullary pressure measurements. AB - We describe a titanium implant for repeated intramedullary pressure measurements. The implant has been inserted permanently in the tibia of rabbits. Pressure is transmitted through a membrane in the chamber to a transducer connected to a meter. During the recordings no penetration of the cortex is necessary. The measured intact intramedullary pressure in the tibia was approximately 12 cmH2O. PMID- 3762117 TI - Biomechanical testing of an anatomically contoured fixation plate for the tibia. AB - Simple bending and torsion and quasi-static physiological loading tests on two commonly used plating designs for internal fixation of the tibia were conducted and compared with a new design of anatomically shaped fixation plate. These simple static tests indicate that the new contoured plating system is mechanically more rigid under these test conditions than the conventional plating methods. PMID- 3762118 TI - Low power multichannel electromyographic data acquisition system. PMID- 3762119 TI - Mechanics of left ventricular aneurysm. PMID- 3762120 TI - Miniature load cells for the measurement of foot-ground reaction forces and centre of foot pressure during gait. PMID- 3762121 TI - Simple device for regulating the inflation of a balloon-tip catheter. PMID- 3762122 TI - Impaired specific cell-mediated immunity in experimental biliary obstruction and its reversibility by internal biliary drainage. AB - Little is known of the effect of cholestasis on host immunity. This study evaluates lymphocytic responsiveness to PHA and LPS mitogen and to allogeneic F344 antigen in Sprague-Dawley rats 21 days following bile duct ligation and 31 days following relief of jaundice by internal biliary drainage. Serum bilirubin level was significantly elevated in the bile duct ligated animals at Day 21 (P less than 0.001) and thereafter returned to preoperative levels following internal biliary drainage. Results demonstrate depressed responsiveness to PHA (P less than 0.001) and allogeneic F344 antigen in vivo (P less than 0.04) and in vitro (P less than 0.02) in bile duct ligated animals as compared to sham, sham pair-fed, and normal control rats. The observed deficiency in responsiveness to T cell-dependent mitogen and antigen cannot be explained on the basis of complicating nutritional, renal, or infective factors. Subsequent internal biliary drainage results in some improvement in T-cell responsiveness in the bile duct ligated group although recovery is not complete. B-Lymphocytic response to LPS mitogen is not affected by bile duct ligation. We conclude that cholestasis subsequent to extrahepatic biliary obstruction per se results in impairment of cell-mediated immunity in vivo. This impairment is partly reversible by internal biliary drainage. In vitro B-cell function does not appear to be affected in this model. Further study of impaired cell-mediated immunity in extrahepatic biliary obstruction will improve our understanding of the immunological status of patients with obstructive jaundice and cholestatic liver diseases. PMID- 3762123 TI - Protection against oxygen-induced reperfusion injury of the isolated canine heart by superoxide dismutase and catalase. AB - While oxygen-derived free radicals have been implicated in the pathogenesis of myocardial injury, the exact nature of this injury is still unclear. To test the hypothesis that oxygen-induced injury may influence the recovery of cardiac function from ischemic damage, we used an oxygen free radical scavenger, superoxide dismutase (SOD), together with catalase, during the reperfusion of isolated canine heart which had been subjected to 15 min of normothermic ischemic arrest followed by 2 hr of hypothermic cardioplegic preservation using a modified Collins solution. Determinations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and coenzyme Q10 within the myocardium showed that the treatment with SOD and catalase was capable of inhibiting lipid peroxidation induced by reperfusion. This inhibition was apparently associated with the improvement of myocardial energy metabolism and cardiac performance. Coronary flow was significantly higher in the heart treated with SOD and catalase during the working stage with a corresponding increase in oxygen consumption. Myocardial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was partially, but significantly restored during reperfusion in these hearts whereas no restoration was observed in the heart without the enzymes. The treatment with SOD and catalase also improved left ventricular stroke work index and left ventricular maximum dp/dt at an early stage of the working mode. These results suggest that the use of SOD and catalase during reperfusion can protect the ischemic heart against reperfusion injury by scavenging oxygen-derived free radicals. PMID- 3762124 TI - Canine model for long-term evaluation of prosthetic mitral valves. AB - The evaluation of mechanical prosthetic heart valves would be aided by a more satisfactory animal model. For acute assessment, a variety of animals have been used, but for chronic studies, only larger animals (pigs, calves, baboons) have been employed, creating an expensive model with laboratory management difficulties. Previously, the use of dogs for chronic evaluation has been unsatisfactory because of the frequent occurrence of early sepsis and valve related thrombotic deaths. We have modified our existing acute dog protocol to produce a successful chronic model. Our model employs perioperative systemic antibiotics, short cardiopulmonary bypass period (range 35-60 min), a minimum of perioperative intravenous lines, postoperative anticoagulation therapy, and strict postoperative antiseptic technique for blood sampling. To evaluate this model, 11 consecutive mongrel dogs underwent mitral valve replacement with either a standard Dacron sewing skirt or a newly devised carbon-coated Teflon sewing skirt No. 23 mm Bjork-Shiley Convexo Concave (CC) prosthetic valve. Nine animals (82%) survived and were evaluated after a predetermined observation interval of either 3 or 6 months for valve function, pannus formation, and possible carbon particle migration. At sacrifice, all animals had good hemodynamics and valve function, minimal pannus formation and no carbon washout. Consequently, this model provides a relatively inexpensive, reproducible method of chronic in vivo evaluation of prosthetic valve modifications. PMID- 3762125 TI - Effect of furosemide on fully established low pressure pulmonary edema. AB - It has been shown that furosemide, via nondiuretic vascular effects, reduces pulmonary shunt and lung water during the development of oleic acid permeability edema. We studied this effect in a fully established stable model of oleic acid permeability edema. Sixteen anesthetized mongrel dogs, mechanically ventilated with a FIO2 of 0.5, were studied 24 hr after induction of pulmonary capillary leak by intravenous oleic acid (0.06 cc/kg). After stabilization of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) in the range of 0.5-3 mm Hg, bilateral ureteral ligation was performed. Furosemide (2 mg/kg) was then administered intravenously to eight dogs (treated group). An equivalent volume of saline was given to eight control dogs (control group). Pulmonary artery (PAP) and capillary wedge pressures (PCWP), thermodilution cardiac output (Qt), thermal dye lung water (LW), venous admixture (Qva/Qt), arterial and mixed venous blood gases (PaO2, MVO2) were then measured at hourly intervals for 4 hr. During this period of time, central hemodynamics (PCWP, PAP, Qt) remained stable in both groups. Indices of gas exchange and edema formation (Qva/Qt, LW, PaO2) did not change significantly in either control or treated animals. We conclude that furosemide, previously shown to reduce pulmonary shunt and lung water in the early phase of oleic acid permeability edema, does not have any effect once the pulmonary injury is well-established. PMID- 3762126 TI - Assessment of the fluorescein dye test for prediction of skin flap viability in pigs. AB - The visual fluorescein dye test for prediction of actual skin flap viability was evaluated in pigs. Two delayed random (4 X 10 cm) and arterial (4 X 20 cm) skin flaps were constructed on one flank of a pig, and four mirror-image skin flaps were raised acutely on the other flank of the same pig. Sodium fluorescein dye (15 mg/kg) was injected intravenously 1 and 18 hr after raising of flaps. The maximum length and area of dye stain in these flaps (N = 24) were assessed under Wood's lamp illumination, 15 min after dye injection. The actual maximum lengths and areas of skin survival of these flaps in the same pig were measured 7 days postoperatively. It was observed that visual fluorescein dye test performed 1 hr after surgery significantly (P less than 0.05) underestimated the maximum length and area of actual skin survival. On the other hand, when the fluorescein dye test was performed 18 hr postoperatively, the maximum length of dye stain and the maximum length of actual skin viability were highly correlated (r = 0.97, N = 24, P less than 0.01). Their mean values were similar (10.6 +/- 0.8 vs 10.8 +/- 0.7 cm, mean +/- SEM), and their mean coefficient of variation was 5.6 +/- 1.6%. Similarly, there was a high degree of correlation (r = 0.89, N = 24, P less than 0.01) between the maximum area of dye stain and actual skin flap viability. Their mean values were similar (68.3 +/- 4.5 vs 71.8 +/- 3.9%), and their mean coefficient of variation was 8.7 +/- 2.4%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3762128 TI - Inhibition of wound healing by Corynebacterium parvum. AB - Corynebacterium parvum (C. parvum), an immunostimulant, was examined for its effects on wound healing in mice. Animals injected intraperitoneally with C. parvum, 1400 micrograms 48 hr prior to wounding had significantly decreased wound strength at 5, 7, 11, 14, and 21 days after wounding compared to saline-injected controls (P less than 0.05-P less than 0.001). Mice injected with C. parvum at 48 or 2 hr before wounding, synchronous with wounding and 2 or 48 hr after wounding had significantly decreased wound disruption strength of 11-day-old wounds (P less than 0.01-P less than 0.001). Formalin fixations of wound strips from C. parvum-treated animals were consistently weaker than similarly treated wound strips from controls (P less than 0.05-P less than 0.01). Histologic analysis of wounds from C. parvum-treated animals revealed decreased amounts of wound collagen and increased inflammatory reaction compared to saline-injected animals. While C. parvum can improve survival following injury or septic challenge, the potential for marked alterations in wound healing may limit its clinical application in surgical and trauma patients. PMID- 3762127 TI - Effects of dietary intake on myocardial glycogen in rats. AB - Hearts with higher myocardial glycogen levels (MG) have improved tolerance to ischemia. The nutritional status of patients may influence MG levels and so its manipulation may be one way to delay myocardial damage during regional or global ischemia. In this study, the effects of a variety of dietary intakes were examined and correlated with MG levels in rats, grouped and fed in the following manner; Control; rat chow fed ad libitum, fasting of varying periods: 12 hr, 36 hr, 3 days, 5 days, and 7 days, diet manipulation; 4 groups pair-fed equicalorically with rat chow, chow and safflower oil, chow and safflower oil and dextrose, chow and dextrose. Daily weight change was recorded. At sacrifice, MG, myocardial DNA content, liver glycogen (LG), serum free fatty acid (FFA) were measured. It was found that fasting causes rapid elevation of MG within 12 hr, and during fasting the FFA level changes parallel with those of MG. Overall, weight gain had a positive correlation to LG and negative correlation to MG. With diet manipulation, certain substrates (dextrose), although equicaloric, resulted in greater weight gains and higher MG levels. Development of an optimum diet to augment MG and maintain good nutritional condition and to buy more time should be a useful clinical adjunct in patients suffering from unstable angina with high risk of imminent myocardial infarction and for preparing poor risk patients for cardiac surgery. PMID- 3762129 TI - Cardiopulmonary hypoxic response 5 years postpneumonectomy in beagles. AB - Ventilatory hypoxia was used to study the effects on pneumonectomy on the right heart and pulmonary vascular bed in purebred beagle dogs. Operated animals underwent pneumonectomy at 6 to 10 weeks of age (six, group I) or at 1 year (eight, group II). Eight unoperated adult beagles served as controls (group III). Five years following pneumonectomy, exposure to 10% O2 ventilation indicated that group I animals were more reactive to hypoxia than either group II or III. Increases in pulmonary flow were recorded as group I, 0.79 +/- 0.58 liter/min; II, 0.32 +/- 0.54 liter/min; III, 0.04 +/- 0.24 liter/min (P = 0.006, I vs III, two-tailed test). Also, the peak first derivatives of power and blood flow and the external work of the right ventricle increased significantly in group I compared to group III but not in group II compared to group III. On the contrary, hypoxic stress produced similar changes in pulmonary vascular resistance and characteristic impedance in all groups. It is concluded that the hyperdynamic response of the group I animals, those undergoing pneumonectomy as puppies, can be attributed to a primary change in pump characteristics. PMID- 3762130 TI - Myocardial high-energy phosphate levels in cardiomyopathic turkeys. AB - A congestive cardiomyopathy (CCM) model occurs in inbred broad-breasted turkeys and is manifested by reduced hatchability and a high mortality within a week of hatching. In the survivors, cardiac dilation begins by 3-4 weeks of age and further mortality occurs from chronic congestive heart failure. The mechanisms behind these changes is unknown, and, therefore, we investigated what role, if any, myocardial energy metabolism might play in these events. Ventricular myocardial samples were obtained for analysis of adenine nucleotides (ATP, ADP, AMP) and creatine phosphate (CP) in control and CCM turkeys, 1-31 days old. The adenine nucleotide energy charge (EC) was calculated using the formula EC = ATP + 1/2ADP/(ATP + ADP + AMP). We found the myocardial ATP levels and EC in CCM hearts at 1-2 days were reduced. In control turkeys, no significant age-related differences were found in myocardial high-energy phosphate compounds or in the EC. This depression in the energy metabolism of CCM turkeys may also be reflected in their poor hatchability. By 6-10 days, however, ATP levels had recovered and remained normal despite the onset of cardiac dilation and failure at 3-4 weeks of age in CCM turkeys. Because CP levels in control and CCM turkey hearts were similar in all age groups, significant ischemia did not appear to be present after hatching in CCM turkeys. Our results suggest, therefore, that an insult probably prior to hatching produced depressed myocardial energy levels in CCM turkeys and led to reduced hatchability. This early insult appears to be significant, in that late cardiac dysfunction resulted despite the recovery of myocardial ATP levels. PMID- 3762131 TI - Laser welding: an alternative method of venous repair. AB - This study compared the histology, biochemistry, tensile strength, and extensibility of Nd:YAG laser-welded and sutured venotomies. Two-centimeter length bilateral canine femoral or jugular venotomies were evaluated with one vessel (control) closed with interrupted 6-0 polypropylene sutures, and the contralateral vessel (experimental) welded with the Nd:YAG laser (1 W power and 30- to 40-sec exposure). Specimens were removed and examined immediately after fashioning (t0) and at 1, 4, or 5 weeks post-operatively to compare the progression of healing. Histologic examination of the 4- and 5-week sutured wounds had granulomatous reaction around the sutures with areas of excessive collagen accumulation. In contrast, the laser-welded wounds had minimal inflammatory response, near normal collagen content, and minimal residual disorientation and break in the elastic fiber continuity. The rate of collagen synthesis in laser-welded wounds was approximately twice that of sutured wounds at 1, 4, and 5 weeks, and correlated with increased tensile strengths of lasered wounds. The extensibility of the 5-week specimens was 0.19 for sutured and 0.29 for laser-welded wounds as compared to 0.29 for normal vein. These preliminary data suggest that laser welding of venotomies may have several advantages over conventional suture techniques. PMID- 3762132 TI - Neutrophil chemiluminescence and opsonic fibronectin levels following blunt trauma. AB - Trauma is known to result in depression of opsonic fibronectin levels as well as abnormalities in neutrophil function. Neutrophil oxidative metabolism, important for bactericidal activity, has not been investigated following injury. Since fibronectin has been reported to increase neutrophil chemiluminescence (CL), we examined the relationship between neutrophil oxidative metabolism (as measured by chemiluminescence) and opsonic fibronectin levels following blunt trauma. Sera from 11 nonseptic and 9 eventually septic-trauma patients were studied. Normal neutrophils incubated in septic-trauma serum had decreased CL responses compared to incubation in nonseptic serum (P less than 0.0001). This difference was apparent immediately after injury, prior to the onset of sepsis. This depression was due to the presence of a serum suppressor of neutrophil chemiluminescence and not to the absence of a serum factor. This suppressor has been partially characterized as a protein of greater than 30,000 Da. Opsonic fibronectin levels were also depressed in septic-trauma sera compared to nonseptic-trauma sera (P less than 0.0001). However, no correlation could be demonstrated between the CL response and opsonic fibronectin levels. Addition of fibronectin to buffer increased the CL response, while addition of fibronectin to nonseptic-trauma serum had no effect. In contrast, addition of fibronectin to septic-trauma sera actually decreased the CL response (P less than 0.05), perhaps by forming complexes with abnormal proteins and interfering with membrane-particle interaction. PMID- 3762133 TI - Gastrointestinal motility following small bowel obstruction in the opossum. AB - The motility of the gastrointestinal tract of six opossums with total and four with partial small bowel obstruction was evaluated. Following the establishment of small bowel obstruction, the migrating myoelectric complex was substituted by a new pattern which was characterized by periods of intense spike activity interspersed with quiescent periods. In the experiments with total intestinal obstruction, the frequency and duration of the periods of intense spike activity were related to the recording site and the time after establishment of intestinal obstruction. The frequency of spike bursts in the ileum proximal and distal to the obstruction was the greatest in the first 2 days after the establishment of the obstruction, while in the antrum and proximal small bowel, the frequency of bursts of spike potentials increased gradually from the first to the fourth postobstruction day (P less than 0.01). However, there was no change in the frequency, duration, and localization of periods of intense spike activity during the 5 days following the establishment of partial intestinal obstruction. We concluded that following intestinal obstruction, the migrating myoelectric complex is substituted by a myoelectric pattern that is characterized by periods of intense spike activity interspersed with quiescent periods. In the animals with total intestinal obstruction, the periods of increased motility are initially more frequent in the bowel proximal and distal to the obstruction and afterwards in the stomach and upper small bowel. PMID- 3762134 TI - Lymphocyte traffic effects of systemic and local lidocaine in sheep. AB - The traffic of lymphocytes through lymphoid tissues is of importance in both the initiation and development of the immune response. The effects of lidocaine on lymphocyte traffic through primary peripheral lymph nodes of sheep (popliteal and pre-femoral) was investigated by three routes of lidocaine administration. Infiltration of lidocaine above the study node and as the sole anesthetic agent for study node efferent lymphatic cannulation produced mild depressions in lymphocyte outputs into study node efferent lymph. This depression was comparable to that encountered with regional epidural anesthesia for similar operations, but was significantly less than that associated with general anesthesia (P less than 0.000015). In animals with established chronic cannulation of study node efferent lymphatics, both study node drainage area injection of lidocaine and systemic administration of lidocaine (intravenously by bolus injection at a distant site) produced prompt and sharp depressions in lymphocyte traffic as mirrored in the output of lymphocytes into study node efferent lymph. The output of both small recirculating lymphocytes and of blast lymphocytes was affected. PMID- 3762135 TI - The thermal-dye method of lung water measurement is reliable at a low cardiac output. AB - The measurement of lung water by the thermal-dye double indicator dilution technique was evaluated in dogs with normal and edematous lungs during a state of reduced cardiac output. The technique used cold indocyanine green dye to measure extravascular thermal volume (EVTV) as an estimate of extravascular lung water (EVLW). Anesthesia was maintained with pentobarbital. In 15 of 21 animals, pulmonary edema was first induced with oleic acid (0.75 to 0.18 ml/kg). Cardiac output (CO) was then decreased by a combination of propranolol and slow exsanguination (mean CO reduction to 36% of baseline). Extravascular lung water produced in this model ranged from 1.4 to 30.2 ml/kg. Predetermination measurements of EVTV correlated closely with EVLW as determined by gravimetric analysis (EVTV = 1.1 EVLW + 4.7 ml/kg, n = 21, r = 0.93, P less than 0.001). Thermodilution cardiac output measured in the abdominal aorta (used in the calculation of the EVTV) correlated well with simultaneous measurements of cardiac output by both indocyanine green dye dilution and pulmonary artery thermodilution (r = 0.86 and r = 0.88, respectively, pretermination). The thermal dye technique appears to provide an accurate reflection of lung water in normal and edematous lungs, even in the presence of a low cardiac output. PMID- 3762136 TI - Effect of portal vein occlusion on liver blood flow in normal and cirrhotic dogs. AB - The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that galactose clearance (GC) can measure acute changes in liver blood flow (LBF) in normal and cirrhotic dogs. Ten dogs were studied. GC was measured preop. At laparotomy, GC, hepatic artery (HA) flow, portal vein (PV) flow, and cardiac output (CO) were measured at baseline, 50% portal vein occlusion (PVO), and portal vein release. HA and PV flows were measured using a flow probe (FP). Common bile duct ligation was then performed to cause cirrhosis and all measurements were repeated in 7 weeks. Statistical analyses showed that on PVO in both normal dogs (n = 10) and cirrhotic dogs (n = 5) the GC, HA flow, and CO were significantly different from their baseline values. In both groups PVO caused HA flow to increase, thus keeping FP-LBF unchanged while GC-LBF was significantly reduced compared to baseline. The possible explanations for this are discussed in the text. PVO also caused a significant reduction in CO due to splanchnic pooling in both normal and cirrhotic dogs. In both groups PVO results in an increased percentage of CO going to FP-LBF, while the percentage of CO going to GC-LBF remains unchanged. We conclude that GC can measure acute changes in LBF caused by a 50% PVO in both normal and cirrhotic dogs. PMID- 3762137 TI - Intraluminal release of serotonin during the interdigestive migrating complex in the canine small intestine. AB - Intraluminal release of serotonin (5-HT) was evaluated in relation to the interdigestive migrating complex (IMC) in the canine small intestine. Thirty Vella loops (TVL) were constructed in the proximal jejunum of eight dogs. After recovery, the loops were continuously perfused with normal saline at 37 degrees C and changes in intraluminal pressure recorded. For each 10-min period, a motility index (MI) was calculated using computer-assisted planimetry and expressed in mm2/10 min. Serotonin contents in the effluent perfusates were measured by radioimmunoassay. A characteristic phasic motor activity was recognized in the TVL with periods of rest or minimal activity (MI = 406 +/- 45 mm2/10 min, Phase I) alternating with periods of vigorous activity (MI = 2082 +/- 134 mm2/10 min, Phases II and III). Serotonin was constantly found in the effluent perfusates in relatively high concentrations, but 5-HT levels did not vary significantly with intestinal activity; levels averaged 120 +/- 19 ng/ml during Phase I and 110 +/- 13 ng/ml during phases II and III. We conclude that intraluminal 5-HT plays no major role in the physiologic local regulation of the canine IMC in the small intestine. PMID- 3762138 TI - Manometric evaluation of the feline esophagus. AB - Fifteen healthy mongrel cats were manometrically evaluated to quantitate esophageal function and to establish the feline esophagus as an appropriate model for investigations relevant to human physiology and pathology. Detailed findings are presented in the paper. Characteristics of the upper and lower esophageal high-pressure zones and of esophageal body motility were found to be similar to human values. Response to bethanechol stimulation was also similar to that seen in humans. This study establishes normal manometric values for the feline esophagus and validates it as an appropriate model for investigations of esophageal physiology and pathophysiology. PMID- 3762139 TI - Effects of muramyl dipeptide and clindamycin in a murine abdominal abscess model. AB - Peritonitis and subsequent local and remote complications are an important source of morbidity and mortality, which persist despite the best available treatment. Reasonable therapeutic efforts, therefore, have included stimulation of host defenses with immune adjuvants, recently typified by muramyl dipeptide (MDP). Murine abdominal abscesses were created by intraperitoneal injection of Bacteroides fragilis and autoclaved fecal suspensions, and the effects of MDP and clindamycin on these abscesses were evaluated. At 10(4) colony-forming units (CFU) per milliliter of Bacteroides fragilis, intraperitoneal clindamycin was effective in reducing both the incidence of abscess formation as well as the number of abscesses per mouse as compared with controls at doses of 5 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg (P less than 0.01). The effect was more significant when the drug was given 30 min prior than when given after injection of organisms (P less than 0.02). At 10(7) and 10(8) CFU/ml, pretreatment with MDP increased abscess formation (P less than 0.05, P less than 0.01), an effect that was obscured by clindamycin administration, which decreased number of abscesses from controls irrespective of pretreatment with MDP. Abscesses were present on the third day after injection, and MDP, paradoxically, had increased the number of abscesses by the fifth day. Clindamycin reduced abscess formation at all concentrations of bacteria and had a dose and time-dependent response. MDP increased abscess formation only at high concentrations of Bacteroides fragilis, but clindamycin abolished this effect and reduced the number of abscesses to similar levels in both the clindamycin alone and clindamycin + MDP groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3762140 TI - A concentration gradient of bacteria within wound tissues and scab. AB - This investigation was designed to evaluate the effect of a synthetic moisture vapor permeable dressing on the size of the bacterial population of superficial wounds. Split-thickness donor sites were created in pig skin and were treated with a synthetic occlusive dressing (Tegaderm), with fine mesh gauze, or with nothing. All wounds became spontaneously infected with a variety of bacteria, predominantly with Staphylococcus epidermidis. The population of the Tegaderm wounds was always greater than that of the untreated controls, while that of the gauze treated wounds was equal to or less than that of the controls. Tegaderm dressed wounds healed more quickly than did the others. A gradient in the concentration of bacteria within the wounds was seen, with a very high concentration in the scab (10(8) cells/g), an intermediate concentration (10(6) cells/g) in the dermal layer, and the lowest concentration (10(4) cells/g) in the hypodermal level of the wound tissue. Such a gradient has not previously been reported. No evidence was seen that the level of infection declined over time for any of the dressings. Apparent bacterial clearing in earlier investigations may be due to the progressive loss of superficial wound tissues with the corresponding exclusion of the high concentration of bacteria within these layers from the tissue sampled. PMID- 3762141 TI - Central pontine myelinolysis--a preventable condition. Two case reports and review of the literature. PMID- 3762143 TI - Contemporary cardiac pacing. PMID- 3762142 TI - Candida myocarditis in a patient with chronic active hepatitis and macronodular cirrhosis. PMID- 3762144 TI - Penetrating carotid artery injuries. PMID- 3762145 TI - A beaded biliary tree. PMID- 3762146 TI - Angina pectoris. PMID- 3762147 TI - Osteoporosis. PMID- 3762148 TI - New developments in common genetic diseases. PMID- 3762149 TI - Dr. Marcus and the restraint of trade. PMID- 3762150 TI - Caring for the older adult: avoiding the lumping syndrome. PMID- 3762151 TI - Strongyloides infestation as a cause of acute appendicitis. PMID- 3762152 TI - How your practice can cope with change. PMID- 3762153 TI - A puzzling pulmonary infiltrate. PMID- 3762154 TI - Shock in an elderly woman. PMID- 3762155 TI - The management of osteoporosis. PMID- 3762156 TI - Environmental epidemiology. PMID- 3762157 TI - The right to know, the duty to communicate. PMID- 3762159 TI - Measurement of depression in alcoholics. AB - Estimates of the prevalence of depression among alcoholics vary widely, partly because of different methods used to define depression. To assess the specificity, sensitivity, change over time and agreement of several common methods, 52 men alcoholics were studied. Using DSM-III diagnosis by clinical interview as the standard, the Hamilton Depression Scale (Ham-D) showed high sensitivity, high specificity and good agreement with DSM-III. The Beck Depression Inventory and the Depression Scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory were not sensitive enough for screening purposes. Both self report measures correlated more highly with the Ham-D and clinical interview than with each other. The dexamethasone suppression test had both low sensitivity and low specificity. All measures showed significant improvement over three weeks. More attention should be paid to using DSM-III criteria or the Ham-D instead of self-report scales in screening for depression among alcoholics. PMID- 3762158 TI - Alcoholism and prevalence of medical and psychiatric disorders. AB - Prevalence of medical disorders was determined for 10,758 consecutive admissions for inpatient alcoholism treatment to 13 hospitals located in eight states of the United States. The majority of patients (approximately 70% of the men and 73% of the women) had a significant medical problem other than alcoholism. The most prevalent disorders were diseases of the liver, gallbladder and pancreas; bronchitis; emphysema; and asthma. Hypertensive disease was found in 15% of the men and 7% of the women. Psychiatric disorders associated with alcoholism were neuroses, personality disorders and other nonpsychotic states. Less than 10% of all patients were referred by physicians; more than 90% had not been previously diagnosed or treated for medical or psychiatric disorders associated with alcoholism. The high prevalence of medical disorders indicates that inpatient treatment of alcoholism should be undertaken in facilities that have expertise and resources for concurrent treatment of serious medical illness. PMID- 3762160 TI - Psychosocial functioning in children of alcoholic fathers, depressed fathers and control fathers. AB - Children of alcoholics are often viewed as having major psychological problems resulting from their interactions within disturbed family structures. Most studies, however, have selected alcoholics from multiproblem families in which it is difficult to disentangle the impact of alcoholism from concomitant psychosocial and psychiatric problems. Further, few studies have used psychometrically sound measures of alcoholism or child functioning. In this investigation, children of alcoholic, depressed and control (social drinkers and not depressed) fathers were assessed by parents on the Child Behavior Checklist and by teachers on the Conner Teacher Rating Scale and the Myklebust Pupil Rating Scale. Although children of alcoholics and of depressives were rated higher on behavior problems by parents than the children of controls, only a minority of these children received scores indicative of severe impairment. The importance of considering the clinical significance of group differences and of examining the joint impact of alcoholism and other psychopathologies is discussed. PMID- 3762161 TI - The Missouri Alcoholism Severity Scale: relationship with type of alcohol consumption. AB - Data on 10,562 alcoholics treated in public programs in Missouri were retrieved from a statewide computerized mental health information system. Scores on the Missouri Alcohol Severity Scale were correlated with various symptom data, including average amount of beer, wine and distilled spirits ingested. Severity scores were primarily related to consumption of distilled spirits and the emergence of physical-medical symptoms. Correlations with beer drinking were higher for women than for men. A subsample of 889 alcoholics who drink beer only tended to be middle-aged, relatively stable, White men with less severe symptoms than other alcoholics. PMID- 3762162 TI - Drinking norms and alcohol-related problems in the United States. AB - One of Bales's three related hypotheses concerning how cultures or social structures influence the level of alcoholism in a population--that culturally determined attitudes toward drinking and intoxication determine whether alcohol will be used to relieve the stress generated in a society--is examined in the first systematic test of that hypothesis based on American data. A proscriptive norm index was computed for each of the 50 states based on percentage population residing in legally dry areas, the degree of legal restrictions on the sale or consumption of alcoholic beverages and the percentage population of Mormons and Fundamentalists. The most proscriptive states are located in the southern region of the United States. Proscriptive norms are significantly correlated with all of the indicators of alcohol-related problems studied. Most of the correlations remain significant when five other variables are controlled. Proscriptive norms are negatively correlated with the indicators of heavy drinking, but positively correlated with the "social disruptiveness" of alcohol (arrest data). Thus driving while intoxicated and other alcohol-related arrests do not appear to arise as a response to the total amount of drinking. Instead, such alcohol related problems appear to be a response to the strong cultural disapproval of drinking, with the proscriptively oriented states experiencing the highest rates of disruptive behaviors related to alcohol. The findings are consistent with a social control explanation for this link. PMID- 3762163 TI - Drinking and the prevention of coronary heart disease: findings, issues and public health policy. AB - Claims that the moderate consumption of alcoholic beverages prevents coronary heart disease are reviewed in an analysis of recent literature. Reports of such claims in the mass media are found to be exaggerated and based on research that is less conclusive than is often suggested. The review of original research reveals evidence that certain levels of consumption bestow some benefits under some circumstances when compared with other levels of consumption, including abstinence. A number of methodological issues are raised, and suggestions are made for testing competing hypotheses that may explain the association between moderate drinking and lower rates of coronary heart disease. The investigators discuss the implications of these findings for public health policy and conclude that, on the strength of the available evidence, it would be unwise to alter either the scientific or public focus on the damage caused by alcohol or to support changes in policy that might make drinking more socially acceptable and thereby encourage higher levels of consumption. PMID- 3762164 TI - Drunkenness arrests: predictors of recurrence and effect of detoxication treatment. AB - Predictors of the recurrence of drunkenness arrests and the effect of detoxication treatment on outcome during a 12-14-month follow-up were studied among 560 arrestees. Arrestees were assigned on the basis of the last digit of their day of birth to a treatment group (odd digits) or a control group (even digits). Treatment was compulsory and consisted of a bath, rest, food and care provided by social workers, nurses and a physician at a detoxication station. In regression analysis, the number of subsequent arrests was significantly related to housing status, age, marital status and occupational status but not to treatment. Survival analyses indicated that the first and the second new arrest were significantly associated, in addition to the above-mentioned predictors, with sex but not with treatment. Relative risks between selected categories of predictor variables, estimated using Cox's proportional hazard models, varied between 1.2 and 2.5. Compulsory detoxication does not decrease the recurrence of drunkenness arrests. PMID- 3762166 TI - Changing patients' health beliefs to improve compliance with alcoholism treatment: a controlled trial. AB - The purpose of this study was to examine whether changing the health beliefs of alcoholic patients entering treatment would improve their retention in treatment. A control group received the conventional range of treatment options available at an alcoholism clinic whereas an experimental group received, in addition, an opportunity to attend group meetings where attempts were made to modify their health beliefs. Although this intervention resulted in changes in patients' health beliefs, the subsequent difference between groups in average length of stay in treatment was not statistically significant. Explanations for the only modest success of the belief modification strategy are proposed and implications for the Health Belief Model and patient compliance with alcoholism treatment are discussed. PMID- 3762165 TI - Validity of young adults' reports of parental drinking practices. AB - To assess the accuracy of young adults' reports of their parents' drinking patterns, 49 students, aged 18-35, and their parents were asked to complete questionnaires assessing parental drinking practices (i.e., quantity and frequency of consumption, problems caused by alcohol). The data showed a significant correlation between students' and parents' reports of parental frequency and quantity of drinking and were interpreted as suggesting that subjects' reports of their parents' drinking patterns can be used with some degree of confidence without obtaining the data directly from the parents. The correspondence between reports of parental alcohol-related problems was examined with regard to whether subjects would be correctly classified as having a history of parental alcoholism or no such history. Methods for increasing the rate of correct subject classification are discussed. PMID- 3762167 TI - Chemotherapy in invasive thymomas: five case reports. AB - We treated 5 cases of invasive thymomas with single agent and combination chemotherapy. A carcinoid tumor of the thymus had a 13-month objective response to monthly courses of a combination of DTIC, adriamycin, cytoxan, and vincristine. A second case of carcinoid achieved stabilization of disease with a combination of adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, and DTIC for 9 months and subsequently 10 months, with fluorouracil and methotrexate. A case of thymoma had stabilization of disease for 14 months with oral cytoxan and prednisone. PMID- 3762168 TI - Reaction of the tumor markers CEA and TPA to a surgical trauma. AB - The level of the tumor marker tissue polypeptide Antigen (TPA) rises distinctly after a surgical trauma. The rise begins between 3 and 6 days after operation; the elevation lasts for more than 6 weeks. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) shows no comparable reaction. PMID- 3762169 TI - Aggressive squamous cell carcinoma of the skin after chronic lymphocytic leukemia. AB - We report two cases of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin subsequent to chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Both cases had an unusually aggressive course for a nonmelanoma skin malignancy with extensive metastases in both, resulting in death in one patient. A literature review supports the likelihood of an increased incidence of SCC in patients with CLL. Though the mechanism is unknown, immunosuppression may play a central role. We urge patients with CLL to avoid exposure to direct sun. Any questionable skin lesion should be biopsied early, and completely excised if it is a tumor. The patient should also be examined thoroughly for metastatic disease via subsequent follow-up visits. PMID- 3762171 TI - Coexisting leiomyosarcoma and transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. AB - A rare case of coexisting sarcoma and carcinoma of the urinary bladder is reported and the literature is reviewed. Because of the differences in the histogenesis and prognosis, such cases should be differentiated from cases of carcinosarcoma of the urinary bladder. PMID- 3762170 TI - Peritoneovenous shunt and neoplastic ascites: a 5-year experience report. AB - The cases of 42 patients with malignant ascites treated with a peritoneal venous shunt over a 5-year period are reviewed to establish the incidence of surgical and postsurgical complications. Although the yield of malignant cells found in the peripheral blood was increased after shunting, no new hematogenous metastases were observed after the operation. No evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation was observed after shunt placement. While the shunt effectively relieved the discomfort due to abdominal distention and respiratory impairment, no restoration of cutaneous hypersensitivity was observed in the nine patients who were anergic prior to surgery. The median survival of patients with breast and gynecological cancer, after surgery, was significantly longer than the survival of patients with primary gastrointestinal neoplasma. In conclusion, peritoneal venous shunt appears to be an effective and safe method to improve the quality of life of patients with malignant ascites. PMID- 3762172 TI - Benign hamartoma of the lung presenting as massive hemoptysis. AB - A case is presented of benign pulmonary hamartoma causing episodes of hemoptysis. This is an extremely unusual manner of presentation for such lesions. PMID- 3762173 TI - Spontaneous regional lymph node metastases of three variants of the B16 melanoma: relationship to primary tumor size and pulmonary metastases. AB - We studied the patterns of spontaneous regional lymph node metastases of three variants (F1, F10, and BL6) of the B16 melanoma in C57BL/6 mice and related the incidence to primary tumor size and pulmonary metastases. The incidence of regional lymph node and pulmonary metastases correlated with increasing primary tumor size (p less than or equal to 0.0001). The incidence of pulmonary metastases in mice whose regional lymph nodes did not contain tumor also correlated with increasing primary tumor size (p less than or equal to 0.0001). This propensity for direct hematogenous spread was more apparent in BL6 tumors than in F1 and F10 tumors (p less than or equal to 0.0001). BL6 tumors also metastasized to regional nodes at smaller primary tumor sizes (p less than or equal to 0.04). Heterogeneous variants that metastasize earlier to regional lymphatic and hematogenous sites dictates the natural history of the primary tumor. Whether prophylactic lymphadenectomy for melanomas is therapeutic may depend on dissemination-related phenotypic characteristics. PMID- 3762174 TI - Inflammatory pseudotumor of the spleen. AB - Inflammatory pseudotumor of the spleen, an extremely rare benign inflammatory mass lesion, which clinically and radiologically mimics a neoplasm, is presented. The case is compared to the two cases previously reported in the literature. Possibilities of etiology and pathogenesis are considered. PMID- 3762175 TI - B16 melanoma in hairless mice: a model for thermographic research. AB - Little is understood concerning the mechanism of tumor-induced thermographic abnormalities observed in man. An ideal animal model is lacking. In an effort to create such a model we have worked with hairless mice, subcutaneously inoculated with B16 melanoma cells. This report documents the progress of that work and the subsequent development of a totally satisfactory system for the study of such tumors in a hairless animal. PMID- 3762176 TI - Basal cell carcinoma with lung metastases: a case report. AB - Metastases from basal cell carcinoma (BCC) are very rare. Some clinical and histologic features have been demonstrated in these cases without corroborative evidence. Treatment of these cases has been disappointing. In this article, we report a patient with metastatic BCC who was treated successfully by surgical resection of lung metastases. PMID- 3762177 TI - Thyroid cancer mimicking thyroiditis. AB - Two patients with thyroid cancer, who presented with clinical and biochemical features of subacute thyroiditis, are reported, Confusion in diagnosis delayed therapy from 3 to 8 months. The relation between thyroiditis and thyroid cancer is discussed. PMID- 3762178 TI - Extracardiac rhabdomyoma: a report of two cases. AB - Two case reports of extracardiac rhabdomyoma (adult type) are presented. The rare occurrence of extracardiac rhabdomyoma and its relatively benign nature makes a histological diagnosis very necessary, though often difficult to make. In both cases reported here, a diagnosis of extracardiac rhabdomyoma was given and treatment with local excision yielded good results. The importance of a histological diagnosis and treatment by only a local excision is stressed. PMID- 3762179 TI - Accurate prediction of experimental cancer chemosensitivity using the subrenal capsule xenograft assay. AB - The chemosensitivity of a murine lung carcinoma grown as a xenograft under the kidney capsule of a rat was compared to the chemosensitivity of this tumor grown as a spontaneous metastasis in its syngeneic host. The chemosensitivity of the tumor to intravenously or subcutaneously administered drugs determined in the short-term xenograft assay accurately predicted the chemosensitivity of this tumor when it was growing as a spontaneous micrometastasis in its syngeneic host, indicating that in both situations the pharmacological determinants of tumor response to anticancer drugs were similar. These results suggest that tumors growing as xenografts under the kidney capsule accurately reflect the responsiveness of these tumors to chemotherapy and support further investigation of the xenograft subrenal capsule assay as a model that may be useful in predicting effective chemotherapy for human tumors. PMID- 3762180 TI - Leiomyoma of the anal canal: report of two cases. AB - Leiomyoma of the rectum and anal canal is an unusual clinical entity. Generally, it does not produce any clinical signs and in most cases it is discovered incidentally in the course of routine rectal examination. The clinical presentation, diagnosis, and surgical treatment are described in two presented cases of anal canal leiomyoma. PMID- 3762181 TI - Aminocaproic acid (AMICAR) in advanced colorectal carcinoma. AB - We treated 20 patients with measurable histologically confirmed colorectal adenocarcinoma with aminocaproic acid (AMICAR). There were 11 males and 9 females with a median age of 63 years. All 20 patients had received prior chemotherapy. The majority of monitoring lesions were distributed between lung and liver. We evaluated 12 patients in this series for response. Three patients had stable disease and nine patients had progressive disease. All patients were evaluable for toxic effects, the most common being nausea and vomiting. AMICAR given orally at 210 mg/kg of actual body weight/day is not an effective single agent in the treatment of metastatic colorectal carcinoma. In view of previously published animal data the role of AMICAR in the adjuvant setting for colorectal carcinoma still needs to be determined. PMID- 3762182 TI - Pilomatrix carcinoma. AB - The clinicopathologic features of two cases of pilomatrix carcinoma are described and compared with those of the 11 previously reported cases. In contrast with its benign counterpart, pilomatrix carcinoma occurs in older patients and there is a male-predominating sex ratio. The rate of local recurrence is 60%. A single instance of distant metastasis occurred when the tumor recurred locally for the second time. Pilomatrix carcinoma can be accurately diagnosed histologically. The consistent features present in pilomatrix carcinoma but absent in the benign counterpart are increased mitotic activity and cytologic abnormalities including cellular and nuclear enlargement, and vesicular appearance of the nuclei. The primary lesion should be treated aggressively to prevent local recurrence, which may be a factor favoring distant tumor metastasis. PMID- 3762183 TI - Postoperative active specific immunotherapy with supportive measures in patients suffering from recurrent metastasized melanoma: case reports of six patients. AB - The clinical results from postoperative active specific immunotherapy using autologous polymerized tumor material in six patients suffering from metastasized melanoma is reported. Correction of an alleged systemic deficiency leading to malignant cell transformation was attempted by administering certain essential trace elements, amino acids, vitamins, and a diet containing lipids, extracted from the mammalian central nervous system, after heating. Vaccinations against influenza were also given as a precaution against certain viral infections sometimes seen to precede melanoma recurrence. The clinical results with this postoperative adjuvant therapy are so encouraging that we suggest that sterile tumor tissue should be saved at operation and treated to produce insoluble particles as an option for postoperative treatment of patients suffering from metastasized melanoma. Prospective randomized studies are indicated. PMID- 3762184 TI - Thymic hyperplasia masquerading as recurrent Hodgkin's disease: case report and review of the literature. AB - While the appearance of a mediastinal mass in a patient in remission from Hodgkin's disease frequently indicates recurrence, a number of benign processes may present in a similar manner. Tissue confirmation of relapse should be obtained prior to initiating further chemotherapy to avoid the morbidity of unnecessary treatment. We present a case of thymic hyperplasia that developed in a patient previously treated for Hodgkin's disease. Thymic hyperplasia is a poorly understood, apparently benign process that may be confused with recurrent lymphoma. Total excision of such a mass is recommended to rule out coexistent malignancy. PMID- 3762185 TI - Lung cancer in men aged 40 or younger. AB - Twenty-nine cases of lung cancer occurring in men aged 40 or less were examined at autopsy. Histologic types of cancer and metastatic patterns in this group of patients were similar to those seen in middle-aged or elderly patients except for a lower occurrence of lymphatic spread in the younger group. PMID- 3762186 TI - Focal nodular hyperplasia and hepatic adenoma: a review of eight cases in the pediatric age group. AB - A review of all primary hepatic tumors seen at Children's Hospital, Boston over a 57-year period disclosed six cases of focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) and two hepatic adenomas (HA). The children with FNH (four females, two males) ranged in age from 6 months to 15 years (average age: 7 years). Three patients had "hepatomegaly" noted on physical examination 2 months to 2 or more years prior to diagnosis. The average diameter of FNH was 7.3 cm (range 2.5-10 cm). The lesion was confined to the right lobe in four cases and showed bilobar involvement in two. The HA's were diagnosed in a newborn male and a 2-year-old girl, both of whom were symptomatic because of large tumor size (10 cm each). There was no maternal history of exposure to exogenous steroids during pregnancy. Three children with FNH underwent hepatic lobectomy and were alive and well 4 to 17 years later. One child who died of acute leukemia had an incidental FNH discovered at autopsy. Two patients were treated conservatively with biopsy only and were alive and symptom-free 13 and 15 years later. Both children with HA underwent hepatic lobectomy. One died postoperatively because of intra-abdominal hemorrhage and the other was alive and well 10 1/2 years later. Complete surgical resection is recommended for most children with HA when technically feasible because of the lingering suspicion of possible (albeit remote) malignant transformation and diagnostic difficulties in distinguishing HA from a well differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma. PMID- 3762187 TI - Implantable venous access devices: an alternative method of extended cancer care. AB - The advent of totally implantable venous access devices (TIVADs) is changing the method of treatment for those chronically ill patients who require long-term chemotherapy or narcotic infusion. TIVADs eliminate the problem of limited peripheral vein access with little risk of complication. At Good Samaritan Hospital in Cincinnati, Ohio, we have implanted 30 TIVADs (3 Infuse-A-Ports and 27 Port-a-Caths) for a total of 4,502 patient days. This report documents our experience with the implantation and utilization of TIVAD systems. PMID- 3762188 TI - Effects of administration routes on the uptake of uridine and 5-fluorouridine into an adenocarcinoma transplanted to rat liver. AB - In a model of secondary liver cancer in Wistar rats, the effect of different administration routes on the uptake of 3H-uridine into tumor and several normal tissues was studied. The rats were inoculated with a tumor cell suspension in the central liver lobe. Ten days later, they were distributed into four groups with a catheter placed in the gastroduodenal artery, the portal vein, one of the femoral veins, or in the peritoneal cavity. 3H-uridine was injected 46 h later and after an additional 90 minutes the animals were anesthetised and pieces of liver tumor and normal tissues were removed and frozen. The incorporation into the acid soluble fraction and RNA was analyzed. In a separate experiment, 3H-fluorouridine was administered by the gastroduodenal artery and a comparison was made with the uptake of 3H-uridine. A significantly higher amount of uridine was incorporated into the tumor by the arterial route. The intraportal and intraperitoneal routes were comparable, while a somewhat higher incorporation was found by the systemic route. The consequences of using the different routes upon the incorporation into RNA of tumor and dose-limiting organs are demonstrated. With the aid of this experimental model, it is possible to evaluate further the effect by different manipulations on different drugs regarding the administration route. PMID- 3762189 TI - Carcinoids: the prognostic effect of primary site histologic type variations. AB - Carcinoids are histologically classified as insular (A), trabecular (B) glandular (C), undifferentiated (D) or mixed. These have prognostic significance, i.e. Group 1 (most favorable, A + C); 2 (favorable, A, B, A + B); 3 (relatively unfavorable, all non A + C or A + B mixed types); and 4 (unfavorable, C, D). Midgut primaries have a better prognosis than either foregut or hindgut/cloacal primaries. Carcinoids from 114 Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group patients were studied to determine if primary site prognostic differences result from histologic prognostic group occurrence rate differences across primary sites. By primary site the following rates were observed: Foregut: 1 (0%), 2 (79.2%), 3 (12.5%), 4 (8.3%); midgut: 1 (26.7%), 2 (58.7%), 3 (6.6%), 4 (8.0%); hindgut/cloaca: 1 (0%), 2 (42.9%), 3 (42.9%), 4 (14.2%); nongut: 1 (0%), 2 (75.0%), 3 (12.5%), 4 (12.5%), p less than 0.01. The results demonstrate that primary site prognostic differences are highly dependent upon histologic prognostic group occurrence rate variations across primary sites. In addition multivariate analysis of survivorship by both histologic type (p less than 0.05) and primary site (p less than 0.05) demonstrated that each variable has independent prognostic significance. PMID- 3762190 TI - Limitation of immunohistochemical localization of estrogen receptor. AB - Although the radioreceptor method is widely used for estrogen receptor assay in human tissue, it has several limitations and a number of alternative methods are being explored. An immunohistochemical method of estrogen receptor assay using a specific antibody to estradiol has been proposed as a suitable alternative. The present study was designed to evaluate the validity of this method in detecting true estrogen receptors in human tumor tissue. Using radioiodinated antibody to estrogen, we have demonstrated that the estrogen antibody can detect the estrogen when it is bound to 4S type receptor but is unable to bind to estrogen when the hormone is bound to 8S type receptor. Our observations suggest that the immunohistochemical method of detection of intracellular cytosolic receptor for estrogen is not a suitable alternative to the currently used radioreceptor method. PMID- 3762191 TI - Primary lymphoma of the central nervous system: a clinicopathologic analysis of 26 cases. AB - We analyzed 26 cases of primary lymphoma of the central nervous system. There were 14 males and 12 females ranging in age from 5-76 years (median age 51 years, mean age 50.2 years). None had received organ transplantation or immunosuppressive therapy. The most common presenting symptoms were headache, mental changes, nausea, vomiting, and convulsions. The main neurological findings were hemiparesis, papilledema, visual field defects, and cranial nerve palsies. The most common finding in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was high protein content; CSF cytology was positive in only one case. Computerized tomography was done in 14 cases; all showed a contrast-enhancing lesion. Angiography generally revealed an avascular mass. The most common location above tentorium was the frontal lobe; in four cases the tumor was infratentorial (cerebellum, 3 cases). In five cases there was diffuse involvement of the brain; all had severe dementia and diagnosis was not made until the autopsy. Histologically, the most common type was diffuse histiocytic or immunoblastic lymphoma according to Rappaport and the Working Formulation classification respectively. Radiation therapy alone in five patients gave a median survival of 17 months. Five patients received radiation and chemotherapy, and median survival was 16 months. Two patients developed ocular lymphoma 8 and 36 months later that was treated by radiation. PMID- 3762192 TI - [Traditional medicine in the Central Plateau of Haiti. 1. Study of the traditional therapeutic system in a rural socio-cultural area]. AB - An ethnomedical and ethnopharmacological research on the traditional use of plants to cure human diseases was carried out in the Thomonde area located in the Central Plateau of Haiti. The use of medicinal plants is widespread among the rural population and is often the first treatment utilized. An ethnomedical approach to the Haitian traditional therapeutic system and popular beliefs is made. The percentage home remedies used as first treatment against 38 diseases was determined by means of an investigation performed on a quantitative scale. PMID- 3762193 TI - [Traditional medicine in the Central Plateau of Haiti. 2. Ethnopharmacologic inventory]. AB - An ethnomedical and ethnopharmacological research on the traditional use of plants to cure human diseases was carried out in the Thomonde area located in the Central Plateau of Haiti. Part 1 of this publication was an ethnomedical study of the traditional folk therapy system. In this second part, we list 161 local plants, distributed in 64 botanical families, currently used for treating 38 common diseases. These 161 species were collected and identified. Their latin names, local names, local medicinal uses, the used part of the plant and the form of remedy are described. PMID- 3762194 TI - The direct negative inotropic effect of gossypol. AB - Gossypol, an effective male antifertility agent, had a minor but significant negative inotropic action in isolated ferret right ventricular papillary muscles at concentrations of 1-5 micrograms/ml. Reduction of peak developed force and maximum extent of shortening was readily demonstrable at three different resting control contractile states achieved through increases in extracellular calcium from 0.625 to 2.5 mM/l. Gossypol had no significant effect on maximum rate of tension rise nor on maximum velocity of shortening. These results suggest that gossypol reduces the total number of crossbridges without significantly influencing the rate of making and breaking crossbridges and that its negative inotropic action is probably mediated through interactions at the myocardial cell surface. PMID- 3762195 TI - Pharmacology of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf). I. Effects of teas prepared from the leaves on laboratory animals. AB - Cymbopogon citratus is one of the most used plants in Brazilian folk medicine for the treatment of nervous and gastrointestinal disturbances. It is also used in many other places to treat feverish conditions. The usual way to use it is by ingesting an infusion made by pouring boiling water on fresh or dried leaves (which is called "abafado" in Portuguese). Abafados obtained from lemongrass harvested in three different areas of Brazil (Ceara, Minas Gerais and Sao Paulo States) were tested on rats and mice in an attempt to add experimental confirmation to its popular medicinal use. Citral, the main constituent of the essential oil in Brazilian lemongrass, was also studied for comparison. Oral doses of abafados up to 40 times (C40) larger than the corresponding dosage taken by humans, or of 200 mg/kg of citral, were unable to decrease body temperature of normal rats and/or rats made hyperthermic by previous administration of pyrogen. However, both compounds acted when injected by intraperitoneal route. Oral administration of doses C20 -C100 of abafados and 200 mg/kg of citral did not change the intestinal transit of a charcoal meal in mice, nor did it decrease the defecation scores of rats in an open-field arena. Again, by intraperitoneal route both compounds were active. The possible central nervous system depressant effect of the abafados was investigated by using batteries of 12 tests designed to detect general depressant, hypnotic, neuroleptic, anticonvulsant and anxiolytic effects. In all the tests employed, oral doses of abafados up to C208 or of citral up to 200 mg/kg were without effect. Only in a few instances did intraperitoneal doses demonstrate effects. These data do no lend support to the popular oral therapeutic use of lemongrass to treat nervous and intestinal ailments and feverish conditions. PMID- 3762196 TI - Pharmacology of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf). II. Effects of daily two month administration in male and female rats and in offspring exposed "in utero". AB - An infusion (abafado) prepared from leaves of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf) administered orally to adult rats for 2 months, in doses up to 20 times larger than the estimated corresponding human dosage, did not induce any effect which could be taken as evidence of toxicity. An absence of effects was also noted in male and female rats and in their offspring when the abafado was administered prior to mating or during pregnancy. These data strongly suggest that lemongrass, as used in Brazilian folk medicine, has no toxic properties. PMID- 3762197 TI - Effect of Neem seed oil on the blood glucose concentration of normal and alloxan diabetic rats. PMID- 3762198 TI - Surgical treatment after the failed antireflux operation. AB - Eighty-seven adults have undergone reoperation for recurrent gastroesophageal reflux or complications of prior antireflux procedures. Operations performed included the transthoracic Collis-Nissen procedure (59), Collis-Belsey repair (14), Nissen fundoplication (one), repair of acute postoperative paraesophageal hernia (one), division of obstructing crural suture (one), and esophageal resection (23). Among the 73 patients undergoing an additional hiatal hernia repair, there were two postoperative deaths. Follow-up averages 28 months. Subjectively, results have been excellent or good (no or mild reflux symptoms or dysphagia) in 47 (67%); fair in eight (12%), who have moderate dysphagia or reflux symptoms controlled medically; and poor in 15 (21%), 12 of whom have required additional operations. Early postoperative esophageal dilations were required in 25 patients (36%) and regular dilations in seven (10%). Among the 23 patients undergoing esophageal resection, four had a distal esophagectomy and short-segment colon interposition and 19 had a transhiatal esophagectomy without thoracotomy; stomach was used for esophageal replacement in 14 and colon in five. There were no operative deaths. Follow-up averages 17 months. Thirteen patients have had esophageal dilations (nine early and four regularly), and one has clinically significant reflux. Overall, subjective results are good or excellent in 64 (76%). The results of "redo hiatal hernia operation" are far from ideal. Optimal surgical treatment after the failed antireflux operation requires careful analysis of the existing anatomy and experience to decide when esophageal resection is a safer and more reliable approach than another hiatal hernia repair. PMID- 3762199 TI - Comparative study of warfarin versus antiplatelet therapy in patients with a St. Jude Medical valve in the aortic position. AB - To determine the necessity of long-term warfarin anticoagulation after St. Jude Medical aortic valve replacement in adults, we evaluated the risks of thromboembolism, valve thrombosis, anticoagulant hemorrhage, and sudden cardiac death in two groups of patients. Group I consisted of 41 patients treated with conventional long-term warfarin therapy. Forty-two patients in Group II were treated primarily with antiplatelet therapy (aspirin, dipyridamole, or both); 17 of these patients received warfarin for a short time postoperatively and seven others received it intermittently during the study period. The groups were similar with respect to age, sex, associated cardiovascular disease, and length of follow-up (mean 29 months per patient). In the warfarin-treated group, three late sudden deaths occurred, one of which was preceded by a cerebrovascular accident, for a cardiac mortality of 2.7% per patient-year. There were eight major nonfatal complications (7.3% per patient-year), of which four were hemorrhagic and four embolic. In Group II, there was one sudden cardiac death (1.1% per patient-year) and four major complications occurred (3.2% per patient year). Two of the complications were embolic and two were episodes of valve thrombosis, both necessitating reoperation. Although the incidence of serious morbidity in the warfarin-treated group was twice that of patients treated with antiplatelet therapy, there were no statistically significant differences in the rates of sudden death or major complications. These data suggest that antiplatelet therapy may be as effective as warfarin in preventing embolism from the St. Jude Medical valve in the aortic position. Valve thrombosis occurred in two patients, both receiving antiplatelet therapy (2.2% per patient-year). Whether this type of valve failure can be prevented by warfarin remains in question. PMID- 3762200 TI - Management of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum. AB - Infants with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum pose a difficult clinical problem. Pulmonary valvotomy has been widely recommended for relief of the right ventricular obstruction, and most infants also have had an aortopulmonary shunt placed to ensure pulmonary blood flow. We have evolved a different approach that includes placement of a right ventricular outflow tract patch initially and continuation of prostaglandin E1 infusion postoperatively until the need for a shunt can be determined. We report here our management of 15 neonates with this diagnosis and suprasystemic right ventricular pressures. All of the infants were placed on a regimen of prostaglandin E1 before the operation to improve pulmonary blood flow, and all had an outflow patch placed early in life. Satisfactory postoperative right ventricular function, which would allow both outflow patching and ductus ligation, could be confidently predicted in only two of the 15 patients. For nine of the 15 an outflow patch was placed and prostaglandin was infused postoperatively to provide pulmonary blood flow until right ventricular function became adequate. Early in the series, three other infants were judged to need an aortopulmonary shunt in addition to decompression by an outflow patch, and one infant had only a shunt placed. Postoperatively, adequate pulmonary blood flow was present in all, and 11 of the 15 (73%) survived. Three of the deaths (average 2.8 days) after the outflow patch operation probably resulted from premature cessation of the prostaglandin infusion. One neonate with an outflow patch and a shunt died of myocardial ischemia because of coronary artery steal through right ventricular sinusoids. One late death occurred suddenly in the child with only a shunt, presumably because of an arrhythmia. The remaining survivors (10/15, 67%) are alive and have had complete repair. Study of these patients has also revealed that the definition of adequate right ventricular size needs to be more liberal. Five of the 10 surviving patients had a residual atrial septal defect with a right-to left shunt at the ages of 1 to 3 years, but balloon occlusion of the atrial septal defect during cardiac catheterization revealed that the right ventricle in these patients was functionally adequate. These five children subsequently underwent closure of the atrial septal defect, and in two the aortopulmonary shunt was also taken down. In summary, correction was achieved in all survivors, in contrast to reported studies in which many patients are living with shunts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3762201 TI - Surgical management of post-myocardial infarction ventricular tachyarrhythmia by myocardial debulking, septal isolation, and myocardial revascularization. AB - Sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation, associated with severely depressed left ventricular function after myocardial infarction, carries a poor prognosis. We have used an extensive surgical procedure in 18 patients (15 men and three women) with a mean age of 63 years who had more than three episodes of recurrent, hemodynamically significant ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation and congestive heart failure. The operation consisted of complete myocardial revascularization and myocardial debulking by extensive infarctectomy with unguided endocardial resection and septal isolation with support of the necrotic wall with a Teflon patch. Implantable defibrillator patches were placed in eight patients. Blood cardioplegia and intra-aortic balloon assist (12 patients) were used for perioperative myocardial preservation. Postoperative studies demonstrated a significant increase in ejection fraction (n = 16) and a decline in pulmonary wedge pressure. Hospital mortality was 16% (three patients). Two deaths were due to congestive heart failure and one to arrhythmia. During postoperative electrophysiologic studies, ventricular tachycardia was not inducible in six of eight patients (75%). During a mean follow-up of 24 months, 11 of 15 patients who survived operation are alive and are in New York Heart Association Class I or II. Three of four late deaths were due to congestive heart failure and drug toxicity and one was arrhythmia related. This procedure is effective for preventing recurrent ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation in a majority of patients who cannot have intraoperative mapping. PMID- 3762202 TI - Improved results in the operative management of ventricular tachycardia related to inferior wall infarction. Importance of the annular isthmus. AB - Ventricular tachycardia associated with inferior wall myocardial infarction has had a lower surgical cure rate with localized subendocardial resection than ventricular tachycardia related to anterior infarction. Some investigators have advocated visually directed extensive subendocardial resection, including resection of the papillary muscles and mitral valve replacement, even without documenting the origin of ventricular tachycardia at these sites. We have operated on 46 patients (43 men and three women) for ventricular tachycardia associated with inferior wall myocardial infarction. Thirty-one consecutive patients (Group I) had standard localized subendocardial resection. Two patients in this group had mitral valve replacement for mitral insufficiency. Fifteen consecutive recent patients (Group II) underwent subendocardial resection plus focal endocardial cryoablation (3 minutes at -70 degrees C) of the annular isthmus. The annular isthmus is defined as the ventricular muscle between the basal end of the ventriculotomy and the mitral valve anulus. In Group I there were four operative deaths (13%). Ventricular tachycardia was noninducible in 15 of 27 operative survivors (56%) at postoperative electrophysiologic studies. In Group II there was one operative death (7%) and 13 of 14 survivors (93%) had no inducible ventricular tachycardia at postoperative electrophysiologic studies (p less than 0.01 versus Group I). No Group II patient required mitral valve replacement. Six operative survivors in Group II had intraoperative activation maps consistent with macroreentry incorporating the annular isthmus. Group I and Group II were indistinguishable in terms of preoperative hemodynamics, number of coronary arteries diseased, or the presence of left ventricular aneurysm. These results suggest that subendocardial resection with additional cryoablation of the annular isthmus results in improved control of ventricular tachycardia in patients with ventricular tachycardia associated with inferior wall myocardial infarction. Mitral valve replacement is not required unless intrinsic mitral valve disease is present. These data also suggest that the annular isthmus is a critical component of the reentrant circuit in these tachycardias. PMID- 3762203 TI - An autologous biologic pump motor. AB - Latissimus dorsi skeletal muscle ventricles were constructed in six beagles. They first underwent a period of vascular delay and of electrical preconditioning over several weeks. The skeletal muscle ventricles were then connected to a totally implantable mock circulation that allowed for the chronic measurement of pressures and flows produced by the muscle. The skeletal muscle ventricles were actuated by stimulation of the motor nerve with an implanted generator that delivered brief pulse trains. The skeletal muscle ventricles pumped continuously against an afterload of 80 mm Hg with a preload of 40 to 50 mm Hg at a rate of 54 times per minute. At initiation of pumping, systolic pressure was 135 +/- 24 mm Hg and flow was 464 +/- 116 ml/min. After 2 weeks of continuous pumping, the systolic pressure was 104 +/- 1 mm Hg and continuous flow was 206 +/- 16 ml/min. Two of the skeletal muscle ventricles pumped continuously for 5 and 9 weeks, respectively. At the end of that time one was still capable of generating pressure up to 205 mm Hg and the other, 160 mm Hg. These results suggest that a chronic auxiliary skeletal muscle ventricle is a feasible approach to the treatment of end-stage cardiac failure. PMID- 3762204 TI - Prognostic factors in valvotomy for critical aortic stenosis in infancy. AB - Aortic valvotomy for critical aortic stenosis in infancy has had a high mortality. To determine the factors that influence survival, we reviewed the cases of 24 infants who underwent aortic valvotomy in the first 6 months of life (mean 4 1/2 weeks) for aortic stenosis from 1978 to 1984. Cardiopulmonary bypass was used in all patients. Operative mortality was 21% (5/24), four of the five deaths occurring from low cardiac output. Analysis of preoperative factors affecting survival versus nonsurvival revealed that low ejection fraction (60% +/ 17% in survivors versus 36% +/- 2% in nonsurvivors), high left ventricular end diastolic pressure (16 +/- 7 mm Hg in survivors versus 30 +/- 14 mm Hg in nonsurvivors), and presence of endocardial fibroelastosis (25% in survivors versus 100% in nonsurvivors) all were predictive of a poor outcome, although the small sample size indicated caution in interpreting results. Factors that did not appear to influence survival included peak systolic gradient (79 +/- 30 mm Hg in survivors versus 60 +/- 15 mm Hg in nonsurvivors) and left ventricular end diastolic volume (37 +/- 17 cm3/m2 in survivors versus 36 +/- 7 cm3/m2 in nonsurvivors). Four patients with a left ventricular end-diastolic volume below 26 cm3/m2 survived. Postoperative gradients averaged 25 +/- 21 mm Hg at 3.4 +/- 2 years' follow-up in nine recatheterized patients. Ejection fraction of these patients increased from 45% +/- 10% to 70% +/- 11% and left ventricular end diastolic volume increased from 37 +/- 17 to 58 +/- 5 cm3/m2. Two of 17 patients have required apical-aortic conduits; all other patients are asymptomatic. We conclude that infants with critical aortic stenosis benefit from valvotomy even with impaired left ventricular function and severely reduced left ventricular dimensions and many have nearly normal hemodynamics on late follow-up. PMID- 3762205 TI - The effects of cardioplegic potassium concentration and myocardial temperature on electrical activity in the heart during elective cardioplegic arrest. AB - A major objective of cardioplegic arrest for protection of the heart during cardiac operations is total electromechanical quiescence. Recent studies from our laboratory in which we used multiple bipolar intracardiac and unipolar intramural electrodes have detected the presence of electrical activity in the lower atrial septum, the atrioventricular node-His bundle complex, and in ventricular myocardium during elective cardioplegic arrest that cannot be detected on the limb-lead electrocardiogram. Moreover, this low-amplitude electrical activity is not associated with visible mechanical activity of the heart and occurs at ventricular septal temperatures previously thought to be adequate for myocardial protection. The present study was designed to determine the effect of cardioplegic solution potassium concentration and myocardial temperature on the occurrence and duration of low-amplitude electrical activity during elective cardioplegic arrest. Fifty adult mongrel dogs were subjected to two consecutive 20 minute periods of cardioplegic arrest. The animals were divided into six groups, depending upon the cardioplegic solution potassium concentration they received and on whether or not topical cooling techniques were employed. The probability of occurrence of low-amplitude electrical activity during the arrest interval was significantly decreased by application of topical hypothermic techniques and reinfusion of hyperkalemic, as compared to normokalemic, cardioplegic solution. These effects of hyperkalemic cardioplegic solution and myocardial hypothermia acted synergistically, but independently, to decrease the likelihood of low-amplitude electrical activity occurring during the period of cardioplegic arrest. Nevertheless, low-amplitude electrical activity did occur in all groups after each cardioplegic solution administration and was not detected by routine monitoring techniques. This suggests that low-amplitude electrical activity may represent a fundamental type of metabolic activity that can be recorded from the heart during arrest and may be responsible for the temporary depression in ventricular function that frequently follows a period of elective cardioplegic arrest. PMID- 3762206 TI - Inherent dangers of simultaneous application of microfibrillar collagen hemostat and blood-saving devices. AB - Microfibrillar collagen hemostat is a topically applicable hemostatic agent that has been introduced relatively recently. Because of the possibility that this substance may pass through different blood-collecting circuits and cause organ damage if reintroduced into the patient's circulation, we performed a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments. The results of these experiments suggest that such a passage may indeed occur and could cause organ damage, either by direct or by induced embolization that cannot be completely prevented even with the application of commercially used filters. We therefore recommend that the substance should not be used if the shed blood is intended to be collected and returned into the patient's circulation. PMID- 3762207 TI - Prosthetic valve endocarditis. Analysis of factors affecting outcome of therapy. AB - We analyzed the outcome of 116 patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis treated between 1975 and 1983 and used multivariate analysis to identify risk factors for in-hospital mortality and bad outcome during follow-up. Complicated prosthetic valve endocarditis was defined as the presence of a new or changing heart murmur, new or worsening heart failure, new or progressive cardiac conduction abnormalities, or prolonged fever during therapy. Complicated prosthetic valve endocarditis was present in 64% of patients; factors associated with complicated prosthetic valve endocarditis included aortic valve infection (odds ratio 4.3, p = 0.002) and onset of endocarditis within 12 months of the cardiac operation (odds ratio 5.5, p = 0.0001). The in-hospital mortality rate for prosthetic valve endocarditis was 23%; patients with complicated prosthetic valve endocarditis had a higher mortality than patients with uncomplicated infection (odds ratio 6.4, p = 0.0009). Combined medical-surgical therapy was used in 39% of patients; surgical therapy was more common in patients with complicated prosthetic valve endocarditis (odds ratio 16, p less than 0.0001) and in patients infected with coagulase-negative staphylococci (odds ratio 3.9, p = 0.003). Survival after initially successful therapy for prosthetic valve endocarditis was adversely affected by the presence of moderate or severe congestive heart failure at hospital discharge (p = 0.03). Bad outcome during follow-up (death, relapse of prosthetic valve endocarditis, or subsequent cardiac operation related to sequelae of the original infection) was more common in the medical than the medical-surgical therapy group (p = 0.02). The difference in long-term outcome between patients treated initially with medical or with medical surgical therapy was particularly evident in those with complicated prosthetic valve endocarditis (p = 0.008). The presence of complicated prosthetic valve endocarditis is a central variable in assessing prognosis and planning therapy; the majority of patients with complicated prosthetic valve endocarditis are best treated with medical-surgical therapy. Those who are not treated surgically during their initial hospitalization are at high risk for progressive prosthesis dysfunction and require careful follow-up. PMID- 3762208 TI - Prosthetic valve endocarditis. The case for prompt surgical management. AB - Clinical and morphologic features are described in 27 patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis. The interval from valve replacement to onset of symptoms of prosthetic valve endocarditis was less than 2 months in 10 patients, longer than 2 months but less than 6 months in seven patients, and longer than 6 months in 10 patients. The most frequent infecting organism was Staphylococcus (11 patients). In nearly all patients, infection spread behind the site of attachment of the valve prosthesis and resulted in valve ring abscesses. Twenty-three of the 28 infected prostheses were partially or almost completely detached, and in 15 patients the infection destroyed the entire valve anulus, burrowing to adjacent structures in six. Despite prolonged bactericidal antibiotic therapy, bacterial cultures of prosthetic valves removed at operation or autopsy were positive in 14 patients. Standard valve replacement was attempted in nine patients. All were hospital survivors, but two of these patients evidenced rapid postoperative valve dehiscence and required a complex surgical procedure at reoperation. The 14 other surgically treated patients had almost complete destruction of the annular root, and surgical repair was achieved by complex surgical techniques. There were five postoperative deaths, but nine patients survived with no further evidence of infection (mean follow-up 34 months). All patients with early prosthetic valve endocarditis who recovered underwent this type of operative technique. Total exclusion of the infected annular root, as described, may offer in patients with extensive endocarditic lesions the only possibility to eradicate the infection and to reduce the mortality. PMID- 3762209 TI - Cardiovascular perfusion: evolution to allied health profession and status 1986. AB - The occupation of cardiovascular perfusion has evolved from a technical to a professional status during the past 25 years. The national thoracic surgical organizations, The American Association for Thoracic Surgery and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons, have supported this process of development through participation on various boards and committees of the perfusionist organizations. The rapid growth of cardiac surgical services in the past decade produced concern about the availability of perfusionist manpower. This concern was exacerbated by creation of formal processes for the certification of perfusionists and the accreditation of perfusion educational programs. Today, these issues are largely resolved and cardiovascular perfusion is recognized as an allied health profession. PMID- 3762210 TI - Disc embolization of Bjork-Shiley mitral prosthesis without strut fracture. AB - Strut fracture with subsequent embolization of the Bjork-Shiley mitral prosthesis is a rare but recognized complication. A case of disc embolization without strut fracture was managed successfully by early surgical intervention. The preoperative chest x-ray film demonstrating apparently intact major and minor struts underscores the importance of a high index of suspicion to make an early diagnosis. PMID- 3762211 TI - Congenital ostial stenosis of the right coronary artery repaired by vein patch angioplasty. AB - A case of congenital ostial stenosis of the right coronary artery is presented in which revascularization was performed by saphenous vein patch angioplasty. PMID- 3762212 TI - Emergency treatment for primary Ewing's sarcoma of the ribs. AB - Two cases of primary Ewing's sarcoma of the ribs necessitating emergency treatment are reported. Treatment consisted of a combination of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgical therapy. The operation was urgent and early in one patient and delayed in the other. Both remain disease free 12 and 14 months after operation, respectively. PMID- 3762213 TI - Lack of correlation between myocardial glycogen levels and perioperative change of left ventricular ejection fraction. PMID- 3762214 TI - Assessment of repair in mitral reconstruction. PMID- 3762215 TI - The water content of neonatal myocardium. PMID- 3762216 TI - An inhibitor of protein kinase C, 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2 methylpiperazine(H-7) inhibits TPA-induced reduction of vincristine uptake from P388 murine leukemic cell. AB - The effects of protein kinase C inhibitor H-7 (1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2 methylpiperazine) on tumor-promoting phorbol ester induced inhibition of vincristine uptake in P388 murine leukemic cells were investigated with the objective of assessing the possible role of Ca2+-activated, phospholipid dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C) in vincristine uptake. 12-O Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) is a potent inhibitor at concentrations above 1 nM. Other phorbol esters also inhibited vincristine uptake in approximate proportion to their activity in competing for [20-3H]phorbol 12,13-dibutrate binding. TPA enhanced the Ca2+-activated, phospholipid-dependent phosphorylation of histone III-S by a soluble protein fraction of cells. Phosphorylation of various cell lysate proteins (p18, p21, p29, p34 and p45) were also stimulated by TPA. These TPA-induced stimulations were also inhibited dose-dependently by H-7. It is tentatively concluded that the phosphorylation of cell lysate protein substrates by protein kinase C may be an important mechanism linked to the regulation of vincristine uptake in leukemic cell. PMID- 3762217 TI - Glycosaminoglycan metabolism of HL-60 cells during differentiation induction by tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. AB - Many biochemical responses to phorbol ester differentiation inducers have been reported, including alterations in synthesis of specific gene products such as glycoproteins. Stage-specific glycosaminoglycan changes have previously been associated with the differentiation process, including a dramatic reduction in cellular chondroitin 4-sulfate during human myeloid leukemia cell maturation induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). We have demonstrated that treatment of HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells with 4-methyl-umbelliferyl beta-D-xyloside increases precursor incorporation into glycosaminoglycans linked to beta-D-xyloside, rather than core protein, eliminating the need for core protein and xylosyltransferase. Therefore, these beta-D-xyloside-treated cells were used to study the decreased glycosaminoglycan production during TPA-induced HL-60 differentiation. Exposure of these pretreated HL-60 cells to TPA, which induces macrophage-like maturation, resulted in a 70% reduction of incorporation of [35S]sulfate into cell-associated glycosaminoglycans. Thus, even in HL-60 cells in which glycosaminoglycan production is maximally stimulated by beta-D xyloside, TPA is a strong inhibitor of free glycosaminoglycan chain production, and this biochemical effect is associated with other features of leukocyte maturation. PMID- 3762218 TI - Phytohemagglutinin-conditioned medium modulates adherence properties and morphology of hairy cells. AB - The effect of a PHA-conditioned medium was tested on a population highly enriched in hairy cells obtained from spleens of patients with hairy cell leukemia. Under PHA-CM treatment hairy cells adhered to both plastic and glass and spread assuming a typical stellate shape, without changing their enzymatic and antigenic properties. Provided PHA-CM was present, stellate adherent hairy cells remained viable in culture for several months. Mononuclear splenic cells from patients with various hematological disorders never showed similar phenotypic modifications after PHA-CM treatment. PMID- 3762219 TI - An inexpensive stimulator for visually evoked potentials based on a personal computer. AB - A device is described that can produce a variety of visual stimuli to be used for eliciting visually evoked cortical or retinal potentials in humans or experimental animals. The device is very inexpensive and uses a cheap personal computer (Commodore VIC 20) and a TV monitor. PMID- 3762220 TI - Manipulation of vasopressin level in the cerebrospinal fluid of the rat by means of an easily interchangeable controlled-delivery Accurel mini-device. AB - The procedure described for the continuous release of vasopressin (VP) in the rat lateral ventricle via implantation of a VP-loaded Accurel/collodion mini-device has now been further developed, allowing the introduction, removal and exchange of the Accurel device through a polyethylene guide cannula. In this way, manipulation of the VP level in the cerebrospinal fluid can easily be accomplished. VP levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in liquor withdrawn from the cisterna magna. PMID- 3762221 TI - Utilization of a polyethylene enclosure for nerve tracing studies in the rat ovary. AB - A commonly used technique for mapping neuronal connections in the peripheral nervous system involves the injection of a tracer substance into a peripheral organ. The tracer is taken up by nerve terminals at the injection site and transported retrogradely to motor or sensory perikarya where it can be visualized. One of the pitfalls of this technique is that tracer may leak from the injection site, enter nerve terminals adjacent to the injection area and thus cause erroneous interpretations. Similarly, some tracers may enter blood vessels and be taken up by nerve cell bodies indiscriminately. In order to circumvent these potential problems in studies on the innervation of the rat ovary, a polyethylene enclosure for the organ was fabricated from a BEEM capsule. The retrograde tracer, True blue, was then applied topically on the ovarian surface inside the enclosure. In chronic experiments, specifically labeled ovarian nerve cell bodies were identified in dorsal root and preaortic ganglia. Utilization of this simple and effective enclosure eliminates the false-positive and non specific labeling of perikarya due to diffusion and blood-borne transport of the tracer from the injection area. PMID- 3762222 TI - A constant perfusion slice chamber for stable recording during the addition of drugs. AB - A new design for a brain slice chamber is described. This chamber has the following features: slices are maintained in a stable condition for long-term (3 4 h) intracellular recording; drugs may be injected into the flowing perfusion medium in known concentrations without disturbing intracellular penetration; a wide range of concentrations may be used to test a single cell, highly repeatable results may be obtained; only minute amounts are required of substances to be tested, and the apparatus is easy to use and clean since all parts are removable. The chamber may also be easily modified to allow for the requirements of different experiments. The chamber has been used successfully to test the effects of Ang II, carbachol, insulin and gonadotropin releasing hormone. PMID- 3762223 TI - An on-line spike form discriminator for extracellular recordings based on an analog correlation technique. AB - The discrimination of single unit activity in extracellular recordings presents a serious problem when the signal-to-noise ratio is low or when the amplitudes of interspersed spikes are similar. By exploiting spike form, the system described here performs discrimination using on-line hardware template matching. Using analog delay lines, the combined deviation of 8 input signal values from 8 stored template values is calculated simultaneously. The 8 template values are selected by adjusting 8 cursors to the desired spike trace on a CRT; the spike form discriminator (SPIFODIS) then generates a deviation function which steeply drops to zero whenever form similarity occurs, allowing for easy triggering. The performance of SPIFODIS was compared quantitatively with that of a conventional amplitude trigger in two cases: when detecting a single unit with varied signal to-noise ratios and when separating double units of equal amplitude. At signal-to noise ratios between 2 and 1 the error rate for SPIFODIS was only 15-50% of that of an amplitude trigger. In double-unit recordings showing only form differences, spikes are discriminated with very low error rate, while an amplitude trigger fails completely. PMID- 3762225 TI - Satellite symposium to the XXX International Congress of Physiological Sciences. Novel approaches to the study of motor systems. Banff, Alberta, Canada, 10-13 July 1986. Abstracts. PMID- 3762224 TI - Statistical limits for detecting change in the cumulative sum derivative of the peristimulus time histogram. AB - The peristimulus time histogram (psth) provides a means of correlating the discharges of neurones with other events. The cumulative sum (cusum) derived from the psth facilitates the detection of small changes in the psth that may be obscured by random fluctuations in counts. The cusum integrates differences from the mean control level of counts in the psth. Any signal in the data that is related to the stimulus appears as a slope in the cusum. Psth's constructed from the rhythmic discharges of single neurones are shown to contain periodical fluctuations in counts that arise from refractoriness. This periodicity results in a cusum which deviates less from the horizontal line than predicted from a Poisson distribution of points. The more regular the spike train, i.e., the lower the coefficient of variation of the distribution of interspike intervals, the flatter is the cusum. The theory of stochastic point processes is used to derive an algorithm for calculating the best approximation of variance of the cusum. Significance limits set at 3 standard deviations of the cusum are shown to provide a good fit to cusums for unit discharges over a wide range of coefficients of variation (0.09-0.60). PMID- 3762226 TI - Use of gastroscopy in a community: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. AB - We determined the use of gastroscopy in a defined population (Olmsted County, Minnesota) during the 3-year period 1978 through 1980. In slightly more than 271,000 person-years of observation, 418 residents underwent gastroscopy on 487 separate occasions. When age- and sex-adjusted to the structure of the US white population in 1980, the utilization rate was 215.9 per 100,000 person-years. With extrapolation of these data, approximately 500,000 gastroscopies would be expected to be performed in the United States each year. PMID- 3762227 TI - Intrathoracic lymphangioma. AB - Of 14 cases of intrathoracic lymphangioma, 4 occurred in the anterior, 5 in the superior, and 4 in the posterior mediastinum. One lesion was diffuse and associated with disappearing bone disease (Gorham's disease). The anterior mediastinal lymphangiomas occurred in adults and seemed to arise from the mediastinum. They could not be distinguished from other anterior mediastinal lesions on plain film roentgenograms. The lesions of the superior mediastinum were extensions from cystic hygromas of the neck and occurred primarily in children. Recurrence was common because complete resection was not possible. Computed tomography was helpful in detecting the cervical extension and cystic nature of these lesions. Although two of the four posterior compartment lesions were isolated lymphangiomas, the other two were part of a much more extensive and generalized lymphangiomatosis that included bone lesions and subdiaphragmatic extension. Both of these latter cases were complicated by chylothorax after attempted removal of the mediastinal lymphangioma. Computed tomography and lymphangiography were helpful in determining the extent of the disease and the cystic and lymphatic nature of the mass. The patient with Gorham's disease had extensive lymphangiomatosis of the thorax and recurrent chylothorax; surgical treatment was unsuccessful. Although lymphangioma is a benign tumor, its infiltrative tendency complicates its removal and contributes to its postoperative recurrence. PMID- 3762228 TI - Coronary heart disease in residents of Rochester, Minnesota. VII. Incidence, 1950 through 1982. AB - An epidemiologic study of coronary heart disease in residents of Rochester, Minnesota, has been updated through 1982. Between the time that mortality rates began to decline in the late 1960s and now, the age-adjusted incidence of all types of coronary heart disease in residents of Rochester decreased 11% in men but increased 9% in women. This difference was due mainly to changes in the incidence of myocardial infarction as the initial manifestation of coronary heart disease-in men, the rates declined by 20%, whereas the rates for women increased by 17%. The greatest changes were in the age group 50 to 69 years. From the 1965 through 1969 period to the 1979 through 1982 period, the age-adjusted incidence of sudden unexpected death as the initial manifestation of coronary heart disease decreased in both sexes, but the incidence of angina pectoris increased in both men and women. The 24-hour and 30-day case fatality rates for myocardial infarction and the incidence rates for sudden unexpected death have stabilized. Additional studies are needed to identify the reasons for the striking divergence in secular trends in coronary heart disease for men as compared with those for women. PMID- 3762229 TI - Somatomedin C: an index of growth hormone activity. PMID- 3762230 TI - Cardiovascular risk modification in childhood: hyperlipidemia. PMID- 3762231 TI - Age-related decrease in ultraviolet induced DNA repair in neurons but not in lymph node cells of inbred mice. AB - DNA repair capacity was measured, as UV induced, unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS), in cells of the nervous and immune system of three mouse strains, as a function of age. The strains examined were DBA/1J, C57B1/6J and SJL/J. For dorsal root ganglion neurons of strain DBA/1J, aged 97-98 weeks, a significant decline in UDS of 53% at 20 J/m2 and 73% at 40 J/m2, respectively, was measured, when compared to mice aged 17-18 weeks. Similarly, neurons from C57B1/6J mice, aged 115-116 weeks, showed significant, age dependent decreases of 31% at 20 J/m2 and 40% at 40 J/m2, respectively, compared to mice aged 7-8 weeks. In lymph node cells of all three strains employed, no significant age related decreases in UDS were detected. While the complexity of processes involved in DNA repair makes conclusive interpretation of the results precarious, the results obtained for post-mitotic cells of the nervous system, may be viewed as compatible with the DNA repair hypothesis of ageing. PMID- 3762232 TI - Functional rearrangement of lymphohemopoietic system in heterochronically parabiosed mice. AB - This study examines some characteristics of the lymphohaemopoietic system of heterochronically parabiosed CBA mice. It was found that a decline of the primary immune response in a young mouse sutured with an old one is accompanied with the diminution of: bone marrow and thymus cellularity; thymus weight; haemopoietic stem cells (CFC-S) and granulocyte-macrophage precursor cells (CFC-C) contents in the femur, and stromal precursor cell (CFC-F) contents both in the femur and thymus. All the indices tested, including the immune response level, in old parabionts vs. old single mice remained unchanged. In the spleen, the considerable variations of splenic weights in the mice of different control and experimental groups have been found. At the same time, no significant changes in the cellularity and CFC-F number in the spleen of all examined groups of animals have been observed. The findings strongly indicate the considerable rearrangement of lymphohaemopoietic and stromal tissues in the central organs of the immune system, namely, bone marrow and thymus of young mice due to the parabiosis with old ones. PMID- 3762233 TI - Neutrophils of healthy aged humans are normal. AB - Polymorphonuclear functions are reported to be altered in aged humans. We have previously shown that chemotactic response, adherence, oxidative metabolism and Candida killing activity were abnormal in subjects over 70 years. These results lead us to investigate further the basic mechanisms of these alterations in a complementary series of elderly people over 75 years. However, we used in the present study the admission criteria of the SENIEUR protocol specially designed for immunogerontological investigations in humans. Neither the tests exploring the functions as a whole (migration and bacterial killing) nor those investigating the elementary components of these functions exhibited significant difference when compared to the sex-matched young controls. The discrepancy with our prior results is probably explained by the fact that the presently tested subjects had been selected according to more strict criteria. These data clearly demonstrate that neutrophils are intrinsically normal in the aged. Thus, it appears that the frequently observed neutrophil dysfunction in the elderly is due to the action of abnormal humoral components related to the aging process on otherwise normal neutrophils. PMID- 3762234 TI - Variation of glycinamide ribonucleotide synthetase levels during in vitro aging of human fibroblasts: implications for gene dosage studies. AB - The levels of glycinamide ribonucleotide synthetase were monitored in four human fibroblast cell lines, two diploid, one monosomy 21 and one trisomy 21, from early passage number to senescence. In all four lines, enzyme activity increased as the cells aged. Enzyme levels for the diploid versus trisomy 21 cells did not consistently exhibit the expected gene dosage effect. PMID- 3762236 TI - Interaction of H-2 genotype and basal serum immunoglobulin A level influences longevity. AB - The congenic pair of mice, C57BL/10 (B10) and C57BL/10.F (B10.F), differ at the H 2 locus and have mean ages at death of 706 and 456 days, respectively. B10.F also has reduced basal serum IgA levels compared with B10, 63 and 256 mg/dl, respectively. Controlled matings between the two strains of mice were used to identify genetic factors that govern longevity. F2 and backcross progeny from reciprocal F1 hybrids were classified for H-2 genotype and serum IgA levels and allowed to live out their lifespan. F2 and backcross progeny homozygous for the H 2 allele of B10.F had a mean age at death (602 days) significantly reduced from that of progeny homozygous for the H-2 allele of B10 (689 days). However, the greatest reduction of lifespan occurred among progeny of the (B10.F X B10)F1 mothers, 693 compared with 540 days. The strain of the maternal parent also has been shown to affect the segregation of IgA phenotypes. An increased incidence of low IgA phenotype associated with H-2 genotype was observed among progeny of (B10.F X B10)F1 mothers. Survival curves demonstrated a relationship between low serum IgA levels and shortened lifespan and no maternal effect was observed. The basis of the shortened lifespan among progeny of F1 hybrids in which the maternal parent was B10.F was the increased incidence of offspring with low IgA phenotypes. The apparent association of H-2 and shortened lifespan also was because the low IgA phenotype was more frequent among progeny that carried the H 2 allele of the B10.F strain. The B10.F mice spontaneously shed an endogenous ecotropic retrovirus which may be responsible for the maternal effect on immunoglobulin levels and lifespan. PMID- 3762235 TI - Relationship between life expectancy, endogenous antioxidants and products of oxygen free radical reactions in the housefly, Musca domestica. AB - The general objective of this study was to identify biochemical correlates of life expectancy in the adult male housefly. All houseflies lose flying ability prior to death, whereby, in an aging population, shorter-lived flies can be identified as flightless 'crawlers' from their longer-lived cohorts, the 'fliers'; the average lifespan of crawlers is about one-third shorter than the fliers. Neither crawlers nor fliers exhibited any physical damage to their chemoreceptive tarsi, thereby ruling out starvation as a probable cause of death. Levels of antioxidant defenses (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione) and products of oxygen free radical reactions (inorganic peroxides and thiobarbituric acid [TBA]-reactants) were compared between crawlers and fliers. The fliers showed higher superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and glutathione concentration than crawlers, whereas, the amount of inorganic peroxides (H2O2) and TBA-reactants was higher in the crawlers than in fliers. Results of this study demonstrate, for the first time, that longer life expectancy of organisms belonging to the same cohort group is associated with relatively higher levels of antioxidants and lower concentrations of products of oxygen free radical reactions. PMID- 3762237 TI - The waste-product theory of aging: cell division rate as a function of waste volume. AB - The rate of cell division is calculated as a function of waste product volume in U-787CG human diploid glial cells grown in vitro. The calculation is based on two earlier mathematical models. One is a compartmental analysis in which cell division rate is obtained from data on the fraction of cells which become sterile as the passage level increases. A second model is used to calculate the amount of waste per cell from the observed rate of waste accumulation in a non-dividing population and from the division rate calculated with the use of the first model. Results from the two models are correlated to obtain the desired function relating cell division rate to waste volume. If cellular aging is taken to mean loss of the ability of cells to divide, and if, as in the waste-product theory, this loss is attributed to waste accumulation, the calculated results show that aging is evident at waste levels well below those at which non-dividing populations can survive. Thus the process of cell division may be much more sensitive to waste accumulation than other cellular processes needed for the maintenance of life. PMID- 3762238 TI - Sharing research data. PMID- 3762239 TI - Medical Communication Behavior System. An interactional analysis system for medical interactions. AB - The study assessed the psychometric properties of the Medical Communication Behavior System. This observation system records time spent by the physicians and patients on specific behaviors in the categories of informational, relational, and negative situation behaviors by using hand-held electronic devices. The study included observations of 101 genetic counseling sessions and also assessed the outcome measures of patient knowledge and satisfaction. In addition, 41 of the sessions were rated using the Roter Interactional Analysis System, and 20 additional control subjects completed the post-counseling information without being observed to examine the effects of recording the session. Results showed good interobserver reliability, and evidence of concurrent, construct, and predictive validity. No differences were found between the observed and unobserved groups of any of the outcome measures. PMID- 3762240 TI - Maximizing compliance with hemoccult screening for colon cancer in clinical practice. AB - A factorial design randomized controlled trial to test several clinically feasible strategies primary-care practitioners may use in routine practice to increase patient participation in occult blood testing for colorectal cancer is reported. Three compliance-enhancing intervention strategies (physician/nurse talk, and/or reminder postcard, and/or reminder phone call) were introduced. Patient health beliefs were examined as compliance predictors. High compliance levels were seen in all intervention groups, with a mean of 89% compared with 68% in controls. An interactive talk by the physician or nurse increased compliance by 12-13%. The reminder postcard was the most effective single intervention. It increased compliance by 24-25%, achieving 92.7% overall compliance, and appeared to be cost-effective. Patient health beliefs were of minimal value in predicting compliance in this study. PMID- 3762241 TI - Cost and outcome of care for patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Analysis by physician specialty. AB - We studied the effect of physician specialization and board certification on costs and outcome of health care for a group of 213 patients with chronic lung disease followed prospectively for a year. Linear, semilogarithmic, and logistic regressions were used to control for differences in pulmonary function, functional ability, and sociodemographic characteristics. The cost of health services during the year was estimated from the total charges incurred. Patient's pulmonary function, functional ability, number of medical conditions, and insurance status were significant predictors of total cost. Combinations of these variables were important determinants of institutional days, outcome health status, and survival. Physician specialization and board certification were not significant descriptors of total costs or outcomes, although large variances limited the power of these findings. We conclude that differences in characteristics of primary care physicians do not appear to affect significantly the total cost or outcome of care for patients with moderate to severe chronic lung disease. PMID- 3762242 TI - Comparisons of family physicians and internists. Process and outcome in adult patients at a community hospital. AB - In view of the relatively high cost and mortality associated with hospitalization, 1,989 inpatients of family physicians and internists were compared with regard to length of stay, charges generated, charges generated per day, disposition (home, death, or other), number and type of diagnoses, and number of procedures. There were no interspecialty differences in mean length of stay (9 days), charges generated ($3,604), charges per day ($475), number of procedures done or disposition (79% went home, 9.5% died, and 11.5% had other placements). There were interspecialty differences in the type of diagnoses coded (chi-square = 52, P less than 0.0001); family physicians tended to assign fewer diagnoses than internists (mean 3.08 versus 3.43, P less than 0.0001). Review of a random sample of 50 charts of patients admitted to family physicians and a matched sample of charts of patients admitted to internists did not reveal any differences in either severity of illness on admission or rate of readmission. Multivariate adjustment for differences in case mix did not affect the direction or significance of the main findings. Similar findings were obtained whether using the hospital admission or the physician as the unit of analysis. The results are discussed in the context of related investigations in the ambulatory setting. PMID- 3762243 TI - A comparison of the effects of sociodemographic factors and health status on use of outpatient mental health services in HMO and fee-for-service plans. AB - The authors compared the effects of age, sex, socioeconomic status, and mental and physical health status on the use of outpatient mental health services in one well-established health maintenance organization (HMO) and in fee-for-service plans. In the Seattle site of the Rand Health Insurance Study (HIS), families were randomly assigned to HMO or fee-for-service coverage. Adults incur much greater expense for outpatient mental health services than children in both an HMO and a fee-for-service plan with identical coverage (i.e., free care). However, the difference in use between adults and children is significantly greater for the fee-for-service plan than the HMO (P less than 0.01). Similarly, education has significantly greater effects on use for the fee-for-service than the HMO plan. Increased income has a significant negative effect on use in both the HMO and fee-for-service plans. Mental and physical health status have similar large effects on use in both fee-for-service and HMO plans. PMID- 3762244 TI - Rapid estimation of hospitalization charges from a brief medical record review. Evaluation of a multivariate prediction model. AB - In settings where an itemized hospital bill is not generated, estimation of hospitalization charges for research or administrative purposes can be a laborious task. This article examines the extent to which the number of hospital days spent outside an intensive care unit (ICU), number of days in an ICU, number of laboratory tests performed, number of x-rays, and number of surgeries can be used in a multiple regression equation to impute inpatient charges for a sample of 103 hospitalizations at a Veterans Administration hospital. These predictor variables, all of which are readily ascertained in a brief medical record review, accounted for about 97% of the variance in imputed hospital charges. The bootstrap method was applied for validation of the prediction equation. Application of the method described here may be of value to researchers concerned with hospital charge estimation in non-fee-for-service settings. PMID- 3762245 TI - Physician and hospital factors associated with mortality of surgical patients. AB - Recent studies have found an inverse relationship between hospital-specific mortality rates for selected conditions and the number of patients hospitalized with these conditions. These studies have not examined whether this inverse relationship is a result primarily of the nature and volume of services provided to patients by individual physicians or whether it reflects special characteristics of high-volume hospitals. This study examines these issues, using data that link characteristics of primary surgeons to the discharge abstract records of patients. The study analyzes variation in hospital mortality associated with: the total volume of specific surgical procedures performed in the hospital, the volume of these procedures performed by the patient's primary surgeon, physician board certification, and other factors including patient severity of illness, patient age, hospital control, teaching status, size, and location. The findings confirm the inverse relationship found in other studies between patient mortality and the total volume of specific surgical procedures performed in the hospital. Physician board certification and hospital's medical school affiliation also are found to be associated with lower patient mortality rates. However, there is no statistical relationship between the volume of services provided by individual surgeons and outcome, suggesting that the volume outcome relationship reflects hospital rather than physician characteristics. PMID- 3762246 TI - Factors associated with life satisfaction among practicing internists. AB - The present study explored the relationship between satisfaction with life in general among 211 practicing internists and characteristics of their work, health, and life styles. Using a forced stepwise multiple regression analysis, 67% of the total variance in life satisfaction was accounted for by study variables. More satisfied physicians were more likely to be older, married, engaged in sexual intercourse more often, argued with or emotionally withdrew from family or friends less often, had fewer health problems, were less anxious and depressed, and experienced less job stress and more job satisfaction. Characteristics of the work setting, type of work activity (teaching, research, or patient care), number of patients seen, or hours worked per week were unrelated to satisfaction with life. The findings point to the importance of studying family life, mental health, and social relations in addition to work related variables in order to understand and assess the quality of life among physicians. PMID- 3762247 TI - Measuring physician behavior. AB - Reliable and valid information on physician behavior is required for measuring the adequacy of physician performance. We studied 4 methods of obtaining information on physician behavior in the ambulatory care of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Physician interview, patient interview, chart audit, and videotaped observation were used to record the performance of 63 physicians in office visits with 214 adult patients. High interrater agreement was attained. All methods are of reasonable cost and all are acceptable to physicians. The content validity of the 2 interview methods was reasonably good, but chart audit and videotaped observation had poor content validity. Our findings suggest that no one method provides an accurate picture of physician behavior and, therefore, that a combination of methods should be used. PMID- 3762248 TI - Ill health and use of medical care. Community-based assessment of morbidity in children. AB - The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between morbidity and ambulatory care utilization in a randomly selected sample of children with stable patterns of use of services in a prepaid multispecialty group practice. The unique features of the approach were a focus on long-term relationships (over 8 years) and on assessment of health status by a combination of parent reports, child reports, teacher reports, and physical examination. Domains of health status that were assessed included types and frequencies of health conditions and disability associated with them, functional status (physical health, mental health, social health, general well-being), school absence, vision and hearing screening, and physical abnormalities. Children with persistently high levels of use of services in a 6-year period (1974-79) were more likely to have health problems of all types, both concurrent and in a subsequent 2-year period (1980 81) than children with lower levels of use. As these findings were in agreement with those obtained in a study where morbidity was determined by diagnoses recorded in medical records, it is likely that the measures could be more generally useful to assess child health status in the community. Moreover, they distinguish groups of children who differ in their pattern of use of services and hence may be useful in the planning and budgeting of services for child populations. PMID- 3762249 TI - Cost sharing and use of health services. The United Mine Workers of America Health Plan. PMID- 3762250 TI - [Systemic manifestations in primary biliary cirrhosis]. PMID- 3762251 TI - [Intrafamilial diffusion of the hepatitis B virus. A study of familial contacts of chronic carriers]. PMID- 3762252 TI - [Hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenal function in rheumatoid arthritis treated with low-doses of corticoids]. PMID- 3762253 TI - [Thrombocytosis associated with a neoplasm: pathogenic mechanism and clinical significance]. PMID- 3762254 TI - [Treatment of psoriatic arthritis]. PMID- 3762255 TI - [Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and Hodgkins disease]. PMID- 3762256 TI - [Late-functioning paraganglioma of Zuckerkandl organ]. PMID- 3762257 TI - [Cyclosporin A and dermatopolymyositis: yes, but when?]. PMID- 3762258 TI - [Long-course hypertension resolved after surgical treatment of a lone renal cyst]. PMID- 3762259 TI - [Increase in the clearance of theophylline with activated carbon]. PMID- 3762260 TI - [Use of calcium heparin in the prevention of thromboembolic complications in non ketoacid hyperosmolar diabetic decompensations]. PMID- 3762261 TI - [Hemolytic properties of Yersinia. IV. Studies of the filterable properties of hemolysins]. PMID- 3762262 TI - [Hemolytic properties of Yersinia. V. Studies of the transferable properties of hemolysins by conjugation]. PMID- 3762263 TI - [Effect of hydrophobic properties of the surface of yeasts of the genus Candida on their adhesion in vitro]. PMID- 3762264 TI - Differing effects of spontaneous and atropine-induced variations of vagal tone on atrial refractoriness in the conscious dog. AB - The effects of spontaneous and atropine-induced variations of vagal tone on atrial refractoriness were studied in the conscious dog with complete atrioventricular block. Atrial rate and vagal tone, assessed with atropine, along with maximal paced atrial frequency were monitored for 90 days after the creation of atrioventricular block. The effects of atropine on maximal paced atrial frequency were also studied over the same period. Atrial rate was initially high and then fell back to values close to preoperative sinus levels. Vagal tone was first low and then rose back to values close to preoperative ones. The time courses of atrial rate and vagal tone were correlated. The rise in vagal tone was accompanied by a correlated increase in maximal paced atrial frequency and thus a shortening of the atrial effective refractory period. However, atropine never significantly lengthened the atrial effective refractory period. This work clearly demonstrates the consistent shortening effect of vagal tone on the atrial effective refractory period in the conscious dog as well as the still unexplained inability of atropine to offset this effect, which may arise from a two-fold action of atropine on the heart. PMID- 3762265 TI - Comparison of the inhibitory effect of three antimuscarinic drugs: pirenzepine, atropine and propantheline on acid secretion and gastric emptying in the conscious rat. AB - The present investigation was carried out to compare the effects of pirenzepine, a novel antimuscarinic drug, with those elicited by atropine and propantheline on gastric acid secretion and gastric emptying in the conscious rat. The administration of all three drugs resulted in a dose-related inhibition on both parameters that at large doses was nearly total. Comparison of the ID50 ratios for each antagonist on gastric emptying versus acid secretion showed that pirenzepine was unique in that it selectively inhibited acid secretion. Its potency on acid secretion was about 15 times higher than that elicited on gastric emptying. The results are compatible with the proposed existence of two different classes of gastric muscarinic receptors mediating secretory and motor activities. PMID- 3762266 TI - Pharmacokinetics of droxicam in rat and dog. AB - A study was made of the oral absorption of droxicam in the rat. Five minutes after administration of 1 mg/kg droxicam, only piroxicam levels (its active metabolite) were detected at the portal vein and caudal vena cava. The transformation of droxicam into piroxicam takes place in the gastrointestional tract. A pharmacokinetic test to compare the plasma levels of piroxicam obtained in rat and dog was then made after oral administration of droxicam and piroxicam. In both animal species the oral absorption of droxicam was not dose-related. However, droxicam given at therapeutic doses (0.2-0.3 mg/kg) was bioequivalent to piroxicam. The elimination half-life of piroxicam after oral administration of droxicam and piroxicam was 8 +/- 2 h in the male rat, 27 +/- 12 h in the female rat and 38 +/- 18 h in the male dog, whilst the half-life of oral absorption of piroxicam did not vary from one animal species to another. In the case of droxicam, however, this value was higher than that after oral administration of piroxicam, as a consequence of the process of transformation of droxicam into piroxicam. It is concluded that droxicam is a prodrug of piroxicam with a slower rate of absorption, but with the same bioavailability within the range of therapeutic doses. PMID- 3762267 TI - The influence of anaesthesia on plasma spermidine concentration and renal excretion in rats. AB - Anaesthesia with ether or a mixture of fentanyl and fluanisone diminished the clearance of infused spermidine from plasma in WAG/Rij rats considerably. The renal excretion of infused spermidine in unanaesthetized animals was only very small. The diminished plasma clearance of infused spermidine in anaesthetized animals therefore cannot be explained by loss of renal excretion. PMID- 3762268 TI - Intraerythrocyte sodium concentration in black families with and without hypertension. AB - Blood pressure and intraerythrocyte sodium and potassium concentration were investigated in 59 male inhabitants of an urban quarter of Kinshasa, aged 10 years and older. Two subjects were excluded because they were on antihypertensive treatment. Seventeen subjects were normotensive with both parents normotensive (group 1); 9 subjects were normotensive with at least one hypertensive parent (group 2); 5 subjects were untreated hypertensives (group 3) and 26 subjects could not be classified (group 4). Systolic pressure and intraerythrocyte sodium concentration (expressed in mmol/1 cells) were significantly higher in normotensive subjects with a positive family history of hypertension (group 2) than in normotensive males of comparable age, weight and height, born to normotensive parents (group 1). Untreated hypertensives (group 3) were older and their intraerythrocyte sodium concentration was higher in comparison to normotensives without positive family history of hypertension. The intraerythrocyte potassium concentration did not differ significantly among groups 1, 2 and 3. When the first three groups of participants, or all the subjects with the exclusion of treated hypertensives, were considered, no relationship could be demonstrated between the level of blood pressure and the intraerythrocyte sodium and potassium concentration. It can be concluded that parental hypertension in normotensive African blacks is associated with increased intraerythrocyte sodium concentration. PMID- 3762269 TI - Assessment of the hemodynamic response to single passive head up tilt by non invasive methods in normotensive subjects. AB - The hemodynamic response to passive upright tilt in thirty-five normal subjects was assessed by combined electrocardiography, differentiated electrical impedance cardiography, phonocardiography and non-invasive blood pressure measurement. The increase in transthoracic impedance and decrease in estimated stroke volume were accompanied by a cardio-acceleratory and vasopressor response. The increase in heart rate did not compensate for the decrease in estimated stroke volume and the estimated cardiac output decreased. Diastolic and mean blood pressure, however, increased. The relative systolic time interval was largely increased. Most of these changes returned to base-line on resuming the supine position. This test procedure and the non-invasive methods used offered a suitable setting for the within-subject assessment of postural changes in cardiovascular function. Certain methodological aspects were found to affect the interpretation of the impedance cardiographic data. Pre-systolic low amplitude-high velocity changes in transthoracic impedance, especially when occurring in conditions where strict respiratory control cannot be sustained, can complicate the delineation of the systolic time intervals and the correction of respiration-related fluctuations in the signal's base-line. One further subject is presented with imminent syncope on tilting, in order to highlight this intrinsic but unpredictable morbidity as a limiting factor in the application of this study procedure. PMID- 3762270 TI - [Preoperative staging of rectal cancer with computer tomography]. PMID- 3762271 TI - [Unwanted sequelae of irradiation in the intestinal tract--pathogenesis, diagnosis, therapy]. AB - The therapy of irradiation sequelae in the intestinal tract is still problematic. Within the period from 1967-1984 285 patients have been treated for late radiation injuries of the intestine. Our experiences are demonstrated and discussed with reference to the literature. Specific topics are: pathogenesis, clinical problems and aspects of conservative and operative treatment. PMID- 3762273 TI - Morbid obesity--surgical treatment--when and how? PMID- 3762272 TI - [Selective proximal vagotomy in the treatment of duodenal ulcer. Analysis of clinical results up to the 10th postoperative year]. AB - 807 patients with a duodenal ulcer were treated by a selective proximal vagotomy. Low inter- and postoperative complication rates led to a total mortality of 0.2%. Due to the maximum postoperative control the probability of suffering from a recurrent ulcer is 22.7%. Postoperative functional complaints appeared in 8-19% without the necessity of invasive treatment. A satisfactory result of the therapy was achieved in 73%. The clinical relevance of the analysis of gastric juice has to be discussed. A special emphasis was put on the description of frequency of follow-up examinations, the key of each clinical study. PMID- 3762274 TI - [Drug side effects on the nasal mucosa and sense of smell]. AB - Several drugs may induce pathologic changes of the nasal mucosa, especially at a long-term treatment. The clinical appearance of an allergic or vasomotoric rhinopathy, a chronical hyperplastic or an atrophic rhinitis, hemorrhagic changes of the mucosa with the incidence of epistaxis or smelling disorders may be caused by several drugs. The ENT-specialist, therefore, should always take in consideration the various drugs, which the patient received but mostly have been prescribed by another doctor. PMID- 3762275 TI - [Osteosynthesis in cranial and midfacial skull fractures]. AB - From 1982 to 1985 65 patients with a fracture of the cranial and middle portion of the visceral skull underwent surgical reconstruction using mini-plate osteosynthesis (Champy set). In this group we can distinguish four typical fractures where plate osteosynthesis with functional stability has proved successful (e.g.: piece fracture of the inferior margin of the orbita, bursting fracture of the zygomatic bone, impression fracture of the anterior wall of the frontal sinus, comminuted fracture of the interorbital region). The technical details of surgery are given special emphasis and possible complications are discussed. PMID- 3762276 TI - [Adenocarcinoma of the nose as an occupational disease]. AB - Adenocarcinoma of the nose and of the paranasal sinuses occurring in employees in the wood processing industry is recognized as an occupational illness in Great Britain and France. This report illustrates a case of adenocarcinoma which has also been recognised and compensated by the responsible trade association. The article draws attention to this disease and to the responsibilities of the ENT specialist. PMID- 3762277 TI - [Histologic changes in the epithelium of the respiratory mucosa of the lower turbinates following argon laser strip carbonization in vasomotor rhinitis]. AB - The histological findings after argon-ion-laser-carbonization on the respiratory mucosa of the lower turbinates in vasomotor rhinitis are described directly after laser treatment and 6 years later. The laser surgical procedure without bleeding, the reduction of swelling of the lower turbinates, a slight diminishing of secretion, a significantly better nasal ventilation are demonstrated by the histological findings. The main characteristic histological findings are: a cuneiform laser lesion extending deep into the tissue to the venous plexus, four different typical tissue layers immediately after laser treatment, centrally the carbonization zone surrounded by a coagulation zone and next to this a honeycombed zone surrounded by a very small oedematous zone. Healing of the laser lesion is always complete. First of all, a squamous epithelium with subepithelial fibrosis and hypertrophy of the muscle cells in the venous plexus are seen. Half a year after laser carbonization metaplasia of the stratified squamous epithelium into pseudostratified cylindrical ciliated epithelium is seen. Occasionally, small islands of stratified squamous epithelium are visible. PMID- 3762278 TI - [Phoniatric aspects in the rehabilitation of patients with cochlear implants]. AB - The method employed in conventional rehabilitation programmes after cochlear implantation is described in detail. A cochlear implant is expected to provide a better acoustic speech discrimination by recognition of prosodic speech elements, such as rhythm, stress, intonation and rudimentary discrimination of phonemes. Furthermore we need to know about the influence of the new auditory control on speech and voice of the deaf. These changes are regularly documented by logopaedic examinations and phonetically adjusted tests. The indication of cochlear implantation in prelingually deaf and in children is discussed. PMID- 3762279 TI - Individual data from the 3M/Vienna extracochlear implant. AB - Five patients who received the 3M/Vienna extracochlear implant were given a standard battery of tests before and after implantation. Pure-tone audiograms, hearing aid evaluation, and promontory threshold and dynamic range stimulation were conducted to evaluate implant candidacy and to determine whether a particular patient met the criteria for inclusion in the study. Speech reading tests were also given before implantation. Postimplantation testing consisted of thresholds and tolerance levels for pure tones and speech reading with and without acoustic stimulation. Tests on environmental sounds, speech discrimination, and word discrimination were scored. Minimal Auditory Capabilities (MAC) Battery scores were determined on MAC, I, II, IV, V, VII, VIII, and XII subtests over several time intervals (sessions). The hearing results varied greatly among patients. All five patients expressed satisfaction and are presently wearing their units. PMID- 3762280 TI - Light dosimetry in animal models: application to photodynamic therapy in otolaryngology. AB - Photodynamic therapy (PDT) for treatment of head and neck cancer uses a photoactive compound that is illuminated with 630 nm (red) light. The effectiveness of PDT depends on the penetration of light into tissue that is both tissue and wavelength dependent. The characterization of the optical properties of an animal oral mucosa and skin has been done to determine the amount of light below these tissues available to be used for photodynamic therapy. The tissue absorbance of visible light from 400 nm to 700 nm has been determined in vitro for hamster check pouch mucosa and for athymic mouse skin. The pattern of absorbance is similar for both tissues and demonstrates greater transmission at the longer wavelengths. The diffuse transmittance of light in vivo for these animal models was measured with an interstitial fiberoptic probe. At 630 nm the diffuse transmittance for nude mouse skin averages 10% of the incident light energy, and that for the hamster mucosa almost 50% of the incident light energy. PMID- 3762281 TI - Extended experimental and preliminary surgical findings with autologous fibrin tissue adhesive made from patients own blood. AB - A surgical tissue adhesive can be made from the patient's own blood. We have been refining the procedures for manufacturing autologous fibrin tissue adhesive to facilitate its use in the operating room and to increase its bonding strength. Fibrin tissue adhesive efficacy depends on fibrinogen concentration. We found that fibrinogen precipitation using the ammonium sulfate method produced the highest concentration. Bonding power was compared with that of the commercial glue 10 minutes and 30 minutes after glueing two pieces of 1 X 1 cm2 human dura together. Bonding strength of the autologous product was close to that of the commercial product. Comparisons of fibrinolysis inhibition time of autologous fibrin tissue adhesive and commercial glue in experiments on rats over a period of one hour to six days after subcutaneous injection are described. PMID- 3762282 TI - Indications for tracheoesophageal puncture speech rehabilitation. AB - Many methods of speech rehabilitation after total laryngectomy have been attempted and abandoned. As experience increased with the tracheoesophageal puncture technique, we found it to be a reliable and reproducible form of speech rehabilitation when certain criteria are met. This study reviews our experience and analyzes the reasons for failure in those populations. Factors analyzed include the evidence of hypopharyngeal stenosis, patient education, XRF, and the flanged prosthesis versus the nonflanged prosthesis. The indications for this type of speech rehabilitation procedure are presented based on our findings. PMID- 3762283 TI - The effect of tracheostomy on posterior cricoarytenoid muscle. AB - It has been reported previously that the amount of electromyographic (EMG) potential of the posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) decreases after prolonged tracheostomy. It is, therefore, reasonable to assume that a significant alteration of the biochemical characteristics of this muscle would also occur. In addition to histochemical analysis, endoscopic and EMG data were recorded to give a direct comparison in each subject. Seven male beagles were used for this study. Four were tracheostomized and three served as controls. They were examined immediately before and after surgery and again after 4 weeks by EMG and endoscopic techniques. Histochemical staining was performed on each subject. All three modalities failed to demonstrate a substantial difference between the controls and the experimental dogs. PMID- 3762284 TI - Long-term effects of multichannel cochlear implant usage. AB - A major concern regarding multichannel (multi-electrode) cochlear prosthesis usage has been the possibility of long-term deleterious physiological effects such as the degeneration of spiral ganglion cells, neuronal degeneration, and new bone formation. These effects, if present, would become evident in the deterioration of hearing sensation and performance of the cochlear implant recipient on a battery of audiologic tests. To date, five patients using the Australian multi-electrode multichannel cochlear implant have undergone a 1-year evaluation of the device. The assessment includes a check of electrical threshold and comfort levels for each electrode, sound field pure tone and speech thresholds, the MAC battery, vowel and consonant recognition tests, and speech tracking tasks. All results were compared to those obtained postoperatively following stimulation and a 3-month training period. Results to date have shown no deterioration in implant functioning in all patients tested. Periodic extensive monitoring of all implant recipients is advocated in order to evaluate the possibility of long-term effects. PMID- 3762285 TI - Blood transfusions in surgery of the larynx and neck. AB - Effective utilization of blood and blood products is an important consideration in elective surgical procedures. A cost-effective process will maintain availability to the general population while supplying reasonable surgical needs. Removing stored blood from the general pool strains these resources and drastically increases cost. To establish the first clinical model of study and to better predict blood requirements for elective surgery of the larynx and neck, medical records of 137 consecutive patients who underwent laryngeal surgery from January 1, 1981 to June 30, 1984 were reviewed. All patients had one or a combination of one of the following: radical neck dissection, total laryngectomy, hemilaryngectomy, and/or supra-glottic laryngectomy. Data analyzed included estimated allowable blood loss, estimated intraoperative blood loss, as well as preoperative and postoperative blood hemoglobin concentrations. Actual blood utilization was adjusted for individual patient need, and recommendations for appropriate blood screen and crossmatch were derived for each of the above surgical procedures. It was concluded that blood availability for the individual patient is best assessed by the surgeon. PMID- 3762286 TI - Olfactory evoked potentials in the rat. AB - Routine clinical assessment of the integrity of the olfactory pathway using olfactory evoked potentials remains an elusive goal. One important difficulty arises from the uncertainty of the exact origin of the potentials: are they produced by olfactory or trigeminal elements? To resolve this problem, an animal model using the rat was developed. Amylacetate was used as an odorant stimulus, and potentials were measured and computer averaged after elimination of trigeminal and vomeronasal activity. A positive-negative wave was recorded from the olfactory bulb surface, and a negative wave often followed by a positive wave was recorded from the surface of the cerebral cortex. Measurements from the scalp surface gave comparable results. Lesioning experiments of the olfactory pathway indicate that the evoked potentials recorded at the vertex originate in the ventral forebrain, specifically in the prepyriform cortex, olfactory tubercle, and anterior olfactory nucleus. PMID- 3762287 TI - Hypertension, hyperlipoproteinemia, chronic noise exposure: is there synergism in cochlear pathology? AB - The purpose of this research is to establish in laboratory animals whether a relationship exists among noise exposure, hypertension, and hyperlipoproteinemia. A discussion of the historical background leading to this work is presented. Previous investigations dealing with each of the three variable, noise, hypertension, and hyperlipoproteinemia, as they relate to hearing, are discussed. Methodology, including new methods developed during this study, will be presented. Results support the concept that a significant relationship does exist among noise, hypertension, hyperlipoproteinemia, and hearing loss. PMID- 3762288 TI - Major salivary gland tumors: treatment results and prognostic factors. AB - A retrospective review of 133 patients with major salivary gland carcinomas treated between 1955 and 1981 is presented. The majority of cases (104) originated in the parotid gland. The most common histological type was mucoepidermoid carcinoma (39 cases). Tumor-free interval was longest for patients with acinic cell and mucoepidermoid carcinomas. In contrast, adenoid cystic carcinoma was poorly controlled, regardless of the form of treatment. Initial control of primary major salivary gland tumors was inversely related to the presence of disease at the surgical margins. In cases with microscopic or gross disease at the surgical margins, postoperative radiation therapy controlled the tumor locally in 18 of 26 patients (69%). Postoperative radiation therapy was generally used only in cases with high-grade histologies, advanced stages, or positive surgical margins. Of the patients treated with surgery alone, 53% achieved local control, as compared to 75% of the group which received postoperative radiation therapy. Although the difference was not statistically significant, we would have expected the combined therapy group to have a lower control rate due to more advanced disease. There was a low salvage rate (22%) and a high incidence of distant metastasis (60%) in recurrent cases. The data indicates that complete surgical resection results in the best local control, with or without adjuvant radiation. When the surgical margin is inadequate and re excision not possible, adjuvant radiation therapy appears to have a role to optimize local control and survival. PMID- 3762289 TI - Prognostic implications of perineural spread in squamous carcinomas of the head and neck. AB - The occurrence and prognostic implications of perineural spread were examined in 239 patients with mucosal squamous carcinomas of the head and neck. Perineural spread was demonstrated in resections from 64 patients (27%), the majority having primary tumors at one of three sites: buccal cavity, larynx, and pharynx. Perineural spread near nodal metastases was uncommon. There was no evidence that perineural involvement was more commonly associated with large tumors or less differentiated ones. No association was established between perineural spread and coexistent lymph node deposits in the surgical resections. Perineural spread was, however, shown to be a statistically significant prognostic factor for an increased incidence of subsequent locoregional recurrence and for decreased survival. PMID- 3762290 TI - Combined rotary door flap and epiglottic laryngoplasty for reconstruction of large laryngotracheal defects in dogs. AB - Reconstruction of large laryngotracheal defects may require simultaneous application of more than one surgical technique. This paper reports the advantages gained by combining epiglottic laryngoplasty with the myocutaneous sternohyoid muscle rotary door flap. The two procedures complement each other in achieving structural and functional rehabilitation of extensive defects in the larynx and trachea. Avoidance of intraluminal stents and use of a tracheostomy procedure that does not require an indwelling cannula have yielded improved results. PMID- 3762291 TI - Customized valve housing. AB - Numerous remarkable advancements have been made in the area of voice prosthetics. A significant, persistent problem, however, has been the development of air leaks around the tracheostome housing. This problem is particularly apparent with patients having deeply recessed, irregular stomas. This paper describes a customized tracheostome valve housing that is fabricated to minimize or alleviate difficulties associated with maintenance of an airtight seal. Our experience with 12 patients revealed that they maintain adequate seals for 72 hours and enjoy the functional benefits provided by the customized housing. PMID- 3762292 TI - Inferior fornix incision for orbital rim and floor fractures. PMID- 3762294 TI - True vocal cord paralysis following entubation. PMID- 3762293 TI - Iatrogenic fenestration of a semicircular canal: a method of closure. PMID- 3762295 TI - Serious misconceptions regarding functional endoscopic sinus surgery. PMID- 3762296 TI - The state of the art in general surgery and surgical oncology. PMID- 3762297 TI - State of the art: head and neck surgery. PMID- 3762298 TI - Laser dermatology--1985. PMID- 3762299 TI - State of the art of otolaryngology. PMID- 3762300 TI - Laser revascularization, 1985: state of the art. AB - Progress in the young field of laser recanalization of occluded arteries and applications in cardiovascular disease to which many investigators have contributed is briefly summarized. Specific problems remaining to be solved are set forth. In conclusion, the author makes a cautious prediction of success for the percutaneous laser catheter within the next 5 years. PMID- 3762301 TI - Lasers in urology. AB - Our 9-year clinical experience with the Nd:YAG laser indicates that the conventional methods of tumor treatment in urology should be considered in urothelial tumors. In benign tumors of the genitalia and in penile cancer, the laser application is superior to all other conventional methods of treatment. Stone destruction by laser-induced shock waves could become very interesting, not only in urinary tract stones but also in gall bladder stones. PMID- 3762302 TI - Neurosurgery: the state of the art. PMID- 3762303 TI - Laser therapy of eye diseases. AB - In the last decade, laser therapy has revolutionized the treatment of eye diseases. In many conditions, it has replaced conventional surgery. In others, it has opened up new avenues for the management of diseases that were considered untreatable before the laser era. Figure 1 summarizes the clinical applications of lasers in ophthalmology. PMID- 3762304 TI - State of the art message: lasers in veterinary surgery. PMID- 3762305 TI - A challenge for the future: our expanding role--technology. PMID- 3762306 TI - Modulation of rat striatal membrane fluidity: effects on age related differences in dopamine receptor concentrations. AB - Rat striatal membrane fluidity and dopamine receptor concentrations were modulated in vitro by ethanol or cholesterol hemisuccinate treatment. In general, available receptor levels are directly proportional to membrane fluidity. However, receptor concentrations remained higher in mature membranes at all levels of fluidity attained. These results suggest that apparent loss of striatal dopamine receptors during aging is not due to membrane sequestration. PMID- 3762307 TI - A physico-chemical comparison of aortic receptors in rat hypertension models. AB - Rat models of genetic hypertension include spontaneous hypertension and resistance or sensitivity to mineralocorticoid and salt induced hypertension. Previously, altered aldosterone binding to corticoid receptor I was found in aortic smooth muscle cells cultured from Fischer 344 rats which are extremely resistant to steroid and salt induced hypertension. The corticoid receptor I of Fisher 344 rats had a lower affinity than that of salt sensitive Wistar-Kyoto controls, as well as spontaneously hypertensive rats and Sprague-Dawley rats. In the present study, we have used DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography to compare the structure (charge properties) and steroid specificity of vascular corticoid receptor I and II sites in these same rat hypertension models. No variations in ion exchange properties of type I and II receptors were found. Together with the lower aldosterone affinity of corticoid receptor I sites in Fischer 344 rats these data suggest an altered binding domain which is not seen as a difference in charge density of the receptor protein by ion exchange chromatography. PMID- 3762308 TI - The effect of chronic alcohol inhalation on blood pressure and the pressor response to noradrenaline and the thromboxane-mimic U46619. AB - Rats were exposed to alcohol vapor for 6 days and the mean blood ethanol concentration (BEC) was obtained for each subject. Blood pressure and its reactivity to noradrenaline and a thromboxane-mimic U46619 were directly measured on day 6 via a catheter implanted in the tail artery of normal and ethanol treated animals. The mean BEC for each subject correlated with mean arterial blood pressure (MAP); an increase in BEC was associated with a decrease in MAP (p less than 0.02). The mean MAP of subjects with BEC less than 168 mg% was 8% higher than normal (not significant), whereas, the mean MAP of subjects with BEC greater than 182 mg% decreased 27 +/- 4% (p less than 0.01). Conversely, the pressor response to U46619 was markedly enhanced (p less than 0.005) in rats with mean BEC greater than 182 mg% at all doses investigated (12.5-3200 ng per rat). Increases in the pressor response to noradrenaline in ethanol-treated rats were significant only when maximally stimulated by 400 and 800 ng doses (p less than 0.03). A 3-fold increase in sensitivity for U46619 was seen in subjects with high mean BEC, however, sensitivity for noradrenaline did not significantly change. Vasoreactivity was not effected in rats with mean BEC less than 168 mg%. These data demonstrate that a moderate mean BEC for 6 days induces a tendency towards a mild hypertension, whereas, high mean BEC induces marked hypotension which is associated with hyperreactivity. Long-term exposure to high blood ethanol concentrations may predispose the alcohol-dependent rats to hypertensive disease and vasospastic disorders, at least partially, as a result of enhanced sensitivity to prostaglandins such as thromboxane. PMID- 3762309 TI - Deuterium isotope effect in acute N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide-induced nephrotoxicity. AB - Deuterium labelling of the succinimide ring of N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl) succinimide (NDPS) markedly reduced the acute nephrotoxicity produced by NDPS administration to Fischer 344 rats. Administration of the deuterium-labelled derivative, NDPS d4, to male Fischer 344 rats failed to produce the marked diuresis, increased proteinuria, glucosuria, hematuria, elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration and kidney weight, decreased basal p-aminohippurate (PAH) accumulation, and proximal tubular necrosis which are characteristic of NDPS induced nephrotoxicity. However, lactate-stimulated PAH and tetraethylammonium (TEA) accumulation were decreased by NDPS-d4 (1.0 mmol/kg). The lack of nephrotoxicity produced by NDPS-d4 suggests that oxidation at the carbon-carbon bridge of the succinimide ring is an important biotransformation step in the generation of the nephrotoxic species of NDPS. PMID- 3762310 TI - Effects of choline augmentation on acetylcholine synthesis and release in rat atrial minces. AB - The uptake and acetylation of [3H]-choline, as well as the calcium-dependent release of a newly synthesized [3H]-ACh, was studied in a new rat atrial mince preparation. The hemicholinium-3-sensitive uptake and acetylation of [3H]-choline increased as [3H]-choline concentrations were elevated to 100 microM in atrial minces. In contrast, hemicholinium-3-sensitive [3H]-choline uptake was saturated with 15 microM [3H]-choline in brain synaptosomes. The increased atrial [3H]-ACh synthesized in the presence of [3H]-choline augmentation was releasable by 50 mM K+-depolarization in a 1 mM cobalt-sensitive manner. These results suggest that atrial parasympathetic activity may be more sensitive to circulating choline concentrations than brain cholinergic neurons are. PMID- 3762311 TI - Induction of metallothionein in a human trophoblast cell line by cadmium and zinc. AB - The induction of metallothionein (MT) in a cell line derived from a malignant trophoblastic tumor (JAr cells) was demonstrated using the Cd/heme radioassay following exposure to Cd or Zn. Cd at an optimal concentration of 1 microM produced a 30-fold increase in MT following a 24 hr incubation. Induction by Cd was both time and dose dependent, with a significant increase in MT noted as early as 3 hr, with levels continuing to increase up to 24 hr. Zn was also quite effective in inducing MT synthesis in this cell line. Exposure to 80 microM Zn for 24 hr produced a 70-fold increase in MT. Although Cd was a more potent inducer of MT, exposure to Zn resulted in a greater magnitude of induction. The magnitude of MT induction in JAr cells was much greater than that seen in cultured trophoblasts from term chorion laeve. The degree of induction seen in this cell line makes it an interesting model for the study of MT's role in trophoblast function. MT induction in trophoblasts may reflect a protective mechanism against heavy metal toxicity and/or an integral aspect of normal zinc homeostasis. PMID- 3762312 TI - Body fat in pregnant rats at mid- and late-gestation. AB - Carcass fat content was estimated in fed 12- and 19-day pregnant rats and fed and 48 hour starved virgin females following both specific gravity determination and direct gravimetry of extracted lipids. No change in body fat accumulation was found in 12-day pregnant rats whereas in 19-day pregnant animals it increased significantly. A significant correlation was also found when the percentage of carcass fat was plotted against specific gravity considering values from all subjects. Results indicate that in spite of reported maternal anabolic changes in the rat at midgestation fat accumulation occurs later in pregnancy when the mother has the highest food intake, which makes available sufficient substrates to support both fetal growth and body lipidic deposition. PMID- 3762313 TI - The analgesia produced by food deprivation in 4-month old, 14-month old, and 24 month old rats. AB - The analgesia produced by 24 hr of food deprivation was examined in 4-mo, 14-mo, and 24-mo old rats. To assess opioid and hormonal involvement in food deprivation induced analgesia, different groups of rats from each age group were injected with naltrexone (7 mg/kg), dexamethasone (0.4 mg/kg), or equivolume saline. Results revealed that food deprivation produced an equivalent analgesic response in each saline-treated age group. Also, naltrexone and dexamethasone were equally potent in blocking food deprivation induced analgesia in each age group. These results demonstrated that food deprivation activates an endogenous opioid mediated analgesic system that involves hormonal factors and that this system does not change in function with increasing age. PMID- 3762314 TI - Identification of M2 muscarinic receptors in membranes from bovine cerebral basal arteries. AB - Muscarinic receptors were identified in membrane preparations from bovine cerebral arteries by the specific binding of [3H]-quinuclidinyl benzilate. The total amount of binding sites is relatively high: 1.5 pmol/mg protein, as compared to 0.91 pmol/mg for bovine cerebral cortex and 0.08 pmol/mg for heart muscle. In this study we show that the majority of these sites correspond to M2 receptors: 84% of the sites display low affinity for pirenzepine. In addition, GTP causes a rightward shift and steepening of the carbachol competition binding curve. In the presence of GTP, the alkylating reagent N-ethylmaleimide causes a 28-fold increase of the affinity for carbachol. This phenomenon is also observed on bovine heart membranes where muscarinic receptors are known to be of the M2 type. In contrast, muscarinic receptors in cerebral cortex, predominantly of the M1-type, show only a 4-fold increase in agonist affinity by N-ethylmaleimide. These findings suggest that the ability of N-ethylmaleimide to modulate the agonist affinity is an additional criterion for the characterization of muscarinic M2-type receptors. PMID- 3762315 TI - Genetic influence on increased seizure susceptibility in pregnancy. AB - In previous studies we have reported that flurothyl-induced clonic seizure threshold was significantly reduced in pregnant mice. In the present study eight strains of mice were tested for flurothyl seizure susceptibility during pregnancy in an effort to find one which lacked this trait. Latency to myoclonus, latency to clonus, and the interval between these seizures were measured. Two inbred strains, A/Ibg and BALB/cByJ, were resistant to the pregnancy-associated increase in seizure susceptibility. These strains will be used, along with others which show the increased seizure trait, to investigate the neurochemical mechanisms which underlie the increased seizure susceptibility in pregnancy. PMID- 3762316 TI - Capsaicin effects on stress pathology and gastric acid secretion in rats. AB - The effects of capsaicin on stress ulcer formation, plasma corticosterone levels and gastric acid secretion were examined in rats. Capsaicin desensitization did not affect restraint stress ulcer formation but was associated with markedly elevated corticosterone levels, even in non-stressed rats. Acute, orally administered capsaicin augmented ulcer formation only if its administration was followed immediately by restraint stress. Delays of 1, 2, or 3 h between drug administration and stress produced ulceration comparable to control values. Capsaicin did not affect basal (non-stimulated) gastric acid secretion but substantially decreased pentagastrin-stimulated acid output. PMID- 3762317 TI - Dihydropyridine calcium antagonists depress the amplitude of the plasma melatonin cycle in baboons. AB - An investigation into the effects of verapamil and some dihydropyridine derivatives on plasma melatonin levels was undertaken in baboons. In a number of separate experiments, groups of young male chacma baboons (mean body weight 13 kg) received intraperitoneal injections of the drugs, under ketamine anaesthesia, roughly 30 minutes prior to the following time points: 1200, 1800, 0000, 0200, 0600 and 1200 h. Lights went off at 1800 h and came on at 0600 h. The drugs used, and their respective dosages (expressed per kg body mass), were verapamil up to 4 mg/kg, nifedipine at 0.2 mg/kg, nitrendipine at 0.5 mg/kg and nisoldipine at 0.1 mg/kg. Blood samples, taken at the said time points, were assayed for melatonin. The nighttime peak of the plasma melatonin cycle was significantly depressed by all three dihydropyridine calcium antagonists (up to 40%), while verapamil, even at the relatively high total dose of 24 mg/kg per day, had no significant effect on the circulating plasma melatonin levels. PMID- 3762318 TI - Quantitation of total MHPG in the rat brain using a non enzymatic hydrolysis procedure. Effects of drugs. AB - An acid-catalyzed procedure has been used to hydrolyze MHPG-sulfate in homogenates of rat brain. The samples (in 0.4 mol/L perchloric acid) are treated for 3 min. at 100 degrees C in a water bath and aliquots are injected into a reversed phase HPLC system. Detection is achieved fluorimetrically. The absolute detection limit for MHPG is 150 pg, which allows the reliable determination of either free or total MHPG in rat brain in concentrations down to 15 ng/g, using the described procedure. The concentration of total MHPG found in the brains of saline-treated rats are 101 +/- 21 ng/g (mean +/- S.D.) which is in a good accordance with the concentration value for the same samples obtained using a GC MS method (115 +/- 19 ng/g). Rats treated with clonidine (300 micrograms/Kg, i.p.) or yohimbine (10 mg/Kg, i.p.) showed brain concentrations of total MHPG of 68 +/- 22 ng/g and 299 +/- 85 ng/g, respectively. The utility of this method for the analysis of brain regions or brain nuclei (e.g. locus coeruleus) is also shown. PMID- 3762319 TI - A high cholesterol/cholate diet induced fatty liver in spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - A high cholesterol diet was found to induce fatty liver in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Although cholesterol ester and triacylglycerol accumulated in large amounts in liver, the increases of these lipids in plasma were relatively small and no increase in cholesterol and cholesterol ester was observed in aorta. In rats fed normal diet, plasma cholesterol ester mainly consisted of arachidonate species; however, oleate and linoleate esters became the most prominent species in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. The amounts of oleate and linoleate at the 2-position of phosphatidylcholine in both plasma and liver were increased slightly, but the fatty acids of aorta lipids changed little by feeding a high cholesterol diet. These results indicate that the livers of rats fed the high cholesterol diet do not secrete cholesterol ester and triacylglycerol with altered fatty acids as rapidly as they are synthesized and that the increased levels of cholesterol oleate in liver and plasma are not directly correlated with atherogenic lesions under these conditions. PMID- 3762320 TI - Substrate specificity of lysosomal cholesteryl ester hydrolase isolated from rat liver. AB - The effect of various physicochemical forms of substrate on the activity of acid cholesteryl ester hydrolase isolated from rat liver lysosomes was studied. The amount of sodium taurocholate was varied in the substrate mixture which contained constant amounts of egg phosphatidylcholine (PC) and cholesteryl oleate. The resulting substrate forms produced were PC vesicles, PC vesicles with incorporated sodium taurocholate, mixed micelles, and mixed micelles together with free bile salt micelles. Gradually increasing amounts of sodium taurocholate activated cholesteryl oleate hydrolysis until the molar sodium taurocholate/PC ratio of ca. 0.6; thereafter hydrolytic activity decreased rapidly. The presence of sodium taurocholate micelles clearly inhibits cholesteryl oleate hydrolysis. We therefore propose that the activation observed at low bile salt concentrations depends on bile salt interaction with the substrate vehicle, whereas the inhibition observed at high bile salt concentrations depends on sodium taurocholate interacting with the enzyme. When comparing different phospholipid components in the supersubstrate, the enzyme activity was highest in the presence of dioleoyl PC and decreased when present with dipalmitoyl PC and egg PC. Egg lysoPC completely inhibited the enzyme activity. A net negative charge on the surface of the vesicle substrate increased cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity while a net positive charge on the surface inhibited the enzyme activity. Only part of the product inhibition of cholesteryl oleate hydrolase caused by Na oleate was reversible when tested with bovine serum albumin present in the incubation mixture. PMID- 3762321 TI - Evidence that cholesteryl ester hydrolase and triglyceride lipase are different enzymes in rat liver. AB - Studies on intracellular cholesteryl ester hydrolase (CEH) and triglyceride lipase (TGL) from rat adipose tissue and adrenal cortex have suggested that a single protein is responsible for both activities. To determine whether one hepatic protein catalyzes both reactions, we studied several properties of CEH and TGL in rat liver. During liver perfusion with heparin, perfusate peaks of TGL and CEH did not consistently coincide, and TGL activity was considerably higher and less heat-stable than that of CEH. Significant TGL, but not CEH, activity was released during incubation of isolated hepatocytes. Although microsomes isolated from hepatocytes contained both activities, the specific activities of CEH and TGL in cytosol from hepatocytes were 95% and 3%, respectively, of those found in cytosol from whole liver. Preincubation of liver cytosol with 5 mM Mg2+ decreased CEH, but not TGL, activity. Intracellular CEH and TGL activities were completely separated by prep-disc gel electrophoresis. Finally, both cytosolic and microsomal TGL, but not CEH, activities were inhibited by antiserum against rat hepatic TGL. We conclude that extracellular TGL does not have CEH activity and intracellular CEH differs from TGL. PMID- 3762322 TI - Mass spectra of fatty acid derivatives, of isopropylidenes of novel glyceryl ethers of cod muscle and of phenolic acetates obtained with the Finnigan MAT Ion Trap Detector. AB - The applicability of the Finnigan MAT Ion Trap Detector (ITD) mass spectrometer for structure determination in some selected fatty acids and their derivatives has been investigated. Isopropylidene derivatives of novel glyceryl ethers isolated from cod flesh and of phenolic acetates are included to indicate the potential for diverse structures and to clarify the protonation of ions. The ITD is a simple and unsophisticated gas liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer, but the spectra obtained are in most respects comparable to those from more conventional electron impact mass spectrometers. However, due to the comparatively high background pressure (approximately 10(-3) torr) in the ionization chamber of the ITD, there is a tendency for both neutral and ionized molecules to acquire protons from other molecules or fragments through collision. In many cases, the molecular ion was observed as the protonated molecular ion (M + 1), as in chemical ionization mass spectrometry. These interactions can be minimized if the sample load is decreased. Phenolic acetates exhibit not only protonation of the molecular ion, but also protonation of stable fragmented neutral molecules or ions. PMID- 3762323 TI - Differences in the long chain (sphingoid) base composition of sphingomyelin from rats bearing Morris hepatoma 7777. AB - The long chain bases of sphingomyelin from Morris hepatoma 7777 and host and control livers were analyzed by capillary gas liquid chromatography. Sphingosine (18:1) was the major long chain base of control livers (66.5%) and hepatomas (65.6%), but hepatomas also had a high percentage (9.3 vs 4.4) of the 16:1 homolog. Host liver had the most unusual long chain base composition, with ca. equal 16:1 (24.4%) and 18:1 (21.4%) and high amounts of 20-carbon bases (9.2% 20:0 and 15.3% 20:1). These differences may be related to the aberrant fatty acid metabolism known to occur in tumor-bearing animals. Such large perturbations in the long chain base composition of hepatic sphingomyelin are unprecedented and could have a major impact on the properties of host membranes. PMID- 3762324 TI - Effects of purines on human and rat plasma lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase activity. PMID- 3762325 TI - Reaction of thiobarbituric acid with saturated aldehydes. AB - The reaction of thiobarbituric acid (TBA) with saturated aldehydes, i.e., 1 butanal, 1-hexanal and 1-heptanal, produced a 455-nm yellow and a 532-nm red pigment. Formation of the pigments depended on the reaction conditions. The yellow pigment was unstable in the presence of excess amounts of the saturated aldehydes. The red pigment was formed only when the reaction was performed at a TBA/aldehyde ratio of 1:1 in aqueous acetic acid. Formation of the yellow and red pigments required molecular oxygen. The colorless adducts, intermediates for the yellow and the red pigments, were isolated from the reaction mixtures. Aldol condensation and dehydration of 2 mol of the saturated aldehydes initially gave the alpha, beta-unsaturated aldehydes, which in turn reacted with TBA to form the colorless adducts, pyranopyrimidine derivatives. The adducts were then converted into the yellow and red pigments under aerobic conditions. PMID- 3762326 TI - Distribution of hexadecenoic, octadecenoic and octadecadienoic acid isomers in human tissue lipids. AB - The trans 16:1, 18:1 and 18:2 fatty acid composition of various human organ lipids was studied to determine if isomers accumulated in specific tissues. "Trans" isomers are defined as those fatty acids containing one or more trans double bonds. Adipose, kidney, brain, heart and liver tissue lipids were analyzed. Gas chromatography with a 100-SP2560 capillary column was used to characterize the various positional and/or geometrical isomers. The distribution of trans 16:1 and 18:1 isomers ranged from 0.3% in the brain to 4.0% in adipose tissue, while trans 18:2 isomers ranged from 0.0% in the brain to 0.4% in adipose tissue. No trans 18:3 isomers were detected. Positional isomer ratios for cis 16:1 (delta 9 vs delta 7) and cis 18:1 (delta 11 vs delta 9) were also determined. Since these ratios are reproducible from one individual to the next, they might be useful for diagnosis of human metabolic disorders. PMID- 3762327 TI - Accumulation of surfactant phospholipids in lipid pneumonia induced with methylnaphthalene. AB - Lipid analyses were carried out on the lungs of female B6C3F1 mice treated with methylnaphthalene. Cholesteryl ester, which could not be detected in lungs of control animals, was present in lungs of treated animals. Cholesterol and dipalmitoylglycerophosphocholine (DPPC) content was increased about five times in lungs of treated mice compared with control mice, and the content of a minor phospholipid was increased six times. The latter phospholipid was purified by high performance liquid chromatography and identified as phosphatidylglycerol by thin layer chromatography and by fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry. Both DPPC and phosphatidylglycerol are known to be pneumonal surfactants produced from type II pneumocytes. Therefore, the accumulation of these lipids in lung tissue was assumed to be caused by the proliferation of type II cells induced by the administration of methylnaphthalene. The results provide important information concerning the underlying mechanism of endogenous lipid pneumonia in mice. PMID- 3762329 TI - Rat hepatocyte plasma membrane acyl:CoA synthetase activity. AB - The presence of long chain acyl:CoA synthetases in mammalian microsomes and mitochondria has been established previously by Aas (Biochim. Biophys. Acta 231, 32-47 [1971] ). The presence of a plasma membrane-associated enzyme was investigated in rat hepatocyte plasma membranes, where an enzyme exhibiting high activity and with a preferred substrate of 18-carbon chain length was discovered. The results are consistent with the presence of a single enzyme. The effect of the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acid substrates was not as pronounced as that arising from the length of the carbon chain. The pattern of substrate preference of the enzyme was omega 3 polyenoic fatty acids greater omega 6 polyenoic acids greater than omega 9 monoenoic acids greater than saturated acids. This may relate to the similar substrate preference pattern exhibited by the fatty acyl desaturase enzymes. The role played by long chain acyl:CoA synthetase in hepatocyte metabolism is uncertain, but it may relate to the incorporation of polyenoic fatty acids from the circulation into cell membranes and the trapping of other fatty acids within the cell for further metabolism. PMID- 3762328 TI - Lipid composition of the membrane released after an in vitro acrosome reaction of epididymal boar sperm. AB - Prior to fertilization, mammalian sperm must undergo the acrosome reaction, which involves modifications of the plasma and outer acrosomal membranes followed by vesiculation and release of the membranes. The membrane fraction that was released from caudal boar sperm undergoing an in vitro acrosome-like reaction was isolated and characterized with respect to density, marker enzymes and lipid composition. This membrane had a lower phospholipid/protein ratio (mg/mg) than the sperm plasma membrane, whereas both membranes had similar molar sterol/phospholipid ratios. The major phospholipid was sphingomyelin, followed by phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine, whereas in the plasma membrane the order was reversed; the two major phosphoglycerides contained alkylacyl and alkenylacyl species in addition to the diacyl species. The released membrane also contained lower amounts of cholesterol sulfate and unsaturated fatty acids than the plasma membranes. These results, in combination with our studies on the changes of the sperm membranes during maturation and acrosome reaction, will allow a better understanding of the mechanism of the sperm acrosome reaction. PMID- 3762330 TI - A hydrophilic bile acid effects partial dissolution of cholesterol gallstones in the prairie dog. AB - Gallstone formation and dissolution were studied in a prairie dog model of cholesterol (CH) cholelithiasis. Gallstones were induced in 49 prairie dogs by feeding 1.2% CH in a nutritionally adequate semisynthetic diet for 6 wk (period 1). At 6 wk, gallstones had developed in all animals examined. The diets were modified by reducing the amounts of CH to 0.4, 0.2, 0.1 and 0.0% (diets 1-4); hyodeoxycholic acid (HDA; 30 mg/kg/day) was added to these diets (diets 5-8). All animals were fed the modified experimental diets for an additional 8 wk (period 2). At week 14, spontaneous gallstone dissolution had not occurred, even in the groups given no added dietary CH during period 2 (group 4). Addition of HDA to the diet tended to reduce the incidence of biliary CH crystals and the size and number of CH gallstones. Biliary CH remained elevated and the lithogenic indices in all groups were found to be greater than 1.0 at the end of the experiment. Liver and plasma CH levels tended to be lower in the groups fed HDA. In these groups, HDA and 6 beta HDA became the major biliary bile acids. This study demonstrates that HDA achieved partial dissolution of gallstones in bile supersaturated with CH. PMID- 3762331 TI - Fast atom bombardment and tandem mass spectrometry of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylcholine. AB - Fast atom bombardment (FAB) desorption of phosphatidylserine and various phosphatidylcholines produces a limited number of very informative negative ions. Especially significant is the formation of (M-H)- ions for phosphatidylserine, a compound which does not yield informative high mass ions by other ionization methods. Phosphatidylcholines do not yield (M-H)- ions but instead produce three characteristic high mass ions, (M-CH+3)-, [M-HN(CH3)+3]- and [M-HN(CH3)+3-C2H2]-. Both classes of lipids also yield anions attributed to the carboxylate components of these complex lipids. FAB desorption in combination with collisional activation allows for characterization of fragmentation and determination of structural features. Collisional activation of the carboxylate anion fragments from the complex lipids is especially informative. Structural characterization of the fatty acid chain can be achieved as the released saturated carboxylate anions undergo a highly specific 1,4-elimination of H2, which results in the losses of the elements of CH4, C2H6, C3H8 . . . in a fashion entirely consistent with the chemistry of carboxylate anions desorbed from free fatty acids. These CnH2n + 2 losses begin at the alkyl terminus and progress along the entire alkyl chain. Modified fatty acids undergo a similar fragmentation; however, the modification affects the series of CnH2n + 2 losses in a manner which permits determining the type of modification and its location on the fatty acid chain. PMID- 3762332 TI - Absorption and distribution of deuterium-labeled trans- and cis-11-octadecenoic acid in human plasma and lipoprotein lipids. AB - Triglycerides of deuterium-labeled trans-11-, trans-11-cis-11- and cis-9 octadecenoic acid (11t-18:1-2H, 11c-18:1-2H) were simultaneously fed to two young adult male subjects. Plasma lipids from blood samples collected periodically for 48 hr were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The results indicate the delta 11-18:1-2H acids and 9c-18:1-2H were equally well absorbed; relative turnover rates were higher for the delta 11-18-1-2H acids in plasma triglycerides; incorporation of the delta 11-18:1-2H acids into plasma phosphatidylcholine was similar to 9c-18:1-2H, but distribution at the 1- and 2 acyl positions was substantially different; esterification of cholesterol with 11t-18:1 was extremely low; chain shortening of the delta 11-18:1-2H acids was 2 3 times greater than for 9c-18:1-2H; no evidence for desaturation or elongation of the 18:1-2H acids was detected; and a 40% isotopic dilution of the 18:1-2H acids in the chylomicron triglyceride fraction indicated the presence of a substantial intestinal triglyceride pool. Based on our present knowledge, these metabolic results for delta 11-18:1 acids present in hydrogenated oils and animal fats indicate that the delta 11 isomers are no more likely than 9c-18:1 to contribute to dietary fat-related health problems. PMID- 3762333 TI - A relationship between essential fatty acid and vitamin E deficiency. AB - To test whether vitamin E deficiency might influence the course of essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency, Long Evans rats were fed diets containing a marginal amount (1.5% of calories) of 18:2 omega 6 or 18:3 omega 3 fatty acid with complete absence of the other and with or without vitamin E. Vitamin E contents decreased continuously in serum and liver in all rats fed the E-free diets but in the brains of only the rats fed the marginal 18:3 omega 3, E-free diet. It is considered that the vitamin E is cooxidized in the liver with 22:6 omega 3, since this fatty acid is very low in livers of the rats fed the marginal 18:2 omega 6 diet but much higher in livers of the rats fed the marginal 18:3 omega 3 diet. Brain 22:6 omega 3 values are comparable for both groups. The source of 22:6 omega 3 is evidently in the mother's milk, since following weaning there is a precipitous drop in 22:6 omega 3 in serum, liver and carcass of rats on the 18:2 omega 6--containing diet. No significant signs of EFA deficiency were seen in the E-deficient rats. PMID- 3762334 TI - Imprints of virus infection: can paramyxoviruses permanently modify triacylglycerol metabolism? AB - We have examined whether the passage of a paramyxovirus in a cell (BGM, African green monkey kidney) or animal (Swiss mouse) can permanently modify its metabolism. In an in vitro model in which cells had been cured of a measles virus persistent infection, the cells retained the modifications affecting lipid metabolism and composition induced during the infection. In a canine distemper virus mouse model, the same virus-induced modifications were observed in mice after the virus had been eliminated. PMID- 3762335 TI - Substituted judgment: the courts speak for the speechless. PMID- 3762336 TI - Some legal problems in current geriatric psychiatry. PMID- 3762337 TI - The invulnerables/the superchild. PMID- 3762338 TI - Child abuse as precursor to adult abuse of alcohol and drugs. PMID- 3762339 TI - Hotson v. Fitzgerald and others. PMID- 3762340 TI - Adjuvant therapy for breast cancer. PMID- 3762342 TI - Smoking. Part I: Economic and health costs. PMID- 3762341 TI - Today's psychiatry. Bones, ovaries, and anorexia nervosa. PMID- 3762343 TI - The Swiss seat belt law: lessons for the United States. PMID- 3762344 TI - Treating atypical psychiatric disorders with anticonvulsants. PMID- 3762345 TI - New concepts in the management of thyroid nodules. PMID- 3762346 TI - [Combined neutron and gamma-therapy of tongue cancer]. AB - The authors conducted a comparative study of the electivity of various schemes of interstitial therapy with 252Cf of 37 tongue cancer patients with tumors corresponding to the clinical stage T2N0M0. The immediate, short- and long-term results of contact neutron therapy alone, by the conventional scheme of combined therapy and a new method were assessed. Interstitial neutron therapy of a primary tumor was given at the first stage, gamma-beam therapy of a primary focus and regional metastatic zones was given at the second stage. A focal dose of neutron therapy was 3.5 Gy, dose rate 10-14 cGy/h. In 5-6 days neutron therapy was followed by a course of gamma-beam therapy at a focal dose of 40 Gy. The results of the study corroborate the conclusions of clinical radiobiology to the effect that neutron therapy damages cancer cells at the first stage more than gamma rays. This facilitates the process of reoxygenation of tumors and increases general radiosensitivity to subsequent gamma-beam therapy. A mathematical analysis of the patients' survival has shown advantages of this therapeutic method. PMID- 3762347 TI - [Phleboscintigraphy in the diagnosis of diseases of leg veins]. AB - The authors worked out the methods of staged radionuclide phleboscintigraphy and defined its clinical importance for examination of patients with chronic venous insufficiency of the lower limbs using a gamma-chamber without an image synchronized with a moving table. Altogether 26 patients with various forms of lower limb venous insufficiency were examined. A normal phleboscintigram and radionuclide semiotics of the main lesions of the lower limb veins were described. The method of staged radionuclide phleboscintigraphy permits one to obtain a good image of the iliofemoral venous segment and vena cava inferior in minimum radiation exposure and traumatism. PMID- 3762348 TI - [Relation between the yield of chromosome aberrations and the dose during irradiation of human lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo]. AB - The paper is concerned with the counting of aberrant cells and chromosome aberrations in the 1st mitosis in PHA stimulated lymphocytes of the peripheral blood of healthy donors following gamma-beam irradiation in vitro at a dose of 1 5 Gy and in lymphocytes of the peripheral blood and bone marrow of patients with acute leukemia (in remission) after therapeutic whole-body gamma-beam irradiation at a dose of 1.5-5 Gy (doses to the "body center"). After irradiation in vitro and in vivo regression equations for each studied cytogenetic index (percentage of cells with dicentrics, the frequency of dicentrics and dicentrics + centric rings) were the same in form but differed in coefficients. The distribution of dicentrics by cells at all doses was in conformity with Poisson's law. It was shown that the radiosensitivity of the peripheral blood lymphocyte chromosomes in healthy donors and leukemic patients (in remission) was approximately the same. PMID- 3762349 TI - [Effect of x-irradiation on the kinetics of 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine in a tumor]. AB - Within the interval of 0.25-168 h after intraperitoneal administration of 125I iodo-desoxyuridine (IDUR) to mice with inoculated melanoma B-16 or sarcoma-180 the kinetics of a radionuclide label (RL) in both tumors was almost the same; the difference were of quantitative nature only. X-ray radiation resulted in an increase in the radioactivity change rate on the first section of the curves of RL clearance, plotted in semilogarithmic coordinates, in both tumors. Differences in the rates in the study groups of animals irradiated at doses of 2; 10 and 20 Gy and their distinctions from the control group were significant. Proceeding from the modern concept of IDUR metabolism a simple mathematical model has been devised where it is assumed that at the initial moment t = 0.25 h general radioactivity measured in vivo over a tumor, results from radioactivity incorporated in DNA which is constant for each irradiation regimen up to a certain time, and the radioactivity of iodide which is released from the body by the exponential law. A formula has been deduced associating the rate of a decrease in general radioactivity on the first segment of a kinetic curve of RL clearance with the level of the label incorporation in DNA. Thus, the applicability of RL IDUR was shown for establishing the quantitative relations between the proliferative ability of a tumor and an irradiation dose. PMID- 3762350 TI - [125I-iododeoxyuridine in the reaction of experimental tumors to irradiation]. AB - A study was made of the kinetics of 125I-iodo-desoxyuridine clearance after x-ray irradiation of experimental tumors sarcoma-180 and melanoma B-16 at doses of 2, 10, 20 and 40 Gy. Change in the level of radioactive label within the time interval of 0.25-48 h was approximated by exponential function (r2-0.92-0.98) or straight lines on a graph in the semilogarithmic scale. Their inclination angles differed significantly for the above doses. Correlations were obtained between the ratio of the rates of change of radioactivity in the irradiated and control tumors within the interval of 0.25-48 h after the administration of 125I iododesoxyuridine and parameters which characterized growth of the above tumors in various irradiation regimens. The analytical expressions obtained are applicable to quantitative assessment of a tumor response to irradiation. PMID- 3762351 TI - [Comparative effectiveness of metronidazole, hyperglycemia and hyperthermia in irradiation of Ehrlich carcinoma with fast neutrons]. AB - A study was made of a possibility of the modification of the effects of fast neutrons (with the mean energy of about 6 MeV.) by local hyperthermia (HT), short term induced hyperglycemia (STIH) and metronidazole (MZ). The study was conducted in vivo on intramuscularly transplantable ascitic mouse Ehrlich's carcinoma. The dose-effect relationship built up in different time after the day of irradiation, was considered in parallel with the time course of tumor growth; regression curves were obtained using computer. Using the value of 50% tumor growth inhibition and the ratio of areas under the model dose-effect curves as criteria of a degree of modification the authors have come to a conclusion that HT possesses the most noticeable intensifying effect. PMID- 3762352 TI - [Radionuclide evaluation of the intensity of beta-oxidation of fatty acids in the liver during experimental cholestasis]. AB - Scintigraphy following intravenous administration of 0.1% solution of 11-(ortho iodine-131-benzoylamino) undecoic acid to rabbits in experimental cholestasis has shown that the intensity of beta-oxidation of this fatty acid in the liver decreases on the 2nd day of cholestasis. Its biological half-life in the liver significantly increases, at an average, 1.75-fold. On the 3rd day this value changes almost 3 times. The extraction of the acid by the liver changes from the first day of cholestasis. Disturbance of renal function from the 2nd day of cholestasis has been also noted. At the same time no significant differences in the time course of changes in the content of 131I-rose bengal have been detected in 1 and 7 days of cholestasis up to the death of part of the animals. The data obtained indicate a possibility of employing the radionuclide method of investigation of change in the intensity of beta-oxidation of fatty acids with the help of the above compound to assess a degree of hepatocytic affection in cholestasis. PMID- 3762353 TI - [An electrode device for local UHF-hyperthermia and methodological aspects of thermoradiotherapy]. PMID- 3762354 TI - [Devices for the interstitial radiotherapy of cancer of mouth mucosa]. PMID- 3762355 TI - [Radiotherapy of malignant tumors of the maxillofacial region]. PMID- 3762356 TI - [Immediate results of hypoxiradiotherapy of malignant tumors]. AB - The paper represents a comparative analysis of hypoxiradiotherapy of 202 patients with malignant tumors of different sites. A significant decrease (a 3.5-fold) in the number of severe local radiation reactions was noted in hypoxiradiotherapy of cancer of the esophagus, pancreas and metastases of seminoma to the retroperitoneal lymph nodes. A decrease in the number and intensity of general radiation reactions and the absence of pyo-inflammatory complications after radical operations were noted in preoperative large fractionated hypoxiradiotherapy of colon and lung cancer. The general number of radiation reactions was 12% less in hypoxiradiotherapy. Tumor regression after hypoxiradiotherapy did not slow down. Complete or considerable tumor resorption after irradiation against a background of gaseous hypoxia was noted in 74 +/- 7% of the patients and in 65 +/- 7% after radiotherapy alone. Hypoxiradiotherapy alone or before operation should be widely introduced into clinical practice of cancer dispensaries or radiological departments. PMID- 3762357 TI - What is medical education here really like? Suggestions for action research studies of climates of medical education environments. PMID- 3762358 TI - Learning styles in first year medical students. PMID- 3762359 TI - Rethinking faculty development. PMID- 3762360 TI - Teaching medical teachers how to teach in Lagos, Nigeria. PMID- 3762361 TI - Educational relationships. PMID- 3762362 TI - Orthopaedic teaching in United Kingdom medical schools. PMID- 3762363 TI - Management is the name of the game. PMID- 3762364 TI - Health education in medical education: collaboration, not competition. PMID- 3762365 TI - Important pursuit: a board game for health education teaching. PMID- 3762366 TI - Topic selection for the family practice clerkship: a new approach. PMID- 3762367 TI - The aim of the undergraduate medical course. PMID- 3762368 TI - [Possibility of destroying gallstones by pulse YAG-Nd laser radiation using an endoscope]. AB - Four sets of in vitro experiments have been performed to study the effect of pulse YAG-Nd laser inserted into a quartz lightguide on gall-stones and walls of gall ducts. The consistent destruction of stones has been demonstrated no matter what their dimensions and chemical compositions. The method is believed to be safe for clinical usage. PMID- 3762370 TI - [Current potentials and outlook for the use of gas lasers in medicine. Laser surgery]. AB - Gas lasers are now in common use in clinical practice due to such advantages as a wide range of wavelengths, high spatial coherence, diversity of power radiations, and adequate reliability. Continuous CO2 lasers and pulse Cu and CO2 lasers recently produced on the industrial basis offer new opportunities to improve the quality of laser surgical interventions, cutting biological tissues with high blood supply and lower water content (bones, fat, burns, etc.), visceral surgery via endoscopes. Further development of fiberoptic communications with due regard to individual laser spectrum and power is beneficial for expanding the range of medical engineering. PMID- 3762369 TI - [Design and characteristics of a scintillation gamma camera with high spatial resolution and fast response]. AB - The second generation of the scintillation gamma camera gamma KC-2 has been recently produced in lots. Compared to the first Soviet model gamma KC-1 it features advanced spatial resolution, maximum count rate, and image uniformity. A built-in microprocessor controls in real time corrections for distortions thus providing a marked gain in serviceability and expanded diagnostic capacity. PMID- 3762371 TI - [Planning of computerized tomography using an X-ray stereogrammetry method]. AB - X-ray stereogrammetry is used to derive the geometry of optimum body section. Principles and methodology of a trial-and-error technique for X-ray stereogrammetric survey are analysed. Calculations of the optimum slice for one of the clinical situations are presented along with experimental results obtained with a computed tomograph. PMID- 3762372 TI - [Means of enhancing efficiency in operating the RUM-20 and RUM-20M X-ray diagnostic units]. AB - Introduction in clinical practice of X-ray diagnostic sets powered with three phase current PYM-20 and PYM-20M is followed by promoted capital investments in installations for X-ray departments. Hence, more stringent operational requirements should be placed upon new sets as compared to previous models. Based on the economic analysis two main approaches are considered: wide acceptance of multi-purpose X-ray sets commercially produced by the S. U. industry and operation on the two-shift basis. PMID- 3762373 TI - [Current status and major trends in the development of medical laser technology]. PMID- 3762374 TI - [Technical resources for the x-ray diagnostic process]. AB - Systemic approach to X-ray diagnostic process permits improving its efficiency while the quality remains practically unaltered. The process is described as a sum of interrelated operations. The adequacy of the approach has been evidenced by the recent international exhibition "Zdravookhranenie-85". Simplified "Basic Radiological System" appears to hold considerable promise. PMID- 3762375 TI - [Experience in using the Romashka-1 laser surgical unit in treating suppurative wounds]. PMID- 3762376 TI - [Automatic differentiator for a device for determining micturation output]. PMID- 3762377 TI - [A device for clamping instruments during manipulations in the nasal cavity and auditory tube]. PMID- 3762378 TI - [A rule for electrocardiographic calculations]. PMID- 3762379 TI - [A laser endocoagulation unit]. PMID- 3762380 TI - [The ALP-1 apparatus for electrolaser puncture]. PMID- 3762381 TI - [The UUD1 long-wave ultraviolet unit]. PMID- 3762382 TI - A cognitive analysis of number-series problems: sources of individual differences in performance. PMID- 3762383 TI - Logical reasoning, world knowledge, and mental imagery: interconnections in cognitive processes. PMID- 3762384 TI - Intuitive reasoning about abstract and familiar physics problems. PMID- 3762385 TI - Classification of empirically derived prototypes as a function of category experience. PMID- 3762386 TI - Direct retrieval from elaborated memory traces. PMID- 3762387 TI - Discrepancy detection and vulnerability to misleading postevent information. PMID- 3762388 TI - New evidence on the nature of the encoding of action events. PMID- 3762389 TI - Environmental context-dependent recognition memory using a short-term memory task for input. PMID- 3762390 TI - Recency effects in delayed recall of mouthed stimuli. PMID- 3762392 TI - A minimum data set for mental retardation. PMID- 3762391 TI - Word-to-letter inhibition: word-inferiority and other interference effects. PMID- 3762393 TI - Protection and advocacy agencies: national survey of efforts to prevent residential abuse and neglect. PMID- 3762394 TI - Variations in multidisciplinary team composition for identifying children with mental retardation. PMID- 3762395 TI - Reduction of hand mouthing by a boy with profound mental retardation. PMID- 3762396 TI - Validation of a job satisfaction instrument for residential-care employees. PMID- 3762397 TI - Follow-up of adults with mental retardation transferred from large institutions to new small units. PMID- 3762398 TI - Total homocyst(e)ine in plasma and amniotic fluid of pregnant women. AB - Total homocyst(e)ine was determined by the quantitation of protein-bound homocyst(e)ine in the stored plasma and amniotic fluid from 25 pregnant women and in the stored plasma from 17 nonpregnant women. The mean +/- SE of plasma total homocyst(e)ine was 29.8 +/- 2.4 nmol/g protein in pregnant women and 52.4 +/- 3.8 nmol/g protein in nonpregnant women. In contrast, the mean +/- SE of total homocyst(e)ine in amniotic fluid obtained at 16 weeks of gestation was 36.3 +/- 2.9 nmol/g protein. There was a statistically significant difference in the plasma total homocyst(e)ine concentrations from pregnant and nonpregnant women (P less than 0.01). Similarly, there was also a statistically significant difference between plasma total homocyst(e)ine from nonpregnant women and amniotic fluid total homocyst(e)ine (P less than 0.01). These observations suggested that the metabolism of homocysteine to cysteine was more efficient in pregnant women. In addition, the concentrations of total homocyst(e)ine in amniotic fluids were within narrow limits in normal pregnancies. Hence, total homocyst(e)ine concentration might be very valuable as a rapid assessment of fetuses for congenital defects of homocysteine metabolism. PMID- 3762399 TI - Effect of calcium antagonists on reactive hypoglycemia associated with hyperinsulinemia. AB - The clinical usefulness of calcium antagonists was studied in four patients with reactive hypoglycemia including two with alimentary and two with idiopathic. All patients had hyperresponses of plasma insulin (IRI) and C-peptide (CPR) during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). A calcium antagonist (diltiazem 90 mg/d, or nifedipine 30 mg/d, or nicardipine 60 mg/d) was administered orally for about two months. After two months of treatment, plasma IRI and CPR responses during the OGTT were clearly suppressed in all patients and symptomatic reactive hypoglycemia disappeared. One month after the discontinuation of the treatment in two patients, plasma IRI and CPR responses during the OGTT became higher again and symptomatic reactive hypoglycemia recurred. In addition, an intravenous glucose tolerance test was performed before and after two months of the treatment with calcium antagonists in the two patients with reactive hypoglycemia and seven patients with hypertension, who were free from glucose intolerance and were also treated with a calcium antagonist. In these patients, plasma IRI and CPR responses were also reduced after the treatment compared with those before the treatment. These results suggest that calcium antagonists are useful as therapeutic agents for the treatment of reactive hypoglycemia associated with hyperinsulinemia, and that one of the main mechanisms of action of calcium antagonists is a direct action on the pancreatic B-cell to inhibit glucose induced insulin release. PMID- 3762400 TI - Plasma free amino acid values in normal children and adolescents. AB - We measured plasma free amino acids in 52 children (mean age 8 years) and 80 adolescents (mean age 16 years); conditions of diet and time of day were similar in the two groups. The protocols allowed us to compare their interindividual variation with values previously reported by us for adults. In children, the values for all but seven amino acids were normally distributed; in adolescents there were only six exceptions. Effects of age were apparent: values for only two amino acids were higher in children than adolescents. Values were significantly lower for ten amino acids in children v adolescents and for 11 amino acids in younger children (1 to 6 years) v older children (7 to 12 years). An effect of sex was apparent for five amino acids in adolescents; such differences were not apparent in children. All differences were quasicontinuous and occurred within the global distributions that define values for plasma amino acids in normal children and adolescents. Two artifacts (choice of anticoagulant and delay in deproteinization) affected values for taurine and cystine, respectively. PMID- 3762401 TI - Induction and characterization of bovine leukocyte interferon. PMID- 3762403 TI - Procedure for reduction and reoxidation of human leukocyte interferon. PMID- 3762402 TI - Analysis of different forms of recombinant human interferons by high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 3762404 TI - Radioiodination of human alpha interferons by the chloramine T method. PMID- 3762405 TI - A procedure for isolation of alpha interferon genes with short oligonucleotide probes. PMID- 3762406 TI - Procedures for in vitro DNA mutagenesis of human leukocyte interferon sequences. PMID- 3762407 TI - The detection of individual cells containing interferon mRNA by in situ hybridization with specific interferon DNA probes. PMID- 3762408 TI - Enzymatic synthesis of (2'-5')-linked oligoadenylates on a preparative scale. PMID- 3762409 TI - Methods for the synthesis of analogs of (2'-5')-oligoadenylic acid. PMID- 3762410 TI - Procedures for measurement of interferon dimers and higher oligomers by radioimmunoassay. PMID- 3762411 TI - Measurement of the effect of interferons on cellular differentiation in murine and human melanoma cells. PMID- 3762412 TI - Measurement of the effect of interferons on cellular differentiation of human skeletal muscle cells. PMID- 3762413 TI - Measurement of effect of interferons on cloning efficiency of primary tumor cells in culture. PMID- 3762414 TI - Measurement of effect of (2'-5')-oligoadenylates and analogs on protein synthesis and growth of cells. PMID- 3762415 TI - Assay of effect of (2'-5')-oligoadenylate on macrophages. PMID- 3762416 TI - Radioimmunoassay for detection of changes in cell surface tumor antigen expression induced by interferon. PMID- 3762417 TI - Production, preparation, and assay of an antiviral substance from plant cells. PMID- 3762418 TI - Preparation and measurement of an antiviral protein found in tobacco cells after infection with tobacco mosaic virus. PMID- 3762419 TI - Assay of effect of human interferons on tobacco protoplasts. PMID- 3762420 TI - Measurement of effect of (2'-5')-oligoadenylates and analogs on tobacco mosaic virus replication. PMID- 3762421 TI - Isolation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae from apparently healthy pigs reared under intensive and free range systems of management. AB - The carriage of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae by pigs reared under free range and intensive systems of management was compared. Large white (exotic) breeds kept under an intensive system and local (native) breeds kept under a free range system were studied. Of the 29 pigs kept under the intensive system, 44.8% carried E. rhusiopathiae in their tonsils while 51.7% of pigs kept under free range system also carried the organism in their tonsils. In each of the systems 6.9% of the pigs carried E. rhusiopathiae in their bile and muscles. Blood samples from all the animals surveyed were negative for the organism. There was no significant difference in the carriage of E. rhusiopathiae in pigs reared under the two systems of management. The ubiquity of E. rhusiopathiae in the environment, its resistance to environmental influences, poor standards of hygiene and the problem of detecting apparently healthy animals, are possible epidemiological factors which may have increased the carrier rate in the intensive system where E. rhusiopathiae was supposed to be less. The total number of carrier-pigs in the intensive system was 44.8% while in the free range system it was 51.7%. PMID- 3762422 TI - Glyceride synthesis by a cell-bound lipase from Aspergillus niger. AB - A cell-bound lipase from the mould Aspergillus niger was isolated and purified to homogeneity as judged by disc electrophoresis on a Sephadex G-75 column. Molecular weight determination and electrophoretic mobility (Rf value) indicated that the enzyme differed from that secreted extracellularly. The cell-bound lipase showed a higher capacity than the extracellular enzyme for glyceride synthesis, and reacted in an opposite manner in the synthetic reaction compared with the extracellular enzyme. PMID- 3762423 TI - Reduced nerve blood flow in edematous neuropathies: a biomechanical mechanism. AB - Reduced nerve blood flow has been reported in two experimental neuropathies in which edema is an early and significant finding. While the mechanisms of fluid accumulation differed, both resulted in increases of endoneurial fluid pressure up to five times the normal value. As increased endoneurial fluid distends the nerve, the perineurial sheath resists expansion and endoneurial fluid pressure increases. The semirigid perineurium is also a conduit for regional nutritive vessels which provide the greater part of peripheral nerve blood flow. Engineering structural analysis of blood vessels entering the endoneurium suggests that moderate elevations in endoneurial fluid pressure can deform cylindrical vessels in the perineurium into elliptical shapes by creating circumferential elongation and longitudinal compression of the vessels which reduce the cross-sectional area of the lumen. We propose that the pathogenesis of reduced nerve blood flow in edematous neuropathies is linked to the unique structure of the peripheral nerve perineurium and the nerve vasculature, in particular to deformation of anastomotic vessels traversing it. PMID- 3762424 TI - Pressure pulse transmission into vascular beds. AB - Observations at the microcirculatory level have revealed that (a) the pressure pulse reaches the smallest vessel, and (b) the pulse wave velocity alters from a value in the order of meters/second in large arteries to a value in the order of centimeters/second in the microvessels. We investigate, herein, whether these experimental findings are consonant with linear pulse wave transmission theory in a branching system of vessels. Our computations, utilizing available data, show that this is indeed the case. For low frequency (1 Hz), cumulative attenuation is such that about one-third of the pulse, originating at the heart, reaches the capillary. A 10-Hz pulse, however, is virtually completely attenuated by the time the capillary is reached. Transmission time for a pulse, from heart to capillary, is also frequency dependent, with higher frequencies propagating more rapidly. Vasoconstriction, at the arteriolar level in the absence of reflection, can also strongly attenuate the pulse remnant at that site. PMID- 3762425 TI - A theoretical analysis of the effect of the particulate nature of blood on oxygen release in capillaries. AB - A theoretical model is developed to investigate the role played by the particulate (two-phase) nature of blood on oxygen (O2) release in capillary-size vessels. Red cells flowing in single-file suspension through capillaries are modelled as evenly spaced, hemoglobin (Hb)-containing circular particles in a rectangular channel (two-dimensional case) or axisymmetric spheres in a circular tube (three-dimensional case). The model includes the free and Hb-facilitated transport of O2 and Hb-O2 kinetics inside the particles, diffusion of free O2 in the suspending phase, and a specified O2 tension at the capillary wall that drives the release of O2 from the particles as they traverse the capillary. The results are expressed in the form of a capillary mass transfer coefficient, an inverse resistance, that relates the spatial average flux of O2 out of the capillary to a driving force for O2 release. The results indicate that this coefficient depends significantly on particle spacing and clearance (channel size relative to particle size) but not significantly on the O2 tension at the capillary wall nor the eccentricity of the particles in the channel. It is also found that the capillary mass transfer coefficient can be several times smaller (more resistance) than that for a continuous Hb solution releasing O2. As a physiological application of the coefficients obtained, they are combined with a Krogh-type model for tissue, and the resulting analysis suggests that the fraction of total O2 transport resistance that resides inside the capillary is influenced significantly by the discrete nature of blood and can account for 30 to 70% of the total resistance to O2 transport from blood to tissue. PMID- 3762426 TI - Binding and uptake of native and glycosylated albumin-gold complexes in perfused rat lungs. AB - We have examined, by electron microscopy, the effect of glycosylation on binding, uptake, and transport of albumin-gold complexes in capillaries of isolated perfused rat lungs. Lungs were perfused for 2 min at 4 degrees with native and glycosylated albumin-coated gold particles. After the excess probe was washed out for 5 min the lungs were fixed immediately or perfused for 30 and 60 min at 37 degrees with a isoosmotic buffer before fixation. The localization and density of the probes over different microvascular endothelial compartments were determined by electron microscopy. We found that both native and glycosylated albumin were bound to the surface of the pulmonary microvascular endothelium, preferentially over the stomatal diaphragms of luminal smooth-walled vesicles. In both BSA and glycosylated BSA perfusions at 37 degrees, most of the probe was internalized and accumulated in lysosomes and only a few gold particles were observed in the extravascular compartment even after 60 min perfusion. However, binding, internalization, and transport of the protein-gold complexes was enhanced by nonenzymatic glycosylation of albumin. PMID- 3762428 TI - Statistical estimation of parameters in microcirculation. PMID- 3762427 TI - Concentration of plasma albumin in its accessible space in postmortem human dermis. AB - This study was designed to measure the effective concentration of plasma albumin in the interstitial space of human dermis. Discs of tissue taken postmortem from four donors have been separately analyzed for their content of plasma albumin and equilibrated with 125I-labeled monomeric plasma albumin in a specially designed cell which limited tissue swelling. The equilibrated discs and their surrounding fluid were assayed for radioactivity and the tissue space accessible to albumin was calculated after correction for swelling. The albumin content of serum was also measured. The concentration of albumin in the accessible space of the tissue ranged from 0.45 to 0.93 that in serum, averaging 0.68. The fraction of the total interstitial fluid accessible to albumin averaged, for three normal dermises, 0.35 and for an overhydrated specimen, 0.51. Thus, the effect of volume exclusion should be considered in measurements of the concentrations of plasma proteins in tissue. PMID- 3762429 TI - Dependence of permeability on solute concentration: effects due to membrane heteroporosity. PMID- 3762430 TI - A technique to measure the reflection coefficient using endogenous vascular indicators. PMID- 3762431 TI - Regional platelet concentration in blood flow through capillary tubes. AB - Platelet concentration was measured in samples from the various components of a bloodflow circuit, including the reservoir, the tube (with i.d. between 50 and 210 micron), and the discharge. The tube sample was collected by halting the flow and then flushing out a length of tube; thus, this sample collected equally from all radial locations. As the discharge sample was well mixed, it reflected the velocity field in the tube. Each reservoir sample was a traditional bulk collection. To ensure that the results represented the physical effects of flow on regional platelet concentration and could be interpreted with simple mass balance relationships, strong anticoagulation (sodium citrate and heparin) and platelet inhibition (prostaglandin E1) were used. Results for all tube diameters and for reservoir hematocrits from 5.5 to 77% and wall shear rates from 80 to 8000 sec-1 show that tubular platelet concentration is greater than reservoir or discharge platelet concentrations, which are equal. For platelet-rich plasma the tubular platelet concentration is decreased compared to the reservoir or discharge values. Mass balances show that the elevated tubular platelet concentration is due to an excess of platelets in radial locations with below average speeds; coupled with the need for red cells, this suggests that excess platelets have a near-wall location. Nonparametric statistical tests show that wall shear rate is a significant variable at a 0.05 confidence level; inner diameter is not found to be a significant variable, probably because of the limited diameter range studied and the experimental errors involved in determining platelet concentrations. PMID- 3762432 TI - Comparison of quantitative and semiquantitative estimates of nailfold capillary abnormalities in scleroderma spectrum disorders. AB - In this study, 82 photomacrographs of nailfold capillary beds from 60 patients with scleroderma spectrum disorders (scleroderma, undifferentiated connective tissue disease, and dermatomyositis) and from 16 normal controls were analyzed blindly, using both semiquantitative and quantitative methods, to estimate the capillary size and the extent of "avascularity." A good correlation was found between results obtained by the two methods. Defining these semiquantitative classifications in quantitative terms should facilitate comparison of results from different investigators. PMID- 3762433 TI - Transcapillary fluid balance in spontaneously hypertensive rats: autoregulation of capillary pressure. PMID- 3762434 TI - What next? PMID- 3762435 TI - Legal counsel discusses further tort reform. PMID- 3762436 TI - Liability lawmakers detail negotiation process. PMID- 3762437 TI - Why not arbitrate? PMID- 3762438 TI - How will tort reform affect professional liability premiums? PMID- 3762439 TI - What's happening with hospitals? PMID- 3762440 TI - Six major themes: World Conference on Medical Education, 1988: World Federation for Medical Education. PMID- 3762441 TI - Sex misinformation and misconceptions among Chinese medical students in Hong Kong. AB - Sex knowledge and attitudes of 97 Chinese undergraduate medical students were assessed by ratings on a set of belief statements. The results of their responses indicated two salient dimensions of health concern and sex as unclean, reflecting areas of gaps in sex knowledge as well as misconceptions traceable to traditional Chinese beliefs on the association between health and semen. Respondents also reported relying more on the public media than health professionals as a source of sex information. Implications for sex education in general and for medical students in particular are discussed. PMID- 3762442 TI - Test-retest reliability of multiple true-false questions in preclinical medical subjects. AB - It has been suggested that the 'ideal' measure of reliability of an examination is obtained by test and retest using the one examination on the same group of students. However, because of practical and theoretical arguments, most reported reliabilities for multiple choice examinations in medicine are actually measures of internal consistency. While attempting to minimize the effects of potential interfering factors, we have undertaken a study of true test-retest reliability of multiple true-false type multiple choice questions in preclinical medical subjects. From three end-of-term examinations, 363 items (106 of 449 from term 1, 150 of 499 from term 2, and 107 of 492 from term 3) were repeated in the final examination (out of 999 total items). Between test and retest, there was little overall decrease in the percentage of items answered correctly and a decrease of only 3.4 in the percentage score after correction for guessing. However, there was an inverse relation between test-retest interval and decrease in performance. Between test and retest, performance decreased significantly on 33 items and increased significantly on 11 items. Test-retest correlation coefficients were 0.70 to 0.78 for items from the separate terms and 0.885 for all items that were retested. Thus, overall, these items had a very high degree of reliability, approximately the 0.9 which has been specified as the requirement for being able to distinguish between individuals. PMID- 3762443 TI - A cadaver workshop to teach medical procedures. AB - A seminar and workshop were conducted to train students in the indications, techniques and hazards of common diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in general medicine. Cadavers were utilized to teach the techniques of thoracentesis, pleural biopsy, chest-tube insertion, bone marrow biopsy and aspiration, paracentesis, percutaneous liver biopsy and arthrocentesis. The use of cadavers was realistic and provided standardized instruction to each student. The method gave students an opportunity to become familiar with equipment, techniques, indications and hazards of each procedure prior to actual performance. It is readily adapted to a wide variety of additional procedures. PMID- 3762444 TI - Use of a medical 'schema' in facilitating access to understanding in psychology. AB - Cognitive models in psychology suggest that knowledge can only be fully comprehended and recalled within the framework of existing schemata. Two experiments are reported which demonstrate how psychological principles may be taught within the schemata available to preclinical medical students. It is suggested that the provision of appropriate schemata makes psychological knowledge more accessible to medical students, and more easily recalled as they move into clinical practice. Increasing the impact of psychology in this way may also encourage greater interest and integration of the subject in the medical curriculum. PMID- 3762446 TI - Identifying with the patient: an intensive programme for medical students. AB - An intensive programme called 'Hospitalization Week' was developed at the medical school of the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in Israel. The main goal of the programme is to give first-year medical students an opportunity to understand the complexity of the needs and problems of hospitalized patients. To achieve this goal each student accompanies two patients from their arrival at the emergency room throughout their stay in the hospital. The goals and methods of the programme are described and evaluated. PMID- 3762445 TI - Aiding the development of communication skills in medical students. AB - Difficulties with doctor-patient communication continue to be recognized as a major barrier to effective patient care. A fundamental requirement for effective communication has been identified to be an understanding of the patient as an individual, yet most medical students are educationally and socially isolated from their patients and have difficulty in understanding their problems. In an attempt to encourage an understanding of the communication difficulties which follow such ignorance, a simple project was designed for, and conducted by, two groups of medical students during their initial period of clinical contact. Students first estimated the expected level of basic biological knowledge and the likely life-styles of their patients and then compared their estimates with data collected from patients. Students' initial estimates of both knowledge and life style were poor, but improved significantly after data collection and discussion of results. In addition to improving their knowledge, students also recognized the benefit that such understanding could bring to the quality of communication. From these results, it is suggested that similar class exercises could be valuably introduced with minimum effort into the undergraduate curriculum, as the first of a series of steps in the acquisition of effective communication skills. PMID- 3762447 TI - Verbal and non-verbal behaviour of doctors while conveying distressing information. AB - This study was an attempt to gather information on doctors' verbal and non-verbal hand- and speech-related behaviours during interactions involving the conveyance of distressing information. Similarities and differences in verbal/non-verbal communication were identified and described between doctors rated high, medium or low in communication skills. Gender differences were also explored. Statistically significant differences were found among doctors rated high in communication skills on the use of 'Information/advice' and 'Emotional probes'. Differences were also found on the frequency of speech disruptions and hand behaviour patterns. Doctors rated high were less anxious during the interactions as inferred from their hand- and speech-related behaviours. Gender differences on verbal behaviours indicate that 'Emotional probing' and 'Reflection of feelings' were exhibited more frequently by females. On the other hand, no statistically significant differences were found in non-verbal hand- and speech-related behaviours. PMID- 3762448 TI - Community health service planning in the education of medical students. AB - Few medical students gain practical experience in practical epidemiology during their undergraduate years or understand how this science is a prerequisite to decision-making in the health services. In an attempt to overcome this deficit a group of clinical students was asked to measure the incidence of cerebrovascular disease in the Cape Peninsula over a relatively short period in order that rehabilitation facilities could be planned for affected patients. The exercise proved extremely fruitful for both the staff and the students. For the latter it not only met the objectives outlined above but also forced them to enter the community and so gain a perspective of all health services provided. We suggest that this technique, which can be applied to many topics, is a useful way of introducing students to these important concepts. PMID- 3762449 TI - Attitudes of men and women medical students to psychiatry. AB - The attitudes of men and women medical students to psychiatry were compared using an attitude scale, before they began their psychiatry training. Major differences between the sexes were obtained, with the women students consistently displaying more positive attitudes to many aspects of psychiatry. The implications in terms of teaching and recruitment are considered. PMID- 3762450 TI - A scanning x-ray imaging system for quantitative arteriography and blood flow measurements. AB - The authors have developed a new x-ray imaging system for quantitative arterial imaging and blood flow measurements. The system is based on the scanned projection technique and employs an x-ray beam collimated into a fan of radiation and an x-ray image intensifier optically coupled to a 1024-element linear photo diode detector array. The system has two modes of operation: quantitative projection imaging and blood flow measurements. In the first mode of operation, low-noise, quantitative images are obtained by irradiating small regions of interest to minimize the detection of scattered radiation and intensifier tube veiling glare. System performance is optimized by making use of the large dynamic range (8,000:1) and response linearity of the solid-state photo-detector. In the second mode of operation, flow information is obtained by detecting the passage of a small bolus of iodine contrast agent. PMID- 3762452 TI - Digital image management: networking, display, and archiving. AB - The requirements for implementing a radiology imaging network are similar to those for local area networks now being designed for other purposes to manage large data films. A radiology department serving a 500-bed hospital generates about 927 megabytes of digitally formatted data per working day. These data are expected to be on line for the patient's hospitalization period. The retrieval rate of these data among the interactive diagnosis display stations requires data throughput rates of between 2 and 5 megabits per second. This throughput rate requires signaling rates of between 20 and 50 megabits per second. Analog hard copy generation of the images on the network is required by the referring physician for selected images that support the consultation report. Digital laser recorders using paper may be quite satisfactory. Long-term archiving must be low in cost and requires a database scheme capable of managing more than a terabyte of image data. Radiology networks must be required to bridge with other hospital information systems. PMID- 3762451 TI - Adaptive predictive coding with applications to radiographs. AB - Picture archiving and communications systems (PACS) require storage and transmission of vast amounts of data. For design/cost considerations, it is desirable to reduce the size of these data without sacrificing the integrity of the stored information. The major considerations in designing a data-compression scheme for a PACS system are discussed: fidelity of the reconstructed image, bit rate, hardware complexity, and processing time. The basic principles of conventional nonadaptive differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM) are reviewed and compared with adaptive techniques. The effect of adaptive quantization on radiographic images is examined. Special consideration is given to block-adaptive DPCM or the "switched quantizer," which greatly enhances the system performance as compared with nonadaptive techniques, and conservatively has a 5:1 compression ratio. Sample radiographs substantiate the results. PMID- 3762453 TI - Regulated clinical research: the study design. PMID- 3762454 TI - User problems and medical device recalls. PMID- 3762455 TI - Doctors and the sexually-abused child. PMID- 3762456 TI - Measurement of body composition by in-vivo neutron-activation analysis. PMID- 3762457 TI - Experiences and views of general practitioners concerning sexually-abused children. AB - This study aimed to determine the types of clinical experience that general practitioners have had with sexually-abused children, and what practitioners perceive as requirements in the detection and management of sexually-abused children. Subjects were 279 South Australian non-specialist medical practitioners, selected by quasi-random procedures, of whom 76% responded to a postal questionnaire. The number of sexually-abused children ever seen by the 193 doctors who responded averaged 1.2; 54% of the respondents had not seen such cases. In addition to the request for a record of experiences with sexually abused children, the questionnaire included categories on: sources of the respondents' information on sexually-abused children; the respondents' perceived need for more information; an assessment of the adequacy of current treatment services; their attitudes to the legal obligation to report suspected cases to statutory authorities; and the main sources of their hesitation to report. Considerable concern evidently exists among family doctors about their ability to detect and manage cases of sexually-abused children. The reasons for their low reporting rates are discussed in terms of both medical education and of the operation of local treatment services for sexually-abused children. PMID- 3762458 TI - Lactase deficiency in Australian school children. AB - The prevalence of lactase deficiency is high in Mediterranean, Middle Eastern and Asian countries, which suggests that many immigrants and immigrant children from these regions may be unable to produce lactase. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of lactose malabsorption in primary school-aged children, in two communities with a high proportion of immigrants in metropolitan Sydney. A total of 109 children, aged five to 12 years, were studied by means of the breath hydrogen method. Forty per cent (44/109) showed lactose malabsorption, as defined by a rise in end-expiratory hydrogen levels of 20 ppm or more, two hours after loading with lactose. The prevalence was highest in the subjects of Asian origin (93%; 14/15), followed by Greek subjects (56%; 14/25) and subjects from other Mediterranean and Middle Eastern countries (41%; 15/37). Of the 77 children who were available for follow-up, 57% (44) reported symptoms of lactose intolerance, of whom nearly two-thirds were children who showed lactose malabsorption. The high prevalence of lactase deficiency in children at both schools underlines the need to consider the multiracial identity of Australians in planning educational programmes about nutrition. PMID- 3762459 TI - Food and health--issues and directions. PMID- 3762460 TI - Polypharmacy in an Australian teaching hospital. Preliminary analysis of prevalence, types of drugs and associations. AB - A computer-based prescription retrieval system was used to study 21,521 prescriptions that had been provided to hospital patients who were receiving predominantly outpatient care. Over a three-month period 338 patients were found to be receiving 10 or more different drugs concomitantly. A further 338 patients were drawn at random from the same outpatient population for comparison. Age was linked significantly to polypharmacy (polypharmacy group: mean age, 63.7 years, SEM = 1.09; comparison group: mean age, 53.8 years, SEM = 1.00, P less than 0.05; chi 2 = 62.8, P less than 0.001). The relative risk of polypharmacy was related linearly to age. Admission to hospital was associated with increased prescribing rates in the polypharmacy sample (P less than 0.05), as was attendance at multiple clinics and multiple attendance at outpatient clinics (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.05, respectively). Benzodiazepine agents were included in 63.7% of prescriptions in the polypharmacy group and in 37.3% of prescriptions in the comparison group. Non-prescription drugs were noted in 97.2% of prescriptions in the polypharmacy group and 58.0% of prescriptions in the comparison group, representing 34.7% and 27.3% of all items, respectively. In patients of less than 30 years of age agents for allergy/asthma/atopy contributed most to polypharmacy; agents that were associated with renal failure most in patients aged 31-50 years; and agents for cardiovascular disease contributed most in patients aged over 50 years. Our results suggest that a reduction in the use of non-prescription and psychotropic agents, heightened awareness of the dangers of polypharmacy and coordination and integration of over-all care and prescribing habits should reduce polypharmacy materially. PMID- 3762461 TI - Whither child abuse? PMID- 3762462 TI - Myasthenia gravis and splenomegaly. PMID- 3762463 TI - Cot deaths in Australia. PMID- 3762464 TI - On supping with the devil. PMID- 3762465 TI - Infrared thermometry. PMID- 3762466 TI - Confidence intervals. PMID- 3762467 TI - RSI. PMID- 3762468 TI - Lyme disease on the NSW central coast. PMID- 3762469 TI - Passive smoking and the public health--the winds of change are blowing. PMID- 3762471 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging--benefits for whom? PMID- 3762470 TI - The widening spectrum of neurosurgical infections. PMID- 3762472 TI - Body size of young Australians aged five to 16 years. AB - In 1983-1984, 4578 Perth primary and secondary schoolchildren were studied. The selected sample was broadly representative of the ethnic groups that make up the Perth population and of the different social ranks within that population. The age, sex, weight, height, country of birth of the child and the parents, and occupation of the father were recorded for each subject. Weight, height and body mass index (BMI) increased with age. Age and sex were the most important determinants of body size. However, children of lower social rank and those with a southern European background were over-represented among the overweight children (greater than the 90th centile for BMI), particularly in adolescence. Children with an Asian background who were 11 years of age and younger were over represented among the underweight children (less than or equal to the 10th centile for BMI). Results from this study indicate a continuing, though small (1.5 cm to 1.6 cm), secular increase in height over the past 13 to 14 years. PMID- 3762473 TI - The Busselton children's survey, 1983. Body size from five to 16 years of age. AB - In 1983, 1623 primary and secondary schoolchildren took part in a health survey which was organized by the Busselton Population Studies Group. Age, sex, weight, height and country of birth were recorded for each child. Where possible, the country of birth of parents and the occupation of the father were extracted from previous Busselton surveys of adults. Compared with Perth schoolchildren, the difference in the attained weight and height of Busselton children at any age was small. This was so even though the two communities differ in location (rural compared with metropolitan), in ethnic origin (mainly British compared with diverse origins) and, probably, in social-rank distribution. Data from the two communities showed that a similar small secular increase in height had occurred since 1970/1971. This increase averaged at 1.2 cm for children at each year of age in Busselton and 1.5 cm to 1.6 cm for children in Perth. PMID- 3762474 TI - Smokers' understandings of cigarette yield labels. AB - An important part of public health policy on the control of smoking is the promotion of a reduction in intake of tar by persons who continue to smoke. One method that may contribute towards such a reduction is to encourage smokers to choose cigarette brands that contain low tar levels. This in turn might be promoted by the comprehensible labelling of cigarette packets with tar yields. We tested our hypothesis that the current information about tar yield on cigarette packets is incomprehensible to smokers on a sample of 498 persons (original sample, 500) who smoked. Only 10 (2%) smokers were able to state the correct tar content of their cigarette. On a scaled range of tar levels in all cigarette brands that are available in Australia, 344 (69.1%) smokers underestimated the level in their cigarette brand. On this scale, 280 (56%) smokers placed randomly chosen tar levels in the wrong category. It was agreed by 360 (72%) smokers that comparative tar yields should be displayed at all points of tobacco sale. It is recommended that a condition of issuing a licence to retail tobacco should be that the tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide yield information for all cigarette brands that are available in a national market should be displayed prominently to the consumer by the retailer. PMID- 3762475 TI - The case for scoliosis screening in Australian adolescents. AB - A survey of 3660 Year 10 students, with an average age of 15 years, was carried out in a random sample of Adelaide secondary schools to determine the prevalence of structural scoliosis and the need for implementing a programme of scoliosis screening. By means of the Forward Bending Test and a specially devised scoring system 144 (3.9%) children were found to have signs that were suggestive of scoliosis; all but 12 were assessed subsequently by standardized clinical and radiological examinations. One hundred and three children were found to have structural scoliosis of 5 degrees or more; this represented a prevalence of 3.1%. The prevalence in girls (4.3%) was significantly higher than in boys (1.9%), and girls tended to have more severe curves and require treatment more frequently. Only one third (34) of the cases of structural scoliosis had been detected before this survey; most (28) of these had been detected through an earlier, subsequently discontinued, school screening programme. This study concludes that screening for scoliosis by means of a scored Forward Bending Test should be carried out in South Australian schools for all students in Year 8 and for girls in Year 10. The policy of screening boys in Year 8 should be the subject of further research. An educational programme for health professionals, parents, students and physical education teachers should support the programme. PMID- 3762476 TI - The introduction of clinical magnetic resonance imaging in Australia. AB - Magnetic resonance imaging is a new, but expensive, modality that is being introduced into clinical use in Australia. While it promises increased safety and accuracy in many situations, its precise role when compared with computed tomography and other modalities is not fully established. Therefore, a Government financed evaluation of costs and efficacy of magnetic resonance imaging units in five teaching hospitals is to be conducted over two years (1986-1988). Experience with the introduction of computed tomography to Australia and other nations has revealed difficulties in the evaluation by conventional methods of a diagnostic technology that is improving rapidly; it is to be hoped that a systematic evaluation of the clinical applications of magnetic resonance imaging will be more achievable and useful. Open cooperation between the Commonwealth and State Governments and the medical profession in this evaluation should lead to a rational policy for the clinical availability of magnetic resonance imaging within Australia in the future. PMID- 3762477 TI - NHMRC report. Effects of passive smoking on health. PMID- 3762478 TI - Propionibacterium acnes infection in neurosurgical patients. Experience with high dose penicillin therapy. AB - Propionibacterium acnes is an underestimated but significant cause of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) infection after neurosurgical procedures and in the presence of prosthetic devices. The most effective therapy for such infections has not been defined. We report here our experience with the use of high-dose penicillin in the treatment of six patients with postoperative infection which was caused by P. acnes. All patients received 3-4 million units of penicillin by the intravenous route every four hours, in combination with surgical drainage and removal of prosthetic devices where appropriate. All but one of the patients recovered from their infection. The remaining patient responded to penicillin but died of a massive intraventricular haemorrhage after 12 days. Isolates of P. acnes had minimal inhibitory concentrations to penicillin that ranged from 0.03 0.12 mg/L. No adverse reactions to penicillin were recorded. We conclude that high-dose intravenous penicillin therapy, in combination with surgical drainage and removal of foreign bodies, constitutes appropriate therapy for CSF infections that are due to P. acnes. PMID- 3762479 TI - Granulomatous angiitis of the central nervous system. AB - Granulomatous angiitis of the nervous system is a rare necrotizing vasculitis that is largely confined to the central nervous system. The case of a 43-year-old patient is presented and the clinical presentation, diagnostic difficulties and treatment are discussed. Patients present in their fourth decade with diffuse and focal neurological symptoms and signs. No single test is diagnostic; however, cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytosis and raised protein levels, changes on cerebral angiography, and leptomeningeal biopsy may confirm the diagnosis. Although the administration of corticosteroid agents has prolonged the survival of the patient, a progression of the disease has been the rule. The administration of corticosteroid and cyclophosphamide agents on alternate days may lead to clinical remission of the disease. PMID- 3762480 TI - Acquired tracheo-oesophageal fistula after ingestion of a mercury button-battery. AB - We report the case of a nine-month-old girl with acquired oesophageal stricture and tracheo-oesophageal fistula after the ingestion of a mercury button-battery. In any child with suspected button-battery ingestion an x-ray examination should be carried out to exclude oesophageal impaction which necessitates immediate removal of the battery, as tissue necrosis may occur within hours. PMID- 3762481 TI - Torture--the cancer of democracy. PMID- 3762482 TI - Inapparent fractures in the elderly. PMID- 3762483 TI - Alcohol withdrawal. PMID- 3762484 TI - Pharmaceutical benefits scheme. PMID- 3762485 TI - Congenital rubella syndrome. PMID- 3762486 TI - Papanicolaou smears and genital warts. PMID- 3762487 TI - Driving under the influence and accidental death insurance. PMID- 3762488 TI - [Disorders of lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis]. PMID- 3762489 TI - Prevention of influenza, 1986-1987. PMID- 3762490 TI - Drugs for psychiatric disorders. PMID- 3762491 TI - Culturing and extraction of Coprococcus comes, absorption of serumagglutinins by soluble fractions and relation between agglutinins and antibodies in sera of patients with Crohn's disease. AB - Agglutinating antibodies to Coprococcus comes and three other obligately anaerobic coccoid rods from the intestinal flora are used in the diagnosis of Crohn's disease. Further studies on the pathogenetic role as well as the development of more sensitive and specific methods for detecting antibodies require extraction of the antigen fractions. Culturing methods to obtain C. comes with optimal antigen presentation and isolation of soluble antigen fractions were therefore developed. Hot water extraction of whole cells and subsequent removal of proteins with trichloroacetic acid provided a fraction that absorbed serum agglutinins, was useful for an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and induced agglutinating antibodies in rats. PMID- 3762492 TI - Rapid identification of yeasts by semi-automated and conventional methods. AB - Five different methods for the identification of significant yeast from clinical specimens were compared for their reliability, rapidity and cost-effectiveness. Three commercial methods consisted of semi-automated Abbott's yeasts identification system using MS-2 (Abbott Laboratories, Diagnostic Division, Irving, Texas), API 20C (Analytab Products, Inc., Plainview, NY) and Uni-Yeast Tek (Flow Labs, Inc., MacLean, VA). Two conventional methods included the modified dye-plur plate auxanographic and rapid tube assimilation method. The 242 coded clinical isolates used in this study included 20 species of Candida, Cryptococcus, Saccharomyces Geotrichum, Rhodotorula, Torulopsis and Trichosporon. The identification accuracies with all the systems ranges between 92.3% to 97.5%. Results were available with Abbott's MS-2 within 24 h, with rapid tube assimilation method in 6-48 h and in 72 h with other systems. Rapid tube assimilation and dye-pour-plate auxanographic methods were least expensive, with labour and material costing around $1.00 per identification, whereas the commercial system cost a little over $5.00. PMID- 3762493 TI - [Mathematical assessment of the level of protection of the population against malaria by seasonal chemoprophylaxis]. PMID- 3762494 TI - [Changes in the level of DDT resistance of malarial mosquitoes in USSR territories]. PMID- 3762495 TI - [Possibility of separating Anopheles sacharovi Favre imagines by sex]. PMID- 3762496 TI - [Attempt at cryogenic preservation of the amastigote stage of Leishmania major in the ear skin of experimentally infected golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)]. PMID- 3762497 TI - [Filariasis in the developing countries of southeast Asia]. PMID- 3762498 TI - [Acariasis in children with chronic digestive system diseases]. PMID- 3762500 TI - [Typing of the habitats of intermediate mollusk hosts of Opisthorchis]. PMID- 3762499 TI - [A method of assessing the probability of echinococcosis morbidity based on results of a mass immunological examination of the population (using the example of echinococcosis foci in the Yakut ASSR)]. PMID- 3762501 TI - [Organization of patent information support for the scientific research activities of an institute]. PMID- 3762502 TI - [Enterobiasis (a lecture)]. PMID- 3762503 TI - [Progressive cysticercoid meningoencephalitis]. PMID- 3762504 TI - The fourth stage of the epidemiologic transition: the age of delayed degenerative diseases. AB - Gains in longevity in the United States since the mid-nineteenth century occurred as a result of an epidemiologic transition: deaths from infectious diseases were replaced by deaths from degenerative diseases. Recent trends in cause-specific mortality suggest a distinct new stage, one of postponement of degenerative diseases. Projections based on these data must be applied cautiously; their implication for health and social policies are likely to be profound. PMID- 3762505 TI - Hospital reforms in France under a Socialist government. AB - French health care faced the dual crises of rising costs and excess physicians. No government, whether left or right, could avoid focusing reform on the extensive public hospital system. Many differences introduced by the Socialists after 1981 were rhetorical and relational--matters of "democratization" of governance and "control" of physicians. Paradoxically, the two major structural reforms, "departmentalization" and "global budgeting," were extensions of actions begun under preceding governments. Neither has come to fruition yet. PMID- 3762506 TI - Has cost containment gone too far? AB - Current cost-containment strategies will undoubtedly result in fewer health services for patients. The effects of reductions in services on health and social welfare depend upon the amount and distribution of services (relative to potential benefit) prior to cost containment, and on the size and selectivity of the reductions. Disagreement over whether cost containment has gone too far arises from disagreements about the criterion (health or social welfare), the prior distribution, and how selective the reductions will be. In the long run, selectivity will be the key to successful cost containment. PMID- 3762507 TI - Metabolic acidosis enhances 1,25(OH)2D3-induced intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus in rats. AB - The effect of metabolic acidosis on the intestinal absorption of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P), plasma vitamin D metabolites and urinary excretion of Ca in adult rats treated with a small dose of 1,25(OH)2D3 were investigated. The rats in the experimental group received 1.8% ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and a commercial chow, and their pair-fed controls received 0.45% NaCl. Both groups were given subcutaneously 1,25(OH)2D3. Intestinal absorption of Ca and P was measured by gut sac uptake of 45Ca and 32P. In the acidotic rats, duodenal, jejunal and ileal 45Ca uptake as well as jejunal and ileal 32P uptake were significantly increased. Plasma 1,25(OH)2D, 25(OH)D and 24,25(OH)2D were similar in both groups. 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment induced a greater calciuria in acidotic rats and increased their fractional excretion (FE) of Ca. An additional experiment showed increased 45Ca uptake by duodenum at a pH of 7.0 compared to pH 7.4. The present study suggests that NH4Cl-induced metabolic acidosis may enhance the effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on intestinal absorption of Ca and P in the rat. However, the data from the study cannot exclude the possibility that acidosis may have a direct, vitamin D-independent effect on the intestine. PMID- 3762508 TI - Acute uremia following dietary potassium depletion. I. Effect on blood parameters related to carbohydrate metabolism. AB - The effect of an acute uremic state with normokalemia and only mild metabolic acidosis on blood metabolic intermediates related to carbohydrate metabolism was investigated in rats. Therefore animals were deprived of potassium by feeding a low-potassium diet for 4 weeks prior to induction of bilateral nephrectomy, ureteral ligation or hemoglobinuric acute renal failure. Potassium depletion in the setting of acute uremia resulted in increased plasma creatinine, urea nitrogen, and lower plasma glucose levels in comparison to normokalemic, acutely uremic rats. Plasma insulin became depressed only in potassium-depleted rats which had undergone ureteral ligation. Potassium depletion in both acute renal failure and sham-operated animals resulted in an increase in plasma lactate, pyruvate, and oxoglutarate. Ketone bodies decreased in potassium-depleted sham operated rats, whereas acetoacetate levels increased significantly in potassium depleted bilateral-nephrectomized animals. PMID- 3762509 TI - Development of a test to evaluate the transtubular potassium concentration gradient in the cortical collecting duct in vivo. AB - The purpose of these investigations was to develop a noninvasive test to estimate the transtubular potassium concentration gradient (TTKG) and thereby aldosterone action in the late distal convoluted tubule and the cortical collecting duct in patients with disorders of potassium excretion. Experiments were performed in rats under conditions where the ratio of urine to renal venous potassium concentration could reflect this TTKG. A large furosemide-induced diuresis ensured that sodium delivery was adequate and minimized the change in water content during transit through the medullary collecting duct (equal osmolality and TF/P inulin at the base and the tip of the medullary collecting duct). There was no significant potassium reabsorption nor secretion during transit through the medulla as shown by micropuncture and microcatheterization. Thus the potassium concentration in the urine should mirror that in the lumen at the major nephron sites of potassium secretion. The potassium concentration in the renal vein provides the simplest estimate of the cortical peritubular potassium concentration (the mean renal A-V difference for potassium was 1.2 mM); with a very high fractional excretion of potassium, an adjustment can be made to the arterial potassium concentration to correct for the potassium extracted. If the urine/plasma potassium concentration ratio were a quantitative reflection, then the transepithelial potential difference (TEPD) would be close to -40 mV in normal rats. The TTKG fell to unity when amiloride was given, consistent with an abolition of the apparent TEPD in vivo by this drug. Similar results were obtained in non-diuretic rats. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed. PMID- 3762510 TI - New clinical approach to evaluate disorders of potassium excretion. AB - A new clinical approach to patients with disorders of potassium excretion is reported. This approach uses a urinary index, the ratio of potassium concentrations in the urine to vein after adjusting the urine potassium concentration for medullary water abstraction. This index provides a semiquantitative assessment of the apparent transtubular potassium concentration gradient (TTKG) in the major distal nephron segment where potassium is secreted. Three clinical situations are presented where the use of this index provided a better indication of the renal action of mineralocorticoids than did the traditional approach; in each case, the presence of mineralocorticoids was known as drugs with this action were administered. We emphasize that use of this index is restricted to situations where the urine is not hypotonic and distal nephron sodium delivery is not limiting for potassium secretion (greater than 25 mM, twice the sodium concentration required for maximum potassium transport at this nephron site). PMID- 3762511 TI - Osteoblast and osteoclast cell number and cell activity in postmenopausal osteoporosis. AB - This study evaluates osteoblast and osteoclast cell numbers and cell activities determined from quantitative histology of trabecular bone in human iliac crest bone biopsies. Subjects studied were postmenopausal osteoporotic patients (aged 53-81) for whom total body calcium and urine and serum clinical data were also available. Only 39% of the osteoclasts identified by acid phosphatase content were multinucleate; however, a significant correlation between multinucleate osteoclasts and the total number of osteoclasts was found (r = 0.87; p less than 0.001). The mean number of osteoclasts per square millimeter of total tissue area was 0.96 (+/- 0.14, SEM, n = 36); the mean number of osteoblasts was 6.8 (+/- 1.5, n = 14)/mm2 tissue area. Computed osteoclast activity (square millimeter bone resorbed per osteoclast nucleus per day) was 2.6 X 10(-4) +/- 1.0 X 10(-4) (n = 13). Computed osteoblast activity (square millimeter bone formed per osteoblast per day) was 2.9 X 10(-5) +/- 8.8 X 10(-6) (n = 13). Calculated mean rate of bone resorption was 1.6 X 10(-4) +/- 3.4 X 10(-5) mm2 bone resorbed per mm2 total tissue area per day (n = 19). These data indicate that although osteoclasts are not numerous in the iliac crest of postmenopausal osteoporotics, the individual osteoclast activity (in square millimeter bone resorbed osteoclast cell unit per day) is significantly greater (p less than 0.001) than the osteoblast activity (in square millimeter matrix deposited per cell per day). These data also point out that greater consideration should be given to the role that osteoclast cell activity may play in human postmenopausal osteoporosis. PMID- 3762512 TI - Bari seminars in nephrology. Acute renal failure: clinical and experimental. Bari, Italy, April 3-5, 1986. Abstracts. PMID- 3762513 TI - Postoperative (or postsurgical) pulmonary embolism. A community analysis Duluth, Minnesota. PMID- 3762514 TI - Diabetic nephropathy: an hypothesis regarding genetic susceptibility for the disorder. PMID- 3762515 TI - Delivery in a tertiary care perinatal center reduces neonatal intensive care costs. PMID- 3762516 TI - Temporomandibular joint: diagnosis of internal derangements using magnetic resonance imaging. PMID- 3762517 TI - Adult Still's disease presenting with fever and a pruritic rash. PMID- 3762518 TI - Smokers' wording preferences for hospital no-smoking signs. PMID- 3762519 TI - MMIE malpractice claim review. Orthopedic surgery. MMIE Risk Management Committee. PMID- 3762520 TI - Kinetic studies of [3H]-N-methylscopolamine binding to muscarinic receptors in the rat central nervous system: evidence for the existence of three classes of binding sites. AB - We compared the binding of [N-methyl-3H]scopolamine methyl chloride [( 3H]NMS) and pirenzepine to muscarinic receptors in four regions of the rat central nervous system (cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and cerebellum) and in rat heart. Equilibrium binding studies suggested the existence of three classes of receptors: A, receptors with high affinity for pirenzepine and [3H] NMS (in cortex, hippocampus, and striatum); B, receptors with intermediate affinity for pirenzepine and high affinity for [3H]NMS (in the same brain regions); and C, receptors with low affinity for pirenzepine and [3H]NMS (in cerebellum and heart). Dissociation kinetic studies indicated that the receptor types A, B, and C had different koff values allowing, therefore, a separate study of their binding properties. We observed that: [3H]NMS recognized muscarinic receptors A, B, and C with the following order of potency: B greater than A much greater than C; and pirenzepine recognized these receptors with a different order of potency: A much greater than B greater than C. Thus, dissociation kinetics provide a useful tool to identify muscarinic receptor types. PMID- 3762521 TI - Kinetic regulation of convulsant (TBPS) binding by GABAergic agents. AB - The kinetics of specific [35S]-t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS) binding was studied in rat brain synaptosomal membrane preparations. The effects of a representative depressant barbiturate, R-(-)-N-(1)-Me-5-Phe-5-Pr-barbituric acid [R(-)MPPB, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were biphasic on TBPS binding, but the enhancements of binding by low concentrations of R(-)MPPB or GABA disappeared when binding equilibrium was reached. The slope factors of TBPS displacement and the IC50 values of R(-)MPPB and GABA decreased when TBPS binding approached equilibrium. Up to 70 min, binding in the presence of 300 microM R(-)MPPB exceeded, then remained below, the level of the control. R(-)MPPB decreased the apparent association half-life of TBPS binding from 41.5 min to 11.9 min. The GABA agonist, muscimol, in the concentration range of 20 and 200 nM, progressively accelerated the rate of TBPS dissociation. This effect was completely reversed by 20 microM bicuculline methochloride. GABA antagonists, bicuculline methochloride (20 microM) and R 5135 (20 nM), alone decelerated the rate of TBPS dissociation. Dissociation of TBPS was also initiated by dilution in the presence of various salts. Replacement of Cl- by Br- ions (0.5 molar) accelerated the rate of dissociation, whereas replacement of K+ by Na+ ions had no effect. This indicates the role of Eccles anions, not of cations, in TBPS binding and the possible involvement of the chloride inophore. A kinetic model is discussed for the allosteric modulation of TBPS binding by various GABAergic agents. Interconvertible populations of TBPS sites are proposed with rapid and slow kinetics. Model calculations involving modulation in the same direction of the on and off rates of binding can reproduce observed phenomena. The model predicts that GABA agonists, barbiturate and pyrazolopyridine depressants, as well as 1,4-benzodiazepine agonists, would allosterically increase the proportion of a rapid kinetic population of TBPS sites. In contrast, the model predicts that a decrease in the contribution of the rapid phase might be brought about by GABA antagonists and beta-carboline inverse agonists. The slow and rapid kinetic populations of TBPS sites might represent the closed and open states of the chloride ionophores, respectively. PMID- 3762522 TI - Ferrochelatase-inhibitory activity and N-alkylprotoporphyrin formation with analogues of 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydro-2,4,6-trimethylpyridine (DDC) containing extended 4-alkyl groups: implications for the active site of ferrochelatase. AB - The ferrochelatase-inhibitory activity, porphyrin-inducing activity, and cytochrome P-450- and heme-destructive effects of a variety of analogues of 3,5 diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydro-2,4,6-trimethylpyridine (DDC) were studied in chick embryo liver cells. The ferrochelatase-inhibitory activity of the 4-butyl, 4 pentyl, 4-hexyl, and 4-cyclopropylmethyl analogues of DDC was considered to be due to the formation of the corresponding N-alkylporphyrins. These N alkylporphyrins were isolated from the livers of phenobarbital-pretreated rats following administration of the corresponding DDC analogues. The 4-isobutyl analogue did not have ferrochelatase-inhibitory activity despite its ability to cause formation of an N-isobutylporphyrin in rat liver. The 4-chloromethyl analogue of DDC inhibited ferrochelatase activity. The inability to isolate an N alkylporphyrin from rat liver with this analogue may be due to its lability. The porphyrin-inducing activity of these analogues depended on their ferrochelatase inhibitory potency and lipophilicity. The DDC analogues caused cytochrome P-450 and heme destruction. The relative ferrochelatase-inhibitory activity of the DDC analogues has implications for a postulated model of the binding of porphyrins in the ferrochelatase active site. PMID- 3762523 TI - Immunochemical identification of cytochrome P-450 isozyme 3a (P-450ALC) in rabbit nasal and kidney microsomes and evidence for differential induction by alcohol. AB - Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to rabbit liver microsomal alcohol-inducible cytochrome P-450 isozyme 3a (P-450ALC) were used to examine the tissue distribution of the cytochrome. Isozyme 3a or an immunochemically indistinguishable variant of this protein was detected on immunoblots of kidney and nasal mucosa microsomes, but not of microsomes prepared from brain, lung, adrenal, heart, intestine, ovary, spleen, testis, or uterus from untreated or ethanol-treated rabbits. The presence of isozyme 3a was also indicated by inhibition by anti-3a IgG of microsomal aniline hydroxylation and butanol oxidation. The identity of isozyme 3a was further substantiated by peptide mapping analysis of the immunoaffinity-purified proteins. The amount of isozyme 3a was increased in kidney, but not in nasal microsomes, by chronic ethanol treatment. The induction of isozyme 3a in the kidney was reflected in a more than 2-fold increase in the total rates and a 7-fold increase in the isozyme 3a dependent rates of aniline and butanol metabolism. Based on immunoblot quantitation, the specific content of isozyme 3a is about 10 pmol/mg of protein in kidney and 80 pmol/mg of protein in nasal microsomes of untreated rabbits. After ethanol treatment of the animals, the content increases to 50 pmol/mg of protein in kidney but is unchanged in nasal microsomes. The presence of isozyme 3a may play a significant role in the toxicity of foreign compounds. PMID- 3762524 TI - Identification and molecular characterization of the isoquinoline rat intestinal binding site using 6,7-dimethoxy-4-(4'-amino-3'-[125I]iodobenzyl) isoquinoline. AB - The mechanism of the relaxant action of isoquinolines on smooth muscle is conjectural. In order to gain further insight into the intestinal action of isoquinolines, we have synthesized an isoquinoline derivative which can be radioiodinated, resulting in the obtention of a ligand with a high specific activity. 6,7-Dimethoxy-4-(4'-aminobenzyl) isoquinoline (DMABI) is an arylamine analogue of the most relaxating isoquinoline derivative, i.e., 6,7-dimethoxy-4 (4'-chlorobenzyl) isoquinoline. Its iodinated derivative, 6,7-dimethoxy-4-(4' amino-3'-[125I]iodobenzyl) isoquinoline (125I-DMABI) binds reversibly to rat intestinal membranes. Binding is rapid, saturable, and temperature dependent. The binding of 125I-DMABI to intestinal membranes is competitively inhibited by identical concentrations of unlabeled DMABI or iodo-DMABI in the range between 10(-8) and 10(-5)M. Scatchard analysis indicates the existence of two classes of binding sites: a class with a low capacity (14 +/- 2 pmol/mg of protein) and a Kd = 0.10 +/- 0.02 microM, and a class with a high capacity (240 +/- 31 pmol/mg of protein) and a Kd = 8.0 +/- 1.1 microM. Specific binding of the radioiodinated ligand is inhibited by a variety of 4-benzyl isoquinolines and 1-benzyl isoquinolines. Structure-activity relationship demonstrates the primordial role of C-6 and C-7 methoxy groups and the important role of 4-benzyl on configuration related to the isoquinoline nucleus. A high significant correlation between competitive binding (Ki) and relaxant effect in rat intestine (IC50) is observed and strongly suggests that the isoquinoline-binding site mediates the pharmacologic response. Upon photolysis, this ligand incorporates irreversibly into rat intestinal membranes. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography reveal a major 125I-DMABI-labeled protein with molecular weight of 36,000 and two minor proteins with molecular weights of 52,000 and 26,000. The labeling of these proteins is specific since it is completely abolished by 100 microM DMABI. Scanning of autoradiographs and integration of peaks show that the probe binds with the same apparent affinity to the three proteins. These findings indicate the utility of this novel high affinity radioiodinated probe as a tool for elucidating the mechanism of action of isoquinoline. PMID- 3762525 TI - Study of chromatin structure in ataxia-telangiectasia cells. AB - Micrococcal nuclease was used as a probe to study chromatin structure in control and ataxia-telangiectasia cells. The rate and extent of release of acid-soluble nucleotide was similar in both cell types. Production of mono- and oligonucleosomes by micrococcal nuclease as determined by gel electrophoresis also failed to reveal differences in chromatin structure between control and ataxia-telangiectasia cells. Radiation exposure did not significantly alter the kinetics of digestion. These results indicate that there are no gross alterations in chromatin structure in ataxia-telangiectasia cells. PMID- 3762526 TI - The localization of a lectin-like component on the Leishmania cell surface. AB - The binding between macrophage-like cells J774G8 and Leishmania braziliensis (NR) promastigotes was studied 'in vitro' by a radioisotopic assay under various conditions in the absence of serum. Different sugars, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, D glucose, D-mannose, D-galactose, and chitin, diminished the binding of the parasite, whereas other sugars, D-arabinose, D-fucose and D-xylose, did not affect the binding. The presence of a lectin-like ligand specific for N-acetyl-D glucosamine has been detected on the cell surface of the Leishmania braziliensis (NR) by fluorescence microscopy. These data suggest that the binding of the parasite to the host's cell is a ligand-receptor interaction which involves the participation of a lectin-like component on the parasite cell surface. PMID- 3762527 TI - In vitro release of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein RNA sequences shows fidelity with the acute phase response in vivo. AB - The acute phase reaction of rat liver to subcutaneous turpentine challenge results in a 20- to 100-fold increase in alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (alpha AGP) mRNA. We utilized this response to establish conditions appropriate for study of RNA transport in vitro using hybridization with 32P-labeled exon and intron alpha AGP sequences. Contamination of nuclear preparations by membrane-absorbed cytoplasmic RNA was eliminated by detergent-rinsing. The in vitro incubation conditions that most reflected the in vivo state required RNase inhibitor (purified from placenta), polyvinylpyrrolidone to prevent nuclear swelling, and addition of ATP. Under these circumstances, alpha AGP sequences were transported only from turpentine-stimulated preparations, were found only in poly(A)+ RNA, and were the same size as authentic cytoplasmic mRNA. Omission of polyvinylpyrrolidone resulted in release of some alpha AGP sequences in smaller, more heterogeneous poly(A)- RNA, and leakage of some alpha AGP sequences was observed from control preparations. Omission of ATP resulted in restriction of mature alpha AGP mRNA to the nucleus. In contrast to alpha AGP mRNA, transport of albumin mRNA was decreased 3-4X in turpentine-treated preparations. The largest alpha AGP intron was not found in RNA transported from treated nuclei in complete medium. The intron-containing fragments remained in the nucleus, largely in poly(A)- RNA of a size consistent with free intron. Some hybridization of intron sequences was observed with cytoplasmic and nuclear membrane-associated poly(A)+ RNA preparations which may represent 3'-processing catabolites; leakage of these sequences was considerably greater in the absence of PVP. On the basis of densitometric estimates, a 5-fold increase in the amount of alpha AGP exon sequences was observed in nuclear RNA, comparing treated with control animals, but transport of alpha AGP exon sequences was detectable only from treated nuclei, indicating at least a 50-fold increase in abundance of alpha AGP sequences. This suggests that a selective gating mechanism may be operative at the level of post-transcriptional nucleocytoplasmic transport during induction of alpha AGP in the acute phase response. PMID- 3762528 TI - On the binding of histone H1 in chromatin. AB - Nucleosomal subunits isolated from rabbit thymus nuclei in 0.04 M K2SO4-0.02 M Tris, pH 7.4 were devoid of histone H1, while whole chromatin prepared in the same buffer contained the full complement of histone H1. The question is asked why histone H1 dissociates from the subunits but not from the high molecular weight material. We propose that, at physiological salt concentrations, histone H1 is not bound to linker DNA as depicted in the current models; rather, alternate attachment sites, present only in the polymer, are involved. PMID- 3762529 TI - [Measuring the bleomycin-induced paired damage of two DNA chains by a method of psoralen photocross-linking]. AB - DNA of bacteriophage PM2 was allowed to react with bleomycin in the presence of Fe(II) and oxygen and the "paired" DNA lesions of two types were measured: (1) double-strand breaks, (2) lesions converted to double-strand breaks after introducing into the DNA a large number of psoralen cross-links (about 10(-2) per base pair) and alkali treatment. The mean numbers of each lesion type per DNA molecule are found to be proportional to the square of bleomycin concentration over the range of 3 X 10(-7) to 3 X 10(-6) M. These findings indicate that paired lesions are formed as a result of action of two bleomycin molecules at the same DNA site. PMID- 3762530 TI - [Modification of glutamate dehydrogenase by pyridoxal-5'-phosphate. Study of the cooperative type of inhibition by GTP]. AB - The character of allosteric inhibition of glutamate dehydrogenase by GTP was studied. The derivative of the enzyme not capable of being polymerized was taken as a model. It was shown that: in the absence of NADH every protomer of this derivative can bind one molecule of GTP; in the presence of NADH the additional binding site for GTP was induced; the modification of the enzyme derivative by pyridoxal-5-phosphate in the presence of NADH and alpha-ketoglutarate blocked the NADH-induced GTP binding site and the disappearance of positive kinetic cooperativity induced by GTP was observed; to achieve the inhibitory action of GTP the binding of the effector to only one (NADH-induced) site was enough; the role of GTP binding to the NADH-induced site is to provide better affinity of the effector to the "inhibitory" centre; the positive kinetic cooperativity of inhibition of glutamate dehydrogenase by GTP depends probable on the cooperative character of interaction between the two molecules of GTP to each protomer of the enzyme. PMID- 3762531 TI - [Modification of glutamate dehydrogenase by pyridoxal-5'-phosphate. Study of the structural organisation of the hexamer and its possible role in the realization of GTP action]. AB - The catalytic and regulator properties of glutamate dehydrogenase by modification of Lys-126 residue by puridoxal-5'-phosphate was studied. The phosphopyridoxyl derivative of the enzyme with blocked NADH-induced binding site of GTP not capable of being polymerized was taken as a model. It was shown that: blocking the epsilon-amino group of Lys-126 residue brings to a simultaneous inactivation of the enzyme and desensibilization of its residual activity to GTP action; the modification of Lys-126 residue and resulting inactivation of the enzyme and desensibilization to GTP action were non-cooperative processes, with equal values of pseudofirst order rate constants; modification of Lys-126 residue of any of hexamer's protomer results in the desensibilization to GTP action on one of the contacting, catalytically active protomers. The experimental dependence of the inhibition degree of the enzyme by GTP upon the average number of modified residues of Lys-126 is explained by the model of the hexamer of glutamate dehydrogenase with identical interlocation of any of the protomers in relation to the one in contact. PMID- 3762532 TI - [Mechanism of self-assembly of soluble fibrin oligomers and the role of fibrinopeptides A and B in this process]. AB - Three-dimensional organization of intermediate soluble forms of fibrin-polymers- a product of fibrin-monomer assembly--in the presence of non-denaturating urea concentrations has been studied. Hydrodynamic parameters of fibrinogen and fibrin polymers were obtained by viscosimetry, dynamic light scattering and analytic ultracentrifugation. Using Yamakawa's hydrodynamic theory and considering fibrinogen molecule as an oblate ellipsoid of revolution made it possible to estimate the concentration effect on the coefficient of translational friction in the first, according to concentration, linear approximation. Hydrodynamic constants against polymer molecular weights were plotted using Swedberg's and Kuhn--Mark's equation. This made it possible to prove the existence of equilibrium single-stranded protofibrils formed by fibrin-monomer "end-to-end" association. It was concluded that local conformational transformations in fibrin monomer molecule result in diminishing the complementarity of lateral binding sites; less specific D--D contacts remaining the only means of the "end-to-end" association. Experimentally obtained data give evidence that polymerization region is shifted towards much lower urea concentration, fibrinopeptide B being preserved. Therefore, the possibility of several conformational states of protein molecules during fibrinogen--fibrin transformation is discussed. It is supposed that changes in structure concern not only the central E-, but also the peripheral D- or alpha C-domains. PMID- 3762533 TI - [Study of a protein complex from the brain which reduces actin viscosity. I. Composition and various properties of the complex]. AB - The method of isolation from bovine brain of a preparation containing 90 kDa- and 42 kDa-proteins is described. This preparation shortens actin filaments and therefore decreases viscosity of F-actin. The 42 kDa-component was identified as actin by one-dimensional peptide mapping. Quantitative densitometry has demonstrated that 90 kDa-protein and actin are present in the preparation in equimolar ratio. Fractionation of the preparation by gel-filtration, analytical centrifugation or electrophoresis under non-denaturing conditions showed that 90 kDa-protein and actin are in a light complex. This complex consists of one actin molecule and one molecule of 90 kDa-protein and has a sedimentation coefficient of 3.5S. Both beta- and gamma-isoelectric forms of actin are present in the complex. PMID- 3762535 TI - Basic and clinical aspects of IgG subclasses. PMID- 3762534 TI - [Study of a protein complex from the brain which reduces actin viscosity. II. The complex inhibits elongation of actin filaments at the end preferable for polymerization and fragments the filaments]. AB - Functional properties of the protein complex from bovine brain that shortens actin filaments are described. In the presence of Ca2+ complex shortens actin filaments and increases the initial rate of actin polymerization. In the absence of free calcium ions the complex loses its accelerating effect on actin polymerization, but still possesses actin filament shortening activity. Neither phalloidin nor tropomyosin prevent the shortening of actin filaments induced by the protein complex. Therefore the protein complex causes the fragmentation of actin filament. The data on actin polymerization in the presence of F-actin nuclei have indicated that the protein complex inhibits the elongation step of actin polymerization. The analysis of elongation in the presence of both the protein complex and cytochalasin D has demonstrated that the inhibition occurs on the fast-growing end of actin filaments. PMID- 3762536 TI - The initial recognition of IgG subclasses. PMID- 3762537 TI - Serum IgG subclasses in normal adults. PMID- 3762538 TI - Development of serum IgG subclass levels in children. PMID- 3762539 TI - IgG subclasses in bacterial infections. PMID- 3762540 TI - IgG subclasses in viral infections. PMID- 3762541 TI - IgG subclass pattern in primary immunodeficiency disorders. PMID- 3762542 TI - IgG subclasses in lymphomas. PMID- 3762543 TI - IgG subclasses in thyroid disorders. PMID- 3762544 TI - IgG subclasses in renal disorders. PMID- 3762545 TI - IgG subclasses in rheumatoid joint disorders. PMID- 3762546 TI - IgG subclasses in skin disorders. PMID- 3762547 TI - IgG subclasses in respiratory disorders: bronchial asthma. PMID- 3762548 TI - IgG subclasses in respiratory disorders: bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and farmer's lung. PMID- 3762549 TI - IgG subclasses in milk intolerance. PMID- 3762550 TI - The molecular pathology of IgG4. PMID- 3762551 TI - IgG subclass changes in response to desensitisation. PMID- 3762553 TI - Tumor invasion and metastasis. PMID- 3762552 TI - Inhibition of tumor invasion by tissue-derived proteinase inhibitors. PMID- 3762554 TI - Monoclonal antibodies in the detection and treatment of breast cancer micrometastases. PMID- 3762555 TI - Blood group antigens and ploidy as prognostic factors in urinary bladder carcinoma. PMID- 3762556 TI - Chromosome and oncogene rearrangements in leukemia and lymphoma. PMID- 3762557 TI - Towards need-specific treatment of schizophrenic psychoses. PMID- 3762558 TI - In vitro SCE discrepancy between embryonic and extraembryonic mouse tissues. AB - In vitro sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) background levels and cytokinetics were compared in embryonic (whole embryo cell suspensions) and extraembryonic (yolk sac and amnion, placenta) cells of inbred and outbred strains at various gestational stages (days 12-17). Results indicate a tissue origin (embryonal, extraembryonal) related variation in the formation of baseline SCE frequencies and cytokinetics. The significant higher SCE levels in extraembryonic tissues (maximum increase of 2 X the background values of the embryo cells) were independent of mouse strain and gestational stage. An average of 4-5 SCEs/cell in embryo cells is contrasted by 7-9 SCEs/cell in extraembryo cells. Mitotic index was generally lower and average generation time longer (by 2-3 h) in extraembryonic tissue cells. No significant differences in SCE frequencies and no changes in cytokinetics were detected at the BrdU concentrations used (1.2-4.8 micrograms/ml). The reason for the inter-tissue differences in baseline SCE is still not clear. PMID- 3762559 TI - Transmission of X-ray-induced reciprocal translocations in normal male mice and in male mice with a reduced sperm count due to translocation homozygosity. AB - Normal (+/+) and translocation T(1; 11.13S)70H homozygous (T/T) male mice received 2 X 2.5 Gy X-rays with a 24-h interval. After 120 days, the frequency of late diplotene-metaphase I spermatocytes with translocation multivalents was 14.1% for +/+ and 13.7% for T/T males, respectively, in one group of animals of each type. The difference is not significant. A second group was allowed to sire progeny for 60 days with 2 normal females per week. Reciprocal translocations detectable at diakinesis/metaphase I were observed in 2.5% of the 395 male progeny from the irradiated +/+ fathers, and in 2.9% of the 489 male progeny from the irradiated T/T fathers. This leads to a pooled estimated transmission of 0.81 +/- 0.19. Translocations induced in the long 11.13 metacentric chromosome were not transmitted with a different frequency. The rate of heritable induced translocations in this study was 5.4 X 10(-5)/rad/gamete. On the basis of the data of Generoso et al. (1984) for the frequency of the heritable spontaneous translocations in male mice, it is concluded that, because of their low doubling dose (3.3-4.6 rad), the spontaneous translocations are probably of postmeiotic origin. PMID- 3762560 TI - Transfer of the E. coli O6-methylguanine methyltransferase gene into repair deficient human cells and restoration of cellular resistance to N-methyl-N'-nitro N-nitrosoguanidine. AB - We have constructed a plasmid on which the E. coli O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MT) gene (ada gene) was linked with an SV40 promoter sequence and a poly(A) site. After transferring this plasmid into Mer- HeLa MR cells by DNA transfection, effective expression of E. coli MT was observed. Isolated stable transformant clones showed higher resistance to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N nitrosoguanidine in colony formation and sister-chromatid exchange induction than HeLa MR cells. PMID- 3762561 TI - Enhanced survival by photoreactivation and liquid holding following UV damage of TN-368 insect cells. AB - These studies demonstrate that the TN-368 lepidopteran insect cell line, which is extremely resistant to the lethal effects of ionizing radiation, is also quite resistant to 254-nm ultraviolet light. While resistance to ionizing radiation in TN-368 cells has been associated with superior DNA repair processes, previous findings have indicated no correlation between survival ability and amount of unscheduled DNA synthesis in response to ultraviolet light. The present studies were undertaken to define the TN-368 ultraviolet light survival response, the ability of the cells to repair UV-induced damage by photoreactivation, the capacity of the cells to undergo UV repair during liquid holding in the dark, and the relationship between photoreactivation and liquid-holding recovery. Survival was assayed by colony formation. 254-nm irradiations were performed using germicidal lamps and photoreactivation was accomplished using black lights. Photoreactivable sectors of UV damage at 50 and 10% survival are 0.65 and 0.68, respectively. Survival responses, both with and without photoreactivation, have a small initial shoulder followed by an exponential region, and finally the curves continue to decrease but with decreasing slope. F0, Fq, and extrapolation number for the exponential portion of the curves are 77.5 J/m2, 16.8 J/m2, and 1.7 for non-photoreactivated cells and 234 J/m2, 56.1 J/m2, and 1.7 for those exposed to photoreactivating light. In the primarily exponential survival region, the fluences required to produce equivalent levels of survival in photoreactivated cells range from approximately 10.8 to 23.3 times as great as cells receiving UV light alone. The maximum survival enhancement of cells maintained under liquid holding conditions over cells plated immediately following 100-400 J/m2 irradiations appears to be about 2-fold and occurs at 3-6 h of holding. Photoreactivation alone has a greater enhancement of survival than when photoreactivation follows liquid holding, but when liquid holding follows photoreactivation, the enhancement surpasses that of photoreactivation alone. PMID- 3762562 TI - Walker rat carcinoma cells are exceptionally sensitive to cis diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cisplatin) and other difunctional agents but not defective in the removal of platinum-DNA adducts. AB - Cisplatin binds to cellular macromolecules (DNA, RNA and protein) to the same extent in wild-type Walker rat carcinoma cells and a variant sub-line of these cells resistant to cisplatin and to other difunctional, but not monofunctional cytotoxic agents. Wild-type Walker cells exhibit a unique sensitivity to DNA bound cisplatin, while the resistant cells have a sensitivity that approximates to that of many normal and other tumour cell lines. Total DNA-bound adducts were lost from both sensitive and resistant Walker cells at similar rates. Equal numbers of DNA interstrand crosslinks and DNA-protein crosslinks were formed in both cell lines, and the rate of loss of both types of crosslinks was similar in the two lines. Therefore the unusual sensitivity of Walker cells to cisplatin is not due to a defect in their ability to remove these platinum-DNA adducts. PMID- 3762563 TI - The unique sensitivity of Walker rat tumour cells to difunctional agents is associated with a failure to recover from inhibition of DNA synthesis and increased chromosome damage. AB - The rate and mode of DNA synthesis was examined by thymidine uptake and by flow cytometry in Walker tumour cells highly sensitive to difunctional agents (WS), and in a derived subline of resistant cells (WR) (Rawlings and Roberts, 1986), following their treatment with sulphur mustard. Both cell lines exhibited the same dose-dependent and progressive depression in rate of DNA synthesis for up to 4 h after treatment. Thereafter the depression in rate of synthesis was partially reversed in the WR cells but DNA synthesis continued to decrease in the WS cells resulting in their slower transit through the S phase and a persistent block in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Sensitive cells which finally escaped the block in G2 carried more chromosome aberrations than the corresponding resistant cells. Neither cell line was defective in daughter strand-gap repair. In their sensitivity to difunctional but not to monofunctional compounds, their failure to recover from the early depression of DNA synthesis, their apparent lack of a defect in excision repair and their sensitivity to chromosome aberration induction, the Walker cell phenotype closely resembles that of the human Fanconi's anaemia cell. PMID- 3762564 TI - Unscheduled DNA synthesis after beta-irradiation of mouse skin in situ. AB - The skin of ICR mouse was irradiated with beta-rays from 90Sr-90Y with surface doses up to 30 krad. Unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) was measured by autoradiography after labeling the skin with radioactive thymidine using the forceps-clamping method. The level of UDS in epithelial cells of the skin was detected as an increasing function of radiation dose. Fibroblastic cells, compared with epithelial cells and hair follicle cells at the same depth of the skin, showed a lower level of UDS, indicating a lower DNA repair activity in fibroblasts. Cancer risk of the skin was discussed. PMID- 3762565 TI - Repair of closely opposed cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimers in UV-sensitive human diploid fibroblasts. AB - An enzyme-sensitive site assay has been used to examine the fate of closely opposed pyrimidine dimers (bifilar enzyme-sensitive sites) in fibroblasts from individuals afflicted with various genetic disorders that confer increased cellular sensitivity to UV radiation. The disappearance of bifilar enzyme sensitive sites was found to be normal in cells from individuals with Fanconi's anemia, Cockayne's syndrome, dyskeratosis congenita and the variant form of xeroderma pigmentosum. The rate of bifilar enzyme-sensitive site removal in XP cells assigned to complementation group C was reduced by an amount similar to that observed for the repair of isolated dimers. Our results indicate that the initiation of repair at closely opposed dimers is slow in XP-C cells but normal in all other cells examined. PMID- 3762566 TI - Bacterial mutagenicity and carcinogenic potential of some azapyrene derivatives. AB - The mutagenic and carcinogenic activities of 5 azapyrenes, which are suspected of being environmental pollutants, were assessed using the Salmonella assay and the anchorage-independent survival assay. The compounds tested were: 1-azapyrene, 2 azapyrene, 4-azapyrene, 1-aza-2-hydroxypyrene, and 2-aza-1-hydroxypyrene. The compounds were mutagenic and some were also carcinogenic. PMID- 3762567 TI - Genotoxicity assessment of low-molecular weight interferon inducers by the SOS Chromotest. AB - Tilorone and its aza-analogs, as well as CMA and its butyric analog (CNPA) were investigated as potential genotoxic agents by the SOS Chromotest. The SOS inducing potency values (SOSIP) were 0.0033 and 0.0009 for SAF and vivakorfen, respectively, after activation with S9 fraction of mouse liver only. In contrast, an SOSIP value for tilorone of 0.0011 was observed in a non-activated assay. The SOSIPs of investigated compounds were low and comparable to the lowest values determined for other genotoxins. CMA and CNPA were not SOS inducers in any test system. PMID- 3762568 TI - Inhibitory effects of dietary vegetables on the in vivo clastogenicity of cyclophosphamide. PMID- 3762569 TI - Effect of cigarette-smoke condensate and norharman on the induction of SCEs by direct and indirect mutagens in CHO cells. AB - Cigarette-smoke condensate and norharman were investigated either alone or in combination with a number of direct or indirect mutagens for the induction of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Cigarette smoke condensate and norharman induced SCEs in these cells, only in the presence of a metabolic activation system. The number of SCEs induced by the direct-acting mutagens mitomycin C and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine was decreased in the presence of cigarette-smoke condensate or norharman. However, cigarette-smoke condensate and norharman showed synergistic effects in combination with the indirect mutagens 2-acetylaminofluorene, 2-aminofluorene, N-hydroxy acetylaminofluorene, 2-aminoanthracene and benzo[a]pyrene. No synergism was observed when CHO cells were treated simultaneously with cigarette-smoke condensate or norharman and the indirect mutagen cyclophosphamide. PMID- 3762570 TI - Inhibition of human excision DNA repair by inorganic arsenic and the co-mutagenic effect in V79 Chinese hamster cells. AB - We investigated the lethal, UV killing-potentiating and repair-inhibiting effects of trivalent arsenic trioxide (As2O3) and pentavalent sodium arsenate (Na2HAsO4) in normal human and xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) fibroblasts. The presence of As2O3 for 24 h after UV irradiation inhibited the thymine dimer excision from the DNA of normal and XP variant cells and thus the subsequent unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS): excision inhibitions were partial, 30-40%, at a physiological dose of 1 microgram/ml and 100% at a supralethal dose of 5 micrograms/ml. Correspondingly, As2O3 also potentiated the lethal effect of UV on excision-proficient normal and XP variant cells in a concentration-dependent manner, but not on excision defective XP group A cells. Na2HAsO4 (As5+) was approximately an order of magnitude less effective in preventing all the above repair events than As2O3 (As3+) which is highly affinic to SH-containing proteins. The above results provide the first evidence that arsenic inhibits the excision of pyrimidine dimers. Partially repair-suppressing small doses of As2O3 (0.5 microgram/ml) and Na2HAsO4 (5 micrograms/ml) enhanced co-mutagenically the UV induction of 6 thioguanine-resistant mutations of V79 Chinese hamster cells. Thus, such a repair inhibition may be one of the basic mechanisms for the co-mutagenicity and presumably co-carcinogenicity of arsenic. XP group A and variant strains showed a unique higher sensitivity to As2O3 and Na2HAsO4 killing by a yet unidentified mechanism. PMID- 3762571 TI - DNA-repair studies with sodium fluoride: comparative evaluation using density gradient ultracentrifugation and autoradiography. AB - Sodium fluoride (NaF) was assayed for the induction of DNA-repair synthesis in WI 38 human diploid fibroblasts and in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. DNA repair synthesis in non-replicating DNA was measured by ultracentrifugation of density-labeled DNA in CsCl gradients. When this method was used, NaF did not induce DNA-repair synthesis in either of these cell types. However, when NaF was assayed for induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in rat hepatocytes by autoradiography, an increased net nuclear grain count was observed. Because the autoradiographic results were not confirmed by density-gradient ultracentrifugation of hepatocyte DNA, which is a more definitive technique, it is doubtful whether the autoradiographic results actually represent DNA-repair synthesis. Modifications of the UDS/autoradiography protocol to include more extensive washing resulted in no UDS response. Published reports (Hellung-Larsen and Klenow, 1969; Srivastava et al., 1981) describe the formation of precipitable complexes of Mg2+, F-, and [3H]thymidine triphosphate which suggests that autoradiographic measurement of UDS may lead to artifacts when testing NaF unless extensive washing of the cultures is employed. PMID- 3762572 TI - Sex difference in the micronucleus test. The Collaborative Study Group for the Micronucleus Test. AB - Since sex difference seemed to be one of the most urgent issues to be clarified among many parameters in protocols for the micronucleus test, the collaborative study group for the micronucleus test, consisting of members of the Japanese Environmental Mutagen Society, focused on this subject first. 20 clastogens were examined for sex-related differences of response in the micronucleus test with male and female mice at 20 participating laboratories, one at each laboratory. The results obtained were analyzed and 10 out of the 20 compounds were chosen for further tests for confirmation and re-examination. As a rule, each retested compound was evaluated at 2 laboratories with different strains of mice. The overall results of the first and second trials indicate that (1) all compounds induced micronuclei in both male and female mice, (2) 2-acetylaminofluorene (2 AAF), benzene, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), and 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) induced significantly higher incidences of micronuclei in males than in females, (3) ethyl methanesulfonate induced more micronuclei in females than in males, and (4) the other compounds showed almost the same responses in males and females or slightly higher responses in males than in females. The higher susceptibility of male mice to 2-AAF, B[a]P, and DMBA has, to our knowledge, not previously been reported. Based upon these results, we suggest that the use of male mice is sufficient for general screening by the micronucleus test. PMID- 3762573 TI - Induction of sister-chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations in hematopoietic tissue of a marine fish following in vivo exposure to genotoxic carcinogens. AB - The development of procedures to assess genetic damage in fish exposed in situ to point sources of aquatic pollution can be expected to contribute to the evaluation of the role of genotoxic contaminants in epizootic neoplasia in fish populations. To this end methods have been developed for assessing the in vivo induction of chromosomal aberrations (CAs) and sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in tissues of a marine teleost, the oyster toadfish, which may be applicable to other species. An alternative to the solid tissue and squash techniques for metaphase preparation permits the resolution of more than 100 SCEs/metaphase in toadfish kidney cells, which have moderately large chromosomes (0.122 pg DNA/chromosome). The bleeding of toadfish which have been injected with 5 bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) and the subsequent use of hematopoietic tissue (kidney) for cytogenetic analysis was shown to increase the metaphase yield and provide a more predictable production of second-division metaphases required for SCE analysis. With these methods linear dose-dependent increases in chromatid type exchange CAs and SCEs were obtained with i.p. exposure to ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and cyclophosphamide (CP). The doses required to double the observed control SCE frequencies (least effective doses) were 170 mg/kg for EMS and 7.4 mg/kg for CP. which are comparable to those reported for rodent bone marrow assays. A BrdUrd-sensitive site for chromatid breakage was observed on a pair of apparently homologous acrocentric chromosomes for the toadfish. PMID- 3762575 TI - Sister-chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes exposed in vitro to therapeutic ultrasound. AB - Human lymphocytes were exposed in vitro to therapeutic levels of ultrasound (1 W/cm2, CW, 0.87 MHz, durations of 80 and 160 sec). There were no significant differences in sister-chromatid exchange frequencies between controls and ultrasound-exposed cells. Exposure of lymphocytes to the positive control (mitomycin C) resulted in a significant increase in sister-chromatid exchanges. The data do not verify a report by Stella et al. (Mutation Res., 138 (1984) 75 85) that such exposures result in increased frequencies of SCEs. PMID- 3762574 TI - The effect of low-level 60-Hz electromagnetic fields on human lymphoid cells. II. Sister-chromatid exchanges in peripheral lymphocytes and lymphoblastoid cell lines. AB - Dividing human peripheral lymphocytes from 10 normal adults (5 males and 5 females) as well as lymphoid cell lines from patients with the chromosomal instability syndromes were exposed to low-level 60-Hz sinusoidal electromagnetic fields (EMF). The current density of the electrical field was 30 microA/cm2 while the strength of the magnetic field was either 1 or 2 gauss. The cytological endpoints measured included the frequency of sister-chromatid exchanges per chromosome; the distribution of first-, second-, and third-division cells and chromosome breakage (lymphoblastoid cells only). No statistically significant differences, indicative of EMF effects were observed between the treated and control cells regarding SCE frequency, cell cycle progression or chromosome breakage. PMID- 3762576 TI - Fibroblasts from patients with inherited predisposition to retinoblastoma exhibit normal sensitivity to the mutagenic effects of ionizing radiation. AB - Retinoblastoma (RB) is a cancer of the retina which characteristically occurs in early childhood. Bilateral RB is an inherited form of this disease. Such patients are at greatly increased risk of subsequently developing second tumors in mesenchymal tissue, especially in areas exposed to ionizing radiation therapy. Fibroblasts from bilateral RB patients have been reported to be more sensitive than normal fibroblasts to the cytotoxic effects of ionizing radiation. Because xeroderma pigmentosum patients have a hereditary predisposition to UV-induced cancer and the cells of such patients are abnormally sensitive to the cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of UV radiation, we compared fibroblasts from 6 bilateral RB patients and 3 normal individuals for their sensitivity to the mutagenic effects of cobalt 60, using resistance to 6-thioguanine (TG) as the genetic marker. The results showed no statistically significant difference between the two types of cell lines. The slope of the weighted least squares line representing the frequency of TG-resistant cells induced in the RB populations as a function of dose was 17 +/- 6 (S.E.)/10(6) cells/Gy with an intercept of 0.09 Gy; that for the normal cells was 17 +/- 7/10(6) cells/Gy with an intercept of 0.14 Gy. We also compared 8 bilateral RB cell lines and 9 age-matched normal cell lines for their sensitivity to the cytotoxic effect of 60Co, using survival of colony-forming ability. The cloning efficiency of the unirradiated RB cell lines ranged from 22% to 76% with an average of 52%; that of the normal cell lines from 21% to 89% with an average of 64%. The results showed the RB cells were somewhat more sensitive than the normal cells. The mean D0 for the RB cell lines ranged from 0.99 +/- 0.01 (S.E.) to 1.69 +/- 0.04 Gy with a weighted average of 1.44 +/- 0.08 Gy; that of the normal cell lines ranged from 1.42 +/- 0.17 to 2.24 +/- 0.10 Gy, with a weighted average of 1.79 +/- 0.11 Gy. The difference in means was estimated to be 0.34 +/- 0.14. The mean for the RB cell lines is statistically significantly lower than the mean for the normal cell lines, at a significance level ca. 1%. PMID- 3762577 TI - Effects of UV-irradiation on the SCE frequency in human lymphocyte cultures. AB - UV-irradiation (254 nm) was found to induce a smaller increase of SCE in human lymphocytes than in human fibroblasts and CHO cells. The UV-induced SCE frequency in human lymphocytes was not influenced by the duration between irradiation and the subsequent S-phase. UV-irradiated lymphocytes showed a slightly more than additive response to the SCE-inducing effect of HN2 and acetaldehyde in comparison with non-irradiated cells. The UV-induced SCE frequency was similar in lymphocyte cultures containing 20 and 100 microM of BrdUrd. The results suggest that human lymphocytes are relatively insensitive to the SCE-inducing effect of UV-irradiation, and that SCE-inducing damage caused by UV is not removed during the G1 phase in these cells. PMID- 3762578 TI - Cytogenetic effects of airborne particulate matter in human lymphocytes in vitro. AB - City smog was collected in a heavily industrialized area and investigated for its ability to induce cytogenetic effects in human lymphocytes in vitro. Total extract of city smog was found to produce sister-chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations in a dose-dependent manner. In addition cell-cycle delay was observed at higher concentrations of city smog extract. Results of cytogenetic testing are discussed with respect to cell-cycle kinetics. PMID- 3762579 TI - Muscle morphology, enzymatic activity, and muscle strength in elderly men: a follow-up study. AB - A follow-up study of muscle strength, muscle morphology, and enzymatic activity in 23 men, 73-83 years of age, was performed 7 years after the first investigation. With the exception of two men treated for congestive heart failure and four treated for hypertension, all were apparently clinically healthy and none had functional locomotor disturbances. Body weight was reduced by 2% and body cell mass by 6%, whereas the quadriceps muscle strength decreased 10%-22% over the 7-year period. Fiber composition in the vastus lateralis did not change significantly, and there was no significant difference between the biopsies from the biceps brachii and vastus lateralis. In the vastus lateralis, there was a reduction in fast-twitch fiber areas, which were smaller than in the biceps brachii (not studied at the previous investigation). There were also more histopathologic changes in the vastus lateralis than in the biceps brachii. The enzymatic activities of lactate dehydrogenase and myokinase, which were studied on both occasions in the vastus lateralis, did not change, and the activities of the other measured enzymes indicated a maintained metabolic capacity at high age. Oxidative enzymatic activities were higher in the vastus lateralis, and glycolytic enzymatic activities were higher in the biceps brachii, which could partly be explained by differences in relative fiber areas. PMID- 3762581 TI - Normal and dystrophic hamster myoblast and fibroblast growth in culture. AB - Normal and dystrophic hamster myoblasts and fibroblasts were compared for characteristic indicators of growth and differentiation. Clonal analysis of myoblast cultures indicated that 80% of colonies judged to be fusion-competent had differentiated. Dystrophic myoblasts were identical to normal in terms of their morphology, fusion potential (81.4%), and myokinase activity (59.6-49.1 mU/mg at 2-7 days), but displayed a significantly higher plating efficiency (normal: 52.6%; dystrophic: 82.1%), a longer doubling time (normal: 21.7 hours; dystrophic: 33.3 hours), and a lower day-7 creatine kinase activity (normal: 60.7 mU/mg; dystrophic: 41.3 mU/mg). Dystrophic fibroblasts were indistinguishable from normal ones in terms of their morphology, plating efficiency (90.4%), and doubling time (32.5 hours), but displayed a significantly lower day-2 creatine kinase activity (normal 58.3 mU/mg; dystrophic: 35.8 mU/mg) and day-7 myokinase activity (normal: 52.7 mU/mg; dystrophic: 39.9 mU/mg). The results are suggestive of an early and differential expression of the primary defect in dystrophic hamster myoblasts and fibroblasts in culture. PMID- 3762580 TI - Comparison of distal sympathetic with vagal function in diabetic neuropathy. AB - We measured distal sympathetic and vagal function in 73 consecutive patients with diabetic neuropathy seen at the Mayo Autonomic Reflex Laboratory. Postganglionic sympathetic failure measured proximally within the foot occurred as commonly as vagal failure (58% and 55%, respectively) and occurred much more frequently than did orthostatic hypotension (26%). Either vagal or distal sympathetic abnormalities occurred in isolation in about one in six patients with diabetic neuropathy. We conclude that distal sympathetic failure and vagal failure occur with equal frequency when sensitive and quantitative recording methods are used and that it is advantageous to test both systems, as only one may be involved in some patients. PMID- 3762582 TI - Disorders of neuromuscular transmission in infants and children. AB - Disorders of neuromuscular transmission in infants and children can be divided into two groups. The first group includes conditions similar to those seen in adults: autoimmune myasthenia gravis, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, and botulism. The second includes several disorders that are unique to this age group, such as the congenital myasthenias and infantile botulism. This review discusses the diseases of neuromuscular transmission found in the pediatric population, with emphasis on electrodiagnosis. The distinctive clinical and electrophysiologic features allow the clinician to identify these illnesses correctly, so that appropriate treatment can be instituted or further specialized investigation can be undertaken. PMID- 3762584 TI - Motor endplate position of rat gastrocnemius muscle. AB - In this study, the relative endplate position of fibers of rat gastrocnemius caput mediale (GM) muscle was determined by counting numbers of sarcomeres. Isolated fibers were teased from the proximal, intermediate, and distal regions of the muscle. Endplates of distal fibers were located on the proximal third of their lengths. Endplates of intermediate fibers were located at half fiber length, and for proximal fibers, a variable endplate position was obtained: in half of the muscles studied, endplates occurred around the proximal one-third and in the other half near the midpoint of the fiber. Endplate position relative to fiber length was thus found to be dependent on the region of the muscle. Changes in the orientation of endplate zone relative to the muscle belly is likely to take place with changes in muscle length, as shown by a planimetric muscle model. It is argued that architecture of pennate muscles may highly affect characteristics of motor unit potentials. PMID- 3762583 TI - Surgery for thoracic outlet syndrome may be hazardous to your health. AB - We are reporting five patients who suffered serious injuries from surgery for thoracic outlet syndrome, which has been a controversial subject from many aspects. Many argue that it is much overdiagnosed and overtreated. The term "disputed thoracic outlet syndrome" has recently been applied to the majority of cases in which there are little or no clinical findings. The much more rare true neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome does have associated neurologic and electrical findings. Recently, the use and misuse of electrodiagnostic studies in the diagnosis of disputed thoracic outlet syndrome has been discussed in the literature. The cases that we are reporting are especially tragic because the elective surgeries were performed in patients who had little or no clinical abnormalities on examination prior to the surgery. PMID- 3762585 TI - Procainamide-induced myasthenia-like syndrome. PMID- 3762586 TI - Phaeohyphomycotic cyst caused by Wangiella dermatitidis. PMID- 3762587 TI - Parasitic invasion of Fusarium oxysporum in an arterial ulcer in an otherwise healthy patient. PMID- 3762588 TI - A 13-year (1972-1984) study of dermatophytic infections in Alberta, Canada. PMID- 3762589 TI - [Comparison of clinical efficacy and tolerance of oxiconazole administered 1 x daily or 2 x daily]. PMID- 3762590 TI - Trichophyton rubrum infection in the napkin area--a case report. PMID- 3762591 TI - [Uncommon opportunistic mycoses with immune defects]. PMID- 3762592 TI - [Treatment of dermatomycoses with ciclopiroxolamine]. PMID- 3762593 TI - Purification and characterization of the extracellular acid phosphatase of Leishmania donovani. AB - A tartrate sensitive acid phosphatase activity was purified from culture supernatants of Leishmania donovani promastigotes grown in a macromolecule-free defined medium. Purification was accomplished by ultrafiltration, lentil lectin affinity chromatography, and sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. This enzyme was determined to be an acid glycoprotein containing 0.37 mg hexose per mg protein. A molecular weight of 134 000 by sucrose density gradient centrifugation was observed, although on molecular sieve chromatography the enzyme eluted with an apparent molecular weight of greater than 700 000. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was greater than 200 mumol min-1(mg protein)-1 when assayed with 4-methylumbelliferylphosphate as the substrate. In addition to various hexose phosphates, the enzyme hydrolyzed phosphorylated amino acids, in particular phosphotyrosine. The purified enzyme was heterodisperse with respect to both protein and activity staining patterns upon polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. PMID- 3762594 TI - Molecular karyotype of species and subspecies of Leishmania. AB - The DNA karyotypes of three species and several subspecies of New World Leishmania were found to be distinct. The karyotypes were more similar among closely related isolates than among more distantly related groups. Two classes of chromosomal DNA differences were detected among stocks; +/- 50 kb size differences among DNAs, some of which were shown to contain homologous sequences, and DNAs having no obvious corresponding chromosomal DNA in other isolates. A total of 14-24 chromosomal DNA bands were resolved, depending on the isolate, but densitometric analyses suggest that these isolates contain 26-33 distinct DNA molecules. These molecules total about 2.5 X 10(7) bp, a substantial fraction of the genomic DNA. The chromosomal DNA locations of gene sequences homologous to alpha- and beta-tubulin, ribosomal RNA, thymidylate synthetase-dihydrofolate reductase, and the H-region sequence were determined. The homologous sequences were located on chromosomal DNAs of similar, but not identical sizes among different stocks. We also found species- and some subspecies-specific beta tubulin chromosomal loci. We conclude that the DNA karyotype is useful for stock identification, taxonomy, and gene localization in Leishmania. Its potential for identifying the species and subspecies in natural infections appears less useful unless applied in conjunction with specific hybridization probes. PMID- 3762595 TI - A simple method for determining the optimal dosage of progestin in postmenopausal women receiving estrogens. AB - Progestin is often added to regimens of estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women to reduce the risk of endometrial hyperstimulation, but it may cause undesirable metabolic effects. Therefore, a low dosage is recommended. At present, the only way to determine whether the dosage of progestin is causing the desired secretory transformation of the endometrium is by endometrial sampling, which is invasive. We studied 102 postmenopausal women undergoing estrogen therapy who also took a progestin for 12 days each month, and we correlated the day of onset of bleeding with the endometrial histology over a three-month period. A bleeding pattern suitable for interpretation was observed in 96 women. Regardless of the preparation and dosage of the estrogen and progestin used, wholly or predominantly proliferative endometrium was always associated with bleeding on or before day 10 after the addition of progestin; wholly or predominantly secretory endometrium, or a lack of endometrial tissue, was associated with bleeding on day 11 or later. We conclude that the bleeding pattern reflected the histologic condition of the endometrium and that adjustment of the dosage of progestin so that regular bleeding is induced on or after day 11 may obviate the need for endometrial biopsy. PMID- 3762596 TI - Low-molecular-weight heparin: is small beautiful? PMID- 3762598 TI - Progress against cancer? PMID- 3762597 TI - Estrogen plus progestin in postmenopausal women--act II. PMID- 3762599 TI - More on open-chest cardiac massage after cardiac arrest. PMID- 3762600 TI - Low risk of HIV infection in children of men with hemophilia. PMID- 3762601 TI - Mast-cell degranulation in human hearts. PMID- 3762602 TI - Enteric hyperoxaluria and urolithiasis. PMID- 3762603 TI - Science or scam? PMID- 3762604 TI - Marketing a nutritional "revolutionary breakthrough". Trading on names. PMID- 3762605 TI - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 41-1986. A 29-year-old man with mental retardation and recurrent seizures. PMID- 3762606 TI - Gestational diabetes mellitus. PMID- 3762607 TI - Progress in sleep. PMID- 3762608 TI - Fatal asthma in New Zealand. PMID- 3762609 TI - Suicidal behavior and contagion among hospitalized adolescents. PMID- 3762610 TI - Transgingival nitrate syncope. PMID- 3762611 TI - The "lipstick-on-teeth" sign in Sjogren's syndrome. PMID- 3762612 TI - Case 17-1986: Wegener's granulomatosis. PMID- 3762613 TI - Clarification of correspondence on cholesterol in coffee creamers. PMID- 3762614 TI - Martini toothpick warning. PMID- 3762615 TI - Home care--who cares? PMID- 3762616 TI - Does it pay to advertise? PMID- 3762617 TI - The impact of overseas medical graduates on service and training in the United Kingdom. PMID- 3762618 TI - Coffee consumption and the incidence of coronary heart disease. AB - We conducted a prospective investigation of the effect of coffee consumption on coronary heart disease in 1130 male medical students who were followed for 19 to 35 years. Changes in coffee consumption and cigarette smoking during follow-up were examined in relation to the incidence of clinically evident coronary disease in comparisons of three measures of coffee intake--base-line intake, average intake, and most recent intake reported before the manifestation of coronary disease. Clinical evidence of coronary disease included myocardial infarction, angina, and sudden cardiac death. In separate analyses for each measure of coffee intake, the relative risks for men drinking five or more cups of coffee per day, as compared with nondrinkers, were approximately 2.80 for all three measures in the univariate analyses (maximum width of 95 percent confidence intervals, 1.27 to 6.51). After adjustment for age, current smoking, hypertension status, and base-line level of serum cholesterol, the estimated relative risk for men drinking five or more cups of coffee per day (using the most recent coffee intake measure), as compared with those drinking none, was 2.49 (maximum width of 95 percent confidence interval, 1.08 to 5.77). The association between coffee and coronary disease was strongest when the time between the reports of coffee intake and the coronary event was shortest. These findings support an independent, dose responsive association of coffee consumption with clinically evident coronary heart disease, which is consistent with a twofold to threefold elevation in risk among heavy coffee drinkers. PMID- 3762619 TI - Relation of glucose tolerance to complications of pregnancy in nondiabetic women. AB - An increase in fetal and maternal complications has been documented in cases of gestational diabetes, but the glucose levels that predict an increased risk have not been clearly defined. We evaluated the frequency of several neonatal complications (macrosomia, congenital anomalies, perinatal mortality, and prematurity) and maternal complications (toxemia, cesarean section, or both) in relation to glucose tolerance in 249 women in the third trimester of pregnancy. None of the women had previous evidence of diabetes, and all had normal results on an oral glucose-tolerance test, according to accepted criteria. On the basis of their two-hour plasma glucose levels, women were divided into three groups: A (glucose less than 100 mg per deciliter), B (glucose 100 to 119 mg per deciliter), and C (glucose 120 to 164 mg per deciliter). The higher two-hour plasma glucose levels were associated with a significant increase in the incidence of macrosomia (9.9, 15.5, and 27.5 percent in Groups A, B, and C, respectively), congenital abnormalities (0.7, 3.5, and 5.0 percent), and toxemia, cesarean section, or both (19.9, 25.9, and 40.0 percent). A significant correlation between the infant's weight and the mother's two-hour plasma glucose level was also observed. These data indicate that even limited degrees of maternal hyperglycemia, which are currently considered to be within the normal range, may affect the outcome of pregnancy. PMID- 3762620 TI - Fatal familial insomnia and dysautonomia with selective degeneration of thalamic nuclei. PMID- 3762621 TI - Cigarettes, alcohol, and stroke. PMID- 3762622 TI - Difficulties in studying silent ischemia. PMID- 3762623 TI - Toxicity of comfrey-pepsin preparations. PMID- 3762625 TI - Risk of retinoblastoma. PMID- 3762624 TI - Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 3762627 TI - Is it still a privilege to be a doctor? PMID- 3762626 TI - More physician-pharmacist cooperation needed. PMID- 3762628 TI - Fee-for-service research. PMID- 3762629 TI - The professional liability crisis. The 1986 Duke Private Sector Conference. PMID- 3762631 TI - Cystinuria. PMID- 3762630 TI - Informed consent by proxy. An issue in research with elderly patients. AB - The need for clinical study of patients in nursing homes is growing as this population grows; yet many of these patients are mentally incompetent to give informed consent for such research, and the decision must therefore be left to family members or other proxies. We studied the decisions by the proxies for 168 patients in nursing homes about whether to permit the patients' participation in a study involving minimal risk. The proxies were family members in all but one case, and 78 of 168 (46 percent) refused consent. Refusal was significantly associated (P less than 0.001) with the views that research should not be done in nursing homes, that the study would disturb the patient, that the patient, if able, would refuse to participate in the study, and that the proxy would refuse to participate in such a study if asked. Of the 55 proxies who believed that the patient would refuse consent, however, 17 (31 percent) gave consent, in apparent opposition to the patient's wishes. We conclude that refusal by family members to allow incompetent elderly patients to participate in studies may be an important obstacle to research among the elderly. Both the selection of proxies and the bases for their decisions require further study and definition. PMID- 3762632 TI - Rules for research in nursing homes. PMID- 3762633 TI - Taking the suspected mentally ill off the streets to public general hospitals. PMID- 3762634 TI - Heparin and intraventricular hemorrhage in low-birth-weight infants. PMID- 3762636 TI - A possible explanation for heterosexual male infection with AIDS. PMID- 3762635 TI - Acute epiglottitis in adults. PMID- 3762637 TI - Dietary gluten and primary IgA nephropathy. PMID- 3762638 TI - Psychiatric consultation in somatization disorder. PMID- 3762639 TI - The painful prescription... PMID- 3762640 TI - Physicians' fees again. PMID- 3762641 TI - The natural history of primary first-degree atrioventricular heart block. AB - The long-term prognosis of first-degree heart block in the absence of organic heart disease has not been clearly defined. We addressed this question in a 30 year longitudinal study of 3983 healthy men. We identified 52 cases that were present on entry into the study and 124 incident cases during follow-up. The incidence rose steadily after age 40 and was 1.13 per 1000 person-years over the entire period. Two thirds of the cases had only moderate prolongation of the PR interval (0.22 to 0.23 second). We compared four age-matched controls with each case for histories of scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, diphtheria, smoking, blood pressure, and body-mass index. No significant differences (P greater than 0.05) were found. Likewise, mortality from all causes did not differ between cases and controls. Although somewhat higher rates of morbidity and mortality from ischemic heart disease were observed in the cases than in the controls, the differences were not significant. Progression to higher grades of heart block occurred in only two cases. In view of the prognostic findings and the rare occurrence of advanced degrees of heart block, we conclude that primary first-degree heart block with moderate PR prolongation is a benign condition. This conclusion may not apply, however, to persons with more marked prolongation of the PR interval, a very rare condition. PMID- 3762642 TI - Hepatitis B virus RNA transcripts and DNA in chronic liver disease. AB - To study the relation between gene expression of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and liver disease, we studied HBV RNA transcripts and DNA in liver-biopsy specimens from 30 patients with chronic liver disease (17 seropositive for hepatitis B surface antigen and 13 seronegative). HBV-specific RNA was found in all the seropositive patients and in none of the seronegative patients. Two major RNAs, sizes 29S (long) and 21S (short), were found in nine seropositive patients, of whom seven had free HBV DNA and eight were seropositive for hepatitis B e antigen. Six of the nine patients had hepatitis B core antigen in hepatocytes and active liver disease. In contrast, inactive liver disease was noted in the remaining eight seropositive patients, who had only one (21S) RNA. None of these patients had free HBV DNA (five of eight had integrated DNA) or hepatitis B core antigen in hepatocytes. Hybridization analysis suggested that 29S and 21S RNAs are messenger RNAs of hepatitis B core antigen and hepatitis B surface antigen, respectively. These data indicate that the free DNA and its products are causally related to the activity of liver disease and that once HBV DNA has been integrated, the disease will become quiescent. None of the determinants were identified in patients seronegative for hepatitis B surface antigen. PMID- 3762643 TI - Prenatal diagnosis of ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency with use of DNA polymorphisms. PMID- 3762644 TI - Ethical issues. A nursing perspective. PMID- 3762645 TI - Vasodilator therapy in congestive heart failure. PMID- 3762646 TI - Oral penicillin prophylaxis in thalassemia and in sickle cell anemia. PMID- 3762647 TI - Anti-Fc-receptor therapy of refractory immune thrombocytopenic purpura. PMID- 3762648 TI - Human beta-mannosidase deficiency. PMID- 3762649 TI - Mechanism of active expiration in tetraplegic subjects. PMID- 3762650 TI - Wedge pressure in pulmonary veno-occlusive disease. PMID- 3762651 TI - If you snip, don't zip! PMID- 3762652 TI - Pregnancy without ovaries. PMID- 3762653 TI - Teratogens and "litogens". PMID- 3762654 TI - Pathogenesis of paracoccidioidomycosis: a histopathological study of the experimental murine infection. AB - The pathogenesis of primary pulmonary P. brasiliensis infection, the systemic dissemination which followed, and the histopathology of the main organs involved was studied in a murine model of chronic paracoccidioidomycosis. Adult male BALB/C mice, were challenged intranasally with 26 X 10(-6) viable P. brasiliensis yeast cells. We inoculated 86 animals which were sacrificed from 0 h to 20 weeks. As controls, 11 mice were instilled with saline solution, and 48 with 26 X 10(-6) heat-killed. P. brasiliensis yeast cells. None of the animals receiving saline, exhibited pathologic alterations; 11.6% of those inoculated with the heat-killed cells, revealed mild, transitory acino-pulmonary neutrophilic infiltrates. The animals infected with viable cells, developed a systemic process affecting mainly the lungs (46.5%), liver (18.6%), lymph-nodes (18.6%), and spleen (3.5%). In this group of animals, lung lesions were detected regularly at all time periods from 3 h to 20 weeks. A multiple bronchopneumonic process was initially observed at 6 h, reached its maximum intensity around the third day, subsided thereafter but did not disappear and reactivated after the fifth week to become stationary until the end of experiments. Dissemination to other organs occurred early, and apparently by the hematogenous route. Initially the inflammatory cell infiltrate was mainly neutrophilic. With time, these cells were gradually replaced by lymphocytes, histiocytes and plasmocytes. Granuloma configuration of the cell infiltrate was distinctly seen around the fifth week, with multinucleated giant cells appearing at the ninth week. Hiliary lymph-node involvement was rare (7%) and primary lung lesions, as seen in tuberculosis and histoplasmosis, were not observed. PMID- 3762655 TI - The pathogenicities of Cylindrocarpon tonkinense and Fusarium solani in the rabbit cornea. AB - The pathogenicity of Cylindrocarpon tonkinense in the cornea was evaluated and compared with that of Fusarium solani in rabbits. F. solani was inoculated into the right eyes of 14 rabbits and C. tonkinense was into the left eyes of same rabbits. The corneal lesions of both eyes were examined carefully by slit lamp every day for three weeks and the severity of infections were compared each other. For histopathologic study, several eyes were enucleated periodically. C. tonkinense has a pathogenicity equally strong as F. solani in this inoculum size (10(4) microconidia per cornea) and produced severe infection in rabbit eyes. PMID- 3762656 TI - Medium for susceptibility testing and yeast phase conversion of Blastomyces dermatitidis. AB - Cottonseed protein agar and a modified Tween-albumin casein hydrolysate (TAC) medium were compared for the yeast phase conversion of Blastomyces dermatitidis strains including fresh isolates as well as strains maintained in long-term storage. It was found that both media converted all the B. dermatitidis (mycelial phase) strains studied to yeast phase in three days. The TAC medium has the added advantage that it is clear and the growth can be recognized earlier than in the opaque cottonseed agar medium. The conversion in most cases was more than 95% and the morphology of the yeast cells was uniformly typical with broad base budding. There was a striking difference between the sensitivity of the yeast and mycelial phases of B. dermatitidis strains. The yeast phase was usually more sensitive to Amphotericin B than the mycelial phase of B. dermatitidis. Similarly, the yeast phases of four out of six strains were more sensitive to ketoconazole than their respective mycelial phases, while two strains showed identical sensitivity in cottonseed agar. The yeast phase organism was more susceptible to Amphotericin B when cottonseed medium was used whereas the yeast phase showed more susceptibility to ketoconazole in TAC medium. Since the sensitivity among the various strains differed, it is necessary to determine the antifungal susceptibility of the pathogenic phase of the organism for initiating proper therapy and monitoring effectiveness. PMID- 3762657 TI - Foodborne Sporothrix schenckii: infectivity for mice by intraperitoneal and intragastric inoculation with conidia. AB - Experimental infections with a foodborne isolate of the fungus Sporothrix schenckii were administered to mice by intraperitoneal or intragastric injection and gavage. All injected mice showed evidence of systemic sporotrichosis. Granulomas were observed from day 3 to day 12 in the organs of neonates inoculated by injection; in mice infected by gavage, granulomas were observed only in those inoculated with 10(7) conidia. Susceptibility (based on cultural recovery) of the neonates to infections with 6 X 10(6) conidia of the fungus was 100% with intragastric injection, 91% with intraperitoneal injection, and 21 and 24% (2 X 10(7) conidia) with oral intubation. With both intragastric (59%) and intraperitoneal (25%) injections, more neonates died or were cannibalized by the mother than with intubation (14.5%). S. schenckii infected neonatal mice and caused illness by the oral route as well as by injection into the tissues or stomach. Adult mice, however, were susceptible to S. schenckii only by injection into the tissues, but not by gavage. PMID- 3762658 TI - The incidence of skin manifestations by dermatophytes in patients with psoriasis. AB - Thirty-four psoriatic patients (23 males, 11 females) were found to have skin manifestations of dermatophyte infection. Tinea pedis was observed in 20 cases, tinea cruris in 6 and tinea manuum in 2. T. rubrum was the causative agent in all of these with the exception of 2 cases caused by E. floccosum. Lesions of tinea corporis were found intermingled with psoriatic plaques in various areas of the body skin in 6 patients (4 males, 2 females); T. rubrum was isolated from 5 of these and M. canis from one. Twenty-one of these psoriatic patients also had lesions caused by C. albicans in the toe-webs and interdigital aspects of the fingers, the latter being associated with paronychia in 9 cases. These findings indicate that we should remain aware of the possibility of fungus manifestations in patients with psoriasis, which would not appear to be an exceptional occurrence. PMID- 3762659 TI - First culture-proven gastrointestinal entermophthoromycosis in the United States: a case report and review of the literature. AB - The zygomycosis are fungal infections often occurring in compromised hosts. We report the first culture-proven case of a gastrointestinal infection in the United States by Basidiobolus haptosporus (ranarum). The clinical and histological features are noted in order to distinguish this infection from the more widely reported mucormycosis. PMID- 3762660 TI - The increasing role of Microsporum canis in the variety of dermatophytic manifestations reported from Israel. AB - During a period of 8 years 300 cases of dermatophytoses involving both hairy areas and the glabrous skin were found to be caused by M. canis. There was scalp involvement in 60%, including 8 infants and 27 adults; most of the adults presented Kerion-like lesions and presented various clinical aspects such as seborrhea capitis, folliculitis and discoid lupus erythematosus. In the 21 patients showing invasion of the beard the clinical manifestations included superficial erythemato-squamous patches with hyperemic slightly elevated margins, folliculitis or abscess-like lesions and Kerion-like lesions. Among the lesions found on the glabrous skin there were unusual aspects of tinea faciei in 19 adults, mimicking lymphocytic infiltration, granuloma faciale or discoid lupus erythematosus. Some of the cases of tinea corporis found in 70 patients also had lesions simulating various other dermatological entities, including erythema multiforme, psoriasiform eruption, pityriasis rosea and seborrheic dermatitis. The hands were invaded in 5 adults patients, with involvement of the finger nails in one. Repeated mycologic examinations were necessary to establish the true etiology in many of these cases. PMID- 3762661 TI - Sources of fungal contamination in a burn-care unit. AB - A microbiological study was carried out in the burn-care unit of the Centro Traumatologico Ortopedico of Turin (Italy) in order to detect the most important sources of fungal contamination in patients at high risk of infection. Identification of the fungi was carried out only for those of medical mycological interest, with the exclusion of the yeast isolates. PMID- 3762662 TI - Growth temperatures of isolates of Sporothrix schenckii from disseminated and fixed cutaneous lesions of sporotrichosis. AB - In 1979 Kwon Chung described two varieties of Sporothrix schenckii based on the thermotolerance of isolates from fixed cutaneous (35 degrees C) and that of disseminated cutaneous forms (37 degrees C) of sporotrichosis. Since we had not noted such a difference previously in a study of 100 cases of this disease (55% localized and 45% disseminated) wherein all the isolates grew at 37 degrees C, we decided to repeat this work. Our results differ from those reported by Kwon Chung, since the isolates of both the fixed and disseminated forms of sporotrichosis grew at 37 and 38 degrees C, even when we used inocula of 30 conidia (20-50) which according to Kwon Chung were needed to observe this difference. PMID- 3762663 TI - Effects of hyperthermia on phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Sporothrix schenckii by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. AB - The effects of hyperthermia on phagocytosis and killing of Sporothrix schenckii by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) were investigated in order to clarify the mechanism of local thermotherapy for sporotrichosis. Yeast cells of S. schenckii, PMNs and serum were incubated at 37 degrees C or 40 degrees C for 2 or 4 hours. Rate of phagocytosis and killing rate (rate of germination) were estimated, and their processes were observed by transmission electron microscopy. There was no effect of hyperthermia on the phagocytosis rate, but the killing rate increased significantly at 40 degrees C. Electron microscopic examination showed an increase of granularity in the yeast cytoplasm, elongation and fragmentation of the cell membrane. The ultrastructural changes were basically identical under both temperatures, but the degree of these changes was higher at 40 degrees C than at 37 degrees C. Although both intact and degenerated yeasts were found in the same conditions, their transient forms were few, suggesting that the PMN killing process was completed promptly. PMID- 3762664 TI - US budget. Boom time for health research. PMID- 3762666 TI - Fluoride, immunity and tooth decay. PMID- 3762665 TI - Classical caries. PMID- 3762667 TI - Vision in humans and computers. PMID- 3762668 TI - Lectin biochemistry. New way of protein maturation. PMID- 3762669 TI - Neurobiology. Dopamine receptor disputes. PMID- 3762670 TI - Body in the bog but no DNA. PMID- 3762671 TI - Decontamination puts meat in a pickle. PMID- 3762672 TI - Dragon's exhalations give clue to Chernobyl. PMID- 3762673 TI - Role of the cerebellum in the visual guidance of movement. AB - Mathematicians, control engineers and information technologists are beginning to take a greater interest in neuroscience. They are perhaps starting to realize that they may be able to learn a few tricks from nature with which to improve their machines. At the same time there is a good chance that neuroscientists will benefit from their input of fresh ideas and techniques with which to attack the problems of understanding neural processing. One area of the brain which seems particularly promising in these respects is the cerebellum. PMID- 3762674 TI - Localization of D-2 dopamine receptors to intrinsic striatal neurones by quantitative autoradiography. AB - Recent work with positron emission and single photon emission computed tomography has demonstrated the feasibility of studying striatal dopamine receptors in the living human brain. For the proper interpretation of these studies in normal and diseased states, the cellular localization of these receptors must be definitively established. It has been claimed, on the basis of receptor binding studies with tissue homogenates in rats, that 30-50% of striatal D-2 dopamine receptors are located on axons or terminals of the corticostriatal pathway. This finding has been incorporated into major reviews and classifications of dopamine receptors. The recent development of quantitative autoradiographic methods for diffusible ligands has facilitated the study of neurotransmitter receptors in cytoarchitechtonically intact tissue. Because this technique provides the necessary anatomic resolution that is lacking in homogenate binding studies, we have used it to re-examine the localization of striatal dopamine receptors. Here we present evidence that D-2 receptors are located exclusively on kainic acid sensitive intrinsic neuronal elements in the striatum. We report that discrete cortical ablation does not alter 3H-spiperone binding to rat striatum and thus our results do not support the existence of D-2 dopamine receptors on the terminals of the corticostriatal pathway. PMID- 3762675 TI - Is megasequencing madness? PMID- 3762676 TI - Second messenger dualism in neuromodulation and memory. PMID- 3762677 TI - Body temperature and the specific heat of water. PMID- 3762678 TI - FRP is follicle regulatory protein. PMID- 3762679 TI - Mystery object amid the chromosomes. PMID- 3762680 TI - Prospects for rabies control by vaccination. PMID- 3762682 TI - AIDS in Japan. Test-kit market opens up. PMID- 3762681 TI - AIDS in California. Proposition causes PANIC. PMID- 3762683 TI - In vitro fertilization. French scientist makes a stand. PMID- 3762684 TI - Chernobyl. Pact for nuclear accidents. PMID- 3762685 TI - Chernobyl fallout. Pugwash's radioactive trousers. PMID- 3762686 TI - Mutation screening an increasing factor. PMID- 3762687 TI - Research integration. If you go to San Francisco . . . PMID- 3762688 TI - Neurobiology. Routes for development. PMID- 3762690 TI - Biochemical basis of cystic fibrosis. PMID- 3762689 TI - Core fragments in Chernobyl fallout. PMID- 3762691 TI - Microtubule assembly in the axon. PMID- 3762692 TI - Cloning, sequencing and expression of complementary DNA encoding the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. AB - Cloning and sequence analysis of DNA complementary to porcine cerebral messenger RNA encoding the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor predict the complete amino acid sequence of this protein. Expression of the complementary DNA produced functional muscarinic receptor in Xenopus oocytes. The muscarinic receptor is homologous with the beta-adrenergic receptor and rhodopsin in both amino-acid sequence and suggested transmembrane topography. PMID- 3762693 TI - Germ-line transmission of genes introduced into cultured pluripotential cells by retroviral vector. AB - Embryonic stem cells isolated directly from mouse embryos can be cultured for long periods in vitro and subsequently repopulate the germ line in chimaeric mice. During the culture period these embryonic cells are accessible for experimental genetic manipulation. Here we report the use of retroviral vectors to introduce exogenous DNA sequences into a stem-cell line and show that these modified cells contribute extensively to the somatic and germ-cell lineages in chimaeric mice. Compared with current methods for manipulation of the mouse genome, this approach has the advantage that powerful somatic-cell genetic techniques can be used to modify and to select cells with germ-line potential, allowing the derivation of transgenic strains with pre-determined genetic changes. We have by this means inserted many proviral vector sequences that provide new chromosomal molecular markers for linkage studies in the mouse and that also may cause insertional mutations. PMID- 3762694 TI - A family of related ATP-binding subunits coupled to many distinct biological processes in bacteria. AB - Many biological processes are coupled to ATP hydrolysis. We describe here a class of closely related ATP-binding proteins, from several bacterial species, which are associated with a variety of cellular functions including membrane transport, cell division, nodulation in Rhizobium and haemolysin export. These proteins comprise a family of structurally and functionally related subunits which share a common evolutionary origin, bind ATP and probably serve to couple ATP hydrolysis to each of these biological processes. This finding suggests a specific role for ATP in cell division, nodulation during nitrogen fixation and protein export, and allows us to assign a probable function to one of the protein components from each of these systems. PMID- 3762695 TI - Domainal evolution of a prokaryotic DNA repair protein and its relationship to active-transport proteins. AB - The ABC excision nuclease of Escherichia coli is an ATP-dependent DNA repair enzyme composed of three protein subunits, UvrA, UvrB and UvrC. The DNA sequences of all three genes have been reported. UvrA, the component that binds directly to the DNA, and UvrB, which attaches itself to the UvrA-DNA complex, both contain consensus sequences though to be diagnostic of ATP-binding sites, although the UvrC sequence does not. We now report that a computer analysis of the UvrA sequence has revealed an unusual series of internal duplications centering around putative metal-binding sites which may be involved in the interaction with DNA. We also find a strong evolutionary relationship to a family of prokaryotic membrane-associated active-transport proteins. PMID- 3762696 TI - A novel selective broad-spectrum anti-DNA virus agent. AB - A new compound has been found, (S)-9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine ((S)-HPMPA), that has potent and selective activity against a broad spectrum of DNA viruses, including herpes simplex virus (types 1 and 2); varicella zoster virus; thymidine kinase-deficient (TK-) mutants of herpes simplex and varicella zoster virus; human cytomegalovirus; phocid, simian, suid, bovid and equid herpesviruses; African swine fever virus; vaccinia virus; and human adenoviruses. It is also active against retroviruses. We also report that, in mice and rabbits in vivo, the compound is effective against both local and systemic infections with herpes simplex virus type 1, including herpetic keratitis caused by a TK- mutant which is resistant to the classical anti-herpes drugs. PMID- 3762698 TI - Occupational radiation. British nuclear workers cleared. PMID- 3762697 TI - Genetic manipulation. Relaxed rules provoke anger. PMID- 3762699 TI - Cognition. Parallel distributed processing. PMID- 3762700 TI - Medical research. Are we losing the war on cancer? PMID- 3762701 TI - Retroviral vaccines. How close is C to D? PMID- 3762702 TI - Pharmacological treatment of central nervous system injury. PMID- 3762703 TI - New medical and scientific uses of the leech. PMID- 3762704 TI - Screwworm eradication is what it seems. PMID- 3762706 TI - Bilateral amblyopia after a short period of reverse occlusion in kittens. AB - The majority of neurones in the visual cortex of both adult cats and kittens can be excited by visual stimulation of either eye. Nevertheless, if one eye is deprived of patterned vision early in life, most cortical cells can only be activated by visual stimuli presented to the nondeprived eye and behaviourally the deprived eye is apparently useless. Although the consequences of monocular deprivation can be severe, they can in many circumstances be rapidly reversed with the early implementation of reverse occlusion which forces the use of the initially deprived eye. However, by itself reverse occlusion does not restore a normal distribution of cortical ocular dominance and only promotes visual recovery in one eye. In an effort to find a procedure that might restore good binocular vision, we have examined the effects on acuity and cortical ocular dominance of a short, but physiologically optimal period of reverse occlusion, followed by a period of binocular vision beginning at 7.5 weeks of age. Surprisingly, despite the early introduction of binocular vision, both eyes attained acuities that were only approximately 1/3 of normal acuity levels. Despite the severe bilateral amblyopia, cortical ocular dominance appeared similar to that of normal cats. This is the first demonstration of severe bilateral amblyopia following consecutive periods of monocular occlusion. PMID- 3762705 TI - Structure, sequence and expression of the hepatitis delta (delta) viral genome. AB - Biochemical and electron microscopic data indicate that the human hepatitis delta viral agent contains a covalently closed circular and single-stranded RNA genome that has certain similarities with viroid-like agents from plants. The sequence of the viral genome (1,678 nucleotides) has been determined and an open reading frame within the complementary strand has been shown to encode an antigen that binds specifically to antisera from patients with chronic hepatitis delta viral infections. PMID- 3762707 TI - Chemotropic effect of specific target epithelium in the developing mammalian nervous system. AB - Developing nerve fibres are guided to their targets by specific directional cues which are thought to be expressed in the tissues along the route and may involve the extracellular matrix. Another possibility, that directional cues emanate from the target itself, is consistent with the recent demonstration of homing behaviour by ectopic retinal ganglion axons and our previous demonstration that early trigeminal neurites grow directly to their virgin peripheral target in vitro. Here we show that this chemotropic effect is precisely limited to the trigeminal system; trigeminal ganglion neurites grow directly to their own target field but not to the adjoining field, normally innervated by the geniculate ganglion; furthermore, the trigeminal field does not influence the growth of geniculate neurites. Also, when trigeminal ganglia are co-cultured with isolated tissue layers of their target, neurites grow only towards the epithelial and not the mesenchymal component. These findings suggest that trigeminal epithelium is specified to attract correct innervation and that pathway mesenchyme, in which preformed guidance cues have been postulated, may provide favourable conditions for nerve fibre growth but not govern its direction. PMID- 3762708 TI - The nuclear lamina is a meshwork of intermediate-type filaments. AB - The nuclear lamina, a protein meshwork lining the nucleoplasmic surface of the inner nuclear membrane, is thought to provide a framework for organizing nuclear envelope structure and an anchoring site at the nuclear periphery for interphase chromatin. In several higher eukaryotic cells, the lamina appears to be a polymer comprised mainly of one to three immunologically related polypeptides of relative molecular mass (Mr) 60,000-75,000 (60-70K) termed lamins. Three lamins (A, B, and C) are typically present in mammalian somatic cells. Previous studies on nuclear envelopes of rat liver and Xenopus oocytes suggested that the lamina has a fibrillar or filamentous substructure. Interestingly, protein sequences recently deduced for human lamins A and C from complementary DNA clones indicate that both of these polypeptides contain a region of approximately 350 amino acids very similar in sequence to the coiled-coil alpha-helical rod domain that characterizes all intermediate-type filament (IF) proteins. Here we analyse the supramolecular organization of the native nuclear lamina and the structure and assembly properties of purified lamins, and show that the lamins constitute a previously unrecognized class of IF polypeptides. PMID- 3762709 TI - D1. Initial results of the German Spacelab mission. PMID- 3762710 TI - [Lymphocytes are sensitive to gravity]. PMID- 3762712 TI - Effect of microgravity on mammalian cell polarization at the ultrastructural level. PMID- 3762711 TI - Preliminary results of the "Paramecium" experiment. PMID- 3762713 TI - The circadian rhythm in Chlamydomonas reinhardii in a zeitgeber-free environment. PMID- 3762715 TI - Dosimetric mapping inside Biorack on D1. PMID- 3762714 TI - Steady compensation of gravity effects in Physarum polycephalum. PMID- 3762716 TI - Embryonic development of the vertebrate gravity receptors. PMID- 3762718 TI - Venous pressure in microgravity. PMID- 3762717 TI - Embryogenesis and organogenesis of Carausius morosus under spaceflight conditions. PMID- 3762719 TI - ["TOMEX" monitoring of intraocular pressure under microG conditions]. PMID- 3762720 TI - Mass discrimination in weightlessness improves with arm movements of higher acceleration. PMID- 3762721 TI - Cognitive processes of spatial coordinate assignment. On weighting perceptual cues. PMID- 3762723 TI - [Teratoma and the mammalian embryo]. AB - Teratomas are tumors that occur in the ovary or testis of mammals and are composed of a mixture of differentiated cells from various organs. Experimental investigations on teratomas have shown that a "biological therapy" of a tumor is feasible if these cells participate in normal differentiation and are able to reprogram changes in gene expression. PMID- 3762722 TI - [Venomous animals and their venoms]. AB - Animal venoms have aroused great interest during the past decades. During recent years, especially substances from marine animals have been investigated, not only in regard to their chemical structures but also to their biological relevance. Neurotoxic peptides from scorpions opened new aspects of action mechanisms on cell membranes; from snake venoms also ingredients have been obtained which serve as valuable pharmaceutical drugs. PMID- 3762724 TI - Radioactivity in air, rain, soil, plants and food after the Czernobyl incident. PMID- 3762725 TI - [Characteristic shifts of IGG subclasses G1 and G2 in malignant diseases]. PMID- 3762726 TI - Brain affinity of the ruthenocene analogue of N-isopropyl-amphetamine labeled with gamma-emitters. PMID- 3762727 TI - Hemoglobin of pandas: phylogenetic relationships of carnivores as ascertained with protein sequence data. PMID- 3762728 TI - [From becoming to being: energy conditions for the evolution of social relations in the animal kingdom]. AB - In the evolution of the animal kingdom and of Man there have been four striking changes in orientation, each accompanied by (amongst other things) marked changes in the flow rates and distribution of energy. An analysis of the alterations in the turnover and distribution of energy reveals that with each such revolution the role of the individual and his social demands gained in importance as compared to that of the germ line. PMID- 3762729 TI - Biotinylated DNA probes: sensitivity and applications. PMID- 3762730 TI - Frequency discrimination in the pigeon (Columba livia). PMID- 3762731 TI - Time course of short-term memory depends on associative events. PMID- 3762732 TI - Responses of the split activity components in hamsters. PMID- 3762733 TI - Serotonin (5-HT) enhances hippocampal noradrenaline (NA) release: evidence for facilitatory 5-HT receptors within the CNS. AB - Slices of rabbit hippocampus were preincubated with 3H-noradrenaline (3H-NA), then superfused continuously in the presence of the noradrenaline (NA) uptake inhibitor (+)oxaprotilin and twice stimulated electrically. The stimulation induced tritium overflow was increased by the 5-HT receptor agonists, 5-HT, 2 methyl-5-HT and 5-carboxamidotryptamine in a concentration dependent manner; a tyramine-like displacement of NA by the 5-HT agonists was prevented by (+)oxaprotilin. The 5-HT M-receptor antagonists, MDL 72222 and ICS 205-930, inhibited the facilitatory effects of 5-HT agonists as well as the enhanced tritium overflow due to the selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor, 6-nitroquipazine: in each case, concentrations much higher than those required to block M-receptors of the periphery were necessary. At high concentrations MDL 72222, in contrast to ICS 205-930, seems to have alpha-adrenoceptor antagonistic activity. The 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, ketanserin, had no effect on 5-HT-induced facilitation of transmitter release; metitepin facilitated stimulation-evoked transmitter release per se both in the absence and presence of phentolamine. From our results we conclude that, as on peripheral nerve endings, also on central noradrenergic terminals, facilitatory 5-HT receptors are present that modulate NA release. The enhanced tritium overflow following 6-nitroquipazine may be due to an increased release of endogenous 5-HT, a suggestion which supports the hypothesis of a physiological innervation of these facilitatory 5-HT receptors on NA terminals. PMID- 3762734 TI - Effects of MDL 72222 and methiothepin on carotid vascular responses to 5 hydroxytryptamine in the pig: evidence for the presence of "5-hydroxytryptamine1 like" receptors. AB - The present study concerns the effects of MDL 72222 (0.5 mg X kg-1, i.v.), a 5 hydroxytryptamine3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonist, and methiothepin (1.0 mg X kg-1, i.v.), an antagonist of both 5-HT2 and "5-HT1-like" receptors, on the responses to local infusions of 5-HT (2.0 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1) on the total common carotid artery blood flow and its complete distribution in anaesthetized pigs. As reported earlier, more than 80% of the carotid blood bypassed the capillary circulation via cranial arteriovenous anastomoses, while approximately 15% and 2% was distributed to the extracerebral structures and brain, respectively. The total carotid blood flow did not change or was moderately reduced by 5-HT, but the amine consistently caused a 85% reduction in arteriovenous anastomotic blood flow and a 5-fold increase in blood flow to the extracerebral tissues, mainly the skin and ears. The colour of the skin and ears changed to bright pink. Complete recovery from the effects of 5-HT was observed once the infusion was stopped. MDL 72222 and methiothepin did not themselves affect carotid haemodynamics. The responses to 5-HT were not modified by MDL 72222 except that the reduction of the total carotid blood flow by 5-HT was augmented. In contrast, methiothepin almost completely abolished both the reduction of arteriovenous anastomotic blood flow and the increase in tissue blood flow following 5-HT-infusion. The colour of the skin and ears also did not become pink.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3762736 TI - Evidence for a non-precursor dopamine pool in noradrenergic neurones of the dog mesenteric artery. AB - The effects of dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibition by disulfiram on dopamine and noradrenaline concentrations were investigated at various times in the main trunk and proximal branches of the dog mesenteric artery. The effects of desmethylimipramine and benztropine on the uptake of exogenous dopamine in the proximal branches of the mesenteric artery were also analyzed. The rate constant of dopamine accumulation after dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibition in the main trunk (0.1137 h-1) was significantly higher than that observed in the proximal branches (0.075 h-1). The rate constants of noradrenaline decline were similar in both segments of the mesenteric artery (about 0.052 h-1). The uptake of exogenous dopamine in the proximal branches of the mesenteric artery was insensitive to benztropine and only blocked by desmethylimipramine. These results suggest the existence of a non-precursor dopamine pool in noradrenergic neurones supplying the proximal branches of the dog mesenteric artery, and also provide evidence in favour of the absence of independent dopaminergic neurones in this vascular area. PMID- 3762735 TI - Central dopaminergic properties of HW-165 and its enantiomers; trans octahydrobenzo(f)quinoline congeners of 3-PPP. AB - In the further development of CNS dopamine autoreceptor active compounds related to 3-PPP, the transfused 7-hydroxy-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,10b-octahydrobenzo(f)quinoline HW-165 and its enantiomers were synthesised. This paper describes the basic pharmacological properties of these latter, novel "atypical" dopaminergic agents, based on an extensive series of biochemical and behavioural experiments in rats. By and large, the pharmacological activities of HW-165 - essentially, if not exclusively, residing in its (4aS,10bS)-(-)-enantiomer - were similar to those displayed by (S)-(-)-3-PPP, indicating the simultaneous presence of central dopamine (autoreceptor) agonist and weak (postsynaptic) antagonist properties in the molecule. Thus, in non-pretreated animals HW-165 and its active species monotonically suppressed the spontaneous locomotion without causing catalepsy or other appreciable motor disabilities, and at the same time selectively reduced the dopamine synthesis, release/turnover and utilisation. Some differences in these biochemical responses to HW-165 [racemate or (-)-enantiomer] were, however, noted in the limbic vs. striatal brain areas (e.g. decrease of dopamine synthesis particularly in the limbic parts). On the other hand, while failing to reverse reserpine-induced akinesia or to elicit stereotyped behaviour, the agents markedly inhibited the dopamine synthesis in either of the dopamine-dominated cerebral regions in the reserpinised as well as in gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) treated rats. As shown for racemic HW-165 after reserpine pretreatment, the inhibition of dopamine synthesis was completely and stereoselectively blocked by (+)-butaclamol, thereby supporting direct dopamine receptor interaction. Racemic HW-165 readily antagonised the d-amphetamine-induced locomotor hyperactivity. Apomorphine-induced hyperactivity was, however, distinctly more resistant to antagonism by HW-165 [racemate or (-)-enantiomer]. Moreover, the latter agents fully prevented the apomorphine-induced inhibition of striatal dopamine synthesis in otherwise non-pretreated rats, while only partly counteracting this effect of apomorphine in the limbic regions of such animals, and in either brain area of rats treated with gamma-butyro-lactone. The findings are interpreted within the context of the mixed dopamine agonist/antagonist properties (referred above) of HW-165 and its active (-)-species in relation to the adaptive state of central dopamine receptors and possible regional variations in feedback strength and organisation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3762737 TI - Endogenous dopamine release from tuberoinfundibular neurons: does calmodulin play any role? AB - The possible involvement of calmodulin in the process of endogenous dopamine (DA) release from arcuate-periventricular nuclei-median eminence fragments, containing tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) neurons, has been investigated in an in vitro incubation system. For this purpose the basal and K+-stimulated DA release was examined in the presence and in the absence of the different putative calmodulin antagonists, pimozide, trifluoperazine, penfluridol and N-(6 aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide (W-7). Trifluoperazine and pimozide in concentrations up to 100 microM were both uneffective in blocking K+-evoked DA release. Penfluridol in doses of 5 and 10 microM, did not prevent 35 mM K+ induced endogenous DA release. It was able to reduce K+-stimulated DA release only at the very large concentration of 100 microM. W-7 added in vitro to the hypothalamic fragments, prevented endogenous DA release evoked by 35 mM K+ in a dose-dependent manner. W-5, a chlorine deficient analogue of W-7, that interacts only weakly with calmodulin, failed to modify K+-stimulated endogenous DA release in doses up to 200 microM. All the putative calmodulin antagonists used in the present study did not induce any change of basal DA release. In conclusion the fact that most of the agents, except W-7, known to antagonize calmodulin dependent processes in many biological systems failed to interfere with the release of endogenous DA from TIDA neurons seems to suggest that calmodulin does not play a crucial role in the process of DA release and that the inhibitory effect of W-7 on endogenous DA release may be better attributed to other mechanisms different from its anticalmodulin action. PMID- 3762738 TI - Relation between brain monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and the firing rate of locus coeruleus neurons. AB - Utilizing a specific "low substrate concentration technique", intrasynaptosomal MAO-A and MAO-B activities within the rat brain noradrenaline system were studied. It was found that mainly MAO-A was localized intrasynaptosomally, whereas MAO-B contributed with less than 15% of the total intrasynaptosomal MAO activity, a phenomenon that was also observed within the central dopamine system. It is suggested that the intrasynaptosomal pool of MAO in the noradrenaline and the dopamine systems may reflect the density of innervation of the respective system throughout the brain. In addition, the effects of various selective monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors on the noradrenergic intrasynaptosomal MAO activity as well as on the neuronal firing rate of noradrenaline containing cells in the locus coeruleus (LC) were investigated. Pretreatment with the MAO-A selective inhibitors clorgyline (10 mg/kg, i.p., 1 h) or (+)-FLA 336 (1 mg/kg, i.p., 1 h) caused a significant depression (40%) of mean spontaneous firing rate of LC neurones, randomly encountered throughout the LC. The MAO-B selective inhibitor pargyline (10 mg/kg, i.p., 1 h) was found to lack effect in this regard. However, pretreatment with (-)-deprenyl (10 mg/kg, i.p., 1 h), equally a selective MAO-B inhibitor, markedly suppressed the spontaneous firing rate of LC units. This inhibition by (-)-deprenyl was blocked by pretreatment with SK&F 525 A (50 mg/kg, i.p., 30 min), an inhibitor of microsomal drug metabolizing enzymes. Thus, the depression of LC units by (-)-deprenyl seems to be executed by a metabolite, e.g. l-amphetamine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3762739 TI - The neuronal noradrenaline transport system of PC-12 cells: kinetic analysis of the interaction between noradrenaline, Na+ and Cl- in transport. AB - The uptake of 3H-noradrenaline into reserpine-pretreated PC-12 cells (a clonal cell line which possesses "uptake1") was abolished when at high extracellular Cl- all the extracellular Na+ was replaced by Tris+ and when at high extracellular Na+ all the extracellular Cl- was replaced by isethionate. Increases in the external Cl- concentration (at a fixed high Na+ concentration) progressively increased the uptake of 3H-noradrenaline. The same was found with increase in the external Na+ concentration (at a fixed high Cl- concentration). From the anions tested only Br- and SCN- were able to partially mimic the transport-stimulating effect of Cl- (with about 40% and 20% effectiveness, respectively). When chloride was replaced by nitrate or larger anions such as sulphate, methylsulphate or isethionate, virtually no transport of 3H-noradrenaline was observed. The initial rate of uptake of 3H-noradrenaline showed saturation with increasing concentrations of noradrenaline when determined at several fixed concentrations of either Na+ or Cl-. The apparent Km for noradrenaline transport (KmNA) progressively decreased and the VmaxNA increased with increases in the concentration of Na+ (at a high concentration of Cl-) or Cl- (at a high concentration of Na+). The stimulation of the initial rate of uptake of 3H noradrenaline by increasing concentrations of either Na+ or Cl- obeyed saturation kinetics when determined at several concentrations of noradrenaline. The concentration of Na+ (or Cl-) which caused half-maximal stimulation of uptake (i.e., the apparent KmNa+ and the apparent KmCl-) decreased with increases in the concentration of noradrenaline. These results strongly suggest that Na+ and Cl- are co-transported with noradrenaline. PMID- 3762740 TI - The effect of partial inhibition of monoamine oxidase on the steady-state rate of deamination of 3H-catecholamines in two metabolizing systems. AB - Two different "deaminating systems" were compared (i.e., intact tissues in which an uptake process translocates the 3H-catecholamine from the extracellular space to the intracellular MAO): the adrenergic nerve endings of the rat vas deferens exposed to 10 nmol/l 3H-(-)-noradrenaline, and the extraneuronal deaminating system of the rat heart perfused with 50 nmol/l 3H-(-)-adrenaline. Vesicular uptake and COMT were inhibited. In both systems MAO was partially inhibited by pargyline, and the steady-state tissue content of the 3H-catecholamine was determined as well as the steady-state rate of deamination. Rat vas deferens (preincubated with 10-40 nmol/l pargyline for 30 min). Inhibition of neuronal MAO caused not more than a moderate decrease of the steady-state rate of deamination of 3H-(-)-noradrenaline, but the steady-state tissue content was greatly increased. Determinations of the activity of MAO in homogenates of vasa deferentia showed that preincubation with 10 and 20 nmol/l pargyline inhibited the enzyme by 80 to 95%. Rat heart (of animals pretreated with 1 to 30 mg/kg pargyline). Inhibition of extraneuronal MAO caused a steep decline of the steady state rate of deamination of 3H-(-)-adrenaline, but only a small rise in the steady-state tissue content. The decisive difference between the two deaminating systems lies in the fact that the ratio "kmao/kout" (where the two k-values characterize the activity of the unsaturated intracellular MAO and the ability of the 3H-catecholamine to leave the relevant cells, respectively) is much higher for the neuronal deaminating system exposed to 3H-(-)-noradrenaline than for the extraneuronal deaminating system exposed to 3H-(-)-adrenaline.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3762742 TI - Joint meeting of the German Pharmacological Society and the Swiss Society for Pharmacology and Toxicology. September 22-25, 1986, Mannheim. Abstracts. PMID- 3762741 TI - Rapid hydroxylation of methtryptoline (1-methyltetrahydro-beta-carboline) in rat: identification of metabolites by chiral gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. AB - Racemic methtryptoline (1-methyltetrahydro-beta-carboline) and 5 hydroxymethtryptoline-9-carboxylic acid (6-hydroxy-1-methyltetrahydro-beta carboline-1-carboxylic acid) were administered intraperitoneally to rats and the components of their urine was subsequently investigated by chiral gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Methtryptoline rapidly became hydroxylated in the 5- and 6-position and excreted in urine. There was about a ninefold predominance of the S(-) enantiomer over the other in the 5-hydroxylated species, while the 6-hydroxylation produced a small excess of the R(+) enantiomer. About 75% of the injected dose of methtryptoline was recovered in the urine as 5- and 6 hydroxylated compounds during the first 24 h period, demonstrating that hydroxylation represents the major metabolic pathway. Treatment with 6 hydroxymethtryptoline-9-carboxylic acid led to a fivefold increase in the urinary excretion of 5-hydroxymethtryptoline during the first 24 h period with a predominance of the S(-)-enantiomer, indicating a much smaller conversion rate than from methtryptoline. It was concluded that hydroxylation of methtryptoline is a likely pathway for the natural formation of 5-hydroxymethtryptoline. PMID- 3762743 TI - [And then the parrot appeared]. PMID- 3762745 TI - [Nausea and vomiting before the administration of cytostatic agents]. PMID- 3762744 TI - [Fluorides in the treatment of patients with osteoporosis]. PMID- 3762746 TI - [Fetal behavior: current trends in fetal monitoring]. PMID- 3762747 TI - [Fever of unknown origin: exotic birds or not?]. PMID- 3762748 TI - [Ornithosis as a general systemic disorder]. PMID- 3762749 TI - [Subsidy allocations by the Netherlands Heart Foundation 1980-1985]. PMID- 3762750 TI - The philosophical basis of medicine. PMID- 3762751 TI - [Acid and acid equals 2]. PMID- 3762753 TI - [Intra- and extrauterine pregnancy: a rare diagnosis]. PMID- 3762752 TI - [The swollen cheek]. PMID- 3762754 TI - [Violence and medicine]. PMID- 3762755 TI - [Alcohol injection in the hypophysis as analgesia in metastasized malignant disorders]. PMID- 3762756 TI - [Diagnosis of male pseudohermaphroditism in newborn infants]. PMID- 3762757 TI - [Psychosocial consequences of developmental disorders of the genitalia]. PMID- 3762758 TI - [Recurrent, transient, neurological deficit symptoms as a sequela of a transient subdural hematoma]. PMID- 3762759 TI - [Obstructive sleep-apnea syndrome and snoring; uvulopalatopharyngoplasty as surgical therapy]. PMID- 3762760 TI - [The death certificate]. PMID- 3762761 TI - [The mammary artery in heart surgery]. PMID- 3762762 TI - [Furosemide]. PMID- 3762763 TI - [Reye's syndrome in children and the use of acetylsalicylic acid]. PMID- 3762764 TI - [Nuclear spin resonance tomography; 1 years' experience]. PMID- 3762765 TI - [Supraglottic laryngectomy; oncologic and functional results]. PMID- 3762766 TI - [Severe thrombocytopenia due to alcohol abuse]. PMID- 3762767 TI - [Primary leiomyosarcoma of the bladder]. PMID- 3762768 TI - [Increased susceptibility for infection in malignant diseases of the lymphatic system]. PMID- 3762769 TI - [Injection of papaverine in the cavernous body of the penis in the treatment of impotentia erigendi]. PMID- 3762770 TI - [A patient with an adder bite]. PMID- 3762771 TI - [Cutting of the frenum of the tongue]. PMID- 3762772 TI - [Validity classification in cardiology]. PMID- 3762773 TI - [Malignant disorders of the lymphatic system]. PMID- 3762774 TI - [Approval of midazolam as a sedative is undesirable]. PMID- 3762775 TI - [Man in extreme circumstances: where are the limits?]. PMID- 3762776 TI - [Impressive but still disappointing decrease in perinatal mortality in the Netherlands]. PMID- 3762777 TI - [Pain in the right upper quadrant in young women: the Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome]. PMID- 3762779 TI - [Public policy on animal experiments]. PMID- 3762778 TI - [The value of computerized tomography in the diagnosis of local recurrence following surgery for rectal or rectosigmoidal carcinoma]. PMID- 3762780 TI - Physician reimbursement: should we consider payment for office visits and consultations at an hourly rate? PMID- 3762781 TI - Nutrition knowledge of family physicians. PMID- 3762782 TI - Pharmacologic management of asthma in infants and young children. PMID- 3762783 TI - Transplacentally acquired digitoxin induced bradycardia in a neonate. PMID- 3762784 TI - Delayed thoracic outlet syndrome from clavicular non-union: management by morseling. PMID- 3762785 TI - Recruiting medical advisers in emergency care. PMID- 3762786 TI - Cocaine: current clinical use and potential abuse. PMID- 3762787 TI - Home blood pressure monitoring. PMID- 3762788 TI - Orbicularis oris muscle flap. PMID- 3762789 TI - [Characteristics of representations of the auditory and somatosensory systems in the thalamus of the turtle: electrophysiologic study]. AB - Experiments with unanesthetized tubocurarine-immobilized turtles show that the auditory representation is localized in the n. reuniens which contains monomodal (auditory) and bimodal (auditory and somatosensory) units. The somatosensory system is represented wider, overlapping the auditory system projections in the lateral parts of n. reuniens. The focus of the somatosensory representation is localized in the n. ventralis where monomodal somatic units were recorded. A predominance of contralateral somatic projections is revealed as well. A range of optimal frequencies was 200-400 Hz. It is shown that the thalamic neurons have both wide and limited receptive fields to auditory and somatosensory stimulations. PMID- 3762790 TI - [Features of activation of reticulospinal neurons of the pons and medulla oblongata of the cat by somatosensory stimuli of different modalities]. AB - Response of reticulo-spinal (RS) neurons in two reticular structures (n. reticularis pontis caudalis and n. reticularis gigantocellularis) to electrical nerve stimulation and natural mechanical non-nociceptive (tapping) and nociceptive (pinch and prick) stimuli were studied in chloralose-anesthetized cats. Essential differences in sensory properties of the pontine and bulbar RS neurons were found. About a half of bulbar RS-neurons (43%) were activated only by high-threshold somatic afferents and nociceptive stimuli, the rest--by both nociceptive and non-nociceptive ones. On the contrary the most of pontine neurons (81%) responded either to non-nociceptive or to both noci- and non-nociceptive stimuli. A clear-cut correlation between sensory characteristics of the RS neurons and their axon conduction velocities was established. Data obtained evidence for the existence of some spatial (rostro-caudal) differentiation of brainstem RS-neurons with different functional properties. Peculiarities of this differentiation and its possible functional significance are discussed. PMID- 3762791 TI - [Sources of direct afferents of the rostral pole of field CA3 of the dorsal hippocampus of the rat]. AB - The sources of afferents to the rostral field CA3 of the dorsal hippocampus in rat were revealed with the help of HRP retrograde transport. After ionophoretic injections of HRP into the above mentioned region of the hippocampus labelled cells were found in the anterodorsal, anteroventral, anteromedial and anterolateral nuclei of thalamus; in the supramammillar and submammillothalamic nuclei of hypothalamus: in stratum griseum centralis of the optic tectum; in the parietal, insular, temporal, retrosplenial and pyriform areas of the neocortex. PMID- 3762792 TI - [Reactions of neostriatal neurons to direct electric stimulation of the optic tract and to photic stimulation in the alert cat]. AB - Responses of 98 cells in the head and body of caudate nucleus to direct electric stimulation of the optic tract and to visual stimuli were recorded extracellularly in awake chronic cats. 34.6 and 36.2% of the studied cells, respectively, have responded to these types of stimulation. Long-latency (over 40 ms for optic tract and over 80 ms for visual stimulations) excitatory responses prevailed in both cases. Small number of units responded to optic tract stimulation with short (5-14 ms) latencies. Eight of 58 tested cells were activated by both electric and visual stimuli. In this case, responses of the same cells could differ (relatively to the type of applied stimulus) either in pattern or sign. These data are discussed relative to the possible pathways for transfer of the visual information to non-specific brain structures. PMID- 3762794 TI - [Microfluorimetric study of adrenergic structures in nerve plexuses of the pelvic cavity of the normal and decentralized cat]. AB - Microfluorimetric technique was used to study catecholamine concentration in small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells and in adrenergic fibres of the pelvic plexus ganglia and intramural ganglia of the cat urinary bladder and rectum in control and following sympathetic and parasympathetic denervation. Two types of SIF-cells were studied: cells of the first type contained catecholamines and those of the second type--serotonin. Parasympathetic denervation resulted in an increase of SIF-cells which exhibited serotonin fluorescence, and in more intense fluorescence of adrenergic fibres in the pelvic plexus ganglia and intramural ganglia of the urinary bladder, not affecting the intensity of fluorescence of the adrenergic fibres in the intramural ganglia of the rectum. Sympathetic denervation did not alter the fluorescence intensity in SIF-cells and adrenergic fibres in the pelvic plexus ganglia and urinary bladder and led to almost complete disappearance of the adrenergic fibres in the intramural ganglia of the rectum. PMID- 3762793 TI - [Functional characteristics and topography of spinal tracts involved in low- and high-threshold startle reflexes]. AB - Electrophysiological and topographical properties of the spinal tract systems involved in two functional types of startle reflexes were studied in chloralose anesthetized cats: a high threshold reflex evoked by intense peripheral nerve stimulation (spino-bulbo-spinal, SBS, reflex) and low threshold evoked by tactile (T-reflex) and acoustic (A-reflex) stimulation. It was found that the mean maximal conduction velocity of descending transmission of SBS-reflexes was much less (30 m/s) than that of T- (85 m/s) and A-reflexes (100 m/s). Ascending conduction velocities for SBS- and T-reflexes were 70.8 and 40.2 m/s, respectively. It was established by partial spinal cord lesions that ascending tracts for T-reflex passed in dorsal and dorso-lateral funiculi; those for SBS reflexes were found not only in the latter but also in ventro-lateral and partially in ventral funiculi. Descending pathways for SBS reflex passed mainly in ventro-lateral funiculi and partially in the ventral ones. Descending pathways of T- and A-reflexes had a similar organization and were located mainly in the ventral and ventro-lateral funiculi. Functional organization of spinal tracts of all studied types of startle reflexes is discussed. PMID- 3762795 TI - [Bulbar and pontine sources of catecholaminergic innervation of the spinal cord of the rat studied using monoamine fluorescence and retrograde labeling technics]. AB - Organization of the neuroanatomical substrate providing the supraspinal catecholaminergic innervation of upper thoracic spinal cord in rat was studied by the retrograde neuronal labelling by means of primuline and HRP combined with simultaneous catecholamine fluorescence. It was shown that the pontine catecholaminergic neurons located within the ventral part of nucleus locus coeruleus (group A6), reticular formation (subcoeruleus, group A7) as well as lateral to the superior olivary complex (group A5) project to the spinal cord. At the same time there are only few neurons located within the rostral part of the medullary catecholaminergic group A1 which give rise to the funicular projections. It is suggested that the pontine catecholaminergic neurons taking part in the spinal innervation are noradrenaline-containing neurons whereas those of medulla oblongata--adrenaline-containing ones. PMID- 3762796 TI - [Responses of medullary neurons to stimulation of locomotor and inhibitory loci in the brain stem of the cat]. AB - The medullary locomotor point (L) and the pontine inhibitory point (I) were found in mesencephalic decerebellate cats. Repetitive (60/s) microstimulation of L elicited stepping of forelimbs which terminated during repetitive microstimulation of I. Responses of neurons were evoked applying 1.5 s-1 single or paired stimuli to L or a train of 2-4 stimuli to I, the interstimulus interval being 2 ms. Medial neurons (N-301) gave PSPs or action potentials of 1 stimulation three times as often as to L stimulation. Contrary, lateral neurons (N-166) responded two times as often as to L stimulation. IPSPs were recorded in both groups of neurons two times as seldom as EPSPs. In medial neurons IPSPs were produced mainly by I stimulation. I stimulation did not evoke usually IPSPs in neurons excited from L. Possible mechanisms of termination of stepping due to I stimulation are discussed. PMID- 3762797 TI - [Activity of neurons of the motor-sensory cortex of the cat during natural walking on the rungs of a horizontal ladder]. AB - During locomotion on a flat surface and walking on crosspieces of a horizontal ladder the activity of 56 motor cortex neurons in the cat (5 identified cortico spinal and 6 cortico-rubral neurons among them) was modulated in the rhythm of steps, i.e. it increased in one phase of a step and decreased in the other. The results of complication of locomotion task by the necessity of putting paws right on the support (fulcrum) while walking on the horizontal ladder were as follows: an increase of average activity of 19 neurons by 60 +/- 8% and a decrease of average activity of 19 neurons by 29 +/- 4%; growth of the modulation depth of 41 neurons (5 cortico-spinal and 6 cortico-rubral neurons) on the average by 68 +/- 19% for CS, 34 +/- 18% for CR and 36 +/- 5% for nonidentified neurons; temporary distribution of activity of 88% neurons in the step cycle while walking on the crosspieces of a horizontal ladder was that of walking on the flat surface. PMID- 3762798 TI - [Activity of neurons of the motor-sensory cortex of the cat during natural locomotion while stepping over obstacles]. AB - During locomotion on flat surface and while walking with stepping over obstacles the activity of 68 motor cortex neurons in cat (there were 12 pyramidal tract neurons (PTN) among them) was modulated in the rhythm of steps, i.e. it increased in one phase of a step and decreased in the other. The results of complication of locomotion task by the necessity to swing of the limbs over obstacles were as follows: an increase of average activity of 34 neurons by 75 +/- 15% and a decrease of the activity of 20 neurons by 30 +/- 4%; growth of modulation depth of 40 neurons (9 PTN) by 35 +/- 5% on the average for non-PTN and by 67 +/- 32% on the average for PTN; temporary distribution of the activity of 81 neurons in the step cycle while walking with stepping over obstacles was that of walking on the flat surface. PMID- 3762799 TI - [Changes in the electrical activity of the ventral hippocampus during stimulation of the anterior cingulate gyrus of the cat cortex]. AB - The results of anterior cingulate gyrus stimulation and cutting of the main cortical input to hippocampus (the entorhinal cortex) lead to the suggestion that the entorhinal cortex and the limbic thalamic nuclei are involved in the genesis of ventral hippocampus responses to anterior cingulate gyrus stimulation. PMID- 3762800 TI - [Effect on an isolated "bursting" snail neuron of an endogenous peptide initiating bursting activity]. AB - Application of an endogenous peptide ("initiating factor") isolated from the ganglia of the snail Helix pomatia elicited bursting activity in a silent isolated "bursting" neuron. Oxytocin application under the same conditions produced only depolarization of the neuronal membrane. PMID- 3762801 TI - [Multiplicity of values for establishment of equilibrium length of an active muscle]. AB - Transition processes of the length changes were studied in the ankle extensors of anesthetized cat. Indetermination was shown to exist in equilibrium length of this muscle. The value of equilibrium length depended on the direction of transition process. Equilibrium length invariably was higher in transition processes of shortening compared with that of lengthening. It has been shown that the observed indetermination of the equilibrium length is connected with hysteretical properties of the muscle contraction. PMID- 3762802 TI - [Reactions of neurons of an isolated superfused segment of spinal cord in the immature rat to nociceptive stimulation of an vessel-perfused extremity]. AB - An in vitro preparation for testing nociceptive neuron responses in 2-3 weeks old rats is described. The preparation consists of isolated superfused spinal segment and intravascularly perfused hind limb connected through the dorsal root. Mechanical (prick, pinch) or chemical (intravascular injection of the algogenic substance) nociceptive stimulation of the hind limb induced an increase in discharge frequency of single neurons. PMID- 3762803 TI - The use of protein as a carrier of methotrexate for experimental cancer chemotherapy. II. Chemotherapy of Gardner lymphosarcoma with pea seed lectin methotrexate derivative. AB - It was demonstrated that the tumorigenicity of tumor cells preincubated in low concentration of free methotrexate (MTX) has not been changed. On the other hand the preincubation of these cells with pea seed lectin (PL), MTX and PL mixture and especially pea seed lectin-methotrexate derivative (PL-MTX) influenced markedly the tumor cells tumorigenicity. The chemotherapy of Gardner lymphosarcoma (LSG) bearing mice with PL-MTX derivative was performed. After one dose therapy of LSG ascitic form with PL alone no effect on mice survival time was observed. The administration of PL-MTX derivative was efficient at a higher dose only. But free MTX was effective at both examined doses. Four times repeated injection of lectin to mice bearing the ascitic form of LSG shortened the survival time of mice. Repeated application of the higher dose of free MTX was accompanied with a considerable number of toxic deaths, but the life span of most surviving animals was prolonged. The similar but less expressive result has been reached by using PL-MTX derivative. The post mortem examinations suggest that the marked local inflammatory reactions are probably caused by the PL cytotoxicity. Therapy of solid LSG bearing mice with four i.t. injections of PL had no obvious effect on the survival. PL-MTX derivative prolonged distinctly the life span of tumored mice but the administration of sole MTX was the best. PMID- 3762804 TI - Antimetastatic effect of flurbiprofen and other platelet aggregation inhibitors. AB - In the present study, we have examined the antimetastatic effect of flurbiprofen, a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug, on spontaneous metastases formation in mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma and these results were compared with effects of other inhibitors of platelet function (mopidamole, dipyridamole, pentoxifylline). Flurbiprofen decreased significantly spontaneous metastases formation in a dose depending manner. From the results obtained, it appears that the treatment with flurbiprofen, either on days 1-8 or days 1-21, was similarly effective. In mopidamole treated groups the number of animals with lung metastases was significantly decreased. This effect was not observed after treatment with dipyridamole or pentoxifylline. PMID- 3762805 TI - Immune complexes in the serum of hamsters with transplanted melanomas. AB - Rosette EA and EAC inhibition test was used to compare levels of immune complexes in the serum of control hamsters and of hamsters with transplanted melanomas of the same origin, but differing in malignancy. The serum of individual animals with transplanted melanomas was found to cause a higher rosette inhibition. Inhibitory rate was more marked in hamsters with amelanotic tumors which grew faster and caused the death of an animal within a shorter time. PMID- 3762806 TI - Morphological alterations in blood vessel endothelia of rat brain after administration of CCNU (lomustine). AB - Studies were performed on adult Wistar strain rats which were given four one-week spaced, intragastric doses of 2.5 mg or (the last dose) 5.0 mg CCNU. The animals were sacrificed one week after the last dose of the cytostatic drug. Cell nuclei of blood vessel endothelia in the parietal cerebral cortex and in the frontal lateral part of the thalamus were examined. Karyo- and cytophotometric measurements were performed on sections subjected to Feulgen's reaction, using an automatic microscope image analyzer Morphoquant (Carl Zeiss, Jena). In CCNU administered rats, blood vessel endothelia in the brain exhibited morphological alterations in the form of edema, increased DNA content in cell nuclei, modified distribution and density of chromatin lumps (nuclear chromatin lumps shifted towards the center of cell nucleus in the parietal cortex and in the thalamus, increased density of nuclear chromatin in the thalamus). Morphological alterations, changes in DNA content and in the nuclear chromatin status were of a similar type in blood vessel endothelia in the two examined structures but were somewhat more intense in endothelia of the cortex than in thalamus endothelia. PMID- 3762807 TI - Chromosome aberration and mitotic activity in human peripheral blood lymphocytes following in vitro action of platinum cytostatics cis-DDP and EM-Pt. AB - Platinum-based preparations, the commercially available Platidiam (Lachema, Brno; cis-diaminodichloroplatinum) and the second generation experimental version- ethylmalonate platinum complex--EM-Pt (Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague) were left to act 3, 6 and 24 h on human peripheral blood lymphocytes, cultured in vitro for a short period of time. The utilized concentrations affected cell mitosis, provoking chromosome aberrations. A relationship was found between the effect of the concentration employed and the duration of action of the agent. cis-DDP proved to be a more powerful clastogenic agent than EM-Pt. Under in vitro conditions, neither of the two cytostatics required metabolic activation to trigger its action. PMID- 3762808 TI - Significance of carcinoembryonic and tissue polypeptide antigen determination in the diagnosis of metastases in breast cancer. AB - A radioimmunological assay of CEA and TPA levels in breast cancer patients revealed a 93.7% concordance of negative and 93.4% of positive values with the clinical activity of the disease. In 26 out of a group of 38 patients (68.4%) with progressive breast carcinoma, an enhanced CEA and TPA level was the first indicator of the presence of metastases. In view of the results obtained, the authors consider this procedure to be a suitable method for monitoring and early detection of metastases in patients with breast cancer. PMID- 3762809 TI - Significance of nucleo-cytoplasmic maturation asynchrony in multiple myeloma. AB - Bone marrow samples of 97 patients with multiple myeloma were examined ultrastructurally over a period of eight years, and the degree of nucleo cytoplasmic maturation asynchrony (NCA) of myeloma plasmocytes was estimated according to the classification scale of Graham and Bernier. One half of the patients showed first degree, 40 percent second and 10 percent third degree of NCA. Clinical classification of the disease according to the staging system of Durie and Salmon and the quantitative staging system of Salmon and Wampler showed some relation to the degree of NCA. The degree of NCA was found to be related to the density of the bone marrow infiltration with myeloma plasmocytes but not to the response to chemotherapy. Some relation was seen to exist between the degree of NCA in myeloma plasmocytes at diagnosis and the prognosis of the disease. The role of electron microscopical analysis in MM diagnostics and its contribution to management of the disease are discussed. PMID- 3762810 TI - Distribution of subclasses in a series of 62 sera with IgA paraprotein. AB - IgA1-2 subclass distribution was determined in a series of 62 sera with diagnosed IgA paraprotein. Throughout the series the participation of IgA1 : IgA2 subclasses showed a ratio 9 : 1 even after division of the series into myeloma and nonmyeloma paraproteinemias. On dividing the series according to the antigenic type of the light chains, IgA2 paraproteins with kappa light chains predominated over the lambda type (6 : 1). PMID- 3762811 TI - Phagocytic activity of the tumor associated macrophages in relation to tumor growth: modulation with levamisole. AB - The phagocytic activity of the tumor associate macrophages isolated at different days of the growth of a murine transplantable ascites tumor was assessed by measuring the engulfment of Na2 51CrO4 labeled antibody coated sheep erythrocytes. Binding of the targets by the macrophages was also assessed. It was observed that, excepting the day 3, till day 7 of tumor growth the phagocytic activity of the tumor associated macrophages was very high as compared to that of resident macrophages of normal mice. Augmented target binding by the macrophages was recorded till day 7. Levamisole was observed to augment phagocytosis and target binding by the macrophages but a differential requirement as regard to the dose of Levamisole was noted for modulation of phagocytosis and target binding by the tumor associated macrophages at early and advanced stages of the tumor growth. PMID- 3762812 TI - Incidence rates of prostate cancer in Bulgaria during the period 1967-1981. AB - The age- and residence-specific incidence rates of prostate cancer in Bulgaria have been studied for a fifteen-year period (1967-1981). Actual and standardized incidence and the cumulative incidence rates and risk have been determined and the secular trend of the standardized incidence rates has been defined by a linear regressive model. It has been found out that 90 percent of the new cases were over 60 years of age. The urban population was more strongly affected by the disease than the rural one, but the upward of the incidence rates was more pronounced among the latter. The annual increase in the incidence rates was 0.11 +/- 0.06 per 100,000 men. The risk of prostate cancer to the male population (cumulative risk) from 0 to 84 years of age was 2.54 percent, i.e. one out of forty men was at risk. The incidence rates were significantly higher in these districts of the country, where the largest and the most strongly industrialized towns were concentrated. The study gives the possibility to determine some characteristics of the incidence rates of prostate cancer in Bulgaria and hence to assess the efficiency of cancer control and to formulate some of its future trends. PMID- 3762813 TI - Risk factors in mass screening for breast cancer, multivariate analysis of data from the Cuban diagnosis pilot study. AB - The evolution of mammography has provided possibilities for mass screening programs. Early diagnosis is considered the most important factor in reducing the breast cancer mortality but the mass screening is very expensive if we include all female population. In this paper we show the results of an early diagnosis pilot study with a multivariate data analysis. Data concerning risk factors (age, age at menarche, menopause, parity, age at first childbirth, lactation, abortions and previous benign breast disease) were recorded in 438 patients with breast carcinoma and 1750 patients with benign breast diseases diagnosed in the Early Diagnosis Pilot Program at the National Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology in Cuba. A group of 449 healthy women living in Havana City was also studied. Age and age at first childbirth were the major factor considered. Multivariate data analysis allowed to build stratification trees identifying subgroups with different breast cancer incidence. The usefulness of these stratifications for screening with optimal coverage, sufficiency and efficacy, is discussed. PMID- 3762814 TI - [Structure and energy of the nervous system]. PMID- 3762815 TI - [Dynamics of the activity of the postural asymmetry factor in unilateral damage to the cerebellar cortex]. PMID- 3762816 TI - [Intensity of acetate and propionate incorporation into the different molecular components of brain and liver glycerophospholipids]. PMID- 3762817 TI - [Glycosphingolipids of clonal sublines of neuroblastoma C 1300]. PMID- 3762818 TI - [Isolation of brain cardiolipin by thin-layer chromatography]. PMID- 3762819 TI - [Effect of hypoxia on lipid metabolism in brain subcellular fractions]. PMID- 3762820 TI - [Regulation of the activity of brain aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes by catecholamines]. PMID- 3762821 TI - [Function of the nonenzymatic portion of the antioxidant system of nerve tissue exposed to environmental factors]. PMID- 3762822 TI - [Effect of the delta sleep peptide on the cholinesterase activity of enriched fractions of neurons, glia and neuropil from formations in the brain motor system]. PMID- 3762823 TI - [Enzyme activity of energy metabolism in the synaptosomes]. PMID- 3762824 TI - [Creatine kinase in the energy supply of nerve tissue]. PMID- 3762825 TI - [Italian psychiatry: a visit to Lombardy]. PMID- 3762826 TI - [The dichotomy of depression as a sequela of Jaspers' theory. Attempt at bridging the gap]. PMID- 3762827 TI - [Results of drug screening of patients admitted to a university psychiatric clinic]. PMID- 3762828 TI - [Anorexia nervosa. Severe neurologic complications caused by hypophosphatemia]. PMID- 3762829 TI - [Schizophreniform episode in the psychotherapy of a patient with anorexia nervosa]. PMID- 3762830 TI - Leakage of dialysate across the diaphragm: an important complication of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. PMID- 3762831 TI - Primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the central nervous system. PMID- 3762832 TI - The Netherlands Society of Gastroenterology. March 21-22, 1986, Noordwijkerhout. Abstracts. PMID- 3762833 TI - [Non-traumatic vertebro-epidural radiculo-spinal cord compressions: value of x ray computed tomography coupled with myelography for lesion evaluation and therapeutic indications]. AB - About 37 cases of non-traumatic spinal cord and cauda-equina compression, the authors emphasize the value of CT-scan study after intra-thecal injection of water-soluble contrast-medium. This exploration gives accurate informations about the involvement of both spinal and para-spinal spaces. These data are helpful diagnosis purpose and for the choice of therapeutic especially when surgical procedure is decided. PMID- 3762834 TI - [Late complications of closed injuries of the extracranial carotid artery. Apropos of 2 cases]. AB - Closed injury with lesions of the great vessels of the neck are rare and usually due to high energy mechanisms with severe secondary deficit. 2 cases are reported, concerning young patients with relatively mild injury, neurological deficit not developing before 6 months after the traumatism in the first case and 8 months in the second. At this stage, the neurological signs were immediately severe, with cerebral infarction, leading to death in the first case. Pathological lesion of lesion of pseudo-anevrismal type, localised at the right carotid and subclavian artery bifurcation, was evidenced in the first case. In the second case, a bilateral intimal lesion of the carotid arteries at C1 level is illustrated on angiography. The mechanism of these lesions as well as the delayed manifestation of neurological deficits are discussed. PMID- 3762835 TI - [Extradural hematoma in the Emergency Medical Assistance System and scanners. Comparison between 2 series at the Sainte-Anne Hospital Center]. AB - The authors compare two groups of intracranial epidural hematomas treated in the Neurosurgical department of Sainte-Anne Hospital in Paris: the first group includes 262 patients operated upon between 1965 and 1977; the second group concerns 124 patients operated during the period 1979-1984. The mortality rate has been progressively diminishing from 1969 (50%) to 1984 (12.5%). Among the survivors, functional sequellae are still frequent; some improvement in the functional prognosis has although been noted; in the first group, 41% of patients are cured and 56% of them returned to work; in the second group, 50% are cured, and 62% returned to their professional activities. The detailed analysis of those data emphasizes the importance of CT-Scan and of the improvement of specialized neurosurgical intensive care; on the other hand, the particular role of an emergency care organisation, such as the SAMU, appears rather discreet referring to this type of pathology. PMID- 3762836 TI - [Secondary hematoma of the brain stem. Apropos of 5 cases]. AB - Five cases of brain-stem hematoma are described. The cause of these hematomas was identified as "cryptic angioma" (1 cavernous angioma, 1 telangiectasia, 3 arteriovenous malformations). So, they are so-called "secondary hematoma", as opposed to brain-stem hematoma in relation with hypertension. Such secondary hematomas are reported in the literature: 37 operated on cases and 22 untreated cases were found. The clinical picture does not seem to be typical. The presentation appears to be either with the acute onset of a stroke, or with a subacute onset including relapsing symptoms. A progressive deterioration suggesting a pontine glioma or mimicking demyelination is not rare. The CT scanner appearance is often characteristic showing a high density area in the brain-stem which enhanced after injection of contrast medium with an aspect of "halo". Angiography is usually negative. The natural history of brain-stem hematoma due to rupture of a cryptic angioma is not well documented, but it seems that prognosis is very poor. So, the authors insist on surgical evacuation which is effective and safe allowing the diagnosis of brain-stem hematoma and in some cases the identification of the malformation. PMID- 3762837 TI - [Supratentorial intracranial arachnoid cysts]. AB - 20 cases of supratentorial arachnoid cysts are reported. Their classification according to the clinical symptomatology allows to separate them in 3 categories: those presenting with intracranial hypertension and/or a focal neurological deficit (7 cases), those presenting with headache (4 cases) or epilepsy (4 cases), those which were found incidentally and where asymptomatic (5 cases). The neuropsychological examination showed that 5 cysts of the left sylvian fissure had some memory deficit in the verbal modality, but remarkably none was found to have signs of aphasia on detailed testing. Indications for surgical treatment are discussed considering the various clinical groups, the results of neuropsychological evaluation and the neuroradiological findings. PMID- 3762838 TI - [Brain toxoplasmosis: from a case disclosing AIDS. Recall of diagnostic, developmental and therapeutic elements]. AB - The authors are studying from a personal case revealing an AIDS, and from bibliographical cases, the treated evolution of toxoplasmic encephalitis in immuno-depressed patients and the elements of the diagnosis. They are insisting on the interest of the brain biopsy, and on the importance of the inflammatory brain oedema. The therapy consists on sulfamides and anti-oedematous drugs. They are thinking that the corticosteroids must be avoided. The evolution of cerebral lesions, seen on the repeated computed tomographies is often good but the prognosis remains bad according to the immuno-deficiency. PMID- 3762839 TI - [Skull injury. Arteriovenous shunt. Limitations of cerebral x-ray computed tomography]. AB - The authors report the case of a patient suffering from a head trauma after dizziness followed by a loss of consciousness. In the hours following the admission, he developed drowsiness and a left hemiparesis. CT scanner showed an intracerebral haematoma. Due to the dizziness a carotid angiography has been realized and has demonstrated an intracerebral avascular mass, an arteriovenous shunt and an epidural haematoma at the vertex. Two aspects of the case seem to be important: the first one is the limit of CT scanner; the second one is the relationship between the three lesions. PMID- 3762840 TI - [Benign choroid plexus papilloma. 2 local recurrences and intraventricular seeding]. AB - The authors report a case of choroid plexus papilloma developped in the fourth ventricle. After complete surgical resection, two local recurrences of the tumor occurred, and required new surgical procedures. Eight years after the first operation, a papilloma of the right lateral ventricle was resected. The histological examination showed benign choroid plexus papilloma after each operation. Recurrence and seeding of benign choroid plexus papillomas are infrequent in the literature. For this reason, a long-term follow-up, by clinical examination and CT scan, is necessary for those patients. PMID- 3762841 TI - [Ablation by the anterior transcorporeal approach of an ante-spinal cord cervical meningioma. Apropos of a case]. AB - The authors report a case of an intradural spinal meningioma ventrally located just rear to the 5th cervical body. The patient (a 46-year-old woman) suffered from a spasmodic quadriplegia, walking was nearly impossible. Because of the strictly median and ventral localization the authors have chosen an anterior approach passing through the body of C5 after discectomy of C4-C5 and C5-C6 discs. The tumor and its dural attachment was totally removed with respect to the spinal cord and all rootlets. Reconstruction of cervical spine was performed with an iliac bone graft. The neurological recuperation was complete and quickly achieved. Bone fusion was obtained within 3 months with a good result. The authors emphasize the rarity of ventrally located meningiomas in the cervical spine and the advantages of anterior route which alone enables a total surgical removal of such lesions. PMID- 3762842 TI - [Association of acromegaly and a cerebral arterial aneurysm disclosed by a subarachnoid hemorrhage]. AB - The association of acromegaly and cerebral aneurysm is an infrequent clinical finding, being few the cases reported in literature. A major incidence of cerebral aneurysm in patients with other pituitary adenoma and cerebral tumour has been described, in relation to the general population. We have studied a male patient, aged 37 years old, with an acromegaly disease initiated 5 years before, that came to our hospital because of subarachnoid hemorrhage symptomatology. A right middle cerebral aneurysm was found in surgery. Hormonal studies confirmed a high basal Growth Hormone (64 ng/ml) that was not suppressed during an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (75 g). A triple stimulus test (Insulin, TRH, LHRH) demonstrated non-response of GH to TRH and hypoglycemia others hormones were normal. Radiological studies were suggestive of Acromegaly disease. Computed axial tomography showed an intra-sellar tumour. The patient was operated (Transsphenoidal surgery) and a GH pituitary secreting tumour found, without suprasellar extension. The clinical significance and importance of the coexistence of the Acromegaly and Cerebral Aneurysm is discussed, with a review of hypothesis implicated. PMID- 3762843 TI - [Anterior approach to the upper dorsal spine (D1 to D4) by sternobiclavicular monoblock mobilization]. AB - A technique is proposed for the anterior approach to the cervicothoracic intervertebral joint which allows access to the first four thoracic vertebrae and is based on the insertion of a sterno-biclavicular piece respecting insertion of sternocleidomastoid muscles. PMID- 3762844 TI - Perinatal substance abuse: research and clinical perspectives. PMID- 3762845 TI - Neonatal abstinence syndrome, pharmacotherapy and developmental outcome. AB - The majority of infants born to drug-dependent women undergo neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) and often require pharmacotherapy for the treatment of withdrawal symptoms. Phenobarbital, paregoric, and diazepam have been recommended for the treatment of the syndrome. While some investigators have examined the efficacy of these agents in treating NAS, there are no data regarding the use of specific pharmacologic agents and developmental outcome. This study evaluated 85 infants born to drug-dependent women who were maintained on methadone during pregnancy. Severity of infant withdrawal was assessed with the neonatal abstinence scoring system. Infants who required pharmacotherapy were randomly assigned to one of four treatment regimens: paragoric, phenobarbital (titration), phenobarbital (loading), and diazepam. When treatment was not successful with the assigned agent, one of the other agent(s) was used. At 6 months of age, the developmental status of infants was assessed with the Bayley Scales of Mental Development. Based on NAS treatment, four groups were defined: paregoric (n = 21); phenobarbital (n = 17); more than one agent (n = 31); and no treatment (n = 16). Data for the phenobarbital loading and titration groups were combined since analysis revealed no differences between groups. All infants who initially received diazepam were included in group III since diazepam as a single agent was not successful. Results of one way analysis of variance revealed no differences in developmental status between groups (p greater than 0.10, F = 0.25). Scores for all groups were well within the normal range of development.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3762846 TI - Prenatal drug exposure: effects on neonatal and infant growth and development. AB - There is no question that the number of women using and abusing drugs other than opiates far exceeds the number who are addicted to narcotics. Data on four groups of drug-addicted pregnant women and their newborns are presented and compared to a drug-free control group. Group I women (N = 51) conceived while on heroin and were converted to low-dose methadone maintenance; Group II women were addicted to multiple licit or illicit nonnarcotic drugs (N = 22); Group III women abused a combination of pentazocine and tripelennamine (T's and blues) during pregnancy (N = 13); and Group IV women (N = 9) abused phencyclidine (PCP) throughout pregnancy. Group V women (N = 27) were selected from the clinic population of Prentice Women's Hospital and Maternity Center and had no history or evidence of substance use or abuse. Opiate-exposed newborns in Groups I and III were significantly smaller than control infants for all growth parameters, though by nine months of age they had caught up in weight and length to control infants. Head circumference remained significantly smaller than controls through two years of age. All four groups of drug-exposed infants exhibited abnormal neurobehavior in the newborn period, but mental and psychomotor development as evaluated with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development was comparable to control infants' development through two years of age. PMID- 3762847 TI - The effect of volume and duration of prenatal ethanol exposure on neonatal physical and behavioral development. AB - Recent research on the effects of alcohol use during pregnancy indicate that discontinuing alcohol use mid-pregnancy can prevent or minimize many of the adverse consequences usually observed in the children of women who consume alcohol throughout pregnancy. Few studies have examined the contributions of maternal dose level independent of the duration of drinking during pregnancy. In this study the effects of prenatal dose (volume of maternal alcohol use per week during pregnancy) and duration (exposure throughout pregnancy vs. exposure in the first and second trimesters only) on newborn physical and behavioral development were examined. Dependent measures were cluster scores on the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (BNBAS) at three days, infant birthweight, length, and head circumference. Subjects were infants of obstetric patients at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta who were participating in a study on the effects of alcohol use during pregnancy on infant outcome (n = 149). Subjects were primarily black and of low socioeconomic status. Infants of women who continued to drink throughout pregnancy differed from those of women who did not drink during pregnancy on orientation, (the ability to attend to environmental stimuli), p less than 0.05, autonomic regulation, p less than 0.0002, birthweight, p less than 0.04, length, p less than 0.01, and head circumference, p less than 0.01. Both prenatal alcohol dose, p less than 0.03, and the duration of alcohol exposure, p less than 0.03, independently affected autonomic regulation. A significant interaction was found for birthweight, p less than 0.02, with independent main effects for both dose and duration of exposure, p less than 0.01.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3762848 TI - Ethanol exposure during brain ontogeny: some long-term effects. AB - The timing, intensity, and duration of the period of maximal susceptibility of the developing brain to ethanol have not been clearly elucidated. This study was designed to determine whether a lower blood ethanol concentration (BEC) or a brief exposure during the brain growth spurt in the rat might cause permanent brain damage. Two doses of ethanol (4 g/kg body weight daily during days 6-16 after birth and 6 g/kg on day 6 only after birth) were used. Significant differences in whole brain weight, a disproportionately decreased cerebellar weight, altered balancing ability, and a decreased number of cerebellar cells were observed on days 17 and 70 postnatally in both ethanol-treated groups as compared with controls. Cerebellar weight a both ages were more markedly affected in animals treated only on day 6 postnatally than in animals treated throughout the major portion of the brain growth spurt. These results suggest that episodic exposure to ethanol during peak brain growth may be just as devastating to brain development as chronic exposure throughout the major portion of the brain growth spurt. PMID- 3762849 TI - Perinatal cannabinoid exposure: demasculinization in male mice. AB - Maternal exposure to psychoactive or non-psychoactive cannabinoids produces long term changes in body weight regulation, pituitary-gonadal feedback, testicular function, and also affects adult sexual behavior in male offspring. Alterations in brain biogenic amine concentration and metabolism have also been observed in adult males perinatally-exposed to cannabinoids. The possibility that these effects are mediated by cannabinoid-induced suppression or interference with fetal and/or neonatal androgen production is discussed. In addition, data are presented showing that exposure to the major psychoactive component of marihuana, delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), on day 12 of gestation significantly increased hepatic cytochromes P-450 levels. In contrast, cytochromes P-450 levels were significantly decreased in adult males exposed to these cannabinoids on day 1 post-partum. The response of these animals to the negative feedback effects of exogenous androgen was also influenced by perinatal cannabinoid exposure. One hr after injection of 20 micrograms testosterone (T), plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), were markedly increased in castrated males exposed to CBD on day 12 of gestation, while the THC and control mice showed no response to T injection. In contrast to the reduced plasma LH levels in the controls, the levels of LH were significantly increased in postnatal THC-exposed males, while the CBN and CBD-exposed mice exhibited no reduction in plasma LH in response to exogenous androgen. Prenatal exposure to THC resulted in a greater suppression of plasma follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels in mice receiving 20 micrograms T, compared to the effects in the castrated controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3762850 TI - Blood ethanol concentrations following intragastric intubation of neonatal rat pups. AB - This study assessed the blood alcohol timecourse in neonatal male rats treated with ethanol via intubation of an ethanol-containing liquid diet (Sustacal, Mead Johnson). Experimental animals were maternally reared and received 1, 5, or 9 gavage feedings of a 20% (v/v) ethanol/nutriment solution, beginning at 0800 hours, on postnatal day 4 (PN4). Animals which received multiple intubations were treated twice daily, at 0800 and 1600 hours. The intubate was formulated to provide single doses of either 3.0 g/kg or 3.6 g/kg ethanol. Blood samples were obtained by toe clipping, and were collected at hourly intervals for up to 4 hours following the 0800 hour exposure on PN4, PN6, or PN8. Resultant blood alcohol concentrations were observed to be dose-dependent, and reduced by repeated ethanol exposure. Additionally, the time required to achieve apparent maximal blood levels was noted to be reduced by repetitive ethanol exposure, and to be inversely related to the magnitude of the ethanol dose. This study indicates that twice daily administration of substantial doses of ethanol in a dietary nutriment can be delivered to neonatal rats via intubation, and yield elevated, sustained blood alcohol levels (in a neonate evidencing unimpaired body growth), which are consistent with the limited data available concerning ethanol metabolism in the neonatal rat. PMID- 3762852 TI - [Neuroradiological evaluation of benign extramedullary tumors in the high cervical region and at the foramen magnum]. AB - Twelve cases of benign extramedullary tumors in the high cervical region and at the foramen magnum were experienced during past five years among eighty all spinal and paraspinal tumors. The diagnosis of masses in this region is very difficult because of the variety of clinical course, symptoms and neurological findings as pointed out by many reporters. Also in our cases, 70% of the patients complained of the deteriorated motor weakness of the upper or lower extremities on admission, though they had noticed the onset of slight neck or occipital pain a few years ago. Neurological examination on admission clearly showed the symptom of myelopathy except in two cases with a tumor at the foramen magnum and C1 level. The percentage of positive findings of plain X-rays was 50%, that of metrizamide myelography was 92% and that of IV. e. CT and met. e. CT was 100%. NMR-CT was performed in 2 cases, and in one of them it was useful in confirming the tumor configuration and extension. Five interesting cases were described mainly from the neuroradiological aspects. Finally the differentiation between meningioma and neurinoma was discussed from the aspects of myelogram, CT and NMR CT. As already pointed out, it is most important not to forget the existence of tumors in this region when one comes across the confused symptoms, afterwards not to overlook the slight positive neurological and neuroradiological findings. PMID- 3762851 TI - Reproductive behavior of female rats treated with ethanol on postnatal days 1-7 or 8-14. AB - Effects of postnatal administration of ethanol upon adult reproductive behavior of female rats was investigated in the two studies reported here. Ethanol, in a nutriment vehicle, was administered by intragastric intubation to avoid confounding effects of underfeeding. Estrous cycles appeared typical in all animals. Treatment groups did not differ in fertility nor with respect to litter sizes or sex ratios of subsequent litters. PMID- 3762853 TI - [Efficacy of intracisternal papaverine on symptomatic vasospasm]. AB - This study reports the effect of intracisternal administration of papaverine in 15 patients with vasospasm due to rupture of aneurysm. All patients had undergone clipping of aneurysm and had neurological deterioration and decreasing level of consciousness. Bolus injection of 40 mg of 1% papaverine hydrochloride was started on day 6.3 +/- 1.7 and continued for 4.4 +/- 1.6 days. In seven cases serial angiogram after initial dose revealed dilatation of IC and/or anterior, middle cerebral arteries at 30 min and further dilatation up to 85% increase in diameter at 60 min, which continued at least 90 min. Arteries with marked vasospasm responded more to papaverine than those with less vasospasm. There was a close correlation between degree of vasospasm and vasodilatation effect (r = 0.88, p less than 0.01). In all but two cases vasodilatation tended to become prominent by repeat doses, twice a day, for two to seven days (r = 0.87, p less than 0.01). Vasodilatation was observed only in IC and proximal trunks of ACA and MCA where papaverine could make direct contact, but not in the distal branches beyond A3 or M3. Neurological examination showed improvement of paresis or level of consciousness in 7 cases but no effect in 6 cases. Intracerebral hematoma occurred in two cases (one by high concentration 4% papaverine) during the treatment. Therefore intracisternal papaverine is the treatment of choice in cases with symptomatic vasospasm with some cautions on concentration to be administered. PMID- 3762854 TI - [Ganglioglioma in a child--report of a case]. AB - A seven-year-old boy who was admitted for surgical treatment for intractable epilepsy was found to have a ganglioglioma in his left parietal lobe. Since four years old, he had been suffering from the seizure and treated with various anticonvulsants without satisfactory effects. As its frequency increased, the dose had to be increased. Thus, it was sought for the possible surgical approach. On the CT scans, an egg size low density zone without contrast enhancement was observed in the subcortical region of his parietal lobe. There was marked thinning on inner table of the skull immediately above the zone. He was operated under fronto-temporo-parietal craniotomy. When the dura matter was opened, pale cerebral cortex protruded. Complete removal of the tumor was not possible, since there was not clear boundary between the mass and normal tissue. Based on histological study, it was diagnosed as ganglioglioma, because its main body contained increased number of glia which had deeply stained ununiform size nuclei. After the operation, he showed neither motor paralysis nor sensory disturbance and was able to sustain his activity with less amount of anticonvulsant. PMID- 3762855 TI - [Agenesis of the left internal carotid artery, common carotid artery and main trunk of the external carotid artery associated with multiple cerebral aneurysms: case report]. AB - A case of agenesis of the left internal carotid artery, common carotid artery and main trunk of external carotid artery with multiple cerebral aneurysms is presented. No similar case has been reported before. A 70-year-old man who had severe headache was admitted to the neurological department of Matsuyama Shimin Hospital. On admission he demonstrated nuchal rigidity and motor aphasia. CT scan revealed subarachnoid hemorrhage with intracerebral hematoma in the left temporal area. Right common carotid angiography, bilateral retrograde brachial angiography and aortography demonstrated an agenesis of the left internal carotid artery, common carotid artery and main trunk of external carotid artery with aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery, left middle cerebral artery and basilar tip. And these revealed that the left middle cerebral artery was fed from the basilar artery via the dilated left posterior communicating artery, and the left ophthalmic artery was originated from the left middle cerebral artery. CT of the base of the skull revealed no carotid canal on the left side. We confirmed these findings by operation. The importance of altered hemodynamic forces on the circle of Willis produced by the agenesis of the internal carotid artery and the embryological considerations are discussed. PMID- 3762856 TI - [Traumatic aneurysm occurring after surgical procedure of large cerebral aneurysm]. AB - A case of intracranial traumatic aneurysms occurring after surgical treatment of a large cerebral aneurysm is reported. A 56-year-old man was admitted to our department with complaints of headache, nuchal pain and nausea. Left carotid angiography (Lt-CAG) revealed a large aneurysm, measuring 20 mm in maximum diameter, of the azygos anterior cerebral artery. Successful clipping operation was performed on day 17 of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Unfortunately, small cortical branches were pulled out during the procedure from the right pericallosal artery. The postoperative Lt-CAG showed formation of two other aneurysms. Second operation was done on day 28 after the first operation. These aneurysms were located at the previously injured sites on the right pericallosal artery. From the history sited above, we diagnosed them as traumatic aneurysms. The second operation resulted in successful obliteration of these two traumatic aneurysms. Literature review yielded 25 similar cases, and the authors discuss the etiologic factors of the traumatic aneurysm due to surgical procedure. PMID- 3762857 TI - [Surgical approach for jugular foramen neurinoma--combined suboccipital and infralabyrinthine approach using a rotatable head holder]. AB - A 36-year-old male with jugular foramen neurinoma was operated upon using a rotatable head holder, which enables the surgeon to rotate the patient's head at any time during the procedure and to gain access in multiple directions to the tumor. The tumor was situated primarily in the jugular foramen and showed partial extension into intracranial as well as into extracranial space. The patient was placed in the lateral position with a rotatable head holder, which allows rotation of the patient's head with the range of 10 degrees face up to 80 degrees face down from the horizontal plane. A linear skin incision was made, beginning behind the auricle and extending along the anterior margin of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle was divided just below the tip of the mastoid process. During mastoidectomy and suboccipital craniectomy, the patient's head was rotated 15 degrees face down and sigmoid sinus was exposed toward the jugular foramen, meanwhile the posterior fossa dura mater was opened and the intracranial portion of the tumor was removed with the head positioned 45 degrees-60 degrees face down. The patient's head is then turned 30 degrees face down and the facial canal was opened to displace the facial nerve forward. This oblique posterior approach minimized facial nerve displacement and provided excellent exposure of the large tumor rest which was situated mainly in the jugular foramen and partly extended extracranially. The rotatable head holder allows excellent access in multiple directions and is very helpful in approaching to jugular foramen neurinomas which grow primarily in the jugular foramen and extend both into intra- and extracranially. PMID- 3762858 TI - [Familial occurrence of intracerebral cavernous angioma]. AB - A case of familial occurrence of intracerebral cavernous angioma is reported. The patients were a mother and her eldest son, a 48-year-old woman and a 28-year-old man, respectively. The mother, a hypovascular mass in the right frontal lobe was excised surgically, and in the son a well demarcated mass in the left temporal lobe was extirpated. Pathological examination in each case revealed cavernous angioma. Familial occurrence of intracerebral cavernous angioma is extremely rare. In the literature, 8 cases of familial occurrence have been reported, including our case, and in three out of the 8 cases the lesions were histologically confirmed. To our knowledge, this is the first case in Japan in which the diagnosis was established by surgical specimen. Of 17 cases in 8 family lines, multiple occurrence was observed in 7 cases. The clinical manifestations of the disease appear mostly in a form of adult epilepsy or intracerebral hematoma, and rarely sudden death associated with intracerebral hematoma. At present, CT scanning is widely used for diagnosis of the disease, and the lesions are surgically curable if they are located at the accessible sites. Although there has been no evidence of genetic basis, it is interesting that there is familial occurrence. From this point of view, we should carefully check the family tree of such patients. PMID- 3762859 TI - [Cerebral and pulmonary arteriovenous fistula with possible hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: case report]. AB - Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Rendu-Osler-Weber disease) is a syndrome characterized by the presence of mucocutaneous telangiectasia, recurrent hemorrhage (epistaxis from nasal telangiectasia is by far the most common form), and hereditary occurrence. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia is thought not to be a simple mucocutaneous disease but a generalized vascular dysplasia, because multiple visceral organs and systems, including central nervous system, are involved. But, an involvement of the central nervous system in this disease is rare. We experienced a case with cerebral arteriovenous fistula that was also diagnosed as possible hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. In this communication this case is reported and the relevant literature is reviewed. A 30 year-old male, who was diagnosed as having possible hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, was found to have abnormal findings on head CT scan during the evaluation of his disease. So he was admitted to the neurosurgical department for further examination. He was also known to have pulmonary arteriovenous fistula (11.5% arteriovenous shunt) and secondary polycythemia (RBC 533 X 10(4)/mm3, Hb 17.6 g/dl, Ht 51%). His past medical history was noteworthy for several episodes of epistaxis since childhood. His uncle had also pulmonary arteriovenous fistula and was operated on at another hospital. On admission, he was alert and showed normal neurological findings. Routine x-ray of the skull showed abnormal thinning of the skull in the right parietal region. Computed tomograms showed a lobulated high-density mass in the right parietal lobe which was homogeneously enhanced after bolus injection of contrast material. Right carotid angiograms disclosed a dilated aneurysmal vein in the parietal lobe.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3762860 TI - [Syringomyelia, its pathogenesis and surgical treatment based on 4 cases' experience]. AB - Four cases of syringomyelia, each were considered to have different pathogenesis of syrinx and presented different clinical and radiological pictures, are reported. Case I was associated with Chiari I malformation and the syrinx communicated with the fourth ventricle through the central canal, case 2 was associated with Chiari II malformation and the syrinx was not communicated with the fourth ventricle, case 3 was thought to be traumatic and case 4 to be arachnoiditis due to unknown etiology. Metrizamide CT myelography was most valuable diagnostic technique to disclose the syringomyelic cavity and its extension. The cases except case 1 showed central opacification without via fourth ventricle, suggesting transneural migration CSF as shown by Aubin et al. Surgical treatment, therefore, was different in each case to obtain normal CSF dynamics. Case 1 was treated by suboccipital craniectomy, muscle plugging to the obex and syringo-subarachnoid shunt. In case 2 syringo-cisternal shunt was done in addition to suboccipital craniectomy. In case 3 syringocisternal shunt was done after laminectomy. In case 4 syringo-peritoneal shunt was performed. All but case 4 were obtained favorable result and case 4 was unfavorable except the disappearance of girdle sensation. For traumatic or inflammatory syringomyelia with tight adhesion between pia and arachnoid membrane in subarachnoid space, syringocisternal shunt was good way to obtain normal CSF dynamics and was expected to relieve the neurological deterioration. PMID- 3762861 TI - [Cystic meningioma associated with intratumor and subarachnoid hemorrhage during embolization--a case report]. AB - We present a case of a cystic meningioma accompanied with hemorrhage in a cyst and adjacent subarachnoid space that occurred while preoperative embolization in feeders for the tumor was being applied. A 73-year-old male patient was admitted for a complaint of convulsion. Under CT examination, a tumor was observed at the left frontal convexity and found to be fed by the middle cerebral artery shown in the left cerebral angiograms. The tumor was diagnosed meningioma. After removing the tumor, we conducted histological study. Gross findings of its cross section had an atypical bleeding pattern which was resulted from the ruptures of the criss-crossing internal and external carotid arteries in the tumor. The findings indicated that the tumor was an angiomatous meningioma and contained meningotheliomatous components. The hemorrhage was occurred in the portion of the angiomatous meningioma. The possible reason for the hemorrhage was thought that sudden dynamic changes in blood flow which were triggered by the embolization. The sudden changes could have caused multiple ruptures on pathologic small vessels. Therefore, we strongly recommend that preoperative embolization should be proceeded with caution for exercising a cyst meningioma, since it could increase the possibility of bleeding from pathologic weak vessels. PMID- 3762862 TI - Antisera to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide inhibit basal prolactin release from dispersed anterior pituitary cells. AB - Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) has been identified in hypothalamic tissue, is secreted into hypophysial portal blood, and stimulates prolactin (PRL) release in vivo and in vitro. It has been proposed, therefore, that VIP is a physiologic PRL-releasing factor. In this study, we confirm that VIP stimulates PRL release from rat pituitary cells in vitro, and demonstrate that an anti-VIP antiserum blocks VIP-induced PRL secretion. Surprisingly, the anti-VIP antiserum inhibited basal PRL secretion from rat pituitary cells in 3 separate experiments. Data from these experiments were pooled, as the responses were similar, revealing basal PRL release of 10.7 +/- 1.3 ng rPRL/10(5) cells (X +/- SE), while anti-VIP antisera significantly inhibited release to 4.4 +/- 0.6 ng rPRL/10(5) cells (p less than 0.001). PRL release in incubates containing control non-immune sera did not differ from basal release, 8.1 ng rPRL/10(5) cells. A further control experiment was conducted wherein cells were incubated with an anti-ACTH antiserum, representing another hyperimmune serum, which had no effect on PRL secretion. These data suggest that VIP, in addition to its possible role as a hypothalamic-derived PRL-releasing factor, may play a role within the pituitary as a regulator of basal PRL secretion. PMID- 3762863 TI - Failure to confirm the existence of short-latency, short-loop feedback regulation (autoregulation) of growth hormone secretion in the human. AB - That growth hormone (GH) regulates its own secretion by negative feedback both directly and indirectly via somatomedins has been well-documented in the rat and assumed, on the basis of limited studies, to be true for man as well. Prior to proceeding with studies designed to investigate the nature of this feedback in various endocrine states, we sought first to confirm the existence of direct, short-latency GH feedback in normal individuals. Primed, continuous rate infusions of human GH in normal volunteers achieved a range of steady state GH levels. After 1 h of GH infusion, arginine HCl (500 mg/kg) was infused over 30 min and the GH response assessed. Seven of 8 subjects achieved steady state GH levels in the 8-21 ng/ml range with an infusion rate of 0.0045 U/min following a 0.277 U bolus. After arginine, there was a significant increment of GH levels (range 11.6-69.5 ng/ml) in all 7 subjects. With a higher infusion rate of 0.009 U/min following a 0.54 U bolus, 1 of 2 subjects reached a steady state of 31.0 ng/ml and no response to arginine was demonstrable. Two subjects reached steady state levels of 45.0 and 58 ng/ml during a 0.018 U/min infusion after a 1.08 U bolus and had increments of 26.2 and 25.9 ng/ml following arginine. In 3 subjects achieving levels of 64.5, 107.0 and 132.0 ng/ml, there were increments of 55.0, 61.7 and 13.0 ng/ml during infusions of 0.036 U/min following boluses of 2.16 U. However, only in the first of these 3 was a true steady state achieved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3762864 TI - Comparison of plasma profiles of oxytocin and prolactin following suckling in the rat. AB - The purpose of these studies was to determine the effect of suckling on the plasma oxytocin (OT) concentration profile in conscious primiparous rats during midlactation. Comparisons were made with plasma prolactin (PRL) levels obtained in the same rats. OT levels in the majority of rats exhibited a single peak during the first 5-30 min, then fell rapidly during the course of a 45-min period of suckling. The plasma OT levels were sustained over a longer period in mothers suckling 8 rather than 6 pups; the amplitudes of the OT response were similar, however. By contrast, plasma PRL profiles indicated that a steady secretion of the hormone occurred throughout the suckling period, with suckling of 8 pups resulting in significantly higher plasma levels than suckling of 6 pups. A considerably greater increase in the peak plasma OT concentration resulted when hungry foster litters of 6 pups were suckled after the mothers' own 6 pups had been suckled. Plasma PRL levels during the two sucklings, though, were similar. The rapid onset of the OT response to suckling was seen more clearly in urethane anesthetized rats following mammary nerve stimulation. Plasma OT levels rose to a peak within 5 s after the onset, then fell to prestimulus levels by the end of the 65-second stimulation period. These results suggest that different regulating mechanisms are involved in the secretory responses of OT and PRL to suckling and that different thresholds of activation are likely to exist for the two hormones. PMID- 3762865 TI - Secretory activity of the intraocular homotransplanted pars intermedia of the frog, Rana nigromaculata. AB - To examine whether there is a possible inhibitory effect of melanophore stimulating hormone (MSH) on the release of MSH from the pars intermedia, two groups of frogs, Rana nigromaculata, were prepared with median eminence extirpation to eliminate the inhibitory hypothalamic control over MSH secretion. In one of the two groups, the animal's own intermediate lobe was transplanted to the anterior chamber of the eye (intraocular autotransplanted gland), and in the second, the animal's own pars intermedia was left in situ, and another pars intermedia was homotransplanted intraocularly. The MSH content of the homotransplanted pars intermedia was usually much increased and the number of secretory granules augmented in the secretory cells in comparison with the autotransplanted gland. These results lead to the conclusion that the release of MSH from the intraocular pars intermedia is inhibited by the in situ pars intermedia of host animals and indicate that MSH acts directly at the pituitary level to inhibit its further release, thus supporting the concept of mass action type feedback control. PMID- 3762866 TI - Female reproductive function and sexually dimorphic prolactin secretion in rats with lesions in the medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamic continuum. AB - The role played by the medial preoptic area-anterior hypothalamus (MPOA-AH) in the regulation of reproductive function of the female rat was examined in the first part of the present study. Extensive bilateral lesions placed in different locations of the MPOA-AH continuum resulted in three different patterns of vaginal smears. Lesions located most rostrally and dorsally, sparing the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), resulted in series of successive pseudopregnancies. Lesions located more caudally and ventrally, still sparing the SCN, eventuated in regular oestrus cycles with only occasional pseudopregnancies. MPOA-AH lesions encroaching upon the SCN were associated with persistent vaginal cornification. MPOA-AH-lesioned females exhibiting repeated pseudopregnancies were capable of mating, conceiving, and giving birth. Parturition in these females was uniformly delayed by 1 day and was associated with a variable incidence of stillbirth, cannibalism of newborn, or incomplete placentophagy. As a rule, MPOA-lesioned mothers did not retrieve pups but they did show crouching behaviour and some of them even secreted milk. Thus, while the MPOA subserves in the regulation of oestrous cyclicity and maternal behaviour, it appears to play no essential role in mating behaviour or in ovarian function during pregnancy and lactation. The pattern of prolactin secretion in MPOA-AH-lesioned male and female rats was evaluated in the second part of this study. Both intact and orchidectomized males were incapable of generating nocturnal prolactin surges following extensive bilateral ablation of the MPOA-AH. On the other hand, 6 out of 9 ovariectomized MPOA-AH-lesioned females exhibited spontaneous nightly surges of prolactin. The absence of the surges in the remaining 3 females was associated with invasion of the lesion into the SCN and/or structures rostral to the MPOA. During the light period, prolactin levels remained within the basal range in all lesioned females, irrespective of the presence or the absence of the nocturnal surge. These lesioned ovariectomized females, in contrast to nonlesioned females, were incapable of producing a diurnal (afternoon) surge of prolactin in response to administration of oestrogen, though their basal prolactin levels were much higher than the levels seen in oestrogen-treated, nonlesioned castrated males. These results support the view that the MPOA is inhibitory to the nocturnal prolactin surge while stimulatory to the diurnal surge. The results also suggest that the male rat is functionally devoid of both a 'diurnal-surge centre' residing in the MPOA, and a 'nocturnal-surge centre' located outside the MPOA. PMID- 3762867 TI - Cerebellar infarction. AB - Here is reported a rare case of a child with cerebellar infarction confirmed by vertebral angiography and computed tomography (CT). Following the sequential CT scan, new hypodense areas developed twice in the later stages. This finding has not been previously reported neither in infra- nor in supra-tentorial infarction. PMID- 3762868 TI - Neurological deterioration and lactic acidemia in biotinidase deficiency. A treatable condition mimicking Leigh's disease. AB - A six-month-old girl with chronic lactic acidosis and neurological deterioration is described, who underwent a sudden severe decompensation during her initial neurological investigations. She responded dramatically to biotin therapy. The diagnosis of late onset multiple carboxylase deficiency due to biotinidase deficiency was confirmed. This entity should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hyperlactacidemic encephalopathies. PMID- 3762869 TI - Hypomyelination neuropathy in a female newborn presenting as arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. AB - A female newborn delivered at 32 weeks of gestation presented with multiple joint contractures consistent with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC). The girl died after a four days course of severe respiratory distress. Autopsy revealed slightly hypoplastic and immature lungs with acute necrotizing bronchopneumonia, and marked consecutive hypoxic brain lesions with severe periventricular haemorrhages. The peripheral nerves including the cranial and spinal nerve roots showed a hypomyelination radiculoneuropathy with well preserved axons and a normal content of Schwann cells. In the skeletal muscles of the arms and legs some fascicles of the extensors were replaced by lipomatous tissue. Since myelination of the white matter in the central nervous system was adequate to the age, this case represents an exclusive maturation disorder of the peripheral myelin sheaths that may be considered causal for AMC. PMID- 3762870 TI - Neurophysiological and anatomical correlations in neonatal nonketotic hyperglycinemia. AB - Electroencephalographic (EEG) and brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) findings have not been previously described and correlated with the pathological findings in an autopsied case of neonatal nonketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH). A 38 week gestation male infant presented within two hours of age with stimulus-evoked myoclonus and seizures in the context of progressive coma. Electrographic studies demonstrated cortical myoclonus and electrical seizures exquisitely localized to the midline region as well as a suppression-burst background disturbance. These vertex spike discharges were elicited after tactile stimulation. Prolonged intra axial latencies for waves III and V were recorded on the BAER on the second day of life. Spongy leukodystrophy was noted on gross and microscopic examination of the brain involving all myelinated tracts especially in the reticular activating system, cerebellar peduncles and optic tracts. Neuropathological confirmation of brainstem involvement emphasizes the role of the nonspecific diffuse somatosensory projection system in the generation of myoclonus and stimulus evoked seizures in the comatose patient with NKH. PMID- 3762871 TI - Combined myoclonic-astatic and "benign" focal epilepsy of childhood ("atypical benign partial epilepsy of childhood"). A separate syndrome? AB - The authors have followed six children with atypical epilepsies but a favorable evolution, consisting in minor motor seizures of the myoclonic-astatic type (with diffuse slow spike-waves on the electroencephalogram) together with clinical and EEG features seen in benign focal epilepsy of childhood (BFEC), an association recently reported by Aicardi and Chevrie (1982). The maintenance of a normal neurological function despite severe epilepsy, the absence of tonic seizures and the marked activation of the spike discharges during sleep were described by these authors as important characteristics suggesting a good prognosis. The purpose of this study was to see if these children indeed represent a particular subgroup of idiopathic epilepsy and to draw attention to a special clinical and EEG combination indicating a possibly favorable ultimate outcome, in children usually diagnosed as suffering from Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. The six cases closely resembled the group described by Aicardi and Chevrie (1982), although the clinical and EEG features of BFEC were not as striking as in their cases. Also transient mental deterioration occurred during the active seizure periods. The therapeutic benefit of the various drugs tried was difficult to assess, but the behavior was often perturbed by medication. Although it is not possible to decide at the present time if these cases represent a particular epileptic syndrome, the special combination of clinical and EEG features seems characteristic enough to justify prospective studies of similar cases in the future. PMID- 3762872 TI - Long-term follow-up of ten patients with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. AB - Ten cases of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome have been followed for 3-19 years (mean, 11 years and four months). Criteria of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome were restricted to the following: complete absence of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) in hemolysate and fibroblast, spasticity, choreoathetosis, mental retardation, self-mutilation, and occurrence in males. Two patients have died of pneumonia and two died suddenly. However, autopsies produced no positive findings. Hyperuricemia has been controlled by benzbromarone in nine patients. One patient did not take any medical treatment and died suddenly when he was 19 years old, but showed no gouty signs. Patients with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome indicated no change or aggravation of choreoathetosis or spasticity. Self mutilation was difficult to control by any treatment with continuing effect. After the age of ten, self-mutilation declined in seven cases, and in one patient disappeared completely. Mental delay was remarkable and suspected developmental age (DA) was 7 months - four years and 10 months (chronological age, 7 years and five months - 19 years and 6 months). Mean DQ score was 15.6. Physical development was severely delayed, and weight age was 28.9-46.4%, mean 37.4% of chronological age. Future investigations will evolve clarification of CNS signs and its treatment, and etiological research of sudden death. PMID- 3762873 TI - Peroneal somatosensory evoked potentials in the "pure" form of hereditary spastic paraplegia. AB - Two patients suffering from the stationary form of hereditary spastic paraplegia, father and son, are described. While in the father the disease - probably because of congenital clubfeet - led to flexion contractures of the hip- and knee-joints, the son in contrary showed extreme genua recurvata. In spite of these contradictionary findings, neurological examination of both patients led to the diagnosis of stationary form of hereditary spastic paraplegia. Both patients had normal latencies of their somatosensory evoked peroneal cortical potentials (Peron-SEP). It is known that the progredient form of the disease leads to alterations of the Peron-SEP. So it is the opinion of the authors that this electrodiagnostic aspect might allow to distinguish between the "pure" and the progredient form of the disease in less clear cases, if these findings can be confirmed in other sibships with the "pure" form of hereditary spastic paraplegia. PMID- 3762874 TI - Normal cerebral radionuclide angiogram in a child with electrocerebral silence. AB - Pediatric neurologists agree that the determination of brain death in children, and especially retarded children, is difficult and that the criteria used in adult brain death may not be sufficient in pediatric cases. An unusual case of sustained electrocerebral silence on electroencephalogram (EEG) in a three-year old retarded comatosed child with preserved intracerebral perfusion documented by a series of cerebral radionuclide angiograms (CRAG) is presented. The EEG showing electrocerebral silence represents loss of cerebrum (cortex) function (Barlow 1976). This absence of cortical function is demonstrated even though intracranial circulation is shown to be intact. We believe that the correlative studies presented accurately document a discordance between apparent loss of cortical function in a child as indicated by electrocerebral silence in the face of preserved cerebral blood flow. It is suggested that when evaluating brain death in retarded children with known cerebral atrophy, special emphasis should be placed on the CRAG and that the EEG should be read with caution. PMID- 3762875 TI - High concentrations of cholecystokinin receptor binding sites in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. AB - The detailed distribution of cholecystokinin (CCK) receptors in rat hypothalamic nuclei has been mapped using the technique of in vitro receptor autoradiography. Using 125I-CCK-8 as the radiolabelled probe, high levels of CCK receptor binding sites were observed in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN), with lower levels in the compact zone of the dorsomedial nucleus (CDMN). Computer-generated colour-coded image analysis of the VMN indicated that the level of 125I-CCK-8 binding in this nucleus approximated to that in the CCK-receptor rich cerebral cortex. Detailed distribution studies throughout the VMN indicated a marked differential localization of CCK receptor binding sites, with 125I-CCK-8 localized in a "halo" formation within the nucleus. The presence of CCK receptors within the VMN is supportive of an important role for CCK and its receptors in homeostatic processes mediated by the hypothalamus. PMID- 3762876 TI - Caerulein and cholecystokinin reverse experimental hemorrhagic shock. AB - Intravenously injected cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) (5-20/micrograms/kg) and caerulein (1.25-10/micrograms/kg) caused a prompt, dose-dependent and sustained improvement in blood pressure, pulse amplitude and survival in rats subjected to otherwise invariably fatal hemorrhagic shock. PMID- 3762877 TI - A specific radioimmunoassay for [Leu] and [Met]enkephalin applied to a HPLC separation of human CSF. AB - Highly specific antisera have been raised to [Leu]enkephalin and applied in a radioimmunoassay that is sufficiently sensitive and precise for the measurement of enkephalin pentapeptides in body fluids. Extraction of CSF by Sep-pak cartridges, followed by reverse-phase HPLC to separate [Leu] and [Met]enkephalin prior to assay, has assessed their concentrations as 59-170 pmol/l and 0.5-30 pmol/l, respectively, in three patients with chronic pain. The reproducibility of the HPLC separation step was checked by adding to the sample a synthetic analogue of very low cross-reactivity in UV detectable quantities. The assay procedure described is generally applicable to the assessment of [Leu] and [Met]enkephalin concentrations in CSF. PMID- 3762878 TI - Naltrexone inhibits the persistent spasmodic dyskinesia induced by chronic intraperitoneal administration of iminodipropionitrile (IDPN). AB - The effects of naltrexone on the persistent movement disorder induced in mice by the neurotoxic substance IDPN were examined. Naltrexone (2-4 mg/kg, IP) significantly reduced the hyperactivity and the stereotypic behaviors induced by IDPN. Fifteen minutes after the injection of naltrexone, the dyskinetic neck movements were almost completely inhibited at the higher dose. Thus, blockade of opiate receptors can significantly affect drug-induced persistent dyskinesia. PMID- 3762879 TI - Adrenal enkephalin and catecholamine contents following subarachnoid hemorrhage in cats. AB - A "closed space" subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was produced experimentally in cats by rupture of the right middle cerebral artery to test the working hypothesis that a stressful event which provokes powerful sympathoadrenal discharge: causes a massive release of co-stored endogenous enkephalins together with catecholamines, induces an increased rate of opioid peptide precursor processing and/or synthesis, and eventually results in markedly elevated tissue levels of enkephalins relative to controls and to co-stored catecholamines. Adrenal medulla and other tissues were analyzed for met- and leu-enkephalins by RIAs and norepinephrine and epinephrine by HPLC-EC at 4 hrs, 3, 10, 16 and 30 days post-SAH. Catecholamines of adrenal medulla were already decreased at 4 hrs and by 3 days post-SAH depletion of epinephrine reached 86% and norepinephrine 53% compared to controls. Concurrently, at 4 hrs and 3 days post-SAH, the adrenal medulla was depleted 47% of met- and 53% of leu-enkephalins. By 10 days post-SAH, when catecholamines had regained control levels, met-enkephalin was elevated to 240% of control and 435% compared to the 3 day depletion; it remained elevated through 30 days post-SAH. In comparison, after 10 days reserpine treatment when catecholamines were markedly depleted, met-enkephalin rose to 970% and leu enkephalin to 360% relative to controls, confirming recent reports in the literature. The data suggest that release of enkephalins originates primarily from epinephrine-type cells of the adrenal medulla in cat. PMID- 3762880 TI - HPLC separation of vasopressin-like hormones in chicken neurohypophysial extracts. AB - HPLC techniques were used to identify peptides that possess vasopressin-like immunoreactivity in the chicken neurohypophysis. The presence of arginine vasotocin (AVT) was confirmed together with arginine vasopressin (AVP). That the presence of AVP may be confined to the chicken, and not other avian species, was concluded from the absence of the hormone in the neurohypophysis of the duck and turkey. The chicken thus resembles some members of the suiformes and metatheria in possessing two vasopressin-like peptides. PMID- 3762881 TI - Reaction of periventricular tissue in the rat fourth ventricle to chronically placed shunt tubing implants. AB - The reaction of periventricular tissue to shunt tubing chronically implanted in the fourth ventricle of the rat was investigated by correlative scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Sterile silicone tubing with four 0.4 mm diameter holes was inserted into the fourth ventricle of adult Sprague-Dawley rats through an incision in the atlantooccipital membrane and the animals were killed at postoperative intervals of 5 and 8 weeks. Reactive changes that could be correlated with the extent of contact with the implant occurred in the periventricular tissue. The ependyma lining the ventricle underwent a progressive loss of cilia and microvilli, became attenuated and, in circumscribed areas, was lost entirely. A significant subependymal gliosis accompanied these changes. In regions denuded of ependyma, neurons and glia were exposed directly to the cerebrospinal fluid. Eruptions of periventricular tissue corresponding precisely to the location of holes in the implanted tubing were observed on both the vermal surface of the cerebellum and the floor of the ventricle. Evaginations from the surface of the inferior vermis and the floor of the ventricle were most prevalent at 5 and greatest at 8 weeks postimplantation, respectively. Gliosis combined with mechanical factors are believed to be responsible for development of these periventricular tissue evaginations, which may be a factor in the pathogenesis of cerebrospinal fluid shunt obstruction in treated human hydrocephalus. PMID- 3762882 TI - Reactivity of rabbit basilar artery to alterations in extracellular potassium and calcium after subarachnoid hemorrhage. AB - Hemolysis of periarterial clots after subarachnoid hemorrhage may liberate large quantities of K+ into the vicinity of cerebral blood vessels and possibly change their sensitivity to endogenous vasoactive agents. The current study examined the influence of subarachnoid hemorrhage on the sensitivity of rabbit basilar arterial segments to K+ and Ca++. An analysis of K+ and Ca++ dose-response curves demonstrated that incubated arterial segments isolated from animals with subarachnoid hemorrhage were substantially more sensitive to these cations than were corresponding controls. We speculate that chronically elevated K+ levels in areas of periarterial clot lysis or brain ischemia might initiate vascular smooth muscle depolarization and vasospasm. Our data provide additional rationale for the use of calcium channel blockers in preventing or treating vasospasm in cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage. PMID- 3762883 TI - Heart rate variability in neurosurgical patients. AB - Cardiac monitors determine heart rate by counting the number of beats in a given time interval. The normal heart, however, does not beat at a constant rate. Instead, there is a continuous change in heart rate on a beat-by-beat basis. This is termed the instantaneous heart rate and it represents the projected rate per minute that the heart would beat if only one R-R interval (the time between sequential R waves) was repeated throughout a 60-second period. Calculation of the instantaneous heart rate for each heart beat (R-R interval) produces a pattern that demonstrates the variability in heart rate. This instantaneous heart rate pattern was prospectively studied in 102 patients admitted to a neurosurgical intensive care unit. Short-term (STV) and long-term (LTV) heart rate variability were compared to the Glasgow coma scale as a method for patient assessment. LTV seems to be the most useful heart rate parameter in the clinical setting, and both STV and LTV performed better in the serial evaluation of patients. Two postulations found in the heart rate literature were not borne out in this study. First, we did not find a strong correlation between elevated intracranial pressure and decreases in heart rate or variability, as previously reported by Lowensohn et al. Second, the morphological classification of heart rate patterns described by Evans in his study of head-injured patients did not carry the same prognostic value when applied to this broad spectrum of patients with a variety of acute neurological disorders. Heart rate and its variability is a simple parameter to monitor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3762884 TI - Anterior approach and osteosynthesis for recent fractures of the pedicles of the axis. AB - The authors report their experiences using the anterior approach and osteosynthesis for recent fractures of the pedicles of the axis in eight patients. They describe the transcervical transclival approach and osteosynthesis and discuss the advantages of and indications for this approach. PMID- 3762885 TI - Operative stabilization of the posttraumatic thoracic and lumbar spine: a comparative analysis of the Harrington distraction rod and the modified Weiss spring. AB - To assess the efficacy of operative stabilization techniques, a retrospective study of Harrington distraction rod (HDR) and modified Weiss spring instrumentation was performed in 90 patients. An operation was performed for one or both of two indications: persistent spine instability or the presence of a neurological deficit in patients with incomplete neurological injuries and myelographic evidence of spinal cord or cauda equina compression. The lateral extracavitary operative approach to the spine for decompression and anterior interbody fusion was performed with an accompanying HDR (47 patients) or modified Weiss spring placement (43 patients). Eight HDRs failed, resulting in gross instability (17 per cent) that either resulted in further neurological injury (1 patient), further surgery (2 patients), or increased morbidity secondary to prolonged bed rest (5 patients). One Weiss spring failed, requiring further surgery (2.3 per cent). Nonsurgical complications were similar in both groups and appeared to be unrelated to the type of instrumentation utilized. The modified Weiss spring instrumentation technique, which offers a dynamic compression fixation of the spine, was clearly superior to the HDR technique, which offers a rigid distraction fixation. The biomechanics of distraction versus compression and rigid versus nonrigid spine stabilization are discussed. PMID- 3762886 TI - Acoustic (loudspeaker) facial electromyographic monitoring: Part 1. Evoked electromyographic activity during acoustic neuroma resection. AB - A modification of the technique of acoustic facial electromyographic (EMG) monitoring, involving the use of a bipolar wire electrode, was used to monitor facial EMG activity during 13 consecutive unselected acoustic neuroma resections. EMG activity was synchronously recorded on the audio channels of operative video tapes so that the patterns of evoked EMG activity could be analyzed in relation to specific intraoperative events. Despite a relatively wide variety of apparent eliciting mechanisms, evoked EMG activity occurred in only three general acoustic patterns; these were bursts, trains, and pulses. These respective patterns are described in detail and related to specific etiological mechanisms. The possible clinical significance of various patterns of evoked EMG activity is discussed. PMID- 3762887 TI - Multiple progressive familial thrombosed arteriovenous malformations. AB - Thrombosed arteriovenous malformations initially diagnosed as low-grade gliomas in a child and her maternal uncle are presented. In both patients, there was progression of the disease as evidenced by the formation of new lesions at distant sites in the brain. PMID- 3762888 TI - Entrapped lumbar nerve root in pseudomeningocele after laminectomy: report of three cases. AB - The authors report three patients with symptomatic postlaminectomy pseudomeningocele. At operation a loop of a nerve root was found to be trapped within the dural defect. All three patients exhibited a delayed onset of radicular symptoms and signs after disc surgery. The pseudomeningocele was demonstrated computed tomography and myelography, but the entrapped root could be identified only at operation. PMID- 3762889 TI - Is computed tomographic scanning necessary in patients with tentorial herniation? Results of immediate surgical exploration without computed tomography in 100 patients. AB - Computed tomographic (CT) scans are performed on virtually all patients with severe head injury at the time of admission. Because of the time involved in obtaining these studies, the evacuation of significant intracranial mass lesions is delayed. To avoid such delays, the authors performed burr-hole exploration for the diagnosis of intracranial hematomas before CT scans were obtained in 100 consecutive head-injured patients with clinical signs of tentorial herniation or upper brain stem dysfunction upon admission to the emergency room. Patients in whom a hematoma was discovered had a craniotomy for evacuation of the clot; those in whom the exploration was negative had a CT brain scan immediately after operation. Burr-hole exploration revealed extracerebral mass lesions in 56 patients. In 38 patients, the exploration was negative, and postoperative CT scanning showed no significant hematoma. Of 6 patients in whom the CT scan demonstrated extraaxial hematomas requiring surgical evacuation, 4 had subdural hematomas that were missed because the exploration was incomplete; 1 patient had an epidural hematoma and 1 had a subdural hematoma contralateral to a craniotomy on the side of a positive initial burr-hole exploration. Our results indicate that the relatively small subgroup of head-injured patients with early tentorial herniation or upper brain stem compression have a high incidence of immediate extraaxial hematomas and a low incidence of intracerebral hematomas. This is particularly true of patients over 30 years of age and those who suffer low speed trauma, such as falls and vehicle-pedestrian accidents. PMID- 3762890 TI - False aneurysm complicating carotid endarterectomy. AB - We present two cases of false aneurysm after carotid endarterectomy with primary arteriotomy closure. In both cases, infection appeared to be the precipitating cause. Both lesions were repaired with a saphenous vein patch graft, but infection in one patient persisted, and recurrence of a false aneurysm required ligation of the common carotid artery. There were no neurological sequelae in either patient. A review of the English language literature, our experience, and personal communications yielded 57 cases of false aneurysm. The overall incidence of false aneurysm after carotid endarterectomy was 0.30%. There was no significant difference in the incidence after endarterectomy alone and that after endarterectomy and patch grafting. A significant increase in neurological deficit occurred only when carotid ligation was used, with a morbidity/mortality of 50% in eight reported cases. Infection was the major cause of false aneurysm after endarterectomy; it occurred in 50% of cases closed primarily without patch grafting. Repair with a saphenous vein patch graft and monofilament synthetic suture, plus liberal use of antibiotics, should be considered in the treatment of this condition. PMID- 3762891 TI - Congenital supratentorial and infratentorial peripheral neurogenic tumor: a clinical, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical study. AB - Congenital neoplasms of the central nervous system are extremely rare, although they have been well documented since the earliest reports from the mid-19th century. Medulloblastoma, other primitive neuroectodermal tumors, and various types of gliomas have comprised the majority of cases. This report describes a highly unusual infratentorial and supratentorial tumor presenting as a scalp mass in a neonate who experienced in utero distress. The supratentorial mass extended through a defect in the skull to the parietooccipital lobe, and the infratentorial aspect involved the 9th and 10th cranial nerves in the region of the cerebellopontine angle. A complex spindle cell neoplasm incorporating peripheral nerve sheath and vascular characteristics was further characterized by electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Based upon these studies, the tumor was interpreted as a congenital schwannoma with divergent vascular differentiation. The child has been tumor-free for approximately 2 years after the initial operative procedure. PMID- 3762892 TI - Primary intraspinal fibrosarcoma. AB - Fibrosarcomas of dura mater are very rare tumors representing only 0.5% of all central nervous system sarcomas. A higher incidence of dural fibrosarcomas has been reported in patients with neurofibromatosis. We present a case of spinal dura mater fibrosarcoma in a patient without neurofibromatosis. The diagnostic and therapeutic strategy in the clinical management is discussed. PMID- 3762893 TI - Enchondroma of the cervical spine. AB - Enchondroma is a benign cartilaginous tumor rarely found in the vertebral column. The authors report a case of a 24-year-old woman with upper extremity paresthesias and weakness secondary to bony destruction of multiple vertebral bodies by an enchondroma. The tumor was treated by block excision of the involved vertebral bodies followed by placement of a bone graft. PMID- 3762894 TI - Rapid spontaneous resolution of an acute subdural hematoma. AB - A patient is reported who had spontaneous resolution of an acute traumatic subdural hematoma within 6 hours. In this period, clinical signs improved and computed tomography suggested disappearance of the hematoma. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated no real disappearance, but rather a redistribution of the blood. A rapid resolution like this has not been observed previously in the natural history of acute subdural hematoma. PMID- 3762895 TI - High thoracic disc herniation. AB - A case of T-1, T-2 disc herniation is reported. The patient presented with diminished hand strength, medial arm and shoulder pain, and medial arm, forearm, and hand paresthesias. After surgical decompression and removal of a disc fragment, the patient made a complete recovery. Routine cervical myelography was considered inadequate in view of this patient's symptoms. High thoracic myelography followed by computed tomographic scanning should be considered for patients with this presentation. Improved diagnosis with myelography and computed tomography is discussed. PMID- 3762896 TI - Bilateral hearing loss after unilateral removal of an acoustic neuroma by the suboccipital approach: case report. AB - Contralateral hearing loss is a very rare complication of acoustic neuroma surgery. A case of immediate postoperative contralateral hearing loss is reported. Possible causes and the pertinent literature are reviewed. PMID- 3762897 TI - Trigeminal neurinoma associated with suprasellar arachnoid cyst: case report. AB - The first case of trigeminal neurinoma associated with suprasellar arachnoid cyst is presented. Coexistence of these two lesions may be accidental, but it is also possible that the arachnoid cyst was secondary to the neurinoma. PMID- 3762898 TI - Acute subdural hematoma with rapid resolution in infancy: case report. AB - An infant who suffered acute subdural hematoma due to minor head trauma twice in a short period is presented. Each subdural hematoma, showing high density on computed tomographic scanning, resolved with unusual rapidity, resulting in full recovery after nonsurgical management. The mechanism of this rapid resolution of each hematoma was thought to be participation of cerebrospinal fluid secondary to a tearing of the arachnoid membrane. PMID- 3762899 TI - Anterior basal encephalocele of the neonatal and infantile period. AB - Diagnosis of occult basal encephalocele is not difficult if the peculiar clinical and radiological signs of this anomaly are borne in mind. Recent surgery for transsphenoidal encephalocele has had better results than realized. However, high surgical risks may still be encountered in transsphenoidal encephalocele of the early infantile period, because the pituitary-hypothalamic structures are usually incorporated in the herniated encephalocele of this age group. Surgical indications for and operative approaches to transsphenoidal encephalocele in the infantile period are discussed on the basis of the authors' failure in transcranial repair, which resulted in early postoperative death due to hypothalamic dysfunction. Reviewing the reported cases of anterior basal encephalocele, a high correlation between transsphenoidal encephalocele, particularly in the pediatric age group, and allied malformations of the face, eye, and brain was disclosed. This characteristic malformation complex may be explained by a common pathogenetic mechanism operating in the embryonal period at about the stage of the anterior neuropore closure and occurring in the ventral surface of the cephalic end of the neural tube. Three cases of transsphenoidal encephalocele diagnosed in the neonatal period with progressive obstruction in the nasopharyngeal airway are also reported. A characteristic malformation complex consisting of median cleft face syndrome, optic nerve dysplasia, and agenesis of the corpus callosum was associated in two cases; the other patient had an extremely rare combination of septooptic dysplasia. Two patients died pre- and postoperatively, respectively; the other patient did not undergo operation because of grave multiple anomalies. PMID- 3762900 TI - Plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol and therapeutic response to maprotiline and indalpine in major depression. AB - Plasma levels of free and conjugated 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (DOPEG), the main deaminated metabolite of norepinephrine, were assayed in 48 depressed patients before initiating a treatment with either maprotiline, an inhibitor of norepinephrine reuptake, or indalpine, a specific inhibitor of serotonin reuptake. The two groups of depressed patients were comparable. The therapeutic effect was evaluated by using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. No difference in pretreatment plasma free and conjugated DOPEG levels was found between the responders and the nonresponders to maprotiline or indalpine. Neither was there any difference in the pretreatment levels of plasma free DOPEG between the two groups of responders and the two groups of nonresponders to either drug. Finally, there was no difference in the therapeutic response to maprotiline or to indalpine between the patients with high and low plasma DOPEG levels before treatment. These results indicate that there is no relationship between the initial plasma levels of DOPEG in depressed patients and their therapeutic response to a norepinephrine or a serotonin reuptake blocker. PMID- 3762901 TI - Plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol levels in depressed patients with and without abnormal dexamethasone suppression. AB - Escape from dexamethasone-induced suppression of plasma cortisol is an abnormality found in about half of patients with major depression. It has been hypothesized that this hyperactivity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis might be related to a central noradrenergic hypofunction. The present study was designed to test this hypothesis by measuring plasma 3,4 dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (DOPEG) levels (free and conjugated forms), an index of central noradrenergic activity, and by simultaneously carrying out a dexamethasone suppression test. Forty-five patients with a diagnosis of major depression (according to the DSM-III) were investigated. Plasma DOPEG levels (measured at 8 a.m.) were found to be similar in dexamethasone suppressor and nonsuppressor depressed patients. These results do not support the hypothesis that central noradrenergic hypoactivity underlies nonsuppression of dexamethasone in major depression. PMID- 3762902 TI - Effects of vasopressin and desmopressin on memory. A double-blind study in 40 healthy volunteers. AB - In a study involving 40 healthy student volunteers, 10 subjects were given lysine vasopressin at a dose of 0.4 ml (23 IU) per day in 3 divided doses for 15 days by the nasal route. Ten subjects were given desmopressin at a dose of 0.2 ml (20 micrograms) per day in a single dose for 15 days by the nasal route. Twenty subjects were given placebo by the nasal route. Memory tests were conducted under the same conditions before and after treatment (verbal span, verbal retention, visual retention, visual learning, verbal learning). Only the contents of the tests were varied, so as to avoid familiarity. Statistical analysis did not show any significant change in the scores between the first and the second series of tests, between the two treated groups, or between them studied separately and the control subjects. PMID- 3762903 TI - Methylphenidate and exercise: additive effects on motor performance, variable effects on the neuroendocrine response. AB - It has been suggested that the effects of intensive environmental stressors and of psychostimulant drugs may be interchangeable. A specific test of this hypothesis was undertaken in a double-blind, placebo controlled, cross-over study of the stimulant drug, methylphenidate (MPH), and of intense exercise, alone and in combination. On measures of motor performance the effects of MPH and of exercise were additive while on measures of neuroendocrine response the individual and interactive effects were variable. The effects of MPH and of intense exercise are probably mediated by mechanisms that overlap to a degree but are by no means identical. PMID- 3762904 TI - Cognitive processing in anorexia nervosa. A disturbance in automatic information processing. AB - Anorexia nervosa patients were found to perform as well or better than control subjects on cognitive tasks that both require considerable cognitive effort and 'direct' the subject to the information that will be tested, but do more poorly than controls on tests that assess automatic or incidental processing of information. The implications of this particular pattern of cognitive alterations for theories concerning the etiology of anorexia nervosa are discussed. PMID- 3762905 TI - Isopropyl substitution on barbiturate ring: effects on 'open field' and 'hole board' behaviour and on biogenic amines concentrations in discrete regions of the rat brain after acute and chronic administration. AB - Previous studies have shown that slight modification of the barbitone molecule can lead to enhanced sedative activity, convulsant activity or putative antidepressant activity according to the position of the isopropyl substituent on the N- or O-moiety. When the acute effects of the N-, O2- and O4-isopropyl derivatives of barbital (NIB, O2IB), O4IB on the concentrations of brain biogenic amines were determined, it was found that NIB and O4IB increased the serotonin concentrations in several brain regions examined without markedly changing the 5 hydroxy-indole acetic acid (5-HIAA) concentrations; in contrast, O2IB increased the 5-HIAA concentration. Barbitone and NIB raised the concentration of noradrenaline in two of the regions examined whereas the O2-substituted derivative had a smaller effect; the dopamine concentration was slightly raised by NIB and O2IB. Following their chronic (14 days) administration, only barbitone and O2IB raised the serotonin concentration; O2IB raised the concentration of 5 HIAA in some regions as did NIB, which suggests that these compounds may increase serotonin turnover. Barbitone and O2IB slightly increased the noradrenaline content of the brain stem while only O2IB decreased the dopamine content. These results suggest that the effects of acute and chronic administration of barbitone and its isopropyl derivatives are qualitatively different; their effects are less marked after chronic administration. The GABA concentration was only affected after chronic administration, when NIB was shown to increase and O2IB to decrease the concentration. Following their chronic administration, O2IB decreased while NIB increased the locomotor activity of rats in the 'open field' and 'hole board' apparatus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3762906 TI - Radiological analysis of hemifacial spasm with special reference to angiographic manifestations. AB - Fifty-one patients with hemifacial spasm secondary to facial nerve compression by normal appearing, elongated, tortuous and/or dilated arteries, were treated by microsurgical neurovascular decompression. Post-operatively, 91% of 44 of these patients with one to six year postoperative follow-ups were satisfactory. The angiographic findings showed significant increase in the number of common trunk anomalies. Variations of the anterior and posterior inferior cerebellar and vertebral arteries are discussed in relation to nerve compression. PMID- 3762907 TI - Peritumoral edema in meningiomas. A radiological and histological study. AB - Peritumoral edema associated with 76 supratentorial meningiomas was studied. The results of radiological investigation (CT, NMR, Angiography) and histological studies are described and correlated to each other. Mechanical factors alone are not sufficient to explain edema in the majority of the cases. It may be assumed that a secretory activity of the tumor itself also plays a role. The mechanism of this is described and discussed. PMID- 3762908 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of cerebral arteriovenous angiomas. AB - Eight patients with angiographically confirmed arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) were studied by CT and MRI. MRI scans were performed with a 0.35 Tesla wholebody scanner using three spin-echo sequences (SE 400/35, SE 1600/35, SE 1600/70). In CT and MRI, pathological findings were obtained in all cases. In MRI AVMs were displayed as lesions of low signal intensity in the applied sequences. Full extent of the lesions as well as the relationship to the surrounding structures were clearly demonstrated in MRI in all patients. Based on the characteristic sequence dependent signal intensity property of the lesions, the differential diagnosis in the sense of an AVM could be obtained by MRI in all cases. Concerning topographical imaging and/or differential diagnosis, MRI was superior to CT in 4 out of 8 cases. MRI offers advantages in the demonstration of AVMs of the cerebral midline, especially in brain stem angiomas. PMID- 3762909 TI - Magnetic resonance in multiple sclerosis. AB - Magnetic Resonance Imaging was performed in more than 200 patients with clinical suspicion or knowledge of Multiple Sclerosis. One hundred and forty-seven (60 males and 87 females) had MR evidence of multiple sclerosis lesions. The MR signal of demyelinating plaques characteristically has prolonged T1 and T2 relaxation times and the T2-weighted spin-echo sequences are generally superior to the T1-weighted images because the lesions are better visualized as areas of increased signal intensity. MR is also able to detect plaques in the brainstem, cerebellum and within the cervical spinal cord. MR appears to be an important, non-invasive method for the diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis and has proven to be diagnostically superior to CT, evoked potentials (EP) and CSF examination. In a selected group of 30 patients, with the whole battery of the relevant MS studies, MR was positive in 100%, CT in 33.3%, EP in 56% and CSF examination in 60%. In patients clinically presenting only with signs of spinal cord involvement or optic neuritis or when the clinical presentation is uncertain MR has proven to be a very useful diagnostic tool for diagnosis of MS by demonstrating unsuspected lesions in the cerebral hemispheres. PMID- 3762910 TI - Dissecting aneurysm of cerebral arteries in congenital vascular deficiency. AB - A spontaneously dissecting aneurysm of the right middle and anterior cerebral arteries is reported in a 23-year old woman. The angiographic and pathological findings are demonstrated and discussed. The postmortem examination showed a congenital weakness of vessel walls. PMID- 3762911 TI - Traumatic aneurysms of the pericallosal arteries. AB - Of a total of 912 operated intracranial aneurysms only three were classified as traumatic (0.3%). They were found in children after severe head trauma and were all located on the pericallosal artery or its branches and not at bifurcations. Shearing forces between the falx, the arteries and the brain at the time of injury are held responsible for the development of these aneurysms. Unlike these traumatic aneurysms, 29 "spontaneous" pericallosal aneurysms (3.2%) in adults were located at the bifurcations of the artery. As significantly fewer reports of traumatic aneurysms have been published during the last decade than before 1976, it is suggested that some might have been overlooked as a consequence of CT replacing cerebral angiography in the neuroradiological evaluation of severe head injury. This possibility should be kept in mind, especially when dealing with children after head injury and when CT scans indicate brain damage around the falx. The possibility of overlooking traumatic pericallosal aneurysms is described by other authors and discussed further in this paper. PMID- 3762912 TI - Influence of certain factors on the manifestations of the adverse effects of metrizamide myelography. AB - Although metrizamide is now being superseded by other contrast media, the mechanisms of its side effects may be of fundamental importance. One hundred and four consecutive patients with suspected cervical cord or root lesion were studied prospectively for factors which might influence the side effects of metrizamide myelography. Elderly patients were more prone to develop mental confusion. An earlier onset of dizziness and/or vertigo was associated with the lumbar route of intrathecal injection. Perhaps surprisingly, phenobarbitone prophylaxis shortened the duration of confusion and delayed the onset of headaches. Other factors, viz. sex, excess intracranial flow of metrizamide and myelographic blockage were not shown to have a significant influence on the adverse reactions. PMID- 3762913 TI - Lumbar myelography with Omnipaque (iohexol). AB - Lumbar myelography with iohexol (Omnipaque) was performed in 103 consecutive adult patients with low back pain or sciatica. The patients were observed for 48 h with registration of possible adverse reactions. Mild or moderate transient side effects were recorded in 24 patients. No serious adverse reactions were noted, and EEG recorded in 25 patients showed no changes. PMID- 3762914 TI - The value of paraxial slices in MR-imaging of spinal cord disease. AB - Paraxial slices in MRI of the spinal cord reveal information about anatomical structures and pathological processes not available from orthogonal plane images or other diagnostic methods. They also yield a profit in diminishing the artifacts that occur from heart movement and respiration when triggering is not employed. PMID- 3762915 TI - Development of a new universal neuroangiographic unit. AB - A new neuroangiographic unit has been developed with use of a "C" type gantry, which is capable of rotation and angulation for various angiographic projections. Two sets of a twin focal X-ray tube and an imaging system are mounted on the gantry. Each imaging system consists of a 9 inch image intensifier and a 14 X 14 rapid film changer, which can be exchanged in position rapidly. Stereoscopic magnification and stereoscopic contact angiography, fluoroscopy and DSA are performed in monoplane and biplane and switched over to each other expeditiously and easily. The detailed angiographic information is obtained with lower complication rate and lower exposure to patients. Interventional neuroradiologic procedures are performed efficiently on this unit. PMID- 3762916 TI - A simple propulsion-chamber-system for the 16 gauge approach. AB - The construction of a propulsion chamber system is simplified by separating the different elements of its functions. For injections of the propulsive fluid the coiling chamber is bypassed, leaving its contents untouched. The diameter of the coaxial system is reduced by minimizing the space between the two catheters. Consequently the puncture site becomes small (a balloon-catheter may be introduced through a 16 G catheter needle) allowing punctures proximal to lesions (e.g. puncture of the axillary a. or the carotid a.) and thus shortening the length of the coaxial catheter system. The risk of thrombus formation diminishes and renders heparinization dispensable. Control angiographies are separated from the coaxial system. PMID- 3762917 TI - Rate of clearance of intrathecal iopamidol in the dog. AB - The incidence of post-myelographic side-effects has been significantly reduced since the advent of the new generation of water-soluble, non-ionic, contrast media (CM). One of these CM, iopamidol, has recently been released for clinical intrathecal use in Australia. Clinical evaluations have shown iopamidol to give excellent diagnostic results. However, many adverse side-effects have been cited in the literature. Reactions to iopamidol following myelography are thought to be due to the lack of a physiologic barrier between the extracellular fluid of the brain parenchyma and the CSF, thereby allowing CM to penetrate the brain parenchyma tissue, following subarachnoid injection. This study investigates the rate of clearance of intrathecal iopamidol from the brain in dogs by performing coronal CT scans at intervals over a 48 h, post-injection period. Analysis of similar regions of interest (ROI) for each time period indicate that iopamidol can be detected in canine brains for at least 48 h following intrathecal injection (P less than 0.05). Furthermore, the disappearance of iopamidol from the brain parenchyma is approximately logarithmic in form, with a half-life of approximately 22 h. PMID- 3762918 TI - Transient intrasellar collection of air during bromocriptine treatment of a prolactinoma. AB - A patient is described with a large prolactinoma with expansion into the sphenoid sinus. During bromocriptine treatment an intrasellar area of gas developed, continuous with the air in the sinus. No operation was performed, bromocriptine was continued. During the regression of the tumor, the area of air disappeared. PMID- 3762920 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of diastematomyelia. AB - The MRI-features of diastematomyelia in a patient with unusually late onset of symptoms are reported. Direct visualization of the split cord and low conus on frontal MR-images was facilitated by three-dimensional Fourier transform (3-DFT) image acquisition. PMID- 3762919 TI - Chondroblastoma of temporal bone. AB - The case of a 55-year-old female with chondroblastoma arising from the left temporal bone is presented. Although 10 cases of temporal chondroblastoma have been reported, this is the first in which plain radiography, pluridirectional tomography, computed tomography (CT) and angiography were performed. We discuss the clinical and radiological aspects of this rare tumor. PMID- 3762921 TI - CT findings in temporal arteritis. A report of two cases. PMID- 3762922 TI - Unusual appearance of brain metastasis from adenocarcinoma of colon. PMID- 3762923 TI - Marchiafava-Bignami disease. A case studied by CT and MR imaging. PMID- 3762924 TI - Distribution of corticopontine neurons in visual areas of the middle suprasylvian sulcus: quantitative studies in the cat. AB - This study deals with the distribution of corticopontine neurons in four of the lateral suprasylvian visual areas, the anteromedial, anterolateral, posteromedial and posterolateral areas. Following large injections of horseradish peroxidase wheat germ agglutinin in the pontine nuclei, labelled cells were quantitatively mapped. The borders of the four areas were determined cyto- and myeloarchitectonically or from standard retinotopic maps presented in frontal sections (Tusa et al., 1981). Flat maps were constructed of each area showing the distribution of retrogradely labelled neurons. Maps of the retinotopic organization in the lateral suprasylvian visual areas (Palmer et al., 1978; Tusa et al., 1981) were transferred to the flat maps. Thus, the density and number of labelled cells within each area and within smaller zones representing different visual field blocks could be determined. The average cell density (average number of labelled cells per mm2 of flattened cortex) is highest in the anteromedial area. The average density in this area is higher than in areas 17, 18 and 19. The total number of labelled cells is highest in the posteromedial area. The lateral syprasylvian visual areas together have a stronger pontine projection in terms of actual number of cells than each of areas 17, 18 and 19. [Data on areas 17, 18 and 19 from Bjaalie and Brodal (1983) and Bjaalie (1985)]. The four areas investigated have different internal distribution of corticopontine cells. The posteromedial and posterolateral areas have lower densities of labelled cells in the representations of the retinal central area than in the representations of the visual periphery. However, due to the enlarged cortical representations of central vision, the actual number of corticopontine cells per visual field block is higher in the cortex representing the central area; i.e. the central visual field region is moderately over-represented in the corticopontine projection from these areas. In the anteromedial and anterolateral areas, unlike in all other areas so far investigated, the cortical representations of the central visual field contain higher densities of corticopontine cells than the representations of the lower visual periphery. However, since the central area is only very weakly over-represented compared to the lower visual periphery in terms of cortical volume in these areas, the over-representation in the corticopontine projection of central vision compared to the lower visual periphery is fairly moderate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3762925 TI - Noradrenergic innervation of the cerebellar cortex in normal and in Purkinje cell degeneration mutant mice: evidence for long term survival following loss of the two major cerebellar cortical neuronal populations. AB - Purkinje cell degeneration mutant mice were examined during the course of Purkinje cell death (26 and 35 days old) and at 3, 5, 9 and 12 months of age. Glyoxylic acid fluorescence histochemistry for catecholamines was used to investigate possible alterations or reorganization of the noradrenergic fibers from the coeruleo-cerebellar system in response to the degeneration of two major cell types in the cerebellar cortex, of which one, the Purkinje cell, is reported to be the major target neuron. In control mice, noradrenergic fibers traveled in linear and tortuous profiles through the granule cell layer, formed pericellular arrays alongside Purkinje cell somata, and branched profusely into both radially oriented and longitudinally oriented chains. The density of noradrenergic varicosities diminished in the molecular layer, there was with age. In the mutants, concomitant with the progressive shrinkage of the molecular layer, there was a progressive increase in the density of noradrenergic varicosities. This was most conspicuous at 9 and 12 months of age, at which time the molecular layer has been depleted not only of Purkinje cell dendrites, but also of parallel fibers. Noradrenergic fibers in these zones formed dense parallel bundles of varicose profiles whose density reached 621.3 +/- 122.8% (mean +/- SD, n = 4) at 9-12 months of age, compared with age-matched controls. Neurochemical measurement of norepinephrine content in whole cerebellum of the Purkinje cell degeneration mutants revealed no change compared with age-matched controls. We conclude that noradrenergic innervation persists in the cerebellar cortex despite the death of Purkinje cells and most of the granule cells. Although we found an increased density of varicosities in the molecular layer of mutant mice, progressing with age, we believe that this can be explained on the basis of the resultant geometry of the altered cerebellar cortex. It appears that the health of the environment surrounding the noradrenergic fibers in cerebellar cortex has little influence on their anatomical integrity. PMID- 3762926 TI - Monoaminergic nerve terminals in the cerebellar cortex of Purkinje cell degeneration mutant mice: fine structural integrity and modification of cellular environs following loss of Purkinje and granule cells. AB - The cerebellar cortex of normal and Purkinje cell degeneration mutant mice was examined by electron microscopy after fixation with potassium permanganate for the demonstration of small granular vesicles in monoaminergic nerve terminals. In control mice, monoaminergic terminals were found mainly in apposition to Purkinje cell dendrites. After the degeneration of Purkinje cells, which constitute the major target for monoaminergic fibres in the cerebellum, monoaminergic terminals persisted in the cerebellar cortex of Purkinje cell degeneration mutant mice. They were ensheathed by astroglial processes in most of the instances. They were also apposed to boutons that contained agranular vesicles, and to stellate cells in the molecular layer. Clear synaptic specializations in the form of thickening of the synaptic membranes were not observed in either control or mutant mice. It is hypothesized that the survival of monoaminergic axons following loss of their target cells may be attributed to the lack of intimate adhesion to their target elements, to a possible functional interaction with the glia, or to the integrity of the extracerebellar terminal fields of the monoamine axon collaterals. PMID- 3762927 TI - Altered histofluorescent pattern of noradrenergic innervation of the cerebellum of the mutant mouse Purkinje cell degeneration. AB - The Purkinje target cells for noradrenergic fibers originating in the locus coeruleus are considered to be of importance in the regulation of noradrenergic input to the cerebellum. The availability of a mouse mutant, Purkinje cell degeneration provides a non-surgical means for studying cellular regulation of innervation. Using a glyoxylic acid histofluorescent method for visualizing noradrenergic fibers, the observations have been made that the density of green histofluorescent neurites is markedly increased in both the granule and molecular layers of the cerebellum of Purkinje cell degeneration mice, following spontaneous degeneration of the Purkinje cells. However, because of tissue shrinkage, tissue concentration of norepinephrine also increases, but total tissue content of norepinephrine is unchanged in whole cerebellum and outer cerebellar cortex. These findings indicate that the relative number of noradrenergic afferents to the molecular layer of the cerebellum is not reduced following spontaneous degeneration of Purkinje cells. Therefore, Purkinje target cells do not appear to be essential for maintenance of afferent inputs in mature cerebellum. PMID- 3762928 TI - Quantitative analysis of ultrastructural changes in synapses of the rat hippocampal field CA3 in vitro in different functional states. AB - Transverse slices (250-350 microns) of the rat hippocampus were used for estimation of quantitative correlations between the ultrastructure and function of giant spinous synapses localized in stratum lucidum of the field CA3. Spontaneous and evoked spike discharges were used to determine the following five functional states of the neurons: "control"; "depletion" was achieved by long term continuous stimulation (30-50 Hz for 1 h and longer); "recovery" when the slices rested after "depletion" till the evoked response was recovered; long-term potentiation I was achieved by short-term tetanic stimulation (5-15 s, 50-70 Hz); long-term potentiation II was achieved by a similar tetanic stimulation as for long-term potentiation I after the "recovery". For quantitative analysis of ultrastructural changes in the giant spinous synapses the following parameters were used: density of presynaptic vesicles determined as a ratio between the number of vesicles located within the giant bouton and the area of the latter (number of vesicles per 1 micron2); vesicle diameter distribution; area and length of the postsynaptic densities. A correlation of these parameters with the functional state of CA3 neurons was found. The area and length of postsynaptic densities are the most statistically significant parameters of the giant spinous synapses in different functional states. In contrast to other states, an increase in the length and the area of postsynaptic densities in long-term potentiation was found. A hypothesis on postsynaptic densities' role in long-term potentiation formation is suggested. The role of presynaptic and postsynaptic ultrastructural rearrangements is discussed as a possible mechanism determining the efficiency of synaptic transmission. PMID- 3762929 TI - Distribution of [125I]angiotensin II binding sites in the rat brain: a quantitative autoradiographic study. AB - Angiotensin II receptors have been localized by quantitative autoradiography in the rat central nervous system after labeling with [125I]angiotensin II. A highly discrete distribution of these receptors was found throughout the rat brain. The highest density was seen in regions of the medulla, hypothalamus and circumventricular organs where angiotensin II could potentially produce cardiovascular, dipsogenic and neuroendocrine responses. The distribution of angiotensin II receptors correlates relatively well with the previously reported distribution of angiotensin immunoreactive nerve terminals as well as areas determined by various physiological techniques to be sensitive to angiotensin II. Finally, the anatomical localization of angiotensin II receptor populations has revealed several areas of the brain where the effects of this peptide have not been investigated. Many of these nuclei are involved in the transmission and processing of somatic and visceral sensory information. These results suggest a broader role for the central renin-angiotensin system in modulating several types of sensory input. PMID- 3762930 TI - Simultaneous secretion of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla and of [3H]norepinephrine from sympathetic nerves from a single test preparation: different effects of agents on the secretion. AB - The uptake and release of catecholamines was investigated in the isolated perfused adrenal gland of the rat after preloading the preparation with [3H]norepinephrine, and the effects of various agents were examined on the stimulation-evoked secretion of catecholamines and total tritium. Large quantities of tritium were found in the adrenal medulla after either intravenous injection of [3H]norepinephrine to the rat, or perfusion of the isolated adrenal gland with Krebs-bicarbonate solution containing [3H]norepinephrine. The retention of the tritium was inhibited 90% by desipramine. Acute treatment with guanethidine and chronic treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine abolished the secretion of tritium without affecting the secretion of catecholamines evoked at 1 Hz. Nicotine, muscarine and acetylcholine enhanced the secretion of catecholamines but not tritium, whereas tyramine and ephedrine enhanced the secretion of tritium but not catecholamines. It is concluded that chromaffin cells do not possess the norepinephrine uptake mechanism and that the uptake of [3H]norepinephrine occurs mainly in sympathetic nerve terminals present in the adrenal gland and the surrounding blood vessels (adrenal and renal veins). The differential localization of [3H]norepinephrine and catecholamines allowed us to test the effects of a variety of pharmacological agents that alter neurotransmitter release by acting on receptors on the neuronal membrane, acting on sodium and potassium channels, or acting to alter the intracellular concentrations of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate and protein kinase C. Transmural stimulation (1 Hz for a total of 300 pulses) markedly enhanced the release of catecholamines and tritium which was blocked by tetrodotoxin (sodium channel-blocker) and potentiated by tetraethylammonium and gallamine (potassium channel-blockers). Phentolamine, an alpha adrenergic blocking agent which acts on both alpha-1 and alpha-2 receptors, caused a 3- to 4-fold facilitation of the tritium secretion while inhibiting catecholamine secretion by 45%. [Met]enkephalin almost completely inhibited the evoked-secretion of tritium but had very little effect on the secretion of catecholamines. Forskolin inhibited the tritium secretion by 80% but produced more than a 2-fold facilitation of catecholamine secretion. Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate caused facilitation of evoked secretion of both catecholamines and tritium. A combination of phorbol ester and forskolin had a synergistic effect on stimulation-evoked secretion of catecholamines, whereas phorbol ester partially reversed the inhibitory effects of forskolin on the tritium secretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3762931 TI - Retrograde labeling of neurons in the brain stem following injections of [3H]choline into the rat spinal cord. AB - In an attempt to identify cholinergic neurons in the brain stem which project to the spinal cord, [3H]choline (100, 20, 10, 5 or 1 microCi) was injected into the upper cervical spinal cord in 55 rats. The animals were killed 20 h later and the brains processed for autoradiography of diffusible substances. At all doses of [3H]choline, cells were consistently, retrogradely labeled in the medical medullary reticular formation, the lateral vestibular nucleus, the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum and the red nucleus. The retrogradely labeled cells were found to be moderately to darkly stained for acetylcholinesterase. Injection of [3H]noradrenaline (50 microCi) into the upper cervical spinal cord resulted in retrograde labeling of cells in the locus coeruleus, subcoeruleus and the ventrolateral pontine tegmentum, that correspond in position to the neurons of the A6, A7 and A5 catecholamine cell groups, respectively. Injection of [3H]serotonin (20 microCi) into the upper cervical spinal cord was associated with retrograde labeling of cells in the raphe pallidus, obscurus and magnus nuclei that correspond in position to those of the B1, B2 and B3 serotonin cell groups, respectively. Injection of True Blue into the upper cervical spinal cord was followed by retrograde labeling of a large number of cells located in the areas where cells were retrogradely labeled by [3H]choline, [3H]noradrenaline and [3H]serotonin, and additionally, in the solitary tract nucleus, the lateral, parvicellular medullary reticular formation, the caudal and oral pontine reticular formation, the mesencephalic reticular formation and the superior colliculus. These results indicate that from the cervical spinal cord, [3H]choline selectively retrogradely labels a certain population of non monaminergic, acetylcholinesterase-positive cells localized in the medial medullary, and secondarily the dorsolateral pontine, reticular formation, the lateral vestibular nucleus, and the red nucleus. PMID- 3762932 TI - Nonconvulsive generalized status epilepticus: clinical features, neuropsychological testing, and long-term follow-up. AB - We studied 13 episodes of nonconvulsive generalized status epilepticus (NGS) in 10 adults. The syndrome may start in middle or late life and is often mistaken for psychiatric disorders. Some patients have shown good retention of language abilities, except for reduced fluency, despite impairment in other higher functions. In most patients, the syndrome recurs for several years despite anticonvulsant therapy. Transitional cases of NGS with lateralizing EEG features exist, and some cases are probably due to secondary generalization from a temporal or frontal focus. PMID- 3762933 TI - Hypotrophic and dying-back nerve fibers in Friedreich's ataxia. AB - Eight patients with Friedreich's ataxia showed profound reduction in the density of large myelinated fibers in sural nerve biopsies. The density of small myelinated fibers was normal, but the axonal size and myelin thickness were reduced. Demyelination, presumably secondary to axonal dysfunction, was observed in 3% of the isolated fibers. There was axonal degeneration, including dying-back axons isolated in three specimens, in 2.6% of the isolated fibers. The low incidence of degenerating fibers did not account for loss of myelinated fibers in children. There is probably a defect in maturation of fibers, followed by a dying back process. PMID- 3762934 TI - Neuropathy Symptom Profile in health, motor neuron disease, diabetic neuropathy, and amyloidosis. AB - We developed a true-or-false questionnaire with several hundred questions about symptoms encountered in peripheral neuropathy, to be scored by optical reader and computer. Responses were grouped into scales called "Neuropathy," "Weakness," "Sensory," "Autonomic," and subsets of these. Profiles in health were estimated for each scale based on responses from 300 healthy subjects 15 to 65 years old. The sensitivity and specificity of the scales were tested in patients with motor neuron disease, amyloidosis, or diabetes, with or without neuropathy. The questionnaire was useful in detecting neuropathy and staging severity, and in recognizing patterns that may have diagnostic implications. PMID- 3762935 TI - Bilateral occlusion of vertebral artery: clinical patterns and long-term prognosis. AB - We studied 17 patients with atherosclerotic bilateral occlusion of vertebral arteries (VA) identified by angiography. Seven had vertebrobasilar TIAs, eight a brainstem stroke (severe in two), and two had only carotid symptoms. Brainstem strokes were more frequent with bilateral intracranial occlusion (60%) than with at least one extracranial occlusion (28.6%), but long-term prognosis did not differ in these two groups. In follow-up, the mortality rate was 4.5% per year, and the stroke rate was 1.8% per year. Major functional disability was seen in 16.7% of the survivors. Bilateral distal VA occlusion may sometimes have a better prognosis than previously assumed. These findings raise doubts about the value of extra-intracranial surgical bypass procedures in patients with these lesions. PMID- 3762936 TI - Electromyographic studies of congenital mirror movements. AB - We studied two patients with congenital mirror movements. In one, the movements were associated with impaired sensation and a cervicodorsal meningocele. In the other, no abnormality of the nervous system was found. In an EMG study, the normal temporal characteristics, response latency, duration, and amount of EMG on the normal and mirror sides suggest that similar motor commands are responsible for both voluntary and mirror movements. PMID- 3762937 TI - Kluver-Bucy syndrome and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a case report with biochemistry, morphometrics, and Golgi study. AB - We studied a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and the Kluver-Bucy syndrome. At autopsy there was extensive degeneration of the limbic system with the brunt of the changes in the medial temporal lobe, especially the entorhinal cortex and subiculum. Degenerative changes were also seen in the substantia nigra and lower motor neurons. Morphometric and biochemical studies implied a disease process that affected small, possibly somatostatinergic, cortical neurons. These latter findings and the lobar distribution of cortical atrophy were consistent with Pick's disease, but Pick bodies and ballooned neurons were not present. PMID- 3762938 TI - Effects of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis serum on cultured chick spinal neurons. AB - We used a quantitative immunoassay to examine the effects of human serum and immunoglobulins on neurofilament protein expression in cultures of chick spinal neurons. Compared with cultures grown in the presence of serum from healthy controls or patients with other neurologic disorders, ALS serum lowered the level of neurofilament proteins. Effects were similar with or without muscle-derived neurotrophic factors; there was no specificity for motor neurons. No neurotoxic activity was found in immunoglobulin fractions, and there was no evidence of circulating antibodies that might neutralize muscle-derived neurotrophic factors or induce cytolysis of spinal neurons. PMID- 3762939 TI - Decision analysis of the management of incidental intracranial saccular aneurysms. AB - We used decision analysis to approach the dilemma "surgery or not?" in patients with incidental intracranial saccular aneurysms. To decide if a patient should undergo surgery, the following factors are of primary importance: age and general health of the patient, chance of rupture of the aneurysm, surgical mortality and morbidity, and patient preference for immediate and long-term risks. In a fictitious patient (a woman of 45 with migraine, otherwise healthy), surgery was the option with the greatest expected utility. Sensitivity analysis showed the influence of different factors. Other patients are also discussed, and "break even" points for age versus surgical results are given. PMID- 3762940 TI - Intensive neurodiagnostic monitoring: role in the treatment of seizures. PMID- 3762942 TI - Hyperglycemia does not augment neuronal damage in experimental status epilepticus. AB - The neuronal regions affected and the neuropathologic features of ischemia and status epilepticus are similar. Experimentally, elevated plasma glucose levels, increasing brain lactate, are associated with more severe neuropathologic damage from cerebral ischemia. We therefore studied the cytologic features and cerebral content of lactate and glucose in the selectively vulnerable neurons of rat hippocampus after 2 hours of L-allylglycine-induced status epilepticus in rats with mean plasma glucose concentrations of 65, 250, and 480 mg/100 ml. Brain lactate concentration was elevated in status and maximal in the high-glucose group, but the maximum levels (8 mumol/g) were less than those thought to augment cell death in ischemia. Using multiple linear regressions, only time-in-status predicted neuropathologic damage. PMID- 3762941 TI - The prevalence of lingual-facial-buccal dyskinesias in the elderly. AB - We examined an unselected sample of 398 subjects aged 67 to 87 years. Only six (1.5%) subjects presented lingual-facial-buccal dyskinesias (LFBD). LFBD, therefore, are rare neurologic manifestations. They are more frequent in women than in men and in more elderly subjects. Furthermore, in three of six cases, they were associated with senile dementia. Previous studies performed on hospital based populations probably overestimated the prevalence of LFBD. PMID- 3762943 TI - MRI of cerebral vein thrombosis in infancy: a case report. AB - We diagnosed primary idiopathic cerebral vein thrombosis in an infant by MRI. The relative noninvasiveness of the scan, ease of imaging in multiple planes, and good image resolution suggest that the scan may be useful in this disorder. PMID- 3762944 TI - Paradoxical cerebral embolism: eight cases. AB - We evaluated eight patients with possible or probable paradoxical cerebral embolism. One patient had a hemispheric transient ischemic attack; the others had infarcts. Ischemic symptoms followed a Valsalva's maneuver in three cases. Others were linked to placement of a Swan-Ganz catheter, deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, right atrial myxoma, and use of oral contraceptives. Four had no known predisposing conditions. In six patients, contrast echocardiography showed right-to-left shunting. Cardiac catheterization showed a patent foramen ovale in three patients; one had an atrial septal defect. In the clinical setting of otherwise unexplained cerebral embolism in a young patient, paradoxical cerebral embolism should be considered. Contrast echocardiography is a useful screening test for this purpose. PMID- 3762945 TI - Sciatic endometriosis: a treatable sensorimotor mononeuropathy. AB - Sciatic endometriosis may cause cyclic sciatic pain and a sensorimotor mononeuropathy. Neurophysiologic tests and conventional radiologic examinations are of little value in delineating this lesion, but the pelvic CT appearance of sciatic endometriosis is distinctive. Suppression of the ovarian cycle and surgical removal of endometriosis and adhesions from in and around the sciatic nerve usually relieve the pain and stabilize neurologic function. PMID- 3762946 TI - Dyskinesias while awake and periodic movements in sleep in restless legs syndrome: treatment with opioids. AB - In five unrelated patients with the restless legs syndrome, opioid drugs relieved restlessness, dysesthesias, dyskinesias while awake, periodic movements of sleep, and sleep disturbances. When naloxone was given parenterally to two treated patients, the signs and symptoms of the restless legs syndrome reappeared. Naloxone placebo had no effect. Opioid medications may offer a useful therapy for the restless legs syndrome. The endogenous opiate system may be involved in the pathogenesis of the syndrome. PMID- 3762947 TI - Altered phenytoin clearance with febrile illness. AB - A prospective study was performed of antiepileptic drug levels in 14 boys resident in a pediatric chronic care facility. Blood samples and 24-hour urine collections were obtained monthly. During febrile illness (temperature greater than 101 degrees F for more than 24 hours), six additional blood samples and two urine collections were obtained for each child. During 8 of 10 febrile illnesses, phenytoin (PHT) decreased more than 40% from pre-illness baseline. Mean PHT level before illness was 16.7 (+/- 4.5 micrograms/ml) and during illness, 8.2 (+/- 3.6 micrograms/ml), significantly lower (p less than 0.001). Neither PHT binding nor absorption was altered by illness, so the most probable cause of the drop in PHT levels was induction of the hepatic oxidative enzyme system. PMID- 3762948 TI - Compartment syndromes and compression neuropathies in coma. AB - Eight patients are reported who developed peripheral nerve injuries due to limb compression during unattended coma. In each patient, the site of the peripheral nerve lesion or the unique combination of peripheral nerve lesions and swollen limbs, pressure blisters, or myoglobinuria indicated that compartment syndromes caused the nerve injury. The peripheral nerve injuries were characterized by severe axonal loss with persistent and often disabling sequelae. PMID- 3762949 TI - Thalamic hemorrhage: clinical-CT correlations. AB - We studied 50 patients with thalamic hemorrhage, 84% with hypertension. Five patients had hematomas less than 8 mm and signs that resolved within 4 days. Two patients had headache, papilledema, and hemorrhage contiguous with the lateral ventricles. Twenty-four had hemiparesis, parenchymal hemorrhage 9 to 30 mm, and no ventricular blood. Nineteen had a larger hemorrhage and intraventricular hemorrhage, impaired consciousness, hemiparesis, and pupillary abnormalities; 12 had vertical gaze impairment, and all 19 patients died. PMID- 3762950 TI - Multiple sclerosis and childhood infections. AB - Migration from an area where MS is common to an area where it is rare (and vice versa) affects the risk of MS, provided migration occurs in childhood. A childhood infection might explain this effect. Therefore, the age pattern of infectious diseases in different regions was examined. A higher proportion of children showed positive titers to many viral diseases early in life in areas where MS is rare compared with those where MS is common. Also, mortality rates from a variety of infectious diseases correlated negatively with the MS mortality. Thus, infection early in life may "protect" against MS, and conversely, later infection, when the immune system has partially matured, may increase risk. MS may be an age-dependent, host-immune response to childhood infection. PMID- 3762951 TI - Stability of metabolic and neuropsychological asymmetries in dementia of the Alzheimer type. AB - We examined right/left asymmetries in cerebral glucose utilization and neuropsychological performance in 16 patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) who were studied twice over a mean interval of 15 months. Neuropsychological asymmetry was expressed as the difference between performance on a visuoconstructive task and a language task. Test/retest comparisons showed significant declines on the neuropsychological measures, but no significant changes in the neuropsychological and metabolic asymmetry indices. At both evaluations, significant correlations were found between neuropsychological asymmetry and metabolic asymmetry in frontal and parietal cortex. Individual patterns of metabolic and neuropsychological asymmetry in these patients with DAT seem to be stable. PMID- 3762952 TI - Wrong-way deviation of the tongue with hysterical hemiparesis. AB - Strong deviation of the protruded tongue towards the "normal" side is an old sign of hysterical hemiparesis. The following four cases illustrate that hysterical tongue deviation continues to offer a valuable diagnostic clue. PMID- 3762953 TI - Treatment of nervous system brucellosis with rifampin and doxycycline. PMID- 3762954 TI - Syndrome of palatal myoclonus and progressive ataxia: report of a case. PMID- 3762955 TI - Migraine related to ocular stroke. PMID- 3762956 TI - Plasminogen deficiency and thrombosis after plasmapheresis therapy for multiple sclerosis. PMID- 3762957 TI - Seizures and phenytoin toxicity. PMID- 3762958 TI - Genetic expression of a transthyretin mutation in typical and late-onset Portuguese families with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy. AB - Two studies were conducted to explore questions concerning the expression of a mutant transthyretin (TTR) gene, found in Portuguese patients with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP). In a kindred with typical onset of the disease, complete agreement between genotype and phenotype was seen for all carriers of the variant TTR with a methionine-for-valine substitution at position 30 (TTR[Met30]). In another study involving a FAP kindred with a late onset of clinical disease, TTR(Met30) was found in plasma in asymptomatic persons with ages above the usual age of onset of the disease. No evidence was obtained for the existence of a different mutation in TTR or for repression of the expression of the mutant TTR gene in this kindred. The factors responsible for the delay in the development of clinical manifestations in late-onset patients are not known and warrant further study. PMID- 3762959 TI - Tight linkage of apolipoprotein C2 to myotonic dystrophy on chromosome 19. AB - The cDNA and genomic probes for apolipoprotein C2 detect two restriction fragment length polymorphisms on chromosome 19. The combined estimated percentage of heterozygosity, assuming equilibrium, is approximately 75%, ie, apolipoprotein C2 is informative in 75% of matings. We have analyzed over 350 individuals in large multigenerational families for linkage of apolipoprotein C2 to myotonic muscular dystrophy. The maximum lod score was 16.29 with the maximum recombination fraction (theta) of 0.02, with 95% confidence limits for theta of 0.001 to 0.065. Thus, apolipoprotein C2 is useful in carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis with an accuracy of about 98%. PMID- 3762960 TI - Hereditary dystonia-parkinsonism syndrome of juvenile onset. AB - We studied a family with an extrapyramidal disorder characterized by childhood onset of lower-limb and axial dystonia, followed by parkinsonism. Dramatic response to levodopa therapy and minimal progression in adult life was seen. The family included five generations of affected members of both sexes in an autosomal dominant pattern. PMID- 3762961 TI - Motor neuron disease and plasma cell dyscrasia. AB - In the years 1977 to 1984, 10 of 206 patients (4.8%) with motor neuron disease (MND) had M proteins; 4 had IgM and 6 had IgG. Among 100 control patients with other neurologic diseases, only 1 had an M protein. We later added six cases of MND and M proteins, as well as three with polyclonal IgM elevations and two with Bence-Jones proteins. Including other reports, there are now 37 known cases of MND with monoclonal and 5 with polyclonal gammopathy. There is evidence that plasma cell dyscrasia is often undetected; the actual incidence of serum immunoglobulin abnormality in patients with MND may be greater than our figure. PMID- 3762962 TI - Supraophthalmic intracarotid infusion of BCNU for malignant glioma. AB - We treated five patients with 11 supraophthalmic infusions of BCNU at 200 mg/m2 every 2 months. All three patients with residual tumors showed marked CT response after one infusion. Two patients with bilateral tumors had no response on the contralateral side. All four evaluable cases showed evidence of BCNU neurotoxicity. CT findings superficially resembled tumor recurrence, but white matter changes, nonspecific gyral enhancement, and delayed calcification were more indicative of neurotoxicity. There were no procedure-related complications. One autopsy suggested that direct parenchymal damage might be responsible for delayed neurotoxicity. Supraophthalmic BCNU infusion, at this dosage, is too toxic for cerebral tissue. PMID- 3762963 TI - Headache in acute cerebrovascular disease. AB - Headache features were compared in 51 patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), 61 with intraparenchymal hemorrhage (IPH), and 160 with ischemic stroke (IS). SAH patients had more sentinel headaches, more onset headaches, and more bilateral and severe onset headaches than patients with IPH or IS. Vomiting with onset headache was more common in SAH and IPH. In stepwise logistic regression analysis, onset headache and vomiting were direct predictors of SAH, but were inversely related to IS. Sentinel headache was not a predictor of underlying stroke mechanism. The data suggest that some headache features are more frequently associated with particular stroke subtypes and that onset headache and vomiting may be important indicators of stroke mechanism. PMID- 3762964 TI - Far-field recording of the junctional potential generated by median nerve volleys at the wrist. AB - In 20 arms from 10 healthy subjects, the orthodromic median sensory volleys crossing the wrist gave rise to a stationary, biphasic potential rendering the forearm initially positive (Pw) and subsequently negative (Nw) compared with the hand. A pair of electrodes located on each side of the wrist best detected the junctional potential, Pw-Nw, that developed across the partition. Here the hand and the forearm each, in effect, acted as a lead, connecting any points within the respective compartment to the voltage source. Thus, nearly the same potential difference appeared across the wrist regardless of the inter-electrode distance, allowing the detection of the voltage step in far-field derivation. Our data verify that not only positive but also negative peaks of scalp-recorded evoked responses could represent junctional potentials generated along the course of the conduction medium in the absence of fixed neural discharges. PMID- 3762965 TI - Stationary waves recorded at the shoulder after median nerve stimulation. AB - A new recording method with a reference electrode on the stimulated arm defined two discrete far-field potentials just before the propagated near-field nerve action potential was recorded at Erb's point. Both potentials were stationary waves with the same latency at all recording sites. The first potential had the same onset and peak latencies as the propagated wave at the axilla; it corresponded to the first component of the P9 far-field potential recorded with scalp to noncephalic reference montages. The latency of the second potential coincided with that of the propagated wave entering the neck and corresponded to the peak of the P9 potential. The occurrence of these potentials where there are significant changes in the morphology of the volume conductor suggests that the P9 far-field potential is due to a change in the conducting medium that surrounds the nerve. PMID- 3762966 TI - Lymphocyte adherence to myelinated tissue in multiple sclerosis: correlation with disease activity. AB - Human peripheral blood T-lymphocytes adhere to myelinated sections of human and nonhuman brain tissue. No lymphocyte adherence is seen to gray matter. Lymphocytes from patients with MS adhere more than control lymphocytes. Lymphocyte adherence in patients with stable MS and in healthy controls did not vary more than 15%. Lymphocyte adherence in MS patients was decreased significantly during exacerbation. Values rose to pre-exacerbation levels in remissions. Results suggest that T cells that adhere to myelin may migrate from the peripheral blood during exacerbation. PMID- 3762967 TI - Cerebrospinal fluid C9 in demyelinating disease. AB - We measured CSF and plasma concentrations of C9, IgG, and albumin in 91 patients with demyelination and 73 controls with other neurologic diseases. The C9 index was reduced and IgG index increased in patients with multiple sclerosis and those with isolated demyelinating lesions, irrespective of disease activity; abnormalities were less marked in patients with isolated lesions than in those with MS. Humoral mechanisms may not be responsible for initiating demyelination, but activation of the complement system could amplify tissue damage and account for some symptomatic recovery. PMID- 3762968 TI - Transketolase abnormality in tolazamide-induced Wernicke's encephalopathy. AB - We studied a thiamine-dependent enzyme, transketolase, from fibroblasts of a diabetic patient who developed Wernicke's encephalopathy when treated with tolazamide, in order to delineate if this patient also had transketolase abnormality [high Km for thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)], as previously reported in postalcoholic Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. In addition to this patient, we also studied this enzyme from three diabetic kindreds without any history of Wernicke's encephalopathy and from four normal controls. We found that the above mentioned patient and one of the diabetic kindreds with no history of Wernicke's encephalopathy had abnormal transketolase as determined by its Km for TPP. These data suggest a similarity between postalcoholic Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and the patient with tolazamide-induced Wernicke's encephalopathy from the standpoint of transketolase abnormality. PMID- 3762969 TI - Poor outcome after lateral medullary infarcts. AB - In two patients, lateral medullary infarcts were followed by repeated brainstem ischemia. One patient had posturally sensitive vertebrobasilar TIAs, and the other had TIAs followed by quadriparesis. Both had angiographic evidence of intracranial vertebral artery occlusion on one side and severe stenosis of the contralateral vertebral artery. Propagation or embolization of clot from the occluded vertebral artery or decreased blood flow caused by stenosis of the contralateral vertebral artery can cause a bad outcome. PMID- 3762970 TI - Proportional anterior commissure area in humans and monkeys. AB - Behavioral testing following division of the corpus callosum has shown that the anterior commissure can transfer information related to visual tasks interhemispherically in nonhuman primates but not in humans. We have found that the ratio of anterior commissure cross-sectional area to total neocortical commissural area is significantly greater for rhesus monkeys than for humans. This difference persists when the proportions are weighted for these structures' known differences in axon density. We hypothesize that this interspecies dissimilarity reflects a difference in the distribution of interhemispheric communication and may explain the behavioral differences observed after callosal section. PMID- 3762971 TI - Acute effects of phenytoin on brainstem auditory evoked potentials: clinical and experimental study. AB - In a patient with phenytoin (PHE) intoxication, the brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) were lost except for wave I and wave V. The patient recovered. In rats given PHE, we found changes in amplitude, morphology, and latency of BAEP. Within 5 minutes, all waves disappeared except for wave I, and soon thereafter all waves were lost, with PHE plasma concentration between 45.8 and 52.1 micrograms/ml or above. Ninety minutes after infusion, waves gradually reappeared. Loss of BAEP cannot be used as a criterion for brain death unless PHE intoxication is ruled out. PMID- 3762972 TI - The incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in southwestern Ontario, Canada. AB - The incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in southwestern Ontario, Canada, were determined for the years 1978 through 1982. The average annual incidence rate was 1.63 per 100,000 population. The prevalence rate was 4.9 per 100,000 on January 1, 1983. The average annual mortality rate was 1.52 per 100,000 population and increased with age, reaching a peak in the 70 to 79-year decade in both sexes. The male:female ratio was 1.2:1. The average age at diagnosis was 62.5 years, and the average duration from date of diagnosis was 2.5 years. The distribution of the disease was uneven in 12 counties, with the highest incidence in Perth (3.33) and Essex (2.43) counties. The city of Windsor, in an industrial region, had a high average annual incidence rate of 2.81. PMID- 3762973 TI - Low-dose L-dopa therapy in Parkinson's disease: a 6-year follow-up study. AB - Thirty-five patients with early mild Parkinson's disease were treated from the outset with small doses of L-dopa (mean dose, 396 to 454 mg daily) and a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor, for a mean of 6 years. Overall mortality ratio was 1.2:1, worse for women than for men. After 6 years of treatment, only one-third of patients were better, and drug-related complications were common (peak-dose dyskinesias in 54% of patients, off-period dystonia 20%, wearing-off effects 52%, on-off oscillations 6%, visual hallucinations and toxic confusional states 17%). We found no evidence that long-term results were markedly improved with low-dose regimens. PMID- 3762974 TI - Autoantibodies to acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis: light chains. AB - We studied the light chain type of autoantibodies to acetylcholine receptor (AChR) by affinity chromatography with monoclonal anti-kappa and anti-lambda antibodies. The autoantibodies in four of eight myasthenic patients were of a single light chain type; the others comprised both types. In Graves' disease and cold-reactive hemolytic anemia, the pathogenic autoantibodies are confined to a single light chain type in individual patients, and in other diseases, doubtfully pathogenic autoantibodies are invariably mixtures of both light chain types. AChR antibodies may comprise both pathogenic and nonpathogenic types of autoantibody. PMID- 3762975 TI - Monitoring azathioprine therapy in myasthenia gravis. AB - Azathioprine (AZA) is used increasingly in the treatment of selected patients with myasthenia gravis (MG). The "usual" dose is 2 to 3 mg/kg/d, but guidelines do not exist to determine a specific dose for an individual patient. We reviewed our previously reported MG patients to determine what laboratory studies correlated with therapeutic efficacy. Among the studies examined, red cell mean corpuscular volume (RBC MCV) was the most useful: in 10 patients who responded to AZA, MCV increased by 15 +/- 2 fl (mean +/- SD), while in 6 nonresponders, MCV increased by only 4.5 +/- 6 fl (p less than or equal to 0.01). RBC MCV may be helpful in monitoring AZA therapy in patients with MG. PMID- 3762976 TI - Allopurinol and severe epilepsy. AB - Forty-one epileptic and not hyperuricemic subjects, aged 2 to 54 years, had epileptic seizures, ranging from 1 to 220 weekly (mean = 21.3). All seizure types were represented. They were already medicated with two or three antiepileptic drugs with plasma drug concentrations maintained in therapeutic range. They were treated with allopurinol in doses ranging from 150 to 300 mg daily. After 20 to 35 days of this regimen, a progressive decrease of the weekly seizure frequency was observed in two-thirds of the cases. After a follow-up of 3 to 9 months, seizures disappeared completely (22%) or decreased more than 50% (47%). Twenty five percent of subjects continued to have the same seizure frequency, while about 6% were worse than before. PMID- 3762977 TI - Cerebral blood flow in dementia. PMID- 3762978 TI - Duration of effectiveness of primidone in essential tremor. PMID- 3762979 TI - Contraversive seizures in occipital epilepsy. PMID- 3762980 TI - Sinus arrest in epilepsy. PMID- 3762981 TI - [Relation between the preejection period of the left ventricle and heart rate. Behavior in relation to age]. PMID- 3762982 TI - [Relation between the ejection period of the left ventricle and heart rate. Behavior as a function of age]. PMID- 3762983 TI - [Is diabetes the cause of stimulus conduction disorders which lead to the use of pacemakers?]. PMID- 3762984 TI - [Familial aggregation of ischemic cardiopathy]. PMID- 3762985 TI - [Use of prajmalium bitartrate in the treatment of hyperkinetic ventricular arrhythmias]. PMID- 3762986 TI - [Special problems in the treatment of infectious endocarditis]. PMID- 3762987 TI - [Heart surgery in the 8th decade]. PMID- 3762988 TI - [Case of bleeding pancreatic pseudocyst. Differential diagnosis from aneurysm of the abdominal aorta in the rupture stage]. PMID- 3762989 TI - [Reflections on the surgical therapy of exocrine tumors of the pancreas]. PMID- 3762990 TI - [Hiatal hernia not complicated by esophageal stenosis. Physiopathology and treatment]. PMID- 3762991 TI - [Role of the kidneys in the genesis of arterial hypertension caused by coarctations of the abdominal aorta. Experimental research]. PMID- 3762992 TI - [Radionuclide study in the evaluation of the effect of pharmacologic treatment in conditions of esophageal motility pathology]. PMID- 3762994 TI - [Perforated diverticulitis of the colon: 1-step resection and anastomosis]. PMID- 3762993 TI - [Surgical treatment of inveterate iatrogenic lesions of the rectum and the anal sphincter]. PMID- 3762995 TI - [Early reintervention in abdominal surgery]. PMID- 3762996 TI - [Injuries of the pelvis and associated visceral lesions]. PMID- 3762997 TI - [Biliary stasis icterus as a surgical emergency]. PMID- 3762998 TI - [Possibilities and limitations of computerized axial tomography in the preoperative staging of bronchogenic neoplasms]. PMID- 3762999 TI - [Evaluation of septic risk by the IMC multitest and prevention of postoperative sepsis in thoracic surgery]. PMID- 3763000 TI - [Grafts and thromboendarterectomies of the femoro-popliteal axis. Comparative results]. PMID- 3763001 TI - [Treatment of a case of renovascular hypertension]. PMID- 3763002 TI - [Importance of intraoperative histopathologic diagnosis in oncologic surgery]. PMID- 3763003 TI - [Risk factors, treatment and long-term results of local recurrence after radical surgery of carcinoma of the rectum]. PMID- 3763004 TI - [Treatment of obstructive icterus due to hilus hepatis neoplasms]. PMID- 3763005 TI - [Occult carcinoma of the breast with axillary and bone lymph node metastasis]. PMID- 3763006 TI - [Differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid]. PMID- 3763007 TI - [Decubitus ulcers in the elderly]. PMID- 3763008 TI - [Treatment of granulating wounds with a combination of silver salts and quaternary ammonium sprays]. PMID- 3763009 TI - [Acute intestinal ischemia. A clinical review of a surgical case record]. PMID- 3763010 TI - [Leiomyosarcoma of the small intestine. Presentation of a case and general considerations]. PMID- 3763011 TI - [Chronic peritonitis encapsulans]. PMID- 3763012 TI - [A case of sacro-coccygeal chordoma]. PMID- 3763013 TI - [Bacterial control in the operating room]. PMID- 3763014 TI - Long-term inversion stability of the ankle after rupture of the lateral ligaments. AB - The late results of surgical and nonsurgical treatment of recent ruptures of the lateral ligaments of the ankle are compared in two groups of 52 patients. By means of a questionnaire, physical examination and inversion stress roentgenography (at an average of three years after the injury), the functional and mechanical stability of the ankle were determined. After both surgical repair and treatment with plaster cast alone, more than 90% of patients achieved inversion stability of the ankle. PMID- 3763015 TI - Acute acalculous cholecystitis. AB - Retrospective study of acute acalculous cholecystitis from 1973 to 1983. Twenty one cases were found, while in this period 1211 cholecystectomies were performed (incidence 1.7%). Only nine patients developed acute acalculous cholecystitis in conjunction with a life-threatening situation, while in 12 others no acute illness was present predisposing to this type of cholecystitis. In all cases cultured, positive bile cultures were found. As necrosis of the gallbladder wall was present in a high percentage of cases, cholecystectomy is advised when possible. The pathogenesis, prevention and diagnosis of acute acalculous cholecystitis are discussed. PMID- 3763016 TI - Bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumors. AB - Two cases of bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumor are reported. The incidence, clinical presentation, histology and treatment are discussed. PMID- 3763017 TI - Boiled and unboiled detached autogenous bone fragments--an experimental study. AB - Boiled and unboiled standardized detached bone fragments were compared in a canine model. The fragments were either left detached or fixed with a lag-screw. Additionally, various replacements were combined with transverse osteotomy followed by reduction and fixation with a six-hole neutralization plate based on the AO-principle. Follow-up was at 0-6 weeks, 6-12 weeks and 12-24 weeks. Examination of the specimens comprised radiology, histology, microradiography, fluorescence-microscopy and microangiography. Qualitative assessment indicated that boiled bone showed some delay in resorption and new bone formation when compared with unboiled bone after six weeks, but this difference was no longer discernible after 12 weeks. Semi-quantitative assessment revealed hardly any difference after six weeks. During the first few weeks, however, boiled fragments showed a clear delay of 10-14 days in resorption and new bone formation when compared with unboiled fragments. The clinical relevance is that detached bone fragments contaminated with street-refuse can be sterilized by boiling without harmful effects. Replacement of the boiled bone fragments shows a somewhat delayed, but otherwise normal resorption and new bone formation. PMID- 3763018 TI - Bacterially contaminated detached autogenous bone fragments--an experimental study. AB - Bacterially contaminated and uncontaminated standardized autogenous bone fragments were compared in an experimental canine model. Bacterial contamination was effected by immersing in a Staphylococcus aureus suspension of 6 X 10(8)/ml for 15 minutes. The fragments were replaced and either left detached or fixed with a lag screw. In a number of cases bone replacement was combined with transverse osteotomy followed by reduction and fixation with a six-hole neutralization plate based on the AO-principle. Follow-up carried out after six and 12 weeks, comprised radiological, histological, microradiographic, fluorescence microscopic and micro-angiographic investigation. Non-quantitative assessment indicated that the rate of resorption and new bone formation in the bacterially contaminated fragments definitely exceeded that of the uncontaminated fragments. Semi-quantitative findings seemed to confirm these conclusions. After 12 weeks this difference had virtually disappeared, except in loosely replaced infected fragments, which still showed more resorption and new bone formation. Integration of all fragments was good, there was no encapsulation with sequestration. PMID- 3763019 TI - Traumatic dislocation of the hip with fracture of the femoral head. AB - Six patients are reported with eight fractures of the femoral head associated with dislocation of the same hip. Seven fractures were treated by closed methods. One patient was excluded from analysis. After an average follow-up of 7.0 years (range 1.5 to 12 years) overall results could be classified as excellent in two, good in three and fair in two. These results support our conservative attitude towards the treatment of these fractures. The diagnosis and treatment of this combined injury are discussed and therapeutic guide-lines and recommendations given. PMID- 3763020 TI - Transarticular Kirschner-wire fixation for unstable ankle fractures. PMID- 3763021 TI - The value of aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of breast lesions in a general hospital. PMID- 3763022 TI - Herniation of liver and colon five years after missed diaphragmatic rupture. PMID- 3763023 TI - Lipoma of the tongue. PMID- 3763024 TI - [Basal cell nevus syndrome]. AB - Six cases of familial basal cell nevus syndrome encountered over the past 20 years are described. The syndrome is fairly rare and its importance derives from the fact that it is associated with skin lesions of the basal cell epithelioma type that are often highly invasive as well as dysontogenic lesions affecting many organs and systems (mandibular cysts, skeletal anomalies, cerebral calcifications, etc.). On the basis of personal experience and in view of the essentially constant evolution of individual lesions into invasive forms (that were certainly the direct cause of death in two of the six patients), early treatment is considered to be of prophylactic significance. The best treatment is thought to be diathermocoagulation rather than traditional surgery radiation treatment. PMID- 3763025 TI - [Bronchial leiomyoma. Considerations on a clinical case]. AB - A recently observed case of bronchial fibroleiomyoma is described from the early radiological findings to fiberbronchoscopic observation and histological typing and on to post-operative anatomopathological confirmation. PMID- 3763027 TI - [Models of brief psychotherapy]. AB - The report is divided into four parts. The first compares psychoanalysis with short-term psychotherapy models. In particular, the problem of the patient's dependence on the therapist is analysed. The second part described the features of Erikson type short-term psychotherapy with remarks on autogenous therapy and some paradoxical aspects of autogenicity. The third part summarizes the lines along which short-term therapy is conducted including recourse to the autogenous element and prescription. The report concludes with the hypothesis that these techniques could be used in the Mental Health Services with the possibility of training in short-term therapy. PMID- 3763026 TI - [Psychiatric emergencies]. AB - The present work is divided into four parts, the first part is a brief "Discourse on Emergency" that attempts to clarify the elements that distinguish psychiatric from medical emergency. The second part reviews the "Clinical pictures in which psychiatric emergency is not common". Psychopathological emergencies are briefly reviewed and mention is made of psychiatric emergencies deriving from non psychiatric pathologies. The third part gives "Advice on the right approach to adopt in response to calls". Some integrated approaches are suggested. The fourth part presents several models of "Short-term psychotherapy in psychiatric emergency". Two cases of emergency treatment using multiple approach techniques are reported. PMID- 3763028 TI - [Physician-patient relations in autogenic training and hypnotherapy]. AB - The paper is divided into two parts. The first deals with aspects of the doctor patient relationship. It begins with a brief examination of the importance of training as a means of establishing an appropriate relationship and goes on to analyse certain aspects of that relationship. The most significant differences between analytical treatment and short-term therapy are then outlined. In particular, the influence that the imposition of a rigorous limit on the duration of treatment has on both the relationship and the course of the patient's condition is examined. The second part presents cases of treatment by autogenous training and hypnotherapy. Details are given of the use of the autogenous principle in therapy with recourse to a variety of autogenous techniques and the way the therapist can direct the treatment through hypnotherapy. The value of involving the patient's family in the treatment is also pointed out. PMID- 3763029 TI - [Legal and social responsibilities of the psychiatrist within the public health service]. AB - The present work is divided into four sections: The first deals with the general criteria for the assessment of responsibility. Aspects of negligence, imprudence and lack of professional skills in psychiatric practice are tackled with particular reference to diagnosis, the prescription of drugs and psychotherapy. The second part deals with the psychiatrist's responsibility in relation to the body in which he operates with particular emphasis on the problems of team work, the responsibilities deriving from the malfunction of the health service, the division of legal and social responsibilities between the psychiatrist and the organisation. The third part tackles certain problems related to the application of Law 180/78, developed in arts. 33-34-35 of Law 833/78. Controversial aspects of obligatory treatment measures (TSO) in situations when mental pathology is either dominant or not are examined. In relation to TSO for mental pathology, the possibility of implementing the measure outside the hospital environment is examined as is the behaviour of the psychiatrist in the face of irregular obligatory hospitalisation. The fourth section draws our attention to: particular aspects of the legal and social responsibilities of the head of a psychiatric diagnosis and treatment service. In particular the problems deriving from the transformation of a TSO into voluntary hospitalisation or its continuation are analysed as are the risks deriving from the patient's release. PMID- 3763030 TI - [Computerized processing of static scintigraphic gamma camera images. Experimental results and clinical applications]. AB - Two different phantoms were used to carry out several scintigraphic experiments with a gamma camera linked to a computer. Each image was subjected to several types of electronic processing. The contrast was assessed in certain pre established areas in order to obtain an indication of the efficacity of the various techniques. The experimental results were transferred to scintigraphic application methodology with the formulation of treatment schedules consisting of a variable sequence of successive processings designed to improve the quality of the information required for more accurate diagnosis. PMID- 3763031 TI - [Humoral markers of iron status in patients on maintenance hemodialysis]. AB - In forty-nine patients on regular dialysis treatment (RDT) we evaluated following parameters for a period of twenty-four months: serum ferritin (SF), transferrin, T.I.B.C. percental saturation (Fe/TIBC%), haemoglobin (Hb). Twenty-five patients had received more than 5 g intra-venous iron or several blood transfusions, before the beginning of the study, while the other twenty four patients had never received iron treatment nor transfusions. Serum ferritin and Fe/TIBC% proved to be a good estimate of iron stores in RDT patients. In fact both parameters showed significantly higher levels in iron loaded patients than in never treated patients. Furthermore, in patients who no longer received iron loads during the study period, both SF and Fe/TIBC% showed a significant decrease, without changes in haematologic values. This study demonstrated that oral ferritinic iron (40 mg/day for 6 months) doesn't increase either SF and Fe/TIBC% levels, or modifies haematologic values. PMID- 3763033 TI - [Liver biopsy. Case series in a department of general medicine]. AB - The importance of liver biopsy in the study of liver pathology is emphasised. A series of 63 liver biopsies performed over a three year period is presented and related to liver function and the histological picture. Particular emphasis is placed on the importance of histological studies in cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis. This examination is fundamental for diagnosis, choice of treatment and control of these pathologies. Liver biopsy is easily performed with a low incidence of side effects. PMID- 3763032 TI - [Acute renal insufficiency caused by diflunisal. Description of a case]. AB - A case of kidney failure in a patient with cirrhosis of the liver in the ascitic stage after treatment of a non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug, diflunisal, is reported. The pathogenesis of the kidney impairment, quickly reversed by withdrawal of the drug, is attributed to pharmacological inhibition of cyclo oxygenase and prostaglandin synthesis with consequent alterations of intrarenal haemodynamics and renal blood flow. PMID- 3763034 TI - [Pathology of infections in the resuscitation and intensive care center of the Biella Hospital]. AB - A survey was conducted into the problems of infections in intensive care units. After a short report on the survey methodology, the equipment most frequently involved in infection and the germs implicated are described. Results and conclusions agree with data from the literature reported in the introduction. PMID- 3763035 TI - [Syncopal attacks caused by paroxysmal atrioventricular block in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus]. AB - The case is described of a young woman with SLE and lipothymic and syncopal attacks during second degree paroxysmal AVB or low frequency junctional rhythm. The case was cured by the implantation of a permanent multi-programmable pace maker. PMID- 3763036 TI - [Brucellosis therapy]. AB - The reasons for the use of a fat-soluble drug with an in vitro activity against Brucella spp in the treatment of brucellosis are presented. After a review of the literature a series of 222 cases subjected to various treatments is presented and it is concluded that an RMV-minocycline association offers the best antibacterial and kinetic characteristics. PMID- 3763037 TI - [Treatment of locally advanced breast neoplasms]. AB - One particularly interesting problem in the treatment of breast carcinomas relates to the strategy to be adopted in locally advanced forms. In 10-25% of cases surgery in itself offers no guarantee of radicality and the prognosis is particularly poor. Once considered suitable only for radiation treatment, such cases now tend to be treated by mixed therapy adopting different modes and sequences. The present paper fully and carefully examines current concepts and treatment possibilities. PMID- 3763038 TI - [Early diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma and its precursors. Importance of the clinical characteristics of thin melanoma]. AB - The diagnosis and removal of precursor and early lesions is the only method to improve the prognosis and survival rate in malignant melanomas of the skin since the aetiology of the disease is unknown and treatment ineffective when the neoplasm is diagnosed at an advanced stage. A campaign for the prevention and early diagnosis of melanoma is based on the health education of the entire population with the distribution of illustrative material that by teaching people to examine their skin will show up suspicious pigmentary lesions that can be examined and removed by the dermatologist. Thin melanoma is always curable when removed and constitutes the basic tumour to be described to the public as it is easily identified and has constant, typical features. Among the precursors the most interesting lesions is the sporadic or familial dysplastic nevus despite the controversy over its pathogenic significance and morphological aspect. The other pigmentary neoplasias (congenital and acquired nevus) only must to be removed when they present changes resembling thin melanoma. PMID- 3763039 TI - [Blood ammonia evaluation in acute hepatitis A and B]. AB - The significance of blood ammonia levels was assessed in 100 cases of viral hepatitis (82 cases of AVH B end 18 cases of AVH A). No valid correlation was noted between the course of blood ammonia levels and that of clinical symptoms or the other blood chemical parameters considered (transaminase, prothrombin time, bilirubinemia and parameters strictly related to the clinical course). PMID- 3763040 TI - Soybean agglutinin binding to the olfactory systems of the rat and mouse. AB - The binding of the lectin soybean agglutinin (SBA) to the olfactory system of both the rat and mouse was investigated histochemically. SBA bound to fibers in the accessory olfactory nerve and to glomeruli in the accessory olfactory bulb. In addition, SBA binding sites were present in some, but not all, glomeruli in the ventrolateral and ventromedial portions of the main olfactory bulb of only the rat. Under standard experimental conditions, SBA did not bind to neurons in other regions of the olfactory system nor to any other neurons in the brain. This selective binding of SBA to only some glomeruli in the olfactory bulb provides additional support for the presence of, at least, two subclasses of olfactory receptor cells in the nasal cavity. Whether these neuronal subclasses are the same as those previously characterized by monoclonal antibodies in rabbit remains to be determined. PMID- 3763041 TI - Analysis of the responses of frog motoneurons to epinephrine and norepinephrine. AB - Epinephrine and norepinephrine were applied to the isolated superfused frog spinal cord hyperpolarized motoneurons. The hyperpolarization was related to both direct and indirect actions and the indirect effects were produced by activation of alpha 2-adrenoceptors. In about half of the spinal cords a slow depolarization caused by activation of beta-receptors was seen and was largely attributable to direct actions of the catecholamines on motoneuron membranes. In a small number of preparations an early alpha 1-mediated depolarization was noted. The results suggest that catecholamines released from terminals in the frog ventral horn could exert a modulatory action on the motoneuron output from the spinal cord. PMID- 3763042 TI - Epileptiform activity in combined slices of the hippocampus, subiculum and entorhinal cortex during perfusion with low magnesium medium. AB - Reduction of [Mg2+]o induced spontaneous epileptiform activity consisting of 40 100-ms bursts of population spikes in hippocampal slices. This activity disappeared from area CA1 when the connections to area CA3 were cut, but persisted in isolated minislices of area CA3. Spontaneous activity was also observed in the dentate gyrus, provided that the connections to the subiculum and entorhinal cortex (EC) were intact. In the parasubiculum and EC longer lasting epileptiform events were observed which resembled seizure-like behaviour. The epileptiform activity was completely suppressed by 2-aminophosphonovalerate (30 microM) suggesting that N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors for excitatory amino acid transmitters participate in the generation of this activity. These findings show that the EC possesses properties which permit the generation of seizure-like activity in contrast to the hippocampus where the activity resembled recurrent interictal events. PMID- 3763043 TI - Distribution of fibroblast growth factor in the central and peripheral nervous systems of various mammals. AB - Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) is a potent, mesodermal cell mitogen which has been identified throughout the central nervous system of various mammals and shown to display no regional concentration differences within the brain. An FGF like mitogen of similar specific activity is also identified in the peripheral nervous system. Although not myelin-derived, these factors may arise from some component, of neuronal or glial origin, common to the central and peripheral nervous systems. PMID- 3763044 TI - Barium-evoked release of catecholamines from digitonin-permeabilized adrenal medullary cells. AB - We investigated the release of catecholamines by barium (Ba) in digitonin permeabilized bovine adrenal medullary cells, to find out whether Ba acts directly or through the mobilization of endogenous calcium (Ca). We also tried to ascertain whether the release of catecholamines from the permeabilized cells occurs in the same manner as from the non-permeabilized control cells. In the permeabilized cells, a rise in either free Ca or Ba caused a saturable release of catecholamines. The maximal release of catecholamines caused by Ba was greater than that caused by Ca, suggesting that Ba directly triggered the release process. Release of catecholamines by Ba was accompanied by the release of dopamine beta-hydroxylase, both in the permeabilized and control cells, showing that Ba causes an exocytotic release of catecholamines. The concentration of Ba which was required for the release of catecholamines in the permeabilized cells agreed with that required in control cells. We conclude that Ba can substitute Ca in triggering the exocytotic release of catecholamines from the adrenal medullary cells. Permeabilized cells provide accurate information on the direct action of Ba in these cells. PMID- 3763045 TI - Characterization of gamma-aminobutyric acid responses with sulfate loading in cat bladder neurons. AB - In some cells in cat bladder ganglia gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) applied iontophoretically produced a hyperpolarizing response accompanied by an increase in input conductance when recorded with potassium sulfate-filled microelectrodes. This GABA-induced hyperpolarization was blocked by bicuculline and was converted to a depolarizing GABA response when extracellular chloride concentration was low suggesting that the hyperpolarizing GABA response was mediated by the opening of chloride channels. In other cells, continuous passage of a small negative current converted a depolarizing GABA response to a hyperpolarizing response with time. This effect was accompanied by a negative shift of the reversal potential. These data indicated that injection of impermeable sulfate ions decreased the intracellular chloride concentration. PMID- 3763046 TI - Effects of vasopressin on female sexual behavior in male rats. AB - Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of an Arg-vasopressin (AVP) antagonist did not stimulate female sexual behavior in adult castrated male rats treated with ovarian hormone but stimulated this behavior in male rats which were castrated on the day of birth. It is suggested that neonatal androgen stimulation in the male rat offsets the influence of AVP on female sexual behavior in the adult. PMID- 3763047 TI - Changes in neutral lipids in brain synaptosomes of rats after chronic administration of ethanol. AB - Rats were chronically treated with ethanol in a liquid milk diet for 21 days so that the animals consumed 10 +/- 1 g/kg ethanol daily. Following decapitation, the cortex and hippocampus were removed and a synaptosomal fraction prepared from the cortex. After chronic administration of ethanol, a significant decrease in the cholesterol esters:cholesterol ratio was found in the cortical synaptosomes and a decrease was found in the linoleate content of the cholesterol esters fraction. The composition of the pool of free fatty acids remained unchanged. These results are in agreement with those previously reported which show that following its chronic administration, ethanol decreases polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of phospholipids in the synaptosomal fraction and increases the saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in cholesterol esters. PMID- 3763048 TI - A regenerating release of acetylcholine from mouse motor nerve terminals treated with anticholinesterase agents. AB - It was found by intracellular recording with glass microelectrodes that train stimulation (50-200 Hz) of the phrenic nerve of intact or cut mouse diaphragm induced an accumulative depolarization of the endplate and triggered after a few pulses an 'all-or-none' regenerative depolarization lasting for 300-900 ms when acetylcholinesterase was inhibited by neostigmine or diisopropylfluorophosphate. This depolarization was associated with a noise of the membrane potential and a failure of the end plate potential. Low Ca2+ prolonged whereas high Ca2+ shortened the duration of regenerative depolarization which needed no further stimulation once triggered. d-Tubocurarine abolished the depolarization while restoring the end plate potential. A regenerative release of acetylcholine due to an activation of presynaptic cholinoceptors is speculated. PMID- 3763050 TI - Positive correlation between contamination by blood and amino acid levels in cerebrospinal fluid of the rat. AB - The degree of contamination by blood in macroscopically clear cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the rat was assessed by the red blood cell count. Amino acid concentrations in the same samples were determined using high performance liquid chromatography. A significant positive correlation between the number of erythrocytes and amino acid concentration was found for alanine, asparagine, aspartate, citrulline, glutamate, glycine, phenylalanine and taurine but not for glutamine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, ornithine, serine, threonine, tyrosine and valine. The difference in amino acid concentration between samples that were or were not contaminated by blood was as much as one order of magnitude for aspartate, glutamate, glycine and taurine; the concentrations of these amino acids were highly correlated with the erythrocyte counts (r = 0.87, P = 0.000002 for glutamate). The results suggest that macroscopical inspection is often not sufficient to judge contamination by blood in the CSF. PMID- 3763049 TI - Increased brain levels of cholecystokinin octapeptide after kainic acid-induced seizures in the rat. AB - Pronounced changes in the content of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) have been found after limbic seizures induced by i.p. injection of kainic acid. Three hours after injection of the toxin a significant decrease in CCK-8 was observed in the frontal cortex and amygdala/pyriform cortex reflecting an increased release during acute seizures. A persistent decrease in the content of the peptide in the amygdala/pyriform cortex suggests destruction of the respective neurons. In the substantia nigra and in the striatum and, more moderately, in the hippocampus and frontal cortex increases in CCK-8 were observed 10 days after injection of kainic acid suggesting an increased synthesis or decreased release of the peptide in these brain areas subsequently to the acute seizures. PMID- 3763051 TI - Single pallidal neurons project both to the striatum and thalamus in the rat. AB - Collateral projections of single small pallidal neurons to the striatum and paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus were observed in the rat using a fluorescent retrograde double labeling technique. This population of pallidal cells was almost separate from the more predominant pallidal cell group projecting to the subthalamic nucleus. We propose that the globus pallidus proper might have the same two functionally distinct populations (limbic and motor), that have been well documented in the striatum and entopeduncular nucleus. PMID- 3763052 TI - Dopamine receptors are located on rods in bovine retina. AB - In purified rod outer segments, the dopamine receptor antagonist [3H] spiperone and agonist [3H]N-propyl-norapomorphine densely label sites with the pharmacological profile of dopamine-D2 receptors. In cryostat sections of retina, the region with the highest density of specific labeling by both [3H]spiperone and L-(--)-[N-propyl-3H(N)]propylnorapomorphine is the photoreceptor layer (rod inner and outer segments). These data show that dopamine receptors are primarily associated with photoreceptor rods and provide support for recent evidence which suggests that these receptors modulate photoreceptor function. PMID- 3763053 TI - Muller cells and other reticulospinal neurones are phasically active during fictive locomotion in the isolated nervous system of the lamprey. AB - Reticulospinal neurones were studied during fictive locomotion in the lamprey brainstem-spinal cord in vitro preparation. Intracellular recordings were made from the large reticulospinal Muller cells located in the mesencephalon (M1-3), rostral (I1) and middle (B1-5) rhombencephalon, the Mauthner cells, and the V cells located within the posterior reticular nucleus during fictive locomotor activity. All cells were depolarized during motor activity on either the ipsilateral (M1-3, I1, B1-5 and V cells) or the contralateral (Mauthner cell (crossed axon] side. During locomotor activity and long-lasting burst activity, phasic membrane potential oscillations occurred well correlated to the ventral root activity. PMID- 3763054 TI - Induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation using physiologically patterned stimulation. AB - Lasting increases in the population spike recorded in area CA1 of hippocampal slices may be evoked by the patterned presentation of as few as 5 stimulus pulses delivered to the commissural/associational afferents. The most effective pattern of stimulus presentation was a single priming pulse followed 170 ms later by 4 pulses at 100 Hz; control trains of 5 pulses at 100 Hz had no significant enduring effect. This pattern-dependent phenomenon, termed primed burst potentiation, is of lesser magnitude than is the long-term potentiation induced by 100 Hz/l s stimulation, but appears to show a similar time course and duration. In addition, the two phenomena are not additive, suggesting that they may share a common mechanism. PMID- 3763055 TI - Testosterone metabolism in the olfactory epithelium of intact and castrated male rats. AB - To study the ability of the olfactory epithelium (OE) to transform testosterone (T) into its active metabolites estradiol (E2) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and the influence of castration on this ability, 24 adult male rats were either castrated, and subsequently treated with oil or T, or sham operated. In all groups the in vitro conversion of T by the OE into E2 and DHT is relevant, demonstrating for the first time the presence of aromatase and of 5 alpha reductase in this tissue. In particular conversion of T into E2 is lowered by castration and restored by T replacement, suggesting that aromatization in this tissue is androgen dependent. The ability of circulating T to influence morphological and physiological features of the OE suggests the hypothesis that androgens may vary the functioning of the olfactory apparatus and modulate the efficiency by which olfactory information is conveyed to the brain. PMID- 3763056 TI - Increases in adrenal catecholamine secretion and adrenal sympathetic nerve unitary activities with aging in rats. AB - Changes in sympathoadrenal medullary functions with age were investigated using urethane-chloralose anesthetized Wistar rats between about 100-900 days after birth. Although secretion rates of adrenaline and noradrenaline from the adrenal gland under resting conditions varied widely among animals, they gradually increased after 300 days and reached a level 2-4 times higher at 800-900 days compared with that of 100 days. Sympathetic nerve efferent unitary activity at resting conditions was also increased during aging in a manner similar to the catecholamine secretion rates. PMID- 3763057 TI - [125I]LSD labels 5-HT1C recognition sites in pig choroid plexus membranes. Comparison with [3H]mesulergine and [3H]5-HT binding. AB - The mammalian choroid plexus is enriched in a newly described serotonin recognition site, the 5-HT1C site. In order to further characterize these sites, the binding characteristics of [125I]LSD, [3H]mesulergine and [3H]serotonin to pig choroid plexus membranes were compared. These ligands labelled with high affinity a similar number of sites. The binding profiles of the sites labelled with these radioligands are indistinguishable as illustrated by highly significant correlation parameters. These sites are very similar to those labelled by N1-methyl-2-[125I]LSD in pig and rat choroid plexus membranes. The data demonstrate that these ligands label 5-HT1C recognition sites in pig and rat choroid plexus membranes. PMID- 3763058 TI - Methysergide-induced precipitated withdrawal syndrome in phencyclidine-dependent rats. AB - Chronic phencyclidine (PCP) administration has been shown to produce tolerance to a number of its pharmacological actions. We have suggested that PCP interacts with the 5-HT2 receptors since it inhibits [3H]spiperone binding to 5-HT2 receptors in vitro. In the present study, we investigated whether methysergide (a 5-HT2 receptor blocker) induces the precipitated withdrawal syndrome in PCP tolerant rats. The body weight of the rats in the abrupt and precipitated withdrawal groups was significantly lower 5 days and 1-5 days after withdrawal, respectively, than that in the control group. Furthermore, other typical precipitated abstinence syndrome characteristics such as jumping, wet-dog shake and ptosis were also observed in the precipitated withdrawal group. These results suggest that PCP produces its behavioral effects via an agonistic interaction with 5-HT2 receptor sites and that our method may be very useful for the development of a rat model for studying physical dependence on PCP. PMID- 3763059 TI - The actions of ivermectin on cultured chick spinal cord neurons. AB - The effects of ivermectin (IVM) on cultured chick spinal neurons sensitive to GABA agonists were investigated. IVM caused a change of membrane potential which was associated with an increase in membrane conductance, apparently reversed at about -40 mV and weakened by repetitive application. Furthermore, this agent did not have any effects on either the actions of GABA agonists on neurons or [3H]GABA efflux from those cells. These results suggest that IVM increases membrane conductance through sites which are different from GABA recognition sites. PMID- 3763060 TI - Mast cells in nerve end neuromas of mice. AB - The volume density of mast cells was estimated in nerve end neuromas at various time-points after transection of the left sciatic nerve of 6-week-old mice. After an initial reduction in the amount of mast cells there was a steady increase with numerous cells in 6-month-old neuromas. The variation in amount of mast cells in the individual animals at each time-point was relatively large. Exposure of neuromas to mild trauma resulted in degranulation of mast cells. Possibly, these numerous mast cells, which can liberate their contents after very light touching, may influence the neuroma. PMID- 3763061 TI - Osteoporosis: significance, risk factors and treatment. AB - Osteoporosis is a serious metabolic bone disorder that results in fractures of the wrist, hip and vertebrae. These fractures frequently occur with little or no trauma. Osteoporosis is seen more frequently in women than men. While the pathogenesis of osteoporosis is incompletely understood at this time, certain risk factors are emerging as important. Among the more important of these are family history, low calcium intake, early menopause and sedentary lifestyle. Other suggested risk factors include high intakes of protein, alcohol and caffeine; low body weight; exercise-induced amenorrhea; and cigarette smoking. No single therapy or combination of therapies for osteoporosis has proven to be uniformly successful. Indeed, once fractures occur, full restoration of the skeleton may not be possible. Currently, calcium, exercise and estrogen form the treatment for osteoporosis. When these conservative measures are ineffective or inadequate, treatment with fluoride, calcitonin, vitamin D or anabolic steroids may be attempted. Research to clearly identify and quantify risk factors and find an effective treatment for osteoporosis continues. PMID- 3763062 TI - Osteoporosis: strategies for prevention. AB - Prevention of osteoporosis involves a variety of health promotion strategies: good nutrition with an emphasis on non-animal sources of protein; an adequate intake of calcium; and an active lifestyle with plenty of weight-bearing activity. Cigarette-smoking and excessive intakes of alcohol and caffeine can accelerate the development of osteoporosis and should be avoided. In many cases hormonal replacement is also essential. The risk of endometrial carcinoma as a consequence of estrogen replacement is reduced by adding a progestogen on a cyclic basis. The most desirable estrogen/progestogen combination involves the use of a progestogen for at least 10 days every month and the use of estrogen on a cyclic basis with several days each month during which neither hormone is taken. PMID- 3763063 TI - Nancy Dirubbo: fighting for the rights of NPs in private practice. PMID- 3763064 TI - How to join and participate in a medical corporation. AB - Some nurse practitioners are becoming shareholders of medical corporations. This article discusses preliminary plans and specific areas to consider before joining a medical corporation. Information is also presented on precautions that the NP should consider taking before becoming a shareholder in a medical corporation, and the benefits the NP can expect from such involvement. PMID- 3763065 TI - Rational use of OTCs. PMID- 3763066 TI - The role of external cephalic version in modern obstetrics. PMID- 3763067 TI - Effect of amniotic fluid bacteria on the course of labor in nulliparous women at term. AB - Patients with intraamniotic infection have an increased rate of cesarean delivery. To determine whether bacterial colonization of amniotic fluid affects uterine activity or delivery outcome, serial amniotic fluid samples were collected from 41 nulliparous patients in active labor with ruptured membranes for longer than 12 hours. To define positive changes, these samples were divided arbitrarily by colony count change using an increase of less than 10(2) colony forming units per milliliter; greater than or equal to 10(2) but less than 10(4) colony forming units per milliliter; or greater than or equal to 10(4) colony forming units per milliliter. Nineteen, seven, and 15 sample sets fulfilled these criteria, respectively. Comparing serial samples with these changes in colony count revealed no significant difference in ten labor and delivery variables. Based on virulence of the isolates identified, samples were then divided into high (N = 19) or low (N = 16) virulence in both samples. Compared with sample sets with persistently low-virulence organisms, sample sets with persistently high-virulence isolates had a lower cervical dilatation rate (0.49 +/- 0.39 versus 0.98 +/- 0.58 cm/hour, P = .04), despite an increased maximum oxytocin dose (10.0 +/- 8.0 versus 5.4 +/- 5.2 mU/minute, P = .03). Controlling for birth weight, labor length, and epidural, magnesium sulfate, and oxytocin use, it was found that patients with high-virulence bacteria also had a higher cesarean section rate (57.9 versus 25.0%, P = .05). These results support a causal relationship between high-virulence bacteria in the amniotic fluid and poor cervical dilatation response to oxytocin in patients at risk for the development of intrapartum infection. PMID- 3763068 TI - Perinatal listeriosis (early-onset): correlation of antenatal manifestations and neonatal outcome. AB - Listeria monocytogenes is an underdiagnosed and underreported cause of congenital sepsis. Twenty mother/infant pairs from whom Listeria was isolated were studied at the University of Southern California School of Medicine and Women's Hospital during the last ten years to delineate antepartum factors indicative of a fetus at high risk for perinatal Listeria sepsis. The combination of high maternal leukocyte count, fetal tachycardia, decreased fetal heart rate variability, and, especially, the absence of intrapartum fetal heart rate accelerations was associated with a complicated course for the neonate with congenital Listeria sepsis. Intrapartum administration of antibiotics decreased fetal morbidity and mortality but did not impair recovery of the organism. PMID- 3763069 TI - Selenium in pregnancy: effect of maternal drinking. AB - To study the effect of drinking alcohol during pregnancy on serum selenium, selenium concentrations were measured in 41 women (ten abstinent, 31 problem drinkers) throughout pregnancy as well as in 24 nonpregnant abstinent women. In abstinent pregnant women, serum selenium decreased with advancing gestational age, a pattern not affected by moderate maternal drinking (42 to 126 g of ethanol weekly, N = 14). Seventeen women drank heavily (more than 140 g of ethanol weekly), and nine of them (53%) gave birth to infants with fetal alcohol syndrome. The women with infants having fetal alcohol syndrome had higher (P less than 0.05) selenium levels than the abstinent controls both at the 25th to 32nd (63.3 +/- 6.2 versus 56.6 +/- 4.4 micrograms/L) and at the 33rd to 40th gestational weeks (58.6 +/- 3.4 versus 53.5 +/- 5.9 micrograms/L). The selenium levels in umbilical serum were 20 and 33% lower than in maternal serum of abstinent and drinking women, respectively. However, alcohol-damaged newborns did not demonstrate any further decrease in selenium levels. Thus, heavy maternal drinking is accompanied by increased maternal and decreased umbilical concentration of selenium. PMID- 3763070 TI - Changes in amniotic fluid prostaglandins with oxytocin-induced labor. AB - Amniotic fluid prostaglandin levels were measured serially in 15 patients who underwent successful induction of labor and compared with those of patients presenting in spontaneous labor. At comparable cervical dilation the induced group demonstrated significantly lower prostaglandin levels. Four of these patients delivered without any increment in prostaglandins while in the remaining patients increases in prostaglandins followed the attainment of efficient uterine contractions by several hours. These data support the hypothesis that oxytocin acts directly on myometrial cells and not primarily by prior generation of prostaglandin synthesis in the membranes. PMID- 3763071 TI - Oxytocinase activity in human amniotic fluid and its relationship to gestational age. AB - Oxytocinase (EC 3.4.11.3) activity in amniotic fluid samples obtained from 200 normal pregnant women (mean age, 28 years) between 14 and 40 weeks of gestation and during active labor was assayed using S-benzyl-L-cysteine-p-nitroanilide (BCN) and L-leucine-p-nitroanilide (LN) separately as substrates. With both substrates, amniotic fluid oxytocinase activity correlated inversely with gestational age; the level of the enzyme, which was highest in early pregnancy, decreased exponentially to a minimum near term and during labor. However, whether oxytocinase activity in the amniotic fluid is of any significance for the maintenance and/or termination of pregnancy remains to be established. PMID- 3763072 TI - False-negative peritoneal cytology in metastatic ovarian carcinoma. AB - Seventy-nine laparotomies for disseminated intraperitoneal ovarian carcinoma were reviewed to determine the frequency and possible causes of false-negative peritoneal cytology. Negative peritoneal cytology (defined as any reading other than positive) was found in 16 of 79 cases (20%). False-negative cytology occurred more frequently with peritoneal washings (48%) than with ascites (6%; P less than .001); with second-look surgery (50%) than at primary surgery (12%; P = .004); with peritoneal metastasis less than 0.5 cm (50%) than with metastasis greater than 0.5 cm (16%; P = .02); and with bloody cytology specimens (25%) rather than specimens without blood (0%; P = .06). Volume of peritoneal specimen, architectural grade, cytologic grade, and stage of disease (III versus IV), did not affect the frequency of false-negative cytology. The high prevalence of negative cytology associated with peritoneal washings, small tumor size, and second-look surgery suggests that negative cytology is a result of poor distribution of peritoneal washings and infrequent exfoliation of malignant cells rather than misinterpretation of malignant cells present in cytology specimens. PMID- 3763073 TI - Immature teratoma of the ovary. AB - Forty-one patients with pure immature teratoma of the ovary treated at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute at Houston from 1944 to 1985 were reviewed. The median age of these patients was 17 years. The most common symptom was abdominal pain, which occurred in 39 (95%) patients. FIGO stages included 24 patients with stage I, four with stage II, 12 with stage III, and one stage IV. The tumors ranged in size from 6 to 31 cm in greatest diameter, with a median of 17 cm. Of 39 cases reexamined microscopically, four were grade 1 tumors, 22 were grade 2 tumors, and 13 were grade 3 tumors. Initial surgery included ovarian cystectomy in one patient, unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in 27 patients, and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in 13 patients. Fifteen of 16 patients treated with surgery alone developed recurrent disease; 11 are surviving after further therapy. Two patients died after treatment with radiotherapy plus chemotherapy. Twenty-one patients received a combination of vincristine, actinomycin-D, and cyclophosphamide postoperatively, and 18 are alive and well. One of two patients who received other combination regimens is alive and well. Therefore, 29 of the 41 patients (71%) are alive and well. Optimal management of patients with pure immature teratoma of the ovary consists of initial surgery (with preservation of a normal contralateral ovary in most patients) followed by combination chemotherapy in all patients except those with stage I, grade 1 disease; the latter may be treated safely with surgery alone. PMID- 3763074 TI - Measured menstrual blood loss in women with menorrhagia associated with pelvic disease or coagulation disorder. AB - Fifty-five women with a convincing clinical history of menorrhagia associated with recognizable pelvic disease (40 women) or a confirmed coagulation disorder (15 women) were studied through one or more cycles with measurements of menstrual blood loss volume by a modified alkaline hematin method. Women with leiomyomata almost always exhibited large volumes of menstrual bleeding, which was invariably reduced by myomectomy and sometimes helped by mefenamic acid. Women with other pelvic disease such as endometriosis, adenomyosis, and myometrial hyperplasia also often exhibited genuine menorrhagia that responded to mefenamic acid, whereas others were found to have normal blood loss even when the history was convincing. Some women with coagulation disorders due to platelet dysfunction exhibited gross menorrhagia but others had blood loss within normal limits. PMID- 3763075 TI - Medical and psychologic characteristics of women presenting with premenstrual symptoms. AB - To establish the necessary elements of a program of evaluation and treatment of premenstrual syndrome, the medical and psychologic characteristics of 68 consecutive women presenting because of premenstrual symptoms were determined and compared with those of a similar group of 34 women without premenstrual symptoms (control group). Women with premenstrual symptoms exhibited a significantly greater frequency of previously undetected medical, psychologic, and marital problems than did controls. These findings demonstrate the need for a multidisciplinary comprehensive program of evaluation and treatment of the medical, psychologic, and mental health of women who present because of moderate to-severe premenstrual symptoms. PMID- 3763077 TI - Uninhibited urethral relaxation: an unusual cause of incontinence. AB - Uninhibited urethral relaxation appears to be a clinically distinct cause of urinary incontinence. It was found in 11 of 534 incontinent women who had multichannel urodynamic evaluation, and in 2 of these it was the sole cause of incontinence. This diagnosis should only be made after careful scrutiny has ruled out a low pressure detrusor contraction, cough, valsalva, or heel bounce as the cause of the urethral relaxation. Because the majority of patients had a voiding mechanism that included a detrusor contraction, it is unlikely that uninhibited urethral relaxation represents a variant of detrusor instability in patients unable to generate a detrusor contraction. It most likely reflects an exaggeration of urethral instability due to relaxation of the smooth and/or striated urethral musculature. PMID- 3763076 TI - Compartmental ovarian steroidogenesis in polycystic ovary syndrome. AB - Compartmental ovarian steroidogenesis in vitro was investigated in polycystic ovary syndrome. Basal estrogen secretion by granulosa cells ranged from 60 to 284 pg/micrograms cell protein for 24 hours and progesterone secretion from 24 to 1646 pg/micrograms cell protein for 24 hours. In three of four specimens, the addition of either 10(-5)M testosterone or androstenedione significantly increased estrogen production, demonstrating the presence of aromatase activity. Treatment with human follicle-stimulating hormone (100 ng/mL) or human chorionic gonadotropin (100 ng/mL) significantly increased the progesterone production in three of four specimens. The thecal compartment of every patient secreted significantly more testosterone and androstenedione than the capsule and stroma and more estrogen in tissue from two of the four women. The androgen/estrogen ratio was significantly greater for the theca (16.9) than the capsule (1.1) or stroma (1.7). These data demonstrate that in polycystic ovary syndrome a portion of the follicles possess the qualitative characteristics of developing follicles, granulosa cell aromatase activity and gonadotropin responsiveness, and that the theca is likely the principal site of ovarian androgen synthesis. These findings suggest that the small follicles characteristic of polycystic ovary syndrome consist of a mixed population of developing and atretic follicles and that the peripheral androgen excess is attributable to the large mass of the thecal compartment from both follicle populations. PMID- 3763078 TI - Umbilical artery velocimetry in diabetes and pregnancy. AB - Doppler studies of umbilical artery velocity waveforms were performed during the third trimester of pregnancy in 43 diabetic women (18 class A and 25 insulin dependent). A mean serum glucose value of 120 mg% or more was selected to indicate poor glucose control. Systolic to diastolic ratios of umbilical artery velocity waveforms were calculated to determine the degree of placental vascular resistance. A systolic to diastolic ratio of 3 or more was selected as the cut off value for determining placental vascular disease. A significant positive correlation between systolic to diastolic ratios and serum glucose level (r = 0.52, P less than .001) was found. Elevated systolic to diastolic ratio was associated with increased number of stillbirths and neonatal morbidity. This study suggests that the risk of adverse outcome in diabetic pregnant women correlates with umbilical artery velocity waveforms. PMID- 3763079 TI - Influence of crystalloid versus colloid infusion on peripartum colloid osmotic pressure changes. AB - Plasma colloid osmotic pressure acts to retain fluid in the intravascular space. Intravenous crystalloids have been identified as one of the major factors contributing to the consistent peripartum decline in colloid osmotic pressure. This study was undertaken to compare the effect of two crystalloid infusions (1000 and 2000 mL Plasma-Lyte A) and a colloid infusion (1000 mL 5% albumin) on the peripartum colloid osmotic pressure. Before elective cesarean section, 45 parturients received one of the three infusions. The lowest mean maternal colloid osmotic pressure (16.6 +/- 1.1 mmHg, P less than .05 compared with baseline) occurred in the 2000-mL crystalloid infusion group eight to 16 hours postpartum. Although the colloid osmotic pressure fell in all groups postpartum, this reduction was significantly (P less than .05) less during the first 24 hours in the colloid infusion group. Minimizing this disruption of the colloid osmotic pressure to pulmonary capillary wedge pressure gradient may be clinically important in selected patients. PMID- 3763080 TI - Cohort study of Silastic obstetric vacuum cup deliveries: II. Unsuccessful vacuum extraction. AB - In a cohort analysis of Silastic vacuum extractor deliveries, 65% were completed with the vacuum extractor alone, 24% with outlet forceps, 3% with midforceps, and 7% with cesarean section (vacuum extractor-cesarean). Control groups were formed by using the next sequential forceps delivery, spontaneous vaginal delivery, and every second cesarean section after a trial of labor. The infants were examined using a neurobehavioral scale, an encephalopathy assessment, cranial ultrasound, and indirect ophthalmoscopy. In the combined vacuum extractor and forceps delivery subgroup (vacuum extractor-forceps), all but 3% were converted from a high mid-forceps delivery to outlet forceps by the initial vacuum extractor procedure, thus eliminating many difficult midforceps deliveries. The study yielded no significant difference in maternal morbidity between vacuum extractor forceps and forceps delivery, no difference in vaginal trauma for vacuum extractor-cesarean versus vacuum extractor delivery, and no greater hospital stay, infection rate, or need for transfusion for either vacuum extractor-forceps versus forceps delivery or vacuum extractor-cesarean versus cesarean delivery. Neonatal morbidity did not differ between successful and unsuccessful trial of vacuum extractor, except for an increased frequency of retinal hemorrhage. The frequency of scalp trauma, including cephalohematoma, did not differ between vacuum extractor-forceps and forceps delivery, or between vacuum extractor cesarean and vacuum extractor delivery. For vacuum extractor-forceps versus forceps delivery and vacuum extractor-cesarean versus cesarean section, there were no significant differences in neurobehavioral or encephalopathy scores, or in the frequency of neonatal jaundice, facial palsy, anemia, fractures, or mortality.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3763081 TI - Effect of anesthesia for primary cesarean section on postoperative infectious morbidity. AB - It has been stated that general anesthesia is a risk factor for postcesarean infectious morbidity. A retrospective review of 252 women who had undergone primary cesarean section at the University of Iowa Hospital was conducted. Regional anesthesia was successfully administered to 170 patients, and general anesthesia was administered to 82 patients. Patients receiving general anesthesia were more likely to be indigent, to receive a vertical skin incision, and to be transfused intraoperatively and/or postoperatively. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups with regard to multiple indexes of postoperative fever or infection, including febrile morbidity, diagnosis of infection, use of therapeutic antibiotics, fever index, and postoperative hospital stay. General anesthesia, as administered to patients in the present series, did not increase the risk of infectious morbidity after primary cesarean section. However, our surgeons apparently were influenced by the choice of anesthetic technique when selecting a skin incision. PMID- 3763082 TI - Rupture of the pregnant uterus: a 53-year review. AB - A 53-year (1931-1983) review of 48 patients who experienced uterine rupture and were cared for at Duke University Medical Center was conducted. The observed incidence was one uterine rupture per 1424 deliveries. From January 1, 1963, through December 31, 1983, 24 cases of ruptured uterus were identified; a detailed review of these patients is presented. PMID- 3763083 TI - Fetal lung growth in experimental utero-abdominal pregnancy. AB - We removed rat fetuses from the uterus without disturbing the placental implantation site, placing the fetuses in the peritoneal cavity either within intact membranes (with or without amniotic fluid) or outside of the fetal membranes. Untouched littermate fetuses served as controls. The surgery was performed on day 17 of gestation and the outcome was analyzed at term, 4 days later. The utero-abdominal pregnancies with intact membranes and amniotic fluid yielded fetuses in all respects indistinguishable from littermate controls. Extrauterine fetuses maintained within their membranes but without amniotic fluid as well as extrauterine and extramembranous fetuses displayed identical features: body weight was slightly reduced; after correction for body weight, only their lungs weighed significantly less and contained less deoxyribonucleic acid. In addition, fetuses in these two groups had multiple joint contractures and occasional webbing of the skin. These experimental findings in rats indicate an important role of amniotic fluid in fetal development, especially of the lung. PMID- 3763084 TI - Evaluation of male consorts of women with genital human papilloma virus infection. AB - Ninety male partners of women with genital condylomata were evaluated for evidence of condylomata by visual examination of the genitalia with the colposcope, urethroscopy, and biopsy. Fifty-three men (59%) were found initially to have condylomata and nine other cases were found on reevaluation for a total prevalence of 69%. Thorough evaluation with the use of acetic acid, magnification and liberal use of biopsy is stressed. Urethroscopy may not be a necessary part of the routine screening evaluation. PMID- 3763085 TI - Trimethylamine: the substance mainly responsible for the fishy odor often associated with bacterial vaginosis. AB - The vaginal discharge of women with bacterial vaginosis often has a prominent fishy odor. Intensification of this fishy odor by the addition of strong base to the vaginal discharge suggests that it could be due to trimethylamine, the substance responsible for the characteristic odor of spoiling fish. Samples were collected from 11 women with a vaginal discharge having a fishy odor and from 10 women with no detectable odor. Gas chromatographic analysis of headspace samples of alkalinized vaginal discharges indicated the presence of trimethylamine in all 11 samples with the fishy odor but not in the other samples. The chemical identity of trimethylamine was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of headspace samples from two vaginal discharge samples. It is concluded that trimethylamine is the primary cause of the fishy odor associated with bacterial vaginosis. PMID- 3763086 TI - Postabortal endometritis and isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis. AB - A prospective study of 505 unselected women presenting for induced abortion was undertaken to determine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and to determine if cervical isolation of C trachomatis before abortion increases the risk of postabortal endometritis. A comparison of direct fluorescent antibody (slide) test with tissue culture for diagnosing C trachomatis infection also was evaluated in this population. C trachomatis was identified by culture in 89 patients (17.6%) and by direct slide test in 85 patients (16.8%). Six of 17 patients with postabortal endometritis were culture positive for C trachomatis, with a significant correlation between C trachomatis infection and development of endometritis observed (P less than .05). These data suggest C trachomatis may play an important role in postabortal endometritis. PMID- 3763087 TI - Nuclear and nucleolar areas: a quantitative assessment of endometrial neoplasia. AB - Quantitative methods were used to determine ultrastructural area differences in nuclei and nucleoli of normal proliferative endometrium as well as grades 1, 2, and 3 adenocarcinomas. Nuclear area distribution curves differed significantly among all groups. No significant differences were observed between nucleolar area distribution curves of normal proliferative and grade 1 adenocarcinomas. However, significant differences were found among distribution curves of all other groups. The computer-assisted high resolution ultrastructural examination provides a sensitive means of evaluating differences in nuclear and nucleolar areas of cells in normal and cancerous states. PMID- 3763088 TI - Estrogen and progesterone receptors in uterine sarcomas. AB - Estrogen and progesterone receptors were measured in tissues from 43 patients with various uterine sarcomas using the dextran-coated charcoal assay. Estrogen receptor was present in 55.5% and progesterone receptor in 55.8% of samples, at median estrogen and progesterone receptor concentrations of 10.7 and 15.8 fmol/mg cytosol protein, respectively. These median values are much lower than those in 30 consecutive endometrial adenocarcinomas and 50 breast carcinomas assayed in our laboratory. Progesterone receptor status correlated strongly with estrogen receptor status in uterine sarcomas (P = .001). Estrogen and progesterone receptor levels were not influenced by stage, grade, or mitotic count. Patients 50 years of age or less had significantly higher progesterone receptor than those over 50. No such age effect was seen for estrogen receptor. Endometrial stromal sarcoma had higher estrogen and progesterone receptor levels than other histologic types. Low-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas had higher median estrogen receptors (238.9 fmol/mg) and better survival (all patients alive at 6 12 months) than did high grade (N = 7) endometrial stromal sarcomas (median ER = 6.6 fmol/mg, all dead of disease at 8-27 months). For all histologic types, evaluable patients with stage I or II disease (N = 16) were more likely to survive longer than one year than those with stage III or IV disease (N = 13, P = .003). Evaluable patients with estrogen receptor-positive sarcomas were more likely to survive longer than one year than those with estrogen receptor-negative tumors (P = .006). With one exception, an endometrial stromal sarcoma, hormonal therapy exerted no beneficial effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3763089 TI - Progesterone and breast cancer. PMID- 3763090 TI - Ethical analysis of the intrapartum management of pregnancy complicated by fetal hydrocephalus with macrocephaly. AB - The intrapartum management of pregnancy complicated by fetal hydrocephalus with macrocephaly often confronts the physician with a complex array of moral obligations to both mother and fetus that may sometimes come into direct conflict. The authors analyze the component beneficence-based and autonomy-based obligations of these conflicts and offer strategies for resolving them for each of three clinical subgroups. For isolated fetal hydrocephalus, we argue that cesarean section should be performed except when the woman with full informed consent unwaveringly refuses. For fetal hydrocephalus with severe associated abnormalities (those incompatible with postnatal survival or those characterized by the virtual absence of cognitive function), we propose that cephalocentesis followed by vaginal delivery is permissible. For fetal hydrocephalus with other associated abnormalities, we suggest that the permissibility of cephalocentesis followed by vaginal delivery depends on the degree of severity of the associated abnormalities. PMID- 3763091 TI - Transient vasopressin-resistant diabetes insipidus of pregnancy. AB - A case of transient vasopressin-resistant diabetes insipidus is reported which developed during the seventh gestational month. Polyuria reached 4-6 L daily and urine osmolality remained dilute despite 21 hours of water deprivation followed by 5 U intramuscularly of aqueous pitressin, as well as four days of treatment with intranasal DDAVP (0.1-0.5 mL every 12 hours). Urinary excretion of prostaglandin E2, 1384 ng/24 hours, was fourfold that in nongravid subjects and a plasma arginine vasopressin level of 12 pg/mL was recorded. Indomethacin had no effect on urine osmolality but decreased urine volume markedly. Hydrochlorothiazide, also, decreased urine volumes, and this drug was used to manage the patient until delivery. The syndrome remitted in the puerperium, the patient concentrating her urine to 938 mOsm/kg when tested several months postpartum. PMID- 3763092 TI - Surgical management of irradiation-induced small bowel damage. PMID- 3763094 TI - Valued by industry, occupational health programs are blossoming. PMID- 3763093 TI - Hospital injuries. PMID- 3763095 TI - Gloves, behavior changes can reduce carpal tunnel syndrome. PMID- 3763096 TI - Management, thrust into new job roles, needs technical assistance. PMID- 3763097 TI - Employers, workers should be trained in first aid for burns. PMID- 3763098 TI - Fire department sets example for respiratory protection evaluation. PMID- 3763099 TI - Precautions needed to prevent aluminum dust explosions. PMID- 3763100 TI - Cooperative program develops engineering controls for lead industry. PMID- 3763101 TI - Eyewash stations provide first aid for chemical contamination. PMID- 3763102 TI - [Physical methods in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of pathology of the vitreous body]. PMID- 3763103 TI - [Argon laser coagulation of the retina in optic neuritis]. PMID- 3763104 TI - [Treatment of optic disk fovea and its complications by photo- and laser coagulation]. PMID- 3763105 TI - [Alternating magnetic fields in the complex treatment of various endocrine ophthalmopathies]. PMID- 3763106 TI - [Phonoelectrophoresis in diseases of the posterior segment of the eye using a new device]. PMID- 3763107 TI - [Experimental substantiation of the phonophoresis of RNA hydrolysate (ENKAD) and its effect on cytochemical indicators in the retina]. PMID- 3763108 TI - [Optimal parameters of experimental krypton laser radiation on the tissues of the fundus oculi]. PMID- 3763109 TI - [Early diagnosis of open-angle glaucoma with normal intraocular pressure]. PMID- 3763110 TI - [Possibilities of the color stress test in the early diagnosis and evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment of arteriosclerotic retinal dystrophies]. PMID- 3763111 TI - [Immuno-morphological characteristics of the inflammatory process in penetrating eye injuries in children]. PMID- 3763112 TI - [Accommodative capacity of the eyes in older preschool children]. PMID- 3763113 TI - [Study of visual acuity and clinical refraction at short distance]. PMID- 3763114 TI - [Improving teaching and learning--a leading factor in increasing the quality of training of medical personnel]. PMID- 3763115 TI - [Methods of standardizing sinusotrabeculectomy]. PMID- 3763116 TI - [A two-mirror gonioscope]. PMID- 3763117 TI - [A case of sarcoidosis affecting the organ of vision]. PMID- 3763118 TI - [Craniofacial dysostosis (Crouzon's disease) associated with bilateral congenital glaucoma]. PMID- 3763119 TI - [Mixed viral and bacterial infection of the eyes caused by Herpes virus hominis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa]. PMID- 3763120 TI - [A case of reactive edema of cellular tissue caused by a suppurative process in the pterygopalatine fossa]. PMID- 3763121 TI - Survival of patients with relapsing breast cancer: analysis of 302 patients. AB - This retrospective study analyzes overall survival and relapse-free survival after mastectomy and survival after recurrence of 302 patients with metastatic breast cancer. In the whole group the median survival after mastectomy is 99 months: 5-year survival rate is 68.4% and 10-year survival rate is 38.5%. The median survival from relapse was 36 months: 5-year and 10-year survival rates were respectively 26.8 and 18.9%. Various subsets of patients divided according to several prognostic factors have been analyzed. PMID- 3763122 TI - Treatment of advanced measurable gastric carcinoma with 5-fluorouracil, adriamycin, and BCNU. AB - 61 patients with advanced measurable gastric carcinoma were treated with 5 fluorouracil, adriamycin and BCNU (FAB). Of 50 evaluable patients, 48% achieved a response (3 complete and 21 partial responses), and 24% experienced disease stabilization. The median duration of response was 9 months, and median survival of all patients was 7 months. Responding patients survived significantly longer than nonresponders (p less than 0.001). Toxicity was generally mild to moderate, rarely requiring dose reduction or prolongation of treatment intervals. These results indicate that FAB regimen is an active combination in metastatic or locally advanced gastric cancer, and can be used as first-line treatment in patients with this disease. PMID- 3763123 TI - Maintenance of antiemetic effect of a metoclopramide-dexamethasone combination during subsequent cisplatin courses. AB - In two previous consecutive studies on antiemetic combination of metoclopramide and dexamethasone was found to be very active against nausea and vomiting induced by cisplatin (DDP; 50 mg/m2) alone or in combination with other cytotoxic emetogenic drugs. In the present study the activity of the same antiemetic combination has been followed in 18 patients during subsequent DDP courses. Twelve out of 18 patients (67%) had a complete control of the side effect after the first course of chemotherapy. No statistically significant differences were found as regards the intensity of nausea and vomiting, the patients' overall opinions and preference and the emesis duration. In conclusion this antiemetic combination can guarantee a high degree and long-term control of DDP-induced emesis at a dose of 50 mg/m2 given alone or in combination. PMID- 3763124 TI - Primary multiple colonic carcinoma. AB - Polypoid lesions of the colon are commonly accepted risk factors for the development of carcinomas of the colon. Fifty-two of 266 patients with one or more polypoid lesions of the colon showed a carcinoma in one of the polyps, 6 patients had a second carcinoma. Our study demonstrates the importance of preoperative investigation of the total colon in patients with carcinoma of the colon. Furthermore, the necessity of total exstirpation of each polypoid lesion is discussed. PMID- 3763125 TI - Local microwave hyperthermia in the treatment of carcinoma of the prostate. AB - The clinical electromagnetic hyperthermia system has been in use at the Kaplan Hospital since 1980, for treating patients with hyperthermia combined with radio- or chemotherapy. For prostatic tumors, hyperthermia at 43 degrees C is achieved in the prostatic mass using microwaves of 2.45 GHz, with simultaneous cooling of the rectal mucosa and the rectal wall. Thirty-two patients with carcinoma of the prostate have been treated: 4 with heat alone, 20 with hyperthermia combined with radiotherapy, and 8 with hyperthermia combined with hormonal therapy. Follow-up was carried out up to 34 months. Objective local tumor regression was achieved in 3 out of 4 patients treated by heat alone, but the patients relapsed after 6 months. All the 20 patients treated with combined hyperthermia and radiotherapy responded to treatment. Patients treated with combined hyperthermia and hormone therapy responded locally to treatment but died of their metastatic disease, or of unrelated diseases with a follow-up period up to 31 months. Hyperthermia did not increase morbidity beyond that expected for radiation therapy. PMID- 3763126 TI - Serum immunoglobulin levels in patients with head and neck cancer (IgE, IgA, IgM, IgG). AB - In the present study, 226 patients with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck, who had had undergone no antitumor therapy, were examined pretherapeutically for serum immunoglobulin levels (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE). In cancer patients, significant elevations of mean levels of IgA and IgE were found in comparison to healthy controls (n = 100) and patients with chronic laryngitis (n = 63). IgG and IgM were in the range of the control groups. Levels above the upper limit were detected in 40.9% for IgE and 43.9% for IgA in the groups of cancer patients and in about 6% for both immunoglobulins in the control group. The group of patients with relapses in the follow-up were found to have pretherapeutically significantly higher levels of both IgE and IgA in comparison to those without evidence of disease for more than 6 months. These results point to the fact that determination of serum IgA and IgE levels in patients with head and neck cancer might be applicable as parameters for monitoring malignant disease, being additionally of some prognostic significance. PMID- 3763127 TI - Curve models for comparative phase III trials: heterogeneity of the population. AB - Equations were calculated to describe survival on disease-free survival (DFS) curves related to control or adjuvant-therapy-treated patients. They allowed us to differentiate three different segments or populations in the survival curve on a semi-log scale describing high-risk, intermediate-risk and low-risk groups. The percentage of patients and the annual mortality in each risk group could be calculated from the coefficients of the equation. As an example, the DFS curves of the premenopausal breast cancer patients of the Milan group were composed of three segments in the control group and of two segments in the CMF-treated group. PMID- 3763128 TI - Preventive effect of vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) on methylcholanthrene-induced soft tissue sarcomas in mice. AB - The effect of vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) on methylcholanthrene (MCA)-induced local malignant sarcomas in mice was investigated. Four groups of mice were given single intramuscular application of MCA at a dose level of 0.5 mg/0.1 ml olive oil for each animal. Doses of 6, 25, and 35 mg vitamin C (VC)/mouse were given to animals of groups B, C and D, respectively. VC was applied in drinking water by intragastric administration 5 times weekly for the first 20 weeks. Animals of group A served as carcinogenic controls. The application of VC statistically prevented the induction of sarcomas in mice of groups B, C and D compared to carcinogenic controls (group A). VC supplementation did not significantly reduce the diameters and weights of tumors. It was concluded that, under the experimental conditions conducted, VC significantly prevented the induction of sarcomas in mice providing a good prophylactic activity; however, it did not achieve a significant therapeutic level. PMID- 3763129 TI - Respiratory arrest following retrobulbar anesthesia. AB - Respiratory arrest is a serious complication of retrobulbar anesthesia. We have prospectively followed 3123 retrobulbar injections to determine the incidence of respiratory arrest and identify possible risk factors. Injections contained either 2% or 4% lidocaine with 0.75% bupivacaine (Marcaine) in a 50:50 mixture by volume (total 10 cc.) to which a 1 ml ampule of hyaluronidase (150 NF units) was added. Use of 4% lidocaine gave a significantly higher incidence of respiratory arrest than 2% lidocaine (0.79% vs. 0.09%; P = 0.003, Fisher's exact test). Serum levels of lidocaine and bupivacaine of patients who arrested were not elevated significantly compared to 20 control patients. All levels were well below accepted levels of toxicity. Thus, 4% lidocaine increases the risk of respiratory arrest. These results suggest the mechanism is not direct intravascular or central nervous system injection. PMID- 3763130 TI - Retinal toxicity secondary to intraocular gentamicin injection. AB - The authors present five cases of severe retinal ischemia associated with gentamicin injection. In three of the cases massive doses of gentamicin were erroneously injected into the eye; in two of the cases the authors presume that gentamicin toxicity occurred. The sequence of clinical findings was similar in all five cases. The prominent findings included early superficial and intraretinal hemorrhages, opaque and edematous retina, cotton-wool infarcts, arteriolar narrowing, and venous beading. Fluorescein angiography revealed severe retinal vascular nonperfusion. Chronic findings included rubeosis irides, neovascular glaucoma, retinal pigmentary degeneration, and optic atrophy. Of the documented cases of massive intraocular gentamicin injection, two patients had no light perception (NLP) vision and one had bare light perception. Of the two cases of presumed gentamicin toxicity, one had 20/400 vision and one had count fingers vision. Strict precautions are necessary to prevent the catastrophic events resulting from inadvertent gentamicin injection; such precautions should include precise labeling of all injectable solutions on the surgical field, waiting to draw up injectable antibiotics until the time they are needed, and drawing up injectable antibiotics under direct physician observation. All intravitreal injections should be performed slowly, in the anterior vitreous, with the needle bevel up. PMID- 3763131 TI - Variability of quantitative automated perimetry in normal observers. AB - The test/retest variability in different regions of the visual field were evaluated in six commercially available automated threshold static perimeters using normal volunteers. Three of the devices were projection perimeters (Squid, Octopus 500, Humphrey Field analyzer) and three of them used light-emitting diode stimuli (Dicon 2000, Fieldmaster 50, Digilab 350). The authors' results show that, although some devices were better than others, all have some degree of variability. In addition, they found that there is increased variability from the central 10 degrees out to 30 degrees eccentricity for each perimeter. PMID- 3763132 TI - Screening with automated perimetry using a threshold-related three-level algorithm. AB - Eighty eyes were tested using the computer-driven, automated threshold-related, three-level screening strategy of the Humphrey Field Analyzer. Using Goldmann perimetry as the standard, different statistical algorithms were used in an attempt to differentiate eyes with glaucoma (n = 24) from normal controls (n = 56). Seventeen or more absolute and/or relative defects anywhere in the full field test area identified approximately 95% of the glaucoma eyes and screened out 80% of the control eyes. Retesting these criteria on a second group of 25 glaucomatous and 108 control eyes provided comparable results. The number of stimulus presentations can be substantially reduced, without deterioration in either sensitivity or specificity, by using a two-level strategy and limiting testing to the nasal field. PMID- 3763133 TI - Perimetric findings in pseudotumor cerebri using automated techniques. AB - The authors obtained automated static threshold visual fields in 44 eyes of 22 patients with pseudotumor cerebri. Severe defects were found in 9% and moderate defects in 68%. The pooled incidence of three recent studies using manual kinetic techniques also demonstrated 9% severe defects, but only 34% of eyes demonstrated moderate loss. In 20 of 44 eyes, the papilledema was felt to be severe or atrophic. In none of these eyes was a normal field obtained. Visual field defects in pseudotumor cerebri appear to be more common than previously thought. PMID- 3763135 TI - Neuroophthalmologic abnormalities and intravascular therapy of traumatic carotid cavernous fistulas. AB - Traumatic fistulas were successfully embolized using various transvascular approaches in 33 of 34 lesions. Complete superselective angiographic demonstration of the exact site of the shunt and possible collaterals was necessary to choose the appropriate embolization techniques. Improvement in the signs of orbital congestion was seen in all cases. Embolization, which directly occludes the fistula, precludes recurrences via collateralization and restores the normal arteriovenous gradient to the eye and optic nerve. PMID- 3763134 TI - The nasal junction scotoma in giant aneurysms. AB - Thirteen giant aneurysms in ten patients were retrospectively reviewed. Careful visual field testing of both peripheral and central fields revealed an ipsilateral nasal scotoma in 7 of the 13 aneurysms (54%), or six of the ten patients. A review of 47 giant carotid aneurysms reported in the literature revealed 16 ipsilateral nasal scotomas (34%). The more common intraocular causes of ipsilateral nasal field defects were excluded by careful funduscopic examination. In the absence of intraocular pathologic characteristics, an ipsilateral nasal junction scotoma should alert the clinician to suspect the presence of an otherwise silent internal carotid artery aneurysm. PMID- 3763136 TI - Sixth nerve palsy and unilateral Horner's syndrome. AB - Anatomic reports have demonstrated that the sympathetic fibers leave the carotid plexus to join the abducens nerve in the posterior part of the cavernous sinus. A lesion in this area may cause both an abducens nerve palsy and ipsilateral Horner's syndrome. This article details two additional cases of this uncommon occurrence. PMID- 3763137 TI - Treatment of facial spasm with botulinum toxin. An interim report. AB - Forty-eight patients were given serial injections of botulinum toxin in their eyelids for treatment of eyelid spasm during a two-year interval. Ninety-four percent obtained relief of spasm from botulinum toxin injection. The duration of the spasm-free interval as well as the incidence of ptosis and of diplopia was dose dependent. The marked increase in the incidence of these side effects with only a small increase in the duration of the spasm-free interval, when a dose of 25 units per lid was used, leads the authors to conclude that this dose is too high and should not be used. Since diplopia was most commonly caused by paresis of the inferior oblique muscle, and since blepharospasm usually can be controlled by excising the upper lid protractors, further studies are required to determine whether lower lid injection is necessary and, if it is found to be so, whether injecting only the lateral portion of the lid would be adequate. PMID- 3763138 TI - The use of clonazepam in the treatment of nystagmus-induced oscillopsia. AB - The effect of clonazepam was studied in ten patients with nystagmus-induced oscillopsia due to downbeating or other primary position nystagmus. A 1-2-mg single-dose clonazepam test was used to determine whether long-term clonazepam therapy was indicated and to help distinguish between visual loss from underlying retinal or optic nerve disease and visual loss due to the nystagmus itself. With the single-dose clonazepam test, nystagmus was eliminated in 6 of 10 patients in the primary position of gaze and in 7 of 10 patients in downgaze. In all positions of gaze in all patients there was significant reduction in nystagmus intensity and slow phase velocity. Symptoms of oscillopsia were reduced or eliminated in all patients, and 7 of 8 patients with reduced visual acuity had clinical improvement. Guidelines are presented for the use of clonazepam in a single-dose clonazepam test and for long-term therapy. PMID- 3763139 TI - Macular halos associated with Niemann-Pick type B disease. AB - Macular halos describe a striking clinical finding of bilaterally elevated, doughnut-shaped, white rings around th fovea. This paper presents the third well documented report of the association of macular halos with Niemann-Pick type B disease, demonstrated by color photographs and subtle fluorescein angiographic findings. The systemic association with Niemann-Pick type B disease was confirmed by bone marrow biopsy and enzyme assay. Of 13 family members examined, only the proposita had macular halos; 10 were found to be carriers by sphingomyelinase assay. Recognition of this pathognomonic eye finding warrants more widespread awareness as a presenting sign of Niemann-Pick type B disease. PMID- 3763140 TI - Modified grid argon (blue-green) laser photocoagulation for diffuse diabetic macular edema. AB - One hundred sixty eyes of 92 patients with diffuse diabetic maculopathy with or without cystoid macular edema were enrolled in a prospective randomized clinical trial to determine the efficacy of "modified grid" argon (blue-green) laser photocoagulation. At the 12- and 24-month follow-ups, visual acuity significantly improved in treated eyes (P = 0.00007 and P = 0.00031, respectively) compared to the observation group. In addition, at the 12- and 24-month follow-ups, visual acuity significantly worsened in observation eyes (P = 0.00007 and P = 0.0007, respectively) compared to the treatment group. The following factors did not statistically alter the visual prognosis: a history of systemic hypertension (P = 0.2921); systemic vascular disease (P = 0.5324); cystoid macular edema (P = 0.1010); and initial poor visual acuity (P = 0.3032). PMID- 3763141 TI - Wavelength selection in macular photocoagulation. Tissue optics, thermal effects, and laser systems. AB - The therapeutic effects of macular photocoagulation result from focal heating of the retina and choroid. The magnitude, spatial extent, and duration of temperature increases produced by laser exposures are influenced by light scattering in intraocular and intraretinal transit; light absorption by melanin, hemoglobin, and xanthophyll in target tissues; and beam parameters, such as wavelength, spot size, and exposure duration. Tissue optics and thermodynamics provide a useful guide for selecting new laser systems of potential value in macular photocoagulation, but laser-tissue interactions and subsequent chorioretinal responses are poorly understood, and therapeutic efficacy can be established only by controlled clinical trials. PMID- 3763142 TI - Evaluation of medical data: role of clinical trials. AB - Over the centuries, methods have been developed to evaluate diseases and their treatments. One systematic method is the case series, in which groups of patients are followed over time to estimate the likelihood of various disease outcomes, either with or without treatment. A more efficient method for assessing treatment effectiveness is the clinical trial. Both methods have been used for evaluating current treatments of macular diseases. the combination of case series and clinical trials has been used to advantage for many of these diseases. However, when one wants to be certain that a treatment is effective, there is no substitute for the clinical trial. PMID- 3763143 TI - Surgical management of idiopathic epiretinal membranes. AB - The authors reviewed 33 consecutive cases of idiopathic epiretinal membranes removed by vitreous surgical techniques. Visual acuity improved in 79% of surgically treated eyes. In uncomplicated cases, a 47% gain in visual acuity was achieved. Of those eyes that had improved visual acuity post-operatively, 82.5% of the final visual acuity returned by four to eight weeks post-operatively. Eyes with opaque membranes had visual acuity results no worse than those with translucent membranes. Eyes with no pre-operative cystoid edema had better visual acuity results than eyes with cystoid macular edema (CME), although no statistically significant difference was shown. Surgical removal of membranes decreased fluorescein dye leakage in 30% of eyes; while no change in post operative leakage was noted in 60%, one eye had increased CME post-operatively. Complications included development of nuclear sclerotic cataract, retinal breaks, retinal detachment, and one case of pigment epithelial/retinal burn from the endoilluminator, residual and recurrent membrane formation, and anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. PMID- 3763144 TI - Radiation and chemotherapy of parameningeal rhabdomyosarcoma involving the orbit. AB - Eighteen patients with parameningeal rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) involving the orbit were treated at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) between July 1971 and October 1983. Fifteen patients were children with a mean age of 6 years and three patients were adults with a mean age of 21 years. In four patients, the primary tumor originated in the orbit, while the remaining 14 had other parameningeal primary sites. The tumors were in a very progressive local stage, with destruction of facial bones in most patients. Six patients were treated with the T2 chemotherapy protocol and 12 received the T6 protocol. The radiation treatment plan for all patients was designed to deliver between 4500 and 7200 rad delivered to the primary tumor over 4 to 16 weeks. Eleven of the 18 patients (61%) are alive and well with a median follow-up time of six years. Two patients died of therapeutic complications and five died of tumor spread with central nervous system involvement. Ocular complications included acute and chronic conjunctival, corneal, lens, and retinal changes, which were less severe than those reported in previous series. PMID- 3763145 TI - Retinoblastoma. A clinical, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic case report. AB - A 4-year, 9-month-old boy had a history of leukocoria of the right eye for approximately six months prior to admission. The other eye was normal. There was no family history of retinoblastoma. Funduscopy disclosed a large white mass extending from the nasal pars plana to the mid-pupillary zone and the posterior pole with a near total retinal detachment in the superior temporal quadrant. A B scan ultrasound showed an echo dense area of the anterior portion of the mass. A CT scan showed intraocular tissue densities with no evidence of optic nerve involvement or extraocular extension. Immunohistochemistry of a fresh frozen portion of tumor revealed reactivity with antibodies directed against interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding-protein (IRBP), neuron-specific enolase, glial fibrillary acidic protein, S-antigen, focal reactivity with opsin, and scattered cytoplasmic staining for cyclic GMP and cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase. Biochemical analysis of fresh frozen tissue samples confirmed the presence of IRBP. Transmission electron microscopy disclosed occasional Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes connected by zonula adherens-like junctions. These showed inner segment like structures containing prominent mitochondria, portions of cilia and fragments of outer segment material. These data, along with the immunocytochemistry indicates a predominant neuronal nature of the tumor cells with significant photoreceptor-like differentiation. PMID- 3763146 TI - Unilateral vs. bilateral retinoblastoma. Correlations between age at diagnosis and stage of ocular disease. AB - Retrospective analysis of 358 cases of retinoblastoma for correlation between age and intraocular stage at the time of diagnosis revealed: in both early and advanced stages of intraocular disease, bilateral retinoblastoma presents at an earlier age than does unilateral retinoblastoma; support for the Knudson "two hit" hypothesis of retinoblastoma genetics, the existence of a positive family history for retinoblastoma does not guarantee an earlier age at diagnosis compared to sporadic disease; and for any age at diagnosis, unilateral or bilateral disease, Group V is the most common intraocular stage found. PMID- 3763147 TI - After the eyes are straightened what is the ophthalmologist's responsibility? AB - Occlusion, glasses, prism therapy, miotics, fusional vergence stimulation, plus more surgery are required frequently in various combinations for a high percentage of patients whose strabismic eyes are straightened by surgery. Amblyopia is a serious sequelae befalling children who are dismissed following satisfactory surgery. Their best possible postoperative status is monofixation (absence of bifixation), despite having straight eyes. Unless they alternate fixation, amblyopia is prone to either occur or recur. Also, either a gradual change in motor innervation to the extraocular muscles or a cicatricial scarring process may subtly cause subsequent strabismus. Hence, despite straight eyes postoperatively the surgeon's responsibility continues. PMID- 3763148 TI - Treatment of superior oblique palsy with superior oblique tendon tuck and inferior oblique muscle myectomy. AB - Twelve patients underwent quantitated superior oblique tendon tuck and ipsilateral inferior oblique muscle myectomy in the primary treatment of unilateral superior oblique muscle palsy. Preoperatively, each patient exhibited a vertical deviation of 30-55 prism diopters in at least one position of gaze. Following a single operation, satisfactory ocular alignment was obtained in all but one case, with fusion demonstrable in clinically significant gaze positions. Eight of 12 patients had no measurable vertical deviation in primary position, and two others had residual hyperphorias of only two prism diopters. No tucks were removed for postoperative Brown's syndrome. Superior oblique tendon tuck combined with ipsilateral inferior oblique muscle myectomy appears to be a safe and effective treatment for large angle superior oblique muscle palsy. PMID- 3763149 TI - Surgical results in nystagmus blockage syndrome. AB - Sixty-four patients with nystagmus blockage syndrome (NBS) underwent surgery consisting of unilateral recession-resection, bimedial recession with and without posterior fixation suture, and bimedial recession with resection of one or both lateral recti. The results of the unilateral recession-resection and bimedial recession with or without posterior fixation were comparable. Over- and undercorrections occurred more frequently and the number of reoperations was higher than in a control group of essential infantile esotropia without nystagmus. These unpredictable surgical results in NBS present yet another feature that distinguish this condition from essential infantile esotropia without nystagmus. While restoration of normal binocular vision was not achieved in a single case, a functionally desirable result of subnormal binocular vision or microtropia occurred in 26%. An unusual complication consisting of postoperative asymmetric gaze nystagmus with an anomalous head posture was observed in five patients and required a Kestenbaum-Anderson operation in four to eliminate the head turn. PMID- 3763150 TI - Toxocara canis infestation. Clinical and epidemiological associations with seropositivity in kindergarten children. AB - We studied a cohort of 333 children in kindergarten to determine the prevalence of seropositivity to Toxocara canis, and to detect and measure chronic health effects that might be attributable to past infection. We found that 23.1% of the children had serologic evidence of infection (antibody titer greater than or equal to 1:32), assayed by means of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Black children were more frequently infested than white children, as were children of parents who did not graduate from high school. In a subsample of seropositive and seronegative children, we found associations between seropositivity and both pica and puppy ownership; we did not find differences in the symptoms and signs that occur in toxocaral visceral larva migrans nor differences in measures of growth and nutrition. No child had ocular toxocariasis although 31.8% (106) of the children had antibody titers greater than or equal to 1:16. In a population in which approximately 20 to 30% of the children show serologic evidence of Toxocara infestation, care must be taken in differentiating toxocariasis-like ophthalmic lesions, due to the potential for the coincidental occurrence of retinoblastoma in a child who is seropositive for the Toxocara parasite. PMID- 3763151 TI - How safe are ocular drugs in pediatrics? AB - In comparison with that of adults, the smaller body mass of children raises questions of dosage. In addition, manifestations of ocular drug toxicity are different in some respects. The ocular drugs causing serious adverse ocular or systemic side effects in children include glaucoma medications, corticosteroids, phenylephrine, and the anticholinergic cycloplegics. The reported complications from using these medications in children will be briefly reviewed, and strategies for minimizing the risk of their adverse effects will be suggested, including a discussion of dosages and techniques of administration. PMID- 3763152 TI - Lenticular opacities in carriers of Lowe's syndrome. AB - Eleven possible and five obligate carriers of Lowe's syndrome from the same pedigree were examined for lens opacities. All of the obligate carriers and 4 of the 11 at risk had lens abnormalities. The lenticular abnormalities consisted of cortical dots of various shapes that increased in number with the age of the carriers in older obligate carriers, subcapsular plaques were common. Because the syndrome is X linked, such lens changes are explainable by the Lyon's hypothesis. When the number of opacities seen in these subjects were compared to those seen in 100 normal control females 10 to 20 years of age, cataractagenic cases such as diabetes, Down's and fetal nuclear opacities excluded, four probable carriers were identified among the eleven possible carriers in the pedigree. These subjects had significantly greater numbers of opacities, similar to those seen in obligate carriers, compared to controls. We conclude that progressive lens changes are present in carriers of Lowe's syndrome and that young carrier females can be identified reliably when they are compared to age-matched controls by modifying the grading system of Brown and Gardner. PMID- 3763153 TI - Pathogenesis of cataracts in patients with Lowe's syndrome. AB - Based on our morphologic and ultrastructural studies, we suggest that the characteristic lens opacities in Lowe's syndrome result from a genetic defect in the lens cells. This defect manifests early in embryogenesis, and the progression of the lens opacities is related to both the inherent genetic abnormality and the prevailing extralenticular environment. The defective formation and subsequent degeneration of the primary posterior lens fibers account for their loss and for the flattened, discoid, or ring-shaped cataract. The other findings, such as anterior polar cataract, subcapsular fibrous plaque, capsular excrescences, bladder cells, and posterior lenticonus are not necessarily specific for Lowe's syndrome. We believe that the pathogenesis of Lowe's cataract can be explained by Lyon's hypothesis, which implies that, very early in embryogenesis (at the stage of the primitive streak), one of the two X chromosomes in females is deactivated. We consider the high incidence of lens opacities in female carriers to be due to this random deactivation. In male probands, however, all lens cells are affected, since there is no normal X chromosome to nullify the effect of the Lowe gene. PMID- 3763154 TI - Results of late probing for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. AB - One hundred four consecutive patients (138 eyes) with congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction were probed after the age of 13 months. One hundred twenty-nine eyes (93.5) were cured after the first probing. Based on this study and others showing the effectiveness of medical management, it is the current practice of the authors to delay probing until the patient is at least 13 months of age. PMID- 3763155 TI - Primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction. A clinicopathologic report and biopsy technique. AB - Primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (PANDO) of adults is a clinical syndrome of unknown cause, and the histopathology of the nasolacrimal duct has not been substantially studied. A technique of excisional biopsy of the soft tissue contents within the nasolacrimal canal during external dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) is presented. No complications were associated with the biopsy technique in 14 cases. Two cases of lacrimal obstruction secondary to sarcoidosis and leukemia were discovered in biopsies of patients with the clinical syndrome of PANDO, demonstrating the value of routine biopsy during DCR. Biopsies revealed a spectrum of changes that correlated with duration of symptoms. Early cases revealed active chronic inflammation along the entire length of the narrowed nasolacrimal duct. Intermediate cases revealed focal resolution of the inflammatory process with fibrosis, while late cases showed fibrous obliteration of the entire duct. Although the first event in primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction remains uncertain, clinicopathologic correlation suggests that compression of the duct by inflammatory infiltrates and edema precedes clinical chronic dacryocystitis. PMID- 3763156 TI - Conjunctiva-Muller's muscle excision to correct anophthalmic ptosis. AB - We treated 35 eyelids with ptosis and anophthalmos by resecting conjunctiva and Muller's muscle. Before surgical intervention all patients were evaluated by an experienced ocularist who, if necessary, modified or refit the prosthesis. All eyelids had a positive response to 10% phenylephrine hydrochloride. Preoperatively, the margin reflex distance-one (MRD-1) of the ptotic eyelids ranged from -2.0 to +3.5 mm. The amount of conjunctiva-Muller's muscle excision ranged from 7.25 to 9.25 mm. Following surgery, the average change in MRD-1 was 3.33 mm. Thirty-one eyelids (88.6%) achieved a post-operative level within 1 mm of the opposite eyelid. There were two overcorrections and two undercorrections. Postoperatively, no patients had any compromise of the superior fornix, socket dryness, or inability to retain their prosthesis. Resection of conjunctiva and Muller's muscle is a simple and effective method to treat ptosis associated with anophthalmos. PMID- 3763157 TI - Normal variations of the position of the eye in the orbit. AB - Photoradiographic measurements of projected corneal and nasion pituitary distances in Swedish adults and in white and black adults in the United States were transformed to true measurements. A new photographic method to compute nose corneal distance was developed and compared to the photoradiographic and Hertel measurements. A new photographic method was developed to record interpupillary distance more accurately than earlier methods. A highly significant difference in eye position between white and black people was found. Variations in normal eye position in the same individual were studied in 39 subjects. Normal eye position was found to vary in an anterior-posterior direction, with an average variation of 1.5 to 2 mm (range, 0-3.7 mm). The interpupillary distance was found to be very stable. A difference of at least 2 mm, and perhaps 3 to 4 mm in exophthalmometric measurements is necessary to detect a pathological difference. PMID- 3763158 TI - Hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of radiation-induced optic neuropathy. AB - Four patients with radiation-induced optic neuropathies were treated with hyperbaric oxygen. They had received radiation therapy for treatment of pituitary tumors, reticulum cell sarcoma, and meningioma. Two presented with amaurosis fugax before the onset of unilateral visual loss and began hyperbaria within 72 hours after development of unilateral optic neuropathy. Both had return of visual function to baseline levels. The others initiated treatment two to six weeks after visual loss occurred in the second eye and had no significant improvement of vision. Treatment consisted of daily administration of 100% oxygen under 2.8 atmospheres of pressure for 14-28 days. There were no medical complications of hyperbaria. While hyperbaric oxygen is effective in the treatment of radiation induced optic neuropathy, it must be instituted within several days of deterioration in vision for restoration of baseline function. PMID- 3763159 TI - A comparison of conjunctival and nonocular dendritic cells utilizing new monoclonal antibodies. AB - Langerhans cells belong to the dendritic cell family. Their presence in the conjunctiva and cornea has been demonstrated by means of various membrane and cytoplasmic markers. Utilizing OKT6, a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to Langerhans cells in conjunction with la histocompatibility antigens (HLA DR), and a new panel of monoclonal antibodies, we compared the population density and characteristic phenotypes of Langerhans cells in normal conjunctiva with those in normal epidermis. A greater density of Langerhans cells was noted in epidermis in comparison with conjunctiva. Various areas of the conjunctiva and cornea were mapped for Langerhans cell distribution. The T6/la ratio of Langerhans cells in conjunctiva was notably different from that in skin. Utilizing the Prolm2 marker, we identified non-Langerhans dendritic cells in the substantia propria and in the basilar epithelium of the conjunctiva, antigen processing cells probably identical to the interdigitating dendritic cells of lymph nodes. PMID- 3763160 TI - Chorioretinal juncture. Multiple extramacular drusen. AB - A clinicopathologic study of multiple extramacular drusen (MED) was performed on 784 eyes of 412 consecutive autopsies and on 100 eyes of 50 consecutive patients with MED. The clinical and histopathologic characteristics of MED and its correlation with reticular degeneration of the pigment epithelium (RDPE) and with macular degenerative abnormalities are presented. Multiple extramacular drusen was associated with macular degenerative abnormalities in 88% of autopsy cases, in contrast to 2% of cases in a control population without MED or RDPE. Multiple extramacular drusen and macular degenerative abnormalities are associated findings and apparently have similar pathogenetic mechanisms. PMID- 3763161 TI - Cellular processes causing defects in Bruch's membrane following krypton laser photocoagulation. AB - Krypton laser photocoagulation of the posterior fundus of the rat created white retinal lesions comparable with therapeutic burns in the human. Twenty-four hours after injury, the retinal pigment epithelium was destroyed and the majority of the endothelial cells survived. The choriocapillary lumen was occluded. Bruch's membrane was not fractured nor had it undergone thermal lysis in any area studied but choriocapillary endothelial cell buds invaded the choroidal side of Bruch's membrane. After seven days, cellular protrusions arising from retinal pigment epithelial cells traversed Bruch's membrane through full-thickness defects and entered the choroid. Although intense laser burns may destroy Bruch's membrane, we conclude from this data that many so-called "breaks" in Bruch's membrane following laser therapy are formed by cellular processes and are not caused primarily by laser coagulation. PMID- 3763162 TI - Ocular Munchausen's syndrome. AB - Patients with contrived histories and/or self-induced physical abnormalities (Munchausen's syndrome) are often successful in deceiving physicians. We recently cared for four patients with ocular Munchausen's syndrome. Self-induced ocular manifestations included voluntary nystagmus, subconjunctival hemorrhages, chronic orbital emphysema requiring exenteration, corneal alkali burns, erosions and ulcerations, and abscesses of the periorbital area. Correct diagnoses of ocular Munchausen's syndrome were made only after extensive medical and surgical investigations. Suggestions for evaluation and treatment will also be discussed. PMID- 3763163 TI - Second nonocular tumors in retinoblastoma survivors: are they radiation-induced? PMID- 3763164 TI - Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XX. Arthropod parasites of the Cape mountain zebra (Equus zebra zebra). AB - The arthropod parasite burdens of 14 Cape mountain zebra (Equus zebra zebra), shot for survey purposes in the Mountain Zebra National Park in the eastern Cape Province, were determined. Three species of Gasterophilus larvae and 9 ixodid tick species were recovered. Larvae of Gasterophilus pecorum were the most numerous of the fly larvae recovered and Margaropus winthemi was the most abundant tick. Two horses examined in the park were infested with 3 species of Gasterophilus larvae and 7 species of ixodid ticks. PMID- 3763165 TI - African swine fever. I. Morphological changes and virus replication in blood platelets of pigs infected with virulent haemadsorbing and non-haemadsorbing isolates. AB - Replicating and mature viral particles were detected with the transmission electron microscope in blood platelets of pigs infected with virulent haemadsorbing and non-haemadsorbing African swine fever virus isolates. Although platelet numbers decreased terminally in infected pigs, the most noticeable morphological damage to these cells apparent in the last 2 days of the disease included cytoplasmic swelling, vacuolation, fragmentation and loss of dense granules. PMID- 3763166 TI - The inability of a South African Babesia bovis vaccine strain to infect Boophilus microplus. AB - A strain of Babesia bovis that had been attenuated by rapid syringe passage through a series of 23 splenectomized calves was unable to infect its vector Boophilus microplus. An attempt to transmit the attenuated Australian Babesia bigemina G strain with a South African strain of B. microplus was likewise unsuccessful. The epidemiological implication of these observations in terms of babesiosis control is discussed. PMID- 3763168 TI - Heartwater: an in vitro study of the ultrastructure of Cowdria ruminatium. AB - Notwithstanding morphological differences, the ultrastructure of Cowdria ruminatium cultured in vitro concurred to a large extent with that in previous in vivo studies. Two distinct forms of the organism, elementary and reticulate bodies, and a 3rd group of intermediate organisms were identified. Organisms within a particular vacuole were generally a specific form, but in cells containing many colonies different forms were present in the same colony. Most organisms were enveloped by 2 membranes and a few were surrounded by a 'capsule'. C. ruminantium multiplies mainly by binary fission, but it appears that multiplication can also take place by means of budding. The taxonomy of C. ruminantium is briefly discussed. PMID- 3763167 TI - Investigations into the function and chemical compositions of the porose areas secretion of Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi during oviposition. AB - Major differences were observed in hexane, ethanol and butanol extracts of eggs obtained from Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi females in which the porose areas functioned normally (AP+ eggs) and from R. evertsi evertsi in which the porose areas were selectively destroyed by electrocautery (AP- eggs). Mass yields and UV spectra of the hexane extracts were similar for AP+ and AP- eggs. The UV spectra changed only slightly in the 294-320 nm range with respect to time and temperature. High performance liquid chromatography revealed 2 components which originate from the porose areas. Mass spectroscopy of these components indicated the presence of aliphatic and phenolic groups. The ethanol and butanol extracts showed quantitative but no qualitative differences with respect to AP+ and AP- eggs. Electrophoretic fractionation of the butanol extracts revealed the presence of proteins in the secretion of the porose areas. Apart from this information on the chemical composition of the secretion, no indication was obtained of their function during oviposition of R. evertsi evertsi. PMID- 3763169 TI - Paracooperia horaki n. sp. (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) from the nyala Tragelaphus angasi Gray, 1849. AB - A new species of Paracooperia Travassos, 1935 was found in small numbers in the small intestines of 36 out of 68 nyala Tragelaphus angasi Gray 1849 in the Mkuzi, Ndumu and Umfolozi Game Reserves, Natal. The worms, for which the name Paracooperia horaki is proposed, can be differentiated from the closely related Paracooperia devossi Boomker & Kingsley, 1984 by the absence of ridges on 1 of the branches of the spicules, the slightly longer branches of the tips of the dorsal ray and the large hemispheric knobs on the ends of the spicules. Furthermore, the branch of the spicules that bears the hook-like process is about two thirds the length of the spicule in P. devossi and almost the entire length of the spicule in P. horaki. The ovigerous females of P. horaki have 2 or 3 expanded ridges in front of the vulva that form vulvar flaps. The females without eggs resemble those of P. devossi and have only a single vulvar flap. PMID- 3763170 TI - The relation of climate and topography to gastro-intestinal nematode worm egg counts of Angora goats in the Eastern Cape. AB - Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Ostertagia and Nematodirus worm populations of Angora goats, based on differential egg counts, are considered in relation to climatological and topographical data. Egg counts indicated that the estimated worm populations in goats that experienced wet circumstances were higher than those exposed to dry conditions. Wetness was assessed by relating spring, summer, and early autumn rainfalls to ground slope. It is proposed, that tactical anthelmintic treatments of goats be based on the degree of wetness of the grazing or property. PMID- 3763171 TI - A column purification procedure for the removal of leucocytes from parasite infected bovine blood. AB - A cellulose column procedure is described which removes white cells from bovine blood infected with Babesia and Anaplasma. The efficiency of this method was confirmed by the absence of white blood cell DNA in lysates from column-filtered infected as well as non-infected blood. PMID- 3763172 TI - Use of computers in orthopedics. PMID- 3763173 TI - A primer for the novice. Basic computer concepts. AB - A computer is nothing more than an organized bureaucratic structure that allows one to perform a large number of very simple acts by the issuance of a few simple commands. It has the disadvantage of being a machine and, at the present time, being incapable of interpretive behavior. Such machines can only follow orders blindly. On the other hand, the computer is capable of performing simple tasks at lightning speed. Learning how to take advantage of this ability is no more difficult than learning to reduce a Colle's fracture. Buy a book, obtain some "clinical material" (a computer), and start experimenting. Learn from your mistakes; it only takes time and interest--not genius. PMID- 3763174 TI - The human element in the design of computer-assisted orthopedic inpatient medical record systems. AB - It is possible to vastly improve the quality of the "final product" of medical record processing by use of word and data base processing systems without traditional programming and expensive mainframe computers. Human engineering features need to be addressed first, since these form the basis of the system for obtaining quality data. Successful operations of the system is dependent upon a close working relationship between the staff of the medical record department and the medical staff. PMID- 3763175 TI - Monitoring orthopedic patients using computerized algorithms. AB - Computerized monitoring of orthopedic patients is practical and efficient. Such monitoring helps to achieve quality health care, rapid return to maximum function, and cost containment. PMID- 3763176 TI - Pitfalls in the use of clinical algorithms. AB - The algorithm is a very useful tool in medical practice. Like any other tool, it has advantages and disadvantages. The wise physician avoids a modality until he has learned how to use it. The same should be true of algorithms. Obtain some computer primers that explain the writing of algorithms. Experiment with algorithms of your own creation. When you reach the level where you can easily write your own algorithms, you are ready to use those written by others, making any modifications necessary to suit your own philosophy and experience. PMID- 3763177 TI - Use of the computer for medical records. AB - Before selecting a software package, it is essential for the physician to be familiar with the types of record-keeping packages available, understanding the advantages and disadvantages of each. Beyond this, the physician must be committed to training his or her staff in the use of the system. Considerable benefits are to be derived for the physician, for his or her patients, and for medicine in general. PMID- 3763178 TI - A comprehensive, automated, record-keeping system for the orthopedic office. AB - This article describes an accurate entry and storage retrieval computerized record-keeping system. The system was designed to aid in the management of patient medical information in an orthopedic practice. PMID- 3763179 TI - Conversion to computer for an orthopedic practice. AB - After the decision is made to purchase an in-house computer system, a successful conversion is the next step toward ensuring the maximum benefit from use of the system is achieved. This article focuses on three major aspects of the conversion process: installation of equipment, data preparation, and personnel considerations. PMID- 3763180 TI - A new approach to medical office billing. AB - After surveying the existing medical office software, the specifications for an "ideal" medical office system were set forth. These include microcomputer configuration, multi-user multi-tasking operating systems with ability to run multiple printers, Winchester disk-drive storage, color terminals, data base management system with the ability to perform sophisticated patient selection and to sort this information at the user's discretion, the ability to merge form letters to a given selected list of patients and to automatically insert the patient's name and address in this form letter, powerful report-generating and modifying capability, all of which can easily be performed at the user level without the need for specialized data processing in-office personnel. A vertical, problem-oriented structure is described. This configuration lends itself to complex, modern billing situations. PMID- 3763181 TI - Orthopedic office medical records using COSTAR. AB - Computer stored ambulatory record (COSTAR) is a public domain medical data management system designed to replace traditional, paper-based office medical and financial records. COSTAR is an integrated, modular system that can be implemented incrementally for medical records, accounts receivable, scheduling, and report generation. Combined with medical query language (MQL), COSTAR provides a valuable tool to implement protocols for clinical practice, research, quality assurance, and economic cost performance without redundant data entry. PMID- 3763182 TI - Office automation for the orthopedic surgeon. AB - What are the essential elements of office automation that can be directly applied to the practice of orthopedics? New technology, when implemented into a planned, logical system, can increase practice efficiency and productivity. PMID- 3763183 TI - Application of computer graphics in the design of custom orthopedic implants. AB - Implementation of newly developed computer modelling techniques and computer graphics displays and software have greatly aided the orthopedic design engineer and physician in creating a custom implant with good anatomic conformity in a short turnaround time. Further advances in computerized design and manufacturing will continue to simplify the development of custom prostheses and enlarge their niche in the joint replacement market. PMID- 3763184 TI - Use of computers to test orthopedic knowledge. AB - Valid, reliable evaluation of orthopedic knowledge is an essential part of our efforts to maintain a high quality of orthopedic practice and education. Current methods of evaluation have made important contributions to the field of orthopedics and will continue to do so, but they have limitations. Computers currently help score and interpret test results as well as evaluate test items. With the development of item banks, computers can aid in test and item construction. Development of a central computer item bank with appropriate programming for specialized test construction would allow computerized test administration on home computers. The most exciting potential contribution of computers to evaluation of orthopedic knowledge will be in the development of computer simulations. Computer simulations can closely replicate the processes of making a diagnosis, directing treatment, or planning and guiding the performance of a procedure and thereby overcome some limitations of current tests. Developing methods of measuring student performance on simulations and establishing the validity and reliability of simulations as evaluation instruments will require considerable effort, but they offer the promise of providing an important method of assessing orthopedic knowledge. PMID- 3763185 TI - Practical application of computer-generated three-dimensional reconstructions in orthopedic surgery. AB - There are some special technical requirements of CT scans used in producing three dimensional reconstructions. There are few purely diagnostic applications for this technique, but there will be many future applications in the realm of surgical planning once reasonably priced, interactive systems are available. PMID- 3763186 TI - [Osteogenesis imperfecta and its treatment in childhood]. PMID- 3763187 TI - [Our experience with the treatment of hip joint pathology in children with epiphyseal chondrodysplasia]. PMID- 3763188 TI - [Contrast arthrography in the diagnosis of elbow injuries in children]. PMID- 3763189 TI - [Comparative evaluation of contrast methods of examining bone cysts in children and adolescents]. PMID- 3763190 TI - [Periosteal osteosynthesis in orthopedic practice and in trauma sequelae]. PMID- 3763191 TI - [Malignant vascular tumors (angiosarcomas) of the bones]. PMID- 3763192 TI - [Tissue hypoxia in patients with scoliosis]. PMID- 3763193 TI - [Surgical treatment of congenital hip dislocation taking into consideration its torsional and rotational pathology]. PMID- 3763194 TI - [Efficacy of surgical treatment of Perthes' disease in children]. PMID- 3763195 TI - [Treatment of congenital pes plano-valgus in children aged 10 and under]. PMID- 3763196 TI - [Osteo- and tenomyoplasty in the treatment of recurrences and residual signs of congenital clubfoot]. PMID- 3763198 TI - [Propaganda for a healthy sober life style--everyone's duty]. PMID- 3763197 TI - [Osteoplastic surgery in the meta-epiphyseal zone in the developing body]. PMID- 3763199 TI - [Complex treatment of functional disorders of the legs in patients with infantile cerebral palsy]. PMID- 3763200 TI - [Surgical treatment of hip dislocation in children]. PMID- 3763201 TI - [Types, stages and degrees of compensation in injuries to the musculoskeletal system]. PMID- 3763202 TI - [Classification of sport injuries in children]. PMID- 3763203 TI - [Peripheral circulation and microcirculation in children and adolescents with polyostotic fibrous dysplasia]. PMID- 3763204 TI - Abstracts. 1986 ISSOL meeting. Berkeley, California. PMID- 3763205 TI - [The role of intrauterine contraceptive devices in the development of inflammatory processes in the small pelvis]. PMID- 3763206 TI - [Diffusing capacity in lung impairment resulting from chronic progressive polyarthritis]. PMID- 3763207 TI - [Correlations between clinical and muscle-morphological (histochemical and electron microscopic) characteristics in X-linked myopathies]. PMID- 3763208 TI - [Current problems concerning care of neurotic patients in Hungary]. PMID- 3763209 TI - [Characteristics of iron metabolism in children with gastrointestinal diseases]. PMID- 3763210 TI - [Female genital chlamydiasis detected by fluorescein-labelled monoclonal antibody]. PMID- 3763211 TI - [Haemophilus influenzae B meningitis detected by a quick-diagnosis cerebrospinal fluid test]. PMID- 3763212 TI - [Diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of malignant mesothelioma of the pleura]. PMID- 3763213 TI - [Morphologic changes in the post-bulbar duodenum in chronic pancreatitis]. PMID- 3763214 TI - [Gypsies and medical service in America]. PMID- 3763215 TI - [New knowledge and clinical trends in the diagnosis and therapy of inflammatory rheumatism]. AB - Progress in the diagnosis of forms of inflammatory rheumatism represent not only a semantic problem reflected by the changes in and differentiation of rheumatological nosology. The line of demarcation between reactive forms of arthritis and chronic, destructive processes--the chronic polyarthritis (RA) model--is decisively important from a therapeutic point of view. Knowledge regarding rheumatoid joint destruction is not only the prerequisite for an understanding of radiological morphology, the loss of form and function but also forms the bridge to rheumatic orthopedics. This connection between internal rheumatology and orthopedic rheumatology--the "Rheumatism center" model- represents the recent types of progress made in the long-term treatment of chronic joint disease. Corresponding models and hypotheses are presented with regard to an effective therapy structure for rheumatic diseases. PMID- 3763216 TI - [The idea of team work as the basis of integrated therapy of polyarthritis]. AB - As a generalized immunological disease without known etiology, rheumatoid arthritis cannot be treated either entirely medically or entirely surgically. Integrated treatment must include medication, surgery, and physiotherapy. When arthritis is in the beginning stages, the rheumatologist takes care of the basic treatment. With further advancement of the disease, however, reconstructive surgery plays a leading role. The rheumatic patient offers physiotherapeutic, social, reeducational, occupational, prosthetic, and psychological challenges. Treatment is therefore carried out with the best results when done by a specialized team in specialized hospitals. PMID- 3763217 TI - [Planning surgical treatment]. AB - The following should be regarded as prerequisites for successful surgical treatment: careful assessment of the local problem and of the patient as a complete individual; a thorough understanding of the biomechanical implications of the disease and of the operations used in its management; a clear definition of the goals of surgery in both the patient's and the surgeon's minds; and very careful planning with regard to the timing and sequence of operations. Other factors of major importance, especially in multijoint reconstructive programmes, are careful patient selection, the early establishment of good doctor/patient rapport, the support of a highly skilled multidisciplinary team of health professionals, and impeccable supervision of the convalescence, especially at the particularly difficult period for the patient following discharge from hospital. Finally, the hospital team must be prepared to offer a permanent service as a readily available advice bureau for family doctors, patients, and their relatives. PMID- 3763218 TI - [Cervical spine in polyarthritis. Radiology, indications for surgery and results]. AB - The rheumatoid changes in the spine that are of clinical importance are in the cervical part. They may cause dislocations in the cranio-vertebral region and - more uncommon - in lower levels. Most common is the horizontal dislocation between CI and CII, caused by destruction of the odontoid process and the area around it. This type can progress and give rise to the vertical dislocation caused by bone destruction in the joints between the occiput, CI and CII. The diagnosis is partly clinical and partially made by X-ray films. New radiological methods and new ways of using the old ones are discussed. Subaxial dislocations are not rare. Indications for surgery (fusion and possibly decompression) depend upon the progress of clinical symptoms and radiological findings, as do the surgical methods. The use of bone cement is increasing. Most authors advocate earlier surgical treatment. Subaxial fusion is difficult because of the poor condition of the bone. PMID- 3763219 TI - [The shoulder joint in chronic polyarthritis]. AB - In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, shoulder problems are very common. In the present study, 96 of 105 patients, i.e., 91%, reported shoulder problems. Thirty one percent of the patients had such severe shoulder disability that they considered it to be their main rheumatic problem. With increasing duration of the rheumatic shoulder disease, there are progressive destructive changes and a decrease in the range of motion and functional capacity even with conservative treatment, indicating that intervention with surgical procedures may be warranted. In the early effusive stages of rheumatic shoulder disease, radiological synovectomy with beta-emitting radionuclides may be indicated. In proliferative synovitis, surgical synovectomy gives good pain relief and increased shoulder mobility and function. In shoulders with more advanced painful shoulder arthropathy, shoulder replacement is gaining in popularity. However, it is mandatory that candidates must be selected very carefully for shoulder replacement and in patients with severe fibrotic capsulitis, muscular atrophy or mutilation with severe loss of bone, the results after shoulder replacement surgery are often less successful. PMID- 3763220 TI - [Elbow joint]. AB - The elbow joint is a key joint for positioning of the hand. Four operations have to be considered for the rheumatoid elbow: removal of rheumatoid nodules and bursectomy, resection of the radial head, synovectomy, and arthroplasty. Synovectomy and arthroplasty are carefully analyzed, both from the point of view of recent international literature as well as personal experience. Synovectomy of the elbow is highly effective even when performed relatively late (stage 3 according to Larsen-Dahle-Eek) insofar as pain relief and swelling are concerned. In long-term disease, deterioration as assessed by radiology can usually not be prevented, but clinical improvement may be the reason for the relatively rare indication for arthroplasty. According to recent literature, the results of elbow arthroplasty vary greatly. Fully constrained hinges should no longer be used, and no decision has been made so far on whether semiconstrained or nonconstrained surface replacement is preferred. We use the semiconstrained GSB Mark II prosthesis, which has provided results in nearly 50 cases that rank among the best reported from the point of view of pain relief, improvement of ROM, and low complication rate. Use of our so-called transtricipital approach to the elbow has proved particularly valuable, especially with regard to lack of extension and muscle strength. PMID- 3763221 TI - [The wrist joint]. AB - The wrist joint is involved in a great majority of cases of rheumatoid arthritis. Tenosynovitis and synovitis can lead to severe destruction of the joint and to spontaneous ruptures of the tendons. Therefore, early tenosynovectomy and wrist joint synovectomy are required. At the advanced stage of the disease, arthroplasty is necessary. Arthrodesis is rarely indicated in the treatment of severe wrist destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 3763222 TI - [Surgical therapy of chronic polyarthritis of the hand]. AB - Surgical therapy and the common surgical procedures for the rheumatoid hand are presented: synovectomy, boutonniere deformity, swan-neck deformity, arthroplasty, and surgical therapy of the rheumatoid thumb. The indications, early and late results, and the prophylactic value of synovectomy are discussed and compared with synoviorthesis (intra-articular injection of radioisotopic beta-emitters) in early stages of synovitis. In general, radioisotope synovectomy has reduced the need for early operative synovectomy. If synoviorthesis has no significant effect or if biomechanical factors are predominant in the affected joint (tenosynovitis, massive distension of the capsule and extensor mechanism or large masses of fibrin), then operative synovectomy is indicated. Multicenter studies have confirmed that pain can be relieved and joint swelling reduced by synovectomy for over 10 years after the operation. However, no significant preventive or retarding effects could be proven with regard to the progression of deformity or further radiologic changes. The risks in tenosynovectomy are minimal and the prognosis for improved function and prevention of ruptures is excellent. Restorative procedures on tendons are discussed in conjunction with restoration of joint function. Pathogenetic mechanisms of boutonniere and swan-neck deformities and their therapeutical consequences (soft tissue procedures and arthroplasty of the respective joints) are discussed. Because of the unpredictability of joint resection arthroplasty, many attempts have been made to develop joint prostheses. Surgical experience with cemented components, constrained hinges and prostheses with a fixed axis has been disappointing and forbids their routine clinical use. The most widely used device is the silastic spacer developed by Swanson, a silicone rubber implant acting as flexible hinge to maintain the joint relationship and improve resection arthroplasty. Several authors have obtained good long-term results using the Swanson silastic prosthesis for MP and interphalangeal arthroplasty. However, the silastic spacer still leaves room for improvement, which is particularly evident in patients with constitutional or drug-induced (steroid hormones) ligamentous laxity where bone resorption can be seen due to the piston effect and abrasion of the silicone as well as to sinking and often breakage of the prosthesis. Attempts to prevent this effect are reported. To obtain good functional results with MP arthroplasty, adequate function of the interphalangeal joints and thumb is essential.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3763223 TI - [Rheumatoid hip joint and its orthopedic surgical treatment]. AB - In the early stage of the disease, synovectomy of the hip seems to be a successful technique, but the timing of the operation is difficult because of interference with conservation treatment. Osteotomy in rheumatoid arthritis of the hip is not very successful; arthrodesis is not recommended. In the late stage of the disease the treatment of choice is joint replacement. Here osteoporosis and the protrusion of the acetabulum present more technical problems than in other hip diseases. Implants with various designs and various implantation techniques with or without bone cement are used. The use of bone grafts, especially for protrusion, represents real progress, and there is a trend toward using cementless implantation, especially for young patients. Failures are due to difficulties in morphology, but there are no more reoperations than in osteoarthritis, and mortality seems to be higher than in osteoarthritis. PMID- 3763224 TI - [Rheumatoid changes in the foot]. AB - The clinical importance, incidence and clinical appearance of foot deformities as a result of rheumatism are described. The pathomechanics of rheumatic deformities and the connection with inflammatory changes in the anterior and posterior parts of the foot are described. The possible types of conservative treatment are introduced briefly. The operative form of therapy is presented in detail and subdivided according to preventive and reconstructive measures in various parts of the foot. The peculiarities and subsequent requirements of the therapeutic procedure are addressed. PMID- 3763225 TI - [Principles of joint protection in inflammatory joint disease with special reference to biomechanical status]. AB - With respect to rehabilitation in inflammatory joint diseases, the activity of the disease, the influence of the disease on the physical ability and social and psychological situation of the patient should all be taken into consideration and treatment then planned accordingly. In the present article, special attention is paid to the biomechanical situation in the diseased joints of the upper and lower extremities, respectively. In the shoulder and elbow joints, the muscles working with long levers and the loading of joints create large intra-articular forces. In the hands the vulnerable joints are under high intra-articular stress because of loading in all situations in daily life. As the result of synovitis and destruction of cartilage, instability is often present. In the lower extremities, the hips and knees are under great strain when moving, rising from chairs, and walking on stairs. Much can be done to reduce loading on the joints. In the upper extremities splinting and the use of suitable technical aids are essential. In the lower extremities good quadriceps muscles and hip extensor muscles as well as correct loading techniques are essential. Whenever walking aids are used, they should be tried out with attention to grip function and the condition of the shoulder and elbow joints, as well as to the need of unloading the lower extremities. A walking aid should always be checked again later. A daily contracture prophylaxis program should help to prevent deformities. Strength training should be performed with attention to the intra-articular loading and stability of the joints. PMID- 3763226 TI - [Social and psychological consequences of inflammatory joint diseases]. AB - The treatment of rheumatic disease should take into consideration the changing roles in life and be planned according to the patient's social and psychological situation. Education of the arthritic patient is important for adequate coping with the problems of the disease. PMID- 3763227 TI - [Rheumatism league: self-help organizations]. AB - Chronic illnesses should be combated totally by social medicine. This fact was not recognized until the first half of this century, and it was not until after the Second World War that steps were taken towards realizing this goal. The following are examples of the visible progress that has been made to date: professional organizations for rheumatologists; intensification of research; founding of clinics, spas, and therapy centers; active social medicine leagues; support for patient self-help organizations. All of those involved in combating rheumatism must work together. PMID- 3763228 TI - [Pathophysiologic principles of kinesiotherapy in arthroses]. AB - Study of the locomotor system shows that form and function interact here as well. This is one of the reasons why functional physiotherapy plays an important role in the conservative treatment of osteoarthrosis. Knowledge of the bio- and pathomechanics of the locomotor system is a prerequisite for useful kinesiotherapy. A special program for treatment is to be developed according to the four types of loading and the stages of joint destruction. PMID- 3763229 TI - [Technical orthopedic aspects of the treatment of arthroses]. AB - Technical orthopedic treatment of joint diseases still has a place in the treatment plan, although the role is supplementary and it is seldom the only form of therapy. Its most important tasks have to do with immobilization and stabilization, followed by shock absorption, decompression, and equalizing defective axial positioning and differences in leg length. Finally, orthopedic treatment plays an important role in joint diseases in the protection of the joint from cold and drafts. Deformed joints, malpositioning, atrophied soft tissue and poor circulation, however, require that the indications be weighted carefully. The various technical orthopedic possibilities are presented and discussed. PMID- 3763230 TI - Substance dependence and chronic pain: profile of 50 patients treated in an alcohol and drug dependence unit. AB - Fifty adult patients with chronic pain and substance dependence were admitted to an inpatient unit for treatment of addiction without primary emphasis on treatment of pain. As a group they had received considerable medical attention for their pain, but relatively little for their addictions. When compared with a group of general medical patients, the study population showed MMPI evidence of considerably more psychopathologic characteristics. MMPI data and family histories of substance dependence did not differentiate the study group from a comparable group in a Pain Management Center. PMID- 3763231 TI - Substance dependence and chronic pain: experience with treatment and follow-up results. AB - Fifty patients with chronic pain and substance dependence were admitted to the hospital for treatment of substance dependence. Sixteen patients left treatment prematurely and were noted to have been less flexible in seeking treatment options for relief of pain. Most patients experienced an improved sense of well being with abstinence, but this was not reflected in pain rating scales. At 1 and 3-4 years follow-up, the group that completed treatment was more outstanding in its commitment to a course of abstinence from drugs and alcohol than the group that had not completed treatment and seemed to experience a greater improvement in overall functioning. PMID- 3763233 TI - A defective angina pectoris pain warning system: experimental findings of ischemic and electrical pain test. AB - Ischemic pain threshold and tolerance levels using the tourniquet pain technique and electrical cutaneous pain thresholds were measured in patients with asymptomatic ischemic heart disease. Thirty asymptomatic patients, who repeatedly exhibited no angina pectoris pain during the occurrence of exercise-induced coronary ischemia (greater than or equal to 0.1 mV ST segment depression in exercise ECG) were compared to 30 randomly selected symptomatic control patients. In a smaller patient group (6 symptomatic, 6 asymptomatic) the degree of forearm ischemia during the tourniquet test was determined non-invasively by monitoring transcutaneous pO2. Results indicated that asymptomatic patients needed significantly more time to reach pain threshold following occlusion of forearm blood flow and exhibited significantly lower tcpO2 values at threshold than symptomatic patients. Electrical pain thresholds were also elevated in the asymptomatic group. These findings indicate that the phenomenon of asymptomatic myocardial ischemia can be explained by an extracardiac pain modifying mechanism. PMID- 3763232 TI - Male and female chronic pain patients categorized by DSM-III psychiatric diagnostic criteria. AB - Two hundred and eighty-three chronic pain patients, consecutive admissions to the Comprehensive Pain Center of the University of Miami School of Medicine, received an extensive psychiatric evaluation based upon the American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) criteria and flowsheets. All patients received the following type of diagnoses: DSM-III axis I; DSM-III axis II, and personality type. The distribution of assigned diagnoses for the entire patient sample was reviewed and a statistical comparison between male and female patients was performed with regards to the prevalence of each diagnosis. Anxiety syndromes and depression of various diagnostic types were the most frequently assigned axis I diagnoses with over half the patient sample receiving each of these diagnoses. Males were significantly overrepresented in the axis I diagnoses of intermittent explosive disorders, adjustment disorders with work inhibitions, and alcohol abuse and other drug dependence, while females were significantly overrepresented in disorders of current depression of various diagnostic types and somatization disorders. 58.4% of the patients fulfilled criteria for axis II personality disorder diagnoses. The most frequently personality disorders found in the patient group were dependent (17.4%), passive aggressive (14.9%), and histrionic (11.7%). Males were significantly overrepresented in paranoid and narcissistic disorders while females were overrepresented in histrionic disorder. The most frequent personality types found in the patient group were compulsive (24.5%) and dependent (10.6%). All personality types were similarly distributed between the sexes. The results of the present study were compared to a previous study of DSM III diagnoses in chronic pain patients and are discussed in terms of the prevalence of DSM-III diagnoses in the general population. Questions are raised as to the applicability of certain DSM-III diagnoses in the chronic pain population. PMID- 3763234 TI - Increase of vibration threshold during wrist flexion in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. AB - The most prominent symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) are sensory, with intermittent numbness, paraesthesiae and pain in the fingers innervated by the median nerve. No consistent signs are found by neurological examination, however. Conventional sensibility tests are positive in only about 50% of the cases. This applies also to quantitative tests such as measurement of the perception threshold for vibration (VT). In an attempt to find a more reliable indication and improve the diagnostic value of sensory testing, determination of VT was combined with provocation by means of wrist flexion. In a patient group with neurophysiologically verified CTS, all patients exhibited an increase to at least twice the VT value in the fingers innervated by the median nerve. No increase was seen in the little finger or in a control group of patients with digital paraesthesiae but with normal neurophysiological findings. It is concluded that VT measurements during wrist flexion can be used as a supplementary or alternative diagnostic criterion to indicate that the nerve dysfunction is located in the carpal tunnel. PMID- 3763235 TI - Pain perception decrement produced through repeated stimulation. AB - Pain responses (pain detection and pain discomfort) to electrical dental stimulation were studied in 16 normal subjects. The repetition of the dental stimuli induced a significant and long-lasting (60 min) decrease in pain sensitivity at both sensory levels (after 60 min of repetitive stimulation, 79% increase in pain detection, P less than 0.0001, 45% increase in pain discomfort, P less than 0.0004). The sensory response decrement through repeated elicitation was not influenced by naloxone administration (1.2 mg i.m.). This study clearly demonstrates the induction of pain sensory decrease through repetitive stimulation which differs from peripheral sensory receptor adaptation, from the inhibitory gating mechanism or from diffuse inhibitory controls activation; its unresponsiveness to naloxone suggests that this phenomenon is not opioid dependent. A technique has been standardized which will enable the systematic study of pain decrease under sustained nociceptive stimulation in chronic pain patients. PMID- 3763236 TI - Indirect effects of intrathecal morphine upon diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNICs) in the rat. AB - Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNICs) affect all convergent neurones recorded in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord or the nucleus caudalis of the trigeminal system. They are triggered specifically by heterotopic noxious stimulation. DNICs acting at the trigeminal level were triggered by noxious thermal stimulation of caudal parts of the body, and the effects of intrathecal morphine applied at the coccygeal level were tested. The immersion of the right hind paw or of the tail induced inhibitions on C-fibre responses of trigeminal convergent neurones of 95.8 +/- 2.8% and 93.8 +/- 2.4+ respectively. Intrathecal morphine (15 micrograms; 20 microliters) produced an almost complete blockade of inhibitions triggered from the tail without significantly affecting those triggered from the hind paw. A reversal by systemic naloxone (0.4 mg/kg i.v.) was obtained in all cases. These results indicate that intrathecal morphine induced a segmental depression of nociceptive messages strong enough to prevent the spinal initiation of DNICs. We suggest that the segmental depression of nociceptive transmission induced by morphine led to a consequent blockade of DNICs acting on the whole population of convergent neurones not initially affected by the noxious stimulus. These findings are discussed with regard to the strong analgesic effects of intrathecal morphine observed in both behavioural and clinical studies. PMID- 3763237 TI - Re: Sympathetic blocks for reflex sympathetic dystrophy. PMID- 3763238 TI - Animal models of chronic pain. PMID- 3763239 TI - Spinal cord injured women, pregnancy and delivery. AB - The author presents a review of his personal experience, a patient survey and literature review on 33 spinal cord injured women, who had a total of 50 deliveries. PMID- 3763240 TI - Skeletal muscle changes following myelotomy in paraplegic patients. AB - Pourpre's dorsal T-shaped myelotomy was performed on three paraplegic patients in which medical and electro-physiological procedures proved to be ineffective concerning muscle spasms. The myelotomy led to the elimination of spasms and of muscle hypertonicity in the lower limbs. Biopsies of the rectus femoris muscles were performed bilaterally one year before and two months following myelotomy. The first biopsy revealed fascicular atrophy, with type I fibre preferential atrophy, which is usually found in paraplegic patients. After myelotomy some histological differences were seen: reduction of type II fibre diameter and the presence of target-targetoid fibres and of atrophic dark fibres. There was a difference of fibre pattern type in hypertonic spastic muscles compared to that seen in spasm relieved by myelotomy. The morphological changes seen after myelotomy are interpreted as denervation changes because of the surgical lesion by the myelotomy on the anterior horn cells. PMID- 3763241 TI - A case study of a female ultramarathon wheelchair road user. AB - This unique report contains selected physical and structural characteristics of a female ultramarathon wheelchair road racer. When tested, this 25-year-old athlete weighed 65.6 kilograms, with a height of 171.4 centimetres. The resting heart rate was 57 beats per minute, which rose to a maximum of 161 during a progressive, arm-cranking, maximal work task. Maximum oxygen uptake was 21.0 ml X kg-1 X min-1. These values are significant, considering that this individual had traumatic paraplegia at the T-3/T-4 spinal level. She also had slight weakness of the upper extremities. It is suggested that with a graduated and intelligently structured training programme, greatly enhanced endurance capacity can be achieved. With the type of training outlined in this paper, an athlete who performs in a wheelchair can be conditioned to race successfully over distances of 26 to 50 miles. PMID- 3763242 TI - What's going on in the cancer patient? PMID- 3763243 TI - Quantitative assessment of Langerhans cells in actinic keratosis, Bowen's disease, keratoacanthoma, squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma. AB - The quantitative distribution of Langerhans cells (LC) was studied in a range of pre-neoplastic, in-situ and invasive neoplastic skin lesions using an antibody to S100 protein and the indirect immunoperoxidase technique. LC numbers were increased within the lesions of actinic keratosis, Bowen's disease, keratoacanthoma, squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma. In all lesions except actinic keratosis the LC density was also significantly increased in the adjacent non-neoplastic epithelium. The increased LC density in neoplastic epithelium suggests either that LC are being retained within the abnormal epithelium for longer periods of time than normal or that increased numbers of LC are being actively attracted by factors produced by the neoplastic epithelium. While reduction of intraepithelial LC density may allow the initiation of neoplasia the increased density observed in this study suggests that at later stages of tumour growth LC may have a functional role in the host response to cutaneous neoplasia. PMID- 3763244 TI - Acute hematogenous staphylococcal osteomyelitis: the effects of surgical drilling and curettage in an animal model. AB - Surgical drilling and curettage of metaphyseal medullary bone were performed in chickens 4, 8 and 15 d after bacterial inoculation with Staphylococcus aureus producing osteomyelitis. Intramedullary drilling and curettage resulted in extensive vascular damage and necrosis of medullary bone but failed to remove all viable bacteria. An effective continuing drainage channel for the pus was not established due to the formation of blood clot within the drill hole. Surgery performed before the formation of a sequestrum resulted in further spread of bacteria within the medullary cavity and the formation of a larger sequestrum than that commonly observed in the bones of infected, untreated chickens. Surgery performed after the formation of a sequestrum destroyed the abscess wall thus disrupting a natural defence mechanism of the host. Whilst a direct comparison of surgical drilling in human osteomyelitis and in this avian model cannot be made, the results suggest that production of an artificial drill hole across the cortex and curettage of the bone in human osteomyelitis would be destructive and may not be warranted. PMID- 3763245 TI - Laboratory diagnosis of peritonitis in patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. AB - Patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) are constantly exposed to microbial invasion of the peritoneal cavity and rapid microbiological diagnosis of peritonitis is essential. Aseptic peritonitis is diagnosed in a high proportion of episodes when small volumes of dialysate are cultured. The aims of this study were to enumerate the microorganisms associated with clinical peritonitis and compare the efficacy of various culture systems for laboratory diagnosis of peritonitis. Four qualitative culture systems were compared: low (1 ml) volume and high (10 ml) volume inoculations of broth media, centrifugation (10 ml) followed by culture of the sediment and filtration (less than or equal to 100 ml) followed by culture of the filter. The pour plate and drop plate were the 2 quantitative methods used. Results of this study indicate that culture of 10 ml fluid volumes is comparable to culture of larger volumes sampled by filtration. Low volume cultures of fluid resulted in a lower proportion of positive cultures. The low numbers of viable microorganisms often found in dialysate from patients with peritonitis supports the concept of culturing a minimum of 10 ml of fluid. PMID- 3763246 TI - Transient severe hypoplastic anemia in Q fever. AB - A case of severe transient marrow hypoplasia as a complication of Q fever is described. This caused marked thrombocytopenia and anemia. The patient recovered fully over the period of 1 wk. The initial marrow showed severe hypoplasia. The subsequent regenerating marrow showed numerous epithelioid granulomas one of which had a characteristic fibrin ring. PMID- 3763247 TI - Bidirectional differentiation in a large cell pleomorphic primary endocrine carcinoma of the skin (a variant of malignant Merkel cell tumour). AB - A primary endocrine carcinoma of the skin is described in which the tumour cells showed the unusual features of large size and marked nuclear pleomorphism. Ultrastructural examination revealed combined features of squamous and endocrine differentiation in the same cells, a phenotype which has been previously anticipated but only recently described in endocrine carcinomas of the skin. In addition, immunocytochemical staining showed the co-expression of cytokeratin and neurofilament. The globular masses of cytokeratin corresponded to paranuclear whorls of intermediate filaments and there was also strong and diffuse staining for neuron specific enolase. Many tumour cells stained for calcitonin, VIP, ACTH, and S100 protein. Large tumour cells with markedly pleomorphic nuclei and co expression of cytokeratin and neurofilament add to the expanding morphological spectrum of primary endocrine carcinomas of the skin. PMID- 3763248 TI - Premalignant epithelial lesions of the gall-bladder. PMID- 3763249 TI - Pediatric rheumatology. PMID- 3763250 TI - Pitfalls in the diagnosis of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. AB - There are many conditions that produce chronic arthritis in childhood, including JRA. The pitfalls associated with proper diagnosis involve underrecognition, misrecognition, and overrecognition of symptoms and signs. PMID- 3763252 TI - Spondyloarthropathies of childhood. AB - The spondyloarthropathies of childhood present a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. It is important to differentiate this group of arthritides from JRA because the nature and frequency of extra-articular complications are quite different, as is the prognosis and the therapeutic approach. JAS is the prototype of the spondyloarthropathies and probably accounts for greater than 75 per cent of all children with diseases included in this category. Unlike adult-onset ankylosing spondylitis, axial skeleton disease (sacroiliac, lumbar spine) is infrequent at onset of JAS and may not develop for months or years after the onset of arthritis in peripheral joints (particularly those of the lower extremity). Enthesitis, the inflammation of the insertion of tendon, capsule, ligament, or fascia to bone, is an important clinical diagnostic feature of this group of diseases. Extra-articular disease, such as rash in psoriatic arthritis, erythema nodosum, weight loss of abdominal pain (in the arthropathies of inflammatory bowel disease), urethritis, conjunctivitis, or Reiter's syndrome help to differentiate these spondyloarthropathies from JAS. Laboratory studies are of little assistance in differentiating JRA from the spondyloarthropathies except that in the latter group, RF is absent and HLA-B27 is frequently present. The high frequency of ANA in JRA contrasts with its corresponding low frequency in JAS. The long-term follow-up of chronic arthritis in childhood has demonstrated the variable and evolving nature of these conditions, and stresses the importance of continually questioning the accuracy of the diagnosis. PMID- 3763251 TI - Miscellaneous conditions associated with arthritis in children. AB - Miscellaneous conditions associated with arthritis in children are reviewed as distinct entities in the differential diagnosis of the many types of juvenile arthritis reviewed here and in other articles. PMID- 3763253 TI - Rheumatic fever in the eighties. AB - The current status of rheumatic fever is reviewed and the reasons for its decline in the United States are explored. Continuation of primary prevention efforts is recommended or there could be a resurgence of this disease. The need for further research continues because rheumatic fever is still a major health problem for much of the world's population. PMID- 3763254 TI - Clinical aspects of systemic lupus erythematosus in childhood. AB - Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an uncommon childhood illness that is characterized by the formation of autoantibodies and immune complexes, which mediate inflammatory responses in multiple organ systems. Children who develop SLE are frequently very ill at the time of presentation and need careful evaluation to determine which organ systems are involved and how severely, meticulous control of medications to suppress active disease, and close monitoring to avoid complications from both the disease and its treatment. PMID- 3763255 TI - Psychosocial aspects of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. AB - The earliest studies dating back to the 1950s have tended to present a more pessimistic view of the psychosocial aspects of JRA patients. More carefully designed studies, however, have shown that these children do not have unique personality characteristics, nor are they necessarily socially maladjusted. Stress may play some role in onset of exacerbation of the disease, although this role is unclear at present. The child's level of cognitive development probably does play a role in the perception of pain and should be considered when undertaking patient education. The long-term psychosocial outcome of JRA patients appears to be quite good, with the majority of patients achieving educational levels at or beyond the level of the population as a whole and with the majority of patients able to support themselves. Future research may provide tools for even better assessment of this and other areas of psychosocial function. PMID- 3763256 TI - Determinants of the first inspiratory volume and functional residual capacity at birth. AB - We have investigated the pattern of pressure and volume changes that occur in vaginally delivered, full-term infants during the onset of spontaneous respiration. Within a few seconds of delivery of the head, simultaneous measurements were made of stomach and esophageal pressure changes together with volume changes determined at the mouth. Values obtained for volume were very similar, but pressure changes were of a greater magnitude than previously reported. A significant correlation has been shown between first inspiratory volume and functional residual capacity (FRC) at the end of the first breath (p less than 0.004). No significant relationship was found between first inspiratory pressure and FRC. However, using a calculated index of inspiratory pressure and time ("inspiratory effort"), a significant relationship of this to FRC was observed (p less than 0.02). PMID- 3763257 TI - Protective value of BCG vaccination in children in Bangkok, Thailand. AB - The protective effect of bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination against tuberculosis is controversial. In a study, 330 patients less than 12 years of age with tuberculosis, 52.1% of whom had had BCG vaccination, were compared with a control group of 1106 patients free of tuberculosis, 81% of whom had BCG vaccination. The occurrence of disseminated forms of tuberculosis, tuberculous meningitis, tuberculous peritonitis, and tuberculosis of bone and joints in BCG vaccinated patients was quite low. With BCG vaccination, the incidence of the disseminated form of tuberculosis was significantly lower than that of pulmonary tuberculosis with pulmonary parenchymal lesions, primary pulmonary complexes, and pleural effusion. Tuberculous peritonitis was significantly less frequent than pulmonary tuberculosis with pulmonary parenchymal lesions, enlarged hilar glands, pulmonary primary complex, and pleural effusions. The study demonstrated that BCG gave an overall protective effect of 74% and that a major effect of this immunity was to produce a localized form of tuberculosis. PMID- 3763258 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging of inflammatory lung disorders: preliminary studies in children. AB - Magnetic resonance(MR) scans were performed on 14 children with a variety of inflammatory disorders of the lungs. MR successfully identified disease in all of the children and accurately localized the disease within the lung fields. In patients with pneumonia and lung abscesses the acute inflammation was associated with a marked increase in signal intensity on T2 when compared with T1 weighted images. One patient with an inflammatory pseudotumor demonstrated a smaller increase in signal intensity on T2 weighted images than was seen in acute pneumonia. Abscess cavities were well identified along with the wall thickness. In patients with diffuse lung disease (diffuse histoplasmosis, miliary tuberculosis, Letterer-Siwe disease, and allergic alveolitis), each disease appeared different on the MR images. These preliminary studies indicate that magnetic resonance imaging is effective for identifying pulmonary disease in children and may improve the radiologist's ability to differentiate pulmonary disorders. PMID- 3763259 TI - A comparison of proximal and distal high-frequency jet ventilation in an experimental animal model. AB - High-frequency jet ventilation using either a proximal or a distal endotracheal injection site through a triple-lumen endotracheal tube was studied in 10 adult cats. The comparative effects on pulmonary gas exchange, tracheal pressure, heart rate, and blood pressure were examined for each injection site at both high (8-12 pounds per square inch [PSI] and low (5-8 PSI) jet-driving pressures in normal and lung-injured cats. Lung injury was created by modification of a surfactant washout technique previously demonstrated in rabbits. Alveolar ventilation (PaCO2) was found to be significantly better with distal than with proximal jet injection under all experimental conditions. At high jet-driving pressures, peak inspiratory pressure was higher in both normal (p = 0.03) and lung-injured cats (p = 0.002) with distal high-frequency jet ventilation. In addition, lung-injured animals were observed to have higher distal mean airway pressures at high jet driving pressures (p less than 0.01). No differences in oxygenation were found in any circumstances. The results of this animal study suggest that distal high frequency jet ventilation may be more effective in those situations in which improvement in alveolar ventilation is the major goal and that during proximal high-frequency jet ventilation airway pressures should be monitored as far distally as possible. PMID- 3763260 TI - Congenital tracheal stenosis with associated cardiopulmonary anomalies: report of two cases with a review of the literature. AB - We present two infants with congenital tracheal stenosis with complete tracheal rings. Both had associated congenital anomalies. The first case showed cardiac malformations, and the second case had agenesis of the right lung. We review the literature, in particular with reference to tracheal stenosis and pulmonary agenesis. We also propose that the constellation of anomalies may result from defects in the cervical mesenchyme and, as such, may represent one end of a spectrum of cervical mesenchymal field defects. PMID- 3763261 TI - Are spacers of any use in the treatment of asthma? PMID- 3763262 TI - Descriptive epidemiology of missed cases of phenylketonuria and congenital hypothyroidism. AB - We conducted a structured telephone survey of state public health laboratory directors of neonatal screening programs to determine the extent of the problem of missed cases of phenylketonuria (PKU) and congenital hypothyroidism. A total of 76 missed cases were reported--43 PKU and 33 congenital hypothyroidism. We looked at the following characteristics of the missed cases: the stage at which the miss occurred, which included specimen collection, laboratory procedures, or follow-up; the size of the program; the type of screening program; the age of the infant at the time of screening; and any legal action that resulted from the miss. The 76 missed cases probably represent an underascertainment of the true number, yet we believe that our data provide an overview of some of the problems associated with mass neonatal screening. There was one missed case of PKU for every 70 cases detected, and one missed case of congenital hypothyroidism for every 120 cases detected; in other words, two congenital hypothyroidism cases were missed for every 1 million infants screened. Regarding the stage of screening in which the miss occurred, 14% occurred during specimen collection, 45% during the laboratory procedures stage, 16% during follow-up, 11% were the result of biologic variation, and in 14% the stage could not be identified. We conclude that neonatal screening programs have been highly successful but that there may be additional safeguards to be developed, tested, and implemented when practical. PMID- 3763263 TI - Palpable lymph nodes in healthy newborns and infants. AB - We examined 548 healthy neonates and infants to document the frequency, size, and location of palpable lymph nodes. The subjects consisted of 214 neonates from birth to 4 weeks of age and 334 infants from 4 weeks to 1 year of age. All of the infants were asymptomatic and had been free of major or minor systemic or cutaneous infections in the past. Of the 214 neonates, 73 (34%) had palpable nodes at one or more sites. Of the 334 infants, 190 (57%) had palpable lymph nodes. Inguinal, cervical, and axillary lymph nodes can be palpable in neonates and infants. Supraclavicular nodes are not generally palpable. The commonest site of palpable nodes is the inguinal area in neonates and the cervical area in older infants. It would appear that the palpable nodes noted in the neonatal period do not disappear but persist. This knowledge is useful in determining when adenopathy may be abnormal. PMID- 3763264 TI - Graft versus host-like illness in a child with phenobarbital hypersensitivity. AB - A child in whom a phenobarbital hypersensitivity drug reaction developed which consisted of fever, a pruritic desquamating erythrodermic rash, alopecia, icterus, protein-losing enteropathy, myositis, and nephritis, is described. Laboratory studies demonstrated eosinophilia, elevated serum IgE, and elevated T suppressor/cytotoxic cells in the peripheral blood. Findings from biopsy specimens of skin and jejunum suggested a cell-mediated pathogenesis, and lymphoproliferative studies of the patient's mononuclear cells revealed a positive response to phenobarbital. The clinical findings and laboratory studies suggested an autoimmune cell-mediated hypersensitivity reaction triggered by phenobarbital. PMID- 3763265 TI - Interactions of adolescent mothers and their 1-year-old children. AB - It is unclear why the school-aged children of adolescent mothers have more cognitive and behavioral problems than those of adult mothers. To clarify why these children have problems and when during their lives they develop, the relationship between adolescent maternal age and the nature of the behavioral interaction between mothers and their children was studied in the laboratory. Thirty lower socioeconomic status mothers who were 15.5 years to 20 years of age and their 9- to 12-month-old children were videotaped for 20 minutes. Rating scales were developed to score the videotapes. There were significant correlations indicating that younger mothers tended to show less acceptance (r = .63; P less than .001), less cooperation (r = .57; P less than .001), less accessibility (r = .51; P less than .003), less sensitivity (r = .46; P less than .006), and more negative verbal communication (r = .32; P less than .047) than older adolescent mothers. Younger maternal age was also associated with more overall negative interaction between mother and child (r = .35; P less than .032) and with less child-initiated social contact with the mother (r = .32; P less than .050). We conclude that over the relatively narrow age range younger adolescent maternal age is related to less favorable mothering behaviors in the laboratory when the children are 9 to 12 months of age. PMID- 3763266 TI - Illness with fatalities in premature infants: association with an intravenous vitamin E preparation, E-Ferol. AB - Three clusters of an unusual syndrome in premature infants were investigated in three intensive care nurseries in 1984. A retrospective cohort study of 68 infants weighing less than or equal to 1,250 g at birth and surviving at least 72 hours revealed that in 13 infants ascites developed and in four at least two of the following abnormal laboratory values were found within a seven-day period: serum direct bilirubin greater than or equal to 2 mg/dL, blood urea nitrogen greater than or equal to 40 mg/dL or serum creatinine greater than or equal to 2 mg/dL, and platelet count less than or equal to 60,000/microL. All cases occurred after the introduction and use of intravenous E-Ferol, a vitamin E preparation that was new on the market when the clusters were reported. All 17 case infants but only 23 of 51 (45%) noncase infants received E-Ferol (P less than .0001). Case and noncase infants were similar with respect to other complications and to receipt of medications and parenteral nutrition. A dose-response relationship was found; cases occurred in infants receiving E-Ferol dosages of greater than 20 U/kg/d. Case infants who had higher daily doses of E-Ferol had a shorter latency. No new cases were reported after use of E-Ferol was stopped. Results of these investigations led to a nationwide recall of intravenous E-Ferol. PMID- 3763267 TI - Value of computed tomographic scanning in patients with growth hormone deficiency. AB - In 18 of a series of 23 patients with growth hormone deficiency, computed tomographic scanning demonstrated a markedly small sellar volume. In four of the remaining five patients, the sella was enlarged. The cause of the enlargement was readily identifiable. Computed tomographic scanning of the sella appears to provide valuable supportive evidence of hypopituitarism. PMID- 3763268 TI - Computed tomographic demonstration of cerebral edema in a child with galactosemia. AB - An eight-day-old male infant with galactosemia presented with signs of increased intracranial pressure and no evidence of intracranial infection or hemorrhage. Computed tomographic scans demonstrated the presence of diffuse cerebral edema. With treatment, the edema gradually resolved, although it persisted longer within the white matter and was associated with transient bilateral pyramidal tract signs. PMID- 3763269 TI - Vertebral artery dissection and alternating hemiparesis in an adolescent. AB - A case report of vertebral artery dissection and alternating hemiparesis in an adolescent boy is presented. The diagnosis was confirmed by findings on a computed tomographic brain scan and a four-vessel cerebral arteriogram. The patient has been treated with aspirin for 2 years and has had no further transient ischemic attacks. PMID- 3763270 TI - Metoclopramide effect on faltering milk production by mothers of premature infants. AB - Metoclopramide treatment has been shown to augment milk production by stimulating prolactin secretion in women in whom lactational insufficiency develops after a full-term pregnancy. The effect of metoclopramide therapy in 23 women who were delivered of premature infants (birth weight 1,314 +/- 115 g, gestational age 30.4 +/- 0.7 weeks) and who were having difficulty maintaining milk production with milk expression was evaluated. Each woman had noted a gradual decrease in the total daily volume of expressed milk during the first several weeks of lactation. Maternal metoclopramide therapy was started at a mean of 32.0 +/- 3.7 days postpartum, after a review of diet and milk expression technique and an increase in the number of expressions per day failed to increase milk production. Daily milk production increased significantly from 93.3 +/- 18.0 mL/d to 197.4 +/ 32.3 mL/d between the first and seventh day of therapy. This increase was associated with significantly increased basal serum prolactin levels, from 18.1 +/- 3.3 ng/mL to 121.8 +/- 21.5 ng/mL. Although milk expression resulted in a variable increase in serum prolactin levels prior to metoclopramide treatment, milk expression did not produce any additional prolactin response in the treated women, with mean basal levels of 157.8 +/- 15.4 ng/mL v mean peak levels of 144.5 +/- 12.2 ng/mL. No major side effects were reported by the women, and no untoward effects were noted in the infants fed milk expressed while their mothers were being treated with metoclopramide.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3763271 TI - Munchausen syndrome by proxy simulating cystic fibrosis. AB - The case of a child with apparent cystic fibrosis whose many signs, symptoms, and laboratory results were convincingly portrayed by his mother is presented. The mother falsified the history, and cunningly altered sweat tests and stool fat analyses, and stole sputum from patients with cystic fibrosis to make her child appear to have cystic fibrosis. This case of Munchausen syndrome by proxy highlights the extent to which the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis rests on reliable history and laboratory data and emphasizes the extremes to which perpetrators of this form of child abuse may go to make their case. Medical personnel must educate civil authorities about this syndrome and the dangers it represents to the child. PMID- 3763272 TI - Insulin pump therapy in the very low birth weight infant. AB - Ten critically ill, very low birth weight infants less than 30 weeks' gestation were treated with exogenous insulin administered through a continuous insulin infusion pump (Betatron II, Cardiac Pacemaker, Inc). Infants were hyperglycemic to dextrose infusions greater than 6 mg/kg/min. The blood glucose concentration became normal in all infants within two to four hours, with varying requirements for continued insulin treatment. Tolerance to intravenous dextrose increased from a mean of 7.4 mg/kg/min to 11.2 mg/kg/min with glycosuria. Energy intake increased from 49.5 calories/kg/d prior to insulin pump therapy to 70.4 calories/kg/d afterward (P less than .01) with weight gain changed from -23 g/d to +13 g/d (P less than .01). One unexpected observation was the apparent normalization of blood glucose homeostasis on higher dextrose doses among some infants after only one three- to six-hour treatment with insulin. The continuous insulin infusion pump is a flexible tool that allows insulin infusion rates to be changed as dictated by blood glucose values without altering other parenteral infusions. PMID- 3763273 TI - Transcutaneous carbon dioxide tension in newborn infants: reliability and safety of continuous 24-hour measurement at 42 degrees C. AB - In 58 newborn infants a new iridium oxide sensor was evaluated for transcutaneous carbon dioxide (tcPCO2) monitoring at 42 degrees C with a prolonged fixation time of 24 hours. The correlation of tcPCO2 (y; mm Hg) v PaCO2 (x; mm Hg) for 586 paired values was: y = 4.6 + 1.45x; r = .89; syx = 6.1 mm Hg. The correlation was not influenced by the duration of fixation. The transcutaneous sensor detected hypocapnia (PaCO2 less than 35 mm Hg) in 74% and hypercapnia (PCO2 greater than 45 mm Hg) in 74% of all cases. After 24 hours, calibration shifts were less than 4 mm Hg in 90% of the measuring periods. In 86% of the infants, no skin changes were observed; in 12% of infants, there were transitional skin erythemas and in 2% a blister which disappeared without scarring. In newborn infants with normal BPs, continuous tcPCO2 monitoring at 42 degrees C can be extended for as many as 24 hours without loss of reliability or increased risk for skin burns. PMID- 3763274 TI - Bioavailability of iron in soy-based formula and its effect on iron nutriture in infancy. AB - Soy products have been reported to inhibit absorption of nonheme food iron and fortification iron. Iron bioavailability from a soy formula (Prosobee-PP 710) (iron added as ferrous sulfate: 12 mg/L; ascorbic acid: 54 mg/L) was examined in 16 adult women using the extrinsic radioactive tag method. The geometric mean absorption from the soy formula was only 1.7%. The effect of this formula on iron nutrition in infants was studied in 47 healthy term infants weaned spontaneously before 2 months of age and who received the formula ad libitum until 9 months of age. For control, 45 infants received a cow's milk formula fortified with ferrous sulfate (iron: 15 mg/L; ascorbic acid: 100 mg/L), which has been shown to be effective in preventing iron deficiency, and 49 additional breast-fed infants were also followed. All babies received solid foods (vegetables and meat) starting at 4 months of age. Iron nutritional status was determined at 9 months. Infants fed soy formula and iron-fortified cow's milk had similar mean values of hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, transferrin saturation, free erythrocyte protoporphyrin, and serum ferritin; both formula groups differed significantly (P less than .05) from the breast-fed group in all measurements except free erythrocyte protoporphyrin. Anemia (hemoglobin less than 11 g/dL) was present in only 4.3% and 2.2% of infants receiving the soy and the fortified formulas, respectively, v 27.3% in the breast-fed group. These results indicate that soy formula, in spite of the lower iron bioavailability when measured in adults, is essentially as effective as iron-fortified cow's milk in preventing iron deficiency in infants. PMID- 3763275 TI - Growth and intellectual development. AB - Data from the National Health Examination Survey (cycles II and III) provided a representative sample of 13,887 US youths (6 to 17 years of age) with which to examine the relationship between height (normalized for age and sex) and measures of intellectual development (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children) and academic achievement (Wide Range Achievement Test). Additionally, 2,177 subjects were studied first in cycle II and 2 to 5 years later in cycle III, forming a well-selected longitudinal study group in which to examine any association between linear growth and change in IQ scores. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children and Wide Range Achievement Test scores were significantly correlated with height in both cycle II and cycle III. However, no significant association between change in relative height and change in IQ scores could be detected in the longitudinal group. These data suggest that therapies designed to increase height are unlikely to alter measures of intellectual development or academic achievement. PMID- 3763276 TI - Aluminum intoxication in a child: treatment with intraperitoneal desferrioxamine. AB - We report the successful chelation of aluminum and the clinical resolution of severe aluminum intoxication in an infant receiving chronic peritoneal dialysis through the use of intraperitoneal desferrioxamine. Following the introduction of desferrioxamine, urine and dialysate fluid aluminum levels exceeded those noted without the chelating agent, thus demonstrating enhanced removal of aluminum. As a result of therapy, plasma and bone aluminum levels decreased markedly, and previously noted histomorphometric abnormalities on bone biopsy resolved. Clinically, the aluminum-associated osteomalacia and microcytic hypochromic anemia completely reversed. Moderate developmental delay has also improved slightly but persists. Our experience suggests that intraperitoneal chelation therapy with desferrioxamine may be helpful to reverse aluminum intoxication in children with chronic renal failure. However, limited exposure to aluminum should remain a primary goal. PMID- 3763277 TI - Birth weight and duration of breast-feeding: are the beneficial effects of human milk being overestimated? AB - The beneficial effects of breast-feeding on infant mortality and morbidity have been demonstrated in many studies. Few of these, however, have taken into account the possible confounding effect of birth weight. Several studies have shown that babies of low birth weight are less likely to be breast-fed. In some circumstances, this alone may account for a more than twofold excess in postperinatal infant mortality rates among non-breast-fed babies, even in the absence of any beneficial effect of breast-feeding. The association between birth weight and breast-feeding and the magnitude of the confounding effect is illustrated using data from a longitudinal study of infant mortality in Pelotas, Southern Brazil, and also using published results from other studies. It is concluded that studies designed or analyzed to relate breast-feeding to infant mortality should take the confounding effect of birth weight into account to avoid overestimating the beneficial effects of human milk. PMID- 3763278 TI - Preventing injuries to children through compulsory automobile safety seat use. AB - Effects of Michigan's law requiring all young children to be restrained when traveling in automobiles were assessed. Data on all reported residents of the state who were involved in crashes from 1978 through 1983 were examined using times-series analysis methods. Reported restraint use among injured children younger than 4 years of age involved in crashes increased from 12% before to 51% after the law was implemented. More importantly, a 25% decrease in the number of children younger than 4 years injured in crashes was associated with the law. A reduction of this magnitude was repeatedly found, whether analyzing the raw frequency of children injured, the rate of injured children per crashed vehicle, the rate of injured children per vehicle mile traveled, or the proportion of all injured occupants accounted for by young children. The substantial increase in restraint use and decrease in number of children injured appear to be direct results of the law, because similar changes did not occur among any of the comparison age groups. The 25% reduction in the number of young children injured means that an estimated 522 children per year are protected from injury because of Michigan's compulsory child restraint law. PMID- 3763279 TI - Varicella vaccine: a point of decision. PMID- 3763280 TI - Hematospermia in adolescents and young adults. PMID- 3763281 TI - Child-to-child transmission of gonorrhea: report of asymptomatic genital infection in a boy. PMID- 3763282 TI - Suctioning meconium from the trachea: a new solution to an old problem. PMID- 3763283 TI - Neurologic/behavioral syndrome associated with ingestion of chloride-deficient infant formula. PMID- 3763284 TI - Changing spectrum of serious child abuse. PMID- 3763285 TI - Child abuse. PMID- 3763286 TI - Substance abuse by teenagers. PMID- 3763288 TI - Girls on boys' teams. PMID- 3763287 TI - Colchicine therapy in sarcoid arthropathy. PMID- 3763289 TI - Varicella vaccine--where are we? PMID- 3763290 TI - Population-based studies of varicella complications. AB - Population-based data on varicella complications are presented using information both from national sample surveys of hospitalizations and physician office visits and from reviews of medical records for all cases occurring within one community (Olmsted County, Minnesota) during a specified period. Acute cerebellar ataxia is the most common neurologic complication of varicella and occurs about once in 4,000 varicella cases among children younger than 15 years of age. Among adults, varicella pneumonia is the most common complication and results in hospitalization about once in every 400 varicella cases. Overall, varicella accounts for approximately 4,000 hospitalizations and 364,000 physician office visits annually in the United States and represents an important continuing source of childhood and adult morbidity. PMID- 3763291 TI - Combination measles, mumps, rubella and varicella vaccine. AB - A comparative clinical trial was conducted in 15- to 17-month-old healthy children to compare an investigational combination measles, mumps, rubella, varicella (MMRV) vaccine v standard measles, mumps, rubella vaccine followed 6 weeks later with the varicella (MMR + V) vaccine. Both the MMRV and MMR + V vaccine schedules stimulated virtually 100% seroconversion for all component viruses. Mean antibody titers were similar for each virus component in the two vaccine groups. Clinical reactivity postimmunization was also similar with 25% to 29% morbilliform rashes, 12% to 25% mild papulovesicular (varicella) rashes, and 12.5% to 18% temperature elevations above 38.3 degrees C (101 degrees F). Antibodies to measles, mumps, and rubella viruses were persistent at 1 year of follow-up in both groups. Varicella antibody was persistent in 8/10 originally seronegative MMRV vaccinees and 5/5 MMR + V vaccine recipients tested. One MMRV vaccine recipient had a household exposure to chickenpox during the year postvaccination that resulted in a subclinical boost in varicella antibody titer. Two children in the MMR + V vaccine group had close varicella exposures; mild varicella (20 lesions) developed in one. There were no known exposures to natural measles, mumps, or rubella. Three of four MMRV vaccinees with low titer antibody to varicella prior to immunization had greater than fourfold increases in antibodies after vaccination. The combination MMRV vaccine is an immunogenic, safe, and cost-effective approach to varicella immunization of healthy children. Continued work is needed to select the appropriate dose of varicella component, to assure higher persistence rate of varicella antibody. PMID- 3763292 TI - Severe injury and death associated with home infant cardiorespiratory monitors. AB - Five cases of electrical injury to young children caused by misuse of components of home cardiorespiratory monitors are reported. The injuries, which included one electrocution, occurred when partially or completely disconnected electrode wires were inserted, by an older monitored child or preschool-aged sibling, into a live power cord or an uncovered wall outlet. Anticipatory guidance of home monitor users should emphasize potential electrical injuries and appropriate injury control behaviors. PMID- 3763293 TI - Cardiorespiratory function in 16 full-term infants with sudden infant death syndrome. AB - Twenty-four-hour tape recordings of ECG and breathing movements from 16 term infants (greater than or equal to 37 weeks' gestation) who subsequently died of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) were compared with recordings from surviving infants from the same populations. Apneic pauses of varying durations, periodic and regular breathing patterns, heart and respiratory rates during regular breathing were measured. Only one of 16 full-term infants with SIDS had findings outside the range of age-matched control infants (an excess of periodic breathing patterns and an absence of regular breathing). When the first recordings of each of infants who died of SIDS, except one who had cyanotic episodes prior to death, were compared to recordings of survivors (six for each case) closely matched for age, gestation, and weight at birth, no differences in breathing patterns or heart or respiratory rates during regular breathing could be demonstrated. These particular measurements of cardiorespiratory function were, therefore, unable to identify the majority of full-term infants at risk for SIDS. PMID- 3763294 TI - Extremity injuries in children: predictive value of clinical findings. AB - This study sought to identify clinical predictors of extremity fracture in children with trauma. There were 189 children 1 to 15 years of age with 209 extremity injuries seen during a 9-month period. Gross deformity and point tenderness were the best predictors of upper extremity fracture; these two findings correctly identified 81% of children with fractures and 82% of these without fractures. Gross deformity and pain on motion best predicted lower extremity fracture, with 97% of children with fractures correctly identified. The study showed that physical examination is predictive of fractures in extremity injuries of children, regardless of age. In the absence of the specific physical findings identified by the study, the probability of diagnosing a fracture by roentgenographic findings is low. PMID- 3763295 TI - Emergency medical services and the pediatric patient: are the needs being met? II. Training and equipping emergency medical services providers for pediatric emergencies. AB - Emergency medical services have been organized to meet the needs of adult patients. A study was undertaken to determine the training in pediatrics offered to paramedics and emergency medical technicians throughout the United States and the equipment carried by prehospital care provider agencies. Most training (50%) takes place at colleges and universities and the remainder at hospitals and emergency medical services agencies. Many programs (40%) have less than ten hours of didactic training in pediatrics and 41% offer ten hours or less of clinical experience. Some programs offer no training in pediatric emergency medicine. The most common deficiencies in pediatric equipment included backboards, pediatric drugs, resuscitation masks, and small intravenous catheters. More attention to training and equipping prehospital personnel for pediatric emergencies may help to improve outcomes of out-of-hospital resuscitations of infants and children. PMID- 3763296 TI - Normal serum bilirubin levels in the newborn and the effect of breast-feeding. AB - We measured the serum bilirubin concentrations in 2,416 consecutive infants admitted to our well-baby nursery. The maximum serum bilirubin concentration exceeded 12.9 mg/dL (221 mumol/L) in 147 infants (6.1%), and these infants were compared with 147 randomly selected control infants with maximum serum bilirubin levels less than or equal to 12.9 mg/dL. In 66 infants (44.9%), we identified an apparent cause for the jaundice, but in 81 (55%), no cause was found. Of infants for whom no cause for hyperbilirubinemia was found, 82.7% were breast-fed v 46.9% in the control group (P less than .0001). Breast-feeding was significantly associated with hyperbilirubinemia, even in the first three days of life. The 95th percentile for bottle-fed infants is a serum bilirubin level of 11.4 mg/dL v 14.5 mg/dL for the breast-fed population, and the 97th percentiles are 12.4 and 14.8 mg/dL, respectively. Of the formula-fed infants, 2.24% had serum bilirubin levels greater than 12.9 mg/dL v 8.97% of breast-fed infants (P less than .000001). When compared with previous large studies, the incidence of "readily visible" jaundice (serum bilirubin level greater than 8 mg/dL) appears to be increasing. The dramatic increase in breast-feeding in the United States in the last 25 years may explain this observation. There is a strong association between breast-feeding and jaundice in the healthy newborn infant. Investigations for the cause of hyperbilirubinemia in healthy breast-fed infants may not be indicated unless the serum bilirubin level exceeds approximately 15 mg/dL, whereas in the bottle-fed infant, such investigations may be indicated if the serum bilirubin exceeds approximately 12 mg/dL.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3763297 TI - Pulse oximetry advantages in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. AB - We studied 12 infants with a clinical and radiologic diagnosis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia who were oxygen dependent and older than 30 days. Simultaneous readings of hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SaO2) determined by two pulse oximeters (Nellcor 100, BTI Biox III) and transcutaneous (tc) PO2 (Sensor Medics, Transend) were correlated with SaO2 (Radiometer, OSM 2 Hemoximeter) and PaO2 (Corning 178) measured on blood from an indwelling arterial catheter. For each infant, the fractional inspiratory oxygen (FiO2) was adjusted to obtain three to five sets of data in the range of 70% to 95% SaO2. Fifty-three data points were generated and pooled for analysis. The slope of the regression line generated for the Nellcor 100 was .86; for the BTI Biox III, it was .91; and for the Sensor Medics Transend, it was .55, resulting in average errors of +2.5%, +1.0%, and -29%, respectively, when comparing corresponding transcutaneous and arterial values. When SaO2 was equal to or less than 95%, no infants were hyperoxic. These data confirm reports by others that tcPO2 values do not accurately represent PaO2 values in older infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pulse oximeters do not require user calibration, and their sensor is unheated so they will not cause skin burns. We conclude that pulse oximetry offers major advantages over tcPO2 measurements in the management of infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. PMID- 3763298 TI - State reporting of live births of newborns weighing less than 500 grams: impact on neonatal mortality rates. AB - The National Center for Health Statistics reports that in 1983 65% of all infant deaths in the United States occurred in the neonatal period. Of these reported neonatal deaths, 17% were of infants weighing less than 500 g at birth. There was, however, variation in state-reported incidence of live births of newborns in this weight cohort (0.2 to 2.2 per 1,000 live births). The states with the lowest neonatal mortality rate have the lowest incidence of birth weights less than 500 g (rho = .77). If it is assumed that mortality for this weight category is nearly 100%, there is marked variation (5% to 32%) in the contribution of this weight cohort to a state's total neonatal mortality rate. Contributing to this variation may be definitions of live birth used by states. The World Health Organization defines a live birth as the product of conception showing signs of life "irrespective of the duration of pregnancy" and this definition is used by 33 states. Only one state (Ohio) includes the gestational criteria of "at least 20 weeks" in its definition of live birth. There is evidence to suggest that definitions are not uniformly used within individual states. For example, in 1983, 20 states did not report any live births with weights less than 500 g among their "other" populations of nonwhite, nonblack residents. Half of these states, however, use the World Health Organization definition of live birth. Despite the exclusionary wording in Ohio's definition of liver birth, 16% of newborns who died in that state had birth weights less than 500 g.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3763299 TI - Self-regulation of stimulation by premature infants. AB - Premature babies are capable of seeking contact with a source of rhythmic stimulation that reflects their own breathing rhythm. Optional stimulation, in the form of a "breathing" stuffed bear, was made available to premature infants, 32 to 35 weeks' gestational age. The bear's breathing rate was matched to that of each individual infant during quiet sleep. Other infants were exposed to a bear that did not breathe, and some infants were not exposed to a bear. All infants were monitored continuously using time-lapse video. After 2 to 3 weeks' exposure, those infants with a breathing bear showed significantly more contact with their head, body, or limbs than either of the control groups (for the no-bear group, contact with the area that would have been occupied by the bear was determined to describe the contact that might have been expected by chance). In addition, the infants given the opportunity to self-regulate their stimulation showed greater amounts of quiet sleep than the other two groups. PMID- 3763300 TI - Minoxidil for control of acute blood pressure elevation in chronically hypertensive children. AB - Twenty-three episodes of acute elevation of BP related to renal disease in 13 chronically hypertensive children 2 to 18 years of age were treated with a single oral dose of minoxidil. All except one patient were receiving a diuretic and all but one a beta-blocking agent at the time of minoxidil treatment. The goal of lowering BP to or below the 95th percentile for age within four hours of minoxidil administration was achieved in 14 of 23 treatment episodes. The goal was achieved in nine of 11 (82%) when the dose of minoxidil was greater than or equal to 0.2 mg/kg and in five of 12 (42%) when the dose was less than 0.2 mg/kg (P less than .05). In patients treated with greater than or equal to 0.2 mg/kg of minoxidil, mean systolic and diastolic BP decreased significantly from pretreatment values within one hour. In patients receiving less than 0.2 mg/kg, mean systolic BP was never significantly reduced and mean diastolic BP did not change significantly for two hours. Adverse effects were minimal. The results indicate that minoxidil in a dose of 0.2 mg/kg in combination with a diuretic and beta-blocking agent will lower BP to safe levels in most patients with severe hypertension related to renal disease within four hours with minimal side effects. PMID- 3763301 TI - Serum, retinal, choroidal vitreal vitamin E concentrations in human infants. AB - Vitamin E is being used as an antioxidant in preterm neonates in an attempt to decrease the severity of retinopathy of prematurity. However, its efficacy may depend on many factors, a major one being its concentration in the retina. There is very little information available on the alpha-tocopherol levels in the human eye tissue. The present study was carried out to determine the total alpha tocopherol levels in the retina, choroid, and vitreous and to compare the retinal levels with the serum levels obtained at the time of death. Thirteen whole eye donations were available during the past 22 months for the study. The data from this small number of cases showed that retinal levels of alpha-tocopherol were higher than choroidal and vitreal levels; higher serum levels were associated with higher retinal levels; and both serum and retinal alpha-tocopherol levels were lower in the unsupplemented (group A) infants. Further studies on pharmacokinetics of vitamin E in human newborns and its distribution are needed. PMID- 3763302 TI - Factors related to the age of attainment of nocturnal bladder control: an 8-year longitudinal study. AB - The age of attainment of nocturnal bladder control was studied in a birth cohort of New Zealand children. By 8 years of age, but all 3.3% of children had attained such control, but because some children had relapsed subsequent to the attainment of control, 7.4% of children had nocturnal enuresis. It was estimated that from 5 years of age onward between one half to two thirds of children experiencing nocturnal enuresis did so as a result of failure to attain nocturnal control and the remaining children had secondary or onset enuresis. Factors predictive of the age of attainment of nocturnal bladder control were a family history of enuresis, the child's developmental level at 1 and 3 years of age, and the child's early sleeping patterns. The age of attainment of bladder control was unrelated to a broad range of psychosocial factors including family social and economic background, family life-event measures, changes in parents in the family, and residential changes. These results favor the view that the etiology of primary enuresis is mainly biologic and that psychosocial factors play little role in this aspect of bed-wetting. PMID- 3763303 TI - Anterior fontanel: size and closure in term and preterm infants. AB - Size and closure of the anterior fontanel from birth to 24 months of age and their relationships to growth parameters, bone age, and gestational age are reported in 111 term and 128 preterm infants. Great variability of both fontanel size and age when fontanel closed was observed. There were no significant differences in size and age at closure of the anterior fontanel between term and preterm infants or between the sexes. At ages beyond term, fontanel size was negatively correlated with weight and length; however, only a few correlations reached statistical significance. No significant relationships were noted between anterior fontanel size and head circumference or bone age. Age at closure of the anterior fontanel was also not significantly related to any of the growth parameters or bone age. PMID- 3763304 TI - Lactational capacity of marginally nourished mothers: relationships between maternal nutritional status and quantity and proximate composition of milk. AB - Longitudinal studies of the nutritional status of 60 lactating Bangladeshi mothers from an underprivileged, periurban community and of the quantity and composition of their milk were completed to determine the relationships between maternal nutritional status and lactational capacity. Daily milk production was estimated by 24-hour test-weighing; the nitrogen, fat, lactose, and total energy concentrations of extracted milk samples were analyzed at various stages of lactation to estimate total milk nutrient production. Although the mothers were poorly nourished compared with international reference populations, their lactational capacity was not severely impaired. Average milk production peaked at 750 g/d when the infants were between 5 and 7 months of age. Nitrogen and fat concentrations declined with (log) infant age; lactose concentration increased with (log) infant age (P less than .001). Average concentrations of milk nutrients when the infants were 3 months of age were: nitrogen, 0.161 g/dL; fat, 2.804 g/dL; lactose, 7.92 g/dL; energy, 61.0 kcal/dL. Fat and energy concentrations were significantly greater, and fat and energy amounts tended to be greater, for mothers with larger triceps skinfold thickness or arm circumference. Changes in nutritional status within individual women were also significantly related to the amount and composition of their milk: within-woman increases in triceps skinfold thickness were associated with increases in fat and energy concentrations (P less than .01) and within-woman increases in body weight were associated with increases in the amounts of milk and all major nutrients (P less than .01). Milk production declined significantly during certain months of the year, just before the major harvest period. The findings suggest that, despite their remarkably good lactational capacity, the mothers' milk production was limited to some extent by their nutritional status and may, therefore, be further increased with nutritional improvement. PMID- 3763305 TI - Lactational capacity of marginally nourished mothers: infants' milk nutrient consumption and patterns of growth. AB - The consumption of human milk by 58 Bangladeshi infants of marginally nourished mothers was measured during longitudinal studies. Daily milk consumption, as estimated by test weighing, and intakes of energy and protein, as calculated from the measured concentrations of macronutrients in the milk, were related to infant body weight, to internationally recommended intakes of these nutrients, and to the infants' patterns of physical growth. Each of the milk variables, when related to infant body weight, declined significantly with increasing (log) infant age (P less than .001). The average consumption of energy and protein was less than current recommendations at all ages. Nevertheless, the average growth of the Bangladeshi infants approximated the fifth centile of the US National Center for Health Statistics during the first 4 months of life. By the fourth month, however, the weight increments of more than half the infants (79%) were less than the reference data. The intakes of energy and protein by individual infants less than 90 days of age were related to their patterns of growth. There were significant positive relationships between the change in Z score weight-for age and weight-for-length and the consumption of breast milk energy (kilocalories per kilogram of body weight per day) and protein (grams per kilogram per day). Consumptions of 86.5 kcal/kg/d and protein 1.48 g/kg/d were associated with a nonchanging Z score weight-for-age. Thus, intake of these amounts of nutrients permitted weight gain comparable to the reference population but did not permit recovery from the existing relative weight deficits. PMID- 3763306 TI - The compelling case for seat belts on school buses. AB - The ability of seat belts to reduce injuries and fatalities in vehicular accidents has been established beyond question. Nevertheless, most school buses are not equipped with seat belts. The available evidence shows that seat belts would provide added safety for our children in school buses, just as they do in the family car. Moreover, the use of seat belts on school buses would foster a lifelong habit of seat belt use. By exerting their considerable influence in the community, physicians can contribute a great deal to the nationwide campaign to require the use of seat belts on school buses. If this campaign is successful, not only will our children ride their school buses in greater safety, but a whole generation of young Americans will learn a habit that is known to reduce drastically the number of tragic highway injuries and deaths. PMID- 3763307 TI - Pediatric head injury resulting from all-terrain vehicle accidents. AB - In our experience, accidents involving all-terrain vehicles are an increasingly frequent cause of brain injury in children. The risk associated with operation of these vehicles is not fully appreciated and should be better publicized. We believe that it is possible to delineate several steps that could significantly reduce the risk to the pediatric population without curtailing the recreation altogether. Although construction design has promised to produce safer vehicles, our experience has shown that extreme injury is still possible with the newer four-wheel machine. PMID- 3763309 TI - Pediatric team physicians. PMID- 3763308 TI - Steroid therapy as treatment for idiopathic fibrosis of the retroperitoneum and mediastinum. PMID- 3763310 TI - American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Hospital Care: Guidelines for Air and Ground Transportation of Pediatric Patients. PMID- 3763311 TI - Circumcision debate. PMID- 3763312 TI - Interaction of dietary pudding with phenytoin. PMID- 3763313 TI - Cranial bruising and intraventricular hemorrhage. PMID- 3763314 TI - Aspiration of pacifiers. PMID- 3763315 TI - Dyslipoproteinemia and migraine. PMID- 3763316 TI - Statistics and sudden infant death syndrome. PMID- 3763317 TI - Report of the Task Force on Diagnosis and Management of Meningitis. PMID- 3763318 TI - [The status of central hemodynamics in the sleep-wake cycle in full-term newborn infants]. PMID- 3763319 TI - [Regional cerebral and systemic disorders of hemodynamics in hypoxic brain damage in full-term newborn infants]. PMID- 3763320 TI - [Leptomeningeal (subarachnoid and subpial) hemorrhages and their thanatogenetic significance]. PMID- 3763321 TI - [Blood coagulation disorders and their correction in newborn infants with acute and chronic hypoxia]. PMID- 3763322 TI - [Effect of cordiamin on the indicators of blood circulation in newborn infants with asphyxia]. PMID- 3763323 TI - [Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency]. PMID- 3763325 TI - [Various problems of the diagnosis and therapy of congenital herpetic infection in newborn infants]. PMID- 3763324 TI - [Characteristics of the activation of oxygen-dependent metabolism of neutrophils by lymphokines in newborn infants with acute respiratory diseases (ARD) and pneumonia]. PMID- 3763326 TI - [Morphology of infection in newborn infants caused by various opportunistic gram negative bacteria]. PMID- 3763327 TI - [Use of glucose-saline solutions for oral rehydration of newborn infants in tropical climates]. PMID- 3763328 TI - [Current course and outcome of meningococcal infections in children under 1 year of age]. PMID- 3763329 TI - [Status of cerebral and general hemodynamics in children with headaches in primary arterial hypertension]. PMID- 3763330 TI - [Side effects of metoclopramide (reglan, cerukal) on the nervous system]. PMID- 3763331 TI - [System of participation of pediatric ophthalmologists in general mass screening of children]. PMID- 3763332 TI - [Problem of acute diseases of the respiratory organs in children]. PMID- 3763333 TI - [Hereditary thrombocytopathies in children]. PMID- 3763335 TI - [Experience with the organization of rehabilitation and convalescence groups at a local preschool sanatorium for frequently ill children]. PMID- 3763334 TI - [Catecholamines and their methoxymetabolites in the diurnal urine of healthy newborn infants]. PMID- 3763336 TI - [Value of organizing mother-child wards for the treatment of orthopedic anomalies]. PMID- 3763337 TI - [Systemic lupus erythematosus in children: problems of early and differential diagnosis]. PMID- 3763338 TI - [Infectious endocarditis in an infant]. PMID- 3763339 TI - [Topical diagnosis of total abnormal drainage of the pulmonary veins]. PMID- 3763340 TI - [Lipid spectrum of erythrocyte membranes in newborn infants with intrauterine hypotrophy]. PMID- 3763341 TI - [Characteristics of the rheological properties of erythrocytes in children born with asphyxia]. PMID- 3763342 TI - [Pathogenetic basis of differentiated therapy of chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children]. PMID- 3763343 TI - [Means of improving methods of preventing hereditary diseases in children and child care]. PMID- 3763344 TI - [Clinical forms of lymphosarcoma in children]. PMID- 3763345 TI - [Disorders of tyrosine metabolism in children with tumors]. PMID- 3763346 TI - [Various problems of the treatment of retinoblastoma in children]. PMID- 3763347 TI - [Clinical characteristics of various forms of lesions of the biliary tract in children]. PMID- 3763348 TI - [Characteristics of the clinical course and treatment of diabetes mellitus in the puberal period]. PMID- 3763349 TI - [Use of aromatic volatile biologically active substances of plant origin in children's preschool institutions for the prevention of respiratory diseases]. PMID- 3763350 TI - [Psychotherapeutic aspects of the rehabilitation of children with chronic diseases of the digestive system]. PMID- 3763351 TI - [Acute metabolic disorders in newborn infants in the adaptation period and their correction]. PMID- 3763352 TI - [Problem of myocardiodystrophies in children]. PMID- 3763353 TI - [Clinical picture of familial hypercholesterolemia and ischemic heart disease in childhood]. PMID- 3763354 TI - [Congenital chloride diarrhea]. PMID- 3763355 TI - [Autoimmune hemolytic anemia in young children]. PMID- 3763356 TI - [Hematological criteria of the reactivity of children of health group I in the system of general mass screening]. PMID- 3763357 TI - Does perceptual adaptation to telestereoscopically enhanced depth depend on the recalibration of binocular disparity? PMID- 3763358 TI - A caution regarding use of the hint procedure to determine whether partial stimulus information activates responses. PMID- 3763359 TI - Temporal discrimination of visual stimuli in pigeons. PMID- 3763360 TI - Inferences about eye movement control from the perceptual span in reading. PMID- 3763362 TI - Hierarchical organization of temporal patterns. PMID- 3763361 TI - Why unbiased numerical magnitude judgments of the loudness of noise are linear in decibels: a rejoinder to the Teghtsoonians. PMID- 3763363 TI - Decision factors affecting line orientation judgments in the method of single stimuli. PMID- 3763364 TI - The effect of viewing position on the perceived layout of space. PMID- 3763365 TI - On the detection of letters within redundant arrays. PMID- 3763366 TI - Inclusion complexation of warfarin with cyclodextrins to improve some pharmaceutical characteristics. AB - Inclusion complexation of warfarin and alpha- or beta-cyclodextrins in water and in the solid phase were studied by a solubility method, a membrane permeation study, thin-layer chromatography, a dissolution study, IR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The solubility of warfarin increased with the addition of cyclodextrins. The apparent stability constants of the alpha- and beta-cyclodextrin complexes are 10.29 M-1 and 148.88 M-1, respectively. The greater the stability constant of the inclusion complex the lesser the permeability of warfarin. Solid complexes of warfarin and alpha- or beta cyclodextrins were obtained by freeze-drying. Clear differences in IR absorption spectra and DSC thermograms were observed between the inclusion complexes and physical mixtures. The dissolution rate of the freeze-dried warfarin-cyclodextrin complexes was increased about 1200-fold and 550-fold for alpha- and beta cyclodextrins, respectively. The dissolution rate of warfarin was significantly improved by complex formation. PMID- 3763367 TI - Specimen handling in an HPLC determination of phenylbutazone and its major metabolites in plasma, avoiding degradation of the compounds. AB - A problem usually not taken into account when a quantitative HPLC method for phenylbutazone is developed is the degradation of this drug and its metabolites not only upon storage, but also on extraction under acidic conditions, especially when the temperature is raised. Moreover, the degradation products in the chromatograms may interfere with the determination of gammahydroxyphenylbutazone. In our newly developed HPLC method, using feprazone as an internal standard, extreme care is taken to avoid degradation of the compounds during the extraction procedure. In view of the present results it is concluded that previously published data on phenylbutazone, oxyphenbutazone and gammahydroxyphenylbutazone levels should be considered with reserve. PMID- 3763368 TI - Colorimetric determination of thioxanthenes with tetracyanoethylene. AB - A simple and rapid colorimetric method for the quantitative determination of the thioxanthene derivatives, chlorprothixene, tiotixene and metixene has been performed either in their pure form or in tablets. The procedure is based upon the formation of charge transfer complexes with the pi-acceptor tetracyanoethylene. The spectra of the complex show maxima at 415, 410 and 390 nm with a high apparent molar absorptivity which facilitates the determination of 5 100 micrograms X ml-1 of the studied compounds. The mean recoveries are 100.1 +/- 1.4%, 99.8 +/- 0.8% and 100.2 +/- 1.1% for chlorprothixene, tiotixene and metixene, respectively. This procedure is applied to determine these drugs in certain formulations and the results compare favourably to compendial methods. PMID- 3763369 TI - Bioavailability of paracetamol after oral administration to healthy volunteers. Influence of caffeine on rate and extent of absorption. AB - The absorption rate and the bioavailability of two commercially available paracetamol tablets were investigated in a panel of seven volunteers; one of these tablets contained a combination of 50 mg caffeine and paracetamol. Considering the urinary excretion data, it is concluded that the tablets release their contents completely; the absolute bioavailability, however, calculated from plasma concentrations, is lower than 100%, indicating a first-pass effect. A marked interindividual variation in first-pass effect was noticed. No general influence of caffeine on the extent of absorption of paracetamol could be established; there is, however, a slightly positive influence of caffeine on the absorption rate of paracetamol in six out of seven volunteers. It was concluded that this positive influence on absorption rate is not responsible for the established enhancement of paracetamol analgesia by caffeine. PMID- 3763370 TI - Intra- and inter-nephron heterogeneity of ammoniagenesis in rats: effects of chronic metabolic acidosis and potassium depletion. AB - In order to determine intra- and inter-nephron heterogeneity of ammoniagenesis, ammoniagenic activity in microdissected nephron segments of control, acidotic and potassium (K)-depleted rats was examined. Intranephron distribution of ammoniagenic activity in control rats revealed the highest amount at the second segment of the proximal tubule (S2). Chronic metabolic acidosis induced ammoniagenesis markedly at the first segment of the proximal tubule (S1) by 235% and the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop by 198% and moderately at the S2 by 49%. K-depletion increased ammonia production significantly in the S1 by 298% and the S2 by 107%, which is a pattern quite similar to the result of chronic metabolic acidosis. Ammonia production in K-depletion was also increased in the cortical and medullary collecting tubule by 71% and 102%, respectively, probably due to increases in protein amounts (41% and 158%, respectively) there. To evaluate inter-nephron heterogeneity of ammoniagenesis, ammonia formation from glutamine in the S1 of superficial (SF) and juxtamedullary (JM) nephrons was examined. Although there was no difference in ammonia production between SF-S1 and JM-S1 in control rats, ammonia production in SF-S1 was significantly higher than that in JM-S1 in both metabolic acidosis and K-depletion. From these studies, we conclude: The increase of ammonia production in the proximal tubule was quite similar in both acidosis and K-depletion, suggesting that the main trigger of ammoniagenesis in both conditions might be a reduction of intracellular pH. SF-S1 was the nephron most reactive to acidosis and K depletion. JM nephrons could be considered to be important not for ammonia production but for ammonia secretion. PMID- 3763371 TI - Effects of ouabain and temperature on cell membrane potentials in isolated perfused straight proximal tubules of the mouse kidney. AB - In isolated perfused segments of the mouse proximal tubule, the potential difference across the basolateral cell membrane (PDbl) was determined with conventional microelectrodes. Under control conditions with symmetrical solutions it amounted to -62 +/- 1 mV (n = 118). The potential difference across the epithelium (PDte) was -1.7 +/- 0.1 mV (n = 45). Transepithelial resistance amounted to 1.82 +/- 0.09 k omega cm (n = 28), corresponding to 11.4 +/- 0.6 omega cm2. Increasing bath potassium concentration from 5 to 20 mmol/l depolarized PDbl by +24 +/- 1 mV (n = 103), and PDte by +1.6 +/- 0.1 mV (n = 19). Thus, the basolateral cell membrane is preferably conductive to potassium. Rapid cooling of the bath perfusate from 38 degrees C to 10 degrees C led to a transient hyperpolarization of PDbl from -60 +/- 1 to -65 +/- 1 mV (n = 21) within 40 s followed by gradual depolarization by +18 +/- 1% (n = 14) within 5 min. The transepithelial resistance increased significantly from 1.78 +/- 0.11 k omega cm to 2.20 +/- 0.21 k omega cm (n = 15). Rapid rewarming of the bath to 38 degrees C caused a depolarization from -61 +/- 2 mV (n = 17) to -43 +/- 2 mV (n = 16) within 15 s followed by a repolarization to -59 +/- 2 mV (n = 10) within 40 s. Ouabain invariably depolarized PDbl. During both, sustained cooling or application of ouabain, the sensitivity of PDbl to bath potassium concentration decreased in parallel to PDbl pointing to a gradual decrease of potassium conductance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3763372 TI - Effects of botulinum toxin induced muscle paralysis on endocytosis and lysosomal enzyme activities in mouse skeletal muscle. AB - The effects of botulinum toxin (type A) induced muscle paralysis on endocytosis and lysosomal enzyme activities in skeletal muscle were compared with the effects of surgical denervation. Muscle atrophy, measured as decrease in total muscle protein content, was as large or larger after botulinum toxin treatment as after denervation. Endocytic activity, measured as the in vitro uptake of horseradish peroxidase, and the specific activities of the lysosomal enzymes N-acetyl-beta-D glucosaminidase and cathepsin D were all increased six days after denervation. Only the specific activity of cathepsin D was increased six days after botulinum toxin poisoning. The uptake of horseradish peroxidase and the specific activity of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase were also increased eleven days after poisoning. Transverse sections of eleven days botulinum poisoned muscles from animals injected with horseradish peroxidase showed fibres with dense peroxidase staining similar to those seen in denervated muscle although they seemed to occur less frequently. The results show that increases in endocytic activity and lysosomal enzyme activities may occur in skeletal muscle without the presence of degenerating axons. The differences in effects of surgical denervation and botulinum toxin induced paralysis are discussed in terms of what is known about the mechanism of action of botulinum toxin and the possible functional roles of the two lysosomal enzymes studied. PMID- 3763373 TI - Effects of various transport inhibitors on oscillating TGF pressure responses in the rat. AB - The present study examines the effect in free flow microperfusion experiments of various diuretics with different sites of action on an oscillating tubular pressure response to changes in Henle loop flow rate. Amiloride (1 mM) and bendroflumethiazide (0.1 mM) had no effect outside the stimulation caused by the solvent (Ringer solution). Acetazolamide (0.5 mM) stimulated a slow (30 mHz) oscillation and often activated a fast (130-190 mHz) rhythm. Furosemide (FUR) (0.1-2.0 mM) abolished the slow oscillation and caused the intratubular pressure to rise by 2-3 mm Hg. FUR (0.05 mM) caused partial inhibition of the slow rhythm, which usually became irregular. Bumetanide (BUM) (0.05 mM) elicited a biphasic response. Initially the pressure decreased, while the slow rhythm was amplified; then the fast oscillation was activated; after 4-6 min the oscillations disappeared, while the pressure increased. In the recovery period the oscillations often became irregular. The results confirm that the oscillating pressure response is mediated by a transport function of the macula densa (MD); and, thus, has the character of a tubulo-glomerular feedback (TGF) response. The data suggest 1. that BUM inhibition of NaCl co-transport in the cortical thick ascending limb of Henle (TAL) is delayed as compared to the medullary TAL; and 2. that FUR action at the MD interferes with more than one carrier mechanism. Partial inhibition gives rise to irregular oscillations. PMID- 3763374 TI - Influence of glucose absorption on ion activities in cells and submucosal space in goldfish intestine. AB - Mucosal glucose addition evokes in goldfish intestinal epithelium a fast depolarization of the mucosal membrane potential (delta psi mc = 12 mV) followed by a slower repolarization (delta psi mc = -7 mV). The intracellular sodium activity, aiNa+, rises from 13.2 +/- 2.4 meq/l by 6.7 +/- 0.5 meq/l within 5 min, aiCl- rises about 3 meq/l above the control value of 37.7 +/- 2.2 meq/l, while aiK is constant (97.7 +/- 7.4 meq/l). The potassium activity measured in the submucosal interstitium near the basal side of the cells (asK+) is 5.2 +/- 0.2 meq/l in non-absorbing tissue compared to 4.2 meq/l in the bathing solution and shows a transient increase due to glucose absorption (1.1 +/- 0.1 meq/l). In chloride-free media asK+ = 4.2 +/- 0.1 meq/l and psi mc hyperpolarizes by -13 mV. The depolarization due to glucose absorption increases (delta psi mc = 14.1 +/- 1.4) and the repolarization (delta psi repolmc) disappears. In addition, aiNa+ rises from 16.3 +/- 2.4 meq/l by 9.9 +/- 1.5 meq/l within 5 min, aiK+ remains constant and equal to the value in chloride containing solutions (88.5 +/- 2.8 meq/l); asK+ increases transiently (1.1 +/- 0.1 meq/l). Serosal Ba2+ (5 mM) depolarizes psi mc (+14.2 +/- 1.0 mV) and abolishes the repolarization. Increased serosal or mucosal potassium activity depolarizes psi mc and abolishes the repolarization. These effects are discussed in terms of changes of ion activities, the basolateral potassium conductance, the influence of intracellular Ca2+, the functional state of the Na/K-pump, and modulation of membrane permeabilities by extracellular potassium. PMID- 3763375 TI - The effect of acetylstrophanthidin on the responsiveness of left atrial type B receptors to saline infusion and veratrine injection in anaesthetized cats. AB - In order to investigate whether the cardiac glycoside, acetylstrophanthidin, influenced the sensitivity of atrial receptors to saline infusion and veratrine injection, experiments were performed on anaesthetized, artificially ventilated and thoracotomised cats. The following was found: Intravenous injection of acetylstrophanthidin did not change the basal activity or the stimulus-response relationship of left atrial type B receptors. Before acetylstrophanthidin, administration of small doses of veratrine (10-20 micrograms/kg) produced either a mild stimulation or no stimulation of these receptors. After acetylstrophanthidin, injections of veratrine (10-20 micrograms/kg) produced a marked/sustained stimulation of all the type B receptors investigated; in the case of a few units, even subthreshold doses of veratrine produced significant stimulation. The data indicate that acetylstrophanthidin does not sensitize the type B atrial receptors to their natural stimulus; however, it increases their sensitivity to drugs probably by enhancing the drug-induced depolarisation caused by blocking the sodium pump. PMID- 3763376 TI - Mathematical analysis of tissue PO2 distribution in the cat carotid body. AB - The PO2 histogram of the carotid body tissue was calculated on the basis of a microscopical serial reconstruction, published physiological data, and a mathematical model. The calculation was made for glomoid as the subunit of the carotid body and the total organ by varying the following parameters: arterial PO2, oxygen consumption, hematocrit, diameter of the vessels, perfusion pressure, and capillary length. The results provide explanations for differences in the literature about the tissue PO2 distribution in the cat carotid body. Differences in the capillary length of the carotid bodies seem to be the main reason for different PO2 histograms. Furthermore, it is shown that the local flow velocities in the carotid body are in the range of local flow velocities known from other organs. PMID- 3763377 TI - The effects of hypoxia on the metabolic and cardiorespiratory responses to shivering produced by external and central cooling in the pigeon. AB - Respiratory, cardiovascular and blood gas responses of pigeons to spinal cord cooling (36 +/- 1 degrees C), to ambient cooling (Ta = 5 degrees C) and to simultaneous spinal cord and ambient cooling were measured at three different levels of fractional inspired oxygen concentration (FIO2 = 0.209, 0.10 and 0.07). Shivering and the 'extra' VO2 provoked by ambient and/or spinal cord cooling were more or less reduced during hypoxic exposure depending on the intensity of cold stress and hypoxic states. At FIO2 = 0.10 shivering was markedly reduced and sometimes inhibited, whereas at FIO2 = 0.07 any pattern of cold tremor was inhibited. The accompanying cardiorespiratory responses were similar to those of thermoneutral controls exposed to the same FIO2. The amount by which VO2 was reduced in the pigeons exposed to hypoxia during ambient and/or spinal cord cooling was correlated, at both levels of hypoxia, to the thermoregulatory VO2 (viz. the 'extra' VO2 produced by cooling) prior to exposure to the hypoxic gas. The effect of hypoxia on shivering and associated cardiorespiratory adjustments was rapid and was completely reversible on return to air. We conclude that the thermoregulatory system in pigeons is sensitive to hypoxia, as is the case for mammals. The FIO2 that begins to inhibit thermoregulatory and metabolic responses to cold is lower in birds, perhaps as a result of the better ability of the bird to increase intrapulmonary gas and blood O2 convective transports when exposed to hypoxic gas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3763378 TI - Determination of permeabilities for two gases from recording the partial pressure of one gas. AB - When a flexible diffusion layer separates two closed gas chambers containing different mixtures of several gases, the different permeabilities of the layer for these gases lead to differences in the total gas pressures of the two chambers resulting in bulging of the layer and consequent changes in the chamber volumes. Application of the gas laws to binary gas mixtures provides two equations relating the partial pressure changes of one gas in any of the two chambers to the partial pressure difference between the two chambers across the layer. This permits the calculation of the two unknown factors, permeability (or Krogh's diffusion coefficient) of the layer for the measured gas and the permeability ratio of the two gases. Thus the permeabilities of both gases can be determined from recording the partial pressure of one of the gases only. We filled the gas chambers with different mixtures of oxygen and a second gas (nitrogen or carbon dioxide) at atmospheric pressure, closed the chambers, and measured the diffusion of the gases across thin (12-500 microns) layers of various materials by recording the oxygen partial pressure in both chambers with polarographic oxygen electrodes. Permeabilities of these layers for oxygen and the other gas were determined for plastic layers (MEM213, Silastic, Teflon), as well as water and methemoglobin solutions either in a fluid layer or soaked in Millipore filters. The data agreed well with those obtained from other studies in most cases. PMID- 3763379 TI - The effect of hypokinesia and hypodynamia on protein turnover and the growth of four skeletal muscles of the rat. AB - An animal suspension model has been used to simulate the weightlessness experienced during space travel. This procedure results in a reduction in the normal shortening (i.e. hypokinesia) and force generation functions of hind limb muscles (i.e. hypodynamia). The ensuing muscle atrophy was studied over 12 days in different muscle types. Slow muscles (e.g. the soleus) underwent a more pronounced atrophy than intermediate (i.e. gastrocnemius) and fast phasic muscles (e.g. extensor digitorum longus). In all muscle types inactivity resulted in a smaller accumulation of DNA and losses of RNA and protein after 5 days. The latter arose from a decrease in the rate of protein synthesis (measured in vivo) and an increase in protein breakdown. Increased specific activities of cathepsins B and D also supported the view that there is an increased proteolysis after hypokinesia and hypodynamia. When the inactive soleus was simultaneously held in a lengthened (stretched) state the atrophy was prevented through a large increase in the fractional rate of protein synthesis. Protein degradation remained elevated with stretch, thereby slowing the growth of these muscles relative to those in pair-fed, ambulatory controls. The much smaller atrophy of the tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus muscles in suspended only limbs represented an underestimate of the true atrophic effects of hypokinesia and hypodynamia. In this model gravity pulls the suspended foot into a plantar flexed position, thereby permanently stretching and protecting such flexor muscles. When this influence of stretch was removed a greater atrophy ensued, mainly due to the loss of the stretch-induced stimulation of protein synthesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3763381 TI - Abdominal, thoracic and peripheral angiography with an angiographic system of high maneuverability. PMID- 3763380 TI - Intracellular recordings from isolated rabbit retinal Muller (glial) cells. AB - Muller (glial) cells were isolated from rabbit retinae by papaine and mechanical dissociation. The cells were fixed on a gelatine-covered glass slide by means of concanavalin A, and the slide was mounted in a perfusion chamber under a light microscope with modified optics. Besides the recording microelectrode, two other micropipettes could be adjusted with their tips near the cell. These micropipettes were used for application of test solutions into the environment of the cells. On application of high K+ solutions, the cell depolarized strongly but during prolonged application there was a marked repolarization. After the end of high K+ application the cells showed a hyperpolarization which was enhanced in both amplitude and duration with prolongation of the K+ exposure. Both repolarization and afterhyperpolarization disappeared under ouabain. Ouabain application itself caused a small reversible depolarization. Na+ free solution caused hyperpolarization. The results suggest the existence of an active membrane pump mechanism in our cells. This pump seems to be electrogenic under our experimental conditions and seems to be activated even in the absence of sodium. The cell membrane is demonstrated to contain a significant Na+ conductance. PMID- 3763382 TI - [Reconstruction CT imaging of the hypopharynx and the larynx]. PMID- 3763383 TI - [Preclinical experiments of interstitial hyperthermia with an agar phantom and a dog]. PMID- 3763384 TI - [Effect of digital image processing on radiographic interpretation of pneumoconiosis]. PMID- 3763385 TI - A new technique for proximal esophagography and quantitative analysis of pharyngeal function. PMID- 3763386 TI - [Measurement of bone mineral content in trabecular bone of the 3rd lumbar vertebra by computed tomography with phantom for spine]. PMID- 3763387 TI - [Myelography with metrizamide--effects of contrast removal on adverse effects]. PMID- 3763388 TI - [Usefulness of CT scanning in metastatic tumors of bone, particularly the vertebral bodies]. PMID- 3763389 TI - [Results of radiotherapy in extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of the head and neck]. PMID- 3763390 TI - [Radioprotective phenomena in murine tumors induced by radiosensitizers at high dose levels]. PMID- 3763391 TI - Echinomycin and distamycin induce rotation of nucleosome core DNA. AB - When nucleosome cores reconstituted from chicken erythrocyte histones and a 160 bp DNA molecule are exposed to echinomycin, a bis-intercalating antitumour antibiotic, the DNA appears to rotate with respect to the histone octamer by about half a turn. New bands appear in patterns of DNAase I digestion at positions approximately mid-way between those characteristic of control core samples, while the control pattern is largely suppressed. Similar (but not identical) changes are produced when nucleosome cores are exposed to distamycin, a non-intercalating DNA-binding antibiotic. The effects of both ligands can be explained in terms of a change in rotational orientation of the core DNA, so as to place antibiotic binding sites on the inward-facing (concave) surface of the DNA supercoil. Presumably this serves to optimise non-bonded contacts with the polynucleotide backbone. These results establish that the positioning of DNA about the histone octamer is not absolutely determined by its nucleotide sequence, but may be modified by the binding of such relatively small molecules as antibiotics. PMID- 3763392 TI - DNA binding properties of a 110 kDa nucleolar protein. AB - A single strand specific DNA binding protein was purified to homogeneity from calf thymus nucleoprotein. The monomeric protein is elongated in shape and has a molecular mass of 110 kDa. Since immunocytochemistry revealed that the protein is predominantly located in the nucleolus we refer to it as the 110 kDa nucleolar protein. The protein binds not only to single stranded DNA but also to single stranded RNA, including homopolymeric synthetic RNA. We have used the single stranded DNA binding properties of the 110 kDa protein in model studies to investigate its effects on the configuration of nucleic acid. Our results are: only 50-55 protein molecules are sufficient to saturate all binding sites on the 6408 nucleotides of phage fd DNA; protein binding cause a compaction of single stranded DNA; large nucleoprotein aggregates are formed in the presence of divalent cations; this is due to protein-protein interactions which occur at moderately high concentrations of magnesium-, calcium or manganese ions; the protein induces the reassociation of complementary nucleic acid sequences. We speculate that the 110 kDa protein performs similar reactions in vivo and may have a function related to the processing and packaging of preribosomal RNA. PMID- 3763393 TI - Hairpin loop structure of African swine fever virus DNA. AB - The ends of African swine fever virus genome are formed by a 37 nucleotide-long hairpin loop composed, almost entirely, of incompletely paired A and T residues. The loops at each DNA end were present in two equimolar forms that, when compared in opposite polarities, were inverted and complementary (flip-flop), as in the case of poxvirus DNA. The hairpin loops of African swine fever and vaccinia virus DNAs had no homology, but both DNAs had a 16 nucleotide-long sequence, close to the hairpin loops, with an homology of about 80%. An analysis of African swine fever virus replicating DNA showed head-to-head and tail-to-tail linked molecules that may be replicative intermediates. PMID- 3763394 TI - Isolation and characterization of the gene encoding the testis specific histone protein H2B-2 from the sea urchin Lytechinus pictus. AB - We have cloned and characterized the gene encoding a sperm specific H2B-2 histone subtype from the sea urchin L. pictus. The gene is not clustered with any other histone genes. However, it resembles other histone genes in many respects. The gene contains no intervening sequences or polyadenylation signals. Like other histone genes it contains the conserved 3' hairpin loop sequence and CAAGAAAGA box necessary for the processing of the 3' end of the histone transcript. Upstream of the gene in addition to the TATA box, and two copies of inverted CCAAT Boxes is a conserved sequence element found in many H2B genes. Unlike most histone genes, the H2B-2 gene is expressed in a sex and tissue specific manner only in testis. The sperm H2B-2 subtype encoded by this gene is 142 amino acids in length. The larger size of this H2B protein is accounted for by residues in the N-terminus of the protein consisting of a series of pentapeptide repeats typical of this histone subtype. PMID- 3763395 TI - Efficient isolation of the linear DNA killer plasmid of Kluyveromyces lactis: evidence for location and expression in the cytoplasm and characterization of their terminally bound proteins. AB - Differential centrifugation of an osmotic lysate of K. lactis protoplasts showed that the linear DNA killer plasmids of K. lactis, pGKL1 and pGKL2, are almost exclusively present in the cytoplasmic fraction. This fractionation procedure allows the rapid isolation of large amounts of plasmid DNA without contamination by chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA. With these DNA preparations the size of the terminally bound proteins was estimated to be 28 and 36 kDal for pGKL1 and pGKL2, respectively. The entire pGKL1 sequence (except for 21 base pairs at the right terminus) was cloned in a shuttle vector that permits autonomous replication in the nucleus of K. lactis. However, killer gene expression could not be established in transformants. In connection with the observed cytoplasmic localization, this result suggests that gene expression of the killer DNA plasmids is entirely cytoplasmic. PMID- 3763396 TI - Molecular analysis of a deletion polymorphism in alpha satellite of human chromosome 17: evidence for homologous unequal crossing-over and subsequent fixation. AB - The human alpha satellite DNA family is organized into chromosome-specific subsets characterized by distinct higher-order repeats based on a approximately 171 basepair monomer unit. On human chromosome 17, the predominant form of alpha satellite is a 16-monomer (16-mer) higher-order repeat present in 500-1000 copies per chromosome 17. In addition, less abundant 15-monomer and 14-monomer repeats are also found constitutively on chromosome 17. Polymorphisms in the form of different higher-order repeat lengths have been described for this subset, the most prominent polymorphism being a 13-monomer (13-mer) higher-order repeat present on approximately 35% of all chromosomes 17. To investigate the nature of this polymorphism, we have cloned, sequenced and compared the relevant regions of the 13-mer to the previously characterized 16-mer repeat. The results show that the repeats are virtually identical, with the principal difference being the exclusion of three monomers from the 13-mer repeat. We propose that the 13-mer is the product of an isolated homologous recombination event between two monomers of the 16-mer repeat. Sequence comparisons reveal the approximate site of recombination and flanking regions of homology. This recombination site corresponds to a position within the alphoid monomer which has been previously implicated in an independent homologous recombination event, suggesting that there may exist a preferred register for recombination in alphoid DNA. We suggest that these events are representative of an ongoing process capable of reorganizing the satellite subset of a given chromosome, thereby contributing to the establishment of chromosome-specific alpha satellite subsets. PMID- 3763397 TI - Gamma delta beta-thalassaemias 1 and 2 are the result of a 100 kbp deletion in the human beta-globin cluster. AB - The DNA spanning two large deletions in the human beta-globin gene cluster (gamma beta-thalassaemia 1 and 2) has been cloned by cosmid cloning and chromosomal walking. The entire region was mapped and analyzed for the presence of repetitive sequences. The results show that the affected loci have lost almost 100 kb of DNA in a deletion event not involving homologous or repetitive sequences. PMID- 3763398 TI - DNA replication and UV-induced DNA repair synthesis in human fibroblasts are much less sensitive than DNA polymerase alpha to inhibition by butylphenyl deoxyguanosine triphosphate. AB - In mammalian cells, both semiconservative DNA replication and the DNA repair patch synthesis induced by high doses of ultraviolet radiation are known to be inhibited by aphidicolin, indicating the involvement in these processes of one or both of the aphidicolin-sensitive DNA polymerases, alpha and/or delta. In this paper, N2-(p-n-butylphenyl)-2'-deoxyguanosine-5'-triphosphate, a strong inhibitor of polymerase alpha and a weak inhibitor of polymerase delta, is used to further characterize the DNA polymerase(s) involved in these two forms of nuclear DNA synthesis. In permeable human fibroblasts, DNA replication and ultraviolet induced DNA repair synthesis are more resistant to the inhibitor than DNA polymerase alpha by factors of approximately 500 and 3000, respectively. These findings are most consistent with the involvement of DNA polymerase delta in these processes. PMID- 3763400 TI - An improved method for labelling of DNA probes by nicktranslation. PMID- 3763399 TI - Nucleotide sequence of phage phi 29 gene 7: structure of intergenic spacer between the major early and late genes. PMID- 3763401 TI - Preparation and biochemical manipulation of mRNAs and cDNAs on small oligo(dT) cellulose discs. PMID- 3763402 TI - Conformational DNA transition in the in vitro torsionally strained chicken beta globin 5' region. AB - A sequence of 86 bp within the 5' region of the adult chicken beta-globin gene was found to undergo a DNA conformational transition at elevated levels of negative superhelical stress (- sigma = 0.068). In vitro chemical DNA modification studies which detect purine hyperreactivity (HR) to the alkylating agent diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEP) have identified this 86 bp long DEP-HR element. The DEP-HR element is composed of small, tandem segments with imperfect purine pyrimidine alternations. Methylation of cytosines within GCGC sequences of the DEP-HR element facilitates this structural change. The binding of a monoclonal anti-Z-DNA antibody to the element has been revealed by chemical footprinting with DEP. These data suggest that the DEP-HR sequence can undergo a conformational transition to Z-DNA. It is unknown whether the conformational flexibility observed here occurs in vivo. PMID- 3763403 TI - Chromosome mediated gene transfer of six DNA markers linked to the cystic fibrosis locus on human chromosome seven. AB - The DNA probes met and pJ3.11 are derived from loci on chromosome seven that are closely linked to, and probably flanking, the gene mutation causing cystic fibrosis (CF). We have shown that mitotic chromosomes from the cell line MNNG HOS, which contains an activated met oncogene, can induce morphological transformation of mouse NIH-3T3 cells. Southern analysis of isolated transfectant cell lines with cloned dispersed repetitive human DNA sequences as probes demonstrated that several lines of transformed NIH 3T3 cells had stabley incorporated large segments of chromosome seven DNA. Southern blot analysis also demonstrated the presence of met, pJ3.11 and several other single copy sequences that had been previously localised to chromosome 7 within the transgenomes. In this way a further four genetic markers were shown to be physically linked to met, and thus to CF. These probes may prove useful in confirming the order of loci around CF and in the prenatal diagnosis of this common autosomal recessive disease. PMID- 3763404 TI - Alteration of cellular gene expression in adenovirus transformed cells by post transcriptional mechanisms. AB - We have isolated cDNA clones complementary to human mRNAs that are expressed at elevated levels in 293 cells, adenovirus-transformed human embryonic kidney cells, as compared to a normal counterpart of this cell line. Approximately 200 clones out of 100,000 that were screened were positive; 40 of these were isolated, of which 31 were determined to be unique and were further characterized. Each clone detected a mRNA that was 5 to 50 times more abundant in 293 cells than in the non-transformed HEK cell line. For several of these transcripts, the elevated expression appeared to be a function of transformation since they were also high in other human tumor cell lines. Strikingly, we have found that post-transcriptional control is largely responsible for the regulation of the abundance of these mRNAs. PMID- 3763405 TI - Genomic analysis I: inheritance units and genetic selection in the rapid discovery of locus linked DNA markers. AB - We propose, and test using a Monte-Carlo analysis (a computer-based numerical analysis using a random number generator), a novel and efficient method to obtain sets of DNA markers linked to any inherited genetic locus. The method consists of a targeted search that is based on the common inheritance among members of an outbred pedigree, of discrete chromosome lengths, which we call inheritance units, to obtain DNA markers linked to the locus. In cases where two individuals inherit the same trait through two different lines of descent from a common ancestor, the set of inheritance units in each of the two genomes includes an inheritance unit that is identical in both individuals for a substantial distance on both sides of the DNA sequence which confers the trait. The power of the technique derives from the genetic selection that reduces the size and number of the inheritance units as the generational distance between the two individuals being compared increases. PMID- 3763406 TI - Chromatin structure of the promoter region of the human c-K-ras gene. AB - The chromatin structure of the human c-K-ras gene has been investigated in various cultured normal and tumor human cells and in a rat cell line transformed with the human oncogene. The promoter region is hypersensitive to DNAse I, micrococcal nuclease, endogenous nucleases and to S1 nuclease in supercoiled plasmids. This hypersensitive region is present in the different cell types analyzed and both normal and mutant alleles exhibit similar general sensitivity to DNAse I digestion in the same tumor cells. However, the 5' more distal DNAse I hypersensitive site, which is coincident with a region of the gene containing sequence homologies with known enhancers, exhibits variable sensitivity which appears to be higher in the tumor than in the normal and in the human than in the rat cells which we have analyzed. These data suggest the presence of specific factors interacting with the promoter sequences and delimits the transcription unit of the c-K-ras locus. PMID- 3763407 TI - Application of 2-cyanoethyl N,N,N',N'-tetraisopropylphosphorodiamidite for in situ preparation of deoxyribonucleoside phosphoramidites and their use in polymer supported synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides. AB - Deoxyribonucleoside phosphoramidites are prepared in situ from 5'-O,N-protected deoxyribonucleosides and 2-cyanoethyl N,N,N',N'-tetraisopropylphosphorodiamidite with tetrazole as catalyst, and the solutions applied directly on an automatic solid-phase DNA synthesizer. Using LCAA-CPG support and a cycle time of 12.5 min, oligonucleotides of 16-25 bases are obtained with a DMT-efficiency per cycle of 98.0-99.3%. The crude and fully deblocked products are of a purity comparable to that obtained using purified phosphoramidites. In case of d(G)16 the product was difficult to analyse and a better product was not obtained using doubly protected (O-6 diphenylcarbamoyl) guanine. PMID- 3763408 TI - Alkyl phosphotriester modified oligodeoxyribonucleotides. VI. NMR and UV spectroscopic studies of ethyl phosphotriester (Et) modified Rp-Rp and Sp-Sp duplexes, (d[GGAA(Et)TTCC])2. AB - 1H NMR chemical shift assignments for the title compounds were made for all but a few H5' and H5" signals using two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect (2D-NOE) data, which was also used for the first time to assign absolute configuration at phosphorus. The chemical shifts were, in general, similar to those reported [Broido, M.S., et al. (1985) Eur. J. Biochem. 150, 117-128] for the B-like conformation of the unmodified, parent duplex, [d(GGAATTCC)]2. Differences in chemical shifts for corresponding protons were mostly localized to the AA(Et)TT region, and showed some stereochemical dependence. Unambiguous assignment of the phosphotriester 31P signals was achieved in a novel way using selective insensitive nucleus enhancement by polarization transfer (selective INEPT) NMR. The Rp-Rp duplex melted ca. 11 degrees C lower than either the Sp-Sp or parent duplexes, as evidenced by Tm and variable temperature 1H/31P NMR measurements. The 2D-NOE data for the Rp-Rp duplex suggested possible steric interactions between the ethyl group and the H3' of the flanking A residue. At low ionic strength, the Sp-Sp and parent duplexes had similar stability but at high ionic strength the Sp-Sp duplex was less stable. PMID- 3763409 TI - Complete cDNA and derived protein sequence of human apolipoprotein B-100. PMID- 3763410 TI - Kinetic models of metabolism. AB - The model structure established here can be applied to tracer kinetics, pharmacokinetics and to non-equilibrium responses. Furthermore the possible and impossible pathways of metabolism can be determined directly leading to a special model version corresponding to a special kinetic problem. PMID- 3763411 TI - [Effect of combined therapy with cimetidine and (+)-cyanidanol-3 on the hepatic clearance of antipyrine]. PMID- 3763412 TI - [Effect of ranitidine on the histamine-induced bronchial spasm in patients with bronchial asthma]. PMID- 3763413 TI - [Acute renal failure caused by mercury compounds in humans]. PMID- 3763414 TI - [Selected biochemical and hormonal indicators of calcium and phosphate metabolism in patients with idiopathic hypertension]. PMID- 3763415 TI - [Methods of spirometric studies and the changes in ventilatory indicators]. PMID- 3763416 TI - Thyroid function in critically ill infants with infections. AB - To investigate thyroid function in critical illness in infancy, serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations were measured in serum in 13 such patients. T4 and TSH values were found to be comparable to control values, while T3 values were significantly low and rT3 values were high. When the patients were evaluated according to prognosis, significantly lower initial and subsequent T4 values were found in the fatal group as compared with the control group. Initial T3 concentrations both in fatal cases and in patients who recovered were significantly lower than those in the controls. Subsequent T3 values in the group who recovered showed a relative increase, but in the fatal cases a further decrease, in T3 levels, accompanied by a decrease in rT3 levels to values comparable to those of the controls, was observed in the terminal stage. PMID- 3763417 TI - Cryptosporidiosis in a hospital-associated day care center. AB - Cryptosporidium was identified in the stools of infants and toddlers during an outbreak of diarrheal illness at a hospital-associated day care center. Stools from 42 of 54 children were examined for parasites, Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter and rotavirus; 27 children (64%) had Cryptosporidium. One child also had Salmonella and two other children were also found to have Giardia. Information regarding the severity and duration of symptoms was obtained from parents by means of a questionnaire. The most frequently reported symptoms included diarrhea, fever, anorexia and malaise. Of 9 children whose stools were examined during the time they were reported by parents to be symptomatic, 8 were positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts. Symptoms lasted from 1 day to 4 weeks and children excreted oocysts for up to 48 days after the onset of symptoms. Staff at the facility and family members were also affected. Cryptosporidiosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of young children with diarrheal illness, especially those attending a day care facility. PMID- 3763418 TI - Fecal bacterial microflora of newborn infants during intensive care management and treatment with five antibiotic regimens. AB - Aerobic and anaerobic fecal bacterial flora of normal newborn infants, of preterm newborn infants without other health problems and of five groups of newborn infants treated with combinations of benzylpenicillin, cloxacillin, flucloxacillin, ampicillin, cefuroxime, cefoxitin and gentamicin were compared. Preterm birth alone was associated with growth of Klebsiella which could be attributed to a higher rate of cesarean section in preterm than in term infants. All antibiotic regimens led to a pronounced suppression of anaerobic flora and overgrowth of Klebsiella but not with other gram-negative aerobic bacteria. A slight colonization with Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens occurred. Disturbances of the intestinal microbial ecology can be expected in newborn infants after preterm birth by cesarean section and/or treatment with antibiotics, including some penicillins that are usually regarded as relatively harmless in this respect in adults. PMID- 3763419 TI - Anaerobic osteomyelitis in children. AB - Twenty-six pediatric patients with osteomyelitis caused by anaerobic bacteria are presented. The etiologic factors were chronic mastoiditis (7 patients), decubitus ulcers (5), chronic sinusitis (4), periodontal abscesses (3), bites (3), paronychia (2), trauma (1) and scalp infection after fetal monitoring (1). Seventy-four organisms (2.8 isolates/specimen), including 63 anaerobes (2.4/specimen), and 11 facultative and aerobic bacteria (0.4/specimen) were recovered. The predominant organisms were anaerobic cocci (29 isolates), Bacteroides sp. (21), Fusobacterium sp. (8), Streptococcus sp. (5) and Clostridium sp. (4). The organisms generally reflected the microbial flora of the mucous surface adjacent to the infected site. Ten beta-lactamase-producing organisms were recovered from 7 (27%) patients. These included all isolates of the Bacteroides fragilis (4) and of Staphylococcus aureus (3), 2 of the 12 Bacteroides melaninogenicus group and 1 of 3 Bacteroides oralis. The clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of anaerobic osteomyelitis in children are discussed. PMID- 3763420 TI - Effect of different components of a laboratory curriculum on resident physician learning. PMID- 3763421 TI - Rhinocerebral mucormycosis in an infant with streptococcal sepsis and purpura fulminans. PMID- 3763422 TI - Brucellosis in a California family. PMID- 3763423 TI - Suppurative arthritis and hemophilia. PMID- 3763424 TI - Tularemic meningitis in a child with mononuclear pleocytosis. PMID- 3763425 TI - Impetigo in newborn infants associated with a plastic bell clamp circumcision. PMID- 3763426 TI - Transient appearance of intracranial tuberculoma during treatment of tuberculous meningitis. PMID- 3763427 TI - Respiratory syncytial virus and ribavirin. PMID- 3763428 TI - More on pathogenic mechanisms of Aeromonas-related diarrhea. PMID- 3763429 TI - Pathogenesis of central nervous system disease caused by varicella virus. PMID- 3763430 TI - Brown dog tick and periorbital cellulitis. PMID- 3763431 TI - Osteomyelitis and cephalhematoma. PMID- 3763432 TI - Management of amebiasis. PMID- 3763433 TI - Met-enkephalin-induced release into the blood of a factor causing postural asymmetry. AB - Met- and Leu-enkephalin applied subarachnoidally into the rostral portion of a transected spinal cord (at the T6-T7 level) induce postural asymmetry of the hind limbs in rats, Met-enkephalin being predominantly responsible for the flexion of the right, and Leu-enkephalin of the left, hind leg. The blood serum of rats injected with Met-enkephalin contains a factor which, when administered subarachnoidally into the caudal portion of the transected spinal cord, is capable of inducing the hind limb postural asymmetry--predominantly, with the right leg flexion. This factor is inactivated by papain and differs from Met- and Leu-enkephalin in chromatographic properties. Apparently, Met-enkephalin induces the release of a peptide factor into the blood, from the brain or organs innervated by the neurons lying above the cut. It is then carried with the blood to the hind limbs and effects the hind limb postural asymmetry. PMID- 3763434 TI - New evidence for neuronal function of vasopressin: sympathetic mediation of intrathecal vasopressin-induced hypertension. AB - Intrathecal injection of arginine vasopressin in rats at a dose as small as 10 ng produced dose-dependent hypertension and tachycardia. Pretreatment with the ganglionic blocking agent Ecolid, alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist phenoxybenzamine or the monoamine depleting agent reserpine blocked this effect without affecting intravenous vasopressin-induced hypertension. Intracerebroventricular injection of arginine vasopressin also induced hypertension and tachycardia, but 600 ng was needed. Ecolid and phenoxybenzamine also abolished this effect. Reserpine was not tested. It is concluded that both intrathecal and intracerebroventricular vasopressin-induced hypertension appears to be mediated by the sympathetic system and that the spinal cord is more sensitive than the supraspinal sites to vasopressin in regulating autonomic functions. PMID- 3763435 TI - Short and long term inhibitory actions of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone on lordosis in rats. AB - The effects of 200 ng of intracerebroventricularly (ICV) and 20 micrograms of subcutaneously (SC) administered alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) on lordosis in rats were examined. Previous research, employing crossover designs, has revealed significant effects of MSH on lordosis. The results of Experiments 1a and 1b suggest that similar designs produce significant effects even in the absence of MSH. Thus, it is not clear that previous results were due exclusively to an action of MSH. Experiment 2 employed a modification of previous procedures and indicated that MSH administered either SC or ICV inhibited receptivity in subjects displaying high levels of responding. Moreover, MSH administered SC was also found to facilitate receptivity in subjects displaying low levels of responding. However, a possible long term inhibitory action of MSH on receptivity was also revealed. Because animals were tested repeatedly, this brought into question the results of Experiment 2. Procedures were revised accordingly and the effects of MSH re-examined. The results of Experiment 3 indicated that MSH administered SC facilitated receptivity while MSH administered ICV inhibited receptivity. In addition, MSH administered ICV exerted an inhibitory effect one week after administration. Therefore, MSH appears to exert both short and long acting effects on sexual receptivity. PMID- 3763436 TI - Cholecystokinin-induced suppression of locomotion is attenuated in capsaicin pretreated rats. AB - Cholecystokinin (CCK), a peptide found in both gastrointestinal endocrine cells and neurons, suppresses food intake and reduces locomotor behavior when injected systemically. Both the locomotor and ingestive effects of CCK are abolished by subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. Pretreatment of adult rats with capsaicin attenuates the reduced locomotor activity and reduced food intake which normally occurs following injection of exogenous cholecystokinin. Since capsaicin damages or destroys small-diameter, unmyelinated, sensory neurons, including vagal sensory fibers, these data support the interpretation that both CCK-induced suppression of food intake and CCK-induced reduction of locomotion are mediated by fine, unmyelinated sensory neurons. PMID- 3763437 TI - Biosynthetic fate of the amino-terminal fragment of pro-opiomelanocortin within the intermediate lobe of the mouse pituitary. AB - All the biosynthetic derivatives of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) were purified from an extract of 300 mouse neurointermediate pituitaries. Inspection of the amino acid composition of these peptides indicated that cleavage at all available dibasic processing sites within POMC was essentially complete except for -Arg49 Lys50- within the 1 to 74 amino-terminal sequence. Only about 50% of the 1 to 74 fragment was processed to the 1 to 49 sequence and Lys1 gamma 3MSH (i.e., the 50 to 74 sequence). The existence of these derivatives of the 1 to 74 fragment was confirmed by pulse-labelling explant cultures of mouse neurointermediate pituitaries with tritiated amino acids. Pulse/chase biosynthetic experiments indicated that the cleavage of the 1 to 74 sequence takes place 3 to 6 hours post translation. This time course of biosynthesis suggests that the cleavage of the 1 to 74 sequence is a secretory granule event. Time course studies revealed that the minimum time required for newly synthesized derivatives of POMC to emerge from the intermediate lobe tissue was approximately 3 hours. PMID- 3763438 TI - Alteration of secretin-stimulated cardiac adenylate cyclase activity in rats with portacaval shunt. AB - Wistar rats were submitted to portacaval anastomosis (PCA). Control rats were sham-operated and pair-fed (SOPF). After 3 weeks, PCA led to the hypertrophy of right atrium (+50%), left atrium (+67%) and both ventricles (+26%). The response of adenylate cyclase activity to secretin was specifically and markedly decreased in membranes from atria (-51 to 59%) and ventricles (-68 to 69%). These data suggest a decrease in the number of functional secretin receptors in heart considering that: the half-maximal stimulatory secretin concentration was unchanged; glucagon stimulations were unaltered and D,L-isoproterenol stimulations were hardly affected; the Gpp(NH)p-, NaF-, and forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activities were moderately decreased (in ventricles, by 14-28%) or unchanged (in atria). PMID- 3763440 TI - Quantitative distribution of angiotensin II binding sites in rat brain by autoradiography. AB - Angiotensin II binding sites were localized and quantified in individual brain nuclei from single rats by incubation of tissue sections with 1 nM 125I-[Sar1] angiotensin II, [3H]-Ultrofilm autoradiography, computerized microdensitometry and comparison with 125I-standards. High angiotensin II binding was present in the circumventricular organs (organon vasculosum laminae terminalis, organon subfornicalis and area postrema), in selected hypothalamic nuclei (nuclei suprachiasmatis, periventricularis and paraventricularis) and in the nucleus tractus olfactorii lateralis, the nucleus preopticus medianus, the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and the nucleus tractus solitarii. High affinity (KA from 0.3 to 1.5 X 10(9) M-1) angiotensin II binding sites were demonstrated in the organon subfornicalis, the nucleus tractus solitarii and the area postrema after incubation of consecutive sections from single rat brains with 125I-[Sar1] angiotensin II in concentrations from 100 pM to 5 nM. These results demonstrate and characterize brain binding sites for angiotensin II of variable high affinity binding both inside and outside the blood-brain barrier. PMID- 3763439 TI - Characterization of sulfated forms of the pro-opiomelanocortin amino-terminal glycopeptide in rat intermediate lobe cells. AB - Explants of rat neurointermediate lobes were incubated in the presence of radioactive amino acids, sugars or sulfate and the labeled proteins were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. A double series of acidic peptides (Mr = 16,000-21,500) were identified as variant forms of the amino terminal glycopeptide of pro-opiomelanocortin (N-POMC). The series of peptides with the higher molecular weights (Mr = 18,000-21,500) contain a tryptic fragment (tentatively identified as the tryptic peptide of the "joining peptide": sequence 77 to 93 of rat POMC) which is absent from the forms of the lower molecular weight series (Mr = 16,000 to 18,000). Pulse-chase studies further showed that the high molecular weight forms of N-POMC could be post-translationally cleaved albeit slowly into the species of Mr = 16,000-18,000 which constitute, at least in part, the final maturation products of the N-terminal region of the precursor molecule. All the variant forms of the N-POMC glycopeptide could be labeled with [35S]sulfate. Our results strongly suggest that most of the sulfate groups are attached to N-linked oligosaccharide side chains of N-POMC. We therefore propose that one of the final maturation products of the N-terminal portion of POMC in rat intermediate lobes is a sulfated glycopeptide (Mr = 16,000-18,000) composed of the 1-74 sequence of rat POMC. PMID- 3763441 TI - Sequences of gastrins purified from a single antrum of dog and of goat. AB - Heptadecapeptide gastrins (G17) have been purified and sequenced from a variety of species. However, progastrin (G34) sequences have been determined only for pig and human from purified peptides and for rat from cDNA. Since G34 in most species accounts for only approximately 5% of total antral gastrin, micropurification techniques must be employed to avoid the need for large quantities of antral tissue. Efficient purification methodology yielded 1.5 and 1.3 nmol of G34 from the antrum of a single goat and of a single dog, respectively. The N-terminal pyroglutamyl residues were enzymatically removed and the peptides were sequenced through to the proximity of their COOH-termini. The COOH-terminal sequences of goat and dog G34 were confirmed by sequencing the corresponding deblocked G17 from each animal. The previously published dog G17 sequence was shown to be incorrect. The sequences for dog and goat G34 are: Dog less than ELGLQGPPQLVADLSKKQGPWMEEEEAAYGWMDF# Goat less than ELGLQDPPHMVADLSKKQGPWVEEEEAAYGWMDF# Dog and goat gastrins differ in 3 sites in the 17 amino acid NH2-terminus and only a single site in G17 (the sites of differences are underlined). The ratio for sulfated to non-sulfated antral G17 is 9:1 for the goat and 1:9 for the dog. PMID- 3763442 TI - Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus stimulation-induced gastric acid secretion and bradycardia suppressed by oxytocin antagonist. AB - Unilateral microstimulation of the medial parvocellular division of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVNmp) elicits significant increases in gastric acid secretion and bradycardia. An injection of 25 picomoles of the oxytocin antagonist dET2Tyr(Et)Orn8 Vasotocin (ETOV), suspended in 5 nanoliters of artificial of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), into the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMN) immediately preceding microstimulation of the PVNmp suppresses this change in gastric acid secretion and heart rate. The injection of an equal volume (5 nanoliters) of artificial CSF vehicle solution into this region of the DMN, prior to PVNmp microstimulation, has no effect on either the subsequent stimulation-evoked changes in acid secretion or cardiac activity. This suppression of PVNmp stimulation-evoked changes in gastric acid levels and heart rate by the presence of the oxytocin antagonist, ETOV, within the DMN supports the hypothesis that oxytocin may be a neurotransmitter used for descending communication from the PVNmp to neurons within the DMN that regulates these two functions. PMID- 3763443 TI - Enhanced binding of 3H-arginine8-vasopressin in the Brattleboro rat. AB - Specific binding sites for 3[H]-arginine8-vasopressin (AVP) were characterized using membrane preparations of liver, renal medulla and brain (septal) tissue of heterozygous (HE) and homozygous (HO) Brattleboro (BB) rats. Measurement of binding sites indicated that significantly greater numbers of AVP receptors are present in the liver and septum of HO-BB rats. Similar numbers of AVP receptors were present in renal medullary tissue from HO-BB and HE-BB rats. Higher equilibrium dissociation constants were measured in the HO-BB septal tissue indicating a lower affinity of the brain receptor for 3[H]-AVP than in heterozygotes. No significant differences in AVP receptor affinity were noted in liver or kidney tissue. It is concluded that "up-regulation" of AVP receptor number and, in the brain, alterations in AVP receptor affinity may occur in the absence of endogenous AVP. PMID- 3763444 TI - [Treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension]. PMID- 3763445 TI - [Right ventricular function and pulmonary circulation in adult patients with isolated aortic coarctation]. PMID- 3763446 TI - [Immunotherapy with Corynebacterium parvum in experimental influenza virus infections and mixed infections in mice]. PMID- 3763447 TI - [Psychological determinants of therapeutic efficacy in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in an out-patient clinic]. PMID- 3763448 TI - [Psychological determinants of therapeutic efficacy in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in a hospital]. PMID- 3763449 TI - [Pneumothorax in divers as a complication of pulmonary barotrauma with an atypical course]. PMID- 3763450 TI - [Bronchoalveolar lavage]. PMID- 3763451 TI - [Narrowing of the vertebral canal in the lumbar region. Diagnosis and treatment]. PMID- 3763452 TI - [Lumbar hernia in patients at a young age]. PMID- 3763453 TI - [Clinical assessment of the secondary epineural suture of the median and ulnar nerves from personal material]. PMID- 3763454 TI - [Results of treatment for lymphatic edema of the upper extremity after pneumatic massage]. PMID- 3763455 TI - [Paresis of the peroneal nerves as a consequence of certain occupations in agriculture]. PMID- 3763456 TI - [A case of nail-patella syndrome]. PMID- 3763457 TI - [Experimental studies on the use of carbon filters in surgery of the locomotor system]. PMID- 3763458 TI - [Rehabilitation of patients after lesions of the brachial ganglion]. PMID- 3763459 TI - [Cancer of the pancreas in Szczecin hospitals]. PMID- 3763460 TI - [Atypical clinical course of papillary cancer of the kidney]. PMID- 3763461 TI - [Is the risk of malignant neoplasms higher in Cracow?]. PMID- 3763462 TI - [Plasma indicators of iron metabolism in persons occupationally exposed to organic solvents with normal and increased levels of protoporphyrin IX in erythrocytes]. PMID- 3763463 TI - [Usefulness of naloxone in the differential diagnosis of toxic and post-traumatic coma]. PMID- 3763464 TI - [Diagnostic difficulties in a case of acute lead poisoning]. PMID- 3763465 TI - [Total and HDL lipoprotein fraction-bound cholesterol levels in patients with acute hepatic porphyria]. PMID- 3763466 TI - [Occurrence of serological markers of hepatitis A and B in blood donors]. PMID- 3763467 TI - [Occurrence of plasma compounds of medium molecular weight in plasmapheresis ultrafiltrate in patients with hepatic encephalopathy in hepatitis B and liver cirrhosis]. PMID- 3763468 TI - [Liver cirrhosis in congenital erythropoietic protoporphyria]. PMID- 3763469 TI - [Effect of cigarette smoking on arterial blood pressure and selected humoral indicators in healthy persons and in patients with primary arterial hypertension]. PMID- 3763470 TI - [Enkephalins and endorphins: their structure, action and possible role in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension]. PMID- 3763472 TI - [Acute fatty liver in pregnancy]. PMID- 3763473 TI - [Analysis of intrapartum causes of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia]. PMID- 3763471 TI - [Evaluation of errors in determining mean blood pressure based on systolic and diastolic pressures and the method of their minimization]. PMID- 3763475 TI - [Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy--diagnosis and treatment]. PMID- 3763474 TI - [Multiple pregnancy in a woman lacking one fallopian tube, resulting in the birth of a healthy infant]. PMID- 3763476 TI - Relation between receptor status and ultrastructure in breast cancer: E+P+ versus E-P-. AB - Invasive breast cancer specimens were selected, which were either estrogen and progesterone receptor positive (E+P+), (30 cases) or both negative (E-P-). Light microscopical typing and grading were performed. From electron microscopic sections 27 nuclear and cytoplasmic features were recorded. Both estrogen and progesterone receptor content were evaluated using agar gel electrophoresis. As regards grading, highly differentiated tumors were significantly associated with E+P+ receptor status. Among the nuclear ultrastructural features, marked polymorphia, irregular chromatin distribution and multiple nucleoli were associated with lack of receptors. E+P+ tumors more often had surface structures which establish cell interconnection, such as desmosomes, halfdesmosomes and membrane interdigitations, and structures indicating special membrane differentiation, such as microvilli and intracytoplasmic ductuli. Most correlations with receptor content were observed in the assortment of cytoplasmic organelles studied. E-P- tumors were rich in organelles which indicate high metabolic activity, such as mitochondria and ribosomes. A polar organization and smooth ER were more frequent in E+P+ tumors. The biochemical-ultrastructural correlations presented in this study support the hypothesis that the formation of steroid receptors runs parallel to the individual degree of cytoplasmic and nuclear organization and is independent of the histological tumor type. The functional integrity of the complete estrogen response mechanism in E+P+ tumors is indicated by high grades of ultrastructural organization. PMID- 3763477 TI - Ciliated metaplasia in the gastric mucosa. II. In a European patient with gastric carcinoma. AB - The first European case of ciliated cells in the gastric mucosa is presented. Cilia were found on some of the cells of cystically dilated glands. The possibility that cilia represent adaptative metaplasia aimed at expelling the retained mucus within the cysts is discussed. PMID- 3763478 TI - Mucosal hyperplastic polyps of the stomach. Do they have any potential to malignancy? AB - Gastric mucosal polyps were studied in gastric biopsies, taken from 481 patients who had been operated on for benign peptic ulcer. The material was classified according to the type of operation in the following 4 groups: Billroth-II resection, gastroenterostomy, pyloroplasty with vagotomy and Billroth-I resection. As control group served 1520 nonoperated patients with no ulcer or malignancy. The diagnosed polyps were classified in inflammatory, hyperplastic and neoplastic. Neoplastic polyps were observed only in the nonoperated stomachs with an incidence of 0.5%. The incidence of the hyperplastic polyps was 12.1% for Billroth-II resection, 14.9% for gastroenterostomy and 2.6% for the control group, with a significant difference between the operated and the nonoperated stomachs. The hyperplastic polyps constituted the commonest histological type of polyp in all the groups. The majority of them was observed close to the gastroenterostomy and it seems that there is a relation between their frequency and the time elapsed after the operation. A high degree of epithelial dysplasia in hyperplastic polyps was found in 22.2% of Billroth-II resection patients, in 6.3% of gastroenterostomy patients and in only 2.6% of the control group, with a significant difference between the operated and the nonoperated stomachs. PMID- 3763479 TI - The histological characterization of ALIP in the myelodysplastic syndromes. AB - Bone marrow biopsies of patients with a myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) may, in the absence of an increased number of blasts in the bone marrow smears, contain small clusters of immature precursors. The presence of these cell nests, previously described as "abnormal localized immature precursors" or ALIP, bears a strong prognostic value predisposing patients to early death with an increased risk to develop myeloid leukaemia. In order to describe and delineate this histological characteristic more precisely, we compared bone biopsies of patients with MDS, used in these previous studies, with bone marrow biopsies performed for staging procedures in patients with Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and carcinoma. From this comparison we conclude that immature precursors are readily differentiated from proerythroblasts, myeloblasts and small-sized megakaryocytes, and that they most probably represent precursors of the myelo-monocytic-erythroid series. A clearcut increase in their number, mostly resulting in the formation of small clusters, is only found in biopsies from patients with MDS. PMID- 3763480 TI - The ultrastructural heterogeneity of potentially preneoplastic lesions in the human bronchial mucosa. AB - 170 consecutive biopsies from the bronchial tree were subjected to ultrastructural analysis. 62 were identified as preneoplastic lesions: of these, 7 as goblet cell hyperplasia, 20 as basal cell hyperplasia, 17 as combined goblet and basal cell hyperplasia, 10 as epidermoid metaplasia, and 8 as dysplasia. The ultrastructural features of these lesions are described. According to these results, preneoplastic lesions of the human bronchial mucosa are composed of heterogeneous populations that display mixed or combined morphologic features signaling abnormal differentiation patterns at this stage. The findings are tentatively correlated with bronchial carcinoma cell heterogeneity and histogenesis. PMID- 3763481 TI - Ultrastructure of extrinsic allergic bronchiolo-alveolitis. AB - Electron microscopic findings in open lung biopsies of 13 patients with extrinsic allergic bronchiolo-alveolitis (EABA) were studied. Eleven of the patients had farmer's lung and two had been exposed to other mouldy dust. Numerous lymphocytes, macrophages and giant cells were found both in the alveolar and bronchiolar lumina. Bronchiolar changes included loss of microvilli on the ciliated cells, granulomas, detachment of basal cells from each other, as well as disintegration of the basement membrane. In the alveoles hyperplasia and hypertrophy of type II (granular) pneumocytes often loosely connected with the basement membrane, were frequently demonstrated. Disintegration of the basement membrane accompanied by detachment of the pneumocytes occurred occasionally. In the interstitium lymphocytes, mast cells and plasma cells predominated. The size and shape of lymphocytes were variable. In addition, some lymphocytes with pseudopods were detected both in alveolar lumen and in the interstitium. Mast cells were found in close connection with plasma cells occasionally. Granulomas consisting of these cells and giant cells were usually present. Foreign material resembling hyphal fragments was found in the giant cells of two patients. The present series emphasizes the role of lymphocytes, macrophages, giant cells and mast cells, in the pathogenesis of EABA. The presence of numerous plasma cells in the lung parenchyma suggests the possibility of local antibody response caused by exposure to inhaled antigens. PMID- 3763482 TI - Reliability of death certifications for different types of cancer. An autopsy survey. AB - A series of 1000 cases was selected, on the basis of a clinical and/or post mortem diagnosis of cancer, out of 4927 autopsies performed at the Institute of Pathologic Anatomy and Histopathology of Turin University. The comparison between clinical and post-mortem diagnoses pointed to an overall concordance with regard to the correct identification of a malignancy as the underlying cause of death of 75%; if the correct identification of type and primary site of the tumor was also taken into account, the concordance was only 56%. The rate of false-positive and false-negative diagnoses, the confirmation rate and sensitivity index of clinical diagnoses, and the error of estimate of the overall frequency of the different types of tumors were computed. Pancreas, liver and biliary tract tumors appear to be the most difficult to identify correctly during life; also lung, stomach and colorectal cancers, lymphomas and leukemias show fairly high rate of clinical errors. Breast cancer, tumors of the nervous system and colorectal cancers appear to be overnotified. These results seem to underscore the necessity of being very careful in drawing conclusions on the frequency and distribution of the different types of cancer on the basis of current mortality statistics. PMID- 3763483 TI - Contiguous development of idiopathic osteonecrosis and osteoarthrosis in ischemia of a femoral head (radiological and morphological study). AB - In a 67 year-old man, an aseptic necrosis of the right hip joint developed side by side with an early oteoarthrosis characterized by an extensive narrowing of the upper interlinear space. The histological study revealed a diffuse ischemia which had evolved differently in the various regions of the femoral head. A well limited necrosis appeared in a part of the weight-bearing zone, and osteoarthrosis developed in another one. In contrast with classical osteoarthrosis secondary to malformation, the osteoarthrotic lesions of the weight-bearing zone were caused by the ischemic angio-fibrosis of the bone marrow. At the beginning there was a resorption by the subjacent fibro-vascular tissue of the end-plate and of the deep layer of the cartilage. The osteosclerosis of this zone, in particular the eburnated plate, was formed mostly of fibre bone which rapidly became necrotic. Outside the weight-bearing zone, the subchondral angio-fibrosis and the non-inflammatory vascular pannus modified the articular surface. PMID- 3763484 TI - Action of fibrinopeptides A and B on the central dopaminergic system of rats pretreated with indomethacin. AB - Fibrinopeptides A and B (FAB) stimulate central dopamine neurons. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by administration of indomethacin potentiated the stimulatory action of FAB on apomorphine stereotypy, while induced inhibitory action of FAB on amphetamine stereotypy. Results of studies on the level and turnover of dopamine do not explain the changes in the stereotyped behavior. The data suggest that prostaglandins may to some extent participate in the mechanism of the central action of FAB. PMID- 3763486 TI - Cardiovascular responses to morphiceptin in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats. AB - In the urethane anesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) intraventricular injections of morphiceptin produced dose-related increase in heart rate and blood pressure. In contrary, intraventricular administration of morphiceptin in Wistar rats induced a fall in blood pressure and heart rate. Yohimbine antagonized pressor responses to morphiceptin in SHR. Naloxone counteracted both the stimulatory effects of morphiceptin in SHR as well as hypotensive responses in Wistar rats. Bilateral vagotomy blocked depressant action of morphiceptin in normotensive but failed to alter the pressor effects in SHR rats. After systemic injections of morphiceptin a fall in heart rate and blood pressure was obtained in both strains. PMID- 3763485 TI - The effects of D-phenylalanine and its derivatives on enkephalin degradation in vitro: relation to analgesia and attenuation of the morphine withdrawal syndrome. AB - The effect of D-Phenylalanine (D-Phe), putative carboxypeptidase A inhibitor and its four derivatives (T1-T4) on analgesia, development of tolerance and physical dependence to morphine, and on degradation of both exogenous and endogenous enkephalins was investigated. Systemic administration of either D-Phe or its derivatives produced naloxone-reversible analgesia in the hot-plate test in mice. Naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal syndrome was attenuated in mice after systemic subacute administration (7 days, 1.2 mmol/kg, sc) of D-phe derivatives, the development of tolerance to morphine being unchanged. In the presence of either D-Phe or its derivatives in incubation mixture (up to 10(-3) mol/l) the hydrolysis of exogenous 3H-Met5-and 3H-Leu5-enkephalin in striatal homogenates was slightly inhibited. Moreover, the addition of D-Phe or its derivatives seemed to increase the per cent of recovered endogenous Met5-enkephalin released from veratridine-depolarized striatal particles. In contrast, bestatin, an amino peptidase inhibitor, and a mixture of dipeptides (Tyr-Tyr, Leu-Leu, Leu-Gly) markedly inhibited degradation of both endogenous and exogenous enkephalins in vitro. The results obtained in this study suggest that that pharmacological activity of D-Phe is not directly related to the endogenous opiate system. PMID- 3763488 TI - Behavior of rats during one-year administration of fluphenazine and subsequent withdrawal period. AB - During one-year administration of fluphenazine [FLU], 1 or 5 mg/kg/d ip. two phases in the behavior of rats were observed. During the first four months of treatment the locomotor and exploratory activities were depressed, while during the following months the reversal of this phenomenon was observed, and the activity of FLU-treated rats increased, particularly in the open-field test. The irritability of rats showed a triphasic change during one year treatment with 5 mg/kg/d FLU. Catalepsy declined with the increase in length of treatment and dose of FLU during the first three months of experiment. During the first 2 weeks of FLU withdrawal the locomotor and exploratory activities and irritability of rats increased. The behavioral differences between controls and FLU-pretreated rats were observed between the 6th and 8th day of withdrawal period. The results demonstrated the occurrence of multiphasic changes in the behavior of rats during one year administration of FLU and after its withdrawal. They warrant further studies on the central nervous system reactivity during a prolonged neuroleptic therapy and after its cessation in man. PMID- 3763489 TI - Synthesis of new quinoline derivatives as antimicrobial agents. AB - 2-Hydroxyquinoline-4-hydrazide was condensed with some aromatic aldehydes and acetophenones to give the hydrazones 1a-h. It was also reacted with HCOOH, PhCOCl and p-CH3O-PhCOCl to afford 2a-c. Cyclization of 2b was completed by using PPA, POCl3 and/or P2S5, which gave compounds 3, 4, and 6 respectively. Reaction of 4 with some amines gave the corresponding derivatives 5a-f. The thiosemicarbazide 7 was cyclized under acid and basic condition to give the thiadiazolyl-8 and triazolyl-10 derivatives. PMID- 3763487 TI - Chemical and pharmacological properties of some 7-beta-hydroxy-gamma piperazinopropyl-8-benzylaminotheophylli nes. AB - In order to examine the circulatory and bronchospasmolytic activity, new 7-beta hydroxy-gamma-N4-alkylpiperazinopropyl-8- benzylaminotheophyllines (1, 2, 3) were synthesized and converted to the water soluble dihydrochlorides (1a, 2a, 3a). They showed hypotensive and bronchodilatory effect. PMID- 3763490 TI - Intramedullary reaming and nailing: its early effects on cortical bone vascularization. AB - The early effect of reaming the medullary cavity prior to intramedullary nailing using Kuntscher's method, on human cortical bone vascularization in the femur is discussed. In sections of the femur where the medullary tissue had been totally reamed, the inner two-thirds of the cortical bone tube was completely avascularized one week after the reaming. In the outer third of the cortex the vascularization was only moderately decreased. In the parts of the femur where the medullary tissue was not totally destroyed there was a marginal effect on the amount of intact cortical vessels. The observation is thus in accordance with corresponding results from experimental studies on animals. Microcracks, and cracks in the cortical wall, caused by the reaming and procedure are also described in the article. PMID- 3763491 TI - Fatigue fracture of a tibial interlocking nail. AB - The interlocking system has recently become a popular mode of treatment for unstable fractures of the tibia. Metal fatigue is an extremely rare complication of the system; this article presents a case of metal failure, and the possible mechanisms. PMID- 3763492 TI - A simple treatment of genu recurvatum in ataxic and athetoid cerebral palsy. AB - An inexpensive, simple treatment for ataxic- or athetoid-related genu recurvatum is presented with analysis of the relevant gait mechanics. An exaggerated posterior heel flair is used in combination with a functionally dorsiflexed, below-knee orthosis to overcome terminal swing phase recurvatum at heel strike, and to provide an effective forward knee thrust through the solid ankle link. This combination is very effective in some patients, even when more extensive treatments have failed. It is easily reversible. Computerized gait analysis, used in this report for illustration, is not essential for implementation, nor for patient selection. However, video examinations are useful for adjustment of the treatment geometry. PMID- 3763493 TI - Apareunia as a complication of osteogenesis imperfecta. A case report. PMID- 3763494 TI - Torticollis: a presentation of eosinophilic granuloma. A case report. PMID- 3763495 TI - Forearm fasciotomy for acute compartment syndrome: a new technique for delayed primary closure. PMID- 3763496 TI - Zone approach to knee arthroscopy. AB - The zone approach to knee arthroscopy divides the knee into ten anatomic zones. This article presents the zone classifications and describes the combination of portals for the arthroscope, the probe, and the operating instruments. The particular leg position which is thought to allow the best visualization of each zone is also described. Alternate portals are necessary in certain situations, as in knees with tight ligamentous structures. This list of standard and alternate portals is not meant to be all-inclusive, but we do urge that all ten zones are examined during arthroscopy. The objectives of this article are to describe a method of arthroscopic examination that is both systematic and comprehensive, and to develop an arthroscopic nomenclature that allows easy localization and reporting of pathology in the knee joint. PMID- 3763497 TI - Management of a pediatric fracture. PMID- 3763498 TI - Answer please. Physiologic bowing. PMID- 3763499 TI - Radiologic case study. Tuberculosis of the greater trochanter and its bursa. PMID- 3763500 TI - Simple bone cysts. PMID- 3763501 TI - Nuclear fragmentation and epithelioid change of germinal centers in the lymphoid tissue of child deaths. AB - Two hundred postmortems were studied retrospectively to assess the frequency of nuclear fragmentation (NF) and epithelioid change (EC) in the germinal centers of lymphoid tissues in children. Sections of spleen, mesenteric lymph node, tonsils, and appendix were included in the survey. Thirty-seven of 200 cases (18.5%) showed NF or EC or a combination. These morphological changes were considered to represent different stages of a common pathological reaction for which a classification is proposed. The type of lymphoid change correlated approximately with the duration of the preceding illness. Although more common between the ages of 1 and 3 years, they were found to extend throughout the age range studied. There was a negative correlation between the presence of NF and EC and the cause of death, but a significant association with clinical documentation of shock was present, supporting previous evidence that shock is the significant factor in pathogenesis. PMID- 3763502 TI - Mesenchymal hamartoma of chest wall in infancy: natural history of two cases. AB - Two cases of mesenchymal hamartoma of chest wall in infancy are reported. These distinctive and rare lesions arise in the antenatal period, present at birth or in early life as chest wall masses with marked rib deformation, and may produce respiratory compromise through encroachment on the chest cavities. Histologically composed of chondroid and primitive mesenchymal elements with giant-cell formation, endochondral ossification, and maturation to trabecular bone, they exhibit some features of aneurysmal bone cyst. Because of their cellularity and proliferative appearance, they are often misinterpreted as sarcomas; however, they pursue a benign course and can be well managed surgically. Our cases possessed multiple chest wall masses that were clinically apparent at birth and sequentially resected over a period of several months, creating an opportunity to document their hitherto unreported histologic evolution. Their pattern of maturation is in keeping with a hamartomous malformation. PMID- 3763503 TI - Leiomyosarcoma of ligamentum teres of liver: case report. AB - Presented is a leiomyosarcoma of the ligamentum teres of the liver in a 10-year old girl. This is a second such case to be recorded in the literature of the juvenile patient and the first to be studied by electron microscopy. PMID- 3763504 TI - Undifferentiated renal cell carcinoma in infancy: report of a case and review of literature. AB - A case of rapidly progressed undifferentiated renal cell carcinoma in a 2 2/12 month-old boy is reported. The histology is characterized by sarcomalike spindle and pleomorphic cells and bizarre giant cells, thus creating many difficulties in the differential diagnosis. The diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma was established on the basis of tubular formation by clear and granular cells observed in a few discrete areas. The literature on renal cell carcinoma occurring under 10 years of age was reviewed, with special attention given to histological typing. It is generally believed that renal cell carcinoma in children is well differentiated, but 2 of 39 cases reviewed were undifferentiated. We conclude that renal cell carcinoma in infants or young children may have an undifferentiated, atypical histological appearance and can progress rapidly. The differential diagnosis from anaplastic Wilms' tumor and sarcomatous tumors of the kidney in children is discussed. PMID- 3763505 TI - Transplacental effects of endotoxemia on fetal mouse brain, bone, and placental tissue. AB - Pregnant mice were given 0.005 mg endotoxin on day 10 of gestation or 0.0025 mg endotoxin on days 10 and 12. Pregnant mice treated with normal saline served as controls. On day 18 of pregnancy, fetuses and placentas were removed for microscopic and histological examination. The treated placentas had fibrin thrombi and hemorrhages in the labyrinth and spongiosa. Glycogen cells in the spongiosa were swollen. The long bones of experimental animals had few metaphyseal trabeculae, which also were disorganized, with an increase in the number of metaphyseal and diaphyseal osteoclasts. An increase in the number of necrotic neurons was observed in coronal sections of brains of experimental fetuses at the level of the trigeminal ganglion. To correlate the degree of neuronal necrosis with long-term behavioral effects, a behavioral test was performed on pups whose mothers were treated with endotoxin. The pups were tested at the age of 28 days and for the next 3 days for their audiogenic seizure response. The pups of the experimental groups were more sensitive to high sounds than the controls. Escherichia coli endotoxins seemed to have a significant teratogenic effect on mice, being more severe when endotoxin was given in divided doses to the pregnant animals. The widespread endothelial damage or the elevation of prostaglandin levels caused by endotoxins may have been responsible for these teratogenic effects. PMID- 3763506 TI - Lipoblastomatosis: ultrastructure of two cases and relationship to human fetal white adipose tissue. AB - Two cases of lipoblastomatosis were examined by electron microscopy. In each there was a spectrum of adipose cell differentiation from mature adipocytes to undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. The cells had various shapes and were loosely related to one another and to small blood vessels in a stroma containing sparse collagen and proteoglycan granules. Adipocytes and lipoblasts had a discrete basal lamina but this was absent in immature mesenchymal cells, which had prominent intermediate (10-nm) microfilaments and few or no lipid droplets. Neither case had foci resembling brown adipose tissue or hibernoma (large polygonal cells closely apposed to one another and to capillaries with densely packed pleomorphic mitochondria and focal undulating plasmalemmal invaginations). Both the ultrastructure of lipoblastomatosis and its characteristic loose lobular arrangement by light microscopy closely resemble human fetal "white" adipose tissue. PMID- 3763508 TI - Proceedings of the thirty-first annual meeting of the Paediatric Pathology Society. September 19-21, 1985, Oxford, England. Abstracts. PMID- 3763507 TI - Bone marrow changes in neuroblastoma. AB - Bone marrow examination at the time of diagnosis of neuroblastoma was performed in 48 new cases prior to instituting therapy. Bone marrow involvement by neuroblastoma was present in 20 patients (approximately 42%). In this study the trephine biopsy was a more reliable technique than marrow aspiration in establishing the presence of metastatic disease, but in a single case the trephine biopsy was negative with metastatic cells present in the aspirate. Myelofibrosis secondary to metastatic neuroblastoma was a frequent finding, being the predominant feature in 6 cases. Bone marrow involvement by neuroblastoma was usually associated with the presence of a primary adrenal tumor and occurred only infrequently with extra-adrenal primary origin. Bone marrow involvement was usually present at the time of presentation in case where the primary tumor was located in the adrenal gland. PMID- 3763509 TI - Carotid endarterectomy. Controversies and recommendations. AB - Carotid endarterectomy is a comparatively safe procedure for prevention of stroke in carefully selected patients with carotid stenosis. Generally, it is indicated in patients with hemispheric symptoms of transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), but it is more controversial in patients with non-hemispheric TIA symptoms or no symptoms. Emergency endarterectomy in patients with acute TIA symptoms is considered dangerous. Results of a series of 120 endarterectomies performed at Straub Clinic, Honolulu, confirm the benefits of elective endarterectomy when a meticulous operative technique is followed and intraoperative angiography and repair of defects are done. Prophylactic endarterectomy should not be performed unless a very low incidence (less than or equal to 3%) of combined major morbidity and mortality can be achieved. PMID- 3763510 TI - Laboratory monitoring of primary hypothyroidism. Use of a newer, more sensitive TSH assay. PMID- 3763511 TI - Insomnia. Rational diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 3763513 TI - Testicular cancer. The case for self-examination. PMID- 3763512 TI - Local subcutaneous atrophy after corticosteroid injection. AB - Subcutaneous atrophy developed in a 36-year-old woman at the site of a triamcinolone acetonide (Kenalog) injection for subdeltoid bursitis. Occurrence of local atrophy after corticosteroid injection is relatively frequent yet unappreciated. It is more common in young women and girls who are given preparations with a lesser degree of water solubility. Although the condition is often reversible, instances of long-term disfigurement are well documented. This complication of a useful treatment method can be avoided by following a set of precautions for local injection of corticosteroids. PMID- 3763514 TI - The malpractice crisis: a possible solution. PMID- 3763515 TI - Sleep apnea and hypertension. PMID- 3763516 TI - Marine-acquired infections. Hazards of the ocean environment. AB - Numerous pathogenic bacteria are found in seawater. They can cause several environmental infections, such as conjunctivitis, otitis externa, wound infections, pneumonia, and gastrointestinal illness. The incidence of some of these infections could be lowered if people took care to avoid eating undercooked seafood, swimming in brackish water, or sustaining lacerations in a marine environment. However, such infections will probably increase in frequency as more people visit ocean resorts. Prompt elimination of the infective agent, adequate wound care, and avoidance of reexposure can minimize the severity of the condition. PMID- 3763517 TI - The evolving management of varicose veins. Straub Clinic experience. PMID- 3763518 TI - Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules. A diagnostic method that minimizes the need for surgery. AB - Fine-needle aspiration biopsy is the most accurate and cost-effective method of evaluating thyroid nodules. When an experienced endocrinologist and cytopathologist are available, aspiration biopsy is the diagnostic procedure of choice. In our experience at Straub Clinic and Hospital, Honolulu, it has more than halved the number of operations for suspected thyroid cancer. PMID- 3763519 TI - Percutaneous brachial artery catheterization. The technique and its advantages. PMID- 3763520 TI - An overview of stroke. Epidemiology, classification, risk factors, clinical aspects. AB - Although evidence indicates that the incidence of stroke has declined over the past 30 years, stroke remains one of the leading causes of disability and death in the United States. Prevention appears to be the best treatment. According to the Straub Stroke Registry, 52% of strokes in its patient population can be attributed to a thrombotic mechanism. Besides thrombosis, the major causes of stroke are embolism, lacunar infarct, cerebellar infarction, and hemorrhage. Hypertension is a widely recognized risk factor for stroke, but the risks vary for each type of stroke. Transient ischemic attacks may precede stroke and thus are a warning signal. Since acute stroke cannot be cured, management includes symptomatic care and control of related problems such as hypertension. Carotid endarterectomy is useful in prevention of initial or recurrent stroke. The prognosis of stroke patients varies depending on the size of the lesion. PMID- 3763521 TI - Urinary tract infection and dysuria. Cost-conscious evaluation and antibiotic therapy. AB - Recent research into the pathogenesis and treatment of urinary tract infection (UTI) clearly indicates that our traditional approach has overestimated the need for extensive evaluation and prolonged antibiotic therapy. The great majority of UTIs can be managed adequately with urinalysis and single-dose or three-day antibiotic regimens; only complicated UTIs or those occurring in unusual hosts require cultures and longer courses of treatment. PMID- 3763522 TI - Periodic health monitoring revisited. PMID- 3763523 TI - Malignant pleural effusions. AB - Pleural effusions are common in cancer patients, developing either from the malignant condition or from unrelated causes, such as congestive heart failure, pulmonary infarction, or infection. Diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion rests on demonstration of the presence of malignant cells in the pleural fluid or pleural biopsy specimen. Treatment is usually aimed at relief of symptoms rather than at the underlying malignancy. Specific therapeutic measures include thoracentesis, chest tube drainage, pleurodesis with chemicals or biologic agents, radiation and systemic chemotherapy, surgical pleurodesis, and pleuroperitoneal shunt. These should be supplemented by ancillary measures to maintain fluid and nutritional balance and prevent complications. PMID- 3763524 TI - Electrocution. A reminder of the deadly hazard. PMID- 3763525 TI - Pleural effusions caused by infection. AB - Diagnostic thoracentesis is imperative when pneumonia is accompanied by an effusion (parapneumonic effusion). Examination of the pleural fluid is the only way to differentiate empyema and complicated parapneumonic effusions from uncomplicated parapneumonic effusions, and this differentiation is vital in deciding whether chest tube drainage is needed. If the aspirated pleural fluid contains pus or bacteria, closed chest tube drainage and antibiotic therapy should be started promptly. The same management approach is indicated if the pleural fluid pH is less than 7.00 or the glucose level is less than 40 mg/ml, since these effusions almost invariably are complicated parapneumonic effusions that do not resolve without fluid drainage. If the pleural fluid pH is greater than 7.20 and glucose level is more than 40 mg/ml, antibiotic therapy alone will suffice. Management of parapneumonic effusions with a pH of 7.00 to 7.20 should be based on serial observations of clinical status and pleural fluid findings. PMID- 3763526 TI - Malnutrition--a neglected cause of learning failure. PMID- 3763527 TI - Asleep at the wheel. The physician's role in preventing accidents 'just waiting to happen'. PMID- 3763528 TI - Amenorrhea in the adolescent athlete. Exploration of a growing phenomenon. PMID- 3763529 TI - Mitral valve prolapse in children. AB - Mitral valve prolapse is the most common cardiovascular abnormality in children and is diagnosed by the presence of a nonejection click with or without an associated murmur. Abnormalities are infrequently seen on ECG, but when present they raise concern as to long-term prognosis. Children who have such abnormalities should undergo exercise testing and Holter monitoring. Patients who have dysrhythmia should be followed closely, even if they are asymptomatic, because they may be at risk for morbidity and death. Restrictions on physical activity are required only if it exacerbates chest pain or dysrhythmia. PMID- 3763530 TI - Gastric volvulus. More common than previously thought? AB - Gastric volvulus is torsion of the stomach, which can compromise the gastric orifices and result in either acute or chronic and intermittent symptoms. We believe that gastric volvulus, especially when partial or intermittent, may be more common than has been previously thought. The condition should be suspected in any patient who has a history of retching or vomiting and has a paraesophageal hiatus hernia or eventration of the diaphragm. The classic triad of retching, severe and constant epigastric pain, and difficulty in passing a nasogastric tube should suggest the presence of acute gastric volvulus. The diagnosis is confirmed by specific findings on the upper gastrointestinal series. Acute gastric volvulus is a surgical emergency. Definitive treatment of recurrent chronic gastric volvulus is usually surgical, although conservative measures may have limited success. PMID- 3763531 TI - The postdate pregnancy. When to wait, when to induce labor. AB - The postdate pregnancy is a common and difficult problem for the physician, who must decide between risking premature delivery by inducing labor and waiting so long that post-maturity complications may be present. A normal contraction stress test with a postdate pregnancy is reassuring, and artificial labor promoted by an inducible cervix or an abnormal contraction stress test should attain the best result for both mother and baby. PMID- 3763532 TI - Childhood migraine. Differential diagnosis and treatment. AB - Migraine headaches may be confused with other types of headache, namely, those caused by tension and by organic disorders, but several features often set them apart. For one, migraines are often accompanied by other symptoms, such as nausea and vomiting. Also, they often are present in the family history. Treatment can involve such methods as biofeedback, diet, and limitation of exercise, and a number of medications are available for both treatment and prophylaxis. Studies of drug treatment of childhood migraine are few, so clinicians must tailor treatment to the individual case, watching for side effects and limiting the duration of treatment as much as possible. PMID- 3763533 TI - Occult sarcoidosis as the cause of hypercalcemia. PMID- 3763534 TI - 'Crack'. Early report on a new drug epidemic. PMID- 3763536 TI - Informed consent from the mentally incompetent elderly. PMID- 3763535 TI - Initial evaluation of the arthritic patient. Piecing together the diagnostic clues. AB - Evaluation of the arthritic patient as outlined in this article should enable the physician to formulate a working diagnosis that will suggest appropriate therapy. Initial evaluation includes thorough history taking, general and rheumatologic examination, selected laboratory tests (including synovial fluid analysis where appropriate), and radiologic studies. An individualized approach to patients is necessary, since each of the rheumatic diseases can affect patients in different ways. PMID- 3763537 TI - Emergency management of hand injuries. When to repair, when to refer. AB - The primary care physician can accurately diagnose hand injuries by obtaining a thorough patient history and performing a complete physical examination of the hand. When the severity of injury is doubtful, immobilization in a splint with next-day referral is appropriate. Immediate consultation should be obtained with nerve or vascular damage, fracture-dislocation injuries, open fractures, substantial skin loss, or flexor tendon injuries at or distal to the wrist. PMID- 3763538 TI - Diaphragmatic hernia--a diagnostic challenge. PMID- 3763539 TI - Fifteen year survival of patients presenting with hypertension to a hospital clinic. AB - The survival has been determined for the 404 patients who presented to the Hammersmith Hospital Hypertension Clinic during the years 1962 to 1966 and in whom the untreated blood pressure was known. The fifteen year survival ranged from 72% for young men aged 30-49 at presentation to 27% for men aged 60-69. Sixty-eight percent of the deaths were cardiovascular or renal, 33% of all deaths were from ischaemic heart disease (IHD), 17% from stroke and 3% from renal causes. Death from any cause was predicted with statistical significance by age, the presence of accelerated or malignant hypertension, impaired renal function, smoking at presentation and systolic blood pressure. Death was not predicted by hypokalaemia, hyperuricaemia (after adjusting for renal function) and obesity. PMID- 3763541 TI - Low dose maintenance treatment with cimetidine in duodenal ulcer: intermediate term results. AB - Ulcer relapse rates during up to 2 years of prophylactic low-dose maintenance therapy (LDMT) with cimetidine 400 mg at bedtime was examined in 261 patients. Endoscopy was repeated every 6 months if asymptomatic, or whenever symptoms recurred. Relapse was defined as the recurrence of an ulcer crater or erosions or both. In patients with non-refractory duodenal ulcer (those healed within 3 months) who comprise the majority, their likelihood of relapse at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months was: symptomatic 8%, 13%, 18%, 20%; silent 14%, 28%, 38%, 43%, respectively. In contrast, in patients with refractory ulcer, their symptomatic relapse rates were 36%, 45%, 46%, 48%, and silent 28%, 38%, 46%, 48% respectively. The outcome of a second course of LDMT was similar to the first. Narrowing the definition of relapse to exclude recurrence of erosions alone but without an ulcer decreased asymptomatic relapse in non-refractory ulcer patients by about half. No patient had any major side effects. Thus, LDMT is a safe and effective way of keeping most patients with duodenal ulcer symptom free over 2 years. PMID- 3763540 TI - Ulcerative colitis and sarcoidosis. AB - Ulcerative colitis is not commonly associated with recognizable pulmonary disease and only four sporadic cases of sarcoidosis in association with ulcerative colitis have been previously reported. However, in a series of 680 patients with ulcerative colitis, pulmonary or extra-pulmonary sarcoidosis has at some stage been present in eight. These cases are reported in detail. The onset of either condition bore no relationship to the activity or the presence of recognized peripheral manifestations of the other, suggesting that the two diseases were independent. However, three of the patients had the HLA B8 DR3 phenotype which is a higher prevalence than seen in previous studies of either disease alone. Patients with ulcerative colitis who possess this HLA phenotype may possibly be more susceptible to developing sarcoidosis. PMID- 3763542 TI - Crohn's disease--is there a long latent period? AB - Four cases of Crohn's disease developing in adult females, who had been in close contact during their teens, are described. It is suggested that this could indicate an infective causation for Crohn's disease with a long latency. PMID- 3763543 TI - Malignant melanoma involving the small bowel. AB - Small bowel is the commonest site of gastrointestinal metastases from cutaneous malignant melanoma. Five patients with malignant melanoma involving the small bowel are reported. One patient was operated on for suspected acute appendicitis, two patients for gastrointestinal bleeding and two patients for small bowel obstruction. Two patients remain well 4 and 5 years after surgery. PMID- 3763544 TI - Pulmonary infection with opportunist mycobacteria on Merseyside 1974-1983. AB - During a 10 year period 49 patients were recorded as having pulmonary infection caused by opportunist mycobacteria. Six different species were identified of which M. kansasii (65%) and M. avium-intracellulare (20%) were the most common. Cough and sputum (82%) or haemoptysis (26%) were frequent symptoms on presentation and over two thirds of patients had pre-existing respiratory disease. Chest radiographs showed predominantly apical disease with the right apex (44%) being twice as commonly affected as the left (22%). In 30% the radiograph showed bilateral disease. Clinicians had an individual approach to treatment with no uniform pattern of drug prescribing. A majority of patients (59%) received rifampicin for at least 9 months and those patients with M. kansasii infection responded well with no bacteriological relapses in 20 patients followed for a mean period of 3.9 years. M. avium-intracellulare, M. malmoense and M. xenopi were less responsive to treatment and in four patients receiving chemotherapy death was attributed to mycobacterial infection. PMID- 3763545 TI - Volvulus of the stomach--an unusual cause of pulsus paradoxus. AB - A patient with a strangulated diaphragmatic hernia presented as an emergency and was noted to have pulsus paradoxus. The mechanism of this physical sign, previously unrecorded in association with an intrathoracic hernia, is discussed. PMID- 3763546 TI - An acetabular fracture of the pelvis. PMID- 3763547 TI - Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation associated with an attack of multiple sclerosis. AB - A young woman presented with an acute right pontine lesion and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. The lesion was later proven by magnetic resonance imaging to be due to multiple sclerosis. To our knowledge, cardiac arrhythmias have not been previously described in this condition. Published support for this possible association is reviewed. PMID- 3763548 TI - 'Spontaneous' rupture of the diaphragm. AB - A case of 'spontaneous' rupture of the diaphragm with herniation and strangulation of the stomach is reported. The diagnosis was made by endoscopy and repair achieved via laparotomy. The patient has made a full recovery. PMID- 3763549 TI - Hypercalcaemia in chronic lymphatic leukaemia. AB - A 75 year old woman with a 13 year history of classical chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL) developed hypercalcaemia. Unlike previous reports, this was not associated with blastic transformation, hyperparathyroidism or features of multiple myeloma, but was due to classical CLL per se. PMID- 3763550 TI - Immobilization hypercalcaemia due to low bone formation and responding to intravenous sodium sulphate. AB - A young man developed acute renal failure and hypercalcaemia following severe burns. The hypercalcaemia was initially controlled by haemodialysis, but it persisted after return of renal function. Plasma PTH was inappropriately elevated, but the nephrogenous cyclic adenosine monophosphate level was low; thus the PTH was probably not biologically active, and may have been artefactually elevated by the moderate renal impairment. Bone histology, showed a normal resorbing surface, but a zero forming surface, implying that the bone dissolution leading to hypercalcaemia resulted from a failure of bone formation. Because of widespread infection and impaired renal function, the hypercalcaemia could not be treated by corticosteroid drugs, mithramycin or phosphate, and there was no response to salmon calcitonin. He was therefore treated with intravenous sodium sulphate, which increased urinary calcium excretion and reduced the plasma calcium. Sodium sulphate still has a role in the treatment of patients with hypercalcaemia. PMID- 3763551 TI - Protein losing enteropathy as a sole manifestation of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. AB - We describe a patient who presented with oedema and hypoproteinaemia which was proved to be due to protein-losing enteropathy. Extensive gastrointestinal investigations failed to discover any definitive cause. He subsequently developed tuberculous inguinal lymphadenopathy but although treated for tuberculosis the protein-losing state persisted. Later on he developed renal failure due to obstructive nephropathy. Laparotomy was carried out and it disclosed the diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, treatment of which cured the protein-losing state. PMID- 3763552 TI - Clostridial myonecrosis in association with etoposide therapy presenting as severe thigh pain. AB - The case is described of a 68 year old man who was immunosuppressed as a result of receiving chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer and who presented with severe right thigh pain. This proved to be due to clostridial myonecrosis with none of the classical clinical features of clostridial infection. This is believed to be the first reported case of spontaneous clostridial infection associated with etoposide administration. PMID- 3763553 TI - Yersinia arthritis with erythema nodosum. AB - A previously healthy female presented with erythema nodosum and arthritis with serological evidence of infection with Yersinia enterocolitica. Erythema nodosum following this infection has not previously been reported in Britain. PMID- 3763554 TI - Acute pancreatitis in hepatitis A infection. AB - Hepatitis viruses are an uncommon cause of acute pancreatitis. We present the case of a boy with acute pancreatitis complicating viral hepatitis with satisfactory recovery. The finding of IgM-anti HAV antibodies implicates hepatitis A virus as the cause. PMID- 3763556 TI - Centers for education. PMID- 3763555 TI - Fatal xylenol self-poisoning. AB - A case of fatal xylenol ingestion by a long-stay mental hospital patient is described. The clinical course was similar to that observed in other phenolic poisonings with active bowel sounds, nausea and vomiting, severe metabolic acidosis, hypotension and cardiac and renal failure. The formulation of xylenol ingested contains alcohol which would facilitate absorption; due to the dangers of such poisonings care must be exercised as to access and exposure to xylenol sterilising agents. PMID- 3763557 TI - Erythema multiforme following cefotaxime therapy. PMID- 3763558 TI - Predictors of adoption and maintenance of physical activity in a community sample. AB - Predictors of changes in three measures of physical activity over 1 year were examined in a community sample of 1,411 California adults. Five percent of women and 11% of men adopted vigorous activities (e.g., running), and 26% of men and 34% of women adopted regular moderate activity (e.g., walking). About 50% of vigorous exercisers and 25-35% of moderate exercisers dropped out in 1 year. About 9% reported large 1-year increases in globally rated activity level, while about 7% reported decreases in global activity. In multivariate analyses, adoption of vigorous activity was predicted by young age, male gender, and self efficacy. Maintenance of vigorous activity was predicted by attitudes toward physical activity. Adoption of moderate activity was predicted by health knowledge, and maintenance was predicted by specific exercise knowledge, female gender, and self-efficacy. PMID- 3763559 TI - Pap testing: opinion and practice among young obstetrician-gynecologists. AB - Since 1976, contradictory recommendations by a number of groups (including the American Cancer Society, the National Cancer Institute, a National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference, the Canadian Task Force on Cervical Cancer Screening Programs, and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists) on the timing of Pap testing--including age to begin testing, appropriate frequency of testing, and age to discontinue testing--have been communicated to both physicians and consumers. The opinions and practices of a U.S. national sample of recently trained obstetrician-gynecologists, whose professional association continues to endorse annual Pap tests, were investigated and compared with key points from the various recommendations. The appropriateness of the recommendations themselves is not addressed. Findings show that respondents are aware of recommendations for less frequent Pap testing, but they believe that women should generally receive annual Pap tests and that regular Pap testing should not be discontinued among the elderly. While the intensity of Pap testing services varies by type of practice arrangement, such variation does not occur for opinions regarding Pap testing, with one exception: Those practicing in multispecialty groups (including health maintenance organizations) are more likely to endorse routine Pap testing for elderly women if they see elderly women in their practices. Thus, the physicians in this study are not adhering to recommendations for Pap testing on a less-than-annual basis or for discontinuance in the elderly. PMID- 3763560 TI - Cardiovascular risk status and oral contraceptive use: United States, 1976-1980. AB - Data from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, conducted in 1976-1980, were analyzed for the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (cigarette smoking, serum cholesterol, and blood pressure) among 2,342 premenopausal women ages 20-44 years, stratified by oral contraceptive use. For oral contraceptive users and non-users, adjusted means were serum cholesterol, 205 vs 188 mg/dl (P less than 0.05); systolic blood pressure, 116 vs 113 mm Hg (P less than 0.01); and diastolic blood pressure, 74 vs 73 mm Hg (NS). The prevalence of cigarette smoking was significantly higher among oral contraceptive users (44% compared with 36% among nonusers; P less than 0.05). Using the 1984 NIH Consensus Development Conference Statement on Lowering Blood Cholesterol to define risk levels for serum cholesterol, 23% of the oral contraceptive users were at high risk compared with 12% of the nonusers, and 16% of the oral contraceptive users vs 11% of the nonusers were at moderate risk. For users and nonusers, the respective prevalence of a blood pressure at or above 140/90 mm Hg was 5.3% vs 8.8% (unadjusted) and 8.6% vs 8.0% (age adjusted). The percentage of women with multiple risk factors was also higher among oral contraceptive user; 14% of the users had two or more risk factors vs 7% of the nonusers (P less than 0.05). These cross-sectional national data support data from clinical studies regarding the effect of oral contraceptives on cholesterol and blood pressure levels. In addition, since the use of oral contraceptives is widespread in the population and users tend to see physicians more regularly than other women, the data suggest that users of the pill are a good target group among which to screen and monitor cardiovascular risk factors. PMID- 3763561 TI - Perceived personal immunity: the development of beliefs about susceptibility to the consequences of smoking. AB - Students ages 10 to 18 were given the task of estimating the probability of four possible consequences of cigarette smoking: heart trouble, cancer, carbon monoxide in alveolar air, and breathlessness during strenuous exercise. Subjects made estimates for generalized others who smoke, for themselves as hypothetical lifelong smokers, and for their actual selves. Comparisons of generalized others with hypothetical self and of hypothetical self with actual self suggest that subjects engage in significant denial. Smokers denied their susceptibility more than nonsmokers for generalized others and for themselves as hypothetical lifelong smokers. Compared with nonsmokers, smokers admitted an increased likelihood of experiencing the consequences of smoking when they predicted for their actual self, suggesting some objective awareness of their increased risk status. Smokers saw themselves as highly susceptible to carbon monoxide and breathlessness. This lends support to the current focus on instruction about immediate consequences of smoking as being potentially efficacious in deterring smoking in youth. PMID- 3763562 TI - A low-cost community approach to weight control: initial results from an evaluated trial. AB - This article describes a trial of a low-cost, readily disseminatable weight control program ("Waistline") which uses behavioral, social support, and community strength-building principles. Participants meet for 12 weeks in small, lay-led groups in community settings, and use prepackaged materials designed specifically for those of modest education. Results from 407 participants are presented, showing a mean postcourse weight loss of 5.6 kg (12.3 lb) and a low attrition rate (9-12%). In a subsample followed up at 12 months (N = 96), 80% of this loss had been maintained. A comparison group ("Slimline," N = 26) lost 1.27 kg (2.8 lb) and had an attrition rate of 31-46%. The Waistline results are comparable to those obtained by more intensive and expensive behavioral programs, and demographic data show that those of relatively low educational attainment are well represented. The potential of this approach for cheap, noncommercial dissemination of weight-control programs on a population basis is noted. PMID- 3763563 TI - Measuring community change in disease prevention and health promotion. AB - This report describes the use of the Community Resource Inventory to measure change in community health activities. The inventory consists of a survey of all organizations within a geographical area that might be mobilized for risk factor reduction. The inventory was utilized prior to, and again 3 years after, implementation of a health promotion campaign in a rural county and in a matched reference county. It revealed an increase in health promotion activities in key community institutions in the experimental county during a period when these activities were declining in the reference county. The Community Resource Inventory is a promising method of measuring community change and can be useful in monitoring the progress of programs in which there is a long period of latency between program initiation and measurement of outcomes, such as reduction in cardiovascular mortality. PMID- 3763564 TI - Curricular influences on preventive-care attitudes. AB - Attitudes are one of the most important outcomes of medical education, but little is known about curricular influences on specific attitudes. This study examined changes in attitudes toward 20 preventive-care services in a cohort of 175 medical students. Specifically, a cohort of medical students was followed over a 30-month interval that spanned the period from medical school entry through the first 6 months of clinical clerkships. Perceived importance, as well as student confidence in the ability of primary-care physicians to provide 20 preventive care services, was examined. Importance ratings for preventive-care services remained stable, while levels of confidence in the ability of physicians to provide the services increased. Implications of the results are discussed in relation to the possibilities for emphasizing disease prevention content in medical education. PMID- 3763565 TI - Smoking intervention: combination therapy using nicotine chewing gum and the American Lung Association's "Freedom from Smoking" manuals. AB - The smoking cessation efficacy of a two-session group program using the American Lung Association's "Freedom from Smoking" self-help manuals, nicotine gum, and brief, repeated professional supervision was estimated in an uncontrolled clinical trial. Of the 39 participants, 12 (31%) remained cigarette free for 1 year, and 4 others (10%) had not smoked during the 3 months prior to the 1-year follow-up. Claims of cessation were verified by expired-air carbon monoxide measurement. Nearly all successful abstainers were able to achieve 48-hr cessation during their first week using the gum. This finding suggests that nicotine gum is best used to help the smoker quit abruptly, rather than as an aid in a tapering-off strategy. This study's smoking intervention program appears to provide a relatively low-cost method of improving the success rates among smokers who wish to quit. PMID- 3763566 TI - [Interrelation of the clinical picture of hypothyroidism with the calcium regulating function of the thyroid in its diffuse enlargement]. AB - Analysis was made of the correlation between the clinical manifestations of hypothyrosis and thyroid calcium-regulating activity. In diffuse enlargement of the thyroid gland the employment of mathematical analysis of hypothyrosis symptoms and thyrotropin-releasing hormone test promoted the early diagnosis of hypothyrosis and helped to reveal its pathogenesis (primary, hypophyseal, hypothalamic). In primary hypothyrosis, when the basal level of thyrotropin and its reaction to TRH was increased, depressed levels of parathormone and thyroxin binding globulin were observed. A tendency towards elevation in the production of calcitonin was recorded in all mild forms of the disease. PMID- 3763567 TI - [Reflexometry: an early prognostic test for assessing postoperative hypothyroidism]. AB - The serum content of thyroxin (T4) and the duration of Achilles reflex was studied in 23 patients with toxic goiter 1-3 months after subtotal thyroidectomy. Concentration of T4 assessed in the serum revealed 9 euthyroid subjects and 14 patients with hypothyrosis. But as the duration of Achilles tendon reflex was within the norm in all 14 hypothyrosis patients reflexometry technique turned to be inconsistent in distinguishing between hypo- and euthyroidism. However the high prognostic value of this method for differential diagnosis of transient or long-standing forms of the disease was shown. Six months after the surgery hypothyrosis disappeared spontaneously, i.e. turned to be transient, in 5 patients whose Achilles tendon reflex parameters were normal, though in all 9 hypothyrosis patients with the reflex parameters higher than 350 m/s clinical and biochemical signs of thyroid under-activity were detected. The data obtained give evidence in favour of reflexometry to be used for early prognostic assessment of post-operative hypothyrosis. PMID- 3763568 TI - [Effect of adrenal function on breast development in the female]. AB - Adrenal and mammary glands were investigated postmortem in 186 young or mature girls as well as in nulliparous women who suddenly died from injuries. The levels of mammary gland development was assessed with regard to their mass, the percentage of fibrous tissue and with regard to mathematically processed cartographic data on sectional histo-topography. Cytometry and karyometry of glomerular and reticulo-fascicular zones of adrenal glands were performed. A total estimation of adrenal glands activity was determined by a cumulative morphofunctional index. Morphofunctional relationship of adrenal and mammary glands was studied in females aged 8-25. The study revealed that accelerated development of mammary glands in 12-16-year-old persons was accompanied by increased activity of adrenal cortex while in those aged 22-25 it was followed by the enlargement of adrenal gland mass and size of fasciculo-reticular zone without any essential alterations of other morphofunctional parameters. PMID- 3763569 TI - [Alpha-tocopherol concentration of the blood plasma and erythrocytes in patients with symptomatic obesity due to hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenal diseases]. AB - Healthy persons, patients with noncomplicated alimentary and hypothalamic obesity and those with pubertal dyspituitarism or Icenko-Cushing's disease were studied for serum and erythrocytic levels of alpha-tocopherol. In normal subjects the levels of alpha-tocopherol in the blood serum are increasing with age. In patients with alimentary obesity and pubertal dyspituitarism the percentage of alpha-tocopherol elevation correlates with that of serum lipids and alpha tocopherol erythrocytic levels are not higher than in normal subjects. In patients with hypothalamic obesity and in particular with Icenko-Cushing's disease relative incompetence of alpha-tocopherol in the blood serum was accompanied by decreased levels of alpha-tocopherol in red blood cells (absolute deficit of alpha-tocopherol in tissues). PMID- 3763570 TI - [Use of chromatographic fractionation of urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids for choosing the cortisone acetate dose in treating patients with primary chronic adrenal cortical failure]. AB - To find laboratory criteria reflecting the correction of primary chronic adrenal insufficiency (PCAI) during cortisone acetate therapy 17-hydroxycorticosteroid urinary fractions of 10 patients were compared to those in normal subjects using thin-layer chromatography in silica gel. As no differences were revealed between the urinary levels of hydrocortisone(F), cortisone(E), tetrahydro-II desoxyhydrocortisone (THT) in PCAI patients treated with cortisone acetate and in normals the author suggested selecting the supportive dosages of cortisone acetate with regard to the assessment of F, E, and THT concentrations (except for the cases of suprarenal crisis). In clinical medicine the assessment of THT levels alone would be quite sufficient. PMID- 3763571 TI - [Serotonin, histamine and catecholamine levels in patients with the hyperprolactinemia syndrome]. AB - A total of 76 patients aged 18-39 with hyperprolactinemia were studied for the blood levels of serotonin and histamine and for the urinary ones of epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopa and dopamine. Blood levels of serotonin and histamine were recorded increased whereas the urinary levels of catecholamines were decreased. No correlation was shown between the intensity in the production of lactogenic hormone and those abnormalities found in the levels of the above mentioned amino groups. The shifts observed were supposed to reflect those general tendencies which took place in the central regulatory mechanisms of the gonadal system in patients with excessive production of lactogenic hormone. PMID- 3763572 TI - [Effect of human somatotropin on metabolism in hypothalamo-hypophyseal nanism patients]. AB - The effect of pharmacopoeic human somatotropin (HS) produced by the Kaunas plant of endocrine preparations, on the proteic, lipid, carbohydrate and mineral metabolism was studied in 40 patients with hypothalamohypophyseal nanism (HHN). The experiments were performed before treatment on an empty stomach, 4 hs after HS administration in a dose of 4 I. U. and during the course of treatment (with 1 2 or 3-4 monthly intervals). The HS administration resulted in the increase of urea, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase levels, decreased those of beta lipoproteins, potassium and sodium and caused the redistribution of proteic fractions in the blood of HHN patients. Simultaneous reduction of the urea, creatinine and phosphoric excretion in lime with enhanced urinary excretion of potassium was observed. During a long-term intermittent HS therapy no changes were revealed in carbohydrate metabolism in HHN patients. PMID- 3763573 TI - [Malondialdehyde, alpha-tocopherol and retinol content of the blood serum in male diabetics]. AB - The average concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in diabetes mellitus males was not higher than in the age-matched controls whereas alpha-tocopherol levels in diabetes mellitus significantly exceeded the normal disregarding the pattern of the disease and closely correlated with the concentration of triglycerides. Lower concentration of retinol in comparison with the control group was observed in the patients. Relative levels of alpha-tocopherol/MDA and retinol/MDA were age dependent: in patients under 30 and above 50 the levels of alpha-tocopherol/MDA were significantly higher than in their normal age-matches while in 31-50-old ones no elevation in the above mentioned levels was observed. Retinol/MDA levels were significantly lower in the latter age group. The data are indicative of decreased levels of alpha-tocopherol and retinol in diabetes mellitus patients aged 31-50. PMID- 3763574 TI - [Structural mechanisms for the realization of the secretory activity of human endocrine organs in prenatal morphogenesis]. AB - A study was made of the secretory active cells and intraorganic blood channel of the hypophysis, thyroid, thymus, ovaries and testes and human embryos and fetuses of 4-5 week -9 mos intrauterine development. The development of the hematocellular barriers in the human endocrine organs during the period of intrauterine development was studied from the view-point of the expression of their secretory activity. The time course of the transmission of endocrine information in the endocrine glands during prenatal morphogenesis determined by the phases of the development of transport communications of the microcirculatory system was studied. The system of contact means of the transmission of the secretory material was the first to function in the endocrine glands in the prenatal period of morphogenesis. The structural-functional formation and development of the microcirculatory system was a morphological base for the expression of the long- and short-distant means of the transmission of the secretory material to target cells and organs. PMID- 3763575 TI - [Characteristics of the course of osteoarthropathy in a diabetic patient]. PMID- 3763576 TI - [Leontiasis ostium in a patient with gigantism]. PMID- 3763577 TI - [Heart involvement in diabetes mellitus (a lecture)]. PMID- 3763578 TI - [Methods for the early detection and results of ambulatory care of diabetics]. PMID- 3763579 TI - [Role of protein biosynthetic processes in realizing the action of sex steroids on the level of specific estrogen-binding protein in the rat liver]. AB - The authors have assessed the life-span of special estrogen-binding rat liver protein (SEBP) through inhibition of it by long-term administration of cyclohexymid (C1) and have examined how C1 affects the efficiency with which sex steroids influence the level of SEBP. The level of SEBP synthesis was assessed by the changes in the number of SEBP estradiol (E2)-binding sites. The long-term C1 administration in the dose of 100 micrograms suppressed SEBP synthesis by an average of 82.4% with the half-life of SEBP being about 18 hr. Testosterone propionate (TP) and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, but not E2, were found able to mediate enhanced SEBP levels in the liver of ovariectomized female rats. A single 200 micrograms dose of C1 administered 30 min prior to hormone injection caused significant decreases in the efficiency of SEBP-mediated androgen activities in the liver of ovariectomized female rats, in TP-induced stimulation of the SEBP level in the liver of castrated male rats and in E2 inhibitory effect on the SEBP level in the liver of mature males. It is concluded that de novo protein synthesis is necessary for the early manifestation of all the above mentioned effects of sex hormones on the SEBP level. Based on the data regarding the duration of SEBP life and the rate with which it affects the activity of sex steroids it is supposed that in the early stages of hormonally induced manifestations there are changes in biosynthesis of regulating protein rather than in SEBP itself. PMID- 3763580 TI - [Cooperative effect of hydrocortisone, adrenaline and high-density lipoproteins in regulating the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity of the liver]. AB - The role of adaptive hormones and serum lipoproteins in the regulation of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) activity was investigated. The test was performed on experimental hepatic sections of Wistar rats. It was shown that timely regulation of G-6-PDH by epinephrine and hydrocortisone which inhibits the activity of enzyme is manifested through the cAMP-dependent mechanism. The cooperative effect of epinephrine, hydrocortisone and high-density lipoproteins that enables G-6-PDH activation was revealed. It was stated that only high density lipoproteins of subpopulation III were capable of hormonal mediating. The effect was caused by the induction of enzyme synthesis and manifested through lysosome-dependent activation of chromatin. PMID- 3763581 TI - [Etiology and therapy of interlobar pleuritis]. PMID- 3763582 TI - [Hypersensitivity of the immediate and delayed types in patients with tuberculous exudative pleuritis]. PMID- 3763583 TI - [Results of immunological studies in lung diseases]. PMID- 3763584 TI - [Rheological properties of the blood in patients with destructive pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 3763585 TI - [Thoracoscopy in the diagnosis of disseminated lesions of the lungs]. PMID- 3763586 TI - [Activities of a district anti-tuberculosis dispensary with regard to centralized control of the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis]. PMID- 3763587 TI - [Remote results of the treatment and rehabilitation of adolescents and adults with pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 3763588 TI - [Clinical aspects and treatment of destructive pulmonary tuberculosis in patients, carriers of hepatitis B virus]. PMID- 3763589 TI - [Intermittent hormonal therapy of patients with sarcoidosis]. PMID- 3763590 TI - [Diagnosis of pneumoconiosis]. PMID- 3763591 TI - [Pulmonary tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 3763592 TI - [Causes of the formation of cohorts of patients with destructive disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 3763593 TI - Aging and primate male sexual behavior. AB - Old male rhesus macaques display less sexual behavior than young and middle-aged males. The decrease in sexual activity occurs without a statistically significant decline in gonadal hormones or change in diurnal patterns of serum T, DHT, or LH. Levels of sexual activity are not increased by administering T to old intact males. However, the hormone is effective in increasing sexual behavior in old long-term-castrated males. Performance can be increased to levels observed in equally old untreated intact males. Readily detectable physical disabilities of old age have been observed to impair sexual performance, but the observed general decline in sexual activity cannot be accounted for by known physical disabilities. Novelty, as represented by a change in female partner or by a change in environment, has not increased sexual performance in old rhesus males. Only when old males were paired with empirically selected preferred females is their sexual behavior increased to levels displayed by young males. Drugs reported to increase levels of sexual behavior in rats have thus far been less effective in old rhesus males than powdered rhinoceros horn has been in man. The probable absence of a placebo effect in rhesus males should increase their usefulness as an animal model for the study of sexual behavior in aging men. PMID- 3763594 TI - Growth hormone and prolactin secretion after hypothalamic deafferentation in pigs. AB - Control of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) secretion was investigated in ovariectomized, prepuberal Yorkshire gilts by comparing the effects of anterior (AHD), complete (CHD), and posterior (PHD) hypothalamic deafferentation with sham operated controls (SOC). Blood samples were collected sequentially via an indwelling jugular catheter at 20-min intervals during surgery and recovery from anesthesia (Day 0) and Days 1 and 2 after cranial surgery. Mean serum concentrations of GH after AHD, CHD, and PHD were reduced (P less than 0.01) when compared with SOC gilts. Furthermore, episodic GH release evident in SOC animals was obliterated after hypothalamic deafferentation. PRL concentrations in peripheral serum of hypothalamic deafferentated gilts remained similar (P greater than 0.05) to those of SOC animals. These results indicate that anterior and posterior hypothalamic neural pathways play a minor role in the control of PRL secretion in the pig in as much as PRL levels remained unchanged after hypothalamic deafferentation. These findings may be interpreted to suggest that the hypothalamus by itself seems able to maintain tonic inhibition of PRL release. In contrast, the maintenance of episodic GH secretion depends upon its neural connections traversing the anterior and posterior aspects of the hypothalamus in the pig. PMID- 3763595 TI - Impaired in vivo myocardial reactivity to norepinephrine in diabetic rats. AB - The effects of long-term diabetes with and without insulin treatment on in vivo myocardial contractile activity were studied under basal conditions and as a function of intravenously infused norepinephrine. Diabetes was induced by iv injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). Insulin-treated diabetic rats received 5 units per day of isophane insulin suspension. The duration of the study was 8 weeks. In vivo myocardial contractility measurements were performed in ketamine xylazine-anesthetized rats using a miniature catheter-tip pressure transducer advanced through the right carotid artery into the left ventricle. Peak positive dP/dt and intraventricular developed pressure were comparable among the groups when measured under basal conditions; however, the magnitude of the response to variable doses of norepinephrine (6 X 10(-12) to 6 X 10(-8) mole/kg body wt) were significantly diminished in diabetic rats, but the sensitivity was unchanged. Negative dP/dt was decreased under basal conditions and in response to norepinephrine in diabetic rats. Insulin treatment to diabetic rats prevented these changes, but heart rate was elevated. These results demonstrate that the in vivo cardiovascular reactivity of diabetic rats to norepinephrine is significantly attenuated. PMID- 3763596 TI - Decreased glucose production from maltose in perfused kidney of streptozotocin diabetic rats. AB - To elucidate the role of renal maltase in the metabolism of circulating maltose, glucose production from maltose was investigated in perfused kidney of normal and streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats. The kidney was perfused with 150 mg/dl maltose for 30 min and perfusate maltose and glucose were measured. Perfusate glucose concentration in the kidney of control rats gradually increased during perfusion. That in the kidney of diabetic rats was significantly lower than that in controls. Perfusate maltose concentration in the kidney of diabetic rats was significantly higher than that in controls. These results suggest that circulating maltose may enter kidney cells and subsequently metabolized to glucose, and that maltose uptake and glucose production were decreased in the kidney of STZ diabetic rats. PMID- 3763597 TI - The mechanism of peroxidase-mediated cytotoxicity. I. Comparison of horseradish peroxidase and lactoperoxidase. AB - The kinetics of the cytolytic activity expressed by lactoperoxidase and horseradish peroxidase toward erythrocytes in the presence of H2O2 and iodide have been investigated at physiological pH. The action of both enzymes was found to be very similar with respect to their kinetic mechanisms. Both enzymes showed saturation kinetics at higher enzyme concentrations under conditions where substrate concentrations were not limiting. Optimal concentrations of H2O2 and iodide were found to be 40 and 25 microM, respectively, for both enzymes. Higher concentrations of H2O2 inhibited the cytolytic activity. The pH dependence of the cytolytic reaction is also very similar for both enzymes, showing maximal activity at about pH 6.3. Moreover, the cytolytic activities of both enzymes were inhibited by tyrosine, tryptophan, cysteine, and to a lesser extent by histidine. We conclude from these data that the mechanisms of horseradish peroxidase and lactoperoxidase in promoting the lysis of erythrocytes are closely related if not identical. PMID- 3763598 TI - Age and thyroid hormone as factors in the responses of BHE rats to starvation refeeding. AB - The interacting effects of thyroid hormone, age, and duration of starvation on the enzyme and liver lipid responses of BHE rats to starvation-refeeding were studied. Rats were starved for 2, 4, or 7 days and refed a 65% glucose diet for 2 days. The rats were either 150 or 420 days of age and injected daily with either saline or 10 micrograms thyroxine/100 g body weight. Neither age nor duration of starvation affected the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase or malic enzyme activity or liver lipid response to starvation-refeeding. However, thyroxine treatment potentiated the response to starvation-refeeding in the 420-day-old rats when the duration of starvation increased from 2 to 7 days. PMID- 3763600 TI - Effect of capsaicin on croton oil and TPA induced tumorigenesis and inflammation. PMID- 3763599 TI - Blood flow of the uterus during paracervical block with local anesthetics. PMID- 3763601 TI - Antiarrhythmic activity of ropitoin in rats subjected to coronary artery ligation. PMID- 3763602 TI - Conformational analysis of dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors: use of computer graphics in drug design. PMID- 3763603 TI - Carbachol induced rhythmical slow wave activity recorded from dentate granule neurons in vitro. PMID- 3763605 TI - The effects of a suitable solvent for neuropharmacological experiments with water insoluble compounds. PMID- 3763604 TI - Pathway specific and differential effects produced by halothane on hippocampal neurons in vitro. PMID- 3763606 TI - Effects of neurotensin on thermoregulation, locomotor activity, and ethanol induced sleep time in LS/Ibg and SS/Ibg mice. PMID- 3763607 TI - Pharmacology of calmodulin and kinase C antagonists. PMID- 3763608 TI - Ventricular automaticity at the onset of the late phase of coronary artery occlusion in canine hearts and the effects of lidocaine and verapamil. PMID- 3763609 TI - The effect of hyperthyroidism on the responsiveness of the rat mesenteric artery to vasoactive agents. PMID- 3763610 TI - Mechanisms of hypoxic relaxation in isolated cerebral arteries: the effects of extracellular calcium concentration. PMID- 3763611 TI - Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow during calcium channel blockade with nimodipine. PMID- 3763612 TI - Characterization of the biologically and antigenically important regions of urotensin II. PMID- 3763613 TI - Angiotensin receptors in smooth muscle: an agonist induced dual state (AIDS) receptor model. PMID- 3763614 TI - Coronary artery ligation in streptozotocin diabetic rats. PMID- 3763615 TI - Verapamil effect on fetus in rat. PMID- 3763616 TI - Pharmacokinetics of 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(4-ethyl-1 piperazinyl)-3- quinoline- carboxylic acid (CFPQ) in turkeys. PMID- 3763617 TI - Oxygen free radical mechanisms in rats treated with the epileptogenic drug, U18,666A. PMID- 3763618 TI - Biotechnology in pharmaceuticals: new science, new industry. PMID- 3763619 TI - Intermittent cold water swim stress inhibits gastrointestinal transit in mice. PMID- 3763620 TI - The effect of bombesin on the intrinsic cardiac nerves. PMID- 3763621 TI - The pathways of the aortic depressor nerves in guinea pigs. PMID- 3763622 TI - Acute effects of cholinesterase inhibitors on neuroendocrine activity. PMID- 3763623 TI - Survival under hypoxia and circadian rhythm. PMID- 3763624 TI - Cimetidine and gastrointestinal motility in vitro. PMID- 3763625 TI - Activation of vagal gastric mechanoreceptors by cholecystokinin. PMID- 3763626 TI - Effects of adenyl purines on guinea pig myometrium. PMID- 3763627 TI - Bupivacaine, chloroprocaine and human uterine contractions. PMID- 3763628 TI - Local anesthetic effects on uterine muscle in vitro. PMID- 3763629 TI - Effects of capsaicin on pulmonary responses to vagal stimulation and bronchospastic drugs in guinea pigs. PMID- 3763630 TI - Activation of cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase in rabbit aortic rings by prostaglandin E1 and forskolin is accompanied by contraction and relaxation, respectively. PMID- 3763631 TI - 3H-nitrendipine binding to hamster cardiac muscle homogenate. PMID- 3763632 TI - Influence of ligand degradation on ligand binding assays. PMID- 3763633 TI - Phylogenetic distribution of A1 adenosine receptors in nervous tissue. PMID- 3763634 TI - Drugs and toxicants in foodstuffs: opening remarks. PMID- 3763635 TI - The regulatory control to toxic chemicals in food. PMID- 3763636 TI - Cardiovascular effects of parathyroid hormone in the dog: a comparison with adenosine. PMID- 3763637 TI - Use of pharmacological principles in regulation of drugs in food animals. PMID- 3763638 TI - A simple and convenient cell model for the characterization of volume sensitive taurine and GABA transport. PMID- 3763639 TI - Binding of 3H-mepyramine to dog portal vein and cerebral cortex. PMID- 3763640 TI - Overreplication of DNA and the rapid generation of genomic change. PMID- 3763641 TI - Population structure. PMID- 3763642 TI - An estimation of the number of invariable sites is necessary for the accurate estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions since a common ancestor. PMID- 3763643 TI - Inbreeding and the balance between selection and mutation. AB - The first half of the paper described the structure of a large population caused by subdivision and inbreeding. Then, in the second half, it shows the structure of a population does not play any role in determining the incidence of the recessive genotype (aa). The latter is determined entirely by the ratio of the mutation rate to the selection coefficient. The recessive gene frequency, however, depends much on the structure of the population. The effect of relaxing inbreeding and subdivision on the rise and fall (rather the fall and rise) of the recessive gene frequency has been discussed. PMID- 3763645 TI - Chromatin structure near transcriptionally active genes. PMID- 3763644 TI - The relationship between the common mutations of the alpha gene cluster and its evolutionary history. AB - The alpha globin gene cluster is far from static. It shows remarkable diversity within and among populations, both in gene number and the pattern of polymorphisms involving the HVRs. The deletions which have given rise to alpha o thalassemia appear to have resulted from rare genetic events and the affected chromosomes have been distributed among localized populations by selection. On the other hand, the deletions which have given rise to at least one of the alpha+ thalassemias seem to have occurred on multiple occasions in different populations. The genesis of this condition, the commonest single gene disorder, may reflect the concerted evolution of the alpha globin genes, and the alpha+ thalassemias may have arisen as a by-product of this evolutionary process. The existence of such a polymorphic gene family and the fact that its mutations are the commonest single gene disorders in man, provide us with a remarkable, natural model for studying population genetics at the molecular level. Further analysis of this cluster, and of the beta globin genes, may provide valuable information about the timing of racial diversions, population movements, and the molecular events which have helped to maintain such high gene frequencies for some of the mutations of these loci. PMID- 3763646 TI - [Mucus and its role in the absorption of drugs]. PMID- 3763647 TI - Effects of surfactants in percutaneous absorption. PMID- 3763648 TI - The study of the precorneal dynamics of ophthalmic solutions by fluorophotometry. PMID- 3763649 TI - The acute effects of pergolide in cyclical oedema. AB - The acute effects of a single 10 micrograms dose of a new dopamine agonist, pergolide, were investigated in 6 healthy women and 6 women with cyclical oedema. There was a prompt and significant reduction in mean plasma prolactin concentrations with maximum suppression occurring at 4 hours in both groups. However, the prolactin suppression was significantly less in the women with cyclical oedema. This is further evidence for a prolactin disturbance in cyclical oedema, and consistent with the proposal that reduced dopaminergic tone may be an important abnormality in the disorder. PMID- 3763650 TI - An open clinical trial with the long-acting neuroleptic zuclopenthixol decanoate in the maintenance treatment of schizophrenia. AB - Nineteen chronic schizophrenics were included in an open trial to evaluate the depot neuroleptic, zuclopenthixol decanoate. The treatment period was 24 weeks and clinical evaluations were carried out every 4 weeks including the CGI, the BPRS (completed at Weeks 0, 4, 8, 16, and 24), the Hamilton Depression Scale (completed at Weeks 0, 12, and 24), and a side-effects check list. Patients received 200 mg zuclopenthixol decanoate intramuscularly at intervals dependent on the severity of the illness. Statistically significant reductions were found for most of the symptoms on the BPRS. The reduction was already seen after 4 weeks of treatment. A clear improvement was also recorded on the Hamilton Depression Scale. The frequency of side-effects was low and decreased during the treatment period. The side-effects recorded were mild and, according to the CGI, they did not interfere with the patients' functioning except in 1 case (Week 24). It is concluded that zuclopenthixol decanoate is an effective and well-tolerated drug in the maintenance treatment of chronic schizophrenia. PMID- 3763651 TI - Neurotic depression accompanied by somatic symptoms: a double-blind comparison of flupenthixol and diazepam in general practice. AB - A total of 192 patients suffering from mild to moderate depression, with or without anxiety, accompanied by one or more specific somatic symptoms, was entered into a double-blind, multi-centre trial to compare flupenthixol and diazepam as treatments for psychosomatic syndromes in general practice. Each patient was treated for 4 weeks and assessed after 1, 2 and 4 weeks on the Hamilton Depression Scale, with visual analogue scales of depression and somatic symptoms, by global assessments (psychological and somatic symptoms) and on a side-effects scale. The principal somatic symptoms were tension headache (69 patients), epigastric discomfort (59 patients), chest pain (39 patients) and backache (25 patients). There were 9 drop-outs (2 on flupenthixol and 7 on diazepam), of whom 5 (2 on flupenthixol and 3 on diazepam) who were treated for at least 2 weeks were included in the analysis of results. All patients received 1 tablet a day (0.5 mg flupenthixol or 2.5 mg diazepam) for the first week. Thereafter, all except 5 patients (3 on flupenthixol and 2 on diazepam) had their dose doubled for the remaining 3 weeks of study. Both drugs were effective in producing consistent improvement in all four somatic symptom groups in terms of both depression and somatic symptoms over the 4 weeks of study. There was a trend throughout in favour of flupenthixol as the more therapeutically effective. Flupenthixol was significantly more effective in relieving depressive symptoms and somatic symptoms in all four somatic symptom groups considered together. It was also superior to diazepam as measured by its effect on the depression sub scales, anxiety, agitated depression, retarded depression and melancholia. Both drugs were well tolerated, although diazepam-treated patients showed a moderate increase in side-effects scores initially, while the scores in patients treated with flupenthixol decreased consistently over all 4 weeks of the trial. It is concluded from this study that flupenthixol has an important place in the management of patients with psychosomatic illness. PMID- 3763652 TI - Immune therapy of osteoarthritis: an open assessment of clinical results with heterologous antibodies to articular tissue ('Serocytol'). AB - Forty-three out-patients received treatment (6 months in 13 cases of spondylarthrosis, 12 months in 30 cases of gonarthrosis) with heterologous antibodies to articular tissue, given as 1 rectal suppository once every other day for periods of 4 weeks out of every 5. The treatment produced complete freedom from symptoms and signs of the illness in 5 (12%) patients and overall positive therapeutic results in 36 (84%), equally distributed in the disorders of the vertebral column and of the knee. This was accompanied by a significant improvement, both in terms of percentage improvement and the percentage of patients improved, of all monitored symptoms. The percentage improvement was similar for all components of the illness: pain, mobility and inflammatory reactive component. No local or systemic side-reactions were recorded throughout the observation period, and there were no adverse effects on haematology, haematochemistry or renal function. A high percentage of patients reported a remarkable improvement in their quality of life, an overall measure of the therapeutic benefit-risk ratio as experienced by the individual patient. PMID- 3763653 TI - Pentoxifylline does not interfere with stable coumarin anticoagulant therapy: a clinical study. AB - A study was undertaken to investigate the possible interaction between pentoxifylline and coumarin. Ten patients on a previously stable anticoagulant treatment were investigated twice prior to, then 13 and 27 days after initiation of treatment with 1600 mg pentoxifylline daily. Coumarin therapy was continued in unaltered dosage. Parameters recorded were: bleeding time, platelet count, platelet adhesivity, spontaneous and collagen-induced platelet aggregation, activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, prothrombin-proconvertin activity, plasminogen activator and fibrin(ogen) degradation products. Platelet aggregation studies revealed a slightly higher sensitivity to collagen in 2 patients compared to pre-treatment values and in 1 patient the tendency to spontaneous aggregation was slightly increased after treatment. No other single test result changed significantly from premedication baseline values. PMID- 3763654 TI - Fusidic acid-betamethasone combination in infected eczema: an open, randomized comparison with gentamicin-betamethasone combination. AB - Ninety-nine patients with secondarily infected eczema were allocated at random to receive 10-days' treatment with either 2% fusidic acid plus 0.1% betamethasone cream or 0.1% gentamicin plus 0.1% betamethasone cream. Both preparations were applied to the lesions twice daily and assessment of the signs and symptoms was carried out before, after 2 to 4 days, and after 7 to 12 days of treatment, severity being rated on a 4-point scale. Bacteriological tests were carried out before and after treatment. The results showed that the combination with fusidic acid was marginally superior in clinical effect. Staphylococcus aureus was the most commonly isolated pathogen from eczematous lesions (86%) and fusidic acid showed the lowest resistance rate (9%), followed by gentamicin (21%). Chloramphenicol, neomycin and tetracycline showed resistance rates from 48% to 59%. PMID- 3763655 TI - Efficacy of a low fixed-dose combination of penbutolol with piretanide in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension: a double-blind study against placebo. AB - A double-blind crossover study was carried out in 20 patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension to assess the efficacy and tolerability of a low fixed-dose combination containing 20 mg penbutolol (a beta-blocking agent) and 3 mg piretanide (a diuretic) in comparison to placebo over a period of 4 weeks. Active drug treatment in the 20 patients studied was preceded by a 1-week period of placebo. The results showed that there was an effective significant reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure compared with initial levels in the fixed-dose combination group, when compared to the placebo group, both at rest, during maximal ergometric and isometric work load, and also in the diurnal blood pressure profile over 24 hours. Pulse rate also decreased in the combination group. The biochemical, haematological and urinary parameters showed no clinically relevant changes in either group during the entire study period. Minor side-effects definitely or probably associated with the treatment were observed in both groups but were generally mild and did not interfere with treatment. No patient withdrew prematurely from the trial. PMID- 3763656 TI - Substantia nigra lesions attenuate the development of hypertension and behavioural hyperreactivity in spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - The possible relation between changes in behaviour and the development of hypertension was investigated. Depletion of striatal dopamine by lesions in the substantia nigra of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR) was associated with an inhibition of the development of hypertension. In the open field a decrease in rearing score was found with no effect on other parameters. Rearing activity was significantly correlated with blood pressure as well as with striatal dopamine content. Blood pressure was weakly, although significantly, correlated with striatal dopamine content. Neither blood pressure nor striatal dopamine content was significantly correlated with ambulation activity. In normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats a decrease was also found in rearing activity after nigra lesions, although this effect was less pronounced. Antihypertensive treatment of SHR with captopril or hydralazine did neither affect striatal dopamine levels nor open field behaviour. Induction of renal hypertension or DOCA-salt hypertension in Wistar rats did not influence brain dopamine or behaviour. The results support the suggestion that brain dopamine systems may play a role in the development of hypertension in SHR as well as in the changes in behaviour observed in these rats. Changes in behaviour do not appear to be mediated by changes in blood pressure per se. PMID- 3763657 TI - In vivo voltammetric recording with nafion-coated carbon paste electrodes: additional evidence that ascorbic acid release is monitored. AB - The response of nafion-coated carbon paste electrodes was studied in vitro and in vivo with linear sweep semidifferential voltammetry. In vitro nafion-coated electrodes were insensitive to ascorbic acid (AA) but were equally sensitive to dopamine (DA) as were the uncoated electrodes. In vivo (anterior caudate) nafion coated electrodes recorded small, poorly defined peaks. However, nafion-coated electrodes were equally responsive to microinfusion of DA as observed with the uncoated electrodes. Nafion-coated electrodes were insensitive to micro-infusion of AA while uncoated electrodes showed a large response to AA. These data suggest that endogenous DA levels are below the sensitivity of carbon paste electrodes in caudate and that the endogenous peaks recorded with uncoated carbon paste electrodes reflect AA. PMID- 3763658 TI - Sedative-hypnotic anomalies related to dose of pentobarbital in long-sleep and short-sleep selectively-bred mice. AB - Hypnotic effects following administration of three doses of pentobarbital were evaluated in mice selectively-bred for differential hypnotic sensitivity to ethanol. Although the ethanol-sensitive Long-Sleep (LS) line displays greater sedation to a wide variety of CNS depressants (alcohols, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, general anesthetics), when compared to the ethanol-insensitive Short-Sleep (SS) line, the response pattern to pentobarbital remains equivocal. Thus, to clarify the effect of pentobarbital, certain variables (dose, sex, circadian rhythmicity) believed to be important in the expression of sleep time were evaluated. For all doses examined "sex" and "time of day tested" impacted on sleep time. With these provisos, 40 mg/kg consistently induced shorter sleep time in SS mice. The 60 mg/kg dose either failed to distinguish these two lines, or induced greater sleep times in the SS mice. The 80 mg/kg dose tended to have the same effect as the 60 mg/kg dose, but to a greater degree. Overall, it appears that for each line the dose response curve for pentobarbital is sigmoidal, but that the slope of the curve for the middle range of doses is greater for the SS line. Since pentobarbital has a unique effect on these lines of mice that is dissimilar to those reported for other barbiturates, the implication is that an additional factor, that is unimportant for other barbiturates, is essential for pentobarbital-induced hypnosis. Factors that could be responsible for this effect include differential metabolism of Gabaergic receptor dynamics. PMID- 3763659 TI - CGS 8216, a novel anorectic agent, selectively reduces saccharin solution consumption in the rat. AB - The pyrazoloquinoline CGS 8216, a high-affinity ligand for benzodiazepine recognition sites, significantly reduced the consumption of a preferred 0.05% sodium saccharin solution in a 30 min two-bottle test. A highly significant effect was detected at 5.0 mg/kg, IP and at higher doses. The consumption of water and 0.6% saline, in two-bottle tests, or of quinine solution and water, in a forced-choice test, was not reliably affected by CGS 8216. The results point to a sensitive and selective intrinsic effect of CGS 8216 on ingestional responses in the rat. PMID- 3763660 TI - Examination of the subdiencephalic rat brain for sites mediating PGE1-induced pyrexia. AB - The subdiencephalic rat brain was mapped for sites capable of mediating prostaglandin-induced pyrexia. In conscious rats, PGE1, 200 ng in a volume of 1 microliter, was injected unilaterally into 412 sites between the midmesencephalon and the caudal medulla. Injections into only 12 sites caused a reproducible, short-latency core temperature increase of at least 0.5 degrees C. None of these was located in the paramedian brainstem, which was considered a likely site of PGE1 action because of the presence there of thermosensitive and pyrogen sensitive neurons. Rather, the reactive loci were found in the hippocampus (5 sites) and in the vicinity of the cochlear nuclei (7 sites). Injections into only 2 sites in the latter region failed to produce pyrexia. In the hippocampus, however, injections at 31 sites in the same frontal planes as the reactive loci produced no effect. The possibility that the active hippocampal sites were associated with a distribution of injectate to PGE1-sensitive neurons located within hippocampal cleavage planes rather than in a circumscribed region is discussed. PMID- 3763661 TI - Studies on the pyrexic effect of PGE1 injected into the region of the cochlear nuclei. AB - In 30 of 33 unanesthetized rats, unilateral injection of PGE1 (100 ng in 1 microliter) into or near the cochlear nuclei (CN) produced a body temperature increase of at least 0.5 degrees C. Usually, the rise started within the first minute after injection. Bilateral destruction of the highly PGE1-sensitive anterior hypothalamic/preoptic region (AH/PO) eliminated the response. In approximately two-thirds of rats in which concentrated dye or 3H-PGE1 was injected into CN, there was evidence that a small portion of the injectate had rapid access to the AH/PO. In the remaining rats, the tracer material did not reach AH/PO tissue. In the rats involved in the tracer studies, there was no correlation between the magnitude of the response to PGE1 injected into CN and the extent of transport of tracer from CN to AH/PO. The results suggest that PGE1 injected into CN produced pyrexia through an action on tissue at or near the injection site and that neuronal pathways in AH/PO are necessary for the expression of the response. PMID- 3763662 TI - Behavioral effects of phencyclidine and some of its metabolites in developing cats. AB - Chronic treatment with low doses (1-2 mg/kg) of phencyclidine (PCP) produces marked behavioral effects in the developing kitten. These effects are age dependent. Under 21 days the major response consists of rostrocaudal forelimb movements. After this age the major responses are ataxic locomotion and waxy rigidity. In the present experiment the behavioral effect of subcutaneous injections of higher doses of PCP, two of its metabolites, phencylclohexylamine (PCA) and an alcohol (N-(5-hydroxypentyl)-1-phenycyclohexylamine) (AL) and one PCP analog (N-N-diethylaminophenylhexylamine (NND] were tested in kittens between 30-50 days of age. The behavior of the kittens was assessed from 10-15 min pre injection to up to 5 hr postinjection and at 24 hr postinjection. The most intense responses were produced by PCP and NND and consisted of waxy rigidity (limbs in abnormal postures for extended time periods) with the animal completely immobile. PCA was less effective, producing only tremor and staggering followed by loss of hindlimb support. AL was the least effective producing minimal behavioral responses. These results indicate that some of the metabolites of PCP, while active, are not as potent as PCP itself. Subsequent testing indicated that behavioral tolerance to the effects of PCP, NND and PCA occurred after a single administration of these compounds. PMID- 3763663 TI - Asynchronies of diphenhydramine plasma-performance relationships. AB - The relation between performance on driving-related tasks and plasma levels of diphenhydramine was studied in eight male volunteers over 24 hours following oral administration. DPH plasma concentrations rose to peak levels in 1.5-2.5 hours varying with dose, declining to a nearly constant level by 12-24 hours. For all behavioral measures, the shape of performance curves over time was similar to that of plasma, reaching maximum decrements in 1-4 hours. The relation between plasma levels and performance was asynchronous varying with behavioral measure and dose. The use of plasma DPH values to predict performance decrements is limited due to the bivalued nature of these relationships in time. Nonetheless, it would appear that if DPH is administered in the therapeutic dosage range at the intervals typically recommended for cold symptoms and allergies, it appears some aspects of human performance may be impaired. PMID- 3763664 TI - Behavioral effects of the isomers of pentobarbital and secobarbital in mice and rats. AB - To determine what stereoselective differences there may be in the behavioral effects of the isomers of pentobarbital and secobarbital, the effect of each isomer was determined on the spontaneous motor activity (SMA) and multiple fixed ratio 30, fixed-interval 600-sec (mult FR30 FI600) responding of mice, and on the variable-interval 60-sec (VI60) responding of rats. The S-(-) isomers of pentobarbital and secobarbital decreased SMA at lower doses than those required for the R-(+) isomers. At moderate to high doses of R-(+)-pentobarbital (30-42.5 mg/kg) and low to moderate doses of S-(-)-secobarbital (5.6-17.5 mg/kg) SMA was increased. An increase in SMA following R-(+)-secobarbital was only observed at 30 mg/kg, and no increases were observed with S-(-)-pentobarbital. No potency differences were observed between the isomers of pentobarbital and secobarbital on the responding of mice under the mult FR30 FI600 schedule over a dose range of 1-30 mg/kg. Increases in FI600 responding were only observed following moderate doses of the S-(-) isomer of pentobarbital (5.6-17.5 mg/kg). In rats responding under the VI60 schedule of food presentation, no qualitative stereoselective differences were observed in the behavioral effects of the isomers of pentobarbital (1-13 mg/kg) and secobarbital (1-13 mg/kg), but small differences in potency were observed. Thus, differences in the effects of the isomers were usually restricted to differences in potency, but in some cases differences in efficacy were observed. PMID- 3763665 TI - Variable interval schedules of timeout from avoidance: effects of ethanol, naltrexone, and CGS 8216. AB - Four rats were trained on concurrent schedules of shock avoidance and timeout from avoidance, where responses on one lever postponed shock and responses on another lever occasionally (VI 45 sec schedule) produced a 2-min timeout during which the avoidance schedule was suspended. These procedures maintained stable rates of responding on both levers, providing a baseline for studying the effects of drugs on behavior under different types of aversive control (shock avoidance and timeout from avoidance). In the first experiment the effects of ethanol (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g/kg) and an opiate antagonist, naltrexone (1 mg/kg) were assessed alone and in combination. Ethanol produced a dose-dependent decrease in avoidance characterized by increased shock rates and decreased response rates. At the same time, however, responding on the timeout lever generally increased relative to avoidance lever rates. All of these effects were largely confined to the early parts of the 2-hr session, when blood-ethanol levels were relatively high. Naltrexone had no effect on performances and did not interact with ethanol. In a second experiment, the effects of the benzodiazepine antagonist CGS 8216 were studied alone, and in combination with ethanol. CGS 8216 (5 mg/kg) generally disrupted both avoidance and timeout responding but did not reverse ethanol actions. PMID- 3763666 TI - Maternal social stress disrupts reproduction of hamsters drinking high-calorie fluids. AB - Adding maternal social stress, induced by housing in pairs, to maternal consumption of high-calorie fluids adversely affected hamster reproduction. Pregnancy outcomes of 67 dams housed either alone or in pairs, and given either water (WAT), or isocaloric solutions of either 30% ethanol (ETH), sucrose (SUC) or propylene glycol (PG), were compared. Pups of unpaired dams drinking any high calorie fluid weighed less than those drinking water, but no other deficits were found. Among paired dams, those designated submissive on the basis of agonistic behavior and drinking either SUC, ETH, or PG, had fewer viable pups and more fetal resorptions and stillborn pups than WAT dams. Also, dominant PG dams delivered few pups and both dominant and submissive PG dams delivered malformed pups or embryos. Whether paired or unpaired, litters of SUC and ETH dams were similar. Drinking any high-calorie fluid reduced maternal food and fluid intake and weight gains below that of water, but pairing had no additional effect on dams. PMID- 3763667 TI - Effect of the anxiolytic drug buspirone on prolactin and corticosterone secretion in stressed and unstressed rats. AB - Buspirone is an atypical anxiolytic drug that exerts its action at a receptor site other than the GABA-benzodiazepine-chloride ionophore complex. The present study examined the effect of buspirone on plasma prolactin and corticosterone levels in both control and stressed rats. In unstressed rats, buspirone produced dose-dependent increases in plasma prolactin and corticosterone levels. The minimal doses of buspirone which led to significant elevations in plasma prolactin and corticosterone levels were 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg (IP), respectively. The effect of buspirone on both hormones was maximal 30 minutes after injection. The plasma levels of prolactin and corticosterone were significantly elevated in rats that were stressed using a conditioned fear paradigm. Buspirone produced a dose-dependent attenuation of the stress-induced increase in prolactin secretion. The stress-induced increase in corticosterone secretion was inhibited by the 0.5 mg/kg (IP) dose but not by the 2.0 mg/kg (IP) dose of buspirone, which increased corticosterone secretion both in stressed and unstressed rats. These data suggest that the effect of buspirone on plasma prolactin and corticosterone levels may be mediated by two different mechanisms of action. PMID- 3763668 TI - The rabbit ear-withdrawal test: a new analgesiometric procedure. AB - The latency to movement of an ear exposed to radiant heat was prolonged after intravenous administration of morphine to rabbits. The quantification of this response in a relatively inactive species that is especially suited for long term and repeated tests suggests that the rabbit ear-withdrawal test will be useful for screening analgesic/anesthetic compounds. PMID- 3763669 TI - Simple catheter preparation for permitting bolus intrathecal administration during chronic intrathecal infusion. AB - This paper briefly describes a simple method for preparing a polyethylene "Y" catheter in which the stem of the "Y" is inserted into the intrathecal space, one arm of the "Y" is externalized for intrathecal injection and the other arm of the "Y" connected to an osmotic infusion pump. This simple preparation permits the chronic infusion of drug into the spinal space and without further surgical preparation, permits bolus injection of drugs through the same catheter. PMID- 3763670 TI - An economically constructed and durable intracerebral cannula system for small rodents. AB - An easily constructed cannula system is described for applying experimental substances to the brain of freely moving mice. Stainless steel tubing surrounded by a nylon insulator cap glued to the skull provides an economical and durable system which requires little preparation. PMID- 3763671 TI - Effects of acarbose in rats are influenced by the type of dietary starch. AB - When rats consume a high cornstarch (raw) diet containing the alpha glucosidase inhibitor acarbose, they transport a large portion of the undigested starch into the large bowel, causing massive distention of the lower GI tract. In the present study we compare the effects of acarbose (50 mg per 100 g diet) when mixed in a raw cornstarch diet to its effects when mixed in a cooked cornstarch diet of otherwise identical composition. Controls received the respective diets but without the drug. In contrast to its effects when mixed in the raw cornstarch, mixed in the cooked cornstarch diet, acarbose consumption was not accompanied by any significant fecal losses of dietary starch. The intestinal distention induced by the drug was also much smaller in the rats eating the cooked cornstarch than the raw cornstarch. When either diet contained acarbose, fat depot weights were significantly lower than when the diets did not contain the drug. However, the difference was consistently greater with the raw cornstarch diet. PMID- 3763672 TI - Studies on the structural requirements for synthetic formyl peptide chemoattractants. AB - Seven small molecular weight new peptides related to the chemotactic peptide N formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (CHO-Met-Leu-PheOH) have been prepared by classical peptide synthesis. Compounds were prepared to evaluate the requirements at the C-terminal Phe group/ Each analogue tested for its ability to induce lysosomal enzyme release from human neutrophils. PMID- 3763673 TI - Differential effects of intracisternal neurotensin and bombesin on stress- and ethanol-induced gastric ulcers. AB - This study evaluated the effect of intracisternal (I.C.) administration of the brain and gastrointestinal peptides neurotensin (NT) and bombesin (BOM) on the acute development of gastric ulcers induced by cold-restraint stress (CRS) and ethanol in rats. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: In confirmation of previous observations I.C. NT (30 micrograms) and BOM (1 microgram) significantly reduced gastric ulcer incidence and severity induced by 3h of CRS. The results of the ethanol preparation indicate that although I.C. BOM (1 microgram) significantly (P less than 0.05) increased intraluminal gastric pH and mucus, it did not prevent gastric ulcer formation. NT (30 micrograms), by contrast, was totally inactive in this ethanol model. These findings support a role for brain NT and BOM in protection against psycho-behavioral, but not chemical forms of ulcer-producing stress. PMID- 3763674 TI - Influence of naloxone upon apomorphine-induced rotational behavior in rats with electrolytic versus chemolytical lesions of the substantia nigra. AB - In rats with unilateral electrolytic lesions of the substantia nigra, apomorphine induced ipsilateral rotational behavior that was significantly potentiated by naloxone. Yet, in rats with unilateral chemolytic (6-hydroxydopamine) lesions of the substantia nigra, apomorphine induced dose-dependent contralateral turning that was not influenced by pretreatment with even high doses of naloxone. High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of corpora striata from these rats revealed electrolytically-lesioned animals to have a 60-70% reduction in dopamine content while chemolytically-lesioned animals were virtually completely depleted of dopamine. These results suggest that striatal dopamine may be required for naloxone potentiation of apomorphine-induced effects in the rat rotational behavior paradigm. PMID- 3763675 TI - The interaction of rifamycin-SV with the hepatic transport and sulfation of taurolithocolic acid in rats. AB - Sulfated and non sulfated lithocholic acid were analyzed in serum, bile and urine of bile-fistula Sprague-Dawley female rats by gas-liquid chromatography and thin layer chromatography. In rats (group A) bile was collected during a 3 h saline infusion followed by a 3 h intravenous infusion of taurolithocholate; animals of group B and C were infused with both taurolithocholate and rifamycin-SV, but in the animals of group C the renal pedicles were ligated. Serum bile acids showed a significant increase only in animals of group C, during the infusion of rifamycin SV. In bile of animals of group A sulfated lithocholic acid represented 18% of total, but was not found in bile of animals of group B and C, while a significant increase of sulfated lithocholic acid was evident in urine of animals of group B. The results indicate that rifamycin-SV probably interferes with the hepatic secretion of sulfated lithocholic acid in the rat. PMID- 3763676 TI - Lipid peroxidation induced by N-acetylcysteine in isolated rat hepatocytes. AB - In isolated rat hepatocytes N-acetylcysteine induces an increase of lipid peroxidation, as evaluated by the malondialdehyde production and diene conjugation. Lipid peroxidation did not result in increased cell mortality. Antioxidants and free radicals scavengers completely protect toward lipid peroxidation induced by N-acetylcysteine. PMID- 3763678 TI - Prevention by thymidine against toxicity and glucose uptake inhibition of methotrexate on cultured Ehrlich ascites tumour cells. AB - Methotrexate (MTX) arrested cell growth and inhibited 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake of Ehrlich ascites tumour cells in vitro. The changes of glucose concentrations in the culture media did not affect the degree of suppression of cell growth by MTX. Thymidine (dThd) protected against the toxic effect of MTX on the cells. It also prevented the inhibition effect on glucose uptake of the cells by MTX. MTX significantly suppressed the maximal uptake rate of glucose (Vmax) while addition of dThd alleviated the suppression. The half-saturation constant of the uptake (Km) remained constant. PMID- 3763677 TI - The effects of PAF-acether on the cardiovascular system and their inhibition by a new highly specific PAF-acether receptor antagonist BN 52021. AB - BN 52021, a new specific PAF-acether receptor antagonist, was evaluated on several cardiovascular models. BN 52021 antagonized PAF-acether-induced extravasation in rats. Inhibition of the hypotensive action of PAF-acether was obtained by administration of the antagonist, given preventively or curatively. In isolated guinea-pig hearts, BN 52021 inhibited the vasoconstriction induced by PAF-acether whereas a small inhibition was observed with papaverine. On the other hand, phosphodiesterase inhibitors were very effective against coronary vasoconstriction induced by vasopressin while BN 52021 was without effect. PAF acether increased the tonus of rat isolated portal vein; this effect was inhibited by BN 52021, without any reduction in basal myogenic activity. In this model Ca2+ antagonists (D 600, diltiazem) showed a small inhibitory effect but they strongly reduced basal myogenic activity. Neither PAF-acether nor BN 52021 modified phenylephrine-induced contraction of the isolated rabbit aorta with or without endothelium demonstrating that endothelium-dependent relaxing factor is not related to PAF-acether. Our results suggest that BN 52021 specifically block the cardiovascular effects of PAF-acether. This agent may thus be an useful tool for a better understanding of the role of PAF-acether in hemodynamic changes involved in anaphylaxis or shock. PMID- 3763679 TI - Methods for estimating drug bioavailability parameters. Part 2: Methods for estimating absorption rate. PMID- 3763680 TI - [Synthesis of N-alpha-(tosylglycylprolyl)-4-amidinophenylalanine amides as thrombin inhibitors]. AB - N alpha-(Tosylprolylglycyl)-4-cyanphenylalanine was synthesized by the reaction of an activated ester and a mixed anhydride, respectively, of Tos-Pro-Gly-OH with 4-cyanophenylalanine. N alpha-(Tosylglycylprolyl)-4-cyanophenylalanine was prepared by reaction of Tos-Gly-Cl with N alpha-prolyl-4-cyanophenylalanine. These acids were transferred into the amides. The cyano compounds were converted into the desired amidines via the thioamides and the thioimidic esters. PMID- 3763681 TI - [An ex-vivo technic for the pharmacologic evaluation of potential antiphlogistics by ex-vivo determination of the rate of malondialdehyde (MDA) formation using rat platelets]. AB - Based on a standardized in-vitro method for quantifying the activity of prostaglandin-synthetase by means of coupling malondialdehyde with 2 thiobarbituric acid the possibility of using this method also as ex-vivo technique is described. By this, more favourable prerequisites to pharmacological valuation of the effects of potential antiinflammatory substances exists compared to the application of in-vitro results, only. PMID- 3763682 TI - [Antiviral action of lysolecithin analogs against human pathogenic viruses]. AB - The virucidal effect, the inhibition of virus adsorption and penetration and the influence on later phases of replication of human pathogenic viruses were studied. The compounds showed a significant virucidal effect to enveloped viruses (measles virus, herpes virus type 1 and 2), whereas the compounds were ineffective against nonenveloped viruses (Coxsackie virus A9 and B1, attenuated poliovirus type 1, adenovirus type 1). Interactions with the viral envelope are supposed. PMID- 3763683 TI - [Spectrophotometric determination of propranolol hydrochloride as bromthymol blue ion pairs in tablets]. PMID- 3763684 TI - Effect of surfactants on the permeation of lorazepam from its tablet formulations through rabbit jejunal sac. PMID- 3763685 TI - The investigation of mechanical properties of metamizol-propyphenazone tablets prepared by the method of direct compression. PMID- 3763686 TI - [Wet and firm sterilizing paper for wet sterilization]. PMID- 3763687 TI - Hepatic glutathion S-transferase activity during development of adjuvant arthritis in rats. PMID- 3763688 TI - [Blood pressure effects of selected dihydralazine metabolites]. PMID- 3763689 TI - [The effect of propranolol on the anticonvulsant effect of phenobarbital in maximal electroshock in the mouse and rat]. PMID- 3763690 TI - Effect of some Mannich bases derived from aryl-alpha, beta-unsaturated ketones on respiration in mouse liver mitochondria. PMID- 3763691 TI - [Comparison between antimicrobial action or Staphylococcus aureus and the constants delta and pi of some p-substituted derivatives of phenylcarbimidic acid]. PMID- 3763693 TI - Effects of carbonic anhydrase inhibition on renal ammoniagenesis in the dog. AB - Acetazolamide was administered to normal dogs and its effects on total renal ammoniagenesis and glutamine extraction were studied. Urinary alkalinization resulted in diversion of urinary ammonia into the renal vein with no change in ammonia production or glutamine extraction. It is concluded that, contrary to reports about the rat, carbonic anhydrase inhibition has no effect on ammoniagenesis in vivo in the dog. PMID- 3763692 TI - Cytoprotective role of gastric surfactant in the ethanol-produced gastric mucosal injury of the rat. AB - The role of the gastric nonwettable hydrophobic layer (surfactant) was investigated in the mucosal protection against the damage induced by ethanol in the rat. Although aluminium hydroxide inhibited the development of ethanol produced gastric hemorrhagic lesions, it did not increase the mucosal phospholipid content. Ambroxol, a known stimulant of pulmonary surfactant production, protected the gastric mucosa against ethanol by increasing the phospholipid content. Surface-active compounds such as dimethyl polysiloxane also inhibited the development of gastric injuries caused by ethanol in a dose dependent manner. The essential phospholipid-containing drug (Essentiale) also showed a strong and dose-dependent cytoprotective effect. Among the possible constituents of the gastric surfactant, sphingomyelin was totally ineffective. Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylglycerol were able to reduce the extent of mucosal damage in a dose-dependent manner. Gastric mucosal injuries were significantly aggravated by pretreatment with phospholipase C. In conclusion, these results suggest that either the maintenance or the strengthening or even the replacement of the gastric nonwettable hydrophobic lining between the damaging agent and the gastric mucosa may contribute to the cytoprotective mechanism of certain compounds. PMID- 3763694 TI - Proceedings of the Congress of the AGNP (Society of Neuropsychopharmacology and Pharmacopsychiatry of the German-speaking countries. Nuremberg 1985. PMID- 3763695 TI - Models of experience and behavior in psychotic disorders. PMID- 3763696 TI - The study of a swept electron beam in order to apply Boag's theory for calculation of the collection efficiency: I. Beam and swept area characteristics. AB - The characteristics of swept electron beams produced by Sagittaire or Saturne type accelerators were investigated by film dosimetry. Beam sections perpendicular to the beam limiting system (BLS) axis are fully described by Gaussian curves close to the centre of the field defined by the BLS, but they become more and more distorted as the elementary beam approaches the BLS. The swept area was also evaluated and was related to the magnitude of the current applied to the two orthogonal magnets of the sweeping system. PMID- 3763697 TI - The study of a swept electron beam in order to apply Boag's theory for calculation of the collection efficiency: II. Application to different ionisation chambers and comparison with other methods. AB - Boag's theory is applied to thimble and plane parallel ionisation chambers using previously determined swept area dimensions and electron beam characteristics. The results obtained were compared with those obtained by measurements performed with lithium borate discs, by application of the 'equivalent dose per pulse' empirical method and the 'two voltage' method. All the results were in reasonable agreement. PMID- 3763698 TI - Inhomogeneity corrections in electron-beam dose planning. Limitations with the semi-infinite slab approximation. AB - An investigation was made of the limitations of the semi-infinite slab approximation used in pencil-beam models for electron-beam dose planning. Comparison of measured and calculated dose distributions were made for one-, two- and three-dimensional air inhomogeneities in water. The two- and three dimensional air cavities were cylindrical with the axis parallel to the incident beam. The radii of the cavities were between 11 and 46 mm and the incident electron energies between 10 and 20 MeV. The measurements were made with a silicon diode. In the calculations the semi-infinite slab approximation was applied to a Gaussian model of the beam and to a generalised Gaussian model. The latter also takes large-angle single scattering into account. By using an absorber in front of the cavity the different fluence contributions to the central axis dose could be measured separately. The result shows that a doubling of the dose may be obtained along the central axis for narrow deep cavities. The dose contribution from the electron transport into the cavity from the cylindrical wall is shown to be underestimated by the semi-infinite slab approximation. This is shown to give large errors especially at depths where the angular distribution of the electrons is large and the electrons have a long drift space in air. PMID- 3763699 TI - Effect of temperature on the RF dielectric properties of human breast milk. AB - The dielectric dispersion of human breast milk has been investigated by means of a resonance technique over the frequency range 0.1-100 MHz and at six temperatures from 10 to 60 degrees C. A computer analysis of the data was carried out on the basis of the Cole-Cole structural model and the fitted parameters have been presented. The dependence on temperature of both the viscosity of the human milk and its dielectric relaxation has been discussed. The heat of activation delta H of the milk, calculated in accordance with Eyring's theory of rate processes was found to be 19.5 +/- 0.6 kJ mol-1 for the dielectric relaxation process and 20.2 +/- 0.8 kJ mol-1 for viscous flow. PMID- 3763700 TI - In vivo and in vitro dielectric properties of feline tissues at low radiofrequencies. AB - The dielectric constant and conductivity of muscle, liver, spleen and kidney of cats in vivo and in situ immediately following the animal's death were measured at frequencies from 10 kHz to 100 MHz. A novel multi-ring capacitive sensor and a computer-controlled automatic network analyser (ANA) were employed. The results were compared with the data available from literature for the same species in the frequency range between 10 and 100 MHz. It was found that at frequencies from 10 to 100 kHz the in vitro dielectric constant for all tissues except spleen was smaller than the in vivo one. In contrast, in the range from 1 to 100 MHz the in vitro dielectric constant was larger than the in vivo one. At intermediate frequencies from 0.1 to 1 MHz both the dielectric constant in vivo and in vitro were the same within the experimental uncertainty. The dielectric constant of the spleen in vivo was quite similar to that in vitro. The in vivo conductivity of all tissues appeared to be higher than in vitro from 10 kHz to 10 MHz, while at frequencies above 10 MHz the two conductivities were within the experimental uncertainty. PMID- 3763701 TI - Relations between effective dose equivalent and mean absorbed dose (energy imparted) to patients in diagnostic radiology. AB - Values of HE/D, the ratio of the effective dose equivalent HE to the mean absorbed dose D to the total body, have been derived as a function of beam quality (HVT) for a variety of Roentgen diagnostic examinations of the adult trunk and head, using tabulations from the literature. Problems in specifying beam quality are discussed. The energy epsilon imparted to the patient can, in Roentgen diagnostic examinations, be determined using a transmission chamber. Since, however, HB/epsilon depends more critically than HE/D on the mass M of the patient (D = epsilon/M), the latter quantity is preferred for risk assessment. HE/D takes values in the range 0.44-2.8 Sv Gy-1. This includes the value 1 Sv Gy 1 resulting from a uniform whole-body irradiation independent of M. The corresponding value of HE/epsilon = 1/M Sv J-1 if M is in kg. It is therefore recommended that clinical measurements of epsilon be supplemented by measurements of the patient's mass so that D = epsilon/M can be estimated and tabulations of organ absorbed doses be supplemented with values of D so as to allow accurate derivation of the ratio HE/D. In optimising the technical parameters of a given examination using the transmission chamber, HE/D as a function of beam quality must be known. PMID- 3763702 TI - A method of taking into account the inhomogeneity backscatter contribution to the Batho correction factor. PMID- 3763703 TI - Independent sitting development and the emergence of associated motor components. AB - The purpose of this preliminary study was to examine the relationship between the emergence of independent sitting ability and the presence of underlying motor components (reflexes, automatic postural reactions, and flexion and extension movement patterns). Ten full-term, nonhandicapped infants were tested longitudinally for the presence of underlying motor components as they attained three performance levels of sitting ability between the ages of 4 and 7 months. A total of 26 observations was collected across the 10 infants. The time of each testing session was based on the infants' attainment of each successive sitting performance level. Underlying motor components were assessed at each testing session to determine whether a consistent sequence of component emergence developed and whether those components were associated with a specific performance level of sitting. The results indicated that no consistent sequential pattern of motor component emergence existed. The data showed that the pattern of underlying component emergence was highly variable across the infants at similar levels of sitting ability, although some components were associated highly with specific performance levels. The data suggest that the attainment of independent sitting in nonhandicapped infants is described best as a continuous developmental process, rather than a discontinuous "stage" phenomenon. PMID- 3763705 TI - Electric goniometer for positioning children with cerebral palsy. Suggestion from the field. PMID- 3763704 TI - Gait assessment for neurologically impaired patients. Standards for outcome assessment. AB - This study compared the temporal-distance (TD) gait values of two groups of neurologically impaired subjects with published TD gait values of healthy subjects and analyzed the influence of nine clinical characteristics on TD values in the neurologically impaired subjects. Velocity, cadence, step length, stride length, and ratio of stride length to lower extremity length were recorded for 37 subjects with hemiparesis and 24 subjects with multiple sclerosis. Temporal distance values were well below normal values, even in functionally independent subjects. Overall, the subjects with hemiparesis had lower values than the subjects with multiple sclerosis. Of the nine characteristics examined, only diagnosis, etiologic factor (for hemiparesis), type of ambulation aid, and functional category were related significantly to TD values. Our findings suggest that TD gait performance goals for patients with neurological impairment should be based on values from impaired rather than healthy subjects and that these goals should be adjusted for the individual patient's diagnosis, etiologic factor, type of ambulation aid, and functional category. PMID- 3763706 TI - Ultraviolet light treatment of a patient with pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta (Mucha-Habermann disease). A case report. AB - The purpose of this case report is to detail the physical therapy of a patient with pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta (Mucha-Habermann disease), a condition usually not encountered by physical therapists. Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light was the effective mode of treatment. PMID- 3763707 TI - Assessment of peripheral hemodynamics using impedance plethysmography. AB - Impedance plethysmography (IPG) is a safe, noninvasive method for measuring peripheral hemodynamics. The purpose of this article is to describe the IPG technique and its potential use by physical therapists in making hemodynamic evaluations. Impedance plethysmography requires the attachment of four circumferential Mylar band electrodes around a limb. We use a cardiograph to introduce a 4-mA current (I) at a frequency of 100 kHz in the two outer electrodes. The voltage (V) is sensed in the two center electrodes, and the resulting impedance (Z) is calculated using Ohm's law (Z = V/I). Arterial blood flow can be calculated using an impedance-related volume conduction equation. Impedance plethysmography has been shown to be economical, and any limb or limb segment can be evaluated. Applications are presented for the assessment of arterial blood flow, peripheral arterial disease, deep vein thrombosis, and venous insufficiency. Impedance plethysmography offers the physical therapist a safe and relatively simple technique to assess the peripheral vascular status of the patient. PMID- 3763708 TI - Assessing the influence of sensory interaction of balance. Suggestion from the field. PMID- 3763709 TI - Graduate Record Examination Analytical scores as predictors of academic success in four entry-level master's degree physical therapy programs. AB - This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of the Graduate Record Examination-Analytical (GRE-A) score in predicting the final grade point averages (GPAs) of student in physical therapy education programs. Data from four entry level master's degree physical therapy programs were analyzed using a step-wise multiple regression analysis procedure. The data were grouped to determine differences between the experimental and the newly revised formats of the GRE-A measure, in addition to any differences among programs. The GRE-A score was a significant (p less than .05) predictor of final GPA in some instances in two of the four programs, regardless of format. In two programs, the GRE-A score was not a statistically significant predictor, regardless of format or how scores were grouped. The GRE-A score was not as useful alone as when combined with other predictor variables such as preadmission overall GPA, sex, and race. Further research is needed with a larger sample of students to assess more thoroughly the newly revised format of the GRE-A measure. PMID- 3763710 TI - Effects of kampohozai (Chinese traditional medicines) on the immune responses; I. In vivo studies of hochuekkito, juzendaihoto and tokishakuyakusan using sheep red blood cell as antigen in mice. PMID- 3763711 TI - Pharmacological activity of Prunus spinosa on isolated tissue preparations. PMID- 3763712 TI - Hypoglycemic activity of Salvia lavandulifolia. PMID- 3763713 TI - The vascular effects of Ilex pubescens. PMID- 3763714 TI - Ginsenoside modulates K+-stimulated noradrenaline release from rat cerebral cortex slices. PMID- 3763715 TI - The effect of gallotannins and (+)-catechin on the stimulated fluid secretion on the colon, following a rhein perfusion in guinea pigs. PMID- 3763716 TI - Pharmacological actions of tannic acid; II. Evaluation of CNS activity in animals. PMID- 3763717 TI - Antitussive effects of L-ephedrine, amygdalin, and makyokansekito (Chinese traditional medicine) using a cough model induced by sulfur dioxide gas in mice. PMID- 3763718 TI - Antibacterial activity of juliflorine isolated from Prosopis juliflora. PMID- 3763719 TI - Clavines as antitumor agents; 2. Natural 8-hydroxymethyl-ergoline type clavines and their derivatives. PMID- 3763720 TI - Effect of the plant product croton oil on the in vivo incorporation of 3H thymidine. Evidence for a pronounced inhibition in the thymus. PMID- 3763721 TI - Biological active macrocyclic diterpenoids from Chinese drug "fang feng cao"; II. Derivatives of ovatodiolids and their cytotoxicity. PMID- 3763722 TI - Pharmacological actions of fumariline isolated from Fumaria indica seeds. PMID- 3763723 TI - Evaluation of the mutagenic potential of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius). PMID- 3763724 TI - The skeletal anatomy of mandibulofacial dysostosis (Treacher Collins syndrome). AB - Three-dimensional osseous surface re-formation imaging from CT scans was used to examine the facial skeletons of 14 living patients with mandibulofacial dysostosis. Partial to complete aplasia of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, mild hypoplasia to aplasia of the frontal process of the zygoma, antimongoloid slant of the transverse orbital axis, and hypoplasia of the medial pterygoid plates and muscles are common to all patients examined. Deformities of the zygoma, zygomatic process of the frontal bone, mandible, and lateral pterygoid plates and muscles vary from minimal to severe, including aplasia. The body of the zygoma is the least affected part of the bone. Right-left asymmetry characterizes these deformities in all patients. The most consistent skeletal aplasia (cleft) in mandibulofacial dysostosis involves the zygomatic process of the temporal bone rather than the zygoma itself. PMID- 3763725 TI - Lorazepam (Ativan) and fentanyl (Sublimaze) for outpatient office plastic surgical anesthesia. AB - Lorazepam (Ativan) and Fentanyl (Sublimaze) given in small doses during surgery not only achieve excellent intraoperative sedation and patient cooperation, but also significantly reduce recall and recognition of events during the surgery for as long as 3 hours after the surgery. Included is a series of 814 patients in whom this protocol was used between 1981 and 1984 with a 94 percent patient postoperative follow-up. With this protocol there have been no known complications, and patient reactions have been unanimously favorable. PMID- 3763726 TI - Vascularized periosteal grafts: an experimental study using two different forms of tibial periosteum in rabbits. AB - Three groups of rabbits were studied to investigate the osteogenic capacity of vascularized periosteum. It was found that such tissue, especially in the form of musculoperiosteal flaps, produced a significant amount of bone. It is concluded that vascularized periosteal flaps have an excellent osteogenic capacity even though they are not subjected to weight or stress. PMID- 3763727 TI - Primary and secondary critical ischemia times of myocutaneous flaps. AB - The primary critical ischemia time of the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap model was determined in the pig. Latissimus dorsi flaps were subjected to a primary ischemic insult of 2 hours (mimicking the ischemic event of free-tissue transfer). Following 12 hours of normal flow, the flaps were subjected to a second ischemic insult ranging from 0 to 12 hours. The secondary critical ischemia time (11.3 hours) was found to be statistically comparable to the primary critical ischemia time (9.1 hours). Questions are raised concerning the mechanism of action of this phenomenon and its clinical relevance. PMID- 3763728 TI - The plight of the foreign medical graduate seeking graduate training in plastic surgery. PMID- 3763729 TI - Aneurysm of the superficial temporal artery presenting as a parotid mass. AB - True aneurysms of the superficial temporal artery are rare and are associated with atherosclerosis. If the aneurysm occurs in the proximal portion of the superficial temporal artery, it may present as a parotid mass, encompass the facial nerve, and require superficial parotidectomy, as it did in this patient. Preoperative assessment with ultrasonography was the most useful diagnostic test because the aneurysm was thrombosed and was not visible by angiography. Thrombosed superficial temporal artery aneurysm should be in the differential diagnosis of parotid masses. PMID- 3763730 TI - Pilomatrixoma presenting as a parotid mass. AB - A rare case of calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe presenting as a large parotid mass is reported in this paper. Preoperative evaluation and considerations are discussed. An exact diagnosis and definitive treatment in this patient consisted of superficial parotidectomy and histologic study. PMID- 3763731 TI - Seven-digit replantation: digit survival after 39 hours of cold ischemia. AB - A patient who has undergone successful replantation of seven of eight amputated digits is presented. Survival in the last viable digit was seen 39 hours after amputation with cold ischemia preservation. No graded ischemia-related changes in the digits have been appreciated over 35 months of follow-up. PMID- 3763732 TI - Unsatisfactory forehead scar following face lift. AB - The W-plasty scar revision technique has been found to be effective in the repair of the difficult and cosmetically unsatisfactory hairline scar following the ill advised face lift technique that excises forehead skin. PMID- 3763733 TI - Contouring of a solid silicone block: a new use for the Shaw scalpel. AB - The use of the Shaw hemostatic scalpel eliminates the frustration and physical fatigue formerly associated with the carving of solid silicone implants from blocks of silicone of all grades. It enables very accurate shaping and saves operating and anesthesia time. The smooth end product may, in many cases, eliminate the need for factory-made implants. This method of shaping silicone block is highly recommended. It is not suggested that the instrument should be purchased for this purpose alone, but if purchase of the scalpel is being considered for other purposes, this may be a significant factor in the decision. PMID- 3763734 TI - Hazard of nasal oxygen during aesthetic facial operations. PMID- 3763736 TI - Instant skin hook. PMID- 3763735 TI - Terminology for cranial anatomy. PMID- 3763737 TI - The "Safad dressing" after penile surgery. PMID- 3763738 TI - Breast implant encapsulation in association with dental work. PMID- 3763739 TI - Huber needles for tissue expander inflation. PMID- 3763740 TI - The back side of the superficial musculoaponeurotic system. PMID- 3763741 TI - The safest age for cleft palate repair. PMID- 3763742 TI - Airway problems in children with craniofacial anomalies. PMID- 3763743 TI - Clinical and pathologic features of maxillonasal dysplasia (Binder's syndrome): significance of the prenasal fossa on etiology. AB - Clinical and pathologic anatomic parameters were studied in 50 patients with maxillonasal dysplasia (Binder's syndrome). The skeletal deformity causing the flat and low-set nose was in typical patients a palpable depression in the anterior nasal floor (fossa prenasalis) and a localized maxillary hypoplasia in the alar base region. Class III malocclusion was found in 54 percent. In 6 percent of the patients a slope (sulcus prenasalis) was found instead of a fossa in the anterior nasal floor, and in one patient a rudimentary fossa was found. Concomitant malformations were noted in 18 percent, and a hereditary connection was seen in 16 percent. The etiology is discussed in relation to the development of the premaxilla and the appearance of a secondary external trabecular network of bone in the canine region. An inhibition of the latter ossification center would explain the localized hypoplasia in the floor and walls of the piriform aperture in maxillonasal dysplasia. PMID- 3763744 TI - Surgical correction of the nose and midface in maxillonasal dysplasia (Binder's syndrome). AB - In 48 patients with maxillonasal dysplasia the retruded nasal base was corrected with onlay cancellous bone grafts after subperiosteal dissection using an oral vestibular approach. Support for the nasal dorsum was achieved in 39 patients with an L-shaped bone graft from the iliac crest introduced through the same approach. The advancement of the nose was found stable on lateral cephalograms; i.e., resorption did not occur. However, the grafts showed considerable remodeling. Half the patients found the stiffness of the nose to be disturbing. In nine patients, the cartilaginous septum was used instead as a support for the nasal dorsum and tip. At operation, the entire cartilaginous septum was mobilized after subperichondrial dissection and rotated forward either pedicled at the nasal dorsum or completely released. Cartilage regenerated in the periochondrial pocket left behind the advanced septum. The anterior transfer of the nose was 6 to 10 mm. The use of septal advancement is preferred over bone implants in the correction of maxillonasal dysplasia in patients in whom the bony nasal dorsum is of adequate height because it results in a soft and flexible nose and the risk of traumatic fracture and resorption is eliminated. The technique has been used in adolescents with promising results. PMID- 3763745 TI - Aesthetic restoration of one-half the upper lip. AB - Aesthetic units of the face have been previously described. The lip itself may be divided into smaller topographic subunits. The lateral subunit is bordered by philtrum column, nostril sill, alar base, and nasolabial crease, while the medial topographic subunit is one-half the philtrum. When a large part of a subunit has been lost, replacing the entire subunit rather than simply patching the defect often gives a superior result. The only tissue suitable for the aesthetic restoration of moderate-sized defects of the upper lip is lower lip. An exact pattern is outlined and an Abbe flap is taken from the midline of the lower lip and transferred in two stages. Like tissue is replaced in kind, border scars are positioned aesthetically, and the orbicularis sphincter is reconstituted with an intact symmetrical commissure, muscular modiolus, and upper and lower lip symmetry. Spontaneous reinnervation by appropriate segmental facial branches occurs within 1 year. Four patients are presented. PMID- 3763746 TI - Skull expansion in experimental craniosynostosis. AB - Bilateral coronal suture immobilization was performed in 9-day-old rabbits to simulate the brachycephaly deformity characteristic of coronal synostosis. Growth abnormalities were documented by serial radiographic cephalometry. A "corrective" linear craniectomy procedure was performed on the rabbits with an immobilized coronal suture at 60 days of age. The degree of amelioration of the induced abnormalities by the surgery in these animals was compared with a similar group of animals that had the same surgery plus supplemental implantation of a spring expansion device at the coronal suture craniectomy site. The mean marker separation at the coronal suture was significantly greater (5.61 mm +/- 0.52 SE versus 2.53 mm +/- 0.38 SE; p less than 0.05) following spring expander implantation than with linear craniectomy alone. Similarly, induced anterior cranial base shortening and distortion of craniofacial cephalometrics were more significantly improved by the additional use of the spring expansion device. PMID- 3763747 TI - Reconstruction of microtia with a contour-accentuated framework and supplemental coverage. AB - A new method of assembling the framework of the ear with overaccentuated auricular contour is presented. In order to achieve the primary objective of the contour-accentuated framework, any shortage of skin coverage resulting from the increased surface area of the framework is supplied by the resurfaced temporoparietal fascial flap. This is done in 7 cases of microtia reconstruction. The procedure is beneficial for restoring clearly defined auricular relief in ear reconstruction. PMID- 3763748 TI - Suction-assisted lipectomy for correction of 202 figure faults in 101 patients: indications, limitations, and applications. AB - Since its introduction in the United States, suction-assisted lipectomy has proven to be a safe, effective technique for correction of figure faults. It has been greeted with considerable skepticism by many practitioners, however, owing to the poor results many have obtained in their initial attempts to apply similar techniques. Suction lipectomy using the blunt technique is a safe procedure that can yield consistently good results when appropriately applied. It is suggested that the principal reason others have had difficulty involves problems in patient selection. The technique may not be effective for the correction of generalized obesity and cannot be expected to dramatically alter overall appearance. Patients should be selected for treatment of specific "figure faults" and educated as to what may realistically be expected. The patient's emotional and psychological condition must be taken into consideration. We report a series of 101 patients treated with a total of 202 separate suction lipectomy procedures with good results and only two minor complications. A survey of patients treated by the method reveals a generally high level of satisfaction and some of the ambivalence that might be anticipated from such a technique. PMID- 3763749 TI - Anatomic basis of plantar flap design. AB - Safe planes exist for plantar incisions that minimize the possibility of subcutaneous nerve injury and are therefore useful in flap design. Nerve branch orientation in the plantar subcutaneous tissue is specific and guides dissection so as to avoid producing anesthesia in weight-bearing areas. An extensive proximal plantar subcutaneous plexus exists that permits elevation of plantar flaps in a superficial plane. This is due to the major contribution that the dorsal circulation makes to the skin of the plantar surface. The blood supply to the non-weight-bearing midsole area is not from the medial plantar artery exclusively. This is a watershed area with important lateral plantar artery and dorsalis pedis artery contributions as well. It is not necessary or desirable to base plantar flaps on a myocutaneous or fasciocutaneous supply with its required deep dissection. Local plantar flaps can be designed to include sensation and abundant blood supply without the need for "subfascial" dissection. Subcutaneous sensory plantar flaps designed in accordance with these principles promise a more ideal solution for the treatment of plantar defects. PMID- 3763750 TI - Anatomic basis of plantar flap design: clinical applications. AB - Closure of plantar defects with local rotation flaps was studied in 10 patients with 11 plantar defects. Ages ranged from 15 to 66 years, and the average defect was 3.0 X 3.6 cm. Two patients were diabetics. Etiology was variable and included trauma, tumors, and breakdown in patients with anesthetic plantar surfaces. Plantar flaps were designed superficial to the plantar fascia based on the proximal plantar subcutaneous plexus blood supply. Sensation was provided by including the medial calcaneal nerve territory within the flap and by performing a limited intraneural dissection of the medial and lateral plantar nerves. Flaps were medially based, although laterally based designs are also possible when sensation is absent. The follow-up period averaged 20.8 months. Patients with normal sensation preoperatively had full sensation postoperatively and were able to bear weight on the flap without limitation. There was minor breakdown in one patient with incomplete sensation. One patient developed a hematoma. Sensate plantar flaps can be designed superficial to the plantar fascia. These flaps are durable and allow normal weight-bearing on the reconstructed surface. PMID- 3763751 TI - Sensory reinnervation in microsurgical reconstruction of the heel. AB - Six sensory reinnervation techniques were carried out in 10 patients who underwent reconstruction of the weight-bearing surface of the heel by microsurgical free-tissue transfer. The techniques include the use of neurovascular island flaps, neurosensory flaps, sensory nerve grafts to skin flaps, coaptation of the sensory nerve to the motor nerve of the muscle flaps, direct sensory nerve transfer, and sensory nerve graft transfer. In all patients, some sensation developed, characterized by sensation to light touch, to dull objects, to pinprick, to pain, and to tickling. Three patients developed the ability to distinguish sharp from dull objects and the sensation of pain. The remaining seven had the sensation of touch to various mechanical stimuli. In nine patients, the sensation is located in the weight-bearing surface of the reconstructed heel. Five patients bear weight on the reconstructed surface at least 6 hours per day. Three participate actively in sports. Split-thickness skin graft-muscle flaps were more prone to breakdown than skin flaps. Full-thickness skin flaps appear necessary for the production of pain sensation and the more discriminating sensations. Preliminary results suggest a functional benefit after sensory reinnervation. PMID- 3763752 TI - The itinerant academic surgeon. PMID- 3763753 TI - Radiographic evidence of breast implant rupture. AB - A patient with a past history of breast augmentation, fibrous capsule formation, and repeated closed capsulotomies is described. Deformity of the breast occurred in conjunction with radiographic evidence of implant rupture. This rupture was confirmed at the time of open capsulotomy and implant exchange. After augmentation and closed capsulotomy, a diverticulum of the fibrous breast capsule can mimic implant rupture on mammography despite an intact prosthesis. Mammographic features, including multiple loculations and streaming of implant contents, increase the suspicion of rupture. PMID- 3763754 TI - Treatment of painful digital neuromas. PMID- 3763755 TI - Quality assurance. PMID- 3763756 TI - Polyethylene sleeve in the Meme prosthesis. PMID- 3763757 TI - Breast reconstruction by larger implants. PMID- 3763758 TI - Surgical drill irrigation. PMID- 3763759 TI - Tattoo devices. PMID- 3763760 TI - Arteriovenous fistulas after replantation. PMID- 3763761 TI - Is there an association between Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and cleft lip? PMID- 3763762 TI - [Ultrastructural observation on the neuronal lipofuscin--in relation with aging and specificity of region and disease]. PMID- 3763763 TI - [Drug interactions with phenytoin and carbamazepine]. PMID- 3763764 TI - [Empirical studies of the long-term stability of test norms]. AB - Investigation of the long-term stability of psychological efficiency standards using a frequently applied intelligence test (Hawie -verbalpart). The test value distribution of two representative random tests of adults (from the beginning of 1950 in the FRG and from 1980 to 1983 in the GDR) was investigated and a comparison made together. Significant efficiency differences between the two random tests indicate defective long-term stability of test standards and the necessity to restandardize after 20 to 30 years. Because of significant differences between the old and new standard values and the high percentage of errors (26%), in classifying intelligence when applying the old standard values, the application of the new standards in the clinical diagnosis of intelligence is to be recommended. PMID- 3763765 TI - [Computer tomography studies in myotonic dystrophies]. AB - Besides clinical symptoms, progress and electromyography the computer tomography is a possibility for improvement the diagnostic of myotone dystrophy. Even small changes in muscle structure are detectable and especially m. soleus exhibits early and pronounced alterations. By means of density distribution pattern an improved characterization of the disease is possible. Additional informations are obtained by cerebralcomputertomography. Hints for atrophy of brain tissue are expectable at all patients with myotone dystrophy. According to the presented findings the computer tomography enlarges the diagnostic possibilities at myotone dystrophy. PMID- 3763766 TI - [Initial results with bright light (phototherapy) in affective psychoses]. AB - The biological foundations of light-treatment and their relation to neurophysiological and biochemical mechanisms were discussed. We developed an apparatus for treatment and report of first experiences in affective psychosis. In addition to a decrease of depressivity and anxiety we found an unequivocal tendency to normalization of sleep-behaviour. The farther clinical and paraclinical investigations has to show the position of this method of treatment in the total conception of a biological therapy. PMID- 3763767 TI - [Visually controlled space orientation in endogenous psychoses]. AB - The visual controlled behaviour in space is measured in 30 psychotic patients. In a room with a row of 8 equal chairs we measured the right-left-choice and the choice of distance. The neglect of the left chairs in patient with "distrust" and "delusion" let us suppose a right hemispherical dysfunction. There is no correlation between psychosis and choice of distance, but a good correlation between disturbed parental home and near distance. PMID- 3763768 TI - [Ulnar sulcus syndrome--a contribution to course and prognosis]. AB - Of 1028 patients with 1138 peripheral nerve lesions, 142 suffered from an electrophysiologically proven SUS. At follow-up, 93 patients could be restudied. Spontaneous regressions were observed in patients below the age of 40 years and in case of a history under 6 months. So-called late pareses receded in no case without operative displacement of the ulnar nerve. However, if the etiology is unknown, the present results of investigation require reserve towards operative therapy. PMID- 3763769 TI - [Experiences with the Berlin Procedure for the Diagnosis of Neuroses-Self Evaluation in symptom oriented detection of markers in the diagnosis of neuroses]. AB - The 'Berliner Verfahren zur Neurosendiagnostik' (BVND-SB) contains scales for complaints and personality traits and can be used for diagnostical and differential diagnostical classification of neuroses. Its structure is related to symptoms, which is compared with a syndrome orientated construction strategy. The factorially validated scales were mentioned. They can be used for description of symptomatology. A diagnostical screening contains 3 scales. The single-scales allow a description of syndromes based on profiles at the same symptom-area. The BVND-SB can be used as an economic instrument for diagnostical purposes. PMID- 3763770 TI - Psychiatric community care: a Maharashtrian example. PMID- 3763771 TI - Endocrine and behavioural responses to methylphenidate in depression. AB - Twenty patients with a major depressive disorder and 20 control subjects were subjected to a 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test (DST) and a challenge with intravenous (IV) methylphenidate (MP)(0.3 mg/kg). None of the controls, but 9 depressives, were DST non-suppressors. Among the depressives there were correlations between DST-cortisol and baseline (4 p.m.) levels of cortisol, growth hormone, prolactin and adrenaline. Compared with the controls the depressives had a decreased cortisol response and an enhanced adrenaline response to the MP challenge. The decreased cortisol response was not related to either DST-cortisol or baseline cortisol, but was correlated with the mood response to MP. PMID- 3763772 TI - Urinary monoamines and monoamine metabolites in subtypes of unipolar depressive disorder and normal controls. AB - An examination was made of urinary catecholamine and metabolite outputs in 28 unipolar depressed patients and 25 normal controls. The total group of depressed patients had significantly higher urinary outputs of norepinephrine (NE) and its metabolite normetanephrine (NM), and significantly lower urinary outputs of the dopamine metabolite dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), than controls. Patients who met DSM-III criteria for a major depressive episode with melancholia (N = 8) had significantly higher urinary outputs of normetanephrine than controls, whereas patients with a major depressive episode without melancholia (N = 7) and dysthymic disorder patients (N = 8) had levels comparable with controls. We postulate that the higher urinary outputs of norepinephrine and its metabolite, normetanephrine, reflect dysregulation of the sympathetic nervous system in depression. PMID- 3763773 TI - The contributions of sex and drinking history to the CT brain scan changes in alcoholics. AB - Consecutive series of male and female alcoholics, Alcoholic Anonymous (AA) members and controls were examined by interview and with a CT brain scan. Male controls were shown to have larger CT brain parameters than healthy females of the same age. Female alcoholics revealed equivalent CT scan abnormalities, apart from less sulcal widening, after a markedly shorter drinking history and at a lower estimated peak alcohol consumption than male alcoholics. The CT scan findings persisted after accounting for body weight and after matching for age and length of drinking history. The CT scan parameters of female AA members approached control values more completely and after briefer abstinence than did those of male AA members. Methodological problems and sex differences in selection and other processes are discussed. The findings are consistent with sex differences in the vulnerability of the brain to alcohol toxicity, and in its recovery with abstinence. PMID- 3763774 TI - Somatization disorder in a US southern community: use of a new procedure for analysis of medical classification. AB - The authors examine somatization disorder in a community population, using grade of membership analysis, a new multivariate analytical technique for the analysis of medical classification. The technique is used to examine whether somatic symptoms will cluster into a clinical syndrome resembling somatization disorder, as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM III), if no a priori assumptions are made about the interrelationship of somatic symptoms or their clustering into clinical syndromes. Grade of membership analysis is applied to all respondents in the US National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiological Catchment Area Project of the Piedmont region of North Carolina reporting three or more somatic symptoms from the somatization disorder section of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. The analysis indicates that seven 'pure' types, roughly analogous to clusters in cluster analysis, best describe the interrelationship of the symptoms included in the analysis. One 'pure' type in the analysis is nearly identical to DSM-III somatization disorder and is associated with demographic characteristics consistently found among patients with DSM-III somatization disorder. The present results demonstrate that symptoms associated with this disorder do cluster in a highly predictable fashion and represent a strong validation of the natural occurrence of an entity resembling somatization disorder. PMID- 3763775 TI - General practitioners' selection of patients for treatment in community psychiatric services. AB - In a Danish community psychiatric service the patients referred from general practitioners (GPs) to the community psychiatric service (CPS) are compared with matched individuals with conspicuous psychiatric morbidity treated in general practice only. The psychopathology of the referred patients is more severe, as estimated by two different methods. They make fewer social contacts and their work situations are unfavourable. It was found that to a great extent the GPs refer their patients with mental disorders to the CPS so that the 'filter' between the GP and the CPS is very permeable. Of the patients treated by the GPs only (the matched group), no more than 54% were assessed by a psychiatrist as psychiatric 'cases'. Psychopathology thus only partly determines the GPs' assessment of psychiatric 'caseness', in which social impairment plays an important part. The GPs diagnose more mental disorder than the psychiatrists, possibly because of an intimate acquaintance with the anamnesis. PMID- 3763776 TI - Comparative study of the prevalence of abnormal eating attitudes among Arab female students of both London and Cairo universities. AB - Two matched samples of Arab female undergraduate students attending London and Cairo Universities were recruited to determine the relative prevalence of abnormal eating attitudes and the effect of exposure to Western culture upon this prevalence. A positive response was reported on the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT 40) in 22% of the students in the London group and 12% in the Cairo group, indicating that abnormal attitudes occur in this non-Western population. Six cases among the London sample fulfilled diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa, but no cases of either anorexia or bulimia were identified in the Cairo sample. PMID- 3763777 TI - Measuring psychiatric disorder among Southeast Asian refugees. AB - Four measures of mental health--Panic, Depression, Somatization and Well-Being- have been developed for use in a population of Southeast Asian refugees. The scales, a product of work with 1348 refugees, demonstrate conceptual significance, good reliability, concurrent validity and stability of structure across samples. They are culturally sensitive, enabling intra-cultural study as well as screening for clinical purposes. The measures also permit comparisons, for research purposes, with non-Asians. PMID- 3763778 TI - Loss of parent in childhood and adult psychiatric disorder: the role of lack of adequate parental care. AB - The inconclusiveness of the literature on the role of loss of parent in influencing psychiatric disorder in adulthood is well known. A number of reasons involving sampling, location and other methodological features, are given to account for these contradictory findings. A study specially designed to cope with these features is then described and basic results are reported. These indicate that, in a sample of women aged 18-65, loss of mother before the age of 17, either by death or by separation of one year or more, was associated with clinical depression in the year of interview. Loss of father by death was in no way associated with current depression, but separation from father showed a trend which, however, did not reach statistical significance. Control for other possible confounding factors did not change this patterning of results; these were further supported when psychiatric episodes earlier in adulthood were examined. Examination of the caregiving arrangements in childhood suggests that it is 'lack of care', defined in terms of neglect rather than simply hostile parental behaviour, which accounts for the raised rate of depression. Such 'lack of care' is more frequent after loss of mother than after loss of father. PMID- 3763779 TI - Completed suicide and criminality: lack of a direct relationship. AB - A comparison was made of the crime rate among 181 suicides and 181 controls, representing an unselected sample of the population matched with the suicides for sex, age, marital status, place of residence and occupational level. Sixteen per cent of the suicides and 11% of the controls had a criminal record, a statistically insignificant difference. In addition, no significant differences were found in the proportion of recidivists and of violent offenders, or in the number of their offences and convictions. A significant difference was found regarding the distribution of the offences by particular laws: more than a half of the offences committed by criminal suicides concerned violations of the road traffic laws, this being in agreement with the hypothesis that risky, accident prone behaviour is a suicidal behaviour equivalent. PMID- 3763780 TI - Psychological and physical morbidity in the aftermath of a cyclone. AB - A Fijian community affected by a cyclone was compared with an unaffected but similar community. Two months after the cyclone both psychological and physical morbidity was 2-3 times greater in the affected community than in controls. By the third month morbidity had resolved to levels similar to those in the unaffected population. Brief, catastrophic stress without loss of life appears to provoke psychological and physical morbidity of relatively brief duration. PMID- 3763781 TI - 'Schizoid' personality and antisocial conduct: a retrospective case not study. AB - A retrospective case not analysis for 30 boys diagnosed as having a 'schizoid' personality disorder (Asperger's syndrome) in childhood, and for 30 matched clinic attenders (with systematic follow-up data for 19 matched pairs), showed the incidence of antisocial conduct to be the same in the two groups. However, the 'schizoid' boys stole less often and had fewer alcohol problems. In this group antisocial conduct was less related to family disruption and social disadvantage, and more to an unusual fantasy life. Clinical descriptions of a series of 'schizoid' boys and girls with conspicuous antisocial conduct follow. They suggest that characteristic patterns of antisocial conduct in such children are persistent expressions of hostility and, especially in girls, pathological lying, for which environmental circumstances provide no explanation. PMID- 3763782 TI - Mental health care in Southern Italy: application of case-control methodology for the evaluation of the impact of the 1978 psychiatric reform. AB - A survey to analyse patients' characteristics and the care delivered to them was conducted in several psychiatric facilities, covering the whole range of care offered in the public sector in two regions of Southern Italy. A case-control method of analysis was chosen, and the relative risk estimates (RR), together with their 95% confidence intervals (CI), of being in custodial facilities were computed, comparing patients treated in custodial institutions ('cases') with those in community-based services ('controls') in respect of social and clinical variables. Factors more strongly associated with custodial treatment were: illiteracy (RR = 2.4), unmarried status (RR = 2.4), a history of prolonged illness (RR = 7.6), organic diagnosis (RR = 2.6), previous custodial treatment (RR = 3.9), and expected poor social functioning (RR = 2.4). The suitability and advantages of the case-control method of analysis in the field of psychiatric care evaluation are discussed. PMID- 3763783 TI - Performance of retarded and nonretarded persons on information-processing tasks: further tests of the similar structure hypothesis. PMID- 3763784 TI - Correlates of commitment status in psychiatric patients. PMID- 3763785 TI - Generalizing over conditions by combining the multitrait-multimethod matrix and the representative design of experiments. PMID- 3763786 TI - Psychosomatic medicine, behavioral medicine, just plain medicine. AB - Neurally mediated physiologic responses fulfill all of the criteria for behavior and obey all of the laws of behavior subject to the anatomic and physiologic constraints inherent in their structures and functions. It is illogical and wrong to assert that neurally mediated responses interact with behavior. THEY ARE BEHAVIOR. These principles are a legitimate and necessary part of the training of all medical students, residents, and fellows. The conceptual basis of psychosomatic practice does not need to be derived from the dualistic notions of psychoanalysis or from the dualistic notions of biobehaviorism. Psychosomatic medicine is an integral aspect of medical practice. It needs to exist because people act and react differently from one another, and because the same person acts and reacts differently from one situation to another. Psychosomatic medicine is not psychiatry in medicine. Each of the specialties and each of the subspecialties encounters its own set of psychosomatic problems; and treatment strategies to resolve these problems need to be integrated into the clinical practice of that discipline. PMID- 3763788 TI - Diminished pulse pressure under mental stress characterizes normotensive adolescents with parental high blood pressure. AB - An exaggerated blood pressure response to mental stress is believed to characterize young adults with genetic risk of essential hypertension, suggesting that stress-induced changes might provide a useful index of pathogenetic processes. We explored this by studying pressor responsivity to competitive tasks in adolescents drawn from a large urban population. Individuals with systolic or diastolic pressures persistently between the 85th and 95th percentiles were evaluated on basal blood pressure, parental history of hypertension, and pressor and heart rate response to a challenging video game. Basal pressure was measured again at 6, 10, and 14 months. A persistently diminished pulse pressure was the cardiovascular characteristic that most reliably typified normotensive subjects with familial hypertension. Response to the video game was the best indicator of risk status. Contrary to expectations derived from research with convenience samples, epidemiologic investigation points to an increased peripheral resistance and lower cardiac output as the cardiovascular pattern more prominently associated with genetic risk in the normotensive adolescent. PMID- 3763787 TI - Type A behavior and physiologic coronary risk factors in children of the family heart study: results from a 1-year follow-up. AB - Although Type A behavior is recognized as an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease, little is known about its antecedents. The present study investigated relationships of Type A behavior as assessed by the Hunter-Wolf rating scale to physiologic coronary risk factors in children ranging from 8 to 15 years of age. In addition, gender differences and the stability of Type A behavior and physiologic risk factors were examined. Consistent with data based on adult samples, Type A behavior was generally unrelated to physiologic coronary risk factors and appears to be as stable as the other risk factors. There were no gender differences in either Type A behavior or other coronary risk factors. PMID- 3763789 TI - The influence of happiness, anger, and anxiety on the blood pressure of borderline hypertensives. AB - Differences in blood pressure associated with reported happiness, anger, and anxiety are examined among 90 borderline hypertensives during 24-hr blood pressure monitoring. There were 1152 individual ambulatory blood pressure readings for which subjects classified their emotional state as happy (n = 628), angry (n = 67), or anxious (n = 457) on scales from one (low) to ten (high). Pressures were transformed to z-scores using the subject's 24-hr mean and standard deviation to assess relative elevation during reported emotional arousal. The results show that emotional arousal significantly increases systolic and diastolic pressure (p less than 0.00001), an effect independent of posture and location of subject during measurement (at work, home, or elsewhere). On average, pressures during reported angry or anxious states were higher than those during a happy state (p less than 0.01). Examination of arousal intensity showed that scores on the happiness scale were inversely related to systolic pressure (p less than 0.01) whereas the degree of anxiety was positively associated with diastolic pressure (p less than 0.02). Emotional effects were also related to the degree of individual daily pressure variation such that the greater the variability, the larger the blood pressure change associated with the emotions. The results suggest that happiness, anger, and anxiety increase blood pressure to differing degrees and that emotional effects may be greater in individuals with more labile blood pressure. PMID- 3763790 TI - Blood pressure, ethnicity, and psychosocial resources. AB - Research on psychosocial factors and cardiovascular disease has shown that psychosocial resources (including social supports and coping styles) help to protect individuals from the risk associated with psychosocial stressors. Some evidence indicates that this protective effect may extend to standard risk factors as well. This latter hypothesis was examined in greater detail in a study conducted in Brazil, in which it was found that psychosocial resources modified black-white differences in blood pressure. Highest mean blood pressures were observed among mixed race and black Brazilians who had low psychosocial resources; Afro-Brazilians with high psychosocial resources had lower blood pressures than white Brazilians. Implications of these results for the mechanisms linking ethnicity, psychosocial factors, and blood pressure are discussed. PMID- 3763792 TI - Why the future belongs to psychiatry. PMID- 3763791 TI - Long-term follow-up of anorexia nervosa. AB - This study compared the long-term outcome of restricting and bulimic anorexic women using standardized psychometric instruments in addition to global clinical ratings. Results indicated that, in general, restricting and bulimic anorexic subtypes did not differ in their long-term outcome according to clinical ratings and standardized assessments of anorexic symptoms, psychiatric diagnoses, and psychosocial functioning. The only exception to this pattern was that the bulimic group had a higher incidence of substance use disorders during the last year compared with the restricting group. Findings also indicated that relative to a matched comparison group of women of average weight, a significant percentage of anorexics from both subtypes met DSM-III criteria for an affective or anxiety disorder at some point in their lives as well as at long-term follow-up. Results are discussed in terms of theoretical and methodologic issues involved in the long-term follow-up of anorexia nervosa. PMID- 3763793 TI - Influence of partnership on the outcome of psychotherapy. AB - 30 patients who had psychosomatic disorders and were living constantly with the same partner were followed up 2-3 years after inpatient psychotherapy. The outcome of psychotherapy was assessed and the patients were interviewed about partnership and disease. The interviews were evaluated by 10 raters who had to score 26 variables. Using a discriminant analysis 4 variables were selected which predicted outcome correctly in 93.3% of the patients: who leaves whom in case of separation; partner's help in coping with illness guided by patient's needs; cognitive reappraisal of the patient, and changes in the extradyadic relation of the partner. The findings clearly demonstrate that the cognitions on partnership are connected with the outcome of psychotherapy to a substantial degree. PMID- 3763794 TI - Anorexia nervosa in monozygotic twins. AB - Which is more important, hereditary factors or psychological environment factors, in the etiology of anorexia nervosa? The question is studied by considering 7 cases of anorexia nervosa in monozygotic twins of the authors' own practice. In 5 of 7 cases, only 1 of a set of twins was found to be suffering from anorexia nervosa. On the other hand, in 2 of 7 cases, both twins were diagnosed as having anorexia nervosa. Even in the concordant cases studied by the authors, however, the quality or degree of anorexia nervosa in each case was different. Therefore, even given the existence of concordant cases, without inquiring precisely into the quality or degree of anorexia nervosa, it is not possible to conclude that hereditary factors play a determining role in the etiology of anorexia nervosa. PMID- 3763795 TI - Psychological influences on immunity. PMID- 3763796 TI - Comparative severity of illness in patients with combined medical and psychiatric diagnoses. PMID- 3763797 TI - Surgical outcome in 'death-minded' patients. PMID- 3763798 TI - A pilot program for assigned reading by residents in consultation psychiatry. PMID- 3763799 TI - Fabricated 'eating disorder'. PMID- 3763800 TI - Depression in hyperprolactinemia. PMID- 3763801 TI - Delirium induced by inhalation of typewriter correction fluid. PMID- 3763802 TI - Self-amputation of the female breast. PMID- 3763803 TI - Hypophosphataemia and vitamin D metabolism in sheep. AB - The effect of dietary induced hypophosphataemia on vitamin D metabolism was studied in four conscious sheep. No change in the plasma concentrations of 25 hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) were found during hypophosphataemia when compared with normophosphataemia. In addition both the metabolic clearance rate and the production rate of plasma 1,25(OH)2D3 were unaltered during hypophosphataemia. This suggests that changes in circulating levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 were not necessary for the increased efficiency of intestinal phosphorus absorption seen in phosphorus-depleted hypophosphataemic sheep, and may explain why there is no increase in efficiency of intestinal calcium absorption in phosphorus depleted sheep. Increases in phosphataemia induced acutely by intravenous phosphate infusion for 3 h also had no effect on plasma 1,25(OH)2D3 concentration. It is concluded that in the sheep, unlike non ruminant animals, chronic hypophosphataemia does not increase plasma 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations and plays no physiological role in regulating its production or metabolism. PMID- 3763804 TI - Effect of intraruminal sodium and potassium concentrations and of the transmural potential difference on magnesium absorption from the temporarily isolated rumen of sheep. AB - The net absorption of magnesium from the temporarily isolated and washed reticulo rumen of sheep has been studied using buffer solutions with different sodium, potassium and chloride concentrations. An increased potassium concentration led to an increased potential difference (p.d.) and a decreased magnesium absorption. The exchange of chloride in the buffer solutions with sulphate (at constant sodium and potassium concentrations) caused a significant increase of the p.d. and again a reduced net magnesium absorption indicating that the p.d. is an important factor associated with decreased net magnesium absorption. The replacement of sodium with lithium (at constant potassium concentrations) did not influence the net magnesium absorption. It is concluded that the low apparent availability of magnesium after an oral load of potassium is mainly caused by the high transmural potential difference across the rumen wall under such feeding conditions. However, the presented data cannot rule out an effect of potassium per se independent of the effect of the p.d. PMID- 3763805 TI - Galactose transport across rat small intestine in vivo following distal resections of varying extents. AB - The kinetics of D-galactose absorption across rat small intestine in sham, 50 and 80% distal intestinal resected animals, have been studied under in vivo conditions. After 5 months post-resection the total galactose absorption was increased. The relationship between total absorption of substrate and its concentration in the perfusate showed a non-saturable component and a saturable one that can be inhibited by phloridzin, both in control and remnant intestine. The slope of the line that represents the non-saturable component is greater in remnant duodenum and jejunum, indicating that the apparent mass-transfer coefficient, K'D, was increased by distal resection. Non-linear fitting of the saturable component data gave an apparent maximal galactose transport rate (J'max, nmol/cm2 . min) of 134 +/- 13 (sham), 132 +/- 9 (50% resected), 139 +/- 9 (80% resected) in duodenum and of 103 +/- 11 (sham) and 106 +/- 12 in jejunum. Apparent Michaelis constants (K'm, mM) of 12.1 +/- 3.2 (sham), 12.3 +/- 2.2 (50% resected) and 13.3 +/- 2.2 (80% resected) in duodenum and of 11.6 +/- 3.7 (sham) and 12.8 +/- 3.7 (50% resected) in jejunum were found. Correction of the kinetic constants for the unstirred water layer (u.w.l.) effects showed that the differences between 'real' KD's of the experimental groups increased, whereas 'real' Km's did not significantly change. There were no significant differences in duodenal galactose absorption between 50 and 80% resected rats. PMID- 3763806 TI - Immunocytochemical localization of gastric inhibitory peptide and glucagon in the alimentary tract of ruminants. AB - Cells containing gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) and glucagon immunoreactivity were localized in the alimentary tract of the adult sheep, young lamb, calf and goat kid by indirect immunocytochemistry, using antisera raised to the porcine peptides. GIP and glucagon were localized in two distinct cell populations. Cells containing immunoreactive GIP were confined to the mucosa of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum and were not observed in the forestomachs, abomasum, large intestine and pancreas. Cells containing immunoreactive glucagon were distributed widely throughout the alimentary tract but were most numerous in the pancreatic islets and the ileum. Neither GIP nor glucagon-containing cells were observed in the forestomachs. The distribution of the peptides was similar in adult and young animals. Both cell types appeared to possess an apical projection into the glandular lumen of the alimentary tract. Pre-absorption of the primary antisera with the appropriate peptide antigen abolished the staining. PMID- 3763807 TI - Internal potassium activity in ferret ventricular muscle. AB - Measurements of the K activity (aiK) in ferret ventricle were made using either single- or double-barrelled K-sensitive micro-electrodes. aiK was also estimated from the Nernst equation by measuring the membrane potential when changing the external K concentration. Micro-electrodes filled with the Corning K sensor gave unreliable results most probably due to interference from some substance(s) in the heart cells. Reproduceable measurements were obtained using a valinomycin cocktail as the K sensor. The mean value +/- S.D. for aiK from four experiments which met strict criteria for calibration, electrode penetration and drift was 104 mmol/l +/- 9 mmol/l. If all nine experiments were taken the value was 101 mmol/l +/- 8 mmol/l. Estimation from the Nernst equation gave values of aiK that were on average 20 mmol/l higher than the measured values with the valinomycin cocktail. It is recommended that a valinomycin cocktail be used to measure aiK. PMID- 3763808 TI - Free intracellular magnesium concentration in ferret ventricular muscle measured with ion selective micro-electrodes. AB - The free Mg concentration ([Mg]i) was measured in ferret ventricular muscle using single-barrelled Mg-sensitive micro-electrodes. The electrodes were calibrated in solutions containing the [K]i and [Na]i measured in this tissue. In thirteen measurements from seven experiments conforming to strict criteria for calibration and penetration the estimated mean [Mg]i was 0.4 mmol/l. This is to be regarded as an upper limit since it was estimated by linear extrapolation of the calibration curve. PMID- 3763809 TI - Relatively high biliary secretory maximum for non-micelle-forming bile acid: possible significance for mechanism of secretion. AB - Because of the formation of mixed micelles, the effective (i.e. monomeric, intermicellar) concentration of bile acid in bile is only a small fraction of the total concentration: this factor could be of critical importance for the net hepatic transport of the natural bile acids (especially transport across the canalicular membrane, which is hypothesized to be passive). To assess the influence of micelle formation on bile acid secretion, the rate-limiting canalicular transport of the natural, micelle-forming bile acid, cholyltaurine, was compared with that of the artificial non-micelle-forming bile acid, dehydrocholyltaurine (which undergoes partial reductive metabolism), in the anaesthetized rat with a bile fistula. The derivatives of dehydrocholyltaurine shared the same biliary transport system as cholyltaurine and had a secretory maximum (22 +/- 4.7 (S.D.) mumol/min . kg, n = 12) which was significantly greater than that of cholyltaurine (15 +/- 1.2, n = 6) (P less than 0.01). The biliary secretion rates of phospholipid and cholesterol during maximal secretion of dehydrocholyltaurine derivatives were not raised over control values; 3 alpha hydroxy, 7,12-dioxocholanoate (the taurine conjugate of which accounted for about 70-80% of the total bile acid in bile during dehydrocholyltaurine infusion) has also been shown in vitro to be non-micelle forming. These results would seem to indicate that micelle formation in bile is not essential for the effective net translocation of bile acid by the specific canalicular membrane carriers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3763810 TI - The influx of ascorbic acid into the rat's brain. AB - The influx of [14C]ascorbic acid into the rat's brain through the cerebral capillaries was measured by the steady-state initial-rate technique. Ascorbic acid was found to pass through the capillaries by a carrier-mediated process and by simple diffusion. The carrier system was found to have an apparent Vmax of 1.2 nmol . min-1 . g-1 of cerebral tissue and a Kt of 125 microM. The apparent constant of transfer, Kd, of the diffusional component was 0.98 microliter. min-1 . g-1. The contribution of the cerebral capillaries to the movement of ascorbic acid into the brain is discussed and was found to be the major route of entry into the brain for this vitamin. PMID- 3763811 TI - Amiodarone pulmonary toxicity: clinical and subclinical features. AB - In a prospective study of lung function of 34 patients taking amiodarone, 24 showed no functional changes but 10 developed a sustained fall in CO transfer factor (TLCO) exceeding 15 per cent. These patients had on average received a higher dose of drug in the first three months of treatment. Seven showed no clinical or radiographic changes and TLCO improved with reduction in drug dose. The other three patients developed florid clinical and radiographic features of amiodarone pulmonary toxicity. All three had impaired TLCO before receiving amiodarone. During the course of the prospective study amiodarone pulmonary toxicity was diagnosed in four other patients. Lung tissue was examined in five of the seven patients with clinical toxicity and showed alveolar wall thickening, exudation and interstitial and intra-alveolar fibrosis with prominent 'foamy' macrophages. Electron microscopy of macrophages showed numerous lysosomal multilamellar bodies, which were demonstrated by energy dispersive X-ray analysis to contain iodine, a constituent of the amiodarone molecule. Two of the patients with clinical toxicity died of respiratory failure; the other five showed gradual improvement on withdrawal of the drug and treatment with corticosteroids. Subsequent withdrawal of steroids was associated with clinical and/or functional deterioration in five patients. A separate autopsy study of the lungs of eight patients dying during treatment with amiodarone, but without clinically recognised toxicity, showed that an alveolitis had been present in two and prominent 'foamy' macrophages were seen in the lungs of six patients. We conclude that clinical and subclinical effects of amiodarone on the lung are common. The clinical syndrome may be easily misdiagnosed as pulmonary oedema. Subclinical changes in lung function are usually reversible, but whether they herald clinical toxicity if treatment is continued without modification is not established. The presence of 'foamy' macrophages may simply reflect exposure to the drug rather than clinically-important toxicity. PMID- 3763812 TI - Clustering of Crohn's disease in a Cotswold village. AB - The first large cluster of patients with Crohn's disease, identified in the parish of Blockley, Gloucestershire is reported. Twelve patients with Crohn's disease have been identified of whom only two (a father and daughter) are known to be related. The age and sex distribution and macroscopic site of disease at diagnosis is similar to that expected in an unselected series. The identification of such a cluster suggests that environmental factors may be important in pathogenesis. PMID- 3763813 TI - Bone and mineral metabolism and chronic alcohol abuse. AB - Studies of bone and mineral metabolism were made in 22 patients with chronic alcohol abuse and varying degrees of liver damage. None of the patients had clinical evidence of metabolic bone disease, but quantitative bone histology showed that six had osteoporosis, three osteomalacia, and two osteoporosis and osteomalacia combined. Trabecular bone volume (TBV) tended to be reduced in relation to age, and there was histological evidence of reduced bone formation particularly among the patients with osteoporosis. Multivariate analysis of the relevant variables showed that the major determinants of age-adjusted trabecular bone volume were the serum concentration of albumin and the dietary calcium. The presence of osteoporosis was related to the state of liver function and the type of alcohol habitually consumed, and was a particular feature of patients with severe liver disease and those who only drank spirits. Six patients (five with osteoporosis) had biochemical evidence of hyperparathyroidism, but none showed histological evidence of increased bone resorption or of osteitis fibrosa. In four patients the development of hyperparathyroidism was probably related to underlying magnesium deficiency. Serum calcidiol tended to be reduced and was directly related to the state of liver function; four patients had reduced or low normal serum concentrations of calcitriol. In only three patients could the development of osteomalacia be related to vitamin D deficiency; in two patients the cause of the osteomalacia was obscure. Significant changes in bone structure and mass appear to be common among heavy drinkers even in the absence of clinical metabolic bone disease. These skeletal abnormalities are likely to be relevant to the increased fracture risk associated with heavy drinking. PMID- 3763814 TI - High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase activities in thyroid dysfunction--effects of treatment. AB - We have investigated the effects of hyper- and hypothyroidism (clinical and subclinical) on lipid metabolism, with special emphasis on serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, post-heparin plasma hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase activities. In 16 patients with hyperthyroidism, increased post-heparin plasma hepatic lipase activity, decreased serum total cholesterol and serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol were found while lipoprotein lipase activity and serum triglyceride were normal. In six patients with overt hypothyroidism serum total cholesterol and triglyceride were increased, post-heparin plasma hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase were decreased while serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was normal. In six patients with subclinical hypothyroidism, serum total cholesterol was increased, serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was decreased, while serum triglyceride, post-heparin plasma hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase were normal. When the three groups of patients became euthyroid, serum total cholesterol, serum triglyceride, post-heparin plasma hepatic lipase, lipoprotein lipase, and serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol reverted to normal except for serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the hyperthyroid group which showed no significant change with treatment. A positive correlation was found between serum T3 and post-heparin plasma hepatic lipase while negative correlations were found between serum total cholesterol and serum T3, post-heparin plasma hepatic lipase and serum total cholesterol, lipoprotein lipase and serum triglyceride respectively. Thus in these patients with thyroid dysfunction, significant reversible alterations in serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were found and could be correlated with the observed changes in the activities of hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase. PMID- 3763816 TI - Surgery and prognosis in coronary heart disease. PMID- 3763815 TI - Heat stroke at the Mekkah pilgrimage: clinical characteristics and course of 30 patients. AB - The clinical picture and the final outcome of 30 patients with heat stroke during the Mekkah pilgrimage 1404 (September 1984) were analysed. Rapid cooling by the 'evaporative method' was achieved in a mean time of 59 min (range 15-135). An initial temperature above 42 degrees C and a cooling time of more than 1 h indicated a poor prognosis. Acute hepatic failure, 'adult respiratory distress syndrome' and decerebrate convulsions were among the fatal complications occurring in three patients. In the final outcome three patients (10 per cent) died, two patients (7 per cent) recovered but developed myocardial infarction and cerebellar ataxia respectively. Twenty-five patients (83 per cent) made an uncomplicated recovery. PMID- 3763817 TI - Comparative effects of alfacalcidol and parathyroidectomy with vitamin D in hyperparathyroid renal bone disease. AB - Parathyroidectomy is now rarely undertaken for hyperparathyroid bone disease in chronic uraemia unless treatment with 1 alpha-hydroxylated vitamin D3 derivatives is unsuccessful. However, no comparisons have been reported of the use of parathyroidectomy with 1 alpha-hydroxylated vitamin D3 derivatives in patients with bone disease of comparative severity. We studied 14 uraemic patients on maintenance haemodialysis treatment before and after treatment with 1 alpha hydroxyvitamin D3 (alfacalcidol) and compared the findings with those from 12 patients studied before and after parathyroidectomy followed by treatment with vitamin D. The initial severity of the bone disease in the two groups was similar as judged by biochemical, radiographic and histological findings. Both groups demonstrated significant falls in plasma alkaline phosphatase (p less than 0.005) and healing of radiographic erosions after treatment. The histological changes in bone, however, were more marked in patients after parathyroidectomy. Significant reductions were observed in the active osteoblastic surface (p less than 0.005), the total resorption surface (p less than 0.05), the active resorption surface (p less than 0.02) and the index of marrow fibrosis (p less than 0.001), but these indices did not change significantly in the alfacalcidol-treated patients. We concluded that the responses to alfacalcidol in bone are less complete than those obtained with parathyroidectomy despite similar biochemical and radiographic responses. PMID- 3763818 TI - Paraproteins in primary biliary cirrhosis. AB - Paraproteins have rarely been described in primary biliary cirrhosis. Eighteen patients were identified as having both antimitochondrial antibodies, and a significant paraprotein by screening 950 patients with either a previously known paraprotein or documented antimitochondrial antibodies. The clinical spectrum included 11 patients with proven or probable primary biliary cirrhosis and five with a plasma dyscrasia, of whom two also had primary biliary cirrhosis Antimitochondrial antibody activity appeared polyclonal and unrelated to the paraprotein class. Whilst in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis antimitochondrial antibody activity was predominantly of IgG3 subclass with normal levels, there was no subclass restriction shown in the remainder and IgG3 levels were lowered. PMID- 3763819 TI - The natural history of Reiter's disease--21 years of observations. AB - Seventeen patients with Reiter's disease who were included in an earlier prospective study, were reviewed 21 years after their initial episode. Two patients had active synovitis and this correlated with the duration of the initial episode, the extent of the initial synovitis and the peak ESR. In contrast the risk of developing ankylosing spondylitis, present in five patients, was unrelated to the duration of the initial episode or the extent of the initial peripheral synovitis but was greatest in those with a higher peak ESR. A comparison of radiological features at the onset and later showed that five patients had developed bilateral sacroiliac joint fusion although two of these had some sclerosis around the sacroiliac joints at the onset. Eight patients had multifocal marginal syndesmophytes which, in four, occurred without sacroiliac changes. Plantar spur formation and hip and shoulder disease were associated with spondylitis while destructive small joint changes were a feature of Reiter's disease itself. Ten patients were HLA B27 positive. The clinical features at onset were unrelated to the B27 type. Sacroiliitis, osteitis pubis, pelvic whiskering and vertebral squaring were only present in B27 positive patients but syndesmophyte formation was unrelated to B27 type. PMID- 3763820 TI - Involvement of the central nervous system by non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in adults. A review of 36 cases. AB - Thirty-six (10.1 per cent) of a total of 355 adult patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma seen over a seven and a half year period developed compression or infiltration of the central nervous system (CNS). In nine patients (2.5 per cent) extradural tumour masses compressed the spinal cord or brain. Five of these patients, all previously untreated, responded well to treatment, with excellent recovery of CNS function and survival in the long term. The prognosis for the four patients with advancing drug-resistant systemic disease at the time of CNS compression was poor. In 27 patients (7.6 per cent) a clinical or cytological diagnosis of meningeal infiltration was made (on cerebrospinal fluid). Meningeal disease was seen most frequently in patients with high-grade lymphoma, either at presentation or during subsequent progression of systemic disease. All of these patients have died of systemic and/or CNS disease less than 20 (median 3) months from diagnosis of meningeal disease. Meningeal infiltration represents a significant clinical problem for which new approaches to prophylaxis and treatment are required. PMID- 3763822 TI - Molecular selection and natural selection. PMID- 3763821 TI - Mediastinal imaging in lung cancer. AB - Sixty-six patients with lung cancer underwent mediastinal staging with gallium scanning, CT scanning and mediastinal exploration at mediastinoscopy and/or thoracotomy. Histological findings at time of mediastinal exploration were correlated with the results of the non-invasive staging scans. Gallium scanning had an accuracy of 78.8 per cent and CT scanning had an accuracy of 77.3 per cent. There was no evidence of increased test accuracy by performing both scans in the same individual. Either scanning technique may be utilised as a simple non invasive mediastinal staging procedure, and where negative it is appropriate to proceed directly to thoracotomy. PMID- 3763823 TI - Effect of thiol reactive reagents and ionizing radiation on the permeability of erythrocyte membrane for non-electrolyte spin labels. AB - The paper presents some results on the effect of PCMB and NEM on the transport of non-electrolyte spin labels: TEMPO and TEMPOL across non-irradiated and irradiated porcine erythrocyte. Irradiated erythrocytes exhibited increased inhibitory effect of thiol reactive compounds in the TEMPO and TEMPOL transport compared to non-irradiated erythrocytes. PMID- 3763824 TI - Exposure of tryptophanyl residues in alpha-lactalbumin and lysozyme. Quantitative determination by fluorescence quenching studies. AB - The effect of iodide ion on the tryptophyl fluorescence of the homologous proteins lysozyme and alpha-lactalbumin in their native form, as well as in their modified structures and in fragments from these proteins was studied. By assessing the contribution to the total fluorescence of the exposed and buried Trp residues, and of the respective fluorescence quantum yields, the quantification of the number of Trp exposed to the solvent for all the species studied was possible. Both native proteins show an important increase in the number of Trp residues exposed to the solvent when treated with denaturing agents. The peptides L-II (aa 13-105) and alpha-I (aa 1-90) from lysozyme and alpha-lactalbumin, respectively, showed Trp residues with different degree of exposure, whereas the smaller fragments, L-III (aa 106-129) and alpha-II (aa 91 123), had all their Trp residues exposed to the solvent. PMID- 3763825 TI - Catalytic properties of testicular hyaluronidase after gamma-irradiation. AB - The effect of gamma-irradiation on ovine testicular hyaluronidase was studied in aqueous solution. Following irradiation, hyaluronidase is inhibited, and the kinetics of inhibition follow a pattern in which Km and Vmax decline as radiation dose is increased. It was indicated that the binding affinity of the residual activity of hyaluronidase with substrate is enhanced and depends upon radiation damage. Effects of various agents such as pH, salts, PCMB and glutathione on irradiated hyaluronidase have been compared with non-irradiated enzyme. The irradiated hyaluronidase was more sensitive to inhibition by CuSO4 than the non irradiated enzyme. The residual activity after irradiation is less refractory to FeCl3 inhibition and less sensitive to NaCl stimulation compared to non irradiated hyaluronidase. pH response curves of ovine testicular hyaluronidase show two maxima which become more evident after irradiation. PMID- 3763826 TI - Development of chick embryos in 1 Hz to 100 kHz magnetic fields. AB - Chick embryos were exposed during their 48 first hours of development to sinusoidally oscillating magnetic fields. The frequencies 1 Hz, 10 Hz, 16.7 Hz, 30 Hz, 50 Hz, 1 kHz, 10 kHz and 100 kHz, and the field strengths 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 A/m were used. Each exposure group consisted of 20 eggs. After the exposure, the embryos were examined for abnormalities and classified by the developmental stage. The percentage of abnormal embryos (%AE) was significantly increased at frequencies from 16.7 Hz to 100 kHz. Above a threshold field strength of about 0.1 to 1 A/m, %AE was rather independent of the field strength, varying from 16% to 56% in different exposure groups. 13% of the sham-exposed control embryos (n = 150) were abnormal. Only the 0.1 A/m exposure group differed significantly from the controls at 1 Hz, and no significant effect was found at 10 Hz. The developmental stage was in general not affected by the magnetic fields, but some abnormal embryos showed retarded development. PMID- 3763827 TI - Induction of ELF transmembrane potentials in relation to power-frequency electric field bioeffects in a plant root model system. I. Relationship between applied field strength and cucurbitaceous root growth rates. AB - Seminal roots of Cucumis sativus and Cucurbita maxima were exposed to 60 Hz electric fields of 100-500 V X m-1 in a conducting aqueous inorganic growth medium. Root growth rates were measured to produce a dose-response relationship for each species. The species were selected for study because of their familial relationship, reported sensitivity to 60 Hz, 360 V X m-1 electric fields, and differing average root cell sizes. The latter characteristic influences the magnitude of ELF membrane potentials induced by constant-strength applied electric fields, but does not affect the magnitude of the electric field strength tangent to the cell surface. The difference in average root cell size between C. sativus (smaller cells) and C. maxima (larger cells) was used to evaluate two alternate hypotheses that the observed effect on root growth is stimulated by the electric field tangent to the cell surface, or a field-induced perturbation in the normal transmembrane potential of the cells. The results of the dose-response relationship studies are qualitatively consistent with the hypothesis that the effect is elicited by induced transmembrane potentials. The smaller-celled roots showed a substantially higher response threshold [C. sativus; E0TH approximately 330 V X m-1] than did the larger-celled species [C. maxima; E0TH approximately 200 V X m-1]. At field strengths above the response thresholds in both species, the growth rate of C. sativus roots was less affected than that of C. maxima roots exposed to the same field strength. PMID- 3763828 TI - Induction of ELF transmembrane potentials in relation to power-frequency electric field bioeffects in a plant root model system. II. The effect of 60 Hz electric fields on the growth of different regions of the cucurbit root elongation zone. AB - The region of elongation in Cucumis sativus and Cucurbita maxima roots was marked at increasing distances from the apex to provide an analog of increasing cell size. These roots were exposed/sham-exposed to 60 Hz electric fields and the growth rates of the root segments measured. The growth rate effect magnitude varied with increasing distance from the root tip at constant field strength, and with increasing applied field strength. These results provide strong, qualitative support for the postulate that ELF transmembrane potential induction is involved in the stimulation of ELF electric field effects in the plant root model system. PMID- 3763829 TI - Radiation induced formation of giant cells in Saccharomyces uvarum. IV. Macromolecular synthesis and protein patterns. AB - X-irradiated (1.0 kGy) yeast cells (Saccharomyces uvarum, ATCC 9080), grown in liquid medium stop their mitotic activities and form giant cells by development of several buds which do not separate from mother cells. Depending on the time in culture, wet and dry weights per cell, protein-RNA- and DNA- contents per cell as well as incorporation rates of 14C-leucine per cell and per hour and patterns (isoelectric focussing) of water soluble proteins were studied. Weights per cell, RNA and protein contents per cell and 14C-leucine incorporation rates increase markedly in giant cells, whereas DNA content per cell is only duplicated. Protein patterns in isoelectric focusing show one interesting difference. In samples from giant cells one protein band (IP = 6.63) decreases after 8 h in culture and later on disappears completely. This finding is not due to primary damage in X irradiated DNA but seems to be related to the control of cell cycle events. PMID- 3763831 TI - [Tissue-phantom-dose relationship R(t,F) for irradiation planning. II]. PMID- 3763830 TI - Residual radiation effect in the murine hematopoietic stem cell compartment. AB - Stem cells surviving radiation injury may carry defects which contribute to long term effects. The ratio of 125-iododeoxyuridine (IUdR) uptake into spleens of lethally irradiated recipient mice between day 3 and day 5 after cell transfusion revealed reduced proliferative ability (PF) of spleen seeding cells in parallel with reduced CFU-S content of donors throughout the study period of one year after 5 Gy gamma irradiation. Additional data aided in evaluating possible mechanisms of PF reduction. Within the range of the graft sizes used, PF was independent of the numbers of cells or CFU-S transfused. Radiation-induced increase in loss of label between days 3 and 5 and prolonged doubling time of proliferating cells indicated enhancement of cell maturation and increase in mitotic cycle time. Increased IUdR uptake per transfused CFU-S suggested extra divisions of transit cells due to insufficiency in the stem cell compartment. It is concluded that persisting defects in surviving stem cells interfere in a complex way with cell proliferation in the hemopoietic system. PMID- 3763832 TI - [A 27 MHz hyperthermia applicator for gynecologic tumor therapy]. PMID- 3763833 TI - [Use of applicators with absorber elements during application of the afterloading technic to postoperative radiotherapy of uterine cancer]. PMID- 3763834 TI - [Patient positioning aids of polyurethane foam]. PMID- 3763835 TI - [Results of radiotherapy of malignant bladder tumors]. PMID- 3763836 TI - [Results of electron therapy of tumors in different sites]. PMID- 3763837 TI - [Combined modality treatment of malignant glioma in adults]. PMID- 3763838 TI - [Value of computed tomographic follow-up in treatment of brain tumors]. PMID- 3763839 TI - [Histologic studies of the reaction of the normal bladder wall to radiation--an experimental animal study]. PMID- 3763840 TI - Activity changes of selected adaptive enzymes in the liver of rats, irradiated with a lethal dose of X-rays. PMID- 3763842 TI - [Status of the neuroendocrine functional system as a criterion for evaluating the biological effect of low doses of internal irradiation]. PMID- 3763841 TI - [Enzyme changes during and after radiation treatment of the mediastinum. II. Changes in serum activity of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase]. PMID- 3763843 TI - [Long-term sequelae in the kidneys following abdominal irradiation of advanced malignant ovarian tumors]. PMID- 3763844 TI - Radioruthenium uptake by the erythrocyte membrane proteins. PMID- 3763845 TI - [Radioimmunologic determination of hormone levels during combined surgical and radiation treatment of patients with laryngeal cancer]. PMID- 3763846 TI - [Preoperative tumor staging in rectal cancer--a prospective study]. AB - A precise preoperative tumor staging is the prerequisite of distinct treatment planning and subtle operative regimen. Diagnostic contribution of the various examination techniques especially of imaging modalities were determined in a prospective study and correlated to intra- and postoperative findings. The TNM classification of malignant tumors of the UICC, both in its present valid and the modified form to be introduced in January 1987, formed the basis of our clinical diagnostic staging. Diagnostic accuracy in tumor staging increased significantly from 63.4% to 83.9%, if digital rectal examination, rectoscopy and barium enema were accompanied by computed tomography. Staging prediction solely concerning the surgically important differentiation between tumors "organ limited" (T1/T2 stage) and "organ extended" (T3/T4 stage) achieved an accuracy of 91/4 (97.0%). PMID- 3763847 TI - [X-ray diagnosis of colorectal anastomosis following continence-preserving surgery of rectal cancer]. AB - This article deals with roentgenological examinations peranal anastomosis operation performed according to the sleeve technique of Parks. The defecation mechanism of the neorectum is radiologically demonstrated. PMID- 3763848 TI - [Neoplastic thrombosis from a uterine cancer via the ovarian vein. Venous collateralization via the vasa vasorum in occlusions of the renal vein and the inferior vena cava]. AB - Renal vein and inf. vena caval occlusion by neoplastic thrombus mediated by the ovarian vein from an occult uterine carcinoma is an extraordinary diagnosis. The special angiographic feature consists in demonstrating the renal venous drainage via vasa vasorum of the renal vein and inf. vena cava. PMID- 3763849 TI - [Radiologic imaging of heart valve prostheses in situ]. AB - To determine the radiographic appearance of prosthetic heart valves 15 different models were investigated in situ. Fluoroscopy with detail radiographs and standard chest-radiographs were used for identification of the specific type of the prosthesis, for determination of details of the valve apparatus and for evaluation of the motion of the valve disc/ball. Fluoroscopy and routine radiographs provided sufficient information to identify all prosthetic heart valves with exception of the Xenomedica bioprosthesis. If radiopaque material was used for the valve disc/ball, fluoroscopic assessment of the function of the valve was possible. Thus, in most types of disc or ball valves the opening/closing of the valve can be visualized, whereas in bioprosthesis a radiological determination of the mechanical function is not possible. PMID- 3763850 TI - Follow-up chest radiographs in Vietnam veterans: are they useful? AB - Agent Orange exposure and its long-term health consequences on Vietnam veterans have been widely discussed in the past few years. Myriad physical and mental disabilities have been studied with regard to exposure to various herbicides. The number of persons potentially exposed is large, since 2.4-2.8 million U.S. military personnel served in Vietnam. A case-control study was undertaken to determine if persons who served in the U.S. military in Vietnam have either cardiovascular or pulmonary effects that can be demonstrated on long-term follow up chest radiographs. Information regarding military service in Vietnam was obtained from interviews and, in some cases, review of military records. Vietnam veterans did not have an increased prevalence of abnormalities on follow-up chest radiographs. A subset of Vietnam veterans who had greater estimated opportunities for Agent Orange exposure also did not appear to be at greater risk than the control population. PMID- 3763851 TI - Intravenously administered pentobarbital sodium for sedation in pediatric CT. AB - A retrospective study of 5,134 consecutive pediatric patients undergoing computed tomographic (CT) evaluation from January 1983 through December 1985 was conducted to analyze the need for sedation in a pediatric population; the safety, efficacy, and efficiency of various sedation regimens; and the pediatric radiologists' changing preference for certain sedatives. A marked preference for intravenous administration of pentobarbital sodium (Nembutal) evolved over the 3-year period analyzed. Intravenous Nembutal facilitated the most efficient use of available CT scanning time. Recovery times were reduced, and patient convenience was augmented. There were only two sedation failures in the 419 patients sedated with intravenous Nembutal, and there were no sedation-related complications. PMID- 3763852 TI - Stenosis of individual pulmonary veins: radiologic findings. AB - Congenital stenosis of individual pulmonary veins is uncommon. Of the 49 cases reported, four were seen at the IWK Hospital for Children and are reported here. Plain radiographs show a shift of the heart toward the side of major involvement, Kerley B lines, fluid in the fissures, and interstitial edema of the affected lobes. These findings, while subtle, should nevertheless suggest stenosis. Technetium-99m macro-aggregate lung perfusion scans show absence of or diminished perfusion of the affected lobes. The diagnosis can usually be confirmed with angiography. Congenital stenosis of individual pulmonary veins should be considered in children with repeated pulmonary infections, dyspnea, failure to thrive, hemoptysis, or unexplained pulmonary hypertension. PMID- 3763853 TI - Congenital pulmonary vein stenosis: a radiographic study. AB - Seven patients with congenital pulmonary venous stenosis were retrospectively evaluated. Chest radiographs and pulmonary angiograms were interpreted without knowledge of anatomic findings, and results were correlated with autopsy data. Bilateral foci of stenosis of varying severity were found in all patients but occurred with greater frequency and severity in the left-sided pulmonary veins. Chest radiographic findings revealed asymmetric pulmonary vascularity in all patients. Shunt vascularity was seen in three right upper zones and three right lower zones but was not observed in any of the left lung zones. In seven patients angiograms revealed asymmetry in the size and number of pulmonary arterial branches. Arterial vascularity was increased in two right upper zones and four right lower zones but was not increased in any of the left lung zones. Pulmonary veins from 22 zones were visualized. Pulmonary venous opacification was delayed, asymmetric, and asynchronous in the majority. Venoatrial stenosis was seen in veins from 18 zones. Congenital pulmonary vein stenosis can be suspected based on chest radiographic findings of asymmetry of pulmonary vascularity between both lungs as well as regional discrepancies in the vascularity within each lung. Pulmonary angiography can support the diagnosis. PMID- 3763854 TI - Rapid MR imaging with suspended respiration: clinical application in the liver. AB - The authors demonstrate that it is possible to obtain highly T1-weighted images of the abdomen using a suspended respiration partial saturation (SRPS) method in a breath-holding interval. T2*-weighted images, which reflect tissue T2 as well as variations in the static magnetic field, can also be rapidly obtained. The authors studied five healthy subjects and 19 patients with a variety of liver abnormalities, including benign and malignant hepatic neoplasms, fatty liver infiltration, ascites, and hematoma. On T1-weighted multisection acquisitions, the entire liver can be screened for mass lesions in a single 20-second breath holding interval. Phase-contrast SRPS images are sensitive to fatty infiltration of the liver. SRPS images are more sensitive to variations in magnetic susceptibility than spin-echo images are, which has been proved to be of value in the detection of hemorrhage. With continued pulse sequence development and clinical study, this method has the potential to become the method of choice for evaluation of the upper abdomen. PMID- 3763855 TI - Common bile duct obstruction: assessment by transcholecystic cholangiography. AB - Percutaneous transcholecystic cholangiography was performed in 20 patients. Fifteen patients had normal-sized bile ducts on sonograms and computed tomographic scans, and five had partial common bile duct obstruction. Gallbladder pressures were measured in 14 patients. In all cases the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts were well visualized. Only one clinically significant complication, bile peritonitis, occurred, and it was relieved by inserting a cholecystostomy catheter. Techniques as well as the potential indications for transcholecystic cholangiography are discussed. The authors believe the transcholecystic approach is a useful alternative to transhepatic cholangiography. PMID- 3763856 TI - Hypersensitivity reactions after barium studies of the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract. AB - One hundred sixty-seven members of the Society of Gastrointestinal Radiologists, three major commercial suppliers of barium preparations, and the Food and Drug Administration were surveyed about the incidence of hypersensitivity reactions after the administration of barium for stomach or colon examinations. The American literature was also reviewed. Twenty-seven radiologists reported 42 reactions, the companies reported 41 reactions, and the FDA documented 11 cases. An additional 12 cases were found in the literature, giving a total of 106 reactions. Of all the cases, 61% involved the skin, 8% were respiratory in nature, 8% of the patients lost consciousness, and one patient experienced an extraordinary migraine headache. Of the 42 cases reported by the radiologists, half occurred after stomach examination and half after a barium enema examination; the single-contrast technique had been used in only nine of the cases. Glucagon had been used in 11 of the 42 cases. Hypersensitivity reactions can occur after the administration of barium products and are caused by one of the many additives. These reactions are extremely unusual. PMID- 3763857 TI - Esophageal cancer staging by CT: long-term follow-up study. AB - To evaluate the utility of computed tomographic (CT) staging in patients with esophageal cancer, the length of patient survival was compared with pretherapy CT findings in 89 patients. Regardless of therapy, patients with evidence of mediastinal invasion, liver metastases, or abdominal adenopathy had a statistically shortened survival (P less than .05). Specific CT criteria that predicted a shortened survival included evidence of tracheal, aortic, or pericardial invasion. Patients with evidence of both mediastinal invasion and abdominal metastases had a mean survival of 180.4 days; those with no evidence, 479.6 days. The presence of enlarged upper abdominal lymph nodes indicated the worst prognosis (mean survival, 90 days). The patients with squamous cell tumors were classified by the CT staging system, and survival data were compared according to surgical procedure. Patients who underwent attempted curative surgery did not have a statistically significant difference in survival by analysis of survival curves but demonstrated a longer mean survival than those who underwent palliative or no surgery. PMID- 3763858 TI - Perirectal inflammatory disease: CT findings. AB - The findings on computed tomographic (CT) scans were reviewed in 42 patients with perirectal inflammatory disease and suspected perirectal abscesses. CT was reliable for use in distinguishing perirectal abscesses from cellulitis and in localizing both supralevator and infralevator abscesses. CT allowed correct diagnosis of 13 surgically proved perirectal abscesses in ten patients, including three with residual abscesses after surgical drainage. In three patients with supralevator abscesses, the abscess was missed on initial surgical exploration. In patients without abscesses, CT was helpful in evaluating the extent of perirectal inflammation; however, it was not possible to determine its cause. The anatomy on CT scans of the pararectal spaces is reviewed, with emphasis on useful anatomic landmarks in the axial plane for distinguishing supralevator from infralevator abscesses. PMID- 3763859 TI - Intraarterial fibrinolysis: long-term results. AB - Intraarterial fibrinolytic therapy was performed in 136 patients suffering from arteriosclerotic thrombosis of the iliac and femoropopliteal arteries. The initial success rate was 78%. Despite anticoagulation therapy, early recurrent thrombosis was observed in 10% of the patients. The 2-year cumulative patency rate after recanalization was 81%. These results are competitive with those of reconstructive vascular surgery. Therefore, intraarterial fibrinolysis has become a viable alternative to surgery in treating segmental peripheral occlusions more than 4 cm in length that are less than 6-9 months in duration. PMID- 3763860 TI - Arterial trauma: diagnostic and therapeutic angiography. AB - Between 1978 and 1982, 1,200 patients underwent angiography following acute traumatic injury, and arterial injuries were detected in 182 cases (15.2%). Two thirds of the cases were associated with penetrating trauma; half the injuries occurred in the pelvis or lower extremities. The most common and reliable sign of arterial injury was the presence of extraluminal contrast media. Other signs included occlusion, laceration, transection, arteriovenous fistula, intimal flap, and intraluminal thrombus. Luminal narrowing was difficult to interpret and resulted from a variety of causes, some of which do not require surgical intervention. Embolotherapy to control arterial bleeding was attempted in 79 patients (43%), and hemostasis was achieved in 69 of them (87%). Transcatheter closure was attempted in 19 of 34 arteriovenous fistulas, resulting in complete success in 15 cases and partial success in two. PMID- 3763861 TI - Obstruction of the upper-pole moiety in renal duplication in adults: CT evaluation. AB - Delineation of the presence and anatomy of an obstructed, nonfunctioning upper pole duplex system often requires multiple imaging techniques. Computed tomography (CT) was used to evaluate duplex systems in five adult patients. Independent of renal function, CT allowed assessment of the presence of a duplex system, determination of whether the system was obstructed, assessment of the quantity of residual parenchyma in the upper-pole system, determination of whether the ectopic ureter was intravesical or extravesical, and assessment of the retroperitoneum to look for unusual causes of upper-pole ureteral obstruction. PMID- 3763862 TI - Massive hemoptysis: control by embolization of the thyrocervical trunk. AB - A case of recurrent hemoptysis following bronchial artery embolization is presented. The bleeding was successfully controlled by embolization of the thyrocervical trunk. PMID- 3763863 TI - Radiation dose reduction in the evaluation of scoliosis: an application of digital radiography. AB - This report documents the clinical testing of scanning beam digital radiography as an imaging method in patients with scoliosis. This type of digital imaging requires a skin exposure of only 2.4 mR (0.619 microC/kg) per image, compared with the lowest possible posteroanterior screen-film exposure of 10 mR (2.58 microC/kg) at the chest and 60 mR (15.48 microC/kg) at the lumbar spine. Digital radiographic and screen-film images were obtained on multiple test objects and 273 patients. Scoliosis measurements using screen-film radiographs and digital radiographs were comparable to within a mean difference of 1 degrees at many different degrees of severity. The low-dose digital images were found to be useful and accurate for the detection and measurement of scoliosis after the first screen-film radiographs have excluded tumors and structural abnormalities. PMID- 3763864 TI - Vertebral hemangiomas: radiologic evaluation. AB - Radiologic studies of 57 solitary vertebral hemangiomas (VHs) were reviewed to find radiographic and computed tomographic (CT) criteria by which to distinguish asymptomatic lesions from those compressing the spinal cord. Six features were seen significantly more often in those compressing the cord: location between T-3 and T-9, involvement of the entire vertebral body, extension to the neural arch, an expanded cortex with indistinct margins, an irregular honeycomb pattern, and soft-tissue mass. Contrast material-enhanced CT scans and selective spinal angiograms demonstrated extension into the spinal canal. In patients with a VH and back pain of uncertain origin, the presence of three or more of these signs may indicate a potentially symptomatic VH. In such patients, spinal angiography and, in some cases, embolization, are indicated. PMID- 3763865 TI - Percutaneous bone biopsy in the patient with known or suspected osseous metastases. AB - One hundred fifty-three percutaneous bone biopsies were performed on 70 patients with and 83 patients without a known extraosseous primary tumor who had either scintigraphic evidence or plain radiographic evidence suggesting bony metastases. Biopsy results were shown to be true-negative, true-positive, or false-negative based on results of the needle biopsy, open biopsy, or radiographic follow-up. The overall accuracy of biopsy was 95.4%. In the group with positive scans only, the accuracy was 85.7%. Twenty-nine percent of the patients with known cancer and 33.7% of patients without cancer proved to have benign causes for their radiographic abnormality. The rate of significant complications was 0.7%. Biopsy of suspect osseous lesions can be performed safely and may significantly alter treatment. Biopsy of scan-positive, radiograph-negative lesions is a highly accurate procedure. PMID- 3763866 TI - Knee arthrography: effects of various contrast media and epinephrine on synovial fluid. AB - Changes in synovial fluid leukocytes, total protein, and total complement were studied in 58 patients after they underwent single contrast material-enhanced knee arthrography with ionic (sodium iothalamate, sodium meglumine diatrizoate, meglumine iothalamate) and nonionic (iopamidol, iohexol) contrast media. In 30 of 58 cases, 0.3 mg epinephrine was also injected. In patients examined without epinephrine, a significant increase in the number of leukocytes was observed when sodium iothalamate and sodium meglumine diatrizoate were used. When administered with epinephrine all ionic compounds produced significant leukocytosis; articular reactions were most evident in patients examined with sodium salts. No inflammatory changes in the synovial fluid were observed when nonionic compounds were used. These data suggest that sodium-containing compounds produce a greater reaction in the joint compared with other contrast media, nonionic compounds are better tolerated by the joint, and epinephrine increases the articular reaction to ionic contrast media. PMID- 3763867 TI - Hematopoietic and fatty bone marrow distribution in the normal and ischemic hip: new observations with 1.5-T MR imaging. AB - The conversion of hematopoietic to fatty marrow is known to correlate with physiologic decreases in intramedullary blood flow. To determine whether the chronology of conversion is altered in patients with hip ischemia, T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images of the hips in 50 healthy people and 27 with documented avascular necrosis (AVN) were reviewed. The distribution of fatty (high-signal) versus hematopoietic (low-signal) marrow was noted with respect to age. All patients had fatty marrow in the femoral capital epiphysis and greater trochanter. Hematopoietic intertrochanteric marrow was seen in 95% (80 of 84) of femurs in control subjects less than 50 years old, but in only 12.5% (two of 16) of those in control subjects older than 50 years (P less than .005). Only 33% (19 of 57) of patients less than 50 years with AVN had predominantly hematopoietic intertrochanteric marrow (P less than .005). The early conversion to fatty marrow in most patients with AVN as depicted by MR imaging may be an effect of decreased vascularity of the proximal femur and may allow the identification of patients at increased risk for AVN. PMID- 3763868 TI - Ankle: surface coil MR imaging at 1.5 T. AB - High-field surface coil magnetic resonance (MR) images were obtained of 12 ankles: two from healthy volunteers, seven from patients, and three from fresh cadavers. The cadaver ankles were sectioned in the coronal, sagittal, and axial planes for direct comparison with the MR images. Plain film confirmation of pathologic conditions was obtained in all patients, and five underwent arthroscopy or surgery, or both. MR imaging provided excellent delineation of ligaments and cartilaginous structures in all cases. PMID- 3763869 TI - Painful sickle cell crisis: bone marrow patterns observed with MR imaging. AB - Eleven patients with homozygous sickle cell anemia (SCA) undergoing painful crisis were studied with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The signal intensity of bone marrow was diffusely decreased in the axial and peripheral skeleton on short repetition time (TR)/echo time (TE) images and long TR/TE images, which suggested hematopoietic marrow hyperplasia and was confirmed by isotope marrow scans in five patients. Focal areas of further decrease in signal intensity were seen on short TR/TE images in 12 of the 14 (86%) painful joints and three of the five (60%) painless joints. In the painful joints, these focal areas converted to high signal intensity on long TR/TE images, presumably due to edema, which suggested acute marrow infarction. In the painless joints, these low-intensity focal areas remained as low signal on long TR/TE images, which suggested absence of edema and thus areas of old infarction or fibrosis. These results indicate that MR imaging may enable differentiation between acute and chronic marrow infarcts in patients with SCA and serve as a useful guide in monitoring and directing therapy. PMID- 3763870 TI - Osteopetrosis: MR characteristics at 1.5 T. AB - Four patients with proved osteopetrosis (three with the infantile malignant form and one with the benign form) were examined with magnetic resonance imaging at 1.5 T. All patients were studied in the coronal and sagittal planes using both short and long repetition time/echo time sequences. The infantile malignant form was characterized by a complete lack of signal from the marrow alternating with a signal intensity equivalent to that of the intervertebral disks, resulting in a "stepladder" appearance. In the benign form or after successful marrow transplantation in the infantile malignant form, intermediate or high signal intensity in the vertebrae was noted, suggesting the presence of some marrow elements. PMID- 3763871 TI - Infection in diabetic osteoarthropathy: use of indium-labeled leukocytes for diagnosis. AB - Indium-111 labeled leukocyte imaging was compared with three-phase skeletal scintigraphy as a means of determining whether osteomyelitis was complicating diabetic osteoarthropathy. Three-phase scintigraphy demonstrated increased activity in both infected and noninfected osteopathic bone, with a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 56% for osteomyelitis. Leukocyte imaging had the same sensitivity but was most helpful for excluding infection (specificity, 89%) when three-phase imaging could not. Abnormal leukocyte localization was seen at the primary site of infection in all cases within 4 hours after injection. Disadvantages of leukocyte imaging included long preparation time, low count rates resulting in poor spatial resolution, and absence of bone landmarks, which made it difficult to differentiate soft tissue from bone infection. PMID- 3763872 TI - Venous thrombosis: clinical and experimental MR imaging. AB - Five venous thrombi were induced in the external jugular veins of three laboratory dogs, and were repeatedly imaged over 3 weeks using a 0.35-T magnetic resonance (MR) imager. MR magnitude and phase images, T1 and T2 relaxation times, venography, and histologic sections of these thrombi were evaluated to determine the changes in appearance on MR images with time. Venous thrombi appeared hyperintense compared with muscle on both relatively T1- and T2-weighted spin echo sequences regardless of the age of the clot. Organization of the thrombus beyond 1 week was manifested as increased prominence of flow signal void in and around the clot. Distinction between intraluminal thrombus and flow-related artifacts was aided by phase image reconstruction. Nineteen venous thrombi locations in 13 patients revealed an MR appearance similar to that of the experimental animal model. Three patients (six thrombi locations) had serial examinations over 4 weeks. No significant change in thrombus signal characteristics was noted with time. It is concluded that MR imaging at 0.35 T cannot be used to predict the age of thrombus (up to 3 weeks) but may be helpful in following its resolution. PMID- 3763873 TI - Gaucher disease: assessment with MR imaging. AB - The skeletal system, spleen, and liver of five patients with proved Gaucher disease were studied with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Homogeneous, low intensity signals resulting from relaxation times different than normal (longer T1 and shorter T2 values) were found in the marrow of long bones, vertebrae, and hips in all patients. In three patients, normal signals were noted in the patella, epiphysis of the knee, and capital femoral epiphysis. In two patients with acute bone pain in the tibial region, a higher signal was received from the tibial marrow. This signal was related to increased accumulation of fluid following an avascular episode. Soft tissues in the same area were also involved. Liver and spleen enlargement was readily visible, especially on coronal images. T1 values of spleen were significantly shorter than normal. MR imaging provides an excellent assessment of the extent of involvement of the liver, spleen, and bone marrow in Gaucher disease. PMID- 3763874 TI - Intravascular signal in MR imaging: use of phase display for differentiation of blood-flow signal from intraluminal disease. AB - Intravascular signal from flowing blood is frequently observed on magnetic resonance (MR) images and may be indistinguishable from partial or complete vascular occlusion caused by thrombus or tumor. With a phase-display reconstruction method, qualitative assessment of large-vessel patency within the abdomen was undertaken in 15 healthy subjects and 12 patients with angiographically or surgically documented intravascular thrombus or tumor. Computed tomographic (CT) scans were available in all patients for correlation. MR studies were performed with a multisection spin-echo pulse sequence and two dimensional Fourier transform spatial encoding. Data acquired from a single sequence was reconstituted in two ways to provide both routine anatomic images and a pictorial representation of large-vessel flow on a phase-sensitive image. With this method, reliable and easy differentiation of intraluminal thrombus and tumor from blood flow signal within large vessels was achieved. Information from these phase-display images compared favorably with findings from angiography and contrast-enhanced CT in the determination of luminal patency and obstruction. PMID- 3763875 TI - Surface coil proton MR imaging at 2 T. AB - We describe the design and application of surface coils for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging at high resonance frequencies (85 MHz). Circular, rectangular-frame, and reflector-type surface coils were used in the transmit-and-receive mode. With these coils, the required radio frequency power is reduced by factors of two up to 100 with respect to head and body coils. With the small, circular coils, high resolution images of a small region of interest can be obtained that are free of foldback and motion artifacts originating outside the field of interest. With the rectangular-frame and reflector coils, large fields of view are also accessible. As examples of applications, single- and multiple-section images of the eye, knee, head and shoulder, and spinal cord are provided. PMID- 3763876 TI - Review of optical storage technology for archiving digital medical images. AB - Digital optical recording (DOR) is a data-acquisition and storage technology important to the development of picture archiving and communication systems (PACS). DOR offers attractive advantages in high-density, low-cost archival storage of images and other information. At present, film is used as the storage medium for archiving images generated by both conventional equipment and digital technologies such as computed tomography, digital subtraction angiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and nuclear medicine. The basic methods of DOR data storage are discussed together with requirements essential for making DOR an acceptable alternative to film archiving. The impact of DOR technology on the operation of an imaging department is projected. PMID- 3763877 TI - Absorbed breast dose: dependence on radiographic modality and technique, and breast thickness. AB - The increased use of mammography has brought into focus the necessity for radiation dose reduction. In particular, the effect of radiographic technique on radiation dosimetry is not well documented. In this paper, the dependence of absorbed dose on radiographic modality, radiographic technique, and breast thickness is studied, with the following principal results: Breast thickness and incident half-value layer (HVL) are sufficient to characterize the normalized (mrad/incident roentgen) breast dose. The average breast dose depends on both beam HVL and kVp; the dependence on breast thickness is more pronounced for screen-film mammography, indicating the need for firm compression. Screen-film mammography shows substantial dose savings over xeromammography for thinner breasts imaged without a grid; this dose advantage disappears for thicker breasts and is generally reversed when a grid is used. PMID- 3763878 TI - Percutaneous transhepatic choledochoenterostomy in a patient with a biliary obstruction. AB - A needle guide was used to create a fistula from an obstructed common bile duct to the duodenum in a patient with a large tumor of the head of the pancreas. The tortuosity and severity of the stricture prevented the use of routine guide wire passage. A 5-F hyperalimentation catheter was also placed, in addition to the biliary drainage stent. PMID- 3763879 TI - Osteoporosis: radiographic detection of fluoride-induced extra-axial bone formation. PMID- 3763880 TI - Congenital heart disease: gated MR imaging in 72 patients. PMID- 3763881 TI - Occult cerebral vascular malformations: high-field MR imaging. PMID- 3763882 TI - Radiation dose reduction during hysterosalpingography: an application of scanning beam digital radiography. AB - Hysterosalpingography was performed in 31 patients by means of a low-dose scanning-beam digital radiographic system. The technique permits adequate evaluation of gynecologic abnormalities while allowing significant reduction in radiation: 2.4-mR (6.1 X 10(-7) C/kg) exposure to the skin and 0.7-mrad (7 X 10( 6) Gy) mean dose to the ovaries per image obtained. Sixteen patients demonstrated readily recognizable and documented abnormalities, corroborated by laparoscopy, laparotomy, or other supportive evidence. PMID- 3763883 TI - Renal abscess: a complication of ethanol embolization. AB - The authors describe a previously unreported complication of ethanol ablation of a renal tumor in one case. A renal abscess developed in a patient with preexisting silent urosepsis 5 weeks following ablation. Routine urinalysis, Gram stain, and urine culture are recommended as preprocedure tests to avoid such complications. PMID- 3763884 TI - How to initiate and operate a low-cost screening mammography center. AB - An in-depth "how-to" report on initiating and operating a low-cost screening mammography facility is presented. It is based on a successful program of this type in Charlotte, North Carolina, and includes information on feasibility determination, financial analysis, site selection and preparation, equipment, public relations, promotion, and operational details. The authors believe that use of such a model, with modification as necessary, should result in a successful program and a valuable community service. PMID- 3763885 TI - Mammography in women under age 30: is there clinical benefit? AB - With the increasing utilization of mammography, young women under age 30 are being referred for mammographic examination more frequently. A review of the mammograms of 76 patients, aged 18-29 years, was conducted to evaluate the clinical utility of the examination in this age group, for whom the probability of malignancy is quite low and the risk of radiation carcinogenesis may not be negligible. In 74% of patients referred for study of a palpable mass, no mass was evident on mammograms. When a mass was seen, the radiographic features did not influence clinical management. Radiologists should inform their clinical colleagues regarding the risks and limitations of mammography in women under age 30 and encourage more frequent utilization of ancillary diagnostic procedures including sonography and diagnostic aspiration. PMID- 3763887 TI - Suprasellar lesions: evaluation with MR imaging. AB - The authors retrospectively evaluated the characteristics on magnetic resonance (MR) images of 59 suprasellar lesions and compared them with computed tomography (CT) scans in 55 of the cases in which CT was performed. A diverse number of lesions were included: 17 pituitary adenomas; eight optic or hypothalamic gliomas; six craniopharyngiomas; six vascular anomalies; four lesions with extension into the suprasellar space; three metastases; two each of meningioma, hamartoma, germinoma, sarcoid granuloma, and teratoma; and one each of lymphoma, optic tract hematoma, cerebrospinal fluid-borne metastasis, pituitary hyperplasia, and sphenoid sinus mucocele. MR enabled characterization of lesions containing hemorrhage, fat, flowing blood, mucus, and cyst and allowed more specific diagnoses than CT in 6% of cases. MR was equivalent to CT in allowing lesions to be detected and in 20% of cases more accurately defined altered perisellar anatomy. Vascular abnormalities can be better evaluated with MR, and use of angiography can be avoided in some cases. PMID- 3763886 TI - Tongue and oropharynx: findings on MR imaging. AB - Ten healthy subjects and 44 patients with diseases of the tongue or oropharynx were studied with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Axial, coronal, and sagittal images with a thickness of 4 mm were obtained with a pixel size of 0.75 X 0.75 mm on a 256 matrix. Nineteen of the patients underwent computed tomography (CT). Nine of those patients later had surgery, and the specimens were obtained for organ sectioning. These three studies as well as clinical history and physical examination findings were correlated. MR imaging was equal to or better than CT in those patients having both examinations. However, neither CT nor MR allowed recognition of histologic features or detection of microscopic spread of disease. Direct coronal and sagittal imaging planes on MR imaging allowed visualization of intrinsic tongue musculature, not possible with CT; this was important in recognizing subtle tumor extension. For these reasons, MR is the imaging method of choice for studying diseases of the tongue and oropharynx. PMID- 3763888 TI - Dural sinus thrombosis: study using intermediate field strength MR imaging. AB - The magnetic resonance (MR) images of six patients with thrombosis of a dural sinus were reviewed. The diagnosis had been verified by computed tomographic scans in three patients and arteriograms in two; in the sixth patient, only MR imaging was used to confirm the clinical syndrome. In all patients, high intensity signal was seen from the thrombus within the affected dural sinus on all echoes. This persistent signal intensity allowed intravascular clot to be distinguished from normal causes of increased signal such as flow-related enhancement (entry phenomenon) and even-echo rephasing. MR imaging demonstrated the cause of the thrombosis in three patients: two were secondary to adjacent tumors, and one was secondary to unsuspected mastoiditis. Complications such as infarction were also demonstrated. Using MR imaging, one can easily and safely diagnose thrombosis of a dural sinus. MR should be the imaging method of choice in patients suspected of having thrombosis of a dural sinus. PMID- 3763889 TI - Bronchiectasis: assessment by thin-section CT. AB - To assess the accuracy of computed tomography (CT) in the evaluation of bronchiectasis, we performed thin-section CT in 36 patients with clinical findings suggestive of this diagnosis. CT was performed with 1.5-mm section thickness and 10-mm intersection spacing. Bilateral (eight patients) and unilateral (28 patients) bronchograms were obtained. CT and bronchographic findings were correlated in 44 lungs. In 15 lungs no bronchiectasis was observed on CT scans and bronchograms. In 25 lungs both examinations accurately indicated the presence and extent of bronchiectasis. In two lungs the extent of disease was underestimated on CT, which failed to indicate bronchiectasis in one segment of the affected lobe. In one case CT findings suggested focal bronchial disease, but the lung was misinterpreted as not bronchiectatic; the bronchogram showed cylindric bronchiectasis. In one case CT disclosed cylindric bronchiectasis in a lobe that was bronchographically normal, but in this case the bronchogram was probably misinterpreted as false negative. In two cases lung findings were better visualized on CT scans than on bronchograms. It is concluded that thin-section CT is an accurate procedure in the recognition of bronchiectasis. PMID- 3763890 TI - Interventional radiology in the spleen. AB - Despite the widespread use of interventional radiologic techniques, there has been reluctance to apply these to the spleen. Concern for bleeding and difficulty in negotiating around the colon and pleura have limited its use. The authors report their experience with interventional radiology of the spleen in 35 cases, including percutaneous biopsy (n = 5), diagnostic and therapeutic fluid aspiration (n = 14), and catheter drainage of abscesses (n = 9), hematomas (n = 2), intrasplenic pancreatic pseudocysts (n = 2), and necrotic tumor (n = 1). Transsplenic fluid aspiration and biopsy of the pancreas and adrenal gland were performed as well (n = 2). All procedures were performed under computed tomographic or ultrasound guidance. Biopsies were performed with 22- or 20-gauge needles only; no complications were encountered. Diagnoses included primary and secondary malignancies and an infectious process. Drainages were successful in 11 of 14 patients; pleural effusions occurred in two cases, but neither required specific therapy. Interventional radiologic procedures in the spleen are feasible, and the authors discuss methods to promote their safe application. PMID- 3763891 TI - Stenosis of the vena cava: preliminary assessment of treatment with expandable metallic stents. AB - To test the ability of Gianturco expandable metallic stents to dilate and maintain patency in stenotic venae cavae, stenosis of the inferior vena cava was created in seven mongrel dogs by the percutaneous injection of absolute ethanol into the paravascular retroperitoneal space. Gianturco stents, placed across the stenotic segment, resulted in successful dilatation with improved hemodynamics in four dogs. The stents failed to dilate an occluded vena cava in one dog; in the remaining dogs, stent placement was complicated by early migration and occlusion. Gianturco stents were placed in two patients, one with superior vena cava syndrome and one with retroperitoneal fibrosis that obstructed the inferior vena cava, and resulted in immediate relief of presenting symptoms. These results should be viewed cautiously, but further investigation into the clinical use of the stents is indicated, especially for patients for whom other treatments are difficult. PMID- 3763893 TI - Urine-compatible polymer for long-term ureteral stenting. AB - Internal double-J ureteral stents were designed from a urine-compatible polymer (C-Flex), and 35 stents were placed in patients. The overall patency rate for the stents was 80%, with most stent failures occurring before 2 months; the follow-up period ranged from 2 to 16 months, with a mean follow-up for all stents of 5.0 months. Stents were considered patent at last follow-up only if they had been in place for at least 2 months. No migration or fracture of the stents occurred. Physical properties of urine-exposed stents were compared with those of virgin tubing and tubing exposed for 1 year to shelf conditions. Stent patency was optimized by increasing urine flow by increasing the patient's voluntary oral intake, administering prophylactic oral antibiotics, and avoiding placement of stents into grossly bloody or infected collecting systems. PMID- 3763892 TI - Percutaneous spermatic vein occlusion: evaluation of sclerosing agents in experimental animals. AB - The 5%-20% rate of recurrence of testicular varicoceles after embolotherapy has been a persistent clinical problem. Three sclerosing agents--sodium tetradecyl sulfate 3%, absolute ethanol, and 100 degrees C contrast material--were evaluated in canine spermatic veins for degree and durability of venous occlusion. Pathologic examination for perivenous, pulmonary, and neural changes was performed. Both sodium tetradecyl sulfate and absolute ethanol were effective sclerosants, but sodium tetradecyl sulfate was technically easier to use. The use of a sclerosant in conjunction with balloons or coils is the safest, most effective technique for occluding variococeles and minimizing postembolotherapy recurrences. PMID- 3763894 TI - Spinal Wada test. AB - Various doses of pentobarbital (1.25-20 mg) and lidocaine (2.5-20 mg) were injected selectively into the artery of Adamkiewicz and anterior spinal artery of 11 monkeys. Pentobarbital produced an acute paraplegia; lidocaine caused a transient paraplegia followed by hyper-reflexia and muscular fasciculation. Duration of effect varied from 5 to 60 minutes with both drugs and was dose related. Effects were totally reversible. The use of intraarterially administered barbiturates and lidocaine may be more sensitive than angiography for predicting cord blood supply during arteriography for spinal arteriovenous malformations or embolization of critical vessels, such as the right bronchial artery. PMID- 3763895 TI - Arterial blood-flow waveform measurement in intact animals: new digital radiographic technique. AB - With a new radiographic method to determine the pulsatile flow pattern in an imaged artery, flow velocity is determined by tracking the movement of contrast material along the artery over time. Flow velocity is multiplied by an automatically determined cross-sectional area of the artery to determine blood flow. Pulsatile blood-flow waveforms were determined by radiographic and electromagnetic techniques in each femoral artery of four dogs while flow conditions were varied. Peak and average blood flows measured by the two techniques were highly correlated (r = .97 and .95, respectively). The closest agreement between the flow waveforms measured by the electromagnetic and radiographic techniques was found under normal flow conditions. The radiographically derived flow waveforms tended to be noisy at low blood-flow rates, and instantaneous blood-flow rates exceeding 700 ml/min were underestimated. PMID- 3763896 TI - Inadvertent ligation of the left pulmonary artery. AB - In five patients, aged 4 days to 20 months, the left pulmonary artery was inadvertently ligated at the time of attempted closure of the patent ductus arteriosus. The complication was recognized in these patients between 1 day and 5 years later from findings of chest radiography, two-dimensional echocardiography with spectral analysis of Doppler shifted echoes, and angiography. In three patients, the presence of asymmetric pulmonary blood flow on chest radiographs obtained after surgery initially suggested the diagnosis. In the other two patients with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, the diagnosis was made by means of two dimensional echocardiography and Doppler spectra in one and angiography in the other. On angiograms, the left pulmonary artery distal to the ligation was visualized by delayed opacification from aortic collaterals in three patients and by means of pulmonary venous wedge injection in one. Radiographic and echocardiographic examination with Doppler spectra may permit prompt diagnosis and early correction of this complication. PMID- 3763897 TI - Normal left atrium: appearance in children on frontal chest radiographs. AB - The right lateral border of the left atrium can be seen in the anteroposterior radiographs of healthy children. Five hundred forty-three frontal radiographs, mostly of children, were reviewed, and the right lateral border of the left atrium was visualized in 30%, although it was very prominent in only 2.5% of cases. In a comparison of frontal angiocardiograms with plain chest radiographs, the shadow was demonstrated to be the lateral or inferior wall of the left atrium. Entities that simulate the left atrial shadow are presented, and ways to distinguish normal appearance from abnormalities are discussed. PMID- 3763898 TI - Diffuse pulmonary opacification in infants undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: clinical and pathologic correlation. AB - Diffuse pulmonary opacification is commonly seen on chest radiographs from infants with severe respiratory failure treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). The chest radiographs and clinical records of 18 such infants were reviewed to determine the correlation among degree of abnormality on chest radiograph (as determined by a radiographic score), clinical severity of disease (as measured by ECMO requirements [ECMO flow rate]), and dynamic lung compliance determinations. Increasing lung compliance and decreasing ECMO flow rates correlated well with decreasing (improving) radiographic score. Pathologic changes were mainly those associated with intensive respiratory support and the underlying pulmonary condition. One patient had diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage. Other than bleeding, no distinctive pathologic features could be attributed to therapy with ECMO. We conclude that the degree of pulmonary opacification seen in infants undergoing ECMO therapy is an accurate reflection of markedly decreased lung compliance and lung volumes caused by hyaline membrane formation, pulmonary edema, and atelectasis associated with the various causes of severe respiratory failure. PMID- 3763899 TI - Neonatal tension pulmonary interstitial emphysema in bronchopulmonary dysplasia: treatment with lateral decubitus positioning. AB - Persistent foci of tension pulmonary interstitial emphysema (TPIE) may represent a clinically significant threat to the neonate with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. A 5-year experience with 21 cases of TPIE is reported. These patients were treated with lateral decubitus positioning (LDP). The emphysematous side was placed down approximately 70% of the time for an average of slightly over 3 days. Progress was followed by serial chest radiographs. The overall success rate of LDP was 90%. Respiratory status either improved or remained stable in all responding neonates, and no proved complications were observed. The authors recommend lateral decubitus positioning as the initial treatment of choice in managing neonatal tension pulmonary emphysema. PMID- 3763900 TI - "Missing" femoral condyle: an unusual sequela to neonatal osteomyelitis and septic arthritis. AB - Growth deformities of the distal femur and unusual gait disturbances were observed in four girls who had had neonatal osteomyelitis and septic arthritis. In each case apparent absence or hypoplasia of one of the femoral condyles, as seen on plain radiographs, was associated with marked genu varum or genu valgum. Arthrography showed the apparently missing condyle to be present in a cartilaginous form, with preservation of the articular surfaces. Based on these findings, surgical treatment was limited to corrective osteotomy. PMID- 3763901 TI - Dedicated CT technique for scanning neonates. AB - Two 10-cm-diameter phantoms were made to simulate newborn babies undergoing computed tomographic scanning. The image-evaluation phantom was used for comparison of spatial and contrast resolution between an adult and a neonate. It was found that the establishment of a dedicated machine setting for imaging of the newborn is of utmost importance for obtaining acceptable image quality. With the dose-determination phantom, the dose measured at the same machine settings was found to be 30% higher to the infant than to the adult. Contrary to popular belief, the measurements showed that, for the same setting of the milliampereseconds (mAs), the small phantom received a higher radiation dose than the large phantom. Therefore, clinically, the same mAs setting delivers a higher dose to an infant than to an adult because of the infant's smaller size. PMID- 3763902 TI - Skull radiography in infants: potential hazards of the use of head clamps. AB - In six infants, aged 2 days to 3 months, the use of head clamps for immobilization during radiography resulted in depression of the cranial vault. In all of the infants the depression disappeared after removal or repositioning of the clamp. However, because of the possible unfavorable consequences, head clamps with spongy, larger surface areas should be used in infants. PMID- 3763903 TI - Intracranial meningiomas: high-field MR imaging. AB - Twenty-five newly diagnosed intracranial meningiomas were evaluated with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging at 1.5 T, and findings were correlated with those of computed tomography (CT), angiography, and tumor histology. Meningiomas were generally hypointense on T1-weighted images and hyperintense on T2-weighted images relative to cerebral white matter. In comparison with the cortex, they were hypointense or isointense on T1-weighted images and isointense or hyperintense on T2-weighted images. A heterogeneous texture produced by tumor vascularity, calcifications, cystic foci, or an intrinsic speckled or mottled pattern was observed in all but the smallest lesions. An interface between meningioma and brain was uniformly present and consisted of a cerebro-spinal fluid cleft, vascular rim, or dural margin. Large meningiomas were associated with arcuate displacement and compression of adjacent gyri. MR imaging was superior to CT in defining extracerebral tumor location, tumor vascularity, arterial encasement, and venous sinus invasion. No correlation was found between the appearance on MR images and the pathologic classification. PMID- 3763904 TI - Impact of MR imaging on clinical diagnosis and management: a prospective study. AB - The clinical value of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was prospectively evaluated in 189 patients referred for examination of the brain or spine. Comparison of the attending physician's diagnosis, proposed treatment, and estimated prognosis before and after MR imaging indicated a substantial effect of the additional information provided by this study. A suspected diagnosis was refined or changed in 16% of all patients, and the physician's level of confidence in the diagnosis changed in over half of the cases in which the diagnosis was unchanged. In two thirds of all cases the physician indicated that the treatment or estimated prognosis was altered. PMID- 3763905 TI - Intramedullary spinal cord tumors: MR imaging, with emphasis on associated cysts. AB - Fifteen magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies in 16 patients with intramedullary spinal cord lesions were correlated with surgical findings in all patients and with results of intraoperative spinal sonography (IOSS) in eight. Tumor extent was defined accurately in all but two patients by MR imaging; these lesions were found at surgery to have been underestimated by one to two vertebral body segments. Most tumors had lengthened T1 and T2 relaxation times. Intratumoral cysts were detected by MR imaging in one of eight cases, and rostral and caudal cysts were defined in only two of ten cases. The poor detection rate is attributed to poor spatial and contrast resolution. Preoperative MR imaging to define the extent of cord enlargement and IOSS to define cystic structures appears to be the optimal method of tumor management pending our further study. PMID- 3763906 TI - Hemorrhage and edema in acute spinal cord compression: demonstration by MR imaging. AB - Until the development of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging there was no nondestructive technique for monitoring the pathologic response to acute spinal cord trauma. The characteristic findings of hemorrhage, necrosis, and edema have been well described in animal models. We used a 1.4-T, animal imaging system to study acute cord contusions in rats. Contusions were induced by means of extradural aneurysm clip compression, and imaging was performed 3-5 hours after injury with short and long spin-echo (SE) sequences. Animals were killed immediately after imaging, and the gross anatomic and histologic findings were correlated with image appearances. On long SE sequences edema appeared as an area of high signal intensity that extended proximal and distal to the site of contusion. At the contusion site there was focal intraparenchymal hemorrhage which had low signal intensity on T2-weighted images, presumably owing to deoxyhemoglobin. MR imaging can be used to assess pathologic changes resulting from acute cord contusion and to aid in differentiating irreversible damage (hemorrhage) from potentially reversible edema. PMID- 3763907 TI - Pseudotumor of the craniovertebral junction associated with chronic subluxation: MR imaging studies. AB - Masses at the craniovertebral junction generally have serious prognostic implications. However, the authors studied three patients who had chronic atlantoaxial subluxation from either degenerative disease or congenital dysplasia of the dens and who also had benign fibrous masses in this region, confirmed at surgery. The association of masses of the craniovertebral junction with chronic atlantoaxial subluxation raises the possibility that the underlying cause of the masses is chronic mechanical irritation. All patients were imaged with metrizamide myelography and adjunctive computed tomography (CT), then by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. MR images were not only superior to myelograms and CT scans in delineating the exact extent of the lesions, they also indicated the benign, fibrous nature of the masses. PMID- 3763908 TI - Perineural tumor extension to the cavernous sinus from superficial facial carcinoma: CT manifestations. AB - The mechanism of cavernous sinus involvement by metastatic carcinoma from a facial primary tumor is poorly understood. The lack of lymphatic and obvious direct extension implicate either a vascular or perineural method of spread. The authors describe four patients who exhibited cavernous sinus metastases from facial carcinoma, all of whom experienced cranial nerve symptoms before the diagnosis of cavernous sinus involvement was made. Furthermore, the pathologic specimens from these patients exhibited extensive perineural involvement. The authors propose that the mechanism of metastasis in these patients is perineural extension. PMID- 3763909 TI - MR imaging of intravoxel incoherent motions: application to diffusion and perfusion in neurologic disorders. AB - Molecular diffusion and microcirculation in the capillary network result in a distribution of phases in a single voxel in the presence of magnetic field gradients. This distribution produces a spin-echo attenuation. The authors have developed a magnetic resonance (MR) method to image such intravoxel incoherent motions (IVIMs) by using appropriate gradient pulses. Images were generated at 0.5 T in a high-resolution, multisection mode. Diffusion coefficients measured on images of water and acetone phantoms were consistent with published values. Images obtained in the neurologic area from healthy subjects and patients were analyzed in terms of an apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) incorporating the effect of all IVIMs. Differences were found between various normal and pathologic tissues. The ADC of in vivo water differed from the diffusion coefficient of pure water. Results were assessed in relation to water compartmentation in biologic tissues (restricted diffusion) and tissue perfusion. Nonuniform slow flow of cerebrospinal fluid appeared as a useful feature on IVIM images. Observation of these motions may significantly extend the diagnostic capabilities of MR imaging. PMID- 3763910 TI - Intracranial tumors: unexpected uptake of I-123 HIPDM. AB - I-123 HIPDM is a brain imaging agent thought to reflect cerebral cortical perfusion. Increased uptake of I-123 HIPDM occurred unexpectedly in two cases of intracranial tumors. PMID- 3763911 TI - Diagnostic imaging of human neuroblastoma with radiolabeled antibody. AB - In a previous study, the authors showed that iodine-131 labeled monoclonal antibody (Mab 3F8) could be used to image human neuroblastoma xenografts in mice with excellent tumor-to-tissue ratios. In this study they report their experience with six patients scanned with radiolabeled 3F8. There was strong accumulation of the labeled antibody in viable tumor, but no significant uptake was noted in normal brain, liver, spleen, or adrenal glands. Tumor-to-nontumor activity ratios varied but were approximately 10:1-20:1. This ratio yields good contrast for visualization. Time-activity curves show that radioactivity levels in normal tissue have a half-time of about 40 hours, whereas tumor tissues show a half-time of about 60 hours. Significant gastric secretion of free iodine demonstrated that the Mab was being deiodinated. Calculated radiation doses indicate that tumors receive at least ten times the dose to other tissues. The results indicate that Mab 3F8 has clinical potential for both imaging and therapy of human neuroblastomas. PMID- 3763912 TI - Phase 1 immunolymphoscintigraphy with an In-111-labeled antimelanoma monoclonal antibody. AB - A phase 1 study was conducted using a monoclonal antimelanoma antibody-DTPA conjugate labeled with indium-111, for immunolymphoscintigraphy in patients with metastatic melanoma. The imaging agent, labeled with 1 mCi (37 MBq) In-111, was administered as an interstitial interdigital injection to six patients scheduled to undergo lymph node dissection for suspected metastatic malignant melanoma. No adverse effects were observed in any of the patients either during or after the infusion as determined by clinical and laboratory parameters. Antibodies to the murine immunoglobulin were produced in some patients. Regional lymph nodes were visualized whether tumor-bearing or not, and light microscopic autoradiography showed In-111 activity associated with histiocytes. One of two patients harboring both tumor-bearing and tumor-free lymph nodes exhibited preferential localization in tumor-bearing nodes. The authors conclude that this study demonstrates safety of the radiopharmaceutical and that further study is needed to improve its usefulness for diagnosis of lymph node metastases. PMID- 3763913 TI - Value of CT in the preoperative assessment of lung cancer: a survey of thoracic surgeons. AB - Practicing thoracic surgeons were randomly surveyed to evaluate how computed tomography (CT) has influenced the preoperative evaluation of bronchogenic carcinoma. Thirty-six percent of the 529 respondents routinely requested CT and 62% did so selectively. Approximately 40% indicated that CT provided useful information in most cases. Nearly all surgeons (98.7%) do not rely on the identification of enlarged lymph nodes with CT to spare the patient surgical staging; however, 77.5% are influenced by CT results in their staging procedures. Fifty-seven percent reported that a negative CT study eliminates surgical staging entirely unless the patient has a "coin lesion," in which case 75% are willing to proceed directly to thoracotomy. For surgeons who use CT selectively, an abnormal mediastinal contour on the radiograph was the most frequent radiologic abnormality to prompt CT (85%). Thirty-seven percent are influenced by tumor histology in their decision to request CT. There was little difference in the pattern of CT use between university and community hospital surgeons. PMID- 3763914 TI - Apical opacity: a normal finding on posteroanterior chest radiographs. AB - Of 423 posteroanterior chest radiographs in patients aged 21-66 years, 12.8% showed a homogeneous oval opacity with unsharp margins at the right apex and 16.8% at the left apex. Anatomy of the vessel, observations in patients with pneumothorax or atherosclerotic calcification, and fluoroscopic and computed tomographic evidence lead to the conclusion that the apical opacity is produced by the subclavian artery. PMID- 3763915 TI - The left minor fissure. AB - A left minor fissure (LMF) has been described anatomically as being present in 8% 18% of left lungs. Analogous to the right minor fissure (RMF), the LMF separates the anterior segment of the left upper lobe from the lingula. Two thousand consecutive normal radiographic examinations of the adult chest (posteroanterior, left lateral views with the subjects in the erect position) were reviewed prospectively. A definite LMF was identified in 32 of the subjects (1.6%). The fissure was dome-shaped (convex superior) on at least one projection in 26 (81%) of 32 subjects. The position of the LMF was usually more cephalad than that of the RMF (25 of 31 subjects, or 81%). The lateral end of the LMF was usually superior to the medial end (25 of 32; 78%) and rarely inferior to the medial end (three of 32; 9%). The LMF infrequently was horizontal (four of 32; 12%). In a number of additional patients whose control chest radiographs showed no evidence of an LMF, subsequent radiographs revealed an LMF outlined by active pulmonary or pleural disease. PMID- 3763916 TI - Thoracic duct cyst: diagnosis with needle aspiration. AB - A case of an asymptomatic posterior mediastinal thoracic duct cyst diagnosed with fluoroscopically guided needle aspiration is reported. Previously, the diagnosis of thoracic duct cyst was established surgically and more recently was established by lymphangiography. To the authors' knowledge, diagnosis using needle aspiration has not been reported. PMID- 3763917 TI - Pseudoaneurysms complicating pancreatitis: detection by CT. AB - Complications of pancreatitis such as pseudocyst formation and abscess are well known to radiologists. Secondary formation of pseudoaneurysms has not been emphasized in the radiologic literature. The great morbidity and mortality associated with pseudoaneurysms emphasize the importance of early detection. Three patients are described whose angiographically proved pseudoaneurysms were demonstrated on contrast material-enhanced abdominal CT scans obtained for evaluation of pancreatitis. A homogeneously enhancing structure within or adjacent to a pancreatic pseudocyst or contiguous with a vascular structure should be considered highly suspicious for an associated pseudoaneurysm. PMID- 3763918 TI - Clinical intravenous urography: comparative trial of ioxaglate and iopamidol. AB - A comparative trial of ioxaglate sodium meglumine and iopamidol in excretory urography was undertaken. The study failed to demonstrate any statistically significant differences between the two media in terms of urographic quality. Diagnostically adequate urograms were obtained in 92.6% of patients receiving ioxaglate and 89.6% of patients receiving iopamidol. There were no intermediate, major, or fatal reactions with either media. Minor reactions were slightly more common with ioxaglate. Both media are good, safe urographic agents, and either can be advocated when excretory urography with low-osmolar agents is indicated. PMID- 3763919 TI - Imaging of the Kock continent ileal urinary reservoir. AB - The Kock continent ileal urinary reservoir (Kock pouch) is a new urinary bypass system that can overcome some of the principal complications associated with other forms of urinary diversion. It is important to understand the anatomy and radiology of this new technique since radiologists play an important role in evaluating the function of the Kock pouch as well as assessing its complications. The authors review the clinical and radiographic findings in 193 patients who had undergone Kock pouch urinary diversion. Patients are evaluated radiographically in the immediate postoperative period and at regular postoperative intervals for as long as 3 years. Routine evaluation consists of Kock pouch cystography followed by intravenous urography. When indicated, computed tomography, ultrasound, and interventional radiologic procedures are used. The normal anatomy as well as the radiographic appearance of the Kock pouch is presented. In addition, the radiographic appearance of pouch complications and their frequency are reviewed. PMID- 3763920 TI - Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma: radiographic features. AB - Dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas, unlike ordinary chondrosarcomas, are highly aggressive tumors that frequently metastasize. The lesion is characterized by a lytic intraosseous or extraosseous soft-tissue mass that is devoid of the calcifications that are usually associated with a chondroid tumor. We describe the radiographic and pathologic features of five cases involving dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma. PMID- 3763921 TI - CT of sacral injury. AB - Eighty-eight patients with 188 sacral fractures were examined with computed tomography (CT) and conventional radiography. Four main patterns of sacral injury were defined: sacroiliac diastasis (39%), sacral and/or iliac lip fractures (25%), vertical shear fractures (25%), and comminuted fractures (5%). Initial interpretation of plain radiographs failed to define 29% of the sacroiliac joint diastases, 57% of the lip fractures, 34% of the vertical shear fractures, and 25% of the comminuted fractures. The extent of injury was better delineated with CT, and a more certain diagnosis of sacral injury was possible with CT than with radiography. Because of the higher detection rate and improved imaging of fracture configuration, CT should be performed in all patients with sacral injury. PMID- 3763922 TI - Pure thoracolumbar facet dislocation: clinical features and CT appearance. AB - The use of computed tomography (CT) in demonstrating pure dislocations of the thoracolumbar facets and in predicting the prognosis of this injury was evaluated and compared with radiography retrospectively. The records of 29 patients with pure thoracolumbar bilateral facet dislocation who were admitted to the trauma unit over a 4-year period were reviewed. Twenty-two patients (76%) had a complete neurologic loss that remained complete following immediate surgical stabilization; five (17%) had an incomplete neurologic loss, and two (7%) were normal neurologically. Plain radiographs of the spine, including anteroposterior and lateral views, documented the level and type of fracture but failed to depict the full extent of bony ad soft-tissue injuries. CT provided essential additional information, particularly regarding the status of the posterior elements of the vertebrae and the adequacy of the spinal canal. Pure thoracolumbar facet dislocations have a characteristic appearance on axial CT scans. Sagittal reformation through CT is essential in the evaluation of this type of spinal injury. PMID- 3763923 TI - Asymptomatic total hip prosthesis: natural history determined using Tc-99m MDP bone scans. AB - A prospective study was performed with 97 patients who had undergone total hip replacement surgery and who were not experiencing pain or other symptoms or problems. The study was intended to determine the normal postoperative appearance of radionuclide scans of the hip following administration of technetium-99m methylene diphosphonate. Five areas of the prostheses were evaluated. Results showed that 6 months after implantation activity around the lesser trochanter and prosthesis shaft became insignificant. Activity around the acetabulum, greater trochanter, and prosthesis tip stabilized approximately 2 years after surgery; approximately 10% of patients in the study had persistent activity in these areas. Familiarity with this normal progression is fundamental to interpretation of postoperative bone scans in patients with total hip prosthesis. PMID- 3763924 TI - Digital radiographic imaging system with multiple-slit scanning x-ray beam: preliminary report. AB - A digital imaging system that employs a novel scanning x-ray tube, a multiple slit assembly (MSA), and an image intensifier (II)-TV digital system is described. Use of the MSA can increase x-ray utilization by a factor of 100 over that obtained with single-slit systems. Scatter and veiling glare can be reduced substantially by synthesizing the final image from a number of multiple-slit images, resulting in improvement in contrast sensitivity. An experimental prototype system consisted of a conventional x-ray tube and an II-TV digital system used in conjunction with mechanical scanning of the MSA. Attenuation curves measured with an aluminum stepwedge showed that scatter and veiling glare were eliminated by this approach. Reconstructed images of phantoms were superior to images obtained with conventional wide-beam exposure. Physical parameters related to design of the scanning x-ray tube and a digital system for acquiring images of the chest are discussed. PMID- 3763925 TI - Compression of radiological images with 512, 1,024, and 2,048 matrices. AB - A comprehensive study was performed using the full-frame bit-allocation compression technique on 78 radiological images, including digitized radiographs, computed radiographs, and computed tomography images. Each radiograph was digitized to 2,048 X 2,048 X 10, 1,024 X 1,024 X 10, and 512 X 512 X 10 matrices, respectively, with a laser scanner. Five compression ratios were used to compress each image, and reconstructed images from each compressed data set were obtained. Altogether, the authors studied 842 images, including the original and compressed reconstructed images and the images obtained from the difference between the original and the reconstructed images. The results indicate that acceptable compression ratios for 2,048, 1,024, and 512 matrices are 25:1, 20:1, and 10:1, respectively, based on a mean-square error of 0.02%. PMID- 3763926 TI - Halving MR imaging time by conjugation: demonstration at 3.5 kG. AB - Conjugation can be used to synthesize half of the data acquired during a conventional two-dimensional Fourier transform imaging procedure, thus reducing imaging time by nearly half. The images acquired by this process have the same object contrast and spatial resolution as conventional images do, but with a 40% reduction in the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N). Conjugation can be used to advantage in magnetic resonance imaging units in which S/N levels are higher than needed to permit imaging with a single acquisition of each projection. PMID- 3763927 TI - Dual-energy projection radiography using condenser x-ray generator and digital radiography apparatus. AB - The authors describe a system for dual-energy projection radiography using a modified condenser-type x-ray generator and a digital radiography unit. High- and low-energy images are obtained within a practical exposure interval. This method provides better visualization of soft tissues that are otherwise obscured by skeletal structures and also allows better visualization of bone and calcifications (e.g., calcified nodules in the lung) without interference by overlying soft tissue. PMID- 3763928 TI - Giant cell tumors of bone: treatment with radiation therapy. AB - Records of 15 patients with giant cell tumor of bone treated with radiation therapy over a 35-year period were reviewed; ten patients for whom follow-up information was available constituted the study group. One patient was treated by means of orthovoltage equipment only, a second, by both orthovoltage and megavoltage equipment (cobalt 60). The remaining eight were all treated with megavoltage to doses of 40-52 Gy in 24-30 fractions. Seven patients are alive without disease, with an average survival of 192 months (range, 48-360 months). Three patients died of uncontrolled local and distant disease (average survival, 52 months; range, 23-99 months): one with metastasis in the lungs at time of treatment and two after treatment. Although incidence of lung metastasis appears high, it may be due to patient selection because chemotherapy had failed in all three. Complications from irradiation in one surviving patient required surgical closure of a dural fistula 19 years after treatment. No radiation-induced sarcomatous transformations of controlled tumors were noted. These data suggest that giant cell tumor of bone can be well controlled by radiation therapy. Megavoltage irradiation should be considered in treating local disease not easily controlled by surgery in the axial skeleton. Complications are minimal, and normal function can be preserved in the treated areas. PMID- 3763929 TI - Intracranial non-Hodgkin lymphoma occurring after treatment of Hodgkin disease. AB - Patients with successfully treated Hodgkin disease are at increased risk for the development of second malignancies. We present two cases of intracranial non Hodgkin lymphoma that appeared following successful treatment of Hodgkin disease. The appearance of the lymphomas on computed tomographic images is shown, and possible predisposing factors, differential diagnosis, and clinical implications are discussed. PMID- 3763930 TI - Needle localization of occult breast lesions with a curved-end retractable wire: technique and pitfalls. AB - A series of 100 consecutive occult mammographic abnormalities were localized with a curved-end retractable wire system. A true-positive rate of 24% and a failure rate of 4% for initial excision were found. The pitfalls and advantages of this new needle-wire breast localizer are presented. PMID- 3763931 TI - Optimal double-contrast visualization of the posteriorly directed duodenal bulb. AB - The posteriorly directed duodenal bulb can be difficult to demonstrate because of the overlapping gastric antrum. A technique is described for displacing the antrum from the bulb while simultaneously distending the barium-coated duodenal bulb with air. PMID- 3763932 TI - New super-stiff guide wire. AB - A super-stiff spring guide wire is described, which overcomes some of the drawbacks of the Lunderquist-Ring guide wire. The new wire couples maximum stiffness with a smooth, gradual transition to a floppy tip, thus decreasing the likelihood of breakage and organ perforation. PMID- 3763933 TI - Venous cannula for emergency catheter pulmonary embolectomy. AB - A new catheter for emergency embolectomy in patients with massive pulmonary emboli is described, as well as the technique for its placement. The catheter has been successfully used in two patients. PMID- 3763934 TI - Coil-in-coil technique for vascular embolization. AB - A new technique for vascular embolization using two Gianturco steel coils is described. The authors used a "coil-in-coil" technique to embolize the arteries of 12 dogs. In this technique a large coil is introduced into the artery followed by a smaller coil, which is delivered with a special introducer into the lumen of the first coil. Two coils can therefore be introduced into a shorter length of vessel. This method was as effective as "packing" the vessel with two coils in a row. The coil-in-coil technique is especially advantageous for use in infants and children with short, anomalous vessels, minimizing the risk of coil dislodgment into normal peripheral vessels. PMID- 3763935 TI - Retrograde ileography: value of glucagon. AB - Many gastrointestinal diseases have a predilection for the terminal ileum. Retrograde ileography is a valuable technique for evaluating this region. However, this procedure necessitates reflux of barium (with or without air) into the terminal ileum. This does not often spontaneously occur during a barium enema study. The use of glucagon in double-contrast studies of the colon has been recommended for various reasons, one of which is to facilitate reflux of barium into the terminal ileum. This randomized, double-blind trial confirms that glucagon does promote reflux. Multiple regression analysis indicates that the independent variables of patient age, weight, and sex have little effect on the frequency of reflux. It is concluded that glucagon can facilitate examination of the distal small bowel during a double-contrast colon examination. PMID- 3763936 TI - Gastric ulcer localization by direct in vivo labeling of sucralfate. PMID- 3763937 TI - Indium-111 labeled leukocyte uptake: false-positive results in noninfected pseudoaneurysms. PMID- 3763938 TI - 72nd scientific assembly and annual meeting: the Radiological Society of North America. Chicago, November 30-December 5, 1986. Abstracts. PMID- 3763939 TI - The synthesis of N-acetyl-leukotriene E4 and its effects on cardiovascular and respiratory function of the anesthetized pig. AB - The effects of the putative biliary metabolite of the peptido-leukotrienes, N acetyl-leukotriene (LT) E4 has been investigated in the anesthetized pig. Intravenous bolus doses of synthetic N-acetyl-LTE4 produced minimal respiratory and cardiovascular actions in the pig. N-acetyl-LTE4 was approximately 100-fold less active than LTC4. The actions of N-acetyl-LTE4 were not blocked by pretreatment of the animals with indomethacin (5 mg/kg iv) or with a selective LTD4 antagonist L-649,923 (5 mg/kg plus 2 mg/kg/hr iv). In summary, N-acetyl-LTE4 exerts weak actions in the pig which is consistent with the acetylation process being a mechanism of detoxification. PMID- 3763940 TI - Modulating effects of prostaglandins on parasympathetic-mediated secretory activities of rat salivary glands. AB - Exogenously administered PGE1 or PGE2, like atropine, markedly decreased both the flow and calcium concentration of parasympathetically evoked rat parotid saliva; PGF2 alpha was less effective. Despite the fact that prostaglandins greatly reduced the Ca concentration of nerve-evoked saliva, they did not change the glandular Ca concentration of either control or parasympathetically stimulated parotid glands. Prostaglandins (20 micrograms/kg, i.a.) decreased the Na or K concentration of nerve-evoked parotid saliva, but at lower doses had no significant effect. PGE1, PGE2, PGF2 alpha or atropine markedly decreased flow rates of similarly evoked rat submandibular saliva. Prostaglandins and atropine, however, decreased the Na concentration and increased the K concentration of parasympathetically evoked submandibular saliva. PGF2 alpha, like atropine, increased the Ca concentration of such saliva. Drug vehicle, ethanol, slightly decreased the flow of both parotid and submandibular saliva but not the ion secretion, Endogenous prostaglandins themselves may not play a role in secretory activities during parasympathetic nerve stimulation of rat salivary glands, since administration of indomethacin, and inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis, prior to or during nerve stimulation did not significantly alter nerve-evoked salivary secretion, The mechanisms by which prostaglandins modulate secretory responses of salivary glands during parasympathetic stimulation are not understood. PMID- 3763942 TI - Profile of gastrointestinal damage induced by platelet-activating factor. AB - The ulcerogenic actions of an intravenous infusion of platelet-activating factor (100 ng/kg/min) was studied in the rat. Damage to the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon were assessed histologically and using intraluminal acid phosphatase release as a marker of cellular damage. A 10-min infusion of platelet activating factor caused extensive haemorrhagic damage to each of the regions examined, with the exception of the colon. Acid phosphatase release was significantly elevated in the stomach, jejunum, ileum (p less than 0.001) and duodenum (p less than 0.01), but not in the colon. These studies demonstrate that platelet-activating factor is a potent ulcerogen in the stomach and small intestine, and support a role for this endogenous phospholipid as a mediator of the ulceration associated with endotoxin-induced shock. PMID- 3763941 TI - A study with BN 52021 demonstrates the involvement of PAF-acether in IgE dependent anaphylactic bronchoconstriction. AB - The involvement of platelet activating factor (PAF) in anaphylaxis was examined by recording the pulmonary responses of anesthetized passively sensitized guinea pigs to the aerosolization of ovalbumin. Animals were tested with and without BN 52021 (a ginkgolide B, PAF receptor antagonist) pretreatment. Aerosolization of ovalbumin produced a bronchoconstriction (BC) which could be made refractory to additional challenges with the antigen. In animals desensitized to ovalbumin, aerosolization of PAF produced an unattenuated BC. Guinea pigs desensitized by repeated aerosolizations of PAF subsequently showed reduced responses to aerosolized antigen suggesting that PAF may be involved in the BC. Animals pretreated with BN 52021, were protected against the effects of systemically administered PAF and also showed reduced responses to aerosolized antigen. Aerosolization of the leukotriene antagonist, FPL 55712, was ineffective against anaphylactic BC under conditions where catecholamine and histamine release were blocked. PMID- 3763943 TI - Thrombus induction by endogenic paf-acether and its inhibition by Ginkgo Biloba extracts in the guinea pig. AB - The anti-thrombotic effects of specific paf-acether antagonist BN 52021 were compared to the effects of Ginkgo Biloba extracts A, B, (A + B), and C. Local superfusion of BN 52021 over an experimentally injured arterial segment embolizes an existent paf-acether induced platelet thrombus. When applied before paf acether, BN 52021 prevents local thromboformation in this model. Applied intravenously, BN 52021 reduces local thromboformation in a significant way. As compared to this BN 52021 standard, only Ginkgo Biloba B and the (A + B)-mixture present major thromboreductive activity. PMID- 3763944 TI - Inhibition of PAF-acether induced weal and flare reaction in man by a specific PAF antagonist. AB - It has been suggested that PAF-acether may be an important mediator in asthma and a PAF antagonist may therefore have a potentially important role. PAF-acether has been shown to induce a dual inflammatory response in the skin of man and we investigated the effect of BN 52063, a PAF antagonist, on this response. At a dose of 80 mg, BN 52063 orally inhibited the inflammatory response to a sub cutaneous injection of PAF-acether 400 ng. A late cutaneous response was not observed in any of the subjects. BN 52063 was also demonstrated to be well tolerated at doses of 20, 40, 80 and 120 mg with no significant side effects. PMID- 3763946 TI - New mediators in tissue reactions. 7 December 1986, Brussels, Belgium. PMID- 3763945 TI - Evaluation of meteneprost potassium (a PGE2 analogue) for cervical dilation and side effects in nonpregnant women. AB - Meteneprost potassium, a PGE2 analogue, was evaluated in thirty non-pregnant women for use as a prospective cervical dilator and softening agent. No significant change in cervical dilation was noted. A significant relationship between obesity and side effects was observed. PMID- 3763947 TI - Pharmacological modulation of prostaglandin production by phagocytic cells of the thymic reticulum in relation to immunoregulation. AB - We cultured phagocytic cells derived from the thymic reticulum in order to study the regulation of prostaglandin (PG) production by antiinflammatory or immunostimulating agents. The kinetics of PGE2, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and PGF2 alpha production were measured by specific radioimmunoassays of the supernatants harvested from cells treated with dexamethasone, a steroidal antiinflammatory drug and by two non steroidal inhibitors (indomethacin and sulindac) or by various immunostimulating agents, one of them, RU 41740 is currently being used in humans. Our results revealed that each of these drugs exerts a differential effect on the PG production, with a striking action on PGE2 synthesis, a lesser effect on 6-keto-PGF1 alpha production and almost no effect on PGF2 alpha synthesis. The possible mechanisms responsible for this complex regulation of PG production are discussed. PMID- 3763948 TI - [Relation of psychoanalysis and systems theory]. PMID- 3763949 TI - [Does psychoanalysis neglect the body?]. PMID- 3763950 TI - [Use of the Thematic Apperception Test in the psychotherapy of delinquents]. PMID- 3763951 TI - Short-term storage and the processing of cohesion during reading. PMID- 3763952 TI - The relationship between eye movements and spatial attention. PMID- 3763953 TI - Evaluations of causal and conditional hypotheses. PMID- 3763954 TI - Extinction of inhibition after serial and simultaneous feature negative discrimination training. PMID- 3763955 TI - Memory for feeding in rats' spatial and visual choice behaviour. PMID- 3763956 TI - The effects of post-acquisition-trial sodium amylobarbitone on subsequent extinction behaviour. PMID- 3763957 TI - Antibiotic resistance and transferable resistance in Enterobacteriaceae in municipal waste waters. PMID- 3763958 TI - Molecular properties of solubilized CCK receptor from guinea-pig pancreas. AB - In order to characterize the CCK receptor in guinea-pig pancreas, iodinated CCK 39 was bound to pancreatic membranes and the reversible complex was solubilized using various non-denaturing detergents. In term of recovery of ligand stabilized receptors, the relative potencies were Zwittergent 3-14 greater than CHAPS = CHAPSO greater than digitonin greater than MEGA 10 greater than octyl beta-D glucopyranoside. The stability of receptor complexes was increased by glycerol. Chromatographic analysis revealed that digitonin was the most efficient detergent for disaggregation of CCK receptor complex since it yielded a 76 kDa component in addition to the large components obtained after solubilization with CHAPS and Zwittergent. Furthermore, CCK receptors were covalently labelled using dissuccinimidyl suberate or UV irradiation of labelled membranes by photoactivable radioiodinated CCK-39 and subsequently solubilized by CHAPS + SDS or by SDS alone. A predominant molecule was characterized by chromatography (76 kDa) and SDS-PAGE (89 kDa). In addition to this component, other components having molecular masses of 130-150 kDa, 57 kDa and 40 kDa were detected by SDS PAGE. They correspond to minor bands. These bands, except the 40 kDa band, were protected from covalent labelling by the presence of CCK-39 (10(-6) M) during initial incubation. Reduction under beta-mercaptoethanol mainly resulted in the decrease of high molecular weight aggregates (Mr greater than 200 kDa). We concluded that for a given detergent a specific molecular weight pattern of solubilized CCK receptor complex is achieved. The minimal component had a molecular mass of 71-84 kDa according to the method of biochemical analysis used. PMID- 3763959 TI - Characterization of a camel milk protein rich in proline identifies a new beta casein fragment. AB - A camel milk whey protein has been isolated by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. The protein is, like caseins, rich in proline (25% of the whole protein). The N-terminal amino acid sequence shows that the protein is homologous with a C-terminal region of beta-caseins analyzed from other species. The protein is concluded to be a fragment of beta-casein, derived from a non tryptic type of cleavage of the parent molecule, and increasing the multiplicity of known casein products. PMID- 3763960 TI - Diurnal rhythm of the in vivo release of enkephalin from the globus pallidus of the rat. AB - The in vivo spontaneous release of enkephalin in the globus pallidus of the rat increases from noon to evening by 100%; during this period the local release of exogenous gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) decreases by 60%. These diurnal rhythms are more marked in the K+-stimulated release: enkephalin-induced output increases 6-fold while GABA decreases 10-fold during the afternoon and evening hours. Since pallidal enkephalin and GABA are involved in the control of locomotor activity we suggest that these rhythms may be linked to the circadian changes of activity in the rat. PMID- 3763961 TI - Effect of neurotensin and neurotensin fragments on gastric acid secretion in man. AB - The effect of intravenous infusion of neurotensin (NT) and NT-fragments on pentagastrin stimulated gastric acid secretion was investigated in healthy subjects. Neurotensin was infused in three doses (72, 144 and 288 pmol/kg per h). An N-terminal fragment (NT 1-8), a C-terminal fragment (NT 8-13) and an NT analogue, substituted at the C-terminal tyrosine residue (Phe11-NT) were infused in two doses (72 and 144 pmol/kg per h). Concentrations of the infused peptides were measured in peripheral venous blood by radioimmunoassay. Plasma levels of NT 1-13, NT 1-8 and Phe11-NT increased in a dose-dependent manner; NT 1-13 to 50 (34 69), 78 (54-113) and 143 (112-242) pmol/l (medians and range) at 72, 144 and 288 pmol/kg per h, NT 1-8 to 405 (340-465) and 1215 (915-1300) pmol/l, and Phe11-NT to 200 (110-245) and 390 (250-410) pmol/l at 72 and 144 pmol/kg per h, respectively. Increases in plasma levels of NT 8-13 could not be detected during the infusion, suggesting that the fragment is rapidly metabolized in man. Neurotensin 1-13 inhibited gastric acid secretion in a dose-dependent manner and the decrease in gastric acid secretion was linearly related to plasma levels of NT 1-13. Neurotensin 1-8 and NT 8-13 inhibited gastric acid secretion only at 144 pmol/kg per h, while the analogue Phe11-NT had no effect. The results showed that the inhibition of gastric acid secretion produced by NT was dose-dependent and linearly related to circulating levels of NT, and that under physiological conditions this effect presumably is elicited by the C-terminal part of the peptide. PMID- 3763962 TI - [Evaluation of additional absorbed radiation dose from radioactive impurities in radiopharmaceuticals]. AB - The additional absorbed radiation doses to total body from radioactive impurities in radiopharmaceuticals were estimated for a total of 10 samples (i.e., 99mTc generator eluates, 99mTc solutions, 67Ga, 81mKr generator eluates, 111In, 123I, 201Tl, 75Se, 197Hg, 198Au) selected from commonly used radiopharmaceuticals. The radioactive impurities in radiopharmaceuticals used in this estimation were previously identified. The radiation doses were calculated according to the MIRD procedures, assuming each radionuclide to be uniformly distributed throughout the body. In the case of the cyclotron-produced radioisotopes and 198Au, the additional total body absorbed doses from impurities were found to be rather high: 280% for 123I, 55% for 81mKr, 5% for 198Au, 4% for 111In and 2% for 201Tl. The absorbed doses due to impurities in the other radioisotopes were less than 1%. PMID- 3763963 TI - [Fundamental studies on thyroglobulin 'Eiken' radioimmunoassay kit]. PMID- 3763964 TI - [Evaluation of serum thyroglobulin on the measurement of its high values and its clinical significance for thyroid tumor marker]. PMID- 3763965 TI - [Fibrinolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction. Coronarographic evaluation of short-term results]. AB - The authors report their experience in fibrinolytic therapy with Urokinase in acute myocardial infarction. There were 3 groups of treatment: 100 patients with intracoronary fibrinolytic therapy; 77 patients with peripheral venous fibrinolytic administration; 31 patients with conventional therapy. The 3 groups underwent, between 21 and 28 days after the acute event, a coronarographic examination to evaluate the persistence of patency of the vessels involved in the myocardial infarction. The short term results show that the fibrinolytic therapy (with the limitations due to the hemorrhagic complications associated with the use of Urokinase), especially via intracoronary, is significantly more useful and reliable than conventional therapy, which appears unsatisfactory. Therapeutic failures are probably due to diffuse atherosclerosis of the vessel and/or to the old age of the thrombus. PMID- 3763966 TI - [Role of computerized tomography in dental implantology]. AB - The authors report their experience using CT examination in implantology, outlining the advantages of this method in the study of the perimplantar bone, both in cases undergoing a favourable evolution and in those with an unsatisfactory outcome. PMID- 3763967 TI - [Double-contrast gastrography and gastroscopy in the diagnosis of gastric polyps. Personal experience]. AB - Gastric polyps are benign tumors which have been less uncommonly detected in recent years, due to the refinement of both radiologic and endoscopic investigations. From 1981 through 1985 gastric polyps were detected in 102 patients (1.9%) out of 5368 radiologic examinations. In the same period, 98 cases (3.3%) were detected out of 2942 endoscopic examinations. The comparison of data in these two series shows a superimposition. Despite an increased percentage of endoscopic findings (to some extent due to previous radiologic reports), the authors assert the diagnostic efficacy of double contrast radiologic investigation as a first approach to benign polypous lesions of the stomach. As far as histology is concerned, a clear prevalence is shown of hyperplastic versus adenomatous polyps (90 and 8 cases respectively). PMID- 3763968 TI - [Five-minute urogram: is it sufficient for a diagnosis?]. AB - It has been demonstrated, studying in retrospect a great number of urographies, that the most reliable urogram is the 5 minute urogram (5-U) after the end of the infusion of ionic contrast medium. The authors therefore, in order to save costs and dose to the population, suggest to simplify the urographical routine examination executing only 5-U. This is suggested especially in urographical evaluation of urolithiasis, urinary tract infections, prostate pathology, pelvic masses, pathologies in which 5-U is highly reliable. Very important is the immediate evaluation of 5-U, that allows to complete the urographical examination when necessary. PMID- 3763970 TI - [Mammography using stationary grids. Qualitative and dosimetric considerations]. AB - The authors report their experience with ultra-high-strip-density (UHSD) stationary grids in mammography, based upon dosimetric measurements carried out in a phantom and mammographic examination of 62 patients. Utilization of UHSD grids made it necessary an increase in radiation exposure by a factor 3.5 in a breast 5 cm thick 50% water and 50% fat by weight. Improvement in image-quality is apparent with voltages not exceeding 30 kV, particularly in cases of questionable masses within areas of locally increased breast density. The authors believe that UHSD grids may be useful in selected cases, such as in the performance of adjunctive whole-breast or locally aimed radiograms and in the radiological examination of surgical specimens. PMID- 3763969 TI - [Estimation of radiation dose produced by impurities in nuclear medicine studies using Tl-201 chloride]. AB - Radionuclide impurities can significantly increase the absorbed dose in Nuclear Medicine examinations. The aim of this study is to evaluate the dose of Tl-200 and Tl-202 in patients injected with Tl-201 for myocardial scintigraphy. All relevant nuclear and biological data are reported; Thallium distribution in the body is then discussed with particular regard to the gastro-intestinal tract. Since MIRD Committee has not published "S" values for Tl-200 and Tl-202, these have been calculated by a computer code and are reported. The absorbed dose for these Thallium isotopes is presented. For example, kidney doses in Gy/GBq are 0.29 (Tl-200), 0.27 (Tl-201) and 0.97 (Tl-202). The total dose increase for a 2% presence of Tl-202 is about 11%. PMID- 3763972 TI - [Bronchogenic cyst in atypical site: correct diagnosis by magnetic resonance]. PMID- 3763971 TI - [Radiotherapy of inoperable, loco-regional epidermoid carcinoma of the lung. 5 year experience]. AB - Results of chest radiotherapy on 48 patients with inoperable squamous-cell carcinoma are reported; 25 patients had continuous treatment whereas the remaining 23 patients had split-course. Objective remission was obtained in 71% of the cases; mean survival was 11.7 months for the whole series, and 14 months for responders. An advantage in objective remission rate for patients having a dose of 60 Gy or more was found. Split-course resulted in similar survival and objective remission rate but was less toxic than continuous treatment. In 43% of cases the disease progressed only loco-regionally. Radiotherapy was interrupted because of toxicity in 23% of cases and there was only a case of life-threatening toxicity. PMID- 3763973 TI - [CT appearance of afferent loop syndrome. Case report]. PMID- 3763974 TI - [Urographic diagnosis of a bifid ureter with a blind-ending minor branch]. PMID- 3763975 TI - [Radiological aspects of plasma-cell granuloma of the lung. Description of a case]. PMID- 3763976 TI - [Frequency of Cryptosporidium sp. in hospitalized patients with digestive symptoms]. PMID- 3763977 TI - [Hematological changes in typhoid fever]. PMID- 3763978 TI - [Correlations between the age of menarche and hematological variables in girls of the northern area of Santiago]. PMID- 3763979 TI - [Exploratory study on a self-evaluation scale for depression in children and adolescents]. PMID- 3763981 TI - [Endoscopic biopsy of the jejunum]. PMID- 3763980 TI - [Urethrocystography, side effects and prevention of secondary infections]. PMID- 3763983 TI - [Follow-up of infants with birth weight less than 1,500 gms]. PMID- 3763982 TI - [Renal function in at term and preterm newborn infants during the 2d day of life]. PMID- 3763984 TI - [Neonatal lupus erythematosus: complete atrioventricular block]. PMID- 3763985 TI - [Pericarditis and vasculitis secondary to the administration of propylthiouracil]. PMID- 3763986 TI - [Simple renal cyst]. PMID- 3763987 TI - [Control and changes in granulopoiesis: neutropenia-neutrophilias]. PMID- 3763988 TI - [Table of the distribution of weights of newborn infants]. PMID- 3763989 TI - [Liver fibrosis and alcohol]. PMID- 3763990 TI - [Bacterial gastroenteritis in the adult]. PMID- 3763991 TI - [Protection provided by BCG in university students]. PMID- 3763992 TI - [Isolated angiitis of the central nervous system. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 3763994 TI - [Encephalopathy caused by nicotinic acid deficiency (pellagra) in a chronic alcoholic patient: necropsy study]. PMID- 3763993 TI - [Tumor calcinosis in chronic renal insufficiency]. PMID- 3763995 TI - [The use of drugs in sports]. PMID- 3763996 TI - [Myiasis caused by the "Tumbu" fly]. PMID- 3763997 TI - [Tuberculosis of the left colon. Presentation in pseudotumoral form diagnosed by colonoscopy]. PMID- 3763998 TI - [Prevalence of metabolic changes in patients with the toxic oil ingestion syndrome]. PMID- 3763999 TI - [Miliary tuberculosis simulating cholecystitis]. PMID- 3764000 TI - [Xanthinic derivatives in the treatment of intermittent claudication syndrome in diabetic patients]. PMID- 3764001 TI - [The intrahepatic biliary tract in Budd Chiari syndrome]. PMID- 3764002 TI - [A new case of pituitary adenoma commencing with hypothyroidism]. PMID- 3764003 TI - [Graft-versus-host disease]. PMID- 3764004 TI - [Prevalence of markers of infection with hepatitis B, delta and HTLV-III viruses in the mentally retarded]. PMID- 3764005 TI - [Multifocal eosinophilic granuloma: 2 cases with multiple endocrine involvement]. PMID- 3764006 TI - [Isolated neuropathy of the chin and systemic cancer]. PMID- 3764007 TI - [Protuberance hemorrhage with a favorable clinical course]. PMID- 3764008 TI - [Myelodysplastic syndromes]. PMID- 3764009 TI - [The physician in the pharmaceutical industry. Functions and responsibilities. Historical development, current situation and future perspectives]. PMID- 3764010 TI - [Erythrophagocytosis in the bone marrow and the diagnosis of malignant histiocytosis]. PMID- 3764011 TI - [Primary hypothyroidism and prolactinoma]. PMID- 3764012 TI - [Primary pulmonary hypertension associated with Graves' disease]. PMID- 3764013 TI - [Aseptic necrosis of the femoral head in relation to non-steroidal anti inflammatory agents. Description of a case]. PMID- 3764014 TI - [Generalized cortical (Van Buchem) hyperostosis]. PMID- 3764015 TI - [Cutaneous infiltration in Hodgkin's disease]. PMID- 3764016 TI - [Acute myocardial infarction and diffuse cerebral ischemia after attempted suicide with ethanol and disulfiram]. PMID- 3764017 TI - [Routine oncometry: methods, usefulness and clinical relations]. PMID- 3764018 TI - [Hypercatabolism in patients with severe cranial injury: its effect on nutritional status]. PMID- 3764019 TI - [Hemodynamic changes during aortic clamping and declamping]. PMID- 3764020 TI - [Ketamine as an induction and maintenance agent for cesarean section]. PMID- 3764021 TI - [Analgesia with epidural morphine and intramuscular meperidine in the postoperative period of thoracic surgery]. PMID- 3764022 TI - [Lumbar intrathecal administration of morphine in the treatment of advanced cancer pain]. PMID- 3764023 TI - [Idiopathic hypersomnia and anesthesia]. PMID- 3764024 TI - [Late cardiac tamponade after catheterization of the subclavian vein]. PMID- 3764025 TI - [Anesthesia and resuscitation in laryngeal injuries. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 3764026 TI - [Oral administration of methadone to patients with chronic pain]. PMID- 3764027 TI - [A case of peritonism in transurethral resection of a neoplasm of the dome of the urinary bladder]. PMID- 3764028 TI - [Epidural catheters and conjunction openings: an eternal doubt]. PMID- 3764029 TI - [Intradural pethidine]. PMID- 3764030 TI - [Apropos of a case of mucosa dissection caused by nasal intubation]. PMID- 3764031 TI - [Disseminated intravascular coagulation in the surgical repair of an aortic aneurysm]. PMID- 3764032 TI - [Primary hypothyroidism in the adult and anesthesia: apropos of a case]. PMID- 3764033 TI - [Eye movements in sleep: towards a model]. AB - The study of the REM-process by means of the oculomotor frequencies has shown that it is a stochastic point process. Therefore, the techniques utilized to quantify the time-dependency of this process were used. The structure of occurrence of REM's quantified by transition probability matrixes evidenced a two state first order semi-Markov process. The oculo-motor configurations of REM sleep revealed two independent entities, their number and their relative frequencies. This conclusion was used as a working hypothesis for the Spacelab 1 sleep-recording experiment in zero-gravity. The results confirmed the underlying hypothesis. PMID- 3764034 TI - Polygraphic sleep patterns in heredoataxia: a study of nine cases. AB - A clinical and polygraphic sleep study was carried out in nine patients affected by heredoataxia (three by sporadic olivopontocerebellar ataxia (SOPCA), three by early onset cerebellar ataxia (EOCA) and three by Friedreich's ataxia). None of the patients complained about subjective sleep complaints. Polysomnographic findings showed a decrease in REM time in all the patients considered and a lower REM density in SOPCA and EOCA. A pattern of obstructive sleep-apnea was found in one case of SOPCA. PMID- 3764035 TI - [Initial approach of an electroencephalographer to statistics]. AB - About concrete examples set by an electroencephalographist (determination of normal values, comparison of data, realization of trial), different methods of uni- or bi-dimensional statistical analysis using qualitative and quantitative variables were presented and the conditions of the tests applications were emphasized. The authors have insisted especially on the necessity of a precise methodology. It has to be elaborated by the statistician together with the physician before the beginning of any trial: statistics cannot be summarized to a simple formula application at the time of final exploitation of data. PMID- 3764036 TI - [Somatosensory evoked potentials of the trigeminal nerve in chronic trichloroethylene poisoning]. AB - Industrial intoxication by trichloroethylene can produce neurological disturbance of the trigeminal nerve. Therefore, among 105 workers exposed to this toxin, we recorded cortical responses after stimulation of the trigeminal nerve (TSEP) and we compared our results with a control group of 52 subjects. We considered the physical examination exploring, the facial sensitivity and reflexes, the levels of urinary metabolites of trichloroethylene and TSEP. We can describe 4 groups of workers: group A, 13 subjects with perturbations of clinical and evoked responses; group B, 27 subjects with normal physical examination though with disturbed TSEP; group C, 6 subjects had an abnormal examination though evoked responses were normal; group D, 59 subjects had normal clinical examination and TSEP. Disturbed TSEP (particularly delayed responses) are found among the older workers with the longest duration of exposure and higher level of exposure. The alteration of TSEP may appear before clinical disturbance. TSEP could represent a useful test for the supervision of the exposed workers and the clinical diagnosis of the trigeminal impairment. PMID- 3764037 TI - [Anterior interosseous nerve syndrome. Electromyographic characteristics (2 cases) and review of the literature (62 cases)]. AB - The anterior interosseous nerve syndrome is a rare entrapment neuropathy of the median nerve. It is a pure motor deficit characterized by pinch loss. Anterior interosseous nerve lesions are easily assessed by EMG. The data from literature being incomplete in a majority of cases (85%), we propose EMG criteria to assert the presence of an anterior interosseous nerve syndrome and to exclude other diagnoses. The study of the anterior interosseous nerve in 20 healthy patients shows that the difference in motor potential latency between the healthy and the non-healthy side is the most predictive stimulo-detection sign. Detection, however, remains the most important element for diagnosis. PMID- 3764039 TI - [Urinary stress incontinence in women: contribution of electromyography of the striated urethral sphincter]. AB - Fourteen women within their menopausal period and suffering from stress urinary incontinence were studied. Electromyographic studies show that sphincter weakness is almost constant (9/14), usually associated with a bladder instability and/or a lack in abdominal urethral transmission, both conditions being known as possible causes of urinary stress incontinence. However, neurological causes at the origin of urinary stress incontinence, such as neurogenous sphincter, may be found (3/14). Electromyography, coupled with urodynamic evaluation, therefore presents itself as the most accurate method for a good assessment of correct pathophysiology in urinary stress incontinence and thereby for good therapeutic prescription. PMID- 3764038 TI - [Changes in nerve conduction velocity as a result of hyperbaria in man]. AB - Nervous conduction was measured in 27 subjects before and after compression in ternary mixture (helium, nitrogen and oxygen) ranging from 5,5 to 12 ATA. Among the eleven parameters studied, three showed an acceleration of the nervous conduction in the distal part of the sensitive and motor fibers. Although no precise mechanism can be established, different factors, in particular the role of ischemia, are discussed. PMID- 3764040 TI - [Effects of the artificial pancreas on peripheral nerve function in the diabetic]. AB - Twenty-one diabetic subjects were studied; all manifested fasting hyperglycemia and elevated Hb A1C. Motor conduction velocity of the median, ulnar and peroneal nerves; F wave of the peroneal nerve; sensory conduction velocity and sensory potential amplitude of the median and ulnar nerves and H reflex were determinated immediately before and after two days of strict glucose control with an artificial endocrine pancreas. A significant and acute improvement of some electrophysiological parameters led us to presume that repair of structural lesions would be unlikely. Only a metabolic disturbance, due to hyperglycemia, can be rapidly corrected. PMID- 3764041 TI - [Usefulness of thallium-201 ergometry in patients with complete left branch block]. PMID- 3764042 TI - [Exercise tests with hemodynamic control: response in mitral valvulopathy]. PMID- 3764043 TI - [Ventricular function in patients with isolated stenosis of the anterior descending coronary artery]. PMID- 3764044 TI - [Thallium-201 cardiac gammography in patients with normalization of the electrocardiogram after a transmural myocardial infarct]. PMID- 3764045 TI - [Medico-surgical treatment of infectious endocarditis in heroin- addicted patients]. PMID- 3764046 TI - [Reoperations due to dysfunction of cardiac valve prosthesis]. PMID- 3764047 TI - [Dissecting aneurysm of the aorta with rupture in the right atrium]. PMID- 3764048 TI - [Cor triatriatum. Diagnosis by 2-dimensional echography: apropos of 3 cases]. PMID- 3764049 TI - [2 cases of post-catheterization arteriovenous fistula as a cause of refractory cardiac insufficiency]. PMID- 3764050 TI - [Rhabdomyosarcoma of the right atrium: presentation of a case]. PMID- 3764051 TI - [A penetrating cardiac injury]. PMID- 3764052 TI - [Acute myocardial infarct due to the thrombotic occlusion of a normal coronary artery]. PMID- 3764053 TI - [Tobacco, alcohol and antithrombin III]. PMID- 3764054 TI - [Iron and ferritin in acute myocardial infarcts]. PMID- 3764055 TI - [Supra-radical surgery in colorectal cancer]. PMID- 3764056 TI - [Colorectal endoscopic polypectomies performed during 1 year]. PMID- 3764057 TI - [Achalasia: 10 years' experience]. PMID- 3764058 TI - [Primary esophageal carcinoma; clinical presentation and evaluation of diagnostic methods]. PMID- 3764059 TI - [Stomach cancer. Study of prognostic factors in survival]. PMID- 3764060 TI - [Surgical treatment of a hydatid cyst located in the liver. Retrospective study of 50 patients]. PMID- 3764061 TI - [Hepatic polycystosis: 9 cases]. PMID- 3764062 TI - [Complications of surgery of biliary lithiasis, with special reference to iatrogenic lesions]. PMID- 3764063 TI - [Pathogenesis and survival in stomach cancer]. PMID- 3764064 TI - [Double pylorus (antrobulbar fistula) associated with peptic ulcer]. PMID- 3764065 TI - [Peritoneal mesothelioma. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 3764066 TI - [Predominantly direct, post-hepatitis hyperbilirubinemia. Presentation of a case]. PMID- 3764067 TI - [Left hepatic necrosis after total gastrectomy]. PMID- 3764068 TI - [Surgical sphincterotomy of Oddi's sphincter]. PMID- 3764069 TI - [Epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 3764070 TI - [Diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 3764071 TI - [Guidelines for planning the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 3764072 TI - [Acute reactive arthritis in pseudomembranous colitis]. PMID- 3764073 TI - [Gold salts in the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis. Experience with an oral preparation]. PMID- 3764074 TI - [Occupational reintegration of psychiatric patients hospitalized for the first time in the year following their discharge--results of a prospective longitudinal study]. AB - A short-term occupational prognosis had been given for first-admission psychiatric patients, occasioned by information from the field that, in case of mentally ill persons, measures for their vocational rehabilitation frequently either are started too late, or are inappropriate in scope, because associated impairments are insufficiently dealt with, underrated, or even overlooked at all in the early stages of the illness. Following Wing's concept of disability, an attempt was moreover made to identify barriers for occupational resettlement. The findings provided the basis for considering the question of scope and type of within-clinic or external measures to be initiated, or stepped up, to facilitate these clients' access to gainful employment and, hence, able to positively influence the future course of their condition. PMID- 3764075 TI - [Occupational handicaps as risk factors for the readmission of psychiatric patients hospitalized for the first time--results of a prospective longitudinal study]. AB - In dealing with the issue of readmission of psychiatric patients into in-patient care, the focus had in the past primarily been on clinical variables such as diagnosis, or severity of the clinical picture. The present study, however, had centered on occupational variables, such as vocational training, occupational status, periods of gainful employment, and unemployment. This complex was studied in a sample of psychiatric patients, with analyses directed at: percentage of the initial sample readmitted after a catamnestic period of 1 and 2 1/2 yrs. resp., diagnostic groups with increased readmission incidence, and occupational variables associated with the need for readmission. Summing up, it may be stated that occupational handicaps arose in particular in the diagnostic groups of endogenous psychoses, whereas in other groups (such as neuroses, alcoholism) the issue of "social handicaps", in particular, had been in the foreground. PMID- 3764076 TI - [Intelligence training of handicapped patients. An experimental evaluation study of constructive training for the promotion of general intelligence in learning disabled students in a school for patients with speech disorders]. AB - Starting out from a curricular analysis of Klauer's "G-V"-tree structure (1984), a training scheme for developing central intellectual performance is set out and evaluated. The training consists of operations to determine sameness (G = Gleichheit) or differentness (V = Verschiedenheit) of features or relationships. As suggested by the theory of the G-V algorithm, and after only four training units of 45 minutes each, significant gains in general intelligence were found in the two training groups of slow learning students from a special school for the speech disordered, gains that the two control groups did not demonstrate. Meichenbaum's cognitive modelling with subsequent verbal self-instruction served to facilitate task solution procedures. The findings are discussed within the theoretical framework of the G-V system, emphasizing in particular its relevance for modifying and enhancing information processing functions in learning disabled students. PMID- 3764077 TI - [Significance of self-help groups for psychosocial rehabilitation in cancer]. AB - Experiences of cancer patients' self-help groups can provide impulses for the programming of rehabilitation measures. Exemplary is the information work (information procurement and distribution) of these groups. Problems emanating from disturbed interpersonal relationships and the stigma of the disease are dealt with implicitly rather than explicitly, with only certain patients, however, benefitting selectively from this kind of coping, depending on the stage of the disease and on their social context. The groups succeed in substituting missing or disturbed interpersonal relationships, they sometimes however find it difficult to ward off those aspects of isolation that have arisen with the onset of the disease. These difficulties weigh on other parts of the informal network, especially on the families. PMID- 3764078 TI - Technology utilization in rehabilitation. PMID- 3764079 TI - Becoming a market-driven rehabilitation program: a case study. PMID- 3764080 TI - Persistent depletion of striatal dopamine in mice by m-hydroxy-MPTP. AB - 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) caused marked depletion of dopamine and of its two metabolites, DOPAC (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) and HVA (homovanillic acid) one week after the last of four daily s.c. injections (20 mg/kg) in mice. Norepinephrine concentration in the frontal cortex was also decreased. m-Hydroxy-MPTP at a higher dose (80 mg/kg s.c.) caused a similar degree of depletion of dopamine and its metabolites in striatum and of norepinephrine in frontal cortex. p-Hydroxy-MPTP and o-hydroxy-MPTP (both at 80 mg/kg s.c.) caused no significant change in striatal dopamine or in cortical norepinephrine concentrations and had little or no effect on the dopamine metabolites. The m-hydroxy analog increases the list of MPTP-like compounds known to cause persistent depletion of striatal dopamine, and the positional isomers of this compound illustrate the strict structural dependency of this effect. PMID- 3764081 TI - Methotrexate increases glycogenolysis in the intact rat liver. AB - The effect of methotrexate, an anti-cancer drug, on carbohydrate metabolism in the isolated perfused rat liver was investigated. Glucose release from endogenous glycogen (glycogenolysis) is strongly activated by methotrexate. The phenomenon shows a well defined concentration dependence: 100% activation occurs at 2.2 X 10(-4) M. Glycolysis and oxygen consumption are only slightly affected. PMID- 3764082 TI - Degradation of cardiac structural proteins induced by reperfusion in the infarcted myocardium. AB - A combination of 2 h-occlusion and 22 h-reperfusion of the left circumflex coronary artery caused degradation of myosin heavy chain, alpha-actinin, troponin I and myosin light chain 1 in the infarcted myocardial tissues in dogs. This degradation pattern of myocardial proteins differs from that observed in the dog with 24 h-occlusion. PMID- 3764083 TI - Influence of organic solvents on the anticoagulant response to warfarin in rats. AB - Exposure to styrene (S), trichloroethylene (TCE), and carbon tetrachloride (CT) is known to produce hepatotoxic effects in animals and humans. Warfarin (W), the coumarin anticoagulant, is mostly eliminated by hepatic biotransformation and the site of its anticoagulant action is located in the liver. Therefore, the effects of the above solvents on the anticoagulant response to W were studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Groups of rats were given i.p. injections of either S (6 and 12 mmole/kg) or TCE (5.6 and 11.2 mmole/kg) or CT (1 mmole/kg) in corn oil 24 h prior to or simultaneously with W (1 mg/kg, s.c.) and the animals were sacrificed 24 h after W. Doses of solvents used in this study showed hepatotoxic effects as verified by significant increases in serum transaminases response. A significant increase in prothrombin time (P.T.) was seen when W was treated simultaneously with S or TCE at any dose level, but not so with CT. An increase in the P.T. of W was also noticed in the groups pretreated with the highest dose of S or TCE and with CT group. Solvents alone had no effect on the P.T. So, acute exposure to organic solvents may lead to enhanced anticoagulant response to W. PMID- 3764084 TI - Acute and chronic effect of ethanol on hepatic albumin synthesis in rat liver in vitro. AB - To study the effects of ethanol and its metabolite on albumin metabolism, we examined the hepatic albumin synthesis and secretion in male Wistar rats in vitro, following acute and chronic ethanol administration. After acute ethanol administration, proalbumin synthesis in rat liver in vitro, declined to 47% of the control level at 4 hrs, the lowest level, and increased thereafter to slightly higher than the control level at 16 hrs. On the other hand, chronic ethanol administration for 4 weeks, increased proalbumin synthesis to 1.5 times that of the control level. In the acute ethanol group, a significant negative correlation was observed between proalbumin radioactivity and the concentration of hepatic ethanol and acetaldehyde. The variation between proalbumin radioactivity and hepatic ethanol concentration was wider than the variation between proalbumin and hepatic acetaldehyde. In the chronic ethanol group, ethanol was not detected in the liver. No significant differences from the proalbumin/albumin ratio were seen at any time point after acute or chronic ethanol administration. These findings suggest that the effects of ethanol on hepatic albumin synthesis differ with the method of ethanol administration, and acetaldehyde and/or ethanol is involved in the reduction in albumin synthesis, however, proalbumin-albumin conversion is not disturbed. PMID- 3764086 TI - A physical comparison of low molecular weight heparins prepared by different methods. AB - Using a method previously developed for determination of molecular weight distribution data, MSD, the distribution was determined on samples of low molecular weight heparin, approximate average molecular weight of 5000 daltons. The samples were prepared using the two available methods, namely, gel permeation chromatography or depolymerization with nitrous acid. The results showed that contrary to reported differences in the end, groups of the molecules prepared by the different methods the MSDs were very similar. The reproducibility of the depolymerization process was checked by MSD determinations and showed the method to be practical for production methodologies. Even at very low average molecular weights heparin preparations are still polydispersed. PMID- 3764085 TI - Influence of intraperitoneally administered formaldehyde on bile production and tissue glutathione levels in rats. AB - The influence of formaldehyde on bile secretion and tissue glutathione concentrations was investigated in male Sprague Dawley rats following a sublethal intraperitoneal administration (72 mg/kg). Within 2-3 h of administration formaldehyde caused a 2-fold increase in secretion of bile and significant decrease in the levels of glutathione in liver (39% of control) followed by kidney (33%), lung (31%) and brain (22%). The results indicate a possible protective role of glutathione in the toxicity of formaldehyde. PMID- 3764087 TI - Effects of verapamil on acetylcholine and field stimulation induced contraction in postnatal development of guinea-pig ileum. AB - The effects of verapamil on acetylcholine and field stimulation induced contraction were studied in the isolated ileum of newborn, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 day old guinea-pigs. Verapamil inhibits the contraction evoked by acetylcholine or by field stimulation, being more affected the response to acetylcholine than to field stimulation. Verapamil IC50's against acetylcholine and field stimulation differ throughout the periods of development considered. These data suggest that the function of verapamil-sensitive calcium channels of guinea-pig ileum involved in the response to acetylcholine and field stimulation change during the period of development studied. PMID- 3764088 TI - An in vitro study of the pharmacological and electrophysiological properties and the adrenergic innervation of small pulmonary arteries from children with pulmonary hypertension. AB - A study was made of the pharmacological and electrophysiological properties of pieces of small intrapulmonary arteries (100-450 micron I.D.) taken from children with cardiac defects that caused the pulmonary circulation to be exposed to an abnormally high perfusion pressure. The sensitivity of the arterial smooth muscle to the constrictor agonists acetylcholine and 5-hydroxytryptamine was similar to that reported for adult pulmonary arteries. Norepinephrine or histamine caused little or no constriction, although both these substances have been reported to be powerful constrictors of adult pulmonary arteries. The electrophysiological properties were similar to those of the smooth muscle of systemic arteries. The mean resting membrane potential was -6.12 mV +/- 1.29 (SEM n = 16). Stimulation of the perivascular nerves produced excitatory junction potentials, but no smooth muscle action potentials were recorded. Histochemical investigation revealed catecholamine containing nerve fibres around all intrapulmonary arteries down to 40 micron I.D. PMID- 3764089 TI - Theophylline pharmacokinetics in pregnant and lactating rats. AB - As a preliminary investigation to a human study, we examined the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in pregnant and lactating rats. Three groups of female rats- pregnant, lactating, and virgin controls were injected IP with theophylline solution. Pregnant rats eliminated theophylline at a slower rate than both lactating rats and virgin controls, resulting in a longer half life (t1/2) and lower clearance. The approximate volume of distribution (aVd) and extrapolated peak concentration (Cp0) in the 3 groups were not different. PMID- 3764090 TI - Morphology and fibrinolytic activity of canine autogenous mesothelium used as venous substitute. AB - Autogenous mesothelium was used as venous substitute in ten dogs. Patches of mesothelium of three different origins were grafted into the anterior wall of the common iliac veins (CIV): peritoneum taken from and including the posterior rectus sheath (PRS), simple peritoneum (P) and mesentery (M). Animals were killed after 2, 4, 8, and 16 days and after 3 months. The segments of CIV, including the patches, were removed for study. On light microscopy, the PRS grafts showed a normal mesothelium but marked submesothelial fibrosis. The M and P grafts showed normal mesothelium and only mild fibrous thickening. On scanning electron microscopy, there was a perfect continuity of the mesothelial cells and the normal endothelium at the suture line. In the center of the graft, the cells had become elongated along the axis of blood flow. Fibrinolytic activity (FA) was measured by a standardized fibrin plate technique and quantitated in tissue activator units per gram of tissue (TAU/g). The mean FA of iliac vein specimens was 1101.7 +/- 133.3 TAU/g (mean +/- SEM). The mean FA determined before grafting for each kind of mesothelium was the following: PRS = 418.8 +/- 26.9 TAU/g; P = 873.0 +/- 107.1 TAU/g; M = 1142.3 +/- 91.4 TAU/g where only PRS showed values significantly lower than iliac vein mean FA (P less than 0.001). Postoperatively, the mesothelial FA, after an initial reduction, increased on day 4 and reached values significantly higher than the control values (1445.7 +/- 204.1 TAU/g tissue vs 853.1 +/- 62.3 TAU/g tissue; P less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3764091 TI - Intestinal vascular obstruction in the cat. Right heart function in a shock model. AB - Cardiovascular function was studied in a model of intestinal vascular obstruction in cats. To measure right ventricular end diastolic pressure and maximal dP/dt, a tip transducer catheter was placed into the right ventricle. The intestinal vascular obstruction resulted in shock with decreases of blood pressure, cardiac output, and external cardiac work. Small intestinal mucosal lesions were found in all shocked cats. At an increased preload to the heart, right ventricular function was depressed in shocked cats. The model corresponds to one used earlier in the rat, where cardioinhibitory activity in venous blood was found in vitro. In this corresponding model of intestinal shock in the cat a depressed function of the right ventricle of the heart was found in vivo. PMID- 3764092 TI - The ultrastructure of the myocyte in different regions of experimental infarcts in the cat heart. AB - The ultrastructure of myocytes was studied in the left ventricular myocardium of the cat heart after 3 h of LAD ligation. The ischemic, borderline, and normally perfused myocardium was defined by in vivo injection of fluorescein and by regional myocardial blood flow measurements with 15.5 microns radio-labeled microspheres. A semiquantitation of the number of irreversible injured cells in per cent of total counted in the three different zones showed that 53%-63% were irreversibly injured in the ischemic zone, 7%-26% in the borderline area, while none were irreversibly injured in the normally perfused myocardium. The interior excitation-contraction couplings in the normally perfused myocardium comprise interior dyads, triads, reversed triads, and encircling couplings. While the couplings in general were structurally resistant to ischemia, injured interior couplings were apparent in severely damaged cells of the hypoperfused tissue. Such injuries comprise a widening of the junctional gap and a disintegration of the junctional processes. PMID- 3764093 TI - Identification of immunoreactive membrane antigens of Brucella ovis by ELISA profiling. AB - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) profiling was used to identify the immunoreactive membrane antigens of Brucella ovis. Immunoreactive membrane antigens obtained after detergent extraction of the bacterial membrane complex (inner and outer membranes) were resolved into five peaks (A, B, B1, C and D) by gel permeation chromatography. Aliquots from each of the chromatographed fractions were coupled to 96-well microtitre plates and immunoreactive fractions identified with sera from two rams. Serum from ram 1 which had been vaccinated with a single injection of formalin-killed B ovis emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant identified A and B as the major immunoreactive peaks. Serum from ram 2, which had been successfully infected with B ovis, reacted mainly against peaks A, B1, C and D. This observation facilitated the use of A, B, B1, C and D peak antigens as test reagents to examine the serological response of 12 other rams exposed to B ovis by vaccination or intraconjunctival or intravenous inoculation. Sera from rams which developed productive infections reacted strongly against peaks A, B1, C and D while vaccinated rams had preferential antibody activity against peaks A and B. PMID- 3764094 TI - Monoclonal antibodies against ovine IgA purified from lung lavage fluid. AB - Ovine secretory IgA (sIgA) has been purified to relative homogeneity by ammonium sulphate precipitation (to 40 per cent w/v) of lung lavage fluid from 3- or 12 month-old lambs, followed by molecular sieve chromatography on a Sephacryl S300 matrix. Three peaks A, B and C with molecular sizes corresponding to 550,000, 400,000 and 165,000 respectively were eluted from the column. Immunoelectrophoresis, radial immunodiffusion and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) with class specific antiserum confirmed that peak B contained only IgA. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of peak B under reducing conditions resolved three subunits corresponding to secretory component, heavy and light chains. Hybridomas generated by fusing spleen cells from IgA-primed Balb/C mice with murine myeloma (Sp2/0) were screened for IgA-specific monoclonal antibodies against a panel of ovine IgG2, IgG1, IgA and IgM. One particular clone, F3-4B4, identified as murine IgG1, was monospecific against ovine IgA with no cross reactivity against bovine immunoglobulins. This hybridoma was successfully tested as a serological probe by ELISA profiling to locate IgA containing fractions in the course of immunoglobulin purification from biological fluids. PMID- 3764095 TI - Accumulation of copper on albumin in bovine plasma in vivo after intravenous trithiomolybdate administration. AB - The initial disappearance of intravenously administered copper (10 to 20 mg) from bovine plasma in vivo was delayed by the intravenous injection of trithiomolybdate (20 to 75 mg molybdenum per 400 to 445 kg steer); however, the most characteristic effect was the retention of up to about 0.5 mg copper per litre plasma for up to 24 hours after injection. Sephadex G-100 gel filtration of plasma samples showed that this retained copper was associated with the albumin fraction. The effect of trithiomolybdate was very dependent upon the interval between the injections of trithiomolybdate and copper. It is suggested that this variability was due to thiomolybdate metabolism. The infusion of trithiomolybdate (12 to 75 mg molybdenum) over 24 hours also caused the accumulation of albumin bound copper. The amount bound did not exceed approximately 0.5 mg copper per litre plasma even when the diet of the steers was supplemented with copper sulphate or when copper sulphate (2 X 15 mg copper) was injected directly during the infusion. It is suggested that the longer term effects of trithiomolybdate are not merely a consequence of a simple copper-thiomolybdate reaction but result from three-way interactions between trithiomolybdate, albumin and copper, and that slow infusion of trithiomolybdate provides a model for the study of the systemic effects of dietary molybdenum in cattle. PMID- 3764096 TI - Experimental stimulation of eosinophil production in the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus). AB - A method has been devised to produce eosinophilia in birds experimentally. Multiple intraperitoneal injections of bovine serum albumin (BSA) produced a greater response than horse serum in young adult fowls, and injections of 2 ml BSA were more effective than injections of 0.2 ml. The highest eosinophilic responses were obtained with injections of BSA together with aluminium hydroxide. Thymectomy had little effect on eosinophil numbers following horse serum injections but irradiation produced a depressed response. Horse serum that had been heated to 56 degrees C for 30 minutes to inactivate complement and to denature proteins, including possible horse IgE, induced an eosinophilic response in 50 per cent of birds compared with only 14 per cent with unheated horse serum. Furthermore, when the former birds were reinjected after a rest period of 13 weeks, the eosinophilic response followed a similar curve as before but a higher proportion of birds responded. Birds aged over two years did not give a good eosinophilic response after horse serum stimulation. There was no consistent correlation between raised IgE levels and eosinophil numbers. Tolerance to horse serum was detected in some birds using a radial immunodiffusion technique. Analyses of blood plasma from birds with eosinophilia showed a significant increase in total amino acids compared with normal birds. PMID- 3764097 TI - Changes in serum pepsinogen and haemoglobin concentrations in calves infected with Haemonchus contortus. AB - In four calves given Haemonchus contortus larvae, the serum pepsinogen concentration rose quickly to reach a mean of 3.5 iu tyrosine on day 14 after infection. The mean concentration dropped to 1.8 iu tyrosine by day 23 and remained around 2.0 iu tyrosine until an anthelmintic was given on day 57, when concentrations returned to preinfection values. PMID- 3764098 TI - Antigenic differences among the life cycle stages of Oesophagostomum radiatum. AB - Maturation of Oesophagostomum radiatium is characterised by production of different proteins in all the life cycle stages that occur within the bovine host. One-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gels stained for total protein, showed that fourth stage larvae (L4) and adult worms have many proteins in common but L4 has a major additional protein (82,000 D); third stage larvae have many different proteins. Analysis of the proteins of each life cycle stage by Western blotting with sera from naturally infected calves showed that each life cycle stage had specific antigenic proteins. The major protein unique to L4 was identified as a developmentally regulated antigen. PMID- 3764099 TI - Efficacy, toxicity and metabolism of imidocarb dipropionate in the treatment of Babesia ovis infection in sheep. AB - An intramuscular dose of 1.2 mg kg-1 of imidocarb dipropionate (IMDP) was effective in controlling fatal infections with Babesia ovis in sheep. The sheep were infected by the intravenous injection of sheep blood containing B ovis. A severe recrudescence of infection occurred in most sheep 10 to 14 days after therapy but this could be controlled by a second dose of 1.2 mg kg-1 IMDP. Studies on the toxicology, residues and metabolism of IMDP showed this to be a safe dosage regimen. Transient or mild signs of toxicity were seen at 2.4 and 4.8 mg kg-1 IMDP. Severe toxicity was observed in sheep treated with 9.6 mg kg-1. PMID- 3764100 TI - Responses of cattle, sheep and poultry to a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing a swine influenza haemagglutinin. AB - Groups of cattle, sheep and poultry were inoculated with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the haemagglutinin of the swine influenza virus A/NJ/11/76. No adverse clinical responses were recorded and none of the animals developed a viraemia when inoculated with the recombinant or wild-type vaccinia virus. Recombinant virus reisolated from lesions in cattle was stable, maintaining its thymidine kinase negative phenotype and ability to express the swine influenza haemagglutinin. Antibodies to the influenza haemagglutinin were detected in cattle, sheep and poultry inoculated with the recombinant virus. While no animals inoculated with wild-type virus developed these antibodies, there was no detectable spread of either recombinant or wild-type virus from the inoculation sites or to in-contact uninoculated animals. The results indicate that recombinant vaccinia viruses can induce immune responses in cattle, sheep and poultry demonstrating their potential as vaccine vectors in a variety of important veterinary species. PMID- 3764101 TI - Antibody-containing cells and specialised epithelial cells in the bovine teat. AB - Tissue from the ends of teats of dry, periparturient and lactating cows were studied using light and electron microscopy. Accumulations of infiltrating leucocytes mainly in the folds of the distal rosette of the teat cistern (Furstenberg's rosette) were detected; plasma cells predominated. The latter were classified by the type of immunoglobulin (Ig) which they synthesised. Plasma cells synthesising IgG1 were found to be the major antibody producing cell type of the teat. Neither the number of stromal plasma cells present nor the class of Ig which they synthesised was significantly altered by changes in mammary gland secretory activity. Scanning electron microscopy revealed areas of epithelium of Furstenberg's rosette that contained cells differing in surface characteristics from epithelial cells of adjacent areas of the teat cistern. PMID- 3764102 TI - Response of sheep to experimental concurrent infection with tick-borne fever (Cytoecetes phagocytophila) and louping-ill virus. AB - The pathogenesis of concurrent Cytoecetes phagocytophila and louping-ill virus infection was studied in two experiments. In the first experiment 18 four- to seven-year-old rams were used. Ten were infected with C phagocytophila and five days later eight of these animals and the remaining eight sheep were infected with louping-ill virus. The two rams infected with C phagocytophila alone developed no clinical signs apart from a transient pyrexia, while only three of the eight rams infected with louping-ill virus alone showed mild clinical signs. In marked contrast, all eight dually infected sheep developed severe clinical signs with pronounced depression and dysentery and three died and five were killed in extremis. They developed higher titres of viraemia and the antibody response was depressed while necrotising lesions affecting a variety of organs were detected at post mortem examination. Rhizomucor pucillus was recovered from these lesions in seven of the eight sheep. A second experiment using 10 sheep, five aged seven months and five aged two to three years, confirmed the findings of the first experiment indicating that the age of the animal had not significantly influenced the initial result. It was concluded that C phagocytophila infection could enhance the pathogenicity of louping-ill virus and that, operating together, the two pathogens facilitated fungal invasion. It is postulated that sudden deaths in sheep recently transferred to tick-infested pastures may be due to this newly described syndrome. PMID- 3764103 TI - Influence of creep feeding and dietary intake after weaning on malabsorption and occurrence of diarrhoea in the newly weaned pig. AB - The influence the pattern of creep feeding has on the ability of pigs to absorb xylose after weaning at three weeks old was investigated. All weaned pigs showed a reduction in their ability to absorb xylose one week after weaning, but this was not influenced by the pattern of creep feeding before weaning. Diarrhoea occurred in some animals after weaning, but did not occur in pigs which did not have access to creep food before weaning. This protective effect of withholding creep food was associated with a low dietary intake after weaning with this regimen. Pigs which developed diarrhoea tended to be those which consumed more meal after weaning than their contemporaries. Haemolytic enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and rotaviruses were present in the faeces of most pigs after weaning, but, in those animals that ate too much and developed diarrhoea, excretion of the E coli continued for approximately twice as long as in animals that remained healthy. PMID- 3764104 TI - Variations in cross-sectional area and composition of equine tendons with regard to their mechanical function. AB - The cross-sectional area, collagen content, dry weight as a percentage of the wet weight and the tendon fibre percentage of the cross-sectional area of the equine hindlimb were determined in the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons and the suspensory ligament at 10, 12 and six sites between tarsus and insertion respectively. The values of each of the four parameters varied between different sites in the same tendon, between different tendons within a horse and between analogous tendons of different horses. Within a tendon the cross-sectional area was inversely proportional to the collagen content, the dry weight and the tendon fibre percentage. Within a horse and between different horses the cross-sectional area of a tendon was inversely proportional to the collagen content and the dry weight percentage. It was concluded that the cross-sectional area is not representative of the strength of an equine tendon. PMID- 3764106 TI - Determination of albumin in caprine serum. AB - Dye-binding techniques using bromocresol green (BCG) and bromocresol purple (BCP) were compared with cellulose acetate electrophoresis for the determination of caprine serum albumin. When a caprine standard was used the electrophoretic values showed little difference from those obtained with BCG. However, when a bovine standard or BCP were used, there were differences. Bias was detected between the values determined with bovine and caprine albumin standards owing to the different absorbances of the dye-protein mixtures. Using BCG, a closer correlation was obtained between the electrophoretic and caprine standard values than between the electrophoretic and bovine standard values, but with BCP the reverse was true although these differences were not significant. BCP was considered a less suitable dye than BCG for routine analysis because of low absorbance changes and the resulting poor precision. PMID- 3764105 TI - Malignant catarrhal fever: experimental transmission of the 'sheep-associated' form of the disease from cattle and deer to cattle, deer, rabbits and hamsters. AB - Attempts to transmit malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) from 16 bovine cases of the 'sheep-associated' form of the disease are described. On two occasions disease was transmitted to bovine calves but transmission to red deer (Cervus elaphus) was not achieved. In addition, MCF was transmitted from one experimentally affected calf to a rabbit and on another occasion directly to rabbits with material from a field case which failed to transmit to a bovine calf or red deer. Subsequently each of these isolates was readily passaged through rabbits and one was also passaged to Syrian hamsters. Tissue from MCF-affected red deer consistently produced disease on inoculation into rabbits and deer but failed to cause disease in bovine calves. Contact infection between red deer occurred once and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) were also shown to be susceptible to infection by inoculation. Passage of MCF in rabbits with an isolate from red deer failed to produce evidence of further adaptation even after 125 serial passages. Despite the failure to transmit disease from cattle to deer or from deer to cattle it is considered probable that there is only one sheep-associated agent which causes MCF in both species. The reasons for the anomalies in transmission of this form of the disease are discussed. PMID- 3764107 TI - Immune response in rams experimentally infected with Brucella ovis. AB - Cellular as well as humoral immune responses were detected in six rams experimentally infected with Brucella ovis. Specific antibodies were detectable by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay by day 11 after infection in all the rams. The levels of IgM antibodies and total antibodies in the serum rose until 33 and 41 days after infection respectively, then levelled off. Antigen-induced blastogenic responses by lymphocytes developed as early as five days after infection in all rams but had decreased to low levels by day 63 in most. Blastogenesis induced by phytohaemagglutinin and concanavalin A varied among infected rams and did not differ significantly (P greater than 0.05) from control rams. All rams had developed delayed-type skin hypersensitivity by day 63 after infection. One ram which did not become infected as a result of exposure had low levels of B ovis serum antibodies and a detectable antigen-induced lymphocyte blastogenic response before infection, suggesting the involvement of cell mediated immunity in protection against B ovis. PMID- 3764108 TI - Observations on mouse-infective stocks of Cowdria ruminantium: attempts to demonstrate antigenic changes of the Kwanyanga stock in mice. AB - Starting from a stabilate of caprine blood infected with the Kwanyanga stock of Cowdria ruminantium, eight serial passages were made in groups of mice, and eight parallel serial passages in goats. Cross-immunity tests in goats and mice failed to demonstrate any difference between stabilates made after the eighth passage. The Kwanyanga stock was of exceptionally low virulence for Dutch goats. PMID- 3764109 TI - [An analysis of the central respiratory oscillator by phase response curve]. PMID- 3764110 TI - [Differential ventilation and selective positive end-expiratory pressure]. PMID- 3764111 TI - [Pathophysiological bases of lung auscultation]. PMID- 3764112 TI - [Isolated working heart model improved on isolation method and perfusion apparatus]. PMID- 3764113 TI - [Effects of intravenous amrinone (Win 40680) on heart failure complicated by acute myocardial infarction: comparative study with dopamine and dobutamine]. PMID- 3764114 TI - [Relation of serum ergonovine level to coronary vasospasm and systemic hemodynamics]. PMID- 3764115 TI - [Impaired systolic performance of the left ventricle during exercise in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: an RI angiographic study]. PMID- 3764116 TI - [Standard values and prediction equations for respiratory function measurements. (II)--Flow-volume curve measurements in healthy Japanese]. PMID- 3764117 TI - [A case of idiopathic dilatation of the pulmonary artery with pulmonic insufficiency]. PMID- 3764118 TI - Intrapulmonary gas distribution in healthy children. AB - Distribution of ventilation was evaluated in 54 healthy children (24 boys and 30 girls), aged 7-16 years by multibreath nitrogen washout (MBNW) curves, from which the moment ratios (m1: m0, m2: m0), the lung clearance index, the Becklake index and the ventilatory efficiency index (E 90%) was computed. Functional residual capacity (FRC) was calculated from the washout curve and compared with the thoracic gas volume (TGV) plethysmographically determined, as well as with the FRC determined by helium dilution. The study shows that MBNW can easily be performed during spontaneous breathing in children and provides specific indices of ventilation. These indices show no sex difference and are age-independent. Therefore, the data of the present study contradict some previous indirect findings suggesting that the distribution of air in the lungs would become more even with age. There are in contrast more convincing direct measurement data showing that airways grow isotropically relative to the lungs. PMID- 3764119 TI - Changing relationships between stature and lung volumes during puberty. AB - In a follow-up study the relationship between growth in body dimensions and in lung volumes during the adolescent growth spurt was studied in 149 girls and 477 boys, aged 11.5-14.0 years at the start of the study. Total lung capacity (TLC), residual volume, vital capacity (VC) and series dead space were measured twice a year for 6 years. When analyzed cross-sectionally lung volumes can be described by a power function of stature, both for each set of half-yearly measurements and when all data are pooled. The powers were close to 3, increasing at each time of measurement in boys and decreasing in girls. These trends reflect that in each subject the growth spurt does not start at the same age, and that individual growth occurs non-linearly along a steeper line than found in the cross-section. Using simple allometric relationships between stature and lung volumes, volume predictions are too high in the youngest age group, and too low in the oldest adolescents. Including age in the regression equation removes this trend in the cross-sectional data, and for VC and TLC also in the longitudinal data. PMID- 3764120 TI - Respiratory resetting induced by activation of inspiratory bulbo-spinal neurons. AB - The respiratory effects elicited by spinal (C2-C3) stimulation at the level of descending inspiratory axons were studied in paralysed, non-vagotomized and artificially ventilated cats anaesthetized with urethane-chloralose. The activation of inspiratory bulbospinal axons in the ventrolateral quadrant was confirmed by recording the ipsilateral phrenic excitation following a single pulse. Brief stimulus trains delivered at the same locus during expiration elicited short- and long-term phrenic activations. The short-term activation consisted of a tetanic orthodromic response. The long-term activation, of central origin, exhibited the same pattern as a spontaneous inspiration and consisted of an inspiratory resetting which necessitated weak anaesthesia and light hypocapnia. Control experiments (restricted lesions of the medulla and the cervical cord, recording of afferent activity in thalamic sensory nuclei, medullary stimulation) revealed that this inspiratory resetting could not be related to appreciable activation of either non-respiratory efferents or spinal afferent pathways studied but was likely to depend on the activation of the descending inspiratory axons. We conclude that the respiratory resetting obtained by spinal stimulation resulted from mass antidromic activation of the inspiratory bulbospinal neurons which thus appear to be involved in the generation of the respiratory rhythm. PMID- 3764121 TI - Domperidone-induced potentiation of ventilatory responses in awake goats. AB - Dopamine has been implicated in maintaining tonic inhibition of carotid body activity. We tested this hypothesis by assessing the ventilatory effects of a peripheral dopamine antagonist, domperidone. The effects of this agent on the ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia were also examined. The study was performed in awake carotid body intact and carotid body denervated goats. Resting minute ventilation increased while PaCO2 decreased (4 Torr) following domperidone administration (0.5 mg/kg, I.V.) in carotid body intact goats. This response did not occur in carotid body denervated goats supporting the hypothesis that endogenous dopamine provides tonic inhibition in the carotid body. Hypoxic and hypercapnic ventilatory responses were significantly augmented following domperidone administration in the carotid body intact goats. This supports the concept of dopaminergic modulation of the response of the carotid body to stimuli. Domperidone allows study of carotid chemoreceptor dopaminergic activity in awake animals because of its high affinity for carotid body D2 dopamine receptors and its lack of CNS effects. PMID- 3764122 TI - The early ontogeny of ventilation and homeothermy in an altricial bird, Agapornis roseicollis (Psittaciformes). AB - The body temperature (Tb) of brooded Agapornis nestlings increased with age from 36.2 on the day of hatching to 38.9 degrees C on day 11.5, whereas the thermally neutral ambient temperature (Ta,n) decreased with age. The Tb of nestlings after a 20 min exposure to Ta approximately equal to 5 degrees C less than Ta,n increased from 31.9 on day 0.5 to 37 degrees C on day 11.5. At Ta,n both resting VO2 and mass-independent resting VO2 increased with age. Ventilation frequency (f) at Ta,n increased with age from 14.9 br/min on day 0.5 to 65.6 on day 11.5. This trend is the opposite of the allometric prediction based upon data from adult birds. At hatching, tidal volume (VT) was larger than predicted allometrically, whereas minute volume (VI) was smaller. After 20 min exposure to Ta 5 degrees C less than Ta,n, f, VT, and VI in nestlings 1 to 3 days old remained unchanged, but VO2 and oxygen extraction efficiency decreased. This mild cold-challenge caused a transient increase in VO2 of nestlings 5 to 8 days of age and 20 to 35% of adult mass. By the time the nestlings were 11.5 days old and had a mass 44% that of adults, their metabolic response to a mild cold-challenge was equal to that of an adult of the same mass. However, they were not capable of effective homeothermy over a wide range of Ta's. PMID- 3764123 TI - Eggshell conductance--Fick's or Stefan's law? AB - The diffusion of gases through the avian eggshell has usually been interpreted as an example of Fick's law, and this appears to be the best explanation for gas exchange through narrow long pores. Many eggshells, however, contain more elaborate pores, of which the funnel-shaped type is the most common. It is suggested that most of the resistance to diffusion through these types of pores is best explained by Stefan's law of diffusion through apertures. The implications of this theory to the understanding of pore functions are discussed. PMID- 3764124 TI - Ventilatory regulation of extracellular pH in crayfish exposed to changes in water titration alkalinity and NaCl concentration. AB - The mechanisms of extracellular pH regulation were studied in normoxic crayfish Astacus leptodactylus during changes in water ionic composition at 13 degrees C. In artificial waters all ambient physico-chemical properties were controlled. Ventilatory changes and the time course of hemolymph acid-base balance, ABB, were followed after a decrease of water titration alkalinity, TAw, from 4 to 2 meq X L 1 simultaneously associated with either an increase of NaCl concentration, [NaCl]w, from 0.5 to 5 mmol X L-1, or a decrease of [NaCl]w, from 0.5 to 0.15 mmol X L-1. The ABB changes were characterized by a hypercapnic acidosis attributable to the decrease of TAw. Depending on the simultaneous change of [NaCl]w, two different mechanisms of compensation were observed. When [NaCl]w increased, the compensation was metabolic: the ventilatory requirement, VW X MO2 1, did not vary. When [NaCl]w decreased, the compensation was ventilatory: VW X MO2-1 doubled. It is concluded that in water-breathers ventilation, contrary to what is generally accepted, can play a role in extracellular ABB regulation. PMID- 3764125 TI - Comparison of vertex analysis and branching ratio in the study of trees. AB - Many kinds of naturally occurring trees have been the subject of study by investigators from a wide variety of disciplines, employing different techniques each with its own advantages and disadvantages. In this paper two such techniques for studying trees are compared: one is the classification of branches by order and the calculation of the branching ratio; the other is vertex analysis. The two methods, which at first sight appear different, are found to be mathematically similar. In complete trees, much the same information can be obtained from counting branches in each order as can be obtained from vertex analysis. In the case of pruned trees, overall branching ratio may give the more consistent results. PMID- 3764126 TI - [Immunologic aspects of scleroderma]. PMID- 3764127 TI - [Rheology of the red blood cell]. PMID- 3764128 TI - [Prognosis of generalized scleroderma. A retrospective study of 78 cases]. AB - From 1960 to 1984, 78 new patients with progressive systemic sclerosis were followed up: 60 women and 18 men whose ages ranged from 20 to 83 years, with a mean age of 58 years. Twenty nine are known to be dead and 3 were lost of follow up. Forty six have been followed up to the present time for a mean period of 5 years. The cumulative survival rates were 88 +/- 7 p. 100 at one year, 62,5 +/- 11,5 p. 100 at five years and 50,5 +/- 15 p. 100 at ten years. These figures are significantly different from those found in a matched group from the French general population. Nine features at the time of diagnosis which might influence prognosis were studied. Seven factors apparently have not affected prognosis: sex, age, time elapsed between initial symptom and definitive diagnosis, location of scleroderma, blood pressure, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and creatinine clearance. On the other hand, survival declined significantly faster in the 28 patients with anemia than in the 50 patients without anemia (P less than 0,001). Similarly, the 47 patients with radiological pulmonary involvement or pulmonary function abnormalities were at significantly higher risk for death than the 31 patients without interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. Anemia and pulmonary involvement are predictors of mortality and important prognostic tools in the management of the different drugs that have been recommended for the treatment of patients with systemic sclerosis. PMID- 3764129 TI - [Hepatomegaly with portal hypertension indicative of systemic mastocytosis]. AB - Systemic mastocytosis is an uncommon disorder due to multiorgan infiltration by mast cells. The authors report the case of a man whose mastocytosis was revealed in an unusual way by hepatomegaly and portal hypertension of the sinusoidal type. This case was also characterized by the absence of urticaria pigmentosa, the presence of seborrheic warts in which mast cell infiltration was noted and the absence of digestive symptoms. The peculiarities of this case are compared to the published data. PMID- 3764130 TI - [Valvular cardiopathies due to nonpenetrating injury. Apropos of a surgical case of aortic insufficiency]. AB - One case of traumatic aortic valve regurgitation operated upon is reported, and published cases of cardiac valve regurgitation caused by non-penetrating traumas are reviewed. This study demonstrates the relatively high frequency of traumatic heart diseases and among these, valve lesions. The dynamic disturbance occurs suddenly in a heart that is usually healthy and therefore without adaptation mechanism. This explains why such lesions are poorly tolerated and accounts for some peculiarities of semiology and haemodynamics. Plastic surgery seems to be successful in mitral valve lesions, whereas lesions of the aortic valve are such that valve replacement is required. The same applies to the tricuspid valve. The medico-legal aspects of the subject are mentioned. PMID- 3764131 TI - [Fatal cerebellar embolism during the in situ thrombolytic treatment of an acute arterial obstruction]. PMID- 3764133 TI - [Acquired neurotoxoplasmosis. Apropos of a case in a non-immunosuppressed patient]. PMID- 3764132 TI - [Churg and Strauss allergic granulomatous angiitis and an inflammatory pseudotumor of the orbit]. PMID- 3764134 TI - [Cholestasis during josamycin treatment]. PMID- 3764135 TI - [Erdheim-Chester disease. The multiviceral form presenting as exophthalmos]. AB - Erdheim-Chester disease is a rare visceral xantho-granulomatosis, the 17th case of which is reported here. The initial symptom, bilateral exophthalmos, was uncommon. The picture was completed by a retroperitoneal xanthogranuloma and by bilateral and symmetrical osteosclerosis of the long bones. The lack of X-bodies at electron microscopy differentiated the disease from Hand-Schuller-Christian disease. The patient's condition improved with chemotherapy (vinblastine and doxorubicin) combined with corticosteroid therapy. After a 5-month remission period, he died of an intercurrent infection. No autopsy was performed. PMID- 3764136 TI - [Abstracts of free papers presented at the 7th Chilean Congress of Internal Medicine. Santiago, 23-25 October 1985]. PMID- 3764137 TI - [Non-epithelial and carcinoid tumors of the large intestine]. PMID- 3764138 TI - [Human brucellosis in the region of Magallanes]. PMID- 3764139 TI - [Morbid obesity: experience with jejunoileal bypass in 6 patients]. PMID- 3764140 TI - [Endoscopic sphincterotomy: cooperative experience of 3 hospital centers]. PMID- 3764141 TI - [Determination of serum levels of theophylline]. PMID- 3764142 TI - [Cholestatic hepatitis secondary to propylthiouracil]. PMID- 3764143 TI - [Functional dyspepsia associated with changes of antral motility and delay of solid gastric emptying]. PMID- 3764144 TI - [Etiological complexity of cleft palate]. PMID- 3764145 TI - [Human experimentation and human rights. Is biomedical experimentation in children permissible?]. PMID- 3764146 TI - [Treatment of acute parathion poisoning with massive doses of atropine]. PMID- 3764147 TI - [Nuclear medicine]. PMID- 3764148 TI - [Structure of senescent patients discharged from a teaching hospital]. PMID- 3764149 TI - [Transient hypothyroidism after iodine radioisotope: myth or reality?]. PMID- 3764150 TI - [Incidence of cervix infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and urogenital Mycoplasma in an outpatient clinic of sexually transmitted diseases]. PMID- 3764151 TI - [Hematological values in healthy adults]. PMID- 3764152 TI - [Extraintestinal infections due to Campylobacter. Report of 3 cases]. PMID- 3764153 TI - [Peritoneal mesothelioma]. PMID- 3764154 TI - [Origin of ventricular tachycardia in corrected tetralogy of Fallot]. PMID- 3764155 TI - [Rheumatological aspects of the painful shoulder]. PMID- 3764157 TI - [Respiratory function tests in non-pulmonary diseases]. PMID- 3764156 TI - [Food habits of students graduating from elementary school in the Metropolitan area of Santiago, Chile]. PMID- 3764159 TI - [Gas chromatographic determination of methyl chloride accumulation in the adipose tissue of Rattus norvegicus L., forma albinos, Wistar]. PMID- 3764158 TI - [Comparative study of the dipsogenic effect of synthetic angiotensin II in dogs and rats]. PMID- 3764160 TI - [Statistical study on caries lesions of the anterior teeth]. PMID- 3764161 TI - [The circadian biorhythm of leukocytes]. PMID- 3764162 TI - [Biorhythm model of corticoid therapy in bronchial asthma patients]. PMID- 3764163 TI - [Evaluation of the clinical effectiveness of mianserin by psychological testing (the Hamilton scale)]. PMID- 3764164 TI - [Experimental correlations between the clinical symptoms of depression and test items]. PMID- 3764165 TI - [Optimization of pediatric medication]. PMID- 3764167 TI - [Cicatrol-type ointments]. PMID- 3764166 TI - [Experimental research on the action of a derivative from a p chloropenoxyisobutyric acid series on lipid parameters]. PMID- 3764168 TI - [Case of Dubin-Johnson syndrome]. PMID- 3764169 TI - [Surgical acute abdomen of rare etiology in the puerperium proper]. PMID- 3764170 TI - [The cervico-isthmus segment of the uterus, physiopathological and morphopathological implications]. PMID- 3764172 TI - [Socioeconomic implications of lumbar discopathies]. PMID- 3764171 TI - [Effect of the preparation Trimag on cerebral bioelectrical activity]. PMID- 3764173 TI - [Delta hepatitis: diagnosis, epidemiology and prevention]. PMID- 3764174 TI - [Pathogenic mechanisms in arterial hypertension. Round table, Iasi, 29 April 1985]. PMID- 3764175 TI - [Transient ischemic attacks in cerebral infarct subsequent to heart valve disease]. PMID- 3764176 TI - [Characteristics of a dietary regimen to assure the growth of infants with congenital cardiopathy]. PMID- 3764178 TI - [Medicine and philosophy (XII)]. PMID- 3764177 TI - [Surgical treatment of peptic esophagitis]. PMID- 3764179 TI - [Place and value of Slocum's operation in treating chronic luxations of the knee]. PMID- 3764180 TI - [Postoperative spondylodiscitis]. PMID- 3764181 TI - [Epidemiological considerations of the medical and socioeconomic implications of essential arterial hypertension. II. Observations in a metallurgical factory]. PMID- 3764182 TI - [Campylobacter jejuni enteritis in infants]. PMID- 3764183 TI - Smoking behaviour, knowledge and attitudes of medicine, dentistry, and pharmacy students. PMID- 3764184 TI - [Role of the endothelium in vascular reactivity to angiotensin]. PMID- 3764185 TI - [Etiological profile of infections in the immunodeficient host]. PMID- 3764186 TI - [Effect of apamin on the action potential and cell current of neuroblastoma N1E 115]. PMID- 3764187 TI - [Prophylactic importance of knowledge of the circulation of chemical substances and biological agents in the environment]. PMID- 3764188 TI - [Clinico-epidemiological research on arterial hypertension and ischemic cardiopathy]. PMID- 3764189 TI - Diet and symptoms in duodenal ulcer patients. PMID- 3764190 TI - [Bacterial arthritis in septicemia. Comments on 76 cases]. PMID- 3764191 TI - [Acute Campylobacter jejuni enterocolitis in children under 2 years of age]. PMID- 3764192 TI - [Incidence of infectious asthma in transportation personnel]. PMID- 3764193 TI - Actual ethic significances in psychiatric care delivery. PMID- 3764194 TI - [Drug treatment in hydatid cyst]. PMID- 3764196 TI - [Psychiatric intervention in the medical care for students]. PMID- 3764195 TI - [Medico-psychological prophylactic options depending on the family structure]. PMID- 3764198 TI - [Prostatic neoplasm--the experience of the 2d Surgical Clinic in Iasi]. PMID- 3764197 TI - [Long-term results of the surgical treatment in Basedow's disease]. PMID- 3764199 TI - [Seromucous otitis: diagnosis, prevention and treatment]. PMID- 3764200 TI - [Reinterventions in thyroid surgery]. PMID- 3764201 TI - [Potentials and limits in the rehabilitation of posttraumatic tenderness of the knee]. PMID- 3764202 TI - [Interpretation of sputum bacteriology in establishing the bacterial etiology of acute bronchopulmonary infections]. PMID- 3764203 TI - [Epidemiological research on essential arterial hypertension in industrial units]. PMID- 3764204 TI - [Alcohol, smoking and prostaglandin autacoids]. PMID- 3764205 TI - [Effect of male sex hormones on lipid parameters and platelet activity]. PMID- 3764206 TI - [Dimensions of the economic implications of absenteeism for medical leave in enterprises in Iasi County]. PMID- 3764207 TI - [Testicular changes during estrogen therapy of prostatic cancer]. PMID- 3764208 TI - [Blood and tissue peroxidase activity in some forms of human and animal cancer]. PMID- 3764209 TI - [Psychological problems in periodontopathies]. PMID- 3764210 TI - [Synthesis of thiocarbanilide derivatives with biological action]. PMID- 3764211 TI - [Surgical treatment of mediastinal tumors. Comments on 140 cases operated on]. PMID- 3764212 TI - [Several practical treatments in cutaneous mycoses]. PMID- 3764213 TI - Angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia. PMID- 3764214 TI - On a case of refractory congestive heart failure. PMID- 3764215 TI - [Generalized verrucosis]. PMID- 3764216 TI - [Medicine and society]. PMID- 3764217 TI - [A new human bacteriosis: infection with Kingella kingae]. PMID- 3764218 TI - [Encephalic manifestations of visceral cancer]. PMID- 3764219 TI - [Details of measles vaccine and vaccination]. PMID- 3764220 TI - EEG polygraphic sleep study in divers under a 31 ATA He-O2 environment with special reference to the automated analysis of sleep stages. AB - This study was performed on four simulated professional divers (31 ATA, PO2 = 0.4 bar, PN2 = 0.79 bar) to investigate the function of their sleep polygraphically. All-night electrographical recording of the subjects' sleep was taken from 23:00 until 07:00 the next morning, predive, saturation, decompression, and postdive from Nov. 20 to Dec. 13, 1985. Polygraphic analysis of nocturnal sleep was done by a microcomputer technique developed by us for comparison with visual scoring. This system is a real-time processing system. Therefore, a sleep chart is completed when the experiment is finished. This system was very useful for the analysis of the tremendous volume of sleep records during a nearly one-month experiment. The following results were obtained: In the predive control, total amount of stages (3 + 4) of NREM and REM sleep decreased. In the hyperbaric environment at 31 ATA, all the divers had to interrupt their sleep once or twice for nocturnal sleep urination, and also total waking time increased during nocturnal sleep. At 31 ATA, the length and the cycle of the sleep profile vacillated. A high degree of correlation was observed between the sleep profile recorded by the polygraph and the subjective appreciation of sleep. PMID- 3764221 TI - [Measurement of knee joint sounds by microphone]. AB - The use of a microphone to detect sound emitted from knee joint and tissues is a significant advance on acoustic detection systems. All possible artifact signals encountered by the sound detection technique were investigated. Background noise is minimized by measuring in an anechoic chamber. Coupler noise is eliminated by ventilation holes. Skin friction noise is effectively eliminated using ultrasonic gel. The use of a double microphone with differential amplifier to subtract the signals between two microphones is not suitable for the measurement of knee joint sound, because of the appearance of peak and dip frequency in a spectrum. It is possible to obtain the actual spectrum of knee joint sound by subtracting the spectrum of background sound from the spectrum of recorded knee joint sound. PMID- 3764222 TI - A method for combining results from several prospective epidemiologic studies. AB - An approach to the problem of a single study lacking adequate power to examine an important question is to combine the data from several studies to allow a more powerful test of the hypothesis in question. The present paper describes a method used by the International Collaborative Group to pool data on 54,492 men aged 40 69 from 10 population studies in 7 countries to examine the association between cholesterol level and risk of death from cancer. Furthermore, there was a suggestion that the inverse association observed in some studies might be the result of an effect of undetected cancer on cholesterol level, rather than an increase in cancer risk resulting from low cholesterol levels. This paper describes the process for selection of the method used to evaluate this possibility over other potential approaches and the results obtained in the analysis of the International Collaborative Group data that support this hypothesis. This report also indicates how one might expect some of the analyses described to compare with analyses based on a discrete version of the Cox proportional hazards model. PMID- 3764223 TI - Allocation designs in cohort and case-control studies. AB - Four unequal allocation designs for cohort and case-control studies that incorporate cost and power are considered and compared with the equal allocation design, with the aim of providing researchers some flexibility in planning their studies. It is found that the type of design to be adopted depends on available resources and projected needs. In the case of tight expenditure, the minimized cost design is the optimal, whereas the maximized power design may be sought if the researcher intends to ensure a high chance of detecting any clinically significant relative risk of disease. PMID- 3764224 TI - Calculating expected mortality. AB - The widely used 'person-years method' of calculating expected mortality has been discussed recently by several authors. In studies where mortality is either lower or higher than the standard mortality of some reference population, the use of exposure to death as an estimator of the expected number of deaths will generally lead to bias, always exaggerating the difference between study and standard mortality. This bias is examined in a proportional hazards model. The recent suggestion by Hartz et al.1 of calculating the mortalities of individuals during their 'potential follow-up time' is claimed to be only rarely feasible in practice. PMID- 3764225 TI - Estimation of normal ranges of clinical laboratory data. AB - This paper proposes a new procedure for estimating normal ranges of clinical laboratory tests, which can be applied to data with possibly more than one outlier from healthy subjects. The proposed procedure determines the optimal model among a class of models in which it is assumed that an observed distribution of 'normal values' can be transformed to the Gaussian form by one of several specified transformations, and if there exist outliers among the data, then each of the transformed outliers also follows a Gaussian distribution with different mean from, but the same variance as, the transformed distribution of normal values. The optimal model is defined as the best combination of the transformation to normality and the number of outliers identified, and is selected by the Akaike information criterion (AIC). Our procedure is illustrated with data from 200 healthy male subjects on 25 laboratory tests. PMID- 3764226 TI - The use of the binomial distribution in establishing an association between high risk donors and transfusion-associated AIDS. AB - In the first seven cases of transfusion-associated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (TA-AIDS) with completion of blood donor investigations, there was identification of at least one person (a high-risk donor--HRD) in each donor set who might have transmitted the disease. Using three definitions of an HRD, we estimated the prevalence of HRDs in the overall donor population and used the binomial distribution to calculate the probabilities of finding at least the observed numbers of donor sets with one or more HRDs. These probabilities--0.028, 0.007 and 0.014, respectively--allowed us to reject the null hypothesis that the number of cases of TA-AIDS exposed to an HRD was not greater than that expected by chance, based on the total number of donors to which each case was exposed and the estimated proportion of HRDs in the overall donor population. We concluded that there was a statistically significant association between HRDs and TA-AIDS. PMID- 3764227 TI - The use of GLIM and the bootstrap in assessing a clinical trial of two drugs. AB - An approach is described for estimating the dose of a new drug which is equipotent to an established dose of an old drug. The approach is basically that of the parallel-line assay but it can allow for concomitant variables and, by exploiting the facilities available in the statistical computer package GLIM (generalized linear interactive modelling), the approach can be applied when the residuals conform to one of a number of distributions and, with suitable safeguards, to continuous, discrete and even 'scored' responses. In some circumstances, it is necessary to obtain confidence limits by Efron's 'bootstrap' technique. The method is illustrated with results from a trial of two premedicant drugs in children. PMID- 3764228 TI - A simulation study of three sequential methods for the comparison of two treatment groups when the response criterion is censored. AB - Three recent sequential methods, group sequential analysis (GSA), the sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) and the triangular test (TT) are well suited to randomized clinical trials with a censored response criterion, as they do not require matched pairs of patients. We undertook a simulation study to investigate their statistical properties and to compare these three methods with the fixed sample design. Our results suggest that the three methods have the expected statistical properties for size and power; they allow an important reduction of the average number of events before stopping, except with GSA when there is no treatment difference; the triangular test (closed design) appears the optimal design, as the variance of the number of events is smaller than with the sequential probability ratio test (open design) and analysis after every twenty new events does not alter the statistical properties of these sequential methods and enhances their usefulness. PMID- 3764229 TI - A clinical trial with an interim analysis. AB - We consider a fixed-sample parallel-group clinical trial with an interim analysis that tests H0:mu x = mu y against H1:mu x less than mu y. If we do not reject at the interim analysis, then the probability of making a type I error by rejecting H0 in favour of H2:mu x greater than mu y and the power at the final analysis are not appreciably affected by performing the interim analysis for certain relevant critical regions. PMID- 3764230 TI - Statistical comparison of two handwashing protocols. AB - This paper describes statistical procedures for use in an experiment that compares two handwashing protocols. The evaluation of a handwashing protocol entails collection of the wash effluent. Colony counts for the effluent reflect the number of flora removed by the wash protocol. The analysis aims to formulate and estimate an odds ratio that represents the relative efficacy of a test as compared with a standard protocol. PMID- 3764231 TI - [2 cases of digestive system endometriosis]. PMID- 3764232 TI - [The value of Doppler echography in the evaluation of aortic stenosis in adults. Theoretical and practical considerations]. PMID- 3764234 TI - [Cancer: to tell the truth?]. PMID- 3764233 TI - [The free sale of ibuprofen--an improper popularization?]. PMID- 3764235 TI - [Method of global evaluation of life expectancy and quality of life in bronchial cancer]. PMID- 3764236 TI - [Evaluation of salivary and gustatory disorders after radiotherapy of head and neck neoplasms]. PMID- 3764237 TI - [Geriatrics and reciprocal expectations]. PMID- 3764238 TI - [An integrated geriatric entity]. PMID- 3764239 TI - [Pulmonary embolism in the aged--clinical study]. PMID- 3764240 TI - [Hyponatremia in the elderly]. PMID- 3764241 TI - [Cerebral tumors in geriatrics]. PMID- 3764242 TI - [Alcoholism in geriatrics]. PMID- 3764243 TI - [A case from practice (61). Patient: Mr. W.J., born 1923 (aortic aneurysm)]. PMID- 3764244 TI - [When is computed tomography of the thorax indicated?]. PMID- 3764245 TI - [Imaging studies to clarify injuries to the extremities in cases of multiple injuries]. PMID- 3764246 TI - [Increase in girth]. PMID- 3764247 TI - [The body as a problem of medicine]. PMID- 3764248 TI - [The corporeality of man as a new paradigm in medicine]. PMID- 3764249 TI - [Body language and dance]. PMID- 3764250 TI - [Body image in psychoanalysis or pleasure as solace]. PMID- 3764251 TI - [Lying and flying poets--lyric poetry and corporeality]. PMID- 3764253 TI - [Remarks on body-works]. PMID- 3764252 TI - [Corporeality is the purpose of God's work--comments on the body from a theological viewpoint]. PMID- 3764254 TI - [Body and matter]. PMID- 3764255 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of chronic paranasal sinus inflammation]. PMID- 3764256 TI - [Giant cavernous hemangioma of the liver]. PMID- 3764257 TI - [Laparotomaphilia migrans--a female patient on a Swiss trip]. PMID- 3764258 TI - [A perineal fistula of unusual origin]. PMID- 3764259 TI - [Stress ECG for the diagnosis of coronary insufficiency]. PMID- 3764260 TI - [Laboratory diagnosis of protozoan infections]. PMID- 3764261 TI - [Suicide]. PMID- 3764262 TI - [Anxiety--panic--depression]. PMID- 3764263 TI - [Fundamental ethical questions in modern medicine]. PMID- 3764264 TI - [Thoracic pain, febrile status]. PMID- 3764265 TI - [A case from practice (63). Patient: Mr. W.Z., born 27 August 1941]. PMID- 3764266 TI - [Classic tomography or computerized tomography (CT)?]. PMID- 3764267 TI - [Very late complications of extrapleural pneumothorax as a result of external fistulation (on acrylic balls after 18 years) or internal fistulation (on oleothorax after 32 and 48 years, respectively)]. PMID- 3764269 TI - [The special case of right ventricular infarct. Physiopathologic study]. PMID- 3764268 TI - [Treatment of urinary incontinence complicating urethropelvic insufficiency by colposuspension of the bladder neck by the Burch technic]. PMID- 3764270 TI - [Prognosis of malignant melanoma]. PMID- 3764271 TI - [Slalom in esophageal surgery. Failures and successes 1955-1985]. PMID- 3764272 TI - [Iatrogenic hemobilia]. PMID- 3764273 TI - [Partial horizontal laryngectomies]. PMID- 3764274 TI - [Changes in the surgical treatment of renal artery stenosis]. PMID- 3764275 TI - [New technics in the treatment of urinary calculi]. PMID- 3764276 TI - [The laser. Applications in urology]. PMID- 3764277 TI - [Retro-rectal neoplasms in the adult. Apropos of a sacrococcygeal giant cell tumor]. PMID- 3764278 TI - [Postoperative complications in colon surgery]. PMID- 3764279 TI - [Rupture of the jejunum after closed abdominal trauma during skiing]. PMID- 3764280 TI - [Treatment of exogenous morbid obesity by vertical gastroplasty]. PMID- 3764281 TI - [Catastrophic medicine: from emergency surgery to war surgery]. PMID- 3764282 TI - [Movable prostheses of the knee: critical short-term analysis of the first 21 cases at the Orthopedic Hospital]. PMID- 3764283 TI - [Cerebral metastases and bronchial carcinomas. Apropos of a cure exceeding 13 years]. PMID- 3764284 TI - [Treatment of accident victims in an outlying hospital: who are the involved specialists?]. PMID- 3764285 TI - [Specificity of overall general medicine: what frames of reference?]. PMID- 3764286 TI - Uterine activity during sleep. AB - REM-related increases in uterine activity were found in 10 healthy young adult volunteer subjects. Contraction baseline pressures were elevated compared with NREM sleep, stage 2 sleep, stages 3 and 4 slow wave sleep (SWS), and stage 0. Contraction amplitudes during REM sleep were greater than those during SWS and stage 0, while contraction rates differed only between REM sleep and SWS. The results strongly indicated a cycle of genital activity in women that parallels the penile erection cycle in men. The implications of this finding and suggestions for future research are discussed. PMID- 3764287 TI - Somatosensory and brainstem auditory evoked responses in sleep-related periodic leg movements. AB - The pathophysiological mechanisms of sleep-related periodic leg movements (sPLM) and restless legs syndrome are unknown. Evoked potentials have been demonstrated to be abnormal in a variety of episodic movement disorders. In the present study, mixed nerve somatosensory and brainstem auditory evoked responses were examined in patients with polysomnographically documented sPLM who also had restless legs. Normal lower extremity (posterior tibial nerve stimulation) and upper extremity (median nerve stimulation) somatosensory evoked responses were recorded in a group of 10 patients with documented sPLM. Brainstem auditory evoked responses also were normal. These findings do not provide any evidence for a primary afferent sensory disturbance and indirectly support a recently forwarded hypothesis that sPLM is a reflection of suppression of descending inhibitory influences on pyramidal tract function. PMID- 3764288 TI - Simulation of human hypnograms using a Markov chain model. AB - A Markov chain model has been proposed as a mechanism that generates human sleep stages. A method for estimating the parameters of the model, i.e., the transition probabilities (rates) between sleep stages, has been introduced and applied to 95 hypnograms taken from 23 subjects. The rates characterize interindividual differences and nightly variations of the sleep mechanism, related to sleep-onset behavior, to the decreasing amount of slow wave sleep in the course of the night, and to the REM-NREM periodicity. The model simulates both probabilistic and the above-mentioned predictable dynamics of sleep, but only if these time-varying, individual rates are applied. PMID- 3764289 TI - Dream self-reflectiveness as a learned cognitive skill. AB - This research was directed toward the contradiction sustained by cognitive dream psychology, which on the one hand regards dreaming as higher symbolic activity and, on the other, sees its organizational and functional characteristics as derivative and/or inferior to those of waking consciousness. Study 1 evaluates the degree of self-reflective meta-cognition in dreams from different sleep stages. Subjects were 24 college students selected such that half were self reported high-frequency dream recallers and half were low-frequency recallers. Both groups were composed equally of men and women. Greater self-reflectiveness (SR) was found in REM dreams as compared with those from stages 2 and 4, which did not differ. High-frequency recallers showed more dream SR than did low frequency recallers. Study 2 assessed the extent to which self-reflective and lucid dreaming can be learned as a cognitive skill by varying levels of intention and attention paid to dreaming. After 3 weeks of home dream collection, results showed that four experimental groups had greater dream SR than did a baseline group. The most effective treatment was the mnemonic, wherein attention patterning schemas learned in waking resulted in more self-reflective and lucid dreaming than did either baseline or attention-control conditions. These results provide evidence that dreaming is not single-minded but variable along a self reflective process continuum, and suggest functional and organizational levels that are consistent with the conception of dreaming as higher order cognitive activity. PMID- 3764291 TI - Removal of tracheostomy in a morbidly obese sleep apneic patient after gastric bypass. PMID- 3764290 TI - Sleeping and waking thought: effects of external stimulation. AB - This article describes some of the variables that distinguish waking and sleeping (REM) thought. Mentation reports from the waking state, as described here, tend to have more topic shifts than those from the REM state, which often have a single-theme storylike quality. It is assumed that heightened response thresholds to sensory stimuli, in conjunction with the state of high cortical activation typical of REM sleep, account for the storylike quality of REM imagery. In this experiment, an intermittent auditory stimulus was the model for environmental influences on waking mentation. It was hypothesized that the removal of this intermittent auditory stimulation, simulating in waking subjects the increased sensory thresholds of REM sleep, would decrease the number of topic shifts in spontaneous thought. It was expected that this reduction in number of topics would approach levels achieved in REM sleep. Thirty subjects participated in individual sessions in which they lay in a sound-attenuated, lightproof room with eyes closed. They were asked for mentation reports as follows: after lying awake with external stimulation (W), after lying awake without external stimulation (WO), and after being wakened from REM sleep. Transcribed mentation reports were scored on seven content rating scales, including total recall count, a count of all words in which the subject was describing his/her experience during the previous interval, and number of thought units (TU) per report, a count of the distinct, thematically homogeneous thought sequences. Hotelling t-squared tests were performed with the different states as the independent variables and the scores on the cognitive scales as the dependent variables. The major factor distinguishing mentation reports of waking subjects and subjects wakened from REM sleep was the TU count, with waking subjects changing topics more frequently. Removal of the intermittent auditory stimulus reduced the number of topic shifts in waking subjects, with a significance approaching the 95% confidence limit. PMID- 3764292 TI - [Development of the indications for celioscopic biopsy of the ovaries. 408 cases over a 20-year period]. AB - Indications for per-laparoscopic ovarian biopsy has decreased significantly during the last two decades, thanks to the progress in hormone assays and new drugs. Despite this, there is still place for ovarian biopsy in the following circumstances: in the rare cases of amenorrhea with high levels of FSH and LH, the value of biopsy is important for distinguishing between early menopause and gonadotropin-resistant ovaries; it allows the clinician to refrain from or to increase his therapy; in the few cases of Stein-Leventhal or borderline syndromes, there is a place for laparoscopic biopsy after failure of hormonal treatment, if only to avoid post-laparotomy adhesions. The greatest value is in infertility, because of the frequency of ovarian factors and the success rate of laparoscopy coupled with ovarian biopsy. PMID- 3764293 TI - [Ovarian remnant syndrome. Apropos of 4 cases]. AB - Four observations of "residual ovarian syndrome" are presented. This syndrome is to be discriminated from the one of "the remaining ovary". These observations are discussed and compared with literature data. After bilateral ovariectomy--or adnexectomy--generally difficult, appear with a variable reaction time, different unrelated or coupled symptoms: signs of renewal of ovarian hormonal activity after a phase of surgical menopause, pelvic pains, dyspareunia, et cetera.... Clinical, biology, echography and even tomodensitometry lead to the diagnosis. The treatment can be: the return of surgery, the pelvic irradiation, antigonadotropic progestogens or abstention. PMID- 3764294 TI - [Malignant transformation of endometriosis: a hypothesis on its histogenesis]. AB - Carcinomatous degeneration of the endometrium is rarely seen. The authors consider the pathogenesis of this disorder based on two authentic cases. On the basis of their previous studies of the endometrium, the authors suggest that endometriotic centers are simply "dystrophies" developing from subcoelomic mesenchymal cells which although quiescent are still capable of proliferation and differentiation. "Dystrophies" are insensitive to hormonal incitation and this would explain the rarity of carcinomatous degeneration of the endometrium. PMID- 3764295 TI - [Urologic consequences of severe genital prolapse]. AB - From three observations, the authors analyse the ureteric dilatation and genital prolapse association from an anatomo-clinic point of view. The bladder-base displacement situated in the vaginal prolapse and the resulting very sharp angle formed by the terminal ureter portion are enough to explain the pathogenesis of the observed urinary lesions. The repercussions of advanced prolapses upon upper urinary tracts are rarely mentioned in literature. The three reported clinic cases are absolutely demonstrative: for every one, the major uretero pyelectasis is associated with a progressive renal insufficiency. Authors insist upon urologic symptoms quick regression after a prolapse cure. This correction is made either by putting a pessary, either by a surgical cure unless the risk should be too important for the patient. PMID- 3764297 TI - [Vitamin D and pregnancy: value of a single dose in the third trimester. Comparative study of 100 cases]. AB - A comparative study (100 treated subjects, 100 controls) was carried out at the Centre Hospitalier at Meaux during the winter of 1984-85 in which pregnant women were given single doses of vitamin D to be taken at the seventh month of pregnancy. The results obtained for neonatal blood calcium levels clearly demonstrated the value of vitamin D supplements in pregnant women. This study was original in that a single dose of vitamin D was provided; this led to almost perfect therapeutic observance (99%). PMID- 3764296 TI - [Obstetric outcome of the malformed uterus. Study of 155 pregnancies]. AB - Gynecological and obstetrical pathologies are considered in 155 pregnancies involving uterine deformity. Evaluation of their relative importance shows that maintenance of pregnancy is more important than pregnancy per se. Certain rules are proposed for treatment and obstetrical management of such pregnancies. PMID- 3764298 TI - [Did you say "mortinatality"?]. AB - The meaning behind words is never simple. The authors examine natimortality and emphasize obstacles to accurate quantitative evaluation and difficulties associated with temporal and geographic comparisons and etiologic definitions. PMID- 3764299 TI - [Dermoid cyst of the fallopian tube. Apropos of a case]. AB - Authors on the subject of a case of fallopian tube dermoid cyst, lay an emphasis on the rarity of this pathology, its clinical polymorphism. With an unknown pathology, the treatment remains only surgical. PMID- 3764300 TI - [Update on prolactin]. AB - Normal serum prolactin levels range from 5 to 20 ng/ml (circadian rhythm, effect of stress, relation with estrogen secretion). Neuroleptics increase serum prolactin levels. Normal concentrations are restored within 24 to 48 hours of discontinuation of the drug. When neuroleptics are given for a long period of time, serum prolactin concentrations fall gradually to low levels. There is no conclusive evidence that prolactin plays a role in breast tumors in women. Epidemiologic studies have shown that neuroleptics are not responsible for increased incidences of these tumors. PMID- 3764301 TI - [Enzootic paracoccidioidomycosis in armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) in the State of Para]. PMID- 3764302 TI - [Hepatic involvement in human brucellosis. Report of 2 clinical cases]. PMID- 3764303 TI - Acute pulmonary histoplasmosis and first isolation of Histoplasma capsulatum from soil of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. PMID- 3764304 TI - [Female genital paracoccidioidomycosis. Report of a clinical case]. PMID- 3764305 TI - Anti-DNA antibodies of IgA class in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - Sera obtained from 53 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were investigated for the presence of immunoglobulin class-specific antibodies against native (ds)DNA and denatured (ss)DNA. The methods employed were the Crithidia luciliae test and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Anti-dsDNA antibodies of IgG class were seen in 42%, IgM-anti-dsDNA antibodies in 43%, and IgA-anti-dsDNA antibodies in 30% of the patients. There was an association between the presence of both IgG- and IgA anti-dsDNA antibodies and the activity of the disease. Patients with active nephritis also had anti-dsDNA antibodies of IgG and IgA class significantly more often than patients with inactive nephritis or without renal disease. IgG-anti-ssDNA antibodies were seen in 89%, IgM-anti-ssDNA antibodies in 51%, and IgA-anti-ssDNA antibodies in 66% of the patients. Patients with nephritis had low levels of antibodies to ssDNA of IgM class. We suggest that immunoglobulin class-specific anti-DNA antibodies should be determined in the diagnosis and monitoring of SLE. PMID- 3764306 TI - Fibronectin in polyethylene glycol precipitates: evidence for a role in immune complexes. AB - Fibronectin is involved in the opsonic clearance of particulate material. It is present in plasma and synovial fluid and thus might be expected to have a role in the clearance of immune complexes. We have investigated this in a study of polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitable material from the serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and other connective tissue disorders. Fibronectin is a significant component of PEG precipitates but the amount present is influenced by the method of preparation: more precipitates at 4 degrees C than at 20 degrees C. Fibronectin precipitation by PEG was considered to be related to immune complexes because: there was no direct relationship between serum fibronectin levels and the amount present in PEG precipitates; radiolabelled purified isolated fibronectin did not precipitate in 4% PEG; there was a direct relationship between the amount of fibronectin in PEG precipitates and the amounts of immunoglobulin G, A, and M. These results indicate that fibronectin is involved in immune complexes in rheumatic diseases, though they do not show it has an important biological role in these circumstances. PMID- 3764308 TI - Intercellular network in articular cartilage of pigs with experimentally induced arthritis. I. Fact or artifact? PMID- 3764307 TI - Clinical and laboratory effects of nifedipine in Raynaud's phenomenon. AB - The calcium channel blocking drug nifedipine was shown to be more effective than placebo as a treatment for Raynaud's phenomenon. Given in a dose of 10 mg four times a day it was well tolerated and reduced both the frequency and the severity of vasospastic attacks. There was, however, a large individual variation in response and while approximately half the patients showed marked improvement others showed no improvement at all. Patients with idiopathic Raynaud's phenomenon responded more favourably than those with systemic sclerosis. Nifedipine was shown to inhibit mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation but only in patients who responded to the drug clinically. Calcium channel blocking drugs may therefore have potential as immunoregulatory agents. PMID- 3764309 TI - [Subpopulations of erythrocytes from cord blood with special surface antigen properties: enrichment by affinity chromatography]. PMID- 3764310 TI - [Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura treated with plasma-exchange, exchange transfusion and plasma infusion: description of a case]. PMID- 3764311 TI - Peripheral and central nervous system lesions caused by triethyl- and trimethyltin salts in rats. AB - Both trimethyltin and triethyltin salts are known to produce toxic lesions in the central nervous system. Triethyltin intoxication has been associated with central intramyelin edema, while trimethyltin has been shown to produce neuronal necrosis in selected limbic and sensory regions of the brain. Only scant attention has been paid to peripheral nerves of animals treated with alkyltins. In this study, we have treated rats with 6 or 8 mg/kg trimethyltin, and 1, 2, 4, 6, or 8 mg/kg triethyltin (single or multiple exposure), and evaluated in detail at the light microscope level both central and peripheral nervous system lesions. In addition to the central neuron necrosis or myelin edema described previously, both compounds produced peripheral axon degeneration and chromatolysis of large spinal cord and brain stem neurons. Chromatolysis was seen in reticular neurons of the brain stem and ventral horn or spinal cord in rats receiving high doses (6 or 8 mg/kg) of triethyltin, and in these same areas plus mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus in animals treated with trimethyltin. Wallerian-like degeneration of peripheral axons was seen in sciatic and tibial nerve and ventral roots of animals receiving 3 injections of 4 mg/kg or single or multiple injections of 6 or 8 mg/kg triethyltin. Axon degeneration was also seen in sciatic and tibial nerves 21 days after a single exposure to 8 mg/kg trimethyltin. Since myelin edema is believed to be reversible, the axonal changes described here may be of greater clinical significance in relation to human exposure. PMID- 3764312 TI - Renal pathology and toxicity. Fourth International Symposium of the Society of Toxicologic Pathologists, Washington, D.C., June 5-7, 1985. PMID- 3764313 TI - Age-related variations in renal structure and function in Sprague-Dawley rats. AB - Data from 500 male and 500 female Sprague-Dawley rats used as controls in studies performed at Huntingdon Research Centre to assess the safety of drugs were sampled at 17, 30, 56, 82, or 108 weeks of age. Plasma urea nitrogen levels remained constant, except in aged males. Aging caused increased proteinuria and decreased urinary concentrating ability, in addition to increased size, weight, and degree of cortical scarring of kidneys. Chronic progressive nephropathy, first seen histopathologically at 30 weeks of age, accounted for these changes and ultimately affected 81% of male and 44% of female rats. One-fifth of two-year old male rats had diffuse parenchymal damage and a small number also had secondary hyperparathyroidism. Other notable changes included basophilic (often colloid-filled) cortical tubules, mononuclear cell infiltrations, parenchymal and pelvic mineralization, urothelial hyperplasia, and pyelonephritis. Miscellaneous low incidence findings included one lipomatous tumour and generalized lymphosarcoma. PMID- 3764314 TI - Spontaneous renal lesions in five rat strains. AB - A survey of non-neoplastic and neoplastic renal lesions found in 5 rat strains, namely, ACI (August X Copenhagen Irish), A22807 (August), F344 (Fischer), M520 (Marshall), and OM (Osborne-Mendel) is given. The results from this survey indicate that the OM, M520, and ACI rat strains have major disadvantages for their use in long-term toxicology and carcinogenesis studies. Male OM rats had a high incidence of renovascular lesions which consisted of necrotizing arteritis or arteriolitis and intimal thickening of small arteries, and resembled renal lesions described in hypertensive rats and human patients. Predominant renal lesions in the M520 and ACI rat strains included extensive calculus formation at the pyramido-pelvic junction, which was often associated with proliferative pelvic transitional cell lesions and hydronephrosis. The ACI rat strain also had unilateral congenital renal agenesis in about 12% of the animals of either sex. Based on the spectrum of renal lesions observed in the 2 remaining rat strains, namely A28807 and F344, it is difficult to determine which one of the two should be preferred for long-term studies. The A28807 rat strain had less severe chronic renal disease than the F344 but had a higher incidence of pelvic transitional cell hyperplasia. The ultimate choice should be based on the spectrum, incidence, and severity of extra-renal lesions. PMID- 3764315 TI - Spontaneous lipomatous tumors in the kidney of the Crl:CD(SD)BR rat. AB - Primary tumors of the rat kidney are uncommon (0.05%) and are most often seen in older rats. Nephroblastoma is the most commonly diagnosed tumor, but benign and malignant tumors of epithelial cell and mesenchymal cell origin occur. Lipomatous tumors are occasionally seen, especially in aged rats, and are controversial lesions. They have been variously classified in the literature in lipomas, liposarcomas, and lipomatous hamartomas. In my experience, the range of diagnoses has also included post-inflammatory change and lipidosis. The lipomatous tumors are the focus of discussion for the purpose of defining criteria for the various diagnostic categories. The implications of these diagnostic categories for safety assessment are also discussed. PMID- 3764316 TI - Experimentally induced malignant hypertension in beagle dogs. AB - The pathology of malignant hypertension in dogs induced either purposely or inadvertently by the Goldblatt procedure has not been previously reported. Malignant hypertension was experimentally produced in beagle dogs by a modified Goldblatt procedure; in a single surgical procedure, one kidney was removed and the blood flow to the remaining kidney was reduced by 50%. A sudden onset of severe clinical signs developed within one to three weeks after surgery. The dogs were markedly depressed or in shock, were vomiting, and had either bloody feces or bloody diarrhea. Hematologic changes compatible with a diagnosis of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia consisted of hemolysis, thrombocytopenia, and the presence of burr cells and schistocytes. Some dogs had neutrophilia and slight to moderate increases in blood urea nitrogen and creatinine. At necropsy, there were gross hemorrhages in the heart, brain, urinary bladder, and gastrointestinal tract. Histologic findings consisted of multifocal parenchymal hemorrhage, fibrinoid necrosis of arterioles, medial smooth muscle hyperplasia, adventitial fibroplasia and mononuclear cell infiltrates, and microthrombi. The vascular clamp most likely protected the kidney from the systemic hypertension since the remaining kidney was largely not remarkable by light or electron microscopy. The dog appears to be a good model to study the pathology of malignant hypertension and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. PMID- 3764317 TI - Histopathology and cell proliferation induced by 2,2,4-trimethylpentane in the male rat kidney. AB - Unleaded gasoline causes acute and chronic nephrotoxicity and renal tumors in male rats, but not female rats or mice of either sex. An active nephrotoxic component of unleaded gasoline has been identified as 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (TMP). The first objective of this study was to characterize light microscopic renal lesions induced in male F344 rats by a 21-day gavage regimen of 50 to 500 mg/kg TMP. The second objective was to localize and quantitate sites of renal cell proliferation induced by the same TMP dose regimens using histoautoradiographic analysis after [3H]thymidine incorporation. Light microscopic lesions in the proximal convoluted tubule consisted of protein droplet and crystalloid body accumulation, degeneration, and necrosis, and were similar to lesions noted in previous inhalation and gavage studies with other hydrocarbon compounds. The above renal lesions were not dose-related, although tubular dilation of thin limb segments with granular cell debris was dose related. In cell proliferation studies TMP induced a non-dose-related five- to sixfold increase in the labelling index of the same proximal convoluted tubule portions (P2 segment) that contained severe crystalloid body accumulation, degeneration, and necrosis. Less pronounced, but statistically significant (p less than or equal to 0.05), increases in cell proliferation were also observed in other nephron segments, indicating a generalized regenerative response of the kidney to TMP. The cytotoxic and regenerative renal effects of TMP administered by gavage suggest that similar mechanisms may be involved in the induction of kidney tumors in male rats following chronic inhalation exposure to unleaded gasoline. PMID- 3764318 TI - Exaggerated response to gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats: identification of a highly sensitive outlier population. AB - A number of factors have been shown to predispose patients treated with aminoglycosides to nephrotoxicity. In a previous study in our laboratory investigating the interaction of prior renal dysfunction with gentamicin toxicokinetics, 9.4% of rats in all treatment groups were relatively more sensitive to gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. To determine if these outliers had an underlying disease or physiological abnormality, serum was collected from 99 Sprague-Dawley rats prior to daily treatment with 75 mg/kg gentamicin for seven days. Urea nitrogen, creatinine, Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, total protein, albumin, aspartate transaminase, serum osmolality, total white and red blood cell count, hematocrit, hemoglobin, blood gases, and thyroxine were measured. Blood was collected one and four hours after the first dose of gentamicin for pharmacokinetic analysis. Elevations in post-treatment creatinine and nitrogen were significantly greater in the outliers (4.10 +/- 0.24 mg/dl (n = 12) vs 1.92 +/- 0.06 mg/dl (n = 87) and 146.4 +/- 7.2 mg/dl (n = 12) vs 71.5 +/- 2.0 mg/dl (n = 87); both p = 0.0001) and served as criteria for identifying this subgroup. Post-treatment creatinine and urea nitrogen were not normally distributed in the entire study population. However, when the population was divided into normal and sensitive subgroups, both subgroup values were normally distributed. The gentamicin pharmacokinetic profiles were similar in both groups. Postmortem histopathology showed significant increases in tubular casts and tubular necrosis (p = 0.01) in the sensitive rats, compared to the normally responding subgroup.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3764319 TI - Effects of cyclosporine on human endothelial cell cultures. AB - Reports of vascular changes in renal biopsies of transplant patients treated with cyclosporine prompted review of our own renal biopsies and examination of human endothelial cell cultures exposed to cyclosporine in vitro. Endothelial cells were isolated from human umbilical cords by collagenase digestion and cultured in Medium 199 with Earle's salts plus 20% pooled human serum in the absence of antibiotics. Cultures exposed to cyclosporine (0, 0.4, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0 micrograms/ml) for 0, 3, 7, 10, and 14 days were subsequently fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer. Vascular thrombosis was seen in renal biopsies of cyclosporine- and azathioprine-treated patients but the incidence was the same in both groups. No change in the morphology of endothelial cell cultures was observed until 7 days when an increase in size and number of cytoplasmic inclusions became apparent in both control and cyclosporine-treated cultures. By electron microscopy, these inclusions were identified as secondary lysosomes. Their number and size increased with the length of time in culture but did not appear to correlate with the concentration of cyclosporine in the medium. No other morphologic change was identified. It is concluded that the appearance of increased numbers of secondary lysosomes in human endothelial cell cultures is a function of culture age as opposed to cyclosporine exposure. Furthermore, the data indicate that small vessel thrombosis is not specific to treatment with cyclosporine. PMID- 3764320 TI - Strain-related susceptibility to nephrotoxicity induced by aspirin and phenylbutazone in rats. AB - Single doses of aspirin induce scattered foci of necrosis of proximal tubules in some strains of rats, whereas acute or sub-acute administration of phenylbutazone causes renal papillary necrosis. Initially, using Sprague-Dawley rats of CFY and CD strains, it became clear that these rats were not as susceptible to these drugs as the literature suggested. Aspirin-induced necrosis was apparently sex related, being seen in females but could be induced by hormone treatment in males. Male Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats had reacted differently to administration of phenylbutazone for two weeks. Two experiments were performed with four rat strains: Wistar, Lister-Hooded, Sprague-Dawley, and Fischer-344. The rats were six weeks old at the start of the experiments. Five males and five females of each strain were gavaged with either a single dose of 1,000 mg/kg of aspirin or 200 mg/kg phenylbutazone once daily for four weeks. The drugs were suspended in methylcellulose, which was given to equal numbers of control male and female rats in each experiment. The rats were maintained under standard conditions. Blood and 18-hour overnight urine samples were collected prior to sacrifice. There were no strain-related differences in the types of renal lesions seen, however there were differences in the degrees of responses to the two drugs. With aspirin the female Fischer-344 rats were the most susceptible showing necrosis of proximal tubules of both kidneys and markedly elevated urinary protein concentration and gamma-GT activity. Other females showed less change. Male rats were affected only slightly and males of the Wistar strain were not.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3764321 TI - Histopathological study of human cisplatin nephropathy. AB - The present study was conducted to obtain detailed information on the morphological changes in the human kidney as related to cisplatin therapy. The kidneys of ten autopsy cases showing impaired renal function following cisplatin therapy with hydration were examined histologically. Sporadic lesions of degeneration, necrosis, and regenerative changes were observed in the pars convoluta and pars recta of the proximal tubule, distal tubule, and collecting duct. Enlarged and pleomorphic nuclei in regenerated epithelial cells and hyperplasia of the collecting duct lining cells were considered to be specific histological findings in renal injury related to cisplatin therapy. Electron microscopic examination of a case receiving a large dose of cisplatin without signs of renal insufficiency showed an increased number of cytosomes containing electron dense granules in all tubular portions and conspicuous nuclear indentation in the thin limb of the loop of Henle and collecting duct. The platinum concentration in autopsy organs and biopsy cases was analyzed, but no correlation could be found between the concentration level of platinum in the kidney and impairment of renal function. PMID- 3764322 TI - Nephrotoxicity of hexachlorobutadiene and its glutathione-derived conjugates. AB - The nephrotoxicity of hexachloro-1,3-butadiene (HCBD), its glutathione conjugate (HCBD-GSH), cysteine conjugate (HCBD-CYS), and its N-acetyl cysteine conjugate (HCBD-NAC) were compared in male and female Alderley Park rats. Rats, six to eight weeks of age, were given a single intra-peritoneal injection of HCBD or its conjugates and killed 24 hours later. Nephrotoxicity was assessed by histological examination and plasma urea. All three glutathione-derived conjugates produced an elevation of plasma urea and proximal renal tubular necrosis with a similar localization in the pars recta as seen with HCBD. All the conjugates were more nephrotoxic than HCBD itself. HCBD was about four times more toxic to female rats than males. This sex difference was also shown by all the HCBD metabolites. PMID- 3764323 TI - National Toxicology Program nomenclature for hepatoproliferative lesions of rats. AB - Diagnostic criteria for hepatoproliferative lesions of Fischer 344 rats are presented to permit more complete categorization of the spectrum of lesions observed in two-year chemical carcinogenicity studies. A nomenclature recently adopted by the National Toxicology Program differs from previous classification schemes in that hepatocellular hyperplasia and hepatocellular adenoma are to be used for lesions which were previously combined under the diagnosis of neoplastic nodule. The term hyperplasia is reserved for proliferative lesions that are perceived to be secondary, nonneoplastic responses to degenerative changes in the liver. Foci of cellular alteration, hepatocellular adenoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma are believed to represent a spectrum of changes that comprise the natural history of neoplasia. This change in nomenclature was made subsequent to a peer review of representative hepatoproliferative lesions from two-year carcinogenicity studies. The revised nomenclature is consistent with traditional pathologic diagnoses for proliferative lesions in other epithelial tissues and should facilitate the interpretation of conventional toxicity and carcinogenicity studies in rats. Morphologic features of other selected rat liver lesions are also presented. PMID- 3764324 TI - Microscopic evaluation slides from toxicity and carcinogenicity studies. PMID- 3764325 TI - [Cause of failure of nucleolysis and results of surgery]. AB - Out of a total of 435 cases of nucleolysis, 400 case-reports of which could be used, secondary surgery was performed in 48 cases or 12% of the total. Surgery was most frequently required following L4/L5 than L5/S1 nucleolysis. The most frequent causes of failure of nucleolysis were lateral osseous stenosis (19 cases) and sub-ligamentous hernia (17 cases), apparently due to the ineffectiveness of the enzyme. Excluded hernia was rare (4 cases). Hernias at another level (4 cases) required surgery since it was not possible to repeat the injection of chymopapain. Three of these explorations were of the linea alba and one failure was due to spondylolisthesis due to isthmic lysis. Some failures occurred after some delay. The sciatic relapses after a period of complete clinical cure. In some cases, the relapse was in fact at another level or involved sub-ligamentous or excluded hernia. Surgery following nucleolysis is the same as that of an uninjected hernia; there are no adherences. The results are generally the same as those obtained by primitive surgery (two thirds favorable outcome). However, this depends mainly on what has been detected. The results are very good for hernias at another level and for excluded hernias. Fair results are obtained for stenosis and for sub-ligamentous hernias but only poor results in explorations of the linea alba. PMID- 3764326 TI - [Fatal thrombopenic thrombotic purpura in a female patient with adult Still's disease]. PMID- 3764327 TI - [Association of carpal tunnel syndrome, Raynaud's phenomenon and cutaneous necrosis. Description of a clinical case]. PMID- 3764328 TI - [Non-traumatic anterior interosseous nerve syndrome in rheumatic practice. Review of the literature. Apropos of 2 cases]. PMID- 3764329 TI - [Extra- and intradural cervical hernia. A new case]. PMID- 3764330 TI - [Lyme monoarthritis of late occurrence]. PMID- 3764331 TI - Effect of C3 depletion on the genesis of thrombocytopenia induced in rats by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. AB - The role of complement in the pathogenesis of marked thrombocytopenia induced in rats by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (E. rhusiopathiae) was examined. In cobra venom factor (CoF)-treated rats thrombocytopenia was not induced by the bacterium. The content of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in platelets was decreased significantly after inoculation only in untreated rats. E. rhusiopathiae could bind C3 and generate platelet-bacteria aggregation when incubated in the plasma diluted with veronal-buffered saline containing calcium and magnesium (VBS++) or gelatin-VBS containing magnesium and ethyleneglycol tetra-acetic acid (GVB-Mg EGTA), but not when incubated in GVB-ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (GVB-EDTA) diluted plasma or in CoF-treated or anti rat C3-treated plasma. When platelets were preincubated with activated zymosan, no bacteria could bind to platelets. From the results, we speculate that the alternative complement pathway, activated by E. rhusiopathiae, appears to mediate the formation of platelet-bacterial aggregations that may accelerate the removal of platelets from circulating blood. PMID- 3764332 TI - Platelet volume analysis in thrombocytopenia in relation to bleeding tendency. AB - It has been shown that large platelets are hemostatically more active than the smaller ones. We therefore studied the relationship between the mean platelet volume and the percentage of micro- and mega-thrombocytes measured by a Coulter counter S plus II, and the bleeding tendency in 57 unselected patients with a platelet count below 50 X 10(9)/l. We found no significant differences for any of these parameters between patients without and those with mild or severe bleeding tendency. This also held true when patients with a possible platelet dysfunction or with coagulation abnormalities were excluded. We conclude that platelet volume analysis in unselected patients with severe thrombocytopenia is not helpful in the prediction of their risk of bleeding. PMID- 3764333 TI - Pitted erythrocytes in splenectomized subjects with congenital spherocytosis and in subjects splenectomized for other reasons. AB - Pitted erythrocytes counts are used in the quantitative assessment of functional hyposplenism and in the prediction of recurrence of splenic function in splenectomized subjects. Pitted erythrocyte counts were investigated in 16 patients splenectomized for hereditary spherocytosis, in 21 patients splenectomized for other reasons and in 23 healthy controls. In both groups of splenectomized patients the pitted erythrocyte counts were equally increased compared with the healthy controls. PMID- 3764334 TI - Dose response studies using desferrioxamine and orally active chelators in a mouse model. AB - 59Fe excretion studies in response to different doses (4-9 mg) of three N substituted 3-hydroxypyrid-4-one chelators, (1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypyrid-4-one, 1 ethyl-2-methyl-3-hydroxypyrid-4-one, 1-propyl-2-methyl-3-hydroxypyrid-4-one), and desferrioxamine in iron overloaded 59Fe lactoferrin labelled mice (40 +/- 4 g) have shown that the former chelators, when administered intraperitoneally and intragastrically, caused comparable 59Fe excretions to intraperitoneal desferrioxamine of equivalent doses. No apparent ill effects were observed when doses of 300 mg/kg were administered for 24 d. PMID- 3764335 TI - Proliferative activity and number of clonal chromosome aberrations in non Hodgkin's lymphomas. AB - Thymidine labelling indices (LI) and the number of clonal chromosome aberrations were assessed in fine-needle aspirates from enlarged lymph nodes in 22 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). 11 patients had LI greater than 3.0 (median 8.4) and 11 others had LI less than 3.0 (median 1.0). Three categories of chromosome aberration were recorded: normal karyotype, 1-5 aberrations, and greater than or equal to 6 aberrations or multiple complex changes. The distribution of these categories was different among the patients with LI greater than 3.0 compared to those with LI less than 3.0 (p = 0.02). 8 of 11 patients with LI greater than 3.0 had greater than or equal to 6 or complex changes. The corresponding figures for patients with LI less than 3.0 were 2 out of 11. When 16 previously untreated patients were analysed separately, the median number of clonal aberrations was 6.5 in 8 patients with LI greater than 3.0 and 2.5 in 8 others with LI less than 3.0 (p = 0.025). The results suggest that early and spontaneous changes in the genetic material are common in lymphomas with a high proliferative activity. According to previous studies, therapeutic results are especially poor in NHL with high LI. It is proposed that a high proliferative activity of lymphoma cells facilitates an early development of several new mutants and that some of these may be resistant to chemotherapeutic agents. PMID- 3764336 TI - Polymorphonuclear neutrophil function and infections following splenectomy in childhood. AB - 22 subjects were controlled 3-23 yr after splenectomy due to childhood trauma (10), idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (9) or congenital spherocytosis (3). The control comprised a history of infections, physical examination, routine hematologic values, determinations of serum immunoglobulins, evaluation of complement activities, cultivations from throat and nasopharynx and polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) function tests. 14 patients (63%) had increased susceptibility to recurrent bacterial infections (SBI), most often tonsillitis. All these patients also had abnormal PMN function. The other 8 patients with normal susceptibility to infections showed essentially normal PMN function. There were no differences between these groups with regard to indication for splenectomy, age at splenectomy or the time interval after splenectomy. This abnormal PMN function may explain the raised susceptibility to infections. PMID- 3764337 TI - A simple method of granulocyte enrichment of crude white cell suspensions labelled with 111In. AB - A simple method of granulocyte enrichment of a 111In-labelled mixed white cell suspension is described. The method rests on preferential sedimentation by gravity of the granulocytes during labelling. In the 50 studies performed, the granulocytes constituted on average 90% of the 111In-labelled white cells injected for abscess detection. The modest degree of artefactual granulocyte pooling in the lungs and the results of the scintigraphic studies suggest that the method described is well-suited for scintigraphic localization of infectious and inflammatory processes. PMID- 3764338 TI - Decreased natural killer cell activity versus normal natural killer cell markers in mononuclear cells from patients with smouldering leukemia. AB - Peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow mononuclear cells from 23 patients with smouldering leukemia were analyzed for natural killer (NK) cell activity and various surface cell markers. Significantly reduced NK activity was detected in the patients' PB compared with the activity in the healthy controls (p less than 0.0005). A similar difference in NK cell activity between the 2 groups was also observed in bone marrow mononuclear cells (p = 0.005). In contrast, no significant differences in cells positive for the NK cell markers Leu-7 and Leu 11b were found between patients and controls, either in PB or in bone marrow. The patients' PB and bone marrow mononuclear cells had, however, a reduced percentage and absolute number of Leu 3a+ and T8+ cells. Patients with smouldering leukemia have immunological derangements which may make them predisposed for the later development of florid leukemia. PMID- 3764339 TI - Hyperactive phagocytosis by circulating neutrophils and monocytes in Chediak Higashi syndrome. AB - Phagocytic capacity of circulating neutrophils and monocytes was studied by electron microscopy in 2 children with Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS). Apparent phagocytosis of autologous leucocytes by the CHS neutrophils and monocytes was demonstrated when they were coincubated with Staphylococcus aureus in vitro, indicating their capacity for hyperactive phagocytosis. The hyperactive phagocytic capacity of the CHS phagocytes was a cellular abnormality. CHS neutrophils and monocytes are known to be defective in chemotaxis and bactericidal capacity, and the hyperactive phagocytic capacity is another functional abnormality of CHS phagocytes. PMID- 3764340 TI - Effects of a hemoregulatory peptide (HP5b) on erythroid and myelopoietic colony formation in vitro. AB - A hemoregulatory peptide (HP5b) associated with mature human granulocytes has been investigated for inhibitory effects on murine hemopoietic stem cells in vitro. Both highly purified peptide from natural sources and a synthetic analog peptide have been investigated in parallel. Strong inhibitory effects were found on myelopoietic colony formation in the dose range 10(-13)-10(-5) mol/l. On exceeding this dose, the inhibitory effect disappeared. Moderate to slight inhibitory effects on erythroid colony formation (BFU-E and CFU-E) from adult animals were only seen in 1,000 X the optimal doses for myelopoiesis. No effect was found on CFU-E from fetal liver. The peptide thus has a selective effect on myelopoiesis in a certain dose range. A regulatory mechanism for the peptide on hemopoiesis is proposed. PMID- 3764341 TI - Effect of splenectomy on circulating haematopoietic progenitors in myelofibrosis. AB - The effect of splenectomy on peripheral blood CFU-GM and BFU-E numbers was studied in a patient with myelofibrosis. The numbers of CFU-GM and BFU-E were twice as high in the splenic venous blood as in the peripheral blood. The number of CFU-GM in peripheral blood decreased to 20% and that of BFU-E to 7% of the presplenectomy level at 1 wk after the operation. The progenitor numbers recovered to reach the presplenectomy level within 4-6 w after splenectomy. This effect of splenectomy was different from that seen in 3 patients with Hodgkin's disease, in whom increased numbers of progenitors were observed after a small initial notch. PMID- 3764342 TI - Platelet-associated immunoglobulins IgG, IgM, IgA and complement C3c in chronic idiopathic autoimmune thrombocytopenia: relation to the sequestration pattern of 111indium labelled platelets. AB - Levels of platelet-associated immunoglobulins (PAIg) IgG, IgM, IgA and complement C3c were related to parameters of 111Indium-labelled platelet kinetics in 17 patients with chronic idiopathic autoimmune thrombocytopenia (cAITP). Elevated levels of PAIg/C3c were found in 14 patients (82%) (PAIgG n = 13, PAIgM n = 11, PAIgA n = 1, PAC3c n = 5). Only PAIgG correlated with platelet counts (RS = 0.71, p less than 0.01). Mean platelet life span (MLS) was shortened in all patients (median 12.0 h, range 0.3-45.6 h) and correlated with the platelet counts (RS = 0.49, p less than 0.05). MLS was correlated with PAIgG (RS = -0.52, p less than 0.05), but not with PAIgM, PAIgA, or PAC3c. The site of sequestration was splenic in 10 patients and splenic-hepatic in 7 patients. Although no significant correlation between either site of platelet sequestration and any of the investigated PAIg/C3c was demonstrable, platelets coated with higher PAIgG levels were more readily sequestrated in the spleen, while elevations of PAC3c were found in 4 out of 7 patients with hepatic involvement. PMID- 3764343 TI - Evidence for the existence of W3/13+ monocytes in the rat. AB - Rat blood mononuclear cells were studied with W3/13, OX19, and W3/25 monoclonal antibodies in a dual staining procedure. Cells recognized as W3/13+ OX19- W3/25+ showed a high light scatter pattern were plastic adherent and exhibited spreading, and were identified as monocytes when stained with May-Grunwald Giemsa. This evidence suggests that at least a subpopulation of monocytes/macrophages are W3/13+. PMID- 3764344 TI - A sensitive method for the detection of specific antibody production in different isotypes from single lamina propria plasma cells. AB - A sensitive and reproducible method for the detection of specific antibody production (or total immunoglobulin secretion) at the single cell level from isolated lamina propria lymphocytes was developed. The cells were prepared from mouse intestinal mucosa by enzyme extraction with collagenase, and antibody secretion was demonstrated with a solid phase enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay. Oral immunizations with cholera toxin or keyhole limpet haemocyanin to mice gave high numbers of highly antigen-specific spot-forming cells (SFC) among isolated lamina propria lymphocytes. Spots were shown to result from active synthesis of immunoglobulin in vitro. The variation in SFC numbers between individual animals after a given protocol of oral immunizations was found to be 25% and between equal groups analysed on different occasions, 12%. Kinetics of primary as well as secondary immune responses after oral immunizations with cholera toxin were easily monitored. A single dose of cholera toxin gave rise to 230 antitoxin SFC/10(7) isolated lamina propria lymphocytes. Each additional dose stimulated to increasing numbers of specific SFC with roughly 7000 antitoxin SFC/10(7) cells after five immunizations. Monitoring of day-by-day responses after oral booster immunizations demonstrated peak SFC numbers on day 8 after antigen administration. The total number of immunoglobulin-secreting (Ig) cells and the isotype distribution of specific SFC could also be determined. In the peak antitoxin response, 8% of the isolated total Ig-secreting lamina propria cells were active against cholera toxin, and of these 80% were producing IgA. This method has also been successfully used in humans and rabbits to demonstrate specific antibody production by single lamina propria plasma cells. PMID- 3764345 TI - Synthesis of complement components C5, C6, C7, C8 and C9 in vitro by human monocytes and assembly of the terminal complement complex. AB - Monocytes cultured under serum-free conditions secreted protein which bound covalently and non-covalently to agarose beads, an activator of the alternative pathway of complement. There was a significantly binding of monoclonal anti-C3c antibodies, polyclonal anti-C5, anti-C6, anti-C7, anti-C8, and anti-C9 antibodies, and of a monoclonal antibody against a neoantigen of polymerized C9 to agarose beads incubated with the monocytes for 24, 48, 72 or 96 h. From these results, we conclude that monocytes produce C5, C6, C7, C8 and C9 that assemble as the terminal complement complex on the surface of the agarose beads. Activation by agarose of the alternative pathway with generation of particle bound C3 and C5 convertases is a prerequisite for the subsequent formation of the terminal complement complex. Whether SC5b-9 or the membrane attack of complement (C5b-9) is formed on the beads will be examined. PMID- 3764346 TI - Passage of undegraded dietary antigen into the blood of healthy adults. Further characterization of the kinetics of uptake and the size distribution of the antigen. AB - The molecular weight distribution of ovalbumin (OA) absorbed into the blood in eight healthy adults after a test meal was analysed by high pressure liquid gel permeation chromatography (HPLC) followed by ELISA for OA. OA was found either as free OA or as aggregates of a size mainly below 700 kD. The addition of OA in vitro to an antibody-containing serum resulted in OA-containing immune complexes (OA-IC) of similar size. The size distribution of serum OA-IC was more heterogeneous late than early in the 7-h observation period. Free OA disappeared at an equal or higher rate than OA-IC when both entities were present in the same individual. The presence of OA-IC was related to the serum IgG antibody levels. IgG, but not IgA or IgM, could be detected in OA-IC (in three individuals) by ELISA. The kinetics of OA appearance was followed for 48 h after a test meal in three individuals. In one person, serum OA reached peak values at 24 h and detectable amounts persisted for 48 h after the test meal. In the other test persons the OA levels peaked earlier. The present study indicates that in healthy adults dietary antigens are absorbed and circulate regularly in minute amounts apparently as native protein and/or as small immune complexes, mostly containing IgG antibodies. PMID- 3764347 TI - Epidemiology of hepatitis A in children in Sweden 1979-1983. AB - The incidence and transmission of hepatitis A in the Swedish child population was investigated for the period 1979-83. 47% (152/323) of the hepatitis A cases in children reported in Sweden 1979-83 occurred in children born to parents of foreign extraction. The annual incidence in Swedish children was extremely low (2/100,000) during this period, whereas the incidence was between 103 and 20 in children born to immigrants of Turkish, Yugoslavian, Asian or African extraction. A known transmission of hepatitis A to Swedish children occurred mainly from 3 sources; in 60 cases (35%) by exposure within the families; in 18 of these cases a family member had been abroad, visiting a country where hepatitis A is endemic; in 34 cases (20%) by exposure in a pre-school setting; and in 29 cases (17%) by exposure when travelling abroad. In 48 cases (28%) the exposure was unknown. PMID- 3764348 TI - Incidence and prognosis of central nervous system infections in a birth cohort of 12,000 children. AB - All types of central nervous system (CNS) infections were investigated in a 1966 birth cohort of 12,000 children from Northern Finland followed up from birth to the age of 14. 174 CNS infections occurred in 167 children, 110 boys and 64 girls. The annual incidence of bacterial CNS infections was 36.3/100,000 and that of viral infections 688.0/100 000. It is concluded that bacterial CNS infections were recorded very fully but only 2/3 of the viral infections could be traced, even though the more severe cases were quite well documented. 8/55 children (14.5%) with bacterial meningitis died; the corresponding figure for viral encephalitis and meningitis (excluding mumps) was 3/67 (4.5%). 17/55 (30.9%) developed mental retardation, epilepsy, cerebral palsy or hearing defect or some combination of these after bacterial CNS infection, and 9 (8.1%) after viral infection. The difference with respect to the children who had not experienced CNS infection was statistically significant only for the bacterial infection cases. CNS infections explained 7.6% of all deaths from 28 days to 14 years, 3% of the handicapping cases of cerebral palsy, mental retardation and epilepsy or some combination of these, and 6.6% of the hearing defects. PMID- 3764349 TI - Biochemical and biological properties of Staphylococcus aureus septicemia strains in relation to clinical characteristics. AB - 166 Staphylococcus aureus septicemia strains were phage grouped and tested for lipolytic activity, protein A content, alpha, beta and delta hemolysin activity and toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1) production. These strain characteristics were correlated to the clinical features of the infections. Patients infected with phage group II strains showed the lowest mortality but were more prone to develop internal abscesses. Lipolytic activity and protein A positivity was found in most strains and no correlation to phage group or clinical signs could be shown. Alpha hemolysin was the most common of the investigated hemolysins though it was only produced by 58% of 88 investigated strains. Beta and delta hemolysin production was found in 25% and 24% of the strains, respectively. The lowest frequency of alpha hemolysin production (25%) was found among phage group I strains, especially those producing TSST-1, where only 1 of 12 strains was positive. The overall frequency of TSST-1 production was 18% in 88 tested strains and most positive strains were non-hemolytic. These results indicate that hemolysin production does not seem to be required for a strain to be invasive. PMID- 3764350 TI - Predisposing factors, bacteriology and antibiotic therapy in 35 cases of septic bursitis. AB - In a retrospective study the etiology was verified in 35/52 patients with suspected septic prepatellar or olecranon bursitis. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common pathogen and 86% of them were penicillinase-producing. Other strains were streptococci. Mean age was 47 (18-83) years and males predominated (91%). Predisposing factors were seen in most cases. Preceding trauma was found in 27 and/or associated diseases (e.g. diabetes mellitus) in 11 patients. Hyperglycemia was found in 38% of the patients. Treatment with antimicrobial agents, mostly penicillins, and bursal drainage were successful in 32 cases. Two patients had local spread of the infection and 1 patient chronic bursitis. PMID- 3764351 TI - Pneumonia: a deadly disease despite intensive care treatment. AB - In a retrospective study of 30 patients with pneumonia treated in the intensive care unit, it was found that cultures from sputum and bronchial secretions did poorly correspond with blood cultures or serological tests. In only 15 of the patients a reliable etiological diagnosis was ever established. Mechanical ventilation was used in 22 patients, usually with a high oxygen need. At the start of this ventilation a significant blood pressure fall and a further pulmonary deterioration was observed. In fatal cases this pulmonary dysfunction was progressive. The overall mortality was 47%. When an FI02 above 0.6 was needed in the ventilator the mortality was 13/14 (93%). PMID- 3764352 TI - Single-dose pharmacokinetics of dicloxacillin in healthy subjects of young and old age. AB - Dicloxacillin was administered as 2 g single intravenous doses to healthy young and old subjects of both sexes aged 19-32 years and 65-76 years, respectively, and the pharmacokinetics were studied. Peak serum concentrations were higher in young than in elderly subjects and in each age group in females than in males. The elimination rate was similar in all groups and the only striking pharmacokinetic differences observed were that the urinary recovery of active dicloxacillin was higher in young subjects and that the non-renal clearance was higher in elderly volunteers. The findings were interpreted to be due to a systemic metabolism of dicloxacillin, compensating for a reduced renal elimination in the elderly subjects. In all subjects dicloxacillin was well tolerated. No increases of serum creatinine were observed. PMID- 3764353 TI - Cerebellar aspergilloma. AB - A cerebellar aspergilloma simulating brain tumour in a 48-year-old woman with alveolar proteinosis is described. The course of the disease was recurrent. Despite neurosurgery, ventricular drainage, amphotericin B, flucytosine and other antifungal agents, the disease was ultimately fatal. The diagnostic and therapeutic problems of aspergillosis in the central nervous system are discussed. Suspicion and serology might lead to early diagnosis and a better prognosis. PMID- 3764354 TI - Semantic barriers to family and professional collaboration. AB - Mental health professionals have begun to show interest in working collaboratively with families of mentally ill people in the interest of the patient's well-being. Many professionals are aware, however, that considerable alienation exists. One source of difficulty may be the language used to describe families. Drawing from the field of general semantics, the author examines recent writings for examples of language that may appear confusing or offensive to families. It was found that difficulties result from professionals' tendencies to confuse fact with inference, to stereotype families by placing them in either/or categories, to use judgmental language, and to use language of control that contradicts their goals of collaboration or partnership. PMID- 3764355 TI - The subcortex, frontal lobes, and psychosis. PMID- 3764356 TI - Thought, language, and communication in schizophrenia: diagnosis and prognosis. AB - Using the Scale for the Assessment of Thought, Language, and Communication (TLC), we examined the frequency of "thought disorder" in 94 normal volunteers and 100 psychiatric patients (25 each suffering from manic disorder, schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenic disorder, disorganized type, and schizophrenic disorder, paranoid type). We observed the manics to have a substantial amount of thought disorder and the normals to have a modest amount, suggesting that thought disorder is probably not pathognomonic of schizophrenia. The patients with affective illness did, however, show a somewhat different pattern of abnormality. In particular, patients with affective psychosis have more prominent positive thought disorder, while the schizophrenic patients tend to have more negative thought disorder. Evaluation of the patients 6 months later indicated that most types of thought disorder remit in the manics, while they persist in the schizophrenics; patients with schizoaffective disorder also tend to improve substantially. The strongest predictor of outcome was the presence of negative thought disorder. PMID- 3764357 TI - Quality of thought disorder in differential diagnosis. AB - The authors used a reliable scale to assess quantity and quality of thought disorder in manic, schizophrenic, schizoaffective manic, and schizoaffective depressed patients. High levels of thought disorder occurred in all psychotic groups except in the schizoaffective depressed group. Manic patients produced thought disorders that revealed both prominent combinatory thinking and intrusions of irrelevant ideas into the stream of discourse, usually with flippancy and humor. The thinking of schizophrenic patients was confused and fluid, and usually peppered with many idiosyncratic and peculiar words and phrases. Although schizoaffective manic patients resembled manics in their tendency to show combinatory thinking, their productions lacked the jocularity of the manics. The schizoaffective manic patients more strongly resembled the schizophrenic patients in their production of idiosyncratic verbalizations and in confused thinking. Schizoaffective depressed patients showed a strikingly constricted output, but produced a few noteworthy absurd responses, and in that respect resembled the schizophrenic patients. The authors suggest that quality of thought disorder differs in schizophrenia and in mania, and that the thought disorder of schizoaffective conditions resembles that of schizophrenia. PMID- 3764358 TI - Schizophrenic thought disorder at followup: its persistence and prognostic significance. AB - To assess the prominence, persistence, and prognostic significance of positive thought disorder in schizophrenia, we studied a large sample of psychiatric inpatients at the acute phase and then followed them up twice--1 1/2-2 years and 4 years after hospital discharge. Positive thought disorder was more prominent at the acute phase in schizophrenic and manic patients than in other types of psychotic and nonpsychotic disorders. At followup, positive thought disorder did not persist for all schizophrenics, but a significantly larger percentage of schizophrenic than other psychotic and nonpsychotic patients followed a course in which positive thought disorder was either persistently or episodically present. Positive thought disorder, when seen after the acute phase, was related to concurrent functioning, and predicted subsequent poorer outcome and functioning for both schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic patients. Positive thought disorder was one of several central features of the active schizophrenic disorder. Among schizophrenics, it was related to other major types of psychopathology, especially delusions, another positive symptom with cognitive-ideational elements. Severe positive thought disorder after the acute phase indicated a sustained episode, and suggested a more severe type of schizophrenia with a poorer prognosis. PMID- 3764359 TI - Attentional vulnerability indicators, thought disorder, and negative symptoms. AB - Deficits on two continuous performance test versions and the forced-choice span of apprehension task, which are potential vulnerability factors for schizophrenic disorders, were examined in relationship to particular symptoms of schizophrenic disorders, with emphasis on hypothesized relationships to formal thought disorder and negative symptoms. These interrelationships were determined concurrently within a group of 40 schizophrenic patients at an inpatient point. In addition, 32 of these patients were retested at a stabilized outpatient point to address the extent to which continued attentional deficits were associated with specific symptomatology during the hospitalized period. Signal-discrimination deficits on the three tasks were consistently associated with inpatient negative symptoms of schizophrenia as measured by the Anergia factor of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), across both the inpatient and outpatient assessments. The outpatient signal-discrimination deficits also showed significant, but less consistent, correlations with inpatient schizophrenic modes of thinking measured by the Rorschach Thought Disorder Index and with formal thought disorder measured by the BPRS Conceptual Disorganization rating. In contrast, no relationship with inpatient hallucinations or delusions was found. Combined with previous findings from high-risk samples, these results are consistent with the view that signal discrimination deficits in situations demanding high levels of effortful processing are enduring vulnerability factors for schizophrenic negative symptoms and possibly for certain schizophrenic forms of thought disorder. PMID- 3764360 TI - Concurrent and predictive validity of components of disordered thinking in schizophrenia. AB - Although the various manifestations of disordered thought have played a central role in diagnostic and theoretical considerations of schizophrenia, such symptoms have not been found specific to schizophrenia, and at best have shown weak relations to outcome. As part of a 7-year followup study of a sample of young, acute, psychotic inpatients, we explored the hypothesis that despite these poor results there might be particular components of disordered thought that might have prognostic utility and be able to discriminate narrowly defined schizophrenics. Using extant symptom scales as our models, we constructed five internally consistent scales of disordered thought from behavioral ratings made using the Psychotic Inpatient Profile--Poverty of Speech, Attentional Impairment, Incoherence, Delusions, and Hallucinations. We tested the ability of these scales to predict various aspects of outcome adaptation including outcome diagnosis. In general, the Attentional Impairment scale demonstrated the best prognostic utility, predicting poorer outcome in several domains. Paradoxically, patients diagnosed by Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) as definite schizophrenic at outcome had been rated as showing less attentional impairment than probable and nonschizophrenics. An examination of the pattern of correlations between Attentional Impairment and performance on cognitive tasks suggested that attentional difficulties may be related to different underlying cognitive processes in those diagnosed schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic at outcome by RDC. PMID- 3764361 TI - Information-processing abnormalities: trait- and state-dependent components. AB - Schizophrenics were compared to schizoaffective, bipolar, and nonpsychotic depressed patients in a visual masking paradigm in which an informational target stimulus was followed at varying intervals by a noninformational masking stimulus. In limiting the availability of the sensory signal provided by the target stimulus, the mask was used to probe how information from the environment enters and is processed by the central nervous system. The use of the masking paradigm was originally based on the hypothesis that thought disorder is a result of a more primary dysfunction in the processes that precede and result in thought. Results confirmed previous findings of a performance deficit in the schizophrenics when compared to nonpsychotic controls. Schizoaffective and bipolar patients also showed evidence of impaired processing, however. Results were interpreted in terms of a trait/state formulation in which impaired information processing is seen as a fundamental trait of schizophrenia spectrum disorders and as a state that can covary with psychotic illness in general. A unifying concept centers on the effects of psychopathological conditions on an individual's processing resources that results in either underprovision or overprovision of information from sensory input to complex cognitive operations dependent on the cerebral cortex. Findings from a variety of paradigms are consistent with those of the masking paradigm in revealing that the processing deficits of schizophrenics are time dependent and occur in the 500 ms following stimulus input. PMID- 3764362 TI - Thought disorder in schizophrenia: cognitive and neuroscience approaches. AB - Research with schizophrenics is reviewed in the areas of the startle reflex, subject-initiated evoked potentials, and two-stimulus evoked potentials. A hypothesis of an early (pre-100 ms) information-processing deficit is posited and further refined by results presented from brain evoked potentials during a backward-masking experiment. The implications of these findings for the speech component of schizophrenic thought disorder are speculated upon, with specific reference to failures of temporal sequencing control that may underlie schizophrenic speech dysfunction and may be attributable to defective thalamic control. Recent neuroanatomical findings of abnormalities in the hippocampus and thalamus of schizophrenics are presented, and considered as likely contributors to the early information-processing deficits posited. PMID- 3764363 TI - Scale for the assessment of thought, language, and communication (TLC). PMID- 3764364 TI - Scoring manual for the Thought Disorder Index. PMID- 3764365 TI - Evaluating bizarre-idiosyncratic thinking: a comprehensive index of positive thought disorder. AB - A summary of our method of assessing positive thought disorder, or bizarre idiosyncratic thinking, from two short verbal tests is presented. This measure provides for standardized thought disorder assessments of: the overall presence and severity of thought disorder, and the type of disordered thinking shown. A definition and examples of bizarre-idiosyncratic thinking are provided, along with information on the reliability and validity of the scoring system. A method of establishing subject groups based on the severity of positive thought disorder also is presented--ranging from no thought disorder, to abnormal thinking, to severe formal thought disorder. This measure has been used to assess longitudinal changes in thought disorder symptoms over time and to evaluate relationships between thought disorder, other aspects of psychopathology (such as delusions), and adjustment in other areas of functioning across diagnostic groups. PMID- 3764366 TI - Problems in Freud's metapsychology. PMID- 3764367 TI - Dark-adaptation of the human rod system: a new hypothesis. PMID- 3764368 TI - Fear of AIDS. A communication from biologists to psychologists/sociologists. PMID- 3764369 TI - Public opinion on the ambulance service in a rural and an urban region. AB - Two groups of parents to schoolchildren (7 y and 15 y) were formed. The aim was to study if there were any differences in attitudes and knowledge concerning ambulance services in rural and urban areas. The results showed that knowledge about the ambulance service is good. Further, that day to day activities were considered more important than security measures to be used in emergencies. Parents living in rural parts considered the ambulance "near" but not as "near" as the parents in urban districts. PMID- 3764370 TI - The critics of modern medicine and its implications for dentistry. PMID- 3764371 TI - Physicians' outcome predictions for elderly patients. Survival, hospital discharge, and length of stay in a department of internal medicine. AB - In order to study physicians' ability to predict survival, site of living after discharge, and length of stay in a hospital department of internal medicine, five physicians rated a total of 156 patients 65 years of age and older, who had been admitted due to acute illness. Predicted and observed outcome were compared. The results showed no relation except with regard to predicted and observed discharge to own home. Inter-rater reliability was found to be low except with regard to discharge to own home. This study shows that the physicians had difficulties in predicting survival or death in the ward, site of living after discharge, other than to own home, and length of stay in the ward. In order to increase the knowledge about elderly with acute illness and improve planning of individual care, it is desirable to develop reliable and valid instruments for clinical prediction of outcome for elderly persons in short-term hospital care. PMID- 3764372 TI - Who were reached by and participated in a one year newspaper health information campaign? AB - In 1977-1978 the newspaper Ostgota Correspondenten (Corren) had a one year campaign for better health. The campaign was called "Piggare med Corren" (Get fit with the Corren) and included anti-smoking, dietary and exercise components. It was given great publicity in the newspaper. The purposes of this investigation were to examine the changes in dietary, exercise and smoking habits of the registered participants, the effects on well-being related to those changes, and to determine the effects of the campaign on the whole population of the city of Linkoping. This article focuses upon questionnaire response, dropout and participation. Information on the registrants was collected by registration forms, monthly reports, fitness tests and questionnaires. 62% answered the questionnaire. Those who did not return the questionnaire were also studied. Most of the people in Linkping knew of the campaign, but only a small number registered (2.5%). There was greater response among women between the ages of 30 49; and less among those who had poor dietary, exercise or smoking habits. Most inclined to answer the questionnaires were those who had comparatively better exercise and smoking habits before the campaign. This group also improved their exercise habits and capacities for absorbing oxygen (VO2 max). PMID- 3764373 TI - Changes in self-reported experienced health and psychosomatic symptoms in voluntary participants in a 1-year extensive newspaper exercise campaign. AB - Starting in 1977 the newspaper Ostgotacorrespondenten carried through a 1-year health information campaign in Linkoping. The campaign included exercise, dietary and anti-smoking components. It was given a great deal of space in the paper with special supplements almost every week. The purpose of the study is to throw light upon self-reported changed general well-being and experienced psychosomatic symptoms and health of the participants in this campaign. 2,887 persons registered voluntarily for the campaign. After the campaign a questionnaire was sent to the 1,568 participants who had been the most active in the campaign. 935 persons (60%) answered the questionnaire. One fourth of the participants with headache, back pain, stomach problems or sleeping trouble before the campaign experienced that their symptoms had decreased during the campaign, primarily due to changed exercise habits. Half of the participants reported that their general well-being was better and 42% experienced themselves healthier as a result of changed health habits in connection with the campaign. In the group that felt healthier, almost twice as many, 62% compared with 34%, had increased their exercising compared with those who experienced themselves as neither healthier nor less healthy. PMID- 3764374 TI - Neuropsychological symptoms among metal workers exposed to halogenated hydrocarbons. AB - A cross-sectional study was designed as a questionnaire investigation with the aim of mapping the load of symptoms, especially signs of neuropsychological dysfunction in relation to degreasing with halogenated hydrocarbons. The primary study group, 240 metal workers, comprised all identifiable persons engaged in degreasing with halogenated hydrocarbons in the county of Aarhus, the control group were 350 randomly selected semi-skilled metal workers. The final number of participants were 462 metal workers, corresponding to a rate of participation of 78.3%. The main findings were highly significant associations between exposure to halogenated hydrocarbons and symptoms of psychological dysfunction both at bivariate and multivariate analyses after adjustment for 4 potential confounder variables, age, alcohol consumption, neurological events and exposure to other organic solvents. Furthermore a dose-response-like relation could be demonstrated. PMID- 3764375 TI - The pathophysiology of gastric electrical activity and emptying. AB - A good understanding of upper gastrointestinal physiology is required to properly understand the pathophysiological events in various diseases or after operations on the upper gastrointestinal tract. It is evident that the electrical activity in infancy does not have the orderly pattern of that in adults and that severe disorder of this activity may produce abnormalities of gastric emptying. Surgical procedures on the gastrointestinal tract can cause alterations in the electrical and motility patterns of the stomach. The influence of various surgical manoeuvres on upper gastrointestinal motility indicates that the mere destruction of the pylorus does not in itself produce a gross distortion of the emptying of liquids or solids from the stomach, but that only when a vagotomy or antrectomy is added, do we find rapid gastric emptying of liquids and incontinence of solids. The effect of this, coupled with rapid small bowel transit, may be responsible for the nutritional disturbances sometimes seen after vagotomy or gastrectomy. These phenomena may partly account for some of the symptoms of the dumping syndrome. The gastric incontinence seen after distal gastrectomy can be corrected by the interposition of jejunal loops, but the direction of peristalsis within these loops is immaterial in that both iso- and retro-peristaltic loops are able to correct the disordered emptying pattern. Clinicians should not take for granted that which might seem obvious after gastric surgical procedures without careful testing and evaluation both in experimental animals and where possible in man. Failing this, incorrect clinical and therapeutic decisions might be taken. PMID- 3764376 TI - [Value of computerized tomography in advanced stomach carcinoma. Can diagnostic laparotomy be avoided?]. AB - The value of preoperative computed tomography (CT) was analyzed in 40 patients with gastric carcinoma. Local tumor infiltration was correctly interpreted on CT in 90% of cases and involvement of lymph nodes in 72%. Distant metastases (liver, peritoneum) were recognized in 2 out of 9 patients. As the value of this method in assessment of resectability is limited, routine CT is not indicated in patients with gastric carcinoma. PMID- 3764377 TI - [Cyclosporin A in acute Crohn disease: initial findings]. AB - The pathogenesis of Crohn's disease is unknown, but immunologic mechanisms appear to play at least a partial role. Prompted by favourable experience with cyclosporin A in autoimmune diseases, the authors used it in steroid resistant acute Crohn's disease and started a pilot study comparing cyclosporin A with prednisone. Initial experience shows that cyclosporin A is effective in at least some patients with acute Crohn's disease. Side effects have thus far been minimal. However, oral dosage of the drug is difficult and regular determinations of the trough blood concentration are indispensable. A trough blood concentration of 200 ng/ml appears to be necessary to obtain full therapeutic activity. The lower antipyretic effect of cyclosporin A compared to prednisone may initially mask a favourable therapeutic effect. The effectiveness of cyclosporin A compared with prednisone cannot yet be evaluated. PMID- 3764378 TI - [Comparative prognostic study of the in vitro and in vivo development of colorectal tumors. Preliminary communication]. AB - In vitro clonal growth of tumour cells may reflect biological properties of cancer and thus have prognostic value. This study seeks to establish correlations between the clinical outcome in patients after surgery for colorectal cancer and clonal growth of their tumours. History, status and follow-up data are collected. Tumour samples taken at operation under sterile conditions are plated immediately in our methylcellulose clonal assay system. Out of 65 consecutive samples, 3 did not yield sufficient cells for culture. Thirty-four (55%) grew more than 0.3 colonies/10(5) cells seeded; cloning efficiency was greater than 10 colonies/10(5) cells in 19. The 28 (45%) failures included 3 benign polyps cultured; 7 samples had visible bacterial or fungal contamination. The other 18 negative cultures may be due to cytotoxicity of the antibiotics or heterogeneity of tumour cells. These preliminary results show that colorectal cancers grow well in vitro in the absence of restricting factors, but they do not confirm the hypothesis that proliferative potential and differentiation are opposing processes. Location of the tumour may play a role, since best growth was seen in tumours of the caecum and terminal colon. PMID- 3764379 TI - [Amodiaquine-induced hepatitis with leukopenia]. AB - Two patients are presented who during malaria prophylaxis with amodiaquine developed a hepatitis associated with granulocytopenia of short duration. The suspicion that this could be an adverse reaction to amodiaquine was confirmed by a reexposure to the drug. PMID- 3764380 TI - [Intrahepatic cholestasis: modulation by immunological factors?]. AB - The mechanism of intrahepatic cholestasis in active liver disease has not yet been elucidated. Recent investigations in type II drug-induced hepatitis have suggested that lymphocytes produce a cholestatic factor. The authors' studies on lymphocyte cultures of patients with alcoholic hepatitis and acute viral hepatitis suggest that cellular immune phenomena may be of general significance in the pathogenesis of intrahepatic cholestasis. Supernatants of cultured lymphocytes of patients with alcoholic and acute viral hepatitis reduced bile flow and bile acid excretion in a rat model, provided that the lymphocytes had been previously stimulated by the appropriate antigen. An identical cholestatic effect was seen using sera of these patients. The pathogenetic mechanism of this lymphocytic factor is still unknown. PMID- 3764381 TI - [Mesenterial anemia as a cause of jogging anemia?]. AB - Anemia in runners is common but its origin is unknown. The present study reports on frequency and origin of gastrointestinal blood loss in cross-country skiers and runners. 41 participants in the Engadin Ski Marathon were checked by questionnaire and occult blood test. 8 (19%) had diarrhea or abdominal pain during or immediately after skiing and 3 (7%) had hemoccult-positive stools. In addition, the blood flow of the superior mesenteric artery was measured by duplex scanning in two trained runners after standardized exercise. While the mesenteric blood flow in the asymptomatic runner changed only insignificantly there was an impressive decrease in the second runner, who had been treated for anemia, down to 20% and 40% (30 and 90 min respectively) after exercise. It is concluded that the occurrence of gastrointestinal blood loss in cross-country skiing, and the significant decrease in mesenteric blood flow in a symptomatic runner, indicate a close and possible causal relationship between mesenteric ischemia and "jogging anemia". PMID- 3764382 TI - [Mesenteric infarction. 17-year retrospective study]. AB - Almost half of our patients admitted with mesenteric infarction (MI) (n = 81) were inoperable. In the group (n = 44) who underwent curative therapy, 45% have survived, 32% died of recurrent MI and 23% from causes other than intestinal ischemia. In view of this high rate of recurrence our therapeutic strategy in MI needs to be reconsidered. Postischemic vasoconstriction may be the main cause of the progression of mesenteric ischemia despite apparently curative treatment. Selective injection of vasodilators in the superior mesenteric artery may improve prognosis. PMID- 3764383 TI - [Digestive arterial revascularization: long-term results and modified surgical approach]. AB - In this series 31 patients (21 males and 10 females, median age 57 +/- 13.2 years) underwent surgery between 1970 and 1984 for digestive arterial lesions. Abdominal pain was observed in 84% of these cases and weight loss in 48%, while 8 patients were asymptomatic. In 12 patients (39%) the diagnosis was suspected before arteriography, which was the key to the diagnosis in 61% of cases (19 patients). In group A (elective surgery) 42 digestive arterial revascularizations were performed in 24 patients (mean number of effected by-passes 1.5). In group B (emergency surgery) 4 embolectomies and two by-passes were performed. In group A mortality (both surgery and hospital) was 0%. In group B surgical mortality was 33%. In a mean follow-up of 4.1 years the permeability of the by-pass established in elective surgery (emergency surgery) was 100% (64%) after one year and 92.9% (64%) after three years (life table analysis). Multiple digestive arterial revascularisations should be considered for those patients presenting multiple digestive arterial lesions because of catastrophical evolution of single by-pass occlusion in these patients. PMID- 3764384 TI - [Epidemiological aspects of toxocariasis in Switzerland]. AB - In the regions of Basel, Jura and Zurich (Switzerland) 765 blood donors completed a questionnaire with respect to symptoms, animal contacts and occupation, and their sera were tested for antibodies to tissue helminths in ELISA. 5.1%, 3.3% and 6.5% exhibited antibodies solely to the respective antigens of Toxocara canis, Fasciola hepatica, and Echinococcus granulosus. Combined seroreactions were mainly observed between F. hepatica and E. granulosus antigens. Reactivity to T. canis antigen was associated with animal contacts at work, as well as contacts with cattle and sheep but not dogs or cats. Toxocara antibodies were found in all age groups. Their prevalence varied markedly by region. PMID- 3764385 TI - [Occurrence of fibrosis in subacute de Quervain thyroiditis]. AB - Subacute thyroiditis of de Quervain is histologically characterized by an inflammatory reaction with histiocytes and giant cells around residues of colloid, producing a tubercle-like granulomatous picture. A variable degree of fibrosis occurs, but recovery is generally almost complete. Investigation of a series of thyroid glands with de Quervain's thyroiditis gave the impression of rather extensive and increasing fibrosis in most of these glands. To substantiate this impression we reviewed the histological slides of all our cases of de Quervain's thyroiditis diagnosed at the Department of Pathology of the University of Zurich between 1940-1950 and 1974-1984. In the majority of the glands of both periods we found rather extensive fibrosis involving more than 50% of the surface. In young patients the fibrosis seemed to be more extensive than in older subjects. There was no sex difference. A certain degree of fibrosis appears to be characteristic of de Quervain's thyroiditis. Differences of frequency and degree of fibrosis between the two periods could not be demonstrated. PMID- 3764386 TI - [Primary biliary liver cirrhosis and granulomatous pulmonary infiltrates]. AB - Primary biliary cirrhosis was diagnosed in a 48-year-old woman in the light of clinical and laboratory data, antimitochondrial antibodies and histologic features in liver biopsy. Four years later the patient developed pulmonary infiltration of changing localization. Histologic investigation of transbronchial biopsy revealed granulomas in the bronchial mucosa and peribronchial tissue. There were no further signs of sarcoidosis. The question is discussed whether granulomatous pulmonary infiltrations are an extrahepatic manifestation of primary biliary cirrhosis. PMID- 3764387 TI - [Pyogenic liver abscess]. AB - 27 patients who presented with pyogenic liver abscess from 1957 to 1984 are analyzed retrospectively and compared with the literature. Diagnosis and start of therapy were frequently delayed because of the unspecificity of symptoms. Symptoms included fever, abdominal pain, weakness, and loss of weight. In 50% of all patients, the abscess was found by chance at laparotomy or autopsy. The most frequent causes of abscess formation were cholestasis due to extrahepatic obstruction and intraabdominal infections. Frequently a predisposing condition such as carcinoma, diabetes mellitus or alcohol abuse was found. The overall mortality was 25%, and was higher in patients with multiple abscesses of the liver (36%) than in patients with solitary abscesses (10%). With the introduction of new imaging procedures (ultrasound, computer tomography), the abscesses can be punctured under view and the antibiotic therapy can be based on bacterial analysis. The causative bacterial organism could be identified by cultures of the abscess fluid and blood in up to 90%. The bacteria identified usually were identical to the intestinal flora. Using specific antibiotic therapy, surgical treatment is often unnecessary and can be reserved for abscesses resistant to conservative treatment and for those due to correction of the original source of abscess formation. PMID- 3764389 TI - [Skin problems in joggers]. AB - Reports on skin problems in joggers are rare in medical literature. Jogger dermatoses are caused by repeated trauma, mechanic overuse, thermic effects, allergic-toxic reactions and infectious processes. Most common are bullosis mechanica, piezogenic papules, hyperkeratosis haemorrhagica and subungual haematomas. Contact allergies and infections such as athlete's foot, pitted keratolysis and pyoderma are well-known complications in joggers. Frostbite and actinic damage, abrasions of the nipples, collisions with vehicles and injuries by buzzards are further possible incidents to be reckoned with occasionally. In most cases, prophylaxis is possible by training adaptation and use of adequate footwear. Jogger dermatoses usually clear after a suitable jogging-free interval. PMID- 3764388 TI - [Ordering laboratory tests: their quantity and causes of variations among physicians]. AB - To establish whether some physicians contribute more than others to the alarming increase in laboratory related expenditure, 317 consecutive medical files established by 10 residents of an outpatient clinic were analyzed. The expense incurred in establishing a diagnosis varied, according to the physicians involved, by a factor of 4.9 for back pain and 2.6 for acute respiratory illness. The difference is even more striking when the various types of investigation are analyzed (blood count, ESR, X-rays). It is therefore possible to group physicians according to their individual tendency to order tests. This classification is not related to age, sex, former professional experience or sub-specialty in internal medicine. There is a significant correlation (Spearman's test) between this classification and the approach to medicine, as evidenced by analysis of the content of an interview on medical practice. These interviews were conducted double blind, recorded and transcribed to determine psychological traits. Physicians who order a large number of tests are characterized by a high index of uncertainty, as evidenced by the large number of hesitant expressions and a tendency to cut the interview short, showing off to compensate for lack of self assurance, depersonalized reference to patients, few references to the interviewer, difficulty in establishing a true dialogue. These characteristics can be considered to form a coherent entity which shows that even the material aspects of medical practice are strongly influenced by the physician-patient relationship. PMID- 3764390 TI - [Frequency of respiratory allergens involved in rhinitis and bronchial asthma in adults. Prospective study]. AB - In a prospective study of 100 adults, we determined the frequency of hypersensitivity to allergens most often diagnosed in patients suffering from rhinitis and bronchial asthma. Skin-prick tests and RAST for 15 allergens were performed in all patients. The most frequent allergen detected by skin-prick test was the extract "total house dust" (50%) but the corresponding RAST was rarely positive (16%); then came grass pollens (46%), house dust mites (D. pteronyssinus, 38%) and animal danders (cat 33%). On the other hand, a positive skin test with the two moulds chosen was rare (Alternaria tenuis 5%, Cladosporium herbarum 4%). For all the allergens investigated, the correlation between positive skin test and positive RAST was proportional to the intensity of the skin reaction (94% for the skin tests +, 40% for the skin tests ++). 35% of the patients with at least a positive skin test and a RAST for one of the allergens tested had in fact a total IgE concentration not suggestive of atopy (less than 100 kU/1). The results indicate that, with the exception of the 2 moulds chosen, the frequency of allergens diagnosed in Switzerland is very similar to what has been found in other countries with different climates. PMID- 3764391 TI - [Epidemiologic aspects of bronchial asthma in childhood]. AB - Bronchial asthma was studied in 813 children subdivided into 5 etiopathogenetic groups by lung function tests performed in the symptomfree "interval phase" of the disease. The patients were followed up for a 5-year period (1980-1984). 56% had continuous perennial asthma, 24% seasonal asthma, 14% infection-induced asthma, 3% psychogenic asthma and 3% exclusively exercise-induced asthma. With regard to functional abnormalities, 32% of patients presented with values within the range of normal, 23% showed pulmonary hyperinflation (FRC greater than 130% predicted), 42% had bronchial obstruction (Raw greater than 130% pred.) and 3% showed restriction of static lung volumes (TLC less than 80% pred.). 91 patients with perennial continuing asthma have been followed up under regular anti asthmatic treatment over 2 years, during which at least 3 lung function tests have been performed. The study shows that asthmatic children must be evaluated according to the kind and degree of functional abnormalities and within certain age groups. Best improvement after treatment, mainly by inhalation of beta-2 mimetrics and mastcell stabilisators, and partly also by topical steroids, was found in the age groups 8-10 years and 11-13 years respectively. In spite of treatment asthmatic children showed an increase in bronchial constriction in the 5-7 year age group and an increase in pulmonary hyperinflation in the 14-16 age group. These two age groups seem to represent vulnerable periods in the development of childhood asthma which are determinant for the later prognosis. PMID- 3764392 TI - [Anthrax meningitis]. AB - Anthrax meningitis may complicate cutaneous, inhalation, or gastrointestinal anthrax, although it occurs in less than 5% of patients. Between 1935 and 1985 60 cases of human anthrax were notified in Switzerland. This report of a fatal case in a 54-year-old woman is the third case of inhalation anthrax and the second of meningeal complication with cortical hemorrhages in our country. There was no known source of infection. The clinical, microbiological and histopathological profile, therapy and prognosis are presented. PMID- 3764394 TI - [Technic and method of broncho-alveolar lavage in interstitial lung diseases]. AB - The methodology and techniques of bronchoalveolar lavage in obtaining and processing cells and fluids in interstitial lung diseases are reviewed. The effects of the following variables on the results of lavage processing are critically discussed: lavage location, lavage volume, mode of aspiration, filtration through cotton gauze, washing procedures, quantification of differential cell count by cytocentrifuge or millipore filters, and internal or external markers for dilution of non-cellular components. PMID- 3764393 TI - [Annual meeting of the Swiss Society of Pneumology. Zurich, 10-11 March 1986]. PMID- 3764395 TI - [Properties of inflammatory cells in broncho-alveolar lavage in pulmonary fibrosis]. AB - Bronchoalveolar lavage in alveolitis and fibrotic lung diseases serves mainly (1) as a tool facilitating diagnosis and prognosis, and (2) to provide insight into the pathophysiology of tissue destruction and fibrotic processes. The interaction between macrophages, lymphocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and fibroblasts is in part controlled by polypeptides (cytokines), some of whose structures and genes are well characterized. The macrophage seems to be a key mediator between the immune and non-immune cells. The major cytokines produced by macrophages which may play a role in fibrotic processes are interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor/cachectin, platelet-derived growth factor, and interferons alpha and beta. Once it becomes possible in vivo to quantify cellular activation and production of these cytokines, these diseases will be easier to monitor and more rational therapeutic approaches will be found. PMID- 3764396 TI - [Cavernous bronchus carcinoma]. AB - In thoracic surgery patients the etiology of cavities has drastically changed in the last 20 years. While at present only very few patients need surgery for cavernous tuberculosis, cavities of cancerous origin are becoming more and more frequent. During the period from 1977 to 1985 24 out of 225 bronchogenic carcinomas treated by resection were found to be cavernous (10.7%). Radiologically the degree of cavitation extended from a small marginal or central air collection to the formation of large, irregular, and thick-walled caverns. The excavation is the result of necrobiotic changes within the tumor. It arises when the tumor masses penetrate into the bronchial tree and are expectorated. However, prognosis of cavitated cancer remains exclusively dependent on the stage of the tumor. The cavitation itself seems not to influence it. PMID- 3764397 TI - [Premedication in fiber optic bronchoscopy from the patient's and the physician's viewpoint--a randomized study for the comparison of midazolam and hydrocodone]. AB - To evaluate side effects and patients' assessment of fiberoptic bronchoscopy under local anesthesia, 122 consecutive patients answered questions from an outside interviewer (an experienced psychiatrist) and not from the endoscopists themselves. The effect of premedication with midazolam (5 mg i.m.) and hydrocodonum (15 mg i.m.) was compared in a randomized study. In a multiple choice questionnaire 68% of all patients indicated considerable fear in the days before bronchoscopy. They were more afraid of the possible diagnosis of cancer (23%) than of dyspnea or asphyxiation (14%). Coughing is considered the worst side effect of bronchoscopy by 25% of patients (36% of the endoscopists) followed by dyspnea during insertion of the scope (21%) and discomfort during local anesthesia. Although the patients premedicated with midazolam are more sedated (p = 0.025 by physicians' assessment vs. p = 0.11 in patients' view), they cough more (p = 0.001 vs. p = 0.22) and usually tolerate the examination less well (p = 0.009 vs. p = 0.08) than patients premedicated with hydrocodonum. 42% of patients premedicated with midazolam had anterograde amnesia. Although they did not remember all the unpleasant side effects, only 77% said they would repeat the procedure with the same premedication, compared with 90% of patients premedicated with hydrocodonum (p = 0.08). Before and two hours after premedication the reaction times had not changed (optical sign, Wiener reaction device) and were identical in the two patient groups. At that time 37% of the patients premedicated with midazolam and 27% of those premedicated with hydrocodonum were still sleepy and could not be regarded as fit for any form of travel. PMID- 3764398 TI - [Relation between respiratory function, bronchial reactivity and symptoms in heavy smokers]. AB - As part of a study of the morphology of hyperreactive airways, 22 heavy smokers (67 +/- 31 pack-years), all male, were challenged with histamine, questioned on symptoms and skin-tested for common allergens before thoracic surgery, mainly for cancer. Histamine was delivered with a hand operated nebulizer in a total dose of 7.8 mumol or a 20% fall from the baseline FEV1. The PD20 (dose of histamine which causes a 20% fall of FEV1) was determined on a semi-log dose-response curve. Symptoms were recorded by physician-administered questionnaire and skin tests were performed with 8 common allergens. Values for FEV1%VC ratio and response to salbutamol were taken from preoperative spirometric studies. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) was found in 45% of the patients. The PD20 was in the range of asthma. Past symptoms of airway allergy did not enhance BHR risk. Half of the 13 subjects with airway obstruction (FEV1%VC of less than 2 SD of the predicted value) had normal bronchial responsiveness; however, PD20 correlated well with FEV1 (% predicted) in the hyperresponsive group (r = 0.90, p less than 0.001). The degree of BHR was unrelated to tobacco consumption, number of positive skin tests and response to salbutamol. Symptoms were those of chronic bronchitis and bronchoconstriction (wheezing, morning chest tightness, sudden dyspnea), as well as cough. They were experienced, to some extent, by 82% of patients, only half of whom had BHR. These smokers with BHR differed from asthmatics in that half of them did not report bronchoconstriction symptoms and none experienced chest discomfort during provocation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3764399 TI - [Phagocytosis of blood cells in pleural effusions]. AB - Macrophages can be found in pleural effusions in varying number according to etiology and duration of the underlying pleural disease. These phagocytes are able to ingest different particles and cells: morphologically intact white and red blood cells or degradation products (such as, for instance, specific granules of granulocytes) are detectable in up to 10% of pleural macrophages. Little is known about the significance and mechanisms of cytophagocytosis of blood cells by macrophages in pleural effusions. To learn more about it we studied the phenomenon of endocytosis in 105 patients with pleural effusions of various etiologies. Cytophagocytosis can be observed in all pleural effusions independently of underlying pleural processes. The nature of ingested cells in macrophages corresponds to free blood cells in effusions and a similar ratio can be shown. The results indicate that white and red blood cells which enter the pleural space may be eliminated by macrophages by a similar mechanism to the well known cytohemolysis of blood cells in the reticulo-endothelium of the body. PMID- 3764400 TI - [Popliteal tenosynovitis in athletes apropos of 12 cases]. PMID- 3764401 TI - [Speed and endurance in soccer players of various sport classes]. PMID- 3764403 TI - [Knee orthoses]. PMID- 3764402 TI - [Influence of exposure to cold on aerobic capacity and anaerobic threshold]. PMID- 3764404 TI - [Psychology in soccer: types of interventions]. PMID- 3764405 TI - A study of the glucocorticoid receptor of the cytosol and nuclei in nonlethally and lethally scalded rats. AB - The glucocorticoid receptor (GCR) of the cytosol of liver and brain was studied by radioligand binding assay, using [3H] dexamethasone (Dex) as the ligand in lethally and nonlethally scalded rats. As compared with controls, the binding capacity (R0) was decreased and the apparent Kd of [3H] Dex specific binding was increased in both scalded groups. In the lethal group, the R0 is much lower than that in the nonlethal group. In order to determine whether the decrease of R0 was due to the translocation of [3H] Dex-GCR complex into the cell nuclei, the [3H] corticosterone (B) specific binding of the hepatic nuclei was measured by the exchange assay. There was no significant difference between the control and scalded groups. The possible mechanisms and the clinical significance of these changes were discussed. PMID- 3764406 TI - Effects of some Ca2+ blockers on receptor potentials of crayfish retina. AB - One drug known to inactivate calmodulin and two others to block Ca2+ channels were applied to isolated superfused retinae of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus and their influence on the receptor potentials (RP) was studied. Trifluoperazine causes an increase of the amplitude of maximum (h max) of RP and a prolongation of the time of half decrease (t2). Furthermore, trifluoperazine could antagonise the effect of raised calcium concentration of superfusate, which decreases h max and shortens t2 of the RP. Iproveratril and D-600 cause a transient increase and thereafter a progressive decrease of h max of the RP. There is a difference between effects of both drugs on t2 of the RP. The mechanisms of effects of these drugs on the sensitivity of the isolated retina are discussed. PMID- 3764407 TI - Two new antiepilepsy compounds--otophyllosides A and B. AB - Two new C21 steroidal constituents, named otophylloside A(IV) and otophylloside B(V), have been isolated from the roots of Cynanchum otophyllum Schneid, whose structures have been analysed in this paper by using X-ray crystallography and spectrometric data (UV, IR, 1H- and 13C-NMR, MS) and chemical reaction. They were found to be active against epilepsy, IV and V can protect rats from audiogenic seizures (AS) and its ED50 = 10.20 mg/kg. PMID- 3764408 TI - Drinking water and cancer mortality. AB - The problem of understanding the possible adverse health effects of organic chemical contaminants in drinking water is not new, but national concern has intensified in recent years. Despite this concern and regulatory efforts, no definitive relationship has been established between organic contamination and human health effects. This paper examines some of the sources of possible organic contamination, current knowledge concerning human health effects and the most current epidemiological data. Historic CCE and CAE data were extracted from STORET and used in regression analyses. Age-adjusted 20-year average cancer mortality rates were regressed against the sum of CAE and CCE for those counties with STORET monitoring data of their drinking water source. Results indicate statistically highly significant relationships particularly for GI-urinary tract cancers. PMID- 3764410 TI - Trace metals in the bones of scaup ducks (Aythya marila L.) wintering in Gdansk Bay, Baltic Sea, 1982-83 and 1983-84. AB - The concentrations of Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Co, Ni, Cr and Ag in 88 samples of various bones and five samples of trachea prepared from scaup ducks (Aythya marila L.) have been determined. With the exception of lead, no significant sex related differences were observed for the concentration of metals. However, there were significant differences in the concentrations of most metals for different bones. PMID- 3764409 TI - Significance of elevated urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity in chronic cadmium poisoning. AB - N-Acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity and beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2 m) concentration were measured in the urine of inhabitants of a cadmium-polluted area (Cd), including patients with, or suspected, "itai-itai" disease and control subjects. Urinary NAG activity increased with increasing beta 2-m concentration up to about 100 U/g creatinine; above this value the NAG activity did not increase with increasing beta 2-m concentration. Urinary NAG activity thus represents another useful indicator of renal tubular damage caused by Cd poisoning since the mechanisms for the excretion of NAG and beta 2-m into urine are thought to be different. PMID- 3764411 TI - Science and trans-science in radiation risk assessment: child cancer around the nuclear fuel reprocessing plant at Sellafield, U.K. AB - The assessment of health risks to the population from radionuclides in the environment is a complex and as yet incomplete science: biogeochemical mechanisms of environmental transfer and concentration are poorly understood; models of radionuclide metabolism rely largely on inconclusive and contradictory experiments with animals, and the principles by which results may be extrapolated to humans are unknown; uncertainties in the dosimetry of alpha-emitters in children and the foetus are acute; and chronic doubt persists over the magnitude of low-level dose-response for radiation carcinogenesis. To deny uncertainties of this nature is to court public distrust of scientific risk assessment; public confidence in nuclear power technologies might be strengthened through a more open discussion of the technical difficulties involved. These problems are described with reference to the assessment of cancer risks at a large nuclear facility in the north of England. The extent of uncertainties in a recent radiological risk assessment are found to be such that, should scientific concern persist over the exceptional incidence of child cancer in the locality, greater consideration should be given to a reappraisal of the risk calculation. PMID- 3764412 TI - Cadmium and zinc concentrations in drinking water supplies of Dhaka City, Bangladesh. AB - The cadmium concentration in different drinking water supplies of Dhaka City is reported. In this study, cadmium was extracted from water into chloroform after chelation with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate and then back extracted into water for determination by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The concentration of cadmium in source water is below the detection limit (51 micrograms l-1) and that in supply water (tap water) and tube-well water ranges from 1.03 to 1.58 and 1.71 to 2.24 ppb, respectively. The corresponding zinc content ranges from 0.013 to 0.30, 0.018 to 3.8 and 0.042 to 0.37 ppm. The implications of these findings are discussed. PMID- 3764413 TI - Treatment of depression. PMID- 3764414 TI - California to vote on AIDS proposition. PMID- 3764415 TI - Nerve growth factor gene expression in the developing rat brain. AB - The regulation of nerve growth factor (NGF) protein and NGF messenger RNA (mRNA) in the developing rat brain has been studied to assess the hypothesis that NGF supports the differentiation of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain. In the adult, the major targets of these neurons, the hippocampus and neocortex, contain the highest concentrations of NGF mRNA, but comparatively low ratios of NGF protein to its mRNA. In contrast, a high concentration of NGF protein and a low concentration of NGF mRNA were seen in the basal forebrain, consistent with retrograde transport of NGF protein into this region from the neocortex and hippocampus. In these two target regions NGF and NGF mRNA were barely detectable at birth, their concentrations increased to a peak at day 21, and then NGF mRNA, but not NGF protein, declined threefold by day 35. NGF accumulation in the basal forebrain paralleled that in the target regions and preceded an increase in choline acetyltransferase, suggesting that the differentiation of cholinergic projection neurons is indeed regulated by retrogradely transported NGF. In addition, high ratios of NGF protein to NGF mRNA, comparable to that in the basal forebrain, were seen in the olfactory bulb and cerebellum, suggesting that NGF may be transported into these regions by unidentified neurons. PMID- 3764416 TI - Central projections of identified, unmyelinated (C) afferent fibers innervating mammalian skin. AB - Unmyelinated (C) fibers are the most numerous sensory elements of mammalian peripheral nerve and comprise many of those responsible for initiating pain and temperature reactions; however, direct evidence has been lacking as to where and how these fibers terminate in the central nervous system. A plant lectin (Phaseolus vulgaris leukoagglutinin) was applied intracellularly by iontophoresis as an immunocytochemical marker. This permitted visualization of the central terminations of cutaneous C sensory fibers that had been identified by the nature of stimuli that excited them. The central branch of C-fiber units arborized and terminated mainly in the superficial layers of the spinal dorsal horn in defined patterns that related to their functional attributes. Thus, the superficial dorsal horn seems to act as a processing station for signals from fine sensory fibers. PMID- 3764417 TI - Sex and needles, not insects and pigs, spread AIDS in Florida town. PMID- 3764418 TI - Woburn case may spark explosion of lawsuits. PMID- 3764419 TI - Hoechst tests lead EPA to ban herbicide. PMID- 3764420 TI - New class of animal virus found in virulent form of human hepatitis. PMID- 3764421 TI - Shock and tissue injury induced by recombinant human cachectin. AB - Cachectin (tumor necrosis factor), a protein produced in large quantities by endotoxin-activated macrophages, has been implicated as an important mediator of the lethal effect of endotoxin. Recombinant human cachectin was infused into rats in an effort to determine whether cachectin, by itself, can elicit the derangements of host physiology caused by administration of endotoxin. When administered in quantities similar to those produced endogenously in response to endotoxin, cachectin causes hypotension, metabolic acidosis, hemoconcentration, and death within minutes to hours, as a result of respiratory arrest. Hyperglycemia and hyperkalemia were also observed after infusion. At necropsy, diffuse pulmonary inflammation and hemorrhage were apparent on gross and histopathologic examination, along with ischemic and hemorrhagic lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, and acute renal tubular necrosis. Thus, it appears that a single protein mediator (cachectin) is capable of inducing many of the deleterious effects of endotoxin. PMID- 3764422 TI - Cultivation of Rhinosporidium seeberi in vitro: interaction with epithelial cells. AB - Rhinosporidium seeberi, a fungus that is associated with polyp-like tumors in animals and man, was successfully cultivated. This organism stimulated proliferation of epithelial cells in vitro, producing polyp-like structures. Spores produced in culture required a period of aging or development, or both, before they were capable of reinitiating the growth cycle. PMID- 3764423 TI - The mitochondrion updated. PMID- 3764424 TI - Creativity and manic depressive illness. PMID- 3764426 TI - R&D budgets: Congress leaves a parting gift. PMID- 3764425 TI - San Diego's tough stand on research fraud. PMID- 3764427 TI - What does it mean to be "rare" or "likely"? PMID- 3764428 TI - Ablation of polymers and biological tissue by ultraviolet lasers. AB - When pulsed, ultraviolet laser radiation falls on the surface of an organic polymer or biological tissue, the material at the surface is spontaneously etched away to a depth of 0.1 to several micrometers. In the process, the depth of etching is controlled by the width of the pulse and the fluence of the laser, and there is no detectable thermal damage to the substrate. The material that is removed by etching consists of products ranging from atoms to small fragments of the polymer. They are ejected at supersonic velocities. This dry photoetching technique is useful in patterning polymer films. It is also under serious investigation in several areas in surgery. PMID- 3764429 TI - Molecular cloning and expression of neuroleukin, a neurotrophic factor for spinal and sensory neurons. AB - A novel 56,000-dalton growth factor found in mouse salivary gland was purified, molecularly cloned, and expressed in monkey COS cells. The protein is a neurotrophic factor and also, surprisingly, a lymphokine product of lectin stimulated T cells. The factor was therefore named neuroleukin. Neuroleukin promotes the survival in culture of a subpopulation of embryonic spinal neurons that probably includes skeletal motor neurons. Neuroleukin also supports the survival of cultured sensory neurons that are insensitive to nerve growth factor, but has no effect on sympathetic or parasympathetic neurons. The amino acid sequence of neuroleukin is partly homologous to a highly conserved region of the external envelope protein of HTLV-III/LAV, the retrovirus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome. PMID- 3764430 TI - URF6, last unidentified reading frame of human mtDNA, codes for an NADH dehydrogenase subunit. AB - The polypeptide encoded in URF6, the last unassigned reading frame of human mitochondrial DNA, has been identified with antibodies to peptides predicted from the DNA sequence. Antibodies prepared against highly purified respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase from beef heart or against the cytoplasmically synthesized 49 kilodalton iron-sulfur subunit isolated from this enzyme complex, when added to a deoxycholate or a Triton X-100 mitochondrial lysate of HeLa cells, specifically precipitated the URF6 product together with the six other URF products previously identified as subunits of NADH dehydrogenase. These results strongly point to the URF6 product as being another subunit of this enzyme complex. Thus, almost 60% of the protein coding capacity of mammalian mitochondrial DNA is utilized for the assembly of the first enzyme complex of the respiratory chain. The absence of such information in yeast mitochondrial DNA dramatizes the variability in gene content of different mitochondrial genomes. PMID- 3764431 TI - [Disordered fracture healing of the upper arm. Etiology, therapy and results of 40 aseptic cases]. PMID- 3764432 TI - [Bilateral bipartite scaphoid bone. A case report]. PMID- 3764433 TI - [Primary pollicization in severe circular saw injury (autologous joint transplantation, flap-plasty)]. PMID- 3764434 TI - [Management of femur neck fractures with femur head prosthesis]. PMID- 3764435 TI - [Results of magnetic resonance (MR) tomography in the follow-up of transplantations of the cruciate ligament]. PMID- 3764436 TI - [Simultaneous bilateral rupture of the patellar ligament. Supplement to the report by D. Trager]. PMID- 3764437 TI - [Stabilization of short, proximal and distal fragments of the tibia with monofixation. An experimental study. II. Bending stress]. PMID- 3764438 TI - Plasma cell myeloma and the myeloma proteins. PMID- 3764440 TI - Alpha interferon therapy in oncology: clinical update. Proceedings of a symposium. April 11-12, 1986, Johns Island, South Carolina. PMID- 3764439 TI - Plasmacytomas in mice. PMID- 3764441 TI - Interferons in the treatment of multiple myeloma. AB - Recombinant DNA technology has made adequate quantities of human interferons available for both in vitro and in vivo testing. In the clonogenic assay, RPMI 8226 myeloma cells were tested with recombinant interferon alfa-2b (Intron A), melphalan, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone. Prednisone used as a single agent had the least cytotoxic effect. Concentrations of alfa-2b as low as 1 unit/mL (international antiviral activity) showed a reduction in colony number of less than 30% of the untreated controlled cultures. Melphalan and cyclophosphamide showed measurable cytotoxic activity, expressed in terms of 50% inhibition of colony growth, at doses of 0.15 microgram/mL and 0.4 microgram/mL, respectively. Additive antiproliferative effects were noted with combinations of alfa-2b plus cyclophosphamide and alfa-2b plus prednisone. However, the alfa-2b-melphalan combination had a synergistic effect on tumor-cell colony reduction. Even greater cytotoxic activity was seen with the three-drug combination of alfa-2b, melphalan, and prednisone. Clinical trials have shown that alfa-2b may be effective in patients with relapsing and refractory multiple myeloma. Of 38 patients evaluated, seven responded to treatment. Three of the seven responders have continued to respond for over 33 months, with monoclonal proteins approaching undetectable levels. A pilot study of the feasibility of combining alfa-2b with melphalan and prednisone in previously untreated patients with multiple myeloma has been completed. Although response was not the primary objective of this study, an overall response rate of 78% was achieved using criteria established by the Chronic Leukemia Task Force. Phase II trials conducted thus far have established tumor responsiveness to interferons in human myeloma. To clearly define the role of these agents in the treatment of myeloma, well-planned multicenter studies are needed. PMID- 3764442 TI - Rationale for and conduct of a phase I clinical trial with interferon alfa-2b plus doxorubicin. AB - A human tumor cloning system was utilized to screen for the antitumor activity of recombinant interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) alone and in combination with standard antineoplastic agents. These in vitro studies confirmed synergistic effects of alfa-2b plus doxorubicin against primary human tumors. Based on those in vitro findings, a phase I study has been conducted by Sarosy and colleagues that demonstrated that recombinant interferon alpha-2b and doxorubicin could be given together. Myelosuppression was the dose-limiting toxicity. Because responses were noted in the phase I trials with the combination, phase II trials of the combination are warranted. Additional phase I studies that should be pursued include recombinant interferon alpha-2b plus 5-fluorouracil, interferon plus cisplatinum, and interferon plus DTIC. PMID- 3764443 TI - The combined use of interferon and radiotherapy in cancer management. AB - Preclinical studies have suggested combination therapy with interferon and radiation results in an enhanced cytotoxic effect. Both additive and synergistic effects have been reported in mammalian cells in tissue culture. A phase I trial was designed to determine patient tolerance to concomitant Schering interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) and radiation therapy (RT). RT was delivered in standard fashion (five times a week in 180 rad fractions). Interferon was injected subcutaneously 2 hours prior to irradiation. Sixteen patients, divided into groups of three, received interferon at dose levels of 2 X 10(6) to 30 X 10(6) IU/m2 given five or three times a week. Planned dose escalations were stopped at 5 X 10(6) IU/m2 by patient tolerance. We observed a significant difference in tolerance to treatment between the patients receiving interferon three times a week and those receiving interferon five times a week. Eight of nine patients treated five times a week developed grade III-IV toxicity resulting in hospitalization and discontinuation of interferon; radiation was not discontinued. Only two of seven patients treated three times a week were hospitalized, with grade II toxicity (anorexia), but both were subsequently able to continue treatment with both interferon and radiation. We have identified a maximum tolerated dose and schedule of interferon (5 X 10(6) IU/m2 three times a week) for use in future combined modality trials to assess the potential clinical effectiveness of interferon in combination with RT. PMID- 3764445 TI - New developments in the treatment of lung cancer. Proceedings of a symposium. March 1986, St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands. PMID- 3764444 TI - Interferon alfa-2b-cyclophosphamide combination studies: in vitro and phase I-II clinical results. AB - Since interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) is useful as a single agent, it is important to determine if interferon can be combined with standard chemotherapy to improve both response and survival in patients with cancer. Using clonogenic assays, interferon was tested alone and in combination with cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) or melphalan (Alkeran) using several dose and exposure schedules to evaluate cytotoxicity. In vitro, continuous-exposure interferon produced optimal cell kill. Maximum enhancement of cytotoxicity occurred with cyclophosphamide or melphalan pretreatment (1 hour) and/or simultaneous interferon treatment. Based upon these data, a phase I-II study was designed to determine the tolerance of cancer patients to a fixed dose of cyclophosphamide (150 mg/m2 p.o. daily X 4 days [days 2 to 5]) combined with increasing doses of interferon. Interferon was administered subcutaneously on treatment cycle days 1 to 5, plus days 8, 10, 12, 15, 17, and 19 of the 21-day regimen. Three patients had partial responses: one breast cancer, one angiosarcoma, and one myeloma (mixed). All patients reported mild flu-like symptoms, fatigue, and anorexia. Leukopenia occurred in all patients; three required treatment interruption to allow recovery. Eight patients had a fall in hemoglobin (mean decrease 1.4 g/dL). The combination of cyclophosphamide and interferon was safe and deserves further trial in cancer treatment. However, using this combination schedule, interferon doses greater than or equal to 5 X 10(6) IU were poorly tolerated and compromised administration of full-dose cyclophosphamide. PMID- 3764446 TI - Phase II trial of etoposide, cisplatin, continuous infusion 5-fluorouracil, and simultaneous split-course radiation therapy in stage III non-small-cell bronchogenic carcinoma. AB - Survival in patients with locally advanced, non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is relatively short, despite treatment with surgery or radiation. A phase II study of simultaneous continuous infusion 5-fluorouracil and split-course radiation with or without surgery has shown possible improvement in median survival compared with that observed in trials of radiation alone. Past success with etoposide plus cisplatin in NSCLC has led to the addition of etoposide to the 5 fluorouracil plus cisplatin plus radiation combination. Twenty-four stage III NSCLC patients were treated with this three-drug regimen, and a 74% clinical partial remission rate was observed. Thoracotomy was done in eight of these patients; subsequent histologic examination of the resected specimen revealed no residual tumor in four patients (50%) and only microscopic foci of tumor in two patients (25%). Major toxicities were leukopenia, nausea, and vomiting. Median leukocyte nadir was 2,900/mm3. A leukocyte count less than 1,000/mm3 was observed in two of 24 patients (8%), one of whom expired from progressive pneumonia. All patients experienced nausea and vomiting, which were classified as moderate in three patients (12%) and severe in four (16%). Moderate to severe esophagitis, dermatitis, and pneumonitis were not observed. Median progression-free interval and median survival were not reached after a median follow-up of 163 days. PMID- 3764447 TI - Twin pregnancy. PMID- 3764448 TI - The controversy of mode of delivery in twins: the intrapartum management of twin gestation (Part I). PMID- 3764449 TI - Epidemiology of twin pregnancy. PMID- 3764450 TI - Single fetal death in twin gestation. PMID- 3764451 TI - Conjoined twins and their separation. PMID- 3764452 TI - Twin placentation and its complications. PMID- 3764453 TI - The management of hyperprolactinaemia. PMID- 3764454 TI - Some characteristics of male inpatients of the forensic ward in Woodbridge Hospital. PMID- 3764455 TI - Treatment of biliary colic with prostaglandin-synthetase inhibition: diclofenac sodium. PMID- 3764456 TI - Plasma theophylline concentrations in asthmatic children receiving a twice daily theophylline preparation. PMID- 3764457 TI - An eight year experience with the use of Kielland's forceps in Singapore. PMID- 3764458 TI - Some aspects of sexual knowledge and sexual behaviour of local women. Results of a survey. VII. Orogenital sex. PMID- 3764459 TI - Lepromin skin test in normal people in Singapore: a 1 year follow-up. PMID- 3764460 TI - Evaluation of treatment with Sicorten cream by day and Sicorten ointment at night in patients with chronic psoriasis. PMID- 3764461 TI - Prevalence of asymptomatic hookworm infestation in young Singapore males. PMID- 3764462 TI - Traumatic open posterior dislocation of the hip: case report. PMID- 3764463 TI - Sclerotherapy of oral haemangioma with 3% sodium tetradecyl sulphate--a case report. PMID- 3764465 TI - Idiopathic edema in the athletic woman. PMID- 3764464 TI - Severe bronchoconstriction after inhalation of beclomethasone and budesonide. PMID- 3764466 TI - Paroxysmal tonic seizures in demyelinating disease. PMID- 3764467 TI - Giant cell reparative granuloma and other giant cell lesions of the bones of the hands and feet. AB - The present paper is a clinico-pathologic study of 52 osteolytic lesions containing giant cells, affecting the hands and feet and comprising 11 giant cell reparative granulomas, nine giant cell tumors, six chondroblastomas, and 26 aneurysmal bone cysts. The nature of osteolytic lesions of hands and feet must be carefully established in order to plan appropriate treatment without damaging the surrounding structures. Giant cell reparative granuloma has to be distinguished from other lesions containing giant cells. Clinical and radiologic findings proved of limited diagnostic value; the definitive diagnosis can be established only by histologic examination. Surgical treatment is discussed. PMID- 3764468 TI - Epiphyseal involvement in unicameral bone cysts. AB - Twelve patients are reported in whom a unicameral bone cyst was found to involve the epiphysis or apophysis across an open growth plate. Nine patients showed pathologic fracture. In four patients a growth disturbance was found. A varying amount of varus angulation was present in most cases. No patient had functional impairment. PMID- 3764469 TI - Radiology of postnatal skeletal development. XIII. C1-C2 interrelationships. AB - Composites of C1 and C2 were analyzed in various roentgenographic projections to elucidate osseous interrelationships and the effect of overlap of different portions of these two vertebrae in standard radiographic projections during differing stages of postnatal chondro-osseous transformation. In anteroposterior projections the dentocentral synchrondroses of C2 normally was located below the inferior rim of the C1 anterior ossification center. The upper extent of the dens ossification center was behind this anterior C1 center. The overlap made visualization of the ossiculum terminale difficult. The spinous process of C1 could be confused with the ossiculum. In transverse projections, the normal laxity characteristic of young children allowed considerable variation in rotational interrelationships. Various degrees of such instability are illustrated. In lateral views variation of the anterior contour of the dens was significant. Such variation must be considered developmental due to the location and direction of growth of the chondrum terminale and interactive modeling between C1 and C2 to allow extension at this particular joint. PMID- 3764470 TI - The radiographic distinction of degenerative slippage (spondylolisthesis and retrolisthesis) from traumatic slippage of the cervical spine. AB - In a review of 42 cases of degenerative arthritis of the cervical spine and 22 cases of cervical spine trauma with an observed anterior slippage (spondylolisthesis) or posterior slippage (retrolisthesis) of the vertebral bodies of 2 mm or more, characteristic features were observed which allowed distinction between degenerative and traumatic slippage of the cervical spine. In degenerative slippage the shape of the articular facets and width of the facet joint space may remain normal; however, in most cases the articular facets become "ground-down" with narrowing of the facet joint space and the articular facets themselves becoming thinned or ribbon-like. In traumatic slippage the articular facets will either be normally shaped or fractured and the facet joint space will be abnormally widened. Plain radiographs will usually allow this distinction to be made; however, in difficult cases polytomography may be required. PMID- 3764471 TI - The intravertebral vacuum phenomenon. AB - An intravertebral vacuum phenomenon was observed within 19 vertebrae of 17 patients. It represents a non-healing vertebral fracture. Three possible pathologic mechanisms are discussed: ischemic bone necrosis, trauma with ensuing ischemic necrosis, and intraosseous disc prolapse. The intravertebral vacuum phenomenon was found in two patients with multiple myeloma and thus does not exclude the presence of malignancy in the affected bone. Radiographs obtained during traction or extension may be of diagnostic value. PMID- 3764472 TI - Mixed sclerosing bone dysplasia coexisting with dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica (Trevor-Fairbank disease). AB - The coexistence of mixed sclerosing bone dysplasia and dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica is a rare anomaly. This combination of abnormalities has not been previously reported. The clinical, radiographic, and pathologic features of this condition are discussed and the methods of treatment of articular complications are reviewed. PMID- 3764473 TI - The assimilated os sustentaculi. AB - The assimilated os sustentaculi is a projection of bone from the medial aspect of the sustentaculum tali which is surmounted by a similar projection from the medial tubercle of the talus. The accessory joint so formed may develop secondary osteoarthritis changes. This congenital anomaly is very rare. The present report is of 2 additional cases. PMID- 3764474 TI - Symptomatic vertebral hemangiomas: a report of four cases. AB - Neural compression complicating vertebral hemangioma is associated with: compression fracture, hematoma, epidural extension of tumor, and/or bony expansion or "ballooning." Four cases of symptomatic vertebral hemangioma are presented. Discussion includes imaging modalities, preoperative embolization, and surgical approach. PMID- 3764475 TI - Infiltrating angiolipoma with phlebolith formation. AB - Angiolipomas are uncommon benign soft tissue tumors with both fatty and vascular components; they may be encapsulated or locally invasive. Three cases are reported in which phleboliths were present within infiltrating angiolipomas. The demonstration of phleboliths in a lipoma suggests the diagnosis of infiltrating angiolipoma rather than the usual encapsulated lipoma. PMID- 3764476 TI - Case report 371: Alveolar soft parts sarcoma (brain and thigh). PMID- 3764477 TI - Case report 381: Membranous lipodystrophy (MLD). PMID- 3764479 TI - Case report 383: Multiple myeloma. PMID- 3764478 TI - Case report 382: Benign chondroblastoma of talus invading calcaneus. PMID- 3764480 TI - Case report 387: Gaucher disease affecting the skeleton (left femur). PMID- 3764481 TI - Case report 388: Transient paralysis of the left hemidiaphragm secondary to blocking anesthesia of the intrascalene brachial plexus. PMID- 3764482 TI - Case report 389: Idiopathic, anterolateral dislocation of the fibula at the proximal tibiofibular joint. PMID- 3764483 TI - Geographical patterns of cancer mortality in China. AB - This research note discusses the China cancer mortality data and the methodological problems involved in spatial analysis of these data. Some of the research findings produced by mapping and analyses of the cancer data at the provincial level are also summarized. The two most common cancers in China, stomach and esophagus, were found to have no significant correlation with some selected physical variables and population density, suggesting the need to examine other socio-economic variables such as dietary habit. The study also suggests that the type of diet which may be responsible for these two cancers could be very different from each others. Colon and rectum, leukemia, and breast cancers were found to have very high positive spatial autocorrelation and high correlation with population density--a result contrary to previous findings in the West. Future research using a geographic information system approach and county data is suggested. PMID- 3764484 TI - Physician utilization of computers in medical practice: policy implications based on a structural model. AB - The development of policies regarding computer-based medical technology is hampered by a lack of knowledge about the process by which such applications are adopted and utilized by physicians. This study was designed to test a model of the process by which physicians change their practice behavior by utilizing a computer-based hospital information system (HIS). A structural model was developed, estimated, and tested using data from 270 members of the medical staff of a 1160 bed, private teaching hospital. The overall model consists of a measurement model which assumes that the observed variables are generated by a smaller number of unobserved variables or factors; and a structural equation model that relates exogenous and endogenous variables. The model indicates that consultation with other physicians on a hospital service leads to greater exposure to potential computer applications resulting in less concern about the potential impact of computers on medical practice. Physicians who are more knowledgeable about computers are far more likely to tailor the system to their individual practice by developing their own personal order sets for use on the HIS. All of these factors result in increased use of the HIS by physicians. A number of policy implications related to the introduction of new computer-based technology into medical practice settings are discussed. PMID- 3764485 TI - A population-based survey of loss and psychological distress during war. AB - Research on the psychological effects of war has been conducted on a limited number of population groups and has generally failed to study the experience of particular losses while warfare was still in progress. This paper presents the results of a household surveillance study of 5788 displaced and non-displaced civilians conducted during the summer 1982 war in Lebanon. In order to determine demographic differences in the psychological response to war and help identify population groups possibly at-risk for mental disorder, an interview checklist of symptoms of psychological distress was developed and administered to a key informant in each household. The occurrence of psychological distress symptoms varied significantly by age, sex, nationality, socio-economic status, loss of physical health and economic loss. A more detailed analysis of the psychological effect of displacement or loss of one's home during war is presented. Displacement group differentials suggest that psychological distress may be more frequently perceived post-war and that both social integration and social isolation may play important roles in mediating the perception of psychological distress during war. PMID- 3764486 TI - Psychiatric research instruments in the transcultural setting: experiences in India and Brazil. AB - Some of the issues concerned with the application of standardized psychiatric research instruments in settings other than the one in which they are developed are discussed in the light of the authors' experiences in India and Brazil. The authors contend that in spite of the divergent manifestations of mental disorders across cultures, there is an inner core of human suffering which can be reliably detected by suitably modified instruments developed in the West. It is contended that the research worker should be as familiar with the cultural setting where the instrument is to be applied as the language in which the instrument has been developed. PMID- 3764487 TI - Privacy protection and population-based health research. AB - In this article we discuss obstacles of privacy protection measures to population based health research and we give suggestions for policies facilitating this research as well as protecting the privacy of the patient. Privacy is the capacity of the individual to determine which information is communicated to whom. Population-based health research is research among human populations and refers to health services research, medical sociology, epidemiology, occupational health, social dentistry, family medicine a.o. Although population-based health research focuses on groups and not on individuals, the access to health and other vital records and the possibility to identify the individuals for subsequent interview and study are of crucial importance. In various countries the legislation regarding privacy protection requires that medical records should not be disclosed unless with the consent of the individual. Therefore it forms a major obstacle to population-based health research as this research is very difficult to carry out if prior consent is required in order for the investigator to have access to medical records. Population-based health research has given us important knowledge about the etiology of many diseases and the effect of interventions. In the case of population-based health research disclosure of patient information without the explicit patient consent should be seriously considered. This disclosure should only be permitted if an institutional board has studied the project plans of the investigators and has carefully watched the privacy aspects of their studies. PMID- 3764488 TI - Causes of infant and early childhood deaths in Sierra Leone. AB - Information about the causes of infant and early childhood (1-4 years) mortality was compiled from the vital registration system for the Western Area, records from the children's Hospital in Freetown and two demographic sample surveys conducted in various chiefdom headquarters towns around the country. The leading causes of infant mortality are tetanus, fevers, measles and diarrhoea. A breakdown of certified deaths in infancy showed that tetanus is quite important in the neonatal period accounting for as much as 68% of neonatal deaths. Measles and diarrhoea were the leading causes of death in the last 6 months of infancy. The leading causes of early childhood deaths were measles, diarrhoea and fevers. Nutritionally related diseases such as measles and diarrhoea were seen to account for up to 40% of all early childhood deaths. The major factors affecting these causes of death were childbirth and childcare practices in the case of tetanus and the nutritional status of the children in the case of measles and diarrhoea. The majority of deliveries were still being performed by Traditional Birth Attendants in very unhygienic surroundings which it was felt contributed significantly to the high incidence of neonatal tetanus. At the other childhood ages the poor nutritional status of the majority of children in Sierra Leone as shown by the results of the 1978 National Nutrition Survey was seen as the significant factor. The effects of the identified major causes of infant and early childhood mortality (tetanus, fevers, measles, and diarrhoea) can be largely diminished by effective intervention programmes such as oral rehydration therapy and the training of Traditional Birth Attendants. PMID- 3764489 TI - Marital status, delay in seeking treatment and survival from breast cancer. AB - This study examined 10-year survival following a breast cancer diagnosis among 910 married and 351 widowed white women after adjusting for the effects of age, socio-economic status (SES), stage of disease and delay in seeking treatment for symptoms. All breast cancer patients were treated at M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute in Houston, Texas between 1949 and 1968. Marital status, age, SES, delay and stage were all univariate predictors of survival. Widowed patients were less likely to survive than married patients. Multivariate analyses using a Cox regression technique did not detect an effect of delay on survival when stage and the other variables were included. However, marital status differences in survival remained when all the other variables were included in the model. These data suggest that marital status differences in survival cannot be accounted for by patient delay in seeking treatment for breast cancer symptoms. PMID- 3764490 TI - Marital status of persons with spinal cord injury. AB - The proposition that persons are selected into and out of marriage on the basis of their health or disability status has often been advanced, but remains untested. This article presents a theoretical rationale for the proposition; provides an initial test of that proposition by comparing the marital status of a sample of persons with spinal cord injury with the marital status of the general public; and elaborates on the proposition by examining the extent to which other factors account for differences in marital status among members of this disabled group. The selected factors were sex, severity of disability (indicated by need for assistance, perceived health, and extent of paralysis), socio-economic status (indicated by adequacy of income and welfare status), current age, and age at onset of disability. A secondary analysis of existing survey data on 251 Oregon residents with spinal cord injury (182 males, 69 females) yielded the following results. The marital selection proposition was supported in that the marital status of this sample differed markedly from that of the general population. The disability exerted a greater effect on the marital status of females than of males. All the selected variables were significantly associated with marital status for one or for both sexes. Discriminant function analyses, employing these variables, identified correctly the marital status of 67.6% of the males, and 75.4% of the females. Profiles of married, formerly married, and single men and women with spinal cord injury are presented. Suggestions are offered for further testing of the marital selection proposition and for elaborating theory linking disability and health status to marital status. PMID- 3764491 TI - Traditional child spacing practices of women: experiences from a primary care project in Lagos, Nigeria. AB - The study carried out within the target population of a Primary Care Project in Lagos, Nigeria, found that some changes had occurred. The traditional length of abstinence has decreased, and more women now resume sex before termination of breast-feeding. This should give rise to some concern especially if the level of adoption of modern contraception does not rise correspondingly. Other changes regarding the opinion of mothers about some of the practices, and the danger of the current trend of starting infant formula earlier in the post partum period are discussed. PMID- 3764492 TI - Assessment of a short scale to measure social support. AB - A wide variety of measures have been used to assess the effects of social support on both physical and psychological status. Information on the reliability and validity of many of these instruments is unavailable; other instruments appear to be reasonably valid but involve large numbers of questions and require considerable time for completion. This study examines the properties of a short, self-administered social support scale (SSS). Data are available from 3 samples: HMO clients in a weight loss program (N = 268); chronic facial pain patients (N = 92); and colorectal cancer patients (N = 318). Three scoring strategies measuring two dimensions (structural and perceptual) of social support are compared with respect to internal consistency and criterion and construct validity. One of these strategies results in a measure that behaves in a way consistent with other, longer instruments and appears to possess acceptable reliability and validity. Scores can be broken down by source (e.g. spouse, friends), and wording can be modified to measure either general support or support for a specific situation. PMID- 3764493 TI - Contrasting patterns of blood pressure and related factors within a Maori and European population in New Zealand. AB - Contrasting patterns of blood pressure are found for contiguous populations of Maori and Europeans living in New Zealand. Among the 511 participants in this study, approximately one-fifth manifested elevated levels of blood pressure. The Maori adults were found to have generally higher pressure levels compared with the Europeans; however, the opposite relationship appears when Maori and European youth are compared. Consistently lower blood pressure levels are found in the Maori youth. An examination of the trends by age shows a distinct crossover in early adulthood when the Maori begin to manifest blood pressure elevations at a sharply increased rate compared with the Europeans. Differences in body mass are found between the youthful segments of the populations. Body mass index is found to be significantly higher among the Maori youth; nonetheless, the European youth demonstrate higher levels of blood pressure. The study examines possible interactions between blood pressure and possible stress-related factors such as career aspirations in the presence of varying social and academic pressures. For both ethnic groups we find that, relative to the group means, those with the highest academically-related ambitions, demonstrate the highest levels of blood pressure. PMID- 3764494 TI - Patterns of variation in breast-feeding behaviors. AB - This paper describes the range and patterning of variation in specific breast feeding behaviors among a sample of 62 American mothers, as well as the relationship of the patterns to duration of exclusive breast feeding. Infant feeding data were collected using 24-hr records completed by mothers every 8 days through the first 6 months post partum. Behaviors examined were: number of daily feedings, minimum and maximum intervals between feedings, length of feedings and total daily nursing duration. Variation in magnitude of these behaviors ranged from three- to eight-fold. Principal components analysis found this variation patterned in two dimensions, relating to feeding frequency and length of time spent breast feeding. These dimensions accounted for approximately equal proportions of variance in the breast-feeding behaviors, totaling about 80% of all variance at 4 and 8 weeks. There was significant continuity of breast-feeding styles practiced by any one woman from 4 to 8 weeks. The feeding frequency dimension was strongly associated with duration of exclusive breast feeding. Three explanations--cultural, biological and biocultural--are proposed to account for this association. It is argued that the intracultural variation in breast feeding styles in this sample may be sufficient to cause corresponding variation in breast milk production, in part accounting for variation in duration of exclusive breast feeding. Predictions of exclusive breast-feeding duration will be most accurate for women with a breast-feeding style of infrequent feedings, while predictions for women with a style of frequent feeding will be confounded by cultural factors which have an independent effect on breast-feeding supplementation. PMID- 3764495 TI - Principles and the search for moral certainty. AB - In medical ethics, principles have an important but frequently overextended role. The need for exact answers and moral formulae sometimes leads to the misuse of principles, such that they usurp the central place of persons and become ends in themselves. The Baby Jane Doe case is discussed as a prominent instance of both the proper uses and abuses of principles. A more fitting role for principles is described and illustrated, stressing the use of principles as tools of moral discernment and the time-laden character of moral judgments. PMID- 3764496 TI - The role of occupational health units in hospital: an assessment by employees. PMID- 3764497 TI - Diabetes, depression and employment status. AB - The relationship among diabetes, depression and employment status was assessed. It was hypothesized that: unemployment would be associated with diabetes; and employability problems would be associated with higher depression levels among diabetic persons than among non-diabetic persons. A case-control design was employed in which the cases (n = 56) were currently active diabetic patients and the controls (n = 56) were non-diabetic patients. Subjects were selected from a computerized data base at a primary care clinic located in Orange County, California, U.S.A. Depression was measured by the CES-D scale. The results were as follows: diabetes was associated with both depression and unemployment; being employed was the most significant predictor of depressive symptomatology followed by being diabetic; and education, type of diabetes, blood sugar level, medication type were not significant predictors of depressive symptomatology in a stepwise multiple regression analysis. Problems of employment among diabetic persons may warrant special employment and counseling programs. PMID- 3764498 TI - Culture and disease. AB - Both art and the kinds of life styles which predispose one to disease reflect the culture of an era. Might the history of art give some insight into the origins of behaviors which are conducive to particular diseases? An attempt is made to answer this question by looking at the perception of time and space in modern and contemporary art and in the behaviors which lead to coronary proneneses and anorexia nervosa. PMID- 3764499 TI - Malnutrition and basic needs surveys in Thailand. AB - Data on various socio-economic characteristics and the nutritional status of the population of the Province of Nakhon Rachasima had been collected in a basic human needs survey for the purpose of integrated rural development planning. The collected data represent the conditions of an entire province. An assessment of the correlations between various agricultural, socio-economic and sanitation parameters is made. Malnutrition of children under 5 years of age is correlated with some of the assessed parameters. But, the usefulness of general basic needs surveys for designing nutrition intervention projects is limited due to a lack of specific information on the points of leverage to bring about change in the nutritional status. PMID- 3764500 TI - An exploratory study of poor adjustment styles among retirees. AB - This paper focuses on the one third of retirees who report difficulty in making the transition from work to retirement. On the basis of Levy's [16] research, it is hypothesized that there are different styles of poor adjustment that have different consequences for the retirees experiencing them. Data from 487 male and female retirees identify four poor adjustment styles--poor health, negativism, change adaptation and retirement reluctance. While the latter two responses to retirement tend to be problems only in the short term, the former two may have far reaching consequences. Health related retirement and negativism about retiring were linked with low activity and involvement, poor physical and mental health, inadequate income and low life satisfaction in the years following retirement. PMID- 3764501 TI - Cultural values and biomedical knowledge: choices in infant feeding. Analysis of a survey. AB - This paper presents a study of 313 parturient women and considers their choices to bottle or breast feed. It examines demographic and cultural factors statistically and focuses on the effect of knowledge or ignorance of benefits of either method of infant feeding. Most women are found to have some biomedical knowledge of the benefits of breast feeding. The choice of bottle or breast feeding is closely associated with several demographic factors and a number of cultural ideas. Women who bottle feed see some of their dietary and other health related practices as barriers to breast feeding. It recommends that health practitioners who decide that individual women and/or their infants may benefit from breast feeding, should engage in a dialogue with the women. Such a dialogue should focus, not so much on information, but on the woman's views about her dietary and other health practices. If the woman is given compelling health reasons she may see herself as capable of changing some practices long enough to breast feed. PMID- 3764502 TI - Class and health: comparing Britain and Sweden. AB - The questions addressed in this article are two, namely are class differences in health apparent in Sweden in the same manner as was shown for Britain in the Black Report? and is it possible to learn anything new about inequality patterns in different stages of life from analyses of self-reported morbidity data? By analysing data on long-standing illness by the means of logistic regression, it is shown that the risk of falling ill is distributed in very similar ways in the two countries, although the dispersion of these risk factors seems to be greater in Britain. In an analysis of acute sickness this result is not obtained, which is assumed to be an effect of differences in answering patterns. For Sweden, it is shown that social classes do not differ much in terms of health among the young. Instead, inequalities in health seem to be established at first in middle age. PMID- 3764503 TI - Role ambiguity in general practice: the care of patients dying at home. AB - Semi-structured interviews were given to 22 GPs to investigate their perceptions and strategies when dealing with dying patients. There seemed no clear division in practice between policies of telling and not telling patients about their illness. Most patients find out eventually, but GPs differ in the extent to which they aim for open discussions of the matter. Over half perceived care of the dying as a demanding but satisfying fulfillment of their professional skills, but nearly a quarter found it difficult and with few compensating rewards. We conclude that while there is a well established ideal type corresponding to the curative role, there is another which is still in the process of development. This type generates a role for doctors which parallels the patient's dying role, as distinct from the sick role. PMID- 3764504 TI - Interests and specialty choice in medicine. AB - The study deals with the origin of occupational satisfaction in the medical profession. It examines the relationship between the specialty choice within the medical profession on the one hand, and satisfaction with the occupational choice on the other. Following an intensive analysis of the medical profession and interviews with senior physicians, three dimensions along which the medical specialties differ were defined: contact with people (contact), usage of instruments and equipment (instruments), and occurrence of dramatic events in the physician's daily work (sensation). Eighty-one medical practitioners answered the IIP (interest inventory for physicians) which was constructed to measure their vocational interests. Results show: reliability coefficients of 0.85, 0.92 and 0.83 for the contact, instruments and sensation components of the IIP, respectively; and correlations of 0.31, 0.27 and 0.53 between interest-specialty congruence in contact, instruments and sensation, respectively, on the one hand, and satisfaction with the medical specialty choice on the other. Several implications and applications are discussed. PMID- 3764505 TI - Personal preferences and ethnic variations among Anglo and Hispanic breast and bottle feeders. AB - The preferences of Spanish-speaking Hispanics and English-speaking Anglos for breast and bottle feeding were evaluated using marketing research techniques. Preliminary interviews with 55 mothers conducted within the first 48 hr post partum elicited a list of verbatim responses regarding the positive and negative aspects of both feeding methods. An additional 195 women rank-ordered the most frequently mentioned statements in terms of their preference for each. Socio demographic data on the mothers were analyzed with chi-square analysis and discriminant analysis. Multidimensional scaling was used to assess the preferred characteristics of breast and bottle feeding. Results indicated that most mothers prefer a method of infant feeding that allows the mother to be 'closer to her baby' and allows the baby to 'grow up healthier.' Bottle feeders perceived bottle feeding to be superior because it insured that baby would be 'full and satisfied' and would 'get all the vitamins and nutrients it needed,' especially when 'mother was not eating right" or was 'on medications.' Analysis of cultural preference patterns revealed that there exists a strong culture pattern or preference for breast feeding and its characteristics among Anglos. In contrast, the Hispanics show no clear preference for either breast or bottle feeding. PMID- 3764506 TI - Influence of weather on osteoarthritics. AB - This exploratory study examined the effects of selected weather variables on pain and pain-related stress in osteoarthritic subjects. Urban and rural dwelling arthritics who perceived that weather made their symptoms worse and those who did not were surveyed. Some persons with osteoarthritis in urban Chicago were more weather sensitive than their rural counterparts in Grand Forks, North Dakota. Multiple regression analysis showed that precipitation affected degree of pain for urban subjects who identified weather as a pain-generating factor; barometric pressure, relative humidity and sunshine were significant factors influencing pain-related stress. Wind speed correlated with pain and pain-related stress; relative humidity and precipitation correlated with pain-related stress for urban subjects who did not perceive weather as a problem. Specific weather variables were not identified as affecting rural subjects' pain. However, temperature and barometric pressure affected degree of pain-related stress in rural subjects who perceived weather as a problem. Subtle differences between Chicago urban and Grand Forks rural climates are reflected in arthritic subjects' degree of pain and their perception of pain-related stress. PMID- 3764507 TI - Why health improves: defining the issues concerning 'comprehensive primary health care' and 'selective primary health care'. AB - What is the impact of technology on improving the life situations of people, especially the poor? How is this impact analyzed in terms of health improvements? These questions are paramount in the minds of health planners as they pursue national policies of primary health care, a policy popularized by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and accepted by over 150 governments at Alma Ata in 1978. The purpose of this paper is to explore these questions in depth. It begins by giving the background to the debate, then examines the origins of two concepts which have dominated the field, those of 'primary health care' and 'selective primary health care.' On this basis it suggests areas of differences in the two concepts and discusses the policy and practical implications of confusing the two approaches. The paper suggests that the differences are firstly who controls the outcome of technological interventions and the perceived time frame in which plans can be carried out. PMID- 3764508 TI - Attitudes to the medical specialities: comparing pre-clinical students' perceptions of nine specialities. AB - This study set out to compare pre-clinical (2nd year) and clinical (5th year) medical students' attitudes to nine specialities. Previous research using the questionnaire employed in this study revealed a large number of significant differences, particularly with regard to pre-clinical students' beliefs about and attitudes towards psychiatry, general practice and surgery. Both multivariate (factor analysis) and univariate (analysis of variance) analyses showed significance main effects for both group (2nd vs 5th years) and speciality but perhaps more importantly significant interactions. Both predispositional and socialization factors are used to account for the difference in students' attitudes and beliefs over time. The advantage of longitudinal over cross sectional designs is also discussed. PMID- 3764509 TI - Variations in the diagnosis of psychosocial disorders: a general practice observation study. AB - The factors that influence the interpretation and treatment of psychosocial complaints by general practitioners are discussed. The assessment of complaints differs considerably from one GP to another, in the sense that one will attach significance to psychological and sociological factors in many more cases than another. We investigate the effect of physician characteristics and their styles of communication on their bias over psychosocial assessments and treatment, and the way these effects are interrelated. The interpretation and eventually the treatment of complaints by 30 GPs (complaints presented at approx. 50 consultations per GP) were studied. Data of treatment and communication were collected from observation of the videotaped consultations, data of interpretation were collected on questionnaires for each consultation; doctor characteristics were inventarized by questionnaire. The following results can be reported. When a doctor communicates with a patient in an open manner, more complaints are interpreted as 'non-somatic' and treated as such. The same is the case among doctor's with a 'general medical' approach, rather than a 'clinical' one, when we look at interpretation. The effect on treatment is less marked. Practice characteristics and a GP's subjective feeling of competence have greater consequences for treatment than for judgement. There is not much interaction between the discerned effects. PMID- 3764510 TI - Social factors and the gender difference in mortality. AB - The effect of social factors on the male/female difference in mortality in Finland was studied by comparing age-adjusted mortality of males and females by social class and marital status. 44,548 death certificates (years 1969-1971) and 1970 census data for 25-64-years olds were analysed. The gender difference was 2.8-fold: 5.3-fold for violent causes and 2.3-fold for natural causes. The greatest gender difference from violent causes was found in accidental poisonings (18.7-fold) and drownings (12.8-fold), and from natural causes in mental disorders (mainly alcoholism; 5.7-fold) and in ischemic heart disease (4.5-fold). The gender difference was most prominent in unskilled workers, divorced and widowed and less prominent in married and upper professionals. The great variation of gender difference of mortality by social class and marital status seems to indicate that mortality difference between males and females is associated to external factors rather than biological differences between men and women. This conclusion is also supported by the progressive increase of gender difference of mortality from 1.4 to 2.8 during the last 80 years in working-aged Finns. PMID- 3764511 TI - Smoking as an anticipatory rite of passage: some sociological hypotheses on health-related behaviour. AB - Recent evidence on differential rates of smoking between various social groups and over time is reviewed. It is suggested that some of these variations can be explained if smoking (together with certain other forms of behaviour) is regarded as an 'anticipatory rite of passage' used by subordinate social groups to demonstrate an approaching, or hoped-for, improvement in status. Some implications of this view for health education programmes are considered. PMID- 3764513 TI - On certainty and uncertainty. PMID- 3764512 TI - Homes for the elderly in Liguria. AB - A survey of 55 old people's homes in Liguria, a region in northern Italy, was carried out to investigate some social and demographic characteristics of the residents, their level of dependence and management. A total of 1666 residents was randomly selected and information was obtained from the records and from an interview with the care staff. Homes admitting only independent people were smaller than those admitting both dependent and independent people. Private homes tended to admit only independent people. The resident population showed relatively high geographical stability and a fair amount of outside support. Nearly half the residents were fully independent and 75% were prescribed at least one drug. 'Cerebroactive' drugs, psychotropic drugs, diuretics, and cardiac glycosides were extensively prescribed. Drug treatment was almost the only therapeutic intervention. PMID- 3764514 TI - Rocky IV and the posttraumatic stress disorder. PMID- 3764515 TI - Effects of intensified practitioner-patient communication on control of diabetes mellitus. AB - Control of diabetes mellitus requires active participation of patients in self care and ongoing support from medical professionals. This study examines the hypothesis that control of diabetes can be improved by more frequent communication between patients and medical professionals. We instructed 233 insulin-requiring diabetic patients to mail the results of home blood glucose monitoring to the physician's office at least every two weeks. Feedback from office nurse practitioners followed receipt of these reports, providing frequent two-way communication between regularly scheduled office appointments. In the group of patients who mailed reports more than 26 weeks during the year, the mean glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb) value was 10.4% at baseline, and there was a mean decrease in GHb of 1.0% during the succeeding year (P = .001). In patients who mailed reports less than 26 weeks during the year, mean GHb was 10.2% at baseline, and there was no significant change during the succeeding year. Since mean GHb was virtually identical in the two groups at baseline, mailing the reports of home-determined blood glucose levels and receiving feedback between office visits resulted in improved control of diabetes. PMID- 3764516 TI - Glaucoma management in pseudophakia. AB - The ever-increasing number of cataract extractions followed by insertion of intraocular lenses has resulted in the emergence of a new group of patients with severe glaucoma. A series of 41 patients (45 eyes) referred for evaluation and management of uncontrolled glaucoma in pseudophakia is presented. Glaucoma had preexisted in 23 eyes. Sixteen different mechanisms were responsible for the postoperative glaucoma. Among the 41 patients were three with acquired pigmentary glaucoma. The case report of one of those three demonstrates that nonfixation of an Anis posterior chamber intraocular lens was the means by which iris pigment was dislodged. In all cases medical therapy was instituted or intensified, but resulted in acceptable glaucoma control in only 14 eyes. Laser procedures were used in 24 eyes, and laser therapy followed by medical therapy resulted in control in 19 eyes. The remaining 12 eyes underwent 31 surgical procedures, including three enucleations. PMID- 3764517 TI - Diabetes mellitus and hypertension in black and white populations. AB - The occurrence of hypertension in the presence of diabetes mellitus was evaluated in a study of black and white populations in separate hospitals for one fiscal year. Each population was sufficiently large to be significant (blacks, 6,491 and whites, 16,184). Hypertension and diabetes mellitus each occur about twice as frequently in blacks as in whites. The combination of the diseases is almost three times as common in the black as in the white population. PMID- 3764518 TI - Drug overdose: changing concepts for modern drugs. AB - Chart review of all patients admitted over a six-month period to the University of Missouri-Columbia Medical Intensive Care Unit after intentional drug overdose revealed that the drugs ingested today are quite different from those used five to 20 years ago. I selected for review cases representative of overdose with three of the more commonly used drugs--acetaminophen, ethylene glycol, and tricyclic antidepressants. PMID- 3764519 TI - Aphasic syndromes and "psychiatric" symptoms: diagnostic dilemmas. AB - Behavioral syndromes that occur in patients with aphasic disorders without localizing neurologic signs may appear strikingly similar to psychiatric disorders. In the absence of abnormal physical findings, the predominance of psychiatric symptoms, such as avoidance/withdrawal, irritability/hostility, paranoia, or depression, can lead the busy primary care clinician and the unsuspecting psychiatrist away from an organic diagnosis. Through review of selected literature and case presentations, we provide guidelines for evaluating and correctly identifying aphasic disorders masked by complex behavioral syndromes. PMID- 3764520 TI - Infection versus disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis: eight years' experience. AB - Septic arthritis is a serious and sometimes fatal complication of rheumatoid arthritis. We have examined the clinical characteristics of 16 patients with infectious arthritis seen during an eight-year period. This represented 0.5% of all admissions to our hospital for patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Although rheumatoid arthritis is considered a predisposing factor for joint sepsis, 15 of our patients had other conditions that most likely increased their susceptibility to infection. Many patients lacked distinctive features of joint sepsis (fever, chills) and only one half had leukocytosis. Six had polyarticular complaints despite documented monarthric sepsis. Delay in diagnosis of joint infection and persistent effusions of the infected joints portended a poor prognosis. PMID- 3764521 TI - Influencing physician distribution in the South: lessons from a study in Texas. AB - Analysis of recent and projected trends in the geographic distribution of Texas physicians indicates that maldistribution may continue to be a problem into the foreseeable future. A survey of manpower officials in other southern states and a review of research on the effectiveness of various policy interventions reveals that programs involving preferential medical school admissions and Medicaid reimbursement levels may hold the most promise for Texas and other southern states seeking to alleviate physician maldistribution. PMID- 3764522 TI - Mezlocillin prophylaxis against infection after cesarean section: a comparison of techniques. AB - We studied 212 patients undergoing emergency cesarean section at an urban hospital. Four techniques of antibiotic prophylaxis were used, including single dose and triple-dose parenteral therapy, parenteral and lavage therapy, and lavage therapy alone. One agent, mezlocillin, was used for all patients. There was no significant difference in surgically related infectious morbidity among the groups. This antibiotic proved efficacious when related to historical controls, and was the most economical of the modalities of administration studied. PMID- 3764523 TI - Total hip arthroplasty: comparison of infection rates in a VA and a university hospital. AB - We reviewed charts of total hip arthroplasties from a ten-year period (January 1973 through December 1982) to determine the rate of infection at the Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center. Of 321 procedures, 296 were reviewed (92%). Overall, there were 24 infections (8.1%), 13 of which (4.4%) were deep infections. Seven of the deep infections were due to Serratia marcescens, resulting in six implant removals. These figures are compared to the 1.1% deep infection rate after total hip arthroplasty at the adjoining University Hospital, University of Alabama at Birmingham. The main determinants for risk of infection at the VA Hospital were length of procedure and previous procedures on the affected joint. PMID- 3764524 TI - Renal tubular acidosis in infancy: a clinical approach to diagnosis and treatment. AB - Renal tubular acidosis is defined as the failure of the kidneys to respond appropriately to systemic acidosis. The usual criterion for diagnosis involves titration curves to establish renal bicarbonate threshold. This evaluation is time consuming, expensive, and probably avoidable in selected patients. We report four cases in which a presumptive diagnosis was based solely on clinical data. The criteria for diagnosis without bicarbonate titration curves include clinical and biochemical characteristics and therapeutic response. With use of such criteria, bicarbonate titration curves will be needed only for equivocal cases. PMID- 3764525 TI - Forearm neuropathy and pruritus. AB - Five adult patients (four of them men) had episodic brachioradial pruritus associated with forearm paresthesia and hypalgesia. No cervical, shoulder, or forearm trauma was known. Onset was variable, but two had had the condition for more than ten years. In each, sensory alteration was detectable by pinprick and temperature in the distribution of the posterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm supplying the skin over the proximal portion of the brachioradial muscle. This seems to be a benign neuropathy. PMID- 3764526 TI - Diagnosing depression in primary care: a practical, interdisciplinary review and a call for change. AB - Because recognizing depression is of critical importance, we have organized a comprehensive review of current literature on medical, psychiatric, and behavioral science to give primary care physicians a brief, practical, and multidisciplinary survey of diagnostic approaches to depression. The review is also designed to help clarify the disparate approaches, definitions, theories, and classifications of depression found in the literature. We emphasize two emerging perspectives important to primary care physicians in their understanding and treatment of depression. The first is a wider view of masked depression, and the second is depressive behavior related to family and cultural systems. Traditional classifications may have limited applicability to the patient families most often seen in primary care. We hope that the paper will serve as a challenge to physicians to combine open and creative observation with inductive reasoning in the creation of a more useful system for classifying depression in primary care. PMID- 3764527 TI - Medical malpractice and the primary care physician: lowering the risks. AB - The medical malpractice crisis is gaining increasing attention in the United States today. Before the early 1970s, physicians in primary care specialties considered themselves safe from the threat of malpractice suits. Today, however, primary care physicians are being named as defendants in malpractice suits at an accelerating rate. After providing an overview of the medical malpractice problem, we present data from patient satisfaction surveys revealing that patients are not as satisfied with their physicians as they once were. We then review the common reasons why patients contact lawyers, examine the most frequent clinical situations that result in malpractice suits, and conclude with specific recommendations which, if followed, may decrease the liability risks for primary care physicians. PMID- 3764528 TI - County hospital: two notes. PMID- 3764529 TI - Hemoglobin H disease with hemoglobin Constant Spring in a child of Laotian extraction. AB - In alpha-thalassemia, deletion or inactivation of one, two, three, or all four alpha-genes causes, respectively, silent carrier state (-alpha/alpha alpha); alpha-thalassemia trait (--/alpha alpha in Orientals, and -alpha/-alpha in blacks); Hb H disease (--/-alpha); and Hb Bart's hydrops fetalis (--/--). We have described a case of Hb H disease with Hb Constant Spring (--/alpha alpha cs) in a Laotian child whose father had alpha-thalassemia trait and whose mother was a carrier of Hb CS, a mutant hemoglobin produced in minimal amounts. Since alpha thalassemia is highly prevalent in Southeast Asia, physicians should become alert to the potential occurrence of Hb H disease and Hb Bart's hydrops fetalis in the new Oriental immigrants and their progeny. PMID- 3764530 TI - Marked hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis with severe compensatory hypoventilation. AB - In metabolic alkalosis, a compensatory decrease in alveolar ventilation with hypercapnia has been noted only rarely. We recently managed a patient with gastric outlet obstruction from a duodenal ulcer who survived after arriving in the emergency room comatose with severe hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis, compensatory hypoventilation, and hypercapnia. We know of no report in the English literature of a patient with gastric outlet obstruction having a respiratory acidosis or hypochloremia as severe as that in our patient. Proper understanding of the pathophysiology of primary metabolic alkalosis due to gastric losses is necessary to correct the acid-base abnormalities quickly and to restore normal alveolar ventilation. PMID- 3764532 TI - Retroperitoneal actinomycosis. AB - A 44-year-old man had an abscess involving the left psoas muscle and inferior pole of the left kidney associated with characteristic sulfur granules of actinomycosis. The patient was treated with surgical drainage and debridement and with intensive and prolonged penicillin therapy, resulting in a clinical cure and resolution of both the hydronephrosis and the retroperitoneal mass. PMID- 3764531 TI - Osteoid osteoma in unusual locations: detection and diagnosis. AB - We have reported two unusual cases of osteoid osteoma in small bones of the hand and foot. The roentgenographic appearance of a radiolucent area with a sclerotic rim in these regions and in the proper clinical setting must raise the possibility of osteoid osteoma. Computerized tomography can accurately demonstrate the highly vascular nidus. PMID- 3764533 TI - Superior vena caval obstruction due to sarcoidosis. AB - We have described a patient who came to the hospital in cardiogenic shock, and in whom post-mortem examination confirmed the diagnosis of superior vena caval obstruction due to sarcoidosis. PMID- 3764534 TI - Identification of Giardia lamblia in peritoneal fluid. AB - Giardia lamblia, originally considered a commensal enteric organism, is now universally noted for its pathogenic potential in man. The mechanism of pathogenesis of giardiasis, however, remains unclear. We report a case of giardiasis diagnosed by analysis of peritoneal fluid obtained from a trauma victim. G lamblia trophozoite forms were found on microscopic examination of the fluid, and chemical studies of the fluid revealed bile and elevated amylase activity. The trophozoites may have entered the peritoneum through bowel perforation. PMID- 3764535 TI - Carcinoma of the stomach disguised as a benign gastric ulcer. AB - All gastric ulcerations must be suspected of being gastric carcinoma. Two of the more reliable signs of benignancy have been demonstration of a Hampton's line on upper gastrointestinal barium study and either roentgenographic or endoscopic evidence of ulcer healing. We have reported a case of gastric ulcer with both a Hampton's line and complete healing, which ultimately proved to be malignant. PMID- 3764537 TI - Teaching in gerontology and geriatrics. PMID- 3764536 TI - Streptococcus MG-intermedius endocarditis. AB - Subspeciation of penicillin susceptible alpha-hemolytic streptococci is not routinely performed. However, Streptococcus MG-intermedius is an extremely virulent organism in this strep subgroup and is associated with abscess formation. Our patient, who had endocarditis due to this organism, remained chronically ill despite appropriate antibiotic therapy, and had a perforated aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva with a myocardial abscess that required extensive surgical debridement. Persistent fever in patients with S MG intermedius endocarditis should warrant further work-up for metastatic or myocardial abscess formation. PMID- 3764538 TI - The surgeon and the parotid. PMID- 3764539 TI - Venous aneurysm. PMID- 3764540 TI - [Sobriety clubs and anti-alcoholism clubs]. PMID- 3764541 TI - [Status and developmental prospects in social hygiene research]. PMID- 3764542 TI - [Development of metrological support for public health to the year 2005]. PMID- 3764543 TI - [Use of computer cartography for characterizing the health status of the population in the northern regions of the USSR]. PMID- 3764545 TI - [Deontology for the health officer]. PMID- 3764544 TI - [Organizational problems of information services in provincial (territorial) public health branches]. PMID- 3764546 TI - [Training of students in medical and teachers' colleges for the health education of schoolchildren]. PMID- 3764547 TI - [Basic directions of a comprehensive targeted program for maternal and child health protection to the year 2000 in the Mongolian People's Republic]. PMID- 3764548 TI - [Status of peripheral circulation and the neuro-muscular system in the treatment of congenital crural pseudarthroses by transosseous osteosynthesis]. PMID- 3764549 TI - [Treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms]. PMID- 3764550 TI - [Intestinal fistulas after appendectomy]. PMID- 3764551 TI - [Diagnosis and expert evaluation of the work capacity of patients with remote sequelae of closed military cranio-cerebral trauma]. PMID- 3764552 TI - [Diagnosis of Wilson-Konovalov disease]. PMID- 3764553 TI - [Immune response in ornithosis and antibiotic therapy]. PMID- 3764554 TI - [Role of circulating immune complexes in patients with erysipelas]. PMID- 3764555 TI - [Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with renal insufficiency]. PMID- 3764556 TI - [Ovarian pregnancy]. PMID- 3764557 TI - [Plasma apoproteins and lipids in children and adolescents with hereditary susceptibility to ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 3764558 TI - [Pathogenesis and correction of disorders of hemostasis in mechanical jaundice]. PMID- 3764559 TI - [Composition of serum euglobulins in diabetic microangiopathies]. PMID- 3764560 TI - [Chronic osteomyelitis with multiple lesions]. PMID- 3764561 TI - [Expert evaluation of work capacity of hepatitis A convalescents]. PMID- 3764562 TI - [Analogous situations in epidemiological activities and their use in student training]. PMID- 3764563 TI - [Treatment of newly detected patients with tuberculosis and alcoholism]. PMID- 3764565 TI - [Review of methodological recommendations with regard to medical care in acute surgical diseases and trauma]. PMID- 3764564 TI - [Hemodynamic evaluation of ECG changes in patients with a history of myocardial infarction]. PMID- 3764566 TI - [Analysis of diagnostic errors and their causes in the practice of a physician therapist]. PMID- 3764567 TI - [Analysis of the significance of clinical and laboratory indicators for dividing patients with myocardial infarction into groups according to the size of the infarction area and outcome of the disease]. PMID- 3764568 TI - [Survival and causes of death of men with stenocardia (results of multi-year prospective studies)]. PMID- 3764569 TI - [False aneurysm of the left ventricle]. PMID- 3764570 TI - [Experience with dynamic ECG monitoring of patients with bronchial asthma during exacerbation]. PMID- 3764571 TI - [Changes in the lungs in Wegener's granulomatosis]. PMID- 3764572 TI - [Phospholipids in nonspecific lung diseases]. PMID- 3764573 TI - [Characteristics of acute pneumonia in hypertension]. PMID- 3764574 TI - [Gastrozepin and gordox in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis]. PMID- 3764575 TI - [Diagnosis, classification and treatment of mastopathy based on the risk of degeneration]. PMID- 3764576 TI - [Quality control of mammography in daily practice]. PMID- 3764577 TI - [Radiologic follow-up of vertebral compression fractures]. PMID- 3764578 TI - [In vivo MR spectroscopy. Basic concepts and relations]. PMID- 3764579 TI - [Image quality and radiation dosage in thoracic radiography of children]. PMID- 3764580 TI - [Evaluation of the 57-cm image intensifier in thoracic diagnosis]. PMID- 3764581 TI - [Postoperative lavage in diffuse peritonitis]. PMID- 3764582 TI - [A lymphatic cyst of the colon as an uncommon cause of invagination in adulthood]. PMID- 3764583 TI - [Less common clinical and biopsy findings in the breast. An intracystic adenoma of epithelial and myoepithelial cells and a hemangioendothelioma]. PMID- 3764584 TI - [Aerobic and anaerobic infections in diseases of the biliary tract]. PMID- 3764585 TI - [Autotransplantation of the spleen. I. Experimental surgery]. PMID- 3764586 TI - [Autotransplantation of the spleen. II. Experimental morphology]. PMID- 3764587 TI - [Autotransplantation of the spleen. III. Case report]. PMID- 3764588 TI - [Peritonitis fibroplastica incapsulata]. PMID- 3764589 TI - [Immunologic findings in patients with colorectal carcinoma. IV. Serum proteins as indicators of disease recurrence]. PMID- 3764590 TI - [Immunologic findings in patients with colorectal carcinoma. V. CEA in colorectal carcinoma. Comparison with the activity of biological markers of malignancy]. PMID- 3764591 TI - [Surgical treatment of malignant melanoma]. PMID- 3764592 TI - [The importance of and basis for extensive resection in the surgical treatment of lung cancer]. PMID- 3764593 TI - [Risk factors in patients after reconstructive vascular operations and their significance in the postoperative course]. PMID- 3764594 TI - [Rehabilitation after reconstructive surgery of the ligaments of the knee joint]. PMID- 3764595 TI - [Early surgical treatment of perforation of the ventricular septum after myocardial infarct]. PMID- 3764596 TI - [Reoperation of the biliary tract and liver disorders]. PMID- 3764597 TI - [Stenosis of the female urethra and its clinical significance]. PMID- 3764598 TI - [The results of surgical treatment of renal adenocarcinoma and patient prognosis]. PMID- 3764599 TI - [Esophagectomy without thoracotomy]. PMID- 3764600 TI - [Acute thoracotomy in thoracic injuries]. PMID- 3764602 TI - [Reconstruction of the coronary vessels using the internal mammary artery]. PMID- 3764601 TI - [The present state of surgical treatment of aneurysms of the abdominal aorta]. PMID- 3764603 TI - [Femoropopliteal venous bypass in situ]. PMID- 3764604 TI - [Treatment of pertrochanteric fractures using the Ender method of internal fixation]. PMID- 3764605 TI - [Surgical treatment of tumors of the carotid body (chemodectoma)]. PMID- 3764606 TI - Hyperactivity and methylphenidate. PMID- 3764607 TI - Grief at infant loss. PMID- 3764608 TI - Eye exercises and learning disability. PMID- 3764609 TI - [Aspects of typhoid fever in children]. AB - Some aspects of typhoid fever in 77 children are discussed. There were 48 boys and 29 girls and their ages ranged from 1 month to 12 years. The patients were treated with chloramphenicol 100 mg/kg/d during the first 2 weeks and with either amoxycillin (100 mg/kg/d) or ampicillin (200 mg/kg/d) during the third week. The average duration of fever was 5.2 days. There was 1 relapse and 1 child, a baby aged 1 month, died. The correct diagnosis was not suspected by the referring doctor in 38% of the patients. On admission the commonest complaints were fever, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, headache and vomiting. The commonest findings on examination were tenderness or distension of the abdomen, apathy or delirium, rhonchi or crepitations, liver enlargement and meningism. There was anaemia (Hb less than 10 g/dl) in 23% and lymphopenia (less than 1500/microliter) in 43% of the patients. The differential white blood cell count revealed 5% or more unsegmented neutrophils in 32% of the patients, while 25% had 10% or more band cells. Two patients (sisters) failed to respond after 15 and 16 days of therapy with chloramphenicol and ampicillin because of resistant Salmonella typhi and were successfully treated with co-trimoxazole. Practitioners caring for black patients should always be on the alert for typhoid fever; some patients may not respond to chloramphenicol or amoxicillin. During the acute phase milk feeds are best replaced by soya products because of abdominal distension or aggravation of diarrhoea by milk. PMID- 3764610 TI - A medical geography of perinatal mortality in Metropolitan Cape Town. AB - An infant's weight at birth as well as its socio-economic environment are recognized as constituting two of the major risk factors associated with perinatal mortality. Spatial analyses of birth weight, socio-economic status and perinatal mortality in Metropolitan Cape Town for the year 1982 are presented in an attempt to assess the relationship between these variables at the suburb (or community) level. Variations in perinatal mortality for each suburb were found to be highly correlated with variations in the distribution of low birth weights. Overall, it would appear that the geography of the interrelationship between low birth weight and perinatal mortality tends, in part, to mirror long-standing gradients in socio-economic status--particularly for those coloured communities which show high perinatal death rates. To what extent these variations are associated with available antenatal and infant health care services can only be postulated. Points for possible community intervention are suggested. PMID- 3764611 TI - The effects of soft-drink preservatives on asthmatic children. AB - Sulphites, used extensively as preservatives in foods and soft drinks, are known to precipitate asthma attacks in 5-10% of susceptible children. Among children attending the Allergy Clinic at the Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, many were found to be sensitive to sulphites. The basis of asthma therapy is modification of the environment and avoidance of precipitating factors. Medical personnel counselling parents of asthmatic children should be aware of this factor. A list of soft drinks containing sulphites and other preservatives is included. PMID- 3764612 TI - Metabolic bone disease in preterm infants. AB - Small preterm infants often develop osteopenia with or without rickets and with or without fractures. Whether these bone abnormalities all form part of the same disease process with a wide spectrum of presentation or whether each abnormality represents a different disease is as yet unclear. Bone mineralization depends largely on adequate supplies of calcium and phosphate. The normal intra-uterine accretion of these minerals is higher than can be achieved by feeding preterm babies postnatally with breastmilk or conventional formulas. Supplementation with calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D is needed to prevent the development of 'neonatal osteopathy'. The main action of vitamin D in the preterm baby is probably to increase the intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorous, although it may, together with other calciotrophic hormones, have a more specific effect on bone growth. PMID- 3764613 TI - Unexpected, unsuspected and missed injuries in a paediatric trauma unit. AB - In a newly established trauma unit 12 282 patients were seen in 1 year, of whom 1 557 were admitted. Out of the total there was 0.3% of missed, unexpected or unsuspected injuries; this was 2.5% of ward admissions. These injuries are classified and analysed, highlighting the need for constant vigilance. Although the majority were orthopaedic injuries, the abdominal injury cases show that these can be more severe than clinically suspected. PMID- 3764614 TI - Children's growth charts in theory and practice. AB - The many advantages accruing from the use of children's growth charts are briefly outlined. Simple small studies are described to assess how this health care tool is being utilized in Soweto. The results provide some evidence that this reputedly simple technique might be yet more effectively used. PMID- 3764615 TI - The ambulatory electro-encephalogram as a diagnostic tool in a children's hospital. AB - The neurophysiology laboratory at the Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital provides a diagnostic electro-encephalogram (EEG) service for the hospital and surrounding community. In selected cases ambulatory EEG monitoring is undertaken. The present study is a review of the findings in 55 children thus investigated using the Oxford monitor. Indications included unexplained aberrant behaviour outbursts, erratic school performance, atypical absence episodes and the need to distinguish between real and simulated seizures in children with epilepsy. During reporting, correlations were noted between EEG appearances and the child's behaviour. Abnormalities were noted in 35 of the records. These included paroxysmal spike and wave discharge, focal cortical abnormalities and unequivocal seizure episodes. It is felt that the investigation made a significant contribution to correct diagnosis in 32 cases, and that ambulatory monitoring should be available in all laboratories which offer a diagnostic EEG service for children. PMID- 3764616 TI - The electro-encephalogram in the term neonate. Case reports. AB - The use of a portable electro-encephalographic (EEG) recorder has proved to be a very useful additional investigation in the neonatal intensive care unit. The normal EEG patterns in term infants are easily recognizable. Inactive or burst/suppression (paroxysmal) recordings during the first week of life signify a poor prognosis. PMID- 3764617 TI - Blood lead levels in preschool children in Cape Town. PMID- 3764618 TI - Prevalence of familial hypercholesterolemia. PMID- 3764619 TI - Antituberculosis drug-induced hepatitis--the dangers of rechallenge. PMID- 3764620 TI - Problems over death certificates. PMID- 3764621 TI - Raised carcino-embryonic antigen levels. PMID- 3764622 TI - Comparison of the clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of gonococcal and nongonococcal pelvic inflammatory disease seen in a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases, 1978-1979. AB - Despite the magnitude of the clinical and economic impact of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), little is known about its outpatient presentation. We compared retrospectively the clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of 70 women with gonococcal PID, 44 women with nongonococcal PID, and 8,576 control women without PID seen in a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. Gonococcal PID was associated with black race (P less than .002) and a shorter period of abdominal pain (P less than .02). Nongonococcal PID was associated with white race (P less than .005) and a history of previous gonococcal infection (P less than .02). There were no significant differences between groups in age, parity, number of sexual partners, contraceptive use, or febrility. PID seen in women attending our outpatient clinic is often mild, and the diagnosis uncertain. We found few reliable indicators to aid in the clinical diagnosis or to distinguish etiology. More studies are needed to improve the outpatient management of PID and limit its impact. PMID- 3764623 TI - Sexually transmitted diseases in sexually abused children. AB - To determine the prevalence and pattern of sexually transmitted diseases among sexually abused children, we evaluated 532 victims under 14 years of age for the presence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Treponema pallidum. Twenty-five girls with vaginal discharge and six children with perineal skin lesions underwent more detailed microbiologic examination. Thirty-four infections were identified in 33 children. Gonorrhea was present in 25 (4.7%) of the 532 children, and other sexually transmitted diseases were identified in nine children. Rates of gonococcal infection were higher for children with multiple episodes of abuse (8.1%), delayed reporting (7.4%), and for children evaluated for "suspicion of abuse" without a specific history (28%). Eight gonococcal infections (32%) were discovered at sites not involved in the abuse, according to the child's history. Eleven (44%) infected children were asymptomatic. Routine cultures of oropharyngeal and anogenital sites detected clinically unsuspected cases of oral, vaginal, and rectal gonorrhea. These data suggest that routine cultures are indicated for sexually abused children. PMID- 3764624 TI - Problematic ulcerative lesions in sexually transmitted diseases: surgical management. AB - Chronic intractable ulcerative lesions, with or without lymphedema, are occasional sequelae of various sexually transmitted diseases that lead to gross morbidity. This study of 15 such cases, including seven of granuloma inguinale, four of lymphogranuloma venereum, three of confined lesions (granuloma inguinale and lymphogranuloma venereum), and one of sexually transmitted amebic ulcer of the penis, employed surgical procedures aimed at sound healing after a single stage procedure. The surgical techniques included full skin cover by direct flaps, myocutaneous flaps, sliding flaps (floating island), and excision of the involved rectum (two cases). Nine lesions healed by primary intention, one by spontaneous contraction of the wound, and two needed limited secondary procedures. In view of the paucity of literature on the subject, an argument is made for identifying such cases and saving them from prolonged morbidity by a suitable single-stage surgical procedure. PMID- 3764625 TI - Paromomycin therapy of endemic amebiasis in homosexual men. AB - A prospective evaluation was made of the therapeutic efficacy of paromomycin, an orally administered, nonabsorbable aminoglycoside, in 114 homosexual men with mild-to-moderate (nondysenteric) intestinal amebiasis. All patients received 25 35 mg/kg daily in three divided doses for seven days. Of the 80 patients with gastrointestinal complaints at the onset of therapy, 55 (80%) of 69 were asymptomatic within four to six weeks after completion of treatment; 11 patients were lost to follow-up. Paromomycin produced long-term eradication of intestinal Entameba histolytica infection in 92% of all men evaluated. The rate of microbiologic cure among patients with symptoms at the onset of therapy was comparable to that among asymptomatic individuals. Paromomycin was well tolerated, with mild diarrhea during therapy the only frequent adverse effect (67% of patients). Thus, paromomycin is an effective alternative to conventional multi-drug therapy for intestinal amebiasis, and it has the advantages of low toxicity, brief duration of therapy, and a high rate of patient compliance. PMID- 3764626 TI - Asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis urethritis in men. AB - Ten men with asymptomatic urethritis due to Chlamydia trachomatis were identified through culture screening and were treated with ceftriaxone (1 g given intramuscularly). Seven of the eight men who were followed for at least 21 days before and after therapy remained asymptomatic but culture-positive. One originally asymptomatic man had onset of symptomatic non-gonococcal urethritis 18 days after his first positive culture. Among asymptomatic men with positive cultures, pyuria was present in urine specimens obtained at 17 of 18 visits, while the leukocyte count on the urethral gram stain was above normal at ten of 29 visits (P less than .01). Therefore, one may conclude that ceftriaxone (1 g given intramuscularly) was ineffective therapy for chlamydial urethritis; male urethral infection with C. trachomatis can remain asymptomatic for 21-45 days; and in this population pyuria detected by urinalysis correlates better with infection than does a urethral gram stain. PMID- 3764627 TI - Single-dose therapy with trimethoprim-sulfametrole for chancroid in females. AB - Women with genital ulcer disease who were culture-positive for Haemophilus ducreyi were treated with a single dose of the drug combination trimethoprim sulfametrole; the dosage was 640 mg of trimethoprim and 3,200 mg of sulfametrole. All 27 women who were treated with this regimen and adequately followed were cured. Thus a single dose of trimethoprim-sulfametrole appears to be an effective treatment regimen for women with chancroid in Kenya. PMID- 3764629 TI - Postgonococcal conjunctivitis due to Chlamydia trachomatis. AB - We describe a case in which Chlamydia trachomatis was the etiologic agent of postgonococcal conjunctivitis in an adolescent female. This case report demonstrates the need for considering C. trachomatis as the cause of persistent or recurrent conjunctivitis in a sexually active patient. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of concurrent infections with Neisseria gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis and should treat the patient accordingly. PMID- 3764628 TI - Comparative clinical efficacy of two different single-dose ciprofloxacin treatments for uncomplicated gonorrhea. AB - The clinical efficacies of two different single-dose, oral treatments with ciprofloxacin were evaluated in a double-blind randomized study of 50 men with gonococcal urethritis. Two groups of patients were studied. The 25 patients in group A (age, 18-32 years; mean = 26.2) received a single dose of 250 mg of ciprofloxacin; the 25 in group B (age, 16-42 years; mean = 26.3) received a single dose of 100 mg of ciprofloxacin. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin for all the isolates were less than or equal to 0.0015 microgram/ml. Neisseria gonorrhoeae was eradicated from all 50 patients; 80% of them were clinically cured, and 20% developed postgonococcal urethritis. There was no significant difference between the two treatments evaluated. We conclude that a single oral dose of 100 mg of ciprofloxacin could be an alternative treatment for uncomplicated gonorrhea in men. Neither treatment prevented the development of postgonococcal urethritis. PMID- 3764630 TI - Hepatitis due to herpes simplex virus in a nonpregnant patient: treatment with acyclovir. AB - A previously healthy 19-year-old nonpregnant woman had disseminated infection with herpes simplex virus. The disseminated disease was accompanied by hepatitis. The patient was treated with parenteral acyclovir (5 mg/kg) given every 8 hr. The patient's symptoms resolved after three days of therapy. A review of five similar cases that were observed in healthy nonpregnant and nonimmunosuppressed individuals showed that all five patients died. Thus, rapid diagnosis of this potentially fatal condition is important, and the possible use of acyclovir for such cases should be considered. PMID- 3764631 TI - Ruptured tubo-ovarian abscess in pregnancy. PMID- 3764632 TI - Ceftriaxone therapy for asymptomatic neurosyphilis. Case report and Western blot analysis of serum and cerebrospinal fluid IgG response to therapy. AB - A 27-year-old man with documented hypersensitivity to penicillin was treated intramuscularly for asymptomatic neurosyphilis with ceftriaxone (1 g daily for 14 days). After treatment the serum titer in the VDRL (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory) test declined from 32 to four dilutions. Lumbar punctures at months 3, 6, 9, and 28 after treatment revealed normalization of the cell count in cerebrospinal fluid and a decline in the VDRL titer in cerebrospinal fluid from four to one dilution(s). Western blot analysis revealed the presence in serum of IgG antibodies to at least 17 treponemal antigens and in cerebrospinal fluid of antibodies to at least ten treponemal antigens. Following ceftriaxone therapy serum and cerebrospinal fluid IgG reactivity to all antigens steadily decreased in intensity. These results indicate that ceftriaxone may provide a useful alternative therapy for penicillin-allergic patients with neurosyphilis. PMID- 3764633 TI - Pension status of recently retired workers on their longest job: findings from the New Beneficiary Survey. AB - Pension coverage among recently retired workers was greater in the early 1980's than it was a decade earlier. Workers whose longest job was with a private employer and women workers were among the groups that experienced the largest increases in coverage by a pension plan other than the social security program. Private pension plan coverage increased from 47 percent to 64 percent for men and from 21 percent to 39 percent for women. The key factors analyzed here include industry, occupation, length of employment, and earnings. Data from the New Beneficiary Survey reveal that a high proportion of covered workers received pension payments at retirement. Pension payments were received by 9 in 10 retirees covered by a government plan and by 3 in 4 retirees covered by a private industry plan on their longest job. In addition, lump-sum payments were received by 12 percent of the men and 21 percent of the women in private pension plans. PMID- 3764634 TI - Worldwide trends and developments in social security, 1983-85. AB - This article highlights the major developments and trends in social insurance programs that are presented in detail in the 1985 edition of Social Security Programs Throughout the World. The data in that reference book reflect the fact that as countries have adapted to the slow economic growth in recent years, increased emphasis has been placed on the cost effective use of social security funds. Some industrialized countries have restructured benefit provisions and reallocated resources among programs and beneficiaries to target benefits for specific groups. In the developing nations, the introduction of additional programs and expanded benefits continued on a limited scale amidst widespread concern about maintaining the real value of benefits after years of high inflation. PMID- 3764635 TI - Nutrition and cancer I. PMID- 3764636 TI - Prevention of coagulopathy after placement of peritoneovenous shunt with replacement of ascitic fluid by normal saline solution. AB - Consumptive coagulopathy may complicate the early postoperative course of peritoneovenous shunting and be responsible for diffuse bleeding or even death. Since this complications has been related to procoagulant substances in ascitic fluid getting access to the systemic circulation, it was demonstrated that the replacement of the ascitic fluid by normal saline solution during shunt insertion decreases the prevalence and severity of postoperative coagulopathy. PMID- 3764637 TI - Cholangitis after endoscopic sphincterotomy in patients with stricture of the biliary duct. AB - Five patients with stricture of the common hepatic bile duct underwent endoscopic treatment without relief from cholangitis or successful stricture dilation. A Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy was performed upon four patients who are now symptom-free. Endoscopic sphincterotomy leads to bactobilia and increases the risk of cholangitis, particularly in patients with residual obstruction of the bile duct. Although endoscopic treatment may have a role in patients at high risk, there is uncertainty about the long term results and the risk of progressive liver damage. In the majority of patients, the results of operation for benign stricture of the bile duct are such that operative repair is the treatment of choice. PMID- 3764638 TI - Adventitial resection of small artery provokes endothelial loss and intimal hyperplasia. AB - While adventitial resection is a part of the preparation of microvessels for operation, the procedure may provoke damage to the vessel wall. The histologic and ultrastructural endothelial lesions associated with adventitial resection, the interface of the blood vessel and the course of endothelial repair are discussed herein. The adventitia of the abdominal aorta of rats was stripped under microscopic magnification (32X) around the whole circumference of infrarenal segment of 1 centimeter in length. The rats were sequentially sacrificed. Fixation and silver staining were carried out in vivo. The specimens were collected at six, 12 and 24 hours, at seven, 15, 30 and 90 days, and at six, nine and 12 months after injury. These specimens were studied by en face light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results of en face light microscopy and SEM investigations showed: an initial severe trauma of the endothelial surface leading to complete de-endothelial areas as early as six hours after injury, the lesions were limited to the adventitial resected areas; at seven days the polygonal cells were recognized in silver stain preparation; at 30 days the endothelial surface was partially reconstituted but cells had large protoplasmic areas, TEM in the same time period confirm the absence of the endothelial cells up to 30 days; at 90 days the reconstitution of the endothelial layer was almost complete, and intimal hyperplasia was observed already at one month and appeared to have stabilized at six months postoperatively with three to four cell layers. These results suggest that: adventitial resection immediately provokes endothelial desquamation; endothelialization is a slow process when large areas are involved, and intimal hyperplasia may develop even on an autologous arterial segment, thus providing new insight to the etiopathogeny of vascular graft initial hyperplastic reactions. PMID- 3764639 TI - The effect of prophylactic mebendazole in experimental peritoneal hydatidosis. AB - The primary treatment of hydatid disease is surgical. The most important complication of the surgical treatment is secondary hydatidosis due to spillage of the cyst contents. Medical treatment, with mebendazole, has been used extensively. This study was undertaken to evaluate the prophylactic effect of mebendazole in experimental peritoneal hydatidosis. Mebendazole was given for 96 hours in a dose of 40 to 65 milligrams per kilogram per day before the inoculation of scolices intraperitoneally. This prophylactic therapy decreased the intraperitoneal formation of cysts significantly from 80 to 11 per cent (p less than 0.005). The preoperative administration is recommended to prevent secondary hydatidosis due to spillage of scolices during the operative intervention. PMID- 3764640 TI - Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography after acute pancreatitis. AB - To assess the usefulness of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERCP) in the study of acute pancreatitis, 101 of a possible 114 patients (89 per cent) with acute pancreatitis underwent ERCP after recovery from acute illness. In 81 per cent, ERCP was performed within two weeks of recovery. The biliary tract was successfully demonstrated in 87 per cent of the patients and the pancreatic duct in 73 per cent. Roentgenograms of the biliary tract showed stones in the gallbladder in 40 per cent of the patients and in 36 per cent in the biliary ducts. In addition, the gallbladder was not visualized in nine patients. In eight of those patients, the gallbladder was subsequently shown to be abnormal. Other findings of the biliary system included one patient each with clonorchiasis, ascariasis and malignant disease. Changes in the pancreatic duct were detected in 11 per cent of the patients. Most of the changes were consistent with acute or chronic pancreatitis. Minimal morbidity was encountered. ERCP is very accurate in identifying the biliary causes of pancreatitis. In areas where a significant proportion of acute pancreatitis has biliary causes, it should be performed upon all patients soon after resolution of the acute illness to identify those patients who will benefit from early operation upon the biliary tract. PMID- 3764641 TI - Technical and aesthetic considerations in the horseshoe incision and approach in axillary node dissection. AB - Previously described incisions for axillary dissection suffer from several drawbacks--extended dissection, limited exposure and visible scars. We have designed the horseshoe incision and approach to obviate some of the problems described. The incision is in the hair bearing area. The direct approach to the axillary content makes exposure excellent and the dissection is circumscribed to the axillary area. Our experience with this technique is encouraging. PMID- 3764642 TI - A method of collecting the effluent from complicated fistula of the small intestine. PMID- 3764643 TI - A secured technique for pancreatojejunal anastomosis in pancreaticoduodenectomy. AB - In order to avoid complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy, a simple and safe technique for pancreatojejunal anastomosis was developed. After resection of the pancreas, a vinyl chloride tube with a circumferential knot is inserted into the pancreatic duct and tied with a Dexon suture. Pancreatojejunal anastomosis is performed by approximating the seromuscular layer of the jejunum around the opening to the parenchymal tissue of the pancreas with interrupted nylon sutures, eliminating the need for direct anastomosis between the duct and jejunum. The knot on the tube prevents the tube from dislodging, and pancreatic juice is completely drained until the tube is safely removed two to three weeks after the operation. PMID- 3764644 TI - Operative technique for insertion of a totally implantable system for venous access. AB - A totally implantable venous access device is described and a step by step technique for implanting the device is given. Among 203 patients in whom the technique has been used, thrombosis of the subclavian or jugular vein has occurred in only three. There have been no pulmonary complications, and only three devices have been removed because of infection. PMID- 3764645 TI - An improved skin grid for intraoperative angiography during in situ saphenous vein bypass. PMID- 3764646 TI - Psoriatic arthritis with C-1-C-2 subluxation as a neurosurgical complication. AB - A 39-year-old man presented with a 10-year history of psoriatic arthritis, and more recently a progressive high cervical myelopathy. The development of the myelopathy syndrome was unassociated with trauma or any other specific inciting cause. Cervical spine x-rays demonstrated a significant atlantoaxial subluxation. Other x-ray features of the spine met the criteria for diagnosis of psoriatic spondylitis. The association of a high cervical myelopathy with atlantoaxial subluxation in psoriatic spondylitis is rare. Conversely, atlantoaxial subluxation without high cervical myelopathy has been reported in 45% of cases of psoriatic spondylitis. The authors report this case with a review of the diagnosis, possible pathogenesis, and treatment of atlantoaxial subluxation in psoriatic spondylitis. PMID- 3764647 TI - Spasmodic torticollis caused by vascular compression of the spinal accessory root. AB - A case of spasmodic torticollis in a 27-year-old man cured by vascular decompression of the spinal accessory root, without any nerve sectioning, is presented. The nerve compression was produced by the posterior inferior cerebellar artery originating from the vertebral artery at the C-1 level, and was released by transposing the artery from the nerve root, using the divided dentate ligament. The patient was completely free from symptoms after a follow-up period of 3 years. The possible causal importance of nerve compression in spasmodic torticollis is emphasized. PMID- 3764648 TI - Estrogen and progesterone receptors in meningiomas. AB - Estradiol and progesterone receptors were studied in 14 patients with meningiomas. Estrogen receptors were detected by specific monoclonal antibodies, whereas progesterone receptors were assayed by the dextran-coated charcoal method. In 9 cases the estrogen receptors were also investigated in cultured tumor cells. Positive estrogen and progesterone receptors were found in 86% of patients. The results have been compared with 11 published series of sex steroid assays in meningiomas. The different rate of positive results in most series can be explained by preoperative glucocorticoid therapy. There is no correlation between the estrogen and progesterone receptor activity, the sex and age of the patients, and the location and histological features of the meningioma. The authors suggest that assays of antiestrogen and antiprogestin drugs in cultured cells can indicate whether this estrogen and progesterone receptor activity may be of therapeutic use. PMID- 3764649 TI - Cystic meningiomas--an update. AB - Eighteen unusual cases of intracranial meningioma associated with a cyst are considered. Three patients were operated upon before the introduction of computed tomography scanning, and the discovery of a peritumoral cyst was unexpected. Among 15 patients studied with computed tomography, 8 had a peritumoral cyst, 6 had an intratumoral cyst, and 1 had a totally cystic meningioma (hypodense on computed tomography). Computed tomography permitted a correct preoperative diagnosis only in four cases. In six additional cases diagnosis was reached by selective angiographic studies. In the remaining cases diagnosis was impossible or incorrect. Different pathogenetic mechanisms underlie different radiologic patterns. The authors comment on the complex processes that lead to cyst formation in meningiomas and stress the necessity of an accurate preoperative study to avoid misdiagnosis. PMID- 3764650 TI - Ultrasonic features of two cases of spinal cord hemangioblastoma. AB - Two patients with proven intramedullary spinal cord hemangioblastomas were examined with intraoperative ultrasound. The ultrasonic features of a hyperechoic intramedullary mass accompanied by nearby cysts and, in one case, by a syrinx correspond with well-known pathological and computed tomographic descriptions of these tumors. Ultrasonic guidance enabled the surgeon to identify the exact location of the tumors and to proceed with the surgery, limiting the dissection to the area detected. The ultrasound also revealed cysts associated with the tumors, thus providing valuable information to guide the progress of surgery. PMID- 3764651 TI - Seemingly complete removal of histologically benign intracranial meningioma: late recurrence rate and factors predicting recurrence in 657 patients. A multivariate analysis. AB - From 1953 to 1980, 657 patients survived a seemingly complete removal of a histologically benign intracranial meningioma. Recurrence of the tumor was found in 59 of these 657 patients, but some cases of recurrence may have been missed inasmuch as only 69 patients were followed for 20 years. With ordinary life-table analysis, the overall recurrence rate was estimated to be 19% at 20 years. The reliability of this result was evaluated with a modified life-table analysis. Multivariate analysis showed that coagulation of the dural insertion, invasion of bone, and soft consistency of tumor were strong risk factors (p less than 0.01) for recurrence. The recurrence rate at 20 years was estimated to be 11% for the 249 patients with none of these risk factors, 15-24% for those with one factor, and 34-56% for those with two. PMID- 3764652 TI - Extradural spinal angiolipoma. AB - Two cases of extradural spinal angiolipomas are reported. The literature is reviewed and the entity of extradural spinal angiolipoma proposed. A tumor of adulthood, unassociated with bony changes, it occurs mainly in the mid-dorsal spine. Paraparesis progresses over a period of 1-2 years and may wax and wane with pregnancy or body weight changes. Characteristically, the tumor lies over the dorsal aspect of the dura, from which it may be peeled off easily. Its port wine color contrasts strikingly with the contiguous epidural fat. A benign condition, it responds favorably to surgical excision. PMID- 3764653 TI - Hemorrhagic stroke in infancy, childhood, and adolescence. AB - The authors report on factors influencing the outcome after hemorrhagic strokes in infants, children, and adolescents over a period of 14 years. Their series comprised primary hemorrhage in 24 cases (46.2%), including 5 cases of vitamin K deficiency; arteriovenous malformation in 20 cases (38.5%); intracranial aneurysm and moya-moya disease in 3 cases (5.7%) each; and spinal angioma in 2 cases (3.9%). Ten of 52 patients with juvenile hemorrhagic strokes died despite surgical treatment. These fatal cases involved an intraparenchymal hematoma with ventricular casts, and unilateral hydrocephalus suggesting acute, uncontrollable intracranial hypertension. The "child's biologic plasticity" plays an important role in the favorable prognosis in infants, children, and adolescents with hemorrhagic strokes. On the contrary, cases with intraventricular hemorrhage due to any pathologic condition have an unfavorable prognosis. PMID- 3764654 TI - A case of basilar artery occlusion associated with unilateral low origin of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. AB - A case of basilar artery occlusion is reported. The patient suddenly developed dizziness and weakness of the right side. Computed tomography scanning showed focal low attenuation in the left quadrangular lobule of the pons. Cerebral angiography demonstrated proximal occlusion of the basilar artery and significant collateral flow in the posterior fossa from the left posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA), which arose from the vertebral artery far below the foramen magnum. The literature concerning the origin of the PICA is reviewed. PMID- 3764655 TI - Meningeal hemangiopericytoma. AB - If meningeal hemangiopericytoma could be diagnosed prior to operation, the neurosurgeon might be better prepared to deal with excessive bleeding during the operation. This type of tumor should be completely excised because of the high risk of recurrence and remote metastasis. Computed tomography as well as cerebral angiography would aid in the preoperative diagnosis of hemangiopericytoma. Early detection and periodic observation by computed tomography may minimize the morbidity and mortality associated with late detection. PMID- 3764657 TI - Neurological surgery in Taiwan (Republic of China) PMID- 3764656 TI - Ruptured cerebral aneurysms in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - Two cases of ruptured aneurysms in the cerebral arteries in patients with established systemic lupus erythematosus are presented. A 32-year-old woman with a 3-year history of systemic lupus erythematosus was found to have a ruptured cerebral aneurysm at the top of the basilar artery. Another 38-year-old woman with a 4-year history of lupus erythematosus had a ruptured aneurysm in the anterior communicating artery. Both were treated surgically. Cerebral aneurysms associated with systemic lupus erythematosus are reviewed in the literature and the pathogenesis of these aneurysms is discussed. PMID- 3764658 TI - Too many doctors/neurosurgeons? PMID- 3764659 TI - Head tourniquet to prevent necrosis after embolization. PMID- 3764660 TI - Foreign medical graduates and neurosurgical residencies. PMID- 3764661 TI - Meditation on a rose. PMID- 3764662 TI - The palmomental reflex. PMID- 3764663 TI - Preventing cancer. PMID- 3764664 TI - Suicide: an update. PMID- 3764665 TI - Increased chances of a golden wedding anniversary. PMID- 3764666 TI - Costs of cholecystectomy: variation by region. PMID- 3764667 TI - Regional variation in colon cancer mortality. PMID- 3764668 TI - [Computed tomographic localization of the uterus for optimization of primary combined radiotherapy of inoperable cervix cancer]. AB - The authors present the technique of CT reconstruction of the shape of the uterus in topograms of the pelvic region. The treatment scheme of combined endocavitary and percutaneous radiotherapy of uterine cervix carcinomas can be improved by means of the described method. The reliability of this method is compared to that of radiotherapy planning based on measuring radiography. Modifications of the position of the uterus obtained by endocavitary inserts proved to be relevant if the endocavitary regions exposed to high doses are left out from percutaneous therapy. PMID- 3764669 TI - Radiation therapy for primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the head and neck in stage I-II. AB - From September 1977 through January 1983, 34 previously untreated cases with primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the head and neck in stage I-II were treated at our department. 16 cases were classified into stage I and 18 into stage II. Patients were treated with 4 MV X-ray (40 to 45 Gy) which encompassed Waldyer's ring and supraclavicular region with or without chemotherapy. The survival rates at three years were 93% and 50% in stage I and II, respectively. Stage, surface markers (T- and B-cell analysis) and initial primary site and the level of lymph node involvement were important prognostic factors. Chemotherapy in pre- or post irradiation was essential, especially for cases in stage II. It was also indicated that the adequacy of radiation portal with special reference to anatomical consideration was necessary. PMID- 3764670 TI - [Iatrogenic radiogenic tumors. Observations on the incidence of tumors in the irradiation field following x-ray therapy]. AB - A report is given on 18 patients with malignant tumors in the region of prior irradiation fields after a period of 28 years on an average. The irradiation was given because of malignant tumors in eight cases and for benign diseases in nine cases. The malignant tumors induced by ionizing radiation of the skin are often seen in multiple localisation. The risk of radiation induced cancer is given after irradiation for gynecological disorders and disorders of the superficial skin. The problem is discussed with the relevant literature. PMID- 3764672 TI - Quality assurance procedures in radiotherapy--IEC specifications for equipment. AB - The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) worked out international standards for requirements and tests of electrical, mechanical and radiation safety as well as for definition and tests of functional performance characteristics of radiotherapy equipments (medical electron accelerators, gamma beam teletherapy and afterloading equipments, simulators and accessories) and for clinical dosimeters and terminology for medical radiology. A survey is given on the actual state of standardization projects. The problems of such standards are shown for the standard for functional performance characteristics of medical electron accelerators as example. PMID- 3764671 TI - [Indications for and results of postoperative radiotherapy of vulvar cancer]. AB - Between 1968 and 1979, 132 patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the vulva were submitted to a more or less radical operation. Then they were irradiated at the Radiologic Center of the GHS Essen. All patients received irradiations of the vulvar region with high energy electrons combined with photons (n = 78) as well as photons or electrons alone (n = 15 and 39, respectively). The dose was generally 40 to 60 Gy. 81 patients (61.4%) were additionally irradiated in the inguinal region. The overall three-year and five-year survival rate is 48.5 and 34.1%, respectively. The median survival time is 31.5 months. Contrary to expectation there were no significantly different recurrence rates after radical vulvectomy and large excision combined with postoperative irradiation. This is attributed to the favorable effect of radiotherapy. A graduated conception has been elaborated based on the results of our retrospective analysis and the communications of literature. Radical vulvectomy and inguinal lymphadenectomy is the therapy of choice. Radiotherapy in the vulvar region should be applied if radical surgery seems problematic or is not possible. Irradiation of lymph node regions is indicated if they are involved or if a resection is not possible. PMID- 3764673 TI - [Changes in renal parenchyma induced by ionizing radiation and chemotherapy in animal experiments]. AB - According to the case records found in literature of the last ten years, a combined therapy with ionizing radiation dose and systematic application of cytostatic drugs leaded much earlier to nephropathy, if the kidney was situated directly within the ray path, than radiotherapy alone. Hitherto no systematic experimentations on animals have been made in order to investigate the interaction of radiotherapy and cytostatic drugs in the sound kidney. The authors have submitted 240 white female Wistar rats to ablation of the right kidney and to extracorporal irradiation of the left kidney with increasing doses of 10 to 50 Gy. One half of these animals received additionally an intravenous injection of 6 mg adriamycin per kg of body weight. Another group of 24 animals was only treated with adriamycin, 24 animals were only operated, and 24 animals were not treated and served as control group. The laboratory examinations of blood and urine as well as the light-microscopic investigation of the treated kidneys showed already after 10 Gy modifications of the renal parenchyma which have to be imputed to irradiation. A threshold dose cannot be deducted from this assay. All morphologically demonstrable cell lesions were progressive. Adriamycin had a nephrotoxic influence on the parenchyma of the sound kidney which showed a compensatory hypertrophy. Combined treatment with ionizing radiation and adriamycin of the sound kidney of the rat showing a compensatory hypertrophy had a synergistic effect on the renal parenchyma and leaded to progressive nephropathy. PMID- 3764674 TI - [Effect of combined treatment with cisplatin and irradiation on the survival of human melanoma cells]. AB - During a combined treatment of human melanoma cells with Cisplatin and irradiation under aerobic conditions, interaction between the two treatment modalities is observed. The presence of Cisplatin during irradiation leads to an increased bending, pretreatment with Cisplatin to an increased initial steepness of the survival curve irrespective of the time interval and the Cisplatin dose. Post-treatment with Cisplatin, however, does not influence the shape of the survival curve. Simultaneous treatment of human melanoma cells with Cisplatin and irradiation in hypoxia does not result in the radiosensitization seen under aerobic conditions. PMID- 3764675 TI - [Histologic changes in the normal bladder wall following fractionated irradiation -an animal experimental study]. AB - The histopathologic alterations of the bladder wall were investigated in 180 rabbits irradiated with different fractionations and total focal doses. Animals sacrificed on week after the end of irradiation showed alterations of the urothelium (desquamation, increased polymorphism of nuclei vacuolizations) as well as oedematous and hyperemic reactions in submucosa and muscularis. These alterations became stronger when the single and total focal dose and the ret value were increased. Animals sacrificed three to six months after the end of irradiation showed dystrophic-sclerotic processes as well as vascular obliterations in the submucosa and muscularis. The alterations were only clearly visible in case of a total focal dose of at least 30 Gy. With regard to a minimization of histopathologic alterations of the bladder wall, a fractionation of 1.5 Gy per day has to be considered as favorable in radiotherapy of the carcinoma of the urinary bladder. PMID- 3764676 TI - A radiomodifying effect of acute hypoxia on neutron-irradiated mice and dogs. AB - Anoxia increased the survival of neutron irradiated mice with DMF = 1.66. As to haemopoietic stem cells neutron irradiated in vivo, DMF was 1.8. With X irradiation DMF was 2.49 and 2.94, respectively. Anoxia decreased the damage of the intestinal mucous membrane after a whole-body neutron irradiation with a dose 3.0 Gy. A protective effect of acute hypoxia was demonstrated on dogs exposed to fast neutrons (4.0 Gy). Breathing of 10% gas hypoxic mixture protected more than half of the exposed animals from death and provided the development of a light form of radiation sickness instead of a serious one. PMID- 3764677 TI - Clinical prognostic factors in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. AB - Hospital records of 201 consecutive and histologically diagnosed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients were retrospectively analysed in an effort to determine the clinical prognostic factors affecting survival. The uncorrected five-year survival was 45%, and when corrected for other causes of death than lymphoma 48%. Response to the primary treatment (p less than 0.001), stage of the disease at diagnosis (p less than 0.001), occurrence of B-symptoms (p less than 0.01) and age (p less than 0.01) were strongly correlated to the final outcome. B-symptoms had negative effect on survival during the first year after the diagnosis, but not afterwards. Survival decreased with advancing age except in children, who had as poor survival as patients over 60 years of age. The primary site, sex or occurrence of extranodal lymphoma (43%) did not have influence on survival. Patients with a positive bone marrow aspiration biopsy did not have less favourable survival than other patients with stage IV lymphoma. Patients with a positive bipedal lymphangiogram had similar prognosis as those with a negative one. It is concluded that the most important prognostic factors other than histology in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are response to the primary treatment, stage, age and occurrence of B-symptoms. PMID- 3764678 TI - The association of curietherapy and surgery in the treatment of endometrium carcinoma. AB - Results of treatment of the endometrium carcinoma in 138 patients are reported, primarily treated by intra-uterine Curietherapy, and compared with 70 patients first undergoing an hysterectomy followed by radiation therapy. During the first three years the curves for relapse free as for mortality have a similar course. From the third year on, however, patients first undergoing a Curietherapy seem to do better. Compared to other similar series, mentioned in literature, this series of patients gives the same results, which pleads for a prolongation of this method of treatment. PMID- 3764679 TI - [Results of radiation therapy in cervix carcinoma with reference to side effects]. AB - The analysis of 770 patients after irradiation of cervix-carcinoma from 1968 to 1976 with Cobalt 60, radium or operation or only irradiation therapy shows five year survival rates of 78% for stage I, 61% for stage II, and 23% for stage III. Bowel reaction was seen in 27%, 4% developed stenoses, 1.3% a recto-vaginal fistula. A complication of the bladder was seen in 18%, 2.7% had an ureteral stricture and 0.8% a bladder-fistula. PMID- 3764680 TI - Statistical evaluation of a total dose-dose rate relationship in oral tongue cancer 192 Ir implants. AB - A statistical tool has been made by us on 55 patients treated for oral tongue cancer with unique 192 Ir interstitial curietherapy in Brescia from 1973 to 1981. Our aim was to verify a simple analytical relationship proposed and adopted by us for oral tongue cancer implants in order to reduce the total dose with increasing dose rates and to calculate the equivalent total dose when referred to 0.357 Gy/hr. Recurrences and radionecroses are studied in a variance analysis, distinguishing according to stage and total dose; within the dose rate range used, a highly significant difference in radionecrosis rate (P less than 0.005) confirms our isoeffect relationship. PMID- 3764681 TI - [Two-year clinical experience with Mevamatic 3--development of a verification and protocol system for irradiation units]. AB - Since 1983 the computerized record and verify system Mevamatic 3 was tested in connection with the linear accelerator Mevatron 77 (Siemens Company). In consequence of the software development the handling of the system was improved for the clinical routine with the result of a fully utilizable system. The topics of this report are the description of the hardware, the functions of the system, the software development and some possibilities for improvements in the future. PMID- 3764682 TI - [Current state of the Wurzburg database for radiotherapy]. AB - Initially the data bank, which serves for the follow-up organization and for scientific studies, is briefly introduced. Then the possible analyses are described. Two types of possible evaluations can be distinguished. For the first type of evaluation, a subprogram has to be developed for every topic. A great number of questions can be answered by assembling the subprograms. These evaluations mostly dispose of a direct access to the data bank, so that the information desired is immediately available. For the second type of evaluation, the features of a group of patients have been determined with the aid of the data bank and have been stored then. A simple questioning language allows the establishment of any condition limiting the patient groups and its transmission to a statistical program package. Some examples are given to describe the possibilities of the statistical program developed especially for medical studies which makes it possible to perform analyses according to the life table method, too. PMID- 3764683 TI - [A patient documentation system for radiation therapy by computer-planning. 2. 5 year experience with the Patient Documentation System PATDOK and recording of irradiation data]. AB - About a five years experience with our data base system PATDOK, in which are stored now more than 5000 patients, is reported. Further a method for coding treatment regimes is proposed. First results are discussed. PMID- 3764684 TI - Presidential address: the bottom line. PMID- 3764685 TI - Breast cancer screening: a different look at the evidence. AB - The data on screening for breast cancer were studied to extract information on rates of biopsy recommendation, detection of benign disease, and mortality. Relative and absolute mortality rates for breast cancer and other causes were calculated. Approximately 5% of women screened have a suspicious result and are referred for further assessment. The reduction in breast cancer mortality rates attributed to screening procedures ranges from 0.049% to 0.144% of the screened population, demonstrating that up to 2041 women must be screened for each woman who will benefit. If women subjected to operation for benign disease are considered to be harmed by the screening program, then the harm/benefit ratio ranges up to 62:1. It is suggested that enough information on the question of cost/harm/benefit is already available to make the decision that mass screening for breast cancer should be abandoned and that the procedure should be reserved for those women with high-risk factors. PMID- 3764686 TI - The interaction of estrogen receptor status and race in predicting prognosis for stage I breast cancer patients. AB - As part of a multi-institutional breast cancer data base, 501 stage I, node negative patients have been followed prospectively with a median of 89 months. Patients were treated by a modified radical mastectomy without postoperative therapy. Estrogen receptor (ER) content of the primary tumor was determined in all cases. For the entire patient group at 10 years, the disease-free survival (DFS) rate is 72% and the overall survival (OS) rate is 85%. Both ER value and race (black versus white) were found to be significant prognostic variables for DFS (p = 0.008 and 0.02, respectively) and for OS (p = 0.0001 and 0.01, respectively). ER positive patients had a better DFS and OS rate compared with ER negative patients (74% versus 66% and 90% versus 68%, respectively). Black patients had significantly worse DFS and OS rates compared with white patients (64% versus 74% and 75% versus 86%, respectively). Statistical interaction between the ER and race variables was apparent when comparing the similar DFS for ER positive white (75%), ER negative white (72%), and ER positive black (73%) patients in contrast to a DFS of less than 42% at 10 years for the ER negative black patients. An analysis of the data for the ER negative black patients suggested that the postmenopausal ER negative black patients are at particularly high risk of recurrence and death from breast cancer. PMID- 3764687 TI - Parathyroid autotransplantation in forty-four patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: the role of thallium scanning. AB - Forty-four patients with primary hyperparathyroidism were followed for 18 to 126 months after subtotal or total parathyroidectomy and parathyroid autotransplantation. Indications for autotransplantation included the devascularization of parathyroid glands during concomitant thyroid lobectomy or total thyroidectomy and the excision of the only remaining parathyroid tissue in patients with persistent hyperparathyroidism after previous unsuccessful parathyroidectomies. Before implantation, all parathyroid tissue was histologically evaluated by frozen-section light microscopy with hematoxylin and eosin stain. Fifteen patients had histologically normal implants; to date none of these patients have developed recurrent hyperparathyroidism. Twenty-nine patients had either adenomatous or hyperplastic parathyroid tissue used for implants; two of these patients developed graft-dependent recurrent hyperparathyroidism 4 and 7 years later. In both patients the grafts were preoperatively localized by thallium scanning and their resection restored eucalcemia. One hundred thirty-one patients from 11 series in the current literature had a cumulative incidence of 17.5% for presumed graft-dependent recurrence and a 9.2% incidence of graft excision followed by eucalcemia. In comparison, in the present series the incidence of graft-dependent recurrent hyperparathyroidism in patients with either adenomatous or hyperplastic implants stands at 6.9%. In contrast, in 15 patients with normal parathyroid tissue implants, the incidence was zero. PMID- 3764688 TI - Thoracic aorta as source of inflow in reoperation for occluded aortoiliac reconstruction. AB - We reviewed our experience with reoperations for recurrent obstruction occurring after aortoiliac or aortofemoral reconstruction. Patients who underwent successful transfemoral thrombectomy of the aortofemoral graft or femorofemoral crossover graft were excluded from the study. A more proximal source of inflow to revascularize the ischemic limbs was required in the remaining 35 patients. Bilateral reconstruction was performed in 22 patients. Operative indication was rest pain or necrosis in 36 limbs and severe claudication in 21 limbs. Preoperative ankle/brachial pressure index (API) ranged from 0.05 to 0.61. Thirteen patients (21 limbs, group I) underwent transabdominal reoperation. Since the transabdominal approach was considered hazardous because of multiple previous operations, the remaining patients underwent retroperitoneal descending thoracic aorta-femoral artery bypass (15 patients, 25 limbs; group II) or axillofemoral bypass graft (7 patients, 11 limbs; group III). No statistically significant difference was present between the three groups in regard to the operative indication, API, and angiographically determined outflow (analysis of variance, p greater than 0.2). Axillofemoral bypass was preferred in patients with severe chronic pulmonary disease. Postoperative deaths (2 of 35 patients) and morbidity (6 of 35 patients) had a similar incidence in the three groups (p greater than 0.2). Follow-up ranged from 3 to 120 months (mean 37 months). The 5-year actuarial patency rate was 80.5% for group I and 80.2% for group II. In group III it was statistically lower (32.9%, p less than 0.05). Serial measurement showed a significant decrease of API in group III compared with group I and group II. We conclude that retroperitoneal descending thoracic aorta-femoral artery bypass is a valid alternative to transabdominal reoperation when exposure or availability of the abdominal aorta poses a specific hazard and is preferable to axillofemoral bypass in terms of long-term patency and hemodynamic results. PMID- 3764689 TI - Revision of failed infrainguinal bypass graft: principles of management. AB - Our experience with 112 patients whose infrainguinal bypass grafts (IIBPGs) failed more than 30 days after insertion was reviewed. Cumulative patency rates (CPRs) after graft revision (GR) were 71% at 6 months, 62% at 12 months, 57% at 24 months, 54% at 36 months, and 46% at 48 months. CPRs of IIBPGs that failed more than 12 months after insertion were higher than those of grafts that failed earlier (60% vs. 36% at 36 months (p less than 0.05). Failure of the initial GR did not preclude a successful secondary revision. The 3-year CPR of the initial GR was 31% compared with 49% for secondary GR (p = no significance). The results of GR are significantly better when graft failure is diagnosed before graft thrombosis. Revision of the 37 hemodynamically failed but patent grafts resulted in a CPR of 89% at 12 months and 77% at 36 months compared with a CPR of 33% at 12 months and 26% at 36 months after revision of the 75 thrombosed grafts (p less than 0.01). Hemodynamically failed but patent grafts occurred in 36 of 68 patients (53%) with failed autogenous veins but only 1 of 44 patients (2%) with a failed prosthetic graft had GR before thrombosis of the graft. There is a significant improvement in early CPR when a new bypass graft is inserted as compared with original graft thrombectomy and angioplasty. The CPR for new bypass grafts at 6 and 12 months was 61% and 41%, respectively, compared with a CPR of 26% and 20% for the same time intervals with graft thrombectomy and angioplasty (p less than 0.05). The presence of thrombus in the outflow artery at the site of GR is a contraindication to anastomosis at that site even if arterial thrombectomy reestablishes backflow. When distal arterial thrombus was not present, the CPR after GR was 62% at 6 months, 42% at 12 months, and 33% at 36 months. When distal arterial thrombectomy was necessary, the CPR after GR was only 14% at 6 months and zero at 12 months (p less than 0.05). PMID- 3764690 TI - The necessity of mandatory exploration of penetrating zone II neck injuries. AB - To reevaluate the validity of our policy of mandatory surgical exploration of penetrating zone II neck injuries, the charts of 110 patients who underwent surgical exploration for such injuries were reviewed. Fifty-three percent of the patients had normal findings at exploration, whereas 33% had injuries involving vascular structures of the neck and 14% had nonvascular injuries. Injuries were not suspected on clinical grounds preoperatively in 23% of the patients in whom surgical exploration revealed injury. The injuries most likely to escape preoperative diagnosis were isolated venous injuries and isolated pharyngoesophageal injuries. Arteriography yielded false-negative results in two arterial injuries. No deaths and only a 5% incidence of minor complications occurred in the group with no injuries detected at exploration. We conclude that surgical exploration of penetrating zone II neck injuries is safe and appropriate. PMID- 3764691 TI - A comparison between fructose 1,6-diphosphate, glucose, or normal saline infusions and species-specific blood exchange transfusions in the treatment of bowel ischemia. AB - Infusion of fructose 1,6-diphosphate, (FDP), the rate-limiting substrate in anaerobic metabolism, decreases infarction in the ischemic heart. This study evaluates the effect of FDP (5% in H2O), glucose (D5W), or normal saline (N/S) infusions and species-specific blood (SSB) exchange transfusions on mortality rates and bowel infarction in rats with intestinal ischemia. One hundred twenty Sprague-Dawley male rats (50 to 75 gm) were divided into six experimental groups. Group I controls (n = 20) underwent sham laparotomy. Group II (n = 20) underwent superior mesenteric artery (SMA) occlusion for 90 minutes. Group III rats (n = 20) were infused with FDP with SMA occlusion (90 minutes). Group IV rats (n = 20) were infused with D5W with SMA occlusion (90 minutes). Group V rats (n = 20) were infused with N/S with SMA occlusion (90 minutes). Group VI rats (n = 20) received species-specific exchange transfusion after SMA occlusion (90 minutes). A typical rat given 1 ml of D5W/75 gm had a serum glucose of 478 ng/dl with an osmolality of 293 mosm/L. After being given 1 ml of NS/75 gm, rats had a serum glucose level of 170 mg/dl with an osmolality of 291 mos/ml. Control rats had a serum glucose level of 139 mg/dl with an osmolality of 295 mosm/L. Survival at 48 hours without bowel infarction was 20 of 20 (100%) in group I, three of 20 (15%) in group II, 12 of 20 (60%) in group III, 12 of 20 (60%) in group IV, five of 20 (25%) in group V, and six of 20 (30%) in group VI (p less than 0.05 groups III and IV versus group II). FDP and D5W infusions increased survival after bowel ischemia in the rat. The mechanism of action may involve provision of a substrate for anaerobic metabolism to ischemic bowel via collateral pathways, hemodilution, and/or volume expansion. PMID- 3764692 TI - A critical comparison of the hematologic, cardiovascular, and pulmonary response to steroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in a model of sepsis and adult respiratory distress syndrome. AB - Improved survival of patients receiving high-dose steroid therapy in sepsis and adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has been reported, but such therapy and its benefits remain controversial. Recently research has been directed toward manipulation of the arachidonic acid cascade. Improved survival and hemodynamics with administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) have been reported in animal models of sepsis and ARDS. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of steroids (methylprednisolone) and NSAID (ibuprofen) in a porcine model of septic ARDS induced by a continuous infusion of live Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cardiopulmonary parameters were monitored in animals intubated, paralyzed, and ventilated at a 250 ml tidal volume and 0.5 Fio2. Pigs were randomly assigned to one of five groups: groups I and II received respective doses of 12.5 mg/kg ibuprofen and 30 mg/kg methylprednisolone at 20 and 210 minutes after baseline; group III had P. aeruginosa only; groups IV and V received respective doses of ibuprofen and methylprednisolone at 20 and 210 minutes of sepsis. Significant pulmonary edema, increased intrapulmonary shunting, hypoxemia, hemoconcentration, and systemic hypotension occurred with P. aeruginosa infusion. In septic animals treated with ibuprofen normal systemic arterial pressure was maintained, hemoconcentration was decreased, and oxygenation was improved with a significant decrease in shunting and pulmonary edema. Administration of methylprednisolone improved hemoconcentration and cardiac index, but no significant effect on pulmonary edema, intrapulmonary shunting, or oxygenation was observed. The results of this study demonstrated a significant beneficial effect of ibuprofen and we would encourage controlled clinical trials of this drug in the management of sepsis and ARDS. On the other hand, methylprednisolone was found to be relatively ineffective in treatment of circulatory collapse and ARDS associated with sepsis. PMID- 3764693 TI - A new peritoneovenous shunt. AB - For today's most common peritoneovenous shunt catheters, the high incidence of complications (disseminated intravascular coagulation [DIC], pulmonary problems, clotting of the intravascular end, and shunt kinking) results in limited use. We have designed a new peritoneovenous shunt catheter in which we improved mechanical biocompatibility with respect to both the peritoneum and the vasculature. The device consists of: a multimicroorifice ascites filter in a double-chambered collecting device, a tubular compression pump with an intratubular check-valve, and a check-valve catheter at the intravascular end for positive exclusion of blood by reflux or back diffusion. This configuration filters the proteinaceous material from the ascites fluid, transports the filtrate into the blood stream, maintains patency, act to prevent DIC by inhibiting the creation and transport of microthrombi into the cardiovascular system, and eliminates clot formation at the intravascular end. PMID- 3764694 TI - Results of surgical treatment of periampullary tumors: a thirty-five-year experience. AB - Data on 126 consecutive patients with periampullary tumors resected at the Cleveland Clinic between January 1950 and December 1984 were reviewed. One hundred five patients underwent pancreatoduodenal resection, 10 patients total pancreatectomy, and 11 patients local resection of the tumor. The site of tumor was ampulla of Vater (59), head of the pancreas (30), duodenum (20), and distal common bile duct (11). Six patients had benign disease. The operative mortality rate for radical resection for the entire period was 7.8%; it has declined to 5.4% since 1974. The operative mortality rate for local resection was 9.1% (one patient). The overall 5-year survival rate for all malignant tumors of the periampullary area was 28% and 25.5% for invasive adenocarcinoma. Survival was affected primarily by location and histologic findings. The 5-year survival rate for adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of Vater was 37.2%, 27.5% for the duodenum, 16.7% for the distal common bile, and 4.3% for the pancreas (p = 0.0001). Papillary adenocarcinoma had a 5-year survival rate of 49.2% in contrast to 18.4% for nonpapillary ductal adenocarcinoma (p = 0.002). Patients with ampullary adenocarcinoma treated by local resection had a 5-year survival rate of 40.9%. These data justify continued use of a selective radical approach in the resection of most periampullary tumors with local resection for small tumors in high-risk patients. PMID- 3764695 TI - Myocardial depression during acute pancreatitis: fact or fiction? AB - Clinical and experimental evidence suggests that myocardial depression occurs during severe pancreatitis, but this evidence is derived from techniques that are not optimal for assessing myocardial contractility (e.g., rate of rise in ventricular pressure [dP/dt]). The slope of the left ventricular (LV) and systolic pressure dimension relationship (Ees), a better indicator of myocardial function, has not been measured in pancreatitis. Ten mongrel dogs underwent surgical instrumentation to monitor systemic arterial and LV pressure, cardiac output, LV dP/dt, and anterior LV wall thickness. End of systole was defined by the peak negative dP/dt. The end-systolic points used to calculate Ees were obtained by aortic and vena caval occlusion. After surgical recovery, pancreatitis was induced via cannulation of the pancreatic duct and injection of autologous bile (1 ml/kg) at 200 mm Hg perfusion pressure. All measurements were taken during a control period and daily after pancreatitis was induced. Pancreatitis was confirmed by a significant increase in serum amylase throughout the study and by autopsy finding of hemorrhagic necrosis. Ees was increased throughout the experimental protocol (1 to 7 days) (p less than 0.05). Myocardial performance as assessed by Ees was significantly increased and myocardial depression did not occur in untreated, conscious dogs with severe pancreatitis. Peak positive LV dP/dt was a poor index of contractility during pancreatitis since it decreased while myocardial contractility was increased. Cardiac depression in pancreatitis noted in other reports was likely due to decreased preload and not to intrinsic cardiac dysfunction. PMID- 3764696 TI - The natural history of splenic infarction. AB - Our experience at the Cleveland Clinic and that in the literature with splenic infarction were reviewed to describe the natural history of splenic infarction and provide guidelines for management. Data for this review included 75 patients identified by clinical studies or at autopsy during a 10-year period and a review of 77 cases reported in the literature. The cause of the infarct varied with age; patients under 40 years old most often had an associated hematologic disorder, while those older than 41 years old most often had an embolic event. Other etiologic factors included splenic vascular disease, anatomic abnormalities, collagen vascular disease, pancreatic disease, and nonhematologic malignancy. Left upper quadrant pain was the predominant symptom. Changes in the blood count included anemia (53%), leukocytosis (49%), and thrombocytosis (7%). Liver-spleen scans were diagnostic in 90% of patients and computerized tomography identified the infarct in 75%. Initial management consisted of hydration, analgesics, and frequent monitoring, with resolution of symptoms in 7 to 14 days. Splenectomy was performed for persistent symptoms or a complication of the infarct (splenic pseudocyst, abscess, or hemorrhage). An uncomplicated splenic infarction can be managed safely with medical treatment, but early surgical intervention (splenectomy) is necessary to lower the mortality rate of a complication of the infarct. PMID- 3764697 TI - Esophageal replacement in children: experience with thirty-one cases. AB - Esophageal replacement procedures in adults are often performed for malignancy and are associated with significant morbidity and death. This article describes 31 children who underwent esophageal replacement procedures between 1970 and 1985. Diagnosis in the 18 boys and 13 girls included esophageal atresia in 23, caustic ingestion in six, and distal esophageal stricture caused by reflux in two. Replacement procedures performed included right colon isoperistaltic segments in 23 children, left colon antiperistaltic interposition in two, and gastric tube in four. Immediate complications included atelectasis (20), pneumothorax (four), and ventilator support greater than 2 days (eight). Ten patients developed leaks at the cervical anastomosis and required subsequent dilation. Seven patients had pulmonary restrictive disease caused by recurrent aspiration despite compliance with anti reflux measures. Four of these same children developed peptic ulceration before pyloroplasty. No patient who had a gastric drainage procedure as part of the initial operation has developed ulcer disease or aspiration pneumonitis. These data suggest that esophageal replacement procedures are relatively well tolerated in children with no deaths observed in this series. A gastric drainage procedure is an important adjunct in minimizing long-term morbidity. Since reflux, peptic ulceration, and pulmonary complications may occur, long-term follow-up essential. PMID- 3764698 TI - Candida and perforated peptic ulcers. AB - Patients with perforated peptic ulcers who have Candida isolated from peritoneal culture have been noted to have a poor prognosis. Therefore treatment of such patients with systemic antifungal agents has been considered. Because of the toxicity and expense of such therapy, a review of the association was performed. During 1980 to 1985, 48 patients were operated on for benign perforated ulcer. The mean age of the patient group was 66 years. Intraoperative cultures were obtained in 38 patients. Microorganisms were isolated in 28 (74%) patients. Candida was isolated in 16 (57%) of the positive cultures. The overall mortality rate was 16.7%. The mortality rate for patients 65 years of age or older was 25% compared with 0% for those younger than 65 years old. The mortality rate for patients with Candida in their peritoneal fluid was 18.8%. No patient was treated with systemic antifungal agents. No patient developed candidiasis. Of the 16 patients in whom Candida was isolated, it was the only organism in 10 patients and was found in mixed culture with bacteria in six. The mortality rate for patients with Candida alone was 0%. The mortality rate for patients with mixed cultures was 50%. The presence of mixed cultures correlated strongly with both advanced patient age and shock. These factors have previously been correlated with death. It is concluded that the association between peritoneal Candida and excessive death from perforation is linked by an intervening association to advanced age and shock. In this setting, Candida does not appear to be normally pathogenic and does not require systemic antifungal therapy. PMID- 3764699 TI - Gastric carcinoma: intestinal metaplasia and tumor growth patterns as indicators of prognosis. AB - We have reviewed 200 cases of gastric carcinoma treated between 1970 and 1980 to assess the value of intestinal metaplasia in the stomach and tumor growth patterns in determining prognosis. Intestinal metaplasia was found to be more frequently associated with early gastric tumors, expanding-type tumors, and tumors located in the antrum. The survival rate was 53% with intestinal metaplasia and 34% without. Sixty-three percent of expanding tumors with metaplasia survived. If the lymph nodes were not involved, the survival rate with metaplasia was 81%. We conclude that intestinal metaplasia and growth patterns are valuable in predicting outcome. Preoperative evaluation of gastric tumors should include multiple endoscopic mucosal biopsy specimens. If intestinal metaplasia is present, the improved possibility of survival should influence the surgeon in the choice of operative treatment. PMID- 3764700 TI - The risk of infection after colon injury. AB - We reviewed 137 patients with colon injury and applied multiple regression analysis to determine the influence of various parameters on colon-related infection. The complications of intra-abdominal abscess, wound infection, and peristomal abscess occurred in 25% of patients. The mortality rate was 3.6%, and four of five late deaths were caused by infection. Multiple regression analysis identified the amount of blood transfused, patient age, number of associated injuries, and injury to the spleen as significantly associated with infection (p less than 0.05). In the absence of these risk factors, the likelihood of infection is low, suggesting that primary repair or resection and anastomosis are safe methods of management for colon injury. When these factors are present, the risk of infection is high, and colostomy is the preferred method of management. PMID- 3764701 TI - Liver resection for metastatic colorectal cancer. AB - From 1975 to 1985, 60 patients with isolated hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer were treated by 17 right trisegmentectomies, five left trisegmentectomies, 20 right lobectomies, seven left lobectomies, eight left lateral segmentectomies, and three nonanatomic wedge resections. The 1-month operative mortality rate was 0%. One- to 5-year actuarial survival rates of the 60 patients were 95%, 72%, 53%, 45%, and 45%, respectively. The survival rate after liver resection was the same when solitary lesions were compared with multiple lesions. However, none of the seven patients with four or more lesions survived 3 years. The interval after colorectal resection did not influence the survival rate after liver resection, and survival rates did not differ statistically when synchronous metastases were compared with metachronous tumors. A significant survival advantage of patients with Dukes' B primary lesions was noted when compared with Dukes' C and D lesions. The pattern of tumor recurrence after liver resection appeared to be systemic rather than hepatic. The patients who received systemic chemotherapy before clinical evidence of tumor recurrence after liver resection survived longer than those who did not. PMID- 3764702 TI - [Density and chemical solubility of cholesteric biliary calculi by cholelytic preparations of bile acids (CHENO-USO FALK) in vitro]. AB - Solubility of concrements in the bile obtained during surgery was studied in vitro in the presence of a definite amount of bile acids (CDCA and UDCA). Experiments were performed with multiple cholesterol concrements obtained from 37 patients who underwent cholecystectomy. Depending on the appearance, size and density the concrements were grouped as concrements of the same size or generation, concrements of two sizes, and concrements of more than two sizes so that they could be divided into three generations. It was established that density of one-generation concrements resembling pearl granules was far greater as compared to that of the other varieties of cholesterol concrements. The solving action of UDCA appeared more potent than that of CDCA. PMID- 3764703 TI - [Therapy against relapse in generalized lymphoblastic and immunoblastic lymphosarcomas in complete remission]. AB - The authors present the results of the COP therapy of 85 patients with generalized lymphoblastic and immunoblastic lymphosarcomas. Antirelapse therapy with cyclophosphamide and reinduction courses according to the COP scheme and COP reinduction courses only increase the period of remission. A necessity of antirelapse therapy after achieving a complete remission is substantiated. PMID- 3764704 TI - [Treatment of hypertension with the calcium antagonist korinfar and its combination with obzidan]. AB - A hypotensive effect of corinfar and its effect on the indices of the central and peripheral hemodynamics were studied in 50 patients with stage II hypertension. In 3 weeks BP was lowered at the expense of a considerable decrease in the total peripheral vascular resistance (TPVR) (by 29.6%) and regional vascular resistance (by 48%). It was accompanied by an increase in the peripheral blood flow (by 61%), a reflex activation of the sympathetic-adrenal system with an increase in heart rate and cardiac output (by 22%, p less than 0.001). An index of vein distensibility remained unchanged. The addition of propranolol removed signs of the sympathetic stimulation of the cardiac activity, improved vasodilatator tolerance, enhanced a hypotensive effect of corinfar causing a transient increase in TPVR and tension of the resistive vessels only. By the end of the 4th month of therapy these indices significantly decreased. A prolonged combined therapy with corinfar and propranolol resulted in a significant decrease in the resistance of resistive vessels in maximum vasodilatation characterizing the regression of arteriole structural changes. Besides there was a decrease in the wall thickness (p less than 0.01) and left ventricular myocardial mass (by 7.88 +/- 2.66 g, p less than 0.05) that was interpreted as a tendency to a decrease in a degree of hypertrophy of the left ventricle. The efficacy of corinfar therapy was higher in the patients with hypertension with a high initial tension of the peripheral vessels. PMID- 3764706 TI - [Treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 3764705 TI - [Long-term observation (8-10 years) of patients with mild forms of arterial hypertension]. AB - The nature of a course of "mild" arterial hypertension was studied in 126 patients for 8-10 yrs. It was shown that in 13.2% of the cases arterial pressure returned to normal values during a "natural" course of disease; border-line arterial hypertension was revealed in 9.4%. Stage II hypertension was diagnosed in 77.4% of the cases after 7-10 yrs. Progression of arterial hypertension was noted in this group in 1/3 of the cases (30.2%). Aggravated heredity and an initial morphological state of the kidneys (according to the results of intravital morphological investigation) were shown to be predictors of prognosis of arterial hypertension. The initial picture of the fundus of the eye and electrocardiographic signs of myocardial hypertrophy reflected the nature of a course of hypertension being not factors determining prognosis of arterial hypertension stabilization. PMID- 3764707 TI - [Current problems of modern pulmonology]. PMID- 3764708 TI - [Chief research results in gastroenterology during the 11th Five-Year Plan and the outlook for the 12th Five-Year Plan]. PMID- 3764709 TI - [Development of Soviet hematology during the scientific and technical revolution]. PMID- 3764710 TI - [Tasks of public health in light of the decisions of the 27th Congress of the CPSU]. PMID- 3764711 TI - [Achievements of nephrology in the 11th Five-Year Plan and its developmental prospects]. PMID- 3764712 TI - [Erythema nodosum in the clinical picture of internal diseases]. AB - A study of 64 patients with erythema nodosum (EN), including 53 females, showed sarcoidosis diagnosed in 65% of the cases to be the principal cause of EN. It was followed by drug disease (10%), tuberculosis (3%), pregnancy or labor (5%), tumors (3%) and other underlying diseases (Behcet's diseases, streptococcal infection, histoplasmosis, nonspecific aorto-arteritis, chronic active hepatitis). The cause of EN could not be identified in 5% of patients only. Two or three possible etiologic factors were identified in 17%. Sarcoidosis combined with EN regressed without treatment in 82% of cases. Corticosteroid therapy was only given in cases of pulmonary lesion or other systemic manifestations. Purposeful investigation is believed to be capable of establishing etiology of EN in virtually all cases. PMID- 3764713 TI - [Prophylactic problems of ischemic heart disease among the population]. PMID- 3764714 TI - [8-year prospective study of acute cardiovascular pathology in an open population]. AB - Changes in the incidence of myocardial infarction, and associated mortality and lethality rates are reviewed over a 8-year period in an Novosibirsk district. Data on late postinfarction outcomes, obtained in a WHO-sponsored study, "Acute myocardial infarction register", are also presented. The incidence, mortality and lethality rates are showing a stabilization trend at present; in late outcomes, the greatest mortality and lethality rates fall to the first postinfarction year. PMID- 3764715 TI - [Inderal in the acute and post-myocardial infarct periods]. AB - The use of propranolol since the first hours of myocardial infarction reduced the perinecrotic zone and restricted the zone of myocardial necrosis, decreased the frequency of arrhythmias and did not produce heart insufficiency. The majority of the patients who had suffered myocardial infarction get rid of angina pectoris under the effect of an individually chosen dose of propranolol. They show a more rapid recovery of the physical activity and work fitness. The authors hold that it is desirable that the patients may receive propranolol continuously throughout many years following myocardial infarction. PMID- 3764716 TI - [Achievements in the development and tasks of Soviet cardiology in light of the decisions of the 27th Congress of the CPSU]. PMID- 3764717 TI - [Effect of anti-arrhythmia preparations on thrombocytic and vascular hemostasis]. AB - Platelet aggregation, prostacyclin and thromboxane were studied in 35 individuals: 20 coronary patients with angina of effort and 15 high-risk patients before and after treatment with lidocaine and pyromecaine. Oral administration of lidocaine and pyromecaine pills considerably depresses platelet aggregation and even causes platelet disaggregation. However, lidocaine disaggregating effect is greater than that of pyromecaine. Both agents affect vascular hemostasis by reducing thrombaxane and raising prostacyclin levels. Hence, the anti-aggregant effect of anti-arrhythmic proocaines may be attributed to changes in vascular hemostasis. The results obtained are expanding the range of indications for the use of these drugs. PMID- 3764718 TI - [Incidence of arterial hypertension in relation to the blood sugar level in men and women aged 20 to 69 (a 1-factor epidemiological study)]. AB - Arterial blood pressure (BP) was measured in 1225 males and 1243 females aged 20 to 69 years, who were also screened for glycemia by means of the glucose tolerance test (GTT). According to WHO recommendations, arterial hypertension (AH) was defined as systolic BP elevated to or above 160 mm Hg or diastolic BP elevated to or above 95 mm Hg. The incidence of AH was shown to be significantly related to the degree of glycemia in both males and females, the relationship being much closer in the latter. The prevalence of systolic AH in the females showed highly significant correlation to glycemia at any point of the GTT, while that of diastolic AH was only correlated with basal and 1-hour glycemia. In the males, the prevalence of systolic AH was significantly related to basal and 1 hour glycemia, and that of diastolic AH was only related to the distribution of basal glycemia. PMID- 3764719 TI - [Disseminated processes in the lungs--a current problem of modern pulmonology]. AB - A total of 453 patients with pulmonary disseminations were investigated. A clinico-statistical study of 16,000 adults estimated at 93.7 per 100,000 the prevalence of disseminated pulmonary conditions among the adult population. The referral and clinical diagnoses coincided in 17.4% of cases only, while the time between the emergence of the first symptoms and the final diagnosis averaged 21 +/- 3.3 months. The most valuable diagnostic signs were identified using the association criterion. They were: dyspnea, labored inspiration, hemoptysis, crepitation, spontaneous pneumothorax, roentgenologic evidence of raised diaphragmatic vaults and enlarged mediastinum lymph nodes, as well as certain neutrophil and lymphocyte levels in lavage fluid (Chuprov's coefficient between 0.32 and 0.42). Major management principles are developed with reference to stages of fibrosing alveolitis and granulomatosis. PMID- 3764720 TI - [Use of immunoglobulin for treating patients with nonspecific ulcerative colitis]. AB - The therapeutic effect of human immunoglobulins was assessed in 29 patients with nonspecific ulcerative colitis, as was their influence on intestinal flora. A 5 to 15 ml dose of immunoglobulin was administered intramuscularly every other day, 3 injections altogether. The clinical and endoscopic effect of treatment was positive in 21 patients (72.4%). Large-intestinal mucosal imprints were studied histologically in 17 patients. Inflammation subsided in 11 patients (64.7%), and glandular epithelial proliferation declined in 4 (23.5%). In the course of treatment, lactobacilli, and bifidobacteria were considerably increased in number, while opportunity organisms were decreased, a possible cause of the positive clinical effect. PMID- 3764721 TI - [Long-term prognostic effect of treatment in chronic non-ulcerative colitis and dyskinesia of the large intestine]. AB - The efficiency of stepwise therapeutic courses was assessed on the basis of clinical data, and histomorphologic and histochemical findings in large intestinal mucosa of patients with chronic non-ulcerative colitis and colodyskinesia, followed up for 6 to 15 years. The duration of remissions in chronic colitis and colodyskinesia depends on the diet and regular meal-taking, adequate long-term combined treatment taking into account histomorphologic and morphometric parameters of large-intestinal inflammation, the extent of disturbance in intestinal microbiocenosis, and the clinical pattern of functional intestinal disorders. Recurrent acute attacks of colodyskinesia (its hyperkinetic variant, in particular) may result in inflammation of colonic mucosa. PMID- 3764722 TI - [Results of the clinical assessment of the pancreotropic properties of pharmacological preparations based on the pancreozymin test]. AB - Altogether 259 tests with intravenous injection of pancreozymin (0.5 Units/kg) were made with and without administering the drugs. It was discovered that isadrin, dopamine, complamin, calcium gluconate, euphylline and papaverine stimulated the pancreatic secretion of lipase and trypsin. It was also found that atropine, the beta-adrenoreceptor blocker propranolol and corinfar, a calcium antagonist, consistently inhibited the pancreatic secretion of the enzymes. All those drugs did not favour the escape of the pancreatic enzymes to the blood according to the criterion of trypsinemia. Administration of prednisolone in a single dose or in courses enhanced the pancreatic secretion of the enzymes, while the increased trypsinemia was only noticed in solitary cases. All the data obtained during studies of the pancreotropic properties of the drugs administered in single doses or in courses are discussed from the stand-point of the clinical significance of the findings. PMID- 3764723 TI - [Treatment of rheumatoid synovitis by intra-articular administration of dimethyl sulfoxide and corticosteroids]. AB - The effect of intraarticular administration of dimethylsulfoxide combined with glucocorticosteroids (GCS) in rheumatoid synovitis has been analyzed. A study of 17 patients with verified rheumatoid arthritis has shown the superiority of this method over the antiinflammatory effect of GCS used alone in its expression and duration. PMID- 3764724 TI - [Place of hemocarboperfusion and hyperbaric oxygenation in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis with systemic symptoms]. AB - Altogether 12 patients were treated by the hemocarboperfusion method and 20 patients with systemic symptoms by the hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) method. Positive results were obtained and it made it possible to recommend the above methods for multimodality therapy of patients with rheumatoid arthritis with systemic symptoms. A severe, rapidly progressive course of rheumatoid arthritis with the development of various systemic symptoms, a high titer of the rheumatoid factor should serve as an indication for hemocarboperfusion. HBO is found appropriate in such systemic symptoms as ischemic polyneuropathy, digital arteritis, trophic ulcers and Raynaud's syndrome. PMID- 3764725 TI - [Dual outcome of seronegative rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 3764726 TI - [Use of androgens in the complex treatment of men with systemic lupus erythematosus]. AB - A controlled trial of the androgenic drug Sustanon-250 was conducted in 9 male patients with exacerbation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The drug was administered intramuscularly once a week for 4 weeks. The therapy resulted in changes of the initially disturbed levels of sex hormones: the initially lowered levels of testosterone increased significantly by the end of the study (p less than 0.01), the level of serum estradiol and the estrogenic/androgenic ratio returned to normal. A decrease in the values of ESR,L2 and gamma globulins, G and A immunoglobulins, a-DNA, ANF and CRP titers was noted. The amount of T lymphocytes increased. Two patients were not given corticosteroid and cytotoxic drugs, a dose of drugs for 1 patient was not raised and for 3 patients it was lowered. Over the period of the study skin symptoms, the degree of expression of lymphadenopathy, polyarthritis and Raynaud's syndrome decreased. The drug produced an insignificant effect on the serous membranes, heart and kidneys. The first experience in the use of androgens in men indicated pathogenetic influence of such drugs on SLE. PMID- 3764727 TI - [Pulse therapy in the complex treatment of severe forms of Sjogren's syndrome and disease]. AB - Ten patients with Sjogren's disease and 5 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus combined with Sjogren's syndrome received therapy with high doses of 6-methylprednisolone (pulse-therapy) and cyclophosphamide. Improvement of the stomatological signs of the disease was noted in all the patients: salivation increased, the parotid glands considerably decreased in size, parotiditis recurrences were absent or seldom, and the number of the functioning salivary glands of the lower lip increased. The above therapy showed a positive effect on ophthalmological symptoms of the disease in 5 patients. Combination therapy (6-MP and CP) was effective for the management of such systemic symptoms of SD and SS as arthritis, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, exudative polyserositis, polyneuritis, ulcerative-necrotic vasculitis, cerebrovasculitis, cryoglobulinemic purpura and glomerulonephritis. A significant decrease in the levels of immunoglobulins especially IgA, A-nDNA, cryoglobulins, titers of rheumatoid factors, circulating immune complexes and an increase in the complement were noted in response to therapy. PMID- 3764728 TI - [Structural and functional changes in the parathyroid glands in patients with periodic disease]. AB - The results obtained during radioimmunoassay, biochemistry and morphological studies in patients with periodic disease point to the development of hypoparathyroid hormonemia, reduction of the substrate of the parathyroid parenchyma, responsible for the synthesis of parathyroid hormone. These alterations became aggravated in the course of the development of amyloidosis. The latter is not always related to amyloidosis of the parathyroid glands themselves. PMID- 3764729 TI - [Amyloidosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis]. AB - Of 467 patients followed-up for 15 yrs, rheumatoid arthritis was complicated by amyloidosis in 47 (10%). The relationship of amyloidosis development with a high or constantly moderate activity and expression of rheumatoid arthritis and its severity was brought to light. The results of biopsies of the mucosa, kidneys and liver, autopsy and clinical findings were analyzed and correlated. An increase in the frequency of amyloidosis development was noted in patients treated with glucocorticoids whereas in patients receiving cytostatics there was not such an increase. PMID- 3764730 TI - [Clinical aspects and diagnosis of diffuse eosinophilic fasciitis]. AB - The authors presented an analysis of 10 cases of eosinophilic fasciitis (EF): 6 men and 4 women aged 18 to 55. In 4 patients the disease followed excessive physical exercise. Pronounced induration of the limb tissues with the development of flexion contractures, hypereosinophilia prevailed in the clinical picture of the disease, morphology showed a picture of fasciitis. A positive time course was noted in the presence of corticosteroid therapy which in 2 patients was combined with azathioprine and carbohemoperfusion. Besides, there was a patient with the combination of the classical signs of scleredema and EF. EF appears to be a nosological entity. The probability of combined forms requires a further study. PMID- 3764731 TI - [Rheumatic masking of bacterial endocarditis]. AB - In 36 patients with bacterial endocarditis (BE) rheumatic symptoms were detected in 61.1%. Arthralgias and arthritides having some distinctive features typical of this disease, myalgia, rheumatoid factor and LE cells (less frequently) were observed in the overwhelming majority of the patients. The authors described 3 cases where rheumatic symptoms obscured a clinical picture of BE for a long time resulting in late diagnosis and inadequate therapy. PMID- 3764732 TI - [Evolution of seronegative arthritis]. AB - The paper is concerned with the results of a follow up of 67 patients with seronegative arthritis. The average duration of observation was 7.6 yrs. Diagnoses in 4 patients were established on a repeated clinicolaboratory and x ray study: ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome, Yersinia arthritis and gonorrheal arthritis. A picture of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis was noted in 16 patients (24%). In 47 patients arthritis remained seronegative. Of them in 30 patients a course of disease did not differ from that of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis. Considerable progression of disease was noted at the acute onset of disease with multiple involvement of the joints and a high inflammatory and immunological activity of a process. A morphological investigation of the synovial bioptates in 20 patients did not reveal a classical picture of rheumatoid synovitis even in a prolonged course of seronegative rheumatoid arthritis. The authors defined two variants of morphological changes in the synovial tissue in this group corresponding to a benign and progressive course of seronegative RA. PMID- 3764733 TI - [Differential diagnosis of seronegative arthritis]. PMID- 3764734 TI - [Histocompatibility antigens in psoriatic and seronegative rheumatoid arthritis]. AB - Antigens of A and B loci of the histocompatibility system were investigated in 173 patients: 35 with psoriatic arthritis, 38 with seronegative rheumatoid arthritis, 80 with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis and 20 with uncomplicated psoriasis. The results of typification showed that B13 antigen was common in every other patient with uncomplicated psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis, and in the patients with seronegative rheumatoid arthritis it was much more common than in the patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis or in the population. Proceeding from the authors' and literature data it was assumed that as a matter of fact, part of the patients (about 15%) with seronegative rheumatoid arthritis had rheumatoid-like psoriatic arthritis without skin manifestations. PMID- 3764735 TI - [Characteristics of persistent Yersinia antibodies of the IgA class]. PMID- 3764736 TI - [Do bacterial antigens persist in patients with reactive arthritis?]. PMID- 3764738 TI - [Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory therapy in rheumatology]. PMID- 3764737 TI - [Various aspects of the chronic course of Reiter's disease]. AB - A comparative clinicolaboratory study of followed-up patients with a chronic (38 patients), acute and lingering (137 patients) course of Reiter's disease was conducted. The role of a persisting focus of infection in the genitourinary organs and genetic predisposition (HLA-B27 was detected in 100% of the cases) in the formation of a chronic variant of disease was shown. Sacroileitis, amyotrophy, bursitis and enthesitis developed more frequently in a chronic than in an acute variant; erosion in the joints was detected in over 40% of the patients. Morphological investigation of the synovial bioptates revealed a picture of chronic synovitis with superficial localization of an inflammatory process. PMID- 3764739 TI - [Reiter's disease in children]. AB - The paper is concerned with the results of a long-term study of 16 children with a verified diagnosis of Reiter's syndrome. Preceding factors, the clinical symptom complex, laboratory findings and the evolution of the disease were described. Emphasis was placed on the necessity of early diagnosis and adequate therapy including antiinflammatory drugs and antibiotics to prevent serious complications, especially of the eyes. PMID- 3764740 TI - [Reiter's syndrome in females and males]. PMID- 3764742 TI - [Individual aspects of pathogenesis and diagnosis of cardiorespiratory disorders in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic scleroderma]. AB - The authors presented the results of a combined instrumental study of the cardiorespiratory system in 100 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 26 patients with systemic scleroderma (SSD). Disturbances of the pulmonary circulation and central hemodynamics in the absence of roentgenomorphological and ventilation disorders in the bronchopulmonary apparatus were revealed. The dependence of hemocirculatory parameters on a degree of the expression and genesis of pulmonary changes was shown. Some reasons for a rare development of the pulmonary heart in rheumatic diseases were described. In the detection of bronchoobstruction in RA and SSD patients the use of drugs controlling it was recommended. PMID- 3764741 TI - [Immunological aspects of pulse therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus]. AB - Twenty SLE patients were examined against a background of pulse-therapy with methylprednisolone. The analysis showed that there was a decrease in the CIC concentration, antibodies to native DNA and an increase in the level of C3c and C4 components of the complement against a background of pulse-therapy. A more rapid time course of the CIC level was noted shortly after pulse-therapy as compared to changes in other immunological indices. A dynamic study of immunological indices in SLE against a background of pulse-therapy was appropriate for a clinical assessment and a study of the mechanisms responsible for the therapeutic efficacy of this method. PMID- 3764743 TI - [Status of tissue microcirculation in psoriatic arthritis]. AB - Microcirculation (the skin and skeletal muscle) was studied using a method of 133Xe clearance from the interstitial depot in 35 patients with psoriatic arthritis. It showed significant microcirculatory disorders expressed in a statistically significant decrease in the effective cutaneous blood flow in unaffected skin zones (mostly in women and in a high inflammatory activity of the process) and in the muscular microcirculation especially noted in the period of reactive hyperemia. The results obtained indicate the presence of generalized involvement of the microcirculatory bed vessels in psoriatic arthritis. PMID- 3764744 TI - [Regional blood circulation in the area of the hip joint in patients with various inflammatory rheumatic diseases]. AB - An analysis of the results of a study of the regional blood circulation in 36 patients with marked pathology of the hip joints of inflammatory nature (rheumatoid arthritis, Bechterew's disease, Reiter's disease) showed a statistically significant increase in transcutaneous oxygen pressure in the projection of the affected joints in unilateral as well as in bilateral pathology. In unilateral pathology there was a significant increase in transcutaneous oxygen pressure, on the surface of the contralateral joint, where pathology was undetectable by routine clinical methods. In the authors' opinion, it could be indicative either of an early stage of the joint involvement or the general reaction of a region under study to an inflammatory process. PMID- 3764745 TI - [Proceedings of the Soviet-Finnish symposium on seronegative arthritis]. PMID- 3764746 TI - [Periodicity and seasonal variations in the incidence of rheumatism and their relation to various exogenous biorhythms]. AB - The nature of the relationship between rheumatic fever morbidity on some islands in the Estonian SSR and certain heliogeophysical factors was studied over the 25 year period (1958-1983). Altogether 923 patients with rheumatic fever at the active stage were followed up. Periodicity of an increase (every 5-6 yrs) in the number of patients with active rheumatic fever was noted. Changes in the morbidity curve for many years were connected with the frequency of sharp changes of the solar activity. Season and meteorological factors should be regarded as interrelated exogenous factors of risk in rheumatic fever morbidity. Rheumatic fever is a meteotropic disease. The range of meteopathic reactions in patients is associated with certain forms of disease and the presence of chronic infection foci. Meteosensitivity is more typical of familial rheumatic fever. PMID- 3764747 TI - [Clinico-roentgenological characteristics of thromboembolism of the pulmonary arteries in patients with rheumatism]. AB - The authors have analyzed 31 patients (10.2% of the total number of patients with rheumatic fever) to reveal the clinical and roentgenological signs of thromboembolism of the pulmonary arteries. Conditions for the development of pulmonary thromboembolism, peculiarities of its clinical picture and course have been described; attention has been drawn to the roentgenological signs of pulmonary occlusion. The authors believe that the definition of the 5 main pathogenetic variants of a course of thromboembolism of the pulmonary arteries in patients with rheumatic fever can serve as the basis for early diagnosis. PMID- 3764748 TI - [Comparative evaluation of the clinical course and dynamics of the morphological changes in chronic glomerulonephritis]. AB - The results of a simultaneous study of a clinical and morphological course of chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) in 30 patients after repeated morphological investigation of the renal tissue showed that a prevailing tendency in this disease was the progression of morphological changes which could be noted in a stable clinical picture and even in clinical improvement. The detection of tubulointerstitial changes in the first nephrobiopsy was an unfavorable prognostic factor. Of the greatest importance for indirect assessment of a morphological course of CGN were changes in creatinine clearance, effective renal plasma flow and arterial pressure. A morphological course of different variants of CGN and the effect of pathogenetic therapy on it were analyzed. PMID- 3764749 TI - [Long-term remission of the nephrotic syndrome in renal amyloidosis]. AB - The authors presented the results of a clinical study of an atypical course of secondary renal amyloidosis developing in a patient with pulmonary tuberculosis and progressing against a background of chronic post-tuberculosis bronchitis. The disease manifested itself in the acute development of the nephrotic syndrome which could be arrested as a result of tuberculostatic therapy. Clinico laboratory signs of the disease were absent for 20 yrs., then arterial hypertension and chronic renal failure accompanied by minimum proteinuria, developed. The diagnosis of renal amyloidosis was confirmed by nephrobiopsy. Considerable difficulties arose in differential diagnosis with glomerulonephritis in such a clinical course. PMID- 3764750 TI - [Effect of corticosteroid therapy on the survival of patients with idiopathic dermatomyositis]. AB - The 5- and 10-year survival rates of all 114 patients with primary DM were 89 and 81%, respectively. Significantly lower survival rates were noted in the patients receiving late and inadequate therapy. Corticosteroid therapy radically changed the outcome of DM, mainly due to early diagnosis and adequate therapy. A stable remission with preserved working ability was obtained in 40.4% of the patients, a complete cure of DM in 33.3%. PMID- 3764752 TI - [Paraneoplastic kidney lesions]. AB - The authors summed up the results of a study of paraneoplastic nephropathy combined with a tumor process of different sites in 41 patients treated over a 14 year period. Data on the frequency of the combination of a tumor with nephropathy, the time of tumor diagnosis from the appearance of the signs of renal involvement, the frequency of various morphological changes in the kidneys (amyloidosis, nephropathy of glomerulonephritis type) were correlated with the literature data. The importance of the knowledge of clinical features, a course of nephropathy for early recognition of tumors and correct therapeutic tactics was discussed. PMID- 3764751 TI - [Comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of plasmapheresis and lymphocytoplasmapheresis in the combined treatment of rheumatoid arthritis]. AB - The authors compared 2 methods of apheresis: plasmapheresis (PA) and lymphocytoplasmapheresis (LPA) in 24 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Both methods were shown to produce a positive effect on a course of rheumatoid process decreasing clinical and laboratory parameters of its activity, improving articular function. Under LPA influence the production of autoantibodies by B lymphocytes was significantly lowered. PA and LPA were characterized by a more rapid development of the regression of RA symptoms as compared to drug therapy and by a good tolerance of the procedures. On the basis of the results obtained a preliminary conclusion has been made of the greater efficacy of LPA as compared to that of PA. However, the assessment of long-term therapeutic results is required to consider the probable LPA influence on cellular immunity. PMID- 3764753 TI - [Clinico-morphological characteristics and prognosis of glomerulonephritis in chronic alcoholism]. AB - The paper is concerned with the results of a long-term study with clinicomorphological correlations of 86 patients with alcoholic glomerulonephritis (GN), i. e. 12% of all morphologically verified cases of primary GN. GN clinical features in alcoholism were painless microhematuria, moderate hyperuricemia, frequent combination with the alcoholic involvement of the other organs and the elevated blood serum IgA level. An important diagnostic sign in alcoholic GN was a positive clinicolaboratory time course in abstinence. A morphological study showed prevalence of mesangioproliferative GN with deposits containing IgA and C3, often with a noticeable tubulointerstitial component and fibroplastic glomerular transformation. The accumulation of podocytes and nephrocytes of intermediate filaments in the cytoplasm should be regarded as an important morphological feature of alcoholic GN. An unfavorable course of alcoholic GN with an outcome into chronic renal failure was observed in 35% of the patients. Prognostically unfavorable signs were the age under 40, the presence of considerable proteinuria (over 1 g/day), the nephrotic syndrome, the detection of the glomerular immune complexes, a tubulointerstitial component, fibroplastic transformation of mesangioproliferative nephritis as well as the detection of mesangiocapillary, diffuse fibroplastic and extracapillary nephritis. PMID- 3764754 TI - [Primary chronic pyelonephritis or diffuse kidney lesions? (critical comments on interpreting the data from a urologic x-ray examination)]. AB - Analyzing correlation of the results of excretory urography and histological findings (kidney biopsy) in 2852 nephrological patients the author has come to a conclusion that changes in the structure of the pelvicaliceal system (PCS) which are usually regarded as x-ray signs of primary chronic pyelonephritis (PCPN), are not typical of this disease and can be also observed in patients with diffuse renal lesions. PCS changes of "pyelonephritic" type were detected in 2470 patients, histologically in 698 (28.1%), in them PCPN morphological signs were detected, and 1772 patients (71.9%) had different diffuse renal lesions. In the author's opinion, PCS changes in such patients could result from an increase in the kidney mass caused by edema or sclerosis of morphological elements of the renal tissue. The absence of both in 382 patients with diffuse renal lesions was not accompanied by PCS changes. The author has been of opinion that identity of the pictures of PCS changes is in the unity of the existing process: compression of the PCS fragments as a result of edema or sclerosis. Therefore PCPN absolute x ray criteria could be based on the histological confirmation of this disease and what is most important on the absence of morphological data in favor of any diffuse renal lesion or on the detection of the normal renal tissue. In the interpretation of changes in the PCS structure to avoid diagnostic errors the author insists upon the necessity of regarding these changes, first of all, as a result of renal lesion only with subsequent patient's examination to determine the true nature of renal lesion. A decisive point in this respect is a histological study. PMID- 3764755 TI - [Renal form of Munchausen's syndrome]. PMID- 3764756 TI - [Treatment of glomerulonephritis]. PMID- 3764757 TI - [Clinical significance of enzymuria in glomerulonephritis in children]. AB - The authors presented the results of a study of enzymuria (cholinesterase, gamma glutamine transferase, alkaline phosphatase, beta-galactosidase and lactate dehydrogenase with separate determination of N- and M-subunits) in 20 patients with a mixed form of glomerulonephritis (GN), 36 with the nephrotic form of GN and 13 patients with the hematuric form of GN. The clinical importance of the determination of enzymatic activity in the urine in GN of children lies in the recognition of the degree of damage of the glomerular filter as well as the nephrothelium. Basing on enzymuria pathophysiological syndromes found in various combinations in the above forms of GN were identified. Three degrees of damage of the permeability of the glomerular filter were defined for high molecular proteins. Differences in individual values of the activity of some enzymes gave rise to differential-diagnostic coefficients as well as differential-diagnostic tables which could be used for differential diagnosis between the GN mixed and nephrotic forms. PMID- 3764758 TI - [Microcirculatory and hemostatic disorders in calculous pyelonephritis patients]. AB - The state of microcirculation and the system of hemostasis were studied over time in 52 patients with chronic calculous pyelonephritis. Investigations were performed before operation, after 2-4 days, 5-7 days and on discharge. The patients were divided into 2 groups: with chronic pyelonephritis in the phase of active inflammation and with chronic pyelonephritis in the phase of remission. Marked disorders in the system of hemostasis characterized by hyperfibrinogenemia, thrombinemia, a decrease in the heparincofactor plasma activity, activation of platelet hemostasis, a decrease in CPa-dependent fibrinolysis were noted in the patients with calculous pyelonephritis in the phase of active inflammation. These shifts were combined with disorders in the microcirculatory system: intermittent blood flow and disseminated erythrocyte aggregation, a prolonged period of nuclide half-life in the intracutaneous depot. In the patients with calculous pyelonephritis in the remission phase shifts in the system of hemostasis were less noticeable, microcirculatory disorders were undetectable. PMID- 3764759 TI - [Course and prognosis of nephropathy in gout]. AB - Proceeding from the results of a study of 139 patients suffering from primary gout with kidney involvement the authors have defined 4 clinicomorphological types of nephropathy which differed both in their course and prognosis. The I proteinuric type was characterized by early signs of stable proteinuria, sometimes with the development of the nephrotic syndrome in which a morphological study revealed mainly glomerular changes. The II urolithic type was characterized by the appearance of renal colics at the onset of nephropathy, frequently with the passage of concrements (a morphological study revealed mainly tubular and stromal lesions). The III hypertensive type was characterized by the appearance of persistent arterial hypertension (a morphological study revealed mainly vascular and interstitial changes). The IV latent type was characterized by the absence of or a transient urinary syndrome (a morphological study showed mainly interstitial changes). The first signs of renal failure in these types of nephropathy developed, on an average, 7, 15, 11 and 12 years later, the 20-year survival was 24, 92, 68 and 100%, respectively. PMID- 3764760 TI - [Disordered repair processes in patients with gouty nephropathy]. AB - The reparation activity in lymphocytes using the DNA reparative synthesis test was assessed in 18 patients: 10 suffering from primary gout with renal involvement, 6 suffering from chronic nephritis with hyperuricemia, 1 with hyperuricosuria and 1 with systemic lupus erythematosus. Inhibition of the DNA reparative synthesis was noted in 15 patients (deep in 11 patients and partial in 4). A degree of synthesis inhibition did not depend on renal function and uricemia value. An opportunity of the use of reparation activity as a criterion of the development of disease even at the premorbid stage was discussed. PMID- 3764761 TI - [Structure of the pathology of the senile kidney and its diagnostic difficulties]. PMID- 3764762 TI - [Kidney lesion in multiple myeloma]. AB - The authors have analysed the difficulties of delayed diagnosis of multiple myeloma (MM) with renal lesion in 27 patients admitted to the clinic of therapy and occupational diseases of the I.M. Sechenov First Moscow Medical Institute over the last 10 years. Before admission to the clinic MM was presumably diagnosed in 6 patients only, 17 patients were referred to the clinic with the diagnosis of this or that renal disease, 3 with the diagnosis of hypertension and 1 with rheumatoid arthritis. The main symptom in all the patients was proteinuria (isolated or combined with raised ESR and/or anemia in scanty urinary sediment). Macrohematuria was occasionally noted in one patient at the onset of the disease, and in another patient the onset of MM was marked by tubulopathy. The correct recognition of MM with renal lesion was rare which was due to a variety of initial symptoms (sometimes they were poorly expressed) and underestimation of the diagnostic importance of the combination of proteinuria with raised ESR and/or anemia. PMID- 3764763 TI - [Kidney function of amyloidosis patients studied by radioisotope renography using 131I-hippuran]. AB - Radionuclide roentgenography with 131I-hippuran was performed in 53 patients with various clinical variants and stages of amyloidosis. It showed disorders of renal function even at the initial stages of disease. X-ray findings depended on a stage of amyloid nephropathy and concomitant hypertensive syndrome. PMID- 3764764 TI - [Nephrotic syndrome in primary glomerulonephritis]. AB - The authors provide the clinico-morphological data obtained in 189 patients with primary glomerulonephritis (GN). The disease was manifested clinically by the nephrotic syndrome (NS). The NS was most commonly induced by membranous proliferative GN (MPGN), membranous GN (MGN), diffuse mesangio-proliferative GN and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), accounting for 31, 25, 22.8 and 8.7% of cases, respectively. Hypertension together with edema was among the most common symptoms of the NS in adult patients. Functional disorders of the kidneys recorded in FSGS, MPGN and MGN patients were more significant as compared to those in other patients. The morphological findings alone, obtained with the aid of light, immunofluorescent and electron microscopy, play the key role in the diagnosis of different patterns of GN. PMID- 3764765 TI - [Pentoxifylline (Trental) in the treatment of chronic glomerulonephritis]. AB - The effect of pentoxifyllin on the course of the disease and renal function in 53 patients with different clinical variants of chronic glomerulonephritis has been analyzed. A positive effect of pentoxifyllin monotherapy in latent and hypertonic variants of chronic glomerulonephritis was shown. In the nephrotic variant the authors recommended the combined use of pentoxifyllin with heparin and prednisolone, and in the mixed variant complicated by renal failure- pentoxifyllin with heparin. PMID- 3764766 TI - [Kidney function and the effectiveness of hypotensive therapy of patients with hypertension]. AB - Ischemic renal lesion in 108 patients with hypertension was diagnosed by means of the determination of slow isoenzymes of carbonic esterases (CE5-7) in the urine. Their detection was a poor prognostic sign for any therapeutic method, particularly with the use of propranolol deteriorating renal circulation. The use of drugs not deteriorating or improving the renal blood flow (dopegyt, chlophelin, reserpine, apressin, corinfar, isoptin) brought about more promising results in such cases. PMID- 3764767 TI - [Problems in the treatment of the anemic syndrome in patients with chronic kidney failure]. AB - The paper is concerned with the efficacy of plasmapheresis with regard to red blood values in CRF patients on hemodialysis therapy. The probable mechanisms of this positive effect are discussed. Correlation between a degree of expression of the DIC-syndrome and anemia severity is demonstrated. An original method for reducing loss of blood in the dialyzer has been proposed. PMID- 3764768 TI - [Comparative study of hemodialysis methods]. AB - An analysis of the results of chronic hemodialysis on central systems and individual apparatuses in 20 patients with the terminal stage of renal insufficiency was performed. It was established that the use of chemically pure water, disposable systems and dialyzers for hemodialysis ensured a decrease in the number of complications and improved the patients' rehabilitation. Bicarbonate hemodialysis proved to be a highly effective method for the treatment of patients with sodium acetate intolerance, decompensated metabolic acidosis and low arterial pressure. A single-needle approach to the patient's vascular system provided for a less marked decrease in uremic toxins, however statistically significant differences were undetectable as compared to the common methods. PMID- 3764769 TI - Social play in juvenile rats prenatally exposed to alcohol. AB - Offspring of rat dams that consumed isocaloric liquid diets containing either 35% or 0% ethanol-derived calories (EDC) from gestation days 6-20 were tested for play-fighting behavior as juveniles. Offspring from a group of dams maintained on standard lab chow and water throughout gestation were also included. Animals were tested in pairs, with offspring from each of the three prenatal treatment conditions (35% EDC, 0% EDC, and lab chow) being paired with another same-sex animal from one of these three prenatal treatment groups. Although play-fighting in juveniles is normally sexually dimorphic, this normal pattern was absent in juveniles prenatally exposed to alcohol. Male alcohol-exposed offspring displayed feminized behavior while female alcohol-exposed offspring showed masculinized behavior. This reversal of the normal sexually dimorphic aspects of play suggests that some of the behavioral disturbances associated with prenatal alcohol exposure may result, in part, from an alcohol-induced disruption of the hormonal environment in which the fetus develops. PMID- 3764770 TI - Stereomicroangiography in embryologic and teratologic investigation. AB - Vascular dysmorphogenesis is usually investigated by invasive microdissection or time-consuming reconstruction of serial sections. Stereomicroangiography (SMA) was used for detection and analysis of vascular abnormalities in a murine trisomy 13 model demonstrating pulmonary atresia. Twenty-two litters from doubly heterozygous Robertsonian translocation Rb(6.13)3Rma/Rb(5.13)70Lub male matings to NMRI females were studied. Embryos (13-17 days gestation) were prepared by umbilical vein perfusion with buffered fixative and umbilical artery perfusion with 5% AgNO3. After immersion fixation specimens were infiltrated with paraffin, mounted on stubs, and stereoradiographed at multiple angles. Transverse serial sections were prepared of the thoracic area. Thoracic vascular morphology was satisfactorily imaged and trisomy 13 embryos were correctly distinguished from normals in 105 of 120 embryos (87.5%). When independent SMA and histologic interpretations were compared anomalous vasculature was correctly identified in all 27 trisomic embryos and one control, and falsely interpreted in one normal embryo. Normal vascular morphology was demonstrated in the remaining 76 normal embryos. Separate SEM evaluation of five microdissected hearts from nontrisomic embryos following this perfusion schedule showed normal distension of the ventricular cavity and metallic silver deposition on the surface and at junctions of endocardial cells. Light microscopy revealed silver staining at the endothelial surface and within the endocardial cushions. SMA accurately records embryonic vascular morphology for rapid screening of viable embryos. PMID- 3764771 TI - Methods for testing hypotheses across studies: applications for teratologists and toxicologists. AB - Methods are presented for analyzing research results across independent studies. These techniques allow researchers to test hypotheses across studies using multiple investigations as data points. The procedures and rationale are developed for purposes of research synthesis and interpretation in teratology and toxicology. PMID- 3764772 TI - The embryonic period. PMID- 3764773 TI - Anencephaly, other congenital malformations, and stillbirths. PMID- 3764774 TI - Foil barrier studies and the neural crest. PMID- 3764775 TI - Frequent occurrence of polyovular follicles in ovaries of mice exposed neonatally to diethylstilbestrol. AB - The occurrence of polyovular follicles (PF) was examined at 10-34 days of age in the ovaries of BALB/cCrgl female mice given five daily injections of 0.1 microgram diethylstilbestrol (DES), 2 micrograms DES, 100 micrograms progesterone (P), 137 micrograms 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (HPC), 20 micrograms testosterone (T), 20 micrograms 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5 alpha-DHT), or oil vehicle alone starting on the day of birth, and of C57BL/Tw females given five neonatal injections of 1 microgram DES, 20 micrograms 17 beta-estradiol (E2), 50 micrograms 5 alpha-DHT, 50 micrograms 5 beta-DHT, or the vehicle alone. Ovaries of 30-day-old C57BL mice given five daily injections of 1 microgram DES starting at 3-25 days of age were also examined. PF incidence (% of PF per ovary) and PF frequency (% of mice with PF) were significantly greater in BALB/c mice receiving injections of DES, P, HPC, and T than in the controls. In DES-treated mice at 34 days, PF incidence (2-13 oocytes/follicle) was 120-340 times higher than in the controls. BALB/c mice treated with T, P, and HPC showed PF incidence (two to four oocytes/follicle) three- to six-fold higher than in the controls. In 30-day-old C57BL mice treated with T, E2, and DES, PF incidence also increased by two- to 50 fold. 5 alpha-DHT and 5 beta-DHT failed to increase PF incidence. PF incidence was significantly increased only when neonatal DES treatment was begun on days 0 to 3, but was reduced when started at days 10-25.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3764776 TI - Developmental anomalies induced by all-trans retinoic acid in fetal mice: I. Macroscopic findings. AB - The administration of a single dose of all-trans retinoic acid on day 8 of gestation to pregnant mice, ICR strain, led to malformed fetuses in all of the litters. All-trans retinoic acid (RA) was dissolved in olive oil and given in doses of 60 or 40 mg/kg of body weight. The control mice were given vehicle alone. Examination on day 18 of gestation of the fetuses exposed to 60 mg/kg showed various malformations, such as exencephaly, exophthalmus, micrognathia, agnathia, cleft palate, cleft lower lip, spina bifida, atresia ani, tail anomalies, agenesis of the kidneys, or hydronephrosis. In the fetuses exposed to 40 mg/kg, isolated cleft palate was much more common than in those exposed to 60 mg/kg. Double-stained preparations of bone and cartilage showed cranio-facial anomalies and axial skeletal anomalies: a- or hypogenesis of palatine or maxillary bones, tympanic ring, squamosal temporal bone or otic ossicles in cartilage, and fusion of basioccipital to basisphenoid and maxilla, zygomatic and mandibular bones; a- or hypogenesis of caudal vertebrae and supernumerary thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. These results indicate that anomalies comparable to those seen in the infants of mothers treated with isotretinoin, 13-cis retinoic acid, during pregnancy can also be induced in mice and suggest that the site affected by RA may be neural crest cells, including those in the cephalic and caudal regions, and cells committed to somitic mesoderm in the trunk region. PMID- 3764777 TI - Reproductive and teratogenic effects of fentanyl in Sprague-Dawley rats. AB - Female Sprague-Dawley rats were administered fentanyl continuously using chronically implanted osmotic minipumps for 2 weeks before breeding and during the entire period of pregnancy. Three different fentanyl dosage regimens were employed, i.e., 10, 100, and 500 micrograms/kg/day. Reproductive indices were determined and the 1,046 offspring delivered at cesarean section were examined for external, visceral, and skeletal abnormalities. There were no major or minor reproductive abnormalities or teratogenic findings in any of the fentanyl-treated groups. We conclude that fentanyl is devoid of adverse reproductive effects in this strain of rats up to dosages of 500 micrograms/kg/day administered by osmotic minipumps. From a methodologic point of view, osmotic minipumps facilitate study of the reproductive effects of narcotics as they allow delivery of dosages that ordinarily would not be tolerated without producing severe respiratory depression. PMID- 3764778 TI - The antiestrogen LY117018 is estrogenic in the fetal rat. AB - LY117018 (LY) has high affinity for the adult rat uterine estrogen receptor, has little uterotrophic activity, and inhibits many estradiol (E2)-induced responses in the adult or immature uterus. In these studies, LY was injected into day 19 rat fetuses, with and without diethylstilbestrol (DES) or E2, to determine whether it could block the estrogen-induced teratogenesis. LY at 1, 25, or 50 micrograms/fetus failed to decrease the 15-70% incidences of oviduct malformation and cleft phallus induced by DES (2.5 micrograms/fetus) or E2 (50 micrograms/fetus). However, LY alone (1-50 micrograms/fetus) was more potent than E2 in eliciting these same urogenital malformations. LY also failed to compete in vitro for plasma protein-bound 3H-E2, and therefore, like DES, is more available than E2 for uptake into fetal tissues. Thus, in the fetus, unlike the adult, LY was an estrogen agonist, which indicates that the fetus has a very different sensitivity than the adult to estrogenic compounds. PMID- 3764779 TI - Congenital malformations and maternal smoking during pregnancy. AB - The relationship between smoking during pregnancy and congenital malformations was studied in prospective studies of 33,434 live births in the Kaiser-Permanente Birth Defects Study and 53,512 live births in the Collaborative Perinatal Project (CPP). In the Kaiser study, statistically significant positive associations (P less than .05) were observed for ventral hernias, omphaloceles, and "other major gut abnormalities," but, for each comparison the estimates were based on one or two unexposed cases. Statistically significant negative associations were found for ventricular septal defects (odds ratio, 0.5 [95% confidence interval, 0.2 0.96]), hydroceles (0.7 [0.6-0.9]), clubfoot (0.7 [0.6-0.9]), pigmented nevi (0.7 [0.6-0.9]), hemangiomas (0.8[0.7-0.98]) and Down syndrome (0.2 [0.1-0.9]). To determine if the findings noted above were an artifact of multiple comparisons, seven of these nine malformations were analyzed by smoking status for women in the CPP. All but one of the associations were not confirmed in the CPP. Previously described associations between smoking and specific congenital malformations were also tested using data from the CPP. We conclude that smoking is unlikely to be responsible for a large increase in malformations at birth. PMID- 3764780 TI - The position effect in mice on day 14. AB - Previous publications have produced conflicting results concerning the effect and nature of uterine horn position on embryonic weight and development in the uterus bicornis. For this investigation we used 503 embryos from 41 litters of NMRI - mice on gestational day 14. The relative position of each embryo was determined by measuring the distance from the center of each placenta to the cervix in relation to the total length of the uterine horn. After cessation of shrinkage due to fixation the umbilical cord and remaining membranes were removed under the dissecting microscope and the embryos were weighed to the nearest 0.1 mg. Analysis of potential embryonic positions along the uterine horns indicated that 10% at the extreme ovarian and cervical ends were almost devoid of implantations. A mixed nested analysis of variance was used as the appropriate model to test a position on weight effect. Not only was a position effect found but, in contrast to other studies, it is also quantitatively represented. Embryos were lighter both at the ovarian and cervical ends, the mean weight difference being in the range of less than 10% of the average embryo weight. PMID- 3764781 TI - Effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on fetal development of the rat. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not in rats with experimentally induced diabetes there is an increased frequency of congenital malformations; data in the literature are not consistent on this point. Virgin CD females rats were injected with 40-50 mg/kg streptozotocin (Stz) before mating (SIBM group) or on the first day of pregnancy (SI1). Both SIBM and SI1 females were divided into two groups according to their blood glucose levels: severely diabetic (SD, greater than 300 mg%) and mildly diabetic (MD, 120-250 mg%). Food and water consumption by the control and MD groups were the same, but the SD females developed polyphagia, polyuria, and polydypsia, which continued to increase throughout pregnancy, as did the blood glucose levels. All the MD females mated and carried to term. In SD females both frequency of mating and fertility were only slightly lower than in the controls. All the females were killed on the 21st day of pregnancy. Pre- and postimplantation losses were the same for diabetic and control rats, but SIBM-SD females ovulated less than other groups. Weights of fetuses of SD dams were lower and blood sugar levels higher than those of the other groups. The placentas of SD rats were significantly heavier and there was cystic degeneration of spongiosa. The incidence of major malformations was minimal (approximately 2%) in fetuses of SD females and there were none at all in controls or MD females. In conclusion, our data are in agreement with those of other investigators who have found that rats with experimentally induced diabetes have smaller fetuses and increased placental weight.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3764782 TI - Effects of methylmercury on the morphogenesis of the rat cerebellum. AB - Developing rat cerebellums were examined following continuous methylmercury exposure via maternal drinking water at 12.5 ppm during gestation and the suckling period. The continuous exposure resulted in reductions of the total cerebellar cell population and higher mercury tissue burdens than previous acute dose studies. Cell necrosis was not evident, but rather alterations in the pattern of mitotic figures were observed. A decreased number of cells in the methylmercury exposed cerebellums was associated with an increased number of mitotic figures in the early stages of mitosis and a decrease in the number in the middle and late stages. These in vivo exposure observations are consistent with in vitro cell cycle studies in which the cells were found to have accumulated in G2 and early M phases. Impaired cell proliferation is suggested to be a major mechanism of developmental neurotoxicity following continuous low-dose exposure to methylmercury. PMID- 3764783 TI - Atelencephalic microcephaly in a 21-week human fetus. AB - Atelencephalic microcephaly, a rare and extreme disorder, is known morphologically by only six cases. Derivatives of the telencephalon are absent or dysplastic, while more caudal structures are normal or mildly deformed. A more extensive form, aprosencephaly, involves structures of the diencephalon and may be associated with holoprosencephalic facies. Extracranial anomalies may be present in both atelencephaly and aprosencephaly. We describe the seventh and youngest specimen, a 21-week female with atelencephaly. Maternal and gestational histories were unremarkable; the fetus was obtained by therapeutic abortion following diagnosis of a severe cranial malformation by ultrasound. A small and depressed, but intact, calvarium covered the brain. The forebrain was rounded and showed fused hemispheres, absent gyri, olfactory bulbs, and tracts. Caudal structures were mildly deformed. An oval mass of bone filled much of the middle cranial fossa. By light microscopy, several dysplastic changes were apparent in the forebrain. Ventricles were not present; small round cells resembling those of the germinal matrix were prominent in the forebrain. Pyramidal tracts were absent at all levels. The process responsible for these changes cannot be established with certainty; the changes are, however, in keeping with previous damage, such as that accepted for other encephaloclastic disorders. The insult in atelencephaly presumably occurs after closure of the rostral neuropore; earlier damage, with more widespread consequences, is possible for aprosencephaly. As with other destructive processes, etiology in atelencephaly and aprosencephaly is most likely heterogeneous. PMID- 3764784 TI - Uptake and blood pressure studies in the chick embryo following treatment with a teratogenic dose of dopamine. AB - We report on the ventricular pressor response and regional (head, heart, and body) uptake of dopamine hydrochloride (DA) following topical application of a teratogenic dose to the stage 24 chick embryo. Embryos treated with DA exhibited a significant increase in mean ventricular blood pressure (MVBP) at 0.5 and 1 hour after treatment when compared to saline-treated control embryos. The time of the elevated MVBP correlated with the time of the peak uptake of DA in the embryonic heart. Even though the level of DA in the heart remained high for 9 hours, there was no measurable increase in blood pressure beyond 1.5 hours, suggesting unresponsiveness to DA or perhaps conversion of DA to its metabolites. These experiments have correlated a physiologic response of a known cardiovascular teratogen to its uptake in the embryo. PMID- 3764785 TI - [The development of general medicine in Europe]. PMID- 3764786 TI - [General medicine and research]. PMID- 3764787 TI - [Women as family physicians]. PMID- 3764788 TI - [Holistic medicine and psychosomatics in general practice]. PMID- 3764789 TI - [Preventive medicine--a primer for the family physician]. PMID- 3764790 TI - [The family physician as emergency physician]. PMID- 3764791 TI - [Epidemiology of measles, mumps and rubella in school children--correlation of anamnesis and serology]. PMID- 3764792 TI - [Harmless infectious diseases in general practice]. PMID- 3764793 TI - [The common cold]. PMID- 3764794 TI - [The general practitioner, his patients and drug compliance]. PMID- 3764795 TI - [Relations between general medicine and sport medicine]. PMID- 3764796 TI - [The significance of manual medicine in general practice]. PMID- 3764797 TI - [Cooperation between the family physician and agencies for nursing care]. PMID- 3764798 TI - [Continuing medical education in independent groups]. PMID- 3764799 TI - Plasma levels of fibrin fragments in men with myocardial infarction. AB - Degradation products of cross-linked fibrin were measured in the plasma of 30 men who had been discharged from hospital following a myocardial infarct and in 30 age-matched controls selected from a general practice list. Levels were significantly higher in cases than controls, and the direction of the differences was highly consistent in case control pairs. These findings may represent increased thrombogenesis, increased fibrinolysis, or both, in persons who have suffered myocardial infarction. PMID- 3764800 TI - Effects of mechanical trauma of blood cells on dynamic viscoelasticity of blood during clotting. AB - Effects of mechanical trauma of platelets and red blood cells on dynamic viscoelasticity of blood during clotting were examined. Two different methods were attempted to give the mechanical damage to blood cells. In one method, a flow apparatus consisting of a thin teflon tube and two sample reservoirs connecting to both ends of the tube was employed. After a blood sample repeated the shuttle flow many times through the tube, the dynamic rigidity modulus (G') and loss modulus (G") of the blood sample during clotting were measured. The mechanical trauma of platelets brought about the increase of G' and G" for clots of PRP and whole blood, in addition to shorter clotting time. Slight hemolysis of red blood cells (less than 0.5% of total hemolysis) only yielded shorter clotting time for whole blood. In other method, packed red blood cells were hemolyzed by exposing the ultrasonic wave (the amount of hemolysis was about 5% of total hemolysis). Addition of supernatant of hemolyzed red blood cells to PRP caused the platelet aggregation. Furthermore, a marked hemolysis brought about higher values of G' and G" for blood clot, in addition to shorter clotting time. These results suggest that the release of constituents from damaged red blood cells and alteration of cell surface due to mechanical damage would accelerate the coagulation sequence. PMID- 3764801 TI - Heparin cofactor activity and antithrombin III antigen levels in preeclampsia. AB - It has been reported that patients with preeclampsia have decreased levels of antithrombin III heparin cofactor and that the degree of depression parallels the severity of disease. To determine the time course of development and resolution of this deficiency, and to gain insight into the cause of this deficiency, plasma antithrombin III antigen and heparin cofactor activity levels were measured serially in 11 women with mild preeclampsia. Although the ATIII antigen level remained stable during the antepartum period, the level of heparin cofactor was noted to fall progressively during the antepartum period. Both ATIII antigen and heparin cofactor increased promptly postpartum. The discrepancy between the levels of ATIII antigen and heparin cofactor activity suggests that in both mild and severe preeclampsia there is utilization of antithrombin III to form inactive protease inhibitor complexes. PMID- 3764802 TI - Mechanism of PAF-induced platelet aggregation in man. AB - The present study was designed to investigate the mechanisms involved in aggregation induced by platelet-activating factor (PAF) in human platelet-rich plasma (PRP). PAF induced dose-dependent aggregation over the range of 50 nM to 14 microM, with a threshold dose of about 100 nM. BN 52021, a recently described PAF antagonist, completely abolished the effect of PAF at a ten-fold higher concentration. None of the concentrations of PAF used significantly increased TXB2 release. In plasma obtained from volunteers who had taken 500 mg acetylsalicylic acid over five days, no change of PAF-induced aggregation could be observed in comparison to the control state. The lipoxygenase inhibitors nordihydroguaiaretic acid and BW 755 C also failed to significantly modify the PAF-induced platelet response. Pretreatment of PRP with the calcium channel blockers verapamil and nifedipine and the calmodulin antagonist trifluoperazine inhibited platelet aggregation by PAF over the entire range tested. These data indicate that PAF may utilize a specific membrane receptor, which can be blocked by BN 52021. Its aggregatory effect is probably mediated via the calcium calmodulin system. Moreover, derivatives of arachidonic acid do not appear to be primarily involved in PAF-induced aggregation. PMID- 3764803 TI - Interaction of platelets and purified collagens in a laminar flow model. AB - Damage to the endothelial surface of the vessel wall can result in exposure of circulating blood components to collagen and other subendothelial structures. Collagen types I, III, IV, and V have been demonstrated in the vessel wall by chemical and immunohistological methods; type V is thrombin-sensitive, and is present on the endothelial cell surface. In an earlier study using a rocking model, both unstimulated and ADP-induced platelet adherence was reduced on wells coated with type V collagen in comparison to uncoated wells; and increased on plastic surfaces coated with types III and IV collagen in comparison to those coated with type V collagen. The present study was designed to determine the effect of erythrocytes and shear rate on platelet adherence to these purified collagen types in a laminar flow system. With platelet-rich plasma, adherence of labeled platelets was much lower in the laminar flow system compared with the rocking model. Erythrocytes significantly enhanced platelet adherence to surfaces that were untreated or absorbed with collagen types I, III, and IV. However, this enhancement was not seen in the presence of type V collagen. These studies provide additional evidence for the selectively nonthrombogenic nature of type V collagen. PMID- 3764804 TI - Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro derivatives that bind to human plasma albumin and prevent fibrin formation. PMID- 3764805 TI - Hemorrhagic doses of heparin and other glycosaminoglycans induce a platelet defect. PMID- 3764806 TI - Abnormalities in the cellular phase of blood fibrinolytic activity in systemic lupus erythematosus and in venous thromboembolism. AB - Fibrinolytic activities of whole blood and plasma were determined by 125I-fibrin radiometric assay in 16 normal subjects, and in 11 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 14 with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS), 23 with venous thromboembolic disease, and 20 patients awaiting elective surgery. Mean whole blood and plasma activities for patients with PSS, and for those awaiting elective surgery, were similar to normal values, as was the mean plasma activity in patients with SLE. However, mean whole blood activity in SLE was significantly decreased compared with normals (p less than 0.05), with mean plasma activity accounting for 44% of mean whole blood activity (compared with 17% in normal subjects), representing a 67% decrease in mean calculated cellular phase activity in SLE, when compared with normals. Since the numbers of cells (neutrophils, monocytes) possibly involved in cellular activity were not decreased, the findings suggest a functional defect in fibrinolytic activity of one or more blood cell types in SLE. An additional finding was the participation of the cellular phase as well as the well-known plasma phase of blood in the fibrinolytic response to thromboembolism. PMID- 3764807 TI - Studies on liposome-encapsulated heparin. AB - In order to prolong the anticoagulant activity of heparin in vivo, attempts were made to encapsulate heparin into liposomes. Liposome-encapsulated heparin (lipo heparin) prepared was large multilamellar vesicles (0.5-4.0 micron in diameter). The activity of lipo-heparin was 1.6-5.2 X 10(3) U/g lipid with recovery rate ranged between 0.4 to 1.3% and stable in saline at 4 degrees C for at least two weeks. When intravenously administered into rats, the anticoagulant activity of lipo-heparin was significantly prolonged (approximately three times), as compared with that of untreated heparin. Furthermore, the activity of lipo-heparin could be neutralized by protamine sulfate. From these observations, it was concluded that liposome-encapsulation of heparin results in the prolonged anticoagulant effect in vivo and lipo-heparin may be applicable for clinical use, after further studies on side effects of liposomes are completed. PMID- 3764809 TI - Heparin fractions with high and low affinities to antithrombin III are cleared at different rates. AB - The clearance characteristics of standard heparin (SH) and its fractions with high and low affinity to antithrombin III (HAH and LAH respectively) were studied by injecting 125I-labelled SH, HAH and LAH intravenously into the rabbits in increasing doses. Serial blood samples were then collected from an indwelling cannula for measurement of clearance, based both on radioactivity and anticoagulant activity. For equivalent weights injected, the radioactivity of HAH was cleared more slowly from the circulation than that of either SH or LAH. The radioactivity of SH, in turn, was cleared more slowly than that of LAH. The clearance of HAH, measured both by radioactivity and by anticoagulant activity were similar, whereas the clearance of the radioactivity of SH was more rapid than its anticoagulant activity (i.e. anti-factor Xa activity). These observations suggest that the radioactivity clearance curves of SH reflect a "net" estimation of the more complex clearance curves of the different heparin moieties whereas the anticoagulant clearance curves of SH reflects the clearance of the anticoagulant activity of a specific heparin fraction, in this case, the clearance of the anti-factor Xa activity of HAH. These differences suggest that the HAH:LAH ratio is, at any given time, greater in vivo than the same ratio measured in vitro. PMID- 3764810 TI - The effect of operation and subcutaneous heparin on plasma levels of antithrombin III. AB - Plasma antithrombin III (AT-III) levels were measured in 61 patients undergoing general surgery. The patients were randomly allocated to a test or a control group. The test group received 5000iu of subcutaneous heparin two hours before operation and then twelve hourly for seven days. The control group received subcutaneous saline. Plasma levels of AT-III and of heparin were estimated before operation, at two, four and six hours after heparin injection on the day of operation and thereafter before the morning injection on the first, third and sixth postoperative days. Antithrombin III decreased progressively during and after operation in both groups. The decrease was greater in the test group at six hours after the first injection. These findings support the hypothesis that AT III is consumed during coagulation and its utilization is increased in the presence of heparin. PMID- 3764808 TI - Antithrombotic and haemorrhagic effects of synthetic and naturally occurring thrombin inhibitors. AB - The effects of the synthetic thrombin inhibitor N alpha-(2 naphthylsulfonylglycyl)-4-amidinophenylalanine piperidide (beta Nas-Gly-(pAm)Phe Pip) and the naturally occurring inhibitors hirudin and heparin on the bleeding time were studied in mice and rats by the method of transection of the tail tip and of standardized incision of the tail. With both methods the thrombin inhibitors prolonged the bleeding time in dependence on the dose and the plasma concentration obtained. The transection bleeding time was influenced by the inhibitors in a similar manner, whereas in the case of incision of the tail heparin caused a more pronounced effect than hirudin and beta Nas-Gly-(pAm)Phe Pip. Comparison of the antithrombotic actions of the inhibitors with their effects on the bleeding time showed that, in contrast to the selective thrombin inhibitors hirudin and beta Nas-Gly-(pAm) Phe-Pip, antithrombotically effective doses of heparin induced a clear prolongation of bleeding time. PMID- 3764811 TI - Stimulation and desensitization of human and rabbit platelets by 1-O-hexadecyl-2 O-methyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine and analogues. PMID- 3764812 TI - Protein C and antithrombin III in acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 3764813 TI - Comparison of the haemorrhagic effects of unfractionated heparin and a low molecular weight heparin fraction (CY 216) in rabbits. PMID- 3764814 TI - [Compliance--multimedication and the elderly]. PMID- 3764815 TI - [Terminal care in Vest-Agder Central hospital. The work of a coordinating group 1981-84]. PMID- 3764816 TI - [Terminal care at a surgical ward. Recording during a 6-month period in 1983]. PMID- 3764817 TI - [Hip prostheses]. PMID- 3764818 TI - [Arthroscopic surgery of the meniscus]. PMID- 3764819 TI - [Traumatic thrombosis of the internal carotid artery. Athletic injuries]. PMID- 3764820 TI - [Cross-country ski injuries in Oslo]. PMID- 3764821 TI - [Alpine injuries in Oslo]. PMID- 3764822 TI - [Idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia and Williams syndrome]. PMID- 3764823 TI - [Atropine premedication in peroral endoscopy. Is it reducing the vagal reflex?]. PMID- 3764824 TI - [Experience with breast-preserving surgery in breast carcinoma]. PMID- 3764825 TI - [General practice training for general practitioners and a basic course in general practice. A pedagogic experiment--a contribution to the development of the field]. PMID- 3764826 TI - [The hospitalized adolescent]. PMID- 3764827 TI - [Acetylsalicylic acid]. PMID- 3764828 TI - [Skin, mucous membrane and retinal manifestations in HTLV III/LAV infections and AIDS]. PMID- 3764829 TI - [Bile duct injuries after cholecystectomy. Diagnostic and therapeutic principles]. PMID- 3764831 TI - [Clinical biochemical analyses. Reference values]. PMID- 3764830 TI - [Peroperative cholangiography in elective cholecystectomy]. PMID- 3764832 TI - [Diagnostic values of clinical biochemical analyses]. PMID- 3764833 TI - [Variations in clinical biochemical tests]. PMID- 3764834 TI - [Women and diving]. PMID- 3764835 TI - [Pilonidal sinus. Operative or conservative treatment?]. PMID- 3764836 TI - [Vasectomy. Subjective and objective reactions]. PMID- 3764837 TI - [Diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease]. PMID- 3764838 TI - [Splenosis]. PMID- 3764839 TI - [Melanosis coli]. PMID- 3764840 TI - [Blind endotracheal intubation via retrograde guide]. PMID- 3764841 TI - [Ear oximetry. Non-invasive monitoring of arterial oxygen]. PMID- 3764842 TI - [The first surgical clerkship. The educational activity of medical students and experiences with practical procedures]. PMID- 3764844 TI - [Alcohol and cancer]. PMID- 3764843 TI - [Epidemiological aspects of AIDS--some statistical examples]. PMID- 3764845 TI - [Should mammography screening be adopted in Norway?]. PMID- 3764846 TI - [Advantages and disadvantages of mammography screening of healthy women. A critical evaluation]. PMID- 3764847 TI - [Reorganization of hospital departments. Should the departments of internal medicine and surgery be replaced by smaller subspecialized departments?]. PMID- 3764848 TI - [Emergency examinations in a neurological outpatient department]. PMID- 3764849 TI - [Tumor necrosis factor. A new principle in the fight against cancer?]. PMID- 3764850 TI - [Bilirubin and brain damage]. PMID- 3764851 TI - [Etiological factors of duodenal ulcer]. PMID- 3764852 TI - [Asymptomatic hematuria]. PMID- 3764853 TI - [Asymptomatic bacteriuria in women in postpartum period]. PMID- 3764854 TI - [Viral hepatitis. New clinical aspects]. PMID- 3764855 TI - [Campylobacter jejuni septicemia]. PMID- 3764857 TI - [Dercum's disease (adiposis dolorosa). A forgotten entity?]. PMID- 3764856 TI - [Wernicke's encephalopathy]. PMID- 3764858 TI - [Light as therapy. Mechanism of action in phototherapy of hyperbilirubinemia in the neonatal period]. PMID- 3764859 TI - [Intracranial pressure measurement with the Leeds bolt]. PMID- 3764860 TI - [Phototherapy in neonatal hyperbilirubinemia]. PMID- 3764861 TI - [Radioactive fallout after reactor accidents and nuclear weapons testing]. PMID- 3764862 TI - [Use of blood components, albumin and artificial colloids. The National Hospital 1979-84]. PMID- 3764864 TI - [Experiences with a regional gastroenterological society]. PMID- 3764863 TI - [Quality in general practice]. PMID- 3764865 TI - [Practical experience in the use of adjuvants in the prevention of edema/post weaning diarrhea in piglets]. AB - Intraperitoneal injections of a commercial adjuvant were made in 1,214 piglets on a pig-breeding farm five days prior to weaning to prevent post-weaning diarrhoea and oedema disease. The incidence of these forms of disease after weaning was identical in the treated group as well as in untreated controls which were kept in similar conditions at the same time. Mortality showed an increase in the treated animals. There is evidence to suggest that the physical condition of the weaned piglets may decline as a result of treatment with an adjuvant. PMID- 3764866 TI - [Veterinary Drug Act]. AB - The Dutch Veterinary Drug Act is reviewed and the consequences of a number of aspects of this act are discussed. PMID- 3764867 TI - [Was Cato naughty?]. PMID- 3764868 TI - [Congenital flexure of the forelimbs in calves]. AB - The incidence of congenital multiple arthrogryposis in newborn calves during the period from September 1982 to September 1983 was studied by conducting a questionnaire on 2,204 dairy farms in the province of Overijssel. This entity was observed on 19 per cent of the farms with Meuse-Rhine-IJssel breed and on 12 per cent of those with the Friesian-Dutch or Friesian-Dutch/Dutch-Friesian breed of cattle. Bull-calves showing normal or heavy birth weights following a normal period of gestation were mainly affected. There was a considerable difference in incidence between sires. PMID- 3764869 TI - [Dilemmas in ethology]. AB - Taught by the history of biology, ethologists try to adhere as rigidly as possible to the method used in natural science. They therefore are hesitant in using concepts which are ultimately derived from the human world of inner experience. In order to examine this question, the present paper first deals with the strength and the weakness of the natural scientific method, which is followed by a discussion of the manner in which this makes itself felt in biology. Although the method used in natural science is fully applicable in biology, particular phenomena (such as pain) will not be considered because of the character of this method. However, this does not detract from the reality of these phenomena and in that sense does not make them any less objective. If ethology wishes to do justice to animals, it is not be able to avoid including phenomena such as consciousness, pain, etc., in its investigations, even though the problem of extrapolating human self-experience to animals will continue to exist. PMID- 3764870 TI - [The use of powdered agricultural calcium in pig sties]. PMID- 3764871 TI - [The occurrence of dapsone residues following a one-time oral, intramuscular and intramammary application in healthy dairy cows]. AB - Dapsone is frequently used as a bacteriostatic drug in the treatment of mastitis, endometritis and footrot (necrotic pododermatitis). The farmer usually obtains this drug by 'non-ethical' channels. A regular scheme of checking the milk for residues of sulphonamides will be introduced in 1986. The sensitivity of the test is approximately 25 ppb for Dapsone. This will result in lower milk price in the case of positive tests. In healthy animals, it is shown that intramuscular treatment with 35 grammes (+/- 70 mg/kg-1 body weight) of Dapsone results in residues of Dapsone and its metabolite monoacetyldapsone above this detection level for more than 6 1/2 days. Within 5 days after oral treatment with 48.75 grammes (+/- 100 mg/kg-1 body weight) and 2 1/2 days after single intramammary treatment with 0.8 grammes, the concentrations of residues detected dropped below 25 ppb. The other well-known metabolite diacetyldapsone was only present in detectable quantities in the first milkings after oral treatment. PMID- 3764872 TI - [The occurrence of sulfa residues in unpasteurized farm milk]. AB - The results of studies in 1984 and 1985 on the incidence of residues of sulphonamides in raw tank milk showed that, from 2 to 11 per cent milk was contaminated with Dapsone in the Netherlands. In 1984 sulphadimidine was found to be present in approximately six per cent of the samples of tank milk. In 1985, residues of Dapsone were detected, in approximately six per cent of the milk destined for consumption. PMID- 3764873 TI - [Foreign body in the stomach of a snake. Surgical removal. Case report]. AB - A stone, which had been accidentally swallowed by a ratsnake (Elaphe obsoleta rossaleni) and which had been present in the stomach for as long as four days, was surgically removed by coeliotomy and gastrotomy. Anaesthesia was produced by Metomidate (Hypnodil) in a doses of 10 mg/kg of body weight. The wall of the stomach was sutured by continuous Lembert sutures. The skin and muscles were closed with single sutures. Recovery was successful and complete. PMID- 3764874 TI - [Growth disorder of the long bones and copper deficiency in suckling calves]. PMID- 3764875 TI - [Note on developments regarding farm animal specialization]. PMID- 3764876 TI - [Tendency toward bleeding in Noonan syndrome]. AB - Bleeding tendency in Noonan-patients is only sporadically mentioned in literature. There is no equivocal opinion about its cause. By means of a questionnaire data were collected from 29 Noonan-patients, registered in our hospital. In about half of these patients these data indicated the existence of a bleeding tendency. Some of these patients revealed a marked thrombocytopathy characterised as a disturbance in secondary aggregation. Further research into the cause is desirable. PMID- 3764877 TI - [Endangered domestic animal species in German speaking countries. I: General aspects]. AB - The development of farm animals since the beginning of domestication is described. Modern breeds have existed since the end of the 18th century. Different efficiency with regard to what were topical breeding aims as well as manipulations by the government led to a decrease in the variety of breeds. The reasons of preserving endangered breeds are both genetic and cultural. There are some examples of breeds that once had little attention payed to and which now have obtained economic importance again. In recent years several institutions in West Germany have tried by financial advancement and other measures for a variety of breeds to avoid further curtailment of them. PMID- 3764878 TI - [Rabies in cattle]. AB - Diagnostic results of the post mortem examinations of the brains of 99 rabies suspected--but actually not infected--cattle are reported. In 19 cases listeria encephalitis was stated. Furthermore non-purulent encephalitis 9 X, including 1 X malignant catarrhal fever of cattle and 2 X mucosal disease; purulent encephalitis 1 X; corticocerebral necrosis 1 X and arterial sclerosis 1 X were diagnosed. 68 cases proved to be no cerebral disease. By means of the presented diagnostic results and literature, peculiarities of rabies in cattle are discussed in view of differential diagnosis, and practical hints are given. PMID- 3764880 TI - [Sheep raising in the farming industry]. AB - 90% of the income of sheep keeping is derived from the sale of lamb meat. Next to the selection by breeding, a series of management and hygiene measures can help to improve the reproductive capabilities of the animals greatly. This means that the lambing and breeding capabilities of a sheep herd may be accomplished above the mean. PMID- 3764879 TI - [Cystic kidney in a calf]. AB - Clinical symptoms, laparotomy and slaughter findings of a case with cystic kidneys of a young bull are described. PMID- 3764881 TI - [Raising deer like domestic animals using grasslands]. AB - Some aspects of fellow deer farming to use grassland with special regard to the enclosed area necessary, feeding, capturing of the animals, amputation of antlers and killing are discussed referring to the results and experiences in the trials at the research station of Grub and the experimental farm of Romenthal. PMID- 3764882 TI - [Electrocardiography in the horse. (3)]. AB - The use of the ECG to separate the different phases of the heart cycle registering other physiological signals, to evaluate the fitness and state of training of a horse and to detect a pregnancy of a mare is reported and illustrated in this text. PMID- 3764883 TI - [Nomenclature of the clitoris and preputium of the mare in relation to the surgical removal of the clitoral sinus according to CEM regulations]. AB - The cavity, that belongs to the glans clitoridis and that has to be removed in accord with the regulations and rules for the import of horses of CEM carrier states, has not been taken up in the NAV (1983). Conform to the statements of the clinical physicians and to the declarations of the American literature the nomenclature "Sinus clitoridis" is proposed for the international use. PMID- 3764884 TI - [Replacement of the hip joint in the dog]. AB - Hundreds of total hip replacements in dogs have been performed at the Ohio State University of Veterinary Medicine since August 1976. Dogs with disabling diseases or conditions of the hip are candidates for the THR. The technique provides the dog with a pain free, mechanically sound ball and socket joint. The most commonly encountered complication is dislocation, while the most disastrous complication is infection. Complications can be minimized through adherence to detail during the procedure. By following strict aseptic principles, surgical technique and postoperative care, successful hip function has been achieved in 94.7% of the cases. PMID- 3764885 TI - [Incidence, primary site and pattern of metastasis in hemangioendothelioma in the dog. An evaluation of autopsy material from 1970 to 1985]. AB - In 16 years 13,869 dogs were autopsied. Angiosarcomas were found in 321 cases (2.3%). The frequency has increased since 1981 and was doubled. Alsations and boxers were found to have a statistically significant predisposition. Dogs affected with this tumor were between 3 and 15 years old, the average being 9.4 years. The tumour could more frequently be found in male dogs than in bitches. Primary localizations were mainly spleen, heart, or liver. Haematogenous metastases were very common, in some cases a primary multiplicity was supposed. The distribution of the metastases depended on the organ primarily involved. PMID- 3764886 TI - [Oral vaccination of foxes against rabies in free game areas--a field trial]. AB - It is reported about a field trial of oral vaccination of foxes against rabies, started in some Bavarian districts. The planning stage, the preparation of baits and their distribution, and the subsequent investigations to evaluate the field trial are outlined. The vaccine will be produced by the Federal Research Institute for Animal Diseases at Tubingen. 110,000 vaccine baits were laid out in 4 vaccination campaigns within 2 years. In no instance vaccine virus could be reisolated from animals collected in the vaccination zone. About 50% of the foxes were successfully immunized. PMID- 3764887 TI - [Diseases of ornamental fishes--significance for veterinary practice]. AB - Important diseases of ornamental fish are described at the background of the diagnostic material of the Institute for Zoology and Hydrobiology between 1981 and 1984. Invasions by ectoparasites and environmental factors are thought to be the most important causes of the disease. Regarding the possibilities in aquarias the most common methods of treatment are discussed. PMID- 3764888 TI - [Automation of hematologic diagnosis: developmental status of instruments for counting and differentiating blood cells]. AB - There are numerous instruments for routine hematology. Most of them are flow systems and work according to the conductometric principle (Coulter), some according to scatter light or absorption principle. They provide a different number of hematologic parameters automatically or semiautomatically. For research purpose, i.e. cell or particle analysis, are different systems available, operating with scatter light or fluorescence activation; some instruments are able to sort cells in different subpopulations. Other apparatus deliver the complete differential leucocyte count by pattern recognition of conventionally stained smears. PMID- 3764889 TI - Electrical measurement of chloride secretion in the perfused human jejunum: effects of theophylline and prostaglandin E1. AB - The effects of intraluminal theophylline or prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on transepithelial potential difference (PD) were examined in the human jejunum in vivo with a quadruple lumen perfusion tube. To measure transepithelial PDs, we placed one of the Ag/AgCl electrodes in the jejunal lumen and the other in the subcutaneous region of the left forearm of the subjects. Infusion of theophylline or PGE1 into the jejunal lumen produced a change in the PD, the lumen being more negatively charged. The magnitude of the change in PD for 2.4 X 10(-3) M theophylline was 3.3 +/- 0.48 mV (mean +/- S.E., n = 6) and that for 10(-6) M PGE1 was 5.0 +/- 0.60 mV (n = 6). In addition, the change in the PD induced by simultaneous infusion of both 2.4 X 10(-3) M theophylline and 10(-7) M PGE1 was about twice as large as the sum of those induced by individual infusion of the same concentration of theophylline or PGE1. We concluded that these PD changes occurred primarily by stimulation of electrogenic Cl secretion in the jejunum. Further exploitation of this method to determine PD might be useful for clinical investigation of the intestinal secretion. PMID- 3764890 TI - Relationship between exposure and environmental concentrations in organic solvent workplaces. AB - The correlation between the exposure concentration (ExpC) of workers and the environmental concentration (EnvC) in their workplaces were examined in 143 printing, painting, gluing, degreasing and other solvent workplaces manned by 535 workers of both sexes. ExpC was measured with carbon felt dosimeters, and EnvC was with grab sampling of air into poly-tetrafluoroethylene bags; both were followed by GC analyses. When ExpC and EnvC were compared on both group and individual basis, the correlation was found to be positive but rather weak, and individual difference in ExpC within the workers of the same workplace was not negligible. Workplaces were classified after regulatory practice into three categories, and attempts were made to find out the conditions so that none among the 174 workers in the 43 Category 1 (i.e., "clean" from regulatory view point) workplaces would be exposed to solvent vapors over the current occupational exposure limit (OEL). Accordingly, it was found that the requirement will be met in case half the OEL is taken as the E value (the EnvC limit set by the regulation). Thus, the same conclusion was reached through the analyses of two separate batches of experiences, i.e., one in the present study and the other in the previous report (Ikeda and Ohtsuki 1985). PMID- 3764891 TI - The relation of integrated EMG of the triceps brachii to force in rapid elbow extension. AB - The relationships between the integrated EMG (iEMG) of the first burst activity of the triceps brachii muscle and biomechanical variables such as acceleration, velocity and kinetic energy were examined for ballistic elbow extension in five healthy men. The duration of the first burst ceased within 100 msec in every subject. Although the regression analysis of each variable to iEMG was all significant, the correlation coefficient was the largest for mean or peak acceleration and the smallest for kinetic energy. The motor center would control the force output to initiate ballistic movement by changing the amount of the EMG activity keeping its duration constant. PMID- 3764892 TI - Branching architecture of canine pulmonary arteries: a quantitative cast study. AB - The purpose of this investigation is to analyze the branching pattern of pulmonary artery. The excised right lower lobes of six mongrel dogs were fixed by perfusion with 1.2% glutaraldehyde solution. Pressure of the pulmonary artery, vein and airway were controlled during perfusion. After fixation, resin was injected manually into the artery. When resin was completely polymerized, the lung was placed in 15 N NaOH solution to remove lung tissue. The diameters and lengths of branches were measured by stereomicroscopy. The results obtained were as follows: The basically dichotomous pulmonary arteries showed not only fairly regular dichotomies but monopodies, in the latter of which the diameter of parent branch was almost the same as that of its larger daughter branch. The diameter of monopodial branch was less than 500 microns, even when the parent branch was a large central segment. In arteries of over 1,000 microns in diameter, 75% or more of branchings were monopodies, whereas in small arteries of 200-300 microns in diameter, half the bifurcations were monopodies. At a bifurcation, the average daughter-to-parent diameter ratio was 0.8-0.9 for the larger daughter branch and 0.5 for the smaller one. The average length of branches was in proportion to their average diameter. PMID- 3764893 TI - Joint venturing. PMID- 3764894 TI - Taxation issues. PMID- 3764895 TI - Antitrust and joint ventures. PMID- 3764896 TI - Liability and insurance issues. PMID- 3764897 TI - Securities, labor, and health planning matters affecting joint ventures. PMID- 3764898 TI - Planning and implementing the joint venture. PMID- 3764899 TI - The effects of DDT, DDOH-palmitic acid, and a chlorinated paraffin on muscarinic receptors and the sodium-dependent choline uptake in the central nervous system of immature mice. AB - Ten-day-old NMRI mice were given a single peroral dose of 1.4 mumol/kg body wt of either of the substances of DDT (0.5 mg), DDOH-PA (a DDT metabolite conjugated to palmitic acid; 0.7 mg), or polychlorohexadecane (PCHD, a synthesized chlorinated paraffin; 1.0 mg). The mice were killed either 24 hr or 7 days after treatment, and crude synaptosomal fractions (P2) were prepared from the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. The density of the muscarinic receptors was assayed by measuring quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]QNB) specifically bound in the P2 fraction. A significant increase in the specific [3H]QNB binding was observed in the cerebral cortex in DDT- and DDOH-PA-treated mice 7 days after treatment, compared to control. These results were further explored by determining the ratio of high- and low-affinity binding sites by using an agonist (carbachol)-antagonist ([3H]QNB) competition assay. A significant decrease in the percentage of high affinity binding sites and a corresponding increase in the percentage of low affinity binding sites, compared to control, were observed after DDT and DDOH-PA treatment. The presynaptically sodium-dependent choline uptake system also was studied. In mice receiving PCHD there was a significant decrease (65%) in the Vmax value 7 days after treatment, but no change was observed in mice receiving DDT or DDOH-PA. This study shows that the sensitivity of the cholinergic system to persistent xenobiotics acting over a long period of time may be higher in the immature mouse. PMID- 3764900 TI - An evaluation of tissue metallothionein and genetic resistance to cadmium toxicity in mice. AB - The role of metallothionein or metallothionein-like proteins (MT) in genetic resistance to the testicular and hepatic toxicity of cadmium was examined in inbred strains of mice. Mice of two strains resistant (AJ and C3H/HEJ) or susceptible (129J and DBA/2J) to cadmium-induced testicular necrosis were administered sc 30 mumol CdCl2/kg. The uptake of cadmium and the induction of MT in tissues were determined after 6 hr. The results showed that accumulation of cadmium in liver and kidney tissues of the four strains was very similar. MT levels were elevated up to 20-fold in the liver and up to almost 8-fold in the kidney, resulting in cadmium to MT molar ratios of 6.7 to 10.0 in the liver and 1.2 to 1.9 in the kidney. The greatest increase in hepatic MT as well as the cadmium to MT ratio was in the C3H/HEJ strain which is susceptible to cadmium induced hepatotoxicity. Testicular cadmium levels were significantly elevated in the two susceptible strains. The basal levels of MT-like protein in the testis were generally higher than those in the kidney. Although, only the testis of 129J (susceptible) showed an increase in this protein after 6 hr, both susceptible strains injected with cadmium had significantly higher levels of the protein as compared to the resistant strains. The 30,000-Da cadmium-binding protein in AJ and CD-1 (susceptible) mouse strains was found to cross-react with the anti-MT serum. Necrotic changes were visible in the testes of the susceptible strains as a result of cadmium administration. Immunohistochemically, there were no significant differences in the localization of MT in the liver, kidney or testis among the four strains. MT or an MT-like protein was concentrated mainly in the interstitial tissue of the mouse testis, but was also detected in the seminiferous tubules. It is concluded that the strain differences in acute toxicity of cadmium are probably not due to low MT concentration in tissues of the susceptible strains. PMID- 3764901 TI - Fatty acid changes in rat brain ethanolamine phosphoglycerides during and following chronic exposure to trichloroethylene. AB - Rats were exposed by continuous inhalation to a moderate level of trichloroethylene (1720 mg/m3). The fatty acid pattern of brain ethanolamine phosphoglycerides was examined during exposure and after an additional exposure free period. Alterations in the fatty acid pattern were noted after 30 days of exposure. An increased ratio of linoleic acid-derived (n-6) to linolenic acid derived (n-3) fatty acids was observed in the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, and the brain stem. Of the major fatty acids, arachidonic acid (20:4(n-6)) was increased in the cerebral cortex and the brain stem, while docosahexenoic acid (22:6(n-3)) was decreased in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. A further change in these fatty acids was observed in the cerebral cortex following a longer exposure period of 90 days. The 22-carbon linoleic acid-derived fatty acids were also increased after 90 days of exposure. These findings imply that trichloroethylene affects the metabolism of ethanolamine phosphoglyceride fatty acids in the rat brain by inhibiting desaturation of the linolenic acid family and by increasing desaturation of the linoleic acid family. The effect of trichloroethylene was partially reversible, since a postexposure solvent-free period revealed a rapid partial normalization of 22:6(n-3), which is the most important fatty acid of the linolenic acid family in the rat brain. However, the precursor of this fatty acid, 22:5(n-3), was decreased during the first 10 exposure-free days. This suggests that desaturation over the first steps was still impaired. A complete normalization of the fatty acid pattern was not observed during the 30-day solvent-free period. The decreased number of double bonds and shorter chain lengths detected after solvent exposure is consistent with the idea of a compensatory remodeling of membrane lipid composition based on membrane stability with regard to phase preference. PMID- 3764902 TI - Chronic toxicity and oncogenicity study on acrylamide incorporated in the drinking water of Fischer 344 rats. AB - Male and female Fischer 344 rats were maintained on treated drinking water providing dosages of 0 (controls), 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, or 2.0 mg acrylamide/kg body wt/day for 2 years to assess the chronic toxicity and oncogenic potential of the chemical. The mean body weights of male and female rats receiving 2.0 mg/kg/day and of male rats receiving 0.5 mg/kg/day were minimally decreased when compared with controls. During the last 4 months of the study, there was an increase in mortality among male and female rats receiving 2.0 mg/kg/day. A target organ effect, characterized by degeneration of peripheral nerves, was observed in rats receiving 2.0 mg/kg/day. The incidence of several tumor types was increased in the rats receiving 2.0 mg/kg/day when compared with controls. In females, increased tumor incidences were observed in the mammary gland, central nervous system, thyroid gland-follicular epithelium, oral tissues, uterus, and clitoral gland. In males the incidence of tumors of the thyroid gland-follicular epithelium and scrotal mesothelium was increased. Male rats receiving 2.0 mg/kg/day also had increased incidence of central nervous system tumors when compared to historical controls but not when compared to concurrent controls. The only tumor incidence which was significantly increased at the 0.5 mg/kg/day level was scrotal mesothelioma. There was no statistically significant increase of any tumor type at the 0.1 or 0.01 mg/kg/day dose levels. However, the incidence of scrotal mesothelioma at the 0.1 mg/kg/day level was greater than that observed in the control group or historically reported in this laboratory. PMID- 3764903 TI - Toxic effects of nonadecafluoro-n-decanoic acid in rats. AB - Nonadecafluoro-n-decanoic acid (ND-FDA) has a single dose ip LD50 of 41 mg/kg and causes anorexia and a wasting syndrome. NDFDA also appears to affect lipid metabolism although the metabolic fate and mechanism of action are not known. Control rats were pair fed with rats given 50 mg/kg. Body weights and food consumption were measured daily; body and organ weights, tissue histopathology, and hematological and clinical chemistry parameters were determined at 4, 8, 12, 16, and 30 days postdosing. Liver samples were obtained for determining cholesterol, cholesterol esters, phospholipids, total lipids, fatty acid ratios, and NDFDA. The rats became anorectic within 4 days and did not resume feeding for 10-12 days, losing about 40% of their body weight. There was a decrease in serum protein; total liver protein decreased and there was an increase in measured fatty acids except for stearic. Liver to body weight ratios of dosed rats were twice those of control rats since absolute liver weights in dosed rats remained constant during the weight loss period. The most striking histopathological change was seen in the liver with a uniform persistent cellular swelling at all times. Separation of the lipids by thin layer chromatography indicated that NDFDA was present in the most polar fraction. There also were fatty changes in the proximal tubular epithelium of the kidneys. PMID- 3764904 TI - The uptake and in vivo metabolism of the organophosphate insecticide fenitrothion by the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. AB - Callinectes were exposed to [14C]fenitrothion at a level of 5.2 micrograms/liter in either 22 degrees C, 34 ppt; 22 degrees C, 17 ppt; or 17 degrees C, 34 ppt seawater. Uptake from the water, as measured by a decrease in fenitrothion, and the distribution of radioactivity throughout the Callinectes were determined. The nature of radiolabeled metabolites in the water and hepatopancreas was also determined. Fenitrothion was absorbed more rapidly from the water at the higher salinity and temperature. Radioactivity was detected in all the organs assayed by 24 hr postexposure, though the levels increased in most tissues throughout the experiment. The highest concentrations of radioactivity were found in the hepatopancreas and stomach. The metabolites which were detected in the water and liver indicate that Callinectes metabolize fenitrothion by oxidation of the phosphorothioate to a phosphate to yield fenitrooxon. The presence of aminofenitrothion and 3-methyl-4-aminophenol shows that reduction of the nitro group to an amino group also occurs. The isolation of desmethyl forms of fenitrooxon and fenitrothion as well as 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol indicates that hydrolysis of both the P-O-aryl and P-O-alkyl bonds occurred. Glycoside and sulfate conjugates of both phenols were inferred in the hepatopancreas. Higher levels of fenitrooxon and lower levels of desmethyl fenitrothion were detected in the 34 ppt seawater than in the 17 ppt seawater. The 5 degrees C differential had no significant effect on the nature and concentrations of metabolites detected in the seawater. PMID- 3764905 TI - Dioxin treatment of rats results in increased in vitro induction of sister chromatid exchanges by alpha-naphthoflavone: an animal model for human exposure to halogenated aromatics. AB - Recent reports have shown that alpha-naphthoflavone (alpha-NF) in vivo enhances the sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency in lymphocytes from human populations exposed to cigarette smoke or polychlorinated biphenyls and dibenzofurans. In this study, female Sprague-Dawley rats (9-11 weeks old) were administered a single oral dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and killed 6 days after treatment. Blood cultures were established with or without alpha-NF. The baseline and alpha-NF-induced SCE frequencies were assessed in lymphocytes after a 72-hr culture period. No effect on the SCE baseline frequency (cultures without alpha-NF) was detected in rats exposed to 0-30 micrograms TCDD/kg. However, the SCE frequencies from cultures incubated in the presence of alpha-NF were significantly higher in lymphocytes from rats treated with TCDD. Moreover, delta SCE values (SCE alpha-NF minus SCE baseline) were significantly higher in lymphocytes from rats treated with TCDD than in controls. A dose dependent increase in delta SCE values was observed between 0 and 3 micrograms TCDD/kg, followed by a plateau at higher doses. This induction pattern closely resembled the induction of the liver microsomal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity by TCDD. In contrast to TCDD, phenobarbital treatment of rats (75 mg/kg/day) had no effect on alpha-NF-induced SCE frequencies in lymphocytes. Liver microsomes from TCDD-treated rats metabolized alpha-NF at a rate much faster than that of control microsomes. These studies indicate that TCDD-exposed rats provide a useful model to investigate the mechanism of enhanced in vitro induction of SCE frequency in lymphocytes from humans exposed to toxic halogenated aromatics or cigarette smoke. PMID- 3764906 TI - Response of Drosophila embryonic cells to tumor promoters. AB - Several recent observations on tumor promoters point to the many developmental and embryonic characteristics associated with their mode of action. These observations have led us to investigate the effects of a series of tumor promoters on Drosophila embryonic cultures at both the morphological and molecular levels. The cultures have been used with some success by us to assess the teratogenic potential of a large number of molecules, including drugs, chemicals, and environmental pollutants. In this culture system, 12-O tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), the most potent of the tumor promoters tested, disrupted normal muscle and neuron differentiation at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 microM; 4-O-methylphorbol 12-myristate a weak stage I promoter, used at concentrations the same as or higher than those of TPA had no inhibitory effect on cell differentiation. A selected group of tumor promoters was also investigated at the molecular level for their effects on differentiating Drosophila cells. All tumor promoters tested induced synthesis of three heat shock proteins. On the basis of these two levels of effects (morphological and molecular) it is apparent that the tumor promoters tested act similarly as teratogens do in the Drosophila embryonic cultures. This finding confirms some recent published reports suggesting that a large number of tumor promoters act as teratogens if the exposure interval is during the embryonic rather than the adult stage. We suggest that this system can be usefully employed to investigate some of the common mechanisms involved in tumor promotion and teratogenesis. PMID- 3764907 TI - Scanning cytophotometric analysis of brain neuronal nuclear chromatin changes in acute T-2 toxin-treated rats. AB - Male Sprague-Dawley rats (200 g) were injected intraperitoneally with T-2 toxin, a trichothecene mycotoxin protein synthesis inhibitor, at dosages of 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, and 6.0 mg/kg (1 LD50 = 0.9 mg/kg) before decapitation at 8-hr postexposure. Correlative data were obtained on changes in physicochemical properties of nuclear chromatin, chromatin dispersion, and nuclear volume of cerebrocortical (layer III) and striatal neurons using Feulgen-DNA (F-DNA) cytophotometry and ocular filar micrometry. Decreased lability of neurons to F-DNA acid hydrolysis (reduced F-DNA yield), nuclear shrinkage, and chromatin aggregation (decreased chromophore area) were used as indices of suppression of genomic template activity, i.e., neuronal nuclear functioning. Conversely, increased F-DNA yield, chromophore area, and nuclear volume signify enhanced neuronal activation. At 8 hr following T-2 toxin exposure, cerebrocortical and striatal neurons exhibited a dose-dependent decrease in F-DNA hydrolyzability, i.e., impaired chromatin activity, and increases in both chromatin dispersion and nuclear volume. Microscopic observation revealed no gross evidence of T-2 induced neurotoxicity. These data indicate that T-2 toxin elicits both neurochemical injury and adaptive or compensatory processes simultaneously. The toxicological importance of observed nuclear alterations and the role of impairments in central nervous system metabolism in acute T-2 toxicity remain to be ascertained. PMID- 3764908 TI - The fate of dienochlor administered orally and dermally to rats. AB - Within four days of receiving a single oral dose (1 mg/kg) of [U-ring 14C]dienochlor [bis(pentachloro-2,4-cyclopentadien-1-yl)] female rats excreted 2 and 88% of the applied 14C in urine and feces, respectively. Metabolites could not be identified and the preponderance of the fecal radioactivity consisted of unextractable 14C-labeled residues. Within 1 day virtually all of the dienochlor had been degraded by rats, with only traces of parent dienochlor in excreta and tissues. After four days only 2% of the applied dose remained in tissues (mainly kidney, liver, and gastrointestinal tract). Pharmacokinetic studies with blood plasma and bile showed dienochlor (and/or its metabolites) to be poorly absorbed. Rats were exposed dermally for 24 hr to [14C]dienochlor formulated as Pentac WP miticide both as an aqueous suspension and as an undiluted wettable powder. Half of the dose adhered to the skin and the other half was found in gauze patches used to protect the treated skin. After a 24-hr exposure over 60% of the radiolabel that adhered to skin was removed by washing with an aqueous soap solution and 86% of this rinsing solution was unmetabolized dienochlor. The dienochlor and its metabolites were transported inefficiently from the application site; only 1% of the applied dose was detected in urine plus feces and less than or equal to 0.2% in tissues. With application rates that simulate field exposure by humans, the actual residue of dienochlor and metabolites in skin (i.e., not removable by washing) is about thirteen times higher following exposure to dienochlor as undiluted wettable powder than as an aqueous suspension. PMID- 3764909 TI - In vivo studies on the relationship between hepatic metabolism and the renal toxicity of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (MeCCNU). AB - Administration of a single sc dose of the nephrotoxic anticancer agent 1-(2 chloroethyl)-3-(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (MeCCNU) to rats led to a time-dependent decrease in renal function (i.e., renal slice anion accumulation, renal concentrating ability, and urinary output) which was correlated with the accumulation of carbamylating and alkylating intermediates of 14C-labeled MeCCNU that bound irreversibly to kidney protein. MeCCNU also produced a dose-dependent decrease in glutathione (GSH) preferentially in liver, but not in kidney. Pretreatment with piperonyl butoxide (PIP) decreased the renal toxicity and covalent binding of MeCCNU, and ameliorated the MeCCNU-dependent decrease in liver and kidney GSH. Radioactivity detected in the urine from the PIP-pretreated group was markedly lower than that in the MeCCNU-only group. In contrast, PIP pretreatment increased the accumulation of parent MeCCNU into fatty tissue. Pretreatment with phenobarbital (PB) increased the renal toxicity of MeCCNU. Moreover, PB pretreatment resulted in the increased alkylation of both liver and kidney macromolecules and to an increase in the urinary clearance of ethylene labeled MeCCNU. In all experiments, modifiers of hepatic biotransformation produced changes in the level of covalent binding by ethylene-labeled MeCCNU (alkylation) which correlated with the degree of toxicity of MeCCNU in the kidney. Additional evidence supporting a role for hepatic biotransformation in the toxicity of MeCCNU was provided by an in vivo/in vitro colony-forming assay which demonstrated the presence of a cytotoxic metabolite in the bile of a MeCCNU administered rat. These studies suggest that hepatic metabolism contributes significantly to the alkylating activity of MeCCNU in the liver and the kidney, and indicate that a liver-derived metabolite may be responsible for the renal toxicity of MeCCNU. PMID- 3764910 TI - Estimation and analysis of the concentration-response surfaces associated with multiple-agent combinations. AB - Chinese hamster cells (V79) were treated with ethylnitrosourea (ENU) and cis diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (DDP) alone and in combination. Sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) were quantified as measures of genotoxicity of the two agents. The combination experiment employed a factorial design in which cells were treated, in various concentration combinations, with both agents simultaneously. Response surface methodology, using a polynomial model based on a negative binomial distribution of SCE events, was employed for analysis of the interactions of the two genotoxic agents. The negative binomial distribution, a generalization of the Poisson distribution, is required since SCEs are discrete variables which, under the conditions of these experiments, have a distribution which exhibits extra-Poisson variability. The model of the ENU/DDP combinations indicated an increasingly less-than-additive effect resulting from increasing concentrations of each agent in the combination. The analysis of these experiments demonstrates the usefulness of a powerful statistical procedure for evaluating the biological effects resulting from exposure to multiple cytotoxic agents. The methodology can be used with many other types of endpoints and is not limited by the number of treatment agents. PMID- 3764911 TI - Influence of iron on plutonium absorption by the adult and neonatal rat. AB - To determine how iron affects plutonium absorption, adult rats were gavaged with 238Pu nitrate (pH 2) after they had been fed an iron-deficient diet or treated with iron supplements. Neonatal rats born to dams on an iron-deficient diet were also gavaged with 238Pu. An iron-deficient diet resulted in enhanced 238Pu absorption both in the adults and in neonates born to iron-deficient dams. Ferric iron increased 238Pu absorption 12-fold in adult rats; injected iron-dextran reduced that increase; gavaged ferrous iron reduced 238Pu absorption to one-third of the control value. Rat neonates absorbed 30 to 40 times as much 238Pu as adults; absorption was lowered in groups that received iron supplements: Iron dextran caused a 50% reduction; ferric iron, 95%; and ferrous iron, greater than 95%. The results demonstrate an effect of the oxidation state of iron on plutonium absorption in adult rats different from that observed in suckling rats. The results suggest that the high rate of 238Pu absorption by neonatal animals is due not only to the permeability of their intestines but also to their high demand for iron. PMID- 3764912 TI - Acute pulmonary toxicity of beryllium sulfate inhalation in rats and mice: cell kinetics and histopathology. AB - The acute response in the lung of mice and rats exposed to an aerosol of BeSO4 was characterized by cell kinetics and histopathology. Animals were exposed for 1 hour in a nose-only chamber to a 13 microgram/liter chamber concentration of BeSO4 or to H2SO4 as control aerosol, and killed thereafter over a period of 21 days. Lung cell kinetics were evaluated as the labeling index (LI), defined as the percentage of cells labeled with tritiated thymidine. The labeled cells were also differentiated as to type. In rats, the LI showed a peak response on Day 8 following exposure, while the LI of mice showed a maximum response at Day 5. In rats, the proliferative response involved type II alveolar epithelial cells, interstitial and capillary endothelial cells. Histopathology showed type II alveolar cell hyperplasia and vacuolization of their cytoplasm, a thickened interstitium with infiltrates of interstitial macrophages and segmental leukocytes; a prominent feature was alveolar macrophages with ragged membranes. Three weeks after exposure, the interstitial response was largely resolved. In mice, the proliferative response was mainly found in the alveolar macrophage population and the interstitial and endothelial cells. Histopathological changes were similar to those found in rats, although less severe. PMID- 3764913 TI - The effect of selected organic solvents on intact human red cell membrane acetylcholinesterase in vitro. AB - Human erythrocytes were exposed to different concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, and alcohols in vitro to study the effects of these agents on the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AchE), a membrane integral protein. Aromatic hydrocarbons were in general more potent AchE inhibitors than chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons and alcohols at +37 degrees C. The influence of decreasing the temperature to +15 degrees C and +5 degrees C was more prominent on the effect of aromatic hydrocarbons than on the effect of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons and alcohols. In general, however, the decrease in the incubation temperature increased the AchE-inhibiting effect of organic solvents. The lipid solubility and molecular structure, among other factors, may determine the AchE inhibitory potency of organic solvents. Changes in membrane AchE may be one of the factors affecting membrane fluidity, which is considered to determine membrane stabilization. The primary site of action of the membrane-stabilizing agents may involve a membrane protein. PMID- 3764914 TI - Metabolism and disposition of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in guinea pigs. AB - Marked interspecies variability exists in the acute toxicity of 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), with the guinea pig being the mammalian species most sensitive to the acute toxicity of TCDD. The metabolism and disposition of TCDD was investigated in guinea pigs for 45 days following a single exposure to purified [3H]TCDD (0.56 microgram/kg, ip). Guinea pigs included in the toxicokinetic study gained body weight, maintained a normal relative body composition, and exhibited no gross signs of toxicity during the 45 day study. Approximately 36% of the dose of TCDD-derived 3H remained in the adipose tissue at 45 days following exposure to [3H]TCDD, while the liver, pelt, and skeletal muscle and carcass each contained about 7% of the administered dose. Although most of the TCDD-derived radioactivity in liver, kidney, perirenal adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle represented unchanged TCDD, from 4 to 28% of the 3H was associated with metabolites of TCDD. This unexpected finding suggests that TCDD metabolites are not efficiently excreted from guinea pigs. The urinary and fecal excretion of TCDD-derived radioactivity followed apparent first-order kinetics, with an elimination half-life of 93.7 +/- 15.5 days (mean +/- SD). HPLC analysis of urine and bile from [3H]TCDD-treated guinea pigs showed that all of the radioactivity represented metabolites of TCDD, indicating that these routes of elimination are dependent on prior metabolism of TCDD. However, 70 to 90% of the radioactivity in fecal samples was found to represent unmetabolized TCDD throughout the 45-day excretion study. The presence of TCDD in feces and its absence in bile suggest that the fecal excretion of unchanged TCDD resulted from the direct intestinal elimination of the lipophilic toxin. Furthermore, the cumulative excretion of TCDD-derived radioactivity over 45 days indicated that 74.3% of the 3H was excreted in feces as unchanged TCDD, while 25.7% of the 3H was excreted in urine and feces as TCDD metabolites. Thus, TCDD is primarily eliminated unchanged in the feces of guinea pigs, indicating that the metabolism of TCDD does not play a major role in the ultimate elimination of the toxin from the guinea pig. This may in part explain the relatively long excretion half-life for TCDD in the guinea pig and may contribute to the remarkable sensitivity of the guinea pig to the acute toxicity of TCDD. PMID- 3764915 TI - A physiological pharmacokinetic model for dermal absorption of vapors in the rat. AB - Absorption of chemical vapors through the skin is a passive process that is not easily quantitated, but may be important in the assessment of health hazards in some occupational circumstances. Physiological modeling is a quantitative technique which may provide insight into the system being modeled and can be used for interspecies extrapolation. We developed a physiological model for the penetration of organic vapors through skin in vivo which allows the prediction of blood concentrations, after dermal vapor exposures in the rat, when chemical distribution coefficients, physiological and metabolic parameters, and skin permeability constants are known. We used the model in two distinct ways. First, permeability constants for dibromomethane (DBM), bromochloromethane (BCM), and methylene chloride (DCM) were calculated by using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for dihalomethanes to relate blood concentrations during dermal vapor exposures to the total amount of chemical which was absorbed through the skin. Second, a skin compartment was added to the model which had input based on the permeability-area-concentration product. This predictive model adequately described blood concentrations after DBM, BCM, and DCM dermal vapor exposures over a wide range of concentrations. This model could easily be modified for use with other organic vapors, and could be used to extrapolate to human vapor exposure conditions by substituting human physiological parameters for the animal values, providing permeability constants are known or can be determined. PMID- 3764916 TI - Induction of nasal tumors in rats exposed to mixtures of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and formaldehyde (HCHO) by inhalation. PMID- 3764917 TI - Hypercholesterolemia and the regulation of adrenal steroidogenesis in 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-treated rats. AB - Plasma and adrenal cholesterol disposition have been examined to gain further insight into the mechanisms by which 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) treatment decreases the diurnal peak in plasma corticosterone concentrations. TCDD induces an increase in plasma cholesterol concentration that is nearly complete on Day 2, at least 2 days before the most pronounced increase in adrenal cholesterol concentration (Days 4-6). This adrenal increase involves both free cholesterol and cholesterol esters, in contrast to the response to dietary hypercholesterolemia where only cholesterol esters increase. Although adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) does not increase adrenal mitochondrial cholesterol in normal rats (cholesterol turnover is faster than cholesterol uptake), this response changes between Days 6 and 9 after TCDD treatment such that ACTH then stimulates accumulation of mitochondrial cholesterol. This additional cholesterol is fully available to cytochrome P-450SCC, as judged both by active cholesterol metabolism in isolated mitochondria and by increased cholesterol-P-450SCC complex formation. The accompanying in vivo suppression of the peak plasma corticosterone concentration suggests a TCDD-induced inhibition of cholesterol side-chain cleavage (SCC). Consistent with this hypothesis, similar effects on adrenal mitochondrial cholesterol were produced by in vivo administration of the cholesterol side-chain cleavage inhibitor, aminoglutethimide, to ACTH-stimulated rats. Although the putative TCDD-induced inhibitory factor is apparently readily lost from mitochondria during preparation, inhibition may be retained in isolated cells. TCDD, therefore, affects adrenal cholesterol regulation by at least two mechanisms. Adrenal cholesterol content increases in part as a consequence of elevated plasma cholesterol, and cholesterol side-chain cleavage becomes partially inhibited in vivo. PMID- 3764918 TI - Inhalation pharmacokinetics of technical grade 1,3-dichloropropene in rats. AB - Kinetic data on the uptake of vapors of technical grade 1,3-dichloropropene (DCP) and resultant cis- and trans-DCP blood concentrations were obtained in rats exposed to 30, 90, 300, or 900 ppm DCP for 3 hr. The uptake of DCP did not increase proportionately with increasing exposure concentration due to an exposure level-related decrease in the respiratory ventilatory frequency of rats exposed to greater than or equal to 90 ppm DCP and the saturation of metabolism of DCP by rats exposed to greater than or equal to 300 ppm DCP. Absorption of inhaled DCP occurred primarily in the lower respiratory tract, although a small amount of the chemical was absorbed via the nasal mucosa, a known target tissue of inhaled DCP in rats. Following absorption, both isomers of DCP were, at less than or equal to 300 ppm exposure levels, rapidly eliminated from the bloodstream (3-6 min half-life). In addition, data obtained in rats exposed to 300 ppm DCP revealed that this rapid elimination phase was followed by a slower elimination phase having a 33-43 min half-life. Rats exposed to 900 ppm vapors also eliminated DCP in a biphasic manner; however, in this case the blood half-life of DCP during the initial phase of excretion was 14 to 27 min. Exposure to 90 ppm DCP also produced a significant decrease in renal (31%) and hepatic (41%), but not pulmonary, nonprotein sulfhydryl content. Overall, these data demonstrated that a combination of saturable metabolism and chemically induced changes in respiration control DCP uptake and body burden in rats. PMID- 3764919 TI - Epygid: a new Soviet antioxidant promoted the selective inhibition of membrane dependent protein synthesis in the brain. AB - Intraperitoneal injection of different amounts of Epygid (2-ethyl-6-methyl-3 oxypyridine) to 3- and 18-month-old rats led to significant reduction of translating activity in vitro of membrane-bound polysomes of brain cells, but not of free polysomes, more so for bound polysomes from 18-month-old animals than those from 3 months old. Separation of polysomes from membranes by Triton X-100 resulted in restoration of template activity to the level of free polysomes. The phenomenon may be related to incorporation of Epygid into the membranes of endoplasmic reticulum which contain a part of cell polysomes on their surface. PMID- 3764920 TI - Diurnal patterns in homecage behavior of rats after acute exposure to triethyltin. AB - Diurnal patterns of eating, drinking, locomotor activity, and rearing in male Fischer-344 rats were examined for 11 days after a single oral dose of triethyltin bromide (TET) at 0, 1.5, 3, or 5 mg/kg. The 5 mg/kg group exhibited a time-related drop in food consumption and body weight until 3 of 10 rats were sacrificed moribund 11 days after dosing. Doses of 1.5 and 3 mg/kg TET did not reduce body weight or consumption of food and water. In contrast, food consumption was significantly increased 7 and 11 days after 3 mg/kg TET, and diurnal patterns of eating and drinking were disrupted 7 days after 3 and 5 mg/kg TET. A phase shift in licking patterns was induced by the high dose. Unlike trimethyltin (TMT), TET did not affect efficiency of eating. Diurnal patterns of both horizontal and vertical activity were disrupted at all dose levels on Day 2 after dosing; by 16 days after dosing, recovery was evident in all rats including those surviving 5 mg/kg TET. These results show that a near-lethal dose of TET produced a reversible syndrome of hypoactivity, aphagia, and weight loss similar to that seen after acute TMT; in the absence of the above signs, diurnal patterns of behavior revealed effects of TET at doses as low as 1.5 mg/kg; the magnitude of the effect depended on the time of day at which the response was measured; and TET did not produce the same effects on ingestive behaviors (polydipsia and reduced feeding efficiency) that were previously observed after acute TMT. PMID- 3764921 TI - Microsomal activation of fluoranthene to mutagenic metabolites. AB - The in vitro metabolism of fluoranthene (FA) was assessed by incubating 3-[3H]FA, the synthesis of which is described, with rat hepatic microsomal enzymes. Several metabolites including the FA 2,3-diol, FA 2-3,-quinone, 3-OH-FA, 1-OH-FA, and 8 OH-FA were isolated by high-pressure liquid chromatography and identified by comparison of chromatographic properties and uv-visible spectra with those of synthetic standards. The major metabolite produced over the FA concentration range studied (23-233 microM) was FA 2,3-diol, accounting for 29-43% of the total extractable metabolites. This diol was characterized further by high-resolution mass spectroscopy and H-NMR and determined to be identical in structure to the trans-2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrofluoranthene. The FA 2,3-diol, syn and anti 2,3 diol-1,10b-epoxides, FA 2,3-quinone, and FA 7,8-diol were all shown to be mutagenic toward Salmonella typhimurium TM677. The FA 1,10b-diol and syn and anti FA 1,10b-diol-2,3-epoxides were not mutagenic. The epoxide hydrolase inhibitor, 3,3,3-trichloropropylene oxide, markedly reduced the mutagenic potency of FA while concurrently inhibiting FA 2,3-diol production but not overall FA metabolism. These results suggests that a major metabolic activation pathway of FA resulting in the production of mutagenic species involves the formation of the FA 2,3-diol and the subsequent oxidation of this diol to a FA 2,3-diol-1,10b epoxide. Another minor activation pathway with mutagenic endpoints may involve the formation of the 7,8-diol. PMID- 3764922 TI - Determination of Cd-thionein in biological materials: comparative standard recovery by five current methods using protein nitrogen for standard calibration. AB - Five methods of metallothionein (MT) estimation in biological materials (Hg saturation assay, Cd-saturation assay, thiolate group determination, Sephadex G 75 gel chromatography with subsequent Cd determination by Zeeman-AAS, and a radioimmunoassay (RIA) were compared for their ability to recover standard MT(rabbit Cd-MTI) from liver or kidney S9. Uniform molar calibration of all assays was achieved using the known amino acid composition of standard MT and the nitrogen content of the standard MT stock solution as measured after complete Kjeldahl digestion. Known molar amounts of standard MT were added exogenously to rat liver- or kidney-S9 samples and recoveries measured using the methods indicated. In an overall rating, RIA and Cd-saturation assay performed best with recoveries of 97 +/- 12.0 and 105 +/- 9.7%, respectively. On the other hand, the remaining methods either underestimated (thiolate group determination, G-75/Cd AAS) or overestimated (Hg-saturation assay) the theoretical expectation by up to 44%. PMID- 3764923 TI - Protection against hepatic injury by a novel spiropiperidine derivative. AB - The evaluation of a novel hepatoprotective agent, Y-8845 (8(2-dimethylaminoethyl) 3-oxo-4-phenyl-1-thia-4,8-diazaspiro [4,5]decane dihydrochloride monohydrate), against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)- and endotoxin-induced acute and chronic hepatic injury was carried out in rats. This compound, in a dose-dependent way, markedly reduced the increases in serum transaminase activities, the extent of liver cell necrosis, and the delay in indocyanine green (ICG) disappearance produced by a single toxic dosage of CCl4. This protective effect was observed even at doses of Y-8845 lower than 10 mg/kg po. It was also shown to protect the liver against injury induced by endotoxin. Furthermore, in the chronic liver injury induced by repeated administrations of CCl4 for 12 weeks, significant reductions of the increases in serum enzyme activities, liver fibrosis, and liver enlargement, and improvement in the ICG retention rate, were recognized in the Y 8845-treated groups at 10 mg/kg po or less. These findings indicate that this new agent has a remarkable protective effect, and possibly a therapeutic effect on liver injury. PMID- 3764924 TI - Slow biliary elimination of methyl mercury in the marine elasmobranchs, Raja erinacea and Squalus acanthias. AB - The present study examined the ability of two marine elasmobranchs (Raja erinacea, little skate, and Squalus acanthias, spiny dogfish shark) to excrete methyl mercury into bile, a major excretory route in mammals. 203Hg-labeled methyl mercury chloride was administered via the caudal vein, and bile collected through exteriorized cannulas in the free swimming fish. Skates and dogfish sharks excreted only a small fraction of the 203Hg into bile over a 3-day period: in the skate, the 3-day cumulative excretion (as a % of dose) was 0.44 +/- 0.10 (n = 4, +/- SD), 0.71 +/- 0.23 (n = 6), and 1.00 +/- 0.34(n = 4) for doses of 1, 5, and 20 mumol/kg, respectively, while the shark excreted only 0.15 +/- 0.15% (n = 8) at a dose of 5 mumol/kg. As in mammals, the availability of hepatic and biliary glutathione was a determinant of the biliary excretion of methyl mercury in these species: the administration of sulfobromophthalein, a compound known to inhibit both glutathione and methyl mercury excretion in rats, or of L-buthionine S,R-sulfoximine, an inhibitor of glutathione biosynthesis, decreased the biliary excretion of both glutathione and mercury in the skate. The slow hepatic excretory process for methyl mercury in the skate and shark was attributed to an inordinately slow rate of bile formation: from 1 to 4 ml/kg X day. An inefficient biliary excretory process in fish may account in part for the long biological half-times for methyl mercury in marine species. PMID- 3764925 TI - Serum citrate as a peripheral indicator of fluoroacetate and fluorocitrate toxicity in rats and dogs. AB - The utility of serum citrate as a peripheral indicator of toxicity was tested as a possible investigational probe for compounds which inhibit citrate metabolism. Fluoroacetate (FA) and its putative toxic metabolite, fluorocitrate (FC), were given to rats and dogs in a series of studies. In rats, 3 mg/kg FA (po) caused a 46% depletion in heart ATP concentrations and a 15-fold increase in heart citrate concentrations. Both of these changes were significantly correlated with a fivefold elevation in serum citrate. In dogs, citrate accumulation was less pronounced (two-to threefold) in the heart and serum, and heart ATP concentrations were not significantly reduced. However, the time course of serum citrate elevations corresponded with the appearance of serious clinical signs and death. In range-finding studies with rats or dogs, serum citrate elevations were always observed in a dose-related pattern according to the dose of FA or FC administered. In contrast to FA, toxic doses of FC did not reduce heart ATP in either rats or dogs, and heart citrate accumulation was less marked than with FA. Both FA and FC produced significant hyperglycemia (twofold increase) in both rats and dogs and high correlations were established between serum glucose and serum citrate in both species. Serum total calcium was reduced (-18%) in dogs treated with FC (8 mg/kg, iv) and a strong inverse correlation to serum citrate was shown. This correlation is biologically meaningful in light of the known chelating effect of citrate on calcium. Clinical manifestations of tremors, tetany, and convulsions in FC-treated dogs were consistent with known symptoms of hypocalcemia. No decrease in total calcium was observed in rats treated with either FA or FC. Despite certain species differences in response to the two fluoro inhibitors, serum citrate levels were always reflective of nontoxic, toxic, or lethal doses. PMID- 3764926 TI - Histomorphometric study of the pulmonary response of guinea pigs to chronic cotton dust inhalation. AB - In this study we describe, through stereological methods, the lung morphology following inhalation exposure of guinea pigs to 21 mg/m3 cotton dust (CD) for 1 year. Various stereological parameters were determined on semithin histological sections, through a multistage sampling approach, to study the reaction of the whole lung, alveolar parenchyma, and bronchioles to CD inhalation. After 1 year of exposure, the lung volume was increased. Two distinct patterns of lung response were identified among the exposed animals. In type I responders, most of the morphometric parameters measured to describe the alveolar parenchymal reaction were within control value limits (means +/- 2 SD). In type II responders, the volume density (Vv) of the parenchymal zone was decreased, while the Vv, mean thickness, and absolute volume of the alveolar septa were increased. These changes caused the surface density (Sv) of alveolar epithelium to decrease, and an estimate of the percentage of alveolar septa remaining functional for gas exchange was also significantly lowered in these animals. In both types of responders, fifth to ninth orders of bronchioles had a raised wall to lumen ratio; the Vv and mean thickness of the bronchiolar epithelium were markedly increased, denoting hyperplastic changes. Thus, chronic exposure to cotton dust induced definite morphological changes on the peripheral conducting airways in most of the exposed animals, and induced pronounced changes at the alveolar level in 8 of 17 CD-exposed guinea pigs. PMID- 3764928 TI - Clinical and behavioral effects of aspartame. PMID- 3764927 TI - Correlation between the induction of micronuclei in bone marrow by benzene exposure and the excretion of metabolites in urine of CD-1 mice. AB - Male and female CD-1 mice received single oral doses of benzene (220, 440, and 880 mg/kg) and were pretreated with modifiers of the mixed-function oxidase enzyme activities. Urinary metabolites (MT) (0-24 and 24-48 hr) were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. The micronucleus test was performed at 30 h. The following pretreatments were used to correlate micronucleus formation and the excreted benzene MT: 3-Methylcholanthrene and beta-naphthoflavone led to a marked increase in micronuclei (MN) and MT, whereas phenobarbital caused a slight increase, and SKF-525A had no effect. MN and MT were decreased when benzene was administered by the ip route or toluene was given simultaneously. Females had a lower number of MN and excreted more unconjugated phenol than did males. Muconic acid, hydroquinone, and phenol glucuronide and MN correlated well. They were dependent on both the dose and route of administration of benzene, being most inducible by P-448 inducers, in males more than females. The administration of hydroquinone induced MN, but phenol or catechol (200, 250, and 150 mg/kg, po, respectively) did not, and none of these compounds yielded trans, trans-muconic acid, a benzene MT in urine. This study establishes that benzene myeloclastogenicity is a function of its metabolism and that quantification of urinary metabolites could provide reliable correlates of this effect in vivo. PMID- 3764929 TI - Toxicity of perfluorinated fatty acids for human and murine B cell lines. AB - The toxicity of two perfluorinated fatty acids, penta decafluoro-n-octanoic acid (PFOA) and nonadecafluoro-n-decanoic acid (NDFDA), on three mammalian B cell lines was evaluated. Cells were exposed to the perfluorinated molecules for either 24 or 48 hr under a variety of culture conditions. Immunoglobulin secretion and surface membrane expression were unaffected by both PFOA and NDFDA at sublethal concentrations. Lethal effects of PFOA and NDFDA are diminished by either lowering culture temperature (37 to 20 degrees C) or including fetal bovine serum or human serum albumin in media. At lethal concentrations, both PFOA and NDFDA possess detergent activity since they can release IgM in soluble form from a cell line that does not secrete immunoglobulins, and brief exposure (15 min) to 1-2 mM of both perfluorinated fatty acids results in solubilization of F4 cells equivalent to the anionic detergent deoxycholic acid. Our data suggest that at subtoxic concentrations, neither PFOA nor NDFDA alters expression or secretion of a differentiated gene product (IgM). At lethal levels, both chemicals cause increased solubilization of proteins from lymphoblastoid cell lines. PMID- 3764930 TI - The effects of phenobarbital pretreatment on the metabolism and acute toxicity of the pesticide parathion in the mouse. AB - Single-pass perfusion of mouse livers in situ with the phosphorothioate pesticide parathion resulted in formation of the cholinesterase inhibitor paraoxon (PO), p nitrophenol (PNP), p-nitrophenyl sulfate (PNPS), and p-nitrophenyl glucuronide (PNPG). Daily pretreatment of mice with phenobarbital (80 mg/kg, ip) for 4 days induced hepatic cytochrome P-450 content, as well as oxidative activation and oxidative detoxification of parathion, as measured in vitro. However, phenobarbital pretreatment did not alter production of PO from parathion in mouse livers perfused in situ, although it increased production of PNP, PNPS, and PNPG. Additionally, phenobarbital pretreatment antagonized the acute toxicity of parathion in mice. These results indicate that phenobarbital pretreatment clearly induces that form(s) of cytochrome P-450 catalyzing conversion of parathion to PO. Yet increased amounts of PO do not exit perfused livers from phenobarbital pretreated mice. Instead, the enhanced detoxification of parathion to PNP, PNPS, and PNPG likely results in the observed antagonism of parathion's acute toxicity. PMID- 3764931 TI - Examination of the differential hepatotoxicity of diallyl phthalate in rats and mice. AB - In this study we confirmed that diallyl phthalate (DAP) is more hepatotoxic to rats than to mice, and we demonstrated the same species difference in toxicity for allyl alcohol (AA). The data suggest that the toxicity of DAP probably results from AA cleaved from DAP. To determine if the species difference in susceptibility to hepatotoxicity resulted from differences in the disposition and metabolism of DAP, Fischer-344 rats and B6C3F1 mice were given [14C]DAP, 1, 10, or 100 mg/kg po or 10 mg/kg iv, and placed in metabolism cages for 24 hr. In rats, 25-30% of the DAP was excreted as CO2, and 50-70% appeared in the urine within 24 hr. In mice, 6-12% of the DAP was excreted as CO2, and 80-90% was excreted in the urine within 24 hr. Monoallyl phthalate (MAP), allyl alcohol, 3 hydroxypropylmercapturic acid (HPMA), and an unidentified polar metabolite (PM) were found in the urine of rats and mice dosed with DAP. The polar metabolite was present in the urine of rats dosed with DAP or AA, indicating that the compound is a metabolite of AA. There was no difference between the species in the quantity of AA excreted, but mice excreted more MAP (39 vs 33%), HPMA (28 vs 17%), and PM (20 vs 8%) than rats. Because DAP is metabolized to AA, a potent periportal hepatotoxicant, and because the mouse produced more HPMA than rats, we postulate that the differential hepatotoxicity of DAP is related to the extent of glutathione conjugation with allyl alcohol or acrolein (the active metabolite of AA). PMID- 3764932 TI - Failure of fertilization as a cause of preimplantation loss induced by methyl chloride in Fischer 344 rats. AB - Methyl chloride (MeCl) is a testicular and epididymal toxicant in the Fischer 344 rat that induces significant decreases in sperm quality in males and significant increases in preimplantation embryonic loss in females mated to exposed males. This study examined the possibility that these losses are due to failure of fertilization and not to preimplantation embryonic death. Groups of males either were exposed to 1000 or 3000 ppm MeCl 6 hr/day for 5 days or received a single ip injection of 0.2 mg/kg triethylenemelamine (TEM) on Day 5 and were bred to two females weekly for up to 8 weeks. Females were killed 12 hr postmating; embryos and ova were isolated and scored as fertilized or unfertilized. Nearly 90% (602/683) of the normal ova recovered from females bred to control males were fertilized, and fertilization rates in the 1000-ppm MeCl and TEM groups were not significantly depressed from that level. The percentage of fertilized ova in the 3000-ppm MeCl group was significantly decreased, ranging from 3 to 72% over the 8 weeks. The frequency of unfertilized ova in this group always equaled or exceeded the frequency of preimplantation loss recorded in an earlier dominant lethal assay. In contrast, only a fraction of the preimplantation losses caused by the genotoxicant TEM could be accounted for by failure of fertilization. After culture of fertilized ova for 24 hr, only the TEM group exhibited a significant decrease in the number of fertilized ova which cleaved (85 vs 96% in the control). We conclude that the preimplantation loss caused by MeCl exposure is due to failure of fertilization and not to a genotoxic effect of MeCl. The methods used here permit a more accurate assessment of the reproductive toxicity of a chemical by discriminating between its cytotoxic and genotoxic effects. PMID- 3764933 TI - Regression of methyl bromide-induced forestomach lesions in the rat. AB - There is continuing concern about the role of irritation in cancer development. Methyl bromide, a widely used fumigant and known irritant reported to cause forestomach carcinomas in rats, was dissolved in peanut oil and given by gavage at 50 mg/kg body wt to Wistar rats five times per week for 13 to 25 weeks. Starting at Week 13, methyl bromide administration was discontinued for half of the methyl bromide-treated rats (stop treatment group). After that, rats from both the continuous treatment and stop treatment groups were terminated at 4-week intervals to follow the progression of the stomach lesions. Forestomach lesions were not found in control rats receiving peanut oil and killed at 13 or 25 weeks. At 13 weeks the forestomachs from rats receiving methyl bromide were contracted and adherent to the liver and spleen. Inflammation, acanthosis, fibrosis, and a high incidence of pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia were found microscopically in treated animals. At 25 weeks, 100% of the rats receiving methyl bromide continuously had hyperplastic lesions of the forestomach which were more severe than those at 13 weeks. Evidence of malignancy was seen in one rat and the lesion was considered a very early carcinoma. In the stop treatment group that received methyl bromide for 13 weeks, there was regression of the stomach lesions, but at the 12-week final sacrifice, adhesions, fibrosis, and mild acanthosis remained. This study illustrates the need for regression experiments for complex forestomach lesions in rodents, especially when an irritating chemical is given by gavage. PMID- 3764935 TI - Cardiotoxicity of thioridazine and two stereoisomeric forms of thioridazine 5 sulfoxide in the isolated perfused rat heart. AB - The cardiotoxic potential of the phenothiazine neuroleptic thioridazine and five of its metabolites, including two stereoisomeric forms of thioridazine 5 sulfoxide (ring sulfoxide), was characterized in the isolated perfused rat heart. Hearts from male Sprague-Dawley rats were perfused using a modified Langendorff technique. After a 30-min control period, hearts were perfused for 30 min with 15 or 30 microM thioridazine, racemic and isomeric forms of thioridazine 5 sulfoxide, or thioridazine 2-sulfoxide. Thioridazine disulfoxide, thioridazine 2 sulfone, and desmethylthioridazine 2-sulfoxide were perfused at 15 microM. Thioridazine (15 microM) severely reduced contractile tension and the rate of tension development (dT/dt), transiently increased coronary flow rate but prolonged conductance through the AV node. No arrhythmias were seen. At 30 microM, ventricular premature contractions and irregular rhythms occurred, progressing to asystole. Thioridazine 5-sulfoxide was arrhythmogenic at 15 and 30 microM. Atrial premature contractions and paroxysmal atrial tachycardia progressed to second degree AV block. Contractile tension and dT/dt declined although not as quickly when compared to thioridazine. Each isomeric form of thioridazine 5-sulfoxide was also cardiotoxic at 15 and 30 microM. There were minor differences in the onset and degree of toxicity but the overall results did not suggest a stereoselective effect. Lactic dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase concentrations were unchanged after thioridazine 5-sulfoxide perfusion indicating no direct tissue damage. Thioridazine 5-sulfoxide induced arrhythmias could not be prevented or reversed by treatment with adrenergic agonists. They were reversible upon washout, however. The other metabolites were not arrhythmogenic at 15 microM. Racemic thioridazine 5-sulfoxide appears to be qualitatively and quantitatively more arrhythmogenic than thioridazine, an action that does not appear to be stereoselective. PMID- 3764934 TI - Effects of prenatal nitrofen exposure on cardiac structure and function in the rat. AB - The herbicide nitrofen was administered to pregnant Fischer-344 and Sprague Dawley rats on Days 10-13 of gestation (po, 20 or 40 mg/kg daily) and its effects on cardiac structure and function were investigated in the offspring. In the 21 day fetuses, nitrofen did not influence intrauterine growth or basal heart rate. In contrast, the herbicide produced a marked depression of heart rate and abnormal electrocardiographic (ECG) profiles in the newborn rats, in conjunction with labored respiratory movements and a profound increase in postnatal mortality. A few animals displayed cardiac ventricular septal defects and diaphragmatic hernias but these malformations did not appear to be associated with the ECG changes. The chronotropic deficiencies seen in the nitrofen-treated pups were reversible by acute hyperoxia (40% oxygen). These results suggest that the teratogenic effects of nitrofen on cardiac physiology and on postnatal mortality cannot be accounted for solely by specific gross anatomical damages to the rat heart and diaphragm; rather, other more subtle morphological and physiological factors which contribute to improper systemic delivery and cellular utilization of oxygen may be involved. PMID- 3764936 TI - Pathophysiology of soman intoxication in primates. AB - Adult baboons were monitored during intravenous infusion of Soman (1,2,2 trimethylpropyl ester, phosphonofluoridate). Three groups of animals were studied. Two groups were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (initial dose, 20 mg/kg), instrumented for measurement of systemic blood pressure (BP), pulmonary artery pressure, cardiac output (CO), ECG, ventilatory flow, translaryngeal pressure (PTL), transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi), transpulmonary pressure (PTP), diaphragm EMG, and efferent phrenic nerve traffic (Eph). One group received no Soman and served as controls. In the other group, Soman was infused over 10 min at doses of 13.1, 8.21, 4.92, or 3.3 micrograms/kg. The onset of intoxication occurred within 7-8 min (before the end of the 10-min infusion), manifested by muscular fasciculations, stridorous breathing, copious secretions, and atrioventricular arrhythmias. Mean BP decreased to 30 mm Hg by the combination of decreased CO and decreased vascular resistance. There was a dose-related response in the onset and duration of these effects. Apnea occurred in most animals and coincided with cessation of the Eph signal. Stimulation of the diaphragm via the phrenic nerve following apnea yielded Pdi values unchanged from baseline, indicating an intact neuromuscular apparatus. All animals required ventilatory support. Some surviving animals exhibited severe behavior changes. The third group of animals was studied without anesthesia. Instrumentation was performed 3 days before using a tether system for the measurement of BP, CO, and ECG, and an arterial line for blood withdrawal. Soman was infused over 10 min at a dose of 13.1 micrograms/kg. The onset of intoxication occurred within 2-3 min, manifested by hyperactivity, severe muscle fasciculations which simulated grand-mal convulsions, stridorous respiratory sounds, copious secretions, and cardiac arrhythmias. Apnea and severe lactic acid acidosis developed in all animals and all required ventilatory assistance. None recovered spontaneous ventilation at the end of 4 hr. PMID- 3764937 TI - The effect of long-term administration of aspirin and sodium saccharin on the rat kidney. AB - In a study primarily designed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of aspirin on N [4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide (FANFT)-initiated and saccharin promoted bladder carcinogenesis, significant renal lesions were observed. Thus, administration in the diet of aspirin and sodium saccharin to F344 male rats for 68 weeks resulted in significant lesions of the renal papilla. In contrast to the bladder, aspirin enhanced the frequency and severity of the proliferative action of sodium saccharin on the epithelium of the renal papilla (p less than 0.05 compared to rats treated with either compound alone). The majority of rats administered the two chemicals together demonstrated moderate to severe urothelial hyperplasia of the renal papilla. Columnar metaplasia of the papillary epithelium also occurred frequently in rats fed the combination of chemicals. The rats treated with a combination of sodium saccharin and aspirin had a high incidence of renal papillary necrosis which was also present to a lesser extent among rats treated with aspirin only. Papillary calcification was also frequently observed in the rats fed the combination of aspirin and sodium saccharin. Sodium saccharin or aspirin alone reduced the light microscopic incidence and severity of rat nephropathy, a common finding in aging rats. It would appear that the hyperplastic and renal papillary toxic effects of aspirin and sodium saccharin are independent responses, and that the administration of the two chemicals together greatly accentuates these responses. PMID- 3764938 TI - Inhibition of the acute toxicity of methyl chloride in male B6C3F1 mice by glutathione depletion. AB - Previous data have demonstrated that methyl chloride (MeCl) is toxic to B6C3F1 mice under both acute and chronic exposure conditions, and that conjugation of MeCl with glutathione (GSH) is a key step in the metabolism of MeCl. This study examined the role of GSH in mediating the acute toxicity of MeCl to liver, kidney, and brain of male B6C3F1 mice. The lethal effects of a single 6-hr inhalation exposure of B6C3F1 males to 2500 ppm MeCl were completely prevented by pretreatment with the GSH synthesis inhibitor, L-buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine (4 mmol L-BSO/kg, ip 1.5 hr prior to MeCl exposure). GSH levels (measured as nonprotein sulfhydryl) in liver and kidney were depleted to 19 and 25% of control values, respectively, at the start of the exposure; the ratio of dead/exposed mice during the 18-hr postexposure declined from 14/15 mice to 0/10. Also, the LC50 for MeCl increased from 2200 to 3200 ppm in male mice pretreated with BSO. The hepatic toxicity of MeCl was detected by increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities in serum 18 hr after a 6-hr exposure to 1500 ppm MeCl (2147 +/- 1327 IU/liter vs 46 +/- 6 in controls). Liver toxicity was inhibited when B6C3F1 males were depleted of GSH prior to MeCl exposure by BSO pretreatment (43 +/- 2), fasting (100 +/- 47), or injection of diethyl maleate (42 +/- 16). The effects of GSH depletion on MeCl toxicity to brain and kidney were determined in B6C3F1 males exposed to 1500 ppm MeCl 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 2 weeks, with and without daily pretreatment with 2 mmol L-BSO/kg. This dose of BSO depleted hepatic and renal GSH by 28 and 60%, respectively, at the start of MeCl exposure. BSO-pretreated mice were protected from the central nervous system toxicity of MeCl, as assessed by microscopic examination of the granule cell layer of the cerebellum. BSO pretreatment also inhibited the renal toxicity of MeCl as measured by incorporation of [3H]thymidine ([3H]TdR) into renal DNA, an indicator of cell regeneration after cortical necrosis. [3H]TdR incorporation was 105 +/- 10,337 +/- 40, and 60 +/- 15 dpm/microgram DNA in nonexposed controls, MeCl, and MeCl + BSO treatment groups, respectively. These results indicate that GSH is an important component in the toxicity of MeCl to multiple organ systems in B6C3F1 mice. Reaction of MeCl with GSH appears to constitute a mechanism of toxication, contrary to the role usually proposed for GSH in detoxifying xenobiotics. PMID- 3764939 TI - Glucose ameliorates the depletion of NADPH by paraquat in rat lung slices. AB - Paraquat-stimulated NADPH depletion in rat lung slices is responsive to exogenous glucose concentration. Lung slices incubated with 11 mM glucose and 10(-4) M paraquat had a 40% lower NADPH/NADP+ ratio than did control lung slices. Incubation with no added glucose and 10(-5) M paraquat caused a 41% decrease in NADPH/NADP+. With paraquat at 10(-5) M, glucose at 1.1, 5.5, 11, or 22 mM increased NADPH/NADP+ ratios in a concentration-dependent manner until, at 22 mM glucose, the effect of paraquat was prevented. The sum of NADP+ plus NADPH was only 60% of control with 10(-5) M paraquat and no glucose. However, with any concentration of glucose from 1.1 to 22 mM, the total was 92% of control. The results indicate that glucose may be beneficial in preventing paraquat-mediated NADPH depletion in rat lung slices. PMID- 3764940 TI - Synthesis, biologic and toxic effects of the major 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p dioxin metabolites in the rat. AB - The two major mammalian metabolites of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), namely 2-hydroxy-3,7,8-trichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 2-hydroxy-1,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, have been synthesized. The compounds were individually administered to immature male Wistar rats and their effects on body weight loss, thymic atrophy, liver and spleen weights and their activities as inducers of hepatic microsomal benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase, 4-chlorobiphenyl hydroxylase and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase were determined using dose levels of 100, 1000 and 5000 micrograms/kg. The 2 metabolites did not affect organ or body weights after 14 days of exposure and only 2-hydroxy-3,7,8-trichlorodibenzo-p dioxin was active as an inducer of the microsomal monooxygenases at dose levels of 1000 and 5000 micrograms/kg. A comparison of the relative enzyme induction activities of 2,3,7,8-TCDD and 2-hydroxy-3,7,8-trichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin indicates that the former compound was greater than 3 orders of magnitude more active than the metabolite. PMID- 3764941 TI - Time and dose study on the response of rats to the hypolipidaemic drug fenofibrate. AB - Groups of male Wistar albino rats were administered diets containing sufficient fenofibrate to ensure intakes of either 200, 60 or 13 mg/kg/day or sufficient clofibrate to ensure an intake of 400 mg/kg/day. Four rats from each experimental group and 6 control rats were killed, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days, 8, 12 and 20 weeks and 6, 9, 12 and 18 months after commencement of treatment. At all time points livers were subjected to histological, electron microscopic and biochemical examination, the other major abdominal organs were removed for histological examination. A more extensive necropsy was carried out on rats killed after 12 and 18 months. The major alterations were observed in the liver, although there were also morphological changes in the thyroid, pancreas and kidney after prolonged treatment. The hepatic changes followed a distinct time course. Within 24 h of offering diets containing the compounds to the rats there was accumulation of small droplets of lipid, induction of peroxisomal enzymes and of the specific cytochrome P-450 catalysing omega-hydroxylation of fatty acids and an increase in the number of mitotic figures. More slowly developing changes were loss from the centrilobular zone of fat, glycogen and of glucose 6-phosphatase activity. Here maximal changes were observed after 14 days of treatment. A still more slowly developing change was accumulation of enlarged lipid-loaded lysosomes, which was maximal at 26 weeks, accompanied by the development of lipofuscin bodies. Finally, in animals treated for 12 months or more there was evidence for increasing cell turnover as indicated by an increased number of mitotic figures, more dark cells and induction of serum alanine transaminase. The last 2 groups of changes were not observed in rats treated with 13 mg/kg/day of fenofibrate. In general the degree of change in rats treated with 400 mg/kg/day of clofibrate was similar to those found in rats treated with 60 mg/kg/day of fenofibrate. PMID- 3764942 TI - Carbon tetrachloride-induced release of calcium from isolated hepatocytes. AB - Studies have shown that CCl4 administration to rats inhibits endoplasmic reticulum calcium pump activity and reduces the amount of calcium associated with subsequently isolated microsomal subcellular fractions. This report confirms that exposure of isolated hepatocytes to CCl4 rapidly produces these effects in isolated parenchymal cells and demonstrates that when isolated hepatocytes are exposed to CCl4, calcium is rapidly released from cells. This release can be detected with a calcium ion-selective electrode when cells are incubated in a medium with low extracellular calcium. Calcium released from an intracellular pool(s) may initiate hepatotoxic changes in liver. PMID- 3764943 TI - Inhalation toxicity of acetaldehyde in rats. III. Carcinogenicity study. AB - Male and female Wistar rats were exposed to acetaldehyde vapour at nominal concentrations of 0, 750, 1500 or 3000/1000 ppm during 6 h/day, 5 days/week for up to 28 months. Major compound-related effects included increased mortality, growth retardation, nasal tumours, and non-neoplastic nasal changes in each of the test groups. The treatment-related nasal changes comprised: (1) degeneration, hyperplasia, metaplasia and adenocarcinomas of the olfactory epithelium at all exposure levels; (2) squamous metaplasia accompanied by slight to severe keratinisation and squamous cell carcinomas of the respiratory epithelium at the 2 highest exposure levels; and (3) slight to severe rhinitis and sinusitis in top concentration rats. In the larynx hyperplasia and keratinized squamous metaplasia of the epithelium in the vocal cord region were seen in many rats of the mid- and top-concentration groups. One female rat of the 1500 ppm group had developed a laryngeal carcinoma in situ. It was concluded that under the conditions of the present study acetaldehyde is both cytotoxic and carcinogenic to the nasal mucosa of rats. The effects of acetaldehyde on the nose were compared to those of formaldehyde. PMID- 3764944 TI - Metabolism and macromolecular binding of 1-nitronaphthalene in the mouse. AB - The metabolism and binding of 1-nitronaphthalene (1-NN) to tissue macromolecules was studied in the mouse using tissue microsomes, lung slices, and isolated lung cells. With microsomes, binding was NADPH-dependent. CO inhibited binding in lung microsomes by more than 90% and in liver microsomes by 60-85%. Nitrogen inhibited binding by 70-80% in lung microsomes and 50-75% in liver microsomes. Incubation of the microsomes in pure O2 did not affect the binding of 1-NN. SKF525A inhibited binding in a dose-dependent manner with approximately 50% inhibition of binding obtained at a molar ratio of 1:4, SKF525A/1-NN. The rate of 1-NN binding by liver microsomes was increased by pretreatment of the mice with phenobarbital (1.2 vs. 0.8 nmol/min/mg protein). beta-Naphthoflavone (BNF) pretreatment increased slightly the rate of 1-NN binding by lung microsomes (1.2 vs 0.9 nmol/min/mg protein), but had no effect on binding by liver microsomes. Studies with isolated lung cells indicated that cell cultures enriched in Clara cells were 6-15-fold more active in metabolism and binding of 1-NN than cultures not containing Clara cells. Autoradiography of lung slices incubated in vitro with [14C]1-NN showed the label to be concentrated in the cells of the bronchiolar epithelium. The results indicate that 1-NN is metabolized in vitro by cytochrome P-450 enzymes via an oxidative pathway to bind to tissue macromolecules. Further, this pathway exists in lung cells, and can lead to binding of the compound without the need for extrapulmonary metabolism. PMID- 3764945 TI - Physostigmine induced reversal of ischemia following acute middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat. AB - Cerebral cortical ischemia was induced in anesthetized rats by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured with the H2 clearance technique in the center and periphery of the ischemic territory. A decrease of CBF to about 50% of pre-occlusion values was observed in both areas. Administration of Physostigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, at a dose of 0.15 mg/Kg by intravenous route, induced an increase of CBF in the ischemic cortex. This change in CBF reached 120% of pre-occlusion level in the periphery and 80% of pre-occlusion value in the center of the area of distribution of the occluded artery. Although Physostigmine induced an increase in arterial blood pressure, the cerebral hyperemia observed both in normal and ischemic cortex could still be demonstrated after blockade of the pressor effect by bleeding or Phentolamine administration. PMID- 3764946 TI - Stroke, migraine and intracranial aneurysm: a case report. AB - A man had since childhood recurrent attacks typical of ophthalmic migraine. After an otherwise unremarkable attack, he was left with a permanent quadrantanopsia due to a right occipital infarct. The remarkable pattern of progression, which characterized the visual phenomenon of subsequent attacks, favours a primary neuronal phenomenon. The first angiography revealed an occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) but the second one, performed two years later, disclosed a PCA aneurysm. Such a finding emphasizes the need of thorough and repeated evaluations of patients with so-called "migrainous infarcts." PMID- 3764947 TI - Basilar artery narrowing and hyperparathyroidism: illustrative case. AB - A patient presenting with a pontine infarction caused by mid-basilar artery narrowing associated with hyperparathyroidism is described. The narrowing reversed with surgical removal of his parathyroid adenoma and normalization of his serum calcium. This patient's illness lends evidence to the role of calcium in cerebral vasoconstriction. PMID- 3764948 TI - Progressive lacunar infarction with demonstrated patency of the middle cerebral artery. AB - Two cases of progressive hemiplegia were closely followed by daily clinical examination. In both, the CT scan and CSF were normal on admission. In both, objective aggravation occurred in three or more steps over four days, progressing from minor finger clumsiness to total paralysis of the arm. In both cases a second CT scan a day after appearance of hemiplegia demonstrated a lacune in the corona radiata just above the internal capsule. In one case an intravenous digital subtraction angiogram demonstrated patency of the middle cerebral artery during the course of the progression. In the other case, serial study with transcranial Doppler ultrasound documented the continued patency of the middle cerebral artery. These two cases demonstrate that it is not necessary to postulate transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery as an essential mechanism for progressive lacunar infarction. PMID- 3764949 TI - Horizontal gaze paresis in hemispheric stroke. AB - Of 156 stroke patients prospectively and consecutively evaluated, one-third had a homonymous hemianopia. Of those 52 patients, 46% had a horizontal conjugate gaze paresis at the time of presentation. This gaze paresis was most commonly seen with large hemispheric stroke. The overall prognosis in patients with a gaze paresis was poor. The 30-day case fatality rate was 49% which was significantly higher than for stroke patients presenting with homonymous hemianopia without a gaze paresis. PMID- 3764950 TI - Antihypertensive drugs and prevention of atherosclerotic stroke. PMID- 3764951 TI - Early changes of experimentally induced cerebral aneurysms in rats: scanning electron microscopic study. AB - To obtain information about the early changes of experimentally induced cerebral aneurysms in rats, the luminal surface of branching areas of their cerebral arteries was examined with a scanning electron microscope. At the branching sites of major cerebral arteries in the control animals, the intima just distal to the apex markedly protruded into the lumen forming a linear bank-like intimal pad. Along and distal to this pad, there was a shallow long groove (juxta-apical groove). Such grooves were much deeper and wider in experimental animals than those in the control rats. By studying various stages of early aneurysmal changes, cerebral aneurysms were proven to develop from such grooves. In deep juxta-apical grooves and small aneurysms, round regenerated endothelial cells with a large number of microvilli were diffusely present. Degenerated cells with balloons and craters were observed intermingled with such regenerated cells. Interendothelial gaps were also seen. The present study showed the complex structure of the apex of arterial bifurcation in rats, including bank-like intimal pads. Such complex structures of the branching sites were considered to be responsible for the initiation of cerebral aneurysms due to endothelial injury possibly caused by turbulent flow there. PMID- 3764952 TI - Italian multicenter study on reversible cerebral ischemic attacks: VI--Prognostic factors and follow-up results. AB - A total of 462 patients (mean age 52 years) affected by reversible focal ischemic attacks (RIAs) were followed prospectively in 8 neurologic institutions in Italy for 4 years. All cases were evaluated with a cerebral angiography and 21% of angiograms were normal. At the end of the follow-up period the cumulated probability for death, stroke, cardiac event and new RIA was respectively 7%, 8%, 3% and 36%. The predictive value of the baseline characteristics of this series was evaluated by a multifactorial analysis which showed that RIA and stroke (specific cerebrovascular risk) were more likely to develop in patients with a history of more than one RIA and in those in whom multiple vascular territories were involved. Moreover, previous myocardial infarction, intermittent claudication, angina pectoris, time elapsed since the first attack, and duration and severity of the attack itself were independently associated with general cardiovascular risk (death, stroke and myocardial infarction). We conclude that predictive factors, and thus also pathogenetic mechanisms, may be different for general cardiovascular risk and specific cerebrovascular risk in RIA patients. PMID- 3764953 TI - Risks of carotid endarterectomy. Toronto Cerebrovascular Study Group. AB - An objective, retrospective review of 358 carotid endarterectomies performed in the neurosurgical teaching units of the University of Toronto in the year 1982 demonstrated a perioperative stroke rate of 3.9% and a death rate of 1.5%. Most (82%) surgical neurological complications occurred after the immediate post operative period (24 hours). This high incidence of delayed stroke suggests that most perioperative strokes are embolic rather than hemodynamic. Careful operative technique and the use of anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents may be more important in preventing postoperative deficits than intraoperative monitoring and intraluminal shunting. Our figures and those of current published data indicate that a 5-6% combined morbidity and mortality should be expected in carotid endarterectomy. These data are critical both to decision making with the individual patient as well as in the planning of future carotid surgery trials. PMID- 3764955 TI - Blood pressure course in patients with acute stroke and matched controls. AB - The natural course of blood pressure (BP) was studied after emergency hospitalization in 209 consecutive stroke patients and as many age and sex matched controls. Histories of hypertension were more common among patients than controls (46% vs 26%). On admission 69% of the stroke group and 36% of the controls had BP greater than or equal to 170/100 mm Hg. In the first four days there was a spontaneous BP decline, which was greater the higher the initial values. During the whole hospitalization though, stroke patients with previous hypertension had the highest BP levels and previously normotensive controls the lowest. Even if WHO as well as the Joint Committee for Stroke have recommended cautious antihypertensive therapy in stroke patients with extreme hypertension, such therapy is not evaluated. If this is to be done, the present findings have to be taken into consideration. Stroke controls, matched according to the initial BP level, will thus be required. PMID- 3764954 TI - No evidence for transhemispheric diaschisis after human cerebral infarction. AB - Forty-four studies of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), fractional oxygen extraction (rOER) and oxygen consumption (rCMRO2) were made on twenty-five patients with recent internal carotid artery territory infarcts. The purpose was to study flow-metabolism relationships in the contralateral hemispheres, and to investigate whether contralateral rCMRO2 was depressed as a result of the recent infarcts. Two groups of controls were included for comparison--seventeen normal volunteers, and ten patients with proven extracranial cerebrovascular disease but without evidence of cerebral infarction. The results demonstrated that: contralateral hemispheric rCMRO2 was less variable than regional oxygen availability (the product of rCBF and arterial oxygen content). This was due, in part, to the effect of individual variations in PaCO2 on rCBF, but other uncontrolled factors, such as intracranial pressure, may have had influences. As a result, rCMRO2 did not correlate with rCBF; mean rCMRO2 in the contralateral hemispheres was 12% lower than normal (a significant difference), but was not different from the value found in patients with extracranial vascular disease in whom there was no evidence of infarction or ischemia; contralateral rCMRO2 did not correlate with the size of the infarct in the opposite hemisphere. It is concluded that rCMRO2 cannot be inferred from rCBF measurements in uncontrolled human studies (as frequently done in the past), and that depression of contralateral rCMRO2 may have preceded infarction in the opposite hemisphere, a consequence of the previous influences of diseases that predispose to stroke. PMID- 3764956 TI - The association of hyperglycemia with cerebral edema in stroke. AB - A retrospective review of stroke patients admitted to our hospital revealed 39 patients diagnosed as suffering an acute completed ischemic stroke who also had had fasting (AC) serum glucose determinations and sequential computer tomography (CT) studies. The patients were divided into three groups on the basis of mean AC serum glucose: Group 1 (n = 12) mean serum AC glucose greater than 150 mg/dl; Group 2 (n = 13) mean serum AC glucose 100-150 mg/dl; and Group 3 (n = 14) mean serum AC glucose less than 100 mg/dl. CT scans performed on each patient were studied for the presence of midline shift and/or ventricular compression, which were interpreted as evidence of cerebral edema. The three groups were comparable with respect to mean age, average mean arterial blood pressure and initial infarct size. Our results show that in Group 1, 42% of the patients died within the first week following their CVA with clinical evidence of transtentorial herniation confirmed by CT or autopsy. In contrast, none of the Group 3 patients died and only one showed radiological evidence for cerebral edema. Group 2 patients showed intermediate mortality and evidence of cerebral edema. These trends were statistically significant at p less than 0.005. In addition, the combined hyperglycemic group (1 and 2) had a significantly higher rate of development of hypodensity on CT (p less than 0.05) than the normoglycemic group. Our findings suggest that patients with hyperglycemia in association with their CVA develop more pronounced cerebral edema and have a worse clinical outcome. Possible pathophysiological mechanisms that may underlie this observation are discussed. PMID- 3764958 TI - The predicted value of arteriography in nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage. AB - We retrospectively assessed the diagnostic value of cerebral arteriography for the search of an etiology in 102 patients with nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhages evaluated between 1980 and 1985. Arteriography was diagnostic in 22 of 50 non-hypertensive patients and in only 6 of 47 hypertensive patients. Five patients with a bleeding diathesis had normal arteriography. From the total group, we found 12 saccular aneurysms, 9 arteriovenous malformations, 3 cases of moya-moya and 3 instances of superior sagittal sinus thrombosis. One patient had metastatic choriocarcinoma. Sites of hemorrhage among all patients with diagnostic arteriograms were: lobar 19, intraventricular 5, thalamic 2, caudate 1, and corpus callosum 1. Lobar hemorrhages in the non-hypertensive group and intraventricular hemorrhages in hypertensive individuals had the highest yield of arteriographic abnormalities. We believe cerebral arteriography is indicated in non-hypertensive patients with lobar hemorrhages. Most hypertensive patients, in particular those with putaminal hemorrhages, do not require arteriography. PMID- 3764957 TI - Primary intraventricular hemorrhage in adults. AB - Five adults with primary intraventricular hemorrhage are described. The presenting features included headache, confusion and drowsiness. Focal neurological signs were minimal or absent. All five had a history of hypertension, three patients had bilateral internal carotid occlusion at its origin, one had unilateral occlusion of the left internal carotid artery with severe stenosis of the contralateral siphon. Unilateral occlusion of the middle cerebral artery were present in the fifth patient. Pathological examination of the brain from one patient showed the presence of severe hemorrhagic "lacunar" infarcts adjacent to the left lateral ventricle, one showing direct continuity of blood in the lacune with the massive intraventricular hematoma. We hypothesize that such a finding illustrates one possible mechanism for this unusual type of hemorrhage. Patients with longstanding hypertension and severe occlusive disease of the internal carotid arteries may be predisposed to this unusual complication. PMID- 3764959 TI - Effects of nimodipine on acute focal cerebral ischemia. AB - Nimodipine is a calcium slow channel blocker with several pharmacologic properties suggesting the potential to favorably modify outcome in focal cerebral ischemia. Thirty adult cats underwent unilateral middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion for 4 hours. Seventeen cats were treated with an ipsilateral intracarotid infusion of nimodipine (1 microgram kg-1 min -1) beginning 15 minutes before MCA occlusion and continuing throughout the occlusion period. Eight nimodipine treated cats maintaining MAP greater than 90 mmHg were assigned to a Higher Pressure Nimodipine (HPN) group. The remaining nine treated cats with MAP less than 90 mmHg were assigned to the Lower Pressure Nimodipine (LPN) group. Thirteen cats were untreated, receiving an isovolumetric amount of vehicle through the ipsilateral carotid artery. Local cerebral blood flow (ICBF) was continuously monitored using thermal diffusion probes. The brains, assessed for colloidal carbon perfusion, fluorescein and Evans blue staining, electroencephalographic activity (EEG), and histological changes, revealed no significant differences by any of these methods between the HPN and control animals with the exceptions of: HPN treated cats exhibited a preservation of EEG activity at 15 minutes post-occlusion compared to the untreated cats, and Post ischemic surface colloidal carbon perfusion was better preserved in the treated cats than in the untreated cats. Mild hypotension, as demonstrated by the LPN group, negated these two positive effects. Prior to MCA occlusion, ICBF was bilaterally significantly increased after nimodipine infusion in the HPN group as compared to vehicle infusion. Intra-arterially infused nimodipine did not reduce infarct size. PMID- 3764960 TI - Significance of EEG changes at carotid endarterectomy. AB - Visually apparent EEG changes associated with clamping the internal carotid artery appeared in 55 of 176 consecutive patients (31%) undergoing carotid endarterectomy without shunt. Attenuation of higher frequency activity was the most common change. Changes were moderate in 33 patients (19%) and major in 22 (12.5%). Major changes usually commenced earlier than less severe alterations. EEG changes resolved within 10 minutes of clamp release in 36 of 55 patients (65%) after an average clamp time of 36.25 minutes. Changes occurred more commonly when pre-operative EEGs were abnormal contralateral to clamping and when the contralateral carotid artery was more than 90% stenosed. Of the inhalational anesthetics employed with nitrous oxide and oxygen, isoflurane was associated with the lowest incidence of clamp-associated EEG change. Post-operative strokes occurred in 2 of 22 patients (9%) with major clamp-associated EEG changes, none of 33 patients with moderate changes and none of 121 without changes. However, the mechanism of this relationship remains in doubt. PMID- 3764961 TI - Contrast enhancement CT scan and post-endarterectomy hemorrhage. AB - Cerebral hemorrhage, an unusual complication of endarterectomy, is often attributed to postoperative hypertension. A patient with a middle cerebral artery stroke had a hemorrhage without hypertension, 2 days postoperatively. Pronounced contrast enhancement of the infarction during the 7 weeks prior to surgery reflected severe disruption of the blood-brain barrier. Contrast CT scans may detect patients at risk for post-endarterectomy hemorrhage even 2 months after a stroke or TIA. PMID- 3764962 TI - Prevention of early restenosis and thrombosis-occlusion after carotid endarterectomy by saphenous vein patch angioplasty. AB - The hypothesis that saphenous vein patch angioplasty protects against early postoperative restenosis and thrombosis-occlusion was tested by comparing the clinical outcome and carotid artery status of 100 carotid endarterectomies with and 100 without saphenous vein patch angioplasty performed by a single surgeon over a 30-month period. The patient population, selection, perioperative management, and the technical aspects of the operation, except for the vein patch, were essentially identical in both groups. Carotid artery status was assessed by direct continuous wave Doppler and Gee OPG at three to six months and again at one year postoperatively. There were two hospital deaths, both in the nonpatched group, one cardiac and the other neurologic due to internal carotid thrombosis. Two reversible neurological deficits due to thrombosis and one due to restenosis occurred in the non-patched group. Asymptomatic greater than 50% diameter restenosis occurred in four and asymptomatic occlusion in one non patched carotids. There were no restenosis, no occlusions and no neurologic symptoms in the patched group. Morbidity, mortality, restenosis or thrombosis occlusion occurred in 10/100 (10%) non-patched and 0/100 (0%) patched arteries (p less than 0.01 by Chi Square). Restenosis or thrombosis-occlusion occurred in 9/100 (9%) of non-patched and 0/100 (0%) patched arteries (p less than 0.01). These results support the use of saphenous vein patch angioplasty reconstruction of carotid endarterectomy to protect against early restenosis and thrombosis occlusion. PMID- 3764963 TI - Transcranial Doppler measurement of middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity: a validation study. AB - Measurement of intracranial arterial blood flow velocity is a new technique with potentially a number of very useful applications. This study validates the technique by comparing it to cerebral blood flow (CBF) measured using intravenous Xenon133 and extracranial clearance recording. We have measured the middle cerebral artery (MCA) blood flow velocity in 17 symptomatic patients with the EME TC 264 transcranial Doppler velocimeter and compared these measurements to the ipsilateral hemispheric cerebral blood flow measured with an intravenous Xenon133 technique (Novo Cerebrograph 10A). Measurements were made at rest and during hypercapnia. The absolute measurement of MCA velocity and hemispheric CBF showed a poor correlation (r = 0.424, p less than 0.01) due to wide between-patient variations at rest but the blood flow response to hypercapnia, expressed as a reactivity index, showed a good correlation (r = 0.849, p less than 0.001). Thus changes in MCA velocity reliably correlate with changes in cerebral blood flow but the absolute velocity cannot be used as an indicator of CBF. PMID- 3764964 TI - Duplex scanning of normal vertebral arteries. AB - Vertebral arteries were studied by Duplex scanning in 50 normal subjects. Pretransverse and C6-C5, C5-C4 intertransverse segments were visualized in all cases on both sides; segment C4-C3 was visualized in 100% of the cases on the right side and in 90% on the left; ostium was obtained in 94% of the cases on the right and in 60% on the left. The left vertebral artery was dominant in 48% of the cases while the right vertebral artery was dominant in 14%. Three vertebral arteries were hypoplasic. Duplex scanning was thus found to be an easily performed noninvasive method to study morphological and hemodynamic characteristics of vertebral arteries from their origin to the C4-C3 level. PMID- 3764965 TI - Clinico-topographic correlation of small vertebrobasilar infarct using magnetic resonance imaging. AB - Neurological, CT and high-field (1.5T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were correlated in 6 patients previously clinically diagnosed as having suffered small vertebrobasilar infarct. MRI demonstrated infarcts in areas where CT was nearly always negative. MRI allowed very precise clinico-topographic correlations and appears to be the preferred imaging technique in vertebrobasilar infarcts. PMID- 3764966 TI - Basilar and distal vertebral artery stenosis: long-term follow-up. AB - Forty-four patients with greater than or equal to 50% stenosis of a distal vertebral artery (VA) and/or basilar artery (BA) were followed up for an average of 6.1 years. Angiography was performed for definite vertebrobasilar (VB) transient ischemic attacks (TIA) in 19 (43%), for VB infarcts in 13 (30%) and for non localizing symptoms in 12 (27%). Stenosis in the BA with or without VA involvement was present in 28 patients (64%), while 16 patients (36%) had occlusive disease in one or both distal VA sparing the BA. In follow up, 7 patients (16%) had definite VB TIA and 3 patients had possible VB TIA. Eight patients (18%) sustained a stroke, 5 of which were in the VB territory. The observed stroke rate was 17 times the expected rate for a matched normal population. Eight patients died during follow up, three patients due to stroke (2 brainstem infarctions, one intraventricular hemorrhage). The observed 5 year survival rate was 78% compared to 90% in a matched normal population. In comparing this data with our previous study of 93 patients with proximal VA occlusive disease, distal VB occlusive disease appears to carry a higher risk for brainstem ischemia. PMID- 3764967 TI - Effect of pharmacological doses of 3-0-methyl-D-glucose and 2-deoxy-D-glucose on rat brain glucose and lactate. AB - The present investigation examined the effects of two glucose analogues, 3-0 methyl-D-glucose (30MG) and 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DOG) on basal levels of rat brain glucose and lactate. The results showed that pretreatment (iv) with 30MG up to 2 g/kg caused a transient drop in brain glucose levels to 42% of control value within 2.5 min and a drop in lactate levels to 75% of control value by 5 min. 2DOG administration (2 g/kg) affected glucose in a biphasic response with an initial drop to 46% of control value seen by 2.5 min, followed by a progressive increase to 290% of the control value by 40 min. This elevated level of glucose was sustained for approximately 40 min. Lactate levels responded to 2DOG administration by a decrease to 37% of control value within 10 min post-injection and returned to near basal levels by 160 min. A dose response was also examined for both compounds. Behaviorally 30MG had no apparent effects. However, the response to 2DOG was a reduction in voluntary movements, piloerection, irregular clonic jerks, splayed limbs and fits of wild running. These experiments were designed to evaluate the potential of 30MG or 2DOG for attenuating the well documented rise in brain lactate levels following an ischemic insult. Our results suggest that under certain experimental conditions either 30MG or 2DOG could prevent brain lactate rise and might have beneficial effects in minimizing the neuropathological consequences of ischemic damage that could be related to increases in brain lactate. PMID- 3764968 TI - An evaluation of the effect of lidocaine in experimental focal cerebral ischemia. AB - In order to determine the effect of lidocaine in focal cerebral ischemia, the left middle cerebral artery was transorbitally occluded in twenty cats. Eleven received lidocaine hydrochloride intravenously. The infusion was begun half an hour prior to clip occlusion and the rate was adjusted to maintain an isoelectric EEG. Nine cats served as controls, receiving an equivalent volume of 5% dextrose 0.2% saline. Thirteen animals (7 lidocaine-treated and 6 control) were sacrificed after six hours of left middle cerebral artery occlusion without reperfusion. In the remaining seven cats, the vessel was occluded for four hours prior to sacrifice. Ischemic neuronal alteration was assessed by both histochemical (2'3'5' triphenyl-2H-tetrazolium hydrochloride reaction) and histological examination. With both durations of ischemia, there was no significant difference in the extent and severity of neuronal alterations between the lidocaine-treated and control groups of animals. PMID- 3764969 TI - Effects of oxygen and glucose deprivation on vasoactivity in isolated bovine middle cerebral arteries. AB - The effects of oxygen and glucose deprivation on vasoactivity were investigated using helical strips of bovine middle cerebral artery. Hypoxia, created by reducing the PO2 of the bath, or oxidative inhibition with 2,4 dinitrophenol (DNP) or sodium azide, significantly reduced contractions induced by serotonin. Normal tonic contractions induced with fresh and aged whole blood, or 5-HT became phasic and quickly relaxed to baseline in a hypoxic environment. Glucose elimination from the Krebs medium, or the inhibition of the glycolytic pathway with iodoacetic acid (IAA), did not significantly reduce serotonin-induced contractions. However, contractions were inhibited more with the combination of oxygen and glucose deprivation, or DNP + IAA, than with oxygen deprivation alone. Efforts to produce rigor in this preparation by oxygen/substrate reduction or metabolic inhibition were unsuccessful. Tonic contractions induced by 70 mM potassium became phasic as the Ca++ concentration was reduced. Contractions resulting from the readdition of Ca++ to arteries exposed to calcium-free high potassium solution were significantly reduced in the presence of oxidative and/or glycolytic inhibitors. The uptake of 45Ca++, as measured by the lanthanum technique, decreased as the bath PO2 was reduced in both serotonin stimulated and unstimulated arteries. Glucose deprivation alone did not affect 45Ca++ uptake. This study suggests that hypoxia has a direct inhibitory affect on cerebral vasoactivity mediated by reductions in sarcoplasmic Ca++ uptake. PMID- 3764970 TI - Effect of Fluosol on oxygen availability, regional cerebral blood flow, and infarct size in a model of temporary focal cerebral ischemia. AB - Twenty-four cats had an intravenous infusion of either Fluosol or saline and then were subjected to 2 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion. All the animals infused with Fluosol and one-half the animals infused with saline were ventilated with 100% O2. Tissue oxygen availability and regional cerebral blood flow were measured by platinum electrodes using direct voltage recordings for oxygen measurements and hydrogen clearance curves for measurements of cerebral blood flow. With 100% oxygenation tissue oxygen availability increased significantly in the Fluosol treated animals, however, during the time of ischemia oxygen availability decreased below baseline values to about an equal level whether the animals were treated with Fluosol or saline. Regional cerebral blood flow fell to a similar value in all groups during the time of occlusion. One hour after reperfusion blood flow increased considerably above baseline values in all groups and oxygen availability also increased in all groups but particularly in the Fluosol treated animals. Overall mortality and the size of infarction 1 week after the ischemic insult were not significantly different in the three groups. Mortality was directly related to the size of the infarct which, in turn, was related to the degree of ischemia during the time of occlusion. PMID- 3764971 TI - Regional cerebral blood flow autoregulation in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats--effects of sympathetic denervation. AB - The present study was designed to investigate the effect of acute sympathetic denervation on the regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) autoregulation during acute elevation of blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). CBF to the parietal cortex and thalamus was measured by the hydrogen clearance method and, to test autoregulation, systemic arterial blood pressure was elevated by intravenous infusion of phenylephrine. Superior cervical ganglia were removed on both sides to interrupt sympathetic innervation in the deeper structures of the brain. Acute bilateral sympathetic denervation did not alter the resting blood pressure or CBF in either SHR or WKY. In innervated SHR, resting mean arterial pressure (MAP) was 165 +/- 5 mm Hg (mean +/- SEM) and the upper limit of autoregulation in the cortex was 210 +/- 3 mm Hg, which was significantly lower than that in the thalamus (229 +/- 3 mm Hg, p less than 0.02). In bilaterally denervated SHR, the upper limits were lowered to 193 +/- 4 mm Hg in the cortex (p less than 0.02 vs. innervated SHR) and to 207 +/- 5 mm Hg in the thalamus (p less than 0.02 vs. innervated). In WKY, resting MAP was approximately 55 mm Hg lower than that in SHR. Acute denervation reduced the upper limits from 142 +/- 3 mm Hg to 130 +/- 4 in the cortex (p less than 0.05) and from 158 +/- 4 to 145 +/- 4 in the thalamus (p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3764972 TI - Effects of long-term antihypertensive treatment on cerebral, thalamic and cerebellar blood flow in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). AB - Cerebral blood flows (CBF) were measured in the parietal cortex, the thalamus and the cerebellum by the hydrogen clearance technique in anesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats, of which hypertension was treated for 16 weeks (long-term) or 8 weeks (short-term) with antihypertensive agents of hydralazine and guanethidine. As compared to non-treated control animals, CBF in the three regions were significantly increased while the calculated cerebrovascular resistances (CVR) were decreased in hypertension-treated animals. Such CBF and CVR changes were greater in SHR with long-term than short-term therapy. Both an increase in CBF and a decrease in CVR were closely related to a fall in the blood pressure. From the present results, it was concluded that earlier and longer treatment of hypertension could lessen or even prevent the increased CVR due to the hypertensive vascular changes, and increase CBF as a result. PMID- 3764974 TI - Cerebral glucose metabolism during the recovery period after ischemia--its relationship to NADH-fluorescence, blood flow, EcoG and histology. AB - Local cerebral glucose utilization (lCMRgl), NADH fluorescence, cerebral blood flow (CBF), electrocortical activity (ECoG) and histology were studied during a 4 hr recovery period following 2 hrs of left middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in cats. Changes in relative reduced pyridine nucleotides and CBF were measured by fluororeflectometry, ECoG was obtained from the left middle ectosylvian gyrus (MEG), and lCMRgl was measured at the end of the recovery period autoradiographically with 14-C-2-deoxyglucose. A sham group was comprised of 4 cats. The ten animals subjected to the stroke were classified into 3 groups based on the mean amplitude of the ECoG at the end of the ischemic period. At the end of the recovery period, the relative reduced pyridine nucleotides showed a 22.5% oxidation (oxidation of NADH), a 66.2% reduction (reduction of NAD) and a 3.0% reduction compared to the sham group in the severe, moderate and mild groups, respectively. LCMRgl of the left MEG in the severe group was 64.2% of the corresponding sham value, whereas lCMRgl in the moderate and mild groups were 124.8% and 132.0% of the sham, respectively. CBF at the end of the recovery period ranged from 28.1% to 83.0% of the sham value, although there was no significant difference among these groups. Histologically, a large portion of the neurons in the left MEG in the severe group showed ischemic neuronal changes, while the damage was less severe in the moderate and mild groups. On the basis of these data, it is suggested that a relative substrate deficiency and/or a loss of mitochondrial enzymatic pool size may occur in the animals comprizing the severe group. Conversely, anaerobic glycolysis may be activated in the moderate group, while the mild group exhibits an increase in glucose metabolism that is most likely aerobic. A gradient in the magnitude of changes in lCMRgl was noted from the central MCA territory to the surrounding brain regions in the ischemic hemisphere. In addition, there was a mild, but statistically significant (p less than 0.05), depression in lCMRgl with no histological damage in the non-ischemic hemisphere of the severe group. PMID- 3764975 TI - [Changes in the acid phosphatase activity of the myocardium and skeletal muscles as a sign of the time of death]. PMID- 3764973 TI - Glycolytic inhibition by 2-deoxyglucose reduces hyperglycemia-associated mortality and morbidity in the ischemic rat. AB - Numerous laboratories have shown that hyperglycemia increases cerebral ischemic damage. This presumably results from increased lactate production and accumulation during ischemia. Although increased tissue lactic acidosis is associated with increased ischemic brain damage, this damage has not been directly linked to glycolytic flux. Because 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) is a competitive inhibitor of glycolysis we tested its ability to reduce hyperglycemia exacerbated ischemic brain damage. Severe forebrain ischemia was produced by the four-vessel occlusion model in rats. Four rats received 3 g/kg glucose and saline while a second group (n = 5) was injected with 3 g/kg glucose plus 1.6 g/kg 2-DG. A third group (n = 5) was treated with 1 g/kg glucose plus saline and a fourth group (n = 5) received 1 g/kg glucose and 1.6 g/kg 2-DG. All rats were injected i.p. 10 minutes prior to the ischemic insult with the same volume/kg body weight. All rats receiving the high dose of glucose alone (3 g/kg) were dead within 24 hours postischemia. Rats who received 2-DG in addition to 3 g/kg glucose showed only 40% mortality (p = 0.119 Fisher's Exact). 2-DG completely eliminated convulsions during the initial two hours of recovery which was significant (p = 0.008), however, all rats in both groups showed some convulsions by 24 hours postischemia. Among rats receiving the low glucose dose (1 g/kg), none of the rats receiving 2-DG died or convulsed by 24 hours postischemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3764977 TI - [Meningeal hemorrhage in craniocerebral injury in childhood]. PMID- 3764976 TI - [Assessment of the severity of functional disorders of organs and systems resulting from neck strangulation]. PMID- 3764978 TI - [Damage to clothing fabrics by close-range shots from the AKS 74 U 5.45-mm shortened submachine gun]. PMID- 3764979 TI - [Research on plankton and pseudoplankton in cases of drowning]. PMID- 3764980 TI - [Diagnosis of menstrual blood stains by the characteristics of the lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme spectrum]. PMID- 3764982 TI - [Isoantigenic differentiation by the ABO system of mixed human and livestock blood stains]. PMID- 3764981 TI - [Use of electrophoresis on cellulose acetate films in establishing the species specificity of protein]. PMID- 3764983 TI - [Gas chromatographic detection of benzene, toluene and xylene in biological matter]. PMID- 3764984 TI - [Determination of khlotazol in biological matter]. PMID- 3764985 TI - [Forensic medical expertise in acute poisoning by propyl alcohols and alcohol containing liquids]. PMID- 3764986 TI - [Extreme states in forensic psychiatric practice]. PMID- 3764988 TI - [Organization of the work of a division for the expert assessment of victims, defendants and other persons]. PMID- 3764987 TI - [Synthesis and formulation of forensic medical diagnosis]. PMID- 3764989 TI - [Organization of the work of a division for the forensic medical expert assessment of cadavers]. PMID- 3764990 TI - [Establishing the position of a chopping weapon at the time of inflicting the injuries]. PMID- 3764991 TI - [The mark of the action of the flange (rim) of a railroad wheel and its forensic medical significance]. PMID- 3764992 TI - [Amidopyrine poisoning in childhood]. PMID- 3764993 TI - [Case of poisoning by the dye Bismark Brown]. PMID- 3764994 TI - [Ultrastructural changes in the kidneys and lungs in dynamic autolysis as an index of the time of death]. PMID- 3764995 TI - Suicidal behavior among "normal" high school students. AB - The findings of a pilot study, focusing on suicidal behaviors among 313 high school students in the Midwest, are discussed. Of all the students who participated in the study, 62.6% reported some degree of suicidal ideation or action, including 8.4% who had actually made a suicide attempt. The current study provides a linchpin between the studies of adolescent suicide attempt rates and the studies reporting on percentages of adolescents who made suicide attempts. When the percentage of attempters who made attempts but did not seek medical help is taken under consideration, these two groups of studies become equivalent. Apparently, suicide is a personal concern for most high school students--a problem that warrants immediate attention. PMID- 3764996 TI - Basic issues in suicide prevention: resolutions of liberty and love (the Dublin lecture). PMID- 3764997 TI - The 24 hours before hospitalization: factors related to suicide attempting. AB - Fifty-nine psychiatric inpatients were interviewed concerning the psychological and environmental events that occurred in the 24 hours prior to their hospitalization. Independent raters then performed a content evaluation of these accounts, allowing for comparisons among patients admitted for a suicide attempt, suicide ideation, or non-suicide-related complaints. Results showed that suicide attempters were more likely to have used alcohol or marijuana and less likely to have contacted a health care professional than suicide ideators, even when past history of suicide behavior was controlled for. Suicide ideators were more likely to have contacted a mental health professional. Implications for suicide risk assessment and intervention are discussed. PMID- 3764998 TI - The fusion of pressing situation and releasing writing: on adolescent suicide poetry. AB - The poetry of adolescents in despair may provide us with early signs of suicide; hence referral to professional help may result at an early stage. The present study concentrated on two adolescents who wrote poetry and committed suicide. The words used in these adolescents' poetry and in the poetry of two nonsuicidal adolescents were analyzed and classified into semantic fields. Significant differences were found between the suicide and the control groups. These differences showed themselves in the vigor and intensity of the loaded words in the suicide group, as well as in the more extreme occurrence of two major foci, "Death" and "Bad Situation." These foci are demonstrated in a constructed model that may guide parents and professionals in early detection of suicide. PMID- 3764999 TI - Suicide and homicide rates: their relationship to latitude and longitude and to the weather. AB - The variation of suicide and homicide rates in the major standard metropolitan statistical areas of the United States was explored to see whether regional variations in temperature and precipitation could account for some of the variation. Controls for temperature eliminated the North-South variation in suicide rates, but not the North-South variation in homicide rates or the East West variation in suicide rates. Only the correlation between precipitation and homicide rates survived controls for latitude and longitude. PMID- 3765000 TI - Sex differences in peer responsiveness to suicide ideation. AB - Two surveys assessing attitudes toward and beliefs about suicide were conducted with undergraduates. There were 473 participants in Survey I and 692 participants in Survey II. Sex differences were found in participants' receptivity to suicidal individuals, beliefs about the behavior of suicidal peers, attitudes concerning the worth of suicidal people, incidence of adolescent suicide, and morality of suicide. There was no sex difference in participants' own frequency or seriousness of suicide ideation or suicide attempts. Results are discussed in terms of hypotheses concerning traditional socialization of males and females, resulting in sex-role differentiation that may influence attitudes toward and beliefs about suicide. PMID- 3765001 TI - Suicide among police in a federal force. AB - Suicide among police has gained the attention of numerous police forces over the past two decades. The great variation in reported police suicide rates and caveats concerning such statistics are addressed. The paper reports the results of a study of suicide among members (n = 35) of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RMCP) between 1960 and 1983. The average annual rate (14.1 per 100,000) of suicide in this force was approximately half that of the comparable general population, and the most common means of suicide was by service revolver (77% of cases). Recommendations are made for suicide prevention and postvention actions in police forces. Finally, the need for reliable, long-term police suicide data bases is stressed. PMID- 3765002 TI - Suicide, homicide, and the quality of life: an archival study. AB - A study of the various United States as of 1940 showed that suicide rates were higher and homicide rates were lower in states where the quality of life was higher. These findings support a hypothesis derived from Henry and Short's theory of suicide and homicide. PMID- 3765003 TI - [Prevention of decubitus: an overview]. AB - A description of the prevention of pressure sores is only possible when the definition of pressure sores is clear. As with other disorders early identification of patients at risk is of great importance. Beside clinical experience, several systems of registration are available for early identification. Some of these systems are described in this article. Prevention is discussed by dividing activities into those aiming at diminishing pressure- and shear forces and those improving patient's general condition. Finally, the first symptoms of pressure sores and the significance of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention are mentioned. PMID- 3765004 TI - [Admission to a home for the aged; a solution for the lonely aged?]. AB - The suitability of criteria on the base of which elderly are admitted to residential homes is a topic of current debate. The present research project explored the significance of the criterion of 'loneliness'. Data for this study were obtained from interviews with elderly inhabitants of Alkmaar. Individuals who spontaneously mentioned loneliness as an argument for admittance, as well as individuals who provided other criteria only, were part of the sample. In addition the respondents were classified according to gender, and to (still) living independently versus living in an institution. The data revealed that the elderly who spontaneously mentioned loneliness in their application differed in a number of ways from the other individuals in the sample. For example, their average scores on (validated) loneliness measuring instruments were significantly higher in the period prior to admittance to a residential institution. After admittance no significant differences in loneliness scores could be found between people who had previously mentioned loneliness as an argument and those who had not. PMID- 3765005 TI - [Gerontologic research in the Netherlands in 1985. Basic data on the main issues of aging and senescence]. AB - An inventory of the current gerontological research in the Netherlands has been made by the Steering Committee for Research on Aging (SOOM). The results are compared with data of 1977. In terms of effort in man-years (MY) the research has almost tripled. The investment in current research was 192 MY versus 71 in 1977. In biomedical research 49 MY were spent vs. 23 in 1977; in medical 60 vs. 19 in 1977; in social medical 8 (this category was not used in 1977); and in behavioral and social research 37 and in applied social 38 vs. 29 for all social gerontological research in 1977. 50% of all research is conducted by projects, 44% by projects within a program and 5% in programs, in which however a quarter of the total MY is spent. Applied social research is mainly project-bound (66%), biology only for 28%. The average duration of the research varies from 4.5 years (biology) to 1.5 years (applied social research). Almost 60% of the current research is carried out within universities. 5 of them invest more than 5 MY in gerontological research. The institute with the greatest effort in MY is a non university institute (the Institute of Experimental Gerontology TNO, Rijswijk, with two extensive programs). In 70% of the university research the university contributes more or less financially. In (medical)biological gerontology the central and peripheral nervous system is the most frequently studied subject (especially dementia). In medical gerontology dementia is the main subject; and in social gerontology home care and extra- and intramural care.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3765006 TI - [Micturition complaints in older men, a comment]. PMID- 3765007 TI - Corneal keloids. PMID- 3765008 TI - Spontaneous hyphema--initial presentation for malignant melanoma of the iris ciliary body. PMID- 3765009 TI - Anterior uveitis following fluorescein angiography. PMID- 3765010 TI - The heart and the eye. PMID- 3765011 TI - Trauma to eyes containing posterior chamber lenses. PMID- 3765012 TI - Sight loss support groups in medical center environment. PMID- 3765013 TI - Laser surgery for rhegmatogenous retinal detachments. PMID- 3765014 TI - Menu driven macrocomputer software for the vitreoretinal service. PMID- 3765015 TI - The idling retina: reversible visual loss in central retinal artery obstruction. PMID- 3765016 TI - Management of exudative retinal detachment following retinal vein obstruction. PMID- 3765017 TI - Unusual cases of proliferative sickle retinopathy. PMID- 3765018 TI - Visual analysis of patients with bilateral proliferative macular degeneration. PMID- 3765019 TI - Electroretinograms before and after discission of a dense secondary lenticular membrane in an infant. PMID- 3765020 TI - Orbital recurrence of choroidal melanoma 11 years after enucleation. PMID- 3765021 TI - Intralesional corticosteroid injection for capillary hemangioma of the eyelid. PMID- 3765022 TI - Pathology of retrolental membranes excised by open sky vitrectomy in retinopathy of prematurity. PMID- 3765023 TI - Clinical application of overmasking. PMID- 3765024 TI - Review of nasopharyngeal carcinomas at Geisinger Medical Center 1960-1979. PMID- 3765025 TI - Acquired immune deficiency syndrome--AIDS head and neck manifestations. PMID- 3765026 TI - Nasolacrimal complications of Avitene (synthetic collagen). PMID- 3765027 TI - Voice restoration using the tracheoesophageal puncture technique. PMID- 3765028 TI - Adenocarcinoma of the nose and paranasal sinuses. PMID- 3765029 TI - Broadening the base of a rare donor program by targeting minority populations. AB - Some red cell phenotypes are found exclusively in one race and may be of low frequency. Finding compatible blood for patients needing one of these rare types has been extremely difficult. A program was implemented to screen large numbers of donors for blood types found solely in their racial group. Implementation steps included obtaining broad community endorsement of the concept, educating blood service personnel, developing educational materials, enlisting the support of a knowledgeable physician from a minority group, developing a computer program to facilitate selection of donors to be tested, beginning the program and making the necessary adjustments, doing the laboratory testing to identify rare bloods, notifying the rare donors, and maintaining the enthusiasm of the entire blood service for the rare donor screening program. After 7706 black donors were typed, 1 Cr-, 5 Hy-, 24 U-, and 20 Js(b-) persons were found; one U- donor was also Js(b ). PMID- 3765031 TI - Hemolysis following intravenous immune globulin therapy. AB - Two patients who had hemolysis after receiving large doses of intravenous immune serum globulin are reported. Both patients had positive direct antiglobulin tests due to alloantibodies contained in the immune serum globulin. Markedly increased red cell transfusion requirements and elevated serum bilirubin levels provided evidence of hemolysis. PMID- 3765030 TI - Red cell autoantibodies in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. AB - Mild-to-profound anemia, thrombocytopenia, and rarely neutropenia have been observed in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). To investigate a possible immune mechanism, blood samples from 28 hospitalized AIDS patients, four asymptomatic homosexual men, four homosexual men with the AIDS related lymphadenopathy syndrome, 30 hospitalized patients with diseases other than AIDS, and 60 blood donors were tested for the presence of atypical red cell antibodies. Eighteen AIDS patients (64%) had anti-i, nine (32%) had autoanti-U, and 12 (43%) had a positive direct antiglobulin test. One asymptomatic homosexual man and three homosexual men with lymphadenopathy also had anti-i. In contrast, of the 30 patients with diseases other than AIDS and 60 donors, none had anti-U or a positive direct antiglobulin test. One patient with sickle cell disease had anti-i. The mean hemoglobin level of AIDS patients with anti-i or anti-U was significantly lower than the mean hemoglobin level of patients who did not have those antibodies. PMID- 3765032 TI - The M1 and Tm antigens require M and N gene-specified amino acids for expression. AB - It is known that the major red cell sialoglycoprotein (SGP) of M1 + red cells has the same amino acid sequence as M SGP, whereas that of Tm + cells has the same sequence as N SGP. M1 and Tm are serologically demonstrable when a substitution of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine for N-acetyl-neuraminic acid occurs in one or more of the alkali-labile tetrasaccharides bound at positions 2, 3, and/or 4 of M or N SGP, respectively. The authors used two serums containing anti-M and potent anti M1 and two containing anti-Tm in tests for antibody crossreactivity and cross adsorption and in antibody inhibition studies. The distinct specificities of anti M1 and anti-Tm, as determined by these studies, show that the M and N gene specified amino acids are more important than the glycosylation change in the fine structure of M1 and Tm antigens. PMID- 3765033 TI - Multiple transfusion fail to provoke antibodies against blood cell antigens in human infants. AB - We conducted studies of both red cell (RBC) and leukocyte (WBC) antibody formation in infants following multiple transfusions given during the first weeks of life. Fifty-three infants received 683 RBC transfusions from 503 different donors, plus 62 platelet, 4 granulocyte, and 53 fresh-frozen plasma units during the first 4 months of life. Three hundred fifty serum samples were obtained before, during, and after the transfusions. None of the infants formed unexpected RBC antibodies when tested at 37 degrees C by a two-cell low-ionic-strength solution antibody screen that included an anti-globulin phase. Twenty posttransfusion serums were negative when tested at room temperature. Lymphocytotoxic and granulocytotoxic WBC antibodies were measured in posttransfusion serums from 13 infants, and none were found. Despite exposure to many RBC and WBC antigens, no infants produced alloantibodies against blood cell antigens. Thus, immunologically mediated transfusion reactions should be quite rare in young infants, and this study supports recommendations of the American Association of Blood Banks Standards to omit repeat RBC compatibility testing during the first 4 months of life in infants whose initial RBC antibody screens reveal no unexpected antibodies. PMID- 3765034 TI - Donath-Landsteiner hemolytic anemia due to an anti-Pr-like biphasic hemolysin. AB - Anemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and reticulocytosis subsequent to viral infection were present in a 32-year-old woman. The direct antiglobulin test was negative, and no unexpected antibodies were detected in pretransfusion tests. Rosettes of red cells (RBCs) around neutrophils were observed in peripheral blood smears, and a Donath-Landsteiner (D-L) test was positive. However, the patient did not show the classic features of paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH). There was no hemoglobinuria, and in vivo hemolysis was not precipitated by cold. The D-L antibody was IgG, but classic anti-P specificity was not apparent. Rather, protease- or neuraminidase-treated RBCs, as well as certain sialic acid deficient RBCs of uncommon MN phenotypes, were not hemolyzed in D-L tests. Further, D-L antibody activity could be inhibited by MN sialoglycoprotein. These data support a diagnosis of chronic D-L hemolytic anemia, caused by an anti-Pr-like biphasic hemolysin. PMID- 3765035 TI - Serologic characteristics of a further example of anti-Xga and the frequency of Xga in North London blood donors. AB - An example of an IgG anti-Xga of subclasses IgG1 and IgG2 that fixed complement was detected in a 92-year-old man. The serum was used to test 4000 routine British blood donors. The incidence of Xga was 0.677 in men and 0.895 in women. PMID- 3765036 TI - The B3 phenotype in Chinese. AB - Sixteen cases of subgroup B3 and two cases of subgroup A1B3 were found among donated blood processed in Taipei Blood Donation Center. The frequencies of B3 and of A1B3 among group AB Chinese in Taiwan are about 1 in 900, and about 1 in 1800, respectively. The B3 red cells showed 1 to 2+ mixed field agglutination with anti-B, 2 to 3+ mixed field agglutination with anti-A, B, and 4+ agglutination with anti-H. Reverse grouping showed anti-A but no anti-B activity; saliva of secretors contained B and H substances. The significant low avidity of subgroup B3 and subgroup A1B3 red cells with both polyclonal and monoclonal antiserums, as compared with normal group B cells, coupled with the difference in the avidity of the reaction between monoclonal and polyclonal antisera with B3 and A1B3 red cells, suggest the possibility of a qualitative as well as a quantitative difference in the B antigen of B3 red cells. PMID- 3765037 TI - A simple method for high-quality frozen red cells in blood group serology. AB - A high-glycerol method for long-term storage of red cells for use in blood group serology testing is described. Total freezing-thawing-washing hemolysis was 8.05 +/- 0.3 percent. Enzyme treatment could be performed before freezing or after reconstitution. The cells performed well with manual and automated techniques. No changes in agglutinability were noted during 10 days of liquid storage at 4 degrees C following thawing. PMID- 3765038 TI - Nine days post-thawing red cell conservation in a synthetic medium. Biochemical studies. AB - The expiration of thawed red cells (RBC) currently is 24 hours. This leads to problems in current transfusion practice, and often wastes rare and costly products. To remedy this situation, we developed a synthetic medium containing 0.085 g per l adenine, 5 g per l glucose, 48.0 g per l sucrose, 0.75 g per l NaH2PO4.H2O, 4 g per l Na2HPO4.2H2O, and 2.5 g per l NaCl, with a pH of 7.40, and an osmolarity of 320 mOsm. After 15 days post-thawing storage at 4 degrees C in our medium, the viability and function of RBC were maintained. We propose the storage of thawed RBC at 4 degrees C in our medium for up to 9 days: sterility was maintained, pH was 6.80, and 2,3-diphosphate glycerate was 50 percent, and adenosine triphosphate 100 percent of the original values. Free hemoglobin was 122 mg per unit, adenylate energy charge was 0.90, and RBC labeled 7 days after thawing showed 89 percent survival 24 hours after transfusion and a one-half disappearance of 22 days. PMID- 3765040 TI - The influence of irradiation on stored platelets. AB - Platelet concentrates intended for transfusion to immunosuppressed patients are irradiated to minimize transfusion-induced graft-versus-host disease. Because few reports describe how irradiation influences stored platelets, the authors studied whether 5000 rad of gamma irradiation, the maximum dose currently used clinically, altered platelets in vitro. Platelet concentrates were stored for either 1 day or 5 days in plastic (PL 732) containers before gamma irradiation. One unit of a pair of identical platelet concentrates was irradiated; the second unit served as a control. Irradiation did not alter platelet morphology, mean platelet volume, expression of platelet-factor-3 activity, response to hypotonic stress, extent of discharge of lactate dehydrogenase, release of beta thromboglobulin, formation of thromboxane B2, nor the ability to undergo synergistic aggregation. The lack of any substantial change was observed whether the platelet concentrates were stored initially for either 1 day or 5 days. These results suggest that stored platelets are not altered deleteriously by irradiation with 5000 rad. PMID- 3765039 TI - Effects of frequent and sustained plateletapheresis on peripheral blood mononuclear cell populations and lymphocyte functions of normal volunteer donors. AB - Per procedure, plateletapheresis may remove 2 X 10(9) to 3 X 10(9) white cells from the peripheral blood of a normal donor. To investigate the effects of frequent and sustained plateletapheresis, multiple peripheral blood tests were performed on 25 volunteer donors undergoing plateletapheresis an average of 72 times over periods of up to 8 years, and results were compared with 25 age- and sex-matched controls who had not undergone apheresis. In donors, significant decreases were observed in: 1) both absolute number and percentage of T4+ cells; 2) absolute number of both T8+ cells and Leu-7+ cells; 3) T4/T8 ratio; 4) responses to both pokeweed mitogen and alloantigens; and 5) IgG levels. Significant increases were observed in percentages of both B cells and monocytes, and responses to both phytohemagglutinin and Concanavalin A. Plateletapheresis removes a large number of T4 and T8 cells, a moderate number of B cells, and a smaller number of monocytes and Leu-7 cells. The results suggest that during vigorous plateletapheresis the replenishment to peripheral blood per month was less than 1.83 X 10(9) and 0.93 X 10(9) for T4 cells and T8 cells, respectively, greater than 0.27 X 10(9) and 0.62 X 10(9) for B cells and monocytes, respectively, and approximately 0.39 X 10(9) for Leu-7 cells. Although no clinical effect was noted, these data suggest that frequent and sustained non lymphocyte sparing plateletapheresis is associated with changes in laboratory findings related to the immune system. PMID- 3765041 TI - Practical dosimetric aspects of blood and blood product irradiation. AB - The method of choice to reduce susceptibility to transfusion-transmitted graft versus-host disease is irradiation of allogenic blood and blood products for transfusion to immunosuppressed recipients. Optimal irradiation requires delivery of a known and homogeneous absorbed dose. The use of absorbed dose in air measured at the center of the irradiation volume without proper compensation for sample absorption can lead to approximately 20 percent underexposure. A lucite cylinder was used to provide the delivery of a homogeneous irradiation dose to blood products of different volumes by allowing rotation of the product. PMID- 3765042 TI - Studies of the minimum temperature at which human platelets can be stored with full maintenance of viability. AB - Platelet concentrates from normal donors were stored for 3 days under identical conditions except for the temperature of storage, which was maintained at 21 +/- 0.5, 19.5 +/- 0.5, or 18 +/- 0.5 degrees C. Immediate posttransfusion recovery of the stored platelets determined by 51Cr labeling averaged 47, 47, and 48 percent after storage at 21, 19.5, and 18 degrees C, respectively (differences not significant). Mean life span of the transfused platelets, however, was 8.12, 5.21, and 1.85 days at 21, 19.5, and 18 degrees C, respectively. The difference between mean life span following storage at 21 degrees C was significantly different from that after storage at 18 degrees C (p less than 0.03). Reduction in viability after storage at the lower temperature correlated with the reduction in the number of discoid platelets. These findings indicate that platelet viability is compromised after storage for 3 days at 18 degrees C and, possibly, at 19.5 degrees C, and illustrate the need for quality control of temperature in short-term platelet storage. PMID- 3765044 TI - Experience with 11,916 designated donors. AB - From June, 1984, through December, 1985, Irwin Memorial Blood Bank drew 11,916 designated donors. The original protocol, filled with barriers that the donors and patients had to follow, was changed to an open protocol that was easy to follow. Patients wanted to participate in the program regardless of the obstacles so we removed them, making it easier for the patients and donors as well as the staff at the blood bank. 3063 designated donors were compared to 3201 homologous and 3439 first-time, non-designated donors. The three groups did not differ in any of the comparisons, deferral rate, age, sex, race, blood type, and test results. We conclude that these designated donations were no safer but no less safe than donations not designated. PMID- 3765043 TI - Platelet adherence and phagocytosis. A method for the detection of platelet antibodies. AB - An assay was developed to identify platelet antibodies based on the adherence and phagocytosis of sensitized platelets by blood monocytes. Platelets obtained from normal HLA-typed donors were labeled with carboxyfluorescein diacetate (COFDA), fixed in paraformaldehyde, and sensitized with antibody. T cell-depleted mononuclear cells (MNCs) were mixed with antibody-sensitized platelets. Following an incubation phase, monocytes were isolated by adherence to glass tissue culture slides. Phagocytosis and adherence were evaluated by fluorescence microscopy. Thirteen of 18 donor-specific HLA antibodies and four of six sera from patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura enhanced platelet uptake. This assay was useful in detecting allo- and autoantibodies directed against platelets and may be valuable in investigating the pathophysiology of macrophage-mediated platelet destruction. PMID- 3765045 TI - Overcoming lysis of test cells following xylene elution. PMID- 3765046 TI - Red cell survival studies in patients with alloanti-I. PMID- 3765047 TI - Disproportionate utilization of plateletapheresis donors. PMID- 3765048 TI - Selective absence of IgA1 and IgA2. PMID- 3765049 TI - Noncomparability among IgG products. PMID- 3765050 TI - Radiolabeled platelet survival studies. PMID- 3765051 TI - Sample pretreatment to minimize interferences from whole blood in the radioimmunoassay for cyclosporine. AB - There is much controversy as to whether the analysis of cyclosporine (CsA) should be performed by radioimmunoassay (RIA) or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and whether the specimen should be serum or whole blood. Whole-blood specimens present specific advantages, but the presence of hemoglobin (Hgb) and other endogenous compounds can produce major errors in the RIA by "quenching" the analytical signal or by interfering with the antigen-antibody binding in the assay. We have developed a simple pretreatment step to remove the Hgb and other proteins responsible for this error. Red cells in whole blood are hemolyzed with a mixture of acetonitrile and water, the protein precipitated with acetonitrile, and the supernatant assayed by RIA. In a controlled study in which CsA concentration was kept constant and the Hgb concentration varied, the errors in measurement were directly proportional (r = 0.999) to the Hgb concentration. CsA values were spuriously deflated or inflated by 22.7 micrograms/L for each gram per 100 milliliters that the Hgb deviated from the 9.2 g/100 ml Hgb in the CsA calibration standards. In a similar study in which patient samples (n = 57) were assayed with and without pretreatment, the fractional error induced by Hgb was compounded in some patients by additional interferences that also appear to be removed by sample pretreatment. Without the pretreatment, CsA values could be in error by 33% when the Hgb varied 4 g/100 ml, thus providing potentially misleading results to the clinician. An I-125-labeled CsA tracer (purported not to be affected by the "quenching" interference of Hgb) produced consistently higher results when it was substituted for the tritiated CsA tracer contained in the Sandoz kit. In summary, sample pretreatment appears to be the simplest method of effectively removing endogenous interferences and minimizing erroneous results from whole blood submitted to the Sandoz RIA for CsA analysis. PMID- 3765052 TI - Cyclosporine pharmacokinetics in normal and pancreatectomized dogs. AB - Oral and i.v. cyclosporine (Cs) pharmacokinetics determined from radioimmunoassay (RIA) data were compared in normal and pancreatectomized dogs. An altered pharmacokinetics of Cs was observed in the pancreatectomized dogs that include: a 170% larger central compartment volume; a 34% greater total-body clearance; and lower steady-state average serum concentrations relative to the normals. Even though there were marked intersubject variations, both groups displayed a triexponential decline in Cs serum concentrations and disposition kinetics. Following 7 daily oral doses of commercial cyclosporine (CsA) (20 mg/kg) the Cs serum trough concentrations of the pancreatectomized dogs were consistently below 100 ng/ml, while those of the normal dogs were above 400 ng/ml. No alteration of CsA oral absorption was noted following pancreatectomy. This study suggests that frequent serum Cs concentration monitoring, with appropriate dosage adjustments, even in normals, is necessary to assure adequate drug levels. More significantly, the CsA dosage for pancreatectomized dogs should be several times greater to maintain serum concentrations comparable to normal dogs. PMID- 3765053 TI - A comparative toxicological study of cyclosporine and Nva2-cyclosporine in Sprague-Dawley rats. AB - Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats were given 50 mg/kg cyclosporine (CsA), cyclosporine G (nor-valine2-cyclosporine [CsG], or drug vehicle by orogastric intubation every 24 hr for 14 days. Both drugs profoundly suppressed humoral immune responses. Similar trough whole-blood cyclosporine levels were recorded in each group at days 7 and 14. In CsA-treated animals, significant lymphopenia was evident on day 14, together with monocytosis and neutrophilia. Only the monocytosis was seen in the CsG group. CsA and CsG both caused significant impairment of renal function by day 7, although at this time the effect was less marked with CsG. In both drug-treated groups, there was evidence of further deterioration in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by day 14. A significant rise in enzymuria was also recorded in each group. Typical cyclosporine-induced proximal straight tubular cell vacuolation was evident in four of the eight rats given CsG and in three of seven CsA-treated animals. Liver function was also significantly impaired in both CsA and CsG groups. These data show that, at the selected dose, CsG shares the nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic properties of CsA. The extent to which these effects of CsG are dose-related and the true clinical potential of this cyclosporine analogue have yet to be evaluated. PMID- 3765054 TI - Anaphylactic reaction to first exposure to cyclosporine. PMID- 3765055 TI - First International Alexis Carrel Conference on Lipid Mediators in Organ Transplantation. April 8-10, 1986, Washington, DC. PMID- 3765056 TI - Community mental health care. PMID- 3765057 TI - Deafness and ear disease. PMID- 3765058 TI - Intermittent peritoneal dialysis. Review of three years' experience. PMID- 3765059 TI - Multiple somatic complaints in primary health care settings in tropical countries. PMID- 3765060 TI - Community care for chronic psychotic patients on a small Caribbean island. PMID- 3765061 TI - Cataract surgery in developing countries. PMID- 3765062 TI - Simple resources for essential surgery. PMID- 3765063 TI - Testing degree of anaemia. Methods for use in developing countries. PMID- 3765064 TI - Simple treatment for the infected ear. PMID- 3765065 TI - Treatment of otitis media and ear infections. PMID- 3765066 TI - Paralytic poliomyelitis and physiotherapy. PMID- 3765067 TI - Volvulus of sigmoid colon. PMID- 3765069 TI - Ayurvedic treatment for fistula-in-ano. An example of cheap and simple technology for developing countries. PMID- 3765068 TI - Paramedicals' clinical accuracy in 102 cases referred to a provincial hospital. PMID- 3765070 TI - Traditional beliefs against weighing children regularly. PMID- 3765071 TI - Making a tablet-counter for use in the third world: progress report. PMID- 3765072 TI - Improving recognition of onchocerciasis in primary care--2: Learning from a cultural perspective. PMID- 3765073 TI - Dermatological priorities in developing countries. Predominance of infective parasitic dermatoses in rural communities. PMID- 3765074 TI - Decline in hepatitis attack rate over two decades and effectiveness of immunoglobulin prophylaxis. A retrospective survey in expatriates working in Nepal. PMID- 3765075 TI - Diagnosis and management of typhoid. PMID- 3765076 TI - Intradermal post-exposure rabies vaccination. PMID- 3765077 TI - Essential reagents for rural medical laboratories in Ghana. PMID- 3765078 TI - Human bites in rural Kenya. PMID- 3765079 TI - Brain hydatid cyst in Basrah. PMID- 3765080 TI - Role of community health workers in trachoma control. Case study from a Somali refugee camp. PMID- 3765081 TI - Need for caution in use of DEC for treatment of onchocerciasis. PMID- 3765082 TI - Making drugs in small rural hospitals. PMID- 3765083 TI - Growth rate score to screen for intrauterine growth retardation. PMID- 3765084 TI - Antenatal card for illiterate traditional birth attendants. PMID- 3765085 TI - Should vesicovaginal fistula be treated only by specialists? PMID- 3765086 TI - Umbilical incision for post-partum tubal ligation. PMID- 3765087 TI - Management of rupture of the gravid uterus. PMID- 3765088 TI - Medical missionaries and primary health care. PMID- 3765089 TI - Medical care utilization prior to death in cholera outbreaks in rural Bangladesh. PMID- 3765090 TI - Effectiveness of seminars in training rural health workers. PMID- 3765091 TI - Examining the pharynx. PMID- 3765092 TI - Multiple somatic complaints. PMID- 3765093 TI - Treatment of superficial fungal infections. PMID- 3765094 TI - Selection of essential drugs. Standardized supply of essential drugs in Ghana. 1. PMID- 3765095 TI - Intradermal post-exposure rabies vaccination. PMID- 3765096 TI - Urethroplasty for stricture. PMID- 3765097 TI - Abdominal emergencies. A four-year experience in Central Africa. PMID- 3765098 TI - Maternal height and cephalopelvic disproportion in Sierra Leone. PMID- 3765099 TI - Childhood malnutrition in the Western Province of the Solomon Islands. PMID- 3765100 TI - An inexpensive operating loupe. PMID- 3765101 TI - Knee-chest exercise for spontaneous fetal version. PMID- 3765102 TI - Injections and AIDS. PMID- 3765103 TI - [Structural changes in the liver parenchyma of mice of various genetic strains during multiple stressful events and subsequent CCl4 poisoning]. AB - The preliminary state of long-term stress decreases the liver resistance to the action of CCl4 in mice of two different strains and delays the process of repair of the liver parenchyma after its damage. The development of these processes has certain peculiarities in mice of each strain, that testifies to the importance of genetic factors in determination of the liver response to stress and damaging effect. PMID- 3765104 TI - [Effect of N-nitrosodimethylamine and precursors of this carcinogen on rat kidney cells in monolayer culture]. AB - Kidney tissue culture of 3-day old rats was cultivated in the presence of carcinogenic N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), sodium nitrite, amidopyrine and a combination of these substances forming NDMA. All these substances induce changes in the number of DNA-synthesizing cells, monolayer density, percentage ratio of epithelial and fibroblastoid cells in the kidney cultures. The above changes are typical of each of the tested components, that permits using one-layer culture of the rat kidneys as a model for investigating cell response to the precursors of NDMA and to this carcinogen. PMID- 3765105 TI - [Unusual case of 18p- syndrome: diagnosis using a cloned DNA fragment]. AB - The patient with atypical clinic picture of 18p- syndrome is described. The in situ hybridization technique was used to localize chromosome 18-specific cloned sequence to metaphase chromosomes of the proband. The predominant hybridization was found in pericentromeric regions of homologous chromosome 18. The amount of pericentromeric DNA measured by in situ hybridization was different in homologous chromosomes and the number of radioactive grains was statistically greater in the normal chromosome 18 than in the chromosome 18p-. The cause of asymmetrical hybridization of probes to homologous chromosomes 18 is discussed. The results obtained indicate that this probe may be useful in clinical cytogenetics for identification of chromosome 19 in metaphase and interphase cells, determination of breakpoints or studies of pericentromeric DNA polymorphisms. PMID- 3765106 TI - [Interaction of epithelial cells with the edges of fluid and solid lipid films]. AB - Capping of Concanavalin A (Con A) on the surface of epithelial cells near the cell-cell contacts has been compared with that in the regions of cell contacts with the edges of lipid films. If the lipids are in "fluid" state, Con A is capped likely as on the free edges of epithelial sheets, while contacts with the edge of solid lipid film inhibit capping of Con A as do cell-cell contacts. The same is true for capping of liposomes adsorbed on the surface of epithelial cells. We suppose that solid rather than fluid domains in plasma membranes may play a significant role in establishing cell-cell contacts. PMID- 3765107 TI - [Effect of the segregation of neutral red, acridine orange and ammonium chloride by L cells (subline LSM) on lysosomal hydrolase activity]. AB - Kinetics of Neutral red (NR) and Acridine orange (AO) uptake by cultured L cells (subline LSM) has been studied. It was found that the uptake of both NR and AO, with their constant concentrations in the medium was characterized as a two-phase process. During 2 hours, these cells concentrated as much as 90% of the total amount of NR and AO taken up during the whole incubation period. The segregation and accumulation of NR, AO as well as NH4Cl took place in lysosomes. NR and AO concentrations within the cells exceed by 600 and 400 times, respectively, those in the medium. NR, AO and NH4+ accumulation in cells resulted in inhibition of the activity of the following lysosomal hydrolases: cathepsins B and D, acid lipase, N-acetyl-beta,D-glucosaminidase, beta-galactosidase, acid phosphatase and galactosyltransferase, the latter being a marker of Golgi apparatus. The effect of lysosomal enzyme activity inhibition on the cell economy, and a possible role of lysosomotropic agents as regulators of the lysosomal apparatus functional activity are discussed. PMID- 3765109 TI - [Histogenesis of the taste buds of the vallate papilla in the in the rat in the postnatal stages of development]. AB - The developing taste buds of vallate papillae were studied with electron microscope in rats during the first 7 days after birth. Two types of cells--light and dark--are identified in the taste buds of a one day old animal. The apical parts of dark cells are characterized by numerous dark granules. A distinguishing feature of light cells is the presence of synaptic contacts with afferent intragemmal nerves. On the 4th day of development on the top of the apical parts of the cell, a microvillar apparatus is seen to form, which does not yet communicate with the oral cavity. On the 7th day, basal cells appear in the taste buds. Some of these cells are seen mitotically dividing. The differentiated microvillar apparatus now communicates with oral cavity. The structure of the taste buds is getting similar to that in the adults. The structural and functional peculiarities of the developing taste buds are discussed in association with the period of ontogenesis under consideration. PMID- 3765108 TI - [Differential condensation of human chromosomes 9 and Y]. AB - Some differences were observed in the mitotic condensation of regions composing human chromosomes 9 and Y: regions 9p, 9h and Y nf are characterized by an intense condensation by the end of the spiralization interval studied (the length of the repair chromosome 3 varying from 5.4 to 2.9 mkm). At the same time, the condensation of regions 9q-h (region 9q without heterochromatic block) is slowing in the initial spiralization interval (the length of chromosome 3 varying from 16.6 to 5.5 mkm). The Yf-block of Y-chromosome is condensing faster than nf region. The condensation parameters of Q-heterochromatic blocks are most variable while the euchromatic regions are most stable. The dynamics of 9h and of f-block condensation are independent within one karyotype. Based on the data obtained we doubt the correctness of studies on linear dimensions of the constitutive heterochromatin blocks for the evaluation of its quantity in the karyotype. A possible association of differential mitotic condensation with the chromosome segregation disturbances is discussed. PMID- 3765110 TI - [Rare chromosomal aberrations in the Shereshevskii-Turner syndrome]. AB - Among 106 females with the Turner syndrome phenotype, two displayed rare chromosomal anomalies. In one patient, in addition to X-chromosome monosomy, among cultured lymphocytes cells with two isochromosomes made by long arms of X chromosome were detected. Their frequency was 25%, and this value was the same in cultures obtained repeatedly after 3 and 5 months, which may suggest a certain stability of this clone. The other patient had a combination of two aberrations never reported before: the combination of isochromosome Xq and the Robertsonian translocation 13; 14. By their phenotype, these two women did not change from other patients with isochromosome Xq. PMID- 3765111 TI - [Evaluation of conformational changes in the supercoiled DNA of eukaryotic cells by direct nucleoid fluorimetry. I. The comparative information value of various methods of studying structural disorders in the supercoiled DNA in thymocytes and macrophages]. AB - A direct fluorimetric method is elaborated for studying conformational distortions in the scDNA of "nucleoids" of macrophages and thymocytes. The method is more advantageous compared to methods of viscosimetry and sedimentation. PMID- 3765112 TI - [Mouse splenocyte sensitization to normal tissue antigens and natural killer activity. III. The effect of partial hepatectomy]. AB - Partial hepatectomy leads to both increasing of natural cell-mediated activity and sensibilization level (SL) of splenocytes of hepatectomized mice towards antigens of the syngeneic liver. The wave-like variability of SL was shown with sharp increase at 3, 6 and 9 days after operation. Natural killer activity was elevated on the 2nd and 10th days with a significant decrease on the 3-4th days after operation. It is assumed that the variability in the functional activity of splenocytes under study may characterized splenocytes of different populations. PMID- 3765113 TI - Bovine theileriosis in Burundi: chemotherapy with halofuginone lactate. AB - In a field trial 100 cattle suffering from naturally acquired East Coast fever caused by Theileria parva were treated with halofuginone lactate at a dose of 0.6 to 2.0 mg/kg body weight. Records were kept of exact diagnosis, treatment and follow up observations. The total recovery rate was 87%. The rate was highest in local breeds (up to 100%) and lowest in Friesian cattle (61.5%). Two treatments were administered to nine animals, two of which had relapsed four to six days after the first treatment. Halofuginone was well tolerated when the therapeutic dose was diluted in at least 500 ml of water. It proved to be a reliable and effective drug in the treatment of theileriosis under field conditions. PMID- 3765114 TI - Urine odour in a camel suffering from surra (T. evansi infection). PMID- 3765115 TI - Prevalence of parasite eggs and cysts in faeces from dairy cows in Colombia. AB - When 1,711 bovine faecal samples from 113 farms in eight dairy areas of Colombia were examined for the presence of helminth eggs Fasciola hepatica eggs were found in the faeces from 60% of the farms and samples from animals kept above 2,000 m. Strongyle eggs were found in faeces from 82% of the farms and in 18% of the samples. PMID- 3765116 TI - Blood selenium concentrations of sheep and goats from selected areas of Kenya. AB - A systematic mapping technique based on blood, forage and soil selenium levels was employed to locate areas of selenium deficiency, adequacy or excess in areas of Kenya where grazing of small ruminants predominates. A total of 1,478 blood samples from both sheep and goats, 180 forage samples and 90 soil samples were analysed for selenium levels. During the wet seasons 28% of the sheep and 15% of the goats had marginal to deficient blood selenium concentrations while during the dry season 20% of the sheep and 12% of the goats had marginal to deficient blood selenium concentrations. Forage samples had a range of 0.03 to 0.66 ppm selenium while soil samples had a range of 0.06 to 0.98 ppm selenium. Although many animals had blood selenium levels of less than 0.05 ppm, below which selenium deficiency signs might occur, none of the animals manifested these signs. PMID- 3765117 TI - Sodium deficiency of grazing cattle in Papua New Guinea. AB - Sodium deficiency was suspected from low saliva sodium concentrations in cattle at various sites in the lowlands of Papua New Guinea. In an experiment at Erap, Morobe Province crossbred and pedigree Brahman heifers supplemented with copper, cobalt and/or common salt showed no response to copper or cobalt supplementation. There was a significant growth response (P less than 0.01) to salt supplementation over a 16 week period confirming sodium deficiency in these animals. The response in the crossbreds was twice that in the purebreds. Supplemented crossbred animals grew 0.78 kg/day over the 16 week experimental period. PMID- 3765118 TI - Reproduction rate and viability of Merino, Nilagiri and halfbred Merino. I. Fertility, prolificacy and viability. AB - Lambing records from 482 Merino ewes, 533 Nilagiri ewes and 192 halfbred Merino ewes were used to estimate the number of ewes lambing per ewe inseminated, number of lambs born per ewe lambing, number of lambs weaned per lamb born and number of ewe lambs reaching joining age per ewe lamb weaned. Adult viability was studied by following through the life of 385 Merino ewes, 192 Nilagiri ewes and 61 halfbred ewes in the breeding flock from one and a half to seven and a half years of age. The genetic groups differed significantly for all the reproductive traits but not for adult viability. Lower values of number of ewes lambing per ewe inseminated compared to the number weaned and the number reaching joining age indicate that infertility and embryonic mortality were the main sources of loss. PMID- 3765119 TI - Reproduction rate and viability of Merino, Nilagiri and halfbred Merino. II. Age specific replacement rate and net reproduction rate. AB - Age specific replacement rate, net reproduction rate and intrinsic rate of population increase were estimated from records over a period of 11 years of Merino, Nilagiri and halfbreds. On an average for every 1000 ewes mated 830 ewes lambed, 917 lambs were born, 898 lambs were weaned and 422 ewe lambs survived to joining age (one and a half years) in Nilagiri sheep. The corresponding figures were 665, 685, 590 and 228 in Merino and 664, 709, 691 and 341 in halfbreds. Nilagiri ewes in intermediate ages had more multiple births and older ewes weaned more lambs. The flock strength was not maintained unless the ewes were kept till the fifth lambing in Merino, third lambing in Nilagiri and fourth lambing in halfbred Merino. These results along with the culling levels indicated that the low reproductive efficiency in halfbreds may not be critical enough to avoid introduction of Merino for improvement in productivity. However, the poor reproductive efficiency of the Merino in this country may necessitate repeat importations of Merino rams for production of halfbreds. PMID- 3765121 TI - Metastatic growth of a murine tumor: evidence of dissemination to the lungs in the absence of subcutaneous growth. AB - Growth of MCA-38/B colon adenocarcinoma was detectable 30-33 days after subcutaneous (s.c.) tumor cell inoculation in mice. Seventy percent of the mice receiving 10(7) tumor cells, 50% of those receiving 10(6), and 15% of the mice given 10(5) cells developed s.c. tumors (mean of 4 experiments, total of 80 mice per group). Metastases in the presence of a primary tumor were observed in 11% of 10(7) and in 10% of 10(6) tumor-cell injected animals. Lung metastases were detected in the absence of tumor growth at the site of s.c. cell injection in 19% of 10(7), in 8% of 10(6) and in 5% of 10(5) and 10(4) tumor-cell inoculated mice. In parallel experiments an intravenous (i.v.) inoculum of tumor cells produced lung colonies in 40% of 10(6) and in 14% of 10(5) tumor-cell injected animals. Smaller inocula did not give rise to lung colonies, thus making it unlikely that accidental i.v. inoculations of tumor cells during the s.c. injections caused the observed metastatic dissemination to the lungs. PMID- 3765120 TI - Effect of chronic heat load during pregnancy on birth weight, behaviour and body composition of Australian feral goat kids. AB - Six feral does maintained at elevated ambient temperatures (27.2 degrees - 34.8 degrees) for the last half of pregnancy had rectal temperatures (Tr) elevated by 0.4 degrees above 10 unstressed does. Heat-stressed twin-bearers were 0.15 degrees hotter than single-bearers and bore lighter kids (1.70 kg), than unstressed does (2.24 kg) while singles were less affected (2.22 kg versus 2.28 kg). Birth weight was more highly correlated (P less than 0.001) with the daily minimum Tr of the dam than with the mean or maximum Tr. Kids from heated does stood and began sucking as quickly as control kids but during the first six hours scored significantly (P less than 0.01) lower on a scale of general activity. There were no significant differences in body content of nitrogen, fat and ash or, when birth weight was considered, weight of hide, CNS and liver. PMID- 3765122 TI - A fifteen years' experience in the diagnosis and treatment of benign lung tumors. AB - Even the most sophisticated examinations, such as computerized tomography and percutaneous fine needle biopsy, often do not allow a certain preoperative diagnosis of benign lung cancer. The clinical history may also be deceiving: a smoker over 35 years of age need not necessarily have a primary lung cancer, but this event is frequent enough to justify a diagnostic thoracotomy. In our series, chest tomography proved to be useful and sometimes revealed unsuspected lesions. In contrast, bronchoscopy is useful only for centrally located lesions, and the same is true for bronchial washing and brushing. Finally, thoracotomy, possibly an axillary one with enucleation or possibly transegmentary resection, is the most frequent operation in benign lung tumors, because of the unfailing diagnosis and for the minimal functional damage to the patient. A diagnostic thoracotomy may also avoid the psychologic stress suffered by a patient with a simple but undiagnosed benign lung tumor. PMID- 3765123 TI - Significance of histologic grading in the prognosis of ovarian tumors. AB - The prognostic significance of a histologic grading system was studied by an analysis of pathological specimens from 73 patients with ovarian epithelial cancers and tumors of borderline malignancies (tumors of low malignant potential) collected over a period of 25 years. The survival probability of patients in each group was analyzed by a computer program based on the product limit of Kaplan and Meier. The histologic grading scheme based on the presence of papillary formations or glands versus the presence of solid tumor nests proved to be prognostically significant for patients with stage I and II disease. The other grading system, based on cytologic features, was able to stratify survival rates into three instead of two groups distinguished by the histologic grading system. The survival of patients with moderately and poorly differentiated tumors was essentially the same. No difference was found between the prognoses of patients with cytologic grades 3 and 4. PMID- 3765124 TI - Cyto-histologic evaluation of the endometrium in climacteric women at risk for endometrial carcinoma. AB - The authors evaluated the diagnostic effectiveness of a triple specimen technique (cyto-histologic) performed by the Perma device. The incidence of endometrial hyperplasia (according to Dallenbach-Hellweg's classification) was estimated in 254 climacteric women selected from outpatients who come spontaneously to the Menopause Clinic of the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (Bologna University). The selection criterion was the evidence of risk factors for endometrial carcinoma, climacteric bleedings (obesity, late menopause, high blood pressure, diabetes), or endometriotropic estrogen therapy in the postmenopause. Results showed that the cyto-histologic sampling is most useful for diagnosing endometrial hyperplasia and early carcinoma (diagnostic effectiveness: 89.0 93.8%). Also, endometrial hyperplasia was found to have a significant incidence in the group we examined. This incidence was highest in women with climacteric bleedings, secondly in women using high-dose estrogens, and thirdly in women with risk factors for endometrial carcinoma. When evaluating the different kinds of endometrial hyperplasia, we never found adenomatous hyperplasia in women on estrogen therapy. Affinity between histologic and cytologic classes was around 50% in endometrial hyperplasia and 100% in early carcinoma. This emphasizes that both samplings are needed to perform an accurate diagnosis. PMID- 3765125 TI - Multiple gastric carcinoids and pernicious anemia: report of a case. AB - A case of pernicious anemia associated with multiple gastric carcinoids is reported. The neoplastic growth was composed of enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells, and ECL cell hyperplasia was observed also in hyperplastic polyps, inside the fundic glands and in small nests lying in the lamina propria (microcarcinoidosis). The possible relation between pernicious anemia and ECL cell hyperplasia is discussed. PMID- 3765126 TI - Steward's midline granuloma. A case report. AB - Steward's type of neoplastic disease is rare. Much has been discussed on the histopathology of this granuloma. Most authors define it as a neoplasm of the lymphoid system, and it is a subgroup of the "midline granuloma syndrome". We report a case of a 19-year-old first treated with chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide and prednisone) and then with radiotherapy, with good results. PMID- 3765127 TI - [Cutaneous mastocytosis]. PMID- 3765128 TI - [Asymptomatic bacteriuria in the pregnant woman in metropolitan Tunis. Prospective study]. PMID- 3765129 TI - [Osteoarticular manifestations of scleroderma. Apropos of 14 cases]. PMID- 3765130 TI - [Place of immunologic methods in the radioclinical diagnosis of bronchopulmonary aspergillomas observed over a 6 year period]. PMID- 3765131 TI - [Jaundice during acute cholecystitis: diagnostic and prognostic consequences]. PMID- 3765132 TI - [Place of oxyuriasis in a pediatric office. Apropos of a study of 500 children]. PMID- 3765133 TI - [Acute and subacute pericarditis: etiologic problems and evolutionary course]. PMID- 3765134 TI - [Calcified ovarian fibroma. Apropos of 1 case]. PMID- 3765135 TI - [The triatrial heart. Apropos of 3 cases]. PMID- 3765136 TI - [Chordoma. Apropos of 4 cases]. PMID- 3765137 TI - [Computerized data base for rehabilitation, readaptation, kinesitherapy, ergotherapy, sports injuries and associated basic sciences]. PMID- 3765138 TI - [Basedow's disease. Review: apropos of 408 cases]. PMID- 3765139 TI - [Basedow's disease. Predisposition, pathogenesis and pathology]. PMID- 3765140 TI - [Hormonal study of hyperthyroid patients]. PMID- 3765141 TI - [Surgical treatment of Basedow's disease. Apropos of 150 cases (1974-1984)]. PMID- 3765143 TI - Electron microscopy: Tenth European Congress of Pathology, Athens, 1-7 September 1985. PMID- 3765142 TI - [Contribution of radioisotopes in Basedow's disease]. PMID- 3765144 TI - Primary metabolic cardiomyopathy mimicking an ischemic heart disease. PMID- 3765145 TI - An inguinal mass in a 37-year-old male previously treated for a testicular cancer. PMID- 3765146 TI - Symptomatic pulmonary tumor in middle age female. PMID- 3765147 TI - Fluctuating flank tumor in a young woman. PMID- 3765148 TI - Virus-like particles in cytoplasm and vermicellar bodies in nuclei of epithelial cells from patients with esophageal carcinoma. PMID- 3765149 TI - Immunohistochemistry and diagnostic electron microscopy (UP 10(2)iii, 1986) PMID- 3765150 TI - [Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria. A review of a rare condition illustrated by 3 case histories]. PMID- 3765151 TI - [Treatment of intractable hemorrhagic cystitis with formalin]. PMID- 3765152 TI - [Diagnostic considerations in pleural effusion]. PMID- 3765153 TI - [Incidence of recurrence following conservative treatment, drainage or surgery of primary spontaneous pneumothorax]. PMID- 3765154 TI - [Hypoglycemia during treatment with sulfonylurea preparations]. PMID- 3765155 TI - [Double-lumen hemodialysis catheters in the treatment of acetylsalicylic acid and lithium poisoning]. PMID- 3765156 TI - [Spontaneous bilateral total pneumothorax]. PMID- 3765157 TI - [Catamenial pneumothorax]. PMID- 3765158 TI - [Acute myocardial infarction during fasting]. PMID- 3765159 TI - [Beclomethasone or budesonide?]. PMID- 3765160 TI - [The medical consequences of nuclear weapons in Denmark. Program and background]. PMID- 3765161 TI - [The significance of occupational exposure for cancer of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Case-referent studies in Denmark, Sweden and Finland]. PMID- 3765162 TI - [Hyperventilation in refugees]. PMID- 3765163 TI - [Circulatory regulation during hypovolemic shock]. PMID- 3765164 TI - [Treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy]. PMID- 3765165 TI - [Virus as the cause of disseminated sclerosis?]. PMID- 3765166 TI - [Dog bites. Bacterial flora and resistance pattern]. PMID- 3765167 TI - [Arthroscopic knee surgery. Short-term results after 66 operations]. PMID- 3765168 TI - [Primary replacement surgery in cases of infected hip alloplasties]. PMID- 3765169 TI - [Cervical cytology prior to demonstration of the cervical cancer]. PMID- 3765170 TI - [Occurrence of Demodex folliculorum hominis in Greenland]. PMID- 3765171 TI - [The multicystic kidney. 3 bilateral and 17 unilateral cases]. PMID- 3765172 TI - [Non-occlusive ischemic colitis. A case with transmural rectal gangrene]. PMID- 3765173 TI - [Exostosis induced by a glass foreign body]. PMID- 3765174 TI - [The vascular ring. Differential diagnosis of bronchial asthma in childhood]. PMID- 3765175 TI - [Prolonged urologic disease caused by fragments of a balloon catheter in the bladder]. PMID- 3765176 TI - [Evaluation of clinical trials]. PMID- 3765177 TI - [Tetanus 1978-1982]. PMID- 3765178 TI - [Immunity to tetanus in persons 30 to 70 years old]. PMID- 3765179 TI - [Alcohol and accidents. A 1-year prospective study of accidents requiring hospitalization. II. The nature and severity of the accidents]. PMID- 3765181 TI - [The effect of fees on medical services based on the number of visits]. PMID- 3765180 TI - [Deaths due to poisoning in the county of Vejle 1980-1985]. PMID- 3765182 TI - [Acute abdominal emergencies. The extent of the problem]. PMID- 3765183 TI - The structure of (100) defects in carbonated apatite crystallites: a high resolution electron microscope study. AB - Planar defects parallel to (100) with an approximate [1/400] displacement vector have been identified by high resolution transmission electron microscopy and by micro-electron diffraction in the center of synthetic carbonated apatite crystallites. Similar intergrowths, 0.8-1.5 nm in width, have been observed in dental enamel, dentin and bone apatite crystallites. Four possible structural models of the defect core are proposed to explain these experimental features, and computer-simulated lattice images of the models are compared with the experimental images. Typical defects were consistent with a two-dimensional octacalcium phosphate inclusion, one unit cell thick, embedded in an apatite matrix. PMID- 3765184 TI - A graphical description of scattering. AB - The relationship between Fourier transforms of the refractive index of objects and the Fourier transform of the scattered ultrasonic waves are reviewed. Both the Born and Rytov approximations in the first order are used to linearize the Helmholtz wave equation. Both forward and backward scatter geometries are illustrated. The relationship between these coherent wave considerations and the clinically used echo and transmission modalities is discussed. PMID- 3765185 TI - Therapeutic ultrasound. AB - Currently the most widely applied use of therapeutic ultrasound in ophthalmology is for the treatment of refractory glaucoma. This new technique is described, histologic changes in experimental animals discussed, and mode of action postulated. The intraocular pressure (IOP) results obtained after treatment of 187 patient eyes are presented, with a review of complications and visual acuity changes. This study demonstrates that 70% of patients treated had an IOP reduction to 25 mm Hg or less one year after ultrasound therapy. PMID- 3765186 TI - Ultrasonic tissue characterization and histopathology in tumor xenografts following ultrasonically induced hyperthermia. AB - Cells derived from human skin malignant melanoma were implanted subcutaneously in athymic nude mice. Tumors which developed at the implant site were treated with ultrasonically induced hyperthermia at 49 degrees C for 30 min. Tumors were scanned with a computerized diagnostic ultrasound system before and after treatment. Light (LM) and electron (EM) micrographs of tumors were obtained after scanning. Changes in ultrasonic tissue characterization parameters following treatment were well correlated with histopathologic changes observed in tumors. The results are significant in terms of clinical application of ultrasonically induced hyperthermia for treatment of intraocular tumors and the noninvasive monitoring of tumors by use of diagnostic ultrasound. PMID- 3765187 TI - [Conservative therapy of forearm fracture in the growth stage with special reference to the correlation of roentgenologic course, objective and subjective total results]. AB - 143 out of 310 patients in the age of one to 18 years suffering from forearm shaft-fractures could be followed up at the 2nd Department of Traumatology, University of Vienna, out of a period between 1978 and 1983. A correlation between radiologic follow-ups and objective/subjective findings was achieved by means of the WAMASTAT/SAS program at the Institute of Medical Computer Sciences. With the aid of computer diagrams of the angulation of fracture-dislocation awaited restrictions of movement can be anticipated. Corrective reductions performed in time can prevent disalignment and improve long-term follow-up results. PMID- 3765188 TI - [The Giessen model of a cement-free implantable total endoprosthesis for the hip joint]. AB - Complete endoprostheses of the bitrochanteric type were implanted in Giessen in 111 patients the average age of whom was 74 years. Computer-assisted evaluation showed that more than 70% of these patients developed autonomous mobility. The rest had not been able to walk before surgery, but could be nursed or became able to sit after the operation or were still followed up. At the end of follow-up treatment, a rate of 90% of mobile patients with or without stick is to be expected. Initially, the implantation technique is certainly more difficult to learn with this model than with other allo-endoprostheses of the hip joint. This is due to the fact that the implants are an exact replica of the pertrochanteric region, thus permitting a broad contact face to the cortical substance instead of the punctiform contact of some other models. Once learned, the technique can be applied without considerable problems. At our Department it has proved to be successful. PMID- 3765189 TI - [Experiences using the rotation femur head prosthesis in the treatment of medial femoral neck fractures in geriatric patients]. AB - We report upon 167 fractures of the medial femoral neck (166 patients aged 82 years on average) that were treated by hemialloarthroplasty (trunnion hip prosthesis Allo-Pro). 94 patients were followed-up from three to 53 months (average 18 months) postoperatively. 67 patients regained their full physical activity. This operative technique is indicated in fractures with high risk of femoral head necrosis and in patients with reduced physical conditions. We see the advantage of hemialloarthroplasty in the relatively small operative trauma and the possibility of early mobilization. PMID- 3765190 TI - [Foam-gel film and gel film in trauma surgery]. AB - Presented are the experiences with new wound dressings in the treatment of open wounds and burns in traumatologic surgery. The foam-gel-film stimulates secondary healing wounds in the development of granulation tissue and the gel-film is used as a wound dressing after skin transplantation and in burns. PMID- 3765191 TI - [Expert evaluation of meniscus damage]. AB - There are four main reasons for mistakes in giving expert opinions about injuries of the meniscus. The report about the accident isn't sufficiently detailed. The expert questions the injured person himself. The mechanics of the knee are unknown. The juridical and medical problems of degeneration and previous damage are unknown. The points are discussed to get a higher standard of expert opinions. PMID- 3765192 TI - [Post-traumatic proximal radio-ulnar synostosis]. AB - The posttraumatic synostosis between radius and ulna is one of a rare but grave complication in case of forearm-fracture. Only a few successful treated case reports are described. This case reports upon a young man with a second-degree open elbow-joint-debris-fracture. Following a proximal radio-ulnar-synostosis happened. Eight months posttraumatic the radio-ulnar-synostosis was operatively eliminated. Subsequent an intermediate dura-cuff was implanted after partial resection of the membrana interossea. PMID- 3765193 TI - [Current structural questions in the surgical specialty]. PMID- 3765194 TI - [Proceedings of slide seminars]. PMID- 3765195 TI - [Treatment of severe or refractory dermatophytoses with ketoconazole. Report of a study conducted by 16 dermatologists in Quebec]. PMID- 3765196 TI - [Deletion of the long arm of chromosome 5 in hematology. Clinical and biological interest]. PMID- 3765197 TI - [Idiopathic eosinophilic enteritis, limited form of hypereosinophilic syndrome]. PMID- 3765198 TI - [Von Hippel-Lindau disease and modern medical imagery]. PMID- 3765200 TI - [Abstracts. Association des medecins microbiologistes du Quebec. Annual meeting. Montebello (Quebec), 12-13 June 1986]. PMID- 3765199 TI - [Outcome of newborn infants of birth weight less than or equal to 1500 grams born in region 05 (province of Quebec) from 1975 to 1982]. PMID- 3765201 TI - [Abstracts. Association des medecins specialistes en medecine nucleaire du Quebec. Annual colloquium--10th anniversary. 24 May 1986]. PMID- 3765202 TI - [Water and salt metabolism in chronic pyelonephritis]. PMID- 3765203 TI - [Comprehensive intraoperative bacteriological diagnosis of calculous pyelonephritis]. PMID- 3765204 TI - [Characteristics of the pathogenesis and clinical course of a combined kidney lesion of tuberculosis and chronic pyelonephritis in the Far North]. PMID- 3765205 TI - [The basic achievements and developmental prospects of Soviet urology and surgical nephrology (apropos of the results of the 27th Congress of the CPSU)]. PMID- 3765206 TI - [Treatment experience with ureteral calculi patients]. PMID- 3765207 TI - [Comments and proposals on the International Classification of Bladder Cancer by the TNM system]. PMID- 3765208 TI - [Relation of the stage of disease and degree of cellular anaplasia to lymphoid cellular stromal infiltration in bladder cancer patients]. PMID- 3765209 TI - [Prevention of secondary urinary tract infection associated with catheterization after adenomectomy]. PMID- 3765210 TI - [Use of ultrasound and sodium chloride baths in the therapy of postoperative complications in patients following prostatic adenomectomy]. PMID- 3765211 TI - [Comparative evaluation of the dialysers used by patients with chronic kidney failure under hemodialysis treatment]. PMID- 3765212 TI - [Validation and evaluation of the results of microsurgical revascularization of the testicles in treating male sterility]. PMID- 3765213 TI - [Luminescent cytological research on hormonal saturation in men]. PMID- 3765214 TI - [Assessment of human sperm motility by using a laser device]. PMID- 3765215 TI - [Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis simulating tuberculosis]. PMID- 3765216 TI - [Arrest of profuse hemorrhage following kidney biopsy by embolization of the damaged artery]. PMID- 3765217 TI - [Surgical treatment of nonparasitic chyluria]. PMID- 3765218 TI - [Pedunculitis as a cause of chyluria]. PMID- 3765219 TI - [Asymptomatic urinary system defects in the parents of children with renal agenesis]. PMID- 3765220 TI - [Clinico-morphological characteristics of changes in the pelviureteral segment in hydronephrosis]. PMID- 3765221 TI - [Disintegration of kidney calculi by piezoelectrically generated high-energy sound waves. Physical principles and experimental studies]. AB - The recently developed equipment for extracorporeal piezoelectric lithotripsy (EPL) represents an improvement concerning the shock-wave-induced disintegration of urinary calculi. While the usual spark gap transmitter needs a focusing reflector, the piezoelectric lithotriptor is based on a self-focusing spherical bowl transmitter. The stone is detected exclusively by ultrasound. For this purpose, an integrated sector scanner is used as well as the high-energy sound transmitter itself. With the piezoelectrically generated high-energy sound pulses we have succeeded in completely disintegrating implanted stones in the renal pelvis of dogs without injuring the morphology or function of the exposed kidneys. PMID- 3765222 TI - [Cancer induction by urinary drainage or diversion through intestinal segments?]. AB - Since the introduction of ureterosigmoidostomy 79 cases of adenocarcinomas of the sigmoid near the implantation site of the ureters were described. Clinical and experimental data indicate that the excretion of urine and faeces together leads to endogenous nitrosamine synthesis and thus induces carcinomas. Other factors- like carcinogens excreted with the urine or chronic irritation of the mucosa by urine--could also cause carcinomas in the urine diverting parts of the intestine. Based on our own cases and a study of the literature we investigated whether other forms of urinary diversion can induce tumors. So far 4 tumor cases in ileum conduits and 2 cases in colon conduits have been reported together with 2 tumors in bladder augmentation (ileocystoplasty). We found in our material 1 case of cancer in a rectum bladder, 1 in a colocystoplasty, and 2 after ureterosigmoidostomy. In ureter substitution plasty and following Kock- or Camey technique no cases of tumor induction have been reported so far. From the presently available data it must be concluded that urinary diversion using intestine may cause tumor induction. With the interval between surgery and evidence of tumor being at least 20 years a sharp increase in morbidity must be expected for the years after 1990. This leads to the demand that all patients with urinary diversion using intestine must be regularly evaluated by radiological, endoscopic and bioptic controls. These oncological aspects should be considered for the appropriate choice of urinary diversion especially in children. PMID- 3765223 TI - [Diclofenac-Na--an alternative treatment possibility in therapy-resistant calcium oxalate urolithiasis?]. AB - In a prospective study, the influence of sole Diclofenac-Na therapy (3 X 25 mg Rewodina, Voltaren) on the calculus recurrence rate of eight frequently relapsing and therapy resistant calcium-oxalate stone patients is analysed. During a period of one year's treatment, the recurrence rate could be reduced by 73.2%, from 123 to 33 calculi. Serious side effects, changes in blood serological parameters and various urine components were not observed. The course of passages of calculi was improved by reduced pain and rapid passage. The paper summarizes all results of calcium-oxalate stone treatments with nonsteroidal antiphlogistics known so far. In the opinion of the authors, the present successful Diclofenac-Na treatment offers a novel possibility of influencing therapy resistant stone-formers over long periods. PMID- 3765224 TI - [Treatment of contracted bladder with orgotein. Report of experiences]. AB - On the basis of promising investigations and reports by various authors in the 1970s and early 1980s, since July 1982 we have been giving a standardized injection of orgotein (see Methods) in the urinary bladder for all forms of contracted bladder that had been unresponsive to previous drug therapy. As the Preparation is well tolerated and highly effective, we recommend this method of treatment. In our experience the only limitation ist that orgotein must be injected into the mucous membranes of the bladder under general or regional anesthesia. PMID- 3765225 TI - [Complications following surgery for female urinary incontinence]. AB - The two competitive methods available for operative treatment of female stress incontinence are the suspension procedures according to Marshall-Marchetti and according to Burch. With respect to continence, equally favorable results are achieved using both dethods. One way of assessing their value is by measuring the complications involved. A report is presented on osteomyelitis of the pubic symphysis in two cases after the Marshall-Marchetti operation and hydronephrosis in one case after the Burch operation. In all three patients, the complications were accompanied by postoperative fever as an early symptom. PMID- 3765226 TI - [Radiation exposure of the surgeon in percutaneous nephrolithopaxy ]. AB - Radiation exposure to the surgeon was determined during 50 percutaneous renal stone removals. Above-table X-ray equipment with the X-ray tube in a vertical position was used. The beam was always collimated to 15 cm X 15 cm. A vertical lead screen between surgeon and X-ray tube offered protection against scatter radiation. Radiation exposure to the left hand ranged from 0.1 mSv to 4.7 mSv (average: 0.92 mSv); to the right hand from 0.1 mSv to 1 mSv for one operation (average: 0.26 mSv). Chest dose (under and outside the lead apron) was in 50 cases lower than 0.01 mSv. Radiation exposure at collar level was in 45 cases lower than 0.01 mSv and averaged 0.08 mSv in 5 cases (range: 0.05 to 0.13 mSv). PMID- 3765227 TI - [Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis with cancer of the kidney pelvis--a rare coincidence]. AB - Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is a specific form of a chronically destructive inflammation of the kidney. In addition to our own case of the extremely rare coincidence of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis and a transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis our report also refers to seven further cases of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. Any preoperative diagnosis usually is inaccurate. The symptoms are: general poor health, renal pain, fever, marked reduction or complete loss of the renal function, and frequently radiological evidence of a renal tumor. Surgery of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis often results in nephrectomy. PMID- 3765228 TI - [Paravesical angiofollicular hyperplasia of the lymph nodes (so-called Castleman tumor). A contribution to differential diagnosis of benign retroperitoneal space occupying lesions]. AB - Clinical and pathological presentation of a benign so-called "Castleman Tumour", is very rare in the urological literature. It caused impression of the bladder and displacement of the right ureter in a 47-year-old male patient with a six year case history. Detailed description of the two types of tumours is presented differing both histologically and clinically. This adds to the differential diagnosis in cases of space occupying lesions in the retroperitoneal cavity. PMID- 3765229 TI - [Late result following successful penis replantation with spontaneous closure of a urethral fistula]. AB - We report about the postoperative course and late result in a case of successful reimplantation of a totally amputated penis. A small urethral fistula closed spontaneously during the postoperative. Follow-up at five years shows a satisfactory cosmetical and functional result. PMID- 3765230 TI - [Normal proximal ureter of the human. Methodology of histomorphometry and results]. AB - A reliable method of histomorphometric evaluation was developed for comparative investigations on cross sections of normal and pathologically altered human ureters. The reproducibility of the measurements with our rating method was good. In addition to the total area of proximal ureteral cross sections, the proportion of lumen, epithelium, submucosa, and muscularis was determined. Connective tissue, musculature, and edema in the ureteral wall were differentiated by staining. This differentiation, like the counting of inflammatory infiltrates, was done in predefined sectors. Measuring results were summarized in one table. The procedure was illustrated in two diagrams. PMID- 3765231 TI - [Proximal ureter of the human in reflux nephropathy and in chronic, nonreflux induced pyelonephritis. Histomorphometric study]. AB - The total area and the proportion of lumen, epithelium, submucosa and muscularis as well as connective tissue, musculature, and edema were determined by histologic and morphometric evaluation in cross sections of 30 segments of undilatated proximal ureter. The conditions in 8 reflux ureters from children were almost identical to those in 12 reflux ureters from adults. No statistically significant increase in proliferation of connective tissue within the submucosa and muscularis could be established. The primary difference between the reflux ureters and the 10 proximal ureters in reflux-unrelated chronic pyelonephritis was extensive inflammatory edema in the submucosa and muscularis in the latter. Pathophysiologic and pathogenetic aspects are discussed. PMID- 3765232 TI - Impact of shockwave lithotripsy on upper urinary tract calculi. AB - Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) currently is performed in selected urologic centers to treat over 80 per cent of patients with symptomatic upper urinary tract calculi. This noninvasive technique utilizing shockwaves to disintegrate stones into sand-sized particles allows the patient to pass the particles with spontaneous urination and replaces most surgery or percutaneous endoscopy for stone removal. However, stone-free success rates must be individualized depending on stone position, stone size, and composition. Lithotripsy of renal stones prior to migration and proximal ureteral stones early in their symptomatic course may alter significantly the incidence of distal ureteral calculi requiring hospitalization, cystoscopy, or ureteroscopy. PMID- 3765233 TI - Year-to-year changes in effective renal plasma flow in asymptomatic spinal cord injury patients. AB - Year-to-year variations in effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) measurements were determined in 78 patients with spinal cord injury who had no urologic complications or surgery or bouts of chills and fever between consecutive annual follow-up examinations. The effects of age, gender, level and degree of lesion, and time since injury on the degree of variability were also determined. None of the factors considered had a statistically significant effect (P greater than 0.05) on year-to-year variations in ERPF. About 90 per cent of the individual kidney ERPF measurements were within 100 ml/min of the measurement made in the previous year, and 90 per cent of the total ERPF measurements were within 175 ml/min of the previous year's measurement. Follow-up of patients whose year-to year variability exceeded these limits showed that most subsequently regressed toward the mean spontaneously. These data suggest that kidney blood flow varies considerably from year to year in otherwise healthy patients with spinal cord injury and that changes of 100 ml/min or more for an individual kidney or 175 ml/min or more for both kidneys together are common, but probably of little clinical significance, provided the absolute levels of ERPF remain within normal limits. PMID- 3765234 TI - Gracilis musculocutaneous flap scrotal reconstruction after Fournier gangrene. AB - We present a case of complete scrotal destruction secondary to acute necrotizing fasciitis. Full scrotal reconstruction utilizing bilateral gracilis musculocutaneous flaps was achieved with excellent results. This technique is described. PMID- 3765235 TI - Cabanas approach: is sentinel node biopsy reliable for staging penile carcinoma? AB - In 1977 Cabanas proposed biopsy of a sentinel node which is considered the primary site of metastasis from penile carcinoma. If this node is not invaded by tumor, no further surgical treatment is necessary. We report on 2 patients in whom results of bilateral sentinel lymph node biopsies were negative and in whom pelvic lymph node metastasis developed within one year. PMID- 3765236 TI - Parenchymal brain metastases from adenocarcinoma of prostate. AB - Two patients with parenchymal brain metastases from adenocarcinoma of the prostate (CaP) are presented. Both patients had the diagnosis made antemortem by biopsy, and tumor immunoreactivity for prostatic phosphatase and prostate specific antigen confirmed prostatic origin. Brain metastases from prostatic adenocarcinoma are unusual, occurring in only 0.2 per cent of all patients with CaP. Patients present with symptoms of motor dysfunction, headache, and seizures. The mean age at presentation of brain metastases from CaP is fifty-nine years old, which is younger than most patients with CaP. The majority of patients die within weeks after diagnosis. Craniotomy with tumor debulking, radiation therapy, and androgen deprivation may be useful in prolonging survival. All reported cases of CaP metastatic to brain have been histologically moderately differentiated or poorly differentiated. The periprostatic venous plexus is considered the most likely route of tumor spread to the brain. PMID- 3765237 TI - Squamous cell carcinoma of bladder: an increased incidence in blacks. AB - In a ten-year review of bladder cancer cases at the University Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, there was an apparent increased incidence of squamous cell histology in black patients. We report the findings of our local study as well as the results of our literature search on bladder cancer histology in racial subgroups. Squamous cell carcinoma represents 10 to 15 per cent of bladder cancer cases in blacks and approximately 5 per cent of bladder cancer cases in whites. PMID- 3765238 TI - Pneumocalyx following percutaneous nephrostolithotomy. AB - We present an interesting and unusual case of persistent gas within the renal collecting system occurring two days after percutaneous nephrostolithotomy. PMID- 3765239 TI - Successful restoration of fertility twenty-nine years after bilateral vasal injury in infancy. AB - Successful correction twenty-nine years after bilateral injuries to the vasa deferentia sustained at the time of infant hernia repairs, resulting in a fertile semen analysis and pregnancy is reported. This appears to be the first such case reported in the English literature. PMID- 3765240 TI - Clinical significance of erythropoietin levels in renal carcinoma. AB - The bioassay using the polythemic mice demonstrated persistent erythropoietin (Ep) activity in 24 renal carcinoma patients. Eight patients without clinical evidence of renal carcinoma had Ep levels that were slightly higher than those of controls, suggesting the possibility of occult disease. Increased levels of Ep were noted in 5 patients with other genitourinary carcinomas. This selective study reaffirms the value of Ep as a biologic marker in some renal cell cancers, and occasionally in other genitourinary tumors. PMID- 3765241 TI - Wegener granulomatosis presenting as renal mass. AB - Wegener granulomatosis involves both the respiratory and genitourinary systems. Kidney lesions are invariably focal. Wegener granulomatosis only rarely affects other genitourinary organs and, until now, has not been described as a mass in the kidney. In the case presented, the diagnosis was unknown before surgery, though clinically suspected. The management, which included nephrectomy and chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) and prednisone, caused a marked improvement, and the patient was discharged in stable condition. PMID- 3765242 TI - Ureteral intussusception by papillary transitional cell carcinoma. AB - A case of ureteral intussusception caused by a low-grade papillary transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter is described. This is the first case of ureteral intussusception resulting from a malignant tumor of the ureter. The patient presented with weight loss and vague pain in the right lower abdominal quadrant. Right ureterovesical junction obstruction was seen in the retrograde pyeloureterogram. Right nephroureterectomy including a cuff of adjacent bladder wall was performed. PMID- 3765243 TI - Appearance of gas in renal tissue after therapeutic embolization. AB - We present a case of therapeutic embolization in a patient with adenocarcinoma who demonstrated the presence of gas in the renal infarcted tissue on the second day. The pattern of air distribution was intravascular. There was no sign of abscess clinically or radiographically. To the syndrome of postembolization we add a new sign--the presence of postembolization air. PMID- 3765245 TI - Use of surgical stapler in adrenal surgery. PMID- 3765244 TI - Prostatic cryptococcosis in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. AB - A rare care is presented of recurrent dysuria and urinary obstruction due to cryptococcal prostatitis in a thirty-six-year-old male with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Although there are a handful of reports in the world literature of patients with cryptococcal prostatitis, this appears to be the first case reported related to acquired immune deficiency syndrome. PMID- 3765246 TI - Simplified technique for management of Santorini plexus and puboprostatic ligaments during radical retropubic prostatectomy. PMID- 3765247 TI - Case profile: infertility due to unusual bilateral seminal vesicle dysplasia. PMID- 3765248 TI - [Method of increasing the effect of laser treatment in non-pigmented secondary cataracts]. PMID- 3765249 TI - [Method of implanting a posterior chamber lens with intracapsular fixation]. PMID- 3765250 TI - [Morphologic aspects of surgery of the posterior capsule of the human lens]. PMID- 3765251 TI - [Initial experience with analytic study of the optical effect of annular keratography]. PMID- 3765252 TI - [Experimental clinical study of the possibility of correcting ametropia by refractive thermokeratoplasty]. PMID- 3765253 TI - [Organizational and methodologic measures for prevention of eye injuries in agricultural production]. PMID- 3765254 TI - [Photokeratometry in keratotomy with sectoral keratoplasty and sclerotomy with sectoral scleroplasty]. PMID- 3765255 TI - [Metastatic tumors of the eye in breast cancer]. PMID- 3765256 TI - [Status of visual function in myopic patients after correction with contact lenses]. PMID- 3765257 TI - [Condition of the corneal epithelium of diabetes mellitus patients after argon laser coagulation of the retina]. PMID- 3765259 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of complicated foveae of the optic disk]. PMID- 3765258 TI - [Occlusive diseases of the carotid arteries in the pathogenesis of acute arterial pathology of the retina]. PMID- 3765260 TI - [Current methods of surgical treatment of agricultural injuries of the eye]. PMID- 3765261 TI - [Diagnostic value of differential tonometry in paralytic strabismus]. PMID- 3765262 TI - [Effect of hypotensive drugs on episcleral venous pressure]. PMID- 3765263 TI - [Relation between the temperature of the anterior segment of the eye and the type of clinical refraction]. PMID- 3765264 TI - [Ultrastructure of the iris in stationary traumatic cataracts]. PMID- 3765265 TI - [Subpalpebral eyecup]. PMID- 3765266 TI - [Asymmetry in eye position as 1 of the criteria for establishing the diagnosis of glaucoma and ocular hypertension]. PMID- 3765267 TI - [Criteria for establishing the diagnosis of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension]. PMID- 3765268 TI - [Lymph circulation of the anterior segment of the eye in primary glaucoma]. PMID- 3765269 TI - [Prevention of suppurative complications in the presacral space after abdomino perineal excision of the rectum]. AB - The authors have analyzed results of the direct treatment of 53 patients with carcinoma of the rectum. Operations after Quenu-Milse were fulfilled in all the patients. It was shown that draining of the presacral space by a bilumenal drain followed by the arrigation in the running-fractional regimen is a good measure of prophylactics of purulent complications and reducing lethality. PMID- 3765270 TI - [Effect of hemosorption with regional administration of heparin and protamine sulfate on cerebrospinal fluid pressure in severe cranio-cerebral trauma]. PMID- 3765271 TI - [Role of hemosorption in the treatment of acute pneumonia and infectious destruction of the lungs]. AB - Based on an analysis of results of treatment of 20 patients with critical pneumonias and acute infectious destructions of the lungs by the method of hemosorption the authors make a conclusion that use of hemosorption promoted a rapid control of state of intoxication, decrease of the level of middle molecule toxins and lowering of the laboratory and clinical estimates of severity. Results of the treatment have confirmed good effects of hemosorption. PMID- 3765272 TI - [Plasmapheresis in the complex treatment of acute cholecystitis complicated by mechanical jaundice]. AB - On the basis of an analysis of results of treatment of 26 patients with acute cholecystitis complicated by mechanical jaundice it was shown that plasmapheresis associated with generally accepted therapy was an effective method of detoxicating treatment. With the help of plasmapheresis these patients were prepared for operation in shorter terms and the operation was performed under more favorable conditions. PMID- 3765273 TI - [Hemosorption in the complex treatment of diffuse peritonitis]. AB - Hemosorption was used in the complex treatment of 26 patients with diffuse peritonitis. Positive effects were obtained in 20 patients. The absence or inconsiderable effects of hemosorption is an unfavorable symptom suggesting the presence or formation of purulent cavities and inert development of peritonitis. PMID- 3765274 TI - [Anesthesiological measures in long plastic operations]. AB - An analysis of 61 anesthesias in continuous reconstructive operations has been made. Neuroleptanalgesia and monoanesthesia were used. Both methods were sufficiently effective. However, more favourable course of the nearest postoperative period was noted after Ketamine anesthesia. PMID- 3765275 TI - [Long-term regional anesthesia in closed chest injuries complicated by rib fracture]. AB - Prolonged regional anesthesia used for relieving pain was given to 65 patients with closed traumas of the chest complicated by fractures of the ribs. The method was shown to be effective, simple and safe. It may be used both at the hospital and at prehospital stage. The prolonged regional anesthesia allowed reducing the amount of pulmonary complications from 4.5% to 1.7%. PMID- 3765276 TI - [Effect of surgical trauma on the rheological properties of the blood]. AB - The rheological properties of blood (viscosity, thrombocyte and erythrocyte aggregation activity, ability of erythrocytes for deformation) were studied in 49 patients subjected to surgical operation of different duration and volume of blood loss. It was found that a surgical trauma causes alterations in rheological properties of blood. The degree of hemorheological deviations was shown to correlate with the severity of surgery. In order to reduce the amount of postoperative complications in the patients it is necessary to investigate the main rheological parameters and their correction. PMID- 3765277 TI - [Diagnostic significance of levels of middle molecules in the blood in the evaluation of the severity of endotoxemia]. PMID- 3765278 TI - [A hemoperfusion unit for single-needle connection with the patient]. PMID- 3765279 TI - [Selection of the operative technic in inguinal hernia]. PMID- 3765280 TI - [Characteristics of surgical tactics and technics in performing angioplastic operations in the aorto-iliac area]. PMID- 3765281 TI - [Results of vagotomy therapy of patients with duodenal ulcer with very high production of gastric acid]. AB - Hypersecretors are patients with a duodenal ulcer having night acid secretion higher than 70 mmol. Under analysis were results of using vagotomy for treatment of 136 hypersecretors. In this group of patients recurrences were found in the every fourth patient within 10 years after the operation. PMID- 3765282 TI - [Gastroduodenal hemodynamics and motility after vagotomy]. AB - Clinico-experimental investigations of hemodynamics and motility of the gastroduodenal area in different variants of vagotomy have shown the use of original methods (angiotensometry and pulsomotography) to be adequate and necessary. The criteria of viability of the stomach after vagotomy are thought to be data of the intramural AP not lower than 40 mm Hg with the pulse oscillation amplitude not less than 0,5-1 mm. PMID- 3765283 TI - [Clinico-microbiological diagnosis of non-clostridial anaerobic infections in diseases of the biliary tract and liver abscess]. AB - The three-years experience of clinico-experimental examinations of 150 patients with various surgical diseases of bile ducts and abscesses of the liver is summed up. In 24 of them (16%) participation of non-sporulating anaerobes in the infection process was shown. The greatest etiological role of these pathogenic agents was found in purulent cholangitis and cholangitic abscesses of the liver. It was noted that the efficiency and reliability of microbiological diagnostics of biliary infection greatly depended on perfection of the methods used. PMID- 3765284 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary embolism]. AB - The tactics of treatment and diagnosis used in 130 patients with embolism of the pulmonary artery (EPA) are discussed. All of them were examined by angiopulmonography including the method of selective contrast. Angiographic symptoms of EPA were found in 90 patients. The authors propose a clinical classification of EPA based on the state of central hemodynamics. Fifty nine of the 90 patients with EPA were treated by thrombolytic drugs (streptase, avelysin, streptolyase). Good effects were noted in 79%, which was confirmed by control angiopulmonography. Twenty patients were given heparin therapy. Embolectomy from the pulmonary artery was fulfilled in 14 patients (15,6%) by various techniques. Lethality was 42,8%. General lethality was 20%. PMID- 3765285 TI - [Embolization of the splenic artery in liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension and splenomegaly]. AB - Results of subacute embolization of the splenic artery with a metallic spiral obtained in 22 patients with cirrhosis of the liver with splenomegaly were studied at the stage of sub- and decompensation of the portal blood circulation. Results of the study and their clinical evaluation suggest that the subacute embolization of the splenic artery is a relatively safe, atraumatic and effective method of surgical treatment of splenomegaly, hypersplenism resulting from liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension. The method allows to decrease hypersplenism, splenomegaly, portal hypertension, to eliminate the pain syndrome due to splenomegaly. PMID- 3765286 TI - [Surgical tactics in gastric polyps in patients with diffuse polyposis of the large intestine]. AB - An analysis of results of examination and surgical treatment of 500 patients with diffuse polyposis coli for the recent 30 years has shown that one fourth of the patients have polyps in the stomach. They have structure of adenoma with different degree of epithelialdysplasia. The incidence of polyps and their structure do not change after operation on the colon. Carcinoma of the stomach in such patients can develop in 0,4% of the cases while the malignization index of colon polyps is 150 times higher. Hence, the conclusion is made of the first and foremost importance of operation on the colon. PMID- 3765287 TI - [Means of reducing mortality in peritonitis of appendicular origin]. AB - An experience with the treatment of 836 patients with appendicular peritonitis has shown that early diagnosis of the disease and exact determination of the degree of peritonitis could improve results of their treatment. The operative measures should be fulfilled under general anesthesia. The access should ensure good treatment of the abdominal cavity and drainage of the small intestine in paralytic obstruction. Special care is necessary in the postoperative period for timely recognition of intraabdominal abscesses. PMID- 3765288 TI - [Diagnostic possibilities of polysegmental occlusive rheoplethysmography in disorders of arterial circulation of the lower extremities]. AB - The method of polysegmentary occlusive rheoplethysmography was used in 90 patients with endarteritis and obliterating atherosclerosis in order to establish the phasic character of blood filling curves, the dependence of the curve prophile on the alterations in blood circulation. It facilitated diagnostics of localization and character of injuries of the arteries, detection of the collateral blood flow and the presence of compensatory vasodilatation or pathological arterio-venous output. PMID- 3765289 TI - [Repeated revascularization of the extremities in functional disorders of aortofemoral explants]. AB - The article analyzes results of 95 operations in 71 patients with disturbed functions of the prosthesis implanted into the aorto-femoral segment. In thrombosis of the implanted prosthesis the authors prefer to fulfil thrombectomy with plasty of the distal anastomosis and the collateral with autotissues (a fragment of the vein or the non-functioning superficial femoral artery). Failure of thrombectomy from the prosthesis or recidivation of thrombus on the operative table should be considered as an indication for a substitution of the prosthesis. The results obtained in reoperations are very modest, but at present there is no alternative for an attempt to save not only the ischemic extremity but also the patient's life. PMID- 3765290 TI - [Complex treatment of complicated forms of paronychia]. AB - Results of the treatment of 100 patients with bony, bony-articular panaritium, thecal whitlow and pandactylitis are described. Expediency of the complex treatment including surgery, regional administration of antibiotics and immunotherapy is shown. PMID- 3765291 TI - [Surgical treatment of acute paraproctitis]. AB - The authors made operations on 113 patients with various forms of acute periproctitis by their original method. One of its main elements was to open the intermuscular space of the rectum by dissection of the internal sphincter and part of the circular muscular layer. The proposed method of treatment of acute periproctitis is thought by the authors to be radical since the operation was not followed by recidivations which shortened staying of the patients at the hospital. PMID- 3765292 TI - [Atypical course of hematogenic osteomyelitis]. PMID- 3765293 TI - [Low-frequency ultrasound in the treatment of acute and chronic suppurative diseases of the lungs and pleura in children]. AB - The maximum exposure and regimens of action of the low frequency ultrasound on the lung and pleura tissue were established in experimental studies. The ultrasound energy was used in the clinic for the complex treatment of 139 patients with acute purulent diseases of the lungs and pleura and in 76 children with chronic bronchopulmonary pathology. High therapeutic effects were achieved which suggests the further application of the method to be fairly promising in children surgery. PMID- 3765295 TI - [Disorders of the functional properties of thrombocytes causing thromboembolism in acute suppurative destructive diseases of the lungs and pleura]. AB - An examination of 96 patients has established that the development of a pyo destructive process in the lungs and pleura is accompanied by an increase of concentration of circulating thrombocytes as well as their adhesive-aggregating activity and degenerative-dystrophic alterations. These parameters were most pronounced in patients 1-3 days before their sudden death from thromboembolism of the pulmonary artery without a clinically detected source. Persantine, aspirin, pyrazolones and heparin in generally accepted therapeutic doses were shown not to possess evident anti-aggregative properties. PMID- 3765294 TI - [Means of reducing postoperative mortality in acute intestinal obstruction in children]. AB - An analysis of treatment of 152 children allowed the authors to make a conclusion that one of the main ways to reduce the postoperative lethality is to improve surgical tactics. In particular, the use of intraoperative visual angiotensometry after M. Z. Sigal facilitates more exact establishing of the borders of resection of the gut in its necrosis. PMID- 3765296 TI - [Destructive pancreatitis as a complication of severe cranio-cerebral trauma in a child]. PMID- 3765297 TI - [Prevention of errors and complications of organ-sparing operations in the treatment of duodenal ulcer]. AB - Based on an analysis of complications of organ-preserving operations on 300 patients with duodenal ulcers the authors make a conclusion that the character and severity of complications after organ-preserving operations are of much more benign nature than those after gastric resections. To reduce the incidence of complications the authors propose to use a wider access at the expense of dissection of the xiphoid process, to reject of Nissen fundoplication in favour of simple restoration of the damaged ligamentous apparatus of the stomach. PMID- 3765298 TI - Epidemiology and control of vaginal discharges in the sow after service. AB - A syndrome associated with vaginal discharge, endometritis and reproductive inefficiency in the served sow is described. In some herds pregnancy failures exceeded 15 per cent with increased returns to service and sows not in pig. Predisposing factors included the age of the herd and the hygiene and management practices from weaning to service and during the 21 days after service. No one organism was implicated but venereal transmission was considered possible. One hundred and ten breeding herds were surveyed and in 26 of these control measures were necessary. These included antibacterial therapy of the prepuce of the boar and medication of the sow from weaning until 21 days after service. Such treatment together with management changes resolved the problem in 22 of the herds. The syndrome reappeared in four out of seven herds where treatment of the boar was not continued. PMID- 3765299 TI - Bovine paravertebral analgesia: radiographic analysis and suggested method for improvement. AB - The use of paravertebral analgesia in cattle is not always successful. Dissection studies in five cadavers indicated that there was a divergence in the courses of the dorsal and ventral branches of the lumbar nerves which can account for the unreliability of conventional techniques. An alternative more certain method of blocking the lumbar nerves is described. PMID- 3765300 TI - Renal carcinoma in a horse. AB - A poorly performing nine-year-old thoroughbred mare was presented because of chronic weight loss. On rectal examination an abdominal mass was palpated and, on percussion of the right flank from the 11th to 13th intercostal space, a large area of dullness was delineated. Biopsies taken from the liver region and through the rectum revealed a malignant metastasising tumour of the urinary system. After euthanasia, the post mortem findings confirmed the presence of a papillary renal carcinoma with multiple metastases into the omentum and peritoneum. PMID- 3765301 TI - Use of cimetidine as an aid to the control of pancreatic insufficiency in a German shepherd bitch. PMID- 3765302 TI - Use of fenprostalene in superovulated beef heifers. PMID- 3765303 TI - Suspected cyanide poisoning in two goats caused by ingestion of crab apple leaves and fruits. PMID- 3765304 TI - Experimental transmission of sheep pulmonary adenomatosis to a goat. PMID- 3765305 TI - Successful transfer of N'Dama embryos into Boran recipients. PMID- 3765306 TI - Isolation of Mycoplasma capricolum from cows with mastitis. PMID- 3765307 TI - Chloramphenicol in veterinary medicine. PMID- 3765308 TI - Clinical significance of thrombocytopenia in dogs. PMID- 3765309 TI - Reticulo-omasal stenosis? PMID- 3765310 TI - Kangaroo gait. PMID- 3765311 TI - Religious slaughter. PMID- 3765312 TI - What price welfare studies? PMID- 3765313 TI - Advertising and the profession. PMID- 3765314 TI - Selling medicines in practices: new trends. PMID- 3765315 TI - The cost of Border disease infection in a commercial flock. AB - The performance of a flock of 203 crossbred ewes on a lowland farm was examined. Before lambing the ewes were run in two groups (A and B). Group A (124 ewes) produced significantly fewer marketable lambs as a consequence of neonatal and later losses. The associated clinical features were consistent with Border disease infection and the presence of the virus was demonstrated. These features were not evident in the progeny of group B (79 ewes). The market sale returns of both groups of sheep were compared and the flock performance was contrasted with that of the two previous years. The outbreak of Border disease resulted in a potential reduction of income in excess of 20 per cent. Such a loss supports the necessity for an effective control strategy for Border disease. PMID- 3765316 TI - Renal and nasal cryptosporidiosis in a junglefowl (Gallus sonneratii). PMID- 3765317 TI - Preliminary observations on a virus associated with turkey rhinotracheitis. PMID- 3765318 TI - Threat of calf salmonellosis. PMID- 3765319 TI - Inherited parakeratosis in two Friesian calves. PMID- 3765320 TI - Remodelling of a long-standing non-union of a canine femoral shaft. PMID- 3765321 TI - Endogenous opioids and slaughter-induced stress. PMID- 3765322 TI - Rabies in Nigeria. PMID- 3765323 TI - Gross liver in a cow. PMID- 3765325 TI - [Angiographic and hemodynamic characteristics of alcoholic cardiomyopathy]. PMID- 3765324 TI - [Combined x-ray diagnosis of pulmonary artery coarctation in tetralogy of Fallot]. PMID- 3765326 TI - [X-ray picture of cardiac malrotation in the echocardiographic diagnosis of rheumatic defects]. PMID- 3765327 TI - [Color decoding of chest roentgenograms of patients with exudative pericarditis]. PMID- 3765328 TI - [X-ray diagnosis of decomposing peripheral lung cancer]. PMID- 3765329 TI - [Methodological aspects in accelerating scientific and technical progress in roentgenology and radiology]. PMID- 3765330 TI - [X-ray diagnosis of decomposing lung cancer]. PMID- 3765331 TI - [Clinical x-ray diagnosis of disorders of the musculovenous pump of the foot in varicose disease]. PMID- 3765333 TI - Fish immunology. Papers presented at an international meeting. Sandy Hook, New Jersey, U.S.A., 8-12 September 1985. PMID- 3765332 TI - [X-ray diagnostic characteristics of diseases of the internal organs in the middle-aged and elderly]. PMID- 3765335 TI - Structure and function of the melano-macrophage centres of the goldfish Carassius auratus. AB - We have studied the melano-macrophage centres (MMCs) of Carassius auratus as well as the changes they undergo in different experimental conditions. The MMCs of the spleen contain brown and yellow pigments, but dark pigments abound in those of the kidney. They occur in association with splenic ellipsoids and scattered throughout the renal parenchyma. Histochemical tests demonstrated small amounts of lipids and basic proteins, abundant neutral mucopolisaccharides and differences between the spleen MMCs and those of the kidney, specially regarding the presence or absence of haemosiderins and melanins. Electron microscopy shows them to consist of phagocytes containing degenerated debris, sometimes surrounded by a discontinuous layer of flat reticular cells. The MMCs of the spleen and kidney trap carbon material 48 hours after injection of Indian ink. Primary and more so- secondary immunization with SRBC produces a net increase in number and size of MMCs. Treatment with phenylhydrazine produces a notable and fast increase of the MMCs in both organs. After 5 days the MMCs degenerated and erythroblasts restored the erythroid population. Apparently, MMCs represent non-specific means of phagocytosis related to different physiological processes. PMID- 3765334 TI - Ontogeny of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) in the dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula L. AB - Cartilaginous fish occupy a fundamental position in vertebrate phylogeny and it is likely that this group has retained some of the ancestral immune mechanisms. The ontogeny of GALT has received little attention in elasmobranchs and this study correlates this development with morphological differentiation, development of other lymphoid organs, exposure to seawater and transition from yolk dependence to exogenous food as a source of nutrient. GALT was first represented by individual lymphocyte-like and macrophage-like cells in the lamina propria. In later stages accumulations and intraepithelial leucocytes were recorded prior to hatching. The size of accumulations and the number of lymphocyte and macrophage like cells infiltrating the lamina propria and epithelium increased in fish as they became dependent upon an exogenous diet. Although GALT developed after the thymus and lymphoid-like tissue in the kidney and at approximately the same time as the epigonal, Leydig and spleen, the source of cells populating the gut is unknown. Plasma cells and granulocytes were not observed in the developing fish until 6 months post-hatch after which the fish had a similar GALT distribution and content to the adult fish. PMID- 3765336 TI - Ultrastructural observations on peritoneal exudate cells from the striped bass. AB - An ultrastructural study was conducted of the principal cells recovered from the peritoneal exudate of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) injected with killed Bacillus cereus. The most frequently observed cells were identified as macrophages, eosinophils, and neutrophils on the basis of comparing their structure with that reported for other fish species and higher vertebrates. All three of the types of cells were phagocytic; however, the numbers of bacteria engulfed were limited. Like other studies of this type in fish, the peritoneum of the striped bass proved to be a good source of cells for morphological investigations of phagocytosis. PMID- 3765337 TI - Pronephric leucocytes of Cyprinus carpio: isolation, separation and characterization. AB - Since the teleost pronephros is an important source of diverse immunocytes, suspensions of pronephric cells from young adult carp have been characterized. In freshly prepared suspensions, adherent, spreading cells (macrophages?) constituted less than 3% of the total population. Granulocytes and lymphocytes were co-dominant (less than 80%) leucocyte types. Continuous Percoll density gradient centrifugation yielded discrete subpopulations with these rho values and cytological characteristics: Fraction I & II rho = 1.055-1.070 thrombocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes. Fraction III rho = 1.080-1.090 granulocytes, type 1. Fraction IV rho = 1.105-1.110 erythrocytes and granulocytes, type 2. Fraction V rho = 1.118-1.125 granulocytes, type 3. Fraction VI rho = 1.140-1.150 granulocytes, type 4. Granulocyte motility increased markedly over the first 24 hr in vitro, and was enhanced by components washed from intact yeast. The subtypes of granulocytes were distinguishable by not only the rho values, but also on the basis of cell size, ultra-structure of the granules, and their histochemical and phagocytic characteristics. After simultaneous in vivo injection of Bacillus megaterium (Gram + ve), Aeromonas hydrophila (Gram - ve) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast), individual pronephric leucocytes were found capable of phagocytosing all three types of particle. Granulocytes which had phagocytosed B. megaterium were slower than macrophages in their ability to kill the bacteria. Encounter with B. megaterium or S. cerevisiae in vitro elicited a clumping reaction which involved mostly the larger leucocytes [granulocytes]. Both adherent cells and non-adherent cells were phagocytic in vitro. PMID- 3765338 TI - Lymphoid organs in sturgeons (Acipenseridae). AB - Lymphoid (lymphomyeloid) tissues in sturgeons (hybrid sturgeon, Huso huso X Acipenser ruthenus, and white Pacific sturgeon, A. transmontanus) were investigated by dissection, histology and transmission electron microscopy. The main lymphomyeloid tissues are the thymus, the spleen, the anterior part of the kidney, the meningeal myeloid tissue, the pericardial tissue and lymphoid masses of the intestine, especially in the spiral valve. The kidney is the main hemopoietic tissue. The meningeal tissue is bone marrow-like (myeloid), mainly granulopoietic, but it also contains lymphoid elements. The pericardial tissue is predominantly lymphoid. The pericardial tissue has a lymph node-like appearance. It seems to be the site of interaction between lymphocytes and vascular endothelium. The thymus contains cortex and medulla. The spleen, as in higher vertebrates, is differentiated into white and red pulp. The highly diversiform and well developed lymphoid tissues of sturgeons may serve as basis of efficient immune mechanisms. PMID- 3765339 TI - Influence of route of administration on the humoral response of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) to Yersinia ruckeri. AB - Channel catfish were inoculated intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, or intraesophageally with Yersinia ruckeri. Three antigen doses were administered by each route of injection. Four fish from each treatment were sacrificed at 5-day intervals for 40 days. Serum from each individual was tested for antibody activity against Y. ruckeri by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). High titers of anti-Y. ruckeri antibody were elicited by all doses (10(5) to 10(9) cells/g of fish) regardless of the route of administration. Mean titers for saline injected fish ranged up to 1:64 for each route of inoculation while mean titers for bacteria injected fish ranged up to 1:4096. Mean titers of 1:128 or greater were observed by day 15 post injection; titers peaked about day 30 and diminished thereafter. Channel catfish were most responsive to the antigen (10(7) to 10(9) cells/g of fish) when administered intramuscularly although lower doses (10(5) to 10(6) cells/g of fish) administered intraperitoneally elicited a substantial response. There was little evidence of dose-dependent responses for any of the routes of immunization. The rapid onset of relatively high serum titers suggests that the fish were mounting a secondary response to Yersinia ruckeri. PMID- 3765340 TI - The effect of dose, route, number of injections and the use of adjuvant on the clearance of and immune response to, haemocyanin following injection into brown trout (Salmo trutta). AB - The primary and secondary immune responses were investigated in trout injected with haemocyanin (HCN) intramuscularly (IM) or intraperitoneally (IP), with or without adjuvant. HCN was detected in the blood 30 min after injection and clearance times varied after one injection from 8 to 56 days. Fish given two and three injections cleared the antigen faster. Precipitins against HCN were first detected 21 to 30 days after injection and were still present on Day 56. However, antibodies detectable by indirect haemagglutination (IHA) and complement fixation (CFA) were initially demonstrated 7 to 21 days after a single injection and highest titres were reached between 33 and 56 days according to the experimental protocol. In fish given two injections, maximum titres were reached between Days 42 and 56 (IM), and Days 50 and 56 (IP). With three injections, maximum CFA and IHA values occurred on Days 62 and 66 respectively in the case of IP, and on Days 103 and 106 respectively with IM. Overall, higher titres were found with IHA than by CFA. PMID- 3765341 TI - Immunological activation of rainbow trout macrophages induced in vitro by sperm autoantibodies and factors derived from testis sensitised leucocytes. AB - Young cultures of rainbow trout macrophages were found to significantly increase in diameter following addition of muramyl dipeptide or of supernatants from testis/FCA sensitised leucocytes incubated with spermatozoa, or a testis extract. However, such supernatants caused little migration inhibition or increase in phagocytosis of spermatozoa by macrophages, whereas opsonization of spermatozoa with anti-sperm serum caused an almost six-fold increase in phagocytosis. These results suggest an interplay between humoral and cell-mediated immune reactions upon macrophages during experimental autoimmunity to the testis in trout. PMID- 3765342 TI - Immunization and culture of rainbow trout organ sections in vitro. AB - Splenic and anterior kidney sections or whole organs were excised from large (1 kg) or small (200 g) rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and placed in sterile 60 mm plastic plates containing 10 ml of Eagle's minimal essential medium (EMEM) supplemented with normal or fetal calf serum for in vitro culture. The organ samples were immunized in vitro by direct injection or by mixing in the medium Yersinia ruckeri O-antigen or dinitrophenyl-Ficoll. The medium was changed once during the 10-day incubation at 15 C. The passive hemolytic plaque assay demonstrated antibody production from the plaque-forming cells (PFC); passive hemagglutination was used to measure antibody titers in the media. High numbers of PFC occurred in cultures of either kidney or spleen, demonstrating that these organs can function independently for antibody production. Splenic sections from large fish produced more PFC than comparable whole organs from small fish. EMEM supplemented with 2% normal calf serum was a satisfactory culture medium. 2 hydroxyethyl-mercaptan an ingredient used in mammalian cell culture, inhibited antibody production in trout cells. These techniques are being used in the culture of organs and cells to elucidate pathways and sequences of antigen uptake and delivery of the immunopoietic tissues in trout. PMID- 3765343 TI - Seasonal changes in the humoral immune response and the lymphoid tissues of the marine teleost, Sebastiscus marmoratus. AB - Seasonal modulation in antibody production in relation to the state of lymphoid tissue development was studied in the ovoviviparous fish, S. marmoratus. Animals were kept in tanks with running seawater at 23 +/- 1 degrees C for a minimum 2 week acclimatization period and then immunized three times at 2 day intervals with 20% SRBC (5 microliters/g body weight) intraperitoneally. Immunized fish were bled 2 weeks after the first injection at the time of peak response and plasma were analyzed for titration. The thymus and pronephros were weighed and the number of leukocytes counted in the cell suspension. Antibody levels in fish immunized in summer were higher than those in fish immunized in winter, even if the environmental temperature was held constant. Furthermore, the reactivity of mature females to SRBC was lower than that of males or immature females in the spawning season (winter). The antibody titre was inversely related to the weight of the thymus with the exception of females during the spawning season, while the weight of the pronephros did not show any significant change throughout the year. In addition, the thymus of pregnant, and especially post-spawning females, was entirely involuted, showing a marked decrease in the number of lymphocytes in both the cortex and medulla. Preliminary experiments to examine the effect of photoperiod on antibody production indicated a slight increase in titre among adult fish under a long photoperiod regimen. The present data show that both the season and stage of sexual maturity affect the humoral immune response and lymphoid tissues, and suggest that the thymus might have a function other than that concerned with immunity. PMID- 3765344 TI - Interaction between Aeromonas salmonicida and peritoneal macrophages of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). AB - The phagocytic and bactericidal properties of peritoneal macrophages obtained from brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), injected with either glycogen or a modified Freund's complete adjuvant (MFCA), were evaluated against an avirulent and a virulent strain of Aeromonas salmonicida. Avirulent bacteria were effectively phagocytized and killed by macrophages obtained from fish injected with both irritants. With glycogen-elicited macrophages, no enhancement of killing was observed following opsonization of avirulent bacteria with specific antibodies. A killing index (K.I.) of 38 was obtained, compared to a K.I. of 39 for unopsonized bacteria. When avirulent bacteria were opsonized with complement, the K.I. was increased to 67. Virulent bacteria were less susceptible to the phagocytic and the bactericidal activities of glycogen-elicited macrophages, even after opsonization with antibodies and/or complement, K.I. of 9 to 15. In contrast, MFCA-elicited macrophages showed increased phagocytic and bactericidal activities against both strains. The K.I. of unopsonized virulent bacteria was increased to 47 and 46 compared to K.I. of 4 and 7 obtained with glycogen elicited macrophages. PMID- 3765345 TI - Effects of metals on the chemiluminescent response of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) phagocytes. AB - Quantification of an induced chemiluminescent (CL) response in phagocytes is currently being evaluated as an indicator system for determining those environmental pollutants that may predispose fish to disease. A CL assay was developed using phagocytes from the pronephros of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). The CL response of phagocytes to phorbol myristate acetate, a chemical inducer of CL, was shown to be dose-dependent. The response to five species of bacteria was also evaluated. Staphylococcus aureus and Aeromonas hydrophila produced the most intense CL responses and the longest duration of response (100 min.) Yersinia ruckeri induced an immediate strong CL response of short duration (20 min.) whereas Vibrio anguillarum and Aerococcus viridans failed to stimulate CL under the test conditions employed. The effect of sub toxic levels of Cu, Al, and Cd on the CL response of phagocytes to S. aureus was examined using phagocytes exposed to the metals immediately before assay or after 1 hr or 24 hr exposure times. Copper caused a significant decrease in CL to the baseline level under all treatment conditions upon stimulation with S. aureus. Similar results were obtained with Al except that the decrease in CL, although significant, was not to the baseline level. In contrast, Cd caused a significant increase in CL when added 1 hr prior to or immediately before the assay; but, following a 24 hr exposure, the results were variable, in that either no change or a decrease was observed. The addition of Cu to phagocytes already exhibiting a strong CL response to S. aureus caused an immediate decrease in CL to that seen with the negative controls. PMID- 3765346 TI - Interactions of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) with immune responses of rainbow trout. AB - Chlorinated dioxins, as typified by the most potent isomer, TCDD, are immunosuppressive in mammalian species and can enhance the susceptibility to a number of diseases. In recent years chlorinated dioxins have been detected in fish in many freshwater and marine habitats. Thus far, the effects of these chemicals on the immune responses of fish have not been examined. We studied the influence of TCDD on the defense mechanisms of rainbow trout. Yearling trout were injected intraperitoneally with the vehicle, 0.1, 1.0 or 10 micrograms/kg of TCDD. Interactions with the humoral immune response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were assessed by the Jerne plaque assay using head kidney and spleen leukocytes. Serum antibody was measured by complement-mediated lysis of SRBC in a chromium release assay. Effects of TCDD on the cellular immune responses were evaluated by the response of thymic and splenic lymphocytes to Con A and PWM. In addition, the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages was examined in vitro. Trout which received 0.1 or 1.0 micrograms/kg TCDD remained clinically normal, and defense mechanisms were unaltered in these fish. Trout which received 10 micrograms/kg of TCDD became hypophagic and exhibited fin necrosis, ascites and suppression of hematopoiesis. In this treatment group, Con A-induced blastogenesis of thymic and splenic lymphocytes was not significantly changed, however, suppression of the PWM-induced response of splenic lymphocytes occurred. No statistically significant alterations occurred in humoral immune responses, and phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages was not decreased. The dose response curve for various biologic effects of TCDD in the rainbow trout appears different from that in sensitive mouse strains. The 30-day, single-dose, parenteral LD50 for TCDD in the C57BL mouse is 100 micrograms/kg, and TCDD suppresses both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses at 1-2 micrograms/kg in this mouse strain. In the rainbow trout, however, immunosuppression was evident only at doses of TCDD approaching the 80-day, single-dose, parenteral LD50 of 20 micrograms/kg. PMID- 3765347 TI - Fish and antibiotics: pharmacokinetics of sulphadimidine in carp (Cyprinus carpio). AB - Pharmacokinetics, metabolism and clearance of sulphadimidine (SDM) were studied after a single intraperitoneal injection of SDM in carp at 20 degrees C. SDM was acetylated and hydroxylated to a small extent. The main metabolite was N4-acetyl derivative amounting only 2% of the total drug dose excreted; hydroxylation was less important (0.41% of the dose). The elimination half-life for SDM in carp was 17.5 h. The clearance values for SDM and its metabolites were equivalent. The importance of pharmacokinetic studies in different fish species is discussed. PMID- 3765348 TI - Effect of an immunopotentiator on Aeromonas salmonicida infection in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). AB - The immunoactive peptide FK-565 (heptanoyl-y-D-glutamyl-(L)-mesodiaminopimelyl (D)-alanine) was found to induce protection against intraperitoneal Aeromonas salmonicida infection in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson). The survival rate was as high as 60% when FK-565 was given intraperitoneally as a single dose (1mg/kg) one day before bacterial challenge. A non-specific stimulation of phagocytic cells by FK-565 at an early stage of the bacterial infection may contribute to the resistance observed. The phagocytic activity of peritoneal phagocytic cells as well as phagocytic cells of the pronephros were stimulated by FK-565 in vivo and in vitro, respectively, as compared to untreated control fish. Furthermore, decreased activity of phagocytic cells previously immunosuppressed with cyclophosphamide was rapidly restored by application of FK-565. PMID- 3765349 TI - Primary in vitro stimulation of antibody production by rainbow trout lymphocytes. AB - Trinitrophenylated (TNP) forms of E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) were used to produce antigen specific plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses with rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) splenocytes from unprimed fish in vitro. The culture system that was developed is described and characterized with respect to the kinetics and dose responses for both the haptenated and unhaptenated forms of the carriers. The induction of the PFC response to TNP-LPS was inhibited with TNP-lysine. Exposure to graded levels of gamma-radiation demonstrated a low dose augmentation of the PFC response with both antigens. Antigen addition experiments reveal that both antigens appear to stimulate the same population of antibody-producing B lymphocytes. PMID- 3765350 TI - Modulary effects of temperature on antibody response and specific resistance to challenge of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, immunized against Edwardsiella ictaluri. AB - The effects of various temperature treatments on the level of the humoral antibody response in channel catfish immunized with formalin killed Edwardsiella ictaluri was determined in laboratory controlled experiments. Immunized fish that were held at 25 degrees C for 30 days and 12 degrees C for an additional 30 days had higher antibody titers, and were more protected upon challenge, than immunized fish held at 25 degrees C for 60 days. Also immunized catfish held at 25 degrees C for 5 or 10 days followed by 12 degrees C water had higher antibody titers than immunized fish held at 12 degrees C or 25 degrees C for 60 days. In a field experiment carried out during winter and spring (February-May) fingerling channel catfish were vaccinated with E. ictaluri using intraperitoneal injection or immersion with either sonicated or whole cell preparations. Following challenge, the fish vaccinated by immersion in the sonicated preparation had 11.8% mortality whereas the groups immersed in whole cell bacterin, injected with the whole cell bacterin in adjuvant, or injected with sonicate showed 24.6, 57.9 and 41.7% mortality, respectively. Although the fish vaccinated by immersion with the sonicated bacteria had lower antibody titers than those vaccinated by the other methods the immersion vaccinates were more protected against challenge with the pathogen. PMID- 3765351 TI - Functional evaluation of macrophages in fish from a polluted estuary. AB - The chemotactic and phagocytic efficiencies of macrophages from spot, Leiostomus xanthurus and hogchoker, Trinectes maculatus are reported here. Fish were captured from the York and Ware Rivers, two relatively nonpolluted rivers, and from a reach of the Elizabeth River, known to be contaminated with high concentrations of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Kidney cell types were separated by density gradient centrifugation and single cell suspensions of macrophages were used for in vitro studies. Chemotactic activity was measured in Boyden chambers using Escherichia coli as the chemotactic stimulus. The percentage of macrophages migrating was maximal at 90 min but was markedly reduced in Elizabeth River fish (spot, 33%; hogchoker, 56%) as compared to clean water controls (spot, 55%; hogchoker, 85%). Macrophage phagocytosis of bacteria was quantified by the microscopic enumeration of the proportion of phagocytes which contained intracellular bacteria. Phagocytic activity reached maximum values within 120 min and remained relatively constant for the remainder of the experiment. Phagocytic activity was reduced significantly in the fish obtained from the Elizabeth River. Values at 120 min were 74% and 19% for spot from the control and PAH-contaminated sites, respectively. Comparable values for hogchoker were 88% and 32%. The results suggest that defective macrophage function is related to exposure to PAH-contaminated sediments. PMID- 3765352 TI - Blood changes in carp (Cyprinus carpio) induced by ulcerative Aeromonas salmonicida infections. AB - Only recently Aeromonas salmonicida has been recognized as a significant bacterial pathogen in ulcerative disease of cyprinid fish. Our attempts to formulate a vaccine based on bacterial surface antigens were unsuccessful in conferring reliable protection against lethal challenge. This lead us to study pathological changes in the humoral defense system during ulcerative A. salmonicida infection in carp. High numbers of opportunist pathogens such as A. hydrophila and Pseudomonas sp. were frequently recovered from the internal organs of moribund fish, in addition to A. salmonicida. These findings together with leucopenia in moribund fish suggest that pathogenesis is characterized by a state of immune suppression. In addition, fish which had sustained a sublethal infection were not protected against a subsequent lethal challenge. However, fish previously injected with a concentrated and inactivated culture supernatant showed protection. Differential blood cell counts did not differ between experimental and control groups during sublethal infection in contrast to serum proteins. Furthermore infected non-immune carp showed a progressive decrease of immunoglobulin and total serum protein levels before the day of peak mortality whereas protected carp maintained the immunoglobulin concentration despite a decrease in protein. Our observations suggest the involvement of multiple pathogenic events, affecting different parts of the humoral defense system during ulcerative A. salmonicida infection. The immunosuppressive effects can be minimized by prior vaccination with culture supernatant. PMID- 3765353 TI - Does Aeromonas salmonicida affect the immune system of carp, Cyprinus carpio L.? AB - Aeromonas salmonicida is a significant bacterial pathogen of cyprinid and salmonid fishes causing the systemic disease furunculosis. Several observations led us to believe that A. salmonicida was able to evade or suppress the immune system of the fish: injection of whole bacteria or surface antigens was unsuccessful at protecting fish against lethal challenges; memory did not develop in survivors of sublethal infections; diseased fish often carried other opportunistic bacterial pathogens in addition to A. salmonicida, and serum protein and particularly immunoglobulin significantly decreased during A. salmonicida infections. We tested the ability of fish sublethally infected with virulent and avirulent A. salmonicida to mount a humoral immune response to sheep erythrocytes and found fewer plaque forming cells in the pronephros and lower serum anti-SRBC antibodies in infected fish as compared to controls. We also monitored the cellular immune response of diseased fish by skin allograft rejection and found an enhancement of the response that increased as the disease progressed. However, the extend of inflammation was reduced in infected fish as compared to non-infected animals. At this moment these preliminary observations are difficult to explain. Our future research will focus more specifically on cell populations that may be affected by A. salmonicida. PMID- 3765354 TI - Surface antigens of virulent strains of Aeromonas hydrophila. AB - Antiserum was raised in rabbits to whole cells of a representative strain from a group of A. hydrophila strains exhibiting enhanced virulence for fish. The major surface antigens of the strain were identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blotting. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was examined using SDS-PAGE and silver staining. It was found to possess O polysaccharide chains of homogeneous length that were highly immunogenic. The LPS was conserved both morphologically and antigenically throughout the high virulence group. Heat-labile protein antigens were detected after absorption of the antiserum with boiled cells of the homologous strain. Only one major protein antigen, with a molecular weight of approximately 52,000, was present in outer membrane preparations or in whole cell lysates. A representative strain from the high virulence group, strain TF7, was shown by electron microscopy to be covered by a regular surface protein array (S-layer) which was found to be composed primarily of the 52 KD protein antigen. All the other members of the A. hydrophila high virulence group were shown to possess similar S-layers. PMID- 3765355 TI - Protective efficacy of Aeromonas hydrophila vaccines in nile tilapia. AB - Protection and serum antibody production against Aeromonas hydrophila was examined in nile tilapia, Tilapia nilotica (L.). Intraperitoneally injected formal in-killed and Freunds complete adjuvant vaccines were compared using different doses (2.9 X 10(7) and 2.9 X 10(9) cfu/ml). Upon challenge, the protective ability and antibody titers resulting were significantly different between vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. A relative level of protection of 100% was obtained within two-weeks, and a maximum level of 53-61% protection was found one-week post-vaccination. PMID- 3765356 TI - Immuno-response in tilapia Sarotherodon niloticus vaccinated with Edwardsiella tarda by hyperosmotic infiltration method. AB - Sarotherodon niloticus with average weight of 28.42 +/- 1.87 g were immunized with formalin-killed Edwardsiella tarda using the hyperosmotic infiltration method. Test fish maintained in 30 l aquaria were grouped into four treatments. Group 1 and 2 were exposed to a single hyperosmotic treatment on day 0. Group 1 was bled on day 14 and group 2 was bled on day 28. Group 3 was given hyperosmotic treatments twice: on day 0 and day 14 and bled on day 28. Group 4 was an untreated control bled on day 28. All sera were analyzed for agglutinating antibody titer against E. tarda flagellar and somatic antigens. Results showed that flagellar and somatic agglutinin titers in all treatments were not statistically significant. Likewise, infection experiments where test fish were challenged with intraperitoneal injection of the test bacterium showed that the vaccination experiment did not effectively protect the test fish from infection by Edwardsiella tarda. PMID- 3765357 TI - The persistence of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in Atlantic salmon. AB - Atlantic salmon leucocytes from Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV) carriers showed a suppressed response to phytohemagglutinin stimulation compared with uninfected controls. A significant degree of inhibition of DNA synthesis was observed using 3H-thymidine incorporation. IPNV was isolated from 41% of the stimulated leucocyte cultures supernatants, while only 6% of the unstimulated cultures were found to be positive. PMID- 3765358 TI - Experimental induction of the carrier state in yearling brook trout: a model challenge protocol for IPNV immunization. AB - Brook trout fry (Salvelinus fontinalis) were not protected from infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) challenge by immersion vaccination with inactivated, purified virus at concentrations of 10(7) to 10(9) pfu/ml. Mortalities in vaccinated groups were higher than for the unvaccinated control group and appeared to be dose-dependent. A challenge protocol for adult brook trout was developed for future vaccine trials. A single intraperitoneal injection of virulent, purified virus was sufficient to make long-lasting carriers of 16 month-old trout. Fish underwent a transient viremia, identified by virus isolation from plasma and leucocytes. Feces were the most reliable samples for identification of IPNV carriers by non-sacrificial testing. Many fish in the remaining infected group were still carriers 12 and 27 weeks post-infection. PMID- 3765359 TI - Monoclonal antibodies to the Sp strain of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus. AB - Twelve hybrids secreting antibody to the Sp serotype of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) were isolated from the fusion of murine myeloma cells and spleen cells from mice immunized with pelleted virus. All of the monoclonal antibodies possessed the kappa (K) light chain isotype. Nine contained the mu (M), two had the gamma 2a (G2a), and one had the gamma 1 (G1) heavy chain isotype. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 10 antibodies were found to be broadly reactive against partially purified representatives of the three serotypes of IPNV, the Sp, Ab, and VR-299 strains. The other two antibodies reacted with the Sp serotype alone. Characterization by immunostaining of viral polypeptides electrophoretically transferred to nitrocellulose sheets was possible only with IgG type antibodies. One of the specific monoclonal antibodies was shown to be directed against the major capsid protein while the other specific monoclonal antibody and the broadly reacting one reacted with the low molecular weight viral polypeptides. PMID- 3765360 TI - The influence of environmental temperature and infection route on the immune response of carp (Cyprinus carpio) to spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV). AB - Carp infected by water route and by injection of SVCV developed neutralizing antibodies within 2-8 weeks at water temperatures between 10-20 degrees C. At 10 degrees C SVCV persisted 12 weeks in the blood of carp although antibodies were present. Immunized carp showed a solid protective immunity to SVCV. PMID- 3765361 TI - The immune response during proliferative kidney disease in rainbow trout: a case history. AB - Young-of-the-year rainbow trout clinically affected by proliferative kidney disease (PKD), a systemic protozoan infection, exhibit a massive proliferation of small lymphocytes in the posterior kidney and spleen, a decrease in erythrocyte packed cell volume, hemoglobin, and serum albumins and an increase in beta globulins. Electronphotomicrographs of the causative agent indicate that it is engulfed within a macrophage which is surrounded by small lymphocytes. Fish having survived a clinical episode are completely refractory to subsequent infection. Their serum electrophoretic patterns are quite unremarkable. PMID- 3765362 TI - Immunological classification of a pike lymphoma. AB - Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against mammalian intermediate filament (IF) proteins were used to demonstrate IF expression in tissues and lymphoma tumors of northern pikes, Esox lucius L., from the Aland Islands of Finland by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. Frozen sections of pike tissues demonstrated IFs in a manner confirming their evolutionary conservation and subclass specificity. Tumor cells showed morphological resemblance to head kidney cells and were positive for vimentin while negative for cytokeratin, desmin, neurofilament proteins, and glial fibrillary acidic protein. The results show that the neoplasm is a mesenchymal as opposed to an epithelial, muscle, neural, or glial tumor, and is probably hemic cell derived. A rabbit anti-pike IgM antiserum showed that up to 90% of mononuclear (MN) cells isolated on Ficoll-Isopaque gradients from peripheral blood, spleen and head kidney were surface- and cytoplasmic immunoglobulin positive by indirect immunofluorescence, while a maximum of 5% of tumor cells were positive. A maximum of 5% of MN cells from hemic tissues exhibited rosettes when incubated with AET-treated sheep red blood cells; however, only 1% of cells in the tumor formed rosettes. Lymphocyte proliferation assays were performed on MN cells from hemic tissues and tumor using phytohemagglutinin P, concanavalin A, tuberculin purified protein derivative and lipopolysaccharide W in medium supplemented with fetal calf serum or autologous pike plasma. Proliferation indices in hemic tissues were similar in the groups. However, all proliferation indices in tissues were significantly higher than corresponding values in the tumor. These assays show that pike MN cells respond when stimulated by T and B cell mitogens, but that this reactivity is lacking in the tumor. PMID- 3765363 TI - Modulation of nonspecific host defenses in fish. AB - Seasonal, nutritional and hormonal effects on fish nonspecific protective mechanisms have been reviewed, together with the influence of some environmental pollutants. In the plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.), the serum concentration of lysozyme and the acute phase reactant, C-reactive protein (CRP) and in vitro neutrophil migration have been used as indicators of the ability of test substances to modulate nonspecific defense mechanisms. Cortisol and adrenalin appear to be implicated in the production of CRP, and cortisol, at concentrations found in naturally stressed plaice, significantly reduces the migration of peritoneal neutrophils. Exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of inorganic mercury reduce circulating levels of lysozyme. The results provide further support for an association between environmental stressors and the disease susceptibility of fish populations. Phagocytic cell function, as measured by chemiluminescence, migration or phagocytic index, emerges as a useful test system. PMID- 3765364 TI - Further studies on the alpha-precipitins of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). AB - The alpha-precipitins of the Atlantic salmon have been isolated by a combination of chromatography and gel filtration. A monospecific antiserum has been raised and this has been used to measure the concentration of the antigen in 925 fish sera by CELISA. The results were analysed for the effects of sex and disease state of the animal, time of year and year of collection, and the part of the UK from which they were collected. Significant differences were found in all cases. The components of alpha-precipitin were investigated by the isoelectric focusing of pure alpha-precipitin, whole serum and serum heated for 18 h at 95 degrees C. Multiple banding occurred in the acid region of the gels; the number, relative strength and position of the bands depended upon the animal from which the serum was isolated. PMID- 3765365 TI - Preliminary studies on the chemotactic potential of dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula) leucocytes using the bipolar shape formation assay. AB - The bipolar shape formation assay, previously used to determine the chemotactic potential of various factors for mammalian leucocytes, was tested in the present study with granulocytes of the lesser spotted dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula. Bipolar shape formation was found to be a temperature dependent process with maximal formation observed at 30 degrees C. Addition of the formyl peptide, N formyl-methionyl-phenylalanine failed to induce any bipolar forms at all temperatures and concentrations tested. PMID- 3765366 TI - Migration of fish leucocytes in vitro: the effect of factors which may be involved in mediating inflammation. AB - Plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.) neutrophils were isolated from the kidney on a discontinuous Percoll gradient and from the peritoneal cavity at the peak of a glycogen-elicited inflammatory response. The migratory ability of neutrophils was assessed using a 48-well microchemotaxis chamber, with an incubation of 1.5 h at 12 degrees C. The two neutrophil populations showed different responses to N formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP). Whereas kidney neutrophils only showed a significant enhancement of migration at 10(-7) M, inflammatory neutrophils exhibited a bimodal response, with one peak of migratory activity at 10(-9) M and a second at greater than 10(-6) M. Kidney neutrophils showed a consistent response with various concentrations of a 24 h culture supernatant of Vibrio alginolyticus. In every case increased migration was observed with 5-, 10- and 100-fold dilutions, with the latter two conditions producing a significant enhancement (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.05 respectively). The undiluted and 2-fold diluted supernatant caused a decreased cell migration compared with control values. The supernatant from kidney neutrophils cultured with serum opsonized, heat-killed V. alginolyticus produced greater migratory activity than neutrophils or the treated bacteria incubated alone (the controls). In each case, the enhanced activity of the supernatant was detectable by 1 h of incubation. By 4 h, the activity of the neutrophil/bacteria supernatant was significantly higher than that of the controls (p less than 0.01), but by 24 h had fallen to control levels. There was no evidence for a chemotactic response with FMLP, the bacterial supernatant or the neutrophil-derived factor and the responses were therefore assumed to be chemokinetic. PMID- 3765367 TI - Effect of Pasteurella multocida and Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae toxins on swine alveolar macrophages. AB - Supernatants were obtained from 18 hr. broth cultures of Pasteurella multocida strains D82 and D62 (serotype D, toxigenic), Kobe 6 (type D, non-toxigenic), A50 and X73 (type A, non-toxigenic), Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1, 5 and 6, Haemophilus sp. taxon "minor group" (2 strains) and an avirulent serotype 1 strain of H. pleuropneumoniae. The supernates were filtered, pH-neutralized and tested for cytotoxicity after incubation for 18 hours in the presence of swine alveolar macrophage monolayers. Supernatants from H. pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1, 5 and 6 were cytocidal. PMID- 3765368 TI - Effect of corticosteroid on porcine leukocytes: age-related effects of corticosteroid inhibition on porcine lymphocyte responses to mitogens. AB - The effects of prednisolone sodium succinate on the responses of porcine lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) were investigated. Sensitivity of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) to the synthetic glucocorticoid, prednisolone, was related to age of the lymphocyte donor. The greatest sensitivity was found in PBL from animals less than one week old; PBL from animals between 2 to 4 months retained some glucocorticoid sensitive cells; whereas, PBL from animals older than 6 months were exceptionally resistant to steroid. Similar age-associated sensitivities were found for lymphocytes from lymph node, spleen and thymus. Significant differential sensitivities among the various lymphoid organs were found with the thymic lymphocyte possessing the greatest sensitivity to steroid and the PBL lymph node and splenic lymphocytes possessing the highest resistance to the suppressive effects of steroid. The age related differences in sensitivity to steroid did not appear to be caused by differences in the number of steroid receptors because lymphocytes from susceptible and resistant animals had similar numbers of receptors. The results suggest that the age related sensitivity may be associated with a higher percentage of sensitive thymic-derived lymphocyte in the PBL, lymph node and spleen of the younger animals. Results of this study also suggest that the adult pig (6 months) should be classified as a steroid resistant species. PMID- 3765369 TI - The effect of general anesthesia on canine lymphocyte function. AB - The in vitro response of canine peripheral blood lymphocytes to mitogenic stimulation was evaluated following general anesthesia for a relatively minor diagnostic procedure. A marked suppression in the blastogenic response to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A was observed 4 hours postinduction which persisted through the first 24 hours and was normal by 4 days. A mild suppression to stimulation with pokeweed mitogen was observed at 4 hours postinduction but the response was back to normal by 24 hours. These results suggest general anesthesia has a transient immunosuppressive effect on canine lymphocytes and T cells are more susceptible to the immunosuppressive effect than B cells. PMID- 3765370 TI - The influence of extracellular and phagolysosomal pH changes on the bactericidal activity of bovine neutrophils against Staphylococcus aureus. AB - The influence of the pH of suspending medium on bovine neutrophil (PMN) function was assessed in tests of phagocytosis and killing of Staphylococcus aureus. Intracellular killing was markedly inhibited by moderate extracellular acidification whereas phagocytosis was little affected, except at the lowest pH level (pH 5.0). The killing of S. aureus by extracts of isolated PMN lysosomal granules showed a similar pH dependence and was optimal at pH levels above neutrality. Survival of S. aureus within PMN from different cows varied significantly and the relative differences in PMN bactericidal efficiency were maintained at all pH levels. The acidification of extracellular medium during incubation which resulted from metabolic activity of the PMN themselves, increased with increasing ratios of bacteria:PMN and varied significantly among cows. Addition of methylamine (10 mM) to elevate phagolysosomal pH inhibited phagocytosis and had no effect on intracellular survival of S. aureus. However, a lower concentration (1.5 mM) did not affect phagocytosis, but reduced bacterial survival without altering the relative differences in efficiency of PMN from different cows. It is suggested that the acidity of the extracellular medium may both reflect and influence the pH changes occurring within PMN phagosomes and, thereby, modulate the efficiency of intracellular destruction of S. aureus. PMID- 3765371 TI - [Biochemical characteristics of the causative agent of fowl typhoid]. AB - Studied were the biochemical properties of a total of 563 Salmonella strains divided into two biotypes--S. gallinarum (542) and S. pullorum (21). The first ones were isolated from typhoid foci of chickens, poults, turkeys, pheasants, guinea fowls, pigeons, and starlings that had died of septicaemia. One strain was isolated from a 4-month-old pig. The S. pullorum strains originated from epizootiologically linked foci of pullorosis, being isolated from live chicken carriers, dead embryos, and down from hatcheries as well as from young chickens that had died in them up to the age of 20 days. The link is discussed between the biochemical properties of the isolated strains and their origin, and the importance of some biochemical tests employed to distinguished them. Attention is paid to the likeliness of isolating aberant strains of S. gallinarum with deviations from the morphology of colonies and their antigenic and biochemical characteristic typical of the species. Suggested is the employment of the tests for motility, dulcit, maltosa, ramnosa, sorbit, and ornithine for the rapid differentiation of Salmonella gallinarum from the closely related Salmonella species of D serologic group. In order to avoid the occurrence of confusion with other microbial species the tests for the demonstration of lactose, sodium malonate, phenylalanine, indole, hydrogen sulfide, and lysine-decarboxylase. PMID- 3765373 TI - [Sensitivity of various cell cultures to the swine parvovirus]. AB - Attempts were made to culture the swine parvovirus under laboratory conditions. A reference strain and a field isolate were used along with steady cell lines of pig kidney PK-15, IBAS-2, and SPEV as well as primary and secondary cell cultures of pig kidney. It was found that the steady cell lines were slightly sensitive or totally unsusceptible to the swine parvovirus. The could serve for its isolation from pathologic material and culturing in laboratory conditions. Both the primary and the secondary cell cultures proved strongly susceptible to the virus, and they could be used for the isolation of filed strains as well as for the laboratory maintenance of the virus. The strains used produced no clearly distinguishable cytopathic effects in the inoculated cell cultures. The morphologic changes that set in following inoculation with higher amounts of the virus could be seen under the light microscope and could be evaluated through cytologic investigations (the presence of intranuclear inclusion bodies). The virus could be most readily demonstrated in the infected cell cultures via the hemagglutination test. PMID- 3765372 TI - [Antigenic properties of NDV glycoproteins synthesized in the presence of 2-deoxy d-glucose]. AB - Experiments were carried out to establish whether the glucose antimetabolite, 2 desoxi-d-glucose (DDG), effected the proteolytic breakdown of the envelope proteins of NDV and if there was any effect on there antigenic properties. It was found that it inhibited the glucose action on the NDV envelope proteins, the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN), and the F-protein so that their biologic properties were not manifested, and the production of infectious virus was blocked. In the presence of DDG the virus-infected were shown to contain the virus envelope proteins, the membrane protein, and the nucleocapsid both through electrophoresis in 10 percent polyacrylamide gel and through the agar gel immunodiffusion test (with the use of specific rabbit anti-HN, anti-F protein, and anti-M protein sera). The antigenic properties of the two glycoproteins of the NDV envelope did not change under the action of the DDG inhibitor as seen by the precipitation lines of the control variants (cells infected with the virus but not treated with the antimetabolite), which were identical with those obtained with the test variants (cells treated with DDG). PMID- 3765374 TI - [Sources of cattle infection with atypical mycobacteria and the frequency of their isolation from healthy slaughter animals in Cienfuegos Province, Cuba]. AB - Studied were a total of 322 samples of water, feed, and grass vegetation with soil from a region where there were records of unspecific tuberculin reactions with cattle. Investigations were also carried out on viscera and lymph nodes of 120 slaughtered cattle. It was found that the atypical acid-fast mycobacteria were widely spread in some regions of Cuba: 42.5% were found in grass samples, 37.5%--in soil samples, 35.0%--in water ones, and 9.6% in feed samples. Atypical mycobacteria were isolated in 35.0% of the cases with internal organs and lymph nodes of slaughtered healthy animals. Established were as many as ten species of such bacteria, prevailing being M. aquae B, M. aquae A, M. smegmatis, and M. phlei. Suggested is the preparation of an allergen from selected strains of atypical mycobacteria to carry out differential tuberculin tests where suspected tuberculin reactions were recorded in the practice. PMID- 3765375 TI - [Unsaturated fatty acids in the lipids of the spermatozoa of Ovis amon aries L. and Sus scrofa domestica L]. AB - Spectrophotometric investigations were carried out with five unsaturated fatty acids found in the composition of spermatozoid lipids of animals belonging to four breeds of Ovis amon aries L. Parallel comparative analysis were made of the fatty acids in the lipids extracted from spermatozoa of Landrace swine of the Sus scrofa domestica L. species. Differences were established as to the percent content of fatty acids, having low points of freezing. It is believed that the criterion of cold resistance of the spermatozoid membrane lipids ranges within definite limits, depending on the maximum content of fatty acids with possibly lowest temperatures of freezing. The comparative investigations of both species of animals with regard to the percent ratio of spermatozoid fatty acids of low points of freezing have yielded results that speak in favour of the Ovis amon aries L. species. The different points of freezing below the level of the physiologically admissible temperature is referred to as one of the reasons for disturbances of the barrier functions of the membrane at deep freezing. PMID- 3765376 TI - [Effect of ultraviolet-irradiated milk on biochemical indices in the blood serum of calves]. AB - Studies were carried out to establish the effect of ultraviolet in vitro treatment of milk, using special device, on the state and changes of some biologic indices of blood in calves in feeding them with milk within the age interval of 10 to 70 days. The irradiated milk was found to have a favourable effect on the physiologic state of calves, their development, and daily weight gain. Useful changes took place also with regard to the albumin-globulin ratio index which consisted in the rise of the gamma-globulin fractions to the detriment of alfa-globulins. The content of vitamin D was enhanced and made more stable in the serum over the entire experimental period. PMID- 3765377 TI - [Incidence of salmonellosis abortion in sheep in Bulgaria 1970-1984]. AB - Studied was the spread of Salmonella-induced abortions in ewes for a period of 15 years (1970-1984) on the base of the epizootic information available and of the calculation of the index of epizooticity, the index of occurrence, and the coefficient of repeatability (return rate). It was found that the first index, which characterizes the epizootic process with regard to time, was 100 percent in eleven districts of the country. Salmonellosis abortions was invariably observed during the entire period of fifteen years. On the base of the epizootic state the districts are subdivided into five categories which makes it possible to zonate the country's territory with special emphasis on the spreading of Salmonella abortions in ewes. PMID- 3765378 TI - [Case of methyl parathion poisoning in heifers]. AB - A clinical and morphological study was carried out on mass scale poisoning of heifers with methylparathion. Out of a total of 80 animals in a herd 13 heifers died or were forcedly slaughtered within several hours to three days, and other 9 heifers were cured after diagnosing severe methylparathion poisoning. The presence of the preparation was demonstrated chemically in the stomach and intestinal content of the affected animals. The precise lethal dose, however, was not established owing the outbreak of spontaneous poisoning. On the base of literature data and personal investigations it is believed that in the case described the intake of poisonous matter largely surpassed the lethal dose for cattle (20 mg/kg body mass), particularly on the occasion of a peracute course of the disease. Clinically, the intoxication ran its course with troubles on the part of the central and the vegetative nervous systems. Morphologically, there were oedema of the brain and the meninges, oedema and emphysema of the lungs, degeneration processes in the liver and the other parenchymal organs, oedema and hemorrhagic infiltrations in the wall of the rumen, abomasum, and proximal portions of the intestine, and sporadic or numerous hemorrhages in the organs referred to, particularly on the epi- and endo cardium. PMID- 3765379 TI - [Clinical picture and pathomorphology of acute coenuriasis in sheep]. AB - Clinical and morphological investigations were carried out in the case of two enzootics of coenurosis in weaned lambs. The disease was established in two flocks of 180 and 160 animals, respectively. Outbreaks were recorded two weeks after they were put on premises where dogs untreated for worms had been kept. Instable gait and incoordinated movements of the head and limbs were observed along with circling movements of the body, loss of herd instinct, and lay ill for a long time. Morphologically, hyperemia was seen in the meninges, hemispheres, cerebellum, and the basal portions of the brain, with swelling of the tissue, numerous oncospheres, and purulent and necrotic foci. Histopathologically, there were in the acute stages great numbers of parasite passages with detritus mass, hemorrhages, purulent-and-necrotic meningoencephalitis, and higher counts of neutrophile and eosinophile granulocytes. Besides, in the subacute cases there were histiocytes and lymphoid and gigantic alien cells. Differential diagnosis should take into consideration listeriosis, cerebrocortical necrosis, estrosis monesiosis, and enterotoxemia. PMID- 3765380 TI - [Effect of ascorbic acid on the free radicals stimulating an antigen-antibody reaction in a model system of spermatozoa-antispermatozoal serum]. AB - Studied was the effect of ascorbic acid in a model antigen-antibody test with a spermatozoa-antispermatozoid serum system, using four values of acidum ascorbinicum as a widely occurring reduction agent in nature on another reducing agent, cysteine, as the source of free SH groups (up to 94 per cent of the SH groups of cysteine are released in a free radical state). Ascertained was the stimulating role of the SH groups, being the active part of the cysteine molecule. With raising the concentration of ascorbic acid from 0.0001 M to 0.001 M, 0.01 M, and 0.1 M it inhibited progressively the stimulating activity of the SH groups in the antigen-antibody test with the model system. The rates within the range of up to 0.01 M could as well produce a suppressive effect on certain immune reactions with no harm for the body. One of the reasons for such an effect could be traced back to the presence of a negative charge of the ascorbic acid molecule, which blocked the activity of the SH groups and played a part in their thermodynamic behaviour as well as to the higher redox potential of the ascorbic acid as compared to that of cysteine. PMID- 3765382 TI - [Antigenic similarity between the spermatozoa of mammals and some endoparasites]. AB - Rabbit antisera to bull, ram, boar, and man spermatozoa were used in passive hemagglutination, passive skin anaphylaxis after Ovary, and immunoelectrophoresis tests to study water-salt extracts from spermatozoa and small and large liver fluke. the immunoelectrophoretic analysis revealed the presence of similar antigens in F. hepatica and D. lanceatum and in bull spermatozoa. A cross reaction was also observed (passive skin anaphylaxis in a guinea pig) between antisera to bull, ram, and man spermatozoa and water-soluble antigens of the two species of fluke. A similar reaction was noted also between sperm-agglutinating sera of infertile cows and the extracts from parasites. Discussed is the problem as to whether the cross reaction is due to common or similar antigenic determinants in the parasites and in some specific spermatozoid antigens. Stated is the clinical importance of these data and the ensuing link between liver fluke infection and the immunologically-mediated infertility of cows. PMID- 3765381 TI - [Effect of the E-50 Biostimulant on sperm production in young bulls]. AB - The Biostimulant E-50 preparation, a biogenic stumulant, was applied to 8 bulls divided into two groups--with normal and with disturbed semen production (lower qualitative indices of semen and higher number of discarded ejaculates). The stimulant was injected muscularly at the rate of 40 cu. cm, twice, at a seven-day interval, with one of the bulls it being used in a second series. Studied were a total of 587 ejaculates taken from the test bulls following treatment. It was found that the agent produced a favourable effect on semen production, the reaction being individual and better manifested with bulls having disturbances. Up to 13.7 per cent of the ejaculates of bulls with normal semen production were discarded, and up to 31.8 per cent of those showing signs of disturbed spermiogenesis. The spermogram indices with some bulls reliably rose (P less than 0.01 and 0.05) in terms of concentration and motility, the number of dead spermatozoa coming back to normal at negligible rise of the pH value. PMID- 3765383 TI - [Effect of the geographic factor and technological regimen on thyroid hormone levels in Camborough hybrid pigs]. AB - Qualitative analyses were carried out of the thyroid hormones (T-3, T-4, and FT-4 indices) with a total of 380 pigs of the Camborough hybrid at the age of one to four months, raised at the nucleus base of a swine-breeding complex. Analyzed was the effect of the technologic regime, the geographic location of swine-breeding complexes, and the economic purpose of the animals on the quantitative changes in the indices studied. Based on the statistical analysis the reliable intervals of the physiologic values of the T-3, T-4, and FT-4 under the conditions of the individual complexes were found to be 0.52-0.82, 0.7-1.8: 0.62-1.1, 0.61-0.99, and 0.74-1.26; 5-12, 3.6-8.9, 3.16, 2.0-10.0, and 3.8-7.7 ng/100 ml; 0.60-1.3, 0.7-1.17, 0.69-1.18, 0.73-1.03, and 0.86-1.13. PMID- 3765384 TI - [Hematological changes in sheep during neuroleptanalgesia with droperidol and fentanyl]. AB - Studied were 7 clinically normal sheep chosen randomly (merino, Tsigai, and crosses of these as well as Stara Zagora breed and merino crosses), aged 2-3 years, at an average weight of 52.71 kg. I/v neuroleptanalgesia was carried out (with no surgery to follow) at preliminary premedication with atropini sulfas at 350 Y/kg M., in s/c application, and a mixture of Droperidol at 0.25 mg/kg M. and Fentanyl at 0.005 mg/kg M. in i/m application. Fifteen min later the basic portion of the Droperidol (0.25 mg/kg) and Fentanyl (0.010 mg/kg) mixture was introduced (i/v). The changes in the blood were followed up prior to and after anaesthesia at the 1st, 3rd, and 24th hour and on the 4th and 7th day with regard to hemoglobin, erythrocytes, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, hematocrit, leukocytes and leukocyte formula, total protein and protein fractions, Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, total and direct bilirubin, and fibrinogen. It was found that hemoglobin and erythrocyte values were close to the normal ones. The higher leukocyte count at the 3rd and 24th hour following neuroleptanalgesia was accompanied by transient moderate neutrophilia, lymphopenia, and very slight eosinopenia. The total protein, protein fractions, fibrinogen, total and direct bilirubin, Ca, Na, and K did not show essential changes. Phosphorus and Mg dropped at the 3rd and 24th hour, and on the 7th day did not come back to normal. PMID- 3765385 TI - [Necrosis of the tail in buffaloes]. AB - Clinical, microbiological, and biochemical indices and X-ray examination revealed that disturbed metabolism and the development of dystrophic processes in the derma and epidermis and the last tail vertebrae were to be incriminated as predisposing factors contributing to tail necrosis. There were fissures in the epidermis, thickening of its layers, and hyperkeratosis with necrotic suppuration of the surface and deposition of detritus. After microbial contamination necrosis of the distal portion of the tail set in. PMID- 3765386 TI - [Economic losses from hoof diseases in cows]. AB - Investigations were carried out under productional conditions with a total of 100 high-producing cows in lactation to disclose the effect of diseased hooves or hooves that had not been taken care of over the period in the stable as well as the effect of hoof trimming and treatment on the daily and monthly milk yield and the total losses associated with deformations and diseases in 20,980 cows. It was found that 'stable' hooves and disease processes developing in them and in the body as a whole lowered the milk yield by 3.3 l, on an average, per cow (4.5 l, respectively). Trimming of hooves and medical treatment were found to avoid the drop of the daily milk yield along with the recovering all losses and coming back to normal levels. Opportunely used treatment prevented the losses associated with live weight, lowered the percent of premature culling and emergency slaughter and reduced or fully ruled out the death cases. Economic losses could be kept to a minimum if the efforts described above ate coupled with periodic hoof trimming (at least twice a month). PMID- 3765387 TI - [Development and survival of Yersinia enterocolitica in pasteurized milk and ice cream]. AB - Studied were the laboratory development and survival of Yersinia enterocolitica organisms in pasteurized milk and ice-cream that had been contaminated with varying amounts of microbial cells. The milk was kept at 4 degrees, 9 degrees, and 21 degrees C for 120 days, and the ice-cream--at--18 degrees and --23 degrees C for 8 months. Yersinia development and survival were found to be dependent on temperature as well as on the numbers and activity of microflora. When milk was kept at temperatures below 10 degrees C the organisms retained viability for more than 120 days, while at room temperature (20 degrees--22 degrees C) they remained active for up to 30-60 days. The presence of coliform bacteria inhibited the development of Yersinia, its replication and survival rates being reduced. These were dependent in ice-cream on the amount of viable cells in the initial raw material. When contamination was at 10-15 cells per cu. cm Yersinia organisms remained viable up to the 45th day, and at 100 cells per cu. cm--up to the 90th day. At 1000 cells/cu. cm and more viable cells could be found up to the eighth month, their count over a 6-month period being reduced from 84.2 up to 98.5 per cent. PMID- 3765388 TI - [A pneumatic-type aerosol apparatus for veterinary uses]. AB - Described is a Bulgarian aerosol apparatus of pneumatic type with an original nozzle and way to maintain permanent pressure. The apparatus is supplied with a set of 7 nozzles of a varying dia and is intended for universal dispersion of veterinary preparations and vaccines in aerosol form in view of their dosing. It makes it possible to maintain the desired concentration of the preparation sprayed for several minutes. The pneumatic type is advantageous for a number of reasons over other other apparatuses of similar design. It is simply constructed, easily put to action, is stable and cheap, and can be sterilized. PMID- 3765389 TI - NK-sensitivity of virus-carrier target cells. AB - Peripheral blood lymphocytes from selected donors have a higher natural killer (NK) activity against the cells of a human erythroblastoid line (K-562) persistently infected with measles virus or herpes simplex virus type 1 than against their uninfected counterparts. The mechanisms by which persistent infection may enhance the NK activity displayed by lymphocytes are discussed. PMID- 3765390 TI - A theoretical approach to the spectrophotometry of nucleic acids on paper disks. AB - A linear approximated model is presented that takes into account a local anisotropic distribution of scattered light within a turbid medium. Light intensity depends upon the distance from the boundary surface of the scattering centers, so that the probability of photon-chromophore interaction is a function of the distance. For the sake of simplicity it is assumed that there are only two main zones, corresponding to two probabilities of photon-chromophore interaction. In this form, the Kubelka-Munk theory fits the experimental data supplied by bichromatic photometry of nucleic acids on paper disks. PMID- 3765391 TI - [Prevalence and significance of the HBe antigen and anti-HBe antibodies in HBsAg positive children]. AB - The study covered 138 HBsAg-positive children having experienced viral hepatitis type B (VHB); 105 of the subjects could be followed up from the clinical, paraclinical and immunological points of view over an interval of about 30 months, the results being considered in terms of the presence or absence of HBeAg and/or anti-HBe. The percentage of chronicity was higher in HBeAg-positive children (16.2% versus 6.3% in HBe Ag negative subjects); like wise, contamination by familial contact was more frequent in the HBeAg-positive cases (28.6% versus 16% in HBeAg-negative children). The values of cytolysis tests (single determinations or kinetic study) were higher in the HBsAg positive children. PMID- 3765392 TI - Variation of serum ceruloplasmin activity in patients with suspected neoplastic processes, subjected to a phosphate loading assay. Preliminary note. PMID- 3765393 TI - Reagent kits for enzyme immunoassays (ELISA) used for the diagnosis of some infectious diseases in animals. PMID- 3765395 TI - TRANSAX: The NCHS system for producing multiple cause-of-death statistics 1968 78. PMID- 3765396 TI - Current estimates from the National Health Interview Survey. United States, 1983. PMID- 3765394 TI - Identification of the defects in the hemagglutinin gene of two temperature sensitive mutants of A/WSN/33 influenza virus. AB - Two temperature-sensitive mutants of WSN influenza virus, ts-61S and ts-134, possess defects in the hemagglutinin (HA) gene. These defects are characterized as a defective intracellular transport of the HA at the nonpermissive temperature and a marked thermolability. The nucleic acid sequences of the HA gene of these two viruses, as well as a series of revertant viruses, were determined. The deduced amino acid sequences demonstrate that the HA of ts-61S varied from the wild type protein by three amino acids while that of ts-134 differed by two residues. For both mutants, analysis of revertant viruses indicated that the phenotype of transport inhibition at the nonpermissive temperature and heat lability were associated with a single amino acid change in the globular portion of the molecule. In the case of ts-61S, the critical change in the HA was the replacement of a serine residue at position 110 with that of a proline. The mutational defect in the HA of ts-134 was due to the substitution of a tyrosine residue at position 159 with that of a histidine residue. Four of five revertants of ts-134 were suppressor revertants, of which some of the compensatory changes did not restore thermostability to the HA. PMID- 3765397 TI - Prevalence of selected chronic conditions. United States, 1979-81. PMID- 3765398 TI - Blood pressure levels in persons 18-74 years of age in 1976-80, and trends in blood pressure from 1960 to 1980 in the United States. PMID- 3765399 TI - [Stress: where are we going?]. PMID- 3765400 TI - [Contribution of 12-hour ambulatory electrocardiography in the diagnosis of sick sinus syndrome. Comparison with invasive examining methods]. PMID- 3765401 TI - [Contrast echocardiography in the diagnosis of shunt defects]. PMID- 3765402 TI - [Manifestations of spasm of the coronary arteries in a stress electrocardiogram]. PMID- 3765403 TI - [Diagnosis of impaired kinetics of the left ventricle of the heart using the stress test]. PMID- 3765405 TI - [Eosinophilia and hypereosinophilic syndrome]. PMID- 3765404 TI - [The effect of prazosin on peripheral blood circulation]. PMID- 3765406 TI - [A new microcomputer method of measuring the Achilles tendon reflex in the diagnosis of diseases of the thyroid gland]. PMID- 3765407 TI - [Stress during qualifying attestation examinations of 2d level physicians in internal medicine]. PMID- 3765408 TI - [Changes in the kinetics of salicylates and sulfamethoxazole during hemodialysis]. PMID- 3765409 TI - [Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of ticarcillin and temocillin]. PMID- 3765410 TI - [Cytologic classification in the diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of plasmocytoma]. PMID- 3765411 TI - [Changes in hemostasis in leukemia]. PMID- 3765412 TI - [Changes in hemostasis in cardiovascular diseases]. PMID- 3765413 TI - [Disorders of erythropoiesis in chronic liver diseases]. PMID- 3765414 TI - [Selection of blood donors for cytopheresis and its effect on their health status]. PMID- 3765415 TI - [The importance of leukocyte and thrombocyte concentrates in the treatment of acute leukemia]. PMID- 3765416 TI - [Preparation of leukocyte and thrombocyte concentrates using the Haemonetics model 30 blood cell separator]. PMID- 3765417 TI - [Selective decontamination of the digestive tract for the prevention of infection in patients with neutropenia]. PMID- 3765418 TI - [Treatment of ventricular tachycardia using the LSK 300 implanted pacemaker]. PMID- 3765419 TI - [New antibacterial antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents]. PMID- 3765420 TI - [Completed pregnancy after total adrenalectomy for Cushing's syndrome]. PMID- 3765421 TI - [Levels of ferritin in the serum in various disorders of hematopoiesis]. PMID- 3765422 TI - [Serum ferritin in patients with chronic kidney failure. I]. PMID- 3765423 TI - [Serum ferritin in patients with chronic kidney failure. II]. PMID- 3765424 TI - [Effect of dihydralazine Spofa on precapillary pulmonary hypertension]. PMID- 3765425 TI - [Familial combined hyperlipidemia. I. Variation in the lipoprotein picture]. PMID- 3765426 TI - [Familial combined hyperlipidemia. II. Risk of ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 3765427 TI - [Macroangiopathy and microangiopathy in diabetes. I. Vascular changes in type 2 diabetics. Initial examination]. PMID- 3765428 TI - [The origin and spread of an impulse in the atria]. PMID- 3765429 TI - [The spread of impulses in the ventricles]. PMID- 3765430 TI - [Problems in improving the scientific organization of work in the command machinery of the medical service (2)]. PMID- 3765431 TI - [Methodological approach to the diagnosis and treatment of maxillofacial wounds]. PMID- 3765432 TI - [Zone of responsibility]. PMID- 3765433 TI - [Neuropsychic disorders in maxillofacial injuries]. PMID- 3765435 TI - [Let us raise the efficiency of dispensary care]. PMID- 3765434 TI - [X-ray diagnosis of injuries to the chest and the organs of the chest cavity]. PMID- 3765436 TI - [Current problems in the epidemiology and prevention of acute intestinal infections among the troops]. PMID- 3765437 TI - [Current aspects of acute viral hepatitis]. PMID- 3765439 TI - [Effect of diving training of submariners on body function]. PMID- 3765438 TI - [Enhancement of body heat resistance using hypoventilation training]. PMID- 3765440 TI - [Classification of military medical equipment]. PMID- 3765441 TI - [Electromyographic study of the masticatory muscles in the treatment of mandibular fractures]. PMID- 3765442 TI - [Assessment of gastric secretory activity using the histamine-etimizol test]. PMID- 3765443 TI - [Blocks in a system for the combined treatment of upper extremity injuries (1)]. PMID- 3765444 TI - [Propagandizing the healthy life style on board the Smol'nyi training ship]. PMID- 3765445 TI - [Atomic technology in medicine]. PMID- 3765446 TI - [Epidemiologic significance of the presence of bacteriophages in drinking water]. PMID- 3765447 TI - [The effect of alcoholism on the physical work capacity of people]. PMID- 3765448 TI - [Auditory evoked potentials of the brainstem. Normal values and diagnostic possibilities]. PMID- 3765449 TI - [Visual evoked potentials]. PMID- 3765450 TI - [The life scenario of suicidal patients]. PMID- 3765451 TI - [Determination of the composition of an anticoagulant solution]. PMID- 3765452 TI - [Blood gastrin levels in the blood in patients with migraine headaches]. PMID- 3765453 TI - [Occupational exposure of dental personnel to mercury]. PMID- 3765454 TI - [Interactions of drug preparations]. PMID- 3765455 TI - [The nervous system, stress and immunity]. PMID- 3765456 TI - [Chronic Q fever]. PMID- 3765457 TI - [Acute radiation sickness associated with radiation burns]. PMID- 3765458 TI - [Successful surgery for a postinfarction interventricular septal defect in a patient in the 7th decade of life]. PMID- 3765459 TI - [Basocellular carcinoma of the inguinofemoral region]. PMID- 3765460 TI - [Current status and developmental prospects of sanatorium and health resort care for children]. PMID- 3765461 TI - [Medical gymnastics in operations on the stomach in the middle-aged and elderly]. PMID- 3765462 TI - [Therapeutic physical exercise in the combined therapy of alcoholic cardiomyopathy]. PMID- 3765463 TI - [Medical gymnastics during the hospital stage of rehabilitation of ischemic heart disease patients with rhythm disorders]. PMID- 3765464 TI - [Motor regimens and therapeutic physical exercise at home for patients with a history of myocardial infarct during convalescence]. PMID- 3765465 TI - [Sinusoidal modulated current phoresis of trypsin in the combined treatment of patients with traumatic peripheral nerve lesions]. PMID- 3765466 TI - [Effect of peloids on links in the hemostatic system]. PMID- 3765467 TI - [Dynamics of the clinical and paraclinical criteria of the activity of rheumatoid arthritis and their use in assessing the therapeutic effect of mud treatment (peat and silt muds)]. PMID- 3765468 TI - [Comparative effectiveness of treating rheumatoid arthritis with peat and sulfide silt mud]. PMID- 3765469 TI - [A model for assessing the effectiveness of the health resort treatment of rheumatoid arthritis patients]. PMID- 3765470 TI - [Immune modulations during treatment by mud baths]. PMID- 3765471 TI - [Changes in the cellular respiratory activity of the skin in arthrosis deformans patients as affected by taking hydrogen sulfide baths]. PMID- 3765472 TI - [Experience in the sanatorium and health resort treatment of children with mucoviscidosis]. PMID- 3765473 TI - [The immunomodulating effect of microwaves in exposure of the sternum and thymus gland]. PMID- 3765474 TI - [A method of calculating the irradiation of animals in experimental research on radon procedures]. PMID- 3765475 TI - [Combined use of ultrasound and Peloidin in treating patients with chronic allergic rhinosinusitis of bacterial origin]. PMID- 3765476 TI - [Function of the respiratory organs, cardiovascular system and adrenals in children with bronchial asthma undergoing high-altitude speleotherapy]. PMID- 3765477 TI - [Effectiveness of the differential treatment of bronchial asthma patients on the southern coast of the Crimea]. PMID- 3765478 TI - [Treatment of chronic bronchitis patients with thermal radon waters]. PMID- 3765479 TI - [Determination of carcinogenic substances in therapeutic muds]. PMID- 3765480 TI - [Changes in the electrical biopotentials of the gastrointestinal tract in chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer as affected by the oral administration of mineral water]. PMID- 3765481 TI - [Methodological characteristics of therapeutic physical exercise during the early posthospital stage in the rehabilitation of ischemic heart disease patients]. PMID- 3765482 TI - [Effect of combined physio- and balneotherapy on indices of mineral metabolism in osteoarthrosis deformans patients]. PMID- 3765483 TI - [Sanatorium and health resort treatment of patients with combined pyelonephritis and nephrotuberculosis]. PMID- 3765484 TI - [Medical selection of persons being assigned to rest homes and resort boarding houses]. PMID- 3765485 TI - [A training walker]. PMID- 3765486 TI - [Validation of the use of protease inhibitor electrophoresis with sinusoidal modulated currents]. PMID- 3765487 TI - [Effect of polyene antibiotics on the activity of prostaglandin metabolism enzymes in various layers of the kidney in young rats]. AB - Effect of polyenic antibiotics amphotericin B, levorin, nystatin on activity of prostaglandin metabolizing enzymes was studied in cortex, medullar and papillary layers of young rat kidneys. Amphotericin B was shown to exhibit the maximal effect on the enzymatic activity. Distinct "impairing" action of the antibiotics, especially of amphotericin B, was found in medullar and papillary layers of kidney at the end of the experiment carried out within 8 days. PMID- 3765488 TI - [Absorption of iodinated plasma lipoproteins by subpopulations of hepatocytes and sinusoid cells of the rat liver]. AB - Individual hepatocytes and sinusoid cells were isolated from rat liver tissue within various periods after intravenous administration of 125I-lipoproteins of very low (VLDL), low (LDL) and high density (HDL). Estimation of the radioactivity per 1 mg of the cell protein showed that within 30 min absorption of VLDL was 6-fold, LDL--4-fold and HDL--14-fold as high as compared with hepatocytes. Within the first 30 min sinusoid cells accumulated 54% of 125I-HDL, while hepatocytes contained 46% of the labelled lipoprotein, absorbed in liver tissue. On the other hand, within 6 hrs and 12 hrs hepatocytes contained 80-88% and sinusoid cells--17-20% of the label. After fractionation of hepatocytes in Ficoll density gradient all the populations of hepatocytes were shown to absorb effectively VLDL fraction, while HDL and LDL were accumulated in "heavy" (centrolobular) hepatocytes. Penetration of the lipoproteins in hepatocytes appears to be carried out by means of intracellular transport from sinusoid cells. PMID- 3765489 TI - [Effect of taurine on potassium, calcium and sodium levels in the blood and tissues of rats]. AB - Effect of taurine on content of electrolytes was studied in rat myocardium, liver tissue, skeletal muscles and erythrocytes. The balanced electrolytic state of a body was impaired by administration of adrenaline at arrhythmogenic doses, while content of potassium in erythrocytes was altered by means of addition of adrenaline or p-chloromercuribenzoate into the incubation medium. Taurine was shown to normalize the content of potassium and calcium ions in vivo and in vitro. PMID- 3765490 TI - [Changes in the intracellular glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase metabolism in the rat liver during thiamine deficiency]. AB - Patterns of intracellular glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase turnover were studied in liver tissue of intact and thiamin-deficient rats using a new procedure for the enzyme purification. The alternations, found in the half-life period, in constant rates of synthesis and degradation of the key enzyme of the pentosephosphate pathway, correlated with a decrease of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in vitamin B1 deficiency. PMID- 3765491 TI - [Effect of three retinoids on the growth of experimental tumors]. AB - Influence of retinoid C17-diester retinyldimedone and L-tocopherylretinoate on the growth of transplanted tumors was investigated in F1 (C57Bl/6 X CBA) strain of mice. The retinoids studied proved to be less toxic than retinoic acid. Both retinoid C17-diester and L-tocopherylretinoate reduced growth of cervical cancer, while retinyldimedone inhibited growth of Lewis carcinoma (lung tumor) and of stomach carcinoma. PMID- 3765492 TI - [Characteristic features of 35S-benzoylthiamine monophosphate in albino mice]. AB - Equimolar doses (30 mM/kg) of 35S-labelled thiamin, thiamin monophosphate or benzoyl thiamin monophosphate were administered intraperitoneally into mice. Increase in content of labelled metabolites, derived from 35S-benzoyl thiamin monophosphate, as compared with 35S-thiamin and 35S-thiamin monophosphate, was more distinct and prolonged in mice tissues, especially in brain and heart muscle, within 6-24 hrs. In blood this relationship was opposite. Total 35S was excreted with urine also at the highest rate after the 35S-benzoyl thiamin monophosphate administration as compared with the effect of thiamin and thiamin monophosphate but differences between the experimental data obtained with the latter compounds were only slight. PMID- 3765493 TI - [Basic science and medical practice]. PMID- 3765494 TI - [Cytochrome P-450-dependent reactions during intensified biosynthesis of coenzyme A in hepatocytes]. AB - After subcutaneous administration into male rats of 4-phosphopantothenic acid and pantethine during 10 days at a dose equivalent to 30 mg/kg of calcium pantothenate total content of CoA was increased in liver tissue. Both these preparations activated the liver endoplasmic reticulum monooxygenase system mainly at the step of substrate hydroxylation. The phenomenon observed appears to occur due to activation of cytochrome P-450 biosynthesis and/or to alterations in phospholipid composition of microsomal membranes. PMID- 3765495 TI - [Alkaline phosphatase of the bile as a criterion of biliary tract inflammation]. AB - Estimation of alkaline phosphatase activity is a sensitive and specific test for biliary tract inflammation. The enzyme penetrates into bile from biliary tract epithelium. Activation of the enzyme was noted in cholelithiasis, while the maximal level of alkaline phosphatase activity was detected in patients with chronic cholecystitis. Inflammation of gall bladder may result in deterioration of its epithelium functions, which appears to be responsible for conversion of stable bile colloidal phase into precipitates. PMID- 3765496 TI - [Synaptosome membrane proteins of the rat brain in convulsions caused by increased oxygen pressure]. AB - High oxygen pressure (0.7 MPa during 30-40 min) increased the quantity of high molecular proteins with simultaneous decrease in amount of low molecular proteins in rat brain synaptosomes. At the same time, the significant increase of lipoprotein fluorescence with emission at 435 nm was observed. Oxygen at high pressure inhibited incorporation of 14C-leucine into synaptosomal membrane proteins. Possible mechanisms of these alterations are discussed. PMID- 3765497 TI - [Blood chemiluminescence in thermal skin injuries]. AB - Chemiluminescence of blood was increased in weak forms of skin burns, whereas severe forms of burns of the III-IV degree were accompanied by inhibition of blood plasma chemiluminescence induced by ferrum ions. Middle-molecular fraction of polypeptides, occurring in blood during distinct burns toxemia, inhibited the ability of ferrum ions to initiate the chemiluminescence. The level of toxicosis in burns might be estimated by the rate of chemiluminescence quenching in blood plasma. PMID- 3765498 TI - [Activity of lipolytic enzymes in rabbit plasma during myocardial injury]. AB - Dynamics of lipolytic enzymes activity was studied in pre- and postheparin blood plasma of rabbits with hemodynamic heart overloading, with acute local ischemia of myocardium and with diphtheria intoxication. Development of all these pathological processes, impairing myocardium, was accompanied by appearance of lipolytic activity specific for intralipid and for activated intralipid in preheparin blood plasma, by an increase in activity of lipolytic enzymes in postheparin blood plasma as well as by alteration in the spectrum of blood lipoproteins. These alterations depended on the character of disease, impairing the heart muscle. PMID- 3765499 TI - [Changes in the level of glucocorticoid receptors in rat tissues on exogenous and endogenous increases in glucocorticoid levels]. AB - Effects of exogenous hydrocortisone as well as endogenous increase in content of corticosterone on the level of glucocorticoid receptors were studied on liver and spleen tissues of intact Wistar rats (100-120 g). Estimation of the glucocorticoid receptors by means of Scatchard plots was carried out using labelled triamcinolone acetonide. Reproducible estimation of glucocorticoid receptors was demonstrated in tissues of animals, which were not adrenalectomized, by means of competitive replacement of natural steroids for synthetic preparations. Content of glucocorticoid receptors in liver and spleen cytosol of intact rats was equal to 145 and 90 fmol X mg-1 of protein, respectively. Within 40 min after administration of exogenous hydrocortisone content of glucocorticoid receptors was decreased 3-fold in liver tissue. After an increase in content of endogenous glucocorticoids in blood, caused by formalin, concentration of glucocorticoid receptors was decreased 1.5-fold in liver tissue and 2-fold in spleen. PMID- 3765500 TI - [Activity of organelle-specific enzymes in rat organs during consumption of different amounts of protein]. AB - Activity of enzymes from mitochondrial plasmatic membranes, lysosomes, peroxisomes and endoplasmic reticulum was studied in rat liver, kidney, spleen tissues and blood serum under various conditions of protein consumption. Excess of protein, up to 36%, did not affect distinctly the activity of the enzymes studied, whereas specific reactions of lysosomal and peroxisomal enzymes, which were especially distinct in liver tissue, were found in response to protein deficiency (4%). The data obtained suggest the possible functional interrelationship between the enzymatic systems of lysosomes and peroxisomes under conditions of adaptation to protein deficiency. PMID- 3765501 TI - [Effect of a new structural analog of gamma-butyrobetaine-- 3-(2,2,2 trimethylhydrazine)propionate (THP) on carnitine level, carnitine-dependent fatty acid oxidation and various indices of energy metabolism in the myocardium]. AB - Contents of carnitine and long chain acylcarnitine were decreased as well as oxidation of I-14C-palmitate was inhibited in rat myocardium after intraperitoneal administration of 3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydrazine) propionate (THP) at doses of 50 and 150 mg/kg within 10 days into animals maintained at a diet enriched with fat. THP did not affect the ATP content, elevated during the fat enriched diet, but decreased the lactate concentration in myocardium. After administration of D,L-carnitine oxidation of I-14C-palmitate and content of lactate were increased with simultaneous decrease in ATP level. Combined administration of D,L-carnitine and THP did not affect the content of ATP and lactate as well as oxidation of fatty acids. The decrease in carnitine content caused by THP may be responsible for the alterations of energy metabolism in myocardium. PMID- 3765502 TI - [Dynamics of the accumulation of nonesterified fatty acids in the rabbit myocardium in total ischemia]. AB - Isolated rabbit hearts were perfused within 30 min under conditions of adequate oxygenation in presence and absence (control perfusion) of monoiodacetate prior to total ischemia. Content of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) in rabbit hearts was determined under conditions of adequate oxygenation and total ischemia. The total NEFA content in control myocardium was 174 +/- 25 nanomoles per gram of wet weight. Ischemia within 30 min significantly enhanced concentration of NEFA, especially of stearic and arachidonic acids. Prolongation up to 120 min of ischemia caused nonspecific progressive increase in content of NEFA in myocardium. Monoiodacetate increased the concentration of NEFA both in ischemic and in oxygenated myocardium. PMID- 3765503 TI - [Changes in and pharmacological correction of oxidative phosphorylation in regional kidney ischemia]. AB - Respiratory and phosphorylating capacities of kidney mitochondria were distinctly decreased within early (1.5 hr) and late (1 day) postischemic periods after long term (2-3 hrs) ischemia of rat kidney. Preadministration of adenine (ADP, AMP) and pyridine (NAD) nucleotides into the animals prevented the decreases, while vitamin E, heparin, trifluoroperazine or aminazine proved to be ineffective. Depletion of mitochondrial nucleotide pool, which occurred during long-term ischemia of kidney and were maintained within the post-ischemic period, appears to be responsible for impairment of oxidative phosphorylation. PMID- 3765504 TI - [Changes in the kinetic characteristics of reactions catalyzed by erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase in experimental lead poisoning in rats]. AB - An increase in values of both kinetic parameters (Km and Vmax) of the delta aminolevulinate dehydratase reaction was observed in blood of rats poisoned with lead. The Km value of the reaction was increased, while Vmax--decreased, after addition of Pb2+ into rat blood in vitro. The results obtained as well as the data published in literature suggest that a compensatory mechanism appears to function in vivo, where a substrate, delta-aminolevulenic acid, plays a triggering role. PMID- 3765505 TI - [Metabolism of the pesticide trichlorometaphos-3 and its effect on the monooxygenase system depending upon the supply of lysine, methionine, threonine and vitamins A, B and C]. AB - Metabolism of organophosphate pesticide trichlorometaphos-3 and its effect on liver monooxygenase system were studied in male rats of WAG strain, maintained on a diet deficient in lysine, methionine, threonine and vitamins A, C, E. Long-term deficiency of these essential nutrients led to inhibition of monooxygenase induction in acute intoxication with pesticide (150 mg/kg) and to restriction of the induction in chronic intoxication (3 mg/kg) within 3 and 6 months. As a result of the intoxication highly toxic intermediate 2,4,5-trichlorophenol was accumulated in liver tissue of the animals kept on the disbalanced diet. The data obtained suggest that the increased accumulation of 2,4,5-trichlorophenol in liver tissue, as a result of intoxication with trichlorometaphos-3, potentiated the effect of essential nutrients deficiency on stimulation of the monooxygenase system. PMID- 3765506 TI - [The Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome in lung cancer (case report)]. PMID- 3765507 TI - [Level of steroid and tropic pituitary hormones in the blood of patients with breast cancer treated with tamoxifen]. AB - A radioimmunologic assay of steroid and tropic hormones levels in blood serum was carried out in 30 breast cancer patients receiving tamoxifen. Long-term treatment with tamoxifen was followed by a significant decrease in blood-estradiol, progesterone, testosterone and prolactin levels whereas FSH, LH and hydrocortisone concentrations remained virtually unchanged. PMID- 3765508 TI - [Immunoreactivity and the effect on it of the 3-HAA antigen in patients with gastrointestinal tumors]. AB - 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid(3-HAA)-antigen, commonly identifiable in blood serum of gastrointestinal cancer patients was shown to influence immunologic vigor in vitro. Treatment of patients' cultured lymphocytes with 3-HAA-antigen and PHA produced a statistically significant inhibition of blastogenic reaction of lymphocytes. Exposure to the said antigen gave a positive leukocyte migration inhibition test both in patients and controls. Antibodies against 3-HAA-antigen were identified in patients' serum by complement fixation test. Blood serum levels of the said antibodies and IgG were found to be in correlation with blood 3-HAA-antigen concentration. Patients' serum revealed an immunosuppressive activity inhibiting formation of antibody-producing cells to sheep erythrocytes in Jerne assay in mice. PMID- 3765509 TI - [Labeling index in colonic cancer, polyps and polyposis and nonspecific colitis]. AB - Thymidine historadiography was employed to study labelling index in tumors and grossly-unaltered mucosa of large bowel in 34 cases of colorectal cancer and 67 patients with single polyps, polyposis and villous tumors of large bowel and suffering from nonspecific colitis. Mean labelling index in tumor tissue was established at 5.49, in normal mucosa of large bowel of healthy subjects--1.19, and in colitis, polyps and villous tumors--2.32, 4.24 and 5.84%, respectively. Labelling index increased with the degree of pathologic changes in mucosal epithelium of large bowel. Thymidine historadiography should be used in formation of groups at risk for large bowel cancer. PMID- 3765510 TI - [Assessment of the risk of developing ovarian cancer based on individual and family anamnestic data]. AB - A study of individual and family histories of 200 ovarian cancer patients and 200 healthy controls was concerned with evaluation of 274 factors of risk. It yielded 36 most informative ones. An 80% credibility of screening results was demonstrated when a combination of characteristics was used. Decision rule is recommended as a test for formation of a group at high risk. PMID- 3765511 TI - [Role of splenectomy in impairing lymphocyte elimination in patients with lymphogranulomatosis]. AB - The study group included 113 patients in a continuing 1 to 10 year-long complete clinical-hematological remission from Hodgkin's disease. 43 of them had prior splenectomy. The latter revealed a higher level of lymphocytes (chiefly 0-cells) and a diminished response of mononuclear blood cells to PHA as compared to the other patients and healthy controls. Also, they had more lymphocytes which became capable of E-rosette formation following a short-term incubation at 37 degrees C (lymphocyte reactivation by means of surface modification). The negative correlation between the reactivated T-cells level and mononuclear cell response to PHA suggested a functional blocking of T-cells involving damage to membranes. The absence of reactivated T-lymphocytes in nonsplenectomized patients was regarded as circumstantial evidence for the role played by the spleen in withdrawing faulty lymphocytes from peripheral blood. PMID- 3765513 TI - [Effect of sodium selenite on tumor cells in culture]. AB - Morphofunctional changes in HeLa cell culture following treatment with various concentrations of selenium ion during 2, 4 and 24 hours are described. Variations in mitotic index, duration of separate mitotic stages and a profile of pathologic mitoses were established. Inhibition of cell entry into the S-phase of mitotic cycle and modifications of RNA and protein synthesis after treatment with 0.1 and 0.25 ppm of the trace element was shown autoradiographically. Increased destruction of cell monolayer following contact with selenium was demonstrated by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. It is suggested that selenium exerts a toxic effect on tumor cells although this mechanism is not yet clear. PMID- 3765512 TI - [Late-onset radiation injuries of the intestines and their treatment]. AB - An experience with examination and treatment of 314 cases of late-onset intestinal lesions which developed following radiotherapy of abdominal and pelvic cavity tumors are discussed. PMID- 3765514 TI - [Amplification of myc-specific sequences in human colonic cancer]. AB - DNA samples obtained from tumors and adjacent mucosa of the large bowel of a patient with large bowel multiple neoplasia were examined after Southern. The procedure established amplification of v-myc oncogene-related DNA sequences in 1 out of 5 tumors tested. Restriction fragments of amplified myc-specific sequences and matching c-myc and N-myc loci of the human genome differed in size. PMID- 3765515 TI - [Methods for clinical study of antineoplastic drugs]. AB - Methodologic principles of evaluation of newly-developed antitumor drugs for solid tumors are discussed. PMID- 3765516 TI - [Evaluation of major parameters of cancer prevalence]. PMID- 3765517 TI - [Survival of breast cancer patients (from the data of the All-Union Center for the Study of the Effectiveness of Cancer Treatment)]. AB - The paper discusses the results of an evaluation of therapeutic modalities and survival of 9,199 breast cancer patients treated at Soviet oncological establishments in 1974-1980. The case distribution was as follows: stage I-II- 51, III--38 and IV--10%. Relative five-year survival rate averaged 55% for all the patients under study (stage I--86, II--68, III--39 and IV--12%). The highest 5-year survival rate was registered in cases of combined treatment (surgery + irradiation and/or chemohormonotherapy). PMID- 3765518 TI - [Spine osteomas]. AB - Data on diagnosis and treatment of rare localization of osteoma in the spine (6 cases) are reported. Scanty literature data and the author's findings were used in the description of clinical and X-ray picture patterns versus different localization and structure of tumor. Recommendations for radical surgery are given. Excerpts from a case history and roentgenograms are provided as illustrations. PMID- 3765519 TI - [Changes in water balance and its correction in patients with stomach cancer]. AB - Blood volume and its components as well as total, extra- and intracellular fluid were measured in 58 gastric cancer patients (including those with concomitant pathology) on admission, preoperatively and in postoperative period. The parameters were compared with those of 17 healthy controls. On admission, water imbalance was relatively more pronounced in cancer patients with concomitant pyloric stenosis. Correction was effected by preoperative infusions of 10.9 l of liquid in uncomplicated cancer for 9.8 days +/- 2.1 and 25.5 l in cases of concomitant pyloric stenosis for 12.1 days +/- 2.4. As a result of these infusions and drug treatment carried out in preoperative period and during the first five postoperative days, water metabolism returned to normal and postoperative clinical course improved. PMID- 3765520 TI - [Approaches to the oncological component of annual mass screening]. PMID- 3765521 TI - [Relation between the metastatic spread of stomach cancer and the factors characterizing the primary tumor]. AB - The paper deals with the analysis of patterns of metastatic spread in 738 gastric cancer patients versus site, size, gross appearance and histologic pattern of tumor at presentation. The likelihood of organ involvement through dissemination or invasion by gastric tumor was determined by assessing unknown probabilities by Bayes' theorem. The probability of correct preoperative evaluation of dissemination pattern ranged 0-0.935. PMID- 3765522 TI - [Primary-multiple malignant tumors of the colon, uterus and breast]. AB - A study of 94 case histories of primary multiple tumors of the large bowel, uterus and breast showed relative risk of development of uterine body cancer in patients with colonic cancer to be 37 times that for a general population of healthy females over 40 years of age. Post-treatment risk of breast cancer in cases of large bowel cancer increases 17-fold, uterine body--15-fold and cervix uteri--10-fold. Risk for large bowel cancer increases 179-fold in patients treated for uterine body tumors. On the whole, it serves as a confirmation of a possible role of endocrine-metabolic disorders played in the pathogenesis of primary multiple tumors of the large bowel and uterus. Radiation is the key factor of induction of rectal and rectosigmoidal tumors as a result of radiotherapy for cancer of the uterus. The results of the study make the case for timely diagnosis of primary multiple tumors of the large bowel, uterus and breast and adequate follow-up, no matter at what site the first tumor was found. PMID- 3765523 TI - [3-HAA-antigen and immunoreactivity indices in patients with bladder tumors]. AB - Immunologic vigor and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA)-antigen level were studied in patients with urinary bladder cancer. Leukocyte migration inhibition test demonstrated the inhibitory effect of the said antigen on leukocyte migration in patients with early stage cancer. As tumor advanced, the process accelerated. The 3-HAA-antigen-containing blood serum of bladder cancer patients inhibited the synthesis of rosette-forming cells and antibodies to sheep erythrocytes. A correlation was established between the suppressive effect and tumor stage. PMID- 3765525 TI - [Approaches to improving the teaching of oncology in medical schools (based on the experience of medical schools in Siberia and the far East)]. AB - Methods of teaching oncology at chairs of oncology (courses) in medical colleges of Siberia and Far East are discussed. Measures aimed at improving the teaching methods are suggested. PMID- 3765526 TI - [The use of electron microscopy in the diagnosis of soft tissue sarcomas]. PMID- 3765524 TI - [The role of radiotherapy in the treatment of Stage IIIA Hodgkin's disease in children]. AB - The report discusses the results of treatment of 54 patients (aged 2-14) with stage IIIA Hodgkin's disease. Radiotherapy was followed by relapse-free period in 60.6% only, although 5-year survival rate was rather high (90.9%). In the chemoradiation treatment group the said rates were 92.3 and 100%, respectively. PMID- 3765527 TI - [The use of a cytological method for the formation of groups at risk for stomach cancer]. AB - Cytologic evaluation of the degree of cell atypia associated with epithelial cell proliferation was carried out in specimens obtained from 976 patients with gastritis, ulcer and polyps of the stomach. Moderate, pronounced and severe atypia were distinguished. A correlation was found between degree of cell atypia and the incidence of dysplastic changes in gastric epithelium which makes the case for the use of the cytologic method in the formation of groups of high risk for stomach cancer. PMID- 3765528 TI - [The choice of an optimum extent of surgery for cancer of the corpus uteri]. PMID- 3765529 TI - [The role of self-examination in early diagnosis of breast cancer]. PMID- 3765530 TI - [Microfloral changes in the small and large intestines of chronic enteritis patients on diet therapy including sour milk products]. AB - The microflora of the small and large intestines was studied in 105 patients with chronic enteritis. Significant amounts of various microorganisms were detected in the small intestine. The content of E. coli, bacteroids, bifidobacteria in feces diminished, while that of staphylococcus, enterococcus and fungi rose. The patients were given diet N 4 (intended for enteritis patients) containing lactic acid products (200 ml, 5 times/day, during 24 days); 38 patients received shubat, 30--koumiss and 37--kefir. Koumiss proved to be most effective in the treatment of intestinal dysbacteriosis. Shubat possessed a lower antibiotic activity. Kefir administration did not produce significant shifts in the intestinal microflora. Lactic acid products were ineffective in fungous and Proteus dysbacteriosis. Koumiss and shubat could be recommended for the therapy of certain types of intestinal dysbacteriosis, thus restricting the use of antibacterial drugs. PMID- 3765531 TI - [Effect of calcium pantothenate on vitamin B6 and C correlation in patients with hypertension and ischemic heart disease]. AB - The relationship between pyridoxin and ascorbic acid was studied in patients with essential hypertension and coronary heart disease and proved to be antagonistic. To correct negative interrelations it is recommended that each of these vitamins be administered in combination with calcium pantothenate which favours their better utilization in the patient's body. PMID- 3765532 TI - [Protein metabolism in obesity patients]. AB - Protein metabolism was studied in patients with alimentary obesity. It was found that the reduction of excessive body weight under the action of a complex of measures, including dietetics, exercise therapy and physiotherapy, induced positive shifts in the amino acid spectrum of blood. The blood serum creatinine content and urinary excretion of creatinine and creatine remained unchanged. The nitrogenous balance was maintained even in cases of highly restricted diets. PMID- 3765533 TI - [Relation of the lipid level of the blood plasma to the nature of the nutrition of the population]. AB - The incidence of disorders in the lipid and lipoprotein metabolism and the character of nutrition were studied in a non-organized population of males aged 20-59 (n-2888). Strictly standardized methods applicable in epidemiologic investigations were used. A reliable relationship has been revealed between the excessive consumption of fats, saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, saccharose, the insufficient content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, starch, ascorbic acid, retinol, and magnesium in the diets and the incidence of disorders in the lipid metabolism. PMID- 3765535 TI - [Characteristics of the vitamin and mineral composition of the diets of weightlifters in Cuba]. PMID- 3765534 TI - [Alimentary factors and cholecystopathy in rural inhabitants of the Latvian SSR]. AB - The role of the chemical composition and regimen of nutrition in the development of cholecystopathy was studied in the rural population (aged 20-60) of the Latvian SSR. The right hypochondrium syndrome (RHS) served as a criterion for the cholecystopathy diagnosis. Mass-questioning (283) and questioning (6374) methods were used to register data on nutrition. The chemical composition and energy value of the diets were determined from the data obtained by the mass-questioning method, while the composition of diets and food taking characteristics were assessed using the questioning method. All the subjects investigated were distributed into four groups: clinically normal subjects with normal body weight (NBW); subjects with obesity; those with RHS and NBW; subjects with RHS and obesity. It was found that the nutrition of the rural population was imbalanced and characterized by a high content of animal fats and cholesterol, and a low carbohydrate content, deficiency of unsaturated fatty acids, phospholipids, ballast substances and ascorbic acid as compared to physiological standards. The diets of obesic subjects contained a higher amount of fat and higher energy value as compared to those of the NBW subjects. No statistically significant difference was found in the content of the main nutrients in the food taken by the subjects with RHS as compared to those who had no RHS. This fact indicates the determinant role of obesity in the development of cholecystopathy. The subjects with RHS received less amounts of eggs, vegetables and fruit than those with no RHS. The most manifest abnormal diets were recorded in the subjects with RHS and obesity. PMID- 3765536 TI - [Calculations of the chemical composition and energy value of diets in actual nutrition]. AB - The principle of estimating the chemical composition and energy value of actual nutrition diets with the use of new tables on "Chemical Composition of Foodstuffs" has been presented. PMID- 3765537 TI - [Possibility of correcting the immune system by using food products]. AB - In experiments on August rats the effect was studied of a product, prepared by freezing and thawing of cabbage followed by inoculation of yeast and lactic acid microorganisms, on the primary immune response to sheep red blood cells and oxidation metabolism in peritoneal macrophages. The product significantly increased the antibody-formation and accumulation of antibody-forming cells in the spleen but did not affect the lumino-dependent chemiluminescence of macrophages stimulated with opsonized zymosan. PMID- 3765538 TI - [Effect of alimentary protein deficiency in the early postnatal period on the function of the immunocompetent system in rats]. AB - The influence of protein deficiency in the early postnatal period on the functional and morphological characteristics of the immunocompetent system was studied in 76 test and 60 control rats, 4 and 12 months after the experiment commencement. It was shown that protein deficiency in the early postnatal period induced shifts in the cellular parameters of the immunologic responsiveness, mainly, producing no significant changes in the nonspecific factors of body defence. The impairing effect of protein deficiency was more manifest at the early steps of the body development. PMID- 3765539 TI - [Hypocholesterolemic action of oils from the seeds of new selection varieties of winter rape and winter cress in trials on rats]. AB - The capacity of new selected sorts of rape and winter cress oils to decrease a high cholesterol level in the blood and liver was studied in "cholesterol" rats. Basing on the data obtained a conclusion could be made on the hypocholesterolemic effect of the oils when they were given to animals. It is suggested that rape oil ("Agat", "Kubanskoye") and winter cress oil ("Sibiryachka") initiate the lipid transport in the blood and tissues thus leading to the reduction of the cholesterol level in the blood and liver tissue in "cholesterol" rats. PMID- 3765540 TI - [Therapeutic effect of lipids from the Far Eastern sardine (Sardinops sagax melanostica) in experimental hypercholesterolemia in rats]. AB - Hypercholesterolemia was experimentally induced in rats which received diets with a high fat content (66% calories) and cholesterol loading (2.5% of ration). The therapeutic effect of lipids isolated from quick-frozen Far East sardines was tested on rats given 500 mg lipids daily. The content of the blood serum lipid fractions in the test animals decreased under the action of the sardines' lipids: the total cholesterol level dropped by 23%, beta-lipoprotein cholesterol by 29%, triglycerides by 15%; the content of beta-lipoproteins became normal. The blood coagulation time was diminished in rats receiving diets with a high content of fat and cholesterol, as compared to that in control animals; and it increased under the action of sardines' lipids. A conclusion has been made on the hypolipidemic property of Far East sardines' lipids that produce a therapeutic effect on the blood lipid metabolism in animals. PMID- 3765541 TI - [Calcium absorption in the small intestine in rats during hypokinesia]. AB - The method of averted and non-averted segments was used to assess calcium absorption in the small intestine of adult and young rats with hypokinesia. A certain decrease in the active (by 13.8%) and more manifest diminution of the total (by 26.3%) calcium transport was established in adult rats after 4 weeks of hypokinesia. In young rats a significant lowering of the active calcium transport was already noted after 1 week of hypokinesia, however, age-dependent shifts in the process were more significant than those induced by hypokinesia. Changes in the calcium-regulating hormones are considered as a possible cause of decreased calcium absorption in the intestine in relation to hypokinesia and age. PMID- 3765542 TI - [Effect of a vitamin complex with mineral substances on blood coagulation in rats when administered by different methods and in experimental hypercoagulation]. AB - Experiments conducted on white rats have evidenced that a single injection of a complex of vitamins with mineral substances ("Complivit") in doses similar to the therapeutic induces a short-term hupocoagulemia, which is reproduced during long term administration. The animals tolerance to thromboplastin is significantly increased in the period of hypocoagulemia. It is suggested that the complex can produce a favourable effect in cases with hypercoagulemia. PMID- 3765543 TI - [Hygienic basis for using fish treated with crotonolactone as human food]. AB - A hygienic evaluation has been presented of fish bred in pools and treated with commercial crotopolactone for the therapy and prevention of aeromonosis, which was not previously used for this purpose. Basing on the study of the residual amounts of crotonolactone in the fish, of the organoleptic properties, chemical composition and biological value of the fish, as well as on the results of a chronic (12 months) experiment on test animals, the authors have made a conclusion on the possibility of using this fish as food for humans. Certain doses of commercial crotonolactone are recommended for the treatment of aeromonosis in fish. PMID- 3765544 TI - [The proteins and vitamins in different millings of wheat bran]. PMID- 3765545 TI - [Chemical composition of a milk protein concentrate for special and dietetic feeding]. PMID- 3765546 TI - [Assistance to dietological public health organizations given by the Institute of Nutrition of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR]. PMID- 3765547 TI - Proceedings of the clinical symposium on the recognition and management of immunodeficient disorders. April 17-19, 1985, Palm Springs, Calif. PMID- 3765548 TI - Hematologic disorders. AB - A distinction is made between postinfection thrombocytopenia of childhood and idiopathic thrombocytopenia (ITP) of adulthood. Relative advantages of treatment modalities, including splenectomy, are weighed, with an emphasis on the administration of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) as an emergency measure in the adult patient with ITP. Management of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is also discussed, as is the case of a patient who became alloimmunized after 2 years of multiple transfusions used to treat an arteriovenous malformation of the small bowel. PMID- 3765549 TI - Experience with intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in neonates and pregnant women. AB - Results of 2 methods to treat infection in the neonate are reported. One study demonstrates a decrease in mortality and recurrent infection when neonates with septicemia were given intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). In another study, IVIG was administered to pregnant women with symptoms of infection and at risk for preterm delivery. IVIG infused at high doses after 32 weeks of gestation significantly decreased infection in newborns without affecting term. PMID- 3765550 TI - IgG subclass deficiencies. AB - IgG subclasses differ not only in their biochemical and biologic properties, but also in their occurrence as selective deficiencies, alone and in combination. The normal range of IgG subclass concentrations in children and adults is compared with deficiencies found in individuals with repeated respiratory tract infections. Concomitant IgA deficiency is often noted. It is suggested that decreased IgG2 and IgG3 levels in IgA-deficient individuals may increase the risk of recurrent respiratory infection and lung damage. Finally, the efficacy immunoglobulin. prophylaxis in reducing of infection is anecdotally related. PMID- 3765551 TI - IgG subclass deficiencies: identifying and treating patients at risk. AB - IgG subclass deficiencies can increase the risk of pulmonary infections or other severe recurrent infections. Various groups of patients were studied in an attempt to learn more about (1) measuring the IgG subclass levels (particularly IgG4 levels) of possible high-risk patients; (2) identifying those patients who are at risk of developing recurrent infections, and (3) treating these patients once they have been identified. Individual cases are presented, and associations of isolated subclass deficiencies are examined with respect to infection. Replacement therapy with plasma or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) to increase titers of deficient or absent subclasses is suggested. PMID- 3765553 TI - [Tasks of Soviet virology]. PMID- 3765552 TI - Therapy in cytopenia. AB - Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) may be considered first-line maintenance therapy for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) because it has been proven to be the least toxic. In a study of 25 children with acute ITP, treatment with IVIG maintained platelet counts above 40,000/mm3 in all of the children. After 1 year, none of these patients required further therapy. In another study group of 25 pediatric patients with chronic ITP, treatment with IVIG circumvented splenectomy in 60% of the cases. The therapeutic regimens for adults and children are described, as is a strategy to overcome IVIG resistance. Experience with IVIG in hemolytic anemia and neutropenia are discussed. The mechanism of action is explored in some detail, specifically as it relates to reticuloendothelial system (RES) Fc receptor blockade and suppression of antiplatelet antibody synthesis. PMID- 3765554 TI - [Rapid diagnosis of influenza: a comparative evaluation of different methods]. AB - The results of influenza diagnosis during the outbreak of 1985 are presented. Nasopharyngeal secretions from 94 patients were examined by virus isolation in chick embryos, fluorescent antibody technique (FAT). enzyme-immunoassay (EIA), and dot-blot hybridization method (DBHM). The virus was isolated in 28%, FAT was positive in 22%, EIA in 47% of the cases. Among 94 secretion specimens 40 were tested by DBHM. In this instance, virus was isolated in 37%, EIA was positive in 65%, and DBHM in 85% of the cases. It seems advisable to use EIA based on the detection of the type-specific antigen (matrix protein) and DBHM which identifies the serovariant of influenza virus. PMID- 3765555 TI - [Host proteins in purified concentrations of the influenza virus]. AB - A comparative study of three methods for purification and concentration of influenza virus (adsorption on and elution from formalin-treated erythrocytes, sorption method, and purification on nuclear filters) demonstrated a significant decreased in ovalbumin content. By this criterion, all the three methods of preliminary purification yield the final preparation with a similar ovalbumin content. A more detailed study of the protein composition of influenza virus concentrates showed purification by elution from formalin-treated erythrocytes to remove greated amounts of protein admixtures. Electrophoregrams of virus concentrates produced by the adsorption method using macropore glass 8000 revealed a protein which passed into the virus suspension in sufficiently large amounts. This protein was identified as conalbumin. PMID- 3765556 TI - [Effect of multiple vaccination against influenza on the specificity of humoral immunity]. AB - The influence of multiple vaccinations against influenza on humoral immunity specificity was studied by titration of sera from the vaccinees and non-vaccinees in radial hemolysis test (RHT). In order to determine the specificity of antihemagglutinins, the sera were adsorbed with the appropriate antigen followed by titration in RHT. The study showed the sera from vaccinees to contain the strain-specific antibody much more frequently, the titres and content being especially high to the vaccine A/Bangkok/1/79 strain used for large-scale vaccination of the human population in the three years preceeding the study. Fewer sera of the vaccinees contained cross-reacting antibodies. Both in vaccinees and non-vaccinees the total number of sera with antibody to the A/Bangkok/1/79 and A/Moscow/30/83 strains was approximately similar, however, antibody mean titre to these epidemiologically important strains was significantly higher in the vaccinees. The results of the study explain the narrow specificity of the protective effect of whole-virion inactivated vaccines used for mass immunization of the human population. PMID- 3765557 TI - [Significance of various respiratory viruses in the development of chronic nonspecific bronchopulmonary processes]. AB - Combined virological and bacteriological studies were carried out in 83 patients with chronic bronchopulmonary diseases. Viral antigens, predominantly respiratory syncytial virus antigen, were detected in 72% of the patients in bronchial material obtained by bronchoscopy. Examinations for antibody of IgM and IgG classes specific for different viruses revealed acute infection in 79% of the patients which coincided with exacerbation of the process due to concomitant ARVD. The other patients had chronic virus infection. The over-time studies confirmed long-term persistence of viruses in bronchial epithelium in 15 patients (in 9 respiratory syncytial, in 5 adenovirus, in 1 parainfluenza virus). Thus, the above results showed respiratory viruses not only to play a role in exacerbation of chronic bronchopulmonary diseases, but in a number of cases apparently to be the main cause of their development. PMID- 3765558 TI - [Monoclonal immunoglobulins to the antigens of the Japanese encephalitis virus]. AB - Six hybridomas of the EJ series producing monoclonal antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus antigens were generated by hybridization of immune splenocytes with the parental line of mouse myeloma cells NS-0, and one hybridoma (EJ-10) with the X63-Ag8/653 line. Among 7 species of monoclonal antibodies examined by Ouchterlony method, 3 were identified as IgM and 4 as IgG. The highest clone producing efficacy was shown by hybridoma EJ-10 generated on the basis of X-653 cells and the least by hybridoma EJ-20. The hybrid cells readily established in the cavity of mice producing ascitic tumors in 37%-86% cases. Among the derived clones, two were found, EJ-4 (IgG) and EJ-19 (IgM), to possess a high growth potential, satisfactory clone-producing efficacy, a high per cent of positive clones in recloning, and stable production of antiviral monoclonal antibody. Hybridomas EJ-4 and EJ-19 demonstrated a marked capacity for mouse-to-mouse transmission in serial passages providing for preparative accumulation of these monospecific immunoglobulins. PMID- 3765559 TI - [Determination of the degree of infectiousness of adult ixodid ticks with the tick-borne encephalitis virus]. AB - It was shown to be principally possible to determine the content of tick-borne encephalitis virus in ticks in a certain territory by total collection of these arthropods in permanent areas followed by individual virological examination and titration of virus in the infected ticks. PMID- 3765560 TI - [Development and trial of a new system of active search for the intensive suppression of smallpox outbreaks in India]. AB - In carrying out emergency smallpox control campaign in Uttar Pradesh State of India in the spring of 1973 the authors developed and first tried in a large scale field work a new system of smallpox control consisting in repeated weekly search of cases in the entire territory of the affected district followed by intensive suppression of the discovered foci of the disease by vaccination. This new strategy for smallpox eradication was officially adopted since October, 1973, in the smallpox eradication programme in India. The new system was widely used for smallpox control in the last smallpox-endemic countries of the Hindustan peninsula which significantly speeded up smallpox eradication. PMID- 3765561 TI - [Hemolysis induced by the influenza virus]. PMID- 3765562 TI - [Factors affecting the level of antihemagglutinin detection in the diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis]. PMID- 3765563 TI - [Use of a microfiltration method in producing inactivated influenza vaccine]. AB - The process of microfiltration carried out in the regimen of destruction of concentrational polarization layer decreases considerably the retention of admixture proteins in filtrational concentration of virus suspension. This allows the membrane technology to be used not only for concentration but also for profound purification of the virus-containing allantoic fluid for preparation of inactivated influenza virus. Using the microfiltration method, vaccine preparations of any influenza virus strain may be obtained without loss of biological activity. The resultant vaccine is highly immunogenic and safe for man. The filtration technology makes it possible to restore the preparations discarded because of low virus titres or excess protein content. PMID- 3765564 TI - [Regulation of the replication of RNA segments in the influenza virus]. PMID- 3765565 TI - [Effect of remantadine on the hemolytic activity of influenza virus hemagglutinin]. PMID- 3765566 TI - [Reproductive activity of the influenza A virus in the splenocytes of experimental animals with mono- and mixed infections]. AB - Virus-induced processes in organs and tissues of Syrian hamsters in relation to the influenza A virus strain used (HON1 or H3N2), age of the animals, and in the presence of mixed infection were compared. The infection of young hamsters with A/PR8/34 and A/Bangkok/1/79 viruses was shown to induce the synthesis of viral proteins NP and M in spleen cells lasting for up to 15 days (the observation period). In mixed influenza and respiratory syncytial virus infection the possibility of influenza virus genome expression did not change. After infection of mature hamsters, synthesis of virus-specific NP and M proteins in splenocytes was observed only in the animals infected with influenza A/PR8/34 virus but not in those infected with the less pathogenic influenza A/Bangkok/1/79 virus. PMID- 3765568 TI - [Significance of the pre-S and pre-C sites in the genome of the hepatitis B virus]. PMID- 3765567 TI - [Synthesis of measles virus proteins in chronically infected human cell cultures]. AB - Synthesis of measles virus proteins in primary and chronic infection of L-41 and HEP-2 cells was studied by radioimmunoprecipitation test and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Synthesis of measles virus main structural proteins, H, P, NP, and M, was found to occur in chronically infected cells. Persistence of measles virus in the systems under study was shown not to be accompanied by changes in electrophoretic mobility of virus polypeptides as compared with proteins synthesized in primary infection. NP protein of the original virus, however, differed significantly from NP protein of the persisting virus in its charge which indicated aminoacid replacements apparently due to mutations of the appropriate region of the virus genome. The mechanism of measles virus persistence in these systems was shown not to be associated with disorders in matrix protein synthesis. Use of monoclonal antibodies in fluorescent antibody technique and radioimmunoprecipitation revealed the stability of a number of antigenic determinants in persisting measles virus in L-41 and HEP-2 cell cultures. PMID- 3765569 TI - [Detection of the DNA of the hepatitis B virus by molecular hybridization in HBsAg carriers and anemia patients]. AB - The method of molecular hybridization using cloned DNA of hepatitis B virus as a probe demonstrated the presence of virus-specific DNAs in sera of former blood donors, HBsAg carriers. Among HBsAg-positive patients with anemias, hepatitis B virus DNA was detected in half of the examined subjects which in all cases was accompanied by the presence of HBeAg in their blood. PMID- 3765570 TI - [Chromatographic behavior of the hepatitis B virus surface antigen in donor plasma]. AB - Behavior of HBsAg in adsorption chromatography of the antigen-containing plasma in a column with unmodified macropore silica was studied. Under the employed conditions of overlaying and elution, five maximum yields of plasma proper proteins from the column (peaks 1-5) were observed. HBsAg was determined mainly in the material of peaks 4 and 5 in which the dominating host protein was lipoprotein HDL. No HBsAg was detected in albumin-enriched fraction. Similarities of chromatographic behavior of all the three classes of particles whose surface is presented by HBsAg, 20 nm particles, filamentous forms, and Dane particles, were observed. PMID- 3765571 TI - [Isolation of atypical influenza A (H1N1) viruses]. PMID- 3765572 TI - [Long-term persistence of the rabies virus at inoculation sites in an experiment on hibernating rodents]. PMID- 3765573 TI - [Changes in sodium metabolism in essential hypertension patients]. AB - Cardiac output, plasma and blood volume were studied in 180 patients with essential hypertension via the method of dye dilution and neuro-hormonal studies were realized. In part of tha patients observed, the plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone were established by radioimmune methods. The values of sodium in plasma and its excretion with urine were determines. Aldosterone and plasma sodium in the circulating blood volume were determined by methods, introduced by the author. Three subgroups of patients were differentiated on the base of the changes in sodium metabolism: with elevated sodium in plasma, with normal values of plasma sodium and with reduced sodium content in the circulating plasma volume. The changes in plasma sodium of the subgroups of patients with essential hypertension are accompanied by certain deviations in hemodynamics, in plasma aldosterone and in plasma renin activity. PMID- 3765574 TI - [Plasma volume changes in essential hypertension patients]. AB - Plasma volume, cardiac output, velocity of blood flow and total peripheral vascular resistance were studied in 180 patients with essential hypertension, stages I, II and III according to WHO classification. Increased plasma volume was established in the majority of the patients with early stage of the disease and in 36 per cent of the patients with advanced essential hypertension. The studies reveal that the changes in plasma volume are of importance for the deviations of the other hemodynamic indices and for the reorganization of the hemodynamics in the patients with essential hypertension. PMID- 3765575 TI - [Block of the anterior median branch of the bundle of His]. AB - Present-day data (histological, electrocardiographic, vectorcardiographic and coronarographic) are presented in the paper, forming the concept of quadrifascicular structure of the conduction system of the heart. The criteria are indicated, on which the diagnostics of blocking of anterior-medial ramification of the left branch of His bundle is based. The author presents 4 of his own observations, illustrating the variety of the manifestations of the blocking of the anterior-medial ramulus--intermittent blocking, combination with blocking of anterior-upper ramulus, blocking in the presence of only septal fibres of the ramulus and blocking with spreading of the fibres also in the anterior-septal region of the left ventricle of heart. PMID- 3765576 TI - [Syndrome of diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic nerve atrophy and deafness]. PMID- 3765577 TI - [Acute interstitial nephritis following the use of gentamycin]. AB - The authors describe a patient that developed acute interstitial nephritis after gentamycin administration. The disease progressed with general lassitude, subfebrile temperature, oliguria, and increased nitrogen bodies in blood. After a short oliguric stage, polyuria followed and the renal function was completely normalized one month after the onset of the disease. PMID- 3765579 TI - [Arterial hypertension in gouty nephropathy]. AB - The incidence of arterial hypertension in patients with gouty nephropathy was studied. A reverse correlation dependence was established between the clearance of uric acid and the values of systolic and diastolic pressure, directing the clinicians to controlling the hyperuricemia, in parallel with the prescription of hypotensive agents. Attention is drawn to the higher incidence of hyperlipidemia in patients with gouty nephropathy and hence--the possibility of more frequent coronary incidents. Renal insufficiency advanced earlier in the patients with gouty nephropathy and arterial hypertension. PMID- 3765578 TI - [Effect of carsil and legalon in treating chronic liver diseases]. AB - The clinical effect from the treatment of 48 patients with carsil and 24 patients with legalon is studied. The patients were subdivided into three groups in the base of the clinical, laboratory-chemical and instrumental examination: light hepatic lesions--hepatic steatosis, chronic persisting hepatitis (ChPH), post hepatitis states, chronic active hepatitis (ChAN) and cirrhosis of the liver (CL). Both preparations were administered 3 three times, 2 tablets daily for 3 months. The results obtained revealed that the bioflavonoid preparation carsil did not much differ in its clinical effect from the preparation legalon. The preparations carsil and legalon had a good effect, but not with statistical significance, on the subjective symptoms--pain, sense of heaviness and upper dyspeptic syndrome in the patients studied. Both preparations had a good effect on the biochemical indices: thymol test, SGOT, gamma-globulins, immunoglobulin G, blood bilirubin. The three month administration of carsil and legalon did not essentially change the histological findings in liver. The preparations carsil and legalon are indicated in light and moderate hepatic affections--hepatic steatosis, ChPH, post-hepatitis states. No contraindications have been reported for the administration of those preparations even in advanced hepatic disorders where they could be included as "basis" therapy. PMID- 3765580 TI - [Parathyroid hormone values in patients on chronic dialysis treatment]. AB - It has been stressed that the values of radioimmunologically determined PTH in patients on chronic dialysis treatment are considerably high and the duration of dialysis treatment has no marked effect on them. Relatively good correlation dependence between the serum levels of calcium and PTH is established only in the presence of hypocalcemia. In all other cases the correlation dependence between PTH and calcium as well as that with phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase is negligible so that their serum values cannot be used to judge the level of PTH. The dynamic follow up of the PTH values is emphasized to be performed with one and the same kit, hence avoiding the methodical errors. PMID- 3765581 TI - [Drug sensitivity of urinary microflora and the effect of treatment in exacerbated chronic pyelonephritis]. AB - A total of 226 patients with exacerbated chronic pyelonephritis were studied and the effect of 10-day antibacterial course--followed up. In 178 cases the treatment was consistent with the drug susceptibility of urine microflora and in 48, it was carried out in the absence of such susceptibility. The susceptible strains were affected in a considerably higher percentage (64.60) than the nonsusceptible (41.67). The chronic renal insufficiency (ChRI) has been a factor restricting the effectiveness of the antibacterial agents. Out of III affected patients 24 (21.62%) were with ChRI, whereas they were 38 (46.34%) from not affected ones. It has been concluded that the treatment of chronic exacerbated pyelonephritis should individually be carried out with a dynamic microbiological control. PMID- 3765582 TI - [Preoperative assessment of the functional capacity of patients with a mitral defect]. AB - The functional capacity was tested in 83 patients with mitral heart defect by step-like loading of bicycle ergometric test, making use of the indices of physical capacity for work. A complex of clinical, non-invasive and invasive investigation methods was used for the hemodynamic evaluation of the patients. A comparison was performed of the threshold power of loading with the pressure in the cardiac cavities, pulmonary artery and pulmonary capillaries, the degree of valvular stenosis, degree and duration of cardiac insufficiency, cardiac rhythm. The indices of the physical capacity for work and the pressures in the cardiac cavities were juxtaposed in the patients undergone operations and patients with postponed operations. The patients with mitral defect were established to have considerably lower indices of physical capacity for work than the healthy non trained subjects of the same age. The correlation of threshold power of loading with the pressures in right cardiac catheterization was low. The correlation with the mean pressure in pulmonary capillaries was moderate only in the patients with mitral stenosis but--considerable (with the degree of valvular stenosis in mitral stenosis, degree of cardiac insufficiency in both patient groups and with the functional class according to NIKA)--in combined mitral defect. The patients with postponed operations had better indices of physical capacity for work and were with lower pressures, determined by right cardiac catheterization. PMID- 3765583 TI - [Preoperative clinical and hemodynamic assessment of patients for surgical revascularization of the myocardium]. AB - A group of 35 patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) and 6 patients with aquired heart defects, with established significant coronary obstruction were studied. The clinical picture of the patients with IHD is dominated by severe, refractory to treatment angina pectoris with extensive and high-degree stenosing coronary angina pectoris in combination with a relatively preserved left ventricular function. The patients with aquired defects have no anginal complaints. The aortic-coronary by-pass is justified in the light of the modern studies in the world. The necessity of rapid advancement of coronary surgery in Bulgaria is underlined. PMID- 3765584 TI - [Prevention of atrial flutter with Chinidin retard]. AB - The action of the preparation Chinidin retard, tablets of 0.250, was studied with a view to its effects of preserving the recovered sinus rhythm after regularization in 32 patients with atrial flutter, as well as its effect on central hemodynamics and functions of parenchymal organs. The successful anti recurrence treatment and the maintenance of lasting sinus rhythm after regularization in 90.6 per cent of the patients for more than 6 months with only 2 tablets daily, provided grounds to recommend chinidin retard as an agent of choice for long-term prophylaxis against the paroxysm of atrial flutter. The preparation has a lightly manifested negative inotropic action, but with the doses administered--it leads to no left-ventricular dysfunction. The long-term treatment with chinidin retard has no toxic effect on parenchymal organs. PMID- 3765585 TI - [Acute myocardial infarct in embolizing abacterial thromboendocarditis (2 cases)]. AB - Two patients are described, aged 60, with acute symptomless myocardial infarctions, diagnosed while still alive by electrocardiography, on the background of predominating neurological symptomatics, admitted as a manifestation of ischemic cerebral strokes, and in one of the patients--as embolization of peripheral artery, confirmed at operation. Multiple embolism and infarctions, with different duration, of brain and some other internal organs were established at necropsy, that originated from abacterial thromboendocarditis of aortic valve that developed in the absence of other diseases or data for the existence of disseminated intravasal coagulation. In the first case--extensive posterior-septal myocardial infarction was established and in the second--two not extensive infarctions, localized high anterior-septally and in the free anterior left ventricular wall. Though embolic deposits were not established in the large coronary arteries, the combination of acute myocardial infarctions and embolizing thromboendocarditis, in the absence of stenosing coronary atheromatosis, makes the embologenic origin of infractions most probable. PMID- 3765586 TI - [Primary mediastinal localization of a neuroblastoma in a young man with leukemoid reaction]. PMID- 3765587 TI - [Single nonspecific ulcer of the rectum]. AB - The authors report 4 cases with single, non-specific ulcer of rectum. The diagnosis, in all the cases, was made after endoscopic and histological studies. Single ulcer of rectum is for the first time reported in a pregnant woman, that necessitated the interruption of pregnancy. The ulcer could spontaneously be healed and be combined with an ulcer of duodenum. The patients with single ulcer of rectum should be under follow-up care and yearly controlled in the course of three years. PMID- 3765588 TI - [Treatment of urologic infections with cefamandole (Pharmachim)--the microbiological and clinical results]. AB - The authors study the possibilities of cephalosporin antibiotic cefamandol, new for our clinical practice, in the treatment of uroinfections. The microbiological study on a total of 2301 bacterial strains, isolated from patients with uroinfections, reveals that cefamandol excels in its action against gram-positive microorganisms, all beta-lactam antibiotics, used in our country. As regards E. coli, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, P. mirabilis and indole positive pro cefamandol is better than ampicillin, carbencillin and cefalotin. A resistance to the preparation showed the majority of the isolates of Enterococcus, Serratia, Acinebacter and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Excellent result was attained in 60% of all the 35 patients with uroinfections treated, manifested in "sterilization" of urine and in 5.71% bacteruiria became insignificant. In parallel, the clinical and laboratory symptoms of uroinfection were favourably influenced. The preparation has a good tolerance. Finally it should be underlined that this antibiotic must be introduced in the routine clinical practice for the treatment of adequate forms of uroinfections. PMID- 3765589 TI - [Clinico-hemodynamic changes in paroxysmal cardiac arrhythmias]. AB - The stroke and minute volumes, according to the method of Fick and formula of Staar, were studied with a view to the necessity of objectivization of some hemodynamic indices for the needs of clinical practice. Based on the good results, obtained by the formula of Staar, the stroke volume was calculated according to the same mode in patients with rhythm disorders. The stroke volume was established to reveal a dependence on heart rate, type of rhythm disorder and character of the basic disease. The manifested clinical signs of congestive cardiac insufficiency originate at a certain cardical rate (different in atrial flutter and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia), the type of the basic disease being with the highest significance (myocardial state). A viewpoint is presented on the expedience of one universally accessible, non-invasive study on the hemodynamics of patients with paroxysmal disorders of cardiac rhythm. PMID- 3765590 TI - [Our results with the secondary prevention of myocardial infarct]. AB - The communication summed up the results from the two prospective follow-up care prophylactic studies on patients with a past history of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The first study covers all patients, with a past history of AMI and discharged in 1963, 1964, 1966 and 1967, a total of 378, with a follow-up period from 6 to 11 years. The direct task of the follow up was the prevention of a repeated infarction. The prophylactic measures, carried out with the followed up patients were: control of body mass by a hypocaloric and antisclerotic diet, sufficient physical activity and medicamentous treatment when needed. Two groups of patients were differentiated: experimental (the patients adhering to the instructions prescribed) an control (patients that did not adhere to the recommendations for correction of body mass with no motor regimen). After the termination of the observation it was established that 12.6% from the experimental group had repeated infarction and 28.3%--in the control group. The lethality in the experimental group was 21.7% and in the control--43.9%. The second prospective observation covered 250 patients (reduced to 241 in time), with a past history of AMI and discharged within the year 1975. The follow up lasted for 5 years under the same conditions of follow-up care. Summing up our 5 year secondary prophylaxis carried out mainly with a diet, physical activity and partially with antiaggregants and medicamentous treatment when needed, we could ascertain and draw the conclusions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3765591 TI - [Treatment of light and moderate arterial hypertension with acebutolol]. AB - The authors follow up the effectiveness and tolerance of monotherapy with acebutolol in 47 patients with light and moderate hypertension, in a dose of 400 1200 mg in the course of three months. Twenty two of the patients have been treatment with the original French drug of the firm "Specia" and the rest 25- with the Bulgarian preparation, produced by Pharmachim according to a licence of the French one. The following parameters were followed up: arterial pressure, pulse rate, ECG, eventual adverse effects on 30, 60, 90 day of the treatment. The indices of cardiac output and total peripheral vascular resistance were calculated in a group of 13 patients. The results obtained reveal that the monotherapy with acebutolol, in light and moderate arterial hypertension, leads to definite, lasting and progressive antihypertensive effect in over 75% of the patients. The preparation has no significant effect on pulse rate and induces no orthostatism. It affected the total peripheral vascular resistance with 26% from the initial with unchanged or lightly increased indices of cardiac output. The Bulgarian drug, produced by Pharmachim, gives no way in effectiveness to the original French preparation. PMID- 3765592 TI - [Incidence and forms of the DIC syndrome in multiple myeloma]. AB - The incidence and forms of DIC-syndrome were studied in 80 patients with myeloma. A battery of hemostatic tests was used, allowing the diagnosis of both the chronic decompensated and compensated forms. The syndrome has been established in 29% of the non-treated patients and becomes more frequent with the advancing of the clinical stage of the disease. Several patients with a rather special clinical course are described. The treatment of the syndrome coincides with the treatment of the basic disease and the concomitant complications, and heparin was administered only in single cases. The pathogenetic mechanisms for advancing of DIC in myeloma are described, associated with the character and peculiarities of the basic disease. PMID- 3765593 TI - [Case of sarcoidosis with predominant involvement of the liver and lymph nodes]. AB - After brief literature data, a clinical case is reported with generalized sarcoidoses with predominant affection of liver and lymph nodes. A detailed clinical-laboratory characteristics is presented and the diagnosis has been histomorphologically objectivized. The hepatocytes were electron-microscopically studied and disorders in carbohydrate metabolism established with predomination of glyconeopoiesis. Bacterial-like structures were established in hepatocytes, providing grounds to look for further possibilities in that aspect for throwing light upon the etiology of sarcoidosis. The clinical case presented confirmed the high diagnostic value of liver biopsy in sarcoidosis, even in the cases with obvious extrahepatal localization of the changes. The therapeutic effect attained confirms, once again, the therapeutic possibilities of the corticosteroids, administered in proper doses. PMID- 3765594 TI - [Choreoathetosis syndrome in a female patient with systemic lupus erythematosus]. AB - A case with choreoathetoid syndrome is described in a patient with advanced picture of systemic lupus erythematosus. The ineffective cerebroprotective therapy is associated with the grave affection of the deep cerebral structures by he lupus vascuitis. The adequate interpretation of the pathological deviations in the CNS in systemic lupus could contribute to their early diagnosis and timely treatment. PMID- 3765595 TI - [Carcinoid tumor of the cecum--1st description in Bulgaria]. AB - The authors describe, for the first time in Bulgarian medical literature, a carcinoid of cecum in an 77-year old woman, with a lethal end. The tumour was with the size--6 X 7 cm, with infiltrative growth in the intestinal wall and massive metastases in liver. Grimelius staining revealed the presence of secretory argentophilic granules in the tumour cells. The main tumour, light- and electrone-microscopically, is represented by conditioned non-differentiated and differentiated cellular elements, which in addition to the usual oragellae contain also granules of neurosecretory type. PMID- 3765596 TI - [Case of metastatic carcinomatous myocarditis and pericarditis in bronchogenic carcinoma of the lung]. PMID- 3765597 TI - Phase II trial of beta-all-trans-retinoic acid for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia delivered via a collagen sponge and cervical cap. AB - Retinoids are effective suppressors of the phenotypic development of cancer in many animal systems, whether the process is initiated by chemical, physical or viral carcinogens. Cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia are excellent for studying the effectiveness of retinoids as chemopreventive agents because the process can be closely followed by serial colposcopic and pathologic (cytology or biopsy) means and changes in the condition safely monitored. We have previously conducted a phase I study of trans-retinoic acid (Tretinoin) given topically by a collagen sponge and cervical cap. A dose of 0.372% was selected for phase II trial. We have treated 20 patients with topical retinoic acid, and a complete response with total regression of disease was obtained in 50%. Systemic and cervical side effects were mild and vaginal side effects moderate but tolerable. These results provide a clinical basis for a randomized, double-blind phase III study to definitely answer the question of whether retinoic acid is an effective chemopreventive agent for cervical cancer. PMID- 3765598 TI - Regional air trapping before and after exercise in young adults with cystic fibrosis. AB - Much of respiratory therapy in patients with cystic fibrosis is directed toward clearing airway secretions and dilating the airways to improve ventilation to slowly equilibrating spaces. We studied nine patients with cystic fibrosis (18 to 28 years old) who had mild to severe airway obstruction to determine whether ventilation to regions containing slow spaces was influenced by a period of exercise. Regional ventilation was assessed by measuring the trapped-air index (TAI) before and at least (1/2) hour after bicycle exercise. On the average, the TAI was highest in the apices and lowest in the lung bases. The apical TAI correlated significantly with the overall amount of trapped air and the forced expiratory volume in one second, indicating that abnormalities in the apices have a pronounced influence on overall lung function. For the patients with moderate or severe airway obstruction, the mean TAI decreased after exercise in the upper regions where it was abnormally high before exercise. The results suggest that slow spaces exist in the apices of all patients with cystic fibrosis who have airway obstruction and that a period of exercise improves tidal ventilation in the apices of patients with moderate or severe airway obstruction. PMID- 3765599 TI - Catheter-related septic central venous thrombosis--current therapeutic options. AB - Central venous catheter-related infection and evidence for central venous thrombosis developed in five patients. On the basis of ongoing bacteremia after catheter removal and venographic confirmation, catheter-related septic central venous thrombosis (CR-SCVT) was confirmed. These patients were treated successfully with anticoagulation and antibiotics; none required surgical exploration or drainage.CR-SCVT is a complication of modern venous access techniques and is easily confused with sepsis from other anatomic sites. Even when recognized antemortem, CR-SCVT carries an excessive morbidity and mortality. The therapy for this complication is not standardized, but catheter removal, anticoagulation and a prolonged course of antibiotics are appropriate initial therapy. Surgical vein ligation or excision are reserved for refractory sepsis or abscess formation. PMID- 3765600 TI - Amatoxin poisoning in northern California, 1982-1983. AB - Twenty-two patients who ate mushrooms containing hepatotoxic amatoxins were treated during the fall and winter seasons of 1982 and 1983. All patients were treated with intensive supportive care and repeated oral doses of activated charcoal. In two patients fulminant hepatic failure developed and they died. One patient in whom encephalopathy developed had an orthotopic liver transplant and survived. Liver biopsy specimens obtained from five patients during the acute illness showed centrilobular hemorrhagic necrosis. The hepatic histopathology in a biopsy specimen from a 5-year-old boy eight weeks after mushrooms were eaten showed bands of fibrosis and islands of hepatocytes suggestive of early cirrhosis. Radioimmunoassay for amanitins, done on the serum from all patients, detected the toxins in only three, probably because most of the specimens were obtained 24 hours or more after the ingestion. This series, with a mortality rate of 9%, illustrates the outcome in patients who receive intensive supportive care and provides a background on which success of specific treatments should be judged. PMID- 3765601 TI - Antihypertensive therapy, serum lipids, coronary heart disease and hypertension- balancing the risks and benefits of treatment. PMID- 3765602 TI - The pathogenesis and prevention of diabetic nephropathy. PMID- 3765603 TI - The pathogenesis and prevention of diabetic glomerulopathy. PMID- 3765604 TI - Recurrent meningoencephalitis with recovery from Behcet's disease. PMID- 3765605 TI - Munchausen's syndrome presenting with postphlebitic syndrome. PMID- 3765606 TI - Severe pulmonary hypertension in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis--response to nifedipine. PMID- 3765607 TI - Earwig in the ear. PMID- 3765608 TI - Toxicity from BHT ingestion. PMID- 3765609 TI - Sleep apnea--diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 3765610 TI - Primary care physician satisfaction with case management. AB - Primary care case management is frequently proposed as one mechanism to reduce the overall cost of health services. This concept places a utilization control function upon primary care physicians who, under primary care case management, must approve all patient access to specialty physician services and hospital services. This utilization control function, often called the gatekeeper role, places new responsibilities on primary care physicians. In this study we surveyed primary care physician attitudes regarding their role as case managers. PMID- 3765611 TI - Gatekeeping--clinical and administrative issues. AB - Most gatekeeper-based models of health care delivery utilize primary care physicians for authorizing services, screening referrals, managing cases and monitoring costs. Issues in four major areas related to gatekeeping have arisen in such systems: those affecting patients primarily, those affecting physicians primarily, those related to administering the gatekeeping function and, finally, those issues related to the health care system as a whole. PMID- 3765612 TI - Coronary disease and risk factors in close relatives of Utah women with early coronary death. AB - Familial aggregation of coronary heart disease (CHD) and specific major risk factors were determined among 639 first-degree relatives of 73 women with confirmed coronary death before age 55. They were compared with 1,151 persons in 141 control families. Of women with early coronary death, 62% had first-degree relatives with early coronary disease compared with 12% of affected control family members. In the proband families, coronary incidence rates were 2.7 times the control population rates for women (P<.001) and 1.6 times the control population rates for men (P<.05). An excess incidence of coronary disease was observed for ages 45 to 74 in both men and women.Smoking, hypertension, diagnosed hyperlipidemia and diabetes were all two to three times more common in the female probands with early coronary death than in healthy controls. Hypertension was more common in all proband relatives (both sexes with and without coronary disease). Smoking was more common among female relatives of probands when compared with the controls. These data suggest that early coronary disease in women is often familial and associated with smoking and hypertension. The familial aggregation seems to be stronger in female relatives of female probands with early CHD than in male relatives. Genetic factors or shared family life style or both likely account for these observations. PMID- 3765613 TI - Thallium 201 perfusion imaging after the treatment of unstable angina pectoris- relationship to clinical outcome. AB - Unstable angina usually responds to medical management. Unfortunately, a third of patients with this condition may be expected to have severe angina in the ensuing year. We tested the ability of thallium 201 imaging with submaximal exercise to identify patients who have a poor clinical prognosis after an episode of unstable angina. In all, 37 patients were evaluated with (201)TI before hospital discharge and were assessed for severity of angina over the next 12 weeks. Of these, 20 had New York Heart Association class I or II angina during follow-up, 4 of whom had defects on (201)TI imaging that showed redistribution. In 17 patients class III or IV angina developed or they suffered an acute myocardial infarction after hospital discharge, and 15/17 had reversible defects on (201)TI imaging after submaximal stress (P<.001). (201)TI scintigraphy frequently identifies areas of ischemia with only submaximal exercise in patients whose unstable angina has responded to medical therapy. PMID- 3765614 TI - Campylobacter enteritis--a college campus average incidence and a prospective study of the risk factors for exposure. AB - In a prospective study over two years at a university student health center, the average incidence for Campylobacter enteritis was 4.5 cases per 1,000 students for a nine-month academic year. Male students were more likely to submit a stool specimen for examination and were more likely to have Campylobacter enteritis. Campylobacter enteritis was ten times more common than Salmonella and Shigella enteritis combined. The only identifiable increased risk for Campylobacter enteritis developing among patients with acute diarrheal illness was the recent ingestion of barbecued chicken. PMID- 3765615 TI - Intestinal ischemia and infarction associated with oral contraceptives. PMID- 3765616 TI - Malignant hypertension and asymmetric septal hypertrophy in a 43-year-old black man. PMID- 3765618 TI - Oral contraceptives and thromboembolic disease. PMID- 3765617 TI - Bronchoalveolar lavage. PMID- 3765619 TI - Pheochromocytoma. PMID- 3765620 TI - Systemic Streptococcus equi infection in a horse handler--a case of human strangles. PMID- 3765622 TI - Physicians' obligations in legal matters. PMID- 3765621 TI - Unintentional thyrotoxicosis factitia due to a diet pill. PMID- 3765624 TI - Practical management of demented elderly. PMID- 3765623 TI - Plague. PMID- 3765625 TI - A focused approach to patients with cancer of unknown primary site. PMID- 3765626 TI - A Yank in London--observations on British medicine and science. PMID- 3765627 TI - [Clinical course of chronic renal failure in children with urinary tract defects treated surgically]. PMID- 3765628 TI - [Usefulness of the "it' curve in evaluating reinnervation]. PMID- 3765629 TI - [Recurrent suppurative cerebrospinal meningitis and encephalitis]. PMID- 3765630 TI - [Use of clonidine in the treatment of opiate withdrawal syndrome]. PMID- 3765631 TI - [Acute viral myocarditis with an atypical clinical course in a coronary patient]. PMID- 3765632 TI - [Acute total obstruction of the stomach]. PMID- 3765633 TI - [Difficulties in the diagnosis and treatment of yersiniosis in children]. PMID- 3765635 TI - [Pigmented villonodular synovitis]. PMID- 3765634 TI - [2 cases of external endometriosis of rare location treated surgically]. PMID- 3765636 TI - [Value of EEG in parathyroid gland disorders and/or symmetrical calcinosis of the basal ganglia (Fahr syndrome). Review of the literature with personal cases]. AB - We evaluated the diagnostic value of EEG tracings in cases of non arteriosclerotic symmetrical calcification of the basal ganglia (Fahr's syndrome). The group of 41 tracings was composed of probands and patients of a family with hereditary occurrence of the syndrome and other patients where the characteristic calcifications were discovered by chance or in CT screening of persons who had undergone thyroidectomy. The comparison of our EEG results with those presented in the relevant literature yielded no discernable diagnostic value of the investigation. All kinds of alterations of central electrophysiological activity seem possible, at least in our collection, similar to previous findings, but no characteristic EEG pattern associated with Fahr's syndrome was seen. Only a vague correlation of alterations to the age of patient could be surmised, this being, of course, wholly unspecific. Thus psychopathology, neurological data and CT are the prime techniques for diagnosis of Fahr's syndrome, the EEG so far offering only marginal assistance. PMID- 3765637 TI - [Effect of balneotherapeutic measures on blood rheologic parameters in patients with atherosclerosis]. AB - 50 spa patients with established atherosclerosis were divided randomly into 2 therapeutic groups. In addition to the usual balneotherapeutic programme including exercise, one group (J) received a course of "iodine brine concentrate" to drink and the control group (Cl) received a similar course with isotonic NaCl. All patients were submitted to a strictly controlled low cholesterol diet. The following parameters were determined at the beginning and at the end of therapy: total serum cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, fibrinogen, viscosity of whole blood and of plasma, microhaematocrit. Significant improvement was found in total cholesterol and triglycerides (decreases) and in the HDL proportion of total cholesterol (increase) in both groups. Fibrinogen was raised significantly only in the Cl-group and did not alter in the J-group. Plasma viscosity decreased only in the J-group, not in the controls. It is concluded that several haemorheological parameters relevant to atherosclerotic risk are favourably influenced in the direction of haemodilution by the complex balneotherapy used in our spa including diet and exercise. With the exception of additional positive effects on fibrinogen level and on plasma viscosity no other specific effects of the iodine brine were detectable. PMID- 3765638 TI - [Endogenous strangulation caused by fibromatosis colli]. AB - The case report is presented of fatal endogenous strangulation of a seven week old male infant due to a fibrous sternomastoid tumour. Postmortem examination showed severe congestion of the cerebral veins and conjunctiva with ecchymoses just like after use of concentric force against cervical viscera. On the basis of the results of the histological examination, the possible influence of birth trauma on the aetiology of this type of fibromatosis is discussed. PMID- 3765639 TI - [Current concepts in the pathogenesis of celiac disease]. AB - This paper is a critical appraisal of current hypotheses on the mechanisms of toxicity of wheat and other cereals in coeliac disease. The "primary immune defect" and the "gluten-lectin" hypotheses on the pathogenesis of coeliac disease are examined and critically reviewed. PMID- 3765640 TI - [Ulcerative colitis in childhood and its differential diagnosis]. AB - Ulcerative colitis occurs before the age of 15 years in 20% and before 20 years in 40% of all patients involved. The frequency of this disease in patients at the University Children's Hospital of Munich has clearly risen over the past years. In many patients we found characteristic differences in history, clinical picture and laboratory results as compared with Crohn's disease. The most important diagnostic procedure is endoscopy of the entire colon. The histological examination of the biopsies taken during colonoscopy differentiated less clearly between these two entities than the macroscopic judgement by the endoscopist. The development of carcinoma must be considered even in children when the disease has lasted for seven years or longer. Ulcerative colitis must be differentiated from infectious diseases of the bowel by direct search for the relevant microorganisms and by serological testing. PMID- 3765641 TI - [Roentgen diagnosis of inflammatory bowel diseases in the child]. AB - Inflammatory diseases of the bowel, especially of the small bowel, frequently present with vague symptoms in children. In many cases X-ray examination enables diagnosis, differentiation and localization of such diseases, as well as follow up and detection of complications. In the hand of the experienced radiologist the exposure to X-rays is very low. Radiological signs are demonstrated according to the most important inflammatory disease entities. PMID- 3765642 TI - [Significance of endoscopy in inflammatory bowel diseases in childhood]. AB - Endoscopy makes an essential contribution as diagnostic tool in the clarification of unspecific inflammatory bowel disease in childhood. Important advantages of this method are detection of early lesions, classification of the type of inflammation, sight-guided biopsies and no exposure to X-rays. In 36 patients the diagnosis of Crohn's disease was proven by endoscopy alone in 66.6% of cases, by histology as sole criterion in 69.4%, and by X-ray examination alone in only 8.3% of cases. All 3 patients in whom the diagnosis of Crohn's disease was made exclusively by radiological means showed manifest involvement limited to the small bowel. However, even upper gastrointestinal endoscopy led to the detection of lesions characteristic of Crohn's disease in some cases. 36 colonoscopies were performed in 28 patients with ulcerative colitis. Typical lesions were detected endoscopically in 91.7%; corresponding histological changes were found in only 63.6%. PMID- 3765643 TI - Psychological aspects of inflammatory bowel disease. AB - Psychological factors play a major part in inflammatory bowel disease (I.B.D.). Stress influences motility, secretion and vascularity of the gastrointestinal tract and may produce functional disorders. Stressful events, which in childhood might be family tensions, separation or major changes such as that of school or house, may aggravate or even cause I.B.D. Physical symptoms of the active disease are distressing and can lead to stress and even behaviour problems. Stress and distress can themselves produce physical symptoms and aggravate pre-existing organic pathology, whilst behaviour problems such as non-compliance with treatment or diet can aggravate the organic pathology and/or the physical symptoms so setting up and maintaining a vicious circle. Not only the child, but also his family are affected. Taking into account the complex interaction between psychosocial and organic aspects of I.B.D. a comprehensive approach is essential for optimal care of the child with I.B.D. and his family. PMID- 3765644 TI - [A model of the central control of respiration]. AB - Central respiratory drive is very much dependent upon the CO2-tension, the H+ content and the ionic composition of the blood and the extracellular fluid of the brain. Ventilation is linearly related in the steady state to the H+-content in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Semiaquatic turtles are an excellent model to study central chemical control of ventilation, and in particular their tolerance to asphyxia. Their ability to maintain prolonged dives is seemingly incongruous with highly-developed mechanisms of central chemical control of ventilation. Experiments were performed on four groups of turtles subjected to two hours of either apneic dives, hypercapnia, anoxia or anoxia plus hypercapnia. One additional group was breathing room air and served as control. At the end of the two-hour period the animals were immediately decapitated and the heads instantly frozen in liquid nitrogen. Brain tissue was removed from the skull and free aminoacids were measured chromatographically. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) increased significantly in those animals subjected to anoxia (p less than 0.01). These results suggest that the central ventilatory drive during diving and related experimental conditions may be related to alterations in brain concentrations of aminoacid neurotransmitters. GABA is a potent inhibitor of respiratory responses which may function under physiologic and pathophysiologic circumstances to modify ventilatory drive. The role of taurine is not yet clear and has to be further investigated. PMID- 3765645 TI - [Course and blood coagulation findings following systemic short-term fibrinolysis in acute myocardial infarct]. AB - A series of 16 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction was investigated with respect to changes in coagulatory parameters after intravenous short-term treatment with 1,500 000 IU streptokinase (SK) over a period of 90 minutes. Samples for coagulation assays (fibrinogen, thrombin, time activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), normotest, thrombin-coagulase time, platelets, antithrombin III, plasminogen and antiplasmin activity, alpha 2 macroglobulin, alpha 1-antitrypsin, factor X a were collected before and immediately after iv SK, and after 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hours. Platelets, antithrombin III, factor X a, alpha 1-antitrypsin and alpha 2-macroglobulin showed no changes over the observed period. The concentrations of fibrinogen and the activities of plasminogen and antiplasmin decreased clearly during the first 24 hours, reaching a minimum immediately after SK administration. Thrombin time and aPTT were prolonged for 36 hours, with a maximum in the first hours after lysis. CONCLUSIONS: Invasive diagnostic and/or therapeutic procedures during the first 24 hours after SK lysis should be carried out only for a definite, strict indication and under repeated control of the coagulatory status. After 24-36 hours there is a trend to normalisation of haemostasis. After 36 hours, surgery may be performed without fear of complications due to abnormal coagulability. PMID- 3765646 TI - [A new method for the treatment of supraventricular rhythm disorders]. AB - Initial experience of His-bundle ablation is presented in 12 patients with intractable supraventricular arrhythmias which were not amenable to treatment with conventional drugs. In 8 patients His-bundle ablation resulted in total AV block and in 2 patients significant improvement without total AV-block was achieved. During long-term follow-up (mean 5.3 months) tachycardia recurred in 1 patient with total AV-block resulting in an overall success rate of 75%. A permanent pacemaker was implanted in 10 patients. 1 patient developed deep leg vein thrombosis as a direct result of this procedure and in 2 patients there were complications due to pacemaker implantation. His-bundle ablation appears to be a promising tool in the management of intractable supraventricular tachycardia. PMID- 3765648 TI - [Hematology-oncology afternoon of the Austrian Society for Hematology and Oncology. Vienna, 12 June 1986. Abstracts]. PMID- 3765647 TI - [Effect of molsidomine on hemodynamics in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy]. AB - The effect of 4 mg Molsidomine iv. followed by a continuous infusion of 3 mg per hour for 3 hours on arterial blood pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, cardiac index, peripheral and pulmonary vascular resistance and heart rate was evaluated in eleven patients suffering from chronic heart failure caused by non-ischaemic dilatative cardiomyopathy (NYHA II-III). A significant decrease in systemic blood pressure, systolic and mean pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary wedge pressure was observed and also a marked decrease in total peripheral and pulmonary vascular resistance. There was a slight, but not significant increase in cardiac index. The heart rate did not change significantly. Treatment had to be stopped in one patient because of side effects (hypotension, nausea). PMID- 3765649 TI - [Sequential determination of circulating immune complexes in ovarian tumors]. AB - We investigated sera from 39 patients with ovarian tumors with regard to the presence of circulating immune complexes, beginning at the time of diagnosis and further on through the course of disease. We were able to demonstrate circulating immune complexes by means of polyethylenglycolprecipitation. About 75% of the patients in the stages FIGO-ov I and FIGO-ov II showed increased values at the time of diagnosis. Following radical surgery they decreased to almost normal so during the time of remission. A relapse was proceeded by an increase up to 8 weeks before being detectable by clinical investigation. The stages FIGO-ov III and IV did not show a comparable correlation, however. Cases with benign cystic ovarian tumors did not show increased values. The precipitation by polyethylenglycol has been revealed to being a suitable screening method for early diagnosis of relapses. PMID- 3765650 TI - [Evoked potentials. Indications and diagnostic significance]. AB - Visual, auditory and somatosensory evoked potentials are useful in the detection and localization of demyelinating lesions, which mainly cause a slowing of conduction and therefore a latency increase in the evoked potential. Primarily amplitude reductions or loss of the response are seen in partial or complete impulse conduction blocks due to a tumor e.g. Acoustic nerve tumors can be detected by AEP, orbit tumors or processes of the chiasm by VEP and spinal cord tumors by SEP. The use of evoked potentials for the evaluation of ophthalmologic disorders, for audiometry in children and for monitoring head-injured patients with coma have become a valuable aid to the physician too. PMID- 3765651 TI - [Value of acetylcholine receptor antibodies in myasthenia gravis]. AB - In a retrospective study in 47 patients with myasthenia gravis acetylcholine receptor-antibody-titers (AChR-AB) were correlated with the severity of the disease. In 18 patients the course of titers was studied and two groups of patients could be differentiated: patients with relative constant and patients with fluctuating titers. Age, age of begin of myasthenia and sex did not influence the titers. Also the duration of the disease and the severity of symptoms did not influence the level of AChR-AB-titers. In this retrospective study the influence of immun-suppressive therapy on the intra-individual course of AB-titers and their correlation with the clinical symptoms could not be judged. Measurement of AChR-AB is of value for the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis and important for judging the clinical course and the effect of therapy. PMID- 3765652 TI - [Fundamental reflections on patient compliance]. AB - Fundamental reflections on the presuppositions and ethical justifications of measures for improving compliance are presented. The limits and reasons for the responsibility of the physician and the patient and the limits of the measures for improving compliance are discussed. PMID- 3765653 TI - N-hydroxy-N-arylacetamides. II: Molecular aspects of ferrihaemoglobin formation by N-hydroxy-N-arylacetamides and arylhydroxylamines in the rat. AB - Ferrihaemoglobin (HbFe3+) formation in rats after i.p. injection of 6 N-hydroxy-N arylacetamides has shown that N-hydroxy-4-chloroacetanilide(N-hydroxy-4ClAA) was the most active and N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene(N-hydroxy-2AAF) the least active compound tested. As N-hydroxy-N-arylacetamides were thought to produce HbFe3+ only after enzymic N-deacetylation, the corresponding arylhydroxylamines were also tested for HbFe3+-forming activity and were found to be more active, N hydroxy-4-chloroaniline(N-hydroxy-4ClA) being one of the most active and N hydroxy-2-aminofluorene(N-hydroxy-2AF) the least active compound tested. N Hydroxy-4-chloroacetanilide given i.p. to rats more rapidly invaded the blood and produced larger amounts of ferrihaemoglobin than did N-hydroxy-2 acetylaminofluorene, due to differences in their availability in plasma. Injection of 50 mg/kg of N-hydroxy-4-chloroacetanilide gave similar concn of HbFe3+ and 4-chloronitrosobenzene(4-CINOB) as injections of 8 mg/kg of N-hydroxy 4-chloroaniline, indicating that the arylhydroxylamine, after N-deacetylation, was the active molecule in vivo. The concn of 4-chloronitrosobenzene declined faster than HbFe3+ concn. 4-Chloronitrosobenzene therefore is a further example of a 'hit-and-run' chemical. Inhibition by the microsomal carboxylesterase inhibitor, bis(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate(BNPP), indicated that ferrihaemoglobin formation by 4-chloroacetanilide, but not by N-hydroxy-4-chloroacetanilide, depends on the enzymic activity of hepatic microsomal carboxylesterases. PMID- 3765654 TI - Biotransformation of polycyclic aromatic compounds by fungi. AB - Incubations of several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heteroaromatic compounds with a series of common micro-organisms have been performed. The PAHs were not metabolized by any of the fungi studied. The sulphur-containing heterocyclic aromatic compounds dibenzothiophene, thioxanthone and thiochromanone were oxidized at sulphur by C. elegans. Other fungi are capable of oxidation at the sulphur atom of dibenzothiophene and thioxanthone. C-1 and C-3 methyl substituted thioxanthones are hydroxylated at the methyl group by C. elegans. PMID- 3765655 TI - Biotransformation of oxaprotiline: isolation and identification of metabolites in urine of rat and dog. AB - The biotransformation of oxaprotiline has been investigated in rat and dog after oral administration of racemic 14C-labelled oxaprotiline X HCl. Rats excreted 28% dose in urine within 120 h and dogs 32% within 96 h. The metabolites were isolated by liquid chromatography and their structures elucidated by spectroscopic methods. In both species, oxaprotiline is extensively metabolized. Principal metabolic transformations are aromatic hydroxylations and formation of aromatic hydroxy-methoxy derivatives, N-demethylation, deamination and direct O glucuronidation. Most of the primary metabolites formed by functionalization reactions occur in both free and glucuronidated form. In the rat, diastereoisomeric 3-hydroxy metabolites and the corresponding phenolic glucuronides are predominant. Products of deamination are minor, and products of direct O-glucuronidation are not detectable. In the dog, biotransformation is more complex. Major metabolites are diastereoisomeric 2- and 3-hydroxy compounds and the corresponding phenolic glucuronides. Oxidations in the side-chain and direct O-glucuronidation are minor metabolic pathways. PMID- 3765656 TI - Terpenoid biotransformation in mammals. IV Biotransformation of (+)-longifolene, (-)-caryophyllene, (-)-caryophyllene oxide, (-)-cyclocolorenone, (+)-nootkatone, (-)-elemol, (-)-abietic acid and (+)-dehydroabietic acid in rabbits. AB - The metabolism of (+)-longifolene, (-)-caryophyllene, (-)-caryophyllene oxide, ( )-cyclocolorenone, (+)-nootkatone, (-)-elemol, (-)-abietic acid and (+) dehydroabietic acid was studied in rabbits. Each of these sesquiterpenoids was converted to primary, secondary or tertiary alcohols, among which the primary alcohol was predominant. A vinylic methyl group and an exomethylene group were easily hydroxylated and converted to a glycol via an epoxide in many cases. Eight new metabolites were determined by chemical and spectroscopic methods. PMID- 3765657 TI - The metabolism of 14C-oxcarbazepine in man. AB - The disposition of the new anti-epileptic agent oxcarbazepine (10,11-dihydro-10 oxo-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide) has been studied in two healthy volunteers following an oral 400 mg dose of 14C-labelled drug. The dose was excreted almost completely in the urine (94.6 and 97.1%) within six days. Faecal excretion amounted to 4.3 and 1.9% of the dose in the two subjects. In the 0-6 days urine samples the biotransformation products have been isolated and identified. 10,11-Dihydro-10-hydroxycarbamazepine (GP 47,779) and its two diastereoisomeric O-glucuronides were found as main metabolites. Taken together, they accounted for 79% of urinary 14C. Unchanged oxcarbazepine, and its sulphate and glucuronide conjugates were isolated in smaller amounts only (13%). Other minor metabolites were the trans- and cis-isomers of 10,11-dihydro-10,11 dihydroxy-carbamazepine (approximately 4%), and a phenolic derivative of GP 47,779 (less than 1%). The biotransformation of oxcarbazepine proceeds mainly by reduction to GP 47,779, and subsequent conjugation with glucuronic acid. Reduction is stereospecific, favouring the S-configuration of GP 47,779. Direct conjugation of oxcarbazepine, in the enol form, is a minor pathway. Oxidative reactions are unimportant. PMID- 3765658 TI - Doxylamine metabolism in rat and monkey. AB - Metabolites of doxylamine obtained with rat-liver homogenate in vitro and from urine of Wistar rats and squirrel monkeys in vivo were examined. The metabolites were separated by g.l.c., h.p.l.c. and t.l.c., and tentatively identified through interpretation of their mass-spectrometric behaviour. N-Desmethyldoxylamine was identified in vitro while both N-desmethyl and N,N-didesmethyldoxylamine were detected in rat and monkey urine. The N-acetyl conjugates of N-desmethyl and N,N didesmethyldoxylamine were tentatively identified both in rat urine and in vitro. Only the N-acetyl conjugate of N,N-didesmethyldoxylamine was detected in monkey urine. In addition, nine other metabolites were tentatively identified in rat urine: N,N-dimethyl-2-[1-(?-hydroxyphenyl)-1-(2-pyridyl)ethoxy]ethanamine; N methyl-2-[1-(?-hydroxyphenyl)-1-(2-pyridyl)ethoxy]ethanamine; 1-phenyl-1-(2 pyridyl)ethanol; 1-(?-hydroxyphenyl)-1-(2-pyridyl)ethanol; 1-phenyl-1-(2 pyridyl)ethane; 1-(?-hydroxyphenyl)-1-(2-pyridyl)ethane; 2-phenyl-2-(2 pyridyl)ethanol; N,N-dimethyl-2-[1-phenyl-1-(2-pyridyl)-2 hydroxyethoxy]ethanamine; doxylamine pyridine N-oxide. The excretion of doxylamine aliphatic N-oxide in rat urine was confirmed by comparison with the authentic synthetic compound. PMID- 3765659 TI - Biotransformation of diphenyl ether by trout and guinea-pigs after intraperitoneal administration. AB - Diphenyl ether (DPE) was administered intraperitoneally to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and guinea-pigs (Duncan Hartley). DPE metabolites in the urine and bile of trout and the urine of guinea-pigs were isolated and analysed by g.l.c. mass spectrometry. No unchanged DPE was found in the biological fluids of guinea pigs and trout. Only conjugated metabolites of DPE were present in the bile and urine of the trout: 4-hydroxy- and possible 3-hydroxy-DPE conjugates were found in the bile whereas 4-hydroxy- and 4,4-dihydroxy-DPE conjugates were detected in the urine. Both free and conjugated metabolites of DPE were isolated from the urine of guinea-pigs. These metabolites were 2-hydroxy-, 4-hydroxy, 4,4' dihydroxy-, 4-methoxy-monohydroxy- and methoxy-dihydroxy-derivatives of DPE. PMID- 3765660 TI - A comparison of the metabolic fate of phenol, phenyl glucoside and phenyl 6-O malonyl-glucoside in the rat. AB - The metabolic fates of 14C-phenol and its model plant conjugates 14C-phenyl glucoside and 14C-phenyl 6-O-malonyl-glucoside have been compared following equimolar oral dosing to rats (1.2 mg phenol/kg). Rapid excretion of radioactivity in the urine (at least 80% within 24 h) was observed with each compound. Phenol was eliminated as expected mainly as phenyl sulphate (68%) and partly as phenyl glucuronide (12%). The excretion profile for phenyl malonyl glucoside was very similar to that of phenol, with the exception that small amounts of phenyl glucoside and phenyl malonyl-glucoside were excreted. In contrast, a major part of the dose of phenyl glucoside was eliminated unchanged. The value of metabolism studies in the assessment of the toxicology of xenobiotic metabolites derived from plants is discussed. PMID- 3765661 TI - The fate of 14C-carbendazim in rat. AB - The disappearance of 14C-carbendazim in rat (i.v. 12 mg/kg) followed the kinetics of a two-compartment open-system model. Half-lives of the alpha-phase were 0.1 h (blood), 0.16 h (liver), 0.25 h (kidney), and of the beta-phase: 2.15 h, 6.15 h, respectively. Two metabolites: methyl 5-hydroxy-2-benzimidazolecarbamate (5-HBC) and 2-aminobenzimidazole (2-AB) were formed very rapidly. Their peak concentrations in liver and kidney were 15 min after i.v. injection. Unchanged carbendazim was found in highest concentrations in blood. 5-HBC prevails in organs. 2-AB was present only in minor amounts. The extent of bioavailability in orally administered 14C-carbendazim (12 mg/kg) was about 85%. The disposition of radioactivity in subcellular fractions was not uniform, its highest concentration was in cytosol, the lowest in microsomes. The elimination of 14C-carbendazim in urine is biphasic. Half-lives of the alpha-phase were 1.4 h (i.v.) and 2.5 h (oral), and of the beta-phase 11.2 h and 12.1 h, respectively. Irrespective of the route of administration, 95% of the radioactivity in urine was composed of 5 HBC. The concentration of unchanged carbendazim in blood and of 5-HBC in urine may be of diagnostic value in acute poisoning with carbendazim. PMID- 3765662 TI - Disposition of a soluble chromate in the isolated perfused rat liver. AB - The uptake of potassium dichromate in the isolated perfused rat liver was almost complete after one hour of perfusion. No significant sex differences in chromium distribution were observed. At the end of the experiments (one hour), about 60% of the applied Cr(VI) dose (312 micrograms Cr/liver) was located in the cytosol, 14% was in the mitochondria, 9% in the microsomal pellet and 2% was associated with the nuclei. Gel chromatography of the cytosol showed that most of the chromium was in fractions with an apparent molecular weight of 6000 Da and absorption maxima at 410 nm and 548 nm. Similar optical properties and molecular weight are characteristic of GSH-Cr complexes formed by reaction of Cr(VI) with GSH in vitro. PMID- 3765663 TI - Metabolism of the cinnamon constituent o-methoxycinnamaldehyde in the rat. AB - The metabolism of o-methoxycinnamaldehyde (1.3 mmol/kg, intragastrically) was studied in rats. Identification of the urinary metabolites by g.l.c.-mass spectrometry and quantification by h.p.l.c. showed that the major metabolic pathway (approx. two-thirds of the dose) was oxidation to the corresponding cinnamic and phenylpropionic acids (C6-C3 acids) which were largely excreted as glycine conjugates. Intermediate amounts (approx. 10% of the dose) of the O demethylated C6-C3 acids were excreted. Relatively large amounts of the beta hydroxylated phenylpropionic acid derivative were found, however only traces of the further products of beta-oxidation (2-methoxylated derivatives of benzoic and hippuric acid) were excreted. No evidence was obtained for conjugation of o methoxycinnamaldehyde with glutathione. Urinary excretion of metabolites was rapid (91% in 24 h and 98% in 48 h). PMID- 3765664 TI - The disposition of clavulanic acid in man. AB - Following oral administration of potassium 14C-clavulanate to four human subjects, at least 73% of the radioactive dose was absorbed. The mean absolute bioavailability was 64%. Absorption was rapid with peak plasma concentrations of radioactivity and clavulanic acid (2-6 micrograms/ml) occurring between 45 min and three hours after dosing. Values for the volume of distribution at steady state and terminal half-life of clavulanic acid in the plasma were 12.01 and 0.8 h respectively. Following intravenous administration of clavulanic acid to the same subjects, the clearance, and volume of distribution at steady-state were 0.21 l/min, and 12.01, respectively. Clavulanic acid was the major radioactive component present in 0-24 h urine following oral dosing (23% of the dose). The two major metabolites were 2,5-dihydro-4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-5-oxo-1H-pyrrole-3 carboxylic acid (15% of the dose) and 1-amino-4-hydroxybutan-2-one (8.8% of the dose). Clavulanic acid and 1-amino-4-hydroxybutan-2-one were the major components in plasma following oral administration (52 and 21% of plasma radioactivity respectively at two hours after dosing). The major route of excretion of radioactivity following oral administration was via the urine (73% of the dose). Most of this radioactivity was excreted in the first 24 h after dosing (68% of the dose). The renal clearance of clavulanic acid was 0.1 l/min. Elimination of radioactivity also occurred via the expired air (17% of the dose) and the faeces (8% of the dose). PMID- 3765665 TI - Computed tomographic (CT) guided percutaneous fine-needle aspiration biopsy: the Yale experience. AB - Fifty-one CT-guided percutaneous fine-needle aspiration biopsies (PFNAB) were performed on 46 consecutive patients over 15 months. Cytologies were obtained to identify primary or secondary malignancy in the abdomen, pelvis, retroperitoneum, bone, and paraspinal region. Adequate cytologic material was obtained in 50 of 51 biopsies. There were 29 true-positive, 0 false-positive, 12 true-negative, and two false-negative cases with an overall accuracy rate of 95 percent. There was one minor complication, mesenteric hemorrhage, which did not require transfusion. Fifteen of the 51 biopsies were performed on outpatients. The procedure is an accurate, safe, and cost-effective nonsurgical means of diagnosing primary or secondary malignancy. PMID- 3765667 TI - [The preventability of death]. PMID- 3765666 TI - Hospital-acquired gangrenous mucormycosis. AB - A post-operative diabetic patient who had been treated for Serratia marcescens bacterial sepsis developed recurrent thrombosis of the left femoral artery following intra-arterial instrumentation. Pathological examination of arterial thrombus ultimately demonstrated invasive mucormycosis of the femoral artery and cultures of this material grew Rhizopus oryzae. The occurrence of cutaneous and subcutaneous mucormycosis is reviewed, as well as recently recognized nosocomial risk factors for mucormycosis, such as elasticized bandages and wound dressings. PMID- 3765668 TI - [Validity of the stress ECG in an asymptomatic population. 2: Prediction of coronary incidents from non-ST parameters and the combination of stress parameters and risk factors]. PMID- 3765669 TI - [Ultraviolet irradiation of the blood, its development and current status]. PMID- 3765670 TI - [Results of the quantitative evaluation of the rheoencephalogram]. PMID- 3765671 TI - [The age-related development of mortality in pediatric surgery]. PMID- 3765672 TI - [Methods of study in the therapy of osteoporosis--clinical aspects, roentgenology, biochemistry]. PMID- 3765673 TI - [Free bodies in the abdomen--a case report]. PMID- 3765674 TI - [Use of the injury profile in the development of cause and process]. PMID- 3765675 TI - [Social aspects of psychoneurotic diseases]. PMID- 3765676 TI - [Innocuous strumas--diagnosis, therapy, results]. PMID- 3765677 TI - [Ingestive accidents with corrosive substances in childhood with special reference to endoscopic diagnosis and corticoid therapy]. PMID- 3765678 TI - [Relation of length of stay and mobility at discharge in femoral fractures near the hip in the elderly to social medicine and surgical and technical parameters]. PMID- 3765679 TI - [Active functional treatment of proximal fractures of the humerus in surgical ambulatory care]. PMID- 3765680 TI - [Some social aspects of psychosomatic diseases in internal medicine patients]. PMID- 3765681 TI - [Ethanol poisoning in childhood]. PMID- 3765682 TI - [Significance of pediatric infections for neonatal mortality in a large industrial city]. PMID- 3765683 TI - [Meningococcal infection with Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome--a case report with conclusions for the ambulatory care physician]. PMID- 3765684 TI - [Thoughts on optimizing the care of children and adolescents by the specialist in general medicine--based on joint theses of the governing bodies of the Societies of General Medicine and Pediatrics in East Germany]. PMID- 3765685 TI - [Compliance in rheumatology]. PMID- 3765686 TI - [Hypoglycemia]. PMID- 3765687 TI - [Myxedema coma]. PMID- 3765688 TI - [Detoxication in thyrotoxic crisis]. PMID- 3765689 TI - [Hypercalcemia syndrome and hypercalcemic crisis]. PMID- 3765690 TI - [Hypophyseal coma]. PMID- 3765691 TI - [Meningitis and brain abscess caused by anaerobic bacteria in an infant]. PMID- 3765692 TI - [The green discolored mushroom Inocybe aeruginascens--an Inocybe species with hallucinogenic effects]. PMID- 3765693 TI - [Status of public health in social reproduction]. PMID- 3765694 TI - [The family physician in the developed socialist society]. PMID- 3765695 TI - [Antithrombotic agents, pharmacologic principles]. PMID- 3765696 TI - [Modern studies of kidney function]. PMID- 3765697 TI - [Diagnosis and therapy of interstitial diseases of the kidney]. PMID- 3765698 TI - [Therapy of glomerulonephritis]. PMID- 3765699 TI - [Drug metaphylaxis of urolithiasis]. PMID- 3765700 TI - [Nodular glomerulosclerosis in newly discovered diabetes--report on 2 cases]. PMID- 3765701 TI - [Micturition syncope]. PMID- 3765702 TI - [Some fundamental aspects of the causality concept in the analysis of disease courses]. PMID- 3765703 TI - [Psychogenic bronchial asthma]. AB - The extensively discussed problem of psychopathological components in bronchial asthma has been investigated in patients of the authors' hospital. The results are compared with the most frequent opinions published. Using a questionnaire, the intensity of bodily complaints and psychic alterations was compared in following groups: asthmatics, neurotics, and patients with acute lung diseases. Considering bodily complaints, the intensity is comparable in asthmatics and neurotics, and higher than in patients with acute lung diseases. Psychic alterations are more pronounced in neurotics, and there is no difference between asthmatics and patients with acute lung diseases. The importance of these results with regard to the general assessment and the immediate medical care for patients with bronchial asthma is discussed. PMID- 3765704 TI - [Tolerance and immunogenic effect of preventive influenza vaccination in patients with chronic lung diseases]. AB - Seventy eight patients with chronic lung diseases were once or repeatedly vaccinated against influenza with a bivalent inactivated vaccine. The vaccination was well tolerated. Systemic reactions and transitory deterioration of the lung disease were exceptional. Fourfold rise of antibodies occurred in 1/3 (H1N1) and 1/2 (H3N2) of the patients. After one year, this increase was no more demonstrable. Annual revaccination is recommended. PMID- 3765705 TI - [Temperature dependence of bronchial and tracheal reactivity of isolated respiratory tract preparations of the guinea pig]. AB - The intrapulmonary loss of heat due to hyperventilation may be considered as essential pathogenetic factor in producing exercise induced asthmatic response. The temperature dependence of smooth muscle contraction was investigated using isolated trachea and isolated lung strips of guinea pigs. The measurements of the contraction responses to cumulative dose administrations of acetylcholine (10(-9) to 10(-3) M) were made in thermostated organ baths (isotonic contraction, modified Krebs-Henseleit solution, pH 7.4, air gassing). The standardized measurement data were adjusted to a non-linear function with the aid of a computer. The reactivity of the isolated trachea remained unchanged with a change of the bath temperature (from 37 degrees C to 30 degrees C), whereas a markedly increased contraction response to acetylcholine was observed in the lung strips. The results indicate that the contraction induced by the drop in temperature is localized in the small airways. The stabilization of reactive oxygen metabolites as an asthma-inducing mechanism is discussed as a possible explanation of the temperature-dependent effects. PMID- 3765706 TI - [Aspergillus pneumonia]. AB - Aspergilluspneumonia means a form of pulmonary aspergillus infection invading tissue and accidentally vessels of the lung. Because of lacking of typical clinical and roentgenological signs diagnose finding is realized by evidence of fungi (histology, culture, serology). From 87 aspergilloses 60 could staged as aspergillomas by the x-ray pictures. 27 cases were bronchiectases, carcinomas, bacterial pneumonias with aspergillus or pneumonias without other lung disorders and agents other than aspergillus. The difficulty to ensure the "pure" aspergilluspneumonia (invasive type) is pointed out, when histological proof is lacking. The therapeutical possibilities are discussed. PMID- 3765707 TI - [Lung damage caused by paraquat. 1. Histologic, histochemical and pathophysiologic findings in rat lungs following acute paraquat poisoning]. AB - A single dose of 0.05 mMol paraquat per kg body weight produced severe lesions in alveolar epithelial cells of type II and the capillary endothelial cells of rat lungs. The maximum damage pattern was seen after 48 hrs. Our results are in contrast to the general opinion in the literature, that paraquat leads to selective lesion of alveolar epithelial cells of type II in the lungs. The detection of the damage of the lung cells by semiquantitative histochemical investigations and the PO2 measurement as indicator of respiratory insufficiency were parallel in the time course. The right ventricular systolic pressure showed normal values. PMID- 3765708 TI - [Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis--an occupational disease?]. AB - Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is characterized by an uniform pathomorphologic picture. Actual knowledge regarding causal relationships is discussed reporting a case history. PMID- 3765709 TI - [Pulmonary and pleural metastases in malignant melanoma]. AB - Clinical reports on first metastases of a malignant melanoma in lung or pleura or of such metastases which are observed before detection of the primary tumor are relatively rare. That is especially typical for metastases of intraocular melanomas. In the time from 1970 till 1984 we have observed in our hospital five cases of pulmonary or pleural metastases of malignant melanomas. We demonstrate a summary of these including two case reports. Differential diagnostic aspects and conclusions from the pulmological view for the follow-up of patients with melanomas are also given. PMID- 3765710 TI - [Differential diagnosis of paragonimiasis in relation to tuberculosis of the lung by transthoracic needle biopsy]. AB - In a citizen of the People's Democratic Republic of Laos who has entered the German Democratic Republic for professional training a lung involvement in the shape of a circular focus was established after pleurisy. Hospitalization followed from suspected tuberculosis. Worm eggs of a lung fluke were parasitologically detected in a transthoracic fine needle biopsy. After administering Biltricide the patient undergoes follow-up treatment as an outpatient. No symptoms have ever occurred since. In a differential diagnosis paragonimiasis in the event of unclear pulmonary infiltrates in citizens from South-East Asia should be taken into consideration in the face of pulmonary tuberculosis, and should be cleared up in an etiological diagnosis, if necessary. PMID- 3765711 TI - [Value of bronchoalveolar lavage for the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the lung]. AB - The differentiation of interstitial lung diseases and disseminated lung tumors only by radiological methods is impossible. Cytological or histological examinations of specimens taken by bronchological or surgical examinations are able to confirm the diagnosis. In two cases of a disseminated process in which other bronchological diagnostic methods failed we found cells of an adenocarcinoma by BAL. We recommend this method for differential diagnostic between interstitial lung diseases and disseminated intraalveolar carcinoma, especially bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma. PMID- 3765712 TI - The efficiency of chemotherapy with immunomodulators for patients with destructive lung tuberculosis. AB - Immunomodulators are to be prescribed to tuberculous patients in accordance with clinical and immunologic indices for 2 months. Taking into account that levamisol in dose 100 mg/24 hours is well tolerated by the patients and is as efficient as in the dose 150 mg/24 hours it is recommended to use this agent in dose 100 mg/24 hours three times a week. As it became evident from the clinical-roentgenologic, bacteriologic and immunologic data diuciphon is better tolerated by the patients and more efficient than levamisol. PMID- 3765713 TI - [Surgical treatment of pulmonary emphysema]. AB - The paper presents the results of surgical treatment of 139 patients with different forms of pulmonary emphysema and its variations complicated with spontaneous pneumothorax or development of bullae of different sizes and patients with congenital lobar and unilateral emphysema (McLeod syndrome). The pathophysiological aspects of the disease, the indications to surgical intervention, the choice of the access for intervention and its scope have been discussed for different forms of the disease. The main functional results of the treatment are presented. PMID- 3765714 TI - [Aspired foreign body in adulthood]. AB - This is an analysis of the removal of tracheobronchial foreign bodies in a hospital for lung diseases in the last twenty years. On clinical, radiological and endoscopical data the localization of the foreign bodies is reported. The bronchological examinations for the removal of foreign bodies were performed under general anaesthesia using a rigid bronchoscope. PMID- 3765715 TI - [Resistance behavior of atypical mycobacteria to antibiotics and sulfonamides]. AB - In the work presented here a simple method is described for sensitivity testing of atypical mycobacteria against antibiotics and sulphamerazin. The sensibility is tested with susceptibility discs in the liquid medium (culture medium 66 without agar) against Amikacin, Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin, Gentamycin, Lincomycin, Sisomicin and Sulphamerazin. Following strains of atypical mycobacteria were examined: M. kansasii, M. xenopi, M. avium-complex, M. fortuitum. The aminoglycosides, Ciprofloxacin and Erythromycin show a wide spectrum of effects. We state a good sensibility of M. kansasii and M. fortuitum towards lincomycin and of M. kansasii and M. xenopi towards Sulphamerazin. The heterogeneity in sensibility of the single strains of some species already described is confirmed. This fact makes it necessary to carry out a sensitivity test of each strain of atypical mycobacteria before therapy. PMID- 3765716 TI - [Diagnostic value of various tuberculin preparations]. AB - Despite declining incidence of tuberculosis in developed countries importance of tuberculin testing has not subsided. Previous investigations of the equivalence of 7 tuberculin preparations from 6 countries to RT 23 have shown differences in the diagnostic value of the tuberculin preparations. The smallest rates of negative skin-reactions in cases with bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis were found with the hungarian tuberculin PPD-5 TU (HU 5 TU) and RT 23. The national tuberculin PPD Dessau 2 TU showed highest rates of non-reactors in tuberculous patients. In 400 cases of active bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis further investigations were carried out to compare biologic equivalence of RT 23, HU 5 TU, tuberculin PPD Dessau 2 TU and the test preparation PPD Dessau 5 TU with and without Tween addition and 7.5 TU without Tween. The results showed that with increase of antigen concentration to 5 TE or 7.5 TU the smaller reactions of 6 to 10 mm could be strengthened with a small, statistically not significant, increase of the mean value of reaction size but no increase of larger reactions of more than 20 mm. The rate of false negative reactions decreased using the test-preparation PPD 7.5 TU. The results allow to recommend the production of a national tuberculin preparation with higher antigen concentration biologically equivalent to RT 23 or HU 5 TU. PMID- 3765717 TI - [Pathogenesis and pathology of acute respiratory infections]. AB - The paper deals with modern results on the pathogenesis of acute respiratory infections (ARI) caused by viruses. The course of the disease depends on exogenic (viral) factors and intrinsic individual conditions. The earliest steps of infection are only understood by immunologic, biochemical and virologic considerations until the first, only by electronmicroscopy detectable structural lesions of cells, the mucosa and the lung tissue can be seen and finally more or less severe damages of the respiratory tract with bronchitis and pneumonia occur. At first this is considered from a general point of view for all ARI with regard to local pathologic changes of bronchial tree and lung, to doubtlessly existing viremias and general toxic and circulatory damages of the whole organism. Thereafter some typical but different findings caused by the most important viruses are shortly described. PMID- 3765718 TI - [Value of the maximal expiratory flow-volume diagram in a longitudinal study. 2. Results in young adults]. AB - In a 3-year follow-up we have investigated random samples of young men (initial age 20 to 24 years) by means of the modified BMRC questionnaire and maximal expiratory flow-volume curves. The participation in the second survey was relatively poor (51.9 p.c.). The lung function data of asymptomatic non-smokers were in good accordance with reference values of other authors. We found significant differences between smokers and non-smokers already in this age group. There was no correlation with the extent of smoking. Cessation of smoking resulted in improved ventilatory data, especially MEF 50. We found no close relation between bronchitis symptoms and ventilatory disturbances in these young men. Wheezing correlated better with lung function impairment. In young male adults the flow-volume curve seems to be somewhat more sensitive than conventional spirometry in contrast to the results in elder subjects. PMID- 3765719 TI - [Smoking habits, life expectancy and cause of death]. AB - With increasing consumption of tobacco the number of deaths caused by respiratory carcinoma is growing. There was, however, not found any shortening of the duration of life. Other neoplasms, heart and vascular diseases and all the other kinds of disease are distributed in the four groups of smokers without any evident influences of smoking. PMID- 3765720 TI - [Comparative studies on the mucolytic effectiveness of Mucosolvin oral and Mucosolvin inhalant]. AB - Here the clinic comparison between both inhaling and oral Mucosolvin therapy is reported on. To determine the virtual viscosity of sputum has proved to be the deciding parameter to measure the effect of Mucosolvin. Both Mucosolvin inhalable and oral are equally effective. But whereas with oral therapy there were no side effects (e.g. bronchospasm) necessitating withdrawal of the drug such side effects occurred with inhaling therapy. Thus Mucosolvin allowes an effective mucolytic therapy independent of using any inhalation appliance. PMID- 3765721 TI - [Status and problems of social care in East Germany]. PMID- 3765722 TI - [Passive smoking--a health risk?]. PMID- 3765723 TI - Tryptamine, tyramine and histamine content of Domiati, Ras and Roquefort cheese. PMID- 3765724 TI - [Possibilities for the diagnosis of changes in the spinal column in job applicants and apprentices for evaluating occupational fitness]. PMID- 3765725 TI - [Stomatologic dispensary within the scope of general medical dispensary care of a fixed group of patients]. PMID- 3765726 TI - [Degree of reality of self concept of hearing-impaired and deaf school children]. PMID- 3765727 TI - [Motivational aspects of a rehabilitation program of alcoholics]. PMID- 3765728 TI - [Complex management of mentally retarded workers]. PMID- 3765729 TI - [Results of evaluating a program for the sex education of educable mentally handicapped patients]. PMID- 3765730 TI - [Heterosexual partnerships of severely mentally retarded patients]. PMID- 3765731 TI - [Therapeutic use of lowering blood pressure, especially in mild hypertension. Results of a hypertension detection and treatment program]. AB - The results of the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program (HDFP), one of the largest hypertension intervention trials will be reported. 5,485 hypertensives received systematic antihypertensive drug therapy (stepped care) and 5,455 were referred to community medical therapy (referred care) with less intensive treatment. In contrast to other hypertension intervention studies, HDFP did not have any exclusion criteria. The results of the HDFP confirmed that intensive antihypertensive therapy can significantly lower the five-year mortality from all causes of all hypertensive patients. This is also true for the range of mild hypertension (diastolic blood pressure (DBP) 90-104 mm Hg): reduction in all cause mortality by 20.3%. A reduction of the average DBP in this mild range to 83.4 mm Hg was achieved, which is much lower than 90 mm Hg, usually recommended. The reduction of mortality included a decrease of the stroke and myocardial infarction rate, which reached nearly 50% among mild hypertensives of the stepped care group in comparison to the referred care group. Incidences of nonfatal stroke, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris und left ventricular hypertrophy could also be lowered. The best results were achieved if therapy was started early, before end-organ-damage was present. On the other hand, antihypertensive therapy was of benefit in patients with end-organ-damage and in the elderly. The noncardiovascular mortality was also reduced, which was due to improvement of cardiac reserve under antihypertensive therapy. The side effects of drug treatment have been within the known range and did not negate the therapeutic benefit. PMID- 3765732 TI - [Diagnosis and evaluation of monoclonal immunoglobulins in the aged with reference to plasmacytoma]. AB - A study on the epidemiological situation of the appearance of monoclonal immunoglobulins (mIg) in the district of Leipzig is presented. 443 accidentally selected test persons from old people's and nursing homes of a dispensary consulting hour and a ward for diagnostics in internal medicine at the age of more than 50 years were examined. Agargel electrophoresis and BSR, the usual diagnostic follow-up methods for the proof of mIg, were used. Depending upon age 88 examined patients showed increasingly extragradients (EG), 21 of them could all be identified as mIg. Significant sex differences after the 74th year of age refer to an at this time more distinct disturbance of the B-cell regulation in males. One third of the test persons had transitory mIg, among the persisting ones after all two patients with multiple myeloma were found. While the BSR is not suitable as screening method, the agargel electrophoresis (sensitivity and specifity in each case 84%, positive predictive value 24%) in the present prevalency of 4.7% is recommended for the detection of this phenomenon. The clinical consequences require the formation of risk groups, their mass examination and the aimed control in immunologically and haematologically orientated centres. PMID- 3765733 TI - [Qualitative and quantitative one- and two-dimensional echocardiography assessment of chronic aortic insufficiency]. AB - It is reported on the results of one- and two-dimensional echocardiographic investigations, which were partly supplemented by investigations in Doppler technique, in 20 patients with an aortic insufficiency in the clinical stage II and 20 patients with an aortic insufficiency in stage III. As comparison serve the results of the examinations of 20 normal persons. The diagnosis of an aortic insufficiency was to be made in all cases by the evidence of fluttering waves on the anterior and posterior mitral valve, partly also on the ventricular septum. The diagnosis can be ascertained by the Doppler-echocardiographic proof of a regurgitation through the aortic valve. Diameter, thickness of the wall, volumes and functional parameters of the left ventricle as well as the size of the left atrium and the diameter of the aortic root proved to be suitable for the judgment of the degree of severity. Severe aortic insufficiencies are characterized by a dilatation and hypertrophy of the left ventricle, a dilatation of the left atrium, an enlarged diameter of the aortic root, clearly increased volumes restricted functional parameters of the left ventricle. PMID- 3765734 TI - [Treatment of atrial fibrillation with mexiletine in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]. AB - It is reported on 6 patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in whom spontaneously appeared auricular fibrillation with high ventricular frequency. By the intravenous administration of mexiletine in three patients the sinus rhythm could be restored. In two patients at first only a reduction of the tachycardia and a disappearing of the QRS-broadening took place; the additional administration of quinidine then led to the return of the sinus rhythm. In one patient, despite combined treatment, the return of sinus rhythm could not be achieved, mexiletine, however, led at once to the decrease of the ventricular rate, to the normalisation of the QRS-duration and to the disappearance of all signs of congestive heart failure. The therapeutic mechanism of mexiletine in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is discussed and it administration for the treatment of the cases complicated by auricular fibrillation is recommended. PMID- 3765735 TI - [Leukocyte content of erythrocyte concentrates without buffy coat]. AB - In the blood constituent preparation human erythrocyte concentrate--produced from ACD-AG-blood by single buffy coat separation--the leukocyte content was conductometrically determined on the automation for haematological analyses PHA 1/2. In the erythrocyte concentrate without buffy coat (age of the initial conserved blood 8 hours) we proved an average reduction of leukocytes of 41%. The registrable whole elimination of leukocytes correlates in direct proportion with the pre-storage time of the ACD-AG bloods. Investigations of the destruction of leukocytes in the ACD-AG-blood confirmed the dependence of the leukocyte destruction on the pre-storage time, i.e., the formation of cell fragments with a volume of 60 fl, which were not seized with the method used. The 40 per cent elimination must be regarded as real size of the leukocyte reduction by single buffy coat separation. PMID- 3765736 TI - [Modification of disordered glucose metabolism by physical training of low intensity]. AB - The effect of a 4-week perseverance training on the blood glucose concentration was investigated in 48 male patients with cardiovascular diseases (average age 50.1 years), in whom a disturbed glucose tolerance and a type II diabetes mellitus, respectively, was existing. According to random criteria the patients were divided into a running, swimming, ergometer and control group. In the training groups the intensiveness of the load was 50-60% VO2 max, the daily duration 20 min with a frequency of 5 times a week. The glucose tolerance test was performed with an oral load of 75 g pure grape sugar before and after the training period. The results of the investigations prove that by means of these relatively low load intensities an amelioration of the glucose tolerance can effectively be achieved. PMID- 3765737 TI - [Pathology of vein, artery and heart catheterization. Studies of autopsies]. AB - Among 17,161 autopsies of children and adults 319 cases with complications after catheterization (catheterization of veins, arteries and heart) were analysed. The following pathologo-anatomical findings were established: Haemorrhages, thromboses, thrombophlebitis, incorrect positions of the catheter, embolism after catheterization, perforations of vessels, heart injuries, pleura injuries, pneumo and haemothorax as well as sepsis and septicopyaemia. The complications were subdivided according to early and late injuries. In 10% the complications after catheterization were directly and indirectly connected with the cause of death. In the clinic the catheterization of the vein is a necessary diagnostic and therapeutic intervention. The evaluation of an extensive autopsy material, however, shows that severe and lethal complications may appear in connection with catheterization. For these reasons a broad use is prohibited. The demand of a strong indication is unrestrictedly to be supported. PMID- 3765738 TI - [Introduction to current problems in arteriosclerosis research]. AB - Preliminarily is referred to essential aspects of the aetiology of arteriosclerosis with particular consideration of the disturbed lipoprotein metabolism. Morphologically in the centre of pathogenetic considerations is the behaviour of the endothelial cells, the smooth muscle cells and the blood macrophages. As in many cases open problems we refer to the different participation of various arterial parts of the vessels in the arteriosclerotic process, to the necessity of a further clarification of the role of the thrombocytes in the initial phase of the arteriosclerosis as well as to the monocytes and their possible importance for the elimination of lipids from the vascular wall, the influence of drugs on the proliferation of smooth muscle cells and the formation of extracellular matrix, the question of the regression of arteriosclerotic changes, the reduction of risk factors and their influence on the regression of morphological changes in various developmental stages of arteriosclerosis. It is referred to the possible importance of macrophages and their metabolism as markers for the recognition of risk-endangered persons. Furthermore is emphasized the importance of models for the clarification of the pathomechanism of the arteriosclerosis as well as of the cell culture and of perfusion models. PMID- 3765739 TI - [Possibilities and the limits of regression of human arteriosclerosis]. AB - Atherosclerosis is-even in advanced state--able to regression and this event may occur under certain circumstances. Regression can be of such size, as to lengthen significantly life of patient, relieving essentially his complaints. This regression may be increased by drugs and promoted with alteration of life circumstances. PMID- 3765740 TI - [Parameters of normal and disordered lipid metabolism in the progression and regression of arteriosclerosis]. AB - The processes of normal lipid metabolism in peripheral cells are regulated predominantly by LDL receptors (supply of the cells with cholesterol and essential fatty acids). Conceptions about foam cell formation in arteriosclerosis, derived from findings in cell cultures, are discussed (modified LDL lipid peroxides etc.). In prevention and regression of arteriosclerosis intracellular hydrolysis of cholesterol esters and the removal of cholesterol from the cells and the vessel wall by HDL play an important role. Further, the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in cholesterol esters and phospholipids seems to influence the largeness of arterial lipid depositions. The manifold functions of the phospholipids within the vessel wall and the blood plasma involved in prevention and regression of arteriosclerosis (including the effect of phosphatidylcholine liposomes) are reviewed. PMID- 3765741 TI - [Cellular and extracellular changes in the regression of experimentally-induced arteriosclerosis and their relevance for the regression of arteriosclerosis in humans]. AB - In a survey the essential cellular and extracellular structural changes in the regression of experimentally induced changes of the arteries and their functional importance are discussed. All animal experiments show that early changes such as lipidosis and proliferation of the intima are totally reversible and more advanced atheroma-like stages of the experimental atherosclerosis are conditionally and incompletely reversible. The endothelial cell layer, the muscle cells of the plaques and the macrophages of the plaques with different time sequence and importance for the process of regression participate in the retrogression of induced plaques. With the removal of the atherogenic factor(s), in the animal experiment mainly hypercholesterolaemia and/or mechanical lesion of the vascular wall, the repair of the endothelial cell layer, the destruction and revival of the macrophages of the plaques, the elimination of intra- and extracellularly accumulated cholesterol esters in muscle cells and macrophages, the normalisation of the cell division rate and the fibrosynthesis of plaque muscle cells. On the many respects unclarified metabolic ways plaque muscle cells and macrophages participate in the absorption of extracellular matrix. The animal experimental, fairly optimistic results must not necessarily be valid also for man. In advanced stages of the atheroma of the aged man the basic conditions of reversibility, which are guaranteed in the animal experiment, are not given. PMID- 3765742 TI - [Is there a hyporeactivity of the vascular wall to atherogenic risk factors?]. AB - The hypothesis is promoted that the arterial vessel can modulate the response to atherogenic factors. Patients with the same index of atherogenic factor may have different degrees of arteriosclerosis. The verification of this thesis needs a prospective study. The second fact described is the diminished experimental arteriosclerosis after treatment with the calcium antagonist Nifedipine (Corinfar). PMID- 3765743 TI - [Metabolism of free fatty acids in the intravascular space]. AB - With regard to the clinically relevant pathogenetic significance of hyperlipacidaemias a survey of the metabolism of the free fatty acids in the intravascular space is given. The transport of the free fatty acids by albumin and lipoproteins is demonstrated and the importance of the non-protein-bound fraction of the free fatty acids is emphasized. The dynamics of the metabolism of the free fatty acids is characterized with the help of the fractional and absolute turnover rate. Furthermore, the author deals with the participation of individual organs in the total metabolism and the metabolic fate of the free fatty acids as well as with the sources of this lipid fraction. Finally the regulation of the plasma concentration of the free fatty acids and its significance for the maintenance of the caloric homoeostasis is described. PMID- 3765744 TI - [Optimizing therapy of arterial hypertension in a health cure]. AB - On 514 male and female patients (average age 51.9 years) with arterial hypertension I and II according to WHO who had been admitted to cure a check-up of the efficacy of the current antihypertensive therapy and the compliance of the patients was carried out. At the beginning of the cure 15.5% of the hypertensives were normotonic, 30.2% with limiting value and 52.3% hypertonic. The analysis of the habit of intake of antihypertensive drugs revealed that only 48.4% of the patients before the cure had taken their medicaments according to the prescription of the physician. The main cause for unsatisfying results of the therapy is the bad compliance of the hypertensives, in our opinion a sequela of the often existing freedom from symptoms. Further causes we see in the irregularities of the intake of medicaments, particularly during shift-work, in wrong habits of nutrition and in a too passive way of life. At the end of the cure in 64.5% of all patients a normotonic stabilisation of the blood pressure was to be stated, 27.8% had limiting values, in 7.4% no stabilisation of the blood pressure into the normal or borderline region could be achieved. Under cure conditions modes of behaviour furthering the disease and wrong habits of life and eating can be changed. The cure gives good conditions by means of health educational measures and using the motivation for an active way of life which is present in the patient at the end of the cure better to carry the aims of the medical treatment. PMID- 3765745 TI - [Longevity in patients manifesting diabetes in 1962/1963 in the Neustrelitz district in relation to body weight]. AB - Out of 147 of the 166 diabetics detected in the District of Neustrelitz in 1962/1963 (drop-out rate 11.45%) after 22 years lived still 14.3%. In comparison to an age and sex-adapted normal population the further life expectancy of the in the meantime decreased patients was on an average diminished by 6.2 years in the male sex and by 7.0 years in the female sex. In contrast to the expectance diabetics who were obese at manifestation concerning their mean age of death scarcely differed from patients with primarily normal weight (73.2 or 74.1 years) so that the predictive value of the initial body weight is insignificant with regard to the long-term prognosis. 65.1% of the diabetics died from diseases of the circulatory system, only 6.35% died of malignant neoformations. Only in 4.76% the diabetes itself was the actual cause of death. PMID- 3765746 TI - [Relations between stomach polyps and stomach cancer--results of follow-up after endoscopic polypectomy]. AB - We report on 468 polypectomies on 303 patients in 23,260 gastroscopies. In 230 endoscopic follow-up controls on 129 patients 4 carcinomas are found, and that once after a hyperplastic polyp and thrice after hyperplasiogenic polyps. In comparison to our routine gastroscopies the number of the carcinomas is distinctly lower in the control of polyps, so that the hyperplasiogenic polyps in our gastroscopies do not represent a particular risk group for a carcinoma of the stomach. After polypectomy should be controlled: adenimas, polyps with severe dysplasias, hyperplasiogenic polyposes and stomachs in which polyps remained. PMID- 3765747 TI - [Local fibrinolytic therapy in thrombotic complications of peritoneovenous shunt]. AB - Since 1981 in the University Hospital of Freiburg 41 patients with ascites have been treated by installation of a peritoneo-venous shunt system. In 9 patients thrombotic complications occurred. Two patients had to undergo a second surgical treatment. Seven patients have been treated by local fibrinolysis. In 6 patients local fibrinolytic therapy was partly or completely successful, in one patient local fibrinolysis was of no therapeutic effect. PMID- 3765748 TI - [Endoscopic assessment and control of chronic atrophic gastritis and pernicious anemia]. PMID- 3765749 TI - [41st annual meeting of the German Society for Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, in association with the 18th annual meeting of the German Society for Gastroenteral Endoscopy. Hannover, 2-4 October 1986. Abstracts]. PMID- 3765750 TI - [General vitamin K prevention in newborn infants]. AB - Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of active forms of some coagulation factors. Bleeding due to low levels of the vitamin K dependent coagulation factors (classic hemorrhagic disease of the newborn) is most frequently seen in newborns with a low intake of breast milk, who are not fed supplemental formula, since transplacental transfer of vitamin K seems to be small and breast milk is relatively deficient in vitamin K. Severe bleeding due to vitamin K deficiency is also observed in 4-12 weeks old infants. The reason for the deficiency in otherwise healthy infants of this age is unclear. Classic hemorrhagic disease of the newborn is not existent in infants given vitamin K intramuscularly at birth. Also, the late manifestation of vitamin K deficiency has been observed virtually exclusively in infants, who had not been given vitamin K parenterally at birth. Since most newborns will be breast fed and supplemental formula feeding will not be required in most healthy full term newborns, all newborns should be given a dose of vitamin K intramuscularly immediately after birth. Whether it is safe to administer vitamin K to the mother or orally to the child requires further investigation. PMID- 3765751 TI - [Pathologic antepartal CTG as a prognostic factor for further development of the child]. AB - A comparison was made between 123 infants with pathologic antepartal cardiotocograms (CTG) during late pregnancy and a corresponding control group of matched individuals with regard to obstetric and neonatal data as well as the subsequent neuromotor development of the infants. The group with pathologic antepartal CTGs contained 14 children with subsequent neuromotor abnormalities (one irreversible spastic diplegia, 13 reversible neuromotor disturbances) as compared to six cases of reversible neuromotor disturbances in the control group with normal antepartal CTGs. When compared to the control group, the group with pathologic antepartal CTGs manifested a significantly higher rate of pathologic intrapartum CTGs, as well as a higher number of clearly depressed neonates and of serious and slight cases of acidosis in the umbilical artery. In cases of neuromotor disturbances and pathologic antepartal CTG, complicated course of pregnancy (toxemia of pregnancy), premature births before the 37th week of pregnancy, and children with a low (less than 2,500 g) and very low (less than 1,500 g) initial weight are all to be found more frequently. There is, moreover, a clear connection between the degree of seriousness of antepartal CTG pathology and the subsequent occurrence of neuromotor abnormalities. The clinical consequences of the results described here include the early use of the antepartal cardiotocogram in cases of complications during pregnancy involving hypoxia (such as toxemia of pregnancy, premature labor, suspected intrauterine retardation of growth), as well as an increase in the frequency of CTG examinations, even to the point of continuous external cardiotocographic observation and, if other gestational complications involving hypoxia, especially the threat of premature birth, arise, the generous use of primary cesarean section. PMID- 3765752 TI - [Antepartal cardiotocographic studies in threatened premature labor and intravenous tocolysis]. AB - In view of the connection which exists between premature birth and placental insufficiency and the means which are available for determining the respiratory performance of the fetoplacental unit by way of cardiotocography, the authors investigated the incidence of prepathological findings in the fetal heart frequency parameters for 81 cases of imminent premature delivery before, during and after intravenous tocolysis, and for 10 normal pregnancies between the 28th and 36th week. The greater number of prepathological cardiotocograms (oscillation amplitude and frequency, periodic acceleration and deceleration) found at the beginning of a trend toward premature delivery beginning with the 30th week of pregnancy, confirms the assumption of a restricted respiratory function of the fetoplacental unit. This restriction is, however, slight. The increase which is observed in these changes, particularly during up to 7 days of intravenous tocolysis in the 28th/29th week of pregnancy, and which continues after the end of intravenous therapy in the further course of pregnancy, is not seen as a result of the effect of betamimetics. The latter obviously do not succeed in positively influencing respiratory insufficiency in the event of imminent premature delivery. Neither the cardiotocographic findings from the beginning of the therapy nor later results permit conclusions to be drawn with regard to its possible success. On the other hand, a prepathological finding, especially where this occurs immediately before delivery, suggests possible larger disturbances of respiratory performance intrapartum, and problems with neonatal adaptation. PMID- 3765753 TI - [Enzymatic determination of lecithin concentration in the amniotic fluid for antepartal determination of fetal lung maturity]. AB - An enzymatic method of determining the lecithin concentration in the amniotic fluid is compared with the present standard method of antepartal determination of fetal lung maturity, i.e., determination of the lecithin-sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio. A total of 320 amniotic fluid samples, of which 154 were obtained within the 72 hours preceding birth, were studied by both methods. Simultaneously with the rise in the L/S ratio in the amniotic fluid there is a rise in the enzymatically determined lecithin concentration in the last quarter of pregnancy. The critical threshold value for RDS risk of 2 for the L/S ratio corresponds to a threshold value of 5 mg/100 ml amniotic fluid for the enzymatically analyzed lecithin concentration. Established lung maturity can be demonstrated with the same degree of confidence as by using the L/S ratio. The specificity of the both methods is 91%. It is at least as easily possible to predict the likelihood of respiratory distress syndrome by determining the enzymatic lecithin concentration (11 out of 15 cases) as by means of the L/S ratio (9 out of 15). In order to improve the sensitivity (L/S ratio 60%, enzymatic lecithin determination 73%) it would be necessary to perform an additional analysis-e.g., of phosphatidylglycerol-in the amniotic fluid. PMID- 3765754 TI - [Effect of socioeconomic factors on twin pregnancy]. AB - A material of 336 mothers of twins was divided into four groups on the basis of socioeconomic background. On average, mothers belonging to the first social class delivered at 38.2 +/- 1.6 week of pregnancy and their newborn weighed more than those in other social classes. Careful follow-up at outpatient maternity clinics is warranted in the case of expectant mothers of twins belonging to the third or fourth social class. PMID- 3765755 TI - [Pregnancy monitoring and labor planning in PLA1-induced neonatal alloimmunothrombocytopenia]. AB - Alloimmune thrombocytopenia in newborns may lead to severe bleeding. Most often this thrombocytopenia is caused by incompatibility in the PlA system (mother PlA1 negative, child PlA1 positive). If the mother produces antibodies against PlA1 which cross the placenta, they will then destroy the child's platelets. Recent investigations have shown a strong correlation between HLA-DR3 and production of antibody. Since no screening for such antibodies is performed during pregnancy the resulting thrombocytopenia in the newborn will always be a sudden event. The best therapy is transfusion of PlA1 negative platelets; if no PlA1 negative donor can be found (2.25% of all donors) platelet concentrates of the mother may be used. After diagnosis of PlA related thrombocytopenia the relatives of the mother should be tested for PlA for the following reasons: 1. to determine PlA1 negative relatives to be used as possible donors in future pregnancies, and 2. to detect PlA1 negative women of child bearing age. If pregnant these women should be HLA DR typed and followed for anti PlA1 antibodies to estimate the risk for the child and to determine further procedures, for instance sectio caesarea to avoid intracranial bleeding during birth. PMID- 3765756 TI - [Borrelia infections, transmitted by the tick Ixodes ricinus]. PMID- 3765757 TI - [Heat-contact urticaria and cold-contact urticaria (case report)]. AB - A 40-year-old female patient has been suffering from localized heat urticaria for 8 years and, in addition, from localized cold urticaria for 1 year. Both diseases could be proved by adequate physical tests. Exposition to localized heat provoked decreased serum complement, suggesting activation of the alternative pathway. PMID- 3765758 TI - [Multicenter reticulohistiocytosis--histologic photoreport]. AB - Histomorphologic features of multicentric reticulohistiocytosis are rarely seen in three predominant areas of one patient. Characteristic are infiltrates of eosinophilic histiocytes and multinuclear giant cells with opalescent appearance, fine vacuoles, and PAS-positive granules. In all three lesions, the histologic findings were identical. In the mucous membrane and the synovia, we found dilated vessels with thickened walls and edema of the tissue. In the synovia, size and number of the multinuclear giant cells are less pronounced. PMID- 3765760 TI - [Cell kinetics of human scalp hair--impulse cytophotometric studies]. AB - DNA Flow Cytometric measurements (DNA-FCM) were performed on both anagen hair bulbs of 21 healthy volunteers (11 females, 10 males; aged between 18 and 21 years) and tufts of plucked hairs from 43 test persons (17 showing normal trichograms, 12 with telogen and 14 with dystrophic hair root pattern; aged between 19 and 49), subsequently submitted to routine trichogram investigation. The high proliferative activity of anagen hair bulb cells was accurately registered by FCM. Neither sex nor hair color nor hair length were found to influence the proliferative parameters. The degree of hair loss-as diagnosed on account of the trichogram-was also reflected by the DNA histograms; telogen and dystrophic hair root patterns, however, could not be discerned by FCM. PMID- 3765759 TI - [Behcet disease in Turkey]. AB - In the last 12 years, we treated 427 Turkish patients suffering from Behcet's disease. We report on the frequency of symptoms as well as the modes of therapy in Turkey. PMID- 3765761 TI - [Bilateral nevus of Ota--a case report]. AB - We report on a case of the bilateral type of nevus fuscocaeruleus ophthalmomaxillaris Ota, which is rarely seen in European countries. We refer to other possible disturbances associated with this disorder. PMID- 3765762 TI - [Demonstration of hair cuticles by the imprint technic--a simple method for the study of the hair surface in trichologic consultation]. AB - An imprint technique hitherto rarely applied in trichology is presented. This method allows the exact evaluation of the microscopically only insufficiently judgeable cuticle layers. With respect to increased hair fragility this technique warrants the immediate determination of defects of both hair cuticle layer and hair cortex. PMID- 3765763 TI - [Valve replacement in patients over 70 years of age]. AB - The extension of cardiac diagnostics by invasive and non invasive, imaging procedures results in an extension of indication for cardiac surgery of patients over 70 years. From August 1977 to July 1985 a total of 212 patients over 70 years were operated upon with extracorporeal circulation for different heart diseases. The mean age was 73.2 years (from 70 to 84 years). In almost 57% (121) of the patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) an aortocoronary venous-bypass (ACVB) was performed, with a mean of 3.3 grafts (ranged from 1 to 5). In 84 patients an isolated or combined heart valve replacement was carried out: Aortic valve replacement (AVR) in 51, mitral valve replacement (MVR) in 11, AVR and MVR in 4, AVR and ACVB in 16 and AVR and aortic ascendens replacement in 2 patients. The overall mortality was 8.5%, with isolated AVR 7.8%, with isolated ACVB it was at the lowest with 5.2%. Postoperative complications could be observed in 48% of patients: low output syndrome (LOS) in 4, arrhythmia in 11, respiratory insufficiency (5%) or stroke in 2, mental confusion in 5. The long-term results after heart valve operation in patients over 70 years emphasize the indication for surgery, despite the higher rate of postoperative complications. The hospital mortality does not differ from that of younger patients. Especially with extreme valvular aortic stenosis after acute AVR one can expect a quick improvement of the cardiac situation after unloading of the left ventricle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3765764 TI - [Diastolic micropotentials in high-resolution surface ECG in QT syndrome]. AB - Patients suffering from long QT syndrome are threatened by torsade de pointes tachycardias and sudden arrhythmic cardiac death. An inhomogenic sympathetic innervation of the heart with dominance of the left cervicothoracic sympathetic nerves has been considered to be a major cause of life threatening cardiac arrhythmias. This study presents the electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic results of 7 patients with long QT syndrome. In agreement with data published earlier our results of Holter monitoring, exercise testing and programmed electrical right ventricular stimulation were of no diagnostic or prognostic significance in predicting syncopal attacks or sudden arrhythmic cardiac death. Thus, the high resolution ECG methods played an important role in this study. During noninvasive recordings of signal averaged ECGs and high resolution surface ECGs with beat to beat registration, diastolic microvolt potentials could be detected in 6/7 patients within the ST segment and in 5/7 patients after the T wave. Our results evidently show that the signal averaged ECG and the high resolution surface ECG could be of diagnostic significance in patients with long QT syndrome. PMID- 3765765 TI - [Experimental studies of the evaluation of the size of infarct and perfusion defects using analysis of regional wall motion from 2-dimensional echocardiography]. AB - In an experimental study with laboratory animals we studied the relation between the extent of a disorder of regional wall motion as determined by echocardiography and size of a perfusion defect following occlusion of a coronary vessel for 5 hours. It was demonstrated that wall motion is not uniform in a normal left ventricle and that there is a wide range of variability in wall motion within a given myocardial segment. For this reason we determined the extent of a disorder of regional wall motion in two echocardiographic planes with reference to defined normal values. Analysis of interobserver and intraobserver variability showed that reproducible determinations of the circumferential extent of a disorder of regional wall motion and the ejection fraction are possible with an acceptable degree of certainty. There was a significant correlation between morphological determinations of the size of a perfusion defect in the left ventricle and the circumferential extent of a disorder of regional wall motions as demonstrated in the echocardiogram (r = 0.83). The regression curve (y = 4.26 + 0.95x) for determinations of the size of the perfusion defect approached the identity line with a standard error of estimation for the echocardiographic examination of 7.4%. Size of the zone of infarction was overestimated by an average of 8% with echocardiography (r = 0.81), with a standard error of estimation of 6.6% (y = -2.41 + 0.85x). There was no significant correlation between ejection fraction and size of the perfusion defect or the size of infarction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3765766 TI - [Percutaneous pulmonary valvuloplasty in adults]. AB - Percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty was performed in 6 adult patients (aged 21-59 years, mean age: 43 years) with congenital pulmonary valve stenosis and systolic pressure gradients of 50 to 120 mm Hg (mean: 78 mm Hg). In 5 patients the procedure was successful: mean systolic right ventricular pressure was reduced from 99 +/- 26 to 55 +/- 7 mm Hg and the trans-stenotic pressure gradient from 77 +/- 28 to 31 +/- 12 mm Hg. Valvuloplasty with a 20 mm balloon was not effective in a patient with a wide pulmonary anulus (diameter 25 mm). In 1 patient only, the balloon occlusion led to severe systemic hypotension with syncope. Short-term follow-up (3 months) demonstrated symptomatic improvement and persistent reduction of the pressure gradient in all successfully treated patients. In conclusion, percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty appears to be an effective method with low risk of complications for the treatment of pulmonary valve stenosis in adults. PMID- 3765767 TI - [Changes in blood pressure in children with valvular aortic stenosis in bicycle ergometer stress]. AB - Children with aortic stenosis (n = 25) show a lower systolic blood pressure elevation during exercise than normal subjects (n = 47). The post-exercise systolic blood pressure minus the pre-exercise systolic pressure was calculated in both groups (23.60 +/- 10.8 mm Hg versus 47.23 +/- 14.9 mm Hg). There is no significant correlation between pressure response during exercise and the pull back gradient during heart catheterization. But if the difference between post exercise systolic pressure and pre-exercise pressure is greater than 25 mm Hg there is a very low probability of a pull back gradient greater than 50 mm Hg. We conclude that exercise testing may be helpful in selecting those patients with aortic stenosis for catheterization who are likely to require surgery. PMID- 3765768 TI - [Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in childhood: studies of the clinical picture and course]. AB - 30 children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and a mean age of 4.9 +/- 4.4 years, 11 infants and 19 children, were followed up for an average of 6.6 +/- 5.6 years. Apart from a systolic murmur in nearly all patients, only a few had symptoms. 7 patients from 5 families had a positive family history. The ECG often showed left ventricular hypertrophy, twice a deep Q wave, and no cases of giant T wave. A subaortic pressure gradient greater than or equal to 40 mm Hg was measured in 6 children, a secondary cardiomyopathy was excluded by biopsy in 8. Associated lesions were coarctation (n = 2) and patent ductus arteriosus (n = 2). 7 children died: 1 infant in congestive heart failure, 3 children suddenly, and 3 postoperatively. The annual mortality rate was 3.5%. Also in childhood, beta blocker therapy may not prevent sudden cardiac death, nor may operation prevent late complications. In spite of the lack of pressure gradients, the children did not fulfil the criteria of hypertrophic non-obstructive cardiomyopathy. PMID- 3765770 TI - [Autumn meeting of the German Society for Cardiovascular Research. 2-5 October 1986, Hamburg. Abstracts]. PMID- 3765769 TI - [Pleural and mediastinal fibrosis with involvement of the external pericardium as a cause of decompensated heart failure]. AB - Symptoms of cardiac failure were observed in a 60-year-old man 38 years after the therapy of cavernous tuberculosis of the right upper lobe with a paraffin oil plomb. The irritation by the paraffin oil induced a pleural and mediastinal fibrosis involving the pericardium. The rigid pericardium enclosed the heart and caused biventricular cardiac failure by the impaired diastolic filling. Possibilities of medical and surgical treatment are discussed. PMID- 3765771 TI - [Experimental biology of aging]. PMID- 3765772 TI - [Aging and limited capacity for division of normal, diploid amphibian fibroblasts in vitro in relation to cell nucleus transplantations in amphibia]. AB - In many experiments Hayflick had proved the limited division capacity of lung fibroblasts derived from different mammalian species, chicken and tortoise. Gurdon transplanted the nuclei of differentiated Xenopus cells into enucleated eggs yielding a complete development of the hybrid individuals. These results arise the question about a reprogramming of cell nuclei concerning their division capacity. On the other hand, amphibian cells may not show any proliferative limit. Thus, primary cultures were established from tadpoles, recently metamorphosed frogs and adult animals, respectively. The latent period of the tissue explants proved to be dependent on donor age. The cell strain I401 showed the characteristic degeneration phenomena after six subcultivations and ceased to proliferate. These results lead to the conclusion that nuclear transplantation into an enucleated egg yields reprogramming of the nucleus, including the reprogramming of the division capacity as much as the biological age of the nucleus. PMID- 3765773 TI - [Biologic plasticity of the aging brain]. AB - The study was performed to elucidate whether the biological plasticity of the brain is reduced with advancing age. Both glucose and energy metabolism in the brain cortex of male Wistar rats aged 6, 12, 24 and 30 months were investigated under normal conditions and in 12 and 24 months old rats under complete cerebral ischemia. Under physiological conditions, glucose, fructose-1,6-phosphate and ATP decreased from 6 to 12 months of age whereas pyruvate, malate and creatine phosphate fell from 12 to 30 months of age. It was concluded that glucose and energy metabolism in brain cortex may be slightly reduced with normal aging. Complete cerebral ischemia caused server reduction in cortical glucose, pyruvate, citrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, malate, oxaloacetate, ATP and creatine phosphate and an increase in fructose-1,6-phosphate, lactate, succinate and AMP. Differences between 12 and 24 month old animals became obvious. It is concluded that aged animals as compared to adult animals are not capable of reacting sufficiently to stress conditions. The biological capacity of the brain is assumed to be reduced with aging. PMID- 3765774 TI - [Age-related changes in cellular activity in organ and tissue cultures of the human cornea]. AB - Human autopsy eyes and material of eyes enucleated by various causes were used to prepare explants of the whole chamber angle and isolated stroma corneae for organ and tissue cultures. The age-related changes in chamber angle explants are obscured by interactions of the different cell types. In 75 human stroma explants aged from 5 weeks to 93 years the latent period for cell activation (i.e. the time needed for the activation of cells revealed by histological methods) shows its lowest values in cases under 20 years of age. The latent period for outgrowth of cells is not significantly related to age. The long-term reorganization of the tissue structure in the explants is disturbed in higher age. PMID- 3765775 TI - Increase of cellular hyaluronic acid synthesis following continuous exposure of cultured human fibroblasts (WI-38) to hydrocortisone. AB - Continuous (long-term) exposure of cultured normal (diploid) human fibroblasts (WI-38) to hydrocortisone (1.4 X 10(-7) M) resulted, as originally described by Macieira-Coelho (1966) and Cristofalo (1970), in a stimulation of proliferative activity and an increase of population doublings. Stimulation of DNA-synthesis by hydrocortisone, as measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation, required the presence of serum in the culture medium. Analysis of the cellular glycosaminoglycan (GAG) pattern, as measured by 14C-glucosamine incorporation into the various GAG types (hyaluronic acid, heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate) revealed a significant increase of cell-bound hyaluronic acid (it appears to be predominantly located at the cell surface or pericellular, since it is removable to a large extent by trypsin treatment), while the distribution pattern of sulfated GAGs did not exhibit a significant change. This increase of cellular hyaluronic acid synthesis was regarded largely as an adaptive response to hydrocortisone, since its removal from the culture medium of hydrocortisone pretreated cultures resulted in a significant decrease of cellular hyaluronic acid. Possible functions of cell-bound hyaluronic acid were suggested in regard to cell surface properties (cell-cell and cell-substratum adhesion; migratory activity). Thus, decreased adhesiveness (by elevated cellular hyaluronic acid) might be a decisive factor for the well-known increase in cell saturation density caused by hydrocortisone. Generally, the present findings support a concept (Sluke et al., 1981; Schachtschabel and Sluke, 1984) that an increase of cellular hyaluronic acid synthesis is "growth-favorable", which is in line with previous findings of a decrease of hyaluronic acid synthesis by growth restriction in the course of in vitro ageing (Sluke et al., 1981). PMID- 3765776 TI - [Skin changes in advanced age--biochemical findings corresponding to morphology?]. AB - The clinically relevant morphological changes of the skin during aging can be summarized by the term "senile atrophy". The changes are a diminished thickness of epidermis with a reduced mitosis rate of epidermal basal cells, shortened and attenuated rete ridges, reduction of epidermal appendages, and a decreased number of fibroblasts and capillaries in the dermis. Corresponding to these morphological findings regarding the cell number in the senile skin (cutis) we found a slight decrease in the DNA concentration of human and rat cutis. The specific DNA activity (3H-thymidine incorporation rate related to DNA concentration) decreased in presenile versus adult animals. The mesenchymal changes in the dermis have been morphologically described by the term "senile elastosis" or "elastoid collagen degeneration", but in fact they correspond to a progressive collagen denaturation with aging. The total collagen concentration, here determined as the hydroxyproline concentration in the human cutis, shows almost constant values from the 3rd until the 9th decade of life in both sexes. This is also true for the skin of two different rat strains. The insoluble collagen fraction shows a relative increase to the disadvantage of the soluble collagen fractions, which can be interpreted as an indicator of a decelerated collagen turnover. In spite of the decelerated turnover, i.e. a prolonged half life of the collagen metabolism in the skin, the indicators of the collagen neosynthesis (14C-proline incorporation rate, specific hydroxyproline activity, prolyl-hydroxylase activity) are significantly elevated in the cutis of presenile versus adult rats. Any connection of these findings with a possible change in the distribution of collagen types in the senile skin (e.g. pericapillar fibrosis with increase of collagen type I as well as changes in the distribution of type I, III, IV and V) can only be discussed at present. The glycosaminoglycans in the cutis show a minimal increase of the total content of hexosamines and uronic acids with a significant shift in the ratio of the glycosaminoglycan components in favour of dermatan sulfate and keratan sulfate and to the disadvantage of hyaluronic acid and partly also of chondroitin-4-sulfate and -6-sulfate. The neosynthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (indicator method: 35S-sulfate incorporation rate) is only slightly increased whereas the enzyme activities being specific for the glycosaminoglycan catabolism (beta-glucuronidase, beta-N acetyl-glucosaminidase) are significantly decreased with aging of the skin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3765777 TI - [Age-related changes in cell content (DNA) and glycosaminoglycan-degrading enzymes (beta-glucuronidase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase of connective tissue and parenchymal organs of the rat caused by 6-methylprednisolone (enzyme induction, adaptation, acceleration of maturation and possible modification of aging]. AB - This paper is based on previous investigations, which had shown an evident acceleration of maturation and enzyme induction in several organs, not only in the lung, due to a pre- and postnatal application of prednisolone. Applying the same dosage we now investigated whether there is a similar effect of a short-term application of prednisolone in mesenchymal and parenchymal organs of young adult and presenile rats of the same strain (Chbb: THOM/SPF) analyzing the physiological cell regeneration (DNA concentration) as well as functional parameters of the glycosaminoglycan metabolism (e.g. the lysosomal enzymes beta glucuronidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase). The results show a significant age-dependent decrease of the DNA concentration (lung, spleen, skin, and rib cartilage), a significant age-dependent decrease of the total activity of the beta-glucuronidase (kidney, rib cartilage, and skin) or a significant age dependent increase of this enzyme activity (spleen and liver) respectively as well as a significant decrease of the beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity (skin and rib cartilage) or a significant increase of this enzyme activity (spleen and lung). After application of prednisolone the rats showed a significant reduction of the DNA concentration only in the skin of young adult rats, but no changes in the other organs of the young adult or presenile animals compared to untreated controls. Similar to our findings after postnatal prednisolone application, we found the greatest increases or decreases respectively of the activities of these lysosomal enzymes due to 2- to 3-fold or 4- to 5-fold prednisolone application. Again similar to our previous findings, we found the phenomena of adaptation and rebound effects including the so-called over-compensation in the young adult and especially in the presenile rats but these effects were delayed and weaker in most of the older animals compared to the young adult rats. PMID- 3765778 TI - [Significance of vitamin E in aging]. AB - In order to understand and investigate the phenomenon of aging and its related characteristics various hypotheses have been put forward. Among these the free radical hypothesis is the best known and the most often discussed. Considering the biological function of vitamin E as an important preventive factor, for lipid peroxidation, and on the basis of existing parallelisms between some characteristics of aging and different symptoms of tocopherol deficiency, a possible influence of this vitamin on the aging process was postulated. Many authors showed that high doses of vitamin E decrease synthesis and accumulation of aging-accompanied lipofuscin pigments. Nevertheless, no reasonable additional influence of such vitamin dosage is known for the aging process, especially on the elongation of the maximal life span in mammals. While high tocopherol concentrations inhibit the aggregation of thrombocytes induced in vitro, under in vivo conditions the supposed benefit of therapeutic use of vitamin E to diminish the high platelet aggregation rate noticed in patients with cardiovascular diseases is still not confirmed. Investigations of the vitamin E status in the elderly showed that the plasma tocopherol concentration is increased age dependent. Considering this parameter the vitamin E status of healthy persons examined (n = 41; age 62-98 years of both sexes) was satisfactory. PMID- 3765779 TI - [Adjustment and adaptation]. AB - As in many other scientific disciplines, in gerontology adaptation is a central term. Yet it is not being used in a standardized way. This article describes the concepts and theoretical approaches which can be identified in Social Gerontology, together with their functions and the results of research. PMID- 3765780 TI - Changes in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial complex of lead treated teleostean fish Clarias batrachus (L.). PMID- 3765781 TI - Cytodifferentiation of the thyroid tissue of the cat (Felis cattus L.) during prenatal development. I. The follicular epithelium. PMID- 3765782 TI - [Surface morphology of the guinea pig vagina during estrus]. PMID- 3765783 TI - [Degeneration of various structures of the inner ear of adult guinea pigs by noise]. PMID- 3765784 TI - Adrenals during readaptation period after 20-day-long hypokinesia in rats. PMID- 3765785 TI - The effect of cadmium on placental structure and its relation to fetal malformations in the mouse. PMID- 3765786 TI - Ultrastructural changes in gallbladder epithelium of mice under the action of lithogenic diet. PMID- 3765787 TI - A brief report on enteroendocrine cells observed in the gastrointestinal tract of the suckling echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus). PMID- 3765788 TI - [Light and electron microscopy studies of the parotid gland and submandibular gland in domestic cats]. PMID- 3765789 TI - Ultrastructural study on the so-called anchoring filaments in arterial endothelia. PMID- 3765790 TI - Dynamism of transganglionic degenerative atrophy following crush injury to the peripheral nerve. PMID- 3765791 TI - Cytological changes in the prolactin cells of the pituitary of the freshwater teleost Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.), in response to osmotic stress and reserpine. PMID- 3765792 TI - Smoking and oxygen a lethal mix. PMID- 3765793 TI - Witness. PMID- 3765794 TI - Tobacco: Virginia's dilemma. PMID- 3765795 TI - [Exertion-induced metabolic changes in arterial occlusive diseases with different distances of painfree walking]. PMID- 3765796 TI - HDL2- and HDL3-cholesterol in normolipemic patients with peripheral vascular occlusive disease. PMID- 3765797 TI - [Strain gauge plethysmographic study of venous hemodynamics of lower limbs]. PMID- 3765798 TI - New aspects on thermography as a non-invasive diagnostic method for arterio venous anastomoses in the extremities. PMID- 3765799 TI - [Aortocaval fistula as a complication of aortic aneurysm]. PMID- 3765800 TI - Progressive arterial aneurysm formation proximal to a ligated peripheral arteriovenous fistula. PMID- 3765801 TI - Mortality averted: unusual course of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. PMID- 3765803 TI - [Use of a progesterone ointment in hirsutism]. PMID- 3765802 TI - [Possible provocative effect of UV irradiation on the occurrence and course of Duhring's dermatitis herpetiformis]. PMID- 3765804 TI - [Dynamics of the immune status of patients with mycosis of the feet and concomitant eczema during T-activin therapy]. PMID- 3765805 TI - [Ionic homeostasis in psoriasis]. PMID- 3765806 TI - [Effect of polymeric materials on the development of experimental mycosis due to Trichophyton rubrum]. PMID- 3765807 TI - [Developmental perspectives in medical mycology]. PMID- 3765808 TI - [Immunological and biochemical aspects of photodermatoses]. PMID- 3765809 TI - [Comparative evaluation of therapy effectiveness in psoriasis]. PMID- 3765810 TI - [Exacerbation of lupus erythematosus during treatment by the reinfusion of UV irradiated blood]. PMID- 3765811 TI - [Combination of different forms of lichen ruber planus of the skin, oral mucosa and conjunctiva]. PMID- 3765812 TI - [Erythropoietic protoporphyria]. PMID- 3765813 TI - [2 cases of ichthyosis in 1 family]. PMID- 3765814 TI - [Hopf's acrokeratosis verruciformis]. PMID- 3765815 TI - [Metatypic skin cancer]. PMID- 3765816 TI - [Chronic familial generalized (granulomatous) candidiasis]. PMID- 3765817 TI - [Active tertiary syphilis in a patient inadequately treated in the past]. PMID- 3765818 TI - [Psychosocial characteristics of women examined for venereal diseases]. PMID- 3765819 TI - Dominance of the CPE(+) phenotype in hybrid Aedes albopictus cells infected with Sindbis virus. AB - The effect of Sindbis virus (SV) infection was analyzed in hybrid Aedes albopictus cells formed by fusing ouabain-resistant CPE(+) cells to CPE(-) alpha amanitin resistant cells. Although the 24-h yields of virus from the parental CPE(+) and CPE(-) clones were similar, the rates of viral RNA synthesis and virus release at early times post-infection were higher in the CPE(+) cells. In all eight hybrid clones studied, the CPE(+) phenotype was dominant. In addition, the kinetics of viral RNA synthesis and virus release in the hybrids closely resembled what was observed in the CPE(+) parent clone. These data indicate that both in the parental and in the hybrid cells, expression of SV-induced CPE is associated with a high level of viral RNA synthesis and a rapid production of virus during the early period after infection. It is suggested that CPE(+) cells contain some factor or activity which is lacking or less abundant in the CPE(-) cells and that this activity is important in the regulation of viral RNA synthesis. PMID- 3765820 TI - Structural proteins of human respiratory coronavirus OC43. AB - The human respiratory coronavirus OC43 was grown on a human rectal tumor cell line and was isotopically labeled with amino acids, glucosamine, and orthophosphate to analyze virion structural proteins. Four major protein species were resolved by electrophoresis and many of their properties were deduced from digestion studies using proteolytic enzymes. The four proteins are: A 190 kDa protein, the presumed peplomeric protein, that was glycosylated and proteolytically cleavable by trypsin into subunits of 110 and 90 kDa. The subunits each represent a different amino acid sequence on the basis of peptide mapping; a 130 kDa protein that was glycosylated and behaved as a disulfide linked dimer of 65 kDa molecules. It is the apparent virion hemagglutinin on the basis of digestion studies with trypsin, bromelain and pronase; a 55 kDa nucleocapsid protein that was phosphorylated; a 26 kDa matrix protein that was glycosylated. The 190, 130, 55 and 26 kDa species can therefore be designated P, H, N and M, respectively. They exist in molar ratios of 4:1:33:33, and are calculated to be present at the rate of 88, 22, 726, and 726 molecules per virion, respectively. PMID- 3765821 TI - Nucleotide sequence analysis of the long terminal repeat of integrated caprine arthritis encephalitis virus. AB - The nucleotide sequence of the long terminal repeat (LTR) of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV), a prototype lentivirus was determined. 6-bp directly repeated host cell sequences flank the 376-bp proviral LTRs. By comparison with other retroviral sequences, the CAEV LTR likely contains U3, R and U5 regions 207, 86 and 83 base-pairs in length, respectively. Sequences conforming to consensus transcriptional promoter sites were identified in the U3 region upstream of a potential transcription initiation site. A consensus polyadenylation signal is present 20 bases upstream of the putative R-U5 border and a potential poly(A) addition site. Sequence comparisons of the CAEV LTR with those of other retroviruses uncovered significant similarities with that of visna virus. No other global homologies with other retrovirus LTRs could be detected. CAEV utilizes a primer binding site complementary to lysine tRNA as does visna, AIDS associated retroviruses, and mouse mammary tumor virus. The putative primer for positive-strand DNA synthesis identified in the CAEV sequence is identical to that of visna virus and very similar to those of AIDS retroviruses and MMTV. In addition, a stretch that includes the TATA box of the CAEV LTR resembles closely the corresponding region in the AIDS retrovirus. These and other findings further strengthen the classification of AIDS retrovirus as a lentivirus. PMID- 3765822 TI - Cloning of rabies virus matrix protein mRNA and determination of its amino acid sequence. AB - A cDNA clone of mRNA for rabies virus matrix (M) protein has been identified. The clone hybridizes to an mRNA species from rabies virus-infected cells, whose size correlates to the size of the M protein in rabies virions, and selects an mRNA that translates into a polypeptide corresponding in size to M protein. The nucleotide sequence of the cloned cDNA was determined and from this a complete amino acid sequence for M protein was deduced. The deduced sequence of 202 amino acids bears no detectable sequence homology with vesicular stomatitis virus M protein although these proteins may share functional homology. PMID- 3765824 TI - Effect of actinomycin D on arenavirus growth and estimation of the generation time for a virus particle. AB - In an attempt to define the involvement of host transcription in arenavirus growth, a study was made of the effect of actinomycin D (AMD) on the yields of infectious Pichinde, Tacaribe and Junin viruses. The drug was added either immediately after virus adsorption or later after infection, at the stationary phase of virus growth. The time of exposure of the infected cells to the inhibitor was so chosen that the generation and release of virus into the medium took place in the presence of AMD. A double label technique was used to estimate the generation time of an arenavirus particle. This was found to be 6 h or less for all of the arenaviruses examined. The results indicated that treatment of the host cells with AMD, either immediately after virus adsorption or later after infection, does not affect the yield of infectious Pichinde, Tacaribe or Junin viruses, thus implying that continuous host transcription is not required for the replication cycle of these arenaviruses. PMID- 3765823 TI - Oncogenic transformation of primary hamster embryo cells by equine herpesvirus type 3. AB - Infection of nonpermissive primary hamster embryo cells with equine herpesvirus type 3 (EHV-3; multiplicity of infection = 10 pfu/cell) resulted in an abortive infection and the development of several hundred foci of rapidly growing cells. Five of these foci were chosen at random for the establishment of transformed cell lines, designated EVD-1 (equine venereal disease) through 5. These transformed cell lines exhibited altered biological properties typical of transformed cells, including immortality, growth to high saturation density, colony formation in soft agar, reduced serum requirements, aneuploid karyotype, and oncogenicity in syngeneic animals. Subsequently, five corresponding tumor cell lines (EVD-1T through 5T) with similar biological properties were established. All EHV-3 transformed and tumor cell lines have been shown to express EHV-3-specific proteins by indirect immunofluorescence assays employing rabbit antisera to EHV-3 infected equine cells. None of the transformed cell lines were found to release infectious virus by infectious center or cocultivation assay or to contain viral particles by electron microscopy. PMID- 3765825 TI - Molecular studies of the differential replication at pyrexial temperatures of two influenza viruses differing in virulence for ferrets. AB - Replication of a virulent clone (7a) of the reassortant influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34-A/England/939/69 (H3N2) in ferret nasal turbinate tissue is less affected than that of an attenuated clone (64d) by temperatures which occur during pyrexia in ferrets. This is a factor which contributes to the difference in virulence of the two clones. The differential replication of the two clones at pyrexial temperatures has been reproduced in allantois-on-shell (egg-bit) cultures, and the synthesis of viral polypeptides and RNA species examined. This virus-host system was chosen because it was more convenient to use than organ cultures but, like the latter, might provide information relevant to the in vivo situation. With this system it was not possible to achieve single cycle replication: the observed effects are cumulative over several (2 to 3) cycles of replication (24 h) and therefore conclusions from them may not be as definitive as those from single cycle conditions. However, in cells infected with clone 64d both A(+) cRNA and polypeptide synthesis were little affected at 40 degrees C but levels were decreased by about 70-80% at 41 degrees C; A(+) cRNA and polypeptide levels were unaffected even at 41 degrees C with clone 7a. These reductions seem insufficient to account for the 10-fold reduction in infectious yields of clone 64d at 40 degrees C or the 100-fold and 10-fold reductions in yields of clones 64d and 7a respectively at 41 degrees C. There was no evidence of increased production of non-infectious virus at elevated temperatures by either clone. Levels of vRNA were considerably reduced at 40 and 41 degrees C for both clones, but the levels were considerably greater at all temperatures in clone 7a-infected cells than in those infected with clone 64d; vRNA levels were higher for clone 7a at 41 degrees C than for clone 64d at 37 degrees C. The different levels of vRNA do not reflect differences in the availability of template A(-) cRNAs since levels of these were similar for both clones at 37 and 40 degrees C and only reduced for clone 64d at 41 degrees C. Although the interpretation of these data is complicated by multiple cycles of replication it appears that limited availability of vRNA could be an important constraint on the ability of clone 64d to replicate at pyrexial temperatures. PMID- 3765826 TI - The effect of cerulenin on Moloney murine leukemia virus morphogenesis. AB - Cerulenin is an antibiotic that interferes with fatty acid synthesis in eukaryotic cells. It had been shown by Schultz and Oroszlan (1983), that murine leukemia virus (MuLV) Pr65gag, the polyprotein precursor to the virion core proteins contains the fatty acid myristate at its NH2 terminus. We showed that when 20 micrograms/ml of cerulenin is added for 3 h to mouse fibroblasts chronically infected with Moloney (M)-MuLV it causes a greater than 4-fold decrease in virus production. This is accompanied by an accumulation of uncleaved Pr65gag in the infected cells. Further, thin-section electron micrographs of cerulenin-treated cells show a 2-fold increase in the number of nascent-budding forms, as well as the appearance of aberrant viral forms at the cell membrane. This suggests that the failure to add myristic acid to Pr65gag prevents their proper assembly into viral particles. PMID- 3765827 TI - Temperature-sensitive mutants of fowl plague virus defective in the intracellular transport of the hemagglutinin. AB - Nine mutants of fowl plague virus with temperature-sensitive defects in the biosynthesis of the hemagglutinin have been characterized by analyzing the processing and the intracellular location of this glycoprotein in MDCK and chick embryo cells. It was found that with all of these mutants the transport of the hemagglutinin to the cell surface was impeded at the non-permissive temperature. There were differences, however, in the site of the block. With mutants tsl, ts227, ts478 and ts658 the precursor HA was not cleaved and the oligosaccharide side chains remained sensitive to endoglucosaminidase H. When the hemagglutinin was analyzed in permeabilized cells by immunofluorescence, usually only cytoplasmic labeling was seen. Immunofluorescence of non-permeabilized cells and hemadsorption revealed that the hemagglutinin did not reach the cell surface. In contrast, the hemagglutinin of mutants ts79, ts482, ts532, ts546 and ts651 was cleaved and oligosaccharides were processed to the endoglucosaminidase H resistant form at non-permissive temperature. In permeabilized cells, the cytoplasm and juxtanuclear regions typical for the Golgi apparatus were labeled by immunofluorescence. Except for ts482, ts532 and ts546 which were leaky, hemagglutinin could not be detected at the cell surface. These observations indicate that, with the first group of mutants, hemagglutinin transport is usually arrested already in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, whereas with the second group it is inhibited at a late stage between the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane. PMID- 3765828 TI - [Psychophysiologic features of the "mastering reaction" in healthy subjects]. AB - Laboratory study by authors' method of human reaction of overcoming on electronic adaptometer in 30 healthy women-volunteers showed that psychophysiological basis of the reaction consists in acceleration of neurophysiological prosesses in functional system of the behavioural act (particularly expressed in analyzers responsible for overcoming of the obstacle and reaching the goal) and in formation of negative emotions of motivational excitation, manifested in an increase of situational alarm level and mood deterioration. PMID- 3765829 TI - [Temporal synchronization of functions--objective criterion for functional systems with different levels of organization]. PMID- 3765830 TI - [Correlation between the functional status of brain structures and the degree of coherence of their potentials during food-getting behavior in the dog]. AB - By means of the cited formula, integral indices of potential coherence of the following pairs of brain structures were calculated: hippocampus--frontal cortex, amygdala--frontal cortex, hippocampus--amygdala. In food-procuring behavior of dogs, the values of these indices increase simultaneously with the increase of the level of functional state of the brain structures. The values become higher under the action of a signal with a greater informational significance for alimentary need satisfaction than under the action of a signal with lesser informational significance. PMID- 3765831 TI - [Effect of centrally administered cholecystokinin on feeding behavior induced by electric stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus in the rabbit]. AB - In experiments on 15 freely moving rabbits cholecystokinin octapeptide sulfate (CCK-8-S) in a dose of 10 ng considerably suppressed alimentary behaviour of the animals elicited by electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus. Increasing of the peptide doses to 100 and 200 ng elicited an analogous effect. CCK-8-NS in 10 ng dose produced a lesser effect on feeding of the animal, but increasing of the dose of nonsulphated CCK to 100 ng led to a considerable prolongation of feeding. CCK-8-S and CCK-8-NS in doses used did not affect the reaction of avoidance in rabbits caused by electrical stimulation of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. PMID- 3765832 TI - [Relation between the dynamics of the extinction process and the initial rate of hypothalamic self-stimulation in the rabbit]. AB - In experiments on rabbits with electrodes chronically implanted in the lateral hypothalamus, dynamics was studied of extinction of self-stimulation reaction as a result of cancellation of intracerebral reinforcement. General dynamics of extinction of the unreinforced instrumental actions and behavioural manifestations of orienting-investigating reaction were revealed. It was found, that in 30% of rabbits, the orienting reaction appearing as a result of "discordance" between expected and actual afferentation is attended by a species specific form of behaviour, expressed in the form of hind paws synergic strokes against the floor. It is suggested that these strokes may be a somatic expression of a negative emotional state of animals during self-stimulation extinction. The comparison of extinction dynamics with the level of self-stimulation background frequency showed a relative independence of the strength of drive towards getting positive emotions on motivational effects created by electric stimulation of the reinforcing brain structures. PMID- 3765833 TI - [Systems mechanisms of internal inhibition]. AB - The state of internal inhibition is analysed which is considered as a multifactor systemically organized process. On model of combined presentation of positive and inhibitory stimuli in experiments on white rats and dogs, a dependence is established of the efficiency of reinforcement cancellation factor on motivation intensity. Condition of negative emotion--frustration, "difficult state"-is a necessary link in the process of internal inhibition formation, since it is responsible for selection of non-reinforcement for storage in the long-term memory. Conclusion is made that active inhibition of goal-directed behaviour is mediated by actualization of memory trace, "engram of non-reinforcement" by negative conditioned stimulus. PMID- 3765834 TI - [Food search by mice solving an extrapolation problem after suppression of smell by zinc sulfate]. AB - Anosmia induced by intranasal zinc administration to mice capable of solving an extrapolation problem (search for food which disappears from animal sight in definite direction), led to disturbance of normal food searching behaviour. In anosmic mice the percentage of task solutions (correct as well as incorrect) in which the trajectory was the shortest ("goal-directed"), was significantly lower than in controls. At the same time the percentages of correct "goal-directed" choices were equal in both groups. The main differences in the number of correct task solutions were among those trials in which non-goal-directed behaviour was delivered. Thus zinc induced anosmia provokes rather severe deteriorations of food searching behaviour. The investigated group of mice possessing Robertsonian translocation Rb(8, 17) 1 IEM, reveals no disturbance of extrapolation capacity during first 20 s after task presentation. This signifies that this capacity which in this group is higher than in other mice, is not determined by peculiarities of their olfaction. PMID- 3765835 TI - [Effect of emotionality, exploratory activity and pain sensitivity on manifestation of agonistic behavior in the mouse]. AB - Mice of C57BL/6J line with higher exploratory and motor activities and with lower emotionality and pain threshold recorded in standard tests, as compared with the animals of CBA/Lac line, have also been found to manifest a more expressed aggression in their intermale contacts in reaction to a syngeneous partner. It is suggested that the studied physiological and behavioural parameters may determine in considerable degree the character of aggressive and submissive mice behaviour in an agonistic interaction. PMID- 3765836 TI - [Bilateral imprinting in the chicks of precocial birds in response to monocular presentation of an object]. AB - The paper deals with lateralization of memory of imprinted object in chickens of precocial birds after monocular imprinting. Significant preference is shown of the imprinted stimulus in situation of choice from "learned" and "unlearned" eye in 24 hours after imprinting. Lesion of the ventral hyperstriatum of "learned" hemisphere in 28-30 hours after learning retained the preference of the imprinted stimulus. Analogous lesions made directly after learning, eliminated this preference. Conclusion is made about bilateral imprinting at monocular stimulus presentation. PMID- 3765837 TI - [Dynamics of elaboration of a conditioned reflex and differentiations in the snail]. AB - It is shown that dynamics of percentage of conditioned food refusals by snails Helix pomatia and Helix lucorum is satisfactorily approximated by regression equation of exponential type with included coefficient reflecting the animals state before the beginning of learning. The ability is established of the snails to practically completely differentiate various alimentary conditioned stimuli. The introduction of differentiation always improved the reflex consolidation. Conditioned reactions to differentiation stimulus appeared at the elaboration stage and were absent at the stage of conditioned reflex consolidation. PMID- 3765838 TI - [Asymmetry of movement direction of Myrmica rubra ants during maze learning motivated by food]. AB - Asymmetry in direction of motion was found in Myrmica rubra ants at their learning in a symmetrical multi-alternative maze in conditions of "social" alimentary motivation. It was manifested in the form of preferable stay in the right half of the maze and was significant by several parameters: total number of motions, approaches to "false" spots and right turns. Unequal degrees of spatial motor asymmetry (individual and for the whole sample) was revealed by various parameters. Most clearly the right-sided spatial preference was seen in the insects which had more approaches to goal with reinforcement taking than "exploratory" approaches. It is suggested that the parameters of motion direction asymmetry in ants learning in the maze depend on the level of alimentary "social" motivation. PMID- 3765839 TI - [Interaction of recovery cycles of evoked potentials in the cerebral cortex of the cat in response to stimulation of the superior colliculi and pulvinar]. AB - Similar character of recovery cycles of evoked potentials in the visual cortex to electric stimulation of the superior colliculi (SC) and pulvinar was found in chronic experiments on alert cats irrespective of stimuli presentation order. In the association cortex preceding SC stimulation facilitated the response to test stimulation of pulvinar almost at all delays between the stimuli. If the pulvinar stimulation was applied as a conditioned stimulus, then the response to SC stimulation under intervals of 20-200 ms was depressed. The obtained data point to equivalence of the inputs from SC and pulvinar to the visual cortex, to different informational value of inputs from SC to the association and visual cortex, and to mutual function dependence of the inputs from SC and pulvinar to the association cortex. PMID- 3765840 TI - [Responses of neurons of the frontal area of the cortex of the rabbit to electric stimulation of certain limbic-mesencephalic structures after administration of substance P]. AB - In rabbits tested on behavioural reactions by electrical stimulation of certain limbic-midbrain structures, intravenous injection of substance P (30 mcg/kg) led after 10 min of silent period to a decrease of spontaneous neuronal activity in the frontal cortex. Convergence of excitations arising from the lateral hypothalamus, the dorsal hippocampus and the midbrain reticular formation was also found to decrease after the substance P injection. Analysis of neuronal responses allowed to establish that substance P markedly changed the ascending excitations of the lateral hypothalamus and was less effective for the influences from the midbrain reticular formation. PMID- 3765841 TI - [Dynamics of the reactivity of cortical neurons to repeated electrophoretic application of acetylcholine]. AB - Dynamics of reactivity was studied in 50 neurones of the rat sensorimotor cortex to repeated acetylcholine microiontophoresis. By the parameter of response plasticity the neurones are distributed into three groups--unchanging, decreasing and increasing the excitatory component of the reaction. A connection has been established of the type and rate of tonic and evoked activities dynamics with the duration of the excitatory component of neuronal reactions to acetylcholine. The highest probability of these dynamic activity changes manifestation is observed in cholinoceptive neurones with duration of excitatory reaction components to acetylcholine equal to 3.2, 8.1 and 13.5 s. PMID- 3765842 TI - [Ipsilateral motor responses of the facial muscles to intracortical microstimulation in the white mouse]. AB - Motor responses (MRs) of facial muscles to intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) of lightly anaesthetized outbred white mice were observed visually and recorded by means of photodiodes. ICMS rostral to bregma, within cortical band along sagittal suture (area 6) evoked mostly ipsilateral MRs of vibrissae and upper lip, more often from the left hemisphere. MRs of the lower jaw, tongue and larynx were induced by ICMS in symmetrical zones of both hemispheres. The lowest thresholds of ICMS, 2-20 mcA, were revealed at the depth from 0.8-1.1 mm up to 1.3-1.7 mm, i. e. in layers III and V. Short-latency (from 10 to 25 ms) MRs of the vibrissae, lip and jaw were evoked by high-frequency volleys of 2 to 5 pulses. The participation of some oligosynaptic components in cortico-facial descending projections in the white mouse is supposed. PMID- 3765843 TI - [Decrease in contact aggression of rhesus macaques after sectioning the corpus callosum]. PMID- 3765844 TI - [Effect of electrostimulation of the frontal area of the neocrotex on delayed spatial choice in the cat]. PMID- 3765845 TI - [Broad-band component of the EEG-spectrum as a possible source of erroneous identification of slow waves in the cat]. PMID- 3765847 TI - [Evoked responses to tones of different frequencies in the ontogeny of altricial birds]. PMID- 3765846 TI - [Effect of adriblastin on the processes of learning and memory in the rat]. PMID- 3765848 TI - [Activity of soluble and membrane-bound acid ribonuclease in the cerebral ganglion of the honeybee during learning]. PMID- 3765849 TI - [Programs and equipment for training animals using the "Elektronik D3-28" microcomputer]. PMID- 3765850 TI - [A rapid computer-assisted method for the determination of urea in dairy products: skim milk powder from various sources]. AB - The enzymatic determination of urea in spray-dried skim milk powders was transferred to a computer aided photometric analysing system. Sample preparation is optimal using ultrafiltration, but the direct use of a milk sample is also possible with this system. The precision including sample preparation as coefficient of variation was about 0.69%, the standard deviation of the assay was 0.115-0.135 at an average content of 5.4-5.5 mg urea per 100 ml skim milk. The method was tested on 147 spray-dried skim milk powders, which were of varying origin and collected at different times of the year (Jan.-Oct.). In this way a representative survey for the urea content of a great number of skim milk powders was possible. It was also shown, that the urea content is highly affected by season. It is very constant from February to May (0.25-0.26%), and rises from June to October up to nearly 0.32%. PMID- 3765851 TI - Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in edible vegetable oils by liquid chromatography and programmed fluorescence detection. Comparison of caffeine complexation and XAD-2 chromatography sample clean-up. AB - Two clean-up procedures were compared for the analysis for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in edible vegetable oils. One method comprises a liquid liquid extraction followed by XAD-2 chromatography and the other a caffeine formic acid complexation. The clean-up step is followed by gradient reversed phase HPLC in combination with wavelength-programmed fluorescence detection. Due to better repeatability and simplicity, the XAD-2 method was selected for the determination of PAHs in 14 different vegetable oils. Between the different oil samples large differences were observed in PAH concentrations. PAH concentrations in vegetable oils sampled from the Dutch market appear to be comparable with those found in other countries. PMID- 3765852 TI - Studies on curcumin and curcuminoids. VIII. Photochemical stability of curcumin. AB - The photodecomposition of curcumin when exposed to UV/visible radiation is studied. The main degradation products are identified. The reaction mechanisms are investigated and the order of the over-all degradation reactions and the half lives of curcumin in different solvents and in the solid state are determined. PMID- 3765853 TI - Interaction of vinyl chloride with poly(vinyl chloride) by inverse gas chromatography: effect of monomer concentration, plasticizer content and temperature. AB - The interaction of vinyl chloride (VC) with poly(vinyl)chloride) (PVC) has been studied by inverse gas chromatography (IGC). The present work focusses on the effect of monomer concentration, temperature and plasticizer content. Values for thermodynamic parameters such as free energy (delta GS), excess free energy (delta GSXS), enthalphy (delta HS), entropy (delta SS) and activity coefficient (gamma S) corresponding to sorption of the monomer (VCM) by the polymer, have been calculated using chromatographic data. It was found that retention of VC by PVC is favored at lower monomer concentrations. Increase in temperature resulted in increase of delta GS, delta GSXS, and gamma S values corresponding to a less spontaneous process or a weaker interaction between VC and PVC. An increase in plasticizer content of the polymer resulted in an increase of degree of binding of the monomer. Data support the hypothesis that at significantly low concentrations of residual monomer, low storage temperatures and high concentrations of plasticizer, in the polymer, the probability of migration of VC from a plastics packaging material into a food contacting phase is markedly reduced. PMID- 3765854 TI - [Determination of piperazine in hen eggs with HPLC following oral administration]. AB - After oral administration of piperazine citrate to hens, this antihelmintic agent appeared unchanged in the eggs. After a therapeutic dose of ca. 0.9 g piperazine citrate per hen, a maximum level of 1.5 mg piperazine/kg egg was found two days after the application. The elimination half-life was 29 h and piperazine was found in the eggs up to 17 days after administration (limit of detection: 1 microgram/kg). Piperazine determination was performed by HPLC of the dansylderivative after clean-up by TLC. PMID- 3765855 TI - [Automated determination of 4,4'-diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS) and acetyl metabolites (MADDS and DADDS) in milk with the FAST-LC system]. AB - With the described method it is possible to determinate residues of Dapsone (DDS) and its acetylated metabolites (mono- and diacetyldapsone) in milk. The determination is being carried out with a FAST-LC system (Fully Automated Sample Treatment Liquid Chromatography). The purification is a combination of dialysing the milk against water and absorption of the nonpolar components from the dialysate on the preconcentration column of the LC-system used (RP, 40 microns). With back-flush, the concentrate is being injected into the analytical column (RP 8, 5 microns). The detection is being carried out with the help of a UV absorbance detector, at a wavelength of 296 mm. The detection limit is approximately 2 micrograms/l (DADDS: 5 micrograms/l). The required amount of the sample is 5 ml. The recovery, reproducibility and linearity for the three components in milk are good. PMID- 3765856 TI - Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) in leaf lettuce. AB - Twenty-three samples of leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa) cultivated in private gardens in southern Finland were analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and derivatives. The total PAH concentrations varied from 4.8 to 94 micrograms/kg fresh weight. Nitro derivatives of PAH were detected in only five samples. One lettuce sample was also analyzed for PAH oxy-derivatives. 9H Fluoren-9-one (1.3 microgram/kg) and 6 H-benzo[cd]pyren-6-one (0.3 microgram/kg) were found. The profiles of PAH in lettuce were compared with those in ambient air. It was concluded that PAH in lettuce originate from deposition of PAH containing particles present in ambient air. PMID- 3765857 TI - [Prevention, public health and science]. PMID- 3765858 TI - [AIDS: information as a means to prevention]. AB - Objective information for the groups exposed to the disease and the public in general is the only step that is currently possible in the prevention of AIDS. A certain number of information and support actions have been developed as a consequence of the appearance of AIDS in Switzerland. The AIDS information hot line at the CHUV is one of these actions with the aim of orienting the information according to demand and examining the utility of this means, we made a prospective evaluation of the calls (between 23 October 1985-inception of the line and 31 March 1986). Out of a total of 535 calls, 317 requests for appointments (tests, consultation) or written documentation, and 218 (41%) were transferred to the doctor; 39% of the calls came from people who were directly concerned (ill, with a positive test, exposed groups), 11% from health professionals, and 47% from the general public. 56% of the calls were concerned with transmission of the disease (sexual, blood, indirect), 22% with the meaning of the detection test, 22% referred to the symptoms of the disease. According to the doctor's estimate, although the standard of knowledge is satisfactory in 55% of the cases, a considerable number of false ideas, that generate irrational fear, still persist. This hot-line thus provides a sympathetic ear and individual support, particularly for the exposed groups, rather than information about the disease. The existence of this action, therefore, appears justified, but must be integrated into a global strategy of information promotion. PMID- 3765859 TI - [Evaluation of a school health program for high school and gymnasium students in the canton of Vaud: methodological tools]. AB - A pilot health school programme has been set up on an experimental way since January 1984 in a few professional and high schools of the Canton of Vaud. The paper presents the methodological tools that will allow an evaluation of various aspects of this experience, which has lasted for three years. The process will be evaluated among three populations: the pupils, the teachers and the members of the health team. The results will be evaluated in two fields: the screening of hypertension and tuberculosis on one side and the outcome of individual counseling on the other side. The paper illustrates both the utility and the difficulties linked to the setting up of such an evaluation process: it underlines the complexity of choosing indicators that are useful accessible and acceptable among the huge number of available data. PMID- 3765861 TI - [Evaluation of 2 school mediator courses on alcohol and tobacco problems. Collective analysis versus group analysis]. AB - Secondary school pupils were trained to serve as mediators on alcohol and tobacco problems in their classes. Evaluation was based on danger in behaviour regarding tobacco and alcohol in their classmates. Classes without any influence of mediators served as controls. Increased knowledge and motivation to abstain from alcohol and tobacco were measured. In this survey the individual dynamics of each class and the teacher's influence interfered with the mediators effect. If these facts are taken into account, such projects may become useful tools in health education. PMID- 3765860 TI - [Frequency and function of the cytological examination of cervical smears: 1967 83 data from Geneva]. AB - A case control study is carried out in Geneva with the purpose of estimating the efficacy of screening. Analysis of the collected data reveals: an increase in attendance to screening since 1968 except for a distinguishable inversion of this trend since 1982/1983; the importance of this test as a way of confirming diagnosis aside from its detection function. PMID- 3765862 TI - [Influences on neuromotor development of 5 to 10-year-old children in Basel]. AB - In a longitudinal study concerning somatic, psychic, and social development of children in Basle, the neuromotor development at the age of 5 and 10 years was examined. Motor retardation shows significant correlations with psychic and social development. The way 5 year old children of working mothers have been taken care of showed a significant influence on motor development. A retardation in motor development of kindergarten children indicates an increased probability for further retardations in school age, too. PMID- 3765863 TI - [Health promotion on the federal level. Goals, structures and main effort of the section for the prevention of the Federal Department for Public Health]. AB - The newly created section for prevention at the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH) is concentrating its health promotion activities according to the strategies for 'Health for all by the year 2000' on the following points: National policies (target 13 for WHO European region): To increase participation of specialists in prevention and intensify discussion on aspects of health promotion in federal consultative commissions to improve collaboration with parliamentary groups concerned with health policy. Research strategies (target 32): To shift research funds of the FOPH from curative to preventive activities, with possible expansion of the budget for research (taking on the responsibility for the distribution of the funds according to article 43a of the alcohol law, and studying the possibilities of creating a special fund for prevention); to define main research topics in line with the special interests of the federal administration and the consultative commissions; to elaborate guidelines on research support by the FOPH in accordance with other research funding bodies in Switzerland. National legislation (target 33): The cantons do not wish a federal law on prevention; therefore the remaining possibility is to complete existing laws relating to health and to create reglementations on the distribution of funds for prevention. Managerial process (target 34): The federal government cannot interfere with concrete actions for health promotion but it can intensify the collaboration with the decision making bodies in politics and administration (create a forum for cantonal contact persons on questions of addiction and prevention, collaboration with consultative commissions). PMID- 3765864 TI - [Determinants in decisions for the utilization of an ambulatory medical service]. AB - The purpose of this research is to know more about the factors determining the decision to see a doctor. Especially the influence of characteristics of the delivery system (e.g. differences between urban and rural regions) and characteristics of users (e.g. social class) are investigated. In this article the conceptual frame of the study is described. The model is based on assumptions of the action-decision-theory. It structures the process of decision and action into four phases: the first two, perception and interpretation, are summarized as "process of attention"; the subsequent ones, coping and evaluation, as "process of acting". The model describes the social system (the total of demographic, socio-structural and socio-economic variables) and the memory system (contained within the individual life history) as mediating factors influencing the decision to act. PMID- 3765865 TI - [Expectations concerning physician consultation]. AB - Immediately prior to their consultation of a physician 259 ambulatory patients were interviewed concerning their expectations of the interaction with the physician, the course and results of the consultation. From the responses received to open and closed questions several quasi-scales were developed. These scales showed correlations to variables such as nature of the medical problem, type of practice and socio-economic indicators. PMID- 3765866 TI - [Mortality differences according to socioeconomic group in Switzerland 1980: 15 to 74-year-old males]. AB - In this paper, SMRs by socio-economic group are given for Swiss men, aged 15 to 74. One of the classifications given is similar to the English Social Classes, the other is based on distinction of self-employed and white/blue collar wage earners by economic sector (agriculture, industry or services; Table 1). The resulting differentials are similar in size to those observed between men and women, and are present with both classification schemes. Some methodological issues are discussed: SMR's have been adjusted using a random sample of 3058 death certificates from 1981 linked to their census records. Quality of occupational information does not deteriorate much up to age 74. These results are of interest as Switzerland has enjoyed an unprecedented spell of full employment and rising wages between 1950 and 1980. Implications for social security are mentioned. PMID- 3765868 TI - [Psychophysiological reactivity in relation to type A behavior]. AB - This relationship was examined in 77 healthy men. Stress reactivity in the 26 Type A was not more increased than in the 12 Type B men for the cardiovascular variables (heart rate, pulse transit time, finger vasoconstriction and blood pressure), but for body movement, EMG, respiration frequency. Body movement and EMG were the best predictable physiological variables for the Type A behavior pattern, and this mainly in the two speech tests. PMID- 3765867 TI - [Heterogeneity of breast cancer]. AB - Breast cancer is in many aspects a heterogeneous disease. This becomes also evident in family studies. The families of 116 women with breast cancer with 50 years and less at diagnosis were compared to than of 161 breast cancer patients with 51 years and more with respect to breast cancer in the relatives. Younger breast cancer patients had more second degree relatives with breast cancer. Probands with a positive family history were on the average 10 years younger than probands with a negative family history. A positive family history increases breast cancer risk by 4.3 times for first degree relatives and by 2.3 times for second degree relatives in comparison to the general population. These results point to an etiological heterogeneity of breast cancer. PMID- 3765869 TI - 3D display of stillbirth in Indonesian obstetrics. Part 7: Expansion to neonatal death. PMID- 3765870 TI - 3D display of stillbirth in Indonesian obstetrics. Part 8: Component analysis (intra-/antepartum). PMID- 3765871 TI - [Skinfold measurement and body fat: precise assessment of excess weight in an epidemiologic survey?]. AB - By definition, obesity corresponds to the presence of a mass of fatty tissue that is excessive with respect to the body mass. Body fat can be calculated in terms of age and sex by measuring the skinfold thickness in several different places. During the MONICA project, the survey of cardiovascular risk factor prevalence enabled us to measure the thickness of four skinfolds (biceps, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac) in 263 inhabitants of Lausanne (125 men, 138 women). In men aged 25-34, 21 +/- 5% of the body mass was composed of fat, in women 29 +/- 4%. The proportion of fat increases to 31 +/- 7% in men and 41 +/- 6% in women aged 55-64. A robust regression allows body fat to be simply expressed in terms of the body mass index. This allows us to confirm the validity of this index for evaluating the degree of obesity during an epidemiological study. PMID- 3765872 TI - [The contribution of alcohol to nutrition: addition or substitution according to cultural origins]. AB - The relation of alcohol intake to diet is analyzed through multiple linear regression for a sample of 475 males living in Geneva. Control variables are age, relative weight index, marital status and employment status. Whereas alcohol is associated with higher dietary intake for people of mediterranean origin, it tends to replace food calories for natives of german speaking areas. PMID- 3765873 TI - [Nutrition education in kindergarten: results of an intervention study]. AB - The nutrition intervention in the case of the 3 target groups (children, kindergarten teachers and parents) with regard to knowledge, awareness of nutrition problems, efforts to make changes and the achieved improvement in eating habits met with partial success. Six months after the intervention, this partial success was already in some cases declining, a factor which with an extension of the programme to all kindergartens in the canton of Basel-Stadt will have to be taken into account. PMID- 3765875 TI - [Deliberate and good eating. A campaign in the student dining hall of Zurich University]. AB - In cooperation with the management of the cafeterias of the University of Zurich the Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine intended to show that good eating is not contrary to healthy eating. This message was presented verbally (exhibition and pamphlets) as well as practically (healthy menus). The campaign lasted two weeks. A pamphlet containing the nutritional basics for each of the ten menus was distributed every day. The exhibition presented the nutritional highlights with emphasis on health and environment. The impact of the campaign was evaluated with a written questionnaire. PMID- 3765874 TI - [Fast food--an analysis of the consumer profile of 2 typical representatives of these chains]. AB - By a questionnaire survey the customers of two fast food chains have been analysed. Personal characteristics, motivation and frequency of fast food consumption and knowledge in correct nutrition varied significantly between the two customer groups. PMID- 3765876 TI - [A passive sampler for nitrogen dioxide]. AB - Passive samplers run without electric power supply, are easy to handle and thus are suitable for exposure measurements in epidemiological studies, to evaluate indoor air quality, to control ambient concentrations etc. Passive sampler values agree with continuous measuring apparatus within 85 to 105% and the lower detection limit is 4 micrograms/m3 for a one week exposure or longer. PMID- 3765877 TI - [Measurement and evaluation of environmental odors]. AB - The odor problem in the vicinity of a sludge drying plant was solved by installation of a biofilter. The success of this measure was examined by olfactometric measurements such as dilution to threshold determination and scaling of hedonic tone. The odor emissions were evaluated by questioning of the population in the neighbourhood of the plant. The question of acceptability was answered by a simple empiric model based on the percentage of highly annoyed people in the afflicted areas. PMID- 3765878 TI - [Exposure to involuntary smoking in local indoor air. Problems linked to the measurement of exposure to tobacco smoke]. AB - A brief and critical review of the physical and chemical markers of ETS was made as well as the techniques which were used to measure their concentrations in indoor air. Despite the existing data, more investigations and measurements are needed to characterize the exposure to ETS and their health effects. PMID- 3765879 TI - [Ergonomic problems in cash register jobs at self-service stores]. AB - By means of inquiry and work place inspection health and ergonomic problems of jobs on diverse cash register systems were investigated, taking into account larger shopping centers as well as smaller self-service shops in various parts of Switzerland. A lot of work place inconveniences, e.g. current of air = 62%, tiresome goods handling = 31%, limited scope for movement = 30%, unsuitable seat = 23%, etc., as also construction and arrangement short comings related to definite types of cash register boxes, obviously resulting in an increased incidence of bodily ailments (back pain = 55%, arm pain = 43% visual troubles = 42%, etc.) were identified. Based on this investigation and on ergonomic analysis of different types of work place arrangements, recommendations were made on the planning and construction of cash register set-ups and on the organisation of work. PMID- 3765880 TI - [Principles of decisional analysis applied to the screening for occupational diseases: the example of occupational fluorosis]. AB - In this paper, two oral presentations are combined. The first described the broad aspects of decision analysis and the second mentioned those medical data which need to be gathered in order to apply the model to industrial fluorosis. For this purpose, biological and medical observations were collected, both from workers of the aluminium industry and from controls. The five successive steps for building up a decision tree are then demonstrated, the aim of which being to evaluate the fitness of a screening strategy. A computer programme has been developed which may be applied both to occupational or non occupational diseases. Referring to industrial fluorosis, the computerized decision tree showed that screening with preshift urinary fluor, clinical and radiological signs, plus bone fluor rate is required, as soon as the risk corresponds to a 7% prevalence of the disease. PMID- 3765881 TI - [Monitoring of persons exposed to perchloroethylene or styrene]. AB - Forty-nine employees exposed to perchloroethylene (dry cleaning) and 41 employees exposed to styrene (fiber reinforced polyester) are compared to a control group of 68 persons. Symptoms such as dizziness, mouth dryness, fatigue, mucous membranes and skin irritation appear more frequently among the exposed groups, while liver and kidney functions remain unchanged. This study demonstrates that medical examination, industrial hygiene survey and biological monitoring can complement each other in the evaluation of work conditions. PMID- 3765882 TI - [Salt and blood pressure]. AB - Current information on the relationship between sodium and blood-pressure regulation is reviewed from the point of view of epidemiological, clinical and experimental research, as well as evidence from intervention studies. Among other cations, calcium also has an influence on blood pressure. Epidemiological studies in particular are handicapped by the difficulties inherent in measuring salt intake in individuals with adequate accuracy. Despite remaining uncertainties and the need for further investigation, available data from different sources and a considerable number of studies justify the recommendation that the average daily salt intake of the population should not exceed 5 g (NaCl), corresponding to 85 meq or mmol of sodium (Na). This is a goal which should be approached gradually, paying simultaneous attention to other factors likely to be involved in the primary prevention of hypertension, especially overweight, and the maintenance of a sufficient supply of iodine and fluor for which salt is used as a vehicle in many countries. PMID- 3765883 TI - Colonic oesophageal replacement in children--functional results. AB - Since 1961 colonic replacement of the oesophagus has been performed in 38 patients of whom 16 were followed up long-term. The main indication was caustic soda injury to the oesophagus. We prefer a single-stage retrosternal isoperistaltic left colon interposition, based on the ascending branches of the left colic artery, with concomitant pyloroplasty. Oesophagectomy was not performed. The main complications were vascular insufficiency, upper anastomotic leak and subsequent stricture formation. Long-term follow-up (mean 9.5 years) revealed functional acceptance with normal swallowing, absence of pulmonary and gastrointestinal complications and rapid emptying of a passive conduit. Upper cervico-colonic anastomotic stricture of various degrees occurred in 14 per cent of the patients (5 of 35 patients). PMID- 3765884 TI - [Effects of neurogenic disorders of bladder emptying on ureteral function- results of ureteral pressure measurements in children with myelomeningocele]. AB - In 9 out of 10 children with myelomeningocele, the effects of the neurogenic disturbances of micturition on the upper urinary tract were studied by measuring the ureteral pressure. The impairment of the outflow leads to an increase in the ureteral basic pressure and to a reduction and later to the loss of the amplitudes of contraction. If therapy is initiated in time the ureter is able to recover. We found in each case a basic pressure difference from proximal to distal. Its connection with the impairment of the outflow requires further study. PMID- 3765885 TI - [Comparative results of ileal conduit and colonic conduit. Analysis of 50 children with bladder exstrophy]. AB - During the last 20 years 50 children with exstrophy of the bladder were treated in the Department of Paediatric Surgery of the Children's Hospital of Cologne employing besides other surgical methods such as primary closure, ureterosigmoideostomy, ureterocutaneostomy etc., in 15 cases an ileal conduit and in 12 cases a colonic conduit. These children could be followed up on the average 8.5 or 3 years after the operation, clinically, roentgenologically and in some cases via scintigraphy. Late complications requiring surgical correction, such as stomatostenoses, conduit elongation, stenoses of the ureterointestinal anastomosis, calculus formation in the conduit, or complications like ureteral reflux, recurring infections of the urinary passages with pyelonephritis, occurred only with ileal conduits, whereas no late complications requiring surgery were seen with the colonic conduits. Similar results in respect of late complications were found among the patients in Munich from 1955 to 1983 with 35 exstrophies of the bladder (13 ileal conduits, 1 colonic conduit) in which additionally an adeno-carcinoma was seen after ureterosigmoideostomy with fatal outcome. Hence, we are of the opinion that the method of choice is the preparation of a colonic conduit in patients with exstrophy of the bladder where primary closure is not possible because the bladder lamina is too small or already epithelialised. This approach offers the safest possible long-term protection of the primary normally positioned upper urinary tract. PMID- 3765886 TI - [Fractures and cartilage injuries of the knee joint in children]. AB - In the last decade we treated and followed up 48 children in the Department of Paediatric Surgery in Heidelberg with fractures and cartilaginous injuries of the knee joint. In 13 cases we could see severe osseous injuries localised at the epiphyseal plate. With decreasing frequency, the following conditions occurred: avulsion fractures of the intercondylar eminence, fracture of the tibia head in children, fractures of the patella and avulsions of the tuberositas tibiae. Furthermore, we report about the special problems of foreign bodies incorporated in the knee joints of children, particularly if sewing needles are involved. PMID- 3765887 TI - Anorectal electromyography in the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease. AB - Anorectal electromyography using intraluminal electrodes was done in nine patients with Hirschsprung's disease and in nine control patients with chronic constipation. In chronic constipation, many bursts of spikes were seen in both the anal canal and the rectum corresponding to contractions of the external sphincter muscle. These were propagated from the anal canal to the rectum. In contrast, in Hirschsprung's disease few bursts of spikes were seen in the rectum, and they were not propagated from the anal canal to the rectum, even if they corresponded to contractions of the external sphincter muscle. Thus anorectal electromyography proved to be a useful screening test for Hirschsprung's disease. The bursts of spikes were analysed by a signal processor that provided more precise details for the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease. PMID- 3765888 TI - [Animal experiment studies of free transplantation of striated muscles]. AB - Heterotopic autologous muscle transplants of the left soleus muscle were performed in 39 Wistar rats. In analogy to the method described by Hakelius, the muscle was implanted into the bed of the contralateral superficial flexor muscle of the fingers with a varying prestretch of 0, 25 and 50% of its original length at rest. The animals were sacrificed postoperatively after 5, 10, 20, 40 and 60 days and their musculature examined. It was found that revascularisation and reneurotisation depended on the degree of prestretching applied. If prestretching amounted to 25 and 50%, complete degeneration of the connective tissue of the transplanted muscle occurred. However, even if prestretching was only low, i.e. between 0 and 5%, only one-third of the muscle mass regenerated and was interspersed with connective tissue of low cellular and vascular content with cicatrisation. These findings were also seen--to a lesser degree--if the soleus muscle was only denervated. We can conclude from this that restretching plays a decisive role even in the transplantation of striated muscle, as far as revascularisation and reneurotisation are concerned, and that even under the most favourable conditions only part of the transplanted muscle retains its full functional capacity. Furthermore, direct nerve anastomoses between the pudendal nerve and a branch of the femoral nerve supplying the transplanted semitendinous muscle, were performed in four Syrian goats. It was found that neurotisation of the muscle via microanastomosis is preferable to diffuse reneurotisation via the transplant bed. However, problems arose in respect of the blood supply of the transplanted semitendinous muscle, when using the technique after Holle and Freilinger. PMID- 3765889 TI - Abdominal actinomycosis. AB - Abdominal actinomycosis seldom occurs before puberty. The symptomatology of abdominal actinomycosis is non-specific and the diagnosis is difficult to make. Previously, this condition was associated with a high mortality rate. The following patient had a flank abscess due to actinomycosis as a late complication of perforated appendix which was diagnosed by biopsy and culture. The patient responded to a prolonged course of chemotherapy with intravenous penicillin and metronidazole. This case illustrates the problems encountered in the diagnosis and management of childhood actinomycosis. PMID- 3765890 TI - Neonatal appendicitis: case report and a revised review of the English literature. AB - A case of perforated neonatal appendicitis in a surviving premature infant is presented. An up-dated review of the English literature on this subject is included. Of 111 cases with adequate documentation, 29 neonates had the inflamed appendix located within the inguinal hernial sac and survived after operation. In contrast only 24 (29%) of the remaining 82 patients with intra-abdominal acute appendicitis survived. The operative mortality rate in this review since 1901 with and without appendiceal perforation was 61% and 41% respectively. The diagnosis of acute appendicitis since 1976 was made at laparotomy in all patients except one, whereas it was made at necropsy in 57% of the cases of abdominal appendicitis that were reported previously. PMID- 3765891 TI - Torsion of the testis following previous "fixation". AB - Two cases of torsion of the testis following previous "fixation" are reported. Prompt recognition of this emergency situation and detorsion may save the ischaemic organ. The importance of adequate bilateral fixation of the testicles within the tunica vaginalis is stressed to prevent possible recurrences. PMID- 3765892 TI - Acquired hypoganglionosis after soave endorectal pull-through procedure--a case report. AB - A case of acquired neurogenic megacolon in a child is reported. The condition resulted after a Soave endorectal pull-through procedure for Hirschsprung's disease and was secondary to hypoganglionosis which developed in the pulled through segment. The clinical, radiological, and pathologic features as well as the successful surgical management of this case are described. PMID- 3765893 TI - [Psychotherapeutic competence]. PMID- 3765894 TI - [Psychogenic movement disorders in the mental handicapped. Differential diagnosis and therapy. Case report]. AB - The problems involved in treating psychogenic movement disorders in mentally retarded persons are pointed out. A psychoanalytic approach is doomed to failure because of the mental handicap. The authors report positive therapeutic results with a 17-year-old girl who had a severe hysterical movement disorder including sudden falls and a grotesque gait. Successful behavior therapy with this patient supports the hypothesis that conditioning was the chief factor in the maintenance of the symptoms and indicates that even severe mental retardation does not necessarily imply that there will be resistance to extinction. The individuals of greatest significance to the patient should, in the author's view, play an important part in the treatment program. PMID- 3765895 TI - [Treatment of compulsive eating disorders in an autistic girl by combining behavior therapy and pharmacotherapy. Case report]. AB - A young adolescent girl (13.5 years old) with a compulsive eating disorder and gross obesity was treated with a combination of behavior therapy and fenfluramine (Ponderax). The behavior modification program used was adapted from Reiss's program, an approach that had proven effective in individuals with hyperphagia and overweight who had no additional emotional problems or brain damage. In our patient the problem was complicated by the presence of autism, with compulsive eating being particularly ingrained as a form of stereotyped behavior. We therefore decided to administer fenfluramine concurrently because it is known to have both an appetite-depressing effect and a positive effect on behavioral disturbances characteristic of autistic individuals. During inpatient treatment the girl lost weight and showed changes in behavior. The changed eating behavior was still being maintained many months after discharge and after fenfluramine had been discontinued. We assume that drug treatment provided an important kind of support for the behavioral treatment program. Further, we attribute the emotional stabilization in this autistic girl to fenfluramine. We now plan to extend this treatment approach to other subjects with similar problems. PMID- 3765896 TI - [Determinants of the utilization of child psychiatric/psychological treatment and its success]. AB - Factors determining utilization of child psychiatric/psychological treatment facilities by children aged 8 to 13 were investigated as part of a longitudinal epidemiological study. Severity of psychiatric disorder proved to be the variable with the best predictive value. Conduct disorders, along with male sex, low IQ, learning disorders, adverse family circumstances, low social class and the loss of a biological parent were all factors leading to increased utilization of services. In contrast to severity of disorder, however, these variables explain only a relatively small amount of the variance in utilization. A comparison of treated children and a control group matched for age, sex, psychiatric diagnosis and severity of disorder revealed no significant differences in psychiatric status 5 years later. Even when duration and intensity of treatment were considered, there were no significant differences. It was found that although the treated children had experienced about the same number of life events as the control subjects, they perceived them as much more stressful; thus they apparently had less effective coping mechanisms. The results underscore the predictive significance of the psychiatric disorders themselves as well as the fact that nontreatment should not be equated with a negative course of illness or with irresponsible parents or guardians. PMID- 3765897 TI - [Results of treatment with clozapine in schizophrenic adolescents]. AB - The indications for administering clozapine to 21 adolescent inpatients with schizophrenia were insufficient response to other neuroleptic agents, likelihood of psychotic symptoms becoming chronic and extensive extrapyramidal side-effects from other neuroleptic agents. Marked improvement in or complete disappearance of most of the remaining psychopathological symptoms was seen in 11 of the 21 subjects, with at least some improvement seen in an additional 6. Vegetative side effects such as daytime weariness, dizziness, orthostatic hypotonia and hypersalivation were usually transient. Deviations from the normal range of values for the hematological and serum enzyme values assessed were of no clinical significance and occurred no more frequently than with other neuroleptic agents, and the values returned to normal when treatment was continued. On the whole, clozapine is a useful addition to the group of drugs available for treating adolescents with schizophrenia. PMID- 3765898 TI - [Incomplete child and adolescent psychiatric studies]. AB - Of the 5029 clients seen for the first time between 1973 and 1983, 229 (4.6%) dropped out before diagnostic evaluation could be completed. Data analysis showed above-average dropout rates for the items "adolescent," "only child," "job problems" and "drug abuse." A follow-up study was conducted in which those dropouts first seen during 1982-83 (N = 46) were questioned about the reasons for no longer coming. PMID- 3765899 TI - [Biochemical measurements of glucose metabolism in relation to cause of death and postmortem effects]. AB - This study was performed to examine the relationship between postmortem biochemical values and cause of death. The follow samples were taken from 399 corpses: cerebrospinal fluid (CSF; n = 376, suboccipital), blood (n = 158, femoral vein), and urine (n = 101, at autopsy). (See Table 1 for causes of death) All samples were stored at -80 degrees C. A further 100 samples of blood were later taken and stored at +4 degrees C before testing. Biochemical determinations made were: glucose in CSF, blood, and urine (hexokinase method); lactate (LDH/GPT) and free acetone (HS-gas chromatography) in CSF; hemoglobin A1 in blood (microcolumn technique). In 34 cases fatal diabetic coma was considered verified by morphological and chemical findings. One hundred cases of sudden cardiac death were chosen as the main control group. In 32 of the 34 cases defined above, the value of the formula of Traub (glucose + lactate in CSF) exceeded 415 mg/dl. It is not influenced significantly by hyperglycemia or hyperlactatemia due to factors other than diabetes (i.e., carbon monoxide, asphyxia). After death the value rose till the 30th hpm, then remained stable for at least 1 week. Fatal coma was defined as the ketoacidotic form if free acetone in CSF ranged above 21 mg/l. In these cases, CSF glucose and free acetone correlated positively. Hemoglobin A1 remained stable after death. Its amount was independent from postmortem blood glucose, postmortem interval and total hemoglobin. Furthermore, the manner of storage (-80 degrees or +4 degrees C) had no significant influence on its values. In 29 of 34 cases of fatal coma, Hb A1 exceeded 12.1%. Analysis of urine glucose showed elevated levels (over 500 mg/dl) in diabetic comas. On conclusion, fatal diabetic coma seems indicated as the cause of death if measured values of postmortem biochemistry exceed the following limits: CSF-Traub 415 mg/dl, free acetone (CSF) 21 mg/l; Hb A1 12.1%; urine glucose 500 mg/dl. Most important are the Traub formula and hemoglobin A1. Usually, in fatal coma both values are elevated. If both of them are normal, diabetic coma can nearly be excluded. Combined evaluation of all values is absolutely necessary. Morphology must also always be taken into account. Consequently, a diagnosis of fatal coma can be obtained by a process of elimination. PMID- 3765900 TI - [Circumstances at the time of death in drug fatalities]. AB - The circumstances in drug-related deaths were investigated in this study. The basic client sample was composed of 743 drug addicts of the opiate type who had been admitted into the institute's drug-free outpatient program from 1969 to 1982. In this program, 91 clients died during the observation period. In order to be able to judge the various backgrounds adequately, a multiply subdivided classification system was developed for the death cases. Each case was recorded in three main categories: manner of death, cause of death, and phase of addiction. This was a more elaborate procedure than those commonly used since, in general, such death cases are only subdivided into a few groups that differ little from one another. Two manners of death predominated in this sample: accidents caused by poison (62%) and suicide (25%). Within in the various causes of death, poison cases prevailed (80%) and opiate intoxication (single or combined) was predominant (60%). Concerning the phase of addiction two phases were distinguished: the actual drug addiction phase (65%) and the intramural stay in prison or a hospital (25%). There were no significant sex-related differences. Various combinations regarding the mechanism of lethal opiate intoxication of drug addicts were scrutinized, concentrating on three approaches: the lack of opiate tolerance after periods of abstinence, the synergistic effect of simultaneously taking other CNS-depressant drugs, and differences in concentration in the heroin used. Our conclusions are given from the point of view of adequate counseling for drug addicts. PMID- 3765901 TI - [Stab injuries of the skull and brain]. AB - A few cases of skull and brain stab wounds are described and the clinicodiagnostic problems discussed. The injuries often remain unrecognized because the external wound often appears harmless, there are no neurological symptoms, or the clinical picture is interpreted as drunkenness, blunt injury or as another disease. The importance of a precise physical examination of the whole patient's head is pointed out. The refined methods used in modern radiodiagnostics of the skull are the most helpful in correctly recognizing these injuries; there are reports of patients with severe injuries who recovered when the correct diagnosis had been established. PMID- 3765902 TI - [A rare cause of 2 unclear fatalities: undiagnosed acute and chronic amebiasis]. AB - Two cases are reported of unexpected and unclarified death caused by an infection with Entamoeba histolytica. The first case concerned a German whose disease was not diagnosed during the asymptomatic phase (2 years' duration) or in the acute phase during the last 3 weeks before death. This is typical of the disease. In the final phase, he developed a hepatic abscess. Death occurred as a consequence of bilateral apoplexia in the adrenal glands. In the second case a Turk fell ill with gastralgia and diarrhea. Developing hepatic insufficiency with comsumptive coagulopathy, he died after 6 days. Intoxication and/or intolerance of fructose were assumed as tentative diagnoses. These two cases show clearly that even outside an endemic area, one has to reckon with the possibility of amebiasis. PMID- 3765904 TI - The polymorphism of plasminogen (PLG) by ultrathin-layer isoelectric focusing. Distribution in the Veneto population (Italy). AB - The distribution of plasminogen phenotypes in the population of Veneto was investigated by ultrathin-layer isoelectric focusing. In our sample (n = 1325), the three common phenotypes PLG1, PLG2, PLG2-1 and two further phenotypes PLG1-V and PLG2-V were, observed and the following frequencies calculated: PLG1 = 0.84038; PLG2 = 0.15811; PLGV = 0.00151. These gene frequencies are compared to those found in other populations. Analysis of 41 mother-child pairs was in agreement with an autosomal codominant inheritance. PMID- 3765903 TI - [The phenomenology and morphology of spontaneous fatal cerebral aneurysmal hemorrhages]. AB - Hemorrhages from rupturing aneurysms in the main cerebral arteries are repeatedly the object of forensic dissection. The victims are often relatively young, death is sudden and unexpected, and there is no known history of serious illness. Of a total 62,888 dissections carried out by the Institut fur Rechtsmedizin of the Free University of Berlin (1956-1984), the University of Hamburg (1970-1984), and the University of Munich (1964-1984), there were 246 such cases (0.39% of the dissected material); 122 were male and 124 female. To compare possible differences between these cases and clinically conducted autopsies with regard to localization and extent of the aneurysm, age and sex of the deceased, an evaluation of the dissected material of the Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital, Hamburg-Eppendorf (1960-1984) was carried out simultaneously in altogether 160 cases, 66 male and 94 female. The phenomena are discussed. In the morphological findings, particular attention is focused on the occasional difficulty in establishing the source of the hemorrhage, which is of crucial importance when differentiating from traumatically caused hemorrhages. Some specific, particularly problematic causes (e.g., where errors were made in medical treatment), are presented in the form of case histories. PMID- 3765905 TI - [Postmortem exsiccation of the fingertips--results of a systematic quantitative and qualitative experimental study]. AB - To date there have been no results published on qualitative and quantitative time related changes with regard to desiccation of human fingertips post mortem. The fingertips of 52 hands from 36 corpses were qualitatively examined soon after death (2-6 h) to 120 h post mortem. The quantitative investigations were confined to the tips of the middle fingers. The width of three adjoining ridges of the skin was measured in four defined areas of the middle fingertips, and photographs were taken at intervals of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 20, 26, 32, 44, 50, 60, 72, 84, 96 and 120 h p.m. Concerning the qualitative test results, four time-related stages were classified macroscopically and by a pocket lens (X25). Desiccation stage IV correlates to the period 72 h after death in bodies found in apartments. Besides the rough, wrinkled, and brown or black surface of the fingertips, microwrinkles of the epidermis occur on the skin ridges, which have so far not been described. The quantitative results did not show any changes in the width of the skin ridges, independent of age, sex, right or left hand. PMID- 3765906 TI - [Isoenzyme determinations as aids in the identification of biological traces]. AB - The findings are described that were determined after a fatal traffic accident. By means of blood and isoenzyme typing, a piece of tissue adhering to the bottom of a car was ascribed to the victim. PMID- 3765907 TI - [Psychosomatics--a balancing enterprise?]. AB - The present article supports the opinion of the main difficulty in psychosomatics being both in theory and in practice the consequent enforcement of our working hypothesis concerning the unity of body and soul against our spontaneous conception of the psyche as an immaterial entity. Furthermore, based upon the physiology of affects, an attempt is made at procuring a concept of the "psycho somatic" unity with the aid of "exact imagination". As a further step the physical processes triggered by stress factors, i.e. the so-called stress together with the ensuing stress syndromes, are described. In analogy, the physical correlates of neurotic conflicts of ambivalence may be described as strain and the resulting disorders as strain syndromes. Finally, experimental findings confirming the above theories are presented. PMID- 3765908 TI - [Beginning of the session in psychoanalytic therapy]. AB - This paper deals with a concept for structural comprehension of individual psychoanalytic and psychoanalytic-oriented therapy. The beginning of the respective therapeutic session is viewed within the concept of the precipitating circumstances. That which is expressed at the onset of the hour is thus perceived as a compromise formation originating in the Ego. The paper confines itself to the verbal aspects of this compromise. As a rule, the subject dealt with at the verbal onset of the session is modified during the course of the hour or is replaced by other subject matter. These modifications are viewed as variations on a constant unconscious basic theme. PMID- 3765909 TI - [Catamnestic results of 64 patients--5 years following inpatient psychosomatic treatment]. AB - The present study is an attempt at evaluating with clinocosomatic, psychodiagnostic, and sociologic instruments the alterations achieved by (psychodynamically oriented) psychosomatic in-patient therapy. Out of a total of 64 patients who in 1975 had undergone treatment for an average period of two months 46 (i. e. 76.7 per cent) were available for re-examination after a five year interval. In two thirds of the patients the various complaints and the general autonomic instability had receded. The psychical and social situation had improved for between two thirds and three fourths of all re-examined patients both in their own opinion and in that of other people. Correspondingly there was a significant reduction in consultations at the physician's as well as days of disability and days of hospitalization per year. Factors contributing to a favourable diagnosis were: low age of the patient, short duration of complaint, substantial stress induced by the disease, and long-term in-patient treatment. PMID- 3765910 TI - [Castration attempts in the dream. Psychophysiologic research of dreams and psychoanalysis]. AB - The author gives a brief survey on psychophysiological correlational dream studies since 1953. Early optimism of physiologists and psychoanalysts on the possibility of building bridges between psyche and soma that could further the understanding of the dream over and above the psychoanalytic contributions has largely given way to more sober considerations. The subjective side of dreams and their importance for therapeutic and maturational processes has never been the subject of psychophysiologic investigation. Its objectives did not go beyond mere correlational studies of physiological events and dream content categories. Reductionist theories of certain neurophysiologists that conceive of the dream as an epiphenomenon of physiologic arousal were followed by some psychoanalysts' reconceptualization of oniric understanding. Psychological and physiological levels of interpretation must, for lack of a superordinate framework, be strictly kept apart. Psychophysiologic dream studies have, on the whole, added little to the understanding of the dream as a significant mental product of clinical importance. PMID- 3765911 TI - [Ulcer disease. Studies of patients with chronic recurrent duodenal ulcer in an attempt to differentiate subgroups based on age at disease onset, psychopathologic and biographical data]. AB - A group of 47 patients suffering from chronic recurrent duodenal ulcers was subdivided into two groups according to whether the first manifestation of the disorder occurred early or late in the life of each individual. A comparison of the two groups revealed that the patients in group I (early manifestation) had a larger number of constitutional handicaps along with a higher incidence of dispositional prior experience with regard to object loss and that they assumed social responsibility at an early age. Group II (late manifestation) was characterized by a larger number of depressive psychoses, a higher incidence of alcohol abuse, and by attempts at suicide. Apart from this, the patients in group II often complained of muscular pain syndromes. Patients in group I frequently exhibited the characteristics of the ulcer type described by Alexander as well as chronic anger. Patients in group II most often had the personality structure of so-called psychosomatic patients or suffered from depressive disorders affecting their personalities and from chronic anxiety. The two characteristics which were most typical for recidivation were: 1. Actualization of experienced bereavement and 2. unspecific activation as a result of the will to assert themselves in stress situations. In 41% of the cases there was evidence of somatic factors as e.g. starvation, abuse of alcohol or abuse of analgetics. Long-term prophylaxis has been effected by psychopharmacological agents as well as by psychotherapeutic techniques. PMID- 3765912 TI - [Schizoid versus hysterical personality structure. I: Symptoms and diseases]. AB - This part examines the symptoms and diseases of neurotics with either a schizoid (38) or a hysterical (70) personality structure, comprising 5% and 10% respectively of the first admissions in 7 years. Compared to the hysterical structure, schizoids more frequently show the following characteristics: they are men and have as their secondary component a mixed character structure, an earlier age of onset, a longer duration of illness but earlier referral for psychotherapy. They suffer mainly from psychic symptoms--depressive states and contact difficulties as the indicating signs. Further complaints are defective concentration, feelings of apprehension and difficulty in working, also bulimia and the inability to breathe deeply. They were mostly born between 1940 and 1959. Their relatives suffered from psychiatric disorders. Compared to the schizoids, hysterically structured individuals are almost exclusively women, their second most important structural component being obsessive-compulsive. They develop their illness later, have it for a shorter time and are referred for psychotherapy later. Their indicating signs manifest themselves more often somatically, less frequently as anxiety states or phobias. The symptoms occur simultaneously in several organ systems, particularly the respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract and the musculoskeletal system. Common symptoms are dyspnea and/or hyperventilation tetany, nausea, weight gain, frigidity and fluor as well as crying fits. They formerly suffered from gynecological disorders and had to undergo operations. They were mainly born between 1920 and 1939. Their relatives had cardiac disorders and their symptoms were identical or similar to those of their father. PMID- 3765913 TI - [Modified rapid test for the semiquantitative determination of cystine in the urine]. AB - The present study describes a modified method of the semiquantitative determination of cystine in the urine which is based on the decomposition of cystine by dithionite ions and formation of a mixed nickel/cystein/sulfide complex. The method is suitable as rapid and search test, it guarantees an acceptable reproducibility as well as the exactness of the values and is simply to be performed in every clinical-chemical laboratory. The criteria of analytic applicability are confirmed in comparisons of methods. It must be urged to treat fresh urines. PMID- 3765914 TI - [Long-term experience with the musculus rectus abdominis as a bladder replacement]. AB - During a six-year postoperative control of three patients the distal parts of the musculus rectus abdominis proved to be a favourable material for the plastic operation of the functional enlargement of the urinary bladder under preservation of the Nervus subcostalis XII. A weakness of the abdominal wall by the lacking part of the muscle was observed in no case. PMID- 3765915 TI - [Modern study methods in experimental nephrology]. AB - The investigation technique of the experimental nephrology comprise in-vivo and in-vitro methods. This order results from the increasing reduction of the size of the investigation object, beginning with the kidneys in the intact organism up to the subcellular structures. Modern investigation techniques such as the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry or the tubular microperfusion method with or without ion-selective micropotential measurement have opened new ways of approach and led to new recognitions concerning the function of the kidney in physiological and pathophysiological situations. To this among others belong the characterization of the tubulo-glomerular feedback and aspects of the humoral regulation of renal compensatory adaptation processes. It remains open whether in near future a new stage of experimental nephrology is beginning. It might take its starting point from the cultivation of nephronal cells and via bioartificial hybrid systems lead to new ways in simulating the tubular renal function. PMID- 3765916 TI - [Cytomorphologic diagnosis of iron utilization disturbance in chronic alcohol abuse]. AB - 45 consecutive patients with chronic alcohol abuse up to the day before admission were examined to determine to what extent the bone marrow smear can be used to detect alcohol abuse and to monitor abstinence. Bone marrow aspiration was performed within the first three days of admission and repeated an average of two weeks later in 35 patients. Using Prussian Blue staining, disturbances of iron utilization presented the most striking hematologic finding and were detected in 91% (41/45) of subjects. By contrast, both abnormal vacuolization of red and/or white cell precursors (in 38%) and megaloblastic marrow (in 27%) of patients respectively occurred significantly less often (p less than 0.005). However, if iron stores were fully depleted no sideroblasts were detectable. Obviously, iron deficiency limited the development both of normal and pathological sideroblasts. Sideroachrestic disturbances were divided into four degrees of severity according to frequency and types of sideroblasts. 3 pathological types of sideroblasts were differentiated: two forms of abnormal intermediate sideroblasts and ring sideroblasts, representing an increasing degree of sideroachrestic disturbance. The intermediate types were much more common than the ringed forms and therefore claim full attention. Abstinence from alcohol caused a highly significant decrease in sideroachrestic signs, as shown by the sideroblast score (p less than 0.005), which largely returned to normal in the period of examination. On the other hand, no significant decrease in the control value of the sideroblast score was observed in the patients which did not abstain from alcohol. PMID- 3765917 TI - [Experiences with combined cytologic and histologic findings of gastroscopic biopsy material]. AB - The results of simultaneous cytologic and histologic evaluation of biopsy material from ulcerative and infiltrative lesions of the stomach was evaluated. Cytologic analysis from different portions of the lesions made it possible to distinguish between peptic ulcers and ulcerated carcinomas. The former showed areas of fibrinoid necrosis. Although in malignant lesions necrotic foci may be identified in smears, they are never of the fibrinoid type. PMID- 3765918 TI - [The importance of preoperative fine needle aspiration cytology for the evaluation of thyroid gland nodes]. AB - The results of cytologic assessment of 2,287 aspirates from 2,200 patients with thyroid nodules (two thirds of which were "cold") are presented. The classification scheme proposed by Weiss and Pilz was used. The high predictive value of aspiration cytology in this clinical setting made it possible to limit surgical exploration to 10.6% of the patients examined. PMID- 3765919 TI - [Clinical pathology of chronic hyperplastic laryngitis. 1. The epithelial structure of the transitional zone of the larynx]. AB - Premalignant changes of the epithelium are most likely to be first observed in the transitional zone between squamous and respiratory epithelium in the larynx. The characteristics of this region were assessed in 115 biopsies. Considerable variation was observed in the type of epithelial lining and its grade of differentiation. Two types of glandular structures were seen: small salivary glands and adenoid crypts. The latter have not previously been described in this area. Morphologically they resemble Brunn's cell nests in the urinary bladder. The epithelium of the transitional zone with its crypts and pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia must be carefully distinguished from dysplasia. PMID- 3765921 TI - Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus strains, isolated from slaughtered poultry. AB - The extent of contamination in slaughtered poultry by strains of Staphylococcus aureus was investigated, as well as the origin of strains and the way of their transfer during operation of the poultry slaughterhouse. 45 strains were isolated from 175 swab samples from the surface and the body cavity of poultry and 8 strains from 23 workers of the slaughterhouse. 22 strains of St. aureus from the poultry were classified as biotype A (of human origin), according to the biochemical identification scheme by Hajek and Marsalek (1971), and 20 strains as biotype B (of poultry origin). 3 strains were not typable. 7 strains from the workers handling the poultry were classified as biotype A and one strain was not typable. Enterotoxins were produced mostly by strains of biotype A (13), by one strain of biotype B, and by one strain which could not be typified. The transfer of staphylococci from workers into the poultry was verified. PMID- 3765920 TI - [Peritoneal mesothelioma in asbestosis]. AB - The clinical and pathoanatomical findings from a 46 year old man with peritoneal mesothelioma in pulmonary asbestosis are described. The tumor arose 13 years after termination of a 10 year professional exposure to asbestos dust. The findings of asbestos bodies in the hilar and tracheobronchial lymph nodes is interpreted as evidence for transport of asbestos bodies in the lymphatic vessels from the lungs to the peritoneal cavity. In the case in question, numerous histological slides showed no asbestos bodies in the tumor tissue itself. The pathogenesis of mesotheliomas following exposure to asbestos is discussed. PMID- 3765922 TI - [Perforated appendicitis]. AB - Perforated appendicitis has remained to be a common finding of high severity. The causes of difficult diagnosis are discussed in some detail together with the reasons why indication for surgery is too often delayed. PMID- 3765923 TI - [Early operation of acute appendicitis--risk in unnecessary appendectomies]. AB - The authors have analysed their own surgical patients, with the view to establishing the rate of unnecessary appendectomy. Any operation is accompanied by a certain risk, including appendectomy. Hence, unnecessary interventions should be avoided. Complications usually concomitant with appendicitis may occur, as well, in the wake of unnecessary appendectomy. Yet, they are much more common, when an operation had been delayed. PMID- 3765924 TI - [Appendicitis in childhood]. AB - Appendicitis in infancy has proved to be accompanied by particular problems in general and differential diagnosis. Recommendations are made for proper establishment of case histories as well as for clinical examination and surgical approach, with reference being made to the authors' own experience. The authors' perforation rate was 7.3 per cent in more than 1,000 appendectomies on children (up to 20 per cent in literature). Reported in this paper is experience obtained from treatment of severe cases. PMID- 3765925 TI - [Perforated appendicitis in childhood--an apparently ever-present problem]. AB - An analysis was made of the authors' surgical patients in childhood with perforated appendicitis for two periods of time, 1957 to 1967 and 1971 to 1985. The rate of perforation remained to be high, with no change to the good being discernible. Hints are given on its possible reduction. PMID- 3765926 TI - [Acute appendicitis in pregnancy]. AB - Appendectomy was performed on 34 pregnant women between 1977 and 1984. These accounted for 1.1 per cent of appendectomies and 1.8% of all deliveries in the above period under review. The incidence of appendicitis during pregnancy did not appear to be very much below that outside gravidity. The foetus is endangered by hypoxaemico-toxic conditions in all phases but primarily during the last three months. Caesarean section should be precedent to appendectomy, at least in cases of advanced appendicitis and when the foetus is viable. With non-viable foetus, appendectomy should be performed alone. PMID- 3765928 TI - [Preoperative examination findings in patients with a perforated appendix]. AB - Symptoms and clinical findings recorded from 379 patients (6.7 per cent of all cases of appendectomy) with perforated appendicitis, between 1970 and 1984, were retrospectively evaluated. Children up to 14 years of age accounted for 32.8 per cent, adults for 37.8 per cent, and adults above 50 years of age accounted for 30.2 per cent of the above group. More than three typical appendicitis symptoms were recordable from only 30 per cent of all patients. Decompressive and jolting pain was the most common clinical symptom and was recorded from 66.6 per cent of the above 379 patients. 50 per cent of the patients did not exhibit leucocytosis, and normal body temperatures were measured from 21.1 per cent in spite of perforated appendicitis. The event of perforation occurred both six hours after onset of complaints as well as four days later. Obesity, enteritis, and cardiovascular diseases were the most common diseases established in concomitance with perforated appendicitis. 9 patients (2.3 per cent) died of the consequences of peritonitis or accompanying diseases. In patients with suspected appendicitis it is not justified to delay surgery even in the presence of serious associated disease. PMID- 3765927 TI - [Appendicitis in the aged]. AB - Peculiarities relating to appendicitis in advanced age are described in this paper, with reference being made to a prospective study conducted in 1982 into acute abdominal processes. Covered by that study were 545 patients with acute abdominal symptoms. Reference was also made to an evacuation of 890 cases of appendectomy performed between 1983 and 1985. Appendicitis was found to be relatively rare in advanced age and accounted for merely seven per cent of all appendectomies. Frequent reports on increased perforation rates in advanced age were confirmed by the authors' own findings. Presurgical diagnostic accuracy was between 70 and 75 per cent, relative to the surgeon's visual intra-operative findings. The assumption has to be made that in 25 to 30 per cent of all appendectomies the vermiform appendix processus is removed without detection of any acute inflammation. In patients in advanced age, particular attention should be given to renal and urinary tract findings with complaints that might encourage falsely positive indications for laparotomy. PMID- 3765929 TI - [Isolated invagination of the vermiform appendix]. PMID- 3765930 TI - [Local treatment of thermal injuries in children. Results of a multicenter study]. AB - The study described in this paper helped to establish the present position in locally delimited treatment of children for thermic injuries. 25 hospitals or other medical institutions were involved in the inquiry programme, including 16 departments of paediatric surgery and nine departments of general surgery. Studies were conducted also into 2 outpatient departments. The programme was centrally evaluated on the basis of 15 questions distributed, in the first place, in a questionnaire. Locally delimited treatment of cases of different severities was on the list together with an analysis of open and closed wound treatment and indications for surgery to cope with injuries of greater severity. Answers were sought to questions of burn blister treatment, and reference was made to surgical removal of necrotic foci as well as to advantages implied in two-session approach to post-necrectomy cases. A critical analysis is made of fractionated necrectomy. The important of synthetic skin substitutes is underlined. Locally delimited surgical therapy is associated with aspects relating to suture fixation, scarification, and change of dressing. Benefits and drawbacks are analysed. An evaluation was made of methods for after-treatment of cured burns and of celoid treatment. PMID- 3765931 TI - [Cysts of the parathyroid glands]. AB - Cysts of epithelial bodies are rare causes of hyperparathyroidism. Reported in this paper are 2 patients with clinical symptoms of hyperparathyroidism, high blood calcium levels and established hormones in their epithelial bodies. Cysts of epithelial bodies were diagnosed by means of angiography, computed tomography, and sonography. Various aetiological factors behind cyst formation in epithelial bodies are discussed. PMID- 3765932 TI - [Isolated indirect rupture of the diaphragm with simultaneous visceral prolapse]. PMID- 3765933 TI - [Hormonally active parathyroid gland cancer. Case report]. PMID- 3765934 TI - [Therapy of breast cancer]. AB - Mammary carcinoma is the most common cancer of women. A brief statistical account is followed by reference to operative techniques for mammary carcinoma, in general, and to stage-related therapy, in particular. Mention is made of the unresolved problem of systemic disease or locally delimited lesion, with latest knowledge being reported. For standard surgery to cope with stages I and II (III) modified radical mastectomy has replaced classical radical mastectomy. Adequate therapy for mammary carcinoma should be aimed not simply at enhancing survival rates but also at improving the quality of survival by achieving better aesthetic results and reducing morbidity. That objective can be accomplished by means of so called breast-preserving techniques. Large-scale international studies have produced evidence to their curative value. PMID- 3765935 TI - [Clinical significance of histologic mastopathy diagnosis using quantitative procedures]. AB - Examinations were applied to 101 patients with simple fibrocystic mastopathy (15 cases), proliferative mastopathy (52 cases), invasive ductal carcinoma in concomitance with mastopathy (21 cases), and normal mammary glands (13 probands) in a prospective clinico-morphological pilot study. The use of Robotron A 6471/AMBA-R, a system for automated microscopic image analysis, together with improved methods, has opened up new possibilities for early detection of precancerous changes of the mammary gland. Significant differences were identified between the two clinically relevant groups, II and III, of proliferative mastopathy by quantitative analysis of ductal epithelial proliferations through reproducible measuring data were obtained together with highly distinctive karyometric and histometric parameters. Multiparametrical analysis also provided suggestions to the effect that cases of proliferative mastopathy III, probably, break down into two groups with presumedly differentiated carcinoma risks. Hence, it may well be possible that the biological importance of atypical ductal epithelial proliferations differs from case to case. PMID- 3765936 TI - [Reduction plastic surgery of the female breast]. AB - Hypertrophy of one or both breasts of severe ptosis are indications for reducing mammaplasty. The women concerned are often exposed to considerable physical and psychic strains. Surgical results obtained from 50 patients are reported in this paper, with reference being made to complications. On follow-up assessment, almost all patients felt better after the operation and were satisfied with the surgical outcome, in spite of the scars left. PMID- 3765937 TI - [Metastasis of a melanoma in the breast]. PMID- 3765938 TI - Bacterial vaginosis treated with metronidazole. Effects on the vaginal microbiology by a single dose versus a five days regimen. AB - The microbiological vaginal flora was studied in 42 women with clinical findings consistent with the concept bacterial vaginosis (BV). The women and their consorts were treated with metronidazole (Flagyl), either a single dose of 2,000 mg or 400 mg three times daily for five days. Effect of treatment was assessed four weeks after its initiation. Clinical cure was attained in more than 80% of the cases and was the same irrespective of treatment. The microbiologic flora changed by treatment in direction to normal, i.e. lactobacilli regained predominance and reduction of Gardnerella vaginalis and anaerobic grampositive cocci was evident. There was no difference evident in the microbiological changes induced by the two treatment regimens. The findings support previous conclusions that BV represents a disorder of the vaginal milieu and is not the result of an infection with pathogenic microorganisms. PMID- 3765939 TI - [Results of 748 preventive appendectomies]. AB - From 1975 to 1984 748 incidental appendectomies were done on the occasion of gynecological laparotomy. In 73 per cent of the appendices no pathological finding was to be found. In 27% there were chronic inflammatory changes. Postoperative complications could be observed only in 2 cases. Because of bleedings from the appendicular artery relaparotomies were necessary. No other complications. Therefore incidental appendectomy is justified if special preconditions are taken into consideration. PMID- 3765940 TI - [Is Teflon treatment of female urinary incontinence still justified?]. AB - An analysis is made in this paper of therapeutic results obtained at Charite Berlin from 14 cases of pure stress incontinence and 6 cases of combined stress urge incontinence, with reference being made to general benefits and setbacks of transurethral Teflon injection to cope with female urinary incontinence. Five women underwent teflon therapy as the first operation performed on them. Seven women had had one operation before and the rest more than one. Continence was restored in 6 patients (30 per cent), and 3 patients (15 per cent) were improved. The presurgical situation was of minor influence. The definite result was outlined as early as three months from surgery. Urodynamically, Teflon had a favourable impact primarily on functional urethral length and on the stress quotient. However, elevation of the bladder base was radiographically detectable in less numerous cases. Only partial agreement was found to exist between objectivated improvement and subjectively perceived and reported therapeutic results, with falsely positive and falsely negative findings occurring with equal frequency. Micturition was insubstantially impaired by Teflon. However, it should be adopted as a matter of principle that in future teflon should no longer be applied to women for urinary incontinence unless conservative therapy or other surgical incontinence techniques must be skipped for whatever reasons and unless no more effective sphincter substitute is available. PMID- 3765941 TI - [Urodynamic follow-up of stress incontinent females following endourethral Teflon injection]. AB - We examined 7 women suffering from stress urinary incontinence in whom Teflon was injected endourethrally near the orificium urethrae internum 3-4 years ago. This management will not be a long-lasting therapy of stress incontinence. PMID- 3765942 TI - [Partial denervation of the bladder--last resort in the treatment of motor urge incontinence]. AB - In 21 women suffering from a severe motoric urge syndrome have been operated on with partial denervation of the urinary bladder according to Ingelman-Sundberg. The procedure was performed in 18 women unilaterally and in 3 bilaterally. Because of combined urge-stress-incontinence in 3 cases the plastic repair of pelvic floor was performed additionally with the unilateral nerve resection. With 5 recurrencies there has been a success rate of 75%. Out of 5 recurrencies 3 patients have been operated on twice, in 2 of them successively. The method founded by Ingelman-Sundberg is recommended as a ultima ratio for patients suffering from severe motoric urge syndrome which does not respond to conservative treatment. PMID- 3765943 TI - [Personal experiences with bladder training in the treatment of urge incontinence in the female]. AB - Anamnestic and urodynamical results are evaluated before and after bladder retraining drill (BRD) in women suffering from urge incontinence. A continence rate of 74% was determined 6 to 24 months after BRD. This agrees with dates reported by literature. Urodynamically we obtained an improvement of cystometric parameters (even in parts statistically significant). The values of the urethrocystographic angles and the urinary flow rate have been not changed. We could state that the BRD is a good possibility to realize multistep-therapy of female incontinence. PMID- 3765944 TI - [Are small urodynamic evaluation units competitive?]. AB - Urodynamic investigation allows a classification and differential diagnosis of disorders of the lower urinary tract. The number of parameters registered is fixed by patient selection and then economical feasibility of the urodynamic unit. Differentiating stress urinary incontinence and urge incontinence or neurogenic disorders, which is of clinical importance, small two-channel recorders showed to be a competitive screening-method. PMID- 3765945 TI - [Altitude exposure and staying at high altitude in pregnancy: effects on the mother and fetus]. AB - In this paper we review some effects of acute and short-term exposure to altitude on maternal and fetal cardio-pulmonary function. These effects may be seen during commercial aircraft flight or mountain ascent in cablecars. In addition cardio pulmonary changes during maternal exercise at altitude are discussed. Altitudes up to 2 500 m are well tolerated by mother and fetus in uncomplicated pregnancies. Slight maternal exercise does not provoke fetal heart rate changes. However, in pregnancies at risk, for example because of maternal smoking, precaution with exposure to altitude is justified. Particularly at risk may be stewardesses if they continue their strenuous work while pregnant. Living at high altitude (more than 2 500 m) the lower oxygen partial pressure has some well known negative effects on mother and fetus. The importance of the various mechanisms of acclimatisation and adaptation to hypoxaemia, and other factors influencing reproduction when living at high altitude are reviewed and discussed. PMID- 3765946 TI - [Significance of blood flow measurement in the cervix uteri in the 1st trimester of pregnancy]. AB - The authors examined the blood flow of the portio vaginalis uteri in the first half of pregnancy in 57 cases. Their age was between 16-37 years. 5 groups were established: 1. among healthy pregnant women 69 ml/min/100 g; 2. among hypoplasia 40 ml/min/100 g; 3. among anaemia 122 ml min 100 g; 4. among hyperemesis gravidarum 134 ml/min/100 g; 5. among anaemia + hyperemesis gravidarum 140 ml min 100 g were found. The blood flow of the groups 2-5 has significant differences in comparison to the healthy pregnants. PMID- 3765947 TI - [Changes in the reaction of the cardiovascular system to angiotensin II in pregnancy modified by aspirin]. AB - The experiments were done in pregnant and in nonpregnant rabbits, anesthesized with urethane. Arterial blood pressure was measured directly in carotid artery, estimating changes of blood pressure after infusions and injections of angiotensin II. It was found, that in pregnant rabbits systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure was higher than in non-pregnant animals. Aspirin was given into jugular vein and caused a significant decrease of blood pressure in both groups of animals during whole time of experiment. Aspirin augmented the elevations of blood pressure, caused by angiotensin II. PMID- 3765949 TI - Coagulase typing of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from animals. AB - Coagulase typing was performed on Staphylococcus aureus isolated from various animals. Of the 383 strains examined, 209 (54.6%) strains were typable and could be differentiated into 8 coagulase types. The remaining 174 strains were non typable with antisera against the 8 known types of coagulases. This suggests that many strains of S. aureus of animal origin may possess unknown types of coagulases. PMID- 3765948 TI - [Cytologic findings in ectopia of the decidua (deciduosis) of the portio vaginalis uteri]. AB - We report on the rare occurrence of decidual ectopy based on a own case. The diagnostic possibilities of colposcopy and particularly of cytology are discussed to avoid unnecessary excisions out of the cervix in pregnancy. PMID- 3765950 TI - The susceptibility of a strain of Leptospira interrogans serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae to amoxycillin, erythromycin, lincomycin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline and minocycline. AB - The failure of prophylactic penicillin to prevent a laboratory acquired case of Icterohaemorrhagiae leptospirosis prompted determination of the MIC and MBC of amoxycillin, erythromycin, lincomycin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline and minocycline for the infecting strain. Amoxycillin followed by erythromycin were the most effective, with MBCs of 0.5 mg/l after 7 days exposure and 0.1 mg/l after 21 days exposure respectively. Leptospires grew in the presence of high concentrations of tetracycline hydrochloride and oxytetracycline after prolonged incubation. This effect was less pronounced with minocycline, with MIC's of 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 mg/l after 7, 14 and 21 days exposure respectively. The MIC of lincomycin was 0.25 mg/l at each time interval. These results support the high dose, long duration antibiotic regimens recommended in the literature. PMID- 3765951 TI - Investigations into the location of Treponema hyodysenteriae in the cecum of experimentally infected young broiler chicks by light- and electronmicroscopy. AB - Numerous Treponema hyodysenteriae were present both on the mucosal surface and in the deep crypts of the cecum of young broiler chicks 7 and 14 days after inoculation with the treponemes. The treponemes in the ceca of chicks inoculated with 10(8) cells were observed more frequently than those of chicks inoculated with 10(7) cells. The treponemes in the ceca were observed by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The lesions were primarily confined to the cecum. Desquamation of epithelial cells, edema, leukocytic infiltration and hemorrhage were observed in the mucosae. PMID- 3765952 TI - Follow-up studies on IgM anti-HBc during chronic hepatitis B. AB - Sera of 190 HBsAg positive chronic hepatitis B patients were followed up for IgM class antibodies to hepatitis B virus core antigen (IgM-anti-HBc) by a commercial ELISA (Abbott) as well as a 19S(IgM) RIA until these antibodies were no longer detectable. IgM anti-HBc was detected only up to two of five years after onset of acute disease. The periods of detectable IgM anti-HBc in 34 chronic persistent and 36 chronic active hepatitis B (CPH, CAH) patients did not differ significantly on the basis of chi 2-test. 56% of the CPH and 47% of the CAH patients showed markers of infectivity in the sera recently cleared of IgM anti HBc. Sera of both the IgM anti-HBc positive CPH and CAH patients had on the average fivefold elevated aminotransferase (SGPT) activity. In sera recently cleared of IgM anti-HBc, mean SGPT activity was detected twofold the normal value in CPH and threefold in CAH patients. Inflammatory activity in the liver biopsies was seen highly increased both in the IgM anti-HBc positive CPH and CAH patients. Fibrosis was most progressed and cirrhosis observed mainly in the liver biopsies of the IgM anti-HBc cleared CAH patients. In 3 IgM anti-HBc cleared chronic hepatitis B patients (CPH n = 1, CAH n = 2) converted to anti-HBe, IgM anti-HBc was detectable anew after a HBV superinfection with other HBsAg subtypes. PMID- 3765954 TI - IXth International Congress of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. Atlanta, Georgia/USA, May 19-24, 1985. Abstracts. PMID- 3765953 TI - Rapid diagnostic methods for aspergillosis. AB - Conventional laboratory methods are always unsatisfactory for the antemortem diagnosis of systemic mycoses, especially aspergillosis, in immunocompromised patients and those with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), regardless of their age. There is increasing proof that aspergillosis is not limited to pulmonary, sinus or nasal regions. These facts, plus the high mortality rate, indicate a tremendous need for reliable and rapid methods of diagnosing this infection. Accordingly, refined techniques such as solid-phase radioimmunoassay (SPIRA), crossed-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), crossed-radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE), radioallergosorbent test (RAST), radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA), paper radioimmunosorbent test (PRIST), computerized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), biotin avidin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) are being considered or used in clinical laboratories for diagnosing aspergillosis. The advantages and limitations of the RIA, ELISA and GLC methods are briefly discussed. PMID- 3765955 TI - [Transdural penetration of sequestered hernias of lumbar intervertebral disks]. AB - Long-lasting, high-degree, degenerative alterations of the vertebral column and the abnormal fixation of the dural sac as pathogenetic factors of a transdural advancing of sequestered lumbar hernia of the intervertebral disks are discussed. PMID- 3765956 TI - [Spinal epidural abscess: an interdisciplinary emergency]. AB - On the basis of fifteen own observations in the years 1978 to 1984 as well as the literature, clinic diagnostic and therapy of epidural spinal abscess are represented. Myelography and CT are the leading methods after clinic and neurology must already lead to a hospital admission in case of the slightest signs of an incipient transverse lesion of te cord with paraplegia. Laminectomy as well as suction and through-drainage are methods of choice, conservative treatment is an exception. PMID- 3765957 TI - [Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) as a primary finding in the central nervous system]. AB - The clinical picture is dealt with on the basis of seven cases of primarily recognised non-Hodgkin's lymphomas in the CNS treated by us. Because of the frequently serious initial situation immediate surgical intervention can on the one hand improve or remove the paralysis and, on the other, it will lead to histological diagnosis. Elderly patients with a lower degree of malignity show a better prognosis. PMID- 3765959 TI - Relationship between the spinal accessory nerve and the posterior root of the first cervical nerve in spasmodic torticollis and common autopsy cases. AB - Operative findings on the topographical relationship of the spinal root of the accessory nerve to the posterior root of the first cervical nerve in 30 patients suffering from severe spasmodic torticollis are compared with anatomical findings in 50 common autopsy cases. Anastomoses between the SRAN and DRC 1 were found much more frequently in torticollis-patients (87%:46%). These results support the hypothesis of a peripheral pathogenic factor in the etiology of ST. PMID- 3765958 TI - [Delayed encephalopathy]. AB - A specific clinical course of light covered craniocerebral traumas patients, corresponding to 2 per cent of all clinically treated craniocerebral traumata. Twilight states and transient neurological and ophthalmological symptoms characterise the clinical picture. The prompt reversibility of the symptoms indicates a functional damage requiring a differential-diagnostic consideration of morphological sequelae of traumas, for which instrumental diagnostics and, if required, surgical consequences are necessary. PMID- 3765960 TI - [Meningiomas of the spinal canal. Clinical aspects and long-term results]. AB - Within a period of 27 years a total of 102 patients (93 women, 9 men) were operated on because of a spinal meningioma. With a mean duration of the disease of 25 months, about two thirds of the meningioma carriers were operated on in an advanced stage of the disease. In the period of follow-up examinations of at least three years an improvement occurred in 68.8 per cent of the patients. Of these 53.9 per cent were able to walk by themselves and 14.7 per cent needed help, 18.6 per cent became fit for work in their professions or trades. Fourteen patients (13.7%) were in a condition requiring special care. The total mortality rate related to three years post operationem was 17.6 per cent. The prognosis for the benign meningiomas in the spinal canal is clearly diminished by a retarded recognition. PMID- 3765961 TI - Developmental narrowing of the spinal canal in the lumbar region. AB - Developmental narrowing of the spinal canal in the lumbar region is one of the most controversial subjects from the point of view of the significance of the neurological syndrome, the value of spondylometric assessment and methods of treatment. Among 1,196 patients operated on in our neurosurgical centre during the last 18 years because of symptomatic sciatica the authors diagnosed developmental narrowing of the spinal canal in 29 cases (2.4%). The diagnosis was made mainly on routine X-ray plates, functional X-rays, X-ray contrast examination and tomograms with indicator of known size placed at the level of the spinal canal. Among operative methods we used laminectomy and fenestration. The choice of a suitable method for a given case depended mainly on the condition during operation but the extent of the operation depended on myelography. The results of treatment during a 10 years following-up were assessed as satisfactory. PMID- 3765962 TI - [Hypophyseal apoplexy, an urgent indication for surgery]. AB - Pituitary apoplexy with acute visual loss has to be considered as emergency operative indication. 3 cases presenting headache, rapid visual deterioration and ophthalmoplegia were operated upon from a transphenoidal approach. Immediate operative decompression proved to resolve the acutely evolved symptoms in all 3 cases. PMID- 3765963 TI - Penetrating cranio-cerebral injury at the vertex. Report of an unusual case. AB - An unusual case is reported in which a nail was driven into the head with suicidal intention. Neuroradiological examination, surgical treatment and results are discussed. PMID- 3765964 TI - The association of arteriovenous malformation, aneurysm and chronic subdural hematoma. Case report. AB - The authors report a case of the giant arteriovenous malformation associated with middle cerebral artery aneurysm and chronic subdural hematoma and discuss possible mechanisms responsible for clinical course of the illness. PMID- 3765965 TI - [Complications following implantation of ventriculo-atrial and ventriculoperitoneal shunts]. AB - A report is given on some of the various complications occurring after implantation of ventriculo-atrial and ventriculo-peritoneal shunts. It is based on a group of 90 patients in whom a total of 126 shunt operations were performed. In 27.7 per cent of the total number of patients revisions had to be carried out. In the first position of the complications there were infections followed by functional disturbances of the efferent catheters, by disconnections, overdrainage, catheter breakage and valve invagination. PMID- 3765966 TI - CT appearances of craniopharyngiomas before and after therapy. AB - Different means of therapy are available for the treatment of craniopharyngiomas (surgery, radiation therapy, radioactive implants) but their respective impact is still a matter of controversy. Computed tomographic examinations of 26 patients before and after various forms of therapy were used to monitor the efficacy of treatment. 118 scans were retrospectively studied for characteristic features. 16 patients were treated by surgery and additional radiotherapy, 10 had surgery alone. The total size of the tumour was found to be decreased in 69% of patients treated by incomplete surgery and irradiation up to 9 years after treatment, while tumor progression occurred in three patients. Where the surgeon considered that there had been excision of the lesion, evidence of residual tumour was seen in 4/8 (50%) of cases, but no regrowth occurred in these whose postoperative scans had indicate complete resection. The increase or development of calcification after radiotherapy is compatible with a silent tumour. PMID- 3765967 TI - [Ultrasound tissue emulsification of brain tumors]. AB - A report is given on the design of an equipment combination developed in co operation with the Central Institute for Welding Technology of the GDR, by means of which cerebral tumour tissue can be emulsified and sucked off. The suitability of the equipment was tested experimentally and confirmed in clinical application. PMID- 3765968 TI - [Can mortality in severe traumatic brain damage be generally reduced?]. AB - A total of 272 cases with fatal traumatic brain injuries were retrospectively analysed. 68% of the cases were outside of any form of therapy. Only the third of these fatal cases are ever seen by a neurosurgeon. In 12% of these fatal cases the outcome might have been improved by an optimum diagnosis and therapy. Prevention of these severe head injuries seems to be the only potential therapy. PMID- 3765969 TI - [Comparative immunochemical characteristics of extracellular polysaccharide containing preparations and teichoic acids of Staphylococcus aureus]. AB - The sensitivity of the enzyme immunoassay on the basis of polysaccharide containing preparations was found to be lower than that of the assay on the basis of teichoic acids. The specificity of both assays was 100%. There was no complete coincidence between the results of the detection of antibodies to these two antigens in patients' sera. PMID- 3765970 TI - [Effect of metronidazole on the course of experimental anaerobic streptococcal pneumonia]. AB - The effect of metronidazole in experimental anaerobic pneumonia in guinea pigs infected with peptostreptococci has been studied. In the untreated animals the prolonged pathological process in the lungs is mainly associated with the suppression of the functional state of the thymus-dependent link of the immune system. Metronidazole suppresses anaerobic flora, stimulates local immune reaction and arrests the development of inflammatory changes in the lungs. The drug eliminates the unbalance in some subpopulations of immunocompetent cells and restores the number of cells regulating immune response to the normal level. The results obtained in this investigation make it possible to recommend the trial of metronidazole in the complex therapy of peptostreptococcal pneumonia. PMID- 3765971 TI - [Staphylococci in skin microbiocenosis of the breasts in healthy women]. AB - The autoflora of different anatomical regions of the mammary glands in 120 healthy nulliparous women aged 18-24 years was studied by P. Williamson and A. M. Kligler's methods of smears and washings. From the nipple, the areola, and the adjacent region of the skin 2,248 strains of anaerobic microorganisms were isolated; of these, 63.83% were staphylococci and micrococci, 6.01% were streptococci, 1.91% were Neisseria, 17.79% were Corynebacterium, 3.87% were bacilli, 2.8% were enterobacteria, and 3.79% were fungi. Coagulase-positive staphylococci occurred in 1.56% of cases. Out of 11 coagulase-negative species of this genus, S. epidermidis occurred most frequently on the skin of the mammary glands. The nipple was found to have the highest bacterial contamination (0.55 X 10(6) +/- 0.7 X 10(5) cells/sq. cm for the right mamma and 0.59 X 10(6) +/- 0.7 X 10(5) cells/sq. cm for the left mamma) and the skin adjacent the areola, the lowest bacterial contamination (0.14 X 10(4) +/- 0.2 X 10(3) cells/sq. cm for the right mamma and 0.25 X 10(4) +/- 0.3 X 10(3) cells/sq. cm for the left mamma). P. Williams and A. M. Kligman's method of washings, more accurate and informative, was found to be preferable for the study of the quantitative characteristics of the dermal microbiocenosis of the mammary glands. PMID- 3765972 TI - [Morphology of a natural focus of Pomona leptospirosis in a steppe area]. AB - The natural focus of Leptospira pomona infection has been found to include areas of the forest-meadow flood plain where the circulation of leptospires is constantly maintained among small mammals (the nucleus of the focus). A high level of Leptospira carriership (17.7%) among the animals has been registered in the central part of the flood plain and near the terraces, these areas having the most favorable conditions for the development of epizootic leptospirosis. PMID- 3765973 TI - [Analysis of errors in determining the aspiration dosage in aerosol immunization and in the experimental study of aerogenic infections]. AB - The present work deals with the factors affecting the accuracy of the dosage of vaccinal preparations in the aerosol immunization of animals in a dynamic chamber. The method for analysis of errors in the determination of the aspiration dose is proposed. The method is based on mathematical models describing the main parameters of aerosols and the respiratory factors of the animals, the errors of the techniques and equipment used for immunization. The errors in the determination of the dose have been shown to decrease the reliability of results obtained in the evaluation of respiratory ED50 of vaccinal preparations and to impose limits on the required number of experimental animals. PMID- 3765974 TI - [Immunosuppressor role of staphylococcal protein A]. AB - The removal of protein A from the surface of staphylococci by means of proteolytic enzymes increases the immunogenic properties of staphylococci. Staphylococci containing protein A are less effective in mediating the immunological memory than those treated with proteolytic enzymes. The conjugation of protein A with staphylococci treated with proteolytic enzymes leads to the decrease of the immunogenic properties of staphylococci. Protein A not bound to staphylococci also suppresses antistaphylococcal immune response. The protective properties of corpuscular staphylococcal antigen are increased after the removal of protein A from the surface of staphylococci by proteolysis. PMID- 3765975 TI - [Etiology of acute pneumonia occurring against a background of influenza and other acute respiratory viral infections]. AB - The etiology of acute pneumonia (AP) was studied in 229 patients who had the disease simultaneously with influenza (106 patients), other viral and mycoplasmal infections (48 patients), and without concomitant acute viral infections (75 patients). The use of the quantitative microbiological method and the indirect immunofluorescence test with autostrains or Streptococcus pneumoniae strains of serotypes 2, 3, and 6, prevailing in Leningrad in patients with acute inflammatory diseases of the lungs, made it possible to find out the pneumococcal etiology of AP in 95% of patients irrespective of the presence of acute respiratory viral infections. The etiological role of opportunistic bacteria was revealed in 13 AP patients (5.7%); in 2 of them the causative agent of AP was Staphylococcus aureus and in 11, various species of Gram-negative enterobacteria. The latter were the cause of complications in 8 cases of pneumococcal pneumonia. PMID- 3765976 TI - [Enzymatic coordination indices of leukocytes in the prognosis of mouse resistance to staphylococcal toxin]. AB - The activity of succinate, lactate and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenases, as well as acid phosphatase, in the lymphocytes and neutrophils of the blood was studied in noninbred white mice prior to the intraperitoneal injection of 1 LD50 of staphylococcal toxin. As the result of intoxication, a half of the animals died and the other half survived. The two groups of the animals differed in the levels of the activity of succinate dehydrogenase and hyaloplasmatic alpha glycerophosphate dehydrogenase in the neutrophils and lymphocytes, and also differed in the stability of correlations between the activity of succinate and lactate dehydrogenases in the lymphocytes and neutrophils and, besides, between the activity of lactate dehydrogenase in these types of cells. PMID- 3765977 TI - [Formation of pollen-induced allergy in guinea pigs after specific immunotherapy with a bacterial allergen]. AB - The investigation was aimed at elucidating the process of the development of allergy to exoallergens (e.g., to linear-leaf wormwood pollen) in the body after desensitization by specific immunotherapy (SIT) with heterologous (staphylococcal) allergen. The study revealed that in staphylococcal allergy the subsequent development of pollen sensitization occurred with greater intensity, and SIT was found to exert no influence on this process. For the first time pollen allergy was found to produce an unfavorable effect on the quality and effectiveness of SIT with heterologous staphylococcal allergen, this effect consisting in the acceleration and intensification of the process leading to the recovery of sensitization to staphylococci. The importance of measures for limiting contacts with heterologous allergens and their elimination during SIT is emphasized. PMID- 3765979 TI - [Production of a monospecific antiserum to lactoperoxidase using immunoprecipitants]. AB - To prepare monospecific antiserum to lactoperoxidase, one of the factors of the nonspecific protection of the body from infections, the complexes of lactoperoxidase with antibodies to it were used as antigens; precipitates were obtained by linear immunoelectrophoresis with the use of partially purified lactoperoxidase and antisera to it. This method does not require obtaining the highly purified enzyme and the subsequent adsorption of antisera. PMID- 3765978 TI - [Comparative evaluation of the diagnostic effectiveness of staphylococcal allergens of different manufacture in bronchospastic reactions of sensitized lungs]. AB - With allergic immediate hypersensitivity test to the antigens of Staphylococcus aureus strain Wood 46 specific bronchospastic reactions were simulated in the lungs of guinea pigs by means of two allergens: commercial allergen manufactured in Czechoslovakia and staphyloallergen prepared by ultrasonic treatment under laboratory conditions at the Alma-Ata Research Institute of Epidemiology, Microbiology and Infectious diseases (USSR). Allergens prepared at the Kazan Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology (USSR) and in Bulgaria produced no reactions. PMID- 3765980 TI - [Induction of delayed hypersensitivity in guinea pigs by staphylococcal cell wall components]. AB - The subcutaneous injection of 100 micrograms of staphylococcal cell-wall peptidoglycan in Freund's incomplete adjuvant leads to the development of sensitization which can be detected on days 7-35 by the splenocyte migration inhibition test. Sensitization can be detected with peptidoglycan, as well as with staphylococcal cell walls. Teichoic acids produce no such effect. The sensitization of guinea pigs with whole staphylococcal cells introduced in three injections also leads to the development of delayed hypersensitivity specific to staphylococcal cell walls, peptidoglycan, but not teichoic acids. PMID- 3765981 TI - [Electron-cytochemical study of acetylcholinesterase in the cerebral cortex in Alzheimer's disease]. AB - Electron-cytochemical methods were used to study the distribution of acetylcholinesterase (ACE) activity in the brain in postmortem cases of Alzheimer's disease. The findings showed a decreased number of ACE-positive neural fibers in the upper cortical layers. The reduction was most pronounced in the temporal and parietal lobes of the cortex and absent in the occipital lobe. The disclosed cytochemical changes confirm the presence of disorders in the cholinergic system in the brain cortex in Alzheimer's disease. PMID- 3765982 TI - [Effect of biological fluids and brain extracts of persons with Alzheimer's disease on nerve tissue cultures]. AB - Biological fluids (blood serum, cerebrospinal fluid) and brain extract obtained from patients with Alzheimer's disease (6 cases), simple senile dementia (5 cases), and other atrophic processes (1 case) were administered into the nutrient media of human fetal brain tissue culture. It was found that brain tissue extract obtained from patients with Alzheimer's disease stimulated accumulation of filamentous material in neurons while the CSF induced the formation of orderly filamentous rings. The effect of blood serum was characterized by nonspecific manifestations in the form of accumulation of structurally heterogeneous lamellar corpuscles. PMID- 3765983 TI - [Effect of nootropil on the ultrastructure of the cerebral cortex of the aged rat]. AB - The brain cortex was studied in 7 Wistar rats aged 25-35 months. Rats receiving nootropil (piracetam) showed intracellular regeneration (enrichment of neuronal nuclei for chromatin, increased degree of plication of nuclear membrane, nucleolar hypertrophy, increase in the number of cellular organellae which created a picture of perinuclear hyperchromatosis). Another important effect of nootropil was dramatic reduction of hydropsy of the neural tissue. Nootropil use was also associated with the development and strengthening of the compensatory/adaptive reaction expressed on the morphological level by the development of comprehensive structural contacts of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and capillaries with different parts and each other. The use of nootropil made it possible to ascertain the reversible pattern of some morphological changes related to physiological aging. PMID- 3765984 TI - [Ultrastructure of the frontal cortex in response to leponex]. AB - Following a single or 3-week administration of leponex (clozapine) (in a dose of 10 mg/kg) to rats their brain prefrontal cortices were studied by electron microscopy. Layers III and IV showed hyperchromic pyramidal neurons in different phases of hyperchromia and activation of glial cells. Membranous structures were disclosed in cell somata of individual neurons, dendrites and astrocyte processes. Leponex increased the size of mitochondria and the osmiophilia of their matrix and caused swelling of the cristae in the dendrites near the zone of synaptic contacts. The number of synaptic vesicles, the thickness of the postsynaptic membrane and the size of mitochondria were increased in individual axo-spie and axodendritic synapses. These changes may be secondary to the leponex induced blockade of postsynaptic receptors. PMID- 3765985 TI - [Changes in cerebral gangliosides during long-term administration of amphetamine and haloperidol]. AB - The effects of chronic intraperitoneal amphetamine and haloperidol on the levels and composition of gangliosides in the frontal cortex, striate body, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata were studied in rats. In the control, the total levels of gangliosides were 1960 +/- 130 nmol/g of tissue in the frontal cortex, 2160 +/- 80 in the striate body, 1720 +/- 110 in the cerebellum, and 1010 +/- 70 in the medulla oblongata. Eight distinct fractions of gangliosides were differentiated in any of these brain areas (GQ1b, GT1b, GT2, GD1b, GD1a, GD3, GM1, GM3). Amphetamine caused a relative increase in GD1b, while haloperidol, an increase in GT1b and a decrease in GD1a, GM1 and GM3. There were some differences between the individual brain areas under study, but on the whole the effects of these drugs on the brain gangliosides did not reflect their opposite actions at the behavioural level. PMID- 3765986 TI - [Metabolism and bioelectric activity of individual brain structures in response to the neuropeptide taftsine]. AB - The effect of taftsine (T) tetrapeptide was studied on the systemic and subcellular levels. T was found to exert a specific effect on the activities of acetylcholinesterase and MAO molecular forms. The use of T altered the evoked potentials to a signal light stimulus in the cortical and subcortical brain structures. Rearrangements of the membranous proteins (by the content of sulfhydryl groups) detected in subfractions of synaptosomes were most expressed in the visual zone of the cortex. Thus, T exerts a modifying influence on various aspects of mediator metabolism and also on the perception of biologically important sensory stimuli. PMID- 3765987 TI - [Changes in the ultrastructure of the hypothalamus during chronic morphine poisoning]. AB - Using electron microscopy the author studied the changes in the ultrastructure of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus in Wistar rats with chronic morphine intoxication (induced by unchanged or build-up doses) and upon discontinuation of morphine. Chronic morphine intoxication exerted an adverse effect on the cellular protein synthesis as well as on vesicular, granular and membranous components of cells. A correlation was detected between the pathomorphological alterations and the morphine dose. The study revealed a high sensitivity to morphine of neurons, large dendrites and interneuronal links in the period of dependence formation and the greatest vulnerability of cells and their processes during abstinence, particularly under conditions of a sharp discontinuation of morphine build-up dosage. Destructive processes observed in the experiment were also attended by manifestations of the compensatory, reparative and restorative processes detected on the 7th day after morphine discontinuation. PMID- 3765988 TI - [Concentration of protein substances in neurons of different areas of the cerebral cortex in alcoholic delirium]. AB - The brain was studied in 11 cases of delirium tremens. Cytochemistry of nuclear and cytoplasmic protein levels in the neurons of the frontal and parietal cortex and the hippocampus was analysed. The findings were compared with the results of examinations in the control group (cases of sudden death of mentally healthy people). Examination of the brain from patients with delirium tremens revealed heterogeneous changes: a statistically significant reduction of protein levels in the neuronal cytoplasm in the frontal and parietal cortex and a negligible elevation of protein levels in the cytoplasm of the hippocampal pyramidal neurons. A considerable increase in protein levels was found in the nuclei of the hippocampus whereas cytochemical alterations in neuronal nuclei in the frontal and parietal cortex were less pronounced. The functional importance of the results obtained is discussed. PMID- 3765989 TI - [Ultrastructure of neurons with initial signs of ischemization in schizophrenia]. AB - The authors studied two cases of sudden death of schizophrenia patients aged 23 and 40 years who died from acute asphyxia. Two types of ultrastructural changes in their cortical neurons are described: gradual lightening of the cytoplasm and nuclei in some cells; cytoplasm lightening, perinuclear edema and increased nuclear density due to condensed chromatin in others. Cytoplasm lightening is explained by swelling of the cysterns of the endoplasmatic reticulum and loss of polysomes. The first type of changes was characteristic of cortical pyramidal neurons; the second, of cortical interneurons. The described types of neuronal changes were combined with the appearance of hyperchromic and shrunk neurons whose formation is believed to be related to the schizophrenic process. The probable reversibility of neuronal alterations in acute asphyxia is discussed. PMID- 3765990 TI - [Clinico-morphologic correlations in the late period of closed craniocerebral injuries]. AB - Clinical and morphological correlations were studied in 69 cases of old closed head trauma. It was found that the degree of the existing morphological changes correlated with the trauma severity, which was reflected in the clinical picture of the disease. Convulsive syndromes developing immediately and in the first years after the trauma correlated with its severity and localization. In the long terms the principal contributors to the condition were chronic alcoholism and other factors. The patients with brain injury (particularly with the convulsive syndrome) earlier developed vascular pathology and their life span was shorter, vs. the general population. PMID- 3765991 TI - [Pathology of the nervous system: clinico-morphologic study in multiple myeloma]. AB - Histopathologic changes in the brain and spinal cord in multiple myeloma are similar to those seen in toxic encephalopathy with circulatory disorders. Irreversible morphologic changes in the brain and spinal cord are more pronounced in the encephalopathic syndrome. The structures affected most are the cerebral cortex, brain pedicles, medulla oblongata, spinal cord and its radicles. Histopathologic changes include acute nerve cell swelling, primary irritation, cytoplasmic fatty infiltration, shrinkage, excessive lipofucsin deposition, demyelination and diminished numbers of nerve fibers, and predominantly dystrophic, rather than hyperplastic, changes in the glia. PMID- 3765992 TI - [Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in tumors of the spinal cord and cauda equina]. AB - Changes in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) flow were analyzed in 196 patients with spinal cord tumors of differing localization and histological structure. In 76.5% of the cases there were different variants of CSF flow disorders, namely, complete block in 33.7% and partial block in 42.8% of the cases. The nature of CSF flow disorders depended on the size of tumors, their histological structure and the relationship of the tumor to the cross-section area and the surface of the spinal cord. Yet, in 23.5% of the cases the subarachnoidal space was patent despite marked spinal neurological symptomatology. This fact shows that the complete patency of the subarachnoidal space does not rule out spinal cord tumor, which necessitates the conduction of comprehensive clinical examination in suspected cases. PMID- 3765993 TI - [Role of glycosaminoglycans in the pathogenesis of vertebral osteochondrosis (clinico-experimental study)]. AB - Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and their fractions were measured in relation to age. The material for examination consisted of labile intervertebral disks (27 cases) obtained during operations for discogenic lumbosacral radiculites and disks obtained from people (n = 35) who had died in accidents. The findings showed marked deviations in the total GAGs and their fractions in labile disks, which differed from age-specific changes. The changes revealed in animals with cholesterol atherosclerosis (50 rabbits) and chronic papain degeneration (56 rabbits) resembled those characteristic of vertebral osteochondrosis. It is concluded that degenerative dystrophic changes in osteochondrosis may be induced by both atherosclerotic process and an elevated activity of lysosome enzymes. PMID- 3765994 TI - [Effect of hydrocortisone on changes in brain tissue in experimental brain abscess and leptomeningitis]. AB - A total of 286 rats were involved in an experiment, with 123 of them being control and 153 receiving daily injections of hydrocortisone (H) in a dose of 3 mg per 100 g body weight. Ten rats were intact. With regard to CNS changes 2 periods were identified in H-treated rats with experimental brain abscess and leptomeningitis: the first was characterized by the effect of the hormone at the acute period of the disease (3-7 days), the second by its action following the long-term administration (15-30 days). In the first 7 days, by reducing the inflammatory reaction, water-electrolyte disturbances and the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases in the cerebral tissue, as well as by increasing the RNA synthesis in neurons, H prevented the dissemination of the process into the surrounding tissue, swelling and edema, expedited wound clearance and helped to reduce the mortality rate. The use of H for 10-30 days led to the tigrolysis of neurons, elevation in the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases and brain edema, as well as to a reduction in DNA levels in neurons and a dramatic rise in the mortality rate. The findings indicate the advisability of H utilization in the treatment of brain abscess and leptomeningitis only in the acute period of the disease and as a short course. PMID- 3765995 TI - [Changes in the structures of the cerebral cortex in experimental atherosclerosis with and without exposure to sound]. AB - Albino rats fed an atherogenic diet for 3 months developed a marked depression of the anti-coagulation system of blood. The acoustic and sensomotor cortex showed dystrophic changes in the cortical structures, as well as signs of the reparative nature. Sound stimulation in the presence of atherosclerosis increased fibrinolytic activity and decreased heparin tolerance of blood plasma in animals sensitive to acoustic exposure and led to a greater severity and dissemination of dystrophic and destructive changes in the cortical structures, particularly in animals with convulsive seizures. PMID- 3765996 TI - [Structural basis of the cortical regulation of movement]. AB - The author analyzes his own and literature data about a wide-scale presentation of motor functions in the cerebral cortex, about the structure of sensomotor area, overlapping of the cortical zones of movements and sensitivity, efferent supraspinal motor routes and subcortical motor formations of the brain at different levels and some aspects of the cortical regulation of the structures in health and disease. The concept of analyzers seems to be a promising approach to studies of the motor regulation system, particularly to generalization of the findings obtained heretofore; the structure of the cortical end of the motor analyzer is described. PMID- 3765997 TI - [Method of spectral analysis of the rounded EMG and its role in the study of physiologic tremor]. AB - A new computerized method for the assessment of electrical activity of muscles is described. The method is based on statistical processing of the spectral parameters of circumscribing EMG. The method is intended for examination of normal and pathological tremor. The authors describe the results of the use of the method for examination of physiological tremor which may serve as standard criteria for the identification of pathological deviations. PMID- 3765998 TI - [Study of the pathogenesis of tremor in parkinsonism by the technic of spectral analysis of the rounded EMG using a computer]. AB - Tremor was studied in 2 forms of parkinsonism. A new method of computerized spectral EMG analysis was employed in the investigation. Amplitude and frequency characteristics of tremor in parkinsonism have been identified, which make it possible to objectify the diagnosis at the early stages of the disease and to facilitate its differentiation from other types of pathological tremor. The developed method may be used for assessing the efficiency of the chemotherapeutical and surgical treatment of parkinsonism. Some suggestions were made concerning the mechanism of pathological tremor. PMID- 3765999 TI - [Spectral electromyographic analysis of essential tremor]. AB - The authors have developed a new method of computerized statistical analysis of the spectral parameters of the circumscribing electromyogram in patients with essential tremor (ET), making use of objective frequency and amplitude parameters. The results have shown that ET differed from physiological tremor not only by amplitude but also by frequency characteristics. Four groups of patients have been identified which differed in relation to both parameters. Clear-cut criteria have been defined which may be used in the differential diagnosis between ET and parkinsonism-associated tremor. It has been suggested that the pathological mechanisms of ET and parkinsonism-associated tremor differ in their location. PMID- 3766000 TI - [Age and changes in nerve endings on the surface of the ependyma of the human brain]. AB - Using scanning electron microscopy, the human brain ependyma was studied in different age groups (18-98 years). Sphere-shaped structures directly connected with the cellular surface were found on the surface of ependymal cells. In patients over 60 years such formations were flattened and deformed, sometimes completely destroyed. The detected age-related changes are considered as manifestations of atrophy of neuronal endings localized on the ependyma surface, which may affect different properties of the cerebrospinal fluid. PMID- 3766001 TI - [Changes in neurons of the cerebral cortex in senile dementia]. AB - Using light and electron microscopy, the frontal, temporal and parietal cortical neurons were studied in 10 cases of senile dementia. It was found that along with general age-specific disorders of the ultrastructure of neurons and glial cells (varying degrees of chromatolysis, accumulation of lipofuscin, mitochondrial changes) the examination revealed ultrastructural shifts which might be characteristic of senile dementia. They include rearrangement of nuclear chromatin, destruction of nuclear membrane with the subsequent vacuolization of the nucleus and karyolysis, the appearance of polymorphic fibrillar inclusions in the cytoplasm of neurons and gliocytes, as well as the disappearance of subsuperficial cysterns. Destructive processes were also attended by signs of compensatory changes, i.e. displacement of the nucleolus to the nuclear periphery, the development of desmosomophide contacts at the site of the neuron and glial satellite cell contact, the grouping of cells, and frequent fusion of the adjacent cellular elements. PMID- 3766002 TI - [Decerebrate rigidity in craniocerebral injuries (clinico-statistical analysis]. AB - Decerebrate rigidity (DR) is encountered in 12% of cases with craniocerebral trauma. Statistically significant prevalence of DR in brain compression is shown. Examination of 131 patients with traumatic DR revealed the location of the lesion and the causes of brain compression which led to DR most frequently. The authors distinguish a group of clinico-laboratory signs which have diagnostic and prognostic importance in these patients. PMID- 3766003 TI - [Diagnostic thermoradiolocation in neurosurgery]. AB - From the examination of 915 patients with neurosurgical pathology the authors showed the possibility of mediated thermoimaging of localized lesions in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. The combination of local and distant thermoasymmetries which are realized through reflex mechanisms of vegetovascular innervation is a characteristic feature of the thermovision syndromes in the infrared wave bands. It was proved experimentally and clinically that radiothermometry in the millimeter and centimeter wave bands yields information on the temperature of the surface and deep-seated cerebral tissues through the hairs on the head. PMID- 3766005 TI - [Neurotrauma and the campaign for a sober life style]. PMID- 3766004 TI - [Role of the EEG in predicting the outcome of craniocerebral injuries]. AB - The severity of the patient's clinical condition and the outcome of craniocerebral trauma are determined by the state of the brain stem structures which are irritated as the result of the injury; this is reflected in the development of the corresponding clinical syndromes and EEG changes. On comparison of the results of clinico-neurological and electroencephalographic evaluation of the function of the stem structures, 3 prognostically unfavourable criteria of the outcome of a severe craniocerebral trauma are described. The obtained data can be used for earlier detection of coarse affections of the brain stem and the application of opportune pathogenetic treatment. PMID- 3766006 TI - [Morphologic criteria of the thrombohemorrhagic syndrome in acute craniocerebral injuries]. AB - The brain and viscera of 19 persons who had died from acute closed craniocerebral trauma were studied histologically (survey methods). Nonspecific and universal pathology was demonstrated in the system of blood aggregation regulation (BAR) in the form of the thrombohemorrhagic syndrome (THS) on the organ-tissue level. The authors have shown the efficacy of intervention in the BAR system in the presence of such pathology and the necessity of heparinization for preventing dystrophy in the brain (the organ liberating coagulants) and organs which had not suffered injury but were involved in the thrombohemorrhagic process under compulsion on the part of the activated blood, as well as for preventing and treating edema of the brain, lungs, and other organs. PMID- 3766007 TI - [Pituitary adenomas extending into the orbit]. AB - In 5 of 35 patients who died from giant adenomas of the hypophysis the tumor invaded the orbit through the superior orbital suture from the cavernous sinus. All five patients had hormonally active hypophyseal adenomas. Analysis of the neuroophthalmological complex of symptoms revealed the presence of a marked chiasmal syndrome combined with mild exophthalmos and oculomotor disorders. These data together with the results of X-ray diagnosis may show the degree of tumor spread. PMID- 3766008 TI - [Short-latency auditory evoked potentials in various pathologic conditions of the brain stem]. AB - The normal values of short-latent auditory evoked potentials (SAEP) are shown and a classification of the possible waves IV and V configuration is suggested. Examples of the use of SAEP in the differential diagnosis of some pathological conditions of the brain stem are discussed. PMID- 3766009 TI - [Prolonged intracarotid infusions in neurosurgery]. PMID- 3766010 TI - [Clinico-physiologic characteristics of brain stem disorders in comatose states]. AB - Informative signs for classification of disorders of consciousness were distinguished on the basis of clinico-physiological comparisons. Coma is characterized by failure of attempts to wake the patient, deep coma by muscular atonia, and protective inhibition coma by bilateral mydriasis. Opening of the eyes in response to a sound or pain is characteristic for the apallic syndrome, carrying out of instructions for deep stunning, answering questions for stunning. Clear consciousness is characterized by the patient's ability to orientate. Protective inhibition coma is always characterized by coarse changes of short latent evoked potentials in response to acoustic stimulation. PMID- 3766011 TI - Formation of the local secondary structure of proteins: local sequence or environment. AB - An analysis of the occurrence of tetrapeptides in 35 globular proteins for alpha helix, beta-structure and coil was performed. We concluded that: the conformation of a short polypeptide segment cannot be determined on the basis of the knowledge of the amino acid sequence only; local structures of a protein are formed as the result of interactions within the whole structural domain of the protein as well as interactions with the environment. PMID- 3766012 TI - Human tartrate-inhibitable lysosomal acid phosphatase. Purification, characterization, biosynthesis and intracellular transport. PMID- 3766013 TI - Effect of inhibition of carbohydrate-mediated endocytosis on catabolism of equine haptoglobin and its complex with haemoglobin in hen. AB - Equine haptoglobin (Hp) and haptoglobin-haemoglobin complex (Hp-Hb) are metabolised in the hen parenchymal cells of the liver in which endocytosis was inhibited by agalacto-orosomucoid (AGOR) or native orosomucoid (OR). The intravenous administration of AGOR or OR together with [125I]Hp slightly decreased clearance of Hp from circulation. This suggested that heterologous Hp could be catabolised by the alternative pathway following the uptake by the liver RES cells. Administration of the [125I]Hp-Hb complex and AGOR was of no effect on the clearance of the Hp-Hb complex. PMID- 3766014 TI - Sites of methylation of DNA bases by the action of organophosphorus insecticides in vitro. AB - Methylation in vitro of DNA by three methyl-14C-labelled organophosphorus insecticides has been studied. The ability of methylbromphenvinphos, methylparathion and malathion to methylate N-7 of guanine in DNA can be expressed as 100:40:15. Among the methylation products, no O6-methylguanine, a known mutagen, was found. Both in the reaction with dsDNA and with ssDNA 7-methyl guanine was the main methylation product. However, all methyl derivatives of adenine (3-methyladenine, 1-methyladenine and 7-methyladenine) constituted about 40% and 50% of all methylation products in the case of dsDNA and ssDNA, respectively. The only methyl derivative of pyrimidine we have identified was 3 methylcytosine. In the case of dsDNA 3-methylcytosine appeared in small amounts but in the alkylated ssDNA 3-methylcytosine C constituted about 20% of all alkylation products. PMID- 3766015 TI - Misincorporation of alkylated amino acids into hemoglobin--a possible source of background alkylations. AB - Misincorporation of 2-hydroxyethylated amino acids into hemoglobin during de novo synthesis was studied by injecting mice with radiolabelled N-(2 hydroxyethyl)valine, S-(2-hydroxyethyl)cystine or N tau-(2 hydroxyethyl)histidine. The results showed that S-(2-hydroxyethyl)cysteine and N tau-(2-hydroxyethyl)histidine were misincorporated, whereas N-(2 hydroxyethyl)valine was not. Monitoring of in vivo doses of hydroxyethylating agents by determination of N-(2-hydroxyethyl)valine was free of the disturbing influence of such misincorporation. PMID- 3766017 TI - Synthesis of the potent mutagen 3,5,8-trimethyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxalin-2 amine. AB - The mutagenic title compound (5,8-DiMeIQx) was synthesized by two different routes: from 2-methyl-4,6-dinitroaniline; and from 4-chloro-2-methyl-6 nitroaniline. The latter and more convenient route involved 2,1,3 benzoselenadiazole intermediates. PMID- 3766016 TI - Evidence against in vitro modulation of rat liver cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity by phosphorylation-dephosphorylation: comparison with hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductase. AB - The activity of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase in rat liver microsomes was investigated under conditions favourable for phosphorylation-dephosphorylation. The enzyme activity was similar in the presence or absence of sodium fluoride during preparation. Preincubation with ATP and magnesium did not affect the enzyme activity. Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase was inhibited by alkaline phosphatase, but this inhibition was similar also after inactivation of the phosphatase. Under similar conditions, rat hepatic hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductase activity was clearly modulated in agreement with phosphorylation dephosphorylation. The absence of such a modulation of cholesterol 7 alpha hydroxylase argues against involvement of phosphorylation-dephosphorylation in the regulation of this enzyme. PMID- 3766018 TI - [Hydatid cysts of the liver]. AB - The authors present a series of 33 cases of hydatid liver disease; 28 patients are operated upon. Ultrasound and parasitology permits an easy diagnosis. Surgical treatment has to be simple: resection of the cyst dome and subtotal pericystectomy guarantee low mortality and recurrence rate. The hospital mortality of this series is 7% (2/28 pat.); the cyst recurrence rate 2.7% (1/37 treated cysts). Surgery of the hydatid cyst necessitates a complete peroperative exploration of the bile duct and the residual cyst cavity by peroperative cholangiography and injection of methylene blue. Biliary fistulas have to be treated in accordance to their importance, by simple suture or intubation with transhepatic drainage. An adequate follow-up is only possible by repeated serological examinations. PMID- 3766019 TI - [Lower median incision with complementary subumbilical median approach in strangulated inguinal hernia]. AB - We report 5 cases of late strangulated inguinal hernia. The lower median incision with the inguinal incision is a good solution. The intestinal obstruction and the external abdominal hernia cure are control in a good condition especially in case of intestinal resection. PMID- 3766020 TI - [Villous adenoma of the duodenum]. PMID- 3766021 TI - [Giant fibrovascular polyp of the esophagus]. AB - The observation of a giant fibrovascular polyp of the esophagus is presented. Diagnostic and therapeutic implications of this rare affection are discussed. PMID- 3766022 TI - [Compensation for bleeding in a surgical milieu. Importance of normovolemic hemodilution. Apropos of 25 cases]. AB - In order to get round blood supply difficulties, 25 patients undergoing hemorrhagic interventions (blood loss average of 1,500 ml) were subjected to the techniques of normovolemic hemodilution. Preoperatively a volume of 1,080 ml of blood was taken in every patient (a total of 271 in all patients together); the blood was simultaneously replaced by 1,300 ml of macromolecules (modified fluid gelatin polymer and/or low molecular weight dextran according to disponibility). Two thirds of the taken amount are transfused to the patients preoperatively immediately after surgical hemostasis has been achieved or when the hematocrit is about 20%; the last third is administered in the immediate postoperative period. The economy of blood realised by this technique is considerable (119 units of homologous blood). The rationale depends on two essential particularities: on one hand, the diminution of blood loss since at a hematocrit of 25% the loss is only 50% of the globular mass which would have disappeared at normal hematocrit; on the other hand, the compensation of hemorrhage by transfusion of fresh autologous blood, eliminating homotransfusion reactions. The main hematocrit obtained 24 hours after transfusion is about 34%. Thus, economy of blood and rheological advantages (amelioration of microcirculation, increase of capacity of oxygen transport, increase of tissular oxygenation) must induce physicians to reexamine their behaviour in transfusion strategy and compensation of hemorrhage because the optimal hematocrit in normovolemy is of about 30%. PMID- 3766023 TI - [Melanoma of the extremities a little known diagnosis and difficult treatment. Review of 20 cases]. AB - Twenty cases of melanomas of the extremities observed in Brussels, Belgium, between 1968 and 1981 were reviewed. The clinical and histological characteristics, the treatment and the evolution were analyzed and compared to the data of the literature. Diagnosis was often delayed, as it was rendered difficult by the misleading clinical symptoms. This delay explains the inadequacy of numerous treatments given prior to the definitive one as well as the high thickness of the melanomas at the time of diagnosis. The five year survival was only 50%. An early diagnosis made by excisional biopsy, if possible, and an adequate treatment given to start with, should improve the result. PMID- 3766024 TI - Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm in a 24-year-old African woman. Unusual presentation--unknown aetiology. AB - CASE REPORT: 24-year-old black female presenting with progressive paralysis of the left lower limb. The clinical examination and investigations describe an extensive retroperitoneal mass. An exploratory laparotomy reveals a ruptured saccular infrarenal aortic aneurysm, a narrowing of the distal aorta and a complete obstruction of the left common iliac artery. The aneurysm was resected, an aortoiliac bypass and femorofemoral crossover bypass were performed, with success. The clinical presentation of this ruptured abdominal aneurysm is unusual. Its etiology is discussed: the findings are suggestive of Takayasu's disease. PMID- 3766025 TI - Left-sided cervical aortic arch. AB - The authors report a case of cervical aortic arch. Left-sided cervical aortic arch is a very rare congenital anomaly which may or not be associated with clinical symptoms. Diagnosis, suspected on chest X-ray or clinical examination, must be confirmed by angiographic studies. A 17-year-old girl presenting an extensive aneurysm of a left-sided cervical aortic arch was successfully operated with the use of partial extracorporal bypass removing the aneurysm and restoring aortic arch continuity. Histological examination revealed mediacystic necrosis. PMID- 3766026 TI - Bilobed gluteus maximus myocutaneous and lateral thigh fasciocutaneous flap. PMID- 3766027 TI - Relationships between thyroid hormone and catecholamines in experimental trauma. AB - The relationship between thyroid hormones (T4 and T3) and the catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline) was studied as regards the possible value of administered T3 in the treatment of severely injured patients. Preparative surgery was performed on 36 pigs, 26 of which were then submitted to a standardized high-energy missile trauma to a hind leg. In 14 of the latter group, infusion of T3 was begun immediately before the trauma (n = 6), or after a delay of 8 h (n = 4) or 24 h (n = 4). A correlation was found between the disappearance rate of T3 and T4 and the catecholamine release, r = 0.79 (p less than 0.001) for adrenaline and 0.64 (p less than 0.01) for noradrenaline. T3 infusion started immediately before high-energy trauma resulted in raised serum levels of catecholamines, mainly noradrenaline, and was associated with a high mortality (4/6), and a clinical picture resembling thyrotoxic crisis. At 8 h the catecholamine-response to T3 administration was blunted and at 24 h post-trauma no influence on catecholamine levels could be determined. The high correlation between adrenaline release and disappearance rates of T3 and T4 after trauma suggests that adrenaline may in some way be connected to the fall in serum T3 and T4 concentrations following major trauma. The results further accord with the suggested role of T3 as a false neurotransmitter. Administration of T3 in the initial phase of the "low T3 state", presumably would not be of benefit for the severely injured patient. PMID- 3766028 TI - A new method for autotransfusion of shed blood. AB - A new autotransfusion device for collection and retransfusion of whole blood is described. The construction, function and possible advantages of the system compared with currently available systems are discussed. The system is built up around a hollow fibre haemoconcentrator (dialysis filter), a cardiotomy reservoir and a large volume infusion bag. To prevent clotting, citrate (ACD-solution) is added in the suction tubing as well as locally. The blood is driven through the system by a roller pump. PMID- 3766029 TI - Autotransfusion of whole blood in massive bleeding. An experimental study in the pig. AB - An experimental model for controlled massive bleeding in pigs was developed to evaluate a new method for intraoperative autotransfusion of concentrated whole blood. The animals were injured in the descending thoracic aorta, creating a massive bleeding into the left pleural cavity. By means of a new system for autotransfusion, the animals were kept alive by retransfusing the blood at the same rate as it was shed. All animals were in good condition after autotransfusion of bleeding corresponding to three blood volumes. The postoperative hematological status including hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelet counts and electrolytes was not significantly different from the values before the experiment. The coagulation assays, including platelet adhesiveness, were normal after the experiment. In one pig the urine was positive for hemoglobin using a Hemostix test although it was macroscopically clear. This new method allows autotransfusion of whole blood with a desired hematocrit, with intact platelets and coagulation factors. PMID- 3766030 TI - Unilateral reconstruction of the iliac artery. A comparative evaluation. AB - Unilateral reconstruction of the iliac artery because of obliterating atherosclerotic disease was performed on 122 patients (group A) in the period 1971 through 1979. A bifurcation dacron bypass was used for iliac artery reconstruction in 52 patients (group B) during the same period. Of the group A patients, 24% required eventual contralateral iliac reconstruction, and in 16% redoing of the ipsilateral operation became necessary. In group B the need for redoing was 25%. The 30-day mortality was 1.6% in group A and 7.8% in group B. The patency rates were similar up to 5 years postoperatively. The authors conclude that there is a place for unilateral iliac artery reconstruction, especially in high-risk cases or for patients with short life expectation who require relief of the vascular obstruction but for whom bilateral operation is not immediately mandatory. PMID- 3766031 TI - Cerebral flow and metabolism in experimental liver failure. A comparison between hepatectomy and total hepatic devascularization in pigs. AB - To evaluate the influence of necrotic liver tissue on the cerebral metabolism and cerebral function in acute liver failure, comparison was made between hepatectomy and total liver devascularization in pigs. In both groups the cerebral blood flow and glucose uptake were significantly decreased. The cerebral oxygen uptake was not reduced. The EEG frequency gradually fell from 12-14 Hz to 1-2 Hz, with intermittent and finally persistent flattening of cortical activity. The visual evoked potentials were unchanged throughout the observation period. The vascular autoregulation and the CO2-reactivity of cerebral circulation disappeared, indicating complete vasoparalysis. As no difference was found between the two groups, it is concluded that the encephalopathy was not due to intoxication from necrotic liver tissue in the abdominal cavity, but to deprivation of liver function. PMID- 3766032 TI - Reduction of hepatic arterial flow by degradable microspheres in patients with liver tumor. AB - Ten patients with primary or secondary liver tumor were subjected to preoperative angiographic mapping of the hepatic circulation, combined with infusion of microspheres (Spherex Infusion). During laparotomy, 22 electromagnetic measurements of hepatic arterial flow were made and 2-40 ml of microspheres were infused at a rate of 2-16 ml per min over 1-4 min. Liver biopsies were taken. Hepatic arterial flow was reduced in a dose-dependent manner by a mean maximum of 67% following 8 ml at a rate of 2 ml per min. The reduction had a mean maximum duration of 10.4 min from end of infusion. At microscopy of liver specimens taken during maximum flow reduction, microspheres under degradation were seen. Angiography was of very limited value for estimating flow reduction. One patient experienced severe side-effects due to shunting. It appears rational to use microspheres together with cytostatics, provided that these are incorporated into hepatic tumor cells during a five min reduction by 50% of hepatic arterial blood flow. PMID- 3766033 TI - Computed tomography and scintigraphy in the diagnosis of splenic injury. AB - In a prospective study of 48 patients suspected to have splenic injury, the diagnostic value of computed tomography (CT) and scintigraphy was investigated. Both methods showed high sensitivity, demonstrating 27 of 28 ruptures. The specificity was 100% for CT and 80% for scintigraphy, since the latter method gave four false-positive diagnoses with regard to rupture and bleeding. Scintigraphy, however, has advantages over CT in children and noncooperative adults and is highly suitable in local trauma to the left lower thorax. CT is preferable in cases with possible trauma to multiple organs, such as commonly occurs in traffic accidents, and also provides a rough estimate of the extent of bleeding. PMID- 3766035 TI - Multicenter in vitro study of the susceptibility of the Bacteroides fragilis group in Belgium. PMID- 3766034 TI - Hydatid cyst of pectoralis major muscle. Case report and note on surgical management of muscle echinococcosis. AB - Hydatid cyst, though known to occur in most areas of the body, is rare in skeletal muscle. A case of primary hydatidosis in the pectoralis major muscle is presented and surgical management of such lesions is discussed. PMID- 3766036 TI - [Legionellosis in hematology]. PMID- 3766037 TI - [Attempted suicides seen by general practitioners in Belgium. Epidemiologic survey by a network of case-finding physicians]. PMID- 3766038 TI - Fibromuscular dysplasia of the internal carotid artery: an unusual cause of reversible ischemic neurologic disease. PMID- 3766039 TI - Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae septicaemia: a case report. PMID- 3766040 TI - Accelerated hypertension after ingestion of mephentermine sulphate. PMID- 3766041 TI - Algorithms for the diagnosis and treatment of acute infectious diarrhoea. PMID- 3766042 TI - Free and conjugated plasma catecholamines in pheochromocytoma patients with and without sustained hypertension. AB - Ten pheochromocytoma patients, five with paroxysmal hypertension (Group 1), five with sustained hypertension (Group 2) and 15 normals were studied to determine the relationship between differential secretion of the catecholamines (CA) or differences in their sulphoconjugation and the hypertension patterns in these patients. Group 1 patients were studied in the normotensive period. A consistent finding in this study is that permanent hypertensive patients showed the highest free and conjugated norepinephrine (NE) levels while paroxysmal patients studied during the normotensive period showed the highest conjugated epinephrine (E) levels. Although no significant difference was found in levels of free plasma epinephrine in the Group 1 patients, in the ratio of total plasma E/NE, E was clearly predominant. No significant differences could be found in the degree of the per cent conjugation of individual catecholamines between both groups of patients. Group 1 showed a higher (P less than 0.05) E and a lower dopamine (DA) per cent conjugation than controls. In conclusion, although the dominant type of CA secreted seems to be the main factor in determining the hypertension pattern, sulphoconjugation ability may also play an important role. PMID- 3766043 TI - The value of scintigraphy and computed tomography for the differential diagnosis of primary hyperaldosteronism. AB - Adrenocortical adenoma is the most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism. Most tumours are small, less than 2 cm in diameter and, therefore, their localization may be difficult. We have compared two different methods, adrenal scintigraphy (AS) and computed tomography (CT) in the differential diagnosis of 12 patients with primary hyperaldosteronism. AS was performed using either [131I]cholesterol or 6-iodomethyl-19-norcholesterol during dexamethasone suppression. Of the patients, five showed a normal CT and symmetrical uptake of the isotope as AS. They were considered representative of bilateral hyperplasia. All showed good therapeutic response to spironolactone. Seven patients had an adrenocortical adenoma verified at operation. The CT finding indicated a tumour in five patients. This was correct in four, but in one patient the adenoma was found in the contralateral adrenal gland. In two patients with an adenoma, CT was considered normal. AS correctly indicated the tumour in all seven patients. The uptake was unilateral in six, and bilateral but clearly asymmetrical in one patient. The results indicate that AS is superior to CT in the pre-operative localization of aldosteroma. Although CT remains the primary method for the investigation of these patients, AS should be applied always when CT does not unequivocally indicate the presence and localization of an adrenal tumour. PMID- 3766044 TI - New injectable testosterone ester maintains serum testosterone of castrated monkeys in the normal range for four months. AB - Two groups of four long-term orchidectomized cynomolgus monkeys, Macaca fascicularis, weighing 2.8-4.6 kg received either a single intramuscular injection of 40 mg of a new testosterone ester, testosterone-trans-4-n butylcyclohexyl-carboxylate (20 Aet-1) in an aqueous suspension or 32.8 mg testosterone oenanthate dissolved in sesame oil. Both preparations contained equal amounts of testosterone, namely 23.6 mg. Testosterone oenenthate injections resulted in supraphysiological serum testosterone levels for eight days followed by a rapid decline so that the lower physiological limit was reached after three weeks. In contrast, 20 Aet-1 produced a moderate increase of serum testosterone levels into the physiological range. Serum testosterone remained in this range for a period of 18 weeks. Thus it appears that the 20 Aet-1 may provide a long desired, new modality of testosterone substitution for hypogonadal men as well as for methods of male fertility control. PMID- 3766045 TI - Hypercholesterolaemia, hypotriacylglycerolaemia and increased lipoprotein lipase activity following orchidectomy in rats. AB - Plasma lipoproteins, faecal cholesterol excretion, and activities of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) hepatic lipase (HL), and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were determined in castrated rats, in rats treated with testosterone propionate after castration, and in sham-operated controls. Compared to control rats, whole-plasma total cholesterol (TC) rose, and triacylglycerols (TG) fell in castrated rats, but were normalized by androgen substitution. VLDL components tended to be reduced, whereas HDL2 components rose following castration. In general, testosterone substitution normalized the alterations induced by castration. Adipose tissue LPL was higher in castrated rats than in control rats, whereas activities of HL and LCAT were not significantly affected by the treatments. Hepatic cholesterol concentration, and faecal excretion of cholesterol and bile acids were not significantly altered by the treatments. Considering all 3 groups together, there was a significant positive correlation between the concentration of plasma cholesterol and cholesterol in liver, between plasma HDL2-cholesteryl esters and hepatic cholesterol, and also between HL and faecal cholesterol excretion. The results suggest that short term castration of rats causes increased levels of lipoprotein lipase and thereby brings about a lowering of VLDL and an increased concentration of LDL and HDL2. These effects are reflected in hypotriacylglycerolaemia and hypercholesterolaemia. PMID- 3766046 TI - Sexual dimorphism and testosterone effects on liver epidermal growth factor receptors in mice. AB - A sexual dimorphism (M greater than F) for liver EGF receptor binding capacity has been observed in developing mice. To assess the aetiology of this sexual dimorphism we studied the effect of exogenous testosterone administration on liver EGF receptors in adult mice. In control animals the maximal binding capacity of liver EGF receptors in females was 57% of that in males. The affinity konstant (Ka) was 1.59 X 10(9) l/mol in females compared with 3.11 X 10(9) in males. Treatment with testosterone every second day for 14 days resulted in an increase in the binding capacity with 17% in males and 80% in females making the maximal binding capacity in females equal to that in untreated males. Receptor Ka was unchanged by treatment in males, but Ka in treated females was increased to the level of males (2.96 X 10(9) l/mol). These results indicate that the sexual dimorphism of hepatic EGF receptors involves receptor affinity and capacity; both are increased by testosterone in females. PMID- 3766047 TI - Early prenatal treatment of ewes with testosterone completely masculinises external genitalia of female offspring but has no effects on early body weight changes. AB - Treatment of pregnant ewes from day 20 of gestation with 100 mg implants of crystalline testosterone did not cause masculinisation of genitalia or affect growth rates of female lambs. Prenatal treatment from day 20 of gestation with testosterone propionate (1.2 g in divided doses for four weeks) or testosterone cypionate (600 mg in 3 doses over three weeks) completely masculinised the external genitalia of female lambs producing a ventral penis and scrotum with no external vaginal opening: ovaries and uteri were normal. Single male lambs were significantly heavier than female lambs during a 16 week measurement period, but masculinised female lambs were not different from controls. In the twin lamb groups, there were no differences between male and female or treated and control lambs. Body weights of castrated male lambs born as twins were not different from entire controls. It was concluded that testosterone treatment of developing lambs from 20 to 65 days of gestation produces complete masculinisation of external genitalia of female lambs but does not affect body weight during the first 16 weeks of age. PMID- 3766048 TI - Variation in serum levels of T3, T4, FT4 and TSH during thyroxine replacement therapy. AB - Serum levels of T3, T4, FT4 and TSH were determined in 9 euthyroid patients during 6 h after intake of morning thyroxine replacement medication. Four hypothyroid patients were studied in the same way after the intake of 50 micrograms thyroxine. In the euthyroid patients the FT4 level increased by 31%, while the increase of T4 was 16% and the increase of T3 11%. In the hypothyroid patients levels of T3, T4 and FT4 did not change after ingestion of 50 micrograms thyroxine, while the TSH level was decreased by 30%. It is concluded that during thyroxine replacement therapy hormone analysis must be interpreted in relation to the time of thyroxine administration. PMID- 3766049 TI - Transsphenoidal microsurgery for Cushing's disease. AB - The study shows the results of transsphenoidal microsurgery in 23 patients with Cushing's disease (CD). Out of the 21 patients with tumour confined to the sella, 18 who had selective adenomectomy, and 1 who underwent total hypophysectomy had correction of hypercortisolism. None of the patients with extrasellar extension of the tumour was cured. In 2 cases no adenoma was found intra-operatively. Post operative hypoadrenalism was documented in all the patients who remitted clinically. By 3-26 months after surgery, adequate cortisol secretion was found in 12 patients, nine of whom regained diurnal variation of cortisol secretion and ten cortisol responsiveness to hypoglycaemia; a normal or near normal response of cortisol to CRF was documented in 11 out of 17 patients tested. Thyroid and gonadal function was restored in all but two patients in clinical remission, whereas GH responsiveness to hypoglycaemia appeared impaired in 11. Two patients had recurrence of the disease 2 and 3 years, respectively, after successful adenomectomy. In our experience transsphenoidal selective adenomectomy is an effective treatment for most patients with CD; additional therapeutic approaches should be considered for patients bearing pituitary tumours with extrasellar extension, whose surgical outcome is often disappointing. PMID- 3766050 TI - Conversion of thyroxine to 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine in several rat tissues in vivo: the effect of hypothyroidism. AB - The local conversion of thyroxine (T4) to 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) has been recognized as a source of T3 at various sites in euthyroid rats. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of hypothyroidism on the source and quantity of T3 at several of these sites (liver, cerebral cortex (Cx), thymus, testis, brown adipose tissue). For this purpose intact euthyroid rats and radiothyroidectomized (RTx) rats received a continuous iv infusion of [125I]T4 and [131I]T3 until isotopic equilibrium was attained. In addition to the labelled iodothyronines, RTx rats received a continuous iv infusion of 0.75 microgram T4/day, in order to maintain a defined hypothyroid state. At the end of the infusion period the animals were bled and perfused, and homogenates of the various organs were prepared. The mean plasma T4 and T3 levels in T4-maintained RTx rats, as measured by RIA, were 1.5 micrograms/dl and 15 ng/dl (euthyroid values: 5.2 micrograms/dl and 48 ng/dl, respectively). The plasma and tissue homogenates were processed for thin layer chromatography and the [125I]T4, [125I]T3 and [131I]T3 levels determined. From these data the concentrations of T4, total T3 and T3 derived from local T4 to T3 conversion (LcT3(T4)) in tissue could be calculated. The relative mean contribution of LcT3(T4) to the total T3 in Cx (75%), thymus (31%), testis (43%) and brown adipose tissue (65%) from hypothyroid rats was higher than that determined for euthyroid animals (66%, 19%, 29% and 27%, respectively). The reverse was found for the liver (15% vs 39%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3766051 TI - Enterohepatic recirculation of oestriol: inhibition by activated charcoal. AB - We have earlier reported on a prolonged effect of orally administered oestriol caused by its enterohepatic recycling after reabsorption from the intestine. The aim of the present study was to test if oral administration of activated charcoal could inhibit the enterohepatic recirculation of orally given oestriol. Plasma concentrations of unconjugated oestriol were measured using a specific radioimmunoassay (RIA). Twelve mg oestriol administered orally to postmenopausal women resulted in elevated plasma oestriol levels for more than 24 h. Plasma oestriol fluctuations in relation to meals were seen. When activated charcoal was given 3 h after oestriol administration, the plasma oestriol concentration declined without further fluctuations and returned to the pretreatment value within 6 h. Our data indicate that oestriol given orally undergoes enterohepatic recirculation after reabsorption from the intestine since administration of charcoal, which binds steroids, resulted in a rapidly declining oestriol level. It is concluded that the prolonged oestriol elevation, which is normally seen, is caused by enterohepatic recycling. PMID- 3766052 TI - Intestinal phosphate and calcium absorption: joint regulation by thyroid hormones and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. AB - Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) activate Na+-dependent inorganic phosphate (Pi) transport in organ-cultured embryonic chick small intestine. Induction of transport activity requires intact protein synthesis and can be expressed in enterocytes with varying degrees of differentiation. T3 and T4 exert their effect independent of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), which is shown to stimulate Pi uptake only in the final stage of embryonic differentiation. At this time point, a potentiating effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 and T4 on Pi transport in cultured jejunum can be demonstrated. Thyroid hormones appear to stimulate Na+ gradient-driven Pi transport without concomitantly raising (Na+ K+)-ATPase activity. T4 has no influence whatsoever on calcium uptake by cultured embryonic small intestine while 1,25(OH)2D3 is effective at all stages of embryonic development investigated (day 15-20). However, when both hormones were present in the culture medium, the effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on calcium transport is doubled. Our results suggest that the hyperphosphataemia associated with hyperthyroidism is likely to result, at least in part, from the independent effect of thyroid hormones as well as from their potentiation of the 1,25(OH)2D3 action on Na+-dependent intestinal Pi transport. In addition, their permissive effect on 1,25(OH)2D3-induced calcium absorption provides an explanation for unaltered calcium absorption in a number of hyperthyroid patients, although reduced plasma levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 are generally observed in this condition. PMID- 3766053 TI - [Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) as seen by the internist]. PMID- 3766054 TI - [Diagnostic and prognostic value of upper digestive tract infections in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex. Initial results]. PMID- 3766055 TI - [Esophagogastric infectious complications in oncology]. PMID- 3766056 TI - [Blood volume and urinary sodium, potassium and uric acid in cirrhosis. Evidence of the hypersensitivity of the nephron to aldosterone]. PMID- 3766057 TI - [When can one consider the use of urea in cirrhotic patients with ascites?]. PMID- 3766058 TI - [Physiopathology of ascites]. PMID- 3766059 TI - [Peritoneovenous shunt in the treatment of intractable ascites in cirrhotic patients. UCL experience]. PMID- 3766060 TI - [Surgical treatment of intractable ascites in cirrhosis. In favor of a rationale for therapeutic indications]. PMID- 3766061 TI - Campylobacter-like organisms in the human stomach. A review. PMID- 3766063 TI - [Esophagogastric infections]. PMID- 3766062 TI - [Significance of the presence of Campylobacter pyloridis in the gastric antrum. Results of a prospective study in 212 patients]. PMID- 3766064 TI - [Heterogeneity of human mixed hemopoietic colonies derived from marrow cells]. PMID- 3766065 TI - [Studies on the mechanisms of resistance to methotrexate--with special emphasis on the change of nucleotide pools]. PMID- 3766066 TI - [Analysis of nuclear DNA content and nuclear size in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma]. PMID- 3766067 TI - [Inactivation by plasma of platelet-activating factor]. PMID- 3766068 TI - [Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a patient with hemophilia A]. PMID- 3766070 TI - [Measurement of platelet adhesion using collagen immobilized beads]. PMID- 3766069 TI - [Detection of antineutrophil autoantibodies with immunofluorescence test using flow cytometry]. PMID- 3766071 TI - Effects of purified erythropoietin in partially nephrectomized rats. PMID- 3766072 TI - Erythrophagocytosis by bone marrow macrophages in hemolytic anemias. PMID- 3766073 TI - Long-term liquid culture of marrow CFU-C from normal subjects and patients with aplastic anemia. PMID- 3766074 TI - Significance of abnormality high endogenous CFU-E numbers in aplastic anemia. PMID- 3766075 TI - Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase positive cells in the human embryonic and fetal liver. PMID- 3766076 TI - The atypism of hematic cells quantitatively evaluated at the ultrastructural level in myelodysplastic syndrome and liver cirrhosis. PMID- 3766077 TI - Spontaneous colony-forming activity in vitro and comparative histological studies on ethylnitrosourea-induced leukemia in Sprague-Dawley rats. PMID- 3766078 TI - Two patients with autoimmune disease developing into non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. PMID- 3766079 TI - Multi-marker analysis of seven patients with malignant histiocytosis. PMID- 3766080 TI - Immature phenotypic conversion in a patient with malignant histiocytosis. PMID- 3766081 TI - Preparation of anhydro-thrombin and its interaction with plasma antithrombin III. PMID- 3766082 TI - Hereditary antithrombin III deficiency in a Korean family. PMID- 3766083 TI - [Treatment of inappropriate TSH secretion with Triac]. AB - Diagnostically one differentiates neoplastic and non neoplastic forms of inappropriate TSH-secretion characterized by increased TSH levels with a parallel rise in peripheral thyroid hormone parameters. Surgery is the treatment of choice in cases of TSH secreting pituitary tumors. In this paper different regims of medication are described in a patient with non neoplastic inappropriate TSH secretion. This 39-year-old woman underwent unsuccessful therapy both with bromocriptine and d-thyroxine. Finally a persistent (so far 4 months) TSH suppression treatment with TRIAC brought lasting success to the same patient. PMID- 3766084 TI - [Diagnosis of peripheral thyroid hormone effect using sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and systolic time intervals (STI)]. AB - Only in rare cases with peripheral resistance to thyroid hormones, low T3 syndrome and inappropriate TSH secretion a laboratory determination of the effects of thyroid hormones on peripheral organs such as BMR, Achilles sinew reflex, cholesterol, SHBG, STI etc. is necessary. It was demonstrated that serum concentration of SHBG offered a clear and reliable parameter of the effects of thyroid hormones on liver cells. In a group of 31 patients with overt hyperthyroidism the level of SHBG being 136.5 nmol@l was significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than in control patients showing 36.3 nmol/l SHBG. The hypothyroid group (32 patients) showed a rather significant reduction (p less than 0.01) in SHBG level with a median of 27.5 nmol/l. Among the systolic time intervals the preejection period (PEP) and the LVET/PEP ratio were the most striking parameters. In the hyperthyroid group there was a highly significant shorter interval of PEP (p less than 0.001) and a significant rise of the LVET/PEP ratio (p less than 0.01) compared with the control patients. In the hypothyroid group a hardly perceptible extension of PEP (p less than 0.01) was observed, but a highly significant decrease of the LVET/PEP ratio (p less than 0.001) could be demonstrated. PMID- 3766086 TI - [Nuclear medical determination of left ventricular diastolic function in coronary heart disease]. AB - In 191 patients with confirmed coronary disease we determined the left ventricular diastolic function with the Nuclear Stethoscope by the aid of the Peak Filling Rate (PFR) and the Time to Peak Filling Rate (TPFR). Moreover we investigated the ejection fraction (EF). 123 patients had already suffered a myocardial infarction, of these 59 an anterior wall infarction and 64 an inferior wall infarction. The remaining 68 patients had a CAD without a history of myocardial infarction. The PFR was 2.20 +/- 0.64 EDV/sec in the 59 patients after anterior wall infarction and 2.64 +/- 0.82 EDV/sec in the 64 patients after inferior wall infarction and 2.83 +/- 0.84 EDV/sec in 68 patients with coronary artery disease without a history of myocardial infarction. The TPFR was 178 +/- 36.7 msec after anterior and 157 +/- 49.2 msec after inferior wall infarction and 156 +/- 47 msec in the patients with CAD without previous infarction. The left ventricular diastolic function (PFR and/or TPFR) was abnormal in 87% after anterior wall infarction and in 81% after inferior wall infarction. In comparison with this the ejection fraction was reduced in 66% in anterior and in 61% after inferior wall infarction at rest. These results indicate that the resting diastolic function appears to be more informative for evaluation of a left ventricular dysfunction than the systolic function at rest. PMID- 3766087 TI - [Use of markers for compliance control during long-term therapy]. AB - The compliance of 9 patients in taking an antihypertensive therapy was studied by labelling the active substance with riboflavin. The results shows that with a relatively small amount of label it is possible to control the intake of preparations. This is a suitable method for the clinical routine and it allows the direct determination of the elimination of the riboflavin in the urine two hours after the intake of the drug. It is proposed that this method should be used obligatorily in all studies of new drugs for the assessment of their action in the oral long-term therapy. For the daily routine it offers a suitable method for the control of cases where an initial clinical efficiency is followed by therapeutic failures in long-term treatment. PMID- 3766085 TI - [Early diagnosis of endocrine ophthalmopathy using eye movement tonometry]. AB - In a certain number of cases (about 30%) of autoimmune hyperthyroidism the pattern of an endocrine ophthalmopathy was observed which is difficult to determine especially in early stages of Graves disease. Already prior to measurable morphological changes, being determined by sonography and computertomography (41.6%), functional discrepancies could be assessed by means of temporary increases of intraocular pressure due to eye movement in 64.5% of cases. Such changes in ocular pressure were established on the basis of eye movement tonometry. Results obtained suggest that by means of the method described an early detection of eye signs associated with thyroid diseases is possible and thus enabling an early differentiation between autoimmune and non immunogenic thyroid disorders. PMID- 3766089 TI - [Annual meeting of the Austrian Society for Internal Medicine, in association with the Austrian Society for Clinical Chemistry, the Austrian Society for Laboratory Medicine, and the Austrian Society for Nuclear Medicine. Salzburg, 18 20 September 1986. Abstracts]. PMID- 3766088 TI - [Immune thrombocytopenia in Hodgkin's disease]. AB - Thrombocytopenic purpura of the idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) type is an unusual and poorly documented complication of Hodgkin's disease. In an eight year period, three patients out of 140 with Hodgkin's disease developed thrombocytopenia; two of them presented a clinical picture undistinguishable from classic ITP. In both platelet antibody could be demonstrated. The third patient developed thrombocytopenia during an acute exacerbation of the underlying disease. Successful therapy of thrombocytopenia was achieved by methylprednisolone alone in one case and by cyclophosphamide in combination with methylprednisolone in the other two cases. These case reports demonstrate again that thrombocytopenia in Hodgkin's disease take place in active phases as well as in periods of complete remission; in the latter thrombocytopenia may reflect a part of immunological imbalance closely related to the pathophysiological background of Hodgkin's disease. PMID- 3766090 TI - Liver susceptibility to ischaemia in spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - Blood loss has previously been shown to be more detrimental for spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) than for normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. To evaluate whether this decreased tolerance to blood loss is due to disturbances in circulatory control or to alterations in cellular function caused by the hypertensive disease, SHR and WKY were subjected to complete liver ischaemia. During a 45-min period of ischaemia as well as after 4 h of reflow, the liver content of ATP, glycogen, glucose and lactate was determined. Liver ATP decreased to 15% and liver glycogen to 30% of initial levels, while liver glucose increased 6-fold and liver lactate 13-fold during the ischaemic period in both SHR and WKY. Following 4 h of reflow, ATP was restored to 11.5 +/- 1.7 mumol X g protein-1 (56% of initial level) in SHR and to 15.2 +/- 1.3 (76%) in WKY. The levels of lactate and glucose returned to control levels after the reflow period while the glycogen stores were further depleted in SHR as well as WKY. No difference between SHR and WKY in cellular metabolic function during the ischaemic period could thus be demonstrated, and the postischaemic recovery was not significantly different. It is concluded that hypertensive disease does not seem to change the ischaemic tolerance of liver cells to any considerable extent. PMID- 3766091 TI - Airway lesions caused by prolonged intubation with standard and with anatomically shaped tracheal tubes. A post-mortem study. AB - Two groups of patients intubated for long periods were examined post mortem. In Group A (22 patients) the mean duration of intubation was 4.0 days and in Group B (19 patients) 5.7 days. The mean for the two groups was 4.8 days. In Group A a conventional endotracheal tube was used, and in Group B an anatomically shaped tube. Both tubes had cuffs of the intermediate-volume, low-pressure type. The larynx and trachea, from the epiglottis to the bifurcation, were removed in one piece at autopsy and the inner surface was photographed. The photographs were magnified and from these the size and estimated depth of any lesions were recorded. In the arytenoid and tracheal regions no significant difference was found between the two groups. In the cricoid region, on the other hand, the outcome was significantly more favourable following use of the anatomically shaped tube. PMID- 3766092 TI - Reversal of sedation and respiratory depression after anaesthesia by the combined use of physostigmine and naloxone in neurosurgical patients. AB - A clinical trial of the combination of naloxone in a low dose (1-1.5 micrograms X kg-1 body weight) with physostigmine (0.5-1.0 mg i.v.) was made to elucidate whether this combination could reverse postanaesthetic overdosing in neurosurgical patients without increasing postoperative pain. The investigation was made following previous findings that physostigmine has analgesic properties in addition to its systemic antisedative and anticholinergic effects as well as a stimulatory effect on morphine-depressed ventilation. Altogether 198 neurosurgical patients were investigated. The results showed that postanaesthetic over-sedation can be safely treated by a combination of naloxone and physostigmine in the dosages named above, resulting in the rapid reversal of sedation, where opiates, neuroleptics and benzodiazepines have been used. In contrast, this combination has very little effect on sedation following the administration of agents such as halothane and isoflurane. In the great majority of patients (95%), the treatment resulted in excellent analgesia during the first postoperative hour. The incidence of nausea and vomiting was increased somewhat by this treatment, but these side-effects could be minimized by decreasing the rate of drug administration. Physostigmine is contra-indicated in patients having symptoms and signs similar to those of Parkinson's disease, and the dose of physostigmine should also be reduced to 0.5 mg i.v. in all patients over the age of 65. PMID- 3766093 TI - Auditory evoked potentials during isoflurane anaesthesia. AB - Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) were determined in 12 volunteers. The effect of isoflurane anaesthesia on BAEP was determined in six patients. Body temperature and end-tidal CO2% were controlled. Increasing end-tidal isoflurane concentration from 0.6-2.4% increased BAEP wave I, III and V latencies. The amplitude of wave V decreased with increasing isoflurane concentration. Thus a dose-related change was demonstrated between end-tidal concentration of isoflurane and BAEP latencies. PMID- 3766094 TI - A prospective analysis of 1,400 pulmonary artery catheterizations in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. AB - During 1983 and 1984, 1305 patients underwent 1,400 pulmonary artery (PA) catheterizations. Successful placement was achieved in 1397 (99.6%) of 1,403 attempts. The catheters were inserted via the right internal jugular vein on 1364 occasions. The median duration of monitoring was 28 h with a range from 3 to 220 h. Central venous puncture complications included carotid artery puncture in 67 instances (4.8%) and pneumothorax in one patient. Insertion of the catheters was associated with supraventricular arrhythmias on 11 occasions, ventricular arrhythmias on 930 (66.4%), right bundle branch block on two and a total heart block on one occasion. Eighteen (2.3%) of the 794 cultured catheter tips were positive. An in situ time of more than 72 h was associated with a significantly higher percentage (7.2%) of positive tip cultures compared with an in situ time of less than 72 h (P less than 0.01). Repeated PA catheterization was not associated with significantly more complications than the initial catheterization. The results show that monitoring with a PA catheter in cardiac surgical patients is associated with a low incidence of morbidity. PMID- 3766095 TI - Pharmacokinetics of intravenous, intrathecal and epidural morphine and fentanyl in the goat. AB - Intrathecal and epidural catheters and an intravenous cannula were inserted in 10 goats. After administration of either morphine 4 mg, intravenously, 1 mg intrathecally or 4 and 8 mg epidurally, or fentanyl 0.1 mg intravenously, 0.05 mg intrathecally or 0.1 and 0.2 mg epidurally, venous blood and CSF were sampled at 2, 5, 10, 15, 30 min and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 24 h. The concentrations of the drugs were measured by radioimmunoassay. After administration of intravenous morphine the plasma concentration-time curve fitted a 3-compartment model (body clearance = 84 +/- 23 ml/min/kg, mean +/- s.d., N = 5), while after fentanyl the plasma concentration-time curve was best described by a 2-compartment model (body clearance = 3.9-5.8 ml/min/kg, N = 3]. After intrathecal injection the elimination rates of the opioids from CSF were 0.3 to 2.0 and 0.6 to 2.4 ml/h/kg for morphine and fentanyl, respectively (N = 3). The time to reach maximum CSF concentration after epidural administration was 0.22 +/- 0.14 h for morphine (N = 6) and 0.22 +/- 0.13 h for fentanyl (N = 8). In the same goat the CSF availability was 2.3 and 11.3% for morphine and 0.8 and 3.3% for fentanyl following epidural administration of the low and high doses, respectively. After epidural administration, morphine and fentanyl are absorbed into CSF at the same rate but the relative amount of drug absorbed may be higher for morphine than fentanyl. Bulk flow is supposed to be the principal mechanism of opioid elimination from CSF. PMID- 3766096 TI - Effects of epidural analgesia on scalp-recorded somatosensory evoked potentials to posterior tibial nerve stimulation. AB - The effect of epidural analgesia with plain bupivacaine 0.5% on somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) to electrical stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve was examined in six patients. Epidural analgesia significantly increased onset time and latencies of the early components in SEP, while the amplitudes decreased. These results suggest that SEP may be valuable in the objective evaluation of possible differential neural effects of local anaesthetic agents following epidural or intrathecal administration. PMID- 3766097 TI - Gastric volume and pH in children for emergency surgery. AB - The volume and pH of gastric contents aspirated prior to anaesthesia were measured in 101 children admitted for emergency surgery. The children were aged between 3 months and 15 years. If we define potential patients at risk by means of the volume and pH of the gastric contents, then 50.0% of the children were at risk of aspiration into the lungs. The number of patients at risk was higher in children aged between 6 and 10 years. There was almost the same risk in the groups with abdominal-, urogenital-, and orthopaedic diseases, while the number of patients at risk was less in the group with superficial lesions. The length of fasting time in the child considerably influenced the volume of gastric contents in emergency surgical cases. It is concluded that in children admitted for emergency surgery there is a risk of aspiration of gastric contents into the lungs. The risk is reduced by preanaesthetic fasting. All children admitted for emergency surgery must be carefully evaluated prior to anaesthesia with special reference to gastric aspiration. PMID- 3766098 TI - Flunitrazepam-fentanyl-induced sedation and analgesia for bone marrow aspiration and needle biopsy in children. AB - We describe the use of flunitrazepam and fentanyl to produce sedation and analgesia, as an alternative to general anesthesia, for 96 children with malignancies or hematologic diseases, undergoing 122 bone marrow examinations (BME). In 82 cases there was no reaction to the puncture. Most children had complete amnesia and only two remembered some pain. In 10% the sedation and analgesia was considered inadequate and barbiturate was given; seven out of these 12 children were under the age of 3 years. During 117 procedures the children maintained adequate spontaneous ventilation; in five cases the ventilation was assisted. In 13 cases there were minor side-effects including drowsiness and nausea. One child had a short apnea after the procedure. PMID- 3766099 TI - Sudden bilateral hearing loss after spinal anaesthesia. A case report. AB - A case of bilateral hearing loss following an otherwise uncomplicated spinal anaesthesia with bupivacaine is presented. It is suggested that a drop in intracranial pressure played a principal role in the development of this complication. Unless specifically sought for, minor auditory losses following spinal anaesthesia may be overlooked. PMID- 3766100 TI - Treatment of cancer-related pain. PMID- 3766101 TI - [The exit of the chorda tympani nerve through the external surface of the base of the skull]. AB - Current textbooks of anatomy consider the chorda tympani to leave the external surface of the base of the skull through the petrotympanic fissure (of Glaser). In contrast to this view, Krause in 1905 described the sphenopetrosal fissure as outlet structure. The present reexamination of the extracranial course of 33 chordae tympani confirms the latter conception. Thus, the prevailing opinion has to be revised. Clinical impacts are discussed. PMID- 3766102 TI - Quantitative studies of rat carotid body type I cell nerve endings. AB - The results of a stereological and morphometric analysis of rat carotid body type I cell nerve endings are described. 66.9% of endings possessed symmetrical junctions. Of the remaining endings, 3.6% were presynaptic and 26% were postsynaptic to type I cells; 3.6% of endings had a reciprocal configuration. Apart from membrane specialisations, no other ultrastructural criteria were found to distinguish the different types of endings. Ventilation with 100% and 10% oxygen showed that the hypoxic mixture reduced synaptic vesicle concentration in the nerve endings; this effect was independent of the innervation to the carotid body. PMID- 3766103 TI - Surface area of the atlanto-occipital articulations. AB - The surface areas of the occipital condyles of 101 skulls and of the superior articular facets of 103 atlases have been measured to ascertain bilateral asymmetry and dominance. The atlases show a tendency to have larger facets and the occipital bones tend to have larger condyles on the right side. PMID- 3766104 TI - Division of type I and endothelial cells in the hypoxic rat carotid body. AB - The mammalian carotid body is enlarged under conditions of chronic hypoxaemia. There has been some discussion as to whether this is due to hypertrophy or to hyperplasia. We have subjected rats to 1, 2 or 7 days of 10% oxygen and, 4 h before removing the carotid bodies, injected each animal with vincristine sulphate, an inhibitor of mitosis. The results of this study indicate that numerous mitoses can be found in the carotid bodies of rats exposed to 10% oxygen, but not in control animals maintained in air. These experiments thus provide direct evidence that at least a proportion of the increase in size of the carotid body induced by chronic hypoxaemia is due to a cellular hyperplasia. PMID- 3766105 TI - Annulate lamellae and whorl bodies in the diffuse supraoptic nucleus of the hamster. AB - The ultrastructure of neurons of the diffuse supraoptic nucleus of the hamster has been studied. These neurons show two specializations of the endoplasmic reticulum: annulate lamellae and whorl bodies. From one to three whorl bodies are found in the same neuron. The annulate lamellae and the whorl body cisterns are continuous with the cisterns of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. These neurons present an extraordinarily developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, small mitochondria, neurosecretory vesicles and a Golgi complex filled with electron dense material. Astrocytic processes of different thickness surround the neurosecretory cells. PMID- 3766107 TI - Ultrastructure of the ventricular myocardium of the bat Eidolon helvum. AB - Ultrastructural studies, including a preliminary morphometric analysis, of the right ventricular myocardium in the West African bat Eidolon helvum show that the myocytes contain a wider T-tubule system and a higher proportion of mitochondria and lipid droplets than in typical terrestrial mammals such as the rat; these features in the bat are even mor pronounced than in hibernating species such as the golden hamster. In addition to having coupling arrangements with T-tubules and surface sarcolemma, cisterns of junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum are closely apposed to mitochondria and lipid droplets. PMID- 3766106 TI - Thickness of renal glomerular capillary basement membrane in the offspring of diabetic rats fed a regular or high-sucrose diet. AB - Numerous animal model studies of diabetes mellitus have been reported. Diabetes induced vascular damage is a common cause of systemic organ damage in humans and animals. Many investigations have been made of human and animal offspring of diabetic mothers. The present report documents the sequential glomerular basement membrane (GBM) thickness in fetuses and infants of diabetic rats. The postnatal increase in GBM thickness was similar in the offspring of control and diabetic rats, and was not related to the sucrose concentration in the diet. PMID- 3766108 TI - Change in facial shape in micro-, macro- and normocephalics. AB - In view of the dubious scientific validity of traditional cephalometric analyses, the more accurate technique of biorthogonal analysis was used in this study. Developed from D'Arcy Thompson's transformation grids, this technique showed similar craniofacial shape changes in micro-, macro- and normocephalics between the ages of 12 and 16 years, implying the contrasts in facial form between these 3 samples predominantly reflect size rather than shape differences. PMID- 3766109 TI - Ultrastructure of the submandibular gland in 2 species of macaques. AB - The ultrastructure of the submandibular glands was studied in 2 species of macaques (Macaca mulatta and Macaca irus). The glands, which were identical in both species, were predominantly serous, but contained scattered mucous acini. The serous cells contained 1 of 2 morphologically distinct secretory granules of complex substructure, whereas mucous droplets were relatively simple in structure. Other parts of the macaque glands were similar to their counterparts in other primates. The close resemblance of the serous granules to each other in the 2 species studied and to 3 other macaque species previously described by others suggests that these monkeys are taxonomically closely related. PMID- 3766110 TI - [Fisher's one-and-one half syndrome. Involvement of the 6th cranial nerve nucleus and association with paralytic pontine exotropia]. AB - Total lateral paralysis in a case of "One and half" Fisher's syndrome accompanied by paralytic pontine exotropia is described. Oculographic investigation indicates involvement of the nucleus of the VIth cranial nerve. Paralytic pontine exotropia, may therefore be encountered where the VIth nucleus is involved. PMID- 3766111 TI - Mirror speaking after neurosurgery. A case history. AB - The case is reported of a 23 year old patient, who at the age of nine underwent neurosurgery for an angiomatous meningioma of the right temporal lobe, and immediately afterwards realized he was able to speak backwards nearly as well as normally. Presently, the patient still retains this ability which is associated with analogous mirror reading and writing. Neurological examination and EEG, CT data as well as the scores of some neuropsychological tests are added. PMID- 3766112 TI - Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of serum and cerebrospinal fluid proteins in multiple sclerosis and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. AB - Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins in multiple sclerosis (MS) and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) were fractionated by means of two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. At the same time, separations of serum and CSF proteins of control cases were made. Some major differences were observed between the patterns obtained for MS serum and those obtained for normal and SSPE serum: for MS serum one extra specific group of proteins was located in the more acidic area of the gel. In the case of CSF protein separations, MS and SSPE showed common features remarkably different from normal: the disappearance of a specific CSF 38,000 dalton group of proteins and the fractionation of proteins into many discrete spots in the chi and lambda light chain region after two dimensional electrophoresis. The latter correlates with the presence of oligoclonal immunoglobulins in the CSF. In addition, in SSPE CSF, there appear 4 to 5 proteins which cannot be detected elsewhere (nor in normal CSF nor in CSF from various neurological diseases). Identification of these proteins has not yet been made. PMID- 3766113 TI - [3-year evaluation of the surgical treatment of intracranial aneurysms. Apropos of 100 surgically treated aneurysms]. AB - The authors present the results of surgical treatment of a consecutive series of 100 cases of intra cranial aneurysm. The results are analysed in relation to various factors such as the pre-operative delay, the clinical status, the location of the aneurysm and the age of the patient. Altogether, the percentage of excellent and good results is 83%. Bad results account for 10% of the total and deaths represent 7%. Shunted postoperative hydrocephalus was recorded in 10% of cases and half were due to aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery. Postoperative spasm (16%) was the severest complication, responsible for more than half the deaths. PMID- 3766114 TI - LDH isoenzymes in CSF in the diagnosis of neonatal brain damage. AB - Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in cerebrospinal fluid were measured during the first 24 h of life in 25 asphyctic neonates. The infants were subjected to clinical and developmental examinations for a mean follow-up period of 15.2 months. The mean values for cerebrospinal LDH2(MH3) and LDH3(M2H2) isoenzymes were significantly higher in asphyctic infants who died from hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy or who survived but suffered neurologic sequelae, than they were in those asphyctic infants who survived and were normal in the follow-up studies. Therefore, the authors conclude that the lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme pattern in cerebrospinal fluid may be of value when assessing anoxic brain damage. PMID- 3766115 TI - Right hemisphere patients' judgements on emotions. AB - A triadic comparison technique was used to assess brain-damaged patients' ability to judge the relatedness of a number of emotions, using either a pictorial or verbal material. Emotionally neutral material served as a control. Right hemisphere patients also differed from normals in processing emotions when presented with verbal material. It is suggested that central rather than only peripheral aspects in recognition of emotions are disturbed after injury to the right hemisphere. PMID- 3766116 TI - Infantile facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy: new observations. AB - Clinical, electrodiagnostic, and biopsy findings in a family with infantile facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy are reported. Four of eight family members having the disorder, all with onset in infancy, developed severe weakness leading to death in adolescence. The clinical course and prognosis of infantile facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy may, therefore, be as devastating as that of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The unusual infantile presentation and high mortality in our affected family members suggest that the gene coding for this disorder may be different from that responsible for conventional facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. PMID- 3766117 TI - Withdrawal of phenobarbital and carbamazepine in epileptic patients: a preliminary neuropsychological report. AB - We systematically investigated the neuropsychological effects of controlled withdrawal of antiepileptic therapy with a battery of tests exploring intelligence, vigilance, attention, memory and sensori-motor performance. 16 patients without seizures for at least 2 years, 9 on therapy with phenobarbital (PB) and 7 with carbamazepine (CBZ), were examined 4 times over a period of 21 months. No significant correlation was found between drug levels and performance in the tests. The slight differences found between the PB and CBZ groups at full doses disappeared completely one year after withdrawal. PMID- 3766118 TI - Vibratory perception threshold in patients with mild multiple sclerosis. AB - The vibratory perception threshold (VPT) was measured bilaterally on both the upper and lower extremity in 69 patients with mild multiple sclerosis. In the case of the lower extremities the VPT measurements were closely correlated with qualitative vibratory perception measurements performed with a tuning fork; in the upper extremities the association was weak. The VPT was abnormal at least in one extremity in 38% of the patients. Quantitative VPT measurement seem to be a suitable technique for the detection of sensory symptoms of central origin. PMID- 3766119 TI - Cerebral vasculitis as presenting symptom of systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - A 42-year-old woman developed right-sided hemiparesis due to left-sided encephalomalacia revealed by CT scan. Subsequent angiography revealed vasculitis of several intra-cranial arteries. The ESR was 65 mm/h. Further laboratory tests revealed no evidence of systemic disease so that no causal diagnosis could be posed. Treatment with prednisone (3 X 30 mg daily) led to complete cure of the hemiparesis within 6 weeks. Sixteen months later, the patient developed cutaneous lesions in the neck. Histological examination of these lesions indicated the presence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Neurological presentation of SLE is exceptional, while cerebral vasculitis as initial symptom of SLE has never been described before. PMID- 3766120 TI - Formation of oedema in transected rat sciatic nerve. A microgravimetric study. AB - The formation of oedema in peripheral nerves was studied in rats at intervals varying from 6 h to 14 days after transection of the right sciatic nerve. Samples were removed proximal and distal to the injury, and the degree of oedema was determined by a microgravimetric method and by measurements of the water content and of the fascicular area. Distal to the lesion, decreased density values indicating the presence of oedema were observed in samples examined after a survival period of 6 h-14 days. The water content and fascicular area were both increased in samples taken 24 h after injury. Fourteen days postinjury the water content had increased further. Proximal to the lesion, the water content and the fascicular area were increased in samples examined after a survival period of 24 h. Fourteen days after the injury, the increase in water content was even more pronounced. No changes were detected with the microgravimetric technique 6 and 24 h after the injury. Unexpectedly, animals surviving 14 days showed increased density values. The microgravimetric technique used is a valuable adjunctive method for quantitation of peripheral nerve oedema in the acute phase after a traumatic nerve injury. Later on, loss of axons and of myelin components, together with regenerative phenomena, influence the density values obtained. Quantitative methods for studying chronic peripheral nerve oedema should, therefore, be supplemented with other techniques. PMID- 3766121 TI - An autopsy case of dementia and parkinsonism with severe degeneration exclusively in the substantia nigra. AB - We have recently encountered a patient with progressive dementia and parkinsonism beginning at the age of 68 years and developing for 2 years. Pathological examination revealed severe degeneration exclusively in the substantia nigra with absence of Lewy bodies and neurofibrillary changes. The features of this case are reported and discussed. PMID- 3766122 TI - Microscopical and ultrastructural investigations on the development of the blood brain barrier in the chick embryo optic tectum. AB - The formation of a blood-brain barrier to horseradish peroxidase was microscopically and ultrastructurally investigated in the tectum opticum of the chick during development of the intraneural blood vessel network from the 6th incubation day to hatching, and in adult specimens. Extravasation of the circulating marker, apparently unimpeded during early stages of vasculogenesis, starts to diminish from the 14th incubation day (i.d.) and is prevented after the 18th i.d. The tracer seems to get out of the vessel lumina through the sites of reciprocal contact between adjacent endothelial cells, and the differentiation of tight junctions there hinders the passage of peroxidase particles. The formation of numerous endothelial vacuoles during early vasculogenesis and the setting of the blood-brain barrier are discussed in connection with the mechanisms of transendothelial transport, and respectively, the processes of moulding of the growing endothelia. PMID- 3766123 TI - Fetal origin of the medulloblastoma: evidence from growth analysis of two cases. AB - Growth analysis of medulloblastomas was performed in two children. They initially manifested symptoms at the age of 3 years and 9 months and at the age of 2 months respectively. Computerized tomography (CT) scans were obtained at different points in each case. The growth curves were drawn on a semilogarithmic graph by calculating the tumor volume on CT on the assumptions that the tumor started from a single tumor cell and that the growth rate was constant. By extrapolating the curves back, tumor inception was estimated to have occurred respectively at the 14-23rd week and at the 16-17th week of gestation. Additional cell kinetic data were obtained from DNA analysis of surgical pathology specimens. Calculated cell cycle times were 22-32 h for both cases. The S phases comprised 26.3% and 27% and the G0G1 phases 66.8% and 62% of the cell cycle, respectively, for case 1 and 2. Assuming a labelling index of 14%, the cell loss factors were estimated to be 97% and 74% (case 1 and case 2 respectively). The seventeenth week of gestation in humans corresponds to the timing of events occurring postnatally at days 3-18 in the developing cerebella of rodents, i.e., at the time of maximal activity in the migration and differentiation of the cells of the fetal external granular layer. Medulloblastomas have been experimentally induced in rodents by the injection of oncogenic viruses during the neonatal period, and statistical data on the epidemiology of human medulloblastomas have suggested a possible association with the contamination of polio vaccine by the SV 40 virus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3766124 TI - Congenital Pick cell encephalopathy: a distinct disorder characterized by diffuse formation of Pick cells in the cerebral cortex. AB - Diffuse degeneration of the cerebral cortex and claustrum was found in the brain of a 7-week-old baby with profound psychomotor retardation, multiple ankyloses, seizures, and hypothalamic dysfunction. There was ubiquitous Pick cell formation and gliosis in the affected gray matter. The cortex was not atrophic; in fact, the brain was moderately enlarged. The clinical and pathological findings suggest that the disorder should be distinguished from Pick's disease, as well as from other congenital encephalopathies. PMID- 3766125 TI - Laminar distribution of neocortical senile plaques in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. AB - A prospective longitudinal study was undertaken in a geriatric hospital on women over 75 years of age, clinically diagnosed as either intellectually normal or having senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT) of varying degrees of severity. Mental impairment was assessed prospectively. Fifteen brains from this population were studied to evaluate quantitatively the distribution of senile plaques (SP) in relation to cortical lamination. SP density in four neocortical areas (first temporal gyrus; supramarginal gyrus calcarine area; precentral gyrus) was significantly correlated with the degree of mental impairment. SP distribution in the cortical layers was evaluated by an indirect method and appeared to be fairly constant from one case to another. Significantly higher SP densities were observed in layers II and III of the temporal and occipital samples, while minimal values were noted in layer I. Lower densities of SP were found in layers V and IV of the occipital and temporal lobes. These data suggest a selective vulnerability of some areas of cortical projections in SDAT. PMID- 3766126 TI - Frequency and prognostic significance of germinal matrix hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, and pontosubicular necrosis in preterm neonates. AB - The occurrence of germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH), periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), and pontosubicular necrosis (PSN) was evaluated in a material of 96 preterm infants. All cases were born at less than 38 weeks of gestation, and died within 30 days after birth. The frequency of GMH (50%) and PVL (24%) was within the range of previous observations, but the 59% occurrence of PSN argues against the assertion that intraventricular hemorrhage is the most common neuropathological finding in preterm neonates. However, different combinations of these injuries were found in more than half the cases affected. Of the 48 infants with GMH, 36 (75%) showed either PSN (19 cases), PVL (2 cases), or both lesions (15 cases), and the frequency of additional damage was related to the severity of hemorrhage. Thus, neonatal mortality may be more related to additional hypoxic/ischemic lesions than to the severity of hemorrhage per se. Clinical follow-up studies on subpopulations of preterm infants with and without GMH have shown no difference in frequency of mild and moderate psychomotoric deficiencies. The 35% occurrence of PSN as a solitary lesion in the 48 cases without GMH was similar to the frequency of PSN as a single additional lesion in 48 cases with GMH (40%). This finding makes PSN and not GMH the most likely cause of at least less severe handicaps. PMID- 3766127 TI - Chronic manganese poisoning: a neuropathological study with determination of manganese distribution in the brain. AB - An autopsy case of a 52-year-old man suffering from chronic manganese poisoning (CMP) is reported with determination of the manganese distribution in the brain. The patient had been working in a manganese ore crushing plant since 1965. In 1967 he began to complain of difficulties in walking and diminished libido. Later, he developed various neuropsychiatric symptoms including euphoria, emotional incontinence, masked face, monotonous speech, "cock-walk", increased muscle tone, weakness of upper and lower extremities, tremor of the eye lids, and exaggeration of knee jerks. The major neuropathological change was degeneration of the basal ganglia, in which the pallidum was severely affected. The pallidum disclosed a loss and degeneration of nerve cells, which was especially marked in the medial segment, a prominent decrease of myelinated fibers, and moderate astrocytic proliferation. The substantia nigra was intact. Distribution of manganese in the brain of the present case of CMP was determined using flameless atomic absorption spectrometry and compared with control cases and also a case of Parkinson's disease (PD). There was no significant difference between the control cases and the case of PD in average concentration of manganese and its distribution in the brain. The present case of CMP showed no elevation in average concentration of manganese in the brain. However, there were some changes in its distribution. Thus, the continuance of neurological disorders in CMP is not linked to an elevated manganese concentration itself in the brain. CMP appears to be different from PD in neuropathology and manganese behavior in brain. PMID- 3766128 TI - Astrocytes in the developing human brain. An immunohistochemical study. AB - Patterns of appearance and maturation of astrocytes, as demonstrated by the immunohistochemical detection of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), were studied in fetal and mature neonatal brains. Mature astrocytes were present throughout much of the normal central nervous system at 15 weeks of gestation, but they varied in density in different parts. Glioneogenesis continued throughout the fetal and postnatal ages. Marginal glia were conspicuous with strong reaction and probably constituted a distinct subpopulation of glia. There was no temporal relationship between astrocytic proliferation and "myelination gliosis". Radial glia and Bergmann fibers in normal brains did not react to GFAP antiserum. PMID- 3766129 TI - Meningioma with multiple rheumatoid nodules. A case report. AB - A case of a left tentorial meningioma in a 42-year-old man with a 12-year history of widespread manifestations of active rheumatoid arthritis, is reported. The patient had numerous subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules involving among other areas, the nuchal scalp. The surgically removed meningioma contained many classical rheumatoid nodules with gradual transitions seen from tumor cells to the pallisading peripheral cell layer of the nodules. Although intracranial rheumatoid nodules of the dura mater, leptomeninges, and of the choroid plexus have been described earlier, this appears to be the first reported case of rheumatoid nodules found within the substance of a meningioma. The participation of the tumor cells in the formation of rheumatoid nodules attests to the potential of neoplastic meningothelial cells to behave as mesenchymal elements under certain circumstances. PMID- 3766130 TI - A case of granulomatous angiitis of the central nervous system associated with amyloid angiopathy. AB - The brain of a 69-year-old man exhibited extensive granulomatous inflammation in the walls of arteries in the leptomeninges, associated with amyloid deposition in the media of the involved arteries. The extracranial arteries exhibited neither granulomatous inflammation nor amyloid deposition in their walls. PMID- 3766131 TI - Neuronal karyorrhexis in Sommer's sector in a 22-week stillborn. AB - Karyorrhexis of neurons in Sommer's sector of the hippocampus as a manifestation of an intrauterine hypoxic event is reported in a 22-week gestation stillborn. The hypoxia occurred as a result of maternal cardiorespiratory arrest. PMID- 3766132 TI - Virus-like particles in cultured C3H/St mouse cells treated with a carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbon. AB - Virus-like particles with cylindrical form were found in cultured alveolar macrophages and lung fibroblasts of C3H/St mice, after treating these cells with a carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbon, 1, 2, 5, 6,-Dibenzanthracene (DBA). Their morphology looked identical to those observed in vivo in the reactive cells which engulfed DBA crystals implanted into the brain and muscle of the same mouse strain. These particles were not found in either the untreated cells of C3 H/St mice or the treated cells of BALB/c mice. In the alveolar macrophages, these particles appeared first at 3 days after DBA treatment and reached the maximum number around the 30th day. They still kept their morphology in the degenerating cells which had lost the cytoplasmic organelles. These findings suggest the possibility that DBA induced the expression of the viral genome endogeneous to C3H/St cell. PMID- 3766134 TI - Pathology of Kawasaki disease in the healed stage. Relationships between typical and atypical cases of Kawasaki disease. AB - To define the pathological features of Kawasaki disease (KD) in the healed stage (over 40 days of illness), 69 autopsied infants with clinically typical KD (25 in the healed stage and 38 in the acute stage) and atypical KD (four in the healed stage and two in the acute stage) were examined. In the medium-sized arteries with coronary aneurysm in KD, panvasculitis was evident in the acute stages, while scar formation was noted in the healed stage. Thrombi, marked intimal thickening, marked stenosis, and recanalization were seen in the coronary arteries. In KD without aneurysm, acute inflammation was localized in the intima and the perivascular area of the coronary arteries in the acute stages, but was absent in the healed stage. Although intimal thickening was noted, marked stenosis and thrombi were not evident in KD without aneurysm. In KD with and without aneurysm, acute angiitis in small arteries and micro-vessels and acute inflammation of various organs were noted in the acute stages, but disappeared in the healed stage. Fibrinoid necrosis of the artery was rare in the acute stages and was not noted in the healed stage. Atypical cases of KD showed the same pathological features as those in cases with clinically typical KD. The common cause of death in the healed stage was ischemic heart disease. Old myocardial infarction was noted in 80% of the cases, and acute myocardial infarction was seen in 35%. KD is an acute systemic inflammatory disease and KD without aneurysm is a disease with mild angiitis. PMID- 3766133 TI - Immunocytochemical study on the immune complex and germinal center of synovial tissue of rheumatoid arthritis with special regard to complement and follicular dendritic cells. AB - To analyze the immunological role of lymphoid germinal centers and follicular dendritic cells (FDC) in synovial tissue of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we tried to detect the immune complex in germinal centers by light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry with special emphasis on immunoglobulin, complement components, RA factor, and DRC-1 antigen. Immunoglobulins mainly distributed intercellularly in the germinal center in a lacy network pattern, and show partial intracytoplasmic localization in some germinal center lymphoid cells. Early complement components of classical pathway (C1q, C4, C3c, and C3d) and RA factor distributed lacily similarily to immunoglobulin, but intracytoplasmic positivity is never observed. These coexistent positive sites are identical to DRC-1 positive sites which are the surface of extended processes of FDC membrane. A similar finding is observed in primary follicles or lymphoid aggregates less often than germinal centers. These results indicate that some germinal centers trap the immune complex, including RA factor at least closely related with FDCs, and also RA factor is one of the triggers of antigen as well as developing germinal centers. PMID- 3766135 TI - Pulmonary cytoplasmic hyalin resembling Mallory's alcoholic hyalin in the liver. AB - Sixty-three consecutive autopsy cases of interstitial fibrosis of the lung, 6 cases of organizing pneumonia, 14 of pneumocystis pneumonia, and 20 of acute bacterial pneumonia complicating as a terminal illness listed in our Department of Pathology during a period from 1978 to 1983 were surveyed for Mallory body like cytoplasmic hyalins in the alveolar cells. We found the hyalins in 10 of 63 cases (15.9%) with interstitial fibrosis of the lung and one of 6 cases with organizing pneumonia. Seven of the former 10 had an associated malignancy; 3 esophageal cancers, 2 lung cancers, and 2 leukemias. Five of the seven patients received an irradiation for treatment of their malignancies, subsequently developed interstitial fibrosis of the lung. Among the remaining 3 of the 10, one showed diffuse interstitial fibrosis associated with rheumatoid arthritis and two had an idiopathic type of diffuse pulmonary fibrosis. There was only one case in which the pulmonary hyalins were found in the absence of extensive interstitial fibrosis within small organizing foci of peribronchial and subpleural location. Pulmonary hyalins showed the same conventional staining properties and ultrastructural features as Mallory's alcoholic hyalins found in the liver, but did not reveal a simultaneous association with the hepatic hyalins. Pulmonary hyalins frequently stained positively with monoclonal anti-cytokeratin antibodies, more strongly at their periphery. Pulmonary hyalins were considered to be a non-specific reaction of alveolar cells to injuries, mostly in association with the pulmonary fibrosis of any etiology but not the hepatic hyalins. PMID- 3766136 TI - Structural change of adrenocortical adenoma in Cushing's syndrome. AB - Eight adrenocortical adenomata from patients with Cushing's syndrome were examined by light and electron microscopy. Light microscopically, the reticulin fibers were markedly prominent in areas of the compact-type cells and ran tangentially to the adenoma cells or parenchymal cells. Electron microscopically, adrenocortical adenoma was composed of parenchymal cells, interstitial cells, and endothelial cells. In areas of the clear-type cells, the parenchymal cells were arranged in long columns and covered by the sinusoidal wall. In areas of the compact-type cells, the sinusoid was well-developed and meandering. The dilated intercellular space was conspicuous and filled with filamentous substance and collagen fibrils. The parenchymal cells appeared to produce the filamentous substance and collagen fibrils, and underwent fragmentation. Interstitial cells and fragmented cytoplasm of the parenchymal cells were found in the intercellular and perisinusoidal space. It was likely that the fragmented cytoplasm flowed into the sinusoid. Experimental study using cell culture methods revealed these phenomena, especially a production of collagen fibrils. PMID- 3766137 TI - Carcinosarcoma of the gallbladder. Report of a case and review of the literature. AB - An extremely rare case of carcinosarcoma of the gallbladder is reported. The tumor presenting as a large, soft polypoid growth was microscopically characterized by an admixture of adenocarcinomatous and sarcomatous elements, the latter containing specific heterologous mesenchymal elements such as osteoid, cartilage, and rhabdomyoblasts. The cytoplasm of neoplastic rhabdomyoblasts offered unequivocal cross striations and was strongly positive for myoglobin, determined by the immunoperoxidase procedure. Metastatic tumors in the liver also exhibited a dual composition of adenocarcinoma and rhabdomyosarcoma. This appears to be the second documented case of this type of neoplasm with the rhabdomyosarcomatous component. The clinical settings and morbid prognosis were similar to events in cases of carcinoma of the gallbladder. PMID- 3766138 TI - Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland with anaplastic transformation in the metastatic foci. An immunohistochemical study. AB - An immunohistochemical study was made on an autopsy case of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid with anaplastic transformation in the metastatic foci occurring in a 72-year-old woman. The anaplastic carcinoma cells were sarcomatous in appearance, and they were vimentin-positive and cytokeratin-negative. Whereas, papillary tumor cells which were intermingled in the anaplastic carcinoma contained both cytokeratin and vimentin. The close correlation between tumor cell anaplasia and the expression of the different intermediate filament proteins in thyroid carcinoma was briefly discussed. PMID- 3766139 TI - Leiomyosarcoma of the spermatic cord. A case report and a brief review of literature. AB - A case of leiomyosarcoma of the spermatic cord, occurring in a 79-year-old male patient, is reported. The tumor was resected with high inguinal ligation and orchiectomy. It was located at the scrotal part of the spermatic cord on the left side and was shown to have originated from the spermatic duct using the dissecting method. Histologically, it was identical to leiomyosarcoma showing a typical morphological appearance of smooth muscle cell tumor in the conventional histochemical preparations as well as a focal positive reaction to antidesmin antibody, a marked nuclear pleomorphism, and abundant mitotic figures. The patient had been untroubled for six months after the resection of the tumor. Leiomyosarcoma arising in spermatic cord is quite rare. PMID- 3766140 TI - Cervical teratoma in a fetus and an adult. Two case reports and review of literature. AB - Two cases of cervical teratoma in a 30-weeks fetus and a 26-year-old female have been presented. In the former case a large mass entirely occupied the anterior neck but showed no invasive or metastatic lesions, and in the other case a mass containing multiple cysts was situated in the right lower pole of the thyroid gland. Histologically, both tumors were composed of the elements derived from three germ layers including various epithelial components, cartilage, muscle, and adipose tissue. In addition to these predominantly mature elements, there were some elements showing primitive immature structure in the former case. Positive immunohistochemical staining for thyroglobulin displayed only in the former case and was observed in the compressed thyroid follicles located in the fibrous capsule and several small foci of primitive glandular structure which was an element of the tumor. PMID- 3766141 TI - Squamous cell carcinoma of the urachus. A case report and review of literature. AB - A rare case of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is reported. A cystic tumor, measuring 4 X 4 cm was surgically removed from the supravesical portion in a 77 year-old woman. Macroscopically, it had a communicating canal to the urinary bladder. Microscopically, well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma with pearl formation was noted. An aspiration biopsy was helpful for the histopathological diagnosis at operation. The patient developed purulent peritonitis because of rupture of the tumor which was vulnerable to infection. Six documented cases and the present case were reviewed. The tumors were classified into two types on morphological features: supravesical type and intramural type. Site and local extension of the tumor accounted for clinical features of each type. The authors considered that SCC cells were derived from totipotential epithelial lining of the urachal remnant. PMID- 3766142 TI - Post-mortem stability of progesterone in rat brain. AB - Progesterone concentrations in the brains of female rats kept at +20 degrees C or +4 degrees C for 0 to 48 hours after death were investigated. After two hours at +20 degrees C the progesterone concentration in seven studied brain areas were equal to that in control brains (dissected immediately after death). After four hours at +20 degrees C, levels decreased significantly in three brain regions. Intact rats that were placed in a refrigerator (+4 degrees C) after four hours at room temperature (+20 degrees C) showed no further changes in brain progesterone concentration. In the control group, the cerebral cortex, the hypothalamus and the hippocampus contained progesterone levels significantly higher than in all other areas (p less than 0.05). After four hours at room temperature only the hypothalamus showed higher levels (p less than 0.05). In conclusion, time after death and storage temperature affect the post-mortem levels of progesterone. Because of their differences in body masses, the conditions in the rat brain are not comparable to those in the human brain. However, it might be possible to study the regional distribution of progesterone in the human brain if control cases matched with regard to post-mortal time and brain temperature are used. PMID- 3766143 TI - Intraepithelial neoplasia in the anal canal. The appearance and relation to genital neoplasia. AB - Anal canal intraepithelial neoplasia (ACIN) in the form of squamous dysplasia and carcinoma in situ is a rare condition. In this paper we present all 19 cases diagnosed in Denmark in a two-year period. The incidence was 0.2/10(5)/year compared to 0.7/10(5)/year for variants of squamous carcinoma in the anal canal. Most cases of ACIN were incidental findings at minor anal surgery. Histologically, one half of the lesions were located in the anal transitional zone above the dentate line. Two of the 19 patients died from colo-rectal carcinoma and 17 were alive 5 years later. Nine of the patients were controlled by biopting, and 4 recurrences of the intraepithelial changes were found among these, all with an initial lesion of ACIN III. None of the patients developed invasive carcinoma of the anal canal during the 5 years, but one half of the females had previous or accompanying neoplasia of the vulva and perineum. PMID- 3766144 TI - Polycytaemia vera associated with thymoma. Case report. AB - Even though the coexistence of rare clinical conditions may be coincidental, an association between thymoma and autoimmune diseases appears well-established, possibly mediated via T-lymphocytes. An unusual case of initial polycytaemia vera and the later diagnosis of a thymoma, and with this known associated diseases is presented. PMID- 3766145 TI - Adenine nucleotides in cultured brain cells after exposure to methyl mercury and triethyl lead. AB - To obtain more information on the biochemical background, of methyl mercury (MeHg) and triethyl lead (Et3Pb) toxicity, the doses which were needed to alter the cellular content of adenine nucleotides were compared to doses which induced morphological alterations. Three-week-old cultures of brain cells from new-born rat were incubated for 5-60 min. with 28, 16, and 8 X 10(-6) M MeHg or with 3 X 10(-6) M Et3Pb in the nutrition medium. MeHg at 28 and 16 X 10(-6) M simultaneously changed the cell shape and reduced both the cellular content of adenine nucleotides and the relative level of ATP. In cells treated with 16 X 10( 6) M MeHg, a cellular increase in inosine and hypoxanthine and an unaltered content of adenine nucleotides in the nutrition medium, points to an intracellular degradation of adenine nucleotides. Incubation with 8 X 10(-6) M MeHg during the first hour of incubation, did not change the content of adenine nucleotides, however, MeHg induced a slowly progressing degeneration of cellular extensions. 3 X 10(-6) M Et3Pb induced morphological alterations but no changes in cellular nucleotide levels. The results show that morphological alterations occur in MeHg and Et3Pb treated cultures at concentrations of the compounds which are too low to change the content and composition of cellular adenine nucleotides. PMID- 3766146 TI - Felodipine, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics in the isolated rabbit heart. AB - Myocardial pharmacodynamics of the Ca2+-antagonist felodipine, a structural analogue of nifedipine, were studied in isolated, spontaneously beating and retrogradely perfused rabbit hearts. The concentration of felodipine in the Krebs Henseleit perfusion liquid was stepwise increased from 0.7 ng/ml to 90.4 ng/ml (1.8 to 235.3 nmol/l). Increasing felodipine concentrations from 0.7 to 3.6 ng/ml produced an increase of up to 115% in coronary flow rate, which then decreased at higher concentrations to 84% of the control value. Oxygen consumption decreased progressively to 28% at concentrations from 3.6 to 90.4 ng/ml. Myocardial contractility measured by amplitude and rate of contraction decreased progressively to 45.7 and 41.5%, respectively, at concentrations from 0.7 to 9.4 ng/ml and further to 4.0 and 3.0%, respectively, at 90.4 ng/ml. Myocardial efficiency expressed as the percentual ratio of contraction amplitude times frequency to oxygen consumption decreased to 11% at the highest concentration of felodipine. Heart beat frequency decreased simultaneously to 45.6%. The electrocardiographic PQ and QRS intervals increased at the highest concentration to 174 and 111%, respectively, whereas the QT interval decreased to 86.6%. Asystolia occurred in several cases at felodipine concentrations of 90.4 ng/ml. Both myocardial accumulation and disposition pharmacokinetics of the drug showed one-compartment characteristics with half-lives of about 97 min. for both processes. Apparent Vd was about 480 ml/g myocardial tissue, which expresses a very pronounced binding and accumulation of felodipine in the rabbit myocardium in vitro. The findings demonstrate that lower concentrations of felodipine produces coronary vasodilation in the isolated rabbit heart accompanied by a marked negative inotropic effect and a less than proportional reduction in oxygen consumption. The drug seemed to cause direct cardiotoxic effects at higher concentrations. PMID- 3766147 TI - The analgesic effect of buprenorphine, etorphine and pethidine in the pig: a randomized double blind cross-over study. AB - In order to find a suitable analgesic for the treatment of postoperative pain in pigs the analgesic effect of buprenorphine, etorphine and pethidine has been compared in 8 domestic pigs. For assessment of the analgesic action on thermal (hot plate) and two mechanical (cannulation of ear vein, needle prick) noxious stimuli have been employed. In a pilot experiment on 2 pigs in which methadone was included the maximal effective doses were estimated for each drug. Methadone was found unsuitable because of unacceptable side effects (respiratory dysfunction, hyperactivity) at effective dose levels. Next buprenorphine 120 micrograms/kg, etorphine 3 micrograms/kg and pethidine 20 mg/kg all given intramuscularly were compared in a randomized blind trial with a balanced cross over design on 6 pigs. Etorphine proved to have the highest and pethidine the lowest maximal analgesic effect which was especially evident in the needle-prick test. Buprenorphine proved to have the longest duration of action in all three analgesic tests, in the hot plate test lasting between 7 and 24 hrs. Etorphine had a duration of 3 to 5 hrs whereas the effect of pethidine was short, only lasting about 2 hrs. Etorphine provides a complete analgesia but has a small safety margin for which reason it should be used with caution in the pig. The experimental results indicate that buprenorphine should be the first drug of choice in the treatment of pain after surgical intervention due to its long duration of action and lack of side effects. PMID- 3766148 TI - Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on neonatal sleep-wake behaviour and adult alcohol consumption in rats. AB - Our previous experiments showed that suppression of early postnatal active (REM) sleep increases alcohol intake in adult rats. To study the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on neonatal sleep-wake behaviour and adult alcohol consumption pregnant rat dams were given 7% to 12% alcohol, 1% sucrose solution, or tap water as a sole liquid throughout gestation. Sleep-wake behaviour of the pups was studied at 6, 8, 12 and 15 days of age by using a movement sensitive mattress. The offspring who were exposed to alcohol in utero had significantly less active sleep and more wakefulness from total recording time than the controls. Their quiet state was also interrupted more often by waking episodes. At the age of 2 months voluntary alcohol intake of the rats exposed prenatally to alcohol was elevated compared to the controls. These findings suggest that early postnatal active sleep and the neurotransmitter systems regulating it may be the means by which in utero alcohol exposure affects adult alcohol drinking. PMID- 3766149 TI - The effect of long-term ethanol treatment on a metal binding protein fraction in liver and kidneys of mice. AB - In mice 4-12 weeks ingestion of ethanol decreased the concentration of a metallothionein-like protein fraction in the liver but not in the kidneys. The zinc and copper concentration also tended to decrease in the liver and remained unaffected in the kidneys. PMID- 3766150 TI - Influence of extracellular calcium on allyl alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity. AB - The role of calcium in allyl alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity was investigated in the isolated haemoglobin-free perfused rat liver. At a Ca++ concentration of 2.5 mmol/l in the perfusate, allyl alcohol (initial concentration 1.17 mmol/l) produced an enhanced release of GPT and SDH from the liver, an increase in the lactate/pyruvate ratio of the perfusate, a decrease in hepatic oxygen consumption and an increase of both hepatic calcium and malondialdehyde content. In the absence of Ca++ in the perfusate, no hepatic calcium accumulation occurred with allyl alcohol, but all other signs of hepatic damage were as severe as with 2.5 mmol/l Ca++. On the other hand, high extracellular Ca++ (5 mmol/l) alone led to a threefold increase of liver calcium but produced only marginal hepatotoxicity and only slightly enhanced the hepatotoxic effects of allyl alcohol. The concentrations of allyl alcohol in the perfusate were not altered at different Ca++ concentrations. In conclusion, the primary allyl alcohol-induced hepatotoxic injury does not appear to depend upon an influx of extracellular calcium. PMID- 3766151 TI - Orphenadrine citrate increases and prolongs the antinociceptive effects of paracetamol in mice. AB - Orphenadrine, a muscle relaxant with antinociceptive effects, was shown to increase and prolong the antinociceptive effects of paracetamol in mice. Both in the increasing temperature hot plate test and in the formalin test, a combination of the two drugs showed a significantly improved effect compared to either of the drugs alone. The time course of the effects was tested in the increasing temperature hot plate test. The group treated with the drug combination showed a prolonged effect compared to both single drug treated groups, the effect lasting longer than 120 min. for the combination and about 80 min. for the single drugs. Orphenadrine and paracetamol increased antinociception even when orphenadrine was injected 90 min. after paracetamol, which by that time did not exert antinociceptive effects by itself. Thus the combination of orphenadrine and paracetamol enhances the antinociceptive effect of either drug in mice. PMID- 3766152 TI - Sensory irritation and pulmonary irritation of cumene and n-propanol: mechanisms of receptor activation and desensitization. AB - Cumene and n-propanol, model substances for alcohols and alkylbenzenes, were investigated for sensory irritation in mice. The concentrations within the first 2 min. depressing the respiratory rate by 50% due to the effect in the upper respiratory tract were 2,058 p.p.m. and 22,080 p.p.m., respectively. Activation of the sensory irritant receptor followed the dynamics of reversible bimolecular reactions. The extrapolated maximum response and the apparent dissociation constant were 114.3% and 2,723 p.p.m. for cumene and 68.4% and 8,178 p.p.m. for propanol, respectively. Later on desensitization was observed. The effect was weak for cumene but conspicuous for propanol. For cumene desensitization had the origin in the rise of a threshold. No change in the dissociation constant or the maximum response was found. For propanol a decrease in the maximum response, which may be explained by an allosteric effect, was observed. The pulmonary irritation response was weak for cumene but was for propanol more important than sensory irritation at high concentrations. The following hypotheses are put forward: the effect of pulmonary irritation on the tidal volume is mediated via the stretch receptors while the effect on the respiratory frequency is mediated via the J-receptors. PMID- 3766153 TI - Effects of methylene chloride on body and organ weight and plasma butyrylcholinesterase activity in mice. AB - Exposure to methylene chloride produced a time and concentration related increase in liver weight. The effect was more prominent in female mice than in male. The activity of plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) increased even more than the liver weight at corresponding exposures, but only in the males. Fatty infiltration was noticeable after exposure to 75 p.p.m. and was more prominent in the females than in the males. Thirty to 60 days of continuous exposure were required to reach stable maxima. Intermittent exposure was less effective than continuous exposure in producing the effects. Most effects were fully reversible after exposure for both 30 and 90 days if the animals were transferred to a solvent-free environment. However, after exposure for 90 days, BuChE activity in the males did not return to normal within 30 days but after 90 and 120 days free from exposure only slight if any effects on BuChE activity remained. PMID- 3766154 TI - Stability of 7-alkyldeoxyguanosines of trichloropropylene oxide, epichlorohydrin and glycidol. AB - Deoxyguanosine was reacted with trichloropropylene oxide (TCPO), epichlorohydrin and glycidol in aqueous solution and the products were isolated by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). For each compound 7-alkyldeoxyguanosine was the main adduct; TPCO reacted about 3 times faster than epichlorohydrin and about 10 times faster than glycidol. The pKa's of the 7-alkyldeoxyguanosines were 6.7, 6.8 and 6.9 for the TCPO-, epichlorohydrin-, and glycidol-adducts, respectively. The respective half-lives of imidazole ring-opening were 6.3, 15 and 27 hrs (pH 8.5, 28 degrees) and those of depurination 1.9, 3.4 and 4.4 hrs (pH 5.5, 28 degrees). PMID- 3766155 TI - The influence of surgery on the elimination kinetics of disopyramide in pigs. PMID- 3766156 TI - Abstracts I. III World Conference on Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Stockholm, July 27-August 1, 1986. PMID- 3766157 TI - Abstracts II. III World Conference on Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Stockholm, July 27-August 1, 1986. PMID- 3766158 TI - Factorial designs in pharmaceutical preformulation studies. I. Evaluation of the application of factorial designs to a stability study of drugs in suspension form. PMID- 3766159 TI - Factorial designs in pharmaceutical preformulation studies. II. Studies on drug stability and compatibility in the solid state. PMID- 3766160 TI - Stability of parabens in the presence of polyols. PMID- 3766161 TI - Pharmacosomes--a novel drug delivery system. PMID- 3766162 TI - Scheele lecture. Pharmacokinetics: concepts, insights and applications. PMID- 3766163 TI - Hormonal regulation of sodium-fluid balance and some hemodynamic parameters in the rat. I. Effect of indomethacin and vasopressor-vasodepressor hormonal systems in the regulation of blood pressure. AB - A study based on sodium depletion, sodium loading and indomethacin treatment was conducted on rats. After sodium depletion significant activation of renin angiotensin-aldosterone system and insignificantly increased kallikrein excretion without changes in prostaglandin excretion and plasma vasopressin were found. After sodium loading significant decrease of PRA (-83%), prostaglandin excretion (-34%), insignificant decrease of aldosterone and kallikrein excretion and significant increase of vasopressin (134%) were established. Indomethacin (5 mg/kg b.w.) administered for 8 days showed an antidiuretic and an anti natriuretic effect, inhibition of PG-synthesis by 57% and of PRA by 68%, a significant increase of plasma volume (21%), blood volume (24%) and mean arterial pressure (14%). The relationships between vasopressor and vasodepressor hormonal systems in the rat are discussed. PMID- 3766164 TI - The influence of starvation on some characteristics of the Ca2+ transport system and lipid content in rat liver mitochondria. AB - The effects of 48-hour starvation on some characteristics of the Ca2+ transport system as well as on lipid content and free fatty acids composition in rat liver mitochondria were determined. The ion fluxes in mitochondria in steady state and oscillations were measured using Ca2+, Sr2+ and H+ sensitive electrodes. The Ca2+ uptake in liver mitochondria was changed after starvation. In the case of equal amounts of endogenous mitochondrial Ca2+ the capability of liver mitochondria to accumulate and store exogenous Ca2+ was decreased after starvation. After inhibition of the energy dependent (active) Ca2+ transport by ruthenium-red (RR) the rate of the passive Ca2+ efflux was activated and this could be explained by the induction of the electroneutral 2H+/Me2+ exchange after starvation. The disproportion in the amounts of linoleic and docosahexaenoic acids in mitochondrial phospholipids after starvation is considered to be the possible cause of the changes in the structure and permeability of the mitochondrial membrane. PMID- 3766165 TI - Comparative studies on the central effects of angiotensin II and of its fragments. AB - Comparative studies were carried out of the central effects of the octapeptide angiotensin II (AT II) and of its fragments: C-terminal hexapeptide (AT 3-8), middle tetrapeptide (AT 3-6) and initial tripeptide (AT 1-3). The experiments were carried out with respect to the cerebral level of the biogenic amines DA, NA, 5-HT and their metabolites HVA and 5-HIAA in intact mice and in mice pretreated with haloperidol, as well as with respect to the animals' behaviour (haloperidol catalepsy, apomorphine stereotypy, unconditioned jumping reaction, hexobarbital sleep and the threshold of convulsive seizures induced by times intravenous infusion of pentylenetetrazol). The fragments studied were found to manifest activity in the tests used. In some respects this activity is very similar to the activity of AT II. There are also effects which differ from those of AT II, as well as effects which are entirely opposite in some respects, which makes it possible to examine some of these substance as its potential natural antagonists. All this shows that the biological activity of AT II in the brain undergoes a number of qualitative and quantitative changes when its molecule broken to produce peptides with shorter chains. In the effects observed AT II and its fragments interact predominantly with the DA-ergic transmission in the brain. PMID- 3766166 TI - Lung mechanics of the guinea-pig isolated perfused lung. AB - In the isolated perfused guinea-pig lung, lung resistance (RL) and dynamic compliance (CDYN) as well as flow, pH, PO2 and PCO2 of the perfusate were recorded. The baseline values were stable up to 2.5 h. Mean values (+/- SEM) for RL and CDYN were 0.36 cm H2O ml-1 s-1 +/- 0.04 and 0.27 ml cm-1 H2O +/- 0.02, respectively, which agree with in vivo values reported for unanaesthetized guinea pigs. The pH was always slightly raised and the PCO2 always lowered in the effluent compared to the inflowing medium (P less than 0.001), indicating that the lung had an operative ventilation. Intravascularly administered acetylcholine, histamine and adenosine caused reproducible dose-dependent bronchoconstrictions recorded as increased RL and decreased CDYN. It is noteworthy that adenosine in this model and in vivo consistently produced bronchoconstriction which is in contrast to findings in other in vitro airway preparations. We conclude that this isolated perfused guinea-pig lung preparation has stable in vivo-like characteristics offering interesting possibilities for combining studies of respiratory effects with, for example, metabolism, pharmacokinetic and vascular reactivity studies. PMID- 3766168 TI - Influence of afferent renal nerve activity on contralateral renal overflow of noradrenaline and dopamine to plasma in the dog. PMID- 3766167 TI - The effect of fatigue on store and re-use of elastic energy in slow and fast types of human skeletal muscle. AB - Stretch-shortening exercises are characterized by enhancement of performance when compared to the work output performed in shortening conditions. There is evidence that fast subjects are unable to re-use great amounts of elastic energy during stretch-shortening cycles performed with slow stretching speed and large stretching length. In the present study, 14 subjects possessing different fibre types in m. vastus lateralis performed vertical jumps with and without preliminary countermovement and with large angular displacement and slow stretching speed The jumping tests were executed before and immediately after fatigue induced by short intense exercises (60 s of continuous rebound jumping). The results indicated that the percentage of re-use of elastic energy was more pronounced in slow subjects compared to fast ones during the test performed before fatigue (28.3% vs. 22.8%). In contrast fast subjects demonstrated a greater percentage re-use of elastic energy than slow ones after fatigue (32% vs. 22.5%). Similarly, the negative relationship observed before fatigue, between the percentage of re-use of elastic energy and percentage of fast twitch fibres (r = 0.50, n = 14, P less than 0.05), was reversed after fatigue (r = 0.55, n = 14, P less than 0.05). The results can be interpreted through differences in sarcomere cross-bridges life-times between fast and slow twitch muscle fibres. The slow twitch-type muscle fibre may be able to retain the cross-bridge attachment for a longer period of time during no fatigued conditions, and therefore it may utilize elastic energy better in slow type ballistic motion. On the other hand, fast twitch type muscle fibres are more affected by fatigue, which might have induced a remarkable decrease of the cross-bridge attachment detachment cycle. Decrease of the cross-bridge rate cycle might allow fast twitch-type muscle fibres to retain longer the elastic energy stored during the stretching phase and then re use it during positive phase. PMID- 3766169 TI - Intraventricular administration of neuropeptide Y (NPY) induces hypotension, bradycardia and bradypnoea in the awake unrestrained male rat. Counteraction by NPY-induced feeding behaviour. PMID- 3766170 TI - Vagally and vago-vagally induced non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic relaxations of the feline jejunum. PMID- 3766171 TI - Aerobic and anaerobic responses to incremental exercise in a thermoneutral and a hot dry environment. AB - In an investigation of the effect of acute heat exposure on aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, eight unacclimated men performed two incremental bicycle ergometer tests in random order, once under thermoneutral conditions (25 degrees C) and once in a hot dry (40 degrees C) environment. Oxygen consumption (VO2) and pulmonary ventilation were measured every minute. Fingertip blood samples were taken at each work level for blood lactate (LA) determination. Compared to the results at 25 degrees C, the mean VO2 was significantly (P less than 0.01) lower during exercise at 40 degrees C. In the hot dry environment the blood lactate threshold was slightly reduced in four subjects, but neither the average peak nor the post-exercise blood LA values differed from the findings at 25 degrees C. During the exercise-heat stress, the ventilatory threshold did not change significantly. The results indicated that, during relatively short-term incremental exercise in a hot environment, almost adequate muscle metabolism can be maintained. PMID- 3766172 TI - Differential effects of angiotensin, vasopressin and oxytocin on various smooth muscle tissues within the human uteroplacental unit. AB - Tissue specimens from various parts of the uteroplacental unit were obtained from women undergoing caesarean section, and placental tissue from women with normal deliveries. Strips of myometrial tissue, and segments of intramyometrial arteries were dissected together with segments of chorionic plate arteries and veins, and stem villous arteries. The preparations were mounted in organ baths, isometric tension recorded, and the responses to angiotensin II, vasopressin, and oxytocin were studied. In myometrial preparations, angiotensin caused a slight, transient increase in the frequency of spontaneous contractions, but no changes in amplitude. In all vascular preparations angiotensin produced concentration related contractions. The responsiveness of the preparations was myometrial artery greater than villous artery greater than chorionic plate artery = chorionic plate vein. All responses were transient and tachyphylaxis was pronounced in all tissues. Tachyphylaxis was not influenced by pretreatment with indomethacin. Vasopressin increased transiently frequency and amplitude of contractions in myometrial strips. Myometrial arteries responded with a sustained contraction, as did chorionic plate arteries and veins but the latter vessels were less responsive. Villous arteries did not respond to vasopressin. Oxytocin preferentially stimulated myometrial strips, but also had a weak concentration related contractant effect on chorionic plate arteries and veins. Villous arteries did not respond to oxytocin. At a higher concentration, causing a pronounced increase in the frequency and amplitude of contractions of myometrial strips, oxytocin abruptly caused a marked contraction of myometrial arteries. Lower concentrations of the peptide had almost no effects. The results suggest that various smooth muscle tissues of the human uterus and placenta are highly differentiated as regards responses to angiotensin II, vasopressin, and oxytocin. The physiological and possible clinical importance of the present findings deserve further investigation. PMID- 3766173 TI - Relaxant and contractile effects of some amines and prostanoids in myometrial and vascular smooth muscle within the human uteroplacental unit. AB - Tissue specimens of human myometrium and placenta were obtained at caesarean section and normal vaginal deliveries. Strips of myometrial tissue, and segments of intramyometrial arteries, chorionic plate arteries and veins, and stem villous arteries were dissected. The preparations were mounted in organ baths, and isometric tension was recorded. In myometrial preparations, prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5 HT) all caused concentration-related contractions. In vascular preparations, the maximum contractant or relaxant effect, Emax or Imax, and the drug concentrations causing half maximum responses, EC50 or IC50 were determined. In intramyometrial arteries no significant differences between Emax or EC50 values were found for NA, 5-HT and PGF2 alpha. The Imax values (relaxation of vessels contracted by vasopressin) ranged prostacyclin (PGI2) greater than PGF2 alpha = PGE2, and the IC50 values PGF2 alpha = PGE2 = PGI2 (PGF2 alpha less than PGI2). Thus, PGF2 alpha showed dual effects. Only PGI2 relaxed placental vessels contracted by PGF2 alpha. In chorionic arteries, Emax values ranged PGE2 = PGF2 alpha greater than 5 HT greater than NA, and IC50 values 5-HT less than NA = PGF2 alpha = PGE2. In stem villous arteries, Emax ranged PGE2 = PGF2 alpha greater than 5-HT = NA, and EC50 5-HT = NA = PGE2 = PGF2 alpha. In chorionic veins the order of Emax values was PGF2 alpha = PGE2 greater than 5-HT greater than NA, and that of the EC50 values 5-HT less than NA = PGF2 alpha = PGE2. Smooth muscle tissues from the human uteroplacental unit show individual responses to prostanoids and amines, probably reflecting individual mechanisms for control of contractile activity and blood flow. PMID- 3766174 TI - Vagotomy inhibits the effect of neurotensin on gastrointestinal transit in the rat. AB - Neurotensin has previously been shown to delay gastric emptying, gastrointestinal transit and ileo-caecal emptying in the rat. To investigate the vagal influence on these effects of neurotensin, separate groups of rats were operated with combined vagotomy and pyloroplasty or with pyloroplasty alone and compared to a group of normal rats. All animals were supplied with a permanent gastrointestinal catheter and a venous catheter. After operation the rats were allowed to recover for 7 days, and were fasted for 24 h prior to the experiments. A radioactive marker of 1.0-0.5 ml Na2(51)CrO4 in isotonic polyethylene glycol 400 was instilled intraluminally in the stomach, proximal or distal the small intestine. Saline (control animals) or neurotensin (test animals) was given i.v. in each group studied. The animals were killed at 15, 30, 60, and 120 min after administration of the marker. The distribution of the marker in the gastrointestinal tract was registered with a scintillation detector and quantitative analysis of the amount of radioactivity retained in separate gastrointestinal segments was carried out. Gastric emptying was delayed by combined vagotomy and pyloroplasty (P less than 0.01) compared to pyloroplasty alone and normals. Neurotensin at doses of 6 (P less than 0.05) and 12 (P less than 0.01) pmol kg-1 min-1 retarded gastric emptying dose-dependently in normals and rats with pyloroplasty alone, but did not further slow the gastric emptying in rats with vagotomy and pyloroplasty. However, at a dose of 24 pmol kg-1 min-1 neurotensin delayed gastric emptying (P less than 0.01) compared to controls. Gastrointestinal transit was slowed down by neurotensin at a dose of 6 pmol kg-1 min-1 in normals (P less than 0.01) and rats with pyloroplasty alone (P less than 0.05). In rats with vagotomy and pyloroplasty, neurotensin at doses of 6 and 12 pmol kg-1 min-1 had no effect on gastrointestinal transit.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3766175 TI - Short and long latency reflex responses elicited by electrical and mechanical stimulation in human hand muscle. AB - The relationship between electrically and mechanically induced reflex responses in the rectified, averaged surface electromyogram of the first interosseus dorsalis muscle was examined in 18 healthy human subjects. Both methods evoked identifiable short and long latency reflex responses. The onset latencies for short latency reflexes with electrical and mechanical stimulations were 30.6 ms (+/- 2.2 ms) and 28.9 ms (+/- 2.2 ms) and for long latency reflexes 50.0 ms (+/- 2.8 ms) and 51.2 ms (+/- 5.2 ms), respectively. The correlation of the onset latencies of the reflexes revealed significant correspondence between the electrical and mechanical methods implying at least partly mutual mechanisms. PMID- 3766176 TI - Some cardiovascular and metabolic effects of repeated sauna bathing. AB - Ten healthy male volunteers were exposed to the dry heat of a Finnish sauna (+80 degrees C) for 1 h twice a day for a period of 7 days. After each exposure rectal temperature rose by 0.8-1.1 degrees C and body weight dropped by 0.7-0.9 kg. The systolic blood pressure recorded 3-5 min after the sauna did not change during the experiments but the diastolic blood pressure decreased by 7-37 mmHg (P less than 0.05). The pulse rate rose from 75-80 to 106-116 beats min-1 (P less than 0.05) after the sauna. The increased responses of pulse and temperature adapted to heat exposures so that they were significantly lower after the 3rd day (rectal temperature) or after 6th day (pulse). Metabolic rate increased by 25-33% (P less than 0.01) after the first day. Serum total proteins, Hb and Htc were significantly increased on the 1st and 3rd days but not later, although the dehydration in response to sauna was unchanged as judged from the weight losses. Serum K, Na and Fe were significantly decreased on the 3rd and 7th day indicating that special attention should be given to the electrolyte balance in long-lasting intense heat exposure. No ECG changes were found in recordings taken on the 7th day. PMID- 3766178 TI - Coping with cancer pain. PMID- 3766177 TI - Female alcoholics. I. Psycho-social outcome six years after treatment. AB - In a long-term follow-up study of 44 young female alcoholics, 57% were abstainers, light, or moderate drinkers with good social functioning. The women's vocational functioning had improved compared with the situation at intake. Nevertheless, many needed public financial support, and 62% reported mental disturbances relevant to their present functioning. Anxiety disorders with phobias, depression and psycho-somatic complaints were most frequently reported. A few women suffered from a post-traumatic stress syndrome following a relationship with a violent partner. The symptom picture of the abstainers and heavy drinkers was much the same when measured by the SCL-90, whereas the light and moderate drinkers had fewer symptoms and lower symptom intensity. The article discusses the complicated relationship between life situation, mental disorders, and personality disorders, in women alcoholics. All these aspects must be dealt with to allow a more effective treatment of female alcoholics. PMID- 3766179 TI - Delusional psychosis. Hospital incidence, symptoms and classification. AB - The study comprises a consecutive evaluation of 88 first-admission patients from a well-defined catchment area. All patients disclosed functional delusional psychosis at PSE interview. Sex distribution was equal and the patients' mean age in the thirties. Symptomatology and diagnostic classification are presented and, for the latter, related to the Catego Class of PSE. Forty-five patients fulfilled Catego Class S+, the majority being diagnosed reactive psychosis while only 13 patients were diagnosed schizophrenia. At discharge, 44 patients were fully remitted. A follow-up will be made of social and clinical course and outcome. PMID- 3766180 TI - The biological origin of mild mental retardation. A critical review. AB - The prevailing theory that normal intelligence and mild mental retardation are determined by multiple additive genes is critically reviewed in the light of findings from recent population studies. Discrepancies between theoretical concepts and reported data are noted, particularly those concerning frequency of mild mental retardation, sex ratio, and additional somatic and psychiatric handicaps in populations with mild mental retardation. PMID- 3766181 TI - Mentally ill mothers and their children. An epidemiological study of antenatal care consumption, obstetric conditions, and neonatal health. AB - Antenatal care consumption, obstetric conditions, and neonatal health, were studied retrospectively in all women in the county of Stockholm who had a baby during 1976-77 and also had been admitted to a psychiatric department after the 20th week of pregnancy or within the first postpartum year, and the findings were compared in matched obstetric controls. Fewer index women had had uncomplicated pregnancies than the controls. A positive relationship was found between acute mental illness and pregnancy complications. Delivery complications tended to to be more common in the index group than in controls, but, only in patients with prepartum onset of mental illness. More index women had a history of several previous abortions than the controls. The index women, and especially the addicts, attended the antenatal care clinics significantly less frequently than the controls. The neonatal health of the index children seemed to be more closely correlated with alcohol or drug dependency per se in the mothers than with mental illness. PMID- 3766182 TI - Attempted suicide in hospitalised schizophrenics. AB - A group of 25 hospitalised schizophrenics who had attempted suicide within the past year was compared with another group of 30 hospitalised schizophrenics who had not attempted suicide, using the PSE symptoms. The former had a significantly higher number of symptoms indicative of a depressive disorder. It is concluded that suicidal risk in schizophrenia is significantly raised when there are concomitant depressive symptoms. PMID- 3766183 TI - Suicide and violent death among patients with schizophrenia. AB - From the Stockholm County in-patient register we selected all patients with schizophrenia, discharged from all hospitals in the county during 1971, in voluntary and compulsory care. The cohort of 1,190 patients was followed for 10 years in the national cause-of-death register. 231 deaths were identified and 68 came under the ICD chapter XVII, "Injuries...". These 68 deaths were analysed through medical records and death certificates in order to find out detailed causes of death, evidence of misclassification, and information on suicides during psychiatric care. Of the 68 deaths 33 were classified as suicides, 14 undetermined, 20 accidents and one homicide. Suicides predominated among the younger patients and accidents among the elderly. By scrutinizing medical records we identified seven deaths we judged to be suicides but which had been classified as accidents or undetermined. 36% of all deaths and 44% of those classified as suicides occurred during psychiatric care. The record-linkage method proved valuable for identifying deaths among psychiatric patients and for obtaining data on hospital care, thus giving access to medical records, and should be useful in further research. PMID- 3766184 TI - Paranoid disorder--environmental, cultural or constitutional phenomenon? AB - At a London hospital the prevalence and types of recorded paranoid disorders, and their characteristics were extracted from the files of in-patients of various cultural groups. It was found that West Indians and Africans had more paranoid colouring in their psychiatric illness than any other group. Other immigrant groups had less paranoid features than the English group. The self or a family member was the commonest focus of intended harm in all the cultural groups. Supernatural modes of injury were common in the West Indians and Africans. It is argued that in immigrants paranoid disorder is not merely due to discrimination consequent on their migrant status, but that cultural factors inherent in the immigrants are also of etiological importance. PMID- 3766185 TI - Neuropsychological assessment of mental deterioration: purpose of a brief battery and a probabilistic definition of "normality" and "non-normality". AB - A brief battery for mental deterioration assessment was obtained by Discriminant Analysis techniques from the Mental Deterioration Battery (MDB) (1) and yielded 98% correct classifications in a sample of 60 subjects (30 pathological and 30 controls). This battery, named Brief Mental Deterioration Battery (BMDB), both quick and easy to administer, is composed of four tests: Rey's 15 Words Test, Immediate Visual Memory, Barrage, and Simple Analogies Test. MDB was administered to a further sample of 60 normal subjects and, by multivariate statistical techniques, a probabilistic definition of "normality" and consequently of "non normality" was given. When applied to pathological and control groups, this probabilistic dichotomic classification yielded groups almost identical to the previous ones. PMID- 3766187 TI - Epidemiology of benzodiazepine dependence. AB - The charts of 10,861 patients of the Innsbruck University Department of Psychiatry were evaluated for this study. The patients were in- and outpatients admitted between January 1978 and September 1981. WHO criteria were used for the diagnosis of dependence. 1,743 inpatients and 2,130 outpatients were dependent on psychotropic substances (most of them being alcoholics). 57 (1.1%) resp. 73 (1.3%) suffered from polydrug abuse including benzodiazepines. Only nine inpatients and 21 outpatients were addicted to benzodiazepines only. Details of benzodiazepine dependence are discussed. PMID- 3766186 TI - Verbal expression of affect in rheumatoid arthritis patients. A blind, controlled test for alexithymia. AB - The claim that alexithymia is associated with specific disease categories is subjected to empirical testing. We report results from a controlled, single blind study in which Thematic Aperception Test (TAT) protocols from 64 arthritis patients attending an outpatient clinic were examined for operationally defined characteristics of alexithymia. We studied two groups of rheumatoid arthritis patients, one with the combination of rheumatoid factor and erosive joint changes and the other without and a third group with other forms of arthritis. Controlling for all variables that may confound alexithymia, we were unable to find any relationship between alexithymia and diagnostic subgroup, duration of illness or functional impairment. PMID- 3766188 TI - Working conditions of male and female psychiatrists. AB - The percentage of females among Danish medical graduates has increased from 1% in 1900-10 to 33% in 1980-84. In 1980 women doctors comprised 21% of all Danish medical doctors; the percentage among psychiatrists was 29. The purpose of the study has been to analyse the job-profiles of male and female psychiatrists, and their activities in research, teaching, committees, etc. The job-profiles of males and females differ, females more likely being in less influential positions. Based on an investigation among members of the Danish Psychiatric Association, the working conditions and professional activity of 307 male and female psychiatrists were analysed. Male psychiatrists were found to complete their training at a younger age than females. Among those aged 25-44, 29% of males and 6% of females had reached a position as chief consultant. Males report greater activity in all areas of research, and 35% of females and 17% of males do not research at all. In all age groups and all fields investigated more males take part in organisational activities, while 48% of females and 25% of males report no such activity. No difference was found regarding teaching experience, but men were relatively more often involved in teaching professional groups and women, nursing staff. A significant preponderance of males had their main interest in biological psychiatry, females in psychotherapy. PMID- 3766189 TI - Discriminating characteristics of suicides. Chestnut Lodge follow-up sample including patients with affective disorder, schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. AB - Diagnostic, demographic, and outcome profiles were compared between psychiatric inpatients and former inpatients who ultimately committed suicide and those who did not. Results showed that the suicide group contained a greater preponderance of males and patients suffering from schizoaffective disorder or unipolar depression, and comparatively fewer patients with borderline personality disorder. The suicide group also had histories or symptoms indicative of affective difficulties, and premorbidly had achieved a higher IQ and higher levels of socioeconomic functioning. They also demonstrated higher levels of psychopathology on admission and their post-hospitalization courses were characterized by lower levels of functioning. The risk of suicide thus appeared to be correlated to illness virulence and to the magnitude of the loss of healthy functioning. PMID- 3766190 TI - Drug abuse as seen in the University Department of Psychiatry, Kaduna, Nigeria, in 1980-1984. AB - 367 new cases of drug abuse and related cases were admitted to the teaching hospital within the study period. These cases comprised approximately 11% of all new admissions during the period. 80% were between 15 and 30 years, and 76% of them were single. People in this age group tend to abuse cannabis and amphetamine more than alcohol, whereas those in the age range 31 years and over, tend to abuse alcohol more, and about 76% of them are married. Cocaine or heroin abuse, did not occur. The use of cannabis was more commonly associated with alcohol than with amphetamine. Abuse of amphetamine in association with alcohol, though present, was not significant. 15 of 367 cases were females (4%), 11 of whom were married. PMID- 3766191 TI - Remembered duration: imagery processes and contextual encoding. PMID- 3766192 TI - The relationship between similarity judgments and psychophysiological responsivity. PMID- 3766193 TI - Role of vision and kinesthesis in location and distance estimates. PMID- 3766194 TI - Target-noise separation in visual selective attention. PMID- 3766195 TI - Effects of practice on a typing-like keying task. PMID- 3766196 TI - The effect of depth of processing on temporal judgment tasks. PMID- 3766197 TI - Relative signal frequency imbalance does not affect perceptual encoding in choice reactions. PMID- 3766198 TI - Sex differences in spatial abilities: strategic and experiential correlates. PMID- 3766199 TI - Steps to a formal analysis of the cognitive-energetic model of stress and human performance. PMID- 3766200 TI - Cognitive strategies for visual search. PMID- 3766201 TI - Contingency judgment: primacy effects and attention decrement. PMID- 3766203 TI - Decreased plasma fibronectin in liver diseases correlated to the severity of fibrotic, inflammatory and necrotic changes of liver tissue. AB - We applied a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the measurement of human plasma fibronectin and determined the level of plasma fibronectin in 90 patients with various liver diseases and 10 normal subjects. Diagnoses were made by liver biopsy under peritoneoscopy. Plasma fibronectin was significantly decreased in liver cirrhosis patients, but not in acute hepatitis or chronic hepatitis patients. Decreased plasma fibronectin was correlated poorly with 18 laboratory tests, including liver function tests, and inflammatory marker determinations performed prior to peritoneoscopy. A correlation was found between the decreased plasma fibronectin and the severity of fibrotic, inflammatory and necrotic changes of the liver. These results suggested that the level of plasma fibronectin may reflect the severity of tissue injury resulting from chronic liver diseases. PMID- 3766202 TI - Deoxyribonuclease I sensitivity of DNA replicated in permeable mouse sarcoma cells. AB - To study chromatin structure at the sites of DNA replicated in permeable cells, deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) sensitivity of newly replicated DNA in permeable mouse sarcoma cells was compared with that of newly replicated DNA in intact cells. About 35% of the DNA replicated in permeable cells was hypersensitive to DNase I, and the remaining DNA showed the same DNase I sensitivity as that of parental chromatin DNA. The sensitivity of DNA replicated in permeable cells was higher than that of DNA newly replicated in intact cells, and was close to that of DNA replicated in the presence of cycloheximide. The sensitivity of DNA pulse labeled with [3H]deoxythymidine triphosphate by replication in permeable cells was reduced significantly by chasing with cold deoxythymidine triphosphate. The present results suggest that chromatin structure at the sites of DNA replicated in permeable cells is similar to that at the sites of DNA replicated in living cells in the absence of protein synthesis, and that some structural change (possibly toward the maturation) of newly replicated chromatin occurs after the DNA replication in permeable cells. PMID- 3766204 TI - Normal development of the middle ear in the mouse: a light microscopic study of serial sections. AB - Development of the ear, especially the middle ear, was studied histologically in ddN and CF mice. Primordia of the 3 ossicles and the otic capsule appeared on day 12 of pregnancy. The stapedial primordium was observed as a mass of mesenchymal cells lateral to the primordium of the otic capsule, attaching to the medial part of the facial nerve. On day 13, the stapedial primordium continued to develop with the Reichert's cartilage. On day 14, the malleus and incus were differentiated. On day 15, the 3 ossicles were mostly completed in shape, and the stapedial footplate had a bilaminar structure at this stage. This structure appeared to correspond to the lamina stapedialis in the developing human stapes. PMID- 3766205 TI - Selection of effective maximal expiratory parameters to differentiate asthmatic patients from healthy adults by discriminant analysis using all possible selection procedure. AB - Maximal expiratory volume-time and flow-volume (MEVT and MEFV) curves were drawn for young male nonsmoking healthy adults and for young male nonsmoking asthmatic patients. Eleven parameters, two MEVT (%FVC and FEV1.0%), six MEFV (PFR, V75, V50, V25, V10 and V50/V25), and three MTC parameters (MTC75-50, MTC50-25 and MTC25-RV) were used for the multivariate analysis. The multivariate analysis in this study consisted of correlation coefficient matrix computation, the test for mean values in the multivariates, and the linear discriminant analysis using the all possible selection procedure (APSP). Correlation coefficients among flow rate parameters and flow rate related parameters in high lung volumes were different between the two groups. In the eleven-parameter discriminant analysis by APSP using single parameters, PFR, V75 (flow rate at 75% of forced vital capacity), and FEV1.0% were considered to be the effective parameters. In the seven parameter discriminant analysis using the parameter groups, the group of all parameters and the %FVC and flow rate-related parameter group were considered to be the effective numerical alternatives to MEFV curves discriminating between healthy adults and asthmatic patients. PMID- 3766206 TI - Tubular structures in the hepatic nuclei of a patient with delta agent. AB - Liver biopsy specimens obtained from a 31-year-old female with delta-positive hepatitis were studied by routine electron microscopy. In several nuclei of hepatocytes, there were filamentous or microtubular structures 15 to 20 nm in diameter, in the vicinity of which, round particles, probably cross sections of tubular ones, were seen. In these nuclei, irregular granules approximately 20 to 30 nm in diameter were also found in clusters. However, cores of Dane particles were not found in such hepatocytes. These intranuclear microtubular structures may be associated with delta agent. PMID- 3766207 TI - Assessment of quality of life in clinical trials. PMID- 3766208 TI - A prospective critical evaluation of in vitro thyroid function tests. AB - A number of 2 325 serum samples from a population of in- and outpatients were collected during a six-month period in order to evaluate the usefulness of various thyroid function tests in the clinical laboratory routine. The samples were analysed with the following thyroid function tests: total triiodothyronine (T3) (TT3), total thyroxine (T4) (TT4), free T3 index (FT3I), free T4 index (FT4I) and thyrotropin (TSH). One to two years after the primary evaluation, a follow-up was performed and the final diagnoses were checked in the patients' records. The values of these parameters in the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism were: FT3I greater than FT4I greater than TT3 greater than TT4. The corresponding results in the diagnosis of hypothyroidism were: TSH greater than FT4I greater than FT3I = TT3. No single test could detect both hyper- and hypothyroidism effectively. The only one-step strategy for thyroid evaluation in patients without apparent clinical signs of hyper- or hypothyroidism would therefore be the combined determination of T3 and TSH. The study also showed distinct differences between the reference values of the healthy population and patients without thyroid disorders. PMID- 3766209 TI - Thyroid function tests in elderly Finnish men. AB - Serum total thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyrotrophin (TSH) levels were determined among 65-84-year-old Finnish men living either in eastern Finland (n = 309) or in southwestern Finland (n = 389). The mean value for serum total T4 was 112.2 +/- 23.0 nmol/l in eastern Finland and 111.3 +/- 21.9 nmol/l in southwestern Finland. The mean value for serum T3 was 1.76 +/- 0.30 nmol/l in eastern Finland and 1.75 +/- 0.46 nmol/l in southwestern Finland. Serum TSH values showed the mean for men from eastern Finland to be 3.25 +/- 2.29 mU/l and the mean for men from southwestern Finland to be 3.11 +/- 1.83 mU/l. No differences were found in the means of the thyroid function tests between the two areas. Serum T4 levels were not related to age. Serum T3 values fell with age. In both areas, serum TSH levels were highest among men 70-74 years of age. PMID- 3766210 TI - Circadian characteristics of urinary melatonin from clinically healthy young women at different civilization disease risks. AB - Rhythm characteristics in the about-daily (circadian) and about-yearly (circannual) frequency ranges were assessed for urinary melatonin. Clinically healthy women in Minnesota, USA, and Kyushu, Japan, were sampled around the clock once in 1-4 seasons. Possible differences that could reflect the large difference in breast cancer incidence in these two geographic locations were investigated. Each subject's risk of developing breast cancer, cardiovascular diseases resulting from an elevated blood pressure, and emotional conditions was numerically evaluated according to epidemiologic questionnaires. A prominent circadian rhythm characterizes urinary melatonin in both populations, peaking in the middle of the night. The American women exhibit a larger circadian rhythm adjusted mean (mesor) than do the Japanese women. A circannual rhythm is also apparent in the North American women, but not in the Japanese women. The circadian mesor of urinary melatonin correlates negatively with the risk score of emotional depression and positively with that of developing cardiovascular diseases. PMID- 3766211 TI - Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in obesity: a reversible condition. AB - Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is a rare complication of obesity with laboratory and histological features indistinguishable from alcoholic hepatitis. Three patients with 50-60% overweight and steatohepatitis are reported. All responded with normalization of the biochemical and/or histological changes after modest weight reduction. PMID- 3766212 TI - The significance of the enterohepatic circulation on the metabolism of digoxin in patients with the ability of intestinal conversion of the drug. AB - A cardiac patient had to be given a very high dosage of digoxin to attain therapeutic plasma level. The increased dosage requirement could partly be explained by reduced bioavailability due to intestinal conversion of digoxin. Consequently, the kinetics of the drug was examined before and after erythromycin treatment. Before treatment the determination of the area under the concentration versus time curve (AUC) following a single dose of digoxin given orally or intravenously demonstrated a substantial reduction in the absolute bioavailability. Erythromycin administration during 20 days caused a dramatic rise in AUC when the single oral dose was repeated, exceeding the two AUC obtained prior to initiation of the antibiotic therapy, and the steady state plasma digoxin level was 2-3-fold increased. The fact that the AUC obtained for a single oral dose of digoxin after erythromycin treatment exceeded that obtained when given intravenously before erythromycin indicated the presence of an enterohepatic circulation of digoxin. This may contribute substantially to the elimination of digoxin in patients with the capability of intestinal conversion of digoxin. PMID- 3766213 TI - GABA and endocrine function. Proceedings of the International Symposium on GABA in Endocrine Function. Buenos Aires, Argentina, November 14-16, 1985. PMID- 3766214 TI - GABA-prolactin interactions. PMID- 3766215 TI - Morphological correlates of prolactin release and brain GABA increase. PMID- 3766216 TI - GABA-mimetic compounds block haloperidol-induced hyperprolactinemia in rats. PMID- 3766217 TI - Inhibitory actions of GABA on luteinizing hormone secretion. PMID- 3766218 TI - Glutamic acid decarboxylase activity in the hypothalamus of the rat: effect of estrogens. PMID- 3766219 TI - Ethanol and hypothalamic GABAergic system. PMID- 3766220 TI - Gamma-aminobutyric acid in the rat oviduct. PMID- 3766221 TI - On the presence of GABA in ovarian, tubal and uterine rat tissues. Modification at different stages of the estrous cycle and during pregnancy. PMID- 3766222 TI - Changes of GABA content in the female rat genital tract. PMID- 3766223 TI - Role of GABA in the anti-aversive action of anxiolytics. AB - The above results with intracerebral drug injection and electrical brain stimulation in rats indicate that enhancement of GABAergic activity in the dorsal CG or in the MH raises the threshold of electrical stimulation inducing aversive behavior when applied to these brain areas. Conversely, drug-induced reduction of GABA action in the dorsal CG or in the MH leads to aversive-like behavioral changes. Therefore, GABAergic fibers seem to exert tonic inhibition on neuronal groups in the CG and MH integrating aversive behavioral states. Anxiolytics may cause anti-aversive effects by enhancing this GABAergic modulation. As discussed elsewhere, serotonergic and opioid mechanisms are also likely to operate in periventricular brain areas. In conjunction with GABAergic mechanisms, they may be involved in the pathophysiology of anxiety, panic attacks and pain, as well as in the therapeutic action of anxiolytics, anti-panic drugs and centrally-acting analgesics. PMID- 3766224 TI - Ultrasonic vocalization in rodents: biological aspects and effects of benzodiazepines in some experimental situations. PMID- 3766225 TI - Gamma-vinyl-GABA injection in the locus coeruleus region of the rat. Effect on spontaneous behavior and stress responses. PMID- 3766226 TI - Society for the Advancement of Contraception. Fourth annual meeting. Chicago, USA, September 23-26, 1986. Abstracts. PMID- 3766227 TI - Influence of methotrexate on purine and pyrimidine pools and on cell phase distribution of cultured human lymphoblasts. PMID- 3766228 TI - Effect of m-AMSA on the cellular pharmacology of ara-CTP in human leukemic cells during therapy with high-dose ara-C. PMID- 3766229 TI - In vitro degradation of pyrimidine bases: studies of rat liver dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase. PMID- 3766230 TI - Mammalian mutants genetically altered in CTP synthetase activity. AB - From wildtype mouse lymphoma cells, a clone (FURT-1A), was isolated by virtue of its resistance to 1 microM 5-fluorouracil. In comparative growth rate experiments, FURT-1A cells were also less sensitive than parental cells to the growth inhibitory effects of thymidine, deoxyguanosine, 5-fluorouridine, and arabinosylcytosine. The altered growth sensitivity of FURT-1A cells to cytotoxic nucleosides was directly related to their decreased ability to accumulate the corresponding triphosphate from exogenous nucleoside. FURT-1A cells contained elevated cytidylate nucleotide pools which prevented normal growth sensitivity and interfered with the salvage of nucleosides. Metabolic flux experiments with [3H]-uridine in situ indicated that FURT-1A cells had a 2-fold enhanced rate of conversion of UTP to CTP. Kinetic analyses indicated that the CTP synthetase activity in extracts of FURT-1A cells was refractory to inhibition by CTP. The genetic loss of normal allosteric inhibition of the CTP synthetase activity in FURT-1A cells could account for the unusual phenotypic properties of these cells. PMID- 3766231 TI - Murine lymphocytes and lymphocyte cell lines secrete adenosine deaminase. PMID- 3766232 TI - Suppression by 5'-methylthioadenosine of histamine or leukotriene-induced contraction in isolated guinea pig tracheal rings. PMID- 3766234 TI - Purine de novo synthesis and salvage during testicular development in the rat. PMID- 3766233 TI - Steady-state kinetics of the reaction catalyzed by GMP reductase. PMID- 3766236 TI - The hormonal regulation of purine biosynthesis: control of the inosinic acid branch point. PMID- 3766237 TI - Hypoxanthine uptake by isolated brain microvessels. PMID- 3766235 TI - Purine metabolism in human neuroblastoma cell lines. PMID- 3766238 TI - Duchenne muscular dystrophy: normal ATP turnover in cultured cells. AB - We examined ATP metabolism in cultured muscle cells and fibroblasts from patients with Duchenne dystrophy. ATP and ADP levels were the same in cultured cells from normal subjects and patients and there was no difference in ATP synthesis or degradation. Although there was a significant decrease in radioactively labelled ATP after incubation with deoxyglucose in Duchenne muscle cells, there was no difference in ATP concentration or ADP metabolism. PMID- 3766239 TI - Inferences on the rapid metabolism of exogenously applied ATP in isolated smooth muscle preparations using pharmacological studies. PMID- 3766240 TI - Purine salvage in rat heart myoblasts. PMID- 3766242 TI - Purine nucleotides in human hearts during open heart surgery. PMID- 3766241 TI - Myoadenylate deaminase deficiency: diagnosis by forearm ischemic exercise testing. AB - These results indicate that measuring venous ammonia concentrations after forearm ischemic exercise is an effective means of screening for MADA deficiency but that submaximal exercise performance, whether due to weakness, pain or poor effort, can provide false positive results. Measurements of purine compounds released after exercise may increase the specificity of forearm ischemic exercise testing for MADA deficiency. The low level of purines released after exercise in MADA deficient subjects supports the hypothesis that disordered purine metabolisms occurs when MADA activity is absent. PMID- 3766243 TI - Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient Leishmania donovani. AB - Mutant promastigotes of Leishmania donovani deficient in adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRTase) have been isolated in medium containing 4 aminopyrazolopyrimidine. The generation of APRTase-deficient mutants occurred in two discrete steps. In the first step, clones were isolated with 50% of wildtype levels of APRTase activity. These cells were reselected and colonies totally deficient in APRTase were isolated. Partially and totally APRTase-deficient cells exhibited intermediate and complete resistance to cytotoxic adenine analogs, respectively. Nevertheless, wildtype and mutant cells could salvage adenine and utilize adenine as a purine source equally efficiently, suggesting that the adenine deaminase-HGPRTase pathway plays an important role in promastigote adenine metabolism. Kinetic and thermal inactivation studies of purified APRTase and isoelectric focusing of crude extracts from wildtype and partially APRTase deficient cells suggested that the latter cells possessed wildtype APRTase activity at half the amount found in wildtype parental cells. These data suggest that Leishmania donovani possess two copies of the APRTase structural gene and that these organisms might be diploid for the APRTase locus. PMID- 3766244 TI - 6-Thiopurine riboside analogs: their toxicity and metabolism in Leishmania donovani and mammalian cells. PMID- 3766245 TI - 2-Chloroadenosine is phosphorylated and increases the production of hypoxanthine in human cells. PMID- 3766246 TI - Metabolism of 5'-methylthioadenosine in methionine-dependent and methionine independent cells. PMID- 3766247 TI - 2-5A synthetase activities in herpes virus infection and after interferon treatment. PMID- 3766248 TI - Mutant mouse cells with nitrobenzylthioinosine-insensitive nucleoside transport functions. AB - From a mutagenized population of wildtype S49 T lymphoma cells, clones were generated that were resistant to the physiological effects of the potent inhibitor of nucleoside transport, 4-nitrobenzyl-6-thioinosine (NBMPR). NBMPR protected wildtype cells from the cytotoxic effects of a spectrum of nucleosides, whereas two mutant clones, KAB1 and KAB5, were still sensitive to nucleoside mediated cytotoxicity in the presence of NBMPR. In addition, NBMPR prevented wildtype cells from surviving in hypoxanthine-amethopterin-thymidine containing medium, whereas KAB1 and KAB5 cells grew normally. Rapid sampling transport studies indicated that mutant cells, unlike wildtype parental cells, had acquired a substantial NBMPR-insensitive nucleoside transport component. Binding studies with [3H]NBMPR indicated that KAB5 cells were 70-75% deficient in the number of NBMPR binding sites, whereas KAB1 cells possessed a wildtype complement of NBMPR binding sites. The characterization of the KAB1 and KAB5 cell lines suggested that the NBMPR binding site in wildtype S49 cells is genetically distinguishable from the nucleoside carrier site. PMID- 3766249 TI - Carrier mediated uptake of deoxyguanosine in rat liver mitochondria. PMID- 3766250 TI - Biological reactive intermediates III. Mechanisms of action in animal models and human disease. Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Biological Reactive Intermediates. June 6-8, 1985, College Park, Maryland. PMID- 3766251 TI - Mechanism of organ specificity in nitrosamine carcinogenesis. PMID- 3766252 TI - Biological reactive metabolites in human toxicity. PMID- 3766253 TI - Metabolic host factors as modifiers of reactive intermediates possibly involved in human cancer. PMID- 3766254 TI - Age and sex differences in constitutive forms of cytochrome P-450 of rat liver microsomes. PMID- 3766255 TI - Monoclonal antibody-directed analysis of cytochrome P-450. PMID- 3766256 TI - Isomeric composition of N-alkylated protoporphyrins produced by substituted dihydropyridines in vivo and in vitro. PMID- 3766257 TI - Expression and sequence analysis of rat liver glutathione S-transferase genes. PMID- 3766259 TI - Comparison of the metabolism of benzene and its metabolite phenol in rat liver microsomes. PMID- 3766258 TI - Rat cytosolic epoxide hydrolase. AB - Rat liver microsomal and cytosolic epoxide hydrolase may be distinguished through differences in substrate specificity: styrene 7,8-oxide is preferentially hydrolyzed by the microsomal form, while trans-stilbene oxide is the preferred substrate for cytosolic epoxide hydrolase. Large interindividual differences in the specific activity of Sprague-Dawley (outbred strain) liver cytosolic epoxide hydrolase were observed, varying from 2 to 77 pmol/min X mg protein. Interindividual variations were much lower for microsomal epoxide hydrolase. The specific activity of Fischer F-344 (inbred strain) liver cytosolic epoxide hydrolase varied only by a factor of 2. The specific activity of cytosolic epoxide hydrolase using trans-stilbene oxide as the substrate was highest in kidney and heart, followed by liver, brain, lung, testis, and spleen. For microsomal epoxide hydrolase, the specific activity was much lower in extrahepatic tissues than in liver. None of the commonly used inducers of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes caused significant changes in rat liver cytosolic epoxide hydrolase. However, peroxisome proliferating drugs were found to drastically increase cytosolic epoxide hydrolase activity. Treatment for one week with a diet containing clofibrate (0.25%), tiadenol (0.5%) or acetylsalicylic acid (1%) caused a 8, 13 and 5 fold increase in cytosolic epoxide hydrolase activity respectively in the liver which parallelled the induction of peroxisomal beta-oxidation activity (13, 19 and 5 fold, respectively). PMID- 3766260 TI - Further evidence for a role of isozymes of P450 in the metabolism and toxicity of carbon disulfide (CS2). PMID- 3766261 TI - Effect of suicide substrate on the metabolism of steroids and xenobiotics and on cytochrome P-450 apoproteins. PMID- 3766262 TI - The FAD-containing monooxygenase of lung and liver tissue from rabbit, mouse and pig: species and tissue differences. PMID- 3766263 TI - Superoxide dismutase modification and genotoxicity of transition-metal ion chelators. PMID- 3766264 TI - The peroxidative activation of butylated hydroxytoluene to BHT-quinone methide and stilbenequinone. PMID- 3766265 TI - Chemistry of covalent binding: studies with bromobenzene and thiobenzamide. PMID- 3766266 TI - Mechanism of the cytochrome P-450 catalyzed isomerization of hydroperoxides. PMID- 3766267 TI - Indole-3-carbinol inhibits lipid peroxidation in cell-free systems. AB - Free radicals mediate toxicological and carcinogenic responses of tissues to many chemicals. Cellular defenses against radical mediated damage utilize endogenous substances such as tocopherol, ascorbate and GSH. Here we report a new antioxidant, indole-3-carbinol (I-3-C), a natural constituent of human diet. In chlorobenzene containing soy phospholipids, lipid oxidation was initiated with azobisisobutyronitrile; I-3-C inhibited formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive material in a dose-dependent manner. Similar results were obtained in an aqueous system containing phospholipid vesicles initiated by Fe/ascorbate. For both systems I-3-C was less effective than tocopherol or BHT as antioxidant. To assess these antioxidant effects in vivo, mice were treated with I-3-C by gavage. A hepatic post-mitochondrial supernatant fraction isolated 2 hours after treatment showed dose-dependent decreases in NADPH-mediated lipid oxidation which correlated with decreases in 14C-nitrosodimethylamine covalent binding to protein. Although hepatotoxicity may not involve lipid oxidation per se, it does indicate that free radical damage had occurred. Inhibition of damage by I-3-C suggests that this dietary component has the potential to ameliorate radical mediated chemical toxicity. PMID- 3766268 TI - Structure of the adduct of glutathione and activated 3-methylindole. PMID- 3766269 TI - Studies on the mechanism of S-cysteine conjugate metabolism and toxicity in rat liver, kidney, and a cell culture model. PMID- 3766270 TI - Formation and identification of naphthoquinone glutathione conjugates following microsomal metabolism of 1-naphthol. PMID- 3766271 TI - Improved method for determination of cellular thiols, disulfides and protein mixed disulfides using HPLC with electrochemical detection. AB - The role of glutathione in cellular responses to toxic insult is well established in the literature and is largely based on chemical determinations of GSH. Although these methods have proved to be adequate to demonstrate the relationships between cellular levels of GSH and xenobiotic toxicity, they may be inadequate for careful investigations regarding the regulation of cellular concentrations of GSH, GSSG and GSSProt. Enzymatic and chromatographic methods provide increased specificity and sensitivity, but the problems of variable accuracy or tedious derivitization steps remain. The HPLC-EC method constitutes a significant improvement over previous methods by satisfying the requirements for selectivity, sensitivity, accuracy and convenience. The utility of the HPLC-EC method has been described in two systems of toxicological interest, particularly with regard to the determination of GSSProt. In further studies, the HPLC-EC method has been useful in investigating the mechanism(s) of alternate nucleophiles, such as cysteamine. The capability to determine various thiols simultaneously in a given biological sample greatly facilitates these investigations. In view of its power as an analytical tool, the HPLC-EC method has the potential for widespread application to the study of cellular thiols. PMID- 3766272 TI - Role of thiols in protection against biological reactive intermediates. PMID- 3766273 TI - Reactions of oxaprozin-1-O-acyl glucuronide in solutions of human plasma and albumin. AB - Hydrolysis and rearrangement (isomerization by acyl migration) of oxaprozin glucuronide are greatly accelerated by plasma and human serum albumin. Albumin accounts for all the hydrolytic activity in plasma and no esterase is involved. The isomeric esters formed by rearrangement are also good substrates for the hydrolysis reaction. Another reaction between oxaprozin glucuronide and albumin leads to covalent binding of the aglycone. Similar reactions leading to covalent binding have been described for other acyl glucuronides by several investigators. In the case of oxaprozin, there is little or no potential for biological significance of covalent binding because the reaction is almost entirely inhibited by low concentrations of the drug. All three reactions are pH dependent but not to the same extent. They can be considered to be transacylations to the hydroxyl ion (hydrolysis), to a different OH-group of the glucuronic acid moiety (rearrangement) or to a nucleophilic group on the albumin molecule (covalent binding). All three reactions are greatly inhibited by the same compounds suggesting a common reaction site. This site has certain features in common with the indole or benzodiazepine binding site of human serum albumin. A scheme is proposed in which the first step is reversible binding of the acyl glucuronide to this site in analogy to the known reversible binding of reactive esters (such as p-nitrophenyl acetate) to the same site. All three reactions are inhibited by compounds such as naproxen and decanoic acid which are known to also inhibit the acylation of albumin by reactive esters and the reversible binding of benzodiazepines. PMID- 3766274 TI - Nephrotoxic amino acid and glutathione S-conjugates: formation and renal activation. PMID- 3766275 TI - A comparison of the alkylating capabilities of the cysteinyl and glutathionyl conjugates of 1,2-dichloroethane. PMID- 3766276 TI - Covalent reactions in the toxicity of SO2 and sulfite. AB - Toxic effects of SO2 and sulfite such as bronchitis and bronchoconstriction have been well documented. SO2 has also been suggested to potentiate carcinogenic effects of PAH. However, the molecular basis of these toxic effects is unclear. We have examined the covalent reaction of SO2 and sulfite with cellular proteinacious and nonproteinaceous sulfhydryl compounds using rat liver, and lung and human lung derived A549 cells. Reactions of sulfite and protein in rat and human lung cells reveals at least three proteins with sulfite-reactive disulfide bonds. Besides fibronectin and serum albumin, which had been reported to contain sulfonated products following exposure to sulfite, we have found one other protein with sulfite-binding capabilities. Since the integrity of disulfide bonds is crucial to the tertiary structure and thus protein function, the disruption of protein structure by sulfitolysis may result in altered cellular activities leading to biochemical lesions. Using carefully controlled conditions, reproducible GSH contents can be found in cultured cells and used as an experimental basis for studying alterations in the GSH and GSSG content of cells. Sulfitolysis of GSSG results in the formation of GSSO3H in A549 cells, and possibly in the lung. GSSO3H can be reduced enzymatically by GSSG reductase. However, the Km of GSSO3H is high compared to that of GSSG, suggesting the existence of a transient concentration of GSSO3H once it is formed. Cysteine S sulfonate is, however, not reduced by cytosolic extracts in the presence of NADPH and would have to be eliminated from the cell by other means. GSSO3H is a strong competitive inhibitor of GST in rat liver and lung and A549 cells, using 1-chloro 2,4-dinitrobenzene as a substrate. It also inhibits the formation of GSH conjugates of BP 4,5-oxide, anti and syn BPDE, but to a lesser extent. These results suggest that SO2 may affect the detoxification of xenobiotic compounds by inhibiting, via formation of GSSO3H, the enzymatic conjugation of GSH and reactive electrophiles. Since GSH conjugation represents the major pathway of elimination of BP epoxides in the lung, our results offer a possible explanation for the cocarcinogenicity of SO2 with PAHs. These data suggest that the sulfitolysis reaction of sulfite is the common reaction mechanism mediating the underlying biochemical reactions leading to both the toxic and cocarcinogenic properties of SO2. Quantitation of sulfitolysis products and their interaction with cellular processes should provide a coherent scheme relating SO2 and sulfite toxicity among animal species and humans. PMID- 3766277 TI - Reactive oxygen species formed in vitro and in cells: role of thiols (GSH). Model studies with xanthine oxidase and horseradish peroxidase. PMID- 3766278 TI - Studies on the mechanism of activation and the mutagenicity of ronidazole, a 5 nitroimidazole. AB - Substantial evidence implicates the obligatory nucleophilic attack by water at C4 for the elimination of the carbamate and subsequent immobilization by electrophilic attack on protein thiols. Consequently, the strong correlation between the structural requirements for protein alkylation and for mutagenicity in TA100 suggests a possible role of nucleophilic addition at C4 or at the 2 methylene carbon for the expression of mutagenicity. Further studies directed at evaluating this possibility are currently in progress. PMID- 3766279 TI - Role of parenchymal versus non-parenchymal cells in the control of biologically reactive intermediates. AB - The non-parenchymal cells (NPC) of the liver have the potential to significantly influence the formation of reactive intermediates in the liver because of their critical location along the sinusoids where they are the first cells to encounter blood borne xenobiotics. To study the possible role of the NPC in the metabolism of xenobiotics, populations of NPC and parenchymal cells (PC) were prepared from rats and various xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme activities investigated. The specific activity of every enzyme studied was 12 to 1000% higher in the PC than in the NPC populations and the pattern of activities between the 2 populations was remarkably different. The NPC also displayed a more dramatic response to Aroclor 1254 induction of enzyme activities than did the PC. Furthermore, the NPC were capable of forming biologically reactive intermediates which caused cyto- and genotoxicity. From these data we conclude that the NPC provide a distinct contribution to hepatic metabolism of xenobiotics. PMID- 3766280 TI - Carcinogen-DNA adduct formation as a predictor of metabolic activation pathways and reactive intermediates in benzidine carcinogenesis. PMID- 3766281 TI - Metabolism and carcinogenicity of nitrotoluenes. PMID- 3766282 TI - Hydroxylamines and hemolytic anemia. PMID- 3766284 TI - Biological reactive intermediates of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. PMID- 3766283 TI - Electrophilic sulfuric acid ester metabolites as ultimate carcinogens. PMID- 3766285 TI - Significance of covalent binding of chemically reactive metabolites of foreign compounds to proteins and lipids. PMID- 3766287 TI - The role of reactive intermediates in sulfhydryl-dependent immunotoxicity: interference with microtubule assembly and microtubule-dependent cell function. PMID- 3766286 TI - Quinone imines as biological reactive intermediates. PMID- 3766288 TI - p-Nitrosophenetole: a reactive intermediate of phenacetin that binds to protein. PMID- 3766289 TI - Effect of diethyl ether on the bioactivation, detoxification, and hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen in vitro and in vivo. AB - Our working hypothesis for designing this study involved early inhibition by ether of P-450-dependent bioactivation and glucuronyl transferase-dependent "detoxification", with an earlier recovery of bioactivation. The combined in vivo and in vitro results from the same animals indicate that the increased susceptibility to acetaminophen hepatotoxicity may have been due to a combination of delayed decreases induced by ether in the activities of glucuronyl transferase, sulfotransferase and GSH S-transferase, along with a depletion of hepatic GSH. The small decrease in hepatic content of cytochromes P-450 at 2 hr when toxicologic enhancement was minimal, together with repletion at 8 hr when enhancement was maximal, while the above detoxification pathways were inhibited, is compatible with our hypothesis. However, the lack of an accompanying change in the activity of P-450 suggests either that a different P-450 isoenzyme is involved, or that P-450 activity was not toxicologically limiting. The toxicological imbalance in the bioactivation and detoxification of acetaminophen observed after ether pretreatment was evidenced by significant increases both in the plasma concentrations of GSH and cysteine conjugates, and in the covalent binding of acetaminophen to hepatocellular protein. PMID- 3766290 TI - Piperonyl butoxide reduces salicylate-induced nephrotoxicity and covalent binding in male rats. PMID- 3766291 TI - Cross-linking of protein molecules by the reactive metabolite of acetaminophen, N acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine, and related quinoid compounds. PMID- 3766292 TI - The fate of 4-cyanoacetanilide in rats and mice: the mechanism of formation of a novel electrophilic metabolite. PMID- 3766293 TI - Reactions of glutathione with oxidative intermediates of acetaminophen. PMID- 3766294 TI - Deoxyguanosine adducts formed from benzoquinone and hydroquinone. PMID- 3766295 TI - Structure and function of cytochrome P-450. PMID- 3766296 TI - Hepatic pathological changes due to hydroxyalkenals. PMID- 3766297 TI - Intracellular dissipative structures (IDS) as ultimate targets of chemical cytotoxicity. PMID- 3766298 TI - Helenalin: mechanism of toxic action. PMID- 3766299 TI - Evidence for stereoselective production of phenytoin (5,5-diphenylhydantoin) arene oxides in man. PMID- 3766300 TI - Tissue distribution and covalent binding of [14C]1,1-dichloroethylene in mice: in vivo and in vitro studies. PMID- 3766301 TI - Inhibition of respiration in rabbit proximal tubules by bromophenols and 2 bromohydroquinone. PMID- 3766302 TI - In vitro covalent binding of 14C-mibolerone to rat liver microsomes. AB - Mibolerone (17-Hydroxy-7,17-dimethylestr-4-en-3-one; 7 alpha-17 alpha dimethyl-19 nortestosterone) is being marketed by The Upjohn Company for the inhibition of estrus in bitches. The aim of this study was to determine the extent of covalent binding of mibolerone to rat liver microsomes. Liver microsomes were obtained from Control and phenobarbitol-treated female Fisher rats, and were incubated with 14C-mibolerone at 37 degrees C for 10 minutes. No covalent binding to macromolecules was observed when 14C-mibolerone was incubated with rat liver microsomes. Under identical conditions, 14C-estradiol was covalently bound to macromolecules. Slightly higher covalent binding of estradiol was observed with microsomes from phenobarbitol-treated rats. Ascorbic acid and glutathione inhibited covalent binding of estradiol to macromolecules in the in vitro microsomal system. PMID- 3766303 TI - Comparison of N-methylformamide-induced hepatotoxicity and metabolism in rats and mice. PMID- 3766304 TI - Epoxidation of 1,3-butadiene in liver and lung tissue of mouse, rat, monkey and man. AB - When 1,3-butadiene is incubated with liver postmitochondrial fractions from mouse, rat, monkey or man and a NADPH-regenerating system the formation rate of butadiene monoxide is different in the four species. With the exception of rhesus monkey the amount of epoxide is proportional to the monooxygenase activity. The sequence of epoxide formation is B6C3F1-mouse, Sprague Dawley rat, man, rhesus monkey. The relation between mouse and monkey was about 7:1. When 1,3-butadiene is incubated with homogenates from lung tissue, only tissues from mouse and rat produces measurable butadiene monoxide concentrations. The monooxygenase activity in lung tissue of the mouse was only 1/30 that in mouse liver. By contrast, lung tissue formed the epoxide concentrations comparable to those formed by liver tissue, whereas monkey and human lung tissue did not produce any measurable levels of butadiene monoxide. The data might suggest that the results of recent rodent inhalation studies with 1,3-butadiene could not automatically be extrapolated to man. PMID- 3766305 TI - Use of the chemiluminigenic probes luminol and lucigenin for the detection of active oxygen species in hepatic microsomes and in intact hepatocytes. PMID- 3766306 TI - Acetaminophen toxicity in isolated hepatocytes. PMID- 3766307 TI - Effect of in vivo antiestrogen pretreatment on rabbit atrial chronotropic response to histamine. AB - The chronotropic response (delta rate) to histamine (1.4 to 18 X 10(-6) M) of isolated atria from antiestrogen (tamoxifen)-pretreated immature female rabbit was investigated. Tamoxifen treatment (1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg/day for 14 days) had no significant effect on the delta rate. The Rmax and D1/2max were not significantly different in the two tamoxifen-treated groups compared to the oil-treated (1.0 ml/kg/day for 14 days) control group. Cimetidine (2.8 X 10(-7) M) inhibited the delta rate to histamine in all groups: control, 27%; tamoxifen (1.0 mg/kg), 38%; and tamoxifen (10.0 mg/kg), 28%. Only the low dose of tamoxifen was found to be estrogenic (uterotropic). We conclude that tamoxifen pretreatment, both at estrogen-agonist and estrogen-antagonist doses, is without effect on atrial chronotropic response to histamine. PMID- 3766309 TI - Histamine-induced microvascular permeability increases in hamster skin: a response predominantly mediated by H2-receptors. AB - The pharmacology of histamine-induced increases in cutaneous microvascular permeability was investigated in the hamster by examining the effects of cimetidine and pyrilamine on the increase in microvascular permeability evoked by graded doses of intradermally-injected histamine, and comparing the cutaneous microvascular permeability responses to graded doses of impromidine (0.1-100 micrograms), dimaprit (1-100 micrograms) and beta-histine (0.1-100 micrograms). Pretreatment with pyrilamine (0.1 mg/kg i.v. bolus injection) did not reduce the increase in microvascular permeability produced by any dose of histamine. In contrast, cimetidine (0.5 mg/kg/min i.v. infusion) significantly inhibited the microvascular permeability responses to 10 and 100 micrograms histamine. Although neither cimetidine nor pyrilamine significantly altered the microvascular permeability response to 0.1 and 1 micrograms histamine, inhibition was afforded by a cimetidine-pyrilamine combination. These results suggest a predominantly H2 receptor mediated phenomenon with a minor H1-receptor mediated component. Studies with the H2-receptor agonists impromidine and dimaprit and the H1-receptor agonist beta-histine provide further support for this contention. Dimaprit and impromidine caused a dose-dependent increase in cutaneous microvascular permeability, but betahistine produced only a relatively modest response. In other laboratory species, increased cutaneous microvascular permeability appears to be mediated solely by H1-receptors. Therefore, the hamster skin appears unique with respect to the pronounced H2-receptor involvement in histamine-induced microvascular permeability changes. PMID- 3766308 TI - Indomethacin inhibits the increased airway responsiveness to histamine following inhalation of C5a des Arg in rabbits. AB - It has been shown that inhalation of C5a des Arg increases rabbit airway responsiveness to histamine and that this is associated with an influx of neutrophils into the airway walls. This study was undertaken to see if the augmented response to histamine can be blocked by the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor indomethacin. Spontaneously breathing, anesthetised rabbits were studied in a volume displacement plethysmograph and pulmonary resistance (R1) was measured using the electrical subtraction technique. Histamine does response curves (HDR) were generated by measuring R1 after serial nubulisation of saline and histamine (1, 3, 10, 30 and 100 mg/ml). Aerosols of either saline or C5a des Arg (1.5 ug/ml) were then inhaled by the animals over a time period of 2 min. An HDR was then repeated 4 hours later. In 9 rabbits the inhalation of C5a des Arg resulted in an upward shift of the repeat HDR: the area under the HDR was significantly greater than under the first HDR (p less than 0.05). In 6 rabbits the repeat HDR 4 hours after saline was shifted downwards (N.S.) indicating some degree of tachyphylaxis. When rabbits were pretreated with indomethacin (5 mg/kg i.v.) the repeat HDR following either C5a des Arg (n = 7) or saline (n = 6) were also shifted downwards i.e., the increased airway responsiveness noted after C5a des Arg was abolished. There was no significant difference in baseline saline R1 during the first or second HDR in any group. These results suggest that the increased airway responsiveness following nebulisation of C5a des Arg may be due to release from neutrophils of products of the cyclo-oxygenase pathway. PMID- 3766310 TI - Antigenic similarity between the protein neurotoxin alpha-bungarotoxin and neuromuscular blocking drugs. AB - The snake neurotoxins alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BGT) and beta-bungarotoxin (beta BGT) which act at the neuromuscular junction, were found to bind to IgE antibodies directed against neuromuscular blocking (NMB) drugs in the sera of two patients who had experienced lifethreatening anaphylactic reactions to succinylcholine. alpha-BGT inhibited IgE-binding to a choline-Sepharose solid support in one patient better than the NMB drug alcuronium, choline, triethylcholine and beta-BGT. IC50s for alpha-BGT and succinylcholine were 16 and 10 nmol respectively for one patient and 34 and 6.0 nmol for the other. Recognition of the NMB drugs and alpha-BGT by the same antibody is the first demonstration of an antigenic similarity between these drugs and the protein toxin. PMID- 3766312 TI - The cored sponge model of in vivo leucocyte chemotaxis. AB - A method has been developed for the in vivo measurement of leucocyte chemotaxis in response to the bacterial chemotactic peptide F-met-leu-phe (FMLP). Polyurethane sponges were pre-treated with FMLP and implanted subcutaneously in rats and after a suitable interval removed for determination of leucocyte influx. In vivo concentration gradients of chemotactic factors within intact sponges were shallow and leucocyte accumulation unsatisfactory. Accordingly a cored sponge model was developed in which the cylindrical core only was treated with chemotactic factor and the sponge reassembled prior to subcutaneous implantation. Steep concentration gradients were established within the outer sponge matrix with marked effects on leucocyte accumulation, permitting studies of the time course of in vivo chemotaxis. With cored sponges test to control cell number ratios were maximal at 4 hours using both free and albumin-bound FMLP. This model of in vivo chemotaxis may prove useful in several areas of inflammation research. PMID- 3766311 TI - Rheumatoid inflammation and joint destruction: cause and effect or parallel phenomena? AB - Joint damage is a characteristic and important consequence of rheumatoid arthritis; it is usually considered to be a direct result of the inflammatory synovitis. This view implies that by treating actively the synovial inflammation subsequent joint damage will be reduced and the long-term outlook of patients with rheumatoid arthritis thus improved. However, there is relatively little clinical evidence that suppressing inflammation reduces rheumatoid joint damage. An alternative view is that the mechanisms causing inflammation and those leading to joint destruction are parallel processes related only indirectly. Considerable evidence supports such a concept. Clinical studies show radiological progression of the disease occurs despite improvements in measures of joint inflammation and a reduction in the levels of acute phase proteins. Damage can progress in either actively inflamed hot joints or cool swollen joints. Histopathologically the features of rheumatoid synovitis are non-specific, while the radiological pattern of joint damage is very characteristic. There is evidence that lymphocytic infiltration is not a poor prognostic finding, despite it being a typical feature of inflamed joints. Experimental studies also fail to show a close correlation between inflammation and cartilage damage: this is seen in experimental arthritis, coculture in vitro systems, and the air pouch model of cartilage damage. We suggest that attempts to improve the outcome of rheumatoid arthritis should not merely concentrate on controlling inflammation but should also seek to modify the associated connective tissue changes of the disease. PMID- 3766313 TI - Influence of serotonin, serotonin antagonists, some vasoactive substances and temperature on carrageenin-induced tail thrombosis in rats and mice. AB - Tail thrombosis (infarction) induced by injection of kappa-carrageenin (0.88 or 1.76 mg/kg i.v.) is increased by i.v. or i.p. serotonin (1-2 mg/kg) but is decreased by cyproheptadine and ketanserin (minimal effective dose less than 1 mg/kg) as well as by preceding serotonin depletion by comp. 48/80 or reserpine. The effect of exogenous serotonin is antagonized by ketanserin and cyproheptadine, respect. In the anaphylactoid reaction induced by dextran, only weak thrombosis increasing effects were seen, apparently, because of vasodilation in this reaction. Application of heat to the tail weakly decreased tail thrombosis, application of cold strikingly increased it. Vasodilating substances (nicotinate, 3-hydroxymethylpyridine, trapidil, dipyridamole, iloprost) as well as the thromboxane antagonist BM 13,177 were without significant effect on tail thrombosis, even if vasodilating substances were applicated in form of ointments on the tail. The participation of endogenous serotonin in carrageenin-induced tail thrombosis has further to be substantiated. PMID- 3766315 TI - [Treatment and prognosis of juvenile retinal detachment]. PMID- 3766314 TI - Hepatoprotection by malotilate against carbon tetrachloride-alcohol-induced liver fibrosis. AB - Subchronic treatment of male rats with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4, twice weekly 0.2 ml/kg p.o.) and feeding a 5% alcohol solution instead of drinking water led to a nearly complete liver cirrhosis in all animals within 4 weeks. This was also documented by a three fold increase in hepatic total hydroxyproline content. Steatosis was quantified by enhanced liver triglyceride concentrations and acute necroses by increments of serum enzyme activities (GPT, SDH). Daily oral treatment with malotilate (100 mg/kg) totally prevented the development of liver cirrhosis, hepatic hydroxyproline accumulation and increases in serum enzyme activities induced by CCl4-alcohol. In cianidanol-treated rats (100 mg/kg p.o.) only portoseptal fibrosis was seen, however hydroxyproline and triglyceride accumulation as well as enhanced serum enzyme activities were not suppressed. D penicillamine (300 mg/kg p.o.) and colchicine (50 micrograms/kg i.p.) failed to protect rats against CCl4-alcohol induced fibrosis, necrosis and steatosis in this model. PMID- 3766316 TI - [Clinical study on retinal vein occlusion. Part 2: Observation of the retinal nerve fiber layer by means of red-free fundus photography]. PMID- 3766318 TI - [Misinterpretation by K. Ichikawa of Kitahra's method for analyzing the F-M 100 hue test]. PMID- 3766317 TI - [Studies on anisometropia and aniseikonia in hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia]. PMID- 3766319 TI - [Effects of growth factors on actin distribution in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells]. PMID- 3766320 TI - [Cytotoxic effects of prostaglandins on human retinoblastoma cells in vitro]. PMID- 3766321 TI - [Coordination of accommodation, convergence and pupil size]. PMID- 3766322 TI - [Effects of steroid hormones upon lymphocyte transformation in normal subjects and patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis]. PMID- 3766324 TI - [Experimental choroidal malignant tumors (VX-2) in rabbits. Part 3. Tumor invasion in the choroid and changes in overlying tissues]. PMID- 3766323 TI - [The correlation between retinal sensitivity and retinal nerve fiber layer atrophic appearance]. PMID- 3766325 TI - [Central retinal field and pattern-evoked retinal and cortical potentials in pigmentary retinal dystrophy]. PMID- 3766326 TI - [Evaluation of many factors influencing quantitative visual field measurement with Goldmann perimetry]. PMID- 3766327 TI - [Quantitative studies on effects of anti-inflammatory eye drugs on experimental allergic uveitis of rabbits. I. Steroid eye drops]. PMID- 3766328 TI - [Comparison of plotting methods for F-M 100-hue test recommended by Farnsworth and Kinnear]. PMID- 3766329 TI - [Delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase in the bovine ciliary body and iris]. PMID- 3766330 TI - [Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of orbital tumors]. PMID- 3766331 TI - [Clinical application of time-dependent perimetry (2). Inequality of the retinal function]. PMID- 3766332 TI - [Retinochoroidal lesions in concussion injuries of the eyes--an experimental study]. PMID- 3766333 TI - [Analysis of basal and stimulated reflex tear volume by an electronic resistance measurement]. PMID- 3766334 TI - [Increment of the amplitude of human photopic ERG during light adaptation]. PMID- 3766335 TI - [Effects of epinephrine and timolol on near accommodation in man]. PMID- 3766336 TI - [Localization of adenylate cyclase activity in cultured ciliary epithelia from chick embryos]. PMID- 3766337 TI - [Changes of hyaluronic acid in the developing human eye]. PMID- 3766338 TI - [Therapeutic experiences of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum, adriamycin and 5 fluorouracil combination chemotherapy in advanced urothelial cancer, with special reference to adjuvant chemotherapy in invasive urothelial cancer]. AB - The combination chemotherapy including cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (CDDP), adriamycin (ADM) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is reported as one of the most effective regimens of urothelial cancer. We experienced one patient who had multiple metastatic urothelial cancer in the lung, liver and brain and who showed complete response, even in short duration, by this regimen. Since then, we have been using this regimen as the adjuvant chemotherapy of the invasive urothelial cancer. This regimen consists of 15 mg/m2 CDDP on days 1 to 5, 30 mg/m2 ADM on day 1 and 300 mg/m2 5-FU on days 1 to 5, and is repeated 3 times for 3 to 4 weeks. If toxicity is intolerable, the dosage of CDDP and ADM was decreased in thirty percent. As the maintenance, tegaful was administrated oral or suppository for 1 to 2 years. Seven cases which were followed for at least 12 months were evaluated. In one patient, local recurrence appeared after 16 months, but the other patients were disease free. General malaise, nausea, vomiting and alopecia were recognized in all patients in various degrees, but severe myelosuppression did not appear. Because of the toxicity, three patients had to have reduced dosage. In the adjuvant chemotherapy the most effective regimen should be used in the first therapy to eradicate the micrometastasis. At present, the combination chemotherapy of CDDP and ADM is the most effective for urothelial cancer as reported by many authors. Although the number of patients and the duration of follow up are inadequate to evaluate this adjuvant chemotherapy, we believe that this regimen is effective since invasive urothelial cancer usually recurs within 2 years. PMID- 3766339 TI - [Clinical analysis of high grade bladder cancer]. AB - The prognosis and other clinical manifestation of 128 patients with high grade bladder tumor were analyzed. Thirty two percent of the total cases of bladder cancer were high grade bladder cancer and 83% of their tumors were invasive tumor at stage T2 and worse. Urinary cytologies were positive in 88% of these patients. The 5-year survival rate in these patients was 32% and those in T1, T2 T3 and T4 cases were 64.2%, 55.6%, 22.7% and 8.0% respectively. The patients treated with radical (total) cystectomy showed a much better survival rate than the cases treated with TUR or partial cystectomy. These results suggest that high grade bladder cancers tend to be invasive and the patients with high grade bladder cancer would have a poorer prognosis than the patients with other histological grade tumors. Thus, these patients should be treated more aggressively including radical cystectomy than the other cases of bladder cancers. PMID- 3766340 TI - [Autosomal translocation and associated male infertility]. AB - Four balanced autosomal reciprocal translocations were found through mitotic chromosome analysis among 72 subfertile males, 27 with azoospermia and 45 with sperm counts below 40 X 10(6)/ml. They were 46, XY, t(3; 20; 21) with azoospermia, 46, XY, t(14; 21) with sperm counts below 1 X 10(6)/ml, 46, XY, t(1; 19) lqh+ with azoospermia and 46, XY, t(3; 16) with sperm counts 27 X 10(6)/ml. Histological, cytogenetic and hormonal analysis were performed. Testicular biopsies from the first 3 carriers revealed complete spermatogenic arrest at the spermatocyte stage and meiotic studies of the same biopsies showed severe reduction in numbers of cells in 2nd meiotic division. In spite of severely defective spermatogenesis, serum gonadotropins of the carriers were within normal range, except for LH of the 4th case. Other chromosomal aberrations observed were 5 Klinefelter's syndrome, 2 autosomal minor variants (46, XY, 15p+ and 46, XY, 14s+) and 1 small Y. PMID- 3766341 TI - [A clinical study on the R-R interval of ECG in diabetic neurogenic bladder]. AB - Urodynamic investigations and the measurement of the R-R interval on ECG have been applied to assess the extent of autonomic and peripheral neuropathy in 12 patients with diabetes mellitus. Objective evidence of neuropathic bladder dysfunction was detected in 6 patients (50%) and these cases were included under 2% of the coefficient of R-R interval variation. The commonest abnormality was hypotonic, large bladder and marked residual urine, which was usually asymptomatic. It is concluded that in diabetic patients this simple autonomic function test is a good guide to vesical function. PMID- 3766342 TI - [A clinical study on the R-R interval on ECG in urethral syndrome]. AB - We reviewed 41 patients who were evaluated for the urethral syndrome. Evaluation included urinalysis, cystoscopy and the measurement of the R-R interval on ECG in all cases. The coefficient variation of R-R interval in urethral syndrome was significantly lower (p less than 0.001) than that of the healthy individuals. Treatment by mecobalamin showed that 4 of the 6 patients benefitted considerably. PMID- 3766343 TI - [Prostatic cancer: pathological analysis of autopsied cases]. AB - In 27 cases of prostatic cancer, the histopathologic prostatic picture at the time of autopsy was compared with that in biopsy and that of metastatic lesions at autopsy. A change in the grade between in biopsy and in autopsy was confirmed in 4 cases (14.8%). A change in the grade between the prostate and metastatic lesion at the time of autopsy was confirmed in 3 cases (11.1%). The cases that had a change in the grade, had a common tendency: being older, having a longer clinical course than the no grade-change group, changing to a higher grade. PMID- 3766344 TI - [Changes in N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG) in prostatitis patients]. AB - NAG was measured before and after treatment and compared in 11 acute prostatitis patients, 13 chronic prostatitis patients and 10 healthy volunteers. Urinary NAG before treatment was 34.1 +/- 18.4 U/l in the acute prostatitis patients and was significantly higher than that in the healthy volunteers, which was 5.1 +/- 1.2 U/l. It was 8.5 +/- 3.2 U/l in the chronic prostatitis patients. Urinary NAG after treatment decreased and was 7.6 +/- 4.4 U/l and 6.7 +/- 1.7 U/l in the acute and chronic prostatitis groups, respectively. These results suggest that urinary NAG is useful in evaluating the changes in the condition of prostatitis and in diagnosing prostatitis, especially acute prostatitis. PMID- 3766345 TI - [Transitional cell carcinoma developed in association with renal stone and ureter catheter: report of two cases]. AB - Chronic irritation or infection may cause a neoplastic change in the uroepithelium. Our recent experience with two cases of transitional cell carcinoma associated with such stimuli is reported. A 58-year-old woman was found to have a staghorn stone in the left kidney and underwent nephrectomy because of an atrophic kidney. Transitional cell carcinoma was incidentally identified microscopically on the renal pelvis of the removed kidney. Subsequently surgery was elected to remove the residual ureter and the retroperitoneal lymph nodes, both of which turned out to be non-malignant. Then, she was treated by combination chemotherapy with CTX, ADR and CDDP. The second case was a 77-year old woman who had had a 15-year history of an indwelling ureter catheter after gynecological surgery. Because of purulent discharge without any urine production, she underwent nephrectomy for a contracted kidney. Histology revealed transitional cell carcinoma on the pelviureteral junction. The postoperative courses were uneventful in both cases: they were followed up for 6 months and 9 months respectively without any recurrence of the disease. 90 cases of renal pelvic tumors associated with renal stones were collected from the Japanese literature and reviewed. PMID- 3766346 TI - [Bilateral ureteral obstruction by periarterial fibrotic reactions in aortoiliac arteriosclerosis: report of a case]. AB - A 60-year-old man visited our hospital with the chief complaint of right flank pain. A right ureteral stone was suspected by the findings of KUB and DIP, and conservative treatment was carried out. Repeat KUB and DIP a month after treatment showed that the stone shadow was not visible and right hydronephrosis had increased. Closer examinations by RP and CT scan revealed right ureteral obstruction caused by periarterial fibrosis accompanied with arteriosclerotic changes of the aortoiliac region. The arteriosclerotic changes were confirmed by pelvic arteriography, and then right ureterolysis and lateral displacement were performed. DIP four months after the operation showed improvement of right hydronephrosis, but left hydronephrosis was observed. As the same cause as the right side was suspected, left ureterolysis and intraperitoneal transposition were also performed. Histological findings of each periureteral tissue resembled idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. DIP three months after the second operation showed no hydronephrosis. Case reports of ureteral obstruction due to perianeurysmal fibrosis have not been infrequent recently, but our case showed severe arteriosclerotic changes instead of conspicuous aneurysm. The possibility of occurrence of periarterial fibrosis caused by severe arteriosclerotic changes is discussed. PMID- 3766347 TI - [Encrustation and stone formation in double J ureteral stent: report of two cases]. AB - We recently experienced two cases of encrustation and stone formation on double J ureteral stent which had been indwelt at pyeloplasty and at pyelolithotomy. In these patients, bacteriuria and pyuria had continued. Encrustation and stone formation were recognized by follow-up X-ray fairly soon after operation. Judging from our experience, encrustation and stone formation should be suspected in patients with persistent bacteriuria and/or pyuria and who have episodes of urolithiasis. To avoid encrustation and stone formation, the ureteral stent should be replaced more frequently. PMID- 3766348 TI - [A case of bilateral testicular tumor of germ cell origin]. AB - A 28-year-old man visited our clinic with a complaint of painless swelling of left scrotal contents. An initial right semicastration for embryonal carcinoma and seminoma had been performed 10 years earlier. Left semicastration was performed, and its histopathological finding was pure seminoma. A total of 96 cases of bilateral testicular tumors of germ cell origin reported in Japan are summarized and discussed concerning incidence, age, histology, interval, prognosis and mechanism of the tumorigenesis. PMID- 3766349 TI - [A case of acute epididymitis in infancy]. AB - We report a 3-month-old boy who presented with acute right scrotal swelling that was diagnosed to have epididymitis at surgical exploration. Urine culture and urinalysis were negative and IVP revealed no abnormality. White blood count and symptom were improved with chemotherapy. Acute epididymitis in infancy is very rare and this case seems to be the 16th case in Japan. PMID- 3766350 TI - [A case of pathological dilatation of the seminal duct end]. AB - A case of azoospermia due to pathological dilatation of seminal duct end is reported. A 34-year-old man visited our clinic complaining of infertility. He was diagnosed as having azoospermia by semen analysis. Cystic dilatation of seminal duct end was improved after transurethral resection of the cystic wall. His wife became pregnant on the 27th day after his operation. PMID- 3766352 TI - Smoking issues in Alabama. PMID- 3766351 TI - [Effect of cefoperazone on acute prostatitis and epididymitis]. AB - Cefoperazone (CPZ) was intravenously administered to rabbits and the concentration of CPZ in the accessory male genitals was determined. The epididymis, prostate and testicles had a high enough concentration of CPZ to kill various kinds of bacteria. Therefore, CPZ was applied to 11 clinical cases of acute epididymitis and 4 cases of acute prostatitis, but clinical effects were not so satisfactory in the cases of acute epididymitis. PMID- 3766353 TI - Strategies for reducing cigarette consumption. PMID- 3766354 TI - The relationship between exercise and smoking cessation. PMID- 3766355 TI - Weight gain following smoking cessation. PMID- 3766356 TI - Birth control failure. AB - Birth control failure usually results from the incorrect or inconsistent use of contraceptives. By providing anticipatory counseling, based on an understanding of the reasons for birth control failure, family physicians can help curtail the current epidemic of unwanted pregnancies. PMID- 3766357 TI - Psychiatric iatrogenic disorders. AB - Psychiatric iatrogenic disorders may be induced by drug therapy or by untoward developments in the patient-physician relationship. Physicians who are familiar with the adverse effects of prescribed medications may be able to prevent such drug-related iatrogenic disorders as tardive dyskinesia, the neuroleptic malignant syndrome, sudden death and drug dependence. Awareness of problems that may arise in the physician-patient relationship may prevent such outcomes as suicide, anxiety, hypochondriasis, invalidism and psychotic symptoms. PMID- 3766358 TI - Orbital calcifications. PMID- 3766359 TI - Misdiagnosis of hysteria. AB - The diagnosis of hysteria is often incorrect and must be made with great caution. A retrospective study demonstrates that an erroneous diagnosis of hysteria is most likely to be given to females, the psychiatrically ill, patients who embellish and patients who present plausible psychogenic explanations for their illness. Movement disorders and paralysis are the neurologic disorders most frequently mislabeled as hysteria. PMID- 3766360 TI - Phenylpropanolamine. PMID- 3766361 TI - Pantyhose and meralgia paresthetica. PMID- 3766362 TI - Setting the record straight. PMID- 3766363 TI - Family physicians, obstetrics and malpractice insurance. PMID- 3766364 TI - Cutaneous signs of thyroid disease. AB - Hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system produces many of the skin changes of hyperthyroidism, while the hypometabolic state and the accumulation of mucopolysaccharides in the dermis are responsible for hypothyroid cutaneous manifestations. Acropachy, atopic eczema, localized myxedema and nail changes are associated with thyrotoxicosis. Vitiligo may be seen in all three thyroid diseases of autoimmune origin. Hyperpigmentation, pruritus and urticaria are associated with hyperthyroidism. PMID- 3766365 TI - Alteration of type A behavior and its effect on cardiac recurrences in post myocardial infarction patients: summary results of the recurrent coronary prevention project. AB - One thousand thirteen post myocardial infarction patients were observed for 4.5 years to determine whether their type A (coronary-prone) behavior could be altered and the effect such alteration might have on the subsequent cardiac morbidity and mortality rates of these individuals. Eight hundred sixty-two of these individuals were randomly assigned either to a control section of 270 participants who received group cardiac counseling or an experimental section of 592 participants who received both group cardiac counseling and type A behavioral counseling. The remaining 151 patients, serving as a "comparison group," did not receive group counseling of any kind. Using the "Intention-to-Treat" principle, we observed markedly reduced type A behavior at the end of 4.5 years in 35.1% of participants given cardiac and type A behavior counseling compared with 9.8% of participants given only cardiac counseling. The cumulative 4.5-year cardiac recurrence rate was 12.9% in the 592 participants in the experimental group that received type A counseling. This recurrence rate was significantly less (p less than 0.005) than either the recurrence rate (21.2%) observed in the 270 participants in the control group or the recurrence rate (28.2%) in those of the comparison group not receiving any special treatment. After the first year, a significant difference in number of cardiac deaths between the experimental and control participants was observed during the remaining 3.5 years of the study. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate for the first time, within a controlled experimental design, that altering type A behavior reduces cardiac morbidity and mortality in post infarction patients. PMID- 3766366 TI - Morphologic determinants of coronary blood flow in the hypoplastic left heart syndrome. AB - The diameters of the ascending aorta, coronary ostia, and proximal coronary arteries were measured in autopsy specimens from 51 infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and 18 normal infant heart specimens. Standard cross sections were prepared from 35 of the hypoplastic left heart syndrome hearts, and histologic indices of myocardial viability and fibrosis were determined. The diameters of the coronary arteries and ostia in hypoplastic left heart syndrome were not different from the values in control specimens. Little fibrosis was found but extensive myocardial necrosis was present. The degree of fibrosis and necrosis did not correlate significantly with any of the arterial or ostial diameters. The extent of myocardial preservation in the hypoplastic left heart syndrome, which may substantially limit the success of surgical palliation, cannot be predicted from these morphologic measurements. The observed myocardial damage appeared to be acquired postnatally, implying that early vigorous treatment of these infants may be necessary to preserve myocardial function. PMID- 3766367 TI - Reduction of myocardial infarct size by neutrophil depletion: effect of duration of occlusion. AB - Experiments were performed in the dog to examine the effects of neutropenia on ultimate infarct size resulting from short (90 minutes) or prolonged (4 hours) circumflex coronary artery occlusion. Sheep antiserum to canine neutrophils was used to produce neutropenia. Control animals received nonimmune serum. Neutrophil infiltration into myocardial infarcts was examined using histopathologic techniques and a semiquantitative scoring system. In 90-minute occlusions with 24 hour reperfusion, neutropenia was associated with the development of significantly smaller infarcts: normopenic group, 43.2% +/- 3.3% (n = 7) vs. neutropenic group, 26.6% +/- 3.7% (n = 10) of the area at risk, means +/- SEM. However, in 4-hour occlusion with 6-hour reperfusion experiments, the tendency of neutrophil depletion to reduce infarct size did not reach statistical significance (46.4% +/- 7.2% vs. 31.5% +/- 6.0% of the area at risk, normopenic vs. neutropenic) despite differences in neutrophil infiltration into the reperfused region. The observed differences in ultimate infarct size could not be attributed to differences in myocardial oxygen consumption. The results suggest that a significant amount of myocardial infarction induced by a limited duration of coronary artery occlusion followed by reperfusion is neutrophil dependent and appears to be less important in determining the fate of myocardium subjected to more prolonged periods of ischemia followed by reperfusion. PMID- 3766368 TI - Fiberoptic observation of thrombosis and thrombolysis in isolated human coronary arteries. AB - Coronary arteries isolated from cadavers autopsied within 7 hours after death were perfused with canine arterial blood, and the processes of thrombus formation at the segments stenosed with atheroma and the thrombolytic effects of urokinase were investigated by angioscopy. Ten minutes of blood perfusion caused thin mural thrombi localized at the stenotic or nonstenotic segments. During 30 minutes of blood perfusion, the thin mural thrombi of the outlet or inlet of the segment grew into a doughnut-shaped thrombus. Also, the thin mural thrombi in the stenotic segment grew into a streamer-like thrombus and drifted downstream. These thrombi grew in size with increasing perfusion time and finally obstructed the stenotic segment. Globular thrombi close to the outlet also were formed in a few preparations. Unlike the thrombi at the stenotic segment, the mural thrombi in the nonstenotic segments did not grow into massive thrombi. The thrombi were reduced in size within 10 minutes of perfusion with 320 U/ml or more of urokinase. During thrombolysis, sandstorm-like dispersion of the blood cells occurred, small fragments detached from the mother thrombus and flew downstream, or the fibrin core of the thrombus was exposed. The results indicate the usefulness of angioscopy for the dynamic and serial investigation of thrombosis and thrombolysis. PMID- 3766369 TI - The murmur of papillary muscle dysfunction in acute myocardial infarction: clinical features and prognostic implications. AB - The systolic murmur of papillary muscle dysfunction is a well-recognized feature of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), but no large prospective studies have determined its incidence, associated variables, and prognostic implications. Of 1653 patients who entered our data base with MI, 283 (17%) were classified as having a systolic murmur suggesting mitral regurgitation. At hospital discharge, there was a 5% incidence. There was a higher incidence of systolic murmur in non Q wave AMI than in inferior or anterior Q wave MI (24% vs 13% and 15%, p less than 0.001). Advanced age, previous MI, and heart failure were all associated with systolic murmur (p less than 0.01). Persistent pain in the coronary care unit occurred more often in those with systolic murmur (45% vs 26%, p less than 0.0001). Systolic murmur was associated with an S3 and bibasilar rales (p less than 0.001) in the hospital; however, it was inversely related to peak creatine kinase and unrelated to heart failure or ejection fraction at discharge. Univariate predictors of mortality associated with systolic murmur included complex premature ventricular contractions at discharge and a non-Q wave location. Patients with systolic murmur had higher hospital and 1-year mortalities than those without systolic murmurs (p less than 0.01). When systolic murmur was present during hospitalization, the average time to reinfarction was 2.5 times earlier than when no systolic murmur was present (84 vs 214 days, p less than 0.0001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3766370 TI - Quantitative assessment of temporal and spatial ventricular wall motion in normal and infarcted human left ventricles. AB - A new integrated method for quantitating temporal and spatial systolic wall motion heterogeneity was developed and applied in 15 normal subjects and 26 patients with previous myocardial infarction (MI). After frame by frame digitizing, right anterior oblique left cineventriculograms (LV) were analyzed with 90 spaced radii. For each radius shortening fractions at sequential systolic time points relative to end diastole were correlated with corresponding normalized time points using linear regression method, yielding the radial correlation coefficient (r) and the radial regression slope (b) for temporal and spatial information. High radial r values with small standard deviations were observed in normal LV (0.972 +/- 0.016) and in non-MI regions (0.964 +/- 0.018), indicating temporally homogeneous radial shortening. A significant temporal heterogeneity in wall motion was demonstrated in MI regions (0.480 +/- 0.304) (p less than 0.001). In comparison with normal b values (0.449 +/- 0.106), there were decreased b values in MI regions (0.203 +/- 0.211) (p less than 0.001) and increased b values in non-MI regions (0.695 +/- 0.213) (p less than 0.001), suggesting hypokinetic and compensative hyperkinetic contraction in corresponding regions. Thus, temporal and spatial wall motion throughout systole could be assessed quantitatively by the present computer-assisted method with two simple integrated parameters. PMID- 3766371 TI - Impaired regional diastolic distensibility in coronary artery disease: relations with dynamic left ventricular compliance. AB - The regional left ventricular distensibility and its relations with the dynamic left ventricular chamber compliance were studied in 11 normal subjects and in 30 patients with coronary artery disease. The regional peak filling rates were calculated from angiographic data in eight ventricular segments and used as an index of regional distensibility. A depressed global peak filling rate was observed in only 30% of the patients with angina pectoris, but regional abnormalities in peak filling rate were detected in 75% of these patients. A relation between alterations in regional peak filling rate and left ventricular compliance was evident in these patients. Despite comparable end diastolic volume and pressure (10 +/- 2 mm Hg vs. 10 +/- 3 in normal subjects; not significant), the patients with angina pectoris, whose ventricle had at least three segments with a reduced peak filling rate, had indeed significant increases in mean left ventricular filling pressure (14 +/- 4 mm Hg vs. 8 +/- 3 in normal subjects; p less than 0.01) and upward shifts of their left ventricular pressure-volume relation during rapid filling. Conversely, an increase in regional peak filling rate produced by intravenous administration of the calcium antagonist nicardipine in a subgroup of patients with poor diastolic function was accompanied by a reduction in mean left ventricular filling pressure and by a downward shift of the early diastolic left ventricular pressure-volume relation. It is concluded that even in the absence of clinical signs of ischemia and of a previous myocardial infarction, large areas with impaired distensibility are frequently present in patients with angina pectoris.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3766372 TI - Daily variations of ECG and left ventricular parameters at exercise in patients with anginal attacks but normal coronary arteriograms. AB - In 21 patients with typical exercise-induced anginal pain but normal coronary arteriograms (group N) and in 14 patients with angiographically proved coronary stenosis (group C), symptom-limited ergometer exercise ECG and radionuclide angiocardiography were performed twice on two different days. Exercise-induced ST changes showed larger variations between the two exercise tests in group N than in group C ([delta ST1-delta ST2]: 0.07 +/- 0.06 mV in group N, 0.03 +/- 0.03 mV in group C, p less than 0.05). Rate pressure product and left ventricular ejection fraction at exercise also showed larger variations between the two tests in group N than in group C (p less than 0.001, p less than 0.05, respectively). However, substantial overlaps existed in some cases in the two groups. In conclusion, some of the patients with exercise-induced anginal pain but normal coronary arteriograms may have a variable threshold of exertional chest pain probably caused by variation in coronary vascular tone, and the other patients may have a fixed threshold of chest pain caused by other mechanisms. PMID- 3766373 TI - The interaction between excimer laser energy and vascular tissue. AB - The effects of XeF1 excimer laser on isolated normal and atherosclerotic aorta were studied. Experiments were performed in flowing water at constant temperature, flow rate, water depth, pulse width (10 nsec), wavelength (351 nm), beam size (1 mm2) and focal length (50 cm). The number of pulses, the pulse energy, and the pulse frequency were varied, and the vascular tissue was studied histologically. The following observations were made: tissue ablation required a minimum threshold pulse energy and was nonlinearly proportional to the number of pulses and the pulse energy delivered; precise tissue ablation occurred at low pulse frequencies, but changes resembling a thermal process were seen as pulse frequency increased; calcified plaque was more photoresistant than atheroma or normal vessel; excimer laser energy was markedly attenuated by blood; and the time interval between pulses and high peak power are related to the precision of ablation by pulsed excimer laser. It is concluded that excimer laser can rapidly and precisely ablate vascular tissue by a photothermal process. PMID- 3766374 TI - Survival to leave hospital from ventricular fibrillation. AB - In 125 consecutive patients with 173 arrests due to ventricular fibrillation, 53 survived to leave hospital. At the initial arrest and using univariate analysis, those who had primary ventricular fibrillation, had ventricular fibrillation less than 24 hours from the onset of symptoms, received the first DC shock less than 1 minute after the onset of ventricular fibrillation, who required less than 4 shocks to terminate the ventricular fibrillation, whose first established rhythm within the first minute of correction of ventricular fibrillation was atrial fibrillation, sinus rhythm or paced rhythm, or who were not receiving prior antiarrhythmic agents had a significantly improved survival to leave hospital (p less than 0.05). To predict survival to leave hospital using discriminant function analysis, the most significant factors ranking in order of importance at the time of the initial arrest were: less than or equal to 5 shocks to correct ventricular fibrillation, no prior antiarrhythmic therapy, primary ventricular fibrillation, and time from onset of ventricular fibrillation to first shock less than 1 minute. For the last arrest, the most significant factors were: no prior cardiac arrest, less than or equal to 5 shocks to correct ventricular fibrillation, no prior antiarrhythmic therapy, and primary ventricular fibrillation. The most significant factors measured at the time of the last arrest provided a better prediction of survival to leave hospital (sensitivity 77%, specificity 75%) than did similarly defined factors for the initial arrest (sensitivity 59%, specificity 89%). PMID- 3766375 TI - Electrophysiologic actions of pirmenol in dogs with recent myocardial infarction. AB - The electrophysiologic actions of pirmenol, an investigational class I antiarrhythmic agent, were evaluated in eight anesthetized dogs, 5 to 10 days after anterior myocardial infarction. Before administration of the drug, programmed ventricular stimulation failed to initiate nonsustained or sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VT) in any of the postinfarction dogs. After the cumulative administration of 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/kg pirmenol, programmed stimulation initiated sustained VT in six of the eight postinfarction dogs tested, with one additional dog responding with reproducible nonsustained VT (15 to 20 monomorphic complexes) after pirmenol administration. Only one of eight postinfarction dogs tested remained noninducible throughout the pirmenol dosing schedule. Administration of pirmenol tended to increase ventricular excitation thresholds, relative (p less than 0.05 after 10 mg/kg) and effective refractory periods in ischemically injured ventricular myocardium, and increased the difference or disparity in relative (p less than 0.05 after 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg) and effective (p less than 0.01 after 2.5, 5, and 10, mg/kg) refractory periods between ischemically injured and normal noninjured ventricular myocardium. These findings suggest a potential for the provocation or aggravation of ventricular arrhythmias by pirmenol in the setting of recent myocardial infarction. PMID- 3766376 TI - Effective termination of reentrant supraventricular tachycardia by single dose oral combination therapy with pindolol and verapamil. AB - We evaluated the efficacy of single oral dose combining 20 mg pindolol and 120 mg verapamil in termination of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) in 12 patients with recurrent symptomatic tachycardia. All had electrically inducible SVT lasting longer than 30 minutes. Patients were administered placebo or crushed pindolol and verapamil on 2 consecutive days after tachycardia was electrically induced and allowed to sustain for 30 minutes. With placebo, SVT lasted 186 +/- 18 minutes (mean +/- SEM); five patients converted spontaneously within 121 to 180 minutes. With pindolol and verapamil, 9 of 12 patients (responders) converted to sinus rhythm within 8 to 74 minutes. The mean duration of SVT in the nine responders was 28 +/- 8 minutes compared with 168 +/- 20 minutes on placebo (p less than 0.001). Before termination, tachycardia rate on pindolol and verapamil slowed significantly from 182 +/- 5 to 164 +/- 7/min (p less than 0.05) compared with no significant change in the rate of SVT on placebo. The mean systolic blood pressure during tachycardia was 97 +/- 5 mm Hg with placebo and 101 +/- 7 mm Hg with pindolol and verapamil. Serum levels of pindolol and verapamil obtained in seven patients at time of spontaneous termination of tachycardia were 66 +/- 13 and 56 +/- 14 ng/ml, respectively. The side effects with pindolol and verapamil included lightheadedness in one patient and symptoms of rapid palpitations in three. A single oral dose of pindolol and verapamil is safe and effective in termination of acute paroxysmal SVT and may be the initial therapy of choice in selected patients. PMID- 3766377 TI - Differential interaction of adrenergic and cholinergic effects on AV junctional automaticity and AV conduction. AB - The effects of postsynaptic autonomic interactions on atrioventricular (AV) junctional automaticity and AV conduction were studied in six canine heart in situ using direct injections of norepinephrine (NE) and physostigmine (PSM) into the AV node artery. Injection of NE (0.05 microgram/ml, 2 ml) caused an AV junctional rhythm (AVJR) in every dog. After injection of PSM (10 micrograms/ml, 2 ml), the responses of AVJR to NE were virtually identical to those observed before cholinesterase inhibition (160 +/- 13 vs 162 +/- 12 bpm). In contrast, this moderate cholinesterase inhibition still had a readily demonstrable negative dromotropic effect. In any given dog, depressed AV conduction was characterized by one of two types (I and II) of retrograde atrial capture during AVJR. Before PSM in the AV junction, onset of atrial depolarization during AVJR preceded the onset of ventricular depolarization in both type I and type II responses. After PSM, atrial depolarization occurred later with respect to ventricular depolarization (i.e., during or mostly after ventricular activation) in type I, whereas in the type II responses atrial depolarizations began much earlier than before PSM, thus being completed long before the onset of ventricular activation. Because of such differential responsiveness of AV junctional automaticity and AV conduction and because of the two types of intranodal conduction observed after administration of PSM into the AV junction, we can postulate that under appropriate autonomic imbalance retrograde or antegrade AV block could readily develop in spite of preserved AV junctional automaticity. PMID- 3766378 TI - Discrimination of antegrade and retrograde atrial depolarization by electrogram analysis. AB - The inability of cardiac pacemakers to selectively reject retrograde P waves limits the usefulness of dual-chamber pacemakers (because of the possibility of endless loop tachycardias) and of antitachycardia devices which use a dual chamber sensing algorithm. In order to determine selective sensing parameters, amplitude, slew rate, and configuration of antegrade and retrograde atrial electrograms were measured in 34 patients undergoing dual-chamber pacemaker implant--31 with unipolar and three with bipolar units. All antegrade and retrograde pairs were measurably different. All 34 cases had measurable antegrade/retrograde amplitude differences; 30 of the unipolar cases (96.8%) and all bipolar cases displayed antegrade/retrograde amplitude differences of at least 0.25 mV. Thirty of the unipolar cases (96.8%) and two bipolar cases had measurable slew rate differences. Configuration differed in 14 of 31 (45.2%) of unipolar and in two bipolar cases. A combined criterion with 0.25 mV sensitivity steps (available in at least two presently available pacemakers) and 0.5 V/sec slew rate gradations (through the use of externally programmable filters) would allow the discrimination of retrograde from antegrade depolarizations in all 34 cases. With the use of amplitude and slew rate differences, it is therefore possible to reject retrograde P waves while sensing antegrade P waves with current technology. PMID- 3766380 TI - The hemodynamic determinants of the isovolumic index. AB - The isovolumic index is a recently described echocardiographic parameter of left ventricular function that is calculated as the ratio between the sum of the time of isovolumic contraction and relaxation divided by the ejection time. Although the individual components of this index may be altered by heart rate and loading conditions, an analysis of the net effect of such alterations on the isovolumic index has not been undertaken. Thus, dogs were instrumented with high-fidelity micromanometers in the left ventricle, ascending aorta, and left atrium to allow determination of the individual components of the isovolumic index and calculation of the index itself. Four sets of experiments were undertaken in random order. Left atrial pacing was used to increase heart rate by approximately 10 bpm in five steps. Preload was elevated in five stages by saline infusions which caused successive increases of 1 to 2 mm Hg in the left ventricular end diastolic pressure. Systolic blood pressure was lowered or raised by approximately 10 mm Hg per stage by three progressive, steady-state infusions of nitroprusside and phenylephrine, respectively. These experiments demonstrated little change in the isovolumic index over a broad range of heart rate. Increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and decreased systemic pressure caused shortening of the index. Multiple regression analysis of all experiments yielded the following: isovolumic index = 0.41 - 0.015 (left ventricular end-diastolic pressure) + 0.004 (systolic blood pressure); r = 0.57, standard error = 0.13, p less than 0.0001. Therefore, this investigation establishes the hemodynamic determinants of the isovolumic index and provides the basis for interpretation of directional changes in response to cardiac diseases and cardioactive drugs that can alter loading conditions. PMID- 3766379 TI - Intermittent, ambulatory dobutamine infusions in patients with severe congestive heart failure. AB - Thirteen ambulatory patients with severe congestive heart failure were treated with weekly, outpatient 48-hour infusions of dobutamine. All 13 patients had at least a 25% increase in cardiac output during initial dobutamine titration, with a corresponding improvement in systemic vascular resistance. Improvement in functional class was achieved in only seven patients. Additionally, only three patients survived the 26-week study period. Although no change in ventricular ectopy was noted during the initial dobutamine infusions, six patients experienced sudden death; three other patients died of progressive heart failure and one died from pulmonary embolism. These data suggest that chronic intermittent ambulatory dobutamine infusions are only partly successful in improving symptoms and probably do not prolong survival in patients with severe congestive heart failure. Administration of this form of therapy on a clinical basis should be undertaken cautiously until safety and efficacy are demonstrated in prospective, controlled trials. PMID- 3766381 TI - Cross-sectional echocardiography in the evaluation of aortic valve prolapse associated with ventricular septal defect. AB - Twenty consecutive patients with ventricular septal defect and aortic valve prolapse were evaluated by cross-sectional echocardiography. Angiographic confirmation was available in all and surgical confirmation was found in 17. In 19, the right coronary cusp was involved and appeared to plug the defect in the precordial long- and short-axis cut. The cusp was deformed and appeared to pivot from the crest of the interventricular septum. In all 19 angiography demonstrated prolapse of the right cusp. Noncoronary cusp prolapse was observed in two by cross-sectional echocardiography and in six by angiocardiography. The ventricular septal defect was perimembranous in 14 and doubly committed subarterial in six by echocardiography. Angiographically, the ventricular septal defect was felt to be perimembranous in 15 and doubly committed in five. Aortic regurgitation was detected by Doppler interrogation in seven, all of whom underwent plication of the right coronary cusp. Angiographic evidence of regurgitation was noted in 11, but four were mild and possibly related to catheter position. Five patients had associated muscular right ventricular outflow tract obstruction and three had a subaortic ridge. Combined cross-sectional and pulsed Doppler echocardiography provide a reliable assessment of right coronary cusp prolapse associated with a ventricular septal defect. Noncoronary cusp prolapse appears more difficult to detect. This technique should help optimize the management of patients by providing a means of early detection prior to the development of aortic regurgitation. PMID- 3766382 TI - Pneumococcal endocarditis update: analysis of 10 cases diagnosed between 1974 and 1984. AB - We analyzed the clinical characteristics of 10 patients with pneumococcal endocarditis hospitalized between 1974 and 1984. Patients with pneumococcal endocarditis were typically middle-aged men. Forty percent were alcoholic. They sought medical attention early in the course of their illness and were given appropriate antibiotics promptly. The aortic valve was involved in seven patients. Five patients developed signs of severe valvular insufficiency, and congestive heart failure was present at the time of admission in four patients. Only three patients were recognized to have endocarditis prior to death or to the occurrence of a major complication of their infection. The total in-hospital mortality rate among these patients was 50%. Thus pneumococcal endocarditis is generally an acute, left-sided endocarditis that is associated with rapid valvular destruction and a high mortality rate. Unfortunately, recent advances in diagnosis and treatment of bacterial endocarditis have not substantially improved the outcome of this devastating infection. PMID- 3766383 TI - Physical activity and physical demand on the job and risk of cardiovascular disease and death: the Framingham Study. AB - Cardiovascular events over 24 years of surveillance were examined in 1166 men participating in the Framingham Study, classified by physical demands of their work and by a 24-hour index of physical activity. Findings are based on 303 noncardiovascular, 220 coronary, and 325 cardiovascular deaths in men aged 45 to 64 years at time of physical activity assessment. For level of physical activity over 24 hours, there is a clear trend of improved overall, cardiovascular, and coronary mortality with increased level of physical activity at all ages, including the elderly. The effect is sustained with a more pronounced effect with the passage of time, despite presumed decrease in level of activity. The mortality benefits apply both in those with and without intervening overt cardiovascular disease, making it unlikely that the physical inactivity-mortality relationships reflects already existent myocardial damage. For physical demands of the job, there is only a suggestion (not statistically significant) of benefit for cardiovascular mortality including coronary deaths. In sharp contrast, noncardiovascular mortality was positively related to both physical demand of the job and 24-hour physical activity index. PMID- 3766384 TI - Profound hypotension and near syncope during coronary artery spasm. PMID- 3766385 TI - Narrow QRS ventricular tachycardia. PMID- 3766386 TI - Efficacy of magnesium sulfate in the treatment of torsade de pointes. PMID- 3766387 TI - Pulsed Doppler echocardiographic analysis of atrioventricular flow changes in patients with atrial myxomas. PMID- 3766388 TI - Identification of multiple accessory pathways by exercise testing. PMID- 3766389 TI - Transmitral reversed blood flow during mid- and end diastole in constrictive pericarditis. PMID- 3766390 TI - Unsuspected partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage in a patient with coronary disease: detection by radionuclide angiography. PMID- 3766392 TI - Invasive calcific constrictive pericarditis simulating a left ventricular mass. PMID- 3766391 TI - Successful tricuspid valvulectomy without replacement for endocarditis during pregnancy. PMID- 3766394 TI - Proceedings of a symposium. New considerations in mild hypertension. PMID- 3766393 TI - Pacemaker therapy in congestive heart failure: a new concept based on excessive utilization of the Frank-Starling mechanism. PMID- 3766396 TI - Gasoline vapor exposures at a high volume service station. AB - Gasoline vapor concentrations were measured at a high volume service station for one week in May, 1983, for service station attendants, self-service customers and for various area locations. To facilitate the retention of highly volatile, low molecular weight gasoline vapor components, 100/50 mg charcoal adsorption tubes were used with flow rates of 100 cc/min for long-term exposure samples and 900 cc/min for short-term exposures. Methylene chloride was selected as the desorption solvent. Desorbed hydrocarbons were analyzed and quantitated by capillary column gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector and a 0-100 degrees C temperature program. The data proved that the predominant ambient air hydrocarbons are those of C4 and C5 compounds. Monitoring results showed that the total gasoline vapor TWA exposures for service station attendants ranged from 0.6 to 4.8 ppm with a geometric mean of 1.5 ppm. Short-term personal samples collected while refueling ranged from not detectable to 38.8 ppm with a geometric mean of 5.8 ppm. PMID- 3766395 TI - The effect of aerosol on estimates of inhalation exposure to airborne styrene. AB - Exposure to volatile organic contaminants usually is attributed to vapors alone; samples are collected on charcoal tubes or by passive dosimeters. This study demonstrated that aerosols, generated during the spraying of polyester resin solution, can contribute significantly to the exposure to volatile organic contaminants. Four spraying experiments were performed during which 64 samples were collected and analyzed to determine the styrene air concentrations. The results from the four spraying experiments showed that aerosols represented 30% +/- 3% of the total air concentration of styrene. The contribution of aerosols to inhalation exposure needs to be considered in other industrial situations where spray processes are used. PMID- 3766397 TI - Studies of the temporal and spatial distribution of aerosols in multi-tiered inhalation exposure chambers. AB - Two multi-tiered whole body inhalation exposure chambers with nominal volumes of 1 m3 (H-1000) and 2 m3 (H-2000) were evaluated for their performance in terms of the temporal and spatial distribution of test aerosols within the chamber. Parameters investigated included chamber type, single-chamber-single-aerosol generator versus two-chamber-single-aerosol generator systems, chamber air supply and exhaust systems, particle size, and aerosol diluter type. Results indicated that: 1) particle size has an effect on chamber aerosol concentration distribution, with the larger particle resulting in a higher variation; 2) the single-chamber-single-generator system is more stable than the two-chamber-single generator system; 3) the H-2000 chamber has a lower aerosol spatial variability than the H-1000 chamber; and 4) the aerosol distribution within the chamber could be improved with the use of a newly designed diluter. PMID- 3766398 TI - Fire fighter helmet ventilation analysis. AB - A series of wind tunnel tests was conducted on selected fire fighter helmets to identify design factors which affect helmet ventilation at various air velocities and head orientation angles. Biomedical heat flux transducers were mounted on the surface of an electrically heated mannequin head to monitor convective heat loss. Under the experimental conditions, specific helmet design features were identified which can contribute to improved helmet ventilation and thus improve body metabolic heat loss. Attention to helmet design and helmet suspension systems is recommended to reduce fire fighter heat stress. PMID- 3766399 TI - Validation of a simpler method for determination of atmospheric sulfur dioxide. AB - The determination of atmospheric sulfur dioxide as aqueous bisulfite using 5,5' dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) was validated as a simple, rapid and reliable procedure. Standard sulfur dioxide concentrations in air (0-2.6 ppm) were generated by means of a permeation device. Sulfur dioxide from air samples was absorbed in pH 7 phosphate buffer and determined as bisulfite. The mean percentage recovery of sulfur dioxide is 101.4; the slope of the validation line determined by linear regression analysis (calculated vs. found) is 1.014 ppm found/calculated (1.4% absolute error; 0.9976 correlation coefficient). PMID- 3766400 TI - Effect of methylmercury on the activity of glutathione peroxidase in rat liver. AB - The effect of methylmercury on the activity of glutathione peroxidase in rat liver was studied in vivo. A daily dose of 10mg methylmercuric chloride/kg body weight was administered subcutaneously to 15 male Wistar rats for 10 days, and the glutathione peroxidase activity in the liver was measured to compare with the control activity. A marked decrease was observed in the glutathione peroxidase activity in the experimental animals, which measured as low as 40% in comparison to that in the control animals. It can be speculated that the inhibition of glutathione peroxidase activity plays a significant role in the development of mercury toxicity and that the protective effect of selenium and vitamin E on the mercury intoxication might be partly due to preserving the glutathione peroxidase activity in the antioxidative defense mechanisms. PMID- 3766401 TI - Tremor in workers with low exposure to metallic mercury. AB - In a fluorescent lamp production factory, a newly developed lightweight balance tremormeter was used to measure postural tremor of the finger in 21 workers (ages 28 to 61) exposed for 0.5-19 yr to metallic mercury. In addition, tremor was measured in an indirect way by means of a "hole-tremormeter." The excretion of mercury in urine was 9-53 (average 20) mumol/mol creatinine. With increasing mercury excretion, the following parameters increased: the acceleration of the tremor, the contribution of the neuromuscular component (8-12 Hz) to the power spectrum of the acceleration, the width of the power-spectrum and the score on the hole-tremormeter. The study indicates that exposure to metallic mercury below the current TLV (50 micrograms/m3) may increase the tremor of the finger. PMID- 3766402 TI - Tremor, effect of physical load and reproducibility. AB - The effect of three kinds of moderate physical loads on the tremor of the middle finger was studied in eight males: cycling 15 min on an ergometer at a heart rate of 140 beats/min (general dynamic load); lifting a mass of 1 kg by the middle finger at a rate of 30 times/min for 5 min (local dynamic load); and carrying in each hand a 15 kg mass for 5 min. Few effects were observed: 10% decrease of RMS acceleration after local dynamic load and some changes in the power spectrum after general dynamic load. It is concluded that the effect of recent, short time physical load of moderate extent can be neglected as a disturbing factor in the study of the effects of toxic exposure on postural tremor. The inter- and intra individual variation (over 4 weeks) in nine males and nine females also was studied. The intra-individual variation ranged from 4% for the mean frequency to 35% for the 0-4 Hz band of the power spectrum. The inter-individual variation ranged from 8% for the mean frequency to more than 60% for some frequency bands of the power spectrum. It is concluded that the mean frequency possibly is a sensitive parameter in epidemiologic studies on effects of external toxic exposure on tremor. PMID- 3766403 TI - A new tremor balance-transducer. AB - A new tremor-measuring device has been developed. It is constructed as a beam balance and measures principally in a vertical direction. Both arms of the beam contain a ceramic crystal; one of the arms has an extension that rests on the object to be measured. In this way, problems associated with mounting the transducer to the object are eliminated. The balance-transducer performs a well defined rotational movement in contrast to the frequently used transducers with a single sensor which are mounted to the object. The tremor movement of the limb and/or inadequate mounting causes unknown variation in the influence of the gravity component on the sensor; this can cause substantial errors. This tremor transducer eliminates this problem. The static load of the balance-transducer on the object can be adjusted to less than 0.5 X 10(-3) kg(0.005 N). Even in the case of finger tremor, the balance-transducer does not influence the tremor phenomenon significantly. The principle of the balance-transducer is suited to measurements of postural, intention and limited action tremor of the finger, hand, forearm and jaw. PMID- 3766404 TI - Diffusive samplers using longitudinal sorbent strips. AB - Longitudinal strip diffusive samplers (often employing color-change reactants) were analyzed from a theoretical viewpoint. Calculation was carried out analytically in terms of varying effective sampling length for a sampler of quite general geometry. A relationship between exposure (or the time-weighted average of the concentration in air) and analyte mass sampled was derived. Modifications of this relationship as well as estimates of the effect of sampler lag were developed for samplers which employed a semipermeable entrance membrane. Additionally, the detailed concentration distribution and analyte streamlines are given for a specific, idealized sampler geometry. PMID- 3766405 TI - A symposium: Future directions in calcium channel blockade with focus on systemic hypertension. November 10, 1985, Washington, DC. PMID- 3766407 TI - Mechanisms of action and differences in calcium channel blockers. AB - Calcium ion (Ca++) serves an important role as an activation messenger; it initiates or regulates key cellular processes including contraction in the heart and vascular smooth muscle. Ca++ acts as both an electrical and a chemical signal. Upon entering the cell, the positively charged Ca++ carries an inward (depolarizing) current that contributes to pacemaker activity in the sinoatrial node and to atrioventricular conduction. Ca++ also binds to anionic surfaces of cell membranes and to anionic groups of both extracellular and intracellular proteins. The intracellular calcium-binding proteins include troponin and calmodulin, which when bound to Ca++ initiate contraction in cardiac and smooth muscles, respectively. Calcium channel blockers inhibit the entry of calcium into the cell, and thus prevent calcium from gaining access to the high-affinity, intracellular calcium-binding proteins. Verapamil and diltiazem decrease myocardial contractility and inhibit smooth muscle tone, while the dihydropyridines are mainly vasodilators. All of these drugs can play an important role in the treatment of hypertension. PMID- 3766406 TI - Pathophysiology of systemic hypertension. AB - Systemic hypertension can be regarded as a quantitative disorder of blood pressure regulation. No single cause of hypertension has been identified, and it is likely that different mechanisms may be dominant in different individuals. In patients with sustained hypertension, there is usually increased peripheral resistance and normal cardiac output. The hemodynamic pattern of hypertension appears to vary according to the subject's age. Factors that may increase peripheral resistance are a decrease in the number of arterioles, changes in the caliber of the arterioles and increase in blood viscosity. Possible components of increased vascular tone in hypertensive patients include elevation of levels of circulating catecholamines and angiotensin II, increased number/affinity of receptors, changes in membrane permeability and increased excitation-contraction coupling. The major hormonal component that mediates vasoconstriction is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Genetic, environmental and psychologic factors may also play a role in hypertension. PMID- 3766408 TI - Calcium channel blockade for patient-oriented therapy of systemic hypertension. PMID- 3766409 TI - Usefulness of residual plasma fibrinogen after intravenous streptokinase for predicting delay or failure of reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction. AB - The relation between the level of residual plasma fibrinogen and coronary artery reperfusion after 750,000 IU of intravenous (i.v.) streptokinase (SK) was examined in 76 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Both the frequency and rapidity of reperfusion were greater in the 53 patients in whom the residual fibrinogen level was 50 mg/dl or less (low fibrinogen) than in the 23 patients in whom it was more than 50 mg/dl (high fibrinogen). Reperfusion occurred in all 53 patients in the low-fibrinogen group, compared with only 15 patients in the high fibrinogen group (p less than 0.001). The interval from initiation of SK to clinical signs of reperfusion was 50 +/- 34 minutes in the low-fibrinogen group and 110 +/- 54 minutes in the high-fibrinogen group (p less than 0.001). A high fibrinogen level occurred in 58% of patients who weighed more than 85 kg and in 25% of patients who weighed 85 kg or less (p less than 0.05). No patient who weighed 60 kg or less had a high fibrinogen level. The high-fibrinogen group also had a greater incidence of a high anti-SK antibody titer: 8 of 13 patients (62%) tested, compared with none of the 8 patients tested in the low-fibrinogen group (p less than 0.01). Our data indicate that a high residual fibrinogen level after administration of i.v. SK identifies patients in whom SK is relatively ineffective, probably because of inadequate dosage of inactivation of the drug.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3766410 TI - Pulsed Doppler echocardiographic analysis of mitral regurgitation after myocardial infarction. AB - In 72 patients with previous myocardial infarction (MI), mitral regurgitation (MR) was assessed by pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography and compared with physical and 2-dimensional echocardiographic findings. MR was found by Doppler in 29 of 42 patients (62%) with anterior MI, 11 of 30 (37%) with inferior MI (p less than 0.01) and in none of 20 normal control subjects. MR was more frequent in patients who underwent Doppler study 3 months after MI than in those who underwent Doppler at discharge (anterior MI = 83% vs 50%, p less than 0.01; inferior MI = 47% vs 27%, p = not significant). Of 15 patients who underwent Doppler studies both times, 3 (all with anterior MI) had MR only on the second study. Of the patients with Doppler MR, 12 of 27 (44%) with a left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) greater than 30% and 1 of 13 (8%) with an EF of 30% or less (p less than 0.01) had an MR systolic murmur. Mitral prolapse or eversion and papillary muscle fibrosis were infrequent in MI patients, whether or not Doppler MR was present. The degree of Doppler MR correlated with EF (r = -0.61), LV systolic volume (r = 0.47), and systolic and diastolic mitral anulus circumference (r = 0.52 and 0.51, respectively). Doppler MR was present in 24 of 28 patients (86%) with an EF of 40% or less and in 16 of 44 (36%) with EF more than 40% (p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3766411 TI - Two-dimensional echocardiographic detection of left ventricular posterior wall motion abnormalities using an inferior angulation view. AB - Two-dimensional echocardiography is frequently used to detect left ventricular (LV) wall motion abnormalities. Modification of the apical 4-chamber view by inferior angulation of the transducer provides a superior image for detection of regional wall motion abnormalities of the LV posterior wall. The inferior angulation image was prospectively compared with the standard parasternal short axis image for detection of posterior LV wall motion abnormalities as defined by contrast left ventriculography in 63 consecutive patients. Posterior wall akinesia was present on the contrast left ventriculogram in 22 of the 63 patients. The parasternal short-axis image was judged technically inadequate for interpretation in 7 patients (11%). The inferior angulation image was technically adequate for interpretation in all patients. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the inferior angulation image for detection of LV posterior wall motion abnormality was 91%, 80% and 84%, respectively, vs 67%, 71% and 70% for the parasternal short-axis image. The differences between the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for the 2 views were not statistically significant. These observations indicate that the inferior angulation image provides a useful plane for routine echocardiographic analysis of regional LV wall motion either as a primary method to detect posterior wall motion abnormality or as a confirmatory view to document posterior wall motion abnormality. PMID- 3766413 TI - Acute and sustained effects of isosorbide 5-mononitrate in stable angina pectoris. AB - Isosorbide 5-mononitrate (IS 5-MN) is an active metabolite of isosorbide dinitrate and is widely used as an antianginal agent. The acute and subacute (2 weeks) effects of IS 5-MN, 40 mg twice daily, were evaluated in 18 patients with stable angina pectoris using computerized exercise testing and a placebo controlled, double-blind, randomized trial protocol. There were 2 phases of 2 weeks each in which patients received placebo or active IS 5-MN. Acute testing (8 patients) was performed 2 hours after the first dose and subacute testing 2 hours after the morning dose on day 14. Acute testing showed an increase in exercise time from a mean (+/- standard error of mean) of 8.2 +/- 0.6 minutes to 11.1 +/- 0.5 minutes (p less than 0.001) after a single dose of IS 5-MN. Time to 1 mm of ST depression increased significantly and peak exercise ST-segment depression decreased significantly. Rest and peak exercise heart rate increased significantly during acute testing with IS 5-MN; blood pressure did not change significantly. After 2 weeks of therapy, exercise time had not changed (9.9 +/- 0.6 with placebo to 9.7 +/- 0.6 minutes). The beneficial effects on ST-segment variables were sustained at 2 weeks. The data suggest that there is an attenuation of effect with respect to exercise time and sustained beneficial effect on the ST-segment variables. This may be a result of development of partial tolerance to IS 5-MN after 2 weeks of therapy. PMID- 3766412 TI - Relations of alcoholic beverage use to subsequent coronary artery disease hospitalization. AB - Unresolved questions about the inverse relation between alcohol consumption and coronary artery disease (CAD) include; Dose past drinking have a role in the apparently higher CAD risk of abstainers? Is the lower CAD risk found only among lighter drinkers? Does type of alcoholic beverage matter? Are abstainers at higher risk of CAD because symptoms or illness cause many to quit drinking? In a prospective study among 85,001 health examinees giving an alcohol history at a health examination from 1978 through 1982, 756 persons were later hospitalized for CAD in the same years. Using lifelong abstainers as the reference group and controlling for age, sex, race, smoking, coffee drinking and education, analysis showed that past drinkers and very infrequent drinkers had CAD risk similar to that of lifelong abstainers. A significantly and progressively lower CAD risk was found at higher drinking levels. Preference for wine, liquor or beer had no major independent effect. A subset of persons apparently free of CAD and other recent major illnesses showed a similar alcohol-CAD relation. Thus, this study suggests a negative answer to the 4 questions above and supports the view that alcohol protects against CAD. As most of the apparent protection was present at a daily intake of 1 to 2 drinks/day, an amount generally regarded as safe for most persons, the findings should not be used to justify heavier drinking. PMID- 3766414 TI - Scoring method for identifying patients with Kawasaki disease at high risk of coronary artery aneurysms. AB - The beneficial effect of immunoglobulin in preventing coronary artery aneurysms in patients with Kawasaki disease is recognized, but immunoglobulin should be selectively given to patients at high risk for coronary lesions. The present study was designed to present a scoring method to evaluate the severity of Kawasaki disease in terms of coronary artery disease based on clinical and early laboratory findings. Seventy-eight patients who were admitted at 4 to 7 days of illness and who had received aspirin alone during the acute febrile period were separated into 2 groups according to significant coronary artery involvement, and possible related factors to the discrimination of the 2 groups were studied using multivariate analysis. Age at onset, C-reactive protein and platelet count contributed significantly to the discrimination, and from these 3 items a simple scoring system was devised to predict patients at high risk for coronary lesions. Retrospective study using this scoring method indicated that significant coronary artery disease was more often seen in patients predicted to be at high risk treated with aspirin, while no patients who received immunoglobulin had coronary lesions of moderate or severe degree. Thus, the present scoring method provides simple but clinically useful criteria for predicting patients at high risk of coronary artery disease, and immunoglobulin therapy for selected patients may reduce the significant coronary artery complications of Kawasaki disease. PMID- 3766415 TI - Flow characteristics of four commonly used mechanical heart valves. AB - The in vivo and in vitro fluid dynamic performance of 4 mechanical heart valves was reviewed: Starr-Edwards silicon-rubber ball valves (models 1200/1260 aortic and 6120 mitral valves), Bjork-Shiley tilting disc valves (standard spherical model, modified and unmodified convexo-concave [60 degrees and 70 degrees C-C] models), the Medtronic-Hall (Hall-Kaster) tilting disc valve and the St. Jude Medical bileaflet valve. These valves were chosen because of their past or present popularity in clinical use and because they encompass most of the basic mechanical valve designs used during the past 2 decades. The flow measurements reported include in vivo and in vitro mean pressure drop, cardiac output or cardiac index, regurgitant volume, effective orifice area and performance index. PMID- 3766417 TI - Evidence for progression from mild to severe mitral regurgitation in mitral valve prolapse. AB - Little information is available concerning the progression of mild to severe mitral regurgitation (MR) in patients with mitral valve prolapse (MVP). This study reports 86 patients, average age 60 years, who presented with cardiac symptoms, precordial systolic murmur, severe MR and a high incidence of MVP on echocardiography (57 of 75 [75%] ) and left ventriculography (61 of 84 [73%] ). Seventy-five surgically excised mitral valves appeared grossly enlarged and floppy. Histologic studies showed extensive myxomatous changes throughout the leaflets and chordae. Eighty patients had had precordial murmurs first described at average age 34 years, but the average age at which symptoms of cardiac dysfunction appeared was 59. However, once symptoms developed, mitral valve surgery was required within 1 year in 67 of 76 patients who had undergone surgery. Atrial fibrillation, present in 48 of 86 patients (56%), or ruptured chordae tendineae, present in 39 of 76 patients (51%), may have contributed to this rapid progression and deterioration. Additionally, 13 patients had a remote history of documented infective endocarditis. Twenty-eight patients had at least 1 type of serial clinical evaluation that indicated progressive MR in all 28 patients on the basis of changing auscultatory findings (24 of 26), progressive radiographic cardiomegaly (24 of 25), echocardiographic left atrial enlargement (4.3 to 5 cm in 11 patients) and angiographically worsening MR (14 of 15). Twenty four of these patients had evidence of MVP on at least 1 of their initial studies. Thus, mild MR due to MVP and myxomatous mitral valves is a progressive disease in some patients with MVP. PMID- 3766416 TI - Relation between left ventricular functional reserve during exercise and resting systolic loading conditions in chronic aortic regurgitation. AB - The relation between systolic loading conditions at rest and left ventricular (LV) functional response to exercise was assessed in 31 patients with aortic regurgitation (AR) (20 asymptomatic, 11 symptomatic) and 10 control subjects. Peak and end-systolic wall stress determined from echocardiography and cuff systolic pressure at rest were used as indirect measures of LV systolic loading and were compared with LV ejection fraction response to handgrip and bicycle exercise by radionuclide ventriculography. Both peak and end-systolic wall stress were significantly higher in both asymptomatic (164 +/- 33 and 90 +/- 25 X 10(3) dynes/cm2) and symptomatic (196 +/- 33 and 134 +/- 17 X 10(3) dynes/cm2) patients with AR than in the control subjects (125 +/- 22 and 61 +/- 14 X 10(3) dynes/cm2 p less than 0.01), and correlated inversely with the changes in LV ejection fraction during handgrip (r = -0.63 and r = -0.73) and bicycle (r = -0.68 and r = 0.87) exercise. In patients with AR, resting systolic loading conditions closely reflect LV functional reserve during exercise. PMID- 3766418 TI - Mitral valve stenosis and pure tricuspid valve regurgitation: comparison of necropsy patients having simultaneous mitral and tricuspid valve replacements with necropsy patients having simultaneous mitral valve replacement and tricuspid valve anuloplasty. AB - Clinical and morphologic observations are described in 30 patients (23 [77%] of whom were in functional class III or IV) who underwent replacement of the mitral valve for mitral stenosis and either simultaneous replacement (13 patients, group I) or anuloplasty (17 patients, group II) of the tricuspid valve for pure tricuspid valve regurgitation. Comparison of the 13 patients in group I with the 17 patients in group II disclosed similar mean ages (55 vs 58 years), similar average preoperative right ventricular systolic pressures (64 vs 61 mm Hg), similar average right atrial mean pressures (10 vs 9 mm Hg), similar average left ventricular systolic pressures (126 vs 120 mm Hg), similar average pulmonary artery wedge-left ventricular mean diastolic pressures (16 vs 18 mm Hg), similar cardiac indexes (2.1 vs 2.0 liters/min/m2), similar mean heart weights (507 vs 535 g), and similar percents with grossly visible foci of left ventricular necrosis (15% vs 12%) and fibrosis (23% vs 12%). Of the 13 patients in group I, 10 (77%) died early (less than or equal to 60 days of tricuspid valve replacement) and 3 (23%) died late (29, 37 and 120 months); of the 17 patients in group II, 14 (82%) died early and 3 (18%) died late (4, 9 and 98 months). The causes of early death in the 2 groups were different: of the 10 patients in group I who died early, the cause was excessive bleeding in 5, low cardiac output of undetermined etiology in 3, dysfunction of both prostheses in 1 and cerebral insult in 1; of the 14 patients in group II who died early, none died from excessive bleeding, 4 from decreased cardiac output of uncertain cause, 5 from left ventricular inflow obstruction (produced by a Starr-Edwards ball-valve prosthesis in 4 and from a Starr-Edwards disc prosthesis in 1), 1 from left ventricular outflow obstruction (by a porcine bioprosthesis), 2 from technical mishaps (incision into left ventricular free wall with rupture in 1 and ligation of the left circumflex coronary artery with resulting acute myocardial infarction in 1) and 2 died suddenly for reasons not determined. Of the 6 patients dying greater than 60 days after operation, 4 died from chronic congestive cardiac failure, 1 from a cerebral embolus and 1 from prosthetic valve endocarditis. PMID- 3766419 TI - Clinical and morphologic observations after simultaneous replacement of the tricuspid, mitral and aortic valves. AB - Clinical and morphologic observations are described in 12 patients who underwent simultaneous replacement of the tricuspid, mitral and aortic valves. All 12 patients had mitral stenosis, 10 aortic valve stenosis and 2 pure aortic valve regurgitation; 5 had tricuspid valve stenosis and 7 pure tricuspid valve regurgitation. Of the 10 patients who died within 60 days of triple valve replacement, 7 had the low cardiac output syndrome, which in 4, and possibly 5, of the 7 was attributed to prosthetic aortic valve stenosis. In none of the 12 patients was the ascending aorta dilated, and in the 4 (possibly 5) patients with low cardiac output, the space between the surface of the caged poppet (4 patients) or margins of the tilting disc (1 patient) in the aortic valve position and the aortic endothelium appeared inadequate to allow unobstructed flow despite small-sized prostheses in all but 1 patient. Thus, aortic valve replacement in the setting of triple valve dysfunction is hazardous or potentially so. The relative small sizes of the hearts in these patients also make valve replacement more difficult (and hazardous) compared to hearts with larger ventricles and aortas. PMID- 3766420 TI - Echocardiographic analysis of left ventricular filling in isolated pure chronic aortic regurgitation. AB - Left ventricular (LV) diastolic filling was assessed using digitized M-mode echocardiography in 12 patients with aortic regurgitation (AR) and in 12 normal subjects. Ten patients with AR were asymptomatic and 2 patients had congestive heart failure. LV chamber dimensions, fractional shortening and the rate of change of LV dimensions during systole and diastole were determined. In addition, the timing of the rate of change of LV dimensions in diastole (peak dD/dt, 50% peak dD/dt and 20% peak dD/dt) was also measured. Patients with AR had a significant reduction in dD/dt (12.2 +/- 3.5 cm/s in patients with AR vs 15.9 +/- 1.9 cm/s in normal subjects, p less than 0.01) and a delay in the timing of peak dD/dt (160 +/- 35.2 ms in patients with AR vs 86 +/- 17.6 ms in normal subjects, p less than 0.01) from the minimum LV dimension. These diastolic abnormalities were present in patients with symptomatic as well as those with asymptomatic AR, occurred even when the fractional shortening and peak systolic emptying rate (peak -dD/dt) were normal, and showed no correlation with the calculated LV mass (r = 0.14). The delay in the diastolic filling velocities (peak dD/dt, 50% and 20% peak dD/dt) was associated with a decreased rate of change of LV dimension in diastole, suggesting delayed early LV filling. These findings indicate an abnormality of LV diastolic filling in patients with symptomatic as well as asymptomatic AR and suggest that diastolic abnormalities may precede echocardiographic indexes of systolic LV dysfunction. PMID- 3766421 TI - Myocardial and skeletal muscle function in habitual alcoholics and its relation to serum myoglobin. AB - Lower-than-normal serum myoglobin levels are regularly found in habitual alcoholics without recent alcohol intake and were also confirmed in this study. It was hypothesized that these low levels reflect reduction in myocardial and skeletal muscle function. To study this hypothesis, heart and skeletal muscle function was evaluated and related to serum myoglobin levels. Myocardial function evaluated by noninvasive techniques was significantly decreased and heart muscle mass increased (p less than 0.001) in circulatory asymptomatic alcoholics compared with age- and weight-matched healthy male control subjects. The working capacity of the alcoholics was lower than expected during dynamic exercise testing (p less than 0.001), and maximal muscle power was reduced during isokinetic muscle testing (p less than 0.05). Myoglobin levels were correlated to the degree of myocardial diastolic dysfunction (p less than 0.01) but not to working capacity during dynamic or isokinetic exercise testing. The observation that myocardial affection was related to low serum myoglobin suggests that the mechanisms behind reduced myoglobin release are linked to the chronic muscle affection in alcoholics. PMID- 3766422 TI - Left ventricular structure and function by echocardiography in ultraendurance athletes. AB - To determine left ventricular (LV) structural and functional changes induced by ultraendurance exercise training, M-mode LV echograms and Doppler recordings of LV inflow velocity in 26 triathletes and 17 normal subjects were studied. All triathletes trained 20 to 40 hours/week in swimming, cycling and running for more than 2 years. Structurally, triathletes had normal LV systolic and diastolic cavity dimensions, but increased wall thickness (1.05 +/- 0.26 vs 0.80 +/- 0.27 cm in normal subjects, p less than 0.001), increased relative wall thickness, or h/R ratio (0.41 +/- 0.10 cm vs 0.33 +/- 0.11 cm in normal subjects, p less than 0.001), and increased LV mass (226 +/- 60 vs 143 +/- 54 g in normal subjects, p less than 0.001). LV mass correlated closely with mean exercise blood pressure during an 8-hour exercise test in 14 triathletes (r = 0.88). Systolic function at rest was similar in both groups, with no differences in fractional shortening or end-systolic stress. Diastolic LV function measured by digitized M-mode echo was similar in normal subjects and triathletes, with no differences in peak rates of cavity enlargement and wall thinning by echocardiogram. In contrast, the Doppler derived ratio of early-to-late LV inflow velocities was slightly increased in triathletes (p less than 0.05). It is concluded that ultraendurance training produces a physiologic pattern of moderate pressure overload LV hypertrophy, in proportion to the hemodynamic load imposed during prolonged exercise. Unlike the abnormal hypertrophy of systemic hypertension, early diastolic function remains normal in the triathlete heart. PMID- 3766423 TI - Cardiovascular and norepinephrine responses after meal consumption in elderly (older than 75 years) persons with postprandial hypotension and syncope. AB - Aging is associated with alterations in cardiovascular homeostasis that impair adaptation to common hypotensive stresses. Postprandial blood pressure (BP) reduction has been described in elderly subjects, but its clinical significance and pathophysiologic mechanisms are unknown. We have identified 8 elderly patients with meal-related syncope and large postprandial BP declines. To evaluate the role of sympathetic nervous system activity and insulin in the development of postprandial BP reduction, mean arterial BP, heart rate, plasma catecholamine and insulin responses to a high carbohydrate meal in these 8 syncope patients were compared with those of 7 young and 12 old nonsyncopal controls. By 60 minutes after the meal, mean arterial BP declined an average of 26 mm Hg (p = 0.001) in old syncope patients, in contrast to a decline of 9 mm Hg (p = 0.1) in elderly controls and no change in young controls. Young and old controls had significant, sustained increases in heart rate or plasma norepinephrine levels, or both, throughout the 90-minute postprandial period. However, elderly syncope patients had no significant change in heart rate and only an initial increase but subsequent sustained decrease in plasma norepinephrine levels that paralleled the marked mean arterial BP reduction. Insulin and glucose responses were not significantly correlated with mean arterial BP reduction. These findings demonstrate that compared with old and young controls, elderly patients with meal-related syncope have marked sustained declines in postprandial mean arterial BP associated with a failure to maintain compensatory norepinephrine levels and cardioacceleratory responses. PMID- 3766424 TI - Systolic functional response of normal older and younger adult left ventricles to dobutamine. AB - To determine the systolic functional response of the aged left ventricle to catecholamines, 16 healthy, physically active subjects aged 62 to 72 years (group A) and 19 healthy adults aged 18 to 28 years (group B) were evaluated before and during infusion of 8 micrograms/kg/min of dobutamine. Phonocardiograms, electrocardiograms and M-mode echocardiograms were recorded simultaneously with a carotid pulse tracing. End-diastolic dimension and end-systolic pressure remained unchanged in the 2 groups. End-systolic dimension decreased 0.3 cm (p less than 0.001) in group A and 0.5 cm (p less than 0.001) in group B. Fractional shortening increased (p less than 0.001) from 34 +/- 4% to 38 +/- 5% in group A and from 34 +/- 4% to 43 +/- 4% in group B. Mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (Vcf) increased 0.6 circ/s (p less than 0.001) in group A and 1 circ/s (p less than 0.001) in group B. End-systolic pressure/dimension ratio increased 3 mm Hg/cm (p less than 0.001) in group A and 8 mm Hg/cm (p less than 0.001) in group B. The changes in end-systolic dimension, fractional shortening, Vcf and end-systolic pressure/dimension ratio were more significant in group B (p less than 0.001). Thus, the left ventricular systolic functional response to dobutamine is diminished in healthy older persons. PMID- 3766425 TI - Variations in flow-velocity waveforms obtained by pulsed Doppler echocardiography in the normal human aorta. AB - To characterize the contour and duration of aortic flow-velocity waveforms in the normal human, the ascending aorta of 23 persons without evidence of cardiovascular disease was examined systematically with pulsed Doppler echocardiography. In 16 of the 23 subjects, measurements throughout the ascending aorta showed flow-velocity waveforms of similar contour and duration, characterized by flow-velocity peaking in early to midsystole, with most flow velocity (60 +/- 4%) occurring in the first half of the available systolic ejection period, and then gradually decreasing to 0 baseline coincident with aortic valve closure. In the other 7 subjects, aortic flow-velocity waveforms recorded at most of the sampling sites also revealed a normal flow-velocity pattern; however, in each of these subjects, 1 to 3 sites that displayed a distinct alteration from the normal pattern were also identified. The waveforms recorded from these latter sites were characterized by flow-velocity peaking earlier in systole and decelerating to 0 baseline approximately 100 ms before aortic valve closure; consequently, a particularly large fraction of flow velocity (88 +/- 9%) occurred in the first half of the systolic ejection period. These apparently shortened waveforms were always detected at sites near the medial aortic wall and often at or near the junction of the ascending and transverse aorta. Hence, aortic flow-velocity waveforms with altered contour and duration (resembling those recorded in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) were infrequently identified by pulsed Doppler echocardiography in subjects with normal hearts and were not characteristic of the overall aortic flow-velocity pattern in any of these subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3766426 TI - Using exercise respiratory measurements to compare methods of exercise prescription. AB - Exercise heart rate (HR) ranges based on peak HR, age-predicted maximal HR and peak oxygen consumption were compared to determine which method is most likely to result in an exercise prescription within guidelines determined from exercise respiratory measurements (upper limit--ventilatory threshold; lower limit--50% peak oxygen consumption). Exercise prescriptions based on either 80% peak HR or 70% peak measured oxygen consumption were significantly more likely to be within these guidelines (p less than 0.05) than other criteria tested; there was no significant difference between these 2 methods. Recommended exercise intensity based on 85% peak HR and 80% peak oxygen uptake resulted in a large percentage of patients with a heart rate above the ventilatory threshold (46% and 54%, respectively), whereas target HR derived from 75% peak HR and 60% peak oxygen consumption resulted in many patients with a heart rate below the lower limit (38% and 42%, respectively). Exercise prescription based on predicted maximal HR was of little value, regardless of the percentage used to determine target heart rate. The best methods identified in this study yielded an exercise intensity exceeding ventilatory threshold 15 to 20% of the time. Exercise prescription based on direct assessment of the ventilatory threshold is therefore preferred. PMID- 3766427 TI - Combined mitral valve stenosis and tricuspid valve stenosis: morphologic observations after mitral and tricuspid valve replacements or mitral replacement and tricuspid valve commissurotomy. PMID- 3766428 TI - Spontaneous closure of iatrogenic left internal mammary artery to anterior interventricular vein fistula. PMID- 3766429 TI - Pulmonary hypertension and prostaglandins after protamine. PMID- 3766430 TI - Caloric intake necessary for weight maintenance in anorexia nervosa: nonbulimics require greater caloric intake than bulimics. AB - In the past decade, patients with anorexia nervosa have been subdivided by the presence or absence of binging-and-purging behavior. Psychologic, physiologic, and premorbid weight differences have also been discovered between these subgroups. We now report that nonbulimic anorectics required 30-50% more caloric intake than bulimic anorectics to maintain a stable weight. This difference in caloric intake was independent of phase of illness; it was present at low weight and at intervals after weight restoration. Subjects were closely supervised on an inpatient hospital ward so that they could not binge or purge. Motor activity did not appear to explain these alterations in caloric requirements. Such differences in caloric intake could be trait related or a consequence of many years of starving or binging behavior. These findings are clinically relevant for advising eating disorder patients of caloric requirements necessary to maintain a normal weight. PMID- 3766431 TI - Dietary habits in relation to incidence of cardiovascular disease and death in women: a 12-year follow-up of participants in the population study of women in Gothenburg, Sweden. AB - Dietary intake as initially estimated by means of a 24-h recall has been related to the incidence of ischemic heart disease, stroke, and overall mortality during a 12-yr follow-up period in a prospective study of 1462 women representative of the general population. Energy intake was inversely correlated to the 12-yr incidence of myocardial infarction. The correlation was independent of age, indices of obesity, smoking habits, serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, and physical activity. No correlation was found between dietary intake and incidence of stroke or overall mortality, nor was any correlation found between end-points and intake of fish, energy percentage of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. These observations suggest that suboptimal intake of nutrients may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of ischemic heart disease. PMID- 3766432 TI - Changes in plasma amino acids during sobriety in alcoholic patients with and without liver disease. AB - Plasma amino acid profiles of alcoholic subjects without clinically apparent liver disease, alcoholic patients with biopsy-proven alcoholic hepatitis, and nonalcoholic controls were compared. Differences in the plasma aminograms of alcoholic subjects with and without liver disease appear to be due predominantly to differences in liver function whereas differences in plasma amino acid levels between the alcoholic subjects and nonalcoholic controls may be related to inadequate dietary-protein intake and pyridoxine deficiency in the alcoholic groups. PMID- 3766433 TI - Impaired phenylalanine-tyrosine conversion in patients with iron-deficiency anemia studied by a L-(2H5)phenylalanine-loading test. AB - Ten patients with manifest iron deficiency and without documented relationship to phenylketonuria patients were orally loaded with 25 mg/kg of L (2H5)phenylalanine. Before loading, the fasting phenylalanine-tyrosine plasma ratio was determined and after loading, the concentrations of labeled and nonlabeled phenylalanine and tyrosine were determined in five consecutive plasma samples. With respect to the fasting phenylalanine-tyrosine ratio and to the post load ratios of labeled phenylalanine over labeled tyrosine, the iron-deficient patients showed data intermediate between those of normals and heterozygotes for phenylketonuria. Compared to a 100% in vivo activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase in normals and a circa 37% activity in heterozygotes for classic phenylketonuria, iron-deficient patients with an average hemoglobin of 8.6 +/- 1 g/dl showed an activity of circa 56%. After normalization of their iron status, four patients were subjected again to the L-(2H5)phenylalanine-loading test. For three of these individuals, test results shifted into the range of normal. PMID- 3766434 TI - Effect of biotin deficiency and supplementation on lipid metabolism in rats: saturated fatty acids. AB - The effects of biotin deficiency and supplementation upon saturated fatty acids in serum, liver, cerebrum, and cerebellum of rats were investigated. Serum total fatty acids were reduced in deficient animals to 29% of normal. The percentage composition of some odd-chain fatty acids was increased in the serum and liver of deficient rats. The relative composition of most saturated fatty acids with carbon-chain lengths greater than or equal to 22 were increased in serum and liver of deficient rats. In contrast, there were no differences in the brain saturated fatty acids of deficient animals compared to those of normal and supplemented animals. These results may indicate that alterations in saturated fatty acids do not play a major role in the neurologic abnormalities in human biotin or inherited multiple-carboxylase deficiencies. PMID- 3766435 TI - The effects of exercise on milk yield, milk composition, and offspring growth in rats. AB - This study examined effects of exercise training throughout pregnancy and lactation upon selected indicators of lactational performance in Wistar rats. During the 7 wk prior to mating, experimental female rats were gradually trained to swim for 2 h/day, 5 days/wk with a 3% tail weight; they continued swimming until the 19th day of pregnancy. Control animals remained sedentary. Swimming resumed during days 2-14 of lactation. Food intake was greater in exercised rats during the lactation period. Body weights of the two groups were comparable. Mild yield (day 10), energy content (day 15), and protein and fat concentrations did not differ, but milk of exercised rats had a lower lactose concentration. The exercise regimen had no statistically significant effect on litter size or on offspring weight to day 15. This study indicates that moderate-intensity, aerobic exercise does not markedly affect the lactational performance of ad libitum-fed rats. PMID- 3766436 TI - Retention of zinc and calcium from the human colon. AB - Colonic retention of zinc and calcium was studied after installation during colonoscopy of 30 mumol of zinc and 6.4 mmol of calcium labeled with 65Zn and 47Ca, and measurement of the whole-body retention of the radionuclides. After cecal installation in nine patients, retention (day 13) of zinc was 3.5 +/- 2.1% (mean +/- SD) and of calcium 3.5 +/- 2.7%. The calculated mean absorption was 4.1% for zinc and 14.1% for calcium. Application at the hepatic flexure in four patients resulted in a mean retention (day 13) of 1.2% for zinc and 0.6% for calcium. Under prevailing conditions, colonic absorption of zinc is relatively small, compared to the uptake after oral administration. Colonic absorption of calcium could, however, account for a substantial part of the total calcium uptake. PMID- 3766437 TI - Lack of an association between calcium intake and blood pressure in postmenopausal women. AB - The cross sectional relationship between blood pressure and current calcium intake was examined in 199 white women aged 46-66 yr with no history of hypertension. Calcium intake was assessed from 3-day food logs and from elemental calcium composition of the reported calcium supplement. No significant correlation between calcium intake and blood pressure was detected even after controlling for other known risk factors for hypertension. In logistic regression analysis, the relative risk of having a systolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 130 mmHg, or a diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 90 mmHg according to calcium intake, was not significantly different from 1.0. These data suggest that dietary manipulation of calcium intake may not be beneficial in the prevention or treatment of hypertension in older women. PMID- 3766439 TI - 1986 ASCN Public Policy Forum--disease specific claims on foods: possibilities and problems. Health claims on foods--reflections on the food/drug distinction and on the law of misbranding. PMID- 3766438 TI - Growth, bone maturation, and biochemical changes in Brazilian children from two different socioeconomic groups. AB - A study of blood biochemistry related to skeletal growth in 900 Brazilian children aged 7 to 17 yr is reported. Two groups were studied, a privileged and underprivileged sample. Anthropometry and measures of bone maturation in the control group were comparable with American and British standards. Underprivileged children showed growth impairment and delay in bone maturation. No signs of rickets were found in either group. Plasma calcium, magnesium, vitamin D, and total protein did not differ in the two groups of Brazilian children. Plasma alkaline phosphatase and inorganic phosphorus were abnormal in the underprivileged children. Alkaline-phosphatase activity and phosphorus levels did not fall towards adult levels after the predicted age of the adolescent spurt for underprivileged children. Menarche was delayed in the underprivileged girls. PMID- 3766440 TI - 1986 ASCN Public Policy Forum--disease-specific claims on foods: possibilities and problems. Health claims in advertising: an industry perspective. PMID- 3766441 TI - 1986 ASCN Public Policy Forum--disease-specific claims on foods: possibilities and problems. The scientific base for decision making. PMID- 3766442 TI - An affirmation of our society's commitment to clinical nutrition. Presidential address. PMID- 3766443 TI - Zinc supplementation in anorexia nervosa. PMID- 3766444 TI - Adaptation of energy metabolism of overweight women to low-energy intake, studied with whole-body calorimeters. AB - In 14 overweight women, 24-h energy expenditure (EE) was measured in a whole-body indirect calorimeter: before weight reduction (100% diet), after 1 wk on a 4.2-MJ diet, after 8 wk on 4.2-MJ diet, after weight reduction on 100% diet. Data of two subjects were excluded. Mean body weight declined from 93.3 +/- 7.4 (mean +/- SD) to 83.4 +/- 7.7 kg; 24-hEE decreased from 10.52 +/- 0.83 MJ on the 100% diet to 9.58 +/- 0.75 MJ on the 4.2-MJ diet. After 8 wk, 24-hEE had decreased by 15% of the initial 24-hEE to 8.92 +/- 0.65 MJ. After refeeding (1 wk), it increased to 9.45 +/- 0.75 MJ. Calculated energy requirement before weight reduction was 10.62 +/- 0.88 MJ/day; after weight reduction, 9.39 +/- 0.79 MJ/day. The decrease was more than that predicted from the change in body weight and body composition. An adaptation probably occurs, which may be metabolic. PMID- 3766445 TI - Validation of a field technique for the measurement of energy expenditure: factorial method versus continuous respirometry. AB - The field technique for measuring daily energy expenditure, using activity diary plus short-term indirect calorimetry, was validated with a room respirometer. Eleven male and 14 female subjects spent 24-h periods in the respirometer and kept an activity diary to the nearest minute. Subsequently, the energy cost of the recorded activities was measured in duplicate, and 24-h expenditure was calculated. Over the 42 24-h measurements the mean value by the factorial field method was within 1% of that from continuous indirect calorimetry. However, the error in individual daily expenditure ranged from -17% to +25%. Correction of the error involved in using calculated BMR for the cost of sleeping resulted in a 5% mean underestimation of the daily value. The factorial method is, therefore, too inaccurate for the estimation of individual daily expenditures but provides a close estimate of the true energy expenditure for population groups. PMID- 3766446 TI - Relationships of aerobic capacity and percent body fat with plasma free fatty acid following walking. AB - We investigated relationships of peak VO2 and percent body fat with postexercise plasma free fatty acid (FFA) and glycerol concentrations in 14 men using multiple regression techniques. During 1 h of walking (36% of peak VO2), no significant differences in plasma-FFA response were attributed to either peak VO2 or percent body fat. However, individuals with higher peak VO2S tended to have greater elevations in plasma-glycerol concentration during exercise (p = 0.074). They also had greater peak FFA concentrations and FFA X glycerol(-1)-molar ratios immediately after exercise and faster subsequent clearing of excess FFA from the blood (p less than 0.05). Percent fat was not related to postexercise plasma glycerol, FFA, FFA X glycerol-1 responses. Differing postexercise FFA responses, as related to peak VO2, were due, not to varying rates of lipolysis but rather to different rates of FFA mobilization and utilization. PMID- 3766447 TI - 24-hour energy expenditure and the menstrual cycle. AB - To determine whether 24-h energy expenditure changes during the menstrual cycle, 10 normally menstruating women in their 20s and 40s were measured repeatedly for periods of 36 and 46 h by simultaneous direct and indirect calorimetry. A standardized sedentary daily schedule included three meals to provide food intake equal to expenditure. Eight of the 10 women showed increases of 8-16% during the 14-day luteal phase following ovulation, a significant increase (p less than 0.00002 by direct calorimetry, p less than 0.001 by indirect calorimetry). One subjects, whose increase was 14% following ovulation, showed no significant change during a month when she took an oral contraceptive. Progesterone from the corpus luteum is the likely cause of a 9% increase in 24-h energy expenditure in normally menstruating women. PMID- 3766448 TI - Influence of sucrose polyester on plasma lipoproteins, and cholesterol metabolism in obese patients with and without diabetes mellitus. AB - Sucrose polyester (SPE) is a nonabsorbable substitute for fat. This study examined its effects in 10 obese patients, 6 with diabetes mellitus. Three diabetics had hypertriglyceridemia. Most patients were studied in three periods: weight maintenance, caloric restriction + SPE, and caloric restriction without SPE. Nondiabetics generally tolerated SPE better than diabetics. In nondiabetic patients caloric restriction + SPE produced a decrease in total cholesterol and in LDL-cholesterol of 20% and 26%, respectively. In normotriglyceridemic diabetic patients caloric restriction + SPE had an effect on plasma lipoproteins similar to that of nondiabetics. In diabetics with hypertriglyceridemia caloric restriction (with or without SPE) caused a marked reduction in plasma triglycerides. In all patients caloric restriction reduced cholesterol balance and presumably cholesterol synthesis. The feeding of SPE caused increased outputs of fecal neutral steroids suggestive of decreased absorption of cholesterol; SPE also frequently caused a mild increase in fecal acidic steroids (bile acids). PMID- 3766449 TI - Iron status of predominantly lacto-ovo vegetarian East Indian immigrants to Canada: a model approach. AB - Iron status of East Indian predominantly lacto-ovo vegetarian immigrants (59 males, mean age 37.7 +/- 10.5 yr; 55 females, mean age 33.3 +/- 7.4 yr) was assessed using dietary and biochemical-iron indices, including a Tri-index (TI) model. Iron deficiency was higher among females than males: 33% vs 5%, respectively, via the TI model (serum ferritin, serum-transferrin saturation, and mean corpuscular-hemoglobin concentration) and 18-42% vs 2-22%, respectively, via individual biochemical-iron indices. Rates of anemia calculated via the TI model in combination with low hemoglobin and mixed-distribution analysis (MDA) were similar and higher for the females (TI + Hb = 16%; MDA = 12%) than for the males (TI + Hb = 5%; MDA = 3%). High prevalence among females was attributed to low available iron intakes, concomitant with high intakes of dietary fiber, phytate, and tannins. We recommend the TI-model approach to estimate relative prevalence of iron deficiency in small surveys. PMID- 3766450 TI - Urinary and fecal excretions and absorption of a large supplement of selenium: superiority of selenate over selenite. AB - A correction needs to be made to the form of selenium used in earlier studies; what was believed to be selenite-Se in solution is now known to have been selenate-Se. In the present study, excretion of Se was followed in 13 women after ingestion of 1 mg Se as selenite or selenate in solution. Fecal excretion of selenate-Se was less than for selenite-Se reflecting a higher apparent absorption [94 +/- 4% (SD), 62 +/- 14%, respectively]. Peak excretion of Se occurred 3 h earlier for selenate-Se than for selenite-Se and was 6 times higher. Total urinary excretion of selenate-Se was 3 times that of selenite-Se and still 2 times as high when expressed as % absorbed dose. Total recovery of Se in urine and feces was similar for both forms. There was remarkable agreement between these results and those reported earlier for selenate-Se (Selovet-1) and selenite Se. PMID- 3766451 TI - The effect of age on plasma zinc uptake and taste acuity. AB - Plasma uptake of a 25 mg oral dose of zinc was measured at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 h postdose in 16 elderly (mean age = 7.25 yr) and 12 young (mean age = 24.0 yr) subjects selected from a group of 62 healthy nonsmokers. Elderly and young subjects were divided into two groups based upon low or high detection thresholds for solutions of sodium chloride and sucrose. Mean fasting concentrations of plasma zinc were almost identical for the two age groups. Plasma response to a zinc dose was lower (p less than 0.05) in the elderly compared to that in the young, as indicated by plasma zinc levels at hours 2 and 3 postdose and by total area under the response curve. Moderate but significant age-associated increases in detection thresholds for both sodium chloride and sucrose were found; taste thresholds were not correlated to plasma uptake of the zinc dose in either age group. PMID- 3766452 TI - Effect of zinc deficiency on mucosal hyperplasia following 70% bowel resection. AB - We evaluated the effect of zinc deficiency on the development of mucosal hyperplasia in male Sprague-Dawley rats following 70% small-bowel resection: 20 underwent 70% jejunoileal resection, another 20 were sham operated. Half of each group were made zinc deficient by force-feeding technique. Operations were then performed, and feedings were continued for another 9 days. While mucosal weight did not differ between zinc-deficient and zinc-replete animals, whether or not they underwent resection, mucosal protein and DNA levels were decreased in both resected and sham-operated, zinc-deficient animals. Functional indices were also affected. Maltase activities were decreased in zinc-deficient animals in the midileum. Mucosal zinc-dependent enzymes, alkaline phosphatase and leucine aminopeptidase, were likewise depressed in zinc-deficient animals. Findings suggest that zinc deficiency in short-bowel syndrome will likely impair mucosal hyperplasia. PMID- 3766453 TI - Effect of alcohol consumption on serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, retinol, and retinol-binding protein. AB - The effect of chronic alcohol consumption on the concentration of 25 hydroxyvitamin D3, total retinol, and retinol-binding protein in serum was studied in chronic alcoholics (n = 12) and controls (n = 19). Ethanol intake during the last year was 178 +/- 116 and 3.7 +/- 4.5 g/day, respectively (p less than 0.002). Of the alcoholics, 58% had a concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 below lower limit of reference (20 ng/ml). Estimated dietary intake of vitamin D last year was not significantly different for the alcoholics and controls. Concentration of calcium in serum was significantly lower in alcoholics than in controls (p less than 0.05). The serum concentration of retinol and retinol binding protein was similar in the two groups. These observations may be of relevance for some of the clinical findings related to bone disease among heavy alcohol consumers. PMID- 3766454 TI - Indian and Pakistani immigrants have the same capacity as Caucasians to produce vitamin D in response to ultraviolet irradiation. AB - To investigate whether the high prevalence of osteomalacia and rickets among Indian and Pakistani immigrants to Great Britain is due to impaired capacity to produce vitamin D3 in their skin, the serum vitamin D concentrations of six Asians in response to 1.5 times their minimal erythemal dose (MED) of whole-body ultraviolet radiation (UVR) was studied. The mean serum vitamin D concentrations rose from a baseline of 2 +/- 2 ng/ml before exposure to UVR to a peak of 38 +/- 12 ng/ml at 24 h, gradually declining back to baseline by day 9. This response was not significantly different from that seen in Caucasian controls. The UVR needed to produce an MED in Asians, with their darker skin, was greater (49-133 mJ/cm2) than that required in Caucasians (31-48 mJ/cm2). Asians may need longer exposure to sunlight than Caucasians do to give a similar response, but the capacity to produce vitamin D is no different in Asian than in Caucasian skin. PMID- 3766455 TI - Serum phylloquinone concentrations in a normal adult population. AB - The concentration of serum phylloquinone was assessed in a population of normal healthy Red Cross volunteer blood donors. The median value for 95 subjects was 1.1 ng/ml with a mean of 1.3 +/- 0.64 (SD) ng/ml. Sex, age, smoking habits, alcohol intake, and consumption of foods high in vitamin K were not found to influence serum phylloquinone concentrations. PMID- 3766456 TI - Determination of urinary 4-pyridoxic acid levels as 4-pyridoxic acid lactone using high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A high-performance liquid chromatography method for quantitation of urinary 4 pyridoxic acid excretion is presented. Urine samples were treated with HCl to form 4-pyridoxic acid lactone. Acid-treated urine samples were diluted and analyzed by cation-exchange chromatography involving post-column alkalinization and fluorescence detection. Absence of interfering fluorescent urinary compounds was demonstrated by analyzing urine samples without lactonization and rechromatography of aliquots of 4-pyridoxic acid lactone peaks employing reverse phase chromatography. The method is suitable for determination of urinary 4 pyridoxic acid excretion in nutritional, metabolic, and pharmacokinetic studies. PMID- 3766457 TI - Recent developments in the etiology and treatment of hypertension: dietary calcium, fat, and magnesium. PMID- 3766459 TI - Localized herpes simplex lymphadenitis. AB - Despite the marked immunocompromised status of most affected patients, visceral herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections in adults remain localized to the esophagus, with only rare examples of dissemination. Lymph node involvement with herpes simplex has been noted in three reported cases, but only in the context of a widespread fatal infection. This report describes two patients who presented with localized herpetic lymphadenitis documented by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and DNA hybridization technics. PMID- 3766461 TI - The effect of calcium ions on the activated partial thromboplastin time of heparinized plasma. AB - The effect of calcium chloride (CaCl2) on the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) of heparinized plasma was studied. The aPTT ratio (heparinized plasma:control plasma) increased as the CaCl2 concentration to recalcify the plasma was increased from 15 to 35 mmol/L CaCl2. Platelet-poor plasma from patients receiving intravenous heparin, and in vitro heparinized plasmas from either coumarinized patients or plasma depleted of the vitamin K-dependent factors, displayed the calcium-dependent increase in the aPTT ratio. The magnitude of the calcium-dependent change in the aPTT ratio was similar for the three partial thromboplastins studied. Heparinized blood collected in 3.2% and 3.8% citrate demonstrated the calcium-dependent increase in the aPTT ratio. The authors have also studied the effect of the divalent cations (Ca+2, Mg+2, Zn+2, and Sr+2) on the anti-Factor Xa activity of heparin to determine whether the calcium-dependent increase in the aPTT was due to an increase in the anti-Factor Xa activity. The anti-Factor Xa activity of heparin was measured using chromogenic substrate S-2251, purified Factor Xa, and excess antithrombin III. The anti-Factor Xa activity of heparinized plasma increased 2.4-2.8-fold as the divalent cation concentration was increased from 0-5 mmol/L. Similar results were obtained using purified bovine Factor Xa, antithrombin III, and heparin in the absence of plasma. These results suggest that divalent cations play an important role in modulating heparin's anticoagulant activity in vitro. In addition, the CaCl2 concentration used to recalcify plasma is an important variable that modifies heparin sensitivity of the aPTT. Furthermore, divalent cations play an important role in regulating the anti-Factor Xa activity of heparin in vitro. PMID- 3766460 TI - Absolute lymphocytosis associated with nonsurgical trauma. AB - Absolute lymphocytosis after nonsurgical trauma was investigated in three patient groups at an acute-care tertiary referral hospital. The first group, with mild-to moderate trauma, consisted of 64 patients who survived knife wounds to the chest and abdomen. Thirteen of the 64 patients had admission lymphocyte counts greater than 5.0 X 10(9)/L (mean +/- SD: 6.0 X 10(9) +/- 2.4 X 10(9]. Within 24 hours, all 13 showed a significant drop in lymphocyte count to 1.9 X 10(9) +/- 0.9 X 10(9)/L. The second group, with severe trauma, consisted of 11 patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Admission lymphocyte values averaged 5.9 X 10(9) +/- 0.6 X 10(9)/L and decreased to 1.54 X 10(9) +/- 0.3 X 10(9)/L within six hours. The relative importance of trauma as a cause of lymphocytosis was established by reviewing all hospitalized patients with lymphocyte counts greater than 5.0 X 10(9)/L between August 1983 and October 1985. The survey indicates that trauma and hemorrhage account for 16% of all cases of lymphocytosis, and that trauma, together with other acute stresses, constitutes the most common cause of lymphocytosis studied. The authors conclude that trauma is frequently associated with a lymphocytosis that usually changes to a lymphopenia within hours of injury. PMID- 3766458 TI - Bladder granulomata after bladder surgery. AB - Bladder granulomata were found in 17 (3%) of 539 patients who had bladder biopsy or resection. The finding of granulomata in 13.6% of patients who had at least two surgical procedures, but never in the first biopsy specimen of any patient was highly significant statistically (P much less than 0.001). The occurrence of granulomata exclusively in patients with bladder carcinoma was related to the significantly greater number of biopsies performed in these patients and not to carcinoma, per se. There were two types of granulomata: necrotizing, palisading granulomata (NPG) resembling rheumatoid granulomata; and foreign-body-type granulomata (FBG). They often occurred together in the same specimen, and transitions from FBG to NPG were evident histologically. The granulomata apparently healed by fibrous scarring. Energy-dispersive analysis of x-rays (EDAX) did not reveal any inorganic foreign material, but showed sulphur in some granulomata, possibly released from necrotic stroma and urothelium. Clinical and morphologic evidence is presented indicating that the granulomata arose as a local reaction to tissue necrosis caused by surgery and/or cautery. PMID- 3766462 TI - Pathologic explanation for postoperative obstipation in Hirschsprung's disease revealed with monoclonal antibody staining. AB - Until now, no pathologic explanation could be found for the postoperative obstipation occurring in some patients with intestinal aganglionosis. Twenty-two of 108 infants treated for intestinal aganglionosis suffered from postoperative obstipation. Resected material from these 22 patients and from 17 control subjects was investigated with monoclonal anti-neurofilament antibody staining. An abnormal staining pattern was revealed in 18 of the constipated patients. Consequently, this new immunohistochemical staining technic has revealed a hitherto unsuspected cause for postoperative obstipation in aganglionosis. The monoclonal antibody may provide early warning of such postoperative constipation. PMID- 3766463 TI - 3-D reconstruction of endometrial carcinoma in situ. AB - Reconstructions in 3-D of 4 of 18 endometrial carcinoma in situ specimens demonstrated a simple branching tubular pattern, distinctively different from atypical adenomatous hyperplasia and invasive endometrial adenocarcinoma. A clonal origin of carcinoma in situ was suggested. PMID- 3766464 TI - Limitations of the crossmatch for detection of incompatibility between A2B red blood cells and B patient sera. AB - A recent evaluation of the immediate-spin crossmatch has revealed limitations when used for the detection of ABO incompatibilities in tests between group B patient sera and group A2B donor red blood cells. Presented with the option of deleting the anti-globulin crossmatch, the study reported here was conducted to determine whether the anti-globulin crossmatch would detect the ABO incompatibilities missed by the immediate spin. Results of 1,000 crossmatches between group B patient sera and group A2B red blood cells showed that the anti globulin phase was capable of detecting a higher percentage of incompatibilities than the immediate-spin procedure, 79.4-86.8% versus 40-64.4%, respectively, depending on the enhancement used. Although anti-globulin testing did detect a substantially higher number of incompatibilities, are the increased cost of reagents and technologists' time used in performing the anti-globulin crossmatch justified for the detection of ABO incompatibilities? Due to limitations observed with the anti-globulin test in addition to budgetary and fiscal constraints, retention of the anti-globulin testing purely for ABO compatibility is not warranted. PMID- 3766465 TI - Clinical, pathogenetic, and laboratory features of Capnocytophaga infections. AB - Granulocytopenia and oral mucosal defects have been reported to be important predisposing factors to recently recognized cases of Capnocytophaga septicemia. The authors call attention to an apparent preponderance of these cases in the pediatric age group and emphasize laboratory features which they have found helpful in the diagnosis of Capnocytophaga infections. Thirteen patients with Capnocytophaga infections were seen during a seven-year period. Seven of these patients had Capnocytophaga bacteremia. Six of seven bacteremic patients were granulocytopenic, six had oral mucosal defects, and three died. Five of the seven bacteremic patients were younger than 20 years of age. This represents a disproportionate distribution of cases in the pediatric age group within the author's institution, because 43% of blood culture specimens submitted to their microbiology laboratory are obtained from pediatric patients. This observation is supported by a review of the reported cases of Capnocytophaga septicemia in which 7 of 12 patients were younger than 20 years of age. Because Capnocytophaga may superficially resemble the more commonly isolated Fusobacterium nucleatum, distinguishing features for laboratory identification are discussed. PMID- 3766466 TI - Mitochondrial and MB isoenzymes of creatine kinase in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. AB - Measurements of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) creatine kinase (CK, EC 2.7.3.2) isoenzyme activity have been used to predict outcome in patients with acute brain injury following cardiac arrest. We identified two CK isoenzymes previously unreported in CSF from 16 patients with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. Prior to analysis, the CK in the CSF samples was reactivated with dithiothreitol. CK isoenzymes were identified using electrophoretic and immunologic methods. Total CK activity ranged from 23 to 924 U/L (mean 452). CSF-CK-BB was the predominant isoenzyme present in all cases. In addition to CSF-CK-BB, the authors identified CSF-CK-MM in 6 cases, CSF-CK-MB in 8 cases, and CSF-mitochondrial-CK in 14 cases. The presence of CSF-CK-MM was significantly related to blood contaminating the CSF (P less than 0.02). It is proposed that CSF-CK-MB results from recombination of CK-MM and CK-BB in CSF and that mitochondrial CK is released with CK-BB into the CSF from the damaged brain tissue. PMID- 3766467 TI - Combined adrenal myelolipoma and adenoma associated with Cushing's syndrome. AB - A case of Cushing's syndrome in a 31-year-old woman is presented. The resected left adrenal gland revealed a tumor consisting of cortical cells intermingled with myelolipomatous tissue comparable to that of normal bone marrow. The adjacent cortex was atrophic. Postoperative plasma cortisol concentrations have remained quite low. Previously, 28 cases of surgically removed adrenocortical tumors with a main diagnosis of myelolipoma have been published. Of these, three cases (two pituitary Cushing's disease, one steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency) were associated with endocrine dysfunction. The combination of a myelolipoma and a true adenoma has only been described once before (in a case of virilization) and never in connection with Cushing's syndrome. The etiology of myelolipoma is discussed, and a local trigger mechanism related to adrenocortical growth disturbances is suggested. PMID- 3766469 TI - Measurement of light transmission or impedence should have been included in platelet study. PMID- 3766468 TI - Disseminated zygomycosis masquerading as cerebral lupus erythematosus. AB - Zygomycosis often occurs in patients with an underlying disease, e.g., diabetes mellitus, leukemia, and lymphoma, or an immunocompromised state. This report discusses a case of a 21-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus complicated by uremia, acidosis, steroid therapy, prolonged antimicrobial therapy, and disseminated zygomycosis. PMID- 3766470 TI - Aspiration through a 'sip-up' straw. PMID- 3766471 TI - Hoigne's syndrome: relevance of anomalous dominance and prostaglandins. PMID- 3766472 TI - Circumcision and urinary tract infection in infants. PMID- 3766473 TI - Pneumococcal septicemia in sickle cell disease. PMID- 3766474 TI - Central diabetes insipidus caused by brain death. PMID- 3766475 TI - Television and cystic fibrosis case detection. PMID- 3766477 TI - Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in a female infant with hydrocephalus. PMID- 3766476 TI - Lymphocyte subpopulations and corticosteroid treatment in patients with pertussis. PMID- 3766478 TI - DTP vaccine immunization. PMID- 3766479 TI - Vancomycin pharmacokinetics. PMID- 3766480 TI - Palatal grooves in orally intubated newborns. PMID- 3766481 TI - Requirements for the VATER association. PMID- 3766482 TI - Possible statistical error in an endotracheal tube study. PMID- 3766483 TI - A half shell of a pistachio nut that simulated a tumor. PMID- 3766484 TI - Dysuria: presenting complaint in labial fusion. PMID- 3766485 TI - Pediatric autopsy. PMID- 3766486 TI - Atrial septal defects that present in infancy. AB - The diagnosis of isolated secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) in infancy is uncommon. We studied 26 infants with ASD confirmed at cardiac catheterization. Of these, nine were born prematurely, 15 presented with symptoms of congestive heart failure, and only three were noted to have the clinical features of an ASD in spite of large left to right shunts. All but two patients responded to medical management. Spontaneous closure of the ASD was documented in 39% (ten) of the patients at ages ranging from 2 to 8 years. Twelve patients underwent surgical closure at a mean age of 4 years. No variables at presentation were predictive of subsequent spontaneous closure. In view of the high rate of spontaneous closure and the success of medical therapy, most infants with symptomatic ASD may be managed medically, allowing sufficient time to observe whether spontaneous closure will occur. PMID- 3766487 TI - The need for increased reviewing of published pediatric literature. AB - The increasing number of new publications in the field of pediatrics is imposing greater pressures on busy physicians, who must choose from among a wide range of titles within the area of their particular interest. This article aims at helping them make the best possible choice. PMID- 3766488 TI - Hemostasis and periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage of the newborn. AB - In a prospective study we analyzed the role of coagulopathy in the development of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage (PIVH) in 49 consecutively admitted preterm infants of less than 34 weeks' gestation by serial ultrasound examinations and coagulation assays. In 20 patients (41%) PIVH was detected. On the day of birth, patients with PIVH had significantly lower levels of factor V than did the patients without PIVH, but all other clotting factors gave similar results, and on the third and fifth days all results were similar, including those for factor V. Even the small subgroup of infants who subsequently developed grade IV hemorrhage did not have a more severe coagulopathy than the other infants, although they had significantly lower levels of platelets and of factor VII at birth. We conclude that coagulopathy does not play an important role in the etiology of PIVH. Standard doses of 10 mL/kg of fresh-frozen plasma, administered to increase the low levels of clotting factors, did not prevent extension of the hemorrhage. PMID- 3766489 TI - Evaluating the potential pediatric scuba diver. PMID- 3766491 TI - Tracheobronchial compression by thoracic neuroblastoma. PMID- 3766490 TI - Aztreonam therapy for serious gram-negative infections in children. AB - Fifty-nine children were enrolled in an open trial of aztreonam, a monocyclic beta-lactam, therapy for serious gram-negative infections. Thirty-six infections were microbiologically evaluable and received five or more days of therapy. Patients' ages ranged from 3 days to 12 years, and diagnoses included pyelonephritis or cystitis (20), deep soft tissue or joint infection (seven), septicemia (four), pneumonia (three), peritonitis, and epiglottitis. Causative bacteria included Escherichia coli and other Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Haemophilus influenzae. The standard regimen was 30 mg/kg every six or eight hours intravenously. All isolates were aztreonam-susceptible and were eradicated during therapy. Two patients had microbiologic relapses: a patient with Salmonella choleraesuis meningitis who was initially treated for only ten days and a patient with E coli pyelonephritis. Clinical cure was achieved in 31 of 36 children. Pharmacokinetic studies performed in six children demonstrated no difference in serum concentrations or pharmacokinetic variables between day 1 and day 7 of therapy. Although several patients had transient eosinophilia (eight), elevated levels of aminotransferase (seven), or thrombocytosis (ten), no clinically significant adverse effects were noted. In this initial, uncontrolled study, aztreonam was effective and safe in the treatment of a variety of serious gram-negative infections in children. PMID- 3766492 TI - Clinical and nasopharyngeal isolates of unusual multiply resistant pneumococci. AB - Routine surveillance of pneumococcal isolates for resistance to antibiotics has revealed the emergence of an unusual pattern of multiple antimicrobial resistance in South Africa. Thirty-nine pneumococcal isolates, including 21 from clinical specimens, showed resistance to tetracycline, erythromycin, clindamycin, trimethoprim, and a combination product of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole sodium (co-trimoxazole), yet susceptibility to penicillin G. Multiple resistance has to date been almost invariably associated with resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. A survey of nasopharyngeal carriage revealed carriage of an additional 21 isolates of multiply resistant pneumococci, representing 7.9% of children investigated in Johannesburg, but these organisms were not found in children in Soweto or four rural villages. We present the minimum inhibitory concentrations of 15 antimicrobial agents against 15 of these 21 strains. These findings are discussed in relation to exposure of these populations to antibiotics and to the treatment of local and systemic pneumococcal disease. Of all 60 isolates of multiply resistant pneumococci isolated to date, those fully characterized serologically belong to serotypes 6B, 14, or 19F. PMID- 3766493 TI - Increasing the 'show rate' in a school problems clinic. AB - Appointment keeping was studied at a hospital-based clinic that evaluated children with school problems. Interventions aimed at improving the "show rate" included telephone reminders and withholding appointments until a parental form had been returned. Results indicated that telephone reminders did not improve appointment keeping. Requiring parents to return forms prior to being given an appointment did significantly increase the show rate (88% vs 57%). This increase could not be attributed to a change in patients' socioeconomic status or race, which remained constant during the entire study period. This intervention also reduced the clinic's waiting period and increased the number of patients seen each month. Data indicated that requiring parents to fill out forms prior to being given appointments resulted in improving the show rate, reducing the waiting period, and increasing the number of patients seen each month. PMID- 3766494 TI - Clostridium difficile antibiotic-associated colitis. PMID- 3766495 TI - Clostridium difficile culture-positive toxin-negative diarrhea. AB - Antibiotic-associated colitis (AAC) is confirmed by the isolation of Clostridium difficile cytotoxin from stool in patients with diarrhea. Culture of the organism has not been required to confirm the diagnosis. A review of cases of C. difficile culture-positive patients was performed in an attempt to clarify the significance of culture-positive toxin-negative (CPTN) compared to culture-positive toxin positive (CPTP) disease. During an 11-month period, 45 patients were identified who had stool cultures positive for C. difficile. Sixteen of the patients studied were CPTP and 29 were CPTN. There were no major differences between the two groups for underlying diseases, antibiotic exposure, or diagnostic testing. Of the CPTP patients, 10 were treated for AAC and all responded. Two untreated patients resolved spontaneously. Of the CPTN patients, none was given specific antibiotic therapy, symptoms spontaneously resolved in 17, and symptoms were unresolved in five (colectomy or expired before resolution). A prospective analysis was performed of all C. difficile isolated from stool samples by the microbiology laboratory. Isolates were incubated in vitro and cytotoxin production was measured. Of isolates from CPTP patients 97% produced cytotoxin compared to 67% of isolates from CPTN patients (p less than 0.005). The results suggest that C. difficile, despite the absence of cytotoxin, may be an etiological factor in certain diarrheal syndromes. Until a randomized therapeutic trial for CPTN patients is conclusive, a positive culture should be considered evidence for treatment of patients with persistent diarrhea. PMID- 3766496 TI - Esophageal disorders in patients with chest pain and mitral valve prolapse. AB - The origin of chest discomfort in patients with mitral valve prolapse is controversial. We performed esophageal manometry in 18 patients with mitral valve prolapse, chest pain, and no significant coronary artery disease at cardiac catheterization. Fourteen of the 18 had esophageal disorders: five had diffuse esophageal spasm and two had hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter-motility disorders associated with chest pain syndromes; five mitral valve prolapse patients had hypotensive lower esophageal sphincters, a finding that increases the probability of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux; and two had nonspecific motor abnormalities. Esophageal disorders may provide an explanation for chest discomfort experienced by certain patients with mitral valve prolapse. PMID- 3766497 TI - The effects of glucagon and metoclopramide as measured by the electrogastrogram. AB - The electrogastrogram, purportedly a measurement of the stomach's electrical activity, has received increased attention recently. This attention has also created skepticism because measurements are taken from the cutaneous surface. To test the electrogastrogram's ability to measure the stomach's electrical potential, we infused glucagon (0.5 mg), metoclopramide (10 and 20 mg in two sittings), and a placebo into six subjects. The electrogastrogram registered predictable changes in response to these infusions. We conclude that the electrogastrogram measures the stomach's electrical activity. Additionally, the unique data gathered by the electrogastrogram suggest that glucagon and metoclopramide both act directly on the electrical activity of gastric cells. PMID- 3766498 TI - Plasma gastrin and secretin changes after esophagectomy. AB - Plasma gastrin levels were determined in 14 patients with esophageal cancer submitted to an esophagogastrectomy. Six patients were also given 0.1 N hydrochloric acid preoperatively and 1 month after operation to clarify the secretion of plasma secretin. In addition, the correlation between the G cell population in the pyloric part of the postoperative intrathoracic stomach and plasma gastrin was investigated, and the following results were obtained. Hypergastrinemia developed 1 month after surgery, but 3 months or more after surgery, the plasma gastrin level was close to normal. Plasma secretin levels tended to fall postoperatively, but no statistical differences in plasma secretin levels could be found. Staining by the enzyme antibody method revealed hyperplasia of G cells in patients with hypergastrinemia without pyloric antral atrophy. PMID- 3766499 TI - Periampullary and pancreatic head carcinoma: facts and factors influencing mortality, survival, and quality of postoperative life. AB - From September 1983 to December 1985 40 patients from a total of 55 with periampullary and pancreatic head carcinoma underwent resectional surgery in our department. Following a policy of precise evaluation of each patient's operative findings, six patients underwent a Whipple duodenopancreatectomy, 29 patients underwent regional subtotal pancreatectomy, and five underwent regional total pancreatectomy. Five patients underwent vascular reconstruction of their regional vascular structures after transection of the invaded segments of their vessels and eight had positive lymph nodes. Lymph node involvement was confined to the regional area. Patients with distant lymph node involvement (paraaortic) were not considered eligible to resection. Three patients died and 10 required reoperation. Thirty-one had radical resection, one palliative and eight equivocal resection. From the survived patients (n = 37) 33 are alive and doing well at the time of this report (overall mean survival 18 months). The results of this study demonstrate that a radical approach based on a precise evaluation of operative findings of the individual patient might well offer a higher resectability rate and is probably the only chance for radical resection and for a longer survival in patients with periampullary and pancreatic head carcinoma. PMID- 3766500 TI - Portographic opacification of hepatic veins and (anomalous) anastomoses between the portal and hepatic veins in cirrhosis--indication of extensive intrahepatic shunts. AB - On the premise that extensive intrahepatic portal-venous anastomoses known to occur in cirrhosis would be demonstrated by contrast medium directly placed in the portal vein, percutaneous transhepatic portograms were analyzed in 82 patients with liver cirrhosis in relation to the estimated degree of shunting. The degree of intrahepatic shunt was measured during transhepatic portography using 99mTc-macroaggregated albumin. Hepatic veins began to opacify at 4 to 10 s after the start of injection of contrast medium during portography in 20 patients with cirrhosis who had intrahepatic shunt indices of 58.5 +/- 18.5%, but it was not visualized in 62 patients with cirrhosis whose shunt indices were 19.9 +/- 14.1%. Anomalous large anastomoses of 1 or 2 mm in size between the right portal vein and the right hepatic vein were clearly visualized during portography in 18 of 20 patients in whom the hepatic vein was opacified. Frequency and time of beginning opacification of the hepatic vein were closely correlated with the degree of intrahepatic shunt. Thus, opacification of the hepatic vein and abnormal anastomoses between the portal and hepatic vein systems in an early phase of portography indicates extensive intrahepatic shunts. PMID- 3766501 TI - Misdiagnosis of echinococcal cyst disease of the liver. AB - Echinococcosis is a disease which is commonly seen in certain parts of the world and uncommonly seen in the United States. Recognition of this disease is important for appropriate surgical management with the least amount of morbidity and mortality. Proper history taking and awareness of this disease will decrease the chance of misdiagnosis. Two cases are presented here, and the salient features of this disease are reviewed, in order to reacquaint the physician. PMID- 3766503 TI - A case presentation of hemolytic anemia in ulcerative colitis and review of the literature. AB - Autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with ulcerative colitis is a rare occurrence, and its management poses a therapeutic dilemma. Herein we present a case of ulcerative colitis involving an autoimmune hemolytic anemia and discuss the proposed mechanisms for the anemia. A review of past reported cases and their outcomes is included. In the past, a patient with autoimmune anemia unresponsive to corticosteroids was subjected first to splenectomy and then to colectomy if splenectomy failed to resolve the anemia. In view of the high failure rate for splenectomy, we recommend that ulcerative colitis patients with anemia unresponsive to corticosteroids proceed directly to total colectomy. PMID- 3766502 TI - Pyoderma gangrenosum complicating ulcerative colitis: successful treatment with methylprednisolone pulse therapy and dapsone. AB - A 36-yr-old patient suffering from chronic ulcerative colitis complicated by severe pyoderma gangrenosum of the leg is presented. Pyoderma gangrenosum rapidly progressed and failed to respond to a combined treatment of bed rest, prednisone, sulfasalazine, povidone-iodine, compresses, and debridement. Pyoderma gangrenosum responded and disappeared with no recurrence during the following months after the combined treatment of methylprednisolone, dapsone, and zinc sulfate. PMID- 3766504 TI - Myelolipoma arising from ectopic adrenal cortex: case report and review of the literature. AB - A myelolipoma was surgically removed following its identification by computed tomography scan. The presenting symptom was abdominal pain, associated with an enlarging mass in the lower abdomen. Histological review found the myelolipoma to be arising from ectopic adrenocortical tissue. Myelolipomas arising from extra adrenal locations are rare. The literature was reviewed and various presentations of this benign tumor were discussed. PMID- 3766505 TI - A general estimator for the variance of the Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio. PMID- 3766506 TI - Time trends in the US racial difference in hypertension. AB - This paper explores time trends in racial differences in hypertension and in mortality from complications from hypertension in the United States. Mortality data were derived from death certificate data compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics and presented in the 1981 Report of the Working Group on Arteriosclerosis. Prevalence data were obtained from five populations--6,672 people screened in 1960-1962 by the National Health Examination Survey (NHES); 20,749 screened in 1971-1975 by the Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HANES I); 158,539 screened in 1973-1974 by the Hypertension Detection and Followup Program (HDFP); 1 million persons screened in 1973-1975 by the Community Hypertension Evaluation Clinics (CHEC); and 20,325 screened in 1976-1980 by the second Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HANES II). Mortality data indicate that the nonwhite/white ratios for mortality from complications of hypertension increased between 1940 and 1967 and decreased between 1968 and 1978. Prevalence data show a corresponding recent decrease in black minus white mean blood pressure. Some of the decrease appears to be due to a greater improvement in hypertension control for blacks than for whites. Time trends in the black/white ratio in prevalence of hypertension were examined with differential treatment effects controlled by inclusion as hypertensive those on drug therapy. The results indicate that in addition to differential changes in therapy, the ratio of black/white prevalence of hypertension may also be decreasing. Additional studies are needed to confirm this finding and to explore time changes in racial patterns of risk factors for hypertension. PMID- 3766507 TI - Hypertension detection, treatment, and control in the United States: not as bad as it seems? AB - A 1982 report from the National Center for Health Statistics presents rates of awareness, treatment, and control among US adult hypertensives. These rates are age-adjusted by the direct method to permit comparisons among three surveys of US adults conducted over 20 years. The choice of a standard population for the age adjustment, however, results in a systematic decrease in the adjusted rates for awareness, treatment, and control. This decrease leads the casual reader of this often quoted report to conclude that awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension are worse than they actually are. An alternative choice for the standard population is suggested when the inference population is hypertensives rather than the general population. PMID- 3766508 TI - The relationship of endogenous estrogen to bone density and bone area in normal postmenopausal women. AB - The relationship of endogenous concentrations of estrogen, in particular estrone, to the dominant radial bone density and bone area was examined in 78 normal postmenopausal women (mean age 57 years). The women were a subset of a population participating in a clinical trial designed to determine the effects of walking on bone loss. The data reported here were collected at baseline prior to randomization. Radial cortical bone density and bone area were measured at 30 per cent of the distance between the wrist and the elbow in the dominant arm. Estrone levels obtained by extraction and column chromatography were measured by radioimmunoassay. Estrone concentrations were cross-sectionally related to both radial bone density (r = 0.39, p less than 0.001) and bone area (r = 0.39, p less than 0.001). This relationship was independent of age, number of years since onset of menopause, and degree of obesity. In multiple regression analysis, estrone levels accounted for 15 per cent of the variance in bone density and bone area in this population. These results suggest that measurement of estrone in normal postmenopausal women may assist in the identification of women who are at high risk for osteoporosis and, thus, possible candidates for estrogen replacement therapy. PMID- 3766509 TI - Endometriosis in Lebanon. A case-control study. AB - To explore some of the risk factors for endometriosis, the authors compared 170 cases with 170 age-matched controls similarly undergoing laparoscopy at the American University of Beirut Medical Center between 1979 and 1981. The findings include a positive association with first-class admissions (odds ratio = 2.77) and a negative association with parity and gravidity. Both associations are consistent with the findings of other studies. There was no association with occupational status, nationality, religion, marital status, or past medical history. PMID- 3766510 TI - Quality of data on parents' smoking and drinking provided by adult offspring. AB - Evaluation of adult health risks from exposures that occurred in childhood may require case-control studies in which subjects who are now adults are asked to provide information that might be more accurately provided by their parents. The quality of parental smoking and drinking histories provided by adult offspring was evaluated in a North Carolina study of cancer risk from childhood exposure to cigarette smoke. A total of 1,036 adult subjects aged 15-59 years were asked about parents' smoking and drinking habits during the subject's childhood and prior to the subject's birth. Parents or siblings of 70% of the study subjects were also interviewed to obtain the same information. Subjects were generally able to provide information on parents' smoking habits, although they were less able to answer questions requiring knowledge of dates or amounts. Accuracy of information provided, as measured by agreement between subjects and mothers or between subjects and siblings, was also good for many simple exposure questions. Age and race influenced the proportion of subjects able to provide information but did not affect the quality of data. Case-control status and habits of parents had an effect on agreement between subjects and mothers for some questions but had no overall effect on the quality or interpretation of data. Cigar smoking and alcohol consumption were not reported as completely or accurately as cigarette smoking. Overall, this study demonstrated the feasibility of evaluating effects of some childhood exposures by obtaining exposure information from individuals who are now adults. Data from such studies can be used to distinguish exposed from nonexposed subjects but cannot readily be used to estimate level of exposure. PMID- 3766511 TI - Socioeconomic status and psychologic distress in adult blacks. AB - Most epidemiologic studies of race and mental health are conducted on regional data sets which contain very small numbers of black respondents. As a result, the amount of data compiled on risk groups within the black population is limited. This paper argues that better information on risk groups can be gathered from special surveys of minority group populations. Data are analyzed from the National Survey of Black Americans, a nationally representative sample of the adult (18 years and older) black population collected in 1979-1980 (n = 2,107). The paper extends prior work on these data by exploring the relation between three socioeconomic status indicators and psychologic distress for different problem situations with an eight-item symptom checklist. Regression analyses revealed that personal income, family income, and a poverty index were all negatively related to distress--but only among respondents who indicated that they were upset because of an economic or physical health problem. These three indicators were positively related to distress among those with an emotional adjustment problem. The implications of these findings for psychiatric epidemiology and preventive intervention programs are discussed. PMID- 3766512 TI - The changing epidemiology of adult botulism in the United States. AB - All forms of botulism are rare in the United States, and, as a result, descriptions of the pertinent epidemiologic features and clinical spectrum of illness are limited. This review describes the epidemiologic characteristics of the 355 cases of botulism in adults reported in the United States between 1976 and 1984, outlines current therapy, and emphasizes newly recognized features of the disease. Evaluation of recent data for botulism demonstrates several new associations and trends. These include the occurrence of large restaurant associated outbreaks, several newly identified vehicles for foodborne botulism, wound botulism in parenteral drug abusers, and botulism from an unknown source in patients with underlying gastrointestinal disease. Recognition of these unusual features can lead to more effective preventive measures and to early diagnosis, which is essential for effective treatment. PMID- 3766513 TI - Incidence of congenital rubella syndrome in Japan (1965-1985). A nationwide survey of the number of deaf children with history of maternal rubella attending special schools for the deaf in Japan. AB - Accurate congenital rubella syndrome surveillance in Japan is of great interest because of the hypothesis that the Japanese rubella virus was less virulent than the strains prevalent in Europe and the Americas 20 years ago. A nationwide survey of deaf children with a history of maternal rubella in special schools for the deaf in Japan yielded a total of 365 deaf school children with congenital rubella syndrome born between 1963 and 1982. The overall average prevalence was 0.31 case per 100,000 population, and the incidence was 0.1-6.1 cases per 100,000 annual live births in Japan. If one considers the decrease in the number of deaf children attending special schools for the deaf because of the recent adoption of the policy of integrating deaf children into ordinary schools, the number of cases of congenital rubella syndrome might actually be much greater than that revealed by this survey and much greater than the 88 cases previously reported in Japan. Among the 365 cases who had deafness, 8.2% were found to have cataract (with and without congenital heart disease), and 11.0% were found to be complicated by congenital heart disease (but without cataract). PMID- 3766514 TI - Errors in reported dietary intakes. I. Short-term recall. AB - Measures for quantifying reproducibility and between-subject variability of nutrient intake data are applied to intakes reported in two interviews (1-3 months apart) by 44 male and 17 female healthy white subjects aged 45-75 years. Intakes were assessed by three methods: a dietary history that included consumption frequency and serving size for 71 food items (dietary history method); a combination of individual consumption frequencies with sex-specific mean serving sizes (frequency method); an extrapolation from frequencies and serving sizes of all foods reported for a "typical day" in the specified time period (typical day method). Intake variation within subjects, between subjects, and between methods was assessed by analysis of variance for each sex and for each of the nutrients: total calories, protein, fat, vitamin A, and protein and fat as percentage of total calories. Dietary history-assessed intakes exceeded those assessed by the other two methods. The dietary history versus frequency excess was greater than the dietary history versus typical day excess for calories, fat, and protein, while the reverse was true for vitamin A and fat as percentage of total calories. The typical day method was unreliable for vitamin A because it occasionally produced extremely high, unreproducible intakes. The intraclass correlation coefficient was used to measure a method's ability to distinguish interpersonal variation from within-person error. The frequency method produced less within-person error than did the dietary history method for all nutrients. For absolute intakes, the frequency method produced less interpersonal variation than did the dietary history method, while for relative intakes, the reverse was true. Females reported intakes with less within-person error than did males, and the interpersonal spread of their intakes was smaller. Consequences of these findings for the power and sensitivity of studies on the role of dietary factors in the etiology of chronic disease are explored. PMID- 3766515 TI - Power calculation in matched case-referent studies. Application and accuracy of the asymptotic power function. AB - Although the asymptotic power function for matched case-referent (case-control) studies has been given, it is not widely applied. One reason for this is that the parameters in the power function do not correspond directly to the usual description of the research situation. When designing a matched case-referent study, the potentially available relevant information concerns the joint distribution of the determinant and matching variate, and the illness rate in relation to those factors, in the study base. Application of the asymptotic power function using these inputs is described. The asymptotic power function is then assessed by use of the Monte Carlo method and is found to be accurate. An example of the application of the asymptotic power function is given. PMID- 3766516 TI - Epidemiologic programs for computers and calculators. Decision-tree analysis using a microcomputer. AB - Decision analysis using decision trees enables the medical decision maker to simplify and solve complex problems. The technique, however, becomes cumbersome when the decision maker attempts to perform sensitivity analysis on the problem. This paper describes a computer program, written in PASCAL, to construct, modify, and perform deterministic and stochastic simulations and risk analysis on a hypothetical, decision-analysis problem. The deterministic version can be run on microcomputers with CP/M, PC-DOS, or MS-DOS operating systems, and the deterministic/stochastic version requires a PC-DOS or MS-DOS operating system. PMID- 3766517 TI - Drug use and interpersonal violence. Barbiturates detected in homicide victims. AB - To characterize patterns of barbiturate use in homicide victims, we used data from the Los Angeles City Police Department and the Medical Examiner-Coroner's Office to study 4,950 victims of criminal homicide committed in that city in 1970 1979. Barbiturates were detected in 323 (7.9 per cent) of the 4,063 victims who were tested. Detectable levels were present most often in black victims (10.4 per cent), in equal proportions of Anglos and Hispanics (6 per cent), and least often among victims in other race-ethnic groups (4.1 per cent). Among specific subgroups, barbiturate use was greatest in black female victims (15.1 per cent). The detection of barbiturates more commonly among certain subgroups and in specific types of homicidal encounters suggests that barbiturate use may be linked to specific behaviors that precede homicide. PMID- 3766518 TI - Why does hysterectomy without bilateral oophorectomy influence the subsequent incidence of ovarian cancer? PMID- 3766519 TI - Validity of food consumption histories in a foodborne outbreak investigation. PMID- 3766520 TI - Re: "The relationship between blood lead levels and blood pressure and its cardiovascular risk implications". PMID- 3766521 TI - Re: "Alcohol consumption and blood pressure". PMID- 3766522 TI - Serum bactericidal and opsonic activities in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and multiple myeloma. AB - Susceptibility to infection is widely recognized as the major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with CLL and MM. The present study was designed to investigate the serum bactericidal (SBA) and serum opsonic activities (SOA) in 12 CLL and 12 MM patients, and results were compared to 20 normals. SBA and SOA were measured by a new radiometric assay. SBA was found to be normal in 11 patients with CLL and in all 12 patients with MM. In contrast, SOA was significantly lower in 11 out of 12 patients with CLL. Ten of twelve patients with MM also had significantly lower SOA compared to those of controls. No correlation was detected between the serum immunoglobulin and complement levels of the patients or between the degree of the opsonic defect and the incidence of infection. In mixture experiments, untreated normal serum partially corrected the opsonic activity of CLL and MM serum. The results suggest the presence of a possible inhibitor in the serum of patients with two well-known B-lymphocyte-derived disorders. PMID- 3766523 TI - Pyruvate kinase deficiency in dog and human erythrocytes: effects of energy depletion on cation composition and cellular hydration. AB - Pyruvate kinase-(PK) deficient human reticulocytes incubated 4 hr under conditions where mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is inhibited become ATP depleted. Concomitantly, these energy-depleted red blood cells (RBC) lose massive amounts of potassium and water. PK-deficient reticulocyte-rich RBC from a Basenji dog, incubated under the same conditions, also manifest ATP-depletion and K-loss. In contrast to the cation changes in human cells, however, K-loss in PK-deficient dog reticulocyte-rich RBC is balanced by an equivalent Na gain, and consequently these canine erythrocytes do not undergo any change in cellular hydration. Potassium depletion and dehydration, which may be related to membrane injury in human RBC, do not appear to be involved in the hemolysis of PK-deficient dog erythrocytes. PMID- 3766524 TI - Increased fibrinolytic activity in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass operation. AB - The influence of cardiopulmonary bypass on fibrinolytic activity was assessed by a sensitive clot lysis assay in eight patients undergoing coronary artery bypass operations. Fibrinolytic activity increased immediately after cardiopulmonary bypass was begun and remained elevated throughout the period of extracorporeal circulation. At the conclusion of the operative procedure, fibrinolytic activity returned to the normal range in all patients, and no subject had postoperative bleeding. PMID- 3766525 TI - Organ distribution and fate of human platelets: studies of asplenic and splenomegalic patients. AB - Little is known about the organ distribution and fate of human platelets. We investigated the kinetics, organ distribution, and fate of autologous 111In-oxine labeled platelets in 12 normal volunteers, four asplenic subjects, and four patients with splenomegaly. The initial recovery of infused 111In-platelets from the circulation was 97.8 +/- 9.8% (means +/- SD) for asplenic subjects and 26.3 +/- 5.9% for splenomegalic patients as compared to 59.2 +/- 9.3% for normal controls. The mean platelet survival times as derived from the multiple-hit model were 9.2 +/- 1.0 days for asplenics and 6.2 +/- 0.6 days for splenomegalic subjects (8.4 +/- 0.8 days for normals). At 30 min postinfusion, 79.4 +/- 19.2% of the infused 111In-platelets pooled in the spleen of splenomegalic subjects and 42.7 +/- 12.2% in normal controls. There was 7.1 +/- 2.0, 12.6 +/- 3.7, and 29.3 +/- 8.4% pooling in the liver of splenomegalic, normal, and asplenic subjects, respectively. At 10 days postinfusion, 37 and 24% of the 111In-platelets were sequestered in the spleen and liver of normal control subjects, respectively. Similar figures for splenomegalic subjects were 71 and 14%, respectively. In asplenic subjects, 89% was sequestered in the liver. We conclude that spleen and liver are the primary sites of platelet destruction, accounting for 61% of infused 111In-platelets in normal volunteers and 85% in splenomegalics, while the liver is the primary site of platelet destruction, accounting for 89% in asplenic subjects. PMID- 3766526 TI - Eosinophilic fibrohistiocytic lesion of bone marrow associated with monoclonal gammopathy and osteolytic lesions. AB - We describe a 63-year-old male patient with severe osteoporosis, multiple lytic bone lesions, and monoclonal gammopathy (IgG lambda). Whereas the tentative diagnosis in this case was multiple myeloma, bone marrow trephine biopsies of the iliac crest and from an osteolytic lesion of the tibia both showed a peculiar infiltrate consisting of numerous elongated mast cells, eosinophils, and some plasma cells and lymphocytes. The bone marrow lesions fit the diagnosis of eosinophilic fibrohistiocytic lesion of bone marrow (EFHBM). The patient had no abnormality that could be related to a known allergic disease, and no relationship to drug hypersensitivity could be established. The features of the bone marrow infiltrate and its association with monoclonal gammopathy may suggest a linkage between EFHBM and the monoclonal gammopathy. PMID- 3766527 TI - The mechanisms of sulfonylurea-induced immune hemolysis: case report and review of the literature. AB - Chlorpropamide, a sulfonylurea antidiabetic drug, was found to be the etiologic agent in a patient with immune hemolytic anemia. Hemolysis was severe, and ceased promptly when the drug was discontinued. The direct antiglobulin test was positive for complement, and the indirect antiglobulin test was also positive when the drug, patient serum, and fresh serum complement were all present. In this patient, and in four other patients described in the literature, hemolysis was mediated by the immune complex mechanism. In reports of two other patients taking a sulfonylurea drug, a milder form of hemolysis was mediated by the hapten mechanism. Sulfonylurea drugs are widely used. Since immune complex-mediated hemolysis in these patients is dramatic, it is not likely to be missed. However, the slower, milder hemolysis mediated by the hapten mechanism may be more common than is realized. Such patients may have only mild anemia and a near-normal reticulocyte count, making the diagnosis difficult. It is thus important to consider drug-immune hemolysis in patients who become anemic while taking sulfonylurea drugs. PMID- 3766528 TI - Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (M7 subtype) with erythrocytic internalization. AB - A case of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia of megakaryocytic lineage or M7 with a conspicuous phenomenon of erythrocytic internalization present in nearly 3% of the leukemic megakaryocytic precursors (LMP) is reported. The phagocytosis was detected at light microscopy and ultrastructural levels. The erythrocyte might have reached the interior of the LMP through cytoplasmic vacuoles that are connected with the extracellular space and that can be considered rudimentary equivalents of the demarcation membrane system (DMS). Erythrocytic internalization is not a specific feature of the mononuclear phagocytic system and can be misleading in the classification of undifferentiated blast cells. PMID- 3766529 TI - Trends in the incidence of treated end-stage renal disease secondary to diabetic nephropathy: 1975-1984. AB - A study of the incidence of treated end-stage renal disease (ESRD) secondary to diabetic nephropathy (DN) in Missouri from 1975 to 1984 documented a relative risk of treated ESRD due to DN 3.7 times higher for blacks than whites. Between 1980 and 1984, the incidence rate for treated ESRD due to DN increased by 150% for white patients and 315% for black patients. Blacks over age 50 have incidence rates of treated ESRD due to DN 4.9 times their white counterparts. Black females have the highest rate of all race/sex groups with DN. The escalating high risk of older blacks for treated ESRD due to DN mandates the development of effective community based identification and referral efforts. PMID- 3766530 TI - Short-term prognosis of severe proliferative lupus nephritis. AB - The prognosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is considerably worse when accompanied by renal involvement. In order to study the outcome within a year of histologic diagnosis of severe lupus nephritis, we obtained data on 25 patients from nine participating centers. All these patients fulfilled clearly defined histologic criteria of severe lupus nephritis, thus enabling us to evaluate a homogeneous group of patients. During a mean follow-up period of 9.4 months, there appeared to be an equal probability that the renal function would improve, remain stable, or worsen as assessed by changes in serum creatinine concentration. One patient died and another patient reached end-stage renal disease (ESRD), a combined crude mortality plus ESRD rate of 8% for 9.4 months. As both these patients had serum creatinine values of less than 2 mg/dL at the time of diagnosis of severe lupus nephritis, it appears that normal or mildly impaired renal function at the time of diagnosis does not ensure benign outcome. These features should be considered when new studies on SLE nephritis are planned or any new therapeutic modality is evaluated. PMID- 3766531 TI - The amount of sodium removed by hemodialysis. AB - The amount of sodium removed by hemodialysis was estimated, without using radioisotopes, as the change in total osmotically active cations, which is the product of the serum sodium concentration and urea-space. The extracellular and total body fluid volumes were measured using 35SO4 and 3H2O, respectively, in five stable hemodialysis patients under four different conditions. Urea-space determined, based on urea kinetics, was consistent with total body fluid volume measured by 3H2O. The amount of sodium removal, estimated as the change in the product of the serum (Na+) and urea-space, was equal to the change in the sodium content, which is the product of the serum (Na+) and extracellular fluid volume measured by 35SO4. Sodium removal may be divided into two components, diffusion and ultrafiltration. PMID- 3766532 TI - Persistence of Candida despite seemingly adequate systemic and intraperitoneal amphotericin B treatment in a patient on CAPD. AB - A case of Candida peritonitis in a patient on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is presented. Despite 2 weeks of intravenous and 4 weeks of intraperitoneal amphotericin B, good clinical response, and repeatedly negative fungal cultures from the peritoneal dialysate, her Tenckhoff catheter upon removal grew the same Candida species. This case emphasizes the point that Candida may persist on the catheter despite seemingly adequate antifungal treatment and good clinical and microbiologic response. PMID- 3766533 TI - Membranous glomerulonephritis and Landry-Guillain-Barre syndrome. AB - Two cases of idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis associated with acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (Landry-Guillian-Barre syndrome) are described. In both of the patients, the onset of the nephrotic syndrome coincided with the development of severe ascending sensorimotor neuropathy. Although this association has previously been reported in four other isolated cases, it is not generally recognized by nephrologists and may be of significance in the future understanding of the immunopathogenesis of both diseases. PMID- 3766534 TI - Suppurative bacterial pyelonephritis as a cause of acute renal failure. AB - Acute oliguric renal failure associated with bacterial pyelonephritis is a rarely recognized clinical entity. We report a woman with an ectopic pregnancy who developed acute renal failure requiring dialytic support. The renal biopsy revealed focal microabscess formation and leukocyte interstitial infiltration compatible with suppurative pyelonephritis. Although her renal function improved gradually with antimicrobial treatment, the process was incomplete and renal dysfunction persisted at a 10-week follow-up, suggesting permanent renal damage. PMID- 3766536 TI - An unsuspected cause for metabolic acidosis in chronic renal failure: sorbent system hemodialysis. PMID- 3766535 TI - Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, type II and partial lipodystrophy in an adult. AB - Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, type II is commonly seen in patients with the rare disorder, partial lipodystrophy. This disease complex, although usually seen in the pediatric or young adult age group, should be considered in older patients with characteristic loss of facial fat and signs and symptoms of nephritis. A case of partial lipodystrophy with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, type II in an older patient demonstrates the characteristic ultrastructural renal findings. PMID- 3766537 TI - Re: Twin and triplet glomeruli. PMID- 3766538 TI - Genetic variants detected among 106 lymphocyte polypeptides observed in two dimensional gels. AB - Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 40 children have been examined for genetic variation in their protein constituents by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. One hundred six polypeptides chosen without respect to genetic variability were scored in gels from the 40 children. For each child, gels from both parents were also examined to substantiate the genetic basis of variants observed. Of the total of 4,240 polypeptides, 23 could not be scored unambiguously. Fourteen of the polypeptides showed genetic variants in one or more of the children. One hundred twenty-nine of 4,217 polypeptides scored exhibited the combination of a normal and a variant polypeptide. All variants were present in at least one of the parents of the subject. The index of heterozygosity observed (3.05% +/- .23%) indicates substantial genetic variation in cellular protein constituents. PMID- 3766539 TI - The effect of proband designation on segregation analysis. AB - In many family studies, it is often difficult to know exactly how the families were ascertained. Even if known, the circumstances under which the families came to the attention of the study may violate the assumptions of classical ascertainment bias correction. The purpose of this work was to investigate the effect on segregation analysis of violations of the assumptions of the classical ascertainment model. We simulated family data generated under a simple recessive model of inheritance. We then ascertained families under different "scenarios." These scenarios were designed to simulate actual conditions under which families come to the attention of-and then interact with-a clinic or genetic study. We show that how one designates probands, which one must do under the classical ascertainment model, can influence parameter estimation and hypothesis testing. We demonstrate that, in some cases, there may be no "correct" way to designate probands. Further, we show that interactions within the family, the conditions under which the genetic study must function, and even social influences can have a profound effect on segregation analysis. We also propose a method for dealing with the ascertainment problem that is applicable to almost any study situation. PMID- 3766541 TI - Globin genes in Polynesians have many rearrangements including a recently described gamma gamma gamma gamma/. AB - Rearrangements involving genes of the alpha- and beta-globin loci were frequently detected in DNA from Polynesians. A founder effect and genetic drift occurring 2,000-3,000 years ago as Polynesians migrated eastward across the Pacific is proposed as the likely mechanism for these genetic changes that include deletions or additions of alpha-, gamma-, and zeta-globin genes and an unusual restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) associated with the zeta gene. Preliminary data show different frequencies for gene rearrangements between island groups. Further study of these differences should provide additional information on the prehistory of Polynesians. PMID- 3766540 TI - Contrasting evolutionary histories among tightly linked HLA loci. AB - Genes comprising the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) play a central role in governing the immune response of vertebrates. A great deal of information has been revealed on the molecular biology and physiology of these loci, but three features-the high polymorphism, tight linkage among the loci, and the nonrandom association of alleles-make the system of particular interest from the perspective of population genetics. Information on the dynamic evolutionary forces that have acted on a locus can be inferred from the number and distribution of alleles that it carries. Ten loci from the HLA region of the human MHC, each sampled from several different populations, have been examined for departures from the expected value of homozygosity under the condition of selective neutrality. The homozygosities of five class I and II loci that code for membrane glycoproteins, HLA-A, -B, -C, -DR, and -DQ, and of glyoxylase I (GLO) were significantly less than the neutrality expectations. This suggests the presence of some form of balancing selection. In spite of being closely linked, in fact, located between the class I and class II histocompatibility loci, the homozygosities of the four class III or complement loci C2, Bf, C4A, and C4B, which are detected by electrophoresis, were indistinguishable from, or exceeded, that expected under neutrality. Although this conforms to the suggestion that, in general, electrophoretic variants are neutral, because of the tight linkage to loci demonstrating a history of selection, it is possible that the mechanism for generating variation in the class III loci may be different from that of the class I and class II loci. PMID- 3766542 TI - Failure of lysosomal release of vitamin B12: a new complementation group causing methylmalonic aciduria (cblF). AB - A patient has been described with methylmalonic aciduria because of an inability to release free vitamin B12 from lysosomes. Complementation analysis was performed using fibroblasts from this patient and those from patients having previously described mutations causing methylmalonic aciduria (mut, cblA, cblB, cblC, and cblD). Incorporation of label from [1-14C]propionate into acid precipitable material was elevated in heterokaryons formed by polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment of mixed cultures of cells from the patient and all other complementation groups as compared to the incorporation in parallel cultures not treated with PEG. These results indicate that complementation occurred in all cases and support the assignment of the patient to a new complementation group that has been designated cblF. PMID- 3766543 TI - Family study on the polymorphisms of the sixth and seventh components (C6 and C7) of human complement: linkage and haplotype analyses. AB - Genetic polymorphisms of the sixth and seventh complement components (C6 and C7) have been studied in Japanese family material using polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing followed by immunoblotting. Three common and four rare alleles were observed at the locus for C6. Inheritance of the two rare C6 variants, M11 and B3, was first confirmed. Three common C7 allotypes were classified as C7 1, C7 2, and C7 4, respectively. Linkage analysis confirmed the close linkage between the loci for C6 and C7. The maximum lod score was 8.43 at phi = 0 (95% confidence limits: phi = 0 and phi = .07). No significant linkage disequilibrium was found between C6 and C7 in directly determined haplotypes of unrelated parents. PMID- 3766544 TI - Marital mores as a mechanism for the maintenance of ethnic variations of lethal gene frequencies. AB - A computer simulation model was developed to study the effects of various marital mores on the incidence of lethal autosomal recessive genes in populations that are subdivided into small isolates. The problem was studied in isolates where initial generation size was 30, 40, and 50 individuals. In each of these, the mean fertility rate was varied from 2.3 to 2.7 surviving (to adulthood) children per couple whose marriage had been contracted in accordance with the prevailing convention: marriage between first cousins and siblings prohibited; marriage between siblings prohibited; marriage allowed between any individuals; marriage prohibited between siblings but encouraged between cousins; and marriage encouraged between siblings. In all cases, the mean gene frequency in generation 20 was lower than that predicted by the deterministic model with random mating in an unsubdivided population of infinite size, due to gene loss through random drift (to zero) in many of the isolates. The mores that encouraged consanguineous marriages had the lowest final lethal-gene frequencies. Random mating produced intermediate values, and the restrictive mores, the highest final frequencies. The deterministic model (assuming infinite population size and random mating) predictions of the final gene frequency were exceeded only if there was reproductive compensation. It is concluded that restrictive marital mores significantly reduce the selective pressures on lethal recessive genes in small isolates, but that this is counteracted by the increased rate of gene loss through random drift. PMID- 3766545 TI - No fallacies in the formulation of the paternity index. AB - In a recent publication, Li and Chakravarti claim to have shown that the paternity index is not a likelihood ratio. They present a method of estimating the prior probability of paternity from a sample of previous court cases on the basis of exclusions and nonexclusions. They propose calculating the posterior probability on the basis of this estimated prior and the test result expressed as exclusion/nonexclusion. Their claim is wrong--the paternity index is a likelihood ratio, that is, the ratio of the likelihood of the observation conditional on the two mutually exclusive hypotheses. Their proposed method of estimating the prior has been long known, has been applied to several samples, and is inferior (in terms of variance of the estimate) to maximum likelihood estimation based on all the phenotypic information available. Their proposed "new method" of calculating a posterior probability is based on the use of a less informative likelihood ratio 1/(1-PE) instead of Gurtler's fully informative paternity index X/Y (Acta Med Leg Soc Liege 9:83-93, 1956), but is otherwise identical to the Bayesian approach originally introduced by Essen-Moller in 1938. PMID- 3766547 TI - Dizygotic twinning, cycle day of insemination, and erotic potential of Orthodox Jews. PMID- 3766546 TI - Genetic analysis of Kawasaki syndrome. PMID- 3766548 TI - Health effects of organic dusts in the farm environment. Proceedings of an international workshop. Skokloster, Sweden, April 23-25, 1985. PMID- 3766549 TI - Lung diseases caused by organic dusts in the farm environment. AB - Organic dusts present in the farm environment may cause a series of lung cell reactions involving inflammation and immune responses. Clinical diseases related to this exposure and based on the inflammation may be divided into acute and chronic inflammation. These can be accompanied by airway hypersensitivity. Individual clinical cases often present atypical or mixed symptoms that must be recognized as a work-related disease. PMID- 3766550 TI - Prevention of dust exposure. AB - Dust exposure on farms can be prevented by changes in work practices and by informing and educating farmers. Ventilation control during handling and prevention of growth of microbes are feasible measures and could be included in regulation schemes. Apart from information on existing work practices, an increased awareness of new technology is necessary. PMID- 3766551 TI - Prevention of respiratory problems in agriculture. AB - Reductions in lung disease are accomplished by reducing the exposure to organic dusts or by early detection of the disease. Education on exposure risks and control of equipment are important to lessen exposure. Health controls by specialized organizations or trained physicians serve to detect persons at risk. PMID- 3766552 TI - Health effects of organic dusts in the farm environment. Report on agents. AB - Recommendations were formulated on sampling strategies and characteristics of different sampling methods. Microbiological products, such as endotoxins and proteases were suggested to be included apart from traditional dust measurements. It was recommended that priority should be given to establishing dose-response relationships and that the importance of anaerobic organisms be evaluated. A summary of components within organic dust suspected of contributing to respiratory disease was presented. PMID- 3766553 TI - Health effects of organic dusts in the farm environment. Report on diseases. AB - Specific diseases associated with the agricultural environment were identified as allergic rhinitis and asthma, pneumonitis/alveolitis, the organic dust toxic syndrome and bronchitis. Diagnostic criteria were formulated and current research techniques, in terms of epidemiological studies were outlined. The workgroup summarized a priority for epidemiological studies to evaluate the incidence of the different diseases as well as the identification of predisposing host and environmental factors. PMID- 3766554 TI - Health effects of organic dusts in the farm environment. Report on prevention and control. AB - Means for reduction of dust control were summarized and priorities assigned to education and engineering control of farm equipment in the work on prevention. Personal protection equipment was reviewed and positive pressure respiratory helmets suggested for more extended use. A fuller characterization of exposure agents, such as peak levels and measurement of different particle sizes was recommended. For medical prevention, priorities should be given to establishment of health care delivery organizations, particularly for farmers, and to specific prevention measures which were discussed in connection with each disease entity. Recommendations for further research include development of new measuring techniques, assessments of new equipment and work practices, and establishment of additional information on dose-response relationships and etiologic agents causing lung disease. PMID- 3766555 TI - Respiratory symptoms, lung function, and IgG4 levels against pig antigens in a sample of Dutch pig farmers. PMID- 3766556 TI - Environmental and health studies in swine confinement buildings. PMID- 3766557 TI - Characterization of dusts collected from swine confinement buildings. PMID- 3766558 TI - Microbial hazards in plants processing grain and herbs. PMID- 3766559 TI - The prevalence of chronic bronchitis in agricultural workers of Slavonia. PMID- 3766560 TI - The causes, detection, and control of respiratory dust diseases of farm workers in Northern Scotland. PMID- 3766561 TI - Exposure to cytotoxic agents because of inadequate shipping containers. PMID- 3766562 TI - Prolonged complementary chromatopsia: computerization "in the pink". PMID- 3766563 TI - Cost avoidance through use of desmopressin. PMID- 3766565 TI - Restoring patency to occluded venous access ports--syringe and needle size. PMID- 3766564 TI - Clinical pharmacy as a specialty. PMID- 3766566 TI - No more overfill in cefuroxime sodium vials. PMID- 3766567 TI - Progressive leadership. PMID- 3766568 TI - Impact of decentralized pharmacokinetics consultation service. AB - The effects of pharmacokinetics consultation by a pharmacist on the quality of drug therapy were studied in a 500-bed teaching hospital. Data were collected retrospectively for three time periods: three months before, four months during, and three months after a period of intervention by a pharmacist with special responsibilities for pharmacokinetic monitoring of patients on a medical team. For the four-month intervention period, data were also collected for a parallel group of patients managed by another medical team that included pharmacy residents and students. Patients were included in the study if they had received either an aminoglycoside or a theophylline preparation. The preintervention, postintervention, and parallel groups were random samples of patients on the study ward, and the intervention group included all patients admitted to the pharmacist intervener's medical team who had received a drug covered by the study. Of serum drug concentration determinations (SDCDs) in the pharmacist intervention phase, 54% were appropriate, compared with 16% before intervention, 21% in the postintervention phase, and 46% in the patients of the other medical team. In the pharmacist intervention group, greater numbers of SDCDs were obtained appropriately and used appropriately in making therapeutic decisions, as evidenced by more subsequent measurements in the therapeutic range. Pharmacist intervention did not affect the number of adverse drug reactions or medical specialty consultations or the average length of stay. Decentralized pharmacokinetics services can have a positive effect on the quality of serum drug concentration determinations, dosage adjustments, and drug therapy. PMID- 3766569 TI - Assuring the quality of a clinical pharmacokinetics service. AB - A quality assurance program for a clinical pharmacokinetics service that meets current Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals (JCAH) requirements for quality assurance is described. The clinical pharmacokinetics service is provided by pharmacists who have been certified through a staff development program. The clinical pharmacokinetics quality assurance program is part of the department's overall quality assurance program. Information from records maintained by pharmacists who are involved in the pharmacokinetics service is reviewed monthly and compared with 14 criteria that were approved by the pharmacy and therapeutics committee. Results of the monthly audits are summarized in a trend report; these results are communicated to the pharmacists involved, and any necessary corrective actions are taken. The program has led to more appropriate selection of target peak and trough serum drug concentrations, improved documentation of patient data, and better monitoring of each patient's renal function. Physician use of the service has increased as the quality of the service has improved. The quality assurance program has provided mechanisms for monitoring the quality of patient-care services and satisfying current JCAH requirements. PMID- 3766570 TI - Computer program for comparing total costs of intravenous antibiotic regimens. AB - A computer program for estimating and comparing the costs of intravenous antibiotic therapy is described, and a cost comparison of two antibiotic regimens using the program is demonstrated. Data unique to each antibiotic (e.g., dosage regimen, duration of therapy, need for pharmacokinetic monitoring, and acquisition cost per dose) are entered into the first part of the program (ABDATA) and combined with preprogrammed hospital-specific data, such as personnel and material costs, to produce an itemized list of the total cost of therapy. With the second part of the computer program (ABCOMP), antibiotic regimen costs that have been entered into ABDATA can be compared. Cost comparisons are made with the assumption that the antibiotic regimens have similar efficacy and toxicity. A sample cost comparison was performed using data from a recent study comparing the use of ceftazidime or tobramycin-ticarcillin therapy in the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia and bacteremia. The computer generated cost comparison showed that although the unit cost of ceftazidime was more than the combined unit cost of tobramycin and ticarcillin, the total cost of a 10-day course of therapy with ceftazidime (which included personnel and material costs) was less than the cost of therapy with a combination of tobramycin and ticarcillin. A computer program that incorporates hospital specific personnel and material costs with unit drug costs can be used to facilitate comparisons of the overall cost of intravenous antibiotic regimens. PMID- 3766571 TI - Cost savings achieved through cephalosporin use review and restriction. AB - Attempts to control costs associated with antimicrobial therapy and surgical prophylaxis with injectable cephalosporins in a 335-bed, acute-care, county teaching hospital are described. An ABC analysis of our pharmacy inventory revealed that 11.8% of the annual pharmaceutical budget was represented by cefamandole and that this agent was used primarily for surgical prophylaxis. Initial attempts to replace cefamandole with cefuroxime met with unexpected resistance from the department of surgery and were unsuccessful. A cost analysis revealed that annual savings in supply and personnel costs of $115,819 could be realized if cefazolin were substituted for cefamandole. Substitution of cefazolin resulted in an additional cost savings of $40,000 above our original proposal involving cefuroxime. Persistent efforts of the department of pharmacy aided the effective implementation of this alteration in cephalosporin prescribing practices. PMID- 3766572 TI - Pharmacist interventions to improve prescribing of vancomycin and tobramycin. AB - The effect of clinical pharmacist interventions that promoted the use of nafcillin rather than vancomycin and of gentamicin rather than tobramycin, when appropriate, was evaluated. Physician information sheets and criteria describing appropriate use of the target drugs vancomycin and tobramycin were developed by a clinical pharmacist and infectious disease physicians. When drugs were prescribed for indications that did not meet the established criteria, the clinical pharmacist either contacted the prescribing physician or left the sheet in the patient's chart if the physician was not available. The average use of the target drugs and their alternatives was evaluated monthly during two six-month study periods and compared with the average use of these drugs during a three-month period before the target-drug programs were initiated. Throughout the 12-month study, on a per-patient basis, nafcillin use increased 31% while vancomycin use decreased 27% compared with the reference period; gentamicin use increased 21% while tobramycin use decreased 12% during the same period. These changes in use resulted in a net decrease in drug expenditures of $161,396. Approximately 0.5 full-time equivalent was spent on the program, and the return on investment for the service was greater than 10 to 1. Clinical pharmacist interventions through target-drug programs were effective in improving the appropriateness of vancomycin and tobramycin prescribing based on literature-derived criteria. The effects achieved by these interventions may decrease with time, and ongoing drug use monitoring and physician education are necessary. PMID- 3766573 TI - Program coordinated by a drug information service to improve adverse drug reaction reporting in a hospital. AB - A program coordinated by a drug information service to improve adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting in a hospital is described. At a 520-bed teaching hospital, the drug information service was asked to design a new adverse drug reaction reporting system that would encourage clinicians to report ADRs. A new system was implemented on a general medical unit: A physician, pharmacist, or nurse telephoned the drug information service when an adverse drug reaction was suspected, and drug information personnel followed up on the report, completing all subsequent investigation and documentation. A standard algorithm was used to evaluate causality of the reported reactions. Pertinent data were entered on a form and retained in the drug information service. The primary physician's approval was obtained before a reaction could be reported on an FDA drug experience form. Drug information service personnel reviewed the ADR data monthly to detect any trends that clinicians should be aware of and to prepare a report for the pharmacy and therapeutics committee. Nurses, physicians, and pharmacy personnel were oriented to the new system before its implementation and were subsequently informed about reported ADRs and use of the system through newsletters and meetings. In the initial three-month period, 23 ADRs involving 19 drugs were reported from the medical unit; in a six-month period before development of the new system, no ADRs had been reported. This ADR reporting system developed and implemented by the drug information service was effective in improving reporting of adverse drug reactions. PMID- 3766574 TI - Effect of pretreatment with 0.9% sodium chloride or insulin solutions on the delivery of insulin from an infusion system. AB - The effect of pretreating a polyvinyl chloride i.v. administration system with sodium chloride or insulin solution on the delivery of insulin was studied. Insulin labeled with iodine 125 was added to human insulin, which was added to 0.9% sodium chloride injection packaged in flexible polyvinyl chloride containers and to 0.9% sodium chloride injection placed in empty ethylene vinyl acetate containers. Samples were tested for insulin content by gamma spectrometry after storage in the bags and after infusion through four different polyvinyl chloride administration sets at different flow rates. Effluent samples were collected at 10 times (6-50 minutes) after the start of the infusion. The 0.9% sodium chloride injection had a conditioning effect on the polyvinyl chloride administration sets, indicating an electrostatic sorption mechanism for insulin. Sorption to the untreated polyvinyl chloride sets and the ethylene vinyl acetate bags was substantial and followed a Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Insulin sorption to the untreated administration sets was greatest from the first 100 mL of effluent and did not differ by flow rate or type of set investigated. Storing the sodium chloride injection in the tubing for one hour or flushing the tubing with 100 mL of sodium chloride injection or 100 mL of the insulin admixture decreased sorption by half. Storing the insulin admixture in the tubing for 30 minutes caused sorption to be reduced by a factor of three. When either of the solutions was stored in the set and then the set was flushed with the solution, sorption was even further suppressed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3766575 TI - Effect of procaine on the pH of buffered and unbuffered cardioplegic solutions. AB - Changes in pH values were studied in two types of cardioplegic admixtures containing procaine 0.95 meq/L: an institutional formulation based on Ringer's injection and buffered with tromethamine injection 3.6%, and Plegisol (Abbott Laboratories) buffered with sodium bicarbonate injection 8.4%. Initial pH was measured in the buffered and unbuffered solutions before the addition of procaine and after the addition of 13 mL of procaine hydrochloride injection 2% or 260 mg of procaine hydrochloride powder (reference standard). Buffered 1-L admixtures containing procaine hydrochloride injection were stored (the institutional formulations in glass and the Plegisol admixtures in flexible plastic bags) at 3 5 degrees C or 25 degrees C. Plegisol admixtures were prepared with 10 mL (10 meq or 840 mg) of buffer as directed by the manufacturer or with 3 mL (3 meq) of buffer. Admixture pH was tested after various time intervals. Of the unbuffered solutions containing procaine, pH values were lower in Plegisol than in the institutional formulation. Of the procaine-containing buffered Plegisol solutions, only the admixture containing 3.0 mL of buffer and procaine prepared from powder had an initial pH in the acceptable range of 7.30-7.60. In all the stored solutions, pH changed rapidly; solution pH changed less under refrigeration. In the stored institutional admixtures, pH was acceptable for 96 hours at 3-5 degrees C and 24 hours at 25 degrees C. In the stored Plegisol admixtures to which 10 mL of buffer was added, pH was greater than 7.6 initially and continued to increase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3766576 TI - Stability of milrinone in 0.45% sodium chloride, 0.9% sodium chloride, or 5% dextrose injections. AB - The stability of milrinone in 0.45% and 0.9% sodium chloride injections and in 5% dextrose injection in glass and plastic containers was studied. Admixtures containing milrinone 0.2 mg/mL were prepared in three 500-mL glass containers, three 500-mL polyethylpolypropyl copolymer plastic containers, and three 1-L flexible plastic containers of each solution. Milrinone content was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography at intervals during 72 hours of storage at room temperature; one sample of each solution and container type was protected from light. Duplicate assays of each sample were performed, and samples were observed for visual and pH changes. In all samples milrinone concentrations were more than 97% of the initial concentration. No changes in pH or appearance occurred. Milrinone at a concentration of 0.2 mg/mL is stable for 72 hours at room temperature in 0.45% and 0.9% sodium chloride injections and in 5% dextrose injection in glass or plastic containers. PMID- 3766577 TI - Interaction of aztreonam with nafcillin in intravenous admixtures. AB - An interaction between aztreonam and nafcillin sodium in 0.9% sodium chloride injection or 5% dextrose injection stored in glass or plastic containers is reported. During preliminary experiments, admixtures of aztreonam 10 or 20 mg/mL and nafcillin sodium 10 or 20 mg/mL in 0.9% sodium chloride injection or 5% dextrose injection prepared in glass flasks became cloudy and showed evidence of a fine precipitate. Drug concentrations were measured with a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay. Admixtures of aztreonam 20 mg/mL and nafcillin sodium 20 mg/mL in 5% dextrose injection or 0.9% sodium chloride injection were prepared in polyvinyl chloride bags and stored at room temperature (23-25 degrees C) for 48 hours. The admixtures were assayed at 0, 24, and 48 hours with the same HPLC procedure used during the pretesting experiments. The precipitates were isolated, washed, and centrifuged; the supernatant was analyzed by HPLC assay, and the final residue was analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The initial recoveries of drug from the pretesting experiments ranged from 99.2 to 102.4%. Analysis of the precipitates indicated that the precipitate was neither a salt nor a complex formed by the physical interaction of aztreonam and nafcillin sodium, but probably a high-molecular weight polymer formed by the covalent bonding of subunits of the formulation components. Substantial losses of both drugs from the admixtures were evident after 48 hours of storage. The precipitate was observed sooner in the admixtures containing 0.9% sodium chloride injection than in the admixtures prepared in 5% dextrose injection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3766578 TI - Stability of 1% rifampin suspensions prepared in five syrups. AB - The stability and microbiological activity (potency) of rifampin in 1% w/v suspensions prepared extemporaneously using five syrups was studied. The contents of four 300-mg rifampin capsules (Rifadin, Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc.) were crushed and placed in amber glass bottles. The rifampin powder was combined with 120 mL of each of the following syrups: Syrup, NF; two commercially available simple syrups (Humco Laboratories and Whiteworth, Inc.), wild cherry syrup (Eli Lilly and Company), and a fruit-flavored syrup (Syrpalta). The bottles were then stored at room temperature or under refrigeration for six weeks. Portions of each suspension were removed and assayed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and a microbiological assay technique initially and after two, four, and six weeks of storage. No significant changes in rifampin concentrations were detected by either assay technique over the study period. However, an increase in the concentration of rifampin degradation products was detected by HPLC assay, especially between the fourth and sixth weeks. A 1% w/v suspension of rifampin prepared using Rifadin capsules and any of the five syrups studied is stable for four weeks at room temperature or under refrigeration. PMID- 3766579 TI - Documenting pharmacist interventions on an infectious diseases consultation service. PMID- 3766580 TI - Hospital restriction policy for newly marketed antimicrobial agents. PMID- 3766581 TI - Computer-supported medication counseling for discharged patients. PMID- 3766582 TI - Cytotoxic-spill kit and spill-control procedure. PMID- 3766583 TI - Delayed delivery of antibiotics by retrograde intravenous infusion. PMID- 3766584 TI - Accuracy of tobramycin delivery with a controller and a volumetric chamber or syringe. PMID- 3766585 TI - Altered drug infusion rates during syringe-pump infusion. PMID- 3766586 TI - Visual compatibility of ceftizoxime sodium in four electrolyte injections. PMID- 3766587 TI - Living with complexity. PMID- 3766588 TI - Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus and delta agent in parenteral drug abusers. Immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccine. AB - The seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers and antibody to the delta agent (anti-delta) was determined for 112 parenteral drug abusers entering a methadone maintenance program. Markers of HBV infection were found in 87.5 percent of the group, and seropositivity was significantly associated with duration of drug abuse (p = 0.02). Antibody to the hepatitis B core antigen (anti HBc) was present in all seropositive subjects; three (2.7 percent) were hepatitis B surface antigen-positive, and 16 (14.2 percent) had only anti-HBc. Five (10.6 percent) of 47 subjects with HBV markers had anti-delta. Anti-delta was more common in subjects who reported multiple symptomatic episodes of hepatitis (p = 0.02) and fewer than three daily drug injections (p = 0.05). Ten susceptible subjects received hepatitis B vaccine, and seroconversion rates at one, three, and six months were 20.0, 88.8, and 100 percent, respectively. The data indicate that hepatitis B vaccine is immunogenic in this population, and that anti-HBc is the optimal prevaccination screening test. Recent outbreaks of fulminant HBV and delta co-infection among drug abusers emphasize the need for early immunization in this group. PMID- 3766589 TI - Emergence of Clostridium tertium as a pathogen in neutropenic patients. AB - Although usually considered a non-pathogen, Clostridium tertium was isolated from 10 immunosuppressed patients including seven patients with bacteremia. This organism can grow aerobically and can be easily disregarded as a contaminant. It also has a somewhat unusual susceptibility pattern, with significant resistance to the penicillins, cephalosporins, and clindamycin, possibly explaining its emergence in immunocompromised patients already receiving multiple antibiotics. PMID- 3766590 TI - Enterococcal bacteremia in two large community teaching hospitals. AB - This report reviews 55 episodes of enterococcal bacteremia at two large community teaching hospitals. Fifty-eight percent of the patients were older than 60 years, and 84 percent of the patients had some underlying illness. The most common sources of bacteremia were the urinary tract (24 percent), cutaneous wound infection (11 percent), and intra-abdominal infection (11 percent). Five patients had enterococcal endocarditis. Antimicrobial therapy in the week preceding enterococcal bacteremia (42 percent) and polymicrobial bacteremia (38 percent) were common. Despite the institution of appropriate antimicrobial therapy in 75 percent of the patients (41 of 55 patients), the overall mortality rate was 44 percent. Male sex and the presence of a rapidly or ultimately fatal underlying illness were the only factors that showed a statistical tendency toward adversely influencing the mortality risk in enterococcal bacteremia. PMID- 3766591 TI - Immunologic response in an elderly population with a mean age of 85. AB - Previous studies of changes in immune responses in the elderly have been limited in both number and age of elderly subjects and have produced conflicting results. Using 260 subjects, mean age 84.6, the present study conclusively demonstrates that T cell response is decreased in the elderly. Decreases in response to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A were demonstrated in groups aged 70 to 79, 80 to 84, and 85 to 89, although a group 90 to 106 years old showed a decreased response only to phytohemagglutinin. None of the groups had a decreased response to pokeweed mitogen. No response to all three mitogens was observed in 13 percent of the group aged 70 to 89, but in none of the group aged 90 to 106 or in the young groups. No differences in natural killer cell cytotoxicity were observed among the elderly groups. In contrast to previous studies, these results suggest that: the decreased immune response of the elderly is not directly related to age, over age 70; and there may be a selection process in which subjects who live to the age of 90 are those in whom the least decrease in immune response is demonstrated. PMID- 3766592 TI - Thyrotoxicosis in the very old. AB - The records of 25 patients older than 75 years of age with the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism were reviewed. The mean age of the group (22 women and three men) was 81.5 years, the eldest being 95 years old. Twenty-one patients had Graves' disease, three had multinodular goiter, and one had toxic adenoma. Major presenting symptoms included weight loss (44 percent), palpitations (36 percent), and weakness (32 percent). The average number of thyrotoxic symptoms was only two per patient. Two patients were asymptomatic. Clinical signs included fine skin (40 percent), tremor (36 percent), atrial fibrillation (32 percent), and tachycardia (28 percent). The thyroid was palpable in only three patients with Graves' disease. Mean blood thyroxine level was 15.6 micrograms/dl (range, 11.5 to 24); blood triiodothyronine level was elevated in only half of the patients. One patient had triiodothyronine toxicosis. Mean 24-hour radioiodine uptake was 52 percent. Five patients had normal uptake. No correlation could be established between age, clinical symptoms, signs, and hormone blood levels. Because signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism in the very old may be too subtle for clinical diagnosis, all elderly subjects should have periodic screening of blood thyroxine levels. PMID- 3766593 TI - Amyloidosis in subcutaneous heroin abusers ("skin poppers' amyloidosis"). AB - Systemic amyloidosis has recently emerged as a major cause of nephropathy among heroin abusers in New York City. Although focal glomerulosclerosis is typically seen in intravenous drug abusers who present with the nephrotic syndrome, those who escape this complication are at risk for the later development of amyloidosis related to their use of the subcutaneous route. Twenty such addicts identified between 1981 and 1984 are described. Patients typically present with chronic suppurative skin infections, edema, the nephrotic syndrome, benign urinary sediment, and normal-sized or enlarged kidneys. Tubular dysfunction, particularly renal tubular acidosis and diabetes insipidus, is frequent. Progression of renal insufficiency is characteristically rapid. Prolonged survival of heroin abusers and exhaustion of intravenous access requiring recourse to the subcutaneous route underlie the occurrence of amyloidosis in the addict population. Chronic suppurative skin infection consequent to repeated subcutaneous injection appears to be the underlying cause. PMID- 3766594 TI - Effect of restraints on diagnostic approaches to abdominal pain and weight loss. AB - To examine the effects of restraint on the diagnostic process, 25 physicians were urged to be as economical as possible when requesting diagnostic tests for case report simulations of nine patients who had previously been hospitalized with abdominal pain and weight loss. The results of the tests correctly changed the physicians' initial diagnoses, increased their diagnostic confidence, and led to appropriate management decisions. When restrained, individual physicians needed only 3.0 (1.7 to 4.1) diagnostic procedures per patient to reach management decisions, whereas 6.1 (3.0 to 11) diagnostic procedures had actually been performed. Diagnostic approaches were so diverse, however, that the number of procedures collectively requested by randomly assembled "teams" consisting of four to five "economical" physicians equaled the number of procedures actually performed. Moreover, 20 percent of the procedures requested by "economical" physicians were invasive compared with only 7 percent of those actually performed. These findings suggest that, without uniform diagnostic approaches, "team" management may increase testing despite restraint by individual physicians. Moreover, quests for economy may increase invasive diagnostic testing. PMID- 3766595 TI - Polymicrobial sepsis and jaundice in a 46-year-old man. PMID- 3766596 TI - Prognostic information from early post-infarction exercise testing. AB - Early post-myocardial infarction exercise testing has proved surprisingly safe. S T elevations portended a bad prognosis as did also marked S-T segment depressions, especially if combined with premature ventricular contractions or short duration of exercise. A poor prognosis was also seen if, at low workloads, blood pressure could not reach 130 mm Hg, the heart rate did not rise above 130 beats per minute, or if there was angina. Complex arrhythmias were only of prognostic value as an independent variable with ambulatory monitoring. Negative findings were of more predictive value than positive results and have important therapeutic implications. PMID- 3766597 TI - Use of objective examinations in medicine clerkships. Ten-year experience. AB - Student performance during the internal medicine clerkship at the University of Washington School of Medicine has been evaluated by clinical ratings and a written examination containing multiple-choice questions and patient management problems for the past 10 years. Measures of the correlation among the evaluation methods were determined by analyzing data from 1,544 students. The correlations of clinical ratings with the total examination score (r = 0.27), multiple-choice questions (r = 0.23), and patient management problems (r = 0.19) suggest that clinical ratings alone are not adequate for measuring student progress. The relationships of evaluation methods used in the medicine clerkship to other measures of performance such as selection to Alpha Omega Alpha and National Board examinations were also determined. The ability to predict student performance was enhanced considerably when the results of the clerkship examination were considered in addition to clinical ratings. These data suggest that a comprehensive assessment of student performance in medicine clerkships should include written examinations in addition to clinical ratings. PMID- 3766598 TI - Dilated cardiomyopathy and cocaine abuse. Report of two cases. AB - Two young patients with dilated cardiomyopathies associated with long-term use of cocaine are described. A 42-year-old male cocaine abuser with normal coronary arteries experienced recurrent myocardial infarction, with development of a dilated, globally hypocontractile left ventricle. The second patient, a 28-year old woman with a prominent history of inhaling vaporized cocaine ("free-basing"), presented with symptoms and signs of biventricular heart failure and was found to have a dilated cardiomyopathy. The clinical spectrum of cocaine cardiotoxicity is reviewed, and pathophysiologic mechanisms of cocaine-induced cardiomyopathy are discussed. Long-term cocaine use may cause dilated cardiomyopathy and recurrent myocardial infarction, even in the absence of atherosclerotic epicardial coronary artery disease. PMID- 3766599 TI - Diffuse pulmonary injury following paint remover exposure. AB - A case of paint remover inhalation causing pulmonary edema and pleural effusions is described. Methylene chloride, an ingredient of paint removers, can cause pulmonary edema and carbon monoxide poisoning. The expanding interest in home projects involving furniture refinishing and paint removal puts a large segment of the population at risk. The implications of such exposure need to be recognized by the medical community. PMID- 3766600 TI - Nifedipine-associated acute psychosis. AB - A 84-year-old man was given nifedipine for control of angina pectoris. Acute psychosis with paranoid ideation developed soon after he began receiving the medication. All symptoms resolved with discontinuation of nifedipine. This is the second reported case of nifedipine-associated acute psychosis. Alternations in calcium-mediated neurotransmitter release, particularly dopamine, may be responsible. Clinicians should consider nifedipine when presented with a patient with acute psychosis. PMID- 3766601 TI - Hemophilus influenzae type B cellulitis in adults. AB - Cellulitis due to Hemophilus influenzae type B is a rare but treatable event in adults. Herein is described a 67-year-old woman with anterior neck cellulitis caused by H. influenzae type B, documented by positive blood culture results. Six additional cases reported in the literature are reviewed. The following clinical syndrome emerges: the patient is usually older than 50 years of age, and pharyngitis develops first, followed by the onset of high fever and rapidly progressive anterior neck swelling, tenderness, and erythema associated with dysphagia. Because the causative organism may be resistant to ampicillin, the early use of chloramphenicol is recommended along with a beta-lactamase-resistant penicillin or cephalosporin (to cover other potential pathogens), or an appropriate third-generation cephalosporin that would also adequately cover all possible pathogens. PMID- 3766603 TI - Tick infestation simulating a traumatized, papillomatous nevus. AB - A patient is described who had a five-week history of agonizing pain in a "mole" on his left inner thigh that clinically was thought to be a traumatized, papillomatous nevus. Biopsy disclosed the presence of the body parts of a hard tick. Much has been written about ticks as agents or vectors of disease. This case demonstrates the less well-described ability of a blood-engorged tick to clinically simulate a traumatized or infarcting skin growth, and it represents the second reported case of the development and persistence of a tick bite nodule following complete surgical removal of all tick parts. PMID- 3766602 TI - Barrett's ulcer of the esophagus. Previously unrecognized cause of acquired esophagorespiratory fistula. AB - Acquired fistulas between the esophagus and tracheobronchial tree are usually associated with malignancy of the esophagus, lung, or trachea. Less commonly, fistulas result from trauma or inflammation involving these structures. Untreated fistulas of any cause lead to fatal complications of aspiration. Although the prognosis in cases of malignant fistula is poor, the recognition and surgical management of nonmalignant fistulas may result in cure. An acquired esophagobronchial fistula resulting from a Barrett's ulcer of the esophagus, a previously unreported cause, is described, and the differential diagnosis and treatment of nonmalignant esophagorespiratory fistulas are discussed. PMID- 3766604 TI - Giant cell arteritis of the legs. Clinical isolation of severe disease with gangrene and amputations. AB - Giant cell arteritis rarely presents as clinically advanced extra-ocular ischemia or gangrene. Clinically isolated leg involvement with amputation is even more unusual. A 69-year-old woman is described who had giant cell arteritis necessitating bilateral leg amputations. No other clinical sequelae have ensued during a four-year follow-up period. Temporal artery biopsy subsequent to the amputations revealed no arteritis. Disparities between the usual patterns of clinical and anatomic involvement in giant cell arteritis underlie the potential diagnostic difficulties in this disease. Although typically diagnostic, temporal artery biopsy does not always bridge the clinical and anatomic disparities. PMID- 3766605 TI - Benign hypergammaglobulinemic purpura of Waldenstrom associated with Sjogren's syndrome. Case report and review of immunologic aspects. AB - Since its first description, fewer than 150 cases of benign hypergammaglobulinemic purpura of Waldestrom have been reported. There is a preponderance of females with this disorder, which is characterized by long standing purpuric vasculitic lesions usually in the lower extremities, increased sedimentation rate, anemia, leukopenia, and hyperglobulinemia with a normal clotting process. Numerous associations have been shown between this and other systemic disorders such as Sjogren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, a rheumatoid arthritis. A 40-year-old woman is described who had an 18-year history of recurrent purpura and increased IgG levels. Skin biopsy showed acute vasculitis, and immunofluorescent study revealed fibrinogen precipitation and C3 deposition. Serologic evaluation demonstrated the presence of rheumatoid factor and antinuclear antibodies (1:80). Raji assay showed increased circulating immune complexes, and the T cell subsets were normal. The purpura was associated with symptoms and physical findings of Sjogren's syndrome. On the basis of serologic and skin biopsy findings, an autoimmune origin of the disease is postulated. PMID- 3766607 TI - Ambulatory care: practice imperfect. PMID- 3766606 TI - Apical fibrocavitary lesions of the lung in rheumatoid arthritis. Report of two cases and review of the literature. AB - Two patients with rheumatoid arthritis and fibrocavitary lesions in the upper lobes of the lungs are described. Postmortem pathologic studies of the lungs revealed the presence of clinically unsuspected necrobiotic nodules with cavitation and excluded other possible causes such as infections and vasculitis. These findings support the view that apical fibrocavitary disease is a clinically distinct pattern of lung involvement in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 3766609 TI - Decision analysis in evaluation of hypergastrinemia. PMID- 3766608 TI - Association of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 3766610 TI - Silent myocardial ischemia: clinical characteristics, underlying mechanisms, and implications for treatment. AB - A great deal of interest is being generated by the possibility that patients with coronary artery disease and typical angina pectoris may also experience periods of ischemia during activities of daily living that are not necessarily associated with angina or increased myocardial oxygen demand. It might be that the majority of ischemic episodes during daily life are not preceded by increases in myocardial oxygen demand, and are probably related to dynamic changes in coronary blood flow. Questions still remain, however, regarding the prevalence of asymptomatic ischemia in patients who present with effort angina and positive results on exercise tolerance tests. Therefore, in susceptible patients with coronary artery disease, calcium channel blockers, especially nifedipine, may be of particular benefit since they decrease myocardial oxygen demand during effort and may increase coronary blood flow, thereby aborting asymptomatic ischemia, which tends to occur at low levels of cardiac oxygen demand. It appears that a greater awareness of the total ischemic burden, i.e., the sum total of symptomatic and asymptomatic and exertional and nonexertional ischemia, may facilitate individualization of therapy for patients with coronary artery disease. Agents that both reduce myocardial oxygen demand and improve coronary blood flow, such as nifedipine, may particularly benefit individuals whose ischemia may be both asymptomatic and symptomatic, and who seem to constitute the majority of patients with coronary artery disease. PMID- 3766611 TI - Definition and classification of mental retardation: a reply to Zigler, Balla, and Hodapp. AB - Zigler, Balla, and Hodapp (1984) have proposed that mental retardation be defined as an IQ at least 2 standard deviations below the mean and classified as having organic or genetic etiology. These proposals are found to be based upon questionable assumptions about mental retardation. An alternative conceptual framework for definition of mental retardation is proposed and used to evaluate the merits of IQ and social competence in determining mental retardation. The use of IQ alone is judged to be inappropriate and potentially harmful when applied to individuals and when used to formulate public policy. Other researchers have established that there is insufficient evidence to attribute genetic or organic etiology to most mental retardation. PMID- 3766612 TI - Patterns of maladjustment among mentally retarded children and youth. AB - Data from factor analysis of rating scale evaluations of teachers as a basis for classifying the patterns of emotional and behavioral problems found in EMR students in the public schools were presented. These factors permitted a contrast between EMR elementary- and secondary-school-level boys and girls and a comparison group of nonretarded students. Implications for an understanding of the emotional and behavioral characteristics of students identified as EMR and for related programming needs were discussed. PMID- 3766613 TI - Parent and social-skills training for mentally retarded mothers identified as child maltreaters. AB - The effectiveness and generality of a parent- and social-skills training program for three mildly retarded mothers identified as child maltreaters were investigated. The program was conducted by one trainer in a community-based facility and included the following components: individualized performance standards, response-specific feedback, self-monitoring, and group rewards. A multiple-baseline design across parenting- and social-skill areas was used to evaluate the training. The findings revealed that the game contingencies effectively increased the mothers' ability to identify the most effective action to take in common problematic parenting and social situations. Generalization and recidivism data supported the efficacy of treatment gains. PMID- 3766614 TI - Mother-father-child interactions in families with a mentally retarded young child. AB - The functioning of families with a mentally retarded young child was studied by examining maternal, paternal, and child interactions. Forty Israeli families with retarded children and a developmentally matched sample were observed at home. In families with a retarded child, there was less frequent maternal behavior toward the retarded child, less frequent communicative behavior of the retarded child toward the parents, and more frequent spousal interchanges with regard to the child. Fathers of retarded children differed less from fathers of nonretarded children than did mothers. Results were discussed in relation to home-based intervention with retarded children. PMID- 3766615 TI - Features of integrated educational ecologies that predict social behavior among severely mentally retarded and nonretarded students. AB - Educational contexts for integrating 245 severely retarded students, ages 3 to 22 years, were conceptualized in terms of an ecological model. Measures were developed for school resources and staff support, educational planning, characteristics of integrated severely retarded students, the social environment, the physical environment, and the specific interactive environment. The degree of integration of each severely retarded student was measured by the rate per minute of social bids that students directed toward nonretarded students in the environment. Eight 10-minute observation sessions were scheduled across a school year. Stepwise-regression analyses were used to select measures representative of each aspect of the educational ecology. Approximately 32% of the variance in degree of integration was uniquely associated with the social behavior that other students directed toward the retarded students, p less than .001. Results suggest that nonretarded students are the key to successful integration efforts. PMID- 3766616 TI - Interactions between peers with and without severe handicaps: dynamics of teacher intervention. AB - The impact of teachers' verbal interventions upon the dyadic social interactions between 40 elementary school children with severe mental retardation and their regular-education peers was investigated. All interactions occurred in the context of a structured program designed to facilitate social interactions. Half of the dyads were further instructed in specific cooperative play behavior. Students' and teachers' behaviors were coded. Results showed that the intervention initially positively affected various social play behavior; however, these effects diminished or reversed themselves as the intervention continued. The possibility was discussed that early teacher intervention may improve interactions between peers with and without severe handicaps but should be withdrawn over time, allowing students to resolve interpersonal difficulties on their own. PMID- 3766617 TI - Effect of intervention techniques in reducing stereotypic hand gazing in young severely disabled children. AB - Stereotypic hand gazing by very young severely disabled children was investigated. In Study 1 a dramatically increased therapy program substantially reduced a child's hand gazing and augmented his toy manipulation skills. In Study 2 specific interventions were prescribed for two children who were hand gazers and had significant yet correctable visual impairment. Both glasses and toys effectively reduced each child's hand-gazing. Results suggest that stereotypic hand gazing may be eliminated by intervention with very young children. PMID- 3766618 TI - Relation of lead and social factors to IQ of low-SES children: a partial replication. AB - An independent replication of a previous study (Schroeder et al., 1985) of the effects of interactive social environmental factors on the relationship of lead and Stanford-Binet IQ was performed on 75 of 80 low-SES black children screened by county health departments in North Carolina. Children's mean blood lead (PbB) level was 20.8 micrograms/dl (range, 6.3 to 47.4). Multivariate regression analyses showed no significant interactions between PbB and age, sex, maternal IQ, Caldwell home environment score, or SES (Hollingshead Two-Factor Index). There was a highly significant negative relationship between both mean and maximum PbB levels with IQ, p less than .002; that is, IQ decreased linearly as PbB increased. The most accurate and precise regression model included lead, maternal IQ, home environment, and gender. PMID- 3766619 TI - Phonological process usage by young EMR children and nonretarded preschool children. AB - Phonological skills of 20 mentally retarded children (IQs 50 to 75) were compared with those of 10 communication handicapped, nonretarded children and 10 normally speaking nonretarded children. All groups were matched on mean length of utterance scores obtained in a spontaneous speech sample. The Weiner Phonological Process Analysis Tool was administered to reveal phonological process usage. Retarded and communication handicapped children used a significantly greater total number of phonological processes more frequently than did nonhandicapped preschool children, but all the children used the processes in a specific order. Certain processes predicted the existence of others in children's speech patterns. PMID- 3766620 TI - Relationship of perceived stimulus structure and intelligence: further tests of a separability hypothesis. AB - The representation of objects by moderately and mildly mentally retarded subjects was determined using a classification task in which triads of objects were presented that placed classification by overall similarity relations and classification by shared dimensional relations in conflict. Results indicate that a separability hypothesis of normal perceptual development (Kemler, 1982; Shepp, Burns, & McDonough, 1980; Smith, 1979; Smith & Kemler, 1977) can be extended to retarded populations. Representation as unitary wholistic objects dominated among moderately retarded subjects, and with increasing intelligence, the representation of objects as component separable dimensions began to emerge. PMID- 3766621 TI - Aerophagia: an uncommon form of self-injury. AB - Aerophagia is a rarely recognized self-injurious behavior that consists of repetitive air swallowing with consequent belching, flatulence, and abdominal distention. The condition causes serious medical problems and can result in death. Possible causes of aerophagia and some attempts to treat it were reviewed briefly. PMID- 3766622 TI - Mildly mentally retarded and nonretarded children's learned helplessness. AB - The relationship among four measures identified as operational definitions of learned helplessness was assessed in 44 mildly mentally retarded and 44 nonretarded children of equivalent mental age. Assessment of perseverance, response initiation, teacher perception of helplessness, and attributions for positive and negative achievement outcomes revealed an absence of corroboration in the two subgroups. The findings suggest that ability grouping and instrumentation are meaningful variables when evaluating learned helplessness in retarded and nonretarded students. PMID- 3766623 TI - The significance of antepartum variable decelerations. AB - A total of 4886 nonstress tests were reviewed to establish the relationship between antepartum variable decelerations and perinatal outcome. The association between various fetal heart rate components and variable decelerations was also studied. The incidence of variable decelerations, defined as three or more decelerations greater than or equal to 15 bpm lasting at least 15 seconds in a 20 minute period, was 1.3%. The results suggest that in the presence of variable decelerations: there is a higher incidence of fetal distress in labor, low Apgar scores, neonatal intensive care unit admissions, and nuchal cord involvement; the presence of accelerations and normal variability is associated with good neonatal outcome, whereas their absence is associated with adverse outcome; the presence of accelerations or good variability is not independently correlated with neonatal outcome. PMID- 3766624 TI - Capillary blood glucose screening for gestational diabetes: a preliminary investigation. AB - Home glucose monitoring with the use of reflectance meters is an important adjunct in the care of pregnant women with insulin-dependent diabetes. The accuracy of reflectance meters for the assay of capillary glucose specimens has been well documented. The present preliminary study was undertaken to determine the utility of outpatient screening for gestational diabetes mellitus with the use of a reflectance meter (Accu-Chek, Boehringer Mannheim Co.). One hundred twenty-five patients in our high-risk practice had a standard 50 gm glucose load at 26 to 28 weeks' gestation. Capillary glucose values were measured on site with the Accu-Chek. Venous plasma glucose levels were measured by the central laboratory chemistry analyzer. While the laboratory (x) and meter (y) glucose determinations between the two sets of values were highly correlated (R = 0.89, p less than 0.001), there was a significant difference in their average values (x = 111.74, y = 136.35, p less than 0.0001). With the use of a receiver operator characteristic curve, a meter value of 160 mg/dl was determined as the optimal threshold for performing a 3-hour glucose tolerance test. The sensitivity and specificity with the use of a meter value of 160 mg/dl were 93% and 96%, respectively, for detecting an abnormal screening test in venous plasma (greater than or equal to 135 mg/dl). A total of 32 glucose tolerance tests were performed, with four patients included who had venous values less than 135 mg/dl. All eight patients with gestational diabetes mellitus were correctly identified. These data suggest that a glucose reflectance meter can be used for accurate outpatient screening of gestational diabetes mellitus. The potential advantages of capillary blood glucose screening include both cost and efficiency. Patients with abnormal screening values can be promptly identified and scheduled for a follow-up 3-hour glucose tolerance test. PMID- 3766625 TI - Intrapartum assessment of fetal well-being: a comparison of fetal acoustic stimulation with acid-base determinations. AB - Many authorities advocate the use of fetal blood sampling as the final arbiter of abnormal intrapartum fetal heart rate patterns. Alternatively, the presence of an acceleratory fetal heart rate response to scalp stimulation during fetal scalp blood sampling led to the observation that, if present, the likelihood of acidosis was remote. Consequently a prospective intrapartum analysis of evoked accelerations and fetal acid-base status was undertaken. Patients who, on the basis of abnormal fetal heart rate patterns, were judged candidates for acid-base assessment underwent transabdominal acoustic stimulation. The presence or absence of an acceleration was then determined. Sixty-four patients with abnormal intrapartum fetal heart rate patterns underwent intrapartum acoustic stimulation. Thirty fetuses were reactive and all had a pH of greater than or equal to 7.25. Of the 34 fetuses who were nonreactive, 18 were acidotic. This preliminary observation suggests that acoustic stimulation may be a reasonable clinical alternative to fetal blood sampling when a reactive pattern is observed. In the nonreactive fetuses additional evaluation would appear warranted. PMID- 3766626 TI - Fetal heart rate responses to maternal exercise. AB - The fetal heart rate responses to mild, moderate, and strenuous maternal exercise were studied in 45 healthy subjects. In the majority of cases, the fetal heart rate increased during and after maternal exercise. Fetal bradycardia was recorded in five fetuses; this appears to be a sporadic event. There was no correlation between the individual fetal heart responses, gestational age, exercise intensity, and maternal circulating catecholamines. PMID- 3766627 TI - Use of the Greenfield filter for thromboembolic disease in pregnancy. AB - Recent technical advances in surgical intervention for thromboembolic disease have made the Greenfield filter a safe and effective treatment when heparin is contraindicated or recurrent emboli develop. One successful use of Greenfield filter placement in pregnancy has been reported. We report six additional cases. Maternal morbidity was negligible, and fetal outcomes were good. The use of the Greenfield filter as an adjunctive therapy for treatment of severe thromboembolic disease in pregnancy appears to be safe and should be considered in appropriate candidates. PMID- 3766628 TI - Paraplegia and quadriplegia: special considerations during pregnancy and labor and delivery. AB - Patients with spinal cord injury resulting in paraplegia or quadriplegia increasingly desire to bear children. Management by a health care team attentive to the special problems that may complicate pregnancy offers the best chance for a successful pregnancy outcome. Life-threatening autonomic hyperreflexia may occur in patients with lesions above the T5-6 level. Precautions should be taken to avoid an unsupervised delivery. Vaginal delivery is appropriate unless there is an obstetric indication for cesarean section. Surveillance for urinary tract infection, anemia, and skin ulcers is advisable. PMID- 3766629 TI - Teenage pregnancy: a multiracial sociologic problem. AB - Teenage pregnancy is not an epidemic in the United States. Because this is an emotional topic that receives high-decibel publicity in the press and on television, we wish to present the most recent factual information available on the subject and a more balanced perspective of the problem for physicians and other health professionals who care for women at the youngest age of the reproductive spectrum. Pregnancy during adolescence is a multiethnic sociologic problem that crosses all socioeconomic, ethnic, cultural, and geographic boundaries. Pregnancies in teenagers are decreasing (except in teenagers under age 15), not accelerating. New approaches for premature adolescent pregnancy and childbearing focus on adolescent peer pressure for behavior modification, prevention of pregnancy at a younger age, continuation of secondary education, and job training for both adolescent fathers and mothers. PMID- 3766630 TI - Neonatal outcome after indomethacin treatment for preterm labor. AB - Forty-six infants exposed to indomethacin in utero for treatment for preterm labor were compared with infants from two control groups. In one control group the next consecutive patient treated with a tocolytic agent was used, and the other control group was formed by picking the next consecutive patient matched by gestational age who did not receive any tocolytic agent. There was no significant difference in Apgar scores, birth weight, or gestational age in the three groups. The incidence of neonatal complications including hypocalcemia, hypoglycemia, respiratory distress syndrome, patient ductus arteriosus, sepsis, and neonatal mortality were not significantly different in the three groups. No cases of premature closure of the ductus arteriosus or persistent fetal circulation were seen. PMID- 3766631 TI - Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome manifested by chronic primary genital herpes. AB - Herpes genitalis is commonly seen by the obstetrician-gynecologist. Prolonged persistence of herpes is unusual and may herald an underlying disorder. A case of chronic primary herpes is presented, in which the diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome was delayed because of a low degree of suspicion. PMID- 3766632 TI - Flow cytometric deoxyribonucleic acid index: a prognostic factor in endometrial carcinoma. AB - In a prospective study, flow cytometric deoxyribonucleic acid analyses were performed on cell samples from benign and malignant tumors of the endometrium and benign endometrium. No ploidy aberrations were found in normal endometrium. Of 52 cases with adenocarcinomas, 38 (73%) were diploid and 14 (27%) aneuploid. Both the frequency and the degree of aneuploidy were correlated to histologic tumor grade but not to other prognostic variables such as International Federation of Gynecologists and Obstetricians stage, depth of myometrial invasion, or patient age. Patients with aneuploid tumors had a higher recurrence rate and shorter disease-free intervals as compared to those with diploid tumors. Similarly, death rates were higher and the median survival was shorter in the aneuploid group. Flow cytometric ploidy determination may therefore serve as an important prognostic parameter. PMID- 3766633 TI - Oral contraceptives and insulin receptor binding in normal women and those with previous gestational diabetes. AB - The effect of a low-dose triphasic oral contraceptive (ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel) on glucose tolerance, plasma insulin response to a glucose challenge, and insulin receptor binding to monocytes and erythrocytes was investigated in seven women with previous gestational diabetes and seven nondiabetic control subjects. Investigations were performed in the luteal phase before the hormonal intake and after hormonal treatment for 2 and 6 months. Before treatment, women with previous gestational diabetes had significantly impaired glucose tolerance (p less than 0.05) when compared with the healthy controls, but no differences in insulin receptor binding were observed. Glucose tolerance and the insulin response to oral glucose remained unchanged in both groups during the treatment period. In the control subjects a significant decrease (p less than 0.05) in insulin receptor binding to monocytes was observed after hormonal intake for 6 months whereas the insulin receptor binding remained unchanged in the women with previous gestational diabetes. No correlation was found between the receptor binding data obtained from monocytes and erythrocytes in either group of women. The study demonstrates that in lean nondiabetic women and women with previous gestational diabetes of normal weight without first degree history of diabetes there is no apparent direct association between glucose tolerance, plasma insulin levels, and insulin binding to erythrocytes and monocytes during intake of low-dose oral contraceptives. PMID- 3766634 TI - Value of the cough pressure profile in the evaluation of patients with stress incontinence. AB - The cough urethral pressure profile has been used to identify patients with genuine stress urinary incontinence. One hundred forty-four patients were studied to determine the value of this test in the evaluation of patients presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms. In the sitting position with a full bladder the test has a high specificity (92%) but relatively low sensitivity (41%). The clinical ramifications of using the test "cough pressure profile" and the definition "genuine stress urinary incontinence" are discussed. PMID- 3766635 TI - Prevention of fetal movement during invasive procedures with pancuronium bromide. AB - The use of fetal intramuscular pancuronium (0.5 mg) to temporarily arrest fetal movement during antenatal intervention in six instances is reported. Successful arrest of movement without adverse side effects was observed. The use of this technique eliminates the need for the excessive and potentially dangerous maternal sedation currently used to minimize fetal movement. PMID- 3766636 TI - The primary treatment of luteal phase inadequacy: progesterone versus clomiphene citrate. AB - This study was undertaken in order to evaluate the superiority, if any, of progesterone or clomiphene citrate in treatment of infertile women with luteal phase inadequacy. Eighty-two patients were randomly treated with progesterone or clomiphene citrate. Some patients with failure of progesterone were changed to clomiphene citrate treatment; some patients with failure of clomiphene citrate were changed to progesterone treatment. A life-table analysis was used for evaluation of the results. No statistical difference was noticed between the two treatments. Seventeen of 57 patients treated with progesterone and 13 of 62 patients treated with clomiphene citrate conceived. It is recommended that: patients with luteal phase inadequacy can be treated primarily with progesterone; an endometrial biopsy should be performed if the patients fail to conceive; if endometrial biopsy continues to be abnormal the patients can be treated again with clomiphene citrate. Some alternative treatments for luteal phase inadequacy are needed. PMID- 3766637 TI - The preterm cervix and preterm labor: relative risks, predictive values, and change over time. AB - The accurate prediction and diagnosis of preterm labor continue to frustrate the clinician. This is partly due to a scarcity of cervical data from the early third trimester. A total of 760 prospective, serial, paired, and blinded pelvic examinations were done at 28 to 34 weeks of gestation for 191 patients without a history of preterm labor. If the cervix was dilated greater than or equal to 1 cm (internal os) or effaced greater than 30%, the relative risk of preterm labor was increased to 1.8 to 4.2. Negative predictive values for cervical status were greater than 92%, but positive predictive values were less than or equal to 18%. Change over time was unusual (dilatation increase greater than or equal to 1 cm or effacement increase greater than or equal to 40%), suggesting that a baseline late second-trimester examination could assist in the early but accurate diagnosis of preterm labor should it be suspected later in gestation. These data suggest that even in the low-risk patient, an early cervical examination could be beneficial. PMID- 3766638 TI - The use of a rapid in situ technique for third-trimester diagnosis of trisomy 18. AB - A rapid in situ coverslip technique was used to diagnose trisomy 18 within 1 week of amniocentesis in the third trimester. Two cases are presented. The clinical significance and advantages over umbilical vein aspiration are discussed. PMID- 3766639 TI - Monoamniotic twins: antenatal diagnosis and management. AB - Confident prenatal diagnosis of monoamniotic twins permits timed elective delivery, thereby reducing the risk of perinatal loss. In this report serial dynamic ultrasound fetal assessment and amniography were used to confirm this diagnosis and guide management to a successful outcome. PMID- 3766640 TI - Stimulation of human fetuses with sound and vibration. AB - Forty pregnant women between 30 and 42 weeks' gestational age were studied to examine the effects of external sound and vibration on the fetal heart rate. A significant increase in the mean duration and amplitude of the first acceleration after sound stimulus was found when these values were compared with the control values. Conversely the mean time to the first acceleration in the control period was greater than that in the stimulated period. There was a significant increase in the mean duration of fetal heart rate accelerations, the mean amplitude of fetal heart rate accelerations, and the total time spent in accelerations up to 15 minutes after the sound stimulus as compared with the control period. There was no change in the number of accelerations following the sound stimulus compared to control. These data suggest that vibratory acoustic stimuli may influence patterns of fetal heart rate during human pregnancy. PMID- 3766641 TI - Danazol binds to progesterone receptors and inhibits the growth of human endometrial cancer cells in vitro. AB - Based on our recent findings that danazol, an isoxazol derivative of ethinyltestosterone, has a profound growth-inhibitory effect on an established human endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line, the effects of danazol on cancer cells from human endometrial adenocarcinomas obtained by hysterectomy were investigated in the present study. Of the 22 uterine adenocarcinomas, estrogen, progesterone, and androgen receptors were found in 12, 14, and 4 tumors, respectively. Competitive binding studies showed that danazol specifically binds to progesterone and androgen receptors but not to estrogen receptors. Of the five cancer cells from five patients succeeded in primary cell culture, a marked inhibition of cell growth was demonstrated by addition of danazol in two cancer cells having progesterone but not androgen receptors. However, danazol did not affect the growth of the remaining three cancer cells lacking progesterone receptors. These results strongly suggest that danazol has a significant growth inhibitory effect on human endometrial adenocarcinoma cells, possibly through progesterone receptors in the cells. PMID- 3766642 TI - Premenstrual syndrome: documentation by a linear analog scale compared with two descriptive scales. AB - We examined the use of a six-item linear analog scoring system comprised of three somatic and three mood-related items for the documentation of premenstrual syndrome. One hundred forty women with suspected premenstrual syndrome completed the linear analog scale, as well as the validated 36-item Self-Rating Scale for Premenstrual Tension Syndrome and the 35-item Prospective Record of the Impact and Severity of Menstrual Symptomatology calendar. Ninety patients and 20 normal control subjects completed two cycles of records. With use of clinical criteria and self-rating scale scores as the "gold standard," 73 patients were diagnosed as having premenstrual syndrome. Linear analog scale scores were highly correlated with both self-rating scale scores (r = 0.72, day 9; r = .66, day 27; p = 0.001) and prospective record scores (r = 0.74, day 9; r = 0.60, day 27; p = 0.001). Our results suggest that the linear analog scale may be a useful clinical tool in the study of premenstrual syndrome. Because of its simplicity, the linear analog scale may increase patient compliance. Because of its sensitivity to detect changes in symptom severity throughout the menstrual cycle, it may prove useful in evaluating the effects of therapy for premenstrual syndrome. PMID- 3766643 TI - Closed suction pelvic drainage after radical pelvic surgical procedures. AB - Thirty-four women had short-term, low-pressure, closed suction pelvic drainage after radical gynecologic surgical procedures. Mean collected fluid losses were significantly higher after radical hysterectomy (25.3 ml/kg) when compared with abdominal hysterectomy (10.7 ml/kg) and lymphadenectomy. There was no correlation between the volume of pelvic drainage and patient's age, patient's weight, duration of operation, or amount of blood loss. The fluid contents resembled serum and were rarely culture positive. Short-term (5-day) drainage was not associated with lymphocysts. PMID- 3766644 TI - Present status of intrauterine treatment of hydrocephalus and its future. AB - At a time when the intrauterine diagnosis of hydrocephalus is common and pioneering efforts of antenatal therapy are evolving, an assessment of intrauterine treatment of this disorder becomes pertinent. Consequently, the current status of the intrauterine treatment of fetal hydrocephalus is presented. The new data from the International Fetal Surgery Registry at the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg are discussed. The technical problems of antenatal shunting, the clinical trials, and experimental treatment are assessed. The prognostication and possible new approaches in intrauterine treatment of hydrocephalus are presented as well as the new diagnostic and surgical techniques. The outcome of the antenatal diagnosis and treatment of fetal hydrocephalus is evaluated. PMID- 3766645 TI - Hemodynamic effects of intravenous cocaine on the pregnant ewe and fetus. AB - Cocaine is a potent vasoconstrictive agent that is currently the subject of widespread drug abuse. Because little is known of the physiologic responses to cocaine in pregnancy, the effects of intravenous cocaine on uterine blood flow and other maternal and fetal cardiovascular parameters were studied. Eight ewes in late pregnancy were equipped with electromagnetic flow probes around both uterine arteries and catheters were placed in the maternal and fetal inferior vena cavae and aortas. Bolus intravenous infusion of 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg of maternal body weight achieved peak plasma cocaine levels similar to those observed in human subjects after abuse of the drug (mean level = 229 to 400 ng/ml, n = 8). After bolus infusion of 0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg of cocaine, mean maternal arterial pressure increased 32% and 37%, respectively (p less than 0.005). Fetal blood pressure rose 12.6% after a dosage of 0.5 mg/kg of cocaine. These cocaine infusions significantly decreased uterine blood flow by 36% and 42% for a duration of 15 minutes (p less than 0.005). Analysis of maternal catecholamine responses demonstrated a significant (210%) rise in plasma norepinephrine levels after cocaine infusion. These studies demonstrate that cocaine, when administered in doses that produce plasma levels observed in humans, significantly decreases uterine blood flow for a duration of greater than or equal to 15 minutes while inducing a hypertensive response in the pregnant ewe and fetus. PMID- 3766646 TI - Systemic and uterine responses to alpha-adrenergic stimulation in pregnant and nonpregnant ewes. AB - Attenuated systemic pressor responses to infused angiotensin II characterize normal human and ovine pregnancy; moreover, uterine vascular refractoriness is greater than that of the systemic vasculature overall. It remains unclear whether this generalized refractoriness also pertains to other vasoconstrictors; therefore we studied simultaneous systemic and uterine responses to alpha agonists in pregnant (n = 6) and nonpregnant (n = 6) sheep. Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, uterine blood flow, and cardiac output were measured before and during infusions of norepinephrine (0.456 to 45.84 micrograms/min) and phenylephrine (1.29 to 129 micrograms/min). Both alpha-agonists caused dose dependent increases (p less than 0.01) in mean arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance and decreases in cardiac output (p less than 0.01) in nonpregnant and pregnant animals; however, nonpregnant pressor responses exceeded pregnant ones. Nonpregnant ewes also had greater decreases in uterine blood flow (p less than 0.05) and increases in uterine vascular resistance (p less than 0.05); furthermore, increases in uterine vascular resistance exceeded those of systemic vascular resistance in both groups (p less than 0.01). Attenuated uterine and systemic responses to alpha-agonists characterize normal ovine pregnancy; however, in contrast to the results with angiotensin II, the uterine vascular bed is substantially more responsive to alpha-agonists than the systemic vasculature overall. PMID- 3766647 TI - Modulation of fibroblast proliferation and transformation by activated macrophages during postoperative peritoneal reepithelialization. AB - We studied the modulation of fibroblast proliferation and transformation by postoperative macrophages. One group of rabbits underwent resection and reanastomosis of the small bowel, after which macrophages were collected by peritoneal lavage. A second group of rabbits underwent peritoneal wall abrasion followed by collection of local fibroblast on postoperative days 4 and 8. Postoperative macrophages were added to five culture dishes containing fibroblasts. After 24 hours, tritiated thymidine was added to the culture dishes and incubated overnight. In two other dishes, which were incubated for up to 8 days, a 24-hour pulse of tritiated thymidine was added before culture termination. Postoperative day 4 fibroblasts demonstrated a greater increase in cell number during the culture interval compared to fibroblasts collected on postoperative day 8. By the second day of coculture with macrophages collected from different postoperative days, tritiated thymidine incorporation by day 4 fibroblasts was suppressed, especially by postoperative day 7 macrophages. Thereafter, a stimulation in tritiated thymidine uptake was found. In contrast, tritiated thymidine uptake by day 8 fibroblasts was accelerated by coculture with macrophages, especially those collected on postoperative day 7. Day 4 fibroblasts assumed a more spindly appearance when cocultured with macrophages than did day 8 fibroblasts. Taken together, these data suggest that macrophages activated in response to surgical injury may secrete substances that induce proliferation and transformation of fibroblasts. PMID- 3766648 TI - Kell sensitization in pregnancy. PMID- 3766649 TI - Intrapartum management of second twin: internal podalic version with unruptured membranes. PMID- 3766651 TI - Reports on collagen content in amnion with premature rupture of the membranes. PMID- 3766650 TI - Delivery of premature twins. PMID- 3766652 TI - Fetal heart rate monitoring patterns. PMID- 3766653 TI - Catheterization of the great vessels with use of a guide wire. PMID- 3766654 TI - Fetomaternal hemorrhage and fetal outcome. PMID- 3766655 TI - Use of the terms position, presentation, and lie. PMID- 3766656 TI - Hyperoxemic retinal neuronal necrosis in the premature neonate. AB - A cytologically distinctive type of acute hyperoxemic injury of retinal neurons occurs in premature neonates. Ganglion cells in the central well-vascularized neonate retina are susceptible to excessive oxygen and this is expressed morphologically by karyorrhexis of their nuclei. We observed retinal neuronal necrosis in neonates who had hyperoxemia of greater than 150 torr for two hours or longer in the first week of life. Neuronal necrosis was strikingly associated with immaturity as determined by gestational age and birth weight: of 30 involved neonates, all were below 2,000 g; of 47 autopsied premature infants with birth weights under 1,500 g who survived for at least two days, 26 (55%) had acute retinal necrosis. When gestational age was used as a measure of prematurity, the highest incidence occurred in the 24- to 27-week group where 13 of 21 (62%) were involved. Hyperoxemic karyorrhectic changes, most prominent in the ganglion cells of the macula, are distinct from the classic peripheral mesenchymal vascular abnormalities of retinopathy of prematurity. PMID- 3766657 TI - Relationship of duration and onset of diabetes to prevalence of diabetic retinopathy. AB - In a population study of all registered insulin-treated diabetic patients on the Swedish island of Gotland, the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was determined with ophthalmoscopy, biomicroscopy, and color photography. Retinopathy was present in 173 of 368 patients (47%) and reached a prevalence of 100% after 30 years of diabetes. Proliferative retinopathy was found in 48 subjects (13%) and was more common in females (17%) than in males (9.4%) (P = .01). By simple logistic regression test, the prevalence of total and proliferative retinopathy was correlated with both duration and age at onset of diabetes (P less than .001). However, on multiple regression analysis only the relationship with duration was statistically significant (P less than .001); age at onset was not (P greater than .2). Age had an additional influence only on background retinopathy with hard exudates, which were more frequent in older subjects (P less than .01). Thus, age at onset of diabetes was not correlated with the prevalence of total or proliferative retinopathy. PMID- 3766658 TI - Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of intraocular tumors. AB - Of 11 patients with intraocular tumors who underwent magnetic resonance imaging, seven had melanoma and one each had lymphoma, metastatic carcinoma, hemangioma, and hemorrhage. All were localized in the choroid. We compared the results of the magnetic resonance imaging examinations with those of ophthalmic ultrasonography, external inspection, and histopathologic studies. Magnetic resonance imaging detected six of the seven choroidal melanomas. Demarcation between the tumor and the sclera was excellent. Extrascleral tumor extension could be excluded. Hemorrhage in and beside the choroidal melanoma could be seen separately. Magnetic resonance imaging differentiates choroidal tumors from the surrounding intraocular and extraocular tissues better than computed tomography does, making it an important new diagnostic procedure. PMID- 3766659 TI - Effect of scleral buckling on vector forces caused by epiretinal membranes. AB - Epiretinal membranes exert a perpendicular force on the retina that is directed toward the center of the vitreous cavity and tends to elevate the retina from the retinal pigment epithelium. A scleral buckle changes the eye wall from concave to convex and reverses the direction of the vector force oriented perpendicular to the eye wall. Therefore, when a scleral buckle is used, the force from an epiretinal membrane pulls the retina toward the retinal pigment epithelium instead of causing retinal detachment. PMID- 3766660 TI - Temperature-dependent light damage to the retina. AB - We examined the ability of hypothermic infusion fluid to reduce the risk of light damage to the retina from the intraocular fiberoptic probe during vitreous surgery. Following vitrectomy, we exposed the retina of rabbits to light from an intraocular fiberoptic probe during infusion of fluid at body temperature (39 C) and compared this with exposures during infusion of room temperature fluid (22 C). Retinal irradiance was 0.33 W/cm2. Damage was determined ophthalmoscopically and histologically. Cooling the infusion fluid from body to room temperature extended the damage threshold from approximately 25 to 60 minutes. A 35-minute exposure to body temperature fluid was compared with the same exposure during infusion of room temperature fluid. While retinal and retinal pigment epithelium damage was present after the body temperature exposure, no damage was detected after the room temperature exposure. Vitreoretinal surgeons should avoid warming intraocular infusion fluids to levels above room temperature. PMID- 3766661 TI - Optic atrophy in familial dysautonomia. AB - We examined three patients with classic findings of familial dysautonomia (Riley Day syndrome) whose visual impairment was associated with optic atrophy. The presence of an optic atrophy in familial dysautonomia is indicative of central nervous system involvement, at least in these cases. Each of these patients was first noted to have visual impairment after the first decade. The late onset of optic atrophy may partly explain its apparent rarity. Since the life span of patients with familial dysautonomia is increasing, optic atrophy may be more commonly recognized in the future. PMID- 3766662 TI - Visual results after surgery for monocular juvenile cataracts of undetermined onset. AB - Seventeen of 216 operations I performed for juvenile cataract were in patients between 1 and 51/4 years of age who had monocular cataract of unknown origin and unknown time of onset. In 14 of them final visual acuities were 20/50 or better. In an additional eight children in whom the age at onset of the cataract could not be determined with certainty, but in whom microphthalmos suggested that it was congenital, the visual results were uniformly poor. Surgery for a monocular cataract of undetermined onset in a young child without microphthalmos may carry an excellent prognosis. PMID- 3766663 TI - Alternating penalization in the prevention of amblyopia recurrence. AB - Improved or normalized visual acuity in a formerly amblyopic eye has a tendency to deteriorate unless all amblyopiogenic factors are eliminated. As this can only be rarely accomplished, continued therapy to maintain optimal acuity in the formerly amblyopic eye is essential. Optic penalization of each eye by two pairs of spectacles, overcorrecting each eye on alternate days, has been effective in preserving visual acuity in 16 patients who had been successfully treated for strabismic or anisometropic amblyopia. This maintenance therapy is continued until the patient is no longer susceptible to a recurrence of amblyopia. PMID- 3766664 TI - Congenital orbital teratomas. AB - Teratomas of the orbit, rare congenital tumors consisting of normal tissues derived from all three germ cell layers, are probably choristomas rather than true neoplasms, and must be considered in the differential diagnosis of neonatal orbital masses. They typically grow rapidly after birth, causing destructive proptosis and exposure keratopathy; however, they may take a slowly progressive course, expanding slightly over several years. We studied two cases of histopathologically proven orbital teratomas. In one patient, a 2-month-old girl, the tumor was solid and enlarged rapidly after birth. In the other patient, a 15 year-old girl, the mass was cystic and grew at a very slow rate. In the latter case, vision was preserved, presumably because of the ease with which the tumor could be bluntly dissected from the ocular tissue. We believe that, when possible, early and complete extirpation is the procedure of choice, to ensure the greatest likelihood of visual preservation and symmetric orbital growth. PMID- 3766666 TI - Reopening filtration fistulas with the neodymium-YAG laser. AB - We used the mode-locked neodymium-YAG laser to reopen filtration fistulas in nine eyes in which the fistula had become occluded internally by a variably pigmented membrane, vitreous, or, in one case, capsular lens material. In five eyes filtration was successfully reestablished, reducing the intraocular pressure to less than 21 mm Hg (range, 10 to 20 mm Hg). The remaining four eyes had fistulas thought to be open internally after laser treatment; however, filtration was not established because of external subconjunctival scarring of the bleb. As with needling or argon laser fistular reopening, successful filtration followed Nd-YAG laser fistular surgery only when the fistula was occluded by an identifiable membrane and when the eye already had had a well-established bleb. PMID- 3766665 TI - Ophthalmologic and systemic manifestations of Alstrom's disease. AB - Alstrom's syndrome consists of pigmentary retinopathy, diabetes, obesity, normal mental capacity, and sensorineural deafness. The early retinal findings are optic atrophy, salt-and-pepper pigment epithelial abnormalities, and marked vascular attenuation. Later in the disease process, diffuse areas of chorioretinal atrophy and large clumps of pigment develop. Severe visual loss in the first decade is characteristic and is an important point in the differential diagnosis. Clinically evident renal disease is a variable age-related phenomenon, and is probably the most frequent cause of death. PMID- 3766667 TI - Comparison of quantitative testing with the Octopus, Humphrey, and Tubingen perimeters. AB - Meridional threshold testing was used to compare the quantitative abilities of the Octopus 201, Humphrey 620, and Tubingen perimeters. In 40 patients with mild to moderate glaucomatous visual field defects, the perimeters provided comparable results, and only small differences could be identified. Manual Tubingen testing identified slightly fewer defects, and scotomas were plotted as narrower and shallower than on the two automated devices, which were nearly equivalent in performance. PMID- 3766668 TI - A proposed mechanism for increased tear-film osmolarity in contact lens wearers. AB - Contact lenses decrease corneal sensitivity and increase tear-film osmolarity. To determine whether the decrease in corneal sensitivity is responsible for the increase in tear-film osmolarity, we studied tear-film osmolarity in normal rabbits and rabbits with surgically induced keratoconjunctivitis sicca before and after the instillation of 0.5% proparacaine. Instillation of proparacaine resulted in a significant increase in tear-film osmolarity. Decreased corneal sensitivity, with a resultant decrease in tear secretory rates, is the most likely cause for increased tear-film osmolarity in wearers of hard contact and extended-wear soft contact lenses. PMID- 3766669 TI - Chronic keratitis caused by Mycobacterium gordonae. AB - We treated a patient with chronic keratitis caused by Mycobacterium gordonae, a slow-growing, atypical mycobacterium not previously reported as a cause of corneal infection. The patient was a 34-year-old man who was hit in the eye with some vegetable matter while gardening. Initially, the patient was treated for a presumptive diagnosis of herpes simplex keratitis. Because of progression of the keratitis, a lamellar corneal biopsy was performed 3 1/2 years later and the definitive diagnosis was made. Subsequently, a penetrating keratoplasty was performed and the patient's condition then remained stable. The diagnosis of atypical mycobacterium should be considered in a patient with an indolent corneal ulcer. Lamellar corneal biopsy may disclose the pathogen when the infection is deep, chronic, or partially treated. PMID- 3766670 TI - Topical ketoconazole for experimental Candida keratitis in rabbits. AB - Topical ketoconazole (2% ointment three times per day for three weeks) markedly reduced the severity of keratitis produced with Candida albicans inoculation in the right eyes of 20 rabbits. Clinical scores of affected eyes were significantly lower in the treated eyes than in the controls, which consisted of the 20 inoculated but untreated left eyes of the same rabbits. All cultures of corneal scrapings from the treated eyes were negative on the 12th day after inoculation, while two cultures were still positive at the end of the experiment (day 21) in the control eyes. Histopathologic examination showed less severe inflammatory changes in the treated eyes than in the control eyes. PMID- 3766671 TI - Acanthamoeba--the ultimate opportunist? PMID- 3766672 TI - Periorbital cellulitis after eyebrow tweezing. PMID- 3766673 TI - Management of corneal contact thermal burns. PMID- 3766674 TI - A simple technique for goniotomy. PMID- 3766675 TI - Marginal eyelid laceration at birth. PMID- 3766676 TI - A new clamp for cicatricial entropion surgery. PMID- 3766677 TI - Spontaneous cure of congenital Brown's syndrome. PMID- 3766678 TI - Czarnecki's sign as the initial finding in acquired oculomotor synkinesis. PMID- 3766679 TI - Spontaneous contractions of the pupillary sphincter in traumatic ophthalmoplegia. PMID- 3766680 TI - Compliance with topical pilocarpine treatment. PMID- 3766681 TI - Miconazole and ketoconazole as a satisfactory first-line treatment for keratomycosis. PMID- 3766682 TI - Computerized scoring and graphing of the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue color vision test. PMID- 3766683 TI - The effectiveness of therapy in improving finger extension in stroke patients. AB - Twenty post-stroke patients were assigned to one of three treatment conditions or to a control group to test whether exercises, determined in a previous study to recruit maximal extensor digitorum participation, would improve finger extension function over time. The exercises were resisted grasp, resisted extension, and ballistic extension. Improved function was defined as increased active range of motion, speed of reversal of movement, and ability to grasp and release cylinders. Significantly more subjects assigned to ballistic or resisted extension conditions improved in their ability to rapidly reverse movement over the course of treatment as opposed to those assigned to resisted grasp or control conditions. However, Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric analyses of variance indicated that no exercise improved all three components of function significantly more than another or the control condition. Since no clear difference was found between the control and treatment conditions, it was concluded that motor unit recruitment as an attribute of activity is insufficient to improve function in post-stroke patients. The strength of this conclusion is limited by a chance imbalance of patient assignment in which significantly more patients assigned to resisted and ballistic extension conditions were at a higher level of recovery of motor control. PMID- 3766684 TI - Organized activity and the adaptive status of nursing home residents. AB - This study examined one aspect of the hypothesis that the environment influences the adaptive status of elderly people. Specifically, it looked at the relationship between the amount of organized activities offered in three nursing homes and 44 residents' perceptions of their roles in the present and future and their future time perspective. No relationship was found between future time perspective and the amount of activity offered; however, positive relationships existed between present and future roles and the amount of activity. The study supports the premise that when activity is available, individuals are likely to form and maintain images of themselves as actively engaging with their environment. PMID- 3766685 TI - Occupational therapy in hospice home care: a student tutorial. AB - The number of hospices in the United States has grown from 20 in 1978 to 1,500 in 1985. The projected need is for 4,000 to 5,000 new hospices to serve the terminally ill by the end of the century. As the hospice philosophy advocates a holistic approach (i.e., the amelioration of biological pain and physical symptoms, diagnostic honesty, and the maximization of the quality of life), occupational therapy, operating from an occupational behavior perspective, can contribute to maximizing the quality of life for the terminally ill patient. There is an urgent need to train occupational therapists to meet the potential demand inherent in the rapid growth of hospice care. Because there are at the present time no formal course offerings on the treatment of the terminally ill hospice patient, this paper proposes a tutorial in the form of a five-phase model for an undergraduate independent study in hospice care. Certain principles of the model are illustrated through case studies. PMID- 3766686 TI - Muscle activity in the spinal cord-injured during wheelchair ambulation. AB - Right shoulder complex muscles of nondisabled, paraplegic, and quadriplegic subjects were monitored with electromyography (EMG) during standardized wheelchair ambulation. It was shown that wheelchair ambulation required the recruitment of large amounts of available motor units in spinal cord-injured persons. Motor unit recruitments differed for the groups: recruitment was minimal for the nondisabled subjects, moderate for paraplegics, and often maximal for quadriplegics. In addition, large intra- and intergroup variabilities were found in the pattern of muscle recruitment during the standardized wheelchair ambulation movement. The high variability shown in the muscle recruitment patterns of the normal individuals was unexpected, because the ambulation movement had been standardized as much as possible. The technique used to monitor muscle activity in this study reflects an example of how EMG can be employed to analyze activity during a movement. Using this technique one can objectively determine if assumptions about what is occurring in a muscle group during activity are correct. PMID- 3766688 TI - A new concept: research apprenticeships for occupational therapy researchers. PMID- 3766687 TI - Knitting device for bilateral upper extremity amputee. PMID- 3766689 TI - Disparity vergence dynamics and fixation disparity. AB - The initial velocity of the vergence response to step changes in disparity was examined in two subjects as a function of the retinal locus and spatial frequency of fusion stimuli. Vergence velocity decreased for both subjects as retinal eccentricity increased and it was unaffected by spatial frequency. The same subjects had very different amounts of fixation disparity (FD). The flat forced duction FD curve for one subject who had rapid vergence adaptation remained unaffected by these two stimulus variables. In contrast, the steep forced duction FD curve for the other subject became steeper as retinal eccentricity and target coarseness increased. These results suggest that prism adaptation overshadows the effects of disparity vergence dynamics upon FD, but in the absence of adaptation, two dynamic properties of vergence (velocity and decay during occlusion) determine the slope of the peripheral limits of the forced duction FD curves. The results also suggest that the vergence system is more sensitive to small disparities subtended by high than low spatial frequency detail. We recommend that the slope of the extreme limits of the forced duction curve be used clinically to discriminate between normal and abnormal disparity vergence dynamics. PMID- 3766690 TI - Combined effects of spatial frequency and retinal eccentricity upon fixation disparity. AB - The variations in fixation disparity (FD) with spatial frequency and retinal locus of fusion locks were examined in two groups of subjects having either steep or flat forced-duction FD curves. FD for subjects with flat curves was unaffected by either spatial frequency or diameter of fusion locks. FD of observers with steep forced-duction curves increased with both the coarseness and eccentricity of fusion locks. Panum's horizontal fusion range increased markedly with target spatial period but only modestly with retinal eccentricity. These results indicate that factors other than the dimensions of Panum's fusional area (PFA) result in the increase of FD found in some observers with peripheral fusion locks. PMID- 3766691 TI - Should a central fusion stimulus be used on the disparometer? AB - Clinical measurements of fixation disparity made with the disparometer have used a 1.5 degree diameter peripheral fusion stimulus. The addition of a central fusion stimulus decreases the variability of test measurements and more closely simulates everyday visual tasks. However, this also changes the fixation disparity measurement, associated phoria, slope of the curve, and possibly the curve type. Normative data and correlation data to other clinical tests are not available for the central fusional measurements as they are for the peripheral fusional measurements. More importantly, the peripheral fusional measurements have been shown to correlate with patient symptoms, whereas such studies have yet to be performed with the central stimulus. Until normative and discriminative information data are available for the central fusional stimulus, the peripheral stimulus is more useful clinically. PMID- 3766692 TI - Objective measurement of binocular fixation misalignment. AB - The amount of deviation from central fixation during binocular fusion of a vertical border was compared with conventional fixation disparity measured at the same time, forced convergence serving as the independent variable. Fixation eccentricity was measured objectively by monitoring a scleral blood vessel with a video camera and by analyzing the movement, greatly magnified, on a video screen. Fixation disparity was measured conventionally by interocular nonius alignment of vertically dissociated line segments. The results agree well with previous comparisons of these responses, in which the fixation eccentricity was measured by using a technique based on the effect of retinal stimulus location on border enhancement. As in the previous experiment, the fixation misalignment was found to be many times larger than the corresponding disparity for most forced convergence values. The large discrepancy between actual fixation misalignment and fixation disparity has thus been documented objectively as well as subjectively. PMID- 3766693 TI - Studies in vertical fixation disparity. AB - We studied vertical fixation disparity (VFD) with the purpose of assisting the clinician in the evaluation of patients having vertical heterophoria and/or vertical anisometropia and in the prescription of an appropriate vertical prismatic correction. Our research shows that VFD represents a relatively stable and reliable measurement of the vertical deviation; provides the clinician with a mechanism to study a patient's ability to adapt to an induced vertical fusional demand; and provides a process to determine the amount of the vertical prismatic correction. PMID- 3766694 TI - Convergence insufficiency, fixation disparity, and control systems analysis. AB - The diagnosis and management of convergence insufficiency (CI) is discussed through a control systems model of the combined accommodation and disparity vergence mechanisms. The emphasis is put on drawing definite clinical implications such that CI can be understood as a logical continuum from its etiology, through symptoms, signs, and finally through its treatment. PMID- 3766695 TI - Computerized fixation disparity measurement. AB - Fixation disparity (FD) curves have many clinical implications. A new method for evaluating binocular function using FD curves is described. This method is shown to compare very well with traditional methods of measurement. During clinical applications, it has proven to be very useful in diagnosis of problems and monitoring of training. The operation of the program as well as clinical data are presented. PMID- 3766696 TI - Clinical evaluation of vertical fixation disparity. Part IV. Slope and adaptation to vertical prism of vertical heterophoria patients. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of the clinically measured vertical fixation disparity (VFD) curve and the ability to adapt to vertical prism for patients who have a vertical heterophoria and are comfortably wearing vertical prism, and to relate these data to similar findings for nonvertical heterophoria patients. The correlation between the amount of vertical prism that was being worn comfortably and the amount of vertical prism that reduced the VFD to zero was also evaluated. The results indicate that patients with vertical heterophoria who are wearing vertical prismatic corrections comfortably have VFD curves with shapes and slopes similar to nonvertical heterophoria patients; have lower coefficients of adaptability to vertical prism than nonvertical heterophoria patients; and the amount of the vertical prismatic correction to produce visual comfort can be determined by the vertical prism that reduces the VFD to zero. PMID- 3766697 TI - Differential effects of various causes of deafness on the eyes, refractive errors, and vision of children. AB - A retrospective study of oculovisual assessment records of the population of three Ontario schools for deaf children assessed the differential effects of various causes of deafness on the prevalence of vision anomalies. Inherited deafness (ID) appears to be associated with the fewest visual anomalies. Congenital rubella (CR) had the greatest prevalence and was associated with the broadest spectrum of ocular and visual problems. It appears to have a significant effect on corneal curvature as well as being associated with anomalies of other organ systems. Children who had had CR, neonatal sepsis (NS), and Rh incompatibility (Rh) all showed higher rates of strabismus and amblyopia. Those who were deaf from meningitis (MEN) or NS showed a tendency to be more hyperopic, whereas the sample with Rh showed a trend toward myopia. The CR children had the broadest range of spherical refractive errors of all the causes of deafness. Children in schools for the deaf are generally those with substantial or profound hearing loss and thus are more likely to have an accompanying vision impairment. Knowledge of the effect on vision of the causes of deafness should aid practitioners in identifying and detecting similar effects on vision when mild or moderate deafness does not require a child's attendance at schools for the deaf. PMID- 3766698 TI - DNA aneuploidy in follicular adenomas of the thyroid gland. AB - The nuclear DNA content of 67 follicular adenomas and 7 adenomatous goiters was determined by flow cytometry. The DNA analysis was done with the use of paraffin embedded tissue, but in 14 cases of follicular adenoma fresh material obtained by fine needle aspiration biopsy was also available. An abnormal DNA stemline was found in 27% (18/67) of the adenomas and in 1 (14%) of the adenomatous goiters. Four (29%) of the 14 adenomas analyzed from fresh samples were aneuploid. In none of the 12 aneuploid or 40 diploid adenomas followed for more than 5 years (mean, 7.2 years) did distant metastases develop after surgical removal of the adenoma. The paraffin blocks of cases with DNA aneuploidy were sectioned subserially at 1 mm intervals, but none of these tumors showed invasion into the capsule or blood vessels. It is concluded that DNA aneuploidy is common in histologically benign follicular adenomas of the thyroid, and that DNA aneuploidy does not appear to be associated with adverse prognosis in follicular adenomas if the tumor is surgically removed. PMID- 3766699 TI - Leukocytes are required for the trypsin-induced increase in lung vascular permeability. AB - The authors examined the role of leukocytes in mediating the increase in lung vascular permeability induced by trypsin infusion in the sheep lung lymph preparation. One group of sheep was challenged with an intravenous infusion of trypsin (4.5 mg/kg/hr). A second group was depleted of 80% of circulating granulocytes and of 48% of circulating lymphocytes by repeated injections of hydroxyurea several days prior to the trypsin infusion. Pulmonary lymph flow and transvascular protein clearance increased twofold without changes in pulmonary vascular pressures in the control group, suggesting that trypsin resulted in an increase in pulmonary vascular permeability. The hydroxyurea-induced leukopenia prevented the increases in pulmonary lymph flow and protein clearance after the trypsin infusion, indicating that leukocytes are required for increase in lung vascular permeability. Because neutrophil activation may mediate the trypsin induced increase in lung vascular permeability, we assessed the effect of trypsin on superoxide anion (O2-) generation by isolated neutrophils. Trypsin (0.09 mg/ml) added to isolated sheep neutrophils did not increase O2- generation more than neutrophils in buffer. The supernatant obtained after incubation of trypsin with citrated whole blood increased O2- generation from isolated neutrophils, this response was greater than with trypsin alone. Therefore, neutrophil activation occurs as a result of the action of trypsin on whole blood. Neutrophil activation may contribute to the leukocyte-dependent increase in lung vascular permeability after trypsin. PMID- 3766700 TI - Early changes of experimentally induced cerebral aneurysms in rats. Light microscopic study. AB - The changes of the anterior cerebral artery/olfactory artery junction, one of the favorite sites of aneurysm formation, in rats treated with unilateral ligation of the common carotid artery and renal hypertension were investigated by light microscopy. The initial changes of aneurysm occurred not at the apex itself, but on the distal side of the major branch adjacent to the apex, at the intimal pad and the neighboring distal portion. Here the internal elastic lamina showed various degenerative changes and disappearance. The neighboring distal portion adjacent to the intimal pad showed a shallow depression associated with a thinning of the media due to a decrease of medial smooth muscle cells in number even in some control animals. Such degenerative changes of the internal elastic lamina and medial smooth muscle cells caused by hemodynamic stress due to branching structure, including intimal pads, augmented by the experimental treatment, are supposed to be the basis for aneurysm formation. PMID- 3766701 TI - Paraovarian cysts associated with prenatal diethylstilbestrol exposure. Comparison of the human with a mouse model. AB - The association of prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) and abnormalities in structures of mullerian (paramesonephric) origin has been well documented. In a murine model, exposure to DES in utero results in persistent mesonephric remnants in adult female mice. Six women exposed prenatally to DES had paraovarian cysts excised during routine gynecologic surgery; and in 4, histologic abnormalities were observed, including thickened fibromuscular walls with tall columnar epithelium in a papillary or pseudoglandular configuration. Four of 25 nonexposed and 8 of 9 DES-exposed infertile women undergoing surgery for infertility had paraovarian cysts, and the difference was statistically significant (P less than 0.02). These findings raise the possibility that structures derived from the mesonephric ducts or tubules may also be affected in women exposed in utero to DES. PMID- 3766702 TI - The extracellular matrix of pulmonary scar carcinomas is suggestive of a desmoplastic origin. AB - Pulmonary scar carcinomas and noncarcinomatous apical scars were subjected to collagen extraction, ultrastructural, and immunocytochemical studies designed to investigate the nature of their extracellular matrix. These studies revealed marked differences in both cellular and biochemical composition of scar carcinomas, compared with apical scars. Myofibroblasts, identified by antimyosin antibodies and confirmed by electron microscopy, constituted over 90% of the stromal cells of the scar carcinomas, compared with 0-10% in the apical scars. Collagen extraction studies revealed both an absolute and relative increase in Type V collagen in the scar carcinomas, compared with that found in the apical scars. The extracellular matrix of the pulmonary scar carcinomas was, however, identical to that of scirrhous carcinomas of the breast. These findings suggest that pulmonary scar carcinomas are probably desmoplastic carcinomas, rather than scar-arising tumors. PMID- 3766703 TI - The mode of growth and compartmentalization of neoplastic glands during experimental colon carcinogenesis. AB - During the growth of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon neoplasms in mice from microscopic ones at 9 weeks to macroscopic, invasive ones at 25-26 weeks after the initiation of DMH treatments, the neoplastic glands became increasingly but variably elongated and tortuous, with epithelial evaginations and/or invaginations. For assessment of the mode of growth and genesis of heterogeneity of neoplasms, colon neoplasms induced by two different cumulative doses of DMH were compared at 25-26 weeks after the initial DMH injection. At this time they invaded the colonic wall similarly in depth. However, neoplasms that developed in mice given a higher cumulative dose of DMH had a more homogeneous cell population, a higher proliferative activity, and more apoptotic bodies than those with a lower dose. By 73 hours after multiple tritiated thymidine injections, most neoplastic cells became labeled. There were numerous foci of unlabeled cells seen among, or alternating with, areas of labeled cells. Epithelial evaginations into the glandular lumen consisted of proliferating cells and/or differentiated cells; whereas invaginations into the lamina propria contained only proliferating cells. These findings suggest a compartmentalization of neoplastic glands into multiple neoplastic clonogenic units during growth, from which cellular heterogeneity and architectural complexities of neoplastic glands develop. PMID- 3766704 TI - Noninflammatory spongiform polioencephalomyelopathy caused by a neurotropic temperature-sensitive mutant of Moloney murine leukemia virus TB. AB - Newborn inbred CFW/D mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with ts1, a neurotropic temperature-sensitive mutant of Moloney murine leukemia virus TB (MoMuLV-TB), with the parental wild type (wt) MoMuLV-TB, or with culture medium. A progressive symmetric hindlimb paresis that progressed to paralysis was observed in ts1-infected mice. Wt-infected mice and control mice had no neurologic signs. The severity and progression of neurologic signs correlated with the location, development, and progression of lesions. Lesions consisted of neuronal and glial cell vacuolization in the brain and the anterior horn of the spinal cord, spongiform change in the associated neuropil, spongiform change in lateral and ventral funiculi, and late fibrillary gliosis in the brainstem. There was no inflammation. Lesions were symmetric, increased in severity with time, and consistently arose at specific times in specific nuclei and areas of the brain and spinal cord. Similar, but less severe, histologic lesions were observed in corresponding areas of the central nervous system from wt-infected mice. Ultrastructurally, neuronal and glial cell vacuolization in ts1-infected mice at 31 days after inoculation was caused by dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex. Virions were observed in extremely low numbers predominantly in extracellular space and budding from membranes of neurons and glial cells. Virions were not observed in the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi complex of neurons, nor were there cytoplasmic vacuoles that contained abnormal virions. PMID- 3766705 TI - Acute and late radiation injury in rhesus monkey parotid glands. Evidence of interphase cell death. AB - Acute and chronic salivary gland dysfunction are common sequelae of radiotherapy for head and neck cancer; but the associated morphologic changes, especially of the acute damage, have received relatively little study. For investigation of the morphologic characteristics of acute radiation injury to parotid glands, rhesus monkeys were studied 1-72 hours after parotid irradiation with single doses of 2.5-15.0 Gy. The acute damage from all doses was clearly expressed by 24 hours. Histologically, parotid glands irradiated with 2.5 or 5.0 Gy had random degeneration and necrosis of the serous acinar cells. Doses of 7.5-15.0 Gy produced widespread degeneration along with necrosis of whole acini. Serous cell damage was accompanied by neutrophilic inflammation that subsided after 24 hours to become replaced by plasma cell and lymphocytic infiltrates. Parotid glands receiving 7.5-15.0 Gy were atrophic at 16-22 weeks after irradiation and showed no recovery by 40 weeks. Although parotid acinar cells are well-differentiated nondividing cells, these observations show that they express lethal radiation injury in interphase within hours of receiving a radiation dose as low as 2.5 Gy. This is unlike most mammalian cells that express radiation injury during mitosis. Chronic atrophy is a consequence of this direct, irreversible, and early injury, rather than the result of radiation-induced changes in the vasculature. PMID- 3766706 TI - Unique radiosensitivity of serous cells in rhesus monkey submandibular glands. AB - The saliva of patients undergoing radiation therapy for head and neck cancer contains increased acidic mucosubstances associated with a reduced serous component. To assess the morphologic features of the acute radiation damage in serous versus mucous acinar cells, the mixed serous/mucous submandibular glands of 18 rhesus monkeys were studied 1-72 hours after irradiation with single doses of 2.5-15.0 Gy. Selective degeneration and necrosis of serous cells was observed with doses of 2.5-7.5 Gy. Doses of 10.0-15.0 Gy caused widespread destruction of whole serous acini, but only isolated mucous cells were affected. The lesions were clearly expressed by 24 hours. Transient exudation of neutrophils was replaced by plasma cells and lymphocytes. Examination at 16, 22 and at 40 weeks revealed that late atrophy was caused solely by loss of serous acini in glands treated with 7.5 and 10.0 Gy. Although both serous and mucous acini were reduced in glands treated with 12.5 and 15.0 Gy, the atrophy was mainly due to loss of serous acini. The finding that serous cells are more vulnerable to radiation injury than mucous cells provides a morphologic explanation for early and late changes in saliva composition after salivary gland irradiation. PMID- 3766708 TI - Acute acalculous cholecystitis induced by lysophosphatidylcholine. PMID- 3766707 TI - Enolase isozymes in renal tubules and renal cell carcinoma. AB - To elucidate the localization of enolase isozymes in renal tubules and renal cell carcinoma, an immunohistochemical study and quantitative analysis by employing the enzyme immunoassay were performed. The alpha-enolase was localized in almost all epithelial cells of renal tubules except for loops of Henle. The gamma enolase was localized in macula densa cells and epithelial cells of loops of Henle and collecting ducts of the medulla, but not in those of proximal tubules. In renal cell carcinoma, most tumor cells possessed two enolase isozymes. From these immunohistochemical findings, it is suggested that enolases are present mainly in the alpha alpha form in epithelial cells of proximal tubules, in the gamma gamma form in those of loops of Henle, and in the two forms and/or the alpha gamma form in tumor cells of renal cell carcinoma. The levels of gamma enolase in the normal cortex were 16.8 +/- 3.7 ng/mg protein (n = 7), whereas those in renal cell carcinoma were 928 +/- 554 ng/mg protein (n = 7), about 55 fold higher than those in the normal cortex. The serum gamma-enolase levels were also enhanced in 20 (49%) of 41 patients with renal cell carcinoma. Because it is generally accepted that renal cell carcinoma is derived from epithelium of proximal tubules, the expression of gamma-enolase has occurred during carcinogenesis. PMID- 3766709 TI - EMG-force model of the elbows antagonistic muscle pair. The effect of joint position, gravity and recruitment. AB - A piecewise linear model of the elbow antagonistic muscle pair under isometric conditions was developed. The model consists of a linear myoelectric signal-joint force relationship with a mild slope for the force range of 0-30%, and a second, linear segment of steeper slope for the range of 30%-100%. The slope of the agonist, whether biceps or triceps, is fixed for most of the force range at about 1.16 regardless of elbow angle, whereas the slope of the antagonist varies with elbow angle. The antagonist muscle varies its response in such a way that it regulates the net torque about the joint, compensating for the effect of the gravity vector on the joint geometry and limb mass to stabilize the joint. The myoelectric profile of the medial gastrocnemius muscle of the cat during recruitment at synchronous firing rate of 51 pps (maximal tetanic rate) was obtained and compared with the above model. The force-EMG relationship for recruitment was fitted with a second-order polynomial similar but not equivalent to that of the EMG-joint force model. The minor differences were attributed to the effect of the antagonist, proprioception, ligament status and joint geometry. PMID- 3766710 TI - Outpatient rehabilitation for chronic neuromuscular diseases. AB - Cost-conscious outpatient rehabilitation of 210 patients in a neuromuscular disease clinic was examined. The patients followed over a one-year period included: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, [50], Charcot-Marie-Tooth [42], Limb Girdle Dystrophy [37], Spinal Muscular Atrophies [28], "Congenital" Myopathies [12], Friedreich's Ataxia [7], Polymyositis [7] and other related diseases. The 210 patients were profiled by age, sex, family history, and age at onset of symptoms. The rehabilitation of each patient was examined for ancillary service utilization such as pulmonary [11%], orthopedic [10%], and social services consultations [43%], formal occupational [7%] and physical therapy sessions [6%]. Rehabilitation costs were computed for each patient and each disease. "Rehabilitation Costs" included: equipment, laboratory fees, physician fees, building use, medications, travel, and P.T., O.T. and social service charges. Equipment expenditures were the major portion of rehabilitation, determined to be 70% of the annual costs. Because equipment was determined to be the overwhelming "rehabilitation" expense, the types of equipment prescribed for each disease were also defined. Laboratory testing was the next most costly category, resulting in 11% of the overall cost. Physician fees were determined to be only 8% of annual rehabilitation costs. The total mean per capita cost of outpatient rehabilitation was $750 per year, with a range of from $200 per year for Myotonic Dystrophy to $1200 per year for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. This study indicates that annual per capita "Rehabilitation Costs" in an outpatient neuromuscular disease clinic are surprisingly inexpensive when one considers the extent of disability in these diseases. PMID- 3766711 TI - Nonlever action of the mandible. AB - This study considers the current concept of the mandible as a lever of the third order. The concept requires a fulcrum, and this function has been ascribed to the condyle region, but it tends to be overlooked that the fulcrum of a third-order lever in this case would sometimes have to bear a considerable stress. Certain changes, attributed to stress, have been observed in anatomical components of the articulation, but they cannot be explained in terms of the lever concept. They are accounted for by the changing anatomical relations in the working and contralateral sides during mandibular function. They arise from minor stress, especially when dental conditions indicate a period of abnormal function. PMID- 3766712 TI - Correlations between the cross-sectional area of the jaw muscles and craniofacial size and shape. AB - In adult human subjects, the correlations were determined between the cross sectional areas of the jaw muscles (measured in CT scans) and a number of facial angles and dimensions (measured from lateral radiographs). Multivariate statistical analysis of the skeletal variables in a group of 50 subjects led to the recognition of six independent factors determining facial shape, i.e., cranial base length, lower facial height, cranial base flexure and prognathism, facial width, mandibular length, and upper facial height. In 29 of these subjects, the cross-sectional areas of the jaw muscles were determined, and correlations between these areas and the scores on the above-mentioned factors were calculated. It appeared that the cross-sectional areas of temporalis and masseter muscles correlated positively with facial width, whereas the areas of masseter and both pterygoid muscles did so with mandibular length. It has been shown experimentally that a decrease in jaw muscle size in various animals likewise has an effect on facial width and mandibular length. Our results therefore support the hypothesis that in man too the jaw muscles affect facial growth and partly determine the final facial dimensions. They also hint that the role of each muscle is different. PMID- 3766713 TI - Individual admixture estimates: disease associations and individual risk of diabetes and gallbladder disease among Mexican-Americans in Starr County, Texas. AB - The ethnic and geographic distributions of several common chronic diseases show distinct patterns that are consistent with the distribution of genes and genetic admixture. For example, diabetes and gallbladder disease occur most frequently among Amerindians, while those genetically admixed with them (such as Mexican Americans) have intermediate rates, and lowest rates are found among Whites and Blacks. Because there will be heterogeneity from individual to individual in ancestral affinity within an admixed population, a method is developed for estimating each person's admixture probability. Results confirm that there is substantial heterogeneity of individual admixture among Mexican-Americans in Starr County, Texas, with a mean value indicating that 65% of genes in this population are Caucasian derived and 35% Amerindian derived. The individual estimates are shown to be unrelated to the probability of being diabetic and only marginally related to gallbladder disease, with those having the most Amerindian affinity being at increased risk. These results are a consequence of the independent assortment of loci and indicate that unless the markers employed are related (including linkage) to the disease of interest, the method will have limited utility. Individual admixture estimates will be useful, however, for examining aspects of population structure and will find increased utility for predicting disease and examining disease associations as more and more of the genome is represented by markers, a very probable prospect with the abundance of DNA polymorphism being identified by restriction enzymes. PMID- 3766714 TI - Diversity in palmar pattern ridge counts among 12 Iranian populations. AB - Bilateral palmar prints of 604 male individuals from 12 Iranian groups, six Mongoloid and six Caucasoid, have been analyzed for palmar pattern ridge counts (PPRC). Highly significant variation has been observed in the size of the palmar patterns in all the configurational areas among the Iranian groups. The distance analysis based on PPRCs differentiated the Iranian Mongoloid from the Iranian Caucasoid groups into distinct clusters. The pattern of differentiation based on PPRCs explained the ethnohistoric relationships between the Iranian groups as well as between the Iranian and the 20 Caucasoid groups from India much better than the palmar pattern frequencies. The results of this study demonstrate the existence of variation in the size of the palmar patterns across different populations within an ethnic group, as well as that among different ethnic groups, and seems to be a better indicator of interpopulational diversity than the palmar pattern frequencies. PMID- 3766715 TI - Frequencies of complex diseases in hybrid populations. AB - Diseases of complex etiology demonstrate considerable variation in their frequencies in different ethnic populations. Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), rheumatoid arthritis, and several cardiovascular diseases constitute examples of such disorders. In genetic studies involving hybrid populations of known ancestry, it is of interest to compare and correlate disease prevalence with the admixture proportion, the latter estimated from a number of polymorphic genetic markers. Theoretical formulations are provided relating disease prevalence in a hybrid population to the admixture proportion under different models of disease transmission. It is shown that the relationship between admixture proportion and disease frequency provides discriminatory power regarding the mode of inheritance. This method is illustrated with an example comparing the proportion of Amerindian ancestry in Mexican-Americans and the prevalence of NIDDM. It is found that genetic factors are involved in susceptibility to NIDDM, but the mode of inheritance cannot be explained by any simple genetic model, and the role of sporadic events cannot be totally ruled out. PMID- 3766716 TI - Gene flow and variation in stature and craniofacial dimensions among indigenous populations of southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras. AB - Populations with histories of outbreeding tend to be taller even in the face of seemingly unchanged health and nutritional circumstances, while inbreeding generally results in a negative correlation between body dimensions and level of inbreeding. Populations that have experienced a positive secular trend in stature and maturation typically have histories of higher outbreeding rates in combination with improved nutritional, health, and economic conditions, suggesting a genetic-environment interaction. In general, Middle American Indians have not experienced a secular trend in stature, nor a substantial increase in their standard of living, but they have experienced varying degrees of admixture with Spanish and African populations since the Spanish Conquest. The relationship between estimated gene flow and variation in several anthropometric dimensions is thus considered in indigenous Mesoamerican populations. Available data on height, sitting height, craniofacial dimensions, and admixture rate of Indian populations from southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras were assembled from the literature. The population mean data on 3,371 adults from 23 populations for males and 18 for females were analyzed by regression with anthropometry as the dependent variable, and log10 of admixture as the independent variable. Admixture was less than or equal to 28.9% in this study and is suggestive of a primarily traditional Indian cultural and economic base. The results suggest that populations with higher admixture tend to be taller, and that the increase in stature is due to greater subischial length in both sexes. A decrease in nasion-menton height, and an increase in nasal breadth, nasal height, and the nasal index is suggested for the dimensions of the craniofacial complex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3766717 TI - Differential mortality in Turkana agriculturalists and pastoralists. AB - Nomadic pastoral populations appear to have much lower rates of growth than the otherwise very high growth rates now characteristic of populations in developing nations. Because dramatic declines in infant mortality have been a primary contributor to increased population growth rates in these countries, it has been assumed that nomadic pastoral populations are still characterized by high levels of mortality in the first few years of life. Few studies, however, have been undertaken to estimate demographic parameters for nomadic pastoral populations, and even fewer of a comparative nature have been undertaken to document the impact of subsistence strategy on demographic processes. This study compares indirect childhood mortality estimates for Turkana nomadic pastoralists with childhood mortality in a settled agricultural group within the same population and finds that pastoralists have substantially higher levels of mortality. Based on the childhood mortality estimates, model life tables are selected for pastoral and agricultural groups from which values for mean life expectancy and infant mortality are estimated and compared. Recent improvements in primary health care for the settled agricultural group are ruled out as being an important cause of their lower mortality levels, and some aspects of life-style associated with subsistence strategy are discussed as likely determinants of the mortality differences. PMID- 3766718 TI - Short-term effects of PTH on cultured rat osteoblasts: changes in membrane potential. AB - The introduction of parathyroid hormone [bPTH (1-34)], 10(-8) M, into the medium of cultured rat osteoblasts results in rapid (less than 1 min) depolarization of the osteoblast membranes. Conventional and pH-sensitive microelectrodes were used to assess the mechanism underlying this change. PTH depolarized cell membrane independently of steady-state membrane potential (Vm). Blocking K+ conductance (Ba2+) and Ca2+-dependent K+ conductance (quinine) depolarized Vm by +13.1 +/- 4.6 (n = 6) and +14.8 +/- 6.7 mV (n = 6), respectively, and both abolished the effect of PTH on Vm. The rate of depolarization was reduced in low-Ca2+ medium. PTH inhibited low Na+-induced cell hyperpolarization, but intracellular pH was not altered by hormone addition. PTH-induced depolarization occurred even when the Na+-K+ pump was blocked with ouabain. A second slower response was seen in cells having a Vm lower than -60 mV, with an increase in negativity 5-15 min after hormone application. The results indicate that PTH rapidly modifies Vm by changes of K+ conductance, which may be the first step in hormonal stimulus response coupling, and induces delayed, long-term changes in cell status. PMID- 3766719 TI - Water permeability of alveolar macrophages. AB - The hydraulic conductivity coefficient (Lp) of alveolar macrophages, recovered by lavage from dog lungs, was determined by following volume changes induced by changes of nonpermeating solute concentrations of suspending fluid as a function of time at 20 degrees C. The volume changes were monitored as changes in absorbance of the suspended cells at 600 nm. Cell surface area was calculated from cell volume and diameter. Linear relationships between cell volume and solution osmolality changes were found over the range of 320-520 mosmol/kg; beyond these ranges the macrophages did not respond with swelling or shrinking. Lp and the filtration coefficient (Pf) were calculated from the total volume change over time. At 20 degrees C these were, respectively, 15.7 X 10(-10) cm X cmH2O-1 X s-1 and 217 X 10(-5) cm/s. Comparison of Pf and the diffusional permeability coefficient (Pd) for water of 70 X 10(-5) cm/s, yields a Pf-to-Pd ratio of 3.1. The hypothesis of water passage through aqueous membrane pores is compatible with these data. However, diffusion of water in the glycocalyx of the pericellular domain could be restricted. Pd would then be underestimated, and a falsely high ratio would be calculated. We have no evidence to support this possibility. PMID- 3766720 TI - Human platelet osmotic water and nonelectrolyte transport. AB - The osmotic water (Pf) and nonelectrolyte permeability (Ps) properties of human platelets were characterized using the stopped-flow light-scattering technique. At 37 degrees C, Pf = 0.007 +/- 0.001 cm/s, the urea reflection coefficient (sigma urea) = 0.95 +/- 0.04, and Ps for a series of permeant nonelectrolytes was (in cm X s-1 X 10(-6)) 2.1 (urea), 3.5 (glycerol), 3.8 (thiourea), 17 (ethylene glycol), 18 (acetamide), 23 (formamide), and 24 (butyramide). Pf did not depend on the size of the osmotic gradient or on the direction of volume flow. Mercurial sulfhydryl reagents did not inhibit osmotic water transport, and phloretin and phenylurea did not inhibit urea transport. There was a discontinuity in the temperature dependence for both Pf and urea permeability (P urea) at 36 degrees C; enthalpy (delta H) = 25 (greater than 36 degrees C) and 4.4 kcal/mol (less than 36 degrees C) for Pf, and delta H = 26 (greater than 36 degrees C) and 7 kcal/mol (less than 36 degrees C) for P urea. In contrast to the facilitated water and urea transport systems in the red blood cell, these results suggest that the mechanism for water and urea transport in the platelet is primarily by diffusion through membrane phospholipid. A computer-simulated model of platelet circulation through the renal medulla, based on the measured values for Pf, P urea, and sigma urea, indicated that platelets undergo an approximately 40% decrease in volume in the inner medulla and an approximately 20% overshoot in volume as they return to the external isosmotic environment. PMID- 3766721 TI - Cholinergic regulation of Na absorption by turtle colon: role of basolateral K conductance. AB - The mechanism underlying the muscarinic inhibition of colonic Na absorption is unknown. In this study the effects of carbachol on active Na transport and basolateral K conductance were compared in the isolated turtle colon. Carbachol produced a biphasic response in both Na transport and basolateral K conductance. The response consisted of a transient activation followed by a sustained inhibition and was blocked by atropine. Submucosal cholinergic neurons were implicated in the regulation of colonic transport by employing depolarizing agents to release endogenous acetylcholine. Depolarizing agents produced a carbachol-like response that was atropine-sensitive. Finally, experiments with the Ca ionophores, A23187 and ionomycin, suggested that the muscarinic response may be mediated, at least in part, by changes in cellular Ca. These experiments provide evidence that cholinergic neurons are present in the turtle colon submucosa, muscarinic agonists cause a change in basolateral K conductance that may be an important event in the regulation of colonic Na absorption, and a Ca second messenger system may be involved in mediating the response. PMID- 3766722 TI - Segregation of gastric Na and Cl transport: a vibrating probe and microelectrode study. AB - The short-circuit current (Isc) of resting Necturus gastric mucosa (approximately 20 microA/cm2) can be attributed to the algebraic sum of the net Cl- secretion and amiloride-inhibitable net Na+ absorption. We have attempted to identify the cell types [surface epithelial cells (SCs) or oxyntic cells (OCs)] responsible for the transport of these ions in Necturus gastric mucosa using microelectrodes (ME) and a vibrating probe (VP). Mucosae were mounted horizontally in an open topped Plexiglas chamber either serosal side up for basolateral ME impalements of OCs or mucosal side up for apical impalements of SCs and VP measurements. Cell impalements were made under open-circuit conditions, and VP measurements were performed under short-circuit conditions. Impalements of OCs indicate that neither the ratio of their apical to basolateral cell membrane resistances (Ra/Rb = 1.3 +/- 0.2) nor their cell membrane potentials were affected by 10(-6) M mucosal amiloride. In contrast, impalements of SCs indicate that amiloride increased their Ra/Rb from 3.5 +/- 0.2 to 15.6 +/- 1.8 and hyperpolarized both cell membrane potentials by greater than 20 mV. VP measurements showed that the amiloride-induced change in the current from SCs (5.6 microA/cm2) accounted for the amiloride-induced change in the Isc (5.5 microA/cm2). A non-zero current (4.4 +/- 1.0 microA/cm2) measured over SCs in the presence of amiloride was due to contamination from current arising from the gastric crypts that contain the OCs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3766723 TI - Protein degradation in skeletal muscles after evisceration of fed or fasted rats. AB - To test the rate of protein degradation in muscles under more physiological conditions, in vitro methods were adapted for use in rats whose skeletal muscles had been isolated intact by an evisceration procedure. Under pentobarbital anesthesia the vessels to the gastrointestinal tract were ligated, the organs removed, and the liver left in situ. Normal rectal temperature was maintained, glucose was given to prevent hypoglycemia and the animals were studied for a 2-h period. For the present experiments, evisceration was carried out after protein synthesis was blocked with cycloheximide so that the accumulation of the amino acid tyrosine (not metabolized) in the plasma of the preparation could be used to indicate the rate protein was degraded in the peripheral tissues. When normal fed rats (270 g) were eviscerated, the concentration of plasma tyrosine increased postoperatively, but, if the rats were fasted 20 h and then eviscerated, tyrosine accumulation was significantly enhanced. After 2 h, it was 50% greater than in the fed controls. Refeeding for 3 h completely prevented this effect. The results suggest that the rate of overall skeletal muscle protein degradation can be measured by the use of eviscerated rats and that this rate is sensitive to short periods of food deprivation. PMID- 3766724 TI - Effects of alanine on malate-aspartate shuttle in perfused livers from cold exposed rats. AB - The role of glucocorticoids in the increase by cold-exposure of the effect of alanine on the malate-aspartate shuttle was studied in perfused rat liver. The capacity of the shuttle was evaluated by measurement of changes in both the rate of glucose production from sorbitol and the ratio of lactate to pyruvate during ethanol oxidation (Biomed. Res. 6, Suppl., 1986). The effect of alanine on the shuttle capacity was decreased by adrenalectomy. When 1.5 mg/kg dexamethasone sulfate was administrated to adrenalectomized rats kept at 24 or 4 degrees C, once daily for 5 days, the effect of alanine on the shuttle increased its capacity to the level of sham-operated rats that had been exposed to 4 degrees C for 5 days. The effects of dexamethasone were blocked by the coadministration of tetracycline with the agent. Cold exposure and steroid replacement had little effect on the alanine-induced elevation of the levels of aspartate, glutamate, and alpha-ketoglutarate in liver cells. The increase of the effect of alanine could not be explained only by changes in the activity of NAD+ malate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase. The results suggest that cold exposure and replacement treatment with glucocorticoids modulate equally the effect of alanine on the capacity of the malate-aspartate shuttle. PMID- 3766725 TI - Bone changes due to pregnancy and lactation: influence of vitamin D status. AB - The effects of pregnancy and lactation on endosteal bone formation and resorption were evaluated in vitamin D-depleted (-D) and vitamin D-repleted (+D) rats. Pregnancy induced a marked stimulation of osteoclastic bone resorption and of static and dynamic parameters of bone formation and mineralization. Bone resorption increased independently of vitamin D status and did not correlate with plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D] levels, but it was associated with increased plasma immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) concentrations. Stimulation of the endosteal bone formation rate was mainly impaired in D depleted rats, resulting in trabecular bone loss, which, in -D mother rats, was associated with decreased bone ash and total bone calcium. Lactation further stimulated bone resorption and reduced the trabecular bone volume; ash weight and bone calcium content were also decreased independently of the vitamin D status and changes in plasma iPTH levels. In presence of vitamin D, the bone formation rate increased fourfold during lactation but was unchanged in -D lactating rats. During lactation, vitamin D-depleted rats lost twofold more calcified bone than +D rats because of impaired mineralization. Thus, the present study shows that both the endosteal bone resorption and formation are stimulated by pregnancy and lactation and that vitamin D is required for normal bone mineralization during the reproductive period. PMID- 3766726 TI - Enhanced thermogenic response to a diet low but adequate in protein persists in older rats. AB - Feeding a 5% lactalbumin diet to rats for 3 wk compared with a 15% lactalbumin diet resulted in lower feed efficiency and stimulated brown adipose tissue activity as measured by GDP binding. This occurred in 4-mo-old rats as well as in 7-mo-old rats. Furthermore the effects persisted after 3.5 mo of dietary treatment. An investigation of pattern of food intake revealed that no obvious alteration in pattern was involved in the lower feed efficiency associated with rats fed a 5% lactalbumin diet. PMID- 3766727 TI - Cholesterol metabolism in estrogen-sensitive progestin synthesis by rabbit corpus luteum. AB - To learn whether either reduced de novo cholesterol synthesis and/or altered cholesteryl ester metabolism is responsible for the deficient progestin production induced by estrogen withdrawal from pseudopregnant rabbits, we measured the luteal activity of three enzymes: 1) 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase (the rate-limiting step in de novo cholesterol synthesis), 2) cholesteryl ester hydrolase, and 3) acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) in estrogen-stimulated and estrogen-deprived rabbits. The only change in the activity of these enzymes and of the enzyme NADPH-cytochrome c reductase (a microsomal marker enzyme) after estrogen capsule removal for 12 or 24 h was a 30% decrease in HMG-CoA reductase activity after 24 h. The decrease in HMG-CoA reductase activity was not accompanied by a detectable change in either the content or localization of cellular free cholesterol. Previous data from our laboratory have demonstrated that 24 h of estrogen deprivation has no effect on inner mitochondrial membrane P-450 side-chain cleavage activity (a rate-limiting step in the conversion of cholesterol to steroid hormones). These data, and our earlier finding that estrogen deprivation leads to accumulation of cholesteryl ester in the luteal cells, indicate that estrogen maintains rabbit luteal progestin production by stimulating the transfer of cytoplasmic cholesterol to the active site of P-450 side-chain cleavage on the inner mitochondrial membrane. PMID- 3766728 TI - Continuous ovine fetal hemorrhage: sensitivity of plasma and urine arginine vasopressin response. AB - Intravascular hemorrhage of the ovine fetus is a potent stimulus for arginine vasopressin (AVP) secretion. However, the method (acute, continuous) and rate of blood withdrawal may influence the fetal response. To determine the hemorrhage threshold for AVP secretion in response to slow continuous hemorrhage, five chronically catheterized ovine fetuses were continuously hemorrhaged (0.6% blood vol/min) to 24-30% blood volume withdrawal. Immediately after hemorrhage fetal blood was reinfused at an equivalent rate. In addition to AVP measurements by radioimmunoassay, fetal urinary responses were monitored as an index of fetal AVP secretion. Significant increases in plasma AVP occurred during hemorrhage (1.0 +/ 0.1 to 8.0 +/- 2.0 pg/ml). The fetal plasma AVP-hemorrhage threshold, as defined by regression analysis, occurred at withdrawal of 13.0% blood volume. Fetal urine volume significantly decreased from a mean basal rate of 0.59 +/- 0.03 to 0.21 +/ 0.06 ml/min at the completion of hemorrhage. Urinary sodium, potassium, and osmolar excretion also significantly decreased at the completion of hemorrhage. Urinary AVP excretion, urine osmolality, sodium, and potassium concentrations did not change significantly during the hemorrhage period but increased significantly during the reinfusion period; the delay a result of renal and catheter dead space. Reinfusion of blood resulted in a return of plasma AVP to basal levels. These results define a threshold for AVP secretion and demonstrate significant urinary effects in response to slow continuous hemorrhage. PMID- 3766729 TI - Effects of energy deprivation on sex hormone patterns in healthy menstruating women. AB - To determine whether short-term energy deprivation affects sex hormone patterns, six healthy women were studied for two menstrual cycles. Two diets containing recommended levels of all nutrients and differing substantially only with respect to energy content were provided in sequence. During the first cycle, energy intake was 40 +/- 2 kcal/kg body weight, and weight was essentially constant. For the second cycle, energy intake was reduced to 41% of the original intake, averaging 17 +/- 1 kcal/kg initial body weight. During the low-energy diet, weight loss ranged from 3.2 to 6.7 kg. The two leanest women, who also lost the most weight, became anovulatory and amenorrheic in the low-energy period. Within a specific phase of cycle, however, the diet did not affect concentrations of estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone, or follicle-stimulating hormone. Testosterone and androstenedione levels peaked midcycle normally and were decreased with the low-energy diet, while levels of sex hormone-binding globulin increased and those of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate did not change. These results demonstrate short-term dietary and body composition effects on the menstrual cycle and serum androgens. PMID- 3766730 TI - Greater taurodeoxycholate biotransformation during backward perfusion of rat liver. AB - Differing patterns of taurodeoxycholate (TDC) metabolism and biliary excretion were studied with a forward-and-backward perfusion model of the isolated rat liver. Livers were perfused with 8 microM TDC via either the portal vein (forward) or the hepatic vein (backward). Bile was collected, total bile acids measured enzymatically, and bile composition determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography. During backward perfusion 48% of infused TDC was metabolized to taurocholate (TC) and 22.0% to other minor TDC metabolites. During forward perfusion, however, only 16% of administered TDC was metabolized to TC and 6.5% to minor metabolites. Total bile acid output was similar for both forward and backward perfusions. The kinetics of biliary bile acid excretion also differed between forward and backward perfusion. The time necessary for 50% excretion of labeled TDC and its metabolites was 3.5 +/- 0.45 min during forward and 18 +/- 3.50 min during backward perfusion, a time difference of 14.5 min. The greater biotransformation of TDC during backward perfusion could be explained by its longer intracellular residence. The reason for the delayed excretion of TDC during backward perfusion is unknown. PMID- 3766731 TI - Bicarbonate secretion by rabbit proximal colon. AB - Stripped segments of proximal colon (1-6 cm distal to the ampulla caecalis coli) were studied in vitro in Ussing chambers under short-circuit conditions using the pH-stat technique. With glucose and HCO3-CO2 present in the serosal bathing solution only, proximal colon alkalinizes the luminal bathing solution at a rate of 2.1 +/- 0.2 mu eq X h-1 X cm-2 (n = 36). With HCO3-CO2 present in the luminal bathing solution alone, proximal colon does not significantly acidify or alkalinize the serosal bathing solution. Addition of glucose (10 mM) to the luminal bathing solution abolished luminal alkalinization. Removal of HCO3 and CO2 from the serosal bathing solution or replacement of O2 with N2 also abolished luminal alkalinization. Acetazolamide (0.1 mM) added to both bathing solutions did not alter the rate of luminal alkalinization. Ion-replacement studies revealed that the alkalinization process was highly dependent on the presence of Na in the bathing solutions and much less dependent on the presence of Cl. Furthermore, ouabain (0.1 mM) significantly reduced luminal alkalinization. As in rabbit ileum, serosal epinephrine (0.1 mM) did not alter luminal alkalinization but increased serosal alkalinization by a Na-dependent mechanism. These results suggest that luminal alkalinization results from a Na-dependent, active transcellular HCO3 transport process and that a Na-dependent HCO3 absorptive process is activated by adrenergic stimuli. PMID- 3766732 TI - Quantitative assessment of the two-component model of intestinal circulation. AB - Recently a two-component model of the intestinal circulation was proposed to explain the effects of vasodilators on intestinal oxygenation. This model assumes that the intestine is composed of two regions: one region in which oxygen uptake is blood flow independent (well perfused and normoxic) and a second region in which oxygen uptake is blood flow dependent (under-perfused and hypoxic). The model predicts that total intestinal oxygen uptake is increased by a vasodilator only if the blood flow-dependent region is affected. We used a systems analysis approach to predict the various boundary conditions that must be imposed on the two-component model for it to simulate experimental observations. The mathematical model was based on current concepts and available data regarding intestinal hemodynamics and oxygen exchange. The model simulations predict that 30-70% of the intestine must be hypoxic (regions where oxygen uptake is blood flow dependent) for the two-component hypothesis to adequately explain published observations. Since the existence of such an extensive hypoxic region seems unlikely for the normal intestine, the predictive value of the two-component hypothesis may be of limited value for describing the effects of vasodilators on oxygen uptake in the normal intestine. However, the two-component model may be useful in predicting the effects of vasodilators on intestinal oxygen uptake in the ischemic intestine. PMID- 3766733 TI - Folate binding and hydrolysis by pig intestinal brush-border membranes. AB - The intestinal absorption of dietary polyglutamyl folate involves hydrolysis, binding, and transport at the brush-border surface of the enterocyte. We studied the binding of [3H]folic acid ([3H]PteGlu) and the hydrolysis of [14C]pteroyltriglutamate ([14C]PteGlu3) by use of brush-border vesicles prepared from pig jejunal mucosa. [3H] PteGlu associated with the vesicles was not affected by increasing the osmolarity of the incubation solution, verifying that the experiments describe binding and not transport of PteGlu. The binding of [3H]PteGlu was saturable (Kd = 0.08 microM) and pH dependent with maximal binding at pH 5.2. Binding was competitively inhibited by PteGlu3 (Ki = 0.25 microM) and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (Ki = 0.8 microM) but was not affected by components of the PteGlu molecule. ZnCl2, MgCl2, and MnCl2 enhanced the binding capacity but not the affinity of the binding component for PteGlu. We distinguished the processes of folate binding and hydrolysis by demonstrating differences in metal ion requirements and susceptibilities to various inhibitors. In addition, the binding component and the hydrolytic enzyme had distinct affinities for PteGlu (Ki = 45 microM for PteGlu3 hydrolysis). These data demonstrate pH-dependent, specific, and saturable binding of PteGlu to the intestinal brush-border membrane and suggest that the binding component is separate from the hydrolytic enzyme. PMID- 3766734 TI - Structural and functional changes by ethanol on in vitro guinea pig gastric mucosa. AB - Relationships between morphological and electrophysiological changes with low concentrations of ethanol on in vitro guinea pig gastric mucosa were investigated. Tissues mounted in Ussing chambers allowed recording of transepithelial potential difference (PD), resistance (R), short-circuit current (Isc), and acid secretion (H+). At selected times the mucosae were processed for morphological analysis. With luminal 10% ethanol there was a decrease in PD, R, Isc, and H+ within 1 min, and they eventually went to low steady-state values between 10 and 40 min. At 1 min many surface epithelial cells lifted off from the basal lamina but were still anchored by thin basal cell processes. After 10 min in ethanol many surface cells had completely detached from the basal lamina but remained connected to adjacent cells by their junctions. Numerous cytoplasmic blebs formed on both apical and basal cell surfaces. Concurrently, there was a significant increase in microvillus length. After 40 min most of the surface cells were detached from the basal lamina as sheets forming epithelial blisters. Upon ethanol washout there was epithelial cell reattachment to the basal lamina and a return of the PD, R, and Isc to control values within 40 min. Incubation of the luminal surface with 10% ethanol for 5 h resulted in a gradual rise of the PD, R, Isc, and H+ to control values by 4 h with a coincident return of the normal mucosal morphology. These studies indicate that ethanol has reversible and possibly adaptable effects on the in vitro guinea pig gastric mucosa and that the morphological changes are closely correlated with the decline and recovery of the electrical and secretory activity of the tissue. PMID- 3766735 TI - Endogenous cholecystokinin drives gallbladder emptying in dogs. AB - We investigated the effect of fat in the duodenum on the gallbladder emptying in seven dogs prepared with gastric, duodenal, and gallbladder cannulas. Gallbladder volume was measured at 15-min intervals, and venous blood samples were obtained at regular intervals for 2.5 h. Intraduodenal administration of Lipomul (pH 5.0, corn oil) in three different doses (1.1, 2.2, and 4.4 mmol/10 min) resulted in significant increases in gallbladder emptying in a dose-dependent manner (r = 0.8668, P less than 0.001). Likewise, the increase in integrated cholecystokinin (CCK) release in response to Lipomul was also dose dependent (r = 0.7334, P less than 0.001). A statistically significant correlation was found between integrated CCK release and gallbladder emptying in response to Lipomul (P less than 0.001). To determine the role of circulating endogenous CCK on gallbladder emptying effects of intravenous administration of proglumide and a rabbit anti-CCK serum on gallbladder emptying were studied. Gallbladder emptying was virtually abolished by the antiserum. Proglumide not only abolished the emptying but also increased gallbladder volume. Thus we conclude that in dogs the gallbladder emptying in response to fat in the upper small intestine depends on increased circulating endogenous CCK. PMID- 3766736 TI - Effect of dexamethasone on segmental phosphate reabsorption in phosphate-deprived rats. AB - These experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that avid phosphate reabsorption by the pars recta accounts for the resistance to the phosphaturic effects of acute dexamethasone (DEX) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) infusions in rats fed a low-phosphate diet. Acute infusion of DEX [0.4 mg/(kg X h)] increased the fractional delivery of phosphate (FDPi) to the late proximal tubule from 7.1 +/- 2.1 to 14.4 +/- 3.5%, whereas FDPi to the early distal tubule and urine were not different. PTH alone [1 U/(kg X min)] increased FDPi to the late proximal tubule from 4.0 +/- 1.1 to 15.7 +/- 3.7%, whereas FDPi to the early distal tubule or urine was not different. The combination of DEX and PTH further increased FDPi to the late proximal tubule (32.7 +/- 6.4%) and resulted in an increase in fractional excretion of phosphate (FEPi), in spite of the fact that the FDPi to the early distal tubule was not significantly increased. The increased delivered load of phosphate to the pars recta following inhibition of phosphate transport in superficial proximal convoluted tubules resulted in a comparable increase in phosphate reabsorption in the pars recta, based on linear regression analysis, in rats fed low-phosphate diet but not in rats fed normal phosphate diet. These results demonstrate that acute infusion of DEX or PTH inhibits fractional phosphate reabsorption in the superficial proximal tubule but does not result in an increase in FEPi due at least in part to avid phosphate reabsorption in the superficial pars recta in rats fed low-phosphate diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3766737 TI - Angiotensin II effects on microvascular diameters of in vitro blood-perfused juxtamedullary nephrons. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the specific renal microvascular segments that are functionally responsive to angiotensin II (ANG II) and other vasoactive hormones. Experiments were performed on juxtamedullary tissue from captopril-treated rats during perfusion with blood at a constant pressure of 110 mmHg. Epifluorescence videomicroscopy was utilized to measure diameters of arcuate and interlobular arteries (ART), mid- (MA) and late- (LA) afferent arterioles, and efferent arterioles (EA). Norepinephrine (700 nM) significantly decreased, and sodium nitroprusside (380 nM) increased, inside diameters of all segments. Topical application of ANG II (0.01 to 1 nM) induced significant reductions in diameters of all vessel segments: ART, 17.5 +/- 2.0%; MA, 19.6 +/- 2.5%; LA, 13.5 +/- 1.5%; and EA, 16.9 +/- 2.7%. The preglomerular response to ANG II was blocked by saralasin (10 microM) and, in most cases, was dose dependent; however, an initial hypersensitivity to low ANG II doses (30% decrease in diameter) was exhibited by 38% of the preglomerular vessels studied. Under these experimental conditions, single-nephron glomerular filtration rate decreased significantly in response to 0.01 nM ANG II exposure. These observations demonstrate that physiological concentrations of ANG II can elicit receptor dependent and reversible vasoconstriction of the juxtamedullary nephron microvasculature at both pre- and postglomerular sites. PMID- 3766738 TI - Dependence of proximal tubule p-aminohippurate secretion on serum proteins and metabolic substrates. AB - Renal proximal tubules secrete p-aminohippurate (PAH) and other endogenous anionic metabolites into the urine. The extent to which organic anion excretion is regulated is unknown, but recent studies indicate that peritubular serum proteins may have a role. We determined the relative effects of serum proteins and metabolic substrates (citrate, lactate, and alanine) on net PAH secretion in isolated perfused rabbit S2 proximal tubules. Net PAH secretion was calculated from the bath-to-lumen flux of [3H]PAH and the isotope specific activity. We corrected the flux for the important difference in PAH binding between rabbit serum proteins and bovine serum albumin (BSA); rabbit serum proteins (5.7 g/dl) and BSA (6 g/dl) bound 10 microM PAH 21 and 37%, respectively. BSA had no effect, but rabbit serum proteins reversibly inhibited PAH secretion in the presence of metabolic substrates in the bath (40.8%), the perfusate (42.6%), and both media (31.5%). In the absence of metabolic substrates, rabbit serum proteins decreased PAH secretion by only 16.8%. PAH secretion was inhibited by 1 g/dl rabbit serum proteins as effectively as 5.7 g/dl (30.3 and 31.5%, respectively), indicating that PAH transport is very sensitive to inhibition by rabbit serum proteins. In the absence of rabbit serum proteins, metabolic substrates in the bath had no effect on PAH secretion. We conclude that rabbit serum proteins inhibit basolateral membrane transport of PAH in proximal tubules. Inhibition by serum proteins is enhanced by bath or lumen citrate, alanine, and lactate, suggesting that peritubular plasma proteins and tubule cell metabolism may interact to modulate proximal tubule organic anion secretion and urinary excretion. PMID- 3766739 TI - In vitro effects of angiotensin II on glomerular function. AB - Effects of incubation with angiotensin II (ANG II) on isolated rat glomeruli were studied to test the hypothesis that ANG II exerts a direct effect on glomerular ultrafiltration coefficient (Kf) or hydraulic conductivity (Lp). Glomeruli of adult Munich-Wistar rats were isolated in isotonic medium and incubated at 37 degrees C in control medium or in medium containing ANG II (5.3 X 10(-9) to 5.3 X 10(-6) M) for 20 min. Glomerular volume decreased after incubation with ANG II. Relative volume decrement of unselected cortical glomeruli averaged 6 +/- 3% in 5.3 X 10(-9) or 10(-8) M ANG II and 13 +/- 3% in 5.3 X 10(-6) M ANG II; volume of superficial cortical glomeruli and deep cortical glomeruli diminished by 9 +/- 2 and 5 +/- 0.5%, respectively, after incubation with ANG II 5.3 X 10(-6) M. Glomerular oncometric response after equilibration with media of differing protein concentrations was not altered by ANG II incubation. Kf and Lp assessed in samples of glomeruli following ANG II incubation averaged 4.5 +/- 0.5 nl X mm 1 X mmHg and 2.7 +/- 0.5 microliter X mm-1 X mmHg X cm2, respectively, and were not significantly different from control values (3.8 +/- 0.3 nl X mm-1 X mmHg and 2.4 +/- 0.3 microliter X mm-1 X mmHg X cm2, respectively. In replicate studies of individual glomeruli prior to and after ANG II incubation, Kf was also not significantly altered (control Kf, 6.1 +/- 1.1; Kf after ANG II, 4.4 +/- 0.9 nl X min-1 X mmHg).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3766740 TI - Effect of protein on glomerular filtration rate and prostanoid synthesis in normal and uremic rats. AB - Normal and uremic conscious rats that had been maintained on a low-protein diet were given oral protein or carbohydrate loads, and clearance studies were performed. Both the normal and uremic animals demonstrated a approximately 30% increase in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in response to the protein bolus, but no significant increase in GFR was seen following the carbohydrate bolus. Similar studies were performed in uremic rats on a standard protein diet. The changes in GFR that were seen after an albumin bolus were similar but not as pronounced as those noted in the animals on the low-protein diet. Pretreatment with either aspirin or meclofenamate, cyclooxygenase inhibitors, completely blocked the protein-induced rise in GFR. The rats of glomerular production of prostaglandin (PG) E2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha (a stable metabolite of prostacyclin, PGI2) were determined by radioimmunoassay in a similar group of normal rats. The synthetic rates of PGE2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha following the protein bolus were 40 and 52% greater, respectively, than those observed following the carbohydrate load (P less than 0.005). Aspirin decreased glomerular prostanoid production in protein-treated animals by greater than 60%. Thus it appears that in the setting of protein restriction, the percent increase in GFR following a protein load is similar in both the normal and uremic rats, the increase in GFR in uremic rats is attenuated when animals were allowed to ingest a normal protein diet prior to study, and the increase in GFR seen in response to a protein load may be related to an increase in the synthesis of one or more vasodilatory glomerular prostanoids. PMID- 3766741 TI - Prevention of hypercalcemia-induced renal concentrating defect and tissue calcium accumulation. AB - The mechanism of the concentrating defect of hypercalcemia is explored by examining the effect of concomitant phosphate restriction. Rats were pair fed a normal phosphorus diet, without (group 1) or with dihydrotachysterol (group 2), or a low-phosphorus diet (group 3). Hypercalcemia was comparable in groups 2 (12.1 +/- 0.6 mg/dl) and 3 (11.8 +/- 0.4 mg/dl), but serum phosphate was lower in group 3 than group 2 (3.8 +/- 0.7 vs. 7.1 +/- 1.1 mg/dl, P less than 0.005). Group 2 rats had impaired maximum urinary concentration after 24 h of fluid deprivation (2,441 +/- 450 mosmol/kg H2O, P less than 0.001) compared with group 1 (3,263 +/- 466 mosmol/kg H2O) or group 3 (3,332 +/- 515 mosmol/kg H2O) animals. Polydipsia and polyuria were found in group 2 rats only. Tubular calcium reabsorption was higher in group 2 (83.1 +/- 33.5 mg/24 h, P less than 0.001) than group 1 (47.0 +/- 26.1 mg/24 h) or group 3 (52.8 +/- 19.3 mg/24 h) animals, and medullary calcium concentration was higher in group 2 (7.57 +/- 3.08 nmol/mg dry wt, P less than 0.05) as compared to group 1 (5.04 +/- 1.37 nmol/mg dry wt) or group 3 (5.32 +/- 0.98 nmol/mg dry wt) rats. Total medullary solute concentration was significantly higher in group 3 than group 2 animals. Thus phosphate restriction prevents the defect of urinary concentrating ability of chronic hypercalcemia, probably by decreasing tubular uptake and tissue accumulation of calcium. PMID- 3766742 TI - Acute renal denervation produces a diuresis and natriuresis in young SHR but not WKY rats. AB - Clearance experiments were conducted to determine the effect of acute unilateral renal denervation (DNX) on renal hemodynamics and salt and water excretion in anesthetized 6-wk-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto genetic control rats (WKY). Before DNX, SHR had higher mean arterial pressure (33%) and renal vascular resistance (RVR) (57%) and lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (10%); urine flow and sodium excretion were similar. Following DNX in SHR, sodium and water excretion increased by 138 and 62%, respectively (P less than 0.001); GFR and RVR were unchanged. In contrast, DNX in WKY did not affect urine flow (0%) or sodium excretion (-21%). These strain differences were observed in Okamoto-Aoki rats from two sources. Effective DNX was indicated by 95% reduction of norepinephrine content 3 days after DNX in both strains. Six week-old Sprague-Dawley and Munich-Wistar rats, in contrast to WKY, responded to DNX with a natriuresis (+182%) and diuresis (+95%) (P less than 0.001). Renal function was unaffected by sham DNX in SHR. Our results indicate that efferent renal nerve activity has little tonic influence on the renal vasculature in these young rats. Augmented neurotransmitter release and/or tubular responsiveness may be involved in fluid and electrolyte retention and the pathogenesis of hypertension in SHR. Conversely, blunted renal neuroeffector responses may prevent WKY from developing hypertension. PMID- 3766743 TI - Effects of fasting on citrate transport by the brush-border membrane of rat kidney. AB - Fasting in rats decreases plasma citrate levels and reduces urinary citrate excretion by the kidney. After 72 h of fasting, the endogenous renal citrate clearance was decreased and the fractional citrate excretion was 0.026 +/- 0.008 compared with 0.218 +/- 0.030 in control fed rats. To determine whether these findings result from an adaptation in citrate transport across the plasma membrane of the renal tubular cell, Na+ gradient-dependent [14C]citrate uptake was examined in brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMW) prepared from kidneys of fed and 72-h fasted rats. The initial rate (10 s) of Na+ gradient-stimulated uptake of 100 microM citrate was significantly increased in BBMW from kidneys of fasted rats (380 +/- 24.9 pmol/mg prot) compared with fed rats (255 +/- 24.9 pmol/mg prot). Arterial acid-base parameters from conscious animals were similar between the two groups. There was no significant difference in Na+-independent citrate uptake or in L-glutamine uptake measured at 20 s in BBMV from the kidneys of fasted compared with fed rats. An adaptation occurs in the brush-border membrane of the renal tubular cell of fasting rats, unrelated to systemic acidosis, that may result in increased reabsorption of citrate. PMID- 3766744 TI - Citrate transport in rabbit nephron. AB - Citrate is an important renal metabolic substrate and urinary inhibitor of calcium stone formation. Our purpose was to characterize citrate reabsorption in the rabbit nephron using isolated perfused tubules. Citrate reabsorption, measured by luminal disappearance of [14C]citrate, was found only in the proximal tubule, not in the cortical thick ascending limb or the cortical collecting tubule. In the proximal convoluted tubule, the collected fluid was also analyzed by thin-layer chromatography and by measurements of chemical citrate concentration using an ultramicroassay. Luminal disappearance of [14C]citrate was determined to accurately represent citrate reabsorption; no significant citrate secretion was found. The absolute magnitude of citrate reabsorption was approximately 3.4 pmol X mm-1 X min-1 using either 1 or 3 mM citrate in the perfusate. This rate of citrate reabsorption in the rabbit proximal tubule could account for all of renal citrate reabsorption but was severalfold lower than glucose reabsorption, which was studied for comparative purposes. In contrast, the magnitude of succinate transport (which probably occurs via the same transport system as citrate) was comparable with that of citrate. Citrate reabsorption was inhibited approximately 80% by 10(-5) M ouabain. This characterization of citrate transport in the intact proximal tubule should provide a useful model to study regulation of urinary citrate excretion. PMID- 3766745 TI - Substrates induce hypoxic injury to medullary thick limbs of isolated rat kidneys. AB - Under certain conditions, excess of substrates may be detrimental to the kidney. In isolated rat kidneys perfused with cell-free medium, oxidative metabolism to support reabsorptive transport in the presence of a limited oxygen supply results in hypoxic injury to medullary thick ascending limbs (mTAL). Since inhibitors of mitochondrial respiration markedly reduced this injury, we evaluated the effects of altering the availability of substrate for oxidative metabolism in the mTAL. Inhibition of glucose utilization with 2-deoxyglucose (50 mM) and simultaneous inhibition of long-chain fatty acid metabolism with 2-tetradecylglycidic acid (10(-4) M) in the absence of exogenous substrates consistently reduced hypoxic cell injury to mTAL. Similarly, the direct inhibition of substrate oxidation by the citric acid cycle with monofluoroacetate (5 mM) also reduced the extent of damage to this nephron segment. Bypassing these metabolic blockades with L lactate, pyruvate, or alpha-ketoglutarate stimulated renal oxidative metabolism and increased hypoxic damage to mTAL. Enhanced renal metabolism and function (higher renal oxygen consumption, tubular reabsorption of sodium, and glomerular filtration rate) were paradoxically associated with greater damage to mTAL. Thus, when oxygen supply is limited, substrate-supported aerobic metabolic activity for tubular transport may induce hypoxic injury in the renal medulla. PMID- 3766746 TI - Calcium transport across the pars recta of cortical segment 2 proximal tubules. AB - Partes rectae of cortical segment 2 proximal tubules were dissected from rabbit kidneys and perfused in vitro. Ca concentrations of perfused and collected fluids were measured by continuous-flow microcolorimetry. Epithelial Ca permeability (P) was estimated from the bath-to-lumen movement of 45Ca. The transepithelial voltage (psi) and [Ca2+] difference were varied simultaneously by changing perfusate composition. Tubules that were perfused and bathed with an identical artificial ultrafiltrate of plasma displayed a lumen-negative psi, a collectate [Ca] greater than perfusate, and net Ca secretion. Tubules perfused with "late" proximal tubule fluid (high [Cl], low [HCO3], low concentrations of Na+ cotransported solutes) demonstrated a lumen-positive psi, a perfusate [Ca2+] greater than the bath, a collectate [Ca] less than perfusate, and net Ca absorption. Under each of these conditions, net Ca flux was in the direction predicted by the experimentally measured driving forces for diffusional Ca transport. Tubules that were cooled while being perfused with late proximal tubule fluid showed an increased lumen-positive psi but reduced net Ca absorption. The latter finding was consistent with reduced Ca ion diffusion related to a smaller P at the lower temperature. I conclude that Ca2+ diffusion is an important component of net Ca absorption in this segment of the nephron. PMID- 3766747 TI - Suppressive effect of acetylcholine on action potentials of canine paranodal fibers. AB - The canine atrioventricular (AV) junction comprises three major tissues: paranodal fibers (PNF), AV node (AVN), and His bundle (HB). In the present study, dissection-exposed, in vitro canine AV junctional preparations were used. The object of the study was to determine whether the PNF or AVN was more sensitive to the suppressive effect of acetylcholine (ACh). In five experiments these tissues were stimulated antegradely and retrogradely, and their action potentials were recorded simultaneously under the influence of ACh (0.5 micrograms/ml). Results indicated the PNF were more sensitive to the suppressive effect of ACh than were the AVN. In another group of 13 experiments, the effects of ACh at 0.05-0.3 micrograms/ml on rate of rise of phase 0 of action potentials (Vmax), peak potential, resting membrane potential, and action potential duration of the PNF were determined. Results indicated that ACh exerted a strong suppressive effect on Vmax and amplitude of the action potentials and had little effect on the resting membrane potential and action potential duration of the PNF. In 10 of 13 preparations, ACh also suppressed the response of PNF, resulting in generation of one action potential to every two stimuli. In conclusion, these findings suggest that PNF could be the tissue responsible for vagal-induced AV conduction block. PMID- 3766748 TI - Fetal blood volume, vascular pressure, and heart rate responses to fetal and maternal hyperosmolality. AB - Our purpose was to explore the fetal cardiovascular responses to osmotic hydration or dehydration of the fetus. Chronically catheterized pregnant sheep with a single fetus, averaging 130 days gestation (term, 145-150 days), were studied. After an intravenous injection of 20 ml of 9% NaCl into the fetus (n = 6), fetal osmolality increased by a peak of 20 +/- 2 (SE) mosmol/kg and returned to control in 1.5-2 h. Fetal blood volume, mean arterial pressure, venous pressure, and heart rate increased by 17 +/- 4 ml, 5 +/- 1 mmHg, 3 +/- 1 mmHg, and 19 +/- 6 beats/min, respectively, at 2 min postinjection. These variables returned to normal within 20-60 min. After an intravenous injection of 240-300 ml of 9% NaCl into the ewe (n = 7), maternal osmolality increased by a peak of 48 +/ 4 mosmol/kg; fetal blood volume decreased by 36 +/- 6 ml, fetal vascular pressures were unchanged, and fetal heart rate decreased by 43 +/- 9 beats/min at 15 min postinjection. Fetal blood volume and heart rate returned to normal within 1 h even though fetal and maternal osmolalities were elevated by 20-25 mosmol/kg. With transplacental fluid movements in opposite directions following the fetal versus maternal hypertonic injections, these studies show that fetal blood volume is well regulated following osmotic hydration or dehydration, except for short term transients lasting less than or equal to 1 h. Although fetal vascular pressures increased in parallel with blood volume following osmotic hydration, their lack of change following osmotic dehydration suggests a constriction of the fetal vasculature.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3766749 TI - Pulmonary injury depresses cardiac systolic function through Starling mechanism. AB - To determine whether pulmonary microvascular injury or lung hyperinflation changes left ventricular (LV) performance and whether ventricular interaction plays a role in mediating such changes, we studied seven open-chest, closed pericardium, anesthetized dogs before and after right ventricular (RV) injections of 150- to 200-micron glass beads. Because people with pulmonary disease are often treated with positive end-expiratory pressure, we also hyperinflated the lungs before and after creating the pulmonary microvascular injury. Measurements of LV and RV pressures and dimensions were taken at end expiration during the basal state, during lung hyperinflation, and after microvascular injury at RV end diastolic pressures of 5, 10, and 15 mmHg produced by volume loading. Acute volume loading produced upward shifts in the LV diastolic pressure-size curve both before and after microvascular injury. Neither microvascular injury nor lung hyperinflation substantially affected the LV diastolic pressure-size relationship. LV end-diastolic size determined LV stroke work with no consistent independent influence of microvascular injury or lung hyperinflation. Neither microvascular injury nor lung hyperinflation depressed systolic performance beyond that associated with changes in end-diastolic heart size. PMID- 3766750 TI - Direct cardiac effects of vasopressin and their reversal by a vascular antagonist. AB - We studied the direct cardiac effects of arginine vasopressin (AVP) by use of an isolated working rat heart model perfused with Krebs-Henseleit medium. At a concentration of 878 +/- 15 pg/ml, AVP produced significant (P less than 0.05) decreases in coronary flow (-31 +/- 2%); myocardial O2 consumption (-12 +/- 2%); left ventricular peak systolic pressure (-5 +/- 1%); dP/dtmax (-7 +/- 1%); dP/dtmax (-6 +/- 3%); peak aortic flow rate (-5 +/- 1%); stroke work (-3 +/- 1%); peak power (-8 +/- 1%); and total output (-3 +/- 1%). Aortic output increased significantly (+7 +/- 1%) as did arteriovenous O2 difference (+108 +/- 14 mmHg); left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (+0.4 +/- 0.1 mmHg); efficiency (+1.5 +/- 0.4%); and rate of lactate release (+1.27 +/- 0.21 nmol/ml perfusate/min). Dose response relationships were studied at 9 +/- 1, 25 +/- 1, 75 +/- 3, 303 +/- 15, and 817 +/- 42 pg AVP/ml. Significant dose-dependent depression of coronary flow occurred at the three highest AVP concentrations; cardiac function was significantly depressed at the highest dose. The AVP analogue d(CH2)5[Tyr(Me)]AVP (20 ng/ml) completely reversed the cardiac effects attributed to AVP. The data indicate that AVP is a potent direct coronary constrictor that produces myocardial ischemia and decreased contractile function at AVP concentrations that are observed in some pathophysiologic states.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3766751 TI - Absence of sustained hypertension in sinoaortic-denervated rabbits. AB - In 21 conscious unrestrained rabbits, arterial pressure was continuously recorded up to 11 wk by an indwelling catheter placed in the thoracic aorta. The average and standard deviation of the 24-h mean arterial pressure (MAP) were calculated and compared before and after sinoaortic denervation, sham operation, or cervical sympathectomy. At the time of sinoaortic denervation, the cervical sympathetic nerve was always disrupted bilaterally to remove possible arterial barosensory afferents contained in it. Subsequent to sinoaortic denervation performed on 12 rabbits, the average 24-h MAP was initially elevated but invariably returned to the predenervation level in 5-36 days (average 14 days). Meanwhile, the standard deviation remained elevated in all but one animal. In five sham-operated or four cervical-sympathectomized animals, neither the average 24-h MAP nor the standard deviation was significantly altered from that of controls. Our results are consistent with the view that the arterial baroreceptor reflex by itself does not play a critical role in determining the long-term level of arterial pressure. PMID- 3766752 TI - Age-related responses to stimulation of cardiopulmonary receptors in swine. AB - Cardiovascular responses to stimulation of cardiopulmonary receptors were evaluated in standard breed developing swine (1-2 days, 1-2 wk, and 2 mo of age) and sexually mature miniswine anesthetized with 0.25-0.50% halothane in O2. Cryptenamine, a mixture of veratrum viride alkaloids (VVA), was administered as right atrial or left ventricular bolus injections in doses of 5-20 micrograms/kg. In developing swine, mean aortic pressure (AoP) decreased after 10-20 micrograms/kg VVA in 1- to 2-wk olds and after 5-20 micrograms/kg VVA in 2-mo olds. Bradycardia was always elicited. Renal (Ren) and femoral (Fem) vasodilation occurred in the 1- to 2-wk-old and 2-mo-old groups after 5-20 micrograms/kg VVA. Mesenteric (Mes) vasodilation was elicited with 10-20 micrograms/kg VVA in the 1- to 2-wk-old group and with 5-20 micrograms/kg VVA in 2-mo olds. In the 1- to 2 day-old group, VVA did not significantly alter Ren, Fem, and Mes vascular resistance. In mature miniswine, 20 micrograms/kg VVA elicited decreases in AoP and heart rate that were similar in magnitude to responses obtained with only 5 micrograms/kg VVA in dogs. Cardiovascular responses to VVA were abolished after bilateral vagotomy but were not altered after denervation of the carotid sinuses. The results indicate postnatal maturation of the Bezold-Jarisch reflex in swine. PMID- 3766753 TI - Influence of reduced oxyhemoglobin affinity on cerebrovascular response to hypoxic hypoxia. AB - Increasing P50 (PO2 at 50% oxyhemoglobin saturation) reduces cerebral blood flow (CBF) during arterial normoxia. We tested the hypothesis that increasing P50 also diminishes the CBF response to isocapnic hypoxic hypoxia and that it reduces the response in proportion to the reduced normoxic CBF. P50 was increased in nine unanesthetized newborn lambs from 26.3 +/- 1.7 (+/-SE) to 36.6 +/- 2.0 Torr by isovolemic exchange transfusion with low-affinity, adult sheep blood. Microsphere determined CBF was decreased 22% during arterial normoxia. The slope of the response curve to reduced arterial O2 content (CaO2) was proportionately attenuated by 26% with no change in O2 uptake. Consequently, O2 transport (CBF X CaO2) was reduced by a constant amount at each CaO2 level. The percentage decrease in CBF at the higher P50 was thus independent of CaO2, and the percentage increase in CBF as CaO2 fell was independent of P50: the effects of P50 and CaO2 were independent. Common to alterations in both P50 and CaO2 are alterations in capillary and tissue PO2. In this study the variable closest to capillary PO2 was sagittal sinus PO2. We found that when venous PO2 was altered by changing CaO2, the change in CBF was equivalent to that following the same alteration in venous PO2 after a change in P50. The percentage increase in venous PO2 after exchange transfusion was approximately one-half that of the increase in P50. About one-half of the potential increase in cerebral venous PO2 was therefore eliminated by a compensatory reduction in cerebral O2 transport over a wide range of CaO2. PMID- 3766754 TI - Origin of atrial coving in canine phasic coronary artery blood flow. AB - The transient decrease in left circumflex coronary artery blood flow during atrial contraction (atrial coves) was examined in open-chest, heart-blocked dogs. Prominent atrial coves were observed in left circumflex flow during both diastole and systole as a result of the asynchrony of atrial and ventricular contractions. In eight open-chest dogs, atrial contractions decreased diastolic circumflex coronary flow by 0.016 +/- 0.002 ml and systolic flow by 0.014 +/- 0.001 ml compared with diastolic and systolic intervals during which no atrial contractions occurred. The diastolic and systolic flow reductions in this vessel were not significantly different (P greater than 0.14). In five of the eight dogs no diastolic atrial coves were observed in left anterior descending coronary flow, and only minimal diastolic coving was present in the remaining three dogs; no systolic coves were present in this vessel in any of the eight dogs. In five additional open-chest dogs, brief inflation of a balloon in the left atrium produced elevations of left ventricular diastolic pressure comparable to those produced by atrial contraction. Only minimal atrial coves were associated with these balloon inflations. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that atrial contraction limits flow through the atrial blood vessels and results in a transient decrease in flow in the atrial arteries that arise from the left circumflex coronary artery. Although increases in ventricular diastolic pressure may be partially responsible for the appearance of atrial coves in the left circumflex coronary artery, mechanical contraction of the atrial musculature appears to be of significant importance. PMID- 3766755 TI - Microvascular distribution of coronary vascular resistance in beating left ventricle. AB - To determine the distribution of resistance in the coronary vasculature, measurements of microvascular pressure and diameter were obtained with vasomotor tone intact and during coronary dilation produced by papaverine. We studied anesthetized, open-chest cats and used jet ventilation synchronized to the cardiac cycle to eliminate respiratory-induced cardiac motion. The system for measuring microvascular pressure compensated for cardiac motion with stroboscopic illumination of the microvessels and a computer-controlled electromechanical micromanipulator that moved a micropipette in synchrony with the heart. Pressures were measured with the servonull technique, and diameters were measured via a video system. Resistance was estimated from the pressure gradient from the aorta to a particular class (size) of coronary microvessel. During control conditions, with coronary vasomotor tone intact, myocardial perfusion was 139 +/- 9 ml X min 1 X 100 g-1 and was increased to 339 +/- 52 during papaverine infusion (P less than 0.05). During control conditions (mean arterial pressure 70-80 mmHg), approximately 25% of total coronary resistance was proximal to 200-microns diameter arterioles and approximately 20% was produced by arterioles between 100 and 200 microns diameter; there was approximately 20-mmHg pressure gradient from the aorta to 200-microns arterioles and a 30- to 35-mmHg gradient from the aorta to 100-microns arterioles. Present results also indicate that 55% of total coronary resistance is distal to the 100-microns arterioles under control conditions. Coronary vasodilation with papaverine (mean arterial pressure maintained at 70-75 mmHg with an aortic snare) produced a redistribution of resistance; only 10% of total resistance was proximal to the 200-microns arterioles, and the pressure gradient from the aorta to these vessels was only 5 10 mmHg. Thus, under these experimental conditions with vasomotor tone intact, a substantial portion (45%) of coronary resistance resides in relatively large (greater than 100-microns) coronary arterioles, and the distribution of resistance and microvascular pressures can be shifted with coronary vasodilation. PMID- 3766756 TI - O2 gradients from sarcolemma to cell interior in red muscle at maximal VO2. AB - The intracellular distribution of O2 in cross sections of dog gracilis muscles was determined by myoglobin (Mb) cryospectrophotometry. The volume sampled by the photometer was approximately 30 micron3 and contained 1-2 mitochondria. Measurements could be made to within 3 micron of capillaries without interference from hemoglobin. Mb saturation was uniform at all loci examined when respiration was blocked with cyanide. During twitch contraction at maximum O2 consumption, saturations within a cell cross section varied by up to 20%. The corresponding difference in partial pressure of O2 (PO2) was 1.5 Torr. Circumferential O2 gradients parallel to and 5 micron from the sarcolemma were greatest near capillaries. They did not exceed 0.1 Torr/micron and were dissipated within 25 micron of the sarcolemma. Gradients perpendicular to the sarcolemma were less than 0.02 Torr/micron. Saturation was not significantly correlated with cell diameter. Minimum PO2 was seldom located at the center of the cell cross section. Differences in saturation between contiguous cells often exceeded 10%. The distribution of O2 within cells appeared to reflect both an intercellular O2 flux and and an O2 flux from adjacent capillaries. Data agree qualitatively and quantitatively with mathematical models that take account of the particulate nature of blood and facilitated diffusion by Mb. PMID- 3766757 TI - Clearance of human platelet factor 4 by liver and kidney: its alteration by heparin. AB - Human 125I-labeled platelet factor 4 (PF4) injected into rabbits showed a biphasic exponential pattern of disappearance from the circulation [half-life of the fast components was 0.75 min, that of the slow components was 20 min] that was not affected by a 1,000-fold excess of unlabeled PF4. Heparin resulted in a single-compartment disappearance of 125I-labeled PF4 (half-life = 25-40 min). Five minutes after injection of 125I-labeled PF4 greater than 40% radioactivity had accumulated in the liver and 4% in the kidney. At that time, accumulation of 125I-labeled beta-thromboglobulin (beta-TG) in the organs was low, approximately 4% in the kidneys and less than 3.0% in the liver. Nuclear imaging studies revealed rapid clearance of 131I-labeled PF4 from blood and its predominant accumulation in the liver. The half-lives of 131I-labeled PF4 radioactivity in liver and kidney were 96 and 252 min, fitting a single-compartment model. 131I labeled beta-TG accumulated predominantly in the kidney. The half-lives of 131I labeled beta-TG radioactivity in the kidney and in the liver were 84 and 414 min. Simultaneous or subsequent injection of heparin did not affect the distribution of 131I-labeled beta-TG but caused partial loss of 131I-labeled PF4 radioactivity from the liver and accelerated its appearance in the urinary bladder. Injection of heparin resulted in a 100-fold increase of excretion in the urine of 125I labeled Pf4 precipitable by 10% trichloroacetic acid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3766758 TI - Prostanoid mediation of pulmonary vascular response to acetylcholine in rabbits. AB - We studied the effects of acetylcholine (ACh) in the anesthetized, open-chest rabbit. ACh (5-20 nmol/kg), administered as a bolus into the right jugular vein, produced a dose-dependent increase in both pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance but a decrease in systemic arterial pressure and pulmonary blood flow. All these effects were prevented by atropine. Pretreatment with the phospholipase A2 inhibitor quinacrine reduced the pulmonary vascular responses to ACh without affecting systemic arterial pressure. Similarly, treatment with the cyclooxygenase inhibitors indomethacin or meclofenamate completely eliminated the pulmonary vascular response to ACh without affecting systemic arterial pressure or pulmonary blood flow. Treatment with the lipoxygenase inhibitor nordihydroguaiaretic acid, however, had no effect on the pulmonary or systemic vascular responses to ACh. Furthermore, administration of the thromboxane A2 synthetase inhibitor 7-(1-imidazolyl)-heptanoic acid or the thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist SQ 29,548 completely eliminated the pulmonary vascular responses to ACh without affecting systemic arterial pressure or pulmonary blood flow. Plasma levels of immunoreactive thromboxane B2 increased after ACh, in the absence but not in the presence of the thromboxane A2 synthetase inhibitor. The results of the present study indicate that in the rabbit ACh has opposite actions in the systemic (dilatory) versus pulmonary (constrictor) circulation, arachidonic acid metabolites mediate the pulmonary but not the systemic vascular response to ACh, and thromboxane A2 appears to mediate the pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to ACh. PMID- 3766759 TI - Catecholamines and the relationship between cerebral blood flow and glucose use. AB - The effects of hypertension induced by norepinephrine and dopamine infusion on the relationship between local cerebral blood flow (CBF) and local glucose use (GU) were examined in rats with the use of quantitative autoradiographic techniques. After rats recovered from anesthesia, dopamine or norepinephrine was infused at a rate that ensured moderate hypertension [mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) approximately 150 mmHg]. During dopamine infusion (approximately 200 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1), overall CBF-to-GU ratio throughout the brain was elevated (P less than 0.0001) when compared with saline controls. In contrast, during norepinephrine infusion (approximately 10 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1), the overall CBF-to-GU relationship was not altered significantly. The differential effect of the catecholamines was a consequence of the marked increases in local CBF and moderate decreases in GU observed during dopamine infusion, whereas during norepinephrine administration CBF and GU were not significantly altered in most brain regions. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability was increased during moderate hypertension induced by dopamine and not when induced by norepinephrine. During extreme hypertension (MABP greater than 165 mmHg), heterogeneous increases in CBF and BBB permeability occurred (e.g., in the cerebellum and thalamus). Thus the cerebrovascular response to catecholamine infusion was critically dependent on the agent administered, the level of hypertension achieved, and the brain region examined. PMID- 3766761 TI - Dynamics of pure parasystole. AB - A mathematical model is proposed for ventricular parasystole. In this model, there are two separate rhythms, a sinus rhythm and a ventricular ectopic rhythm. An ectopic beat will occur if the ectopic depolarization falls during a time interval when the ventricles are not refractory. Following an ectopic beat there is a compensatory pause. Analysis of this model, utilizing numerical simulation and techniques in number theory, demonstrates several new rules for parasystole. Specifically, for any set of fixed values for the sinus and ectopic frequencies and the ventricular refractory time, there are at most three different values for the number of sinus beats between ectopic beats. One and only one of these values is odd, and the sum of the two smaller values is one less than the larger value. The variation in the allowed values of the number of sinus beats between ectopic beats, as a function of the parameters of the model, is classified. Clinical cases found in the literature display certain aspects of the predictions of the theoretical model. Theoretical analysis of this kind provides new approaches to assessing the mechanism of complex ventricular arrhythmias. PMID- 3766760 TI - Effects of verapamil on regional myocardial diastolic function in pacing-induced ischemia in dogs. AB - The upward shift in the left ventricular diastolic pressure-volume relationship during pacing-induced angina may be related to increased cytosolic calcium availability with persistent contractile element interaction in diastole. To assess the influence of calcium channel blockade on these changes in diastolic function, we studied the effects of verapamil in dogs with 90% stenoses of the left anterior descending and circumflex coronary arteries. Ultrasonic crystals were implanted in the myocardium to monitor anterior wall and lateral wall segment length. Left ventricular pressure was measured with a micromanometer catheter. The left atrium was paced at a rate 1.5 times that of the resting heart rate for 3 min. An upward shift of the left ventricular diastolic pressure segment length relationship developed after pacing tachycardia, with a rise in the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) from 4.7 +/- 1.2 to 14.3 +/- 2.2 mmHg (P less than 0.01, n = 13), and pressure was higher at any segment length throughout diastole. Increases in end-diastolic segment length were small (12.3 +/- 1.9 to 12.7 +/- 2.0 mm for the anterior wall, P less than 0.05; 15.1 +/ 1.4 to 16.4 +/- 1.5 mm for the lateral wall, P less than 0.01). Pretreatment with verapamil (0.08 mg/kg iv) did not reduce this upward shift: LVEDP rose from 6 +/- 1 to 16 +/- 1 mmHg (P less than 0.01, n = 7) and there were similar small increases in end-diastolic segment length.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3766762 TI - Mean circulatory filling pressure: potential problems with measurement. AB - Three experimental series using 22 acutely splenectomized mongrel dogs were completed to 1) compare fibrillation (Fib) and acetylcholine (ACh) injection as methods to stop the heart for the mean circulatory filling pressure (Pmcf) maneuver, and 2) test whether Pmcf equals portal venous pressure 7 s after heart stoppage (Pportal7s). Blood volume changes of -10, -20, +10, or +20 ml/kg were imposed and Pmcf and Pportal measurements were obtained. Pportal7s and Pmcf were significantly different with volume depletion but were similar under control conditions. Pmcf with ACh and Pmcf with Fib were significantly different only after a volume change of -20 ml/kg. However, severe pulmonary congestion and atelectasis were detected in animals where Ach was used to stop the heart. In some cases (with injection directly into the pulmonary artery) the damage was severe enough to cause irreversible arterial hypoxia. Thus we conclude that the repeated use of ACh may exert a detrimental influence on pulmonary function, changing the physiological status of the experimental animal. Also, the central venous pressure at 7 s of heart stoppage (Pcv7s) is not a fully accurate estimate of the true mean circulatory filling pressure during the Pmcf maneuver, because Pcv7s did not equal the Pportal7s under all experimental conditions. PMID- 3766763 TI - Fluorescent microspheres: a new tool for visualization of ischemic myocardium in rats. AB - Fluorescent microspheres (FM) were used in vivo to visualize and quantify an ischemic risk zone after experimental coronary artery occlusion (CAO). Anesthetized rats were subjected to CAO. After 5 min, FM were injected into the left ventricular cavity of seven rats. Six control rats received no FM. When examined with magnification under ultraviolet light, heart slices with FM showed a white-green particulate fluorescence in the nonischemic septum and a well delineated transmural zone of nonfluorescence in the ischemic free wall. In hearts without FM, this fluorescence was not apparent nor was any perfusion defect observed. In other rats, relative regional myocardial blood flow in the nonfluorescent ischemic zone outlined by FM was measured using plastic radioactive microspheres and found to be approximately 12% of regional flow in normal areas where fluorescence was present. A close correlation (r = 0.92) existed between the amount of ischemic myocardium at risk as outlined by FM and that of necrotic myocardium as defined by tetrazolium staining after both 6 and 24 h of coronary occlusion. We conclude that FM is a promising technique in a small-animal model in which an ischemic risk zone can be established shortly after CAO and can be preserved for later quantification and analysis. PMID- 3766764 TI - Evaluation of photometric methods for quantifying convective mass transport in microvessels. AB - We evaluated the accuracy of blood (Qb), hemoglobin (QHb) and O2 (QO2) flow determinations in arterioles (30-89 micron ID) and venules (30-140 micron ID) of the hamster retractor muscle by testing flow conservation in straight segments (for Qb and QHb) and at bifurcations (for Qb, QHb, and QO2). We found absolute values of relative discrepancies in flow conservation of greater than 30% in straight sections and of greater than 20% at bifurcations. To understand these results, we evaluated the assumptions implicit in the flow calculations by determining the intraluminal profiles of red blood cell velocity, hemoglobin concentration, and O2 saturation. We found that these assumptions were not generally satisfied since only 59% of velocity profiles, 70% of hemoglobin concentration profiles, and 70% of O2 saturation profiles were symmetric about the vessel axis with the velocity profiles more blunt than would be expected for Poiseuille flow. We reevaluated flow conservation by taking into account the bluntness of the velocity profiles. By selecting vessels that had symmetric velocity and hemoglobin concentration profiles and by including the bluntness of the velocity profile, we obtained a significant improvement in the demonstration of flow conservation. PMID- 3766765 TI - Environment and hamster reproduction: responses to phase-specific starvation during estrous cycle. AB - Reproductive capacity of female hamsters, as estimated by the ovulatory response, is particularly susceptible to interference by food deprivation. Previous studies showed that hamsters generally fail to ovulate if deprived of food for one or two estrous cycles. The present work demonstrates that starvation which is specific to the 2 days immediately after ovulation will block the next expected ovulation in approximately 80% of the animals. Such phasic starvation also resulted in significantly smaller ovarian follicle sizes. When placed with vigorous males, anovulatory animals failed to show lordosis behavior unless exogenous estradiol benzoate (EB) was supplied. With EB provided, all animals showed short-latency lordosis. These bioassay data suggested that poorly developed follicles were secreting insufficient estradiol for the facilitation of lordosis. Exogenous luteinizing hormone (LH) given 6 h before lights off on cycle day 4 failed to elicit ovulation, further suggesting that the follicles were not mature. Radioimmunoassay of LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels during the ovulatory gonadotropin surge showed that LH was vastly reduced, whereas FSH was in the low-to-normal range. Estradiol levels, assayed immediately before the gonadotropin surge, were low compared with controls, whereas progesterone levels were higher than normal. The results suggest that ovulatory failure in response to phasic food deprivation is a joint function of absence of an ovulatory LH surge and a set of immature follicles. PMID- 3766766 TI - Cardiac input to medullary reticular formation: neuronal responses to CAO. AB - Responses of 46 medullary reticular neurons to coronary arterial occlusions (CAO) of the left anterior descending (LAD) and left circumflex (CX) coronary arteries were determined in chloralose-anesthetized cats paralyzed with pancuronium. Extracellular potentials were recorded from individual neurons, in the medial reticular formation, responsive to electrical stimulation of cardiopulmonary sympathetic afferents. CAO responses were characterized by one of three patterns. Cell activity changed during myocardial ischemia (IS response). Fifteen neurons were excited during ischemia (9 +/- 2.8 to 15 +/- 3.2 spikes/s for CX occlusion and 10 +/- 3.0 to 17 +/- 4.7 spikes/s for LAD occlusion), and two were inhibited (8 +/- 3.0 to 4 +/- 3.0 spikes/s). Cell activity changed at the onset or release of occlusion and rapidly adapted (ON response). Four cells were excited at the onset of LAD occlusion (2 +/- 1.4 to 10 +/- 6.0 spikes/s), 9 cells were excited at onset of CX occlusion (5 +/- 2.5 to 16 +/- 5.6 spikes/s), and 1 cell decreased its rate at onset of CX occlusion. A combination of ON and IS responses occurred in five cells (ON-IS response). Overall, 24 neurons exhibited at least one of these responses, and 22 cells were unaffected by CAO. Thirty neurons were tested for responses to CAO of CX and LAD; neurons most often exhibited different patterns of responses to CAO of each artery. Thirty-one of 34 cells tested exhibited qualitatively, but often not quantitatively, similar responses to cardiac ischemia and to application of bradykinin to epicardium of free wall of left ventricle. Results indicate that medullary neurons often respond differentially to occlusion of different coronary arteries.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3766767 TI - Cardiac input to medullary reticular formation: neuronal responses to mechanical stimuli. AB - Neurons in the medullary reticular formation were tested for responses to mechanical stimuli applied to the heart in cats anesthetized with chloralose and paralyzed with pancuronium. In most experiments baroreceptors were denervated. Aortic occlusion excited 15 neurons (19%) and decreased the mean discharge rates of five neurons (6%). Discrete probing of the heart elicited one to three spikes from 18 of 27 neurons tested. Thirteen of these cells had defined cardiac receptive fields; fields were large, often encompassing most of the left ventricle. Of 12 neurons tested for responses during fibrillation, 8 were excited, 2 were inhibited, and 2 were unaffected. Neurons often exhibited different sensitivities to these mechanical stimuli, as well as to ischemia produced during coronary arterial occlusion. Neurons were more likely to respond to stimuli that affected a large mass of myocardium. In addition to cardiac input, 98% of neurons in this study also received input from at least one additional sensory modality, and 39 cells were excited by somatic, auditory, and visual stimuli. Results indicate that medullary reticular neurons are responsive to mechanical events in the heart as well as to myocardial ischemia and respond to other sensory modalities. PMID- 3766769 TI - Comparison of four methods of averaging nerve activity. AB - Four methods of averaging nerve activity, moving time average (Analog), integration (Integrated), counting spikes (Spikes), and counting pulses from a voltage-to-frequency converter (VFC), were used to analyze artificial pulse trains and renal, carotid sinus, and vagal nerve activities. Results of the methods were compared using least-squares linear regression and correlation to determine the linearity of each method with respect to changes in frequency, amplitude, and width of pulse trains and the degree of agreement between methods. The methods that respond to total voltage (Analog, Integrated, and VFC) were linear with respect to input pulse train modulations and agreed closely with each other when averaging pulse trains, summating pulses, and nerve activity. Spikes were linear with respect to frequency modulation but not with respect to amplitude changes, pulse width changes, or pulse summations. In general, Spikes did not agree as well with Analog, Integrated, and VFC as these methods agreed with each other when averaging nerve activity. The degree of agreement was a function of the voltage threshold for Spikes and the level of nerve activity. Two methods of minimizing noise and obtaining a zero reference level for nerve activity were compared: setting a voltage threshold, such that noise was below and activity above threshold, was found to shift the base-line activity toward zero and compress phasic changes in activity; and recording the average noise level from a crushed nerve and subtracting it from averaged activity shifted the base-line activity toward zero with no change in the phasic component. PMID- 3766768 TI - Angiotensin and Na appetite of sheep. AB - The effect of both intravenous (iv; 24 micrograms/h) and intracerebroventricular (ivt; 3.8 micrograms/h) infusion over 1-2 days of angiotensin II (ANG II) on Na intake of both Na-replete and -deplete sheep (i.e., 22 h loss of parotid saliva) was observed. In Na-replete sheep with continuous access to water and 2-h daily access to 0.5 M NaCl solution, both iv and ivt ANG II caused an increase in Na intake. The increase in Na intake caused by iv or ivt ANG II was preceded by a Na deficit due to increased urinary Na excretion. The increase in Na intake was eliminated by the continuous return of urine. In Na-deplete sheep with continuous access to water and 2-h daily access to 0.6 M NaHCO3 solution, iv ANG II caused no change in Na loss but a small increase in Na intake during the 1st day of infusion. The ivt ANG II caused no change in Na loss or in Na intake. The iv ANG II caused a small and inconsistent increase in water intake in Na-replete sheep but did not cause any change in water intake of Na-deplete sheep. The ivt ANG II caused a large increase in water intake in both Na-replete and -deplete sheep. In both Na-replete and -deplete sheep, iv ANG II did not alter cerebrospinal fluid or plasma [Na] or osmolality but decreased plasma [K]. The ivt ANG II decreased both cerebrospinal fluid and plasma [Na] and osmolality. The results of the present experiments are consistent with the proposition that the ANG II-induced Na appetite in sheep is largely due to an ANG II-induced Na loss preceding the development of appetite. PMID- 3766770 TI - Systemic angiotensin acts at subfornical organ to facilitate activity of neurohypophysial neurons. AB - Extracellular single unit recordings were obtained to investigate the effects of systemic administration of angiotensin II (ANG II) on the excitability of antidromically identified neurohypophysial neurons in the rat. Records were obtained from 89 oxytocin- or vasopressin-secreting neurons in the hypothalamic supraoptic or paraventricular nuclei. Increased excitability in response to ANG II was observed in 83% of putative vasopressin- and 75% of putative oxytocin secreting neurons tested in intact animals. Lesion studies to identify the central nervous system site of action for such peripherally administered ANG II showed that, after electrolytic lesion of the rostral subfornical organ (SFO), neurohypophysial neurons demonstrated no increase in excitability in response to this peptide. In an attempt to correlate the synaptic events through which activation of SFO neurons may result in facilitated excitability of neurohypophysial cells, 19 cells were tested with both systemic ANG II and electrical stimulation in the SFO. These studies demonstrated that all cells which showed long-duration increases in excitability in response to electrical stimulation of SFO were also activated by systemic ANG II. It is concluded that the SFO is an essential central nervous system structure in eliciting increases in the excitability of both oxytocin- and vasopressin-secreting neurons in response to systemic ANG II. These effects may involve the activation of SFO efferents that evoke long-duration post-synaptic changes in neurohypophysial cell excitability. PMID- 3766771 TI - Intracranial infusion of CCK-8 derivatives suppresses food intake in rats. AB - The effects of infusions for approximately 1 wk of the synthetic COOH-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK-8) and its derivatives, pyroglutamyl-CCK-8 (pGlu-CCK-8) and glutaryl-CCK-8 (Glt-CCK-8), into the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus of male Wistar rats on their feeding behavior under 12:12 light-dark cycle were examined. Infusion of CCK-8 (0.8 pmol/h) did not change the total daily food intake but caused slight decrease in food intake during the 12-h dark period with slight increase in the 12-h light period. Infusions of pGlu-CCK-8 (0.8 pmol/h) and Glt-CCK-8 (0.8 pmol/h) markedly reduced food intake during the 12-h dark period but had little effect in the light period and thus decreased total daily food intake. The reductions in food intake during the 12-h dark period due to infusions of the CCK-8 derivatives were greater than that due to CCK-8 infusion. Body weight changes reflected changes in food intake. CCK-8 derivatives appeared to suppress both meal size and frequency at the early part of the infusion period but reduce only meal size at the later part. Histological examination showed that infusion sites in the brain were widely damaged; however, neurons in the SCN appeared to be intact. These findings suggest that CCK-8 suppresses food intake during the dark period in rats by acting on some site(s) in the brain. The results also support the possibility that CCK-8 is degraded enzymatically in the brain, whereas the two derivatives, pGlu-CCK-8 and Glt-CCK-8, are resistant to degradation. PMID- 3766772 TI - Clearance and tissue distribution of fibronectin in septic rats: relationship to synthetic rate. AB - Fibronectin is a glycoprotein found in a soluble form in plasma and in an insoluble form in many tissues. We evaluated the influence of postoperative intraperitoneal sepsis on the clearance, tissue distribution, and synthesis of plasma fibronectin in rats (300-400 g). Experimental sepsis was induced by cecal ligation following laparotomy, whereas control animals underwent laparotomy (5 cm) alone. At 24 and 48 h after laparotomy, plasma fibronectin levels were normal. After laparotomy plus cecal ligation, plasma fibronectin increased by 47% at 24 h and remained elevated (52% above 0 time) at 48 h. At 24 h postsurgery the disappearance and tissue distribution of 75Se-plasma fibronectin and 75Se-plasma albumin was evaluated. Tissue distribution was quantified at 2 and 24 h after intravenous injection of both tracer proteins in separate groups. Both fibronectin and albumin demonstrated an initial distribution between vascular and extravascular sites and then a progressive decrease in plasma. In control (laparotomy) rats the half-life (t1/2) for plasma clearance of 75Se-plasma fibronectin was 25.33 +/- 2.53 h compared with 13.21 +/- 0.78 h in the septic rats. Septic rats manifested decreased sequestration of 75Se-fibronectin at the area of surgical incision (laparotomy), increased sequestration at the focus of intraperitoneal infection, and increased uptake in the nonviable portion of the cecum. The synthetic rate for plasma fibronectin in laparotomized control rats was 3.03 +/- 0.29 mg X 100 g-1 X 24 h-1, whereas after laparotomy plus cecal ligation the synthetic rate increased to 4.58 +/- 0.35 mg X 100 g-1 X 24 h-1. In contrast the synthetic rate for albumin decreased from 84.70 +/- 1.66 mg X 100 g 1 X 24 h-1 in controls to 52.38 +/- 1.77 mg X 100 g-1 X 24 h-1 in the septic animals. Thus intraperitoneal sepsis in the rat will enhance the vascular clearance, alter the distribution, and increase the synthetic rate for plasma fibronectin. PMID- 3766773 TI - Cardiovascular and endocrine responses to head-up tilt and vasopressin infusion in humans. AB - The effects of passive tilt on arterial and central venous pressures (MAP and CVP), heart rate (HR), arterial concentrations of vasopressin (AVP) and aldosterone (ALDO), osmolality, and hematocrit were studied in eight healthy young men. Tilting was performed at 30 degrees/min to 20 or 40 degrees and maintained for 45 min. The 20 degrees tilt did not change MAP while CVP fell by 5.9 mmHg (P less than 0.01) and HR increased by 5 beats/min (51-56 beats/min, P less than 0.05). AVP and ALDO concentrations were unchanged. At 40 degrees, MAP increased by 5.7 mmHg (86.0-91.7 mmHg, P less than 0.01), CVP decreased by 7.4 mmHg (P less than 0.01), HR rose by 8 beats/min (55-63 beats/min, P less than 0.01), and pulse pressure fell by 6 mmHg (P less than 0.05). ALDO increased fivefold (P less than 0.05), but AVP did not change. Infusions of AVP at 0.25 or 1.0 ng X min-1 X kg body wt-1 elevated plasma AVP to 11 +/- 1 and 52 +/- 8 pg/ml. Only the larger dose caused a small increase in MAP while CVP and HR remained unchanged; however, washout of a subcutaneous depot of Xe was reduced greater than 60% even by the lower dose. It is concluded that small-angle nonhypotensive passive tilt does not affect AVP measurably despite substantial reductions of CVP and a marked increase in ALDO. Elevations of AVP elicit marked subcutaneous vasoconstriction also in the absence of changes in CVP, HR, and MAP. PMID- 3766774 TI - Hypotension induced by passive head-up tilt: endocrine and circulatory mechanisms. AB - Circulatory changes and arterial plasma hormone concentrations were measured in seven healthy young adults during 30 and 60 degrees passive head-up tilt with the subjects supported by a saddle. The 30 degrees tilt induced a decrease in pulse pressure (Pp) from 45 +/- 2 to 35 +/- 4 (mean +/- SE) mmHg concomitant with an increase in heart rate (HR) from 58 +/- 4 to 78 +/- 8 beats/min and a marginal increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP). Norepinephrine increased from 180 +/- 20 to 310 +/- 40 pg/ml, aldosterone increased fivefold, and angiotensin II increased from 8 +/- 2 to 22 +/- 7 pg/ml. The 60 degrees tilt initially produced changes, which were qualitatively similar to the 30 degrees tilt. However, after 19 +/- 3 min sudden decreases were seen in MAP (94 +/- 3 to 50 +/- 8 mmHg), in Pp (38 +/- 5 to 18 +/- 4 mmHg), and in HR (90 +/- 7 to 57 +/- 6 beats/min). Concomitantly, epinephrine doubled while norepinephrine remained unchanged; the vagally controlled hormone pancreatic polypeptide increased from 29 +/- 3 to 51 +/- 8 pmol/l, vasopressin from 4 +/- 1 to 126 +/- 58 pg/ml, and angiotensin II from 23 +/- 9 to 35 +/- 12 pg/ml. The hypotensive bradycardiac episode was immediately reversible on termination of the head-up tilt.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3766775 TI - Elevated CSF osmolality inhibits thermoregulatory heat loss responses. AB - The effect of intracerebroventricular (icv) infusions of hypertonic NaCl or sucrose on thermoregulatory responses to heat was studied in conscious rabbits to test the idea that brain osmoreceptors are involved in the inhibition of evaporative heat loss and elevation of body temperature in dehydrated mammals at high ambient temperature (Ta). In rabbits hydrated ad lib and resting at a Ta of 33 degrees C, icv infusion (3.4 microliter/min) of hypertonic (1,500 mosm) NaCl or sucrose in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) produced a significant reduction in respiratory frequency (f) and in ear skin temperature (Te) and a rise in brain temperature (preoptic area, Tpoa). icv infusion of ACSF alone or ACSF + NaCl at 500 and at 750 mosm had no effect on f or on Te or Tpoa. Infusion of NaCl + ACSF at 1,000 mosm reduced f but did not affect Te or Tpoa. In hydrated rabbits, icv infusion of 1,500 mosm NaCl abolished the rise in f and in Te elicited by POA heating at Ta of 25 degrees C. In dehydrated rabbits at 33 degrees C, f was below hydrated levels and icv infusion of water (6.8 microliter/min) produced a reversible elevation in f. These findings suggest that brain osmoreceptors can influence thermoregulation in hot environments. PMID- 3766776 TI - Does serotonin play a role in entrance into hibernation? AB - To study the role of brain serotonin in entrance into hibernation, intraventricular injections of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, electrolytic lesions of small parts of the median raphe nucleus, and chemical lesions of the same nucleus were undertaken on the European hamster in winter. All the lesions led to a variable decrease of serotonin levels in all parts of the brain areas examined. However, hibernation was suppressed only in those animals whose serotonergic neurons were destroyed in a small anterior part of the median raphe nucleus. Electrolytic lesions as well as chemical lesions in the other parts of the median raphe nucleus or the 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine injections into lateral ventricles do not prevent hibernation. These data suggest that in the European hamster only a specific group of serotonergic neurons of the median raphe nucleus are involved in the process of entrance into hibernation. PMID- 3766777 TI - Locomotion without lungs: energetics and performance of a lungless salamander. AB - Lungless salamanders (4.1 g) were exercised on a treadmill enclosed in a Plexiglas respirometer at a range of speeds (0.05-0.24 km/h). O2 consumption (VO2) was determined continuously by open-flow respirometry. At the onset of exercise VO2 increased to a "steady state" in approximately 2-5 min. VO2 (ml O2 X g-1 X h-1) increased linearly with speed (S), VO2 = 2.3 (S) + 0.1 (r2 = 0.74). The minimum cost of transport (2.3 ml O2 X g-1 X km-1) was three-fourths of that predicted for a vertebrate of the same mass. Maximum O2 consumption (VO2max) was attained at 0.16 km/h (maximum aerobic speed), where this VO2 was six to nine times above standard rates. The net rate of whole-body lactate production (WBL) was insignificant at slow speeds (less than 46% VO2max) but did increase at submaximal work loads (85% VO2max). The highest WBL (0.07 mg X g-1 X min-1) was measured at a speed (0.20 km/h) that exceeded the maximum aerobic speed. Salamanders sustained exercise at slow speeds for over 2 h. The greatest decline in endurance (i.e., from 120 to 10 min) occurred at speeds below the maximum aerobic speed, where being lungless may have little consequence. At fast rates of locomotion a limited VO2max was associated with a low maximum aerobic speed and a modest capacity for sustained activity. PMID- 3766778 TI - Fate of labeled albumin and erythrocytes following injection into amniotic cavity of sheep. AB - We have previously described a method to measure the amniotic fluid (AF) volume and fetal swallowing rate in near-term sheep by use of 125I-labeled albumin (RISA) and 51Cr-labeled red blood cells (51Cr-RBC). However, when we measured these volumes on consecutive days, reentry of the radionuclides into the amniotic cavity from fetal urine affected the calculated values of AF volume and swallowing rates. In an attempt to clarify the recirculation problem, we injected RISA and Cr-RBC daily for 9 days into the AF of five chronically catheterized pregnant sheep (124 days gestation on the 1st experimental day). We calculated AF volume and fetal swallowing rate, comparing those values to the values corrected for fetal urine isotopic counts. The mean AF volume and fetal swallowing rate measured by RISA were 808 +/- 48 ml (mean +/- SE) and 559 +/- 29 ml/day, respectively. These values were only slightly different from the corrected volumes, 808 +/- 48 ml and 561 +/- 29 ml/day, respectively, because fetal urine 125I activity reached only 4.8% of AF activity even on the 9th day. In contrast, 51Cr-activity in fetal urine on the 9th day showed 47% of the activity of AF. The mean uncorrected AF volume (785 +/- 44 ml) and swallowing rate (561 +/- 31 ml/day) measured by Cr-RBC were different from the corrected values (790 ml and 570 ml/day, respectively). After the 4th day these differences were particularly conspicuous.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3766779 TI - K+-H+ exchange and volume homeostasis in brown adipose tissue mitochondria. AB - K+-H+ exchange activity in hamster brown adipose tissue mitochondria is activated following depletion of matrix Mg2+ with the divalent cation ionophore A23187. Quinine inhibits K+-H+ exchange reversibly with an I50 of 22 microM, whereas mild treatment with N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) inhibits this activity irreversibly. In an attempt to label and identify the K+-H+ antiporter protein, brown adipose tissue mitochondria were incubated with [14C]DCCD and subjected to denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography. We observed a labeled band of relative mol wt, 78,000, which satisfies criteria established in rat liver mitochondria for the identification of this carrier (W. H. Martin et al., J. Biol. Chem. 259: 2062-2065, 1984). Thus Mg2+ and quinine each protect the K+-H+ exchanger against both inhibition and binding by DCCD. Volume homeostasis in brown adipose tissue mitochondria, as in other mitochondria, requires a balance between K+ influx and efflux. We propose that regulation of the K+-H+ antiporter, the primary K+ efflux mechanism, plays a major role in this process. PMID- 3766780 TI - Intragastric balloon reduces food intake and body weight in rats. AB - To test a less invasive method than gastric surgery for treating obesity, balloons were nonsurgically inserted in the stomachs of adult rats (mean wt = 537 g) for 8 wk. One group received balloons that were inflated with 7 ml of water, a second group had balloons inserted that were deflated, and a third group had no balloons inserted. Rats with inflated balloons ingested 27% less food (P less than 0.0005) during the 8 wk and weighted 16% less (P less than 0.05) at the end of this period than rats with deflated balloons or no balloons. Their food intake was significantly depressed through the 7th wk. The stomachs of the rats with inflated balloons were significantly heavier than the others with a thicker muscularis externa. Body composition was not significantly different among groups. A chronic intragastric balloon significantly reduced food intake and body weight. PMID- 3766781 TI - Hypothalamic glutamatergic input to medullary sympathoexcitatory neurons in rats. AB - In the halothane-anesthetized paralyzed rat, electrical or chemical stimulation of lateral hypothalamic sites dorsolateral to the fornix produced pressor effects, increases in lumbar sympathetic nerve discharge (SND), and excitation of the majority of bulbospinal sympathoexcitatory neurons of nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis (PGCL sympathoexcitatory neurons). The relationship between SND and mean arterial pressure (MAP) was shifted upward by electrical hypothalamic stimulation, whereas the gain of the baroreflex was unchanged. A similar upward shift of the relationship between the discharge rate of PGCL sympathoexcitatory neurons and MAP was observed during stimulation. The excitatory effect of L-glutamate on PGCL sympathoexcitatory neurons was blocked by iontophoretic applications of kynurenic acid, whereas identical amounts of 8 OH kynurenic acid were ineffective. Bilateral pressure injections of kynurenic acid (but not of 8-OH kynurenic acid) into nucleus PGCL markedly reduced the pressor and sympathoexcitatory effects of hypothalamic stimulation without altering the on-going level of SND or its baroreflex inhibition. Applied by iontophoresis, kynurenic acid also attenuated the excitation of PGCL sympathoexcitatory neurons produced by hypothalamic stimulation. It is concluded that descending sympathoexcitatory pathways, originating in part in the lateral hypothalamus, relay in nucleus PGCL. This relay involves synapses that release an endogenous glutamate receptor agonist. These results suggest that synaptic integration between these glutamatergic inputs and gamma-aminobutyric acid baroreceptor inputs occurs in the immediate vicinity of PGCL bulbospinal sympathoexcitatory neurons or perhaps directly on their somadendritic surface. PMID- 3766782 TI - Role of carotid sinus and aortic nerves in respiratory control of infant rats. AB - The roles of carotid sinus (CSN) and aortic depressor nerves (ADN) in the maintenance of rhythmic respiration and in the response to airway occlusion were investigated in 8- to 10-day-old infant rats. Cutting the CSN led to a periodic loss of rhythmic respiration with arrhythmic low-amplitude waveforms, frequent end-expiratory pauses, and occasional apneas observed in unanesthetized unrestrained pups studied in their home cage nests by impedance pneumography. Cutting the ADN alone did not have this effect. Sinoaortic denervation (SAD) in which both nerves were cut, produced a more severe disturbance that was not relieved by tracheostomy, indicating that it was not due to upper airway obstruction. Tracheal pressure recordings from anesthetized SAD infants in response to short periods of external airway obstruction showed reduced respiratory efforts and prolonged recovery times, deficits that may play a role in the mortality previously reported after SAD in infant rats. PMID- 3766783 TI - Systems and the structuring of meaning: contributions to a biopsychosocial medicine. AB - The authors discuss the biopsychosocial (systems) model of medicine formulated by George L. Engel. The interaction among systems is explained in terms of selection, negation, and the reduction of the complexity of events. In psychosocial systems, vast possibilities of experience and behavior are selected and negated through structures of meaning. The authors illustrate how meaning organizes the experience and activity of a man suffering a myocardial infarction, a case originally discussed by Engel. The role of meaning in psychosocial systems leads to a discussion of the scientific method for investigating it that is provided by Karl Jaspers' psychology of understanding. PMID- 3766784 TI - Symptoms of schizotypal personality disorder. AB - The authors examined the symptoms of 35 patients with schizotypal personality disorder. In contrast to the suggestion, based on studies of nonclinical, familial samples, that patients with schizotypal disorder are best characterized by the negative symptoms of social isolation and impaired functioning, they found that the positive symptoms of odd communication, ideas of reference, magical thinking, and illusions were equally valid discriminators of their clinically based group of patients. The findings argue against the idea that schizotypal personality disorder be redefined in the revision of DSM-III (DSM-III-R) to emphasize negative symptoms and suggest that clinical samples of schizotypal patients may differ from familial samples. PMID- 3766785 TI - The relationship between legal status and patient characteristics in state hospitals. AB - Concerns raised in response to proposals that general hospitals admit patients who currently receive acute care in state hospitals have focused primarily on certain assumptions about the characteristics of involuntary patients in contrast to their voluntary counterparts. The author compared a group of voluntary and involuntary patients in seven state hospitals. Contrary to some recent reports, legal status was not associated with chronicity, prevalence of psychosis, extent of social ties as measured by marital status and living situation, or need for seclusion or restraint. The two groups differed significantly in median length of stay but in an opposite direction from that previously reported. PMID- 3766786 TI - Two-year longitudinal study of post-stroke mood disorders: comparison of acute onset with delayed-onset depression. AB - Patients who developed post-stroke depression 3 to 24 months after hospital discharge (N = 21) were compared with patients who developed depression during hospitalization (N = 26) and patients who never developed depression over 24 months of follow-up (N = 15). During the acute hospitalization and at follow-up, the three groups were not significantly different in their demographic characteristics, neurological impairment, intellectual impairment, or quality of social support. The acute depression group, however, showed an increased correlation between impairment and depression from hospitalization to follow-up. Findings suggest that impairment does not produce depression, but, once depression occurs, it may interact with impairment to influence post-stroke recovery. PMID- 3766787 TI - "Moonies" get married: a psychiatric follow-up study of a charismatic religious sect. AB - A 3-year follow-up of longtime engaged members of the Unification Church revealed remarkable compliance with the sect's unusual marital commitments. Of 305 subjects, 95% were still active in the church and 85% had been married in the interim to mates designated by their religious leader. Their scores on a measure of psychological well-being remained below those of the general population, and members who deviated from the sect's expectations showed even greater distress. Furthermore, analysis revealed that affiliative ties with the sect apparently counteracted the distress produced by the unusual marital experience and help to explain compliance with the sect's unusual behavioral norms. PMID- 3766788 TI - Distribution of treated mental illness in the neighborhoods of Jerusalem. AB - The authors compared the rates of treated mental illness among ethnically advantaged Ashkenazic Jews and ethnically disadvantaged Sephardic Jews in four areas of Jerusalem defined by socioeconomic status. They found that the rates of illness were higher in areas of lower socioeconomic status, that the Ashkenazim had higher rates of illness than the Sephardim in the areas of lower status, and that there was a comparatively high rate of illness among the Ashkenazim in the very religious Jewish neighborhoods. They interpret these findings on the basis of the theories of social causation and social selection, including genetic transmission. PMID- 3766789 TI - Treatment of the mentally ill: legal advocacy enters the second generation. AB - In the past, the legal and medical perspectives on issues relating to compulsory treatment focused on the individual's interest in liberty on the one hand and the physician's authority to treat on the other. Neither of these perspectives addresses the contemporary realities of treatment of chronically mentally ill people in the United States. The author suggests an emerging advocacy perspective that focuses on the quality of treatment. PMID- 3766790 TI - Trends in private insurance coverage for mental illness. AB - The authors analyzed data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Level of Benefits Surveys for the period 1979-1984 to examine coverage for psychiatric disorders in the private sector. While the overall number of employees with psychiatric benefits has increased, a greater percentage have more restrictions on those benefits. The extent of coverage is wide ranging, but there is little depth and the majority of psychiatric care expenses are not insured. Although the figures do not suggest a dramatic cutback in insurance coverage, the trends toward increased reductions in benefits for all health care threaten the more vulnerable psychiatric benefits. PMID- 3766791 TI - Reliability of the family history method in genetic studies of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. AB - The investigation of genetic and other causes of Alzheimer's disease requires reliable and valid methods of gathering historical data on elderly relatives. To assess the reliability of the family history method in the study of late-onset dementing illness, the authors studied families with Alzheimer's disease probands and control families. The results indicated that family history data obtained from multiple informants with standardized instruments are consistent across informants. The rate of Alzheimer's disease in the families studied was similar to rates found in previous studies. PMID- 3766792 TI - Pseudologia fantastica in the borderline patient. AB - An infrequently described clinical feature sometimes associated with borderline personality disorder is pseudologia fantastica, or pathological lying. The author describes four cases of pseudologia fantastica in borderline patients. Clinical, forensic, and treatment implications of this disorder are discussed. PMID- 3766793 TI - Elevation of thioridazine plasma levels by propranolol. AB - As part of a pilot study to assess the efficacy of propranolol in the treatment of aggression in psychiatric patients, drug interactions of propranolol with other agents were estimated by blood level monitoring. In the two patients taking a standard oral dose of thioridazine, the addition of propranolol caused a threefold and fivefold increase of plasma thioridazine levels, which placed them in a potentially toxic range. Although neither patient exhibited a toxic effect, these levels may be associated with an increased risk of thioridazine-induced irreversible pigmentary retinopathy, cardiac arrhythmias, and tardive dyskinesia. The authors suggest precautionary monitoring of thioridazine plasma and other relevant levels and clinical assessments when thioridazine and propranolol are used in combination. PMID- 3766794 TI - Long-term effects of incestuous abuse in childhood. AB - The authors studied two groups of adult women with histories of incest, a nonclinical sample (N = 152) and an outpatient sample (N = 53). Women in the community sample reported a range of long-term effects from the incest. The great majority said they had been upset by their incest experiences, but about half said they had recovered well from their trauma. Most women who had suffered forceful, prolonged, or highly intrusive sexual abuse, or who had been abused by their father or stepfather, reported long-lasting negative effects. The patient sample reported histories comparable to the most severe traumatic histories in the community sample. PMID- 3766795 TI - Personality profiles of patients with duodenal ulcer. AB - Cluster analysis of personality profiles determined by the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire separated 79 patients with duodenal ulcer into three homogeneous subgroups: 32 dependent and anxious patients, 31 neurotic and anxious patients, and 16 patients with a balanced personality. No significant differences among these three groups emerged for the variables of age, sex, duration of illness, fasting total serum pepsinogen, fasting serum pepsinogen group I, and number of cigarettes smoked per day, although there was a nonsignificant trend for both pepsinogen values to be higher in the patients with a balanced personality than in the other two groups. These results support the concept of heterogeneity of peptic ulcer disease. PMID- 3766796 TI - Concerns about APA questionnaire on personality disorders. PMID- 3766797 TI - More on self-medication and drug abuse. PMID- 3766798 TI - Blood ammonia and Alzheimer's disease. PMID- 3766799 TI - Consumers' views of DSM-III. PMID- 3766800 TI - Influence of hospital admission on DST results in patients with panic disorder. PMID- 3766801 TI - Intravenous haloperidol in the treatment of acute psychosis. PMID- 3766802 TI - The relationship between psychiatrists and clergy. PMID- 3766803 TI - Suicide pacts and homicide. PMID- 3766804 TI - Cocaine and panic disorder. PMID- 3766805 TI - Brain damage from nondominant ECT. PMID- 3766806 TI - Schizoid and avoidant personality disorders in DSM-III. PMID- 3766807 TI - Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia. PMID- 3766808 TI - Clonazepam in the treatment of mentally retarded persons. PMID- 3766809 TI - More on crime among the mentally ill. PMID- 3766810 TI - Increased seizure duration during ECT with trazodone administration. PMID- 3766811 TI - Rapid switch in a bipolar patient during lithium-tricyclic therapy. PMID- 3766812 TI - Disulfiram and antidepressants. PMID- 3766813 TI - What do we know about affective disorders? PMID- 3766814 TI - Carbamazepine and hyponatremia. PMID- 3766815 TI - Recognizing people seen in events via dynamic "mug shots". AB - This study examined effects of an event and dynamic mug shots on facial recognition. Witnesses saw either a film of a liquor store holdup staged by six perpetrators, slides of the same targets, or freeze-framed views from the filmed event. Slides of different facial views of targets among 12 foils, or dynamic 180 degrees mug shots of the same men, or multiple static views were administered 24 hr later in yes-no recognition tests. Recognition (d') was poorer for the same men seen in the event than in slides, but better for dynamic than for static mug shots. Nondynamic event characteristics were responsible for poor recognition of people seen in events, whereas dynamic aspects of facial transformations, not multiple views, seemed responsible for the superiority of dynamic mug shots. The implications of these results for issues of ecological validity of traditional face recognition methodology and for static feature models vs. dynamic transformation models of face recognition are discussed. PMID- 3766816 TI - Perceiving, imaging, and preferring physiognomic stimuli. AB - Physiognomic color responses in perception, imagery, and affect were investigated. Maluma and taketa, nonsense stimuli defined by many investigators as physiognomic, were utilized as prototypical physiognomic stimuli, along with eight other stimuli of various sorts. In Experiment 1, 22 subjects matched the colors of the stimuli; in Experiment 2, 27 subjects reported their imagery to the stimuli; and in Experiment 3, 16 subjects gave their color preferences for the stimuli. The Munsell sets of colors were employed throughout. Significant differences between the physiognomic and other stimuli were found on the brightness and saturation of color matches, images, and preferences. Other differences (e.g., the latency of color images) were also present. Distinctions were also noted between the two physiognomic stimuli. These results support the priority of innate and perceptual processes in physiognomy over those of learning and memory, although some ambiguities still remain. PMID- 3766817 TI - Some consequences of visualization in pattern identification and detection. AB - The goal of this study was to establish some of the conditions under which mental imagery facilitates or interferes with the identification and detection of visual patterns. In Experiment 1, subjects identified simple bar patterns presented at orientations 90 degrees apart under normal viewing conditions. Their reaction times were shorter when they had imagined seeing the patterns in advance at the same orientation, but were longer when they had imagined seeing the patterns at orientations that were in-between those of the actual presented patterns, relative to baseline conditions in which they were instructed not to imagine the patterns. In Experiment 2, where the subjects had only to detect the target patterns without identifying them, there was no effect of image formation or image-target alignment. In Experiment 3, where the detection task was repeated but where the target exposure duration was reduced, imagery significantly interfered with detection. In contrast to the results of Experiment 1, reaction time and error rate in this case were greatest when the imagined patterns were perfectly aligned with the target patterns. These findings demonstrate that whether imagery facilitates or interferes with performance on a visual task depends on the nature and difficulty of the task and on how closely the imagined and presented patterns correspond. PMID- 3766818 TI - Electroconvulsive treatment--indications, benefits, and limitations. AB - Multiple variables were examined in relation to outcome of ECT in a complete population of 261 patients treated over a four-year period. Sixty-three percent were rated as much improved. Response to ECT was not predicted by identifying data, DSM-III Axes I, II and III, Research Diagnostic Categories (RDC) or the majority of the "blind" clinical ratings and neuropsychological and EEG data. ECT response was significantly associated with DSM-III Axis IV and V, history of substance abuse and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) withdrawal retardation factor. Ratings of psychopathology and measures of intelligence improved with ECT, more in the patients who responded favorably than in those who did not. Scores on the neuropsychological test battery were better after ECT but remained within the brain-damaged range. Schizophrenic patients received the greatest number of treatments and showed the least variability in seizure duration. Electrical energy required for seizure induction was highest in depressed patients. Bilateral electrode placement was preferred for the majority of patients. PMID- 3766819 TI - Benefits and limitations of major pharmacological treatment for depression. AB - An extensive amount of research in clinical psychiatry, psychopharmacology, and the neurosciences has led to effective pharmacological treatments for affective disorders. These impressive developments have suffered from several limitations. In the case of antidepressant drugs, the delayed onset of antidepressant effect, troublesome side effects, possible lethality after an overdose, and the 20 to 30 percent of depressed patients not responsive to them have made these drugs less than a panacea. In addition to the limitations of the drugs themselves, there is frequently inattention to pharmacotherapeutic principles by clinicians. There is definitely a need for further research in the field, especially regarding major unresolved issues such as the proper selection of patients for whom antidepressants are indicated, clinical and biological predictors of treatment response, and the development of new antidepressants with superior efficacy and safety as well as an earlier onset of action. Meanwhile, an empathic psychotherapeutic alliance coupled with careful clinical and pharmacological monitoring are the essential prerequisites for successful antidepressant treatment. PMID- 3766820 TI - Psychosocial aspects of rational suicide. AB - In recent years a more tolerant attitude has emerged concerning suicide as an acceptable alternative to some life situations. This trend is attributable in large part to the growth of the "Rationale Suicide" movement. Proponents of rational suicide have consistently offered the terminally ill cancer patient in intractable pain as the paradigmatic case on which their position rests. Once having established the principle, however, they would extend the right-to-suicide to any individual who felt his life was not worth living, for any reason. They would also wish to institute a law to protect the individual's right to end his life. While the basic argument for rational suicide may seem reasonable, serious limitations in the position are demonstrated when it is examined in light of existing clinical and research findings. Unanticipated adverse individual and societal consequences that can result from extending and legally safeguarding the right-to-suicide were reviewed. Evidence was also presented that individuals who contemplate what they regard as a rational suicide may have much in common psychodynamically with the much more numerous suicides that occur each year and which are clearly desperate and tragic acts. PMID- 3766821 TI - Utilizing physician empathy with violent patients. AB - The pendulum of change in psychiatric investigation has swung far in the direction of understanding the biology and chemistry of human emotion and behavior. This vigorous focus in applying the scientific method to problems of human behavior tends to neglect those areas which do not easily lend themselves to such an approach. Empathy can be described and perhaps sensed in another's response but not measured or even proved to exist. This fact should not prevent study of this concept any more than Einstein allowed the limitations of Newtonian physics to prevent him from postulating an enhanced paradigm of our physical universe. This paper explores the concept of empathy and demonstrates its use in the intervention with three patients who presented to a psychiatric emergency room in the context of acutely violent behavior. Some better-known and simpler concepts used in managing these patients have also been discussed. PMID- 3766822 TI - The French connection. PMID- 3766823 TI - Reducing the great American waistline. PMID- 3766824 TI - A computer network for the surveillance of communicable diseases: the French experiment. AB - The description and first results of the French Communicable diseases Network are reported. The network, initiated in November 1984, currently includes the National Department of Health, the local health offices and various clinical, biological, and epidemiological partners. Surveillance of influenza, viral hepatitis, acute urethritis, measles, and mumps is based upon reports from sentinel general practitioners throughout France who are equipped with terminals and can communicate their data on a 24-hour basis. The network distributes electronic bulletins summarizing the surveillance data, the regional statistics concerning other diseases, and epidemiological and administrative news. Electronic mail is used for data validation and enhances communication between the parties of the network. PMID- 3766825 TI - Occupationally related illness reported to a regional poison control center. AB - The San Francisco Bay Area Regional Poison Control Center studied 189 cases of toxic workplace exposure occurring over a six-month period in the belief that Regional Poison Control Center reporting could be a useful surveillance measure for occupational disease. Dermatitis was a relatively uncommon occurrence, but systemic complaints were frequent, a pattern differing from that seen in standard occupational surveillance programs. As compared to chemically caused illness detected through a statewide physician reporting program in California, increases in proportional frequencies of certain industrial chemical causes were observed. A matching strategy utilizing the physician reporting system identified only 15.9 per cent of poison control center cases that appear to have been otherwise detected through established surveillance. A nationwide system of Regional Poison Control Centers already exists with a computerized data base in place. This study indicates that these centers could be utilized as a supplementary system for acute occupational illness related to chemical exposures. PMID- 3766826 TI - Trends in the hospitalization for acute childhood asthma, 1970-84. AB - Data from the 1970 through 1984 National Hospital Discharge Surveys indicate that the rate of hospitalization for children under 15 years old with asthma has increased at least 145 per cent while the average length of stay for children with asthma decreased by 26 per cent from 5 days in 1970 to 3.6 days in 1984. Over an analogous period (1970 to 1980), data from the National Health Interview Survey indicate that the prevalence of childhood asthma has increased by approximately 28 per cent for children 6 to 16 years of age. Several potential explanations for the hospital trend are discussed, including changes in the disease classification and information system, criteria for admission, organizational factors, changes in therapy, and changes in morbidity. PMID- 3766827 TI - Ethnic differences in preterm and very preterm delivery. AB - Ethnic differences in preterm (less than 37 weeks) and very preterm (less than 33 weeks) delivery were evaluated in a prospective cohort of 28,330 women. Blacks had the highest rate of preterm and very preterm delivery, followed by Mexican Americans, Asians, and Whites. Adjustment for maternal age, education, marital status, employment, parity, number of previous spontaneous or induced abortions, smoking and drinking during pregnancy, infant sex, and gestational age at initiation of prenatal care resulted in the following odds ratios for preterm delivery: 1.79 (1.55-2.08) for Blacks, 1.40 (1.19-1.63) for Mexican-Americans, 1.40 (1.16-1.69) for Asians, and 1.00 for Whites. The corresponding odds ratios for very preterm delivery were 2.35 (1.72-3.22) for Blacks, 1.31 (0.88-1.94) for Mexican-Americans, 1.10 (0.67-1.83) for Asians, and 1.00 for Whites. Exclusion of cases of premature rupture of membranes, placenta previa, and abruptio placenta did not explain the large ethnic differences. Although Whites and Mexican Americans had similar birthweight distributions, Mexican-Americans had an increased risk for preterm delivery. Fifty-five per cent of low birthweight babies in Kaiser were preterm and this fraction did not vary substantially by ethnic group. PMID- 3766828 TI - Decline in the incidence of carcinoma in situ of the cervix. AB - Temporal trends in the incidence of carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix were evaluated in metropolitan Atlanta between 1975 and 1983. The average annual age adjusted incidence rates per 100,000 women decreased from 61.5 in 1975-77 to 40.1 in 1981-83 for Whites and from 118.3 to 51.8 for Blacks during the same time periods. The relative declines were uniform across all age groups and exceeded the corresponding reductions in the incidence of invasive cervical carcinoma. PMID- 3766829 TI - The nonprofit sector's response to the AIDS epidemic: community-based services in San Francisco. AB - Community-based organizations in San Francisco have played a key role in providing social support services and public health information to those affected by acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). These services have helped minimize the economic impact of the epidemic by reducing the level and expense of hospitalization of AIDS patients. During fiscal year 1984-85, the three largest community-based groups in San Francisco provided more than 80,000 hours of social support and counseling services, responded to over 30,000 telephone inquiries and letters, and distributed nearly 250,000 pieces of literature. Home-based hospice care was provided to 165 AIDS patients at an average cost per day of $94 per patient. Community-based organizations require a significant level of funding from government and private sources. Local government in San Francisco has provided 62 per cent of the revenues for these groups. At the same time, they are not viable without a steady stream of volunteer labor. More than 130,000 hours were donated this past year. There are intrinsic limits to the current dependency on unpaid labor and contributions made by private charity and local government which will eventually require increased support and intervention at the state and federal levels. PMID- 3766830 TI - Level of response in epidemiologic studies using the card-back system to contact subjects. AB - Response levels obtained from two methods of patient contact to obtain subject consent for participation in epidemiologic studies were compared. When a signed, return card was required prior to further contact, 70 to 83 per cent of patients consented to participate, compared with consistently higher levels (89 to 93 per cent) obtained with telephone contact. These data suggest that the likelihood of obtaining the high response level required in epidemiologic studies is increased by methods that do not rely on a return card. PMID- 3766831 TI - A comparative study of hospital fetal death records and Washington State fetal death certificates. AB - Hospital fetal death records were compared with Washington State fetal death certificates to ascertain the completeness of reporting. Washington State law requires reporting of all fetal deaths of 20 or more weeks gestation. For 16 hospitals reporting 603 fetal deaths, an additional 49 fetal deaths were identified in the mother's charts. The study documents underreporting, especially in the gestational ages closet to the 20-week age limitation where 71 per cent of the 48 unreported cases were 20 to 27 weeks gestation. PMID- 3766832 TI - Evaluation of pharmacists' compliance with the Poison Prevention Packaging Act. AB - Sixty pharmacies in Memphis, Tennessee were given two prescriptions at seven-day intervals to determine whether the medicine would be dispensed in child-resistant containers (CRCs) as required by federal law. One prescription included the statement "dispense in child-resistant container." Without such a statement, 77 per cent of the pharmacies dispensed the drug in a CRC; the prescription with the reminder elicited a compliance rate of 75 per cent. Factors such as cost of the prescription and time required to fill the prescription had no discernible effect on local pharmacy practice to dispense the prescription in a CRC. PMID- 3766833 TI - Pack size, reported cigarette smoking rates, and public health. AB - The relation between packs containing 25 or 20 cigarettes each and self-reports of daily cigarette intake was examined in surveys of smoking habits from the United States and Canada. More Canadian than US smokers report smoking 25 cigarettes per day (19.3 per cent vs 2.1 per cent). As market share of packs of 25 increases across six regions in North America, reports of smoking 25 cigarettes per day increase. Even if smoke exposure remains constant, smoking statistics are likely to be influenced by pack size. PMID- 3766834 TI - Acceptance of hepatitis B vaccine among hospital workers: a follow-up. AB - We reported earlier on 1,500 hospital employees whose desire for hepatitis B vaccine was assessed. We followed 229 of these subjects to measure the effect of a voluntary educational intervention on desire for vaccine. Acceptance of vaccine declined in 37 per cent of subjects and increased in 13 per cent. One of the extraneous influences on demand for vaccine may have been high-profile media coverage of the AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) epidemic. PMID- 3766835 TI - Hospitalized burn injuries in Massachusetts: an assessment of incidence and product involvement. AB - We assessed the frequency of hospitalized burn injuries in Massachusetts, and product involvement in causing burns, by reviewing the hospital inpatient records and emergency room logbooks for 240 of New England's 256 acute-care hospitals. Children less than two years of age, males, and Blacks experienced higher burns rates than did older individuals, females, or Whites. Products frequently associated with burn injuries included those involved in food preparation and consumption, flammable liquids, and clothing. PMID- 3766836 TI - The delivery and uptake of nicotine from an aerosol rod. AB - Nicotine aerosol rods were assessed for their possible usefulness as substitutes for cigarettes. Under standard FTC conditions, the per puff delivery of the aerosol rod averaged 0.3 micrograms nicotine/puff after 10 puffs and 6.4 micrograms nicotine/puff after 60 puffs. After puffing on the rods, no nicotine was detected in the plasma or urine of seven subjects. PMID- 3766837 TI - The relationship of family income to the incidence, external causes, and outcomes of serious brain injury, San Diego County, California. AB - Among residents of San Diego County, California the incidence and external causes of serious brain injury were related to the median family income of the census tract of residency. Low income tracts had high incidence rates--a finding not changed by adjustment for age and race/ethnicity. For those injured, the type of emergency transport, time from injury to treatment, and outcome of treatment were not related to the median income of the census tract of residency. PMID- 3766838 TI - Impact and cost of public health nurse telephone follow-up of school dental referrals. AB - The effect and cost of nursing follow-up services on school dental screening outcomes were investigated. Experimental and control groups were randomly assigned. A positive difference in dental visit rate occurred for all nurses, with the overall dentist visit-no visit, experimental-control odds ratio being 1.64 (95% CL = 1.15, 2.35). The service averaged 27.7 minutes and $8.92 per family contacted, suggesting that nursing follow-up increased dental care utilization after screening at low cost in this population. PMID- 3766839 TI - Birthweight and gestational age: mothers' estimates compared with state and hospital records. AB - Birthweight and gestational age estimates made by research subjects were compared with values obtained from birth certificates and hospital records. Ninety-one per cent of mothers' estimates of their infant's birthweight and 88 per cent of their estimates of infant gestational age agreed with the delivery record. When the same mothers estimated their own and their husband's birthweight, only 44 per cent were in agreement with birth certificate values; however, 78 per cent were in agreement with the pounds portion of the weight. Agreement of mothers' estimates of her own and her husband's gestational age with birth certificates was no better than chance. PMID- 3766840 TI - Notifying workers at risk: the politics of the right-to-know. PMID- 3766841 TI - Smoking and lung cancer in New Mexico. PMID- 3766842 TI - Further comments on 'State trends in infant mortality'. PMID- 3766843 TI - Carbohydrates of the surface of the normal human spermatozoon. AB - Autoproteolysis of human spermatozoa produces oligopeptides with oligosaccharide chains of the N-glycosidic-linked type that are released from the "surface exposed" parts of glycoproteins. The products eluted in the previous washing of the spermatozoa have the same composition and solubility characteristics as the oligopeptides from the digestion. This suggests that autoproteolysis is a constant process that normally occurs on the spermatozoa membrane. The cytochemical characterization and localization of the N-glycosidic-linked oligosaccharide receptors on the human spermatozoa membrane after digestion, in the presence or absence of seminal plasma, indicates that only part of the oligosaccharides are cleaved. Their distribution on the different zones of the spermatozoon changed as the probability of detecting these receptors in the intermediate segment increased after proteolysis; this indicates that in this zone the receptors are cryptic ones that become exposed by the action of the proteolytic enzymes. In the presence of seminal plasma most receptors on the acrosome are eliminated. PMID- 3766844 TI - Adoptive transfer of suppression of autoimmune response to rat male accessory glands with spleen mononuclear cells from antigen-pretreated rats. AB - The injection of the spleen mononuclear (SpM) cells, obtained from rats rendered unresponsive to autoantigen of rat male accessory glands (RAG) by pretreatment with low doses of purified fraction of RAG (containing the autoantigen), into normal syngeneic recipients markedly prevented the development of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction to the autoantigen (suppression of the induction) (p less than 0.001). The humoral response was not altered. The control animals were rat receptors of spleen mononuclear cells from donor rats pretreated with rat lung saline extract or 0.15 M NaCl. In contrast, the transference of SpM cells from donor rats pretreated with low doses of autoantigen prior to the immunization to rats previously immunized, did not modify the expression of the immune response against the autoantigen when compared with control rats. The suppression of the induction of DTH response was also obtained when prior to the immunization, the recipients received T-cell-enriched SpM cell population from unresponsive animals (p less than 0.001), but not when they were injected with B cell-enriched SpM cells. These results suggest that suppressor T cells capable of controlling induction of the autoimmune response against RAG autoantigen might be one of the immunoregulatory mechanisms that are activated when soluble autoantigen of RAG enter into circulation. PMID- 3766845 TI - Clear cell cribriform hyperplasia of prostate. Report of 10 cases. AB - We report 10 patients with clear cell cribriform hyperplasia of the prostate. Their ages ranged from 62 to 87 years, with a mean of 72 years. The clinical diagnosis in all patients was benign nodular hyperplasia; all the patients are alive and have shown no evidence of recurrent disease. Follow-ups ranged from 1 month to 7 years (median: 12.5 months; mean: 24.6 months). Pathologically, this lesion has a cribriform arrangement of clear cells with a complex papillary growth simulating the cribriform pattern of prostatic carcinoma. In fact, in five of the 10 cases, the referring diagnosis was either carcinoma or possible carcinoma. Cytologically, however, there is no nuclear atypia, mitosis, or prominent nucleoli, and typically there is a double epithelial cell layer at the periphery of the involved acini. In summary, clear cell cribriform hyperplasia is a benign hyperplastic process with a complex papillary-cribriform structure and should not be confused with prostatic carcinoma. The key feature for the diagnosis is the preservation of nodular configuration with a bland cytology and double cell layer lining the involved acini. PMID- 3766846 TI - The grooved nucleus. A useful diagnostic criterion of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. AB - The optically clear nucleus has been recognized widely as an important histological feature of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid, and it is now considered by many workers as standing on an equal basis with the papillae for the diagnosis of this tumor. However, clear nuclei are sometimes patchy in distribution or absent in papillary carcinoma, and may be difficult to differentiate from pseudoclear nuclei which may be found in a variety of thyroid lesions. This study was undertaken to determine whether the grooving of the nuclei, a well-recognized electron-microscopic feature, can serve as an additional reliable light microscopic diagnostic criterion of papillary carcinoma. The histological sections of 103 consecutive cases of thyroid carcinoma, (including 89 cases of papillary carcinoma), 100 consecutive noncancer thyroidectomy specimens, and five cases of Hashimoto's thyroiditis were reviewed. Grooved nuclei were found in all cases of papillary carcinoma in almost every high-power microscopic field, and in the two cases of poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Similar nuclei were found in only a very occasional field in four cases of adenoma, and one case each of multinodular goiter and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. We conclude that the deep grooving of the nuclei is a useful cytological feature for the diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma. PMID- 3766847 TI - Giant cell arteritis of the female genital tract. A report of three cases. AB - Three cases of giant cell arteritis involving the female genital tract of postmenopausal women are reported. The patients were 80, 64, and 57 years of age and presented with fatigue and anemia, fatigue and an abdominal mass, and fever and weight loss, respectively. Two of the patients had palpable pelvic masses; one had an ovarian mass visible on ultrasound examination. All three patients were anemic, and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate was elevated in the two women in whom it was tested. Exploratory laparotomy revealed ovarian tumors in two patients; one had a mucinous cystadenoma, and one had bilateral ovarian fibromas. The third patient had a cyst of the rete ovarii. Extensive giant cell arteritis of the small to medium-sized arteries was found unexpectedly in the ovaries and fallopian tubes of two patients who had prior hysterectomies and in the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus of one patient. One patient was treated postoperatively with prednisone with improvement of symptoms and a decrease in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Of the two patients who received no therapy, one was found to have a thoracic aortic aneurysm 5 years postoperatively, and the other was alive without symptoms 17 years after the operation. Giant cell arteritis of the female genital tract is a rare finding in elderly women and may occur as an isolated finding or as part of generalized giant cell arteritis. PMID- 3766848 TI - Pelvic lymph node metastases in prostatic carcinoma. The value of touch imprint cytology. AB - Touch imprint cytology is a simple, rapid, reliable, and highly sensitive procedure when used for detecting lymph node metastases in men with clinically localized prostatic adenocarcinoma who are undergoing staging pelvic lymphadenectomy. Thirty-five men admitted for this procedure had frozen sections performed on the lymph nodes removed at surgery. Of these 35 patients, 19 had touch imprints made of their lymph nodes. In five patients classified as having Stage D disease, positive frozen section correlated with permanent section. In two of these cases, touch imprint cytology was performed and was positive for malignant cells. In seven patients classified as having Stage D disease, frozen sections were negative. Permanent sections were positive for metastatic tumor in five of these patients. In four of these cases, touch imprint cytology was performed. In two cases, cytology and permanent sections were positive and, in two cases, cytology alone was positive. Factors that contributed to the false negative rate for frozen section were: the presence of micrometastases, fatty lymph nodes that were difficult to process, and sampling errors on the part of the pathologist. Touch imprint cytology overcame the deficits of frozen section and proved useful in detecting metastatic disease in lymph nodes. PMID- 3766849 TI - The incidence of diarrheal disease in a defined population of rural Egypt. AB - A prospective study of diarrheal illness was conducted for 2 years in 309 families who were part of an epidemiologic research center population in rural Egypt. The rates of illness peaked in the first year of life with between 5 and 6 episodes per person year at risk. Although no seasonal variation in reported diarrhea was demonstrated for the total population, age-specific differences in seasonal occurrence were noted. The incidence did not consistently vary by village size, nor did rates vary by sex. PMID- 3766850 TI - Blastocystis hominis: pathogen or fellow traveler? AB - Blastocystis hominis, an intestinal organism of uncertain taxonomic position, has long been considered nonpathogenic. Some recent studies suggest, however, that it may be associated with diarrhea and may respond to treatment with iodoquinol or metronidazole. To investigate this possibility, we identified 148 persons whose stools contained this organism. Of this number, 32 had at least 6 stool examinations performed. Twenty-seven of the 32 persons were later found to have greater than or equal to 1 recognized pathogens--Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia or Dientamoeba fragilis--and, after receiving appropriate therapy, became asymptomatic. The B hominis infection, however, was unaffected by therapy. Five persons with only B. hominis infection were treated with iodoquinol without effect; these persons fulfilled the medical criteria for irritable bowel syndrome. We believe that when an apparently symptomatic B. hominis infection responds to therapy, the improvement probably represents elimination of some other undetected organism causing the infection. PMID- 3766851 TI - Etiologic and serologic investigations of the 1980 epidemic of dengue fever on Hainan Island, China. AB - Virologic and seroepidemiologic studies were carried out during an epidemic of dengue fever on Hainan Island in 1980. Dengue 3 virus was isolated from 46 of 77 acute phase sera and from 1 of 10 pools of adult Aedes aegypti. Dengue 1 virus virus was isolated from a single acute phase serum. Seroepidemiologic investigations showed that 74% of healthy individuals in the epidemic area had antibody to dengue virus compared to 54% in an area where epidemic dengue had occurred in 1978, and less than or equal to 8% in nonepidemic areas. There were no significant differences in antibody prevalence for different sex and age groups. PMID- 3766852 TI - Rift Valley fever surveillance in mobile sheep flocks in the Nile Delta. AB - Rift Valley fever (RVF) surveillance was carried out in the Nile Delta by monitoring mobile and stationary sheep flocks for antibodies to RVF virus. Sheep are known to be susceptible to RVF virus infection and experienced severe morbidity in 1977 and 1978 when RVF was epidemic in Egypt. Four hundred six sheep in 32 flocks were surveyed during 1984. Twenty-four sheep from 7 flocks had antibodies to RVF virus detected by hemagglutination inhibition and plaque reduction neutralization tests. Antibodies were found primarily in sheep greater than 3 years of age, although 1- and 2-year-old sheep were included in the sample. No seroconversion was observed among 177 seronegative sheep that were bled successively for a period of 10 months. These results indicate that epizootic RVF was probably not present in the Nile Delta during 1984. PMID- 3766853 TI - The effect of post-bloodmeal nutrition of Phlebotomus papatasi on the transmission of Leishmania major. AB - To test the effects of post-bloodmeal nutrition of sand flies on the transmission of Leishmania major, groups of infected P. papatasi females maintained on diets of sucrose, trehalose, albumin or a mixture of sucrose and albumin, were subjected to forced feeding with capillaries. Transmission was evaluated by counting the parasites egested; numbers ranged from 0 to over 1,000 promastigotes. Infections of the anterior midgut were seen in the majority of flies from all the experimental groups but the percentage of transmitting females was significantly higher in the group maintained on a mixture of sucrose and albumin. There were no attached parasites in the pharynx and cibarium of the flies and the presence of free promastigotes in these parts was not itself indicative of infectivity. However, transmission was positively correlated with apparent inability to engorge. The parasites egested were typical infective form promastigotes and identical to those observed in the esophagus and the anterior thoracic midgut. A mechanism by which infective stage promastigotes from the esophagus and the stomodeal valve may be transmitted by bite is proposed. PMID- 3766854 TI - Clinical evaluation of amoscanate in healthy male volunteers. AB - Single oral doses of amoscanate (4-isothiocyanato-4'-nitrodiphenylamine), an experimental antiparasitic agent, are highly effective in animals against the four major species of schistosomes which infect humans. Two prospective, randomized, double blinded, placebo controlled Phase I studies were designed to evaluate the tolerance and safety of the 5% aqueous suspension of 2-mu particles of amoscanate administered to healthy male volunteers. In addition to routine safety monitoring, particular attention was directed toward detecting hepatic, neurological, cardiovascular or ocular toxicity. Three of four men who received 3.5 mg/kg of amoscanate developed mild, reversible hepatotoxicity, which could not be unequivocably attributed to the drug. In the second study, of 1 mg/kg amoscanate, there was no statistically significant evidence of hepatotoxicity, although 1 of 12 drug recipients developed transient liver chemistry changes. Despite intensive monitoring, there was no evidence in either study of significant symptomatic complaints, or of neurological, cardiovascular or ocular toxicity. No mutagenic activity attributable to amoscanate was detectable in the urine. These results suggest that this formulation of amoscanate, at 1 mg/kg, is sufficiently well tolerated and safe to justify evaluation for efficacy in patients with schistosomiasis. PMID- 3766855 TI - Reliable serology of Taenia solium cysticercosis with antigens from cyst vesicular fluid: ELISA and hemagglutination tests. AB - New levels of reproducibility and sensitivity have been achieved in the detection of anticysticercus antibodies in human sera by using cysticercus vesicular fluid as the source of antigens for both ELISA and hemagglutination assays. Reproducibility both between tests on a serum and between similar sera was significantly improved over typical results using antigens from whole parasite extracts. Sera collected from uninfected individuals in endemic areas gave somewhat elevated values over those collected in nonendemic areas. This necessitated the use of a higher threshold in endemic areas to avoid false positives. With the threshold appropriate for a nonendemic area, both ELISA and hemagglutination were sensitive enough to detect infection in 95% of cases. With the threshold value for sera from an endemic area, these sensitivities were reduced to 80%-90%. A prominent 103-Kd protein of vesicular fluid, not related to antigen B, elicited the strongest antibody response in neurocystercotic patients. PMID- 3766857 TI - Dirofilaria from the index finger of a man in Costa Rica. AB - A 4.5-cm male Dirofilaria indistinguishable from D. immitis was removed from the tip of the index finger of an 18-year-old farmer in Costa Rica. The case is reminiscent of a report of a larger (9-cm) but otherwise similar Dirofilaria, identified as D. spectans, a heartworm of otters, causing Raynaud's syndrome by occluding an artery of the fifth finger of a farm woman in Brazil. As in the present case, the worm was removed from a painful papule on the volar surface at the extreme tip of the affected finger. PMID- 3766856 TI - Ultrastructural observations on the fate of Brugia malayi in jirds previously vaccinated with irradiated infective stage larvae. AB - Vaccination of inbred jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) with 60cobalt radiation attenuated Brugia malayi infective stage larvae (L3) protected against homologous challenge given either subcutaneously (sc) or by the intraperitoneal route (ip). At necropsy numerous nodules were recovered from the peritoneal cavities of jirds which had been vaccinated sc and challenged ip. Histopathologic analysis showed these to be granulomas containing dead and dying larvae and transmission electron microscopy showed that eosinophils were present in high numbers around and within the larvae. Structural damage to the L3 cuticle was apparent in discrete areas and eosinophils actively entering the breached cuticle at the time of fixation were observed. Coalescence of eosinophil secretion granules and the formation of degranulation vacuoles were seen in eosinophils throughout the granulomas. Degranulation resulted in the deposition of electron-dense material on the surface of the larval cuticle. The jird vaccine model for B. malayi thus appears to be a potentially useful tool for investigation of immune mechanisms in filariasis. PMID- 3766858 TI - Orbital hydatid disease in Kenya. AB - We treated 7 cases of orbital hydatidosis presenting as cysts. These were successfully treated surgically using a technique that does not compromise the eye and its visual function. This need arose when it was learned that 7 eyes had been enucleated and another case put on massive steroid therapy due to misdiagnosis as malignancies by ophthalmologists visiting in this country (M. French, African Medical Research Foundation, personal communication). It is imperative to stress the diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of this condition which must be considered in the differential diagnosis of unilateral proptosis. PMID- 3766859 TI - Papers of the Society of Head and Neck Surgeons. 32nd annual meeting. Colorado Springs, Colorado, May 7-10, 1986. PMID- 3766860 TI - Head and neck surgery: past, present, and future. PMID- 3766861 TI - Predictive value of tumor thickness in squamous carcinoma confined to the tongue and floor of the mouth. AB - In this review of 105 consecutive patients who underwent operation for previously untreated, N0 squamous carcinomas arising in the oral tongue or the floor of the mouth, 86 percent of the determinate patients remained alive and well 2 years after treatment. Included were 48 patients, 49 patients, and 8 patients who had T1, T2, and T3 tumors respectively. Elective cervical lymphadenectomy was performed in about a third, but tumor staging did not facilitate selection of those who were most likely to have occult metastases. For this reason, we retrospectively assessed the impact of tumor thickness using an optical micrometer to measure the thickness in millimeters of the excised tumors in routinely prepared paraffin sections. Disease-related death appears to be unusual when oral tumors are thin (2 mm or less), regardless of the tumor stage. Multivariate analysis confirms that increasing tumor thickness, rather than tumor stage, had the best correlation with treatment failure and survival. These findings need to be verified in prospective studies involving a larger patient population and other head and neck sites, but they strongly suggest that measurement of tumor thickness may be a better way to select those oral cancer patients who are most likely to benefit from elective treatment of the N0 neck. PMID- 3766862 TI - Relation of thickness of floor of mouth stage I and II cancers to regional metastasis. AB - We have reviewed the clinical course and histologic findings in 84 patients with stage I and II squamous carcinoma of the mouth floor. We concluded that lesion thickness may offer a useful method for predicting the probability of cervical metastasis in node negative (N0) patients. Moreover, surface area of the lesion did not correlate with subsequent nodal disease, whereas thickness did. Elective node dissection appears to be strongly indicated in any patient with a N0 lesion measuring more than 1.5 mm in thickness. PMID- 3766863 TI - Microscopic cut-through of cancer in the surgical treatment of squamous carcinoma of the tongue. Prognostic and therapeutic implications. AB - A retrospective review was carried out of the records of 268 patients with a pathologically proved diagnosis of squamous carcinoma of the tongue treated by glossectomy at M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute from January 1, 1970 through December 31, 1979. Pathologic findings found on frozen section analysis were correlated with the TNM stage of the tumor, histologic characteristics, perineural invasion, type of treatment, local recurrence, and survival rate. Thirty-eight patients with squamous carcinoma of the oral tongue and 16 patients with tumors of the base of the tongue had initially positive frozen section margins. Forty-one of these patients had margins that were negative at the completion of surgery. Thirteen patients never had negative margins. Positive mucosal margins were more common in smaller tumors and positive muscular margins were more common in larger tumors. Patients with perineural invasion and larger tumors had a higher percentage of positive margins. Those patients with initially positive margins that were rendered negative at the completion of the procedure and treated with surgery only had a significantly increased local recurrence rate and reduced survival compared with patients similarly treated with initially negative margins. Tumor stage, location (muscular versus mucosal) of positive margins, and the presence of perineural invasion were not significant in predicting local recurrence or decreased survival. If all patients with microscopically positive margins are considered for postoperative radiotherapy, then the routine use of intraoperative frozen section examination of the margins of resection in squamous carcinoma of the tongue may not be justified. PMID- 3766864 TI - Cervical lymph node metastasis after local excision of early squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. AB - A total of 54 patients with stage I and stage II squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity were reviewed as to treatment modality, adequacy of treatment, and site of failure. Surgery was employed as the sole initial treatment modality in 52 patients. Forty-three underwent primary tumor excision alone and 9 underwent elective neck dissection at the time of primary tumor excision. The patients who underwent elective neck dissection at the time of excision of the primary tumor had a 3 year survival rate of 88 percent, in comparison to a survival rate of 77 percent in those patients whose initial therapy was directed solely at the primary tumor. A low incidence of local recurrence (2 percent) and a high incidence of neck recurrence (42 percent) were documented in those patients treated by primary tumor excision alone. Patients who underwent salvage neck dissection for recurrent neck node metastases had a 3 year survival rate of 56 percent. This study has documented a high incidence of cervical node recurrence in patients with T1 and T2 squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity treated by primary tumor excision alone and a poor survival rate after salvage therapy. A small group of patients who underwent elective neck dissection had a demonstrably high survival rate. These observations lend support to the call for elective neck dissection in patients with stage I and II oral cavity carcinoma but are not conclusive. Therapeutic decisions regarding elective treatment of the neck will continue to be made according to the best judgment and prejudices of the individual surgeon until a prospective, randomized multi-institutional study addressing this specific issue is undertaken. PMID- 3766865 TI - The role of sternum in osteomyocutaneous reconstruction of major mandibular defects. AB - Replacement of skeletal support after extensive intraoral resection demands the use of a vascularized bone graft. This can be provided by microvascular free transfer using the ilium or metatarsal bones or by using muscle as a vascular carrier, employing the rib, the spine of the scapula, or the clavicle. Over a 5 year period, 27 patients underwent mandibular reconstruction with a vascularized segment of the outer table of sternum transposed together with a skin island on the pectoralis major muscle. Loss of bone occurred in two patients. A 93 percent survival rate was achieved. An earlier, smaller series of six patients using rib for reconstruction resulted in an unacceptably high complication rate. Success in survival of the bone graft, however, is not enough to procure a satisfactory result. Specific aspects of surgical technique are described that create an alveolar ridge with a sulcus on either side that can accept a denture; a diaphragm to replace the floor of the mouth and eliminate dead space; and an esthetically acceptable appearance, with definition of the jawline and a properly supported lower lip. PMID- 3766866 TI - Prognostic factors in patients with regional cervical nodal metastases from cutaneous malignant melanoma. AB - A retrospective analysis with a minimum 10 year follow-up was performed on 287 patients who underwent radical or modified neck dissections with histologically involved regional nodal metastases from cutaneous malignant melanoma. The cumulative 5 year and 10 year survival rates calculated from the time of node dissection were 33 percent and 28 percent, respectively. Age and sex of the patient, site of known primary tumor, clinical stage at presentation, and time interval from the treatment of the primary tumor to node dissection did not independently affect survival. However, an unknown site of primary disease, the presence of only one histologically involved node, and the absence of extranodal tumor invasion at the time of node dissection were statistically significant individual prognostic factors for an improved survival rate. PMID- 3766867 TI - Unique proteins defined by monoclonal antibodies specific for human melanoma. Some potential clinical applications. AB - A panel of monoclonal antibodies, designated HMB 18, 45, and 50, have been isolated that are highly specific for malignant melanoma. When tested on fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections, they reacted with 97 percent of melanomas tested (58 of 60), including pigmented, unpigmented, primary, and metastatic melanoma. The specificity in differentiating melanomas from other malignant tumors, including 112 carcinomas, 35 lymphomas, and 39 sarcomas, was 100 percent. Normal melanocytes were unreactive, although some benign melanocytic lesions were recognized. Using immunoprecipitation and SDS-PAGE analysis of 35S-methionine labeled melanoma cells in tissue culture, a previously undescribed protein of approximately 10 kd was recognized by all three antibodies. HMB 50 also precipitated two high molecular weight proteins of 97 kd and 110 kd from the conditioned medium of melanoma cells. These monoclonal antibodies are the most sensitive and specific antibodies generated against human melanoma to date. Their clinical application in diagnostic surgical pathology and potential use in immunotherapy are discussed. PMID- 3766868 TI - Soft tissue sarcomas of the head and neck in adolescents and adults. AB - Between 1960 and 1982, 188 patients were treated for soft tissue sarcomas of the head and neck. These patients had a heterogeneous group of neoplasms whose biologic behavior was determined by histologic classification, differentiation, and size. Histologic classification of these tumors was important and had prognostic significance. Differentiation affected local control and the propensity for distant metastases. Tumor size also contributed to outcome: patients with tumors of more than 5 cm had a worse survival than those with smaller sarcomas. Wide surgical excision with an adequate margin of normal tissue offered the best means of local control. The addition of postoperative radiotherapy was utilized for patients with positive margins or high grade aggressive sarcomas. Finally, despite multimodality therapy, achieving local control and prevention of distant disease in high grade sarcomas remains a major therapeutic challenge. PMID- 3766869 TI - Flow cytometric analysis of DNA content as a prognostic indicator in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. AB - The mortality of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue has not significantly improved in decades. Much of the information that has been gathered to date has been based on retrospective analyses. There is little consensus on treatment of the disease. In an attempt to define an objective prognostic indicator of aggressiveness of these tumors, a retrospective analysis of 15 paraffin-embedded specimens using flow cytometry was performed. Ten patients (67 percent) had aneuploid tumors and had a 5 year disease-free survival rate of 33 percent, whereas patients with diploid tumors (33 percent) had a 5 year disease-free survival rate of 80 percent. Although the number of patients was small, it appears that flow cytometry may be an objective prognostic indicator in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. Larger series of archival paraffin embedded flow cytometry analyses are recommended, as well as examination of variables other than the disease-free survival rate. PMID- 3766870 TI - Significance of ploidy in laryngeal cancer. AB - We studied 48 patients with laryngeal or hypopharyngeal primary tumors with DNA flow cytometry. Twenty-four of the tumors were glottic, 18 were supraglottic, and 6 were from the pyriform sinus. Patients were followed for a minimum of 12 months, with a mean follow-up of 23 months. Twenty-three of the 48 primary tumors (48 percent) were clearly aneuploid, 22 percent were tetraploid, and 30 percent were diploid. We concluded that patients with aneuploid primary tumors, high DNA levels, or both have a significantly better prognosis than those with diploid tumors, and this remained statistically significant when clinical outcome was adjusted for tumor status, stage, and nodal status. PMID- 3766871 TI - Initial manifestation of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the head and neck region. AB - Initial manifestation of AIDS in the head and neck region occurs frequently. The purpose of this report has been to alert the head and neck surgeon to the occurrence of AIDS-related lesions, their clinical characteristics, and disease outcome. Incomplete recognition of these disorders may delay appropriate diagnostic study and initiation of therapy. We have described 10 patients in whom the initial manifestation of AIDS-related malignancies occurred in the head and neck region. Six of these patients were found to have Kaposi's sarcoma, whereas four had non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The specific clinical and pathologic aspects of the disease have been described, which represent common patterns of presentation. It is crucial to obtain an accurate social history, as well as a complete medical history from any patient suspected of having AIDS, and prompt biopsy of suspect lesions should be performed. PMID- 3766872 TI - Extralaryngeal division of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Report on 400 patients and the 721 nerves measured. AB - Seven hundred twenty-one recurrent laryngeal nerves were visualized in 400 patients having thyroid or parathyroid surgery. Four hundred twenty-one nerves (58 percent) bifurcated or trifurcated more than 0.5 cm from the cricoid cartilage. Ninety-seven patients had bilateral bifurcations, and 10 patients had trifurcations. Six patients had direct laryngeal nerves, all on the right side. One patient had a direct laryngeal and a recurrent laryngeal nerve simultaneously, and one patient had a bifurcated recurrent laryngeal nerve with an accessory vagus nerve joining it 13.5 cm from the cricoid cartilage. Damage to any of the filaments of the recurrent laryngeal nerve to the cricothyroid musculature or to or from a variant direct laryngeal nerve or variant vagus nerve connection can cause vocal cord paralysis. Damage to any branches of the recurrent laryngeal nerve to the esophagus can cause dysphagia. Therefore, if possible, all branches of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, no matter how small, should be preserved. PMID- 3766873 TI - Diagnostic accuracy of fine-needle aspiration biopsy versus frozen section in solitary thyroid nodules. AB - Fine-needle aspiration biopsy is widely used in the diagnosis and management of the solitary thyroid nodule. It is the most accurate tool available and decreases the need for ultrasonography and thyroid scanning. In those patients who are selected for surgical treatment by fine-needle aspiration biopsy, it has been advocated as a guide to determining the extent of operation. Frozen section, which usually serves as the surgeon's guide, and fine-needle aspiration biopsy both have varying accuracy rates. Few direct comparisons have been made. We studied 198 aspirates in 198 patients who presented with a solitary nodule and had surgical excision. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (198 cases) and frozen section (182 cases) were compared with the final histologic diagnosis. Accuracy rates for fine-needle aspiration biopsy and frozen section were 90 percent and 95 percent, respectively. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy detected 43 percent of the cancers and frozen section, 64 percent. There were no false-positive diagnoses with frozen section, but three cases with fine-needle aspiration biopsy. The false-negative diagnosis rate was 5 percent for frozen section and 8.5 percent for fine-needle aspiration biopsy. When the "other" diagnosis category was grouped with the "positive" diagnosis category and a single expert cytopathologist was used to read the cytology report, the sensitivity was increased to 80 percent whereas the accuracy was maintained at 83 percent. We believe that since there were no false-positive diagnosis using frozen section, it can reliably be used as a guide when it reveals malignancy. When the fine needle aspiration biopsy diagnosis is "positive" or "other," it can guide operation, but only after carefully assessing the wording of the cytology report and the clinical situation. Each modality can provide information missed by the other. We continue to use them as complementary tools in the diagnosis and management of solitary thyroid nodules. PMID- 3766874 TI - Outpatient thyroidectomy: a feasibility study. AB - In a group of 48 highly selected patients, thyroid surgery was performed on an outpatient basis. It was found to be a safe, cost-effective procedure, convenient for both the patient and the surgeon. Economic factors, although definitely a consideration, were not the compelling reason to perform thyroidectomy in this manner. PMID- 3766875 TI - Fine-needle aspiration in the diagnosis of cervical lymphadenopathy. AB - The extent of workup in patients with cervical adenopathy has always been controversial. Extensive workup in the absence of a histologic diagnosis indicative of a malignant process is unwarranted. Although open biopsy may be necessary for certain benign conditions, its routine application for metastatic nodes is not advised. We have used fine-needle aspiration as a routine procedure in the initial evaluation of cervical adenopathy. Over the past 3 years, 140 needle aspirations have been performed. Adequate specimens were obtained in 97 percent of the patients and the diagnostic accuracy was 96 percent. Overall, 45 percent of the patients had the diagnosis of a malignant tumor established whereas others had benign tumors. Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma was diagnosed accurately in all of the patients. Other malignant tumors reported accurately included lymphoma, adenocarcinoma, and metastatic thyroid carcinoma. Among the benign conditions, accurate diagnoses could be established in patients with tuberculosis, chronic lymphadenitis, and hyperplastic lymph nodes. The findings of fine-needle aspiration are helpful in directing subsequent workup. If the findings do not correlate with the clinical suspicion, greater weight is given to the clinical picture and diagnostic workup appropriate for the suspected disease is performed. Proper use of fine-needle aspiration requires close communication between an experienced cytologist and the head and neck surgeon. This series demonstrates that fine-needle aspiration is a safe, accurate, and valuable tool for the evaluation of cervical adenopathy. PMID- 3766876 TI - Surgical management of vascular malformations of the head and neck. AB - The evaluation and treatment of non-involuting hemangiomas with arteriovenous components and arteriovenous malformations of the head and neck remain difficult. Surgical excision is still the most important and effective method of controlling these lesions. Radiotherapy should never be used. It is ineffective, dangerous, and often complicates any later operation that may be required. Evaluation of vascular malformations with computerized tomography, arteriography, magnetic nuclear imaging, and Doppler mapping will aid diagnosis. Adjunctive hypotensive anesthesia, intraoperative embolization with Gelfoam, and temporary peripheral suture ligations have made the surgical task more manageable. The integration of reconstructive techniques into the surgical program is essential if optimum results are to be obtained. Incisions must be planned so that future flap patterns are preserved. Axial vessels may be needed later. Fascial slings, muscle transfers, nerve grafts, and tissue expansion of adjacent normal tissue may be needed to maintain and restore function and features. Above all, the treatment of each patient requires individual planning. The most common errors in the treatment of vascular hemangiomas result from missed diagnoses and faint heartedness in tackling the surgical removal of such highly vascular tumors. Many patients go for years without finding a surgeon who will help them. We believe that aggressive surgical treatment offers much to many of these patients. PMID- 3766877 TI - Major head and neck reconstruction using the deltopectoral flap. A 20 year experience. AB - Six hundred seventy-eight deltopectoral flaps were raised in 604 patients, 125 of which were delayed and 215 of which were used in previously irradiated beds. The rate of major flap necrosis was 16.9 percent and the overall rate of complications, 51.4 percent. Delay in creating the deltopectoral flap had no influence on the risk of complications and necrosis, whereas the use of the flap in a previously irradiated bed was associated with a significantly increased risk of major flap necrosis. The least flap loss occurred when the deltopectoral flap was used without tubulation for skin coverage only. Complications and flap necrosis occurred most frequently when flaps were tubulated in a reversed manner or used for lining of major portions of or for total oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal reconstruction. The deltopectoral flap remains a useful, reliable, and versatile regional flap that can be used alone or in combination with other flaps in selected circumstances for major head and neck reconstruction. PMID- 3766878 TI - Cheek island flap for replacement of critical limited defects of the upper aerodigestive tract. AB - Our experience thus far indicates that the island cheek flap is a satisfactory reconstructive method for small but critical defects in the upper aerodigestive tract. The mucosal lining is an ideal replacement for the lining of the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus. Only a single stage procedure is required. The surgical technique is relatively simple and does not unnecessarily prolong an extensive operation for tumor resection. We have found the procedure to be reliable with no instances of flap loss or necrosis. PMID- 3766879 TI - Craniofacial reconstruction after tumor resections using vascularized outer table calvarial bone flaps. AB - The outer table of calvarium is a useful donor site for facial reconstruction after resection of tumors. Large defects, especially when associated with multiple operations and radiotherapy, are poor recipient beds for nonvascularized bone grafts. A technique for the transfer of vascularized outer table has been developed and used in 11 patients for reconstruction of tumor defects. Satisfactory correction of both functional and esthetic problems has been achieved with satisfactory long-term stability and low morbidity. PMID- 3766880 TI - Preoperative irradiation potentiation with cisplatin: effect on rate of wound infection. AB - Platinum coordination complexes, such as cisplatin, potentiate the cytotoxicity of irradiation on squamous cell carcinoma and certain other solid tumors. Using a rat oro-cutaneous fistula model, an investigation was carried out to determine whether or not there was a concomitant potentiation with cisplatin of the deleterious effect of preoperative irradiation on the ability of a subsequent wound to handle a bacterial challenge. Auto-contaminated wounds were found to have increased rates of infection at single-dose orthovoltage pretreatments of 1,500 rads or more. Using quantitative bacteriologic techniques, would infection was found to be no more frequent after platinum-enhanced irradiation than after irradiation alone; however, there was the additive effect of weight loss associated with combined cisplatin treatment and irradiation. PMID- 3766881 TI - Neck dissection with and without radiotherapy: prognostic factors, patterns of recurrence, and survival. AB - A group of 179 patients who had 205 neck dissections between 1979 and 1984 has been reviewed to assess the influence of adjuvant radiotherapy on survival. Lymph nodes were histologically involved in 91 of 107 radical neck dissections (85 percent) and 55 of 98 modified neck dissections (56 percent). Eighty-two patients received adjuvant radiotherapy of 5,000 rads or more. Patients with involved nodes had significantly lower survival rates than those with uninvolved nodes. Among patients with involved nodes, survival was significantly lower when two or more nodes were involved, when there was nodal involvement at multiple levels, or when extracapsular spread was present. Adjuvant radiotherapy was associated with a reduced recurrence rate in the ipsilateral neck but the incidence of distant metastases was higher. When patients with involved nodes were subgrouped according to prognostic factors, the survival of irradiated patients was improved only in the highest risk group, but this was not statistically significant. When radiotherapy is added to neck dissection for treatment of cervical metastases it can be expected to reduced ipsilateral neck recurrence and prevent relapse in the contralateral neck. Improved survival may depend on an ability to detect and treat occult distant metastases. PMID- 3766882 TI - Primary tracheoesophageal puncture for voice restoration. AB - A 93 percent success rate of voice restoration after primary tracheoesophageal puncture was achieved in 15 patients. Patients were usually able to talk within 3 weeks after laryngectomy. Male patients without chronic obstructive lung disease achieved better results. The incidence of complication after this procedure were not significantly different from a group of 111 patients who underwent laryngectomy alone. Finally, early speech acquisition provides a substantial psychologic boost for the patient undergoing total laryngectomy. PMID- 3766884 TI - Head and neck surgery: the province of whom? PMID- 3766883 TI - Pharyngeal carcinoma and natural killer cell activity. AB - An evaluation of natural killer cell activity was performed in 42 patients with pharyngeal carcinoma. Compared with age- and sex-matched control subjects, the cancer patients expressed significantly lower cytotoxicity against K562 target cells (68 +/- 8 lytic units versus 99 +/- 8 lytic units, p less than 0.01), with 52 percent of the patients expressing deficient activity (below 1 standard deviation of the mean activity of the control population). The probability of deficient activity was greater in these patients than observed in patients with cancer of other head and neck sites. Although natural killer cell activity was lower in patients who drank alcohol or had nodal metastases, no single clinical factor was predictive of deficient cytotoxic response. Prospective longitudinal evaluation (mean = 12 months) of these pharyngeal cancer patients demonstrated that deficient natural killer cell activity measured before treatment identified a population with a significantly increased risk for the development of distant metastases. Distant metastases developed in 7 of 18 patients (39 percent) with deficient natural killer cell activity. In contrast, none of the 16 patients with normal natural killer cell function had evidence of distant disease at last follow-up (p less than 0.01). Deficient natural killer cell activity exists in patients with pharyngeal cancer and is an independent marker for the subsequent development of distant metastases. PMID- 3766885 TI - [Doffin's molecular theory of the cell]. PMID- 3766886 TI - Modifications in thymus and bursa Fabricii, induced by N-butyltin pesticides treatment in chickens. PMID- 3766887 TI - [Effect of glycine linoleamide on thermoregulation in mice and rats]. PMID- 3766888 TI - [Hemodynamic effects of naloxone in man in brain death]. PMID- 3766889 TI - [Late vascular perforations caused by a central venous catheter]. PMID- 3766890 TI - [7th meeting, 2nd French-Italian meeting on neuroanesthesia-resuscitation: Neuroendocrinology. Rouen, 18-19 October 1985. 1]. PMID- 3766891 TI - [7th meeting, 2nd French-Italian meeting on neuroanesthesia-resuscitation: Neuroendocrinology. Rouen, 18-19 October 1985. 2]. PMID- 3766892 TI - [The inseparable couple: extreme measures and euthanasia]. PMID- 3766893 TI - Reactions of the thymus and bursa of Fabricius in aminophenazone + natrium nitrite intoxicated and ascorbic acid treated chickens. PMID- 3766894 TI - [Polynomial regression of the minimum inhibitory concentration--the inhibition halo of 12 disinfectants on various gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms]. PMID- 3766895 TI - [CDP choline and experimental cerebrovascular disorder]. PMID- 3766896 TI - [Combination of local anesthesia with general anesthesia for herniorrhaphy. Apropos of 100 interventions]. PMID- 3766897 TI - [Toward a surgical day-care hospital. IV. The role of the size of the tracing points in the quantification of Newman's test]. PMID- 3766898 TI - On the path length of postural sway. PMID- 3766899 TI - [Experience in using the preparation nalador for terminating pregnancy in the 2d trimester]. PMID- 3766900 TI - Syndrome of septo-optic-pituitary dysplasia: the clinical spectrum. AB - Septo-optic-pituitary dysplasia is a syndrome characterized by abnormalities of midline brain structures, optic nerve hypoplasia, and congenital hypothalamic pituitary insufficiency. Four infants, diagnosed as having clinical variations of this disorder, are described. The first had agenesis of the septum pellucidum and corpus callosum, partial hypothalamic insufficiency, and normal optic nerves. The second had a structurally normal brain, bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia, and panhypopituitarism. The third had bilateral agenesis of the cerebral cortex, bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia and partial hypothalamic insufficiency. The fourth had a structurally normal brain, unilateral optic nerve hypoplasia and panhypopituitarism. A review of the recent literature revealed 191 patients with bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia who were examined for possible existence of this syndrome. Of the 178 patients who had radiographic imaging of the brain, 60% were found to have structural abnormalities. Of the 145 patients evaluated for pituitary function, 62% had evidence of insufficiency. Approximately 30% of fully evaluated patients had evidence of all three components of the syndrome. Because of high incidence of structural abnormalities of the brain and congenital hypopituitarism in patients with optic nerve hypoplasia, we conclude that full evaluation is indicated in patients with any of the three components of the syndrome. PMID- 3766901 TI - The effect of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia on the auditory brainstem response. AB - Auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing was performed on 30 babies in the Premature Baby Center of Kyoto University Hospital as soon after birth as possible. In cases of hyperbilirubinemia of more than 15.0 mg/dl, ABR testing was performed at least twice. In four babies with total bilirubin concentrations of more than 18.0 mg/dl at some point, abnormal ABRs were seen. These abnormalities normalized with a decrease in serum total bilirubin concentration in two of the four cases, but in the other two the abnormalities showed no change. The cause and significance of this difference are not known, but ABR is a simple and useful method for assessing the neurotoxic effects of bilirubin on the nervous system. PMID- 3766902 TI - Serum and urinary carnitine and organic acids in Reye syndrome and Reye-like syndrome. AB - Free and acyl-carnitine in serum and urine, and urinary organic acids were measured in 6 patients with Reye syndrome and Reye-like syndrome. The free and total carnitine concentrations were significantly reduced in serum during the acute phases of the diseases. Thus, the ratio of acylcarnitine to free carnitine was significantly increased. Urinary excretion of acylcarnitine was greatly increased, and the acylcarnitine to total carnitine ratio was therefore greater than in controls. The urinary organic acids comprised large amounts of lactic acid, dicarboxylic acids and ketone bodies. It is suggested that carnitine deficiency is induced as more carnitine is consumed to buffer the increased amount of toxic acyl-CoA compounds metabolized from free fatty acids and the many organic acids. These results indicate that administration of L-carnitine should generally be considered in patients with Reye syndrome and Reye-like syndrome. PMID- 3766903 TI - Hypoxic-ischemic brain damage and cerebral blood flow changes in young rabbits. AB - Hypoxic-ischemic cerebral damage was demonstrated in the cerebral cortex of 2 week-old rabbits at 3 to 5 days after bilateral carotid artery ligation and reperfusion during hypoxemia. Carotid ligation and reperfusion had little effect on cortical blood flow during normoxemia, but the former suppressed a blood flow increase to hypoxemia and the latter suppressed a blood flow decrease to hyperoxemia. These results suggest a relative ischemia or vascular dysfunction which may play a part in the pathogenesis of the hypoxic-ischemic cortical necrosis. PMID- 3766904 TI - Ten years follow up study of steroid therapy for congenital encephalomyopathy. AB - Two 10-year-old boys with mental retardation and myopathy which were present since birth are described. Both had elevated serum creatine phosphokinase (CK) and one of them had a positive family history. The clinical features were consistent with Fukuyama type congenital muscular dystrophy, but muscle biopsies suggested an inflammatory process. Adrenal cortical steroids were given and they were followed up until 10 years of age. Serum CK showed a significant response to the treatment, and mental retardation in case 1 and motor dysfunction in case 2 improved. It is postulated that an inflammatory process might be a causative factor in some patients with congenital muscular dystrophy. PMID- 3766905 TI - Progressive muscular dystrophy with congenital adrenal hypoplasia: an unusual autopsy case. AB - A 3 1/2-year-old child with progressive muscular dystrophy (PMD) and congenital adrenal hypoplasia (CAH) is described. Symptoms and signs of adrenocortical insufficiency appeared shortly after birth. Despite corticosteroid therapy, the muscular weakness and elevated CK level continued. A diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy was made on the basis of clinical signs and characteristic muscle biopsy. The affection of his older brother suggests an X-linked recessive inheritance. The autopsy revealed a very rare combination of cytomegalic type CAH and PMD. This combination suggests that a small deletion of X-chromosome might be responsible for the two disorders. PMID- 3766906 TI - The protective effects of vitamin E against microcephaly in rats X-irradiated in utero: dendritic branches. AB - Fetuses from rats given either water or 0.03% dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate (vitamin E) as the drinking fluid and X-irradiated with 100R on gestational day (gd) 13 were examined on gd 21. The degree of dendritic branching of frontal cerebral neurons, examined after Golgi staining, was significantly reduced by X irradiation, and supplementation of vitamin E caused increased branching order numbers in irradiated fetuses. This study provides evidence of the protection by vitamin E of neuronal development in X-irradiated fetuses. PMID- 3766907 TI - Fanconi's anemia. Clinical study of six cases. AB - Six cases of constitutional aplastic anemia (Fanconi's anemia), including four boys and two girls who were between 6 and 10 years of age, are presented. Congenital abnormalities were observed in all the patients, especially skin pigmentations, renal anomalies, and growth retardation. The initial symptoms were insidious, mainly related to the anemia. All patients were anemic and thrombocytopenic, but only three were leukopenic. Five cases showed increased levels of fetal hemoglobin, which was marked in two. Bone marrow obtained by aspiration and/or biopsy was hypocellular in all cases. Chromosomal studies showed breaks, ring- or cross-chromosomes, chromosome exchanges, and endoreduplications. Five cases were treated with androgens and a good response was obtained in all of them. Four patients died, and the remaining two are alive and well. The clinical and biological features of these patients are in accordance with those of previous reports. The importance of the androgen therapy is stressed; androgen dependence was observed in all cases. PMID- 3766908 TI - Clinical and in vitro antiproliferative properties of recombinant DNA-derived human interferon-alpha 2. AB - The properties of the recombinant DNA-derived human leukocyte interferon, HuIFN alpha 2, were studied in patients with advanced leukemia or lymphoma. In vitro, HuIFN alpha 2 induced an increased activity of 2-5A synthetase in leukemic and in control cells indicating cellular responsiveness to IFN. HuIFN alpha 2 also produced a dose-responsive decline in marrow leukemia blast progenitor colony growth, and in normal hematopoietic colony formation in vitro, confirming its antiproliferative effect. A course of intravenous therapy given to a lymphoma patient produced a modest decline in peripheral white blood cell (WBC) and neutrophil counts; higher, more frequent doses in a second patient induced a profound drop in WBC's, neutrophils, and platelets. When the leukemia patients were given an intravenous course of HuIFN alpha 2 as a sole agent, blast cytoreduction was seen in peripheral blood in three patients, and in marrow of one patient with acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML). Elevated 2-5A synthetase levels could be detected after therapy. No modulation of leukemic cell markers was seen after in vitro or in vivo treatment with HuIFN alpha 2, implying that the cytoreduction was not linked to blast cell differentiation. These studies suggest that this subtype of recombinant DNA-derived IFN has antileukemic properties, and indicates the possibilities for IFN as an adjunctive form of therapy in leukemia. PMID- 3766910 TI - Acute leukemia in infants. A unique pattern of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. AB - At present, the majority of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia can expect a favorable outcome. However, leukemia in infants (0-1 year) still runs a dismal course. The first year of life also has a unique pattern of hematopoietic activity. We investigated possible association between these two findings. We examined the characteristics of 51 infants with leukemia, diagnosed from 1975 to 1984; 48/51 had evaluable data. Infants had a high frequency (39.6%) of hyperleukocytosis (greater than 100 X 10(9)/liter), early central nervous system involvement (27.1%), and cutaneous infiltration (18.8%). The respective numbers in patients greater than or equal to 1 year were 13.9, 4.8, and 1.0%. Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia was diagnosed in 18/48 infants (37.5%) compared to 128/892 (14.3%) in older patients. Infants had only acute leukemia of French American-British (FAB) class M5 (10/19) or acute leukemia with unclassifiable but monocytoid blasts (8/19). This study confirms the presence of poor prognostic features in infant leukemia. The almost exclusive occurrence of monoblastic or monocytoid acute leukemia parallels the high proliferation rate of monocytes in this age group and the leukemic cells may thus well reflect frozen stages of monocytic differentiation. PMID- 3766909 TI - Burkitt's lymphoma. Experience at the Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Mexico City. AB - Thirty patients with Burkitt's lymphoma sporadic type are presented. All of these cases fulfilled the histologic criteria of Burkitt's tumor. The age ranged from 2 to 12 years, with a median of 4 years. Fever and chills were the most common symptoms. The abdomen was the site of initial presentation in more than half of these cases. Close to one-third of the patients had involvement of the central nervous system. Fifty percent of the patients presented with lactic dehydrogenase elevation. Uric acid was elevated in close to one-fourth of these patients. The sonogram was the most useful technique in those instances of abdominal presentation. All patients were staged according to Ziegler criteria after an initial surgical diagnostic procedure was performed. None of the patients received radiotherapy to the primary tumor. All were submitted to a chemotherapy program for 12 months. Only 26 fitted the criteria of being evaluable. The duration of remission was from 1 to 144 months, with a median of 18.2 months. The actuarial survival was 84% at 3 years. Most of the responders corresponded to Stages A, B, and AR, while Stages C and D had a high mortality rate with elevated lactic dehydrogenase and uric acid levels. PMID- 3766911 TI - Aggressive combination therapy in the successful management of life-threatening intracranial hemorrhage in a patient with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. AB - We describe acute therapy for a 13-year-old female from Panama with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) refractory to steroids, splenectomy, vinca alkaloids, and azathioprine. She presented with neurologic deterioration from a posterior fossa intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). This followed a 3-month history of severe dysfunctional uterine bleeding, progressive from menarche, which had required multiple red cell transfusions. Steroid and vinblastine therapy and transfusion of 40 U of platelets failed to increase the platelet count above 10,000/microliter. Development of a second larger ICH (frontal) produced morbid increase in intracranial pressure that necessitated neurosurgical decompression. Plasma exchange and colloid repletion with intravenous gamma globulin (1 g/kg) and an infusion of 20 U of platelets resulted in a transient rise in platelet count to 160,000/microliter, permitting surgery without bleeding. Danazol (800 mg/day) and conjugated estrogen (Premarin 25 mg/day) were begun to control the uterine bleeding. Intensive plasma exchange and i.v. IgG infusions were continued daily for 24 days, then twice weekly for several weeks. Platelet-bound IgG decreased almost 500% over the first 10 days of therapy, and platelets increased dramatically to 600,000/microliter after 3 weeks of therapy. The patient has remained amenorrheic with a normal platelet count for more than 24 months on daily danazol therapy and monthly infusions of i.v. IgG (0.4 g/kg/dose). PMID- 3766912 TI - Pediatric resident objectives for hematology/oncology. AB - Pediatric residents are exposed to a massive amount of scientific information and data from each pediatric subspecialty discipline. The residents may or may not know what is important and what is relevant from a general pediatrician's point of view. Educational objectives have been written by three pediatric hematologists/oncologists to guide the resident specifically as to the minimal expectations of knowledge and performance in this discipline. Other pediatric residency programs may wish to use the objectives as a starting point or an outline for their own objectives. PMID- 3766913 TI - Treatment of localized neuroblastoma. AB - The treatment of neuroblastoma must take into account the prognosis as determined at the time of diagnosis. The stage is an important prognostic factor. In Evans's Stage I neuroblastoma, surgery is curative in itself and adjuvant treatment is not needed. In Evans' Stage II, it is our opinion that the presence of involved lymph nodes worsens the prognosis. Therefore, we suggest that patients with Stage II should be divided into Stage IIA (without lymph node involvement) and Stage IIB (with lymph node involvement). The treatment of Stage IIA patients may be the same as for Stage I patients, i.e., surgery alone. However, Stage IIB patients should be treated with intensive combined chemotherapy of short duration following surgery. PMID- 3766914 TI - Ataxia-telangiectasia with papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. PMID- 3766915 TI - Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia and Klinefelter's syndrome. PMID- 3766916 TI - Discrepancy between the hemoglobin and hematocrit, secondary to in vitro hemolysis. PMID- 3766917 TI - Histologic criteria for the diagnosis of pityriasis rubra pilaris. AB - Even though the clinical appearance of pityriasis rubra pilaris is often distinctive enough to allow specific diagnosis of it, criteria for its histologic diagnosis have not yet been well defined. On the basis of a study of 55 cases of pityriasis rubra pilaris, we found the following histologic features helpful for diagnosis throughout most of the course of the disease: alternating orthokeratosis and parakeratosis in both vertical and horizontal directions; focal or confluent hypergranulosis; thick suprapapillary plates; broad rete ridges; narrow dermal papillae; and sparse superficial perivascular infiltration, mostly of lymphocytes. Plugging of follicular infundibula by cornified cells was seen only in biopsy specimens that came from lesions that were clinically indubitably follicular. Psoriasis has many histologic features in common with pityriasis rubra pilaris, but evolving and fully developed lesions of psoriasis have neutrophils in mounds of parakeratosis, thin rete ridges, thin suprapapillary plates, broad dermal papillae, and mixed inflammatory cell infiltrates of variable density. PMID- 3766918 TI - The fluorescence of melanocytic lesions. AB - The fluorescence of routine formalin-fixed sections of a variety of melanocytic lesions has been studied. The technique has value in distinguishing benign and atypical nevi from malignant melanomas. Forty-one of 48 melanomas exhibited positive fluorescence, whereas 15 of 86 of a variety of benign nevi were positive. The majority of the negative melanomas were Hutchinson's melanotic freckles, and the majority of the positive nevi were Spitz's nevi. Positive focal junctional fluorescence was a feature in up to half of the cases from established dysplastic nevus syndrome, but was noted only occasionally in sporadic dysplastic nevi. This distinguishes the dysplastic group from banal nevi and may be a marker of malignant potential. It is proposed that positive fluorescence is a marker of a melanocyte with an immature metabolic pathway. PMID- 3766919 TI - Comparative ultrastructural study of generalized and localized granuloma annulare. AB - The dermal changes in four cases of generalized granuloma annulare (GGA) and in four of localized granuloma annulare (LGA) were studied ultrastructurally, and the findings in the two groups were compared. The basic alterations were similar in both types, and showed varied stages of development. The cellular infiltrate was composed mostly of histiocytes. Cell debris was found in all lesions. The degenerative changes affected the collagen fibers, the elastic fibers, and the cellular infiltrate. Of special interest are the following findings in GGA: First, masses of intercellular fibrin material were seen only in the lesions of GGA. Second, thick and multilayered basal lamina around capillaries was apparently more common in the generalized form. These changes may suggest that a more pronounced immune reaction is responsible for the development of the generalized form of the disease. PMID- 3766920 TI - Penicillamine-induced elastosis perforans serpiginosa. Tip of the iceberg? AB - Elastosis perforans serpiginosa (EPS) is now a well-recognized potential complication of long-term penicillamine therapy. By itself, EPS appears to be a relatively innocuous cutaneous side effect of penicillamine. However, suspicion has been raised in recent literature that EPS may represent only a superficial manifestation of more serious penicillamine-induced systemic elastic tissue damage, particularly involving blood vessels. This is a report of a patient with Wilson's disease who was treated with penicillamine for 14 years. She developed EPS, and histologic examination of the skin revealed the characteristic penicillamine-induced "lumpy-bumpy" elastic fibers in the dermis. More important, nonlesional skin showed the same elastic fiber changes. Of greatest significance was the finding of identical elastic fiber alterations in an artery. PMID- 3766921 TI - Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides. Speculations about the mechanism of hypopigmentation. AB - Hypopigmented, nonatrophic macules are an unusual manifestation of lesions of early mycosis fungoides. Presented herein is a patient with such lesions and an unusual mask-like hypopigmentation of the face. We review both the clinical and microscopic findings in this patient and in previously reported patients with hypopigmented lesions of mycosis fungoides. Finally, speculation is made as to the mechanisms of the hypopigmentation. PMID- 3766922 TI - The enigma of juvenile plantar dermatosis. AB - Juvenile plantar dermatosis, which is sometimes accompanied by palmar changes, is a chronic condition. It is characterized by shiny redness, anhidrosis, and fissuring of the skin. Microscopically, focal inflammatory changes at the junctions of sweat-gland ducts and acrosyringia are seen. The pathogenesis is unknown. We surmise that individual susceptibility, bacterial colonization, and the use of man-made leather substitutes and fibers are the main causative factors. PMID- 3766924 TI - The "sandwich sign" of dermatophytosis. PMID- 3766923 TI - Nasal glioma. A rarity. AB - Nasal glioma is a rare congenital malformation which most often presents to the otorhinolaryngologist or neurosurgeon. However, occasional cases of the extranasal variant are referred to a dermatologist as an unusual subcutaneous mass over the bridge of the nose, most often in an infant. These lesions may not be recognised clinically, leading to dangerous mismanagement, and may be misinterpreted by pathologists as a neoplasm, either benign or malignant. Three cases are described here with the purpose of focussing the attention of workers in dermatology on this unusual developmental abnormality. PMID- 3766925 TI - Focal acantholytic dyskeratosis of the anal canal. PMID- 3766926 TI - Papular acantholytic dyskeratosis of vulva. PMID- 3766927 TI - Papular acantholytic dyskeratosis. PMID- 3766928 TI - Papular acantholytic dyskeratosis of the penis. PMID- 3766929 TI - "Clark's nevus syndrome". PMID- 3766930 TI - Paranasal sinus pathology in allergic and non-allergic respiratory tract diseases. AB - Two hundred and seventy patients with asthma and/or rhinitis (162 or 60% allergic, 108 or 40% non-allergic) were studied for sinus pathology by means of standard X-rays and tomograms. Sinus pathology was defined as abnormal sinus X rays, either on standard or tomography. Fifty-four percent of the X-rays were classified as abnormal based on mucosal thickening, loss of translucency of the cavities of polyps. Asthma was significantly more often associated with sinus X ray abnormalities (65.1%) than rhinitis and/or chronic cough (44.4%). Loss of translucency of the cavities is more frequent in children, whereas mucosa thickening becomes more frequent with progressing age. Since in this prospective study the taking of X-rays of the sinuses was not dependent on or related to temporarily occurring symptoms which could be attributed to acute sinusitis, the presence of sinus abnormalities on X-rays can be considered as an indicator of the chronicity of airways diseases and might provide an indication for prophylactic therapy of the associated airway disease in a continuous way. The importance of sinus tomograms is stressed, since only 32.5% of the patients with mucosa thickening could be detected on standard X-rays. PMID- 3766931 TI - Comparative evaluation of the multiple RAST and discrete RAST for inhalant allergy. AB - With the conventional, discrete RAST various tests are required to detect IgE of different specificities in the same serum. To overcome this problem and to reduce the costs, a multiple RAST with seven different mixtures was compared with the individual mixture constituents and with the 12 individual allergens currently in use in our department. One grass pollen mixture (gx3), two weed pollen mixtures (wx3, wx4), two tree pollen mixtures (tx5, tx6), one mould mixture (mx1) and one epithelial mixture (ex1) were used. A mixture of mites was not evaluated as there is only one important pathogenic organism in our regions (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus or House dust mite). For grasses the gx3 mixture offered no advantage over the discrete RAST. The weed mixture wx3 was more sensitive than the most common discrete RAST's but at the cost of specificity. The wx4 mixture should not be used because the specificity is too low. The tree mixtures were not significantly more sensitive than the most common individual tree allergens, and were less specific. Mould mixtures should not be used because there is little cross-reactivity between the individual allergens, thus using a mixture would necessitate the subsequent determination of individual allergens, and the number of tests and the cost would be even higher. Neither should a mixture be used for epithelia because one wants to detect allergies to individual allergens. Moreover, the sensitivity of the epithelial mixture was too low. In general, we suggest the use of a limited panel of discrete RAST's instead of mixtures. PMID- 3766932 TI - Long-term changes in inhalant allergy in asthmatic children. AB - In a representative cohort of 55 asthmatic schoolchildren the progress of the allergy per se was followed up prospectively for 8 years. Judged by clinical data, skin prick tests and RAST, a large majority of the children retained their allergies to pollen and animal danders. These allergens were predominant, whereas allergy to mites and moulds was less frequent. Serum IgE levels showed a strong tendency to remain high. Positive RAST and skin prick tests were also found in a substantial number of children with normal serum IgE concentrations. PMID- 3766933 TI - Quantitative determination of antiviral nucleoside analog in DNA. AB - A technique for the analysis of the amount of an antiviral nucleoside analog incorporated into DNA, utilizing enzymatic digestion of DNA, followed by high performance liquid chromatography is described. The cells or tissue samples were treated with perchloric acid to inactivate the nucleases, then digested with pronase in the presence of EDTA. DNA was purified by CsCl centrifugation followed by Sephadex chromatography and treatment with deoxyribonuclease 1 and venom phosphodiesterase. The deoxyribonucleoside monophosphates and the monophosphate of the nucleoside analog liberated from DNA were separated and quantitated by HPLC analysis and measurement of radioactivity. This assay is more sensitive, specific, and precise than the determination of DNA density shift. It is also applicable for nucleoside analogs which do not change the density of DNA either because of their structure or their very small degree of incorporation. PMID- 3766934 TI - The use of spun columns in the purification of double-stranded cDNA appropriate for tailing. AB - A reliable estimation of the efficiency of adding homopolymeric tails to double stranded cDNA molecules by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase is extremely important in the construction of cDNA libraries. Appreciable differences in transformation efficiency result when the homopolymer tails to be annealed are of inadequate length. We report here that the use of a Sephadex G-50 spun column to remove oligo(dT)12-18 frequently coprecipitating in ethanol with the cDNA results in a more dependable estimation of tail lengths. PMID- 3766935 TI - A dot-blot assay for heparin-binding proteins. AB - A method for the detection and quantitation of picomole amounts of heparin binding proteins is described. Proteins are first spotted on nitrocellulose and then incubated with 125I-heparin. Binding of heparin to the proteins is detected by radioautography and quantitated by scanning densitometry; proteins are quantitated by densitometric analysis of the amido black stained nitrocellulose. Heparin-binding was time-dependent and sensitive to the presence of metal ions, urea, and detergents (anionic, nonionic, and zwitterionic). The divalent cations Ca2+ and Mg2+ and the zwitterionic detergent 3-[(3 cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate increased heparin binding whereas NaCl, urea, sodium dodecylsulfate, and La3+ decreased binding. This assay is applicable to the identification and characterization of a variety of heparin binding proteins. PMID- 3766936 TI - High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the thiobarbituric acid adducts of malonaldehyde and trans,trans-muconaldehyde. AB - A reversed-phase HPLC method is described for the separation and analysis of the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) adducts of the reactive aldehydes muconaldehyde (MUC) and malonaldehyde (MDA). The TBA adduct of malonaldehyde was synthesized, purified, and its structure elucidated, for use as standard in quantitative HPLC studies. A detection limit of 1 X 10(-14) mol was achieved for the MUC:TBA and MDA:TBA adducts using the double monochromator fluorometric detector, 7 X 10(-13) mol was the detection limit using a variable wavelength uv-visible detector. Direct on-line identification of the eluting aldehyde:TBA adducts was achieved by the use of a diode-array uv-visible detector. The chromatographic behavior of the adducts under different mobile phase conditions was also examined. This HPLC methodology was used for the identification of muconaldehyde as a product of benzene oxidation in a hydroxyl radical generating system. PMID- 3766937 TI - Stability of o-phthalaldehyde-derived isoindoles. AB - The degradation of 1-alkylthio-2-alkylisoindoles, generated in situ by reaction of o-phthalaldehyde with primary alkylamines in the presence of selected thiols, was studied under conditions typical of those used in precolumn derivatization applications. In all cases, loss of isoindole followed pseudo first order kinetics and was strongly accelerated by excess o-phthalaldehyde in the reaction mixture. Reactivity toward o-phthalaldehyde was found to be influenced by a number of experimental parameters including thiol structure, thiol concentration, amine structure, solvent composition, and pH. In the absence of excess o phthalaldehyde, the stability of all derivatives examined was excellent. These results provide a basis for optimization of reaction conditions for maximum derivative stability. PMID- 3766938 TI - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of dolichyl phosphates in tissues. AB - A sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of dolichyl phosphate homologs in tissues. Dolichyl phosphates were methylated and derivatized with 3-(9-anthryl)-diazo-2-propene to yield methyl 3-(9-anthryl)-2-propenyl dolichyl phosphates. As an internal standard, 2,2 didecaprenylethyl phosphate was used. The derivatives were separated on a reversed-phase column using isocratic elution, and detected fluorometrically. The method with fluorescence detection was sufficiently sensitive to measure the concentration of dolichyl phosphate homologs in tissues. PMID- 3766939 TI - A fluorometric method for the determination of triglycerides in nanomolar quantities. AB - A fluorometric assay for triglycerides in nanomole quantities is described. Glycerol is liberated from triglycerides with lipase from Chromobacter viscosum, then converted by glycerol kinase to glycerol-3-phosphate, which is oxidized by glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase, producing H2O2. The H2O2 ultimately forms a peroxidase-catalyzed fluorogen with p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid. The excitation and emission wavelengths of the fluorogen are 325 and 415 nm, respectively. The assay is linear in the range 0.05-35 nmol of triglycerides using triolein as standard. PMID- 3766940 TI - One-step procedure for the determination of thymosin beta 4 in small tissue samples and its separation from other thymosin beta 4-like peptides by high pressure liquid chromatography. AB - Thymosin beta 4 has been determined by a simple and fast one-step procedure in different tissues of rats. The tissues (1 to 40 mg) were disintegrated and deproteinized by homogenization in perchloric acid. After neutralization by potassium hydroxide the supernatant solution was used for determining thymosin beta 4 by reverse-phase HPLC without further manipulations. Not only does this procedure avoid artificial proteolysis as effectively as extraction of tissues by guanidinium chloride or boiling buffer, but it offers two further advantages. First, no additional steps--as for example desalting--are necessary prior to HPLC and thus the risk of losing thymosin beta 4 is eliminated. Using this procedure thymosin beta 4 is recovered quantitatively. The method is linear over the range 0.04 to 1.13 nmol and thymosin beta 4 is well separated from other thymosin beta 4-like peptides known to be present in mammals; i.e., thymosin beta Ala4, thymosin beta 9, thymosin beta 10, and thymosin beta Arg10. Second, the acid insoluble pellet of the same extract can be used to determine the DNA content of the sample. Thus it is possible to relate thymosin beta 4 to DNA, which then allows comparing cells of different tissues and cell lines to one another. This procedure is also applicable to small peptides soluble in perchloric acid. PMID- 3766941 TI - A micromethod for the determination of iron and total iron-binding capacity in intraocular fluids and plasma using electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy. AB - A new micromethod (requiring only 30 microliters of sample) for the determination of iron (Fe) concentration and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) in intraocular fluids (IOFs; aqueous and vitreous humors) and plasma has been developed using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Values for Fe concentration in the IOFs were similar between species and were generally higher in the vitreous (0.031-0.060 mg/liter) than aqueous (0.014-0.038 mg/liter) humors obtained from the same eye. Plasma Fe concentration and TIBC fell within established limits for all species studied. The iron binding capacity of the aqueous and vitreous humors from the same species is similar. While the TIBC of the aqueous humor is saturated to the same extent as plasma, vitreous TIBC is more highly saturated in all species. Using this method considerably less species variation in IOF Fe concentration was found as compared to previous studies. Some possible methodological reasons for this difference are discussed. PMID- 3766942 TI - Rapid preparation of bacteriophage DNA for sequence analysis in sets of 96 clones, using filtration. AB - A method is described for the preparation of single-stranded DNA from clones in bacteriophage M13 vectors. This procedure allows multiples of 96 clones to be processed at once, utilizing filtration to remove host cells and simplifying the treatment of bacteriophage pellets. The DNA produced can be used for sequencing of mutagenesis. PMID- 3766943 TI - Fast atom bombardment combined with tandem mass spectrometry for the study of dinucleotides. AB - A study of mono- and dinucleotides by utilizing negative ion fast atom bombardment (FAB), metastable decomposition of (M-H)- species, and collisionally activated decomposition (CAD) of (M-H)- species is reported. Data were obtained for several complete series containing the standard nucleosides (guanosine, adenosine, cytidine, thymidine, and uridine): the 3'- and 5'-monophosphate mononucleotide series for both ribo- and 2'-deoxyribomononucleotides, all possible combinations for the 3'(-)----5'-ribodinucleotides, and all possible combinations of the 3'(-)----5',2'-deoxyribodinucleotides. The metastable and CAD spectra provide more information than the FAB mass spectra. The (M-H)- ions of all dinucleotides decompose either as metastable ions or upon collisional activation to eliminate BH (B = base) preferentially from the 3'- rather than the 5'-terminus. Isomeric dinucleotides can be distinguished on the basis of this fragmentation. To establish the identity of the base at the 5'-terminus, collisional activation is preferred. By comparing relative abundances of BH elimination observed, the inherent basicities of the nucleoside base anions can be inferred to be C- greater than A-, T-, greater than G-. PMID- 3766944 TI - Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation studies in situ. AB - We have studied the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of nuclear proteins in situ by examining the incorporation of [3H]NAD-derived ADP-ribose into polymers. We have devised a way to deliver [3H]NAD to cells growing in vitro, and we have determined the kinetics of uptake and incorporation into nuclear proteins using this delivery system. Incorporation into the histone fraction, known acceptors of poly(ADP-ribose), was examined and shown to be sensitive to the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of 3H labeled proteins revealed radioactivity associated with known poly(ADP-ribose) accepting proteins such as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and histones. These results were confirmed when we immunoreacted gel-separated proteins with anti (ADP-ribose) generated in our laboratory. PMID- 3766945 TI - Alternating current voltammetric determination of DNA concentrations at a microgram per liter level. AB - Alternating current voltammetry is used as a fast and highly sensitive method of DNA detection, at a microgram per liter level. The method is based on the measurement of adsorption effects of denatured DNA at the hanging mercury drop electrode. The proposed procedure consists of thermal denaturation of DNA, which is followed by electrochemical detection of denatured DNA. A sharp adsorption peak of denatured DNA, at the potential of -1.4 V, is measured in 0.3 mol/liter NaCl and 0.03 mol/liter NaHCO3 (pH about 9) after an accumulation of DNA at the electrode surface. To enhance the sensitivity, the solution is stirred during adsorption. The influence of proteins, a polysaccharide, and RNA on the DNA determination was also studied. PMID- 3766946 TI - Specific isolation of surface glycoproteins from intact cells by biotinylated concanavalin A and immobilized streptavidin. AB - An indirect affinity chromatography procedure utilizing biotinylated lectins and designed for the specific isolation of surface glycoproteins is described. The method is illustrated with intact acute leukemic lymphoblastic cells (ALL cells) with biotin-epsilon-aminocaproyl-concanavalin A (biocap-Con A) and streptavidin Sepharose 4B. Biocap-Con A, containing on average 27 biotin residues per tetrameric lectin molecule, is used to isolate Con A-binding glycoproteins from the surface of [35S]methionine-radiolabeled intact cells. The biocap-Con A/glycoprotein complexes, after solubilization in detergent, are retrieved on immobilized streptavidin. The surface glycoproteins isolated from intact ALL cells by this method are subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and detected by autoradiography. More than fifty Con A-binding glycoproteins can be separated from the ALL cells. These glycoproteins retrievable from the cell surface were compared to those retrieved by the indirect affinity chromatography procedure from isolated plasma membrane fractions. Certain groups of glycoproteins present in the fraction isolated from intact cells were not detected in that from the plasma membrane preparations. The advantage of using the biocap-con A/streptavidin system with intact cells rather than isolated plasma membranes for the detection of surface glycoproteins is discussed. PMID- 3766947 TI - A new highly selective physicochemical assay to measure NAD+ in intact cells. AB - A simple, fast, and highly specific chromatographic method for measuring the content of NAD+ in intact cells has been developed. This procedure involves the separation of NAD+ from the bulk of acid-soluble nucleosides, nucleotides, and other pyridine containing molecules by affinity chromatography on dihydroxyboronyl-Bio-Rex. The boronate purified preparations were utilized for the quantification of NAD+ by strong anion exchange high-pressure liquid chromatography under isocratic conditions using a low salt buffer system. The overall recovery of the method exceeded 80%. This new method was applied to determine the extent of NAD+ consumption in intact hepatocytes following treatment with two different DNA damaging agents. A major advantage of this method is that it allows for the simultaneous determination of poly(ADP-ribose) in the acid-insoluble fraction of the same sample. PMID- 3766948 TI - The titration of the active centers of cellobiohydrolase from Trichoderma reesei. AB - A novel approach has been developed for the titration of enzyme active centers and for the determination of the molecular activity of enzymes. It is based on the simultaneous use of a nonspecific chromogenic substrate and a specific ligand (a substrate or an inhibitor), the latter being tightly bound with the enzyme's active center. The approach is demonstrated using the titration (that is, the determination of the molar concentration of the enzyme active centers) of purified cellobiohydrolase I (CBH I) (EC 3.2.1.91) of the fungus Trichoderma reesei. p-Nitrophenyl-beta-D-lactoside was used as a reference substrate (Km = 0.5 mM), and cellobiose and CM-cellulose as specific ligands. The molecular weight of CBH I as it was determined by the titration with cellobiose was 42,000 +/- 3,000. The inhibition constant by cellobiose was (6 +/- 1) X 10(-6) M. The value of the catalytic constant for the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl-beta-D lactoside calculated from the titration data was equal to 0.063 s-1. CM-cellulose turned out to be more efficient titration agent for cellobiohydrolase than cellobiose, and might be used for the titration of the enzyme in concentrations of the latter of 0.008-0.02 mg/ml. The titration data showed that the inhibition constant of CM-cellulose toward CBH I was equal to (1.0 +/- 0.2) X 10(-7) M. PMID- 3766949 TI - Assay of plasma leupeptin using the reversible binding of leupeptin to bovine pancreatic trypsin. AB - A competitive binding radioassay for leupeptin has been developed utilizing the reversible binding of leupeptin to bovine pancreatic trypsin. An ethanol precipitation step was introduced to separate trypsin-bound leupeptin from its free form. Advantages of this method are simplicity of the procedure and avoidance of the preparation of antiserum. The possible metabolites of leupeptin exhibit no significant inhibitory effect on leupeptin-trypsin binding in this system. This method was applied to the determination of plasma leupeptin levels in dogs after oral administration of the peptide. PMID- 3766950 TI - Recovery of biologically functional messenger RNA from agarose gels by passive elution. AB - A general method for isolating biologically active messenger RNA (mRNA) from agarose gels is reported. Purified cellular RNA is resolved by preparative agarose gel electrophoresis and recovered in high yields (80%) by passive diffusion. Polyadenylated mRNA isolated from the eluted RNA is functionally intact based on the ability of the RNA to serve as a template in cell-free translation systems and complementary DNA synthesis reactions. The entire procedure is simple and rapid. A substantial purification of the mRNAs coding for skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain, light chain subunits and carbonic anhydrase III has been achieved employing this method. PMID- 3766951 TI - Tissue porphyrin pattern determination by high-speed high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A rapid and sensitive method for the determination of porphyrin carboxylic acids in liver, kidney, and spleen by high-speed high-performance liquid chromatography is described. Porphyrins were extracted with recoveries greater than or equal to 98%, concentrated on disposable octadecylsilyl cartridges, and analyzed with a liquid chromatograph equipped with a 3 microns X 3 cm octadecylsilyl column and a fluorescence detector. Separation of di-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, and octacarboxylic acids was achieved within 5 min. The detection limits for uro, copro, and protoporphyrin were 20, 10, and 20 fmol, respectively. PMID- 3766952 TI - Optimization of erythrocyte membrane glycoprotein fluorescent labeling with dansylhydrazine after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. AB - An improved procedure for the labeling of glycoproteins with dansylhydrazine subsequent to electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels is reported. This procedure is derived from the work of Eckhardt et al. (1976, Anal. Biochem. 73, 192-197) and Weber and Hof (1975, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 65, 1298-1302) who showed that dansylhydrazine may be condensed with the aldehyde groups of oxidized glycoprotein carbohydrates and the resulting hydrazones reduced with dimethylamine borane and/or sodium borohydride. Using the known distribution of erythrocyte membrane glycoproteins as a benchmark the effect of variation of a number of process parameters was investigated and an optimal procedure identified. The procedure is shown to be relatively insensitive to moderate variations in reagent composition, pH, and time of incubation with dansylhydrazine solution or reducing agents. It is also shown that labeling patterns may be preserved in dried gels if dimethylsulfoxide is replaced or omitted from all of the process solutions and destaining is effected with 1 M sodium acetate, pH 5.6. While specifically developed for the labeling of erythrocyte membrane proteins, the procedure is demonstrated to be applicable to other glycoprotein containing preparations. PMID- 3766953 TI - Simultaneous determination of tocopherols, ubiquinols, and ubiquinones in blood, plasma, tissue homogenates, and subcellular fractions. AB - A fast single-step lipid extraction procedure and high-performance liquid chromatography with in-line uv and electrochemical detection are used for the simultaneous quantitative determination of tocopherols, ubiquinols, and ubiquinones in blood, plasma, tissue homogenates, and subcellular fractions. The compounds of interest can be quantitatively extracted into hexane from a sodium dodecyl sulfate-treated aqueous homogenate after precipitation of protein by addition of an equal volume of ethanol. alpha-, gamma-, and delta-Tocopherol, ubiquinol 9, ubiquinol 10, and ubiquinones 9 and 10 can be well separated on a reversed phase column. Ubiquinones are detected at 275 nm by the uv detector, and ubiquinols and tocopherols by the electrochemical detector in the oxidative mode. Quantitation is done by comparing chromatographic peak heights to those of a standard solution containing known amounts of tocopherols, ubiquinols 9 and 10, and ubiquinones 9 and 10, analyzed under identical conditions. The high sensitivity of the electrochemical detection allows operation at low potentials (+0.5 V) with low detector response, but high selectivity for the easily oxidizable tocopherols and ubiquinols and decreased baseline noise. The uv detection limits the overall sensitivity of the procedure to 2 pmol ubiquinone, corresponding to 0.1 microM ubiquinone in the lipid extract. The ranges of values obtained for rat and guinea pig tissues, for rat liver mitochondria, and for blood and plasma from rats and humans are given. PMID- 3766954 TI - Detection of metallothionein on nitrocellulose membrane using Western blotting technique and its application to identification of cadmium-binding proteins. AB - A convenient method for detecting metallothionein (MT) and other cadmium-binding proteins (Cd-BPs) in tissue cytosol was established. A sample that contains MT was separated on a sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel and then electrophoretically transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane after reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) on the gel. The membrane was incubated in a buffer containing 109Cd and then subjected to autoradiography. MT-I and -II in rat liver cytosol were detected as radioactive bands together with a Cd-BP of 60,000 Da. On the other hand, three Cd-BPs of 40,000, 29,000, and 24,000 Da were detected in the cytosol when the reduction with 2-ME was omitted. PMID- 3766955 TI - Rapid and effective transfer of integral membrane proteins from isoelectric focusing gels to nitrocellulose membranes. AB - A method describing the rapid and effective transfer of integral membrane protein from isoelectric focusing gels to nitrocellulose is described. Initial experiments were carried out with detergent-solubilized extracts of human erythrocyte membrane proteins. The effectiveness of the transfer was demonstrated by assaying for erythrocyte glucose transporter, an integral membrane protein, using specific antibodies followed by 125I-protein A and autoradiography. Several detergents including octyl glucoside, Triton X-100 and CHAPS were used in this study but only octyl glucoside effectively solubilized the glucose transporter and did not interfere with the electrotransfer of the protein. The glucose transporter separated on isoelectric focusing gels was effectively transferred after 2 h of electroblotting and was found to have an apparent pI of 6.4-6.5. These findings were substantiated by photolabeling red cell membranes with [3H]cytochalasin B in the presence or absence of D-glucose (which inhibits [3H]cytochalasin B binding to the glucose transporter) and separating the labeled proteins by two dimensional electrophoresis. With this procedure we identified a D-glucose sensitive 50-60 kDa protein focusing with an apparent pI of around pH 6.4-6.5. PMID- 3766956 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of platinum complexes containing the cis-1,2-diaminocyclohexane carrier ligand. AB - Platinum drugs with the 1,2-diaminocyclohexane (dach) carrier ligand have shown great promise in cancer chemotherapy, but little is known about their metabolism in the body. Since it is possible to radiolabel the dach ligand, it should be possible to quantitate the biotransformation products of these drugs, provided a method were available to separate the biotransformation products. In this paper we describe a two-column high-performance liquid chromatography system which can be used to separate many likely dach-platinum biotransformation products from the parent compounds, and allow their identification. An initial separation on a reverse-phase Partisil ODS-3 column allowed resolution of the uncharged species. The peak fractions from this column were concentrated 10-fold and reinjected onto a cation exchange Partisil 10 SCX column to allow resolution of the positively charged species. This system allowed resolution of two prototype dach-platinum drugs, (cis-1,2-diaminocyclohexane)dichloroplatinum(II) and (cis-1,2 diaminocyclohexane)malonatoplatinum(II), the aquated species likely to form from these drugs, and the complexes formed when these compounds react with glutathione, metallothionein, and amino acids. By using cation exchange chromatography at pH 2.3 as well as pH 4 and by using 14C-labeled amino acids to determine stoichiometry, it was also possible to determine the most likely structures for some of the amino acid complexes. Most importantly, this system allowed clear separation of many of the likely biotransformation products tested from the biologically important aquated species. This system should prove useful for separating and identifying the biotransformation products of dach-platinum drugs in blood and urine, in tissue culture media, and inside the cell. PMID- 3766957 TI - Effect of photoaffinity labeling on rabbit uterine progesterone receptor. AB - Photoaffinity labeling with [17 alpha-methyl-3H]promegestone ([ 3H]R5020) is an effective technique for the covalent labeling of the progesterone receptor (PR), which allows monitoring of the steroid receptor complex under denaturing conditions. The present study was initiated to evaluate whether photolabeled PR could be used also as a marker for PR under nondenaturing conditions. Accordingly, the effect of irradiation on each component of the reaction was evaluated separately. When [3H]R5020 alone was irradiated, there was a rapid (less than 5 min), light dependent destruction of [3H]R5020, as evident from increased formation of a more polar tritiated product on TLC and a concomitant decrease in the ability of the irradiated preparation to bind to PR. When rabbit uterine PR was irradiated in the absence of steroid, a gradual decrease in the binding capacity was observed, reaching 70% of the nonirradiated control in 10 min. The optimal irradiation time for covalent [3H]R5020-PR complex formation was determined by irradiation for up to 5 min, and separation of the products by sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Specific labeling of proteins of Mr 116,000 and 85,000 was observed, with the rate of labeling of the two being similar, and reaching a plateau by 4 min of irradiation. The photolabeling efficiency ranged from 2 to 12%. Sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation of photolabeled PR revealed that both the irradiated sample and the nonirradiated control sedimented to the same position. Subsequent SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the sucrose gradient peak from the photolabeled sample showed the presence of both labeled proteins of Mr 116,000 and 85,000. In addition, photolabeled rabbit uterine PR (Mr 116,000 and 85,000) could be immunoprecipitated with a guinea pig antiserum raised against rabbit uterine PR. Analysis of the photoaffinity labeling procedure in our system revealed that the photodestruction of [3H]R5020 was very rapid. However, maximal labeling with [3H]R5020 was obtainable with minimal photodestruction of PR which suggests that photolabeled receptor can be used as a marker for PR under nondenaturing conditions. PMID- 3766958 TI - A solid-phase substrate of heparanase: its application to assay of human melanoma for heparan sulfate degradative activity. AB - We found a tumor metastasis-associated heparan sulfate (HS)-degrading endoglycosidase in melanoma cells that is a unique endo-beta-glucuronidase (heparanase) capable of specifically cleaving HS at intrachain sites (M. Nakajima, T. Irimura, N. DiFerrante, and G. L. Nicolson, 1984, J. Biol. Chem. 259, 2283-2290). To perform rapid and microscale quantitative assays of heparanase we developed a solid-phase HS substrate by crosslinking radiolabeled HS onto agarose gel beads using one covalent linkage. The HS from bovine lung was partially N-desulfated and labeled with [14C]acetic anhydride. Free HS amino groups were completely acetylated, and reducing terminal saccharides were reductively aminated. The HS derivatives with amino groups at their reducing termini were coupled to amino-reactive agarose beads. Incubation of the solid phase HS substrates with B16 melanoma cell extracts in the presence of D saccharic acid 1,4-lactone (a potent exo-beta-glucuronidase inhibitor) resulted in the time- and dose-dependent release of [14C]HS fragments. Human melanoma cell lines were tested for HS-degrading endoglycosidase using the newly developed solid-phase HS substrates. The human malignant melanoma cells tested had high levels of HS-degrading activity that were comparable to those of highly metastatic murine B16-F10 melanoma cells. PMID- 3766959 TI - Separation of dimethylphosphatidates of alkylacyl glycerophosphocholine and their molecular species by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for separation of the alkylacyl and diacyl analogs of choline glycerophospholipids (CGP) of guinea pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes and their molecular species is described. CGP were hydrolyzed with phospholipase D and then methylated with diazomethane to convert them to dimethylphosphatidates. The dimethylphosphatidates were then separated into the alkylacyl and diacyl subclasses by HPLC on a silica gel column within 15 min. The alkylacyl and diacyl analogs were then separated into individual molecular species by reverse-phase HPLC. Dimethylphosphatidates were resolved into 15 separate peaks, and 11-16 different molecular species of alkylacyl and diacyl glycerophosphocholines were identified on gas-liquid chromatography. The present results indicate that the CGP of polymorphonuclear leukocytes are composed of 27 major molecular species. In the alkylacyl subclass, the most predominant species was the 16:0-18:2 species (32%), followed by the 18:1-18:2 (18%), 16:0-16:0 (16%), and 16:0-18:1 (15%) species. The diacyl type consisted mainly of species with 18:2 at the 2-position, such as the 16:0-18:2, 18:0-18:2, and 18:1-18:2 species, the total percentage of which was 57%. PMID- 3766960 TI - Quantitation of picomole levels of N-acetyl- and N-glycolylneuraminic acids by a HPLC-adaptation of the thiobarbituric acid assay. AB - A simple HPLC adaptation of the periodate-TBA assay for free N-acetyl- and N glycolylneuraminic acids greatly extends the sensitivity and increases the specificity of this standard colorimetric assay. The method, employing a C18 reverse-phase column eluted isocratically with a phosphoric acid-MeOH buffer, is linear over a range of 2 pmol to 20 nmol. Analyses can be performed directly on cell lysates and digests without prior purification of released sialic acids from contaminating salts and biological materials. Interference from 2-deoxysugars is completely eliminated as the chromophore from these compounds is completely resolved from that derived from sialic acids. The application of the technique to quantify cell-surface and total cellular TBA-reactive sialic acids on the surfaces of a variety of tumor cells is described. Additionally, the extent of desialylation of erythrocytes necessary to expose the T antigen is determined. PMID- 3766961 TI - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the assay of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity. AB - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the measurement of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity in liver microsomes. 7 alpha-Hydroxycholesterol generated from endogenous cholesterol was derivatized with anthroyl 1-carbonitrile, chromatographed on a reverse-phase column, and detected fluorometrically. The detection limit of 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol was 1 ng/tube. The cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity in rat liver microsomes was assayed by this method, and the effects of some detergents and of the addition of exogenous cholesterol together with detergents on the enzyme activity were investigated. The endogenous 7 alpha- and 7 beta-hydroxycholesterol could be also measured by this method. PMID- 3766962 TI - A continuous-flow high-yield process for preparation of lipid-free hemoglobin. AB - Hypotonic hollow-fiber dialysis of bovine red blood cells followed by ultrafiltration through 0.1-micron pore hollow fibers provides a simple method for isolation of lipid-free hemoglobin. Hemoglobin (Hb) isolated by comparative techniques were all contaminated with membrane stroma. HPLC analysis of Hb revealed a protein peak of 99.6% purity and sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis revealed a single band. The process requires hypoosmotic dialysis of bovine RBC to a final 160-180 mosmol/kg osmotic pressure. Additional reduction in osmotic pressure causes irreversible cell lysis which leads to lipid contamination of the Hb. Processing of 1/2 liter of packed red blood cells requires 4-5 h, resulting in an average of 90% hemoglobin recovery. PMID- 3766963 TI - Determination of proteins and sulfobetaine with the Folin-phenol reagent. AB - This paper describes a method for the quantitative analysis of solutions containing a mixture of proteins and sulfobetaine. In a preliminary step the proteins, which interfere with the detergent assay, are separated by precipitation with trichloroacetic acid (8%). The insoluble fraction, dissolved in NaOH (1.0 N), and the soluble fraction, containing the detergent, are treated with the Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent, essentially following the method of O. H. Lowry, N. J. Rosebrough, A. L. Farr, and R. J. Randall (1951, J. Biol. Chem. 193, 265-275). The absorbance of the protein fraction is read, as usual at 750 nm, while that of the detergent solution is read at 342 nm. At this wavelength, sulfobetaine, treated with the Folin reagent, absorbs strongly, the absorbances being proportional to its concentration up to 1.5 mg/ml. PMID- 3766964 TI - A thin-gel isoelectric focusing method for quantitation of protein S-thiolation. AB - A thin-gel isoelectric focusing method has been developed for analysis of protein S-thiolation (formation of mixed disulfides with low molecular weight thiols). The method is rapid and it can be used with 3 to 5 micrograms of a pure protein, or 15 to 20 micrograms of tissue extract protein. It is possible to detect a modification of the protein sulfhydryl by either charged or uncharged thiols, and to determine the quantity of different S-thiolated protein species in a modified sample. The method was used to quantitate the amount of S-thiolation of phosphorylase b in a reaction with oxidized glutathione that produced four S thiolated forms of the enzyme. The method was also used to detect S-thiolation of two proteins in a cardiac tissue extract treated with diamide. One of the protein bands was shown to be S-thiolated with both cysteine and glutathione, while the other band was S-thiolated only with glutathione. PMID- 3766965 TI - Comparison of electron and chemical ionization mass spectrometry of sialic acids. AB - Sialic acids were analyzed as per-O-trimethylsilylated compounds by gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry either on electron or chemical ionization by isobutane. Electron ionization mass spectra of these derivatives are very similar to those of the corresponding methyl esters described earlier whereas chemical ionization mass spectra are characterized in the high mass range by loss of the C 2 and the C-4 substituents from the M + 1 ion. Together with other fragment ions the seven different sialic acids analyzed could be clearly identified. PMID- 3766966 TI - Preparation of rat liver plasma membrane with respect to glucagon-sensitive adenylate cyclase. AB - Further modification of Neville's method of preparation of rat liver plasma membrane has been made in order to study glucagon-sensitive adenylate cyclase. This modified method introduces two additional steps to the Neville procedures. One involves saving an intermediate layer above the pellet following 1500g centrifugation. The other adds a centrifugation step at 20,000g. The improved method increases the yield of membrane protein by 5-fold and increases forskolin, glucagon, and 5'-guanyl imidodiphosphate stimulated activity of adenylate cyclase by 2.8-fold. A 13-fold increase in the yield of total adenylate cyclase activity above the current method was obtained. The membrane adenylate cyclase and its hormone sensitivity was stable in liquid nitrogen for at least 8 months. This modified method appears to be useful in preparing a better yield and quality of rat liver plasma membrane from given starting hepatic tissue for studies of glucagon-sensitive adenylate cyclase. PMID- 3766968 TI - A procedure for the immunoblotting of proteins separated on isoelectric focusing gels. AB - A method has been devised for performing Western blot assays on proteins resolved by isoelectric focusing. Electrophoretic transfer of proteins directly from isoelectric focusing (IEF) tube gels to nitrocellulose sheets allowed their immunoassay without conventional second dimension SDS gel electrophoresis. The same method can also be used for IEF slab gels. For the immunostaining of nonmuscle actin isoforms in extracts of cultured cells, the resolution of this technique was much improved over that of Western blots of two-dimensional gels. PMID- 3766967 TI - Isolation of the zona pellucida and purification of its glycoprotein families from pig oocytes. AB - The isolation of the porcine zona pellucida, the glycoprotein envelope surrounding the mammalian oocyte, and the purification of its glycoprotein families is described. The zona pellucida was prepared from oocytes isolated from pig ovaries using a razor blade device and sieving procedures with Teflon or nylon screens. In 6-7 man h, the zona pellucida from 5 X 10(5) oocytes was obtained yielding 12 mg protein and 2.2 mg carbohydrate. The absorptivity of heat solubilized and filtered zona pellucida was A1%280 nm, 1 cm = 10.8. The four glycoprotein families of the zona pellucida were purified by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electrophoretic elution. The electrophoretic purity of these families was greater than 90%. The protein and carbohydrate content and the amino acid and monosaccharide compositions of each of the glycoprotein families were determined. PMID- 3766969 TI - Rapid sulfopropyl-disk chromatographic purification of bovine and human thrombin. AB - Thrombin, from either a crude commercial preparation (bovine) or a prothrombin activation mixture (human), was purified by sulfopropyl-disk chromatography to homogeneity in a rapid and convenient single-step procedure. The yield of both proteinases was greater than 85%. Purified bovine and human thrombin had sp act of 2500 and 3000 "NIH" units/mg, respectively. Human thrombin was more reactive than bovine thrombin with these active site-directed probes: phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, dansyl-Glu-Gly-Arg-chloromethylketone, and human heparin cofactor II. The sulfopropyl-disk chromatographic method is a useful and rapid technique to prepare milligram quantities of highly purified bovine and human thrombin. PMID- 3766970 TI - Hydrophobicity modulation as a tool for the purification of histidyl peptides. AB - A methodology is described for purification of histidyl peptides based on the changes in hydrophobicity induced by the specific and reversible modification of histidine residues by ethoxyformic anhydride. The mixture of modified peptides is subjected to HPLC; peptides containing modified histidines are detected at 242 nm, recovered, deethoxyformylated, and rechromatographed under the same conditions, then being detected at 220 nm. This procedure allows their isolation free from contaminants. PMID- 3766971 TI - Synthesis and NMR spectra of 13C-labeled coenzyme A esters. AB - The synthesis of coenzyme A thioesters of 13C-labeled acetate, propionate, succinate, and methyl malonate is described. The average yields were 94%. The 13C NMR spectra were determined to provide a reference for the resonance positions of these metabolites. The synthesis of coenzyme thioesters of small-molecular-weight acids labeled with 13C has not been described previously, nor have the resonance positions been previously reported. PMID- 3766972 TI - Theoretical optimization of parameter selection in constant energy synchronous luminescence spectrometry. PMID- 3766973 TI - Continuous recording of reflection-absorbance Fourier transform infrared spectra of the effluent of a microbore liquid chromatograph. PMID- 3766974 TI - Determination of nicotine N-oxide by gas chromatography following thermal conversion to 2-methyl-6-(3-pyridyl)tetrahydro-1,2-oxazine. PMID- 3766975 TI - Liquid chromatographic separation and indirect detection of inorganic anions using iron(II) 1,10-phenanthroline as a mobile phase additive. PMID- 3766976 TI - Evaluation of multipoint kinetic methods for immunoassays: kinetic quantitation of immunoglobulin G. PMID- 3766977 TI - Unattended, robotic drug-release testing of enterically coated aspirin. PMID- 3766978 TI - Enzymatic determination of urea in water and serum by optosensing flow injection analysis. PMID- 3766980 TI - Spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric determination of cycloserine with p benzoquinone. PMID- 3766979 TI - Urea pH electrodes: characterisation and optimisation for plasma measurements. PMID- 3766981 TI - Use of cerium(IV) sulphate in the spectrophotometric determination of paracetamol in pharmaceutical preparations. PMID- 3766982 TI - Ultraviolet spectrophotometry for the determination of benperidol by a difference procedure and for the elucidation of its polymorphic structures. PMID- 3766983 TI - Characterisation and evaluation of the use of membrane mimetic agents to amplify chemiluminescence from the lucigenin-hydrogen peroxide reaction system. PMID- 3766984 TI - Two-phase titration of some imidazole derivatives in pharmaceutical preparations. PMID- 3766985 TI - Binding pattern of ferritin-labeled lectins (RCAI and WGA) during neural tube closure in the bantam embryo. AB - Cell surface sugar residues in neurulating ectoderms of bantam chick embryos of stage 4-11 were examined using ferritin-labeled Ricinus communis (RCAI) and Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). RCAI binding sites densely covered the apical surfaces of the basal plate cells during the neural plate stage (1,322.8 +/- 28.8 ferritin particles/micron 2). As neural tube formation advanced, the number of receptors decreased as a result of an increase in the extent of the sparsely covered regions. The decrease in receptors for WGA occurred in a similar manner but more rapidly. By the stage of development at which the opposite sides of the neural ridges meet at the dorsal midline, the receptors for WGA were reduced to about half. After this period, the two lectin receptors did not show significant changes. This result suggests that sugar residues or the sugar-chain skeleton on basal plate cells are altered during neurulation. PMID- 3766986 TI - Ultrastructural observations on nucleoli and related structures during human spermatogenesis. AB - The ultrastructural study of nucleoli and ribonucleoprotein-containing structures in human seminiferous tubules revealed that the nucleoli of spermatogonia, spermatocytes and Sertoli cells exhibited a tripartite structure consisting of: a fibrillar center, a compact granular portion, and a reticular portion containing both pars fibrosa and pars granulosa. The nucleoli of primary spermatocytes showed a developed reticular portion. At pachytene, the compact granular portion enlarged and lost its connection with the fibrillar center and the reticular portion which decreased in size. This suggests a nucleolar segregation similar to that of ovocytes in many species. Two similar developmental stages of nucleoli were observed in spermatogonia. In addition to nucleoli, there were other ribonucleoprotein-containing structures such as intranuclear closely-packed granules in Ap spermatogonia, coarse granules in the chromatin rarefaction zone of Ad spermatogonia, the nuage and Lubarsch crystals of spermatogonia, the chromatoid body of spermatids, the annulate lamellae of both spermatids and Sertoli cells, and many structures of the spermatid neck region. PMID- 3766988 TI - Quantitative cellular changes during postnatal development of the rat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. AB - Quantitative changes in cell number during development of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus were determined using semithin serial sections of tissue obtained from 28 rats on postnatal day 0, 5, 8, 10, 20, 30, 90 or 165. Our results show three phases of postnatal development in the rat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus: phase 1 from birth until eye opening, which occurs around the 12th day in these litters; phase 2 from eye opening through stabilization of neuron number on the 30th postnatal day, and phase 3 from that event until adulthood. During the first period increases in neuron number and in glial cell number are found accompanying a nearly seven-fold increase in dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus volume. Phase 2 includes a high incidence of neuronal cell death and a continuous increase in the number of glial cells. The third phase is characterized by a stabilization in the number of neurons, although the glial cell number continues to increase. Neuronal density decreases exponentially throughout the postnatal life of the rat, while the density of glial cells remains relatively stable over the period of study. The postnatal phenomenon of an initial increase in neuron number followed by a period of neuron death may be related to modulating and plastic functions which occur in the rat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus before a stable neuronal population is achieved on the 30th postnatal day. PMID- 3766987 TI - A quantitative electron microscopic study of the effect of glucocorticoids in vivo on the early postnatal differentiation of paraneuronal cells in the carotid body and the adrenal medulla of the rat. AB - The postnatal differentiation of carotid body chief cells and endocrine adrenal medullary cells was comparatively examined during ontogenesis and in rats which were treated with dexamethasone for 7 days after birth. Ultrastructure and innervation of carotid body chief cells are mature in neonates according to the functional requirements of chemoreception. By the end of the first postnatal week, only an increase in number of dense core vesicles can be noticed, the concentration of which then will reach the adult level. Under the effect of dexamethasone most of the heterochromatin is transformed into finely dispersed euchromatin within the nuclei of carotid body chief cells. In the cytoplasm, the Golgi apparatus becomes larger and the granular endoplasmic reticulum hypertrophic. The number of catecholamines storing dense core vesicles increases considerably. The innervation density remains constant. In contrast to the carotid body chief cells, the adrenal medullary cells have not reached their definitive maturity at the time of birth. Besides phenotypes of adrenaline-cells, noradrenaline-cells and small granules containing cells, pheochromoblasts and intermediary cells can be seen as well. Their cytoplasm is sparse, the concentration of dense core vesicles and the innervation density very low. After 8 days of postnatal ontogenesis, pheochromoblasts and intermediary cells are no longer present in the adrenal medulla. In adrenaline-cells and noradrenaline cells, important processes of growth can be noticed, the cytoplasm has grown in extent, the number of dense core vesicles doubled and the innervation density of single cells triplicated. Only the few small granules containing cells remain small. Under the effect of dexamethasone also in the nuclei of chromaffin cells a transformation of heterochromatin into euchromatin occurs. The increase in number of dense core vesicles is relatively lower than in carotid body chief cells. The significant growth of innervation density during the first postnatal week was inhibited. Our observations suggest that dexamethasone stimulates the synthesis of catecholamines in adrenal medullary cells of newborn rats less pronouncedly than in carotid body chief cells. This could be attributed to the inhibited formation of synapses of growing chromaffin cells and to the in vivo active endocrine counter-regulation. PMID- 3766989 TI - A study of lamellar organisation in juvenile and adult human bone. AB - The scanning electron microscope (SEM) has been used to study the three dimensional organisation of collagen in slices of human rib and femur which were "etched" by chick osteoclasts, mechanically isolated and grown on their surfaces in vitro. Collagen organisation in the two bones showed a spectrum of appearances, ranging from lamellae of approximately equal thickness, but alternating fibre orientations, to an almost exclusive orientation of collagen apparently in a longitudinal direction. The rib contained a smaller component of transversely oriented collagen which may be related to a different functional loading. The thickness of circumferential lamellae was less than that of osteonal lamellae in the two adult ribs examined. Also, in the rib there was a trend towards increased average lamellar thickness with age in the range studied. This may be related to the fact that more of the lamellae in the rib cortex in children have been formed circumferentially. Correlation of results obtained with the SEM and the polarised light microscope (PLM) from the same substratum demonstrated that the latter grossly exaggerated the apparent component of collagen with a transverse orientation. This will always be true unless sections comparable with the lamellar thickness are used with the PLM. PMID- 3766990 TI - Ontogenesis of the laminar structure in areas 17 and 18 of the human visual cortex. A quantitative study. AB - A quantitative morphological study of the pre- and postnatal development in the primary (area 17) and secondary (area 18) visual cortical regions was performed on 108 human brains. The neuropil proportion and thickness were measured with an image analyzer for the different cortical layers and the resulting data were approximated with logistic growth functions. The different layers show a marked heterochrony both within and between the areas. The neuropil proportion of layer I is the compartment to develop first in both areas. It has the lowest growth velocity, followed by layer VI and layers V, IV, III and II. This maturational sequence reflects the sequence of appearance of immature neurons during the migration period of neocortical ontogenesis. The development of the neuropil proportion is highly synchronized between areas 17 and 18 during the prenatal period, but in the first postnatal weeks, area 17 grows more quickly than area 18. Later on, this relation is reversed and area 18 reaches adult values of neuropil proportions about three months earlier than area 17. The growth in thickness of all layers is completed later than the growth in neuropil proportion. The growth in layer thickness is completed in Area 18 about two months earlier than in area 17, although area 18 has a greater cortical thickness. The results are compared with data on growth in volume, dendritic arborization and the development of visual function. PMID- 3766991 TI - Development of the lateral amygdaloid nucleus in the human fetus: transient presence of discrete cytoarchitectonic units. AB - The cytoarchitectonic development of the lateral amygdaloid nucleus has been studied on Nissl-stained sections through brains of human fetuses ranging between 11 to 24 weeks of gestation. The first sign of cytoarchitectonic inhomogeneity of the lateral amygdaloid nucleus is the appearance of 2-3 ovoid cell clusters around 12 weeks of gestation. Between 12.5-16 weeks of gestation, the ventral part of the lateral amygdaloid nucleus contains 7-11 columnar cell clusters separated by "septa" of lower cell-packing density. These columnar clusters, stretching in the rostrocaudal direction, appear on cross-section as ovoid structures elongated in the ventrodorsal direction. In subsequent development (16 24 weeks of gestation) this distinct columnar appearance becomes less obvious, owing to the disappearance of "septa" along the dorsal edges of cellular clusters. This process begins first in the medial part of the columnar field. As a result, the cytoarchitectonic units gradually fuse into a homogeneous grey mass. However, the ventral part of the columnar field retains an undulated appearance throughout late gestation, showing multiple indentations as a sign of former cytoarchitectonic inhomogeneities. In conclusion, the fetal lateral amygdaloid nucleus contains a number of cytoarchitectonic "moduli" which could serve as a new parameter for an estimation of histogenetic maturity of the human amygdala. This transient cytoarchitectonic inhomogeneity could be a sign of the temporary predominance of one characteristic afferent-efferent system during a given developmental stage. Alternatively, it could reflect a clustered type of neurogenesis. PMID- 3766992 TI - The morphology of neurons in rat tectal transplants as revealed by Golgi-Cox impregnation. AB - The Golgi technique has been used to examine the morphology of neurons within tectal transplants. Embryonic tectal tissue was transplanted to the midbrain of newborn rats. Four to eight months later, host animals were decapitated under anaesthesia, the unfixed brains removed and processed by Golgi-Cox impregnation. In tectal grafts, different types of neuron were recognized on the basis of the size and shape of their somata and the morphology of their dendritic trees. Neuronal types found in transplants resembled cell classes found in normal rat superior colliculus (SC). Neurons characteristic of the superficial collicular layers such as marginal, ganglion type I, stellate and horizontal cells and multipolar cells typical of the deeper collicular layers were identified in the transplants. Compared with normal cells, grafted neurons often had smaller dendritic fields and fewer dendritic spines. No laminar organization was discernable in the grafts and there was commonly no preferential orientation of perikarya or dendrites. Small cells with similar dendritic morphology were sometimes found grouped together in patches within the graft neuropil. These patches resembled cytologically and histochemically distinct areas described in previous studies and may represent areas homologous to the superficial layers of normal SC. PMID- 3766993 TI - Development of the auditory hair cell surface in human fetuses. A scanning electron microscopy study. AB - Thirteen human fetal cochleas were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Our observations concentrated on the hair cell surface. Ciliogenesis appeared to start during the 11th week of gestation on the inner hair cells (IHCs) and one week later on the outer hair cells (OHCs). The earliest stages of stereociliary development were similar on both types of cell and were characterized by the presence of round bundles of cilia arising from the surrounding microvilli. A three-dimensional V-shaped arrangement suddenly appeared, accompanied by the disappearance of short cilia on the internal side. Between the 20th and the 22nd weeks of gestation, both types of hair cell had an adult stereociliary pattern, i.e. a rectilinear arrangement on IHCs and W-shaped on OHCs. However, there were signs of immaturity, such as a disarray of OHCs and the presence of the kinocilium, suggesting that the surface of the auditory hair cells achieves its maturation during the last trimester of pregnancy. PMID- 3766994 TI - Lung of the tree frog, Hyla arborea L. A scanning and transmission electron microscopic study. AB - Lungs of Hyla arborea L. were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and morphometric methods. The lungs contain several interconnected folds in a netlike reticular arrangement of first, second and third order, mainly covered with pneumocytes. On the septa of first and second order, irregularly distributed small patches of ciliated epithelium devoid of goblet cells are located. Dome-shaped neuroepithelial bodies can be seen in the vicinity of ciliated epithelium. The pulmonary epithelium consists of one type of pneumocyte, which contain in their cytoplasm three kinds of bodies: lamellar, dense and multivesicular. The dense bodies are precursors of lamellar bodies (LBs), while the multivesicular bodies are incorporated into the LBs, being later secreted to the air space. The lining layer covering the internal lung surface contains numerous transformed LBs but tubular myelin figures are scarce. The surface of the lining layer is coated by a thin film. The air-blood barrier, consisting of three layers: epithelium, interstitial space and endothelium, is 0.6 micron thick. PMID- 3766995 TI - Undulating course of nerve fibres and bands of Fontana in peripheral nerves of the rat. AB - The undulating course of nerve fibres and the optical effect of that course, i.e. the bands of Fontana, were studied in the peripheral nerves of the adult rat using light microscopy. The arrangement of collagen fibres in the endoneurium of these nerves was evaluated using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. No nerve fibres undulation was noted on the intracranial sections of the cranial nerves or on the spinal roots. In their endoneurium a few, irregularly arranged collagen fibrils were found. In contrast, the nerve fibres undulation and Fontana's bands were a constant feature in the peripheral course of the nerve trunks. They were discernible in vivo and on excised unfixed as well as fixed nerves. The nerve fibres follow a sine-curve course of variable frequency and amplitude. Exposed in vivo, the nerve fibres retained their wave-like course even after removal of the epineurium and perineurium. The endoneurium of these nerves contained numerous undulating longitudinally oriented bundles of collagen fibrils. These findings suggest that the undulating course of the nerve fibres in peripheral nerves is conditional upon the quantity and arrangement of their endoneurial collagen fibrils. When the nerve was stretched in the course of movement, the undulation became straightened out until it disappeared. Conversely, nerve shortening enhanced the undulation. Thus the wave-like alignment of the nerve fibres represents a physiological reserve length for nerve stretching. PMID- 3766996 TI - Postnatal development of bovine Sertoli cells. AB - The fine structure of bovine Sertoli cells was studied from the 4th to the 40th week post natum in order to correlate the progressive acquisition of normal adult morphology with functional development. The considerable increase in tubular size during the first 20 weeks is due to the proliferation of both presumptive Sertoli and germ cells. Aside from this, the presumptive Sertoli cells are seen to expand radially and lengthen considerably. From then on however, the observed increase in tubular diameter during the later period of postnatal development is solely due to the great increase in the number of germ cells. Presumptive Sertoli cells undergo morphological differentiation to mature Sertoli cells during the first 28 weeks of proliferative development. The maturation process includes distinct changes in cell shape, nucleus and cellular organelles, as well as an increase in and differentiation of Sertoli cell surface specializations. At 24 weeks the development of inter-Sertoli cell junctions has reached a point of differentiation where, in our opinion, a functional blood-testis barrier can be expected. During the first 8 weeks an extensive development of rough endoplasmic reticulum and a well-developed Golgi apparatus can be observed, which suggests a high secretory activity in the presumptive Sertoli cells at this time. We speculate that these secretory activities may play a role in the formation of the basal lamina which is extremely well developed during early postnatal life. The subsequent reduction of the basal lamina correlates well with diminished secretory activity in the Sertoli cells. PMID- 3766998 TI - Determination of the lengths of nonisotropic linear features in micrographs. AB - The method described was devised to facilitate rapid and reasonably accurate estimations of the length of a nonisotropic linear feature in a micrograph. It arose from studies in which we were determining the length of the Purkinje cell layer in each of a set of serial sections through the rat cerebellum. The Purkinje cell layer appears as a linear feature in such sections and the simplest and most rapid method of estimating the length of this type of feature is to count the number of intersections that it makes with a series of equally spaced parallel test lines (see, e.g., Weibel, E.R., 1979: Stereological Methods Vol. 1, Practical Methods for Biological Morphometry). In many sections, the Purkinje cell layer was markedly nonisotropic, and the length obtained by this method varied very considerably depending on the orientation of the section relative to the test lines. The present method employs two orthogonal sets of parallel test lines, and the length of the feature is estimated from the square root of the sum of the squares of the counts of the number of intersections with each of the two sets of lines. The result obtained varies very little with the relative orientations of the feature and the test grid and a good estimate of the length can be obtained from the counts from a single random placement of the grid on the section. It has been found that the technique can be carried out efficiently and reliably by relatively inexperienced personnel, and the results are obtained more rapidly than when alternative methods for estimating dimensions of nonisotropic features are used. PMID- 3766997 TI - Influence of colchicine on the distribution of horseradish peroxidase in the secretory ameloblast layer in vitro. AB - The distribution of exogenous horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the secretory ameloblast layer of developing rat molar tooth germs was examined in a culture system with and without colchicine. The secretory ameloblast of cultured tooth germs engulfed HRP added to the medium regardless of the presence of colchicine. The reaction product was localized in various vesicles and granules. Without colchicine in the medium, many small vesicles containing HRP were located in the Tomes' processes, whereas only a few were present with colchicine at concentrations above 5 microM. An intense reaction of HRP also appeared in the distal extracellular spaces beyond the distal junctional complexes of ameloblasts cultured without colchicine, whereas it became almost indiscernible in the tooth germs cultured with colchicine. The lack of HRP in the Tomes' processes and distal extracellular spaces of ameloblasts treated with colchicine might be attributed to the disruption of microtubules. The present study suggests that the secretory ameloblast is able to transport tracer molecules through the intracellular pathway from the proximal and lateral extracellular spaces to the distal extracellular space. PMID- 3766999 TI - Osteodentin formation in rat incisor as visualized by radioautography after 3H proline administration. AB - Osteodentin formation was studied in rat incisor pulp after adriamycin administration. Male Sprague Dawley rats (100 +/- 5 gm) were injected intravenously with adriamycin (5 mg/kg body weight), and after 7 days they were again injected intravenously with 3H-proline (3 microCi/gm). These animals were killed in groups of three from 5 minutes to 4 hours after proline injection by perfusion with 3% phosphate-buffered formaldehyde followed by 2.5% phosphate buffered glutaraldehyde. Control animals injected with only physiological saline, and 7 days later with 3H-proline (3 microCi/gm), and were killed at the same time intervals. Radioautography on sections showing osteodentin formation revealed that at 5 minutes after 3H-proline injection the labeling was located over the cells associated with the osteodentin matrix. At 1 hour after injection the labeling was located over the cells and the matrix, while at 4 hours the labeling was seen only over the matrix. It therefore appears that at least a proline containing component of the osteodentin matrix is synthesized and secreted by the cells associated with it. PMID- 3767000 TI - Sorting and transepithelial transport of adsorbed protein tracers: effects of temperature. AB - The epithelium of the guinea pig yolk sac is involved in the selective transport of macromolecules to the fetus. We studied the compartments involved in sorting and transepithelial transport of protein tracers and the effect of lowered temperature (18 degrees C) on these events. Explants of yolk sac were incubated with a mixture of cationized ferritin (CF) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP, Sigma type VI). At 4 degrees C, both tracers were bound to the cell surface and binding of an HRP-gold complex was shown to be inhibited by mannan. At 37 degrees C and 18 degrees C, both tracers were taken up into tubules and vesicles in the apical cytoplasm. Usually the tubules contained a mixture of tracers, but they often showed a polarized distribution with CF and HRP at opposite ends. The vesicles also contained mixtures of the tracers, but some contained only one. In addition, there were some irregularly shaped vacuoles composed of saccules that contained either a mixture, HRP alone, or CF alone. These results suggest that these adsorbed ligands are binding to unique microdomains of the endocytic complex. After 20 min at 37 degrees C coated vesicles 100 nm in diameter were located in the apical cytoplasm and coated vesicles of the same size were located at the lateral cell membrane. Usually they contained only HRP or CF, although occasional mixtures were seen. At 18 degrees C, HRP was transported across the cells in 100 nm vesicles. However, transport of CF was completely inhibited at the lower temperature.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3767001 TI - The rete ovarii of cattle and deer communicates with the uterine tube. AB - Textbooks in embryology, histology, and reproductive biology erroneously state that the mammalian rete ovarii consists of a tubular structure in the medulla of the ovary which is closed at both ends. In white-tailed deer and cattle, the lumen of the rete ovarii opens directly into the infundibulum near its attachment to the ovary. This serendipitous discovery followed the serial sectioning of over 100 ovaries. Secretions through this tuboretial opening may affect reproductive processes. Obstructions could explain the development of cysts of clinical importance in both human and veterinary medicine. This rather obscure structure may have more significance than previously recognized. PMID- 3767002 TI - Differential distribution of brush cells in the rat lung. AB - The distribution of brush cells in the rat lung was studied using electron microscopic morphometry. Samples were taken from six distinctive anatomical regions. Tissue from the trachea, lobar bronchi, terminal bronchioles, first alveolar duct bifurcations, proximal alveolar regions, and the distal alveolar region were isolated and embedded in Epox 812. Aside from the trachea and the lobar bronchi, the other four regions were isolated from embedded tissue using microdissection techniques. Electron micrographs taken from thin sections of these samples were analyzed. It was found that brush cells made up 10% of the volume of epithelium covering the first alveolar duct bifurcation. Approximately 2% of the proximal alveolar epithelium, 1.4% of the terminal bronchiolar epithelium, and 3% of the tracheal epithelium were made up of brush cells. No brush-bordered epithelium was found in the lobar bronchi or in the distal alveolar walls. We conclude that brush cells have a distinct spatial location in the lung, being in high concentration in the trachea and in areas where first generation alveolar ducts bifurcate. The highest density was on the bifurcation of the first alveolar ducts, and their density decreased radially from this region. PMID- 3767003 TI - Filamentary tubular inclusions in type II pneumocytes of the guinea pig. AB - The type II pneumocytes of guinea pigs were studied with a transmission electron microscope. It was shown that 5-20% of type II cells contained filamentary tubular inclusions. No reports of similar structures in type II cells of any species have been found in the literature to date. These inclusions measured 90 nm in diameter, varying up to 3 micron in length, and were generally present in the basal and lateral portions of the cells with a close association to the lamellar bodies. They were usually straight but could be curved and tended to aggregate into parallel stacks. In cross-sections, these filamentary tubular inclusions were surrounded by a thickened unit membrane and were composed of microfilaments arranged in circular fashion around a central core. In longitudinal sections, they consisted of rod-like bodies with three lines of filaments. The possible function of the filamentary tubular inclusions is also discussed. PMID- 3767004 TI - Immunoelectron microscope observations on secretion of human placental lactogen (hPL) in the human chorionic villi. AB - Immunoelectron microscope localization of human placental lactogen (hPL) was investigated in the chorionic villi from week 7 to full-term gestation with the protein A-gold technique. With specific antiserum against hPL, immuno-reactive gold particles were found to be preferentially located in Golgi-derived, electron dense small granules of 80-180 nm in the syncytiotrophoblast. Our electron micrographs indicate that these small granules increase in number in the course of gestation and are released by exocytosis from the apical cell surface. The present study reveals that hPL is segregated from the Golgi apparatus, stored in the syncytiotrophoblast as secretory granules, and released into the maternal blood. PMID- 3767005 TI - Venous distribution of superficial cervical region in rhesus (Macaca mulatta) monkey. AB - The superficial veins of the cervical region in over 50 Macaca mulatta monkeys were studied. We found, in addition to the external jugular vein, another major vein, which we have termed jugular accessory. It is comparable in size and runs ventral to the external jugular vein. It commenced at the angle of the mouth, ran in a groove on the dorsal aspect of the submandibular gland, and descended on the surface of the sternocleidomastoid muscle where it was connected to the external jugular vein by a short transverse twig. It then descended toward the clavicle, crossed it ventrally, and immediately joined the cephalic vein. The resultant common vein pierced the thoracic wall between the clavicle and first rib and joined the external jugular and axillary veins, producing the subclavian vein. It was the jugular accessory and the external jugular, being connected as described, that formed an "H"-shaped system. PMID- 3767006 TI - Morphological evaluation of vascular smooth muscle cell: length and width from a single scanning electron micrograph of microvessels. AB - Accurate three-dimensional data on the structure of vascular smooth muscle cells is essential for understanding the microvascular system in both normal or disease conditions. The laborious serial reconstruction methods have limited the amount of data collected on the structure of individual vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells. The circumferential viewing of whole vessel segments via scanning electron microscopy provides an alternative approach, but even this technique is highly specialized and tedious. This study presents a simplified method to determine the average cell length and width of individual VSM cells by using only one view of a microvessel (single view). The vessels do not have to be isolated for circumferential viewing and can be left in their host tissue if desired. Values for the average VSM cell length and width were obtained by both circumferential- and single-view approach on the same vessels. The average cell length and width obtained from the single-view method (using one-third circumference) duplicated the mean length and width measurements obtained by circumferential viewing. PMID- 3767007 TI - Comparative toxicity of atracurium and metocurine in isolated rat hepatocytes. AB - Primary cultures of liver cells isolated from seven rats were used to study the possible toxicity of atracurium and metocurine. The muscle relaxants were separately added to the culture medium and the cells then incubated for 4 hr. The amount of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) that leaked into the culture medium was determined at the end of incubation. The customary assumption was made that the exudation of LDH reflects the toxic effects of the relaxants. In untreated dishes, approximately 11% of the total intracellular LDH leaked out during the incubation. The net leakage of LDH produced by the relaxants was obtained by subtracting this amount from the LDH activity determined in the media of dishes with the relaxants added. On this basis, metocurine, in concentrations of 12-850 X 10(-6)M, did not cause a net leak of LDH. On the other hand, atracurium, in similar molar concentrations, caused a statistically significant and concentration-dependent leak of LDH that, at its maximum, amounted to more than one half of the intracellular LDH. The results are interpreted in terms of damage to cellular membranes produced by atracurium or its metabolites. Although the exact biochemical process was not identified, we hypothesize that acrylates- produced by Hofmann elimination from atracurium--might be the likely toxic species. PMID- 3767008 TI - Preoperative oral fluids: is a five-hour fast justified prior to elective surgery? AB - The effects of preoperative oral administration of 150 ml fluid were studied prospectively in 140 unpremedicated, ambulatory outpatients presenting for first trimester therapeutic abortion. Intraoperative gastric fluid volume, pH, and rate of gastric emptying were measured in the four groups to which patients were randomly assigned. At an average time of 2 1/2 hr preoperatively all patients received either oral ranitidine, 150 mg, or a placebo tablet, with the nonabsorbable marker dye bromosulphthalein (BSP, 50 mg in 10 ml water, followed by either 150 ml water or no further fluid. The effect of volume ingested was assessed by comparing the volume of gastric contents obtained by gastric tube suctioning at the completion of surgery in the two groups given placebos. The gastric volume was significantly less in patients given 150 ml water (17.6 +/- 14.5) than in those given only BSP (26.7 +/- 18.9) (P less than 0.02), and was further significantly decreased in the two groups given ranitidine (8.3 +/- 7.3, 9.5 +/- 7.7 ml) (P less than 0.001). Mean pH values were significantly higher in the two ranitidine groups (5.52 +/- 1.79, 5.03 +/- 1.79) than in the two placebo groups (1.75 +/- 0.94, 1.92 +/- 1.27). The combination of a residual volume of 25 ml and pH less than 2.5 was found in 46% of patients given only BSP with placebo, in 23% of those given 150 ml water with placebo, and in no patient given ranitidine. There was no correlation between the gastric volume or pH values with the ingestion-surgery interval in patients given 150 ml water. PMID- 3767009 TI - Isoflurane decreases the cortisol response to cardiopulmonary bypass. AB - Eighteen patients with normal left ventricular function scheduled for elective myocardial revascularization were anesthetized with fentanyl (52-58 micrograms/kg). At the beginning of hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) they were assigned to a control (C) group (n = 6) that did not receive further anesthesia, or to a group given either 1% isoflurane (n = 6) or 2% isoflurane (n = 6). Blood samples for measurement of total plasma cortisol concentrations were obtained before, during, and after CPB. Hemodynamic measurements before and after CPB were not different among groups. Patients in group C required higher infusion rates of sodium nitroprusside (P less than or equal to 0.05) and patients given 2% isoflurane received more phenylephrine (P less than or equal to 0.05) to keep mean arterial pressure at 50 +/- 10 mm Hg during CPB. Isoflurane caused a dose related decrease in total plasma cortisol concentrations during and after CPB. We conclude that increased depth of anesthesia attenuates the cortisol (stress) response to cardiopulmonary bypass. PMID- 3767010 TI - Effects of ketamine on low intensity tactile sensory input are not dependent upon a spinal site of action. AB - The development of a technique for studying spinal dorsal horn electrophysiology in intact, awake, drug-free cats enables the study of spinal sites and mechanisms of action of anesthetic and analgesic agents in a system that more closely reflects normal physiology. Using this technique, we reevaluated the effect of ketamine on spinal dorsal horn sensory transmission. The results of our study confirm previous work done in acute preparations. Ketamine (maximum dose 20 mg/kg) did not significantly reduce the response of low threshold (n = 11) dorsal horn neurons to low intensity sensory stimulation. However, that same dose of ketamine did suppress noxiously evoked activity of the two wide dynamic range neurons encountered in the study, while having a varied effect on neurons responsive to proprioceptive input (n = 7). These findings confirm that, in the intact animal with all modulatory systems intact, ketamine "dissociation" of low intensity tactile stimuli does not appear to involve a spinal mechanism of action. The results also support the importance of spinal sites of action for the analgesia produced by ketamine, as well as the importance of distinguishing between the anesthetic and analgesic effects of that drug. PMID- 3767011 TI - Effects of halothane and decreased PO2 on high energy phosphate levels maintained by isolated rat liver mitochondria. AB - Steady states of oxidative phosphorylation were achieved in mitochondrial suspensions continuously equilibrated with constant gas mixtures, simulating the conditions under which mitochondria contribute to the cellular energy status in vivo. The dependence of the mitochondria-maintained adenosine triphosphate/adenosine diphosphate (ATP/ADP) ratio on oxygen and halothane levels was examined at predetermined, clinically relevant concentrations of both gases. Inclusion of 1% halothane in the gas mixture decreased ATP/ADP by about half when mitochondrial respiration was supported by NAD-linked substrate (glutamate); succinate-supported ATP/ADP was not inhibited. With either substrate, and whether or not 1% halothane was present. ATP/ADP was unaffected by decreases in PO2 to values as low as 1.6 mm Hg. Under a range of typical in vivo conditions, therefore, 1% halothane significantly inhibited the mitochondrial contribution to steady state energy balance, whereas decreases in PO2 did not. Combined effects of 1% halothane and reduced PO2 on ATP/ADP were not seen, i.e., halothane did not increase the critical PO2 level (hypoxic threshold) for inhibition of mitochondrial ATP production. PMID- 3767013 TI - Morphine and fentanyl interactions with thiopental in relation to movement response to noxious stimulation. AB - The effects of morphine-thiopental and fentanyl-thiopental combinations on the movement response caused by tail clamping were studied in rats. Doses that prevented movement response when the agents were given singly and when the agents were given in combination were determined by a probit procedure and compared with isobolographic analysis. With doses of the above agents sufficient to block the movement response to tail clamping (ED50 values: 4.7 (3.3-6.6) mg/kg intravenously for morphine; 8.3 (5.8-11.3) micrograms/kg intravenously for fentanyl; and 18.8 (17.9-19.7) mg/kg intravenously for thiopental) both fentanyl and, to a lesser extent, morphine have a less than additive or an antagonistic interaction with thiopental. This antagonism is a relative one that does not increase the requirement for one agent upon the addition of another agent. PMID- 3767012 TI - Genetic predisposition to liver damage after halothane anesthesia in guinea pigs. AB - Three 4-hr normoxic (21% oxygen) exposures to 1% halothane administered 3 days apart were associated with elevations in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity in four of 20 guinea pigs after the initial and third exposures. Serum alanine aminotransferase values were not measured after the second anesthetic. Susceptibility was defined as an ALT level greater than 300 IU/L after halothane. Nonsusceptible animals, that is, animals without significant increases in ALT values after halothane, remained nonsusceptible after reexposure. Serum alanine aminotransferase values after the first and third anesthesias were significantly correlated (rs = 0.86, P less than 0.001). Two exposures of another 30 guinea pigs at a 5-week interval resulted in high elevations of ALT in the same eight animals after both anesthetics. In contrast, after an initial exposure nonsusceptible animals remained nonsusceptible upon reexposure. Serum alanine aminotransferase levels after the first and second anesthetics were significantly correlated (rs = 0.85, P less than 0.001). The proportion of first generation (F1) males with elevated ALTs whose parents were susceptible to halothane hepatotoxicity (HH) was significantly higher than the proportion of males with elevated ALTs in a random group of 90 males (P less than 0.005). First generation males and females of nonsusceptible parents had ALTs within the normal range after halothane exposure. These studies suggest that in the guinea pig genetic predisposition is an important determinant of susceptibility to HH, although other contributing factors are not excluded. PMID- 3767014 TI - The in vitro and in vivo effects of isoflurane and nitrous oxide on platelet aggregation. AB - In view of the possible antiaggregation effects of newer general anesthetics we investigated the in vitro and in vivo effects of isoflurane and nitrous oxide on platelet aggregation. Platelets obtained from 18 healthy volunteers, were exposed in vitro for 30 min in a closed chamber to oxygen-carbon dioxide (90%, 5%) (control), oxygen-carbon dioxide-nitrous oxide (80%), or oxygen-carbon dioxide isoflurane (1.5%) with or without nitrous oxide (80%). Samples were tested in ADP and collagen-induced aggregation tests. Both nitrous oxide and isoflurane produced statistically significant inhibition of ADP-induced aggregation. Inhibition of collagen-induced aggregation was not statistically significant. In 18 patients who received nitrous oxide (3 L/min) and isoflurane (1-2%) during anesthesia, platelet aggregation was reduced significantly. We conclude that both nitrous oxide and isoflurane cause moderate but statistically significant inhibition of platelet aggregation that may be clinically important in some patients. PMID- 3767015 TI - Tourniquet pain: a volunteer study. AB - The effect of inflation pressure (300 and 400 mm Hg) and method of exsanguination (gravity and Esmarch bandage) on the time of onset and the severity of tourniquet induced pain in the lower extremity was investigated in 11 unmedicated adult volunteers. Each volunteer underwent eight experiments in a random order. A visual analog scale was used to assess pain and discomfort. Blood pressure and pulse rate were measured continuously. Experiments were concluded when the pain rose to a prefixed level. All experiments were performed using a standard orthopedic tourniquet (7 cm wide). Ten additional experiments were carried out using a Bier blockade tourniquet (5 cm wide). There were no differences in duration of tourniquet inflation between inflation pressures nor between methods of exsanguination. There was a small and transient but nevertheless statistically significant increase in blood pressure caused by inflation and a significantly larger increase just before deflation. The 5-cm tourniquet experiments, otherwise identical to the 7-cm tourniquet experiments, were tolerated significantly longer due to a longer time of onset and less severe pain. The 5-cm tourniquet also needed significantly higher inflation pressures to fully occlude the arterial supply (240-450 mm Hg). In all instances, 260 mm Hg was adequate to fully occlude the arterial supply when a 7-cm tourniquet was used. Only half of the experiments were concluded due to intolerable pain at the site of the tourniquet. Most of the others were concluded due to pain mainly in the calf or pain throughout the leg.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3767016 TI - Addition of glucose to bupivacaine in spinal anesthesia increases incidence of tourniquet pain. AB - The effect of baricity of 0.5% bupivacaine on the incidence of tourniquet pain when used for spinal anesthesia was evaluated in 60 patients undergoing orthopedic surgery. Three ml of either hyperbaric (8% glucose) or isobaric (glucose-free) solution was used. A standard 7-cm orthopedic tourniquet was applied at the thigh and was inflated to 300 mm Hg for 2 hr or until the patient experienced pain from the tourniquet. During application time, the levels of sensory block to pin prick were similar in the groups. The incidence of tourniquet pain in the glucose-free group (4/30) was significantly lower than in the hyperbaric group (11/30). PMID- 3767017 TI - Effect of short-term smoking halt on carboxyhemoglobin levels and P50 values. AB - Fifteen informed volunteers who smoked one to two packs of cigarettes per day were studied to measure changes in carboxyhemoglobin levels and P50 after smoking was stopped for 12 hr. Before smoking was stopped, carboxyhemoglobin levels (6.55 +/- 0.40%) were above normal, and the P50 (22.92 +/- 0.25 mm Hg) was significantly shifted to the left. After smoking was stopped for 12 hr there was a significant decrease in carboxyhemoglobin levels to 1.06 +/- 0.16% (P less than 0.001), and P50 shifted towards normal to 26.41 +/- 0.14 mm Hg (P less than 0.001). The authors conclude that within even as little as 12 hr after cessation of smoking, carboxyhemoglobin and P50 levels change towards normal values. PMID- 3767018 TI - Cerebral arteriovenous oxygen content difference during barbiturate therapy in patients with acute brain damage. AB - This study evaluated the reliability of cerebral blood flow equivalent (CBFE), which was calculated as the reciprocal of cerebral arteriovenous oxygen content difference (C(av)DO2) as a monitor during barbiturate therapy in patients with cerebral ischemic insults. A barbiturate (thiamylal) was administered at a rate of 3 mg . kg-1 . hr-1 for 2-5 days to four patients who had suffered cardiac arrest, four with acute focal ischemia, two with postoperative brain edema after neurosurgery, and one with brain damage due to asphyxia. Four of the 11 patients completely recovered neurologically (recovery group), and others had neurological sequelae or died (nonrecovery group). The mean value of CBFE in the recovery group decreased significantly with barbiturate therapy to 13 +/- 1 ml blood/ml O2 from 39 +/- 3 ml blood/ml O2 but did not decrease in the nonrecovery group. We conclude that CBFE can be useful for monitoring the effect of barbiturate therapy in ischemic brain insults. PMID- 3767019 TI - Spinal subarachnoid hematoma after lumbar puncture and heparinization: a case report, review of the literature, and discussion of anesthetic implications. PMID- 3767020 TI - Assessment of sterility of pulmonary arterial catheter sheaths. PMID- 3767021 TI - Difficulty reversing drug-induced coma in a patient with sleep apnea. PMID- 3767022 TI - Anesthetic management of a patient with reactive airway disease for carbon dioxide laser debulking of a laryngeal tumor. PMID- 3767023 TI - Anesthetic management of a child with an intratracheal tumor. PMID- 3767024 TI - Postoperative seizures after isoflurane anesthesia. PMID- 3767025 TI - Refractory bradycardia after reversal of muscle relaxant in a diabetic with vagal neuropathy. PMID- 3767026 TI - The successful treatment of dural puncture headache after failed epidural blood patch. PMID- 3767027 TI - Succinylcholine-triggered masseter spasm in a patient with trigeminal nerve palsy. PMID- 3767028 TI - Analgesic potencies of dezocine and butorphanol. PMID- 3767029 TI - Disposable circuit tubing melted by heated humidifier. PMID- 3767030 TI - Laboratory false-positive hyperkalemia in a patient with cold agglutinins. PMID- 3767032 TI - Monitoring inspired oxygen concentrations in nonrebreathing systems. PMID- 3767031 TI - Hypertensive response to dinoprost under anesthesia. PMID- 3767033 TI - Naloxone-morphine synergism. PMID- 3767034 TI - Pulmonary and systemic hemodynamic effects of nitrous oxide in infants with normal and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance. AB - The hemodynamic response to 50% nitrous oxide was studied in 12 sedated but responsive infants in the intensive care unit following repair of their congenital heart disease. One-half of the infants studied had an elevated pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI greater than 3.5 Wood units). During mechanical ventilation with a fractional inspired O2 concentration (FIO2) of 0.5, hemodynamic parameters were measured after equilibration with 50% nitrogen and then after 50% nitrous oxide. The sequence was repeated once to assure reproducibility of the responses. Average heart rate decreased by 9%, mean arterial blood pressure decreased by 12%, and cardiac index decreased by 13% in both the elevated and normal PVRI groups each time nitrous oxide was given. Although statistically significant, these changes would not generally be clinically important except in infants with severely compromised cardiovascular reserve. In contrast, pulmonary artery pressure and PVRI were not significantly changed by administration of 50% nitrous oxide in either the group with normal PVRI or the group with preexisting elevated PVRI. We conclude that while these mild depressant effects of nitrous oxide on systemic hemodynamics in infants are similar to those previously reported in adults, in infants nitrous oxide does not produce the elevations in pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance seen in adults. PMID- 3767035 TI - Energy deficits in hepatocytes isolated from phenobarbital-treated or fasted rats and briefly exposed to halothane and hypoxia in vitro. AB - Experimental factors implicated in the pathogenesis of halothane hepatotoxicity in the phenobarbital-hypoxia rat model were examined for direct effects on the energy status of isolated rat liver cells in vitro. Intact hepatocytes were isolated after collagenase perfusion of livers of adult male Fischer 344 rats previously treated with phenobarbital (0.1% in drinking water for 5-7 days) and/or deprived of food for 48 h. Cells were incubated in Krebs-Henseleit buffer + substrates for 10 min at steady states of energy metabolism, with extracellular PO2 constant at 32, 16, or 4 mmHg +/- 1% halothane. Fasting produced the largest energy deficits in incubated hepatocytes, regardless of phenobarbital treatment status, PO2 value, or presence/absence of halothane. The combination of hypoxic PO2 (4 mmHg) and 1% halothane shifted lactate metabolism toward lactate production, whereas hypoxia or halothane alone did not. Prior phenobarbital treatment plus hypoxia decreased adenosine triphosphate/adenosine diphosphate (ATP/ADP) and increased lactate production compared with drug treatment or hypoxia alone. We conclude that pathogenic factors that interact to produce halothane hepatotoxicity act directly and jointly on isolated liver cells to produce energy deficits within 10 min. Differences in the relative importance of pathogenic factors in vitro and in vivo suggest that short-term, direct effects on hepatocellular energy status are not solely responsible for halothane hepatotoxicity. PMID- 3767036 TI - Cardiovascular effects of and interaction between calcium blocking drugs and anesthetics in chronically instrumented dogs. III. Nicardipine and isoflurane. AB - To assess the interaction between isoflurane and the new calcium channel blocker, nicardipine, mongrel dogs were chronically instrumented to allow the following measurements: aortic, left ventricular and left atrial pressures; heart rate; cardiac output; and carotid, coronary, and renal blood flows. The hemodynamic effects of intravenous nicardipine 5, 10, 30, and 50 micrograms/kg were measured in awake dogs and during 1.6 and 3.0 per cent (end-tidal) isoflurane anesthesia. Nicardipine induced a dose-dependent fall in mean arterial pressure in both awake dogs and during 1.6 and 3.0 per cent isoflurane anesthesia. Heart rate and cardiac output were increased in proportion to the nicardipine dose in the awake dogs and, to a lesser degree, in the dogs anesthetized with 1.6 per cent isoflurane, but did not change during 3.0 per cent isoflurane anesthesia. Left atrial pressure was unchanged by nicardipine in awake dogs and during anesthesia. Left ventricular maximum rate of tension development (dP/dt) increased in awake dogs and decreased during anesthesia. Coronary blood flow increased dose dependently without anesthesia, and, to a smaller degree, during anesthesia. Nicardipine increased carotid blood flow without anesthesia, whereas it was unchanged during anesthesia. Renal blood flow was unchanged in awake dogs and decreased during anesthesia. The authors conclude that nicardipine is a potent vasodilator that minimally affects cardiac function and regional blood flow in the presence of isoflurane. The interactions between nicardipine and isoflurane are mainly the result of the isoflurane-induced inhibition of the reflex tachycardia elicited by nicardipine. PMID- 3767037 TI - Noninvasive evaluation of breathing pattern and thoraco-abdominal motion following the infusion of ketamine or droperidol in humans. AB - The authors compared the respiratory effects of an intravenous infusion of ketamine (1 mg X kg-1) with droperidol (0.1 mg X kg-1), or placebo on three different occasions in a double-blind, randomized fashion in eight healthy volunteers. Breathing pattern, thoraco-abdominal motion, end-expiratory positions of the rib cage and abdomen, arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SaO2), and end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration (FECO2) were continuously measured with noninvasive techniques. During the 1-h monitoring period following drug injection, droperidol produced occasionally significant but clinically unimportant differences in respiratory variables when compared with placebo. In contrast, ketamine induced a significant (P less than 0.001) and persistent increase in minute ventilation (+75%) from 5 to 20 min after start of infusion by increasing both the driving (i.e., tidal volume/inspiratory time [VT/Ti]) and the timing (i.e., inspiratory time/total respiratory cycle time [Ti/Ttot]) components of ventilation (Milic-Emili J, Grunstein MM: Chest 70 (Suppl): 131-133, 1976). This was obtained without any significant change in end-expiratory positions or change in relative rib cage contribution to tidal volume. Despite multiple apneic episodes observed with ketamine, the subjects maintained a stable SaO2 and FECO2, indicating no resting respiratory depression. This study, performed with a noninvasive respiratory monitoring technique, confirms that droperidol infused over 5 min at a clinically used dosage does not cause respiratory depression in healthy subjects, whereas ketamine produces an important ventilatory stimulation. PMID- 3767038 TI - Continuous-flow apneic ventilation during thoracotomy. AB - Continuous-flow apneic ventilation (CFAV) by endobronchial insufflation of conditioned gas was evaluated in dogs during thoracotomy. In Group 1 (n = 6), dogs were anesthetized with pentobarbital (25 mg/kg). An endobronchial catheter (2.5 mm ID) was introduced into each mainstem bronchus using a fiberoptic bronchoscope and held in place by an endotracheal tube. Before the onset of CFAV (total flow 1.01 X kg-1 X min-1, the animals were paralyzed with pancuronium bromide and muscle relaxation was monitored with a peripheral nerve stimulator. The CFAV delivery system consisted of a flow meter, air/oxygen blender, oxygen analyzer, heated humidifier, and ultrasonic spirometer. Blood gas values were measured after 30 min of spontaneous ventilation, and CFAV with: 1) closed chest, fractional inspired O2 concentration (FIO2) 0.21; 2) open chest, FIO2 0.21; 3) open chest, FIO2 0.21, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) 5 mmHg; and 4) open chest FIO2 0.4, CPAP 5 mmHg. This last combination resulted in a mean PaO2 of 113.1 +/- 5.5 (SEM) mmHg and a PaCO2 of 35.0 +/- 2.1 (SEM) mmHg. In Group 2 (n = 6), animals with open chests were ventilated with CFAV (FIO2 0.4 and CPAP 5 mmHg) for 5 h. Adequate oxygenation and ventilation were achieved. PaCO2 after 5 h of CFAV was 41.8 +/- 1.9 (SEM) mmHg compared with 40.8 +/- 1.9 (SEM) mmHg during spontaneous breathing. PaO2 after 5 h of CFAV was 138.1 +/- 11.7 (SEM) mmHg. There were no significant changes observed in vascular pressures. Significant differences in other hemodynamic parameters were probably due to pentobarbital anesthesia. Adequate gas exchange can be achieved during CFAV in dogs with open chests for 5 h. PMID- 3767039 TI - Succinylcholine: mechanism of fasciculations and their prevention by d tubocurarine or diphenylhydantoin. AB - Administration of d-tubocurarine (dTC) or diphenylhydantoin (DPH) was evaluated as a pretreatment to prevent succinylcholine (Sch) evoked fasciculations. Experiments were designed to determine the nature of the drug-drug interactions, sites of interaction, and site of fasciculation suppression. Sch is known to evoke repetitive discharge generation by motor nerve terminals (MNTs). Transmission of these prejunctional discharges causes fasciculations. A cat soleus neuromuscular preparation in situ, which enables recording of nerve action potentials initiated by MNTs, their transmitted muscle action potentials, and the resultant contractile responses, was used to explore Sch effects before and after iv pretreatment with dTC or DPH. dTC is known to act prejunctionally to suppress repetitive discharges initiated by facilitatory drugs and tetanic conditioning of MNTs. Accordingly, pretreatment with dTC 50 micrograms X kg-1 suppressed the Sch induced MNT repetitive discharging and correspondingly suppressed generalized fasciculations without affecting twitch. This dTC dose, however, also reduced Sch blocking potency by 33%, slowed its rate, and shortened block duration. These latter effects represent competitive postjunctional antagonism. DPH is also known to suppress MNT repetitive discharging. Correspondingly, Sch-induced repetitive firing and ensuing fasciculations were suppressed by DPH (30 mg X kg-1) without affecting twitch. Unlike dTC, this DPH dose increased Sch blocking potency by 50%, increased the initial rate of block, and did not alter block duration. These DPH effects were dose-dependent and within the anticonvulsant range for cats. Therefore, patients with anticonvulsant levels of DPH may not require pretreatment before Sch.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3767040 TI - A departmental policy addressing chemical substance abuse. AB - Substance abuse is a major socioeconomic problem. However, the ready availability of potent narcotic and sedative drugs probably constitutes a unique risk for anesthesiologists. Until recently, few anesthesia departments were prepared to recognize or safely manage afflicted colleagues. Because we felt it important to educate our staff and residents and to have a response mechanism established prior to the advent of a substance abuse problem, a departmental committee was formed to develop a Substance Abuse Policy. The policy has served to increase our general awareness and to direct our actions effectively when dealing with physician impairment. It is presented here in the belief that other departments might find it useful in tailoring their approach to this problem. PMID- 3767041 TI - Validation of quantitative intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography. AB - Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is a new monitoring technique that images the heart and provides information on regional wall motion and left ventricular filling. However, despite its potential for inaccuracy due to its retrocardiac position and angulation, TEE has not been validated by another imaging technique. Using direct on-heart echocardiography (OHE) as a standard, the authors evaluated the ability of TEE to measure accurately left ventricular end-diastolic area (EDa), end-systolic area (ESa), and ejection fraction area (EFa). Ten patients with coronary artery disease without evidence of valvular dysfunction undergoing myocardial revascularization were studied. A Diasonics 3.5 MHz two-dimensional TEE probe was introduced into each patient's esophagus and positioned to obtain a view equivalent to the parasternal short-axis projection. A similar view was obtained by OHE using a sterilely prepared 3 MHz ATL probe placed on either the pericardium or epicardium. In each patient, immediately prior to and after pericardiotomy, both transesophageal and on-heart short-axis views at the level of the papillary muscles were obtained. Using a dedicated Diasonics computer echoanalyzer, EDa and ESa from four consecutive cardiac cycles were outlined with a light pen and averaged. EFa was calculated by the formula EFa = (EDa - ESa)/EDa. Seventeen comparable transesophageal and on-heart echocardiograms were obtained. ESa by TEE correlated well with ESa by OHE (15.13 +/- 9.62 cm2 vs. 14.92 +/- 10.53 cm2; r = 0.94). Similar results were obtained for EDa (27.75 +/- 9.88 cm2 vs. 30.40 +/- 13.99 cm2; r = 0.88) and EFa (0.49 +/- 0.17 vs. 0.54 +/- 0.13; r = 0.92). filling and ejection. PMID- 3767042 TI - Effect of normal and preeclamptic pregnancies on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. AB - Hemoglobin affinity for oxygen in whole blood of ten normal nonpregnant women, ten normal pregnant women at first trimester, ten normal pregnant women at second trimester, 24 normal pregnant women at or near term, and 14 pregnant women with preeclampsia at or near term was studied. The mean P-50 values for normal nonpregnant women, normal pregnant women in first trimester, second trimester, and at or near term were 26.7 +/- 0.11 mmHg, 27.8 +/- 0.08 mmHg, 28.8 +/- 0.17 mmHg, and 30.4 +/- 0.20 mmHg, respectively. The mean P-50 of pregnant women with preeclampsia at or near term was 25.1 +/- 0.38 mmHg. It is concluded that in normal pregnant women there was a significant shift of P-50 to the right compared with the normal nonpregnant women (P less than 0.01), and the extent of this shift to the right is directly related to the duration of the pregnancy. In addition, preeclamptic parturients showed a significant shift of P-50 to the left when compared with normal pregnant women at or near term (P less than 0.001). PMID- 3767043 TI - The optimum site and strength-duration relationship of transesophageal indirect atrial pacing. PMID- 3767044 TI - The effect of different methods of inducing anesthesia on intraocular pressure. PMID- 3767045 TI - Spurious pulse oximeter desaturation with methylene blue injection. PMID- 3767046 TI - Developmental outcome in children undergoing surgery with profound hypothermia. PMID- 3767047 TI - Is midazolam desirable for sedation in parturients. PMID- 3767048 TI - Succinylcholine in peripartum patients. PMID- 3767049 TI - Animal welfare and biomedical research. PMID- 3767050 TI - Dilution of anesthetic gases by a new light source for bronchoscopy. PMID- 3767051 TI - A cost-saving method of modifying the Nellcor pulse oximeter finger probe. PMID- 3767052 TI - A new method for maintaining body temperature in children. PMID- 3767053 TI - Aids for easy venous cannulation. PMID- 3767054 TI - Hyperalgesic response in a patient receiving high concentrations of spinal morphine. PMID- 3767056 TI - Transdermal clonidine therapy for the perioperative period. PMID- 3767055 TI - Lower lip numbness following general anesthesia. PMID- 3767057 TI - Succinylcholine is different in humans than in dogs. PMID- 3767058 TI - An additional use for the esophageal stethoscope. PMID- 3767059 TI - Bedside hemodynamic monitoring in the management of acute cardiac patients. AB - Hemodynamic monitoring was performed in 100 acutely ill patients admitted to a Coronary Care Unit, 72 of whom had sustained an acute myocardial infarction (AMI). In patients with AMI, the initial pulmonary capillary wedge (PCW) pressure was related to prognosis, with a mortality of 68% in those with elevated pressures. The mean PCW pressure was 25 mmHg in those who died as compared with 17 mmHg (p less than 0.01) in the survivors. Cardiac catheterization confirmed the clinical impression of high risk in the majority of cases but also identified those in whom the clinical signs were misleading; 9 of those with AMI (12.5%) had high PCW pressures in the absence of clinical or radiological heart failure. The diagnosis of serious hemodynamic complications of AMI (right ventricular infarction, ventricular septal defect, and mitral regurgitation) was established in 14 cases (19%). There were no serious complications related to catheterization, and we conclude that pulmonary artery catheterization is safe and of clinical value in acutely ill cardiac patients. PMID- 3767060 TI - Cardiovascular effects of polycyclic antidepressants. AB - Every day, thousands of people in the United States receive polycyclic antidepressants (PCAs) prescribed by their primary care physicians. We have examined the cardiovascular manifestations of polycyclic antidepressants in 14 patients with primary depression receiving various antidepressant drugs for a period of six months or more. None had suffered from any systemic illness. All 14 received a commonly prescribed PCA, such as doxepin, amitriptyline, imipramine, desipramine or amoxapine, in therapeutic doses. None developed any significant adverse reaction. Left ventricular function, as determined by M-mode echocardiogram, was within normal limit in all patients. A twenty-four-hour ambulatory electrocardiogram revealed rare supraventricular ectopic beats in 8 patients and ventricular ectopic activity (Lown grade 1) in 4 patients. In 1 patient, who received additional lithium carbonate for treatment of depression, both supraventricular and ventricular ectopic activity developed on rare occasions. In 4 of the 8 patients the plasma concentration of PCA was optimal or near optimal, and in 4 of the 8 patients it was subtherapeutic (even though these 4 patients had shown clinical improvement with continued polycyclic therapy). It appears from the present data that antidepressant therapy with PCAs prescribed in therapeutic doses was well tolerated, without any significant adverse cardiovascular reaction, in otherwise healthy young patients with primary depression. PMID- 3767061 TI - Tissue fibrinolytic activity in different types of varicose veins. AB - The fibrinolytic activity of the venous wall was investigated by using Todd's technique in 92 patients with different types of varicosis. A control group consisted of 19 patients with apparently normal superficial veins who had had a saphenectomy prior to an aortocoronary bypass operation. Fibrinolytic activity was mainly localized in the adventitia of varicose and normal veins. It significantly decreased in the distal regions of all types of varicosis. The highest fibrinolytic activity was detected in the proximal part of the varicose vena saphena magna and the lowest values were observed in the perforating and side branch veins of the calf. Fibrinolytic activity is higher (p less than 0.077) in the normal vena saphena magna than in the varicose vena saphena of the calf. Older patients show a loss of fibrinolytic activity in their vena saphena magna. Obese patients have less fibrinolytic activity in varicose calf veins than patients with normal weight do. PMID- 3767062 TI - Cerebral hemorrhagic infarction associated with anabolic steroid therapy for hypoplastic anemia. AB - A twenty-two-year-old student with hypoplastic anemia was treated with large doses of anabolic steroid hormone preparations for two months. Cerebral hemorrhagic infarction shown by CAT scan developed when his hematologic conditions were improving. In treating hypoplastic anemia with anabolic steroid hormone preparations, one should be aware of the possible development of cerebral hemorrhagic infarction at the time of hematologic improvement. PMID- 3767063 TI - Vertebral arteriovenous fistula following central venous cannulation: a case report. AB - The authors report a case of vertebral arteriovenous fistula that has been disclosed three years after central venous cannulation (CVC). The real incidence of this complication is discussed and various clinical presentations are enumerated. From a review of the literature, some recommendations are made to prevent the diagnosis from being missed and chiefly to reduce the risk of arterial puncture that results in fistula formation. PMID- 3767064 TI - Aortic connective tissue in atherosclerotic aorta--a biochemical study. AB - Biochemical analysis of the extracellular matrix of human aortas was performed on samples of ascending and descending aortas affected by atherosclerosis in comparison with a control group of nonatherosclerotic aortas. Ulcerated or heavily calcified atheromas were excised and excluded from the analysis in order to differentiate biochemical alterations leading to the formation of atheromas from those due to complications of already formed atheromas. Our results show that the development of atheromas brings about an extensive destruction of elastic fibers and muscular cells, and their place is occupied by other components of the extracellular matrix, most notably, collagen, non-uronic sugars, water, and lipids, which were found significantly increased. PMID- 3767065 TI - Autopsy incidence of pulmonary vascular episodes. A study of 218 cases. AB - Pulmonary thromboembolism is a rarity in India. This common clinical impression has so far not been tested. Among 7000 autopsies between 1964 and 1980, a total of 218 cases (126 males and 92 females) were recorded to have thrombosis and/or embolism and/or infarction in the lungs. This incidence of 3.1% is far lower than that reported in the West and similar to the low incidence in Africa. Of the 218 cases, 42.6% had a cardiac disease, 18.3% had systemic septicemia, 13% had a malignancy, 12.8% had pulmonary disease, and the remaining suffered from diseases of liver, kidney, CNS, etc. Of the 218 cases, 141 (64.6%) showed only infarcts, 40 (18.3%) had only thromboemboli, and 37 (16.9%) showed both events. In view of the overlap among these three conditions and their essential pathophysiologic identity (thrombus/embolism/infarction), it is suggested that these be grouped under the name "pulmonary vascular episode." PMID- 3767066 TI - Angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction due to "slow-flow phenomenon" in nonatherosclerotic coronary arteries: a case report. AB - A 51 year-old White woman with angina pectoris and nonatheromatous coronary artery disease is presented. Cardiac catheterization demonstrated a "slow-flow phenomenon" in the left coronary artery accompanied by severe angina pectoris and anterolateral ST-segment elevation and culminating in an acute nontransmural myocardial infarction. At repeat coronary arteriography, ergonovine maleate provocation proved negative. This patient is unique, since the previously documented 6 cases with this coronary cineangiographic response did not exhibit angina pectoris or ECG evidence of myocardial ischemia during the "slow-flow phenomenon," and none was complicated by an acute myocardial infarction. Various aspects of the pathophysiology of angina pectoris in this patient, including the recently described "reduced vasodilator reserve" concept, are briefly outlined. PMID- 3767067 TI - Catheter separation during cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography. A report of four incidents and review of the literature. AB - Four incidents of catheter separation in three patients during left heart catheterization and coronary angiography are presented. In two cases the catheters had been used before. After the second incident, we decided to use angiography catheters once only. All catheter fragments were removed under local anesthesia, and no further complications arose. In all incidents the point of catheter fracture was near the bond between the body of the catheter and its tip. We believe that catheter separation is related to polymer aging. The catheters in the third and fourth incidents were unused, but there was no expiration date on their packages. We recommend that expiration dates be clearly stated on every catheter package, catheter manufactures issue warnings not to use catheters after expiration date, and unused angiography catheters with no expiration date not be used. We also suggest that consideration be given to using catheters once only. PMID- 3767068 TI - Graphic representation of carotid artery bruits. AB - Auscultation of the neck for detection of bruits over the carotid arteries has become a necessary part of any complete physical examination. Early detection of atherosclerotic occlusive disease in these vessels can play a major role in prevention of stroke. Such findings have previously been recorded as word descriptions in varying degrees of detail. A method is presented for quickly and easily recording the presence and character of cervical bruits, plus additional important information, including blood pressure, pulse, heart rhythm, prior vascular surgery, and known occlusion in these vessels. The figure used allows others to rapidly perceive this information and enables ready comparison on successive examinations. PMID- 3767069 TI - Doppler color flow mapping of the fetal heart. AB - The recently developed innovative technique of Doppler color flow mapping permits real time visualization of blood flow patterns superimposed on two-dimensional echocardiographic images of the heart. This study demonstrates, for the first time, the usefulness of this technique in characterizing fetal cardiac dynamics. PMID- 3767070 TI - Central inhibition of sympathetic overdrive by clonidine in acute myocardial infarction with systolic hypertension. Haemodynamic study. AB - Intravenous clonidine was used to treat systolic hypertension (systolic blood pressure greater than 160 mm Hg) in 15 patients with acute myocardial infarction and documented sympathetic overactivity (high plasma norepinephrine). Its effects on haemodynamics and blood gases were studied. After one hour, clonidine significantly reduced the systolic (195 +/- 7 to 137 +/- 7 mm Hg, p less than 0.01) and diastolic (81 +/- 4 to 60 +/- 3 mm Hg, p less than 0.01) blood pressures as well as the systemic vascular resistance (26 +/- 2 to 20 +/- 1 IU, p less than 0.01). The cardiac index was reduced from 2.8 +/- 0.2 to 2.4 +/- 0.2 l/min X m2, p less than 0.01. This change was related to a reduction of the heart rate (92 +/- 4 to 81 +/- 4 beats/min, p less than 0.01) as the stroke index was unchanged. Pulmonary wedge pressure (15 +/- 3 to 10 +/- 2 mm Hg, p less than 0.01) and rate pressure product (18.034 +/- 1.159 to 11.274 +/- 917 mm Hg, beats/min, p less than 0.01) were also significantly decreased. The arterial oxygen tension did not change significantly but there was a significant drop in the mixed venous oxygen saturation (63 +/- 2 to 61 +/- 2%, p less than 0.02) and oxygen transport (433 +/- 41 to 409 +/- 36, p less than 0.01). Clonidine is thus able to normalize blood pressure in acute myocardial infarction; this is accompanied by a reduction in myocardial oxygen requirements and pulmonary wedge pressure. Oxygen transport to the tissues, however, may be decreased. PMID- 3767071 TI - Mossy leg--an unusual therapeutic success. AB - Elephantiasis verrucosa nostrum occurs when lymphatic obstruction of sufficient magnitude causes back pressure in the lymphatic channels forceful enough to produce superficial vessel dilation which has a "pebbly" or cobble-stone appearance. Unchecked this can progress to a marked verrucous or mossy appearance, frequently complicated by infection, with swelling and gross deformity. The patient presented here was both post-phlebitic and post-lymphatic with significant deformity. He showed dramatic improvement on a regimen of antibiotics and elevation followed by decompression and routine use of pressure gradient support garments. This has not recurred and he has remained under control since 1979. PMID- 3767072 TI - tcpO2, arterial blood flow and lactate/pyruvate modifications induced by a single dose of naftidrofuryl IV during stage III lower-limb arteriopathies. AB - A single dose of 600 mg of naftidrofuryl perfused IV during three hours in 12 stage III arteriopathic patients did not modify the average blood flow at the calf but did significantly increase transcutaneous oxygen pressure (33 vs 52 mmHg) and also improved lactates (1.44 vs 0.88 mmol/liter), pyruvate (59 vs 79 mumol/liter), and lactates-pyruvates ratio (33.48 vs 20.92). PMID- 3767073 TI - Muscular blood flow in patients with heart failure. AB - We studied reactive hyperemia in a group of patients with heart failure before and after therapy, since changes in the characteristics of muscular blood flow may influence the functional class of these patients. At the same time we evaluated some echocardiographic parameters too. When the patients improved clinically, they showed an increase in muscular blood flow at rest and in percent of fractional shortening and a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance. The reactive hyperemia did not change significantly. This fact probably depends on a maximal response to the postischemic hyperemia and represents the integrity of autoregulatory mechanisms. PMID- 3767074 TI - Oral and dental complications of sickle cell disease in Nigerians. AB - A clinical evaluation of the oral and dental complications of sickle cell disease in Nigerians was carried out in 37 consecutive patients with homozygous sickle cell disease Hb-SS (Sicklers) compared to a control group of 24 persons with normal haemoglobin Hb-AA (control group) matched for age and sex. The significant abnormalities found in sicklers included intrinsic opacity of the teeth in 67.5% of sicklers compared to 28.83% in the control group; malocclusion of the teeth with over-jet and over-bite in 35% of sicklers compared to 16.66% in the control group; dental caries is present in 35.13% of sicklers which was less than its occurrence in 54% of the control group due to widespread avoidance of sweets by most local sicklers. Diastemata (gaps between the teeth) was present in approximately equal frequency in sicklers (27%) and control group (25%). In view of the aesthetic and medical implications of these abnormalities, it is recommended that sicklers should receive regular dental check-up with a view to ameliorating or preventing these complications by prophylactic measures including the use of orthodontic appliances such as braces, etc. The above findings are discussed in relation to the other complications of sickler cell disease in other organs of the body. PMID- 3767075 TI - Circulating platelet aggregate size in ischemic heart disease. AB - Platelet aggregate size was measured in 178 patients with ischemic heart disease, among whom 56 had stable angina, 42 suffered from unstable angina, and 80 had had uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction. A group of 50 healthy volunteers and 20 hospitalized noncardiac patients served as controls. Venous blood (0.5 cc) was introduced into a solution containing 11.7 mM EDTA and 1.0 g formaldehyde. Platelet aggregate size was determined by microscopic reading as the number of platelets forming aggregates (per 1000 counted platelets) divided by the number of aggregates. Mean aggregate size was found not significantly different in both control groups, as well as in patients with stable angina and acute myocardial infarction (2.21 +/- 0.36 platelets, 2.20 +/- 0.58 platelets, 2.28 +/- 0.19 platelets, 2.76 +/- 1.07 platelets, respectively, p = NS). The highest value was found in the unstable angina group: 4.00 +/- 1.40 platelets (p less than 0.001 vs other studied groups). Platelet aggregate size was found not to be related to sex, age, medication, or coronary risk factors. Unstable angina may thus be a unique entity in ischemic heart disease concerning its platelet behavior, demonstrated in this study by the increased size of peripheral platelet aggregates, which may have pathogenetic, diagnostic, and eventual therapeutic implications. PMID- 3767076 TI - Simultaneous occurrence of type A and type B Wolff-Parkinson-White conduction abnormalities: case report. AB - A 50 year-old woman with recurrent palpitations presented with electrocardiographic changes of simultaneous type A and type B Wolff-Parkinson White conduction abnormalities suggesting the presence of multiple anomalous pathways. PMID- 3767077 TI - Replacement of ruptured aneurysm of arteriovenous fistula by segmental frozen venous allograft: a case report. AB - A ruptured aneurysm of an arteriovenous fistula created for chronic hemodialysis was replaced by a segment of frozen saphenous vein allograft. Fifteen months following the procedure the graft is patent. Frozen vein allografts should be considered as an appropriate option for the reconstruction of disrupted A-V fistulae. PMID- 3767078 TI - Electrophoretic polymorphism and molecular structure of equine C3. AB - Plasma or serum samples from 12 Arabian and 181 standardbred horses have been typed using an immunofixation technique to determine electrophoretic polymorphism of equine third complement component (C3). Six distinctly different electrophoretic patterns of equine C3 have been recognized thus far. SDS PAGE analysis of equine C3/anti C3 complexes revealed that the submolecular structure comprised an alpha chain and beta chain of molecular weights approximately 118,000 and 63,000 daltons respectively. The molecular weights of the alpha and beta chains were similar in all electrophoretic variants tested. Family data derived from 73 mares, 21 stallions and 99 offspring suggested that the six electrophoretic phenotypes were inherited by means of three codominant alleles named C3-1, C3-2 and C3-3 at a single autosomal locus. PMID- 3767079 TI - Genetic linkage between loci for a red cell alloantigen (U) and serum protease inhibitor (Pi) in the horse. AB - Preliminary evidence for the fifth autosomal linkage group in the horse, comprised of the loci for a red cell alloantigen (U) and serum protease inhibitor (Pi), was demonstrated by means of paternal half-sib groups in thoroughbred, standardbred and Arabian breeds. Recombination frequency in males was estimated to be 0.125 +/- 0.019. PMID- 3767080 TI - Biochemical genetic variants in mice selectively bred for sensitivity or resistance to ethanol-induced sedation. AB - The distribution of biochemical genetic variants was examined among eight inbred strains of mice, which served as contributors to a heterogeneous stock of mice (HS), and in short-sleep (SS) and long-sleep (LS) mice, selectively bred from the HS stock for differential ethanol sensitivity. Fifteen loci for enzymes of alcohol and aldehyde metabolism, as well as 12 other biochemical loci, were investigated. Thirteen of these loci exhibited allelic variation between strains, of which six were separately fixed in the SS and LS mice. Comparisons of genetic similarity coefficients, based upon the distributions of allelic variants for the loci examined, with behavioural sensitivities (sleep-time) to an acute dose of ethanol for the inbred and selected strains of mice, indicated no correlations between these data. This suggests that this collective group of loci are not useful indicators of the genes selectively bred in the SS and LS strains, which are responsible for the differential sensitivities to acute doses of ethanol. PMID- 3767081 TI - Genetic variations in blood proteins within and between Spanish dairy sheep breeds. AB - Eleven flocks of three Spanish sheep breeds have been studied: four Churra, four Lacha and three Manchega. Genetic variations between flocks of the same and different breeds have been analysed, using eight genetic blood systems and a wide range of statistical methods. The results show that the Churra, Lacha and Manchega breeds present significant differences between each other. Significant intraracial variations have been observed in Churras and Lachas, although they were almost non-existent in Manchegas. In some cases the genetic distances between flocks of the same breed were greater than the distances between flocks of different breeds. The data indicate that the closest breeds genetically are Lacha and Manchega. PMID- 3767082 TI - Effect of swine lymphocyte antigen haplotypes on birth and weaning weights in pigs. AB - Birth weights of 708 live piglets and weaning weights of 566 piglets were used to investigate the effect of the swine lymphocyte antigen (SLA) complex on these traits in Large White pigs. Piglets were from litters of a long-term selection experiment to measure response for selection to increase litter size. SLA haplotypes were determined using conventional class I antisera. A total of 14 haplotypes were detected. The effect of SLA haplotype on birth and weaning weights was investigated using a statistical model that included the effects of experimental group, sire, dam, sex and SLA haplotype. Results indicated that SLA class I haplotype 13.1.3 increased birth weights (P less than 0.10) and significantly increased weaning weights (P less than 0.01). This effect of haplotype 13.1.3 on weaning weight was 605 +/- 215 g (0.3 standard deviations). SLA class I homozygosity did not appear to affect birth and weaning weights. These results suggest that the SLA complex plays an important role in early growth in the pig and that further study of SLA effects on growth and reproduction are warranted. PMID- 3767083 TI - Rabbit plasma pretransferrin system: evidence for three new alleles. AB - Three additional pretransferrin types have been identified by one-dimensional PAGE technique in New Zealand White and Californian rabbits. The six alleles are designated PrtA, PrtB, PrtC, PrtD, PrtE and PrtF. It is likely that three of these six alleles are identical to those reported previously. PMID- 3767085 TI - The impact of immunology on programs at the National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute. PMID- 3767084 TI - Linkage analysis of loci controlling blood groups and the rectovaginal constriction syndrome in Jersey cattle. AB - The possibility of linkage between the recessive gene controlling the rectovaginal constriction (RVC) syndrome in Jersey cattle and 13 loci controlling blood groups and polymorphic proteins was studied. No evidence of close to moderate linkage was found between the RVC locus and any of the systems A, B, C, F, L, S, Z, R', Hb, Tf, Am-1 and Ca. No definite conclusion was possible with the M system. PMID- 3767086 TI - Recurrent exercise-induced stridor in an adolescent. PMID- 3767087 TI - A standard method of intermittent inhaled therapy via a jet nebulizer. AB - Current methods of inhaled therapy using gas-propelled nebulizers lack standardization. The frequent use of nebulized therapy in a continuous flow may be the major reason for the inconsistency of the actual fraction of nebulized drug delivered to the patient. In an effort to achieve consistency in the amount of drug delivered to the patient, we evaluated an intermittent system of nebulized therapy, using a fingertip controlled nebulizer, in 18 adolescent asthmatics. This mode of delivery was found to be highly efficient, providing a nebulized fraction of more than 70% of the initial volumes used (0.75 to 2.6 mL). Initial volumes of 0.9 mL and above were equally efficacious, indicating no further benefit of using higher volumes. Nebulized fractions were found to be highly consistent from one patient to another (+/- 1 SD of 14.1%). We conclude that control of the actual dose delivered to the patient can be best achieved through an intermittent mode of delivery. PMID- 3767088 TI - Increased serum IgE antibodies in institutionalized asthmatic children after a transient return home. The role of house dust mite allergens in the home as a trigger of asthmatic attacks in mite-sensitive patients. AB - Increased serum IgE antibodies to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, a house dust mite, were observed in 12 of 13 institutionalized mite-sensitive asthmatic children after returning for four days to their own homes. These results implicate the house dust mite as a trigger of asthmatic attacks in these patients. PMID- 3767089 TI - Serum IgE in newborns undergoing exchange transfusion. AB - Serum IgE was studied in a group of 20 newborns, ten males and ten females, with neonatal non-immunologic jaundice before and after exchange transfusion and in a control group without jaundice or other immunologic problems. Serum IgE was significantly higher in the study group than in the control group (P less than .005). After exchange transfusion there was a further increase (P less than .005). These changes do not seem to be due to the IgE content of the transfused blood. It is suggested that neonatal jaundice and/or exchange transfusion may stimulate the IgE synthesis in the newborn. PMID- 3767090 TI - The complex nature of food antigens: studies of cross-reacting crustacea allergens. PMID- 3767091 TI - A comparison of the immune response to immunotherapy with polymerized grass allergen and monomeric grass allergen. AB - This study compares the immune response of ten patients treated with polymerized grass (PG) immunotherapy with that of 12 patients treated with conventional monomer grass (MG) immunotherapy. The patients treated with PG immunotherapy received a mean cumulative dose of 44,840 protein nitrogen units (PNU), and those treated with MG immunotherapy received a mean cumulative dose of 46,083 PNU. Total antibody binding of perennial rye grass groups I, II, and III (RGGI, RGGII, and RGGIII) was measured in the serum of each individual. In addition, IgG titers to partially purified extracts of Bermuda, timothy, and orchard grass were also determined. A significant increase in the total antibody binding of RGGI, as well as an increase in the mean IgG titer to Bermuda, timothy, and orchard grass was demonstrated after treatment in the patients who had received PG immunotherapy. The mean total antibody binding of RGGII and RGGIII also increased in these patients, although not significantly. No significant difference in the mean total antibody binding of RGGI, RGGII, or RGGIII nor in the mean IgG titer to the three grass extracts was found in the sera of the two groups of patients. This study demonstrates a comparable immune response between immunotherapy with PG and MG, and retention of antigenic determinants during the polymerization process. PMID- 3767092 TI - Mechanics of the otolith organ--dynamic response. AB - The otolith organs are the linear motion sensors of the mammalian system. As part of the vestibular system, these small organs are located in the inner ear. Mathematically modeled, they consist of an overdamped second-order system with elastic, viscous damping and mass elements. The governing equations of motion which describe the relative velocity of the mass with respect to the skull consist of a set of three coupled partial integral-differential equations. When these equations are nondimensionalized, they yield two nondimensional parameters which characterize the dynamic response of the system. These nondimensional equations are solved numerically for the relative displacement of the otolith mass for various values of the two nondimensional parameters. The solutions generated are for a step change in skull velocity. These solutions indicate that the end organ upper breakpoint frequency is at least one order of magnitude higher than previously measured experimental values determined by first-order neuron recordings. PMID- 3767093 TI - A model of insulin delivery by a controlled release micropump. AB - A model has been developed to describe the delivery of insulin from a controlled release micropump (CRM). Basal delivery was provided by diffusion due to a concentration difference driving force across the CRM. This was modelled by considering the CRM to be a series of one-dimensional steady-state diffusion resistances. This delivery model was used to size prototypes and identify the piston, foam and the pump outlet as the controlling resistances to basal insulin transport. Augmented delivery by the CRM was achieved by repeated compression of a foam disk by a mild steel piston which was driven by a solenoid (tested voltage range 0-173 V DC; 5 msec "on" time; frequency 20-40 min-1). The increased delivery was attributed to the combination of mixing inside the pump barrel and displacement of barrel contents into the downstream reservoir. This action was approximated by a three-compartment model, which considered the CRM to consist of a well-mixed upstream reservoir and pump barrel (with a downstream reservoir) separated by two resistances: a constant upstream membrane resistance, (KmAm)-1, and a variable downstream mixing rate resistance, (Qd)-1. A least squares fit of the model to experimental data showed Qd to increase with the cube of the force on the piston and linearly with the compression frequency. In agreement with experimental results, the model predicted the upstream membrane to be rate controlling only at augmented pump resistances close to the value (KmAm)-1. These models were used to design an improved prototype (VIII) which is now being evaluated in vivo in pancreatectomized dogs for its efficacy in restoring and sustaining normoglycemia. PMID- 3767095 TI - Protein A in Staphylococcus intermedius isolates from dogs and cats. AB - The presence and quantity of extracellular and cell-bound protein A of Staphylococcus intermedius isolates from dogs and cats were determined, using an enzyme-linked immunoglobulin-binding assay. Horseradish peroxidase-conjugated rabbit anti-bovine immunoglobulin G purified by affinity chromatography was reacted with whole cell and supernatant fractions of S intermedius (n = 139), a protein A-producing strain of S aureus, and a protein A-deficient strain of S epidermidis. Extracellular protein A was found in 118 (84.9%) of 139 isolates of S intermedius. Most (69/118; 58.5%) of these isolates produced greater than 0.2 micrograms of extracellular protein A/ml. Cell-bound protein A was found in 6 (4.3%) of 139 isolates. Only 1 of these isolates contained cell-bound protein A exclusively. The other 5 isolates produced significantly greater amounts of extracellular protein A than cell-bound protein A. Additionally, greater than 96% of extracellular protein A could be removed from supernatants by adsorption with agarose gel containing immunoglobulin G. PMID- 3767094 TI - Fracture toughness of Kevlar 29/poly(methyl methacrylate) composite materials for surgical implantations. AB - A study of the fracture behaviour of Kevlar 29 reinforced dental cement is undertaken using both linear elastic and nonlinear elastic fracture mechanics techniques. Results from both approaches--of which the nonlinear elastic is believed to be more appropriate--indicate that a reinforcing effect is obtained for the fracture toughness even at very low fibre content. The flexural strength and modulus are apparently not improved, however, by the incorporation of Kevlar 29 fibres in the PMMA cement, probably because of the presence of voids, the poor fibre/matrix interfacial bonding and unsatisfying cement mixing practice. When compared to other PMMA composite cements, the present system appears to be probably more effective than carbon/PMMA, for example, in terms of fracture toughness. More experimental and analytical work is needed so as to optimize the mechanical properties with respect to structural parameters and cement preparation technique. PMID- 3767096 TI - Immunoreactive protein antigens of Mycoplasma pulmonis in experimentally infected rats. AB - Mycoplasma pulmonis was cultured in modified Hayflick's medium, washed in 0.25 M NaCl, and solubilized by 2.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate. Protein antigens of M pulmonis separated by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis were blotted onto nitrocellulose strips. Specific-pathogen-free rats were inoculated intranasally with M pulmonis. The serum samples of these rats were obtained periodically and used to react with fractionated M pulmonis antigens which were fixed on the nitrocellulose strips. The antigen-antibody reactions were further recognized by 125I-labeled antiglobulin. Detection of immunoreactive antigens was obtained by autoradiography. Antibody response was not detected in serum obtained 7 days after rats were inoculated, and by 14 days, a slight response to several proteins was found. At 28 days after rats were inoculated, many immunoreactive antigens were detected. Generally, antibodies against antigens of moderate to low molecular weight appeared early in the infection, and antibodies against antigens of high molecular weight appeared late. Important immunoreactive antigens thus identified can readily be distinguished from more than 58 different M pulmonis antigens detectable by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The humoral antibody response was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The immunoglobulin G antibodies were initially detected at low level at 7 days after rats were inoculated. These humoral antibody responses reached maximum by 28 days. The increase in serum antibody titer corresponded with numbers of immunoreactive antigens detected by immunoradio-binding assay. The information gained by this investigation may improve our understanding of the antigenicity of M pulmonis and the immune response of rats exposed to M pulmonis. PMID- 3767097 TI - Genotypic and phenotypic variation of biotypes coexisting in the Hickman strain of Newcastle disease virus. AB - Many Newcastle disease virus strains are composed of several biotypes which coexist in the wild and in laboratory cultures. We have studied some of the phenotypic and genotypic properties of 6 virus clones from the coexisting biotypes of the Hickman strain of Newcastle disease virus. These clones were readily distinguishable from the parent virus strain and from each other by their RNA fingerprints. Fingerprints of the most virulent clones (Hi/LC, Hi/MC, and Hi/LR) contained 61% to 77% of the oligoribonucleotides present in the fingerprint of the Hickman parent strain. None of the clones killed chickens as rapidly as did the parent strain, although some clones killed embryonating eggs as rapidly as did the parent strain. PMID- 3767098 TI - Cytotoxin (leukotoxin) production by Pasteurella haemolytica: requirement for an iron-containing compound. AB - In studies of Pasteurella haemolytica type 1 cytotoxin, filter-sterilized culture supernatants from organisms grown in RPMI-1640 tissue culture medium generally have been used. Supplementation of the medium with 7% bovine fetal serum was shown to be necessary for maximal cytotoxin production, as measured by percentage of bovine peripheral blood leukocytes that were killed. The serum-induced increase in cytotoxicity could not be explained simply by a greater percentage of increase in the number of viable organisms produced in the enriched medium. There also was no correlation between encapsulation of the organisms and cytotoxin production. Several natural iron-containing proteins including transferrin, lactoferrin, conalbumin, and hemoglobin stimulated cytotoxin production in lieu of bovine fetal serum, leading to the conclusion that one function of serum supplementation may be to increase the medium's iron concentration. A number of additional iron-containing and iron-chelating compounds were tested, with the conclusion that the iron concentration of the growth medium, as well as the presence of a suitable carrier molecule, may be critical for efficient cytotoxin production by P haemolytica. PMID- 3767099 TI - Resistance of preimplantation bovine embryos to infection with Brucella abortus. AB - Preimplantation bovine embryos were exposed in vitro to Brucella abortus to determine if the bacteria would adhere to zona pellucida (ZP)-intact embryos or adhere to or infect ZP-free embryos. Brucella abortus was not isolated from ZP intact or ZP-free groups of embryos after 10 sequential antibiotic-free washings. Brucella abortus was isolated from all groups containing ZP-defective embryos after the exposure period and washing. Detrimental effects on healthy in vitro development of embryos were not observed. PMID- 3767100 TI - Prevalence of Histophilus ovis and Actinobacillus seminis in the genital tract of sheep. AB - Histophilus ovis and Actinobacillus seminis were isolated from the preputial cavity of 6-month-old rams and the vagina of 6-month-old ewes at a substantially higher rate than that in mature (greater than 2 years old) rams and ewes. These organisms appeared to be a transitory component of the ovine genital flora, the prevalence of which was associated with age regardless of gender. Additional evaluation of the recoverability of H ovis and A seminis from the preputial cavity of rams from birth to 1 year of age indicated that the isolation rate from rams and predominance of the organisms in the preputial cavity differed greatly over this age period. These organisms were not recoverable until ram lambs were 12 weeks of age and were most prevalent at 20 weeks of age, after which recoverability of H ovis and A seminis from the preputial cavity steadily decreased, continuing through the time of the last evaluation at 1 year of age. The time period with which these organisms can be isolated from the preputial cavity is closely correlated with the time period when epididymitis associated with these organisms develops, and may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of epididymitis. PMID- 3767101 TI - Comparison of the antigens associated with saline solution, potassium thiocyanate, and sodium salicylate extracts of Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1. AB - Pasteurella haemolytica antigenic extracts were made, using saline solution, potassium thiocyanate (KSCN), and sodium salicylate (SS) extraction procedures. Of the 3 techniques, saline solution extraction resulted in the lowest protein concentration and lowest ribonucleic acid-to-protein ratio. The extracts varied in protein:carbohydrate ratios, with the KSCN extract being highest and the saline solution extract the lowest. Each extract contained lipopolysaccharide, as determined by detectable quantities of 2-keto, 3-deoxyoctonate. The saline solution extract contained the fewest protein bands by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, but contained the highest molecular weight proteins. All 3 extracts were reasonably similar antigenically, as detected by immunoblotting. Many of the protein bands present in the KSCN or SS extracts did not seem to be antigenic. Each extract was subjected to chromatofocusing, and the greatest antigenic peak, for each extract, failed to bind to the exchanger. These highly antigenic peaks, designated as saline solution, KSCN, or SS antigens, were similarly high in carbohydrate content, had similar antigenic-profiles, and contained high molecular weight (greater than 200,000) antigenic material, most likely carbohydrate in nature, as detected by immunoblotting. Inoculation of mice with 1 of the 3 extracts or the saline solution antigen resulted in marked antibody responses; however, protection against intraperitoneal challenge exposure to P haemolytica was minimal. PMID- 3767102 TI - Immunohistochemical staining patterns of canine eyes affected with chronic superficial keratitis. AB - Fourteen limbal biopsy specimens from 11 dogs with chronic superficial keratitis (CSK) were examined histologically and immunohistochemically. Ten of the 14 specimens had corneal epithelial hyperplasia and/or atrophy. Eleven of the 14 specimens had thickened epithelial basement membranes. Each specimen had cellular infiltration and lamellar disruption of the stroma. An avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase complex stain was used to detect immunoglobulin (Ig) deposition. Twelve of the 14 specimens stained positive for Ig. The staining pattern was consistent and characterized by diffuse deposition of stain in the superficial conjunctival stroma near the limbus. Four of the 12 Ig-positive specimens also stained positive in the superficial corneal stroma with 1 of these 4 also staining positive along the epithelial cell basement membrane. The diffuse pattern of stain deposition and the absence of staining of specific epithelial structures indicated that CSK is not a classical autoimmune disease similar to any disease in the pemphigus group or similar to systemic lupus erythematosus. Although the results may implicate CSK as an immune-mediated disease, nonspecific factors could not be ruled out. PMID- 3767103 TI - Immunotoxic effects of T-2 toxin on cell-mediated immunity to listeriosis in mice: comparison with cyclophosphamide. AB - Immunotoxic effects of T-2 toxin and cyclophosphamide on cell-mediated resistance were evaluated in mice exposed to Listeria monocytogenes infection. Mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with 4.0 X 10(5) (LD50) or 4.0 X 10(4) (nonlethal) L monocytogenes and were treated with 4.0 mg of T-2 toxin/kg of body weight or 180 mg of cyclophosphamide/kg. The immunosuppressive effect of the toxin and cyclophosphamide was indicated by the rapid growth of Listeria and significant (P less than 0.005) increases in mortality because of listeriosis. Necrosis and depletion of lymphoid tissue, lymphopenia, and significant (P less than 0.005) decreases in the influx and number of lymphocytes and macrophages occurred in Listeria-elicited peritoneal exudates and at sites of infection in the liver and spleen of the toxin- and cyclophosphamide-treated mice. Immunotoxic effects of T 2 toxin and cyclophosphamide were comparable and attributed primarily to the depletion of T lymphocytes and the subsequent failure of surviving immunologically committed T cells and T-cell dependent immune-activated macrophages to clear the host of bacteria. PMID- 3767104 TI - Echocardiographic characterization of dilatation cardiomyopathy in the English cocker spaniel. AB - The echocardiographic characterization of a dilatation cardiomyopathy in small breed dogs is reported. Twelve clinically healthy adult English Cocker Spaniel dogs (between 2 and 9 years old and weighing 11.5 to 15.4 kg [mean 12.9 +/- 1.00 kg]) from a kennel population with a history of cardiomyopathy were assessed, using M-mode echocardiography. The dogs were selected on ECG and/or radiographic evidence of ventricular enlargement. Nine dogs had R-wave amplitude in lead 11 of greater than 3.0 mV. Two dogs had an unusual right-axis deviation, the result of deep Q waves in the limb leads and deep S waves in chest leads CV6LL and CV6LU, indicating that there was right ventricular enlargement. All dogs had increased end-systolic dimensions (mean 3.0 +/- 0.6 cm). End-diastolic dimensions were increased in 9 dogs (mean 4.0 +/- 0.5 cm), and there was a decrease of left ventricular (LV) function as measured by fractional shortening in 8 dogs. Mean fractional shortening for the 12 dogs was 25.4 +/- 5.7%. There was significant correlation between LV dimensions and age at echocardiographic assessment, indicating that LV dilatation was progressive. Three of the oldest dogs had severe dilatation of the LV, and in 2 of these, LV function was severely decreased. Left ventricular function in the 3rd dog, however, was within the acceptable range. Fractional shortening and thickness of the LV caudal wall and interventricular septum were significantly correlated (P less than 0.01 for interventricular system and P less than 0.05 for LV caudal wall).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3767105 TI - Evaluation of plasma and buffy coat ascorbic acid concentrations in dogs before and after a 24-hour fast. AB - Samples of blood were taken from 15 female and 15 male research laboratory Beagles before and after they were fasted for 24 hours. The mean buffy coat ascorbic acid concentration was significantly higher in dogs after they were fasted than that before they were fasted. In contrast, the mean plasma ascorbic acid concentration was significantly lower in dogs after they were fasted than that before they were fasted. The mean buffy coat ascorbic acid concentrations in blood samples of both fasted and nonfasted female Beagles was significantly greater than those of male Beagles, whereas the mean plasma concentrations of both fasted and nonfasted female Beagles was significantly lower than those of male Beagles. It was observed that whenever there was a decrease in plasma ascorbic acid concentration, there was an increase in buffy coat ascorbic acid concentration, regardless of fasting stress or sex difference. PMID- 3767106 TI - Flow cytofluorometric characterization of bovine blood and milk leukocytes. AB - Flow cytometry and sorting proved to be a rapid method that facilitated the identification of different leukocyte populations in bovine blood and milk. After briefly incubating whole blood and milk samples in a hypotonic phosphate buffer, containing supravital acridine orange, 5 classes of leukocytes were found in the blood (lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes) and 4 in the milk (lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages) by flow cytometry. Cells were morphologically identified by fluorescent microscopy after flow cytometric sorting and by light microscopy after Papanicolaous staining. Udder parenchymal and ductal tissue cells (secretory and epithelial cells) were not found in the milk samples evaluated. Large differences in the total and differential cell counts were found in the different milk secretions. PMID- 3767107 TI - Breath hydrogen concentration and small intestinal malabsorption in calves. AB - Breath hydrogen concentrations were measured to assess intestinal carbohydrate malabsorption in preruminating calves. Oral administration of 1.25 g of lactulose (a nonabsorbable carbohydrate)/kg to calves produced breath hydrogen concentrations significantly (P less than 0.001) higher than values determined after calves were fed milk and before the treatment was given. This indicates that, in the calf, fermentation of nonabsorbed carbohydrates results in increased breath hydrogen values. To induce small intestinal malabsorption, chloramphenicol was administered orally at 50 mg/kg, 2 times a day, to 5 calves for 3 days. Before therapy was started, each calf was fitted with a duodenal cannula to facilitate collection of intestinal mucosal biopsy samples during treatment. Chloramphenicol therapy significantly (P less than 0.001) increased breath hydrogen concentrations from those values measured after calves were fed milk alone. Concurrently, chloramphenicol administration significantly decreased intestinal villous length (P less than 0.001) and D-xylose absorption (P less than 0.05), compared with those values before treatment was given. These results demonstrate that decreased intestinal absorptive capacity is associated with an increase in breath hydrogen concentrations and that breath hydrogen may be useful in evaluating malabsorption in calves with naturally occurring enteric disease. PMID- 3767108 TI - Evaluation of lasalocid as a coccidiostat in calves: titration, efficacy, and comparison with monensin and decoquinate. AB - Two experiments were conducted to evaluate lasalocid as a coccidiostat in Holstein calves and to compare lasalocid with monensin and decoquinate. In experiment 1, calves in 3 groups (6 calves/group) were each inoculated with 500,000 sporulated oocysts, 88% of which were Eimeria bovis and 12% were E zuernii. Calves in each group were given lasalocid-medicated feed at 0.50 (group 3), 0.75 (group 4), or 1 mg/kg (group 5) of body weight/day for 45 days. Two control groups (6 calves/group) were also evaluated; calves in control group 2 were inoculated and nontreated, and calves in control group 1 were noninoculated and nontreated. At 0.50, 0.75, or 1 mg/kg/day, lasalocid was equally effective in preventing induced coccidiosis (E bovis and E zuernii) in calves. Compared with inoculated nontreated controls, treated calves had significantly (P less than 0.05) fewer oocysts in feces and had fewer clinical signs of coccidiosis from days 16 to 30 after inoculation. Experiment 2 was conducted to compare the effectiveness of monensin, lasalocid, and decoquinate for the prevention of experimentally induced coccidiosis. Calves (n = 48) were allotted into 4 groups (12 calves/group); each was inoculated orally with 275,000 sporulated oocysts, predominantly E bovis and E zuernii, and each was given nonmedicated feed (group 6) or feed medicated with 33 mg of lasalocid (group 7), decoquinate (group 8), or monensin (group 9)/kg of feed for 46 days. Calves given medicated rations had significantly (P less than 0.05) fewer oocysts in their feces and fewer clinical signs of coccidiosis than did calves given nonmedicated rations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3767109 TI - Anthelmintic treatment of pastured dairy cattle in California. AB - The relationship of anthelmintic treatment for subclinical gastrointestinal nematode parasitism with resultant milk production was studied on 3 California dairies where animals were maintained on a pasture-based nutritional program. All of the animals that started lactating (freshened) during a 12-month period participated in trials in which coumaphos was given as a feed top dressing to animals averaging 30 days into lactation. All of the animals that freshened during the subsequent 12-month period from 2 of the same 3 dairies participated in trials in which thiabendazole was administered at or within 2 weeks before freshening. Anthelmintic administration during 2 consecutive lactation cycles under the conditions of the present study resulted in no consistent reproducible significant changes in milk production. PMID- 3767110 TI - Anthelmintic efficacy of febantel combined with praziquantel against Ancylostoma tubaeforme, Toxocara cati, and Taenia taeniaeformis in cats. AB - Forty cats, each harboring 2 or 3 parasitic infections (Ancylostoma tubaeforme, Toxocara cati, and/or Taenia taeniaeformis), were used to titrate the anthelmintic efficacy of a paste containing 3.4% febantel and 0.34% praziquantel. The cats were allotted into 4 groups (10 cats/group). For 3 consecutive days, the cats were given febantel/praziquantel at 5/0.5 mg/kg/day, 10/1 mg/kg/day, 15/1.5 mg/kg/day, or a blank paste vehicle (control) at 0.29 g/kg of body weight. The recommended dosage of 10 mg of febantel and 1 mg of praziquantel/kg cleared greater than or equal to 98% of the 3 helminth species. PMID- 3767111 TI - Xenobiotic metabolism in suspensions and primary cultures of isolated hepatocytes prepared from the caudate process of bovine liver. AB - Isolated hepatocytes were prepared from 100- to 125-kg Holstein male calves (n = 10) by perfusion of the caudate process of the caudate lobe of the liver. The 11th or 12th rib on the right side was resected to provide exposure of the caudate process. Complete postsurgical recovery of the donor from partial lobectomy was confirmed by growth data and serum chemical and hematologic criteria. Hepatocytes were isolated under aseptic conditions, using a 2-step collagenase vascular perfusion procedure. Hepatocyte preparations averaged 85% viability, and the yield averaged 1.2 X 10(7) viable hepatocytes/g of (wet weight) liver. Morphologic characteristics of hepatocytes examined under light and scanning electron microscopy were considered normal, except for occasional surface blebs. Freshly isolated hepatocytes in suspension rapidly decreased in viability and xenobiotic metabolizing capacity (aldrin epoxidation and ethoxycoumarin 0-deethylation and 7-hydroxycoumarin glucuronidation and sulfation), and hepatocytes surviving the initial 2 to 3 hours appeared to undergo repair. As an alternative, primary monolayer cultures on collagen-coated plates were evaluated. Hepatocytes attached to the collagen surface within 4 hours and appeared flattened by 12 hours. Although metabolic activity decreased about 30% over 8 hours in culture, the pattern of ethoxycoumarin metabolites was relatively constant. It was not determined to what extent the apparent loss of metabolic capacity was caused by hepatocyte detachment from the collagen surface. Although complicated by the requirement for asepsis, primary cultures were superior to suspensions for xenobiotic metabolism studies in cattle. PMID- 3767112 TI - Pharmacokinetic evaluation of a slow-release cefotaxime suspension in the dog and in sheep. AB - Three Merino ewes were given cefotaxime IM, and 3 were given cefotaxime subcutaneously (50 mg/kg of body weight each); each dose was suspended in 6 ml of oil. Five dogs were also given an oily suspension of cefotaxime subcutaneously (SC) (50 mg/kg of body weight). The plasma concentrations (Cp) and pharmacokinetic data obtained after cefotaxime in the oily suspension was injected IM and SC were compared with data from the same animals after they were given an aqueous solution of cefotaxime by the same routes. Key pharmacokinetic values obtained after cefotaxime was administered IV to sheep and to dogs are discussed. Mean peak Cp (Cpeak) in sheep when given the oily suspension IM was approximately 53 micrograms/ml at 0.18 to 0.40 hour, and that value in sheep given the aqueous preparation was 62 micrograms/ml 0.08 to 0.18 hour. Mean Cpeak values after the oily suspension and the aqueous preparation were injected SC were 11.0 micrograms/ml (between 0.8 and 1 hour) and 51 micrograms/ml (between 0.25 and 1 hour), respectively. Bioavailabilities were approximately 70% after IM injection was done and 90% after SC injection was done. The beta-plasma half lives were 0.7 hour after IM injection was done and 2.9 hours after SC injection was done. Mean Cpeak in dogs when given the oily suspension SC was 30 micrograms/ml at 1.0 hour, and when dogs were given the aqueous preparation SC, Cpeak was 27 micrograms/ml at 0.6 hour. Absorption was virtually complete after the oily suspension and aqueous preparations were given.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3767113 TI - Effects of aflatoxin on the growth performance and immune responses of weanling swine. AB - Aflatoxin (AF)-contaminated ground corn was mixed with a commercial swine ration to yield 2 concentrations (500 mg of AFB1/kg of feed [A] and 300 mg of AFB1/kg [B]) and was fed to 2 groups of pigs. Groups A and B were fed the AF-containing ration, whereas control group C was fed the same commercial ration mixed with ground corn devoid of AF. A comparative analysis of the average weight gain per pig in each of the treatment groups, compared with that in the control group, indicated a significantly (P less than 0.01) greater weight gain in the control group. The average feed conversion rate was also significantly (P less than 0.01) lower in group A pigs, compared with that in the control group. The humoral immune response to Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, did not reveal a significant difference among groups; there were no consistent differences observed in the proliferative responses of lymphocytes to mitogens. In contrast, a significant (P less than 0.05) reduction in complement titers was observed, whereas an increase in serum immunoglobulin G and M values occurred in the AF-treated group A, compared with that in group C. Gross enlargement of the liver, substantiated by histologic evidence of toxic damage to the hepatic parenchyma, revealed that AF at concentrations of 500 mg/kg of feed was toxigenic and produced an adverse effect on the growth rate, feed efficiency, and general well-being of young pigs. PMID- 3767114 TI - Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (EC4.3.1.24) activity in erythrocytes from cattle administered low concentrations of lead acetate. AB - Four different age groups of cattle, which had never been exposed to Pb, were used to determine normal age-related values for erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity. Acute or chronic Pb intoxication was experimentally induced in young calves, and their ALAD values were compared with the normal values. Results indicated that ALAD of normal bovine erythrocytes increased 2- to 3-fold from 1 week to 9 weeks of age and then slowly returned to the initial (1 week old) value by 9 months of age. Erythrocyte ALAD from cattle greater than or equal to 9 months old was uniform. Because of the age-related changes in normal ALAD of cattle less than 9 months old, the age of an animal should be carefully established and age-matched controls evaluated simultaneously when ALAD is used to assess calves suspected of having Pb poisoning. A significant negative correlation was found between blood Pb concentration and ALAD during the first 24 hours after the initial administration of Pb, indicating a high sensitivity of erythrocyte ALAD to Pb. However, when blood Pb concentrations reached 50 micrograms/dl, ALAD did not change further. Because single ingestions of Pb can raise blood Pb concentrations greater than 50 micrograms/dl, ALAD appears to have little value in differentiating acute from chronic Pb intoxication. Within 7 days after Pb administration ceased, ALAD did not increase significantly, even when calves were given calcium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (CaNa2EDTA); however, blood Pb concentration decreased by 50%. The rapid change in blood Pb concentration gave a false indication of a positive treatment effect when no real effect was detected by ALAD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3767115 TI - Chloramphenicol concentrations in calf muscle tissue. AB - Twenty-five 9- to 11-week-old calves were administered 2 doses of chloramphenicol prepared in propylene glycol (13.6 mg/kg of body weight IV; 6.8 mg/kg IM; or 13.6 mg/kg IM) at 24-hour intervals. Calves were euthanatized at designated times from 2 to 72 hours after the last dose was administered. Muscle tissues were collected immediately after euthanasia, and chloramphenicol concentrations in the tissues were determined. PMID- 3767116 TI - Histochemical changes in skeletal muscles of four male horses with neuromuscular disease. AB - Skeletal muscle biopsy specimens were taken from 4 male horses with neuromuscular disease such as myotonia congenita, chronic myositis, exertional rhabdomyolysis, and shivers. Histologic and histochemical techniques were used to evaluate skeletal muscle morphologic features and fiber-type population, size, and area, as well as muscle enzyme activities (acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and esterase). A histochemical and histologic profile were described for each muscle biopsy specimen. PMID- 3767117 TI - Relationships between stride length, stride frequency, velocity, and morphometrics of foals. AB - Velocity-dependent changes in stride length and frequency were studied in 19 male foals, 6 to 8 months of age, and were related to body morphometrics. Eighteen distance and 8 angle measurements were digitized from 16-mm films of standing foals. The total mass and the percentage of total mass acting through the forelimbs were also recorded. Stride length and frequency data were extracted from 16-mm films of 239 strides of the walk, trot, and canter-gallop. Polynomial regression analysis was used to determine the equation that best described the relationship between data of stride length or frequency vs velocity and stride length vs stride frequency for each foal, for the total population, and for the walk, trot, and canter-gallop data from the total population. Stepwise-regression analysis was done of stride length, or slope of the stride length-velocity line (frequency-1) vs distance, angle, and mass measurements. The stride length for each foal was calculated for a stride frequency of 2 strides/s. The maximum recorded velocity was 11.45 m/s. There was overlap in the velocity ranges at which gaits were used: the walk or trot were used at velocities between 1.7 to 2.0 m/s and a trot or canter were used over a wider velocity range of 3.2 to 5.8 m/s. Stride length did not exceed 4.72 m. The mean stride length at a frequency of 2 strides/s was 2.57 m and was significantly (P less than 0.05) correlated to total mass (r = 0.6335) and length of the metacarpus (r = -0.5115), but not to wither height.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3767118 TI - Using Structural Analysis of Social Behavior to assess critical but elusive family processes. A new solution to an old problem. PMID- 3767119 TI - Mummies, mycobacteria, and molecular biology--the old and the new. PMID- 3767120 TI - The effects of occupation and smoking on respiratory disease mortality. AB - The effects of occupation and smoking on respiratory symptoms and ventilatory lung function were examined in 1957 among random samples of men 25 to 34 and 55 to 64 yr of age from 4 occupational categories (miners, foundry workers, mixed dust and chemical workers, and non-dust-exposed workers) living in an industrial English town. Mortality has been established 20 yr after the initial survey. This report focuses on the effects of smoking, lung function, and respiratory symptoms among the older men. All-cause mortality was very similar in the nondusty, foundry, and mixed dust groups, but slightly lower in the miners and ex-miners. In contrast, smokers had 2 times the death rates of nonsmokers. There was consistency in the smoking effect within each occupational group. Poor lung function and to some extent bronchitic symptoms in 1957 were predictive of mortality by 1977, regardless of smoking habits. However, the effect of symptoms in the absence of concomitant poor lung function, though consistent, was small. PMID- 3767121 TI - Isoniazid prophylaxis in hepatitis B carriers. AB - Both tuberculosis and hepatitis B are endemic in southeast Asia and are common among refugees to the United States from that region. Isoniazid, used for the prophylactic treatment of tuberculosis, is a potentially hepatotoxic drug. Carriers of the hepatitis B virus are likely to have some degree of liver damage due to their chronic infection. We hypothesized that prophylactic treatment of carriers with isoniazid would cause greater liver damage, as measured by serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, than would such therapy of noncarriers. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of the southeast Asian refugee population in Philadelphia failed to support this hypothesis. Isoniazid did not cause greater hepatotoxicity in hepatitis B carriers than in noncarriers. Although carriers had higher ALT levels than noncarriers, both groups experienced transient ALT elevations during the first 2 months of isoniazid prophylactic therapy. Therefore, we concluded that chronic infection with hepatitis B virus is not a contraindication to the prophylactic use of isoniazid. PMID- 3767122 TI - Pseudomonas cepacia: decrease in colonization in patients with cystic fibrosis. AB - The incidence and prevalence of Pseudomonas cepacia pulmonary colonization were noted to be increasing in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Previous work had indicated a greater prevalence of P. cepacia among siblings (with CF) of patients colonized by P. cepacia as well as an association of initial positive P. cepacia cultures with a hospitalization. Because of uncertainty regarding the source and mode of transmission, limited precautionary measures were instituted in 1983, including physical separation of hospitalized patients colonized with P. cepacia from non-colonized patients, reeducation of staff concerning basic infection control procedures, explanation to families regarding these precautionary efforts, and institution of separate summer camp sessions. Repeated environmental cultures throughout the hospital were negative for P. cepacia. Coincident with the institution of control measures, a sharp decline in incidence occurred (8.2% in 1983 versus 1.7% in 1984). These results are suggestive of patient-to-patient transmission. Because P. cepacia infections have been associated with shorter survival in some patients with CF, we will continue our current segregation measures. PMID- 3767123 TI - Nutritional intervention in malnourished patients with emphysema. AB - We have previously reported the association of significant malnutrition with pulmonary emphysema and noted that the degree of malnutrition correlated with some measures of pulmonary function. The purpose of this study was to examine the energy requirements of malnourished patients with emphysema and acute effects of nutritional repletion on indices of pulmonary function and nutrition. We studied 6 malnourished patients with emphysema during a 3-wk admission to a clinical research unit. Initially, patients were allowed access to standard food sources ad libitum. Subsequently, if caloric goals were not met, nutritional supplementation was given orally. All patients receiving the ad libitum diet ingested calories in excess of their maintenance energy requirements. All patients increased their body weight (p less than 0.001) and percent ideal body weight (p less than 0.001). Anthropometric nutritional parameters showed a small but significant improvement (p less than 0.05). Although there was no significant change in spirometric results, lung volumes or DLCO after 3 wk maximal inspiratory mouth and transdiaphragmatic pressures increased (p less than 0.005). Peripheral skeletal muscle strength as measured by handgrip also improved (p less than 0.001). We conclude that inability to ingest an adequate number of calories was not the cause of weight loss in these patients. We also found that when given sufficient calories in excess of their needs, patients gain weight. Weight gain and improvement in anthropometric measurements are accompanied by significant improvement in ventilatory and peripheral muscle strength. PMID- 3767124 TI - Oxygen consumption and transport in stable patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. AB - We studied the relationship between oxygen consumption and systemic oxygen transport in 30 clinically stable patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) before and after increasing oxygen transport by passive leg elevation to raise the cardiac output. Results were compared with those observed in 10 patients with silicosis. The effect of leg elevation on oxygen consumption was also studied in 12 normal subjects. Oxygen consumption was measured by a closed circuit system, cardiac output by the direct Fick method, and arterial oxygen content by a cooximeter. Supine oxygen consumption was correlated with oxygen transport in patients with COPD (r = 0.50, p less than 0.01), and with leg elevation transport increased from a mean of 516 +/- 23 (SEM) to 567 +/- 26 ml X min-1 X m-2 and consumption increased from a mean of 136 +/- 3 to 148 +/- 4 ml X min-1 X m-2 (both p less than 0.01). In patients with silicosis, leg elevation raised mean oxygen transport from 620 +/- 40.0 to 745 +/- 54.0 ml X min-1 X m-2 and mean consumption from 161 +/- 6 to 192 +/- 6 ml X min-1 X m-2 (both p less than 0.01). In normal subjects, no change in oxygen consumption was observed with leg elevation (154 +/- 8 to 152 +/- 6 ml X min-1 X m-2).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3767125 TI - Is respiratory mucus hypersecretion really an innocent disorder? A 22-year mortality survey of 1,061 working men. AB - The relation of chronic air-flow limitation and respiratory mucus hypersecretion to all causes of mortality was studied in a population of 1,061 men working in the Paris area, surveyed initially in 1960/1961, and followed for 22 yr. During this period, 369 deaths occurred; VC, FEV1, FEV1/H3, and FEV1/VC were significantly associated with mortality, even when age, smoking, occupational dust exposure, and chronic phlegm were taken into account. Besides the obstructive disorder, the hypersecretory disorder (chronic phlegm) was significantly associated with mortality. Controlling, using Cox's model, for age, FEV1/H3, smoking habits, and dust exposure, all factors associated with chronic mucus hypersecretion and mortality, showed that phlegm production remained significantly related to death (relative risk, = 1.35; p less than 0.01). Although relatively weak, this relationship is not negligible in terms of public health because of the high prevalence of chronic phlegm. PMID- 3767126 TI - Involuntary breath-stacking. An alternative method for vital capacity estimation in poorly cooperative subjects. AB - Performed correctly, the vital capacity (VC) is a useful indicator of the mechanical properties of the thorax and of neuromuscular performance. Unfortunately, its use is often limited by impaired comprehension, altered mental status, or inability to sustain forceful effort. Our purpose was to develop a measure of VC independent of subject cooperation. We estimated the subcomponents of VC (inspiratory capacity (IC) and expiratory reserve volume (ERV], using one way valving of an external circuit to enforce cumulation or elimination of the tidal breaths stimulated by endogenous ventilatory drive. When configured to measure IC, gas entered the chest incrementally, until tidal effort became insufficient to overcome thoracic recoil. Valve rearrangement permitted analogous estimation of ERV. We tested the validity of this method in cooperative but naive subjects by comparing the VC measured in standard fashion (VCC) to the breath stacked estimate (VCS). Thirty normal subjects and 20 ambulatory patients with diverse causes for respiratory impairment were studied. Peak and mean values of VCS correlated strongly with the corresponding values of VCC (r greater than or equal to 0.91). The coefficient of variation for sequential V VCS determinations (approximately equal to 5.5%) was comparable to that observed for VCC (approximately equal to 3.5%) in both subject groups, indicating acceptable reproducibility of the involuntary VCS measurement. VCS maneuvers were quickly completed and well tolerated. Involuntary breath-stacking may provide a useful estimate of VC in clinical settings where conventional methodology cannot be confidently applied. PMID- 3767127 TI - Comparison of tremor responses to orally administered albuterol and terbutaline. AB - This study was designed to compare the initial tremor response to 4.0 mg albuterol and 5.0 mg terbutaline orally administered and to study the question of tachyphylaxis by rechallenge after 3 wk of maintenance dosing. Twenty fasting patients with severe COPD in whom orally administered sympathomimetics were withheld for 2 wk were challenged with single doses of each drug in a crossover, randomized fashion 1 wk apart. Then after a further 3 wk of dosing 3 times a day of the second medication (10 patients received each medication), they were challenged once more 16 h after the last dose. Rest and postural tremor were measured at zero and 2 h using an accelerometer affixed to the finger, and measurements of subjective tremor, tremor power spectrum, plasma cyclic AMP and lactate, and forced vital capacity were also made. Postural tremor increased from 25.05 to 36.20 relative units for albuterol, an increase of 11.15 units, and from 24.90 to 57.70 units for terbutaline, an increase of 32.80 units (difference significant at p = 0.01). Plasma cyclic AMP (p less than 0.01) and lactate (p = 0.05) increases were also less for albuterol, and the FEV1 and FVC responses, though about one third less, did not differ significantly. After 3 wk, mean baseline tremor for both drugs was elevated even 16 h after the last 3 times a day dosing (38.00 and 33.10) for albuterol and terbutaline (difference, NS), and responses were much less to the single tablet (3.40 and 9.10, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3767128 TI - Ozone enhancement of platinum asthma in a primate model. AB - Three groups of adult male cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were exposed to either 200 micrograms/m3 ammonium hexachloroplatinate [(NH4)2PtCl6], 200 micrograms (NH4)2PtCl6 concurrently with 1 ppm ozone (O3), or to 1 ppm O3 only. The animals were exposed by inhalation for 6 h per day, 5 days per week for 12 wk. The experimental design included methacholine preexposure and Na2PtCl6 bronchoprovocation challenge evaluations, Na2PtCl6 threshold skin tests, and sera for analyses of antibodies. Two weeks after the 12-wk exposures, these same indices were reevaluated. Baseline pulmonary function was not significantly affected by the exposure regimens; however, the combination of exposure to O3 and (NH4)2PtCl6 significantly reduced the concentration of platinum (Pt) salt and methacholine necessary to increase average pulmonary flow resistance (RL) 200% (EC200 RL). Ozone or Pt exposure alone had no significant effect on these parameters. Platinum and methacholine EC200 RL values were highly correlated for both Pt-exposed groups after exposure. These data indicated that combined O3 and Pt exposure significantly increased specific (Pt) and nonspecific (methacholine) bronchial hyperreactivity more often than did exposure to either O3 or the Pt salt alone. Combined O3 plus Pt exposure also significantly increases the incidence of positive Pt skin tests when compared with the other exposure groups. Similar to the human experience, radioallergosorbent testing (RAST) for Pt specific antibodies was not as sensitive as direct skin testing in identifying allergic persons. PMID- 3767129 TI - Impaired exercise performance and pulmonary function in elite cyclists during low level ozone exposure in a hot environment. AB - We evaluated the effects of low concentrations of ozone on the exercise performance and pulmonary function of 17 top-caliber endurance cyclists under conditions simulating competition and realistic temperature (31 degrees C). Each subject was randomly exposed to filtered air (FA), 0.12 and 0.20 ppm O3 on separate days in an environmental chamber. Each subject attempted to maintain submaximal exercise on a cycle ergometer equivalent to approximately 70% of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) for 60 min, followed by incremented (maximal) exercise until exhaustion. During submaximal exercise, average minute ventilation (VE) (89 L/min), VO2 (51 ml/min/kg or 72% VO2max), work load (260 W), and work time (57 min) were similar across all exposures. During maximal exercise, average peak VE (150 L/min), VO2 (68 ml/min/kg), work load (382 W), and ride time (263 s) were similar between 0.12 ppm O3 and FA. However, significant reductions in peak VE (18%), VO2 (16%), tidal volume (22%), work load (8%), and ride time (30%) occurred in 0.20 ppm O3 compared with those in FA. Postexercise decrements in forced expired volume in one second (FEV1) averaged 5.6% and 21.6% in 0.12 and 0.20 ppm O3, respectively. Ozone-related symptoms were mild in 0.12 ppm O3 but intensified and probably limited maximal performance in 13 subjects in 0.20 ppm O3. Changes in carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (adjusted for alveolar volume) were not significant across exposures. Nine subjects showed histamine hyperresponsiveness (i.e., greater than 20% decrease from the control postdiluent FEV1) after exposure to 0.20 ppm O3 as compared with 1 subject in 0.12 ppm O3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3767130 TI - Reperfusion of ischemic dog lung results in fever, leukopenia, and lung edema. AB - Pulmonary artery obstruction results in minimal parenchymal abnormalities in normal lung and diminishes edema formation in dog lungs injured by oleic acid. We tested the hypothesis that reperfusion of ischemic regions would result in significant injury in normal lung and would ablate the protective effect of ischemia in oleic acid injury. The pulmonary artery of the left diaphragmatic lobe was occluded for 48 h in 12 oleic-acid-injured and 10 normal animals. Observations made immediately before reperfusion and for 4 h after reperfusion in the awake dogs indicated that reperfusion resulted in systemic abnormalities in both groups of animals, including a rise in temperature, a fall in cardiac output, and a marked drop in circulating leukocytes. In uninjured animals, the reperfused lobe demonstrated an elevated wet-to-dry weight ratio of 5.70 +/- 0.13 compared with 4.42 +/- 0.06 for the right diaphragmatic lobe (p less than 0.05). Histologic examination revealed edema and white cell infiltrates in the alveoli of the reperfused lobe in uninjured animals. In injured animals, there was no difference in either wet-to-dry ratios or morphologic aspects between the lobes. The results demonstrate both a local and systemic toxic effect of reperfusion in normal animals and ablation of the partial protective effect of pulmonary artery occlusion in oleic-acid-injured animals. PMID- 3767131 TI - The pathogenesis of experimental pulmonary histoplasmosis. Correlative studies of histopathology, bronchoalveolar lavage, and respiratory function. AB - A murine model of acute pulmonary histoplasmosis was employed to study the pathogenesis of the disease process by means of histopathology, bronchoalveolar lavage, and respiratory function tests. These studies were performed on C57BL/6 mice from 8 h to 8 wk after intranasal inoculation of 10(5) yeast forms of Histoplasma capsulatum and on age-matched control animals that received saline only. At Week 1, the histopathology was characterized by subacute inflammation consisting of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), lymphocytes, and macrophages that infiltrated the interstitium around small bronchioles and adjacent alveoli. At Weeks 2 and 4, the infiltrates were comprised predominantly of lymphocytes and macrophages; noncaseating granulomas were present at Week 2. Aggregates of lymphoid cells were prominent along the bronchial tree and in perivascular distribution. Those in close contact with bronchiolar epithelium resembled hyperplastic bronchus associated lymphoid tissue. Quantitative studies of cells in the BAL fluid revealed a large influx of PMN at Week 1 with return to normal range by Week 2. At this time there was a significant (p less than 0.02) increase in lymphocytes that persisted through Week 8, although histopathologic changes were minimal in lung at this time. A significant decrease in the DLCO/TLC at Week 2 in association with a normal vital capacity indicated impairment of respiratory function secondary to the alveolitis induced by H. capsulatum infection rather than a reduction of lung volume. This model offers promise for additional correlative studies of lymphocyte subsets in lung tissue and alveolar spaces as well as of the functions subserved by these respective populations. PMID- 3767132 TI - Airways hyperreactivity and inflammation produced by aerosolization of human C5A des arg. AB - The premise of this study was that complement fragments would lead to granulocyte infiltration and to associated changes in airways reactivity. Inflammation was induced in large airways (greater than 1.0 mm) by aerosolization of the complement chemotactic factor, C5a des arg, which was isolated from activated human serum. Pulmonary function (resistance, compliance, and lung volume) and histamine reactivity were assessed at 4 and at 48 h after C5a des arg or a saline sham aerosol. Four hours after exposure to C5a des arg, the animals exhibited evidence of significant bronchoconstriction and hyperinflation. In addition, an increased responsiveness to histamine was demonstrated, which was not correlated with the degree of bronchospasm. By 48 h, these alterations were partially or completely resolved. Histologic examination and quantitation demonstrated significant accumulation of neutrophils, which was limited to airways 0.5 mm in or larger. Saline-treated animals also demonstrated a neutrophil infiltration, but significantly less than those treated with C5a des arg. However, these animals did not demonstrate hyperreactivity to histamine, and there was little change in baseline mechanical function. The mild inflammation associated in the saline control animals was demonstrated to be a result of intubation of the airways. Granulocyte dependence of the effects of C5a des arg was partially established by abrogation of these effects when the animals were rendered granulocytopenic with nitrogen mustard. We conclude that the physiologic responses of the airways to C5a des arg were largely granulocyte dependent. However, since granulocyte accumulation could occur without airways dysfunction, it is suggested that cell activation is an important step in producing neutrophil associated airways hyperresponsiveness. PMID- 3767133 TI - Nontraumatic fat embolization. A rare cause of new pulmonary infiltrates in an immunocompromised patient. AB - Diffuse pulmonary infiltrates and hypoxemia are common in immunocompromised patients. We describe a patient with lymphoma who developed hypoxemia and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates during treatment with corticosteroids. Open lung biopsy and postmortem examination indicated that the cause of the infiltrates was nontraumatic fat embolization (NTFE). Most previous cases of NTFE have implicated a fatty liver as the source of emboli; however, this patient had no fatty changes of the liver. The diagnosis of NTFE in an immunocompromised patient is difficult to make because its distinguishing features, such as hypoxemia, petechiae, and altered mental status, are nonspecific in this setting. PMID- 3767134 TI - Sarcoidosis simulating pulmonary veno-occlusive disease. AB - We describe a young woman who presented with a 6-month history of progressive pulmonary hypertension. At autopsy she was found to have noncaseating granulomas obliterating pulmonary veins, without granulomatous involvement of pulmonary arteries. Noncaseating granulomas were also present in the liver and hilar lymph nodes, confirming the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of pulmonary hypertension caused by sarcoidosis simulating pulmonary veno-occlusive disease. PMID- 3767135 TI - Mechanical ventilation and intrapulmonary shunt in pneumonia patients. PMID- 3767136 TI - Muscle weakness and the power law. PMID- 3767137 TI - Delayed skin oxygenation following distal tibial revascularization (DTR). Implications for wound healing in late amputations. AB - This article summarizes the authors' experience with prospective transcutaneous oxygen mapping (PtcO2 mm Hg) in patients requiring distal tibial revascularization. Simultaneous measurements were performed measuring preoperatively and early (1-3 days) and late (5-8 days) postoperatively in eight patients undergoing DTR (Group 1) at the chest (CT), below-knee (BK), and midfoot (FT) levels. In an additional 12 patients (Group 2), PtcO2 was measured late postoperatively adjacent to forefoot amputations. PtcO2 measurements were made at room air (RA) and after inhalation of oxygen (O2) in order to evaluate restriction of oxygen delivery. Late postoperative PtcO2 at both BK and FT sites increased (P less than .05) compared to either preop or early postop values. Inhaled O2 increased PtcO2 greatest at the FT late postop time (P less than .001). Group 1 amputations and ischemic ulcers all healed within 4 weeks postoperatively, when PtcO2 values were greater than 25 mm Hg. More extensive amputations required in Group 2 also healed when PtcO2 values exceeded 25 mm Hg, but required a hospitalization period almost three times as long as that of Group 1. PMID- 3767138 TI - Role of preoperative hemodynamic monitoring in intraoperative fluid management. AB - In this study the hemodynamic factors which contribute to postoperative mortality and morbidity were evaluated in 41 patients. Preoperative data were prospectively collected over a 5-year period. The patients underwent vascular and general surgical operative procedures. Among them, 23 patients had minor or no postoperative complications (group 1) and 18 patients suffered serious complications or died (group 2). Preoperative cardiac function was better in group 1, but both groups achieved their best cardiac index (CI) with fluids or pharmacologic manipulation preoperatively. Group 2 patients had longer operations, more blood loss, and were significantly hypovolemic postoperatively as indicated by lower pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (PAWP) and CI in comparison to the best preoperative values. When postoperative PAWP was higher than or within 3 mm Hg of the best preoperative level, complication rate was 14 per cent (3 of 21). In 15 of the 19 or 79 per cent of the patients, postoperative complications developed when PAWP decreased by 4 mm Hg or more. The difference in complications was significant (P less than 0.01). However, commonly measured parameters such as the amount of fluid infused, urine output, immediate postoperative heart rate, blood pressure, central venous pressure, and hemoglobin failed to reveal hemodynamically significant hypovolemia or lacticacidemia in group 2. The authors were unable to demonstrate a reduction in mortality or morbidity in group 2 patients in whom serious technical operative difficulties were also encountered. PMID- 3767139 TI - Electrocardiographic changes in cardiac patients with acute gallbladder disease. AB - Acute cholecystitis or biliary colic may be associated with angina pectoris, arrhythmias, or nonspecific ST-T wave changes on the electrocardiogram. A vagally mediated cardio-biliary reflex is the presumed cause of these changes. Three cases of acute exacerbation of biliary tract disease in patients with known coronary artery disease associated with transient electrocardiographic changes and no concurrent cardiac complaints or abnormalities are reported. The signs and symptoms of gallbladder and heart disease may overlap, making diagnosis difficult. These patients underwent extensive workups of both their cardiac and biliary disease, which did not document any acute cardiac problem. In patients with known coronary artery disease and acute cholecystitis, the surgeon should not be discouraged from cholecystectomy merely because of a "questionable" electrocardiogram. Undue delay in treatment while awaiting the results of the cardiac screen may result in both cardiac and septic complications. PMID- 3767140 TI - Quality assessment of tetanus prophylaxis in the wounded patient. AB - New guidelines on tetanus prophylaxis in wound management have been prepared by the American College of Surgeons and are available in a poster format or in bulletins. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of these educational brochures on tetanus prophylaxis in a hospital setting. The results of this study indicate that these informational brochures and posters had insignificant impact on the quality of prophylaxis against tetanus in our hospital. Innovative programs of information exchange and quality assurance are urgently needed to improve the delivery of health care. PMID- 3767141 TI - Pelvic fractures at a community hospital. AB - One hundred twenty-eight pelvic fractures were reviewed. Of the 128 patients with pelvic fractures, there were seven deaths. Pelvic fractures associated with the greatest blood loss and complications were those which occurred in crush-type injuries secondary to automobile accidents or other heavy impact injuries. Unless fractures were of a crush-type with massive fractures, the amount of blood loss correlated more closely with the history of injury than it did with the x-ray appearance of pelvic fracture. A single patient in this series had greater than 45 units blood loss and exhibited many of the basic problems encountered when dealing with patients with major pelvic fractures. The case of this patient is reviewed in detail, including component therapy for massive blood loss. The prophylactic use of caval filtration or an umbrella device might be warranted in patients with massive pelvic fractures. PMID- 3767142 TI - Perforated gastric ulcers. A retrospective study of 32 patients. AB - During the last 6 years the authors have treated 99 patients with perforated peptic ulcers. Sixty-six patients had perforated pyloro-duodenal ulcers, while 32 patients were treated for perforated gastric ulcers, a ratio of 2:1. This article deals with the gastric ulcers treated by a surgical unit in an urban, 600-bed multidisciplinary hospital. The mean age of the patients was 58.7 years. In 71.8 per cent of the patients, the perforation was the first major manifestation of the ulcer disease. Seven patients (21.8%), all in the high-risk group according to the criteria of Boey et al. died. There was no death among the low-risk patient group. Eleven patients, all high-risk, had excision and/or biopsy of the ulcer followed by simple closure; three of these patients died (27.2%). Twenty patients, of whom seven were in the high-risk group, underwent gastrectomy; three deaths occurred (15%). The authors conclude that the underlying general health of the patient is a major determinant of the outcome following gastric ulcer perforation. PMID- 3767143 TI - The competence and bacteriologic effect of the telescoped intestinal valve after small bowel resection. AB - In 20 dogs the distal one-third of the small intestine and the proximal 10 cm of the ascending colon were resected. Bowel continuity was established by the telescoping technique to create an intestinal valve in ten dogs (group A) and by conventional end-to-end anastomosis in ten dogs (group B). Diarrhea and weight loss were similar in both groups. The ileal bacterial growth was significantly higher than the jejunum in group A (P less than 0.001) but not in group B. The jejunal bacterial growth in group B was significantly higher than that in group A (P less than 0.01). Intestinal transit times were 212 +/- 16.0, 219 +/- 152.4, and 163 +/- 85.8 minutes for normal dogs, groups A and B respectively. The competence of the normal ileocecal valve, the telescoped valve, and conventional anastomosis were 56 +/- 1.7, 49.9 +/- 17.4 and 13.2 +/- 7.8 cm of barium, respectively. Artificial intestinal valve formed by the telescoping technique is safe, simple, and effective in reducing bacterial overgrowth in the jejunum and appears to prolong intestinal transit time. PMID- 3767144 TI - Splanchnic hemodynamic changes after the distal spleno renal shunt. AB - Marked changes in preoperative to postoperative corrected sinusoidal pressures (CSP) occurred in 51 per cent of a series of 51 patients undergoing the distal splenorenal shunt. Twenty patients who had the highest incidence of partial portal vein thrombosis, (48%--Group I), showed minimal pre- to postoperative changes in CSP. Twelve patients (Group II) who increased their CSP to 4 mm Hg or greater had marked postoperative hyperbilirubinemia and decreased portal blood flow. Fourteen patients who decreased their CSP 4 mm Hg or more postoperatively also showed moderate portal blood flow decrease without significant changes in liver enzymes. Morbidity and mortality were not significantly different among the three groups. The significance of these hemodynamic changes is not known. PMID- 3767145 TI - Isolation and partial characterization of a protein fraction from the opossum (Didelphis marsupialis) serum, with protecting property against the Bothrops jararaca snake venom. AB - Two separated methods were used to purify a fraction from the opossum (Didelphis marsupialis) serum able to protect mice against Bothrops jararaca venom. The first of them included an initial batch DEAE-Cellulose ion-exchange of the serum, followed by another ion-exchange chromatography on a Carboxymethyl Sepharose column. The second method was a column ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE Sephacel. These techniques allowed to obtain a protein fraction which resulted homogeneous in cellulose acetate and conventional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The obtained protein fraction proved to be a glycoprotein according to the positive staining with periodic acid Schiff. Sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the B-mercaptoethanol reduced fraction showed heterogeneity and allowed to estimate molecular weights in the range of 42,000 to 58,000 daltons. The obtained serum fraction could effectively block the lethal effect of B. jararaca venom when jointly injected to laboratory mice by peritoneal route. PMID- 3767146 TI - Intravenous propafenone for termination of reentrant supraventricular tachycardia. A placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, crossover study. AB - To assess the antiarrhythmic efficacy of intravenous propafenone, 20 patients with inducible sustained supraventricular tachycardia received propafenone, 2 mg/kg body weight, or placebo in a double-blind, randomized, crossover study. Three patients had intra-atrial reentrant tachycardia, 3 had atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, and 14 had atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Termination of supraventricular tachycardia occurred in 15 of the 20 patients receiving propafenone but 0 of the 11 patients receiving placebo (p less than 0.01). Propafenone prolonged refractoriness and slowed conduction of the atrium, the atrioventricular node, and accessory atrioventricular bypass tracts, and these effects provided antiarrhythmic action to halt tachycardia. No adverse effects were observed in any patient. We conclude that intravenous propafenone is safe and effective in the acute treatment of various forms of reentrant supraventricular tachycardia. PMID- 3767147 TI - Reversible cold-induced abnormalities in myocardial perfusion and function in systemic sclerosis. AB - The effects of peripheral cold exposure on myocardial perfusion and function were studied in 13 patients with scleroderma without clinically evident myocardial disease. Ten patients had at least one transient, cold-induced, myocardial perfusion defect visualized by thallium-201 scintigraphy, and 12 had reversible, cold-induced, segmental left ventricular hypokinesis by two-dimensional echocardiography. The 10 patients with transient perfusion defects all had anatomically corresponding ventricular wall motion abnormalities. No one in either of two control groups (9 normal volunteers and 7 patients with chest pain and normal coronary arteriograms) had cold-induced abnormalities. This study is the first to show the simultaneous occurrence of cold-induced abnormalities in myocardial perfusion and function in patients with scleroderma. The results suggest that cold exposure in such patients may elicit transient reflex coronary vasoconstriction resulting in reversible myocardial ischemia and dysfunction. Chronic recurrent episodes of coronary spasm may lead to focal myocardial fibrosis. PMID- 3767148 TI - Aeromonas intestinal infections in the United States. AB - To evaluate the clinical and epidemiologic aspects of aeromonas enteritis, we studied the cases of 34 persons nationwide from whom Aeromonas hydrophila had been isolated in large numbers from stool in 1984. Compared with 68 control subjects, these patients were more likely to have drunk untreated water, usually from private wells (odds ratio = 20.9; p less than 0.01). Eighteen of the isolates belonged to a single DNA-relatedness group of the eight described for Aeromonas species, but no clear correlation between illnesses in patients and any tested genotypic or phenotypic characteristic of recovered organisms was found. Gastrointestinal complaints tended to be chronic in infected adults and acute and severe in children. Nine patients had become ill after taking antimicrobial agents to which recovered Aeromonas species were resistant; 5 persons took antimicrobials to which their Aeromonas strains were susceptible and had alleviation or resolution of their gastrointestinal symptoms. These findings indicate that at least some Aeromonas strains are enteropathogenic for the normal host and that these organisms are acquired by drinking untreated water. PMID- 3767149 TI - Plesiomonas enteric infections in the United States. AB - Thirty-one persons nationwide from whom Plesiomonas shigelloides was isolated in large numbers from stool in 1984 were compared with 62 matched control subjects. Infection with P. shigelloides was strongly associated with eating uncooked shellfish, usually raw oysters, in the 48 hours before the onset of illness (p less than 0.00001) and with foreign travel (p less than 0.00006), usually to Mexico. Most ill persons had self-limited diarrhea with blood and mucus in stool and other clinical findings that suggested enteroinvasiveness of infecting organisms. Two patients developed their illnesses after taking ampicillin for reasons unrelated to diarrhea; plesiomonads recovered from their stools were resistant to ampicillin. Seven persons with gastrointestinal complaints had alleviation or resolution of their symptoms after taking antimicrobial agents to which recovered plesiomonads were susceptible. These findings suggest that P. shigelloides may cause enteric disease in the normal host, that it may be acquired from eating uncooked shellfish, and that it may be a cause of travelers' diarrhea. PMID- 3767151 TI - The yield of chest radiography in febrile and neutropenic patients. PMID- 3767150 TI - Clinically silent atrial septal defects with evidence for cerebral embolization. AB - The cause of stroke in young patients frequently cannot be established. Eleven consecutive patients, age 50 and younger, had clinical evidence of cerebral embolization. Results of physical, radiographic, electrocardiographic, and two dimensional echocardiographic examinations were normal in all patients. During normal respiration, eight of the patients had right-to-left shunts at the atrial level shown by microcavitation contrast two-dimensional echocardiography. Six of the eight patients with positive contrast studies had cardiac catheterization. Five of six patients had an atrial septal defect, normal right and left heart pressures, and small right-to-left shunts during a Valsalva strain. Four patients had surgical closure of the defect, which ranged in size from 5 to 10 mm. The remaining patients received anticoagulants. Interatrial communications appear to be common in young patients with stroke, suggesting paradoxical embolization as a possible mechanism. Contrast two-dimensional echocardiography should be done in such patients because it is the only noninvasive technique that reliably finds these defects. PMID- 3767152 TI - Disseminated infection with Mycobacterium kansasii in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. PMID- 3767154 TI - Exercise and aging. PMID- 3767153 TI - Assessing clinical skills of residents with standardized patients. AB - Current techniques do not provide a reproducible, reliable, or valid basis for assessing clinical skills. The need for large-scale direct observation and standardized assessment procedures has precluded development of better techniques. A project using standardized patients presenting with common clinical problems evaluated the skills of 336 internal medicine residents at 14 New England residency programs in 1289 standardized patient and resident encounters. Results indicated that reproducible assessment of the clinical skills could be achieved in approximately 1 day of testing time using standardized patients. Resident performance improved with years of training, and senior residents and those from programs with stronger reputations performed better and were more homogeneous in ability. Low correlations between standardized-patient-based measures of clinical skills and other evaluation techniques suggested that standardized patients provided unique information. Reactions of residents and faculty to standardized-patient-based evaluations were favorable. PMID- 3767155 TI - Infectious diarrheas: acute, chronic, and iatrogenic. PMID- 3767156 TI - Meme machines. PMID- 3767157 TI - Eating disorders: anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Health and Public Policy Committee, American College of Physicians. PMID- 3767158 TI - Family history and the risk of complications in diabetes mellitus. PMID- 3767159 TI - Stimulation of androgen production by insulin-like growth factor I. PMID- 3767160 TI - Reevaluation of L-thyroxine dosage. PMID- 3767161 TI - Errors in interpreting hormonal assays. PMID- 3767162 TI - Erectile function and naltrexone. PMID- 3767163 TI - Suprofen, acute renal failure, and hematuria. PMID- 3767164 TI - Organic acids in ethylene glycol intoxication. PMID- 3767165 TI - The milk-alkali syndrome, vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone. PMID- 3767166 TI - The erythrocyte sedimentation rate and chronic renal failure. PMID- 3767167 TI - Transbronchial biopsies in Wegener's granulomatosis. PMID- 3767168 TI - Acute febrile cerebrovasculitis. PMID- 3767169 TI - H2-antagonists and hepatitis. PMID- 3767170 TI - Campylobacter bacteremia, cholecystitis, and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. PMID- 3767171 TI - Acute delta hepatitis and hepatitis B antigen carriage. PMID- 3767172 TI - Contraindications to lumbar puncture. PMID- 3767173 TI - The activated partial thromboplastin time and factor XI deficiency. PMID- 3767174 TI - Mitoxantrone and hepatic toxicity. PMID- 3767175 TI - Prolonged computer use and deep venous thrombosis. PMID- 3767176 TI - Nadolol and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. PMID- 3767177 TI - Nomifensine, acute hemolytic anemia, and renal failure. PMID- 3767178 TI - Keeping up with the medical literature. PMID- 3767179 TI - Residency training in internal medicine. PMID- 3767180 TI - Fellowships: a modest proposal. PMID- 3767181 TI - [Primary osteoporosis in the adult]. PMID- 3767182 TI - Digitalis and diuretics: still the standard therapy? AB - Although digitalis preparations are effective in controlling the ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and certain other supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, with consequent haemodynamic benefit, there is increasing controversy about significant sustained inotropic efficacy in patients in sinus rhythm. Digoxin toxicity is a serious hazard and subtherapeutic dosing a deception and waste of resources; blood levels are the key to optimum dosing. A considered withdrawal of the drug and reintroduction if haemodynamic deterioration ensues is probably the only way of proving in an individual patient if the drug is really worth using long-term. Diuretics have had a major place in management of cardiac failure, correcting the fluid overload. However there are a number of troublesome metabolic and other consequences, and excessive diuresis can be dangerous. Vasodilator therapy has recently had a major impact on management of more severe forms of cardiac failure, usually with coadministration of diuretics, but the predominant pattern of drug use in milder heart failure is to rely primarily or even exclusively on diuretics. Rational use of drugs in cardiac failure would be greatly facilitated by availability of simple non-invasive techniques to measure cardiac function and filling pressures. Until this becomes possible it will be difficult to alter the traditional pattern of long-term use of digoxin and diuretics whenever there have been symptoms attributable to heart failure. PMID- 3767183 TI - Idiopathic calcium urolithiasis: genetic aspects. AB - Seventy-nine stone-formers underwent a metabolic investigation and ABO blood group determination. Incidence of blood groups in patients was similar to ABO phenotypes distribution in general population. The 37.7 p. 100 showed family history for stones. Idiopathic hypercalciuria was present in 40.3 p. 100 of cases; stone-formers with positive family history had a higher incidence of hypercalciuria (46.8 p. 100) than subjects without affected relatives (31.5 p. 100). Patients with blood group A displayed hypercalciuria in the 54.5 p. 100 of cases while subjects with blood group O only in the 30.7 p. 100 (p less than 0.05). Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were reduced in the 36.9 p. 100 of the whole group and particularly in patients of blood group A. Patients with blood group A, with positive family history, showed higher mean values of calcium excretion and lower ones of GAGs. Our results seem to suggest that not only familiar factors play a significant role in stone disease pathogenesis but also some metabolic alteration may be linked to ABO phenotypes. PMID- 3767184 TI - [Clinical value of assays of parathyroid hormone and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in internal medicine]. AB - Over a 3 years period, PTH, 25 OHD, calcium and phosphate levels were measured in all patients admitted to a department of Internal Medicine with abnormal phospho calcic metabolism or bone disease. The diagnostic value of iPTH was analysed, especially in cases of hyper- and hypocalcaemia. In hypercalcaemia, the iPTH did not differentiate between the two main differential diagnoses: hyperparathyroidism and cancer. In patients with a negative calcium balance, the iPTH level is often raised and many help towards diagnosis. However, it should first of all orientate the clinician towards the detection of renal failure which is a common cause of this condition. PMID- 3767185 TI - Studies on the hydroxylation of vitamin D in man. AB - The authors have studied some of the factors influencing vitamin D hydroxylases in man, using two indirect experimental approaches. In the first study they have considered the effect of a long-term treatment with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) on the serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) in postmenopausal osteoporosis, a condition in which high serum levels of 25-OHD and low mean levels of 1,25(OH)2D have been observed. In the second study the effects of the infusion of physiological doses of human parathyroid hormone (PTH) on the serum levels of 1,25(OH)2D and 24,25(OH)2D have been investigated. In the first study a decrease in the circulating levels of 25-OHD was observed during 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment. This could be considered as an indirect evidence of an inhibitory action of 1,25(OH)2D3 on 25-hydroxylase: in this view 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment decreases 25-hydroxylase activity, which is higher than normal in postmenopausal osteoporosis due to the low levels of 1,25(OH)2D. In the second study PTH infusion was followed by a remarkable increase in 1,25(OH)2D serum levels as a result of 1 alpha-hydroxylase stimulation, which was much higher in patients with hypoparathyroidism. The determination of 24,25(OH)2D levels during PTH infusion indicated an inhibitory effect on 24-hydroxylase. PMID- 3767186 TI - Vitamin D status in the extreme age of life. AB - The aim of the present study was to investigate vitamin D status in the extreme age of life and to assess the ability of elderly people to synthesize vitamin D in skin, in response to artificial ultraviolet irradiation, and to hydroxylate the newly synthesized vitamin in the liver. The authors have determined the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in 43 healthy subjects (17 males and 26 females) aged 84 years or more. The changes induced in 25-OHD serum levels by whole-body artificial ultraviolet irradiation have also been studied in 10 healthy volunteers aged 41-90 years and, as a control, in 8 normal subjects aged 24-40 years. Serum 25-OHD has been determined, after lipid extraction of samples and column chromatography, by competitive protein binding assay using rat serum as the source of binding protein. The mean 25-OHD serum level in the group studied was 5.7 +/- 4.3 ng/ml, much lower than the mean observed in normal subjects aged 20-40 years (21.3 +/- 8.2 ng/ml). Men had higher levels than women. In the age group 84-89 years 25-OHD levels were higher than in subjects aged 90 96. Serum 25-OHD increased remarkably in all our normal subjects in response to artificial ultraviolet irradiation. Age-related differences in 25-OHD response to irradiation were not significant. The results of the present study indicate that vitamin D deficiency is common in the extreme age of life. It is probably a consequence of poor diet and lack of exposure to sunshine rather than of an impairment of cutaneous synthesis or liver hydroxylation of vitamin D. PMID- 3767187 TI - [Bone involvement in hypothyroidism in adults. Apropos of 20 patients]. AB - Although bone changes in hyperthyroidism are well known, they have been much less studied in hypothyroidism and we set out to establish whether they did occur in the latter condition. We present the results of a prospective study of 20 adult patients, with acquired primary hypothyroidism. No changes in urinary or blood calcium or phosphorus metabolism were observed and serum parathormone, 25-hydro, 125-dihydro and 24-25-dihydroxycholecalciferol concentrations were normal. Histological examination of iliac crest bone biopsy after double labelling with tetracycline showed normal bone trabeculation volume, surface of resorption and rates of calcification. However, the relative osteoid volume was increased and there was a much higher osteoid thickness index. These observations may be explained by a global decrease in the activation and activity of the multicellular units of bone remodeling due to the general slowing of cellular metabolism encountered in that condition. PMID- 3767188 TI - [Renal lithiasis in idiopathic hypercalciuria and primary hyperparathyroidism]. AB - The high incidence of renal lithiasis in hyperparathyroidism (55 p. 100) suggests that PTH plays a causal role in stone production. It also motivates a systematic search for primary hyperparathyroidism in all patients with renal stones although it is only found in about 7 p. 100 of cases. PTH acts through the stimulation of 1.25(OH)2 vitamin D production and therefore, the absorption of calcium from the intestine, which in turn increases the filtrable calcium, hence the calciuria. In renal stones, in general, hypercalciuria represents one of the major metabolic disturbances, besides the hyperoxaluria, hyperuricosuria and the reduction of the inhibitors of crystallization. However, hypercalciuria is rarely the indirect result of excess PTH. It is usually caused by increased dietary ingestion of NaCl, meat, calcium and possibly carbohydrates. PMID- 3767190 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of heart failure in different European countries: a young AEMIE questionnaire. AB - To compare diagnosis and treatment of heart failure among different European countries, an anonymous questionnaire was developed and sent to young AEMIE members all over Europe. 159 filled-in questionnaires were received: 30 p. 100 from France (F), 25 p. 100 from Great Britain (GB), 21 p. 100 from the Benelux countries (NL), 13 p. 100 from Italy (I) and 11 p. 100 from West-Germany (D). Baseline characteristics of the participating physicians (age, years of hospital training, available equipment, etc.) were comparable among the different countries. There was good agreement in the value of history, clinical examination, ECG and chest X-ray for the diagnosis of heart failure. In all countries breathlessness, basal crepitations and gallop rhythm were counted among the most important signs of left heart failure. Whereas the value of gated-blood pool scanning and Holter monitoring as a first diagnostic approach was unanimously denied, the value of 2D-echocardiography in heart failure was discussed controversially: in I, F and D 50-80 p. 100 of the physicians thought echocardiography a first-hand diagnostic tool, whereas only 20-30 p. 100 of the physicians in GB and NL recommended echocardiography in the first place. Diuretics, sodium reduced diet and afterload reduction (in GB only) are the first therapeutic measures in GB, NL and F. However, in I and D digitalis is still the cornerstone of therapy (greater than or equal to 50 p. 100!). Physicians of all European countries with the exception of the physicians in D prefer pure digoxin as the first digitalis preparation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3767189 TI - [Sensitivity of bone to parathyroid hormone in type I pseudohypoparathyroidism. 6 cases]. AB - The sensitivity of bone to parathormone in pseudoparathyroidism is not well known. Six patients with Type I pseudohypoparathyroidism (4 with Albright's osteodystrophy) had increased alkaline phosphatase levels (5 patients) and radiological signs of periosteal resorption in the hand in one case. All patients had histological signs of increased surfaces of resorption and periosteocytic lacunae, increased osteoid surfaces and relative osteoid volume with no change of the index of osteoid thickness. These changes are identical to those observed in hyperparathyroidism which leads on to the discussion of the role of the increased parathormone secretion induced by the lack of calcium on the remodeling of bone. Our six cases show that there is no bone resistance to parathormone. The diversity of bone changes in hyperparathyroidism, similar to that of primary hyperparathyroidism, is without doubt dependent on the degree of renal insensitivity to PTH through the inactivation of vitamin D. PMID- 3767191 TI - New inotropic-vasodilating drugs in acute and chronic heart failure. AB - Clinical trials with new inotropic, non-adrenergic agents with vasodilating properties have open new perspectives for the treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. If their mechanism of action is not exactly known, they are likely to increase C.AMP by phosphodiesterase inhibition. A clear distinction has to be made concerning short- and long-term administration of these drugs. Amrinone (A) has been administered to 10 patients with low postoperative cardiac output as unique inotropic therapy and to 34 patients in severe cardiogenic shock, despite optimal treatment. In the latter group, A was added to the preliminary drugs. In both groups of patients, hemodynamics improved significantly, except in 4 patients in group II, who died. Except in one case with thrombocytopenia and one with supraventricular dysrhythmias, no serious side-effects were noted. No long term treatment has been carried out in our institution. The literature has widely reported that the new inotropic drugs used in class III and IV patients, are likely to increase patient's well-being and exercise capacity, but not life expectancy. PMID- 3767192 TI - [Usefulness of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in hypertensive patients]. AB - Treated or untreated hypertensive patients may have very different blood pressure levels when measured by the doctor in his surgery and when measured by ambulatory monitoring during their usual everyday activities. It is now possible to record blood pressure non-invasively with a portable blood pressure measuring device, the Remler M2000. Using this device, we observed that less than half of the patients referred by their medical practitioner for hypertension had abnormally high blood pressures during their everyday activities. We also noted that the ambulatory blood pressure profile of a given hypertensive patient cannot be predicted from the blood pressure recorded by his or her doctor. Consequently, we concluded that ambulatory blood pressure recordings would appear to be essential for the detection of patients with high blood pressure readings at the doctor's surgery and during everyday activities. These patients probably include the only group which really needs appropriate antihypertensive therapy. PMID- 3767193 TI - [Respiratory encephalopathy]. AB - Encephalopathy is a common and sometimes a presenting feature of decompensated chronic respiratory failure. There is a wide number of clinical and paraclinical signs of this condition and four grades of severity without a close correlation with blood gas changes. This condition is the consequence of complex metabolic and circulatory disturbances resulting from the blood gas abnormalities. The prognosis is good when the respiratory failure is quickly and correctly treated. PMID- 3767194 TI - [Metabolic encephalopathies]. PMID- 3767195 TI - [Endocrine encephalopathies]. AB - Endocrine encephalopathy, excepting hypoglycaemia and diabetes mellitus, is usually the clinical expression of non specific neuronal suffering secondary to a severe endocrine disturbance. The presentation is sometimes atypical and the prognosis poor but reversible with appropriate treatment; the condition should be recognised as the diagnosis can be made by simple investigations. PMID- 3767196 TI - Cryoglobulinaemia: clinical features and response to treatment. AB - We report the clinical features and outcome of 16 patients with cryoglobulinaemia. Two patients with Type I cryoglobulinaemia both had IgG kappa monoclonal paraproteins. Nine of 10 with Type II disease had monoclonal IgM kappa and polyclonal IgG; one had monoclonal IgG kappa and polyclonal IgG in the cryoglobulin. Underlying disorders identified in 3 of the 4 Type III patients were Sjogren's syndrome, infective endocarditis, and non-A non-B hepatitis and HTLV III infection. The commonest presenting features were rash in 94 p. 100 (ulceration 25 p. 100), arthralgia in 63 p. 100 (erosive arthritis 32 p. 100), renal disease in 63 p. 100, neurological involvement in 56 p. 100, hepatomegaly in 32 p. 100 and splenomegaly in 32 p. 100. Major associated conditions were progressive bronchiectasis in one case, and severe peripheral vascular disease in another; underlying malignancy was found in 2 cases (lymphoma and malignant melanoma). Treatment was with plasma exchange (PE) and immunosuppressive drugs (ID) in 10, PE alone in 3, ID alone in 2 and antibiotics [corrected] in 1. Fourteen of 16 patients showed an initial clinical response and fall in cryoglobulin levels. Four patients have died, one each from gastro-intestinal haemorrhage, sepsis, pulmonary embolism and lymphoma. Of the remaining 12 patients, all are symptomatically controlled and 10 have persisting cryoglobulinaemia (3 on PE and ID, 2 on PE, 2 on ID and 3 on no treatment). Of the two cases in whom cryoglobulinaemia resolved, one (Type II) had received PE and ID and the other (Type III) had been treated with antibiotics and surgery for infective endocarditis. PMID- 3767197 TI - Cryoproteins. AB - Proteins producing phenomena after exposure to the cold are reviewed but concentrating mainly on those that can produce aggregates within the laboratory. From three large series the frequencies were I. Mixed Cryoglobulins (polyclonal 50 p. 100, monoclonal 18 p. 100); II. Monoclonal Cryoglobulin (25 p. 100); III. Cryofibrinogen (3 p. 100) and IV. Cold Agglutinins (polyclonal 2 p. 100, monoclonal 2 p. 100). Mixed cryoglobulins present with any of the features of immune complex disease, but with the onset of renal involvement, over 50 p. 100 of the patients are dead within 5 years. Monoclonal cryoglobulins present with flat lesions in dependent areas, most reflecting an underlying or impending malignant B-cell neoplasm. Cryofibrinogen, missed in heparinised samples, is associated with thrombophlebitis migrans and sometimes underlying cancer, especially of the pancreas. Cold agglutinins cause Raynaud's phenomenon and haemolytic anaemia and the blood must be centrifuged at 37 degrees C. Treatments are discussed and are certainly encouraging in about one-third of the patients. PMID- 3767198 TI - Lack of correlation of glycosylated haemoglobin level with the duration of diabetes or diabetic angiopathy. AB - Patients with severe diabetic angiopathy show an increased physiologic haemolysis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the practical influence of the resulting reduced red cells half-life on the glycosylated haemoglobin (GHb) level as determined by a routine method. 168 diabetics, aged 55.7 +/- 1.3 years, were studied. The duration of disease ranged from 3 months to 34 years; 66 patients were insulin-treated and 87 had clinical features of arteritis and/or patent microangiopathy. A highly significant correlation was found between the mean plasma glucose level determined on the first day after admission and the GHb value. The slopes of regression curves of diabetics with and without angiopathies were similar. For a given mean glucose level there was no correlation between the GHb value and the duration of diabetes. So, in clinical practice, it is not necessary to take into account the duration of diabetes or the presence of angiopathies for explaining the GHb results. PMID- 3767199 TI - An algorithm for differential diagnosis in jaundice and its applications. AB - During the recent years a broad spectrum of diagnostic methods have appeared for the differentiation of obstructive and nonobstructive jaundice: ultrasound examination, CT-scan, direct cholangiography, etc. These investigations are costly and not without risks. It is therefore essential to devise an optimal diagnostic strategy for each patient. Extensive clinical and clinical chemical information was collected from 1,002 jaundiced patients. By application of Bayes' theorem and logistic discriminant analysis a diagnostic algorithm was developed based upon 21 variables of the 107 variables collected. This algorithm permitted a probabilistic classification of jaundiced patients into four diagnostic categories: acute non-obstructive, chronic non-obstructive, benign obstructive and malignant obstructive jaundice. Adopting a probability limit of 0.80, 683 patients (69 p. 100) were correctly classified, 34 patients (3.5 p. 100) were wrongly so, and 268 patients (27 p. 100) could not be classified with a probability above 0.80 (doubtful cases). The algorithm was also tested in a further series of 110 jaundiced patients and found to perform equally well: 88 patients classified, 22 patients remaining doubtful. Patients with doubtful diagnoses should be referred to a non-invasive test such as ultrasound examination, whereas patients with definite diagnoses can be referred to invasive tests (liver biopsy, direct cholangiography) as appropriate. The diagnostic algorithm seems to be a reliable tool for the primary differential diagnosis of the jaundiced patient and can be used in the planning of further diagnostic tests for the individual patient. PMID- 3767200 TI - Clinical value of late ventricular potentials after myocardial infarction. PMID- 3767201 TI - [Anatomo-clinical conference. Abdominal pain, fever, jaundice, disseminated intravascular coagulation in a 28-year-old man]. PMID- 3767202 TI - [Neuroendocrine involvement in epileptic crises]. PMID- 3767203 TI - [Peri-ungual capillaroscopy in diabetes. Definition of stages of severity and correlations with retinal angiofluorography]. PMID- 3767204 TI - [Simulation of mental disorders. 1. Psychopathologic and psychosociodynamic aspects in a military environment]. AB - In this paper, the author studies the malingering as a problem in the relationship between the doctor, patients and environment. Our field is the military community. After descriptive approach in the psychopathological disorders, the psychopathological and psychodynamic points of view give us the possibility to reach the most important level. This author's ideas are as follow- malingering is not a diagnostic but will be amount the general conditions of the relationship between doctor and his patient. The malingering is in some community, more one behavior of suspicion about some people than an attribution supported by facts. Finally, the suspicion of malingering as to be considered as an expression of the psychic phenomena in real groups funermore in the psychanalytical approach of the groups. PMID- 3767205 TI - ["The alcoholic tramp and his mother"]. PMID- 3767206 TI - [The concept of passionate psychosis without delusions]. PMID- 3767207 TI - [Application of D.S.M. III to prison psychiatry: apropos of 100 diagnostic evaluations]. AB - From hundred diagnostic evaluations according to D.S.M.-III classification, the authors bring to light the frequency of psychiatric disorders among the prisoners. "Substance use disorder" (axis 1) and "antisocial personality" (axis 2) are the more frequent diagnosis and they are often associated. "Schizophrenic disorders" are not unusual. On the other hand, there are not isolated "anxious disorders" on axis 1. Presence of anti-LAV antibodies (axis 3) among 51% of imprisoned drug addicts is pointed out. PMID- 3767208 TI - Neodymium: YAG laser surgery: the treatment of pediatric cataract disease. AB - Cataract extraction in children has undergone dramatic changes during the past 20 years, largely as a result of technologic advances. The neodymium: yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser has indirectly brought the surgical technique full circle. The posterior capsule may be preserved at surgery and treated successfully with the Nd:YAG when necessary. In 16 such cases reported here, 11 patients with congenital and five with acquired cataracts all had improved vision after treatment with the Nd:YAG laser. The youngest patient was aged four years. The safety of Nd:YAG laser therapy is supported by this study. PMID- 3767209 TI - Retinal pigment epitheliopathy: an unusual case. PMID- 3767210 TI - Optic disc edema and Lyme disease. AB - A seven-year-old child developed a febrile rash, migratory arthritis, and neurologic signs. Three days earlier, the child had been bitten by a tick. An eye examination two months later revealed bilateral papilledema, although the cerebrospinal fluid pressure was 170 mm. The IgM antibody titer for the Ixodes dammini spirochete was 1:256. I dammini is the tick vector for the Borrelia spirochete that causes Lyme disease. The papilledema receded with treatment over a month's time, and bilateral pigment epithelial mottling at the fovea was present after one year. PMID- 3767211 TI - Neurosyphilis and retrobulbar neuritis in a patient with AIDS. AB - A 33-year-old homosexual patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) developed sudden unilateral loss of vision. Slit-lamp and funduscopic examination of the affected eye was completely within normal limits. The patient, however, had a Marcus Gunn pupil, decreased color vision, and a large central scotoma on visual field examination. This was consistent with retrobulbar optic neuritis. Laboratory investigation revealed a highly positive serum and cerebrospinal fluid venereal disease reaction level (VDRL). A diagnosis of neurosyphilis was made, and the patient was treated with ten days of intravenous penicillin therapy. Ophthalmologists should be aware that many patients with AIDS have also been exposed to syphilis. Regardless of their clinical presentation, all AIDS patients should be examined and tested for syphilis and treated as is necessary. PMID- 3767212 TI - Opportunistic infections of the retina and posterior segment. AB - Opportunistic infections of the retina are becoming a more frequent diagnostic and therapeutic challenge as immunosuppressed patients become more common. Viral, fungal, protozoan, and bacterial agents may be encountered. Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations, illustrated by case histories, are presented in this article. Viral infections are characterized by progressive exudation and hemorrhagic necrosis in a segmental distribution corresponding to the retinal vasculature. Protozoan, fungal, and bacterial infections may demonstrate more focal lesions with greater vitreous involvement. Diagnosis is established by clinical examination of body fluids. Antimicrobial drugs alone or combined with vitrectomy are effective therapy for fungal, bacterial, and protozoan infections. Antiviral drugs have yielded more disappointing results in the management of viral retinitis. PMID- 3767213 TI - Posterior decompensation syndrome: macular failure versus senile macular degeneration. AB - Macular cone death in adults is caused by failure of the system that carries away the retinal biologic wastes. This failure may be termed the posterior decompensation syndrome, a name intended to convey the dynamic concept of imbalance between formation and elimination of waste. Because of centripetal fluid flow in the subretinal space, a disproportionate amount of drusen-like debris accumulates upon the surface of the lamina vitrea at the posterior pole. Recognition of this concept is the key to prevention of macular failure by reducing the amount of waste generated from the peripheral retina or its transport to the macula. PMID- 3767214 TI - Anatomy of the round window niche. AB - The contributing elements to boundaries of the round window niche are superiorly the tegmen fossula fenestra rotunda (roof support), inferiorly the fustis (depth) and area concamerata, anteriorly the sustentaculum (support) and postis anterior (anterior pillar), and posteriorly the postis posterior (posterior pillar) and the subiculum (underlying supporting structure). Variations in their size and orientation can give rise to significant variability in the overall size and shape of the round window niche. PMID- 3767215 TI - Verrucous carcinoma of the temporal bone. AB - Verrucous carcinoma, a familiar lesion of the oral cavity and larynx, is distinctly rare in the ear. We report five cases of verrucous carcinoma of the temporal bone, each of which fulfills Ackerman's histologic and biologic criteria. Only three cases of verrucous carcinoma of the ear have been previously reported. Most cases of verrucous cancers of the head and neck demonstrate a lack of nodal involvement, relatively slow growth potential, local invasiveness, and responsiveness to surgical treatment. In our five cases of verrucous carcinoma of the temporal bone, three had a biologic behavior similar to other verrucous tumors, while two cases were unusually aggressive. Three patients were treated surgically and had favorable outcomes, while the remaining two were treated with combination therapy. These cases highlight the difficulty in diagnosis and treatment as well as the lack of understanding of the biologic behavior of this rare otologic entity. PMID- 3767216 TI - Middle cranial fossa acoustic neuroma excision: results and complications. AB - The middle cranial fossa surgical approach has been used for the removal of acoustic neuromas in 43 patients at the University of Iowa since 1974. Hearing was maintained in 50% of patients with tumors 1.5 cm or less outside the porus acusticus. Postoperative hearing, facial nerve function, and complications were similar to reports using the suboccipital or retrosigmoid approach to preserve hearing for this size tumor. The character of the tumor appears to dictate the postoperative outcome rather than the surgical approach. PMID- 3767217 TI - Histologic findings in two very small intracanalicular solitary schwannomas of the eighth nerve. AB - Two very small intracanalicular tumors, resected en bloc with the complete eighth nerve, were serially sectioned in order to study the relationship between the tumors and the nerves of origin. Both cases met the size criteria for hearing conservation surgery; however, the patient with the smaller tumor and the better hearing had no recognizable cochlear nerve fibers passing the tumor. The cochlear nerve in the patient with poorer hearing was completely free of tumor. The tumor with the infiltrated cochlear nerve seemed to originate from the inferior vestibular nerve. The other tumor seemed to arise from the superior vestibular nerve. Proximally, the tumors occupied a more central location in the involved nerves, but they abruptly became eccentric and exophytic as they proceeded laterally. Nerve fibers remaining about the tumors were displaced to the periphery. These nerve fiber aggregates became quite thin and attenuated, frequently separating into smaller aggregates which, ultimately, were incorporated into the tumors. As fibers came closer to the tumors, they tended to change from their longitudinal direction toward a more circumferential orientation about the surface of the tumors. The tumor-nerve fiber interfaces were quite variable throughout the course of the tumor, ranging from large aggregates of nerve fibers distinctly separate from the tumors to aggregates separate but tightly applied to the tumors without a tissue plane between, to aggregates partially incorporated within the periphery of the tumors, to aggregates completely incorporated into the periphery of the tumors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3767218 TI - Perilymphatic fistula: a histopathologic study. AB - Over the last two decades, clinical criteria for perilymphatic fistulae have been defined to the extent that differentiation can be made between such fistulae and other balance-affecting disorders such as Meniere's syndrome. On the assumption that the specimens in the temporal bone bank of the University of Chicago Medical School that had been obtained from patients having vertigo, hearing loss, or both, before those clinical criteria were so defined might have been classified incorrectly, we proposed a retrospective histopathologic study, with prediction of two independent variables: a clinical history and physical findings consistent with the diagnosis of perilymphatic fistula and communication between the vestibule and the middle ear adjacent to or via the fissula ante fenestram. Eleven pairs of temporal bones with the histologic diagnosis of idiopathic labyrinthine hydrops were evaluated before the clinical histories relevant to those specimens were reviewed. In one specimen, a communication between the vestibule and the middle ear space was identified. In none of the other specimens was there a similar communication. As this study continued, significance was given to the histologic details of the communication between the middle ear and posterior canal ampulla. The temporal bones without these communications did not have clinical histories consistent with the diagnosis of perilymphatic fistula. PMID- 3767219 TI - Stapedectomy results in a residency training program. AB - As the total number of stapedectomy procedures has declined, the adequacy of residency training for this procedure must be evaluated. Results of 5 years of stapedectomies performed by the resident otology service at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary from Oct 1, 1979, through Sept 30, 1984, are reviewed and compared with other published results. A suggestion is made for improving the residency teaching program. PMID- 3767220 TI - Diagnosis and management of anomalies of the craniovertebral junction. AB - The term craniovertebral junction refers to an area comprising the inferior portion of the occipital bone surrounding the foramen magnum and the first two cervical vertebrae. A variety of anomalies of bony, meningeal, and neural elements are known to occur in this region, producing a wide spectrum of clinical symptoms. These can range from dizziness, ataxia, and nuchal headaches to obvious quadriparesis and cranial nerve palsies. Often the symptoms are vague with an evolution marked by temporary exacerbations and remissions. The diagnosis can be difficult, and in our experience is best achieved by combining a neurotologic and neurologic evaluation. We discuss here the symptoms and diagnosis in ten patients with lesions at the craniovertebral junction. The surgical management of two cases of basilar invagination is described, and the controversies regarding the technique are discussed. PMID- 3767221 TI - Comparative study of age-related cochlear hair cell loss. AB - Age-related hair cell loss has been studied in squirrel monkeys using surface preparation of the organ of Corti. Increasing hair cell loss starting at the apex is seen as a function of age. This finding is discussed in the light of our studies in guinea pigs, chinchillas, and rabbits. Reviewed with other human and experimental data, it would appear that many species of animals have age-related histological damage similar to that seen in the human organ of Corti. PMID- 3767222 TI - Clinical use of an insert earphone. AB - There are several applications of and advantages to using an insert earphone. An insert earphone has three parts: a transducer to convert electrical energy to sound, a conduit to deliver the sound into the ear canal, and a coupler connecting the device to the canal. The data from this study indicate that there is a distinct advantage in using insert earphones over TDH-49 phones (standard headphones) in the attenuation of low frequency ambient noise. The use of insert earphones will permit one to test hearing in areas of higher ambient noise than was previously possible. Insert earphones are used to shorten the hearing aid selection process. A technique is described in which only one real ear measurement is required for an accurate hearing aid fitting. Most, but not all, of the masking dilemmas that are encountered with standard headphones are circumvented or eliminated by using insert earphones. In brain stem auditory evoked response testing, the insert earphone reduces the stimulus artifact without influencing the acoustic signal. Finally, the insert earphone solves the collapsing ear canal problem. PMID- 3767223 TI - Effect of conductive hearing loss and middle ear surgery on binaural hearing. AB - This study investigated whether conductive hearing loss reduces normal binaural hearing advantages and whether binaural hearing advantages are normal in patients who have had hearing thresholds improved by middle ear surgery. Binaural hearing was assessed at a test frequency of 500 Hz using the masking level difference and interaural time discrimination thresholds. Results indicated that binaural hearing is often poor in conductive lesion patients and that the reduction in binaural hearing is not always consistent with a simple attenuation of the acoustic signal. Poor binaural hearing sometimes occurs even when middle ear surgery has resulted in bilaterally normal hearing thresholds. Our preliminary results are consistent with the interpretation that auditory deprivation due to conductive hearing loss may result in poor binaural auditory processing. PMID- 3767224 TI - Malleus grip prosthesis. AB - The malleus grip prosthesis is designed for ears with conductive hearing loss caused by pathologic conditions of the stapes in association with pathologic conditions of the malleus or incus. The malleus grip procedure was performed on 220 ears, and follow-up studies are available on 203. Mild to profound sensorineural hearing losses occurred in 16 (8.37%). The remaining 187, on the first postoperative test, had an average air-bone gap of 14 dB, and subsequent examinations on 100 of them showed no significant change with the passage of time. The procedure is technically more difficult than stapes surgery for otosclerosis, and success is highly dependent upon selection of appropriate cases and meticulous implantation of the prosthesis. PMID- 3767225 TI - Giant cell granuloma of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity. PMID- 3767226 TI - Recurrent mixed tumor. AB - Recurrence of benign neoplasms can usually be attributed to incomplete excision. Such is the case with benign mixed tumors of salivary glands. Certain histopathologic features of mixed tumors, however, appear to facilitate recurrences. These are: a predominantly myxoid composition, and transcapsular extension by the tumor. Multicentric origin is possible, but it must be regarded as a much lower order of probability. PMID- 3767227 TI - Histologic study of the vestibulocochlear nerve. PMID- 3767228 TI - [Incontinentia pigmenti. Study of 3 families]. AB - Ten cases of incontinentia pigmenti are reported. All patients, corresponding to three families, were female. In one case a Turner's syndrome phenotype (XO) with mosaicism 46 XX/46 X; i (Xq) was observed. This finding seems to confirm that the disease is transmitted through a dominant gene carried on the X chromosome. Dental alterations were the most frequent of associated abnormalities, being present in all 10 patients. We regard these abnormalities as important as they permit a retrospective diagnosis in adult patients after the skin lesions have disappeared. EEG alterations (essentially an increase in the slow component) were also observed in the majority of cases. PMID- 3767229 TI - [Association of a pediatric bullous eruption, cutaneous and muscular atrophy, hyperpigmentation and dysmorphism. A new entity?]. AB - We report the case of a young patient who presented with dysmorphism, bullous eruption of childhood, cutaneous and muscular atrophy and hyperpigmentation. Attempts were made to find out where this case fits in the nosological framework. This young boy without any particular family history was born with facial dysmorphism consisting of micrognathia, right microphtalmos, gothic palate and left facial palsy of the peripheral type. At the age of 2 years and 9 months, generalized fragility of the skin appeared in the form of a recurrent bullous eruption. The bullae left numerous atrophic and depigmented scars; they spared the mucosae, and there was no photosensitivity. At the same time, generalized skin atrophy developed: the subcutaneous venous network was abnormally visible and there was diffuse hyperpigmentation. The hair was fine, curly and thin. The teeth dystrophic and abnormally positioned. The cornea of the right eye was invaded by conjunctiva. The bullous eruption subsided when the child was about 6 years' old, but the skin atrophy became worse and was accompanied with amyotrophy of the limbs and retraction in flexion of the joints at the extremities. Chronic ulcerations were present on the lower limbs. Statural and ponderal growth, as well as mental development were normal. The biochemical examinations performed revealed no abnormality. Light and electron microscopy of the skin showed a normal dermis-epidermis junction, but the anchorage fibres were rarefied. The dermal connective tissue was abnormal, with thin collagen fibres and disorganized fibrillae. Fibroblasts were hypoplastic and numerous. The elastic network was meagre and elastic fibres had a slashed appearance. Biopsy of a palmar nodule showed cheloid-like lesions. The nosological discussion involved some congenital bullous diseases and certain forms of connective tissue dystrophia. Among the bullous diseases, congenital poikiloderma, as described by Weary and Kindler, is unaccompanied with amyotrophy, articular retraction or dysmorphism. According to Verret et al., the bulla is located at the dermis-epidermis junction. Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa seems to differ from our case in that skin atrophy is localized and amyotrophy, dysmorphism and disorders of pigmentation are absent. In addition, we found no histological evidence of collagenolysis. Mendes Da Costa's bullous dystrophy can be excluded, as there was no nanism, microcephaly or diffuse alopecia in our patient. Among connective tissue dystrophias, acrogeria Ehlers-Danlos type IV syndrome does not include bullous eruption, amyotrophy or articular retraction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3767230 TI - [Cutaneous expansion by inflatable implant]. AB - The capacity of the skin to stretch and expand, as shown in pregnancy, has been used by Radovan who, in 1976, introduced skin expanders made of silicone. These are empty balloons of different sizes and shapes which are surgically placed under the skin and gradually filled with saline. The saline solution is introduced through a valve with a syringe and a 21 G needle. Skin expansion usually requires 6 to 8 weeks to be completed. Transient redness of the skin is frequently observed. A thin capsule can be found around the expander but does not need to be removed. The excess skin can be utilized as advancement flap, rotation flap or even two-stage distant flap. Our experience is based on 33 expansions performed in 26 patients (table I). Giant naevi were the most frequent lesions treated (20 cases), and face, scalp and neck were the most frequent localizations (27/33 cases) (table II). Complications occurred in 21 p. 100 of the cases, and 5 expanders had to be removed. Nevertheless, expansion could be completed in most cases, sometimes after replacement of the prosthesis. The results of repair surgery using expanded skin have always been satisfactory: in colour and texture the expanded skin was similar to that of adjacent areas, and sensation was preserved. Skin expansion in fact made it possible to perform local flaps--which usually represent the best solution for skin replacement--by creating hyperlaxity in areas adjacent to the pathological areas. There has been no retraction of the expanded skin, and the scars have shown no tendency to hypertrophic reaction or distension.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3767231 TI - [Lutz-Miescher elastosis perforans serpiginosa]. PMID- 3767232 TI - [Thompson's type congenital poikiloderma. Presentation of a minor form]. PMID- 3767233 TI - [Chronic perineo-buttock ulcerations and suppurations preceding Crohn's disease by 30 years]. PMID- 3767234 TI - [Eyelid pigmentation probably caused by the prolonged application of an ophthalmologic ointment containing mercury]. PMID- 3767235 TI - [Diagnostic case: epithelioma cuniculatum]. PMID- 3767236 TI - [Erythema chronicum migrans]. PMID- 3767237 TI - [Treatment of a mucoid pseudocyst of the fingers]. PMID- 3767238 TI - [Short treatment of psoriasis with anthralin (dioxyanthranol, cignolin)]. PMID- 3767239 TI - [How to report side-effects of drugs?]. PMID- 3767240 TI - [Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans, Pick-Herxheimer disease]. PMID- 3767241 TI - [Treatment of hydatid cysts of the liver. Apropos of 77 cases]. PMID- 3767242 TI - [Exposed fistula of the small intestine, a complication of peritonitis or laparotomy. Apropos of 120 cases]. PMID- 3767243 TI - [110 hyperselective vagotomies for duodenal ulcer. Medium-term results (median follow-up: 25 months)]. PMID- 3767244 TI - [Preoperative embolization of the splenic artery]. PMID- 3767245 TI - [Posterolateral approach to tumors of the dorsal and lumbar spine]. PMID- 3767246 TI - [Isthmic spondylolysis of the axis. 2 cases]. PMID- 3767247 TI - [An apparently primary Budd-Chiari syndrome, with inferior cava compression, treated by a mesenteric-caval anastomosis]. PMID- 3767248 TI - Effect on biochemical values of heat treatment of plasma for the safe handling of samples from AIDS patients. AB - There is widespread concern amongst laboratory workers over the risks of exposure to human T cell lymphotrophic virus III [HTLV III] and the possibility of the subsequent development of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome [AIDS]. HTLV III is thermolabile and is completely inactivated by heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min. We have studied the effect that such heating would have on analyses performed routinely in our laboratory. PMID- 3767249 TI - Proteinase inhibitors in human cerebrospinal fluid. Demonstration of a previously unrecognised inhibitor. PMID- 3767250 TI - Whole blood osmolality. AB - The osmolality of plasma and heparinised whole blood samples collected from hospital patients was estimated using measurement of the depression of freezing point. There was no clinically significant difference between osmolality measurement made on either whole blood, or plasma taken from the same patient. Neither cell volume nor haemolysis was found to affect the measurement. The reproducibility of whole blood measurements was similar to that for determinations carried out on plasma. Measurement of osmolality on whole blood is quicker and cheaper and needs a smaller specimen than if serum or plasma is used. PMID- 3767251 TI - Interpretation of sweat sodium and chloride concentrations. PMID- 3767252 TI - Regional quality assessment of pH and blood gas analysers. AB - The performance of 41 pH and blood gas analysers in 20 hospitals was assessed using commercially available blood gas ampoules provided by seven manufacturers. The stability of the material and the effect of ambient temperature on Po2 was assessed. The overall mean values were outside the manufacturers' assigned values on eight out of 64 values. Using IL413 analysers as a basis for comparison, significant differences were found for Pco2 on ABL1, Corning 168 and 178 analysers and for Po2 on ABL1 and 2 and Corning 178. No significant differences were found for pH. Poor performers were identified in terms of imprecision. Analysers within or associated with clinical biochemistry departments gave better performance than those outside the laboratory. The five analysers that provided insufficient data for inclusion in the study were all situated outside the laboratory. Analysers from different manufacturers performed equally well provided they were used regularly and in accordance with manufacturers' instructions. PMID- 3767253 TI - Radioimmunoassay of buprenorphine with iodine label: analysis of buprenorphine and metabolites in human plasma. AB - Quantitative analysis of potent opiate drugs in plasma by radioimmunoassay is potentially inaccurate because of the occurrence of cross-reacting metabolites. This paper describes the chemical synthesis of buprenorphine-3-O-glucuronide, a metabolite of buprenorphine, and an extraction procedure coupled with radioimmunoassay which allows the sensitive and specific measurement of buprenorphine using an iodinated buprenorphine derivative. The measurement of extracted and unextracted samples using two different antisera allowed investigation of the metabolism of buprenorphine. In four patients who had taken sublingual buprenorphine for at least one month, N-dealkyl buprenorphine was present in similar concentrations to those of buprenorphine, while buprenorphine 3-O-glucuronide was present in two to three times those concentrations. PMID- 3767254 TI - Thyroid function tests in patients with familial dysalbuminaemic hyperthyroxinaemia (FDH). AB - Two patients with familial dysalbuminaemic hyperthyroxinaemia (FDH) are described in whom the albumin variant resulted in raised total T4 levels, and artefactually raised free T4 using a 'single-step' technique employing an analogue of T4 as tracer. The first patient was clinically euthyroid and presented with relapse of schizophrenia and abnormal thyroid function tests (total T4 336 nmol/L, total T3 4.2 nmol/L, TSH 1.8 mU/L, free T4 73 pmol/L). These results led to diagnostic confusion and the patient was treated with a short course of anti-thyroid drugs. The second patient had signs and symptoms of thyrotoxicosis at her first visit but was clinically euthyroid 5 months later when she was 10 weeks pregnant. Thyroid function tests were total T4 259 nmol/L, total T3 3.6 nmol/L, TSH 3.8 mU/L, free T4 46 pmol/L. Further studies showed both patients to be biochemically euthyroid. A variant albumin was confirmed in both patients by a screening test for FDH and by reverse-flow electrophoresis. Family studies on 10 relatives of the first patient identified eight with FDH. A simple screening procedure for the indentification of FDH is described and the use of laboratory tests in suspected cases is discussed. PMID- 3767255 TI - Drug screening: evaluation of the Toxi-Lab TLC system. AB - An evaluation of a commercial TLC Kit System (Toxi-Lab) is described. The performance of the system is assessed in the detection of drugs in overdose and in therapy, and is compared with a GC drug screening system. Toxi-Lab performed well in investigating drug overdoses. We found data on metabolite patterns essential for the identification of drugs in urine and for this reason the system performed much better than GC screening in which information on metabolites is limited. In our experience Toxi-Lab screening was not sufficiently sensitive for the detection of commonly prescribed psychiatric drugs taken in therapeutic doses. This system is rapid, versatile and suitable for small laboratories, but is comparatively expensive and some expertise is necessary to interpret results. A major deficiency of the kit is that the identification procedures are designed for the detection of drugs available in the USA and many drugs prescribed in the UK have been omitted. PMID- 3767256 TI - Glycosylated haemoglobin: comparison of five different methods, including measurement on capillary blood samples. AB - Glycosylated haemoglobin was measured in venous blood samples and in blood collected in 'Unistep' bottles by isoelectric focusing (IEF), as the reference method, and by electroendosmosis (EEO), the thiobarbituric acid method (TBA), ion exchange chromatography (IEC) and affinity chromatography (AC). Isoelectric focusing, electroendosmosis and thiobarbituric acid gave similar results. Affinity chromatography gave lower results than isoelectric focusing for normal values but similar results for diabetics. Ion-exchange chromatography gave 24% lower results than isoelectric focusing across the range. Using Unistep collected blood samples and comparing multiple samples from the same patient, electroendosmosis gave the best results (coefficient of variation 4%) and thiobarbituric acid gave slightly less good precision that other methods. Re-use of affinity chromatography columns gave less good precision. Collection of blood samples into a Unistep bottle gave similar results to venous sample results. Storage of venous capillary blood samples in Unistep bottles over 1 week at 21 degrees C gave similar results to immediate assay. Electroendosmosis of blood samples in Unistep bottles gave stable results over 2 weeks. Home collection by a patient of a capillary blood sample into a Unistep bottle allows glycosylated haemoglobin results to be available when seen in the clinic. PMID- 3767257 TI - An examination of the hexokinase method for serum glucose assay using external quality assessment data. AB - Hexokinase methods for serum glucose assay appeared to give slightly but consistently higher inter-laboratory coefficients of variation than all methods combined in the UK External Quality Assessment Scheme; their performance over a two-year period was therefore compared with that for three groups of glucose oxidase methods. This assessment showed no intrinsic inferiority in the hexokinase method. The greater variation may be due to the more heterogeneous group of instruments, particularly discrete analysers, on which the method is used. The Beckman Glucose Analyzer and Astra group (using a glucose oxidase method) showed the least inter-laboratory variability but also the lowest mean value. No comment is offered on the absolute accuracy of any of the methods. PMID- 3767258 TI - Determination of aluminium in human tissues by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy and comparison of reference values. AB - Aluminium in human tissues has been determined by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Tissues were dried at 110 degrees C and digested with concentrated nitric acid at 50 degrees C overnight. After dilution with distilled water the samples were measured. The aluminium levels of the controls (healthy individuals who died as a result of an accident) appeared to be: grey matter 2.1 +/- 1.0 (mean +/- SD), white matter 1.7 +/- 0.5, spinal cord, 3.3 +/- 1.5, kidney 1.9 +/- 0.7, heart 2.1 +/- 1.1, vertebral cortex 1.9 +/- 1.8, and vertebral trabeculae 3.1 +/- 1.8 micrograms/g dry weight. For a patient with dialysis motor neuropathy significantly higher values were found. Comparison with values in the literature shows that our reference values are in agreement with published results obtained by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy. PMID- 3767259 TI - Testosterone assays: guidelines for the provision of a clinical biochemistry service. AB - Approximately one year after the devolution of testosterone assays from the SAS, the Analytical Methods Working Party of the Association of Clinical Biochemists set up a working party to investigate the performance of the assays, to survey the available methodology and to give guidance on the factors that influence the assay. This document represents a summary of the deliberations of the group and forms one of a series of similar reports. PMID- 3767260 TI - Analytical reviews in clinical biochemistry: calcium measurement. PMID- 3767261 TI - Acceptance of values assigned to serum-based calibration materials. AB - A questionnaire sent to laboratories in the UK and Ireland elicited information on acceptance or otherwise of values assigned to serum-based calibration materials for 14 analytes. Overall, 33% of assigned values were changed by users. The reasons for change, together with the degree of magnitude and direction of change, were studied for each analyte. Unidirectional changes made to assigned values were related to particular batches and manufacturers. Detailed information is presented for protein (Beckman RIIC Ltd.) on Astras, and sodium, bicarbonate and bilirubin on SMACs and SMAs (Technicon Instrument Co. Ltd.). PMID- 3767262 TI - Diagnostic methods for iron status. PMID- 3767263 TI - Changes in sample isoferritin composition as a possible cause of dilutional discrepancies in ferritin 2-site immunoradiometric assay results. AB - The effect of changes in sample isoferritin composition on the behaviour of ferritin 2-site immunoradiometric assays was investigated using a computer model and experimental studies. Modelling studies predicted that under conditions where a sample has a different isoferritin composition from the assay standards, progressively higher values will be generated for the apparent ferritin content of the sample when it is analysed at increasing dilutions. In addition, the assay results will underestimate the actual ferritin content of such samples at all dilutions. Dilutional discrepancies in assay results and underestimation of sample ferritin concentrations were found in practical assays when synthetic samples with demonstrably different isoferritin profiles were analysed. Differences in isoferritin composition between assay standards and assayed samples may therefore be a cause of dilutional discrepancies in some results from ferritin 2-site immunoradiometric assays. PMID- 3767264 TI - A fluorimetric method for measurement of erythrocyte transketolase activity. AB - A method for measuring erythrocyte transketolase activity (ETKA) is described that is precise, economical of reagents and capable of high throughput with partial or full automation. The transketolase-dependent transformation of ribose 5-phosphate, yielding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, is linked via 'indicator enzymes' to glycerol production and NADH consumption, the latter being followed fluorimetrically. Conditions under which ETKA and 'TPP Effect' are derived have been examined and optimised. Values are comparable with those obtained by other methods but a relatively narrow adult reference range for ETKA is observed. Data are presented for optimal preparation and storage of samples. PMID- 3767265 TI - Reduced serum carnosinase activity in hypothyroidism. AB - Carnosinase hydrolyses carnosine in muscle, and its deficiency is associated with extensive neuromuscular abnormalities. We measured serum carnosinase activity in patients with thyroid dysfunction which often involves neuromuscular systems. In hyperthyroidism, the carnosinase activity was not significantly different from that in normal subjects. In hypothyroidism, however, it was significantly lower than that in normal subjects. The activity examined in five patients with hypothyroidism returned to normal after replacement therapy. In hypothyroidism, the carnosinase activity showed significant correlation with concentration of serum thyroxine and negative correlation with serum creatine kinase activity. This finding may be of practical importance in the differential diagnosis of disorders causing carnosinase deficiency. PMID- 3767266 TI - Screening for early diabetic nephropathy. AB - An albumin excretion rate of 30-150 micrograms/min is a strong predictor of future clinical diabetic nephropathy. The collection of urine samples commonly used is cumbersome and tedious for both patients and laboratory staff. We have therefore examined the usefulness of albumin:creatinine ratio measurement as a predictor of albumin excretion rates greater than 30 micrograms/min. Values above 3.5 for the albumin:creatinine ratio gave high sensitivity (98%) but low specificity (63%) while a value greater than 4.5 had a sensitivity of 96% and specificity of 72%. We conclude that the albumin:creatinine ratio in a first morning urine sample is useful as an initial screening test for microalbuminuria but that further analysis is required to select those with definite microalbuminuria. PMID- 3767267 TI - Glycosylated plasma protein measurement by a semi-automated method. AB - A semi-automated method for determination of glycosylation of plasma proteins using the thiobarbituric acid method is described. Plasma samples (100 microL) and a plasma pool used as a secondary standard were incubated in 0.3 M oxalic acid at 100 degrees C for exactly 2 h. The hydroxymethyl furfural released and the total protein were measured concurrently on a Technicon AAII Autoanalyzer. Addition of 10 or 20 mmol glucose to plasma samples caused a minimal increase in the measured glycosylated protein. Within-batch and between-batch coefficients of variation were 3.1% and 4.9% respectively. The mean glycosylated protein levels for 52 normals and 48 maturity-onset diabetics were (+/- 1SD) 0.96 +/- 0.13 and 1.75 +/- 0.32 nmol HMF/mg protein/2 h incubation. PMID- 3767268 TI - The hypokalaemia of acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 3767269 TI - Reference materials for clinical enzymology: the work of the Community Bureau of Reference of the European Community. PMID- 3767270 TI - Glycosylated haemoglobin by affinity chromatography in diabetic and non-diabetic children. AB - We have made an evaluation of glycosylated haemoglobin measurements by affinity chromatography in a paediatric population. Age-related reference values for non diabetic infants and children are reported. A poor correlation (r = 0.24) was found between glycosylated haemoglobin values in 26 insulin-dependent diabetic children and the paediatrician's independent assessment of clinical control. PMID- 3767271 TI - Comparison of three parathyroid hormone assays. AB - The efficiency of three parathyroid hormone (PTH) assays in the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism has been investigated. Two assays used commercial reagents and measured the intact hormone and middle region of parathyroid hormone and the third assay employed the antiserum AS 211/32. Although the intact and mid molecule assays showed a greater increase in PTH above normal than the laboratory PTH assay, patients with proven primary hyperparathyroidism were not distinguished from healthy subjects in every case. The intact and in house assays gave elevated values in seven out of nine patients with proven hyperparathyroidism and the mid-molecule assay in eight out of nine assays. The intact PTH and in-house assays were more successful than the mid-molecule method in separating patients with primary hyperparathyroidism from those with hypercalcaemia due to malignancy. PMID- 3767272 TI - Performance and clinical utility of a commercially available 'C-terminal' PTH assay. AB - The performance and clinical utility of a 'C-terminal' parathyroid hormone (PTH) radioimmunoassay (Dac-Cel, Wellcome Diagnostics) is described. Parathyroid hormone, as measured by the Dac-Cel method, is stable in whole blood samples for at least 24 h. 84% of patients with hypercalcaemia due to primary hyperparathyroidism have values above the upper limit seen in normocalcaemic subjects (0.5 micrograms/L), with detectable serum PTH demonstrable in the remaining 16%. In patients with hypocalcaemia due to hypoparathyroidism serum PTH was undetectable in 73% and 'inappropriately' low in the remainder. In 50% of patients with malignancy-associated hypercalcaemia serum PTH was undetectable, but was above 0.5 micrograms/L in 13%. Increased PTH concentrations were invariably found in patients with renal failure. The Dac-Cel method is a reliable and robust technique for measurement of PTH and in conjunction with determination of calcium facilitates the diagnosis of primary parathyroid disorders. Caution is required in the interpretation of PTH measurements in patients with renal failure; the significance of detectable PTH in some patients with malignancy associated hypercalcaemia is not clear. PMID- 3767273 TI - The effect of hydropenia and oral water loading on renal lysozyme handling and N acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase excretion in man. AB - To substantiate the effects of urine flow rate on renal lysozyme handling and N acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) excretion, experiments were performed in normal human subjects. Urine flow rate was varied by overnight fluid deprivation and progressive diuresis induced by oral water loading. Lysozyme measurements were made using an improved turbidimetric method and NAG determinations using a modified fluorometric assay utilising individual recovery techniques. Fractional lysozyme clearance and lysozyme excretion demonstrated a nearly linear relationship with urine flow rate (r = 0.78, r = 0.80, P less than 0.0005), and both were elevated significantly in samples obtained during diuresis. NAG excretion, however, demonstrated a significant but weak correlation (r = 0.47, P less than 0.005) with fractional urine flow rate. A significant (P less than 0.05) difference in NAG activity occurred only during the period of hydropenia, when a decrease in excretion was observed. These findings suggest that the effect of diuresis on lysozyme excretion should be considered in studies utilising this enzyme as a marker of renal injury. PMID- 3767274 TI - Effect of ethanol on erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity. AB - Erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity was measured in the blood of 36 alcoholic subjects and 41 healthy volunteers. The mean activity in the alcoholics was significantly lower than that in the control subjects. In vitro experiments showed that ethanol inhibited the AchE activity immediately and in proportion to the concentration of ethanol used. Incubation times up to 6 h did not increase the inhibition significantly. Incubation of normal red cells with ethanol for 15 h, followed by washing, showed also that AchE activity was inhibited by the previous exposure to ethanol and that washing did not reduce the inhibitory effect. The possibility is considered that depressed erythrocyte AchE activity may be an early indication of potential disturbances of the autonomic nervous system. The importance of reporting ethanol intake in patients with organophosphorus poisoning is stressed. PMID- 3767275 TI - The blunder-rate in a clinical biochemistry service. AB - We describe a study undertaken to investigate the frequency and type of mistake detected in a large biochemistry laboratory. Blunders were recorded over three non-consecutive 3-week periods. The returns to the external quality assessment schemes during a 12-month period were also monitored. Despite changes in laboratory practice, the nature of the errors found has not altered substantially from those described by earlier investigators. The detected blunder rate was 0.3%. PMID- 3767276 TI - Long-term trends in biochemical data obtained from two population surveys. AB - A study has been made of the variations in monthly mean values of 10 serum constituents in subjects participating in two partly-concurrent long-term epidemiological surveys. Closely similar patterns of variation were found in men in both surveys and in men and women in one survey. During the 6 years of the study, four types of variation of the monthly mean concentrations were identified in varying combinations: abrupt changes of less than 2% not detected by quality control procedures; a gradual drift in mean value; haphazard variations in mean values; and seasonal variations in bilirubin and urea, identical in men and women. The implications of these findings for the design of long-term epidemiological surveys, and the criteria for designating variations as seasonal, are discussed. PMID- 3767277 TI - Simplification of a urinary metadrenaline assay. PMID- 3767278 TI - A simple method for the measurement of glycerol in serum. AB - An automated enzymic assay for the measurement of glycerol in serum is described. As it uses a centrifugal analyser, this method does not require prior extraction. It is precise, sensitive, and can be performed rapidly at low cost. PMID- 3767279 TI - A comparison of serum electrolyte concentrations in blood collected by evacuated tubes or syringes. PMID- 3767280 TI - Preparation of (T3 + T4)-free pooled plasma. PMID- 3767281 TI - Drug screening and the Toxi-Lab TLC system. PMID- 3767282 TI - A new strategy for out-of-hours laboratory investigations. PMID- 3767283 TI - Effects of workload and analysis time on the cost of out-of-hours investigations. AB - In the UK, under present Whitley Council Regulations for payment for out-of-hours pathology services, there is a complex relationship between the number of requests received, the time taken to analyse each request, and the number of calls for which payment may be claimed for work done. At a fixed average analysis time, the rate of increase of remuneration slows down as workload increases until at higher workloads remuneration falls. The introduction of methods with a shorter average analysis time to improve the clinical service increases remuneration disproportionately. We suggest that a fixed sessional payment would be a better way of funding the service. PMID- 3767284 TI - HDL-cholesterol subfractions in healthy males: relation to serum triglyceride levels and age. AB - The relationship between plasma HDL-cholesterol subfractions (HDL2 and HDL3), measured using a differential precipitation method, and serum triglycerides, was studied in 402 healthy Caucasian males attending a health screening centre in London. Mean values for HDL2 and HDL3 were 0.42 +/- 0.24 mmol/L and 0.81 +/- 0.15 mmol/L respectively. HDL2 was found to show a stronger negative correlation with serum triglyceride and a stronger positive correlation with total HDL than HDL3. HDL2 also showed a stronger correlation with age than either total HDL or HDL3. Mean levels of HDL2 were 20% higher in subjects over 55 years of age compared with those who were less than 55 years of age. Reference values of HDL2 and HDL3 are presented for different age ranges. PMID- 3767285 TI - A method for the identification of apolipoprotein E isoforms employing chemical precipitation and flat bed isoelectric focusing in agarose. AB - A method is described for the identification of apolipoprotein E phenotypes. Lipoproteins were precipitated by magnesium chloride/phosphotungstate reagent and isoelectric focusing performed on flat-bed agarose. Sensitivity was enhanced by blotting with nitrocellulose prior to staining. The system described requires no ultracentrifugation step and allows up to 20 samples to be processed in each run. Agarose has some advantages over the more commonly used polyacrylamide gels for isoelectric focusing. PMID- 3767286 TI - The use of different lipids to express serum tocopherol: lipid ratios for the measurement of vitamin E status. AB - Plasma tocopherol was measured in 85 alcoholic patients and 40 control subjects from a local factory. Cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids were measured individually and summed to give an estimate of total serum lipids. Plasma tocopherol concentrations of the alcoholics were significantly lower than those of the controls and showed wide variation from marked deficiency to the upper limit of the normal range. Using regression analysis, 1.11 mumol tocopherol/mmol total lipids were calculated as the threshold of deficiency equivalent to 0.8 mg tocopherol/g total lipid established by Horwitt et al. The sensitivity and specificity of other tocopherol:lipid ratios for identifying vitamin E deficiency was compared with the tocopherol:total lipid ratio. Thresholds of deficiency for the different tocopherol:lipid ratios were calculated. The tocopherol:cholesterol+triglyceride ratio was found to be almost as powerful in identifying vitamin E deficiency as the tocopherol:total lipid ratio (sensitivity 95%, specificity 99%). Of the tocopherol:individual lipid ratios, the tocopherol:cholesterol ratio gave the best results (sensitivity 86%, specificity 94%). PMID- 3767287 TI - delta-Aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase as an index of the presence and severity of lead poisoning in acute and chronic lead exposure. AB - The activity of delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D; porphobilinogen synthase) was measured in whole blood from a group of workers with acute exposure to lead and with low blood lead levels, a group of workers with chronic lead exposure and high blood lead levels, and a group of people without undue environmental lead exposure. The activity of ALA-D was reduced significantly at low blood lead levels only if undue exposure to lead had occurred, and was thus a reflection of low level lead poisoning. In chronic lead exposure the enzyme was not invariably reactivated fully with dithiothreitol, indicating more severe enzyme poisoning. The one lead worker with symptomatic lead poisoning had the most marked enzyme suppression. Measurement of both ALA-D activity and blood lead levels was more useful than the measurement of blood lead levels alone in the diagnosis and assessment of the severity of lead poisoning. PMID- 3767288 TI - Simple screening methods for hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiencies using dried blood spots on filter paper. AB - Simple methods for the detection of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase and/or adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiencies using dried filter paper blood spots were studied. Enzyme activities in the eluate from dried filter paper blood spots stored for 4 weeks at room conditions were shown to be quite stable. Autoradiographs prepared from dried filter paper blood spots and DE-81 papers soaked with enzyme reaction mixtures containing 14C hypoxanthine and/or 14C-adenine showed sharp radioactive spots in normal subjects. No activity was evident in the cases of the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome and/or adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency. The methods seem to be suitable for screening. PMID- 3767289 TI - The adjusted serum calcium concept--a reappraisal. AB - The relationship between serum calcium and albumin was studied using a data base containing biochemical results on approximately 687,000 samples. To exclude patients with established bone, liver and kidney disease, calcium and albumin values had to be accompanied by additional results falling within the laboratory reference range for urea, phosphate, globulin, alkaline phosphatase and aspartate transaminase activities. The regression coefficients of calcium on albumin changed significantly following a change of instrumentation, even though the analytical principles of the methods remained the same. In addition, using standard laboratory methods, the relationship between calcium and albumin deviated from linearity at albumin concentrations less than 30 g/L. Care is needed in the selection and clinical application of factors for the adjustment of serum calcium for changes in the concentration of circulating albumin. Using a large data base, an albumin-related reference range for serum calcium may be calculated, eliminating the need for adjusting calcium values. PMID- 3767290 TI - Measurement of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase and plasma cholinesterase activity by a differential pH technique. AB - We describe a new electrochemical method for the determination of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity (EC 3.1.1.7) and plasma cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) activity, based on the measurements of pH variation due to release of acetic acid from acetylcholine. The major advantages of the differential pH procedure are simplicity, high reproducibility, no need for pre-treatment of samples, automatic correction of sample blanks, and speed and direct measurement of enzymatic reaction. The proposed methods are linear up to 7400 U/L at 30 degrees C and correlate well with the manual spectrophotometric method of Ellman for plasma cholinesterase and for washed erythrocytes. We adapted the same technique for the determination of erythrocyte cholinesterase using whole blood as sample and quinidine sulphate as inhibitor of pseudocholinesterase. PMID- 3767291 TI - The interpretation of bloodspot 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone levels in term and pre-term neonates. AB - Bloodspot 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, plasma cortisol, plasma sodium and urinary 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, cortisol, sodium and creatinine levels were determined in 24 term and 32 pre-term infants on the third, eighth and fourteenth days of life. Pre-term infants, whether 'well' or 'sick', had significantly raised bloodspot 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone levels (up to 158 nmol/L) compared with those found in term infants (up to 18.8 nmol/L). Urinary 17 alpha hydroxyprogesterone creatinine ratios were also higher in pre-term infants. Plasma cortisol results showed similar ranges for term and pre-term infants, and bloodspot 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone/plasma cortisol ratios for day 3 specimens correlated with the degree of prematurity. These results may be due either to immature enzyme systems in the pre-term baby or to an excess of related steroids cross-reacting in the 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone assay. We propose the use of two distinct upper limits of normal of 20 nmol/L (term infants) and 200 nmol/L (pre-term infants), for the interpretation of bloodspot 17 alpha hydroxyprogesterone levels at the end of the first week of life. PMID- 3767292 TI - An improved method for measurement of common tricyclic antidepressant drugs and their metabolites using normal phase HPLC. AB - A sensitive HPLC method that allows the simultaneous determination of imipramine, amitriptyline and their desmethyl metabolites, using a 10 cm straight silica cartridge column with a mobile phase consisting of 0.004% perchloric acid in methanol is presented. Detection of the eluent is at 210 nm. The drugs are back extracted from serum, giving both a good recovery and sensitivity of at least 5 micrograms/L. This method has proved to be extremely robust and reliable, with coefficients of variation around 3% being reported. PMID- 3767293 TI - Mobile phase optimisation in the separation of antiepileptic drugs by high performance liquid chromatography. AB - A simple method is described for adjusting the mobile phase composition to obtain optimum separation of commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs by high-performance liquid chromatography. The drugs are separated, in less than 6 min, on a column of Hypersil ODS 5 microns (100 mm X 5 mm i.d.) with a high mobile phase flow rate. The final mobile phase composition is a mixture of methanol, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran and water, adjusted to give the best separation with our laboratory conditions. The method is described and evidence of precision and accuracy presented. The improved separation resolves the major metabolites of carbamazepine which have been ignored in most methods for antiepileptic drugs. The advantages of mobile phase optimisation to improve the separation of antiepileptic drugs are discussed. PMID- 3767294 TI - Changes in plasma and buffy layer vitamin C concentrations following major surgery: what do they reflect? AB - Plasma and buffy layer vitamin C concentrations have been measured in 19 patients before and following major surgery, and falls of 36% and 43% respectively were recorded on the first post-operative day. However, the change in the buffy layer could not be accounted for by a change in the concentration of vitamin C in platelets, mononuclear cells or polymorphonuclear leucocytes, the cell types which form the buffy layer. The buffy layer change could be explained by a post surgical increase in the number of polymorphonuclear leucocytes which, when the buffy layer vitamin C is expressed per 10(8) white cells, dilutes the platelet and mononuclear cell contribution to the buffy layer vitamin C concentration. The fall in buffy layer vitamin C does not, therefore, reflect any increased demand for white cell vitamin C in the immediate post-operative period, although the decrease in plasma vitamin C could imply some increased utilisation or redistribution of the non-cellular compartment. PMID- 3767295 TI - Bence Jones protein detection: a rapid immunoblotting technique for routine use on unconcentrated urine. AB - A new immunoblotting method is described for the detection of Bence Jones proteinuria by the routine laboratory. Unconcentrated urine specimens are subjected to electrophoresis on agarose gels. Separated proteins are transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane and the immunoglobulins located and identified by horseradish-peroxidase double-antibody staining. The new method has been compared with that used routinely, and an improved rate of detection of both Bence Jones protein and intact urinary monoclonal immunoglobulin has been obtained. Among urine specimens received for routine testing for Bence Jones protein from 83 patients, 64 monoclonal components were found by the new technique compared with 45 by the method used routinely. Other advantages of the new procedure include: no need to concentrate urine specimens before electrophoresis; unlike immunofixation, the proteins may be detected successfully over a wide concentration range without using several specimen or antibody dilutions; and interpretation is easier. PMID- 3767296 TI - External quality assessment of serum enzyme activity assays and the effect of calibration on interlaboratory concordance. AB - The design and results of a UK external quality assessment scheme for six enzymes are described, from 21 surveys over a period of 7 years. Improvements in interlaboratory agreement and the adoption of reliable methods are documented. The potential of enzyme calibration materials in further improving numerical concordance between laboratories using different assay conditions, including temperature, is demonstrated and discussed. PMID- 3767297 TI - Evaluation of the computing aspects of automatic analysers. AB - Modern automatic analysers are making increasing use of microprocessor technology, which is difficult for the user, or even computer scientists, to evaluate. This paper offers some practical advice for the prospective purchaser on how to assess the capabilities and limitations of the computer hardware and software provided in such instruments, and considers some of the problems of interfacing an analyser to a laboratory computer system. PMID- 3767298 TI - Salivary androgens in hirsutism: are they of use in routine evaluation? AB - In the biochemical evaluation of hirsutism, 50% or less of patients have an elevated total serum testosterone. Recent work has suggested that measuring salivary testosterone or a derived serum 'free testosterone index' may be of use in the evaluation of hyperandrogenism. We have measured serum total, derived serum free indices and salivary concentrations of testosterone and 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone in an unselected group of hirsute patients in order to assess their value in the routine evaluation of hirsutism. The assays were performed using a novel oxidation procedure to overcome the need for chromatographic separation. The 'free testosterone index' gave the best discrimination. Salivary androgen concentrations were comparatively poor and cannot be recommended for routine use. PMID- 3767299 TI - Prevention of excess glycosylation of haemoglobin in filter paper blood spots taken for glycosylated haemoglobin measurement. PMID- 3767300 TI - A simple method for the measurement of red-cell calcium concentration. PMID- 3767301 TI - Interference of methotrexate with the determination of the protein content of cerebrospinal fluid. PMID- 3767302 TI - Indoles in the photoreceptor cells of the lamprey pineal complex. AB - In the pineal complex of the brook lamprey, the hydroxyindole-0-methyltransferase (involved in the biosynthesis of 5-methoxyindoles) displays a daily rhythm of activity with a nocturnal peak, during a light/dark cycle and in constant darkness. Immunoreactive indoles were found in both varieties of photoreceptor cells (P1 and P2): serotonin and N-acetylserotonin-like substances in P2 and a melatonin-like compound in P1. It is suggested that P1 and P2 are involved in indole metabolism. PMID- 3767303 TI - Photoreceptors in the teleost pineal organ. Daily fluctuations of indole metabolism. AB - The present study in the pineal organ of the pike reports the existence of day/night variations in the levels of three indoles, and in the activity of two enzymes involved in their metabolism. Present and previous data indicate that the cone-like (P) and modified (MP) photoreceptors of the pineal organ translate the photoperiodic information into nervous and indolic (in P), or into indolic (in MP) signals, displaying circadian variations. It is questioned whether these cells which are functional units of the circadian system, contain a circadian oscillator. PMID- 3767304 TI - [Localization of transcription regulatory sequences. Application to the genes of the prolactin family]. AB - We are studying nucleotide sequences responsible for the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression. Our test system comprises the human genes coding for prolactin (hPRL), growth hormone (hGH-N) and placental lactogen (hCS-B). We have cloned these genes and are searching within their sequences for in vitro binding sites of the human glucocorticoid receptor on the hGH-N and hCS-B genes; the in vivo activity of such DNA sequences by assaying hybrid gene expression in transfected cells; in vivo "enhancer" activity of different hPRL gene fragments linked to a marker gene and transfected in cultured cells. PMID- 3767305 TI - A recent survey of consanguineous marriages in Japan: religion and socioeconomic class effects. AB - A survey of consanguineous marriages in Japan was conducted on 1 September 1983 through questionnaires. The total number of couples studied was 9225, chosen from six widely different areas of Japan. Among six religious groups, the mean inbreeding coefficient (F) is the highest in Buddhists (0.0019), and lowest in 'no religion' (0.0008) and Catholics (0.0009). The F values for Buddhists and individuals with no religion decreased with marriage year in Fukue City and in the five other areas. In the latter group, the F value for Shintoists also decreased with marriage year. In the five areas, the F value is higher in Buddhists than in the 'no religion' group in each marriage year. Among educational groups, the F value was highest in graduates of junior high school for husbands (0.0025) and wives (0.0024), whereas the F value was lowest in graduates of a college, university or graduate course for husbands (0.0006) and wives (0.0005). Occupationally, the F value was the highest in agriculture, forestry and fishery for husbands (0.0035) and wives (0.0032), whereas the rate was the lowest among salesmen, for husbands (0.0006), and in professional occupations and researchers, for wives (0.0004). The causes of the declining F value are discussed. PMID- 3767306 TI - Skeletal maturity and body size of teenage Belgian track and field athletes. AB - Attained skeletal maturity (TW2 RUS method), skeletal maturity relative to chronological age, and body size of national-level Belgian track and field athletes 15 to 18 years of age were considered. Among the 47 male athletes, 29 (62%) were skeletally mature, while 15 (52%) of the 29 female athletes were skeletally mature. There appeared to be a predominance of skeletally mature individuals among male sprinters and jumpers, while a majority of female sprinters were not skeletally mature. Both skeletally mature and immature individuals were rather evenly represented in the other track and field categories, with the exception of female throwers, who were skeletally mature. Mean statures and weights of skeletally mature and immature 16-, 17-and 18-year old male athletes did not differ significantly, though the skeletally mature tended to be heavier. In contrast, the skeletally mature female athletes, on the average, were taller and heavier than the skeletally immature, although the differences among the small groups were not statistically significant. PMID- 3767307 TI - A cline for glyoxalase I allele frequencies in Italy. AB - A gradient of glyoxalase I allele frequencies is described in Italian populations. The association between longitude and allele frequency is assessed through simple and multiple correlation, and gene flow is suggested as a major factor in the origin of such a pattern. PMID- 3767308 TI - Local versus universal growth standards: the effect of using NCHS as universal reference. AB - Lack of local references has brought many fieldworkers to use the NCHS reference or other Western standards to assess the nutritional status of children in different developing countries. Cross-sectional data from 6631 children between 0 and 6 years of age, without signs of protein-energy malnutrition, were collected by the same observer in four different geographical areas in Africa and Asia. For each of the four geographical areas, local growth curves were drawn and compared with the NCHS reference. The local curves shows clear heterogeneity, and the values at different ages are not a constant proportion of the NCHS. These observations are in favour of using local standards in the nutritional screening of children in order to develop efficient and effective nutritional programmes. PMID- 3767309 TI - Geographic distribution of consanguinity in Europe. AB - Average consanguinity (alpha) of 20 large regional or national samples derived from Roman Catholic Dispensations or state archives shows a strong negative relationship with latitude (r = -0.738; P less than 0.001) which seems best explained by cultural-historical factors. Isolates show no such pattern and are more variable in their inbreeding levels. Two-way analysis of variance shows the sample division by population size to be significant, the division by geography to be not significant, with no significant interaction between the two factors. In a one-way analysis of variance only the mainstream samples showed significant geographic differences (P less than 0.001). There is no such geographic association in Japan which has greater cultural and historical homogeneity. The clinical patterning in average consanguinity may bias frequency estimates of rare alleles, including genetic disorders. PMID- 3767310 TI - Adolescent growth in weight and its relation to menarche in contemporary American girls. AB - Weight measurements at frequent intervals, from age six to adulthood, of 248 contemporary middle-class American girls were fitted to a mathematical model (Preece and Baines 1978). The results are used to examine weight and weight velocity at specified ages, the characteristics of the weight growth spurt and the relation of this spurt to menarche. These statistics are compared with previously complied height statistics for the same girls. Although the data of all 248 girls were readily fitted, no usable spurt take-off ages were found for 41 girls. Calculations, therefore, were made separately for two subsets: principal subset A (207) and variant subset B (41). The values (subset A) for weight at specified ages and at critical points of the adolescent growth spurt agree well with comparable US and Western European data. Comparing weight spurt (subset A) with height spurt, the weight spurt takes off earlier, peaks and ends later; adult weight is reached much later. The Preece-Baines model lacks a component for analysing the mid-growth spurt. Therefore, for some children, the model makes a too-early estimate of age at adolescent spurt take-off (and other dependent variables). This may account for the unrealistic take-off ages of girls in subset B, although these girls are also significantly younger and lighter than subset A girls at spurt peak and are also younger at menarche. While certain differences between the two subsets may be mathematical distortions caused by the Preece-Baines model, others may be real. PMID- 3767311 TI - Growth and development of bodyweight, height and head circumference during the first two years of life: quantitative genetic aspects. AB - Mother-offspring and sib-sib relationships enable estimation of the heritability coefficients (or more accurately, transmissibility coefficients) and the so called 'genetic correlation' for stature (S), weight (W) and head circumference (HC) in Israeli infants from birth to about two years of age. Heritability coefficients for S and HC show a more or less defined trend towards increase during ontogenetic development. The family resemblance in weight remains relatively constant or independent of age. The genetic correlations between each pair of the characters studied were higher than the corresponding phenotypic ones and showed an obvious tendency to decrease with age. The environmental correlations (rE) between W and S and between W and HC increase significantly with age, while for S and HC they are independent of age. PMID- 3767312 TI - Palmar dermatoglyphics of the Faroe Islanders. AB - The palmar dermatoglyphics of 298 male and 331 female Faroe Islanders were studied by the topological method of Penrose and Loesch. The frequency of individual pattern elements, triradii, main-line index and a-b ridge counts were recorded and compared with similar results for Danes and Cornish obtained from the analysis of unpublished data. The palmar traits of the three populations conform closely to the patterns of sex and bimanual variation reported in previous topological studies of Europeans. The Faroese have some distinctive dermatoglyphic features but the frequencies of their palm patterns are not as divergent from other North-West Europeans as their finger dermatoglyphic characters. PMID- 3767313 TI - Neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity is reduced in cerebral cortex in Alzheimer's disease. AB - Neuropeptide Y is a 36-amino acid peptide that is found in high concentrations in cerebral cortex and is contained in cortical neurons. We measured concentrations of this peptide in postmortem tissue from patients with Alzheimer's disease and controls using a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay. High-performance liquid chromatography showed that more than 95% of immunoreactivity co-migrated with synthetic standards in both Alzheimer's disease and control frontal cortex. Significant reductions in neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity were found in eleven cortical regions, the hippocampus, and the locus ceruleus. The regions particularly affected included the temporal lobe, frontal lobe, and occipital cortex. As neuropeptide Y is co-localized with somatostatin in a considerable proportion of cortical neurons, the loss of immunoreactivity may in part reflect degeneration of these neurons. Further study of the selective vulnerability of these neurons in Alzheimer's disease cortex may provide clues to the nature of the underlying disease process. PMID- 3767314 TI - Prognosis of dementia in normal-pressure hydrocephalus after a shunt operation. AB - Forty patients who had normal-pressure hydrocephalus were examined neuropsychologically before and 12 months after a ventriculoatrial shunt operation. Comparison of the preoperative and postoperative test results showed that cognitive functions improved in 16 patients, were unchanged in 19, and deteriorated in 5. Moreover, we found that the outcome of the operation depended on patient selection criteria. When three or more of the following preoperative signs were present (known cause, short history, low cerebrospinal fluid outflow, small sulci and/or periventricular hypodensity indicated by computed tomography), an improvement in cognitive function was seen in 80% of the patients after a shunt operation. PMID- 3767315 TI - Contrapulsion of saccades and ipsilateral ataxia: a unilateral disorder of the rostral cerebellum. AB - Contralateral pulsion of saccades and ipsilateral limb ataxia were manifestations of unilateral damage to the rostral cerebellum studied in a patient with occlusion of one superior cerebellar artery. The saccadic disorder consisted of three elements: horizontal saccades away from the lesion during attempted vertical saccades, resulting in oblique trajectories; hypermetria of contralateral saccades; and hypometria of ipsilateral saccades. Magnetic search coil oculography showed that durations of the horizontal components of oblique contrapulsive saccades were lengthened toward the durations of the vertical components. Lengthening of horizontal vectors indicated temporal coupling of the orthogonal components, as occurs in normal oblique saccades. The bias of saccades arose proximal to brainstem loci that decompose commands for oblique saccades into their horizontal and vertical vectors. Contrapulsion of saccades may be explained by imbalanced cerebellar outflow. PMID- 3767317 TI - The incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1960-1984. AB - A study of the incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis on the island of Newfoundland between 1960 and 1984 has yielded a current overall prevalence rate of 55.2 per 100,000, but wide variation is noted in the rates for different parts of the island (range, 15.9 to 105.0 per 100,000). The annual incidence rates for St. John's and the Avalon region of Newfoundland show cyclical variation on an approximate five- or six-year cycle. Suggestive evidence for a temporal link between varying incidence rates in these areas and recurrent local outbreaks of canine distemper was obtained. PMID- 3767316 TI - Glial growth factor-like activity in Schwann cell tumors. AB - To determine whether glial growth factor (GGF)-like activity is associated with human Schwann cell tumors, we tested extracts from these tumors for their ability to stimulate the proliferation of rat Schwann cells in culture. Extracts from 3 of 3 bilateral acoustic neuromas and from 5 of 7 unilateral acoustic neuromas demonstrated dose-dependent stimulation similar to that of partially purified bovine pituitary GGF. One neurofibroma also contained high levels of GGF-like activity, one demonstrated an intermediate level, and three showed low or no activity. Minimal activity was found in one neurofibrosarcoma and in one trigeminal schwannoma. Non-Schwann cell tumors studied included 3 meningiomas, 2 pituitary adenomas, 1 cerebellar astrocytoma, 1 glioblastoma, 1 hemangioblastoma, and 2 metastatic brain tumors. The cerebellar hemangioblastoma demonstrated high GGF-like activity; the others showed little or no activity. Normal tissues used as control specimens included brain, peripheral nerve, muscle, and fat. Some activity was noted in one nerve biopsy; all others showed minimal or no GGF-like activity. High-performance liquid chromatography demonstrated that the GGF-like activity from two acoustic neuromas eluted in a single peak close to that of bovine pituitary GGF. We conclude that acoustic neuromas contain a factor that is closely related to bovine pituitary GGF and that this factor may have a role in the abnormal proliferation of Schwann cells in these tumors. PMID- 3767318 TI - Borderzone infarctions distal to internal carotid artery occlusion: prognostic implications. AB - Bilateral watershed (WS) infarction at the borderzone of the middle cerebral artery territory are typically related to severe hypotensive events. Unilateral WS infarctions have sometimes been reported in occlusion of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery (ICA), but their pathogenesis and prognostic implications are poorly known. Twenty-six of 154 (17%) consecutive patients with ICA occlusion had a computed tomography-proved ipsilateral WS infarct. Severe active heart disease with hypotension and syncope (p less than 0.0001), severe contralateral ICA disease (p less than 0.001), and elevated venous hematocrit values (p less than 0.001) related to heavy smoking were more frequent in the patients with WS infarction than in other patients. Delayed infarctions in the territory of the main branches of the middle cerebral artery distal to the ICA occlusion correlated with a visible stump or emboligenic changes (ulcerated or irregular stenosis) on the collateral channels, but this was not true for delayed WS infarctions. These findings suggest that most of the WS infarctions were hemodynamic. The patients with WS infarct had a higher death rate (9.9% per year) than did the patients without WS infarct (2.3% per year), suggesting that heart disease should be particularly closely managed in patients with WS infarctions. As WS infarctions were the most frequent type of infarction distal to an occluded ICA, appropriate treatment of all potential causes of systemic hemodynamic disturbances may be crucial in the long-term management of patients with ICA occlusion. PMID- 3767319 TI - Electrographic status epilepticus in fatal anoxic coma. AB - Electrographic status epilepticus in the absence of conspicuous somatic motor manifestations is described in 10 patients who were comatose following anoxic ischemic brain damage. The outcome was unfavorable and the response to anticonvulsant drugs was poor. We describe a clinical sign predictive of the electroencephalographic findings, namely brisk, small-amplitude, mainly vertical eye movements readily detectable by passively elevating the lids. However, similar eye movements may infrequently be found in patients whose electroencephalograms show abnormal spike discharges without the occurrence of electrographic status epilepticus following cerebral anoxia, as in 2 other patients we describe. PMID- 3767320 TI - Mollaret's meningitis: a case with increased circulating natural killer cells. AB - A patient with longstanding Mollaret's meningitis had an increased number of circulating natural killer cells during an acute attack, as evidenced by 73% large granular lymphocytes and 80% Leu-11a-positive peripheral mononuclear cells. Numbers of large granular lymphocytes and Leu-11a-positive cells returned to normal by three months after the attack. Similarity of the morphological features of the Mollaret's cell to those of large granular lymphocytes is noted. PMID- 3767321 TI - Bilateral lucency of the globus pallidus complicating methylmalonic acidemia. AB - A child was seen because of encephalopathy and metabolic ketoacidosis at 19 months. She was found to have a cobalamin-responsive form of methylmalonic acidemia of the cbl A complementation group. However, after treatment with cyanocobalamin and a protein-restricted diet, with recovery from the encephalopathy, she was found to have a tremor and bilateral dystonic posturing in association with lucencies in the globus pallidi shown by computed tomographic scan. PMID- 3767322 TI - Atypical presentation and neuropathological studies in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA lyase deficiency. AB - A 6 1/2-month-old male offspring of consanguineous Egyptian parents was first seen because of fever, somnolence, vomiting, right focal motor seizures, right hemiparesis, elevated transaminase levels, hyperammonemia, and acidosis. A computed tomographic scan of the head suggested swelling of the left cerebral hemisphere, and an electroencephalogram indicated left frontotemporal abnormalities, but brain biopsy demonstrated diffuse white matter spongiosis and gliosis. Subsequently, urine organic acid analysis and enzyme assays were diagnostic of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A lyase deficiency. PMID- 3767323 TI - Measuring IgG production within the central nervous system. PMID- 3767324 TI - Measuring contrast sensitivity. PMID- 3767325 TI - Atypical presentation of progressive supranuclear palsy. PMID- 3767326 TI - Meningiomas and obesity reconsidered. PMID- 3767327 TI - Fifteenth annual meeting. Child Neurology Society. October 9-11, 1986, Boston, MA. Abstracts. PMID- 3767328 TI - [New aspects of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics]. PMID- 3767329 TI - [Effect of various forms of inorganic nitrogen on the biosynthesis of rifamycin B]. AB - To study the influence of various forms of inorganic nitrogen on biosynthesis of rifamycin B, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride and sodium nitrate were compared. It was shown possible to use mineral salts containing nitrogen in reduced or oxidized form as fermentation medium components. Sodium nitrate induced early alkalization of the fermentation broth, while ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride induced its early oxidation. Moreover, the chlorine ions inhibited the antibiotic biosynthesis. All this impaired normal development of the culture. Only ammonium sulfate provided the pH levels of the fermentation broth normal for the antibiotic biosynthesis and the highest levels of the antibiotic production. The positive role of this salt was due to the presence of both the ammonium group and the sulfogroup in the fermentation medium, since addition of the sulfogroup contained in the sulfates or sulfuric acid resulted only in partial increase of the antibiotic yield. PMID- 3767330 TI - [Oxidation-reduction status of the culture medium during the biosynthesis of amphotericin B]. AB - The possibility of potentiometric estimation of the oxidation-reduction state of the fermentation broth during production of amphotericin B was studied. It was shown that the reduction capacity of the fermentation broth was high and did not change significantly during the antibiotic biosynthesis. It contained electrochemically active compounds in amounts providing stable potentials on the indicator electrodes. Both the platinum and the glass redoxmetric electrodes not sensitive to changes in the level of oxygen dissolved in the fermentation broth might be used for measuring the oxidation potential of the fermentation broth. Investigation of the dynamics of the oxidation potential changing revealed that during the process of amphotericin B biosynthesis the potential changed within wide ranges and every stage of the culture development was characterized by particular direction of the potential changing. This allowed, in combination with other parameters of the process, estimation of physiological activity of the culture at any moment of its growth. PMID- 3767331 TI - [A dry nutrient medium for determining the sensitivity of pneumococci to antibiotics]. AB - A dry nutrient medium for assay of Pneumococcus antibiotic sensitivity was developed. The medium is based on a casein-yeast hydrolysate, a hydrolysis product of casein and nutrient yeasts, which are noneatable raw materials. The chemical ingredients selected to meet the Pneumococcus physiological requirements exclude addition of biological fluids such as blood and serum. Inclusion of 2,3,5 triphenyltetrasolium chloride into the medium provided detection of the Pneumococcus growth initial phases. 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrasolium chloride proved to be the most sensitive substance for revealing Pneumococcus reducing capacity. A procedure providing results of antibiotic sensitivity assay of pneumococci 3-3.5 hours after its initiation was developed. The new medium provided satisfactory growth of pneumococci and clear and light inhibition growth zones around antibiotic disks on light red medium. It was found that the medium modification without agar may be used for assay of Pneumococcus antibiotic sensitivity by the method of serial dilutions. PMID- 3767332 TI - [Effectiveness of complex therapy using ericyclin in patients with chronic pyoderma (5-year catamnestic data)]. AB - The remote results of combined therapy of 300 patients with chronic pyoderma were estimated by the data of the 5-year catamneses. The patients were treated with the use of erycycline, a combined drug consisting of two antibiotics made in the USSR. Stable clinical recovery within 5 years was stated in 78.8 per cent of the patients. Significant improvement (single pustules 2-3 years after discontinuation of the treatment) was registered in 13.7 per cent of the patients. Improvement (insignificant relapses within the first 2 years) was stated in 6.3 per cent of the patients. No effect of the combined therapy was stated in 1.2 per cent of the patients. It was shown that the use of erycycline in the combined therapy of the patients with chronic pyoderma provided its high efficacy, favourable immediate and remote results, decreasing the treatment period at the average by 3.8 days and decreasing the number of relapses. It also provided economy. The analysis of the catamneses promoted critical and objective estimation of the treatment results and stability of the therapeutic remission thus facilitating solution of the problem of treatment and prophylaxis of chronic pyoderma. PMID- 3767333 TI - [Current problems of combined antibiotic therapy]. PMID- 3767334 TI - [Structure of teichoic acid of a poly(glycerophosphate) nature from Streptomyces levoris K-3053 and its biological properties]. AB - The wall teichoic acid from S. levoris was studied. It is a poly(glycerophosphate)polymer consisting of 15-20 nonsubstituted glycerophosphate units coupled by the phosphodiether bonds according to the 1, 3 type. It was shown that the acid had antitumor activity and high cardiotoxicity evident from a clear-cut negative ionotropic effect on the cardiac papillar muscle in dogs. PMID- 3767335 TI - [Selective modification of the free amino groups of the antibiotic ristomycin A]. AB - Selective chemical modification of ristomycin A (I) by the free NH2 groups was performed. 6 different N-acyl and N-aminoacyl derivatives of I were obtained. 5 of them showed antibacterial activity within 0.4-10.0 micrograms/ml against 4 test microbes. The biological activity of the derivatives depended on the substituent type and the molecule total charge: mono-N-L-isoleucyl-I with the charge of +2 had the highest activity and N,N'-disuccinyl-I had the lowest activity. PMID- 3767336 TI - [Cloning and the determination of the nucleotide sequences in 2 genes of human leukocyte interferons]. AB - Four different recombinant phages carrying interferon sequences were identified in the human gene bank on vector Charon 4A. A fragment of interferon A gene cloned previously through cDNA was used as a hybridization probe for analysis of the bank. The nucleotide sequence of DNA encoding the interferon genes was determined for 2 recombinant phages. One of these genes corresponded to the interferon A gene but one amino acid substitution (His 34-Arg). The second gene (I1) belonged to the family of the interferon C genes and differed from all the genes described earlier. PMID- 3767337 TI - [Microcalorimetric study of the parameters of dicloxacillin binding with human serum albumin at different temperatures]. AB - The thermodynamic parameters of human serum albumin (HSA) binding with dicloxacillin, an antibiotic widely used in clinical practice, were determined with the method of differential flow microcalorimetry at 18, 25, 30, 37 and 45 degrees C. The experiments were performed at two ionic strengths: 0.02 and 0.15. Two hypothetic models of interaction in the HSA-drug system were considered in processing the data for the curves of calorimetric titration. The first model implies the presence of independent homogeneous active sites on the protein. In accordance with the second model there are one primary and secondary independent homogeneous active sites on the biopolymer molecule. It is shown that dicloxacillin association with HSA proceeds according to the mechanism suggesting the presence of one primary and one secondary active sites on the protein molecule. The binding process in the system studied is exothermic, the enthalpy increasing at the temperature change from 18 to 45 degrees C. At the same time the binding constant and enthropy of the system decrease. The influence of the solution ionic strength on the binding process was practically lacking. On the basis of the analysis of the thermodynamic data it is concluded that the character of the binding in the HSA-dicloxacillin system at 18-30 degrees C is hydrophobic. With an increase in the temperature the hydrophoby level decreases. PMID- 3767338 TI - [Effect of papain and levamisole on the body's immunological indices and oxidation-reduction processes in experimental sensitization]. AB - The effect of papain on sensitized animals was evident from activation of oxidation processes in the liver and adrenal glands, increased ability of the host to develop cellular immunity reactions, a moderate decrease in the level of humoral antibodies and inactivation of the monooxygenase system of the liver and adrenal glands. Levamisol had a favourable effect on the immunological reactions and monooxygenase system. However, it induced an increase in tissue hypoxia of the organs. PMID- 3767339 TI - Pharmacokinetics and dose proportionality of ketoconazole in normal volunteers. AB - Ketoconazole is an orally effective, broad-spectrum, systemic antifungal agent. The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of ketoconazole given as a 200-mg single dose in a tablet, suspension, or solution were studied in 24 fasting healthy males by using a crossover design. Levels of ketoconazole in plasma were determined for up to 48 h by a sensitive reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method. The absorption of ketoconazole was rapid, with mean maximum concentrations of the drug in plasma of 4.2, 5.0, and 6.2 micrograms/ml attained at 1.7, 1.2, and 1.0 h, respectively, after administration of the tablet, suspension, and solution, respectively. The mean distribution and elimination half-life values were 1.5 to 1.7 and 7.5 to 7.9 h, respectively. The mean oral clearance of the solution dose was 209 (+/- 82.9 [standard deviation]) ml/min, and the mean apparent volume of distribution was 88.31 (+/- 68.72) liters. The relative bioavailabilities for the tablet and suspension were 81.2 (+/- 33.5) and 89.0 (+/- 23.1)%, respectively, of that of the solution. The data indicated the bioequivalence of the tablet to the suspension and of the suspension of the solution. Dose proportionality of ketoconazole was also studied in 12 volunteers after they received solution doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg. Linear correlations between the dose and the maximum concentration of the drug in plasma, the time to the maximum concentration, and the area under the concentration-time curve were observed. However, the increase in the area under the curve was more than proportional to the dose given. The levels in plasma seemed to decay at a lower rate after 400- and 800-mg doses. The mean oral clearance decreased from 244.9 to 123.6 and 80.0 ml/min, respectively, as the dose increased from 200 to 400 and 800 mg. The apparent dose-dependent kinetics may have been due to the presystemic elimination and capacity-limited hepatic metabolism which become saturated at higher doses. PMID- 3767340 TI - Novel sulfur-containing microbial metabolite of primaquine. AB - Microbial metabolism studies of the antimalarial drug primaquine, using Streptomyces roseochromogenus (ATCC 13400) have produced an N-acetylated metabolite and a methylene-linked dimeric product, both of which have been previously reported, and a novel sulfur-containing microbial metabolite. The structure of the metabolite as a sulfur-linked dimer was proposed on the basis of spectral and chemical data. The molecular formula C34H44N6O4S was established from field-desorption mass spectroscopy and analytical data. The 1H- and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data firmly established that the novel metabolite was a symmetrically substituted dimer of primaquine N-acetate with a sulfur atom linking the two units at C-5. The metabolite has been shown to be a mixture of stereoisomers which can equilibrate in solution. This observation was confirmed by microbial synthesis of the metabolite from optically active primaquine. PMID- 3767341 TI - Killing of Giardia lamblia by human milk is mediated by unsaturated fatty acids. AB - Giardia lamblia trophozoites were killed in vitro by 1% fresh human milk in the presence of bile. A similar effect was achieved in the absence of bile with milk which had been stored for at least 24 h at 6 degrees C. This killing activity was found to be caused by unsaturated fatty acids. Depending on their chain length and the number of double bonds, the concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids required for a 50% killing effect varied between 15 and 36 microM. The saturated palmitic and stearic acids, as well as various substances related to fatty acids, showed only a slight killing effect. Bile enhanced and serum suppressed the action of fatty acids on the protozoan parasite. The possible site of interference of unsaturated fatty acids within G. lamblia and the reasons for the obvious inefficacy of dietary fatty acids in giardiasis are discussed. PMID- 3767342 TI - Activity of compound G2 isolated from alfalfa roots against medically important yeasts. AB - An antimycotic agent was isolated from roots of alfalfa and further purified to yield a nonhemolytic, homogeneous compound (G2). This compound contained considerable activity against 10 medically important yeasts. MICs obtained by both agar and broth dilution methods ranged from 3 to 15 micrograms/ml. Compound G2 was fungicidal at a relatively low concentration for nine different species of yeasts tested (minimum fungicidal concentrations ranged between 6 and 24 micrograms/ml). The considerable stability of compound G2 and its strong inhibitory and fungicidal activity against a broad range of yeasts suggest that after further development it might be useful as an active agent in the treatment of mycotic infections. PMID- 3767343 TI - Inhibition of Paramecium caudatum by an Alteromonas luteoviolacea antibiotic. AB - An antibiotic factor obtained from Alteromonas luteoviolacea was shown to kill Paramecium caudatum. This substance was shown to be destroyed by boiling, sonication, or freezing. It passed through a 0.45-micron-pore-size filter and was not precipitated from a culture supernatant with ethyl alcohol. Its production varied with A. luteoviolacea strains and medium constituents. It was also shown to be distinct from the A. luteoviolacea antibiotic that affects bacterial cells. PMID- 3767344 TI - Activity of roxithromycin (RU 28965), a macrolide, against Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice. AB - Roxithromycin (RU 28965), an ether oxime derivative of erythromycin, protected mice against a lethal infection with the virulent RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii. Therapy begun 24 h before, 2 h after, and 24 h after infection with 2 X 10(3) tachyzoites protected 90, 80, and 50% of the mice, compared with 0% of untreated controls (P less than 0.05 to 0.001). Toxoplasma was isolated in less than 20% of surviving roxithromycin-treated mice. PMID- 3767345 TI - Determination of norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin concentrations in serum and urine by high-pressure liquid chromatography. AB - A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the determination of norfloxacin or ciprofloxacin concentrations in body fluids was developed and compared with a standard bioassay. The high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay utilizes a reverse-phase C18 column, an internal standard, and fluorescence detection, with reproducibility studies yielding coefficients of variation ranging from 0.6 to 3.7% and 0.9 to 2.7% for norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin, respectively. Correlation coefficients with the bioassay were 0.966 for norfloxacin and 0.952 for ciprofloxacin. PMID- 3767346 TI - Susceptibility of Campylobacter pyloridis to three macrolide antibiotics (erythromycin, roxithromycin [RU 28965], and CP 62,993) and rifampin. AB - The presence of Campylobacter pyloridis in the gastric mucosa was recently linked to peptic ulcer disease. This study compared the inhibitory activity of three macrolide compounds (erythromycin, roxithromycin [RU 28965], and CP 62,993) and rifampin against 10 clinical isolates of C. pyloridis. The macrolides were equally effective against the test strains, with MICs ranging from 0.06 to 0.5 microgram/ml; rifampin was less active, with MICs ranging from 0.25 to greater than 1 microgram/ml. Erythromycin and the two new macrolide derivatives are potentially useful agents in the treatment of infections caused by C. pyloridis. PMID- 3767347 TI - Cefuroxime axetil for treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea. AB - Oral cefuroxime axetil (1 g) plus probenecid cured 29 of 30 urethral and 6 of 6 rectal gonococcal infections in men; alone the drug cured 22 of 23 urethral and 4 of 6 rectal infections. No toxicity was observed. Cefuroxime axetil alone is effective for urethral gonorrhea in males; rectal gonorrhea probably requires additional probenecid. PMID- 3767348 TI - Effect of amoxicillin-clavulanate and cephradine on the fecal flora of healthy volunteers not exposed to a hospital environment. AB - A 7-day course of either cephradine or amoxicillin-clavulanate treatment caused no significant change in fecal flora composition, except that staphylococci were virtually eliminated in both groups. Some amoxicillin-resistant coliforms were isolated after treatment in both groups, but cephradine- or amoxicillin clavulanate-resistant coliforms were rarely isolated. PMID- 3767349 TI - Chemostat enrichment and isolation of Hyphomicrobium EG. A dimethyl-sulphide oxidizing methylotroph and reevaluation of Thiobacillus MS1. AB - A stable mixed bacterial culture was obtained by chemostat enrichment using dimethyl-sulphoxide as a carbon and energy source. This culture could not only rapidly oxidize dimethyl-sulphoxide but also dimethyl-sulphide. Enzyme determinations indicated that an important part of it consisted of methylotrophs, which assimilated carbon via the serine pathway. Indeed plate counts revealed the majority of the community to be a Hyphomicrobium species. This organism, designated Hyphomicrobium EG, is an obligate methylotroph which can only grow aerobically on several different C1-compounds. Its performance on dimethyl sulphoxide was compared with that of the community and of another recently isolated strain, Hyphomicrobium S. The mixed culture, Hyphomicrobium EG and Hyphomicrobium S had a mu max of 0.08, 0.08 and 0.014 h-1 respectively. The KS for dimethyl-sulphoxide was the same for all three cultures (3-6 microM), whereas that for dimethyl-sulphide of Hyphomicrobium EG after growth on dimethyl sulphoxide was 3-fold higher than that of the other two cultures (48 and 16 microM respectively). After growth on dimethyl-sulphide it improved to 3 microM. Dimethyl-sulphide respiration was maximal at a concentration of 100 microM; higher concentrations were inhibitory. One of the accompanying organisms, a pink methylotroph, was able to derive energy from the oxidation of thiosulphate. Available cultures of Thiobacillus MS1 that were reported to be able to utilize dimethyl-sulphide could no longer metabolize this compound. PMID- 3767350 TI - The respiratory activities of four Hansenula species. AB - The respiratory activities and the cytochrome spectra from four species belonging to the genus Hansenula have been analysed. The results obtained and described in this paper show that H. glucozyma possesses only the primary, antimycin A sensitive respiration, H. anomala and H. californica possess primary and secondary (salicylhydroxamate-sensitive) respirations, whereas H. saturnus possesses three respiratory activities (AA-sensitive, SHAM-sensitive, and AA + SHAM-insensitive). The respiratory activity of H. glucozyma is glucose repressible, whereas the activities of the other species are not. In addition, antimycin A (AA) and erythromycin (ERY) in the culture media differently inhibit the growth of the four species and regulate the respiratory pathways in the species analysed. PMID- 3767352 TI - Netherlands Society for Microbiology, Section for General and Molecular Microbiology and Foundation for Fundamental Biological Research (BION), Section General Microbiology. Joint meeting. Amsterdam, 28 February 1986. Abstracts. PMID- 3767351 TI - Degradation of 4-hydroxyphenylacetate by Xanthobacter 124X. Physiological resemblance with other gram-negative bacteria. AB - Xanthobacter 124X when grom on 4-hydroxyphenylacetate was able to hydroxylate this compound yielding homogenisate. Ring fission of this latter compound gave maleylacetoacetate which was isomerized to fumarylacetoacetate. The isomerase involved resembled maleylacetoacetate isomerases in Gram-negative bacteria in that glutathione was required for activity. Fumarate and acetoacetate were both detected as products of the hydrolysis of fumarylacetoacetate. PMID- 3767353 TI - Functional amaurosis: diagnostic value of electronystagmography. AB - Hysterical and malingered blindness may be distinguished from organic ocular and cortical blindness by a variety of clinical and electrophysiological tests. This report discusses the limitations of these tests and emphasizes the objective superiority of a new test which utilizes the electronystagmographic technique. This test is based on the principle that visual input blocks nystagmus induced by vestibular stimulations: the presence of nystagmus suppression will indicate that blindness is either hysterical or malingered. PMID- 3767354 TI - Influence of long-term low direct current on rat ischiadic nerves. AB - The effects of a low direct current on peripheral nerves and electrodes on the ischiadic nerve were investigated, and a constant direct current was applied for various time periods. Afterwards clinicophysiological tests and histological evaluations were performed. The muscles of 55 rats could be stimulated by external stimulation during the follow-up examinations, but 90% of all animals showed microscopically visible nerve tissue alterations which might have been caused by mechanical rather than electrolytic factors. PMID- 3767355 TI - Yersinia enterocolitica and related species isolated from wildlife in New York State. AB - Fecal specimens for Yersinia screening were obtained from a variety of wild mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, and invertebrates throughout New York State. One specimen from each of 1,426 animals was examined. A total of 148 isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica and related species were obtained from 133 (9.3%) of the animals. Y. enterocolitica was isolated from 100 (7%) of the animals tested, including 81 (10%) of 812 mammals and 19 (3.3%) of 573 birds. Y. intermedia, Y. frederiksenii, and Y. kristensenii were isolated from 39 (2.7%), 5 (0.35%), and 4 (0.28%) animals, respectively. The 81 Y. enterocolitica isolates from mammals belonged to 15 serogroups and included three pathogens: two isolates of typical serogroup 0:8, the "American strain," one from a gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) and one from a porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum); and one isolate of serogroup 0:3, bacteriophage type IXb, the "Canadian strain," from a gray fox. The most prevalent serogroups recovered from mammals were 0:6,31 (16 isolates) and 0:5,27 (6 isolates). The 19 isolates of Y. enterocolitica from birds belonged to nine serogroups and included one serogroup 0:6,31 isolate from a common grackle (Quiscalus quiscula) and two serogroup 0:5,27 isolates from great horned owls (Bubo virginianus). PMID- 3767356 TI - Bacteria associated with granular activated carbon particles in drinking water. AB - A sampling protocol was developed to examine particles released from granular activated carbon filter beds. A gauze filter/Swinnex procedure was used to collect carbon fines from 201 granular activated carbon-treated drinking water samples over 12 months. Application of a homogenization procedure (developed previously) indicated that 41.4% of the water samples had heterotrophic plate count bacteria attached to carbon particles. With the enumeration procedures described, heterotrophic plate count bacteria were recovered at an average rate of 8.6 times higher than by conventional analyses. Over 17% of the samples contained carbon particles colonized with coliform bacteria as enumerated with modified most-probable-number and membrane filter techniques. In some instances coliform recoveries were 122 to 1,194 times higher than by standard procedures. Nearly 28% of the coliforms attached to these particles in drinking water exhibited the fecal biotype. Scanning electron micrographs of carbon fines from treated drinking water showed microcolonies of bacteria on particle surfaces. These data indicate that bacteria attached to carbon fines may be an important mechanism by which microorganisms penetrate treatment barriers and enter potable water supplies. PMID- 3767357 TI - Phenotypic characteristics of coliform and noncoliform bacteria from a public water supply compared with regional and national clinical species. AB - During the summer and fall of 1984, elevated total coliform counts were observed in the distribution system of a public water supply serving 350,000 people in south central Connecticut. As part of an investigation of possible health risks associated with the presence of bacteria in the water supply, bacterial isolates from the distribution system were compared with bacterial isolates of the same species obtained from a large regional teaching hospital and from a national compendium of clinical isolates. Characteristics analyzed included phenotypic metabolic activity, antimicrobial susceptibilities to clinically utilized antibiotics, temperature tolerance at 44.5 degrees C, and beta-glucuronidase activity in single-test form and on a selective medium. Environmental isolates lacked known plasmid-mediated characteristics, with the exception of one Escherichia coli isolate which showed some antibiotic resistance. Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter cloacae, and Enterobacter agglomerans from all sources were temperature tolerant and yielded positive fecal coliform tests. Only E. coli showed beta-glucuronidase activity (both in a single biochemical test and on a selective medium). No single characteristic analyzed was sufficient to establish an organism as either environmental or clinical in origin. PMID- 3767358 TI - Viable but nonculturable stage of Campylobacter jejuni and its role in survival in the natural aquatic environment. AB - Conditions influencing the survival of Campylobacter jejuni in the natural aquatic environment have been determined. Release of Campylobacter spp. into natural waters by animal hosts is postulated to play a key role in the maintenance of viability and transmission of the organism in the environment. Laboratory flask microcosms containing filter-sterilized stream water were used to test C. jejuni for the ability to remain viable in simulated natural systems. The microcosms were compared with the biphasic and shaking broth procedures used routinely for growth of Campylobacter spp. in the research laboratory. The stream water microcosms were analyzed to determine effects of temperature and aeration on the survival of a well-characterized C. jejuni strain isolated originally from a human campylobacteriosis patient. Morphological characteristics were evaluated by phase-contrast microscopy and scanning or transmission electron microscopy. Survival curves were quantified on the basis of plate counts, epifluorescent microscopy, optical density measurements, and direct viable counts associated with protein synthesis in the absence of DNA replication. A significant difference was observed between results of direct enumeration, i.e., direct viable counts or acridine orange direct counts, and those from spread plate cultures. In all cases, increasing temperature of cultivation resulted in decreased recoverability on laboratory media, due possibly to an increased metabolic rate, as analyzed by CO2 evolution in the presence of radiolabeled glutamate. Stream water held at low temperature (4 degrees C) sustained significant numbers of campylobacters for greater than 4 months. Microcosms, aerated with shaking, exhibited logarithmic decline in recoverable C. jejuni, while stationary systems underwent a more moderate rate of decrease to the nonculturable state.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3767359 TI - Novobiocin-brilliant green-glucose agar: new medium for isolation of salmonellae. AB - A new medium, called novobiocin-brilliant green-glucose (NBG) agar, was developed for the isolation of Salmonella spp. and evaluated against other conventionally used media including bismuth sulfite, xylose-lysine decarboxylase, brilliant green-sulfa, hektoen enteric, and salmonella-shigella agars. NBG had recovery rates comparable to the other enteric media tested with pure cultures as well as with naturally contaminated amphibian and reptile waters and fecal specimens. However, NBG, hektoen enteric, and salmonella-shigella agars failed to differentiate Salmonella typhi from a fecal specimen even after enrichment in selenite F. Although Citrobacter freundii could grow and resembled salmonellae on NBG, at no time was the recovery of Salmonella spp. colonies jeopardized by the presence of C. freundii in either seeded or naturally contaminated samples. Confirmation rates of typical colonies from NBG agar also compared favorably to the other media tested; however, bismuth sulfite, although selective, was found to have varied differential characteristics for Salmonella spp. As a result, many more colonies had to be picked, which caused bismuth sulfite agar to have the lowest confirmation rate of the media tested. The distinct advantage that NBG agar offers over the conventional method tested, including bismuth sulfite, is the consistent differential reaction of all Salmonella subgroups including biochemically atypical strains. The medium is inexpensive, easy to prepare, and can be stored for at least 2 weeks at 4 degrees C without loss of selective or differential properties. PMID- 3767360 TI - Defined medium for Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis. AB - A defined medium for growth of 24 strains of Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis was devised. This medium (medium B4) contains sodium lactate as a partial carbon source, proline as both a partial carbon source and a partial nitrogen source, aspartate as a partial nitrogen source, and the growth factors arginine, glycine, and methionine. Either aspartate, glutamate, or proline could serve as sole nitrogen source, but growth occurred at a significantly better rate if proline was present together with either aspartate or glutamate, or with both aspartate and glutamate. With the exception of strain ATCC 23246, all the strains had an absolute requirement for arginine and either a partial or absolute requirement for glycine. The concentration of glycine required for optimal growth was found to be relatively high for an amino acid growth factor. Heart infusion broth was found to be growth inhibitory for spontaneous mutants of one strain able to grow in the absence of arginine, and such mutants reverted readily to arginine dependence accompanied by the ability to grow faster on the complex medium. Growth rates in the defined medium B4 were enhanced by the simultaneous addition of asparagine, glutamate, glutamine, leucine, lysine, histidine, and phenylalanine. PMID- 3767361 TI - Evaluation of methods for enumeration of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from seafood. AB - The efficiency of several enrichment broths in recovering Vibrio parahaemolyticus inoculated into fish homogenates was studied. Recovery by the most probable number technique was very low in all the broths, while direct plating on thiosulfate citrate bile salt sucrose agar yielded better recovery. A decrease in the enrichment time to 8 from 18 h did not improve recovery. At concentrations exceeding 2.5 micrograms/ml, polymyxin was inhibitory to V. parahaemolyticus. PMID- 3767362 TI - Colonization of the gut of the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) by Vibrio cholerae. AB - Attachment of Vibrio cholerae to the mucosal surface of the intestine is considered to be an important virulence characteristic. Vibrio cholerae, an autochthonous member of brackish water and estuarine bacterial communities, also attaches to crustacea, a significant factor in multiplication and survival of V. cholerae in nature. The ability of V. cholerae to attach to the gut wall of the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) was examined, and attachment was observed only in the hindgut and not the midgut of crabs, confirming a requirement for chitin in the attachment of V. cholerae to invertebrate and zooplankton surfaces. The new finding of attachment of V. cholerae to the hindgut of crabs may be correlated with the epidemiology and transmission of cholera in the aquatic environment. The crab model may also prove useful in elucidating the mechanism(s) of ion transport in crustacea. PMID- 3767363 TI - Rapid assay for in situ identification of coagulase-positive staphylococci recovered by membrane filtration from swimming pool water. AB - A rapid, in situ thermonuclease test that identifies colonies of Staphylococcus aureus among staphylococci isolated from swimming pool water by membrane filtration recovery on various selective and differential media is described. PMID- 3767364 TI - T-2 toxin production by Fusarium acuminatum isolated from oats and barley. AB - Oats grain from South Africa was frequently found to be infested by toxic strains of Fusarium acuminatum, as was one barley sample. All 11 toxic strains tested produced T-2 toxin (0.8 to 2,600 mg/kg), and 6 of 11 strains produced diacetoxyscirpenol (0.6 to 8.4 mg/kg). This is the first record of T-2 toxin producing Fusarium isolates from Africa and of the production of large amounts of T-2 toxin at relatively high (25 degrees C) temperatures. PMID- 3767366 TI - Fluorescence microscopy procedure for quantitation of yeasts in beverages. AB - Existing methods for quantitating yeasts in beverages include time-consuming plate counts that detect only living cells and hemacytometer counts that are reliable only at very high concentrations (e.g., 10(6) to 20 X 10(6) cells per ml). The new method described here involves the use of fluorescence microscopy with the fluorescent stain aniline blue to differentiate yeasts (and other fungi) from backgrounds for easy counting and also may be used in conjunction with membrane filtration to concentrate yeasts from liquids before cell enumeration. Recoveries averaged 91.5% for beverages spiked with levels of 500 to 600,000 organisms per ml. The correlation coefficient of count to spike level was 0.996. PMID- 3767365 TI - Time required for tumor induction by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. AB - Cellulose-minus mutants of Agrobacterium tumefaciens retain virulence but can be removed from wound sites by washing with water. Washing of Bryophyllum diagremontiana leaves inoculated with a cellulose-minus mutant was used to determine the minimum time the bacteria must be present for tumor induction. This time was 4 to 8 h. PMID- 3767367 TI - Development of vitamin D3 25-hydroxylase activity in rat liver microsomes. AB - The ontogeny of vitamin D3 25-hydroxylase activity has been determined in liver microsomes of rat fetuses and neonates. Production of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 was low (0.11 pmol/g liver/h) 3 days prior to birth. Production rates were 1.2, 2.2, 1.8, and 2.8 pmol/g liver/h on Day 0, Day 2, Day 7, and Day 15, respectively. 25 Hydroxyvitamin D3 production in neonates increased sixfold from Day 15 to Day 22 to a value twice that of the mothers (17.6 pmol/g liver/h compared with 7.3 pmol/g liver/h). Activity in the maternal microsomes was constant (0.22 to 0.30 pmol/mg protein/h) except for the day of parturition (0.54 pmol/mg protein/h) and Day 22 postpartum (0.44 pmol/mg protein/h). A cytosolic factor, present as early as 3 days prior to birth, was required for vitamin D3 25-hydroxylase activity in the fetuses and stimulated the 25-hydroxylase reaction (up to 2.5-fold) in neonates and mothers. The ability of cytosol to prevent degradation of vitamin D3 was also present in the fetal stage. These data suggest that microsomal vitamin D3 25-hydroxylase activity in rat liver microsomes develops slowly and reaches full activity near the weaning stage. Since the cytosolic factor(s) is/are present in the fetal stage, the limiting component in the maturation of vitamin D3 25-hydroxylase activity in liver microsomes is the development of the cytochrome P-450 vitamin D3 25-hydroxylase. PMID- 3767368 TI - Thermotropic properties of human erythrocyte membrane proteins as affected by hydroxychloroaromatic compounds. AB - The thermal stability of the anion transport protein (band 3) and other proteins of the human erythrocyte membrane, as influenced by hydroxychloroaromatic (HO-Cl2 Ar) compounds, was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. Various hydroxychlorodiphenyl ethers (HO-Clx-DPEs) and hexachlorophene, but not pentachlorophenol, caused a marked decrease in the thermal stability of band 3. Most of the other calorimetric transitions of the erythrocyte membrane were only slightly affected. The activity of HO-Clx-DPEs toward lowering the transition temperature of band 3 generally increased with the degree of chlorination, and was somewhat dependent on the position of hydroxyl substitution. At higher concentrations of HO-Clx-DPEs, there was a decrease in the enthalpy change and a broadening of the endothermic transition of band 3. The order of effectiveness of these compounds, as determined from band 3 denaturation temperatures, was similar to the order of potency previously observed for hemolysis of human erythrocytes. PMID- 3767369 TI - Translational initiation factors from sea urchin eggs and embryos: functional properties are highly conserved. AB - We have used three mammalian in vitro assays for translational initiation (globin synthesis, methionyl-puromycin synthesis, and ternary complex formation), consisting of defined components, to ask whether sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) egg and embryo translational components are active in heterologous assays for mammalian components, and to determine to what extent these activities are evolutionarily conserved. A "pH 5 enzyme" fraction prepared from unfertilized eggs and embryos efficiently replaced the rat liver pH 5 fraction in a globin synthesis assay, indicating that the elongation and termination factors and the aminoacyl-tRNAs are compatible with the mammalian translational machinery. The classical schemes for mammalian initiation factor purification yielded low or no detectable activities in the ribosomal salt washes, so a novel procedure was developed to partially purify initiation factors from sea urchin eggs and embryos before testing for activity. A 12,000 g homogenate from unfertilized eggs was fractionated by step elution from phosphocellulose at 100, 300, 600, and 1,200 mM salt. Initiation factor activities were found in each salt step as predicted for the mammalian counterparts. The following activities have been detected: eIF2, eIF3/4F, eIF4A, eIF4B, eIF4C, eIF4D, and eIF5. Further fractionation of each elution step yielded preparations enriched in specific initiation factor activities. However, denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the fractions gave complex polypeptide patterns and no clearly identifiable bands corresponding to the mammalian initiation factor polypeptides. In spite of the conservation of factor activity, crude and affinity purified polyclonal antibodies to the mammalian factors did not cross-react with the sea urchin preparations. The demonstration that initiation factor activities are sufficiently conserved to allow their being assayed is the first step in our dissection of the translational machinery of eggs and embryos, and in the complete analysis of the regulation of translation during early development. PMID- 3767370 TI - A comparative study of stearic and lignoceric acid oxidation by human skin fibroblasts. AB - Sensitive assays were developed for long chain and very long chain fatty acid oxidation in human skin fibroblast homogenates. Stearic and lignoceric acids were degraded by the fibroblasts by the beta-oxidation pathway. The cofactor requirements for stearic and lignoceric acid beta-oxidation were very similar but not identical. For example, appreciable lignoceric acid oxidation could be demonstrated only in the presence of alpha-cyclodextrin and was inhibited by Triton X-100. In Zellweger's syndrome, stearic acid beta-oxidation was partially reduced whereas lignoceric acid beta-oxidation was reduced dramatically (less than 12% activity compared to the controls). The results presented suggest that stearic acid beta-oxidation occurs in mitochondria as well as in peroxisomes, but lignoceric acid oxidation occurs entirely in the peroxisomes. We suggest that the beta-oxidation systems for stearic acid and lignoceric acid may be different. PMID- 3767371 TI - The NIH-shift in the in vivo hydroxylation of ring-deuterated L-phenylalanine in man. AB - Oral loading with L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine has been performed at a dose of 25 mg/kg for detection of heterozygotes for classic phenylketonuria. Using three differently labeled batches of ring-deuterated L-phenylalanine, quantitative analysis of deuterium-labeled L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine in plasma revealed different label distributions. Three different reaction mechanisms for the 4 hydroxylation of L-phenylalanine to L-tyrosine were used as the basis for model calculations of the transformation of the L-phenylalanine label distribution into that of L-tyrosine. The best agreement between observed and calculated distributions was found for the mechanism involving a migration of the 4 substituent into the 3- or 5-position (NIH-shift), followed by a random loss of the 4-/3- or the 4-/5-substituent from this intermediate structure. PMID- 3767372 TI - Transformations of arylpropane lignin model compounds by a lignin peroxidase of the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. AB - Various lignin model compounds of the O-arylpropane type were oxidized with purified lignin peroxidase from the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium, and oxidation products were identified by gas-chromatography/mass-spectroscopy procedures. Our results are in accord with the theory that lignin peroxidase catalyzes one-electron oxidations of its substrates with formation of cation radicals, and that these radicals undergo degradative reactions that are predictable from a knowledge of cation radical and oxygen chemistry. Cation radicals formed from O-arylpropane model compounds appeared to undergo the following types of degradative transformations: addition of water to ring centered radicals, followed by proton loss yielding quinones and alcohols; nucleophilic attack by hydroxy functions on propanoid moieties giving cyclic ketals as intermediates which decompose to yield side chain migration products; transfer of the charge of a radical from a ring to the associated alkyl moiety through an ether bond, with loss of a proton from the latter, forming a new carbon-centered radical. The new alkyl-centered radicals apparently were able to abduct dioxygen to form peroxyl radicals which decomposed giving a variety of oxidation products and probably superoxide anion. Specific examples of the above transformations are presented, and their relevance to lignin degradation is discussed. PMID- 3767373 TI - Pathway of oxidation of pyruvic oxime by a heterotrophic nitrifier of the genus Alcaligenes: evidence against nitroethane as an intermediate. AB - The role of nitroethane as an intermediate in the oxidation of pyruvic oxime to nitrate by an Alcaligenes sp. was examined. Unlike pyruvic oxime, which serves as a sole source of C and N for the bacterium, nitroethane was incapable of supporting the growth of the microbe. Nitroethane was metabolized and diauxic growth did occur, however, if the nitroethane medium was amended with yeast extract. Alcaligenes sp. resting cells and cell-free extracts were prepared from nitroethane-yeast extract grown cultures and the maximum rate of nitrite synthesis when nitroethane was the substrate was 6.8 nmol min-1 mg cell protein 1, a 10-fold lower rate than that previously noted for pyruvic oxime oxidation. These cell-free extracts were unable to metabolize pyruvic oxime. Resting cells and cell-free extracts prepared from Alcaligenes sp. cells grown in a pyruvic oxime medium were, conversely, incapable of metabolizing nitroethane. Collectively, these results indicate that nitroethane is not an intermediate in the pathway of pyruvic oxime oxidation and that two separate enzyme systems exist in the Alcaligenes sp. for the metabolism of pyruvic oxime and nitroethane. PMID- 3767374 TI - Phosphorylation of proteins in human neutrophils activated with phorbol myristate acetate or with chemotactic factor. AB - In human neutrophils stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or with the chemotactic factor N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLF) a number of proteins are phosphorylated, including proteins recovered in the membrane fraction corresponding to molecular masses of 130, 78, 46, 40, and 34 kDa and proteins recovered in the cytosol fraction corresponding to molecular masses of 65, 55, 48, 38, 36, 30, and 22 kDa. Phosphorylation of the membrane proteins was fourfold greater in cells stimulated with PMA, as compared to cells stimulated with fMLF, whereas both activators induced similar phosphorylation of proteins recovered in the cytosol fraction. Phosphorylation of membrane proteins appeared to be mediated by native protein kinase C (PKC) translocated from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. Thus phosphate incorporation was inhibited by retinal and a similar pattern of incorporation was reproduced in a reconstituted system composed of isolated cell membranes and purified PKC. Phosphorylation of cytosol proteins, on the other hand, appeared to be mediated by the proteolytically modified form of PKC. In this case, phosphate incorporation was inhibited by leupeptin, which prevents the conversion of native PKC to the proteolytically modified form, The phosphorylation pattern was reproduced when isolated cytosol fractions were incubated with the proteolytically modified form of the enzyme but not with the native PKC. These results demonstrate that responses to stimuli such as PMA or fMLF are mediated by different forms of PKC and that the proteolytically modified form is responsible for the major responses elicited by fMLF. PMID- 3767375 TI - Cooperative cluster formation in metallothionein. AB - An ion-exchange chromatography procedure was used to resolve apometallothionein from the metallo- form in a study of metal-thiolate cluster formation. Chromatography of metallothionein reconstituted with Cd(II), Zn(II), or Cu(I) at neutral pH on carboxymethyl-cellulose led to removal of apoprotein from a solution without effect on recovery of the metalloprotein. Analysis of the effluent revealed apparent cooperative binding of these metal ions to the protein. Addition of 1-4 mol eq Cd(II) ions led to the recovery of metallothionein with around 4 mol eq Cd bound. The yield of this form increased with increasing starting metal ion equivalency. These results were obtained with two different ion-exchange resins. The cooperativity of binding was not total, but was initially confined to the carboxyl-terminal alpha domain. The results of metal and protein yields are inconsistent with random, noninteractive binding. Similar data were obtained with Zn(II) and Cu(I) ions although Cu(I) exhibited initial cooperative binding within the amino-terminal beta domain with over 5 mol eq Cu(I) bound. PMID- 3767376 TI - Formation of enzyme-bound carbanion intermediate in the isocitrate lyase catalyzed reaction: enzymatic reaction of tetranitromethane with substrates and its dependence on effector, pH, and metal ions. AB - Isocitrate lyase of germinating castor seed endosperm catalyzes the reactions of succinate and of isocitrate (but not of glyoxylate) with tetranitromethane (TNM), giving rise to the nitroform anion (C-(NO2)3), analogous to the reaction of TNM with carbanions (O.P. Malhotra and U.N. Dwivedi, 1984, Ind. J. Biochem. Biophys. 21, 65-67). The kinetics of this reaction have been investigated under a variety of conditions. At a fixed TNM concentration, the initial rate of reaction exhibits a hyperbolic saturation of the enzyme with isocitrate. The reaction with succinate, however, shows "negative cooperativity" in succinate saturation and the data are consistent with the existence of two sets of succinate binding sites of unequal affinity ("tight" and "loose" sites). Equal reaction rates are observed at enzyme-saturating concentrations of succinate and isocitrate. In every case, the rate of reaction is proportional to the TNM concentration. In the presence of alpha-ketoglutarate, hyperbolic saturation curves are obtained for all the substrates (TNM and succinate or TNM and isocitrate). In the presence of this effector the Km of succinate and TNM are independent of the concentration of the second substrate. On the other hand, sets of parallel straight lines are obtained in the double-reciprocal plots for the enzymatic reaction of TNM with isocitrate in the presence of alpha-ketoglutarate. Studies on the effect of pH on the isocitrate lyase-catalyzed reactions of TNM with succinate, TNM with isocitrate, and succinate with glyoxylate in the absence as well as in the presence of alpha-ketoglutarate show that the proton behaves as an uncompetitive inhibitor in all these reactions, suggesting the presence of a "masked" basic group at the enzyme site, which is protonated in the presence of substrate only. The pKa value of this group lies in the range 6.7-6.9. The enzymatic reactions of TNM with succinate and isocitrate exhibit identical Mg2+ ion dependence. From a comparison of the data on the enzymatic reactions of TNM with the corresponding results on the physiological reaction catalyzed by this enzyme, it has been suggested that an ion pair intermediate (E+ X S-, in which E, S, and S- stand for enzyme, succinate, and succinate carbanion, respectively) lies on the pathway of catalysis by isocitrate lyase. PMID- 3767377 TI - Isolation and amino acid sequence of bovine platelet factor 4. AB - Bovine platelet factor 4 was isolated by affinity chromatography using dextran sulfate Sepharose and purified by subsequent gel filtration. The complete amino acid sequence of this 88-residue, 9505-Da protein was determined by isolation and analysis of the overlapping peptides from tryptic and Staphylococcus aureus hydrolysates of reduced, carboxymethylated, and reductive methylated protein. Primary structure comparison was made between bovine platelet factor 4, human platelet factor 4, and human beta-thromboglobulin. The bovine platelet factor 4 amino-terminal region, which contains two unique phenylalanine residues, is extended by 15 residues relative to human platelet factor 4. The bovine carboxy terminal region is extended by three residues relative to human platelet factor 4 and differed from beta-thromboglobulin in the absence of two additional terminal residues. Bovine platelet factor 4 shares sequence similarities proportionately with both human platelet factor 4 and beta-thromboglobulin. The sequences of the lysine-rich carboxy-terminal putative heparin binding domains are essentially identical for all three proteins. The heparin neutralizing potencies of bovine and human platelet factor 4 are similar: 40 USP units of heparin neutralized per milligram protein, as measured by a modified chromogenic substrate assay. Heparin neutralization was lost by reduction of the disulfide bonds, but only attenuated by tryptic digestion of the intact protein. PMID- 3767378 TI - Fractionation by lectin affinity chromatography indicates that the glycosylation of most ribonucleases in human viscera and body fluids is organ specific. AB - The behavior of ribonucleases extracted from various human viscera in five lectin Sepharose columns shows that almost all contain carbohydrates and that there are organ-specific differences in the structure of these carbohydrates. PMID- 3767379 TI - Solubility of palmitoyl-coenzyme A in acyltransferase assay buffers containing magnesium ions. AB - The solubility of palmitoyl-CoA is strongly affected by Mg2+ concentrations commonly used in acyltransferase reactions. In 0.10 M Tris-HCl buffer at pH 7.4 or 8.5, all of the palmitoyl-CoA in 10 microM solutions and 90% of the palmitoyl CoA in 100 microM solutions are precipitated by 1 mM Mg2+. In 0.05 M phosphate at pH 7.4, and in 0.10 M Tris-HCl containing 0.4 M KCl, the substrate remains soluble at Mg2+ concentrations below 4-5 mM. Above 5 mM Mg2+, palmitoyl-CoA is insoluble in all of these buffers. Substrate solubility could therefore be a limiting factor when free Mg2+ and fatty acyl-CoAs are present together during acyltransferase assays. PMID- 3767380 TI - Modulation of the lipid composition of boar sperm plasma membranes during an acrosome reaction in vitro. AB - An in vitro acrosome-like reaction was induced in spermatozoa from the boar cauda epididymis by incubation in Tyrode's solution containing 1 mg/ml fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin. Plasma membranes were isolated from the spermatozoa at different times during the incubation and analyzed for their lipid composition. The total lipid, phospholipid, and glycolipid content of the membranes did not change during the acrosome-like reaction, whereas the amount of diacylglycerols and free fatty acids increased. Within the phospholipid class, a decrease of the inositol phospholipid and and sphingomyelin content was observed, whereas the other phospholipids of the plasma membranes did not decrease significantly after 2 h of incubation. Changes in the sterol composition of the membranes were also observed. The onset of the lipid changes was correlated with the uptake of extracellular calcium by the spermatozoa. These results for the lipid changes in isolated sperm plasma membranes during an in vitro acrosome reaction provide the first direct evidence that a modulation of the plasma membrane lipid composition is involved in an acrosome-like reaction of mammalian spermatozoa. PMID- 3767381 TI - DNA-4'-6-diamidine-2-phenylindole interactions: a comparative study employing fluorescence and ultraviolet spectroscopy. AB - DAPI is a drug that interacts with double-stranded nucleic acids, binding preferentially to A + T base pairs. The interaction is not intercalative, therefore providing a useful model for mimicking the effect of functional molecules in modifying specific sites, namely, A + T segments, of significance in gene expression. Knowledge of the nature of such interaction has been enriched by additional information obtained from comparative analysis of the data acquired by uv spectroscopy and fluorescence. Two classes of binding sites, defined by different apparent affinity constants and numbers of binding sites, are evident. All types of interaction are dependent on the nucleic acid/dye ratio and on the ionic strength of the medium. PMID- 3767382 TI - A male specific hepatic estrogen binding protein: characteristics and binding properties. AB - Mammalian liver is a sex-steroid responsive tissue in that androgen and estrogen receptors are present and mediate differential hepatic hormonal effects. Further, we and others have found a sexual dimorphism in the hepatic cytosolic content of estrogen binding proteins. In addition to the estrogen receptor, the male has a high-capacity (12.0-15.0 pmol/mg protein) estrogen binding protein (MEB) which demonstrates a moderate affinity for estradiol (Kd = 31.0-43.2 nM) if estradiol metabolizing enzymes are first precipitated with protamine sulfate. This protein exhibits a unique specificity for steroidal estrogens: 2-methoxyestriol greater than estradiol greater than estriol = 2-methoxyestradiol greater than 2 hydroxyestradiol greater than estrone greater than 2-methoxyestrone greater than estriol 3-glucuronide greater than 2-hydroxyestrone = 3-methoxyestriol greater than androstanediol greater than dihydrotestosterone greater than testosterone. Other androgens such as androstenedione and methyltrienolone, nonsteroidal estrogens such as diethylstilbestrol, and the antiestrogens tamoxifen and 4 hydroxytamoxifen do not compete for [3H]estradiol ([3H]E2) binding. MEB is a relatively small-molecular-weight protein with a Sr of 20.4 A as determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The kinetics of [3H]E2 association and dissociation at 4 degrees C are very rapid, with t1/2 values of less than 5 s. Sodium molybdate, generally used to stabilize steroid receptors, inhibits MEB [3H]estradiol binding activity in cytosol in a time- and dose-dependent manner, an effect not observed with partially purified MEB. Magnesium chloride inhibits binding activity of the Sephadex G-100 MEB pool, an effect reversed by EDTA. Other divalent cations also inhibit binding: Mn2+ greater than Mg2+ greater than Ca2+. Furthermore, EDTA complexes of these cations slightly enhance binding relative to EDTA alone: Ca2+ EDTA greater than Mg2+ EDTA greater than Mn2+ EDTA. These results demonstrate that MEB is a unique sex-steroid binding protein, albeit of unknown function, which is distinct from hepatic steroid receptors. PMID- 3767383 TI - 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3-23-hydroxylase, a renal enzyme in several animal species. AB - The presence of 23,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 has been demonstrated in vivo and in vitro by a number of laboratories. In order to evaluate the significance of 23 hydroxylation, renal 23-hydroxylase activity was compared to renal 24-hydroxylase activity in several species before and after treatment with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. The maximum activity of 23-hydroxylase varied widely among species. Treatment of animals with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 24 h and again 2 h prior to assay of renal tissue resulted in a 1.7- to 5.2-fold increase in 23-hydroxylase activity and a 3.8- to 20.6-fold increase in 24-hydroxylase activity compared to untreated controls. Maximum activity for both 23- and 24-hydroxylase required the enzyme substrate, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, and an optimum concentration (30 mM) of an oxidizable substrate such as L-malate to supply the reducing equivalents of NADPH needed. Addition of 10 mumol of magnesium chloride resulted in 19 and 24% increases in activity for 23- and 24-hydroxylase, respectively. L-Malate supported the hydroxylation reactions better than succinate, alpha-ketoglutarate, or pyruvate. The apparent Km of calf renal 23-hydroxylase was 5.7 +/- 1.0 microM and of 24-hydroxylase, 2.0 +/- 0.2 microM. Apparent Km's for 23-hydroxylase varied from a low of 2.7 +/- 0.3 microM in the sheep to a high of 19.1 +/- 0.5 microM in the chick, and for 24-hydroxylase from 0.5 +/- 0.1 microM for the chick to 2.0 +/- 0.2 microM for the calf. Maximum velocity values (Vmax) ranged from 40 +/- 9 pmol/min/g for 23-hydroxylase in the chick to 396 +/- 92 in the calf, and for 24-hydroxylase from 108 +/- 89 pmol/min/g in the chick to 851 +/- 88 in the pig. These results help explain the in vivo metabolite concentrations and the predominance of the C(24)- over C(23)-oxidation pathways. Renal 23-hydroxylase was similar to 24-hydroxylase in that it was inhibited by carbon monoxide (63%), cyanide (51%), and antimycin (67%), required molecular oxygen, and functioned best at physiological pH 7.4. It was also inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate (39%), but not by dinitrophenol. The relatively large amount of 23-hydroxylase activity present in renal tissue of the calf and young chicks, dogs, goats, pigs, rats, mice, and sheep suggests a prominent role for this enzyme in vitamin D metabolism. PMID- 3767385 TI - [Hepatic failure and renal failure in antineoplastic chemotherapy, and its treatment]. AB - Various degrees of hepatic failure and renal abnormality may occur as complications of anti-neoplastic chemotherapy. The etiologies of alterations in liver function and the clinical pictures of chemotherapeutic agents as potential hepatotoxins, and of drugs with hepatic metabolism, and their combination uses, are discussed. As strategies are available for prevention and amelioration of these problems, management by periodic reevaluation of liver function is most important. In renal failure, myeloma kidney as tumor-associated nephropathy, hyperuricemic nephropathy and treatment-related nephrotoxicity are discussed with regard to their etiologies and clinical pictures. Aggressive management with intravenous hydration can ameliorate these complications of therapy, and careful monitoring of renal function and serum electrolytes are essential during administration of these agents. PMID- 3767384 TI - The isolation and properties of multiple forms of folate binding protein in cultured KB cells. AB - The folate binding proteins (FBPs) of KB cells which were cultured in normal (N) and folate-deficient (D) medium have been characterized. The 200,000 g supernate of lysed cells contained two FBPs which could be separated by DEAE-Bio-Gel A chromatography, indicating that they differ in ionic charge although they could not be separated by gel filtration through Sephadex G-100 (apparent Mr approximately 40,000). Two species of FBP, a major form of apparent Mr approximately 160,000 and a minor form of apparent Mr approximately 40,000, were identified by gel filtration through Sephadex G-150 in the membrane component of the cells after solubilization with Triton X-100. An additional FBP was isolated and purified by affinity chromatography from the medium in which these cells were cultured. By gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the apparent Mr of this FBP was approximately 44,000. The association constants for pteroylglutamic acid of the FBPs in the 200,000 g cell lysate supernate, culture medium, and Triton-solubilized membrane were similar and the relative affinity of folate analogs for the FBP, vis-a-vis pteroylglutamic acid, was similar for all species. An antiserum raised to the purified FBP from the culture medium precipitated the FBPs in the 200,000 g cell lysate supernate, Triton-solubilized membrane, and culture medium, indicating antigenic homology among these FBPs. There was no unsaturated FBP in the 200,000 g cell lysate supernate or medium when KB cells were cultured in N medium. However, when cells were cultured in D medium, the unsaturated FBP of the 200,000 g cell supernate and culture medium was substantial (9.2 and 14.1 pmol/mg protein, respectively). Unsaturated FBP was detected in the membrane of normal cells but this also increased when these cells were cultured in D medium (4.5 to 756 pmol/mg protein), indicating that the FBPs of these cellular compartments are normally saturated by folate. After 16 weeks of culture in D medium, the total folate binding capacity of the membrane-associated FBP was twofold greater than that of normal KB cells, indicating the induction of FBP. PMID- 3767386 TI - [Phase II study of cisplatin in esophageal carcinoma]. AB - A multi-institutional cooperative phase II study of Cisplatin for esophageal carcinoma was conducted. Cisplatin was administered by i.v. infusion at 10-20 mg/m2 body surface area daily for 5 days and repeated every 3-4 weeks (method A) or at 50-100 mg/m2 body surface area once every 3-4 weeks (method B). Out of 78 cases entered, 47 were evaluable. No complete response (CR) was obtained and partial responses (PR) were observed in 10 cases, the overall response rate being 21.3%. Response rates by administration methods A and B were 12.5% and 25.8%, respectively. Responders to treatment exhibited significantly longer survival periods compared to non-responders (p less than 0.05, generalized Wilcoxon test). Major adverse reactions were gastrointestinal symptoms, generalized malaise, bone marrow suppression and renal disorders. One case of leukopenia leading to eventual death from pneumonia was observed. PMID- 3767387 TI - [Two cases of recurrent gastrointestinal carcinoma treated with long-term THP]. AB - Two patients with recurrent gastrointestinal carcinoma were treated with THP. Partial response was recognized in the local recurrent tumor of one patient and in liver metastasis of a second patient. THP was administered every three weeks at a dose of 60 mg per total body weight intravenously. The total dose of THP achieved was 720 mg in the first patient and 920 mg in the second. Despite the high dosage, neither cardiotoxicity nor alopecia was observed. These results suggest that the administration of THP may be efficacious and safe in the management of patients with recurrent gastrointestinal carcinoma. PMID- 3767388 TI - [A randomized control study of the antiemetic efficacy of betamethasone versus methylprednisolone]. AB - A randomized control study of the antiemetic activity of betamethasone (B) vs. methylprednisolone (MP) was carried out. Fifty-six patients receiving CDDP (60 mg/m2-80 mg/m2) were entered. B (8 mg/body on day 1, 4 mg/body on days 2 and 3) was administered intravenously in 18 patients, and MP (1,000 mg/body on day 1, 500 mg/body on days 2 and 3) was administered intravenously in 19 patients. Severe vomiting occurred in 5 of the 19 (26.3%) with MP, 10 of the 18 (55.6%) with B, and 11 of 19 (57.9%) controls. Severe nausea occurred in 3 of the 19 (15.8%) with MP, 6 of the 18 (33.3%) with B, and 5 of the 19 (26.3%) controls. Methylprednisolone was thus considered effective (P less than 0.05) for CDDP induced emesis. PMID- 3767389 TI - [Pharmacokinetic study of mitoxantrone]. AB - The pharmacokinetics of mitoxantrone, an anthraquinone antitumor agent, were cooperatively investigated at 5 institutions including 4 patients with breast cancer and 3 patients with malignant lymphoma. A single dose of 10 mg/m2 was intravenously infused into 5 patients, and a 5-day schedule of repeated 4.2 mg/m2 or 3 mg/m2 was given to each of 2 patients. With single administration, the blood concentrations showed that the half-life for the alpha phase was 0.16 h, for the beta phase 1.58 h, and for the gamma phase 83.4 h. The distribution volume at steady state was 1,112 l/m2. The total body clearance was 326.8 ml/m2, showing rapid clearance from the blood. The cumulative urinary excretion in 96 h was 5.17% of the dose. With repeated administration, in one patient without third space, the pharmacokinetics were similar to those of the patients given single administration, but in the other patient with third space, lowered clearance was noted. The pharmacokinetics of mitoxantrone in the Japanese patients were nearly the same as those of European patients, and the blood concentration fitted the three-compartment model, with rapid distribution to the tissues. PMID- 3767391 TI - [Criteria for determining the efficacy of liver cancer chemotherapy]. PMID- 3767390 TI - [Effects of etoposide in testicular tumors]. AB - A clinical study of a new semisynthetic podophyllotoxin etoposide (NK 171) was performed by administering the drug to four patients with testicular tumors. The drug was given intravenously at a dose of 80-120 mg/m2/day for five days or orally at a dose of 200 mg/body/day for five days. Among the four patients, 1 CR, 1 NC and 2 PD were observed. One patient with a testicular tumor who was given oral etoposide achieved complete remission for 23 months. Patients experienced the following side effects: alopecia (75%); anorexia (50%): stomatitis, phlebitis, anemia and liver dysfunction (25%). None of these side effects, however, was serious or permanent. Currently, we are testing etoposide in combination chemotherapy. PMID- 3767392 TI - Prior pregnancy and melanoma survival. PMID- 3767393 TI - Actinomycetoma caused by Streptomyces somaliensis. PMID- 3767394 TI - Intralesional human lymphoblastoid interferon alpha for the treatment of cutaneous, nongenital viral warts. PMID- 3767395 TI - Failure of human growth hormone to benefit Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. PMID- 3767396 TI - Giant senile sebaceous hyperplasia. PMID- 3767397 TI - New concepts of condyloma acuminata in children. PMID- 3767398 TI - Carcinoma arising in Bowen's disease. PMID- 3767399 TI - The American Academy of Dermatology patch test tray. The work in progress of a study section. PMID- 3767400 TI - Povidone-iodine in polyethylene oxide hydrogel dressing. Effect on multiplication of Staphylococcus aureus in partial-thickness wounds. AB - We studied the ability of a polyethylene oxide hydrogel dressing (Vigilon) containing povidone-iodine to prevent Staphylococcus aureus proliferation in partial-thickness wounds. We previously reported that a single application of povidone-iodine on wounds challenged with 2 X 10(6) S aureus was not effective in reducing the number of S aureus after 24 hours. It was therefore hypothesized that povidone-iodine might be effective if it was available continuously and applied to wounds containing a smaller number of bacteria. To test this hypothesis, we made multiple partial-thickness wounds (5 X 7 X 0.3 mm) on six domestic pigs. We then inoculated the wounds by scrubbing them with either a low concentration (log 3.5) or a high concentration (log 7) of S aureus suspension. The wounds were either treated with Vigilon or Vigilon containing povidone-iodine or left air exposed. Wounds from each of these treatment groups were cultured by the scrub technique for S aureus with a 0.5% sodium thiosulfate-polysorbate (Tween) 80 solution 5 minutes, 30 minutes, 24 hours, or 48 hours later. A significant reduction in the number of S aureus recovered from wounds treated with Vigilon containing povidone-iodine was seen with the group inoculated with a low bacterial concentration after 24 hours; but no reductions were observed when wounds were inoculated with the higher bacterial concentration of log 7. We found Vigilon containing povidone-iodine to be an effective inhibitor of S aureus in wounds over a 24-hour period when the organism was present in low numbers. PMID- 3767401 TI - Paecilomyces lilacinus cellulitis in an immunocompromised patient. AB - Paecilomyces lilacinus, a saprophytic soil fungus, is an uncommon human pathogen. An immunocompromised patient developed a deep cellulitis due to P lilacinus. The infection responded poorly to intravenous amphotericin B but eventually resolved after combination therapy with amphotericin B and flucytosine (5-fluorocytosine). Previous in vitro studies have suggested that miconazole is the most active antifungal agent against P lilacinus. PMID- 3767402 TI - Facial granuloma associated with Trichosporon cutaneum infection. AB - A 23-year-old woman presented with Trichosporon cutaneum, which invaded deep into the dermis and subcutaneous tissue of the face and developed chronic granulomatous reactions. We postulated that the local use of an occlusive dressing with topical corticosteroid ointment in the early stage of the infection played a role in promoting the process of this opportunistic fungal infection. Antifungal chemotherapies, selected according to sensitivity testing to the isolated organism, were unsuccessful, mainly because of the acquired resistance of the organism to the chemical agent. Surgery was finally performed and a good result was obtained. PMID- 3767403 TI - Primary lymphocutaneous Nocardia brasiliensis infection. AB - We report a rare case of primary lymphocutaneous Nocardia brasiliensis infection occurring in an elderly diabetic man maintained on long-term therapy with prednisone. The mode of inoculation was that of a puncture wound caused by a contaminated needle that occurred one month prior to the development of the clinically apparent infection. The course of this patient's infection was protracted and required two surgical procedures and several months of antibiotic therapy. A review of 15 previously reported cases is presented as well as a discussion of appropriate medical therapy. PMID- 3767404 TI - Disseminated Nocardia brasiliensis infection following cryptococcal disease. AB - Nocardiosis is an increasing clinical problem, especially in immunocompromised patients. The offending species is almost always Nocardia asteroides. Cryptococcosis is also an increasing problem in the immunosuppressed. We describe a patient with probable disseminated cryptococcosis followed by disseminated Nocardia brasiliensis infection. Only eight patients with disseminated N brasiliensis infection have been described, to our knowledge, in the United States. PMID- 3767405 TI - Sebaceous carcinoma arising from Bowen's disease of the vulva. AB - Sebaceous neoplasms are a marker for malignancy in the Muir-Torre syndrome. Bowen's disease has also been regarded by some as a cutaneous marker for various internal malignancies. An 89-year-old woman was noted to have a sebaceous carcinoma arising within a focus of vulvar Bowen's disease. To our knowledge, this is the first known instance of such an occurrence. The finding of a sebaceous carcinoma in association with an atypical proliferation of keratinocytic, rather than basaloid, origin is unusual and is not accounted for in most classifications of sebaceous malignancy. This observation further supports the pluripotential nature of the cell line giving rise to both Bowen's disease and sebaceous neoplasms. PMID- 3767406 TI - The cutaneous manifestations of cholesterol crystal embolization. AB - In an effort to provide a greater understanding of the cutaneous features of cholesterol crystal embolization (CCE), we reviewed the clinical features of all histologically proved cases reported in the English-language literature, exclusive of cases in which there was only central nervous system or cardiac involvement. We found that the skin is involved in 35% of patients with CCE. Livedo reticularis is the most common skin manifestation (49%), followed by gangrene (35%), cyanosis (28%), ulceration (17%), nodules (10%), and purpura (9%). Cholesterol crystal embolization was most common in older men and was frequently associated with anticoagulant therapy (36%) or vascular procedures (31%). Because of its protean systemic manifestations, CCE was often mistaken for vasculitis (16%) and periarteritis nodosa (12%). Mortality was very high (72%). Histologic confirmation of cutaneous CCE was possible in 92% of cases where a skin biopsy specimen was obtained. We conclude that the diagnosis of cutaneous CCE should be suggested and easily confirmed histologically in the appropriate clinical setting. PMID- 3767407 TI - Multiple areas of localized tissue loss in a child. Atrophic connective tissue panniculitis. PMID- 3767408 TI - Multiple mesoectodermal defects in an infant. Focal dermal hypoplasia syndrome, or Goltz' syndrome. PMID- 3767409 TI - Hair abnormalities and a rash with a double-edged scale. Netherton's syndrome. PMID- 3767410 TI - Pharmacological manipulation of the ductus arteriosus. PMID- 3767411 TI - Guardians ad litem. PMID- 3767412 TI - Prognostic value of different staging systems in neuroblastomas and completeness of tumour excision. AB - Two hundred and fifty three patients were retrospectively assigned to eight different staging systems proposed for neuroblastomas, and the prognostic value of each staging system was evaluated individually. The ability of each system to predict prognosis was compared with the others and the system proposed by Evans et al found to be the best predictor, even better than the recently proposed Tumour-Nodes-Metastases staging system. This is probably due to the fact that factors other than the resectability of the tumour play a major role in the survival of these children. Age was found to have independent prognostic significance whatever staging system was used. PMID- 3767413 TI - Combined deficiency of iron and vitamin D in Asian toddlers. AB - One hundred and forty five Asian children born at Sorrento Maternity Hospital, Birmingham, were reviewed at the age of 22 months. A significant association of iron deficiency and poor vitamin D state was found. Two fifths of the children were anaemic, two fifths had a low plasma concentration of vitamin D, and one fifth had both features. This was more than simple overlap of the two deficiencies; the children with low plasma vitamin D concentrations had significantly lower concentrations of haemoglobin and serum iron. On the other hand, the deficiencies were not merely individual features of generally poor nutrition; growth and other measures of protein energy nutrition were slightly better in these children, and their plasma zinc concentration was no lower than in the children without deficiencies. It seems, therefore, that child health surveillance as currently practised--for example, growth monitoring, clinical signs, etc--will not detect these problems unless a haemoglobin determination is included. In view of the association of poor iron and vitamin D state combined prophylaxis is desirable. At present, strategies for preventing rickets in this country are not combined with attempts to detect or prevent iron deficiency. In our opinion they should be and the options are discussed. PMID- 3767414 TI - Low serum thyroxine concentrations and neural maturation in preterm infants. AB - The effect of hypothyroxinaemia on postnatal progression of the motor nerve conduction velocity was studied in 33 very low birthweight infants. Serum concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine were determined at birth and at ages 3, 7, and 21 days. Nerve conduction velocity was measured in the first week of life, on day 21, and at 40 weeks' postmenstrual age. Seven infants maintained their thyroxine concentration above 60 nmol/l (4.67 micrograms/100 ml) throughout the study. Three of these infants needed mechanical ventilation and one had an intraventricular haemorrhage. Twenty six infants developed hypothyroxinaemia (thyroxine less than 60 nmol/l). The nerve conduction velocity was delayed in 13 infants, two on day 21 and 11 at 40 weeks' postmenstrual age. The delay was equivalent to 1.9-4.4 weeks. All these infants belonged to the group with depressed thyroxine concentrations. The delay in progression in nerve conduction velocity was associated with prolonged hypothyroxinaemia, especially in those infants who also required ventilation. Further studies are in progress to study the effect of thyroid hormone on the nerve conduction velocity in preterm infants. PMID- 3767416 TI - Small for dates babies: are they really a problem? AB - One hundred and sixty four infants less than 5th centile for gestation specific birth weight were born at gestations greater than or equal to 37 weeks in the Cambridge Maternity Hospital in 1982. Of these, 60 were less than 2-3rd centile- that is, greater than 2 standard deviations below mean birth weight. Serious disease was rare: only six (4%) had recognisable malformations. There was only one neonatal death, a baby less than 2-3rd centile with the Neu-Laxova syndrome. Nine (5%) became hypoglycaemic but with no serious symptoms: one of these was already on the neonatal unit with respiratory distress syndrome and was given intravenous dextrose, and the remaining eight all responded to milk feeds. Only 13 out of the 164 patients (8%) were admitted to the neonatal unit, eight of the 12 survivors for 48 hours or less. Small for dates babies of 37 weeks' gestation or more pose few neonatal problems and can be safely cared for on a postnatal ward. PMID- 3767415 TI - Osteopenia of prematurity. AB - Bone mineral content of the forearm was measured by photon absorptiometry in 17 preterm infants at a postconceptional age of 40 weeks. Radiographs of the forearm were assessed by Koo's method and plasma alkaline phosphatase activity was also measured at this time. Bone mineral content was significantly but weakly correlated with Koo score and was not significantly correlated with alkaline phosphatase activity. Neither of these two commonly used investigations accurately predicts the presence of underlying bone disease. Compared with 15 full term infants the preterm infants had significantly lower values of bone mineral content, palpated ulnar length, and crown-heel length. After adjusting for weight and ulnar length the preterm group still had a significantly lower mean value of bone mineral content than the full term group. Accurate diagnosis of osteopenia of prematurity requires photon absorptiometry, with bone mineral content assessed relative to body weight or ulnar length. PMID- 3767417 TI - Reduction of skin damage from transcutaneous oxygen electrodes using a spray on dressing. AB - A spray on, copolymer acrylic dressing (Op-Site) was used to limit the skin damage caused by a transcutaneous oxygen electrode and its adhesive ring. Two identical electrodes were applied to the abdominal skin of 10 preterm infants, one on untreated skin, the other after application of Op-Site. It was found that Op-Site prevented the epidermal damage (as measured by transepidermal water loss) that occurs when the adhesive ring is removed from untreated skin. It did not interfere with transcutaneous oxygen measurements; absolute values and response times were unchanged. Op-Site is therefore useful in preventing the skin trauma that occurs when transcutaneous oxygen monitoring is being performed in preterm infants below 30 weeks' gestation in the first week of life. Care must be taken, however, to prevent a build up of Op-Site--it should be applied as a single layer, allowed to dry, and removed after use. PMID- 3767418 TI - Effect of caffeine on pneumogram and apnoea of infancy. AB - We studied the efficacy of caffeine in improving pneumogram abnormalities and relieving clinically important apnoea of infancy in 23 infants. After obtaining a 12 hour pneumogram we administered caffeine citrate in a loading dose of 20 mg/kg followed by 5 mg/kg once daily. This dose achieved a trough caffeine blood concentration of 9.6 (SD 2.0) micrograms/ml. A repeat pneumogram performed seven to 10 days after the first pneumogram showed a significant reduction in the number of short and prolonged attacks of apnoea as well as in the per cent periodic breathing and apnoea density. Episodes of prolonged apnoea disappeared in all infants after administration of caffeine and in 11 infants all pneumogram abnormalities resolved. This improvement in the results of pneumograms was associated with resolution of clinically important apnoea requiring intervention. Caffeine was administered for 3.4 (SD 1.3) months and was well tolerated by all except two infants. We conclude that treatment with caffeine is helpful in preventing attacks of apnoea that require intervention, and improvement in the results of pneumograms after administration of caffeine predicts this favourable response. PMID- 3767419 TI - Hypovitaminosis E induced neuropathy in exocrine pancreatic failure. AB - A 4 year old girl with congenital nerve deafness and pancreatic insufficiency had incapacitating ataxia. Electrophysiological studies of the median nerve and the brain stem evoked response were abnormal. Serum vitamin E concentration was low. After intramuscular injections of vitamin E the ataxia disappeared and electrophysiological variables reverted to normal. PMID- 3767420 TI - Recurrent sepsis and gastrointestinal ulceration due to child abuse. AB - An 11 year old girl developed progressive upper gastrointestinal ulceration and recurrent episodes of intravenous catheter associated polymicrobial septicaemia. Evaluation failed to establish a cause. After exclusion of the parents and careful surveillance of the patient she improved, supporting the diagnosis of suspected child abuse (a form of Meadow's syndrome). PMID- 3767421 TI - Familial persistent ductus arteriosus. AB - The occurrence of isolated persistent ductus arteriosus in three generations of one family with surgical correction is described. The high incidence of the malformation in this family suggests autosomal dominant inheritance rather than a polygenic mode of inheritance. PMID- 3767422 TI - Increased blood viscosity and tachypnoea in infants of diabetic mothers. AB - Tachypnoea was significantly more common in class B than in class A or C infants of diabetic mothers. Whole blood viscosity at a standardised packed cell volume and moderately low shear rate was significantly higher in infants of diabetic mothers with tachypnoea than in those without tachypnoea or healthy controls. PMID- 3767423 TI - The 'Sport-tester': a device for monitoring the free running test. AB - A cheap telemetric device, the 'Sport-tester', has been shown to be useful in monitoring the free running test for bronchoconstriction. PMID- 3767424 TI - High aluminium content of infant milk formulas. AB - The aluminium content of several commercially available infant milk formulas was measured by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Results were compared with those for fresh breast milk, cow's milk, and local tap water. Differences in aluminium concentration of greater than 150-fold were found, with the lowest concentrations in breast milk. PMID- 3767426 TI - Head circumference charts updated. PMID- 3767425 TI - General professional training in community child health. AB - A scheme providing general professional training for doctors in community child health is described. The scheme covers three years and gives broad clinical experience in general hospital paediatrics, community paediatrics, psychiatry, and general practice. The aims of the scheme and service needs and future structure for our trainees are discussed. PMID- 3767428 TI - Turner's syndrome. PMID- 3767427 TI - Congenital hypothyroidism missed on screening. PMID- 3767429 TI - Source and function of keto elaidic acids from lungs of cotton workers. AB - A series of cytotoxic oxygenated derivatives of oleic acid, 8-oxo-9, 9-oxo-10, 10 oxo-8-, and 11-oxo-9 trans octadecenoic acid, uniquely found at post-mortem in airway cells of cotton workers, were synthesized and shown to be cytotoxic, i.e., inhibitory of growth for several cell lines, including HL-60 and U-937 promyelocytes and Eagle's KB carcinoma cells. At microM concentrations, the 8- and 11- keto acids: are chemokinetic for human neutrophils; activate production of O2-. and H2O2; stimulate promyelocytes in culture to differentiate into neutrophils; and increase diglyceride metabolism in inflammatory cells. These results indicate that these four monooxygenated fatty acids, which are found in airways of cotton workers and initiate both inflammation and differentiation in vitro, may be etiologic in the abnormal differentiation and inflammation seen in small airways of cotton workers. This abnormal differentiation in bronchi may result from altered diglyceride metabolism with resultant activation of phosphoprotein kinase C initiated by the keto fatty acids. PMID- 3767430 TI - Sensitive indicators of inorganic mercury toxicity. AB - Forty-two workers from a chemical plant producing inorganic mercury compounds were evaluated for neurologic, nephrotic, and ophthalmologic toxicity. Despite elevated blood and urinary mercury levels, routine clinical testing such as physical examination, blood chemistries, and urinalysis were generally normal. These findings from the routine examination are in contrast to the complaints of neuropsychological symptoms, elevated urinary n-acetyl B-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) levels, decreased motor nerve conduction velocities, and the presence of lenticular opacities on slit-lamp examination that were found, when organ systems known to be affected by mercury were targeted. More sensitive but objective indicators of toxicity need to be included in routine medical screening so as to help diagnose the etiology of neuropsychological symptoms and prevent long-term sequelae in workers exposed to mercury. PMID- 3767431 TI - Filterable plasma concentration, glomerular filtration, tubular balance, and renal clearance of heavy metals and organic substances in metal workers. AB - To estimate "filterable" plasma concentration (FPx), glomerular filtration, tubular balance, and renal clearance of heavy metals and organic substances, the authors examined the regressions of the 24-hr urinary excretion on glomerular filtration rate [GFR, 24-hr endogenous creatinine (Cn) clearance] in 19 gun-metal foundry workers with blood lead (Pb) concentrations of 25-59 micrograms/dl. It was estimated that the proportion of FPx to total plasma concentration was on average 15, 7, 3, 0.6, 0.06, and 0.008% for Pb, cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), and copper (Cu), respectively. The estimated FPx value was 2.8 X 10(2), 4, 0.08, and 2.8 X 10(4) micrograms/dl for hippuric acid (HA), delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), coproporphyrin (CP), and total urinary solutes (TUS), respectively. The estimated glomerular filtration was significantly greater than the zero level for all substances but inorganic mercury (Hg). Similarly, the estimated net tubular secretion was significantly greater than the zero level for Cr, Cu, and TUS; the net tubular reabsorption was significantly greater than the zero level for Pb, ALA, and CP. The renal clearance of "filterable" plasma substance was significantly greater than GFR for Cr, Cu, and TUS and was significantly smaller for Pb, ALA, and CP. Thus the renal excretory mechanisms of substances were classified into four major categories: glomerular filtration for Cd, Mn, Zn, HA, and Cn; glomerular filtration and net tubular secretion for Cr, Cu, and TUS; glomerular filtration and net tubular reabsorption for Pb, ALA, and CP; and no glomerular filtration, i.e., suspected tubular secretion, for Hg. PMID- 3767432 TI - A study of respiratory effects from exposure to 2 ppm formaldehyde in healthy subjects. AB - Formaldehyde (FA) is a common indoor air pollutant with irritative properties. It has been suggested that FA may produce physiologic alterations of the respiratory system. To study such responses, 15 nonsmoking, healthy subjects were exposed in a double blind, random manner to 0 and 2 ppm FA for 40 min in an environmental chamber. In addition, the same exposures were repeated on a separate day with the subjects performing moderate exercise (450 kpm/min) for 10 min. Exposures were carried out under controlled environmental conditions (temperature = 23 degrees C, relative humidity = 50%). Pulmonary function was measured before, during, and after exposures using partial and maximal flow-volume curves and airway resistance. Symptom diaries were given to the subjects; upper and lower airway symptoms were recorded for up to 24 hr following exposures. No significant bronchoconstriction was noted in this group. In 3 subjects, sequential measurements of peak flow over a 24-hr period following FA exposure failed to reveal any delayed airway response. On a separate day, 6 healthy subjects failed to demonstrate changes from their baseline responsiveness to methacholine after exposure to 2 ppm FA. Respiratory symptoms were, in general, confined to the upper airways and were mild to moderate in severity. We conclude that short exposures to 2 ppm FA do not result in acute or subacute changes in lung function among healthy individuals either at rest or with exercise. Subjective complaints following such exposures are confined to irritative phenomena of the upper airways. PMID- 3767433 TI - Children's blood lead levels in the lead smelting town of Port Pirie, South Australia. AB - This survey included 1,239 children, representing 50% of the elementary school population of the lead smelting town of Port Pirie. Of these children, 7% had a capillary blood lead level equal to or greater than 30 micrograms/dl, which is the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council's "level of concern." There was a statistically significant difference in capillary lead levels by area of residence that was independent of age, sex, soil lead, rainwater tank lead, and school attended. A case-control study indicated that the following subset of factors was most predictive of an elevated blood lead level: household members who worked with lead in their occupations; living in a house with flaking paint on the outside walls; biting finger nails; eating lunch at home on school days; when at school, appearing to have relatively dirty clothing; when at school, appearing to have relatively dirty hands; and living on a household block with a large area of exposed dirt. A program to reduce the risk of elevated blood lead levels in Port Pirie children has been introduced. PMID- 3767434 TI - Relationships between blood lead concentration and aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in alcoholics and workers industrially exposed to lead. AB - Blood lead concentration (Pb-B), aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD), and gamma-GT were measured in 265 workers industrially exposed to lead and in 184 patients with liver disease resulting from alcohol consumption. The first group was divided according to alcohol use, i.e., nondrinkers, moderate drinkers, and heavy drinkers. The second group was divided according to the following criteria: hepatopatic without cirrhosis, hepatopatic with compensated cirrhosis, and hepatopatic with decompensated cirrhosis. Heavy drinkers who were industrially exposed had the highest Pb-B (40.4 +/- 14.6 micrograms/dl) and the lowest ALAD (22.2 +/- 9.1 U/L). The correlations between Pb-B and ALAD show no significant change with the increase of Pb-B. In the alcoholic group, 76 patients with alcoholic liver disease without cirrhosis had the highest Pb-B (40.3-9.1 micrograms/dl) and ALAD the lowest (18.6 +/- 7.7 U/L). The negative correlation between Pb-B and log ALAD disappeared completely in individuals with Pb-B that exceeded 50 micrograms/dl, independent from the seriousness of illness. PMID- 3767435 TI - Effects of exposure to lead among lead-acid battery factory workers in Sudan. AB - Health effects of occupational exposure to lead were investigated among 92 exposed workers in lead-acid battery factory and 40 nonexposed workers serving as a control group from an oil mill in Khartoum North industrial area. The two groups were closely similar in age, stature, body weight, and socioeconomic conditions. A highly significant increase (P less than .01) was recorded in blood lead, urinary coproporphyrin, and basophilic stippled red blood cells of the exposed group in comparison to the control group. Central nervous system symptoms (insomnia, fatigue, weakness, and drowsiness) were reported by 50% and other symptoms such as abdominal colic and constipation were reported by 41% of the exposed group. Blue line on the gum was detected only on 2% of the exposed group. Strong associations between exposure to lead and the prevalence of central nervous system symptoms, abdominal colic, and constipation were recorded. Exposure to exceedingly high levels of lead in the working environment causes adverse health effects. PMID- 3767436 TI - Research colloquium on occupational respiratory diseases: a conference in Cuba (1984). AB - At an international conference in Havana, Cuba, March 19-21, 1984, health professionals from the United States, Canada, and Cuba participated in a research colloquium on occupational lung diseases. Participants and speakers discussed the state of the art of knowledge, research, and management of key occupational lung diseases, and suggested directions for future efforts. Differences among the three countries in terms of the medical, economic, and social aspects of defining, treating, and compensating occupational diseases were also considered. PMID- 3767438 TI - [Neodymium: YAG laser in urology. Application and results in the treatment of tumors]. PMID- 3767437 TI - Neurobehavioral assessment of Mohawk Indians for subclinical indications of methyl mercury neurotoxicity. AB - A total of 200 male and 200 adult female Mohawk Indians were examined by means of performance tests as part of a total health evaluation of participants in a medical field survey on the St. Regis Reserve. Age-corrected performance test scores were studied in relation to blood, urinary, and hair methyl mercury (MeHg) levels, and local fish consumption. Males were found to eat more fish than females and had relatively higher MeHg levels than females. Blood and hair MeHg levels were significantly correlated with local fish consumption for both sexes. Biological indicators of MeHg absorption suggested low exposure levels but did not correlate significantly with performance test scores. These findings indicate that the time of examination, St. Regis residents were exposed to almost "background" levels of MeHg and did not exhibit either subclinical or clinical manifestations of MeHg neurotoxicity. PMID- 3767439 TI - [Water dilatation with a pump for pushing the irrigation liquid. A new apparatus in ureterorenoscopy]. PMID- 3767440 TI - [Endoscopic treatment of upper urinary tract calculi. Technics and results]. PMID- 3767441 TI - [Intra-ureteral disintegration of calculi with ultrasonics]. PMID- 3767442 TI - [Perioperative endoscopy of the upper urinary tract]. PMID- 3767443 TI - [Ureteroscopy in the treatment of urinary lithiasis]. PMID- 3767444 TI - [Ureterorenoscopy. Our experience in the first 30 cases]. PMID- 3767445 TI - [Intubated endoscopic ureterotomy]. PMID- 3767447 TI - [Internal urinary diversion with a double-J ureteral catheter. 100 consecutive cases]. PMID- 3767446 TI - [Development of the new surgical fiberoptic nephro-ureteroscope]. PMID- 3767448 TI - [Calculi remnants in percutaneous nephrolithotomy]. PMID- 3767449 TI - [A series of 300 percutaneous nephrolithotomies: experience and results]. PMID- 3767450 TI - [Treatment of renal lithiasis by percutaneous nephrolithotomy: an analysis of our first 30 cases]. PMID- 3767451 TI - [Percutaneous surgery of renal calculi: a "fun" technic. Review of a 3-year experience]. PMID- 3767452 TI - [Percutaneous ultrasonic nephrolithotomy. Fragmentation aspects]. PMID- 3767453 TI - [Percutaneous nephrolithotomy]. PMID- 3767454 TI - [Percutaneous nephrolithotomy: technic and results]. PMID- 3767455 TI - [Comparative study between classic lumbotomy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the treatment of renal lithiasis]. PMID- 3767456 TI - [Percutaneous racket nephrostomy]. PMID- 3767457 TI - [Shock-wave extracorporeal lithotripsy. Its role in the treatment of coralliform lithiasis]. PMID- 3767458 TI - [New therapeutic possibilities in coralliform lithiasis: shockwave lithotripsy]. PMID- 3767459 TI - [Endo-urology in urothelial tumors of the upper urinary tract]. PMID- 3767460 TI - Pulmonary involvement in ankylosing spondylitis. AB - Thirty two patients with ankylosing spondylitis were investigated with a set of pulmonary function tests and the results compared with those for a control population. The patients had no complaints about lung symptoms and their chest radiographs were normal. The main pathological findings were reduced lung volumes, a raised closing volume/vital capacity ratio, and a decreased volumic airway conductance. The lung volume reduction correlated with disease duration, thoracic mobility, and degree of acute phase reaction. The stiff spondylitic thorax probably makes the main contribution to the impairment of lung function in these patients, but the findings in this study also suggest an involvement of the small airways. This type of pulmonary function testing seems valuable even in patients with ankylosing spondylitis without lung symptoms and it might be used as a tool in the staging of the disease, to evaluate treatment and to differentiate from fibrosis. PMID- 3767461 TI - Osteogenesis imperfecta: an x ray fibre diffraction study. AB - The use of x ray fibre diffraction to study the molecular architecture of healthy and diseased human tendon is described. The three dimensional structure of human (finger) tendon is derived to high resolution and is shown to be very similar to that reported for rat tail tendon. In particular the presence of the 38 A row line in the diffraction pattern suggests that a high degree of lateral order within the collagen fibrils is a more widespread feature of tendon tissue than was formerly realised. Axially projected electron density maps of the 670 A unit repeat of the collagen fibrils of this tissue, and of tendon tissue from three cases of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), are calculated and compared. The results are in agreement with recent biochemical studies in suggesting that type I (Sillence) OI is principally a quantitative, rather than a qualitative, defect of type I collagen biosynthesis. The features by which a molecular lesion may be recognised and characterised from diffraction data are discussed. PMID- 3767462 TI - Bone metabolism during methylprednisolone pulse therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - The deleterious effects of corticosteroids (CS) on bone are well known, but probably differ depending on duration and dosage of CS therapy. Presently huge amounts of CS are given over a short period of time in different rheumatic conditions. Not much is known about the effect of this kind of CS treatment on bone metabolism. Twenty patients with persistently active rheumatoid arthritis were treated with 1 g methylprednisolone (MP) three times on alternate days over a five day period. Twenty four hours after the first MP pulse serum calcium was increased and the values of parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D tended to increase. After the second MP pulse, however, these values had returned to the starting values. The urinary calcium excretion increased during MP pulse therapy and returned to the initial value immediately after the pulse therapy. The hydroxyproline excretion tended to decrease during therapy and stayed decreased immediately afterwards, indicating a decrease in bone resorption. It is concluded that bone metabolism is not seriously affected during MP pulse therapy. PMID- 3767463 TI - Significance of connective tissue proliferation in the breakdown of cartilage: a novel in vivo model. AB - The implantation of homologous femoral head cartilage in subcutaneous tissues of random bred Wistar rats results in both subchondral and articular surfaces becoming overlaid by an adherent granulation tissue comprising predominantly fibroblast-like cells. The response of the tissue to cartilage encapsulated with cotton fibres was also similar but erosions, mainly subchondral, were more evident and proteoglycan loss markedly greater. The connective tissue response to cotton was the progressive formation of a foreign body granuloma comprising mononuclear cells, multinucleated giant cells, and fibroblasts with very few polymorphonuclear leucocytes. PMID- 3767465 TI - Idiopathic peripheral enthesopathy without spondylarthritis. AB - A 40 year old man who had a systemic inflammatory enthesopathy without spondylarthritis and HLA-B27 is described. The presence of hypergammaglobulinaemia and the effectiveness of glucocorticoid therapy suggested the possibility of its aetiology being 'autoimmune' in nature. PMID- 3767464 TI - Pulmonary hypertension in hydralazine induced systemic lupus erythematosus: association with C4 null allele. AB - A patient who developed pulmonary hypertension and systemic lupus erythematosus as a complication of hydralazine therapy is reported. She was a slow acetylator and in addition was found to have a null allele at the C4A locus. PMID- 3767466 TI - Unusual radiographic features in a female patient with ankylosing spondylitis. AB - A 71 year old woman suffering from ankylosing spondylitis with aggressive peripheral joint disease for 46 years developed unusual radiographic features in the hips and knees. The pathogenic processes responsible are uncertain, and no histology is yet available. Although she had been treated with radiotherapy to the knees, there was no similar history to explain the hitherto unreported appearance of the hips. PMID- 3767468 TI - Monarticular rheumatoid-like arthritis of seven years' duration following fracture of the radial head. AB - We report a patient who developed rheumatoid-like arthritis in an elbow joint following a fracture. The arthritis has remained localised to that joint for seven years. PMID- 3767469 TI - Intra-articular injection of phenylbutazone in gonarthrosis. PMID- 3767467 TI - Spontaneous pneumomediastinum in adult dermatomyositis. AB - Spontaneous pneumomediastinum has not been reported in adult polymyositis or dermatomyositis, either in conjunction with spontaneous pneumothorax or in isolation. Spontaneous pneumothorax has been rarely reported as a complication of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, and childhood dermatomyositis. It is associated with active, progressive pulmonary involvement and a poor prognosis. We describe an adult with dermatomyositis and spontaneous pneumomediastinum with a favourable outcome. PMID- 3767470 TI - Nutritional status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 3767471 TI - Cancer complicating Behcet's disease treated with chlorambucil. PMID- 3767472 TI - Borrelia isolated from cerebrospinal fluid in a French case of Lyme disease. PMID- 3767473 TI - Corticosteroids in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 3767474 TI - Suprapatellar pouch rupture or extension into the thigh tissue in rheumatoid disease. PMID- 3767475 TI - Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. A single surgeon's experience with 100 consecutive cases. AB - Between August 1982 and November 1985, 100 patients underwent ileal "J" pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) at the University of Utah. All operations were performed in a standard fashion by a single surgeon. Seventy-eight patients were operated on for chronic ulcerative colitis and 22 for familial polyposis coli. Sixty of the patients were male and 40 were female with a mean age of 33.2 years and a range of 11-63 years. Mean +/- SEM operating time was 5.9 +/- 0.4 hours, blood loss was 666 +/- 49 ml, and total hospitalization was 10.1 +/- 0.3 days. No operative deaths occurred. The overall operative morbidity was 13% after IPAA. Clinical "pouchitis" was observed in 18 patients, all of whom were operated on for chronic ulcerative colitis. No patients had frank incontinence. Twenty per cent of patients experienced frequent nocturnal leakage in the early postoperative period with a significant improvement over the ensuing 6 months. Stool frequency at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months was 7.5 +/- 0.2, 6.5 +/- 0.1, 6.2 +/- 0.3, 5.4 +/- 0.1, and 5.4 +/- 0.2, respectively. Stool frequency at 12 months correlated inversely with ileal pouch capacity and the diagnosis of familial polyposis. It is concluded that ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is a safe and effective operation for patients with chronic ulcerative colitis and familial polyposis coli. PMID- 3767476 TI - Pyloric and gastric preserving pancreatic resection. Experience with 87 patients. AB - Eighty-seven patients with neoplasm (57 cases), pancreatitis (28 cases), or benign biliary obstruction (2 cases) were treated with pyloric preserving pancreatectomy with two postoperative deaths, neither due to abdominal complications. About 50% of patients had delay in recovery of gastrointestinal function. Six and seven patients had clinically significant biliary and pancreatic fistulas, respectively, with some patients having both. Complications required 16 reoperations. Marginal ulcer was suggested by endoscopy or barium study in five patients, three of whom were successfully managed by a medical regimen. In the other two patients, exploration failed to demonstrate an ulcer or jejunitis. In most patients, long-term gastrointestinal function was judged to be excellent based on weight gain and lack of digestive symptoms. Pyloric function and gastric motility were evaluated by abdominal scanning using indium 111 and technetium 99m. Gastric emptying of liquids and solids was normal. Estimations of enterogastric reflux showed a moderate difference between normal subjects and pancreatectomy patients. Cancer-free survival was comparable to that after the standard Whipple procedure. PMID- 3767477 TI - Hypothermic anesthesia attenuates postoperative proteolysis. AB - The catabolic response that commonly occurs after major operation is characterized by net skeletal muscle proteolysis and accelerated nitrogen excretion. This response was absent in patients undergoing cardiac surgical procedures associated with the combination of cardiopulmonary bypass, narcotic anesthesia, neuromuscular blockade, and hypothermia. Forearm nitrogen release was 422 +/- 492 nmol/100 ml X min on the first postoperative day, approximately 25% of preoperative values (1677 +/- 411, p less than 0.05). Nitrogen excretion and the degree of negative nitrogen balance were comparable to levels observed in nonstressed, fasting subjects. The potential role of hypothermia, high-dose fentanyl anesthesia, and neuromuscular blockade in modifying the catabolic response to laparotomy and retroperitoneal dissection was further evaluated in animal studies. Six hours after operation, amino acid nitrogen release from the hindquarter was 84% less than control values (p less than 0.05). Nitrogen excretion and urea production were also reduced compared to normothermic controls. It is concluded that the combination of hypothermia, narcotic anesthesia, and neuromuscular blockade attenuates the catabolic response to injury and thus may be useful in the care of critically ill surgical patients. PMID- 3767478 TI - Diagnostic role of gastrointestinal hormones in patients with chronic pancreatitis. AB - Thirty-three patients with chronic pancreatitis were studied in an effort to correlate release of gastrointestinal hormones (GIH) with the degree of pancreatic insufficiency. A prospective examination was conducted of fat stimulated release of pancreatic polypeptide (PP), cholecystokinin (CCK), and neurotensin. Seventy-two-hour fecal fat determination, endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP), and the bentiromide-PABA test were used to correlate the clinical stage of disease. The ERP was classified as positive only if the changes were advanced (or "marked") according to the Cambridge Classification. Five patients were defined to have mild disease, 13 moderate, and 15 severe. Any patient with clinical evidence of chronic pancreatitis and ERP changes that were less than advanced and had normal fecal fat and bentiromide tests received a grade of mild. Patients with one abnormal test were graded moderate, and those with two or three abnormal results were graded severe. In the 33 patients, the integrated 60-minute release of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) was 37.4 +/- 6.1 ng 60 min/ml in those five patients with mild disease, 102.3 +/- 10.3 ng-60 min/ml in the 13 patients with moderate disease, and 7.6 +/- 2.2 ng-60 min/ml in the 15 patients with severe disease. The integrated 60-minute release of neurotensin was 3.8 +/- 0.4 ng-60 min/ml in mild disease, 2.0 +/- 0.3 ng-60 min/ml in moderate disease, and 0.2 +/- 0.1 ng-60 min/ml in severe disease. CCK release did not correlate with the severity of disease. Enhanced release of PP appeared to correlate well with moderate stage of chronic pancreatitis, and depressed PP release with severe disease. Stimulated levels of PP and neurotensin appear to be useful in the diagnosis and staging of chronic pancreatitis. It is concluded that measurement of fat-stimulated release of PP and neurotensin may be useful to assess severity of disease in patients with chronic pancreatitis. PMID- 3767479 TI - Management of 1000 consecutive cases of hepatic trauma (1979-1984). AB - From 1979 to 1984, 1000 patients with hepatic injuries were treated at one urban trauma center. Penetrating wounds were present in 86.4% of patients. Simple hepatorrhaphy, use of topical hemostatic agents, or drainage alone were the only forms of therapy required in 881 patients, and 65 (7.3%) died. Extensive hepatorrhaphy or hepatotomy with selective vascular ligation, resectional debridement or resection, selective hepatic artery ligation, or perihepatic packing were required, often in combination, in 119 patients, and 40 (33.6%) died. Uncomplicated recoveries occurred in 798 of the 918 patients (86.9%) surviving greater than 48 hours. In the remaining 13.1% of patients, intra abdominal abscess formation was the most common late complication (32/918 = 3.5%). Mortality for the entire series of 1000 patients was 10.5%, with 78.1% (82/105) of all deaths occurring in the perioperative period from shock or transfusion-related coagulopathies. PMID- 3767480 TI - Fifty years' experience with esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. Beginning with Cameron Haight's first operation in 1935. AB - Four hundred twenty-six patients with esophageal atresia with or without tracheoesophageal fistula have been primarily cared for at the University of Michigan Medical Center since Cameron Haight's initial experience with this entity. Over the period of observation, the incidence of new cases as well as the number of associated anomalies has remained constant. The long-term survival of these patients has steadily improved over the past half-century from 36% in the pre-1950 era to 84% during the most recent 20 years. Conversely, operative mortality has shown a progressive decline from 56% early in the authors' series to 6.9% more recently, despite a steady increase in the proportion of high-risk neonates seen at the University of Michigan Medical Center during this time span. In the last 9 years, there have been no postoperative deaths in group A or B risk infants (36 patients), while the rate has been 18.2% in group C risk babies (27 patients); almost all of these deaths were due to severe associated anomalies. During the last 10 years, the authors have changed their technique of anastomosis from a two- to a one-layer method while still advocating a primary repair via an extrapleural approach. Although this change has resulted in a modest increase in the rate of anastomotic leak (17% vs. 6.2%, p less than 0.03), the leaks have been small and asymptomatic because of the extrapleural approach and, as a result, have been managed conservatively without any untoward sequelae. Conversely, there has been a significant decrease in the rate of stricture formation with the one-layer anastomosis (4.3% vs. 23.3%, p less than 0.002). While this may in part be explained by the change in anastomotic technique, it is felt that the more aggressive diagnosis and surgical management of gastroesophageal reflux (seen in 37.9% of our recent group) have contributed greatly to this decrease. The steady improvement in survival over this 50-year period, in spite of the increasing number of high-risk infants, is attributable to major improvements in neonatal care before, during, and after operation. PMID- 3767481 TI - A thousand operations for ulcer disease. AB - A retrospective study of 1068 patients who had operations for peptic ulcer disease in the 12-year period from January 1, 1974, to January 1, 1986, permits these conclusions: The number of patients admitted to the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) has declined steadily in the years of this study--1974-1986. The average number of patients admitted with a diagnosis of peptic ulcer disease in precimetidine years--1974, 1975, and 1976--and in recent years--1982, 1983, and 1984--shows a decline of 39.3% in admissions. In the same periods, the average number of operations per year has declined from 92 in precimetidine years to an average of 71 (16.5%) recently. The decline has been greatest in patients operated on electively for duodenal ulcer. Operations for massive hemorrhage and acute perforations and the number of deaths have remained nearly constant. The overall mortality rate was 10.3%. The mortality following elective operations for pain was 0.5%; for urgent operations, including those for obstruction, 4.5%, and for bleeding other than massive, 7.5%; and for emergency operations, including those for acute perforation, 20.9%, and for massive hemorrhage, 22.1%. The main causes of death were organ failure (most commonly of the lungs) and sepsis. Early complications were documented 345 times and were followed by reoperation in 84 cases, or 7.4% of the total. Delayed stomal function was noted in 63 cases and required reoperation in 14. It was most common after Roux anastomoses and required operative intervention most commonly after gastric resection, Billroth I (GRBI). Delay was three times as common when vagotomy (V) was added to GR. Early postoperative hemorrhage was a serious complication when it occurred after operations for acute perforations or massive hemorrhage. The incidence was 3.7% after suture of a perforation; after operations for acute massive hemorrhage, it was 4.3% after pyloroplasty and vagotomy, with or without arterial ligation [PV(L)], and 0.3% after GR, with or without arterial ligation [GR(L)]. Late complications led to reoperation in 66 cases (6.2%). The most important were recurrent ulceration and alkaline gastritis. Recurrence rates after a minimum follow-up of 5 years (based on survivors of initial procedures and a second operation, both in the MGH) were 20.5% after suture of a perforation, 6.2% after PV, 2.3% after GRBII, and 0.4% after GRVBII. These figures are lower than expected; incomplete follow-up and improved medical care are factors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3767482 TI - The first open heart corrections of tetralogy of Fallot. A 26-31 year follow-up of 106 patients. AB - Tetralogy of Fallot became a correctable malformation on August 31, 1954, and from that data through 1960, 106 patients (ages 4 months-45 years) who underwent open repairs at the University of Minnesota and were discharged, have been followed (99% complete) until death or for 26-31 years (mean: 23.7 years, 2424 patient years). The purposes of this study were to determine survival, morbidity, hemodynamics, educational/employment attainments, and relation of these to surgical technics. Operations were done by cross circulation (6 patients) and bubble oxygenator (100 patients). This group had the first uses of patch ventricular septal defect closure, outflow root, infundibuloplasty, atresia correction, ischemic arrests, and pacemakers among other innovations. Twenty-one (of 105 patients) have died during the followup: eight deaths in the first 10 years, 12 between 10 and 20 years, and 1 greater than 20 years. The causes of death were sudden (5), accidental (4), congestive failure (2), reoperation (2), suicide (2), and other (2). Actuarial survival at 30 years was 77%. Late complications were ten reoperations, five arrhythmias, and one endocarditis. Actuarial freedom from reoperations at 30 years was 91%. Cardiac recatheterizations in 62 patients disclosed only 10 with residual shunts. Peak right ventricular systolic pressures were less than 40 mmHg (34 patients), 41-60 mm (2 patients), 61-70 mm (4 patients), greater than 71 mm (4 patients). Thirty four patients (32%) completed college, ten of these completed graduate school (5 masters degrees, 2 M.D.'s, 2 Ph.D.'s, 1 lawyer). Fifteen others attended college, and nine received technical school diplomas. Forty patients (18 men, 22 women) had progeny, with 82 (93%) live births and six major cardiac defects (7.3%). In summary, complete repair gave excellent late results in this group cared for very early in the open heart era. Survivors led productive lives without restrictions in education and employment. Many of the deaths/complications that occurred are now easily preventable, which augurs extremely well for this generation. PMID- 3767483 TI - Improved burn center survival of patients with toxic epidermal necrolysis managed without corticosteroids. AB - Fifteen consecutive patients with toxic epidermal necrolysis or the Stevens Johnson syndrome managed without corticosteroids after transfer to the burn center (group 2) are compared to a previous consecutive group of 15 who received high doses of these drugs (group 1). Group 2 had a 66% survival, which was a significant improvement compared to the 33% survival in group 1 (p = 0.057). In group 1, mortality was associated with loss of more than 50% of the body surface area skin. In group 2, mortality was related to advanced age and associated diseases. Age, extent of skin loss, progression of skin loss after burn center admission, incidence of abnormal liver function tests, and the incidence of septic complications were not significantly different in the two groups (p greater than 0.10). The incidence of detected esophageal slough was similar in both groups. Nonsteroid (group 2) management was associated with a decreased incidence of ulceration of gastrointestinal columnar epithelium, Candida sepsis, and an increased survival after septic complications. The combined experience of these 30 patients suggests that corticosteroids are contraindicated in the burn center management of toxic epidermal necrolysis and the Stevens-Johnson syndrome. PMID- 3767484 TI - Branched chain amino acid uptake and muscle free amino acid concentrations predict postoperative muscle nitrogen balance. AB - Amino acid solutions rich in branched chain amino acids (BCAA) are commonly utilized both clinically and in experimental protocols in an attempt to reduce skeletal muscle and whole body protein catabolism. To investigate the effectiveness of BCAA infusion, amino acid formulas containing varying concentrations of BCAA were given during operation in this study to three groups of dogs undergoing a standard laparotomy and retroperitoneal dissection. A fourth group was given saline alone. With the use of previously described hindquarter flux techniques, individual and total amino acid nitrogen exchange rates were measured and utilized in estimating skeletal muscle protein catabolism. Intracellular free amino acid concentrations were measured in percutaneous muscle biopsy samples. Although there was no relationship with the rate of BCAA infusion, there was a significant correlation between the rate of BCAA uptake by muscle and diminished total nitrogen release from hindquarter skeletal muscle after operation. There was also a significant relationship between muscle nitrogen balance and the postoperative change in the muscle concentration of either total amino acids or the single amino acid glutamine. When combined in a single equation, BCAA uptake and the change in muscle free amino acid concentration predict skeletal muscle nitrogen release with an r = 0.86. Thus, the rate of BCAA uptake and the free glutamine or total amino acid concentration in muscle appear to be independent predictors of muscle nitrogen balance. The nitrogen-sparing effect of BCAA in skeletal muscle is unrelated to infusion concentration or rate of infusion. PMID- 3767485 TI - Enterogastric reflux and gastric clearance of refluxate in normal subjects and in patients with and without bile vomiting following peptic ulcer surgery. AB - A noninvasive scintigraphic technique was used to estimate enterogastric reflux and subsequent gastric evacuation of refluxate in 35 normal, healthy subjects and 55 patients previously treated by vagotomy or partial gastrectomy. Reflux was provoked by a milk drink and quantitated by counting 99Tcm-EHIDA activity within the gastric area during gamma camera imaging. Seven normal subjects (20%) showed reflux of 5-18% of initial activity (mean: 10%), with peak values occurring at 5 30 minutes (mean: 14 minutes) following the milk. Gastric evacuation of activity in these subjects was monoexponential (r = 0.993, T1/2 = 24.1 minutes). Reflux occurred more frequently than normal in patients with truncal vagotomy and drainage (22/28 patients) and partial gastrectomy (20/21 patients). All of 16 patients with Billroth II anastomoses exhibited reflux, which was excessive compared with refluxing normal subjects (mean: 25%; p less than 0.01) and occurred later into the study (mean: 34 minutes; p less than 0.01). Ten of 11 asymptomatic patients showed reflux of similar amounts of activity (mean: 21%) compared with 16 patients who complained of bile vomiting (mean: 22%). However, asymptomatic patients exhibited gastric evacuation of refluxate at a rate similar to that of refluxing normal subjects, while bile vomiters showed significant gastric retention of refluxate at 25-30 minutes following peak gastric activity (p less than 0.05). This result confirms that post-operative bile vomiting is essentially a problem of gastric emptying. PMID- 3767486 TI - Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Procedure of choice. AB - Operative gastrostomy (OG) for gastrointestinal decompression or feeding has stood the test of time. Nevertheless, this procedure is often associated with significant morbidity and occasional mortality. Furthermore, although it is often performed under local anesthesia, general anesthesia is frequently necessary. A recent alternative to OG is percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG). The purpose of this study is to describe our experience with 100 consecutive PEGs in 98 patients. There were no complications, and no patient died as a result of PEG. Furthermore, PEG never required general anesthesia and was rapid and less costly than OG. Since PEG is so simple to perform, it may be employed earlier in the patient's course, thus avoiding nasogastric feedings or parenteral alimentation. PEG is the procedure of choice should gastrostomy be needed. PMID- 3767487 TI - Gastric cancer survival in Sweden. Lack of improvement in 19 years. AB - A total of 34,549 patients constituting 87.0% of all patients with gastric cancer diagnosed in Sweden in 1960-1978 and reported to the National Cancer Registry were included in a complete follow-up over a period of 1-20 years. The poor outcome in this disease was again established in this unselected material. Thus, the 5-year relative survival rate (with 95% confidence limits) was 12.7% (12.1 13.2%) among the men and 14.1% (13.4-14.9%) among the women, without any long term difference between the sexes. The annual hazard rates in male and female patients were still 11.0% (8.3-13.7%) and 9.0% (7.1-10.9%), respectively, after 5 years and did not approach zero until 10 years after the diagnosis. Men older than 75 showed a slightly higher mortality during the first year, but there were seemingly no relationships of tumor-biological or clinical significance between age at diagnosis and long-term relative survival. The overall prognosis remained unchanged during the 19 years of the study, whereas the incidence was reduced by about 40% in the whole Swedish population. PMID- 3767489 TI - A self-sealing dialysis prosthesis. Coaxial double PTFE-silicone graft. AB - The performance of a new dialysis prosthesis designed to self-seal after puncture was tested ex vivo and in vivo. It consists of two coaxial polytetrafluoroethylene tubes (PTFE), the space between them filled with silicone rubber sealant (PTFE-sil). Ex vivo: Three PTFE-sil, three double PTFE (without silicone), and three single PTFE grafts were placed sequentially between scribner shunts in the hind limb of four dogs. Bleeding on puncturing with an 18-gauge needle was measured for 30 seconds. PTFE-sil bled less than the controls (g): PTFE-sil; 16 +/- 18; double PTFE: 32 +/- 10; single PTFE: 52 +/- 19 (p less than 0.001). In vivo: Six PTFE-sil and five single PTFE grafts were interposed between the carotid artery and jugular vein of dogs and were punctured with a 16-gauge needle on days 1, 3, and 7. Bleeding was measured through an incision over the puncture site at 5 minutes. In 11 punctures of PTFE-sil, there was no bleeding; three bled less than 20 g. In 13 control punctures, none bled less than 70 g. Patency: Grafts were studied for patency in arteriovenous (AV) fistulas in 34 dogs. Each dog received a PTFE-sil graft in one groin and a single PTFE control graft in the other. At 4 months, patency rates were: PTFE-sil, 84%; single PTFE, 87% (NS). Four months after implantation, hemostasis after puncture in PTFE-sil grafts required 70 +/- 49 seconds versus 207 +/- 48 seconds for PTFE grafts (p less than 0.005). In conclusion, PTFE-sil grafts are self-sealing, can be used immediately after implantation, and need minimal compression after needle removal. PMID- 3767488 TI - Distal splenorenal shunt for management of variceal bleeding in patients with schistosomal hepatic fibrosis. AB - The distal splenorenal shunt was performed in 60 patients with schistosomal hepatic fibrosis in whom no evidence of cirrhosis was documented by preoperative needle and operative wedge biopsy. No patients have been lost to follow-up with a median of 37 months (range: 17-86). The results showed low operative mortality (1.7%), high patency rate (92.5%), and low recurrent variceal hemorrhage (6.7%). Thrombosed shunts were treated either by refashioning the shunt (1 patient) or splenectomy and gastric devascularization (2 patients). Initial hyperbilirubinemia and reduction in serum albumin were found in the early postoperative period, with persistent hyperbilirubinemia in 32% of the patients. The 5-year survival was 88%, with liver disease related mortality in only three patients. Clinical encephalopathy was detected in three patients (5.1%); only one of them was incapacitated. These data showed that: selective shunt (distal splenorenal shunt, DSRS) is an effective surgical procedure in the treatment of schistosomal variceal bleeding, shunt thrombosis is rare and can possible be corrected if detected early, schistosomal patients have a better survival and a lower incidence of encephalopathy after DSRS than that reported in cirrhotics, and liver biopsy should be performed for proper assessment of the schistosomal population especially in the geographic areas where the schistosoma parasite and viral hepatitis are endemic. PMID- 3767490 TI - Lead poisoning from retained missiles. An experimental study. AB - The problem of lead poisoning from bullets has been investigated by surgically implanting discs of lead, each enriched in a different natural isotope, into the tissue of two mongrel dogs and monitoring by mass spectrometry the release of the lead into each animal's blood over the course of 3 years. Lead placed in the knee underwent vigorous attack by the synovial fluid, far in excess of what would be expected from corrosion theory, and reached a maximum concentration in blood 4-6 months after operation. Thereafter, lead concentration exponentially declined as the remaining fragments became encapsulated. The disc placed in muscle was sparingly soluble immediately following implantation. It is concluded that the greatest danger of lead poisoning from an injury involving many fragments having collectively a large surface area will occur within a month, and that the cases of lead poisoning resulting from bullets in joints that occur 5 or more years after injury are caused by continual wear of metal on a joint surface, storage of lead so released in the skeleton, and its subsequent resorption during a change in osteocyte activity. PMID- 3767491 TI - Electrocautery instruments have been used routinely for the excision of tissue from the urinary bladder, prostate gland, and other sites for many years. PMID- 3767493 TI - Tru-cut needle biopsy for diagnosing breast cancer. PMID- 3767492 TI - Saphenous vein is by far superior to PTFE as a femoropopliteal bypass. PMID- 3767494 TI - Vascular anatomy of the digital extensors. AB - Fifty upper extremities from fresh human cadavers age range 20 to 80 years were used in the study of the vascularization of the tendons of the digital extensor muscles. The blood supply to the tendon originates from different sources at different levels. At the level of the musculotendineal junction the tendon receives the blood supply through the arteries of the fleshy part of the muscle. In the synovial sheath the arteries reach the tendon through the mesotendon. In the metacarpal region and on the back of the digits the arteries reach the tendon through the paratenonium and through the branches of the digitopalmar arches. In all cases and at all levels the arterial branches to the extensors divide in a "T" shape manner into an ascending and a descending branch. Some areas of the tendon which are exposed to the less favourable mechanical conditions receive less blood supply. PMID- 3767495 TI - An epidemiological study of lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow) in amateur male players. AB - Our epidemiological study investigated lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow) among 150 nonprofessional male tennis players (75% of the players approached consecutively) interviewed and examined physically at four local tennis clubs. The interview and examination covered over sixty possible risk factors, including demographic data, playing habits, anatomical measurements and racket characteristics. The "average" painfree player is 38 years old, has played tennis 11 years, and plays 5.5 hours a week, usually with a racket whose head area is 570 cm2. The "average" tennis elbow sufferer is a 45-year-old player who has been playing 16 years and has played 8 hours weekly before onset of pain with a racket whose head area is 613 cm2. Multivariate analysis indicated that number of playing years has no independent effect beyond its association with age. Playing hours per week, current age and age at pain onset have independent significant effects on number of pain episodes (0-7). Weekly number of playing hours is the best predictor of pain category (none, one or more currently or in the past). PMID- 3767496 TI - Out-patient hand surgery. A prospective study of 588 patients. AB - The results of a prospective study of 588 patients operated on over a period of 4 months were analyzed. Of these patients, 6% only had to be hospitalized. The 555 other patients underwent out-patient surgery, 25% of which were emergencies. Thirty-four % of patients had one or more preexisting serious medical conditions. Ninety-one % underwent regional anesthesia. Complications were rare and did not seem to be preventable by hospitalization. While highlighting the many advantages associated with out-patient surgery, the authors stress the guidelines which must be followed as well as the pitfalls to be avoided in ambulatory surgery of the hand. PMID- 3767497 TI - Human ORF disease localized in the hand: a "false felon". A study of eight cases. AB - The authors report eight cases of human ORF disease localized to the hand and transmitted to man by contact with the sheep. This disease is characterized by typical lesions on exposed cutaneous zones. Those lesions must be distinguished from milker's nodules, botryomycosis and above all felon because ORF disease never require surgery. PMID- 3767498 TI - [Fracture of the trapezoid bone. Apropos of a case report]. AB - Although very rare, fractures of the lesser multiangular (trapezoid) bone may be suspected clinically and demonstrated radiographically by special projections. PMID- 3767499 TI - [Diagnosis of rupture of the ulnar collateral ligament of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb. Presentation of a simple clinical and radiological test]. AB - When a normal thumb is attached to a rubber band and pulled in a radial direction, the MP joint adopts an attitude of abduction, internal rotation and, most often, slight flexion. Under the same conditions, rupture of the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) expresses itself by an increase of abduction of at least 10 degrees, by an increase of flexion of at lest 10 degrees and, frequently more evidence, is provided by a decrease of rotation of at least 20 degrees. These clinical observations were also found on unembalmed corpses. They allow one to detect easily and without local anesthesia the recent and old ruptures of the UCL. PMID- 3767500 TI - [Several aspects of osteoarticular aging of the hand]. AB - The articular amplitudes (abduction of the thumb, flexion/extension of the digital joints), arthritic localizations and the mineralization of the bones of the hand were studied in 155 subjects of both genders and classified by decades from 20 to 90 or more years old. There was a significant decrease in articular amplitudes with age and a considerable increase of arthritis especially after 70 years. Arthritic changes were seen most frequently in the distal interphalangeal joints, then with an equal prevalence, arthritis was encountered in the metacarpophalangeal and in the proximal interphalangeal joints. Articular chondrocalcinosis had a prevalence of 15 p. cent in subjects over 60 years and was always associated with arthritic changes in subjects over 80. The cortical index of the second metacarpal bone, which was chosen to express osteopenia, diminishes significantly with age only in female subjects. PMID- 3767501 TI - [Raynaud's syndrome, Dupuytren's disease, force of prehension and sensitivity of the hand. Study of age-related changes]. AB - The prevalence of Raynaud's syndrome, of arterial calcifications and of Dupuytren's contracture was studied in 155 subjects of both sexes, decade by decade from 20 to 90 years. Moreover the force of prehension and two-point discrimination were measured separately. The prevalence of Raynaud's syndrome was 9% independent of variations in age or of sex. The prevalence of Dupuytren's contracture was equally 9% but only subjects over 60 years old (and one woman) were affected. The force of prehension diminished significantly with age, more in women than in men, and more in older patients presenting arthritis. Lastly, tactile sensibility decreased with age but individual variations were important. PMID- 3767503 TI - [Functional anatomy of the lst web space]. AB - In order to ensure the efficacy of several types of grips, the first web space and the function of contra-opposition, i.e. spread of the thumb from the rest of the hand, must be normal. The anatomic elements that contribute to this function are as follows: the trapezometacarpal joint, the range of motion which may be limited if cartilage lesions, osteophytosis or ligament contractures are present; the first dorsal interosseous, the adductor pollicis muscles and the fascial clefts between them. Contracture of these fasciae, usually ischemic in nature, may cause contracture of the first web space ; the neurovascular elements, which are implicated in paralysis and Volkmann's contracture ; the teguments of the web space and thenar aponeurotic system in which cord-like thickening (as in Dupuytren's contracture), accidental or surgical incisions, may result in severe contracture of the first web space. Involvement of these anatomic structures may be isolated or, more often, associated. Surgery must be adapted to each case, which means taking painstaking care in the evaluation of these factors by thorough clinical examination, and completed by adequate radiograms. PMID- 3767502 TI - [Functional cramps or functional dystonias in writers and musicians]. AB - The clinical evaluation in the "dystonies of function" or "impaired dexterity" reveals certain physical anomalies which either appear spontaneously or are triggered by specific tests: abnormal postures involving the trunck, head, and upper limb. During the professional gesture the physiological "pulley effect" on flexor tendons is accompanied with an interference effect produced by the displacement of the segments; this, adds up to an unbalance of the digital kinetic chain, building a locked functional system. The antagonist muscles begin to supply the deficiency of the agonist muscles. In addition, patients with a characteristic psychological ground suffer a more acute "disorganization" or a performing career. PMID- 3767504 TI - [Gangrenous streptococcal cellulitis of the hand]. AB - The authors report three cases of streptococcal cellulitis of the hand with gangrene. The severity of this disease is underlined. Occasionally, segmentary amputation may be necessary. Onset of gangrene may be explained by a double mechanism : streptococcal infection may induce vasculitis obliterans of the regional vessels, extensive edema with ecchymosis may be a factor of segmental compression. Treatment should include excision of the entrance door, antibiotherapy and fasciotomy as needed. PMID- 3767505 TI - ["Current place of the rehabilitation of the hand" by Messrs. J. Delprat and M. Mansat]. PMID- 3767506 TI - Three phase bone scanning as an aid to early diagnosis in reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the hand. A study of eighty-nine cases. AB - In reflex sympathetic dystrophy, three phase radionuclide bone scanning with Tc 99m methylene diphosphonate is preferred. The first phase corresponds to the dynamic behavior of the tracer. After appropriate data processing (by Fourier's analysis), three functional images may be obtained. The second phase corresponds to the tissues fixation of the tracer 5 to 10 minutes after the injection. Based on the results of 89 cases of post-traumatic or postsurgical reflex sympathetic dystrophy observed in 128 patients investigated with this method, diagnostic sensitivity was 96%, while specificity was 86%. The scintigraphic patterns observed during the 100 week period after the initial trauma demonstrate the precocity and the significance of circulatory and tissues phenomena as well as their variations according to treatment. The scintigraphic criteria of regression or stabilization of disease are discussed. PMID- 3767507 TI - Rationale for surgical treatment of brain metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer. PMID- 3767508 TI - Surgical approach to lung cancer with solitary cerebral metastasis: twenty-five years' experience. AB - From 1960 to 1985, 41 patients underwent resection of a lung cancer and one or more brain metastases. There were 24 men and 17 women ranging in age from 40 to 71 years (average, 56 years). Cell type was adenocarcinoma in 19 patients, squamous in 16, small cell in 4, and large cell in 2. Wedge resection was performed in 4 patients, lobectomy in 20, pneumonectomy in 14, and bilobectomy in 3. Brain irradiation was used for 25 patients (61%). To date, the longest survival is 18.3 years after craniotomy; mean survival is 2.3 years +/- 3.8 (+/- standard deviation). Survival was 55 +/- 7.9% (+/- standard error) at 1 year, 31 +/- 7.4% at 2 years, 21 +/- 6.5% at 5 years, and 15 +/- 6.0% at 10 years. Using multivariate analysis, we evaluated possible significant predictors of improved survival. Only wedge resection was a significant predictor (p less than .01), which suggests better results with a small peripheral lung tumor. Results of our 25 years' experience using an aggressive approach to lung cancer with solitary cerebral metastasis indicate significantly improved patient survival that justifies its widespread use. PMID- 3767509 TI - Patch closure of aortic annulus mycotic aneurysms. AB - Twenty-three patients with bacterial endocarditis and mycotic aneurysms of the aortic annulus were treated between 1978 and 1985. There were 18 men and 5 women ranging from 24 to 72 years old. All patients had congestive heart failure and positive blood cultures as a complication of the endocarditis and were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Class III or IV. The aneurysm complicated late prosthetic valve endocarditis in 7 patients and native valve endocarditis in 16. The most common infecting organisms were streptococci (12 patients) and staphylococci (7 patients). The noncoronary sinus was the most frequent site for aneurysm formation. Following debridement of the abscess cavity, the orifice of the aneurysm was closed with a patch of Dacron in 20 patients and autologous pericardium in 3. A prosthetic valve (18 bioprosthetic and 5 mechanical) was secured to the noninfected portion of the native annulus and to the patch at the level of annulus. There were 3 deaths, 1 perioperative and 2 late, each without evidence of residual infection or aortic insufficiency. There are 20 late survivors (87%). After a mean follow-up of 1 year, all patients are in NYHA Functional Class I. Patch closure of mycotic aneurysms involving the aortic annulus permits aggressive debridement of the abscess cavity and affords closure of the orifice without tension. The prosthetic valve can be seated at the level of the native annulus, thus avoiding complicated reconstructive procedures of the aortic root and coronary arteries. This technique is an effective alternative in selected cases of mycotic aneurysms involving the aortic annulus. PMID- 3767510 TI - Successful clinical laser ablation of ventricular tachycardia: a promising new therapeutic method. AB - This preliminary report describes 5 consecutive patients operated on for drug resistant ventricular tachycardia (VT). All were successfully treated with laser photocoagulation ablation alone. The continuous-wave neodymium:yttrium-aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser (wavelength, 1.06 micron) was chosen because of its capability for controlled deep tissue penetration, which can be adjusted by manipulating the power and exposure time of the beam. All patients had severe coronary artery disease. Preoperative left ventricular ejection fractions were low (0.18 to 0.29). Risk factors associated with increased failure rates by conventional surgical approaches were frequent: absence of discrete left ventricular aneurysm (5 patients) and multiple VT morphologies with disparate sites of origin (4 patients). All patients recovered fully. VT was not inducible prior to discharge, and no patient was placed on a regimen of antiarrhythmic drugs. Current direct surgical approaches to drug-resistant VT have markedly improved operative results compared with indirect procedures. However, failures and mortality remain high. Laser photocoagulation obviates some of the problems associated with conventional methods. It is similar to cryotherapy in that the structural integrity of affected tissues is maintained. In contrast to cryosurgery, however, laser photocoagulation is achieved more rapidly and with more precise myocardial destruction. One of the most promising features of laser coagulation is that it is administered to the perfused normothermic heart. Consequently, each morphological form of induced VT is observed to disappear as its area of origin is systematically located by mapping and then ablated. PMID- 3767511 TI - Fate of long-term survivors of Mustard procedure (inflow repair) for simple and complex transposition of the great arteries. AB - Between 1967 and 1976, 106 children with transposition of the great arteries (TGA) (55 simple, 51 complex) survived the Mustard procedure. Late death occurred in 8 patients (1 simple, 7 complex TGA). Cardiac arrhythmia developed in 31 patients, 6 of whom required a permanent pacemaker. Postoperative cardiac catheterization showed mild superior vena cava obstruction in 4 patients, mild pulmonary venous obstruction in 3, and baffle leak in 4. Only 1 of these patients underwent reoperation elsewhere for a baffle leak. Two other patients had reoperation for subpulmonary stenosis and 1, for tricuspid regurgitation. The actuarial survival at 18 years is 92 +/- 2.3%, and the event-free survival is 83 +/- 3.8% (95% confidence limits). Eighty-seven patients are in New York Heart Association Functional Class I, and 3 are in Class II. The results of this study show that the long-term survival and event-free survival have been satisfactory. Late death was significantly higher in patients with complex TGA (p = .027). Postoperative arrhythmia was common, but only 6 patients required permanent pacemakers and the incidence of late complications and reoperation has been low. PMID- 3767512 TI - Late results of the Mustard procedure in transposition of the great arteries. AB - Thirty-five patients were discharged from the hospital after a Mustard procedure and have been followed a mean of 4.5 years. Thirty remain in a stable atrial or sinus rhythm, 3 have required hospitalization and medication to control atrial dysrhythmias, 1 is in a junctional rhythm, and 1 requires a pacemaker. In no patient has there been clinical evidence of systemic or pulmonary venous baffle obstruction. Twenty-two patients have had an elective postoperative cardiac catheterization, which has confirmed the absence of baffle obstruction. We attribute the lack of baffle obstruction and the low incidence of atrial dysrhythmias to several technical points in the operation including: direct high cannulation of the superior vena cava, aggressive resection of the atrial septum except in the region of the atrioventricular node, an extremely large pericardial baffle trimmed in the manner of Brom, sharp divergence of the upper and lower limbs of the inferior suture line away from one another and toward the caval orifices once they enter the right atrium, and very superficial endocardial bites of the baffle suture line in the region of the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes. PMID- 3767513 TI - Spinal cord ischemia following operation for traumatic aortic transection. AB - The danger of irreversible ischemic damage to the spinal cord following repair of traumatic aortic rupture has prompted many techniques designed to decrease this risk. Surgical repair was performed on 41 consecutive patients, using four different methods. These included: group 1 (15 patients), left-heart pump bypass with systemic administration of heparin; group 2 (7 patients), heparinized shunt from the ascending aorta to the descending aorta or to the femoral artery; group 3 (14 patients), heparinized shunt from the left ventricle to the aorta or femoral artery; group 4 (5 patients), aortic cross-clamp only. Spinal cord ischemia was not seen in groups 1 or 2, but paraparesis or paraplegia developed in 4 patients in group 3. Severe shock accompanied rupture in all patients in group 4, and no time was taken for a shunt or bypass. Four of the 7 deaths occurred in the operating room in patients who had arrived moribund and in severe shock. In our experience, shunts from the left ventricle to the aorta have failed to protect the spinal cord against ischemia. Left-heart bypass or aorta-to-aorta shunts are now our procedure of choice. PMID- 3767514 TI - Stress sharing between the sinus and leaflets of canine aortic valve. AB - A knowledge of the behavior of the aortic valve sinuses is necessary to the understanding of stress sharing between the sinuses and the leaflets. Radiopaque markers were placed on the sinuses and the leaflets of dogs during cardiopulmonary bypass, and the movement of the markers was studied using fluoroscopy. The center of the sinus moved radially during each cardiac cycle, but in an inconsistent manner. The sinus was under a dual influence: the passive influence of aortic pressure and the active influence of myocardial contraction. The longitudinal curvature of the sinus showed no dimensional change, whereas the radius of the circumferential curvature decreased by 15.7% from systole to diastole. In diastole, the stress in the sinus was 6.1 g/mm2 and was 24.3 g/mm2 circumferentially and 12.1 g/mm2 radially in the leaflet. Histologically, the main stress-bearing component of the leaflet was made up of thick, dense, collagenous fibers oriented circumferentially. These fibers curved into the sinus wall instead of inserting straight into the aortic wall, thereby suggesting that the high stress in the leaflet is shared with the sinus and that continuity of the circumferential stress exists between the leaflet and the sinus. The leaflet does not pull inwardly on the aortic wall. In diastole, the sinus adapts to the new stress conditions in the leaflet by reducing its radius of circumferential curvature. This stress sharing is important for the longevity of the aortic valve. PMID- 3767515 TI - Effect of pleurotomy on pulmonary function after median sternotomy. AB - To determine whether pleurotomy during median sternotomy worsens postoperative pulmonary function, patients whose pleurae remained intact (N = 7) were compared with those whose pleural spaces were entered during median sternotomy (N = 31). Thirty-eight adults performed spirometry and N2 washout to determine functional residual capacity preoperatively and 2, 24, 48, and 72 hours after extubation. Two mediastinal drainage tubes were placed in every patient; no pleural drainage tubes were inserted. Chest roentgenograms were performed preoperatively and 24 and 72 hours after extubation. Preoperatively, functional residual capacity, forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), and FEV1/FVC did not differ between groups. Postoperatively, in all patients developed a restrictive pulmonary defect, but mean functional residual capacity, FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC did not differ between groups. In contrast to earlier reports, entering the pleural space did not worsen the restrictive pulmonary defect that results from median sternotomy when direct pleural drainage was avoided. PMID- 3767516 TI - Septoplasty for left ventricular outflow obstruction without aortic valve replacement: a new technique. AB - A new technique is described for relief of diffuse obstruction in the left ventricular outflow tract without aortic valve replacement. Left ventricular septoplasty was performed, preserving the aortic valve. The supra-valve stenosis was repaired using a Y-shaped extension of the aortotomy proximally and a pantaloon-shaped patch of woven Dacron fabric. A 10-year-old girl with "tunnel" or diffuse stenosis obtained striking relief of left ventricular hypertension by this technique. PMID- 3767517 TI - Surgical repair of a submitral annular aneurysm in a child. AB - A 5-year-old Japanese boy was admitted to the hospital with a submitral annular aneurysm of unknown etiology. Aneurysmectomy and repair of this defect with a Gore-Tex patch were performed. A review of English-language literature indicates that this is the first reported case of a submitral annular aneurysm in an Oriental child. PMID- 3767518 TI - Application of the cine computed tomographic scan for precise localization of the origin of an atrial myxoma: surgical implications. AB - Noninvasive imaging techniques are preferred for the diagnosis of intracardiac tumors. A case is presented in which cine computed tomographic scan of an atrial myxoma provided more accurate localization of the tumor and led to modification of the operative approach. PMID- 3767519 TI - Blunt rupture of both atrioventricular valves. AB - Younger patients are surviving extensive damage to the heart and supporting structures, often associated with multiple systems injuries. A 23-year-old patient who sustained blunt trauma to the chest resulting in a pericardial laceration, injury to tricuspid and mitral valves, myocardial contusion, and paresis of the left phrenic nerve is reported. Porcine bioprosthetic valve replacement of both atrioventricular valves was necessary. Prompt diagnosis and aggressive intervention of such injuries can lead to successful repair of complex cardiac trauma. PMID- 3767520 TI - A new concept in sternal retraction: applications for internal mammary artery dissection and valve replacement surgery. AB - A new, unique sternal retractor that greatly facilitates exposure and dissection of the internal mammary artery is described. In addition, a built-in mechanism permits steady and adjustable retraction during valve replacement surgery. PMID- 3767521 TI - Iodine toxicity. PMID- 3767522 TI - Blockade of the vascular effect of vasopressin in patients with mild essential hypertension. AB - The effect of circulating arginine vasopressin (AVP) on blood pressure, heart rate and skin blood flow was investigated in 8 untreated patients with mild essential hypertension using a specific antagonist of the pressor effect of AVP. Skin blood flow was measured with a laser Doppler flowmeter and blood pressure with a Remler M2000 recorder. The study was carried out in double-blind fashion using a cross-over design. Each patient received at a 60 min interval the AVP antagonist, d(CH2)5Tyr(Me) AVP, 5 micrograms/kg i.v., and its vehicle. The sequence of treatment phases was randomly allocated. Pretreatment plasma AVP levels averaged 1.1 +/- 0.2 pg/ml (mean +/- SEM). Neither the AVP-antagonist nor its vehicle had any effect on blood pressure, heart rate and skin blood flow as well as on plasma renin activity and plasma catecholamines. It is therefore concluded that circulating AVP does not contribute to the maintenance of blood pressure in patients with mild essential hypertension and normal plasma AVP levels. PMID- 3767523 TI - Central and peripheral analgesic action of non-acidic non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs in mice and rats. AB - The site of the analgesic action of non-acidic (basic), non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) was investigated in the acetic acid writhing test. In rats the anti-writhing potency ratio of i.p. to i.v. administered aminopyrine, tiaramide HCl or mepirizole was 4.96, 1.87 and approximately 4, respectively, suggesting an involvement of both central and peripheral mechanisms of their anti writhing action. In mice the ratio of intracisternally (i.c.) to i.v. administered aminopyrine, tiaramide HCl or mepirizole was approximately 5.8, approximately 50 and approximately 7, respectively. Since the above ratio for morphine and methadone was higher than 10 and tolmetin sodium, an acidic NSAID, did not produce any anti-writhing effect when given i.c., it could be assumed that the anti-writhing action of these non-acidic NSAIDs was at least partially mediated via the central nervous system. In common with tolmetin sodium, aminopyrine showed more of anti-inflammatory potency when administered i.p. than i.v. and it did not reduce vascular permeability in mice when administered i.c. These results suggest that non-acidic NSAIDs produce their anti-writhing action through both central and peripheral mechanisms. PMID- 3767524 TI - Yohimbine potentiates the anticataleptic action of clonidine against perphenazine induced catalepsy in rats. AB - The modulatory role of clonidine and yohimbine on the perphenazine-induced catalepsy was studied in rats. Perphenazine (5 mg/kg) produced severe catalepsy which lasted for more than 4 hr. Clonidine (50 micrograms/kg), an alpha 2 agonist, pretreatment offered protection against perphenazine-induced catalepsy. On the other hand yohimbine (5 mg/kg), an alpha 2-antagonist, pretreatment not only showed per se protective action but also potentiated the effects of clonidine against perphenazine-induced catalepsy. Yohimbine also potentiated the protective action of quipazine, a serotonin agonist. The protective effect of yohimbine is explained on the basis of its serotoninergic action. PMID- 3767525 TI - Strontium uptake during the different modes of contraction in the smooth muscle of rabbit aorta, rat aorta and guinea-pig taenia coli. AB - Effects of Sr substitution for Ca on the contractions due to Ca influx in the aortae of rabbit and rat and the guinea-pig taenia coli were examined in order to characterize the pathways of Ca influx activated by either high K or receptor agonists. In normal solution containing Ca, high K increased both muscle tension and 45Ca uptake in rabbit and rat aortae and guinea-pig taenia. In Sr-substituted solution, high K also induced contractions accompanied by the increases in 89Sr uptake. Noradrenaline induced sustained contraction and increase in 45Ca uptake in normal solution whereas it induced only small contraction accompanied by small increase in 89Sr uptake in Sr-substituted solution in the aortae. Histamine increased neither muscle tension nor 89Sr uptake in Sr-substituted solution although it increased muscle tension as well as 45Ca uptake in normal solution in taenia. Ca and Sr both induced contraction in saponin-treated smooth muscles. The concentration of Sr to induce half maximum contraction was approximately 20 times higher than that for Ca in rabbit and rat aortae or 62 times higher in guinea-pig taenia. From these results, it is suggested that Ca and Sr enter the smooth muscle cells through K-activated channels and induce contraction whereas noradrenaline- or histamine-activated channels are less permeable to Sr than to Ca. PMID- 3767526 TI - Non-linear pharmacokinetics of sparteine in the rat. AB - In rats, blood concentrations of sparteine (SP) and relative concentrations of sodium borohydride-reducible metabolite following intra-arterial (i.a.) and portal venous administration of SP-sulphate were estimated up to 200 min. In 24 hr urine, unchanged SP was quantitated. Borohydride-reducible metabolite was measured as the difference in SP concentrations before and after reduction. Administration of SP in a dose of 50 mg/kg SP-sulphate i.a. revealed a blood concentration-time profile which did not allow characterization of the terminal half-life or systemic clearance. Therefore, the dose over the area under the curve up to 120 min after administration, CL0-120app, was defined as an apparent average clearance value over the time interval studied. After a dose of 50 mg/kg the CL0-120app was 34.8 +/- 5.9 ml/min/kg when administered i.a. and 80.4 +/- 7.5 ml/min/kg when administered via the portal vein, thus affording an estimate of 0.64 +/- 0.12 for the hepatic extraction ratio. A possible biliary excretion and enterohepatic circulation was studied in rats with a bile fistula. Although SP levels in blood were lower than in control rats, no SP was excreted in the bile and excretion of SP in urine was even slightly higher, which renders circulation of SP itself unlikely. About 25% of the dose was recovered in 180 min bile as borohydride-reducible metabolite, but the urinary excretion of borohydride reducible metabolite was not changed. The gradual levelling-off of blood concentration versus time curves may partly be explained by the formation of reactive intermediates in the course of metabolism, which inactivate P-450. In support of this, the intrinsic clearance of orally administered hexobarbital (25 mg/kg) was determined 5 and 50 min after i.a. administered SP-sulphate (50 mg/kg), and decreased from 343 +/- 18 to 220 +/- 36 ml/min/kg (p less than 0.05). PMID- 3767527 TI - Anorectic effect of metformin in lean and genetically obese hyperglycaemic (ob/ob) mice. AB - To investigate the effect of metformin (dimethylbiguanide) on food intake, lean and genetically obese hyperglycaemic (ob/ob) mice habituated to a restricted feeding schedule of 3.5 hr daily, received intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of the drug 15 min before feeding. Fifty mg/kg metformin i.p. did not significantly alter food intake. However, 250 mg/kg metformin i.p. produced a transient anorectic effect in lean mice at 30-60 min, and a more rapid and more protracted anorectic effect in obese mice. Administration of metformin (50 and 250 mg/kg/day) in the drinking water for 15 days did not significantly alter daily food intake in lean and obese mice. The results indicate a mild and transient anorectic effect of a large parenteral dose of metformin in lean and obese mice. PMID- 3767528 TI - Effects of neurotensin in feline pial arteries, guinea-pig ileum and portal vein of rat and guinea-pig. AB - The effect of neurotensin (NT) was investigated in several vascular and intestinal smooth muscle preparations. No effect of NT (6 X 10(-12)-6 X 10(-5) M) was detected in feline pial arteries in situ employing perivascular microapplication and TV-image splitting for the measurement of vascular diameter. In vitro, the effect of NT was derived from recordings of isometric contraction. NT (10(-10)-10(-5) M) did not influence basal tension, frequency and peak phasic contraction of the whole guinea-pig portal vein (GPV) or its longitudinal strip (GLSPV). Intact reactivity of these preparations was derived from the contraction induced by carbamoylcholine or norepinephrine. In contrast, NT (6 X 10(-10)-6 X 10(-6) M) increased basal tension, frequency, and peak phasic contraction of the longitudinal strip of rat portal vein (RLSPV). Furthermore, NT induced a dose dependent contraction in the terminal ileum of the guinea-pig (GTI) which was preceded by a transient relaxation. Comparing the effects obtained in GPV and GTI or found in RLSPV and GLSPV it is evident that the variable effects of NT depend on the location of smooth muscle and on animal species, respectively. PMID- 3767529 TI - Studies on the inhibitory effect of ouabain on the release of [3H]-noradrenaline from the rat heart. AB - In the rat Langendorff heart perfused with Krebs solution and prelabeled with [3H]-noradrenaline, ouabain caused arrhythmia as well as significant inhibition of spontaneous and electrically stimulated release of tritium. However, there is no causal relationship between the inhibition of tritium release and the occurrence of arrhythmia. Chromatographic analysis of the labeled perfusate suggests that ouabain reduced intact [3H]-noradrenaline fraction obtained during electrical stimulation. The inhibitory effect of ouabain on electrically stimulated release was completely antagonized by atropine, but not by indomethacin and phenoxybenzamine. However, none of the above agents antagonized the inhibitory effect of ouabain on spontaneous tritium release. Infusion of acetylcholine also inhibited electrically stimulated tritium release, and this effect was largely abolished by atropine. Thus it appears that in high concentrations, ouabain may release acetylcholine, which in turn activates presynaptic muscarinic inhibitory receptors leading to inhibition of noradrenaline release from the rat heart. PMID- 3767530 TI - Effect of angiotensin II on mechanical and electrical responses of frog, chick and rat skeletal muscle. AB - The effect of angiotensin II (AII) on neuromuscular transmission and muscle contraction was investigated by analyzing its effect on electrically-evoked twitch and tetanic contractions in response to motor nerve stimulation at 0.2 Hz and 20 Hz, respectively, the amplitude and duration of frog sciatic nerve compound action potential (NCAP), the uptake (and release) of 3H-methylcholine into/by the nerve-muscle preparation, and the contractures produced by depolarizing agents, e.g. acetylcholine (ACh) and tetraethylammonium (TEA) in the chick, frog and rat skeletal muscle. The results showed that AII, in low concentrations (0.1-10 nM), may facilitate neuromuscular transmission by increasing the amplitudes of indirectly-elicited twitch and tetanic contractions, by increasing the uptake of 3H-methylcholine, and by increasing the duration of the frog NCAP, by about 86%. In high concentrations (greater than 1 microM), AII had inhibitory effects on neuromuscular transmission and produced a small contracture on its own in the muscle (0.4 +/- 0.01 g of tension, n = 6). PMID- 3767531 TI - Antithrombotic effect of OP/LMWH by subcutaneous route in rats. AB - The aim of this study was to compare the antithrombotic and haemorrhagic effects of unfractionated heparin and OP/LMWH, a new low molecular weight heparin fragment, after subcutaneous administration in rats. Both heparins showed antithrombotic efficacy in a model of acute venous thrombosis even at 1 mg/kg; furthermore OP/LMWH presented a significantly higher activity in subacute venous thrombosis of the rat. At all the dosages tested OP/LMWH showed a significantly shorter bleeding time in the rat by the "transection" method, compared with unfractionated heparin. This study suggests the possibility of dissociating the antithrombotic and haemorrhagic effects of some heparin fractions. PMID- 3767532 TI - Caring for elderly patients with dementia. PMID- 3767534 TI - Bedside teaching in the preparation of physicians for the 21st century. PMID- 3767533 TI - Hemochromatosis. Treatment to alleviate injury. PMID- 3767535 TI - Diagnostic tests in the evaluation of dementia. A prospective study of 200 elderly outpatients. AB - We studied the components of the diagnostic evaluation in 200 patients older than 60 years of age with suspected dementia who received standardized diagnostic evaluation and follow-up. The most common dementia diagnoses were Alzheimer's type dementia (74.5%) and dementia due to toxic effects of drugs (9.5%). Eleven patients with hypothyroidism, metabolic encephalopathies due to hyponatremia, hyperparathyroidism, and hypoglycemia required laboratory tests for diagnosis, whereas the other dementia diagnoses were made primarily on the basis of data available on the history and physical and neurologic examinations. The complete blood cell count, blood chemistry battery (especially sodium, calcium, and glucose concentrations), and thyroid function tests were of definite value for the diagnosis of unsuspected disease and were useful as routine tests in evaluating patients for dementia. A careful history and physical examination accompanied by complete blood cell count, chemistry battery, and a thyroid function test would have been effective in diagnosing treatable illnesses causing cognitive impairment. Other diagnostic tests could have been used selectively based on results of the examination and screening tests. Estimated diagnostic charges from a selective approach would be 25% to 34% of those for the "routine" evaluation. PMID- 3767536 TI - Dementia among medical inpatients. Evaluation of 2000 consecutive admissions. AB - Two thousand consecutive patients aged 55 years and older admitted to a department of medicine in a large university hospital were examined for the presence of dementia. The occurrence of moderate and severe dementia was 9.1% for all age groups. It increased from 0.8% in the age group from 55 to 64 years to 31.2% in patients aged 85 years and older. Of the demented patients, 41.4% were delirious at admission, and 24.9% of all delirious patients were demented. Patients with vascular dementia constituted 72.4%, those with primary degenerative dementia 23.0%, and those with specific causes 4.6% of all demented patients. The mean hospitalization time for demented patients was significantly longer, and they needed significantly more daily nursing care, when compared with nondemented patients. PMID- 3767537 TI - Management of perioperative hypertension using sublingual nifedipine. Experience in elderly patients undergoing eye surgery. AB - Sublingual nifedipine was administered perioperatively to 19 elderly (age, greater than or equal to 60 years) patients undergoing ophthalmologic surgery. All of the patients had blood pressures exceeding 200 mm Hg systolic or 110 mm Hg diastolic, and 18 of the patients had both. Average (mean +/- SD) systolic blood pressure fell from 224.9 +/- 13.9 mm Hg to 154.6 +/- 19.0 mm Hg, while average diastolic blood pressure was reduced from 121.5 +/- 12.2 mm Hg to 78.1 +/- 10.6 mm Hg. Mean time to onset of response to nifedipine was 9.47 +/- 3.9 minutes, while the maximum antihypertensive response occurred in 35.3 +/- 10.2 minutes. A prompt antihypertensive response was obtained without any serious side effects. To our knowledge, this is the first reported study demonstrating the efficacy and safety of using sublingual nifedipine for the management of perioperative hypertension. PMID- 3767538 TI - Hospital admissions caused by iatrogenic disease. AB - Complications of medical therapy requiring hospitalization affect the costs and quality of medical care. We studied all admissions to the medical services of a public teaching hospital to characterize current incidence and cause of iatrogenic admissions. We studied 834 admissions resulting in 47 distinct iatrogenic events and 45 iatrogenic admissions (5.4%). Thirty-five cases were caused by medications, nine by procedures, one by radiotherapy, one by transfusional therapy, and one by nosocomial infection. Almost 50% of these admissions were avoidable. Though the incidence of iatrogenic admissions in this study is similar to that in previous reports, the profile of the responsible agents is different. We did not find relationships with age, number or type of diagnoses, or number of medications on admission. Study of other patient and physician characteristics may be more rewarding in reducing the number of iatrogenic complications. PMID- 3767539 TI - Diabetic foot infections. Bacteriologic analysis. AB - Diabetic patients with foot infections were prospectively evaluated over a two year period. Cultures from reliable specimens avoiding contamination with foot ulcers were obtained in 54 infectious episodes. Staphylococcus species, Enterococcus species, Corynebacterium species, and various species of Enterobacteriaceae were commonly isolated. Common anaerobic isolates included Peptostreptococcus magnus, Peptostreptococcus prevotii, and Bacteroides species. Results of cultures from 94 unreliable specimens were similar. Results of reliable and unreliable specimens obtained simultaneously in 26 patients agreed in seven (27%), but antibiotics selected for organisms isolated from unreliable specimens would have adequately covered pathogens found in the reliable culture in 24 (93%). Diabetic foot infections usually involve mixed bacterial flora, including aerobic, facultatively anaerobic, and anaerobic microorganisms. Specimens should be obtained from infected tissue that does not communicate directly with the foot ulcer if possible. If such specimens are not available, cultures of purulent exudate within the foot ulcer or soft-tissue sinuses may provide useful information on which to base decisions about antibiotic therapy. Broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics or a combination of antibiotics active against facultatively anaerobic cocci and bacilli as well as anaerobes provide the best empirical antimicrobial coverage in these patients. PMID- 3767540 TI - Hypercalcemia and elevated calcitriol in a maintenance dialysis patient with tuberculosis. AB - A patient on maintenance hemodialysis had widely disseminated tuberculosis, hypercalcemia, and elevated levels of calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol). Hypercalcemia was not observed until the eighth month of hemodialysis, when persistent fevers began. At the end of a calcium-free dialysis, the plasma calcium concentration decreased to 6.6 mg/dL (1.65 mmol/L). The baseline calcitriol level was 56 pg/mL (normal, 19 to 50 pg/mL) and increased to 147 pg/mL at the end of hemodialysis. Parathyroid hormone levels by three separate assays did not appreciably increase during the hypocalcemia induced by the calcium-free hemodialysis. The serum phosphate concentration decreased from 7.3 to 4.5 mg/dL (2.36 to 1.45 mmol/L). Extrarenal production of calcitriol may occur in disseminated tuberculosis and may be stimulated by hypocalcemia and reduced serum phosphate. The expected parathyroid hormone response to hypocalcemia may have been inhibited by persistently elevated calcitriol levels or preexisting hypercalcemia. PMID- 3767541 TI - Adherent microorganisms on lumenal surfaces of long-term intravenous catheters. Importance of Staphylococcus epidermidis in patients with cancer. AB - Using electron microscopy, we prospectively evaluated how frequently adherent microorganisms colonized silicone rubber intravenous (Hickman) catheters removed from patients with cancer. Thirteen (87%) of 15 catheters had gram-positive cocci in glycocalyx adherent to the surface of the catheter lumen. Fungal elements or gram-negative bacilli were mixed with the gram-positive cocci in the glycocalyx on the lumens of three catheters. A consistent morphologic form was adherent to, and the same species was recovered from, the corresponding catheter for six of 27 organisms causing septicemia during catheterization: four of five Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteremias and the only Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia, and one of five candidemias. Three of these six septicemias were successfully treated without removal of the catheter. Although adherent organisms, particularly S epidermidis, were likely to be present on the surface of the lumen of long-term, indwelling, silicone intravenous catheters, septicemias potentially related to these organisms occurred infrequently (fewer than two per 1000 days of catheter use), and the suspect septicemias could sometimes be treated without removal of the catheter. PMID- 3767542 TI - Indapamide. Effects on apoprotein, lipoprotein, and glucoregulation in ambulatory diabetic patients. AB - We evaluated the long-term effects of indapamide, a non-thiazide diuretic, on blood pressure, glucoregulation, free insulin and C-peptide levels, and lipoprotein and apoprotein metabolism in 13 hypertensive diabetic patients for 24 weeks. Indapamide significantly reduced both systolic and diastolic blood pressure by 15% and 17%, respectively. Both mean fasting serum glucose and integrated glucose responses after oral glucose load (75 g) were significantly higher during indapamide therapy than at week 0. The mean fasting and stimulated C-peptide responses were significantly increased despite worsening glucose control. At the end of 24 weeks, mean glycosylated hemoglobin level had increased significantly. Indapamide caused a slight but insignificant rise in the total triglyceride, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, while the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level decreased. In addition, the apoprotein A-1 concentrations remained unchanged while the apoprotein B-100 level decreased. Apart from hypokalemia (less than 3.5 mEq/L [less than 3.5 mmol/L]) in three patients that required oral potassium supplementation, biochemical changes were of no clinical consequence. PMID- 3767543 TI - Recurrence of papillary thyroid carcinoma presenting as a focal neurologic deficit. AB - Papillary-follicular thyroid carcinoma usually remains localized to the thyroid bed and, in cases of metastasis, almost always involves the lung, bone, or liver. The two patients described here presented with papillary carcinoma and neurologic dysfunction. Total body iodine 131 scans disclosed cerebral uptake, and cerebral masses were confirmed by computed tomographic scan. Both patients presented diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas, and ultimately underwent craniotomy. One patient's cerebral metastasis recurred and was treated by a second craniotomy. The other patient received postoperative external cerebral radiotherapy and a novel intraoperative treatment: implantation of 22 iodine 125 seeds in the tumor bed, estimated to yield 16,000 rad (160 Gy) in one year. To date, cerebral metastases have not recurred in the latter patient, although tumor has reappeared in other sites. There is little reported in the medical literature concerning cerebral metastases of thyroid carcinoma, and the present report reviews this experience and discusses treatment alternatives. PMID- 3767544 TI - Diagnostic efficacy of six plasma proteins in evaluating consumptive coagulopathies. Use of receiver operating characteristic curves to compare antithrombin III, plasminogen, alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor, fibronectin, prothrombin, and protein C. AB - Six coagulation proteins were measured in 79 consecutive patients referred to the coagulation service for suspected disseminated intravascular coagulation. Antithrombin III, plasminogen, and alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor were measured with fluorescent substrate assays. Fibronectin, prothrombin, and protein C were measured with electroimmunoassays. Using history and physical findings and the results of a coagulation screen (prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, fibrin[ogen] degradation products, platelet count, and peripheral smear), the 79 patients were classified into five categories: no disseminated intravascular coagulation (n = 21), elevated fibrin(ogen) degradation products without other evidence of coagulopathy (n = 44), defibrination syndrome (n = 9), microangiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (n = 4), and primary fibrinolysis (n = 1). Because the sensitivity and specificity of each of the proteins could not easily be compared, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and areas under the ROC curves were calculated for each of the six proteins as well as for the tests of the coagulation screen. The ROC curves indicated that, apart from plasminogen, the other coagulation proteins provided little additional information about the classification of the coagulopathy. PMID- 3767546 TI - Survival improvement in coccidioidal meningitis by high-dose intrathecal amphotericin B. AB - Eleven patients with coccidioidal meningitis were treated with high individual doses (1.0 to 1.5 mg) of intrathecal amphotericin B mixed with 25 to 50 mg of hydrocortisone in an attempt to reach a dose of 12 mg per month for at least two consecutive months. Patients received a mean intrathecal dose of amphotericin B of 82 mg (range, 40 to 157 mg) and 2.4 g intravenously (range, 1.0 to 3.5 g). No deaths related to disease or treatment occurred, and overall survival was 91% during an average follow-up period of 75 months (range, 30 to 137 months). Comparative analysis with eight well-known series in the literature reveals that our survival rate and follow-up time are significantly greater than the more recent series (1977-1981). Rank correlation and linear regression showed that the mean intrathecal dose of amphotericin B used in all series corresponds well with mean survival time. Our clinical results and analysis of the literature suggest that intrathecal amphotericin B administered at a high dose rate of 0.75 mg (or greater) three times per week promptly reaching 20 mg and a total surpassing 40 mg is associated with significantly enhanced survival rates. PMID- 3767545 TI - Renal interstitial fibrosis and vascular changes. Occurrence in patients with autoimmune diseases treated with cyclosporine. AB - Histologic examinations of kidney biopsy specimens from six patients with relapsing polychondritis (n = 1), Behcet's syndrome (n = 3), and chronic uveitis (n = 2) were performed after four to 36 months of treatment with cyclosporine. Five of the patients had a variable degree of focal interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy, with and without minimal interstitial inflammation. Arteriolar hyalinization was noted in four and glomerular sclerosis in two patients. These renal lesions could not be attributed to underlying autoimmune disease or previous drug therapy but were similar to those recently reported in kidney and heart recipients receiving long-term cyclosporine. The initial cyclosporine doses were 15 mg/kg body weight in one patient and 10 mg/kg in the others. The maintenance cyclosporine doses ranged from 2.5 to 7.5 mg/kg with appropriate trough cyclosporine plasma levels (60 to 130 ng/mL). A rough correspondence between the extent of the histologic renal changes and the cumulative cyclosporine was seen, whereas serum creatinine increase or the development of hypertension during treatment did not predict the degree of interstitial fibrosis or the presence of arteriolar changes. Neither did a rapid fall in the serum creatinine level after withdrawal of cyclosporine exclude focal irreversible renal lesions. Since the histopathologic changes found in the kidneys are potentially progressive, we believe that, until more is known, long-term cyclosporine treatment should be reserved for situations where more established immunosuppression has failed to control an autoimmune process threatening the function of vital organs. PMID- 3767547 TI - Nausea and vomiting in terminal cancer patients. AB - Using data from the National Hospice Study, nausea and vomiting in terminal cancer patients and physician response to these symptoms were studied. Nausea and vomiting developed in 62% of terminal cancer patients with prevalence rates of at least 40% during the last six weeks of life. Stomach and breast cancer were significantly more likely to be associated with nausea and vomiting; lung and brain primary sites were significantly less likely to have this association. Although women and younger patients reported higher rates, no relationship could be demonstrated between these symptoms and the Karnofsky level or chemotherapy during the last six weeks of life. In the subsample for whom medication use was known, 32% of nauseated patients received antiemetic prescriptions. Physicians were less likely to prescribe antiemetics for elderly patients and those with serious mental impairment. When prescribed, 72% of nauseated patients consumed antiemetics. PMID- 3767548 TI - Tumors of unknown origin in the bone marrow. AB - Tumors of unknown origin represent a common presentation of malignancy. However, tumors of unknown origin presenting as bone marrow metastases are infrequently reported. The records of 11,820 bone marrow biopsy procedures over a 15-year period at a university hospital and a veteran's hospital were reviewed, disclosing 25 cases of tumor of unknown primary site. Most of the patients were elderly and presented with bone pain or abdominal pain. Anemia, thrombocytopenia, and a leukoerythroblastic blood picture were common hematologic findings. Examination for detection of the primary site was usually unrewarding. The median survival of patients was very short (18 days) and therapy seldom altered survival. PMID- 3767549 TI - Physicians' and the public's attitudes on communication about death. AB - We studied the preferences of physicians and the public as to how physicians should inform a family of a patient's unexpected death. When the family had to be reached by telephone, 72% of our 150 physician-respondents preferred telling the family that the patient was critically ill and asking the family to come to the hospital immediately (critical notification [CN]); 25% of the physicians preferred announcing the death over the telephone (death notification [DN]). When the news had to be announced in person, 58% of physicians preferred immediately announcing it (IA), and 33% preferred gradual announcement (GA). A Gallup poll commissioned by us showed that 64% of the adult population in the United States preferred CN, 26% DN, 79% IA, and 17% GA; CN and IA were preferred in all the demographic subgroups examined. We discuss our findings, the reasons for them, and their ethical and practical implications. PMID- 3767550 TI - Believing what you read. Responsibilities of medical authors and editors. PMID- 3767551 TI - Eosinophilic vasculitis leading to amaurosis fugax in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AB - A 49-year-old bisexual man with generalized lymphadenopathy and antihuman T lymphocyte virus, type III, (HTLV-III) antibodies presented with recurrent, unilateral amaurosis fugax. A temporal artery biopsy specimen showed eosinophilic vasculitis. The patient then developed acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with Kaposi's sarcoma. We describe this patient because of the unusual association of large vessel vasculitis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. PMID- 3767552 TI - Successful treatment of Aspergillus peritonitis in a child undergoing continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis. AB - There are increasing numbers of reports of peritonitis caused by fungi in children undergoing continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis. Most of these cases are due to the Candida species, although other fungi have been reported. We report the first case (to our knowledge) of successfully treated Aspergillus peritonitis in a child on continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis. PMID- 3767554 TI - A mutant adenine phosphoribosyltransferase in 2,8-dihydroxyadenine urolithiasis. AB - In one case of 2,8-dihydroxyadenine urolithiasis, reduced adenine phosphoribosyltransferase activity was found. The patient's enzyme had normal affinity for adenine but reduced affinity for substrate phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate. It was much more stable at 60 degrees C than control. It seems that erythrocyte adenine phosphoribosyltransferase obtained from the patient may be a variant enzyme. PMID- 3767553 TI - Encephalopathy in chronic renal failure responsive to deferoxamine therapy. Another manifestation of aluminum neurotoxicity. AB - We describe a patient undergoing chronic hemodialysis who developed a neurologic syndrome consisting of seizures, progressive myoclonus, and mild dementia and who responded to chelation therapy with deferoxamine mesylate. Neither her serum nor bone aluminum concentrations indicated aluminum toxicity. However, the presence of a positive deferoxamine-infusion test was suggestive of an elevated body burden of aluminum. Treatment with deferoxamine resulted in marked clinical improvement in her neurologic status within two months. The utility of using the deferoxamine-infusion test rather than serum aluminum levels in evaluating aluminum toxicity in chronic renal failure is suggested. PMID- 3767555 TI - Metoclopramide-induced parkinsonism in hemodialysis patients. Report of two cases. AB - Metoclopramide hydrochloride is an antiemetic and gastric motility stimulant with a wide variety of extrapyramidal side effects, including parkinsonism. We describe two patients with end-stage renal disease secondary to diabetes mellitus treated with hemodialysis who developed extrapyramidal symptoms during treatment with metoclopramide. One patient with preexisting, well-controlled Parkinson's disease developed increasing rigidity and bradykinesia that became completely refractory to treatment with L-dopa and bromocriptine while taking metoclopramide for diabetic gastroparesis. A second patient with no history of Parkinson's disease developed a resting tremor and facial dyskinesia during treatment with metoclopramide. In both cases, discontinuation of metoclopramide therapy led to prompt improvement of symptoms. PMID- 3767556 TI - Prolonged hypotension after initial minoxidil dose. AB - Severe prolonged hypotension developed in a hypertensive patient several hours after the initial doses of minoxidil therapy. Hemodynamic measurements revealed a markedly low systemic vascular resistance and a markedly high cardiac output. Other causes of hypotension were ruled out. The patient's hemodynamic abnormalities lasted three days after minoxidil therapy was discontinued, and she then reverted to hypertension. Thus, a 10-mg starting dose of minoxidil may produce profound life-threatening hypotension, which can last up to 72 hours. PMID- 3767557 TI - Quinidine-induced hepatitis. PMID- 3767558 TI - Treatment of patients with delta hepatitis using interferon. PMID- 3767559 TI - Chest pain associated with mitral valve prolapse. PMID- 3767560 TI - Is amiodarone an alternative to beta-blockers to treat supraventricular tachycardias in pheochromocytoma? PMID- 3767561 TI - Sclerosing thyroid cysts using a polytef intravenous cannula. PMID- 3767562 TI - Duodenitis: a preulcer state. PMID- 3767563 TI - Multiple myeloma with polyneuropathy and coagulopathy. PMID- 3767564 TI - [Roentgen image of the hand as a principle for age determination in adolescents]. AB - Determination of age can be necessary in cases of juvenile offenders. We studied the relation between the skeletal development of the hand and wrist and the age, using diagnostic methods of orthodontics. An evaluation of 1109 X-ray pictures of the hand and wrist of boys and girls with an age from 9-18 years showed that there is a stochastic correlation between age and certain stages of skeletal development. Skeletal development is influenced by sex and ethnological factors. PMID- 3767566 TI - [Combined suicide caused by burns and falling from a high place]. AB - Two cases of combined suicide by burning and jumping from heights are reported. Both male cases had psychiatric histories. PMID- 3767565 TI - [Determination of ABO blood group markers in single hair segments]. AB - Determination of ABO-blood group on human hair segments of 79 individuals was performed by means of modified Yada absorption-elutions technique. The studies were carried out with 4 micron thin cross sections of hair. In 79% of the cases it was possible to establish the correct blood group. Individual hair segments of 0.5 cm length yielded reliable results. Antigen identification was best with blood group B and most difficult of the AB type. PMID- 3767567 TI - Microbial metabolism of chlorosalicylates: accelerated evolution by natural genetic exchange. AB - Methylsalicylate-grown cells of Pseudomonas sp. WR401 cometabolized 3-, 4- and 5 substituted halosalicylates to the corresponding halocatechols. Further degradation was unproductive due to the presence of high levels of catechol 2,3 dioxygenase. This strain acquired the ability to utilize 3-chlorobenzoate following acquisition of genes from Pseudomonas sp. B13 which are necessary for the assimilation of chlorocatechols. This derivative (WR4011) was unable to use 4 or 5-chlorosalicylates. Derivatives able to use these compounds were obtained by plating WR4011 on 5-chlorosalicylate minimal medium; one such derivative was designated WR4016. The acquisition of this property was accompanied by concomitant loss of the methylsalicylate phenotype. During growth on 4- or 5 chlorosalicylate the typical enzymes of chlorocatechol assimilation were detected in cell free extracts, whereas catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activity was not induced. Repeated subcultivation of WR4016 in the presence of 3-chlorosalicylate produced variants (WR4016-1) which grew on all three isomers. PMID- 3767568 TI - Microbial metabolism of chlorosalicylates: effect of prolonged subcultivation on constructed strains. AB - The hybrid strain Pseudomonas sp. WR4016 was subcultivated with increasing concentrations of 5-chlorosalicylate (5----10 mM) as sole carbon source over a period of 9 months. At intervals of approximately 3 months derivative strains WR4017, WR4018 and WR4019 were isolated which exhibited higher growth rates and increased substrate tolerance. Comparative analysis of the turnover rates of the key enzymes in chlorosalicylate degradation showed that the adaptation process did not result from structural modifications of these proteins. Instead, balanced overproduction of the salicylate hydroxylase and catechol 1,2-dioxygenase prevented the accumulation of toxic chlorocatechols and accounted for the reduction of the doubling times with 4- or 5-chlorosalicylate. A comparative analysis of a genetically engineered chlorosalicylate degrader PL300-1 showed similar regulatory patterns as the most advanced isolate WR4019 from the adaptation series. PMID- 3767569 TI - Relationships among isolates of oral haemophili as determined by DNA-DNA hybridization. AB - In order to assess the relationships among strains of the genera Actinobacillus and Haemophilus, DNAs from 50 strains of these genera were isolated and purified. The guanine plus cytosine (G + C) content of DNAs from strains of Haemophilus segnis and Haemophilus parainfluenzae were determined by thermal denaturation. DNA-DNA homologies were measured using labelled probes from one strain representing Haemophilus segnis (strain ATCC 10977), and two strains representing Haemophilus parainfluenzae (strains ATCC 9796 and ATCC 7901). Strains isolated as H. segnis had a G + C content of 39.0 to 42.9% and were 49-92% homologous with the ATCC 10977 DNA probe. All of the strains freshly isolated as H. parainfluenzae were 70-81% homologous with the ATCC 9796 DNA probe and had a G + C content of 34.9 to 38.3%. Strain ATCC 7901 was 11% homologous with the ATCC 9796 DNA probe, had a G + C content of 42.4%, and was 65-78% homologous to DNA from strains identified as Haemophilus aphrophilus and Haemophilus paraphrophilus. From these results we conclude that strain ATCC 7901 is a mislabelled strain of H. paraphrophilus. The results of multiple DNA-DNA hybridizations indicated that separate species designations were appropriate for H. segnis, H. parainfluenzae, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans ("Haemophilus actinomycetemcomitans"), and H. aphrophilus. H. aphrophilus and H. paraphrophilus were closely related organisms and did not fulfill the generally accepted criteria for designation as separate species. PMID- 3767570 TI - Cystine catabolism in mycelia of Microsporum gypseum, a dermatophytic fungus. AB - The fate of 35S label was studied during cystine degradation by mycelia of the dermatophytic fungus Microsporum gypseum. Excess free cystine in the medium was readily taken up and its sulfur moiety excreted as inorganic sulfate and sulfite. At intervals after 3-60 min of incubation with 35S cystine the products of cystine catabolism were extracted from the mycelia by boiling water and separated by thin layer chromatography and electrophoresis. A total of 10 sulfur-containing compounds were identified, and their relative radioactivity was assessed. After 3 min the mycelia contained, in addition to cystine, labeled cysteine and particularly cysteine sulfinic acid which was accompanied by a smaller amount of cysteic acid. Later on, oxidized and reduced glutathione, inorganic sulfate and taurine appeared consecutively. In all extracts, small amounts of labeled S sulfocysteine were found, not, however, sulfite. The results suggest that the intermediates of cysteine degradation in the fungal mycelia are cysteine, cysteine sulfinate, unstable sulfinylpyruvate, sulfite and sulfate, i.e., that the catabolic pattern is similar to that of higher organisms. The formation and the role of S-sulfocysteine, cysteic acid, and of taurine is not yet completely understood, although certainly autoxidative processes are involved in the formation of the latter two compounds, and sulfitolysis in that of the former compound. PMID- 3767572 TI - Behaviour of lysosomes in the cells of transplantable and natural lymphatic leukaemia in mice in the light of cytoenzymatic and electron microscopic examinations. PMID- 3767571 TI - The production and release of an extracellular polysaccharide during starvation of a marine Pseudomonas sp. and the effect thereof on adhesion. AB - A marine Pseudomonas sp. S9 produced and released an extracellular polysaccharide during complete energy and nutrient starvation in static conditions. The presence of the polysaccharide on the cell surface, demonstrable by immune transmission electron microscopy, correlated with changes in the degree of adhesion to hydrophobic surfaces. Polysaccharide coated cells showed a lower degree of adhesion than did cells devoid of the polymer. After 10 h of starvation, no ruthenium red stained antibody stabilized polysaccharides could be observed on the cell surface. The polysaccharide was not produced during growth since lysates of mid-log phase cells did not precipitate the antiserum. The relative proportions of sugars in the polysaccharide were 28% glucose, 35% N-acetyl glucosamine and 37% N-acetylgalactosamine. The released polysaccharide did not significantly alter the physical parameters of surface tension and viscosity of the starvation regime. Cells starved in agitated conditions did not produce any extracellular polysaccharides and exhibited a different adhesion pattern to hydrophobic surfaces. PMID- 3767573 TI - Age-dependent relationship of bursa Fabricii and thymus with thyroid in chickens. PMID- 3767574 TI - [Hypothyroidism of sows and piglets after the feeding of silage from potato and rapeseed meal]. PMID- 3767575 TI - [Immobilization of preimplantation mammalian embryos by microcapsulation]. PMID- 3767576 TI - [Use of Enzymun-T4 and Enzymun-TBK tests to determine thyroid function in cattle]. PMID- 3767577 TI - [Pathology of testicular tumors in dogs. 1. Epidemiology and comparative epidemiological aspects]. PMID- 3767578 TI - [Morphology of the adrenal cortex of swine (from the 80th day of development) and in newborn piglets]. PMID- 3767579 TI - [Effect of various doses of progesterone in early pregnancy on the fertility of young and adult sows]. PMID- 3767581 TI - [A big step forward: the gene of cystic fibrosis of the pancreas is localized!]. PMID- 3767580 TI - [Treatment of acute mastitis in cattle. 1. Therapeutic use of glucose solutions]. PMID- 3767582 TI - [Nutritional management of neonates and infants with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas detected at birth]. AB - From a systematic neonatal screening for cystic fibrosis in the Basse-Normandie area and to prevent disorders of the intestinal transit related to malabsorption, neonates then infants were given a semi-elemental hypercaloric diet, with supplements in nitrogen, MCT, minerals, vitamins and low in LCT. Diets were adjusted every month during a consultation using clinical and biological parameters. Results in the first 14 children showed that clinically as well as biologically, these children may remain within the normal range, avoiding the previously reported growth retardation and mineral or vitamin deficiencies. This procedure should allow an improvement in the quality of life and prognosis of such children, by maintaining adequate nutritional status. PMID- 3767583 TI - [Antenatal forms of osteogenesis imperfecta. Classification trial]. AB - A classification of the different types of osteogenesis imperfecta is proposed. There are 3 main groups: the lethal type, the severe type and the so-called regressive type, with a more favorable course. This classification was established to allow for a more precise definition of the prognosis at the time of birth, or even in utero when diagnosis is made by ultrasonography. It should also allow for better classification of the data obtained by the study of the molecular collagen. This project is different from Sillence's one by the exclusion of type II B lethal types, which are often compatible with survival. In view of the frequent occurrence of a dominant mutation in the type II A, the more generally accepted recessive transmission is discussed. PMID- 3767584 TI - [Eosinophilic lung in children]. AB - Pulmonary eosinophilia is an anatomo-clinical entity in which pulmonary parenchymatous infiltrates are associated with tissue hypereosinophilia. Blood eosinophilia which is very frequent but not absolutely constant makes the diagnosis likely. Four case reports illustrating pathophysiological mechanisms show its reality in pediatrics as well as its etiological diversity: parasitosis (filariasis), allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis complicating cystic fibrosis, vasculitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome) and chronic pulmonary eosinophilia, the last diagnosis being a diagnosis of exclusion. Pulmonary eosinophilia is rare in children and might not be recognized by pediatricians. Diagnosis might be urgent, in the case of dyspnea, hypoxia and/or threatening respiratory signs. The severity of some pulmonary eosinophilias emphasizes the toxicity of the eosinophil granulocyte content. Especially, the major basic protein is capable of destroying the pulmonary epithelium and of facilitating human basophil degranulation. The effect of corticosteroid therapy, spectacular in chronic pulmonary eosinophilia, may be related to their inhibitory effect on eosinophils and by stabilizing cellular membranes. PMID- 3767585 TI - [Esophageal pH measurement in newborn infants under 1,700 gms]. AB - Esophageal pH was systematically recorded for 3 hours in 30 neonates under 1,700 g, of which 18 were under assisted ventilation. Gastric acid secretion occurs early. Varying degrees of gastroesophageal reflux were observed in 21 neonates. Positioning in the prone position at 30 degrees allowed for the disappearance of reflux in 19 and an improvement in the remaining 2. We recommend the adoption of this position in all premature infants including those under assisted ventilation. PMID- 3767586 TI - [Prognosis of hemolytic uremic syndrome in children. Importance of extrarenal involvement]. AB - The prognosis of hemolytic uremic syndrome was studied in 37 children hospitalized between January 1980 and January 1985. 75% of affected children were less than 3 years of age. Twenty-two (60%) presented with anuria or oliguria (mean duration of anuria: 10.7 days). In this last group, severe extrarenal manifestations occurred: 12 cases of neurological involvement (6 involving hypervolemia), gastrointestinal involvement in 5 cases, including a case of ileal necrosis; pancreatic involvement in another. Three children died during the first month of the disease (overall death-rate: 8%). Thirty-two children were followed with a mean 24 months follow-up (6 months to 60 months). Six (19%) presented with sequellae, of which 3 were severe: one severe arterial hypertension and two with chronic renal failure of which one terminal with severe neurologic sequellae. The existence of extrarenal manifestations implies a poor prognosis. Among the 22 children with anuria or oliguria, 8 had no extra-renal manifestations. All of these recovered. Three of 11 children with one extrarenal manifestation had an unfavorable outcome. The course was unfavorable in the 3 cases with multiple extrarenal involvement. PMID- 3767587 TI - [A spectacular and benign syndrome of neonatal convulsions: deep sleep myoclonus]. AB - Four case reports concerning neonates presenting, without any predisposing factors, severe and lasting myoclonus, occurring exclusively during sleep. These began between 1 and 4 days of age and stopped between 3 weeks and 5 months. Electro-encephalogram was normal, even during episodes of clonus which occurred during deep sleep. A predisposing genetic factor is likely. A better knowledge of this syndrome should avoid hospitalizations and misuse of anticonvulsive treatments. PMID- 3767588 TI - [Autoimmune hemolytic anemia complicating homozygotic beta- thalassemia]. AB - Four cases of auto-immune hemolytic anemia complicating the course of intermediate or major beta-thalassemia syndromes are reported in children. Ages ranged from 2 to 13 years. Two children had undergone a splenectomy. The direct Coombs test was positive of the IgG +/- complement or complement alone type. Corticosteroid therapy was beneficial in the 3 children who were given this treatment. Coombs test became negative after intervals ranging from 15 days to 8 months. PMID- 3767589 TI - [Sexual ambiguity and non-fluorescent Y chromosome in 45,X/46,XY mosaicism]. AB - The authors report 2 cases of mixed gonadal dysgenesis in a 45,X/46,XYnf mosaicism. The second case could also be considered as a true hermaphrodite at the time of examination. The discussion concerns the data (clinical, anatomical, histological and cytogenetic) which allowed for the diagnosis and treatment which relies overall on the configuration of the external genitalia. PMID- 3767590 TI - [Recent trends in infant mortality. The case of Belgium]. AB - In this study concerning the whole of Belgium, the trends in infant mortality and of its two main components, neonatal mortality (NNM) and post-neonatal mortality (PNNM) from 1960 to 1981 were studied. NNM and PNNM followed similar trends until 1975 when PNNM became steady at a rate of 4-4.5%. On the other hand, an acceleration was observed in the rate of decrease for NNM, from -52% before 1975 to -71% between 1975-1981. PMID- 3767591 TI - [Rifampicin, vitamin K and osteomalacia]. PMID- 3767592 TI - [Acute neurologic complications and coagulation disorders in a child with lupus. Spectacular improvement after a plasma exchange]. PMID- 3767593 TI - [Use of anti-digoxin antibodies in children]. PMID- 3767594 TI - [Ocular compression test. Prospective study of potential ocular lesions in children]. PMID- 3767595 TI - Agoraphobia with panic attacks. Development, diagnostic stability, and course of illness. AB - A structured psychiatric interview was used to examine the symptom history of 55 patients meeting DSM-III criteria for agoraphobia with panic attacks and five patients meeting DSM-III criteria for panic disorder. Anticipatory anxiety and generalized anxiety occurred in over 80% of the patients, and these anxiety states together with panic attacks and phobic avoidances had courses that were chronic and unremitting. Major depression occurred in 70% of the patients and had an episodic course that differentiated it from the anxiety states. Other frequently reported disorders were childhood separation disorder (18%), alcoholism (17%), and obsessive compulsive disorder (17%). An initial nonspontaneous first panic attack and separation anxiety was associated with earlier onset and longer duration of agoraphobia and panic disorder. An inaccurate cognitive appraisal of the initial panic attack frequently led to the rapid development of subsequent agoraphobia. Caffeine consumption exacerbated anxiety in 54% of the patients and triggered panic attacks in 17%. Fifty-one percent of female agoraphobics experienced premenstrual exacerbation of anxiety symptoms. PMID- 3767596 TI - Serotonin function in panic disorders. The effect of intravenous tryptophan in healthy subjects and patients with panic disorder before and during alprazolam treatment. AB - Preclinical evidence suggests that alterations in serotonin function may relate to the development of anxiety and the therapeutic effectiveness of antianxiety treatments. Serotonin increases prolactin release, and intravenous administration of the serotonin precursor, tryptophan, produces reliable elevations in serum prolactin levels. To evaluate serotonergic function, the effects of intravenous tryptophan on prolactin secretion were determined in 23 drug-free patients meeting DSM-III criteria for agoraphobia with panic attacks or panic disorder and 21 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects. In nine of the patients the tryptophan infusion was repeated during long-term alprazolam treatment. The ability of tryptophan to increase prolactin levels was not different between the patients and healthy subjects and was not altered by alprazolam treatment. These findings suggest serotonin function may be normal in panic anxiety disorders and the antipanic mechanism of action of alprazolam may be unrelated to effects on serotonin activity. PMID- 3767597 TI - A self-report scale to diagnose major depressive disorder. AB - The Inventory to Diagnose Depression (IDD) is a self-report scale designed to diagnose DSM-III major depressive disorder (MDD). In our analysis, its test retest reliability and internal consistency were high. The IDD was significantly associated with other self-report and interviewer rated depression scales and was sensitive to clinical change. Diagnostic agreement between the IDD and clinician's diagnosis of MDD was as high as that found in studies examining the interrater reliability of the diagnosis of MDD. Moreover, our results suggested that the IDD may aid clinicians in detecting secondary depression and distinguishing psychotic depression from nonaffective psychoses. The IDD may be particularly useful in light of the recent evidence that American psychiatrists continue to underdiagnose depression and overdiagnose schizophrenia. PMID- 3767598 TI - Recurrent and nonrecurrent depression. A family study. AB - The morbidity risks for unipolar depression were determined from all 763 first degree relatives of 75 probands with unipolar depression who had been followed up for 12 to 18 years after their first lifetime admission. Significant independent differences were found according to the proband's age at onset and whether the proband had had a single episode or recurrent depression. The lowest morbidity risk in the relatives (3.4%) was associated with single-episode depression with late age at onset in the probands and the highest risk (17.4%) with early age at onset and recurrent depression, other results being intermediate. These findings offer a subclassification of unipolar depression based on age at onset and on whether the illness is single episode or recurrent, and they may explain some of the variability in morbidity risk found in well-conducted studies where these factors were not considered. PMID- 3767599 TI - Validity of familial subtypes of primary unipolar depression. Clinical, demographic, and psychosocial correlates. AB - We examined the psychosocial, demographic, and clinical correlates of familial subtypes of primary unipolar depression. Our findings supported the hypothesis that depression spectrum disease is a variant of neurotic depression, whereas familial pure depressive disease overlaps with endogenous depression. Patients with depressive spectrum disease experienced more life events, had more marital separations and divorces, had poorer social support, more frequently made a nonserious suicide attempt, and had a less characteristic endogenous symptom profile than patients with familial pure depressive disease. Consistent with our previous report on the relationship between dexamethasone suppression test results and familial subtyping, the broadness of the criteria used to diagnose the patients' first-degree relatives affected the strength of the association between the familial subtypes and the dependent variables. PMID- 3767600 TI - Modifying effects of a single injection of phenobarbital on the inhibitory action of benzo(a)pyrene on 3H-thymidine incorporation into various organs of the mouse. AB - The effects of the procarcinogen benzo(a)pyrene and the enzyme inducer phenobarbital on the DNA turnover in various organs of male C57BL mice were evaluated by measuring the incorporation of [6-3H]thymidine. When injected intraperitoneally 48 h before sacrifice, benzo(a)pyrene (28.8 mg/kg body weight) inhibited the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into the spleen, thymus, testis, and small intestine. A corresponding analysis with phenobarbital sodium (75 mg/kg b.w.) revealed reduced incorporation of 3H-thymidine into the pancreas (after 24 h) and bone marrow (after 72 h). The effects of combining benzo(a)pyrene and phenobarbital was examined by injecting the latter agent either 24 h before or after the polycyclic hydrocarbon. A previous injection of phenobarbital resulted in a potentiation of the inhibitory action of benzo(a)pyrene in the spleen. However, when phenobarbital was given after benzo(a)pyrene, there was a five-fold increase of the 3H-thymidine incorporation into the liver in comparison to the controls given vehicle. The demonstration that a single injection of phenobarbital has modifying effects on the 3H-thymidine incorporation both when administered alone and in combination with benzo(a)pyrene indicates that enzyme inducers may influence the outcome in genotoxicity tests. PMID- 3767601 TI - Lipid composition in melanosomes of tumor- and chorioidea cells. AB - The lipid composition of melanosomes from hamster and bovine eye pigmented tissues (chorioidea) and of melanosomes from Harding-Passey mouse melanomas, hamster melanomas Ma and human liver melanoma metastases was investigated. The lipid composition of melanosomes was analogous to that of other subcellular melanocytic fractions as it had been reported in literature. The main difference between tumor and chorioidea melanosomes consisted in the absence of phospholipids in the latter case, other differences were quantitative. The role of melanosomes in melanomas should not be different from that in normal pigmented tissues. PMID- 3767602 TI - Different E-rosetting properties of human peripheral blood NK- and K-cells. AB - Mononuclear, non-adherent blood leukocytes were separated into the spontaneously E-rosetting (E+) and non-E-rosetting (E-) fraction. NK- and K-cell activity was determined simultaneously in a 4 h assay against 51Cr-labeled K 562 cell line cells and rabbit antiserum coated mouse leukemia cells (Gr/E) respectively. In each case E- exhibited a significantly higher K-cell activity than E+ [M16 donors E-:E+ = 46 +/- 11:10 +/- 6 (% specific cytotoxicity)]. With regard to NK-cell activity E- of only 7 donors was significantly more active than E+ [M7 donors E :E+ = 49 +/- 15:20 +/- 10]. Six times the activities of the two fractions were not significantly different [M6 donors E-:E+ = 46 +/- 15:39 +/- 14]. On the other hand E+ of 3 donors displayed a significantly stronger activity than E-[M3 donors E-:E+ = 13 +/- 10:36 +/- 9]. These results confirm the heterogeneity of NK-cells with respect to E-rosetting properties and indicate that NK- and K-cells of at least 3 donors may belong to different cellular subsets [NK:E- less than E+; K:E- greater than E+]. PMID- 3767603 TI - [Fine needle aspiration cytology of liver and pancreas tumors]. AB - The authors' experience on the liver and pancreas tumours diagnosis by fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNB) performed percutaneously with ultrasound guidance (partly on blind) or intraoperatively is reported. Two hundred and eleven patients in total have been investigated. In 82 patients a FNB of the liver was performed and in 70 patients a FNB of the pancreas was done and for comparison 59 "macrobiopsies" (MB) of the liver were examined cytologically. The FNB made success fully permitted a complete cytologic investigation to be done and approached the possibilities of the MB. By FNB 67 out of 71 liver neoplasms and 29 out of 30 neoplasms of the pancreas have been diagnosed, i.e. the diagnostic sensitivity was 0.94 and 0.97 respectively. No false positive results were established and the diagnostic accuracy was 0.95 for liver tumours and 0.99 for pancreatic tumours. The possibilities for typification of the neoplasms by means of the FNB are enormous. The liver and the pancreas FNB proved to be a most helpful method for diagnosing the tumorous processes and could save a number of invasive, expensive and labour-consuming examinations. PMID- 3767604 TI - [Hematoporphyrin--a drug for local photodynamic therapy of endoscopically visible neoplasms]. AB - Since the beginning of this century, the photodynamic effect of porphyrins in direction to a cytotoxic damage is well known. During the last decade hematoporphyrin, especially hematoporphyrin derivative, has been used in numerous clinical therapeutic studies for its good photosensibilizing properties. HPD builds up a concentration gradient between normal and tumor tissue from 1:10 and will be activated by light of a wave length of 405 nm. Under such condition HPD will produce a selective cytotoxic effect against tumor cells. In the international scale tumor phototherapy already turned over from an experimental phase into a clinical one. Newest reports of clinical experiences support a broader use of the method in special disciplines. PMID- 3767605 TI - The bovine vomeronasal organ. AB - Vomeronasal tissues from four male gnotobiotic calves were prepared for transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Features described include: non myelinated nerves in the non-neurosensory lamina propria, capillaries in the base of the neurosensory epithelium, sustentacular cells with microvilli 22-26 micron long, neurosensory cells with numerous apical vesicles, cells with cytoplasmic projections containing dense bundles of filaments, and brush cells. The structurally well developed bovine vomeronasal organ is similar in other respects to that reported for a number of other mammals. PMID- 3767606 TI - Blood vascular organization of the rat carotid body: a scanning electron microscopic study of corrosion casts. AB - The blood vascular bed of the rat carotid body was reproduced with methacrylate and observed under the scanning electron microscope. The carotid body received the proper carotid body artery from the common carotid body artery, which arose from the external carotid or occipital artery and gave off subsidiary branches to the tissues near the carotid body. The proper carotid body artery divided in the carotid body, ultimately breaking up into thick (main) or thin (subsidiary) arterial terminals to form the vascular plexus of the carotid body. This plexus contained both thick and thin capillaries. The thick capillaries arose from the thick and thin arterial terminals and formed the basic capillary network of the carotid body. The thin capillaries were only subsidiary, intercalated among the thick capillaries. A few accessory twigs of the proper carotid body artery passed through the carotid body and supplied the adipose and other tissues around the carotid body. Many venules arose from the thick capillaries of the carotid body and were collected into rostral and caudal efferent veins. These efferent veins received the veins from the tissues adjacent to the carotid body, and drained into the internal jugular vein. No arterio-venous anastomosis was found in, on or around the carotid body. The common carotid body artery and its subsidiary branches showed, at their origins, marked constrictions indicative of the arterial cushions, though the proper carotid body artery and its accessory twigs were not provided with such clear constrictions. These findings suggest that the inflow of blood into the common carotid body artery may be regulated by its constriction, especially of its arterial cushion, and that the subsidiary branches of the common carotid body artery and the accessory twigs of the proper carotid body artery may act as bypass-routes to eliminate the excessive inflow of blood into the carotid body. It is considered that the thin arterial terminals and thin capillaries may act as buffer channels to homogenize the blood flow within the carotid body. PMID- 3767607 TI - Morphological studies on the forming processes and patterns of the platelet demarcation membrane system in the megakaryocytic series of embryonic rat livers. AB - Using injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and the osmium-tannic acid method, megakaryocytic cells in the livers of rat embryos at 12-16 days of gestation were examined for the purpose of classification of the stages of formation of the platelet demarcation membrane. Megakaryoblasts were classified into the following three types according to the formation patterns of the demarcation membrane. The P-type megakaryoblasts showed plate-like membrane invaginations in large localized areas at early stages. The invaginating membrane developed toward the periphery of the nucleus. The L-type megakaryoblasts showed localized labyrinthine membrane invaginations but no definite direction in its development. The T-type megakaryoblasts had tubular invaginations at multiple sites on the plasma membrane. The P- and L-type cells were observed at 12 and 13 days of gestation. The T-type cells were found after the 14th day. In all the types of megakaryoblasts the membrane invagination occurred in the areas making contact with hepatocytes. It was agreed that the cells of the megakaryocytic series in which the demarcation membrane developed contrary to the basic pattern were ordinary promegakaryocytes. The megakaryocytes forming networks of the demarcation membrane dividing into platelet areas were small in cell size. Examination of the patterns of formation of the demarcation membrane proved useful for classifying the megakaryocytic series at each stage of maturation. PMID- 3767608 TI - Disseminated Curvularia infection. PMID- 3767609 TI - Reactive systemic amyloidosis in cystic fibrosis and other disorders associated with chronic inflammation. PMID- 3767610 TI - Medical care. Quality assessment and quality assurance. PMID- 3767611 TI - Cytomegaly in benign ovarian cysts. AB - We report two cases of benign ovarian cysts that revealed cytomegaly of the epithelial lining cells. One case was a large solitary luteinized follicle cyst of pregnancy and puerperium. The other case was an endometrial cyst. Changes in the cells included marked pleomorphism and hyperchromasia of the nuclei, large amounts of cytoplasm, and lack of mitotic figures. We ascribed these cellular features to hormonal effects and stress the importance of recognizing such changes and differentiating them from malignancy. PMID- 3767612 TI - A microcomputer program for critical evaluation of diagnostic tests. AB - We developed a microcomputer program that provides a Bayesian model of diagnostic performance and a simple decision tree model of clinical utility. We have used this program to review diagnostic performance and clinical utility for proposed new services at our 360-bed university hospital. We believe that significant benefits can be achieved if medical journals report complete data on test performance. First, this allows physicians to perform their own evaluations of diagnostic performance. Second, this allows physicians to evaluate clinical utility using either standard decision trees or decision trees that reflect specific clinical problems. PMID- 3767614 TI - Isolated granulomatous giant cell vasculitis of the pulmonary elastic arteries. AB - A 66-year-old man who developed an occluded left main pulmonary artery, clinically demonstrated by perfusion scan and pulmonary angiography, is described. Explorative thoracotomy revealed a granulomatous giant cell arteritis after pathologic examination of the surgically removed left lung. Detailed clinical and laboratory evaluation excluded a systemic disease. PMID- 3767613 TI - Disseminated Curvularia infection. Additional therapeutic and clinical considerations with evidence of medical cure. AB - A previously reported case of cerebral infection due to Curvularia lunata is more fully described. Medical cure was apparently achieved after 30 months' treatment with amphotericin B. Success was achieved only when the drug was given in a dose of 40 mg, three times per week, and was continued for six months after enhanced computed tomographic scans no longer showed cerebral lesions. Immunologic studies suggested the infection was accompanied by an unexplained defect in cell-mediated immunity. PMID- 3767615 TI - Tuberculous esophagitis with erosion into aortic aneurysm. AB - An 87-year-old woman with a known atherosclerotic thoracic aneurysm died suddenly from a massive esophageal hemorrhage. Prior to death, tuberculous esophagitis was diagnosed by biopsy. At autopsy, a fistulous tract was found extending from the esophagus to the aortic aneurysm; this fistula proved to be the site of fatal hemorrhage. The tract was surrounded by a granulomatous inflammatory reaction, in which acid-fast bacilli were found. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of tuberculous esophagitis extending to an aortic aneurysm resulting in hemorrhage and death. PMID- 3767616 TI - Teaching laboratory medicine. The clinical laboratory experience. AB - A medical student's introduction to the clinical laboratory often sets the tone for the relationship that will exist between him or her and the laboratory throughout medical practice. As part of the sophomore pathology and laboratory medicine course at the University of South Alabama, Mobile, groups of seven or eight medical students spend one hour in each of ten different areas of the clinical laboratory. This experience acquaints the students with laboratory personnel, organization, and procedure, and emphasizes the importance of communication between clinicians and the laboratory staff. Consequently, our students have greater awareness of the capabilities and limitations of laboratory testing. This has, in turn, resulted in more efficient use of laboratory resources by clinicians and fewer complaints about laboratory service. The relatively small size of the classes in our institution enables us to schedule these sessions effectively. However, schools with larger classes could use a similar system since many of these schools have access to laboratories at more than one hospital. PMID- 3767617 TI - [Anti-aggregant and anticoagulant effects of oligoamines. II. P phenylenebis(alkanamines)]. PMID- 3767618 TI - [Quinone-amine reactions. 20. 1,4-Naphthoquinone derivatives as psychopharmaceutic agents with secondary amine structure]. PMID- 3767619 TI - Increasing intestinal absorption of drugs by formulation. PMID- 3767620 TI - [Basic substituted pyrrolidine-2,5-dione. 4. The inhibitory action of optically active basic substituted pyrrolidine-2,5-diones on butyrylcholinesterase]. PMID- 3767621 TI - Predicting renal calculus occurrence in spinal cord injury patients. AB - This case-control study develops a model to predict the occurrence of renal calculi in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). Risk factors were assessed at the time of diagnosis in 25 patients who developed calculi, and at a comparable postinjury time period in 100 patients with SCI who remained calculus-free several years after injury. Logistic regression analysis was used to develop a predictive model; accuracy was assessed by using the model to classify all 125 patients studied. Renal calculi occurred more frequently on the right side and 72% of the affected patients developed a second calculus within two years. Patients who developed renal calculi were more likely to be older, have neurologically complete quadriplegia, have Klebsiella or Serratia infections, a history of bladder calculi, and high serum calcium values. The predictive model was 84% sensitive and 81% specific. While other determinants of renal calculi undoubtedly exist, these findings demonstrate that high risk patients may be identified with a comparatively small set of predictor variables. Although these findings are encouraging, use of any predictive model is meant only to supplement and not replace clinical judgement. PMID- 3767622 TI - Lower-limb influence on sitting balance while reaching forward. AB - To test the hypothesis that the lower limbs contribute to sitting balance when a person reaches forward, we measured the limits of forward reach in 20 healthy volunteers. While sitting on the buttocks alone (ischial support) or with the thighs also supported and with both feet on, one foot off, or both feet off the floor (in a balanced order), each subject reached as far forward as possible at table height at 0, 15, 30, and 45 degrees to the sagittal plane. With full thigh support the reaches at all angles were greatest with both feet on the floor, and decreased progressively with one foot off (when reaching toward the foot off the floor) and both feet off. Thigh support permitted significantly greater reach than ischial support at all angles with both feet off the ground, but not in other settings. These results have implications for seat design and when considering prostheses for patients unlikely to walk. PMID- 3767623 TI - Contralateral and ipsilateral cane usage by patients with total knee or hip replacement. AB - Four men were studied to determine the effect of ipsilateral (IP) and contralateral (C) cane use on gait. One subject had had total hip replacement, two had had total knee replacements and one was preoperative for total knee replacement. Force transducers were installed in an adjustable aluminum cane to measure the axial forces exerted during free speed walking. A portable force shoe system, which measured each step of the affected extremity, was used to record fore, aft, medial, lateral, and vertical floor reaction forces. Foot-floor placement data (affected extremity) were obtained from photo-cells, a conductive walkway, and metal tape on the bottom of the subjects' shoes that triggered a computerized system. Motion pictures (16mm, 50 frames/s) were taken in the sagittal plane to record cadence, stride length, velocity, and joint motion of the affected limb as well as cane angles. With C cane use, three subjects had greater mean stride length; cadence was greater in all subjects; and the combined effect of stride length and cadence was faster mean velocity. Mean knee joint motion of the affected extremity was greater with IP cane use in all subjects. Conversely, mean hip joint motion was less with IP cane use. Mean peak vertical floor reaction forces were greater with IP cane use. Temporal and kinetic components of fore and aft forces had the greatest interaction between cane and extremity forces. Increased IP fore cane forces correlated with reduced fore extremity forces in the subject with THR and in two with TKR.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3767624 TI - Exercise therapy for Parkinson's disease. AB - The outcomes of two different 12-week exercise programs were assessed by machine measurements of motor signs, tests of grip strength, motor coordination and speed, and neurophysiologic determinations of long-latency stretch responses in two groups of Parkinson patients matched for age, sex and stage of disease. The programs tested included an exercise program developed by the United Parkinson Foundation and a program of upper body karate training. Outcomes of these programs were similar. The majority of patients in both groups showed improvements in gait, tremor, grip strength and motor coordination on tasks requiring fine control. In one task involving whole body coordination there was a decline in function, while muscle rigidity was unchanged. The findings suggest that exercise is a useful adjunct to pharmacologic therapy. PMID- 3767625 TI - Static magnetic field influence on rat tail nerve function. AB - Motor nerve conduction and excitability were measured on the tail nerve of anesthetized rats before and after the nerve was exposed perpendicularly to a static electromagnetic field of various intensities and durations. There was no significant change in either the distal latencies or the amplitudes of the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) measured from stimulating the tail nerve after it was exposed to the electromagnetic field with a density up to 1.2 Tesla (T) for a duration of 60 seconds. However, the nerve excitability expressed as changes of the amplitudes of the submaximally evoked CMAP increased significantly when the tail nerve was exposed to a magnetic field with a density higher than 0.5T for more than 30 seconds. The finding that an electromagnetic field increases motor nerve excitability suggests a possible mechanism of its therapeutic effects. PMID- 3767626 TI - Bladder trabeculation in spinal cord injury. AB - Bladder trabeculation may occur as an early manifestation of neurogenic bladder following spinal cord injury. The prevalence of bladder trabeculation in relation to other urologic morbidity was assessed in this clinical study using a urologic flow sheet. Data were extracted from a retrospective chart review of 90 patients with spinal cord injury (71% men) regularly followed at a tertiary care center. The study population had a mean age of 33.4 +/- 3.4 years and a mean injury duration of 5.5 +/- 3.7 years. Bladder trabeculation was found in 57% overall and in 31% of patients within 12 months of injury and was significantly associated with male sex, vesicoureteral reflux (p = 0.05), bladder diverticulum, and upper motor neuron type of neurogenic bladder (p = 0.01). Comparing systems of drainage, trabeculation was significantly associated with intermittent catheterization and an external collecting device or an external collecting device alone (p = 0.01). Elevated intracystic pressure in trabeculation development in the neurogenic bladder is related to any combination of bladder overdistention, outflow obstruction, and uninhibited detrusor contractions. PMID- 3767627 TI - Vibrotactile stimulation for the adventitiously deaf: an alternative to cochlear implantation. AB - Acoustic correlates of the prosodic features identifying English contrastive stress, ie, fundamental frequency (Fo), duration and intensity, and listener perceptions were investigated in a profoundly adventitiously deaf subject (D) pre/postvibrotactile stimulation, and in an age-peer normally-hearing person as a control (N). Stimuli were a group of general American English words in which a change of function from noun to verb was associated with a shift of stress from initial to final syllable, eg, CON'test vs conTEST'. Prior to vibrotactile stimulation, D was unable to produce contrastive stress correctly. Only final syllable intensity differences were noted, but proved to be inadequate cues for contrastive stress. Vibrotactile stimulation resulted in changes, specifically significantly higher Fo for initial stressed vs unstressed syllables, significantly louder intensity for final stressed vs unstressed syllables, and significantly longer duration for final stressed vs unstressed syllables. Perceptually, listeners judged D's contrastive stress placement as always occurring on the final syllable previbrotactile stimulation and as 78% correct postvibrotactile stimulation. N's contrastive stress placement was always correct. It was concluded that use of vibrotactile stimulation enhanced D's production and resulted in listeners' perceptions of correct prosody. PMID- 3767628 TI - Rehabilitation team and family assessment of the initial home pass. AB - Brain-injured individuals may have neurologic damage resulting in physical, cognitive and personality sequelae. Rehabilitation promotes recovery for these patients by restoring cognitive and social functions and focusing attention on medical-physical and cognitive-social intervention. A major component in rehabilitation is to teach family members to understand the process of recovery and their role in teaching and reinforcing desired behaviors at home. To investigate the utility of the family's role, we studied the effects of allowing patients to return to the home/family environment for short stays (therapeutic pass). By comparing functional ratings obtained from family and rehabilitation team members, we found families rated brain-injured patients higher in medical physical areas and more equally in cognitive-social areas. Although we do not control for the family's frame of reference regarding the patient's premorbid status, we conclude that impaired cognitive functioning has a profound impact on family members who, like the patient, must make adjustments because of the disability. We recommend therapeutic passes as a meaningful tool in the process of educating families about the disability, its scope and impact, as well as its accompanying effects on cognitive and social functioning. PMID- 3767629 TI - Steroid withdrawal psychosis in a patient with closed head injury. AB - An 18-year-old student sustained a basilar skull fracture and seventh cranial nerve paralysis from a car-pedestrian accident. In the emergency room she scored 12 on the Glasgow Coma Scale. Dexamethasone 16 mg/day was administered in an attempt to reverse the facial palsy. After a 14-day course of therapy, the corticosteroid was abruptly withdrawn over a 24-hour period. On the day the dexamethasone was discontinued, the patient became severely depressed and developed an organic psychosis that persisted for ten weeks, necessitating psychiatric hospitalization. Psychopharmacologic therapy was required to control her mental symptoms. After discharge from the psychiatric hospitalization, she participated in a cognitive retraining program for closed head injury patients and soon thereafter returned to her studies. A possible explanation for this patient's organic psychosis was the abrupt withdrawal of steroid therapy. Alternate etiologies include the closed head injury and reactive psychosis. Comparison of this patient's symptoms with other cases of steroid psychosis showed similarities in time of onset, presentation of symptoms, and duration of psychosis. The use of steroids in closed head injury patients for the reduction of cerebral edema, is an important indication; however, adverse reactions such as psychoses can be prevented by slow withdrawal of the drug. Psychiatrists should be aware of the possibility of withdrawal psychoses as a result of steroid therapy in closed head injury patients. PMID- 3767631 TI - New criteria for sensory nerve conduction especially useful in diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome. AB - This article reports a technique for determining new standard values for median sensory nerve latencies, amplitudes, and durations. Use of these values should significantly improve the ability to diagnose carpal tunnel syndrome and to reduce the number of false negative results. Forty-five median sensory nerves of 30 neurologically healthy subjects were evaluated with rigid techniques and temperature control at stimulation and recording points. Latencies for antidromic and orthodromic conduction from wrist-to-thumb, wrist-to-index finger, wrist-to middle finger, and wrist-to-ring finger (all 14 cm distances) are reported. Conduction time for nerve impulses through the transcarpal segment via ulnar and radial nerves was also measured for comparison with median nerve latencies. In addition to latency measurements, characteristics of electrical responses evoked by stimulation were described. These include amplitude of the recorded response measured from baseline to negative peak and from negative peak to positive peak, duration of the negative response wave (from baseline to return to baseline) and duration measured from onset of the negative wave to the positive peak. According to our data, a distal median nerve sensory latency of more than 3.3 ms (the mean of 2.9 ms plus two standard deviation values of 0.18 ms) when measured to the peak of the negative wave is indicative of abnormality. PMID- 3767630 TI - Serratus anterior disruption: a complication of rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Pathology influencing the serratus anterior muscle contributes to classical medial winging of the scapula. Serratus anterior weakness or injury interferes with regular shoulder movement as this muscle stabilizes the medial border of the scapula against the thorax and rotates the scapula upward and laterally with arm elevation. Traumatic injury to the serratus anterior muscle without electrodiagnostic evidence of neurogenic involvement has only been reported once previously. We report an unusual case of disruption of the serratus anterior as a complication of rheumatoid arthritis. Involvement of the long thoracic nerve was ruled out by electromyography and nerve conduction studies. The injury occurred during routine activities of daily living and was complicated by a recurring subscapular hematoma. Contributing factors of shoulder joint contractures and coagulation abnormalities were associated with the course and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Initial treatment was by joint immobilization and reversal of coagulation abnormalities. Later treatment was directed toward joint protection and gradually increasing range of motion exercises. PMID- 3767632 TI - Statistical method for evaluating human thoracolumbar spinal curves in the sagittal plane: a preliminary report. AB - This study was conducted to develop a statistical method of analyzing human thoracolumbar curves in the sagittal plane. Spinal tracings were obtained from 30 women by recording directly from the body surface, using a draftsman's flexible rule, transferring curves to graph paper, and making cubic spline and principal component analyses. Results were: an accurate method of analyzing spinal curves; accurate analysis of curves at an average overall residual standard deviation of 0.7 mm; component analysis suggesting that this method can be used to establish normal values for specific populations of known age, race, and sex, and to categorize individual curves. PMID- 3767633 TI - Spine fractures in ankylosing spondylitis. AB - Patients with ankylosing spondylitis are susceptible to spine fracture, usually in the cervical spine. Less frequently, the thoracic and lumbar spine is affected. The fracture line may involve anterior and posterior elements. Frequently, it extends through the entire width of the spine. As a result the fracture tends to be unstable and may cause neurologic damage. Prompt immobilization and reduction of the dislocated spine followed by stabilization may prevent neurologic damage. We report a 45-year-old man who fell and sustained a fracture dislocation of L2 vertebra. The patient was operated and stabilized with Harrington rods. A deep wound infection developed, which did not respond to antibiotic therapy and led to removal of the rods. In spite of bed immobilization with a body jacket the fracture remained unstable and dislocated. As a result the patient sustained severe neurologic damage. Many fractures in patients with ankylosing spondylitis occur following minor trauma. We feel that a very important aspect of ankylosing spondylitis management is prevention of these fractures. Alerting patients of their spine fragility and teaching then how to evade situations leading to spinal trauma may help in avoiding this situation. PMID- 3767634 TI - Pneumothorax after electromyographic electrode insertion in the paracervical muscles: case report and radiographic analysis. AB - A patient developed pneumothorax after needle electrode examination of the paracervical muscles. Because such a complication appeared unlikely and had not been reported previously, we studied cadavers and examined cervical spine radiographs to assess the vulnerability of lung tissue to paracervical muscle needle insertion. Radiographs of the cervical spine were used to determine the depth and location of lung tissue. In five of 23 patient radiographs studied, lung tissue extended above the clavicle with a distance from skin surface to lung tissue of approximately 3.3 cm. The electromyographer examining the paracervical musculature should be aware that needle electrode penetration of lung tissue is possible. Examination must be conducted with care, especially in thin patients with long necks. Needle insertion close to the midline is the safest technique. PMID- 3767635 TI - Needle electrode connectors for EMG testing: a new technique. AB - Subcutaneous needles as reference and ground electrodes in electromyography are clinically and practically more advantageous than surface electrodes. A functional and inexpensive set of electromyography needle electrode connectors is easily fabricated. The necessary components are readily available at approximately $4.00 and manufacture is simple. The life span of each electrode set is more than two years with standard care. PMID- 3767636 TI - Dental appliance for intraoral voice prosthesis. AB - Hospitalized patients who are ventilator-dependent after a tracheostomy or who have inflated tracheal cuffs are unable to vocalize due to occlusion of the airway below the level of the larynx. The voice prostheses currently available are often inadequate, particularly for patients with limited manual dexterity. An adaptation of the Cooper-Rand Electronic Speech Aid with a dental retainer, designed by a speech-language pathologist and a hospital dental service, was a useful alternative for two patients who were unable to produce voice due to tracheal cuff inflation. Both patients had neuromotor impairment and one used the device while also on a respirator. The device allowed these patients to verbally communicate to hospital staff and family members. PMID- 3767637 TI - The influence of Boicil on some morphologic and physiologic traits of human diploid cells. PMID- 3767638 TI - Effects of Boicil on some immunocompetent cells. I. In vitro modulation of the human peripheral blood lymphocyte functions. PMID- 3767639 TI - ELISA for toxinogenesis identification in Corynebacterium diphtheriae, diagnostic value. PMID- 3767640 TI - The seasonal prevalence of the Toxoplasma gondii infections in stray cats from urban area studied by parasitological methods. PMID- 3767641 TI - Endosymbionts in Dientamoeba fragilis trophozoites resistant to antiprotozoal drugs. PMID- 3767642 TI - MEDIS: a new strategic option for acquiring medical information--electronically. PMID- 3767643 TI - Changes in the treatment of rectal carcinoma and effects on local recurrence. AB - We divided 563 patients with rectal adenocarcinoma located between 5 and 15 cm from the anal verge, who underwent curative resections, into two groups. The first had surgery from 1973 to 1978, before the introduction of the intraluminal stapling device (ISD), whereas the second group consisted of patients operated on between 1979 and 1983, when the stapler was commonly used. The number of low anterior resections (LARs) dramatically increased from 46% (113/248) during the first period to 62% (196/315) during the second. The major contribution to this increase occurred in tumors of the midrectum (5 to 10 cm), where a threefold rise in LARs was seen. Despite this increase in LARs, local recurrence overall was not significantly affected. Among patients undergoing LARs for mid-rectal lesions, local recurrence actually decreased from 34% (10/29) to 17% (16/95). This improvement may be secondary to greater distal margins of resection afforded by the ISD. The ISD has allowed more LARs, thus preserving normal bowel function and quality of life without compromising treatment goals. PMID- 3767644 TI - A comparison of staging methods for Hodgkin's disease in children. AB - Potential long-term complications of radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the pediatric patient with Hodgkin's disease necessitate accurate staging. To determine the accuracy of abdominal computed tomography (CT) and gallium citrate Ga 67 scans in staging Hodgkin's disease, we reviewed the charts of all children with Hodgkin's disease seen at Childrens Hospital of Los Angeles from 1975 to 1985. Patients with pathologically proved stage IV disease (ie, bone marrow involvement) and those who only underwent staging laparotomy were excluded. A total of 40 children underwent staging by laparotomy and staging by abdominal CT and/or 67Ga scan. The CT and 67Ga scans were reviewed by radiologists in a blinded manner and compared with the results of a formal staging laparotomy. Of the 38 patients whose disease was staged with 67Ga scan, disease in ten was understaged and in four overstaged, for a 37% incorrect staging rate. Of the 14 patients whose disease was staged by CT scan, disease in three was understaged and in one overstaged, for a 29% incorrect staging rate. In view of the inaccuracy of noninvasive studies and the impact of incorrect staging on treatment, we recommend that a staging laparotomy be performed in all children with Hodgkin's disease who are not proved to have stage IV disease. PMID- 3767645 TI - Totally autogenous venovenous composite bypass grafts. Salvage of the almost irretrievable extremity. AB - When a suitable single length of saphenous or arm vein is unavailable, the elderly patient with a profoundly ischemic extremity, poor runoff, and a distal outflow vessel frequently undergoes amputation. Rather than performing primary amputation or resorting to nonautogenous conduites, we used 21 different combinations of available vein segments of ipsilateral or contralateral greater saphenous, lesser saphenous, cephalic, and basilic veins as composite autogenous bypass grafts. Fifty-four extremities, of which 21 (39%) had one or more failed previous bypasses, were revascularized. Tissue necrosis necessitated operation in 74% (40 instances) and rest pain in 19% (ten instances). All grafts extended below the knee, 22% (12 grafts) to the infrageniculate popliteal artery, 78% (42 grafts) to an infrapopliteal runoff vessel, and 28% (15 grafts) to the ankle or foot. The patency rate at one month was 81%. Thrombectomy alone or with local graft repair increased the one-month patency rate to 96%. At one year, the patency and limb salvage rates were 74% and 82%, respectively. PMID- 3767646 TI - The anterior scalene muscle in thoracic outlet compression syndrome. Histochemical and morphometric studies. AB - Histochemical studies and morphometric fiber type analysis were done on biopsy specimens of anterior scalene muscle (ASM) from patients with thoracic outlet compression syndrome (TOS), without structural abnormality. Hypertrophy and atrophy factors were determined from muscle fiber histograms of ASM from controls, patients with TOS, and after scalene tenotomy. Scalene muscle from patients with TOS showed marked type 1 (tonic contracting) fiber predominance (85.1% +/- 5.1%) and type 1 fiber hypertrophy (55.6 +/- 2.7 microns). After tenotomy there is a reduction of type 1 fiber representation, selective atrophy in the type 1 fiber system (atrophy factor, 0.66 +/- 0.24), and increase of type 2 fibers. These distinctive changes indicate that ASM is uniquely structured in fiber composition to sustain prolonged contraction. The ASM in patients with TOS demonstrates an extraordinary adaptive transformation and recruitment response in the type 1 fiber system reflecting chronic increased tone or motor neuron stimulation. These observations form a basis for clarifying the structural and pathophysiologic changes in TOS. PMID- 3767647 TI - General surgical operations in the United States. 1979 to 1984. AB - Utilizing data from the National Center for Health Statistics, an in-depth analysis of numbers of general surgical operations from 1979 to 1984 was performed. During the study period, there was an increase in the total number of general surgical operations of 7%. During the same five-year period the number of general surgeons increased by 13%. The 25 most common general surgical operations constitute 71% of all general surgical operations. In 1983, general surgical operations represented 27% of all surgical procedures completed in this country. These statistics illustrate the dynamics of general surgical practice. They show that the number of general surgical operations has minimally increased over the last five years, despite a constantly increasing number of general surgeons. If current trends continue, then future individual operative workloads will decrease with possible adverse effects on the quality of general surgical care. PMID- 3767648 TI - Aortic reconstruction for occlusive disease. Comparable results in diabetics. AB - The case reports of 100 consecutive patients receiving aortic bifurcation grafts strictly for occlusive disease were reviewed. Fifty-seven diabetics and 43 nondiabetics constituted the study group. Mean age and preoperative risk factors were otherwise comparable. Sixty-eight percent of operations in diabetics were for limb salvage as compared with 47% in the nondiabetic group. All 100 patients survived the operation and left the hospital with open grafts. The complication rate was similar in both groups. Mean follow-up was 48 months in the diabetic group vs 58 months in the nondiabetic group. Thirty-three percent of the diabetics were dead at four years, a survival rate one half of that of the nondiabetics. Nine percent of patients in each group suffered late limb graft occlusions, a cumulative graft patency of 94% at five years. Limb loss and subsequent distal reconstruction were comparatively low although higher in the diabetic group. This suggests more and progressive distal arterial disease in the diabetics and not an unsuccessful inflow procedure. We conclude that aortic reconstruction can be safely carried out in diabetics with high graft patency and limb salvage rates. PMID- 3767650 TI - Perianal fistulas in patients with Crohn's disease. AB - A series of 55 patients with perianal fistulas and Crohn's disease is reported herein. Thirteen patients (24%) did not need specific treatment of the fistula. Primary proctectomy was necessary in five patients. Defunctioning enterostomy was used in nine patients, followed by healing of the fistula in four patients. Local surgery of the fistula was performed in 28 patients, with an overall success rate of 79%. Healing of the fistula was not influenced by activity of the disease, type of fistula, or condition of the rectum. Local surgery did not cause incontinence in this series. PMID- 3767649 TI - Caustic sclerosing cholangitis. A complication of the surgical treatment of hydatid disease of the liver. AB - In five patients, sclerosing cholangitis developed after the surgical treatment of hydatid cyst of the liver. The cyst communicated with the biliary tree, and a scolicidal solution (2% formaldehyde in two patients and 20% sodium chloride in three) was injected into the cyst. Cholangiography showed strictures affecting the intrahepatic biliary tree in two and both the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary tree in three. Sclerosing cholangitis in these patients was likely to result from the caustic effect of the scolicidal solution having diffused from the cyst into the biliary tree. We propose to designate this entity "caustic sclerosing cholangitis". Because of the risk of this complication, and the unproved efficacy of intracystic injection of a scolicidal solution in preventing the dissemination of the parasite, we recommend that this maneuver be abandoned in the surgical treatment of hydatid disease of the liver. PMID- 3767651 TI - Intravenous hydrochloric acid in patients with metabolic alkalosis and hypercapnia. AB - During a seven-year period, 15 patients admitted to an intensive care unit with a metabolic alkalosis resistant to saline and potassium chloride infusions and with an arterial pH of greater than 7.44 and arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO2) of greater than 50 mm Hg, while breathing spontaneously, were given hydrochloric acid at 200 mmol/24 h through a central venous line until the arterial pH had decreased to less than 7.36 or PaCO2 had decreased to less than 40 mm Hg. Five patients without respiratory failure had a significant decrease in PaCO2, pH, bicarbonate Ion (HCO3-), and base excess (BE). Four patients with acute respiratory failure had a significant decrease in PaCO2, HCO3-, and BE and an increase in arterial oxygen pressure, indicating that in both of these patient groups alveolar ventilation had improved. Six patients with chronic respiratory failure had a significant decrease in pH, HCO3-, and BE, although there was no significant change in PaCO2, indicating that in this patient group alveolar ventilation could not be consistently increased in response to a reduction in arterial pH. PMID- 3767653 TI - Traumatic mesenteric arteriovenous fistula presenting as the superior mesenteric artery syndrome. AB - Arteriovenous fistulas of the mesentery are rare sequelae of abdominal injuries or operations. Symptoms, when present, are most often due to intestinal ischemia or portal hypertension. Cardiac failure is less common, and the case described in this report is, to our knowledge, the first in which the patient presented with duodenal obstruction--the superior mesenteric artery syndrome. A bruit is an expected finding and a thrill is pathognomonic of an arteriovenous fistula. With rare exception, operation is indicated to dismantle the fistula. PMID- 3767652 TI - Fatal pulmonary bile embolism following acute acalculous cholecystitis. AB - A 52-year-old man died during reoperation for bleeding after the development of acute postoperative acalculous cholecystitis. While the liver was being manipulated during surgery, the pulmonary artery diastolic pressure increased suddenly, cardiac output and blood pressure decreased, and soon afterward the patient had a cardiac arrest from which he could not be resuscitated. During resuscitative efforts, the maximum partial arterial oxygen pressure achieved was only 55 mm Hg despite 100% inspired oxygen. At autopsy, bile aggregates were found within necrotic liver parenchyma, portal and central vein branches, and numerous pulmonary arterioles and capillaries. The pulmonary arterial bile most likely resulted from embolization of inspissated hepatic bile aggregates during surgical manipulation. PMID- 3767654 TI - A superior temporary shunt for management of vascular trauma of extremity. PMID- 3767655 TI - Changing aspects of radiation enteropathy. PMID- 3767656 TI - Demonstration of free rupture of the gallbladder by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography. PMID- 3767657 TI - Recurrent choledocholithiasis due to hemostatic clip. PMID- 3767658 TI - Studies on nitrogen metabolism in rats of different age fed on a protein-free diet. 2. The feed intake. AB - Changes in the intake of dry matter (DM) of the protein-free diet (PFD) fed ad libitum were studied on male rats in relation to the shrunk body mass (SB) and duration of protein-free feeding (t). The intake of DM and changes of SB were investigated on the same rats and during the same experimental periods. The mean intake of DM in relation to PFD feeding periods t = 3, 6, 9, 12, 16 days and the daily DM intake (DMd) in relation to the daily shrunk body mass (SBd) were calculated on logarithmical values according to a model of linear regression y = a + bx and to a model of multiple regression y = b0 + b1x1 + b2x2. The rate of DM intake in relation to the duration of PFD feeding (t) did not differ significantly between age groups (k = 14) but the ak differed significantly. The common coefficient bc = 0.871 +/- 0.012 was less than 1***. This relationship is described by the equation: DM intake = Ak X t0.871, where: DM intake = the sum of intake in the periods of 3, 6, 9, 12 and 16 days (in grams), k = age group, t = PFD feeding period. No significant correlation (P less than 0.05) was found between bk and the initial body mass (SBi) or age of rats (r = -0.21 and -0.02, respectively) but between ak and SBi or age the correlation was highly significant (r = 0.960 and 0.832). This indicates that the amount but not the rate of DM intake depended on the initial body mass or age. The relation between DMd and SBd, the latter increasing with age but decreasing with the duration of PFD feeding, is described by equation: DMd intake = Ad X SBd0.503, where: DMd intake in grams, d = day 1 to 15 of PFD feeding, SBd = daily shrunk body mass in kilograms. The values of Ad decreased with the duration of PFD feeding. The using of multiple regression permitted to describe DMd intake as a function of SBd and (d) by a common equation: DMd intake = 27.02 X SBd0.503 X d-0.103; R = 0.976. Thus the daily DM intake was closely positively correlated with SBd and negatively correlated with the duration of protein-free feeding regardless of the age of rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3767660 TI - Anatomical studies into the ruminal mucosa of pygmy goats in relation to their age. AB - The ruminal mucosa of 15 pygmy goats of different age (Z1 approximately 4-5 months, Z2 approximately 1 year, Z3 approximately 1.5-5 years) were studied gross anatomically concerning their colour, clumping of papillae, fodder precipitations on the papillae, areas poor in papillae or devoid of them and the development of papillae. The density of papillae/cm2 in the 3 groups investigated was 79.4; 67.3; 58.0; the mean length of the papillae (mm) 1.75; 1.86; 2.96; the mean breadth of the papillae (mm) 1.3; 1.2; 2.0; the area of the ruminal mucosa (cm2) 799; 943; 1 195; the area of the ruminal pillars (cm2) 38; 41; 69; the number of the papillae/rumen 59,940; 58,022; 64,782; the total absorptive area (cm2) 3,802; 3,854; 11,268; the surface magnifying factor 4.0; 3.4; 8.4. PMID- 3767659 TI - [Nutrition physiologic studies of swine with ileorectal anastomoses. 1. Surgical method, biochemical and morphologic findings]. AB - For the purpose of studying nutrient digestion and absorption in the small intestine, pigs were provided with ileo-rectal anastomoses. The anaesthetic and operation method is described. X-ray examinations do not show a significant backflow of digesta into the from colon cranially open towards the anastomosis as well as a totally intact sphincter ani. With the help of additional doses of highly digestible, N-free nutrients rich in energy (starch + saccharose), the operated animals achieved a growth development corresponding to that of intact control animals. For the assessment of the physiologic state of the animals, the concentrations in the serum of the total protein, of albumin, urea, glucose, calcium, inorganic phosphorus and creatinine as well as the activities of aspartate amino transferase and alkaline phosphatase were determined. These showed for the respective criteria changes conditioned by age and dependent on feed intake. The fixing of the anastomoses did not result in disturbances of nutritional or organic damages. Histologic studies of the mucosa of stomach, duodenum and jejunum did not show pathologic changes. The weight of stomach, duodenum and jejunum, determined in 2 live weight ranges, is identical for operated and intact animals in relation to the weight of the empty body of the animals. The weight of ileum, caecum and colon of the operated animals is significantly lower, due to inactivity atrophy. The tissue amount available for the intake of a volume unit (weight-volume index) is nearly identical for operated and intact animals in the duodenum and the jejunum. The index functionally increasing for intact animals from the jejunum to the ileum (stenosis due to temporary digesta congestion in the ileum) remained the same with anastomosis animals for 29 or 26 weeks resp. after the operation. As a result of the biochemical and morphological studies it was shown that animals with an ileo-rectal anastomosis are suitable for the determination of nutrient digestibility at the end of the ileum. PMID- 3767661 TI - Histological studies into the ruminal mucosa of pygmy goats in relation to their age. AB - Ruminal mucosae of 15 pygmy goats of different age (Z1 approximately 4-5 months, Z2 approximately 1 year, Z3 approximately 1.5-5 years) and sex were investigated histologically. The thickness of the Stratum corneum of the 3 experimental groups was in the Atrium ruminis 23.0, 23.0 and 29.1 microns, in the Recessus ruminis ventralis 22.8, 28.0 and 30.0 microns, that of the Stratum germinativum and Stratum granulosum in the Atrium ruminis 74.8, 78.4 and 82.3 microns and in the Recessus ruminis ventralis 87.4, 84.7 and 87.7 microns, that of the Corpus papillare in the Atrium ruminis 75.3, 75.2 and 74.4 and in the Recessus ruminis ventralis 85.0, 78.9 and 71.6 microns. The cell nuclear volumes of the basal and parabasal cells of papillae originating from the Atrium ruminis (a) and the Recessus ruminis ventralis (b) in the individual experimental groups were in case of a 103.2; 100.2 and 117.3 microns3 resp. in case of b 93.4; 96.4 and 119.7 microns3. PMID- 3767662 TI - [Allantoin excretion of wethers in variations of raw protein and energy administration]. AB - 216 values of urinary allantoin excretion were received from 8 digestibility trials, which included 48 rations with different protein and energy content. Thus relations between allantoin excretion and food intake and ration composition, respectively, could be evaluated. Additionally variations in N balance were measured, since there is a close relation to allantoin metabolism. Fecal N excretion was elevated with increasing energy intake, but varied only slightly with modified N supply. Urinary N excretion and also N retention increased with higher N intake. On the other hand urinary N losses were reduced with increasing energy supply and part of the saved nitrogen was deposed into the body. There was a distinct increase in allantoin excretion with raised protein intake, when N supply ranged generally low. But with a daily supply of crude protein above 60 to 70 g there was no significant further response in allantoin excretion. Allantoin excretion increased linearly with higher energy supply. Several restrictions for conclusions on the extent of microbial protein production in the digestive tract estimated out of measured allantoin values were discussed. PMID- 3767663 TI - [Nitrogen metabolism in the large intestine of ruminants. 2. Metabolism of i.v. infused 15N-urea by additional supply of fermentable material to the large intestine of bulls]. AB - The experiment was carried out on 3 bulls with body weights of 201, 168 and 190 kg, respectively. The animals were equipped with a ileo caecal re-entrant cannula and with catheters in the jugular veins on both sides. The pelleted ration was composed of straw 70-72%, cereals 10%, molasses 12-41%, ammoniumhydrogencarbonate 3%, urea 2% and mineral mixture 1%. During a preliminary period ileal digesta were collected, deep-freezed and stored. During the main experiment 15N-urea was infused intravenously for 24 hours. In this period and during the following 6 hours outflowing ideal digesta were collected quantitatively. At the same time precollected, unlabelled digesta together with a supplement of partly hydrolysed straw meal were reintroduced into the caecal part of the cannula. Plasma urea-N, urinary-N as well as several N-fractions of faeces and digesta were analysed for 15N abundance. A urea flux rate of 27.9 +/- 3.4 mumol per minute per kg 0.75 was estimated. It was calculated that 52% of this amount of urea was transferred into the digestive tract. In both, digesta and faeces NH3-N was highest 15N-labelled indicating a direct urea entry and degradation in both segments of the digestive tract. The amounts of 15N-excess found during the period of digesta replacement were in faeces 0.25 and in ileal digesta 4.02% of the infused amount of 15N. Although the microbial utilization of endogenous urea-N was generally low in the large intestine there was a clear stimulation of this process due to the additional supply of the large intestine with a fermentable source. PMID- 3767664 TI - [Use of solid fat in dry mixed feed for rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). 2. Fatty acid composition of feed and tissue lipids]. AB - The effect of supplemental dietary fat on the fatty acid composition of some tissue lipids of rainbow trout fingerlings was studied. Data showed that dietary fatty acids were deposited nearly unchanged in the adipose tissue. The level of eicosapentaenoic acid, however, dropped significantly. Muscle showed remarkable capacity for deposition of dietary fat, while only minor changes were observed in the fatty acid composition of liver lipids. Levels of some polyenoic acid (e.g. 18: 2 omega 6, 20:4 omega 6, 20:5 omega 3, 22:6 omega 3) showed, that the fish converted lower unsaturated fatty acids to highly unsaturated fatty acids. It was observed that dietary acids had little effect on the fatty acid composition of tissue phospholipids. This result shows, that 17% fat in the diet are tolerated by trout, without alterations in the fat composition of the liver tissue. Probably the low rearing temperature (11 degrees C) had a more pronounced effect on the fatty acid composition of phospholipids than the diet. PMID- 3767665 TI - [Cell membrane fluidity of lymphocytes in asthmatic patients]. PMID- 3767667 TI - [Relationship between meteorological factors and pollen counts of Cryptomeria japonica and Cupressaceae in Sakado city]. PMID- 3767666 TI - [Clinical studies of bronchial asthma induced by Chironomid midges]. PMID- 3767669 TI - Eyelid tattooing, intraocular lenses, and other abominations of nature. PMID- 3767668 TI - Studies on IgE-binding factors derived from atopic patients. PMID- 3767670 TI - Angle closure glaucoma and acute hyperglycemia. PMID- 3767671 TI - A histologic study of eyelid pigment eight weeks after implantation (eyelid tattoo). PMID- 3767673 TI - Eye trauma. The neglected disorder. PMID- 3767672 TI - Eye injuries during 'war games'. PMID- 3767674 TI - Racket-sports ocular injuries. The tip of the trauma iceberg. PMID- 3767675 TI - Neodymium-YAG vitreous surgery for phakic and pseudophakic malignant glaucoma. AB - Ciliary block (malignant glaucoma) developed in a phakic eye and a pseudophakic eye with a posterior chamber intraocular lens and an intact posterior capsule. In both cases, neodymium-YAG laser treatment (2 to 3 mJ) to the anterior vitreous relieved the blockage, and the anterior chamber returned to normal depth. When technically possible, the neodymium-YAG laser may be used to treat phakic and pseudophakic malignant glaucoma before resorting to surgical vitrectomy. PMID- 3767676 TI - The incidence of acute hospital-treated eye injuries. AB - Little information is available on the incidence and severity of eye injuries despite the disfigurement and vision loss they cause. From a population-based study in Dane County, Wisconsin, the incidence of acute hospital-treated eye injuries was 423/100,000 residents in 1979. The most common causes of eye injuries were assaults, work-related events, sports and recreational activities, motor vehicle crashes, and falls. Consumer products were involved in almost 70% (9/13) of severe eye injuries classified as severe. Injuries from fireworks were not found at all in this population. Implementing known strategies for eye injury prevention would substantially reduce their incidence. These include requiring certified eye protectors at workplaces and in sports activities whenever possible rather than making their use voluntary. For the preponderance of eye injuries, however, modifying potentially hazardous consumer products, including the interior of passenger cars, will be necessary. PMID- 3767677 TI - Computed tomographic three-dimensional localization and compositional evaluation of intraocular and orbital foreign bodies. AB - A software program designed for the Siemens Somatom DR3 computed tomographic (CT) scanner provides improved diagnosis, localization, and etiologic description of intraocular and orbital foreign bodies. The program allows information to be analyzed in two different display formats. One format is that of multiplanar reconstruction of the eye and orbit, including an "oblique CT cube" image. This format produces an accurate "three-dimensional" display of both in vitro and in vivo intraocular and orbital foreign bodies. The second display format is that of a histogram. Using this analytic mode, nonmetallic intraocular and intraorbital foreign bodies can be differentiated from each other and from metallic foreign bodies, although individual metallic foreign bodies cannot be identified with respect to specific composition. The information provided by these two display formats substantially aids the clinician in the diagnosis and management of foreign bodies located within the orbit, particularly those located within the eye. PMID- 3767678 TI - Intravitreal amikacin in the treatment of bacterial endophthalmitis. AB - Intravitreal administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics is a widely accepted component of initial therapy for bacterial endophthalmitis. Four cases of culture proved bacterial endophthalmitis are reported to demonstrate the safety of intravitreal administration of amikacin sulfate in conjunction with cephalosporins in patients. The benefits of using amikacin rather than gentamicin sulfate in intravitreal drug therapy are discussed, and a wider role for amikacin as the aminoglycoside of choice for initial intravitreal injection in presumed bacterial endophthalmitis is suggested. PMID- 3767679 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in isolated optic neuritis. AB - Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was performed on ten patients who had isolated optic neuritis. Seven patients had abnormal images, with a distribution of lesions similar to that seen in multiple sclerosis, demonstrating subclinical dissemination in the central nervous system. PMID- 3767680 TI - Inherited levator-medial rectus synkinesis. AB - We examined two sisters with lid retraction on adduction, the classic sign of levator-oculomotor synkinesis. In both women, the left eye was involved. No history of trauma or ocular surgery or complaints of diplopia were elicited, and both had good visual acuity and full ocular motility. Each exhibited 2 mm of left upper lid elevation on adduction and 4 to 6 mm of lid elevation on adduction with depression. In one of the sisters, 1 mm of ptosis was present in straight ahead gaze in the involved eye, which increased to almost 2 mm on abduction, but full levator function was observed. Four other family members in three consecutive generations were similarly affected, suggesting an autosomal-dominant mode of inheritance. To our knowledge, this type of isolated levator-oculomotor synkinesis has not been reported previously on a congenital and inherited basis. PMID- 3767681 TI - Handedness and esotropia. AB - Questionnaires were completed by 1083 nonesotropic control subjects and 170 patients with nonparalytic esotropia to determine handedness. The subjects, who had been drawn from patients attending ophthalmic clinics and private practices, were classified as right-handed, left-handed, or ambidextrous based on their answers to five questions about hand preference. Analysis of the results indicated that the handedness of patients with esotropia differed significantly from that of nonesotropic controls. The difference resulted primarily from an excess of non-right-handers among those with esotropia. Non-right-handedness is probably a marker of anomalous cerebral dominance and the disproportion of left handed and ambidextrous subjects with esotropia may indicate that some persons with esotropia have anomalous brain architecture. In such cases, the structural anomalies might be the cause of the strabismus. PMID- 3767682 TI - Intraoperative length and tension curves of human eye muscles. Including stiffness in passive horizontal eye movement in awake volunteers. AB - Intraoperative continuous-registration length and tension curves of attached and detached eye muscles were made in 18 strabismic patients under general anesthesia. For relaxed eye muscles, we found an exponential relation between length and tension. An increased stiffness was quantified in Duane's syndrome, Graves' disease, orbital-floor fracture, and superior oblique palsy. The stiffnesses of agonist and antagonist were remarkably similar, not only in uncomplicated squint, but also when only one of the two had initially become stiffer. After intravenous administration of succinylcholine chloride, the eye muscles contracted, and the exponential length and tension curve changed into a set of straight, parallel lines. In addition, we measured stiffness in passive horizontal eye movement in awake volunteers and found 0.52 to 1.26 g/degrees (other eye in 5 degrees of adduction), confirming other published results. PMID- 3767683 TI - Spasmus nutans. A benign clinical entity? AB - Spasmus nutans occurs in early childhood and consists of a triad of symptoms as follows: small-amplitude, rapid, horizontal nystagmus in one or both eyes asymmetrically; head nodding; and anomalous head position. Once thought to be a benign clinical entity, there are an increasing number of reports linking spasmus nutans to optic nerve and chiasmal gliomas. We describe 14 patients with spasmus nutans, none of whom were found to have a tumor with computed tomographic scanning. One patient, however, had an arachnoid cyst and an empty sella and another patient had a porencephalic cyst. The diagnosis of spasmus nutans, its implications, and its management are discussed. PMID- 3767684 TI - Optic nerve sheath and retinal hemorrhages associated with the shaken baby syndrome. AB - A 13-month-old child with the pathognomonic findings of the shaken baby syndrome died secondary to cerebellar herniation. Pathologic examination disclosed extensive intraocular, optic nerve sheath, and intracranial hemorrhages, despite a paucity of external signs of trauma. Many of the hemorrhages were old, suggesting that the child had experienced multiple episodes of trauma. Hemorrhages of the optic nerve sheaths have not been previously reported with the shaken baby syndrome but probably accompany this condition frequently. Our patient's ocular hemorrhages may have resulted from a sudden rise in intracranial pressure. PMID- 3767685 TI - Juxtacanalicular tissue in primary open angle glaucoma and in nonglaucomatous normals. AB - The juxtacanalicular (JXT) tissue was evaluated in 64 specimens from 36 nonglaucomatous normal persons and 28 specimens from 26 patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). Morphometry was performed on more than 2000 electron micrographs taken from the entire JXT region of each of the 64 specimens studied. The concentration of three electron-dense materials (EDMs) believed to obstruct the JXT tissue in POAG was measured using precise and reproducible morphometric methods. There is a great deal of variability in the EDM concentration, but we could still measure a significant increase in EDM of about 0.2% each year in normal specimens. Specimens from patients with POAG who are younger than 40 years of age have an EDM concentration similar to that in normal specimens. After the approximate age of 40 years, a significant difference is observed in the EDM concentration between nonglaucomatous and POAG specimens. This difference represents an average increase of 23% in POAG. Such a difference is probably too small to account for the decrease in outflow facility characteristic of POAG. PMID- 3767686 TI - Transplant of oral mucosal epithelium to rabbit ocular surface wounds in vivo. AB - Sheets of epithelium freed of underlying connective tissue and basal lamina with dispase II were obtained from explants of rabbit oral mucosa. Epithelial sheets were then sutured onto abraded (basement membrane intact) or keratectomized corneal-limbal zones or abraded central corneas of anesthetized rabbits. To develop the procedure, allografts to abraded (N = 13) and keratectomized wounds (N = 3) on the corneal-limbal zone were done. All allografts were retained on the wound bed until the experiment was terminated or rejection occurred. Prior to rejection, eyes were uninflamed and quiet. Allografts on central avascular corneal wounds (N = 8) were not maintained. Autografts (N = 4) sutured to corneal limbal abrasion wounds were maintained until animals were killed at the end of the experiment, 22, 26, 60, and 120 days after transplant. Eyes were uninflamed and quiet. A fine vascular bed developed under both allografts and autografts in the peripheral cornea. Grafts maintained some histologic characteristics of oral mucosal epithelium, even after four months. These data indicate that it is feasible to transplant oral mucosal epithelium to corneal-limbal ocular surface wounds and that the grafts will be maintained. Such transplants are, however, not maintained over central, avascular corneal regions. PMID- 3767687 TI - Trapezoidal astigmatic keratotomy. Quantification in human cadaver eyes. AB - The mechanism by which surgical procedures correct astigmatism are incompletely understood and, therefore, the results are often unpredictable. In this study, a Terry keratometer was used to analyze the effect of each component part of a 3-, 4-, and 5-mm trapezoidal astigmatic keratotomy. Semiradial incisions along the horizontal meridian produced corneal flattening along the horizontal meridian twice that of the vertical meridian, therefore inducing positive cylinder astigmatism at 90 degrees. A single pair of tangential incisions placed 5 mm apart, when added to the semiradial incisions, accounted for 100%, 87%, and 78% of the maximal effect from the 3-, 4-, and 5-mm completed trapezoidal astigmatic keratotomies, respectively. This study suggests that maximal correction of astigmatism may be attained with a single set of tangential incisions placed 5 mm apart between two sets of semiradial incisions. PMID- 3767688 TI - Iris manifestations of bacterial endocarditis. PMID- 3767689 TI - Automated regulation of fluid infusion pressure during vitrectomy. AB - The continuous-infusion air pump offers the advantages of rapid and accurate adjustment of the intraocular pressure at vitrectomy and may be used to provide either fluid or air infusion. PMID- 3767690 TI - Vitreoretinal dissection set. AB - We developed and evaluated a vitreoretinal dissection set consisting of six microspatulas, a specially designed micro-olive tip, an internal drainage cannula, and a master handle. The microspatulas, which have a spear-headed shape with blunt edges and flat, smooth surfaces, offer a range of angulation from 60 degrees to 160 degrees as well as options for front, back, or tip opening for irrigation or aspiration purposes. All parts can be used through conventional 20 guage or 19-guage sclerostomies, and they all fit on the same handle as well as on any Luer lock system. This set allows for mechanical and/or hydraulic dissection, membrane engagement by suction, and simultaneous use of probe with scissors or forceps. It has been proved safe and effective in more than 100 vitrectomies, including cases of diabetic tractional detachment, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, retrolental fibroplasia, and macular pucker. PMID- 3767691 TI - Peanut oil reduces diet-induced atherosclerosis in cynomolgus monkeys. AB - The atherogenicity of dietary peanut oil (PO) was examined in cynomolgus monkeys fed semipurified diets for 15 months. Four groups of six monkeys were fed diets containing 0.22 mg/kcal (0.1%) cholesterol and 0%, 5%, 10%, or 20% PO. An additional group was fed 2.0% cholesterol and 20% PO to serve as a literature control. Increasing the concentration of PO in the diet was associated with significant decreases in total plasma cholesterol (p less than 0.05) and the total/HDL cholesterol ratio (p less than 0.05) and an increase in the terminal HDL cholesterol concentration (p less than 0.05). Intimal thickness and composition were determined from cross sections of the thoracic aorta and the iliac and coronary arteries. Increasing dietary PO was associated with decreases in thickness (p less than 0.005), lipid (p less than 0.001), and smooth muscle cells (p less than 0.005) in the aortic intima. Aortic intimal lipid was positively correlated with the ratio of total to HDL cholesterol (r2 = 0.78, p less than 0.05). Monkeys fed 2.0% cholesterol and 20% PO revealed extensive atherosclerosis in all three arterial sites compared with those of any other group. Whereas the dietary fat effect was most demonstrable in the aorta, dietary cholesterol had a greater effect on the iliac and coronary arteries than it did on the aorta. Under these circumstances, dietary PO was not atherogenic in cynomolgus monkeys when fed with a concentration of cholesterol equivalent to that consumed by humans. PMID- 3767692 TI - Uptake of low density lipoprotein, albumin, and water by deendothelialized in vitro minipig aorta. AB - The purpose of this research was to study the effect of pressure on arterial hydration in vitro and the effect of pressure and flow (stirred reagent) on the in vitro transport of 125I-albumin and 125I-LDL into deendothelialized minipig aortas over a 24-hour period. It was found that the arterial hydration (fractional mass of water) was 0.740 +/- 0.0043 SEM for control tissue; after 24 hours this rose to 0.745 +/- 0.0038 for 0 mm Hg, 0.752 +/- 0.0046 for 100 mm Hg, and 0.755 +/- 0.0065 for 200 mm Hg. In the transport studies, the following effects were found. The reagent radioactivity concentration and composition did not change with pressure or stirring over the 24-hour period. For unpressurized tissue, the 24-hour normalized uptake [uptake (M mg cm-2) divided by reagent concentration (co mg cm-3)] of albumin was (4.86 +/- 0.43 cm) X 10(-3) from stirred and (5.46 +/- 0.36 cm) X 10(-3) from nonstirred reagent; that of LDL was (0.31 +/- 0.02 cm) X 10(-3) from stirred and (0.37 +/- 0.02 cm) X 10(-3) from nonstirred reagent. Pressurization (100 mm Hg) of the tissue increased albumin uptake by 52% from stirred and by 125% from nonstirred reagent and the LDL uptake by 52% from stirred and 241% from nonstirred reagent. Pressure increased the intimal surface concentration of albumin and LDL at the nonstirred, but not at stirred, interfaces. The electrophoretic properties of the intimal surface fluid showed only minor differences from those of the bulk reagent. These data demonstrate that pressure causes a slight, but significant, increase in arterial hydration and that radiolabeled albumin and LDL appear to be sieved by the superficial intimal layers of the deendothelialized porcine aorta under the in vitro conditions of this study. PMID- 3767693 TI - Short-term effect of natural disasters on coronary heart disease risk factors. AB - In this analysis of the data from a longitudinal study on coronary heart disease risk factors, it was found that participants screened a few weeks after a major disaster (earthquake) had a higher heart rate, serum cholesterol levels, and serum triglyceride levels than matched participants that were screened shortly before the catastrophic event. The two groups of participants did not differ with regard to their characteristics at the baseline examination carried out 5 years previously. The lack of difference in blood pressure between exposed and nonexposed participants could be explained by the lag-time between the earthquake and the blood pressure measurements. We conclude that the acute stress associated with major disasters can influence risk factors for coronary heart disease. Permanent elevation of these risk factors due to the disruption of the social environment of the individuals affected by major disasters might be responsible for the apparent long-term adverse effects on cardiovascular mortality discussed previously in the literature. PMID- 3767694 TI - Estradiol-17 beta affects estrogen receptor distribution and elevates progesterone receptor content in baboon aorta. AB - We used the synthetic estrogen R2858 (moxestrol) and estradiol-17 beta, respectively, to characterize the estrogen receptor in baboon (Papio sp.) aortic or myocardial cytoplasmic and nuclear preparations. We observed regional differences in the cytoplasmic fraction estrogen and progesterone receptor content of aortic arch, thoracic aorta, and abdominal aorta when tissues from either oophorectomized or oophorectomized estradiol-17 beta-treated subjects were compared. The estrogen receptor content was highest in the abdominal aorta and lowest in the aortic arch. In contrast, the cytoplasmic fraction progesterone receptor content was highest in the aortic arch and lowest in the abdominal aorta. The nuclear fraction estrogen receptor could not be demonstrated in preparations from cardiovasculature of oophorectomized female baboons. The use of Silastic implants to administer a physiologic concentration of estradiol-17 beta to oophorectomized female baboons caused a 20% to 50% reduction in cytoplasmic fraction estrogen receptor content, which was quantitatively accounted for by the appearance of estrogen receptor in the corresponding nuclear aortic or myocardial preparation. Estrogen administration caused a 20% to 40% increase in cytoplasmic fraction progesterone receptor content in both myocardium and aorta; however, differences were significant only for abdominal aorta (p less than 0.05). Estradiol-17 beta treatment caused a tenfold increase in uterine cytoplasmic fraction progesterone receptor content in treated as compared to oophorectomized control females, suggesting that baboon cardiovasculature is less sensitive to changes in endogenous estrogen concentration than is uterus. The ability of estradiol-17 beta to affect apparent intracellular distribution of baboon cardiovascular estrogen receptors and to elevate cytoplasmic fraction progesterone receptor content suggests that these estrogen receptors are physiologically functional and indicates that estrogen may directly regulate primate cardiovascular cell function. PMID- 3767695 TI - Macrophage oxidation of low density lipoprotein generates a modified form recognized by the scavenger receptor. AB - Incubation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) with endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells overnight has resulted in an oxidative modification of LDL that results in its recognition by macrophages by way of the acetyl LDL receptor. In the present study, we examined whether macrophages themselves can oxidize and modify LDL in a manner similar to that of endothelial cells. Incubation of 125I labeled LDL with resident or thioglycollate-elicited macrophages for 24 hours in Ham's F-10 medium resulted in the appearance of thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reactive materials and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) soluble radioactivity in the medium. The LDL harvested from these incubations showed increased electrophoretic mobility and was degraded rapidly when added to fresh macrophages as compared to LDL previously incubated in the absence of cells. These macrophage-induced modifications could be prevented if the first incubation was carried out in the presence of the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) or in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM). The degradation of 125I-labeled macrophage modified LDL by macrophages was competitively inhibited by unlabeled acetyl LDL or unlabeled endothelial cell-modified LDL but not by native LDL, indicating that the degradation was mediated by the acetyl LDL receptor. PMID- 3767697 TI - [Case report of chlormezanone (Trancopal) dependence]. PMID- 3767696 TI - Iliac artery mural thrombus formation. Effect of antiplatelet therapy on 111In platelet deposition in baboons. AB - To measure the rate, extent, and time course of arterial mural thrombus formation in vivo and to assess the effects of antiplatelet therapy in that setting, we have studied autologous 111In-platelet deposition induced by experimental iliac artery aneurysms in baboons. Scintillation camera imaging analyses were performed at 1, 24, 48, and 72 hours after implantation of the device. Correction for tissue attenuation was determined by using a small, comparably located 111In source implanted at the time of surgery. In five animals, 111In-platelet activity accumulated progressively after device implantation, reaching a maximum after the third day. Repeat image analysis carried out 2 weeks after the surgical procedure also showed progressive accumulation of 111In-platelets over 3 days but at markedly reduced amounts as compared with the initial study. In five additional animals, treatment with a combination of aspirin and dipyridamole begun 1 hour after surgical implantation reduced 111In-platelet deposition to negligible levels by the third day. Although platelet survival time was shortened and platelet turnover was reciprocally increased in all operated animals, platelet survival and turnover were not affected by antiplatelet therapy. We conclude that, in contrast to platelet survival and turnover measurements, 111In-platelet imaging is a reliable and sensitive method for localizing and quantifying focal arterial thrombi and for assessing the effects of antiplatelet therapy. PMID- 3767698 TI - [Central nervous system depressant effect of several benzodiazepines in rhesus monkeys]. PMID- 3767699 TI - The effects of different concentrations of directly-applied ethanol on the Purkinje cell in vitro. PMID- 3767701 TI - [The 21st conference of the Japanese Medical Society of Alcohol Studies. Sapporo, September 19-20, 1986. Abstracts]. PMID- 3767700 TI - Behavioral study on interaction between methamphetamine and ethanol by mean of ambulatory activity in mice. PMID- 3767702 TI - Etiological aspects of ectopic pregnancy in nulliparous women. PMID- 3767703 TI - Psychosocial sequelae of abortion and sterilization: a controlled study of 200 women randomly allocated to either a concurrent or interval abortion and sterilization. PMID- 3767704 TI - Delivery of a small date infant following bilateral ligation of the internal iliac arteries. PMID- 3767706 TI - Closed loop automatic infusion system for induction of labour based on external tocography. PMID- 3767705 TI - Dysgerminoma of the ovary associated with pregnancy. PMID- 3767707 TI - Endometrial jet washings in high risk women. PMID- 3767708 TI - Antenatal diagnosis and in utero treatment of fetal arrhythmia. PMID- 3767709 TI - A scoring system for toxemia of pregnancy. PMID- 3767710 TI - Seminal plasma levels of luteinizing hormone, prolactin and testosterone in the evaluation of male infertility. PMID- 3767711 TI - Small-for-gestational-age (SGA) neonates: a study of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. PMID- 3767712 TI - Assessment of fetal heart rate variability with abdominal fetal electrocardiogram: changes during fetal breathing movement. PMID- 3767713 TI - Natural killer cell activity in pregnancy and the effects of pregnant womens' sera. PMID- 3767714 TI - Endoscopy audit. PMID- 3767715 TI - Utilisation review of magnetic resonance imaging: the Australian experience. PMID- 3767716 TI - Diagnostic evaluation and outcome in patients presenting to a casualty department with syncope or presyncope. PMID- 3767717 TI - The impact of diagnostic tests on the management of ambulatory cardiac patients. PMID- 3767718 TI - The pattern of referral from speech pathologists to child mental health services. PMID- 3767719 TI - Quality assurance in a division of surgery: Austin Hospital experience. PMID- 3767720 TI - Revised standards for Australian health care facilities. PMID- 3767721 TI - Canadian case studies--the use of the hypothetical. PMID- 3767722 TI - Survey of training needs in patient education amongst hospital staff in NSW. PMID- 3767723 TI - Clinical review of dressings, sutures and lacerations. PMID- 3767725 TI - Lithotripter audit--a helping hand. PMID- 3767724 TI - A general practitioners' peer review exercise. PMID- 3767726 TI - Family therapy. PMID- 3767727 TI - Counselling the male homosexual. PMID- 3767728 TI - Biochemical investigation of coma and confusional states. PMID- 3767729 TI - Examination of the neck. Part one. PMID- 3767730 TI - Cyclical mastalgia. PMID- 3767731 TI - Behavioural problems in toddlers. PMID- 3767732 TI - Non invasive tests of myocardial function. PMID- 3767733 TI - Motor neurone disease: a death sentence. An authentic case history from Australian general practice. PMID- 3767734 TI - Measles. PMID- 3767735 TI - Upper respiratory tract infections in general practice. PMID- 3767737 TI - Infectious hepatitis. PMID- 3767736 TI - Solar keratoses and other benign tumors. PMID- 3767738 TI - Counselling in general practice: principles and strategies. PMID- 3767739 TI - Managing marital stress. PMID- 3767740 TI - Marital counselling. PMID- 3767741 TI - Ill treatment in the family. PMID- 3767742 TI - Grief counselling. PMID- 3767744 TI - Ambulatory surgery. PMID- 3767743 TI - Reduction in rear-end collisions. PMID- 3767745 TI - The new diabetic: an approach to management. PMID- 3767746 TI - Pitfalls in the management of diabetes. PMID- 3767747 TI - The principles of dietary treatment in diabetes. PMID- 3767748 TI - Unexplained intrauterine death near term. PMID- 3767749 TI - Work load differences between male and female doctors. PMID- 3767750 TI - A viewpoint of a Seventh-day Adventist. PMID- 3767751 TI - Morbidity following successful treatment of proximal femoral fractures. PMID- 3767752 TI - The hand. Part one. PMID- 3767753 TI - Medical assessment of the adolescent. PMID- 3767754 TI - Mental health, or I'm ok and so are my parents. PMID- 3767755 TI - 'Paralysis tick' bite. PMID- 3767756 TI - Management of non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. PMID- 3767757 TI - Examination of the neck. Part two. PMID- 3767758 TI - Doctor at sea. PMID- 3767759 TI - Rubella. PMID- 3767760 TI - A survey of thermal injuries to children in Australia. Part one. PMID- 3767761 TI - The role of gut-associated lymphoid tissues in the generation of immunoglobulin bearing lymphocytes in sheep. AB - Experiments were designed to examine the relative contributions of Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes to the population of circulating immunoglobulin-bearing lymphocytes in sheep. The ileum, with more than 90% of the total Peyer's patches, the mesenteric lymph nodes, or both, were removed from lambs at different stages of development and the composition of the cell populations in lymph from different sources and in the blood was examined. Lambs which had had the ileum removed before or within a few days of birth were deficient in small lymphocytes bearing membrane immunoglobulin. This deficit remained for at least the first year of the animals' lives. Neither the removal of mesenteric lymph nodes nor removal of the ileum had any statistically significant effect on the total output of cells or on the population of IgA producing cells in lymph draining from the gut. PMID- 3767762 TI - Blood grouping with monoclonal anti-N antibodies. AB - Four monoclonal antibodies (N1, N3, N4 and N5) with specificity for the N blood group have been produced from fusions in which human erythrocytes were used as the immunizing stimulus. N1 and N3 differed from N4 and N5 with regard to their serological specificities and pH optima. Antibody N3 has been assessed for its suitability as a blood grouping reagent by testing 10,767 blood donors in parallel with Vicia graminea anti-N lectin or rabbit anti-N. There was complete correlation between the results obtained with the monoclonal and conventional reagents providing strong evidence that N3 is a reliable and potent blood grouping reagent. PMID- 3767763 TI - Aspects of pathogenesis in a mouse model of infection by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. AB - A new medium, nutrient tween 80 broth (NTB) was utilised to achieve improved cultivation of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Twenty four hour NTB cultures were used for cutaneous and intraperitoneal infection of mice. The intraperitoneal administration of heterologous protein, liquid paraffin or thioglycollate prior to intraperitoneal challenge caused enhanced multiplication of the organism although this could be prevented by modifying host response. Pretreatment of skin with thioglycollate enabled cutaneous infection to be consistently achieved. The progress of lesions in skin and viscera is described. Immunisation of the mice was effected by both intraperitoneal and cutaneous routes of inoculation, the latter being particularly useful because it did not lead to residual lesions of viscera. Immunity was expressed by a failure of organisms to localise at secondary sites although infection of primary sites in skin or peritoneal cavity occurred, apparently at a reduced level. The relevance of these findings to the natural disease of sheep is discussed. PMID- 3767764 TI - Intrinsic rates and adrenergic responses of atria from rats on sprinting, endurance and walking exercise programmes. AB - The effects of three different physical training programmes on the control of sinoatrial rate in the young male rat were investigated. After training for 8 weeks, 5 d/week, the intrinsic rate and chronotropic response to cumulatively applied norepinephrine (NEp) were examined using isolated atrial preparations. Preparations from animals trained by walking for 60 min/d at 16.1 m/min possessed the same intrinsic atrial rate as sedentary controls, while preparations from an endurance-trained group running for 60 min at 32.2 m/min at 15% grade, and from a sprint-trained group running 50, 10-s efforts at 80.5 m/min, 15% grade with a 30 s rest interval, possessed lower intrinsic atrial rates. Atrial preparations from all groups demonstrated similar maximum rates after application of NEp. For all groups there was no statistically significant difference between the EC50 values for the chronotropic effect of NEp. Training induced a modification in intrinsic atrial rate without influencing NEp chronotropic responses. PMID- 3767765 TI - Protein composition of the luminal fluid and protein synthesis in vitro by the oviducts and uteri of ovariectomized, pro-oestrus and 5-day pregnant rats. AB - Serum, oviducal and uterine luminal fluid proteins from rats at three different physiological stages of reproduction were analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Protein synthesis and secretion were also studied by short-term incubation of tissue pieces in vitro with radioactive leucine. In ovariectomized animals and 5-day pregnant animals, uterine weight and the protein content of the luminal fluid was significantly lower than in pro-oestrus animals. These differences were much less marked in the oviduct. The protein patterns of oviducal fluid and uterine fluid were significantly different from those of blood serum. However, certain proteins, such as those of 51, 56, 68 and 80 K are clearly derived from blood serum. The protein profile of oviducal fluid and extracts of oviducal tissue showed no obvious differences at the three physiological stages. However, some differences at the three physiological stages were evident in proteins of uterine fluid and in extracts of uterine tissue. PMID- 3767766 TI - Effect of haemorrhage on hepatic glutathione concentration: an experimental study in the pig. AB - Depletion in the hepatic concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) may potentiate liver injury resulting from toxic metabolites. Patients who have had severe haemorrhage frequently develop hepatic dysfunction and we have shown that the hepatic GSH level is decreased in these patients. The present study has examined the time-course effect of a 30% haemorrhage on the hepatic GSH level by sequential biopsies of the liver. Acute and chronic experiments were performed and, in both, the hepatic concentration of GSH fell during the first 6 h after haemorrhage; this fall was followed by a significant rebound elevation at 24 h. In the chronic haemorrhage experiment the hepatic GSH level was normal at 1 week after haemorrhage. Thus, the susceptibility of the liver to toxic metabolite injury after haemorrhage persists for less than 24 h in this experimental model and haemorrhage appears to have no long term effect on the hepatic GSH concentration. PMID- 3767767 TI - Human arbovirus infections along the south coast of New South Wales. AB - The prevalence of antibodies in human sera from the south coast of New South Wales to four arboviruses, isolated from mosquitoes collected along the south coast, was determined in an attempt to estimate the importance of these viruses in human infection. Only two viruses, Barmah Forest and Gan Gan, were considered to be of any significance. PMID- 3767768 TI - Basis and practice of clinical taste examinations. AB - Separate taste examinations of each area of gustatory innervation are necessary in clinical practice in treating patients with taste disorders. We have developed our own electrogustometer with a dB scale and qualitative and quantitative clinical gustometry using filter-paper discs (the filter-paper disc method). this paper reports on our main basic studies in this field and new insights and experience gained in connection with the two gustometry procedures. Reference is made to the gustatory pathway, innervation area on the tongue and the soft palate, the argument against the localization theory of taste, the correlation between electrogustometry and the filter-paper disc method, differential diagnosis of taste disorders using both methods and the effective use of these methods in clinical practice. The effective use of both methods of measurements is important to give the physician assurance and confidence in the diagnosis and treatment of taste disorders. PMID- 3767769 TI - Abnormal sensations of the pharyngo-larynx. AB - By use of a chart questionnaire, abnormal sensations of the pharyngo-larynx (ASPL) were analyzed between May 1-October 30, 1984 and followed up uintil 1 year after the first consultation date. Two hundred ninety-one patients from the total were found to suffer from ASPL, the ratio of ASPL to all out-patients being 1.47%. The ratio of sex distinction was 6.2 (males): 10 (females). A significant number of ASPL cases occured between the ages of 30-59 years old. ASPL patients were divided into the following categories: (1) causes originating from the ENT field, (2) internal medicine origin, (3) psychological internal medicine, (4) malignant origin and (5) unknown origin. The authors also conducted an investigation of the relationship between iron deficiency and abnormal sensations of the pharyngo-larynx. ASPL in females aged between 30 to 40 years indicated a significant relation to anemia of latent iron deficiency. The authors also investigated from the psychological internal medicine view and the results revealed sticky sensations of the pharyngo-larynx and autonomic imbalances with position reaction to psychosomatic and neurotic symptoms. PMID- 3767770 TI - CAP therapy for advanced, recurrent and/or metastatic malignant tumors of the head and neck. AB - One-day CAP therapy utilizing CPM, THP-ADM and CDDP was performed on 33 patients with malignant tumors in the head and neck region which were able to be evaluated. As a result, CR was obtained in 6 patients and PR in 11 patients; thus the overall response rate was 51.5%. The present therapy is worthwhile as a neo adjuvant chemotherapy and it was effective in patients with relatively severe systemic condition or those with lung metastasis. When the tissues were classified histologically, the present therapy was effective against anaplastic carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Since agents significantly effective against adenocarcinoma have not been available so far, the present therapy is considered to be a useful method especially for the treatment of adenocarcinoma. Moreover, because irreversible side effects scarcely appeared and because the period for 1 course of treatment is short enough, the present therapy is considered to be a method with little burden on patients. PMID- 3767771 TI - Dissociated taste disorder. AB - Dissociated taste disorder is a special symptom occurring when only one or two taste qualities of the four primary taste are disturbed. Eleven % of all cases of taste disorders complain of this symptom. The subjects of this investigation were 46 patients due to be examined. We used our filter-paper disc method invented for clinical qualitative and quantitative gustometry by taste examination. True dissociated taste disorder was confirmed in 12 patients only with respect to sweetness. No dissociated taste disorder was found for the other types of taste. Sweetness differs from the other three primary tastes in that it is brought about by a protein acting as a receptor. In patients suffering from true dissociated taste disorders, the predominant cause of the condition is zinc deficiency. When zinc is not available in adequate quantities, the synthesis of the protein at the sweet-sensitive receptor site can no longer be achieved smoothly, and this may lead to the development of the complaint. PMID- 3767772 TI - Electron microscopic observation of vallate taste buds of zinc-deficient rats with taste disturbance. AB - Henkin et al. (1975) reported that there is a loss of the dense substance in the taste pore region, a loss of microvilli and a decrease of dark granules and microvacuolation in the taste pore buds of patients who complain of taste disturbance. In our experiment, we prepared artificially zinc-deficient rats by feeding a zinc-deficient diet and observed the same results in the taste buds of zinc-deficient rats with taste disturbance. PMID- 3767773 TI - Assessment of taste disorders in rats by simultaneous study of the two-bottle preference test and abnormal ingestive behavior. AB - Taste disorders were produced in rats by the administration of a zinc-deficient diet and assessed by two methods, i.e., observations of the subjects' behavior in terms of the two-bottle preference test and of their ingestive behavior in terms of taste differentiation. The findings of the two tests were compared, revealing a high degree of agreement. The results indicate that reliable data can be obtained from the two-bottle preference test, an examination procedure extensively applied to the study of taste disorders, as well as from observation of the rats' ingestive behavior. Thus, both methods can be used in parallel for assessing or confirming taste disorders in rats. PMID- 3767775 TI - Noise control standards in the city of Tokyo. AB - The authors used the data on noise pollution processed by the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Environmental Protection, and discussed noise control standard in Tokyo. In the 23 wards, the noise level is between 52 and 69 dB, while in suburban city districts, the level is between 46 and 65 dB. When the level of noise is below 60 dB outdoors, the level is less than 50 dB indoors. When the level of noise exceeds 55 dB, more than 50% of the inhabitants feel uncomfortable. The standard outdoor noise level in residential districts is 60 dB in the daytime, and 50 dB in the nighttime. It must be 5 dB below the above in districts where quiet is particularly important, such as near hospitals. Regulation of noise control can only be dealt with through the cooperation of industries and inhabitants under the surveillance of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. PMID- 3767774 TI - Clinical applications and mechanism of intravenous taste tests. AB - It is well known that there are two ways to measure human blood circulation time: the arm-to-lung and the arm-to-tongue method. The decholin (20% dehydrocholic acid) test is usually used to measure the arm-to-tongue circulation time. In this study, this procedure was used to examine taste function. Findings on the clinical application of this intravenous taste test using decholin and a study on the mechanism of venous taste perception are reported here. The following method was used: Five ml of 20% decholin were injected into the right cubital vein over a 10-sec period and the latent time, the duration, the quality of the taste sensation and the region of the tongue where the taste appeared were noted. The results were as follows: 1) In dysgeusic subjects, the latent period was longer, and the duration of the taste sensation was shorter than in normal subjects (p is less than 0.01, p is less than 0.05). 2) Some of the dysgeusic subjects perceived the taste as other than bitter; their prognosis of taste dysfunction tended to be worse than that of other subjects. 3) Some of the dysgeusic subjects perceived the taste in regions of the tongue other than the bilateral edges or over the entire tongue; their prognosis of taste dysfunction tended to be worse than that of other subjects. 3) Some of the dysgeusic subjects perceived the taste in regions of the tongue other than bilateral edges or over the entire tongue; their prognosis tended to be worse than that of other subjects. In addition, photofluorograms of the tongue were taken to clarify the mechanism of intravenous taste; the time needed for fluorescence to appear in the fungiform papillae and their diffusion form in the papillae were observed and investigated. PMID- 3767776 TI - Deafness following mumps: the possible pathogenesis and incidence of deafness. AB - Mumps is thought to be the most common cause of unilateral acquired sensorineural deafness in children. Mumps deafness is usually sudden in onset, profound or complete, and may be associated with vestibular symptoms. The authors' clinical survey of 55 patients with unilateral deafness which could reasonably be ascribed to mumps indicates that the hearing loss is exclusively unilateral, severe or total and permanent, and that approximately 45% of the patients experienced dysequilibrium of vestibular origin. An analysis of the present series of mumps deafness also suggests that the primary route of invasion of the virus is hematogenous, and thus the term "viral endolymphatic labyrinthitis" is proposed as the possible pathogenesis of the deafness, since both tympanogenic and meningogenic routes of viral invasion to the labyrinth can be excluded on the basis of the clinical and cerebrospinal fluid studies. This view of the pathogenesis, particularly that mumps meningitis is not associated with deafness, is supported by several reports including those of Vuori et al. (1962), Azimi et al., (1969), Lindsay (1973), Nadol (1978), etc. The incidence of deafness following mumps appears to be extremely low, approximately 1:20,000, as estimated by Everberg (1957). PMID- 3767777 TI - Scanning electron microscopic studies of the membranous labyrinth after transtympanic infusion of local anesthetics (lidocain). AB - Scanning electron microscopic observation of the transtympanic infusion of 10% xylocain revealed twisting and disorders of outer hairs especially from the 2nd and 3rd rows of the basal to the 2nd turn of the organ of Corti, and adhesion and fusion of the sensory hairs of the crista ampullaris and otolith organ 1 and 4 days after injection. Four percent xylocain however demonstrated very minor alteration of the sensory hairs and no missing sensory hairs were detected from any cases. The authors hypothesized from electron microscopic observation that adhesion and fusion of vestibular sensory hairs or twisting and disorders of the sensory hairs of the organ of Corti might act to intercept harmful circulation of exclusion of abnormal excitement of hair cells and the innovation of electrical discharge of sensory hairs due not only to the pharmacological effects of xylocain but also to osmotic pressure. PMID- 3767778 TI - Neuro-otological study of positional vertigo caused by head injury. AB - A neuro-otological examination was given to 22 patients with paroxysmal positional vertigo within 1 week of head injury. In all cases, reverse rotatory positional nystagmus accompanied by a vertiginous sensation was observed in the positional nystagmus test. No relationship between the affected side and the direction of eye movement in the head-hanging position was found in the positional nystagmus test. From the prognosis and the nystagmus findings, the cause of the vertigo was thought to be partial damage to the inner ear. The clinical course was generally favorable, but recovery was slower in the 11 cases with neuro-otologically demonstrated central nervous system disorders than in the other 11 cases. PMID- 3767779 TI - Total protein concentration in selectively collected secretions from the middle and inferior meatus of the nose. AB - To clarify the characteristics of nasal secretions, a method for collecting human nasal secretion was devised. Total protein concentration in selectively collected secretions from the nasal cavity was determined using biochemical techniques. Dry absorbent cotton was inserted in each middle and inferior meatus of the nasal cavity for 30 min, and put in a test tube with a plastic sieve for centrifugation. After centrifugation at 5,000 rpm for 20 min, 10 microliters were obtained to measure the protein concentration the nasal secretions was made using spectrophotometry. The amount of nasal secretion samples collected was 50 to 400 microliters per site. Nasal secretions collected from the right middle and inferior meatus contained 80 to 2,450 mg/dl and 260 to 3,270 mg/dl of protein, respectively, while those from the left middle and inferior meatus contained 80 to 2,200 mg/dl and 175 to 3,050 mg/dl, respectively. It was concluded that this new method was clinically useful for collecting nasal secretions, and it permitted selective collection from predetermined sites in the nasal cavity. The total protein concentration level of nasal secretions collected by this method was higher in the inferior meatus than in the middle meatus of the nose, with statistical significance. PMID- 3767780 TI - Long-term investigation of habitual tonsillitis in children. AB - The authors were in close contact with children who had indications for tonsillectomy and investigated them in both acute tonsillitis and intermittent periods of tonsil inflammation. The results obtained were as follows: Repeated attacks of acute tonsillitis clearly decreased in number. No secondary diseases due to tonsillitis were observed. When repeated attacks of acute tonsillitis occurred, the symptoms were not as serious as previously. PMID- 3767781 TI - Immunological reaction to horseradish peroxidase of the palatine tonsil of the rabbit. AB - Detection of the immune response to external antigen of the palatine tonsil of the rabbit is an interesting problem. Employing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as an external antigen, the reactions of a perfusion sensitized group and those of a group sensitized by intravenous injection were examined. The results were as follows: 1. Hypertrophy of the palatine tonsil was recognized only in the perfusion sensitized group. 2. The serum titer level of the antibody to HRP was recognized to be high in the intravenous injection sensitized group, which was confirmed by the production of antibody in the spleen. It was also confirmed in the repeated perfusion sensitized group at a low level. 3. Antigen invasion through the epithelium of the crypt was possible by repeated intravenous injection sensitization as for perfusion sensitization. Also, invading HRP was observed electron microscopically to be phagocytized by macrophages and dendritic reticular cells. 4. In the perfusion sensitized group, production of antibody was not found in the palatine tonsils but in the regional lymph nodes of the neck. 5. In the perfusion sensitized group, a large number of eosinophils were noted mainly on the basal side of the interfollicular zone. 6. In the intravenous injection sensitized group, anti-HRP was found in the palatine tonsils and also in the spleen. Participation of the tonsils has been revealed in general human immunity. PMID- 3767783 TI - Why children drown. PMID- 3767782 TI - The global responsibility towards child health. PMID- 3767784 TI - Congenital hypothyroidism. PMID- 3767785 TI - The anatomical and physiological characteristics of pre-adolescent males and females. AB - Two hundred and two pre-adolescent subjects aged 7-12 years were examined on a battery of anatomical and physiological tests. The total sample comprised non competitive children, and those involved in training for swimming or tennis. A series of analyses of variance were applied to the data to determine whether any differences existed between preadolescent males and females. No significant interaction between age, sex and sporting involvement was found which indicated sex differences to be independent of age and training group. The results revealed that males were superior to females in physical exercise capacity, PWC170, forced vital capacity, and hand grip strength. Males also demonstrated a lesser proportion of body fat than females but were more mesomorphic. No significant differences existed in any of the other tests. PMID- 3767786 TI - The development of Australian normative data for infant temperament. AB - Utilizing the revised Infant Temperament Questionnaire previously validated for use with Australian populations, a cohort of 2443 infants aged 4-8 months was studied. This sample was recruited in such a manner as to be representative of all infants of this age group in the State of Victoria. Temperament values obtained differed significantly from American norms on four of the nine temperament dimensions, providing further evidence for the importance of using culturally appropriate norms. There were associations between temperament and problem behaviours and some parent characteristics. The normative values for temperament presented are recommended for use in Australian settings. PMID- 3767787 TI - Pulmonary interstitial emphysema in infants less than 1000 g at birth. AB - Eighty (32%) of 249 infants weighing less than 1000 g at birth developed pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE); its incidence was 42% in infants at 500 799 g, 29% at 800-899 g and 20% at 900-999 g. Fifty-five per cent occurred in the first 24 h and 43% were associated with other forms of air leak. The incidence and mortality of PIE did not improve between 1977 and 1984. The mortality rates in infants with or without PIE were not significantly different in the first 4 years of the study period (53% vs 45%). As the mortality improved in infants without PIE during the second 4 years, the difference in mortality rates in infants with or without PIE became significant (68% vs 29%). PIE continues to be associated with serious mortality and morbidity in extremely low birthweight infants. Effective measures to prevent PIE are required before further improvement in their outcome can be achieved. PMID- 3767788 TI - A comparative study of a premature infant formula and preterm breast milk for low birthweight infants. AB - Although the unique composition of preterm milk (PTM) has led to its increasing use in feeding of low birthweight (LBW) infants, controversy exists as to whether such milk adequately meets their requirements. This study compares the clinical tolerance and anthropometric, biochemical and haematological parameters of LBW infants fed exclusively with their own mother's PTM, a premature infant formula (Alprem; Nestle Australia) and a mixture of PTM and Alprem. Of 90 enrolled LBW infants (1000-1750 g birthweight), 78 completed the feeding trial for a mean duration of 42 days. Twenty-eight babies were fed Alprem (Group A), 31 received a mixture of Alprem and PTM (Group B) and 18 received PTM (Group C). Babies in Groups A and B were smaller, less mature and more asphyxiated at birth than those in Group C. Weight gain from full enteral feeding was greater in Group A (18.1 g/kg per day) and Group B (17.6 g/kg per day) than in Group C (13.0 g/kg per day). Throughout the trial, weight gain in Groups A and B exceeded predicted intra-uterine growth rates, whereas that for Group C approximated the predicted intra-uterine growth rates. Growth rates of length and head circumference were also greatest in the Alprem-fed babies. Infants receiving PTM were supplemented with calcium, sodium, vitamins and energy, whereas the only three infants requiring mineral supplementation in the Alprem group were those receiving Frusemide therapy for chronic lung disease. lower serum concentrations of phosphorus, iron, albumin and urea, and higher zinc and alkaline phosphatase concentrations were found in infants receiving PTM (P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3767789 TI - Neonatal jaundice: its prevalence in Chinese babies and associating factors. AB - A prospective study of 1238 full-term Chinese newborn infants was conducted to determine the incidence of neonatal jaundice and associated factors. A significantly more severe degree of hyperbilirubinaemia was present in infants whose ABO blood group was incompatible with that of their mothers and those who were deficient in the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). Among the remainder, clinical jaundice was present in 87% and 23.9% had a peak serum bilirubin (SB) concentration greater than 204 mumol/l. Factors that were found to have an association with a higher peak SB concentration included: male infants; elder siblings who had a history of neonatal jaundice; and breast-fed infants with or without supplementation with formula feed. Factors that were found to have no significant association with the peak SB concentration were: gestational age; birthweight; the mode of delivery of the infants; maternal consumption of Chinese herbs and syntocinon induction or augmentation of labour. PMID- 3767790 TI - Duodenal ulceration: a complication of tolazoline therapy. AB - Tolazoline Hydrochloride is a pulmonary vasodilator that is used for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Two patients who were receiving Tolazoline by infusion developed duodenal ulceration and subsequent intestinal perforation. This undesirable side effect of Tolazoline may be prevented by the concomitant use of antacids to maintain gastric pH greater than 5. PMID- 3767791 TI - Circumcision in Australia: an update. PMID- 3767792 TI - Bedwetting at a health camp: lack of effect of dry-bed training. PMID- 3767793 TI - Infant botulism. PMID- 3767794 TI - Australian College of Paediatrics. 31st annual scientific meeting. May 1986. Abstracts. PMID- 3767795 TI - Effect of imidocarb dipropionate prophylaxis on the infectivity and immunogenicity of a Babesia bovis vaccine in cattle. AB - Imidocarb dipropionate (IDP), a potent prophylactic drug against Babesia bovis infections in cattle, was tested for its effect on the infectivity and immunogenicity of a live B. bovis vaccine marketed in Australia. At the recommended prophylactic dose rate of 3 mg/kg, IDP suppressed infectivity of the vaccine for at least 6 weeks. The vaccine infected all cattle inoculated either 8 weeks after treatment with 3 mg/kg, or 4 weeks after treatment with the recommended therapeutic dose of 1.2 mg/kg. These infections were, however, partially suppressed and the level of immunity to a subsequent heterologous virulent challenge was reduced. Cattle that failed to become infected after vaccination were fully susceptible to the challenge. It is concluded that where B. bovis vaccination is contemplated, prophylactic use of IDP should be avoided. PMID- 3767796 TI - The nephrotoxicity of Isotropis forrestii in sheep. AB - Sheep were drenched with a single toxic dose of dried and milled Isotropis forrestii in water. Intoxication resulted in early onset of glycosuria, enzymuria and proteinuria. Terminal gross lesions included pale kidneys and perirenal oedema. Histologically and ultrastructurally the renal lesions were typical of primary nephrotoxicosis, with extensive proximal tubular epithelial necrosis. The tubular damage was sufficient to cause acute primary renal failure, characterised by oliguria, azotemia and failure of urinary concentrating mechanisms. PMID- 3767797 TI - Investigation of purulent vaginal discharge in cows, with particular reference to Haemophilus somnus. AB - The relationship between vaginal discharge, site of inflammation in the reproductive tract and species of bacteria isolated was examined in cows that were either normal, subfertile, or had had an abnormal parturition. Microbiological and cytological examinations were performed on uterine swabs from 221 cows and cervical swabs from 107 cows. There were 167 subferitle cows, 144 of which had failed to conceive to 3 or more services (FTC) and 23 of which had not had a visible oestrus since calving (NVO). Metritis was diagnosed in 22% of the FTC cows, 48% of the NVO cows, and 12% of the cows with abnormal parturition. Fifty percent of cows with metritis had purulent vaginal discharge. However, only 25% of a total of 91 cows with vaginal discharge had metritis; the remainder had cervicitis. Fifty-four percent of subfertile cows had cervicitis without metritis. Mixed infection with aerobes and anaerobes was significantly correlated with uterine inflammation and was found in 20% of cows with metritis. The rate of isolation of H.somnus from inflamed uteruses (22%) and inflamed cervixes (39%) was significantly greater than the isolation rate from normal uteruses (8%) and cervixes (10%). No bacteria were isolated from 50% of inflamed uteruses and 37% of inflamed cervixes. The number of subfertile cows with or without metritis that subsequently conceived was not significantly different. PMID- 3767798 TI - The effect of zeranol and testosterone on Merino wethers exposed to highly oestrogenic subterranean clover pasture. AB - Groups of Merino wethers treated with 2 doses of zeranol (6 mg and 12 mg), or testosterone cyclopentyl propionate (150 mg) and untreated controls were grazed at 2 sites, one an oestrogenic subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) pasture and the other a low oestrogen medic (Medicago truncatula) pasture. The influence of oestrogenic subterranean clover on these treatments was assessed by measuring changes in teat length, bulbourethral gland weight and pathology, bodyweight, carcase weight, dressing percentage and greasy and clean fleece weights. Teat lengths were increased by all treatments except 6 mg of zeranol where increases were not significant, and although increased by exposure to oestrogenic pasture this effect were not additive. Bulbourethral gland weights were increased by both of the zeranol treatments and by oestrogenic pasture, and these effects appeared to be additive. Differences observed histologically indicated that testosterone protected whereas zeranol exacerbated the influence of oestrogen. The bodyweights of all treated groups were heavier than the controls, but carcase weights were not significantly different. However an effect was seen in the group given the 6 mg dose of zeranol on the low oestrogen site, where the dressing percentage was significantly lower than in the control and testosterone treated groups. Differences in greasy and clean fleece weights were not significant except that the washing yield of the testosterone-treated group was significantly lower at the low oestrogen site. PMID- 3767799 TI - The effect of glucocorticoids and prematurity on absorption of colostral immunoglobulin in the calf. PMID- 3767800 TI - Cell cultures derived from bovine mammary ductular epithelium for the investigation of mastitis. PMID- 3767802 TI - Mycosis of commercial Japanese quail, ducks and turkeys. PMID- 3767801 TI - Avian influenza on a multi-age chicken farm. PMID- 3767803 TI - Cerebellar defects in parrots. PMID- 3767804 TI - Zinc toxicity (new wire disease) in aviary birds. PMID- 3767805 TI - Observations on naturally occurring inclusion body hepatitis in Victorian chickens. PMID- 3767806 TI - Selenium deficiency and toxicity in pigs. PMID- 3767807 TI - Right ventricular failure and ascites in broiler chickens caused by phosphorus deficient diets. AB - Phosphorus-deficient diets fed to broiler chicks from day 1 to day 21 induced rickets. Some chicks were stunted, but most grew well, though they had increased respiratory rates, high arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure, and low oxygen partial pressure and were polycythemic. Most of the broilers that died showed signs of pulmocardiovascular abnormalities, some died from hypoxia, and some died from right ventricular failure with or without ascites. Many broilers had mild to marked right ventricular hypertrophy and dilation with or without ascites when examined at 21 days. It is suggested that right ventricular hypertrophy and dilation was a response to pulmonary arterial hypertension caused by chronic hypoxia, which resulted from inability to breathe normally because of poor rib strength and infolding. When right ventricular failure occurred, it was secondary to right ventricular hypertrophy and dilation. PMID- 3767808 TI - Antigenic properties of four serotypes of Pasteurella multocida determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. AB - Broiler minibreeder hens were used to produce monovalent antisera to bacterins prepared from serotypes 1, 3, 4, and 3 X 4 cross (CU strain) of P. multocida and to a polyvalent fowl cholera bacterin containing serotypes 1, 3, and 4. Antiserum to the CU strain (live vaccine) was also produced. Monovalent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) plate antigens were prepared by separately sonicating each of the strains. Polyvalent plate antigen (Poly 3) was prepared by combining, in equal amounts after sonication, antigens from serotypes 1, 3, and 4. Each antiserum was assayed against its homologous ELISA plate antigen and against all other heterologous plate antigens, including Poly 3. The strongest reactions, as indicated by the highest absorbance values, were observed in homologous ELISAs. The CU strain may be the best monovalent ELISA plate antigen for detecting antibodies formed in response to a commercial polyvalent bacterin and to vaccinations with the live CU strain. Overall, monovalent serotype 1 (strain X 73) antiserum did not react well with any other heterologous ELISA plate antigen, whereas monovalent antisera of serotypes 4 (strain P-1662) and 3 X 4 (CU strain) reacted equally strongly with monovalent serotype 4 ELISA plate antigen. Background binding of negative serum was significantly lower (P less than 0.05) when using CU plate antigen than when using any of the other plate antigens. PMID- 3767809 TI - Pathology of gastrointestinal helminthiasis in the brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis). AB - Lesions caused by experimentally produced mixed infections (two flukes, Phagicola longa and Mesostephanus appendiculatoides, and an ascarid, Contracaecum sp.) were studied in 40 brown pelicans. The flukes occurred throughout the intestines and caused mild villus atrophy, lengthening of the crypts, increased goblet cell population, and lymphoplasmacytic infiltration. Contracaecum caused small ulcers where they attached to the esophagus and proventriculus. Microscopically, these ulcers had an eosinophilic, hyaline lining surrounded by focal necrosis, cellular infiltration, and fibrosis. Changes in several biochemical constituents of the blood were seen. These gastrointestinal parasitisms had low virulence, and they probably play a secondary role as a factor influencing population fluctuations in brown pelicans. PMID- 3767810 TI - Association of complement sensitivity with virulence of Pasteurella multocida isolated from turkeys. AB - Two strains of Pasteurella multocida, both derivatives of strain P1059, were compared for virulence for 14-week-old turkeys and sensitivity to turkey plasma. Strain P1059-1, a nalidixic-acid-resistant mutant of P1059 with an LD50 of approximately 10(3) colony-forming units (CFU), was more resistant to the bactericidal effects of fresh turkey plasma at 37 C than avirulent strain P1059 1A. P1059-1A, with an LD50 of approximately 10(8) CFU, is an acapsular variant of P1059-1 that spontaneously arose after prolonged passage on artificial medium. The bactericidal effect on P1059-1A was removed when turkey plasma was treated with heat or with zymosan, maneuvers that removed hemolytic complement activity from turkey plasma. PMID- 3767811 TI - Prophylactic efficacy of 3-acetyl-4''-isovaleryl tylosin in a Mycoplasma gallisepticum-induced airsacculitis infection. AB - Formulations of 3-acetyl-4''-isovaleryl tylosin (AIV) were evaluated for oral efficacy in a Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) airsacculitis infection. AIV administered by gavage, feed, or water was more effective than tylosin in preventing airsacculitis. An AIV tartrate formulation administered in drinking water to chickens infected with a macrolide-sensitive or macrolide-resistant strain of MG resulted in no detection of mycoplasma in the air sacs and in MG negative sera. PMID- 3767812 TI - A historical account of the diagnosis and characterization of strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum of low virulence. AB - Numerous chicken flocks were studied beginning in 1970 because of questionable results on their serologic tests for Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). Typically a low number of hens in the flocks were positive reactors to the rapid serum plate test and rarely had hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) titers over 1:80. Usually no clinical signs were observed. Isolates of MG eventually were cultured from most of the flocks that exhibited that type of marginal serologic pattern. In the laboratory, the MG isolates were frequently less virulent and less pathogenic than the typical field isolates recovered in previous years. Most isolates produced airsacculitis of varying severity when broilers were exposed to the MG cultures as aerosols following exposure to infectious bronchitis virus. They became positive on the rapid serum plate test and developed moderate to high HI titers. Egg-transmission appeared to be the most likely means of transmission, even though the infected progeny rarely showed clinical signs of disease. PMID- 3767813 TI - Prevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae in commercial layers in southern and central California. AB - The prevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and M. synoviae (MS) in commercial pullet and layer flocks in Southern and Central California was estimated by testing serum and egg-yolk samples from 360 sample flocks in Southern California and 41 sample flocks in Central California. Data relating to potential risk factors associated with MG and MS infections were collected. The estimated true prevalence rate of MG was 73% in Southern California and 3% in Central California. The estimated true prevalence rate of MS was 91% in Southern California and 32% in Central California. Compared with uninfected flocks, MG infected flocks in Southern California were significantly older and were medicated less (P less than 0.05). More managements were under a multiple-age system, more flocks had molted, more were vaccinated with F-strain, and more had concurrent infection with MS (P less than 0.05). Only one sample flock in Central California was MG-infected; none were vaccinated with F-strain. In Southern California, MS-infected flocks were older than uninfected flocks, more had molted, more were medicated, and more had concurrent infection with MG (P less than 0.05). In Central California, MS-infected flocks did not differ significantly from uninfected flocks in any factor examined; the lack of statistical significance may be due to small sample size. PMID- 3767814 TI - Comparison of various antigens and their ability to detect protective antibodies against Pasteurella multocida using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. AB - Various antigenic extracts of the CU strain of Pasteurella multocida were prepared to determine their suitability as plate antigens for use in the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of fowl cholera antibodies. Antisera from two separate broiler breeder flocks with known fowl-cholera vaccination histories were collected just before the birds were challenged with virulent strain X-73 P. multocida. A potassium thiocyanate (KSCN)-extracted antigen, a capsular (CAP) antigen, a lipopolysaccharide-protein antigen, and heat stable, salt-soluble antigen were all suitable as ELISA plate-coating antigens. Filtered and unfiltered sonicates of the CU strain of P. multocida were also suitable ELISA plate antigens. The results suggested that different plate antigens were detecting different populations of antibodies formed in response to fowl cholera vaccinations. When antibody titers were correlated with survival after challenge, the KSCN and the CAP plate antigens placed more nonsurvivors into low-antibody-titer ranges and more survivors (protected birds) into the high antibody-titer ranges than the other plate antigens. PMID- 3767815 TI - Antibody responses in sera and respiratory secretions from chickens infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum. AB - Antibodies in sera and respiratory secretions from chickens infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Chickens intratracheally inoculated with 10(5) cells of MG showed a correlation between severity of tracheal lesions and extent of MG colonization in the tracheas in the first 3 weeks postinoculation. Antibody titers in tracheal washings (TWs) of the infected chickens increased during this phase. Thereafter, isolation of MG from the trachea decreased sharply, and there was a concomitant decrease in tracheal lesion scores. At 5 weeks postinfection, the chickens that recovered from the infection exhibited a consistent presence of antibodies in TWs. Chickens reexposed had a faster rate of MG elimination and substantially less severe inflammatory lesions in the tracheas than chickens observed after the first exposure. These findings suggest a possible role of antibodies of the respiratory secretions in resistance to MG. The ELISA was a sensitive and reliable test to detect a minute amount of antibodies in the secretions. PMID- 3767816 TI - Effect of medicated feed on tracheal infection and population of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in chickens. AB - Six-week-old broilers were fed 50 g tylosin/ton, 400 g chlortetracycline (CTC)/ton, or unmedicated feed and then challenged intratracheally with R strain Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). Feed-grade antibiotic medication did not prevent infection, but medication did lower the number of isolations from treated birds compared with controls. Only tylosin significantly lowered MG counts in the trachea. The log10 ID50 of birds receiving tylosin, CTC, or unmedicated feed were 5.8, 4.4, and 2.9, respectively. Six-week-old leghorns were placed on the three diets described previously and challenged with the R strain of MG. Birds were sacrificed at various times up to 10 weeks postchallenge (PC). Compared with the control diet, the tylosin-medicated diet significantly reduced the tracheal MG count from day 1 to 4 weeks PC, whereas the CTC-medicated diet significantly lowered the tracheal MG count only at 3 days PC. In all groups, the MG count gradually declined after 1 week PC; by 8 weeks PC it was essentially the same in all groups. It was concluded that continuous medication has the potential for reducing MG tracheal populations only during the initial phase of an outbreak. PMID- 3767818 TI - Conjunctival cryptosporidiosis in a duck. AB - Cryptosporidial conjunctivitis was detected histologically in one of 17 eight week-old ducks during an investigation into the cause of conjunctivitis. Another 80 ducks were examined histologically for cryptosporidial conjunctivitis over the next few months. No further cases were detected. Because only one infected bird was detected, it was concluded that the cryptosporidial infection was an incidental finding rather than a primary infection. PMID- 3767817 TI - Turkey coryza: lack of correlation between plasmids and pathogenicity of Bordetella avium. AB - Plasmids were removed from pathogenic Bordetella avium using a variety of treatments. The plasmid-cure rates depended on the treatment and isolate. Pathogenicity of B. avium in turkey poults was not altered by removal of plasmids. PMID- 3767819 TI - An outbreak of coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis in 16-week-old cage-reared layer replacement pullets. AB - A flock of 16-week-old layer replacement pullets housed in cages since 1 day old experienced an outbreak of necrotic enteritis with concurrent coccidiosis 3 weeks after debeaking. PMID- 3767820 TI - Ophthalmopathy in a broiler breeder flock reared in dark-out housing. AB - Eight 22-week-old broiler breeder replacements were presented from a flock experiencing a mild mortality problem. Approximately 2-3% of the birds were not getting onto the slats to eat or drink. The birds had been reared in dark-out houses under an experimental lighting schedule. Upon examination, several birds appeared blind or partially blind; others exhibited a photophobic response. Two birds lacked a unilateral menace reflex. No other gross abnormalities or lesions were noted. Histopathologic sections of the eyes revealed retinal degeneration and detachment with early degenerative lesions in one lens. The breeder flock came into production normally but peaked below average. Light intensity in the pullet house was measured at 0.3 footcandles (3.2 lux). Although the lighting program under which the pullets were grown is suspect, the etiology of the disorder remains unclear. PMID- 3767821 TI - Newcastle disease vaccination of broilers with high- and low-titered commercial vaccines. AB - The virus titers of seven commercial B1 strain Newcastle disease vaccines were evaluated. A 2 log difference in virus content was found between the vaccine with the highest titer (10(8.8) EID 50/ml) and the one with the lowest titer (10(6.8) EID 50/ml). Broiler chickens were vaccinated with the high- and low-titered vaccines to compare hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody and challenge responses. The effect of vaccination at different ages on the HI titers was also examined. There were no significant differences between vaccine groups in HI antibody response or resistance to challenge. However, the high-titered vaccine may provide a margin of safety with the currently used methods of mass vaccination. PMID- 3767822 TI - A radioimmunoassay for the detection of antibodies to Mycoplasma gallisepticum. AB - A radioimmunoassay technique was developed to determine the antibodies to Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) in sera, yolk fluids, and tracheal washings. PMID- 3767823 TI - A serotypic survey of Pasteurella multocida isolated from poultry. AB - One hundred forty-eight Pasteurella multocida isolates from four southeastern states and California were serotyped by a gel diffusion precipitin test. The isolates were predominantly from turkeys and chickens. Sixty-eight percent of the isolates had antigenic characteristics of serotypes 3 and 4 (3 X 4). In turkeys, 76% of the isolates were 3 X 4, and serotype 3 was second (17%) in frequency. In chickens, 54% of the isolates were 3 X 4 and 19% were serotype 1. PMID- 3767824 TI - Hepatopathy and lymphosarcoma in a mynah bird with excessive iron storage. AB - Hemochromatosis and hepatic neoplasia were diagnosed in a mynah bird. Poorly differentiated cells were identified ultrastructurally as neoplastic lymphocytes. PMID- 3767825 TI - Lateralization of a food search task in the domestic chick. AB - Monocularly occluded Warren sex-linked domestic chicks (Gallus domesticus) were presented with a search test which required the differentiation of familiar food grains from unfamiliar pebbles bearing a strong resemblance to food. Male and female chicks using their left eye performed this discrimination significantly more poorly than did chicks using their right eye, both during learning and after asymptotic performance was reached. This left/right difference was superimposed upon a difference between the sexes, with females pecking fewer pebbles than males. Because of the complexity of the search test utilized, it is difficult to determine whether the left/right difference found is attributable to lateralization of visual discrimination ability or to other factors, such as lateralized differences in food search pattern or investigatory responses to novel pebbles. Nevertheless, asymmetric responses of this type provide additional evidence that lateralization of function in the brain, long thought to be a uniquely human phenomenon, is widespread among vertebrates. PMID- 3767826 TI - Exponential decay of spatial memory of rats in a radial maze. AB - The persistence of spatial memory of rats (n = 14) was investigated in an eight arm radial maze. The animals were trained until the mean number of errors in the first eight choices was 0.2. The decay of performance with time was studied using delays of 5, 20, 60, 120, or 240 min between choices 4 and 5, during which the animal was removed from the apparatus. A delay of 60 min significantly impaired performance. The mean number of errors was not significantly different from the random choice level after a delay of 120 min. The increase in the number of errors with time was exponential. Comparison of the results with those of previous studies suggests that the nature of training may have effects on memory persistence in the radial maze. PMID- 3767828 TI - Glucose effects on memory: behavioral and pharmacological characteristics. AB - Recent findings indicate that post-training glucose injections can modulate memory storage for inhibitory (passive) avoidance training. Experiment I extended these findings to determine whether glucose, like other memory modulating treatments, enhances memory storage when administered after training with low footshock and impairs memory storage after high footshock training. In Experiment I, male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained in a one-trial inhibitory avoidance task using either a brief footshock (0.5 mA, 0.7 s) or slightly more intense footshock kept on until escape (0.7 mA, mean escape latency = 3.4 s). Immediately after training, each rat received a subcutaneous injection of glucose (100 mg/kg). When tested for retention performance 24 h later, the glucose-injected animals exhibited enhanced retention performance for low footshock training and impaired retention for high footshock training. Experiment II determined whether pretreatment with adrenergic antagonists blocked the effects of glucose on memory. Pretreatment with the alpha- or beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists, phenoxybenzamine, or propranolol, respectively, had no effect on acquisition or retention in animals trained with the brief footshock and did not affect glucose facilitation of that memory. In animals trained to escape footshock, phenoxybenzamine did not attenuate the amnesia produced by glucose. Propranolol pretreated animals had impaired retention whether or not they received post training amnestic injections of glucose; glucose had no effect on retention in these amnestic animals. These findings add further support to the view that glucose release after training and treatment may represent a physiological response subsequent to epinephrine release in modulating memory storage processing. PMID- 3767827 TI - Meal patterns following changes in procurement cost for rats with fornix transection. AB - The purpose of the present study was to explore the effects of a varied procurement cost on the foraging behavior of rats with fornix transection. An operant analog of foraging requirements was used to examine the feeding patterns of the animals under free feeding, low procurement cost (FR5), and high procurement cost (FR80) situations, in an environment with minimal sensory distraction. It was found that animals with fornix transection did not differ from control rats in general consumption. Both groups were also able to adapt their feeding behavior to the varied procurement cost. As the procurement cost increased, the number of meals consumed decreased while the meal duration increased. The meal patterns themselves were different for the fornix transected animals and the control group. Animals with fornix transections ate more meals over the course of a day than did control animals; their meals were of a longer duration, and their intermeal intervals were shorter than those of control animals. During the course of a meal, the rats with fornix transections took a larger number of breaks, during which they drank, explored, or engaged in activities other than eating. These differences in the feeding patterns were seen across all procurement cost levels. The data support the possibility of hippocampal involvement in behavioral organization or sequencing. PMID- 3767829 TI - The effects of training, epinephrine, and glucose injections on plasma glucose levels in rats. AB - Recent findings indicate that a post-training injection of glucose enhances memory storage, suggesting that release of glucose into plasma may mediate the effects of epinephrine and perhaps other treatments on memory. The present experiment examined the effects of handling, inhibitory (passive) avoidance training, epinephrine and glucose injections on plasma glucose levels in Sprague Dawley rats. Handling produced a small, but significant, transient increase in plasma glucose above basal levels. Saline injections caused a similar increase in circulating glucose levels. Inhibitory avoidance training with high footshock (2.0 mA, 2.0 s) resulted in significant increases in plasma glucose levels above those of low (0.5 mA, 0.75 s) and unshocked animals suggesting that glucose release is responsive to inhibitory avoidance training. Subcutaneous injections of epinephrine (0.01-1.0 mg/kg), or glucose (10-1000 mg/kg) significantly elevated glucose levels above those of saline-injected animals in a dose dependent manner. Memory facilitating doses of epinephrine and glucose resulted in increases in plasma glucose levels similar to those seen in rats trained with high footshock. Higher doses of epinephrine and glucose resulted in further increases in circulating glucose, to levels significantly greater than those of memory facilitating doses. These results suggest that memory modulation, both endogenous and in response to epinephrine injections, may be mediated in part by circulating glucose levels. Thus, the findings of these experiments support the view that circulating glucose levels regulate the efficacy of neural memory storage processes. PMID- 3767830 TI - Effects of female odors on the sexual behavior of male hamsters. AB - A series of experiments was undertaken to investigate the effects of removal of several scent glands and scent-producing organs of female hamsters on the copulatory performance of male hamsters. In the first experiment it was shown that males engage in less copulatory activity toward females lacking vaginal secretions than toward females with these odors. Eliminating visual cues by observing pairs under infrared illumination did not change the performance of males toward these two kinds of females. The results of Experiment 2 indicated the importance of flank, ear, and Harderian glands as well as vaginal secretions- males showed the highest levels of copulatory behavior toward females with a full complement of odors and the lowest levels toward those lacking three of four sources of scent. Similar results were obtained in the third experiment in which anesthetized females were used as stimulus animals to increase the importance of chemical cues and to reduce variability due to the behavior of females. The sexual behavior of males was greatest toward females with all sources of scent present, lower toward those lacking vaginal secretions, and still lower toward those lacking vaginal secretions and other sources of odors. In the fourth experiment we asked whether any one of the nonvaginal scent glands was particularly important in stimulating male sexual behavior, but we found no differences in male performance toward females that lacked vaginal secretions or that in addition lacked one of the other scent glands. In the fifth experiment males displayed higher levels of sexual behavior toward vaginectomized females than toward vaginectomized females that had been deodorized by a cleaning procedure, again indicating the importance of nonvaginal odors in stimulating copulatory performance. Thus these experiments demonstrate the importance of vaginal secretions in the sexual arousal of male hamsters, a role for nonvaginal odors in sexual arousal of males, and the lack of necessity of these odors for male copulatory behavior. These results have implications for theories of olfactory communication in mammals and for interpretations of experiments in which lesions of the olfactory system lead to deficits in male copulatory performance. PMID- 3767831 TI - The effects of naloxone administered into the periaqueductal gray on shock elicited freezing behavior in the rat. AB - Freezing behavior that occurs following footshock was found to increase in rats in which naloxone was injected into the ventrolateral region of the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray (PAG) area of the brain prior to footshock administration. Since naloxone administered into the ventrolateral region of the PAG induced minimal freezing in rats which did not receive footshock, the results suggest that the effect of naloxone on shock-induced freezing is not due to a nonspecific decrease in motor activity. Naloxone had no effect on freezing when injected into the dorsolateral region of the PAG. The data are consistent with the theory that conditioned fear induces opioid mediated analgesia, and that the ventrolateral region of the PAG is an important component of a pain-inhibitory system involved in this analgesia. PMID- 3767832 TI - Exploration and avoidance learning after ibotenic acid and radio frequency lesions in the rat amygdala. AB - Open-field activity, avoidance behavior, and plasma corticosterone levels were studied after intraamygdala injections of 3.0 micrograms ibotenic acid (IBO) and radio-frequency (RF) lesions in the amygdala complex of male Wistar rats. The experiments were undertaken to evaluate the importance of amygdala neurons versus axons of passage in fear-motivated behavior. The IBO lesions led to increased open-field activity, but no impairments in active avoidance learning, nor changes in basal or experimental levels of plasma corticosterone. The RF lesions, on the other hand, led to an increase in experimental plasma corticosterone levels. In the one-way avoidance task the RF lesions, in contrast to the IBO lesions, led to significant impairments in the acquisition of the avoidance response. Although the long-term axon-sparing effect of IBO is questioned since cavities were detected in the affected areas 8 weeks after the injections, the differences in avoidance learning and in corticosterone levels between the RF and the IBO lesions indicate that the axons were functionally active at the time of testing (14-26 days postoperatively). The increase in open-field activity is attributed to the destruction of amygdala neurons and neurons in the overlying cortex, while an avoidance deficit seem to depend on the destruction of axons. On the basis of the behavioral results and the corticosterone data in these experiments, it is suggested that the behavioral changes are not attributable to a general reduction in the arousal of fear. However, since the IBO lesions did not affect the most medial parts of the amygdala complex including the central amygdala nucleus, the role of this nucleus in fear arousal has to be investigated further. PMID- 3767833 TI - Performance of normal and neurological mutant mice on radial arm maze and active avoidance tasks. AB - The objectives of the present study are to assess the import of gene-imposed structural alterations on behavioral performance and obtain performance data preliminary to studies of experimental mouse chimera behavior. Reeler, staggerer, and weaver neurological mutant, and control B6C3 and ichthyosis mice were tested on radial arm maze and active avoidance tasks. Weaver mice had incapacitating seizures while performing the radial arm maze task and were, therefore, removed from further testing. Staggerer mice displayed a significant deficit on both tasks compared to control mice. Homozygous reeler mice (rl/rl) also had a significant deficit on the active avoidance task compared to +/rl control mice but not significantly poorer than ichthyosis mice. However, their performance on the radial arm maze task, while initially poor, improved so that they performed the task similar to wild-type controls. Three of the reeler mice reached criterion for solving the radial arm maze task. None of the staggerer mice reached criterion. These data are discussed in terms of the value of using neurologically mutant mice in dissecting structural-functional relationships. It is suggested that the behavior of these mutants might point toward specific components of cerebellar involvement in behavioral acts. PMID- 3767834 TI - Social isolation inhibits male-like sexual behavior in female hamsters. AB - In the female golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus, group housing permits the expression of male-like behavioral patterns including mounting and pelvic thrusting toward an estrous stimulus female. Sixty percent of females housed in groups of five showed these behaviors, while singly housed females were rarely observed to show mounting or thrusting. Females weaned at 19 or 35 days of age did not differ in their tendencies to show male-like behavioral patterns. Virtually all observations of mounting and pelvic thrusting behaviors were made on days when the females being tested were in behavioral estrus. These findings differ from previous studies which have reported that masculine behavioral patterns are rare in normal female hamsters. In previous studies females that were evaluated were typically not in behavioral estrus and were not housed for long periods of time with other intact females. Social factors interact with hormonal state to contribute to the expression of male-like behaviors in female hamsters. PMID- 3767835 TI - A general systems approach to the patient, hospital staff, family, and community: implications for health care services. AB - This article concerns the application of a general systems concept to the health care system. A system consists of a set of interacting components which are interrelated and interdependent, and function as a unit. In order to identify some of the significant influences on the patient who has been hospitalized, this general systems concept has been applied to health care systems at a number of open systems levels in which he or she participates. These are the body-mind system of the patient (an organism); the patient-hospital staff system (an organization); the system relating the patient to his or her family (a group); and the patient-community system. Analyses of the strategic parts of these systems, their mutual dependencies and the processes which link them, together with their functions, have implications for both hospital-based health-care professionals and hospital administrators. These analyses are generalizable across these four levels of systems. Their implications have importance for health care services. PMID- 3767836 TI - Glutathione transferases and carcinogenesis. PMID- 3767837 TI - Interception of toxic agents/mutagens/carcinogens: some of nature's novel strategies. PMID- 3767838 TI - Inducible cellular responses to DNA damage in mammalian cells. PMID- 3767839 TI - Single-base mutations associated with mouse lymphomas. PMID- 3767840 TI - DNA repair genes of mammalian cells. AB - In the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line, various mutations affecting DNA repair have been obtained. Mutants that belong to 5 genetic complementation groups for ultraviolet (UV) sensitivity and resemble the cells from individuals having the cancer-prone genetic disorder xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) were previously identified. Each mutant is defective in the incision step of nucleotide excision repair and hypersensitive to bulky DNA lesions. These UV mutants can be divided into two subgroups; only Groups 2 and 4 are extremely sensitive to mitomycin C and other DNA cross-linking agents. The clear-cut phenotypes of the CHO mutants have allowed us to construct hybrid cells by fusion with human lymphocytes and thereby identify which human chromosomes carry genes that correct the CHO mutations. The first two mutations analyzed, UV20 (excision repair deficient; UV Group 2) and EM9, which has a very high frequency of sister chromatid exchange (SCE), are both corrected by chromosome 19. Efforts are underway to isolate complementing repair genes by DNA-mediated gene transfer. The human gene that corrects mutant EM9 and the hamster gene that corrects UV135 (UV Group 5) have been introduced by cotransfer of genomic DNA and the dominant selectable marker gpt (guanine phosphoribosyltransferase) gene. In each case, the DNA repair function was co-selected based on resistance to 5-chlorodeoxyuridine (CldUrd) or repeated UV irradiation, respectively. The presence of a functional human repair gene in the EM9 transformants is shown by the presence of common human DNA sequences on some fragments produced by restriction enzyme cleavage. In UV135, transfer of a repair gene is indicated by a colony distribution containing "jackpots" and by instability of the resistant phenotype. PMID- 3767841 TI - Genetic and chemical factors affecting chemical mutagenesis in cultured mammalian cells. AB - The genetic and chemical factors affecting chemical mutagenesis in cultured Chinese hamster V79 cells are described. The frequency of mutations induced by the same chemicals at the same concentrations was markedly affected by the genetic markers used. Some chemicals that were positive in the Ames tests induced 8AGr and 6TGr mutations at higher frequencies than OUAr mutations. Carcinogens that were negative in the Ames tests induced only 8AGr mutations, but did not induce OUAr mutations. As a compound affecting mutations induced by EMS, vitamin C showed marked effects in reducing the cytotoxicity and frequency of 6TGr mutations induced by EMS when cells were treated simultaneously with vitamin C at a concentration of 100 micrograms/ml. PMID- 3767842 TI - Reducing the genotoxic damage in the oral mucosa of betel quid/tobacco chewers. PMID- 3767843 TI - The concentration of bile acids in the fecal stream as a risk factor for colon cancer. PMID- 3767844 TI - Hormones and dietary factors controlling gene activation and expression in carcinogenesis. PMID- 3767845 TI - Mutagen is a mutagen, not necessarily a carcinogen. PMID- 3767846 TI - DNA repair and replication in xeroderma pigmentosum and related disorders. AB - Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), ataxia telangiectasia (AT), and Cockayne syndrome (CS) are human diseases that exhibit increased sensitivity to environmental carcinogens [e.g., ultraviolet (UV) light, ionizing radiations, chemicals] because of genetic defects in the patient's capacity to repair and replicate damaged DNA accurately. The major defect in XP is a failure to repair UV damage to DNA; in AT, the failure is in repair or replication of double-strand breaks in DNA; in CS, the failure is in recovery of DNA replication after UV irradiation. Cancer is a major clinical feature of XP and AT, but not of CS. Each disease is complex, with multiple groups defined by complementation in cell-cell hybridization. Overlap is reported between some XP and CS groups. UV-sensitive hamster cell mutants are also known: most of these complement XP groups, and a human gene on chromosome 19 can correct the defects in hamster mutants, but not XP. XP group C is distinct from the other groups in exhibiting a strongly clustered mode of repair, as if only certain regions of the genome can be mended. This mode mainly occurs in confluent group C cells under conditions that permit much greater survival than in exponential growth, and therefore represents a more efficient mode of repair. These diseases all represent important examples of perturbation in the way carcinogen damage in DNA is metabolized, and further research aimed at identifying the kinds of molecular changes involved in the malignancy will be important. PMID- 3767847 TI - Role of intercellular communication in modifying the consequences of mutations in somatic cells. PMID- 3767849 TI - Genetic aspects of cancer epidemiology. PMID- 3767848 TI - Cancer and free radicals. AB - It is now clear that free radical intermediates often are involved in the activation of many types of procarcinogens and promutagens to their active forms as well as in the binding of these activated species to DNA. In this chapter, a general introduction to free radical chemistry is presented, with some discussion of radical lifetimes and reactivities. Potential biological targets of radical attack include lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, and the reactions of all three of these target molecules with radicals are discussed. Finally, the evidence linking free radical reactions with chemical carcinogenesis is reviewed. A mechanistic scheme that divides the mechanisms for activating procarcinogens into 5 types is suggested; of these, 3 types of mechanisms involve free radicals, either in the activation of the carcinogen or in its binding to DNA or both. It also is suggested that a "reverse binding" can occur in which radicals produced on the DNA backbone attack and bond to unactivated substrates, rather than activated substrates (such as radicals) attacking unactivated DNA. It is known that systems that produce superoxide can lead to the production of hydroxyl radicals and that these HO. radicals form radical sites on DNA; thus, reverse binding could occur when any species that can add to a free radical is in the vicinity of the radical-damaged DNA. PMID- 3767850 TI - Carcinogenic and other protective effects of dithiolthiones. PMID- 3767851 TI - Antioxidants as antitumor promoters. PMID- 3767852 TI - Inhibitors of mutagenesis and their relevance to carcinogenesis. PMID- 3767853 TI - Population consequences of mutagenesis and antimutagenesis. AB - Although the progress in basic understanding of mutagenesis and in techniques for precise measurement of mutation rates in test systems has been enormous, there has been very little progress in applying this information to estimates of germline mutation in humans, and even less in translating such estimates into quantitative assessments of the impact on future generations. This doesn't mean that new information about the mutation process, and antimutagens in particular, is not useful. Lowering the human mutation rate would be good, even if we can't say how good. Some simple population kinetics of a change of mutation are discussed, and it is shown that future environmental changes can be ignored if we assume that the impact of a disease on human welfare is changed by the environment in the same proportion as its effect on fitness. Since the human mutation rate appears to be much higher in males than in females, it would be especially important to find ways of reducing the male rate. The role of transposable elements in determining human spontaneous mutation rates is unknown, but unless data from experimental organisms are grossly misleading, this role may be substantial. It is sometimes argued that such responses as error-prone repair systems may be an evolutionary strategy to allow the population to try a larger repertoire of mutations in times of environmental change. They may also be a survival strategy. I suggest that, although such an evolutionary strategy may possibly be adopted in asexual organisms with a very high reproductive rate, it is very unlikely in Mendelian species with limited reproduction such as most higher animals. The amount of existing variability in a large population is so great relative to that which arises in a few generations by mutation that segregation and recombination of existing alleles would appear to be a better way of coping with changing environment. As the human age of reproduction has increased in the recent evolutionary past, it is possible that the compensatory adjustment of mutation rates has not been fast enough to keep up. Perhaps evolution of mutation rates is more determined by selection to reduce somatic mutation than by selection to reduce germinal mutation. Regardless of the answer to the question of the optimum mutation rate for long-time evolution, in my view, the optimum mutation rate from the standpoint of human welfare for the foreseeable future is zero. PMID- 3767854 TI - Effects of vitamins C and E on carcinogen formation and action, and relationship to human cancer. PMID- 3767855 TI - Modifiers of endogenous nitrosamine synthesis and metabolism. PMID- 3767857 TI - [Determination of the time of death--critical evaluation of methods]. PMID- 3767856 TI - [Alcohol kinetics and psychophysical ability to perform under H2 receptor blockers]. PMID- 3767858 TI - [Calor, rigor, livor and supravitality--rational use for cadavers]. PMID- 3767859 TI - [Practical experiences with a body-cooling dummy]. PMID- 3767860 TI - [Changes in the bone structure at different ages with reference to identification]. PMID- 3767861 TI - [Pattern of distribution of elastic bodies in human skin. Complementary studies of infants and small children and of the hands and feet of adults]. PMID- 3767862 TI - [The central nervous system in coma and delirium]. PMID- 3767863 TI - [Morphologic aspects in cerebral seizures and contribution to sudden, unexpected and unexplained death]. PMID- 3767864 TI - [Systematic comparison of procedures for the determination of blood and breath alcohol]. PMID- 3767865 TI - [Combined analysis of findings in the diagnosis of diabetic metabolic disorder]. PMID- 3767866 TI - [Studies of glucose metabolism in the cadaver]. PMID- 3767867 TI - [Decreased erythrocyte deformability as a cause of intracranial hemorrhage in fatal sodium chloride poisoning]. PMID- 3767868 TI - [Increased ethanol elimination following administration of glucose: activation of the enzyme system or nonspecific gastrointestinal stimulation?]. PMID- 3767869 TI - [Effects of a combination of alcohol and increased intracranial pressure on cerebral pressure and vital functions]. PMID- 3767870 TI - [Cadaveric alcohol]. PMID- 3767871 TI - [Success and value of systematic morphologic studies of the nose and pharynx in SIDS]. PMID- 3767872 TI - [Sudden infant death following Salmonella dublin septicemia]. PMID- 3767873 TI - [Correlation between blood alcohol and respiratory alcohol concentrations- results of a field study]. PMID- 3767874 TI - [Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons--presence, analysis and metabolism]. PMID- 3767875 TI - [A method of analysis for the differentiation between inososes and inositols]. PMID- 3767876 TI - [Identification by UV detectors following high pressure liquid chromatography]. PMID- 3767877 TI - [Quantitative determination of cimetidine and ranitidine in serum samples]. PMID- 3767878 TI - [Fatal verapamil poisoning]. PMID- 3767879 TI - [Propoxyphene poisoning]. PMID- 3767880 TI - [Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry findings of morphine and codeine in the vitreous humor and hair]. PMID- 3767881 TI - [Detection of the use of heroin by determination of 6-acetylmorphine in urine]. PMID- 3767882 TI - [Experiences with the Alcotest 7310 used by police--comparison between breath alcohol and blood alcohol concentrations]. PMID- 3767883 TI - [Knowledge of the behavior of the rupture of cerebral arteries]. PMID- 3767884 TI - [Hemorrhage of the laryngeal muscles in various causes of death]. PMID- 3767885 TI - [End ballistic relation models--their use in wound ballistic research]. PMID- 3767886 TI - [Postmortem cytokinetics of epidermal cells]. PMID- 3767887 TI - [Iatrogenic fatalities and the physician's obligation to report?]. PMID- 3767888 TI - [Responsibility for disclosure of medically-induced damage in Austria]. PMID- 3767889 TI - [Procedure in so-called medical errors in Finland]. PMID- 3767890 TI - [The problem of organ and tissue removal from the cadaver]. PMID- 3767891 TI - [Evaluation of responsibility in crime related to alcohol from the psychiatric viewpoint]. PMID- 3767892 TI - [Experiences with declaration of consent for performing autopsies]. PMID- 3767893 TI - [Experimental production of horizontal current marks in water]. PMID- 3767894 TI - [Forensic medicine autopsy register: current status, uses and future chances]. PMID- 3767895 TI - [Iatrogenic damage in roentgen diagnosis]. PMID- 3767896 TI - [Fatalities caused by penicillin allergy in a forensic medicine autopsy sample]. PMID- 3767898 TI - [Collision velocity and severity of injuries in simulated 90-degree side collisions]. PMID- 3767897 TI - [Can oxaloses be iatrogenically induced?]. PMID- 3767899 TI - [Venous air embolism as an unexpected complication in the area of medical responsibility]. PMID- 3767900 TI - [Chronic osteomyelitis--insufficient therapeutic procedure or factitious disease?]. PMID- 3767902 TI - [Frontal lobe changes in vagabonds]. PMID- 3767901 TI - [Postmortem coagulation and fibrinolytic reaction mechanisms in draining blood]. PMID- 3767903 TI - [Forensic medical service in the developing country Lesotho]. PMID- 3767904 TI - [Role behavior of the sexes (female protective behavior)]. PMID- 3767905 TI - [Scientific graphics with the home computer: a simple possibility for producing transparencies to accompany reports]. PMID- 3767906 TI - [Remarks on the irritability and onset of rigor mortis in skeletal muscles]. PMID- 3767907 TI - [Subdural hemorrhage following trauma by shaking]. PMID- 3767908 TI - [Age-related changes in wall thickness in various arteries]. PMID- 3767909 TI - [Identification of simulated suicides with biochemical determination of the age of injuries]. PMID- 3767910 TI - [Histological and ultrastructural findings in the parotid gland following parathion poisoning]. PMID- 3767912 TI - [Evaluation of postmortem CK isoenzyme activity as a parameter of myocardial damage]. PMID- 3767911 TI - [Analytic data of the new benzodiazepine derivatives alprazolam (Tafil, Xanax) and its metabolites]. PMID- 3767913 TI - [Alcohol, smoking and reactivity]. PMID- 3767914 TI - [Animal experiment studies on the effect of drugs on chrysene metabolism in vitro]. PMID- 3767915 TI - [Development of the autopsy service at the Institute of Pathology of the University of Hamburg]. PMID- 3767916 TI - [Legal autopsy before cremation. A study of 2,470 cases]. PMID- 3767917 TI - [Possibilities in the use of graphics printers in forensic medicine research]. PMID- 3767918 TI - [Phenomenology of supracervical hanging: peculiarities in the rope cutting through the mouth]. PMID- 3767919 TI - [Electrophoretic studies of blister formation on skin ridges between rope marks]. PMID- 3767920 TI - [Suicidal gunshot injury with disintegration of the weapon]. PMID- 3767921 TI - [Toxicology of glycerin. Case report]. PMID- 3767922 TI - [Anomalies of the vertebral artery in sudden infant death]. PMID- 3767923 TI - [Significance of birth trauma damage to the vertebral artery in sudden infant death]. PMID- 3767924 TI - [Alkyldinitrophenol poisoning]. PMID- 3767925 TI - [Recent electrophoretic methods in the analysis of blood stains]. PMID- 3767926 TI - [Factors affecting the morphology of blood stains]. PMID- 3767927 TI - [Systematic aspects of the stain picture in blood spray stains caused by impact]. PMID- 3767928 TI - [Study of antigens of the ABO system in blood stains with monoclonal antisera]. PMID- 3767929 TI - [A modification of the absorption-elution procedure]. PMID- 3767930 TI - [Peripheral nerve damage in alloarthroplasty of the hip joint]. PMID- 3767931 TI - [XYY syndrome in orthopedic practice]. PMID- 3767932 TI - [Marie-Bamberger syndrome in patients with bronchial cancer]. PMID- 3767933 TI - [Symphalangia]. PMID- 3767934 TI - [Results following the surgical treatment of dislocated hips in the dislocation stage]. PMID- 3767935 TI - [Tumor-simulating inflammatory bone changes]. PMID- 3767936 TI - [Synovectomy of the hip joint in PCP]. PMID- 3767937 TI - [Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (case report)]. PMID- 3767938 TI - [Value of early functional treatment following sports injuries]. PMID- 3767939 TI - [Quantification by biophysical studies of fracture healing following ultrasound stimulation of distal radius fractures]. PMID- 3767940 TI - Relationship between milk production and some blood constituents in Egyptian Baladi goats. AB - Under the conditions of a high ambient temperature and the lack of green fodder goats are very important for milk production. During 16 weeks of lactation period, the milk yield of 10 Baladi goats was 55 kg. The amount of milk exhibited a positive relation to the globulin and glucose content of the blood. There was a highly negative correlation with the albumin content and the number of leucocytes. PMID- 3767941 TI - [Behavior of protein synthesis in heart muscle tissue of rats following oral administration of g-strophanthin]. PMID- 3767942 TI - [Quality assurance of an enzyme immunoassay, ELISA, for the quantitative analysis of bovine immunoglobulins]. PMID- 3767943 TI - [Nymphalon in cattle with cystic degenerated follicles]. PMID- 3767944 TI - [The 3 hair cycle in domestic mammals from the functional and morphologic viewpoint]. PMID- 3767945 TI - [Morphology of the secretory epithelium in the prostate of cattle]. PMID- 3767946 TI - [Diagnosis of pericardial effusion in dogs using 2-dimensional echocardiography]. PMID- 3767947 TI - Evaluation of the actin filament length from the time course of the depolymerization process. AB - When pyrenyl-labelled actin, at intermediate stages of polymerization, is diluted in the polymerization buffer, the decrease of fluorescence takes place stepwise through pseudo zero order reactions of decreasing rate. It is shown that the analysis of the kinetic course of the reaction allows the evaluation of the length of the actin filaments. PMID- 3767948 TI - A possible way for prediction of domain boundaries in globular proteins from amino acid sequence. AB - A simple approach to domain border prediction in globular proteins is outlined relying on the amino acid sequence only. Statistically determined sequential and association preference data of amino acids were combined to generate short range preference profiles along the polypeptide chains. Domain boundaries correlate with the minima of preference profiles, but some false minima also exist. Possibilities are discussed to exclude the false minima and to further improve the efficiency of the algorithm. PMID- 3767949 TI - Binding of apoA-IV-phospholipid complexes to plasma membranes of rat liver. AB - Rat apoA-IV complexes with dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (apoA-IV-DMPC) have been prepared and their ability to bind to purified rat liver plasma membranes investigated. Binding equilibrium at 37 degrees C was reached in 30 minutes. Saturation binding experiments and subsequent analysis of the results with Scatchard plots gave results consistent with the presence of a single saturable binding site. DMPC or POPC unilamellar vesicles could not compete with apoA-IV DMPC for binding; apoA-I-DMPC competed only partially. ApoE-poor HDL effectively competed with apoA-IV-DMPC. The fact that binding could be greatly reduced (greater than 70%) by preincubating the membrane with pronase (18 micrograms/ml), supports the conclusion that a membrane protein is involved in binding. Based on these results, we speculate that the rapid catabolism of apoA-IV in plasma may be mediated by a specific uptake mechanism in the liver. The implications of these results support the hypothesis that apoA-IV is involved in reverse cholesterol transport. PMID- 3767950 TI - Occurrence of 4-hydroxyalkenals in rat tissues determined as pentafluorobenzyl oxime derivatives by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. AB - Malondialdehyde measurements have been the major tool for studying relationships between lipid peroxidation and tissue pathology. Recently, we presented a novel gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for direct detection of phospholipid peroxides with picogram sensitivity based on transesterification of phospholipids or triglycerides to form pentafluorobenzyl esters. Under some circumstances the reactive primary oxidation products break down. Therefore, we developed a convenient, high sensitivity method to detect more stable secondary lipid oxidation products, the 4-hydroxyalkenals. The method accomplishes a facile extraction of 4-hydroxynonenal from tissues by forming pentafluorobenzyl oxime derivatives to displace aldehydes from Schiff base linkages. 4-hydroxynonenal was found in heart, liver, adrenal, and testis from rats and was detected to the 10 100 pg level by the current method. PMID- 3767951 TI - Affinity purification and structural characterization of a specific binding protein for human growth hormone in human serum. AB - A highly specific binding protein for human growth hormone (hGH) has been isolated from human serum by hGH-affinity chromatography. A purification of approximately 1500-fold with a 30-40% recovery was obtained with essentially no alteration in binding characteristics. Covalent cross-linking of 125I-hGH to the binding protein, followed by analysis by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography, revealed two specifically labeled complexes. Allowing for a 1:1 binding stoichiometry the binding proteins themselves had mean mol wts of 57,000 and 69,300. These increased slightly to mol wt 60,300 and 72,000 respectively in the presence of 100 mM dithiothreitol, suggesting the presence of intramolecular but not inter-subunit disulfide linkages. These data confirm the presence of the hGH binding protein(s) in human serum and define their gross structural nature. PMID- 3767952 TI - A novel mass spectrometric procedure to rapidly determine the partial structure of heparin fragments. AB - The molecular weight and degree of sulfation has been obtained for di-, tetra- and hexasaccharide fragments of heparin obtained by enzymatic depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The sodium salt form of the sulfated oligosaccharide is adsorbed onto an immobilized cationic surfactant film which is inserted directly into the mass spectrometer. Analyses are routinely obtained on 25-50 microgram samples in less than an hour. This approach provides rapid confirmatory structural information that is complementary to existing methodologies. PMID- 3767953 TI - The helical hydrophobic moment avoids prolines in phospholipid-binding proteins. AB - Proline residues appear to punctuate the distribution of amphiphilic phospholipid binding regions of apolipoproteins. We have applied a quantitative test to this hypothesis and shown that the magnitude of the helical hydrophobic moment around proline residues is reduced in lipid-binding proteins and peptides. PMID- 3767954 TI - Differential cytolysis of murine spleen, bone-marrow and leukemia cells by melittin reveals differences in membrane topography. AB - L1210 leukemia cells are 2-4 fold more sensitive to the cytolytic effects of melittin, the membrane-active toxin of bee venom, than normal DBA/2 mouse spleen and bone-marrow cells. Lysis of the normal cells was abolished when either 75 mM galactosamine, glucosamine or 100 microM beta-lactoglobulin was added to the melittin-cell reaction, but lysis of the leukemia cells was unaffected. The amino groups appeared necessary for blocking melittin-mediated lysis since glucose, galactose and the N-acetyl derivatives were not inhibitory. Bone-marrow cells were more readily protected from lysis than spleen cells. Since melittin inhibitor complexes were not detected by gel chromatography and the inhibitor could be added to the cell suspension after melittin, the evidence suggests that bone-marrow cells are rich in membrane binding sites for carbohydrates that decrease in mature spleen cells and are virtually absent after neoplastic transformation. PMID- 3767955 TI - In vivo 31P nuclear magnetic resonance studies of arsenite induced changes in hepatic phosphate levels. AB - Hepatic phosphate resonances were evaluated in vivo by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR) following a single intravenous dose of sodium arsenite (10 mg/kg). Acute in vivo administration of arsenite rapidly decreased intracellular pools of all ATP phosphate with concomitant increases in inorganic phosphate and phosphomonoesters. In the phosphodiester resonance region, glycerolphosphorylcholine was also increased. The data suggest that liver cannot compensate for the rapid loss of NAD-linked substrate oxidation via other metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis for the production of ATP, and also demonstrate that 31P-NMR spectroscopy can disclose time-dependent metabolic changes of the liver in vivo. PMID- 3767956 TI - Enzymic cleavage of the blocked amino terminal residues of peptides. AB - The substrate specificity of an enzyme that removes some N-terminal blocked amino acids from blocked peptides has been further explored with several naturally occurring peptides. Chloride ion is an effective modulator of enzyme activity. Although the relative efficiency of the enzyme varies considerably with different peptide substrates, in each case there was significant although less than quantitative release of the N-terminal blocked amino acid. The possible application of this enzyme to structural studies on polypeptides is evaluated. PMID- 3767957 TI - Bilayer asymmetry in lysophosphatidylcholine/cholesterol (1:1) vesicles. A phosphorus-31 NMR study. AB - Prolonged sonication (3 h) of equimolar amounts of lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) and cholesterol (chol) produces small unilamellar vesicles. Phosphorus 31 NMR (32.20 MHz) of the vesicles gave rise to a single peak (40.5 ppm) which was split upon addition of lanthanide ions. An additional, more intense signal appeared downfield near 51.0 ppm due to 2.4 mM Pr3+, upfield near 34.3 ppm due to 5 mM Yb3+. The more intense signals responsive to paramagnetic ions were assigned to lysoPC located in the outer vesicle leaflet; the signal not shifted by the ions was assigned to inside lysoPC. Based on peak intensities, an outside-to inside lysoPC ratio (Ro/i) of 6.5-6.6 was determined. Essentially the same Ro/i values (6.6-6.8) were obtained when Pr3+ was present only in the vesicle interior or when Pr3+ was on the inside and Pr3+ and Yb3+ were on the outside. Ion leakage did not occur. Our data demonstrate that lysoPC/chol (1:1) vesicles are drastically asymmetric and that lysoPC shows a distinct preference for the outer bilayer leaflet. PMID- 3767958 TI - Involvement of long-chain acyl CoA in the antagonistic effects of halothane and L carnitine on mitochondrial energy-linked processes. AB - Incubation of rat liver mitochondria in the presence of halothane induced a consistent impairment of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation without significantly affecting the steady-state of transmembrane electrical potential. These alterations of mitochondrial energy-linked processes were associated with a consistent accumulation of long-chain acyl CoA. Addition of L-carnitine partially prevented the effects of halothane on oxidative phosphorylation and completely abolished the halothane-induced long-chain acyl CoA accumulation. The possibility is discussed that the damaging action of halothane on mitochondrial functions might be partially ascribed to the noxious action of the excess of long-chain acyl CoA induced the anesthetic. PMID- 3767959 TI - Reaction of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) with guanosine: evidence for a new mechanism of DNA modification. AB - When guanosine reacts with 1,3-bis(2-chloro-2,2-dideuteroethyl)-1-nitrosourea in a mixture of pH 7.1 buffer and DMSO, the 7-chloroethylguanosine which is isolated contains two deuterium atoms located next to the guanine ring and beta to the chlorine atom as shown by electron impact mass spectrometry. It is proposed that initial attack by DNA bases occurs on the number 2 carbon of the haloethylnitrosourea with displacement of the chloride ion. In accordance with this proposed mechanism, 7-bromoethylguanosine is isolated as a major product when BCNU is reacted with guanosine in the presence of high concentrations of KBr. These results suggest that the antitumor activity of various haloethylating antitumor agents may be determined by structural changes which affect their mechanisms of reaction with DNA. PMID- 3767960 TI - Reduced phosphorylcholine hydrolysis by homogenates of temporal regions of Alzheimer's brain. AB - The hydrolysis of p-nitrophenylphosphorylcholine, p-nitrophenylphosphate, and phosphorylcholine was quantitated in homogenates prepared from the occipital and temporal regions of control and Alzheimer's Disease patient brain. There were no significant differences detected in activities of enzymes cleaving the first 2 compounds. A 78% reduction in the capacity for hydrolyzing phosphorylcholine by temporal homogenates from Alzheimer's patients compared to controls was demonstrated. The hydrolysis of this substrate by occipital homogenates was identical to control values. These results may explain the lack of cognitive improvement of Alzheimer's patients receiving dietary supplements of either choline or lecithin. PMID- 3767961 TI - Human serum does contain a high molecular weight hepatocyte growth factor: studies pre- and post-hepatic resection. AB - Levels of a high molecular weight hepatotrophin were measured in human serum taken from patients before and 24 hours after undergoing major hepatic resection. In in-vitro rat hepatocyte cultures a 'hepatotrophin' enriched fraction of human serum induced the incorporation of tritiated thymidine into DNA in both pre and post-operative patients. Levels after hepatic resection were 2-3 fold higher than those achieved at the same protein concentration before operation in the same patient. The hepatotrophic factor had an apparent molecular weight of approximately 150,000 daltons, and was an anionic protein. PMID- 3767962 TI - Degradation of (ADP-ribose)n in permeabilized HeLa cells. AB - Determination of (ADP-ribose)n degradation rates in permeabilized HeLa cells, measured as loss of acid-insoluble radioactivity from permeabilized cells previously incubated with [3H]NAD+, showed bi-phasic kinetics. The majority of label was lost within 20 min at pH 6.0 and 37 degrees C and has a half-life of about 12-15 min. The minor ADP-ribose component was either removed very slowly, or appeared to be stable over an 80 min incubation. The degradation rate of the labile component was directly proportional to the initial amount of ADP-ribose present, and was independent of the experimental conditions used to create various elevated levels. The degradation rates of monomeric and oligo/polymeric ADP-ribose were the same, surprising since different enzymes catalyse the respective reactions. The more stable ADP-ribose component could be more inaccessible to degrading enzymes and/or might represent a different linkage to protein, the cleavage of which is slow. PMID- 3767963 TI - Effect of osmolality on angiotensin-stimulated aldosterone production by primary cultures of bovine adrenal glomerulosa cells. AB - Studies were performed to examine the relationship between osmolality and aldosterone production using primary cultures of bovine adrenal glomerulosa cells. Cell monolayers were incubated under hypo- (234 mOsm), iso- (274 mOsm), or hyperosmotic (318 mOsm) conditions in the absence or presence of angiotensin II (10(-12) M to 10(-9) M). Although basal steroidogenesis was unaffected, angiotensin II-stimulated aldosterone production was inversely related to osmolality. Mannitol and NaCl were equally effective as osmotic particles. Thus, modulation of angiotensin II-stimulated aldosterone secretion produced in vivo by changes in plasma osmolality result, in part, from a direct effect on the glomerulosa cells. PMID- 3767964 TI - Mitochondrial protein phosphorylation and cardiomyopathy in genetically diabetic mice: the effect of estrone treatment. AB - The alpha-subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase and succinyl-CoA synthetase are phosphorylated after incubation of cardiac mitochondria from genetically diabetic mice with [gamma-32P]ATP. There is significantly increased incorporation of 32P into pyruvate dehydrogenase from diabetic mice when compared to controls. The enhanced rate of pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphorylation correlates well with the previously reported defective oxidative metabolism and decreased activity of this enzyme from diabetic mice. The relationship between abnormal mitochondrial function and development of cardiomyopathy in the diabetic mice has been studied further by in vivo estrone treatment. The results indicate that ultrastructural alterations of myocardium are closely associated with the defective pyruvate oxidation (via phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase) and both processes can be prevented by 7-12 weeks estrone treatment. PMID- 3767965 TI - Evaluation of chemically-induced phototoxicity to aquatic organism using Paramecium as a model. AB - Phototoxicity evaluation using Paramecium aurelia as a model revealed that 4 out of 21 pesticides produced lethal toxicity to cells. Four commonly used synthetic dyes (bromophenol blue, rose bengal, benzanthrone and methylene blue) also exhibited toxicity. Well known phototoxic agents like hematoporphyrin, riboflavin, and anthracene produced positive phototoxic response. Psoralen, a DNA cross-linking agent, also produced phototoxicity to the cells. The results clearly demonstrate that the synergistic action of chemical agents and sunlight produce lethal effects to aquatic organism. PMID- 3767966 TI - Photolabeling of a O2-. generating protein in bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophils by an arylazido NADP+ analog. AB - A plasma membrane fraction of bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophils enriched in NADPH-dependent, O2-. generating oxidase activity, and a number of fractions solubilized in detergent, recovered during the course of the purification of this oxidase have been tested for their ability to react with radiolabeled N-4-azido-2 nitrophenyl aminobutyryl NADP+ (arylazido NADP+ or NAP4-NADP+). In the dark, NAP4 NADP+ and its reduced form NAP4-NADPH, were found to inhibit competitively the NADPH-dependent O2-. generating oxidase activity of the plasma membrane fraction of bovine neutrophils activated by phorbol myristate acetate. The nitrene derivative formed upon photoirradiation of NAP4-NADP(H) bound covalently to different proteins of the plasma membrane. Photolabeling of these proteins was prevented by preincubation with an excess of NADPH. Photolabeling of a protein of 65,000 Mr was decreased by omission of phorbol myristate acetate as activating agent of the respiratory burst in neutrophils or by addition of micromolar amounts of Cibacron Blue and mersalyl which are known to inhibit the production of O2-. by the plasma membrane fraction. During the course of the purification procedure, the 65000 Mr protein emerged as the preferentially photolabeled protein. These data, in agreement with previous findings concerning the purification of an NADPH-dependent, O2-. generating oxidase protein of Mr 65000 from bovine neutrophils (Doussiere, J. and Vignais, P.V. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 7231-7239), strongly suggest that a single protein of Mr 65000, located in the plasma membrane fraction of bovine neutrophils, is able to act both as an NADPH deshydrogenase and as an oxygen reductase to generate O2-. PMID- 3767967 TI - Oversulfated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan in cultured human peritoneal macrophages. AB - Human peritoneal macrophages were cultured in vitro and labeled with [35S] sulfate. Both on day 1 and day 6 in culture the cells were found to synthesize exclusively chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, the main part (70%) being associated with the medium after a 20 hour pulse. The glycosaminoglycan chains were found to be oversulfated both after 1 and 6 days in culture, due to the presence of disulfated disaccharide units. PMID- 3767969 TI - Flash spectrophotometric identification of a fourth rhodopsin-like pigment in Halobacterium halobium. AB - A fourth retinal-containing pigment in Halobacterium halobium cell membrane was examined by flash spectrophotometry. The absorption maximum of this pigment was at about 480 nm. Flash light caused a photoreaction cycle with a half recovery time of about 300 ms at room temperature. The photoreaction cycle involved at least two photo-intermediates. The absorption maximum of the first one was at about 350 nm and that of the second was at around 530 nm. The spectral properties of this pigment and the content of the cells correlate with the sensitivity of photo-repellent response to the light around 480 nm. We suggest a name 'phoborhodopsin' for this new pigment. PMID- 3767968 TI - Identification of a new, naturally occurring, non proteic amino acid in xylem sap of Pisum sativum. AB - The xylem sap of nitrogen-fixing Pisum Sativum cv Homesteader has been examined by capillary gas chromatography and by gas chromatography mass spectrometry in both electron-impact and chemical ionization modes following the formation of N heptafluorobutyryl isobutyl ester derivatives. One of the compounds thus detected had a mass of 389 and contained chlorine, one carboxylic acid group and a nitrogen atom. High-resolution mass spectrometry indicated that there were no other hetero atoms present in the molecule. The composition was determined to be C4H8NO2Cl. This composition can be explained only in terms of a chloroamino butyric acid. PMID- 3767970 TI - Control of fungal sterol C-24 transalkylation: importance to developmental regulation. AB - When cultures of Gibberella fujikuroi are incubated with 24-epiiminolanosterol the introduction of a methyl group into sterol side chains at C-24 is blocked inducing a mycelial accumulation of lanosterol and 24-desalkylsterols, i.e., having the cholestane side chain. The altered sterol composition lead to aberrant mycelial membranes resulting in growth inhibition. A compensatory physiological response to the ensuing hyphal death was induction of asexual sporulation. The results are interpreted to imply that regulation of sterol C-24 transalkylation may be a mechanism to mediate life cycle events of fungi. PMID- 3767972 TI - Presence of met-enkephalin in bovine pituitary intraglandular colloid of intermediate lobe origin. AB - Met-enkephalin, and opioid peptide present in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland, is herein demonstrated, for the first time, in bovine pituitary intraglandular colloid. Colloid samples were taken from the glands of freshly slaughtered cattle, pooled, lyophilized, extracted on octadecylsilyl-silica and assessed by radioimmunoassay. Met-enkephalin was indeed present in this colloid extract at levels varying from 0.40 to 0.85 nanograms per milligram dry weight. Locating an intermediate lobe peptide in intraglandular colloid is a significant finding since this implies that colloid, housed in the intraglandular lumen, may serve as a transport medium. Intermediate lobe peptides which, because the intermediate lobe is avascular, are otherwise denied the vascular transport routes available to the anterior and posterior lobe hormones. PMID- 3767971 TI - Stimulation of tyrosine-specific protein phosphorylation in the rat liver plasma membrane by oxygen radicals. AB - Incorporation of 32P from [gamma-32P]ATP into endogenous proteins, added histone and the copolymers Glu 80 Tyr 20 by rat liver plasma membranes was markedly increased by several naphthoquinones, including menadione. This stimulation was most marked with Glu 80 Tyr 20, has an absolute requirement for either dithiothreitol or reduced glutathione, and was inhibited by superoxide dismutase, catalase, and desferrioxamine to varying degrees depending on the quinones used. Their effectiveness in stimulating the apparent tyrosine-specific protein phosphorylation correlated with the rates of DTT-dependent redox cycling measured by oxygen consumption. Increased protein phosphorylation was also seen with particulate fractions isolated from hepatocytes incubated with quinones. A free radical-mediated mechanism is suggested for the quinone stimulation of protein phosphorylation. PMID- 3767973 TI - Melanoma cell adhesion to defined extracellular matrix components. AB - The binding of mouse B16-F10 melanoma cells to defined extracellular matrix components was studied using a dot-blot cell attachment assay. Radiolabeled melanoma cells adhered to immobilized elastin and laminin. Reduced binding was seen with fibronectin, collagen types I and IV, heparan sulfate, and bovine serum albumin. No adhesive activity was found in elastin associated microfibrillar proteins or in elastin fragments generated by alkali or acid digestion. Adherence to extracellular matrix components has been suggested to play a role in tumor spread to secondary sites. Our results indicate that elastin and laminin are the major extracellular molecules responsible for melanoma cell adhesion. PMID- 3767975 TI - Evidence for different transport systems for oxidized glutathione and S dinitrophenyl glutathione in human erythrocytes. AB - The effect of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) on the ATP-dependent transport of S dinitrophenyl glutathione (Dnp-SG) by inside-out vesicles prepared from human erythrocytes and by intact erythrocytes has been studied. It is demonstrated that the transport of Dnp-SG is not inhibited by GSSG in either intact erythrocytes or in inside-out vesicles. These results suggest that Dnp-SG and GSSG are transported out of human erythrocytes by separate systems. PMID- 3767974 TI - Poly(ADP-ribose) effectively competes with DNA for histone H4 binding. AB - The effect of poly(ADP-ribose) on DNA-histone H4 interaction was studied using a nitrocellulose filter binding assay. Poly-(ADP-ribose) was found to form poly(ADP ribose)-histone H4 complexes at physiological salt concentrations. The homopolymer effectively competed with DNA for histone H4 binding. Poly(ADP ribose) was also capable of displacing DNA from preformed DNA-histone H4 complexes. Our hypothesis is that poly(ADP-ribose), locally and transiently formed at the site of DNA damage, causes dissociation of DNA from the nucleosome particle or nucleosome unfolding. PMID- 3767976 TI - Growth stimulating activity on 3T3 fibroblasts of the molecular weight 6,500 peptide purified from rat pancreatic juice. AB - Growth stimulating activity of the molecular weight 6,500-peptide purified from rat pancreatic juice was measured on 3T3 fibroblasts. This peptide was reported to be a cholecystokinin-releasing peptide and to stimulate pancreatic enzyme secretion in the rat small intestine in response to food intake. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine and [35S]methionine into 3T3 was significantly stimulated and the cell number was also increased after 24-48 hr incubation with 10-100 ng/ml of the peptide. The increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation was dose-related and started 12 hr after the incubation, a peak being reached 24 hr after the incubation. These results show that this peptide exhibits growth stimulating activity to the mammalian cells, and suggest that the peptide might have a physiological effect in vivo. PMID- 3767977 TI - Detection of an unstable murine hemoglobin. AB - 3H-leucine was used in vitro to label newly synthesized adult alpha and beta globins in reticulocytes removed from normal (Hba-b/Hba-b;Hbb-s2/Hbb-s2 and alpha thalassemic (Hba-b2(th)/Hba-b;Hbb-s2/Hbb-s2) mice. The ratio of synthesis of beta s2major: beta-sminor globins was 71:29 in reticulocytes from normal mice and 55:45 in reticulocytes from alpha-thalassemic mice. The two beta-globins are structurally identical except for a Val----Glu substitution at position 60. Denaturation of these mouse hemoglobins in isopropanol indicated that the tetramer containing the beta-s2major globin is unstable. PMID- 3767978 TI - Structural changes in retinol binding protein induced by retinol removal. A molecular dynamics study. AB - Relationships between structure and function for retinol binding protein (RBP) are elucidated with help of a 2.0 A resolution X-ray structure of the holo protein and an average molecular dynamics (MD) structure of the apo-form. Comparisons between MD simulations of both the apo- and holo-forms with the X-ray holo-structure show conformational changes in apo-RBP that may be functionally significant. The average three dimensional structure obtained for apo-RBP is compared to the related protein apo-beta-lactoglobulin. Available biochemical information is consistent with structure/function relationships derived here. PMID- 3767979 TI - Crystal structure of L-Pro-L-Leu-Aib-Aib-L-Glu-L-Valol, the C-terminal hexapeptide fragment of trichotoxin. AB - The crystal structure of L-prolyl-L-leucyl-alpha-aminoisobutyryl-alpha- aminoiso butyryl-alpha-L-glutamyl-L-valinol (L-Pro-L-Leu-Aib-Aib-L-Glu-L-Valol), the C terminal hexapeptide fragment of trichotoxin, has been determined by X-ray crystallography. The hexapeptide forms a right-handed 3(10)-helix consisting of two 10-atom hydrogen-bonded beta-turns of type III and one beta-turn of type I. Two of the intramolecular hydrogen-bonds are particularly weak, thus suggesting that the title compound may adopt non-helical conformations in solution, as observed by circular dichroism. In the crystal the molecules are hydrogen-bonded head-to-tail, forming infinitely long helical columns. PMID- 3767980 TI - Identification of a major bovine heart Ca2+ binding protein. AB - The 100,000 x g supernatant of bovine heart has been chromatographed on DEAE cellulose and the resultant fractions have been analyzed for both calcium binding activity and calmodulin activity. Of the four peaks of calcium binding activity detected by this procedure only a single peak (peak IV) was identified as calmodulin. The calcium binding activity of the largest peak (peak III) has been subjected to further purification and a single calcium binding protein of Mr 63,000 isolated. Biochemical and immunological results documented that the 63 kDa protein is identical to calregulin. The results of this study identify calregulin as a major bovine heart calcium binding protein. PMID- 3767981 TI - C-terminal PTH (70-84) after biliary ligation in rats: implications for the diagnostic importance in hepatobiliary disease. AB - The pathogenesis of hepatic osteodystrophy is still poorly understood. To date, there is no convincing evidence for the involvement of one of the vitamin D metabolites. Recent observations provided evidence for an disturbed hepatic metabolism of intact PTH in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and children with biliary atresia. To confirm these data experimentally, the extrahepatic bile duct was ligated and dissected in rats. As expected GOT and AP activity increased in ligated group, calcium and mid-C-PTH remained constant for the first 44 days post-ligation. Similar to the data in the respective groups of patients, C terminal PTH immunoreactivity increased after biliary ligation. The radioimmunological discrimination between intact PTH and the bone-seaking N terminal PTH peptide is still impossible without further chromatographic procedures. Therefore, C-PTH may represent an important laboratory parameter for the evaluation of the hepatic metabolism of PTH which seems to be disturbed during severe longstanding cholestasis. PMID- 3767982 TI - Identification of a DNA segment containing the human DNA polymerase alpha gene. AB - We isolated a temperature-sensitive mutant from mouse FM3A cells, designated as tsFT20, the DNA polymerase alpha activity of which is heat-labile. A hybrid clone (M6-39 cells) between human cells and tsFT20 cells contained one or two human chromosomes. M6-39 cells (primary hybrid) were exposed to gamma-ray and re-fused with tsFT20, after which we isolated two temperature-resistant secondary hybrids, both of which retained an identical minute portion of the human chromosome, 400 500 kilobase pairs (kbp). Immunological studies demonstrated that this secondary hybrid expressed human DNA polymerase alpha. Thus, the human DNA polymerase alpha gene was located within a DNA region of 400-500 kbp. PMID- 3767983 TI - 3-Hydroxykynurenine as O2-. scavenger in the blowfly, Aldrichina grahami. AB - We studied the distribution of O2-.-scavenging activity in 6-day-old larvae of Aldrichina grahami. Total activity was highest in the muscle. The specific activity per milligram of protein in the Malpighian tubules was highest, 10 times the highest elsewhere. Most of the O2-. scavenging activity in muscle depended on superoxide dismutase. However, the activity in the Malpighian tubules mostly depended on 3-hydroxykynurenine. PMID- 3767984 TI - Structure activity relationship in heparin: stimulation of non-vascular cells by a synthetic heparin pentasaccharide in cooperation with human acidic fibroblast growth factors. AB - Heparin enhances strongly the mitogenic properties of human acidic fibroblast growth factor (h-aFGF) on hamster fibroblast (CCL 39) or bovine lens epithelial cells (BEL). We report here that a synthetic heparin pentasaccharide with high affinity for antithrombin III has the same effect as heparin at about the same concentration. Thus a pentasaccharidic sequence may represent the shortest heparin structure which interacts with h-aFGF. PMID- 3767985 TI - The anti-sickling drug lawsone (2-OH-1,4-naphthoquinone) protects sickled cells against membrane damage. AB - The ability of an anti-sickling drug lawsone, 2-OH-1,4-naphthoquinone, and two related compounds to inhibit the haematoporphyrin-sensitised photohaemolysis of normal and sickle cell erythrocytes has been investigated. The compounds appear to protect the erythrocyte membranes by reaction with transient oxidative species. Differential effects between normal and sickle cells are shown and these are attributed to the different membrane composition of irreversibly sickled erythrocytes. This report describes a possible basis for the decreased formation of irreversibly sickled cells in the presence of lawsone. PMID- 3767986 TI - Altered properties of cAMP-dependent protein kinase in H-ras-transformed NIH3T3 cells. AB - cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity in the soluble fraction was decreased in both v-H-ras-transformed and activated-c-H-ras-transformed NIH3T3 cells as compared with that in NIH3T3 cells. Both of the elution profile of type II cAMP dependent protein kinase from DEAE-cellulose and the electrophoretic behavior of its regulatory subunits in the particulate fraction of H-ras-transformed cells are different from those of control NIH3T3 cells. These results suggest that ras protein causes the alterations of some properties of cAMP-dependent protein kinases. PMID- 3767987 TI - Alterations in intracellular calcium activity and contractility of isolated perfused rabbit hearts by ionophores and adrenergic agents. AB - The fluorescent calcium indicator quin2 has been used for the first continuous measurement of the effects of pharmacological agents on intracellular calcium activity in isolated, perfused rabbit hearts. The average intracellular calcium activity was elevated after the infusion of norepinephrine, concurrent with increases in left ventricular pressure and heart rate. These changes were abolished by pretreatment of the heart with phentolamine and nadolol, alpha and beta adrenergic receptor antagonists, respectively. Pretreatment with phentolamine and nadolol did not eliminate the increases in left ventricular pressure and intracellular calcium activity caused by the infusion of the monovalent carboxylic ionophores monensin and salinomycin. It is concluded that the ionophores cause these effects by elevating intracellular sodium activity, which then raises the intracellular calcium activity of the myocardium through intracellular displacement and/or transcellular exchange. It is suggested that the use of fluorescent calcium indicators in intact organs could be useful in evaluating the role of calcium in a variety of pathological states. PMID- 3767988 TI - Binding and uptake of copper from ceruloplasmin. AB - Specific binding of [67Cu]ceruloplasmin to plasma membrane containing preparations from rat tissues was shown in the presence of an excess of nonradioactive Cu(II) or ceruloplasmin. With Cu(II) there was positive cooperativity and an apparent KD of 10(-7) M. The effects of both "cold" ligands was partly additive. No "specific" binding was shown with Zn(II), unrelated proteins and after boiling the membranes. Total and specific binding of [67Cu]ceruloplasmin were 2-7 fold greater for heart and brain than for liver preparations, per g tissue or per mg protein, +/- correction for yield of 5' nucleotidase. Cu(II) also inhibited uptake of [67Cu] from ceruloplasmin by CHO cells, but monensin did not, suggesting uptake of ceruloplasmin Cu occurs at the cell surface. PMID- 3767990 TI - Distribution of immunoreactive peptide B in the rat brain. AB - Peptide B represents one of the most highly conserved sequences in proenkephalin. To investigate the potential presence of this peptide in the mammalian nervous system, an antiserum raised to this peptide was used to measure the distribution and molecular weight forms of immunoreactive Peptide B in the rat brain. Peptide B-immunoreactivity (ir) was found to be most concentrated in the hypothalamus and the striatum, with lower concentrations in the midbrain and medulla-pons. Characterization of Peptide B-ir by gel filtration demonstrated that the major immunoreactive peak in the hypothalamus corresponded to a peptide with the approximate molecular weight of Peptide B. The major immunoreactive peptide exhibited a retention time on HPLC indicative of a peptide slightly more hydrophilic than bovine Peptide B. The results suggest that proenkephalin in rat brain can be processed to peptides related to bovine Peptide B. PMID- 3767989 TI - Biosynthesis of reovirus-specified polypeptides. Molecular cDNA cloning and nucleotide sequence of the reovirus serotype 1 Lang strain s3 mRNA which encodes the nonstructural RNA-binding protein sigma NS. AB - Human reovirus serotype 1 Lang strain s3 mRNA, which encodes the nonstructural RNA-binding polypeptide sigma NS, was cloned as a cDNA:mRNA heteroduplex in Escherichia coli using phage M13. A complete consensus nucleotide sequence was determined. The Lang strain s3 mRNA is 1198 nucleotides in length and possesses an open reading frame with a coding capacity of 366 amino acids, sufficient to account for a sigma NS polypeptide of 41,179 daltons. Comparison of the serotype 1 (Lang) s3 sequence with the serotype 3 (Dearing) s3 sequence reveals 86.8 percent homology at the nucleotide level. The predicted sigma NS polypeptides of the Lang and Dearing strains display 97 percent homology at the amino acid level. PMID- 3767992 TI - A part of codon bias in genes protects protein spatial structures from destabilization by random single point mutations. AB - Relationships are examined, using a primitive approximation, between the known general codon bias in genes and resistance of protein tertiary structure to destabilization by random single point mutations. A correlation of these two properties is found in the case of the first codon position while the second and third codon positions are evidently used for other purposes. This study suggests a separation of roles of the particular codon positions in the translation of the genetic message. PMID- 3767991 TI - Identification of low density lipoprotein receptor binding domains of human apolipoprotein B-100: a proposed consensus LDL receptor binding sequence of apoB 100. AB - The human liver apoB-100 gene cloned in the lambda gt-11 expression vector expresses fusion proteins reacting with apoB antibodies. A fusion protein induced from a apoB-lambda gt-11 clone reacted with apoB-100 monoclonal antibodies known to block the binding of LDL to the LDL receptor. The fusion protein contains an amino acid sequence domain enriched in positively charged residues which is complementary to the negatively charged amino acids present in the consensus LDL receptor binding domain. This sequence of apoB-100 is proposed as a binding domain for the interaction with the LDL receptor. Comparison of derived amino acid sequences from the entire structure of apoB-100 molecule revealed several similar domains enriched in positively charged amino acids. A consensus sequence of the potential LDL binding domain was identified which contained positively charged amino acids at positions 1, 5 and 8 and a loop of 8-11 amino acids followed by two adjacent positively charged amino acids. These results are interpreted as indicating that there are several potential LDL receptor binding domains in apoB-100. PMID- 3767993 TI - Biomimetic oxidation of lignin model compounds by simple inorganic complexes. AB - Copper peroxydisulfate has been shown to mimic "ligninases" in the oxidative degradation of Dihydroanisoin, Veratrylglycerol-beta-guaiacyl ether and veratryl alcohol. A unified mechanism leads to predictable degradative pathways. These are initiated by single-electron oxidation of aromatic substrates to aryl cation radicals as common intermediates to both the enzymic and biomimetic reactions. Our preliminary results show that simple complexes can facilitate the oxidative degradation of lignin model compounds. PMID- 3767994 TI - Transplasmalemma electron transport from cells is part of a diferric transferrin reductase system. AB - Intact cells are known to reduce external, impermeable electron acceptors. We now show that cells can reduce the iron in diferric transferrin at the cell surface and that this reduction reaction depends on the transferrin receptor as well as the transmembrane electron transport system. Reduction of external diferric transferrin is accompanied by oxidation of internal NADH which indicates that the transmembrane enzyme is an NADH diferric transferrin reductase. Highly purified liver plasma membranes have NADH diferric transferrin reductase activity which shows properties similar to the diferric transferrin reductases activity of intact cells. Cell growth stimulation by diferric transferrin and other impermeable oxidants which can react with the diferric transferrin reductase can be based on electron transport through he plasma membrane. PMID- 3767995 TI - Characterization of a novel prepro VIP derived peptide. AB - A newly identified, large molecular weight form of peptide histidine methionine (PHM), has been found not only where it was first revealed, in the stomach, but also in high concentrations in the nasal mucosa and urogenital system, though not in the central nervous system, intestine and lung. An antibody to the spacer peptide sequence prepro-VIP 111-122, lying between PHM and VIP, also reacts directly with the large molecular form of PHM. It is suggested that the post translational processing of prepro-VIP differs between tissues and in some, cleavage may not occur at the C-terminal end of PHM. The biological significance of this is currently unclear. PMID- 3767996 TI - Different behavior of the octadeoxynucleotides d(A-T)4 and d(T-A)4 at high concentrations of cesium fluoride. AB - High CsF concentrations induce a zig-zag double helix, which we call X-DNA, in poly d(A-T) and also in the octadeoxynucleotide d(T-A)4 while d(A-T)4 remains fixed in a B-DNA form. Intermolecular contacts promote the B-X isomerization of the former oligonucleotide but induce aggregation of the latter. This indicates that there is an intramolecular factor, presumably base stacking in the T-A steps, stabilizing the X-DNA conformation. PMID- 3767997 TI - Ethidium cooperativity in the formation of complexes with CpG. AB - The formation of complexes between the self-complementary ribo-dinucleoside monophosphate CpG and ethidium ion is observed by use of an ethidium ion selective electrode. The ratio of total CpG to total ethidium was varied from 50:1 to .4:1, with CpG concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 1.1 mM. Scatchard plots show that the system is strongly cooperative with respect to ethidium ion; cooperativity with respect to dinucleoside has been previously reported (Krugh, T.R., Wittlin, F.N., and Cramer, S.P. (1975) Biopolymers 14,197-210). Cooperative behavior with respect to ethidium ion implies the existence of complexes containing at least two molecules of ethidium ion in combination with one or more CpG molecules. PMID- 3767998 TI - Coenzyme A in purified peroxisomes is not freely soluble in the matrix but firmly bound to a matrix protein. AB - On subfractionation of purified rat liver peroxisomes in matrical, peripheral membrane, integral membrane and core protein fractions, the endogenous peroxisomal CoA was released together with the matrix proteins. The released CoA could not be measured by an enzymatic cycling assay unless the matrix proteins were denatured by acid treatment or by heating at alkaline pH. The cofactor could not be removed by dialysis of the matrix proteins unless salt was added. It was not displaced by exogenous CoA. It migrated into sucrose density gradients together with a protein of approximately 80 kDa. The results indicate that peroxisomal CoA is firmly bound to a matrix protein and that the presence of CoA inside purified peroxisomes does not necessarily imply that the peroxisomal membrane is impermeable to this cofactor. PMID- 3767999 TI - A novel structure observed in d-GAATTCCCGAATTC by 2D NMR. AB - Sequential resonance assignments of the non exchangeable base and sugar protons in d-GAATTCCCGAATTC have been obtained using two dimensional NMR experiments at 500 MHz. The chemical shifts and the NOEs have been used to determine the structure in the base-pair mismatch region which is located in the central portion of the molecule. It is observed that the molecule adopts a novel unsymmetrical loop structure in this section which is characterised by sugar geometries which are significantly different compared to the rest of the molecular. The base-paired portion of the molecule conforms to a right handed B DNA type of structure. PMID- 3768000 TI - The cytotoxic eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) has ribonuclease activity. AB - The eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is a specific cytotoxic constituent of granules. In this work we demonstrated that ECP has a ribonuclease activity. Purified ECP was resolved by ion exchange chromatography into subfractions, which all showed ribonuclease activity. Another eosinophil granule protein, EPX, identical with eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) had a 125-fold higher RNase activity than ECP. ECP may exert its cytotoxic effects on parasites and cells because of its extreme basicity alone or it may be internalized and act by degrading mRNA. PMID- 3768001 TI - Urea-induced transformation of native estrogen receptor and evidence for separate DNA-and ATP-binding sites. AB - We have investigated the involvement of hydrophobic receptor domains during transformation of the native estrogen receptor to a form(s) with high affinity for immobilized DNA and ATP. In the presence of 6 M urea the intact estrogen receptor complex was completely (greater than 90%, n = 12) transformed into a DNA binding configuration but only partially (35-45%, n = 8) transformed into an ATP binding state. Similar experiments performed with unliganded receptor preparations further distinguished the receptor's DNA and ATP binding properties. While the urea-induced increase in receptor affinity for DNA-agarose was estrogen dependent, the urea-induced increase in affinity for ATP-agarose was steroid independent. This is the first direct evidence that hydrophobic receptor domains may be involved in the steroid-dependent exposure of the DNA binding site. This event is partially reversible and suggests that electrostatic interactions alone may not be sufficient to accurately describe receptor recognition of specific DNA acceptor sites. PMID- 3768002 TI - Heart mitochondria in physiological salt solution: not ionic strength but salt composition is important for association of creatine kinase with the inner membrane surface. AB - In physiological salt solution (PSS) which mimicks the cardiac cells cytoplasm and contains 120 mM K-MES, 10 mM NaCl, 20 mM imidazole, pH 7.2, 20 mM taurine, 15 mM creatine, 15 mM Na2phosphocreatine, 5 mM Na2ATP, 8 mM MgCl2, 5 mM K2HPO4, 3 mM glutamate, 3 mM malate, 0.5 mM dithiothreitol and 10 mg/ml of bovine serum albumine both isolated mitochondria and intracellular structures in skinned fibers stay intact. In PSS mitochondrial creatine kinase remains firmly attached to the inner membrane surface. CKmi-mi is extracted from cardiac mitoplasts in 0.125 M KCl solution, but addition of 10 mM sodium borate to this KCl solution completely inhibits dissociation of CKmi-mi. Therefore, not ionic strength but ion composition is important for association of CKmi-mi with mitochondrial membrane. Functional and structural studies using antibodies against CKmi-mi showed that in PSS CKmi-mi is bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane in spatially close relationship to adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT). Thus, under physiological conditions CKmi-mi is structurally and functionally coupled to ANT in cardiac mitochondria and functions to catalyze almost complete utilization of mitochondrial ATP for aerobic phosphocreatine synthesis. PMID- 3768003 TI - The 9-carboxyl group of pyrroloquinoline quinone, a novel prosthetic group, is essential in the formation of holoenzyme of D-glucose dehydrogenase. AB - Availability of different analogues of pyrroloquinoline quinone as the prosthetic group for apo-D-glucose dehydrogenase was examined. The 9-carboxyl group of pyrroloquinoline quinone was shown to be essential for the reconstitution of the enzyme activity. Although the carboxyl group may not be involved in catalytic function, it is quite probable to contribute the binding of the prosthetic group to apoenzyme. PMID- 3768004 TI - Nitrile hydratase of Brevibacterium R312--purification and characterization. AB - Nitrile hydratase was purified and crystallized from the crude extract of Brevibacterium R312 and found to be homogeneous by the results of disc gel electrophoresis, analytical ultracentrifuge and double diffusion in agarose. The enzyme has a molecular mass of about 85,000 Da and contains approximately 3 g atoms iron/mol enzyme. The enzyme was composed of two kinds of subunits, of which molecular masses were 26,000 Da and 27,500 Da. The concentrated solution of the enzyme had a pronounced greyish green color and exhibited a broad absorption in visible range with a absorption maxima at 712 nm. The enzyme was active toward various aliphatic nitriles. PMID- 3768005 TI - Protein kinase C from small intestine epithelial cells. AB - Protein kinase C activity has been identified in cytosolic and membrane fractions from rat and rabbit small intestine epithelial cells. The cytosolic fraction comprised about the 75% of total activity. Protein kinase C activity was resolved from other protein kinase activities by ion exchange chromatography. Phosphatidylserine or phosphatidylinositol were required for protein kinase C to be active. In addition, the activity was enhanced by the presence of a diacylglycerol. Diolein and dimyristin were the most effective (13-14 fold activation). In the presence of phosphatidylserine and diolein, the Ka for activation by Ca2+ was 10(-7)M. The phorbol ester TPA substituted for diacylglycerol in activating protein kinase C. Brush border and basolateral membranes contained protein kinase C activity, although the specific activity of the basal lateral membranes was four-fold higher than the specific activity of the brush border membranes. The presence of PKC in small intestine epithelial cells might have important implications in the Ca2+ mediated control of ionic transport in this tissue. PMID- 3768006 TI - Differential effects of protein kinase C activators on carbamylcholine- and high K+-induced rises in intracellular free calcium concentration in cultured adrenal chromaffin cells. AB - Pretreatment of adrenal chromaffin cells with protein kinase C activators, i.e. 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and 1-oleoyl 2-acetyl glycerol (OAG), partially inhibited carbamylcholine (CCh)-induced rise in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). The apparent IC50 values of TPA and OAG were 3 nM and 25 microM, respectively. The effect of TPA on the CCh-induced rise in [Ca2+]i was overcome by pretreatment of the cells with a protein kinase C inhibitor, 1-(5 isoquinidinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine hydrochloride (H-7). In contrast, KCl induced rise in [Ca2+]i was not affected by pretreating the cells with TPA or OAG. An inactive phorbol ester, 4 alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate failed to affect the CCh-induced rise in [Ca2+]i. CCh-induced 45Ca2+ uptake was also partially inhibited by pretreatment of the cells with TPA or OAG, but KCl-induced 45Ca2+ uptake was not affected by these pretreatments. These results indicate that protein kinase C activation causes an uncoupling of signal transduction between the nicotinic receptors and Ca2+ channels. PMID- 3768007 TI - Severe depletion in liver glutathione during physical exercise. AB - Physical exercise at submaximal levels in rats results in a progressive depletion of liver glutathione to about 20% of the levels found in sedentary controls which persists for several hours following the cessation of exercise. Skeletal muscle appears to be spared this severe depletion phenomenon. The levels of plasma glutathione show a transient increase at the beginning of the exercise bout followed by a linear decrease with increased running time of the animals. These results may be particularly relevant when attempting to understand the effects of physical exercise on a large number of cellular and organismal functions that are known or suspected to depend critically on the glutathione status of the liver. PMID- 3768008 TI - Identification of an enzymatic activity that hydrolyzes protein-bound ADP-ribose in skeletal muscle. AB - An enzymatic activity present in high-speed supernatant fluids of rat skeletal muscle was found that catalyzes the release of ADP-ribose from ADP-ribosylated modified lysozyme. The nature of the product was proved by chromatographic studies and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The enzyme activity is stimulated by Mg2+, dithioerythritol, and flouride. These results and those published earlier (Soman, G., Mickelson, J.R., Louis, C.F., and Graves, D.J. (1984) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 120, 973-980) show that ADP-ribosylation is a reversible process in skeletal muscle. PMID- 3768009 TI - The methoxatin semiquinone: a pulse radiolysis study. AB - Methoxatin is a novel o-quinone found in bacterial dehydrogenases and mammalian plasma amine oxidase. This is the first report of the redox potential and spectrum of the 1-electron reduced methoxatin semiquinone obtained by the method of pulse radiolysis in aqueous solution. PMID- 3768010 TI - In-vitro cytolysis of myeloma tumor cells with glucose oxidase and lactoperoxidase antibody conjugates. AB - We have assessed the tumoricidal potential of enzyme-antibody conjugates on murine myeloma cells. Conjugates of glucose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.4) and lactoperoxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) were specifically targeted on the NSO tumor cells. Optimal conditions for tumor cell killing, as assayed by [51Cr] release required the binding of both antibody conjugates to the cell membrane. This is followed by washing and incubation in medium containing glucose and 0.1 mM iodide. Under these conditions 90% of the incorporated [51Cr] labeled is released from the cells, and NSO clonogenicity is reduced by a factor greater than 5 logs by 2 h of incubation. PMID- 3768011 TI - Partial purification and characterization of a neutral insulin-like growth factor. Biochemical and biological properties. AB - A peptide with an isoelectric point of 6.5-7.0 was purified from Cohn fraction IV on the basis of its capacity to cross react with labelled insulin to human placental cell membrane receptors. It possesses insulin-like activity in the adipocyte bioassay (30 mU insulin equivalent/mg of protein) which is in the same order as its activity in the insulin radioreceptorassay (25.5 mU/mg). Somatomedin bioactivity is 40 U/mg in the porcine cartilage assay. In contrast, although in quiescent human fibroblast this peptide preparation has 6% of the mitogenic potency of somatomedin-C/insulin-like growth factor I on a weight basis, cross reactivity in radioimmunoassay for somatomedin-C/insulin-like growth factor I, insulin-like growth factor II and insulin are very low. It is concluded that this peptide, although exhibiting the major biological characteristics of an insulin like growth factor is different from the hitherto described somatomedins. PMID- 3768012 TI - Glutathione transferase of human breast is closely related to transferase of human placenta and erythrocytes. AB - An acidic form (pI 4.6) of glutathione transferase has been purified to homogeneity from normal and tumor specimens of human breast. The two proteins did not differ significantly in their molecular and catalytic properties. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 46,000 and is composed of two identical subunits. The data presented, including amino acid composition, substrate specificity and immunological studies, give strong evidence that the glutathione transferase of human breast, placenta and erythrocytes are similar if not identical proteins. PMID- 3768013 TI - The importance of salt concentration during nitrogen cavitation of MPC-11 cells for the isolation of heavy rough endoplasmic reticulum membranes. AB - When MPC-11 cells are disrupted by nitrogen cavitation in the presence of buffer containing 25-40 mM KCl then endoplasmic reticulum membranes can be separated into three subfractions by sucrose density gradient centrifugation: heavy rough (HR), light rough (LR) and smooth (S) membranes. An increase in the salt concentration of the buffer to 50 mM or above results in the occurrence of only the LR and S membranes in gradients. However, when cells equilibrated at high pressure in the bomb in 100 mM KCl buffer were expelled into a diluting buffer such that the final buffer concentration was reduced to 25 mM KCl upon cell disruption, then appreciable amounts of HR membranes are observed in sucrose gradients. The results would suggest that salt concentrations above 25-40 mM KCl stabilize the interaction between HR membranes and the cytoskeleton to such a degree that these membranes are pelleted at low speed together with the nuclei. The yields of LR and S membranes are apparently not affected to any significant degree by altered salt concentration. PMID- 3768015 TI - Anomeric preference of glucose phosphorylation and glycolysis in human erythrocytes. AB - Lactate output from the alpha and beta anomers of glucose was measured in intact human erythrocytes at 37 degrees C; and glucose anomer phosphorylation, in human erythrocyte homogenates. The rates of both glucose metabolism (lactate output) and phosphorylation were higher in the presence of beta-D-glucose as distinct from alpha-D-glucose at three glucose concentrations used (2, 5, and 10 mM). Thus, the v beta/v alpha ratios of metabolism and phosphorylation of glucose at 2 mM were 1.24 and 1.22, respectively. The results indicate that the beta preference of hexokinase, a rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis, is reflected in beta-preferential glycolysis. PMID- 3768014 TI - Glycoproteins of murine zona pellucida from unfertilized eggs and two-cell embryos: comparison of the reactivity to lectins. AB - Glycoproteins of zona pellucida were fractionated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and their lectin binding was examined after blotting onto nitrocellulose. The specificity of lectin binding to the major zona glycoproteins was the same for zonae isolated from eggs or from two-cell embryos; RCA, WGA, SBA and DBA reacted with all of the glycoproteins, PNA with ZP-1 and ZP-3, and Con A with ZP-2. However, the reactivity of ZP-3 to SBA and DBA was decreased in zonae from two-cell embryos. In addition, two-cell embryo zona contained a band which had different binding specificity to lectins from the major glycoproteins. PMID- 3768016 TI - 7-Amino-8-[125I]-ketanserin ([125I]AMIK), a highly sensitive, serotonin-S2 receptor ligand. PMID- 3768017 TI - Hyperprolactinaemia does not alter specific striatal 3H-spiperone binding in the rat. AB - We have investigated the effect of single injections (1 mg/animal i.v.) of prolactin or vehicle, and repeated depot (0.125-1.0 mg/animal/day) or bolus (1.0 mg/animal/day) administration of prolactin or vehicle for 6 days to adult male rats. The density (Bmax) and affinity (Kd) of specific striatal [3H]spiperone binding was not changed by any of the prolactin treatment schedules used. Allogeneic transplants of anterior pituitary glands resulted in an increased concentration of circulating prolactin but did not alter the density or affinity of specific striatal [3H]spiperone binding in male rats, measured 2 weeks following the operation. Prolactin did not displace specific striatal [3H]spiperone binding when incorporated in vitro. Any effect of prolactin on striatal dopamine receptor function appears to be exerted only by high, non physiological concentrations, and such effects are difficult to reproduce. PMID- 3768018 TI - The microsomal metabolism of hexachlorobenzene. Origin of the covalent binding to protein. AB - The microsomal metabolism of hexachlorobenzene is studied, with special attention to the covalent binding to protein. The metabolites formed are pentachlorophenol and tetrachlorohydroquinone. In addition, a considerable amount of covalent binding to protein is detected (250 pmoles pentachlorophenol, 17 pmoles tetrachlorohydroquinone and 11 pmoles covalent binding in an incubation containing 50 mumoles of hexachlorobenzene). In order to establish the potential role of reductive dechlorination in the covalent binding, the anaerobic metabolism of hexachlorobenzene was investigated. At low oxygen concentrations no pentachlorobenzene was detected, and only very small amounts of pentachlorophenol as well as covalent binding, indicating a relationship between covalent binding and the microsomal oxidation of hexachlorobenzene. Incubations with 14C pentachlorophenol at low concentrations showed that a conversion-dependent covalent binding occurs to the extent of 75 pmole binding per nmole pentachlorophenol. This is almost enough to account for the amount of label bound to protein observed in hexachlorobenzene incubations. This indicates that less than 10% of the covalent binding occurs during conversion of hexachlorobenzene to pentachlorophenol, and the remainder is produced during conversion of hexachlorobenzene to pentachlorophenol, and the remainder is produced during conversion of pentachlorophenol. The major product of microsomal oxidation of pentachlorophenol is tetrachlorohydroquinone, which is in redox-equilibrium with the corresponding semiquinone and quinone (chloranil). The covalent binding is inhibited by addition of ascorbic acid or glutathione to the hexachlorobenzene incubations. Ascorbic acid decreases the covalent binding with a simultaneous increase in formation of tetrachlorohydroquinone, probably due to a shift in the redox-equilibrium to the reduced side. Glutathione does not act as a reducing agent, since the inhibition of covalent binding is not accompanied by an increase in tetrachlorohydroquinone formation. Instead, glutathione reacts with chloranil, producing at least three stable products, probably in a Michael-type reaction. These results strongly indicate the involvement of chloranil or the semiquinone radical in the covalent binding during microsomal hexachlorobenzene metabolism. PMID- 3768019 TI - Increased susceptibility to the anticoagulant effect of warfarin in mice bearing the Lewis lung carcinoma. Role of vitamin K deficiency. AB - This study reports an increased susceptibility to warfarin anticoagulation in mice bearing an experimental tumour, the Lewis lung carcinoma. In these animals, following a single i.v. injection of warfarin, the prothrombin complex activity decreased normally but recovered far slower than in controls, while the rate of degradation of the clotting factors was not modified. At the level of the vitamin K-dependent liver carboxylase, it was possible to demonstrate an increase in the endogenous substrate (reflecting an impairment of the carboxylase vitamin K dependent system). This abnormality was reversed by vitamin K administration and can be reasonably ascribed to a vitamin K deficiency in association with tumour growth. PMID- 3768020 TI - Characterization of multiple epoxide hydrolase activities in mouse liver nuclear envelope. AB - A nuclear envelope-associated epoxide hydrolase in mouse liver that hydrates trans-stilbene oxide has been identified and characterized. This epoxide hydrolase is distinct from the enzyme in nuclear envelopes that hydrates benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide and other arene oxides. This distinction was demonstrated by the criteria of pH optima, response to specific inhibitors in vitro, and precipitation by specific antibodies. The new epoxide hydrolase had a pH optimum of 6.8, was poorly inhibited by trichloropropene oxide, was potently inhibited by 4-phenylchalcone oxide, and did not bind to antiserum against benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide hydrolase. This nuclear enzyme is similar in many of its properties to cytosolic and microsomal trans-stilbene oxide hydrolases and may be nuclear envelope-bound form of these other epoxide hydrolases. It differed from these other trans-stilbene oxide hydrolases in that its affinities for both trans stilbene oxide (measured as apparent Km) and 4-phenylchalcone oxide (measured as I50) were 4- to 20-fold lower than those of either the cytosolic or microsomal forms. PMID- 3768021 TI - The effect of S-warfarin administration on vitamin K 2,3-epoxide reductase activity in liver, kidney and testis of the rat. AB - The dithiothreitol-dependent vitamin K 2,3-epoxide (vitamin KO) reductase activity was assayed in rat liver, kidney and testis microsomes. Rat kidney and testis showed vitamin KO reductase activity. The activity was about one tenth of the activity present in liver microsomes. The effect of in vivo S-warfarin was investigated after single doses, i.e. 0.2, 0.4 and 1 mg/kg, and after its chronic administration, i.e. 4.8 micrograms/kg/hr for 3 days. At 20 hr following the acute warfarin administration vitamin KO reductase in liver microsomes was depressed in a dose-dependent way, 50, 30 and 20% of control activity. Vitamin KO reductase in testis was not affected, and in kidney reductase activity was only reduced after the highest warfarin dose, 40% of control activity. Following chronic administration of warfarin, vitamin KO reductase activity was reduced in liver as well as in kidney and testis microsomes, 15-20, 40 and 60% of control activity in liver, kidney and testis, respectively. Blood clotting activity was about 14% of normal (thrombotest). Vitamin KO reductase activity in tissue microsomes was inhibited by warfarin added in vitro. Tissue and microsomal warfarin concentration were assayed. Following the acute administration, warfarin was poorly distributed into kidney and testis. Following the chronic administration, warfarin tissue to plasma ratio was about 3 for liver, but 0.5 for kidney and testis. The results indicate that during chronic therapy with oral anticoagulants vitamin K-dependent systems in non-hepatic tissues are reduced. However, this reduction is less than the reduction of the hepatic system. This is determined mainly by the pharmacokinetic behaviour of the 4-hydroxycoumarins. PMID- 3768022 TI - Interaction of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) to chromatin. Specificity of the drug distribution. AB - We have studied the interaction of the antitumoral drug, cis diamminedichloroplatinum (II), cis-DDP, to chromatin. Degradation of chromatin platinum complexes with micrococcal nuclease releases the platinum bound to the linker DNA. By comparing the percentage of platinum released throughout the digestion to the percentage of acid-soluble DNA we suggest that the linker DNA is the preferential target for this drug. This is mainly the case when the amount of bound platinum is low (r less than 0.03) and is less at higher drug concentrations. By comparing the rate constants corresponding to the reaction of cis-DDP to chromatin, DNA or core particle it appears that these constants are the same. This indicates that the bound platinum is located mainly at the DNA level. Our results are discussed with respect to the structure of chromatin and we conclude that this structure should play a role in the in vivo association of cis-DDP to DNA. PMID- 3768023 TI - Distribution and inducibility of cytosolic epoxide hydrolase in male Sprague Dawley rats. AB - Cytosolic epoxide hydrolase (cEH) activity has been determined in liver and various extrahepatic tissues of male Sprague-Dawley rats using trans-stilbene oxide (TSO) and trans-ethylstyrene oxide (TESO) as substrates. Large interindividual differences in the specific activity of cytosolic epoxide hydrolase in the liver from more than 80 individual rats were observed varying by a factor of 38. In a randomly selected group of five animals liver cEH varied by a factor of 3.9 and kidney cEH by a factor of 2.7, whereas liver microsomal epoxide hydrolase and lactate dehydrogenase showed only very low variations (1.4- and 1.1-fold, respectively). The individual relative activity of kidney cEH was related to that of the liver. Cytosolic epoxide hydrolase activity was present in all of six extrahepatic rat tissues investigated. Interestingly specific activities were very high in the heart and kidney (higher than in liver), followed by liver greater than brain greater than lung greater than testis greater than spleen. TSO and TESO hydrolases in subcellular fractions of rat liver were present at highest specific activities in the cytosolic and the heavy mitochondrial fraction. As indicated by the marker enzymes, catalase, urate oxidase and cytochrome oxidase, this organelle-bound epoxide hydrolase activity may be of peroxisomal and/or mitochondrial origin. In the microsomal fraction, TSO and TESO hydrolase activity is very low, whereas STO hydrolase activity is highest in this fraction and very low in cytosol. In kidney, subcellular distribution is similar to that observed in liver. None of the commonly used inducers of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes caused significant changes in the specific activities of rat hepatic cEH (trans-stilbene oxide, alpha-pregnenolone carbonitrile, 3-methylcholanthrene, beta-naphthoflavone, isosafrole, butylated hydroxytoluene, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, phenobarbitone). However, clofibrate, a hypolipidemic agent, very strongly induced rat liver cEH (about 5-fold), whereas microsomal epoxide hydrolase activity was not affected. Specific activity of kidney cEH was increased about 2 fold. PMID- 3768024 TI - Methotrexate analogues-27. Dual inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase and folylpolyglutamate synthetase by methotrexate and aminopterin analogues with a gamma-phosphonate group in the side chain. AB - gamma-Phosphonate analogues of methotrexate (MTX) and aminopterin (AMT) were synthesized from 4-amino-4-deoxy-N10-methylpteroic acid and 4-amino-4-deoxy-N10 formylpteroic acid, respectively, by reaction with methyl D,L-2-amino-4 phosphonobutyrate followed by gentle alkaline hydrolysis. The products were compared with the corresponding D,L-homocysteic acid derivatives as inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase and folylpolyglutamate synthetase, and as inhibitors of cell growth in culture. The gamma-phosphonates were somewhat less active than either the gamma-sulfonates or the parent drugs as inhibitors of murine dihydrofolate reductase. The MTX gamma-sulfonate and gamma-phosphonate analogues were equally inhibitory toward mouse liver folylpolyglutamate synthetase (Ki = 190 microM), but in the AMT series the gamma-phosphonate (Ki = 8.4 microM) was more potent than the gamma-sulfonate (Ki = 45 microM). The AMT analogues were consistently more inhibitory than the MTX analogues against cultured L1210 murine leukemia cells, but neither the gamma-phosphonates nor the gamma-sulfonates were as potent as their respective parent drugs. The gamma-phosphonate analogue of MTX was three times more potent than MTX against the MTX-resistant mutant line L1210/R81, but the AMT gamma-phosphonate was less potent than AMT; however, these differences were small in comparison with the level of resistance to all these compounds in the L1210/R81 line. The results suggest that N10-methyl and N10 unsubstituted compounds altered at the gamma-position do not necessarily follow identical structure-activity patterns in every test system. PMID- 3768025 TI - Rat kidney function related to tissue glutathione levels. AB - Rat renal function was evaluated during acute depletion of glutathione (GSH) produced by different doses of diethyl-maleate (DEM). Significant alterations in renal function were observed when the GSH level diminished. The replenishment of GSH and the restoration of renal function were also investigated at various times after the injection. Similar time courses were observed of both the GSH level and renal functions, but the former was shortest. This suggests that the restoration to normal of GSH renal content was necessary in order to regain appropriate kidney function. Furthermore, the fact that impairment of sodium excretion occurred simultaneously with GSH depletion may be considered as evidence of the first event in GSH protective action. It may be hypothetized that the thick ascending limb is the principal renal target for this deficiency. PMID- 3768026 TI - Effect of diethylmaleate and other glutathione depletors on protein synthesis. AB - The alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl compound diethylmaleate (DEM) depletes glutathione (GSH) from liver and other tissues, and for this reason it is often used in toxicological research to study the GSH-mediated metabolism of xenobiotics. In addition to GSH depletion, however, DEM has been shown to have other nonspecific effects, such as alteration of monooxygenase activities or glycogen metabolism. In this study we found that DEM (1 ml/kg) inhibited protein synthesis in brain and liver, following in vivo administration to mice. Protein synthesis was measured as the incorporation of [3H]valine into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable material. Administration of DEM also decreased body temperature by 2-3 degrees. By increasing the environmental temperature from 22 degrees to 35 degrees the hypothermic effect of DEM was prevented, without affecting its ability to deplete GSH from brain and liver. Furthermore, when mice were maintained at 35 degrees, DEM still caused a significant decrease in protein synthesis, suggesting that this effect was only partially due to hypothermia. To test whether inhibition of protein synthesis was related to GSH depletion, groups of animals were dosed with the alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl phorone (diisopropylidenacetone) or the specific inhibitor of GSH synthesis, buthionine sulfoximine (BSO). Phorone decreased GSH in liver and brain; however, it had no effect on protein synthesis. BSO decreased GSH levels in liver and kidney, but not in brain, and did not have any effect on protein synthesis in any of these tissues, nor did it cause any hypothermia. Furthermore, when hepatic GSH content was decreased by in vivo administration of DEM or BSO, there was no inhibition of protein synthesis measured in vitro. These results indicate that, at the dose normally used to deplete GSH from various tissues. DEM also exerts an inhibitory effect on protein synthesis, which appears to be only partially due to its hypothermic effect, and is independent from GSH depletion. BSO, which, in our experimental conditions, lacks this and other nonspecific effects, might be a good alternative for studies aimed at characterizing the role of GSH in the metabolism and toxicity of chemicals. PMID- 3768027 TI - The disposition of suramin in the isolated perfused rat liver. AB - We have investigated the disposition of suramin in the isolated perfused rat liver preparation (IPRL) after the administration of suramin (18 mg, 8 muCi). At 30 min post drug administration, almost 100% of the [14C]radioactivity and unchanged suramin were located in the perfusate plasma. During the course of the study, the elimination of suramin from the IPRL was barely perceptible. The AUC0 5 hr of suramin (730.6 +/- 86.2 micrograms hr/ml) corresponded to that of [14C] radioactivity (815.1 +/- 105.5 micrograms ml/hr) at 5 hr, indicating a lack of perfusate suramin metabolites. At 5 hr only a small proportion of [14C] radioactivity was recovered from the livers (2.5 +/- 1.1%). Subsequent HPLC analysis of the liver tissue indicated this to be unchanged suramin. Sub-cellular fractionation of the homogenised livers revealed suramin to be distributed in the liposomal rich tissue fractions (10,000 g pellet, 1.6 +/- 0.8%; 105,000 g supernatant, 1.1 +/- 0.35%). Biliary excretion of [14C] radioactivity was low (2.1 +/- 0.7%), however, none could be accounted for as unchanged suramin. Previously undetected metabolites of suramin may have accounted for the unidentified biliary radioactivity. PMID- 3768028 TI - The stereoselective uptake of ibuprofen enantiomers into adipose tissue. PMID- 3768029 TI - Characterization of melphalan-glutathione adducts whose formation is catalyzed by glutathione transferases. PMID- 3768030 TI - Glutathione turnover in perfused rabbit lung. Effect of external glutathione. PMID- 3768031 TI - Effect of morphine treatment and withdrawal on endogenous methionine- and leucine enkephalin levels in primate brain. PMID- 3768032 TI - Identification of two major reduction products of the hypoxic cell toxin 3-amino 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide. PMID- 3768033 TI - Investigations on the mechanism of the hypocholesterolemic action of diethylhexyl phthalate in rats. AB - The plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), used widely in the manufacture of food packages and medical plastic devices, depressed serum cholesterol (40%) and proliferated hepatic mitochondria (100%) when administered in the diet (2%, w/w) to the rat. Microsomes isolated from the livers of animals administered DEHP showed lowered specific activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase (50%). The incorporation of acetate but not of mevalonate into hepatic cholesterol was decreased (52%) in these animals. The release of bile acids was greatly enhanced (100%), and the activity of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase, the regulatory enzyme in the pathway of bile acid formation, was stimulated (70%) on DEHP administration. Even though the capacity of mitochondria to oxidize the side chain of cholesterol was not enhanced in DEHP-fed animals, the larger population of mitochondria would ensure that the amount of cholesterol oxidized per gram of liver was significantly higher. PMID- 3768034 TI - Human placental glutathione S-transferase-mediated metabolism of methyl parathion. AB - The ability of human placental glutathione S-transferase (GSHTr) to metabolize methyl parathion (MeP) was examined. MeP was found to be a substrate for both partially purified pre-term and highly purified term placental GSHTr. The characterization of the reaction by high performance liquid chromatography revealed the presence of desmethyl parathion (DesMeP) as the sole metabolite. Term placental GSHTr activity towards MeP ranged from 2.22 to 3.53 nmoles DesMeP formed X min-1 X mg-1 while an activity of 0.60 to 1.12 nmoles DesMeP formed X min-1 X mg-1 was observed with the pre-term placental enzyme. The absence of the O-dearylation reaction by pre-term and term placental GSHTr represents a major species- and/or tissue-specific difference. PMID- 3768035 TI - Cyclohexanol and methylcyclohexanols. A family of inhibitors of hepatic HMGCoA reductase in vivo. AB - Oral dosing of rats with cyclohexanol and methylcyclohexanols resulted in the inhibition of hepatic HMGCoA reductase. Neither cyclohexane or cyclohexane diols exerted any effects. Inhibition was not due to alcohol dehydrogenase mediated changes in redox state since 3,3',5-trimethylcyclohexanol (TMC), a non substrate for alcohol dehydrogenase, was a potent inhibitor of HMGCoA reductase. Following a single dose of TMC there was no alteration in total hepatic HMGCoA reductase activity for more than 6 hr after which the enzyme activity was depressed in a dose-dependent manner. The normal diurnal rhythm of HMGCoA reductase was reduced in amplitude following TMC administration but the phase was unaltered and the t 1/2 for activity decay following the peak of activity was unaffected. Prior to the inhibitory effect of a TMC dose becoming apparent in total HMGCoA reductase activity we found that the expressed activity of the enzyme (after isolation in F medium to suppress endogenous protein phosphatase) was depressed by 43%. The inhibitory effect of TMC on total HMGCoA reductase activity seen 8 hr or more after dosing was reflected by inhibition of sterol synthesis in liver measured in vivo after [3H]-H2O administration. PMID- 3768036 TI - Major differences between lung, skin and liver in the microsomal metabolism of homologous series of resorufin and coumarin ethers. AB - Phenoxazone and a homologous series of its ethers (methoxy to octoxy plus benzyloxy), and coumarin and a series of its ethers (methoxy to propoxy), were metabolized by liver, lung and skin microsomes of normal adult female BALB/c mice. For each series of substrates, and with each tissue, clear structure activity relationships were seen, relating metabolic activity to the length of the ether side-chain. With the coumarin series of substrates the structure activity relationships were almost identical in the three tissues, with liver more active than lung and lung more active than skin. Liver, lung and skin microsomes each showed very different structure-activity relationships, however, for metabolism of the phenoxazone series of substrates. Benzyloxyphenoxazone was metabolized almost twice as fast in lung as in liver, but for the other phenoxazone substrates the activities were much greater in liver than in lung or skin. Liver, lung and skin microsomal propoxy- and benzyloxyphenoxazone dealkylase activities differed in their sensitivities to inhibition by metyrapone and alpha-naphthoflavone. The structure-activity relationship and inhibitor data for the phenoxazone substrates are consistent with a view that mouse lung and sking cyt. P-450 are predominantly similar to phenobarbitone-induced and 3 methylcholanthrene-induced forms of hepatic cyt. P-450 respectively. The results also show that the pattern of microsomal metabolism of xenobiotics in lung and skin cannot be reliably predicted from that in liver. PMID- 3768038 TI - Effect of N-hydroxyparacetamol on cell cycle progression. AB - N-hydroxyparacetamol treatment of rat kidney cells gave rise to a dose-dependent decrease in DNA synthesis. A concentration of 1.0 mM N-hydroxyparacetamol at pH 7.2 decreased the level of DNA synthesis to 13.0 +/- 2.3% of the control value after 1 hr incubation. This compound also caused a perturbation of cell cycle progression. A concentration of 0.44 mM N-hydroxyparacetamol induced G1/S and S phase blocks. These delays became evident at approximately 12 hr after treatment and persisted until about 15 hr when cells started to recover. It seems unlikely that N-hydroxyparacetamol inhibits DNA synthesis and perturbs cycle progression through alterations to DNA structure as such, since this compound failed to alter the migration pattern of naked plasmid DNA. PMID- 3768037 TI - Hypophysectomy may non-selectively alter pharmacokinetic parameters to enhance the ability of haloperidol to increase striatal dopamine receptor density in the rat. AB - We have investigated the effect of a range of doses of haloperidol (0.625-5.0 mg/kg/day) or saline, administered for 14 days, followed by a 3 day drug washout period, to sham operated or hypophysectomized rats. Haloperidol increased the number of specific striatal 3H-spiperone binding sites (Bmax) in sham-operated animals at doses of 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg/day, and in hypophysectomized animals at all doses used (0.625-5.0 mg/kg/day). The inhibition of locomotor activity produced by haloperidol was greater in hypophysectomized than sham-operated animals. Plasma and striatal haloperidol levels after equivalent doses were greater in hypophysectomized than in sham-operated animals. We conclude that hypophysectomy may enhance the ability of haloperidol to induce striatal dopamine receptor supersensitivity in the rat, and that this may be due to differences in the pharmacokinetic handling of haloperidol between sham-operated and hypophysectomized animals. PMID- 3768039 TI - Induction of a high spin form of microsomal cytochrome P-448 in rat liver by 4 aminoazobenzene derivatives. AB - Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 4-aminoazobenzene derivatives or other drug metabolizing enzyme inducers such as phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene and isosafrole. The expression of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 of the rats, principally that of a high spin form of cytochrome P-448 (cytochrome P-448H), was assessed by a bacterial mutation test and by immunological methods. The results of the mutation test with use of Salmonella typhimurium TA9 and 3 aromatic amine substrates showed that 2-methoxyl, 3-methoxyl and 2',3-dimethoxyl derivatives of AAB and methyl derivatives of AAB such as o-aminoazotoluene, N-methyl-4 aminoazobenzene and N,N-dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene have a large capacity for the selective induction of cytochrome P-448H. Activity of the cytochrome increased by 6 hr after an azo dye treatment, reached a maximum after 24 hr, and then declined. In contrast, 4'-methoxy-AAB has a small, and AAB has no, capacity for the cytochrome induction. The aminoazo dye-induced enzymes differ in their substrate specificities from those induced with 3-methylcholanthrene or phenobarbital, and the induced enzyme was identified to be cytochrome P-448H, as determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting with use of anti-cytochrome P-448 monoclonal antibodies. These observations indicate that several methoxyl and methyl derivatives of 4-aminoazobenzene are potent and selective inducers of cytochrome P-448H in the rat. PMID- 3768040 TI - Cholinergic and GABAergic neurotoxicity of some alkylating agents. AB - A series of nitrogen mustard derivatives was tested for neurotoxic effects on cholinergic and GABAergic markers at three rat brain regions: hippocampus, striatum and cortex. All compounds were administered intracerebroventricularly, and the enzymatic activities were measured 7 days after treatment. The effects of synthesised nitrogen mustard derivatives with indole, quinoline and hemicholinium backbone structures were compared. Of these compounds, only the hemicholinium analogue showed some preferential neurotoxicity to cholinergic neurones, thus offering a basis for designing novel, more specific cholinergic neurotoxins. PMID- 3768041 TI - Compounds that inhibit chymotrypsin and cell replication. AB - Several compounds have been tested for their ability to inhibit bovine pancreatic alpha-chymotrypsin (Ki) and their ability to inhibit cell replication (IC50). There is good agreement over three orders of magnitude between the Ki and the IC50 values of these compounds. The data support the hypothesis that a cellular, chymotrypsin-like activity is necessary for cell replication. PMID- 3768042 TI - Assessment of the role of non-ADH ethanol oxidation in vivo and in hepatocytes from deermice. AB - Deermice genetically lacking alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH-) were used to quantitate the effect of 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP) on non-ADH pathways in hepatocytes and in vivo. Although primarily an inhibitor of ADH, 4-methylpyrazole was also found to inhibit competitively the activity of the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS) in deermouse liver microsomes. The degree of 4-MP inhibition in ADH- deermice then served to correct for the effect of 4-MP on non-ADH pathways in deermice having ADH (ADH+). In ADH+ hepatocytes, the percent contributions of non ADH pathways were calculated to be 28% at 10 mM and 52% at 50 mM ethanol. When a similar correction was applied to in vivo ethanol clearance rates in ADH+ deermice, non-ADH pathways were found to contribute 42% below 10 mM and 63% at 40 70 mM blood ethanol. The catalase inhibitor 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, while reducing catalase-mediated peroxidation of ethanol by 83-94%, had only a slight effect on blood ethanol clearance at ethanol concentrations below 10 mM, and no effect at all at 40-70 mM ethanol. These results indicate that non-ADH pathways (primarily MEOS) play a significant role in ethanol oxidation in vivo and in hepatocytes in vitro. PMID- 3768044 TI - Effect of ring substituents on the transketolase-catalyzed conversion of nitroso aromatics to hydroxamic acids. AB - Transketolase catalyzed the conversion of eight different aromatic C-nitroso compounds into the corresponding N-glycolyl derived hydroxamic acids. Three of the nitroso compounds were also found to be converted in part to the arylhydroxylamines by a reductive process. A correlation was found for the rates of production of these metabolites with the electronegativities of substituent groups that were present on the aromatic ring. The rates of reaction of these substituted nitroso substrates with transketolase and D-fructose-6-phosphate were found to decrease in the order 4-NO2 much greater than 4-CF3 greater than 3-CF3, unsubstituted greater than 4-Cl greater than 4-CH3, 4-phenyl greater than 4 OC2H5. N,N-Dimethyl-p-nitrosoaniline was not metabolized by transketolase under the conditions employed for the other substrates. Those substrates possessing the strong electron-withdrawing groups 4-NO2, 4-CF3 and 3-CF3 were the only substrates that were found to undergo enzymatic reduction to the hydroxylamines as a competing process. A mechanism was proposed that involves a redox reaction between the nitroso substrate and the enzymatic intermediate "active glycolaldehyde" at the active-site of transketolase. PMID- 3768043 TI - Stimulation of mixed-function oxidation by NADPH in perfused mouse livers. Studies with saponin-permeabilized tissue. AB - In perfused livers from fed and fasted beta-naphthoflavone-treated C57BL/6J mice, maximal rates of p-nitroanisole O-demethylation were 30-40 mu moles/g/hr and 15 20 mu moles/g/hr respectively. The detergent saponin, at concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 0.005%, was infused between 2 and 30 min to establish optimal conditions to permeabilize plasma membranes. Permeabilization was assessed by release of lactate dehydrogenase and stimulation of p-nitroanisole O demethylation by citrate. Saponin (0.005% for 5 min) alone had little effect on the rates of p-nitroanisole O-demethylation or conjugation of p-nitrophenol by perfused livers. Further, dicarboxylates or NADPH had no effect on rates of monooxygenation by perfused mouse liver in the absence of saponin. In saponin treated livers from fasted mice, however, rates of monooxygenation were increased rapidly by infusion of dicarboxylates (10 mM malate, citrate, or isocitrate) or an NADPH-generating system (60 and 110% respectively), over a 6-8 min period. During this time period, cellular energetics were not comprised as reflected by normal rates of glucuronidation of p-nitrophenol. Thus, non-permeable metabolites can enter saponin-permeabilized cells in the perfused liver. Rates of monooxygenation were increased 40-60% in livers from fed mice by citrate, NADPH (200 microM) or an NADPH-generating system. In contrast, saponin decreased mixed function oxidation assayed in isolated microsomes incubated with an NADPH generating system. Taken together, these data support the hypothesis that maximal rates of monooxygenation in intact hepatocytes from fed as well as fasted mice is limited by the availability of NADPH. PMID- 3768045 TI - Increased pancreatic acinar content and secretion of cationic trypsinogen following 30-day continuous ethanol intoxication in rats. AB - The effects of sustained, high blood alcohol levels (216 +/- 120 mg/100 ml, S.D.) for 30 days on cholecystokinin (CCK)-mediated pancreatic exocrine function were studied in a rat model that achieves both maximally controlled, optimal nutrition and high alcohol intake (approximately 40.5% of total calories). In alcohol-fed rats, basal plasma levels of immunoreactive cationic trypsinogen (ICT) were reduced by 50% (P less than 0.05), but intravenous doses (0-30 IDU/kg/hr; 1 IDU = approximately 62.5 ng CCK-8) of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) resulted in a 3-fold greater maximal concentration of ICT and an 80% steeper slope of the dose response curve compared to those of pair-fed control animals. Basal plasma levels of amylase were not different in the two groups at basal conditions and did not change significantly following CCK-8 administration. In vitro studies with isolated pancreatic acini have shown that basal secretion of ICT into the media was similar in the two groups. However, ICT secretion in response to CCK-8 (30 3000 pM) was 2-fold greater in alcohol-fed rats than in pair-fed controls, resulting in a CCK-8 EC50 which was about half that of controls. On the contrary, the basal and maximal amylase secretion from acini isolated from alcohol-fed rats was reduced by 67 and 43%, respectively, causing a reduction in the magnitude of the response curve with almost identical EC50 and slopes. Despite the marked alterations in CCK-stimulated enzyme secretion, radioiodinated CCK-33 binding to receptors on acini isolated from both control and alcohol-fed rats was similar. Cellular concentrations of ICT and amylase, however, revealed similar patterns of alterations: 2 to 3-fold increase in ICT and 70% reduction in amylase in alcoholic acini compared to controls. These results indicate that the inverse changes in amylase and ICT secretions following continuous ethanol administration are probably due to differential effects on enzyme synthesis. PMID- 3768046 TI - Irreversible inactivation of catalase by 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole. PMID- 3768047 TI - Effect of 9-alkyl derivatives of 6-methylthioguanine on brain specific binding of [3H]diazepam. PMID- 3768049 TI - Chlorphentermine-induced alterations in the response of human lymphocytes to mitogens. PMID- 3768048 TI - Formation of adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate from 3'-phosphoadenosine-5' phosphosulfate in human platelets. PMID- 3768051 TI - [Synthesis of thioanalogs of platelet activating factor (PAF)]. AB - Synthesis of thioalkyl, thioacetyl and phosphothionyl PAF analogues was carried out starting with corresponding monoalkyl glycerol ethers. The synthetic route was based on preparation of racemic phosphatidylcholines and subsequent hydrolysis with phospholipase A2 to afford isomers having natural configuration. PMID- 3768050 TI - [DNA-phospholipid interactions. A study using lipid-specific fluorescent and photoreactive probes]. AB - The interaction of phospholipids with phage T7 DNA was investigated using anthryl vinyl-labeled and photoactivable phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin. Fluorescence polarization studies demonstrated that, in the presence of DNA, the fluorophore mobility is diminished as its distance from the polar head-group is increased. Immobilization of lipid chains is enhanced by Ca2+ ions, the effect being more pronounced for sphingomyelin than for phosphatidylcholine derivatives. On the other hand, phospholipids with a photoactivable group could not be crosslinked to DNA in the DNA-phospholipid complexes, evidencing against the presence of contacts between lipids and DNA. PMID- 3768052 TI - [Study of prostaglandins and thromboxanes B2 using mass-spectrometry of secondary ions]. AB - Prostaglandins E, F, I2 and thromboxane B2 have been studied by secondary ion mass spectrometry. It is shown that the method is suitable for direct identification of these compounds either as free acids or as their sodium salts. The spectra of the former reveal their structural features, while with the latter information on the molecular weight can be obtained. The limit of detection (about 1 microgram) allows the analysis of prostaglandin solutions of 1 microgram/microliter concentrations used in pharmacological tests. PMID- 3768053 TI - [The role of the N-terminal amino group in the activity of pancreatic lipase]. AB - Chemical modification of porcine pancreatic lipase by increasing amounts of [2, 3 3H] succinic anhydride revealed the presence of two highly reactive amino groups in the enzyme. The initial modification of lipase with p-nitrophenyl acetate enabled practically selective modification of a single amino group in the enzyme molecule. The lipolytic activity of succinylated enzymes in micellar solution of sodium taurodeoxycholate in the presence of 10-fold excess of colipase was completely suppressed, and the monosuccinylated lipase did not bind to colipase agarose column or to the surface of tributyrin emulsion in micellar solution of taurodeoxycholate in the presence of colipase. It was concluded that the N terminal alpha-amino group of the enzyme is essential for lipase-colipase complex formation in true solution and for enzyme binding to the bile salt covered substrate surface in the presence of colipase. PMID- 3768054 TI - The early diagnosis of ischemic necrosis of bone. AB - One hundred sixty-nine patients with radiographic or histologic evidence of ischemic necrosis of bone (INB) were evaluated. Ninety-nine (59%) of the 169 patients had multiple sites of INB, with 310 bones affected. Two hundred sixty three (85%) of the 310 ischemic bones were symptomatic. Routine radiography produced negative findings in 58 (20%) of the bones with histologically confirmed INB. Results of hemodynamic studies, including baseline bone marrow pressure, saline stress test, and/or intraosseous venography, were abnormal in 243 (94%) of 259 ischemic bones so evaluated. Most importantly, hemodynamic studies detected 51 (93%) of the 55 bones that were radiographically normal but had histologically confirmed INB. PMID- 3768055 TI - Intraarticular ferritin-bound iron in rheumatoid arthritis. A factor that increases oxygen free radical-induced tissue destruction. AB - Iron mobilized from ferritin is able to convert superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which are produced in large amounts in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), to the extremely toxic hydroxyl radical. We have found that synovial fluid ferritin is increased significantly in RA patients compared with levels in controls. The high synovial fluid:serum ferritin ratio is compatible with the hypothesis that synovial fluid ferritin is derived from the synovial membrane. We found no difference in ferritin concentrations in the synovial membranes of RA patients compared with those of controls. Quantitative data on the amount of iron bound to ferritin showed that the level was 2.9 times higher in RA synovial membranes than in those of controls. Moreover, RA synovial fluid contained considerable amounts of iron bound to ferritin. Calculation of the iron saturation of ferritin revealed that RA synovial membranes contained a mean of 2,210 moles of iron per mole of ferritin: a significant elevation when compared with the mean value of 1,500 moles found in the synovial membranes of the controls. The decreased saturation of ferritin in RA synovial fluid, compared with that in the synovial membrane, could be caused by an uncompensated release of iron from ferritin, which has been induced by superoxide that is produced by stimulated granulocytes. The results demonstrate that in the joints of RA patients, sufficient ferritin loaded with iron is available to stimulate oxygen free radical damage. PMID- 3768056 TI - Molecular forms of IgA rheumatoid factor in serum and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. AB - The distribution of molecular forms of serum IgA rheumatoid factor (IgA-RF) in 42 patients with rheumatoid arthritis was examined by solid-phase radioimmunoassay following fractionation by gel chromatography or ultracentrifugation in acidic buffer. Analysis of the fractions using phosphate buffered saline indicated that the IgA-RF in each serum was mainly polymeric. However, monomeric IgA-RF was detected in sera from approximately two-thirds of the patients, after dilution of chromatographic or ultracentrifugal fractions in diluent containing mouse monoclonal anti-human alpha chain antibody. The levels of monomeric IgA-RF (mean +/- SD 38 +/- 86 micrograms/ml) and the ratios of monomeric to polymeric IgA-RF (mean +/- SD 0.29 +/- 0.41) varied over a wide range. Paired synovial fluids from 9 of the patients were also examined. Monomeric IgA-RF was detected in each, although 2 samples demonstrated only minimal quantities. Neither form of IgA-RF was detected in serum from healthy adults when analyzed under the same conditions. Thus, both monomeric and polymeric IgA-RF can occur in serum and synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and their proportions vary widely among patients. PMID- 3768057 TI - Incidence of arthritis in urban Finnish children. A prospective study. AB - The incidence of various types of arthritis in children was estimated by a prospective 1-year study in the greater Helsinki area (population under 16 years of age: 148,362). Patients were sought from primary care physicians, and 71% of the patients studied were seen within 1 week of the onset of symptoms. All patients received followup care for at least 3 months; patients whose symptoms were prolonged received followup care for a minimum of 2 years. The incidence per 100,000 children under 16 years of age was as follows: 108.5 for all cases of arthritis, 6.7 for septic arthritis, 5.4 for enteropathic arthritis, 51.9 for transient synovitis of the hip, 18.9 for prolonged arthritis (duration greater than 3 months), and 25.8 for acute transient arthritis. The incidence of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis was 19.6. Oligoarticular disease was prevalent (76%) among the juvenile rheumatoid arthritis patients. PMID- 3768058 TI - Metabolism of a cartilage matrix glycoprotein in normal and osteoarthritic canine articular cartilage. AB - We have recently described a 550,000-dalton noncollagenous cartilage matrix glycoprotein (CMGP), with subunits of 130,000, which is present in hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage. Biosynthetic studies indicated that CMGP was synthesized by short-term organ cultures of normal canine articular cartilage, representing approximately 9% of the total 3H-leucine incorporated into protein in 24-hour cultures. There was no incorporation of 35S-sulfate or 3H-mannose into CMGP under these conditions, but the protein did incorporate 32P-phosphate. The majority of the 3H-leucine-labeled CMGP was removed after 24 hours of chase with unlabeled leucine, and only a small amount remained at 72 hours, which suggests that there was rapid metabolism of the protein. CMGP was not detected in cartilage after addition of cycloheximide to the culture medium; this confirms its short half-life. Cultures of osteoarthritic cartilage obtained from dogs 8-10 weeks after anterior cruciate ligament transection revealed no difference in the metabolism of CMGP in this tissue compared with that found in cultures of normal articular cartilage. PMID- 3768059 TI - Rheumatoid nodulosis: report of a case with evidence of intraosseous rheumatoid granuloma. AB - We describe a patient who had multiple subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules associated with episodes of acute intermittent arthritis and subchondral cystic lesions of the small bones of the hands and feet; this condition is termed "rheumatoid nodulosis." The patient had a cystic lesion in communication with the joint cavity, rheumatoid granulomas, and evidence of a central zone of necrosis opening toward the joint space. His case is compared with 8 previously reported cases, and possible etiologies of the subchondral bone cyst formation in rheumatoid nodulosis are discussed. PMID- 3768060 TI - Unusual metacarpophalangeal osteoarthritis in a jackhammer operator. AB - Severe, atypical osteoarthritis of the metacarpophalangeal and elbow joints in a jackhammer operator is reported. Articular tissue resected at surgery demonstrated gross fibrillation and histologic evidence of calcification of articular cartilage, and multiple, bony fragments embedded in the synovium. Operation of a pneumatic drill may accentuate a tendency toward development of osteoarthritis in workers who are predisposed to the disease and may also cause it to localize at unusual sites such as the elbow, shoulder, wrist, and metacarpophalangeal joints. PMID- 3768061 TI - FDA Arthritis Advisory Committee meeting: methotrexate; guidelines for the clinical evaluation of antiinflammatory drugs; DMSO in scleroderma. PMID- 3768063 TI - Myocardial infarction in systemic lupus erythematosus and "lupus-like" disease. PMID- 3768062 TI - Lupus vasculitis with tibial artery thrombosis and gangrene. PMID- 3768064 TI - Antibodies to cardiolipin and vascular complications in women taking oral contraceptives. PMID- 3768065 TI - A comparison of the effects of some phenethylamines on the release of radioactivity from isolated rat caudate nucleus prelabelled with 3H-dopamine. AB - In order to evaluate a series of phenethylamines with regard to their capacity to induce release from presynaptic catecholamine stores, their effect on the efflux of radioactivity from 3H-dopamine-prelabelled rat caudate nucleus tissue was determined. All of the phenethylamines studied were found to enhance the release of radioactivity from this preparation. However, marked differences were observed between the individual compounds with regard to potency and dose dependence of the effect. PMID- 3768066 TI - [The voltage of R-waves in the normal electrocardiogram of the conscious beagle]. AB - Mean values for body weight of 12.5 kg, heart weight of 103 g, heart rate of 109 actions/min and from ECG lead II an R-wave amplitude (voltage) of 1.6 mV (0.5-2.7 mV) were calculated in 118 healthy untreated beagle dogs (58 males, 60 females). The values of these parameters are somewhat higher in the males than in the females. The body postures of the dogs (standing, sitting, lying) during the recording of the ECGs scarcely influence the amplitude of RII but do distinctly alter those of R1 and RIII corresponding to the related changes in the direction of the electrical heart axis. Body and heart weights are positively correlated (r = +0.74) within the whole sample. There are, however, no correlations between heart weight and rate, heart rate and RII-amplitude nor between amplitude RII and heart weight within the range of the physiological values investigated making use of interindividual consideration. In 35 beagle dogs the smallest voltage changes were found in RII after recordings in series compared intraindividually. However, significant variations in RI and RIII were apparent. Furthermore normal ECGs with low voltage of RII or QRSII were revealed as mostly secondary low voltages due to sagittal type by our special lead "DV-L" (dorsoventral left). ECGs with high voltage of RII, which showed a lower mean amplitude in DV-L, served as control test. The results are commented on in detail. Possible relationships between heart weight, volume of ventricles, and heart rate on the one hand and the voltage of R or QRS on the other hand are discussed. PMID- 3768067 TI - Right-heart echocontrast in the anesthetized dog after i.v. administration of a new standardized sonographic contrast agent. 1st communication: dose-response relationship. AB - The newly developed standardized sonographic contrast agent SH U 454, which consists of pure galactose microparticles, was examined for opacification of the right heart by 2 D echocardiography in 10 anesthetized female beagle dogs (6.8 12.7 kg) following i.v. administration. The right ventricular contrast of SH U 454 was investigated in 4 concentrations: 100, 150, 200 and 300 mg microparticles/ml suspension. With a 5-min interval between injections each animal was given 3 injections of 2 ml of each formulation in random order using an injection speed of approximately 2 ml/s. The echocardiographic pictures were recorded on videotape and the contrast assessed blind, using a visual score system (ratings 0-5), by two investigators working independently and also by a videodensitometer which measured 3 additional parameters. The contrast obtainable with SH U 454 is dose-dependent. SH U 454 containing 300 mg microparticles/ml was in every case significantly superior (p less than 0.05) to the suspension containing 100 mg/ml. All the videodensitometer values revealed a significant difference (p less than 0.05) between the 200 and 100 mg/ml concentrations. Only the concentration containing 300 mg/ml yielded contrast adequate for diagnostic purposes in respect of every parameters after every injection and in every dog. PMID- 3768068 TI - Right-heart echocontrast in the anesthetized dog after i.v. administration of a new standardized sonographic contrast agent. 2nd communication: dependence of the intensity of contrast on the interval between preparation of the suspension and its injection. AB - The right-ventricular echocontrast provided by 5 different concentrations of the new standardized sonographic contrast agent SH U 454 (100, 150, 200, 300 and 400 mg microparticles/ml), which consists of pure galactose microparticles, was examined in 3 anesthetized female beagle dogs (8.6-9.3 kg) in order to assess the influence of the period of time which elapsed between preparation of the suspension and its injection. Each animal was given 2 ml of an SH U 454 concentration by intravenous injection at a speed of approximately 2 ml/s immediately after preparation of the suspension and 1, 2, 3 and 5 min thereafter. Evaluation of the intensity of contrast was performed blind by two investigators working independently and using a visual scoring system (ratings 0-5) and also by a videodensitometer. The videodensitometer provided a quantitative evaluation of the maximum intensity of contrast, the duration of contrast and the area under the videodensitometer curve. The intensity of the contrast of the prepared suspension subsided at a constant rate over a period of 5 min for all the concentrations tested. However, the difference between the starting value t0min and the terminal value t5min was small. On the whole, very little difference was found over the 5-min period in the intensity of the contrast provided by any of the SH U 454 concentrations examined. Thus, for the injection the examiner has a timeframe of at least 5 min after preparation of the suspension. PMID- 3768069 TI - Inhibition of thromboxane synthetase by the imidazole derivative 3-(1H-imidazol-1 yl-methyl)-2-methyl-1H-indole-1-propanoic acid as a novel therapeutic approach to experimental myocardial ischemia. AB - 3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl-methyl)-2-methyl-1H-indole-1-propanoic acid (UK 38.485), a novel imidazole derivative, was employed to study potential protective effects of thromboxane synthetase inhibition on ischemically stressed canine myocardium. In anaesthetized open-chest mongrel dogs (n = 5) repeated ischemia (3 min) was produced by proximal, intermittent occlusion of the left anterior descending artery. A total of 18 occlusions after therapy was analysed and compared to a total of 15 occlusions under control conditions. In each experiment 2-3 control occlusions and 3-4 occlusions under therapy were performed. The drug was applicated intravenously at a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight 30 min before the first therapy occlusion. Hemodynamics and energetics did not significantly change. The efficiency of the drug in protecting ischemically stressed myocardium was examined by the amounts of potassium, inorganic phosphate and lactate released in the first minute of reperfusion and by quantification of 02-debt and 02-repayment in the occlusion and reperfusion periods. Compared to control occlusions, premedication with UK 38.485 led to a reduced 02-debt (-39.1%; p less than 0.01) combined with a significant decrease of the release of potassium (-15.7%; p less than 0.001), inorganic phosphate (-20.2%; p less than 0.002) and lactate (-20.7%; p less than 0.01). The protective effect is suggested to be mainly due to enhanced flow to ischemic areas regarding a significant lesser reduction of myocardial blood flow and an improved oxygen uptake during ischemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768070 TI - Adenosine, dipyridamole and isosorbide dinitrate are ineffective to prevent the sympathetic initiation of poststenotic myocardial ischemia. AB - An activation of cardiac sympathetic nerves increases coronary vascular resistance distal to severe stenoses and induces ischemia of the dependent myocardium. The selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist rauwolscine and the calcium antagonist nifedipine prevent both poststenotic vasoconstriction and ischemia. To exclude the possibility that the beneficial action of nifedipine is based on unspecific coronary dilation rather than a functional antagonism against alpha 2-adrenoceptor mediated poststenotic vasoconstriction we now tested coronary dilatory drugs with a different underlying mechanism. The left ventrolateral cervical cardiac sympathetic nerve was stimulated in 12 anesthetized, vagotomized dogs. A severe stenosis of left circumflex coronary artery was defined by the absence of a postocclusive reactive hyperemia. Sympathetic stimulation increased end-diastolic poststenotic resistance from 0.45 +/- 0.10 to 0.83 +/- 0.18 mmHg X min X 100 g/ml and induced a net lactate production of the poststenotic myocardium. Adenosine (50 micrograms/kg X min i.c., n = 5), dipyridamole (0.2 mg/kg i.v., n = 3) and isosorbide-dinitrate (1 mg i.c., n = 4) did not prevent the increase in resistance and the net lactate production. Thus the effectiveness to prevent alpha 2-adrenergic poststenotic coronary constriction appears to be specific for alpha 2-antagonists and calcium antagonists. PMID- 3768071 TI - Myocardial and ventricular mechanics as influenced by disopyramide. AB - The effects of disopyramide (D) on the mechanics of isolated myocardium as well as on the whole ventricle were examined in the rat model. Moreover bipolar leads of the apex and an area at the base of the left ventricle were set up to get indications for changes in the spread of excitation. D in concentrations of 10( 8) to 10(-4) mol/l did not affect the diastolic elastic properties of isolated myocardium. Isometric contraction amplitude was nearly unaltered, while rate of isometric contraction and relaxation were slightly increased. In the whole ventricle in situ D (2 to 10 mg/kg b.w. administered i.v.) induced a dose dependent decrease in left ventricular isovolumetric peak pressure (16%), max.pos. dP/dt (40%) and max.neg. dP/dt (30%; for highest doses respectively), while time to peak pressure and relaxation time 90% were prolonged. Therapeutic dose of D (2 mg/kg b.w.i.v.) induced no decrease in essential systolic parameters of the whole ventricle under auxotonic conditions. Left ventricular pressure, dP/dt max.pos. and neg., left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and cardiac output were nearly unaltered. Heart rate showed a tendency to decrease, while total time of contraction and left ventricular ejection time increased. Higher doses of D led to marked cardiac depressant effects. The time interval between the excitation of the apex and an area at the base of the heart was increased. It was concluded that the negative dromotropic effect of D and thereby an altered pattern of left ventricular contraction are essential components in the elimination of the pressure gradient between left ventricle and aorta, observed in patients with muscular subaortic stenosis, and are presumably involved in the cardiac depressant effect of the drug in over-therapeutic doses. PMID- 3768072 TI - Cardiovascular profiles of the calcium antagonists nisoldipine and nifedipine in the blood-perfused dog heart. AB - The coronary vasodilator and cardiac effects of nisoldipine (Bay k 5552) were compared with those of nifedipine in isolated, blood-perfused sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node and papillary muscle preparations of dogs with i.a. administration. Principally all preparations received both nisoldipine (0.01 10 micrograms) and nifedipine (0.3-3 micrograms). In all preparations both drugs increased (coronary) blood flow, and in this respect they were nearly equipotent. In SA node preparations nisoldipine reduced sinus rate and produced atrial standstill in large doses. Nifedipine also reduced sinus rate in the dose range tested. In this respect, too, both drugs were nearly equipotent. The ratio of the dose that produces a 15% (nearly half-maximum) decrease in sinus rate to the dose that doubles coronary blood flow was about 7 for nisoldipine and about 9 for nifedipine. In AV node preparations both nisoldipine and nifedipine prolonged AV conduction time and produced second- or third-degree AV block in large doses only when injected into the artery supplying the AV node but not into the artery supplying the His-Purkinje-ventricular system. In suppressing AV nodal conduction both drugs were nearly equipotent. The ratio of the dose that produces a 15% (nearly half-maximum) increase in AV conduction time to the dose that doubles coronary blood flow was about 3.3 for nisoldipine and about 5 for nifedipine. In paced papillary muscle preparations both nisoldipine and nifedipine reduced the force of contraction. In this respect, too, both drugs were nearly equipotent. The ratio of dose that reduces the force of contraction by half to the dose that doubles coronary blood flow was about 5 for both of them.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768073 TI - Cardiovascular effects of the new positive inotropic agent denopamine with special reference to species difference and the effect on failing heart. AB - Cardiovascular effects of (-)-(R)-1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-[(3,4 dimethoxyphenethyl)amino]ethanol (denopamine, TA-064) were investigated in various experimental animals. An intravenous bolus injection of denopamine dose dependently increased the contractile force or the maximum rate of rise of left ventricular pressure (LV dp/dtmax in cynomolgus monkeys, miniature pigs, cats and rats. In these animals, the doses of denopamine which increased the contractile force by 30% of the control (ED30) were found to be 2-3 micrograms/kg. On the other hand, ED30 values for dl-isoprenaline ranged from 0.005 to 0.04 micrograms/kg. Thus, the potency of denopamine for increasing the contractility was approximately 1/60-1/300 that of dl-isoprenaline. It is noteworthy that the positive inotropic effect of denopamine was more pronounced than the positive chronotropic effect compared with those of isoprenaline, as estimated at ED30 for positive inotropy. In general, denopamine produced little effect on the blood pressure, and only a slight increase or an increasing tendency was observed in all of these animals. An intravenous continuous infusion of denopamine to monkeys or pigs produced qualitatively similar cardiovascular effects to those following intravenous bolus injection. When examined with monkeys, the positive inotropic effect and plasma levels of denopamine were closely related. Denopamine increased cardiac output, and reduced total peripheral resistance in pigs and dogs. In dogs, common carotid, superior mesenteric and femoral arterial blood flow were increased concomitant with the increase in cardiac output, while the vascular resistance of the corresponding vascular bed was reduced. Denopamine had no significant influence on central venous pressure in monkeys and pulmonary arterial pressure in dogs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768074 TI - Pharmacological profile of the new pituitary-gonadic suppressant 17 beta-acetoxy 5 alpha, 17 alpha-pregn-2-ene-20-yne. AB - 17 beta-Acetoxy-5 alpha, 17 alpha-pregn-2-ene-20-yne (TX 380) strongly suppresses the hypophyso-gonadic axis at central and peripheral levels. Depending on the dosage and on the hormonal status at the time of treatment, this combined inhibition results in major disturbances of the estrus cycle and in impaired ovulation. TX 380 shows minimal androgenic activity. It exerts no effect on the fetal female urogenital tract during gestation. TX 380 possesses only weak estrogenic properties, and does not promote endometrial proliferation in the female rabbit. Moreover, it markedly opposes the action of progesterone. Given this pharmacological profile, TX 380 stands as a candidate drug in the treatment of gynecologic affections, such as endometriosis and benign breast disease, and as a potential contraceptive agent. PMID- 3768075 TI - Comparative antitussive effects of dextrorphan, dextromethorphan and phencyclidine. AB - The possible antitussive effects of dextrorphan (the (+) isomer of levorphanol) and phencyclidine (PCP) were compared to well known antitussive properties of dextromethorphan in the post-halothane anesthetized decerebrate cat in which cough was elicited by direct electrical stimulation of the cough center. Dextrorphan, when injected i.a. (0.05-0.32 mg kg-1) or i.v. (1 to 3 mg kg-1), PCP i.a. (0.1-0.32 mg kg-1) or i.v. (1.0 mg kg-1) had no effect on electrically elicited cough. After i.v. administration, dextrorphan caused a variable effect on respiration but did not have any respiratory effect with i.a. administration of the drug. PCP injection i.a. at 0.32 mg kg-1 severely inhibited respiration though coughing could still be elicited. But i.v. administration of 1.0 mg/kg-1 suppressed both cough and respiration for several hours. Dextromethorphan inhibited cough upon both i.a. and i.v. injection. The mean effective i.a. dose was 0.063 mg kg-1. A ten times higher dose was necessary (0.65 mg kg-1) for cough suppression by the i.v. route. It is concluded from the i.a./i.v. ratio that dextromethorphan has specific central antitussive activity not possessed by dextrorphan and PCP. PMID- 3768076 TI - Gastroprotection and lysosomal membrane stabilization by sulglicotide. AB - Well-known agents that induce gastric ulcers cause a decrease in lysosomal stability, with release of lytic enzymes. Some antiulcer and cytoprotective agents have lysosomal membrane stabilizing activity when tested in vitro and ex vivo. Sulglicotide (Gliptide), a polysulfated glycopeptide with antiulcer and cytoprotective activities, was able to stabilize lysosomal membranes in vitro at concentrations between 9 and 36 micrograms/ml. The ratio of potency of sulglicotide to that of carbenoxolone was 12.2. In ex vivo experiments in rats, it was found that sulglicotide stabilized lysosomes after oral treatment. The effect was dose-dependent after intravenous treatment. Carbenoxolone, injected i.v. under the same experimental conditions, was less active (potency ratio 0.65). 16,16-dimethyl-PGE2, administered at a dose of 10 micrograms/kg orally or intravenously, had an activity equivalent to that of sulglicotide at a dose of 12.5 mg/kg i.v. or 200 mg/kg p.o. Sulglicotide (200-400 mg/kg p.o.) was also able to prevent the release of acid phosphatase from stomachs challenged for 10 min or 3 h with absolute ethanol. The same result was obtained with 200 mg/kg p.o. of carbenoxolone. These data show that sulglicotide is a potent lysosomal membrane stabilizer in vitro and ex vivo, and could explain the cytoprotective activity of this compound in different experimental models of ulcer. PMID- 3768077 TI - Distribution of cephalothin and ceftriaxone into experimental interstitial tissue fluid in rabbits. AB - A study was carried out on the access and residence of cephalothin and ceftriaxone in interstitial tissue fluid (ITF) produced experimentally by subcutaneous implantation of spiral steel cages after administration of 30 mg/kg of the two antibiotics to rabbits. The levels reached by the drug in serum and ITF were determined by a microbiological plate diffusion method. The elimination half-lives of cephalothin and ceftriaxone showed mean values of 0.23 and 1.77 h, respectively. Both these values were lower than those found for the disappearance half-lives from ITF. Cephalothin reached a maximum concentration in ITF of 4.37 micrograms/ml at 0.52 h, while ceftriaxone showed a maximum concentration of 24.94 micrograms/ml at 2.09 h. The area under the curve of tissue concentrations of ceftriaxone was approximately 20-fold greater than that of cephalothin at the same dose and using same administration route. The index of the penetration capacity expressed as the quotient of the respective AUC's in ITF and in the systemic circulation gave a value for ceftriaxone which was approximately double that obtained for cephalothin. PMID- 3768078 TI - Whole-body autoradiographic studies in rats with gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, a new contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging. AB - The time course of the distribution of radiolabel in organs and tissues was investigated after intravenous administration of 0.5 mmol/kg of 14C-labelled gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd-14C-DTPA) and of 153Gd-DTPA to pregnant rats (18th day p.c.) and after intragastric administration of 30 mumol/kg of Gd-14C-DTPA to male rats by whole-body autoradiographic technique. After intravenous administration Gd-DTPA was rapidly distributed within the organism. The distribution pattern was similar to that of classical X-ray contrast agents like diatrizoate and iotalamic acid. Gd-DTPA was not able to pass blood-brain and placental barriers. There was no indication of a dissociation of Gd-DTPA complex. 24 h after i.v. injection most of the radiolabel left the body. Only very small amounts were found in the kidney, the placenta and in the contents of the intestine. No specific and long-lasting retention of radioactivity was observed in any organ and tissue. After intragastric administration Gd-DTPA was not absorbed. PMID- 3768079 TI - [The percutaneous absorption of diclofenac]. AB - The percutaneous absorption of diclofenac diethylammonium 1.16% (w/w) in a combination of emulsion cream and gel (Voltaren Emulgel) and of diclofenac sodium 1% (w/w) in a cream formulation (Voltaren cream) was investigated in guinea-pig, rabbit and man. The percutaneous absorption of diclofenac sodium in guinea-pig was 3 to 6% of the dose when the cream formulation in doses of 320, 100 or 40 mg was applied on 10 cm2 of occluded skin and left in place for 6 h. The transdermal delivery of 14C-labelled diclofenac yielded plateau plasma concentrations of radiotracer from 1.5 h after application until removal of the residual cream. Subsequently the steady state drug depots in the skin and muscle tissue were depleted promptly. During daily administration the steady state levels in the muscle tissue in proximity to the application site were about 3 times higher than in distant muscle tissue. By topical application on knee joints of rabbits diclofenac penetrated into the patellar ligament, the adipose corpus and the synovial fluid. In man the percutaneous absorption was 6% of the dose when the Emulgel formulation was spread by 5 mg/cm2 and left for 12 h on non-occluded skin. The pattern of metabolites of diclofenac in human urine was the same after topical and oral administration. In man, upon daily topical administration of 3 times 2.5 g cream formulation (10 mg/cm2) the diclofenac steady state plasma levels were 20 to 40 nmol/l.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768080 TI - Pharmacokinetics of morphine after epidural administration in man. AB - The concentration of morphine and morphine glucuronide in serum after epidural injection of 9 patients with aortic abdominal surgery was measured using gas chromatography-mass fragmentography. The decline of morphine serum concentration after epidural administration of 0.1 mg/kg was described by a bi- or triexponential decay equation with a mean terminal half-life (t1/2) of 134.7 +/- 107.9 min. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from the fit parameters mean values for clearance and apparent volume of distribution were 1.16 +/- 0.65 l/min, and 156.6 +/- 107.3 l, respectively, for free morphine and 0.19 +/- 0.09 l/min and 37.2 +/- 17.7 l, respectively, for morphine glucuronide. Peak concentration of morphine 79 +/- 19 ng/ml was reached within 10 min after administration. Haemodynamic values, ECG, end-expiratory CO2 concentration, temperature, acid-base status, hemoglobin, Na+, K+, total Ca++, lactate, glucose concentration in the blood and the urine were registered before, during and after the operation. PMID- 3768081 TI - Open clinical study with suprofen drops in the treatment of postoperative and posttraumatic pain. AB - Analgesic effect and tolerability of alpha-methyl-4-(2-thienyl carbonyl)phenylacetic acid (suprofen, Suprol) drops were tested in an open study including 51 informed outpatients with moderate to severe postoperative and posttraumatic pain. Suprofen drops were administered for 7 days, at doses of 33 drops (= 200 mg of suprofen) t.i.d. or q.i.d. The pain intensity was recorded prior to the treatment and after 2, 4 and 7 days; pain relief was assessed on days 2, 4 and 7. Effectiveness and tolerability were by the investigator and by the patients globally evaluated upon completion of the trial. The intensity of pain dropped within the 7-day treatment period from initially severe pain to mild. Pain relief was seen in 92% of the subjects after day 2, in 98% after day 4, and in 100% after day 7 of treatment. Investigator's and patients' final evaluation of the therapeutic effect indicated good analgesic activity in 86% of the population, and very good analgesic effect in 84%. Moderate effect was seen in 12 and 14%, respectively. The tolerability of suprofen drops was by investigator and patients considered good to very good in 82% of the cases, moderate in 16%, and poor in 1 case. PMID- 3768082 TI - Metabolism of chlormezanone in man. AB - The metabolism of chlormezanone (Muskel Trancopal) in man was studied by the aid of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography after an oral dose of 400 mg. Six metabolites and/or degradation products were identified in the urine. Some of the metabolites are formed at least partially by nonenzymatic hydrolysis in the stomach. In contrast to previous publications, no unchanged drug was detected in plasma and urine. The main metabolite in plasma is generated by cleavage of the amide bond in the six membered heterocyclic ring. This derivative is easily formed by in vitro hydrolysis at pH 1, too. It structurally resembles baclofene. About 40% of the dose is excreted with the urine. The major metabolite in urine is 4 chlorohippuric acid. Additionally, 4-chloro-benzoyl-N-methylamide, 4 chlorobenzoic acid, N-methylimino-4-chlorobenzaldehyde, 4-chlorobenzaldehyde, and "hydrolized" chlormezanone were identified. PMID- 3768083 TI - Liver function and pharmacokinetics of molsidomine and its metabolite 3 morpholinosydnonimine in healthy volunteers. AB - Plasma levels of N-carboxy-3-morpholinosydnonimine ethyl ester (molsidomine, Corvaton) and its pharmacologically active metabolite 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1) were measured in six healthy male and female volunteers after single intravenous and oral dosing of 4 mg molsidomine. Additionally indocyanine green and phenazone (antipyrine) clearances were determined to estimate hepatic blood flow and metabolic liver function in each subject. The pharmacokinetic parameters of molsidomine were similar to already published data in healthy volunteers and patients. The plasma level of SIN-1 formed was always lower than the molsidomine level but obviously reflects the corresponding molsidomine concentration time course in plasma. Indocyanine green plasma clearance was reduced by 15%. after intravenous dosing of 4 mg molsidomine. There was no clear-cut relationship between the plasma clearances of molsidomine and phenazone in these subjects with normal metabolic liver function. PMID- 3768085 TI - [The effect of pirenzepine on lipase levels after endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreaticography]. AB - In a random examination including 40 patients with previous endoscopic retrograde cholangio- pancreaticography (ERCP) the influence of pirenzepine on the lipase elevation through filling of the pancreatic duct with a contrast medium was studied. The result of this study is that, compared with a control group, pirenzepine reduces significantly ERCP-caused hyperlipasemias. Therefore we can recommend the prophylactic application of pirenzepine before ERCP. PMID- 3768084 TI - Single dose absorption profiles and bioavailability of two different salbutamol tablets. AB - In a single dose cross-over experiment in twelve healthy adults a comparison of the absorption profiles and the relative bioavailability was made between a new salbutamol containing tablet (preparation A = Salbutax) and a commercially available and accepted formulation as reference (preparation B), both containing 4 mg salbutamol. Salbutamol plasma concentrations were measured frequently during a period of 16 h post dosing. Maximum salbutamol plasma concentrations after intake of product A and product B on an empty stomach were reached after 2.3 +/- 0.9 (= mean +/- S.D.) and 2.4 +/- 1.1 h, respectively, and accounted for 14.3 +/- 2.5 and 12.8 +/- 2.6 micrograms X l-1, respectively. The differences were not found to be significant (p greater than 0.05). The areas under the plasma concentration-time curves (AUC0----16), as obtained after administration of tablet A and tablet B, accounted for 73.5 +/- 14.0 and 65.0 +/- 11.8 micrograms X l-1 X h, respectively, the difference being marginally significant (p = 0.05). This results in a relative bioavailability of 114.3 +/- 15.7% for the product A 4 mg tablets. It is concluded that both products can be considered as having comparable bioavailability. PMID- 3768086 TI - [The effect of ciprofloxacin on epinephrine and collagen-induced thrombocyte aggregation in vitro]. AB - Concentrations of 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3 quinoline carboxylic acid (ciprofloxacin; designated tradename: Ciprobay) similar to maximal levels obtained in the serum of patients with intact renal function after application of therapeutic doses and 4- to 5-fold such concentrations do not influence epinephrine- or collagen-induced aggregation. 100 micrograms/ml ciprofloxacin, corresponding to the 20 fold maximal serum level of patients with intact renal function, does not influence aggregation induced by 2 micrograms/ml collagen as regards degree and kinetics of aggregation, while aggregation induced by 0.2 micrograms/ml collagen is significantly reduce. Aggregation induced by 1, 2 and 4 mumol/l epinephrine is also reduced significantly by 100 micrograms/ml ciprofloxacin. Changes brought about by high doses of ciprofloxacin still occur within the normal range. It is therefore concluded from this study that the hemostatic function of the platelets is not influenced in a clinically relevant manner by ciprofloxacin. Regarding the effect on platelet aggregation ciprofloxacin corresponds to the structurally related pipemidic acid. PMID- 3768087 TI - Kidney function of pyelonephritis patients with impaired renal function treated with mezlocillin. AB - Ten patients with pyelonephritis and impaired renal function were treated with 2.0 g mezlocillin (Baypen) 8-hourly. They all recovered from urinary tract infection and showed a distinct improvement of their kidney function measured by blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and creatinine clearance. No side effects were seen and the blood coagulation remained within normal limits. An overview of the literature on urinary tract infections treated in patients with impaired kidney function is given. PMID- 3768088 TI - 1986 convention booklet. November 21-24, 1986. Detroit. American Speech-Language Hearing Association. Abstracts. PMID- 3768089 TI - ASHA interviews Sir John Wilson. PMID- 3768090 TI - Effect of low-dose sitostanol on serum cholesterol in patients with hypercholesterolemia. AB - Sitostanol (24-ethyl-5 alpha-cholestan-3 beta-ol), a hydrogenated derivative of sitosterol, was administered in a low dose (1.5 g/day) for 4 weeks to 6 patients with hypercholesterolemia. Total cholesterol was reduced significantly after 3 and 4 weeks by 10 and 15%, respectively. The reduction of total cholesterol was entirely due to a fall in LDL cholesterol. Total triglycerides and HDL cholesterol were not altered. Two weeks after cessation of sitostanol administration serum cholesterol returned to pretreatment levels. No significant amounts of sitostanol could be detected in plasma during therapy. These results suggest that low-dose sitostanol might be a useful hypolipidemic agent for the treatment of mild hypercholesterolemia. PMID- 3768091 TI - Studies on the relationship between the cholesterol content in total high density lipoprotein and its subfractions, HDL2 and HDL3 in normo- and hyperlipidemic subjects. AB - Total high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and cholesterol in its main subfractions, HDL2 and HDL3, were determined in 160 normo- and 90 hyperlipidemic subjects by density gradient ultracentrifugation (range of HDL-cholesterol: 0.05 2.85 mmol/l). Both in the normolipidemics and in the combined group HDL3 cholesterol (HDL3-chol) as well as HDL2-cholesterol (HDL2-chol) showed a parabolic relationship with total HDL-chol. The results indicate, that at low total HDL-chol values almost all cholesterol is present in the HDL3 fraction, which shows a linear increase with total HDL-chol from 0 to 0.75 mmol/l. At a further increase of total HDL-chol, cholesterol is increasingly isolated in the HDL2-fraction, especially when HDL3-chol has reached its maximum (about 1.25 mmol/l). Thus, the magnitude of the absolute intra-individual variation of either HDL3-chol or HDL2-chol (in mmol/l) is related to the total HDL-chol concentration. Given the strong correlation between cholesterol in both HDL subfractions with total HDL-chol and the inverse relationship of total HDL-chol with the risk for coronary heart disease, a rise in HDL3-chol or in HDL2-chol may be equally favorable. PMID- 3768092 TI - Discrepancies between the outcome of animal and human studies on the mode of action of probucol. PMID- 3768093 TI - Dietary (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids lower plasma triacyglycerol concentrations in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. PMID- 3768094 TI - The impact on consumption of selling wine in grocery stores. AB - This paper examines the effect of introducing wine into grocery stores in Quebec. Beer has been available in Quebec grocery stores for many years but limited wine sales were introduced in 1978. Data on wine sales and total sales of alcoholic beverages were examined for Quebec and Ontario for the years 1967-1983. Neither beer nor wine are sold in the grocery stores of Ontario and it represented a control province. The analyses show that there was no impact on wine sales or total alcohol sales from the introduction of wine into grocery stores. In fact, alcohol consumption fell a little more in Quebec than in Ontario. The reasons for the lack of impact could include depressed economic circumstances, the relative unpopularity of wine compared to other beverages and the long-term trend toward lower alcohol consumption throughout Canada. PMID- 3768095 TI - Multidisciplinary examinations of the 'causes' of crime: the case of the link between alcohol and violence. PMID- 3768097 TI - Prospective patients' reactions to alcoholism clinic referral. AB - Thirty-seven patients were interviewed at home before their initial appointment at an alcoholism clinic to discover their reactions to referral, attitudes to attending and expectations of what would happen. Referral for the majority was not initiated by the patients themselves but usually by the general practitioner, sometimes at the request of the patient's spouse. Most felt a sense of relief on receiving an appointment to attend. Although embarrassment about the prospects of attending was commonplace, those who informed all their family and friends of the referral were more likely to attend. Few informed their employer of the appointment. Few had any knowledge of what would happen at the clinic but most expected to be told to stop drinking. Most informants were very optimistic about their prospects of recovery. Information collected during the interviews raises questions about the referral process and how patients may be better prepared for attendance at an alcoholism clinic. The referral agent should deal with any misconceptions and misgivings that patients may have about psychiatric referral and treatment. They should attempt to motivate patients to regard referral as a positive step towards eventual recovery from a drinking problem. The evidence to date suggests that patients who are more carefully prepared for referral and consultation have a more positive attitude towards it. PMID- 3768096 TI - Effects of ethanol on social behaviour directed towards male intruders by lactating Swiss mice. AB - Ethanol (0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 g/kg) was given intraperitoneally to lactating Swiss strain mice and the animal's response to a docile male intruder was assessed using a videotape analysis that estimated the time that the females allocated to non-social, social/sexual, aggressive and timid categories of response. No evidence was produced in this study that alcohol augmented aggression although conditions were certainly conducive for such an effect. Alcohol does, however, modify aspects of social behaviour in lactating female mice. PMID- 3768098 TI - Alcohol-related diseases associated with ischaemic heart disease: a three-year follow-up of middle-aged male hospital patients. AB - Mortality and morbidity from ischaemic heart disease (IHD) was studied in 5404 Finnish males aged 35-64 years who had been hospitalised for alcohol-related disease in 1972 without any admissions for IHD during that same period. By record linkage, morbidity and mortality were followed up to the end of 1975. The mortality of patients with alcohol-related diseases was compared to 1120 patients with acute appendicitis by calculating indirectly age-standardised mortality ratios (SMR). The mortality and morbidity of 5963 patients with acute myocardial infarction or angina pectoris was also studied. The following SMRs for IHD mortality, non-fatal-IHD-hospitalisation and for mortality from all causes respectively, were found: acute myocardial infarction 11.6, 7.2 and 7.2; alcohol intoxication 6.0, 4.5 and 4.5; angina pectoris 5.2, 10.5 and 3.4; liver cirrhosis 2.2, 2.5 and 11.8; alcoholism 1.9, 1.9 and 3.6; pancreatitis 1.8, 1.2 and 4.4; alcohol psychosis 1.7, 2.5 and 4.2. IHD mortality and morbidity appeared to be more prevalent in patients hospitalised with alcohol intoxication than in patients with other alcohol-related diseases. This suggests that rapid drinking predisposes both to serious intoxication and to fatal disturbances of cardiac rhythm. PMID- 3768099 TI - The rapid decline in erythrocyte transketolase on cessation of high-dose thiamine administration in Korsakoff patients. AB - This paper reports two studies carried out on patients with the Wernicke Korsakoff (W-K) syndrome and control subjects. All had been mental hospital inpatients for at least 12 months. In the first study the changes in the thiamine dependent enzyme erythrocyte transketolase (TK) which followed the administration of oral thiamine are described. Essentially the two patient samples responded similarly. In the second study patients who had been maintained on high-dose thiamine for several months stopped this treatment abruptly. The subsequent decline in TK is described. In W-K patients this decline was rapid and virtually complete at four weeks. In control subjects the decline was much more gradual. These findings offer support to other evidence suggesting a difference between TK in W-K and control subjects. PMID- 3768100 TI - Zinc and vitamin A status of alcoholics in a medical unit in Sri Lanka. AB - Zinc and vitamin A concentrations in the serum were measured in 40 alcoholics (33 males and 7 females) and 35 healthy, age-matched subjects (31 males, 4 females). Liver zinc concentrations were measured in 15 alcoholics from specimens collected by liver biopsy and compared with the zinc concentrations in liver specimens taken at autopsy from victims of road-traffic accidents. Alcoholics had significantly lower serum concentrations of both zinc and vitamin A compared to the control group of healthy subjects. The depression of zinc and vitamin A levels was related to the severity of the hepatic lesions, the lowest levels being observed among cirrhotics. Liver zinc concentrations were similar in alcoholics and healthy subjects and were not related to plasma zinc concentrations. Serum zinc and vitamin A levels were positively correlated among cirrhotics, but not in other alcoholics or controls. Thus low levels of vitamin A in cirrhotics may have arisen as a result of impaired mobilisation from the liver due to zinc deficiency, or to non-availability of hepatic zinc. Female alcoholics were more severely affected than males with respect to their zinc and vitamin A levels, although they consumed lesser amounts of alcohol and had a shorter duration of alcohol intake. A strong positive relationship existed between zinc and albumin levels in all alcoholics but not in controls. It is possible that the decreased serum albumin levels may have limited the availability of albumin for the transport of zinc in the plasma and this in turn may have resulted in increased urinary excretion of zinc.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768101 TI - The effect of long-term ethanol treatment on the polysome profile of brain, liver, and kidneys of mice. AB - Female mice were fed ad libitum with a liquid diet containing 5% (w/w) ethanol. After 4-8 weeks the polysome profile of brain, liver and kidneys showed changes indicating an increased state of aggregation. PMID- 3768102 TI - Antigenemia HBs and other serological markers of hepatitis B virus infection in patients with acute and chronic alcoholism. AB - Serological markers of hepatitis B virus infection were studied in a group of recently presenting alcoholic out-patients and compared with a group of long-stay in-patients suffering from chronic alcoholism. All markers of infection were increased in the chronic group and were thought to be related to admission to the Alcohol Unit. Although both groups had normal liver function tests, the patients with the longer alcohol history had evidence of two coexisting causes of liver disease and may, therefore, have a much poorer prognosis. PMID- 3768103 TI - When alcoholics drink aftershave: a study of nonbeverage alcohol consumers. AB - A one-year prospective study was conducted to describe nonbeverage alcohol (NBA) consumption (the use of substitutes for traditional forms of ethanol) among alcoholics. It was found that 11% of inpatient alcoholics at a veterans' hospital and 8.6% of alcoholics at a community hospital had consumed NBA. Substances consumed ranged from toiletries to organic solvents, often in quantities exceeding the theoretical lethal dose. 'Ready availability' was cited as the primary reason for consumption. Social, demographic and psychiatric parameters were then compared between 48 VA alcoholics who used NBA and 48 nonusing alcoholics. No social or demographic differences were found, but NBA drinkers drank more alcohol (P less than 0.0001), had higher global alcoholic severity scores (P less than 0.0001), more severe withdrawal symptoms (P less than 0.0001), and a higher frequency of antisocial personality disorder (P = 0.009) and drug abuse (P = 0.005). When NBA drinkers were subdivided by quantity of NBA consumption and recency of latest ingestion, no social or psychological differences were found between groups, except for more frequent and heavier illicit drug use among 'heavy' NBA consumers (P less than 0.0001). PMID- 3768105 TI - An investigation of seasonal differences on microvibration under natural air temperature. PMID- 3768106 TI - [Study on the triathlon from the viewpoint of physical fitness. Energy balance in Kaike triathletes]. PMID- 3768104 TI - The effects of chronic alcohol consumption on pregnant rats and their offspring. AB - The effect of chronic ethanol intake during gestation was studied in rats fed a liquid diet in which ethanol provided 36% of the total calories. The animals were chronically alcoholised before mating, and the body weight gain and nutritional status during pregnancy were noted. Blood ethanol levels were measured during pregnancy and parturition. Specifically, we have shown that chronic ethanol intake during pregnancy lengthens the gestation period, decreases foetal viability, increases the placental weight and diminishes foetus, liver and brain weights, as well as the protein and DNA content of foetal brain. The reduced body weight of rats prenatally exposed to alcohol continued for the first two months of the postnatal period and was most apparent during lactation. PMID- 3768107 TI - [Effect of the habit of exercising on the physical fitness of adults]. PMID- 3768108 TI - Observation of high and low frequency muscle fatigue by means of 31P nuclear magnetic resonance. PMID- 3768109 TI - Enzymatic determination of blood lactate by flow injection analysis. PMID- 3768110 TI - Substitution of the anterior cruciate ligament: a long-term histologic and biomechanical study with autogenous pedicled grafts of the iliotibial band in dogs. AB - This paper reports the experience with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) substitution by standardized pedicled strips of the iliotibial band, fixed to the tibia and femur with a bone-peg fixation technique. Thirty-two young adult (+/- one year old) Labrador dogs were used for the experiments (58 transplant knees and six controls). The posttransplantation period ranged from day zero to three years postoperatively. Of the transplants, there were five failures. Forty-seven knees served for gross, photographic, and histologic examination. In 17 knees, the transplants were submitted to tensile testing in an Instron testing machine. The behavior of the ACL transplants was as follows: the transplants became necrotic in a short period of time, but after day four, a process of creeping substitution took place. At 12-16 weeks, a newly formed ligament was seen with a striking macroscopic resemblance to the normal ACL. However, its collagen fibers were coarser and more undulant, and they were fixed to the bony interfaces with Sharpey-like fibers. When these rather good-looking ACLs were subjected to mechanical testing and compared with normal ACLs, the results were less satisfactory. Mechanically, the substituted ACLs were 45% less stiff than normal ligaments, the yield point was at one-third, and the ultimate load was 40% of that of a normal ACL (deformation rate, 5 mm/min). Normal ACLs rupture at their tibial insertion. The transplants ruptured intraligamentarily. A striking finding was that the substituted ligament did not derotate when all the other ligamentous and capsular structures were cut. There was no torsional arrangement of their component bundles. Although the substituted ACL has an excellent histological and macroscopic appearance, its mechanical properties are inferior. PMID- 3768111 TI - Arthroscopic evaluation of anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. AB - Fourteen patients who underwent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, using fascia lata or patellar tendon, were examined arthroscopically at a mean time of 16 months following surgery. The postoperative care and rehabilitation program was standardized for all patients. Eleven of these 14 patients were recalled for a functional evaluation. Nine of these 11 patients were satisfied with the outcome of their reconstruction. Two patients complained of an occasional giving way of the knee. The arthroscopic findings were disappointing. Four patients appeared to have viable ligamentous structures in the intercondylar notch. Four patients had lax ligamentous tissue in the notch. In other cases, the notch was filled with varying degrees of amorphous scar tissue. The tissue was tested by palpation with a probe and with an anterior drawer test applied. The scar tissue did develop tension and give a firm end point to the drawer test. Other arthroscopic findings included instances of Grade II, III, and IV chondromalacia of the articular cartilage, adhesions, and capsular scarring not seen at the time of original surgery. While the patient satisfaction and functional results were generally good, we were disappointed with the arthroscopic findings. Based on the generally poor quality of the reconstructed tissue and the articular cartilage lesions, we have changed our surgical technique and postoperative regime. PMID- 3768112 TI - Arthroscopic arthropathy: iatrogenic arthroscopic joint lesions in animals. AB - Damage to the articular cartilage does occur, on occasion, during the course of diagnostic arthroscopy and arthroscopic surgery. Because of this, we decided to do an arthroscopic gross and histologic study of the alterations in the articular cartilage and the underlying bone that we produced in the joints of dogs. Depending upon the instruments used and the depth of the lesion created, various types of lesions were produced in the cartilage, including track-like fissures, patch-like defects, and even superficial damage to the subchondral bone. Superficial lesions reaching only to the transitional zone were repaired by a smoothing of the edges of the defects. In the deeper lesions, repair consisted of a flat fibrous covering with sclerosis of the subchondral bone. These defects were followed for a period of 6 months, and in no case did a complete filling in occur. We realize that this animal experimental study is not a model for human osteoarthritis, but it casts some light on the importance of iatrogenic lesions of the joint. This study was carried out for the purpose of drawing attention to damage of the articular cartilage that can occur during arthroscopic surgery, especially in narrow joint spaces. These findings underline the need for responsible and effective education in the field of diagnostic and therapeutic arthroscopy. PMID- 3768113 TI - Synovial haemangioma of the knee joint: diagnosis by arthroscopy. AB - Synovial haemangiomas are a rare cause of recurrent knee effusions. The problem usually presents in childhood, but the diagnosis is often not made for many years. Clinical, laboratory, and radiographic diagnosis is often non-specific, leading to prolonged diagnostic uncertainty. Arteriography, venography, thermography, and computer tomography may be useful once the diagnosis is made. Arthroscopy should be considered early on to make the diagnosis and biopsy the tumor so that further surgery, studies, and treatment can be carried out. PMID- 3768114 TI - Synovial hemangioma of the knee joint--a case report. AB - At arthroscopy, a 22-year-old woman with repeated spontaneous hemarthrosis of the knee was found to have a synovial hemangioma, which was removed by arthrotomy. In cases of spontaneous hemarthrosis without abnormal bleeding tendency, arthroscopy is recommended to identify and, if possible, treat the cause of bleeding, as repeated bleedings may damage the joint. PMID- 3768115 TI - A broken telescope: a complication of arthroscopy. PMID- 3768116 TI - Neurovascular anatomy and elbow arthroscopy: inherent risks. AB - Five cadaver elbows were examined arthroscopically. Detailed dissections of superficial cutaneous nerves and of deeper neurovascular structures were carried out either before or after arthroscopic examination. Normal neurovascular anatomy and variants were defined in relation to standard portal placement. The danger of neurovascular injury is emphasized due to inappropriate portals, direction of entry, or elbow position. A safe, reliable, and reproducible technique is defined. PMID- 3768117 TI - Intra-articular pressure in the knee during routine arthroscopy. AB - The intra-articular pressure in 19 knees was studied during routine knee arthroscopy with saline insufflation. Filling pressures of up to 300 mm Hg were noted. The average range of intra-articular pressure during the procedure was found to be 40-70 mm Hg. Higher pressures were usually needed to keep good distension while performing arthroscopic surgery in the suprapatellar pouch, whereas the pressure could be as low as 20 mm Hg and still enable good vision in the tibio-femoral compartments. PMID- 3768118 TI - A simple leg-holder for arthroscopy. AB - A very simple leg-holding device has been devised and used by the author in over 1,200 arthroscopic surgical cases. The device is made from disposable materials that are found in all operating room environments. It has been found safe to use and reliable in its ability to assist in the exposure of either the medial or lateral compartments. It has a very low profile, which permits ready access to superior portals during operative arthroscopy in the suprapatellar pouch and the patello-femoral joint. Perhaps most important of all, its cost is negligible. PMID- 3768119 TI - Fractures not X-rayed. PMID- 3768120 TI - The Maurice Ellis lecture for 1986. The responsibility of emergency medicine towards the prevention of road accidents. AB - It is argued that doctors who work in accident and emergency departments should play their part in road accident prevention. It is suggested that this might be done in the field of research, by direct action, through education of the public and by influencing legislation. Examples are given of both small and simple, and major national research projects based in accident and emergency departments. The type of direct action envisaged is modelled on the work of Dr Hayle Hadeson in preventing accidents to children. Examples of the education of the public are drawn from publicity work in the seat-belt campaign, and experiences of lobbying members of parliament in relation to seat-belt legislation are described. The relative under-funding of trauma research compared with cancer of heart disease research is seen as a measure of society's lack of interest in accident prevention, and colleagues unchallenged to do more to alter this situation. PMID- 3768121 TI - Contact of parasuicide patients with the accident and emergency department. AB - In a group of 82 consecutive parasuicide patients attending the St George's Hospital Accident and Emergency Department, London, England, 15 had attended the same department within the preceding 6 months. Thirteen of these 15 had also consulted their general practitioner during this time, as had a further 51 parasuicide patients. Only two out of the 82 patients, therefore, had had sole medical contact with the Accident and Emergency Department in the 6 months prior to their suicide attempt. This is the first such report from an accident and emergency department. It demonstrates that very few patients seek help from, or visit in isolation, this facility prior to a parasuicide episode as opposed to visiting their general practitioner whose importance is reaffirmed. The problems of identifying 'somatising' patients in an accident and emergency department are discussed. PMID- 3768122 TI - A computerized prospective audit of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the accident and emergency department. AB - A prospective survey of cardiopulmonary resuscitation is in progress in the Accident and Emergency Department of the Royal Hallamshire Hospital. During the 12 months from January 1985 to January 1986, 123 cardiac arrests were treated in the accident department. Ninety of these arrests occurred outside the hospital; nine of these patients survived to leave hospital. Of the 33 people arresting in the department, 10 survived to leave hospital. The causes of death are presented. PMID- 3768123 TI - Data collection from road traffic accidents. AB - A method of improving information about injuries sustained in road traffic accidents is described. It was achieved by combining data from the police with that from the accident and emergency department in such a way that patient confidentiality was preserved. This improved data base shows that present estimates of the number of injuries sustained on the road are too low and that assessments of their severity are probably inaccurate. PMID- 3768124 TI - Perception of risk in motor-cyclists. AB - In a survey of 72 motor-cyclists, their experience of motor-cycle accidents and their perception of future risk were assessed. The results show that they underestimate the chance of having an accident and that their perception of the risks increases following personal contact with the victims of such accidents. PMID- 3768125 TI - A user-designed resuscitation unit. AB - Prior to the commissioning of the Phase I redevelopment of Glasgow Royal Infirmary, the need for the development of a new type of resuscitation trolley had been identified by a liaison group consisting of medical, nursing and scientific staff which had been set up to collaborate on the selection and specification of clinical equipment. A design study involving the liaison group and the Product Design Section of the Glasgow School of Art was, therefore, undertaken. This resulted in a basic design which was built in prototype form by the Department of Clinical Physics and Bioengineering for hospital trials. The unit was later taken over commercially. PMID- 3768126 TI - Risk. PMID- 3768127 TI - Risk, especially risk of traffic accident. PMID- 3768128 TI - Perceived risks and driving behavior. AB - Claims have been made that safer cars result in drivers who take more risks. However, there are two basic design changes that make cars safer: the first reduces the likelihood of a crash; the second reduces the chance of injury during a crash. Because design changes that reduce the likelihood of a crash also often provide direct and immediate feedback, drivers may change their behavior, although there is no evidence that the change offsets the benefits of the increased crash avoidance capability. Design changes that increase occupant protection usually provide no direct and immediate feedback and, therefore, should have no effect on driving behavior. The data are consistent with this hypothesis and contradict the hypothesis of risk compensation. PMID- 3768129 TI - A utility maximization model of driver traffic safety behavior. AB - A simple utility maximization model is presented to illustrate that risk compensation is a natural part of human behavior when individuals pursue multiple goals with limited resources. In this positive economic model driver safety effort is determined by a balance between reduced risk and increased disutility cost. Changes which affect the balance induce drivers to change their own safety efforts. Under plausible conditions a change in exogenous safety, which is beyond driver control, causes a compensatory change in driver effort in the opposite direction. A sample of special seat belt use studies illustratively indicates the usefulness of the model. PMID- 3768130 TI - Beyond the concept of risk homeostasis: suggestions for research and application towards the prevention of accidents and lifestyle-related disease. AB - On the assumption that risk homeostasis theory is a valid conceptualization of the process determining the aggregate loss due to traffic accidents per time unit of road-user exposure in a given jurisdiction, a general perspective for future research and application in the area of road accidents, accidents in other domains as well as in the area of lifestyle-dependent ill-health has been developed. It is proposed that further work be undertaken to phrase the theory in a mathematical format, to identify the processes mediating between input and output variables and to establish its potential for assisting in the progress towards a more general theory of human conduct in the face of uncertainty. Several implications for policies promoting safety and health have been worked out in the context of a preventative strategy called "expectationism" which aims to achieve these goals through interventions that enhance people's desire to be safe and healthy. Finally, various questions regarding the biological, behavioural and economic functionality of risk-taking have been raised and the need for clarification of the values of various safety goals and of the means to their end has been pointed out. PMID- 3768131 TI - The highway transportation system as a commons: implications for risk policy. AB - The highway transportation system may be viewed as a commons, that is, property that is owned by everyone and open to use by everyone. However, a commons has certain characteristics that lead to its exploitation or even demise. The motor carrier industry is used to illustrate the dilemma posed by the commons and how existing systems of deterrents and incentives fail to promote safety. Recommendations are made for modifications in motor carrier safety regulations to take into account the commons characteristics of the highway transportation system. PMID- 3768132 TI - Seat belt usage rates: a test of Peltzman's hypothesis. AB - Despite the universally accepted belief that the use of seat belts would have a significant impact upon the number of vehicular fatalities, current evidence indicates that relatively few drivers employ their seat belts. Various hypotheses have been offered to explain this phenomenon, many of which conclude that a driver's decision to use a seat belt is independent of the risk experienced in his trip making. This paper develops an economic model which focuses upon the relationship between driver use of seat belts and the travel conditions under which trips are made. Using data obtained from a national survey of households, a binary logit model is developed to test the hypothesis that seat belt usage is influenced by the level of risk experienced in one's trip making. The estimation results were consistent with the underlying hypothesis that individuals travelling in more risky environments are more likely to use their seat belts. The econometric results are then employed to examine various policy issues, including the predicted use of seat belts for population sub-groups, driver response to the introduction of a small urban car, and the impact upon the probability of a fatality resulting from vehicle fleet downsizing. PMID- 3768133 TI - Brachium pontis lesions in cats partly reproduce the cerebellar dysfunction of voluntary reaching movements. AB - The pontocerebellar pathway in the brachium pontis (BP), is known to convey signals from various cortical and subcortical visual structures to the cerebellum. Recently, a cortico-pontocerebellar pathway involving the BP has been implicated in the control of visually guided movements, on the basis of anatomical and physiological data. To further test this hypothesis, using behavioural methods, we studied the effects of a bilateral interruption of these projections in the BP, on 5 cats fully trained to perform a forepaw movement towards a moving target-light. The postoperative deficit consisted of an impairment in precision, with a strong tendency to over-reach and and increase in reaction time, contrasting with an unimpaired movement time. Although there was some initial recovery, performance soon stabilized with a permanent impairment in accuracy and reaction time. These results are discussed in relation to the various sensory signals processed at the pontine level and forwarded to the cerebellum, and compared with the effects of motor dysfunction of cerebellar origin. PMID- 3768134 TI - Inhibition of spinal nociceptive transmission accompanies cardiovascular changes from stimulation in diencephalic 'defence' regions of cats. AB - In anaesthetized cats, diencephalic regions were electrically stimulated while recording evoked responses from lumbar dorsal horn neurones and cardiovascular parameters. Neuronal responses to impulses evoked electrically in unmyelinated primary afferents were inhibited by stimulation in many diencephalic regions. Responses to non-noxious cutaneous stimulation (hair deflection) were inhibited at relatively few sites. Indirect circulatory measurements showed that this selective spinal inhibition was accompanied by increases in cardiac output and muscle blood flow but reduced cutaneous perfusion. This association between selective inhibition of nociceptive spinal neuronal responses and a cardiovascular response pattern associated with the defence reaction supports the proposal that analgesia could be an important component of defensive behaviour. PMID- 3768135 TI - Effects of chlordiazepoxide on competition for a preferred food in the rat. AB - In rats with previous experience of chocolate this is a food that is rapidly taken and eaten for which rats will compete. Female rats preferred white and milk chocolate to dark chocolate, but male rats displayed no preferences among the different types, regardless of whether it was offered in a novel environment or in the home-cage. Chronic (5 days) administration of chlordiazepoxide (5 mg/kg) to dominant animals, as judged in a previous competition for chocolate, led to a fall in success, whether the animals had been previously housed together for 1, 2 or 6 months. There were no significant effects of chlordiazepoxide treatment on the behaviour of subordinate rats. The potential usefulness of serial chocolate competition as a test of dominance is discussed. PMID- 3768136 TI - Size-threshold changes after lesions of the visual telencephalon in pigeons. AB - Fifteen pigeons were tested in a psychophysical procedure that determined the limits of their ability to detect differences in the sizes of stimuli. The results indicated that intact pigeons can reliably discriminate an annulus 3.0 mm in diameter from one that is 3.9 mm in diameter. In the first experiment, pigeons with lesions of the ectostriatum that spared the medial 15% were unimpaired in their size-discrimination ability. Those cases in which the lesions involved both the medial and lateral regions of the ectostriatum were greatly impaired. In a second experiment, these findings were replicated. In some cases, the electrode trajectory was varied to rule out possible effects from non-ectostriatal structures. In addition, the second study indicated that destruction of the medial ectostriatum with the lateral regions intact had no measurable effect on size-difference thresholds. The medial region of ectostriatum is part of the termination field of a second tectofugal pathway to the telencephalon. This pathway passes from the optic tectum to nucleus dorsolateralis posterior thalami and then to the neostriatum intermedium, including the medial ectostriatum. An examination of the data of the present experiment and those of other behavioral studies of the ectostriatum suggest that the medial ectostriatum may be involved in the processing of visual information with low spatial-frequency components and the lateral ectostriatum may be processing information about the high-frequency composition of stimuli. PMID- 3768137 TI - Arousal enhances [14C]2-deoxyglucose uptake in four forebrain areas of the zebra finch. AB - The activity pattern of the forebrain of male zebra finches was investigated by the [14C]2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) method in 4 different behavioral situations. Sitting alone in the cage (control); courtship by experienced birds; first courtship of inexperienced birds (100 days of age), and chasing the birds around the cage. The primary sensory areas (ectostriatum, field L) were active above background in each experiment. Vocal-motor control areas were at background activity (RA, HVc, MAN), or below background (area X), all unaffected by the type of experiment. In contrast, 4 different areas were active in Expts. 3 and 4, but not in 1 and 2: part of the neostriatum intermedium; part of the lateral neostriatum, both with adjacent parts of the hyperstriatum ventrale, hyperstriatum accessorium and hyperstriatum dorsale, a portion of the caudal neo/archistriatum. It is concluded that the enhanced activity of these areas is not due to distinct external stimulation or enhanced motor activity, but correlates with high arousal levels of the animals. PMID- 3768138 TI - Purification and characterization of the Ro and La antigens. Modulation of their binding affinities to poly(U) by phosphorylation and the presence of ATP. AB - Both the La and the Ro antigen (the latter for the first time) were purified to apparent homogeneity. Ro was found to be a 94 (90)-kDa and La a 50-kDa polypeptide. Both antigens bind to RNA with a high preference for poly(U). The binding hierarchy is U much greater than G greater than A greater than C for La and U much greater than C greater than G greater than A for Ro. Only 15% of the total amount of La or 21% of that of Ro, present in the L5178y cell extract, is able to bind to poly(U), indicating the existence of RNA binding and nonbinding subclasses of La and Ro. The purified antigens were used for the isolation of monospecific antibodies. These antibodies were specific for their respective antigen and did not cross-react. Both the Ro and the La antigen are phosphorylated in vitro by the cytoplasmic protein kinase CII, whereas the nuclear protein kinases NI and NII are unable to phosphorylate the antigens. After phosphorylation or in the presence of ATP the binding affinity of both antigens to poly(U) strongly decreases. The phosphorylation reaction together with the immunoprecipitation by the monospecific antibodies represents a highly sensitive and specific assay which was used during purification and characterization of the Ro and La antigen. PMID- 3768139 TI - The neurohypophyseal hormones vasopressin and oxytocin. Precursor structure, synthesis and regulation. AB - Complete cDNA sequences for the vasopressin and oxytocin precursor polyproteins have been determined for the rat, calf, human and pig (vasopressin only), indicating the essential conservation of the precursor structures throughout mammals. DNA probes specific for vasopressin or oxytocin mRNAs have been used to identify both classic (hypothalamic) and novel (thymus, corpus luteum, phaeochromocytoma) sites of hormone expression. Semiquantitative DNA/RNA hybridization suggests that in rats expression of the vasopressin and oxytocin genes is positively effected by osmotic stress, negatively by a systemically applied excess of vasopressin; in the latter experiment a reduction in the hypothalamic levels of vasopressin and oxytocin mRNAs in normal and Brattleboro rats have been observed. This suggests a feedback regulation by the hormone as a possible element in controlling the transcription of the vasopressin gene. PMID- 3768140 TI - Properties of human liver lysosomal sialidase. AB - Sialidase in human liver was localized predominantly in the lysosomal fraction. Microsomal and nuclear fractions contained some activity but no cytosolic enzyme could be detected. The lysosomal enzyme fraction is active with gangliosides, fetuin, mucus glycoprotein, sialyllactose and other sialyloligosaccharides. The preferred rate of enzymic hydrolysis of sialyl linkages is alpha(2-3) greater than alpha(2-6) greater than alpha(2-8) and this is governed by the Vmax values, as Km values were similar for all substrates tested. N-Acetyl-neuraminic acid is released faster than N-glycoloylneuraminic acid. Using the inhibitors N-acetyl-2 deoxy-2,3-didehydroneuraminic acid and N-(4-nitrophenyl)oxamic acid with selected substrates the existence of at least two types of sialidase activity could be demonstrated. One is active preferentially with gangliosides and sialyllactose and the other with fetuin and sialyhexasaccharides. Strong inhibition by Cu2+ and Hg2+ was found with ganglioside and sialyllactose as substrates. The presence of a sialate O-acetylesterase acting on hematoside containing N-glycoloyl-4-O acetylneuraminic acid was established. PMID- 3768141 TI - Purification, partial characterization and substrate specificity of a squalene cyclase from Bacillus acidocaldarius. AB - From the thermophilic Bacillus acidocaldarius, a membrane bound cyclase catalysing the formation of 22(29)-hopene (diploptene) and 22-hopanol (diplopterol) from squalene was enriched 670-fold to a purity of 95% as judged by gel chromatography. The specific activity of the purified enzyme in the presence of Triton X-100 is 0.22 mumol product formation per min and mg protein at 54 degrees C. The molecular mass is 150 kDa and that of the subunits 80 kDa as determined by FPLC gel chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, respectively. Not only squalene but also E,E-homofarnesol, homogeraniol and homofarnesyl (1,5,9-trimethyl-4,8-decadienyl) ether are substrates. The ether bond of the latter substrate is split by the enzyme. The products of the aforementioned three additional substrates are ambroxan (dodecahydro-3a,6,6,9a-tetramethylnaphtho[2,1-b]-furan), octahydro-4,4,7a trimethylbenzofuran and ambroxan together with 1,5,9-trimethyl-4,8-decadienol. The cyclization rates of these substrates compared to squalene are 3%, 0.05% and 0.3%, respectively. The half-life of the enzyme activity is 80 h at 45 degrees C and 18 h at 54 degrees C. PMID- 3768142 TI - The synthesis and some biological properties of N-(6-purinyl)peptides. AB - The chemical synthesis and biological properties of N-(6-purinyl)peptides are described. N-(6-Purinyl)amino-acid derivatives were synthesized and condensed with amino acid esters and peptide esters using the dicyclohexylcarbodiimide/N hydroxysuccinimide method. The products were isolated via gel filtration on Sephadex G-10 in 0.05M NH4HCO3 followed by either ion exchange chromatography on SP-Sephadex or by preparative HPLC. The methyl esters were saponified and the tert-butyl ester group was removed by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid without damaging the purinyl residue. N-(6-Purinyl)peptides were characterised by chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. Acid hydrolysis of N-(6-purinyl)-L amino acids caused the racemization of the neighbouring L-amino acid. Model studies were performed with N-(6-purinyl)-L-alanine, N-(6-purinyl)-D-alanine, N (6-purinyl)-L-alanyl-L-leucine and N-(6-purinyl)-D-alanyl-L-leucine. After acid hydrolysis the N-(6-purinyl)amino acids were totally racemized and the N-(6 purinyl)dipeptides formed 14% of the enantiomer of alanine. The N-(6-purinyl) omega-amino acids and the N-(6-purinyl)peptides were screened in a limited number of tests as immunomodulators (antibody-secretion, phagocytosis, cytostatic activity of macrophages) and as cytotoxic agents. PMID- 3768143 TI - Total synthesis of chain-length-uniform dolichyl phosphates and their fitness to accept hexoses in the enzymatic formation of lipoglycans. AB - Dolichols of defined uniform chain length (C35, C45, and C55) and geometry were prepared by total synthesis according to the following principle: (E,E)-Farnesol, activated as its 4-tolyl sulfone, is condensed with 8-chloroneryl benzyl ether, the sulfonyl group removed and the ether linkage cleaved by lithium/triethylamine. The resulting elongated prenol is converted again to its corresponding 4-toly/sulfone; at this stage isomers are removed by chromatography. After several cycles of this C10-elongation sequence the synthesis is completed in the same way but using 8-chlorocitronellyl benzyl ether as building block to introduce the saturated alpha-isoprene unit. The dolichols obtained were chemically phosphorylated (POCl3/Et3N). Both, the alcohols and their phosphate esters, are characterized spectroscopically. 1H- and 13C-NMR data are recorded for qualitative and stereochemical comparison with natural dolichols. The authentic dolichyl phosphates (Dol-7-P, Dol-9-P, and Dol-11-P) were assayed relative to the natural dolichyl phosphate mixture from pig liver as acceptors for transglycosylation from nucleoside diphosphate sugars (glucose, mannose) by standardized membrane vesicle preparations from plants (Volvox) and animals (liver). Even the shortest chain dolichyl 7-phosphate has full activity in this lipoglycan-forming reaction. PMID- 3768144 TI - Isolation and characterization of hirudin isoinhibitors and sequence analysis of hirudin PA. AB - A five-step isolation procedure has been developed for the purification of isoforms of hirudin (isohirudins) from whole leeches. The final purification of two thrombin-inhibiting preparations by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography yielded several isohirudins with either N-terminal valine or isoleucine but with identical inhibition characteristics, i.e. specific thrombin inhibiting activities of 680-720 IU/mg and dissociation constants Ki of the thrombin-inhibitor complexes close to 3 X 10(-11) mol/l. The inhibitor with N terminal isoleucine was designated hirudin PA. This inhibitor contains 66 amino acid residues and has a molecular mass of 7,087 Da. The complete amino-acid sequence of hirudin PA was established by automated solid-phase Edman degradation of the native and oxidized inhibitor and two of its tryptic fragments. On the basis of the primary structures two types of thrombin inhibitors from the leech can be distinguished, designated hirudin and hirudin PA. The degree of structural homology of both isoinhibitors is approximately 82%; both have a tyrosine-O sulfate residue near the C-terminus. PMID- 3768146 TI - D-(+)-lactate dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus murinus. AB - D-(+)-Lactate dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus murinus was purified 670-fold. The Mr was 140,000 as determined by gel filtration. Maximum enzymatic activity was observed at 25 degrees C and pH 6.0 in 200 mM Na2KPO4 buffer. When the temperature was increased from 60 to 65 degrees C, the enzyme was completely inactive in 5 min. The apparent Km for pyruvate and NADH were 4.7 x 10(-4) and 1 x 10(-5) M, respectively. Pyruvate analogs such as oxalate, oxamate, 2 oxobutyrate, and malonate acted as a competitive inhibitors. L-Lactate and L malate were noncompetitive inhibitors. PMID- 3768145 TI - Extraction and determination of adenosine 5'-triphosphate in bovine milk by the firefly luciferase assay. AB - The release of ATP from somatic cells in milk with the detergent Triton X-100 was optimized for assay with firefly luciferase. A small volume of milk (40 microliters) is added to 0.8 ml of 0.2% Triton X-100 in 100 mM Tris, 4 mm EDTA, pH 7.8. After approximately 1 min, 0.2 ml of luciferase reagent is added and the emission of light is measured in a luminometer. Results are calibrated with an ATP standard. This single method gave high yields of ATP from somatic cells in milk without interference from bacterial ATP. Extracts could be stored or transported prior to assay without deterioration of results. A close correlation was found between somatic cell count and ATP in milk samples collected at a farm as well as in milk samples from a cow with experimental mastitis. Results are promising for future use for diagnosis of mastitis but further work and field testing has to be done before it can be used on a wider scale. PMID- 3768147 TI - Isolation of biologically active RNA from human autopsy for the study of cystic fibrosis. AB - Biologically active RNA has been isolated from several tissues implicated in the pathogenesis of the genetic disease cystic fibrosis. To ensure that mRNA from stomach and pancreas has not been degraded, it must be isolated within 2 h postmortem, while intact RNA can be isolated from lung material up to 20 h postmortem. It is imperative that tissue removed during autopsy be dispersed in a strong denaturant buffer (guanidine isothiocyanate) to inactivate nucleases. While stomach and pancreas yields of RNA are low, relative to the amount of gland material, yields of RNA from lung samples are sufficient for the further isolation of mRNA by oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography. The biological integrity of subsequently isolated mRNA has been assessed by AMV-reverse transcriptase cDNA synthesis as well as by in vitro translation. Protein products generated in this manner show distinct differences from mRNA translation patterns of age- and sex matched controls when compared with mRNA from CF samples. R0t analysis of cDNA libraries thus generated indicates that the complexity of such libraries is representative of the starting RNA species. PMID- 3768148 TI - Effect of adriamycin entrapped by sulfatide-containing liposomes on ovarian tumor bearing nude mice. AB - Sulfatide-containing liposomes showed the highest degree of adriamycin entrapment of all the liposomes tested. Adriamycin was bound to the sulfatide anions on the liposomal membrane, inserted into the membrane, and incorporated into the aqueous compartment of the vesicle. Liposome-entrapped adriamycin was maintained at a much higher blood level than free adriamycin, and reached a lower concentration in the heart than did the free drug, which might lead to lower cardiotoxicity of the drug. Incorporation of adriamycin into ovarian tumor transplanted into nude mice was increased when entrapped by the sulfatide-containing liposomes. Liposome entrapped adriamycin did not induce the drastic loss of body weight which occurred with the free drug. The growth of ovarian tumor was inhibited by liposome-entrapped adriamycin to the same degree as free adriamycin. Having these advantages, sulfatide-containing liposomes could be useful carriers of adriamycin for cancer chemotherapy. PMID- 3768149 TI - Microconductimetric assay of butyrylcholinesterase activity. AB - A conductimetric method for the assay of butyrylcholinesterase is described. A new conductimetric cell has been used which allows increased sensitivity. The physicochemical parameters (pH, buffer concentration) have been optimized. With 1 mM butyrylcholine, butyrylcholinesterase activities down to 2 x 10(-4) U ml-1 may be measured. Serum volumes needed for this assay are in the microliter range (1-5 microliters). PMID- 3768150 TI - Effect of middle ear modification on umbo vibration. Human temporal bone experiments with a new vibration measuring system. AB - The effects of aditus blockage, decrease of tympanic cavity volume, and resection of the tensor tympani muscle on umbo displacement were studied in human temporal bones using a new non-contacting video measuring system. This system, combined with stroboscopic illumination, allowed measurement of umbo vibration down to 0.3 micron in the 0.1- to 4.5-kHz frequency range for a constant 124-dB sound pressure level at the tympanic membrane. Aditus blockage caused a mean increase of 5.4 dB with a peak at 2.8 kHz and a mean decrease of 3.4 dB below 1.6 kHz. Decrease of the tympanic cavity volume by 30% to 42% showed an improvement of 2.2 dB in the 1.4- to 3-kHz range and a similar loss below 1 kHz. Resection of the tensor tympani muscle produced a slight improvement of 1.7 dB at 1.8 kHz. PMID- 3768151 TI - Primary and secondary tumors of the facial nerve. A temporal bone study. AB - Of 1400 temporal bones in the collection at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 17 temporal bones from 15 patients were found to have tumors involving the facial nerve. The findings were as follows: one case of facial nerve schwannoma; two cases of invasion of the facial nerve by contiguous tumor; and 14 cases of metastatic tumors involving the facial nerve. Facial nerve paralysis was present in half of the cases (nine of 17). Facial nerve paralysis was present in the case of facial nerve schwannoma, in both cases of invasion of the facial nerve by contiguous tumor, and in six of 14 cases of metastatic tumors involving the facial nerve. The presence of the facial nerve paralysis correlated well with the degree of tumor infiltration into the nerve fibers and the segment of the tumor involvement in the facial nerve. In the patients with metastatic tumors, facial nerve paralysis was a sign of extensive intracranial tumor involvement and was usually accompanied by other cranial nerve palsies, most commonly involving the fifth nerve. PMID- 3768152 TI - Deep-neck space infections. Diagnosis and management. AB - Deep-neck space infections, which affect soft tissues and fascial compartments of the head and neck, can lead to lethal complications. Eight cases treated over a two-year period were reviewed, and the experience was used to formulate management guidelines. Specific clinical variables analyzed included patient presentation, work-up, treatment, complications, and length of hospital stay. Seven of eight cases required surgery for treatment, one of which was complicated by airway obstruction. Treatment of deep-neck space infections requires knowledge of the natural history of the disease and a detailed understanding of anatomy. Management guidelines include hospitalization, culture and sensitivity tests, antibiotic therapy, diagnostic radiographic procedures, and surgical intervention. PMID- 3768153 TI - Laser surgery for allergic rhinitis. AB - The inferior turbinates of 140 patients with perennial allergic rhinitis were vaporized by a defocused carbon dioxide (CO2) laser beam, using specially designed handpieces. Among these patients, 131 showed improvement in subjective symptoms one month after laser surgery. Excellent or good results were obtained in 27 of 35 patients who were followed up more than one year after laser surgery. The histopathologic changes observed in the nasal mucous membrane after surgery were fibrous proliferation and scar formation in the superficial layer of the submucosa. This surgery can be done under surface anesthesia as an outpatient procedure, and it is painless, with no bleeding. PMID- 3768154 TI - Surgical closure of septal perforations. AB - Septal perforations only require treatment when symptoms develop. Two surgical procedures are described for the repair of septal perforations. For defects up to 2 cm, a posterior inverting septal flap composed of mucoperiosteum taken from the bony septum has been successful in seven of eight patients. In two patients with large defects, a two-staged nasolabial skin flap was rotated into the defect and was successful in each case. PMID- 3768155 TI - Recurrent laryngeal nerve. Identification during thyroid and parathyroid surgery. AB - Intraoperative identification of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) is mandatory in surgery of the thyroid and parathyroid glands to avoid surgical damage. Several methods have been proposed for identifying and localizing the RLN based on vocal cord motion produced by electrical stimulation of the nerve. Most of them require complex instrumentation, while others are in contradiction with anatomical basis. We present a safe and simple method for identifying the RLN during thyroid and parathyroid gland surgery, which requires no additional surgical instruments and can be performed as a routine procedure. Nonetheless, thorough knowledge of cervical anatomy still remains the most important point in this surgery. PMID- 3768156 TI - Liposarcoma of the larynx. Case report and literature review. AB - Primary liposarcoma of the larynx is extremely rare. To our knowledge, only eight cases have been documented in the English literature. We report a ninth case in a 54-year-old man. The recurrent 2-cm tumor was well differentiated and was treated with a supraglottic laryngectomy with partial neck dissection followed by radiotherapy. There has not been a second recurrence in 16 months. The majority of liposarcomas arising in the larynx have been of a favorable histologic type (well differentiated or myxoid). The tumor tends to occur in a supraglottic location in men of 40 years or more, and multiple recurrences are typical. The primary mode of treatment is wide surgical excision, with or without postoperative radiation therapy. PMID- 3768157 TI - Actinomycosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related complex. AB - The first case, to our knowledge, of cervicofacial actinomycosis arising in a patient with evidence of infection by the human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type III, the causal agent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, is reported. Clinical uncertainty often exists in cases of actinomycosis due to the relative rarity of the disease, a clinical presentation that is compatible with a host of neoplastic and other infectious disorders, and difficulty in obtaining absolute bacteriologic documentation. Computed tomography was of interest in this case, since the radiographic findings could be correlated with pathophysiologic changes characteristic of this uncommon infection. PMID- 3768158 TI - Pathologic quiz case 1. Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy. PMID- 3768159 TI - Pathologic quiz case 2. Plunging ranula. PMID- 3768160 TI - Adenotonsillectomy. PMID- 3768161 TI - Control of bleeding after tonsillectomy and palatopharyngoplasty. PMID- 3768162 TI - Disinfection of silicone voice prostheses. PMID- 3768163 TI - More on adenotonsillectomy. PMID- 3768164 TI - Structural studies of the capsular polysaccharide from Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae serotype 1. AB - The capsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 (ATCC 27088) was found to be a teichoic acid type polysaccharide of a repeating disaccharide unit composed of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose and D-galactose units. By composition analysis, methylation, partial hydrolysis, dephosphorylation, and one- and two-dimensional 500-MHz proton nuclear magnetic resonance experiments, together with 13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies, it was concluded that the capsular polysaccharide is a high molecular weight linear polymer having the structure: (Formula: see text) PMID- 3768165 TI - Further characterization of the posttranslational modifications of core histones in response to heat and arsenite stress in Drosophila. AB - The effects of a heat shock or arsenite treatment on the methylation and acetylation of core histones have been investigated in Drosophila cultured cells. The decrease in H3 methylation, which is observed during a heat shock, is not a demethylation process, but results from methylation arrest. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis leaves no ambiguity concerning the identity of H2B as a methylated protein, since H2B and D2, a nuclear nonhistone protein, which comigrate on one-dimensional gels, are well separated on these gels. Two dimensional gel electrophoresis in the presence of Triton X-100 resolves each of the core histones into multiple forms resulting from posttranslational modifications. There are apparently, however, no histone variants in cultured Drosophila cells. At 23 degrees C, the various forms of the core histones resolved on two-dimensional gels are methylated. Under heat-shock or arsenite treatment, the methylation of all forms of H3 is decreased, while that of the various forms of H2B increase. These stress conditions also induce a generalized diminution in the acetylation of all forms of core histones. In the course of a heat shock, the synthesis of H2B is increased and this newly synthesized histone remains unacetylated during the shock. These changes in the patterns of core histone methylation and acetylation may be correlated with the reorganization of gene activity brought about by the heat shock. PMID- 3768166 TI - Persulfide sulfur is a growth factor for cells defective in sulfur metabolism. AB - Several systems which generate persulfide sulfur promote in vitro proliferation of L1210 murine lymphoma cells. The systems include cysteine disulfides and pyridoxal, cystamine and diamine oxidase, beta-mercaptoalcohol disulfides and an alcohol dehydrogenase, and sulfide-treated proteins and a thiol. Persulfide sulfur is very unstable at pH near 7 and an essential feature of the growth supporting systems is the ability to generate persulfide sulfur at a very low rate for long periods of time. Methyl disulfides (R--S--S--CH3) also support growth of L1210 cells and are more stable than persulfides (R--S--S--H). The requirement for these sulfur groups by L1210 cells may be related to the fact that these cells are defective in at least two enzymes of sulfur metabolism, cystathionase and 5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase. These findings provide the first evidence that persulfide sulfur may have a physiological role. PMID- 3768167 TI - Chloride-insensitive, glycine-phenylalanine-naphthylamide hydrolysis at neutral pH in human skin fibroblasts. AB - Crude lysosomal preparations from a cultured human skin fibroblast line were found to contain significant levels of a neutral pH hydrolase activity towards glycine--phenylalanine--beta-naphthylamide (NA), a substrate normally used for the assay of lysosomal dipeptidyl aminopeptidase I. However, the activity was chloride ion insensitive, nonlatent, and inhibitable by cationic detergents and amino acids. Assays of substrate selectivity, relative substrate affinity, pH and anion and cation sensitivity indicated the activity to be distinct from dipeptidyl aminopeptidases I (chloride-dependent hydrolysis of Pro-Phe-, Gly-Phe , Gly-Arg-, and Pro-Arg-NA's at acid pH), II (Lys-Ala-NA hydrolysis), III (Arg Arg-NA hydrolysis), and IV (Gly-Pro-NA hydrolysis). The lysosomal preparations also contained significant activity towards several amino acid--naphthylamides, notably Arg-NA. Only dipepidyl aminopeptidase I activity showed sensitivity to chloride anions, both dipeptidyl aminopeptidases I and II showed substantial latency, and none of the activities displayed a significant metal cation dependent. PMID- 3768168 TI - The effects of hypoxanthine on methotrexate-induced differentiation of cultured human choriocarcinoma (BeWo) cells. AB - When cultured human choriocarcinoma (BeWo) cells are exposed to methotrexate, proliferation ceases and cells undergo a complex differentiative response that resembles development of normal trophoblast. Although thymidylate starvation has been shown to be causative in methotrexate-induced expression of syncytiotrophoblastic markers by BeWo cells, the role of purine deprivation is uncertain since previous studies utilized growth media containing exogenous purines. This work investigated the effects of hypoxanthine on methotrexate induced cell enlargement, expression of placental alkaline phosphatase, and morphological differentiation to the syncytiotrophoblast-like phenotype. When methotrexate exposures (1 microM, 48 h) were conducted in a purine-free basal medium supplemented with dialyzed fetal bovine serum, RNA synthesis was greatly reduced and cell enlargement did not occur. Specific methods for removing purines (charcoal extraction and xanthine oxidase treatment) decreased the ability of serum to support cell enlargement during methotrexate exposures, whereas addition of hypoxanthine to culture fluids restored its ability to support maximal increases in cell mass, confirming that purines were the factors lost during dialysis. In contrast, morphologically differentiation to the syncytiotrophoblast like phenotype and increased expression of placental alkaline phosphatase were unaffected by the availability of purines during exposure to methotrexate. PMID- 3768170 TI - Investigation of the role of micellar phospholipid in the preferential uptake of cholesterol over sitosterol by dispersed rat jejunal villus cells. AB - The uptake of radioactive cholesterol and sitosterol by rat jejunal villus cells was examined using mixed micellar solutions containing sodium taurocholate, equimolar mixtures of the two sterols, and a variety of phospholipid types. The addition of phospholipid to the incubation solutions reduced the cellular absorption of both sterols and gave rise to uptake kinetics that were linear with time. In the presence of egg yolk phospholipid, uptake of the sterols by villus cells occurred with a modest preference for cholesterol over sitosterol. The ratio of accumulated cholesterol/sitosterol increased from 1.0 initially to 1.23 +/- 0.04 (n = 18) after a 30-min incubation at 37 degrees C. The selectivity displayed in the villus cells increased significantly as egg phosphatidylethanolamine was added to the egg phosphatidylcholine (PC) preparation in micellar solution. It was markedly decreased when dipalmitoyl PC or the primarily saturated egg yolk sphingomyelin were incorporated into the micelles. In every case examined, phospholipid was taken up by the cells concurrently with the sterols. The selectivity between cholesterol and sitosterol was maintained when the donor species were multilamellar vesicles composed of egg PC and the sterols, but not when the donor particles were albumin-stabilized sterol dispersions or taurocholate solutions in the absence of PC. The results show that the selective absorption of cholesterol over the plant sterol occurs only in the presence of unsaturated phospholipid. The phospholipid may act by influencing the permeability of the cellular membranes to the two sterols or the rate of sterol desorption from the phospholipid-containing micellar or liposomal carriers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768169 TI - Effect of different neutral phospholipids on apolipoprotein binding by artificial lipid particles in vivo. AB - Soybean triacylglycerol particles, stabilized with egg yolk sphingomyelin (SPH), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), or PC-PE mixtures, with diameters ranging from 170 to 550 nm were prepared by sonication and isolated by ultracentrifugation. Binding of apoproteins to the lipid particles was studied in vivo using the strategy of Connelly and Kuksis. The recoveries of the injected particles, which had decreased in size and undergone minimal changes in lipid composition, ranged from 70% and 57% for SPH- and PC-stabilized particles to 14% for particles stabilized with egg yolk PC-PE mixtures. The apoprotein (apo) composition of the recovered particles showed qualitative and quantitative differences, which were affected by the number of washes during isolation. After four washes, the SPH and PC particles contained apoE, apoC-II, and apoC-III as major components and apoA-IV as minor components. In addition, all particles, except those stabilized with egg yolk PC, contained large amounts of albumin. In contrast to egg yolk PC, the dipalmitoyl PC particles bound albumin as a major component. The recovered PC-PE and PE particles were characterized by a relative decrease of apoC and greatly increased binding of albumin. The higher rate of clearance of the PE-containing particles was attributed to a relative absence of apoC-III, which is known to delay hepatic uptake of lipid particles containing it, and to a more rapid hydrolysis of PE by lipoprotein lipases. Since PE occurs as a minor and variable component of chylomicrons and plasma lipoproteins, the present observations are of physiological interest. PMID- 3768171 TI - Uveitis: aetiology and disease associations in an Australian population. AB - Over a five-year period 245 patients with uveitis were investigated at the Uveitis Clinic, Sydney Eye Hospital, for possible aetiological and relevant disease associations. Uveitis was anterior in 75% of patients, posterior in 21% and generalized in 4%. Anterior uveitis (AU) was idiopathic in 52% of cases. In patients tested for the HLA-B27 antigen, 47% were HLA-B27 positive, including all cases of ankylosing spondylitis (8% of cases) and Reiter's syndrome (3% of cases). There was a marked male predominance in patients with AU, especially in HLA-B27 positive individuals. Posterior uveitis (PU) was most frequently unilateral, chronic and idiopathic (24% of cases), whilst recognizable aetiologies included toxoplasmosis (20%), Behcet's syndrome (14%), sarcoidosis (12%) and pars planitis (12%). The peak age of onset in patients presenting with AU was 30 to 40 years, whilst patients with PU presented a decade earlier. There were no major differences between males and females in the age of onset of their uveitis. PMID- 3768172 TI - Changes in the iris vasculature and corneal endothelium in chronic cyclitis. AB - Fluorescein angiography of the iris vasculature and specular microscopy of the corneal endothelium were used to examine two important anterior chamber tissues in cases of heterochromic cyclitis, classical chronic cyclitis and some cases of iridocyclitis. The 13 cases of heterochromic cyclitis and eight cases of classical chronic cyclitis all showed vascular hypoperfusion of the iris, except for two young females with heterochromia. In these cyclitic eyes there was pupillary leakage of dye and all but one young female with heterochromia showed evidence of microneovascularization of the iris. Most patients showed evidence of abnormalities of the corneal endothelium, but this was most marked in elderly patients with heterochromic cyclitis, probably due to the long duration of the condition. Six of the patients with chronic cyclitis had bilateral disease and five of these were elderly women with glaucoma and grey irides, the group being distinct enough to form a discrete clinical entity. Seventeen of the patients with chronic cyclitis were females with grey irides suggesting that this type of patient is more susceptible to cyclitis. Patients with acute iridocyclitis showed little abnormality on fluorescein angiography, while those with recurrent or chronic disease showed vascular hypoperfusion and microneovascularization suggesting that these changes in the iris contribute to the chronicity of the condition. It is suggested that hypoperfusion and microneovascularization of the iris and abnormal permeability are important factors in the production of chronic cyclitis, and that the integrity of the corneal endothelium is affected by these changes if they operate over a long period of time. PMID- 3768173 TI - The relationship between toxocara ELISA absorbance values and toxocara ELISA titres: a comparative study. AB - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) may be made by a variety of techniques at one or several serum dilutions which is very confusing for clinicians. This study compares the ELISA results from two centres on sera from 12 patients investigated for ocular toxocariasis by two common ELISA methods--the absorbance and titration techniques. With one exception, ELISA results by the two methods correlated well. For reasons outlined, the absorbance ELISA method is likely to remain the preferred method in New Zealand and Australia. Attention is drawn to the implications of the serum response to Toxocara canis larvae, and the need to evaluate ELISA results against clinical findings is emphasized. PMID- 3768174 TI - Objective techniques of visual acuity assessment in infancy. AB - Three primary techniques for objective assessment of visual acuity in the preverbal infant are variations of optokinetic nystagmus, forced preferential looking and visual evoked potentials. Although these tests are useful, the clinician must be aware of their shortcomings. Failure to evoke optokinetic nystagmus may reflect the infant's lack of interest in the stimulus, an inherently uninteresting stimulus, or a defect in the motor system generating the nystagmus, other than failure to see the stimulus. Forced choice preferential looking has provided useful information about visual development in preverbal infants. The need for more complex stimuli to yield more precise estimates of acuity than the standard grafting stimuli, especially in cases of amblyopia, is discussed. Visual evoked potentials, like forced preferential looking, may grossly overestimate the acuity of the amblyopic patient. Of the techniques discussed, it holds the most promise. PMID- 3768175 TI - Orbital cellulitis and preseptal cellulitis in childhood. AB - A study was made of 112 children with preseptal cellulitis, orbital cellulitis, subperiosteal abscess, and orbital abscess. These were consecutive admissions to the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children, Sydney, during the period June 1976 to August 1985. The average age was 3 years 6 months. The clinical and radiological signs for each group were defined. Of the 112 children, 43.8% (with an average age of 3 years 3 months) had a clinical history of an upper respiratory tract infection. Trauma was a factor in 13.4% of patients. Haemophilus influenzae was recovered from blood culture in two patients and from conjunctival culture in seven patients. The average age of this group was 3 years 7 months. Plain radiographs taken of 53 patients revealed evidence of paranasal sinus disease in 29 (54.7%). Computerized tomography was performed in 14 patients. Of seven patients requiring surgical drainage of orbital or subperiosteal abscess (average age 7 years 2 months), five had clinical upper respiratory tract infection. PMID- 3768176 TI - Hereditary vitelliform macular dystrophy. AB - Two families with vitelliform macular dystrophy were investigated ophthalmologically and genetically. The pedigree examination verified the usual expressivity. Macular pigmentary abnormalities or extramacular vitellin deposits were disclosed in some asymptomatic patients. PMID- 3768177 TI - Video and digital fluorescein angiography. AB - A video recording system, which provides real-time imaging and instant reporting of retinal fluorescein angiograms, with improved patient comfort, is described. Digital image-processing methods can be applied to video angiograms to improve image quality, quantitate retinal blood flow, measure areas, improve storage and access, and send images via phone lines or other electronic communication channels. Video image quality is somewhat inferior to conventional photographic techniques, but is more than adequate for diagnostic interpretation. PMID- 3768178 TI - Combined hamartoma of the retina and RPE: an unusual cause of the dragged disc appearance. AB - Combined hamartoma of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), is a rare, benign, congenital fundal lesion which contains a mixture of glial tissue, blood vessels and pigment epithelium. Such tumours are variably pigmented and may be wrongly diagnosed as malignant melanoma or retinoblastoma. We report two cases which were located in the periphery of the fundus and which produced a dragged disc appearance. PMID- 3768179 TI - Deep corneal stromal opacities with contact lenses. AB - Two patients with deep corneal stromal opacities occurring after prolonged contact lens wear are described. The opacities were associated with folds or striae in Descemet's membrane which they overlay. Development of the opacities was associated with ocular discomfort, photophobia, reduced vision and a history of prolonged daily wearing times. Although the corneal endothelial cell counts were within the normal range, the count was reduced in the affected eye in the patient with the unilateral deep stromal opacity and there was mild polymegathism of the endothelial cells. It is possible that the long-term effects of subtle endothelial cell changes may cause a keratopathy with later scarring and opacification. Poor oxygen transmissibility, carbon dioxide build-up, or suction effects by the lens may all be aetiological factors. Early recognition and treatment, particularly with a better fitting lens of high oxygen transmissibility is important, as once developed the opacities regress only slowly and may result in permanent visual impairment. PMID- 3768180 TI - Photokeratoscopy: some theoretical and practical considerations of the technique. AB - Some theoretical limitations of photokeratoscopy associated with the quantification of keratograms are discussed. Representative keratograms of normal and abnormal corneas are presented to illustrate the practical limitations of any mire imaging technique. PMID- 3768181 TI - The detection and management of the acute rise in intraocular pressure following laser trabeculoplasty. AB - A series of 64 patients undergoing laser trabeculoplasty had pressures estimated immediately before treatment and at one, two and three hours and in some patients at four, 24 and 48 hours after treatment. Pilocarpine 4% was given topically to 33 patients in order to assess its effect in preventing a pressure rise. The mean pressure rise for the whole series was 4 mmHg, for those not using pilocarpine it was 4.9 mmHg, and for those using pilocarpine it was 3.2 mmHg. A significant pressure rise of 5 mmHg or more was usually apparent by two hours, and patients with no rise or a fall at two hours were very unlikely to develop a rise in pressure. Patients with an initial pressure greater than 20 mmHg, pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule, and a shallow anterior chamber seemed more susceptible to a pressure rise while those with an initial pressure of 17 mmHg or less and only a slight reaction in the anterior chamber seemed very unlikely to develop a pressure rise. Treatment with acetazolamide, fluorometholone drops and hypotensive drops was usually successful in controlling the raised pressure. PMID- 3768182 TI - Causes of blindness in Australia: analysis of pensions granted by the Department of Social Security on the ground of blindness for the year ending 30 June 1984. AB - The principal and contributing causes of blindness for all pensions granted by the Department of Social Security on account of blindness in Australia during the year ending 30 June 1984 have been coded according to the International Classification of Diseases, 1975 (ICD9). The results are presented in tables which show the major diagnosis for symmetrical and asymmetrical cases according to frequency and age, and the combination of major and contributing diagnosis according to age, sex and prevalence per 100 persons. PMID- 3768183 TI - Contusion injuries of the optic nerve. AB - Indirect trauma to the optic nerve with secondary optic atrophy may result from minor trauma and has traditionally been associated with a poor visual prognosis. The case of a 32-year-old man who suffered a blow to his left supraorbital region and eyebrow in an automatic closing door is reported to draw attention to the uncommon but trivial nature of this injury which may result in profound visual loss. He suffered an initial inferonasal visual field loss which was related to vascular changes in the optic nerve head. Over the ensuing year there was deterioration in his central vision and visual field due to arachnoiditis. Current trends in the management of optic nerve contusion injuries are discussed. There is currently a move towards primary medical management with high-dose corticosteroids as in this case; surgery is reserved for those patients who fail to respond to steroids or deteriorate as the steroid dose is reduced. PMID- 3768184 TI - Trigemino-abducens synkinesis: an unusual case of aberrant regeneration. AB - An unusual case of major head trauma is described involving injury to the right third, fifth, sixth and seventh cranial nerves in a basal skull fracture in a young woman. Two years later there persisted a total voluntary abducens nerve palsy, right facial hemianaesthesia and right temporalis and masseter palsy. However, involuntary abduction of the involved eye occurred on eating or chewing. Electromyography of the lateral rectus muscle documented aberrant reinnervation to support the clinical findings. Extraocular muscle surgery improved the compensatory head posture and minimized the chewing-induced abduction. The mechanisms for acquired synkinesis and the anatomy of the involved nerves are reviewed. It is postulated that regenerating motor fibres of the trigeminal nerve were misdirected along proprioceptive channels to the lateral rectus in the case reported here. PMID- 3768185 TI - [Focal cerebral infarction in the rat: I. Operative technique and physiological monitorings for chronic model]. AB - The purpose of this paper is to develop a new chronic model of focal cerebral infarction by occluding the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in the rat. The operative method and results of physiological monitoring before, during, and after operation are shown. In adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, the left MCA was occluded via trans-retro-orbital approach simply by retracting the temporalis muscle. This method was slightly modified from our original method for chronic experiments. In a group of rats, systemic arterial pressure and blood gases were monitored using a femoral arterial catheter before, during, and after the operation. In the other group, blood pressure by tail-cuff method, neurological findings, and body weight were examined for one week after the MCA occlusion. During the operation under the halothane anesthesia, systemic arterial pressure decreased about 30% comparing with preanesthetic normal value and then quickly returned to normal within 30 minutes after the operation. Body weight progressively decreased in the occluded group during the observation period of one week, although body weight in the sham-operated group decreased only for initial few days and recovered. No animal died during first one week. Slight right hemiparesis was observed only in the MCA occluded group for few days. PMID- 3768186 TI - [A case of polyradiculoneuropathy associated with diffuse arterial narrowing]. AB - A 32-year-old female was admitted complaining of pain over the whole body and dysesthesia in all extremities. On admission, physical examination revealed hypertension, tachycardia, abdominal distension and urinary retention. Neurological examination revealed sensory impairment over the whole body and mild muscular weakness with absent deep tendon reflexes. Abdominal roentgenogram showed gaseous distension of the bowels. CT scans showed low density areas on the bilateral parieto-occipital lobes. CAG showed diffuse narrowing of the cerebral arteries. Laboratory examinations showed an albumino-cytologic dissociation (cells; 21/3mm, prot.; 78 mg/dl) of the cerebrospinal fluid and increased levels of norepinephrine (214 micrograms/day) and epinephrine (16.1 micrograms/day) in the urine. Motor nerve conduction velocities of the median nerves was 42.8 m/sec in the right and 50.0 m/sec in the left. The autonomic function tests revealed hyper-responsiveness to 10 mg of phentolamine and low baroreflex sensitivity. Within 2 months, most symptoms improved. Repeated CT scans showed no abnormality, while CAG showed only mild arterial narrowing. This case was diagnosed as having acute autonomic and sensory neuropathy which was a subtype of acute polyradiculoneuritis. Occult encephalitis or autonomic dysfunction was considered to contribute to the peculiar findings on CT and CAG. PMID- 3768188 TI - [Visual disturbances in moyamoya disease]. AB - Visual disturbances in moyamoya disease are evaluated. Forty-three among our series of 178 cases of moyamoya disease were suffered from various visual symptoms such as visual field defect, attack of blindness, decreased visual acuity, scintillating scotoma. These visual manifestations were resulted from the occlusive lesions in the posterior circulation. In comparison with the cases of adult onset, those of juvenile onset tend to develop visual disturbances. STA-MCA anastomosis with EMS exerts indirect redistribution effect upon the posterior circulation in moyamoya disease. In most cases, improvement in the visual disturbances followed these bypass operations. However, in five cases, omentum transplantation to the occipital lobe as the method of direct revascularization were needed. PMID- 3768187 TI - [Light and electron microscopic observations of sheep scrapie]. AB - Two Suffolk sheep diagnosed as scrapie clinically and epidemiologically were investigated light and electron microscopically. They were female and four years four months of age. Spongiform lesions were found in the gray and white matter of midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, spinal cord and the cerebellar white matter as well as the cerebral gray and white matter. Ultrastructurally, the spongiform lesions were shown to be caused by vacuolation in neuronal perikarya, vacuolation and/or swelling of neuropil, dilatation of the periaxonal space, and splitting of the myelin sheath followed by the intramyelinic vacuolation. Vacuole in neuronal perikaryon was associated with the enlarged endoplasmic reticulum. Adjacent to the vacuole, enlargement of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and cisterns of Golgi apparatus was observed. The cytoplasmic processes found in the intraneuronal vacuoles were formed by the separation of the cytoplasm caused by the continuous dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum and cisterns of Golgi apparatus. This indicated that the degeneration of the neuronal perikaryon due to such separation contributed to the formation of the intraneuronal vacuole. Vacuolation and swelling with disappearance of the organelles were also found in astro- and oligodendroglial perikarya. Splitting of myelin sheath and the intramyelinic vacuolation were regarded as primary changes. The latter was supported by the degeneration of oligodendroglias found in this study. PMID- 3768189 TI - [Sequential changes of autoregulation in experimental focal cerebral ischemia- pathophysiology at the center, periphery and outside of the focal cerebral ischemia]. AB - In order to elucidate the relationship between the degree of autoregulatory loss and the intensity or the duration of ischemia, and the difference of locations in and around the ischemic focus, we used the canine thalamic infarction model and studied the sequential changes of rCBF and autoregulation during 6 hours following vascular occlusion. The value of rCBF was measured by the hydrogen clearance method and autoregulation was tested by raising the blood pressure with drip infusion of angiotensin II. In the center of ischemic focus, autoregulation was impaired after 1, 3 and 5 hours following occlusion in the animals with moderate ischemia. In the animals with mild and severe ischemia, autoregulation was preserved during occlusion, but in the latter we thought it false autoregulation. In the periphery of infarctic focus with severe ischemia, autoregulation was impaired after 3 and 5 hours following occlusion. Outside of the infarctic focus with severe ischemia, autoregulation was preserved during occlusion, but in 2 of 6 animals rCBF decreased despite of raising blood pressure and it was thought to be paradoxical response. PMID- 3768190 TI - [Normal pressure hydrocephalus after subarachnoid hemorrhage--with regard to pathogenesis and factors influencing the efficacy of shunt surgery]. AB - Twenty-four adult cases of suspected normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) were investigated clinically from the aspect of predicting the efficacy of the shunting procedure. They consisted of 13 men and 11 women, with the mean age of 55-y-o. In addition to checking neurological signs, pre- and postoperative CT scans, RI (or CT) cisternography and bolus infusion test were performed in each of them. Shunt surgery was done, all of which ventriculoperitoneal shunt, in 17 patients. They were divided into three groups, namely, shunt effective group (A), neurologically unchanged group after surgery (B) and worsened group (C). The A group had 8 cases, B had 8 also and C contained only one. Effectiveness of shunt procedure was measured by an improvement in the activity of daily life (ADL). Compared with group B, group A tended to have more cases of delayed onset of NPH (mean days of 112 from SAH attack in group A while 55 days in group B), cases with "trias" (3 against 0) and moderate ventricular dilatation with periventricular lucency (8 against 2). The finding of delayed clearance in cisternogram did not make an accurate judgement in the efficacy of shunt surgery. By using the bolus method of infusion test, the true cause of shunt non-effective ventricular dilatation was suggested to the disturbance of cerebral blood circulation due to elevation of intracranial venous outflow resistance. This suggestion was elicited by the analysis of pressure response curve gained from the bolus injection, in which group A cases mainly reached the baseline pressure within 22 minutes, but on the contrary group B showed more than 22 minutes as a rule.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768191 TI - [Metabolic changes of plasma norepinephrine levels in acute head injury]. AB - The plasma catecholamine levels have been accepted as an index of sympathetic nervous activity in cardiovascular and neurologic disorders. It is known that the plasma norepinephrine (NE) level is thought to reflect the degree of sympathetic nervous activity. NE is the neurotransmitter released from sympathetic nerve endings. In recent years several studies have suggested the role of biogenic amines in brain and spinal cord trauma. Head injury is almost always associated with systemic changes. Patients with head injury often exhibit cardiovascular abnormalities, hypertension, tachycardia, electrocardiographic abnormalities and acute pulmonary edema which are regarded as signs of increased sympathetic nervous system activity. The present study was undertaken to examine whether the measurement of plasma NE levels is valuable to assess and evaluate clinical status of patients with acute head injuries. Sixty patients with acute head injuries admitted to our Department were studied. Fourty seven patients were male and thirteen patients were female, ages ranged from 2 to 70 years. All patients were diagnosed by CT scan within three hours after head injury. Serial blood samples were also obtained during the first 7 days after head injury. The plasma NE was measured by high performance liquid chromatography. The Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) and the Japan Coma Scale (JCS) were recorded at admission for all patients. Clinical outcome was assessed at the time of discharge according to the Glasgow Outcome Scale. The "good" group consisted of patients with good recovery or moderate disability. The "poor" group consisted of patients with severe disability and persistent vegetative state and the "dead" group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768192 TI - [Cortical somatosensory evoked potential associated with experimental chronic cord compression by epidural neoplasm in rabbits]. AB - An experimental model of spinal cord compression was developed in rabbits by epidural neoplasms which were injected anterior to the T 13 vertebral body and grew into the spinal canal through the intervertebral foramina. With this experimental model, the neurological condition of the animals was monitored using a scale and changes of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were studied to evaluate the neurophysiological effect of experimental chronic cord compression. The animals were immobilized with pancuronium bromide and artificial respiration was maintained through a tracheostomy. SEPs were recorded by silver ball electrodes which were positioned epidurally over the somatosensory cortex through small burr holes. A subcutaneous needle placed at the nose served as a reference electrode. Right hind paw was stimulated via two percutaneous needles with 0.1 msec rectangular impulses sufficiently strong to produce motor responses, ranging from 10 to 20 volt in control rabbits. Electrical stimuli were delivered at a rate of 1 Hz. The intensity of electrical stimulation was raised up to 300 volt, when no consistent SEP was observed in the rabbit with spinal neoplasm. The SEP was summated by averaging 50 successive cortical transients with the analysis time of 200 and 500 msec. The cortical SEPs in the rabbit normally consisted of a positive-negative sequence, which we labelled P1, N1, P2, N2 and so on. Early peaks, P1 and N1, were observed constantly with average latencies of 30.1 and 53.3 msec respectively in normal rabbits. The variability of amplitudes seen even in control animals made them a less useful measure of function than latencies. Normal SEPs were preserved until the animals demonstrated moderate paraparesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768193 TI - Seasonal variations in indices of bone formation precede appropriate bone mineral changes in normal men. AB - In 10 normal males aged 23-50 years measurements of serum alkaline phosphatase (s AP) and the 24-h whole body retention of 99mTc-diphosphonate (WBR), as indices of bone formation, and the fasting urinary hydroxyproline:creatinine ratio (OHPr:Cr), as an index of bone resorption, were performed monthly from January 1983 to May 1984. Bone mineral content of the distal forearm (BMC) was measured in the middle of each quarter. From January to May BMC exhibited a reproducible, significant average increase of 2.5%, returning to baseline level between May and August. During the first quarter of both 1983 and 1984 a significant increase in s-AP and WBR was seen. Subsequently, during the second quarter of 1983, these variables fell below the mean of the year. Confirming their interrelationship, the deviations of s-AP and WBR were positively correlated throughout the study period (r = 0.51, P less than 0.05). Since the urinary OHPr:Cr ratio remained constant, the reported seasonal changes in bone mass of normal, adult males appear to result from primary changes in bone formation. PMID- 3768194 TI - Acidosis-induced osteomalacia: metabolic studies and skeletal histomorphometry. AB - The pathogenesis of osteomalacia was investigated in three patients with chronic metabolic acidosis. Serum levels of parathyroid hormone and vitamin D metabolites were measured, and bone biopsy specimens were analyzed after double tetracycline labeling. Parathyroid hormone concentrations were normal in patients 1 and 3 and slightly elevated in patient 2. Vitamin D metabolism was undisturbed. Static indicators of bone remodeling substantiated the diagnosis of osteomalacia in each case. In patient 1 fluorescent microscopy revealed no evidence of tetracycline uptake. In patients 2 and 3 active mineralization was evident at all osteoid seams, but because double labels were rare, the mineral apposition rate appears to have been substantially reduced in most bone-forming units. Our results indicate that acidosis-induced osteomalacia, unlike that due to vitamin D deficiency, may be associated with mineral deposition at every possible site. Nevertheless, like other causes of osteomalacia, metabolic acidosis prevents mineral apposition at a normal rate even if mineral deposition is ubiquitous. We suggest that titration of newly deposited phosphate causes the observed impairment of mineral apposition and ultimately leads to osteomalacia. PMID- 3768195 TI - Lack of osteomalacia in chronic cholestatic liver disease. AB - Assessment of osteomalacia using rigorous histologic definition was carried out in 36 unselected patients with chronic cholestatic liver disease, 33 with primary biliary cirrhosis, and 3 with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Disease duration varied from 1 to 11 years. The mean values for total trabecular bone volume, osteoid volume, osteoid surface, and mineralization appositional rate were all decreased when compared to age-matched and sex-matched controls. There was a highly significant decrease in the mean osteoid seam width in both females (P = 0.001) and males (P = 0.02), and a significant prolongation of the mineralization lag time was found in females (P = 0.05), but failed to reach significance in males. These results excluded osteomalacia but were more indicative of osteoporosis. Biochemical evidence of osteomalacia was also absent, with serum calcium, serum phosphorus, and mean 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels not significantly different from control values, although there was a nonsignificant decrease in the mean value of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in patients with elevated serum bilirubin levels, and all patients with levels below 20 nmol/L had avoided sunlight exposure. The present results suggest that osteoporosis is the major type of metabolic bone disease in patients with chronic cholestatic liver disease. PMID- 3768196 TI - Crystallographic identification of a calcium deposit in calcified pericarditis associated with articular chondrocalcinosis. AB - In a case of CPPD crystal deposition disease of the pseudorheumatoid type and of long duration, calcified constrictive pericarditis developed and was surgically treated. Analysis of the calcium deposit in the pericardium was carefully made by infrared absorption, x-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetry. It revealed that the deposit was composed of B-type carbonated apatite. Previously, both calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) and apatite crystals, either in the same place or in different tissues, have been reported in the same patient. These observations raise the possibility that the same metabolic error might lead to both types of crystal deposition. PMID- 3768197 TI - Histomorphometric analysis of a calcaneal stress fracture: a possible complication of fluoride therapy for osteoporosis. AB - Pain and swelling of the large joints of the lower limbs occur in about 33% of patients receiving sodium fluoride, calcium, and vitamin D therapy. In a previous study we described radiographic and scintigraphic features suggesting that these symptoms are due to juxtaarticular stress fractures. We now report the histologic features of one such lesion in a calcaneum of a patient receiving fluoride, calcium, and 1 alpha-vitamin D therapy for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Bone biopsy after tetracycline double labeling showed a trabecular fissure fracture and large intratrabecular resorption cavities surrounded by microcallus. Comparison of the static and dynamic histomorphometric parameters in the calcaneum with those in the simultaneously taken iliac bone biopsy showed a marked regional acceleratory phenomenon in the calcaneum that we ascribe to the microfractures. It cannot be said with certainty whether the microfractures resulted from the osteoporosis, the vitamin D, or the sodium fluoride therapy. PMID- 3768198 TI - Long-term fluoride therapy of postmenopausal osteoporosis. AB - The benefit of sodium fluoride (NaF) in the therapy of osteoporosis is still controversial. For 3 years we monitored patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis subjected to a continuous treatment with 80 mg NaF/day and patients without fluoride treatment. Every 3 months peripheral total and trabecular bone densities were evaluated with high-precision low-dose quantitative computed tomography, every 6 months biochemical parameters were measured, and every year new crush fractures were determined. The untreated osteoporotics as a group lost bone at a rate of 2.5%/year. In the fluoride-treated group trabecular bone density of the distal tibia remained unchanged in 5 of 15 treated patients; 2 patients experienced a bone loss, 8 patients showed at least a temporary bone gain. After 3 years trabecular bone density of the treated patients was 8% higher than that of the untreated patients. Total bone density was not increased. The fracture rates in a group of untreated and a group of NaF-treated patients matched with regard to age, height, weight, initial fracture rate, and initial trabecular bone density were significantly different in the first year, with 0.3 new fractures in the untreated group and 2.9 new fractures in the treated group. During the second and third year the mean number of new fractures was approximately equal in both groups. In 47% of the treated patients, osteoarticular side effects were observed. In 27%, scintigraphy of the ankle was positive, alkaline phosphatase was increased, and radiologic signs of healing stress fractures were present.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768199 TI - Normal vertebral body size and compressive strength: relations to age and to vertebral and iliac trabecular bone compressive strength. AB - Three thoracic (T5-T7) and three lumbar (L1-L3) vertebral bodies and the anterior parts of both iliac crests were removed from 44 normal individuals aged 15-87 years who had died suddenly. Small, cylindrical samples of trabecular bone (length 5 mm, diameter 7 mm) from T6, L1, and L3 and from the standard site for iliac crest biopsies were compressed in an Alwetron-250 materials testing machine. Whole vertebral bodies from T5, T7, and L2 with cut planoparallel end plates were compressed in an Instron materials testing machine. The maximum compressive stress value sigma max of the whole vertebral bodies and of the vertical vertebral trabecular bone decreased with age with almost parallel linear regression lines. At any age the sigma max for whole vertebral bodies was about 1.6 MPa (1 MPa = 100 N/cm2) higher than for the trabecular bone. The average cross-sectional area of the vertebral bodies increased by 25-30% from the age of 20 to 80 years. The anisotropic properties of the vertebral trabecular bone (expressed as the ratio between the vertical and horizontal sigma max) increased markedly with age. A highly significant positive correlation was observed between the vertical vertebral trabecular bone sigma max (X) and the total vertebral body sigma max (y = 0.90x + 1.75, r = 0.88, P less than 0.01). The slope was not significantly different from 1, whereas the intercept was positive (P less than 0.01). The average total vertebral body sigma max (range 1.5-7.8 MPa) could be predicted from mechanical tests on horizontal iliac crest bone biopsies with standard error of estimate (SEE) of 0.92 MPa.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768200 TI - Trabecular bone remodeling and balance in primary hyperparathyroidism. AB - The total remodeling sequences in 19 primary hyperparathyroid patients and 16 approximately age-matched and sex-matched controls were reconstructed from histomorphometric analyses of bone specimens obtained after intravital tetracycline double labeling. In the primary hyperparathyroid group the total amount of work performed by resorptive cells was reduced, as indicated by the significantly lower three-dimensional mononuclear and preosteoblast-like cell resorption depths (35.8 microns vs 44.5 microns in normals, P less than 0.01 and 45.3 microns vs 56.6 microns in normals, P less than 0.01, respectively). The active resorption period (i.e., the function period for osteoclasts and mononuclear cells) was reduced to 19 days compared to 29 days in normals (P less than 0.05), but no difference with respect to bone resorption rates could be demonstrated between the two groups. The median bone formation period (Sigmaf) in primary hyperparathyroid patients was not different from the value obtained in normals (172 days vs 134 days, respectively), and the matrix appositional rate (Ama), as well as the mineralization lag time (tm), were also unchanged. The initial mineralization rate (Ami(i)) was not significantly different from the value obtained in normals, but averaged over the total bone formation period, a reduced mineralization rate could be demonstrated (0.32 micron3/micron2 per day vs 0.46 micron3/micron2 per day in normals, P less than 0.01). The measured final three-dimensional thickness of bone formed during Sigmaf (mcwTm) was reduced in the primary hyperparathyroid group (51.1 microns vs 55.9 microns in normals, P less than 0.02).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768202 TI - Intermethod variation in bone histomorphometry: comparison between manual and computerized methods applied to iliac bone biopsies. PMID- 3768201 TI - Vitamin D, parathyroid, and thymus gland influences on seasonal variations in renal electrolyte excretion. AB - Effects of the thymus gland and vitamin D and other calcium-regulating hormones on electrolyte balance were investigated. In studies conducted over 3 successive years male hooded rats excreted more chloride (Cl) and less inorganic phosphate (P) in April-August (summer) than in November-March (winter) when subjected to sham operation (SHAM) or to the surgical procedures described herein and exposed to natural sunlight in temperature- and humidity-controlled rooms. Parathyroidectomy, combined with sham thymectomy (PX), thymectomy (PX-TMX), thyroidectomy-sham thymectomy (TPX), or thyroidectomy-thymectomy (TPX-TMX), significantly increased Cl excretion during both seasons. The same surgical procedures also reduced P excretion in the winter. However, PX and PX-TMX lowered the P values only slightly in summer, and the effects were reversed by thyroid ablation. Thymectomy (TMX), alone or in combination with PX or TPX, increased Cl excretion during the summer, but it did not affect the outputs of winter animals with intact thyroid or parathyroid glands. Vitamin D3 (400 IU) injected three times weekly for 3 weeks increased the Cl excretion of all surgical groups during the winter. In the summer, it increased the Cl excretion of SHAM only, and it diminished the Cl excretion of thyroidectomized rats. Significant increases in P excretion were found only in PX-winter and TMX-summer groups. A vitamin D deficient diet during the summer resulted in a more than four-fold increase in P excretion in TMX and SHAM rats, and it significantly reduced Cl excretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768203 TI - Oral versus intravenous AHPrBP (APD) in the treatment of hypercalcemia of malignancy. AB - Twenty patients with malignant hypercalcemia were treated with aminohydroxypropylidene bisphosphonate (AHPrBP, previously APD) a potent inhibitor of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. To assess the efficacy of oral vs intravenous therapy, the patients were divided into two groups: group A received AHPrBP intravenously (30 mg/day), and group B received the drug orally (1200 mg/day) for 6 days. In both groups all the patients responded to AHPrBP with a rapid decrease in plasma calcium concentration after a mean time lag of 1 day. Within 9 days plasma calcium concentration fell from 3.42 +/- 0.13 (mean +/- SEM) to 2.26 +/- 0.13 mmol/l in group A and from 3.28 +/- 0.12 to 2.24 +/- 0.09 mmol/l in group B. There was no significant difference in plasma Ca level between both groups on days 4, 6, and 9, and plasma Ca was within the normal range in all patients on day 9. On both treatment regimens urinary calcium excretion fell dramatically and similarly. Plasma phosphate concentration decreased significantly on AHPrBP in both groups of patients, reaching values slightly below the normal range from day 4 to day 9. TmP/GFR decreased progressively on AHPrBP. However, this decrement was significant at day 6 only. Plasma parathyroid hormone concentration rose significantly in both groups from day 4 to day 9. We conclude that at the doses used in the present study treatment of tumor-induced hypercalcemia with AHPrBP is equally effective whether given orally or intravenously. PMID- 3768204 TI - Osteoporosis in hypogonadal men: role of decreased plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, calcium malabsorption, and low bone formation. AB - To investigate the pathogenesis of osteoporosis in male hypogonadism we have investigated a heterogeneous group of 13 men with hypogonadism: 7 men (median age 60, range 31-79) with two or more vertebral crush fractures and 6 men (median age 61.5, range 28-76) without vertebral fractures. The group with crush fractures had trabecular and cortical osteoporosis as assessed by Singh grade, iliac crest trabecular bone volume, and metacarpal cortical area/total area. This was accompanied by an altered trabecular architecture with a reduction in number of trabeculae but no change in trabecular width, which contrasts with age-related bone loss in men where there is no reduction in trabecular number but thinning of trabeculae. The fracture group had significantly lower plasma 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] concentrations than the nonfracture group, and this was associated with malabsorption of calcium. Irrespective of the presence or absence of osteoporosis, treatment with testosterone led to a significant increase in total and free plasma 1,25(OH)2D and an improvement in calcium absorption measured with radiocalcium and by balance techniques. In addition, urine biochemistry, metabolic balance studies, and bone biopsy suggest that skeletal retention of calcium and bone formation are increased by testosterone treatment. We conclude that male hypogonadism causes both cortical and trabecular osteoporosis and altered trabecular architecture. A major risk factor for the development of osteoporosis is reduction in plasma 1,25(OH)2D, leading to malabsorption of calcium and reduced bone formation. PMID- 3768205 TI - Changes in total body calcium following surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism. AB - The aims of this study were to measure the deficit in total body calcium in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and to observe whether this deficit was reversed by parathyroidectomy. Total body calcium was measured in five women and three men preoperatively, and the mean was found to be 11% below that of age-and sex-matched controls after normalization for postmenopausal age and body size (P less than 0.01). Following parathyroidectomy, repeat total body calcium measurements showed an increase of 7.1% over an average period of 14 months (P less than 0.03). In patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, total body calcium returns toward normal following surgical removal of the adenoma. PMID- 3768206 TI - An improved transilial crest bone biopsy drill for quantitative histomorphometry. AB - Transilial crest bone biopsy with quantitative histomorphometry is an important technique for the assessment of metabolic and endocrine bone disease. The surface area of the histologic section suitable for histomorphometric analysis is reduced by the build-up of bone dust and by trabecular fracture, produced by the conventional Bordier bone drill. We describe here a modification of this drill that both allows escape of dust from around the cutting edge of the teeth and greatly reduces bone dust volume and trabecular fracture. In paired samples the new drill was shown to improve significantly the quality of the biopsy specimens. PMID- 3768208 TI - Changes in bone mineral and bone formation rates during pregnancy and lactation in rats. AB - Changes in bone chemistry, cortical bone morphometry, and periosteal and trabecular bone formation rates were determined during pregnancy and lactation in rats. Data were obtained using chemical, static morphometric, and fluorochrome based histomorphometric methods in pregnant or lactating animals and compared with age-matched, unmated controls. There were significant increases in bone weight, ash weight, calcium content, and femoral cross-sectional area by late pregnancy and decreases in these same parameters during lactation. There were also decreases in bone mass and increases in surface:volume ratios of trabecular bone during lactation. There were increases in femoral periosteal and endosteal perimeters associated with the reproductive cycle. Bone formation and appositional rates at the periosteal and endosteal surfaces were elevated during pregnancy, particularly evident at midpregnancy. Periosteal bone formation rates declined during lactation, but trabecular bone formation rates increased. These results indicate that during pregnancy there are increases in bone formation rates contributing to the increases in skeletal mass. During lactation in rats, reductions in skeletal mass are accompanied by increases in bone turnover, particularly evident in trabecular bone. PMID- 3768207 TI - The effect of vitamin D deficiency on rat bone lipid composition. AB - Vitamin D and phosphate deficiency has been shown previously to result in an accumulation of calcium acidic phospholipid phosphate complexes in the epiphysis of immature rats and to increase the cholesterol and decrease the lysophosphatide content throughout bone. To define the effects of vitamin D deficiency and those of combined vitamin D and phosphate deficiency, the lipid composition of the bones of second generation rachitic rats, raised on a diet that was vitamin D deficient was compared to that of normal animals fed a vitamin D-repleted diet and to previously studied vitamin D and phosphate-deficient rats. Animals raised on the vitamin D-deficient diet in utero and during postfetal life were serologically quite different from controls. These animals were significantly hypocalcemic and had no detectable vitamin D metabolites. Similar to the previously studied phosphate-deficient rachitic animals, the vitamin D-deficient animals had significantly elevated total lipid contents (weight percent lipid per demineralized dry weight) throughout their bones as compared to controls (epimetaphysis 9.6 vs 6.7 (P less than or equal to 0.03), diaphysis 6 vs 2 (P less than or equal to 0.01), calvaria 6.1 vs 2.4 (P less than or equal to 0.002). Similar to the vitamin D and phosphate-deficient animals, the second generation vitamin D-deficient rat bones had elevated cholesterol and reduced lysophosphatide contents. Complexed acidic phospholipids were not significantly elevated in the vitamin D-deficient animal bones. The data suggest that the lipid changes seen in these animals are due to vitamin D deficiency and not to phosphate deficiency.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768209 TI - Characterization of a rapidly responding animal model for fluoride-stimulated bone formation. AB - Sodium fluoride (NaF) is the single most effective agent for increasing bone volume in the osteoporotic skeleton. However, the mechanism of fluoride stimulated bone formation is not known, and investigation has been hampered by the lack of a suitable animal model. Young chicks show a rapid skeletal response to NaF that resembles the human skeletal response. This occurs at serum fluoride concentrations comparable to those obtained in humans. Fourteen-day-old chicks treated with NaF (4.2 mM NaF in the drinking water) for 2 weeks showed increases in bone-forming surface in the tibial metaphysis (130% of untreated controls, P less than 0.002), with no change in the number of osteoblasts per length of forming surface (104% of control). The NaF dose dependence of the change in bone forming surface was biphasic, being optimal at 23 microM fluoride. Linear correlations were observed between dietary NaF and serum fluoride (r = 0.996, P less than 0.001), and serum fluoride and bone fluoride concentrations (r = 0.98, P less than 0.001). Correlations were also observed between the amount of alkaline phosphatase activity in the tibia and the serum fluoride concentration (r = 0.88, P less than 0.03), the serum fluoride concentration and the tibial ash weight (r = 0.93, P less than 0.01), and the bone fluoride concentration and tibial ash weight (r = 0.95, P less than 0.01). Preliminary studies of the time dependence of the skeletal fluoride response in young chicks revealed no difference between 2 weeks and 4 weeks of treatment (bone-forming surface increased to 124% and 139% of controls in separate studies, P less than 0.01 for each).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768210 TI - An ultrastructural study of osteogenesis in chick periosteum in vitro. AB - We described a chick periosteal osteogenesis model at the light microscopic level and biochemically. To confirm that morphologically identifiable bone is being formed, we performed an ultrastructural study of this model. Samples of freshly dissected periostea, as well as whole calvariae, were fixed in glutaraldehyde. Cultured tissues were subsequently harvested and similarly fixed at 2, 4, and 6 days of culture. Examination of freshly dissected periostea showed that these tissues contained many fibroblast-like cells within a loosely arranged connective tissue. There was no evidence of osteoid or mineral in this tissue. Whole calvarial explants contained well-mineralized bone surrounded by an osteoid seam. At 2 days in culture there was an increase in cellular organization as well as extracellular matrix production. No mineral was detected. By 4 days a non mineralized osteoid matrix was present, which consisted of densely packed, highly oriented, crossbanded collagen fibrils. Early spherical mineral deposits were seen. The osteoid was surrounded by a multilayer of osteoblast-like cells. The 6 day cultures all contained well-mineralized matrix. The mineral was identified by electron diffraction to be apatite. The data suggest that this in vitro model accurately recapitulates the highly ordered and controlled sequence of events leading to de novo bone formation. PMID- 3768211 TI - Left ventricular dysfunction in patients with angina pectoris and normal coronary angiograms. AB - Left ventricular function was assessed in 201 patients who presented with angina pectoris and who were subsequently found to have completely normal coronary angiograms. Left ventricular angiograms from 187 patients were suitable for analysis of systolic regional wall motion; 121 were found to be normal and 66 had a total of 115 hypokinetic segments. Patients with hypokinesia had a significantly higher left ventricular end systolic volume and a significantly lower left ventricular ejection fraction and exercise capacity than those in whom regional wall motion was normal. Thirty one per cent of patients with normal wall motion and 30% of those with hypokinesia had a resting left ventricular end diastolic pressure greater than 15 mm Hg. There were significantly more smokers in the group with hypokinetic segments. Thus of patients with angina and normal coronary angiograms, 25% had evidence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction, 20% had evidence of diastolic dysfunction, and 11% had evidence of both systolic and diastolic dysfunction. The results suggest that smoking may be associated with left ventricular regional wall motion abnormalities. PMID- 3768212 TI - Assessment of regional left ventricular function by magnetic resonance. AB - The ability of magnetic resonance to determine regional left ventricular function was investigated in 18 patients--13 with coronary artery disease (nine with previous infarction), one with congestive cardiomyopathy, one with mitral stenosis, one with an atrial septal defect, and two without detectable cardiac abnormality. Coronal magnetic resonance images were acquired through the aortic valve and sagittal images were acquired in the plane of widest diameter of the left ventricle seen in the coronal image, both at end diastole and end systole. Regional wall motion assessed by magnetic resonance was compared with the results of anteroposterior and left lateral x ray ventriculograms by two independent observers. The left ventricular wall was divided into three segments in each plane and the motion of the segments was classified as normal, hypokinetic, akinetic, or dyskinetic. Muscle thickness was measured in each segment of the magnetic resonance images and was considered to be abnormal if in the systolic images it was less than 75% of that in neighbouring segments or if it failed to increase by at least 25% between diastole and systole. Wall motion assessments by the two methods agreed in 68 of 105 segments analysed, but differed by one class in 32 segments and by two classes in five segments. The differences can be explained by the conditions under which the investigations were performed and by the disparity between a tomographic section and an x ray projection. Magnetic resonance showed 25 segments to have abnormal wall thickness. Only one patient with infarction did not have an area of wall thinning and no patient without infarction had an area of thinning. It is concluded that magnetic resonance allows an accurate non-invasive assessment of left ventricular wall motion and thickness. PMID- 3768213 TI - Nocturnal angina: precipitating factors in patients with coronary artery disease and those with variant angina. AB - Factors precipitating nocturnal myocardial ischaemia were investigated in 10 patients with frequent daytime and nocturnal angina pectoris. Eight patients had fixed obstructive coronary artery disease or a low exercise threshold or both before the onset of ischaemia. Two patients had variant angina with normal coronary arteries and negative exercise tests. During sleep the electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram, electro-oculogram, electromyogram, chest wall movements, nasal airflow, and oxygen saturation were continuously measured. Forty two episodes of transient ST segment depression were recorded in the eight patients with coronary artery disease and 26 episodes of ST segment depression and elevation in the two patients with variant angina and normal coronary arteries. All episodes of ST segment depression in the former group of patients were preceded by an increase in heart rate as a result of arousal and lightening of sleep, bodily movements, rapid eye movement sleep, or sleep apnoea (one episode). In contrast, in the variant angina group no increase in heart rate, arousal, or apnoea preceded 23 of the 26 episodes of ST segment change. Thus increase in myocardial oxygen demand was important in precipitating nocturnal angina in patients with coronary artery disease and reduced coronary reserve. In the patients with coronary spasm these factors did not often precede the onset of nocturnal myocardial ischaemia. PMID- 3768214 TI - Syndrome X: the haemodynamic significance of ST segment depression. AB - The relation between chest pain, ST segment depression, and changes in left ventricular function was assessed in six patients with angina, a positive exercise test, and normal coronary arteries as assessed by arteriography (syndrome X). In the six patients with syndrome X and in six controls there was no significant rise in pulmonary artery diastolic pressure during treadmill exercise, although there was ST segment depression (range 1-4.5 mm) in the patients with syndrome X. In 19 patients with coronary artery disease, however, the pulmonary artery diastolic pressure increased by a median 5 mm Hg (range 0 13.6 mm Hg) on treadmill exercise. In only one patient with coronary artery disease, who showed 1 mm ST segment depression, was there no rise in pulmonary artery diastolic pressure. During ambulatory monitoring in patients with syndrome X there were 12 episodes of ST segment depression (greater than 1 mm) (4 painful, 8 painless) in which there was no change in pulmonary artery diastolic pressure. In the patients with coronary artery disease there were 29 episodes of angina during ambulatory monitoring and during all of them pulmonary artery diastolic pressure rose by a median 7.5 mm Hg (range 1.8-19.7 mm Hg). Unlike the haemodynamic changes that usually occur during myocardial ischaemia in coronary artery disease, chest pain and ST segment changes in patients with syndrome X are not associated with impaired left ventricular function as assessed by ambulatory pulmonary artery pressure monitoring. PMID- 3768215 TI - Exercise capacity and spontaneous heart rhythm after transvenous fulguration of atrioventricular conduction. AB - Twenty nine patients who had had refractory supraventricular tachycardia were studied 4-36 (mean 16) months after transvenous fulguration of the atrioventricular junction. Twenty two had complete atrioventricular block, five partial atrioventricular block, and two had atrioventricular conduction via an accessory atrioventricular pathway. Though all patients were free of palpitation after the procedure, exertional dyspnoea had developed in 13 and in two patients pre-existing dyspnoea had worsened. During ventricular demand pacing, exercise time was reduced to 43% of the predicted value for their age and sex. The 16 patients with rate responsive pacemakers demonstrated a significantly better but still impaired exercise capacity during "physiological" pacing as compared with their performance during constant rate pacing. In patients with complete atrioventricular block there was an increase in spontaneous ventricular rate during exercise in seven patients and in response to the Valsalva manoeuvre in eight patients. This suggests that the intrinsic ventricular pacemaker is influenced by autonomic nervous system activity in some patients. It is concluded that though transvenous fulguration is successful in controlling tachycardia it may reduce exercise capacity. Most patients remain in complete atrioventricular block after the procedure and, in contrast with the practice as described in early reports, would benefit from "physiological" pacing--though even with this mode exercise capacity is likely to be abnormal. PMID- 3768216 TI - Ventricular pacing improves exercise tolerance in patients with chronic heart block. AB - Exercise capacity was assessed by means of a simple six minute walking test in a group of 18 patients with heart block whose only presenting symptom was breathlessness. None was in overt cardiac failure. Patients were studied before and after implantation of a transvenous, ventricular, demand pacing system (study group). Eight patients with an implanted pacemaker admitted for elective generator replacement were assessed in the same manner (control group). Exercise capacity in the study group was significantly increased within 48 hours of pacing, and this improvement was maintained in most patients during the follow up period of up to 30 months. In contrast, exercise capacity was unaffected by generator replacement in the control group. Simple ventricular pacing produces symptomatic benefit in patients with heart block accompanied by breathlessness. This benefit is apparent within 48 hours of pacing and is maintained; it can be assessed objectively by a six minute walking test. PMID- 3768217 TI - Value of the bipolar lead CM5 in electrocardiography. AB - Only bipolar lead recording are available during ambulatory monitoring. Their sensitivity in detecting ST segment changes in relation to standard electrocardiographic leads is not known. The magnitude and direction of ST segment changes in the bipolar lead CM5 were compared with those in standard electrocardiographic leads in patients during exercise testing and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Thirty patients with coronary artery disease were studied during exercise tests in which ST segment depression (greater than 0.5 mm) occurred in one or more standard electrocardiographic leads and 13 patients were studied during angioplasty that resulted in ST segment change in one or more leads (I, II, III, V2, V5, and CM5). Lead CM5 was the most sensitive lead (93%) during exercise testing and also showed the greatest magnitude of ST segment change below the isoelectric line in 93% of the patients. Only two patients, one with ST segment elevation in inferior leads and one with changes restricted to septal leads, had no ST segment depression in lead CM5. When ST segment shift from the baseline electrocardiogram was measured the magnitude of depression was greatest in lead CM5 in only 63% of the patients. During angioplasty of the left anterior descending coronary artery, lead CM5 showed ST segment depression in seven patients, ST segment elevation in two, and a biphasic response in one. Two of the three patients with balloon inflation in right coronary artery developed ST segment elevation in lead CM5. Thus lead CM5 is a reliable lead for detecting subendocardial ischaemia experienced during everyday activities in anginal patients. During total occlusion of coronary arteries (as in variant angina or myocardial infarction) lead CM5 commonly shows ST segment depression and changes due to right coronary artery occlusion may not be detected. PMID- 3768218 TI - Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction due to anomalous mitral valve: successful mitral valve replacement in a four month old infant. AB - A four month old infant was investigated for heart failure was found to have mitral incompetence and severe subvalvar aortic stenosis. The left ventricular outflow tract obstruction was found to be due to an anatomically anomalous mitral valve. The obstruction could only be relieved by removal of the mitral valve and its replacement with a St Jude's prosthesis. Two years after operation the child is fit and active. There have been no difficulties with anticoagulant treatment. PMID- 3768219 TI - Truncus arteriosus: successful surgical correction without the use of a valved conduit. AB - A new operation for the restoration of continuity between the right ventricle and pulmonary circulation in truncus arteriosus in infancy without the use of a tube graft is described. This was achieved by anastomosing the inferior margin of the detached confluent branch pulmonary arteries to the apex of a vertical infundibular ventriculotomy to form the posterior wall of the reconstructed right ventricular outflow tract. A patch of pericardium was used to form the anterior wall and complete the primary cardiac repair. PMID- 3768220 TI - Failure of Quintech Tx pacemaker caused by loss of stimulus-T interval shortening during exercise. AB - A 74 year old man with a Quintech Tx pacemaker experienced a reduction in his exercise capacity because his heart rate failed to increase with effort. This was shown to be caused by the failure of the interval between the delivered stimulus and evoked T wave to decrease during effort where previously it had done so. Although the stimulus-T interval did not change during exercise, it did decrease in response to isoprenaline infusion and in response to pacing the heart at increasing rates. Catecholamine concentrations increased during exercise and the patient had normal thyroid function. PMID- 3768221 TI - A method for producing constant plasma concentrations of drugs. Application to methohexitone. AB - A delivery system in which a dilute infusion of methohexitone is continuously added to a smaller volume of more concentrated solution has been used to infuse exponentially decreasing drug concentrations at a constant rate of infusion. The constants for calculation of concentrations and infusion rate are described. It was possible to achieve and maintain the target plasma concentration required to produce anaesthesia in conjunction with nitrous oxide in oxygen. Methohexitone is the only available drug suitable for this technique, but it requires frequent opioid supplementation and is not the ideal drug for such a technique. PMID- 3768222 TI - Infusion of midazolam in paediatric patients after cardiac surgery. AB - Midazolam was given, by infusion, for the sedation of 10 children receiving intensive care after cardiac surgery. Plasma concentrations greater than 250 ng ml-1 were required for adequate sedation. Midazolam did not cumulate in eight of the 10 children, and these patients excreted the drug in a fashion similar to that by adults. However, midazolam did accumulate in two children, one with profound hepatic disturbance. In one of these patients recovery was slow following cessation of the infusion. PMID- 3768223 TI - Isoflurane does not reduce aortic peak flow velocity in children. AB - Haemodynamic effects of 1 MAC halothane, enflurane and isoflurane were studied in 15 healthy children using pulsed Doppler echo cardiography. Heart rate was significantly increased with isoflurane, but not with the other two agents. All three caused comparable decreases in arterial pressure. Cardiac output was increased with isoflurane, but remained unchanged with halothane and enflurane. Aortic peak flow velocity, a sensitive index of myocardial contractility, was decreased with halothane and enflurane, but not with isoflurane. These findings indicate that isoflurane causes less myocardial depression than halothane or enflurane in children. PMID- 3768224 TI - Respiratory effects of nitrous oxide during isoflurane anaesthesia in children. AB - Respiratory effects of nitrous oxide and isoflurane were studied in 13 children (mean age 45.6 +/- 19.3 months, mean weight 14.9 +/- 4.8 kg) during surgery under continuous extradural anaesthesia. Three different anaesthetic states were studied: isoflurane 0.5 MAC in oxygen (27 study periods), isoflurane 0.5 MAC with 50% nitrous oxide (32), isoflurane 1 MAC in oxygen (25). End-tidal carbon dioxide (PE' CO2) and isoflurane, respiratory indices (tidal volume, VT; minute ventilation, VE; mean inspiratory flow, VI; respiratory frequency f, effective inspiratory timing TI/Ttot were measured. The addition of nitrous oxide (comparison of respiratory variables obtained in 25 successive periods at (1) and (2)) produced a significant increase in PE' CO2' significant decreases in VT, VE and VI, a significant increase in f. The increase in alveolar concentration of isoflurane ((1) compared with (3) in 25 successive periods) was associated with a significant increase in PE' CO2' significant decreases in VT, VE, VI and a significant increase in f. The equipotent anaesthetic states (2) and (3) were compared in 21 successive periods. In children, the net result of substituting nitrous oxide for an equal MAC fraction of isoflurane was to produce a smaller decrease in VT responsible for a smaller decrease in VE without significant change in respiratory rate. PMID- 3768225 TI - Contribution of extradural temperature to shivering during extradural anaesthesia. AB - Thirty patients having postpartum tubal ligation under extradural anaesthesia were studied. All received bupivacaine at 4 degrees C initially and the incidence of shivering (47%), and the extradural temperatures measured with a small thermistor threaded into the extradural catheter, were recorded. To eight patients in whom the resultant shivering was marked, further bupivacaine warmed to 41 degrees C was injected. In four of these patients, shivering was stopped. The results suggest that thermosensitive tissue within the spinal canal contributes to the shivering observed in association with extradural anaesthesia. PMID- 3768227 TI - Factors affecting delivery of drug through extension tubing. AB - A theoretical laminar flow model of drug delivery via extension sets (1250 mm long) was developed and tested experimentally by tracer studies. Despite discrepancies between theory and experiment (which are discussed in the text), when the infusion was allowed to run normally it was confirmed that there was a hyperbolic relationship between the flow rate of the infusion and the time of delivery of a given percentage of the injected drug. Even with the drip chamber (15 drops ml-1) running as a continuous stream, it can take up to almost 3 min for 90% of a 1-ml or 3-ml injection to enter the patient's vein. An alternative method of flushing the drug in with a syringe of saline produced a non-laminar flow regimen which was more efficient in terms of both the volume and the time required for a given percentage drug delivery. PMID- 3768226 TI - Influence of extradural blockade and ephedrine on transcutaneous oxygen tension. AB - The influence of lumbar extradural blockade with 0.5% pain bupivacaine on transcutaneous oxygen tension (PtcO2) and skin temperature was studied in 20 patients, 10 scheduled for vascular surgery and 10 for urological surgery. At the time of maximum extent of blockade, mean arterial pressure (MAP) had decreased significantly (P less than 0.001) from 96.6 +/- 18.8 mm Hg to 69.5 +/- 10.1 (mean +/- SD) in the vascular group and from 88.0 +/- 14.7 mm Hg to 71.1 +/- 12 mm Hg in the urological group. In the vascular group PtcO2 decreased significantly in the ischaemic (P less than 0.01) and non-ischaemic (P less than 0.001) limbs. In the urological group, there was a significant (P less than 0.001) decrease in PtcO2 in both limbs. There was no change in cutaneous temperature in the ischaemic limbs (vascular group), but the temperature in the non-ischaemic limbs increased significantly (P less than 0.01). In the urological group, the cutaneous temperature increased significantly (P less than 0.001) in both limbs. When ephedrine 10 mg was administered i.v., MAP increased significantly (P less than 0.001) in both groups to pre-blockade values. This was accompanied in both groups by significant increases in PtcO2' but not by a change in skin temperature. There was a significant correlation between change in MAP and change in PtcO2 in both groups after ephedrine. PMID- 3768228 TI - Effects of enflurane and halothane on carbohydrate metabolism in isolated perfused rabbit lungs. AB - Isolated, perfused rabbit lungs were used to investigate the effects of enflurane and halothane on pulmonary carbohydrate metabolism. The development of oedema in the preparation was assessed by continuous measurement of pulmonary artery pressure, airway pressure and lung weight. Ventilation of the lungs with 2% enflurane for 3 h had no effect on the rates of glucose utilization and lactate production and there were only small changes in the indices of oedema. Likewise, ventilation with 1% halothane for 1 h had no effect on the rates of glucose utilization and lactate production, and did not change significantly the concentrations of glycogen, glucose, glycolytic intermediates and high-energy phosphate compounds in lung tissue. Enflurane and halothane, at clinically relevant concentrations, probably do not influence carbohydrate metabolism in the lung. PMID- 3768230 TI - Gaseous homeostasis and the circle system. Factors influencing anaesthetic gas exchange. AB - A mathematical model of a subject breathing from a circle system has been used to follow the course of anaesthetic uptake during the simulated administration of 60% nitrous oxide, 2% halothane and 2% methoxyflurane, under non-rebreathing conditions and with fresh gas flows to the circle system of between 8 and 0.25 litre min-1. Compared with the non-rebreathing state, the use of a circle system reduced the initial rate of increase of alveolar towards fresh gas anaesthetic concentration, and the rate of increase in body anaesthetic content. The degree of reduction became more marked as fresh gas flow was reduced, and as agents of increasing blood solubility were used. These effects of a circle system were influenced by the volume of the circle system and the composition of gas initially present within the system. When the circle system was in use there were increases in the magnitude of both the concentration effect and the second gas effect which were related to the magnitude of fresh gas flow. The use of a circle system augmented the effects of changes in cardiac output and reduced the effects of changes in ventilation on the alveolar concentrations of the anaesthetic. These influences of a circle system were also dependent on the magnitude of fresh gas flow. The degree of augmentation of the effects of cardiac output decreased with increasing blood solubility of the agent in use, whilst the limitation of the effects of ventilation was greatest with the agent of highest blood solubility. Both under non-rebreathing conditions and with the circle system in use, the effects of cardiac output and ventilation were greater with 2% nitrous oxide than with 60% nitrous oxide, and were also greater when gases were given separately than when administered in combination. PMID- 3768229 TI - A microprocessor-controlled anaesthetic vaporizer. AB - A microprocessor-controlled anaesthetic vaporizer is described. Fresh gas is mixed in the correct proportions using two pulsed solenoid valves and a proportion of this passes through a third pulsed solenoid valve and is bubbled through liquid halothane. The temperature of the liquid agent is measured and the pulse frequency is modified to give the correct vapour concentration for the set flow rate and measured temperature. Initially, the vapour was produced by bubbling fresh gas through the agent in a conventional halothane bottle. However, because of the large liquid volume available, nitrous oxide was found to dissolve in large quantities in the halothane. A small volume vaporizer which was continually replenished from a reservoir was designed. Measurements of the vapour concentrations emerging from such a vaporizer were made and were found to agree with the set values +/- 0.1% v/v. PMID- 3768231 TI - D-penicillamine induced myasthenia gravis. Its relevance for the anaesthetist. AB - The case of a 57-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis is presented to illustrate the rare occurrence of a myasthenic syndrome induced by D penicillamine, which led to prolonged (5.25-h) postoperative apnoea necessitating artificial ventilation. PMID- 3768232 TI - Migration of an extradural catheter into the subdural space. A case report. AB - After repeated, successful extradural injections in a parturient, the extradural catheter migrated into the subdural space. The injection of 3% chloroprocaine 10 ml resulted in an extensive block, which extended to the cranial nerves and paralysed the respiratory muscles. The position of the catheter tip was confirmed by fluoroscopy. Subdural injection should always be suspected when tests for subarachnoid injection are negative, but an extensive block occurs gradually within 15-20 min. Respiration and circulation should be supported until the block regresses. PMID- 3768233 TI - Maternal awareness. PMID- 3768235 TI - Blood viscosity. PMID- 3768234 TI - Treatment of nausea with extradural droperidol. PMID- 3768236 TI - Premedication and body temperature. PMID- 3768237 TI - Paranasal sinusitis: a complication of nasotracheal intubation. PMID- 3768238 TI - Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation by human liver microsomes. AB - As a substrate for human liver microsomes, ethoxyresorufin appears to be metabolised by a group of cytochrome P450 isoenzymes which are inducible by cigarette smoking. Kinetic studies in microsomes from four human livers indicate that only one enzyme component is involved over the full substrate range. Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation activity at both high and low substrate concentrations correlated with the high affinity component of ethoxycoumarin O deethylation and of diphenyloxazole metabolism. PMID- 3768240 TI - Relationship between alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and distribution of disopyramide and mono-N-dealkyldisopyramide in whole blood. AB - The binding of disopyramide (DP) and mono-N-dealkyldisopyramide (MND) was measured by equilibrium dialysis in spiked whole blood (10 mumol l-1 DP or MND) from 50 patients having a serum concentration of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) ranging from 0.40 to 3.14 g l-1, as well as in whole blood from five healthy subjects, spiked with different concentrations of AAG ranging from 0.61 to 3.33 g l-1. The binding ratio (moles bound divided by moles unbound) in all samples increased from 1.0 to 8.0 for DP and 0.6 to 3.3 for MND with increasing AAG concentrations. The binding varied according to the AAG concentrations both in patients and healthy subjects. Similarly total and free plasma concentrations of DP and MND were also measured. With increasing AAG concentrations the total concentrations measured increased from 9.0 to 15.9 mumol l-1 for DP and from 6.8 to 11.8 mumol l-1 for MND whereas the free concentrations decreased from 3.8 to 0.5 mumol l-1 for DP and from 5.0 to 2.0 mumol l-1 for MND. With increasing AAG concentrations the whole blood/plasma concentration ratio decreased from 1.11 and 1.47 to 0.63 and 0.85 for DP and MND respectively. The ratio between their concentration in cells and the unbound concentration in plasma, however, was constant over the whole AAG concentration range. The mean ratios for all samples were 3.0 and 3.1 for DP and MND respectively, indicating that both compounds are bound or distributed to the blood cells. The distribution of the drugs in whole blood changed according to increasing AAG concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768239 TI - The effects of serum, lithium, ethacrynic acid, and a low external concentration of potassium on specific [3H]-ouabain binding to human lymphocytes after incubation for 3 days. AB - We have quantified specific [3H]-ouabain binding sites in normal human lymphocytes, and have measured the changes in the numbers of those sites which occur in response to various stimuli. We have confirmed previous findings that incubation for 72 h in the presence of fetal calf serum causes an increase in [3H]-ouabain binding, and that this does not occur if the cells are incubated in fetal calf serum which has first been dialysed. During incubation of the lymphocytes for 3 days in the presence of dialysed fetal calf serum each of the following stimuli caused an increase in specific [3H]-ouabain binding: addition of ethacrynic acid (1 mumol l-1), addition of lithium (1 mmol l-1), and reduction of the external potassium concentration (to 0.75 mmol l-1). By analogy with the similar results in HeLa cells reported by others, we suggest that the increase in [3H]-ouabain binding may, in the case of ethacrynic acid and the reduction of the external potassium concentration, be initiated by an increase in the intracellular sodium concentration. The mechanisms whereby fetal calf serum and lithium cause an increase in [3H]-ouabain binding are not clear. PMID- 3768241 TI - Acute haemodynamic effects of pinacidil in man. AB - The acute haemodynamic effects of i.v. pinacidil 0.2 mg kg-1 infused over 8 min were studied in 10 normotensive patients undergoing cardiac catheterisation. Mean arterial pressure fell from 94 +/- 3 mmHg (mean +/- s.e. mean) before infusion to 74 +/- 3 mmHg at 10 min after commencing infusion (P less than 0.001) and during this time heart rate increased from 75 +/- 4 to 106 +/- 7 beats min-1 (P less than 0.001). Significant changes were recorded until the end of the observation period (70 min after commencing infusion). Cardiac index increased from 3.2 +/- 0.2 to 4.0 +/- 0.2 l min-1 m-2 (P less than 0.001) and systemic vascular resistance fell from 16 +/- 1 to 10 +/- 1 units (P less than 0.001) at 10 min after commencing infusion. By the end of the observation period, the values had returned to pre-infusion levels. Only small changes in pulmonary haemodynamics were observed. These results indicate that pinacidil acts as a peripheral arteriolar vasodilator, and as such may have a role in the treatment of arterial hypertension and of cardiac failure. PMID- 3768242 TI - Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of single doses of ketanserin and propranolol alone and in combination in healthy volunteers. AB - The potential interaction between ketanserin and propranolol has been investigated in eight healthy volunteers. Volunteers received single doses of placebo, propranolol (80 mg), ketanserin (20 mg), and propranolol (80 mg) plus ketanserin (20 mg) following a randomised double-blind regimen. A single dose of ketanserin had little effect on resting heart rate and blood pressure and the effects of propranolol and ketanserin in combination were similar to those of propranolol alone. The inhibition of exercise induced tachycardia by propranolol was not affected by ketanserin. The pharmacokinetics of propranolol elimination were not influenced by the concurrent administration of ketanserin, nor the pharmacokinetics of ketanserin by propranolol. PMID- 3768243 TI - Partial metabolic clearances as determinants of the oral bioavailability of propranolol. AB - The objective of this study was to determine the relationships between the total oral clearance of propranolol and the partial clearances through its primary metabolic pathways, i.e. glucuronidation, side-chain oxidation and ring oxidation. Seven young, white males were given single 80 mg oral doses of the drug together with tritium-labelled propranolol. Plasma propranolol was measured by GC/MS and fourteen metabolites were measured in urine by h.p.l.c. with radiometric detection. The total oral clearance of propranolol in these subjects varied about three-fold, from 27.5 to 71.4 ml min-1 kg-1. The clearance through glucuronidation was very similar in all subjects, ranging from 6.8 to 9.9 ml min 1 kg-1. The clearance through side-chain oxidation varied 2.4-fold, from 10.9 to 25.8 ml min-1 kg-1. Increased clearance through this pathway correlated with increased total oral clearance (r = 0.84; P less than 0.02). The clearance through ring oxidation varied as much as 5.6-fold, from 7.5 to 41.8 ml min-1 kg 1. Increased clearance through this pathway correlated highly with increased total oral clearance (r = 0.94; P less than 0.002). These observations indicate that the intersubject variability in the oral clearance of propranolol in young, white males is due mainly to differences in the activity of the ring oxidation pathway, to some extent in the side-chain oxidation pathway, but not to differences in the glucuronidation pathway. The partial metabolic clearance approach adopted in this study may be useful in the investigation of factors influencing the oral bioavailability of propranolol. PMID- 3768244 TI - Pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered haem arginate. AB - The pharmacokinetics of haem were investigated after intravenous administration of a therapeutic dose of haem arginate (3 mg haem kg-1) to four healthy volunteers and four symptomless porphyric patients. Plasma haem concentrations were measured also during a treatment course of four infusions in six patients with porphyria. Plasma haem concentrations declined monoexponentially over 48 h in both healthy volunteers and porphyric patients, with a mean +/- s.e. mean elimination half-life of 10.8 +/- 0.6 h. Other kinetic parameters were also similar in the two groups, total plasma clearance was 3.7 +/- 0.4 ml min-1 and volume of distribution was 3.37 +/- 0.34 l. In the multiple dose study the elimination half-life increased significantly, from 11.3 +/- 0.4 h to 18.1 +/- 1.4 h over 4 consecutive days. Plasma haemopexin values decreased with time after a single haem arginate dose. The infusion of haem arginate did not cause thrombophlebitis. PMID- 3768245 TI - Acute and chronic pharmacokinetics of asymmetrical doses of slow release choline theophyllinate in asthma. AB - The day and night pharmacokinetics of assymetrical doses of slow release choline theophyllinate (Sabidal SR 270) were compared at day 1 and at day 4 of treatment when steady state had been achieved. Ten patients with chronic asthma were given oral choline theophyllinate 424 mg at 09.00 h and 848 mg at 21.00 h for 4 days. At regular intervals during day 1 and day 4 of treatment theophylline concentrations were measured in plasma and dried blood spots by fluorimmunoassay. Theophylline concentrations measured from dried blood spots were slightly lower than those in plasma, the difference remaining constant at all time points during day 1 and day 4 of treatment. On day 1 the mean peak plasma theophylline concentration was 5.4 +/- 1.0 (+/- s.e. mean) micrograms ml-1 4 h after the morning dose and 11.2 +/- 1.6 micrograms ml-1 4 h after the evening dose which were significantly (P less than 0.01) different. Similarly the areas under the plasma theophylline concentration-time curves at night were significantly (P less than 0.001) greater than those observed during the day. During day 4 mean peak plasma concentrations of theophylline after the morning and larger evening dose were 13.2 +/- 1.3 and 12.1 +/- 1.4 micrograms ml-1 respectively, which were not significantly different. No significant difference was observed between the areas under the plasma theophylline concentration-time curves during the day and at night. However the post-dose time to peak was significantly delayed at night (6 h) compared to the morning (2 h, P less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768246 TI - A simple method for determining acetylator phenotype using isoniazid. AB - A comparison was made between the results of acetylator phenotyping by isoniazid (INH) half-life measurements based on samples taken for 6 h after a single oral dose (200 mg), and by determination of the ratio of acetylisoniazid (Ac.INH) to isoniazid in the 3 h samples. In the 32 subjects, examined, there was complete agreement about classification of the subject as a fast (t1/2 less than 130 min; Ac.INH/INH greater than 1.5) or slow acetylator (t1/2 greater than 130 min; Ac.INH/INH less than 1.5). The single sample test appears to be as reliable as the more time-consuming isoniazid half-life method. PMID- 3768247 TI - Effects of cimetidine and ranitidine on the pharmacokinetics of quinine. AB - The pharmacokinetics of orally administered quinine were determined in six normal volunteers before and after a 7-day course of cimetidine (1 g day-1) or ranitidine (300 mg day-1). Peak plasma quinine concentration and the time of peak concentration were not altered after cimetidine or ranitidine pretreatment. After cimetidine pretreatment there was a significant reduction in the apparent oral clearance of quinine, from 0.182 +/- 0.063 (mean +/- s.d.) to 0.133 +/- 0.055 1 h 1 kg-1 (P less than 0.05). This was reflected in a 49% (range 17 to 90%) increase in the mean elimination half-life from 7.6 +/- 1.3 to 11.3 +/- 3.7 h (P less than 0.05). In contrast to cimetidine, ranitidine had no significant effect on the clearance or half-life of quinine. The apparent interaction between quinine and cimetidine may have therapeutic implications. Special care should be taken in patients taking these two common drugs concomitantly. Additionally, to avoid unnecessary risks due to drug interaction, the use of ranitidine may be preferable in the patients in whom it is desirable to administer an H2-receptor antagonist together with quinine. PMID- 3768248 TI - Theophylline pharmacokinetics after intravenous infusion with ethylenediamine or sodium glycinate. AB - Six healthy volunteers received two theophylline preparations by short intravenous infusion, at weekly intervals in a randomized cross-over design. The solubilizer was ethylenediamine or sodium glycinate. Plasma concentrations of theophylline and ethylenediamine were measured by h.p.l.c. for up to 24 h after dosing. The pharmacokinetics of theophylline did not show any significant intra subject variation associated with the solubilizing agent used. PMID- 3768249 TI - Protein binding of chloroquine enantiomers and desethylchloroquine. AB - The protein binding of racemic chloroquine, its enantiomers and desethylchloroquine to plasma, purified human albumin, and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (alpha 1-AGP) was determined by equilibrium dialysis. The binding was not concentration dependent. (+)-Chloroquine bound more to plasma (66.6 +/- 1.9%) and albumin (45.9 +/- 0.8%) than (-)-chloroquine (48.5 +/- 2.4% and 35.3 +/ 0.6%, respectively). These differences were statistically significant. (-) Chloroquine bound more to alpha 1-AGP (47.5 +/- 0.7%) than (+)-chloroquine (34.5 +/- 0.5%). The binding of desethylchloroquine to alpha 1-AGP is higher than to albumin (38.9 +/- 0.9% and 21.1 +/- 0.4%, respectively. PMID- 3768250 TI - Paracetamol metabolism in pregnancy. AB - Paracetamol disposition was studied in groups of pregnant and non-pregnant women of comparable age. Paracetamol apparent oral clearance was 58% higher and elimination half-life was 28% lower in the pregnant women compared to the control group. The higher clearance in the pregnant women was due to increased activity of the glucuronidation (75% higher) and oxidative (88% higher) pathways of paracetamol metabolism. There was no difference between the two groups in paracetamol sulphation or renal clearance of unchanged drug. PMID- 3768251 TI - Is biliary excretion of paracetamol significant in man? AB - The extent of biliary excretion of paracetamol and its principal metabolites was studied in 10 healthy adults. Duodenal intubation was performed approximately 12 h after an oral dose of 1 g paracetamol. Duodenal fluid was aspirated following intravenous cholecystokinin, and urine was collected for 12 h after dosing. The mean concentration of the cysteine and glucuronide conjugates in the bile was 253.7 +/- 39.0 micrograms ml-1 (s.e. mean) and 69.3 +/- 15.3 micrograms ml-1, respectively. The mean recoveries of the cysteine and glucuronide conjugates in the bile were 6.0 +/- 1.5 mg and 1.2 +/- 0.41 mg, respectively. The bile is an important route of elimination for the cysteine conjugate and accounts for 19.4 +/- 4.4% of the total excretion of the metabolite. The fate of the biliary excreted conjugates is not known, and needs further investigation. PMID- 3768252 TI - Excretion of trazodone in breast milk. AB - The excretion of breast milk was studied in six lactating women following the oral administration of a single trazodone tablet (50 mg). The milk/plasma ratio of trazodone based on area under the plasma and milk curves was small: 0.142 +/- 0.045 (mean +/- s.d.). Assuming that the babies would drink 500 ml 12 h-1, they would be exposed to less than 0.005 mg kg-1 as compared to 0.77 mg kg-1 for the mothers. It is concluded that exposure of babies to trazodone via breast milk is very small. PMID- 3768253 TI - Loperamide and oro-caecal transit delay. PMID- 3768254 TI - Steady-state pharmacokinetics and effects of a new once-daily, slow-release theophylline capsule preparation in asthma. AB - Plasma and saliva theophylline concentrations were measured in 21 asthmatic subjects receiving chronic oral therapy with a new sustained-release theophylline capsule (K1B Riker) given as a once daily dose, after titration to achieve a before-dose concentration of 8 mg l-1 or greater, or to the maximum dose of 1200 mg of theophylline daily. Plasma concentrations rose from a mean +/- s.d. minimum concentration (Cmin) of 7.9 +/- 2.3 mg l-1 to a mean maximum of 13.6 +/- 3.3 mg l 1 at a median time of 10 h after dosing. Saliva theophylline concentrations were closely related to the plasma theophylline concentration both between and within subjects with a mean saliva to plasma concentration ratio between subjects (S/P ratio) of 0.62 (+/- 0.05) and a mean within subject coefficient of variation of 8.2% (+/- 4.5%). There was a significant but small (10%) change in the mean S/P ratio during the dosing interval. Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) changed slightly but significantly during the dosing interval but forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) did not. The drug was well tolerated at the dose used (600-1200 mg once daily). PMID- 3768255 TI - The effect of glucose on acetylation status. AB - Forty-nine healthy volunteers (47 male, 2 female) had their sulphadimidine acetylator status determined on a control day and on a second occasion when they were given an oral glucose load. They were classified as fast and slow acetylators using the standard urine method and as fast, slow and intermediate acetylators using calculated metabolic and total body clearances. Twenty-seven (55%) were slow acetylators and this proportion was not altered by glucose loading either with or before sulphadimidine ingestion. On the control day, five (10%) were fast and 17 (35%) were intermediate acetylators but these sub-groups were not clearly distinguishable from each other when glucose was given. The glucose load did not cause any individual to change from slow to fast categories. Two type 2 (insulin independent) diabetics also showed no difference in acetylator status when studied with widely different blood glucose concentrations. We conclude that glucose can induce minor increases in sulphadimidine clearance but is unlikely to alter phenotypic acetylation status. Previous observations of an increased incidence of fast acetylators in diabetics may therefore indicate a genetic marker. PMID- 3768256 TI - Sparteine oxidation polymorphism in Greenlanders living in Denmark. AB - Sparteine oxidation appeared to be polymorphic in 185 healthy Greenlanders living in Denmark. Six subjects (3.2%) were phenotyped as poor metabolizers (PM) and 179 subjects as extensive metabolizers (EM). The metabolic ratio (MR) between sparteine and 2- + 5-dehydrosparteine in a 12 h urine sample ranged from 0.06 3.12 in EM and from 30-480 in PM. The excretion of dehydrosparteines accounted for less than 2.2% of the dose in PM and ranged from 5.6%-63% in EM. The urinary recovery (% of dose) of sparteine, 2-dehydrosparteine and total sparteine + dehydrosparteines was lower in Greenlander EM than in Danish EM (Brosen et al., 1985). Incomplete urine collection in a substantial proportion of the Greenlanders could explain these discrepancies. PMID- 3768258 TI - Urinary metabolites of caffeine in pregnant women. AB - In a study of caffeine and its metabolites in pregnant and non-pregnant women, on average 56.8% of the administered caffeine dose was recovered in the urine in both groups. However, compared to the controls, the pregnant subjects produced smaller amounts of 1-methylxanthine and 1-methyluric acid, whereas the excretion of most of the other metabolites, particularly 3,7-dimethylxanthine and 3 methylxanthine tended to be greater. It is suggested that hormonal influences on the hepatic caffeine metabolising enzymes might be implicated. PMID- 3768257 TI - Antipyrine clearance and metabolism in patients with psoriasis. AB - The kinetic parameters of antipyrine obtained from saliva samples and the appearance of major antipyrine metabolites (4-hydroxyantipyrine, norantipyrine and 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine) in urine samples were measured in 10 patients with psoriasis (six nonsmokers and four smokers) and in 20 healthy subjects (11 nonsmokers and nine smokers). The volume of distribution and total clearance of antipyrine were not significantly different between psoriatric patients and control subjects subdivided according to smoking habit. However, antipyrine half life was significantly (P less than 0.05) shorter in nonsmoking psoriatrics than in nonsmoking controls. There were no significant differences in mean values for the amounts (% dose) and partial clearances for production of major antipyrine metabolites between non-smoking patients and non-smoking controls, between smoking patients and smoking controls, and between patients overall and controls overall. The total clearance of antipyrine and the partial clearances of antipyrine to its three main metabolites were significantly (P less than 0.05 to 0.01) greater in smoking controls than in nonsmoking controls, and the total clearance of antipyrine and the partial clearance to 4-hydroxyantipyrine were significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) greater in smoking patients than in nonsmoking patients. These findings provide no evidence that psoriasis is associated with an alteration in hepatic microsomal monooxygenase activity, at least insofar as the formation of major antipyrine metabolites is concerned. PMID- 3768260 TI - The pharmacokinetics of dapsone after oral administration to healthy volunteers. AB - After oral administration of 100 mg dapsone (DDS) to 25 healthy volunteers peak serum DDS concentrations between 1.10 and 2.33 mg l-1 were reached within 0.5 to 4 h. AUCs varied from 20.3 to 75.4 mg l-1 h, while the elimination half-lives ranged from 11.5 to 29.2 h. The apparent volumes of distribution were 0.84 to 1.26 l kg-1 body weight, assuming complete bioavailability. Statistically significant differences in peak drug concentration, peak time and AUC existed between males and females. Absorption and elimination of DDS appeared to be faster than reported in other studies, suggesting differences in DDS kinetics between healthy volunteers and patients. PMID- 3768259 TI - Different effects of metoclopramide and domperidone on arginine-vasopressin secretion in man. AB - This study was performed in order to investigate the dopaminergic mechanism involved in the control of arginine-vasopressin (AVP) secretion in normal men. Plasma AVP concentrations were measured before and after the administration of an i.v. bolus of 10 mg metoclopramide or domperidone to twelve healthy males. Metoclopramide, a cerebral and peripheral antagonist of dopaminergic receptors, significantly stimulated AVP secretion, whereas domperidone, a dopamine antagonist which does not cross the blood-brain barrier, was without effect. These data suggest that metoclopramide stimulates the release of AVP by blocking dopaminergic receptors in structures located inside the blood-brain barrier. Alternatively, it is possible that the stimulation of AVP release induced by metoclopramide does not occur through inhibition of dopamine receptors but rather through interaction with other neuroendocrine pathways. PMID- 3768261 TI - Strength of performance and examination assessment. PMID- 3768262 TI - Choice basis: a model for multi-attribute preference. PMID- 3768263 TI - Credible conceptions and implausible probabilities. PMID- 3768264 TI - A linear model for estimating the size of a closed population. PMID- 3768266 TI - The weak Borda effect is of little relevance to social choice theory. PMID- 3768265 TI - Statistical analysis of discrete relational data. PMID- 3768267 TI - Towards a general model of non-random sampling and the impact on population correlation: generalizations of Berkson's Fallacy and restriction of range. PMID- 3768268 TI - Psychological aspects of infertility. AB - It has often been claimed that psychological problems accompany infertility among some couples attending infertility clinics. Some authors have suggested that psychological factors may be a primary cause of infertility, others have suggested that the state of infertility itself can provoke psychological symptoms. The importance of psychological counselling for involuntarily childless couples has also been noted. This paper, which reviews studies that have attempted to investigate psychological aspects of infertility, is organized around three issues: psychological factors as a cause of infertility, the impact of infertility on psychological functioning, coping with infertility and the counselling needs of the infertile couple. While there seems little doubt that infertility has psychological consequences for some couples, many questions will remain unanswered unless carefully designed and conducted longitudinal studies are undertaken. PMID- 3768269 TI - The case of the anxious executive: a study from the research clinic. AB - Most psychotherapists are neither active researchers nor consumers of research findings. Research approaches are needed which build a bridge between clinical realism and independent evidence, but which are applicable in National Health Service settings by clinicians lacking substantial research resources. A new method of clinical inquiry is described which combines measurement techniques developed in psychotherapy research with the therapist's session notes and client perceptions of helpful events in therapy. The method is illustrated by a case study which examines the content of helpful and unhelpful therapy sessions. PMID- 3768270 TI - Prediction versus reflection in therapist demonstrations of understanding: a replication with clinical cases. AB - Previous analogue research with college students shows that therapists who make accurate predictions of their patient's behaviour are judged as more demonstrative of understanding their patient's problems than therapists who make reflections or request further information. The present study replicated this research and extended it by using psychotherapy out-patients as subjects. Similar findings were obtained. Further, therapists who employed accurate predictions were judged as more likely to mediate successful therapeutic outcomes. PMID- 3768271 TI - Psychological vulnerability to alcoholism: studies in internal scanning deficit. AB - Three studies considered the predispositional role of impaired internal scanning in alcoholism. Scanning represents the person's sensitivity to internal stimulation and the extent to which the person utilizes internally generated information. The first study found that more acute alcoholic patients displayed poorer scanning than more chronic alcoholics. This finding contra-indicates deficit scanning as an effect of alcoholism and suggests that this impairment antecedes the alcoholic disorder. Two further studies tested the possible antecedent status of deficit scanning. Adolescent wards of the juvenile court, judged to be more at risk for alcoholism, were poorer scanners than their counterparts with fewer drinking-related problems. Male college students with a greater number of alcohol-related problems also proved to be poorer scanners. It is proposed that limited scanning contributes to alcoholic vulnerability by depriving the person of information vital to the control of drinking behaviour. PMID- 3768272 TI - Sudden idiopathic hearing loss: psychopathology and antecedent stressful life events. AB - Otologists repeatedly state that patients suffering from Sudden Idiopathic Hearing Loss (SIHL) often have significant emotional problems or stressful living conditions. The study described here compared males and females suffering from SIHL with controls without any impairment of the inner ear. Personality data were gathered by means of Faschingbauer's Abbreviated MMPI (FAM). Stress factors were assessed by an Inventory of Stressful Life-Events (ILE). SIHL patients reported more stressful life-events, whose distressing effects lasted until onset of symptoms, than controls. There was no significant influence of personality upon report of stress. Stress factors and inability to cope with these seem to be important psychological factors in SIHL patients, while psychopathological disturbances may be important for some but not for the majority of cases. PMID- 3768273 TI - Pre-operative state anxiety as a mediator of psychological adjustment to and recovery from surgery. AB - Psychological theories of stress suggest competing hypotheses for the predictive relationship between pre-operative anxiety and post-operative adjustment and recovery. Evidence is presented to assess whether linear or curvilinear (quadratic) relationships account for the association between pre-operative anxiety and post-operative variables. These two hypotheses are tested on two samples of patients undergoing elective minor gynaecological surgery. Multiple regression analyses provided weak support for a linear, but not a curvilinear, relationship between pre-operative anxiety and post-operative anxiety but not with post-operative outcomes other than anxiety such as pain or speed of returning to normal activities. Qualitative data are also presented which examine whether patients who show either low or high levels of pre-operative anxiety differ in the nature of their fears of surgery or their preferred methods of coping with fear and with post-operative pain. No evidence was found to suggest that patients with either high or low levels of pre-operative anxiety differed in appraisal or coping strategies. There was little evidence that the beneficial effects of a special preparatory booklet on post-operative adjustment and recovery were mediated by its influence on state anxiety. PMID- 3768274 TI - Smoking as a transitional object. AB - An analysis of smoking during adolescence using Winnicott's concepts of transitional object, transitional phenomena and intermediate area can illuminate how an individual manages the relations between the outer objective world and the inner world of subjective experience. Viewing smoking as a transitional phenomenon can yield diagnostic and therapeutic information and provide a better understanding of the psychological functions of smoking and the difficulties involved in giving it up. PMID- 3768275 TI - Differences in reasons for taking overdoses in high and low hopelessness groups. AB - Thirty-five people admitted to hospital following deliberate self-harm by overdose were interviewed. Patients rated several 'reasons' for making the attempt on 0-10-point scales. The 'reasons' used were those derived by Bancroft and his associates (e.g. find out if someone loved me, make people understand how desperate I was feeling). The patients also completed Beck et al.'s Hopelessness Scale. High hopelessness was associated with an increased wish 'to die' and 'to get relief from a terrible state of mind' but high and low hopelessness did not differentiate between other reasons, even the traditionally 'manipulative' ones. The intercorrelations between reasons suggested that in low hopelessness interpersonal reasons were the most central constructs, whereas in the high hopelessness patients, the escape motive was the most central. PMID- 3768276 TI - Body satisfaction in adolescent girls. AB - Body satisfaction was examined in four age groups of female British adolescents. Overall satisfaction with nine body features declined from age 12 to 18 years, particularly upper thigh, buttocks and stomach measurements. Although a shape ratio (weight divided by height) determined various aspects of body satisfaction in older girls, self-perceived weight (underweight, OK, overweight) related more directly to body satisfaction. The results suggest that body satisfaction declines during adolescence and is linked to psychological self-esteem and excessive dieting. PMID- 3768277 TI - Common personality features in neurotic disorder. AB - The personality characteristics of 77 patients seen in general practice with a Catego diagnosis of anxiety state (including phobic state) or depressive neurosis derived from the Present State Examination were compared with those in 77 normal subjects chosen at random from the list of the same general practitioner. Each patient was matched with a normal subject of the same age and sex. The personality characteristics were rated using the Personality Assessment Schedule, an interview schedule designed to elicit the premorbid personality of the subject. The neurotic patients had significantly higher scores for the personality charcteristics of anxiousness, vulnerability, resourcelessness, hypochondriasis and other features commonly described as oral and hysterical. Schizoid features were absent in the neurotic group. The results suggest that there are common personality attributes in neurotic disorder and that these have clinical significance. PMID- 3768278 TI - The course and outcome of pregnancy associated with bronchiectasis. Case report. PMID- 3768279 TI - Tuberculous peritonitis in pregnancy. Case report. PMID- 3768280 TI - Abdominal pregnancy complicated by appendicitis. Case report. PMID- 3768282 TI - An audit of the detection and management of small-for-gestational age babies. PMID- 3768281 TI - Fulminant hepatic failure associated with aplastic anaemia after treatment with danazol. Case report. PMID- 3768283 TI - Uterine activity in the second stage of labour and the effect of epidural analgesia. PMID- 3768284 TI - Genetics of hypertension in pregnancy. PMID- 3768285 TI - Genetics of hypertension in pregnancy: possible single gene control of pre eclampsia and eclampsia in the descendants of eclamptic women. AB - Our report concerns the incidences of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia in 147 sisters, 248 daughters, 74 granddaughters, and 131 daughters-in-law of women who have had eclampsia. The disorder is highly heritable. We have analysed the data in two ways, firstly, as a single gene condition and, secondly, as a multifactorial condition. The observed incidences fit closely with the single gene model with frequency of the putative gene being 0.25. When Falconer's method of estimating heritabilities of discrete characters is used, estimates of 120% (sisters), 88% (daughters), and 105% (granddaughters)--none significantly different from 100% are obtained. Insofar as possible, our definition of pre-eclampsia corresponds with EPH in the descriptive classification of the Organisation Gestosis and to 'severe pre-eclampsia' in Nelson's classification. The women were delivered in many different hospitals, however, and many records fail to provide all of the essential information. PMID- 3768286 TI - Amniotic fluid concentrations of secreted pregnancy-associated endometrial alpha 1- and alpha 2-globulins (alpha 1- and alpha 2-PEG). AB - The levels of pregnancy-associated endometrial alpha 1- and alpha 2-globulins (alpha 1- and alpha 2-PEG), the two major proteins synthesized and secreted by the endometrium in vitro, have been assayed in 210 amniotic fluid specimens obtained at termination of pregnancy or by amniocentesis, or at delivery. alpha 1 PEG was undetectable until week 10 and thereafter rose to peak levels between weeks 20 and 24. Levels fell 15-fold by week 35 but substantial amounts were still present at parturition. alpha 2-PEG was present at highest levels during early pregnancy, at weeks 6-15, but thereafter levels rapidly fell until during weeks 31-42 alpha 2-PEG was detectable in only 3 of 25 specimens. During weeks 15 20, when alpha 2-PEG levels fell and alpha 1-PEG levels rose, a high correlation was observed between the week of gestation and the log of the ratios of the concentration of these proteins. These observations provide the opportunity to assess the role of endometrial and decidual dysfunction in the aetiology of pregnancy disorders. PMID- 3768287 TI - The relation between aldosterone concentrations in plasma and saliva during pregnancy. AB - The concentrations of aldosterone and glucocorticoids (cortisol + cortisone) were measured in saliva and plasma samples obtained from healthy women during early (11-19 weeks), mid (24-29 weeks) and late (32-37 weeks) pregnancy. There was a progressive increase in mean aldosterone levels in both saliva and plasma throughout pregnancy, though at each stage of pregnancy the range was very wide. Glucocorticoid levels increased up to mid-pregnancy and then remained constant. At no stage were aldosterone and glucocorticoid levels significantly correlated. The proportion of free (non-protein bound) aldosterone in plasma, and the saliva:plasma ratio of aldosterone did not differ from the non-pregnant range at any stage of pregnancy. We conclude that measurement of aldosterone concentration in saliva is a convenient and valid method for the estimation of plasma free aldosterone in pregnancy and so provide a non-invasive technique for assessing aldosterone status throughout pregnancy. PMID- 3768288 TI - Does 24-hour supervisory staff coverage in the labour and delivery area change the emergency caesarean section rate? AB - The influence on the emergency caesarean section rate of 24-h supervisory staff coverage in the labour and delivery area was investigated. In period I (1978 1979), the supervisory staff were inside the hospital from 07.01 to 17.00 hours, and on call at home from 17.01 to 07.00 hours of the next day, and in period II (1980-1981), the supervisory staff were inside the hospital 24 h a day. The section rate for fetal distress increased during period II. The rate for maternal complications also increased in the 17.01-24.00 hours shift and decreased in the 07.01-17.00 hours shift during period II. However, the overall emergency caesarean section rate did not change between the two periods. PMID- 3768289 TI - Vaginal and abdominal delivery increases maternal urinary 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha excretion. AB - To study the role of the antiaggregatory and vasodilatory prostacyclin (PGI2) during human delivery, serial urine samples collected from 13 women delivered vaginally and from eight delivered abdominally were assayed for 6-keto prostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1 alpha, a breakdown product of PGI2) by high performance-liquid-chromatography and radioimmunoassay. In women delivered vaginally the mean urinary 6-keto-PGF1 alpha concentration was 41.9 (SE 8.3) ng/mmol creatinine, before the onset of labour and increased progressively to a maximum of 186.5 (SE 47.6) ng/mmol creatinine 2 h after delivery irrespective of the use of oxytocin and epidural analgesia. In women delivered by caesarean section under epidural anaesthesia, the urinary 6-keto-PGF1 alpha rose from 33.4 (SE 4.2) ng/mmol creatinine to 2153 (SE 314) ng/mmol creatinine 2 h after section. In both groups the increased levels had fallen by 24 h postpartum to levels below those found before delivery. In neonatal urine 6-keto-PGF1 alpha concentrations were some 12-30 times higher than those in postpartum urine. Thus, vaginal and abdominal delivery is accompanied by significant increases in maternal PGI2 release, perhaps in the myometrium and/or intrauterine tissues. This may be of significance in the regulation of fetoplacental blood flow and in the prevention of intra- and postpartum thrombosis. PMID- 3768290 TI - The use of the fasciocutaneous flap in vaginal reconstruction. AB - Vaginoplasty in two girls with severe vaginal stricturing due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia is described. The strictures were so tight and long that conventional flap techniques were inappropriate, and long fasciocutaneous flaps from redundant labioscrotal tissue were used. This technique has gained wide usage in plastic surgery, but has not been described previously in this site. PMID- 3768291 TI - Menstrual dysfunction in Nigerian athletes. AB - Menstrual function was assessed in 475 Nigerian athletes in different sports and 606 non-athletes. In general, irregular menstrual cycles and oligomenorrhoea or secondary amenorrhoea (O/A) were more common in the athletes (26% and 21%, respectively) than in the non-athletes (18% and 8%, respectively). Menstruation was more regular and normal in the non-athletes (50%) than in the athletes (22%). It was noted that menstrual dysfunction in the athletes was associated with significantly low body fat, body weight, relative weight for height, and the stress of sports activity. In the groups of athletes the ball game players (35%) and distance runners (51%) most commonly experienced O/A, whereas the incidence of dysmenorrhoea and menorrhagia was most prevalent in the swimmers (37%), and sprinters (42%). Menstrual disturbances were relatively more common in athletes who began training before the menarche (43%). PMID- 3768292 TI - Steroid receptors in human ovarian malignancy. A review of four years tissue collection. AB - The oestrogen and progestogen receptor status in ovarian cancers from 72 patients was correlated with histological type, primary or secondary origin and peripheral hormone concentrations. Changes occurred in receptor status during malignant transformations of ovarian tissues, with those for oestrogen being found more often, and those for progestogen less often than in non-diseased ovarian fragments. It is suggested that the similarity in sex steroid receptor content between ovarian and breast cancers warrants prospective study of ovarian sex steroid receptor status as a predictive index of survival and response to hormonal therapy in multi-centre clinical trials. Additional data on androgen receptors are also presented. PMID- 3768293 TI - Langerhans' cell density in the normal exocervical epithelium and in the cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. AB - A morphometric analysis was performed of the Langerhans' cell density in epithelial sheets obtained from normal exocervices and from exocervices with squamous carcinoma. Laminae of exocervices with squamous carcinoma that showed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) were classified according to its predominant degree of severity as CIN I, CIN II and CIN III or as normal when no neoplastic changes were found. Laminae with CIN showed a higher Langerhans' cell density than the laminae from normal exocervices and than the normal laminae of exocervices with carcinoma. The magnitude of the increase of Langerhans' cell density and the degree of severity of the neoplastic changes appear as closely related phenomena. An increase of the more ramified types of Langerhans' cell in the laminae containing CIN was found, with the most ramified being more frequent in the most severe lesions. PMID- 3768294 TI - A simple database system for an in-vitro fertilization programme using commercial software. AB - We present a simple database system for an IVF programme for use on a personal computer (IBM-PC) using commercial software (dBase II). The system permits storage of a basic set of data and automatic computation of 13 statistical variables. PMID- 3768295 TI - Chemical reactivity of monofunctional platinum-DNA adducts. AB - Complexes formed in vitro between cis- or trans-PtCl2(NH3)2 (DDP) and DNA were found to contain monofunctional adducts that reacted with exogenous guanosine. [14C]Guo bound irreversibly to cis- and trans-DDP-DNA complexes to form bis-Gua adducts. The reaction was first order with respect to the concentration of both [14C]Guo and platinum-DNA complex, but the rate of the reaction varied nonlinearly as a function of the level of platinum binding on DNA. The reaction between [14C]Guo and these platinum-DNA complexes was used to probe the concentration and stability of the monofunctional adducts and to investigate their chemistry in situ. The concentration of monofunctional adducts was highest immediately after reaction of DDP with DNA for 2 h at 37 degrees C, at which time they represented greater than 15% of the cis-DDP-DNA lesions and on the order of 80% of the trans-DDP-DNA lesions. The cis-DDP-DNA complex reacted with [14C]Guo by two kinetically distinct processes, indicating two types of reactive adducts. The most reactive adduct represented 5% of the platinum lesions. These monofunctional adducts disappeared during the incubation of the platinum-DNA complexes in the absence of drug, probably as a result of chelation to DNA. The half-lives of this chelation at 37 degrees C, 10 mM NaClO4, were 15 and 30 h for the cis and trans complexes, respectively. Monofunctional adducts were formed on Gua bases in DNA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768296 TI - Properties of the alkali light-chain-20-kilodalton fragment complex from skeletal myosin heads. AB - We have developed a rapid and reproducible procedure widely applicable to the preparation of pure aqueous solutions of the complex between an alkali light chain and the COOH-terminal heavy-chain fragments of skeletal myosin chymotryptic subfragment 1 (S-1) split by various proteases. It was founded on the remarkable ethanol solubility of these complexes. A systematic study of the ethanol fractionation of the tryptic (27K-50K-20K)-S-1 (A2) showed the NH2-terminal 27K fragment to behave like a specific protein entity being quantitatively precipitated at a relatively low ethanol concentration. Only the 20K peptide-A2 complex remained in solution when the S-1 derivative was treated with exactly 4 volumes of ethanol in the presence of 6 M guanidinium chloride. At a lower ethanol concentration, a soluble mixture of 50K and 20K peptides together with the light chain was obtained. The isolated 20K fragment-A2 system containing a 1:1 molar ratio of each component was investigated by biochemical and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques to highlight its structure and the interaction of the 20K heavy-chain segment with F-actin and with the light chain. During the treatment of the complex with alpha-chymotrypsin, only the 20K peptide was fragmented in contrast to its stability within the whole S-1. The binding of F-actin to the complex led, however, to a strong inhibition of its chymotryptic degradation. 1-Ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]carbodiimide cross-linking of F actin to the complex produced covalent actin-20K peptide only, the amount of which was lower relative to that observed with the entire split S-1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768297 TI - Interaction of tropomyosin and troponin T: a proton nuclear magnetic resonance study. AB - Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) has been used to study the nature of the interaction between tropomyosin (TM) and troponin T (Tn-T). Resonances corresponding to the histidine residues in fragments of both TM and Tn-T can be resolved and assigned in the 1H NMR spectrum. Changes in the pH titration profiles of these resonances when the various fragments are mixed provide probes of the interaction sites between the proteins. Fragment T1 (residues 1-158) of Tn T appears to interact weakly but specifically with fragments of TM in which the NH2-terminus (residues 1-10) is intact. While fragment CB2 (residues 71-151) of Tn-T interacts weakly (dissociation constant of 0.1-0.2 mM) with NH2-terminal fragments of TM, this appears to be nonspecific since the absence of residues 1 10 and 128-189 of TM does not affect the observed perturbations of the titration profiles of His-79 of CB2. Although a strong interaction between T1 and the COOH terminal Cy2 fragment (residues 190-284) of TM has been previously demonstrated, no perturbation of His-276 of Cy2 or of His-7, -23, -29, or -36 of T1 was observed in a mixture of T1/Cy2. The pKa of His-276 was also not affected in a mixture of Cy1/Cy2 (where Cy1 is residues 1-189 of TM) but was significantly decreased in the ternary complex T1/Cy1/Cy2. The importance of residues 1-70 of Tn-T in its binding to TM is illustrated by the specificity it confers on the T1/Cy1 interaction and by the absence of His-276 perturbation in the mixture CB2/Cy1/Cy2. PMID- 3768298 TI - Mechanisms of nonhormonal activation of adenylate cyclase based on target analysis. AB - Radiation inactivation was used to examine the mechanism of activation of adenylate cyclase in the cultured renal epithelial cell line LLC-PK1 with hormonal (vasopressin) and nonhormonal (GTP, forskolin, fluoride, and chloride) activating ligands. Intact cells were frozen, irradiated at -70 degrees C (0-14 Mrad), thawed, and assayed for adenylate cyclase activity in the presence of activating ligands. The ln (adenylate cyclase activity) vs. radiation dose relation was linear (target size 162 kDa) for vasopressin- (2 microM) stimulated activity and concave downward for unstimulated (10 mM Mn2+), NaF- (10 mM) stimulated, and NaCl- (100 mM) stimulated activities. Addition of 2 microM vasopressin did not alter the ln activity vs. dose relation for NaF- (10 mM) stimulated activity. The dose-response relations for adenylate cyclase activation and for transition in the ln activity vs. dose curve shape were measured for vasopressin and NaF. On the basis of our model for adenylate cyclase subunit interactions reported previously [Verkman, A. S., Skorecki, K. L., & Ausiello, D. A. (1986) Am. J. Physiol. 260, C103-C123] and of new mathematical analyses, activation mechanisms for each ligand are proposed. In the unstimulated state, equilibrium between alpha beta and alpha + beta favors alpha beta; dissociated alpha binds to GTP (rate-limiting step), which then combines with the catalytic (C) subunit to form active enzyme. Vasopressin binding to receptor provides a rapid pathway for GTP binding to alpha. GTP and its analogues accelerate the rate of alpha GTP formation. Forskolin inhibits the spontaneous deactivation of activated C. Activation by fluoride may occur without alpha beta dissociation or GTP addition through activation of C by an alpha beta-F complex. PMID- 3768299 TI - Microtubule assembly is dependent on a cluster of basic residues in alpha tubulin. AB - Previous studies have shown that tubulin, a major protein component of the microtubule, is rendered assembly incompetent when a highly reactive lysine residue (HRL) in the alpha polypeptide of tubulin dimer is reductively methylated [cf. Sherman, G., Rosenberry, T. L., & Sternlicht, H. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 2148-2156]. In this study we demonstrate that the HRL in bovine brain tubulin is Lys-394, a residue proximal in the alpha-tubulin sequence to the highly negatively charged carboxy-terminus region (residues 412-450) previously implicated in assembly. pH studies were undertaken to probe the local environment of Lys-394. These studies indicated that Lys-394 reactivity toward HCHO is sensitive to the titration of a pKa 6.3 group presumed to be a histidine residue. This assignment is supported by our finding that histidine modification via diethyl pyrocarbonate strongly affects Lys-394 reactivity toward HCHO as well as microtubule assembly. We propose on the basis of secondary structure considerations and published sequence data for a variety of tubulins that Lys-394 is part of an evolutionarily conserved cluster of basic residues (effective charge: 2+ to 2.5+ at neutral pH) composed of Lys-394, His-393, and Arg-390, which is important for tubulin function and which renders Lys-394 reactive as a nucleophile. PMID- 3768300 TI - Low concentrations of bile salts increase the rate of spontaneous phospholipid transfer between vesicles. AB - The rate of 1-palmitoyl-2-[12-[(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino] dodecanoyl] phosphatidylcholine (P-C12-NBD-PC) transfer between dioleoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles was measured by a technique based on resonance energy transfer between P-C12-NBD-PC and N-(lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl)dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine [Nichols, J. W., & Pagano, R. E. (1982) Biochemistry 21, 1720-1726]. Addition of bile salts at concentrations below their critical micelle concentrations increased the rate of spontaneous P-C12-NBD-PC transfer without disrupting the vesicles. The effectiveness in increasing the transfer rate was dependent on the structure of the bile salt. In general, conjugated bile salts were more effective than unconjugated, and mono- and dihydroxy bile salts were more effective than trihydroxy. The kinetics of intervesicular P-C12-NBD-PC transfer in the presence of cholate were found to be consistent with a mass action kinetic model based on the premise that bile salts bind to the vesicles, alter the dissociation and/or association rate constants for phospholipid monomer-vesicle interaction, and increase the rate of phospholipid transfer via the diffusion of soluble monomers through the aqueous phase. Temperature dependence studies indicated that cholate binding to vesicles is an entropy-driven process and that cholate binding lowers the free energy of activation for phospholipid monomer-vesicle dissociation by producing compensatory decreases in both the enthalpy and entropy of activation. PMID- 3768301 TI - Thermodynamic properties of ligand binding by monoclonal anti-fluorescyl antibodies. AB - The effects of temperature on the binding of fluorescein by three monoclonal anti fluorescyl antibodies (4-4-20, 20-19-1, and 20-20-3) were assessed by measurements of affinity constants (Ka) over a temperature range of 2-70 degrees C. Values for Ka were determined from the degree of ligand association by using fluorescence methodology. Curvilinear van't Hoff plots (ln Ka vs. T-1) were observed for all three antibodies, indicating that their standard enthalpy changes (delta Ho) were temperature dependent. This phenomenon was further investigated by plotting the changes in unitary free energy (delta Gu), standard enthalpy (delta Ho), and unitary entropy (delta Su) vs. temperature. Strong temperature dependencies were observed for enthalpy and entropy values, while free energy plots were only weakly dependent on temperature. At low temperatures (4 degrees C), entropy played a major role in the binding of fluorescein by all three antibodies, while enthalpy dominated at higher temperatures. This was a consequence of the negative heat capacity changes (delta Cpo approximately equal to -320 cal K-1 mol-1) observed for these antibodies, which produced a negative trend in both enthalpy and entropy values with increasing temperature. The negative heat capacity values also indicated that the hydrophobic effect was instrumental in the binding of fluorescein. Entropy changes were lower than expected for hydrophobic binding alone, suggesting that other forces were acting to mitigate the hydrophobic effect. One possibility was that the binding of fluorescein acted to restrain vibrational fluctuations in the active-site region, producing negative changes in both heat capacity and entropy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768302 TI - Kinetics of the inhibition of thrombin by hirudin. AB - The dissociation constant for hirudin was determined by varying the concentration of hirudin in the presence of a fixed concentration of thrombin and tripeptidyl p nitroanilide substrate. The estimate of the dissociation constant determined in this manner displayed a dependence on the concentration of substrate which suggested the existence of two binding sites at which the substrate was able to compete with hirudin. A high-affinity site could be correlated with the binding of the substrate at the active site, and the other site had an affinity for the substrate that was 2 orders of magnitude lower. Extrapolation to zero substrate concentration yielded a value of 20 fM for the dissociation constant of hirudin at an ionic strength of 0.125. The dissociation constant for hirudin was markedly dependent on the ionic strength of the assay; it increased 20-fold when the ionic strength was increased from 0.1 to 0.4. This increase in dissociation constant was accompanied by a decrease in the rate with which hirudin associated with thrombin. This rate could be measured with a conventional recording spectrophotometer at higher ionic strength and was found to be independent of the binding of substrate at the active site. PMID- 3768303 TI - Detergent solubilization, functional reconstitution, and partial purification of epithelial amiloride-binding protein. AB - The amiloride-binding protein from cultured toad kidney cells (A6) was solubilized in 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS), functionally reconstituted into liposomes, and partially purified. The specific binding of [3H]methylbromoamiloride ([3H]CH3BrA) was measured in intact A6 epithelia, A6 cell homogenate (H), apical plasma membrane vesicle (V1), and CHAPS solubilized V1 and on material obtained after affinity chromatography of CHAPS solubilized plasma membrane vesicles on agarose-immobilized wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). Specific [3H]CH3BrA binding to H, V1, and WGA material reached equilibrium after 10 min. Scatchard analysis of [3H]CH3BrA binding to V1 and WGA material revealed a homogeneous class of binding sites with KD's of 130 and 128 nM, respectively. These KD values were similar to the apparent inhibitory dissociation constant determined from amiloride inhibition of 22Na+ influx in both intact A6 epithelia and V1. The total number of specific binding sites was 4 pmol/mg of V1 protein, which represented a 10-fold enrichment compared to H, and 66.6 pmol/mg of WGA material (a 148-fold enrichment). From association/displacement kinetic studies of specific [3H]CH3BrA binding to V1, the rate constants of association (ka) and dissociation (kd) were calculated to be 3.6 X 10(5) M-1 s-1 and 49.5 X 10(-3) s-1, respectively. These values yield an equilibrium dissociation constant of 138 nM. In solubilized V1 protein, binding activity was enriched approximately 20-fold over H and was markedly dependent upon the relative concentrations of detergent and phospholipid. CHAPS solubilization of V1 resulted in an average 44% recovery of protein with 90% retention of the total number of specific [3H]CH3BrA binding sites. After WGA chromatography 2.7% of the applied protein and 46% of the specific binding sites were recovered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768304 TI - Reduction kinetics of the ferredoxin-ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase complex: a laser flash photolysis study. AB - The kinetics of reduction of spinach ferredoxin (Fd), ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (FNR), and the Fd-FNR complex have been investigated by the laser flash photolysis technique. 5-Deazariboflavin semiquinone (5-dRf), generated in situ by laser flash photolysis under anaerobic conditions, rapidly reduced both oxidized Fd (Fdox) (k = 2 X 10(8) M-1 s-1) and oxidized FNR (FNRox) (K = 6.3 X 10(8) M-1 s 1) at low ionic strength (10 mM) at pH 7.0, leading to the formation of reduced Fd (Fdred) and FNR semiquinone (FNR.), respectively. At higher ionic strengths (310 and 460 mM), the rate constant for the reduction of the free Fdox increased about 3-fold (k = 6.7 X 10(8) M-1 s-1 at 310 mM and 6.4 X 10(8) M-1 s-1 at 460 mM). No change in the second-order rate constant for reduction of the free FNRox was observed at high ionic strength. At low ionic strength (10 mM), 5-dRf. reacted only with the FAD center of the preformed 1:1 Fdox-FNRox complex (k = 5.6 X 10(8) M-1 s-1), leading to the formation of FNR.. No direct reduction of Fdox in the complex was observed. No change in the kinetics occurred in the presence of excess NADP+. The second-order rate constant for reduction of Fdox by 5-dRf. in the presence of a stoichiometric amount of fully reduced FNR at low ionic strength was 7 X 10(6) M-1 s-1, i.e., about one-thirtieth the rate constant for reduction of free Fdox.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768305 TI - Mevalonate-5-diphosphate decarboxylase: stereochemical course of ATP-dependent phosphorylation of mevalonate 5-diphosphate. AB - Chicken liver mevalonate-5-diphosphate decarboxylase catalyzes the reaction of mevalonate 5-diphosphate (MVADP) with ATP to produce isopentenyl diphosphate, ADP, CO2, and inorganic phosphate. The overall reaction involves an anti elimination of the tertiary hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. To investigate the mechanism for transfer of the terminal phosphoryl group of ATP to the C-3 oxygen of MVADP, we have carried out the reaction using stereospecifically labeled (Sp) adenosine 5'-O-(3-thio[3-17O2,18O]triphosphate) [( gamma-17O2,18O]ATP gamma S) in place of ATP. The configuration of the [17O,18O]thiophosphate produced was found to be Rp, corresponding to overall inversion of configuration at phosphorus in the thiophosphoryl group transfer step. This result is consistent with the direct transfer of the thiophosphoryl group from (Sp)-[gamma-17O2,18O]ATP gamma S to MVADP at the active site. Our result does not indicate the involvement of a covalent thiophosphoryl-enzyme on the reaction pathway. PMID- 3768306 TI - Effects of diethylstilbestrol, 2,2'-dithiodipyridine, and chloral hydrate on the esterase activity of sheep liver cytoplasmic aldehyde dehydrogenase. AB - The binding of diethylstilbestrol (DES) to aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) has a very similar effect on the dehydrogenase activity of the enzyme as has modification of the enzyme by 2,2'-dithiodipyridine [Kitson, T.M. (1982) Biochem. J. 207, 81-89]. The latter modification may occur at the site of the esterase activity of the enzyme [Kitson, T.M. (1985) Biochem. J. 228, 765-767]. This suggests that DES might be a competitive inhibitor of the esterase reaction. However, in the absence of oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) or reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), and at low concentrations of substrate (4-nitrophenyl acetate, PNPA), DES is a potent partial noncompetitive inhibitor. It is concluded therefore that DES binds at a site different from the esterase active site and that the enzyme-DES complex retains some ability to act as an esterase. High concentrations of PNPA appear to displace DES from its binding site. In the presence of NAD+, DES is a weaker inhibitor, and in the presence of NADH, DES has very little effect. Esterase activity is enhanced by NADH when PNPA concentrations are high but is inhibited when they are low. The rate of reaction of ALDH with 2,2'-dithiodipyridine is only slightly reduced by DES, suggesting that the site at which thiol modifiers react and the DES binding site are different. When ALDH is modified by 2,2'-dithiodipyridine, it has reduced esterase activity, which declines further as the modified enzyme loses its 2-thiopyridyl label. In the presence of NAD+, chloral hydrate is a simple competitive inhibitor of the esterase reaction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768307 TI - Mechanism-based inhibition of lactoperoxidase by thiocarbamide goitrogens. AB - The irreversible inactivation of bovine lactoperoxidase by thiocarbamide goitrogens was measured, and the kinetics were consistent with a mechanism-based (suicide) mode. Sulfide ion inactivated, 2-mercaptobenzimidazole-inactivated, and 1-methyl-2-mercaptoimidazole-inactivated lactoperoxidases have different visible spectra, suggesting different products were formed. The results support a mechanism in which reactive intermediates are formed by S-oxygenation reactions catalyzed by lactoperoxidase compound II. It is proposed that the reaction of electron-deficient intermediates with the heme prosthetic group is responsible for the observed spectral changes and inactivation by thiocarbamides. PMID- 3768308 TI - Photoaffinity labeling of the rat plasma vitamin D binding protein with [26,27 3H]-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 3 beta-[N-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)glycinate]. AB - It is well recognized that the vitamin D binding protein (DBP) is important for the transport of vitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D), and its metabolites. In an attempt to better understand the molecular-binding properties of this ubiquitous protein, we designed and synthesized a photoaffinity analogue of 25-OH D3 and its radiolabeled counterpart. This analogue, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 3 beta [N-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)glycinate] (25-OH-D3-ANG), was recognized by the rat DBP and was about 10 times less active than 25-OH-D3 in terms of binding. Incubation of [3H]25-OH-D3 or [3H]25-OH-D3-ANG with rat DBP revealed that both compounds were specifically bound to a protein with a sedimentation coefficient of 4.1 S. Each was displaced with a 500-fold excess of 25-OH-D3. When [3H]25-OH D3-ANG was exposed to UV radiation in the presence of rat DBP followed by the addition of a 500-fold excess of 25-OH-D3, there was no displacement of tritium from the 4.1S peak. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis autoradiographic analysis of [3H]25-OH-D3-ANG exposed to UV radiation in the presence of rat DBP followed by the addition of a 500-fold excess of 25-OH-D3 revealed one major band with a molecular weight of 52 000. These data provide strong evidence that [3H]25-OH-D3-ANG was covalently linked to the rat DBP. This photoaffinity probe should provide a valuable tool for the analysis of the binding site on this transport protein. PMID- 3768309 TI - Stereochemical probes of the argininosuccinate synthetase reaction. AB - The stereochemical course of the argininosuccinate synthetase reaction has been determined. The SP isomer of [alpha-17O,alpha-18O,alpha beta-18O]ATP is cleaved to (SP)-[16O,17O,18O]AMP by the action of argininosuccinate synthetase in the presence of citrulline and aspartate. The overall stereochemical transformation is therefore net inversion, and thus the enzyme does not catalyze the formation of an adenylylated enzyme intermediate prior to the synthesis of citrulline adenylate. The RP isomer of adenosine 5'-O-(2-thiotriphosphate) (ATP beta S) is a substrate in the presence of Mg2+, but the SP isomer is a substrate when Cd2+ is used as the activating divalent cation. Therefore, the lambda screw sense configuration of the beta,gamma-bidentate metal--ATP complex is preferred by the enzyme as the actual substrate. No significant discrimination could be detected between the RP and SP isomers of adenosine 5'-O-(1-thiotriphosphate) (ATP alpha S) when Mg2+ or Mn2+ are used as the divalent cation. Argininosuccinate synthetase has been shown to require a free divalent cation for full activity in addition to the metal ion needed to complex the ATP used in the reaction. PMID- 3768310 TI - Isotopic probes of the argininosuccinate lyase reaction. AB - The mechanism of the argininosuccinate lyase reaction has been probed by the measurement of the effects of isotopic substitution at the reaction centers. A primary deuterium isotope effect of 1.0 on both V and V/K is obtained with (2S,3R)-argininosuccinate-3-d, while a primary 15N isotope effect on V/K of 0.9964 +/- 0.0003 is observed. The 15N isotope effect on the equilibrium constant is 1.018 +/- 0.001. The proton that is abstracted from C-3 of argininosuccinate is unable to exchange with the solvent from the enzyme-intermediate complex but is rapidly exchanged with solvent from the enzyme-fumarate-arginine complex. A deuterium solvent isotope effect of 2.0 is observed on the Vmax of the forward reaction. These and other data have been interpreted to suggest that argininosuccinate lyase catalyzes the cleavage of argininosuccinate via a carbanion intermediate. The proton abstraction step is not rate limiting, but the inverse 15N primary isotope effect and the solvent deuterium isotope effect suggest that protonation of the guanidino group and carbon-nitrogen bond cleavage of argininosuccinate are kinetically significant. PMID- 3768311 TI - Pyrimidodiazepine, a ring-strained cofactor for phenylalanine hydroxylase. AB - Homologues of 6-methyl-7,8-dihydropterin (6-Me-7,8-PH2) and 6-methyl-5,6,7,8 tetrahydropterin (6-Me-PH4), expanded in the pyrazine ring, were synthesized to determine the effect of increased strain on the chemical and enzymatic properties of the pyrimidodiazepine series. 2-Amino-4-keto-6-methyl-7,8-dihydro-3H,9H pyrimido[4,5-b] [1,4]diazepine (6-Me-7,8-PDH2) was found to be more unstable in neutral solution than 6-Me-7,8-PH2. Its decomposition appears to proceed by hydrolytic ring opening of the 5,6-imine bond, followed by autooxidation. 6-Me 7,8-PDH2 can be reduced, either chemically or by dihydrofolate reductase (Km = 0.16 mM), to the 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro form (6-Me-PDH4). This can be oxidized with halogen to quinoid dihydropyrimidodiazepine (quinoid 6-Me-PDH2), which is a substrate for dihydropteridine reductase (Km = 33 microM). Whereas quinoid 6 methyldihydropterin was found to tautomerize to 6-Me-7,8-PH2 in 95% yield in 0.1 M tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride (Tris-HCl), pH 7.4, quinoid 6-Me PDH2 gives only 53% 6-Me-7,8-PDH2, the remainder decomposing via an initial opening of the diazepine ring. Additional evidence for the extra strain in the pyrimidodiazepine system is the cyclization of quinoid 6-N-(2' aminopropyl)divicine to quinoid 6-Me-PH2 in 57% yield in 0.1 M Tris-HCl, pH 7.4. By comparison, no quinoid 6-Me-PDH2 is formed from the homologue quinoid 6-N-(3' aminobutyl)divicine. A small (2%) yield of 6-Me-PDH4 is found if the unstable C4a carbinolamine intermediate is trapped by enzymatic dehydration and reduction. Although phenylalanine hydroxylase utilizes 6-Me-PDH4 (Km = 0.15 mM), the maximum velocity of tyrosine production is 20 times slower than that with 6-Me-PH4, indicating that a ring opening reaction is not a rate-limiting step in the hydroxylase pathway. Further, the maximum velocities of 2,5,6-triamino-4(3H) pyrimidinone, 2,6-diamino-5-(methylamino)-4(3H)-pyrimidinone, and 2,6-diamino-5 (benzylamino)-4(3H)-pyrimidinone span a 35-fold range. These cofactors would theoretically form the same oxide of quinoid divicine if oxygen activation involves a carbonyl oxide intermediate. Thus, the limiting step is also not transfer of oxygen from this hypothetical intermediate to the phenylalanine substrate. PMID- 3768312 TI - Motion at the active site of [(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]chymotrypsin. AB - Fluorine and deuterium NMR relaxation studies have been used to examine the motion of the 4-fluorophenyl ring attached to the active site of [(4 fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-alpha-chymotrypsin at pH 4. Analysis of the results indicates that rotation about the 2-fold axis of this ring is reasonably rapid, though not as fast as in tosylchymotrypsin. Two-dimensional (2D) nuclear Overhauser effects (NOEs) were used to suggest the shifts of those protons of the enzyme close enough to the fluorine nucleus to lead to relaxation; important proton-fluorine dipolar relaxation contributions arise from protons with shifts of 7.4 +/- 0.3 ppm and between 4.0 and 5.4 ppm. Specific deuteration permits the assignment of the first of these to the protons ortho to the fluorine while serine-189, cysteines-191 and -220, and methionine-192 are suggested as possible bearers of the other protons. The fluorine chemical shift effect observed for the native conformation of this protein is 9 ppm downfield of the shift observed with the denatured protein; this large shift may be the result of van der Waals interactions between the fluorine and one or more of the protons whose signals appear in the 2D NOE experiments. PMID- 3768313 TI - 3-(Trifluoromethyl)-3-(m-[125I]iodophenyl)diazirine photolabels a substrate binding site of rat hepatic cytochrome P-450 form PB-4. AB - Hepatic microsomes isolated from untreated male rats or from rats pretreated with phenobarbital (PB) or 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) were labeled with the hydrophobic, photoactivated reagent 3-(trifluoromethyl)-3-(m [125I]iodophenyl)diazirine ([125I]TID). [125I]TID incorporation into 3-MC- and PB induced liver microsomal protein was enhanced 5- and 8-fold, respectively, relative to the incorporation of [125I]TID into uninduced liver microsomes. The major hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 forms inducible by PB and 3-MC, respectively designated P-450s PB-4 and BNF-B, were shown to be the principal polypeptides labeled by [125I]TID in the correspondingly induced microsomes. Trypsin cleavage of [125I]TID-labeled microsomal P-450 PB-4 yielded several radiolabeled fragments, with a single labeled peptide of Mr approximately 4000 resistant to extensive proteolytic digestion. The following experiments suggested that TID binds to the substrate-binding site of P-450 PB-4. [125I]TID incorporation into microsomal P-450 PB-4 was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by the P-450 PB-4 substrate benzphetamine. In the absence of photoactivation, TID inhibited competitively about 80% of the cytochrome P-450-dependent 7 ethoxycoumarin O-deethylation catalyzed by PB-induced microsomes with a Ki of 10 microM; TID was a markedly less effective inhibitor of the corresponding activity catalyzed by microsomes isolated from uninduced or beta-naphthoflavone-induced livers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768314 TI - Cytochrome P-450 mediated reductive dehalogenation of the perhalogenated aromatic compound hexachlorobenzene. AB - Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) elicits concentration-dependent and saturable type 1 binding spectra when added to oxidized (Fe3+) cytochrome P-450 (CYT P-450) in control, phenobarbital- (PB) induced, and beta-naphthoflavone- (BNF) induced male Sprague-Dawley rat liver microsomes. The spectral binding constants (Ks) for HCB in control and PB-induced microsomes are 180 microM and 83 microM, respectively, and correlate inversely with the specific content of CYT P-450 (0.9 and 2.1 nmol/mg) in the two microsomal preparations. BNF-induced microsomes show type 1 interaction only at low HCB concentration. Overall biotransformation of HCB, monitored by loss of [14C]HCB from the reaction medium, is dependent on NADPH and intact microsomes. Dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO), a potent hydroxyl radical scavenger and the solvent used for HCB dissolution, does not affect the biotransformation of HCB in aerobic reactions. Pentachlorobenzene (PCB) appears to be the initial and major isolatable CYT P-450 mediated dechlorination product of HCB with NADPH-fortified rat liver microsomes. Trace levels of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and an unidentified metabolite are also observed. PCB formation is enhanced under anaerobic conditions but is inhibited by metyrapone and carbon monoxide. PCB formation is also inhibited with aerobic reaction conditions, while PCP formation is observed. The data indicate that CYT P-450 in hepatic microsomes supports the reductive dechlorination of HCB to PCB. PMID- 3768315 TI - Protein-lipid interactions at membrane surfaces: a deuterium and phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance study of the interaction between bovine rhodopsin and the bilayer head groups of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine. AB - Rhodopsin, isolated from bovine retinal rod outer segment disk membranes, has been reconstituted into bilayers of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine which was deuterated in the terminal methyl groups of the choline polar head group. By use of a mixed detergent system of cholate and octyl glucoside to solubilize the phospholipid and rhodopsin, 15 membrane complexes of predetermined phospholipid to rhodopsin mole ratios of between 350:1 and 65:1 have been produced by exhaustive dialysis and studied by a variety of techniques. Electron micrographs of replicas from freeze-fractured membrane complexes showed that the majority of the lipid, for all rhodopsin:phospholipid ratios, was contained in large bilayer vesicles with diameters in excess of 400 nm. Complexes produced with rhodopsin from frozen retina produced an absorption maximum at 478 nm after photobleaching whereas rhodopsin from fresh retina could be bleached more completely to an absorption maximum at 380 nm. Deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra from the lipid head groups of bilayers above the gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition temperature were shown to be sensitive in a systematic way to the presence of rhodopsin which could be bleached to 380 nm. The measured quadrupole splittings, taken as the separation of the turning points of the recorded NMR spectra, decreased from a value of 1.28 kHz for protein-free bilayers to approximately 0.40 kHz for bilayers containing 65 molecules of phospholipid for each rhodopsin at 32 degrees C.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768316 TI - Effect of cholesterol on viscoelastic properties of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine multibilayers as measured by a laser-induced ultrasonic probe. AB - Using a novel laser-induced ultrasonic probe, we have examined the bulk viscoelastic properties of fully hydrated dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) aligned multibilayers in terms of the anisotropic in-plane elastic stiffness (C11) and viscosity (eta 11). Our measurements of C11 are in accord with those reported on Brillouin light scattering on a similar system. Our measurements on viscosity are the first of their kind and are, on the average, a factor of 10 lower than microviscosities estimated by spectroscopic techniques. We report the first comprehensive study of the effects of cholesterol on the bulk mechanical properties of DPPC multibilayers. At temperatures above the phase transition temperature of DPPC (Tc), an increase in both C11 and eta 11 is noticed when cholesterol is incorporated in the multibilayers. However, at temperatures below Tc, no measurable changes are detected in either C11 or eta 11. These results, reflecting changes in the bulk viscoelastic properties of the multibilayers, differ from the changes reported by local fluidity parameters in that the latter indicate a decrease in the bilayer fluidity in the presence of cholesterol above Tc and an increase below Tc ("dual effect" of cholesterol). Our data suggest that the "dual effect" of cholesterol is noticeable only on a molecular scale. Increasing cholesterol concentrations higher than 20 mol % cease to further affect C11 or eta 11 of the DPPC multibilayers. This agrees with various results reported in the literature, by techniques measuring the local effects of cholesterol, and supports the changes in molecular organization postulated to occur when cholesterol concentration reaches 20 mol % in the lipid bilayers. PMID- 3768317 TI - NMR study of a synthetic DNA hairpin. AB - The secondary structure of the synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotide d(CGCGCGTTTTCGCGCG) (I) has been demonstrated to be a unimolecular hairpin structure (hairpin I) over a wide range of oligonucleotide concentrations (2 X 10(-5) to 1.6 X 10(-3) M) and temperature (0-87 degrees C). The assignments of the resonances to specific protons were carried out by use of two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect and COSY spectra and by comparison with the spectra of the duplex formed by d(CG)3. Comparison of hairpin I and the hairpin of d(ATCCTATTTTTAGGAT) (II) reveals that the exchange of imino protons in stem base pairs with solvent is much slower in I than in II. However, the exchange of thymine imino protons in the loop region is much faster in I than in II even though both hairpins contain four unpaired thymine residues. The secondary structure of hairpin I contains only six G X C base pairs, yet it is more stable than the d(CG)8 duplex containing 16 G X C base pairs at all concentrations of duplex lower than 10(-3) M. These observations suggest that intramolecular hairpin formation may effectively compete with bimolecular duplex formations when the appropriate intramolecular base pairs can form. PMID- 3768318 TI - Amino acid sequence of the nucleotide-binding site of D-(-)-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase labeled with arylazido-beta-[3-3H]alanylnicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. AB - In the dark, arylazido-beta-alanylnicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (N3-NAD) can replace NAD as cofactor for D-(-)-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (BDH) purified from bovine heart mitochondria. When photoirradiated with visible light, N3-NAD forms a nitrene species that binds covalently to BDH and inhibits the enzyme. NAD(H) protects BDH against photolabeling and inhibition by N3-NAD [Yamaguchi, M., Chen, S., & Hatefi, Y. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 4912-4916]. In the present study, a tryptic peptide of purified BDH photolabeled with arylazido-beta [3-3H] alanyl-NAD [( 3H]N3-NAD) was isolated and sequenced. The same tryptic peptide was also isolated from BDH not labeled with [3H]N3-NAD and sequenced. Both peptides indicated the sequence Met-Glu-Ser-Tyr-Cys-Thr-Ser-Gly-Ser-Thr-Asp Thr-Ser-Pro-Val-Ile-Lys. The residue labeled with [3H]N3-NAD was Cys. This heptadecapeptide contains 14 uncharged residues and is marked by having in an undecapeptide segment 8 hydroxy amino acids located symmetrically around a central glycine. PMID- 3768319 TI - Studies of the secondary structures of amelogenin from bovine tooth enamel. AB - Circular dichroism and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic studies of the major amelogenin protein of developing bovine tooth enamel in solution and in the solid state suggest a unique secondary structure containing beta-sheet and repetitive beta-turn structures. The repetitive beta-turn structure at the C terminal end results from the unique primary structure of amelogenin. PMID- 3768320 TI - Intramolecular distance measurements in alpha-lactalbumin. AB - The distance between the calcium site (site I) and the zinc site (site II) in alpha-lactalbumin was estimated from Forster energy-transfer measurements between donor Eu(III) [or Tb(III)] at site I and acceptor Co(II) at site II to be 11.5 +/ 1.5 A. Intersite distances were also measured between the bis-ANS [4,4'-bis[1 (phenylamino)-8-naphthalenesulfonate]] binding locus and cobalt at site II (13.6 +/- 1.0 A), between bis-ANS and a fluorescein moiety covalently bound to Met-90 (33.5 +/- 3.0 A), and between Met-90 (fluorescein) and cobalt at site II (16.7 +/ 1.0 A). The apparent Kd for cobalt binding to site II agreed well with the value measured previously by intrinsic fluorescence [Murakami, K., & Berliner, L. J. (1983) Biochemistry 22, 3370-3374]. A Zn(II) titration of Eu(III)-alpha lactalbumin reconfirmed that both sites I and II can be occupied simultaneously [Musci, G., & Berliner, L. J. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 3852-3856], since the lanthanide fluorescence was unaffected. PMID- 3768321 TI - NMR study of hybrid hemoglobins containing unnatural heme: effect of heme modification on their tertiary and quaternary structures. AB - The effect of heme modification on the tertiary and quaternary structures of hemoglobins was examined by utilizing the NMR spectra of the reconstituted [mesohemoglobin (mesoHb), deuterohemoglobin (deuteroHb)] and hybrid heme (meso proto, deutero-proto) hemoglobins (Hbs). The heme peripheral modification resulted in the preferential downfield shift of the proximal histidine N1H signal for the beta subunit, indicating nonequivalence of the structural change induced by the heme modification in the alpha and beta subunits of Hb. In the reconstituted and hybrid heme Hbs, the exchangeable proton resonances due to the intra- and intersubunit hydrogen bonds, which have been used as the oxy and deoxy quaternary structural probes, were shifted by 0.2-0.3 ppm from that of native Hb upon the beta-heme substitution. This suggests that, in the fully deoxygenated form, the quaternary structure of the reconstituted Hbs is in an "imperfect" T state in which the hydrogen bonds located at the subunit interface are slightly distorted by the conformational change of the beta subunit. Moreover, the two heme orientations are found in the alpha subunit of deuteroHb, but not in the beta subunit of deuteroHb, and in both the alpha and beta subunits of mesoHb. The tertiary and quaternary structural changes in the Hb molecule induced by the heme peripheral modification were also discussed in relation to their functional properties. PMID- 3768322 TI - Intermolecular cross-linking and stereospecific molecular packing in type I collagen fibrils of the periodontal ligament. AB - A trypsin digest of denatured NaB3H4-reduced native bovine periodontal ligament was prepared and fractionated by gel filtration and cellulose ion-exchange column chromatography. Prior to trypsin digestion, a complete acid hydrolysate was subjected to analyses for nonreducible stable and reducible intermolecular cross links. Minute amounts of the former and significant amounts of the reduced cross links dihydroxylysinonorleucine (1.1 mol/mol of collagen), hydroxylysinonorleucine (0.9 mol/mol of collagen), and histidinohydroxymerodesmosine (0.6 mol/mol of collagen) were found. The covalent intermolecular cross-linked two-chained peptides that were isolated were subjected to amino acid and sequence analyses. The structures for the different two-chained linked peptides were alpha 1CB4-5(76-90)[Hyl-87] X alpha 1CB6-(993 22c)[Lysald-16c], alpha 1CB4-5(76-90)[Hyl-87] X alpha 1CB6(993-22c)[Hylald-16c], alpha 2CB4(76-90)[Hyl-87] X alpha 1CB6(993-22c)[Lysald-16c], and alpha 2CB4(76 90)[Hyl-87] X alpha 1CB6(993-22c)[Hylald-16c]. The cross-link in each peptide was glycosylated. This is the first characterization by sequence analysis of a cross link involving Hyl-87 in an alpha 2 chain in collagen. A stoichiometric conversion of residue 16c aldehyde to an intermolecular cross-link in each of the COOH-terminal nonhelical peptide regions of both alpha 1 chains in a molecule of type I collagen was found. The ratio of alpha 1 to alpha 2 intermolecularly cross linked chains involved was 3.3:1, indicating a stereospecific three-dimensional molecular packing of type I collagen molecules in bovine periodontal ligament. PMID- 3768323 TI - Ligand-induced asymmetry as observed through fluorophore rotations and free energy couplings: application to neurophysin. AB - Changes that occur in subunit neurophysin structure upon ligand binding were explored by two methods. First, the thermal coefficient of the viscosity around the subunit tyrosine was monitored, which yields information on the environmental flexibility and free rotational space of the fluorophore. Initially, it was determined that the environmental flexibility and the free space around each subunit tyrosine are unperturbed upon dimerization. Binding of the tripeptide analogue of oxytocin causes the once homologous environments of the subunit tyrosines to become drastically different such that one moves onto a closely packed environment whereas the other moves into a region of larger free space. Even though the subunits as seen by each tyrosine are very different, the specific binding sites as seen by the ligands are similar. It was also found that ligand binding is stabilized by ring stacking and that energy transfer occurs between the tyrosine of the ligand and the neurophysin subunit tyrosine. Second, changes in subunit structure upon ligation were also followed by the determination of the order of free energy coupling between ligand binding and oligomerization, which tells how each ligand affects the subunit affinity. Since the binding of ligand is cooperative and induces dimer formation, there is second order coupling between ligand binding and dimerization and the binding of the second ligand is responsible for the increase in subunit affinity. PMID- 3768324 TI - Raman spectroscopy of oxidized and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides. AB - We have measured the Raman spectra of oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD+, and its reduced form, NADH, as well as a series of fragments and analogues of NAD+ and NADH. In addition, we have studied the effects of pH as well as deuteration of the exchangeable protons on the Raman spectra of these molecules. In comparing the positions and intensities of the peaks in the fragment and analogue spectra with those of NADH and NAD+, we find that it is useful to consider these large molecules as consisting of component parts, namely, adenine, two ribose groups, two phosphate groups, and nicotinamide, for the purpose of assigning their spectral features. The Raman bands of NADH and NAD+ are found generally to arise from molecular motions in one or another of these molecular moieties, although some peaks are not quite so easily identified in this way. This type of assignment is the first step in a detailed understanding of the Raman spectra of NAD+ and NADH. This is needed to understand the binding properties of NADH and NAD+ acting as coenzymes with the NAD-linked dehydrogenases as deduced recently by using Raman spectroscopy. PMID- 3768325 TI - Area per molecule and distribution of water in fully hydrated dilauroylphosphatidylethanolamine bilayers. AB - The area per lipid molecule for fully hydrated dilauroylphosphatidylethanolamine (DLPE) has been obtained in both the gel and liquid-crystalline states by combining wide-angle X-ray diffraction, electron density profiles, and previously published dilatometry results [Wilkinson, D. A., & Nagle, J. F. (1981) Biochemistry 20, 187-192]. The molecular area increases from 41.0 +/- 0.2 to 49.1 +/- 1.2 A2 upon melting from the gel to liquid-crystalline phase. The thickness of the bilayer, as measured from the electron density profiles, decreases about 4 A upon melting, from 45.2 +/- 0.3 to 41.0 +/- 0.6 A. A somewhat unexpected result is that the fluid layer between fully hydrated bilayers is the same in both gel and liquid-crystalline phases and is only about 5 A thick. From these data, plus the volume of the anhydrous DLPE molecule, it is possible to determine the number of water molecules per lipid and their approximate distribution relative to the lipid molecule. Our analysis shows that there are about 7 and 9 waters per DLPE molecule in the gel and liquid-crystalline phases, respectively. About half of the water is located in the fluid space between adjacent bilayers, and the remaining waters are intercalated into the bilayer, presumably in the head group region. There are significantly fewer water molecules in the fluid spaces between DLPE bilayers than in the fluid spaces in gel- or liquid-crystalline-phase phosphatidylcholine bilayers. This small fluid space in PE bilayers could arise from interbilayer hydrogen bond formation through the water molecules or electrostatic interactions between the amine and phosphate groups on apposing bilayers. PMID- 3768326 TI - A domain of membrane-bound blood coagulation factor Va is located far from the phospholipid surface. A fluorescence energy transfer measurement. AB - The larger subunit of blood coagulation factor Va was covalently labeled with iodoacetamido derivatives of fluorescein and rhodamine without loss of functional activity, as measured by either the one-stage clotting assay or the ability to accelerate prothrombin activation in a purified system. The spectral properties of the dyes were not altered by the presence or absence of the smaller subunit of factor Va, Ca2+, prothrombin, factor Xa, or phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylserine (PC/PS, 4:1) vesicles. When fluorescein labeled protein (factor VaF) was titrated with PC/PS vesicles containing either octadecylrhodamine or 5-(N-hexadecanoylamino)eosin, fluorescence energy transfer was observed between the protein-bound donor dyes and the acceptor dyes at the outer surface of the phospholipid bilayer. The extent of energy transfer correlated directly with the extent of protein binding to the vesicles monitored by light scattering. The distance of closest approach between the fluorescein on factor Va and the bilayer surface averaged 90 A for the two different acceptors. Association of factor VaF with factor Xa on the phospholipid surface reduced this separation by 7 A, but association with prothrombin did not alter the distance between the labeled domain on factor VaF and the surface. The efficiency of diffusion-enhanced energy transfer between rhodamine-labeled factor Va and terbium dipicolinate entrapped inside PC/PS vesicles was less than 0.01, consistent with the location of the dye far above the inner surface of the vesicle. Thus, a domain of membrane-bound factor Va is located a minimum of 90 A above the phospholipid surface.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768328 TI - Structural heterogeneity in protein crystals. AB - Extensive conformational heterogeneity is reported in highly refined crystallographic models for the proteins crambin, erabutoxin, myohemerythrin, and lamprey hemoglobin. From 6% to 13% of the amino acid side chains of these four proteins are seen in multiple, discrete conformations. Most common are flexible side chains on the molecular surface, but structural heterogeneity occasionally extends to buried side chains or to the polypeptide backbone. A few instances of sequence heterogeneity are also very clear. Numerous solvent sites are multiplets, and at high resolution, multiple, mutually exclusive solvent networks are observed. The proteins have been studied with X-ray diffraction data extending to spacings of from 0.945 to 2.0 A. The extensive heterogeneity observed here provides detailed, accurate structures for conformational substates of these molecules and sets a lower bound on the number of substates accessible to each protein molecule in solution. Electron density is missing or very weak for only a few side chains in these protein crystals, revealing a strong preference for discrete over continuous conformational perturbations. The results at very high resolution further suggest that even rather small conformational fluctuations produce discrete substates and that unresolved conformers are accommodated in increased atomic thermal parameters. PMID- 3768327 TI - Complete primary structure of prostatropin, a prostate epithelial cell growth factor. AB - Bovine brain prostatropin is a potent and essential mitogen for prostate epithelial cell growth. The major form of prostatropin contains 154 amino acid residues in a single amino terminally blocked chain corresponding to a molecular weight of 17,400. The amino acid sequence of the 150 carboxy-terminal residues of prostatropin was derived by Edman degradation of overlapping peptides primarily generated by cleavage at lysyl and glutamyl residues. Analysis of the amino terminal tetradecapeptide by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry identified the blocking group as an acetyl moiety, and tandem mass spectrometry provided the sequence of the first 12 residues. Prostatropin residues 15-154 contain the sequence of bovine brain polypeptides recently described as acidic fibroblast growth factor and class I heparin-binding growth factor. The sequence of the first 25 residues of prostatropin is acetyl-Ala-(Gly, Glu)-Glu-Thr-Thr-Thr-Phe Thr-Ala-Leu-Thr-Glu-Lys-Phe-Asn-Leu-Pro-Leu-Gly -Asn-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Pro. Reduced and carboxymethylated prostatropin exhibits mitogenic activity, suggesting that disulfide bonds among cysteine residues 30, 61, and 97 are not functionally essential. These results demonstrate by rigorous structural analysis that the brain-derived polypeptide previously described only as a mesenchymal and neuroectodermal cell mitogen is also an epithelial cell growth factor that may be involved in support of prostate hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma. PMID- 3768329 TI - Dual evolutionary modes in the bovine globin locus. AB - Five bovine globin pseudogenes were subjected to sequence analysis. These genes include the three pseudogenes in the beta-type globin gene cluster as well as two allelic forms. Comparison of the sequences with those of the adult and fetal bovine globin genes shows that together they form a multigene family that was created by large-scale duplication. The structures are explained by invoking sequence exchange mediated by gene conversion. After their creation these genes evolved in a concerted fashion, exchanging sequence freely by intrachromosomal gene conversion. Subsequently, one by one, the genes were uncoupled from this exchange. This was accomplished by the creation of nonhomologies that formed barriers to gene conversion. These nonhomologies were several hundred bases in length and were formed by either deletion or by insertion of short repetitive sequences within the gene structures. In this way the genes made the transition from a rapid, coupled mode to a slow, solitary mode of evolution. Allelic gene polymorphisms were distributed inhomogeneously in the bovine globin family. It is proposed that this was due to interruption of interchromosomal gene conversion by a recent pseudogene duplication in the fetal globin gene cluster. PMID- 3768330 TI - Internal architecture of the core nucleosome: fluorescence energy transfer studies at methionine-84 of histone H4. AB - Chicken histone H4, labeled separately at Met-84 with N [[(iodoacetyl)amino]ethyl]-5-naphthylamine-1-sulfonic acid and 5 (iodoacetamido)fluorescein, was reassociated with unlabeled histones H2A, H2B, and H3 and 146 base pairs of DNA to produce fluorescently labeled nucleosomes having physical characteristics virtually the same as those of native core particles. Four types of particles were prepared containing respectively unlabeled H4, dansylated H4, fluoresceinated H4, and a mixture of the two labeled H4 molecules. Quantitative singlet-singlet energy-transfer measurements were carried out to determine changes in the distance between the two Met-84 H4 sites within the same nucleosome following conformational transitions which we have reported earlier. In the ionic strength range 0.1-100 mM NaCl, the distance between these sites is less than 2 nm except at 1 mM. Between 100 and 600 mM monovalent salt the distance separating the donor and acceptor fluors at Met-84 H4 increases to 3.8 nm. The conformational change centered around 200 mM NaCl is cooperative. Our results and those of others indicate that there is little unfolding of the histone octamer, at least around Met-84 H4, in the entire ionic strength range studied. A mechanism involving the rotation of the globular portion of H4 is proposed to account for this transition which occurs at physiological ionic strengths. PMID- 3768331 TI - A 10S particle released from deoxyribonuclease-sensitive regions of HeLa cell nuclei contains the 86-kilodalton-70-kilodalton protein complex. AB - Digestion of HeLa cell nuclei with micrococcal nuclease or deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) released the 86-kilodalton-70-kilodalton (kDa) protein complex in particles sedimenting at approximately 10 S in sucrose density gradients. Immunoaffinity-purified 32P-labeled complexes contained 86- and 70-kDa polypeptides with phosphorylated serine residues and DNA fragments, of which the largest was 110 base pairs long. Digestion of nick-translated nuclei with micrococcal nuclease released 32P-labeled 10S particles that were immunoaffinity purified; they contained labeled 110-base-pair DNA fragments. The micrococcal nuclease digests were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis, which separated nucleosomes in the first dimension and the associated proteins in the second. Western blots of the separated proteins showed that the 86-kDa-70-kDa complex was associated with the mono-, di-, and trinucleosomes. A more extensive electrophoretic separation revealed that the 10S particle from nick-translated nuclei migrated with a subfraction of the mononucleosomes that lacked H1 histones. These results suggest that the 10S particle which contains the 86-kDa 70-kDa complex is associated with an unfolded nucleosome that is present in DNase I sensitive regions. PMID- 3768332 TI - Massive phosphorylation distinguishes Xenopus laevis nucleoplasmin isolated from oocytes or unfertilized eggs. AB - Nucleoplasmin isolated from unfertilized Xenopus laevis eggs possesses an in vitro chromatin assembly activity which is superior to nucleoplasmin isolated from oocytes. It is demonstrated here that the two forms of the protein differ in the amount of attached phosphate, with the egg protein possessing nearly 20 phosphate groups per protein monomer and the oocyte protein possessing less than 10 phosphate groups per monomer. A kinase preparation from unfertilized eggs is shown to be capable of modifying oocyte nucleoplasmin so that it displays the electrophoretic heterogeneity of egg nucleoplasmin. Furthermore, when the egg protein is treated with phosphatase and repurified, the chromatin assembly activity deteriorates to the level of the oocyte protein. PMID- 3768334 TI - Synthesis and properties of oligodeoxyribonucleotides containing an ethylated internucleotide phosphate. AB - Internucleotide phosphotriesters comprise an important class of DNA lesions produced by carcinogenic alkylating agents. To avoid confusion resulting from the presence of other DNA lesions, synthetically prepared oligonucleotides containing ethylated internucleotide phosphates as the sole form of damage were employed to investigate several chemical and biochemical properties of DNA alkyl phosphotriesters. A total of four oligonucleotides were synthesised for this study, the dimers Tp(Et)T and pTp(Et)T and the decamer d-TpTpTp(Et)TpCpTpApTpTpT together with its unmodified analogue. The dimers were characterized by UV and phosphorus NMR spectroscopy and the decamers by two-dimensional homochromatography, alkali hydrolysis, and variable-temperature circular dichroism (CD). Alkali hydrolysis of the ethylated decamer produced strand breaks in approximately 75% of the molecules. This is in close agreement with data previously obtained for dinucleoside ethyl phosphotriesters and triesters in alkylated cellular DNA. Results from the CD study suggest that the ethyl substituent does not disrupt base stacking within the oligomer. The interactions of two enzymes with the alkylated oligonucleotides were examined. First, it was found that ethylation of the internucleotide phosphate renders TpT inactive as a substrate for T4 polynucleotide kinase, implying that a negative charge is required on the 3'-phosphate group of the nucleotide to be phosphorylated. Hence, postlabeling assays of DNA damage that depend upon enzymatic phosphorylation of modified 3'-nucleotides cannot be applied to dinucleoside alkyl phosphotriesters. Second, both decamers, when annealed to a single-stranded plasmid template, were able to prime DNA synthesis, catalyzed by Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I, with equal effectiveness. The use of this reaction as a means of site-specifically incorporating phosphotriesters into viral vectors is recognized. PMID- 3768333 TI - Ion-induced DNA structure change in nucleosomes. AB - Physical methods have been used to study calcium binding to the nucleosome core particle. Equilibrium dialysis of Ca2+ and spectroscopic analysis of a Ca2+ analogue show that the ion binds tightly to the particles, resulting in a significant change of DNA circular dichroism. This suggests that base stacking may be altered as a result of Ca2+ binding. In the presence of Ca2+, the absorbance and fluorescence properties of methylene blue (MB), a DNA-specific intercalator, confirm that the dye binds tightly to nucleosomes by intercalation. However, secondary changes occur which suggest that the MB binding site is altered as a result of Ca2+ binding. Triplet state anisotropy decay and triplet lifetime quenching both show that in the Ca2+-nucleosome complex, methylene blue is capable of wobbling over a substantial angular range at its binding site. To explain these data, it is proposed that Ca2+ binding to nucleosomes causes DNA to fold by means of a series of sharp bends (kinks). The properties of bound MB are best explained if it is presumed that the intercalator binds tightly to such kinked sites in the nucleosome. On the basis of these observations, we discuss the possibility that multivalent ion concentration in the nucleus is high enough that the smooth to kinked helix equilibrium may be near to its midpoint. Near such a midpoint, the secondary structure of DNA in the nucleosome might prove to be sensitive to effector molecule binding and to site-specific variation of DNA or histone composition within genes. PMID- 3768335 TI - Solid-phase syntheses of oligodeoxyribonucleoside methylphosphonates. AB - Oligodeoxyribonucleoside methylphosphonates of defined sequence of the type d Np(NP)nN, where n is 6-13, are readily prepared on insoluble polystyrene supports by use of protected 5'-(dimethoxytrityl)deoxyribonucleoside 3'-(methylphosphonic imidazolides) as synthetic intermediates. The imidazolides are prepared in situ by reaction of protected 5'-(dimethoxytrityl)deoxyribonucleoside with methylphosphonic bis(imidazolide) and can be stores in the reaction solution for up to 2 weeks at 4 degrees C with no loss in activity. The condensation reaction is accelerated by the presence of tetrazole, which appears to act as an acid catalyst. The half-life for dimer formation on the polystyrene support is 5 min, and the reaction is 95% complete after 60 min. Although similar kinetics are observed when controlled pore glass is used as the support, the extent of the reaction does not go beyond 78%, even after prolonged incubation. In order to simplify purification and sequence analysis of the oligomer, the 5'-terminal nucleoside unit is linked via a phosphodiester bond. This linkage may be introduced by either an o-chlorophenyl phosphotriester method or a cyanoethyl phosphoramidite method. The latter procedure simplifies the deprotection step, since the cyanoethyl group is readily cleaved by ethylenediamine, which also removes the base protecting groups and cleaves the oligomer from the support. The singly charged oligomers are easily purified by affinity chromatography on DEAE cellulose. The chain lengths of the oligomers were confirmed after 5'-end labeling with polynucleotide kinase by partial hydrolysis of the methylphosphonate linkages with 1 M aqueous piperidine followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the hydrolysate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768336 TI - Gene for human factor X: a blood coagulation factor whose gene organization is essentially identical with that of factor IX and protein C. AB - Factor X is one of six vitamin K dependent proteins known to be involved in blood coagulation, the others being factor VII, factor IX, prothrombin, protein S, and protein C. In the present studies, recombinant bacteriophage containing overlapping DNA inserts coding for the gene for human factor X have been isolated and characterized. These DNA inserts code for almost the entire gene for factor X, extending from the prepro leader peptide through the 3' noncoding region of the transcription product. The organization of the gene for factor X was established by DNA sequencing to identify the location of the introns and exons in the gene. Seven introns and eight exons were identified and their intron/exon boundaries established. The seven introns interrupt the coding sequence at essentially identical locations in the amino acid sequence as the introns in the genes for human factor IX and protein C. In addition, the introns in the gene for factor X divide the coding sequence into discrete exons that code for potential structural and functional domains of the protein. This information provides strong evidence to support the suggestion that the vitamin K dependent proteins present in plasma have evolved from a single, common gene and that this ancestral gene arose through a process that involved the assembly of small protein coding units of DNA into a single gene. PMID- 3768337 TI - Rapid-scanning cryospectroscopy of enzyme-substrate-inhibitor complexes of cobalt carboxypeptidase A. AB - Rapid-scanning cryospectroscopy of cobalt(II)-substituted carboxypeptidase A serves to identify and characterize ternary enzyme-substrate-inhibitor (IES) complexes formed by the interaction between the enzyme, a peptide substrate, and a noncompetitive inhibitor. A cobalt absorption spectrum distinct from any induced by peptide or inhibitor alone signals formation of the IES complex. Tight binding noncompetitive inhibitors containing an aromatic ring, e.g., beta phenylpropionate, cause the IES complex to form much more slowly than simple binary complexes of the enzyme with either peptide or inhibitor. An inhibitor such as acetate, which binds more weakly and is less bulky, permits the IES complex to form relatively quickly. Remarkably, the cobalt spectra of the IES complexes match those previously found for the steady-state ester (depsipeptide) intermediates. Chemical quenching studies have demonstrated that in these ester intermediates the scissile bond is broken [Galdes, A., Auld, D. S., & Vallee, B. L. (1986) Biochemistry 25, 646-651]. This finding, in conjunction with the present studies, implies that a peptide and a noncompetitive inhibitor of its hydrolysis occupy the same binding loci as the hydrolytic products of a depsipeptide and further indicates that breakdown of an enzyme-biproduct complex is rate-determining for the turnover of depsipeptides. PMID- 3768338 TI - Detection of a transient enzyme-steroid complex during active-site-directed irreversible inhibition of 3-oxo-delta 5-steroid isomerase. AB - The reaction of the active-site-directed irreversible inhibitor (17S)-spiro[estra 1,3,5(10),6,8-pentaene-17,2'-oxiran]-3-ol (5 beta) with 3-oxo-delta 5-steroid isomerase has been monitored by repetitive scanning ultraviolet spectroscopy of a solution of 5 beta plus isomerase against a blank containing only 5 beta. Upon initial mixing of 5 beta with the isomerase an absorbance maximum at ca. 250 nm appears. With time, this peak decreases and is replaced with a new peak near 280 nm. These results directly demonstrate the existence of a transient enzyme steroid intermediate in the inactivation reaction. The ultraviolet spectrum suggests that the steroid in the transient complex resembles the ionized phenol, while the phenolic group in the irreversibly bound complex is un-ionized. These spectral studies support our previous proposal that there are two enzyme-steroid complexes that are related by a 180 degree rotation about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the steroid nucleus. This hypothesis offers an explanation for the reaction of 17 beta-oxiranes with the same residue (Asp-38) that is thought to be involved in the catalytic mechanism. Two new oxiranes, (17S)-spiro[estra 1,3,5(10)-triene-17,2'-oxiran]-3 beta-ol (6 beta) and (17S)-spiro[5 alpha androstane-17,2'-oxiran]-3-one (8 beta), were also found to be potent active-site directed irreversible inhibitors of the isomerase (k3/KI = 31 M-1 s-1 and 340 M-1 s-1, respectively). The relationship of these results to the nature of the active site of the isomerase is discussed. PMID- 3768339 TI - Peptide models of protein metastable binding sites: competitive kinetics of isomerization and hydrolysis. AB - alpha 2-Macroglobulin and the complement components C3 and C4 each contain a metastable binding site that is essential for covalent attachment. Two cyclic peptides are useful models of these unusual protein sites. Five-membered lactam 1 (CH3CO-Gly-Cys-Gly-Glu-Glp-Asn-NH2) contains an internal residue of pyroglutamic acid (Glp). Fifteen-membered thiolactone 2 (CH3CO-Gly-Cys-Gly-Glu-Glu-Asn-NH2 15 thiolactone) contains a thiol ester bond between Cys-2 and Glu-5. These isomeric hexapeptides are spontaneously interconverted in water. Competing with the two isomerization reactions are three reactions involving hydrolysis of 1 and 2. These five processes were found to occur simultaneously under physiologic conditions (phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.3, 37 degrees C). Best estimates of the five rate constants for these apparent first-order reactions were obtained by comparing the observed molar percentages of peptides 1-4 with those calculated from a set of exponential equations. Both isomerization reactions (ring expansion of 1 to 2, k1 = 6.4 X 10(-5) s-1; ring contraction of 2 to 1, k-1 = 69 X 10(-5) s 1) proceeded faster than any of the hydrolysis reactions: alpha-cleavage of 1 with fragmentation to form dipeptide 3 (k2 = 3.3 X 10(-5) s-1), gamma-cleavage of 1 with ring opening to yield mercapto acid 4 (k3 = 0.35 X 10(-5) s-1), and hydrolysis of 2 with ring opening to give 4 (k4 = 1.9 X 10(-5) s-1). The isomerization rate ratio (k1/k-1 = 10.9) agreed with the isomer ratio at equilibrium (1:2 = 11 starting from 1 and 10 starting from 2). The alpha/gamma regioselectivity ratio (k2/k3 = 9.7) for hydrolysis of the internal Glp residue of 1 was consistent with results for model tripeptides. Part of the chemistry of the protein metastable binding sites can be explained by similar isomerization and hydrolysis reactions. PMID- 3768340 TI - Bromoacetophenone as an affinity reagent for human liver aldehyde dehydrogenase. AB - Human liver aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes E1 and E2 (EC 1.2.1.3) are both completely and irreversibly inactivated by bromoacetophenone (2-bromo-1 phenylethanone). Steady-state kinetics with both acetophenone and chloroacetophenone indicated interaction with the same enzyme form as the aldehyde substrate. Saturation kinetics with chloroacetophenone and bromoacetophenone indicated interaction at a specific site on the enzyme surface and gave a dissociation constant similar to that from steady-state kinetics, suggesting that the same processes were being observed by both methods and that the active site may be involved. Protection against inactivation was afforded by chloral and NAD together. Stoichiometry of inactivation showed the first 2 equiv per tetramer to abolish the majority of catalytic activity; 4 equiv inactivated both isozymes with complete loss of esterase, NAD-stimulated esterase, and dehydrogenase activities. Peptide mapping of enzyme modified with [carbonyl 14C]bromoacetophenone of CNBr digests (E1) and tryptic digests (E1 and E2) showed one peptide to be preferentially labeled. The above results together with the similarity of bromoacetophenone to the substrate benzaldehyde suggest bromoacetophenone may react with a residue in the active site of aldehyde dehydrogenase. Amino acid analysis of the labeled E1 tryptic fragment indicated reaction with a different peptide from that with which iodoacetamide reacts. PMID- 3768341 TI - An intermediate polymer in the assembly of clathrin baskets. AB - Clathrin (8 S) is known to polymerize into two varieties of basket structures (150 S or 300 S) under the normal buffer conditions [100 mM 2-(N morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (Mes), pH 5.9-6.7] used for the isolation of coated vesicles. However, it is now observed that under very low salt conditions (2 mM Mes, pH 5.9), it forms a homogeneous species with a sedimentation coefficient of 27 S. Increasing the salt concentration to 50 mM Mes completely converts all the 27S species into 150S baskets. Sedimentation equilibrium data show that this 27S species has a molecular weight that is 6 times that of the clathrin protomer and is the result of highly cooperative reversible self association of the 8S protomer. Light-scattering studies show that the stabilities of 27S species and baskets (150 S or 300 S) are comparable. Fluorescent labeling of sulfhydryl groups with N-(1-anilinonaphthalenyl)maleimide indicates that the conformation of clathrin in 27S species and baskets (150 S or 300 S) is similar. Trypsin digestion reveals that in the 27S species clathrin has a conformation differing from that in both the 8S species and baskets. PMID- 3768342 TI - Interaction of tubulin with octyl glucoside and deoxycholate. 1. Binding and hydrodynamic studies. AB - Tubulin purified from calf brain cytoplasm, normally a compact water-soluble dimer, is able to interact with the mild detergents octyl glucoside (a minimum of 60 detergent molecules) and deoxycholate (95 +/- 8 molecules). Binding is cooperative and approaches saturation below the critical micelle concentration of the amphiphiles. Binding is accompanied by a quenching of the intrinsic protein fluorescence, but no spectral shape changes indicating denaturation such as in the case of sodium dodecyl sulfate are observed. Glycerol, which is known to be preferentially excluded from the tubulin domain and to favor the folded and associated forms of this protein, inhibits the binding of the mild detergents. Octyl glucoside induces a rapidly equilibrating tubulin self-association reaction characterized by a bimodal sedimentation velocity profile with boundaries at approximately 5 and 12 S. Full dissociation of this detergent restores the normal sedimentation behavior to 90% of the protein. Binding of deoxycholate slows the sedimentation velocity of tubulin from s(0)20,w = 5.6 +/- 0.2 S to s(0)20,w = 4.8 +/- 0.3 S. Measurements of the molecular weight of the tubulin-deoxycholate complex indicate an increase from 100,000 to 143,000 +/- 5,000. The diffusion rate consistently decreases from (5.3 +/- 0.5) X 10(-7) to (3.8 +/- 0.2) X 10(-7) cm2 S-1. This is most simply interpreted as an expansion of the undissociated tubulin dimer upon detergent binding (a change in the frictional ratio, f/f min, from 1.35 to 1.86). It is concluded that tubulin shows a reversible transition between the water-soluble state and amphipathic detergent-bound forms which constitute a model system of tubulin-membrane interactions. PMID- 3768343 TI - Interaction of tubulin with octyl glucoside and deoxycholate. 2. Protein conformation, binding of colchicine ligands, and microtubule assembly. AB - The structural change induced by binding of mild detergents to cytoplasmic calf brain tubulin and the effects on the functional properties of this protein have been characterized. Massive binding of octyl glucoside or deoxycholate monomers induces circular dichroism changes indicating a partial alpha-helix to disordered structure transition of tubulin. The protein also becomes more accessible to controlled proteolysis by trypsin, thermolysin, or V8 protease. This is consistent with the looser protein structure proposed in previous binding and hydrodynamic studies [Andreu, J. M., & Munoz, J. A. (1986) Biochemistry (preceding paper in this issue)]. Micelles of octyl glucoside and deoxycholate bind colchicine and its analogue 2-methoxy-5-(2,3,4-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,4,6 cycloheptatrien-1-one (MTC). This impedes the determination of colchicine binding in the presence of detergents. Both detergents cause a reduction in the number of tubulin equilibrium binding sites for the colchicine site probe MTC. Deoxycholate monomers bind poorly to the tubulin-colchicine complex, but deoxycholate above the critical micelle concentration effectively dissociates the complex. Microtubule assembly in glycerol-containing buffer is inhibited by octyl glucoside, which raises the critical protein concentration. Low concentrations of deoxycholate enhance tubulin polymerization, allowing it to proceed without glycerol. The polymers formed are microtubules, pairwise associated open microtubular sheets, and macrotubules possibly generated by helical folding of the sheets, as indicated by the optical diffraction patterns. Saturation of tubulin with octyl glucoside, followed by full dissociation of the detergent, allowed the recovery of binding to the colchicine site and microtubule assembly, indicating the reversibility of the protein structural change. PMID- 3768344 TI - No phospholipid monolayer-sugar interactions. AB - Studies by a number of workers using the Langmuir film balance have shown that when carbohydrates, such as sucrose or glycerol, are dissolved in a subphase on which a phospholipid is spread, film expansion occurs (Cadenhead & Demchak, 1969; Cadenhead & Bean, 1972; Maggio et al., 1976; Maggio & Lucy, 1978). Recently such effects have been observed again, particularly with the carbohydrates galactose and trehalose (Johnston et al., 1984). The origin of these film expansions was uncertain, and various suggestions have been made to explain them. One idea was that they might be due to interactions which these carbohydrates have with the water molecules close to the polar head groups of the lipids. Recent studies in our two laboratories, described here, show that the magnitude of the expansion effects is variable and that in general they arise from surfactant impurities in the sugars. These impurities are observed in carbohydrates which are reputedly of high grade; the amount of impurity present can vary from batch to batch, and sometimes they can be difficult to remove. Film balance techniques or subphase preparation can mask the detection of minor impurities. The presence of surfactant impurities in reputedly pure carbohydrates needs to be considered in other biochemical and biophysical studies of lipids and cell membranes. PMID- 3768345 TI - Studies on the substrate specificity of human and pig lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase: role of low-density lipoproteins. AB - The substrate properties of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) fractions from human and pig plasma and of lipoprotein a [Lp(a)] upon incubation with either pig or human lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT, EC 2.3.1.43) were investigated and compared with those of pig high-density lipoproteins (HDL) or human HDL-3. The cholesterol esterification using purified native pig LDL-1, human LDL, or Lp(a) as a substrate was approximately 36-42% that of pig HDL or human HDL-3, while cholesteryl ester formation with pig LDL-2 was 41-47%. No significant difference was found in the substrate activity between pig HDL and human HDL-3, and between human LDL and Lp(a), respectively. After depletion of pig LDL-1, pig LDL-2, and human LDL from apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), cholesteryl ester formation decreased to about 22-28% of the value found with pig HDL. Depletion of human LDL from apolipoprotein E (apoE) did not result in significantly different esterification rates in comparison to native LDL. Total removal of non-apoB proteins from human LDL resulted in esterification rates of approximately 10-15% that of HDL. Readdition of apoA-I to all these LDL fractions produced solely in apoA-I-depleted LDL fractions an increase of cholesteryl ester formation, whereas in those LDL fractions that were additionally depleted from apoE and/or from apoC polypeptides, a further decrease in the esterification rate occurred.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768346 TI - Effect of trypsin treatment on the heparin- and receptor-binding properties of human plasma low-density lipoproteins. AB - The effect of trypsin treatment on the heparin- and receptor-binding properties of human plasma low-density lipoproteins (LDL) was examined. LDL were treated with trypsin (2% by weight) for 16 h at 37 degrees C, and the trypsinized core particles (T-LDL) were isolated by gel permeation chromatography on Sepharose CL 4B. Trypsin degraded the apolipoprotein B moiety (Mr = 550,000) of LDL into numerous peptides of Mr less than 110,000, resulting in the release of 25% +/- 5% (n = 6) of its surface-associated protein. Relative to LDL, T-LDL had an increased phospholipid/protein ratio, decreased flotation density and alpha helical structure, and increased fluidity of the surface and core constituents. Compared to LDL, T-LDL showed a 60% decreased capacity to suppress [1-14C]acetate incorporation into cellular sterols consistent with decreased binding to the LDL receptor. In contrast, T-LDL showed an enhanced capacity to form soluble complexes with heparin in the absence and presence of 2 mM Ca2+. Between 5 and 25 mM Ca2+, both LDL and T-LDL were maximally precipitated by heparin; the stoichiometry of the insoluble complexes (uronic acid/phospholipid, w/w) was 0.054 +/- 0.004 and 0.055 +/- 0.005 (n = 18) for LDL and T-LDL, respectively. Thus, trypsin treatment significantly diminished the lipoprotein's interaction with cells but not with heparin. This finding suggests that proteolysis may decrease receptor-mediated uptake of LDL without diminishing the lipoprotein's reactivity with acellular components of the arterial wall. PMID- 3768347 TI - A 59-kilodalton protein associated with progestin, estrogen, androgen, and glucocorticoid receptors. AB - Previous studies of the anti 8.5S progestin receptor monoclonal antibody KN 382/EC1 showed that it was specific for nontransformed progestin receptors. However, with different methods of tissue disruption and the use of protease inhibitors, we found that other nontransformed steroid receptors formed immune complexes with KN 382/EC1. Binding of the antibody to rabbit uterine estrogen, progestin, and androgen and liver glucocorticoid receptor systems was characterized by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), immunoadsorption, and immunoblotting. Immobilized KN 382/EC1 adsorbed both Mr 59,000 and Mr 92,000 proteins. The Mr 92,000 protein appeared to be bound to the antigenic Mr 59,000 protein, and the two proteins were present in apparently the same stoichiometric relationship in several tissues. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of immunoadsorbed material revealed appreciable amounts of both proteins in testis, stomach, lung, liver, uterus, and kidney. Only trace amounts were found in skeletal or heart muscle, and none was found in blood serum. Cleveland digestion of isolated Mr 59,000 and 92,000 proteins revealed dissimilar peptide constituents. Immunoblots of material from uterus and liver resulted in staining of the Mr 59,000 protein but not the Mr 92,000 protein. We conclude that similar antigenic determinants reside in components of several nontransformed steroid receptors and they reside on an Mr 59,000 protein. It is likely, therefore, that there are common components present in nontransformed steroid receptors. PMID- 3768348 TI - 1H NMR study of dynamics and thermodynamics of heme rotational disorder in native and reconstituted hemoglobin A. AB - The reaction of heme and apoprotein has been studied in detail in 1H NMR spectroscopy in order to elucidate the conditions for reconstitution of hemoglobin (Hb) to yield the native protein. The initially formed holoprotein exists as a mixture of isomers with individual subunits possessing the two heme orientations differing by a 180 degrees rotation about the alpha, gamma-meso axis [La Mar, G. N., Yamamoto, Y., Jue, T., Smith, K. M., & Pandey, R. K. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 3826-3831]. We characterize in detail herein the rates and mechanism of heme reorientation and show that the rates differ dramatically for met-aquo and met-azido derivatives and are highly pH dependent in both subunits in a fashion that allows selective equilibration in either subunit. Nonequilibrium mixtures of such isomers can be kinetically trapped in the met azido form and stored in this metastable form for many months. With kinetically controlled heme orientationally disordered Hb, unambiguous assignment of 1H NMR resonances to individual subunits has been made for the met-azido derivative, which demonstrates approximately 2% and 10% equilibrium heme disorder in the alpha- and beta-subunits, respectively. Comparison of the 1H NMR spectra of various heme rotationally disordered Hb derivatives indicates that this disorder is observable in all forms studied, but is most easily recognized as heme disorder and most conveniently monitored in the met-azido complex. Structural consequences of heme disorder appear to manifest themselves much more strongly in peripheral than axial interactions at the heme. Preliminary studies reveal that both the rate of autoxidation of oxy-Hb and the azide affinity of met-aquo-Hb depend on the orientation of the heme. PMID- 3768349 TI - Fibrin assembly in human plasma and fibrinogen/albumin mixtures. AB - Magnetic birefringence is used to monitor the kinetics of thrombin-catalyzed fibrin polymerization in model systems of increasing complexity (i.e., fibrinogen solutions, fibrinogen/albumin mixtures, and plasma anticoagulated with citrate) and in plasma containing free calcium which is the physiological condition. The introduction of albumin into fibrinogen solutions shortens the lag period and enhances fiber thickness. The polymerization progress curves are sigmoidal at zero or low albumin concentrations, but at physiological and higher concentrations, they become hyperbola-like from the end of the lag period. High albumin concentration has thus induced a change in the assembly kinetics. The progress curves from plasma in which the cascade is dormant are also hyperbola like although they round off more quickly because of antithrombin activity. In plasma containing free calcium, thrombin is endogenously produced, and the progress curves are nearly linear; hence, the assembly kinetics are very different from those of the model systems. The curves are not influenced by calcium-dependent cross-linking involving factor XIIIa. The progress curves are also linear when polymerization is induced with Russell's viper venom, which by directly activating factor X circumvents earlier steps in the cascade. This implies that linear polymerization is caused by events posterior to factor X activation and are thus likely to be largely dependent on the functioning of the prothrombinase complex. Addition of thrombin to plasma containing free calcium reduces the lag period. At low exogenous thrombin levels, the polymerization rate is increased, and the progress curves remain linear. However, at higher levels, the curves become more complicated and, paradoxically, full polymerization takes longer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768350 TI - Crystal structure of substrate-free Pseudomonas putida cytochrome P-450. AB - The crystal structure of Pseudomonas putida cytochrome P-450cam in the substrate free form has been refined at 2.20-A resolution and compared to the substrate bound form of the enzyme. In the absence of the substrate camphor, the P-450cam heme iron atom is hexacoordinate with the sulfur atom of Cys-357 providing one axial heme ligand and a water molecule or hydroxide ion providing the other axial ligand. A network of hydrogen-bonded solvent molecules occupies the substrate pocket in addition to the iron-linked aqua ligand. When a camphor molecule binds, the active site waters including the aqua ligand are displaced, resulting in a pentacoordinate high-spin heme iron atom. Analysis of the Fno camphor - F camphor difference Fourier and a quantitative comparison of the two refined structures reveal that no detectable conformational change results from camphor binding other than a small repositioning of a phenylalanine side chain that contacts the camphor molecule. However, large decreases in the mean temperature factors of three separate segments of the protein centered on Tyr-96, Thr-185, and Asp-251 result from camphor binding. This indicates that camphor binding decreases the flexibility in these three regions of the P-450cam molecule without altering the mean position of the atoms involved. PMID- 3768351 TI - Chemically modified heparins as inhibitors of heparan sulfate specific endo-beta glucuronidase (heparanase) of metastatic melanoma cells. AB - To determine the significance of the heparan sulfate (HS) degradative endo-beta glucuronidase (heparanase) in tumor invasion and metastasis and to develop possible antimetastatic agents, we synthesized specific inhibitors of this enzyme. We previously found that heparanase activity correlates with the lung colonization abilities of murine B16 melanoma cells and is inhibited by heparin [Nakajima, M., Irimura, T., Di Ferrante, N., & Nicolson, G. L. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 2283-2290]. In this study, heparin was chemically modified in order to determine which portions of its structure are responsible for heparanase inhibitory activity and to obtain heparanase inhibitors that have minimal additional biological effects, such as anticoagulation. N-Sulfate groups and O sulfate in heparin were removed separately, and the resultant free amino groups were acetylated or resulfated. Heparin was also reduced at the carboxyl groups of uronic acid. The heparanase inhibitory activities of these heparin derivatives were examined by high-speed gel-permeation chromatography and by the use of radioactive HS immobilized on agarose beads. The results indicated that although N-sulfate and O-sulfate groups on glucosamine residues, and carboxyl groups on uronic acid residues, are important for heparanase inhibition, they are not essential for full activity. When highly metastatic B16-BL6 melanoma cells were incubated with N-acetylated N-desulfated heparin, N-resulfated N- and O desulfated heparin, or carboxyl-reduced heparin and injected intravenously to syngenic C57BL/6 mice, significant reductions in the numbers of experimental melanoma lung metastases occurred. PMID- 3768352 TI - Three-dimensional structure of a DNA hairpin in solution: two-dimensional NMR studies and distance geometry calculations on d(CGCGTTTTCGCG). AB - The three-dimensional structure of d(CGCGTTTTCGCG) in solution has been determined from proton NMR data by using distance geometry methods. The rate of dipolar cross-relaxation between protons close together in space is used to calculate distances between proton pairs within 5 A of each other; these distances are used as input to a distance geometry algorithm that embeds this distance matrix in three-dimensional space. The resulting refined structures that best agree with the input distances are all very similar to each other and show that the DNA sequence forms a hairpin in solution; the bases of the loop region are stacked, and the stem region forms a right-handed helix. The advantages and limitations of the technique, as well as the computer requirements of the algorithm, are discussed. PMID- 3768353 TI - Ca2+-dependent ryanodine binding site: soluble preparation from rabbit cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum. AB - The Ca2+-dependent ryanodine binding site of rabbit cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum is solubilized by treatment with 20 mM CHAPS detergent and 1 M NaCl for 30 min at 0 degrees C. Ca2+ added at 5 microM enhances binding, at 0.5 mM increases both the affinity and number of [3H]ryanodine binding sites, while at 10 mM only the number of binding sites is increased. Mg2+ up to 1 mM does not significantly affect [3H]ryanodine binding. Radioligand binding is strongly enhanced by all alkali metal chlorides except LiCl. NaCl increases the rate of association of the ligand and the affinity of the binding site but does not influence the dissociation. NaCl and CaCl2 enhance the thermal stability of the [3H]ryanodine-binding protein. Thiol groups are essential for [3H]ryanodine binding. Ruthenium red and Cd2+ inhibit binding, while theophylline is stimulatory at low (micromolar) Ca2+ concentrations by a mechanism other than phosphodiesterase inhibition. Gel permeation chromatography establishes that the ryanodine binding protein is localized only in the high molecular mass fraction (greater than 669 kDa). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the proteins following treatment with SDS and 2-mercaptoethanol indicates that more than 90% are of low molecular mass (34-70 kDa) and that two stain blue with Stains-all as expected of Ca2+-binding proteins. PMID- 3768354 TI - The effect of benzyl alcohol and cholesterol on the acyl chain order and alkane solubility of bimolecular phosphatidylcholine membranes. AB - An investigation was made of the effects of cholesterol and benzyl alcohol on the partitioning of n-alkanes between lipid bilayer membranes and bulk lipid/alkane solutions (in the torus). Bilayers were formed from solutions containing alkanes of different chain lengths, together with phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol in varying proportions. The partitioning of the alkanes was determined from measurements of the very low frequency (1 Hz) capacitance of the membranes. Perturbation of the internal membrane structure by the inclusion of cholesterol and benzyl alcohol produced very significant changes in the n-alkane partition coefficient, cholesterol causing a decrease and benzyl alcohol an increase in the alkane partitioning into the bilayer. A correlation exists between the effects of these compounds on the alkane partitioning and their effect on the segmental chain order of the acyl chains in the bilayer and this correlation is consistent with a statistical-mechanical model of the lipid/alkane bilayers in the liquid crystalline state. The perturbation by cholesterol and benzyl alcohol of the internal structure of membranes bears on the conflicting reports of the effects of these substances on artificial lipid bilayers and could also be relevant to their known physiological effects. PMID- 3768355 TI - The effects of dietary (n-3) fatty acid supplementation on lipid dynamics and composition in rat lymphocytes and liver microsomes. AB - Rats were fed diets devoid of (n-3) fatty acids (olive oil supplementation) or high in (n-3) fatty acids (fish oil supplementation) for a period of 10 days. In spleen lymphocytes and liver microsomes derived from animals fed fish oil diets, relatively high levels of (n-3) eicosapentaenoic (20:5), docosapentaenoic (22:5) and docosahexaenoic acids (22:6) were obtained compared to minimal levels when fed the olive oil diet. When the average lipid motional properties were examined by measuring the fluorescence anisotropy of diphenylhexatriene, no significant different was found between intact liver microsomes from animals fed the two diets. However, when lipid motion was examined in vesicles of phosphatidylcholine, isolated from the microsomes from fish oil fed animals (21.4% (n-3) fatty acids), the fluorescence anisotropy was significantly less than the corresponding phosphatidylcholine from olive oil fed animals (5.6% (n-3) fatty acids), indicating a more disordered or fluid bilayer in the presence of higher levels of (n-3) fatty acids. Phosphatidylethanolamine (n-3) fatty acids were also elevated after fish oil supplementation (41.3% of total fatty acids), compared to the level after olive oil supplementation (21.4%). The major effect of the fish oil supplementation was a replacement of (n-6) arachidonic acid by the (n-3) fatty acids and when this was 'modeled', using liposomes of synthetic lipids, 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl(n-6) or docosahexaenoyl(n-3) phosphatidylcholine, significant differences in lipid motional properties were found, with the docosahexaenoate conferring a more disordered or fluid lipid environment. Thus it appears that although lipid order/fluidity can be significantly decreased by increases in the highly unsaturated (n-3) fatty acid levels, alterations in membrane domain organization and/or phospholipid molecular species composition effectively compensated for the changes, at least as far as average lipid motional properties in the intact membranes was concerned. PMID- 3768356 TI - Nonspecific lipid transfer protein (sterol carrier protein 2) is bound to rat liver mitochondria: its role in spontaneous intermembrane phospholipid transfer. AB - In the present study we have investigated the transfer of phospholipids between vesicles and rat liver mitochondria. Transfer was measured by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy using vesicles that contained spin-labeled phospholipids. A spontaneous transfer was observed which could be strongly inhibited by treating the mitochondria with the thiol reagent mersalyl. Transfer was also greatly reduced after a saline wash of the mitochondria; the transfer activity was then recovered in the wash. This activity was inhibited by tryptic digestion and mersalyl. By gel chromatography, enzyme immunoassay and immunoblotting it was demonstrated that the activity in the wash was due to the nonspecific lipid transfer protein (sterol carrier protein 2). We could estimate that up to 85% of the spontaneous phospholipid transfer between vesicles and rat liver mitochondria was mediated by this transfer protein. PMID- 3768357 TI - The voltage-dependent chloride current conductance of toad skin is localized to mitochondria-rich cells. AB - The chloride current across the isolated epithelium from saline-acclimated Bufo viridis toads was studied using the extracellular vibrating probe technique. Local peak current densities varying between 5 and 100 microA/cm2 were recorded over subpopulation of mitochondria-rich cells, but never over granulosum cells. These local transepithelial currents had characteristics similar to the activated chloride current observed in the whole skin (Katz, U. and Larsen, E.H. (1984) J. Exp. Biol. 109, 353-371). Replacement of the apical Ringer with chloride-free (nitrate) ringer resulted in reversible reduction in the current at the mitochondria-rich cells. It is concluded that the mitochondria-rich cells are the principal site of passive chloride conductance across the epithelium. PMID- 3768358 TI - Hydrogen ion-coupled transport of D-glucose by phlorizin-sensitive sugar carrier in intestinal brush-border membranes. AB - In rabbit intestinal brush-border membrane vesicles, Na+-independent D-glucose uptake in the presence of an inside-negative transmembrane potential was found to be stimulated by an imposed pH gradient. Na+-independent, pH-dependent and phlorizin-sensitive D-glucose-evoked potentials could be recorded from isolated toad intestine. The obtained data suggest that phlorizin-sensitive D-glucose carriers of intestinal brush-border membrane can interact with H+ when Na+ is absent. PMID- 3768359 TI - Membrane protein phosphorylation during stomatocyte-echinocyte transformation of human erythrocytes. AB - The normal, discoid shape of red blood cells represents an equilibrium between two opposing factors, i.e., stomatocytic and echinocytic transformations. Most stomatocytic agents were found to be inhibitors of calmodulin, a regulator of the phosphorylation of membrane proteins. We determined whether red cell shape transformations could be caused by changes in phosphorylation of membrane proteins, specifically the cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of ankyrin and band 4.1. Red blood cells were incubated with 32P and 100 microM chlorpromazine (stomatocytic transformation) or 30 mM sodium salicylate (echinocytic transformation) for various time intervals. Ghost membrane proteins were examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Spectrin (beta-chain), ankyrin, band 3, band 4.1 and 4.9 were phosphorylated. No change was found in the degree and pattern of phosphorylation after stomatocytic transformation. Salicylate caused a reversible inhibition of transmembranous phosphate transport in both directions. The results indicate that the stomatocytic transformation induced by chlorpromazine and the echinocytic transformation induced by salicylate do not involve a change in phosphorylation, but that the echinocytic transformation induced by salicylate is associated with an inhibition of transmembranous transport of phosphate. Studies with salicylate suggest that the phosphorylation sites of band 3 are found mainly on the endofacial side of the membrane. PMID- 3768360 TI - Atomic and Raman spectroscopy of the dipalmitoylphosphatidic acid-calcium complex and phase transitions. AB - Calcium binding measurements by atomic absorption spectroscopy and temperature dependent phase transitions studies by Raman spectroscopy were combined in order to investigate the effect of Ca2+ binding on dipalmitoylphosphatidic acid (DPPA) dispersed in CaCl2 solutions of varying concentration at pH 7. The peak heights for the Raman CH stretch bands observed at 2885 cm-1 and 2935 cm-1 were used as a measure of hydrocarbon chain randomization and aggregate ultrastructure. Two transitions were observed for both pure DPPA and DPPA-Ca2+ mixtures. Ca2+ binding caused greatly increased DPPA chain rigidity in the melted state above Tm, but had much less effect on the solid phases below Tm. The increase in rigidity in the fluid state was observed to vary linearly with the molar ratio of bound Ca2+ to total DPPA throughout the range 0 to 1. The results of the Raman and Ca2+ binding measurements are explained by a model in which two populations of DPPA co exist in the fluid state when Ca2+ binding has not reached saturation. One population consists of the Ca2+-bound DPPA complex with stoichiometric 1:1 binding ratio (determined from an atomic absorption Ca2+ binding study), and the second population is free DPPA. We propose that Ca2+-induced clustering and separation of the two components occurs chiefly because of differences in chain fluidity of the two components. PMID- 3768361 TI - Isolation of renal brush-border membrane vesicles by a low-speed centrifugation; effect of sex hormones on Na+-H+ exchange in rat and mouse kidney. AB - Na+-H+ exchange in rat and mouse renal brush-border membrane vesicles was studied by fluorescence quenching of the delta pH indicator, acridine orange. Brush border membrane vesicles were isolated by a modified Mg/EGTA-precipitation method at low speed centrifugation (8000 X g). The enzymatic characteristics of these membrane vesicles were similar to those obtained by the original high-speed centrifugation method (Biber et al. (1981) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 647, 169-176). The rates of Na+-H+ exchange in renal brush-border membrane vesicles from male and female rats were similar. Neither ovariectomy nor treatment of ovariectomized rats with estradiol or testosterone changed the activity of Na+-H+ exchanger. The rates of Na+-H+ exchange in the mouse were smaller than in the rat indicating the existence of species differences. Na+-H+ exchange in mouse renal brush-border membranes exhibit strong sex differences, the rates in the male being higher than in the female. Castration of male mice led to a decrease in Na+-H+ exchange to values found in females. Treatment of castrated mice with estradiol had no effect. In contrast, treatment with testosterone increased the rate of the exchanger by more than 100%. The effect of testosterone was restricted to the Vmax of the Na+-H+ exchanger, whereas the apparent Km for Na+ remained unchanged. Na+-dependent D-glucose transport in mouse renal luminal membranes exhibited also sex differences due to the potent stimulatory effect of testosterone. Therefore, Na+-H+ exchange and Na+-dependent D-glucose transport in the mouse kidney are under control of androgen hormones. This effect could be in close connection with the wellknown renotropic action of androgens in the mouse. PMID- 3768362 TI - Preparation and characterisation of liposomes containing mannosylated phospholipids capable of targetting drugs to macrophages. AB - We have prepared liposomes from mannosylated phosphatidylmyo-inositol, derived from mycobacteria, and cholesterol. The size of the particles so formed could be controlled by membrane filtration. The vesicles encapsulated a significant amount of aqueous phase (about 8 microliter per mg phospholipid). Markers of the liposomal membrane and aqueous phase rapidly associated with mouse peritoneal macrophages and, more slowly, with rat alveolar macrophages. The uptake was saturable at high liposome concentrations, although phagocytosis of latex particles of the same mean diameter was not saturable at these concentrations. An excess of unlabelled liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine, which were also taken up readily by macrophages, did not inhibit the uptake of mannosylated liposomes. The uptake of fluorescent mannosylated bovine serum albumin was inhibited by these liposomes, suggesting a specific interaction with the macrophage mannose-fucose receptor. We conclude that this type of liposome would be useful for the delivery of immunomodulators to reticuloendothelial cells. PMID- 3768363 TI - A differential effect between the acute and chronic administration of ethanol on the endocytotic rate constant, ke, for the internalisation of asialoglycoproteins by hepatocytes. AB - The endocytotic rate constant, ke, originally described for the quantification of epidermal growth factor by fibroblasts (Wiley, H.S. and Cunningham, D.D. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 4222-4229) has been adapted to measure receptor-mediated endocytosis of asialoglycoproteins by hepatocytes. A ke value of 0.21 min-1 was obtained for the internalisation of beta-D-galactosyl bovine serum albumin by freshly isolated hepatocytes. The addition of ethanol to the incubation medium had a biphasic effect on ke. The value of ke was increased by up to 30% by low concentrations of ethanol, whereas higher concentrations progressively decreased ke and in 500 mM ethanol the ke value was 0.1 min-1. The amount of ligand bound to the cell surface was independent of the extracellular concentration of ethanol and the changes in ke were exclusively due to changes in the amount of internalised ligand. There was a progressive decrease in the value of ke in hepatocytes prepared from rats that were maintained on an ethanol-impregnated liquid diet for up to 20 days. The decrease was already apparent by day 2 when blood alcohol levels were only 50 mg%, indicating that the effect of chronic alcoholism on endocytosis are manifested at an early stage. PMID- 3768364 TI - Relationship between antimicrobial activity and amphiphilic property of basic model peptides. AB - Several cationic model peptides of the prepiece moieties of mitochondrial protein precursors were found to be active against Gram-positive bacteria, but inactive against Gram-negative bacteria. The CD spectra of the model peptides in the presence of phospholipid liposomes demonstrated that antimicrobial activity was generally in parallel with the content of the alpha-helical amphiphilicity. The results indicate that appropriate positioning of cationic and hydrophobic groups in the stable alpha-helical structure of the peptides is important to exhibit antimicrobial activity. These peptides also have an ability to leak carboxyfluorescein from acidic and neutral phospholipid vesicles, suggesting that the peptides interact with the bacterial membrane to perturb it. PMID- 3768365 TI - Possible basis for membrane changes in nonparasitized erythrocytes of malaria infected animals. AB - Previous studies (Gupta et al. (1982) Nature 299, 259-261) have shown that nonparasitized erythrocytes of Plasmodium knowlesi-infected monkeys contain the procoagulant phospholipid phosphatidylserine (PS) in the outer-half of their membrane bilayer. A reinvestigation of this problem has now revealed that in acute P. knowlesi infection, at least 30% of the infected animals do not have this abnormality. However, PS externalization was a consistent feature in the uninfected red cells of chronically infected animals. Also, a similar membrane change was observed in the red cells of uninfected splenectomized monkeys. These results strongly suggest that spleen plays an important role in maintaining the exclusive inner distribution of PS in the normal erythrocyte membrane, and that partial migration of this lipid to the outer monolayer in nonparasitized erythrocytes could be attributed to an abnormal physiology of this organ in malarial infection. PMID- 3768366 TI - The intramembranous domains of lipophilin in phosphatidylcholine vesicles are similar to those in the myelin membrane. AB - A membrane-permeable photolabel 3-(trifluoromethyl)-3-(m [125I]iodophenyl)diazirine (125I-TID) has been used to label lipophilin in normal human myelin and after incorporation of purified lipophilin into phosphatidylcholine (PC) vesicles. The labelled protein was isolated and the specific activities for lipophilin from myelin and from PC vesicles was found to be 1.2 X 10(11) and 1.5 X 10(11) cpm/mol, respectively. The chromatographic profiles of tryptic peptides were similar in both cases and the specific activities of the C-terminal intramembranous fragments (residues 205-268) the same. We concluded that the organization of lipophilin in PC vesicles was similar to its organization in myelin and that the PC-vesicle system represents a good system in which to study the orientation and interaction of lipophilin with lipids. PMID- 3768367 TI - Endothelial cell permeability to water. AB - We have calculated diffusional permeability coefficients for tracer water and for [14C]antipyrine in endothelial cells. With these values and those from studies in whole lungs we set a range for diffusional water permeability coefficients of the intact endothelium. PMID- 3768368 TI - Free volume model for lipid lateral diffusion coefficients. Assessment of the temperature dependence in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine bilayers. AB - The lipid lateral diffusion coefficients, DT, in fluid-phase phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine bilayers have been analysed in terms of the free volume diffusion model by fitting the expression: DT = AT exp[- B/(T - T0)] to the observed temperature dependence, where A, B and T0 are the parameters to be optimized. Application of an unconstrained optimization procedure to data obtained from excimer formation (Galla et al. (1979) J. Membrane Biol. 48, 215 236) and from fluorescence photobleaching (Vaz et al. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 781 786) provides statistical evidence for a free-volume model as opposed to a simple Stokes-Einstein model (T0 = 0), only in certain cases. In the instances for which the parameter T0 can be determined with a reasonable degree of accuracy, it is found that this characteristic temperature at which the free volume extrapolates to zero lies below the bilayer gel-to-fluid phase transition temperature and does not coincide with the pre-transition temperature for phosphatidylcholines. PMID- 3768369 TI - Phenylhydrazine-induced changes in erythrocyte membrane surface lipid packing. AB - Phenylhydrazine-induced oxidative damage in red cells results in increased binding of merocyanine 540, a fluorescence probe sensitive to changes in lipid packing. Fluorescence polarization studies with diphenylhexatriene did not reveal major changes in order parameters both in intact red cells and lysates treated with phenylhydrazine. These fluorescence studies indicate that major changes are observed in membrane lipids. Analytical studies of membrane phospholipids revealed a significant decrease in phosphatidylethanolamine. The results of the fluorescence and lipid studies, taken in association with our previously reported findings on spectrin and other cytoskeletal protein degradation in red cells exposed to phenylhydrazine, suggests that degradation of cytoskeleton membrane proteins is also responsible for changes in the lipid bilayer surface of the red cell membrane. PMID- 3768370 TI - Liposome-mediated delivery of pteridine antifolates to cells in vitro: potency of methotrexate, and its alpha and gamma substituents. AB - We have examined the growth-inhibitory potency of several pteridines encapsulated in negatively charged liposomes, including methotrexate, methotrexate-gamma methylamide, methotrexate-gamma-dimethylamide, methotrexate-alpha-aspartate, and a lipophilic methotrexate-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate. The potency of encapsulated methotrexate is greater than the potency of the free drug for CV1-P cells, but not for other cell lines. The potency of methotrexate-gamma methylamide and methotrexate-gamma-dimethylamide is only minimally improved by encapsulation. The potency of methotrexate-alpha-aspartate is increased by encapsulation. In addition, the lipophilic methotrexate derivative has demonstrable potency when incorporated in liposomes. We have also examined the potency of several pteridines under conditions where the cells are exposed to the drug for periods shorter than the entire growth assay. Reduction of the exposure time decreases the potency of both encapsulated and free drugs. However, the difference in potency between the encapsulated and free drug is increased, because the potency of the encapsulated drug is affected less. Consequently, encapsulated methotrexate-gamma-aspartate is 300-fold more potent than free drug, if CV1-P cells are exposed to drug for 4 h. Moreover, encapsulated methotrexate is more potent than free methotrexate for growth inhibition of L929 fibroblasts, if the term of exposure is less than 8 h. Potency is least affected by reduction of exposure length for the lipophilic methotrexate derivative. PMID- 3768371 TI - Phospholipid topology and flip-flop in intestinal brush-border membrane. AB - The topological distribution of the two major phospholipids of brush-border membrane, phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), has been investigated using brush-border membrane vesicles from rabbit small intestine. Bee venom phospholipase A2 and phosphatidylcholine exchange protein from bovine liver were used as membrane probes. It is shown that the brush-border membrane retains its integrity under conditions of phospholipase hydrolysis and intermembrane phospholipid exchange. Kinetic analysis of the data of phospholipase hydrolysis and phospholipid exchange at temperatures under 10 degrees C shows that both PC and PE occur in two pools: a minor (about 25%) more readily accessible pool and a major one (about 75%) less readily available. The rate of PC exchange between these two pools is relatively fast. The half-time derived under conditions of phospholipase hydrolysis is of the order of 20 min. Under conditions of phospholipid exchange the exchange rates may be even faster. The difference in exchange kinetics observed with the two methods of probing is probably due to changes in membrane properties such as the bilayer fluidity induced by the probing process itself. It is proposed that the two pools represent the transverse distribution of the phospholipids. The two major phospholipids of brush-border membranes, PC and PE, would be distributed mainly on the inner (cytoplasmic) side of the brush-border membrane. The phospholipid exchange between the brush-border vesicles and unilamellar phosphatidylcholine vesicles in the presence of phosphatidylcholine exchange protein reveals that significant quantities of phospholipid are taken up by brush-border membrane independently, i.e., in a separate process independent of the exchange protein catalyzed phosphatidylcholine exchange. PMID- 3768372 TI - Variations in the glutathione S-transferase subunits expressed in human livers. AB - Human livers express a variety of cytosolic glutathione S-transferase isoenzymes. The enzymes are subject to a marked polymorphism and the polypeptide basis of the differences in glutathione S-transferase content of individual livers has been investigated by Western blotting, hydroxyapatite HPLC and isoelectric focusing. Collectively, the livers examined contained three distinct groups of cytosolic glutathione S-transferase. The three classes of enzyme contain subunits of different molecular mass; subunits of 24.8 kDa (Yf), 26.0 kDa (Ya) and 26.7 kDa (Yb) were found to belong to the 'acidic-type', 'basic-type' and 'neutral-type' glutathione S-transferase, respectively. All livers studied contained 26.0 kDa subunits (Ya or 'basic') but significant differences in the isoelectric points of this group of proteins were demonstrated. Five of the eight livers examined expressed 26.7 kDa subunits (Yb or 'neutral'); the native enzymes had pI values of either 6.1 or 5.5, and were isolated by hydroxyapatite HPLC. Two of the livers possessed 24.8 kDa subunits (Yf or 'acidic'), and the native enzyme, which had a pI of 4.8, was also purified by hydroxyapatite HPLC. Before undertaking a glutathione S-transferase purification it is advisable to determine the GST isoenzyme content of a number of livers. The suitability of the methods described in the present study for use as screening procedures is discussed. PMID- 3768373 TI - Hemoglobin and myoglobin embedded in dry poly(vinyl alcohol) film for X-ray absorption studies. AB - Solid hemoprotein samples are prepared by embedding proteins in thin poly(vinyl alcohol) films. These film samples have several unique qualities: in the solid poly(vinyl alcohol) matrix, hemoproteins have the same properties as in frozen buffer solution (proven by optical absorption, ligand recombination kinetics and EXAFS); they are very stable, easy to store and resistant to radiation; damage; protein concentration can be as high as 15 mM; light transparency is as good as liquid solution samples; and they can be made as thin as 20 microns, so that 100% photolysis across a film, even with a high protein concentration, is easily achievable. The film samples are ideal for X-ray studies of optically illuminated hemoproteins. PMID- 3768374 TI - Effects of hydration in the oxygenation and autoxidation of carbonmonoxyhemoglobin powder. AB - The oxygenation and autoxidation of lyophilized human carbonmonoxyhemoglobin (Hb CO) kept in environments with different relative humidities were followed with time using visible absorption spectroscopy. The sample kept at 68% relative humidity was the one with the greatest formation of methemoglobin (Met-Hb), while for increasing or decreasing hydrations the Met-Hb content decreased gradually. Besides the presence of Met-Hb, it was observed that the samples kept above about 68% relative humidity were converted to oxyhemoglobin (Hb-O2), the samples kept in the range 45-68% relative humidity were a mixture of Hb-CO and Hb-O2, while the samples kept below about 45% relative humidity and the solution sample continued as Hb-CO. Hemoglobin has, therefore, two critical hydration values, 45% and 68% relative humidity, which correspond to about 0.12 and 0.18 g H2O/g protein, respectively. PMID- 3768375 TI - Inactivation of Pseudomonas iron-superoxide dismutase by hydrogen peroxide. AB - Pseudomonas Fe-superoxide dismutase (superoxide:superoxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.15.1.1) is inactivated by hydrogen peroxide by a mechanism which exhibits saturation kinetics. The pseudo-first-order rate constant of the inactivation increased with increasing pH, with an inflection point around pH 8.5. Two parameters of the inactivation were measured in the pH range 7.8 to 9.0; the total H2O2 concentration at which the enzyme is half-saturated (K inact) was found to be independent of pH (30 mM) and the maximum rate constant for inactivation (k max) increased progressively with increasing pH, from 3.3 min-1 at pH 7.8 to 21 min-1 at pH 9.0. This evidence suggests the presence of an ionization group (pKa approximately 8.5) which does not participate in the binding of H2O2 but which affects the maximum inactivation rate of the enzyme. The loss of dismutase activity of the Fe-superoxide dismutase is accompanied by a modification of 1.6, 1.1 and 0.9 residues of tryptophan, histidine and cysteine, respectively. Since the amino acid residues of the Cr-substituted enzyme, which has no enzymatic activity, were not modified by H2O2, the active iron of the enzyme is essential for the modification of the amino acid residues. PMID- 3768376 TI - Spectrofluorimetric study of the bile salt micelle binding site of pig and horse colipases. AB - Pig and horse colipases contain three tyrosine residues. In addition, horse colipase possesses a tryptophan residue. Some of the tyrosine residues are involved in the association of colipase and a bile salt micelle. The present report demonstrates that the aromatic residues responsible for colipase fluorescence are in an aqueous environment. In the presence of bile salt micelles, changes in colipase fluorescence properties indicate that the intrinsic fluorophores are located in a more hydrophobic environment upon colipase-micelle complex formation. In addition, the fluorescence of an NBD group fixed on lysine 60, which is very close to the aromatic region in the pig colipase, is also altered in the presence of micelles. These results show that the micelle binding site is not limited to the tyrosine residues but may be broadened to adjacent residues such as lysine 60 and also tryptophan 52 in horse colipase. PMID- 3768377 TI - Heparin-binding fragments of fibronectin are potent inhibitors of endothelial cell growth: structure-function correlations. AB - Heparin-binding fragments derived from the amino- and carboxyl-terminal regions of human plasma fibronectin appear to be at least relatively specific potent inhibitors of the growth of bovine aortic endothelial cells in culture by as yet unknown mechanisms. In order to understand better the sites which subserve this activity, we have compared the relative potency of other major fragments of fibronectin, most of which have dissimilar properties and do not bind heparin. We have also proteolytically digested and chemically modified the most potent of these fragments, the amino-terminal 29-kDa fragment, in order to test whether structural alterations that affect heparin-binding also affect the inhibitory property. Not all chemical modifications that abolished heparin-binding also abolished endothelial cell growth. Neither an amino-terminal 20-kDa nor a carboxyl-terminal 8-kDa subfragment of the 29-kDa fragment bound heparin; however, both were as inhibitory as native 29-kDa fragment. Reduction of the disulfides of the 20-kDa and 8-kDa fragments did not abolish inhibitory activity. We therefore conclude that the activity is not strictly conformation-dependent and that although the inhibitory activity is distributed throughout the 29-kDa segment, it can be expressed by an 8-kDa carboxyl-terminal segment containing residues of the last Type I loop structure. PMID- 3768378 TI - Bovine hemoglobin as a potential source of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers: crosslinking with bis(2,3-dibromosalycyl)fumarate. AB - Reaction in anaerobic conditions of bovine hemoglobin with bis(2,3 dibromosalycyl)fumarate resulted in new derivatives with P50 in excess of 40 mmHg, as determined at 37 degrees C in 0.15 M Cl- at pH 7.4. Although the chromatographic preparations indicated some heterogeneity of the reacted material, the proteins obtained were homogeneous with regard to sedimentation velocity, which showed the presence of only nondissociable tetrameric species. SDS gel electrophoresis showed the presence of a new band with a mobility corresponding approximately to a molecular mass of 32 kDa, indicating the presence of covalent intramolecular crosslinks between subunit pairs. Chromatographic analyses indicated that both alpha and beta chains were chemically modified. The retention times in rats of the crosslinked hemoglobin was 10-times longer than that of untreated hemoglobin. PMID- 3768380 TI - Thermodynamic arguments for temperature-induced cryptic conformational change of human plasma cholinesterase. AB - The temperature and pressure dependence of the kinetics of the hydrolysis of o nitrophenylbutyrate by human plasma tetrameric form cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) was studied. The study was carried out on the one hand at atmospheric pressure by spectrophotometry at various temperatures ranging from 0 to 40 degrees C and, on the other hand by high-pressure stopped-flow spectrophotometry at 3.5, 25 and 35 degrees C in the pressure range 10(-3) to 2 kbar. The Arrhenius plot showed a break at 21 +/- 1 degrees C. Kinetic parameters, activation parameters and volume changes are reported. Discontinuities in the thermodynamic quantities obtained from temperature and pressure (up to 0.8 kbar) dependence of hydrolysis rates are discussed; they have been interpreted as the result of a temperature-induced cryptic conformational change of the enzyme at around 20 degrees C. Beyond 1 kbar the kinetics exhibited several complexities: curvature of the progress curves and high positive or negative activation volume changes depending on temperature and substrate concentration. These complex interacting effects between temperature, pressure and substrate concentration are discussed. PMID- 3768379 TI - Contact inhibition within hemoglobin S polymer by thiol reagents. AB - N-Ethylmaleimide, a thiol reagent, increases the solubility of deoxyhemoglobin S. We investigated which of the two reacted beta 93 cysteine residues of the Hb tetramer was responsible for the inhibition of Hb S polymerization. Accordingly we compared the solubility of equal mixtures of HbA + HbS, HbA NEM + HbS and HbA + HbS NEM. Upon deoxygenation these mixtures contain about 50% a stable and asymmetrical hybrid alpha 2A beta A beta S, alpha 2A beta A,NEM beta S or alpha 2A beta A beta S,NEM respectively and 25% parental molecules as confirmed by ion exchange HPLC performed in anaerobic conditions. Within the hybrid molecule, beta A or beta A,NEM chain has to be present in the alpha beta dimer located in trans to the dimer which contains the only beta 6 valine residue participating in intermolecular contacts (dimer in cis), while beta S or beta S,NEM must be in cis position in the hybrid molecule. The solubility of mixtures increases 4% for HbA NEM + HbS and 20% for HbA + HbS NEM mixtures compared to HbA + HbS mixture, indicating that the inhibitory effect of N-ethylmaleimide is more effective in cis than in trans position. The absence of a major role played by N ethylmaleimide located in trans was supported by the solubility study of a mixture of HbS + Hb Creteil beta 89 Ser----Asn. The beta 89 residue in trans next to the cysteine beta 93 modified the T structure similarly to N-ethylmaleimide, and did not affect intermolecular contacts. Crystallographic studies of molecular contacts within deoxyHbS crystals suggest that the cis inhibitory effect of N ethylmaleimide can be explained by direct inhibition of 'external' contacts between double strands involving the CD corner of the alpha chains. PMID- 3768381 TI - Interaction between the 35 kDa apolipoprotein of pulmonary surfactant and saturated phosphatidylcholines. Effects of temperature. AB - We studied the interaction between the 35 kDa apolipoprotein of canine pulmonary surfactant (SP 35) and five saturated phosphatidylcholines: distearoyl (DSPC), diheptadecanoyl (DHPC), dipalmitoyl (DPPC), dimyristoyl (DMPC), and dilauroyl (DLPC); and two monoenoic unsaturated phosphatidylcholines: dioleoyl (DOPC) and dielaidyl (DEPC), using temperatures at which all of the phospholipids except DOPC were in both the gel and liquid-crystalline states. The experiments were carried out in a buffer without Ca2+. The amount of apolipoprotein which was bound by both small unilamellar and multilayered vesicles of these lipids decreased as the temperature was increased. Moreover, near the temperatures of the phase transitions of all lipids except DLPC, there was an abrupt and marked reduction in binding of protein, in that over a 3-4 degree change in temperature there was an abrupt decrease in bound apolipoprotein. A similar change in binding occurred using DLPC, although the relatively large changes in bound protein occurred at about 10 and 20 degrees C, temperatures which are above the phase transition temperature of this lipid. Experiments using DOPC were limited to temperatures above the phase transition, and apolipoprotein binding was low. Experiments monitoring the intrinsic fluorescence of the protein, and the fluorescence of bis-1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonic acid bound to the protein, revealed a possible conformational change at about 40 degrees C. Measurement of intrinsic fluorescence provided the same result whether or not the protein was associated with lipid. DSC of the apolipoprotein indicated that this change was not associated with a measurable thermogenic process. We found that the interaction with DPPC was reversible at 42 degrees C, and we measured the thermodynamic parameters of the interaction at this temperature. These were: delta G0 = -8.0 kcal/mol apolipoprotein; delta H0 = -88 kcal/mol; delta S0 = -254 cal/Cdeg per mol. We conclude that the interaction between SP 35 and saturated phosphatidylcholines is temperature sensitive, and this probably reflects differences in the ability of gel and liquid-crystalline phospholipids to bind this protein. Both the delta H0 and delta S0 of the interaction are negative, and may reflect an immobilization of phospholipid around the apolipoprotein to form a boundary layer. This hypothesis is consistent with the findings obtained by DSC, in which the enthalpy of the phase transition of DMPC in lipid-apolipoprotein recombinants was found to be about 60% of that expected for a pure and unperturbed multilamellar dispersion. PMID- 3768382 TI - Cholesterol-phospholipid vesicles in human bile: an ultrastructural study. AB - Phospholipid vesicles, a newly described (bile salt independent) mode of cholesterol transport in human bile, were previously characterized by quasi elastic light scattering and gel filtration. In the present study the ultrastructure of these vesicles was investigated by electron microscopy using freeze-fracture and negative-staining techniques. Vesicles of varying size were found in all 14 hepatic and 3 gallbladder biles examined. The diameter of the vesicles ranged from 25 to 75 nm by electron microscopy after freeze fracture and from 54 to 94 nm by quasi-elastic light scattering. They had a spherical shape and appeared to be unilamellar. The appearance of the vesicles in fresh hepatic and gallbladder biles as well as in chromatographic fractions was similar. Vesicles were dissolved by the addition of exogenous bile salts. Cholesterol is transported in human bile by both vesicles and micelles. The role of the vesicles may be particularly important in preventing cholesterol precipitation in dilute and supersaturated biles. PMID- 3768383 TI - Changes of plasma lipids and long-chain n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in plasma, liver, heart and kidney phospholipids of rats fed variable levels of fish oil with or without cholesterol supplementation. AB - Diets supplemented with 10% by weight of oil, either wholly safflower oil or proportinally (25, 50, 75 or 100%) replaced by fish oil, were given to 60 rats which had previously been deprived of dietary fat for 6 weeks. Half the animals on each dietary regimen were also given 1% of cholesterol. After 4 weeks of feeding, the plasma lipid contents and the phospholipid fatty acid compositions of plasma, liver, heart and kidney were determined. In general, the concentrations of plasma lipids were significantly reduced in animals fed a diet containing 5% or more of fish oil in comparison with those fed only safflower oil. Cholesterol feeding increased the levels of plasma cholesterol, whereas it lowered those of plasma triacylglycerols and phospholipids. The levels of 20:4(n 6) in all four tissues were sharply reduced, whereas those of 18:2(n - 6) increased when 25% of dietary safflower oil was replaced by fish oil. Both 18:2(n - 6) and 20:4(n - 6) were decreased as the contents of dietary fish oil were further increased. The levels of long-chain n-3 fatty acids, e.g., 20:5(n - 3), 22:5(n - 3) and 22:6(n - 3) were increased as the intake of fish oil increased. The incorporation of 22:6(n - 3) was greater in plasma, liver and heart phospholipids, whereas that of 20:5(n - 3) was greater in kidney phospholipids. Cholesterol feeding also increased the levels of 18:2(n - 6) and 20:5(n - 3), whereas it decreased the levels of 20:4(n - 6) and 22:6(n - 3) in plasma and liver. However, these changes were not observed in heart and kidney. PMID- 3768384 TI - Disproportional changes in the rates of biliary bile acid, phospholipid and cholesterol secretion in the SHR/N-corpulent rat. AB - Lean and obese male rats of the SHR/N-cp strain were fed a plain chow diet ad libitum and studied at 11-13 weeks of age. Compared to their lean littermates the obese animals manifested 2-4-fold higher plasma levels of cholesterol, triacylglycerol and glucose. In the obese rats, the mass of the liver was increased more than 70% and there was a significant increase in the total hepatic content of free cholesterol (42%), cholesteryl ester (2.9-fold) and triacylglycerol (7.4-fold). Despite the difference in liver mass, the rate of bile secretion was the same in the lean and obese groups. Bile acid pool size was 2.5-fold greater in the obese rats and this was reflected in an enhanced rate of biliary bile acid secretion. In contrast, there was little or no increase in biliary cholesterol and phospholipid secretion, so the relative content (molar percentage) of these lipids decreased significantly in the obese animals. In both the lean and obese groups, biliary cholesterol and phospholipid output could be enhanced by the intravenous administration of taurocholate, but the proportion of both lipids in the bile of the obese rats remained significantly lower than in their lean controls. Thus the difference in biliary lipid composition between the two groups is not due to a limited availability of cholesterol and phospholipid for transport into bile, but more likely reflects a difference in the reaction whereby the secretion of cholesterol and phospholipid is coupled to the transport of bile acids across the canalicular membrane. PMID- 3768385 TI - The effect of orally administered secondary autoxidation products of linoleic acid on the activity of detoxifying enzymes in the rat liver. AB - Radioactive secondary autoxidation products of linoleic acid were administered orally to rats and the incorporation of radioactive substances into lipids was investigated in the liver. The radioactive substances were significantly incorporated into hepatic mitochondrial and microsomal lipids 12 h after the administration. 80% of the radioactivity in mitochondria was detected in neutral lipids. The radioactivity in microsomal neutral lipids significantly decreased and the activity in phospholipids increased 12 h after the administration. On the other hand, contents of lipid peroxide and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in liver were significantly increased by 40% at 15 h after the administration of the secondary autoxidation products. Activity of marker enzymes used for an indication of the hepatic injury was also elevated. Glutathione peroxidase activity increased 3-fold and catalase activity increased 1.5-fold. Activity of mitochondrial NAD-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase, however, was decreased by 50%. It seems likely that the secondary autoxidation products orally administered are detoxified in the hepatic mitochondria, metabolized to neutral lipids, and further metabolized to phospholipids in microsomes, while as the incorporated secondary autoxidation products induces hepatic injury by lipid peroxidation. PMID- 3768386 TI - Effects of dietary cholesterol on adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase in the baboon. AB - The effects of infant diet (breast milk or formula containing 2, 30 or 60 mg/dl cholesterol) and subsequent dietary cholesterol (0.02, 1.0 or 1.7 mg/kcal) and fat (saturated or unsaturated) on heparin-releasable lipolytic activity from omental adipose tissue was estimated from 99 baboons of 5-8 years of age. This lipase activity was characterized as lipoprotein lipase based on salt inhibition and apolipoprotein C-II activation. Lipoprotein lipase activity released from adipose tissue by heparin was significantly (P less than 0.002) lower in high cholesterol-fed baboons than in those fed low cholesterol. Most of this difference was due to impaired long-term heparin release of lipoprotein lipase. Adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase increased with increasing fat cell size regardless of diet, but there was no effect of diet on adipocyte size. There were no significant effects of infant cholesterol intake nor adult saturated or unsaturated fat on lipoprotein lipase activity. Adult baboons breast fed as infants had lower adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity (P less than 0.07) than adults fed formula as infants. PMID- 3768387 TI - Composition and fatty acid content of rat ventral prostate phospholipids. AB - The major phospholipids of rat ventral prostate have been separated and examined using thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The main phospholipid classes were choline and ethanolamine glycerophospholipids, accounting for 77.9% of total lipid phosphorus. The prostate also contained small amounts of serine glycerophospholipids and sphingomyelin. The relative proportions of fatty acids in the different phospholipid classes were also determined. Arachidonic acid in prostatic phospholipids is contributed primarily by ethanolamine glycerophospholipids. This fraction contained 65-69 mol% plasmalogens, whereas choline and serine glycerophospholipid fractions contained less than 5 mol% plasmalogens. Ethanolamine, choline and serine plasmalogens contained mainly vinyl ethers of palmitic and stearic aldehydes. Ethanolamine plasmalogens also contained the vinyl ether of oleic aldehyde. PMID- 3768388 TI - Gender-related effects of chronic ethanol ingestion on rat hepatic acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase. AB - The influence of chronic ethanol ingestion on hepatic acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase activity was investigated to determine the relationship between alcohol intake and cholesterol ester accumulation. Rats were given nutritionally complete liquid diets supplemented with 6.3% ethanol or an isocaloric equivalent of dextrin-maltose for 5 weeks. During this period, the hepatic acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase activity of ethanol-fed male rats remained constant, whereas the same activity in pair-fed controls as well as chow-fed rats exhibited a 30% decrease in activity. Unlike alcohol-fed male rats, the hepatic acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase activity of female rats decreased by approximately 30% by the fifth week of ethanol ingestion. Despite the fact that the gender of the animals led to disparate levels of acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase activity in response to ethanol ingestion, similar levels of cholesteryl ester accumulation were observed. The altered levels of acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase activity caused no significant change in the cholesterol concentration, cholesterol/phospholipid ratio, phospholipid fatty acid composition, or the membrane fluidity of the hepatic microsomes. We conclude that the altered hepatic acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase activity of ethanol-fed female rats cannot be directly responsible for ethanol-induced accumulation of cholesteryl esters. PMID- 3768389 TI - Selective changes in gangliosides of human milk during lactation: a molecular indicator for the period of lactation. AB - Gangliosides of human milk from women at various periods of lactation were analyzed. GD3 in colostrum, particularly in the early period of lactation, was the major ganglioside, and the molar ratio of GM3 to GD3 was 0.2-0.3 in the milk at 2-6 days postpartum. In contrast, milk from women at 60-390 days postpartum contained GM3 as the major ganglioside and the molar ratio of GM3 to GD3 was more than 3. Milk at 8-40 days postpartum represented an intermediate stage in terms of the ratio of GM3 to GD3. The selective change in the molar ratio of gangliosides was observed as a phenomenon common to all human milk from different individuals at different periods of lactation, indicating that the periods of lactation can be defined on the basis of the ratio. Since glycolipids in human milk are preferentially localized in the milk fat globule membrane, which is derived from the plasma membrane of epithelial cells in the mammary gland, the changes in the ganglioside composition reported in this communication may reflect a qualitative change of the cells in the mammary gland. PMID- 3768390 TI - Metabolism and function of platelet-activating factor in fetal rabbit lung development. AB - Previously, platelet-activating factor (PAF, PAF-acether, 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn glycero-3-phosphocholine) had been identified in association with a lamellar-body enriched fraction of human amniotic fluid obtained from women in labor. In consideration of the fact that fetal lung is the source of lamellar bodies, we have investigated the capacity of the developing lung to synthesize PAF. The specific activity of the PAF biosynthetic enzyme, 1-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3 phosphocholine: acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, increased from 116 pmol/min per mg protein in day 21 fetal rabbit lung to 332 pmol/min per mg protein by day 31. Although this enzymatic activity in fetal kidney also increased, it never reached the level found in lung. In contrast, the actyltransferase activity decreased by 80% in fetal liver between days 21 and 31. The acetyltransferase activity in lung was primarily localized in the microsomal fraction (105 000 X g pellet); however a significant proportion of the activity was found in the 18 000 X g pellet. The specific activity of acetyltransferase in adult alveolar type II rat pneumonocytes was significantly higher than that of adult rat lung or rat alveolar macrophages, suggesting that type II cells make a significant contribution to the actyltransferase activity of lung tissue. PAF acetylhydrolase remained relatively constant throughout the gestation in all tissues. The concentration of PAF in the fetal lung increased by 3-fold from 12 to 35 fmol/mg protein, between day 21 and day 31 of development. The concentrations of the PAF precursors, 2-lyso-PAF (1-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) and the 2 acyl derivative, were several orders of magnitude higher than the PAF concentration. The pulmonary glycogen content decreased from 163 at day 21 to 35 micrograms/mg protein at day 31 of gestation. We suggest that the increase in PAF concentration may participate in the regulation of glycogen breakdown in fetal lung as it does in perfused rat liver (Shukla, S.D., Buxton, D.B., Olson, M.S. and Hanahan, D.J. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 10212-10214). The formation of PAF in the developing lung and its secretion, in association with lamellar bodies, into amniotic fluid is discussed in relation to parturition. PMID- 3768391 TI - Inverse relationship of ethane or n-pentane and malondialdehyde formed during lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes with different oxygen concentrations. AB - When we incubated rat liver microsomes with ferrous ions and an NADPH regenerating system, ethane and n-pentane formation increased correspondingly with decreasing concentrations of oxygen in the atmosphere above the incubation, whereas malondialdehyde increased with increasing oxygen concentrations up to a plateau. At very low oxygen concentrations - 100% helium as atmosphere, but presumably traces of oxygen were present in the microsomes - ethane and n-pentane formation were maximal and dependent on the concentrations of ferrous ions, in the case of ethane, a peak being reached at about 20 microM Fe2+, whereas n pentane continuously increased with increasing concentrations of Fe2+. It is suggested that the inverse relationship of ethane or n-pentane and malondialdehyde is due to two different reaction sequences of microsomal lipid peroxidation with different oxygen sensitivities. PMID- 3768392 TI - Apolipoproteins B, C-III and E in two major subpopulations of low-density lipoproteins. AB - To determine the concentration and distribution of apolipoproteins C-III and E in low density lipoproteins (LDL) of d 1.025-1.043 g/ml, fresh human plasma was fractionated by single-spin density gradient ultracentrifugation into five layers. Two major subpopulations including layer 2 (d 1.025-1.029 g/ml) and layer 3 (d 1.032-1.043 g/ml) were isolated and characterized by determination of flotation coefficient, neutral lipids and apolipoproteins B, C-III and E. The apolipoprotein B/C-III/E ratio of layer 2 was 100/(3.3 +/- 2.0)/(5.1 +/- 2.9) (wt/wt) and that of layer 3 was 100/(0.61 +/- 0.32)/(0.58 +/- 0.29) (wt/wt). These weight ratios corresponded to molar ratios of 1.0/(1.90 +/- 1.16)/(0.74 +/- 0.42) and 1.0/(0.34 +/- 0.18)/(0.08 +/- 0.04), respectively. Layer 2 contained 6 23% of the total plasma apolipoprotein B or 7-27% of total LDL2 (d 1.019-1.063 g/ml) apolipoprotein B. Layer 3 contained 41-65% of plasma apolipoprotein B or 62 86% of LDL2 apolipoprotein B. About 5-17% of apolipoprotein C-III and 8-30% of apolipoprotein E in plasma are distributed in layers 2 and 3 with the majority present in layer 2. These results show an evident apolipoprotein heterogeneity of LDL2 isolated from normolipidemic subjects. Moreover, they show that the relatively small amounts of apolipoprotein C-III and apolipoprotein E in lower density segments of LDL2 take on a greater significance when presented in molar rather than weight concentrations. The existence of different ratios of apolipoprotein C-III/apolipoprotein E in layer 2 and layer 3 suggest the presence in LDL2 of varying amounts of several discrete apolipoprotein B- and/or apolipoprotein C-III- and apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein particles. PMID- 3768393 TI - Metabolic changes in lipids of rat plasma and hepatocytes induced by 17 alpha ethynylestradiol treatment. AB - Cultured hepatocytes isolated from livers of 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol-treated rats were used to investigate the change of lipid metabolism induced by administration of 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol. Treatment with 17 alpha ethynylestradiol caused a decrease of rat plasma lipids (free cholesterol, cholesterol ester, triacylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine). No difference in the ability of urea nitrogen synthesis could be demonstrated between cultured hepatocytes isolated from livers of 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol-treated rats and propylene glycol-treated rats (control). Total cholesterol and cholesterol ester contents of cultured hepatocytes isolated from livers of 17 alpha ethynylestradiol-treated rats were increased in comparison with those of the control. Triacylglycerol content of cultured hepatocytes was not affected by 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol treatment. There was no difference in the composition of lipid content between liver tissues and cultured hepatocytes. These results suggest that hepatocytes isolated from livers maintain the character of livers treated with 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol or livers treated with propylene glycol. Free cholesterol and cholesterol ester synthesis from [14C]acetic acid by cultured hepatocytes isolated from livers of 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol-treated rats were decreased to about 30% of the control. Triacylglycerol and polar lipid (phospholipid) synthesis from [14C]acetic acid were not affected by 17 alpha ethynylestradiol treatment. Microsomal hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity of rat liver treated with 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol was decreased to about 50% of control. The secretions of free cholesterol, cholesterol ester, triacylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, apolipoprotein BL and BS by cultured hepatocytes isolated from livers of 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol treated rats were not decreased when compared with the control. Because lipid and apolipoprotein secretions from cultured hepatocytes treated with 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol were not decreased and cholesterol contents of liver tissues and cultured hepatocytes treated with 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol were increased and hepatic microsomal hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity was decreased by 17 alpha ethynylestradiol treatment, it is suggested that the liver plays an important role in hypolipidemia induced by 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol by increasing the plasma lipid uptake mediated by an increased amount of lipoprotein receptors of liver membranes. PMID- 3768394 TI - Endogenous suppression of neutral-active and calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. AB - Phospholipase A2 activity was measured in homogenized and acid-extracted human polymorphonuclear leukocytes using [1-14C]oleate-labelled autoclaved Escherichia coli as substrate. In whole homogenate and in the supernatant and particular fractions separated by centrifugation at 150,000 X g, phospholipase activity was barely detectable (1-4 pmol/h per 10(6) cell equivalents). By contrast, acid extracts of these fractions contained over 10-times as much phospholipase activity in the dialyzed supernatants (20-300 pmol/h per 10(6) cell equivalents), whereas phospholipase inhibitor(s) were found in the sediment. The acid solubilized phospholipase A2 activity was absolutely Ca2+-dependent and optimal at pH 7.0-7.5 with 1.0 mM added Ca2+. Addition of the resuspended sediment of the acid extract dose-dependently suppressed phospholipase activity in the supernatant; less than equivalent amounts were sufficient to inhibit 95%. Suppressor activity was lipid-extractable. After thin layer chromatography of lipid extracts, the bulk of inhibitory activity was recovered from the free fatty acid region. Analysis of the fatty acids by gas liquid chromatography showed that 63% were unsaturated. All unsaturated fatty acids tested were potent inhibitors of phospholipase A2 activity (IC50 3-10 microM). Oleoyl-CoA, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids and leukotriene D4 were also inhibitory, while methyl oleate, saturated fatty acids and the prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha had no effect. These in vitro data indicate that neutral-active and calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes is largely suppressed by endogenous inhibitors and suggest that unsaturated fatty acids and some of their metabolites may partly account for this suppressor activity. PMID- 3768395 TI - Liposomes and tear fluid. I. Release of vesicle-entrapped carboxyfluorescein. AB - The successful application of liposomes as a topical ophthalmic drug delivery device requires knowledge of vesicle stability in the presence of tear fluid. The release of 5-carboxyfluorescein from large unilamellar liposomes in the presence of rabbit tear fluid was studied in vitro as a function of bilayer cholesterol content. Reverse evaporation vesicles were prepared from egg phosphatidylcholine, stearylamine and varying amounts of cholesterol. Both the rate and the extent of fluorescent dye release were significantly increased in the presence of rabbit tear fluid at all cholesterol levels. However, by incorporating increasing amounts of cholesterol in the vesicle bilayers, tear-induced leakage was reduced. The release kinetics reported in this study are similar to those observed in the presence of human serum. While serum-induced leakage is attributed to high density lipoprotein-mediated destabilization, reported differences in tear protein composition suggest some other, as yet unidentified, factor. PMID- 3768397 TI - Disappearance and effects of exogenous lipid transfer activity in rats. AB - These studies were performed to determine the role of plasma lipid transfer activity in the regulation of plasma total and lipoprotein cholesterol in vivo. Partially purified human lipid transfer activity was injected into rats at a level similar to that of normal rabbit plasma, d greater than 1.21. The disappearance of exogenous lipid transfer activity from rat plasma was biphasic, with a 70% loss within 6 h. The remaining 30% was lost with a half-time of about 14 h. In the rat, short-term exposure (6 h) to high levels of lipid transfer activity resulted in a net transfer of cholesteryl esters from high density to d less than 1.019 lipoproteins, without affecting plasma total cholesterol. However, the lipid transfer activity-induced changes in lipoprotein cholesterol were not evident after 24 h, despite the fact that the lipid transfer activity of rat plasma d greater than 1.21 was similar to that of human plasma d greater than 1.21 during the preceding 18 h. PMID- 3768396 TI - Characterization of an endogenous inhibitor of lung 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase. AB - An endogenous inhibitor of the NAD+-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase was isolated from the 105,000 X g supernatant fraction of lungs of pregnant rabbits following DEAE chromatography. The material was heat stable and was resistant to pronase treatment. The inhibitor contained a mixture of saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol with palmitate and oleate representing the major fatty acids in the inhibitory factor. The factor inhibited prostaglandin dehydrogenase activity but had only minor effects on the activity of NAD+-dependent alcohol and lactate dehydrogenases or the NADP+ dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. In an attempt to develop a greater understanding of the inhibitory action of fatty acids on prostaglandin dehydrogenase activity, a variety of standard fatty acids were examined for their ability to decrease enzymic activity. Oleate and palmitate inhibited enzymic activity by 70% at 10 microM, whereas arachidonate and myristate were only 30% inhibitory at this concentration. A comparison among the 18-carbon-containing fatty acids demonstrated that oleate was more potent than linoleate and linolenate in inhibiting prostaglandin dehydrogenase activity. The coenzyme A derivatives of oleate, linoleate and linolenate were less inhibitory than the free fatty acids. PMID- 3768398 TI - Evidence for heterogeneity of low-density lipoprotein metabolism in the cynomolgus monkey. AB - Preliminary studies were performed to establish whether there was kinetic heterogeneity in the metabolism of subclasses of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) in the cynomolgus monkey. Previous studies of the effects of inhibition of hepatic triglyceride lipase in this species had shown an increase in the mass of lighter LDL (Sf greater than 9) and a decrease in the mass of denser LDL. LDL (1.019 less than d less than 1.063) were subdivided into two subfractions LDL1 (1.019 less than d less than 1.035) and LDL2 (1.035 less than d less than 1.063) by ultracentrifugation. The lipoproteins in these two fractions could be shown to have different flotation by analytic and isopycnic ultracentrifugation. When tracer amounts of homologous 125I-labeled very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) were injected into chow-fed cynomolgus monkeys, apoB radioactivity appeared in LDL1 prior to its appearance in LDL2. [125I]LDL1 injected into the monkey was removed from the LDL1 density subclass with a half-life of 5.5-10.3 h. Much of the radioactivity injected as LDL1 was converted to denser LDL (LDL2). Labeled LDL2 injected into the monkey was not converted to LDL1. Thus, at least two kinetically distinct subpopulations of LDL circulate in the plasma of this species. The lighter LDL is to a large extent a metabolic precursor of the more dense LDL (LDL2). PMID- 3768399 TI - Bile acid structure and bile formation in the guinea pig. AB - The effects of intravenous infusions (1-4 mumol/min/kg) of 14 bile acids, cholic, deoxycholic, ursodeoxycholic, chenodeoxycholic, dehydrocholic, and their glycine and taurine conjugates, on bile flow and composition and on the biliary permeation of inert carbohydrates have been studied in the guinea pig bile fistula. Hydroxy bile acids were eliminated in bile without major transformation, except for conjugation (over 90%) when unconjugated bile acids were infused. During infusion of dehydrocholate and taurodehydrocholate, 77-100% of the administered dose was recovered in bile as 3-hydroxy bile acids, thus indicating that reduction of the keto group in position 3 was virtually complete. All bile acids produced choleresis at the doses employed: the strongest choleretic was deoxycholate (81.78 microliters/mumol), the weakest was taurodehydrocholate (10.2 microliters/mumol). Choleretic activity was directly and linearly related to bile acid hydrophobicity, as inferred by HPLC, both for similarly conjugated bile acids, and for bile acids having the same number, position, or configuration of the hydroxyl groups. In all instances, the rank ordering was: deoxycholate greater than chenodeoxycholate greater than cholate greater than ursodeoxycholate. During choleresis produced by any of the bile acids tested, bicarbonate concentration in bile slightly declined, but the calculated concentration in bile-acid-stimulated bile (45-57 mmol/l) was always higher than that measured in plasma (23-26 mmol/l). Biliary concentrations of cholesterol (20 68 mumol/l) and phospholipid (14-63 mumol/l) were very low during spontaneous secretion, and declined even further following bile acid choleresis. None of the infused bile acids consistently modified biliary excretion of cholesterol and phospholipid. Consistent with a previous observation from this laboratory, all hydroxy bile acids reversibly diminished [14C]erythritol and [14C]mannitol biliary entry during choleresis, while they increased or failed to modify that of [3H]sucrose and [3H]inulin. The rank ordering for the inhibitory effect on [14C]erythritol and [14C]mannitol permeation was: 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha trihydroxy greater than 3 alpha,7 alpha-dihydroxy greater than 3 alpha,7 beta dihydroxy greater than 3 alpha,12 alpha-dihydroxy bile acids.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3768400 TI - The effect of high-fat diets on microsomal lauric acid hydroxylation in rat liver. AB - A diet with 20% (w/w) fish oil or partially hydrogenated fish oil has been shown to stimulate omega-oxidation of lauric acid 2.5-fold with rat liver microsomal preparations after 1 week of feeding. A diet containing either 20% (w/w) soybean oil, partially hydrogenated soybean oil or rapeseed oil had no effect. The omega oxidation was also stimulated by fasting (3.7-fold) and by clofibrate (13-fold). The stimulation of omega-oxidation with partially hydrogenated fish oil was at its highest level after 3 days of feeding, and was dose dependent in the dietary oil of range 5-25% (w/w). With various high-fat diets, a high correlation was found (r = 0.81) between peroxisomal beta-oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA and microsomal omega-oxidation of lauric acid. PMID- 3768401 TI - Synthesis and hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters by isolated rat-liver lysosomes and cell-free extracts of human lung fibroblasts. AB - The objective of this study was to examine and characterize the cholesteryl ester synthesizing [S] and hydrolyzing [H] properties of the acid cholesteryl ester hydrolase (acid cholesteryl ester hydrolase), both in isolated rat liver lysosomes and in cell-free extracts from cultured fibroblasts. For both liver lysosomes and fibroblasts extracts, the major synthesizing activity was found around pH 4 and did not require exogenous ATP. The rate of hydrolysis was measured at pH 4.5. Several different inhibitors were used in order to characterize the reactions. Ammonium chloride did not markedly affect the activity of acid cholesteryl ester hydrolase at pH 4 [S] or 4.5 [H], whereas chloroquine was a potent inhibitor of acid CEase in both liver lysosomes and fibroblast extracts. The [S] activity of the acid cholesteryl ester hydrolase in either material was not affected by the acylCoA:cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor Compound 58-035 from Sandoz. Progesterone, on the other hand, which is an often used acylCoA:cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor, markedly blocked both activities of the acid CEase. Our results indicate that the lysosomal compartment of both studied tissues, in addition to hydrolysis activity, also have a significant esterification activity. It appears that both activities are carried out by the same enzyme. PMID- 3768402 TI - Binding of lysophosphatidylcholine to the rat liver fatty acid binding protein. AB - In this study, lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) was shown to bind to a fatty acid binding protein isolated from rat liver. To demonstrate the binding, lysoPC was incorporated into multilamellar liposomes and incubated with protein. For comparison, binding of both lysoPC and fatty acid to liver fatty acid binding protein, albumin, and heart fatty acid binding protein were measured. At conditions where palmitic acid bound to liver fatty acid binding protein and albumin at ligand to protein molar ratios of 2:1 and 5:1, respectively, lysoPC binding occurred at molar ratios of 0.4:1 and 1:1. LysoPC did not bind to heart fatty acid binding protein under conditions where fatty acid bound at a molar ratio of 2:1. Competition experiments between lysoPC and fatty acid to liver fatty acid binding protein indicated separate binding sites for each ligand. An equilibrium dialysis cell was used to demonstrate that liver fatty acid binding protein was capable of transporting lysoPC from liposomes to rat liver microsomes, thereby facilitating its metabolism. These studies suggest that liver fatty acid binding protein may be involved in the intracellular metabolism of lysoPC as well as fatty acids, and that functional differences may exist between rat liver and heart fatty acid binding protein. PMID- 3768403 TI - Binding and degradation of 125I-glucagon by highly purified rat liver plasma membranes. AB - 125I-glucagon binding and degradation were studied in highly purified plasma membranes from rat livers. Specific 125I-glucagon binding increased rapidly with time at 30 degrees C and reached a maximum between 30 and 120 min. At 120 min the labelled material present in the supernatants from incubation mixtures had extensively lost its ability to rebind to fresh membranes whatever the glucagon concentration. This impairment was not due to the release of a degradative activity into the incubation mixture, suggesting a membrane-mediated process. The presence of proteinase inhibitors (bacitracin/aprotinin) resulted both in an increase in specific 125I-glucagon binding to membranes and an improvement in the ability of the labelled material from the supernatant to rebind to fresh membranes. When analysed by Bio-Gel P-10 chromatography the loss in the ability of the labelled material in the supernatants to rebind to fresh membranes correlated with a decrease in the labelled material which eluted as 125I-glucagon from the column. Chromatographic analysis overestimated 125I-glucagon when compared to the radioreceptor assay. The labelled material extracted from membranes by Triton X-100 solubilization or dissociated from membranes after exposure to an excess of unlabelled glucagon mainly eluted as 125I-glucagon. However, a significant amount (20-30%) of the labelled material eluted in the low molecular weight region. PMID- 3768404 TI - Action of surfactants on porcine heart malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes and a simple method for the differential assay of these isoenzymes. AB - The cationic surfactant, cetyl (hexadecyl) trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), completely inactivates porcine heart cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase (L malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.37) at concentrations (of surfactant) which do not affect the activity of the mitochondrial isoenzyme. These concentrations are close to, or higher than, the critical micelle concentration of CTAB. An increase in the ionic strength of the medium significantly retards the CTAB induced inactivation of the cytoplasmic enzyme. The enzyme is also markedly protected against CTAB inactivation by NADH; L-malate on its own has no effect but a combination of NADH and L-malate affords greater protection than NADH alone. The CTAB inactivation is not reversed by dilution of the surfactant. The highly selective action of CTAB on the two malate dehydrogenases, which correlates well with their electrostatic charges, has been exploited for a simple and reliable differential assay of these isoenzymes. The anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), at concentrations well below the critical micelle concentration, inactivates both isoenzymes, but the mitochondrial enzyme is significantly more sensitive than its cytoplasmic counterpart. There is thus some correlation, though not as strong as with CTAB, between SDS inactivation and the charges of the two malate dehydrogenases. An increase in ionic strength has opposite effects on the two isoenzymes: the mitochondrial enzyme becomes more resistant and the cytoplasmic enzyme less so. Both isoenzymes are rendered more resistant to SDS by the inclusion of NADH. Inactivation of the enzymes caused by short exposure to SDS is largely reversed by dilution of the detergent, but longer exposure leads to progressive irreversible loss of activity. NADH very effectively protects the isoenzymes against irreversible inactivation. It is likely that a reversible phase of inactivation precedes an irreversible phase and that in the former phase SDS acts competitively with NADH. Both malate dehydrogenases possess considerable resistance to the nonionic detergent, Triton X-100. PMID- 3768405 TI - Demonstration of a NADPH-linked delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate-proline shuttle in a cell-free rat liver system. AB - These studies indicate that the interconversions of delta 1-pyrroline-5 carboxylate and proline can function as a shuttle that generates extra mitochondrial NADP+ and transfers hydride ions into mitochondria in a cell-free rat liver system. A phosphate-free buffer with high concentrations of triethanolamine and 2-mercaptoethanol prevented the cold inactivation of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (EC 1.5.1.2) in liver extracts. This enzyme had an apparent KmNADPH that was 2% of the apparent KmNADH X VmaxNADPH was approx. 50% of VmaxNADH. Unlabeled proline was converted to [5-3H]proline in incubations containing liver soluble fraction, mitochondria and a [4S-3H]NADPH generating system. This demonstrated one turn of the proposed shuttle in a homologous liver system. [5-3H]Proline production increased linearly over 60 min and decreased by 87% or more when specific components were eliminated. Rotenone was required for maximal activity, suggesting that inhibition of delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate efflux would be required for significant shuttle activity in vivo. Both the relative concentrations of NADPH and NADH in liver cytosol and the kinetic characteristics of liver pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase predict that the described shuttle should be overwhelmingly linked to NADPH rather than NADH. A NADPH-linked delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate-proline shuttle may occur in hepatocytes and function at specific times to regulate pathways limited by cytosolic [NADP+]. PMID- 3768406 TI - The antioxidant efficiency of vitamin C is concentration-dependent. AB - The inhibition of autoxidation of plasma lipids by vitamin C (ascorbic acid) has been studied. The ascorbate stoichiometric factor, n, i.e., the number of peroxyl radicals trapped by each ascorbate molecule, decreases as the concentration of ascorbate increases. This is attributed to the fact that ascorbate not only acts as a radical-trapping antioxidant, but can also undergo autoxidation. The data indicate that n----2.0 as [ascorbate]----0 and that n----0 as [ascorbate]--- infinity. This concentration-dependent behaviour accounts for the wide variation of n values reported in the literature. It is suggested that this autoxidative destruction of ascorbate may play a role regulating its concentration in blood plasma. PMID- 3768407 TI - Purification and characterization of nuclear basic proteins of human sperm. AB - Highly purified nuclei were obtained from human sperm without protein loss through the use of CHAPS (3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1 propanesulfonate), a newly available detergent. The basic protein complement of these nuclei is highly heterogeneous and comprises histones (some of which are testis-specific), protamines and proteins of intermediate basicity and molecular size. The protamines belong to two different classes of protein. Microheterogeneity observed in some of these protamines originates from slight variations in their amino acid composition as well as from post-synthetic modifications. Two of these protamines previously considered as two different proteins are in fact the same protein with different degrees of phosphorylation. All these protamines and intermediate basic proteins are characterized by high amounts of arginine and cysteine. Three of the protamines and all five intermediate basic proteins are also histidine-rich. PMID- 3768408 TI - Inactivation of acetylcholinesterase with a bretylium tosylate photoaffinity probe. AB - Azidobretylium tosylate (ABT), the p-azido analogue of bretylium tosylate, has been synthesized to serve as a photoaffinity probe for bretylium binding sites. Bretylium tosylate has antiarrhythmic action and also interacts with amiloride sensitive sodium ion transport sites. Acetylcholinesterase was used as a model protein, and both bretylium and ABT are reversible inhibitors of this enzyme. The kinetic inhibition constants (Ki) were determined to be 40 microM for bretylium tosylate and 6 microM for ABT. The azido compound is photochemically labile and apparently irreversibly inactivates the enzyme. The rate was retarded by the addition of bretylium tosylate or 4-oxo-N,N,N-trimethylpentanaminium iodide (OTI). Sephadex G-25 chromatography further demonstrated the irreversible nature of the photoinactivation. Since ABT binds at or near the acetylcholinesterase active site, it may be a useful probe for the characterization of the enzyme active site. PMID- 3768409 TI - Prothrombinase activity of human platelets is inhibited by beta 2-glycoprotein-I. AB - In the present paper the influence of beta 2-glycoprotein-I, also known as apolipoprotein H, upon the prothrombinase activity of platelets and phospholipid vesicles was investigated. The results can be summarized as follows. 1. The prothrombinase activity of resting, non-activated platelets, lysed platelets and vesicles composed of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylcholine at different molar ratios is inhibited by beta 2-glycoprotein-I in a dose-dependent manner. The concentration of glycoprotein which produces marked inhibition is within the physiological plasma concentration range of beta 2-glycoprotein-I. 2. The time dependence of this inhibition is a relatively slow process, which is not fully expressed before 1 h of incubation. 3. The effect of the glycoprotein is not due to a direct interaction with the components of the prothrombinase complex, i.e. factors Xa, Va, Ca2+ or prothrombin, nor is the inhibitory action abolished by increasing concentrations of coagulation factors Xa and Va. This suggests that beta 2-glycoprotein-I causes a reduction of the prothrombinase binding sites of these coagulation factors to platelets or phospholipid vesicles. 4. The prothrombinase activity of platelets stimulated with ionophore A23187 or with collagen plus thrombin is also inhibited by beta 2-glycoprotein-I in a manner similar to that observed for phospholipid vesicles or for lysed platelets. These findings suggest a regulatory role for beta 2-glycoprotein-I in the pathway of blood coagulation. PMID- 3768410 TI - Studies on the role of transferrin and endocytosis in the uptake of Fe3+ from Fe nitrilotriacetate by mouse duodenum. AB - Addition of iron-binding proteins (human serum transferrin, mouse serum transferrin, human lactoferrin) to the luminal fluid in tied-off segments of mouse intestine in vivo led to reduced 59Fe3+ absorption from 59Fe3+ nitrilotriacetate when compared to 59Fe3+-nitrilotriacetate alone. Assay of transferrin in luminal fluid from tied segments revealed only trace amounts of immunoreactivity. The levels of luminal transferrin are unaltered in chronic hypoxia where iron absorption is significantly enhanced. Studies in vitro revealed that NH4Cl, dansylcadavarine, para-chloromercuribenzoate and trinitrobenzenesulphonate have no effect on initial 59Fe3+ uptake rates from 59Fe3+-nitrilotriacetate, while N-ethylmaleimide (1 mM) caused a 40% inhibition. In vivo 59Fe3+ uptake was unaffected by preincubation of tied-off segments with colchicine (5 mM) for up to 2 h. These results suggest that receptor-mediated endocytosis of transferrin is not a significant mechanism in the uptake of luminal Fe3+ by mouse duodenum. PMID- 3768411 TI - Activation of hepatic branched-chain 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase by rat liver cytosolic supernatant. AB - Hepatic branched-chain 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase is inactivated by nutritional alterations. Reactivation occurs during preincubation of intact mitochondria in the presence of rat liver cytosolic supernatant. Cytosolic supernatant contains two factors capable of reactivating the enzyme. On gel-filtration (Sephadex G 100), one factor (AF1) elutes in the molecular range of 35,000-40,000 and the other factor (AF2) elutes slightly later than inorganic phosphate. AF2 is stable against heat denaturation and treatment with proteinases. It is destroyed by alkaline phosphatase and in the presence of Ap5A, atractyloside, CaCl2 and NaF its stimulatory effect on branched-chain 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase activity is abolished. Inhibition of activation by NaF suggests that a phosphatase might be involved in the activation process. PMID- 3768413 TI - Relationship between cell age, glutathione and cation concentrations in sheep erythrocytes with a normal and a defective transport system for amino acids. AB - Percoll density gradients were used to separate sheep erythrocytes according to cell age. Erythrocytes with low intracellular levels of glutathione (GSH) caused by an inherited deficiency of the System C amino acid transporter exhibited large age-related decreases in GSH and K+ content. In contrast, there was no age related loss of intracellular GSH in normal sheep erythrocytes or in sheep erythrocytes with low GSH resulting from a diminished activity of gamma glutamylcysteine synthetase. Loss of GSH from amino acid transport-deficient erythrocytes was paralleled by the progressive appearance of Heinz bodies in the cells, indicating an increased susceptibility to oxidative damage. PMID- 3768412 TI - Kinetic analysis of glycation as a tool for assessing the half-life of proteins. AB - Glycation of proteins, a common postribosomal modification, proceeds via Amadori rearrangement to yield a stable ketoamine linkage of glucose with the protein. Kinetic analysis of the reaction shows that the amount of glycation at steady state is proportional to the glucose concentration, to protein half-life and to the rate of glycation. Thus, when the rate of glycation is determined in vitro and the extent of glycation of a given protein isolated from euglycemic subjects is measured, the half-life may be calculated. As the in vivo situation may not be simulated accurately in vitro, the calculated values may be considered as approximation. When the calculated values were compared with values reported in the literature fairly good agreement was found except for hemoglobin. Studies on stability of glycated albumin show that ketoamine decreases by about 20% when incubated under physiological conditions for 20 days. The method described by us is especially valuable when turnover of proteins in normal and pathophysiological states are compared. The half-life of plasma low-density lipoprotein is longer in patients with hypothyroidism or a high plasma low-density lipoprotein level than in normal subjects. Extending our studies to tissue proteins we did not find a significant increase in half-life of tendon collagen with age. Basement membrane collagen turnover is faster in diabetic patients in bad metabolic control. Thus, the procedure using fructosylamine as endogenous label of protein offers a method of great potential to study the turnover of human body proteins. PMID- 3768414 TI - Membrane-associated protein kinases in phorbol ester-activated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. AB - Membrane-associated protein kinases in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes were studied. In unstimulated polymorphonuclear leukocytes the protein kinase C was predominantly present in the cytosol but in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate- (PMA ) activated cells a time and dose-dependent translocation of the kinase to the particulate fraction occurred. Two new protein kinase activities also appeared in the particulate fraction upon PMA activation. The one had a Mr of 40,000 and its activity was independent of phospholipids. The other (Mr 90,000) as partially activated by phospholipids, but separated from protein kinase C on DEAE-cellulose chromatography. PMID- 3768415 TI - Improved purification of the human placental transferrin receptor and a novel immunoradiometric assay for receptor protein. AB - A simplified method for the purification of human placental transferrin receptor is described. The procedure involves chromatography of a detergent extract of placenta on immobilized iron-loaded transferrin. Knowledge of the physiology of the interaction between transferrin and its receptor is applied to enable bound receptor to be eluted under mild conditions and essentially free of containing transferrin. Purified transferrin receptor and a monoclonal antibody to the receptor were used to develop a novel immunoradiometric assay for the receptor in which the monoclonal antibody is the radiolabelled species. A competition between two populations of receptor, one immobilized on a particulate support and the other in solution, provides the basis for the assay. Using this assay we have measured transferrin receptor levels in placental and hepatic tissue and in three cell lines during both the logarithmic and stationary phases of cell growth. PMID- 3768416 TI - Isolation and purification of a low-molecular-weight skeletal growth factor from human bones. AB - A low-molecular-weight potent bone cell mitogen termed human skeletal growth factor (human SGF) was purified to homogeneity from human bone matrix. Extraction and initial purification steps were done under dissociative conditions to separate human SGF from high-molecular-weight complexes of bone matrix proteins. SGF activity was extracted from human femoral heads by demineralization with 10% EDTA in the presence of 4 M guanidine-HCl and proteinase inhibitors and was purified by hydroxyapatite, HPLC gel-filtration and HPLC reverse-phase chromatography. Human SGF thus purified was homogeneous by HPLC reverse-phase chromatography and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The relative molecular mass of human SGF purified under dissociative conditions was 11,000. Human SGF stimulated bone cell proliferation ([3H]thymidine incorporation and cell number) at picomolar concentrations, with half maximum activity at 2-3 ng/ml (180-270 pM). Human SGF constitutes 0.00024% of organic bone matrix by weight. PMID- 3768418 TI - Enhancement of choline uptake by glycine in hamster heart. AB - Choline uptake by the isolated hamster heart has been shown to be inhibited by exogenous ethanolamine. In this study, the effect of glycine on choline uptake was investigated. At 0.01-1.0 mM glycine in the perfusate, an enhancement of choline uptake (30%) by the isolated heart was observed. Despite the higher choline uptake, the presence of glycine did not affect the rate of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. At higher glycine concentration (50 mM), the enhancement of choline uptake was abolished. Exogenous choline had no effect on the uptake of glycine. We postulate that choline and glycine are transported by separate mechanisms, and that glycine may play a regulatory role in the control of choline uptake by the hamster heart. PMID- 3768417 TI - Properties of liver retinyl ester hydrolase in young pigs. AB - A new sensitive method for the assay of retinyl ester hydrolase in vitro was developed and applied to liver homogenates of 18 young pigs with depleted-to adequate liver vitamin A reserves. Radioactive substrate was not required, because the formation of retinol could be adequately quantitated by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Optimal hydrolase activity was observed with 500 microM retinyl palmitate, 100 mM 3-[(3 cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate, and 2 mg/ml Triton X-100 at pH 8.0. The relative rates of hydrolysis of six different retinyl esters by liver homogenate were: retinyl linolenate (100%), myristate (99%), palmitate (47%), oleate (38%), linoleate (31%), and stearate (29%). The enzyme was found primarily in the membrane-containing fractions of liver (59 +/- 3%, S.E.) and kidney (76 +/ 3%), with considerably lower overall activity in kidney (57-375 nmol/h per g of tissue) than in liver (394-1040 nmol/h per g). Retinyl ester hydrolase activity in these pigs was independent of serum retinol values, which ranged from 3 to 24 micrograms/dl, and of liver vitamin A concentrations from 0 to 32 micrograms/g. Pig liver retinyl ester hydrolase differs from the rat liver enzyme in its substrate specificity, bile acid stimulation, and interanimal variability. PMID- 3768419 TI - Chemical alterations of hyaluronic acid and dermatan sulfate detected in aging human skin by infrared spectroscopy. AB - Age-mediated deacetylation of hyaluronic acid and dermatan sulfate, and shift of sulfate ester configuration were indicated by infrared spectroscopy. Hyaluronic acid and the three dermatan sulfates (DS18, DS28 and DS35), sequentially precipitated from adult skin with 18%, 28% and 35% ethanol, were analyzed at varying ages. At age 75 years, loss of infrared bands in the 1,650-1,600 cm-1 region, at 1,380 cm-1 and 1,320 cm-1 and appearance of a band at 1,560 cm-1 were characteristic of hyaluronic acid and DS35; moreover, in DS28 and DS35 the intensities of the bands at 840 cm-1 and 860 cm-1 were, respectively, decreased and increased. A low intensity band in the 805-785 cm-1 region was observed in the spectra of DS18 (19-35 years), DS28 (70-80 years) and DS35 (all ages). It intensified in DS28 of the 80-year-olds. In the 75 +/- 5-year-old group, ninhydrin-positive material of hyaluronic acid and DS35 increased, while reducing GlcNAc of hyaluronic acid decreased. The data demonstrated hyaluronic acid and DS35 deacetylation and suggested a decrease of equatorial sulfates with infrared band at 840 cm-1 and an increase of axial sulfates with band at 860 cm-1 in DS28 and DS35 of the 75 +/- 5-year-old set. Equatorial Equatorial sulfates with band in the 805 +/- 785 cm-1 region apparently decreased in DS18 after 35 years and increased in DS28 of the oldest group. PMID- 3768421 TI - Purification and characterization of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase from mouse mammary carcinoma FM3A cells in culture. AB - Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase has been purified to apparent homogeneity from mouse mammary tumor FM3A cells. The purified enzyme, with a specific activity of 20.6 X 10(6) units/g protein at 30 degrees C, was homogeneous as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion analysis. The native enzyme had a molecular weight of 44,000 and a subunit composition of 23,000. Apparent Km values for adenine and 5-phosphoribosyl-1 pyrophosphate (PRib-PP) were 6.6 microM and 1.2 microM, respectively. Free Mg2+ was an essential activator with a half-maximal effect at 0.4 mM. AMP was an inhibitor, competitive with PRib-PP, and the Ki value was estimated to be 24 microM. The enzyme activity was not significantly affected by 2,6-diaminopurine, 4-carbamoylimidazolium 5-olate, 8-azaadenine, and 2-fluoro-6-aminopurine. An antibody against the purified mouse adenine phosphoribosyltransferase was raised in a rabbit. The enzyme derived from either mouse, Chinese hamster, or human cells was completely neutralized and precipitated by this antibody, indicating that these enzymes share a common antigenic determinant. PMID- 3768420 TI - Photoaffinity labeling of thaumatin-binding protein in monkey circumvallate papillae. AB - Thaumatin I is an intensely sweet-tasting protein. It was photo-crosslinked with taste papillae of crab-eating monkey by using a conjugated photo-affinity reagent [3H]azidobenzoylthaumatin I. Serial sections of SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer-soluble fraction from taste papillae had a large peak of radioactivity at the Mr region of approx. 70,000; fractions from non-taste papillae did not. Excess unlabeled thaumatin I reduced the photo-crosslinking at the 70 kDa region; acetylated thaumatin I (which is not sweet) did not. The results show that taste papillae of the monkey contain a protein of Mr approx. 50,000, which binds to thaumatin I (Mr 22,209) but not to completely acetylated thaumatin I. The possibility that the thaumatin-binding protein is a sweet receptor protein is discussed. PMID- 3768422 TI - Alterations of purine salvage pathways during differentiation of rat heart myoblasts towards myocytes. AB - Enzyme activities of purine catabolism and salvage, the concentrations of high energy phosphates and the reutilisation of purine bases and purine nucleosides were studied in rat heart myoblasts and myocytes. Rat heart myoblasts H9c2(2-1) were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's minimum essential medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. Reduction of fetal calf serum to 2% for 1 week resulted in a differentiation into myocytes with respect to their morphological features and their enzyme pattern. In differentiated myocytes, activity of 5' nucleotidase was increased more than 2-fold, and AMP deaminase and creatine kinase activities were more than 10-fold elevated. The concentration of creatine phosphate in differentiated myocytes was doubled compared to that in myoblasts. The uptake into myoblasts and myocytes and the incorporation into adenine nucleotides was highest using adenosine, inosine and adenine uptake rates were intermediate, and hypoxanthine was utilised least. Differentiation of myoblasts into myocytes resulted in a slightly lower overall uptake of adenosine and adenine, whereas about 40% more inosine and hypoxanthine were utilised by myocytes. Increasing the phosphate concentration in the incubation medium up to 50 mmol/l resulted in a stimulation of uptake of all purine compounds tested. This stimulation was more pronounced in myoblasts. PMID- 3768423 TI - The blood group U antigen is not located on glycophorin B. AB - Erythrocytes from twelve individuals with the S-s-U- phenotype and from ten with the S-S-U+ phenotype were analyzed and compared to control cells with S+/s+U+ determinants. No red cell abnormality was detected in S-s-U+ or S-s-U- carriers. Sialic acid content was similar (P greater than 0.05) for S-s-U+ and S-s-U- erythrocytes (74.6 +/- 7.14 and 71.4 +/- 8.53 nmol/10(9) red blood cells, respectively) but significantly less (P less than 0.001) than controls with 89.5 +/- 11.4 nmol/10(9) red blood cells, n = 16. Fluorographs of SDS-polyacrylamide gels showed no glycophorin B in membranes from S-s-U+ and S-s-U- erythrocytes labeled with NaB3H4. Glycophorins were extracted from red cell membranes in chloroform/methanol, labeled with 125I and analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Periodic acid Schiff stain and autoradiographs of these gels also showed absence of glycophorin B in both S-s-U+ and S-s-U- cells. These findings suggested that the U antigen is not located on glycophorin B. This hypothesis was tested by determining blood group antigenicity on red cell membranes and on extracted sialoglycoproteins by the hemagglutination inhibition technique. Although U and S/s activities were detected in control red cell membranes, extracted glycoproteins demonstrated S/s activity but no U activity. Together the data indicate that both S-s-U+ and S-s-U- erythrocytes lack glycophorin B and that the U antigen is not located on glycophorin B. This deletion does not seem to affect the structure-function of the red cell. PMID- 3768424 TI - Immunotargeting of erythrocyte-bound streptokinase provides local lysis of a fibrin clot. AB - The creation of an anticollagen antibody-erythrocyte-streptokinase complex has been described. Immobilization of both proteins on erythrocyte membrane has been performed using an avidin-biotin interaction. Modification of streptokinase with (6-biotinylamido)hexanoic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester at the concentration of 1.1 mM (20% modification of protein amino groups) provides effective (up to 90%) attachment of streptokinase to an avidin-carrying erythrocyte surface. The loss of streptokinase activity due to modification under these conditions is not significant. The maximal attachment of streptokinase was equal to about 50 ng per 10(6) erythrocytes, i.e., about 5 X 10(5) molecules of streptokinase per erythrocyte. The presence of streptokinase in the incubation mixture inhibited the attachment of antibodies by about 50%. Nevertheless, co-immobilization of anticollagen antibody (1.0 X 10(5) molecules per cell) and streptokinase (2.8 X 10(5) molecules per cell) on the erythrocyte surface provided firm and specific binding of such erythrocytes to a collagen-coated surface (1.6 X 10(6) bound cells per 1 cm2 on a collagen-coated surface against 0.006 X 10(6) bound cells on a bovine serum albumin-coated surface). Targeting of such erythrocytes led to local lysis of a fibrin clot in the target zone. The properties described offer in principle the possibility of the application of this or a similar system of fibrinolytic agent targeting for the preventive therapy of rethrombosis during surgical manipulations on vessels. PMID- 3768425 TI - Nickel binding to the C-terminal tryptic fragment of a peptide from human kidney. AB - In kidney the nickel ion exists primarily as soluble cytoplasmic complexes. We have recently identified a major component of these complexes in the human kidney as a Ni(II) complex of a low molecular weight anionic peptide (Templeton, D.M. and Sarkar, B. (1985) Biochem. J. 230, 35-42). We have now purified a small amount of this peptide to homogeneity and developed an HPLC technique to study its metal-binding properties on sub-nanomole quantities. We are able to demonstrate a binding stoichiometry of one Ni atom per molecule of peptide, with an apparent dissociation constant of 1.1 X 10(-5) M. A similar site exists for Cd. The site for Ni persists after trypsinization, and is localized in the 20 residue C-terminal tryptic fragment of the peptide. PMID- 3768426 TI - Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor: thermodynamic analysis of the interaction of agonists and antagonists. AB - The thermodynamic parameters of the interaction of agonists and antagonists with heart and brain muscarinic receptors were determined. The binding of quinuclidinyl [3H]benzilate and the inhibition of quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) binding by agonists and antagonists were examined at temperatures between 2 degrees C and 27 degrees C. The density of specific binding sites and the relative proportions of high- and low-affinity binding components of drugs were unaffected by the temperature changes. The binding of atropine was entropy driven in brain and heart membranes. In contrast, net values of these thermodynamic parameters for QNB binding and for the high-affinity binding component of pirenzepine to brain membranes were decreased with the enhancement of the temperature. The low-affinity binding component of the agonists carbachol, oxotremorine and pilocarpine was enthalpy driven. Their high-affinity binding component was entropy driven at 2 degrees C and became enthalpy driven when the incubation temperature was increased. The guanine nucleotide Gpp[NH]p partly prevented the temperature-dependent decrease of net entropy and enthalpy values. Considering that the net changes of thermodynamic parameters are relevant of the interactions between the ligand, the receptor protein and the adjoining membranous molecules, a three-state conformational model is proposed for the muscarinic receptor protein. The receptor selectivity is reappreciated owing to these three states of the receptor protein and the different components of the muscarinic receptor complexes. PMID- 3768427 TI - Abnormal procollagen synthesis in fibroblasts from three patients of the same family with a severe form of osteogenesis imperfecta (type III). AB - Dermal fibroblast cultures from three siblings with a severe form of osteogenesis imperfecta were established in order to analyze their procollagen and collagen synthesis. Cell strains from clinically normal consanguineous parents (first cousins), were also obtained for comparison. Total collagen production in culture media was diminished by 55% in the patients fibroblasts and to a lesser extent in the parents. This decrease was specific for collagenous proteins. From polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, it appeared that the three children had not only the same defective secretion of pro alpha 1(I) molecules but that their pro alpha 1(I) migrated slightly faster than the parental and control counterparts. Analysis of secretion confirmed a reduced rate in procollagen synthesis and the absence of intracellular storage. Upon pepsin treatment, extracellular alpha 1(I) and alpha 2(I) chains were found in the expected ratio of 2:1 and migrated normally, suggesting that the altered mobility of pro alpha 1(I) chains was related to COOH or NH2 terminal propeptides. In agreement with the reduced type I collagen production, an increase in the alpha 1(III)/alpha 1(I) ratio was also detected. Furthermore, after a 2.5-h labelling followed by alkylation with iodoacetamide, free intracellular pro alpha 2(I) and alpha 1(I) chains were detected in the absence of reduction, consistent with an abnormal intracellular ratio of pro alpha 1(I)/pro alpha 2(I) that was measured after dithiothreitol reduction. Analysis of intracellular collagen chains from parental strains following a 4-h incubation demonstrated that pro alpha 1(I) appeared as a doublet, one band with normal mobility and a less intense band migrating faster and corresponding to the defective chain found in the patients. Absence of the abnormal molecules in culture media was related to the demonstration of a defective collagen secretion by parental fibroblasts. Correlation between these biochemical findings and clinical data strongly support a recessive inheritance of the disease that could be classified as a type III form of osteogenesis imperfecta. Patients would be homozygous for the same defective allele and the asymptomatic parents would most likely be heterozygous carriers of the mutation. Although the exact location of the alteration is not yet elucidated, a splicing mutation is suggested. PMID- 3768428 TI - Secretion-coupled protein degradation: studies on mammary casein. AB - Mammary explants from midpregnant rabbits were cultured for 18 h at 37 degrees C with insulin, prolactin and cortisol. Subsequently, explants were labelled for 2 h with inorganic [32P]phosphate, L-[5-3H]proline or L-[4,5-3H]leucine, washed and chased for up to 3 h. The radiolabelling profile of [32P]casein or [3H]casein during the chase period, obtained by isoelectric focussing or immunoprecipitation indicates extensive destruction of neosynthesized casein. The extent of casein destruction in mammary explants in culture (measured after radiolabelling with L [5-3H]proline), is inversely related to casein secretion. Least casein degradation is observed in explants after 48 h in culture when casein secretion is maximal (observed histochemically). Subsequently, when the extracellular alveolar lumen is filled with secretion products (72 h), rapid intracellular casein destruction is again observed. When the chase was carried out in the presence of drugs which inhibit degradation and/or secretion, the results indicate that secretion-coupled casein degradation is dependent on an intact functional microfilamentous-microtubular network, casein is not degraded by an autophagosome requiring process, degradation is inhibited by leupeptin, amino acid analogue containing casein does not undergo secretion-coupled degradation and inhibition of N-glycosylation of intracellular vesicular membrane proteins prevents secretion-coupled degradation. Secretion-coupled protein destruction is discussed in relation to the post-translational regulation of the net production of secretory proteins in eukaryotic cells. PMID- 3768429 TI - Effects of Ca2+ and other cations on the action of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin. AB - We investigated the role of extracellular Ca2+ in the Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin-induced alteration of the permeability of the plasma membrane. Enterotoxin released 86Rb and 51Cr from the Vero cells preloaded with the isotope. In the presence of EGTA, however, it released 86Rb but not 51Cr. The binding of enterotoxin to the cells was not influenced by Ca2+ or Mg2+. The effects of various cations on the enterotoxin-induced 51Cr release was also studied. The release depended on extracellular Ca2+ but not on Mg2+; it was inhibited by each of Zn2+, La3+ and Co2+. Zn2+ and Co2+ also inhibited 51Cr release caused by the enterotoxin previously bound to the cell membrane. In contrast, antibody against enterotoxin did not neutralize the toxin once it was bound to the Vero cells. When the cells were treated with enterotoxin, 45Ca influx occurred and reached the plateau in a few minutes, as did 86Rb release. PMID- 3768430 TI - Design of an indicator of intracellular free Na+ concentration using 19F-NMR. AB - The development is described of an Na+ chelator with appropriate properties for an indicator of intracellular free Na+ concentration ([Na+]i). The new indicator, FCryp-1, is a tribenzo derivative of the parent (2:2:1) cryptand structure, incorporating the same F-substituted dibenzo 19F-NMR reporter group as the free [Ca2+] indicator, 5FBAPTA (Smith, G.A., Hesketh, T.R., Metcalfe, J.C., Feeney, J. and Morris, P.G. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 80, 7178-7182). FCryp-1 has appropriate affinity for Na+ (KNa = 10(1.3) M-1) and selectivity over other intracellular cations (KK; KCa; K Mg less than 10(-1) M(-1)) for a [Na]i indicator. There is an 19F-NMR chemical shift of 2.00 ppm between free FCryp-1 and the Na-FCryp-1 complex which provides a direct read out of free [Na+]. FCryp 1 carries four carboxylate groups to confer aqueous solubility which can be esterified with acetoxymethyl groups to render the indicator membrane permeant. Experiments on pig lymphocytes loaded with FCryp-1 gave an indicated [Na+]i of 13.8 +/- 1.8 mM (n = 4). The FCryp-1 structure can also be readily modified to provide fluorescent [Na+]i indicators. PMID- 3768431 TI - Induction of adipose S-100 protein release by free fatty acids in adipocytes. AB - The mechanism of S-100 protein release from adipocytes, which is apparently coupled with lipolytic activity, was investigated in vitro using rat epididymal fat pads. The S-100 protein release was increased severalfold by 10 microM epinephrine in the medium containing a low concentration (less than 5 mg/ml) of albumin, but the release was enhanced only slightly when the medium contained a high concentration (more than 20 mg/ml) of albumin. On the other hand, the maximum rate of free fatty acid release measured simultaneously was observed in medium containing more than 20 mg/ml albumin. The rate of S-100 protein release was found to be closely related to the concentrations of both albumin added to the incubation medium and fatty acids released into it, and the rate was increased under conditions wherein the molar ratio of fatty acid/albumin was greater than 6. The S-100 protein release from fat pads was also enhanced solely by the addition of an excess amount (6 mM) of palmitic acid or oleic acid. The basal release of S-100 protein at a high concentration of albumin in the fat pads of diabetic or long-term starved rats, in which the fatty acid level in adipocytes is known to be enhanced, was about 7- and 2-fold higher, respectively, than that of control fed rats. These results suggest that S-100 protein in adipocytes is released under conditions in which the fatty acids being produced are not released promptly and are accumulated in the cells. PMID- 3768432 TI - [Kinetic properties of catalase and its conjugates with strophanthin K in ethanol oxidation by cumyl hydroperoxide]. AB - The gluconic fragment of strophantin K oxidation by sodium metaperiodate yields a dialdehyde derivate conjugated with catalase. The conjugate obtained contains 11 molecules of cardiac glucoside. Adsorption and circular dichroism spectra of the native enzyme and its conjugate were compared and structural differences between both samples were revealed. The kinetics of ethanol oxidation into acetaldehyde by cumene hydroperoxide was studied at 30 degrees C in the phosphate buffer pH 6.6; this reaction was shown to proceed with the participation of catalase and its cat-str conjugate. The catalytic constants for catalase are 1.2-1.5 times as high as those for cat-str, whereas the Km values for both substrates for the conjugate as 1.5-2 times as high as those for catalase. Catalase modification by strophantin K increases the enzyme thermostability up to the isokinetic point of 40 degrees C; above this threshold the cat-str thermostability decreases as compared with the native enzyme. The thermodynamical activation parameters for catalase and cat-str inactivation were determined. PMID- 3768433 TI - [Formation of the intermediate products of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and ammonia from free amino acids in anoxic heart muscle]. AB - Glutamate and aspartate showed the highest rate of catabolism in oxygenated isolated rat heart with the formation of glutamine, asparagine and alanine. Under anoxia, the catabolism of branch chained amino acids and that of lysine, proline, arginine and methionine was inhibited. However, glutamate and aspartate catabolized at a higher rate as compared with oxygenation. Alanine was the product of their excessive degradation. During oxygenation, 70% of ammonia were produced via deamination of amino acids. Under anaerobic conditions the participation of amino acids in ammoniagenesis decreased to 4%; the principal source of ammonia was the adenine nucleotide pool. The total pool of the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates increased 2.5-fold due to accumulation of succinate. The data obtained suggest that the constant influx of intermediates into the cycle from amino acids is supported by coupled transamination of glutamate and aspartate. This leads to the formation of ATP and GTP in the tricarboxylic acid cycle during blocking of aerobic energy production. PMID- 3768434 TI - [Potential-dependent passive transport of calcium in myocardium sarcolemma vesicles]. AB - The effect of membrane potential on passive Ca2+ transport in isolated cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles was investigated. The membrane potentials were induced by creating potassium gradients across the vesicular membranes in the presence of valinomycin. The fluorescence changes in the voltage-sensitive dye, dis-C3(5), were consistent with the induction of potassium equilibrium potentials. The rate of 45Ca2+ efflux from inside-out vesicles was considerably greater at 0 than at 80 or +55 mV; prepolarization of the membrane to +90 mV did not enhance the 45Ca2+ efflux upon subsequent depolarization. The voltage-dependent 45Ca2+ efflux increased with a rise in internal Ca2+ concentration and exhibited a saturation effect. Furthermore, evaluation of the rate of 45Ca2+ efflux over a wide range of membrane potentials produced a profile similar to that of current-voltage relationships for single calcium channels in isolated cardiomyocytes. It is concluded that the voltage-dependent Ca2+ efflux from the vesicles occurs via Ca2+-channels. PMID- 3768435 TI - [Effect of cobalt chloride on the activity of key enzymes of heme metabolism in the rat liver]. AB - The effects of actinomycin D and cycloheximide on the original and CoCl2-induced delta-aminolevulinate-synthase and heme-oxygenase activities in rat liver were investigated. It was shown that 1.5 hours after CoCl2 administration the delta aminolevulinate-synthase activity diminishes, then increases up to the original level within the subsequent 4.5 hours, showing a further increase thereafter. The heme-oxygenase activity does not change within 1,5 hours and is then increased. Actinomycin D and cycloheximide suppress the increase in the CoCl2-induced heme oxygenase activity, whereas that of the delta-aminolevulinate-synthase activity is blocked only by cycloheximide. Hence, the increase in the CoCl2-induced delta aminolevulinate-synthase activity in the liver is a result of activation of translation. The degree of tryptophan pyrrolase saturation with heme decreases already by the 6th hour, whereas the level of heme in liver mitochondria and microsomes decreases only by the 15th hour following CoCl2 injection. The heme content in the liver shows a further decrease irrespective of the increase in the delta-aminolevulinate synthase activity induced by CoCl2. It may be concluded that under the given experimental conditions this enzyme is not a rate-limiting step in the terminal reaction of heme biosynthesis. PMID- 3768436 TI - [Incorporation of labeled formate in rat liver mitochondrial proteins and initiation of protein synthesis]. AB - During incubation of rat liver mitochondria in vitro labeled formate is incorporated into TCA-insoluble substance during mitochondrial translation. Data from hydrolysis with CNBr (after methionine residues) or with 0.5 N HCl (deformylation of amino acid N-formyl derivatives) suggest that about half of the total protein radioactivity is incorporated in formate groups of N-terminal methionine. Labeling of growing polypeptides with formate (but not with phenylalanine or methionine) oscillates with a period of about 13 min. The potential initiation capacity is unchangeable and exceeds that observed experimentally by one order of magnitude. The data obtained are consistent with the previously proposed hypothesis no synchronization of mitochondrial protein synthesis which cannot be induced by the steps preceding the formation of the first peptide bound. PMID- 3768437 TI - [Activation of calcium transport in synaptosomes by phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C]. AB - The isotope labeling method was used to study the influence of phospholipases C of different origin and specificity on Ca2+ accumulation in rat brain synaptosomes. It was found that phospholipases C specific to phosphatidylinositides (PI) stimulate Ca2+ transport into synaptosomes, while non specific phospholipase C, which hydrolyzes different membrane lipid fractions, decreases the Ca2+ content in synaptosomes. It is supposed that the stimulating effect of PI-specific phospholipases C is determined by the activation of PI metabolism, which results in an increase in the content of some PI metabolism products serving as Ca2+ ionophores in synaptosomal membranes. The inhibition of Ca2+ uptake by synaptosomes treated with non-specific phospholipase C is thought to result from partial disruption of synaptosomal membranes. PMID- 3768438 TI - [Study of the protein-peptide composition of secretory granules of bovine lactogenic hormone]. AB - A combination of gel chromatography, fluorimetric analysis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with immunochemical identification, the protein-peptide composition of secretory granules of the lactogenic hormone (LTH) isolated from the anterior lobe of bovine hypophysis was investigated. It was found that the peptide content of the granules is less than 3% of that of immunoreactive LTH. Using gel chromatography, the secretory granules were found to contain a hormone monomer and two immunoreactive forms with Mr 42 and 64 kD. With respect to immunoreactivity, the hormone form content was 90, 3 and 7%, respectively. Using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and subsequent immunochemical identification, the presence of four immunoreactive forms of LTH were identified in the secretory granules. PMID- 3768439 TI - [Comparison of peptide maps and functional properties of monooxygenases induced by 3-methylcholanthrene and beta-naphthoflavone]. AB - A comparative study revealed a similarity of catalytic, spectral, electrophoretic and immunochemical properties of microsomal cytochromes P-448 (Mr = 56,000) synthesized de novo in 3-methylcholanthrene- and beta-naphthoflavone-treated rats. The identity of peptide maps of microsomal and isolated cytochromes P-448 confirms the validity of the limited proteolysis method for identification of the homogeneity of microsomal hemoproteins and for a comparison of their structures. The data obtained provide a way for evaluation of similarity and differences in the structure and enzymatic activity of various monooxygenase forms without their preliminary isolation from the microsomal membrane. PMID- 3768440 TI - [Effect of pH on the regulatory characteristics of energy metabolism in human erythrocytes]. AB - The glucose consumption rate versus ATP content in human red cells (regulatory patterns of glycolysis) and ATP concentration versus glucose uptake rate in red cell suspension (regulatory patterns of total ATPases), when the rate of glucose uptake is constant and lower than the rate of glucose consumption at physiological conditions, were measured at different pH values. The shape of both types of kinetic curves was found to be dependent on the pH of the incubation medium but the same for the red cells taken from different donors. It is supposed that at alkaline pH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate kinase reactions become the rate-limiting steps of glycolysis instead of hexokinase and phosphofructokinase under physiological conditions. PMID- 3768441 TI - [Stability of lipid oxidation products in the rat liver and pathways of their utilization]. AB - The ability of liver homogenates to utilize various lipid peroxidation products was studied. Conjugated dienes and TBA-reactive products of unsaturated fatty acid phospholipids and triglycerides were found to be more stable that the corresponding lipid hydroperoxides. It was shown that decomposition of lipid hydroperoxides in liver homogenates is due to their reduction to corresponding oxycompounds without activation of free radical reactions. The ability of lipid hydroperoxides to be reduced in liver homogenates is determined by their chemical structure and decreases in the following order: polyunsaturated fatty acids- phospholipids--triglycerides--cholesterol esters. PMID- 3768442 TI - [The use of bioelectrochemical systems in steroid biosynthesis]. AB - The feasibility of electrosynthesis involving the use of biocatalysts has been demonstrated in a model reaction of hydrocortisone oxidation to prednisolone catalyzed by Arthrobacter globiformis cells. Electrochemical regeneration of phenazine methosulfate, an artificial electron acceptor, was performed, using electrodes made of different materials. Transformation products were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 3768443 TI - [Factors determining the selectivity of cytochrome P-450-catalyzed alkane oxidation]. AB - Hexane oxidation by various liver microsomes fractions of noninduced and phenobarbitol- or methylcholantrene-induced rabbits (MR, MRPB, MRMC) has been studied. The relative reactivity of the C-H bond at the 1st, 2nd and 3rd carbon atoms has been shown to depend on the fraction nature and on the oxygen activating system (NADPH/O2 or PhIO). The C3/C2 hexanol ratio is determined by steric factors of the hexane oxidation reaction. According to this parameter, the forms of cytochrome P-450 can be arranged in the following order: MRMC less than MRPB less than MR. The size of hydrophobic cavities connecting the substrate seems to decrease in the same order. The data obtained suggest that microsomes contain a cytochrome P-450 fraction which oxidizes alkanes only at the terminal methyl group. The regioselectivity of hexane oxidation in the P-450-NADPH-O2 and P-450-PhIO systems has been compared. These systems have been shown to generate different particles responsible for hydroxylation. PMID- 3768444 TI - [Various kinetic and spectral-fluorescent properties of NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase from bovine adrenal cortex cytoplasm]. AB - Malate dehydrogenase from bovine adrenal cortex has been purified to homogeneity, using affinity chromatography on 2',5'-ADP-Sepharose 4B. The kinetic data do not contradict the consecutive mechanism of the reaction with the ordered addition of substrates: NADP binds first, then malate. The enzyme conformation initiated by NADP and malate binding is less thermostable. Malate dehydrogenase has intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence with the spectrum maximum at 335 +/- 1 nm, half-width of 50 +/- 1 nm and quantum yield of 0.08. The tryptophan residues belonging to class 1 (75%) and class 2 (25%) make the main contribution to the intrinsic fluorescence of malate. The binding of cofactors and substrates results in the quenching of enzyme fluorescence. The values of dissociation constants for malate dehydrogenase complexes with NADP (4 microM), with NADP . H (8 microM) and with pyruvate (2.5 mM) correlate with the corresponding values of Km. The shifts in pH of the medium induce changes in the fluorescence parameters which are probably related to conformational changes in the enzyme molecule. The changes in the fluorescence parameters correlate with the alterations of the malate dehydrogenase enzymatic activity. PMID- 3768445 TI - [Metabolic changes leading to oxidative lysis of erythrocytes maintained in a normal state in vitro]. AB - It was shown that in vitro oxidative hemolysis of human erythrocytes occurs as a result of a great increase in membrane permeability to cations leading to osmotic damage of the cells. Infusion at a steady rate with a solution of tert butylhydroperoxide in an erythrocyte suspension resulted in a rapid fall of the reduced glutathione level down to 0, when the rate of infusion exceeded the maximal rate of pentose phosphate pathway. Under these conditions the potassium ions liberation from the erythrocytes began with the drop of the reduced glutathione level down to zero, and the hemoglobin liberation - at the moment when more than 60% of potassium ions were liberated from the erythrocytes. The kinetics of potassium ion liberation remained unchanged in anisotonic media, but hemoglobin liberation from the erythrocytes greatly increased in hypotonic media as compared with isotonic ones. The kinetics of K+ and hemoglobin liberation were correlated only with lipid peroxidation but not with the oxidation of protein SH groups. PMID- 3768446 TI - [One approach to the study of heterogeneous convergence in the olfactory bulb]. AB - The experimental model for studying the convergence of the heterotype olfactory receptors on the single secondary neuron of the olfactory bulb is proposed. The secondary neuron with bilateral connections (with both olfactory epithelia) in the animals with fused olfactory bulb may serve such a model. The intracellular recording from these secondary neurons of the fused frog's bulb have revealed the secondary neurons which were activated by a certain odorant stimulation of only the one olfactory epithelium, the same odorant stimulation of the other epithelium did not activate (or inhibit) the neurons. The data obtained show that the inputs on the secondary neurons are heterotype, i. e. show the heterogeneous convergence of sensory information on the secondary neurons. PMID- 3768448 TI - Effect of application pressure and gestational age on transfontanel pressure in healthy neonates. AB - We developed and evaluated a transducer holder and calibrated, spring-loaded applicator for the Ladd intracranial pressure monitor. The transducer holder/applicator combination allows reproducibility of application pressure and assures coplanarity of the transducer and the skin of the anterior fontanel. Measured transfontanel pressure (TFP) increased with increasing application pressure. Mean TFP was 9.1 +/- (SD) 2.6 cm H2O with an application pressure of about 10 g/cm2 in a group of healthy preterm and term infants at 6 h postnatal age. Birth weight, gestational age and mode of delivery did not affect TFP, allowing use of a single normative value and set of confidence limits in all infants at 6 h of postnatal age. PMID- 3768447 TI - A protein that inhibits surfactant in respiratory distress syndrome. AB - A protein that interferes with surfactant function is present in the airways and alveoli of infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). This inhibitor is also found in serum and amniotic fluid and presumably appears in the alveoli because of the abnormal protein leak present in the lungs of infants with RDS. This protein has a molecular weight of about 110,000 and is resistant to boiling or lipid extraction. As measured by radioimmunoassay, the ratio of inhibitor to phosphatidylcholine decreased from 8.1 +/- 2.3 early in the course of RDS to 0.7 +/- 0.1 on the day of extubation. The value at extubation was the same as that measured for preterm infants without RDS. The inhibitor to phosphatidylcholine ratio in airway samples from infants with RDS correlated significantly with simultaneously recorded pO2/FiO2 ratios and the peak inspiratory pressures used to normalized pCO2 values. These results are consistent with the concept that the inhibitor contributes to surfactant dysfunction and thus the respiratory failure characteristic of RDS. PMID- 3768449 TI - Effect of metoclopramide treatment on thyrotropin and prolactin levels in sick neonates. AB - The present study was carried out to define whether dopaminergic mechanisms contribute to the regulation of thyrotropin (TSH) and prolactin PRL release in the immediate neonatal period. 14 full-term neonates with a mean birth weight of 3,240 g and a mean gestational age of 39.1 weeks were administered metoclopramide (MTC), a specific dopamine antagonist, in a dose of 0.1 mg/kg/day to treat delayed gastric emptying, regurgitation and abdominal distension. Prior to and after 3-day MTC administration, blood samples were taken to determine serum TSH and PRL levels using a radioimmunoassay method. It has been demonstrated that in response to MTC administration PRL increased significantly from 4,010 +/- 383 to 5,478 +/- 441 mU/l (p less than 0.01), while TSH showed only a tendency to rise independent of the pretreatment hormone levels (from 2.85 +/- 0.44 to 3.06 +/- 0.38 mU/L. In healthy control infants and in those infants with similar functional gastrointestinal disturbances who were treated without MTC, serum PRL levels fell significantly from days 3-4 to days 6-7, serum TSH, triiodothyronine and free thyroxine, however, remained unaltered. It is concluded that dopaminergic inhibitory mechanism may be involved in the control of pituitary PRL and TSH release already in the neonatal period. PMID- 3768450 TI - Are polygraphic and cardiopneumographic respiratory patterns useful tools for predicting the risk for sudden infant death syndrome? A 10-year study. AB - Between 1974 and 1984 we have studied 204 control infants (C) comparing them with 650 SIDS siblings (SS) and 146 near-miss for SIDS (NM). These 1,000 full-term infants were recorded by day polysomnography (DPSG; n = 417), night polysomnography (NPSG; n = 257) and cardiopneumography (CPG; n = 2,600). Records were visually analyzed. In DPSG and NPSG, total amount of central, mixed and obstructive apnea as well as the percentage of periodic breathing was studied in each sleep state (active sleep, AS; quiet sleep, QS; indeterminate sleep, IS, and total sleep, TS) and over the total recording time (TRT). In CPG, only the total amount of central apnea and percentage of periodic breathing over TRT were studied. Infants were grouped according to postnatal age: less than 5, greater than or equal to 5 to less than or equal to 13, and greater than 13 to less than or equal to 26 weeks. In each age group results were compared as follows: C vs. SS, C vs. NM, and SS vs. NM for each parameter studied. Before 5 weeks and after 13 weeks there was no significant difference between C and SS, C and NM, and SS and NM in DPSG and NPSG for all categories of central, mixed and obstructive apnea as well as the percentage of periodic breathing in different sleep states and over TRT. Similar results were obtained in CPG for all categories of central apnea and percentage of periodic breathing over TRT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768451 TI - Changes in plasma amino acids in the developing chick. AB - We have sampled arterial blood from chicken embryos during development and measured the changes in plasma amino acids from mid-gestation to hatching. During gestation, several amino acids rise to a peak concentration at 16 days and fall prior to hatching. After hatching, most amino acids fall, although the plasma concentrations of aspartate, glutamate and taurine rise significantly. PMID- 3768452 TI - Fertility of cooled and frozen rabbit sperm measured by competitive fertilization. AB - The fertility of rabbit sperm that had been cooled to 5 degrees C or frozen and thawed was determined by competitive fertilization. Treatments were identified by labeling sperm with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) or tetramethylrhodamine B isothiocyanate (TRITC). Sperm from different treatments were mixed and used in a competitive insemination experiment. Does were inseminated 5, 10 or 15 h prior to ovulation. Time of ovulation was controlled by injections of luteinizing hormone. The functional sperm transport, as determined by the number of sperm transported to the site of fertilization and capable of fertilizing oocytes, was estimated by counting the total number of differently stained sperm that surrounded or fertilized each oocyte. The fertility of sperm cooled to 5 degrees C was not affected (p less than 0.05) as compared to fertility of uncooled sperm. Functional sperm transport at all times of insemination and fertilization ratio at insemination 10 or 15 h before ovulation were reduced (p less than 0.05) for frozen-thawed vs. cooled sperm. No difference in fertilization ratio (p greater than 0.05) occurred, however, when does were inseminated 5 h before ovulation. While sperm survival and capacitation time appeared to play roles in fertility of frozen-thawed sperm, the most important factor was reduced functional sperm transport. However, fertility of frozen-thawed sperm was improved when the time from insemination to ovulation was reduced. PMID- 3768453 TI - Localization of adenosine receptors in rat testicular cells. AB - The localization of adenosine receptors in rat testicular cells was investigated by evaluating the binding of cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) to somatic and germ cells and by assessing the effect of purine nucleosides on the function of testicular cells. Most of the specific binding of CHA in the testicular homogenate was found in the seminiferous tubule fraction, with little specific binding present in the interstitial compartment. Specific binding was also detected in a total-cell suspension prepared by dispersion of the seminiferous tubules. However, the specific activity of the binding did not increase when such a suspension was fractionated to produce germ cells at different stages of spermatogenesis. Adenosine receptors were present in the crude particulate fraction prepared from testes of rats from 10 to 90 days of age. While the affinity of these receptors did not vary as the testis matured, the number of binding sites per testis increased markedly up to 60 days after birth. Conversely, when binding activity was expressed per mg of testicular protein, no major changes in the specific activity of the binding were detected in testes up to 90 days of age. Sertoli cell-enriched cultures possessed a large number of binding sites, with a receptor density of 722 +/- 147 fmoles bound/mg protein (mean +/- SE; n = 5) and an affinity constant (Kd) of 1-2 nM. Among the characteristics of this binding site were kinetics constants and specificity similar to those measured in total particulate fractions of the testis and in the brain. Specific binding of CHA was not detected in cultures of testicular peritubular cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768454 TI - Plasma estradiol, testosterone, and progesterone levels during the ovulatory cycle of the skate (Raja erinacea). AB - Amounts of estradiol, testosterone, and progesterone in plasma were measured during the reproductive cycle of female Raja erinacea. Estradiol titers correlated directly with follicle size in females undergoing ovarian recrudescence, while highest concentrations were found in females with preovulatory follicles. These data indicate that as follicles grow, their steroidogenic capacity increases. In mature, nonspawning females, titers of estradiol and testosterone varied markedly. Progesterone was not detected in peripheral plasma of skates that did not produce eggs during the observation period. In females producing eggs, estradiol and testosterone predominated during the follicular phase of each spawning cycle. While estradiol and testosterone were elevated, progesterone was not detectable in the peripheral circulation. As ovulation and formation of capsules approached, plasma estradiol and testosterone declined to near baseline levels. Circulating progesterone rose sharply two days before encapsulation of ovulated eggs and remained elevated for only two days. On the day of encapsulation, concentrations of plasma progesterone had fallen to nearly baseline levels. Progesterone titers remained low throughout egg retention and oviposition. These measurements demonstrate that progesterone titers are elevated at specific times during the reproductive cycle of the skate and clearly suggest that progesterone is critically involved in events occurring at ovulation, encapsulation, and possibly oviposition. PMID- 3768455 TI - Effects of short days on aromatization and accumulation of nuclear estrogen receptors in the hamster brain. AB - Exposure of hamsters to short days increases sensitivity to the negative feedback effects of testosterone (T) but decreases responsiveness to the behavioral effects of the hormone. Since T is metabolized in the brain to 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and estradiol, which differentially affect gonadotropin secretion and sex behavior, it is reasonable to postulate that daylength can modulate neural responses by quantitative or qualitative alterations in T metabolism and subsequent receptor binding of active hormone. Experiments reported here focused on aromatization and the nuclear accumulation of estrogen receptors. Adult male hamsters were maintained for 6-12 wk in long (14:10 LD) or short (8:16 LD) daily photoperiods. Both intact and castrated animals were used to assess direct effects of short days versus changes due to short-day-induced testicular regression. Discretely dissected regions of the brain (preoptic area, POA; hypothalamus, HTH; and corticomedial amygdala, CMA) or limbic blocks (LIM) comprised of all three regions were assayed for estrogen-synthesizing activity (aromatase) and estrogen-binding activity (receptors). Aromatase was estimated in vitro by conversion of [7-(3)H] androstenedione to [3H] estrogen and in vivo by measuring increases in nuclear estrogen receptor levels after injection of aromatizable androgen. Receptor-binding activity was assayed in crude cytosolic and nuclear extracts by incubating samples with [3H] estradiol +/- 100-fold excess inert estradiol, and separating free and bound steroids by Sephadex LH-20 gel filtration. When aromatase was assayed in homogenates prepared from discrete brain regions of individual hamsters, significantly lower activity was found in the HTH of short-day animals than in long-day controls. This effect was seen in both intact and castrated animals, which indicates that it was not mediated by the testis. Decreased enzyme activity in the POA and CMA of short-day hamsters was not significant, nor was there an effect of castration independent of short days. Low levels of nuclear estrogen receptors were present in LIM of intact males, but these were reduced after castration or concomitant with testicular regression after short-day exposure. This suggests that the hamster testis normally secretes estrogen or aromatizable androgen. A single injection of estradiol or aromatizable androgen (T or androstenedione) increased nuclear receptors in LIM of castrated animals. Cytosolic receptors were not different in short-day vs. long-day hamsters, nor were there differences in nuclear receptor levels after a single estradiol injection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3768456 TI - Bovine theca and granulosa cells interact to promote androgen production. AB - Pieces of theca interna or follicle wall (theca interna + attached granulosa cells), obtained from bovine preovulatory follicles prior to the surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) and cultured for 3 days, secreted androstenedione. Luteinizing hormone, but not follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), increased production of androstenedione 3 to 4-fold. In both the presence and absence of LH, follicle wall preparations secreted about 4-fold more androstenedione than did equivalent amounts of theca interna tissue. Isolated granulosa cells produced only negligible quantities of androstenedione, which suggests that they may contribute to the greater production of androstenedione by follicle wall by supplying progestin precursor to the theca cells. The addition of pregnenolone or progesterone to isolated theca interna increased the secretion of androstenedione, but pregnenolone was by far the more effective precursor. This suggested that the delta 5 (delta 5) pathway is the preferred pathway for androstenedione synthesis by bovine theca cells and that granulosa cells might supply progestin precursor in the form of pregnenolone. Follicle wall and granulosa cell cultures secreted 2 and 7 times more pregnenolone, respectively, than did theca cultures. Luteinizing hormone, but not FSH, increased production of pregnenolone by the follicle wall, whereas the gonadotropins had no effect on secretion by either granulosa or theca cells. Since exogenous testosterone enhanced the production of pregnenolone by granulosa cells, thecal androgen (which is stimulated by LH) may increase the ability of granulosa cells to make pregnenolone and explain the stimulatory effect of LH on pregnenolone secretion by follicle wall.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768457 TI - Effect of hyaluronidase, beta-glucuronidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase inhibitors on sperm penetration of the mouse oocyte. AB - The role of hyaluronidase, beta-glucuronidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase in the penetration by mouse spermatozoa through the layers surrounding the oocyte was investigated by in vitro techniques. Myocrisin, fenoprofen, phosphorulated hesperidin and PS53 (a hydroquinone-sulfonic acid-formaldehyde polymer) inhibited fertilization when incubated with capacitated spermatozoa before the treated spermatozoa were mixed with intact oocytes but not when the inhibitor-treated, capacitated spermatozoa were added to oocytes free of follicle cells. The antifertility activity did not appear to be due to an effect on sperm motility or on the oocytes. These 4 compounds are known hyaluronidase inhibitors and, of the acrosomal enzymes tested, only share inhibition of hyaluronidase. Kinetic studies indicated that myocrisin is a reversible inhibitor of mouse sperm hyaluronidase whereas the other three are irreversible inhibitors. Adding saccharolactone, a beta-glucuronidase inhibitor, or N-acetylglucosaminolactone and N acetylgalactosaminolactone, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase inhibitors, to capacitated spermatozoa under the same conditions as the hyaluronidase inhibitors did not decrease fertilization. This was the case even though the beta glucuronidase or beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activities of the spermatozoa were completely inhibited, at least at the time that the inhibitor-treated, capacitated spermatozoa were mixed with the oocytes. The hyaluronidase activity of mouse spermatozoa remained unaltered during the incubation period required for capacitation; however, prolonged incubation caused a significant decrease in hyaluronidase. Untreated mouse spermatozoa caused hydrolysis of hyaluronic acid more effectively than did sperm extracts obtained by detergent extraction. These results are consistent with the theory of an essential role of hyaluronidase in mouse fertilization. At least in this species, the enzyme appears to be specifically involved in sperm penetration through the follicle cell layer. The data do not support an essential role for beta-glucuronidase and beta-N acetylglucosaminidase in the penetration by mouse spermatozoa through the oocyte's investments. In contrast to some other species, sperm capacitation in mice does not result in a loss of hyaluronidase although part of the enzyme activity is lost on prolonged incubation. Mouse spermatozoa appear to be able to digest substrate (hyaluronic acid) even though hyaluronidase is not released. PMID- 3768458 TI - Age, social rank and lactational status influence ovulatory patterns in seasonally breeding rhesus monkeys. AB - Rhesus monkeys housed outdoors exhibit a distinct breeding season limited to the fall and winter months. Four groups of female rhesus monkeys, multiparous nonlactating (MNL; n = 8), multiparous lactating (ML; n = 6), primiparous lactating (PL; n = 3) and nulliparous first-time ovulators (N; n = 6) were studied to investigate the influence of age, parity, and social dominance rank on the parameters of the breeding season. MNL exhibited the longest season (146 days), and PL the shortest (70 days), with N (106 days) and ML (89 days) intermediate. PL females also had a significantly reduced percentage of normal ovulations compared to other groups. Neither body weight nor estimates of body fat were related to either the timing of the ovulatory season or the quality of ovulations within the season. Parity and social dominance rank were significantly related to the percentage of normal ovulations (r = 0.85), with low-ranking, primiparous females exhibiting the fewest normal ovulations. These data indicate that the presence of a suckling infant acts synergistically with environmental factors to determine the parameters of the breeding season. Furthermore, postpubertal females may be more responsive to those factors that terminate the breeding season, and some factor independent of body weight but associated with low social dominance rank and/or primiparity renders females less capable of normal luteal function during the breeding season. PMID- 3768459 TI - Influence of dietary-induced weight changes on serum luteinizing hormone, estrogen and progesterone in the bovine female. AB - The working hypothesis in the present study was that changes in concentrations and secretory patterns of luteinizing hormone (LH), 17 beta estradiol (E2), and progesterone in sexually mature beef heifers fed diets deficient in energy are related to changes in body weight of the animals. Another important component of the study was to determine if concentrations and secretion patterns of the reproductive hormones changed over time as feeding of the experimental diets continued. Twelve Red Angus X Hereford heifers (20 mo of age; 355 +/- 7 kg) were assigned randomly to receive a low- (L, n = 7) or high- (H, n = 5) energy diet for 100 days (Day 0 = day of initiation of dietary treatment). All heifers were exhibiting estrous cycles at regular intervals when the experiment was initiated and continued to exhibit estrous cycles at regular intervals throughout the study. Stage of the estrous cycle was synchronized in all 12 heifers by administration of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) on two occasions (Days 45 and 75) during the experiment. Serial blood samples (taken at 12-min intervals for 4 h) were collected at 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 h after the PGF2 alpha injections (Days 45-47 and 75-77) to determine patterns of LH secretion during the follicular phase of the estrous cycle. In addition, serial blood samples (taken at 20-min intervals for 18 h) to monitor LH secretion during the luteal phase of the estrous cycle, in which the stage of the cycle was standardized between heifers, were obtained (Days 59 and 89).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768460 TI - Receptor-mediated endocytosis of transferrin by Sertoli cells of the rat. AB - Binding of 125I-transferrin (125I-Tf) to the plasma membrane of Sertoli cells and its endocytosis were analyzed by means of light- and electron-microscope quantitative radioautography. Five minutes after 125I-Tf was injected into the interstitial space of the testis, a strong labeling of the basal aspect of the seminiferous epithelium was observed in light-microscope radioautographs. Injection of the same dose of 125I-Tf plus a 200-fold excess of cold transferrin resulted in a marked diminution of the radioautographic reaction, indicating that the initial strong labeling with radiolabeled transferrin was specific. These results were consistent with the localization of immunoreactive fluorescence of transferrin receptor at the base of the seminiferous epithelium. In electron microscope radioautographs of tubules collected at 5 min after injection, the membrane of Sertoli cells facing the basement membrane was well labeled with 125I Tf. At 15 and 30 min, the plasma membrane was less intensely labeled, but the silver grains were then seen overlying multivesicular bodies with an electron lucent matrix, identified as endosomes. This population of endosomes was always seen at a short distance from the basal membrane of Sertoli cells. At 90 min, no more labeling of the plasma membrane, endosomes, or any other cytoplasmic component was observed. Isolated seminiferous tubules and Sertoli cells labeled with 125I-Tf at 4 degrees C were rinsed and reincubated in a label-free medium at 37 degrees C for various periods of time from 5 to 90 min. A radioactive protein precipitated by trichloroacetic acid, presumably intact transferrin, was released from the tubules into the incubating medium; when measured, it was found to increase rapidly from 5 to 45 min and stabilize thereafter. These results suggest that transferrin was internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis, reached endosomes, and then was released to the extratubular space. When native ferritin (NF), a tracer for fluid-phase endocytosis, was infused within the lumen of seminiferous tubules and 125I-Tf was simultaneously injected into the interstitial space, both markers rapidly reached different populations of endosomes. Endosomes labeled with NF, scattered throughout the cytoplasm, evolved with time into dense multivesicular bodies and secondary lysosomes, whereas radiolabeled transferrin reached only the endosomes located in the basal cytoplasm of Sertoli cells. The latter thus appeared to be principally involved in the uptake and recycling of transferrin. PMID- 3768461 TI - Follicular development in immature Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) and the influence of exogenous gonadotropins. AB - This study evaluated follicular development and oocyte growth in ovaries of immature Djungarian hamsters from 8 to 28 days of age and examined the influence of exogenous gonadotropins on follicular growth. An age-specific pattern of progressive follicular development was found, beginning with a compact, virtually undifferentiated ovary containing mostly small follicles on Day 8 postpartum and progressing to an ovary with mature preovulatory follicles at the end of the fourth week. Antral follicles not present on Day 12 were first detected on Day 16 postpartum. Follicles were sensitive to gonadotropins (GTH) by Day 12 postpartum, as indicated by the stimulation of follicular maturation by treatment with GTH. Ovulation, however, could be induced only when treatment with GTH was begun with females from Day 14 postpartum onwards. It was concluded that the injected GTH initiated and enhanced follicular growth in immature Djungarian hamsters. PMID- 3768462 TI - Effect of dilauroylphosphatidylcholine on the acrosome reaction and subsequent penetration of bull spermatozoa into zona-free hamster eggs. AB - Incubation of bull sperm with liposomes made with phosphatidylcholine (PC) containing fatty acyl chains of either 10 (PC10) or 12 (PC12) carbons resulted in greater than 90% of the sperm exhibiting an acrosome reaction (AR) within 15 min. Liposomes of PC10 rapidly destroyed sperm motility while PC12 acrosome-reacted sperm remained motile for several h. Liposomes of PC with greater than or equal to 14-carbon fatty acyl chains had no effect on the AR or motility of sperm. The AR was not induced by lysophospholipids, because lysophospholipids were not detected in the PC liposomes, and the AR did not occur when lysophospholipids were tested at the same concentration as PC12. The concentration of PC12 necessary to induce maximal numbers of acrosome-reacted sperm varied with the concentration of sperm. The effect of PC12 on sperm also varied with the ratio of live to dead sperm in a sample. When 3 X 10(6) bull sperm/ml were treated with 0, 10, 20, and 30 microM PC12 for 7 min prior to addition to zona-free hamster eggs, 6, 6, 98, and 77% of the eggs were penetrated, respectively. Lipid concentrations of 0 microM and 10 microM did not affect the AR, whereas higher levels induced the AR in sperm. This procedure can quickly provide acrosome-reacted bull sperm for use with various in vitro fertilization procedures and for assessment of male fertility. PMID- 3768463 TI - The detection of oviduct-specific proteins in the baboon (Papio anubis). AB - Oviducts obtained from cycling baboons were first flushed with saline, then minced and cultured in the presence of L-[3H] leucine. The flushings, tissue culture media, and solubilized tissues were analyzed by electrophoresis for secretory products that were oviduct-specific. The fluorographs of one dimensional 7.5% slab gels demonstrated that a macromolecule of Mr 130,000 was present in the tissue culture medium of oviducts obtained during the mid-to late follicular stages, and absent during the mid-to late luteal stages. Two dimensional analysis revealed that the Mr 130,000 band consisted of one basic protein and two acidic proteins. The basic protein formed the major component of this band and was the protein either absent or greatly reduced in intensity during the luteal stage. A macromolecule with similar electrophoretic properties was present in silver-stained, two-dimensional gels of follicular stage flushings, and absent in both luteal stage flushings and follicular stage serum. Two other macromolecules (Mr approximately equal to 160,000 and 88,000) appeared to be secretory products that were oviduct-specific. While both were present at all stages of the menstrual cycle, the Mr 160,000 protein showed a midcycle intensification, and the Mr 88,000 protein showed a midluteal stage intensification. Thus, the synthetic ability of baboon oviduct tissue and macromolecular content of the oviduct lumen changed with the stage of the menstrual cycle. The major alteration was in the synthesis and secretion of the Mr 130,000 basic macro-molecule, which was the major protein present during the follicular stage of the cycle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768464 TI - Hormonal regulation of estrogen and progestin receptors in decidual cells. AB - Total estrogen receptor (Re) and total progestin receptor (Rp) were measured in the cytosol and nuclear fractions from hamster deciduomal tissue and decidual cell cultures. Correlation of serum steroid (estradiol and progesterone) and deciduomal receptor profiles revealed a significant loss of Re during the first four days of decidualization that was not attributable to changes in serum steroid levels. A decidual cell-tissue culture system was used to study the receptor's recovery response to progesterone withdrawal. Decidual cells were plated and grown in Ham's F12/Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium with 5% horse serum supplemented with insulin, transferrin, selenium and progesterone (10 ng/ml). Within 48 h of culture large, multinucleate decidual cells were observed by phase microscopy. At 72 h of culture in medium containing progesterone, only Rp was detectable in decidual cells. Re was not detectable (less than 200 fmol/mg DNA) in either cytosol or nuclei from cells maintained in the presence of progesterone. However, when progesterone was deleted from the medium, cytosol Re recovered progressively from 8 h to 16 h of culture. Progesterone withdrawal also caused parallel increases in cytosol and nuclear Rp, and estradiol treatment (2 ng/ml) in combination with progesterone withdrawal further enhanced Rp levels in decidual cell cultures. These results with cultured decidual cells demonstrate that progesterone down-regulates Re and Rp, Re recovers rapidly upon progesterone withdrawal, and the Re system is competent to respond to estrogen action in terms of Rp induction. We used the density-shift method to determine that progestin increases the turnover of nuclear Re in hamster decidual cells within 3 h. Hamster decidual cells were isolated from the endometrium and cultured in progesterone-free medium containing normal amino acids (1H, 12C, 14N) for 2 days. Confluent monolayers of cells were exposed to 1 nM estradiol (E2) for 1 h to maximize the amount of occupied Re in the nuclear fraction. Then, at time 0, cells were transferred to medium supplemented with dense (2H, 13C, 15N) amino acids and either 1 nM E2 or E2 plus 100 nM progesterone. After Re was labeled with dense amino acids for 1, 3, 6 and 9 h, nuclear Re was extracted with 10 mM pyridoxal -5' phosphate and labeled with 125I-iodoestradiol (5 nM). Two radioactive peaks representing preexisting and newly synthesized Re were separated by sucrose density-gradient centrifugation. The halflife of nuclear Re in decidual cells was 3.7 h when cells were treated with E2 alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3768465 TI - Abstracts. Fifth Southern Biomedical Engineering Conference. Shreveport, October 20-21, 1986. PMID- 3768466 TI - Cooperative effects on binding of proteins to DNA. AB - Equations are derived for description of cooperative binding of large ligands to a homogeneous polynucleotide lattice for a wide variety of binding models. Both short- and long-range interactions between nearest-neighbour bound ligands are taken into account. It is shown that cooperative binding of ligand at high levels of occupancy can be described with good accuracy by the equation derived for the noncooperative binding of the same ligand with an apparent binding constant Keff. A new method is proposed for the analysis of cooperative binding isotherms. It is based on a comparison of the asymptotic behavior of cooperative and noncooperative binding isotherms in the limit when the occupancy of lattice by ligand approaches the saturation level of binding. It is demonstrated that cooperative effects mediated by direct contact between bound ligands can be divided into two classes depending on whether dimeric species or aggregates of unrestricted size are formed by bound ligands on the lattice at high levels of occupancy. These two classes can be easily distinguished on strictly empirical grounds. In particular, if interligand interactions favor the formation of dimeric species on DNA, Keff approximately a 1/2 where a is the interligand interaction constant. If interligand interactions generate aggregates of unrestricted size, Keff approximately aL + 1 where L is the size of binding site for the ligand on DNA. We also demonstrate that cooperative systems in which interligand interaction extends over two or more free polymer residues can be distinguished from systems in which only short-range interactions mediated by direct contacts between bound ligands are allowed. PMID- 3768467 TI - The mechanisms of interaction between furanochromones and DNA. A heteronuclear Overhauser effect study on the khellin-thymidine model system. AB - The furanochromones khellin and visnagin have been characterised by 1H and 13C mono- and bidimensional NMR spectroscopies. Their strong affinity with DNA was experimentally confirmed by the complete disappearance of the furano-chromones' NMR signals upon additions of DNA. An intermolecular interaction between furanochromones and the thymidyl moieties of DNA, stabilized by the formation of a hydrogen bond between the thymidyl NH hydrogen and the C = O group of khellin or visnagin, is here proposed. This is suggested by the strong donor-acceptor behavior of these two molecular moieties, as pointed out by a selective 1H-13C Overhauser effect study of the khellin-thymidine model system. PMID- 3768468 TI - Dielectric behavior of polyelectrolytes. IV. Electric polarizability of rigid biopolymers in electric fields. AB - The equilibrium Kerr effect of a system of mobile charges constrained to the surface of biomacromolecules is calculated. Cylindrical and spherical geometries are considered. For the cylinder we determine the anisotropy of electric polarizability as a function of length, temperature, and number of charged species in the low-field regime, and the fraction of the maximum induced dipole in the field direction for higher electric fields. The results are compared to experimental data for DNA oligomers taken from the literature. With spherical geometry we calculate the fractional induced dipole moment as a function of electric field strength and from this deduce the orientation function. The field dependence of the orientation function is compared to experimental data in the literature for bovine disk membrane vesicles. PMID- 3768469 TI - Activity coefficients of salts in highly concentrated protein solutions. II. Potassium salts in isoionic bovine serum albumin solutions. AB - Mean activity coefficients of different potassium salts KX (X = F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3-, SCN-) have been measured in concentrated isoionic bovine serum albumin (BSA) solutions, by use of the EMF method with ion-exchange membrane electrodes. These solutions may be regarded as simple model systems for the cytoplasm of living cells as far as the influence of the macromolecular component on the activity coefficients of the salts is concerned. Two series of measurements have been carried out: (a) varying the amount of salt from 0.01 to 0.5 molal and maintaining the BSA concentration constant at 20 wt% and (b) varying the protein concentration up to 25 wt% and keeping the salt concentration constant at 0.1 molal. For all salts studied, the mean activity coefficients in the protein-salt solutions increase as the salt concentration rises, when the protein concentration is maintained constant. In the series of measurements (b) the activity coefficients of all salts change linearly with the protein concentration. Marked qualitative differences, however, were observed depending on the anion species, which could be interpreted in terms of specific ion binding of X- to the protein molecule. By taking into account BSA-bound 'non-solvent' water, the results were analyzed in terms of numbers of anions bound per BSA molecule. Comparison with the results of Scatchard, obtained at low protein concentrations, showed only a very small electrostatic effect of the BSA-(X-)v polyions on the activity coefficient of the salts at higher protein and salt concentrations. PMID- 3768470 TI - Optical absorption spectra of deoxy- and oxyhemoglobin in the temperature range 300-20 K. Relation with protein dynamics. AB - We have studied the optical absorption spectra of human deoxy- and oxyhemoglobin in the temperature range 300-20 K and in the wavelength range 350-1350 nm. By lowering the temperature, a narrowing and a shift of all bands were observed together with a sizeable increase of the integrated intensities of the charge transfer bands of deoxyhemoglobin. At all temperatures the spectra are in full agreement with the band assignment previously suggested in the literature and no new relevant bands have been detected for both deoxy- and oxyhemoglobin. Analysis of the first and second moment of the bands, within the framework of the harmonic Franck-Condon approximation, gave information on the dynamic properties of the heme in the heme pocket. PMID- 3768471 TI - Conductivity-mediated regulation in a compartmental enzyme system. Superactivation and conductance bistability. AB - This paper deals with the 'conductivity effect' which results from the action of an electric current in a compartmental system involving a chemical reaction producing ionic species. This effect, due to the difference between internal and external conductivities, leads to the accumulation of ionic species inside the reactive compartment. Different results are obtained depending on the considered kinetics: amplification of reaction rate increase, and chemical and conductance bistabilities. PMID- 3768472 TI - Chemically reversible electroreduction of guanine in a polynucleotide chain. AB - It was shown that synthetic polynucleotides containing guanine display in cyclic voltammetry (CV) an anodic peak close to -0.3 V (against a saturated calomel electrode). A condition for the appearance of this peak is the previous polarization of the mercury electrode to sufficiently negative potentials (around -1.8 V). The results of CV measurements with electrode polarization by repeated cycles indicate that in negative potentials there is a reduction of guanine residues and in the anodic process reoxidation of the reduction product to guanine. This chemically reversible process takes place even when a polynucleotide contains adenine and/or cytosine residues in addition to guanine, where reduction leads to the formation of products blocking the electrode surface. PMID- 3768473 TI - Analysis of zeros of binding polynomials for tetrameric hemoglobins. AB - A quantitative measure of the validity of the MWC description of cooperative binding equilibria has been obtained which uses only the Adair constants. This is accomplished through simple relationships using the zeros of the Adair binding polynomial and unique properties of the zeros of MWC polynomials as described in the accompanying paper (W.E. Briggs, Biophys. Chem. 24 (1986) 311). The method is applied to oxygen binding to a large number of hemoglobins under a wide variety of conditions. In most cases, exemplified by human hemoglobin under a wide range of conditions, the MWC model is allowed and the probability of its suitability is determined. The probability given by this method correlates directly with the deviation between the experimental binding curve and that derived from the theory. In several cases the pattern of the Adair polynomial zeros immediately excludes the MWC model, most notably for carp hemoglobins. A physical picture of cooperative binding site interactions is nevertheless obtained from the patterns of zeros as they relate to the factorization of the binding polynomial. PMID- 3768474 TI - A probabilistic model for fitting MWC polynomials in protein-ligand binding. AB - Given a binding polynomial in Adair form, A(x) = 1 + beta 1 x + ... + beta n x n, beta i greater than or equal to 0, a basic problem is to determine a method of fitting a model polynomial to A(x) and a quantitative measure of the goodness of fit. This paper presents such a method for fitting Monod-Wyman-Changeux (MWC) model polynomials when A(x) is of degree three or four. The method of fitting is based on the property that the zeros of an MWC polynomial of any degree lie on a circle in the complex plane. The parameters in the MWC model are determined so that if possible this circle coincides with the circle on which lie the zeros of A(x). The measure of goodness of fit is provided by a probabilistic model which gives the probability that a binding polynomial has its zeros on a circle on which lie the zeros of an MWC polynomial and if so, the probability that the juxtaposition of the two sets of zeros can occur by chance alone. PMID- 3768475 TI - What causes the variation of polarization degree across the emission spectrum of proteins? AB - A gradual decrease in fluorescence polarization across the emission spectrum on increase in wavelength has been recorded for a number of proteins and also for tryptophan, N-acetyltryptophan and glycyltryptophan. Various factors responsible for this dependence have been analyzed. It is shown that if the emission originates from both the 1La and 1Lb states, the position and form of the fluorescence spectrum polarization components as well as the slope of the dependence of the degree of polarization upon emission wavelength must always vary with the excitation wavelength. However, this condition, although necessary, is not enough to prove the participation of 1Lb in emission. The dependence of the form of the emission polarization spectrum upon excitation wavelength obtained for some proteins is explained by tyrosine residues contributing to the emission. Consequently, there are no reasons for assuming that the 1Lb oscillator participates in emission. It has been observed that for individual emitting centres, the slope of the dependence of the degree of polarization upon emission wavelength is determined by alteration of the vibrational substates, between which the transition with radiation takes place. The heterogeneity in the microenvironment properties of separate tryptophan residues in multitryptophan proteins and the existence, under certain conditions, of a correlation between the radiative lifetime of the emitting centre (determining the degree of the emission polarization) and the completeness of the microenvironment orientational relaxation (determining the emitted quantum of energy) can also affect the slope of this dependence. PMID- 3768476 TI - Viscosity of concentrated solutions and of human erythrocyte cytoplasm determined from NMR measurement of molecular correlation times. The dependence of viscosity on cell volume. AB - Metabolically active human erythrocytes were incubated with [alpha-13C]glycine which led to the specific enrichment of intracellular glutathione. The cells were then studied using 13C-NMR in which the longitudinal relaxation times (T1) and nuclear Overhauser enhancements of the free glycine and glutathione were measured. The T1 values of labelled glycine were also determined in various concentration solutions of bovine serum albumin and glycerol and also of the natural abundance 13C of glycerol in glycerol solutions. From the T1 estimates the rotational correlation time (tau r) was calculated using a formula based on a model of an isotropic spherical rotor or that of a symmetrical ellipsoidal rotor; for glycine the differences in estimates of tau r obtained using the two models were not significant. From the correlation times and by use of the Stokes Einstein equations viscosity and translational diffusion coefficients were calculated; thus comment can be made on the likelihood of diffusion control of certain enzyme-catalysed reactions in the erythrocyte. Bulk viscosities of the erythrocyte cytoplasm and the above-mentioned solutions were measured using Ostwald capillary viscometry. Large differences existed between the latter viscosity estimates and those based upon NMR-T1 measurements. We derived an equation from the theory of the viscosity of concentrated solutions which contains two phenomenological interaction parameters, a 'shape' factor and a 'volume' factor; it was fitted to data relating to the concentration dependence of viscosity measured by both methods. We showed, by using the equation and interaction-parameter estimates for a particular probe molecule in a particular solution, that it was possible to correlate NMR viscosity and bulk viscosity; in other words, given an estimate of the bulk viscosity, it was possible to calculate the NMR 'micro' viscosity or vice versa. However, the values of the interaction parameters depend upon the relative sizes of the probe and solute molecules and must be separately determined for each probe-solute-solvent system. Under various conditions of extracellular osmotic pressure, erythrocytes change volume and thus the viscosity of the intracellular milieu is altered. The volume changes resulted in changes in the T1 of [alpha-13C]glycine. Conversely, we showed that alterations in T1, when appropriately calibrated, could be used for monitoring changes in volume of metabolically active cells. PMID- 3768477 TI - Can the double helix be parallel? PMID- 3768478 TI - Dynamics of the disordered-beta transition in poly(L-tyrosine) determined by stopped-flow spectrometry. PMID- 3768479 TI - Prediction of protein structural class from the amino acid sequence. PMID- 3768480 TI - Evidence for heterogeneity in DNA-associated solvent mobility from acridine phosphorescence spectra. PMID- 3768481 TI - Rate constants and activation parameters for the mobility of bulk and DNA associated glycol-water solvents. PMID- 3768482 TI - Calculations on the effect of methylation on the electrostatic stability of the B and Z-conformers of DNA. PMID- 3768483 TI - The distribution of charged groups in proteins. PMID- 3768484 TI - Vibrational circular dichroism spectra of three conformationally distinct states and an unordered state of poly(L-lysine) in deuterated aqueous solution. PMID- 3768485 TI - The hinge-bending mode of a lysozyme-inhibitor complex. PMID- 3768486 TI - Phosphorus NMR spectra of natural DNA fragments in the course of the B-to-A conformational transition. PMID- 3768487 TI - Importance of analytical methods in pharmacokinetic and drug metabolism studies. AB - Pharmacokinetic and drug metabolism studies first request that good analytical data are available. The various methods that permit unchanged drugs and their metabolites to be separated, identified and quantitatively assayed are briefly reviewed. The present importance of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry is emphasized, as well as the limits of immunological assays. The sensitivity of the analytical assay has a direct impact on the validity of the pharmacokinetic model which is built up from plasma concentration data. The precision and accuracy of the assay is also critical, and it is not always easily estimated. A new significant parameter is the speed of analysis, and the resulting massive production of analytical data. New drugs coming from biotechnology, and new dosage forms, like targeted drugs, will create new analytical problems in the future. They will probably call for the development of new biological or pharmacological assay procedures, in addition to the physicochemical means of analysis. PMID- 3768488 TI - Plasma concentrations and relative bioavailability of naftidrofuryl from different salt forms. AB - The relative bioavailability of the vasodilator naftidrofuryl from formulations containing its oxalate or citrate salt has been estimated using a specific HPLC assay, and a less specific fluorimetric assay, to measure plasma drug concentrations. The conclusions of the study were the same irrespective of the assay employed. The relative rate, but not the extent, of bioavailability of naftidrofuryl from the citrate salt (peak 1096 ng ml-1 at 0.76 h) was marginally greater (p = 0.003) than that from the oxalate salt (peak 922 ng ml-1 at 0.94 h). The degree of intersubject variability was similar after administration of either salt form. The mean half-life of naftidrofuryl was 1.8 h and its mean residence time was 2.5 h. PMID- 3768489 TI - Ceforanide pharmacokinetics in haemodialysis: the effect of ultrafiltration. AB - The kinetics of ceforanide in plasma and dialysate was studied in 8 patients with terminal renal impairment after undergoing haemodialysis sessions lasting between 4 and 5 h. All patients received a single i.v. dose of 15 mg kg-1 of the drug at the start of the session. The dialysers used in this study were Spiraflow capillar 1.3 m2, Travenol plates 1.4 m2, and PAN plates. Blood flow ranged between 200 and 300 ml min-1 and dialysate flow between 500-650 ml min-1. Plasma ceforanide levels were measured at the input and output of the dialyser and the antibiotic levels in dialysate were determined coinciding with the withdrawal times of the blood samples. A microbiologic plate diffusion method was used to determine the antibiotic concentrations. The mean values of some pharmacokinetic parameters of ceforanide calculated with a non-linear regression program from the data obtained from arterial blood were the following: alpha (h-1) = 4.14 +/- 1.32; beta (h-1) = 0.26 +/- 0.07; t1/2 beta (h) = 2.82 +/- 0.82; Vdss (1) = 10.24 +/- 2.14. From the relationships between the antibiotic concentrations at the input and output of the dialyser it was possible to calculate an extraction coefficient of 0.11 +/- 0.06. The dialysis clearance of ceforanide was calculated from the determination of the extraction coefficient and from the measuring of antibiotic in dialysate, though different results were obtained with the two methods. Dialysis clearance calculated from the extraction coefficient showed a mean value of 18.68 +/- 12.16 ml min-1, significantly lower (p less than 0.01) than that established by analysis of the antibiotic in dialysate, which was 41.55 +/- 15.83 ml min-1. These differences may be attributed to problems related to the determination of blood flow and to the ultrafiltration capacity of the dialysis membranes. A linear relationship was established between the percentage error in the observed and predicted extraction coefficients and the ultrafiltration rate. The results obtained suggest that the simultaneous measurement of the antibiotic in plasma and dialysate is the most suitable method for predicting the dialysis clearance of the drug. The amount of antibiotic extracted over a 4-hour dialysis session proved to be equal to 57.85 +/- 15.62 per cent of the dose administered. PMID- 3768490 TI - Renal and non-renal clearances of iothalamate. AB - An evaluation of the literature indicated that certain aspects of the disposition kinetics of iothalamate, important to the accurate determination of glomerular filtration rate in dogs and humans, remain to be resolved. The simultaneous clearances of iothalamate and inulin in 5 dogs were determined at three steady state iothalamate plasma levels (2, 10, and 40 micrograms ml-1) following various rates of intravenous infusion. The iothalamate clearances, both renal and non renal, were concentration-independent. The overall mean non-renal clearance was 18 per cent (ranging from 9 to 25 per cent) of its plasma clearance. The mean iothalamate/inulin renal clearance ratio was about 0.84 with individual values ranging from 0.72 to 0.95. The significant (4-26 per cent) plasma protein binding of iothalamate in these dogs was the main reason for the lower-than-unity clearance ratios obtained. The literature indicates the existence of up to 25 per cent of non-renal elimination in humans with normal renal function; this is comparable to the present results obtained with dogs but contrary to the assumption, sometimes reported in the literature that non-renal elimination is essentially absent in humans. Binding of iothalamate to plasma proteins from humans was not found in the present study. The above results suggest that for accurate glomerular filtration rate determination in humans and dogs, especially for those with renal impairment, renal clearance rather than plasma clearance should be used, and in the case of dogs it should also be corrected for plasma protein binding. Iothalamate in plasma and urine was analysed by a simple, micro high-performance liquid chromatographic method with UV detection. PMID- 3768491 TI - Inhibition of tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo by 2-methyl 9 hydroxyellipticinium entrapped within phospholipid vesicles. AB - Encapsulation in liposomes of the antitumoral drug 2-methyl 9 hydroxyellipticinium and the consequences of its cytotoxicity in vitro on L1210 leukemia cells and on its antitumoral activity in vivo on leukemic mice inoculated with L1210 cells are described. Provided the drugs is dissolved in the buffer below its critical micelle concentration (10(-4) M), it can be encapsulated in lipid vesicles with a very good yield in the form of a very stable combination with the lipids. The in vitro experiments show that 2-CH3 9-OH ellipticinium is less cytotoxic against L1210 cells when entrapped than when free in solution. The in vivo experiments on tumor-bearing mice show that encapsulation of the drug reduces its toxicity. Encapsulation maintains the antitumoral activity of the drug or increases it if the leukemia is delayed (10(4) cells injected per mouse instead of 10(5) cells per mouse). PMID- 3768492 TI - Modelling the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of trimazosin. AB - The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of trimazosin are described following both intravenous and oral administration to 6 normotensive, male volunteers. The IV and oral drug and metabolite (1-hydroxytrimazosin) concentration data are fitted simultaneously to the same pharmacokinetic model. The pharmacodynamic response, change in systolic blood pressure following 5 min in the erect posture, is described using several possible models. The most efficient is one which attributes the response to both the parent drug and its principal metabolite. The response following oral administration is also consistent with this model. It appears that the reduction in blood pressure following administration of trimazosin at steady state may be governed by the concentration of metabolite. PMID- 3768493 TI - Characterization of two metabolites of prethcamide by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. AB - Crotethamide and cropropamide, both components of the respiratory stimulant prethcamide, are metabolized in humans by demethylation of the [(dimethylamino) carbonyl]-propyl moiety. The resulting metabolites are characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of urinary extracts. The use of HCl to prevent losses by volatilization during the evaporation step, combined with methanol as solvent, complicates gas liquid chromatographic analysis of prethcamide. The resulting artifacts are identified. PMID- 3768494 TI - Delay of cardiac and retinal effects of digoxin following a rapidly attained serum concentration plateau. PMID- 3768495 TI - Superoxide dismutase in human testis preparations. AB - A protein fraction from human testis was structurally investigated. The main component of the fraction reported to contain inhibin-like activity was purified and analyzed by tryptic digestion. The peptides obtained identified the protein as an enzyme, superoxide dismutase, previously known to be present in seminal plasma. The results show that superoxide dismutase is a major enzyme, also of testicular material. They further demonstrate the importance of using pure fractions, and controls such as checks with structural analysis or synthetic peptides, in the work of elucidating the nature of inhibin and other hormonal peptides. PMID- 3768496 TI - Temperature effects on cholinesterases from rat brain capillaries. AB - The activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) in rat brain capillaries were measured as a function of temperature. Arrhenius plots of the data revealed that AChE exhibits a biphasic Arrhenius plot with a distinct break (transition temperature) at about 15.2 kcal/mol. In contrast, BuChE did not show evidence of discontinuity. BuChE showed an activation energy higher than that of AChE in the physiological range of temperature. These data suggest a lack of lipid-protein interaction in the case of BuChE. Although the possibility exists that BuChE is weakly anchored to the membranes, our results indicate that BuChE is not bound, at least significantly, to cellular membranes in brain capillaries as is AChE. PMID- 3768497 TI - Oligonucleotides as probes for mammalian protamine mRNAs. AB - Protamine-like sequences have been identified in poly A(+)mRNAs from mammalian testes by the use of a common, complementary oligonucleotide (GCAGCANCKPTANCKNGCCAT; predicted from the common N-terminal amino acid sequence, MARYRCC, seen in several mammalian P1 protamines [D.J. McKay, B.S. Renaux and G.H. Dixon, Bioscience Reports 5:383-391 (1985)]). This oligonucleotide was utilized to prepare species-specific, primer-extended transcripts for use as Northern blotting probes. Analysis of the mRNA primer-extended transcripts revealed a discrete and similar set of products common to both bull and rat testis mRNAs which were distinct from those obtained from human testis mRNA. Northern analysis of total poly A(+) mRNAs from the corresponding mammalian testis was consistent with these results and suggests that bull and rat protamine mRNAs are more closely related to each other than to human protamine mRNA. PMID- 3768498 TI - [Differences in the concentration of erythrocytes and the hematocrit value in the blood in relation to the location of the vessels and the intensity of the blood flow]. AB - The experiments in adult rabbits revealed that in the blood flowing in cerebral veins the red cell concentration and hematocrit are much greater than in the veins of hind legs of the same animals. In blood samples taken from the heart these values are higher than in those taken from the hind leg, but usually lower than in blood samples taken from the brain. Under conditions of reduced cerebral blood flow (ischemia) the red cell concentration and hematocrit in the brain vessels decrease significantly as compared to the control conditions. Thus, the red cell distribution in arterial branching sequence is irregular, depending both on the localization of the vascular bed and the blood flow rate in it. PMID- 3768499 TI - [Mechanism of the change in erythrocyte osmotic resistance in rats exposed to valinomycin: the features seen in spontaneous hypertension]. AB - Introduction of valinomycin into erythrocyte incubation medium increased the cell stability to water-induced hemolysis. In these conditions the erythrocytes of spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive (control) rats release 63.2 +/- 1.5% and 80.9 +/- 1.6%, respectively, of the total hemoglobin content. Valinomycin effect is completely abolished with K+ substitution for Na+ and is independent of extracellular Ca2+ concentration. Valinomycin had no effect on human erythrocyte osmotic stability. It has been shown that valinomycin-induced kinetics of Na+ and K+ redistribution was different in human and rat erythrocytes. The distinctions are thought to be related to specific anion transport mediated by the third band protein--the main component of membrane cytoskeleton. PMID- 3768500 TI - [Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme spectrum in various areas of the reticular formation of the brain in rats: the effect of emotional stress]. AB - The changes in lactate dehydrogenase (LDG) isoenzyme content in the various brain areas were studied in intact Wistar rats and upon immobilization stress. LDG fraction levels were compared to BP changes during immobilization. The proportion of "anaerobic" LDG fractions was higher and the proportion of "aerobic" fractions lower in the dorsal area of midbrain substantia reticularis than in medulla oblongata reticular formation. The changes in LDG fraction content related to BP alterations during immobilization were observed in dorsal and ventral areas of midbrain (but not medulla oblongata) substantia reticularis. The proportion of anaerobic LDG4 fraction in the dorsal area of midbrain substantia reticularis was higher in rats with hypertensive responses, than in hypotensive animals. The changes in LDG5 fraction content were opposite. In the ventral area of midbrain reticular formation BP reduction was accompanied by a significant rise in "anaerobic" and a decrease in "aerobic" LDG fraction levels. The data obtained indicate certain differences in the intensity of aerobic and anaerobic processes of carbohydrate degeneration in various areas of substantia reticularis in control rats, as well as the correlation of changes in energy metabolism in the brain with BP alterations during emotional stress. PMID- 3768501 TI - [Effect of temporary hypovolemia on the early central pooling of the blood circulation following resuscitation and the survival of animals experiencing clinical death]. AB - The experiments were conducted on cats under pentobarbitone sodium anesthesia (40 mg/kg). The effect of 30-min hypovolemia (Wiggerse's model, 13.3 kPa or 100 mm Hg) on the cardiac output, its main fractions and the survival of animals recovered after clinical death (5 min) were studied. Hypovolemia was induced after cardiac contractions were recovered. In experimental (19 cats) and control (23 cats) studies clinical death was caused by arterial blood loss. The animals had been previously subject to hemorrhagic hypotension (according to Wiggerse, 6.7 kPa or 50 mm Hg, for 30 minutes). Temporary exclusion of part of blood volume from the circulation was found to abolish the phase of cardiac output increase in the postresuscitation period, attenuate the reaction of blood circulation centralization, improve the course of reparative processes and increase the survival of animals recovered after clinical death. PMID- 3768502 TI - [Assessment of the erythropoietin-producing function of the kidney and liver under controlled perfusion]. AB - The balance of erythropoietin production by the dog kidney and liver was studied during controlled normoxic perfusion. The hormone production was stimulated by acute posthemorrhagic anemia (bloodletting of 25% total blood volume) combined with subcutaneous injection of cobaltous chloride (250 microM/kg body weight). The increase in erythropoietin level was revealed in posthypoxic animal perfusate after 6 hours of perfusion. The amount of hepatic erythropoietin was shown to be 2.5 times higher than that excreted by kidneys. PMID- 3768503 TI - [Effect of testosterone, its 5 alpha-reduced metabolites, estradiol and progesterone on the formation of an experimental duodenal ulcer in male rats]. AB - The influence of different doses (0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 10.0, 100.0, 250.0, 1,000.0, 2,500.0 gamma/kg body weight) of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, 5 alpha androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol, 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diall, 4 androsterone-3,17-dione, estradiol and progesterone on the formation of cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcer was studied in mature male rats. It has been shown that all the steroids, but for progesterone, bring down the ulcer index after six days of i/p administration, the effect depending on the nature and dose of a steroid. Estradiol and 4-androstene-3,17-dione proved to be the most effective in the given dose range. The results do not only confirm the role of androgens and estradiol in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer, but also indicate the participation of their precursors and metabolites in the ulcer induction. The prospects of using steroids in the treatment of ulcer are discussed. PMID- 3768504 TI - [Prevention of wound suppuration]. AB - The results of 0.3% sodium chloride solution application for the prevention of wound suppuration are reviewed. The experiments were carried out on animals, by making several pricks around the place of injection of potentially pathogenic microorganisms (staphylococcus, E. coli and yeast-like fungi) and forming a "tight" infiltrate. No inflammation was observed in the place of injection and the following "tight" infiltration by 0.3% sodium chloride solution. The control animals revealed suppuration in the infiltration area, and bacteriological analysis isolated initial cultures of microorganisms. PMID- 3768505 TI - [Effectiveness of lipid peroxidation inhibition in biomembranes by antioxidants with and without hydrocarbon chains]. AB - The efficacy of lipid peroxidation inhibition by the natural antioxidant alpha tocopherol and 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-6-hydroxy-chromane (PMC), a derivative without hydrocarbon tail, as well as by the synthetic antioxidant 4-methyl-2,6 diterbutyl phenol (BHT) and its phospholipid derivative was studied in the membranes of rat liver microsomes and mitochondria. The presence of hydrocarbon tail in the antioxidant molecule determines the decrease of antioxidant efficiency in biomembranes. PMC and BHT exert a destructive effect on biomembranes, leading to an increase in their permeability to ions. This evidence suggests that the presence of hydrocarbon tail in the molecules of natural antioxidants provides not only for a relatively high antioxidant efficiency but also for a structural stability of biomembranes. PMID- 3768506 TI - [Action of laser radiation on the peroxide chemiluminescence of wound exudate]. AB - To assess the efficacy of laser therapy in the management of unresponding wounds and ulcers the method based on the estimation of chemiluminescence of tissue fluid in the presence of H2O2 was developed. It is suggested that laser radiation induced decrease in chemiluminescence can be attributed to the activation of catalase in tissue fluid, which has an obvious positive therapeutic effect on reparative regeneration of wounds and ulcers. PMID- 3768507 TI - [Changes in collagen metabolism during the chronic electrical stimulation of the midbrain reticular formation]. AB - The content of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids, free and bound hydroxyproline in the peripheral blood, as well as the level of free and net hydroxyproline in the aortic wall and myocardium of rabbits were studied in chronic prolonged electrical stimulation of the mesencephalon reticular system. The experiments have shown that electrical stimulation leads to the activation of adrenal cortex function and is accompanied by alterations in collagen metabolism, accumulation of collagen in the aorta and decreased collagen level in the myocardium. PMID- 3768508 TI - [Changes in the cyclic nucleotide level and the inhibition of human thrombocyte aggregation in 3-hydroxypyridine exposure]. AB - The effect of six 3-oxypiridine derivatives (at a concentration of 10(-3) and 5 X 10(-3) M) on cyclic nucleotide level in human platelets and platelet aggregation was studied. Five 3-oxypiridine derivatives were shown to depress platelet aggregation, four of them causing the increase in cAMP platelet level. The correlation between antiaggregation activity of 3-oxypiridine derivatives and their ability to rise cyclic nucleotide level in human platelets is discussed. PMID- 3768509 TI - [Effect of hydrocortisone on lipid metabolism in the plasma membranes of hepatocytes]. AB - Lipid composition of cell plasma membranes and hepatocyte lysosome phospholipase activity were studied. The data obtained have shown the phospholipid involvement in the realization of steroid hormone effect on the effector cells. The role of lysosomes in the same process is discussed. PMID- 3768510 TI - [Pharmacological blockade of the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin in rats]. AB - Cisplatin injection (0.5 mg/100 g body weight) induced 5 days later an increase in serum urea concentration from 3.31 +/- 0.67 to 47.1 +/- 8.68 mg/ml and diuresis decrease following water loading test. Ethacrynic acid, furosemide, paraaminohippurate pre-injections prevented cisplatin nephrotoxicity. The decrease in cisplatin nephrotoxicity took place when furosemide was administered before or 3 h after cisplatin injection; 6 h after cisplatin injection furosemide was not effective. The results suggest that pharmacological blockade of cisplatin nephrotoxicity depends on the drug penetration into secreting cells of proximal tubules. PMID- 3768511 TI - [Changes in cat behavior as affected by intracerebral microinjections of kynurenine and quinolinic acid]. AB - Behavioural changes induced by microinjections of neuroactive tryptophan metabolites: L-kynurenine sulfate (KYN, 50-1,000 micrograms) and quinolinic acid (QA, 20-1,000 micrograms) were studied in chronic experiments on cats with cannulas implanted into nuclei caudati. Unlike KYN, whose effects were scarce and nonspecific, QA (500 and 1,000 micrograms) produced marked motor and emotional shifts. The effects were manifested in contralateral rotatory movements, limb hyperkinesis, emotional strain, malice, fear, aggression with snarling and hissing, attack on provocation. It is suggested that kynurenines and QA can participate in the generation of emotional disorders peculiar for epilepsy. PMID- 3768513 TI - [Evaluation of cell proliferation kinetics by the differential staining of the sister chromatids at 2 points of cell fixation]. AB - Lymphocyte proliferation in blood cultures from 23 normal individuals was studied. A simple method of evaluation of cell proliferative kinetics with sister chromatid differential staining using two different points of cell harvesting was suggested. It was shown that different composition of tissue culture medium plays a significant role during the cell exit from G0 stage, the mean doubling generation time of cellular population remaining constant. PMID- 3768512 TI - [Interaction of fibronectin with polymorphonuclear leukocytes normally and in anaphylaxis]. AB - Fibronectin is known as an opsonic glycoprotein possessing a wide range of specificity. Fibronectin interaction with neutrophils (normal ones and those obtained at peak of anaphylactic shock) was studied. Neutrophils were brought in contact with purified homologous fibronectin previously bound to gelatin Sepharose granules. The presence of fibronectin-binding proteins on the surface of human and rabbit neutrophils was demonstrated, the binding being strongly dependent on Ca2+ and especially Mg2+ ions. "Anaphylactic" neutrophils, in contrast to normal ones, did not interact with fibronectin, which may be important for the pathogenesis of the immediate type hypersensitivity reactions. PMID- 3768514 TI - [Effect of the carcinogenic tyrosine metabolite p-hydroxyphenyllactic acid on the ascorbic acid concentration in the organs and blood of mice]. AB - The effect of cancerogenic tyrosine metabolite, p-hydroxyphenyllactic acid, on the concentration of ascorbic acid in the organs and blood of mice has been studied. p-Hydroxyphenyllactic acid was demonstrated to decrease considerably ascorbic acid concentration in the liver, adrenal glands and blood of mice. The above phenomenon and the previous data on tyrosine aminotransferase induction by p-hydroxyphenyllactic acid suggest the existence of two interdependent mechanisms of cancerogenic tyrosine metabolite (p-hydroxyphenyllactic acid) accumulation. PMID- 3768515 TI - [Disordered DNA repair in tumor cells as affected by sarcolysine]. AB - Sarcolysine-induced damaging and reparative processes in the primary structure of tumour cell DNA have been studied. The presence of low sarcolysine concentrations (1 mkM) in the cell culture during the first two hours of incubation caused suturing of DNA molecules. The increase of the incubation time from 4 to 18 hours and the rise in the drug concentration (by 10.20 times and more) resulted in intensive accumulation of one-strand breaks. However, we have not observed the appearance of high-molecular DNA, which is the evidence of the completion of the reparative process. The impulse treatment with sarcolysine (1 hour, 10 mkM) with subsequent drug removal caused the irreversible damage of DNA reparative processes at the stage of short fragments' suturing. PMID- 3768516 TI - [Formation of microfilament bundles in the tumor cell interphase nuclei of a rat neurinoma exposed to dimethyl sulfoxide]. AB - The action of 15% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on the ultrastructure of the rat neurinoma cells (line NGUK-I) has been studied. The agent induced the formation of microfilament bundles in interphase nuclei after 30-60 min of treatment. The microfilament bundles revealed are suggested to be actin. PMID- 3768517 TI - [Dendrite projection zones in the phrenic motor neurons of the cat]. AB - The fields of dendrite arborization (projections) were examined in phrenic nuclei of adult cats. Six types (five radial and one longitudinal) of phrenic motoneuron dendrites have been determined. The radial dendrites can project to lamina VIII or VII, to lateral and ventrolateral locomotor nuclei and to all funiculi of the white matter surrounding the ventral horn. The ventrolateral, dorsomedial and ventromedial dendrites form separate bundles. The longitudinal dendrites extend rostrocaudally within the phrenic nucleus, forming the most potent bundle. PMID- 3768518 TI - [Ultrastructural changes in the dendrites during aging]. AB - Dendrite ultrastructure was studied in different brain areas of old rats, aged 28 30 months. Different ultrastructural forms of the reactive and destructive processes in the dendrites, irregularity of their pathomorphological changes with ageing and greater destruction of large dendrites, as compared to small ones are demonstrated. PMID- 3768519 TI - [Changes in the size of the nucleoli of the Purkinje cells in the canine cerebellum in the postresuscitation period]. AB - The changes in the size of Purkinje cell (PC) nucleolus in the lateral and medial cerebellum zones were studied in dogs with different degree of neurologic status recovery after clinical death of various etiology and duration. PC always possess one nucleolus in the control and experimental groups. In the case of complete neurologic status recovery of animals the area of PC nucleolus increases in both zones studied, irrespective of the cause of clinical death. In the case of neurologic disorders the increase in PC nucleolus area is clearly expressed only in the medial zone of the cerebellum, being insignificant in the lateral zone. It is suggested that adaptive characteristics of PC are distinct in the two compared zones, which leads to greater PC vulnerability in the lateral zone during deep hypoxia. PMID- 3768520 TI - [Dependence of the number of vesicles in vascular smooth muscle cells on the presence of noradrenaline in the extracellular space]. AB - Noradrenaline (NA) effect on the number of vesicles in smooth muscle cells was investigated in small mesenteric arteries of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), aged 8 or 12 weeks, and age-matched normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. The presence of NA in the incubation medium resulted in an increase in the number of vesicles in SHR of both age groups, but not in WKY. The results are discussed in view of the relationship between the vesicles and Ca transport in smooth muscle cells. PMID- 3768521 TI - [Hepatocyte ultrastructure in mice with chronic T-2 mycotoxicosis]. AB - Trichothecene mycotoxin (T-2 toxin) was administered by gastric intubation to CBAXC57BL/6 mice at a dose of 0.33-0.45 mg/kg for 6 months. No symptoms of intoxication were observed, however, electron microscopic studies revealed a severe damage of hepatocyte structure, especially of smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Besides the destruction of hepatocytes an increase in the number of primary and secondary lysosomes was observed. Regenerating foci were found in the majority of liver cells. In chronic T-2 mycotoxicosis there is a strong correlation between the damage of hepatocyte ultrastructure and the changes in organella-specific enzymatic activity in the liver, that was described previously. PMID- 3768522 TI - [Unusual structure of the biliary system in the liver of the grass carp and the silver carp]. AB - It is known that the bile canaliculus in the liver of almost all vertebrates is made up of membranes of two or more adjacent liver cells. Studying the liver cell ultrastructure of lasting and fed grass carp and silver carp, it was demonstrated that a bile canaliculus is formed by deep invagination of a cell membrane of one hepatocyte. The membrane forms microvilli along the bile canaliculus. The bile canaliculus is seen in the centre of liver cell cytoplasm on the cross section and stretches from the centre of the liver cell cytoplasm to the cell membrane on the longitudinal section. The bile canaliculus is connected with a small duct cell, which is distinct from a liver cell in its small size, little amount of cell organelles and the presence of cytoplasmic filaments. The terminal part of the biliary tract consists of one liver cell and one bile duct cell. The part of the tract adjacent to the terminal one is composed of two or three small bile duct cells devoid of basal membrane. Thus, the liver parenchyma is constituted of a net of numerous bile ducts. In the portal tract, there is a large bile duct, consisting of 12-13 bile duct cells, surrounded by basal membrane and connective tissue cells. PMID- 3768523 TI - [Morphologic changes in the kidneys in acute kidney failure due to acute pancreatitis]. AB - Light optical and electron-microscopic investigations were carried out on 42 dogs with experimental hypertensive-enzymatic acute pancreatitis. It was revealed that microcirculatory changes appeared already within the first hour of experimental pancreatitis. By the 4th hour of the experiment the changes in basal membrane and podocytes, as well as proliferation of mesangial cells and growth of mesangial matrix were noted. Thus, at the initial stages of acute pancreatitis morphological alterations in the kidneys correspond to the pattern of mesangial proliferative diffuse glomerulitis. PMID- 3768524 TI - [Ultrastructural changes in the skin in fatal electrical trauma]. AB - The study was performed on 20 guinea-pigs. The animals were injured by alternating current at 380 and 220 V. The developing destructive alterations were characterized by histological, histochemical and electron-microscopic techniques, and a complex of electric markers was established. A dependence of morphological changes on the voltage values was demonstrated. The complex of alterations found may be employed for the differentiation of electric markers from mechanical or thermal injuries. PMID- 3768525 TI - [Holographic recording of the interference waves in muscle tissues]. AB - The method of interference holography is suggested for the investigation of biomechanical properties of human skeletal muscles. The method permitted the registration of a profile of deforming waves induced on the muscle surface by a special striking mechanism. Analytically and in model experiments it was demonstrated that deforming waves penetrated much deeper than skin and subcutaneous tissue layer. The experiments have confirmed that the skin has but little effect on interference pattern. The interferogram of deforming waves in the biceps muscle reflect distinctions in the muscle tissue elasticity along and transverse muscle fibers. PMID- 3768526 TI - [Spirograph for small laboratory animals]. AB - A design of dry spirograph is described. It is characterized by greater precision, lack of inertia, high reliability, absence of respiration resistance, adequate form of recording, rapid resetting to any respiratory rate. The device consists of two similar injection syringes, photoelectric sensor for the identification of the initial moments of respiration stages, electromagnetic valves, two photoelectric converters of the air volume into the impulse signal, vacuum micro-pump, microcompressor and a system of air-driving tubes. In the initial position of pistons and valves the microcompressor pumps air into the inhalation cylinder and lifts the piston to the upper extreme position. With the signal marking the beginning of inspiration, the valves switch over and the piston lowers, pushing out the air, which moves into the animals' respiratory organs. Simultaneously, the signals of the inhaled air volume from the photoelectric transducer reach the recorder. During expiration the air pushes the piston down into the second cylinder and photoelectric transducer gives the information on the volume of the expired air. PMID- 3768527 TI - [Continuous monitoring of human erythrocyte breakdown in the circulating blood by means of multiple light scattering]. AB - The method of hemolysis control in human circulating blood is described. The method was used for studying erythrocyte destruction resulting from osmotic swelling and shear stress in the blood flow and may be applied in the artificial blood circulation system. PMID- 3768529 TI - The L4F3 antigen is expressed by unipotent and multipotent colony-forming cells but not by their precursors. AB - Antibody L4F3 is a murine monoclonal antibody that recognizes an antigen expressed on in vitro colony-forming cells, including virtually all CFU-GM, CFU Meg, BFU-E, and CFU-Mix. In the present study we examined whether cells that do not express the L4F3 antigen include precursors of hematopoietic colony-forming cells. Colony-forming cells were depleted from marrow by treatment with L4F3 and complement. The remaining cells generated CFU-GM, BFU-E, and CFU-Mix when cultured in the presence of irradiated adherent cell layers from long-term marrow cultures. Marrow cells not expressing the L4F3 antigen, which were separated by cell-sorting techniques, were depleted of colony-forming cells but nevertheless generated CFU-GM when cultured over irradiated adherent cell layers. These data suggest that there are marrow precursors that do not express the L4F3 antigen and that give rise to colony-forming cells of multiple types. Negative selection techniques should allow the enrichment of these precursors of colony-forming cells, thereby enabling direct studies of these immature stem cells. PMID- 3768528 TI - Mechanism of human platelet activation by endotoxic glycolipid-bearing mutant Re595 of Salmonella minnesota. AB - The mechanism through which human blood platelets interact with gram-negative bacteria with well-defined structural variations in endotoxic lipopolysaccharide was studied. Secretion of 14C-serotonin and aggregation of platelets separated from plasma proteins were observed on challenge with rough mutant Re595 of Salmonella minnesota possessing a glycolipid outer layer composed of Lipid A and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate (KDO) but lacking heptose phosphate in the core and O polysaccharide in its outer portion. Both 14C-serotonin secretion and platelet aggregation were concentration-dependent, with a half-maximum response at the ratio of one bacterial colony-forming unit (CFU) to two platelets. The aggregation of human platelets induced by mutant Re595 was divalent cation dependent and required secretion of ADP and fibrinogen from platelet storage granules because it was inhibited by chelators, by the ADP-splitting enzyme apyrase, and by monospecific antifibrinogen Fab fragments. The synthetic peptide analog of the platelet receptor recognition site on the gamma chain of fibrinogen, gamma 400-411, inhibited platelet aggregation induced by mutant Re595 (IC50 160 mumol/L), whereas serotonin secretion was unaffected. Tetrapeptide, RGDS, analogous to human fibrinogen alpha chain (alpha 572-575) and to the cell adhesion site of fibronectin, also inhibited aggregation induced by mutant Re595 (IC50 60 mumol/L). Secretion of 14C-serotonin was preceded by a very rapid phosphorylation of a platelet protein of mol wt 47,000, which is associated with protein kinase C activation. Myosin light chain (mol wt 20,000) was also phosphorylated. Both phosphoproteins were dephosphorylated while secretion was reaching maximum. Furthermore, release of 3H-arachidonic acid from platelet phospholipids and generation of thromboxane B2 via the cyclooxygenase pathway were observed. Inhibition of this pathway with acetylsalicylic acid (10(-4) mol/L) or indomethacin (5 X 10(-4) mol/L) reduced 14C-serotonin secretion and platelet aggregation. The role of Lipid A in the interaction of mutant Re595 with human platelets was deduced from the inhibitory effect of the Lipid A-binding protein present in Limulus amebocyte lysate. Likewise, polymyxin B, known to complex with Lipid A, was inhibitory. The reactivity of mutant Re595 toward platelets was attenuated by mild acid hydrolysis, during which KDO was dissociated from the glycolipid, and by alkaline hydrolysis, which breaks ester linked fatty acids in Lipid A. In contrast to mutant Re595, strain S218 of S minnesota bearing "complete" endotoxic lipopolysaccharide did not induce secretion and aggregation of human platelets.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3768530 TI - Erythrocyte-endothelial cell adherence in sickle cell disorders. AB - Detachment of individual sickle erythrocytes from cultured endothelial cell monolayers has been evaluated by a fluid-shearing technique in an effort to quantitate adherence at shear forces that would be anticipated in the in vivo circulation. Nonirreversibly sickled cells (non-ISC) were more adherent at normal oxygen tensions than control cells. More than 1% non-ISC remained attached to the monolayer at forces greater than physiologic shear stresses in capillary and venous circulations, and many of the most avidly attached cells, once separated, immediately reattached to adjacent endothelial cells. These data suggest that hemoglobin S-containing erythrocytes may have a higher frequency of adherence in vivo in regions of low shear stress where prolonged erythrocyte-endothelial cell contact could occur. Some of these cells detached by shear force would subsequently reattach in in vivo conditions. Plasma-enhanced attachment frequency and plasma from blood in a case of sickle crisis caused further increase. These observations further support the concept that sickle erythrocyte-endothelial cell interaction may be a significant factor in initiation of vascular occlusive events in sickle cell disease. PMID- 3768531 TI - Adult-onset cyclic neutropenia is associated with increased large granular lymphocytes. AB - Human cyclic neutropenia occurs in adults as well as children. Clinical illness is similar in the childhood and adult diseases, but distinctly different modes of onset suggest heterogeneity in its pathophysiology. We studied seven patients with cyclic neutropenia, three with disease acquired in adulthood, and four with the childhood-onset disorder. All three patients with adult-onset cyclic neutropenia had increased numbers of circulating large granular lymphocytes (LGL), whereas the four children with cyclic neutropenia had normal LGL counts. LGL from patients with adult-onset cyclic neutropenia expressed cell surface antigens HNK-1 (three of three patients) and IgG Fc receptors (two of three patients), although natural killer activity was low. Two of these patients were treated with alternate-day steroids, resulting in decreased LGL counts and abrogation of neutrophil cycling. We suggest that adult-onset cyclic neutropenia may be distinguished from the childhood-onset form of the disease by increased numbers of LGL. Furthermore, increased LGL may identify a subset of patients with cyclic neutropenia who respond to steroid therapy. PMID- 3768532 TI - Regulation of human monocyte surface antigen expression. I. Up-modulation of Mo3e antigen expression on U-937 and HL-60 cells stimulated by pharmacologic activators of protein kinase C. AB - Mo3e is a protein (p 50,80) that is expressed on the surface of human monocytic cells after exposure in vitro to soluble activating factors that include bacterial lipopolysaccharide, muramyl dipeptide, and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). The surface expression of Mo3e may represent a cellular event that occurs in response to the formation of "secondary messengers" that include diacylglycerol, inositol trisphosphate, and calcium ions. This postulate is based on the stimulatory effect of agents that can mimic the activity of endogenous diacylglycerol (PMA and other biologically active phorbol compounds, mezerein, and L-alpha-1,2 dioctanoylglycerol) and inositol trisphosphate (ionomycin) on Mo3e expression by U-937 and HL-60 cells. The inhibitory effect of phospholipid active calmodulin inhibitors (trifluoperazine, chlorpromazine, and dibucaine), calcium antagonists (nicardipine and TMB-8), and EGTA further support the involvement of phospholipid- and calcium-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C) and calcium ions in the up-modulation of Mo3e surface expression. PMID- 3768533 TI - Vaso-occlusion by sickle cells: evidence for selective trapping of dense red cells. AB - We have characterized the type of red cells from sickle cell patients that were trapped in the course of sickle-cell vaso-occlusion. In addition, the perfusion conditions (arterial perfusion pressure [Pa] and oxygen tension [PO2]) leading to experimentally induced vaso-occlusion in the artificially perfused, innervated mesocecum microvascular preparation were determined. Microvascular obstruction was induced by decrease in Pa; the lower the Pa, the greater the peripheral resistance as well as the extent of obstruction. The cells involved in the obstruction were recovered by vasodilation (secondary to denervation) and increase in Pa. Densitometric analysis of density gradient-separated infused and trapped cells was supplemented with morphological analysis to ascertain the involvement of density classes as well as morphological types seen in oxy and deoxy sickle blood. The trapping phenomenon was sensitive to PO2. Percentage of densest gradient classes, ie, fraction 3 (F3; mainly dense unsicklable SS discocytes [USDs]) and fraction 4 (F4; irreversibly sickled cells [ISCs] and the densest discocytes), showed a significant increase in trapping when perfusion was switched from oxy to deoxy perfusate. Morphological analysis revealed that unsicklable SS discocytes are more effectively trapped when deoxygenated. The deoxygenation of infused cells did not further change the percentage of ISCs trapped, suggesting that ISCs are equally capable of sequestration in the oxy and the deoxy states. The venous effluent showed a selective and significant depletion of dense cells (F4) and ISC counts at all Pa. We conclude that the progressive obstruction of the microcirculation by sickle cells involves selective sequestration of the densest classes of cells and that this mechanism might explain their partial disappearance during painful sickle cell crisis. PMID- 3768534 TI - Hemoglobin Koln: direct analysis of the gene mutation by synthetic DNA probes. AB - The molecular defect leading to Hb Koln has been analyzed by synthetic oligonucleotides. Thus, DNA of 19 nucleotides, in length corresponding to the normal and mutant beta-globin gene sequences, were used to develop a direct assay for the beta k-gene that codes for this most common form of the unstable hemoglobins. The use of synthetic oligonucleotides established that the Hb Koln mutation is due to a G-to-A transition. The conditions described here should result in the determination of all Hb Koln genotypes with a high level of confidence. PMID- 3768535 TI - A prospective study of the value of bone marrow erythroid progenitor cultures in polycythemia. AB - The diagnostic value in polycythemia of the presence of endogenous erythroid colonies derived from bone marrow cells (EECs) was assessed in a prospective study on 108 patients referred for polycythemia (Hb greater than g/dL in men, greater than 16 g/dL in women) with normal plasma volume by comparison with the standard criteria, the bone marrow grade, and the serum erythropoietin (Epo) level. Total red cell volume (TRCV) was high (greater than 36 mL/kg in men, 32 mL/kg in women) in 87 cases (group A) and slightly increased in 21 cases (group B). Standard criteria were applicable in 63 of 108 cases (57%); 46 were PV and 17 were secondary polycythemia (SP). Standard criteria were nonapplicable in 45 cases. EECs were present in 65 cases (60%) with a ratio of EEC/Epo-stimulated colonies of 39.5% +/- 18% (extremes 10% to 80%). EECs were noted in 43 of 46 polycythemia vera (PV) and 0 of 17 SP. Among the 45 unclassified cases, EECs were noted in 22: 18 of 29 cases from group A (10 with 2 major and 1 minor criteria; 8 with 2 major criteria) and 4 of 16 cases from group B (with variable standard criteria, 2 belonging to a PV family). In group A, there was a positive significant correlation between EECs and the presence of two major and 1 minor criteria (P less than .0001). In group B, there was a positive significant correlation between EECs and the presence of at least 1 major criterion and 2 minor criteria or a family background (P less than .0001). The unclassified polycythemias with EECs in the bone marrow are characterized by a bone marrow grade and a mean serum Epo level not different from that of patients with PV and an active course of the disease. The unclassified polycythemias without EECs in the bone marrow are a heterogeneous group corresponding in some cases to SPs of unknown origin (slightly increased bone marrow grade and/or high serum Epo level), and in others cases to spurious polycythemias (normal bone marrow grade and/or normal Epo level). In conclusion, EECs were of great value in differentiating PV from SP (P less than .001), and in allowing the diagnosis of PV in the absence of all the standard criteria even when TRCV was slightly increased. In our study, EEC improved the classification of polycythemia by 22%. The recommended diagnostic steps for the evaluation of polycythemia must be reconsidered. PMID- 3768536 TI - Evaluation and treatment of insanity acquittees in the community. AB - This paper describes the monitored outpatient treatment program for Psychiatry Security Review Board (PSRB) clients in the largest single community treatment agency in the Oregon system. We describe 161 persons referred to this agency for evaluation and treatment. Ninety-one PSRB clients received treatment and of this group 51% had their conditional release revoked by the PSRB. The most frequent cause of revocation was noncompliance with treatment. There were only 11 crimes committed during the study period, four of which were in the felony range. The majority of PSRB clients are chronically mentally ill persons. We discuss both the treatment approach and our results in light of a recently published research agenda for insanity acquittees. PMID- 3768537 TI - Psychiatric injury in women's workplaces. AB - Sexual discrimination and sexual harassment have been receiving increasing attention. Women who are subject to this harassment often find themselves under severe psychiatric stress. Because there is an increased economic, as well as personal, need to work, women often find themselves trapped in a very stressful situation. The forensic psychiatrist working in this area must be aware of the various legal issues involved as well as of the different types of psychiatric consequences of sexual discrimination and harassment. PMID- 3768538 TI - When it pays to be insane: three unusual legacies of insanity. AB - Although the law generally does not permit an individual to profit by his own wrongdoing, that equitable principle may be inapplicable in the case of an individual who has been adjudicated insane (and therefore has not committed a wrong in the eyes of the law). This paper discusses three unusual legacies of a determination of insanity: the inheritance cases (permitting the insane killer to inherit from his own victim), the life insurance cases (permitting the beneficiary to recover when the insured commits suicide while insane), and the effect of insanity on publication rights agreements in sensational criminal cases. PMID- 3768539 TI - Civil commitment to outpatient psychotherapy: a case study. AB - Commitment to outpatient psychiatric treatment evolved in the courts to protect patients' right to freedom from compulsory hospitalization. This ruling has been criticized by the psychiatric profession, who prioritize treatment rather than liberty. The following case demonstrates the use of commitment as a therapeutic tool in the psychotherapy of a woman with severe borderline pathology. Although the use of coercion in psychotherapy is controversial, its potential use and its ramifications on transference and countertransference issues are discussed. PMID- 3768540 TI - Lasting rights and last rites: a case report. AB - The contrast between legal and clinical perceptions of reality, characterized as discrete versus continuous in nature, generates dilemmas for both professions. Individuals in conflict with either system are especially vulnerable to the philosophical serrations at the interface between psychiatry and the law. A case example, which serves to magnify the gripping impact of these diverse and powerful institutions, raises various issues for examination and discussion. PMID- 3768541 TI - Mercury concentration change in human hair after the ingestion of canned tuna fish. PMID- 3768542 TI - Structure-biodegradability relationships of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil. PMID- 3768543 TI - Picloram stability in a sample of forest soil during handling and storage. PMID- 3768544 TI - Effect of sublethal levels of diazinon: histopathology of liver. PMID- 3768545 TI - Clastogenic effect of hippeastidine (HIPP) (1,2,3,4,4a,6 hexahydro-10,hydroxy 3,8,9,trimethoxy-5,10b, ethanophenanthridine). PMID- 3768546 TI - Blood and liver acetaldehyde concentration in rats following acetaldehyde inhalation and intravenous and intragastric ethanol administration. PMID- 3768547 TI - In vitro induction of alterations in peripheral blood lymphocytes by different doses of diazinon. PMID- 3768548 TI - Effects of DDT on the calcium transport and thymidine uptake of bovine lymphocytes. PMID- 3768549 TI - Single-generation drinking water reproduction study of 1,2-dibromo-3 chloropropane in Sprague-Dawley rats. PMID- 3768550 TI - Increase of organochlorines and MFO activity in water birds wintering in an Italian lagoon. PMID- 3768551 TI - Acute oral toxicity of warfarin to poultry, Gallus domesticus: a non-target species. PMID- 3768552 TI - Cadmium-nickel toxicity interactions towards a bacterium, filamentous fungi, and a cultured mammalian cell line. PMID- 3768553 TI - Removal of paraquat from contaminated fabrics. PMID- 3768554 TI - Improved bacterial growth test for rapid water toxicity screening. PMID- 3768555 TI - Isolation and gas-chromatographic determination of saturated and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mussels. PMID- 3768556 TI - Accumulation, elimination, and speciation of cadmium and zinc in mussels, Mytilus edulis, in the natural environment. PMID- 3768557 TI - Organochlorine insecticides and heavy metals in fish from Mutek Lake, N.E. Poland. PMID- 3768558 TI - Arsenic levels in Chilean marine species. PMID- 3768559 TI - Acute toxicity and QSAR of chlorophenols on Daphnia magna. PMID- 3768560 TI - Long-term fish toxicity test using the zebrafish: effect of group formation and temporary separation by sex on spawning. PMID- 3768561 TI - Comparative toxicity of methanol and N,N-dimethylformamide to freshwater fish and invertebrates. PMID- 3768562 TI - Acute toxicity of fenthion to freshwater lamellibranch mollusc, Indonaia caeruleus (Prashad 1918), from Godavari River at Paithan--a biochemical approach. PMID- 3768564 TI - The hemodynamics of pulmonary edema. PMID- 3768563 TI - Glutathione-dependent toxicity of the algicide 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene to Daphnia magna Straus. PMID- 3768565 TI - Is simpler better? New approaches for computing airway resistance. PMID- 3768566 TI - SO2-induced bronchopathy decreases airway sensitization with intratracheal ovalbumin in the rat. AB - We investigated in this study the effect of SO2-induced bronchopathy on airway sensitization to ovalbumin in the rat. Sprague-Dawley rats were immunized with a single intratracheal injection of ovalbumin (OA) 100 micrograms in 0.1 ml PBS or 0.1 ml Bordetella pertussis (BP) heat-killed vaccine (6.5 X 10(9) cells X ml-1). The rats were primed immediately after SO2 exposure (60 h, 200 ppm; group I, n = 16) and three months after exposure was achieved (group II, n = 24), then compared to a control group exposed to air (group III, n = 30). Airway sensitization was evaluated by the in vitro contractile response to antigen challenge using paired tracheal rings. Specific IgE level was determined with PCA reactions. No significant difference was found in the maximal contractile responses to carbamyl choline within and between each group. Excepted in animals of group III, OA alone was not found able to sensitize the airways. When OA was used in association with BP, sensitization of the airways occurred, but this occurrence was found to depend upon a previous SO2 exposure: 73.3% in group III, 41.7% in group II and 25% in group I were sensitized. In addition, only five animals (BP + OA injected rats of group III) displayed a PCA positive reaction. It is concluded that: 1) the concomitant intratracheal injection of BP with OA increased the occurrence of specific airway sensitization, 2) a previous chronic exposure to SO2 decreased the specific tracheal smooth muscle sensitization to intratracheal ovalbumin. This decrease persisted, although slighter, when immunization was done three months after the exposure to SO2 was stopped. PMID- 3768567 TI - Effect of acute hypoxia on lung fluid balance in the prerecruited dog lung. AB - Lung lymph flow and protein transport were measured in eight anaesthetized dogs while acute hypoxic exposure (FIO2 = 0.10) was performed on prerecruited lung (achieved by an increased left atrial pressure). It was found that the lung lymph flow increase observed during hypoxia (from 71.8 +/- 47.5 to 100.8 +/- 78.4 microliters X min-1; p less than 0.05) was associated to an unchanged lymph/plasma protein concentration ratio (from 0.60 +/- 0.9 to 0.60 +/- 0.11). During recovery from hypoxia, lymph flow remained at a higher level than before hypoxia (respectively 87.8 +/- 49.5 and 71.8 +/- 47.5 microliters X min-1). These results suggest that the mild hypoxia-induced oedema is rather a high permeability oedema than an haemodynamic oedema. A graphic representation of protein clearance changes versus lymph flow changes was used in order to discriminate between high permeability and haemodynamic oedemas at their early stage. PMID- 3768568 TI - Air entrainment during high-frequency jet-ventilation. Simulation of a bronchoscopy with a lung model. AB - Air entrainment contribution to jet-ventilation during bronchoscopy was evaluated as a lung model (increasing compliance and airway resistance). Ventilation was provided through a 10 mm internal diameter tube using either jet alone without air entrainment, or injection with air entrainment (coaxial and lateral injectors). Three I/E ratios (0.25, 0.43 and 0.67) and nine rates of ventilation, ranging from 20 to 300 c X min-1, were assessed. The driving pressure of the injected air was 350 +/- 10 kPa. Air entrainment is an important part of total ventilation (63.7 +/- 5.5%). The magnitude of air entrainment depends upon the levels of peak and end expiratory airway pressures. Increase in lung volume varies linearly with the end expiratory pressure. Air entrainment contributes to keep the tidal volume above the model dead-space. CO2 elimination is related to the magnitude of ventilated volumes. The amount of entrained air interferes with the FIO2 of delivered gases. During bronchoscopy, lateral injection should be preferred because of smaller airway pressures (- 31.2 +/- 0.6%) and lung volumes, while tidal volumes remain adequate. PMID- 3768569 TI - Measurement of single-breath carbon monoxide transfer factor (diffusing capacity) during progressive exercise. AB - The transfer factor (diffusing capacity) for carbon monoxide (TLCO) is known to rise with increasing levels of work, but uncertainty remains as to the exact relationship of TLCO and the transfer coefficient (KCO) to oxygen uptake (VO2). We have studied the effects of increasing levels of work on TLCO and KCO in 22 normal male subjects using the single-breath technique and a standardized protocol. Additionally, we have investigated whether young people were different from a middle-age group, the need for carboxyhaemoglobin corrections in current smokers and non-smokers, and the variations of cardiac frequency during breath holding. Our results show that TLCO and KCO increase in a curvilinear manner up to maximal VO2, a quadratic equation describing the relationship. There was no effect of age up to 50 years. There was no significant increase in the carboxyhaemoglobin levels, and therefore this correction is unnecessary. Cardiac frequency showed no significant variation during the breath-holding manoeuvre, except at rest and at low levels of exercise. PMID- 3768570 TI - Correlation between lung structure and respiratory function in hamsters with experimental emphysema. AB - The correlation between lung structure and respiratory function was studied in normal hamsters and hamsters with elastase-induced emphysema. Four physiological parameters related to the elasticity of the respiratory system were determined from the quasi-static deflation pressure-volume curve: the shape constant (K) of the mono-exponential model fitted to the curve, the inflated volume (VI) taken as the volume change from a tracheal pressure of 0 to 30 cmH2O, the total respiratory compliance (C), determined near the relaxation volume and the normalized compliance (C/VI). The lung structure was morphologically described by the mean alveolar linear intercept (Lm) and the internal surface area (ISA). The correlations between these indices showed that 1) the four physiological parameters correlate better with Lm than with ISA, and 2) a simple index such as the normalized compliance allows to predict the severity of emphysema satisfactorily (r = 0.85; p less than 10(-6)). PMID- 3768571 TI - Airway anaesthesia and breathing pattern during exercise in normal subjects and in eucapnic patients with chronic airflow obstruction. AB - In order to deprive vagal upper and large airway receptors, an aerosol of 4% lidocaine (240 mg) was delivered to eight normal subjects and to eight eucapnic patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). After this procedure, gag reflex (mechanical irritation of the larynx) and cough reflex tested by an aerosol of 10% citric acid were absent in all subjects. The anaesthesia was tolerated well by all the subjects and did not influence baseline pulmonary function tests. Moreover, during exercise, before and after lidocaine, no significant difference in O2 intake (VO2) or in blood gases (measured in patients only) could be observed. After lidocaine administration, no significant changes were seen in any of the respiratory variables studied in normal subjects or in COPD patients compared to the basal conditions. This could indicate that vagal upper and large airway receptors do not play an important role for the breathing pattern and ventilatory drive during exercise either in normal subjects or eucapnic patients with COPD. PMID- 3768572 TI - Effect of an inhaled glucocorticosteroid (budesonide) on post-antigen induced increases in airway responsiveness. AB - We examined the effects of an inhaled glucocorticosteroid, budesonide, on antigen induced early and late bronchial responses and the development 24 h after challenge of increased airway responsiveness to carbachol in allergic sheep. Six allergic sheep were used for this study and, on occasions separated by at least three weeks, they were treated: with placebo (treatment 1); 16 h and 20 min prior to antigen challenge with budesonide (treatment 2); 16 h and 20 min prior to and 8 h after antigen challenge with budesonide (treatment 3); or 16 h and 1 h prior to and 8 h after antigen challenge with budesonide (treatment 4). Airway responsiveness to carbachol was determined prior to and 24 h after antigen challenge by measuring specific lung resistance (sRL) after administering increasing doses of carbachol aerosol (0.5, 1 and 2.5% w/v) and determining the concentration of carbachol needed to increase sRL 150% over baseline (PC150). Placebo treatment did not affect the early or late increases in sRL after airway challenge with Ascaris suum antigen; 24 h after challenge, airway responsiveness to carbachol increased (p less than 0.05); at this time, PC150 was (mean +/- SEM) 0.88 +/- 0.15% as compared to 1.56 +/- 0.26% before challenge. Both treatments 2 and 3 blunted the early response to antigen and blocked the late response, but treatment 2 did not modify the antigen-induced increase in airway responsiveness, whereas treatment 3 did. Treatment 4 blocked both antigen-induced responses and was effective in blunting the increased airway responsiveness. These results suggest that antigen-induced increases in airway responsiveness: occur 24 h after a challenge in allergic sheep with early and late responses; can be blunted by budesonide; and are not dependent on the late response. PMID- 3768573 TI - [Occupational asthma: studies and principal etiologic factors]. PMID- 3768574 TI - Locus of control and clients' expectations of psychotherapeutic outcome. AB - The two studies reported in this paper investigated the hypothesis that an important determinant of clients' therapeutic expectations is to be found in the match between therapists' and clients' locus of control. The first study was an analogue study employing role plays, conducted with a sample of 67 clients. The second study investigated 78 clients in real clinical settings. Both studies investigated the effect of matched vs. mismatched cognitive styles on clients' expectations. Results from both studies support the hypothesis that the more similar the control orientations of therapist and client, the more favourable the clients' expectations. Limitations of the studies and the possible implications of the research findings are discussed. PMID- 3768575 TI - Placebo responses: an experimental study of psychophysiological processes in asthmatic volunteers. AB - This study evaluated the effects of placebo medication on pulmonary responses in asthmatics, and investigated the roles of expectancy and anxiety. Twelve adult asthmatics were recruited for a laboratory experiment described as a study of the effectiveness of a new bronchodilator. Distilled nebulized water was inhaled in each session. The solution was described as water in session 1 (control), while in sessions 2 and 3 subjects were told that the nebulizer contained a chemical likely to cause chest tightness and wheezing (bronchoconstrictive suggestion). Prior to the inhalation sequence in sessions 2 and 3, subjects inhaled from an aerosol that they were told contained either a powerful new drug (placebo) or a non-active substance (neutral). Pulmonary function was measured with the forced oscillation technique and spirometry, while autonomic parameters, anxiety and expectancies were also monitored. Pulmonary function deteriorated following the inhalations accompanied by bronchoconstrictive suggestion, and this effect was abolished by pre-treatment with placebo. Neither subject expectations nor changes in anxiety were associated with the experimental manipulations. The implications of these results for theories of placebo action are considered. PMID- 3768576 TI - A comparison of minimal versus intensive controlled drinking treatment interventions for problem drinkers. AB - Thirty-seven problem drinkers with problems of low to moderate severity were randomly allocated to two groups, one receiving 'minimal' treatment of three or four sessions' assessment and advice, and the other 'intensive' treatment of one or more of a selection of individually tailored, cognitive-behavioural therapies lasting an average of 9.1 sessions. The two groups were followed up an average of 15.5 months after termination of treatment. Analysis of covariance revealed that the intensive group reduced consumption significantly more than the minimal group. Also, the intensive group showed a significantly greater increase in the number of days abstinent in the month prior to follow-up. Analysis of covariance also showed that, in spite of their small numbers (n = 7), women increased their days abstinent by a significantly greater amount and reported a significantly greater reduction in number of days drinking between 10 and 20 units. Overall, successful outcome was associated with higher pre-treatment employment and higher alcohol consumption although, given the large numbers of measures, these findings could have occurred by chance. PMID- 3768577 TI - Psychometric prediction of psychogeriatric day care outcome. AB - A comparison was made between sets of psychometric variables [the Clifton Assessment Procedures for the Elderly (CAPE)] and personal socio-demographic variables in predicting the outcome of psychogeriatric day care. Two groups of elderly patients referred for day care were investigated: 40 new admissions to a psychogeriatric day centre and 63 new admissions to psychogeriatric day hospitals. Discriminant function analysis was employed to compare the classification accuracy obtained from the personal socio-demographic variables and the CAPE psychometric data. The results demonstrated the incremental validity of the CAPE in predicting outcome of day care in both settings and support the routine use of such brief measures as appropriate screening procedures in these settings. PMID- 3768578 TI - Cognitive approaches to depression: a theoretical critique. AB - Three cognitive approaches to depression are reviewed in terms of recent advances in cognitive psychology. The approaches considered are those based on associative networks, schemata, and explanatory styles. It is argued that each of these approaches has significant limitations that can be overcome if they are replaced by the theory of mental models (Johnson-Laird, 1983). A number of specific advantages for this theory are outlined and the basis is provided for a new cognitive approach to depression. PMID- 3768579 TI - Prediction of survival by three psychological measures. AB - One hundred and seven elderly female in-patients with confirmed or suspected diagnoses of dementia were assessed by the Paired-Associate Learning Test (PALT), and the Cognitive Assessment Scale (CAS) and Behaviour Rating Scale (BRS) of CAPE. Eighteen months later, 62 patients were still alive. These had significantly better scores on the 'easy' set of PALT and on BRS than the non survivors; the differences on the 'mediate' and 'hard' sets, and on CAS, while in the predicted direction, were not significant. PMID- 3768580 TI - Detecting hysterical sensory symptoms: an elaboration of the forced choice technique. AB - Patients with hysterical sensory symptoms can often be detected because they give significantly fewer correct responses with forced choice testing than would be expected on a chance basis. It is always possible that such a patient may see through this strategy and respond within the range associated with chance. This report describes one such subject together with an elaboration of the forced choice technique which strongly indicated that his symptoms had no organic basis. PMID- 3768581 TI - Hyperactivity, drugs and attention to features in a story. AB - Twenty hyperactive children were divided into two groups of 10 volunteers. Group 1 was taken off its medication (methylphenidate) for two weeks and group 2 was kept on its medication at the usual dosage. About one week following the cessation of medication subjects from both groups heard a story and were shown some pictures illustrating events in the story. They were then tested on their memory for this material. One week later their delayed retention was tested. Both immediate and delayed retention was better in those children who remained on medication. This was especially true for the incidental material. PMID- 3768582 TI - [Antigenic variation of African trypanosomes: molecular aspects]. PMID- 3768583 TI - [Mineralogical studies of deep lung tissue]. PMID- 3768585 TI - Structure and defense in the therapy of Little Hans. PMID- 3768584 TI - Psychoanalysis as a liberation movement. Freud and Rank defend Groddeck's Seeker of Souls against accusations of pornography. PMID- 3768586 TI - Successful treatment of a case of ocular tic utilizing brief, intensive psychoanalytic psychotherapy. PMID- 3768587 TI - Action language in the psychological test report. PMID- 3768588 TI - The conditions of collective suicide and the threat of nuclear war. PMID- 3768589 TI - Hemorrhagic dengue in Cuba: history of an epidemic. PMID- 3768590 TI - Interdepartmental differences in life expectancy at birth in Peru as it relates to income, household drinking-water, and provision of medical consultations. PMID- 3768591 TI - Health for peace in Central America. PMID- 3768592 TI - WHO program on AIDS. PMID- 3768593 TI - The chemotherapy of schistosomiasis control. PMID- 3768594 TI - Recommendations on disinsecting aircraft with permethrin. PMID- 3768595 TI - Development of a simplified perinatal clinical record. PMID- 3768596 TI - Toxocara canis infection of children in a Caribbean community. PMID- 3768597 TI - Field use of the Dot-ELISA test for visceral leishmaniasis in Honduras. PMID- 3768598 TI - Rubella antibodies in female applicants for premarital health certificates in Mar del Plata, Argentina. PMID- 3768599 TI - Application of environmental management principles in the program for eradication of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linneus, 1762) in the Republic of Cuba, 1984. PMID- 3768600 TI - Becoming winners for health. PMID- 3768601 TI - Realizing our health potential. PMID- 3768602 TI - Healthy living: everyone's decision. PMID- 3768603 TI - An overview of leading tropical disease problems in the Americas. PMID- 3768604 TI - External support for water supply and sanitation in the Americas: current resources and future plans. PMID- 3768605 TI - Need all young surgeons be Masters? PMID- 3768606 TI - Advances in the assessment of organic causes of impotence. AB - There are few adequate studies on the causes of impotence. Nevertheless many clinicians continue to assert that up to 90% of cases are of psychosocial origin. It is slowly becoming apparent that psychosocial causes are just one of many diverse possibilities. PMID- 3768607 TI - Burnout: psychobabble or valuable concept? AB - Freudenberger (1974) chose the term "burnout" to describe a syndrome of exhaustion, disillusionment and withdrawal in voluntary mental health workers. It has since aroused considerable interest in all the helping professions (Table 1) with the publication of more than 300 papers and a dozen books in the last 5 years. This suggests that burnout is a major problem in human services today. PMID- 3768608 TI - The modern management of multiple sclerosis. AB - Many patients with multiple sclerosis and their relatives view the illness as untreatable and inevitably bringing progressive immobility and loss of independence. The optimistic theme of this article is that something can be done for most patients with the disease if disability and expectations are assessed individually. PMID- 3768609 TI - The private sector: salvation or parasite? PMID- 3768610 TI - Completing your tax return. PMID- 3768611 TI - CT scanning in psychiatry. PMID- 3768612 TI - Polymyalgia rheumatica. PMID- 3768613 TI - Does anaesthetics research need training? PMID- 3768614 TI - Women doctors and the medical manpower crisis. PMID- 3768615 TI - Treatment of alcohol dependence: abstinence or controlled drinking? PMID- 3768616 TI - Care of the dying. Symptom control. AB - Symptom relief in patients close to death is an important and challenging part of most doctors' lives. It is difficult sometimes to accept that the battle for life has effectively been lost, and that life-sustaining measures are becoming progressively more futile and increasingly more burdensome. PMID- 3768617 TI - Care of the dying. The role of the psychiatrist. AB - This paper examines the negative assumptions held by many of the staff of terminal care units and argues the case for involving psychiatrists and members of allied professions in a variety of roles which are of great importance to the future of terminal care. PMID- 3768618 TI - Bereavement in the mentally handicapped. AB - There has been an upsurge of interest in bereavement and bereavement counselling but our knowledge of how bereavement relates specifically to mentally handicapped people is limited. This article reviews our current understanding of the grieving process, discusses how appropriate these models are for mentally handicapped people, examines how the mentally handicapped may be not receiving the necessary support following bereavement and puts forward suggestions to improve the situation. PMID- 3768619 TI - Lichen planus and lichen-planus-like reactions. AB - Lichen planus is a common disorder affecting the skin, oral and genital epithelium, hair and nails. It is said to account for approximately 1% of new patient referrals to skin clinics (Samman, 1979). It is, therefore, an important entity to the dermatologist. However, lichen planus and lichen-planus-like reactions have been described in a number of clinical situations which may bring them first to the attention of doctors practising in other specialties. PMID- 3768620 TI - Leiomyosarcoma of the duodenum. PMID- 3768621 TI - Immunology and the anaesthetist. PMID- 3768622 TI - Your accounts. The case for unit trusts. PMID- 3768623 TI - Advice to arm-twisters. PMID- 3768624 TI - An on-line electronic portal imaging system for external beam radiotherapy. AB - A digital imaging system has been constructed to obtain the treatment portal image of a patient during external beam radiotherapy. A DEC LSI-11/23 microcomputer controls a stepper motor, which moves a linear array of 256 silicon diodes to scan the radiation transmitted through the patient. The computer also processes the collected data to generate an image for displaying on a video monitor. The quality of the digital image is comparable to that of the conventional verification radiographs. Major advantages of the system include the speed and simplicity in data storage and retrieval and in its capability of direct comparison with simulation radiographs. PMID- 3768625 TI - Cell kinetics of normal and perturbed populations measured by incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine and flow cytometry. AB - Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and flow cytometry have been used to measure the kinetics of V79 cells growing at different temperatures in vitro and cells of the murine Sa F tumour growing in vivo. By simultaneously measuring total DNA content and BrdU incorporation in individual cells at different times after pulse labelling with BrdU, it is a simple procedure to quantify the movement of cells through the cell cycle. The method has the advantage of speed (2 X 10(4) or more cells are analysed within a day or so of the experiment) and the ability to analyse the results in different ways. A G2 block in tumour cell progression in vivo is readily detected after a dose as low as 2 Gy. The neutron relative biological effectiveness for this G2 block is probably larger than that for tumour growth delay. PMID- 3768626 TI - Radiation response of multicellular spheroids initiated from five human melanoma xenograft lines. Relationship to the radioresponsiveness in vivo. AB - Multicellular spheroids, initiated from five human melanoma xenograft lines (E.E., E.F., G.E., M.F., V.N.) and grown in liquid-overlay culture, were characterised with regard to radiation response. The principal aim of the work was to search for possible correlations with the radioresponsiveness in vivo of the parent xenografts. The spheroids were 100 +/- 5 microns in diameter at irradiation and did not contain radiobiologically hypoxic cells. Single-cell survival measured in soft agar, specific growth delay and spheroid cure were used as end-points. The cellular radiosensitivity was the same whether a melanoma was grown as spheroids or as xenografts. An intercellular contact effect was found for spheroids of the G.E. melanoma but not for spheroids of the E.E., E.F., M.F. and V.N. melanomas, in agreement with previous observations from studies of the corresponding xenografts in vivo. A positive correlation was found between the radiation response of the spheroids, measured as cell survival after 6 Gy or as specific growth delay after 6 Gy, and the radiation response of the parent tumours, measured as specific growth delay after 15 Gy. There was no correlation between the SCD50 (the dose required to cure 50% of the spheroids) and the radioresponsiveness in vivo. It is concluded that differences in radioresponsiveness in vivo among tumours may be identified from studies of the corresponding multicellular spheroids grown in liquid-overlay culture. PMID- 3768627 TI - Simulation of patient loading in nuclear magnetic resonance imaging through the use of inductive damping loops. PMID- 3768628 TI - The use of simulator-based computed tomography in iridium-192 dosimetry. PMID- 3768629 TI - Failure of radiotherapy to reverse progressive pulmonary fibrosis caused by paraquat. PMID- 3768631 TI - Simple procedure for the removal of a non-deflating balloon bladder catheter: two cases. PMID- 3768630 TI - Radiation reaction enhanced by ifosfamide. PMID- 3768633 TI - Green lasers for patient positioning in radiotherapy. PMID- 3768632 TI - A bulging eye. PMID- 3768634 TI - Metastatic deposits from a previously treated carcinoma of the lung presenting as a renal carcinoma. PMID- 3768635 TI - Retention of indium 111 by incinerator ash. PMID- 3768636 TI - Monitoring of staff wearing lead-rubber aprons. PMID- 3768637 TI - A comparison of simplified and standard methods for the measurement of glomerular filtration rate and renal tubular function. PMID- 3768638 TI - Acute angioneurotic oedema following a barium meal. PMID- 3768639 TI - A comparison of three methods for performing barium follow-through studies of the small intestine. AB - Domperidone 8 mg intravenously and metoclopramide 10 mg intravenously, in patients given a standard barium sulphate preparation, were compared with a rapid transit barium (E-Z-Paque, E-Z-Em) in a double-blind random controlled manner. E Z-Paque and metoclopramide given with a standard barium preparation decreased small-bowel transit time and resulted in fewer radiographs being taken. Gastric emptying occurred most rapidly with metoclopramide and a standard barium sulphate preparation. There was no significant difference in the quality or diagnostic accuracy of the examinations with any of the three techniques, and no difference in the incidence of side-effects with the two drugs. PMID- 3768640 TI - The non-ionic dimers: a new class of contrast agents. AB - Non-ionic dimers are a new class of iodinated radiological contrast agents. Some physico-chemical and pharmacological properties of three representative compounds are presented. Non-ionic dimers are iso-osmolar with plasma at all iodine concentrations unless diluted with saline and in terms of chemotoxicity they appear to be closely comparable with the established non-ionic monomeric agents. It is shown that the data lend support to the theory that it is the degree of steric hindrance of the hydrophobic iodine atoms by side-chains which determines this chemotoxicity. Areas in which agents of this type may find applications are indicated. PMID- 3768641 TI - The influence of a background correction that considers the heart volume on radionuclide left ventricular ejection fraction determination. AB - A correction of background activity that considers the heart volume is introduced in radionuclide equilibrium cardiography. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was determined in 19 patients with ischaemic heart disease by multigated equilibrium scan with 99Tcm-labelled red blood cells (99Tcm-RBC). Assuming that the majority of background activity in the ventricular and periventricular regions of interest arises from 99Tcm-RBC in lung tissue, a ventricular/periventricular background ratio was calculated from the distribution of 99Tcm-labelled macroaggregated albumin. The mean relative distribution of pulmonary 99Tcm-RBC activity in the ventricular region of interest was 0.590 (range 0.279-1.061) compared with the periventricular region. The modified background correction resulted in a mean LVEF of 43.0% (range 12.9-67.6%) compared with 46.8% (range 10.9-67.8%) with the standard correction, p less than 0.005. Since no attempt was made to calculate the proportion of 99Tcm-RBC activity arising from the myocardium and thoracic wall, this difference represents an upper limit of the general overestimation of LVEF obtained by the standard calculation. A further decrease in LVEF was seen when no background correction was applied. The present results suggest that standard LVEF calculation, by neglecting the background volume displaced by the cardiac blood pool, results in a slight overestimation of LVEF. PMID- 3768642 TI - A comparative study of Ro 03-8799: racemic mixture and enantiomers. AB - The maximum single dose of the 2-nitroimidazole hypoxic cell radiosensitiser Ro 03-8799 is limited to 1 g/m2 by the occurrence of a well characterised acute syndrome of sweating, nausea and mental changes. In an attempt to increase the tolerable dose, the clinical toxicity of the racemic mixture was compared with that of the R- and S-enantiomers of Ro 03-8799. Twelve patients received escalating alternate doses of racemic mixture and R- or S-enantiomer, the dose levels being 0.25 g/m2, 0.5 g/m2, 0.75 g/m2 and 1.0 g/m2. Careful monitoring of the acute syndrome failed to demonstrate any consistent differences between racemic mixture and either enantiomer. This would suggest that the toxicity is not mediated via any specific central nervous system receptor. It is concluded that separation of Ro 03-8799 into its enantiomers will not enable a clinically useful increase in dosage. PMID- 3768643 TI - Malignant melanoma. PMID- 3768644 TI - Experimental and clinical study of lactulose in obstructive jaundice. AB - The role of lactulose in preventing endotoxaemia in obstructive jaundice has been investigated. A prospective study was performed on 24 consecutive patients with obstructive jaundice undergoing surgery. Twelve patients were given oral lactulose before operation and were compared with twelve controls. Endotoxaemia was reduced in peroperative portal (P less than 0.05) and postoperative systemic (P less than 0.05) blood samples in the lactulose treated group, and a significant fall (P less than 0.05) occurred in the postoperative 24 h creatinine clearances in controls compared with the lactulose treated group. Results from animal experiments in which oral lactulose reduced endotoxin related mortality in obstructive jaundice (P less than 0.05), and the in vitro demonstration of a direct anti-endotoxic action of lactulose suggest that its beneficial action is due in part to an inactivation of endotoxin. PMID- 3768645 TI - Influence of endoscopic papillotomy on the management of bile duct stones. AB - In a 4 year period two hundred and seventy-nine patients were treated for gallstones in a single surgical unit. One hundred and thirteen were treated for stones in the bile duct, of them 49 patients were treated surgically and 64 endoscopically. Twenty-three patients had papillotomy without previous cholecystectomy. There were two deaths, both after surgery following failure of endoscopic treatment. Morbidity was greater in the surgically treated group. It is concluded that a large proportion of patients with bile duct stones can be treated by endoscopic papillotomy. PMID- 3768646 TI - Pre-operative prediction of exposure for operative cholangiography. PMID- 3768647 TI - Antiprotease capacity in acute pancreatitis. AB - Serial measurements of circulating antiproteases were carried out on 42 consecutive patients admitted with acute pancreatitis. In the 7 days following admission the serum levels of alpha 1 antitrypsin (alpha 1 AT), alpha 1 antichymotrypsin (alpha 1 ACT) and the trypsin inhibitory capacity (TIC) increased by more than 300 per cent. The serum concentration of alpha 2 macroglobulin (alpha 2 M) alone showed a decline which was most profound in those patients with severe acute pancreatitis. Initial experience of fresh frozen plasma as a source of extrinsic antiproteases in severe acute pancreatitis is that it fails to prevent the decline in alpha 2 M or increase the already elevated TIC of the patients' serum. PMID- 3768648 TI - Fluid sequestration: an early indicator of mortality in acute pancreatitis. AB - Complete daily intake and output charts were available for 218 patients with acute pancreatitis. The patients were divided into three groups according to the relation between fluid intake and output. In 105 patients in whom there was negligible fluid sequestration (daily output within 2 litres of intake) there were six deaths (5.8 per cent). In 69 patients the daily fluid intake exceeded the output by 2 litres or more but this imbalance lasted for 48 h or less; six patients died (8.7 per cent). The remaining 44 patients sequestered 2 litres or more of fluid per day for more than 48 h or until death. Thirty-eight patients in this group died (86.4 per cent). Fluid sequestration of 2 litres or more per day, and lasting longer than 48 h, is an accurate and simple predictor of mortality in acute pancreatitis. In this study it had a sensitivity of 76 per cent and a specificity of 96 per cent. The predictive value of a positive result was 86 per cent and of a negative result 93 per cent (efficiency 92 per cent). PMID- 3768649 TI - Duodenogastric reflux in rat gastric carcinoma. AB - This study investigated the role of long-term reflux of bile and/or pancreaticoduodenal secretions in the genesis of gastric carcinoma in the rat. Adenocarcinoma, dysplasia and adenocystic proliferation were found only in those animals with reflux of pancreaticoduodenal secretions alone or in combination with bile. No such changes were found in control animals with no reflux or animals with bile reflux alone. The differences in incidence of adenocarcinoma were significant. The presence of adenocarcinoma was not related to the pH of the intragastric contents or to the bacterial flora. This suggests that duodenogastric reflux is implicated in gastric carcinogenesis in the rat and that pancreaticoduodenal secretions rather than bile are responsible. PMID- 3768650 TI - Early gastric cancer. AB - From 1975 to 1985, 142 patients with early gastric cancer were operated on in our service; this group comprised 14 per cent of all patients with gastric cancer operated on during this period. Epigastric pain was the most frequent symptom (75.3 per cent). The lesions were located in the lower third in 45.8 per cent, in the middle third in 31.7 per cent, in the upper third in 20.4 per cent and in the gastric stump in 2.1 per cent. Subtotal gastrectomy was performed in 116 patients and operative mortality was limited to two patients. Macroscopically 86.6 per cent of cases were included in type III, IIc and IIc-III. The five year survival rate, excluding the operative mortality, was 93.1 per cent. Tumours located in the lower third of the stomach, limited to the mucosa and of ulcerating type, had the best prognosis. PMID- 3768651 TI - Sialography in salivary gland disease. AB - Ninety-six consecutive patients underwent sialography over a 10 year period at North Tees District General Hospital; there were 68 parotid and 28 submandibular examinations. Patients were divided into two groups: group 1, patients with symptoms but no clinical signs (n = 27); group 2, patients with swelling of the salivary gland (n = 69). Results showed that sialography was of considerable value in group 1 patients demonstrating pathology in 33 per cent (9/27 patients). In patients with a suspected, but unusually situated, parotid tumour (n = 20) sialography was confirmatory in 10 patients but the technique failed in four, gave a false negative result in four and would seem to be of limited value. In the remaining patients in group 2 with diffuse glandular swelling (n = 49) the main contribution of sialography was in demonstrating sialectasia (9), duct strictures (4) and non-opaque parotid calculi (2), but even in this group of patients 35 per cent (17/49 patients) of the examinations were normal. When submandibular calculi were demonstrable on plain radiography sialography contributed no further relevant information. PMID- 3768652 TI - The 15-minute dumping provocation test. AB - Following gastric surgery, the diagnosis of the dumping syndrome (DS) has never been precise. The importance of diagnosis is not only in deciding management, but also in comparing series of incidences. The mainstay of diagnosis has been the gastric emptying and dumping provocation test (DPT); however it requires expensive equipment and the interpretation of the results is subjective and therefore variable. In 38 DPTs the percentage plasma volume and pulse rate changes, 15 min after the ingestion of 150 ml of hypertonic glucose, were expressed as percentages of the maximum values encountered and summed to form a score. The tests were independently interpreted by the authors and where they disagreed the result was defined as equivocal. The score was used with the symptoms provoked to follow a simple algorithm to divide the patients into those with and those without DS. There were six suffering from DS on our current interpretation; the new method identified all of these. Three tests were positive on the scoring scheme only and on review the interpreters agreed that all of these patients were suffering from the dumping syndrome. An accurate test using only the baseline and 15 min samples is simple, cheap and has definite rules of interpretation; the only laboratory measurement needed is the haematocrit estimation of three blood samples. PMID- 3768653 TI - Cosmetic results of immediate breast reconstruction post-mastectomy: a follow-up study. AB - We reviewed 95 patients who underwent immediate breast reconstruction at the time of mastectomy at least one year after operation for assessment of cosmetic results and complications. There were 45 rectus abdominis and 38 latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flaps used for reconstruction. Twelve patients had subpectoral implants without a flap. The results show a remarkable concordance of assessment by patient and surgeon: both found simple subpectoral prosthesis insertion to be inferior to flap reconstruction. Flap reconstruction gave satisfactory results in the majority of patients; latissimus dorsi and rectus abdominis flaps gave similar cosmetic results. However rectus abdominis flaps showed a higher complication rate of flap necrosis and incisional hernia of the abdominal wound. Psychological assessment showed no differences between the three types of reconstruction. We conclude that immediate breast reconstruction can give excellent cosmetic results, and provides an acceptable and safe means of ameliorating the effects of mastectomy. The number of grossly unsatisfactory results decreased notably as the series progressed. Experience and meticulous attention to detail are necessary, since many patients are unwilling to have revisionary procedures if the initial result is unsatisfactory. PMID- 3768654 TI - Post-mastectomy breast reconstruction using the inflatable tissue expander. AB - Breast reconstruction following mastectomy has previously relied on the insertion of a silicone gel implant or the use of a myocutaneous flap. We report the use of an innovation, the inflatable tissue expander, for both immediate and delayed breast reconstruction in 26 patients where soft tissue cover was inadequate to permit the use of the silicone implant. By serial inflation of the tissue expander with saline, sufficient tissue cover was achieved for a second operative placement of a silicone prosthesis of appropriate volume to match the normal breast. To date, 10 patients undergoing delayed reconstruction and 5 of 16 patients with immediate reconstruction have had their final prosthesis inserted, while 3 women are satisfied with the result of the expandable implant and desire no further surgery. Only two technical complications have arisen with loss of the expander in one patient who had had recent radiotherapy and in another the tissue expander was placed much too high on the chest wall. Mechanical failure occurred in three cases where disruption of the seam led to sudden deflation in two and a slow leak from the injection port developed in one. One patient also attempted self-inflation leading to deflation of the tissue expander. The cosmetic results were subjectively and objectively very good with capsular distortion present in only one case. We feel that the inflatable tissue expander is simple and safe to use, may be used for immediate reconstruction without compromising the ablative surgery and should be a choice available to general surgeons for providing safe and cosmetically acceptable reconstructive surgery. PMID- 3768655 TI - Outpatient varicose vein surgery under local anaesthesia. AB - Local anaesthesia has been used for 186 varicose vein operations performed in a day surgical unit. The long saphenous vein was stripped in 87 legs using a femoral nerve block. All patients went home on the day of operation and none required readmission. Complications were minimal and included six wound infections, six episodes of thrombophlebitis and one case of saphenous neuritis; 35 patients had minor residual varices at 6 weeks of which 29 required injection sclerotherapy. The technique has been shown to be both safe and acceptable to patients, and reduced the waiting time for surgery to a mean of 3.1 months during the period studied. PMID- 3768656 TI - Haemodynamics of the interposition vein cuff. AB - It has been suggested that the use of an interposition vein cuff for anastomosing PTFE grafts to small calibre arteries confers a haemodynamic advantage. Pulsatile blood flow through a standard anastomosis was compared, in vitro, to that incorporating a vein cuff. 6 mm PTFE was anastomosed end-to-side to 10 pairs of cadaver internal mammary arteries matched for length and internal diameter (median 1.8 mm, range 1.6-2.4). Blood flow was significantly higher through the vein cuff anastomosis than the standard anastomosis (comparison of regression analysis, P less than 0.001) when the arterial diameter was less than 2.0 mm (five pairs). These results suggest that the vein cuff does confer a significant haemodynamic advantage when PTFE is anastomosed to arteries less than 2.0 mm diameter and this may be because the compliant vein cuff allows more distension of the anastomosis thus reducing anastomotic resistance. PMID- 3768657 TI - Pattern of spread of bloodborne tumour. AB - The pattern of bloodborne tumour spread has been studied experimentally in syngeneic rats. A variety of tumour types has been injected intravenously, intraportally and also intra-arterially via the left ventricle. Tumour cell arrest as a factor in the localization of metastases in the lung following intravenous injection of cells, and in the liver following intraportal injection, is emphasized. Once tumour cells have entered the arterial circulation they disseminate to almost all organs in similar proportions to the distribution of cardiac output. The dissemination and arrest of cells is not found to correlate with the later distribution of metastases. For example, certain organs (especially the adrenals) which receive only low fractions of injected cells, are always preferred sites for bloodborne metastasis. A strikingly similar pattern of 'arterial metastasis' is also seen for all the tumours used despite their very different histological and biological natures. PMID- 3768658 TI - Transformation of blood monocytes to giant cells in vitro from patients with breast cancer. AB - Monocytes from patients with breast cancer and from control subjects were cultured under agarose for 6 days. Giant cell formation occurred in 32 out of the 36 patients with breast cancer (89 per cent). In contrast giant cell formation was only observed in two of the control subjects (6 per cent). Menstruation and menopause had no effect on giant cell formation. Furthermore, under the experimental conditions of this study, it seems unlikely that serum factors, lymphokines or phagocytic stimulators induced giant cell formation. The results therefore, suggest that giant cell formation may be initiated by viruses already present in the monocytes from patients with breast cancer. Further studies are required to confirm this hypothesis and to elucidate the significance of giant cell formation in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. PMID- 3768659 TI - Impaired spermatogenesis in testes at risk of torsion. AB - The oligospermia observed after unilateral torsion of the spermatic cord could reflect immunological damage to the opposite testis. An alternative explanation, that there may be a pre-existing defect in spermatogenesis, was tested in 20 post pubertal males with acute torsion. In a prospective study the contralateral testis was biopsied at operation and the histological appearances were related to subsequent testicular function as assessed by seminal analysis 3 months later. Thirteen patients had biopsy evidence of partial maturation arrest in spermatogenesis which was either mild (6), moderate (4) or severe (3), and ten of these were oligospermic (less than 20 X 10(6)/ml). By contrast all seven patients with normal histology had a sperm concentration greater than 25 X 10(6)/ml. Histological grading of spermatogenesis by the Johnsen technique gave a higher score in patients with a normal biopsy (median 9.01, semi-quartile range 8.96 9.21) than in those with abnormal histology (median 8.28, semi-quartile range 7.98-8.45, P less than 0.001) and correlated with the log of the sperm concentration 3 months later (r = 0.79, P less than 0.001). There was minimal anti-sperm and no anti-testis antibody formation following torsion. Serum FSH levels were raised in 6 of 10 oligospermic patients, while all those with a normal sperm count had FSH concentrations within the normal range. Thus many patients who develop testicular torsion have an underlying defect in spermatogenesis, which correlates closely with poor postoperative exocrine function. PMID- 3768660 TI - Diagnosis and surgical management of intractable constipation. AB - Seventy-four patients with intractable constipation, of whom thirty-three had slow and forty-one normal intestinal transit, were investigated to determine the aetiology of their disorder and plan treatment. Patients with slow transit had a greater incidence of abdominal pain and distension (P less than 0.001) and only 9 per cent had a normal call to stool compared with 71 per cent of those with normal transit (P less than 0.001). Internal and sphincter function as assessed by sphincter pressures, length and the recto-anal inhibitory reflex did not reveal any difference between the groups and normal controls; similarly anal sensation and rectal compliance were normal. However, those with normal transit had a higher threshold of rectal sensation than controls (P less than 0.05). Slow transit patients failed to show a postprandial increase in rectosigmoid motility compared with controls (P less than 0.05). Whilst the majority failed to inhibit the external sphincter on bearing down, half of those with normal transit produced either partial or complete inhibition. Both groups were able to increase the anorectal angle on straining. Twenty-two normal transit patients had abnormal perineal descent compared with controls (P less than 0.0005). Patients with perineal descent exhibited abnormal rectal morphology. Rectal intussusception was observed in 13 of 35 evacuation proctograms. On the basis of the data presented, we could not justify internal sphincterotomy of puborectalis division. Our policy in severe slow transit constipation was to offer colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis. In five out of seven to date, a successful result has been achieved. Eight patients with rectal intussusception have undergone an abdominal rectopexy with significant improvement in three. In our hands, the evacuation proctogram and transit studies were the most useful preoperative investigations. PMID- 3768661 TI - Age and mortality in colorectal cancer. PMID- 3768662 TI - Carcinoma arising in a branchial cyst. PMID- 3768663 TI - Exploding bottle tops. PMID- 3768664 TI - Severe hypermagnesaemia due to magnesium sulphate enemas in patients with hepatic coma. PMID- 3768665 TI - Exposure of midwives to nitrous oxide in four hospitals. AB - The exposure of midwives to nitrous oxide in four hospitals was measured with personal samplers. In three of the four hospitals the average exposure was not significantly less than 100 parts per million (ppm). In one hospital the average exposure was 360 ppm; this was reduced by a factor of about 2.5 when a trial scavenging system was used. Differences in working practices and in the layout, size, and ventilation of the labour suites contributed to the observed differences in average exposure. Midwives and other staff working in the labour room are potentially at risk from excessive occupational exposure to nitrous oxide. PMID- 3768666 TI - Prefrontal unit activity during delayed conditional Go/No-Go discrimination in the monkey. I. Relation to the stimulus. AB - Three monkeys learned a delayed conditional Go/No-go discrimination task. The sequential events of the task were the instructional color stimulus presentation (S1), the first delay (D1), discriminative pattern stimulus presentation (S2), the second delay (D2), and the response (Go or No-go). Single units in the principal sulcus, arcuate area and the inferior convexity of the prefrontal cortex were studied during this task. Of 512 task-related units recorded, 29% had stimulus-related differential activity. Type I units (n = 46) responded differentially to the two S1 stimuli. Type II units (n = 7) responded differentially to the two S2 patterns. Type III units (n = 65) also responded following the S2 presentation, but their activity depended upon whether Go or No go responses were being signaled, rather than the particular S2 pattern. Type IV units (n = 54) appeared to code both the stimulus properties and behavioral significance of S2. A few premotor units (Area 6) were also examined; they showed either type III (n = 12) or type IV (n = 2) activity. In summary, these results indicate that primate prefrontal cortex participates in visual information processing and may code several aspects of visual stimuli including behavioral significance and mnemonic representations. PMID- 3768667 TI - Growth hormone release induced by electrical stimulation of the basolateral amygdala, observed in pentobarbital anesthetized rats. AB - The aim of this study was to clarify the neural pathway leading to the growth hormone (GH) release when the basolateral amygdala (ABL) was electrically stimulated. Concentric bipolar stimulating electrode was implanted in the unilateral ABL. Blood samples were taken from a cannula implanted into the right atrium via the right external jugular vein. Electrical stimulation of the ABL for 10 min caused a significant increase in plasma GH level from resting value 27.5 +/- 5.7 ng/ml (mean +/- S.E.M.) to 62.2 +/- 7.5 ng/ml at the termination of stimulation. This increase in GH level was markedly augmented to 152.0 +/- 23.0 ng/ml after lesion of the periventricular hypothalamic nucleus (Pe), where somatostatinergic neurons send their axons to the median eminence. Lesion of the stria terminalis (st) fully or partly abolished GH release induced by ABL stimulation. These results suggest that stimulation of the ABL accelerates GH secretion. The st is an essential pathway for this release, whereas the activity of Pe-neurons is rather inhibitory to this release. PMID- 3768668 TI - Luminance coding in a circadian pacemaker: the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat and the hamster. AB - The hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of mammals function as a pacemaker driving circadian rhythms. This pacemaker is entrained to the daily light-dark cycle in the environment via the retina and central retinal projections to the anterior hypothalamus. We carried out a comparative study of the visual properties of rat and hamster SCN neurons. Extracellular single cell activity was recorded in the SCN of urethane-anaesthetized animals. In both species, visual SCN neurons responded to retinal illumination with a sustained increase or a sustained decrease in electrical discharge. The majority (75%) of these cells were activated by light. In both the rat and the hamster SCN, visually responsive cells altered their discharge rate as a monotonic function of luminance. The intensity-response curve could be described by a Michaelis function with a small working range between threshold and saturation (2-3 log units) and a relatively high threshold. Intensity-response curves in both species were occasionally different for increasing as opposed to decreasing luminance. Thus, hysteresis effects of illumination may occur in the SCN. The spontaneous firing rates as well as the responsiveness of visual SCN cells were subject to marked variations between and within cells. The overall photic responsiveness of SCN neurons, however, indicated that they are specialized for luminance coding in the range of light intensities naturally occurring at dawn and dusk. This property makes these cells suitable to mediate photic entrainment of circadian rhythms as well as the measurement of photoperiod. PMID- 3768669 TI - Circadian rhythms of vasopressin release from individual rat suprachiasmatic explants in vitro. AB - A culture system was developed to study intrinsic oscillations within rat suprachiasmatic nuclei for long periods of time. After isolation in static organ cultures, individual rat suprachiasmatic explants released vasopressin in a circadian fashion for at least 4 cycles. This finding suggests that the suprachiasmatic nucleus contains one or more self-sustained circadian oscillators, and that this method of measuring circadian rhythms from individual suprachiasmatic organ cultures may prove to be a valuable model for elucidating the physiology and biochemistry of mammalian circadian pacemakers. PMID- 3768670 TI - Alternative equations for the molluscan ion currents described by Connor and Stevens. AB - The measurements of the ion conductances in molluscan somata, published by Connor and Stevens (1971), were converted into Hodgkin-Huxley like equations. The accuracy of these equations was shown with simulations. An advantage of these equations, compared to the original equations for the fast outward K+(A) conductance, is that they are suitable for use in standard computer programs for neuronal modelling. The equations were compared with other reports in the literature. PMID- 3768671 TI - Electrical stimulation can inhibit synchronized neuronal activity. AB - The effect of electrical stimulation on abnormal neuronal activity was studied in the hippocampus in vitro. Epileptiform electrical activity was induced by adding penicillin or picrotoxin to the perfusing medium. Orthodromic stimulation generated large repetitive field potentials measured extracellularly. Electrical stimulation was then applied to the neurons with a 50 micron electrode located in the somatic layer. Large decreases in the amplitude of the population spikes were generated when stimulation was synchronized with the electrical activity. The inhibitory effect was charge-dependent and could be obtained with applied electrical charges similar to those used to stimulate nerves in the central nervous system. It is suggested that this method could be useful to prevent the synchronization and propagation of epileptic seizures. PMID- 3768672 TI - Hypertrophy of cholinergic neurones of the basal nucleus in the rat following damage of the contralateral nucleus. AB - The effect of damage of the basal nucleus of one side on the size of immunohistochemically identified cholinergic cells in the contralateral nucleus has been studied in rats. Following stereotaxic injections of kainic acid into the nucleus of one side, the choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-containing neurones in the contralateral basal nucleus are significantly larger (mean +19%) than those in normal animals. This hypertrophy is of comparable magnitude to that seen following damage of the contralateral cortex (mean +21%) and appears to persist indefinitely. PMID- 3768673 TI - Prefrontal unit activity during delayed conditional Go/No-Go discrimination in the monkey. II. Relation to Go and No-Go responses. AB - Three monkeys were trained to perform a Go/No-go discrimination task where the animals were required to perform a muscular movement (Go) or to withhold it (No go) depending on the previously presented signal. Single unit activity was recorded from the prefrontal cortex during the performance of the task. Among 512 task-related prefrontal units, 253 units showed differential activity in relation to the type of the trial (Go or No-go) either at the time of the response or both during the preparatory period for the response and at the time of the response. These units were classified into 3 types depending on whether the changes in unit activity were observed selectively on Go trials (Go units, n = 47), or selectively on No-go trials (No-go units, n = 28) or on both Go and No-go trials (Go/No-go units, n = 178). A small number of units from the premotor cortex (n = 31) were examined inadvertently and the 3 types of units were present in this area as well. The existence of the 3 types of prefrontal units (Go, No-go and Go/No-go) indicates that the prefrontal cortex is involved in the behavioral inhibitory mechanism besides participating in the behavioral excitatory mechanism. PMID- 3768674 TI - Medullary pressor area: site of action of intravenous physostigmine. AB - Physostigmine, a choline-esterase inhibitor, is known to elevate endogenous levels of acetylcholine. Intravenously administered physostigmine causes a rise in blood pressure via its action in the central nervous system. Exact site of this action of physostigmine is not known. In this paper, it was demonstrated that microinjections of tetrodotoxin (a fast sodium channel blocker), lidocaine (a local anesthetic) and scopolamine (a cholinergic muscarinic receptor blocker) into the rostral ventrolateral medullary pressor area abolished the pressor action of intravenously administered physostigmine. These results demonstrate that the rostral ventrolateral medulla is the site of action of intravenously administered physostigmine and this action is mediated via cholinergic muscarinic receptors. PMID- 3768675 TI - Hypertrophy of motor neurons in the oculomotor nucleus of the rat following removal of the contralateral extraocular muscles. AB - Motor neurons of the oculomotor nucleus of the rat were identified immunohistochemically using a monoclonal antibody against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). The number and size of the cell bodies were examined following removal of the extraocular muscles on one side. 35 days postoperatively, motor neurons of the oculomotor nucleus ipsilateral to the muscle removal are undiminished in number and are of normal size when compared with littermate control animals. Cholinergic cells in the contralateral nucleus are significantly larger than normal (+23%). This hypertrophy appears to persist at least until 300 days after operation, the longest survival time examined. PMID- 3768676 TI - Dietary control of retinal dopamine synthesis. AB - The ingestion of single protein-containing meals raises serum tyrosine levels and the serum tyrosine ratio and brain tyrosine level roughly proportional to the amount of protein consumed in the diet. Retinal tyrosine levels were positively correlated to serum tyrosine and the serum tyrosine ratio after meal consumption. These increases in retinal tyrosine were paralleled by increased synthesis and release of its retinal neurotransmitter product, dopamine. PMID- 3768677 TI - Ibotenic acid lesions in the medial geniculate region prevent the acquisition of differential Pavlovian conditioning of bradycardia to acoustic stimuli in rabbits. AB - The present study examined the effect of ibotenic acid lesions in the medial portion of the medial geniculate nucleus (mMGN) on differential heart rate (HR) conditioning to acoustic stimuli in rabbits. Lesions in mMGN prevented the acquisition of differential HR conditioned responses but not bradycardiac responses to the conditioned stimuli. The data suggest that cells in this region play an important role in the discriminative component of HR conditioning. PMID- 3768678 TI - Effects of intranigral injection of taurine and GABA on striatal dopamine release monitored voltammetrically in the unanaesthetized rat. AB - Linear sweep voltammetry with carbon-paste electrodes was used to detect changes in the extracellular concentration of homovanillic acid (HVA) in the striatum of unanaesthetized rats; under the present experimental conditions, changes in the HVA signal were used as an index of striatal dopamine release. The effects of unilateral intranigral infusion of saline, sucrose, taurine, GABA and the putative taurine-receptor antagonist, 6-aminomethyl-3-methyl-4H-1,2,4 benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide (TAG), on the HVA signal were monitored in the striatum on the two sides of the brain. Both taurine and GABA caused an increase in the extracellular concentration of HVA which was significantly greater in the striatum on the side of the injection compared with the contralateral side. The effect of TAG varied between animals. The results are discussed in terms of the role of taurine as a possible neuromodulator in the substantia nigra and in the light of the suggestion that different pathways are involved in taurine- and GABA induced contraversive circling. PMID- 3768679 TI - Immunohistochemical localization of gamma-enolase in early human embryos. AB - gamma-Enolase has been believed to be distributed only in the neurons and it was frequently labelled as neuron-specific enolase. However, recent precise studies have suggested a wider distribution of the protein. It can also be found in neuroendocrine cells, some mesodermal tissues, and some malignant tumors originating from tissues without the antigen in a normal condition. In early rat embryos, before the formation of neural tissues, a sensitive immunoassay system revealed a substantial amount of gamma-enolase, though it is not yet clear where the antigen is located. In the present study, tissue distribution of gamma enolase in early human embryos was studied using an immunohistochemical method and it was suggested that the protein is present not only in neural tissue primordium but also in most tissues in the youngest embryo of 6.3 mm crown-rump length. Many of the immunoreactive non-neural tissues, however, lost immunoreactivity with the advancement of the embryonic stage while neural tissues became more intensely stained. In the embryo of 24 mm length, the staining pattern was almost the same as that of reported adult men. In embryonic tissues such as notochord and mesonephros, which disappear in the due course of growth, the antigen was also found. These findings will suggest that the antigen is rather common in undifferentiated tissues but then localizes in neural elements with advancing age. Our findings may be useful in explaining why early rat embryos, before the formation of neural tissues, showed a considerable amount of gamma-enolase and why many undifferentiated tumors, originating from tissues which did not have the antigen in normal condition, revealed the antigen. PMID- 3768680 TI - Electrophysiological study of conditioning lesion effect on rat sciatic nerve regeneration following either prior section or freeze. I. Intensity and time course. AB - A peripheral nerve lesion performed distally prior to a proximal axotomy is known to result in an increase in the rate of regeneration of both sensory and motor fibres. This phenomenon is called the 'conditioning lesion effect'. The aim of this study was to determine whether or not the kind of the conditioning lesion influences the intensity and the time course of the conditioning lesion effect. The prior lesion was performed on the tibial nerve of rats at the ankle either by cutting the nerve or freezing it by means of a 1 mm diameter liquid nitrogen cryod. At several points in time up to 28 days a second (or test) lesion consisting of a freeze was performed on the sciatic nerve at the middle part of the thigh. The regeneration of the fastest growing fibres of the sciatic nerve was measured electrophysiologically 5, 7 and 9 days after the test lesion. The nerve was surgically removed, immediately mounted in a recording nerve chamber and stimulated proximally to the test lesion. The distance between the test lesion and the most distal point where an evoked nerve potential was detectable was taken as the regenerated nerve length. Then the rate of regeneration was calculated and the initial delay was estimated by means of a linear regression plotting the regenerated nerve lengths against the days of recording. All the results were compared to those of a control group where the test lesion alone was performed. The increase in the maximal rate of regeneration was greater following a prior section (+25%) than following a prior freeze (+12%). Following a prior section, the rate of regeneration began to be significantly increased for a conditioning interval of 4 days, and went on until a conditioning interval of 28 days. By contrast, after a prior freeze the rate of regeneration was significantly increased solely for an interval of 14 days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768681 TI - The course of postganglionic sympathetic fibres distributed with the facial nerve in the cat. AB - Electrophysiological techniques have been used to determine whether sympathetic fibres are present in branches of the facial nerve. Compound action potentials could be recorded from all branches of the facial nerve during stimulation of the cervical sympathetic trunk. The course taken by the sympathetic fibres was determined by observing whether nerve sections at different sites blocked these responses. Two pathways were found: one group of fibres leaves the superior cervical ganglion in the internal carotid nerve, joins the auricular branch of the vagus nerve at the jugular foramen and passes via this nerve to the facial nerve, which it joins in the facial canal just central to the stylomastoid foramen. A second, apparently smaller group of fibres travels in the internal carotid nerve, crosses the roof of the tympanic bulla in the tympanic plexus, enters the middle cranial cavity through the foramen lacerum and passes with the greater superficial petrosal nerve to join the facial nerve at the geniculate ganglion. PMID- 3768682 TI - Morphological and electrophysiological properties of pelvic ganglion cells in the rat. AB - Intracellular recording and dye injection were used to study the morphological and electrophysiological properties of rat pelvic ganglion cells. The dye injected cells measured on the average 37 micron by 22.5 micron and had a mean number of 1.5 primary processes (axon and dendrites). The cells received unmyelinated preganglionic inputs from either the pelvic (parasympathetic) or the hypogastric (sympathetic) nerves, but no cells received inputs from both nerves. The number of synaptic inputs to each cell varied between 1 and 5 with a mean of 2. Each cell had at least one large amplitude suprathreshold EPSP which always initiated an action potential. These properties, namely, morphological simplicity, small number of inputs, security of synaptic transmission and lack of convergence between sympathetic and parasympathetic inputs, suggest that the capacity for synaptic modulation and integration in this ganglion is minimal. Such a structure should therefore relay preganglionic information to target organs with little or no alteration. PMID- 3768683 TI - Further confirmation of heterogeneity of the rat striatum: different mosaic patterns of dopamine fibers after administration of methamphetamine or reserpine. AB - Heterogeneity of adult rat neostriatum has been studied by fluorescence histochemistry. The distribution of dopamine nerve fibers and terminals, known normally to be homogeneous, tended to become heterogeneous after administration of methamphetamine or reserpine. Both drugs caused mosaic formations of fluorescent dopamine axons and terminals, though a minor difference was present in the pattern of distribution. The results indicate that the striatum possesses at least two types of dopamine nerve terminals, sensitive and relatively insensitive for the two catecholamine depletors. PMID- 3768684 TI - Mineralocorticoids modulate central angiotensin II receptors in rats. AB - The effect of chronic administration of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) on the regulation of angiotensin II (AII) receptors in the brains of adult rats was compared with their drinking and pressor responsiveness to both peripheral and central administration of AII. Analysis of AII receptor binding in a block of tissue containing the hypothalamus, thalamus and septum (HTS) after treatment for 8 weeks with DOCA-salt (240 micrograms/kg/day) revealed a significant increase in the number of AII-binding sites compared to salt-loaded controls (Bmax 9.65 vs 6.80 fmol/mg protein) and no change in binding affinity (Kd). Significant increases in the drinking responses to peripheral (200 micrograms/kg) and central (10 ng) administration of AII were observed in these rats. Additional studies indicated that the pressor responses to either centrally (25 ng) or peripherally (20 micrograms/kg, s.c.) administered AII were augmented in DOCA-treated rats. The effect of mineralocorticoids on AII-binding sites was also investigated in primary neuronal cultures from the brains of one-day-old rats. Pretreatment of these cultures with either DOCA or aldosterone (ALDO) induced a time- and concentration-dependent increase in the specific binding of [125I]AII. Maximal increases in AII binding of 53 and 62% above control values were observed when cultures were treated with 500 pg of either ALDO or DOCA per milliliter of culture medium. Scatchard analysis of specific binding of [125I]AII in neuronal cultures treated with DOCA revealed a significant increase in Bmax but no change in Kd. Thus, mineralocorticoid hormones induce an increase in the number of AII receptor binding sites in the HTS of rats which parallels physiological responses to both central and peripheral administration of AII. This relationship may be independent of the concentration of AII in the blood, since an increase in the number of AII binding sites was also observed in neurons cultured from the brains of one-day-old rats which had been treated with mineralocorticoid hormones. PMID- 3768685 TI - Species and structural specificity of the lipopigment accumulation and neuronal destruction induced by N-(2-guanidinoethyl)-4-methyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (guanacline). AB - Guanacline, a guanidinium adrenergic neuron blocking agent similar to guanethidine, was studied clinically and experimentally during the late 1960s. Like guanethidine, it has been reported to produce sympathetic neuronal destruction in rats. Unlike guanethidine, it has been reported to produce irreversible sympathetic deficits in man and to produce fluorescent lipopigment in rat sympathetic neurons. Guanacline and its derivative in which the double bond of the tetrahydropyridine ring is reduced (saturated analog of guanacline, SAG) were prepared. Several species were treated chronically with varying doses of guanethidine, guanacline or SAG; the superior cervical ganglia were examined light microscopically for neuronal destruction and for osmiophilic fluorescent lipopigment accumulation. All 3 drugs produced rapid neuronal destruction in rats accompanied by massive small-cell infiltration. In striking contrast, treatment for many weeks with doses up to 100 mg/kg/day produced no small-cell infiltration or apparent neuronal destruction in mice or guinea pigs. The neuronal destruction produced by guanacline and SAG in the rat, like that caused by guanethidine, was prevented by immunosuppression or gamma-irradiation, indicating that all 3 agents produce neuronal destruction in rats by an immune-mediated mechanism. Thus, the ability of the drug to produce sympathectomy is species specific but not drug specific. The opposite was found with respect to fluorescent lipopigment accumulation. Guanacline, but not guanethidine or SAG, produced fluorescent lipopigment in all species examined. Therefore, the double bond of the tetrahydropyridine ring plays a critical role in the production of the fluorescent lipopigment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768686 TI - Properties of D2 dopamine receptor autoradiography: high percentage of high affinity agonist sites and increased nucleotide sensitivity in tissue sections. AB - [3H]Spiroperidol (spiperone) binding in the presence of mianserin, a serotonin (5 HT2) receptor antagonist, was characterized in rat brain using quantitative autoradiography. All binding parameters were directly determined from film densities. Competition and kinetic studies revealed that [3H]spiroperidol binds to a site having characteristics of the dopamine, D2, receptor in striatum. The general binding parameters were similar to values obtained in homogenate and swabbed section studies except as related to agonist binding and guanine nucleotide sensitivity. Competition studies with dopamine revealed biphasic competition curves with a Kh of 8.23 nM and a Kl of 12.3 microM. The percentage of high-affinity sites was 90%. Guanine nucleotides (1 microM guanylyl imidodiphosphate) completely converted the high-affinity site to a low-affinity site. Quantitative regional distribution studies revealed high binding in striatum, olfactory tubercle and nucleus accumbens, with lower binding in other dopamine innervated regions including frontal and cingulate cortex. [3H]Spiroperidol was also found to bind to a spirodecanone site with an anatomical localization distinct from the dopamine and serotonin systems and in a region (entorhinal cortex) not previously reported. This report provides a detailed pharmacologic and regional characterization of [3H]spiroperidol binding to D2 receptor in rat brain using quantitative autoradiography to determine all binding parameters. This report also demonstrates an increased percentage of sites in the high-affinity state of the D2 receptor in tissue sections and increased affinity of the guanine regulatory protein for guanine nucleotides. PMID- 3768687 TI - Retinal ganglion cell survival requirements: a major but transient dependence on Muller glia during development. AB - Neonatal rat retinal ganglion cells (RGC), identified by a retrograde horseradish peroxidase labelling technique, survived over a 16-h culture period when cultured on monolayers of rat Muller glia or in conditioned media derived from these cells. Maximal survival of neonatal RGC was obtained at 1:4 dilution of conditioned media. However, extensive neurite outgrowth from RGC was seen only when they were cultured on glial monolayers. Homogeneous cultures of RGC, obtained using cell sorting techniques, also survived in Muller-conditioned media. This indicates that other intrinsic cells of the retina do not mediate the effect of Muller-conditioned media on RGC. Conditioned media from Muller glia do not significantly enhance the survival of RGC from 6 day retinae. However, these older RGC are supported in culture by extracts derived from their target tissue. These results suggest that as development proceeds RGC survival is dependent on factors produced by target rather than those produced by Muller glia. PMID- 3768688 TI - Control of human optokinetic nystagmus by the central and peripheral retina: effects of partial visual field masking, scotopic vision and central retinal scotomata. AB - Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) was elicited in humans by a horizontally moving grating covering the whole visual field. Selective stimulation of central or peripheral parts of the retina was achieved by partial masking or scotopic viewing conditions in normals; three patients with a unilateral central retinal scotoma were studied in addition. In all cases, the elimination of foveal stimulation was accompanied by a decrease in OKN slow phase velocity compared to whole field stimulation. Vertical masks with retinally stabilized edges were used to selectively occlude or stimulate central or peripheral sectors with a fixed retinal location. A central stimulus was always more effective than the complementary peripheral stimulus, until the central zone was narrowed down to a width of 5-10 degrees. This central dominance was found throughout the range of velocities (6-180 degrees/s) and spatial frequencies (0.05-0.5 cycles/deg) used. A horizontal central band of occlusion caused a smaller decrease of OKN than a vertical occlusion with the same width. Scotopic vision caused a uniform mild decrease in OKN gain throughout the velocity range, provided that the spatio temporal frequency of the stimulus remained within the scotopic resolution range. The patients had a slightly lower OKN gain when viewing with the scotomatous eye than with the contralateral, normal eye. The normal slight preference for temporal-to-nasal motion was not accentuated by masking or scotopic vision in normal eyes, but was enhanced in the eyes with the pathological scotomata in two of the three patients. All responses were immediate; no slow build-up was seen under any condition. PMID- 3768689 TI - Intrinsic neurons in the amygdaloid field projected to by the medial geniculate body mediate emotional responses conditioned to acoustic stimuli. AB - In previous experiments we implicated projections from the medial geniculate body (MG) to a subcortical field, involving portions of the posterior caudate-putamen and amygdala, in the classical conditioning of emotional responses to acoustic stimuli in the rat. In the present series of experiments we examined whether intrinsic neurons in the subcortical field mediate emotional conditioning and, if so, whether the critical neurons are contained within the amygdala or the caudate putamen. Rats were prepared with a unilateral electrolytic lesion of the MG. Contralaterally, intrinsic neurons were destroyed in the subcortical field by microinjection of ibotenic acid. This lesion combination leaves one MG and one subcortical field intact but disconnected. Controls received unilateral injection of phosphate buffer vehicle into the subcortical field contralateral to the MG lesion or were unoperated. After two weeks the animals were instrumented for continuous, computer-assisted recording of arterial pressure and heart rate and subjected to classical conditioning trials involving the presentation of a pure tone in association with foot-shock. The occurrence of the shock with respect to the tone was random for a pseudoconditioned control group. Conditioned changes in mean arterial pressure, heart rate and emotional behavior ('freezing') elicited by the tone were assessed during extinction trials. Following completion of the experiments, the rats were sacrificed and their brains were removed and sectioned using standard procedures. Lesion location and size was evaluated with the assistance of a computer-based image processing system. In unoperated conditioned rats the acoustic stimulus elicited increases in arterial pressure and heart rate, and induced freezing. The arterial pressure and freezing responses differed in conditioned and pseudoconditioned rats, but the heart rate response did not. Therefore, only the arterial pressure and freezing responses reflect the formation of an association between the tone and shock. Destruction of intrinsic neurons in the subcortical field contralateral to a unilateral MG lesion disrupted the associative conditioning of the arterial pressure and freezing responses. These were reduced in magnitude to the level observed in pseudoconditioned rats. The non-associative heart rate change was not affected by the lesions. That ibotenic acid destroyed intrinsic neurons and spared fibers in the subcortical field was demonstrated anatomically and biochemically.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3768690 TI - A comparison of the effects of climbing fiber deafferentation in adult and weanling rats. AB - The climbing fiber input to the cerebellar cortex was destroyed using both electrolytic and chemical (3-acetylpyridine) lesions. The long-term effects of climbing fiber deafferentation on the ansiform lobule of weanling and adult rats were examined at both the light and electron microscopic levels. Image analysis of Golgi-impregnated Purkinje cells indicated a significantly lower number of smooth branches and spiny branchlets following climbing fiber deafferentation of both adult and weanling rats. The results suggest that the lower number of smooth branches and spiny branchlets following climbing fiber deafferentation of the weanling rat is the result of a loss of postnatal growth rather than transneuronal degeneration. Ultrastructural evidence is provided in confirmation of these quantitative findings. Formation of ectopic dendritic spines was found following climbing fiber deafferentation of the weanling rat, but not the adult. It is shown that ectopic spines and the denervated dendritic thorns of these animals were synaptically innervated by the parallel fiber system and basket axons. The formation of ectopic spines on climbing fiber deafferentated Purkinje cells may represent a form of dendritic plasticity. Ultrastructurally, the dendritic arborizations of weanling deafferentated Purkinje cells showed no signs of transneuronal degeneration. However, the primary response to climbing fiber deafferentation in the adult rat was marked transneuronal degeneration of the Purkinje cell dendrites. It is suggested that the inability of the adult Purkinje cell to form ectopic spines and to replace the excitatory postsynaptic potential of the climbing fiber varicosity is directly related to the Purkinje cell's subsequent transneuronal degeneration. PMID- 3768691 TI - Long-term effects of parallel fiber loss in the cerebellar cortex of the adult and weanling rat. AB - Short- and long-term effects of parallel fiber deafferentation of adult and weanling cerebellar cortex were investigated following parasagittal transections of the lateral cerebellar hemisphere. Short-term electron microscopic examination revealed that parallel fibers undergo rapid electron-dense degeneration within 5 days of axotomy. These axons were the only neuronal elements immediately affected by the lesion. The continued maintenance of Purkinje cell terminal branchlets and stellate cell dendrites is dependent upon the presence of an adequate parallel fiber milieu. Morphological evidence is provided which suggests that Purkinje cell dendritic spines may be phagocytically removed by Bergmann glial cells following parallel fiber loss. Although a marked decrease was reported in the number of spines projecting from terminal branchlets following deafferentation of both adult and weanling rats, these data suggest that some spines are capable of increasing their length. The elongation of these spines may represent a form of dendritic plasticity. No evidence was found to suggest that deafferentated terminal branchlets are receptive to forming heterologous synaptic contacts. The primary response to parallel fiber deafferentation for both the adult and weanling cerebellum therefore appears to be transneuronal degeneration. PMID- 3768692 TI - Opiate microinjections into midbrain do not affect the aversiveness of caudal trigeminal stimulation but produce somatotopically organized peripheral hypoalgesia. AB - High-dose microinjections of morphine sulfate (15 micrograms) and (D-Ala2)-Met enkephalin (30 micrograms) were made into the ventral periaqueductal gray of rats. Consistent with previous reports using lower doses, both opiates produced hypoalgesia for noxious thermal stimuli applied to the upper and lower body. More hypoalgesia was observed on the face than on the hind legs or tail. Current thresholds of aversive reaction to stimulation in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis were unaffected by microinjection of either opiate. Systemic injections of 6 mg/kg morphine sulfate profoundly inhibited defense responses to peripheral noxious stimuli and significantly elevated aversive reaction thresholds for stimulation in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis. Aversive reactions to stimulation in the dorsal periaqueductal gray remained unaffected by either microinjected or systemically administered opiates. PMID- 3768693 TI - Possible association of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) with the appearance of reactive astrocytes following brain injury in situ. AB - The association of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) with the appearance of reactive astrocytes following injury was investigated by using a specific antagonist of PDGF, Trapidil. The cerebral cortex of 4-week-old male rats was unilaterally injured with a 22-gauge needle. Immunohistochemical staining with antiserum to glial fibrillary acidic protein revealed that reactive astrocytes had increased in number around the wound by 2 days following the injury and had spread to the ipsilateral areas distant from the wound by 3 days. The appearance of reactive astrocytes in areas distant from the wound was dramatically suppressed by the administration of Trapidil. This finding indicates that PDGF might play a role in gliosis following injury. PMID- 3768694 TI - Acetylcholine rhythm in the preoptic area of the rat hypothalamus is synchronized with the estrous cycle. AB - Acetylcholine levels in the preoptic area of rat hypothalamus were found to change rhythmically, in synchronization with the estrous cycle. During the proestrous critical period, these levels demonstrated a drop followed by a sharp rise. The absence of this phenomena in males indicates sexual dimorphism. The close association between this newly detected hypothalamic acetylcholine rhythm and the estrous cycle suggests the possible involvement of acetylcholine in regulation of the estrous cycle. PMID- 3768695 TI - Dextromethorphan and carbetapentane: centrally acting non-opioid antitussive agents with novel anticonvulsant properties. AB - The non-opioid antitussives dextromethorphan and carbetapentane, the active ingredients of several over-the-counter cough suppressants, provide a dose related protection against maximal electroshock seizures in rats. Both drugs, which bind with high affinity to the same site in the brain, potentiated the effects of the prototypic antiepileptic drug diphenylhydantoin. We propose that these novel anticonvulsant drugs may represent potentially useful therapeutic agents for the treatment of some forms of epilepsy, either alone or in combination with existing antiepileptic drugs. PMID- 3768696 TI - Sex-related differences in the concentration of Met-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in the nervous system of an insect, Schistocerca gregaria, revealed by radioimmunoassay. AB - A radioimmunoassay has been used to measure Met-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in tissue from male and female locusts, Schistocerca gregaria. The pattern of distribution within the two sexes was similar with about equal amounts present in the suboesophageal and 3 thoracic ganglia and a lower concentration in the cerebral ganglion. Female nervous tissue contained more than twice the amount of Met-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity than did that of males. No consistent immunoreactivity could be detected in the abdominal ganglia or non-neural tissues. The results are discussed in relation to recent evidence that peptides related or identical to enkephalins are present in invertebrates as well as higher organisms. PMID- 3768698 TI - Contrast adaptation in cat visual cortex is not mediated by GABA. AB - The possible involvement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in contrast adaptation in single cells in area 17 of the cat was investigated. Iontophoretic application of N-methyl bicuculline increased cell responses, but had no effect on the magnitude of adaptation. These results suggest that contrast adaptation is the result of inhibition through a parallel pathway, but that GABA does not mediate this process. PMID- 3768697 TI - Xenografts of brain cells labeled in cell suspensions show growth and differentiation in septo-hippocampal transplants. AB - Embryonic mouse brain cells from the basal forebrain region were labeled in cell suspensions and transplanted into the denervated hippocampal formation of adult rats. Many labeled cells had the appearance of typical pyramidal neurons with dendrites that had both growth cones and neurites. Labeled neurons and glia were seen at several sites in the hippocampal formation. The neurons were located predominantly along the dentate granule cell layer and the pyramidal neurons had a preferred orientation of their apical dendrites toward the molecular layer. Since it was rare to see a surviving labeled neuron within the injection site, migration away from the injection site seemed important for survival of the cells. The methods used in these experiments should become an important adjunct to the methods for studying the migration, differentiation and growth of neurons and glia. PMID- 3768699 TI - The formulae-relating slopes, correlation coefficients and variance ratios used to determine stimulus- or movement-related neuronal activity. AB - When recording single neuron discharge in an animal during the performance of a conditioned task, the functional interpretation of any change in neuronal activity after the conditioned stimulus but before the conditioned task is difficult. So far, such changes have been described as either stimulus- or movement-related. One way of classifying these two types of response has been to use the slope and correlation coefficient between the response latency and the behavioural reaction time. We show that this method is poor and propose a more valid approach. PMID- 3768700 TI - Remodelling of the neuromuscular junction after subtotal disuse. AB - Within 5 days after reduction of activity of the rat soleus muscle, there was remodelling of the neuromuscular junction. Post-synaptic clefts were shorter, wider, and flatter, whereas nerve terminals showed sprouting and longitudinal distortion. The results, which differ from those found after denervation or total disuse, reveal the plasticity of the mature neuromuscular synapse. PMID- 3768702 TI - Ibotenate-induced cell death in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: differential susceptibility of magnocellular and parvicellular neurons. AB - Injections of ibotenic acid (IBO) (0.5-2.0 micrograms) were made unilaterally into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of Sprague-Dawley rats. A distinct loss of parvicellular neurons was evident at all dosages examined, and cell death appeared uniform throughout the injection region at doses of 1.0 micrograms or greater. In contrast, magnocellular neurons were present following injections of all dosages, with a slight loss of neurons evident only at 2.0 micrograms doses. Magnocellular neurons killed at 2.0 micrograms doses were primarily vasopressinergic. Neuropeptide content per se was not the critical determinant of susceptibility to IBO, as parvicellular oxytocin neurons were destroyed by low to moderate doses of IBO. The results suggest that IBO may be useful neurotoxin with which to investigate differential connectional and functional properties of parvicellular and magnocellular PVN neurons. PMID- 3768701 TI - Factors affecting innervation in the CNS: comparison of three cholinergic cell types transplanted to the hippocampus of adult rats. AB - Embryonic septal, striatal and habenular tissues were transplanted to adult hippocampi from which the native septal input had been removed. Cholinergic innervation of the host hippocampal formation was observed with each type of transplant. The pattern of innervation was comparable to the native cholinergic projection, suggesting that transmitter type is correlated with the pattern of innervation produced regardless of the origin of the innervating cells. The grafts differed, however, in their survival, their propensity to innervate the host, and the degree of innervation they produced. PMID- 3768703 TI - Molybdate stabilizes soluble [3H]dexamethasone binding sites in rat brain tissue in incubations at room temperature (22 degrees C). AB - We have described an in vitro procedure for the measurement of glucocorticoid receptor concentrations in soluble fractions prepared from rat brain tissue using a relatively short incubation period of 1 h at room temperature (22 degrees C). Using [3H]dexamethasone as ligand we found that, with the addition of sodium molybdate (Na2MoO4) to the buffer, estimates of receptor-binding parameters derived from Scatchard analysis (Kd and Bmax) did not differ significantly between assays using 4-5 h incubations at 0-4 degrees C and those using a 1 h incubation performed at room temperature (22 degrees C). The use of molybdate was critical; 1 h incubations at 22 degrees C in the absence of molybdate resulted in a substantial (approximately 65%) loss of [3H]dexamethasone binding. PMID- 3768704 TI - Kindled seizure induction alters and is altered by zinc absorption. AB - Amygdala kindling stimulation produced significant changes in plasma zinc levels in cats otherwise unaffected by zinc loading or deprivation. While a normal diet had no effect, moderate zinc loading was accompanied by a marked increase in plasma zinc during kindling. Conversely, plasma zinc sharply declined in animals fed a zinc-deficient diet. Corresponding differences were obtained in the development of generalized seizures with kindling such that loading delayed and deprivation accelerated this process. PMID- 3768705 TI - Repeated low doses of morphine induce a rapid tolerance in arthritic rats but a potentiation of opiate analgesia in normal animals. AB - The effect of repeated low doses of morphine (0.3-3 mg/kg s.c., twice daily for 4 days) on subsequent sensitivity to the antinociceptive effect of morphine was tested in arthritic and normal rats. Chronic morphine induces tolerance in arthritic rats. This tolerance develops rapidly since it is clearly present after one day of treatment. By contrast, in normal animals similarly treated, a potentiation of morphine analgesia was observed. PMID- 3768706 TI - Estrogen binding in nuclear and cytosolic extracts from brain and pituitary of middle-aged female rats. AB - Estrogen binding was compared in brain and pituitary of long-term ovariectomized young and middle-aged (MA) female rats. Binding was quantified in both cytosolic and nuclear extracts to ascertain whether fractions of estrogen binding are altered in MA females. Estrogen binding detected in nuclear extracts from hypothalamus/preoptic area and anterior pituitary of MA females was significantly lower than levels detected in young females. In each case where an age-related decrease in nuclear estrogen binding was observed, an increased number of putative estrogen receptors was detected in the cytosolic extract. Therefore, the age-related decrease in nuclear estrogen binding did not appear to result from a simple decrease in total available cellular estrogen receptors. Rather these results suggest a decrease in the ability of putative estrogen receptors in aging females to remain tightly bound to nuclei after their isolation. The ability of estrogen receptor complexes from aging animals to bind to DNA was evaluated by DNA-cellulose chromatography in order to examine possible quantitative or qualitative differences in estrogen binding proteins with age. The data did not indicate that the properties of estrogen receptors themselves changed with age. It is possible, therefore, that age-related alterations may interfere with the interaction between the estrogen receptor complex and the nucleus. PMID- 3768707 TI - Dorsal horn cells in the cat responding to stimulation of the plantar cushion. AB - Dorsal horn cells (DHC) in the spinal cord of cats responding to low threshold mechanical stimulation of the plantar cushion (PC), labelled with intracellular horseradish peroxidase, displayed a wide variety of anatomical and physiological characteristics, some of which were quite consistent within a given lamina. These DHC had cell bodies located medially in spinal segment L7, in laminae III, IV and VI. Dendritic fields varied greatly, for the most part conforming to patterns corresponding to their locations in the dorsal horn. Axon collaterals of most DHC ramified near their cell bodies, chiefly projecting ventral ward within the same lamina as the cell body or into more ventral laminae. Cells with the shortest central delays had cell bodies in laminae III and IV. Response latencies of DHC to PC stimulation were only slightly greater than the latencies of primary afferent fibers. Lamina IV cells had mechanical thresholds comparable to those of the primary afferents, significantly lower than the thresholds of cells of laminae III or VI. The receptive fields (RF) of the lamina IV cells were significantly larger than those of the primary afferent fibers or of the lamina VI cells. Relationships among RF area, mediolateral locations of cell bodies and dendritic spread were investigated. PMID- 3768709 TI - Hippocampal membrane alteration in Alzheimer's disease. AB - The biophysical properties of hippocampal membrane preparations from patients with Alzheimer's disease were examined by fluorescence spectroscopy using the membrane lipid probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) and its cationic derivative 1-[4-(trimethylamino)-phenyl]-6-phenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (TMA-DPH). Results of these experiments suggest that Alzheimer's disease is associated with a biophysical alteration in superficial regions of brain cell membranes, as reflected by the mobility of TMA-DPH. In contrast, no change in the mobility of DPH, which preferentially localizes to the hydrocarbon core, was observed. Although a trend was observed for TMA-DPH mobility to parallel histopathologic severity in hippocampal specimens, the biophysical changes did not appear to reflect a loss of neuronal membranes relative to glial membranes or the presence of senile plaques or neurofibrillary tangles. PMID- 3768708 TI - Veratridine-induced breakdown of cytosolic acetylcholine in rat hippocampal minces: an intraterminal form of acetylcholinesterase or choline O acetyltransferase? AB - Rat hippocampal minces were loaded with N-methyl-[3H]acetylcholine ([3H]ACh) in the presence of the 'poorly penetrating' acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7, AChE) inhibitor echothiophate and the effect of the depolarizing agent veratridine determined on the subcellular storage and release of [3H]ACh and [3H]choline. Results indicated that veratridine stimulated the release of [3H]ACh from a crude vesicular fraction (P3) by a Ca2+-dependent process, while simultaneously accelerating the breakdown of cytosolic (S3) [3H]ACh. A portion of the [3H]choline derived from the hydrolyzed S3 [3H]ACh was donated to the P3 fraction for [3H]ACh formation and release. When the identical experiment was done using hippocampal minces from septal lesioned rats, veratridine did not stimulate either the Ca2+-dependent release of [3H]ACh or the hydrolysis of cytosolic [3H]ACh. Incubation of control hippocampal minces with paraoxon, an AChE inhibitor which can penetrate cholinergic nerve terminals more rapidly than echothiophate, prevented veratridine from stimulating the Ca2+-dependent release of [3H]ACh from the P3 fraction. Instead, it then stimulated the Ca2+-independent release of [3H]ACh from the S3 fraction. When minces were incubated with the choline O-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.6, ChAT) inhibitor 4-(1-naphthyl)vinyl pyridine (NVP), veratridine was no longer able to stimulate the Ca2+-dependent release of labelled ACh either. Instead, veratridine stimulated the Ca2+ independent release of labelled ACh from the S3 fraction. NVP also abolished the veratridine-induced, Ca2+-dependent release of total ACh. Both paraoxon and NVP inhibited the reversible reaction of ionically bound ChAT prepared from rat brain when tested in vitro, yet paraoxon was much less potent than NVP, and was unable to inhibit this reaction at the low concentration which prevented the veratridine induced breakdown of S3 [3H]ACh during mince incubation. Veratridine depolarization of hippocampal minces stimulated the activity of a membrane-bound fraction of ChAT associated with the P3 fraction, but this fraction of ChAT did not become more sensitive to inhibition by paraoxon during tissue incubation. Veratridine depolarization of minces also increased the activity of membrane bound AChE, but this enzyme was not inhibited by the low NVP concentration which prevented the veratridine-induced breakdown of S3 [3H]ACh. The veratridine induced increase in membrane-bound ChAT activity was dependent on the presence of extracellular Ca2+ in the incubation medium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3768711 TI - Spinal cord metabolic response to noxious radiant heat stimulation of the cat hind footpad. AB - The 2-deoxy[14C]glucose (2-DG) method was used to study glucose utilization in the cat lumbar spinal cord during noxious thermal stimulation to the hind footpad. Spinal cord glucose utilization in stimulated cats was twice that of control animals. Diffusely increased metabolic activity was seen in the ipsilateral dorsal horn. The highest levels of 2-DG were seen in the ipsilateral ventral horn, while a moderate increase was seen in the contralateral ventral horn. PMID- 3768710 TI - The effects of catecholamines on electrical activity of neurons in the guinea pig supraoptic nucleus in vitro. AB - The role of the central noradrenergic system in the supraoptic neuroendocrine regulation was investigated using slices of the guinea pig hypothalamus. Noradrenaline produced a complex membrane effect comprising two distinct depolarizations: one, associated with a moderate increase in input resistance and resulting in an augmentation of the spontaneous firing rate; the other, unaccompanied by a detectable change in input resistance and resulting in depression of the firing rate. The former depolarization was reproducible by applying specific alpha-agonist, phenylephrine, whereas the latter was induced by a beta-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol. The actions of phenylephrine and isoproterenol were blocked by phentolamine and propranolol, respectively. Amplitude of the phenylephrine-induced depolarization was voltage-dependent with the estimated reversal potential of about - 115 mV and changed as a function of [K+]o. On the contrary, amplitude of the isoproterenol-induced depolarization was voltage-independent and was insensitive to changes in external concentrations of K+, Na+, Cl- and Ca2+. We conclude that catecholamines directly modulate the activity of supraoptic neurons through two functionally distinct adrenoceptive sites on neurosecretory cells. The activation of alpha-receptors may increase cellular excitability through suppression of membrane K+ conductance while the activation of beta-receptors would depress neuronal firings, possibly through some mechanism which is not directly linked to ionic channels. PMID- 3768712 TI - Glutamic acid decarboxylase activity in micropunches of the deep cerebellar nuclei of the genetically dystonic (dt) rat. AB - Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activity was measured in specific divisions of the deep cerebellar nuclei of rats with an inherited dystonia. In 16-day-old dystonic rats there was a significant increase in GAD activity only in the nucleus interpositus (+26%). In 20-day-old dystonic rats GAD activity in all 3 cerebellar nuclei (fastigial, interpositus, dentate) was significantly increased compared to normal controls. The results indicate a spread of the anatomical locus of the neurochemical abnormality with time. During this period (postnatal days 16-20) there is a progressive worsening of the motor disorder in the affected animals. PMID- 3768713 TI - Collateral reinnervation of skin by C-fibres following nerve injury in the rat. AB - Evidence for collateral reinnervation of skin by saphenous nerve C-fibres, following either crush or section of the ipsilateral sciatic nerve, was obtained in the rat using a dye-labelled plasma extravasation technique. During the period of regeneration of the crushed nerve the spread of collateral reinnervation was halted and may even have been reversed. PMID- 3768714 TI - Antipyretic action of centrally administered arginine vasopressin but not oxytocin in the cat. AB - The antipyretic action of central arginine vasopressin (AVP) was investigated in mongrel cats. Control push-pull perfusions in the ventral septal area (VSA), with the carrier vehicle alone, did not affect the febrile response to Salmonella typhosa administered intracerebroventricularly. When AVP was perfused similarly, the fever was suppressed in a dose-related manner. The lower dose of AVP delayed the onset of fever, whereas the higher concentration of AVP suppressed consistently the fever throughout the period of administration. Another neurohypophyseal peptide, oxytocin, was ineffective in altering the febrile response at the dose tested. The regions of greatest sensitivity to the antipyretic action of AVP are located ventral to the septum, bounded by the diagonal bands of Broca, extending into the posterior septal nucleus. Sites at which AVP was ineffective in producing antipyresis were found more dorsal and lateral to these. Thus, AVP suppresses fever in the cat via an action in the VSA that is dose related, and site specific and peptide specific. These data provide further evidence that AVP may be involved in the central mechanisms which control core temperature. PMID- 3768715 TI - Binding of 125I-cholecystokinin-octapeptide in the paraventricular but not the supraoptic nucleus is increased by ovariectomy. AB - Specific, high affinity binding of 125I-cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK) in the paraventricular nucleus was found to be confined to the anterior pole of the posterior magnocellular subdivision (PVHpm). Tissue sampled from intact male and female rats revealed only low CCK binding in the PVHpm; however, binding was greatly increased by ovariectomy. By contrast, binding was uniformly high throughout the supraoptic nucleus of intact males and females and was unaffected by ovariectomy. These results are interpreted in terms of the potential influence of CCK and estrogen on neurosecretion of oxytocin and CCK. PMID- 3768716 TI - Topography of retinodiencephalic projections in adult channel catfish. AB - In order to determine the topography of retinal axons in diencephalic nuclei of Ictalurus punctatus, horseradish peroxidase was applied to the optic papillae. The topography was found to be similar in all nuclei in that the terminal endings of ventral retinal axons innervated rostrodorsally whereas dorsal retinal axons innervated caudoventrally. In general, the retinal topography in the diencephalon corresponded with the topography of retinal axons in the optic tracts. These data suggest a relation between retinal axon ordering within a target and the pathway by which axons enter the target. PMID- 3768717 TI - Reduction of quantal size by vesamicol (AH5183), an inhibitor of vesicular acetylcholine storage. AB - Isolated unparalysed mouse phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparations were indirectly stimulated in the presence of 2-(4-phenylpiperidino)cyclohexanol (AH5183, vesamicol). Spontaneous miniature endplate potentials were subsequently studied. They exhibited a large depression of amplitude which was more profound at higher stimulation frequencies and drug concentration. No post-junctional effects of the drug were observed. Since the drug blocks storage of acetylcholine by isolated synaptic vesicles, it is argued that the results support the theory of vesicular release of acetylcholine. PMID- 3768718 TI - Neuronal growth factors produced by adult peripheral nerve after injury. AB - Dorsal root ganglion neurons from embryonic rats, co-cultured with endoneurial explants from transected, adult rat sciatic nerve, extended neurites in the absence of exogenous nerve growth factor (NGF). The effect was seen with endoneurial explants from normal adult sciatic nerves or from nerves which had been permanently transected up to 51 days prior to explantation. The rate of outgrowth decreased at 5 and 7 days and reached a minimum at 14 days after transection. A second phase of increased neurite-promoting activity appeared in 28-, 35-, 41- and 51-day posttransection tissue. The early phase, but not the late phase, was partially inhibited by antisera to NGF. PMID- 3768719 TI - Saving-effect of stimulating pulses at low-frequency amygdaloid kindling in cats. AB - Cats were stimulated in the lateral amygdala with low-frequency square-wave pulses. All subjects were kindled until generalized convulsion occurred. During the kindling process, a prolongation of the interpulse interval and a reduction of the number of pulses required for the provocation of afterdischarges were observed. We refer to this phenomenon as the 'saving-effect' of stimulating pulses to provoke afterdischarges. PMID- 3768720 TI - Soma size and oxidative enzyme activity in normal and chronically stimulated motoneurones of the cat's spinal cord. AB - In normal adult cats we measured the density of staining for the activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH staining) in ventral horn cells of different sizes. The measurements were restricted to that part of the lumbar ventral horn (L6-L7) which is known to contain motoneurones of the peroneal nerve. A statistically significant tendency was found for the SDH staining to be denser in smaller than in larger neurones within the size range of a motoneurones (soma diameter greater than 40 microns). These results are consistent with recently published evidence for ventral horn cells of rats and qualitatively similar relationships between size and SDH staining have also been observed among skeletal muscle fibres (confirmed for mixed muscle of cat in present study). In hindlimb muscles, size as well as SDH staining are known to be markedly activity-dependent. We tested whether this is the case for peroneal motoneurones as well by analyzing the effects of chronic nerve stimulation on the properties of neurones within the appropriate region of the ventral horn. Prior to the final acute experiment, these cats had been subjected to a left-side dorsal rhizotomy and hemispinalization. By aid of a portable mini-stimulator, the left-side common peroneal nerve was activated by repetitive pulses during 50% of total time per day (intra-activity rate: 10, 20 or 40 Hz). After 8 weeks of such treatment, cell sizes as well as the densities of SDH staining showed hardly any differences between peroneal ventral horn cells of the experimental and control sides of the spinal cord.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768721 TI - A cyclic nucleotide and calcium-independent protein kinase of chick brain: activation by a heat-stable protein. AB - A heat-stable trichloracetic acid-stable protein fraction stimulates protein kinase activity in chick brain cytosol. This protein kinase (tentatively referred to as protein kinase S) can be partially purified by chromatography on DEAE cellulose and Sepharose G-100. The partially purified protein kinase has an absolute requirement for magnesium and the heat-stable protein for the phosphotransferase activity and is not influenced by cyclic nucleotides, calcium or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The substrate specificity of protein kinase S indicates that it is not a casein kinase and prefers histones over the substrates tested. The specific activity of this protein kinase changes with chick brain development and the activity increased by two-fold by the second post-hatch week, suggesting a role of this protein kinase in chick brain development. PMID- 3768722 TI - Behavioral effects of a single neuroleptic treatment grow with the passage of time. AB - The principal finding of this manuscript is that the incidence of catalepsy observed in the rat after a single administration of low, clinically relevant doses of the dopamine receptor antagonists and antipsychotic agents, haloperidol and fluphenazine hydrochloride, grows over time such that one re-exposure to the same compound up to 8 weeks later results in a marked enhancement (i.e. sensitization) of this response. This phenomenon appears to be independent of pharmacokinetic or conditioning factors as well as alterations in dopamine or dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. It suggests that the antidopaminergic influence of acute exposure to a neuroleptic not only persists but continues to sensitize for extraordinary periods of time even after the drug is no longer detectable in the system. Our findings may hold the key to understanding the apparent paradox that although neuroleptics presumably induce their therapeutic actions in disorders such as Tourette syndrome and schizophrenia as well as their parkinsonian effects by blocking dopamine receptors, this antagonism occurs immediately while behavioral changes often require weeks for maximal development. PMID- 3768723 TI - In vitro acetylcholine synthesis and oxidative metabolism during development of normal and brindled mouse brain. AB - During early development normal and brindled mouse brain use 3-hydroxy-butyrate preferentially to glucose as a source for biosynthetic carbon units. On postnatal days 5-60, CO2 and acetylcholine production from 3-hydroxybutyrate decrease while that from glucose increases. Glucose metabolism exceeds that of 3-hydroxybutyrate after weaning (day 21). These findings indicate that the immature brain uses 3 hydroxybutyrate to support effectively oxidative metabolism and acetylcholine synthesis. Deficits in oxidative and acetylcholine metabolism occur in the developing brindled mouse, a genetic mutant with a defect in copper homeostasis. In the brindled mouse forebrain and cerebellum, the incorporation of either substrate into CO2 and acetylcholine was decreased 15%, 50% and 80% at days 5, 10 and 15 postnatal, respectively, when compared to the normal littermates. The brindled mouse demonstrates deficits in both oxidative metabolism and acetylcholine synthesis before the appearance of neuropathology. PMID- 3768724 TI - Motoneurone survival requirements during development: the change from immature astrocyte dependence to myotube dependence. AB - The survival requirements of motoneurones obtained from differently aged avian embryos was analysed, in both heterogeneous cultures of motoneurones with spinal cord cells and homogeneous cultures of motoneurones obtained by cell sorting. It was found that medium conditioned by contact with immature astrocytes could maintain more than 75% of the motoneurones plated from 5-day embryos for two days; however, this astrocyte medium could not maintain motoneurones plated from 8-day embryos above control levels at two days. In contrast, medium conditioned by contact with myotubes could not maintain motoneurones plated from 5-day embryos above control levels for two days; this myotube medium could maintain more than 70% of the motoneurones plated from 8-day embryos for two days. The change in the receptivity of motoneurones to astrocyte-conditioned medium may be due to their ageing. Thus, motoneurones from 6-day embryos could not be sustained above control numbers in culture for 4 days with astrocyte media, in the same way as motoneurones from 8-day embryos degenerate by two days. In contrast, more than 70% of motoneurones plated from 6-day embryos could be maintained in culture for 4 days with myotube media in the same way as motoneurones from 8-day embryos for two days. The results indicate that motoneurones from 5-day embryos are dependent for their survival on immature astrocytes but that this switches to a dependence on myotubes during the normal motoneurone death period from 6 days to 10 days of embryonic age. PMID- 3768725 TI - The abnormal development of the gracile nucleus in the neurological mutant rat mf. AB - A morphological and quantitative study was carried out of the prenatal and early postnatal development of the gracile nucleus in the mutant rat 'mutilated foot' (mf), which is affected by a sensory neuropathy inherited by autosomal recessive transmission. Microscopic examination showed that the nucleus of both normal and mf rats become morphologically identifiable at embryonic day 19 and that its appearance was comparable in the two groups of rats up to postnatal day 2. Subsequently the nucleus in the mutants appeared smaller than in control rats and the number of nerve cells in it decreased dramatically. Glomeruli, the type of synapses known to be formed between primary sensory ascending fibres and dendrites of gracile nerve cells, were observed in the mf rat, but were greatly reduced in number and in size compared with those in normal littermates. Reconstruction of nerve cell volumes showed that, in mf rats, volumes increased considerably less than in controls. These results suggest that the abnormalities observed in the gracile nucleus of mf rats are secondary to the decreased number of afferent fibres originating from the dorsal root ganglia and represent a form of 'anterograde transneuronal degeneration'. In the mutant this is particularly severe and occurs at a rapid pace since it takes place in immature organisms, known to be particularly vulnerable to this type of lesions. PMID- 3768726 TI - Cholinergic neurons of fetal rat telencephalon in aggregating cell culture respond to NGF as well as to protein kinase C-activating tumor promoters. AB - Serum-free aggregating cell cultures of fetal rat telencephalon treated with the potent tumor promoter phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) showed a dose dependent, persistent stimulation of the enzymes choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), glutamic acid decarboxylase and glutamine synthetase. After elimination of the proliferating cells by treatment of the cultures with Ara-C (0.4 microM) only the cholinergic marker enzyme, ChAT, could be stimulated by tumor promoters. The non-promoting phorbol ester, 4 alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate proved to be inactive in these cultures, whereas the potent non-phorbol tumor promoter, mezerein, produced an even greater stimulatory effect than PMA. Since PMA and mezerein are potent and specific activators of protein kinase C, the present results suggest a role for this second messenger in the development of cholinergic telencephalon neurons. Stimulation of ChAT required prolonged exposure (48 h) of the cultures to PMA and the responsiveness of the cholinergic neurons to the tumor promoters decreased with progressive cellular maturation. The cholinergic telencephalon neurons showed the same pattern of responsiveness for tumor promoters as for nerve growth factor (NGF). However, the combined treatment with NGF and either PMA or mezerein produced an additive stimulatory effect, suggesting somewhat different mechanisms of action. PMID- 3768727 TI - Immunochemical homology of 3 developmentally regulated brain proteins and their developmental change in neuronal distribution. AB - Proteins S5, S6, and S54 (mol. wts. 95,000, 100,000, and 110,000 Da) appear characteristically at certain developmental stages in the chick brain (Shirao, T. and Obata, K., J. Neurochem., 44 (1985) 1210-1216). In the present study polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies were developed against electrophoretically purified S5 and S6 proteins. Each polyclonal and monoclonal antibody specifically recognized all 3 proteins, S5, S6, and S54, by immunoblot analysis. The tissue specificities of these proteins were examined by immunoblot analysis with these antibodies. Proteins S5 and S6 were found in the neural tissue and in some non neural tissues of chick embryo. In the adult chicken, however, they were detected neither in neural nor in non-neural tissues with the exception of the spinal ganglion. Protein S54, on the other hand, was found both in late embryonic and adult neural tissues. It was detected neither in embryonic nor in adult non neural tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis of adult nervous system showed that S54 protein was present only in neurons. Therefore it is concluded that S54 protein is a neuron-specific protein. Developmental changes of localization of these proteins were then examined by immunohistochemistry. In the developing brain, immunostaining was first observed in newly differentiated neurons, later becoming localized in the neuronal processes. In the adult brain, the immunoreactivity was mainly localized in certain types of synaptic regions, but it was also observed in a small population of neuronal somata. PMID- 3768728 TI - Dendritic development in the rat superior cervical ganglion. AB - Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that synaptogenesis in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion (SCG) of the rat occurs predominantly during the first weeks after birth. The purpose of the present study was to examine the normal development of dendrites of the ganglion neurons, and to assess the importance of the afferent input in shaping this development. Two independent methods for examining dendritic morphology were used. One was to label neurons in the SCG by injecting a conjugate of horseradish peroxidase and wheat germ agglutinin (HRP-WGA) into a target of the SCG neurons (the submandibular gland). This procedure results in a 'Golgi-like' filling of the retrogradely labelled cell bodies and their dendrites. The second method was stereologic analysis (point-counting) of electron micrographs of sections of the SCG. At birth, the ganglion neurons give rise to an average of 2.4 primary dendrites and 1.2 secondary branches. No tertiary branches are observed at this age. The total dendritic length is 15.3 microns. Electron microscopic stereology reveals that the mean volume occupied by dendrites in the newborn SCG is 0.0093 mm3. In the adult, there is an average of 5.2 primary, 6.3 secondary, 4.8 tertiary and 1.9 quaternary dendrites. The total dendritic length is increased 23 fold to 347 microns. The mean volume occupied by dendrites is 0.0771 mm3, representing an 8-fold increase. In ganglia from adult rats which were deafferented at birth, an essentially normal dendritic form is attained. There are 4.5 primary, 6.2 secondary, 2.8 tertiary and 2.2 quaternary dendrites, and the total dendritic length is 297 microns. The mean volume of dendrites is 0.0571 micron3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768729 TI - Thyroid state and cholecalcin (calcium-binding protein) in cerebellum of the developing rat. AB - Cholecalcin (28,000 Da, vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein) is a marker of Purkinje cell development in the rat cerebellum from embryonic day 17 when these cells can first be distinguished. Specific antibodies raised against human cerebellar or rat renal cholecalcin were used in an immunocytochemical and quantitative study in altered thyroid states. The immunocytochemical staining was qualitatively similar in both normal and hypothyroid animals but clearly demonstrated the slowing of Purkinje cell development resulting from the lack of thyroxine. This effect was also reflected in quantitative studies which showed that the total cholecalcin per cerebellum was lower in thyroid-deficient rats. However, there was, in these animals, no specific reduction in cholecalcin level. Moreover, the response to thyroxine treatment indicated that the synthesis of cholecalcin occurred later and slower than that of the majority of cerebellar proteins and even after other more complex mechanisms of cerebellar cortex development (such as neurite outgrowth) have been induced. Thus, cholecalcin synthesis does not appear particularly sensitive to thyroid hormone level but might rather follow the increase in cell size induced by the hormone. PMID- 3768730 TI - Relative contribution of brain and peripheral connections to postnatal growth and cell accretion in the rat olfactory bulb. AB - Total weight and DNA (cell number) determination in whole olfactory bulbs (OB) revealed that unilateral transection of the olfactory peduncle in newborn rats causes 2 X more (40%) deficit in cell number in the operated OB than section of the olfactory nerve. The deficit due to combined operations ('isolation' of OB) were additive. Similar effects were observed on weight gain. It is inferred that both olfactory nerve and sources in the brain exert marked influences on postnatal cell accretion and growth in the OB and that the greater share of the brain is due to its direct contribution of new microneurons via the 'rostral migratory stream'. PMID- 3768731 TI - Entry of DSIP peptides into dog CSF: role of physicochemical and pharmacokinetic parameters. AB - Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) or one of four DSIP analogs (desTrp-DSIP, D Ala3-DSIP, D-Ala4-DSIP, D-Ala4-DSIP-NH2), was injected IV into dogs. Samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the posterior fossa and blood were collected simultaneously at 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, and 60 min after injection and concentrations of DSIP-like material measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The increase in peptide concentration in the CSF correlated significantly with the increase in plasma concentration, with plasma half-life, and with peptide lipophilicity, but not with the degree of plasma protein binding or with molecular weight. An even better correlation occurred when the three factors that correlated independently were combined into a single parameter (r = 0.813, p less than 0.00005). These results demonstrate that peptides can significantly penetrate the blood-CSF barrier of the dog. For DSIP and its analogs, the degree of penetration into the CSF is highly dependent on parameters such as the level of peptide in the plasma, plasma half-life, and the lipophilicity of the peptide. PMID- 3768732 TI - Enkephalin-like immunoreactive neurons and fibers in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. AB - Enkephalin-like immunoreactive (ENK-IR) neurons and fibers in the rat ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) were examined by light and electron microscopy using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemistry. There were groups of ENK-IR neurons present in the ventrolateral part of the VMH, and such neurons were scattered elsewhere. These neurons had perikarya 10-25 microns in diameter with moderately developed cell organelles and enfolded nuclei that were often distributed eccentrically placed in the cell. The perikarya and dendrites contained diffuse, large-cored vesicles (LCV) (60-230 nm with a predominance in the 60-80 nm). ENK-IR neurons received synaptic inputs on the soma and dendrites from unlabeled axonal boutons containing many small, clear vesicles and occasional LCV. The ultrastructural features of the ENK-IR cells in the VMH seemed to correspond to the "common cells" described by Millhouse. Dense ENK-IR fibers were distributed in this nucleus throughout the rostrocaudal and ventrodorsal areas. Axonal boutons containing numerous small, clear vesicles, and dispersed LCV generally made synaptic contacts with the cell bodies and dendrites of unlabeled neurons. The findings suggest that opioid peptides directly influence VMH neurons through synaptic contacts. PMID- 3768733 TI - Comparison of the effects of hypercapnia on phrenic and hypoglossal activity in anesthetized decerebrate and decorticate animals. AB - To examine the effects of suprapontine structures on the activity of hypoglossal and phrenic nerves, 13 chloralose anesthetized, paralyzed (gallamine triethiodide) and artificially ventilated cats were studied. In all animals vagi and carotid sinus nerves were cut bilaterally. All animals were first hyperventilated to apnea and then made progressively hypercapnic by rebreathing under hyperoxic conditions. Following midcollicular decerebration, the peak phasic activity of the hypoglossal nerve was significantly depressed and the PCO2 at which apnea occurred (apneic point) increased. However, following high decerebration or decortication the activity of the hypoglossal nerve was increased at higher CO2 levels and there was no change in apneic point. By contrast, peak phrenic nerve activity was not altered by any of the above surgical procedures. Neither systemic blood pressure nor respiratory frequency were significantly altered by these procedures. The results indicate that suprapontine structures can appreciably modify hypoglossal activity. PMID- 3768734 TI - Neuroanatomical mapping of hypothalamic regions mediating verapamil hyper- and hypothermia in the cat. AB - Guide cannulae for microinjection and push-pull perfusion in the unrestrained cat were implanted bilaterally in the anterior hypothalamic, preoptic area (AH/POA) and posterior hypothalamus (PH). Postoperatively, the region was first identified in AH/POA which was reactive to norepinephrine or in PH to excess Ca++ ions; in both cases a hypothermic response was produced. Then either an artificial CSF control vehicle or the Ca++ ion channel blocking agent, verapamil, was perfused for 30 min by means of push-pull cannulae at a rate of 25.0 microliters/min. Verapamil 0.4, 2.0 and 4.0 micrograms/microliter) induced a concentration dependent hypothermia when perfused within AH/POA sites but hyperthermia when perfused in the caudal hypothalamus. An anatomical analysis of the sites of perfusion revealed that verapamil's thermolytic effect was localized within the classical thermosensitive region of the cat's diencephalon, a region ventral to the anterior commissure and dorsal to the optic chiasm. On the other hand, the loci in which verapamil evoked thermogenesis were localized to a region dorsal to the mammillary bodies and caudal to the descending columns of the fornix. It is suggested that verapamil interferes with Ca++ ion channels in the PH to shift the cat's "set-point" temperature. Conversely, however, verapamil apparently could act on catecholaminergic terminals in AH/POA to enhance the presynaptic release of norepinephrine which, in turn, stimulates the heat loss pathway to yield hypothermia. PMID- 3768735 TI - Cardiovascular and drinking responses elicited by central administration of angiotensin II: differential effects of GABA injected into the ventral tegmental area and spiperone injected into the nucleus accumbens. AB - The ventral tegmental area and its dopamine projections to the nucleus accumbens have been shown to be involved in goal-directed behavior. This study investigated the contribution of GABAergic input to the ventral tegmental area and dopaminergic input to the nucleus accumbens to the drinking and cardiovascular responses elicited by central administration of angiotensin II. Injections of 25 ng of angiotensin II into a lateral cerebral ventricle of the conscious rat elicited water intakes averaging 8 ml in 15 min with latencies usually less than 3 min. Pretreatment of the nucleus accumbens with spiperone, a dopamine antagonist, or the ventral tegmental area with gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) produced dose-dependent reductions in water intake and number of laps taken while increasing the latency to drink. Injections of spiperone into the nucleus accumbens in anesthetized animals failed to alter the cardiovascular response elicited following the central administration of angiotensin II. However, administration of GABA into the ventral tegmental of urethane anaesthetized animals attenuated the pressor response normally elicited by central administration of angiotensin II. These findings suggest that GABA input to the ventral tegmental area is involved in both the cardiovascular and drinking responses elicited following central administration of angiotensin II. The dopamine projections to the nucleus accumbens appear only to be involved in the drinking response elicited by central injections of angiotensin II. Divergence of the signals separately accessing the skeletal motor behavioral component and the cardiovascular component elicited by central administration of angiotensin II must occur before the involvement of these dopamine pathways. PMID- 3768736 TI - On the requirement of postural asymmetry for rotational behaviour. AB - Focal, unilateral injection of muscimol into the rat substantia nigra, pars reticulata evoked two outwardly different forms of contraversive rotation. In the first (and most common) type of circling, animals adopted a tight curvature of the whole head and body about the longitudinal axis and propelled themselves primarily with their forelimbs. In other cases, little if any postural asymmetry was present during rotation in equivalent diameter circles created by use of both fore- and hindlimbs. Each profile correlated with the nigral locus injected. It is reiterated that postural asymmetry is not essential for rotation. PMID- 3768737 TI - Salivation mediated by central M-2 muscarinic receptors in the cat. AB - In these experiments the effect on the cat's salivation of the choline ester, carbachol, the anticholinesterase, eserine, and the muscarinic ganglionic stimulants, McN-A-343 and AHR-602, injected into the cerebral ventricles was investigated and compared. Carbachol and eserine injected intracerebroventricularly (ICV) produced dose-related salivation. On the other hand, ICV McN-A-343 and AHR-602 evoked inconsistent salivation when injected in large doses. The antimuscarinic drug, atropine, injected into the cerebral ventricles abolished the salivation caused by carbachol and eserine similarly injected. However, salivation induced by ICV carbachol and eserine was not significantly altered by the ganglionic blocking agent, mecamylamine, injected into the cerebral ventricles. It is concluded that the ICV injection of carbachol and eserine evokes salivation in the cat by way of an action on central M-2 muscarinic receptors. PMID- 3768738 TI - Efferent projections of the basolateral amygdala in the opossum, Didelphis virginiana. AB - The autoradiographic anterograde axonal transport technique was used to study efferent projections of the opossum basolateral amygdala. All nuclei of the basolateral amygdala send topographically organized fibers to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) via the stria terminalis (ST). Injections into rostrolateral portions of the basal nuclei label fibers that surround the commissural bundle of the ST, cross the midline by passing along the outer aspect of the anterior commissure, and terminate primarily in the contralateral BST, anterior subdivision of the basolateral nucleus (BLa), ventral putamen, and olfactory cortex. Each of the basal nuclei project ipsilaterally to the anterior amygdaloid area, substantia innominata and topographically to the ventral part of the striatum and adjacent olfactory tubercle. The posterior subdivision of the basolateral nucleus (BLp), but not the basomedial nucleus (BM), projects to the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. BLa and BLp have projections to the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract and also send fibers to the central nucleus, as does the lateral nucleus (L). The lateral nucleus also has a strong projection to BM and both nuclei project to the amygdalo-hippocampal area. BLa and BLp send axons to the ventral subiculum and ventral lateral entorhinal area whereas L projects only to the latter area. The lateral nucleus and BLp project to the perirhinal cortex and the posterior agranular insular area. The BLa sends efferents to the anterior agranular insular area. Rostrally this projection is continuous with a projection to the entire frontal cortex located rostral and medial to the orbital sulcus. All of the nuclei of the basolateral amygdala project to areas on the medial wall of the frontal lobe that appear to correspond to the prelimbic and infralimbic areas of other mammals. Despite the great phylogenetic distance separating the opossum from placental mammals, the projections of the opossum basolateral amygdala are very similar to those seen in other mammals. The unique frontal projections of the opossum BLa to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex appear to be related to the distinctive organization of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and prefrontal cortex in this species. PMID- 3768739 TI - Hypothalamic neuroendocrine correlates of cutaneous burn injury in the rat: I. Scanning electron microscopy. AB - Rats were given a standard scald burn on 60% of the body surface or only a sham burn and were sacrificed at intervals from 6 hr to 14 days later. Serum thyroxine (T4), free thyroxine index (FT4I) and triiodothyronine (T3) were depressed compared to values in respective shams as early as 6 hr post-burn. T4 and FT4I were less depressed on post-burn days (PBD) 2-3 than on PBD 1 and then exhibited a further fall. T3 remained depressed through PBD 14. Pineal melatonin content was elevated at 6 hr and fell to the normal daytime range in subsequent samples. The ventral portion of the diencephalon was prepared for scanning electron microscopy. Only in the burned rats and beginning on PBD 2, large numbers of supraependymal neurons (SEN) appeared in the ventricular space attached to the inferior walls and floor of the third cerebral ventricle. Transmission electron microscopy was used to confirm the neuronal nature of the SEN. Viewed by scanning electron microscopy, these persisted through PBD 14. SEN were interconnected by cables of their neurites exhibiting varicosities on individual neurites as they passed over perikarya of other SEN. Some SEN were seen to be only partially emerged from the underlying tissue and others were seen to send a thick process into the hypothalamic tissue. These observations indicate that after peripheral injury there is marked plasticity of the brain in an area thought to control the endocrine systems that show abnormalities after such a peripheral injury. The timing, location and nature of these anatomic changes indicate the possibility that at least some aspects of central nervous orchestration of the endocrine metabolic response to injury may be related to the emergence of a neuronal system receiving or sending messages through the cerebrospinal fluid and/or through new neurite circuits along the surface of the third ventricular wall. These structures may appear in response to initial primary hormonal changes and/or may play a role in maintaining the post-injury hormonal milieu manifested in part by a subsequent second fall in serum T4. PMID- 3768740 TI - Role of the flank gland in vasopressin induced scent marking behavior in the hamster. AB - The present study examined whether the induction of scent marking behavior and grooming of the flank gland region by injection of arginine-vasopressin (AVP) or oxytocin (OXY) into the anterior hypothalamus-medial preoptic area (AH-MPOA) required the presence of the flank glands. The flank glands were surgically removed (GLDX) in ten hamsters or patches of skin just dorsal to the flank glands were removed (SHAM) in the control group (N = 7). No statistically significant differences were observed in flank marking or flank grooming between the GLDX and SHAM groups during a 10 min test period immediately following injection of AVP or OXY. AVP and OXY injection produced similar amounts of flank grooming, but AVP resulted in significantly (p less than 0.01) more flank marking than OXY. These data indicate that scent marking induced by AVP injected into the AH-MPOA is similar to environmentally induced scent marking in not requiring the presence of an intact scent gland. PMID- 3768741 TI - An experimental study on the effects of DMSO and indomethacin on cerebral circulation and intracranial pressure. AB - Albino rabbits with a cryogenic lesion to the left parieto-occipital cortex had cerebral blood flow studies (CBF) with the hydrogen clearance technique 24 hours after the insult. Similar subgroups were treated with DMSO (1 g/kg) bolus, DMSO (2 g/kg) infusion, indomethacin (20 mg/kg) bolus, and indomethacin followed by DMSO. Following DMSO bolus administration there was an immediate rise in CBF over both hemispheres, with a significant paradoxical decrease at 30 minutes, followed by a second smaller rise at 60 minutes. With DMSO infusion, the rise in CBF was sustained throughout the infusion period with no paradoxical decrease. With indomethacin there was an initial decrease immediately following the drug, and at 60 minutes there was a rise in the insulted left hemisphere, more than the right one. Indomethacin administration 15 minutes prior to DMSO failed to halt the immediate increase in CBF noted following DMSO bolus injection. These results, together with the changes that occurred in intracranial pressure and brain water content, are analyzed. PMID- 3768742 TI - Symposium on mechanisms of appetite and obesity. San Antonio, Texas, October 1985. PMID- 3768743 TI - Hypothalamic obesity: comparison of radio-frequency and electrolytic lesions in male and female rats. AB - Obesity-inducing lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) have generally been produced by passing anodal electrolytic current through a stainless steel electrode, which in addition to tissue ablation leaves deposits of metallic ions that might chronically irritate surrounding tissue. Although a few early investigators reported that nonirritative lesions (i.e., those that do not leave deposits) resulted in little or no obesity, their results were largely ignored when others observed substantial weight gain in animals after using the same techniques. The results of the present experiment suggest that these discrepancies were the result of a sex difference (the former group of studies all used male rats, while the latter group all used females). Male rats in the present study gained less than 80% of the weight gained by female rats regardless of lesion type, while rats with nonirritative radio-frequency lesions gained about 60% of the weight gained by rats with electrolytic lesions regardless of sex. Thus, female rats with radio-frequency lesions displayed substantial (albeit suppressed) weight gain, whereas male rats with identical lesions gained only slightly more weight than sham-lesioned controls. It is concluded that obesity resulting from electrolytic lesions of the VMH is due in part to tissue ablation and in part to chronic irritation (possibly of parasympathetic efferents mediating insulin release). PMID- 3768744 TI - The inhibition of feeding produced by direct intraintestinal infusion of glucose: is this satiety? AB - The food intake of two male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) trained to a daily four hour feeding period and prepared with intragastric and intraintestinal cannulas, was studied under three different experimental conditions intended to place glucose into the small intestine. In the first experiment, the monkeys drank 150 ml of 1 kcal/ml glucose which was then emptied from the stomach after 5 min. In this experiment, a mean of 21.6 kcal of glucose passed into the intestine. In the second experiment, 150 ml of 1 kcal/ml glucose was infused into the stomach, left for 5 min and again removed. In this experiment, a mean of 26.4 kcal of glucose passed the pylorus. In the third experiment, loads of glucose matching those passed through the pylorus on the first experiment were infused directly into the intestine. The feeding of the monkeys was monitored in 10 min intervals over a subsequent four hour meal period. While the glucose passed naturally from the stomach in the ingested or intragastric infusion situations did not affect feeding, glucose infused directly into the intestine significantly inhibited feeding throughout the first 60 min of the feeding period. These results suggest that some aspect of direct intraintestinal nutrient infusions produces an excessively powerful inhibitory signal on feeding. PMID- 3768745 TI - Role of glucagon in the control of food intake in Zucker obese and lean rats. AB - Although there is strong evidence for glucagon's role in the control of food intake, the essentiality of this role remains in question. In several experiments the feeding responses to glucagon and glucagon antisera were investigated in both Zucker and Sprague-Dawley rats. Intraperitoneal injection of 400 micrograms/kg glucagon decreased 30-min food intake 18% (p less than 0.01) in Zucker lean rats and increased 30-min food intake 16% (NS) in Zucker obese rats, suggesting obese rats are less sensitive. In Sprague-Dawley rats the same dose decreased first meal size 28% (p less than 0.01), indicating that they were more sensitive than Zucker lean rats. Intraperitoneal injection of 400 micrograms/kg glucagon increased plasma glucagon concentrations in the vena cava and the tail vein 150 fold and 10-fold, thus, superphysiological doses may be required to elicit satiety. In contrast, administration of a glucagon antisera increased food intake of Zucker rats for up to 6 hr and increased meal size for 5 hr. The findings suggest that glucagon's role in control of food intake in Zucker obese and lean rats is similar, but the superphysiological glucagon changes which occur with exogenous administration indicate that glucagon may only indirectly elicit satiety. PMID- 3768746 TI - Functional coupling between transient declines in blood glucose and feeding behavior: temporal relationships. AB - To assess the strength and time course of the functional coupling between transient declines in blood glucose and meal initiation, access to food was prevented throughout declines followed by restoration of access to food when glucose returned to baseline. Neither preventing access to nor the absence of food affected the time course of the decline in blood glucose and the latency to food seeking behavior. When access to food was restored six to eight minutes after the blood glucose returned to baseline, no food seeking behavior or feeding occurred until after a second decline in glucose had occurred about one hour later. However, when access to food was restored before glucose returned toward baseline, feeding began within two minutes. Blood glucose did not decrease following presentation of novel foods and feeding occurred rapidly without a prior decline in blood glucose. Therefore, transient declines in blood glucose strongly signalled food seeking and meal initiation but this functional coupling was of short duration (approximately 12 min) and persisted less than six minutes after the blood glucose had returned to baseline. The transient decline in blood glucose appears to be an endogenous, glucose dependent cue for food seeking and meal initiation. PMID- 3768747 TI - Meal pattern analysis: artifacts, assumptions and implications. AB - The meal patterns of 12 male Sprague-Dawley rats were monitored continuously for eight consecutive days. During that time, food intake was measured every second, accurate to 0.01 gram. Results from this procedure demonstrated that the correlation between meal size and meal duration was, at best, weak. Further, the correlation between meal size and either the pre or post meal interval was also weak (approximately 0.20). Subsequent re-evaluation of the patterns using different end-of-the-meal criteria resulted in a significant interaction between the end-of-the-meal definition and the strength of the correlation between meal size and post meal interval, with more robust correlations being observed with the use of longer end-of-the-meal definitions. In an attempt to resolve the question of which definition to use, log survivorship analysis was applied to the interval data. Results from that procedure suggest that a 10 minute end-of-the meal definition is appropriate in most cases in the analysis of daytime patterns, and a 5 minute definition should be used when quantifying nighttime patterns. Under these "data determined" conditions, the correlation between meal size and post meal interval was not statistically significant. The implications of these results with respect to a homeostatic model of feeding behavior are discussed. PMID- 3768748 TI - Comparative effects of caerulein on food intake and pancreatic secretion in dogs. AB - We compared effects of the CCK analog caerulein on feeding and pancreatic secretion. Nine fasted mongrel dogs with gastric and pancreatic fistulas received scalar doses of caerulein (0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 pmol/kg-hr, each for 30 min). The D50 dose for stimulation of pancreatic secretion was 15 pmol/kg hr. Effects of intravenous caerulein (0 to 800 pmol/kg-hr; 15 min before and during a 45 min test meal) on food intake were examined in 8 beagles under 4 feeding conditions: 1 meal/day (22 hr fast), 2 meals/day (4 hr fast), 2 meals/day (19 hr fast), and after ad lib access to food followed by a 4 hr fast. The lowest doses that inhibited feeding were: 400 pmol/kg-hr for feeding condition, 200 pmol/kg-hr for and, and 150 pmol/kg-hr for. We conclude: the potency of caerulein for inhibition of food intake is dependent upon feeding condition; these results do not support a role for CCK as a satiety hormone, since the lowest dose of caerulein for inhibition of feeding was 10 times larger than the D50 dose of caerulein for stimulation of pancreatic secretion. PMID- 3768749 TI - Analysis of 585 burn patients hospitalized over a 6-year period. Part I: Demographic comparison with the population of origin. AB - There has been a large number of studies on the epidemiology, aetiology and demography of burn injury. However, no previous study has been able to compare the burn population with detailed data on the general population from which it derived. Data on the Standard Metropolitan Area (SMSA) of San Diego provided by the US Census Reports of 1970 and 1980 have made this possible. In this paper we have examined age, sex, ethnic origin, level of education, gross family income and occupation in a population of 585 burn patients taken from this SMSA. PMID- 3768750 TI - Analysis of 585 burn patients hospitalized over a 6-year period. Part II: Aetiological data. AB - In a population of 585 burn patients from a well-defined urban area, the contribution of a number of factors to the occurrence of the burn injury is examined. These are: place where burned; activity of the patient at the time; contribution of various appliances and materials; the influence of clothing on the extent of the injury. These findings should prove helpful in future efforts at burn prevention. PMID- 3768751 TI - Analysis of 585 burn patients hospitalized over a 6-year period. Part III: Psychosocial data. AB - We have examined the physical and psychosocial aberrations found in a series of 585 hospitalized burn patients. The implications of this data have been discussed as they apply to identifying persons at high risk for burn injury, and as they apply to estimation of the prognosis in severe burn injury. This is a step towards identifying a psychosocial profile for the evaluation of burned patients. PMID- 3768752 TI - A prospective analysis of hypertonic lactated saline v. Ringer's lactate-colloid for the resuscitation of severely burned children. AB - Children and young people ranging in age from 5 months to 21 years, with burns covering greater than or equal to 30 per cent of the body surface area, were entered into a prospective study comparing the resuscitative efficacy of hypertonic lactated saline (HLS) and Ringer's lactate-colloid (RL-colloid). The 24- and 48-h fluid requirements of children resuscitated with the RL-colloid were significantly greater than those resuscitated with HLS (P less than 0.02); 2.37 +/- 0.91 ml/kg/per cent burn (HLS) v. 3.43 +/- 1.51 ml/kg/per cent burn (RL colloid) at 24 h post-burn and 4.18 +/- 1.37 ml/kg/per cent burn (HLS) v. 6.32 +/ ml/kg/per cent burn (RL-colloid) at 48 h (P less than 0.01). The urine output between the two groups was not significantly different, and the haematocrits were equally maintained. Patients in the RL-colloid group gained significantly more weight at 48 h (P less than 0.05). The sodium requirements and resulting sodium balances were not significantly different. The desired and significant elevation (P less than 0.001) of serum sodium in the HLS group was maintained for the 5 days of the study. Colloid oncotic pressures, serum albumin and albumin/globulin (A/G) ratios were not significantly different between the two groups until 48 h post-burn. The RL-colloid group received plasmanate during the second 24-h period. The significant elevation in serum albumin, A/G ratio and colloid oncotic pressure persisted for only 2 days--by 96 h post-burn these values were no longer significantly different.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768753 TI - The relationship between post-burn increases in peripheral resistance and vasopressin. AB - Using the dog anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital receiving a 15 per cent total body surface full skin thickness flame burn as an experimental model, it was observed that administration of the vasopressin, V-1 receptor, blocking agent d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP (SK&F100273) prior to burn could significantly reduce the increase in peripheral resistance which occurs in untreated burned animals. At 30 min post-burn peripheral resistance was 60.2 +/- 7.8 units in treated animals and 117.1 +/- 16.8 units in untreated animals. At 60 min post-burn these values were 71.3 +/- 7.2 units and 117.0 +/- 13.5 units, respectively. Changes in cardiac output were significantly less in treated than untreated experimental animals. The mean arterial blood pressures were not significantly different. Plasma levels of vasopressin were measured by radio-immunoassay prior to burn and at 30-min intervals for 6 h following burn. At the time of taking blood samples for vasopressin levels, mean arterial blood pressure and cardiac output were measured and peripheral resistance was calculated. The results of this study showed that immediately post-burn vasopressin plasma levels increased from 6.2 +/- 2.2 pg/ml to 27.3 +/- 9.5 pg/ml and peripheral resistance increased from 62.3 +/- 6.3 units to 128.0 +/- 20.3 units. During the remaining 6 h of the experimental study both vasopressin plasma levels and peripheral resistance remained elevated. These results show that following thermal injury there is a significant release of vasopressin and suggest that the increase in peripheral resistance observed could be due in part to the vasoconstrictor action of the released vasopressin. PMID- 3768754 TI - Dynamic changes of lung lymph flow and the release of lysosomal enzyme from the lungs after severe steam inhalation injury in goats. AB - Chronic lung lymph fistulae were produced in six goats according to Winn's and Stothert's methods with our modification to define the pathophysiology of pulmonary oedema after severe steam inhalation injury. Arterial blood gas, lung lymph flow (QLym), lymph/plasma total protein concentration ratio (L/P), and beta glucuronidase (beta-G) in plasma and lung lymph were monitored for 24 h post injury. The pathological changes in the lung tissues were also determined at the end of the study. It was found that directly after injury, QLym increased steadily to a peak value at 6 h, followed by declining values at 18 and 24 h. L/P decreased promptly during the 60 min after injury and then also steadily increased to a peak value at 4 h (P less than 0.05). A significant increase in plasma beta-G was only observed at 4 h post-burn. However, lung lymph beta-G activities and lymph beta-G transport increased immediately after injury, reaching a peak at 4 h (5 and 12 times above baseline values, respectively, P less than 0.01). Significant hypoxaemia and hypocapnia occurred at 2 h post-burn and deteriorated progressively throughout the study. There were obvious pulmonary interstitial and alveolar oedema microscopically. This study demonstrates that the increase in transvascular fluid and protein flux after steam inhalation injury is mainly due to increased pulmonary microvascular permeability. Nevertheless, a hydrostatic pressure effect can not be completely excluded, especially in the first hour post-burn. Lysosomal enzyme release is considered to be one of the important factors which damage lung microvascular elements and induce an increase in their permeability. PMID- 3768755 TI - Acute electrical burns: a 10-year clinical experience. AB - We have reviewed 113 cases of electrical burns treated at the Cook County Hospital Burn Center during the past 10 years. There were 3265 acute burn admissions during this period. the incidence of electrical burns being 3.5 per cent. Low-voltage electrical burns occurred in 82 of the 113 patients (73 per cent). These were caused mostly by household electricity supplies, occurred in children, and were preventable. Arc burns of the perioral region were allowed to heal spontaneously. The surgical management of other arc burns and flash burns was similar to that for most deep burn wounds. The incidence of high-voltage electrical injuries was 27 per cent in our series. Over 50 per cent of these injuries were not work-related. These tended to occur outside the home in young adult males and were also frequently preventable. None of these patients developed acute renal failure. Early surgical debridement of devitalized tissue with allografting, followed by delayed definitive wound closure or amputation prevented septic complications. Early fasciotomy appeared to have little effect on complete limb salvage. Limb loss continues to be the major factor contributing to the high morbidity associated with these injuries. All 113 patients survived. We attribute this to early transfer of patients to our Burn Unit, aggressive fluid resuscitation, continuous haemodynamic and metabolic support, and early surgical intervention. PMID- 3768756 TI - Cement burns of the heels. AB - Two artisans working on machinery sustained thermal burns (9 per cent and 5 per cent, respectively) of both heels and lower legs from hot cement powder. The burned areas took 4-6 weeks to heal following intensive treatment and the workers only returned to work after 10 weeks. PMID- 3768757 TI - The use of the mini-tracheotomy technique in burned patients. AB - Our experience with two patients suggests that the mini-tracheotomy is a very useful technique, and may be of great value in the treatment of sputum retention (with or without inhalation injury) in burn patients. PMID- 3768758 TI - The influence of levamisole and hyperthermia on the incidence of metastases from an X-irradiated tumor. AB - Fragments of the KHT sarcoma were transplanted into the right rear legs of C3H/He mice. At 10 days, groups of 16 to 20 mice had the consequent developing tumor treated by local irradiation (40 Gy in 2 fractions), levamisole (5 mg/kg every 2nd day), local hyperthermia, or a combination of these treatments. Local tumor control, the incidence and sites of metastatic spread, and survival times were measured. Radiation alone controlled 25% of the local tumors, but 75% of the treated mice developed metastases. Radiation combined with levamisole increased local control to 31% with a corresponding decrease in the incidence of metastases. Hyperthermia alone prolonged the survival time compared to nontreated mice. This increase in survival time was lost when levamisole was combined with hyperthermia. Combined hyperthermia and irradiation controlled 89% of tumors. This corresponded to a thermal enhancement factor of 3.5. When levamisole was added to hyperthermia and irradiation, local tumor control was decreased and the incidence of metastases was increased compared to the combination treatment of irradiation and hyperthermia. The nonspecific immune stimulant levamisole was antagonistic to the action of hyperthermia on the KHT tumor. An hypothesis to explain this antagonism is proposed. PMID- 3768759 TI - Neurological consultation in the management of patients with systemic cancer admitted to a community hospital. AB - To characterize the neurological complications of cancer patients admitted to a community hospital, the charts of all cancer patients evaluated by a neurologist during a single year were reviewed. Nine percent (N = 93) of cancer patients received neurological consultation compared to 3.6% of other patients. The neurologic problem preceded the diagnosis of cancer in 11% of patients. Complications were most common with known metastases. Neurologists frequently discovered signs not noted by the referring physician: 52 patients were paretic, with weakness reported in only 31; cranial nerve complaints were described in 3, but found in 20; sensory abnormalities were noted in 8, but found in 26. A change in mental status was confirmed in 33% and ataxia in 10%. After consultation, distant metastasis was diagnosed in 40% of patients, direct extension in 8%, metabolic encephalopathy in 14% and remote effects of cancer and side effects of cancer therapy in 4% each. Other patients had unrelated diagnoses. In most cases, the neurologic consultation let to a change in treatment, with radiotherapy directed to a symptomatic tumor mass the most common beneficial outcome. PMID- 3768760 TI - Reversible deficiency of serum high density lipoproteins in Hodgkin's disease. AB - An elderly woman with Hodgkin's disease and hepatic involvement but without cholestasis presented with markedly depressed levels of serum esterified cholesterol and high density lipoproteins (HDL). Within five days of her first cycle of chemotherapy her serum HDL-cholesterol rose from 8-10 mg/dl to 88 mg/dl, and levels of the major HDL-apoprotein, apoA-I, rose from 60 to 138 mg/dl. The proportion of unesterified serum cholesterol fell from 60-80% to 27-30%. These observations suggest a relatively specific effect of the hepatic lymphoma on synthesis or release of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase. PMID- 3768761 TI - Autonomy, beneficence, and informed consent: rethinking the connections. II. PMID- 3768762 TI - Pulmonary infiltrates in a patient on tapering steroids. PMID- 3768763 TI - [Prevention, screening and other extra-therapeutic activities in the practice of general medicine]. PMID- 3768764 TI - Esmolol for control of increases in heart rate and blood pressure during tracheal intubation after thiopentone and succinylcholine. AB - Esmolol, an ultra-short-acting cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocker, was investigated in a double-blind prospective protocol for its ability to control haemodynamic responses associated with tracheal intubation after thiopentone and succinylcholine. Thirty ASA physical status I patients received a 12-minute infusion of esmolol (500 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1 for four minutes, then 300 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1 for 8 minutes) or saline. Five minutes after the start of the drug/placebo infusion, anaesthesia was induced with 4 mg X kg-1 thiopentone followed by succinylcholine for tracheal intubation. Prior to induction esmolol produced significant decreases in heart rate (HR) (9.3 +/- 1.8 per cent) and rate-pressure product (RPP) (13.1 +/- 1.8 per cent), systolic blood pressure (SAP) (4.3 +/- 1.5 per cent) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) (1.7 +/- 2.0 per cent). Increases in HR, SAP and RPP after intubation were approximately 50 per cent less in patients given esmolol compared to patients given placebo. There were highly significant differences in HR (p less than 0.0001), and RPP (p less than 0.0005) and significant differences in SAP (p less than 0.05) when the maximal esmolol post-intubation response was compared to the maximal placebo response. Infusion of esmolol in the dose utilized in this study significantly attenuated but did not completely eliminate cardiovascular responses to intubation. PMID- 3768765 TI - Effect of diltiazem-induced hypotension on normal and increased intracranial pressure of cats. AB - The commonly used vasodilators sodium nitroprusside and nitroglycerin increase intracranial pressure (ICP) and cause tachycardia. Since diltiazem is also a vasodilator, we designed this experiment in cats to study its effect on intracranial pressure and heart rate (HR). Twelve cats were assigned to two equal groups. One group had normal ICP (N-ICP), while in the other the ICP was raised artificially (AR-ICP) by placing a balloon into the intracranial extradural space. Both groups received an infusion of diltiazem to decrease the mean blood pressure (BP), which was maintained 30 per cent below the baseline value for 15 minutes. Diltiazem caused no significant change in ICP (5.7 +/- 1 to 6.7 +/- 1.5 mmHg, p less than 0.01) in cats with N-ICP while in cats with AR-ICP, the increase from 26.9 +/- 0.5 to 34.0 +/- 1.9 mmHg was significant (p less than 0.006). HR decreased significantly during the diltiazem infusion in both groups. PMID- 3768766 TI - Edrophonium and plasma cholinesterase activity. AB - Plasma cholinesterase activity was estimated following administration of edrophonium 0.5 or 1.0 mg X kg-1 given for antagonism of atracurium-induced neuromuscular block. There was no inhibition of enzyme activity for up to three hours following edrophonium administration. This is in contrast to profound and prolonged inhibition of enzyme activity seen following neostigmine and pyridostigmine. PMID- 3768767 TI - Clonidine prolongs canine tetracaine spinal anaesthesia. AB - Using a randomized blind cross-over design, the comparative efficacy of clonidine in prolonging tetracaine spinal anaesthesia was studied in six mongrel dogs. Lumbar subarachnoid injections (1 ml) of: tetracaine 4 mg with clonidine 150 micrograms, tetracaine 4 mg with epinephrine 200 micrograms, tetracaine 4 mg, clonidine 150 micrograms, epinephrine 200 micrograms, and five per cent dextrose in H2O (vehicle) were administered randomly to each animal at 5-7 day intervals. Subarachnoid tetracaine produced a motor blockade of 186 +/- 58 (mean +/- SEM) min. Both clonidine and epinephrine produced a similar prolongation of tetracaine motor blockade, 135 per cent (p less than 0.01) and 116 per cent (p less than 0.05) respectively, compared with tetracaine alone. No motor blockade was observed in dogs receiving clonidine, epinephrine or five per cent dextrose in H2O. The addition of clonidine to tetracaine spinal anaesthesia produced a significant increase in duration of sensory blockade, 56 per cent (p less than 0.01) and 107 per cent (p less than 0.01) respectively, when compared to tetracaine with and without epinephrine. Subarachnoid clonidine alone produced a sensory blockade of 76 +/- 17 minutes, while only one animal receiving subarachnoid epinephrine had a sensory blockade (40 minutes). No neurologic deficits were observed in any of the animals. The study concludes that during spinal anaesthesia with tetracaine in dogs, clonidine is as effective as epinephrine in prolonging motor blockade, but is more effective in prolonging sensory blockade. PMID- 3768768 TI - Anaphylactoid reaction to atracurium. AB - Atracurium is a new intermediate-acting muscle relaxant, relatively devoid of cardiovascular effect in the clinical dose range. Histamine release is reported in a dose-dependent fashion, but below the threshold for haemodynamic effect within the recommended dose limits. We report a case of an anaphylactoid reaction to a low dose (0.2 mg X kg-1) of atracurium, and discuss the peculiar aspects of this case that predisposed the patient to this event. PMID- 3768769 TI - Open drop ether anaesthesia for caesarean section: a review of 420 cases in Nepal. AB - Anaesthesia for Caesarean sections performed during 1982-83 at the Women's Hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal is reviewed. In a twelve-month period 535 Caesarean sections were performed, representing 7.36 per cent of 7,263 deliveries. Many pregnant women in Nepal do not have antenatal care and the mean haemoglobin of these mothers was 86 g X L-1. In the absence of an on-call anaesthetist for obstetrics, more than 90 per cent of the anaesthetics were given by junior obstetric residents, using open drop diethyl ether without endotracheal intubation. Eleven patients developed postoperative chest infection; in none of these was there any suggestion of inhalation of gastric contents and all recovered uneventfully. Of the 18 maternal deaths in the 7,263 deliveries during this period, one occurred during Caesarean section. This was due to uncontrollable haemorrhage and was not attributable to the anaesthetic. For poor risk patients, and in unskilled hands, diethyl ether remains a remarkably safe anaesthetic. PMID- 3768770 TI - Multiple neuromuscular blocking agents and reversal in a patient with absent plasma cholinesterase. AB - The detailed clinical response of a patient with absent plasma cholinesterase (genotype E1s E1s) who received tubocurarine (3 mg), succinylcholine (120 mg), pancuronium (2 mg), and reversal with neostigmine (3 mg) is reported. The patient's responses were compared to the responses of a group of patients with genotype E1a E1a evaluated prospectively, and with eight other genotype E1s E1s patients reported in the literature. The present patient demonstrated evidence of a phase II block before and after attempted reversal, suggesting that free succinylcholine was present in her plasma and a mixed block was present at that time. Conservative supportive therapy was continued and a complete recovery resulted five hours and 30 minutes after the succinylcholine administration. PMID- 3768772 TI - The quick-mount pipeline connector: failure of a "fail-safe" device. AB - This report describes the absence of gas flow despite the apparent proper mounting of a Canadian Liquid Air nitrous oxide quick-mount connector to its wall outlet. A similar but potentially more dangerous malfunction can occur with oxygen quick-mount connectors. The nature and cause of this defect are examined. PMID- 3768771 TI - Hydropneumothorax--an unusual complication of lung lavage. AB - Hydropneumothorax is an uncommon but potentially fatal complication for a patient undergoing positive pressure ventilation. The case of a 23-year-old woman with severe asthma requiring lung lavage is described. Twenty minutes after an uneventful left lung lavage, the patient experienced increased peak airway pressure, decreased oxygen saturation and hypercarbia, despite ventilation with 90 per cent oxygen. A chest x-ray revealed mediastinal shift and a left sided pneumothorax. Drainage was carried out, revealing air and clear fluid in the pleural space. The importance of technical problems such as patient and endotracheal tube positioning, elimination of cross-spilling and cardiopulmonary effects of lavage are discussed. PMID- 3768773 TI - Understanding and selecting monitoring equipment in anaesthesia and intensive care. AB - Techniques for sensing, acquiring, processing and displaying physiological variables used to assist the process of monitoring in anaesthesia and intensive care have been reviewed. The role of instrumental monitoring in clinical practice and the comparative effectiveness of Man versus Machine has been outlined. Future developments in monitoring in clinical practice have been identified. It is important that physicians stay abreast of developments in the technology of measurement and monitoring instrumentation so that they not only assist in the development of standards but also have a complete understanding of the precision and real usefulness of any given item of equipment. To this end, guidelines have been tabulated which may permit those who have the responsibility for acquiring updating or using monitoring equipment, to more completely examine the features of any apparatus which is being considered for purchase. PMID- 3768774 TI - Antiestrogenic drugs and atracurium--a possible interaction? PMID- 3768775 TI - Prolonged neuromuscular blockade with atracurium. PMID- 3768776 TI - Estimation of blood loss in the operating room. PMID- 3768777 TI - Ketamine induction for a patient with hyperinsulinism treated with oral diazoxide. PMID- 3768778 TI - Comparison of Fick and dye cardiac outputs during rest and exercise in 1,022 patients. AB - The Fick and indicator-dilution techniques for measurement of cardiac output (CO) were compared at rest in 1,022 patients and in 786 during exercise. Duplicate measurements of dye CO at rest revealed that 92.7% fell within 10% of the line of identity and 99% within 20%. For the resting Fick and dye comparisons, 44.6% were within 10% of the identity line and 74.7% within 20%. When mean CO was less than 4.4 L/min, dye CO was higher than Fick. This relationship persisted for CO between 4.4 and 7.4 whereas for above 7.4 L/min, Fick was higher than dye. During exercise, 50.2% of the Fick and dye comparisons fell within 10% and 77.1% within 20% of the line of identity. There was a systematic difference between the two methods during exercise with dye CO higher than Fick CO. This study agrees with Fick and dye comparison studies with 74.7% and 77.1% of values within 20% of the identity line during rest and exercise, respectively. However, these results differ from others in that dye CO was higher than Fick CO for low and normal values whereas Fick was greater for the higher CO values. The overall agreement between the two methods in a large group of patients with diverse cardiac diseases over a broad spectrum of CO values supports use of either method for clinical studies. PMID- 3768779 TI - Echocardiographic studies during stress testing using cold pressor test combined with hand grip exercise in asymptomatic patients with severe aortic regurgitation. AB - The aim of this study was to evaluate stress combining a cold pressor test and hand grip exercise during echocardiographic investigation of predominantly young asymptomatic patients with severe aortic regurgitation. Thirty five patients were catheterised and divided into two groups. Group A (16 cases) with abnormal ejection fraction by angiocardiography (less than 50%) and Group B (19 cases) with normal ejection fraction (greater than or equal to 50%). The above stress test altered significantly the blood pressure and heart rate in both groups. However, echocardiographic end systolic diameter, end diastolic diameter and fractional shortening were significantly worse during stress test only in Group A but not in Group B. In addition when an end systolic diameter greater than or equal to 48 mm is used as a predictor of abnormal ejection fraction, its sensitivity (100%) and specificity (83%) during stress is only marginally superior to the results obtained at rest. Similarly fractional shortening decrease of 10% or more during stress was no better than resting end systolic diameter parameter. The modified peak systolic pressure-end systolic volume slope demonstrated diminished systolic function in Group A in comparison to Group B. In conclusion, in young asymptomatic patients with severe aortic regurgitation, stress testing altered the echocardiographic parameters significantly in group A patients with abnormal ejection fraction but not in group B patients with normal ejection fraction. However, echocardiographic data during stress testing is not significantly superior to resting end systolic diameter in predicting abnormal ejection fraction. PMID- 3768780 TI - Myocardial bridges: effect of propranolol on systolic compression. AB - Myocardial bridges may exert an ischemic effect on the myocardium and often warrant therapy including surgical correction in selected cases. Decrease in systolic compression after the administration of propranolol has not been reported. We report a patient who demonstrated angiographic systolic compression of the coronary artery with subsequent improvement on treatment with propranolol. The reduction in severity of systolic compression caused by propranolol may be due to the negative inotropic effect and perhaps from an increase in coronary artery vascular tone secondary to a beta-blocker with unopposed alpha effect. Further studies are needed to assess the efficacy of beta-blocker therapy in patients with myocardial bridging and the use of intravenous propranolol at the time of coronary angiography may have practical implications in selecting drug therapy for patients with symptomatic myocardial bridging. PMID- 3768781 TI - When does relaxation actually begin? The early phases of relaxation. AB - Exact timing of relaxation within the cardiac cycle was carried out by aid of polygrams consisting of epicardial segmental length curves, contractile force, left ventricular, left atrial and aortic pressures, indirect carotid curves, apex cardiogram, their derivatives and ECG reference tracings in the open-chest dog heart. The relaxation starts in late systole before aortic valve closure, at the nadir of the epicardial segmental length curve and at the climax of the contractile force curve. Onset of relaxation is indicated by the late systolic knee of the left ventricular pressure curve and, by the apex cardiogram as well as by the start of the downstroke of the negative phase on their first derivatives. The earliest phase of relaxation, from its beginning to the isovolumic relaxation period (IVRP), is proposed to be named "auxobaric relaxation period" (ABRP). Considerable lengthening was found during both ABRP and IVRP. This lengthening may provide an explanation for pre-inflow volume increments. The higher the frequency the longer the ABRP and the shorter the IVRP. In the more severe form of ischemia there is a sudden lengthening during ABRP and IVRP (late systolic bulging) whereas in the less severe form only onset of the relaxation is postponed within the cardiac cycle. The data suggest that ischemia leads to alterations in the early phase of relaxation even before involvement of the contraction phase (hypokinesis, akinesis, dyskinesis). PMID- 3768782 TI - Effects of calcium antagonists on sympathetic nerve activity. AB - The effect of oral treatment with calcium antagonistic drugs on the activity of sympathetic nerves was investigated by studying the uptake and release of 3H norepinephrine and the residual 3H-content in arteries of spontaneously hypertensive rats. After three to four weeks administration of verapamil, diltiazem or nifedipine, each at two dose levels, the uptake of 3H-norepinephrine was significantly lower than in control animals. Transmural stimulation induced release of 3H-norepinephrine had a tendency to be lower in treated than in untreated rats. Residual 3H in the vessels incubated with 3H-norepinephrine was significantly lower in all but one group of animals than in controls. In previous studies we found that calcium entry blockers in vitro can release norepinephrine from tissues with sympathetic innervation. The results of present experiments suggest that oral administration of verapamil, diltiazem and nifedipine can release norepinephrine and can lead, after a few weeks, to partial depletion of norepinephrine in the vessels. PMID- 3768784 TI - Angina pectoris and blood flow. PMID- 3768783 TI - Intraoperative atrial protection (reviewers comments) PMID- 3768785 TI - The P-wave in the electrocardiogram of hypertensive patients before and after therapy. AB - P-wave areas in the electrocardiogram (ECG) of 51 patients with hypertension and of 53 normotensive controls were measured in lead V1 using a computerised planimeter. The total area (in mm2) of P-waves was significantly larger in hypertensives than in normotensives, i.e. males 0.59 vs 0.31; females 0.55 vs 0.26 (p less than .0001) respectively. With exception of one male, the P-waves in hypertensives were either negative or biphasic with terminal negativity. In part 2 of the study, P-wave areas of 84 hypertensives were measured prior to and five years after treatment. The patients had no previous antihypertensive therapy, a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) 90-104 mmHg at the onset of the study, no ECG signs of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), and DBP less than 85 mmHg at the end of the trial. After five years, the mean values of the P-wave areas (in mm2) decreased in white males from 0.67 to 0.36; in white females from 0.63 to 0.42; in black males from 0.97 to 0.56; and in black females from 0.80 to 0.46. We conclude that ECG P-wave area is significantly larger in untreated hypertensives compared with normotensives. In successfully treated hypertensives, the P-wave area returns to normal values. PMID- 3768786 TI - Painless myocardial infarction with interventricular septal rupture presenting as the acute onset of congestive heart failure. AB - Two cases of ventricular septal rupture complicating infero-posterior myocardial infarction which are atypical in presentation, clinical course, and outcome are presented and the relevant literature is reviewed. The patients presented late after the acute onset of congestive heart failure, without a history of chest pain, were diagnosed noninvasively, survived with medical therapy for 2 and 4 months, and went on to successful surgical repair. PMID- 3768787 TI - The relationship between drug-induced changes in central and regional hemodynamics in congestive heart failure. AB - Sixty-one patients with moderate to severe congestive heart failure underwent simultaneous central and regional hemodynamic measurements before and after the intravenous or oral administration of one of a number of vasoactive agents including nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, isosorbide dinitrate, hydralazine, prazosin, clonidine, indoramin, and nifedipine. The relationship between changes in cardiac output and concomitant changes in regional (limb, hepatic, and renal) blood flow was determined and analyzed. For the entire population, the aforementioned vasoactive drugs (as a group) effected changes in regional blood flow which correlated poorly with changes in cardiac output; the correlation coefficient (r) between changes in cardiac output and limb blood flow was 0.16 (p = NS), hepatic blood flow 0.04 (p = NS), and renal blood flow 0.42 (p less than 0.05). When individual drugs were analyzed, only hydralazine's alterations in renal blood flow corresponded to simultaneous changes in cardiac output (r = 0.81, r2 = 0.65, p less than 0.05). The results of this study well demonstrate the complex pathophysiologic mechanisms which determine the distribution of blood flow in congestive heart failure, and the wide individual variability of hemodynamic responses to most vasoactive agents. PMID- 3768788 TI - Anomalies associated with the parachute mitral valve: a pathologic analysis of 52 cases. AB - Fifty-two specimens of heart with parachute mitral valve were reviewed. An associated anomaly was present in all but two patients. In these two patients parachute mitral valve was an isolated anomaly. The associated anomalies were divided into those which form part of the developmental complex described by Shone and associates and other anomalies designated as major anomalies. Normally related great vessels were present in 35 cases, double outlet right ventricle in eight cases, complete transposition in four cases, corrected transposition and single ventricle in two cases each and straddling tricuspid valve in one case. The most common associated anomaly was an interventricular communication occurring in 37 cases. Less common anomalies were an atrial septal defect (18 cases), patent ductus arteriosus (21 cases), complete atrioventricular canal (five cases), right-sided obstructive anomalies (13 cases) and left-sided obstructive anomalies other than those as part of the Shone syndrome (11 cases). PMID- 3768789 TI - Persistent atrial activity during cardioplegic arrest: suppression by verapamil. AB - Postoperative supraventricular tachyarrhythmia may occur more often in patients with persistent atrial activity during hyperkalemic hypothermic cardioplegic arrest. Cannulation of both venae cavae with simultaneous right atrial intra cavitary cooling reduces atrial activity but is cumbersome. To evaluate pharmacologically-induced atrial arrest using verapamil, bipolar ventricular and right atrial electrograms were recorded in 12 dogs during one hour of hyperkalemic hypothermic cardioplegic arrest and cardiopulmonary bypass using single caval cannula. Group I (n = 6) received hyperkalemic hypothermic cardioplegic solution (4 degrees C) (20 mEq/1 K+) with verapamil (1 mg/L) by intermittent intra-aortic infusion during systemic hypothermia (28 degrees C). Group II (n = 6) received hyperkalemic hypothermic cardioplegia without verapamil. The percentage of time atrial activity was present (greater than 10 beats/min) in Group I, was significantly less than in Group II. Similarly the total number of atrial beats in Group I was less than in Group II. Recovery of normal sinus rhythm during reperfusion was prolonged in Group I in comparison to Group II. Verapamil induces significant and persistent atrial suppression during hyperkalemic hypothermic cardioplegic arrest but prolongs recovery of normal sinus rhythm during reperfusion. It remains to be established clinically whether verapamil-induced atrial suppression is associated with less postoperative supraventricular tachyarrhythmia. The potential disadvantage of prolonged sinus node recovery time must also be assessed. PMID- 3768790 TI - Relationship between incidence of early ventricular arrhythmias, ischemic zone size, and coronary collateral flow in the dog. AB - The relationship between early ventricular arrhythmias (EVA), the size of the ischemic zone and the depth of the ischemia was examined. Myocardial ischemia was induced by occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) in open chest of dogs for 6 minutes. The depth of ischemia was varied in each dog by simply occluding the branch (which results in normal collateral flow to the segment), or by occluding it and collecting retrograde flow from the distal segment. The later condition causes a very low collateral perfusion but no change in the size of the ischemic segment. EVA was observed in only 59% of simple occlusion cases, but occurred in 90% of the retrograde flow cases over the 6 minute study period. Serious arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation (VF)) occurred in only 9% of simple occlusions but in 50% of retrograde flow diversions. Serious arrhythmias occurred 64% of the time when both the size of the ischemic zone exceeded 10 grams and when the flow density was less than 0.1 mL/min/g. No serious arrhythmias occurred when myocardium at risk was under 10 grams, and flow was over 0.1 mL/min/g. Serious arrhythmias occurred in only 13% of the animals having collateral flow in excess of 0.1 mL/min/g and an ischemic zone in excess of 10 grams. We conclude that EVA is both proportional to the size of the ischemic zone and inversely related to residual blood flow. PMID- 3768791 TI - Effect of long-term Intralipid administration in mice. AB - Intralipid was administered intravenously to mice at a level of 2 g kg-1 day-1 for 23 days. No alterations in phagocytic index, liver or spleen size were observed in the chronically injected mice as compared with control mice that received saline injections. Tissue distribution of 0.45 micron multilamellar liposomes of egg phosphatidylcholine:cholesterol (2:1) was similar in mice that had been chronically injected with Intralipid to that in control mice. Mice chronically given the same total amount of phospholipid in the form of 0.2 micron liposomes of phosphatidylcholine:cholesterol (2:1) rather than as a lipid triglyceride emulsion showed altered tissue distribution of entrapped label with decreased liver uptake and increased splenic uptake, which is indicative of reticuloendothelial blockade. Tissue distribution of [14C]dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine Intralipid was compared with that of [14C]dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 0.2 micron MLV of phosphatidylcholine:cholesterol (2:1). Intralipid was taken up 2- to 3-fold less by liver and 5- to 10-fold less by spleen than liposomes. Blood levels of Intralipid were higher than those of liposomes. [14C]dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine Intralipid was eliminated from the body at a faster rate than [14C]dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes. The lack of reticuloendothelial blockade caused by Intralipid as compared with liposomes appears to be related to its diminished uptake into reticuloendothelial tissues. This diminished uptake may be related to differences in apolipoprotein uptake of Intralipid, which is primarily in the form of a phospholipid monolayer, and liposomes, which have their phospholipid organized into a bilayer. PMID- 3768792 TI - Central integration of cardiovascular and drinking responses elicited by central administration of angiotensin II: divergence of regulation by the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens. AB - Previous studies had implicated the involvement of the ventral tegmental area and its dopamine projections to the nucleus accumbens in goal-directed behavior. This study investigated whether or not the GABAergic inputs to the ventral tegmental area and, in turn, dopaminergic input to the nucleus accumbens from the ventral tegmental area modify drinking and cardiovascular responses elicited by central administration of angiotensin II. Injections of 25 ng of angiotensin II into a lateral cerebral ventricle of the rat elicited water intakes averaging 7-8 mL in 15 min with latencies usually less than 3 min. Pretreatment of the nucleus accumbens with spiperone, a dopamine antagonist, or the ventral tegmental area with gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) produced dose-dependent reductions in water intake and number of laps taken while increasing the latency to drink. The spiperone injection did not alter the pressor response. On the other hand, the GABA injections attenuated the pressor responses to central angiotensin II administration. These findings suggest that GABA input to the ventral tegmental area modifies both the cardiovascular and drinking responses elicited following central administration of angiotensin II. However, the dopamine projections to the nucleus accumbens appear to be involved only in the drinking responses elicited by central injections of angiotensin II. Divergence for the coordination of the skeletal motor behavioral component and the cardiovascular component elicited by central administration of angiotensin II must occur before the involvement of these dopamine pathways. PMID- 3768793 TI - Comparison of two methods of altering blood pressures for assessing neonatal cerebral blood flow autoregulation. AB - The cerebral blood flow of newborn lambs at reduced and elevated arterial blood pressures, induced by intravenous infusion of sodium nitroprusside and phenylephrine hydrochloride as well as blood withdrawal and reinfusion, were compared. Both blood withdrawal and sodium nitroprusside infusion reduced mean arterial pressure from 83 to 60 mmHg (1 mmHg = 133 Pa). Reinfusion of blood increased arterial pressure to 94 mmHg. Phenylephrine hydrochloride infusion increased arterial pressure to 102 mmHg. The cerebral blood flows at corresponding arterial pressures were similar (coefficient of correlation = 0.88, P less than 0.01). Cerebral blood flow before and after infusion of phenylephrine hydrochloride and sodium nitroprusside into the brain via the carotid artery did not change. The results indicate that blood-borne phenylephrine hydrochloride and sodium nitroprusside, in concentrations that would alter arterial blood pressure significantly from its resting level, do not change cerebral blood flow directly. PMID- 3768794 TI - Neuronal activity recorded extracellularly in chronically decentralized in situ canine middle cervical ganglia. AB - In chronically decentralized in situ middle cervical ganglia of 10 dogs, 279 spontaneously active neurons were identified. One hundred and ten (39%) of these were spontaneously active during specific phases of the cardiac cycle, primarily during systole, and the activity of nearly half of these cardiovascular-related neurons was modified by gentle mechanical distortion of the vena cavae, heart, or thoracic aorta. Another 60 (22%) of the identified neurons had respiratory- related activity, but the activity of only 2 of them was modified by gentle mechanical distortion of pulmonary tissue. Twenty-nine of the other 109 identified neurons were activated by gentle mechanical distortion of localized regions of the neck, ventral thoracic wall, or ventral abdominal wall. Because of the presence of activity in the chronically decentralized middle cervical ganglion, these data infer that some afferent neurons are located in the thoracic autonomic nervous system. Some middle cervical ganglion neurons were activated by single 1-4 ms stimuli delivered to a nerve connected to the ganglion. During repetitive stimuli delivered at 0.5 Hz none were activated after a fixed latency following the stimuli. Many more neurons were activated by 10- to 200-ms trains of 1-4 ms stimuli delivered with interstimulus intervals of 1-10 ms. The majority of these neurons could still be activated electrically after the administration of cholinergic and adrenergic pharmacological blocking agents.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768795 TI - Effects of subchronic pyridostigmine pretreatment on the toxicity of soman. AB - The effect of subchronic pyridostigmine pretreatment on the toxicity of soman, in the absence of supporting therapy (atropine, oxime, and (or) anticonvulsant), as well as its effect on muscarinic cholinoceptor binding characteristics was assessed in the rat. Pretreatment with pyridostigmine by means of an implanted Alzet osmotic minipump for a 5-day total exposure dose of 12 mg/kg inhibited whole blood acetylcholinesterase activity by 73%. This pyridostigmine pretreatment lowered the soman LD50 from 104 micrograms/kg in control animals to 82 micrograms/kg. In addition, the time to onset of soman-induced convulsions in pyridostigmine pretreated animals was significantly (p less than 0.001) reduced. Pyridostigmine pretreatment produced no significant effect on muscarinic cholinoceptor binding in brain or ileum. Lower doses of pyridostigmine pretreatment inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity (65 and 25%); however, LD50 and time to onset of convulsions following soman (140 micrograms/kg) were not significantly different from controls. PMID- 3768796 TI - Acute hypokalemic effect of gossypol. AB - Clinical trials had demonstrated that chronic ingestion of gossypol induced infertility in males. Hypokalemia of various severities were reported in volunteers taking gossypol. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of acute gossypol infusion into alkalotic rats. Plasma potassium concentration decreased from 4.08 to 2.87 mM after gossypol infusion with minimal change in urinary potassium excretion. The hypokalemic effect of gossypol was also observed in nephretomized rats. Some of the factors that are known to affect potassium distribution between the extracellular and intracellular fluid compartment have been investigated in these rats. Plasma glucose concentration was not significantly altered. Gossypol induced hypokalemia was not blocked in rats treated with propranolol. It is therefore believed that the acute hypokalemic effect of gossypol is a direct shifting of potassium into cells. PMID- 3768797 TI - Creep of the canine pericardium in vivo. AB - In eight open chest dogs we assessed the creep of the pericardium by measuring the increase in surface area of the pericardium, occurring after pericardial surface pressure (Ppe) was rapidly increased by inflating an air-containing balloon positioned between the pericardium and the left ventricular (LV) epicardium. We observed an increase in LV end diastolic pressure (EDP) of 3.6 +/- 3.4 mmHg (1 mmHg = 133.3 Pa) (p less than 0.05) (mean +/- SD) and a reduction in LV anteroposterior (AP) diameter of 8.8 +/- 6.1 mm (p less than 0.01), both of which were stable after 10 s. Mean Ppe increased 11.6 +/- 3.3 mmHg (p less than 0.001). Pericardial surface lengths at 45 and 135 degrees to the long axis of the LV were measured with two pairs of ultrasonic crystals attached to the outer surface of the pericardium. The beam of ultrasound travelling between each pair was directed parallel to the pericardial surface through a film of conducting medium. Initial increase in surface area (calculated as the product of two pericardial lengths) occurring during the first 15 s after balloon inflation was 5.8 +/- 2.5% (p less than 0.001). During the next 30 min, while mean pericardial pressure did not change, pericardial surface area increased another 2.8% (p less than 0.005). This time-dependent 2.8% increase in pericardial surface area (equivalent to an increase in volume of approximately 5%) is due to creep.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768798 TI - Plasma vasopressin response to haemorrhage in the anaesthetized rabbit. AB - In chloralose-urethane anaesthetized rabbits the acute circulatory and plasma vasopressin (pAVP) responses to moderate haemorrhage of 6 mL/kg body weight (10% blood volume) were followed after serial section of the aortic, vagus, and carotid sinus nerves. With all nerves intact, haemorrhage resulted in significant increases in pAVP, accompanied by decreases in systemic arterial pressure and right atrial pressure. With subsequent section of each afferent nerve, pAVP still increased in response to haemorrhage regardless of the order of nerve section. These results suggest that, in the anaesthetized rabbit, there is a further component of the pAVP response to haemorrhage, in addition to those carried in the aortic, vagus, and carotid sinus nerves. PMID- 3768799 TI - Exercise suppression of thermoregulatory thermogenesis in warm- and cold acclimated rats. AB - An evaluation was made of the effects of an acute exercise bout on nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) in cold-acclimated rats (4 degrees C for 6 weeks) and shivering thermogenesis in 24 degrees C-acclimated rats (24 degrees C for 6 weeks). Assessment techniques included indirect calorimetry during treadmill running and brown adipose tissue (BAT) mitochondrial guanosine diphosphate (GDP) binding immediately following a treadmill run. Calorimetric results for 24 degrees C-acclimated rats running at 4 degrees C indicated total substitution of shivering thermogenesis by exercise-derived heat. No difference in GDP-binding, an index of BAT nonshivering thermogenic activity, was observed between exercised and nonexercised 24 degrees C-acclimated rats. Calorimetric results for cold acclimated rats running at 4 degrees C indicated a total suppression in the energy cost associated with NST, exercise-derived heat replacing or substituting for NST. Examining BAT properties in the exercised cold-acclimated rats revealed a significant 40% decrease in BAT mitochondrial GDP-binding. These results suggest that during running, metabolic heat due to the exercise totally replaces shivering in 24 degrees C-acclimated rats and totally replaces BAT nonshivering thermogenesis in cold-acclimated rats. PMID- 3768800 TI - Effects of plasma norepinephrine elevation on the heart's adaptation to chronic aortic constriction in rats. AB - Chronically elevated plasma norepinephrine has the potential for supporting function of diseased hearts, yet may also initiate harmful biochemical and (or) structural changes in the myocardium. The present study investigated the dosage related effects of chronic norepinephrine infusion on markers of myocardial damage and then tested the influence of a relatively low norepinephrine infusion rate (0.05 microgram X kg-1 X min-1) on the heart's adaptation to pressure overload in aortic constricted rats. Norepinephrine infusion at 0.50 microgram X kg-1 X min-1 led to significantly increased myocardial hydroxyproline concentration and significant mortality. A rate of 0.25 microgram X kg-1 X min-1 increased myocardial hydroxyproline concentration and mortality in aortic constricted rats but had no such effects on sham-operated rats. The lowest rate tested (0.05 microgram X kg-1 X min-1) significantly increased mean arterial pressure and lung weight of aortic constricted rats, without affecting the degree of left ventricular hypertrophy. This infusion rate and aortic constriction each increased plasma norepinephrine and impaired cardiac performance during rapid preloading, although their combination did not cause further impairment. Thus, it appears that even modest plasma norepinephrine elevation has a negative effect on the heart's adaptation to sustained pressure overload. PMID- 3768801 TI - Functional and anatomical variability of canine cardiac sympathetic efferent pathways: implications for regional denervation of the left ventricle. AB - To further elucidate the functional anatomy of canine cardiac innervation as well as to assess the feasibility of producing regional left ventricular sympathetic denervation, the chronotropic and (or) regional left ventricular inotropic responses produced by stellate or middle cervical ganglion stimulation were investigated in 22 dogs before and after sectioning of individual major cardiopulmonary or cardiac nerves. Sectioning the right or left subclavian ansae abolished all cardiac responses produced by ipsilateral stellate ganglion stimulation. Sectioning a major sympathetic cardiopulmonary nerve, other than the right interganglionic nerve, usually reduced, but seldom abolished, regional inotropic responses elicited by ipsilateral middle cervical ganglion stimulation. Sectioning the dorsal mediastinal cardiac nerves consistently abolished the left ventricular inotropic responses elicited by right middle cervical ganglion stimulation but minimally affected those elicited by left middle cervical ganglion stimulation. In contrast, cutting the left lateral cardiac nerve decreased the inotropic responses in lateral and posterior left ventricular segments elicited by left middle cervical ganglion stimulation but had little effect on the inotropic responses produced by right middle cervical ganglion stimulation. In addition, the ventral mediastinal cardiac nerve was found to be a significant sympathetic efferent pathway from the left-sided ganglia to the left ventricle. These results indicate that the stellate ganglia project axons to the heart via the subclavian ansae and thus effective sympathetic decentralization can be produced by cutting the subclavian ansae; the right-sided cardiac sympathetic efferent innervation of the left ventricle converges intrapericardially in the dorsal mediastinal cardiac nerves; and the left-sided cardiac sympathetic efferent innervation of the left ventricle diverges to innervate the left ventricle by a number of nerves including the dorsal mediastinal, ventral mediastinal, and left lateral cardiac nerves. Thus consistent denervation of a region of the left ventricle can not be accomplished by sectioning an individual cardiopulmonary or cardiac nerve because of the functional and anatomical variability of the neural components in each nerve, as well as the fact that overlapping regions of the left ventricle are innervated by these different nerves. PMID- 3768802 TI - Thermogenesis in response to various intakes of palatable food. AB - Complete energy balance studies were made on groups of overfed (A) and underfed (B) Wistar rats. In experiment A one group was fed cafeteria diet ad libitum (the intake was 29% larger than the control), two other groups were fed the same diet but in restricted quantities (18 and 9% above control), and a fourth group, fed a stock diet, served as control. In experiment B, caloric intake was restricted by 12 and 31% in two groups fed cafeteria diet, and by 21 and 34% in two other groups fed stock diet. The experiments lasted 41 days and during that period the protein gain was comparable between the control and the cafeteria-29% group (643.4 +/- 33.3 vs. 578.1 +/- 25.0) but the fat gain was significantly different between the two groups (863.2 +/- 81.6 vs. 1663.2 +/- 99.8 kJ). When energy expenditure (EE) (metabolizable energy less storage added to the cost of storage) is expressed as a percentage of metabolizable energy (ME) intake no significant difference was found among the groups. The average value was congruent to 75%. This finding would not support the presence of dietary-induced thermogenesis in animals overfed on the cafeteria diet. However, since the obligatory cost associated with storing energy would not explain the higher EE of the overfed groups, it is suggested that the level of ME intake exerts continuous proportional regulatory action on EE and, as a result, energy is spared by underfeeding and it is wasted by overfeeding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768803 TI - The relationship between motor activity and transmural potential difference in the guinea pig intestine in vitro: is there a neural link? AB - The aim of the experiments was to examine, in vitro, the role of the enteric nervous system in the relationship between motor activity and transmural potential difference (PD) in the guinea pig jejunum and colon using the nerve blocking agents tetrodotoxin (TTX) and aconitine. Histological data showed that perfusion of the intestinal segments with gassed Hepes solution was essential for the maintenance of transmural PD. Disruption of the mucosa was associated with a loss of spontaneous fluctuations in transmural PD without any loss of spontaneous motor activity. Under spontaneous conditions, a neural pathway exists linking jejunal and colonic motility with transmural PD. However, in some cases a mechanical link was also apparent, as an attenuated TTX and aconitine-resistant component. PMID- 3768804 TI - [Decalage in the development of the concept of object: mobility and immobility of the object]. PMID- 3768805 TI - Recognizing familiar faces: the role of distinctiveness and familiarity. PMID- 3768806 TI - Copper and cobalt alter the cell wall composition of Cunninghamella blakesleeana. AB - Cunninghamella blakesleeana was highly sensitive to Cu and Co on a medium containing NaNO3 as the sole nitrogen source. The nitrate reductive pathway was altered by Cu and Co, and NO-2 accumulated in the medium. Under conditions of Cu toxicity, the mycelium and the cell walls acquired a blue color, and most of the Cu was located in the cell walls, which differed in several aspects from cell walls derived from Co-containing or control cultures. At half-maximal growth inhibition by Cu (2.5 micrograms/mL or 39.3 microM) or Co (3.5 micrograms/mL or 59.4 microM), the mycelia contained 1.5 micrograms Cu or 1.0 microgram Co/mg dry tissue, respectively, but the isolated cell walls contained 33.5 micrograms Cu or 1.8 micrograms Co/mg dry cell wall. The phosphorous content of mycelia from Co containing cultures was the same as that from control cultures, whereas that of mycelia from Cu-containing cultures contained 36% less. However, the phosphorous content of the cell walls from mycelia cultured in the presence of Cu or Co was two- and three-fold higher, respectively, than that of cell walls from control cultures. The cell walls of Cu-containing cultures contained significantly less hexosamine than the control cell walls, and chitin and chitosan were present in equal quantities. The cell walls of Co-containing cultures had the same amount of hexosamine as the control cell walls, but 88% of the hexosamine was present as chitosan and bound very little Co. The control cell walls contained approximately 60% chitosan.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768807 TI - Bacteriology of the oral cavity of BALB/c mice. AB - To be used as a model in dental research, an animal must fulfil experimental needs and information on the composition and variation of its oral flora must be available. Only limited data are available on the indigenous oral bacterial flora of BALB/c mice. In this work, a total of 671 isolates from different sites (saliva, tongue, teeth, and mucosa) of the oral cavity of BALB/c mice were identified. Only 18 different species were isolated, which indicates the relative simplicity of the flora. The predominant species of the total cultivable flora were "Lactobacillus murinus" (38%), Staphylococcus aureus (37%), Streptococcus faecalis (8%), Staphylococcus sciuri (4%), and Escherichia coli (3%). The other species each represent less than 2% of the flora. "Lactobacillus murinus" is found in greater proportion on mucosa than in the other sites, Staph. aureus predominates in saliva, and Strep. faecalis was found in greater proportion in tooth samples. Statistical analyses, using the minimum percentage of similarity, indicate that there is some variation among the microflora of different mice but that this difference is smaller for mice from the same lot. These results set the basis for the study of the variations of the indigenous oral microflora of BALB/c mice under different conditions. PMID- 3768809 TI - Family outbreak of gastroenteritis due to Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 0:3 from well water. AB - Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 0:3, biotype 4, has been isolated from two family members with diarrhea and from the well used as a source of their drinking water. PMID- 3768808 TI - [Aerobic treatment of pig slurry: microbial aspects]. AB - During the treatment of raw pig slurry by batch aerobic fermentation, the presence of surfaces for bacterial attachment resulted in a 1,000-fold increase in the microbial population. In the absence of such surfaces, a 65% reduction of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the manure was obtained after 168 h of aeration, whereas a value of 90% was observed in their presence. In the early stages of the treatment, during which the redox potential passed from a value characteristic of anaerobic conditions (-305 mV) to a stable value typical of aerobic conditions (+125 mV) some 120 h later, an amylolytic population dominated by Gram-negative bacteria (chiefly Acinetobacter calcoaceticus) developed; this was followed by a phase in which a proteolytic population tended to become dominant. Populations of some potentially pathogenic bacterial strains characteristic of the porcine intestinal flora declined noticeably during the treatment. PMID- 3768810 TI - A doctor looks at his profession: what went wrong? PMID- 3768811 TI - Abortion: an issue that won't go away. PMID- 3768813 TI - Mitral valve prolapse and neurosis. PMID- 3768814 TI - "Dementia in the house". PMID- 3768812 TI - Midwifery and home births. PMID- 3768815 TI - Sniffing out the diagnosis. PMID- 3768816 TI - Body mass index and hypertension in women. PMID- 3768817 TI - Cryptosporidiosis in Manitoba. PMID- 3768818 TI - Central venous catheters and heart perforation. PMID- 3768819 TI - Initial antibiotic treatment of bacterial meningitis in children. Infectious Diseases and Immunization Committee, Canadian Paediatric Society. PMID- 3768820 TI - Hospitals' response to the buckle-up baby legislation in Ontario. AB - Drivers in Ontario are legally responsible to ensure that infants and toddlers are restrained in a child safety seat or by a lap belt. In 1982 the minister of health sent a memorandum to all medical officers of health and the administrators and medical directors of all public hospitals in Ontario, urging them to encourage and assist parents in protecting their newborn children with safety seats. In 1983 the Toronto General Hospital established the Cooperative Hospital Infant Restraint Program (CHIRP) to study the feasibility of a "loaner" program for hospitals in metropolitan Toronto. The authors describe CHIRP and its objectives. They also report the results of a questionnaire they sent in 1984 to all Ontario hospitals that had a newborn or pediatric service to assess their response to the minister's memorandum. PMID- 3768821 TI - Accidental misconnections to endotracheal and tracheostomy tubes. PMID- 3768822 TI - "Dry heaves": the sole presenting complaint in a case of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. PMID- 3768823 TI - Laboratory evidence of human viral and selected nonviral infections in Canada in 1985. PMID- 3768824 TI - Practicing overseas: There's more to it than the money. PMID- 3768825 TI - Going south: "I have to consider the United States as part of my job market". PMID- 3768826 TI - Staffing guidelines have NB doctors worried. PMID- 3768827 TI - Cut costs, minister warns Alberta physicians and patients. PMID- 3768828 TI - Don't let technology diminish humanity, 700 psychiatrists told. PMID- 3768829 TI - Trauma care in the small town: the New Liskeard experience. PMID- 3768830 TI - Law rules at Health and Welfare. PMID- 3768831 TI - Art in the hospital: treating the mind as well as the body. PMID- 3768832 TI - International comparisons of mortality rates for cancer of the breast, ovary, prostate, and colon, and per capita food consumption. AB - The 1978-1979 mortality rates for cancers of the breast, prostate, ovary, and colon in 26 to 30 countries were related to the average 1979-1981 food availability data published by the United Nations. The previously described relationship between breast cancer mortality rates and animal fat consumption continues to be evident, and applies also to the other three tumor types. The correlation with breast cancer was particularly strong in postmenopausal women. Since 1964, particularly notable increases in both breast cancer mortality rate and dietary fat intake have occurred in those countries with a relatively low breast cancer risk. The international comparisons support evidence from animal experiments that diets in which olive oil is a major source of fat are associated with reduced breast cancer risk. The excess in mortality rates for breast and ovarian cancer in Israel relative to the national animal fat consumption may be due to the mixed ethnic origin of the Israeli population. Positive correlations between foods and cancer mortality rates were particularly strong in the case of meats and milk for breast cancer, milk for prostate and ovarian cancer, and meats for colon cancer. All four tumor types showed a negative correlation with cereal intake, which was particularly strong in the case of prostate and ovarian cancer. Although, in general, there was a good positive correlation between prostate and breast cancer mortality rates and between prostate cancer and animal fat, discrepancies in national ranking indicate the operation of other etiologic factors that modify risk. The observed positive correlations between the four cancer mortality rates and caloric intake from animal sources, but negative correlations for vegetable-derived calories, suggest that, of the two, animal fat and not energy is the major dietary influence on cancer risk. PMID- 3768833 TI - Body weight, serum cholesterol, and stage of primary breast cancer. AB - To determine if body weight and serum cholesterol are associated with advanced primary breast cancer, the authors compared levels of both by TNM stage and estrogen receptor protein (ERP) concentration in a population of 148 premenopausal and 167 postmenopausal white women with histologically confirmed Stage I, II, and IIIa breast cancer. The women were admitted to Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) in New York City between 1982 and 1984. Overweight, whether measured as body weight in pounds, Quetelet index, or body surface area, was not found to be associated with TNM tumor stage, tumor size, extent of axillary node disease, or ERP concentration at mastectomy. Elevated serum cholesterol, either alone or in combination with overweight, also showed no association. When assessed in light of earlier studies, the study findings suggest that if overweight, as defined in this study, and/or elevated serum cholesterol do influence early breast cancer recurrence, they do so other than through an association with advanced primary disease. Suggestions for future research are proposed. PMID- 3768834 TI - Infusional cisplatin plus cyclophosphamide in advanced ovarian cancer. AB - Twenty-one patients with previously untreated advanced ovarian cancer received a two-drug regimen of cisplatin delivered as a systemic infusion at 20 mg/m2/d for 5 days concomitant with oral cyclophosphamide 150 mg/d in divided doses. Courses were repeated at 3- to 4-week intervals. Responses were observed in 14 of 19 evaluable patients (74%) with three complete responses (one pathologically confirmed at second-look laparotomy) and 11 partial responses. Median time to disease progression in the responders was 12 months (range, 4 to 24 months with four patients maintaining remission at 11, 13, 14, and 19 months). The median survival for the entire group was 12 months (range, 1 to 64 months). A higher than-expected frequency of nephrotoxicity (38%) and neurotoxicity (24%) was observed, suggesting that infusional cisplatin may lead to cumulative adverse effects and necessitate limiting the number of courses delivered in this fashion. Forty-three percent of patients received less than four courses of therapy related to these two categories of toxicity. The therapeutic effect of infusional cisplatin may be comparable to previous reports of bolus schedules in ovarian cancer when employed in combination with cyclophosphamide but the non-hematologic toxicities are substantial. PMID- 3768835 TI - The role of external beam radiation therapy after prostatectomy for prostate cancer. AB - The role of radiation therapy as an adjuvant to prostatectomy is evaluated in 21 patients. Eleven were treated prior to clinical recurrence with 100% local control, no serious complications, and 86% long-term survival. Ten were treated after local recurrence with 80% local control, no serious complications, and 71% long-term survival. These data and the available literature indicate that the patient found to have capsular penetration, seminal vesicle involvement, or positive surgical margins at prostatectomy can be salvaged by postsurgical radiation therapy. When this is done after recovery from surgery, rather than waiting for clinical recurrence, a lower radiation dose can be used (6000 rad vs. 7000 rad), improved local control is obtained (94% vs. 79%), and fewer serious complications are observed. PMID- 3768836 TI - Multiple myeloma in two brothers. An immunochemical and immunogenetic familial study. AB - When multiple myeloma was diagnosed within 6 months in two brothers a family study was carried out in 34 relatives to assess the genetic factors involved. The monoclonal immunoglobulin isotype identified was identical for the two brothers (IgG kappa) as well as their genotype (a = A2B12BfSDR4 GIo2/d:A9B27BfSDR2GIol). Blood protein electrophoresis and the major histocompatibility complex markers (HLA A, B, DR, Bf, glyoxalase phenotypes) were also determined in the other family members. The immunochemical study revealed no other case of monoclonal gammapathy, but 12 cases of low gamma-globulin and three cases of polyclonal hypergammapathy were found. The immunogenetic study showed that no other family member had the a/d genotype of the two brothers, whereas nine family members were semi-identical for haplotype a and five for haplotype d. It is unlikely that a double immunochemical and immunogenetic identity in two siblings with multiple myeloma would be due only to random encounter, rather this finding suggests that, besides environmental factors, genetic factors may be involved in the pathogenesis. Systematic immunochemical and immunogenetic studies in familial multiple myeloma are proposed as a method to further elucidate an eventual genetic background in multiple myeloma. PMID- 3768837 TI - Clinical significance of A, B, H isoantigen deletion of urothelial cells in bladder carcinoma. AB - The occurrence and/or deletion of A, B, H isoantigens in cytologic specimens was compared to a number of other clinical parameters commonly used for prediction of prognosis or monitoring of bladder carcinoma. Isoantigens were better preserved by our preparation for cytologic than for histologic specimens. Patients with isoantigen present on urothelial cells were more likely to have small or no visible tumors than large tumors. A strong correlation was found between isoantigen status and cytologic diagnosis (P less than 0.001), but not with ploidy (P = 0.059). For short-term prognosis of recurrence, tumor size appeared to be highly significant, whereas A, B, H isoantigen determinations had no predictive value. Intravesical chemotherapy did not per se influence expression/deletion of isoantigens. PMID- 3768838 TI - Essential thrombocythemias. Clinical evolutionary and biological data. AB - This retrospective study reviewed 94 patients, aged 6 to 90 years, with thrombocythemia. The women/men ratio was 1.76. At onset or, less commonly, during the course of the disease, 45% of the patients presented hemorrhagic manifestations, 29% thrombotic complications, and only 14% the association of hemorrhage and thrombosis. The average platelet count was 1200 X 10(9)/1, with no difference according to sex or age. Platelet hypoaggregation was seen in practically all the cases (94%), although myelofibrosis was less frequent (54%). The frequency of hemorrhages increased when the platelet count was above 1000 X 10(9)/1 (P less than 0.01), but the occurrence of thrombosis was correlated neither with platelet count nor with thrombopathy. Survival time was lengthy: 80% of survival (standard error 6%) was observed at 100 months. Transformation to acute leukemia was observed in five patients. Because the disease course is most often prolonged, therapeutic measures must be conservative: anti-aggregating drugs in small doses, and chemotherapy beginning with nonalkylating agents. PMID- 3768839 TI - Flow cytometric DNA analysis of neuroblastoma. Correlation with histology and clinical outcome. AB - Clinical and histologic features of 38 cases of neuroblastoma were compared with data obtained by flow cytometric DNA analysis. Favorable clinical outcome was associated with an aneuploid stem line (P less than 0.01) and a low percentage of tumor cells in the S, G2, and M phases of the cell cycle (P less than 0.005). These favorable cytometric features were also associated with a favorable clinical stage (1, 2, 4s), and histologic evidence of Schwann's cell and ganglion cell differentiation. Consideration of cytometric data improved the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive efficiency of a current system for histologic grading of neuroblastoma. PMID- 3768840 TI - Malignant lymphoma arising within thyroid tissue in a mature cystic teratoma. AB - A 24-year-old woman was found to have a diffuse large cell lymphoma arising within thyroid tissue within a mature cystic teratoma of the ovary. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of malignant lymphoma arising within a teratoma of the ovary. PMID- 3768841 TI - Influence of cellular DNA content on survival in differentiated thyroid cancer. AB - Cellular DNA content was measured using a novel flow cytometric method to analyze paraffin-embedded tissue blocks from 125 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. DNA aneuploidy was found in 20 (24%) of the 82 papillary, 20 (56%) of the 36 follicular, and in four (57%) of the seven medullary carcinomas. Aneuploidy was found to be more common in the elderly (P less than 0.002), in moderately and poorly differentiated carcinomas (P less than 0.004), and in tumors infiltrating beyond the thyroid capsule (P less than 0.03). Patients with an aneuploid tumor had less favorable cumulative survival (P less than 0.0001) than patients with diploid cancer. However, in papillary and follicular carcinomas, multivariate analysis using stepwise Cox model showed age at diagnosis, follicular type, and tumor invasion beyond the thyroid capsule to be more important independent prognostic factors. Increasing probability of DNA aneuploidy with increasing age explains partially why prognosis of differentiated thyroid carcinoma is poor in older patients. PMID- 3768842 TI - Follicular center cell lymphoma. Morphologic data relating to observer reproducibility. AB - Subjectivity and observer variation in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma continues to plague current classification schemes. It was thought important to assess objectively derived morphometric data to see if three categories of follicular center cell (FCC) lymphomas, follicular small cleaved cell, follicular mixed small cleaved and large cell, and diffuse and nodular large cell, actually fall into distinctly separate classes based on nuclear parameters. Mean nuclear area, contour index and invagination depth of neoplastic lymphocytes, and the percentage of invaginated and clefted nuclear profiles in each example of FCC lymphoma were evaluated by three different approaches. Results obtained from distribution of the morphometric data in scatter diagrams, calculation of the overlap index, and linear regression values, all revealed considerable (but variable) degrees of overlap between the three FCC subtypes regardless of the nuclear parameter employed. Where separation between FCC lymphomas was maximal, although still incomplete, there was no consistent correlation between the nuclear parameter and the pair of FCC lymphomas being compared. At least in terms of nuclear morphological features, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of FCC type seem to represent a continuum of one disease process. The information provides a basis for understanding some reasons underlying the problem of observer variation in non Hodgkin's lymphoma. PMID- 3768843 TI - Nuclear morphometry as an important prognostic factor in stage I renal cell carcinoma. AB - Although 60% of Stage I renal carcinoma patients die from tumor within 5 years postoperatively, a considerable percentage survive that period. Nuclear grading can help to predict the outcome, but many of the patients are Grade 2, and the prognosis of this subclass is uncertain. Therefore, nuclear morphometry was carried out in 41 patients with Stage I renal cell carcinoma. Of these, 24 died within 5 years and 17 have survived that period. Using a mean nuclear area of 32 micron 2 as the decision threshold, none of the 24 short-term survivors are below that threshold and three of the long-term survivors exceed that value (18% false positives) (99% confidence limit). Separate analysis with sets for learning and testing and Grade 2 patients gave similar results. The results show the essential prognostic value of morphometry in this set of patients with Stage I renal cell carcinoma. PMID- 3768844 TI - Increased proficiency of search in breast self-examination. AB - Two experiments were conducted to assess the relative thoroughness of three search patterns for breast self-examination (BSE). Experiment 1 compared the commonly taught concentric circles (CC) pattern to a new pattern composed of vertical strips (VS). Experiment 2 compared a radial spoke (RS) pattern to the VS pattern. Twenty-eight female subjects participated in each experiment. Each learned BSE and was post-tested using the two patterns under investigation; order of presentation was counterbalanced. BSE thoroughness was measured with the aid of a numbered grid projected on the subject's chest allowing an observer to mark each square of the grid palpated on a congruently gridded scoresheet. The percentage of the cone of the breast and of the totality of the breast tissue examined was calculated for each exam. Experiment 1 showed that the VS pattern engendered more thorough coverage of the total breast area (64.4% vs. 38.9%) and of the cone (64.1% vs. 48.7%). The results of Experiment 2 were similar: the VS pattern produced more thorough coverage of the total area (67.9% vs. 44.7%) and of the cone (70.3% vs. 57.2%). All differences were statistically reliable. Of 112 intrasubject comparisons involving the VS pattern, it produced more thorough coverage in all but nine. These results indicate that the VS pattern is the pattern of choice for maximally effective BSE. PMID- 3768845 TI - DNA ploidy in clinical malignant gastric lesions less than 5 mm in diameter. AB - Nuclear DNA content was microspectrophotometrically measured in 18 patients with a mucosal carcinoma of the stomach less than 5 mm in diameter. The findings were compared with data on 56 patients with a lesion greater than 5 mm. DNA distribution patterns were grouped into low and high ploidies. A mucosal carcinoma, classed as high ploidy, was confirmed in 27.8%, 22.2%, and 28.9% of the lesions with a diameter of less than 5 mm, 5 to 20 mm, and 20 to 40 mm, respectively. In the high-ploidy group with a lesion exceeding 5 mm, there was a preponderance of an elevated lesion, well- and moderately differentiated adenocarcinomas, and location in the lower third of the stomach. Such pathologic features showed the same tendency in the high-ploidy group with a lesion less than 5 mm. An aneuploid carcinoma may be present even in a lesion confined to the mucosa, and less than 5 mm in diameter. PMID- 3768846 TI - Ewing's sarcoma of bone. Experience with 140 patients. AB - The records of 140 patients with histologically verified Ewing's sarcoma of bone treated between 1969 and 1982 were studied retrospectively. Various factors thought to be relevant to prognosis were analyzed. Three statistically significant factors were found: presence of metastatic disease, elevation of the sedimentation rate, and location of the tumor in the pelvis. In addition, patients who underwent complete surgical excision of the primary lesion had a better survival rate (74% at 5 years) than those who did not (34% at 5 years). It is concluded that patients with surgically accessible lesions should undergo treatment consisting of surgery, chemotherapy, and, in selected cases, radiation. PMID- 3768847 TI - Centromere spreading and out-of-phase chromatid separation in Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. AB - Chromosomes with various degrees of centromere spreading and completely separated chromatids, as well as metaphasic chromosomes, were observed simultaneously in the same Burkitt's lymphoma cell. In another study, a pair of prematurely and completely separated chromatids was found in a metaphase of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell. Based on these and other observations, the possible significance of centromere spreading and out-of-phase sister chromatid separation in the origin of chromosome nondisjunction in tumor cells is suggested and discussed. PMID- 3768848 TI - Congenital acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia with translocation (9;18). AB - Chromosome analysis is becoming an increasingly important tool in the diagnosis and treatment of childhood malignancies. This report illustrates a new translocation t(9;18) in a neonate with congenital acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, which predicted a bone marrow relapse in a normal appearing bone marrow. PMID- 3768849 TI - Hereditary melanoma, the dysplastic nevus syndrome, and transferrin. PMID- 3768850 TI - Inhibition of urethan-induced lung tumors in mice by dietary N-acetylcysteine. AB - The thiol N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a precursor of intracellular glutathione (GSH), efficiently prevented the induction of lung tumors in Swiss albino mice, when supplemented to the diet (0.2%) both before and after an i.p. injection of the carcinogen urethan (ethyl carbamate). Irrespective of urethan administration, NAC also significantly enhanced GSH S-transferase activity in liver preparations of the same animals. These data show that, under certain conditions, it is possible to prevent chemically induced cancer by increasing the levels of physiological trapping agents. PMID- 3768851 TI - Alkoxyresorufin O-dealkylases: association with the murine Ah locus. AB - The hepatic microsomal dealkylation of a series of alkoxyresorufins and the oxidation of phenoxazone to resorufin were investigated in C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice of both sexes. In both strains of mice and in both sexes the dealkylation rate decreased with increasing length of the alkyl chain. With all alkoxyresorufins the dealkylation rates were higher in the C57BL mice than the DBA mice, whereas the rate of phenoxazone hydroxylation was higher in the latter. In the C57BL mice, and to a lesser extent in the DBA mice, females were more efficient in dealkylating the resorufin ethers. Treatment with 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC) enhanced the rates of dealkylation of all alkoxyresorufins in the C57BL mice but not in the DBA mice, the extent of stimulation being highest for the propoxy- and butoxyresorufins and least for pentoxy-, heptoxy- and benzyloxyresorufins. The same treatment had no effect on the oxidation of phenoxazone in either strain of mice. It is concluded that the dealkylation of alkoxyresorufins, not the oxidation of phenoxazone, is associated with the murine Ah locus. PMID- 3768852 TI - Effect of application frequency on epidermal ornithine decarboxylase induction by chrysarobin in SENCAR mice. AB - Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC EC 4.1.1.17) induction in mouse epidermis after single or multiple topical applications of chrysarobin differed from that following topical application of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Following a single application of 220 nmol chrysarobin, ODC activity began to rise at 24 h reaching a peak at 56 h and returned to normal after 96 h. When 5 separate applications of 220 nmol chrysarobin were applied in multiple application protocols, an alteration in the ODC induction response was observed. With a once per week or twice per week application protocol, ODC was elevated in a multiphasic manner giving multiple peaks of activity after the last application. Interestingly, the magnitude of ODC induction was greater using the once per week, compared to the twice per week, application protocol. Preliminary results indicate that a once per week application protocol is more effective than a twice per week protocol for promoting the development of skin papillomas in SENCAR mice. Thus, the magnitude of the induced ODC response with chrysarobin, although low compared to TPA, correlated with tumor promoting activity. PMID- 3768853 TI - Association of chemically induced forestomach cell proliferation and carcinogenesis. AB - A number of chemicals have been shown to cause malignant neoplasms in the forestomach of Fischer 344 rats when administered chronically by gavage. The present study was designed to identify early forestomach lesions following 2-week repeated gavage administration of some of these forestomach carcinogens. In this manner, we attempted to examine the hypothesis that early cell proliferation is associated with repetitive gavage administration of these chemicals. Groups of 8 or more male F344 rats received 1 of 6 reported forestomach carcinogens (ethyl acrylate (EtAc), diglycidyl resorcinol ether(DGRE), 1,2-dibromoethane (DBE), 1,2 dibromo-3-chloro-propane (DBCP), 1-chloro-2-methylpropene (dimethylvinyl chloride, DMVC) and 3-chloro-2-methylpropene (CMP)), 1 of 2 structurally related chemicals (methyl methacrylate (MMA) and dichloroethane (DCE)) which were negative in chronic carcinogenicity studies or the vehicle (corn oil) alone 5 days/week for 2 weeks. Histopathologic examination of forestomachs of rats killed 24 h after the last dose indicated no significant difference in the incidence or severity of epithelial cell proliferation in the rat forestomach between the vehicle control group and the 2 negative control groups. In contrast, the incidence and severity of epithelial cell proliferation of the rat forestomach in every group treated with a forestomach carcinogen was significantly higher than the incidence in the vehicle or negative control groups. These results suggest that early epithelial cell proliferation of the forestomach may be associated with at least some chemicals that induce forestomach neoplasia following chronic administration by gavage. PMID- 3768854 TI - The effect of sodium thiosulfate on subcellular localization of platinum in rat kidney after treatment with cisplatin. AB - Female Sprague-Dawley rats were given 10 mg/kg of i.v. cis-diammine dichloroplatinum(II) (cisplatin) simultaneously with i.v. sodium thiosulfate (STS) at a 200-fold molar excess to cisplatin, then subcellular (nuclei, mitochondria, microsomes, cytosol) distribution of platinum within rat kidney cells was determined 15 min, 1 h, 8 h and 24 h after cisplatin injection. Blood urea nitrogen levels were measured in rats treated in the same manner described above. STS was found to block cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. However, differences in platinum concentrations in total homogenate or each subcellular fraction between STS-treated rats and controls were not significant enough to fully account for the drastic protective effect of STS against cisplatin nephrotoxicity. PMID- 3768855 TI - In vitro transformation of C3H/10T1/2 and NIH/3T3 cells by acrylonitrile and acrylamide. AB - Acrylonitrile (AN) and acrylamide (AM) are carcinogenic in a number of rodent organs and AN is a suspected human carcinogen. We sought to determine whether AN and/or AM could produce morphological transformation in vitro in C3H/10T1/2 and NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblast cells. Both AN and AM induced a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect in C3H/10T1/2 and NIH/3T3 cells and readily transformed both cell lines. Our conclusions are based on the appearance of cells exhibiting a transformed phenotype and growth in soft agar. AN and AM transformed NIH/3T3 cells to a greater extent than C3H/10T1/2 cells. This is the first reported transformation of cells in vitro by AM. PMID- 3768856 TI - Dose-response relationship of phenobarbital promotion of diethylnitrosamine initiated tumors in rat liver. AB - The dose-response relationship was determined in rats for the enhancement by phenobarbital of diethylnitrosamine (DENA)-initiated neoplastic nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received a single oral dose of either 80 mg/kg DENA or water. Seven days later, the animals were divided into groups that started to receive 0, 62.5, 125, 250, 500 or 1000 ppm sodium phenobarbital in the drinking water. Animals from each group were killed at 48 and 70 weeks after the DENA. No significant difference was observed in the low response of neoplastic nodules among the DENA-initiated groups. The incidence of DENA-initiated hepatocellular carcinoma was enhanced at 70 weeks by 250, 500 and 1000 ppm sodium phenobarbital but not by 62.5 or 125 ppm sodium phenobarbital. Equal enhancement of the incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas was obtained with 250, 500 and 1000 ppm sodium phenobarbital. In non-DENA-initiated rats, phenobarbital did not induce neoplastic nodules or hepatocellular carcinomas. Our results suggest that a daily dose of at least 250 ppm sodium phenobarbital is required in order for it to exert tumor promoting activity. PMID- 3768857 TI - Effects of CCNU on monocyte phagocytosis. AB - The effect of CCNU on human monocyte phagocytosis of yeast cells was measured in vitro. 'Therapeutic' CCNU concentrations had no measurable effect on monocyte phagocytosis. Higher concentrations of CCNU had a slight but statistically significant effect on the engulfment phase of monocyte phagocytosis. The results suggest that CCNU treatment is of minor importance for monocyte function. PMID- 3768858 TI - Effect of dietary selenium levels on methylbenzylnitrosamine-induced esophageal cancer in rats. AB - Male Sprague-Dawley rats fed selenium deficient diets received either 0 ppm, 0.15 ppm or 4.0 ppm selenium in the drinking water. Animals were treated with methylbenzylnitrosamine (MBN). Dietary selenium deficiency had no effect on MBN induced esophageal carcinogenesis. Animals treated with 4 ppm selenium in the drinking water during the initiation and post-initiation period had the same number of tumors as the group which received 0.15 ppm selenium for the entire experimental period. The incidence and frequency of carcinomas was lowest in the group which was supplemented with extra selenium (4.0 ppm) during the period of carcinogen administration and highest in the group which received 4.0 ppm selenium during the post-initiation period. PMID- 3768859 TI - Inhibition and augmentation of lymphoma metastasis by adoptively transferred peritoneal macrophages in hamster. AB - The effect of adoptively transferred peritoneal exudate cells on the metastasis of hamster lymphoma was studied. Metastatic spread occurring after the surgical removal of a primary tumor was considerably inhibited by the adoptive transfer of the peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) stimulated by immunostimulants, using a streptococcal preparation (OK-432) or a purified beta (1-3) glucan (SPG). However, the inhibitory effect on metastasis was abrogated by the in vitro treatment of the peritoneal adherent cells with silica. PEC stimulated with lymphokines in vitro was also effective in inhibiting metastasis. However, the adoptive transfer of peritoneal adherent cells treated in vitro with 12-O tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA) in vitro, augmented metastatic spread in tumor bearing hamsters which usually exhibit concomitant immunity. The relation of the state of the functional activity of macrophages to metastasis is discussed. PMID- 3768861 TI - Biological and growth properties of a 20-methyl-cholanthrene transformed murine fibroblast cell line (PMM-14) established from primary culture. AB - Some major transformation related biological and growth properties have been analysed in an in vitro, system to characterize the PMM-14 cell line, a 20 methylcholanthrene induced transformed mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line. The population doubling time of this cell line was 19 h with moderately high saturation density and plating efficiency. Attachment detachment properties showed reduced adhesion to substratum. Cytogenetic study revealed the existence of a large number of Robertsonian biarmed chromosomes with hypertriploid modal range (60-69) represented by about 21% cells. These cells showed enhanced concanavalin A agglutinability which was reduced by trypsin treatment. Its neoplastic nature was finally established by its ability to grow in agar with a high plating efficiency. PMID- 3768860 TI - Dietary glucarate-mediated reduction of sensitivity of murine strains to chemical carcinogenesis. AB - Serum beta-glucuronidase activity is shown to differ quantitatively in the following strains of mice, listed in order of increasing activity: C3H, C57BL/6 less than BALB/c, DBA/2, ICR less than SENCAR, A/He. The level of the enzyme in the murine strains is shown to correlate with the urinary excretion of 17 ketosteroids, which in turn reflects the endogenous level of androgens. Dietary calcium D-glucarate, an in vivo beta-glucuronidase inhibitor, reduced the steady state level of both beta-glucuronidase and 17-ketosteroid excretion in the highly susceptible A/He and SENCAR strains to that of strains known to be resistant to chemical carcinogenesis. Sensitivity of the A/He strain is significantly reduced by dietary calcium glucarate, which is shown to inhibit DNA binding and the induction of pulmonary adenomas by benzo[a]pyrene. PMID- 3768862 TI - The binding of 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-nitrosourea to DNA in vitro and to DNA of thymus and marrow in C57BL mice in vivo. AB - To investigate the hypothesis that the similarity of dose-response curves for induction of thymic lymphoma in C57BL mice was due to similar DNA alkylation profiles for 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea (ENU) and 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-nitrosourea (HNU), we measured the reaction of the two agents with DNA in vitro and in target tissues in vivo. At equimolar doses, alkylation of DNA by HNU was about 20% greater than that by ENU in vitro. As a percentage of total DNA-bound alkyl groups, relative reaction at a minor groove site (3 of adenine) was similar for the two agents, but HNU caused greater relative alkylation at the major groove sites, O6 and N-7 of guanine. At equi-oncogenic doses, alkylation at the O6 of guanine in liver and thymus was similar for both agents, but O6-alkylguanine formation in bone marrow by HNU was almost twice that by ENU. Because alkylation at O6 of guanine has previously been shown to be a key procarcinogenic lesion in this system, these findings suggest the thymus, rather than the marrow as a primary target for tumor induction by these agents, although involvement of marrow alkylation cannot be ruled out. PMID- 3768863 TI - Association of the Y hapten with glycoproteins, glycolipids and carcinoembryonic antigen in colorectal carcinoma. AB - The expression of the Y hapten (Fuc alpha 1----2Gal beta 1----4[Fuc alpha 1--- 3]GlcNAc-) defined by the monoclonal antibody C14/1/46/10 (abbreviated to C14), is frequently elevated in colo-rectal tumours in comparison to adjacent, apparently normal tissues. This determinant was shown to be expressed upon glycoproteins of approximately 200 kDa, which were isolated by immunoadsorbent chromatography from detergent-solubilized subcellular membranes and cytosol from colo-rectal carcinoma. In addition, the Y hapten was expressed upon purified carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA, 180 kDa). However, monoclonal antibodies specifically reactive with CEA or cross-reactive with CEA and NCA-1 (normal cross reacting antigen) failed to react with the C14 defined antigens of 200 kDa. Further diversity in the expression of molecules bearing the Y hapten was established following its identification in the glycolipid fraction of colo rectal carcinoma. PMID- 3768864 TI - Antagonism between catalase and ascorbic acid in control of normal and neoplastic cell multiplication. AB - The authors studied the effects of a treatment with ascorbic acid on in vitro multiplication of ascites tumour cells (ATP C+), of fibroblast-like cells and of hepatocytes from chick embryos, by measuring [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA. The results obtained show that the ATP C+ cells are the most sensitive to the toxic effects of the experimental treatment, while the hepatocytes are the most resistant cell population. A treatment with catalase was able to greatly reduce the damage caused by ascorbic acid on the ATP C+ cells. It is hypothesized that ascorbic acid inhibits cell multiplication by the H2O2 formed by its oxidation and that the cells having the highest level of catalase are more resistant to its toxic effects. PMID- 3768865 TI - Treatment of motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease with an oral sustained release preparation of L-dopa: clinical and pharmacokinetic observations. AB - Ten patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease and severe motor-fluctuations participated in an open inpatient trial comparing the efficacy of standard L Dopa/benserazide (Madopar) treatment with that of an oral sustained-release preparation (Madopar HBS) combined with the standard drug. Clinical assessments of the patients' parkinsonian disabilities were performed daily by one of the investigators and subjects kept self-scoring "on-off" diaries throughout the trial. Plasma concentrations of L-Dopa were followed during both types of therapy in five cases using standard high performance liquid chromatography technique. Sustained-release L-Dopa treatment led to a reduction in end-of-dose deterioration and on-off swings in six patients and doses needed averaged 1.6 fold of previous standard L-Dopa. Drug-induced dyskinesias decreased in one case with sustained-release therapy, remained unchanged in three, and increased in six cases when compared with conventional L-Dopa. Plasma levels of L-Dopa were more stable with the sustained-release preparation in four of five patients. During subsequent outpatient follow-ups of up to 4 months, three of the six responders in this study continued to obtain benefit from the trial drug. It is concluded that oral sustained-release L-Dopa treatment can reduce response-fluctuations in patients with Parkinson's disease. PMID- 3768866 TI - Comparison of levodopa with carbidopa, and levodopa with domperidone in Parkinson's disease. AB - In a comparison of the effects of domperidone and carbidopa during levodopa treatment, 20 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease were treated with fixed dose regimens of either levodopa 500 mg-domperidone 20 mg or levodopa 100 mg-carbidopa 25 mg; each for 8 weeks. Clinical response, incidence of side effects, and plasma levodopa concentration resulting from each treatment were compared. Overall, in the dosages used, Parkinson's disease was less well controlled with levodopa-domperidone than with levodopa-carbidopa. In eight subjects there was a severe deterioration 2 to 7 days after changing from a fixed dose of levodopa-carbidopa to levodopa-domperidone. In nine subjects who completed the trial, the clinical response, occurrence of dyskinesias and of nausea and vomiting, were similar with both treatments, although peak plasma levodopa concentration and levodopa bioavailability were greater on levodopa domperidone than on levodopa-carbidopa. PMID- 3768867 TI - Neuroendocrine effects of the dopamine agonist piribedil in depressed patients. AB - Piribedil is a relatively selective dopamine agonist with moderate antidepressant activity. Although of limited clinical use, piribedil may elucidate the mechanism of the neuroendocrine effects of treatments useful in manic-depressive illness, particularly those involving the thyroid axis. Therefore, the effect of chronic piribedil treatment on peripheral thyroid hormones, as well as the pituitary hormone responses to sequential stimuli, namely arginine, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone, were studied in patients with major depression. The drug was found to decrease peripheral thyroid hormones and the thyroid stimulating hormone response to TRH, but it did not affect prolactin, growth hormone, or the gonadotropins. The advantages of the experimental design and the implication of these findings for dopaminergic mechanisms in both the regulation of pituitary hormones and the treatment response of affective illness are discussed. PMID- 3768868 TI - Effects of low-dose naloxone on subjective alertness and pupil diameter in normal and narcoleptic subjects. AB - Recent evidence suggests that endogenous opiates may be involved in the pathophysiology of narcolepsy. To test this theory, the effect of 0.8 mg naloxone hydrochloride on pupil size and subjective alertness was measured in normal and narcoleptic subjects. Naloxone resulted in significant pupillary constriction in the normal but not in the narcoleptic subjects. The extent of contraction of the pupil light reflex was reduced significantly in the narcoleptic but not in the normal subjects. There was no effect on subjective ratings of alertness on the Stanford Sleepiness Scale or the visual analogue scale in either group. The naloxone-related miosis in the normal group confirms that naloxone is not a pure opiate antagonist. The lack of naloxone-related miosis in the narcoleptics suggests that narcoleptic individuals do not respond to naloxone as do normal individuals. However, this difference can not be definitely attributed to the antagonism of endogenous opiates. The reduction of the extent of contraction of the light reflex suggests that naloxone caused an increase in supranuclear inhibition of parasympathetic pupil reflex activity. However, this finding may have resulted from mechanical limitations of a small pupil or technical limitations of the recording equipment. This study does not support previous reports that naloxone causes an increase in subjective alertness in narcoleptics. PMID- 3768869 TI - Effect of antacid on levodopa therapy. PMID- 3768870 TI - Phase II study of rDNA alpha-2 interferon (INTRON A) in patients with multiple myeloma utilizing an escalating induction phase. AB - Twenty previously treated patients with multiple myeloma were treated with rDNA human alpha-2 interferon (INTRON A) in a phase II trial. Patients received an induction phase of therapy consisting of 3-100 X 10(6) IU/m2 iv given every other day pending myelosuppression. Patients then received 10 X 10(6) IU/m2 three times a week sc. In patients not responding to the iv and sc protocol, prednisone (20 mg orally) was given with each dose of INTRON A to determine whether additional responses could be produced and whether toxicity could be reduced. During the sc phases of therapy, INTRON A was escalated pending hematologic and nonhematologic toxicity. Three partial remissions were achieved in patients receiving the initial iv/sc therapy, and one additional patient responded when prednisone was added (durations of remission, 5, 6, 8, and 9 months). Myelosuppression was the dose-limiting toxic effect in both the iv and sc phases of therapy. Constitutional symptoms (flu-like) were seen in the majority of patients, but were tolerable. With the utilization of prednisone, flu-like symptoms were reduced in frequency and degree. Escalation of the dose of INTRON A was possible in the majority of patients when prednisone was added; however, only one patient (of seven) responded to combination therapy. INTRON A can produce remissions in 20% of patients with previously treated multiple myeloma. No improvement in the response rate was achieved utilizing a high-dose induction program. Although the dose of INTRON A could be escalated when prednisone was added, the response rate was not enhanced. PMID- 3768871 TI - Human autopsy tissue concentrations of mitoxantrone. AB - A sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography method was used to measure mitoxantrone in autopsy tissue samples of 11 patients who had received the drug iv 10-272 days antemortem. Mitoxantrone was readily detectable in tissues from all patients. Tissue concentrations were proportional to lifetime cumulative dose of mitoxantrone, and decreased very slowly with time. The thyroid and the liver had the highest mitoxantrone concentrations, followed by the heart. These high cardiac concentrations of mitoxantrone could be partially responsible for the occasional case of cardiotoxicity seen with mitoxantrone. The brain had the lowest mitoxantrone concentrations. Organ mitoxantrone concentrations did not conform to a flow-limited model. Tumor mitoxantrone concentrations varied quite markedly from one site to another in the same patient. Tumors generally had lower mitoxantrone concentrations than did surrounding normal tissues. Mitoxantrone concentrations were consistently highest in intrahepatic tumors and lowest in intracerebral tumors. It is unclear whether the low concentrations in brain tumors were due to a partially intact blood-brain barrier or to the fact that most brain tumors had been irradiated prior to mitoxantrone administration. Further studies are warranted to more fully explore the relationship between human tissue mitoxantrone concentrations and efficacy and toxicity. PMID- 3768872 TI - Activity of doxorubicin linked to poly-L-aspartic acid on normal murine hematopoietic progenitor cells. AB - Compared with free doxorubicin, doxorubicin linked to poly-L-aspartic acid shows a reduction in overall toxicity, without loss of its antitumor activity. In this study, the toxicity of the new anthracycline conjugate on hematopoietic precursor cells of normal DBA/2NCrlBR mice was investigated by assays of bone marrow and spleen CFUs and CFUc (colony-forming units in spleen and culture). In vivo dose- and time-survival curves were determined. Results showed that the conjugate is three to ten times less hematotoxic than doxorubicin. Differences in susceptibility between bone marrow and spleen hematopoietic precursor cells to doxorubicin or the conjugate were observed, suggesting further studies on the pharmacokinetics of the new conjugate. PMID- 3768873 TI - Phase II study of lonidamine in patients with metastatic breast cancer: a National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group Study. AB - The National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group conducted a phase II study of lonidamine, given in an escalating oral daily schedule to a maximum dose of 450 mg/m2 in patients with previously treated advanced breast cancer. Five responses were seen in 30 evaluable patients (17%). Treatment was discontinued because of toxicity in seven patients. Toxicity generally consisted of myalgia, nausea, vomiting, skin hyperesthesia, somnolence, and ototoxicity. All side effects were reversible and no hematologic toxicity was observed. The absence of myelosuppression and the suggestive lack of cross-resistance between lonidamine and standard chemotherapeutic drugs warrant further studies of lonidamine in breast cancer, particularly in combination with other agents. PMID- 3768874 TI - Doxorubicin-cisplatin combination chemotherapy for recurrent carcinoma of the cervix. AB - A total of 31 patients with recurring or metastasizing squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix were treated with doxorubicin and cisplatin. Sixteen patients (Group 1) had previously been treated with external irradiation and two intracavitary radium applications, and 15 patients (Group 2) had been treated with radiotherapy plus chemotherapy with bleomycin plus mitomycin, peplomycin, or melphalan. The overall frequency of response was approximately 16% (five of 31 patients). In Group 1, two of 16 patients had complete remission for 14+ and 28 months, and survival for 36+ and 45+ months. One of 16 patients had partial remission for 8 months, and survival for 16+ months. In Group 2, two of 15 patients achieved partial remission for 16 and 18 months, and survival for 28 and 35 months. No serious side effects were noted in the two groups. PMID- 3768875 TI - Sequential methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil (high-dose), and doxorubicin for advanced gastric cancer. PMID- 3768876 TI - Phase II study of a novel antifolate, N10-propargyl-5,8 dideazafolic acid (CB3717), in malignant mesothelioma. PMID- 3768877 TI - Phase II study of etoposide for carcinoma of the bladder: the Southeastern Cancer Study Group experience. PMID- 3768878 TI - Evaluation of polyinosinic-polycytidylic and poly-L-lysine in metastatic breast cancer. PMID- 3768879 TI - Cisplatin plus 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of metastatic anal squamous cell carcinoma: a report of two cases. PMID- 3768880 TI - Anaphylactic reaction following i.v. administration of 5-fluorouracil. PMID- 3768881 TI - Chemotherapy-induced hypothermia in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. PMID- 3768882 TI - Chemotherapy-induced vomiting: circadian drug timing as a source of predictable within-patient variability. PMID- 3768883 TI - Glycosylation of lactose: synthesis of branched oligosaccharides involved in the biosynthesis of glycolipids having blood-group I activity. AB - Methyl 4-O-(2-O-benzoyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-2,3, 6-tri-O benzoyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (2) was prepared in four steps from methyl beta lactoside. Crystalline 2 was a convenient substrate for the synthesis of branched oligosaccharides derived from lactose. High-yield glycosylations were performed first at the 3'-position and then, after removal of the benzylidene group, at the 6'-position, using trichloroacetimidates of N-phthaloylamino sugars. 3,4,6-Tri-O acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-beta-D-glucopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate was thus used in two consecutive glycosylations, and also in a simultaneous disubstitution of the triol 9, leading in each sequence to the branched tetrasaccharide, beta-D GlcpNAc-(1----3)-[beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1----6)]-beta-D-Galp-(1----4)- beta-D-GlcOMe. Similar glycosylations performed with 3,6-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-4-O (2,3,4, 6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate afforded the branched hexasaccharide beta-D-Galp-(1----4) beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1----3)-[beta-D-Galp-(1----4)-beta- D- GlcpNAc-(1----6)]-beta-D Galp-(1----4)-beta-D-GlcOMe, which corresponds to the human-milk oligosaccharide lacto-N-neohexaose and has a strong blood-group I activity. PMID- 3768885 TI - Further characterization of the glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans released from TA3 murine adenocarcinoma cells in culture. AB - TA3 murine ascites adenocarcinoma cells were compared for their ability to release radioactive glucosamine and 35SO4-labeled glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans into the culture medium. Both TA3-Ha and TA3-St cells contained cell-surface heparan sulfate that was released into culture, but not chondroitin sulfate. Both cells released a membranous aggregate of labeled components from the cell surface and hyaluronic acid from inside the cells that fractionated in the void volume of Sepharose CL-4B. This void-volume fraction from the TA3-Ha cells contained glucosamine-labeled epiglycanin at a higher concentration relative to other glucosamine-labeled components than that found on plasma membranes. Glycoproteins associated with epiglycanin found on the cell surface, as well as released into culture medium, contained sulfate that could not be removed by chondroitinase ABC, heparinase, or keratinase. Kinetic analysis of the glucosamine-labeled material released from TA3-Ha cells indicated that hyaluronic acid was released rapidly with a 45-min half-life, whereas the other membranous components were released much more slowly. PMID- 3768884 TI - Extracellular matrix proteoglycans and cell-substratum adhesion of human endothelial cells: the effect of methyl beta-D-xylopyranoside. AB - The influence of methyl beta-D-xylopyranoside on human endothelial cell proteoglycans isolated from the medium and extracellular matrix was investigated. Confluent cultures of human endothelial cells incorporate significant amounts of heparan sulfate (78%), chondroitin sulfate (10%), and dermatan sulfate (12%) into the extracellular matrix. Chondroitin sulfate (35%) and dermatan sulfate (37%) were the major glycosaminoglycans present in the medium. In the presence of methyl beta-D-xylopyranoside, incorporation of labeled proteoglycans into extracellular matrix was diminished by approximately 70%. Heparan sulfate comprised the major proteoglycan present in extracellular matrix (89%) in cells grown in the presence of methyl beta-D-xylopyranoside. In contrast to the incorporation of proteoglycan into extracellular matrix, methyl beta-D xylopyranoside stimulated the secretion of labeled glycosaminoglycan chains into the medium 2.5-fold. In the presence of methyl beta-D-xylopyranoside, secretion of chondroitin sulfate into the medium was markedly stimulated, with a slight increase in secretion of heparan sulfate. Chondroitin sulfate (62%) and heparan sulfate (34%) were the major labeled glycosaminoglycans present in medium from methyl beta-D-xylopyranoside-treated cultures. The effect of methyl beta-D xylopyranoside on cell adhesion and detachment was investigated. Cell detachment from extracellular matrix depleted of proteoglycan was significantly faster than detachment from normal matrix. Conversely, human endothelial cells adhered faster to normal matrix than to matrix depleted of proteoglycan. PMID- 3768886 TI - Epiglycanin as a membrane glycoprotein. Isolation of plasma membrane from the TA3 Ha tumor cell. AB - A plasma membrane fraction (M) was isolated from ascites cells of mouse TA3-Ha mammary carcinoma by the procedure of Brunette and Till [J. Membr. Biol., 5 (1971) 215], involving homogenization, slow-speed centrifugation, and finally, differential centrifugation in a two-phase system. Marker enzyme activities indicated only minimal contamination of M by the endoplasmic reticulum, a result confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. To monitor the presence of epiglycanin (a large cell-surface glycoprotein), each fraction was tested in a radioimmunoassay for epiglycanin content, by gas chromatography for carbohydrate and amino acid compositions, and by scintillation spectrometry for radioactivity. Cells had been treated with galactose oxidase, followed by reduction with sodium borotritide, prior to homogenization. Of the total recovered epiglycanin, 15% was present in M, but, as indicated by g.l.c., M also contained other glycoproteins in high concentration. A direct correlation was found between epiglycanin concentration, GalNAc content, and radioactivity. Electron microscopy of fraction M by shadow casting showed multiple filaments emanating from some of the particles. The dimensions of these filaments corresponded to those of isolated epiglycanin molecules. PMID- 3768887 TI - Biosynthesis of proteochondroitin sulfate: substrate requirements for formation of two independent species. AB - Formation of two species of [14C]proteochondroitin sulfate has previously been demonstrated with UDP-D-[14C]glucuronic acid and UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine as substrates with a microsomal preparation from chick-embryo epiphyseal cartilage. A large species of [14C]proteoglycan that appeared at an earlier stage of synthesis was excluded on Sepharose CL-2B, indicating that it was larger than proteoglycans found in cartilage matrix. Another newly synthesized, smaller [14C]proteoglycan species also formed was retarded on Sepharose CL-2B, and appeared to be at a later stage of synthesis. A 6-h pulse-chase experiment using UDP-[14C]GlcA and UDP-GalNAc followed by cold UDP-GlcA demonstrates that there was no conversion of the large [14C]proteoglycan to the small [14C]proteoglycan. Sulfation of the newly formed large and small [14C]proteoglycans with adenylyl sulfate 3'-phosphate also did not alter their chromatographic patterns, indicating that sulfation did not trigger any post-synthetic size modification. Synthesis with lower concentrations of the sugar nucleotides resulted in a disproportionate diminution in formation of the large proteoglycan. The apparent Km values for UDP-GlcA for the formation of large and small proteoglycans were 0.055 and 0.015 mM, respectively. Concentration requirements for UDP-GalNAc also showed a similar 4-fold difference. These results indicate that, even though the large proteoglycan was at an earlier stage of synthesis, it was not a precursor to the small proteoglycan, and that these proteoglycans represent two separately synthesized species. PMID- 3768888 TI - Isolation and characterization of a receptor lectin specific for galactose/N acetylgalactosamine from macrophages. AB - Rat-peritoneal macrophages are shown to be able to take up glycoproteins terminated by galactose as well as those by mannose and/or N-acetylglucosamine. A lectin responsible for the uptake of galactose-terminated glycoproteins was isolated by affinity chromatography on a column of Sepharose 4B asialoorosomucoid. The macrophage lectin isolated shared many properties in common with the well-established hepatic lectin specific for galactose/N acetylgalactosamine. Thus, the lectin bound to asialoglycoproteins specifically, and the binding was inhibited by galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine. The lectin had a single major component of mol. wt. 42,000 as well as two minor components of 60,000 and 65,000, and required calcium for binding. In addition, the macrophage lectin was immunologically crossreactive with the hepatic lectin. Despite these similarities, however, the macrophage lectin was differentiated from the hepatic lectin in molecular size, relative preponderance of minor components, and titration profile with the antibodies raised against the hepatic galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine-specific lectin. PMID- 3768889 TI - Mouse liver gangliosides. AB - The major gangliosides from mouse liver were purified and characterized by t.l.c., g.l.c., sialidase treatment, and a methylation study. GM3(NeuAc), GM3(NeuGc), GM2(NeuGc), GM1(NeuGc), and GDla(NeuGc, NeuGc) were identified. The structural identification of three of the gangliosides, GM2(NeuGc), GM1(NeuGc), and GDla(NeuGc, NeuGc), was supported by the results of 1H-n.m.r. analysis, and the structures of GM3(NeuGc), GM2(NeuGc), and GM1(NeuGc) were further confirmed by negative-ion fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Ganglioside mapping showed that there was polymorphic variation of gangliosides in the liver of inbred strains of mice and that the major gangliosides were GM3(NeuGc) in WHT/Ht, GM2(NeuGc) in BALB/c and C3H/He, and GM2(NeuGc), GM1(NeuGc), and GDla(NeuGc, NeuGc) in ICR mice. Gangliosides containing N-acetylneuraminic acid, except for GM3(NeuAc), were not detected as major gangliosides in the strains of mice we analyzed. PMID- 3768890 TI - [Synthesis of xylose-containing glycopeptides that contain the amino acid sequence 4 bis 7 des NH2-terminus of the protein core structure of cattle skin proteodermatan sulfates]. AB - The synthesis is described of alpha-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-L-serylglycyl-L isoleucyl-glycine (7), a glycopeptide containing the amino acid sequence of the protein core-structure of beef-skin proteodermatan sulfate; coupling of N protected O-XylpSer with protected GlyIleuGly followed by deprotection afforded 7. PMID- 3768891 TI - A 500-MHz 1H-n.m.r. study of oligosaccharides derived from gangliosides by ozonolysis-alkaline fragmentation. AB - The structural-reporter-group resonances in the 1H-n.m.r. spectra of a series of ganglioside-derived oligosaccharides are completely assigned. The three different types of sialic acid residues which may occur in these compounds could be adequately characterized. They are distinguishable on the basis of the set of chemical shifts of their H-3a and H-3e atoms. The mutual influence of GalNAc beta (1----4) and Neu5Ac alpha-(2----3), both linked to the same Gal residue, on the 1H-n.m.r. parameters of each other, reflects a well-defined solution conformation, which is held to be responsible for the resistance of this "internal" sialic acid towards various sialidases. PMID- 3768892 TI - Immunochemical studies on the combining site of the blood group A-specific lima bean lectin. AB - The combining site of the lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) lectin (LBL) was studied by quantitative precipitin and precipitin-inhibition assays. The lectin precipitated best with hog gastric mucosa and human ovarian cyst blood group A1 substances and moderately with A2 substances. B substances precipitated very poorly and H, Lea, Leb, and precursor I substances did not react. Blood group A1 and A2 substances reacted to varying extents and these differences are attributable to heterogeneity resulting from incomplete biosynthesis of carbohydrate chains. By inhibition of precipitation of LBL with A1 blood group substance, the lectin was found to be most specific for fucose-containing oligosaccharides having the A trisaccharide, DGalNAc alpha 1----3[L-Fuc alpha 1-- -2]DGal determinant. The best inhibitor, an A-specific hexasaccharide, DGalNAc alpha 1----3[LFuc alpha 1----2]DGal beta 1----3DGlcNAc beta 1----3-DGal beta 1--- 4DGlc, was 11 times more active than the A trisaccharide. A difucosyl oligosaccharide with a second fucose linked alpha 1----3 to the DGlcNAc is less active; fucose linked alpha 1----4 to DGlcNAc was completely inactive. These results suggest that specific interactions with the subterminal sugars may be important in the binding, and that the specificity of the lectin combining site involves at least the nonreducing terminal four and probably five sugars of the hexasaccharide. Thus LBL has a more-extended binding site than was inferred previously and is in the upper range of antibody combining-site sizes. PMID- 3768893 TI - Mammalian kidney lectin. AB - Lectins that agglutinate intact red blood cells of rabbit, and their endogenous inhibitors, were found in extracts of cow, pig, rat, and human kidneys. Lectins were separated from inhibitors by gel chromatography on a column of Toyopearl HW 75. Adsorption tests with immobilized glycoconjugates and ion-exchange gels revealed that the bovine kidney lectin binds with sialylglycoproteins by sugar specific interactions but not by nonspecific, electrostatic interactions. The results of the hemagglutination-inhibition tests showed that all of the endogenous inhibitor fractions were active toward all renal lectins tested, and that glycoproteins having sialyl residues, and also heparin, are also good inhibitors of the lectins. However, the hemagglutination-inhibitory activity of human urinary Tamm-Horsfall glycoproteins varied from source to source, and that having the highest inhibitory activity did not always have the highest content of sialic acids. Crude bovine kidney lectin was further purified by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50. Analysis by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the purified lectin consists of a approximately 63,000 daltons subunit. PMID- 3768894 TI - Carbohydrate-binding specificity of silkworm lectin. AB - The binding specificity of a lectin from the hemolymph of silkworm larvae was examined quantitatively by taking advantage of the fluorospectrophotometric properties of the lectin. On excitation at 280 nm, the lectin fraction gave a fluorescence-emission spectrum centered at 336 nm, which was attributable to tryptophan residues. The fluorescence could be completely quenched by the addition of specific saccharides. The affinity constants of the silkworm lectin with specific saccharides were calculated from the changes in intensities of fluorescence-difference spectra induced by the saccharides. The silkworm lectin had the highest affinity for dermatan sulfate and hyaluronic acid, followed by protuberic acid, heparin, and chondroitin sulfate A. Among monosaccharides tested, only D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-neuraminic acid induced weak but significant quenching, and their affinity constants were found to be low. These results indicate that the silkworm lectin has a strong affinity for carboxyl groups, especially alpha-L-iduronic acid residues, in the saccharides. In most cases, sulfate groups on the saccharides interfere with the specific interactions. PMID- 3768895 TI - Characterization of human fibronectin glycopeptides from cystic fibrosis and control skin fibroblasts. AB - Fibronectins isolated from different species and tissue sources are glycosylated differently. We report here a characterization of the glycopeptides of fibronectin isolated from the culture medium of skin fibroblasts from patients with cystic fibrosis together with age-, race-, and sex-matched control subjects. The characterization of this fibronectin is of special interest because it is derived from: a non-fetal, cellular source; eight different individuals; and cystic fibrosis and control individuals. The fibronectin glycopeptides were purified by gel-permeation chromatography and Con A-Sepharose and were analyzed by anion-exchange chromatography and affinity columns of immobilized 5 hydroxytryptamine and lectins. One half of the glycopeptides of skin fibroblast fibronectin were shown to contain biantennary oligosaccharides which were core fucosylated and partially sialylated. Although the remaining half was a complex mixture of glycopeptides, there was remarkably little inter-individual variation. No difference between cystic fibrosis and control subjects was discernible by the techniques employed here. Unlike the biantennary glycopeptides of human plasma fibronectin, those from skin fibroblast fibronectin were core-fucosylated and less highly sialylated. However, compared to human cellular fibronectin glycopeptides from fetal sources, those from skin fibroblast fibronectin were both more highly fucosylated and sialylated. PMID- 3768896 TI - 1H-n.m.r. analysis of glycolipids possessing mono- and multi-meric X and Y haptens: characterization of two novel extended Y structures from human adenocarcinoma. AB - Analysis of glycolipids having repeating core-structures of type 2 chains ([Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----3]nGal beta 1----4Glc beta 1----1Cer) by 1- and 2 dimensional high resolution 1H-n.m.r. spectroscopy shows that fucosylation alpha 1----3 to GlcNAc with or without fucosylation alpha 1----2 to Gal produces predictable chemical shifts of anomeric protons and systematic, glycosylation induced shift changes. These effects were analyzed for a series of glycolipids of known structure bearing mono- and multimeric X [Gal beta 1----4(Fuc alpha 1--- 3)GlcNAc beta 1----3] and Y [Fuc alpha 1----2Gal beta 1----4-(Fuc alpha 1--- 3)GlcNAc beta 1----3] determinants, and were subsequently used to elucidate the primary saccharide structure of two novel glycolipids isolated from human liver adenocarcinoma. They are proposed to be Y determinants carried on a norhexaosylceramide core, with the following structures: (Formula: see text). PMID- 3768897 TI - Sugar conjugates of pyridinium aldoximes as antidotes against organophosphate poisoning. AB - A series of pyridinium aldoximes having a sugar conjugated to the pyridine ring has been prepared as potential antidotes against organophosphate poisoning. The sugar residue was attached either directly through C-1 or C-6 of the pyranose ring or through a C3 bridge between the glycosyl group and the nitrogen atom of the pyridine moiety. Attachment of a sugar group to the oxime derivative seems to increase the bioavailability of the antidote. The clearance rate of the sugar conjugates was significantly lower than that of their non-sugar analogs and thus they were retained longer in the blood circulation. The sugar derivatives were more potent in decreasing paraoxon-induced hypothermia (which is regulated within the central nervous system) than N-methyl-2-pyridiniumaldoxime methanesulfonate, one of the most commonly used mono-oximes. The sugar analogs were also less toxic than the non-sugar analogs; some also displayed higher efficacy. The mechanism underlying the improved features of the sugar oximes, and the structural requirements in relation to the sugar attachment to the oxime function, are discussed. PMID- 3768898 TI - Affinity of four immobilized Erythrina lectins toward various N-linked glycopeptides and related oligosaccharides. AB - The behavior of N-acetyllactosamine-type oligosaccharides and glycopeptides on columns of four different Erythrina agglutinins immobilized on Sepharose was examined. The sugar-binding specificity of the four lectins is very similar and is directed toward unmasked N-acetyllactosamine sequences, the main difference between the four lectins being the relative strength of interaction of the lectins with a given glycan. Substitution of the N-acetyllactosamine sequences by sialic acid residues, either at O-3 or O-6 of galactose completely abolishes the affinity of the lectins for the saccharides. The presence of one or several alpha Fuc-(1----3)-GlcNAc groups decreases or completely inhibits the interaction between the glycopeptides and the Erythrina lectins. Substitution of the beta mannose residue by an additional bisecting beta-(1----4)-N-acetylglucosamine residue decreases the affinity of the lectins for these structures as compared to the unsubstituted ones. Surprisingly, the affinity of the lectins for the oligosaccharides tested is higher than for the corresponding glycopeptides. Our findings show that, after careful calibration with well-defined oligosaccharides and glycopeptides, the immobilized Erythrina agglutinin-Sepharose columns provide valuable tools for the fractionation of N-acetyllactosamine-containing oligosaccharides and glycopeptides. PMID- 3768899 TI - Characteristics of two wheat germ agglutinin-resistant variants of B16 mouse melanoma cells with reduced tumorigenicity. AB - Two variants of B16 mouse melanoma cells, selected for their resistance to toxic levels of wheat germ agglutinin isolectin 1 (WGA-1) in serum-free medium, showed by chromosome analysis that they are still mouse cell-lines, continue to produce melanin, and are less tumorigenic in mice than the parent B16 cells. The variants showed a marked decrease in cell agglutination with the wheat germ lectin and a slight increase in cell agglutination with concanavalin A. The binding of 125I labeled wheat germ agglutinin to the two variant lines was likewise decreased over a 10(3)-fold range of lectin concentrations. Terminal sialyl residues were critical in WGA-1 binding to the wild-type cells. The binding data indicated a decrease in high-affinity binding as well as a decrease in the total number of binding sites in the variants. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, followed by affinity staining with 125I-wheat germ agglutinin, showed alterations in the wheat germ agglutinin-binding glycoproteins in the variants compared to those of the parent cell line. However, lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination revealed a similar cell-surface protein pattern among the three cell lines. Radioactive glycoproteins secreted or shed by the three cell lines grown in the presence of [3H]glucosamine in serum-free medium were fractionated on the basis of their interaction with WGA-Sepharose (2 mg/mL). The WGA-bound glycoproteins from the two variants had molecular weights of 92,000, 56,000, and 42,000. None of these components was detected in the parent cell-line. A major WGA-binding glycoprotein, which accounted for 37% of the total [3H]glucosamine incorporated, was isolated from the spent medium of the parent mouse melanoma cell-line. This glycoprotein was apparently absent in the WGA-1-resistant variants. PMID- 3768900 TI - Carbohydrate structures of bovine submaxillary mucin. AB - The structures of carbohydrate chains derived from bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM) were investigated. Oligosaccharide-alditols released from BSM by alkaline borohydride treatment were separated into three acidic (A-1-A-3) and five neutral (N-1-N-5) oligosaccharide-alditol fractions by liquid chromatography on columns of an ion-exchange resin and Bio-Gel P-4. On the basis of the data obtained on compositional and methylation analyses, and digestion by exoglycosidase, the following structures were assigned to these oligosaccharide-alditols: A-1, alpha NeuAc (or NeuGc)-(2----6)-GalNAc-ol; A-2, beta-Gal-(1----3)-[alpha-NeuAc-(2--- 6)]-GalNAc-ol; A-3, beta-GlcNAc-(1----3)-[alpha-NeuAc-(2----6)]-GalNAc-ol; N-1, GalNAc-ol; N-2, beta-Gal-(1----3)-GalNAc-ol; N-3, beta-GlcNAc-(1----3)-GalNAc-ol; N-4, beta-Gal-(1----3)-[beta-GlcNAc-(1----6)]-GalNAc-ol; and N-5, alpha-Fuc-(1--- 2)-beta-Gal-(1----3)-[beta-GlcNAc-(1----6)]-GalNAc-ol. These results showed the heterogeneous nature of the carbohydrate chains of BSM. PMID- 3768901 TI - Antitumor effect of hexa-N-acetylchitohexaose and chitohexaose. PMID- 3768902 TI - Purification and partial characterization of fucose-rich glycopeptides from normal human pancreatic juice. PMID- 3768903 TI - Isolation and characterization of a wheat germ agglutinin-binding glycoprotein from B16 mouse melanoma cells. AB - Cells of B16 mouse melanoma grown in serum-free medium in the presence of [3H]glucosamine secreted or shed labeled glycoproteins. A wheat germ agglutinin binding glycoprotein was isolated that accounted for 37% of the total [3H]glucosamine incorporated; it had a molecular weight of approximately 50,000 and was absent in less-tumorgenic wheat germ agglutinin (isolectin I)-resistant variants of the cells. The glycoprotein contained approximately 25% of serine and threonine plus equimolar amounts of glucosamine and galactosamine, indicating both N- and O-linked oligosaccharide chains. Neuraminidase treatment released approximately 60% of the glycoprotein's 3H radioactivity as N-acetylneuraminic acid. The sialoglycoprotein did not, but the desialylated species did, bind (97%) to ricin-Sepharose, suggesting the presence of terminal sialic acid and penultimate galactose residues in most of the saccharide units. Alkaline borohydride released 61% of the glycoprotein's radioactivity as oligosaccharide alcohols that were mainly tetrasaccharides (75%) with some branched trisaccharides (10%) from the O-linked structures. Hydrazinolysis and analysis of the alkaline borohydride-resistant portion of the glycoprotein indicated the presence of mainly triantennary, complex-type structures (N-linked) containing three sialic acids residues plus L-fucose. Serial lectin-affinity chromatography of the hydrazine-released saccharides with concanavalin A-agarose, pea lectin agarose, L-PHA-agarose, and E-PHA-agarose, indicated the absence of high-mannose or hybrid-type structures and further confirmed the presence of triantennary, complex-type units. PMID- 3768904 TI - Action of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid on highly glycosylated regions of human bronchial mucins. AB - Highly glycosylated glycopeptides were prepared from human bronchial mucus. They were heterogeneous and contained an average of 45 residues of glycosylated hydroxyamino acid per 100 amino acid residues. The kinetics of deglycosylation of these glycopeptides by trifluoromethanesulfonic acid-anisole mixtures at 25 degrees was monitored by chemical analysis and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The peripheral sugars were almost completely cleaved in 45 min with 3:2 and 2:1 CF3SO3H-anisole. A maximum of 75% of the O-linked N acetylgalactosamine residues were released and mixtures of glycopeptides and peptides were obtained. Increasing the reaction time caused peptide bond cleavage. Rather mild conditions (1.2:1 CF3SO3H-anisole at 25 degrees for 90 min) gave limited deglycosylation of highly glycosylated bronchial glycopeptides, allowing the uncovering of GalNAc-peptide linkages and peptide regions able to induce the formation of specific antibodies in the rabbit. PMID- 3768905 TI - Synthesis of diazomethyl beta-D-galactopyranosyl and beta-D-glucopyranosyl ketones. Potential affinity-labeling reagents for carbohydrate-binding proteins. AB - 3,7-Anhydro-1-deoxy-1-diazo-D-glycero-L-manno-2-octulose (6a; diazomethyl beta-D galactopyranosyl ketone) and 3,7-anhydro-1-deoxy-1-diazo-D-glycero-D-gulo-2 octulose (6b; diazomethyl beta-D-glucopyranosyl ketone) have been prepared. Readily available C-glycosyl compounds possessing the appropriate stereo chemistry and hydroxyl-group protection, viz., per-O-acetyl-2,6 anhydroheptononitriles and per-O-acetyl-2,6-anhydroheptonamides, were employed as precursors to per-O-acetyl-2,6-anhydroheptonic acids. These key intermediates were then converted into mixed carboxylic-carbonic acid anhydrides, and these caused to react with diazomethane, to give the corresponding per-O-acetyl-3,7 anhydro-1-deoxy-1-diazo-2-octuloses. Zemplen deacetylation gave, stereospecifically, the crystalline target-molecules in good overall yield. It is proposed that such C-glycosyl compounds as 6a and 6b, which possess the diazoacetyl functional groups as their "aglycon", will be useful as enzyme activated irreversible inhibitors (suicide substrates) of glycosidases, and as photoaffinity-labeling reagents and classical affinity-labeling reagents for carbohydrate-binding proteins. PMID- 3768906 TI - Synthesis of a pentasaccharide hapten related to a monoantennary glycan chain of human chorionic gonadotropin. AB - A stereocontrolled synthesis of a pentasaccharide hapten, namely, 8-ethoxy carbonyloctyl O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1----4)-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D gluc opy ranosyl) -(1----2)-O-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-(1----3)-O-[alpha-D mannopyranosyl- (1----6)]-alpha-D-mannopyranoside, is described employing a trihexosyl glycosyl-donor, O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1- --4)-O-(2-acet amido-3,6- di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-beta- D-glucopyranosyl)-(1----2) 3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate, and a mannobiosyl glycosyl-acceptor, 8-ethoxycarbonyl-octyl O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-alpha-D mannopyranosyl)-(1----6)-2,4-di-O-benz yl-beta - D-mannopyranoside, as the key intermediates. PMID- 3768907 TI - Synthesis of methyl 2-O- and 3-O-alpha-D-talopyranosyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside. AB - Methyl 3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-2-O-[6-O-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyl)-alpha-D- mannopyranosyl]-alpha-D-mannopyranoside (2) was synthesized by treatment of methyl 3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-2-O-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside with tert-butylchlorodiphenylsilane in the presence of imidazole. Isopropylidenation, followed by oxidation with pyridinium chlorochromate, and stereoselective reduction with sodium borohydride, converted 2 into methyl 3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-2-O [6-O-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyl)-2,3-O-isopro pylidene- alpha-D-talopyranosyl] alpha-D-mannopyranoside (5). Treatment of 5 with a molar solution of tetrabutylammonium fluoride in dry oxolane produced a diol which, on O-de isopropylidenation followed by catalytic hydrogenolysis, afforded the disaccharide glycoside methyl 2-O-alpha-D-talopyranosyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside. Synthesis of methyl 3-O-alpha-D-talopyranosyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside was accomplished by a similar reaction-sequence. The structures of the final disaccharides, and of various other intermediates, were established by 1H- and 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy. PMID- 3768908 TI - Structure of the Klebsiella type 10 capsular polysaccharide. AB - The capsular polysaccharide from Klebsiella Type 10 was found to contain D galactose, D-glucose, D-mannose, and D-glucuronic acid in the ratios 3:1:1:1. Acid hydrolysis of the polysaccharide gave one aldobiouronic acid, one aldotriouronic acid, one aldotetraouronic acid, and two neutral disaccharides the structures of which were established. The native and carboxyl-reduced polysaccharide have been subjected as appropriate to methylation analysis and Smith degradation. Degradation of the methylated polysaccharide with base established the identity of the sugar unit preceding the glucosyluronic acid residue. The anomeric configurations of the sugar residues were determined by oxidation of the acetylated native and carboxyl-reduced polysaccharides with chromium trioxide. Based on these studies, the hexasaccharide structure 1 has been assigned to the repeating unit of the K-10 polysaccharide. PMID- 3768909 TI - Possible role of the carbohydrate residues on the structure of the N-terminus of glycophorin AM. AB - Natural-abundance 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-n.m.r.) was used to study the effect of monoglycosylation on the structure and dynamics of a pentapeptide related to the N-terminus of glycophorin AM. The results of this study indicate that a single point of glycosylation, on the pentapeptide, can significantly affect its structure. Moreover, glycosylation of this pentapeptide also affects its dynamic motion in solution. This study further defines the role that the carbohydrate residue plays in determining the structure about the N-terminus of glycophorin AM. PMID- 3768910 TI - The structural elucidation of the capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella K68. AB - The structure of the capsular polysaccharide isolated from Klebsiella K68 bacteria has been elucidated by both chemical and spectroscopic methods. The structure is of the "3 + 1" type, similar in pattern to the structures of the polysaccharides of Klebsiella K11 and K57, having a single branch point on the uronic acid. The polysaccharide is shown to consist of the following repeating unit: (Formula: see text). PMID- 3768911 TI - Structural determination of a water-insoluble glucan from Streptococcus mutans 6715 by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. PMID- 3768912 TI - A synthesis of methyl 3-O-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside and related disaccharides. PMID- 3768913 TI - Quantitative analysis of linkage positions in a complex D-glucan by the reductive cleavage method. PMID- 3768914 TI - Relationship between the structure and the properties of carbohydrates in aqueous solutions: sweetness of chlorinated sugars. AB - The structural basis of the sweet taste of D-galactose, D-glucose, D-mannose, sucrose, and some of their chlorinated derivatives has been derived from an interpretation of their F.t.-i.r. spectra. AH-B glucophores are proposed in the light of the observed OH vibrations, and an explanation of the differences in sweetness of the monosaccharides is proposed. The hydrophobic character of the CH2Cl, "gamma" centre in the tripartite template does not seem to play the same role in monosaccharides and 4,1',6'-trichloro-4,1',6'-trideoxy-galacto-sucrose. The enhancement of sweetness in the disaccharide derivative is due to the enhanced hydrophobicity of the CH2Cl groups as well as to specific interactions with water. A sharp i.r. absorption characteristic of free hydroxyl is found in the spectra of most of the very sweet polyhydroxy compounds. PMID- 3768915 TI - Complete 1H-n.m.r. assignments for two core-region oligosaccharides of human meconium glycoproteins, using 1D and 2D methods at 500 MHz. AB - The complete 1H-n.m.r. assignments for alpha-D-GalNAc-(1----3)-D-GalNAc-ol and beta-D-Gal-(1----4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1----6)-D-GalNAc-ol have been made using a combination of 2D correlation experiments (COSY, RELAYED-COSY, and F1-decoupled) and an analysis of the high-resolution 1D-n.m.r. spectra at 500 MHz. PMID- 3768916 TI - Ultrasonic irradiation of bacterial polysaccharides. Characterization of the depolymerized products and some applications of the process. AB - Ultrasonic irradiation (u.i.) has been used to depolymerize biopolymers including DNA, dextran, and the Vi capsular polysaccharide from Citrobacter freundii. Representative bacterial polysaccharides were subjected to u.i. and the effect of this energy upon their molecular weight and chemical structure was characterized. U.i. depolymerized a neutral polysaccharide (dextran) and acidic polysaccharides containing either a phosphoric diester linkage [Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and pneumococcus types 6A and 6B] or a uronic acid moiety (pneumococcus type 9N). Prolonged u.i. depolymerized all the polysaccharides to a finite and similar molecular mass (approximately 50 000 daltons). The rate of depolymerization induced by u.i. depended on the viscosity of the solvent and the concentration of the polysaccharide. 13C-N.m.r. data of the native Hib polysaccharide and its depolymerized products indicated that u.i. did not alter the chemical structure of the repeating units. Determination of the monophosphate terminal residues by 31P-n.m.r. spectroscopy and of the reducing end groups by the Park-Johnson reaction indicated that both the phosphoric diester and the glycosidic linkages were cleaved. The Vi polysaccharide, prepared as an investigational vaccine, could not be analyzed for its chemical structure by 13C n.m.r. spectroscopy owing to its high viscosity but depolymerization by u.i. permitted this analysis. The finite molecular weight of the products observed after prolonged u.i. is best explained by the postulation that the mechanical torque necessary to rupture the linkages is dependent upon the length of the polysaccharide. The method of u.i. for depolymerization is useful for the preparation of homogeneous, low-molecular-weight polysaccharides without alteration of the chemical structure of the repeating units. PMID- 3768917 TI - The solution conformation of sucrose: concentration and temperature dependence. AB - 13C-N.m.r. spin-lattice relaxation measurements were used to study molecular motion in aqueous sucrose. Results show that sucrose tumbles anisotropically in solution, and that its conformation is independent of temperature and concentration. Internal rotation occurs with distinctly different rates and activation energies in the three hydroxymethyl groups. Our data are consistent with results of calculations by Bock and Lemieux who predicted that the conformation of aqueous sucrose is similar to the crystal conformation but with the loss of one intramolecular hydrogen-bond. PMID- 3768918 TI - Immune surveillance and natural resistance: an evaluation. PMID- 3768919 TI - Ultrasound Doppler methods for calculating cardiac volume flows, cardiac output, and cardiac shunts. AB - The variety of volume flow calculation methods described for determination of cardiac output by Doppler and the controversy surrounding their relative accuracy is to some extent a result of how difficult they are to use and the fact that they break down in patients whose anatomic and physiologic flow cross sections do not match, in patients who may have flow in vessels with flow profiles that are not flat, and in patients who are difficult to examine in one view or another or who do not give clean Doppler waveforms. Nonetheless, most of the methods work to some extent in most patients. Discovering those patients who do not fit the assumptions in these methods and whose cardiac output can therefore not be accurately calculated will probably be a major contribution of the new flow mapping Doppler technologies. We believe these new technologies may provide more sophisticated methods for calculating volume flows, cardiac outputs, regurgitant fractions, and shunt volumes. PMID- 3768920 TI - Noninvasive evaluation of cardiac valve prostheses. AB - Noninvasive techniques are particularly helpful in evaluating the function of mechanical prostheses and tissue valves. Combined phonocardiography with M-mode echocardiography, cinefluoroscopy, and Doppler echocardiography are the most useful noninvasive techniques in differentiating normal from abnormal metallic prosthetic valve function. The intensity of the opening and closing clicks and associated murmurs will depend on the type of prosthetic valve, the heart rate and rhythm, and the underlying hemodynamic status. Arrhythmias and/or conduction disturbances may produce motion patterns that mimic the echocardiographic signs of malfunctioning prosthetic valves. Two-dimensional echocardiography is of limited help in assessing patients with metallic prosthetic valves because of reverberating artifacts and side lobe echoes. However, 2-D echo is extremely useful in excluding underlying left ventricular dysfunction. In addition, 2-D echo allows the determination of the precise alignment of the prosthetic valves so that optimal M-mode evaluation of the disc or poppet motion can be undertaken. Two-dimensional echocardiography also allows diagnosis of pericardial effusion and exclusion of other valvular abnormalities. Differentiation of thrombus formation or tissue ingrowth from paravalvular regurgitation or dehiscence is possible by echophonocardiography, Doppler echocardiography, and cinefluoroscopy. Doppler echocardiography is the most sensitive noninvasive technique in diagnosing paravalvular leaks. In addition, significant obstruction across a prosthetic valve can be determined by calculation of maximal gradient across the obstructed orifice using Doppler echocardiography. The differentiation between "benign physiological regurgitation" from true "pathological regurgitation" by Doppler is not always possible. Disc variance is a potentially serious and lethal problem with the older Beall valves and can be detected readily by a combination of echophonocardiography, cinefluoroscopy, and Doppler echocardiography. With regard to bioprosthetic valves, 2-D echo is superior to M-mode in detecting primary valve failure. In addition, detection of vegetations, valve alignment, ring and individual leaflet motion can be readily accomplished by 2-D echo. When considering the value of noninvasive techniques in prosthetic valve function, it is essential to recognize that the patients must serve as their own control in the follow-up assessment. PMID- 3768921 TI - Value of nuclear techniques in assessing the patient with suspected anginal syndrome. PMID- 3768922 TI - Two-dimensional echocardiography in coronary artery disease: present status and new directions. PMID- 3768923 TI - Value of noninvasive techniques in assessing prognosis following acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 3768924 TI - High-speed (cine) computed tomography of the heart. PMID- 3768925 TI - Multimodality approach to thoracic aortic dissection. AB - The advantages and disadvantages of three imaging modalities--computed tomography, echocardiography, and magnetic resonance imaging--are reviewed in this chapter. All three modalities have the advantages of cross-sectional and/or multiplanar imaging and low or absent morbidity. Both ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging obviate the need for radiation. The ultimate value of magnetic resonance imaging still must await large, statistically significant, comparative studies. PMID- 3768927 TI - The gynecologist and the aging patient. PMID- 3768926 TI - Advances in contrast two-dimensional echocardiography. PMID- 3768928 TI - Therapeutic rounds. Colchicine therapy for familial Mediterranean fever. PMID- 3768930 TI - Treatment of vaginal candidiasis in pregnant women. AB - Pregnancy creates a climate favorable to the growth of Candida albicans, and this yeast often is difficult to eradicate in pregnant women. Miconazole nitrate administered intravaginally has been found to achieve comparable therapeutic and mycological cure rates in both pregnant and nonpregnant women. A number of clinical studies, using rigid definitions of cure, have demonstrated that miconazole nitrate is significantly better than nystatin, clotrimazole, and butoconazole, a new imidazole derivative, in treating vaginal candidiasis during gestation. PMID- 3768929 TI - Low-dose diuretic therapy for hypertension. AB - The efficacy of low dosages of diuretics was evaluated in two studies. In one, 62 (48%) of 130 patients became normotensive with 2.5 mg/day of metolazone. In the other, 28 (49%) of 57 patients became normotensive with 25 mg of chlorthalidone, compared with 12 (22%) of 55 patients given placebo. There was a marked variation in blood pressure response and the occurrence of hypokalemia (less than 3.5 mEq/L of potassium) from center to center and within patient groups in both studies. The mean decrease in serum potassium was between 0.5 and 0.6 mEq/L in the metolazone group and 0.44 mEq/L in the chlorthalidone-treated patients. This degree of hypokalemia is only slightly less than that noted when larger dosages of thiazide diuretics are used (0.6 to 0.7 mEq/L). It is concluded that 2.5 mg/day of metolazone or 25 mg/day of chlorthalidone are effective antihypertensive agents but that blood pressure lowering may be inconsistent at these dosage levels. It is reasonable, therefore, to begin diuretic therapy with low dosages, but larger dosages (5 mg of metolazone or 50 mg of chlorthalidone) should be tried before adding another drug or concluding that diuretic therapy is ineffective if an acceptable blood pressure response is not obtained. The degree of hypokalemia that occurs at lower-dose therapy is variable but may be of less clinical significance than that noted with higher dosages of diuretics in some patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3768931 TI - Do spermatogonial stem cells have a circadian rhythm? AB - Mitotic index was determined in whole mounts of segments of seminiferous tubules of (101 X C3Hf)F1 male mice at 3 hr intervals from 18.00 to 06.00 hours, and at hourly intervals from 08.00 to 16.00 hours. The highest frequency of metaphase anaphase figures occurred at 10.00 and 11.00 hours, but was not significantly higher than for other times. Injection of 25 mu Ci 3H-TdR per mouse, followed 24 hr later by exposure to 300 rad X-rays and killing 207 hr after labelling was used to test for circadian rhythm in DNA synthetic activity of the long-cycling As spermatogonia. No significant effect of time of day was observed. Likewise, the number of undifferentiated spermatogonia scored 183 hr after 300 rad showed no effect of time of day. The testis therefore appears to have no circadian rhythm in mitotic activity. Stage of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium, however, showed a significant effect on mitotic index of As spermatogonia and on DNA synthetic activity of undifferentiated spermatogonia. These data are compared with those for other organisms and tissues in respect to which properties of stem cells are general for all organisms and tissues and which are specific for spermatogonia. PMID- 3768932 TI - Analysis of the changes in the proportion of clustered labelled cells in epidermis. AB - A new cell kinetic approach is presented from which the duration of the S and G2 + M phases can be estimated. The technique involves an analysis of the spatial distribution of labelled cells in sections or sheets of epithelium (i.e. an analysis of clustered labelled cells). The technique is largely independent of the absolute number of labelled cells and hence is not influenced by factors which affect the absolute number of labelled cells. The technique is described and experimental data from dorsal murine skin are presented. The technique has also been simulated mathematically so that the phase durations and their variances could be estimated. The advantages of the technique are: it is technically simple; it provides at least two independent estimates of the phase durations; unlabelled cells need not be counted (compare with LI or PLM analysis); it is independent of variations in the absolute yield of labelled cells, and it is applicable if the LI is low and the S phase is short (where the PLM technique tends to fail). PMID- 3768933 TI - Eosinophilic leucocytes and phospholipase B of rat tissues. AB - The correlation between the eosinophilic leucocyte population and the phospholipase B activity of rat tissues has been tested with isolated cell preparations from intestine, lung, blood, bone marrow and spleen containing eosinophils in varying proportions and with pure eosinophil fractions separated by centrifugation on discontinuous metrizoate and metrizamide gradients. A uniform value of activity per cell was found in all these tissues extending previous histochemical and biochemical evidence that the eosinophil is the carrier cell for the phospholipase B to all major sites of distribution. The enzyme marker approach has been used for estimating the normal eosinophil population of rat organs and show the distribution pattern of the eosinophils in peripheral organs in the wake of increased production and release from the marrow. PMID- 3768934 TI - Cell cycle phase sensitivity to cis-dichloro-bis (isopropylamine) trans-dihydroxy platinum (IV) (CHIP). AB - Cis-dichloro-bis (isopropylamine) trans-dihydroxy platinum (IV) (CHIP) is a second generation platinum coordination complex now in Phase II clinical trials. In vitro studies with Chinese Hamster Ovary cell cultures show that CHIP is a phase-sensitive drug, being most cytotoxic to cells in early G1 phase and least toxic to late S and G2 phase cells. The dose-modifying factor between the drug sensitivity of cells treated in G1 and in late S phase is 1.6. These findings and their clinical significance are discussed with respect to the phase sensitivity of other cytotoxic agents. PMID- 3768936 TI - Chromatographic analysis of gastrin-releasing peptide in heat-inactivated fetal calf serum. AB - Gastrin-releasing peptide and the carboxyterminal fragments gastrin-releasing peptide [14-27] and [18-27] are found by radioimmunology and high performance liquid chromatography to be present in heat-inactivated fetal calf sera. Peptides containing the carboxyterminal sequence of gastrin-releasing peptide are known to display mitogenic activity. Thus, gastrin-releasing peptide represents a new class of mitogenic factors that are present in heat-inactivated fetal calf serum. PMID- 3768935 TI - Effect of cyclophosphamide on the proliferation of L 1210 ascites tumour cells and of jejunal crypt cells in the mouse. AB - Cyclophosphamide (CY) does not act in a cell-cycle specific manner, i.e. exclusively on proliferating cells. It also kills non-proliferating cells, as shown by application of CY to L 1210 ascites tumour-bearing mice during plateau phase growth of the tumour. Moreover, treatment with CY of L 1210 ascites tumour cells, double-labelled with [3H] and [14C]-thymidine, suggests that CY is not cell cycle phase dependent, but kills cells out of all cycle phases. There is also an extensive cytocidal effect of CY (300 mg/kg) on the jejunal crypt cells of the mouse, which is even more pronounced than that of cisplatinum (DDP, 13 mg/kg). However, rapid regeneration of crypt cells occurs after treatment with the drugs. PMID- 3768937 TI - Analysis of free growth and post-treatment regrowth of C3H mammary carcinoma in individual mice. AB - Free growth and post-Doxorubicin treatment regrowth of the C3H mammary carcinoma were analysed in individual mice. In both cases, the Gompertzian function provided a better fit than the exponential function, and the difference was statistically significant (P less than 0.001, chi 2 test). No comprehensive Gompertzian function was found, and each individual tumour growth or regrowth was described by a specific curve. Nevertheless, although both individually measured alpha 0 and beta, Gompertzian parameters varied from one animal to another, in both free-growing and post-treatment regrowing tumours a strong linear correlation between alpha 0 and beta was found. A parallelism test was performed to verify if there exists any treatment-induced alteration. The two regression lines appeared to be identical, however. PMID- 3768938 TI - Pluripotent haemopoietic stem cell entry into DNA synthesis in vitro after stimulation by Ara-C treatment in vivo. AB - Non-cycling pluripotent bone marrow stem cells (CFU-S), taken 3 hrs after injection of 20 mg of Ara-C, have been shown to enter DNA synthesis at 1 to 3 hr after being cultured in alpha-medium. This phenomenon was observed when bone marrow was incubated as a plug, but not when incubated as a cell suspension in the present experimental conditions. These results suggest that a medullary structure is necessary in order to observe this effect and/or that accessory cells are destroyed during the process of single cell preparation. PMID- 3768939 TI - The tropic effect of intrarectal deoxycholate on rat colorectum is unaffected by oral metronidazole. AB - Intrarectal administration of sodium deoxycholate (SDC) enhances experimental colorectal carcinogenesis, an effect that is partly vitiated by oral metronidazole. The effect of topical SDC with or without concurrent metronidazole on colorectal cell proliferation was explored in male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 30) allocated to five groups. Two groups received thrice weekly intrarectal instillations of 1 ml N saline or 1 ml 0.12 M SDC. A third group received SDC plus metronidazole 22.5 mg/kg/day in the drinking water. Controls had no instillations or metronidazole alone. At time of killing (10 weeks), crypt cell production rate (CCPR) was determined by the stathmokinetic technique for four large-bowel segments. Saline had no significant effect on colorectal CCPR but SDC produced increases throughout, varying from 53% in the proximal colon to 222% in the rectum (P less than 0.01). Metronidazole did not reduce this effect, although given alone it reduced colonic CCPR by 40 to 50%. The direct tropic effect of bile acids could largely explain their cocarcinogenic properties. Since metronidazole does not prevent this increase in cell proliferation, its mildly protective role against cancer may reflect the presence of fewer anaerobes capable of degrading bile acids to carcinogenic metabolites. PMID- 3768940 TI - Measuring cytosolic free calcium concentration in endothelial cells with indo-1: the pitfall of using the ratio of two fluorescence intensities recorded at different wavelengths. AB - Indo-1 is a new fluorescent indicator of the intracellular free calcium concentration Cai++. Indo-1 may be used in a similar manner as its predecessor quin2 but offers the principal advantage that the Ca++ saturated form of the Ca++ chelator has a emission maximum different in wavelength from that of free indo-1 (400 nm versus 483 nm). Therefore, the ratio of the fluorescence intensity F emitted at 400 nm to that of the fluorescence intensity G emitted at 483 nm (or 500 nm) should be a measure of Cai++ independent of the total amount of intracellular dye. However, when indo-1 is loaded into endothelial cells (grown in culture on quartz coverslips) by incubation with the acetoxymethylester of indo-1 (indo-1/AM), the ester in not completely hydrolysed to indo-1 intracellularly. Fluorescence emitted by uncleaved indo-1/AM at wavelengths 483 500 nm interferes with the fluorescence of indo-1. Ester fluorescence is influenced not only by ester concentration but by the fluorescence emitted at 400 nm by Ca++ bound indo-1 as well. Therefore, the ratio F/G cannot reliably evaluate increases in Cai++ in endothelial cells although F/G would indicate a basal Cai++ constant with time. By contrast, the fluorescence F is a sensitive parameter of the intracellular concentration of Ca++ bound indo-1, in particular when the excitation wavelength is set to 332 nm. F was used to measure resting Cai++ in endothelial cells (132 +/- 22 nM; n = 22) and to demonstrate dose dependent and reversible increases in Cai++ in response to stimulation with bradykinin. PMID- 3768941 TI - Calmodulin regulation of adenylate cyclase activity in human platelet membranes. AB - The mechanism of calmodulin dependent regulation of adenylate cyclase has been studied in human platelet membranes. Calmodulin activated adenylate cyclase exhibited a biphasic response to both Mg2+ and Ca2+. A stimulatory effect of Mg2 on adenylate cyclase was observed at all Mg2+ concentrations employed, although the degree of activation by calmodulin was progressively decreased with increasing concentrations of Mg2+. These results demonstrate that the Vmax of calmodulin dependent platelet adenylate cyclase can be manipulated by varying the relative concentrations of Mg2+ and Ca2+. The activity of calmodulin stimulated adenylate cyclase was always increased 2-fold above respective levels of activity induced by GTP, Gpp(NH)p and/or PGE. The stimulatory influence of calmodulin was not additive but synergistic to the effects of PGE1, GTP and Gpp(NH)p. GDP beta S inhibited GTP-and Gpp(NH)p stimulation of adenylate cyclase but was without effect on calmodulin stimulation. Since the inhibitory effects of GDP beta S have been ascribed to apparent reduction of active N-protein-catalytic unit (C) complex formation, these results suggest that the magnitude of calmodulin dependent adenylate cyclase activity is proportional to the number of N-protein-C complexes, and that calmodulin interacts with preformed N-protein-C complex to increase its catalytic turnover. Our data do not support existence of two isoenzymes of adenylate cyclase (calmodulin sensitive and calmodulin insensitive) in human platelets. PMID- 3768942 TI - Ca2+ transport in isolated mouse liver mitochondria; role of reductive carboxylation and citrate? AB - The uptake of Ca2+ in isolated mouse liver mitochondria respiring on succinate in the presence of rotenone and added Pi, was inhibited by dibucaine, fluorocitrate, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (PMB), malonate, palmitoyl-CoA, succinyl-CoA and trifluoroperazine. The release of accumulated Ca2+ was stimulated by arsenite, malonate, PMB, palmitoyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA, whereas the release was inhibited by dibucaine, fluorocitrate, trifluoroperazine, and by oligomycin, especially in the presence of ADP. The pyridine nucleotides were oxidized in mitochondria incubated with PMB. The observations suggest a possible contributory role of reductive carboxylation for the uptake of Ca2+, and a possible role of citrate for the retention of Ca2+ in isolated mouse liver mitochondria. PMID- 3768943 TI - Depression--transcultural issues. A review. PMID- 3768944 TI - Hospital-based eye disease in rural Matabeleland. PMID- 3768945 TI - Knowledge of weight-for-age growth curves and maternal and childhood immunisation of mothers attending childrens' clinics in Harare. PMID- 3768946 TI - Cluster headache: are we only seeing the tip of the iceberg? PMID- 3768947 TI - The uptake, storage, and efflux of serotonin in platelets from migraine patients. AB - A recently developed method for analysing 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) efflux from platelets preloaded with a small amount of 14C-5-HT enables the assessment of the relative size of the granular and the cytoplasmatic pools of 5-HT within the platelets and of the rate of spontaneous efflux from these two compartments. This method, together with conventional assessment of the 5-HT uptake measures Km and Vmax, was applied in this study, comparing platelets from 14 patients with common migraine and 10 patients with classic migraine with platelets from 25 healthy controls. All patients were unmedicated and in an attack-free period. Neither the total patient group nor either of the two subgroups differed significantly from the control group on any measure of 5-HT uptake or efflux. However, two differences approached the conventional significance level: the relative size of the granular compartment (Compartment III) was larger for classic than for common migraine, and the efflux rate from Compartment III was shorter for classic migraine than for the healthy controls (P approximately 0.10 in both cases). Further studies are required to show whether these differences are real and, if so, whether they have any relevance for the pathogenesis of migraine attacks. PMID- 3768948 TI - Pupillary functional asymmetry in patients with muscle contraction headache. AB - Twenty-five patients with 'muscle contraction headache' (MCH) underwent tyramine pupillary tests, and 15 of them also underwent physiologic pupillary tests and cold pressor tests. Twenty healthy controls underwent tyramine pupillary tests, physiologic pupillary tests, and cold pressor tests. In the tyramine pupillary tests and the physiologic pupillary tests, the controls showed a symmetric mydriasis. In contrast, MCH patients showed asymmetric mydriasis after tyramine instillation and in the physiologic pupillary tests. In the cold pressor tests MCH patients reacted in the same manner as the controls. It is suggested that MCH patients have pupillary sympathetic imbalance. The role of this imbalance in the pathogenesis of MCH remains uncertain. PMID- 3768949 TI - Cluster headache in the Republic of San Marino. AB - The prevalence of cluster headache (CH) in the Republic of San Marino (21,792 inhabitants; 10,893 men and 10,899 women) was studied, reviewing the past 15 years' medical records of neurological, ophthalmological, and otorhinolaryngological services. Further cases were searched for by means of a letter sent to each inhabitant. Control of the case collection method was performed on a random sample of 1314 inhabitants over 7 years, interviewed for possible past or present cluster headache. We found 15 cases of CH (14 men, 1 woman), for an estimated prevalence ratio of 69 cases per 100,000 population. No previous reports have been published on the prevalence of CH in the general population. PMID- 3768950 TI - Retropharyngeal tendinitis. AB - A rare clinical syndrome, with acute onset of severe pains localized in the back of the neck and aggravated by head movements and swallowing, has been studied in 28 patients. X-ray examinations of the cervical spine and prevertebral soft tissues in straight lateral projection of all patients in the acute phase showed significant soft-tissue swelling anterior to the vertebral bodies of C1-C4. Eighteen patients had an amorphous calcific deposit below the tuberculum anterius atlantis in or near the mid-line. The clinical symptoms were characteristic, with a benign course and freedom from complaints and regression of the radiological changes after 1-2 weeks. The diagnosis was usually made clinically and confirmed after two or more X-ray examinations of the cervical spine and the prevertebral soft tissues. The disease was in all probability caused by acute tendinitis in the longus colli musculus. PMID- 3768951 TI - Responsiveness of the visual system in childhood migraine studied by means of VEPs. AB - We have tried to ascertain whether the increased visual evoked potential (VEP) amplitude found in adult migraineurs is present also in children with migraine. We investigated 43 children, 26 male and 17 female, with a mean age of 11.4 years, 24 with common and 19 with classic migraine, and compared them with a control group of 20 children, 11 male and 9 female, with a mean age of 9.7 years. Flash and pattern reversal VEPs were recorded in both groups, and the study was carried out in the pain-free interval between attacks. The children with migraine showed a significant (p less than 0.01) increase in VEP amplitude on flash stimulation but not on pattern reversal. There were no differences between classic and common migraine. The abnormal responsiveness of the visual system seems to be related to variations in light intensity rather than to spatial contrasts. PMID- 3768952 TI - Tolerability of naproxen sodium. PMID- 3768953 TI - Nodulation of legumes by Rhizobium: the recognized root? PMID- 3768954 TI - Agrobacterium tumefaciens and the susceptible plant cell: a novel adaptation of extracellular recognition and DNA conjugation. PMID- 3768956 TI - Formation of the 3' end of U1 snRNA requires compatible snRNA promoter elements. AB - U1 and U2 snRNAs are thought to be transcribed by RNA polymerase II. A conserved sequence known as the 3' box is located just downstream from the snRNA coding region and directs formation of the 3' end of pre-U1 and pre-U2 snRNA. We show here that a U1 or U2 promoter containing an intact snRNA enhancer is required for the U1 3' box to function efficiently. Promoters for genes encoding mRNAs cannot substitute for the snRNA promoter. Thus snRNAs must be transcribed by a specialized transcription complex that differs from transcription complexes synthesizing mRNAs. Moreover, in contrast to polyadenylated and nonpolyadenylated mRNAs, the 3' ends of pre-snRNAs must be generated either by termination of transcription, or by an RNA processing event intimately coupled to transcription. PMID- 3768955 TI - Control of rDNA replication in Tetrahymena involves a cis-acting upstream repeat of a promoter element. AB - A novel genetic scheme was used to isolate mutants altered in the formation or maintenance of amplified rDNA in the Tetrahymena macronucleus. One such mutant had a cis-acting rDNA mutation that affected the ability of mutant rDNA molecules to replicate in macronuclei in the presence of a wild-type (B strain) rDNA. The mutant rDNA was lost from these heterozygous macronuclei during vegetative cell divisions, although it was maintained normally in the homozygous or hemizygous state. In contrast, wild-type macronuclear rDNA of the C3 strain used to obtain the mutant outreplicated B strain rDNA in B/C3 heterozygote macronuclei. Sequence differences were found between wild-type B and C3 and mutant C3 rDNAs in the replication origin region, changing an upstream repeat of a highly conserved rRNA promoter element. We propose that the various rDNA alleles differentially compete for limiting amounts of trans-acting factors that bind to these enhancer-like repeats and positively regulate rDNA replication. PMID- 3768957 TI - Deletion of the cytoplasmic domain of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor prevents basolateral localization and endocytosis. AB - We deleted the cytoplasmic domain of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor. When expressed in fibroblasts, the truncated receptor, like the wild-type, reaches the cell surface, can bind ligand, and is cleaved to secretory component. Unlike the wild-type, it is not endocytosed. When expressed in polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, the mutant receptor is transported from the Golgi apparatus directly to the apical surface and cleaved to secretory component. In contrast, the wild-type receptor travels from the Golgi to the basolateral surface and is then endocytosed and sent to the apical surface. These results suggest that the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor is necessary for both basolateral localization and endocytosis. PMID- 3768958 TI - Mammalian multidrug resistance gene: complete cDNA sequence indicates strong homology to bacterial transport proteins. AB - The complete nucleotide and primary structure (1276 amino acids) of a full length mdr cDNA capable of conferring a complete multidrug-resistant phenotype is presented. The deduced amino acid sequence suggests that mdr is a membrane glycoprotein which includes six pairs of transmembrane domains and a cluster of potentially N-linked glycosylation sites near the amino terminus. A striking feature of the protein is an internal duplication that includes approximately 500 amino acids. Each duplicated segment includes a consensus ATP-binding site. Amino acid homology is observed between the mdr gene and a series of bacterial transport genes. This strong homology suggests that a highly conserved functional unit involved in membrane transport is present in the mdr polypeptide. We propose that an energy-dependent transport mechanism is responsible for the multidrug resistant phenotype. PMID- 3768959 TI - Chromosomal position or virus mutation permits retrovirus expression in embryonal carcinoma cells. AB - Retrovirus expression is restricted in embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells. To study how a virus can overcome this block, we selected and analyzed rare proviruses that are expressed in F9 cells. Our results indicate that provirus expression occurs by two different mechanisms: one provirus acquired a single base pair mutation in the retrovirus tRNA primer binding site, permitting provirus expression; expression of three proviruses was mediated by 5'-flanking DNA sequences. Surprisingly, five proviruses in 17 selected cell lines integrated into the same two distinct chromosomal regions, suggesting that the number of chromosomal positions in the cellular genome that allows virus expression is very limited. Our results suggest that genomic sequences that are actively transcribed in EC cells can be isolated by selection for retrovirus expression. PMID- 3768960 TI - Regulation of eukaryotic ribosomal RNA transcription by RNA polymerase modification. AB - Forms of RNA polymerase I prepared from growing or encysted Acanthamoeba are equal in the ability to transcribe poly(dl:dC). Polymerase from cysts, whose rRNA genes are transcriptionally inactive, is unable to utilize the rDNA promoter in vitro, whereas the transcription initiation factor from cysts is fully able to bind the promoter and direct transcription. Footprinting shows that polymerase from cysts is functionally inactive because of its inability to bind to the promoter. The polymerase footprint moves downstream the appropriate number of base pairs upon various nucleotide additions, without affecting the factor footprint. These results support our hypothesis that rRNA synthesis in eukaryotes is regulated by polymerase I modification and not by alterations to additional DNA-binding proteins. PMID- 3768961 TI - Formation of the pool of covalently closed circular viral DNA in hepadnavirus infected cells. AB - Covalently closed circular (CCC) double-stranded DNA believed to be the transcriptional template for duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) is amplified in aging primary cultures of hepatocytes from congenitally infected ducklings. Analysis of 5-bromodeoxyuridine-labeled heavy/light CCC DNA shows that the relaxed circular DNA synthesized in the cytoplasm by reverse transcription is the predominant precursor to the amplified pool of nuclear viral CCC DNA. In vitro infection of uninfected hepatocyte cultures with DHBV demonstrates that a similar 50-fold amplification of CCC DNA occurs during an early stage in the infection before virus production. This amplification allows the establishment of a pool of transcriptional templates in the cell without the need for semiconservative replication or multiple rounds of infection. This process may account for the ability of hepadnavirus-infected cells persistently to produce virus particles in the absence of stable integration of viral DNA. PMID- 3768962 TI - N-linked oligosaccharides are not involved in the function of a cell-cell binding glycoprotein E-cadherin. AB - E-cadherin is a Ca2+-dependent cell-cell adhesion molecule identified as a glycoprotein with a molecular weight (MW) of 124,000. To study the role of the sugar moieties of this adhesion molecule, we tested the effect of tunicamycin on aggregation mediated by E-cadherin of teratocarcinoma cells. Immunoblot analysis using a monoclonal antibody to E-cadherin showed that in cells treated with tunicamycin this adhesion molecule is converted into two forms with MW of 118,000 and 131,000. The smaller one was exposed on the cell surface and showed a trypsin sensitivity characteristic to E-cadherin, suggesting that this is the peptide moiety of E-cadherin whose glycosylation with N-linked oligosaccharides was blocked by tunicamycin. The larger one was not removed by trypsin treatment of cells, suggesting an intracellular location. These tunicamycin-treated cells aggregated in a Ca2+-dependent manner, and the aggregation was inhibited by a monoclonal antibody to E-cadherin. These results suggested that N-linked oligosaccharides are not involved in the functional sites of this adhesion molecule. PMID- 3768964 TI - Morphological changes of rat small intestine after short-time exposure to concanavalin A or wheat germ agglutinin. AB - Dietary lectins of gluten origin have been suggested to play an important role in the mechanisms leading to the characteristic morphology of the intestine found in patients with celiac disease. To further explore this issue we have used Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA) or Concanavalin A (Con A) to challenge rat small intestine and study the ultrastructural changes of such a treatment. Both lectins affected the enterocytes at the base of the villi more than those at the top. The morphological findings included disarrangement of the cytoskeleton, increased endocytosis and shortening of the microvilli. The interrelationship between the observed changes, and their relevance for similar morphological alterations found in patients with celiac disease are discussed. In conclusion, the morphological findings in our rat model resemble early changes in patients with celiac disease, thus supporting the idea that lectins or lectin-like substances are involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. PMID- 3768963 TI - Cytoplasmic proteins, association with phospholipid vesicles and its dependency on cholesterol. AB - Since the plasticity of the plasma membrane is correlated with changes in its dynamic behavior and biological functions, the content of cholesterol in this membrane is thought to have an important role in the regulation of cell metabolism. The research reported here was done to clarify the role of cholesterol in the interaction of the innersurface of plasma membrane with cytoplasmic proteins in relation to the regulatory mechanism of signal transduction. Many cytoplasmic proteins of EATC or rat liver cells were found to associate with DPPC liposomes and they induced a transient increase in membrane permeability at the phase transition temperature of the liposomal lipid. The association and the permeability increase were inhibited by the introduction of cholesterol into DPPC liposomes, and the sensitivity of individual proteins to the action of cholesterol differed. F-actin, but not G-actin, associated selectively with the liposomes. Also, the main endothermic peak of the unilamellar DPPC liposomes was shifted from 37 degrees C to 43 degrees C by this protein association, evidence of transformation from a unito multilamellar structure. The introduction of cholesterol into the liposomal membrane caused a reduction in the energy content of the phase transition and in the inhibition of protein-membrane interaction. We concluded that the cholesterol in the plasma membrane contributes to the regulation of cell surface signal transduction. PMID- 3768965 TI - Evidence of the existence of a high molecular weight form of DNA polymerase alpha in sea urchin eggs. AB - DNA polymerase alpha combined with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was isolated from unfertilized sea urchin eggs. NaCl treatment of this fraction released DNA polymerase alpha from the ER. The molecular size (the S value) of the ER-free DNA polymerase alpha changed with the concentration of NaCl used; being 23 S, 11-15 S and 6-8 S in the presence of 0.05-0.12 M, 0.12-0.24 M and more than 0.24 M NaCl. DNA polymerase alpha activity decreased concomitantly with the reduction in molecular size. The 6-8 S form of DNA polymerase alpha did not aggregate by itself nor with other cellular components nonspecifically, when the 23 S form was present. These results are evidence of the presence of 6-8 S DNA polymerase alpha as a high molecular weight form (23 S-form) in sea urchin eggs. PMID- 3768966 TI - Video microscopy of colloidal gold particles and immuno-gold labelled microtubules in improved rectified DIC and epi-illumination. AB - Modification of rectified Nomarski differential interference contrast optics (Nikon) and the epi-illumination system (Nikon IGS-cube) improved the detection of colloidal gold particles with analog video enhanced microscopy. Immuno-gold labelled microtubules of Haemanthus endosperm are visualized at a level of detection unmatched in conventional light microscopy. Single gold, or gold silver enhanced particles in suspension viewed with the modified epi-illumination after pressure injection into cells, are well distinguished from other granular cell components. Immuno-gold has also been detected on the surface of chromosomes and the nuclear envelopes in cells during the rapid experimental disassembly of microtubules. Thus, under certain conditions tubulin in a form other than microtubules may be detected. Practical applications of this "optical stain" for non fading immuno-gold 5-40 nm markers are discussed. PMID- 3768967 TI - Injuries to the elbow, forearm, and hand. PMID- 3768969 TI - Soft-tissue injuries about the elbow. AB - The most common elbow injuries include lateral and medial tennis elbow tendinitis, ulnar nerve dysfunction, and medial ligament sprain. Treatment includes proper rehabilitation and control of abuse. Surgery, when indicated, is directed to the correction of specific pathologic tissue change without harm to adjacent normal tissue. PMID- 3768968 TI - Throwing injuries of the elbow. AB - With the burgeoning popularity of racquet and throwing sports in our society, an increasing awareness of the elbow injuries sustained with repetitive upper extremity activity is important. Particular attention should be paid to proper technique, equipment, and duration of activity, and preventive measures should be taken. In the adolescent or adult individual who sustains elbow injury, it is imperative that the treating physician recognize the pathologic stage early in order to minimize the consequences of these activities. Only with a thorough history and physical examination of this complex joint and a firm understanding of the forces generated during activity will the sports medicine physician entertain the proper diagnosis and initiate a treatment protocol that is likely to be successful. PMID- 3768970 TI - Arthroscopy of the elbow. AB - For arthroscopy of the elbow to be safe and effective, the arthroscopist must develop a systematic and reproducible arthroscopic examination technique. We believe that the technique and the identification of anatomic structures described in this article provide a safe and reliable means of performing this procedure. Attention to detail, especially when establishing the portals, is essential in performing a safe examination and in avoiding damage to the neurovascular structures. We prefer the 4-mm, 30-degree-angled arthroscope. It provides the wide field of view necessary for both diagnostic and operative elbow arthroscopy. The large percentage of excellent and good results in patients who have had correction of mechanical disorders of the elbow has been encouraging. Removal of loose bodies and resection of impinging olecranon osteophytes produced the best functional results. Chondroplasties of the radial head and capitellum produced less satisfactory results than did the correction of mechanical disorders. In conclusion, arthroscopy of the elbow is an effective diagnostic procedure and is effective in treating certain intraarticular problems with minimal morbidity and rapid return to function. However, attention to detail is essential to prevent compromise of the surrounding neurovascular structures or damage to the delicate articular cartilage. PMID- 3768971 TI - Fractures and dislocations of the forearm. AB - Fractures and fracture dislocations of the forearm are common injuries that are being seen more frequently today in our active population. These injuries can occur in any sport, by direct blows to the arm or by falls on the outstretched hand. Many of these injuries are dramatic in their presentation and easily diagnosed, but only careful physical examination and radiographic evaluation avoids the pitfalls in diagnosis associated with the Monteggia's, Galeazzi's, and Essex-Lopresti's fracture dislocations. Most of these injuries require anatomic reduction to preserve the delicate interaction between radius and ulna in allowing forearm rotation. Owing to the instability of these fractures, open reduction and internal fixation is often required. Attention to detail in treatment and rehabilitation will avoid the problems of loss of motion, malunion, and nonunion associated with these injuries in the past. PMID- 3768972 TI - Nonosseous athletic injuries of the elbow, forearm, and hand. AB - This article deals with soft-tissue injuries of the upper extremity incurred by competitive athletes. The authors describe the pathophysiology, conservative and operative management of musculotendinous elbow injuries, entrapment neuropathy, tendinous disorders, vascular injuries, and dermatologic conditions in athletes. Protective gear for many of the aforementioned injuries are also described. PMID- 3768973 TI - Soft-tissue injuries of the forearm and hand. AB - In general, musculotendinous injuries of the forearm are not uncommon and are generally self-limited. The fact that there are so many different modalities of treatment speaks well for the human body to repair itself under some very adverse circumstances. Rest and splinting of the part, elevation, and judicious use of analgesics is still the treatment of choice. The injudicious use of heat and cold and electrical appliances of various types usually indicate a therapist in search of a treatment. PMID- 3768974 TI - Fractures and dislocations of the carpal bones. AB - The most common wrist fractures in athletes are fractures of the scaphoid and fractures of the hook of the hamate. Accurate diagnosis and conservative treatment are extremely important. A physician should not compromise principles of treatment for a rapid return of the athlete to competition, because all too often this will jeopardize eventual recovery and his or her future career. It is far better to be conservative, to insist upon complete recovery before permitting competition, especially in high-school and college students, and to be more concerned with the athlete's potential achievements than immediate accomplishments. These axioms are especially applicable when treating young individuals with suspected or proven wrist injuries. PMID- 3768975 TI - Instabilities of the wrist. AB - Wrist instabilities are frequently underdiagnosed and undertreated because they are complex and difficult to understand. A study of the anatomy of the wrist and the pathomechanics of these injuries leads to a better understanding of these problems and to a more specific diagnosis. Treatment involves stabilization of the unstable segment by ligament repair in the acute injury and by limited intercarpal arthrodesis in the chronic case. PMID- 3768976 TI - Closed tendon injuries of the hand in athletics. AB - Closed tendon injuries in the hand are common in the athlete. Neglect of such injuries may result in irreparable damage to the hand. Even seemingly minor injuries must be carefully evaluated and treated by a physician. Early diagnosis, accurate and precise treatment, and proper rehabilitation are extremely important to regain optimal function after these injuries. Most of the injuries can be controlled by conservative means. However, when surgical repair is indicated, it is important for the surgeon to be trained and familiar with the anatomy and techniques of surgery of the hand. PMID- 3768977 TI - Ligamentous injuries of the hand in athletes. AB - Injuries to the small joints of the hand are prevalent in both professional and amateur athletes. The majority of these injuries result in partial tears of the capsular support structures and can be successfully treated by precise splinting followed by thorough rehabilitation. In contrast, optimal management of complex dislocations or complete ligament ruptures causing serious joint instability necessitates operative intervention to secure reduction and facilitate ligament healing. There is an enviable satisfaction in observing a recovered athlete perform to the limits of his or her abilities, unimpaired by any residual disability or deformity. This goal can only be achieved by the timely institution of skillful management. PMID- 3768978 TI - Fractures and dislocations of the metacarpals and phalanges. AB - Hand injuries in athletes are very common and usually do not prevent active participation in sports. For this reason, long-term permanent disability and permanent loss of function may develop if these injuries are not recognized and treated properly. The majority of metacarpal and phalangeal joint injuries respond well to closed aggressive early treatment, followed by intensive therapy and protective splinting, which allow the athlete to continue his or her sport participation without the undesirable effects of long-term or permanent loss of function to the hand. PMID- 3768979 TI - Rehabilitation of hand injuries in athletes. AB - This article outlines and stresses the importance of proper rehabilitation of hand injuries in athletes. Rationale for guidelines in splinting, modalities, and appropriate progression of various types of exercise is discussed. PMID- 3768980 TI - Protective splinting for the hand and wrist. AB - Providing adequate protection is a very important component of proper treatment of athletic injuries of the upper extremity. This article reviews the anatomic considerations involved in fabricating splints for various joints of the hand and wrist that will allow the athlete to compete as early as possible while preventing reinjury or permanent disability. PMID- 3768981 TI - The effects of large doses of methylprednisolone on neurologic recovery and survival in the Mongolian gerbil following three hours of unilateral carotid occlusion. AB - Using a scoring system designed to assess the severity of neurologic deficit in gerbils during and after temporary unilateral carotid occlusion, the effects of large doses of methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS: Solu-Medrol sterile powder) on experimental stroke have been examined. By scoring gerbils hourly for torso curvature, circling, inability to walk, ptosis, barrel rolling, opisthotonus, generalized seizures, and loss of righting reflex, their level of neurologic deficit can be easily, quantitatively, and reproducibly evaluated. Approximately 37% of gerbils subjects to a 3-hour unilateral carotid occlusion attained average scores of 4.0-4.5 during the first hour. There was a slight, though not significant, worsening (increase) of scores over the 3-hour occlusion period that was not altered by pretreatment of gerbils with 60 mg/kg of MPSS 10 minutes before occlusion. Following removal of occlusion at 3 hours, gerbils recovered only minimally during the ensuing 4-hour period, with deficit scores remaining around 3.2 +/- 0.3. Pretreatment of gerbils with 60 mg/kg of MPSS, however, resulted in a striking improvement in their deficit scores to 1.6 +/- 0.2 (p less than 0.05) by 2 hours after occlusion removal. Treatment of gerbils with lower (30 mg/kg) or higher (100 mg/kg) doses of MPSS was not as effective in promoting improvement. The survival of 3-hour occluded gerbils was significantly enhanced by pretreatment with 60 mg/kg of MPSS. Vehicle-treated gerbils had survival rates of 41.7%, 16.7%, and 16.7% at 24 hours, 48 hours, and 7 days, respectively, compared with 90.9%, 72.7%, and 45.4%, respectively, for MPSS treated gerbils. PMID- 3768982 TI - [The clinical picture and metabolic response of the cornea in relation to the degree of alkaline burn. I. Regeneration of the epithelium]. PMID- 3768983 TI - [The clinical picture and metabolic response of the cornea in relation to the degree of alkaline burn. II. Rebuilding of the basic substance of the stroma]. PMID- 3768985 TI - [Unilateral pigment degeneration in the retina. Electrophysiologic and angiographic study]. PMID- 3768984 TI - [Personal experience with cytostatic treatment of severe uveitis]. PMID- 3768986 TI - [The effect of age on the results of laser trabeculoplasty]. PMID- 3768987 TI - [Intravitreal injection of liquid silicone in the surgery of complicated retinal detachment]. PMID- 3768988 TI - [Glucose infusion as a tonometric loading test in the diagnosis of glaucoma. III]. PMID- 3768989 TI - [The critical period in microphthalmia in experiments]. PMID- 3768990 TI - [Magnetic resonance--the beginning of the revolution]. PMID- 3768991 TI - [Insurance judgements in the ophthalmologic field in the Eastern Bohemia Region]. PMID- 3768992 TI - [Epithelial hemangioma and hemangioendothelioma]. AB - A comparison was performed of common as well as of different marks of 5 epitheloid hemangiomas and 5 epitheloid hemangioendotheliomas. Histiocytoid features of tumour endothelial cells was obvious in both cases but a common structural basis was represented by solid epithelial buds growing from vessels of medium class and tunnelized by fusion of big cytoplasmic vacuoles. Differential diagnosis of epitheloid hemangioma was related to vasculitic processes. There were difficulties in discriminating between epitheloid hemangioendothelioma and carcinoma, malignant epitheloid Schwannoma or malignant (neurotropic) melanoma. Clinical manifestation of a skeletal manifestation of tumour concerned was mostly identical with Gorham Stout syndrome. PMID- 3768993 TI - [Primary hemangioendothelioma of the bone marrow]. AB - A case of malignant haemangioendothelioma in a 61-year-old female is described. The tumour infiltrated extensively medullary spaces in a number of bones without their destruction. Extraskeletal neoplastic foci were found in the intestine and in a lymph node, liver and especially spleen were involved more extensively. Several diagnostic features of the tumour are listed together with its position in some recent classification schemes. PMID- 3768994 TI - [Xanthogranulomatous processes in the area of the large vessels]. AB - A case is described of 68 years old woman suffering from a peculiar xanthogranulomatous process terminated with fatal renal complication. The clinical symptomatology was not characteristic and did not lead to diagnosis during the life. The process was localized around the cerebral basilar arteries, and was also in close connection with the adventitia of the thoracic aorta and of coronary arteries. Identical xanthogranulomatous infiltrate was found in the peripelvic fat of both kidneys where it led to stenosis of proximal parts of both ureters; less extensive infiltrates were present periportally in the liver and in the bone marrow. Histological findings are suggestive of the diagnosis of Erdheim Chester disease. The differential diagnosis of the process is discussed. PMID- 3768995 TI - [Atypical forms of IgA nephropathy]. AB - Six cases of a IgA nephropathy were presented that were atypical from the morphological point of view and had less favourable prognosis than a classic form. Immune deposits in glomerular basement membranes were found in all of them. Dominant clinical features were common microscopical hematuria and early proteinuria very conspicuous in several cases. PMID- 3768996 TI - [Findings in intrahepatic bile ducts after ligation of the choledochus in an experiment]. AB - The elevation of intraductal bile pressure in hepatic tissue of rats manifested itself a few hours later the ligation of common bile duct by focal dilatation of bile canaliculi which was followed by proceeding concentration of pericanalicular ectoplasma of hepatocytes and partial renewal of contractility of canalicular system. Later, proliferation of interlobular bile ducts together with a relatively rapid loss of pericanalicular density followed. New - built bile ducts scarcely infiltrated by polynuclear leucocytes proceeded from margins of portal tracts in between trabecules of hepatocytes in the periphery of lobules. PMID- 3768997 TI - [Multiple leiomyosarcoma of the small intestine]. AB - A 58 years-old man suffering from continuous melaena was found inoperable after laparotomy because of having multiple tumorous lesion and perforation of the small intestine. Autopsy showed two perforated and four other ulcerated tumours in a 70 cm long part of jejunum. Histology corresponded to a locally aggressive leiomyosarcoma without secondaries. PMID- 3768998 TI - [Acquired tracheal stenoses]. AB - In a group of 10 stenoses of trachea after intubation and tracheostomy the authors evaluated macroscopic and histopathological findings particularly relevant to epithelial changes, formation of granulation tissue and cartilaginous rings. The results obtained in the group reveal necessary clinical observation of the patients after a long-term intubation was performed. PMID- 3768999 TI - [Soft tissue tumors (review of differential diagnosis)]. PMID- 3769000 TI - [Psychological and psychopathological characteristics of patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders. Differences between functional syndromes of the upper part and the lower part of the digestive tract]. PMID- 3769001 TI - [The sex life of women with ovarian dysgenesis]. PMID- 3769002 TI - [Personality structure and anxiety levels in functional sexual disorders in men]. PMID- 3769003 TI - [The factor of familiarity with the object as a characteristic of the sexual aggressor]. PMID- 3769004 TI - [Cyclophrenia and female sexuality]. PMID- 3769005 TI - [Imaginary "small fetishes" as factors in male sexual arousal]. PMID- 3769006 TI - [Psychopathology of the so-called reactive personality syndrome of prisoners]. PMID- 3769007 TI - [Maintenance therapy using clopenthixol decanoate in schizophrenic patients]. PMID- 3769008 TI - [Sexual socialization of hysterical women]. PMID- 3769009 TI - [Rumination as a psychosomatic phenomenon]. PMID- 3769010 TI - [Attitudes to the mentally retarded. Measurement of attitudes]. PMID- 3769011 TI - [Comprehensive adaptation therapy of sexual delinquents]. PMID- 3769012 TI - [Results of the N5 questionnaire administered to women with the Stein-Leventhal syndrome]. PMID- 3769013 TI - [Evaluation of working with patients using art therapy]. PMID- 3769014 TI - [Psychiatric evaluation of persons selected for work abroad]. PMID- 3769015 TI - [Sociocultural differences between sexual delinquents]. PMID- 3769016 TI - [Psychopathologic findings in exhibitionists]. PMID- 3769018 TI - [Results of the plan for technical development in the field of psychiatry during the 7th 5-year-plan]. PMID- 3769017 TI - [The "loss of control" phenomenon from the aspect of modern diagnostic practice in Czechoslovakia]. PMID- 3769020 TI - [Psychiatry in the Netherlands. Observations from a trip]. PMID- 3769019 TI - [Behavioral theory and neuroses in man]. PMID- 3769021 TI - [Treatment of thromboembolic disease in children]. PMID- 3769022 TI - [Incidence of hypertension in children and adolescents with chronic renal insufficiency]. PMID- 3769023 TI - [Renal osteodystrophy in children with chronic renal insufficiency]. PMID- 3769024 TI - [Comparison of surgical and conservative therapy in primary vesicoureteral reflux (international reflux study)]. PMID- 3769026 TI - [Regeneration of changes induced by a single dose of bromhexine in the epithelium of the respiratory tract]. PMID- 3769025 TI - [Frontobasal dysplasia in the median cleft face syndrome]. PMID- 3769027 TI - [Epidemiology of juvenile chronic arthritis in Czechoslovakia]. PMID- 3769028 TI - [Aarskog's syndrome: variable manifestations in men and women]. PMID- 3769029 TI - [Advances in the treatment of dysrhythmia in children]. PMID- 3769030 TI - [Results of the completion of the main research task P 17-333-459 "Reproduction in a healthy population and the optimal development of children and adolescents" within the 7th 5-year-plan (1981-1985)]. PMID- 3769031 TI - [Pediatric gynecology in Czechoslovakia]. PMID- 3769033 TI - [Jumpers, walkers and other "aids" from the viewpoint of the pediatrician]. PMID- 3769032 TI - [The proportion of children involved in traffic accidents in 1985]. PMID- 3769034 TI - [Molluscum contagiosum]. PMID- 3769035 TI - [Human health and the intensification of the national economy]. PMID- 3769036 TI - [Views of citizens on the level of health care provided based on the results of public opinion research in Czechoslovakia 1985]. PMID- 3769037 TI - [Prognosis for the accident rate]. PMID- 3769038 TI - [The TETRA C Pecs-Baranya Project. A comprehensive program for the fight against cardiovascular diseases among the citizens of southern Hungary]. PMID- 3769039 TI - [Differences in health status in relation to age in persons over 60 years of age]. PMID- 3769040 TI - [Drugs and their safety as secured by legal regulations from the aspect of the society at large]. PMID- 3769041 TI - [Demographic model of the development of the age structure of medical personnel]. PMID- 3769042 TI - [The selection of physicians for the professions of social medicine and health care administration]. PMID- 3769043 TI - Effects of 6,6'-dithiodinicotinic acid (CPDS) and its metabolite 6 mercaptonicotinic acid (6-MNA) on murine and hamster fibroblasts (3T3 and BHK) and murine metastatic melanoma cells (F10). AB - We investigated the action of 6,6'-dithiodinicotinic acid (CPDS) and its metabolite 6-mercaptonicotinic acid (6-MNA) in vitro on murine (3T3) and baby hamster kidney (BHK) fibroblasts and an in vivo highly metastatic subline of murine B16 melanoma (F10). CPDS determined an inhibition of cell growth and a decrease in cell adhesion, while 6-MNA had no effect. When combined with data of the mitotic index and endogenous purine ribonucleotides (on which the drugs seem to have no effect), these observations are conceivable with the hypothesis that the primary target of CPDS is cell membrane. PMID- 3769044 TI - Estrogen and progesterone receptors in neoplastic cells of metastatic pleural effusion of breast carcinoma before and after tamoxifen therapy. Correlation with the clinical response. AB - We have investigated the activity of tamoxifen in 12 post-menopause patients affected by advanced breast carcinoma and, in this specific case, by metastatic pleural effusion. A receptor assay was carried out on all patients to assess the estrogen and progesterone receptor activity in pleural effusion tumor cells, cytologically confirmed. The assay was performed both at the moment of the diagnostic check and after a week of 30 mg/die of tamoxifen therapy. We obtained a temporary reduction of the pleural effusion in 5 patients out of 12 (42%). Four out of these 5 patients presented estrogen receptors (ER+) at the first assay. In the 4 patients with negative receptors (ER-) neither a decrease of the percentage of tumoral cells, nor a reduction of the effusion was ascertained. This study shows that also for pleural effusions tamoxifen's therapeutic benefit was obtainable only in those patients with estrogen receptors in the tumoral cells. PMID- 3769045 TI - Chemotherapy of advanced gastric cancer: a study of 43 consecutive cases treated with fluorouracil, adriamycin and mitomycin C (FAM). AB - All consecutive patients with advanced gastric carcinoma who came to the Oncology Dept. of the "L. Pierantoni Hospital" in Forli, between June 1, 1980 and August 30, 1983, were treated with 5-fluorouracil, adriamycin and mitomycin C (FAM). None of the patients had previously received chemotherapy. The dominant location of metastasis was the liver in 21 pts (48.8%), the abdomen in 15 pts (34.8%) and distant organs in 7 pts (16.2%). The schedule of FAM regimen used was: 5 Fluorouracil, 600 mg/m2, days 1, 8, 29, 36; Mitomycin C 10, mg/m2, day 1; Adriamycin, 30 mg/m2, days 1, 29. Complete remission (CR) was reached in 2 pts (4.6%) with a median length of response (m.l.r.) of 55 weeks (range 20-90), partial remission (PR) in 9 pts (20.9%) with a m.l.r. of 15.1 weeks (2.2-60), no change (N.C.) in 19 pts (44%) with a m.l.r. of 10 weeks (2.2-54) and progression (P) in 13 pts (30.2%). Median survival of patients in CR + PR considered together was 48 weeks (12 months), for the NC pts 20 weeks (5 months) and for those in P 14.1 weeks (3.5 months). The authors reached the conclusion that gastric carcinoma may be treated with FAM both for palliation and to improve survival even if in a small number of patients. PMID- 3769046 TI - Short-course treatment of urinary tract infection. AB - Short-course treatment of simple cystitis is as effective as conventional 7-14 day therapy. It is less likely to cause adverse reactions or to generate bacterial resistance and is economical. Those patients who fail to respond may need further urological investigation. In short-course treatment the patient may be given a conventional dosage regimen over three days; a single conventional dose nightly for three nights; or just one massive dose. These approaches are discussed with reference to the pharmacological properties of agents available for oral administration. Clinical evidence suggests that, if the single-dose option is chosen, slowly excreted agents like trimethoprim or fosfomycin are preferable to beta-lactam agents or nitrofurantoin, which are rapidly excreted. PMID- 3769047 TI - Comparative "in vitro" activity of ciprofloxacin (Bay o9867) and other antimicrobial agents against urinary bacterial isolates. AB - Ciprofloxacin (Bay o9867) is a new quinolone derivative. Its activity against 537 urinary bacterial isolates was compared with those of ampicillin, amikacin, carbenicillin, cefazolin, cefotaxime, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, nalidixic and oxolinic acids, norfloxacin, trimethoprim, and other antimicrobial agents, when appropriate. It inhibited 90% of Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp., and Serratia spp. at 0.78 microgram/ml. The majority of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including gentamicin-resistant strains, was inhibited by 0.78 microgram/ml. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin for 90% of Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant strains, and Streptococcus faecalis were 0.78 microgram/ml and 1.56 micrograms/ml respectively. Ciprofloxacin inhibited organisms resistant to ampicillin, carbenicillin, cefazolin, nalidixic and oxolinic acids, and trimethoprim. Ciprofloxacin was less active in urine at pH 5.8 than in broth, but serum did not decrease minimal inhibitory concentrations or minimal bactericidal concentrations. There was no major difference between minimal inhibitory concentrations and minimal bactericidal concentrations. Spontaneous rates of mutation to resistance of representative urinary bacteria were studied. For ciprofloxacin these rates ranged from 8.2 X 10(-9) to 1.5 X 10(-11). PMID- 3769048 TI - Acute, subacute, chronic toxicity and mutagenicity studies of rifaximin (L/105) in rats. AB - Acute, subacute and chronic toxicity-mutagenicity studies of rifaximin (L/105), a new semisynthetic rifamycin SV antibiotic, were conducted in rats. The oral LD50 value for this species was greater than 2000 mg/kg. Rifaximin given orally to rats up to 6 months produced no evident adverse effects up to 100 mg/kg. The moderate effects noted were probably due to the topical action of the drug. Rifaximin did not show any mutagenic activity when compared with mutagenic standards. PMID- 3769049 TI - Lipid peroxidation and molecular damage to polyunsaturated fatty acids in rat liver. Recognition of two classes of hydroperoxides formed under conditions in vivo. AB - The diene conjugates formed during the autoxidation of microsomal lipid extracts, and in endoplasmic reticulum in vivo after exposing rats to CCl4 have been examined by second derivative absorption spectrophotometry. Within a few minutes after administering CCl4 to a rat there is a pronounced signal in microsomal lipid extracts that is ascribed to the cis-trans diene conjugates of microsomal polyunsaturated fatty acids. Somewhat later a second signal becomes evident that is ascribed to trans-trans isomers. The appearance of the trans-trans isomer is very strongly suppressed by prior administration of vitamin E to the rat. It is concluded that the relative contents of cis-trans and trans-trans dienes in lipid extracts of tissue reflect the tissue contents of hydrogen donors as already established for model experiments with polyunsaturated fatty acids in vitro. PMID- 3769050 TI - Biochemical alterations elicited in rat liver microsomes by oxidation and reduction products of chloroform metabolism. AB - The feasibility of an oxygen-independent mechanism of chloroform bioactivation was indicated by the covalent binding to lipid and protein occurring in anaerobic incubations of CHCl3 and microsomes in the presence of NADPH. Under these conditions, the loss of cytochrome P-450 and the inhibition of related monoxygenases were also observed. The chloroform anoxic biotransformation was negligible in uninduced microsomes and seemed to be catalyzed mainly by phenobarbital-inducible P-450 isozymes. Biotransformation could also be supported by NADH as the source of reducing equivalents. Anaerobic metabolism of chloroform led to decreased levels of the main PB-induced P-450 isozymes even at low CHCl3 concentration and did not affect benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activity. These effects were not decreased by thiolic compounds. The oxidation products of chloroform caused a general impairment of the monoxygenase system, probably related to the formation of protein aggregates with very high molecular weight. In the presence of physiological concentrations of GSH, the targets of aerobically-produced metabolites were lipids and, to a smaller extent, P-450. At low CHCl3 concentrations and/or in the presence of GSH the most changes to microsomal structures seemed to be produced by the reductively-formed intermediates. PMID- 3769051 TI - Hormonal carcinogenesis: separation of estrogenicity from carcinogenicity. AB - Estrogens are known to induce tumors in several animal species. To understand the mechanism of hormonal carcinogenesis, estrogen-induced renal carcinoma in male Syrian hamsters was investigated using estradiol and 2-fluoroestradiol. The biological activities of the latter steroid were compared with those of the natural hormone, because of the reduced metabolic conversion of 2-fluoroestradiol to catechol estrogen metabolites. 2-Fluoroestradiol was administered to male Syrian hamsters at three times the dose (60 mg) of estradiol (20 mg, positive control) by s.c. implantation. After 7 months, 75% of the estradiol-treated hamsters had kidney tumors, while in animals exposed to 2-fluoroestradiol renal carcinoma could not be detected. The reduced tumor incidence by the fluorinated steroid is not due to a lack of estrogenic potency. In the test animals, pituitary LH concentrations matched those measured in estradiol-treated hamsters and the reduction in testes weights was comparable. Furthermore, in immature female rats, uterine wet weight increases illustrate that 2-fluoroestradiol is a potent estrogen. The observed increases in uterine weight were shown to be accompanied by increases in protein and DNA synthesis comparable to those observed in estradiol-treated animals. 2-Fluoroestradiol stimulated growth of H 301 cells in vivo. These cells are estrogen-dependent for growth and are derived from the primary hamster kidney tumor. The results indicate that hormonal activity and carcinogenicity of estrogens are separable properties. PMID- 3769052 TI - Comparative in vitro and in vivo beta-oxidation of N-nitrosodiethanolamine in different animal species. AB - The metabolism of N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA) was studied to assess whether the formation of the beta-oxidated metabolites N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N (formylmethyl)nitrosamine (EFMN) and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N (carboxymethyl)nitrosamine (ECMN) is involved in the mechanism of tumor induction in various animal species with different susceptibility to NDELA carcinogenicity. In vitro studies using liver S9 fractions from rats, hamster, B6C3F1 and CD-1 mice and rabbits showed that all the animal species metabolize NDELA through the beta-oxidation pathway, although to different extents. Urinary excretion of NDELA and its metabolite ECMN in rats, hamsters and mice after 5 mg X kg-1 NDELA i.p. confirmed these findings. The results suggest there is no correlation between carcinogenesis by NDELA and its beta-oxidation. The possibility that ECMN formation might represent a detoxifying metabolic pathway for NDELA is discussed. PMID- 3769053 TI - Enhancement of epoxide hydrolase activity in hepatic microsomes of mice given heterocyclic compounds. AB - The effects of dietary administration of equimolar doses (5 mmol/kg body wt per day) of trimethylene oxide, trimethylene sulfide, coumaran, benzofuran, indole, and indole-3-carbinol on the activities of microsomal epoxide hydrolase and several other xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes were measured in the liver of female CD-1 mouse. Every compound, with the exception of indole, caused a significant increase (P less than 0.01) of the styrene oxide epoxide hydrolase activity over controls in hepatic microsomes. These results indicate that the enzyme activity is elevated in vivo by several heterocyclic compounds with strained bond angles to a nucleophilic hetero-atom. In addition, the ability of sulfur-containing trimethylene sulfide and nitrogen-containing indole-3-carbinol to elevate the enzyme activity indicates that the heterocyclic oxygen atom is not an absolute requirement for this effect. Data from the other xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes indicate that trimethylene oxide and trimethylene sulfide enhance the epoxide hydrolase activity rather specifically, while not affecting the activities of the other enzymes measured. While the oxygen-containing coumaran and benzofuran both increased the NADH: quinone reductase activity in hepatic cytosol, the nitrogen-containing indole and indole-3-carbinol did not. This indicated a specific requirement for the oxygen atom in elevating the quinone reductase activity, which was not the case for the elevation of microsomal epoxide hydrolase activity. PMID- 3769055 TI - A simple conductimetric method as an alternative to the colorimetric p nitrobenzylpyridine test for the measurement of the reactivity of potentially mutagenic alkylating compounds. AB - A simple method for the measurement of the kinetics of reaction of potentially mutagenic alkyl halides with amines, based on the direct conductimetric monitoring of the quaternary ammonium salt produced in these reactions, is proposed and applied to the alkylation of p-nitrobenzylpyridine (NBP) and triethylamine (TEA) in different solvents. With respect to the classical colorimetric NBP-test, this method has the advantage that the rates can be measured continuously over the entire course of the reactions and the kinetic order and constants can be easily obtained. It is also shown that the previously proposed, NBP modified test', using simultaneously NBP and TEA, gives actually the sum of the rate constants for the reactions of the alkylating reagent with the two amines. PMID- 3769054 TI - Chromosome-damaging activity of a ruthenium radiosensitizer, RuCl2 (DMSO)2 (4 nitroimidazole)2, in Chinese hamster ovary cells in vitro. AB - The metal complex, RuCl2 (DMSO)2 (4-nitroimidazole)2, 1, which has hypoxic radiosensitizing properties, was examined for genotoxic activity, as measured by the in vitro induction of chromosome aberrations (chromatid breaks and chromatid exchanges) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. A dose-dependent increase in the frequencies of metaphases with chromatid aberrations was observed for 1. Addition of S9 liver microsomal mixture and 1 to the cultured CHO cells did not alter the clastogenic activity noted for the complex itself. The clastogenic (chromosome damaging) activity of a precursor complex, cis-RuCl2(DMSO)4 and the ligand, 4 nitroimidazole (4-NO2-Im) were found to be less than that of 1 at corresponding concentrations. A comparison with two drugs used clinically with radiation, cis dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (cis-DDP) and misonidazole (miso), indicated that the clastogenic activity of 1 was similar to miso and much less than that of cis DDP. PMID- 3769056 TI - Effects of inducers on the regio- and stereoselective metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene by mouse tissue microsomes. AB - The metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) by microsomal fractions of the skin, lungs and liver of the mouse, and the effects on this process of pretreatment with the xenobiotics phenobarbital (PB) and 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) were examined. Differences between the untreated tissues were found both in terms of the total amounts of diol recovered and in the relative proportions of the individual diols extracted following incubation. Induction with PB or 3-MC significantly altered the profiles of metabolic diols obtained with epidermal and hepatic microsomes compared with their respective controls. Pulmonary microsomes showed similar trends to those obtained with liver microsomes but these were not statistically significant. The optical purity of the BP-7,8-diol that was formed by each microsomal type was examined by direct resolution of the enantiomers on HPLC using a chiral stationary phase. In each case the (-)-7R,8R-enantiomer predominated. Pretreatment with 3-MC significantly decreased the optical purity of BP-7,8-diol recovered from incubations with skin microsomes, but significantly increased the optical purity of the diol extracted from incubations with lung and liver microsomes. In addition to the diols, an unidentified BP metabolite was found that eluted between BP-9,10- and 4,5-diol on a reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system and which represented a major product in extracts of incubations of BP with both induced and uninduced skin and lung microsomal fractions. PMID- 3769057 TI - Identification of nucleic acid adducts from trans-4-acetylaminostilbene. AB - It has been proposed that trans-4-acetylaminostilbene (AAS) is an initiator for tumor formation in rat liver and that the metabolically formed hydroxamic acid ester ultimately reacts with nucleic acids in vivo. We have now studied the generation of a major adduct in vitro. trans-4-N-Acetoxy-N-acetylaminostilbene (N acetoxy-AAS) was reacted with guanosine at pH 7.5 and reaction products were separated by chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 and RP18 HPLC. The major adduct isolated consists of four isomers which have been tentatively identified by mass- and 1H-NMR spectroscopy as (S,S)- and (R,R)-guanosine-N2,beta-N3,alpha-N acetylaminobibenzyl and the respective regio isomers guanosine-N2,alpha-N3,beta-N acetylaminobibenzyl. These adducts are formed in a ratio of 9:9:1:1. Under acidic conditions (pH 2) the ribose moiety is removed and two regio isomeric base adducts are formed in the ratio 9:1. Results to be published indicate that the adducts are also formed in vivo in rat liver RNA and DNA. PMID- 3769059 TI - Adsorption of barbiturates on an electrode surface. PMID- 3769058 TI - Inhibition of ethinyloestradiol and tolbutamide metabolism by quinoline derivatives in vitro. AB - The effects of the quinoline derivatives amodiaquine (AQ), chloroquine (CQ), mefloquine (MQ), primaquine (PQ), quinine (Q) and quinidine (QD) on in vitro hepatic metabolism has been studied using as substrates ethinyloestradiol (EE2) and tolbutamide (TOL). The 2-hydroxylation of EE2 and the hydroxylation of TOL were determined in the presence of variable concentrations of each compound. MQ, PQ, AQ and Q significantly inhibited EE2 metabolism at each of the concentrations studied (0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 mM) as shown by an increase in the percentage of unmetabolised EE2. QD significantly inhibited metabolism at 0.2 and 0.5 mM but CQ was without effect. In terms of recovery of 2-OHEE2, PQ was the most potent inhibitor. At an inhibitor concentration of 0.5 mM the order of potency was PQ greater than or equal to MQ greater than or equal to Q greater than or equal to QD greater than or equal to AQ greater than or equal to CQ. TOL hydroxylase activity in control microsomes was 1.52 +/- 0.33 nmol. min-1 X mg protein-1. The order of potency of the inhibitors (0.5 mM) was PQ greater than or equal to MQ greater than or equal to Q greater than or equal to QD greater than or equal to AQ greater than or equal to CQ. These data provide further evidence of the inhibitory potential of some of the quinoline derivatives. PQ, MQ, and to a lesser extent Q produce the most marked inhibitory effects. QD and AQ are of intermediate potency and CQ is essentially non-inhibitory. PMID- 3769060 TI - Studies on synthesis, structure, and antitumor activity of Pt(II) complexes containing 1,2-diamino-1,2-dideoxy-D-glucitol. PMID- 3769061 TI - Studies on iridoid-related compounds. IV. Antitumor activity of iridoid aglycones. PMID- 3769062 TI - Studies on peptides. CXXXIX. Solution synthesis of a 42-residue peptide corresponding to the entire amino acid sequence of human glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). PMID- 3769063 TI - Studies on fungal products. IX. Dethiosecoemestrin, a new metabolite related to emestrin, from Emericella striata. PMID- 3769064 TI - Preparation of new nitrogen-bridged heterocycles. XIII. Syntheses of some tricyclic and tetracyclic indolizine derivatives with antiallergic activity. PMID- 3769065 TI - Studies on peptides. CXL. Synthesis of human gastrin-releasing polypeptide (hGRP). PMID- 3769066 TI - Antitumor activity of Pt(II) complexes containing diaminocarboxylates and their ester derivatives. PMID- 3769067 TI - Studies on the oxidation of 5H-N-substituted dibenz[b,f]azepines. III. Oxidative metabolism by rat liver microsomes. PMID- 3769068 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of 6 beta-hydroxycortisol in urine. PMID- 3769069 TI - Suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice by 12-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate. PMID- 3769070 TI - Purification and characterization of mouse alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and its possible role in the antitumor activity of some lichen polysaccharides. PMID- 3769071 TI - Two different conformations of antitumor glucans obtained from Grifola frondosa. PMID- 3769072 TI - Texture profile for molded poultices. PMID- 3769073 TI - Texture study on optimum formulation of molded poultices. PMID- 3769074 TI - Agarose-encapsulated adsorbent beads for direct hemoperfusion: preparation and in vitro evaluation. PMID- 3769075 TI - Study of crystalline drugs by means of a polarizing microscope. VIII. A simple and rapid method to measure the thickness of a crystalline drug and its application to the quality testing of poorly soluble drugs. PMID- 3769076 TI - Anti-inflammatory constituents of topically applied crude drugs. I. Constituents and anti-inflammatory effect of Eriobotrya japonica LINDL. PMID- 3769077 TI - Preparation and dissolution pattern of Eudragit RS microcapsules containing ketoprofen. PMID- 3769079 TI - Effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the absorption of macromolecular drugs in rat rectum. PMID- 3769078 TI - Prolonged blood concentration of salicylic acid following the simultaneous oral administration of salicylic acid and salicyluric acid in rabbits. PMID- 3769080 TI - Antitumor effect of fibrinogen microparticles containing adriamycin on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice. PMID- 3769081 TI - A new method of dissolution testing for oily drug preparations using an improved apparatus. PMID- 3769083 TI - Steroidal inhibitors of microbial degradation of sterol side chains. PMID- 3769082 TI - Effect of saccharides on the freezing and thawing of liposome dispersion. PMID- 3769085 TI - Synthesis of 3-substituted pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine derivatives with inhibitory activity on platelet aggregation. II. PMID- 3769084 TI - Effect of 6-(10-hydroxydecyl)-2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (CV-2619) on microsomal lipid peroxidation. PMID- 3769086 TI - Studies on antidiabetic agents. VII. Synthesis and hypoglycemic activity of 4 oxazoleacetic acid derivatives. PMID- 3769087 TI - Analytical studies on 1-(2-o-chlorobenzoyl-4-chlorophenyl)-5-glycylaminomethyl-3- dimethylaminocarbonyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole hydrochloride dihydrate. II. A fluorometric method applicable to animal feed. PMID- 3769088 TI - A sensitive spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of human serum albumin with chrome-azurol S. PMID- 3769090 TI - Synthesis of the 1 beta-hydroxylated bile acids, unusual bile acids in human biological fluids. PMID- 3769089 TI - Catalase-like catalytic activity of ion-exchange resins modified with metalloporphyrins. PMID- 3769091 TI - A systematic study on the chemical stability of mitomycin A and mitomycin B. PMID- 3769093 TI - Further analysis of multiple forms of rabbit hepatic glutathione S-transferase. PMID- 3769092 TI - Production and specificity of a monoclonal anti-11-deoxycortisol antibody. PMID- 3769095 TI - Effect of rhatannin on glutamine metabolism in rat liver. PMID- 3769094 TI - Studies on methylglyoxal. II. Changes of methylglyoxal level accompanying the changes of glyoxalase I and II activities in mice bearing L1210 leukemia and sarcoma 180. PMID- 3769096 TI - Fatty acid compositions of plasma lipids in young atopic patients. PMID- 3769098 TI - Automated system of dissolution testing with data input through RS-232C interface of a personal computer. PMID- 3769097 TI - Influence of blood proteins on biomedical analysis. IX. Protective effects of human serum proteins on anion-induced degradation of gliclazide. PMID- 3769099 TI - Comparative studies of the influence of dietary fat on plasma levels of isosorbide dinitrate from two sustained-release products. PMID- 3769100 TI - Synthetic hydrated aluminum silicates as oral adsorbents of potassium ion. PMID- 3769101 TI - Effect of surface modification of liposomes with sialoglycopeptide on their clearance from the circulation. PMID- 3769102 TI - Location of drug binding sites on human serum albumin. PMID- 3769103 TI - Preparation of sustained-release suppositories of indomethacin using a solid dispersion system and evaluation of bioavailability in rabbits. PMID- 3769105 TI - Polycyclic N-hetero compounds. XXIII. Synthesis and antidepressive activity of 4 substituted 5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]quinazolines. PMID- 3769104 TI - Studies of platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonists from microbial products. III. Pharmacological studies of FR-900452 in animal models. PMID- 3769106 TI - Variations in cellular polyamine compositions and contents of Vibrio species during growth in media with various NaCl concentrations. PMID- 3769107 TI - Sensitive analytical method for serum primidone and its active metabolites for single-dose pharmacokinetic analysis in human subjects. PMID- 3769108 TI - Effect of theanine on norepinephrine and serotonin levels in rat brain. PMID- 3769109 TI - [Transappendicular continent cystostomy. Critical study apropos of 30 cases]. AB - Continent vesicostomy using appendix has been performed in 30 incontinent children (myelo-meningocele). Surgical technique is described laying stress on the closure of the bladder neck and the appendix arrangement: appendix is implanted in the bladder with an antireflux sub-mucosal tunnel and the other end is hemmed to the skin. Self-catheterization is very easy. All patients are dry but the rate of complications was very high: 77%--8 leakage through the bladder neck imposing one or two re-operations. 10 uretero-hydronephrosis related to a small and hypertonic bladder: enterocystoplasty with good results--5 lithiasis--2 perforations. Success of this technique is closely linked to the construction of a large and low pressure bladder: 11 enterocystoplasty have been performed secondarily and 4 during the first operation. Actually 26/30 patients are well with normal kidneys and excellent comfort. FOLLOW-UP: 1 to 7 years. PMID- 3769110 TI - [Enterocystoplasty in the treatment of neurological bladders. Can the results be improved?]. AB - Over a period of 3 years. 10 cases of enterocystoplasties have been done in congenital neurologic bladder in children. Seven patients have been operated using sigmoide (6), caecum (1) in their tubular form. In the last 3 cases sigmoide was used as a patch without any resection of the bladder. Post-operative urodynamic testings were better with sigmoide patch. The authors pointed out this technique. PMID- 3769112 TI - [Nissen's operation in children with brain diseases]. AB - Thirty five severely mentally retarded children with significant gastro esophageal reflux were submitted to surgical treatment. The age range was 2 months to 13 years. Characteristics and presenting symptoms were chronic vomiting (62%), merycism (43%), gastro-intestinal blood loss (37%), recurrent pneumonia (65%) and failure to thrive (57%). Barium esophagogram demonstrated free gastro esophageal reflux in all patients with an associated hiatus hernia being noted in 3 cases. An upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy was performed in 24 children. Esophagitis of 2 or 3 degrees was present in 16 cases. A standard medical treatment was used in all patients during 1 month to 3 years. The patients were referred for surgery because they had no response to medical management or they had hiatus hernia or esophagitis type II or III. The operative procedure performed was Nissen fundoplication without gastrostomy. The mean duration of follow-up was 5 years (range 6 months to 12 years). We have not reviewed 5 patients. Several post-operative complications occurred: 4 pneumonia (2 deaths), 2 small bowel obstructions, 4 dumping syndrome and 1 death without etiology. Late complications were important too: 6 persistent reflux, 2 small bowel obstructions (2 deaths) and 2 peritonitis (2 deaths). Three patients died of their brain damage during the study period, 6 months to 8 years following their surgical procedure. The authors insist on: The frequency of gastro-esophageal reflux in retardates with a frequent merycism associated. The search for this reflux must be systematically done because it provokes some respiratory problems and a bad general status which distressed the child but also the family or the institution caring for the child.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3769111 TI - [Functional study of gastroesophageal reflux in children with brain diseases]. AB - Aiming to evaluate the participation of oesophageal motor troubles in the pathogeny of gastro-oesophageal reflux in brain-damaged children, we have studied 16 of these patients. Most of them had a more or less severe esophagitis due to excessive acid exposure. We have found a decreased LESP as compared to normal subjects (8.84 +/- 6.20 vs. 18.33 +/- 6.55 mmHg (p less than 0.001)), and high percentages of non-propulsive waves in basal conditions (70 +/- 29.66 vs. 6.25 +/ 9.16 (p less than 0.001)) as well as after serum (66.33 +/- 28.06 vs. 16.66 +/- 13.66 (p less than 0.001) and acid instillation (58.33 +/- 28.91 vs. 26.41 +/- 12.04 (p less than 0.05)). These results demonstrate that motor disturbances are responsible for the severity of GER in this group of patients. PMID- 3769114 TI - [Skin aplasia of the trunk in the newborn. Apropos of 2 cases]. AB - Report of two cases of truncular dermoepidermal skin defect in newborn. The defect concerned the lateral thoracoabdominal area, on both sides of the umbilicus, jointed with a fine linear communication, and have the classical butterfly wind-like shape. Recovery was achieved by centripetal spontaneous cicatrization, only managed with protective vitamin dressing, in about 45 days. There was no clinical evidence of other anomaly. In this occasion, an exhaustive review of congenital skin defects is done. This disease is not frequent, 500 cases are published, principally in the scalp area (vertex). Thoracoabdominal localisation (10%) are symmetrical, spontaneously healing without surgery, in spite of a large defect. Skin defect of extremities (25% of cases) have also a good issue, except in case of associated congenital diseases; on the other hand scalp defects are sometimes complicated with sepsis or bleeding. Discussion emphasize the characteristics of skin defects, the possible pathological association (rare in case of thoracoabdominal defect) and pathogenic hypothesis, not yet definite at all. PMID- 3769113 TI - [Portal hypertension in children. Therapeutic approach in cases of failure of a portosystemic shunt]. AB - 88 porto systemic shunts were performed between 1977-1985; 14 failures were observed. These failures occurred in ten children with extra-hepatic portal obstruction and in four with intra-hepatic obstruction. The treatment of these failures was different in these two groups: 7 reoperations in the extra-hepatic obstruction, none in the intra-hepatic. That reoperation is often not suitable in the intrahepatic obstruction because of the hepatic failure. The use of sclerotherapy or the beta receptor blocking agents is discussed in this group. PMID- 3769115 TI - [Corticoadrenal tumors in children. Apropos of 3 cases and review of the literature]. AB - Report of corticoadrenaloma in three children (1 malignant and 2 benign tumors). These 3 cases are analysed in comparison with the 72 cases found in the medical literature. From the whole series, it can be concluded that these tumors are rare, and occur predominantly in females and in very young children. Clinically, the secreting forms with rich and variable symptomatology contrast with the tumoral forms usually asymptomatic. The diagnosis between benign and malignant tumors remains difficult in cytopathological studies. In benign form, the treatment is always surgical and is successful. In malignant form, surgical treatment must be completed by chemotherapy, but the prognosis is definitively better if the tumor could be entirely removed. PMID- 3769116 TI - [Leiomyosarcoma of the small intestine and colon in a child: double localization with an interval of 9 years]. AB - If intestinal leiomyosarcoma is quite a rare tumour, the income of a double localisation: small intestine and 9 years after large bowel seams exceptional. This observation reminds us the case of that young patient. PMID- 3769117 TI - [Dilation balloons in the treatment of esophageal stenosis in children. Zurich catheters]. AB - Dilatation in oesophageal stenosis are normally done by repeated bouginage. Based upon our constructing plans of 1978 and after the experiences in coronary dilatation procedures made by Dr Grunzig, we developed in collaboration with Schneider, Medintag Zurich, a new dilatation system. Once in place the dilatation system served as a feeding tube as well as for dilatation which was done under slight sedation as a bedside treatment. We present the technical aspects as well as one of our first patients treated with this new technique. The follow-up is now 6 months. PMID- 3769118 TI - [Antibiotic resistance of strains of Vibrio cholerae eltor isolated in Douala (Cameroon)]. AB - Endemic cholera has been prevalent in Douala since 1972, with sudden epidemic outbreaks occurring every two years during the dry season. The massive and systematic use of chemoprophylaxis since April, 1983 has led to the selection of strains of Vibrio cholerae eltor that are resistant to sulphamide and tetracycline. During the 1984-1985 epidemic, 89.3% of the isolated strains were resistant to sulphamides, 87.5% to a sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim combination and to the 0/129 disk, 55.3% to tetracycline, 91.1% to chloramphenicol, 73.2% to streptomycin and 94.6% to ampicillin. The epidemic aspect of this multiple resistance to antibiotics raises the issue of the role of a group C incompatibility resistance plasmid. As regards prophylaxis, until hygiene conditions can be improved, which is the only way cholera can be eradicated from our region, vaccination with oral vaccines such as that of the Institut Pasteur seems to be the best way of preventing further epidemics. PMID- 3769119 TI - [Dengue 2 in eastern Senegal: serologic survey in simian and human populations. 1974-85]. AB - After the previously reported isolations of dengue 2 virus in eastern Senegal in 1974 and 1981-1982, a retrospective serological study on simian and human populations was carried out in the same area. We investigated 1,095 simian sera collected at regular intervals between 1974 and 1984 from wild caught monkeys and 1,783 human sera from young children less than 11 years old collected during punctual surveys after the rainy season from 1976 to 1985. Sera were tested using HAI test, CF test and for someone's ELISA for specific IgM antibodies. Serological data from monkeys corroborated the virus isolations and demonstrated the existence of two epizootics in 1974-1975 and 1981-1982. No CF antibodies were detected in children sera up to 1981 epizootic when about 11% of tested sera showed a probable infection by dengue 2 virus, no clinical dengue infections were notified by the medical staff. After 1982, serological results showed that the virus maintained in the same area until 1985. The mechanism of the circulation of dengue 2 virus in eastern Senegal is discussed on the basis of these serological results. PMID- 3769121 TI - [Pathogenesis of hemorrhagic dengue: critical discussion of current hypotheses]. AB - The major hypotheses which have been advanced to explain the pathogenesis of "dengue hemorrhagic fever" are reviewed. Because of the difficulty in applying the definition of "dengue hemorrhagic fever" proposed by the World Health Organization, most of the discussion deals only with the most severe form of dengue, "dengue shock syndrome", which may or may not be a subset of "dengue hemorrhagic fever". It is not clear if it is the virus or the host that plays the predominant role in the pathogenesis of the dengue shock syndrome. More specifically, there is considerable difference of opinion as to whether or not a prior dengue infection with a heterologous dengue serotype constitutes a risk factor for the development of the syndrome. The evidence cited in favor of the latter concept is discussed from a critical point of view. PMID- 3769120 TI - [Isolation of two African arboviruses from endemic mosquitoes in Madagascar]. AB - The authors report the isolation of two african arboviruses, ArD 28542 and MMP 158, from Malagasy endemic Culicidae, Anopheles mascarensis and Aedes ambreensis. These isolations prove therefore, that viruses unknown to Madagascar to this day can reach these island and fit with the local natural environment, which is remarkable for its high degree of endemicity. The eventuality of introducing pathogenic viruses by the same way is discussed. PMID- 3769122 TI - [Prevalence of bilharzia antibodies in the pediatric population of the village of Pointe-Noire (Republic of the Congo)]. AB - Thirty clusters of children have been tested for schistosomiasis serology in the town of Pointe-Noire (Popular Republic of Congo). Out of 360 patients, 3 presented antibodies against schistosomiasis. The antibodies prevalence of this parasitosis is 0.83% +/- 0.008% which is very low as compared to other areas of the country. PMID- 3769123 TI - [New perspectives in the epidemiology of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense trypanosomiasis]. AB - After a quick survey of the latest techniques likely to improve our knowledge of T. brucei gambiense trypanosomiasis, the authors identify the problems set by field epidemiology, the understanding of which is a condition for the development of an appropriate control strategy. PMID- 3769125 TI - [Immunization in the ABO system. The problem of dangerous universal donors in Dakar]. AB - The determination of anti-A and anti-B hemolysins was realized in 1,500 Senegalese blood donors. The systematic detection of dangerous universal donors in a Transfusion Center in Africa is important, because of the frequent impossibility of isogroup transfusions, and of utilisation of diversified blood products. PMID- 3769124 TI - [Phlebotomus in Greece]. PMID- 3769127 TI - Proceedings of Ottawa '86; CASS annual meeting and SCAPPS annual meeting. Ottawa, Canada, October 1986. Abstracts. PMID- 3769126 TI - [The Duffy blood group system in the population of Nouakchott (Mauritania)]. AB - 54% of the white population of Nouakchott and 1.8% of the black population were positive for the Duffy phenotype. The percentage of Duffy phenotype in white Mauritanians was between that found in North Africa and that found in South of the Sahara. PMID- 3769128 TI - Ten year index. Volumes 1-10. PMID- 3769129 TI - Reversible expression of morphological transformation in C3H/10T1/2 mouse embryo cultures exposed to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. AB - Treatment of C3H/10T1/2 mouse embryo fibroblasts with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N nitrosoguanidine and then 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) resulted in the production of numerous foci of morphologically transformed cells. When dishes containing foci were provided medium which did not contain TPA, up to 84% of the foci were found to regress. Promotion of morphological transformation by TPA in C3H/10T1/2 cells may thus be a reversible process. PMID- 3769132 TI - Aneuploidy, an early event in mouse skin tumor development. AB - It has been suggested that chromosomal alterations can play a role in mouse skin carcinogenesis. These changes have been proposed as a possible mechanism of action of tumor promoters and they have also been related to the conversion of benign papillomas to carcinomas. However, direct evidence showing the chromosomal constitution of these tumors has not been previously described. Here we show the presence of aneuploid cells in very early papillomas and the eventual displacement of the diploid stem line by aneuploid clones at later stages. Squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) induced by the same protocol were highly aneuploid. These results suggest that genomic imbalance produced by aneuploidy may be related to the malignant conversion of the benign papillomas. PMID- 3769130 TI - The wavelength dependence of u.v.-induced pyrimidine dimer formation, cell killing and mutation induction in human diploid skin fibroblasts. AB - In this study, we determined the wavelength dependence of u.v.-induced pyrimidine dimer formation, cell killing and mutation induction in human diploid skin fibroblasts. Pyrimidine dimers were quantified using the T4 endonuclease V assay, cell killing was measured as loss of colony forming ability and mutation induction was detected at the HPRT locus. U.v. irradiation was performed with monochromatic light of four different wavelengths (254, 297, 302 and 365 nm) and with polychromatic light of a Philips TL-01 lamp (predominantly 312 nm). The relative wavelength dependence for cell killing and mutation induction did not correlate with that for dimer formation. Toxicity and mutagenicity per equivalent initial dimer load increase with increasing wavelength. The relative wavelength dependence for cell killing and mutation induction is essentially the same, except at 365 nm. PMID- 3769131 TI - Metabolism of 1-nitrobenzo[a]pyrene by rat liver microsomes to potent mutagenic metabolites. AB - 1-,3- and 6-Nitrobenzo[a]pyrene (nitro-BaP), which are prototypes of nitro polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) derived from a carcinogenic parent PAH, benzo[a]pyrene, are environmental contaminants and potent bacterial mutagens. In this study, the aerobic and hypoxic metabolism of 1-nitro-BaP by rat liver microsomes was studied. Aerobic metabolism of 1-nitro-BaP yielded 1-nitro BaP trans-7,8- and 9,10-dihydrodiol, while metabolism under hypoxic conditions yielded 1-amino-BaP. The metabolites formed from aerobic metabolism of 1-nitro BaP and 1-nitro-BaP trans-9,10-dihydrodiol by liver microsomes of untreated rats and rats pretreated with 3-methylcholanthrene and phenobarbital were quantified. Comparison of these results with those obtained with BaP and BaP trans-9,10 dihydrodiol indicates that nitro substitution at the 1-position of BaP markedly affects the regioselectivity of the P-450-containing enzymes. 1-Nitro-BaP and the three metabolites were potent mutagens in Salmonella typhimurium TA98, both in the absence and in the presence of an exogenous metabolic activation system (S9). The direct and S9-mediated mutagenicities of 1-nitro-BaP and the two dihydrodiols were decreased in the nitroreductase-deficient strain TA98NR, while TA98/1,8 DNP6, an O-acetylase-deficient strain, was less sensitive to the two dihydrodiols, both with and without S9, and 1-nitro-BaP with S9. 1-Amino-BaP was equally mutagenic in all three tester strains. These observations indicate that: the metabolism of 1-nitro-BaP involves several pathways leading to mutagenic activation; the major activation pathways of 1-nitro-BaP involve nitroreduction; nitroreduction followed by O-acetylation is the major activation pathway of 1 nitro-BaP trans-7,8- and 9,10-dihydrodiol; and 1-amino-BaP is a potent direct acting mutagen. PMID- 3769133 TI - Formation of 8-hydroxyguanine moiety in cellular DNA by agents producing oxygen radicals and evidence for its repair. AB - 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) was detected in DNA isolated from HeLa cells after the cells in tissue culture had been irradiated with X-rays and from the liver of mice after the whole animals had been irradiated with gamma-rays. The amounts of 8-OH-dG in DNA after in vivo irradiation were three orders of magnitude lower than those after in vitro irradiation (0.008-0.032 8-OH-dG residue/10(5) dG/krad). The 8-OH-dG produced in liver DNA by irradiation of mice decreased with time, suggesting the presence of a repair enzyme(s) acting on 8-OH dG in mouse liver. Treatment of Salmonella typhimurium cells with hydrogen peroxide also caused increase in the 8-OH-dG content. These results indicate that 8-OH-dG is formed in vivo in cellular DNA on treatment with various oxygen radical-producing agents and that it is repairable. PMID- 3769134 TI - Response of experimental animals to human carcinogens: an analysis based upon the IARC Monographs programme. AB - Only the results of epidemiological studies can be used to establish a causal relationship between an exposure to an agent and human cancer; however, such studies often cannot be carried out due to limitations of population or latent period or to the presence of mixed exposures. It is essential, therefore, that the validity be established of extrapolating to humans the results obtained from long-term carcinogenicity tests in animals. The responses of experimental animals to known and suspected human carcinogens, as evaluated in the IARC Monographs series, were analysed as an indication of the sensitivity of animal tests for predicting human carcinogens. Although the response was high - 84% - it would have been even higher had all the compounds been adequately tested experimentally. An additional finding was that for many exposures causally related to human cancer, there is a target organ in common between humans and at least one animal species, despite many inherent physiological differences. These findings show clearly the importance of experimental carcinogenicity studies in the primary prevention of cancer. PMID- 3769135 TI - sn-1,2-Diacylglycerols mimic the effects of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in vivo by inducing biochemical changes associated with tumor promotion in mouse epidermis. AB - 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13 acetate (TPA) or various acylglycerols were applied topically to CD-1 mice, and biochemical changes associated with tumor promotion in the epidermis were examined. The topical application of 5 mumol of sn-1,2 didecanoylglycerol caused a 40-fold increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity which was similar to that found after the topical application of 2 nmol of TPA. The time course for the induction of ornithine decarboxylase activity by TPA and the time course for its induction by sn-1,2-didecanoylglycerol were similar; both compounds produced rapid increases in ornithine decarboxylase activity with peak induction occurring 4-6 h after application of the inducing chemical. sn-1,2 Dioctanoylglycerol and sn-1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol also increased ornithine decarboxylase activity in mouse epidermis, but sn-1,2-dioleoylglycerol, 1,3 didecanoylglycerol and rac-1-monodecanoylglycerol were inactive at the dose tested. trans-Retinoic acid, a potent inhibitor of tumor promotion, markedly inhibited the epidermal induction of ornithine decarboxylase activity that resulted from the topical administration of sn-1,2-didecanoylglycerol or TPA. The effects of TPA and the acylglycerols on epidermal DNA synthesis in vivo were determined by measuring the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into epidermal DNA. The application of sn-1,2-didecanoylglycerol or TPA to mouse skin stimulated epidermal DNA synthesis. The maximum increase occurred 18 h after administration of the inducing chemical, and the increase in DNA synthesis was proportional to the dose of sn-1,2-didecanoylglycerol. Although sn-1,2-didecanoylglycerol, sn-1,2 dioctanoylglycerol and sn-1,2-dioleoylglycerol stimulated epidermal DNA synthesis, sn-1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol, 1,3-didecanoylglycerol and rac-1 monodecanoylglycerol had little or no effect. The increase in epidermal DNA synthesis induced by sn-1,2-didecanoylglycerol or TPA was inhibited by the simultaneous application of fluocinolone acetonide, a potent inhibitor of tumor promotion. The results indicate that several sn-1,2-diacylglycerols mimic TPA in vivo with respect to their effects on certain biochemical parameters associated with tumor promotion in mouse skin. PMID- 3769138 TI - Induction of hepatocellular carcinoma and highly metastatic squamous cell carcinomas in the forestomach of mice by feeding 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5 f]quinoline. AB - 2-Amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (MeIQ), a potent mutagen which was isolated from grilled sardines, was tested for carcinogenicity in CDF1 mice. Mice were given diet containing 0.04 or 0.01% MeIQ for 91 weeks. The incidences of liver tumors (hepatocellular carcinomas and hepatocellular adenomas) in female mice given 0.04 and 0.01% MeIQ were significantly higher than those in controls. The incidences of forestomach tumors (squamous cell carcinomas and papillomas) were also significantly higher in both sexes of mice given MeIQ. About 40% of the squamous cell carcinomas that developed in mice given diet containing 0.04% MeIQ metastasized to the liver. PMID- 3769137 TI - Identification and quantitation of hepatic DNA adducts formed in B6C3F1 mice from 1'-hydroxy-2',3'-dehydroestragole: comparison of the adducts detected with the 1' 3H-labelled carcinogen and by 32P-postlabelling. AB - The identities and levels of DNA adducts formed in mouse liver after administration of the hepatocarcinogen [1'-3H]1'-hydroxy-2',3'-dehydroestragole obtained by analysis of the 3H-containing adducts were compared with those found by 32P-postlabelling analysis. As previously observed the two diastereomers of N2 (dehydroestragol-1'-yl)-deoxyguanosine were the only adducts detected by use of the tritiated carcinogen. Similarly, the unresolved diastereomers of N2 (dehydroestragol-1'-yl)-deoxyguanosine-3',5'-diphosphate were the only adducts detected by the postlabelling procedure. Analysis by 32P-postlabelling of defined mixtures of the normal deoxynucleoside-3'-phosphates and synthetic N2 (dehydroestragol-1'-yl)-deoxyguanosine-3'-phosphate showed that recovery of the labelled adduct was about 60% of that of the normal nucleotides. Likewise, the levels of the adduct in the hepatic DNA from mice treated with 1' hydroxydehydroestragole, as determined by 32P-postlabelling, were generally 60 80% of those obtained by analysis for the tritiated adducts. Since 1' oxodehydroestragole-deoxyadenosine adducts, the major products obtained on reaction of 1'-oxodehydroestragole with DNA in vitro, were not detected by 32P postlabelling in the hepatic DNA from mice treated with 1' hydroxydehydroestragole, these data provide further evidence that the covalent binding of 1'-hydroxydehydroestragole to liver DNA in vivo does not involve the 1'-oxo derivative. PMID- 3769142 TI - High frequency of c-K-ras activation in 3-methylcholanthrene-induced mouse thymomas. AB - Thymic lymphomas were induced in RJF mice by percutaneous application of 3 methylcholanthrene (MCA). DNAs from 83% of the tumors analyzed contained a transforming c-K-ras gene. The high frequency of c-K-ras oncogene activation in response to MCA seems to favor the concept that the activation of c-K-ras is related to the specificity of the mutagenic effect of MCA. PMID- 3769136 TI - In vitro steady-state levels of hydrogen peroxide after exposure of male F344 rats and female B6C3F1 mice to hepatic peroxisome proliferators. AB - The hypothesis that hepatocarcinogenesis resulting from treatment of rats and mice with peroxisome proliferators is linked to increased cellular levels of hydrogen peroxide from peroxisomal beta-oxidation was investigated. Male F344 rats and female B6C3F1 mice were treated for 14 days with di(2 ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) or di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate (DEHA), industrial plasticizers, or nafenopin, a hypolipidemic drug. Activities of enzymes responsible for the production [peroxisomal palmitoyl CoA oxidase (PCO)] and degradation [catalase (Cat) and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx)] of H2O2 were assayed in liver homogenates prepared from treated animals. The activities of the peroxisomal enzymes PCO and Cat were enhanced 5- to 25-fold and 1.5- to 3-fold respectively by treatment with the peroxisome proliferators. The activity of GSHPx, a cytoplasmic enzyme, was decreased 40-60% in liver homogenates prepared from treated animals compared to control animals. A kinetic treatment of the rates of formation of hydrogen peroxide by PCO, and of degradation of hydrogen peroxide by catalase was used to estimate steady-state hydrogen peroxide concentrations ([H2O2]) during peroxisomal oxidation of palmitoyl CoA. Increases in peroxisomal steady-state [H2O2] for the F344 rat liver homogenates correlated well with the carcinogenic potential of these chemicals, determined in previous carcinogenicity studies. Increases in the steady-state [H2O2] were also calculated for liver homogenates prepared from mice treated with these compounds. Decreases in liver lipid peroxidation were observed after treatment with each chemical in both species. The results of these studies are consistent with an involvement of increased peroxisomal hydrogen peroxide in the hepatocarcinogenesis of these compounds. PMID- 3769139 TI - Amplified response to phenobarbital promotion of hepatotumorigenesis in obese yellow Avy/A (C3H x VY) F-1 hybrid mice. AB - Mottled yellow Avy/A and agouti A/a (C3H x VY) F-1 hybrid male mice were fed untreated control diet or diet with a target dose of 500 p.p.m. sodium phenobarbital (PB) for 17-19 months. No differences in prevalence of hepatocellular adenomas or carcinomas were found between untreated yellow and agouti mice. PB treatment increased prevalence of adenomas but decreased prevalence of carcinomas. No difference in enhancement of adenoma formation by PB was observed between yellow and agouti mice bearing single adenomas. However, the proportion of PB-treated yellow mice bearing multiple adenomas (66%) was much greater than the proportion of analogous agouti mice (18%). Fatty changes in the periportal area of the liver and focal cytoplasmic vacuolization were induced to a much greater extent in PB-treated yellow mice than among treated agoutis. PB increased the prevalence and severity of focal areas of chronic inflammation in the liver considerably more in agouti than in yellow mice. The possible relation of this finding to the altered immune responses of obese yellow mice remains to be determined. The results of this study suggest that the use of yellow Avy/A and agouti A/a (C3H x VY) F-1 hybrid mice in carcinogenicity assays make make it possible to differentiate between weak and strong promoters as well as between promoters and complete carcinogens. Weak promoters should induce hepatocellular adenomas in yellow mice even if they fail to do so in agouti mice. Promoting substances which act similarly to PB may be identified in this system by simultaneously increasing adenoma prevalence and decreasing carcinoma prevalence. Complete carcinogens should increase carcinoma prevalence in the yellow mice even at low dose levels. PMID- 3769140 TI - The mutagenic potency of chrysoidines and bismark brown dyes. AB - Chrysoidine dyes are used by fishermen to colour bait and recent epidemiological evidence has suggested that this may explain why they are at increased risk of urothelial cancer. In recent years Bismark brown dyes have been used as chrysoidine substitutes. Previous mutagenicity studies on these azo-dyes have examined only one variety of dye and used only one type of activating enzyme. In this study six samples of chrysoidine and three samples of Bismark brown dye have been obtained from chemical suppliers and from angling sources. They have been analysed by n.m.r. spectroscopy to determine whether they contain ring methyl groups. The mutagenic potency of each dye has been assessed by the Salmonella typhimurium/mammalian microsomal mutagenicity assay utilizing the TA100 and TA98 stains. Those dyes with methyl substitutions have been found to be more potent mutagens than their non-methylated counterparts using either human or rat metabolic preparations and irrespective of whether the enzymes have been induced with phenobarbitone. PMID- 3769141 TI - 60Co radiation-induced transformation to anchorage independence of fibroblast from normal persons and patients with inherited predisposition to retinoblastoma. AB - Retinoblastoma (RB), cancer of the retina, occurs in an inherited form which not only predisposes the patient to bilateral RB, but also to the risk of developing secondary tumors of mesenchymal origin (osteosarcomas and fibrosarcomas). These tumors often arise in areas that were exposed to ionizing radiation during therapy and fibroblasts derived from patients with hereditary RB have been reported to be more sensitive than normal to the killing effects of ionizing radiation. Therefore, we compared diploid fibroblast cell lines derived from two hereditary RB patients (aged 1 and 3 years) with those of three normal persons (two newborns and a 2 year old) for their sensitivity to ionizing radiation induced transformation to anchorage independence. The target cells were exposed to 60Co radiation (1.0-3.5 Gy), allowed to undergo an expression period (4-5 population doublings in 5 days), and assayed for ability to form colonies in 0.33% agar. There was no detectable difference between the RB cells' and the normal cells' response to the transforming action of the 60Co. Both kinds of cells showed a linear, dose-dependent increase in anchorage-independent cells from 100 to 800/10(6) cells assayed. PMID- 3769144 TI - Hemodynamic effects of naloxone on hemorrhagic shock in the beagle. AB - Naloxone reverses the hypotension in various types of hemorrhagic shock models. What has yet to be firmly established is the mechanism by which naloxone reverses the hypotension. In a canine hemorrhagic shock model, impedance cardiography and invasive methods were used to measure various cardiovascular parameters. All dogs (beagles, 10-15 kg) were bled to and maintained at a mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) of 60 mmHg for 90 min and were then given either naloxone (2 mg/kg; n = 6) or an equivalent volume of saline (n = 6) intravenously (IV). After another 90 min observation period, the shed blood was reinfused. No significant differences in the preshock and shock cardiodynamics were noted between the naloxone and the control animals. During the treatment period, MAP was significantly increased in the naloxone group. There was no increase in cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), end diastolic volume (EDV), dP/dt max, dP/dt/P, or HI (the impedance contractility index) over control animals. The most significant parameter improvement was total peripheral resistance (TPR). The data suggest that naloxone in this hemorrhagic shock model improves hemodynamics primarily by increasing vascular resistance. PMID- 3769143 TI - Susceptible and resistant subgroups in genetically identical populations: response of mouse liver neoplasia and body weight to phenobarbital. AB - Following 17-19 months of feeding 500 p.p.m. sodium phenobarbital (PB) in the diet to yellow Avy/A and agouti A/a (C3H X VY) F1 hybrid male mice, two subgroups differing in responsiveness to PB with respect to promotion of hepatocellular adenomas and body weight gain were observed within each genotype. In untreated mice of both genotypes, the presence of an adenoma at necropsy was associated with decreased body weight gain during this study. However, PB treatment inverted this association. In treated mice the presence of an adenoma at necropsy was preceded by a greater increase in body weight during the study than when no tumor was present. This increase in average body weight gain was more pronounced among the yellow mice (44%) than among the agouti mice (21%). Among yellow mice PB treatment had no effect on body weight gain unless an adenoma was present at necropsy. However, in those yellow mice in which an adenoma was found, body weight was greater than in untreated yellow controls throughout the study beginning at week 27. The mean body weight curve of treated yellow mice bearing one adenoma was slightly higher than that of treated yellow mice in which no adenoma was found. The mean body weight curve of treated yellow mice bearing multiple adenomas was significantly higher than those of yellow mice with no or only one adenoma. PMID- 3769145 TI - Experimental bacteremia and hepatic nutrient blood flow. AB - To study altered hepatic nutrient blood flow during the early phases of bacteremia, Sprague-Dawley rats (250-350 gm) underwent carotid cannulation; 24 hr later, they received an intravascular infusion of 2.5 X 10(8) Escherichia coli (LD70) over 45 min. Controls were anesthetized and cannulated only. Experimental and control animals then received a flow-dependent dose of indocyanine green (5 mg/kg) via the cannula, and arterial blood was sampled at 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 min after. Separate groups of animals were studied at 3 and 6 hr after bacteremia. The half-life (t1/2) of indocyanine green clearance was then determined at each time period, with t1/2 representing an estimation of total hepatic nutrient blood flow. Results indicated a prolonged t1/2 at both time periods in the bacteremic rats. Hepatic histology from plastic-embedded sections appeared to reveal fibrin, platelets, and leukocyte fragments within the sinusoids. From these data, we conclude that reduced nutrient blood flow occurs during experimental bacteremia prior to systemic changes of arterial pressure. PMID- 3769146 TI - Effect of ticlopidine and prostaglandin E on endotoxin-induced pulmonary platelet sequestration in vivo. AB - Prostaglandin E1 has earlier been shown to decrease pulmonary platelet trapping (PPT) following shock. This experiment was performed to evaluate a new method to study PPT in vivo, and to study the effect of prostaglandin E1 and a new antiplatelet drug (ticlopidine) on PPT in rabbits after i.v. administration of endotoxin. Following platelet labeling with In-111, the rabbits were placed under a scintillation camera for continuous measuring of the activity distribution for 40 minutes. The first five minutes represented reference values, whereafter endotoxin E. coli was injected i.v. The following 2-4 minutes showed a sudden increase of radioactivity over the lungs and a simultaneous decrease over the heart, indicating PPT in the nontreated animals, followed by a slow decrease to almost preshock values during the following 30 minutes. Animals receiving prostaglandin E1 showed a significantly lower activity peak in the lungs after the administration of endotoxin, while the corresponding peak in ticlopidine treated animals did not differ from that seen in the nontreated animals. In all groups, endotoxin caused a decrease in platelet count, but it was significantly lower in the PGE1-treated animals. The results have shown that this diagnostic model for PPT is reliable and may be used for evaluation of the effect on platelet aggregation in vivo of different drugs. PMID- 3769147 TI - Leukocyte effects on the vascular resistance and glomerular filtration of the isolated rat kidney at normal and low flow states. AB - Because of their large volume and high internal viscosity, leukocytes may obstruct capillary blood flow, particularly in low flow states. In the present study rat kidneys were isolated and perfused with a cell-free colloid solution. The urine production was continuously measured and samples were taken for determination of inulin clearance. In this way changes in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and tubular reabsorption (TR) could be followed before, during, and after a bolus injection of leukocytes separated from whole blood. The experiments showed that leukocyte infusion caused a sustained increase of the renal vascular resistance, which at low flows ranged from 5 to 20%, whereas at normal flow rates only small and transient increases occurred. The passage of a leukocyte bolus caused, in addition, a decrease in GFR and to a small degree also in TR. The study indicates that leukocytes may disturb the perfusion of glomeruli and peritubular vessels in low flow states. PMID- 3769148 TI - Communication between feed arteries and microvessels in hamster striated muscle: segmental vascular responses are functionally coordinated. AB - Pressures in the primary arterioles of the cremaster muscle are reported to be approximately 50% of systemic, indicating that arterial resistance proximal to microvessels is high and may limit maximal blood flow. With no change in arterial resistance, increases in perfusion normally associated with muscle work either could not occur or would require increments in systemic pressure far greater than those actually observed in vivo. Therefore, we hypothesized that the small arteries feeding the muscle may participate in the hyperemic response. To test this hypothesis, male golden hamsters (n = 31, 118 g) were anesthetized (pentobarbital, 70 mg/kg i.p.), and the right cremaster was opened to expose its feed arteries, which originated from the iliac artery. Preparations were superfused and maintained at 35 +/- 1 degree C. Feed arteries had substantial tone, as shown by the fact that topical acetylcholine, applied at supramaximal concentration, dilated these vessels from 115 +/- 8 microns at rest to 158 +/- 9 microns (mean +/- SE; n = 38 vessels; p less than 0.01), corresponding to an estimated 4.4-fold increase in conductance. Stimulation of the sectioned motor nerve (8 Hz, 30 seconds) induced striated muscle contraction and increased feed vessel diameter from 93 +/- 5 microns to 116 +/- 5 microns (n = 14; p less than 0.01), consistent with a 2.6-fold increase in conductance. A 5-minute occlusion of the iliac artery resulted in feed artery dilation of similar magnitude. Supramaximal doses of acetylcholine applied topically to the distal portions of the cremaster resulted in striated muscle contraction and a dilation that propagated upstream to increase feed artery diameter by 25%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3769149 TI - Interstitial cells of the heart valves possess characteristics similar to smooth muscle cells. AB - Interstitial cells of heart atrioventricular and sigmoid valves were examined in several laboratory animals (rabbit, hamster, rat, and mouse) and in humans. These cells constitute a large fraction of the total cell population of the valve; in mouse atrioventricular valves, they amount to approximately 30% of the volumetric density. By their ultrastructural features and functional properties, valvular interstitial cells are intermediate between fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells. Like fibroblasts, valvular interstitial cells lack a basal lamina establishing direct and extensive contacts with collagen fibers, elastin microfibrils, and proteoglycans of the matrix. The cells have numerous slender and long processes, connected to one another, forming a complex cellular framework spanning the entire valve. Similar to smooth muscle cells, valvular interstitial cells are extensively coupled by communicating junctions as shown by thin sections, freeze-fracture, lanthanum staining, and carboxyfluorescein microinjection. The cells contain numerous bundles of actin filaments, which are decorated by the S1 fragment of heavy meromyosin. Valvular interstitial cells also express cyclic guanosine-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase, as detected by immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase histochemistry. Motor nerve endings are located closely apposed to valvular interstitial cells: structurally most of them appear to be of the adrenergic type. Valvular interstitial cells contract on epinephrine or angiotensin II stimulation as shown both in culture and in situ (valvular strips). Taken together these observations suggest that VIC may have contractile properties, which can account for a controlled tonus, actively correlated with the cyclically changing forces acting on valves during diastole and systole. PMID- 3769150 TI - Hydrolysis of diadenosine 5',5''-P',P''-triphosphate (Ap3A) by porcine aortic endothelial cells. AB - Diadenosine triphosphate is present in platelet-dense granules and released quantitatively on platelet aggregation. We have found that intact porcine aortic endothelial cells can efficiently hydrolyze extracellular diadenosine triphosphate. The products of diadenosine triphosphate hydrolysis are adenosine monophosphate and adenosine diphosphate. Adenosine diphosphate is a potent stimulus of platelet aggregation. Since platelet-dense granules contain high concentrations of adenosine triphosphate and adenosine diphosphate, we examined endothelial cell hydrolysis of a mixture of diadenosine triphosphate and adenosine triphosphate. We find that the presence of adenosine triphosphate severely inhibits the hydrolysis of diadenosine triphosphate. Thus, although endothelial cells can rapidly clear extracellular diadenosine triphosphate, during platelet aggregation the hydrolysis of diadenosine triphosphate may be slow due to the presence of high concentrations of other adenine nucleotides. This phenomenon may be important physiologically if, as current evidence implies, diadenosine triphosphate is involved in the maintenance of hemostasis. PMID- 3769153 TI - [The occurrence of the mermithid nematode Romanomermis jingdeensis in the pupae and adults of Anopheles sinensis]. PMID- 3769152 TI - [Effect of eosinophils on the growth and development of Pagumogonimus skrjabini in rats]. PMID- 3769151 TI - [On the factors influencing the cryopreservation of Brugia malayi microfilariae]. PMID- 3769154 TI - [Cultivation of Toxoplasma gondii in vitro]. PMID- 3769156 TI - [Experimental studies on the infestation of pigs with Paragonimus westermani]. PMID- 3769157 TI - [Further studies on the relapse of Plasmodium cynomolgi in rhesus monkeys]. PMID- 3769160 TI - Comparison of multiple views for the evaluation of pulmonary arterial blood flow by Doppler echocardiography. AB - Forty adult patients underwent Doppler and two-dimensional echocardiographic examination of the pulmonary artery from multiple views to determine the variability in the magnitude of Doppler-determined flow velocity and pulmonary arterial diameter from various echocardiographic windows. Flows were recorded from two or more views in 32 patients (80%). Twelve of these patients (38%) had flow velocities recorded from two or more views that were within 6% of each other. Twenty of these patients (62%) had view-dependent differences in measured flow velocity ranging from 7% to 48%. The commonly used parasternal short-axis view yielded the highest pulmonary arterial flow velocity in only 35% of the patients studied. Determinations of pulmonary arterial blood flow can vary markedly when measured from different sites, and this is presumably due to varying ability to approximate a zero-degree Doppler angle from different views. Measurement of pulmonary arterial flow velocity should be attempted from multiple views, and the highest flow velocity should be selected as that obtained with the best zero-degree Doppler angle approximation. PMID- 3769158 TI - [On the residual activity of pyronaridine against Plasmodium cynomolgi in rhesus monkeys]. PMID- 3769159 TI - [Enlarged field trials of bromoacetamide against Oncomelania snails]. PMID- 3769162 TI - High-frequency analysis of the surface electrocardiograms of patients with supraventricular tachycardia: accurate identification of atrial activation and determination of the mechanism of tachycardia. AB - Signal processing of the electrocardiogram (ECG) was performed during supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) in 24 patients in an attempt to locate the P wave and to characterize its morphology in three orthogonal planes. In patients with atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia, a discrete atrial signal could be identified within the ST segment and/or T wave with inferior-to-superior orientation. Atrial activation was identified in patients with primary atrial tachycardia as long as there was a constant relationship between each QRS complex and the preceding atrial signal. Patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia were deduced to have simultaneous atrial and ventricular activation when no atrial signal could be seen elsewhere in the cycle. Mean maximum P wave amplitude was 25.4 +/- 6.3 microV during SVT, with a mean noise level below 1.0 microV. Signal processing of the ECG during SVT enhances the detection of the P wave and the appreciation of P wave morphology, both of which are important factors in the noninvasive determination of the electrophysiologic mechanisms of SVT. PMID- 3769161 TI - Iodine 123-phenylpentadecanoic acid myocardial scintigraphy: usefulness in the identification of myocardial ischemia. AB - In this study, we tested the hypothesis that myocardial ischemia induced by exercise in patients is associated with diminished metabolism and/or delayed clearance of an intravenously injected fatty acid, iodine 123-labeled phenylpentadecanoic acid (IPPA). Fifteen normal volunteers and 18 patients with significant coronary heart disease (CHD) received IPPA during exercise. In the patients with CHD, radionuclide ventriculograms were also obtained during exercise. The normal volunteers had relatively uniform initial left ventricular segmental IPPA activity after exercise and uniform IPPA clearance in the interval from 4 to 20 min immediately after exercise. In contrast, the patients with CHD had increased initial left ventricular segmental IPPA activity (63%, p less than .001) and delayed IPPA clearance (44%, p less than .01) in segments supplied by significantly narrowed coronary arteries. Based on analysis with the mean values +/- 1 SD for initial IPPA activity, clearance, or both in normal volunteers, the sensitivity and specificity of exercise IPPA scintigraphy for detecting CHD were 89% and 67%, respectively; when +/- 2 SD differences from the mean values in the normal volunteers were considered, the sensitivity and specificity were 72% and 100%, respectively. Among the total of 27 noninfarcted left ventricular segments supplied by significantly narrowed coronary arteries in the study patients, 26 (96%) had an abnormality (mean +/- 1 SD) of either initial IPPA activity or clearance compared with corresponding segments in the normal volunteers and/or with other left ventricular segments in the same image that were not supplied by significantly narrowed coronary arteries.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3769163 TI - Amiodarone versus amiodarone and a type IA agent for treatment of patients with rapid ventricular tachycardia. AB - Induction of rapid ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation during therapy with amiodarone is associated with an increased risk of sudden death. To determine whether the addition of a type IA antiarrhythmic agent to therapy would improve outcome, 37 patients in whom ventricular tachyarrhythmia of a cycle length less than 350 msec was induced after 14 +/- 2 days of amiodarone were randomly assigned to therapy with amiodarone alone (group 1, 20 patients) or amiodarone plus type IA agent (group 2, 17 patients). Type IA therapy consisted of procainamide in 13 patients and quinidine in four procainamide-intolerant patients. To assess the short-term effects of a type IA agent on inducibility of ventricular tachyarrhythmia, cycle length, and hemodynamic tolerance, 16 of 20 patients in group 1 and all patients in group 2 underwent repeat programmed stimulation after the intravenous administration of procainamide during amiodarone therapy (mean procainamide serum concentration 7.2 +/- 2.0 micrograms/ml). Procainamide prevented induction of sustained arrhythmia in only two of 33 patients. Procainamide increased the cycle length of induced ventricular tachycardia from 283 +/- 30 to 352 +/- 46 msec (p less than .001). After the addition of procainamide, 16 of 31 patients vs 10 of 37 patients on amiodarone alone had an induced arrhythmia that was tolerated hemodynamically (p less than .05). There were no differences between groups 1 and 2 with respect to patient or arrhythmia characteristics, response to short-term procainamide, or duration of follow-up. The mean follow-up for all patients was 14 +/- 10 months.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3769164 TI - Ablation of cardiac tissues by an electrode catheter technique for treatment of ectopic supraventricular tachycardia in adults. AB - Five patients with chronic or recurrent ectopic supraventricular tachycardias unresponsive to drugs underwent programmed stimulation, endocardial mapping, and attempted catheter ablation of the arrhythmia focus. For attempted ablation, an intracardiac electrode catheter was positioned near the exit point of the tachycardia and served as the cathode while a chest wall patch served as the anode. In two patients with tachycardia originating near the coronary sinus, discharges of 200 or 400 J each were delivered to two electrodes at the earliest area of endocardial activation. These two patients with incessant tachycardia remain free of tachycardia for 17 and 11 months, respectively. In one patient with tachycardia originating from the right atrial appendage, both catheter and surgical ablation proved unsuccessful in that a new focus of atrial tachycardia supervened. This patient subsequently underwent successful catheter ablation of the atrioventricular junction. Two patients with junctional tachycardia underwent catheter ablation of the atrioventricular junction. Complete atrioventricular block followed atrioventricular junctional ablation and these patients required permanent cardiac pacing. The junctional tachycardia was replaced by sinus rhythm with episodes of unsustained atrial tachycardia. However, after 13 +/- 5 months follow-up, neither of the patients require antiarrhythmic drugs. Catheter ablation can be effective for atrial foci near the coronary sinus os, and can be performed with preservation of atrioventricular conduction. Arrhythmia ablation is possible in those with atrioventricular junctional tachycardia but requires the sacrifice of atrioventricular conduction. After ablation, other automatic atrial foci may become operative and complicate use of dual-chamber pacemakers. PMID- 3769155 TI - [Electron microscopic observation on Cysticercus cellulosae treated with pyquiton in vitro]. PMID- 3769165 TI - The use of ambulatory monitoring in the prognostic evaluation of patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia treated with amiodarone. AB - We recently reported a retrospective experience with serial Holter monitoring as a guide to therapy in patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia treated with amiodarone. To confirm and substantiate these findings, a prospective study was designed that included baseline 24 hr Holter monitoring and serial Holter monitoring after 1 week of therapy with amiodarone. Fifty-two patients with documented sustained ventricular tachycardia who manifest nonsustained ventricular tachycardia on baseline Holter monitoring were treated with amiodarone. Thirty-four patients (group I) had nonsustained ventricular tachycardia completely suppressed and 18 patients (group II) had continued nonsustained ventricular tachycardia on serial Holter monitoring performed on days 8, 9, and 10 of therapy. At 11.6 +/- 1.0 (mean +/- SE) months follow-up, three (9%) group I patients and 12 (67%) group II patients had recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia or sudden cardiac death (p less than .01). The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, and predictive accuracy of ventricular tachycardia on 24, 48, and 72 hr Holter monitoring over days 8, 9, and 10 for predicting recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia or sudden cardiac death were analyzed. The positive and negative predictive values were 89% and 84%, 69% and 89%, and 67% and 91% for 24, 48, and 72 hr Holter monitoring, respectively. Overall predictive accuracy was 85%, 83%, and 83%, respectively. We conclude that early Holter monitoring is useful in assessing the clinical efficacy of amiodarone in patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia who manifest nonsustained ventricular tachycardia on baseline Holter monitoring. PMID- 3769167 TI - Quantitation of absolute area of a coronary arterial stenosis: experimental validation with a preparation in vivo. AB - The absolute cross-sectional area of a coronary stenosis measured by quantitative coronary angiography correlates well with its hemodynamic significance. We evaluated a combined approach using edge detection applied to the normal segment and videodensitometry applied to the stenosis to determine the absolute cross sectional area of the stenosis (videodensity method). The results were then compared with those with the edge detection method applied directly to the stenosis. The area of the stenosis by the edge detection method was calculated by analyzing two orthogonal projections for irregular stenoses and with use of the formula for the area of an ellipse (ellipse method). The accuracy of both these techniques was assessed by analyzing digital angiograms acquired from closed chest dogs in which 10 plastic cylinders with precisely machined circular and irregular lumina were inserted into the coronary arteries. Angiograms of irregular stenoses were acquired in two orthogonal views. The ellipse method applied to circular stenoses was very accurate, with r = .97, average absolute difference (AAD) = 0.21 mm2, and SEE = 0.30. For the videodensity method r = .97, AAD = 0.84 mm2, and SEE = 0.40. Irregular stenoses were better quantitated by the videodensity method applied in one view (AAD = 0.50 mm2, SEE = 0.47) than by the ellipse method applied in two orthogonal projections (AAD = 1.03 mm2, SEE = 0.87). Overall, the two methods were comparable in accuracy (for videodensity, AAD = 0.65 mm2, SEE = 0.71 vs AAD = 0.54 mm2, SEE = 0.79 for ellipse).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3769166 TI - Effect of a reduction in blood viscosity on maximal myocardial oxygen delivery distal to a moderate coronary stenosis. AB - This study tested the hypothesis that a reduction in blood viscosity by means of isovolumetric hemodilution will permit an increase in maximal oxygen delivery to myocardium distal to a moderate coronary arterial stenosis. It is known that blood viscosity is a determinant of resistance to blood flow at both the stenotic and the arteriolar levels. Accordingly, a reduction in blood viscosity could exert a favorable influence on maximal myocardial oxygen delivery in the setting of stenosis, provided that the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is not compromised excessively. Closed-chest, sedated domestic swine (n = 8) were instrumented with an artificial coronary arterial stenosis that reduced vessel diameter by 64%. Measurements of hemodynamics, regional myocardial blood flow (microspheres), lactate and oxygen metabolism, and whole blood viscosity were made at control and after two successive 10 min intracoronary infusions of adenosine (400 and 800 micrograms/min) distal to the stenosis. Next, albumin/saline solution was given intravenously to reduce the animal's hematocrit by approximately 50%. Repeat measurements of all experimental variables were then made at a second control and again after two successive 10 min intracoronary infusions of adenosine (400 and 800 micrograms/min) distal to the stenosis. Myocardial blood flow (ml/min/g) distal to the stenosis increased from 1.52 +/- 0.21 (mean +/- 1 SD) to 4.10 +/- 0.86 in response to adenosine (peak dose) before hemodilution (p less than .01) and from 2.07 +/- 0.59 to 4.08 +/- 0.93 (p less than .01) after hemodilution.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3769169 TI - Systemic vascular resistance: an unreliable index of left ventricular afterload. AB - Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) is a frequently used clinical index of left ventricular afterload. However, SVR may not adequately assess left ventricular afterload (i.e., ventricular internal fiber load during systole) since it reflects only peripheral vasomotor tone. In contrast, left ventricular end systolic wall stress (sigma es) reflects the combined effects of peripheral loading conditions and left ventricular chamber pressure, dimension, and wall thickness. To determine the relationship between SVR and sigma es, left ventricular afterload and contractility were pharmacologically altered in eight dogs instrumented with central aortic microtip and Swan-Ganz thermodilution catheters. Left ventricular wall thicknesses and dimensions were measured from two-dimensionally targeted M mode echocardiograms. Aortic, right atrial, and left ventricular end-systolic pressures as well as cardiac output were recorded. SVR and sigma es were determined under control conditions as well as during infusions of nitroprusside, methoxamine, dobutamine, and norepinephrine. Control data acquired before each drug infusion were similar. When compared with baseline values, SVR underestimated the magnitude of change in left ventricular sigma es by 22% when afterload alone was decreased (nitroprusside), 54% when afterload alone was increased (methoxamine), and 50% when afterload was decreased and contractility was augmented (dobutamine). Most importantly, when afterload was minimally decreased in association with augmented contractility (norepinephrine), SVR increased by 21% while sigma es fell by 9%. Thus, discordant changes in left ventricular afterload (i.e., sigma es) and SVR can occur during pharmacologic interventions. SVR is an unreliable index of left ventricular afterload, reflecting only peripheral arteriolar tone rather than left ventricular systolic wall force. This emphasizes the fact that a true measure of left ventricular afterload must consider the interaction of factors internal and external to the myocardium. PMID- 3769168 TI - The effect of vasoactive agents on the left ventricular end-systolic pressure volume relation in closed-chest dogs. AB - The left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relation has received intense interest as a relatively load-insensitive measure of cardiac performance. In clinical studies, pharmacologic manipulation of blood pressure has been used to determine this relation. Since previous studies have shown that acute changes in the resistance and impedance of the arterial circulation influence the left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relation, the use of vasoactive drugs in its determination may affect the results achieved. This study was undertaken to determine whether clinically used vasoactive drugs influence the left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relation. Sixteen dogs were previously instrumented with micromanometer pressure transducers and three sets of piezoelectric crystals to permit determination of left ventricular pressure and volume. The dogs were studied after autonomic blockade and sedation. End-systolic pressure-volume relations were generated by caval occlusion at control levels of blood pressure, after infusion of a vasopressor (methoxamine, n = 6; angiotensin II, n = 10), and then after infusion of nitroprusside. A composite end-systolic pressure-volume relation was also constructed with the use of control, vasopressor, and vasodilator points in each dog. Angiotensin II resulted in a leftward shift in the relation (Vo decreased from 14.32 +/- 7.3 to 8.04 +/- 10.4 ml, p less than .05) with no significant effect on slope. Methoxamine shifted the relation to the left (Vo decreased from 13.98 +/- 8.74 to -0.47 +/- 12.06 ml, p less than .05) and also reduced the slope (5.41 +/- 3.09 vs 8.28 +/- 3.94 mm Hg/ml, p less than .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3769170 TI - Preconditioning with ischemia: a delay of lethal cell injury in ischemic myocardium. AB - We have previously shown that a brief episode of ischemia slows the rate of ATP depletion during subsequent ischemic episodes. Additionally, intermittent reperfusion may be beneficial to the myocardium by washing out catabolites that have accumulated during ischemia. Thus, we proposed that multiple brief ischemic episodes might actually protect the heart from a subsequent sustained ischemic insult. To test this hypothesis, two sets of experiments were performed. In the first set, one group of dogs (n = 7) was preconditioned with four 5 min circumflex occlusions, each separated by 5 min of reperfusion, followed by a sustained 40 min occlusion. The control group (n = 5) received a single 40 min occlusion. In the second study, an identical preconditioning protocol was followed, and animals (n = 9) then received a sustained 3 hr occlusion. Control animals (n = 7) received a single 3 hr occlusion. Animals were allowed 4 days of reperfusion thereafter. Histologic infarct size then was measured and was related to the major baseline predictors of infarct size, including the anatomic area at risk and collateral blood flow. In the 40 min study, preconditioning with ischemia paradoxically limited infarct size to 25% of that seen in the control group (p less than .001). Collateral blood flows were not significantly different in the two groups. In the 3 hr study, there was no difference between infarct size in the preconditioned and control groups. The protective effect of preconditioning in the 40 min study may have been due to reduced ATP depletion and/or to reduced catabolite accumulation during the sustained occlusion. These results suggest that the multiple anginal episodes that often precede myocardial infarction in man may delay cell death after coronary occlusion, and thereby allow for greater salvage of myocardium through reperfusion therapy. PMID- 3769171 TI - The subendocardial border zone during acute ischemia of the rabbit heart: an electrophysiologic, metabolic, and morphologic correlative study. AB - Isolated preparations of rabbit interventricular septum were perfused through the coronary arteries with oxygenated Tyrode's solution and placed in a tissue bath where they were superfused as well. Transmembrane potentials were simultaneously recorded from the subendocardium with two flexibly mounted microelectrodes, one from a superficial cell, and the other from a deep cell. Ischemia was produced by stopping coronary flow while superfusion with oxygenated Tyrode's solution was maintained. After a 7 to 12 min ischemic period, the preparation was fixed by coronary perfusion with fixative while the microelectrodes remained in place. After fixation, the microelectrodes were withdrawn. Appropriate tissue blocks were cut in 4 micron serial sections and the microelectrode track was followed until the tip position was identified. Transmembrane potentials during ischemia were divided into two categories: "border zone" potentials (resting membrane potential [RMP] 73 +/- 3 mVe, action potential amplitude [APA] 81 +/- 13 mV, action potential duration [APD] 116 +/- 48 msec, n = 12) and "ischemic" potentials (RMP 53 +/- 4 mV, APA 44 +/- 11 mV, APD 102 +/- 42 msec, n = 8). Ischemic potentials were recorded from cells at depths greater than 560 micron below the endocardial surface and border zone potentials were recorded in a layer at between 130 and 650 micron below the surface. In a separate series of experiments, extracellular concentrations of K+ and pH were measured with ion sensitive electrodes at different depths and, after a 10 min period of ischemia, part of the septum was placed in liquid nitrogen to allow determination of phosphocreatine (PC) levels in successive 50 to 100 micron layers. After 10 min of ischemia, extracellular K+ gradually increased from 4 to 9 mM in endocardium to a depth of 600 micron, pH fell from 7.4 to 6.6 over the same distance, and PC decreased to very low, stable levels at only 800 micron. It is concluded that in the first 10 min of acute ischemia, an endocardial border zone exists of 40 to 60 cell layers in which transmembrane potentials are affected relatively little by ischemia. Within this electrophysiologic border zone extracellular K+ was lower than 9 mM, pH was higher than 6.6, and tissue content of PC was not lower than 40% of normal. In layers deeper than 600 micron, with further development of a metabolic gradient, action potentials became markedly depressed. This electrophysiologic inhomogeneity within the ischemic subendocardium could be a factor in arrhythmogenesis during the first minutes of ischemia. PMID- 3769172 TI - The monophasic action potential upstroke: a means of characterizing local conduction. AB - The upstrokes of monophasic action potentials (MAPs) recorded with an extracellular pressure electrode were characterized in isolated canine tissue preparations in vitro. The characteristics of the MAP upstroke were compared with those of the local action potential foot as well as with the characteristics of approaching electrical activation during uniform and asynchronous conduction. The upstroke of the MAP was exponential during uniform conduction. The time constant of rise of the MAP upstroke (TMAP) correlated with that of the action potential foot (Tfoot): TMAP + 1.01 Tfoot + 0.50; r2 = .80. Furthermore, changes in Tfoot with alterations in cycle length were associated with similar changes in TMAP: Tfoot = 1.06 TMAP - 0.11; r2 = .78. In addition, TMAP and Tfoot both deviated from exponential during asynchronous activation; the inflections that developed in the MAP upstroke correlated in time with intracellular action potential upstrokes that were asynchronous in onset in these tissues. Finally, the field of view of the MAP was determined and was found to be dependent in part on tissue architecture and the space constant. Specifically, the field of view of the MAP was found to be greater parallel compared with transverse to fiber orientation (6.02 +/- 1.74 vs 3.03 +/- 1.10 mm; p less than .01). These data suggest that the MAP upstroke may be used to define and characterize local electrical activation. The relatively large field of view of the MAP suggests that this technique may be a sensitive means to record focal membrane phenomena in vivo. PMID- 3769175 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of primary hyperlipidemia in childhood. A Joint Statement for Physicians by the Committee on Atherosclerosis and Hypertension in Childhood of the Council of Cardiovascular Disease in the Young and the Nutrition Committee, American Heart Association. PMID- 3769176 TI - Coronary risk factor modification in children: exercise. A Statement for Physicians by the Committee on Atherosclerosis and Hypertension in Childhood of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, American Heart Association. PMID- 3769173 TI - Frequency-dependent effects of calcium antagonists on atrioventricular conduction and refractoriness: demonstration and characterization in anesthetized dogs. AB - Calcium-channel blockers are known to affect slow inward current in a frequency dependent fashion. The purpose of these experiments was to study use-dependent effects of verapamil, diltiazem, and nifedipine on atrioventricular conduction in vivo. Loading and maintenance infusion techniques were developed to study each drug at a series of stable plasma concentrations in autonomically blocked dogs anesthetized with morphine and alpha-chloralose. All three agents produced changes in atrioventricular conduction and refractoriness that increased with increasing stimulation frequency. The time dependence of drug-induced changes in atrioventricular conduction was characterized both by varying the coupling of single test stimuli and by abruptly changing activation frequency. The time constants for onset of (tau on) and recovery from (tau off) block were typical for each drug, with nifedipine having a faster time constant (tau off = 0.36 +/- 0.12 sec) than verapamil (tau off = 3.2 +/- 1.0 sec, tau on = 28 +/- 8 sec) or diltiazem (tau off = 2.7 +/- 1.2 sec, tau on = 13 +/- 4 sec). The time constants for each drug were independent of concentration but the magnitude of time dependent change increased with increasing drug concentration. We conclude that calcium-channel blockers have important frequency-dependent effects on atrioventricular conduction in vivo. This frequency dependence may result in selective depression of atrioventricular conduction in the presence of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, with important potential implications for the clinical use of these agents. PMID- 3769177 TI - Coronary risk factor modification in children: smoking. A Statement for Physicians by the Committee on Atherosclerosis and Hypertension in Childhood of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, American Heart Association. PMID- 3769182 TI - Cardiovascular surgery 1985. Council on Cardiovascular Surgery, American Heart Association. Scientific sessions. Washington, D.C., November 11-14, 1985. PMID- 3769174 TI - Characteristics of initiation and termination of catecholamine-induced triggered activity in atrial fibers of the coronary sinus. AB - We studied epinephrine-induced delayed afterdepolarizations and triggered activity in atrial fibers from the canine coronary sinus to determine whether their responses to cardiac pacing would aid in formulating a uniform set of guidelines for differentiating this triggered activity from other arrhythmogenic mechanisms. We used standard microelectrode techniques and compared the delayed afterdepolarizations and triggered activity with those occurring in ouabain superfused Purkinje fibers. Like Purkinje fibers, the frequency of triggering in the coronary sinus and the coupling interval of the first triggered beat were related directly to the basic drive cycle length, and the delayed afterdepolarization amplitude and frequency of triggering were related to the coupling interval of premature stimuli (S2). However, unlike Purkinje fibers, the coupling interval of the delayed afterdepolarization and of the first triggered beat were independent of the S2. Once initiated, triggered activity in the coronary sinus followed one of four rhythm patterns: in all four, the minimum and equilibrium cycle lengths were independent of the initiating cycle length. Triggered activity was terminated by overdrive and S2 pacing, especially by long episodes of overdrive at short cycle length. The first escape beat after overdrive was linearly related to the overdrive cycle length, resulting in overdrive acceleration. The return cycle length after S2 was linearly related to the S2 coupling interval. Because delayed afterdepolarizations and triggered activity in the coronary sinus respond differently to pacing from those in ouabain-superfused Purkinje fibers, triggered activity in general may not be identified by a uniform set of guidelines. PMID- 3769180 TI - Histologic evidence for small-vessel coronary artery disease in patients with angina pectoris and patent large coronary arteries. AB - We studied six patients who suffered from angina pectoris but had angiographically patent major coronary arteries. Two of the patients suffered also from congestive heart failure. Three patients had supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Three patients had conduction disturbances. During coronary angiography the patients had significantly reduced flow velocity of angiographic contrast medium compared with that in a control group. Echocardiographic and Doppler flow studies showed a tendency for symmetrical thickening of the left ventricular wall, enlargement of the right ventricle, and reduced compliance of both ventricles. Right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy revealed pathologic small coronary arteries with fibromuscular hyperplasia, hypertrophy of the media, myointimal proliferation, and endothelial degeneration. Capillaries had swollen endothelial cells encroaching on the lumen. Myocardial hypertrophy, lipofuscin deposition, and patchy fibrosis were also observed. These cases show that small vessel coronary artery disease can cause classic angina pectoris. The diagnosis can be suspected when the coronary angiogram shows large patent arteries with slow flow of the angiographic contrast medium and it can be confirmed by endomyocardial biopsy. PMID- 3769181 TI - Myocardial relaxation and passive diastolic properties in man. AB - We have developed a model for assessing the influence of the decaying contractile systolic tension on diastolic wall dynamics and the passive properties of left ventricular muscle. Total measured left ventricular diastolic pressure and stress (sigma T) are determined by two overlapping processes: the decay of actively developed pressure and stress (sigma A) and the buildup of passive filling pressure and stress (sigma*). The decaying contractile stress sigma A is formulated in terms of a relaxation pressure with a time constant (T) assessed during the isovolumic relaxation interval. By subtracting the contribution of sigma A from sigma T we obtain sigma*. With micromanometry, echocardiography, and cineangiography, total and passive stress-strain relations and strain rates were evaluated over the entire filling period in six normal control subjects and in seven patients with aortic stenosis. Elastic stiffness constants (k), the slopes of the linear passive stiffness vs sigma* relations, did not differ in the two groups over a common lower stress range (6/6 normal, k = 9.37 +/- 1.23; 7/7 aortic stenosis, k = 9.34 +/- 1.08). Over a higher sigma* range, transition into a much steeper linear region occurred, and k values were much larger (4/7 aortic stenosis, k = 28.76 +/- 2.02). When diastolic stress levels are elevated, passive stiffness-stress relations can be better described as bilinear, with a much greater wall stiffness constant in the higher than in the lower stress range. Dynamic effects of decaying systolic contractile wall stress components are important in the rapid filling phase in normal hearts as well as in those with aortic stenosis. PMID- 3769179 TI - Induction of coronary artery spasm by acetylcholine in patients with variant angina: possible role of the parasympathetic nervous system in the pathogenesis of coronary artery spasm. AB - We injected acetylcholine (ACh), the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system, into the coronary arteries of 28 patients with variant angina. Injection of 10 to 80 micrograms ACh into the coronary artery responsible for the attack induced spasm together with chest pain and ST segment elevation or depression on the electrocardiogram in 30 of the 32 arteries of the 25 of the 27 patients. The injection of 20 to 100 micrograms ACh into the coronary artery not responsible for the attack in 18 patients resulted in various degrees of constriction in most of them, but no spasm in any of them. After intravenous injection of 1.0 to 1.5 mg atropine sulfate, the injection of ACh into the coronary artery responsible for the attack did not induce spasm or attack in any of the nine coronary arteries injected in eight patients. We conclude that the intracoronary injection of ACh induces coronary spasm and attack in patients with variant angina and that the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system may play a role in the pathogenesis of coronary spasm. We also conclude that the intracoronary injection of ACh is a useful test for provocation of coronary spasm. PMID- 3769178 TI - Recreational and occupational recommendations for young patients with heart disease. A Statement for Physicians by the Committee on Congenital Cardiac Defects of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, American Heart Association. PMID- 3769183 TI - Retrograde coronary sinus versus aortic root perfusion with cold cardioplegia: randomized study of levels of cardiac enzymes in 40 patients. AB - Myocardial injury was assessed with the use of enzyme indexes in 40 patients randomly assigned to one of two groups undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Twenty patients received cold cardioplegia delivered by retrograde coronary sinus perfusion and 20 received cardioplegic solution by anterograde aortic root perfusion. Creatine kinase isoenzyme MB and lactate dehydrogenese isoenzyme 1 and isoenzyme 2 assays were carried out on blood samples obtained from the coronary sinus before aortic cross-clamping and 0, 5, and 30 min after aortic unclamping. Levels of these enzymes were also obtained from venous blood samples before aortic cross-clamping and 3, 8, 14, and 20 hr after aortic unclamping and 2, 3, 4, and 5 days after surgery. Preoperative and postoperative hemodynamic measurements (Swan-Ganz catheter) and radionuclide wall motion studies were also obtained for comparison. There was no overall significant difference between the two groups postoperatively in terms of enzyme indexes, hemodynamic measurements, or results of wall motion studies. We conclude that retrograde coronary sinus perfusion is an alternative to aortic root perfusion in delivering cold cardioplegia. More studies are required to determine which subgroup of patients with coronary artery disease may benefit from retrograde coronary perfusion. PMID- 3769184 TI - Regional myocardial protection by retrograde coronary sinus infusion of cardioplegic solution. AB - Antegrade administration of a cardioplegic solution in the presence of a coronary artery stenosis may lead to the heterogeneous distribution of the agent and poor myocardial cooling distal to a vessel stenosis. To determine the effects of retrograde coronary sinus infusion of cardioplegic solution, coronary stenosis was created in the canine preparation by occluding the left circumflex artery (LCx) during cardioplegic arrest. Left ventricular global and regional function (assessed by sonomicrometry and solid-state micrometers) were studied after 60 min of ischemic arrest. Three groups (all n = 7) were studied: group I (control), cardioplegic solution infused via the aortic root without LCx occlusion; group II, same as group I except with LCx occlusion; group III, retrograde coronary sinus infusion of cardioplegic solution with LCx occlusion. Heart rate was controlled by atrial pacing. Statistically significant differences in global function between the three groups were seen at low filling pressures but were not seen during volume challenge. However, the recovery ratio of regional function in the LCx area at a left atrial pressure of 5 mm Hg in group II was 77.2% (% shortening) and 48.5% (segment work), which was significantly less (p less than .01) than recovery in group I (111.7% and 75.9%) and group III (108.3% and 81.5%). These differences persisted during volume loading, to a mean left atrial pressure of 15 mm Hg. Regional compliance in group II was also significantly (p less than .01) depressed after cardioplegic arrest but was well preserved in groups I and III.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3769186 TI - Oxygen free radical generation during cardiopulmonary bypass: correlation with complement activation. AB - To determine the relationships among complement activation, pulmonary leukosequestration, and oxygen free radical generation, we prospectively studied 15 patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass for myocardial revascularization. Plasma levels of C3a, C4a, and hydrogen peroxide (a marker of oxygen free radical generation) were measured before, during, and after extracorporeal circulation. The results confirm that cardiopulmonary bypass activates complement via the alternate (C3a) pathway. This first phase of complement activation was accompanied by an increase in plasma H2O2 (from 80 +/- 8 to 155 +/- 13 microM/ml; p less than .001) and by pulmonary sequestration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Protamine administration after cardiopulmonary bypass further activated complement via the classical (C4a) pathway but was not accompanied by a change in plasma hydrogen peroxide. We hypothesize that both complement activation and excess oxygen free radical generation contribute to the pathophysiology of extracorporeal circulation. PMID- 3769185 TI - Characterization of postischemic myocardial oxygen utilization. AB - To define the pertubations in myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) previously noted after potassium-induced arrest, MVO2 was determined in 19 canine hearts during isovolumetric pressure-volume loading before and serially after 2 hr of cardioplegic ischemia at 20 degrees C. Starling curves were initially unchanged after cardioplegic arrest, but postischemic propranolol (0.2 mg/kg) depressed peak developed pressure 36 +/- 4% and heart rate 24 +/- 1% (p less than .01, for both). MVO2 indexed per beat and for left ventricular weight at defined ranges of peak developed pressure was augmented postischemically by 40% (p less than .05) and this increased oxygen utilization persisted after attenuation of coronary hyperemia, normalization of oxygen extraction, 1 hr of reperfusion, and effective beta-adrenergic-receptor blockade. These data suggest that increased MVO2 to generate physiologic pressures is a sensitive biological marker for cardioplegic efficacy that is independent of coronary flow and oxygen uptake and is not solely attributable to increased beta-adrenergic stimulation. PMID- 3769187 TI - Prevention of myocardial platelet deposition and thromboxane release with dipyridamole. AB - Although current methods of myocardial preservation for coronary bypass surgery provide excellent protection, perioperative ischemic injury persists. Platelet activation and myocardial deposition may contribute to perioperative ischemic injury and early postoperative graft occlusion. Dipyridamole may reduce platelet activation and myocardial deposition and reduce perioperative ischemic injury. A prospective randomized trial was instituted in 40 patients undergoing elective coronary bypass surgery to evaluate the effects of dipyridamole on myocardial platelet and leukocyte deposition and the cardiac release of thromboxane and prostacyclin. Twenty patients received intravenous dipyridamole (0.24 mg/kg/hr) beginning 20 hr before surgery and continuing for 24 hr after surgery. Autologous platelets, leukocytes, and erythrocytes were labeled with 111In, 99mTc, and 51Cr, respectively, and were infused before release of the cross-clamp. Myocardial biopsy samples were obtained 10, 20, and 30 min after aortic declamping and indicated that platelets and leukocytes were deposited in the myocardium during reperfusion. Dipyridamole reduced both platelet (with dipyridamole 1540 +/- 2100 cells/mg, no dipyridamole 14,500 +/- 33,000 cells/mg) and leukocyte deposition (with dipyridamole 16 +/- 32 cells/mg, no dipyridamole 63 +/- 110 cells/mg). Cardiac release of thromboxane B2 (the stable metabolite of thromboxane A2) occurred in the early postoperative period and was reduced by dipyridamole (with dipyridamole 0.039 +/- 0.16 mg/liter, no dipyridamole 0.27 +/- 0.18 micrograms/liter, p less than .05). Dipyridamole reduced cardiac platelet deposition and thromboxane release and may reduce perioperative ischemic injury and early graft occlusion. PMID- 3769189 TI - Extended use of the internal mammary artery graft: important anatomic and physiologic considerations. AB - Of 336 isolated coronary artery bypass procedures performed over an 11 month period, one internal mammary artery (IMA) was used in 81% of cases. In 41 patients, two IMAs were used for grafting three or more arterial segments in single or sequential fashion. Repeat coronary arteriography was performed in 26 of these patients 7 to 10 days after bypass surgery. The left IMA in situ was used either singly or sequentially to graft the left anterior descending (LAD) and diagonal arteries and all branches of the circumflex system. The right IMA was used to graft the LAD, diagonal, mid marginal, right, and posterior descending branch of the right coronary artery. Blood flow to a grafted arterial segment occurred primarily through the IMA in situ in 61% of segments bypassed but was equally distributed through the IMA graft and native circulation in 35%. This was in contradistinction to the free IMA and saphenous vein graft, in which the majority of flow was via the graft in 86% and 94% of grafted segments, respectively. For those instances in which major flow was via the IMA graft in situ, the mean diameter reduction of the proximally grafted arterial segment was 83% vs 63% for those segments in which flow was equally shared between native coronary and IMA graft (p less than .05). There was a trend, although not statistically significant, for increasing flow to occur via the native circulation if the first anastomosis in a sequential IMA graft in situ was performed to a larger artery than the distally grafted segment. This was especially true when there was low-grade stenosis in the proximally grafted arterial segment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3769188 TI - Platelet size and mass as an indicator for platelet transfusion after cardiopulmonary bypass. AB - Platelet count, mean platelet volume (MPV), and plateletcrit (PCT) were studied in 51 patients after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). MPV was significantly lower in 10 patients who developed postoperative bleeding (bleeders) compared to 41 with no significant bleeding (nonbleeders) (7.7 +/- 0.86 vs 8.5 +/- 1.2 fl, p less than .05). Postoperative platelet count was significantly lower in the group of bleeders (93.3 +/- 22.4 vs 127.5 +/- 43 X 10(9)/liters, p less than .02). A cutoff point of MPV or platelet count that would include bleeders and exclude nonbleeders could not be found due to the large overlap between the two groups. However, such a cutoff point does exist for PCT (PCT = total platelet mass). PCT was significantly lower among the bleeders (0.072 +/- 0.02% vs 0.108 +/- 0.036%, p less than .05) and a cutoff point of PCT less than 0.1% included all the bleeders and excluded 65% of nonbleeders. The low PCT and bleeding tendency can be corrected by platelets transfusion. In 15 patients (eight bleeders and seven nonbleeders) with low postoperative PCT (0.078 +/- 0.014), transfusion of 10 platelet units increased platelet count from 101 +/- 32 to 169 +/- 22 X 10(9)/liter, increased PCT to 0.128 +/- 0.2%, and stopped bleeding in all bleeders. A finding of PCT less than 0.1% after CPB is a clear indication for platelet transfusion in patients who develop post-CPB bleeding. This supports the observation that large platelets are more active than smaller ones, and that PCT, rather than PLT counts, predicts the risk of bleeding in patients with thrombocytopenia. PMID- 3769190 TI - Preservation of donor heart function and high-energy stores by continuous perfusion with synthetic plasma at 22 degrees C. AB - We evaluated high-energy phosphate (HEP) levels and the ability to perform work in rat hearts preserved by standard techniques (0.9% NaCl arrest and storage at 4 degrees C) and by continuous coronary perfusion at 22 degrees C, pH 7.25, and 55 mm Hg for 4 or 8 hr with Krebs-Henseleit buffer (KHB), modified Morgan's solution (MCS), or a medium developed in our lab (physiologically complete medium or PCM). Cardiac work was evaluated in the rewarmed hearts with use of a working heart preparation at left atrial pressures of 10, 15, and 20 cm H2O, and by measurement of aortic flow, coronary flow, heart rate, and peak systolic pressure. HEP levels in the hearts continuously perfused were significantly higher (p less than .05) than those in the hearts stored at 4 degrees C. The functional recovery of hearts preserved by storage in cold saline for 4 or 8 hr was significantly less (p less than .01) than the recovered function of hearts preserved for comparable periods by perfusion at 22 degrees C with either MCS or PCM. The results indicate that continuous perfusion at 22 degrees C with a more physiologic medium is superior to hypothermic arrest and storage at 4 degrees C for the preservation of donor heart function and HEP levels. PMID- 3769191 TI - The efficacy of blood versus crystalloid coronary sinus cardioplegia during global myocardial ischemia. AB - The efficacy of blood and crystalloid retrograde cardioplegia in protecting the ischemic myocardium was compared. Seventeen dogs underwent 2 hr of global myocardial ischemia while on cardiopulmonary bypass. Crystalloid (in nine dogs) or blood (in eight dogs) cardioplegic solution was infused continuously into the coronary sinus. Left and right ventricular function were assessed before ischemia and after 30 and 60 min of reperfusion by means of highly sensitive, load independent index of contractility (the slope of the stroke work vs end-diastolic length relationship). Ventricular biopsies for ATP determination were obtained before ischemia, at the end of ischemia, and after 60 min of reperfusion. Left and right ventricular function returned to normal after 60 min of reperfusion in both groups. Left ventricular ATP remained unchanged, whereas small but significant decreases in right ventricular ATP were observed after 60 min of reperfusion in both groups. Thus continuous crystalloid or blood retrograde coronary sinus cardioplegia in dogs preserved myocardial function and metabolism equally well after 2 hr of global cardiac ischemia. PMID- 3769193 TI - A laboratory network for the future. AB - The challenge in the next decade for laboratory medicine is to accomplish major changes in organization to meet fiscal restraint and shortage of laboratory physicians. Collaborative networks, constructive use of black box devices, and the development of rapport between laboratories and their clients leading to cost effective utilization of limited resources, are some of the strategies that will maximize patient benefit. PMID- 3769192 TI - The laboratory-user interface. AB - The purpose of this monograph is to define the laboratory-user interface, to contrast two types of users (the clinician and the hospital administrator), to assess the value/cost relationship of the laboratory-user interface, and to decide whether or not this value/cost ratio is sufficiently high in all cases. PMID- 3769197 TI - Correlation between endogenous digoxin-like immunoreactivity and 3H-ouabain displacement on erythrocyte membranes in extracts of human plasma. AB - The existence of endogenous cardiac glycoside-like compounds and their property of being recognized by anti-digoxin antibodies is still a matter of controversy. In order to investigate this problem, endogenous digoxin-like immunoreactivity (measured by RIA) and digitalis-like radioreceptor activity (measured by displacement of 3H-ouabain from erythrocyte membranes) were assessed in plasma extracts of normal adults, pregnant women and newborns. These three groups were chosen because of their known widely different levels of digoxin-like immunoreactivity. Compared to adults, newborns and pregnant women had significantly higher levels not only of immunoreactivity but also of displacement of 3H-ouabain binding, the latter being due, according to Scatchard analysis, to a decrease of the affinity of ouabain to its cellular receptor rather than to its maximal binding capacity. Furthermore, immunoreactivity and binding displacement correlated significantly. Our data indicate that one (or more) compounds with cardiac glycoside-like properties (both immunological and at the receptor level) are present in the plasma of newborns and pregnant women, and confirm the idea that radioimmunological methods may be useful in studying endogenous inhibitors of the sodium pump. PMID- 3769195 TI - Studies of intestinal permeability in inflammatory diseases using polyethylene glycol 400. AB - It has been proposed that increased bowel permeability might play a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disease. Intestinal permeation was investigated by measuring the 6-hour urinary excretion of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 in 40 adult volunteer controls and in patients with inflammatory disease. Of the patients, 15 had Crohn's disease; 7, ulcerative colitis; 2, celiac disease; and 7, rheumatoid arthritis. No significant difference in total urinary excretion over a 6-hour period was found between controls and patients with ulcerative colitis. Patients with Crohn's disease, celiac disease, or with rheumatoid arthritis were found to have significantly decreased urinary excretion of PEG 400. The results of this study indicate that there is no identifiable increase in intestinal permeation as measured by PEG 400 excretion during periods of active inflammatory disease. PMID- 3769194 TI - Serum enzymes in acute myocardial infarction after intracoronary thrombolysis. AB - Serum kinetics of total creatine kinase (CK), CK-MB isoenzyme, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LD) and alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBD) activities were studied in twenty patients with acute myocardial infarction randomly assigned to receive either intracoronary urokinase (group A) or conventional (control) therapy (group B). The temporal characteristics of enzyme changes described were the time lag from onset of chest pain until maximum catalytic concentration value, the rate at which enzymes are released into blood, the peak value of the serum enzyme curves and (d) the fractional disappearance rate (Kd) for each enzyme considered. Thrombolytic treatment induced earlier peak times in group A: for CK, 10.8 vs 27.0 h, for CK MB, 10.4 vs 23.1, for AST, 13.9 vs 31.3, for LD, 24.4 vs 49.1, and for HBD, 20.5 vs 48.5 (for all enzymes, p less than 0.001). The maximal rate of release for the enzymes was at least twofold greater in group A. Enzyme peak activities and Kd were not significantly different between the groups. The most significant discrimination between the two groups was obtained with AST peak time (Hartz overlap index (Oi) = 0.11) and CK-MB peak time (Oi = 0.12). PMID- 3769198 TI - Chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin monitoring in biological fluids by means of inductively-coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). AB - The antitumoral agent cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) was administered at doses of 40 mg m-2 body surface area daily for 5 days via continuous i.v. infusion in association with etoposide (VP-16-213). The Pt concentration in serum up to 30 days from the beginning of the therapy was monitored by inductively-coupled plasma emission spectrometry. Results lead to two main conclusions: the analytical technique employed is suitable for measurements of Pt in biological fluids with the necessary precision (0.95-2.5%), accuracy (recovery 98.5-101.7%) and detection power (0.002-0.004 mg/l); there were effective Pt plasma concentrations for a greater length of time (with peak value 2.0 mg/l towards the end of treatment) than those achieved by other therapies so far adopted. On the other hand, toxic side effects, in particular gastrointestinal toxicity, myelosuppression and nephrotoxicity, were found to be not worse than those generally caused by the administration of the chemotherapeutic compound at lower doses. Both aspects were deeded to be essential prerequisites for better exploiting the drug's effectiveness. PMID- 3769200 TI - Cholesterol efflux from cultured skin fibroblasts in 12 patients clinically heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia. AB - The [3H]cholesterol efflux from cultured skin fibroblasts was investigated in 12 patients, clinically heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). The [3H]cholesterol efflux from fibroblasts was studied in the presence of high density lipoproteins, isolated either from control sera or from the patient's own serum. The [3H]cholesterol efflux from fibroblasts of 3 patients was increased; it was decreased for 4 patients and similar to that of control cells for 5 patients. This study indicates that in some patients with heterozygous FH, abnormalities of [3H]cholesterol efflux from fibroblasts can be detected. The heterogeneity of the results is consistent with the heterogeneity of the low density lipoprotein receptor activity and with the variability of the clinical picture found in this disease. PMID- 3769196 TI - Abnormalities of circulating immunoreactive pancreatic anionic trypsinogen in cystic fibrosis: an assay artifact due to cross-reacting serum antibodies. AB - In patients with CF, serum pancreatic cationic trypsinogen has proven to be useful for newborn diagnostic screening and also as a test of pancreatic function in the older patient. However, an assay for serum anionic trypsinogen is of no value as a test of pancreatic function in CF due to an apparent artifactual elevation of this enzyme in some patients. In this study, we evaluated the extent of the abnormality in the anionic trypsinogen assay and also elucidated the nature of the interfering material. CF patients were grouped according to the presence (pancreatic insufficiency) or absence (pancreatic sufficiency) of steatorrhea. In CF infants, both serum cationic and anionic trypsinogen levels were greatly elevated. Serum cationic trypsinogen declined with age in patients with pancreatic insufficiency, reaching low or undetectable levels after 6 years. In contrast, serum anionic trypsinogen levels remained normal or elevated in 33% of those over 6 years of age. There was no age-related change in either cationic or anionic trypsinogen among the CF patients with pancreatic sufficiency, and the majority had normal or elevated levels. Serum samples from selected CF patients were separated into IgG and non-IgG fractions using Staph. Protein A columns. Immunoreactive cationic and anionic trypsinogen were detectable in the non-IgG fractions of sera from CF infants and older patients with pancreatic sufficiency. In older CF patients with undetectable serum cationic and anionic trypsinogen, no immunoreactive material was detectable in either the IgG or non-IgG fractions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3769202 TI - Rapid assay of pyruvate with a centrifugal analyser using a commercially available test kit. PMID- 3769199 TI - N-acetylaspartic aciduria in a child with a progressive cerebral atrophy. AB - Excessive excretion of N-acetylaspartic acid in urine is reported in a 6-yr-old child with extensive and progressive cerebral atrophy. The concentration in urine was 947-1,433 mumol/mmol creatinine (controls, n = 10, 5-21 mumol/mmol creatinine) and the daily excretion approximately 3-4 mmol. In cerebrospinal fluid from the patient the concentration was 611 mumol/l (controls, n = 10, not detectable, detection limit 2.3 mumol/l). The concentration of N-acetylaspartic acid in serum was 7 mumol/l. The low level in serum compared to the high urinary excretion of NAA suggests the possibility that NAA is synthesized in the kidneys in addition to the brain. This patient may cast new light on the functional role of N-acetylaspartic acid in humans. PMID- 3769201 TI - Hepatic acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase. Development of a standard assay and determination in patients with cholesterol gallstones. AB - A standard assay was developed for human liver acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT, EC 2.3.2.26) which is more sensitive than previous methods and allows accurate activity determinations on crude microsomal fractions. ACAT activity was measured in microsomes from livers of four gallstone patients and five controls. Preincubation with exogenous cholesterol produced an increase in ACAT activity in all liver samples: gallstone samples showed a mean increase of 1.8-fold, whereas non-gallstone samples showed a mean increase of 8.2-fold. The mean ACAT activity measured in the presence of exogenous cholesterol was 52.8 +/- 22.8 (n = 4) pmol . min-1 . mg-1 for gallstone samples and 82.8 +/- 13.5 (n = 4) pmol . min-1 . mg-1 for non-gallstone samples. These results suggest that patients suffering from cholesterol gallstones have a reduced ability to esterify potentially harmful free cholesterol compared with controls. They support the proposition that cholesterol gallstone formation is related to altered hepatic cholesterol metabolism. PMID- 3769203 TI - Characteristics of antisera to antigenic forms of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. AB - Antisera to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol were raised to 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol 25-hemisuccinate-bovine serum albumin, 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol 3-hemisuccinate-bovine serum albumin, 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol 3-hemisuccinate-porcine thyroglobulin and (5Z,7E) (1S,3R)-1,3 dihydroxy-9,10-seco-24,25, 26,27-tetrakisnor-5,7,10(19)-cholestatrien 23-oic acid porcine thyroglobulin in rabbits. The antisera cross-reacted with a wide spectrum of vitamin D metabolites but their affinity was highest for 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol and some differentiated between ergo- and cholecalciferol metabolites. The presence of vitamin D binding protein and the pH of incubation markedly affected the sensitivity and specificity of antisera. A number of antisera were capable of measuring the normal plasma concentrations of vitamin D metabolites and their different affinities could be used for the measurement of 1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in plasma. None however were specific enough for the direct measurement of the metabolites in plasma. Immunisation increased the plasma concentration of endogenous 1,25-dihydroxyergo- and cholecalciferol in the animals. PMID- 3769204 TI - Analysis of conjugated and unconjugated bile acids in serum and jejunal fluid of normal subjects. AB - A reliable method is described for the determination of conjugated and unconjugated bile acids in serum and jejunal fluid. Bile acids are extracted using reverse-phase octadecylsilane bonded silica cartridges and are separated into their unconjugated and conjugated fractions using the lipophilic anion exchanger diethylaminohydroxypropyl Sephadex LH-20 (DEAP-LH-20). The conjugated fraction can be separated into a glycine and a taurine fraction, using the same anion exchanger. The bile acids are measured using a hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase fluorimetric assay for serum and a hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-photometric assay for jejunal fluid. The normal fasting serum value of total 3 alpha-hydroxy bile acids amounts to 3.5 +/- 2.8 mumol/l (mean +/- SD, range 1.4-10.8, n = 22). The corresponding unconjugated bile acid fraction amounts to 39.9 +/- 11.2% (range 20.7-64.6%) of total bile acids. The concentration of conjugated bile acids became significantly elevated 30, and 60 min after a standard meal, whereas that of unconjugated bile acids remained unchanged. In jejunal fluid only conjugated bile acids are found, as well in fasting subjects as postprandial, 30 or 60 min after a standard meal. PMID- 3769206 TI - Lipoprotein and apoprotein levels in postmenopausal women during treatment with norethisterone. AB - Lipoprotein and apolipoprotein levels were monitored in 21 postmenopausal women during 6 months' treatment with norethisterone. There was no significant change in low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol but apoprotein B levels rose significantly (p less than 0.001) thus increasing the apoprotein:cholesterol ratio in LDL. High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels decreased significantly (p less than 0.001) in the first two months and did not change significantly thereafter. The HDL2 subfraction was reduced to a greater extent than the HDL3 subfraction. Apoprotein AI and AII levels were both reduced as was the apoprotein AI:AII ratio. The ratios of apoproteins AI and AII to HDL cholesterol were increased. We conclude that norethisterone has an adverse effect on the important risk factors for cardiovascular disease. PMID- 3769205 TI - The subcellular distribution and levels of calmodulin in jejunal biopsies from control subjects and patients with coeliac disease. AB - A radioimmunoassay has been established and validated for the estimation of calmodulin levels in human peroral jejunal biopsy samples. Total levels were similar in biopsies from control subjects and patients with coeliac disease, both in relapse and remission. The subcellular distribution of calmodulin was determined in biopsy samples from control subjects and a patient with coeliac disease in relapse by rapid single-step analytical subcellular fractionation and immunoassay. In both situations most (greater than 70%) of the calmodulin was recovered in the cytosolic fractions with no selective enrichment in any single organelle. PMID- 3769207 TI - Determination of aromatic-L-amino acid decarboxylase in human plasma. AB - Aromatic-L-aminoacid (dopa) decarboxylase (ALAAD) was determined in human plasma by its ability to form dopamine from the substrate 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine in the presence of pyridoxal-5-phosphate as cofactor. Dopamine formed was quantitated by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. A preincubation step of plasma with the cofactor and dithioerythritol was necessary to obtain optimal reaction conditions. The assay method showed good linearity and reproducibility. The inhibition pattern of the therapeutically used peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibitors, carbidopa and benserazide, was studied and appeared to be dependent on whether the inhibitor was added before or after the preincubation step. Mean levels in 40 control subjects, in 40 patients with essential hypertension and in 15 patients with phaeochromocytoma, were 34.6 (SD 12.1), 28.5 (SD 10.9) and 34.7 (SD 18.4) mU/l respectively. In the patients with essential hypertension the enzyme level decreased with age (p less than 0.05). Very high levels were found in plasma of two patients with metastatic phaeochromocytoma and in two patients with untreated neuroblastoma, but not in two patients with neuroblastoma after chemotherapy. The method described can be used for measuring uninhibited ALAAD activity in patients treated with benserazide, as well as for measuring total, i.e. the sum of inhibited and uninhibited, ALAAD activity in patients treated with carbidopa. PMID- 3769208 TI - Measurement of magnesium in serum and urine with a random access analyzer by use of a modified xylidyl blue-1 procedure. PMID- 3769209 TI - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for urinary free cortisol. PMID- 3769210 TI - Isolation of platelets from human blood by free-flow electrophoresis. PMID- 3769211 TI - Determination of pipecolic acid in urine and plasma by isotope dilution mass fragmentography. AB - A capillary gas chromatographic method with mass spectrometric detection for the determination of pipecolic acid in urine and plasma (or serum) has been developed. Using a quantification based on stable isotope dilution mass fragmentography the concentration of pipecolic acid was determined in urines of 34 healthy children and 8 patients with Zellweger's syndrome. The urinary pipecolic acid excretion of healthy infants decreases with age. Its concentration in urines of patients with Zellweger's syndrome was not consistently elevated. Normal values for pipecolic acid in plasma were established for 19 healthy children. Pipecolic acid concentrations in 47 urine samples (range 0.02-228.3 mmol/mol of creatinine) and 6 serum samples of Zellweger patients after oral loading with DL-pipecolic acid (range 65-1334 mumol/l) were found to correlate satisfactorily with the results obtained by an amino acid analyzer method. The major advantage of the presented method over the amino acid analyzer method concerns its greater sensitivity and its much shorter analysis time. PMID- 3769212 TI - Enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA) for calcium-binding protein of human small intestine. A quantitative method for measuring calcium-binding protein in small intestinal biopsies. AB - A method for measuring calcium-binding protein (CaBP) in small intestinal biopsies of the human is reported. The assay is performed as a competitive enzyme linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA). Pure CaBP and a cytosol fraction of human jejunum generate competitive displacement curves running in parallel thus demonstrating the antigen specificity of the assay. Non-specific displacement of anti-CaBP antibodies from the solid phase CaBP is negligible as demonstrated by the inability of cytosolic proteins of rat small intestine to produce a detectable response in the assay. The method has a detection limit of 3 ng CaBP (applied in 150 microliter) and a coefficient of variation of 9.8%. The ELISA method is applicable in the study of the role of CaBP in clinical disorders of the small bowel. PMID- 3769213 TI - Carnitine deficiency in haemodialysed patients. AB - Free carnitine, acylcarnitine and total carnitine concentrations have been determined in the sera of chronic renal insufficiency patients undergoing regular haemodialysis treatment and in those of healthy controls. The most striking difference was found to be the high proportion of acylated carnitine (23.4 mumol/l) in the haemodialysed patients. Free carnitine and acylcarnitine levels were not completely restored between successive dialysis treatments, making levels measured immediately before the third weekly sessions significantly lower than those measured before the first session (p less than 0.01). In patients monitored throughout 25 wk of treatment, there was an exponential decay of both total serum carnitine levels (Spearman's r = -0.993, p less than 0.001) and free carnitine levels (Spearman's r = -0.972, p less than 0.001). It is suggested that in the absence of exogenous supplies of carnitine, endogenous synthesis is unable to make up for losses due to dialysis treatment, and that carnitine deficiency consequently ensues. PMID- 3769214 TI - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for amitriptyline and other antidepressants using a monoclonal antibody. AB - We describe and evaluate a method to measure amitriptyline and other tricyclic antidepressants by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, using monoclonal antibody. In this assay, biological samples were first incubated with the antibody; in a second step, free remaining antibody was allowed to bind to lysozyme nortriptyline coated immunotitration plates. The bound fraction of the monoclonal antibody was revealed with rabbit anti-mouse serum coupled to horseradish peroxidase. The optical density of the reaction product was measured with a colorimeter at 410 nm. Specificity of the antibody was investigated by means of a Farr test showing interferences in therapeutic ranges only for chlorpromazine and phenytoine. Means of intra- and inter-assay variations were 10 and 13%, respectively. The results when compared to those obtained by gas chromatography with a selective nitrogen detector gave a correlation coefficient of 0.897. Finally, the great reliability of the monoclonal antibody, the advantages of a decreased analysis time, low cost and high capacity of the procedure contribute to make this immunoassay most suitable for clinical monitoring and pharmacokinetic studies of tricyclic antidepressants. PMID- 3769215 TI - beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase isoenzymes from human amnionic membranes. AB - Two beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase isoenzymes (A and B) have been identified and purified from amnionic fetal membrane. The final specific activity of A and B isoenzymes increased 225- and 185-fold respectively by a purification scheme, which included a lyophilized extract, chromatofocusing on PBE 94, pH range 5.5 to 4.0, and affinity chromatography on p-aminophenyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-1-thio-beta D-glucopyranoside covalently linked to Sepharose-4B. Different electrophoretic mobility, thermostability and different thiol group modifications of the two isoenzymes were found. Acetate was a more effective competitive inhibitor than were iodoacetamide, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine more than glucosamine and galactosamine, confirming a specific 'acetamido receptor site' for both the isoenzymes. PMID- 3769217 TI - Spectrophotometric assay of fecal carbohydrate. PMID- 3769216 TI - Citrate interference with the determination of acetylcarnitine: a method for its elimination. AB - Citrate can interfere with the determination of acetylcarnitine when measured by a radioisotopic method. In this report we present a modified procedure designed to avoid this effect. Recovery of added acetylcarnitine was approximately 95%. Acetylcarnitine in normal human plasma was found to range from 0.8 to 19.9 nmol/ml with a mean of 6.3; that of human skeletal muscle ranged from 0.1 to 1.6 nmol/mg protein with a mean of 1.08. The results confirm that exercise gives rise to increased acetylcarnitine content of plasma. PMID- 3769221 TI - Growth disorders. PMID- 3769218 TI - Unusual trihydroxy bile acids in the urine of healthy humans. AB - The urinary bile acids of 20 adults (aged between 20 and 40 yr), 17 neonates (below 1 week old) and 15 aged men (older than 80 yr old) who were all healthy, were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Frequently, three unusual trihydroxy bile acids, namely hyocholic acid, ursocholic acid and omega-muricholic acid were detected as minor components. Our data further suggest that the metabolism of unusual trihydroxy bile acids in the healthy humans is related to age. PMID- 3769222 TI - The differentiation antigens of macrophages in human fetal liver. AB - Macrophage populations from human fetal liver were examined for the sequential appearance of different antigenic determinant during maturation. Frozen sections of liver, from 12 to 21 weeks gestation were analyzed using a series of four monoclonal antibodies with known specificity. The macrophage monoclonal antibodies used were OKM-1, which defines monocytes, macrophages, and granulocytes; Leu M-3 and MO-2, which identify monocytes and macrophages; and 6B8, a new macrophage monoclonal antibody which binds to tissue macrophages. The staining pattern described by each of these monoclonal reagents was compared with the distribution of morphologically distinguishable tissue macrophages in fetal liver, based on the expression of surface and/or cytoplasmic antigens. The data indicate that the antigens defined by OKM-1 and 6B8 are present on large numbers of cells as early as 12 weeks gestation. In contrast, the antigenic determinants identified by Leu M-3 and MO-2 are present only on cells in 15 to 21 weeks of gestation; thus these antigens are mature differentiation antigens. Furthermore, double-staining studies confirmed that with the increase in fetal age unique macrophage populations can be identified based on the matrix of antigenic determinants. Thus, macrophage heterogeneity in the fetal liver may be a function of maturation. PMID- 3769220 TI - Malignant hypertension: aetiology and outcome in 83 patients. AB - To evaluate the current pattern of aetiology and outcome in malignant hypertension, we reviewed all medical records of patients presenting between 1979 and 1985 who fulfilled WHO criteria for malignant hypertension. There were 83 patients, 43 males (52%) and 40 females (48%). Primary malignant hypertension was diagnosed in 17 cases (20%) and secondary lesions in 66 cases (80%). Overall one year survival was 94%, and 5 year survival 75%, which is similar to recent reports. Initial serum creatinine was a prognostic indicator. PMID- 3769219 TI - Area postrema lesions augment the pressor activity of centrally administered vasopressin. AB - The effects of arginine vasopressin given into either the vertebral arteries, a peripheral vein (IV), or the cisterna magna of 15 morphine-chloralose anesthetized dogs were measured before and after pharmacological blockade with the antagonist [d(CH2)5 Tyr(Me) AVP]. The contribution of the area postrema to the pressor activity of vasopressin was assessed in nine other dogs by comparing the responses to vasopressin before and after surgical ablation of this structure. Administration of vasopressin either via the vertebral arteries or intravenously produced comparable gradual rises in blood pressure, accompanied by bradycardia and decreases in the plasma levels of norepinephrine. Administration of intracisternal vasopressin elicited a smaller rise in arterial pressure, tachycardia, and increases in plasma norepinephrine levels. The pressor and bradycardic effects of IV vasopressin were abolished when the antagonist was given via the same route. In contrast, intravertebral infusion of the vasopressin antagonist caused tachycardia and modest hypotension in response to intravenous or intravertebral infusions of vasopressin. Pressor effects of vasopressin given into the cisterna magna were not altered by systemic delivery of the vasopressin blocker. Removal of the area postrema selectively augmented the pressor effects of intravertebral vasopressin, whereas the pressor activity of IV vasopressin remained unchanged. These findings provide new evidence for an action of circulating vasopressin in cardiovascular regulation, mediated in part by the area postrema. PMID- 3769225 TI - Heparin transfer across the rabbit peritoneal membrane. AB - Variable quantities of heparin have been proposed to avoid intraperitoneal clotting during peritoneal dialysis without the risk of systemic effects, because heparin is presumed to be incapable of passing through the peritoneal membrane. This study set out to verify this assumption by using labeled heparin in experimental dialysis in 7 New Zealand white rabbits. Heparin was labeled with 99mTc. Labeling quality, assessed by two chromatographic checks, showed less than 5% of free pertechnetate. Chromatographic determinations showed more than 95 and 80% of labeled heparin in inflow and outflow dialysates and in blood samples respectively. Following sodium thiopental anesthesia, animals underwent three protocols: a single 15 min cycle of time diffusion with heparin 500 U/l (A), 6 successive 15 min cycles with heparin 500 U/l (B), and a single 3 h cycle with heparin 2,500 U/l (C). Labeled heparin was found in blood organs and urine in variable percentages. The total amount of recovered radioactivity ranged from 1.5% (A) to 20% (C) of that introduced. It may be concluded that heparin passes through the peritoneum according to some law dependent on the amount used and the diffusion time. PMID- 3769223 TI - Avidity of antigliadin IgA and IgG antibodies in gluten-sensitive enteropathy and dermatitis herpetiformis. AB - Antigliadin antibodies (AGA) of IgG and IgA class were assayed with a modified enzymeimmunoassay in serum samples of 18 patients with gluten-sensitive enteropathy and 30 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. No difference between antibody amount or avidity of the two groups of patients was observed. Avidity and total amount of AGA were also compared in 15 patients with a recent diagnosis of dermatitis herpetiformis and in 15 patients with a disease history of several years without a proper gluten-free diet. No difference in IgG antibodies was found but the amount of high avidity IgA antibodies was significantly higher in patients with several years' experience of dermatitis herpetiformis than in those with a recent diagnosis. The results indicate that in dermatitis herpetiformis, maturation of IgA response occurs. Further, clinically, maturation of anti gliadin IgA response during the disease can increase the sensitivity of the patient against diet-derived gliadin. PMID- 3769226 TI - Effect of ibopamine on the progression of chronic renal failure. AB - Persistent changes in the slope of the reciprocal of serum creatinine concentration against time after medical intervention are likely to reflect the influence of therapy on progression of chronic renal failure. This observation allowed us to demonstrate the ability of ibopamine, a new orally active dopamine related drug, to improve renal function or at least to slow its deterioration in 20 patients studied over a period of 6 months. We also noted that the therapeutic response to the drug varied considerably according to the nature of the underlying nephropathy, with maximal benefit being observed in nonglomerular diseases. PMID- 3769227 TI - Henoch-Schoenlein nephritis in adults: a clinical and morphological study. AB - Renal prognosis is not clear in adults with Henoch-Schoenlein nephritis (HSN). Renal biopsy material from seventeen adult patients with HSN was studied by light , electron-, and immunofluorescent microscopy, and a clinicopathologic correlation was made. The outstanding glomerular lesion was a mesangial IgA deposition, apart from the proliferative glomerulonephritis associated with segmental lesions or crescents. At the time of biopsy five patients (29%) presented with renal insufficiency complicated by nephrotic syndrome and/or hypertension. After a mean follow-up period of 3.2 years, ten patients showed complete recovery, two had minor urinary abnormalities, and five exhibited moderate proteinuria with or without hematuria. No patients had died nor developed chronic renal failure. Our data indicate that the outcome of HSN in adults is favorable similar to that in children. No initial clinical nor pathological features could be associated with a poor prognosis in this study. Further follow-up is needed in view of the unpredictable nature of this disease. PMID- 3769228 TI - Urinary indices in acute interstitial nephritis. AB - Nine patients with biopsy-proven acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) were analyzed for their urinary indices, determined on the basis of the first urinary sample upon admission, before any therapeutic intervention. Isosthenuria was present in all patients with a mean urinary osmolality of 283 +/- 48 mOsm/l and a urine/plasma osmolality ratio of 0.9 +/- 0.1. Urinary sodium was more than 40 mEq/l in 8 out of the 9 patients studied. The other urinary indices studied were indicative for both prerenal and intrinsic renal disease. PMID- 3769229 TI - Effect of 2 liters of intraperitoneal dialysate on the cardiovascular system. AB - In 21 patients receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), the effect of 2 liters of intraperitoneal dialysate on the supine and upright hemodynamics (19 patients), and the hemodynamic responses to 45 degrees head-up tilt (9 patients) were studied. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV) (using impedance cardiography) were measured. In the supine position there was no significant difference in BP, SV, HR, derived cardiac output (CO) and peripheral resistance (PR) between "empty" (E) and "full" (F) conditions. On standing in both E and F conditions there were significant falls in systolic BP (p less than 0.001, compared with supine), SV and CO (p less than 0.05) accompanied by an increase in HR (p less than 0.001) but no significant change in peripheral resistance nor diastolic BP. The fall in systolic BP was greater in the E condition (from 149.3 +/- 4.5 mmHg to 134.6 +/- 5.9 in E, from 148.8 +/- 4 mmHg to 140.8 +/- 5.0 in F, p less than 0.001) and was accompanied by a bigger rise in HR (from 80.2 +/- 4.3 beat/min to 91.8 +/- 5.3 (E), from 79.4 +/- 4.4 to 87.7 +/- 5.2 (F, p less than 0.001). On tilting in 13 normal subjects there was an increase in diastolic BP (76.7 +/- 2.0 mmHg to 81.4 +/- 0.6, p less than 0.01), HR (63.3 +/- 2.4 beat/min to 73.6 +/- 1.0, p less than 0.01) and PR (13.4 +/- 1.0 mmHg/l/min to 21.3 +/- 0.2, p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3769224 TI - Renal biopsy in SLE irrespective of clinical findings: long-term follow-up. AB - We analyzed data from 56 patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) in whom renal biopsies were done systematically. The data taken into account for the study were: the histologic glomerular lesions at diagnosis, serum creatinine value, degree of proteinuria and qualitative urine sediment analysis at the time of biopsy, patient age at diagnosis and the evolution of renal function until the time the study was made. Therapy was prescribed according to the glomerular histologic lesion. The mean follow-up period from the time of the first biopsy was 8.2 years. At the time of the study, only 3 patients (5.3%) were on dialysis, while the rest of the patients (94.7%) had a satisfactory renal function. Our results indicate that systematic renal biopsy in SLE patients can furnish valuable data concerning the renal status whether there are clinical signs of renal involvement or not. Treatment based on the histologic images alone may considerably improve renal survival in SLE. PMID- 3769233 TI - Nifedipine and arterial steal syndrome. PMID- 3769234 TI - Postpartum acute renal failure in a twin pregnancy with retained IUD. PMID- 3769231 TI - Effect of changes in extracellular volume on plasma AVP. PMID- 3769238 TI - Severe aortic regurgitation: a rare presentation of giant cell arteritis. AB - A 53-year-old patient with no past history of rheumatic fever or lues presented with severe aortic regurgitation, underwent hemodynamic evaluation, and subsequently, an uneventful aortic valve replacement. The initial pathological interpretation was nonspecific aortitis. Six months following surgery arthralgia, muscular pain, difficulty in mastication, and fatigue occurred. There was no fever, however, sedimentation rate was 100/130. Cardiac examination was normal. Review of the pathological specimens revealed granulomatous arteritis with giant cells, typical of giant cell arteritis. Though the association of aortic regurgitation and giant cell arteritis is well recognized, only two such cases of severe aortic regurgitation requiring valve replacements have yet been described, of them, one probably had Takayasu's arteritis. An accurate diagnosis is of importance since steroid treatment is effective, and if introduced early, the inflammatory process may be arrested. PMID- 3769230 TI - 1 alpha(OH) vitamin D3 increases plasma aluminum in hemodialized patients taking AI(OH)3. AB - 1 alpha(OH) vitamin D3 at the dose of 6 micrograms per week was given for 4 weeks to 16 stable patients on chronic hemodialysis with a low dialysate aluminum while taking a constant dose of Al(OH)3. A significant increase of their plasma aluminum was observed from 1.2 +/- .25 mumol/l before 1 alpha(OH)D3 to 1.7 +/- .35 during the second fortnight of 1 alpha(OH)D3 administration and this increase surprisingly was maintained at 1.71 +/- .3 up to 6 weeks after 1 alpha(OH)D3 discontinuation. Increases in plasma calcium and decreases in plasma PTH were observed during 1 alpha(OH)D3 administration and these changes were correlated to the changes in plasma aluminum. It is concluded that the increase in plasma aluminum observed with 1 alpha(OH)D3 and after its discontinuation is either due to body aluminum burden redistribution or to increased aluminum intestinal absorption whatever the mechanism is, this effect should lead to close monitoring of plasma aluminum in uremic patients taking 1 alpha OH vitamin D3. PMID- 3769237 TI - The mitral valve mechanism with normal and prolapsed leaflets in the light of a dynamic model. AB - A dynamic model was presented to explain some of the clinical and morphologic findings in primary mitral valve prolapse. In normal cases, the leaflets, chorda tendinae, the annular ring, and the papillary muscles represent a functional entity balanced by the pressure force acting upon the leaflets. When the leaflets are larger, as in primary mitral valve prolapse, a negative interference with this balance is achieved, causing an increased traction on the papillary muscles and a concomitant dilatation of the annular ring. PMID- 3769235 TI - Detection of electrocardiographically imperceptible ventricular pre-excitation by phase imaging. AB - The sequence of ventricular contraction was studied by radionuclide phase imaging in 25 patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. The studies were performed when no signs of precontraction were present in the electrocardiogram; in these cases pre-excitation was either intermittent or suppressable by injection of ajmaline. In 11 of the 16 patients with free wall accessory pathways, precontraction could be detected in spite of electrocardiographically absent pre excitation. Discrete precontraction was seen also in 2 of the 9 patients with paraseptal accessory pathways. We conclude that antegrade conduction through the accessory pathway does not need to be completely blocked if signs of pre excitation are absent on the electrocardiogram, and that phase imaging is, at least in some patients (especially those with free wall accessory pathways), a more sensitive technique for detection of pre-excitation (precontraction) than the electrocardiogram. PMID- 3769239 TI - Acute and chronic pulmonary thromboembolism: current perspectives. Part III: Diagnosis. PMID- 3769243 TI - HLA antigen frequencies among patients with juvenile chronic arthritis and amyloidosis: a brief report. AB - Amyloidosis is seen in a small number of patients with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). In order to determine whether particular HLA markers might predispose to the development of amyloid in JCA a group of 45 patients with amyloidosis confirmed by biopsy was typed for the HLA-A, B, C and DR loci. The results confirmed previous smaller studies that no HLA antigen detected by standard serological techniques was associated specifically with the development of amyloidosis. Those antigens which showed an altered frequency (ie. DR4 and DRw8) were known to be associated with the different types of JCA onset represented in this group. PMID- 3769236 TI - Effects of alcohol on systemic and pulmonary hemodynamics in normal humans. AB - Even at low doses, alcohol has been reported to impair left ventricular pump function. To characterize further the effects of alcohol on the normal cardiovascular system, using the Swan-Ganz thermodilution catheter, we studied 6 healthy physicians, aged 27-36 years, while they were lightly intoxicated. Within a period of 30 min the subjects ingested 0.5 g/kg of ethanol diluted to 15% (w/v) in fruit juice. Hemodynamic measurements were obtained before the first ingestion and every half-hour thereafter for 2 hours. A peak blood ethanol concentration (mean +/- SE) of 13.3 +/- 1.6 mmol/l (0.61 mg/dl) was recorded at 60 min. Unexpectedly, pulmonary artery pressure rose during the early part of the increasing blood ethanol phase, probably due to pulmonary vascular constriction. At 30 min, the systolic pulmonary artery pressure had increased by 10% (p less than 0.05) and the diastolic pressure by 14% (p less than 0.001); both returned to baseline levels by the end of the experiment. Calculated pulmonary vascular resistance rose from a baseline value of 0.50 +/- 0.30 to 0.85 +/- 0.34 units (p less than 0.01) at 30 min. Left ventricular preload decreased significantly during the declining blood ethanol phase: mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure decreased from 12 +/- 3 to 10 +/- 2 mmHg (p less than 0.01), and mean right atrial pressure decreased significantly. This study suggests that alcohol causes changes in cardiac function by altering its loading conditions. The combined diuretic and systemic venodilatory actions of alcohol provide the most probable explanation for the decrease in preload. PMID- 3769241 TI - Familial Sjogren's syndrome in the Japanese: immunogenetic and serological studies. AB - Serological abnormalities and HLA haplotypes were studied in a Japanese family of two patients with Sjogren's syndrome (SS) associated with other autoimmune diseases. In contrast to the reports in the U.S.A. and Europe, we found a significant excess of HLA-DRw53 antigen in the family members. Two family members, mother and niece of the probands, had suffered from other connective tissue diseases. Although none of the siblings of probands had manifestations of connective tissue diseases, two siblings had several autoantibodies. No consistent segregation, however, was found between the HLA haplotypes and the serological abnormalities in the relatives. Therefore, HLA alone can not explain the familial clustering of autoimmune diseases including SS and of autoantibodies. PMID- 3769240 TI - Histologic assessment of cathepsin D in osteoarthritic cartilage. AB - The lysosomal endopeptidase cathepsin D is the most abundant proteinase in chondrocytes. Its significance in the pathogenesis of cartilage matrix proteoglycan (PG) degradation in osteoarthritis (OA) is unclear. The extracellular localization of cathepsin D and its potential spatial relationship to areas of PG depletion has been studied in human femoral head OA cartilage. Enzyme was identified by indirect immunofluorescence using rabbit antisera developed against a highly purified cathepsin D preparation. PG distribution was assessed in parallel sections by safranin O staining. Specimens were selected to include regions of cartilage having minimal structural and cellular alterations, severe reduction in thickness, hypocellularity, multicellular chondrocyte clusters and varying degrees of PG loss. Cathepsin D was identified in chondrocytes. When overlying fibrous connective tissue pannus was present, extracellular enzyme was predominantly localized to the cartilage-pannus interface. Cathepsin D could not be demonstrated extracellularly in areas of cartilage that were partially or totally devoid of PG. Chondrocytes in damaged regions, particularly in the superficial and upper transitional zones showing diffuse hypercellularity and/or "brood" clusters, contained increased enzyme staining. Results fail to support a role for cathepsin D in extracellular matrix PG degradation. The potential significance of this enzyme in the pathogenesis of OA would appear relegated to intracellular catabolism. Its intracellular increase at pathologic sites is consistent with enhanced catabolic activity in such regions. PMID- 3769242 TI - In vivo effects of chloroquine treatment on spontaneous and interferon-induced natural killer activities in rheumatoid arthritis patients. AB - Chloroquine is a primary amine which inhibits in vitro cell-mediated cytolysis, probably by affecting the lysosomal system. Spontaneous and interferon (INF) induced natural killer (NK) activities were studied in patients affected by rheumatoid arthritis (RA) undergoing chloroquine therapy. In all chloroquine treated patients spontaneous and IFN-induced NK activities were decreased, as compared with healthy controls or RA patients, not treated with chloroquine. NK activity, however, substantially increased after withdrawal of chloroquine treatment. It is suggested that chloroquine inhibits cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vivo by the same mechanisms observed in in vitro studies, and that these effects might be relevant in the therapeutic action of this drug in RA. PMID- 3769232 TI - Incidence of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in a Spanish population. PMID- 3769244 TI - Successful symptomatic treatment of melorheostosis with nifedipine. AB - Melorheostosis is an unusual sclerotic dysplasia of bone. We describe a patient with melorheostosis who showed improvement in pain and vasomotor function after treatment with nifedipine. Peripheral vascular disturbances may be responsible for the pain associated with this disorder and vascular abnormalities could possibly be related to the pathogenesis of this disease. PMID- 3769245 TI - Procainamide-induced lupus with vasculitis. PMID- 3769246 TI - Systemic lupus erythematosus and endocarditis. PMID- 3769247 TI - Antiphospholipid antibodies and HLA. PMID- 3769248 TI - One-stage revision of infected cemented total hip arthroplasty. AB - A prospective study of a one-stage revision of infected cemented total hip arthroplasty was carried out in 102 consecutive cases using acrylic cement with 0.5 g of gentamicin in each 40 g pack as well as systemic and oral antibiotics. Thirty percent had a sinus tract at some stage before the revision. The most common infecting organism was coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, either as a pure growth or in combination with other organisms. The success rate was 91%, with an average follow-up study of three years and two months. The infection persisted in 9% of the cases. In three cases, infection was correlated with some aspect of the revision technique. The method gave a higher success rate than that obtained without the use of an antibiotic-loaded acrylic cement. Combined systemic and oral use of antibiotics appears to reduce the recurrence rate still further. PMID- 3769249 TI - Revision of infected total hip arthroplasty. AB - Extension of infection down the medulla of the femur to the supracondylar region may occur in cases of chronic infected total hip arthroplasty. Because this cannot always be identified before operation, the femur should be reamed and flushed proximally from the lateral condyle in all cases where there is suspicion of infection around the femoral component. Where infection is unequivocal and extensive, a period of irrigation and suction drainage is advisable before final total hip arthroplasty. After the prosthesis has been inserted in either one or two stages, it is wise not to rely on antibiotic cement mixtures alone but to monitor the bacterial flora and prescribe local antibiotic therapy accordingly. PMID- 3769250 TI - Arthroplasty using the Charnley prosthesis in old tuberculosis of the hip. Clinical experience with 8-10-year follow-up evaluation. AB - Twenty patients with tuberculosis of the hip joint were treated by low-friction arthroplasty (LFA) and followed for eight to ten years. Five of the patients had reactivation of the infection and subsequent failure despite the use of chemotherapy. Successful revision arthroplasties have been performed on two of the five hips. LFA can be recommended for patients with old tuberculous hips, provided it is combined with adequate chemotherapy both before and after surgery. PMID- 3769251 TI - Significance of operative cultures in total hip arthroplasty. AB - The significance of operative cultures to the development of deep infections in total hip arthroplasties performed for failures of previous surgeries was studied. Four hundred fifty conversion total hips were followed for three or more years. Twenty-nine percent had had more than one prior surgery. One hundred twenty-one organisms in 81 hips (18%) were found. Gram-positive cultures were increased in rheumatoid arthritis. Twenty (4.4%) of the hips became infected. Nine (11%) of the hips with positive cultures and 11 (3%) of the hips with no growth at conversion later developed infections. Failed total hip arthroplasties with a positive culture had a 40% rate of reinfection. Rheumatoid hips had a two times higher infection rate, and 80% were caused by gram-negative organisms. Hips with a gram-negative growth at the time of conversion had a higher infection rate than hips infected with gram-positive organisms. PMID- 3769252 TI - Trochanteric osteotomy in Charnley low-friction arthroplasty of the hip. AB - The use of trochanteric osteotomy in lateral approach to the hip joint is a fundamental part of Charnley's low-friction arthroplasty. Its use allows adequate exposure and easy orientation of the hip. Reattachment using a single transverse and double vertical wires was evaluated in 500 consecutive hip arthroplasties. Of 500 patients, 466 (93.2%) showed complete bony union of their trochanteric osteotomy at three months. A further 20 (4%) patients united by 12 months, giving a union rate of 97.2%; 34 (6.8%) patients who showed incomplete or defective union at three months. There were five dislocations. Only one patient required removal of the wires, for bursitis. The patients with defective bony union had a relatively high rate of wire breakage at three months. Despite a 1.8% complete detachment and 1% fibrous union, the transtrochanteric approach allows easy access without fear of shaft fracture in very difficult cases, with surprisingly little ill effect or loss of function even in those failing to reunite. PMID- 3769253 TI - Femoral prosthetic subsidence after low-friction arthroplasty. AB - A quantitative method has been used to measure femoral prosthetic subsidence after insertion. Increased amounts of subsidence are associated with the development of radiologic signs by one year after surgery. The most marked effect occurs with fractures of the cement tip. Follow-up examination up to five years shows that the rate of subsidence usually stabilizes, or stops at about 5 mm. Less commonly, subsidence is progressive, averaging up to 2 cm at five years. Demonstrable subsidence is also associated with prostheses that subsequently go on to break. The implications are that the nonflanged femoral prostheses are end bearing, with eccentric loading of the distal cement column, which leads to radiologic signs around the cement tip, demarcation, and, eventually, fracture of the cement tip. There may also be resorptive changes in the proximal femur, characteristically demonstrated in the medial femoral neck. It is suggested that the recent improvements in cement technique and the addition of the prosthetic dorsal flange may increase the success of low-friction arthroplasty. PMID- 3769254 TI - Use of the Charnley mini-offset bore acetabular component in severe acetabular dysplasia. A preliminary report. AB - Nine total hip arthroplasties were performed in seven patients using the Charnley mini-offset bore acetabular component to assess its effectiveness in cases of severe deficiency of acetabular bone "stock." Preoperative diagnoses included seven chronically dislocated hips and two previously failed arthroplasties. The follow-up period averaged 49 months. Pain relief was dramatic in all patients, and all had increased ambulatory capacity after operation. No clinical loosenings or deep infections were encountered. The small outside diameter (36 mm) of this acetabular component requires only minimal bone removal from the acetabular bed. Its eccentrically positioned bore allows for adequate polyethylene thickness in the weight-bearing area. It also takes advantage of the low frictional torque of a small femoral head system. PMID- 3769255 TI - Accelerated polymerization of acrylic bone cement using preheated implants. AB - This article is an account of a procedure to accelerate polymerization of polymethylmethacrylate during total hip arthroplasty by preheating the stem of the femoral prosthesis. The increased temperature is shown to have a definite beneficial effect with regard to accelerated polymerization. Experimental investigations are presented to verify this supposition. PMID- 3769256 TI - A modification of Charnley low-friction arthroplasty. Representative ten-year follow-up results of the St. Georg prosthesis. AB - From the stimulus offered by John Charnley in 1962, Hans Wilhelm Buchholz developed the St. Georg hip implant in Hamburg. The design differed from that of Charnley notably in the size of the femoral head. The results of early operations performed in Hamburg are confined largely to the most cogent form of failure, mechanical loosening of one or both components. Four representative years (1968 1971) were selected for this purpose, and survival curves were constructed for 1971 patients of different age and preoperative diagnosis. In conventional terms, the rate of mechanical loosening for the femoral component is 1.9%, for the acetabular component 2.4%, and for both components 7.5% for a ten or more year follow-up period. The principle annunciated by Charnley suggesting that total joint arthroplasty be performed in large units or special hospitals is strongly recommended. PMID- 3769257 TI - The UCLA Charnley experience: a long-term follow-up study using survival analysis. AB - During the period between February 1970 and December 1973, 149 Charnley total hip arthroplasties were performed at UCLA Medical Center. Fifty-seven percent have a follow-up period of at least four years, and 21% have a follow-up period of ten years or more. The peri- and postoperative complication rate was high, with an incidence of 32.6% urinary tract infection (UTI), 4% peroneal nerve palsy, 4% cardiopulmonary, 2% pulmonary embolism, 1.3% myocardial infarction, and 6.0% other. Eleven patients (7.3%) required revision at a mean of 75 months after operation, while an additional three patients were experiencing substantial pain. Clinical improvement after this procedure is similar to that reported by other authors. Survivorship analysis suggests that being young and/or having a diagnosis of osteonecrosis or failed hemiarthroplasty places a patient at a higher risk of failure due to revision surgery or pain. PMID- 3769258 TI - Conversion of hip fusion to Charnley low-friction arthroplasty. AB - Spontaneous fusion of the hip following infection or surgical procedures can result in deformity that causes degenerative change in the associated joints. Loss of function can cause pain in adjacent joints. Conversion of hips fused in a deformed position to low-friction arthroplasty reduces shearing strain and improves walking function. Conversion of the fused hips constitutes a technically difficult procedure; adequate exposure with trochanteric osteotomy with the patient in the supine position is strongly advocated. PMID- 3769259 TI - Isolated avulsion fracture of the lesser tuberosity of the humerus. A case report. AB - An extremely rare isolated avulsion fracture of the lesser tuberosity, not complicated with other proximal humeral fractures or posterior shoulder dislocations, occurred in a 12-year-old girl. The avulsion fracture of the upper part of the lesser tuberosity appears to have been caused by hyperextension and hyperexternal rotation of the shoulder. In this position, the coracohumeral ligament, superior glenohumeral ligament, and subscapularis tendon could have pulled out the upper part of the lesser tuberosity. She gained full recovery of left shoulder function after three months of conservative treatment, although follow-up roentgenograms show nonunion of the fracture. An isolated avulsion fracture of the lesser tuberosity is extremely rare. Only 12 cases, none in children, have been found in the literature since Hartigan's report in 1895. PMID- 3769260 TI - External fixation shoulder arthrodesis. AB - Shoulder arthrodesis, while providing a useful and predictable solution to many problems associated with glenohumeral degeneration, has been less than desirable for many patients due to the frequent need for postoperative spica cast or airplane splint immobilization. A new technique of external fixation of shoulder fusions has been developed that provides many advantages, including strong, reliable fixation, obviating the need for bulky casts or splints, and immediate postoperative use of the involved arm. This technique of shoulder arthrodesis using the Hoffman external fixation device has been used on four patients, with a follow-up period of 30-36 months. The series includes patients with infected arthroplasty, osteoarthritis, tumor, and previous failed arthrodesis. Bony union was obtained in six to 10 weeks, and the external fixation frame was left in place seven to 14 weeks. In each case, the external fixation frame enabled the patient to use the involved arm immediately after operation. PMID- 3769261 TI - Spontaneous medial dislocation of the tendon of the long biceps brachii. An anatomic study of prevalence and pathomechanics. AB - Medial displacement of the tendon of the long biceps brachii muscle was analyzed in a dissection study on autopsy in 77 subjects, 42 men and 35 women. The tendon was found to be medially displaced in five shoulders in five different subjects (6.5%). Medial displacement of the tendon was always found in connection with full-thickness supraspinatus tendon ruptures. It is a common belief that the tendon is always displaced medially to the lesser tubercle riding over the subscapularis tendon. In the present series, this condition was found only in one case; in the other shoulders the tendon had slipped medially to the lesser tubercle under the subscapularis tendon, which was partially internally ruptured. In patients with rotator cuff lesions, medial displacement of the long biceps tendon might be one reason for pain over the front of the shoulder. PMID- 3769262 TI - Nonunion of the humerus. Clinical, roentgenographic, scintigraphic, and response characteristics to treatment with constant direct current stimulation of osteogenesis. AB - Forty-six trauma patients who had developed non-union of the humerus were evaluated from 1972 through 1981 as part of a large prospective study on nonunion. The average age of the 46 patients was 55 years. Women outnumbered men (29 women and 17 men). Seventy-one percent of the fractures occurred below the midpoint of the humerus. Inadequate immobilization and/or distraction and failure of internal fixation devices to obtain and maintain fracture fragment contiguity and stability was noted. Of the 46 patients referred, 39 were treated with constant direct current, using percutaneously inserted electrodes. Senile and disuse osteoporosis (62%), synovial pseudarthrosis (42%), obesity (20%), and osteomyelitis (5%) in this older patient population made this a difficult treatment problem. Seventeen patients' nonunions healed (46%). Electrical stimulation of nonunion of the humerus is not a panacea. Patient selection is critical. PMID- 3769263 TI - Coccidioides immitis infections in bones and joints. AB - Coccidioides immitis infections of bones and joints pose difficult problems in diagnosis and treatment. To evaluate further the diagnosis and treatment of this disease, a retrospective review was conducted of 24 patients with 44 separate skeletal lesions of C. immitis infection, as determined by positive culture. Patients treated with combined medical and surgical treatment are more likely to have a successful outcome than those treated with medical therapy alone (p less than 0.005). Although immunosuppression did not appear to prevent a satisfactory response to therapy, patients with a high complement fixation titer (greater than or equal to 1:128) were more likely to fail to respond to medical therapy alone (p less than 0.01). PMID- 3769264 TI - In vivo degradation systems of the epiphyseal cartilage. AB - Accumulated evidence suggests that in the growth cartilage during endochondral ossification, proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix of the lower hypertrophic zone are degraded by proteases and removed before mineralization. Neutral protease activity in the human growth cartilage was demonstrated recently, with the highest levels in the hypertrophic and calcified zones. In this study, in an in vivo model, proteoglycans in the epiphyseal cartilage are cleaved at specific sites in the protein core by enzymes acting similar to neutral metallo-proteases. Prelabeled growth cartilage (35S) chondrocytes, grown in vitro, were transplanted as an allograft to fill a defect in the proximal tibial plate of immature New Zealand white rabbits and then extracted at different time intervals. Degradation of these proteoglycans was determined by gel chromatography on Sepharose 2B columns under associative and dissociative condition. This was compared to in vivo degradation patterns of flash-labeled native growth cartilage proteoglycan. Both the in vivo labeled material and the in vitro labeled transplants appear to be degraded into smaller fragments over time. This study provides further proof that the degradation of proteoglycans does occur in vivo and that this process is an important element in the preparation of bone for mineralization. Control of degradation may alter growth processes. PMID- 3769265 TI - Forearm bone mineral content does not decline with age in premenopausal women. AB - Forearm densitometry was performed on 77 normal premenopausal women aged 22-59 years. Bone mineral content (BMC) (arbitrary units) was converted into true forearm mineral content (FMC) (mg/cm) by measuring and ashing a sample radius and ulna. FMC was divided by width to yield surface density (mg/cm2) and divided by cross-sectional area to yield forearm mineral density (FMD) (mg/ml). The coefficient of variation of FMC was 12.3%, which was reduced to 10.1% after correction for width and 10.9% after correction for area. FMC was significantly related to height, bone width, and bone area but not to weight. The correlation with height was lost when FMC was corrected for bone width or bone area. None of the measured or derived bone variables was significantly related to age. Neither total bone mass nor bone density declines with age in premenopausal women. A comparison of normal and osteoporotic women will be required to establish whether bone width or bone area is the best referent for forearm mineral content. PMID- 3769266 TI - 15-21-year results of the Charnley low-friction arthroplasty. AB - Ninety-three patients had had 116 Charnley low-friction arthroplasties (LFA) 15 to 21 years (mean, 16.6 years) previously. Their mean age at surgery was 53 years (range, 20-71 years). Fifty-two had osteoarthritis and 19 had rheumatoid arthritis. At follow-up, 85.3% were completely pain-free and 11.2% had occasional discomfort. Seventy-eight percent had near full or full range of movements. Acetabular bone-cement junction was unchanged in 32, and 20 had nonprogressive demarcation of the outer one third measuring less than 1 mm in width. In 36, socket demarcation was complete. Medial femoral cortex was unchanged in 56% and 44% showed loss of definition. Endosteal cavitation of the femur was present in 20.7%. Subsidence of the stem or the stem-cement complex was present in 29%. The diameter of the femoral cortex near the tip of the stem remained unaltered in 83.6%. The rate of socket wear was 0.096 mm/year, and there was a highly significant correlation between time and wear but no correlation between wear and patient's weight. Twenty-two and five-tenths percent of sockets migrated; this was statistically related to the depth of socket wear. The excellent clinical results of a relatively unsophisticated early surgical technique strongly supported the correct concept of the low-frictional torque. Improvements in the surgical technique and component design will further improve the long-term results. PMID- 3769267 TI - Low-friction arthroplasty of the hip. A 10-12-year follow-up study. AB - The data from a series of patients operated upon by Charnley and reviewed after ten to 12 years shows that low-frictional torque arthroplasty remains a sound concept of design. If done with precision, it is still the best operation for patients with discomfort and disability from coxarthrosis. The development of a sound interface is controlled not only by the initial strength of the interlock achieved by the surgeon, but also by the loads applied to it by the patients. The total hip arthroplasty may be a miracle of modern medicine, but it can never be superior to normal articulation; this should encourage the surgeon to steer the patient away from unreasonable expectations. In this review, 217 arthroplasties were performed in 184 patients; 58 died, leaving 153 arthroplasties in 126 patients. Eighty-eight percent were more than satisfactory; 6% required revision. This was due to aseptic loosening in only two percent. PMID- 3769268 TI - Long-term results of low-friction arthroplasty in patients 30 years of age or younger. AB - The long-term results of 49 Charnley low-friction arthroplasties performed in patients 30 years of age or younger at the time of surgery was reviewed, with special emphasis placed on the radiologic evaluation of the acetabular and femoral components with average follow-up period of nearly ten years and the longest follow-up period of 15.5 years. Fifty-three percent of the sockets had no cement-bone demarcation and 28.6% had only a small line in the upper outer quadrant of the socket. Of the seven sockets that failed (14.3%), six had very deficient bone stock at operation. There were only two cases of femoral loosening. The rate of wear was 1.7 mm at ten years, which is not much greater than in older patients. Most of these cases were patients with conditions causing built-in restraints against over activity. PMID- 3769269 TI - A ten-year follow-up study of 170 Charnley total hip arthroplasties. AB - Between 1971 and 1974, 352 low-friction hip arthroplasties were performed on 296 patients using the precise Charnley technique. One hundred seventy hips in 145 patients were followed either for ten years or to the point at which revision of the total hip arthroplasty was made necessary by infection, aseptic loosening, chronic dislocation, or similar complications. The results of this evaluation revealed an overall revision rate to the ten-year level of 8.8% in 171 hips and an infection rate of 1.4% for all 352 cases. Both clinical and radiologic assessments encourage further use of this technique. PMID- 3769270 TI - Long-term results of low-friction arthroplasty performed in a community hospital, including a radiologic review. AB - This report is a prospective review of 450 low-friction arthroplasties (LFAs) performed by a single surgeon from 1972 to 1983 in a community hospital. The clinical results show sustained quality of the result over a maximum follow-up period of 11 years. The radiologic review shows a slight increase in the number and size of radiolucent lines with time. Bacteriologic studies confirm that clean air technology reduces the bacteriologic contamination of the operating room and the wound. Deep infections occurred in 1.6% of cases. The most notable complication was failure to obtain bony union of the osteotomized trochanter in 14% of cases. The revision rate for aseptic loosening of the cup was 0.7% and of the femoral prosthesis 0.0%. PMID- 3769271 TI - Failures and reoperations following low-friction arthroplasty of the hip. A five- to fifteen-year follow-up study. AB - One thousand nine Charnley low-friction arthroplasties performed by one surgeon were investigated for occurrence of failure from five to 15 years after operation. Six hundred ninety-six of the arthroplasties, 499 operations for primary and 197 for secondary surgery, qualified for study. Eleven hips of the 499 primary arthroplasties (2.2%) and five hips of 197 secondary surgery (2.5%) required reoperation. Six hips (of five patients) in primary and four hips in secondary surgery were identified as "pending failure," for which further surgical correction may be imminent. There were six deep infections (1%), one in primary and five in secondary surgery. Five patients (0.7%) required reoperations other than revision of arthroplasty. Combining the actual and pending failures resulting from mechanical failures and deep infection, there were 31 failures in 696 arthroplasties (4.5%). PMID- 3769272 TI - Experience with Charnley low-friction arthroplasty in Japan. AB - Of 300 hips operated upon from 1972 to 1983, 11 were followed for more than ten years and 107 hips were followed for more than five years. Only two hips had late infection and required Girdlestone resection. One hip with mechanical loosening was revised. The Charnley low-friction arthroplasty components have proved suitable and presented no special difficulties for Japanese people and their lifestyle. In the case of a severely anteverted femoral neck, a fixation of the stem was anteverted up to 30 degrees and sustained in good position. Acetabular dysplasia is a particular problem for Japanese surgeons but can be managed effectively by bone grafting procedures. PMID- 3769273 TI - Charnley low-friction arthroplasty of the hip. Long-term results in South Africa. AB - Long-term results of 98 Charnley low-friction arthroplasties were followed for a period of a mean of 12 years; 98 of 470 operations qualified for this strict long term study, 78 (79.6%) with excellent results. If excessive medialization of the cup is avoided, socket complications appear to be minimal (4%). The majority of femoral component failures resulted from femoral stem breakage. Only four hips (4.08%) developed loosening of the femoral stem. PMID- 3769274 TI - Clean air at operation and subsequent sepsis in the joint. AB - When Charnley and others began to do substantial numbers of arthroplasties, they met a high incidence of subsequent failure from sepsis. There was at that time a revival of interest in the possibility that surgical sepsis originated from airborne bacteria, and engineering developments had provided the means for attaining much cleaner atmospheres. Over a period of ten years, Charnley reduced airborne contamination by more than 100-fold, and his sepsis rate fell, without using antibiotics, by tenfold. He had, however, made other procedural changes, and there were those who reported equally good results without using the ventilation and clothing systems he had devised, although usually they had given prophylactic antibiotics. The results of recent randomized studies have confirmed that considerable reduction in the sepsis rate can be obtained by operating in ultraclean air but that similarly low rates can be achieved with normal ventilation when prophylactic antibiotics are given. In addition, the two methods are effective independently, and used together sepsis rates in the joint after total arthroplasty have been reduced to a few per 1000. PMID- 3769275 TI - The mechanics and biology of intramedullary fracture fixation. AB - Intramedullary (IM) fracture fixation serves to stabilize fracture fragments and maintains alignment, while permitting motion at the fracture site during functional activities. Acting as an internal splint, the implant serves as a load sharing device and fracture healing progresses with the formation of peripheral callus. By allowing motion of adjacent joints, rehabilitation is concurrent with treatment, and stress-shielding is thought to be minimal using these techniques. Recently, IM nails have been introduced to widen indications for their use based on variations in the cross-sectional geometry, length and shape of nails, interlocking designs, and surgical techniques. Although the most important mechanical factors in the design of IM nails are strength, stiffness, and rigidity, anatomic constraints and surgical technique limit nail variations. Closed nailing is preferred to open procedures to preserve periosteal blood supply and minimize surgical trauma adjacent to the fracture. Blood flow to the fractured bone is elevated in nailing experiments, although callus maturation is somewhat delayed. However, the end result in terms of healing was similar to that of plate fixation. PMID- 3769276 TI - The spectrum of intramedullary nailing of the tibia. AB - Intramedullary nailing of the tibia has been used mainly in selected cases of fresh diaphyseal fractures and nonunions. However, with modern variations of the technique, the indications can be expanded considerably. Interlocking nailing has increased the number of fractures suitable for intramedullary fixation. With this technique or with other additional measures, intramedullary fixation can be used after correction osteotomies and for stabilization of metastases and pathologic fractures. When used on correct indications and in the absence of complications, intramedullary nailing is the method of choice for stabilization of the tibia. The advantages are short stay in hospital, short morbidity, early range of motion exercises, and weight-bearing without immobilization in plaster. A prerequisite, however, is that the surgeon be very familiar with the technique, and its indications and complications. PMID- 3769277 TI - Critical analysis of results of treatment of 201 tibial shaft fractures. AB - Two hundred one tibial shaft fractures, 160 closed and 41 open (Grades I and II), were treated between January 1978 and June 1982. Sixty patients underwent closed intramedullary Arbeitsgemeinschart Osteosynthesisfragen/Association for the Study of Problems of Internal Fixation (AO/ASIF) nailing with reaming and 141 patients were treated with closed reduction and cast immobilization. Intramedullary nailing resulted in one (1.7%) nonunion, two (3.3%) infections, and no malunions. In the cast treatment group there were 14 (9.9%) delayed or nonunions, two (1.4%) infections, and six (4.3%) malunions. Within this group there were 19 early failures from either inadequate reduction or loss of reduction, which led to a change from nonoperative to operative methods of management. The interval between injury and return to work was 22 weeks in the nailed group, compared with 25.8 weeks in the cast immobilization group. PMID- 3769278 TI - Flexible medullary nailing of acute tibial shaft fractures. AB - In a nonrandomized prospective study, 111 tibial shaft fractures (55 closed, 56 open) were treated with flexible intramedullary nails. Open injuries were nailed immediately following irrigation and debridement in the vast majority of cases. Ninety-four percent of the fractures united in an average time of 18.8 weeks. There were seven nonunions (6.3%), all of which healed following a secondary procedure. Six patients demonstrated delay in union but healed their fractures within 26 weeks (5.4%). Five patients developed angulatory malunions between 6 degrees and 10 degrees after nailing (4.5%). Three patients had rotational malalignment requiring treatment (2.7%). There were four deep wound infections, which required irrigation and debridement (3.6%). In two cases the nails were retained and in two they were replaced with an external fixator. In one patient, chronic osteomyelitis developed. Flexible medullary nailing extends the indications for intramedullary fixation of tibial shaft fractures because maintenance of length, alignment, and rotation are usually possible. PMID- 3769279 TI - Intramedullary nailing and reaming for delayed union or nonunion of the femoral shaft. A report of 105 consecutive cases. AB - One hundred five consecutive patients with a diagnosis of delayed union (61 patients) or nonunion (44 patients) of the femoral shaft from February 1968 to November 1983 were managed by intramedullary reaming and nailing. The procedure was accomplished by closed techniques in 82 of the cases. Adequate follow-up study was obtained in 101 patients; all but four showed clinical and radiologic union at an average of 20 weeks following the procedure, with an overall union rate of 96%. The four patients whose fractures failed to consolidate with this treatment had repeat procedures with placement of thicker nails, and all subsequently healed. PMID- 3769280 TI - The treatment of noninfected pseudarthrosis of the femur and tibia with locked intramedullary nailing. AB - Sixty-six cases of noninfected nonunions (27 femoral and 39 tibial) were treated with an interlocking nail. In these cases, 92.6% of the femurs and 94.8% of the tibias healed after the first operation in a mean time of 15.4 and 13.0 weeks, respectively. Deep infection complicated five nailings (7.5%, two femur and three tibia), which included three patients with reactivation of latent osteomyelitis. All cases healed after debridement and use of gentamicin PMMA beads. In one case the nail had to be removed and replaced by an external fixator. Residual angulation between 5 degrees and 10 degrees occurred in three femurs and seven tibias. Shortening occurred in all patients and averaged 0.9 cm in the femur and 0.5 cm in the tibia. Of the patients treated for femoral nonunion, 92.5% achieved full hip flexion and 77.8% full knee flexion on final follow-up examination. In patients with tibial nonunions treated with a locked nail, 92.3% had normal knee flexion and 84.6% obtained normal ankle function. Interlocking nailing offers unique advantages to patients with femoral or tibial shaft pseudarthrosis. The technique allows early weight-bearing, range of motion of adjacent joints, and reliable rates of consolidation of the nonunions. PMID- 3769281 TI - Closed intramedullary osteotomies of the femur. AB - Closed intramedullary osteotomies offer a safe way to correct many femoral deformities. It is the safest method for correcting leg length inequality in adults, having a low infection rate and low complication rate. Unfortunately, the procedure, is technically demanding, requiring great attention by two surgeons. The derotational osteotomy is not nearly as complex; it is a relatively simple procedure for a surgeon experienced in closed intramedullary nailing. Correction is adequate with goniometer measurement, but an interlocking nail is necessary to maintain position. Correction of angulatory deformities is more difficult and requires careful study of anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique radiographs to be certain that the procedure is technically possible. Intramedullary bone grafting is frequently necessary for an open wedge. Distal osteotomies are encumbered by nonunion problems. PMID- 3769282 TI - Locked intramedullary nailing. Its application to femoral and tibial axial, rotational, lengthening, and shortening osteotomies. AB - Interlocking nailing is an alternative method of internal fixation following corrective osteotomies for malunions or after correction of leg length inequality. Of 13 osteotomies (six femoral, seven tibial) for angular or rotational malunion, all healed following dynamic locked nailing. Eleven were considered anatomic and two had mild residual deformity. One-stage femoral lengthening was performed in 17 patients. The preferred operative technique includes a long Z-shaped osteotomy, static interlocking nailing, primary cancellous bone grafts, and one or two supplemental screws at the osteotomy site to prevent shortening following dynamization. Thirteen complications developed following one-stage lengthening of the femur, which included significant loss of length in five patients, femoral nerve palsies in four patients, three deep infections, and one nonunion. Lengthening should not exceed 4.0 cm in the femur. The recommended technique of shortening osteotomy consists of resection of a cylindric segment of bone from the distal diaphyseal metaphyseal area. Shortening should not exceed 4.5 cm in the femur or 3.0 cm in the tibia. In ten patients who were shortened, all healed, but radiologic signs of union appeared very slowly in most cases. PMID- 3769283 TI - Treatment of infected pseudarthrosis of the femur and tibia with an interlocking nail. AB - Between 1970 and 1977, 64 patients with infected pseudarthrosis of the femur and tibia were treated with an interlocking nail. The type of primary treatment prior to the development of the infected pseudarthrosis was plate fixation in 21 femurs and seven tibias and conventional intramedullary nails in 16 femurs and 20 tibias. Fracture union was obtained in 34 of the 38 femoral infected pseudarthrosis (89.5%) and 19 of 27 tibial infected nonunions (62.5%) following interlocking nailing. Seven of the eight failures (87.5%) in the tibial group were the result of reoperation with interlocking nails following infected plate fixation. Following removal of the interlocking nail and treatment of residual infection, osteomyelitis was considered quiescent in 59 patients (35 femurs and 24 tibias) and active in five patients (two femurs and three tibias). Today, external fixation in combination with gentamicin-PMMA chains for local antibiotic treatment is used in the majority of such cases, because fracture instability and the chronic osteomyelitis can be treated simultaneously. PMID- 3769284 TI - The effects of reaming and intramedullary nailing on fracture healing. AB - Most closed fractures of the shaft of the femur and tibia can be treated successfully with internal fixation with medullary or interlocking nails. Unlike plate fixation, intramedullary nailing does not provide absolutely rigid fixation, so that some motion at the fracture site exists. The process of reaming causes circulatory disturbances in the inner two-thirds of the diaphyseal cortex. However, this does not impede the formation of external callus. The parts of bone that have sustained vascular damage by trauma or surgery are revascularized. Delay in the healing process due to disruption of the blood supply to fracture fragments is not known. The majority of patients are able to weight-bear a few days after surgery. PMID- 3769285 TI - Infection following intramedullary nailing of long bones. Diagnosis and management. AB - In 30 patients (23 femurs and 7 tibias) with infection of long bone fractures following intramedullary (IM) nailing, the follow-up study ranged from eight to 84 months (mean, 20 months). Six patients retained active infection at the time of follow-up examination. Ununited fractures were present in four and sequestra in two patients. Stabilization for fracture healing after irrigation and debridement with appropriate systemic antibiotic therapy was the critical factor in the orthopedic management of this series of patients. PMID- 3769286 TI - Pitfalls, errors, and complications in the use of locking Kuntscher nails. AB - The addition of percutaneously inserted transfixion screws or internally deployed fins supplements the stabilization potential of the cloverleaf nail. The use of these systems increases the indications for reamed closed intramedullary nailing. Fractures with comminution or bone loss, malunions, and nonunions located outside of the isthmic region of the femur and the tibia can now be stabilized effectively with a Kuntscher-type implant. These closed nailing techniques reduce blood loss, surgical stress, and complications associated with open reduction and offer the patient the advantages of early joint and muscle rehabilitation and shorter hospitalization. However, the added technical complexity associated with the locking nail introduces a new set of pitfalls, errors, and complications. This article discusses these problems and suggests means to alleviate or avoid certain difficulties. PMID- 3769287 TI - Displaced proximal humeral fractures. Seven years' experience with a modified Zickel supracondylar device. AB - A modified Zickel supracondylar rod was used in a prospective study for the fixation of 31 fractures of the proximal humerus in a patient population an average of 55 years of age. The follow-up period averaged 18 months and the overall Neer score at the time of final follow-up examination was 83. Six two part fractures, ten three-part fractures and fracture dislocations, seven four part fractures and dislocations, four pathologic fractures, and four humeral shaft fractures were treated with the device. The Neer score did not vary significantly among the groups, although the group with four-part fractures and dislocations was much younger than the overall group. Radiographic evidence of avascular necrosis occurred in the four-part group, but this was not associated with collapse or clinical findings. There was a slight correlation between increasing age and decreasing clinical result. There were no nonunions, vascular injuries, or infections in any patient. PMID- 3769288 TI - Intramedullary forearm nailing. AB - Nailing of the forearm, beginning with Schone, antedated nailing of the femur and tibia. Its slower development appears due to anatomic problems with the radius, the interdependence of the two bones, and the strong torque loads from the pronators and supinators. Kirschner wires, threaded Steinman pins, Kuntscher U nails, and Rush pins were investigated extensively on fracture services before 1954 when a square-shaped nail to improve stability and fracture healing was designed. A broaching point, allowing some bite of the corners into the circumference of a reamed canal, provided better control of torque loads. Closed nailing has many advantages, including early union, low incidence of infection, small scars, less blood loss, and, frequently, relatively short operating time with minimal surgical trauma. Complications and pitfalls during surgery relate mainly to improper nail size and reaming technique. Open fractures led to the highest number of infections, and in highly comminuted fractures nonunion was occasionally seen. In a series of 137 nailed fractures, the nonunion rate was 7%. While the compression plates may give a slightly lower nonunion rate than nailing, the incidence was more than offset by the greater incidence of refractures and disfiguring scars. PMID- 3769289 TI - An evaluation of Trapezoidal-28 femoral stem fractures. AB - Fourteen patients sustaining femoral stem fractures of cold rolled wrought stainless steel Trapezoidal-28 prostheses (Zimmir, Warsaw, Indiana) were compared statistically with 259 successful hip replacements of the same type of prosthesis to determine possible factors predisposing to prosthetic fracture. Varus alignment was the highest contributing factor in these femoral stem fractures. Calcar resorption and insufficient distal lateral cement support also were contributory. Medial cement support was less for patients sustaining a fracture, but this was not statistically significant. Patients prone to encounter a fracture were men who were young and/or overweight. There was no significant correlation of fracture to preoperative diagnosis, laterality, trochanteric osteotomy, nonunion of the greater trochanter, or wire breakage. PMID- 3769290 TI - The window technique for the removal of broken femoral stems in total hip replacement. AB - Removal of broken femoral stems continues to be a difficult technical procedure in hip replacement surgery, despite the development of metal drilling devices and special extractors placed into the drill hole. The window technique for the removal of broken femoral stems is technically easier than the metal drilling technique and does not require sophisticated instrumentation. This technique is also useful as a back-up procedure when metal drilling procedures fail. PMID- 3769291 TI - Osteoporosis and hip fracture in a young woman with anorexia nervosa. AB - A 35-year-old woman with a 17-year history of anorexia nervosa (AN) sustained a pathologic fracture of the hip. Osteoporosis was confirmed by quantitative computed tomography of the lumbar spine and transiliac bone biopsy. Severe bone disease may exist in the anorexia nervosa syndrome and may to some extent be reversible on treatment of the underlying condition. AN could have profound effects on the peak bone mass achieved in the lifetime of the individual. Asymptomatic and symptomatic osteoporosis in young women may be based upon AN. Patients should be informed that osteoporosis can cause pathologic fractures as a sequela of self-imposed chronic malnutrition. PMID- 3769292 TI - Combined atlas and axis fractures visualized by computerized tomography. AB - Combined fractures of the atlas and axis are rare, with only four cases reported in the English literature. Combined fractures occur most frequently in the elderly. Computerized axial tomography and other special techniques are required for adequate visualization of these complex fractures. PMID- 3769293 TI - The role of intramedullary fixation in open fractures. AB - Intramedullary nailing of open fractures requires careful surgical judgment, consideration of alternative techniques, and the ability to use a number of different methods, including various designs with or without obligatory reaming. With good technique and well-selected indications, intramedullary nailing of open fractures may offer advantages not available through other types of fracture stabilization. Open fractures of the femur are best treated with delayed closed reamed nailing. Acute open nailing of the femur is justified to salvage life and limb in multiply injured patients. Acute nonreamed nailing of open fractures of the tibia has been shown to give results comparable to external skeletal fixation. The role for intramedullary nailing of open fractures of the upper extremity is limited. PMID- 3769294 TI - Recurrent knee pyarthrosis with intact hyaline cartilage. A case report. AB - A 20-year-old patient with hyperimmunoglobulin E and abnormal leukocyte chemotaxis was treated by synovectomy for chronic and recurrent staphylococcal knee pyarthrosis. The articular cartilage was noted to be preserved despite the severity of synovial involvement and the chronic nature of this case of septic arthritis. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes were few, despite florid Staphylococcus aureus growth. This observation lends support to the role of lysozomal enzyme activity from leukocytes in hyaline cartilage damage in pyarthrosis. PMID- 3769295 TI - Orthopedic experience with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus during a hospital epidemic. AB - Thirty-eight orthopedic patients with proven methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections were assessed as to the effectiveness of treatment. All patients were admitted between June 1981 and September 1983 and were among the 508 patients who had positive cultures for MRSA during that period. The average age of the patients was 32.5 years. Thirty-two patients had fractures. In 70% of the patients the injury was due to a motor vehicle accident. Sixty percent of the patients had Grade III open fractures with severe soft tissue injury or associated vascular injury. All patients were given antibiotics within 30 days of a positive culture, with 97% getting a first-generation cephalosporin. There were an average of 5.5 surgical procedures per patient (range, one to 16). Nine patients (24%) required amputation and eight (21%) lost joints either by excision or fusion. Only 14 patients (37%) healed without drainage. Four patients (10%) healed the original fracture or surgery with chronic drainage. There were three nonunions, two of which continue to drain. The antibiotic cost for Vancomycin alone increased 300%, from $2,000 in 1982 to approximately $680,000 in 1983. Methicillin-resistant in 1983. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has significant epidemic potential. Infection with this organism carries a high morbidity in order to control the organism. Any reported case of MRSA should be isolated quickly and thoroughly investigated epidemiologically in an attempt to prevent an epidemic. Vancomycin is the antibiotic of choice. Emphasis should be placed on the interruption of transmission of MRSA within and among hospitals. Serious consideration must be given to the long-term effects of prophylactic antibiotics. PMID- 3769296 TI - Comminuted and rotationally unstable fractures of the femur treated with an interlocking nail. AB - One hundred twelve comminuted or rotationally unstable fractures of the femur were treated with the Grosse-Kempf interlocking nail. Two-thirds of the fractures had comminution involving more than 50% of the cortex. Of the 112 nailings, 82 were static and 30 dynamic. Clinical and radiographic fracture union occurred in 98% of cases; there were two nonunions. There were no instances of deep wound infection or osteomyelitis. Only two patients had a change of limb length greater than 1 cm. Angulation in any plane greater than 10 degrees was noted in three patients (2.5%). External rotation deformities occurred in eight patients (7.0%). The interlocking nail has expanded the indications for the use of closed intramedullary nailing in the treatment of complex fractures of the femur. The incidence of infection and nonunion is remarkably low. Immediate stability of the fracture allows for immediate mobilization of the patient, early rehabilitation of the limb, and a shorter hospital stay. PMID- 3769297 TI - The Huckstep intramedullary compression nail. Indications, technique, and results. AB - A four-sided, intramedullary compression nail of solid titanium alloy has been developed since 1967. This nail is 12.5 mm in diameter with 4.5-mm transverse holes at 15-mm intervals, for 4-mm fine threaded screws. It has four oblique holes in the proximal end to allow 4.5-mm lag screws to be inserted up the femoral neck. A compressor over the trochanter can be used for compression in transverse fractures. Advantages include inert titanium alloy, which is stronger than the average femoral shaft, a recessed end of the nail, reaming to only 13 mm, and a quadrilateral shape. No operative roentgenograms are usually required. Comminuted, oblique, and infected fractures of the entire length of the femoral shaft down to the supracondylar region can be held rigidly, usually allowing for immediate weight-bearing. The femur can be lengthened or shortened with compression and the knee can be arthrodesed with a 60-cm nail. One hundred twenty two nails inserted since 1974 included 32 comminuted or oblique acute femoral fractures. Forty-two patients had had failure of other implants. Among these, 34 had nonunion for one year and 17 nonunion for more than three years. Fifty-one bones in 47 patients were stabilized for pathologic fractures and other conditions. Complications were minimal. PMID- 3769298 TI - Intramedullary nailing combined with cerclage wiring in the treatment of fractures of the femoral shaft. AB - One hundred sixty-seven femoral shaft fractures were treated with open intramedullary nailing and cerclage wires. Complications requiring surgical reintervention developed in 11 patients (6.6%). Delayed union or nonunion in five patients (3%), deep infection in four patients (2.4%), or unstable fixation in two patients (1.2%) required one or more additional procedures to achieve union. The time to weight-bearing averaged 32 days in patients with isolated injuries and 62 days in patients with associated injuries. One hundred forty-five patients were followed until fracture union occurred. Rotational malalignment in one patient, angulation of 10 degrees or more in two patients, and limb shortening of more than 2 cm in two patients were noted. Loss of hip or knee motion in excess of 20 degrees developed in 15 patients and was always associated with injuries of the pelvis or ipsilateral lower leg. Intramedullary nailing and cerclage wiring significantly expands the indication for intramedullary fixation of fractures of the femoral shaft. PMID- 3769299 TI - Flexible intramedullary nailing of subtrochanteric fractures of the femur. A multicenter analysis. AB - In a retrospective, multicenter analysis, 79 subtrochanteric fractures of the femur were treated with flexible intramedullary nails. Seventy fractures were traumatic in origin, three were pathologic, and six occurred in spinal cord patients. All of the fractures healed, and there were no fixation failures. Thirteen patients (16%) required adjunctive internal fixation, bone grafts, or postoperative traction. Shortening greater than 1 cm occurred in four patients (5%). Reoperation with one week of surgery was necessary in eight patients (10%). The single greatest complication was knee complaints, which occurred in 17 patients (21.5%). However, only six of these patients required revision prior to fracture union. In one patient a deep wound infection developed, which eventually healed without evidence of osteomyelitis. All patients who were ambulatory before their fracture were able to bear weight. PMID- 3769300 TI - Zickel supracondylar nails for fractures of the distal end of the femur. AB - Between 1974 and 1984 the Zickel supracondylar nail system was used to fix 82 femora. Sixty-nine femora had supracondylar fractures and 13 supracondylar osteotomies. A high rate of union (98%) was achieved in the fracture group, which included a variety of fracture types, but five supracondylar osteotomies failed to unite initially and required additional surgery. Knee motion exceeded 90 degrees in 70% of the femora that healed but was poorest in the T or Y intracondylar fracture group, in which only 46% exceeded 90 degrees. The operation may be performed as either open or closed nailing. Closed nailing, when possible, is the procedure of choice because of the decreased postoperative morbidity and increased knee motion. Two-thirds of this series were patients older than 60 years, and the device seems particularly helpful in aged individuals. PMID- 3769301 TI - Interlocking nailing of complex fractures of the femur and tibia. AB - The interlocking nail widens the range of indications for medullary osteosynthesis of femoral and tibial shaft fractures. Stability is achieved by transverse threaded bolts in prefabricated holes in the nail, which anchor the implant directly to cortical bone, thereby controlling length, alignment, and rotation of the limb. Two hundred eighty-three femoral and 401 tibial fractures were treated with an interlocking nail and followed for an average of 20 months. Overall, 97% of the femurs and 94.3% of the tibias were judged to have an excellent or good result, based on both clinical and radiographic parameters. Delayed union or nonunion requiring bone grafts occurred in 2% of the femurs and 0.7% of the tibias following interlocking nailing. Deep infection developed in 2.4% of the femurs and 2.2% of the tibias. All of these patients eventually healed their fractures without evidence of chronic osteomyelitis. The main advantage of interlocking nails is that surgery can be performed using closed nailing techniques, allowing early protected weight-bearing and joint motion. The rates of nonunion and infection are very low, and there is little risk of refracture after implant removal. PMID- 3769302 TI - [A case of topographical agnosia with bilateral occipital lobe lesions]. PMID- 3769303 TI - [Nerve conduction abnormality in diabetic neuropathy--evidence for multifocal conduction delay]. PMID- 3769304 TI - [Intellectual dysfunction in Parkinson's disease--application of "Kanahiroi" test]. PMID- 3769305 TI - [A case of multiple system degeneration presenting horizontal and vertical macrosquare wave jerks and macrosaccadic oscillations]. PMID- 3769306 TI - [Analysis of intellectual faculties in Parkinson's disease]. PMID- 3769307 TI - [Neuro-Behcet's disease with palato-ocular synchrony during eyelid closure]. PMID- 3769308 TI - [Bilateral vocal cord paralysis in Parkinson's disease]. PMID- 3769309 TI - [A case of familial hypobetalipoproteinemia with neurological symptoms]. PMID- 3769310 TI - [Bone malformations of the craniocervical region presenting orthostatic hypotension and syncope--report of two cases]. PMID- 3769311 TI - [A study on abnormality of water and sodium metabolism in patients with myotonic dystrophy]. PMID- 3769312 TI - [A study of hemorheology in multiple infarcts and multi-infarct dementia]. PMID- 3769313 TI - [Wilson's disease with peculiar MR-CT imaging]. PMID- 3769314 TI - [Headache induced by sympathetic stimulator instillation]. PMID- 3769315 TI - [A case report of myoclonus following herpes zoster infection]. PMID- 3769317 TI - [A case of the idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome presenting with mononeuritis multiplex, multiple thrombosis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation]. PMID- 3769316 TI - [Rhabdomyolysis associated with staphylococcal septicemia]. PMID- 3769318 TI - [A case of neurogenic muscular atrophy with selective type I fiber atrophy]. PMID- 3769320 TI - [A case with bilateral thalamic and midbrain infarction showing prolonged somnolence and various symptoms resembling those of progressive supranuclear palsy]. PMID- 3769319 TI - [A case of pure motor hemiplegia from hypertensive putaminal hemorrhage]. PMID- 3769321 TI - [NMR-CT in muscular disorders--muscle T1 values in normal children and Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients]. PMID- 3769322 TI - Exercise thallium stress testing compared with coronary angiography in patients without exclusions for suboptimal exercise or cardioactive medications. AB - From 1293 patients who underwent thallium stress testing and 1099 patients who had coronary angiography, a consecutive series of 122 who had both studies is evaluated. This group includes suboptimally exercised patients and those receiving one or several cardiovascular drugs that were not discontinued prior to exercise. When compared with the EKG stress test, thallium stress imaging was superior in sensitivity (80% vs 68%), specificity (84% vs 49%), accuracy (81% vs 62%), positive predictive value, (92% vs 75%), and negative predictive value (65% vs 45%) in this group, with 71% prevalence of angiographically significant coronary artery disease. PMID- 3769323 TI - Does positive hepatobiliary scan in cholecystitis stay positive, and for how long? AB - A prospective study of 11 patients who had undergone two sequential hepatobiliary scans prior to surgery demonstrated that initially positive scans could be due to acute cholecystitis, or chronic cholecystitis with exacerbation. A second hepatobiliary scan performed four to five days later differentiated acute from chronic cholecystitis. All five patients with surgery-proven acute cholecystitis remained hepatobiliary-positive, while patients with surgery-proven chronic cholecystitis reverted back to negative hepatobiliary scans if the second hepatobiliary scan was done properly. PMID- 3769324 TI - Demonstration of hydrothorax by intraperitoneal injection of technetium-99m MAA in the evaluation of peritoneovenous shunt patency. AB - A case of hydrothorax in a patient with recurrent ascites following Le Veen peritoneovenous shunt placement is presented. Patency of the Le Veen shunt was studied by the intraperitoneal injection of Tc-99m MAA with subsequent activity seen in the right hemithorax only. A standard perfusion lung scan showed only the left lung to be perfused. Thus, the right hemithorax activity seen could not be due to shunt patency, but represented direct communication between the labeled ascitic fluid and the right hydrothorax seen on chest x-ray. PMID- 3769325 TI - Superior vena cava syndrome and bilateral subclavian vein thrombosis. CT and radionuclide venography correlation. AB - Radionuclide venography (RNV) and CT with contrast infusion were performed in a patient with superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome and upper extremity swelling due to SVC and bilateral subclavian vein thrombosis resulting from infection of a Le Veen peritoneovenous shunt. Although CT was suggestive of thrombosis and excluded extrinsic compression by a mass, obstruction of the SVC and deliniation of collateral venous channels were best demonstrated by RNV. PMID- 3769326 TI - Gastric dilatation observed on radionuclide studies. Spherical approximation and effective wall thickness. AB - Radionuclide studies often define the gastric contents as a photopenic volume. In many cases, the volume can be described by a spherical approximation, which allows a first approach to calculating the volume and monitoring its change. With the further assumption that the stomach wall is a sphere surrounding the contents, the effective thickness of the gastric wall can be determined. This thickness is approximately 0.4-4 mm. PMID- 3769327 TI - Loose hip prosthesis. Appearance in radionuclide arthrography. AB - Radionuclide arthrography has been found to be valuable in the diagnosis of a loose hip prosthesis. The appearance of one normal case with no loosening and two abnormal cases with loosening of femoral and acetabular components are described. To diagnose this difficult problem, radionuclide arthrography should be used more frequently. PMID- 3769328 TI - Role of indium-111 chloride imaging in osteoid osteoma. AB - Indium-111 chloride imaging plays an important role in differentiating intracortical osteoid osteoma from chronic cortical abscess. The study also may be useful in the detection of intramedullary osteoid osteoma. Four patients who greatly benefited from indium-111 chloride imaging are presented. PMID- 3769329 TI - Myocardial, pulmonary, and gastric uptake of technetium-99m MDP in a patient with multiple myeloma and hypercalcemia. PMID- 3769330 TI - Inferior vena cava obstruction with hot quadrate lobe on technetium-99m MAA scintivenography. PMID- 3769331 TI - Demonstration of segmental bile duct dilatation on technetium-99m sulfur colloid imaging. PMID- 3769332 TI - Demonstration of azygos vein collateral flow. PMID- 3769333 TI - Bladder herniation in inguinal hernia detected during bone imaging. PMID- 3769334 TI - Fetal dosimetry from pulmonary imaging in pregnancy. Revised estimates. AB - Fetal dose estimates from Tc-99m MAA and Tc-99m DTPA aerosol were calculated using two methods. These calculations show that the average fetal dose decreases as gestational age (or fetal size) increases. Although the resultant dose estimates exceed those previously reported by severalfold, the risk to mother and fetus from undiagnosed pulmonary embolism far outweighs the risk to the fetus from the radiation exposure. PMID- 3769335 TI - Hepatic uptake of technetium-99m diphosphonate in thalassemia major. AB - Two cases of thalassemia major are presented in which bone scintigraphy demonstrated diffuse hepatic uptake of Tc-99m diphosphonate. Although abnormal splenic and renal uptake of Tc-99m phosphates has been reported in patients with thalassemia major, hepatic uptake has not been reported previously. This scintigraphic finding is presumably due to increased iron deposition in the liver, resulting from increased iron turnover and retention in these patients and from multiple previous blood transfusions. PMID- 3769336 TI - Hemangioma of the tongue demonstrating a perfusion blood pool mismatch. AB - Perfusion blood pool mismatch using Tc-99m labeled red blood cells (RBCs) in a hemangioma of the tongue is described. The method is useful in the evaluation of size of the residual blood pool after irradiation of the tumor. PMID- 3769337 TI - Serial thyroid iodine content in hyperthyroid patients treated with radioiodine. AB - X-ray fluorescent scanning was used to measure initial thyroidal iodine content in 64 patients diagnosed as being hyperthyroid and selected for I-131 therapy, and serially in 48 of these patients after therapy in an attempt to determine those patients that were at high risk of becoming hypothyroid. Iodine content fell rapidly after therapy, reaching a nadir at about three months. Based on the population studied, the chance of early hypothyroidism (within 12 months) is about 80% if the iodine content measured at three months is less than 2 mg. If the iodine content is greater than 2 mg, the chance is only about 14%. The serial measurement of thyroidal iodine content (with x-ray fluorescent scanning) may allow early identification of those patients at high risk of developing permanent hypothyroidism following a therapeutic dose of I-131. PMID- 3769338 TI - Gallium uptake in cutaneous sarcoidosis. PMID- 3769339 TI - "Tear drop sign" in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A finding on gated cardiac imaging. AB - In patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, the left ventricle appears bulbous in the apical region and narrowed at the base during diastole, resembling a tear drop. This appearance is due, in part, to disproportionate septal hypertrophy. PMID- 3769340 TI - Innocent intramural gastric uptake of gallium-67 in a case of AIDS. AB - In a patient with AIDS, marked uptake of Ga-67 in the stomach walls initially was regarded with a high degree of suspicion for gastric involvement. Results of subsequent intragastric tests, including biopsy and culture, proved negative. Caution should be exercised when considering further costly and/or invasive procedures after gastric visualization on Ga-67 scintigraphy. PMID- 3769341 TI - "Negative" renal outline in prune belly syndrome. AB - An 18-year-old man with prune belly syndrome had negative renal outlines during a Tc-99m DTPA study. These areas filled with activity at 2 hours, and represented greatly dilated collecting systems. PMID- 3769342 TI - The offensive wrist. AB - Fencing between injection of Tc-99m MDP and imaging resulted in a diffuse increase in radioactivity in the asymptomatic wrist of a right-handed fencer. Repeat study two weeks later showed normal distribution of radiopharmaceutical. At that time, the athlete was fenced into the patient waiting area between injection and scan. PMID- 3769343 TI - Metastatic uterine cervical cell carcinoma to myocardium. AB - Metastatic involvement of the myocardium is a rare premorbid diagnosis. Multiple examinations were performed on a 43-year-old woman who presented with ischemic chest pain, palpitations, and nausea. Twelve months previously, a poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix was removed with no evidence of metastases or residual tumor. Following numerous investigations, a provisional diagnosis of cardiac tumor was made. At operation, involvement of the septum, inferior wall, and apex with some extension into the distal anterior wall was noted. Histology confirmed nonkeratinizing cell carcinoma in keeping with metastases from the uterine cervix. PMID- 3769344 TI - Bone scan detection of renal vein thrombosis secondary to hypernephroma. AB - Detection of renal vein thrombosis with osseous scintigraphy has been reported previously. An additional case is presented that is secondary to a hypernephroma. The observation is significant, it is known that patients with hypernephroma in addition to renal vein thrombosis have a worse prognosis. PMID- 3769345 TI - Hypertrophied thyroid tissue in a thyroglossal duct remnant. AB - A 37-year-old woman was evaluated for a neck mass. This was located in the midline below the hyoid bone. Thirty-three years had elapsed since she had undergone subtotal thyroidectomy for hyperthyroidism. Eight years prior to examination, the patient had discontinued her thyroid maintenance medications. She had discovered the mass eight months prior to examination. Thyroid scan (Fig. 1) showed intense uptake in the mass. At operation the mass was attached to the midportion of the hyoid bone by a small fibrous band, as is usual in a thyroglossal duct remnant. Biopsy results showed diffuse thyroid hyperplasia. Thyroglossal duct remnants are known to harbor cysts or thyroid carcinoma, but growths of compensatory hyperplastic tissue are unusual. PMID- 3769347 TI - Hemobilia. An unusual cause of segmental bile duct obstruction. AB - Hemobilia is reported as an unusual cause of segmental bile duct obstruction. The finding of focal "hot spots" caused by delayed washout of the tracer from the obstructed segments is discussed. Whenever the clinical triad of pain, intermittent jaundice, and gastrointestinal bleeding is associated with the above findings, the diagnosis of hemobilia should be entertained. PMID- 3769346 TI - "Halo" sign on indium-111 leukocyte scan in gangrenous cholecystitis. AB - A 56-year-old man with a long history of Crohn's disease was evaluated by In-111 labeled leukocyte scanning. A "halo" of leukocyte activity was seen around the gallbladder fossa. A gangrenous gallbladder was removed at surgery. PMID- 3769348 TI - Quantitation of right-to-left shunt ratio in patients with pulmonary telangiectasia by technetium-99m MAA lung perfusion imaging. AB - Two cases of pulmonary telangiectasia have been presented. Using lung perfusion scans, two quantitative estimation methods for right-to-left (R-L) shunt ratios have been described. The R-L shunt ratios estimated by lung perfusion imaging correlate well with those derived by the Fick method. The methods described are simple and accurate, and seem to be useful for evaluation and follow-up of the patients. PMID- 3769349 TI - Diagnosis and quantitation of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations by factor analysis. AB - The diagnosis of a pulmonary arteriovenous malformation (AVM) was made by performing a computer-assisted first-pass cardiopulmonary imaging procedure using Tc-99m pertechnetate and processing the image information using factor analysis. This analytical technique is capable of separating partially overlapping structures by automatically extracting factors with different temporal behavior (time-activity curves) which correspond to functional areas without anatomic constraint. This procedure was accomplished successfully despite the presence of four-chamber enlargement, mitral stenosis and regurgitation, tricuspid regurgitation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary hypertension. The magnitude of the right-to-left shunt resulting from the AVM was quantitated using both the factor analysis data and an independent Tc-99m MAA computer assisted imaging procedure. Both methods gave comparable values. PMID- 3769350 TI - Technetium-99m MDP vs technetium-99m dicarboxypropane diphosphonate. A clinical comparison in various pathologic conditions. AB - The performance of Tc-99m MDP vs Tc-99m dicarboxypropane diphosphonate (DPD) was evaluated in 20 patients with various skeletal bone diseases. Each patient was investigated twice, with an interval of three days between studies and using the same protocol, hence each case served as its own control. The results were: In a subjective interpretation by five independent and experienced investigators, the difference between agents was small, yet in favor of MDP. Region of interest (ROI) analysis of the pooled results in 74.4% of all cases shows a higher bone lesion to normal bone ratio (BL/NB), and in 79.3% of all cases, a better bone lesion to soft tissue ratio (BL/ST) with Tc-99m MDP. When considering pathology types separately, the BL/NB ratio of Tc-99m MDP was 17.7% higher than the one of Tc-99m DPD in metastases, 9.5% higher in rheumatoid arthritis, 2.8% higher in metabolic diseases, and 24% higher in bone fractures. Student's paired t test on the pooled BL/NB ratios shows a difference of 15.5% for Tc-99m MDP, significant at P = 0.00155. The overall results of our study favor Tc-99m MDP. PMID- 3769351 TI - Technetium-99m MDP demonstration of neoplastic lesions involving bone and adjacent soft tissue. AB - Four patients are presented with malignant tumors involving both bone and adjacent soft tissue. In each of these neoplasms (two representing adenocarcinoma of the prostate, and one each of squamous cell carcinoma of lung and chondrosarcoma), the lesions were detected by accumulation of Tc-99m MDP. Involvement of both bone and soft tissue was confirmed by CT examination or surgery. It is probable that the lesions originated in bone and then extended to soft tissue. PMID- 3769352 TI - Indium-111 leukocyte imaging. The skeletal photopenic lesion. AB - Photon-deficient lesions in the skeleton occasionally are seen in In-111 leukocyte imaging. Although the findings usually indicate past surgery, previous infections, or radiation therapy effect, they may be due to metastatic disease or active or partially treated infection. PMID- 3769353 TI - Utility of caudal view in pelvic bone imaging. AB - Bone imaging of the lower pelvis often is impaired by the radioactivity of the bladder. The caudal view produces an image that clearly distinguishes the bladder from the bones. Thus, it is helpful in patients with bony lesions of the lower and anterior pelvis. The caudal view examination is completed by a backward tilting of the camera head that clarifies this distinction. PMID- 3769354 TI - Intraoperative osteoscintigraphy as an aid to bone biopsy. AB - A new use for intraoperative bone imaging is described. The technique allowed accurate localization of bone pathology for biopsy where plain radiographs and bone morphology were otherwise normal. The technique should increase diagnostic accuracy and eliminate false-negative biopsy results. PMID- 3769355 TI - Inadvertent ligation of the left pulmonary artery instead of patent ductus arteriosus. Noninvasive diagnosis by pulmonary perfusion imaging. AB - Pulmonary perfusion scintigraphy was used to noninvasively evaluate a neonate four days after attempted surgical closure of a large patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). No perfusion to the left lung was seen, suggesting inadvertent ligation of the left pulmonary artery (PA). This was confirmed by cardiac catheterization and reoperation. Radionuclide pulmonary perfusion imaging is an ideal noninvasive technique for evaluating pulmonary perfusion in neonates after complicated thoracic surgery. PMID- 3769356 TI - Demonstration of pulmonary mass defect by iodine-123 N,N,N'trimethyl-N'[2-hydroxy 3-methyl-5-iodobenzyl]-1,3-propanediamine lung imaging. AB - A patient whose huge lung mass was demonstrated as a large defect on I-123 N,N,N'trimethyl-N'[2-hydroxy-3-methyl-5-iodobenzyl]-1,3-propanediamine (HIPDM) lung imaging is presented. I-123 HIPDM, a lipophilic agent, is designed for early detection of abnormal cerebral perfusion. Since up to 50% of the administered agent is accumulated and perhaps metabolized in the lung, the radiopharmaceutical may be potentially useful for detection of pathology of the lung in addition to evaluation of pulmonary amine metabolism. PMID- 3769357 TI - Gallium scintigraphy in a case of septic cavernous sinus thrombosis. AB - Septic cavernous sinus thrombosis, a relatively uncommon disease entity, frequently can be fatal. Early diagnosis is imperative in order that appropriate treatment be instituted. A 59-year-old woman who was admitted to our institution with complaints of diplopia, blurred vision and fevers that developed following a tooth extraction is presented. Initial CT and lumbar puncture on the day of admission were totally normal. A repeat CT performed 48 hours after admission, on the same day as gallium imaging, demonstrated findings consistent with cavernous sinus thrombosis. Gallium imaging demonstrated intense uptake in the left cavernous sinus and left orbit as well as moderately increased activity in the right cavernous sinus and orbit, confirming infection. The patient was treated with antibiotics, and repeat CT and gallium imaging were performed ten days later, both of which demonstrated near total resolution of the disease process. Conceivably, if gallium imaging had been initiated on the day of admission it may have been the first study to demonstrate an infectious process in the cavernous sinus. Gallium imaging should be considered as a diagnostic tool in the noninvasive workup of this entity. PMID- 3769358 TI - Radiogallium hot spleen in Trousseau's syndrome with splenic vein occlusion. AB - A 75-year-old man had multiple findings that indicated thromboembolic disease. A radiocolloid study showed splenic defects. The remainder of the spleen was hot on radiogallium imaging. The patient had Trousseau's syndrome (tumor-associated thromboembolism) due to carcinoma of the pancreas. The splenic vein was obstructed. Vascular compromise should be considered in the differential diagnosis of the radiogallium hot spleen. PMID- 3769359 TI - Renal amyloidosis. Evaluation by gallium imaging. AB - A study has been performed to evaluate the efficacy of gallium imaging in the detection of renal amyloidosis. Ten of the 11 patients who had biopsy-proven renal amyloidosis demonstrated marked uptake in both kidneys. One patient revealed moderate gallium uptake in his kidneys. None of the patients had underlying renal or extrarenal pathology other than amyloidosis, which could account for renal gallium uptake (renal infection, neoplasm, hepatic failure or frequent blood transfusions). Four patients also had extrarenal foci of abnormal gallium uptake, suggesting other sites of amyloid deposits. Our data strongly suggest that gallium imaging has a high sensitivity for detection of renal amyloidosis. Its specificity is enhanced significantly by careful review of the clinical history to exclude other known causes of renal gallium uptake. Potentially, gallium imaging may be used to monitor the progress of patients under experimental therapy. PMID- 3769360 TI - Usefulness of bone imaging in diagnosis of sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis. AB - Four patients with sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis showing characteristic abnormal uptake on bone imaging are described. Bone imaging was useful in the diagnosis of sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis. PMID- 3769361 TI - Dynamic lymph flow imaging in lymphedema. Normal and abnormal patterns. AB - Dynamic imaging of lymphatic flow was performed in 23 patients complaining of lymphedema of the lower extremities. All were injected intradermally with 1 mCi of Tc-99m human serum albumin (HSA) in the medial web on the dorsum of both feet. Image acquisition for the lower pelvis and both thighs was started within 5 minutes. An extra-large field-of-view gamma camera (General Electric 500A) with a low-energy, all-purpose collimator interfaced to a General Electric Star computer was used. Images were acquired in dynamic-byte mode, 128 X 128 matrix size, every one minute up to 40 minutes. Delayed images for the same region and for both legs were taken at 90 minutes. Time-activity curves from equal regions of interest over the inguinal regions on both sides were generated. Three patterns were recognized. Normal flow (12 patients) with symmetric or slightly increased or decreased flow on one side than the other and characterized by early appearance of medial bands, inguinal and pelvic lymph nodes in the early and the delayed images. Time-activity curves showed a stepladder rise in pulses every 3 to 4 minutes. Enhanced pattern (six patients), characterized by fast flow of lymph through the dilated lymphatics, and occasionally by subcutaneous pooling and increase in the number and size of inguinal and pelvic lymph nodes on the affected side.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3769363 TI - Abnormal bone and gallium scans in a case of multifocal systemic sporotrichosis. AB - Sporotrichosis is a chronic infection of world wide distribution. It is caused by the diamorphic fungus Sporotrichum schenkii. The multifocal form of sporotrichosis usually involves skin, joints, long bones, lungs, and lymph nodes. Involvement of central nervous system although described is extremely rare. Bone and gallium imaging findings in a case of multifocal systemic sporotrichosis which nicely demonstrated the extensive spread of the disease are presented. PMID- 3769362 TI - Radionuclide imaging of two patients with metastasis to a distal phalanx of the hand. AB - Although skeletal metastases from malignant neoplasms are common, the spread of cancer to the distal phalanx of the hand is quite rare. We have presented two cases with a distal phalangeal metastasis which could be definitely detected by radionuclide imaging. PMID- 3769364 TI - Watershed infarction in a case of polycythemia vera. AB - Hyperviscosity of the blood is a known cause of ischemic cerebral infarction. A case of polycythemia vera complicated by a watershed infarction is presented. PMID- 3769365 TI - Acute flexion of the elbow. The optimal imaging position for visualization of the capitellum. AB - The acute flexion view of the elbow is the optimal imaging position to visualize the capitellum. It results in separation of the capitellum from the olecranon process and radial head. PMID- 3769366 TI - Scintigraphic detection of bleeding after transfemoral arteriography, using technetium-99m labeled RBCs. PMID- 3769367 TI - Esthesioneuroblastoma imaged with bone scintigraphy. AB - An esthesioneuroblastoma, a rare malignancy of the olfactory nerve, was identified with bone imaging in a four year old male who presented with a history of headaches and proptosis of the right eye. Correlation with CT is provided. PMID- 3769368 TI - Serial thyroid content in hyperthyroid patients treated with radioiodine. PMID- 3769369 TI - The human placenta. PMID- 3769370 TI - Pulmonary function in older children and young adults with gastroesophageal reflux. AB - A wide variety of types of pulmonary diseases and respiratory symptoms have been associated with gastroesophageal reflux (GER). Asthma, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, and pulmonary fibrosis have all been linked to GER, but causal mechanisms have been difficult to establish. To characterize pulmonary function abnormalities in older children and young adults (age 7-23 years) with GER, lung function was evaluated in 22 patients being treated for reflux. The patients were divided into two groups: nine subjects (Group 1) had no history of pulmonary symptoms. Thirteen subjects (Group 2) had known pulmonary disease; all had diagnosed asthma, and five had a history of recurrent pneumonia. Lung volumes and spirometry were measured. Airway reactivity was assessed by measuring change in flows following isocapneic hyperventilation of subfreezing air. The presence of "small airway" disease was assessed by air-helium flow volume curves and the single breath oxygen test. Lung size, as indicated by measurement of total lung capacity, was normal in all patients. Flow rates, density dependence of maximal expiratory flow, single breath oxygen test, and tests of airway reactivity were abnormal only in Group 2 patients and were normal in the Group 1 patients. That not all children with GER have abnormal pulmonary function suggests that, if there is a causal relationship between GER and lung disease, it is multi factorial in nature. Children with GER who do have lung disease have evidence of airway obstruction, maldistribution of ventilation, and increased airway reactivity, but do not have restricted lung volumes. PMID- 3769371 TI - Psychosomatic illness in childhood and adolescence. Clinical considerations. AB - We describe a methodology for systematically approaching patients with difficulties of a psychological and social nature. Definitions are given for various types of psychosomatic difficulties, and their origins are linked to two theoretical perspectives; namely, the sick role model and family systems theory. An approach to the assessment of the individual with regard to school, peer, and family relationships is offered, and methods of gathering information associated with the presenting complaint are described. Approaches to treatment are reviewed, and appropriate applications are suggested. PMID- 3769372 TI - Intrauterine growth retardation and early adolescent growth spurt in two sisters. AB - Two sisters who presented with a similar growth pattern are described. They delivered with idiopathic intrauterine growth retardation and had an early adolescent growth spurt. The physical and endocrine findings suggested a potential relationship between intrauterine growth retardation and early puberty. PMID- 3769373 TI - Reliability of plasma creatinine measurement in infants and children. AB - Plasma creatinine (Pcr, mg/dl) is often used to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in children. To establish whether the clinician can rely on the commonly used methods for measuring Pcr, the authors analyzed data from their own modified Technicon Autoanalyzer reference method and compared them to those obtained simultaneously from a Beckman Astra 8 kinetic Jaffe technique or a Technicon continuous flow Jaffe endpoint SMAC method. The SMAC method consistently overestimated Pcr by 0.1 mg/dl, whereas the kinetic method resulted in a large spread around the reference values. Neither laboratory gave consistent results for Pcr below 0.55, the normal range for infants and young children. The SMAC technique tended to underestimate GFR by 20 to 30 percent, whereas the kinetic method resulted in a great deal of scatter (only 37% of the measurements fell within +/- 25% of the values for GFR obtained by the reference method). The results suggest that the subtraction of 0.1 mg/dl from the Pcr measured on the SMAC system would give a value similar to that obtained with the reference method. This correction would permit the use of an estimate of GFR from kL/Pcr, where L is body length in cm and k is a constant (equalling 0.45 in term infants, 0.55 in children, and 0.7 in adolescent boys). The kinetic method requires repetitive determinations of Pcr before any firm conclusions can be drawn about GFR because of the scatter. The reliability of the clinician's laboratory can be tested by sending half the plasma to the laboratory on one day and the other half the next.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3769374 TI - Is there a transient, obesity-related hypertension of adolescence? PMID- 3769376 TI - Teratology. PMID- 3769375 TI - Interpretation of traumatic lumbar puncture. Predictive value in the presence of meningitis. AB - Contamination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with blood was studied prospectively in nine children with aseptic meningitis as the second phase of a study reported in this volume last month. Using criteria defined in the first phase, four of nine patients had recognizably abnormal CSF after experimental contamination with blood. As a third phase of the study, 53 children with bacterial meningitis were reviewed retrospectively to assess if hypothetical contamination of CSF with blood would have disguised their abnormal CSF studies. All but one of these 53 patients had either an abnormal CSF glucose or a positive gram stain (indicators independent of contamination with blood), and none would have gone undiagnosed with hypothetical contamination of up to 200,000 red cells per cubic millimeter. Guidelines for interpretation of laboratory studies following traumatic lumbar puncture are reviewed. PMID- 3769377 TI - Evaluating the alleged teratogenicity of environmental agents. AB - The criteria used to regulate exposure to a drug or chemical are different from those employed to implicate an agent as a human teratogen in general and in an individual patient. The importance of regulating exposures and in implicating teratogenicity merit special attention to the problems of educating physicians and the lay public, scientifically evaluating teratogenicity, preventing unnecessary abortions, and protecting the public. PMID- 3769378 TI - Clinical pharmacology instruction for all medical students. PMID- 3769379 TI - The effects of a required fourth-year clinical pharmacology course on student attitudes and subsequent performance. AB - Beginning with the class graduating June 1984, Dartmouth Medical School introduced a required clinical pharmacology course. Approximately 89% of the fourth-year students felt that the course was "essential" to their future careers as physicians. As interns, 80% found the course frequently useful or essential during their internships; 84% felt that they were either slightly or much better prepared than their fellow interns with respect to their therapeutic knowledge and skills. Average student performance on a pretest (33% correct answers) improved dramatically on a posttest (87% correct; P less than 0.001). Finally, although student performance on all sections of Part II of the national board examinations showed statistically nonsignificant trends toward improvement (from the 48th to the 52nd percentile), performance on questions testing core concepts in clinical pharmacology improved from the 38th percentile to the 74th percentile (P less than 0.0001). This required fourth-year course in clinical pharmacology was evaluated favorably by our students and resulted in objective improvement in their therapeutic knowledge and skills. PMID- 3769380 TI - Rates of sensitivity reactions to aspirin: problems in interpreting the data. AB - This work was done to determine the reasons for variation in the reported rates- ranging from less than 1% to greater than 50%--of sensitivity to aspirin and cross-reactivity to acetaminophen and ibuprofen. In 47 studies that reported rates of sensitivity and in 23 reports that contained series of sensitive patients, we examined the research setting, source of patients, clinical attributes of the study group, admission process, and selection, operational definition, and method of determining sensitivity reactions. In five studies with reasonably well-specified methods, the reported sensitivity rates to aspirin were lowest (0.3% to 0.9%) for patients without allergic tendencies, higher in asthmatics, and highest if patients had nasal polyps or severe atopy. Although not determined in any of these studies, the rate of sensitivity in a general (nonclinical) population would doubtlessly be substantially lower than the rate of three per 1000 reported for nonallergic patients. The admixture of different clinical groups, varying definitions, and ascertainment of a sensitivity reaction seem to be responsible for the variations in the reported rates of sensitivity and cross-reactivity. PMID- 3769381 TI - Reduction of liver plasma flow by caffeine and theophylline. AB - Caffeine and theophylline block the vasodilating effects of adenosine and may act to enhance sympathoadrenal discharge and activate the renin-angiotensin system. To determine if these methylxanthines might thereby have effects on regional blood flow, we studied the influence of caffeine and theophylline on apparent liver plasma flow (LPF) in normal subjects as assessed by indocyanine green clearance. Oral caffeine, 250 mg, reduced LPF by 19% from 630 +/- 150 to 510 +/- 120 ml/min (P less than 0.001). Intravenous theophylline (4.3 mg/kg) reduced LPF by 15% from 550 +/- 50 to 470 +/- 90 ml/min (P less than 0.05). These methylxanthine-induced falls in LPF may alter the disposition of concomitantly administered drugs. Because of their widespread use in Western society, caffeine and theophylline may be major determinants of liver blood flow in the general population. They may therefore prolong the t1/2 and increase steady-state levels of hepatically eliminated drugs. PMID- 3769382 TI - Stereoselective renal tubular secretion of quinidine and quinine. AB - Quinidine and quinine are stereoisomers. When given sequentially or simultaneously, the renal clearance of values of quinidine and quinine were measured in seven healthy volunteers and when given simultaneously, to an additional five elderly men. Analytic specificity was provided by an HPLC drug assay. Protein binding was measured by equilibrium dialysis. The quinidine clearance exceeded the quinine clearance in every individual. The mean (+/- SD) ratio of these clearances was 4.2 +/- 1.4 when the drugs were given together and 4.4 +/- 2.3 when they were given separately in the younger subjects and 3.4 +/- 0.5 when given simultaneously to the elderly. Calculating clearance of drug in serum water (unbound drug clearance) revealed a quinidine clearance of 6.1 +/- 2.3 times that of creatinine measured simultaneously, and for quinine it was 1.5 +/- 0.6 times that of creatinine. We conclude that there is stereoselective net renal tubular secretion of quinidine over quinine indicating stereoselectivity of this renal tubular transport process. PMID- 3769383 TI - Toxic interaction between acetazolamide and salicylate: case reports and a pharmacokinetic explanation. AB - Two elderly patients, who were chronically receiving aspirin, developed lethargy, incontinence, and confusion after dosing with acetazolamide. Unbound plasma acetazolamide concentrations were elevated and plasma protein binding was reduced, suggesting an interaction with aspirin. In vitro studies demonstrated a concentration-dependent effect of salicylate on acetazolamide binding to serum proteins. At a therapeutic serum acetazolamide level of 8.0 micrograms/ml, the unbound percentage of acetazolamide in serum was 3.3% and increased to 11.0% and 30.0%, with serum salicylate levels of 200 and 386 micrograms/ml, respectively. Furthermore, the apparent association constant of acetazolamide for binding to serum proteins was decreased by 58% and 86% of its control value at these respective salicylate concentrations. The maximal binding capacity of serum for acetazolamide was not affected by salicylate. Pharmacokinetic studies in four volunteers showed that the plasma protein binding and renal clearance of acetazolamide were significantly reduced during chronic salicylate dosing. Salicylate appears to competitively inhibit the plasma protein binding of acetazolamide and simultaneously to inhibit acetazolamide renal tubular secretion. Caution is advised when acetazolamide and salicylate are used concurrently. PMID- 3769384 TI - Influence of food on the bioavailability of spironolactone. AB - Nine healthy volunteers received a single oral dose of 200 mg spironolactone, once during fasting conditions and once immediately after a standardized breakfast. Serum concentrations of spironolactone and its metabolites 7 alpha thiomethylspirolactone, 6 beta-hydroxy-7 alpha-thiomethylspirolactone, and canrenone were determined by HPLC for 24 hours after dosing. By taking spironolactone with food, the mean (+/- SD) AUC (0 to 24 hours) of the parent drug increased from 288 +/- 138 (empty stomach) to 493 +/- 105 ng X ml-1 X hr (P less than 0.001). The AUC (0 to 24 hours) of the three metabolites together also increased significantly from 8511 +/- 2062 (empty stomach) to 11219 +/- 2471 ng X ml-1 X hr (P less than 0.01). The mean (+/- SD) percent increase in AUC (0 to 24 hours) of spironolactone when it was given with food, compared with the ingestion on an empty stomach (95.4% +/- 66.9%), was much more pronounced than the corresponding increase of 7 alpha-thiomethylspirolactone (45.4% +/- 33.7%), 6 beta-hydroxy-7 alpha-thiomethylspiro-lactone (21.8% +/- 21.5%), and canrenone (40.7% +/- 26.3%). These observations indicate that food promotes the absorption of spironolactone and possibly decreases its first-pass metabolism. PMID- 3769385 TI - Imipramine demethylation and hydroxylation: impact of the sparteine oxidation phenotype. AB - Eighteen healthy volunteers, selected according to their ability to oxidize sparteine, took single oral doses of 100 mg imipramine and desipramine. For imipramine the following clearances (L X min-1) were found in six rapid extensive metabolizers (EM), six slow EM, and six poor metabolizers (PM), respectively (mean and range): apparent oral clearance: 2.55 (1.39 to 3.47), 2.28 (1.18 to 4.26), and 1.35 (0.96 to 1.64). Clearance via demethylation was: 1.42 (0.61 to 2.01), 1.60 (0.78 to 3.81), and 1.09 (0.76 to 1.64); clearance via other pathways was: 1.13 (0.74 to 1.75), 0.69 (0.40 to 1.59), and 0.26 (0 to 0.46). For desipramine the apparent oral clearance (L X min-1) was 0.19 (0.12 to 0.24) in PM compared with 1.64 (1.46 to 1.80) and 1.03 (0.77 to 1.13) in rapid EM and slow EM. Extremely long elimination t1/2s of desipramine were seen in PM: 81 to 131 hours compared with 13 to 23 hours in EM. 2-OH-imipramine and 2-OH-desipramine were detectable in plasma of only the 12 EM, where the ratio-to-parent compound was higher in rapid EM than in slow EM. This study confirms that 2-hydroxylation of imipramine and desipramine depends almost exclusively on the sparteine oxygenase, whereas the demethylation of imipramine depends mainly on a different isozyme. PMID- 3769386 TI - Effects of sotalol on ambulatory electrocardiography in volunteers. AB - The effects of sotalol dosing, 160, 240, and 320 mg/day, for 10 days in seven healthy volunteers were studied. Twenty-four-hour ECG was recorded continuously under placebo and on days 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, and 14. Sotalol at the three doses significantly lowered mean heart rate, reducing mean diurnal heart rate significantly between noon and 6:00 PM and decreasing mean nocturnal heart rate between midnight and 6:00 AM at 320 mg/day. Although there was no change in plasma sotalol between days 4 and 10, at high doses a significant decrease in bradycardiac effect occurred. PR intervals and QTc intervals were lengthened at all doses during the daytime. At the highest dose, the PR interval was lengthened during the nighttime. PMID- 3769387 TI - Indoramin in heart failure: possible adverse effects on hemodynamics and exercise capacity. AB - Indoramin is an alpha 1-adrenergic antagonist vasodilator of potential value in heart failure. We measured hemodynamics and exercise capacity in 12 patients with heart failure, before and after 1 week of indoramin dosing, 75 mg b.i.d. Maximal hemodynamic effects 2 hours after the first dose of indoramin consisted of reduced mean systemic arterial pressure from 96.0 +/- 15.3 to 87.9 +/- 15.3 mm Hg (P less than 0.05) and pulmonary wedge pressure from 23.6 +/- 7.8 to 16.9 +/- 6.6 mm Hg (P less than 0.001). Heart rate, cardiac index, and total systemic resistance did not change acutely after indoramin, but after 1 week mean systemic arterial pressure was still reduced whereas cardiac index fell from 2.69 +/- 0.38 to 2.32 +/- 0.44 L/min/m2 (P less than 0.05) and total systemic resistance rose from 20.4 +/- 2.8 to 21.9 +/- 4.0 U (P less than 0.1). After 1 week maximal exercise oxygen uptake fell from 16.8 +/- 5.6 to 12.5 +/- 3.5 ml/min/kg (P less than 0.02). This limited observation suggests that indoramin is a predominant venodilator acutely in patients with heart failure but that despite this effect it may worsen functional capacity and hemodynamics during continuous dosing in these patients. PMID- 3769388 TI - Kinetics of the enantiomers of vigabatrin after an oral dose of the racemate or the active S-enantiomer. AB - Six healthy men received single oral doses of 1500 mg of vigabatrin [(R,S)-gamma vinyl-GABA] and 750 mg of S(+)-gamma-vinyl-GABA on two occasions. Concentrations of the individual enantiomers were assayed by a stereoselective procedure based on combined GC/MS. At peak, concentrations of the R(-)-enantiomer exceeded concentrations of the S(+)-enantiomer, with an approximate ratio of 2:1. The mean terminal t1/2 ranged from 6 to 8 hours for both enantiomers. Mean urinary recovery of the S(+)-enantiomer was 49% after both doses and was 65% for the R(-) enantiomer. Plasma concentration values obtained for the S(+)-enantiomer after a dose of the pure S(+)-enantiomer and an equivalent dose of the racemate showed good agreement for both the concentrations observed at any time point and the elimination characteristics, demonstrating bioequivalence. Renal clearance values for the S(+)-enantiomer are not affected by concomitant dosing with the pharmacologically inactive R(-)-enantiomer. No chiral inversion was detected after dosing with the pure S(+)-enantiomer. PMID- 3769389 TI - Lower extremity trauma and reconstruction. PMID- 3769390 TI - Functional anatomy of the lower limb. AB - To understand the functional anatomy of the lower limb, one must apply one's knowledge of the gross anatomy to the gait cycle. Gait analysis then leads to a better understanding of the function and dysfunction seen in the lower limb. Data from biochemical studies help one appreciate the forces the major joints are subjected to. These loads are three to five times body weight. The reason normal gait is so smooth is that there is minimal motion of the center of gravity located in the pelvis. Supple joints and good muscle strength are needed or gait disturbances result. PMID- 3769391 TI - Regional blood supply and the selection of flaps for reconstruction. AB - Recent anatomic studies have helped to clarify our understanding of the blood supply to the skin of the lower extremity. The authors present an overview of available regional flaps for reconstruction in the thigh and leg. PMID- 3769392 TI - Amputation alternatives in the lower limb, stressing combined management of the traumatized extremity. AB - A methods approach for the care of the traumatic lower extremity amputee is presented, emphasizing joint surgical approach, specifics of management, ideal amputation levels, and functional rehabilitation. The role of the plastic surgeon with an interest in free flaps is ever increasing and has elevated the level and quality of traumatic extremity amputation. Therefore, an understanding by the plastic surgeon of the orthopedic, prosthetic, functional, and rehabilitation principles becomes as important as the orthopedic surgeon's appreciation of current microvascular reconstruction potential. Fortunately, large numbers of traumatic amputees are not available for study in the civilian population. With better-quality extremity salvage by free flap coverage, this number is decreasing. However, the problem will never be eliminated and efforts to produce the best possible amputation must be expended by the best techniques and personnel. Prosthetic management continues to develop with exciting innovations on the horizon. Currently, the modular concept of prosthetic design (Fig. 26) is a practical, cosmetic standard. Newer space-age materials and design changes should facilitate the functional potential of the traumatic amputee. Characteristics of traumatic lower extremity amputees are youth, immaturity, arrogance, and psychological instability, but they are usually cooperative following the initial shock and reality of the situation. These young people deserve our best efforts to allow them to become integrated into society and continue an active life, albeit passive or active (Fig. 27). PMID- 3769393 TI - Vascularized tissue transfer in the treatment of osteomyelitis. AB - In conclusion, the efficacy of free tissue transfer in the treatment of osteomyelitis is geared mainly at enabling the surgeon to perform a wide radical debridement of infected and nonviable soft tissue and bone. Definitive bony management does not have to be performed concurrently with the soft-tissue coverage procedure and may be effectively staged. The type of free tissue transfer employed will depend upon the size and location of the defect, the condition of the contiguous structures, and the experience of the surgeon. Free tissue transfer that is used judiciously after the eradication of all infected bone and soft tissue appears to be a useful technique for controlling osteomyelitis. PMID- 3769394 TI - Soft-tissue infection in lower extremity trauma. AB - Soft-tissue infection following lower extremity trauma has not been studied in detail in light of recent data on biology of infection. This article examines specific problems in lower extremity trauma that allow the wound to become susceptible to wound infection. It also illustrates the various principles of wound management in lower extremity trauma that serve to prevent infection. Two case examples are used to illustrate principles of management. Other wound problems in lower extremity trauma are also discussed, such as rabies, necrotizing soft-tissue infection, tetanus, and diabetic foot infections. PMID- 3769395 TI - [The contrast to noise ratio as a measure of tissue contrast in nuclear magnetic resonance tomography]. AB - The contrast-to-noise ratio, known from the theory of imaging methods, is applied to magnetic resonance imaging. This ratio is proportional to the product of relative image contrast and the signal-to-noise ratio. After predetermining all intrinsic (T1 and T2 times, proton density) and extrinsic (pulse sequence, layer thickness, number of averagings) parameters, the signal-to-noise and contrast-to noise ratio can be computed to a proportionality constant for all possible pulse sequences. Studies in six voluntary test subjects and 11 patients with a 0.35 T unit showed that the measured values for the signal-to-noise ratio and the contrast-to-noise ratio are in good agreement with the computed values. The contrast between gray and white brain matter was used as an example for this. The method is applied in order to gain a better understanding of tissue contrast. However, by using diagrams it can be particularly useful for determining the optimal pulse sequences for answering particular clinical questions. It should thus be possible to enhance the effectiveness of magnetic resonance imaging considerably. PMID- 3769396 TI - [Differential diagnosis of the clinical picture of multiple sclerosis in MR tomography]. AB - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the advantage of high sensitivity compared to other diagnostic imaging techniques in focal pathological lesions of the brain in multiple sclerosis patients. However, the specificity of this examination method is limited. Diseases of the central nervous system due to other, different causes could produce a similar magnetic resonance image. Clinically examined cases of malignant and toxic affections of the brain caused by inflammatory, degenerative, traumatic and vascular diseases are presented and compared with the changes occurring in multiple sclerosis. PMID- 3769397 TI - [The cartilage in nuclear magnetic resonance tomography]. AB - Comparison of MRI tomograms with anatomic sections shows that the limits of the joint cartilage do not correspond to the hitherto assumed zone of the more intensive signal. This intensive signal may be caused merely by the surface of the cartilage. Considering its extent, the signal-free zone bordering on this zone should also be cartilage. Since, e.g., in the knee, there is no subchondral substantia corticalis and, as is clearly recognizable in the anatomic section, bone marrow extends as far as the cartilage, this signal-poor zone should also correspond, at least in part, to cartilage. It is conceivable that the boundary areas in the MRI tomogram (in this case the cartilage surface) are demonstrated and that the signal behavior of the hyaline joint cartilage is not uniform and applicable to all sections. This also applies to fibrous cartilage. PMID- 3769398 TI - [Computerized tomography studies of age- and sex-related physiological variations of intracranial structures]. AB - This paper supplies proof of the age dependence of the physiological cerebral density and ventricle size. The studies are based on the evaluation of normal cerebral computer tomograms of a total of 1100 patients of both sexes. Mathematical statistical calculations yield accurate data on the age-conditioned physiological "standard ranges" of cerebral density and ventricle width (3rd and 4th ventricle). By means of the graphic representations and calculation formulas it is possible to achieve rapid orientation provided the CT technique employed is the same. The results as communicated in this paper enable further quantification and objectivation of our CT data. PMID- 3769399 TI - The exchange of blood-borne amino acids in the leg during abdominal surgical trauma: effects of glucose infusion. AB - The exchange of plasma amino acids and glucose, lactate, glycerol and 3 hydroxybutyrate in the leg was studied in otherwise healthy patients undergoing elective cholecystectomy. Seven patients were given a constant intravenous infusion of glucose at a rate of 1.1 mmol/min throughout the study. Seven other patients who received normal saline only served as a control group. Measurement of leg blood flow and arterio-femoral venous differences of amino acids and other energy metabolites were made on four occasions: (I) before surgery, (II) 10 min after skin incision, (III) at the end of surgery, and (IV) 30 min after the end of anaesthesia. The release of amino acids from the leg was comparable in the two groups before and during the early part of surgery. At the end of surgery the release of several individual amino acids, as well as the total release of amino acids, from the leg was higher in the patients given glucose infusion compared with the control patients. The infusion of glucose prevented the intraoperative rise in arterial levels and uptake of 3-hydroxybutyrate in the leg. A high release of amino acids at the end of surgery was thus associated with low arterial levels of 3-hydroxybutyrate while the reverse pattern was seen in the control patients. These effects of glucose infusion were qualitatively different from those seen in uninjured postabsorptive man. PMID- 3769400 TI - Parathyroidectomy, cardiovascular reactivity and calcium distribution in aorta and heart of spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - In order to elucidate the mechanisms by which parathyroidectomy (PTX), performed in young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), delays the development and attenuates the level of hypertension, we studied, in vivo, cardiovascular reactivity (CVR, blood pressure response to bolus noradrenaline administration), aortic calcium distribution and cardiac calcium content in SHR with or without parathyroid glands. PTX was performed in 6-week-old animals and experiments were done in pretreated anaesthetized animals 2 and 22 weeks after surgery. A significantly decreased CVR was observed 22 weeks after PTX in SHR-PTX as compared with controls. These data are not specific for hypertensive animals since similar data are also obtained on normotensive Wistar rats treated in an identical fashion. In addition, after PTX in SHR and Wistar rats myocardial (auricle and ventricle) calcium content was more rapidly reduced (after 2 weeks) than aortic membrane-bound and cellular calcium fractions. The present studies established that PTX decreased CVR and alters calcium content and distribution in the cardiovascular systems of rats from hypertensive and normotensive strains. Furthermore, the results confirm a requirement for the parathyroid glands in the pathogenesis of spontaneous hypertension in SHR and for the normal CVR. PMID- 3769401 TI - Chlorpropamide-alcohol flush reaction and isoenzyme profiles of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. AB - To investigate the enzymatic basis of the chlorpropamide-alcohol flush reaction (CPAF) we compared the isoenzyme profiles of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) from liver biopsies, and of ALDH alone from erythrocytes and leucocytes, in CPAF-positive and CPAF-negative subjects. No differences were seen in ADH or ALDH phenotypes, or in the relative activities of the isoenzymes, between the two groups before chlorpropamide was given; in particular, no subjects showed the 'null' ALDH phenotype that is associated with the alcohol flush reaction in oriental subjects. There was a significant decrease in erythrocyte ALDH activity after 7 days' treatment with chlorpropamide in CPAF positive individuals but no such difference was seen in CPAF-negative subjects. These results indicate that CPAF has a different enzymatic basis from the alcohol flush reaction of oriental subjects and suggest that in CPAF-positive subjects erythrocyte ALDH may be particularly susceptible to inhibition by chlorpropamide. PMID- 3769402 TI - Respiratory and cardiovascular effects of central and peripheral intravenous injections of capsaicin in man: evidence for pulmonary chemosensitivity. AB - The respiratory and cardiovascular effects of capsaicin injection into the superior vena cava and an arm vein were studied in three normal subjects. No changes were seen in tidal volume, inspiratory time or expiratory time after capsaicin injection. Instantaneous heart rate, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure remained unchanged. Central and peripheral intravenous injections of capsaicin but not control solution above a threshold of 0.5 micrograms/kg produced dose-dependent sensations sequentially in the chest, face, rectum and extremities. The chest sensation, a 'raw, burning' feeling, occurred 3 4 s after central capsaicin injection. No subject reported feeling breathless. In one subject the maximum tolerable dose of capsaicin (4 micrograms/kg) produced paroxysmal coughing 3.9 s after a central injection. In two of the subjects capsaicin injection was repeated after inhalation of a 5% bupivacaine aerosol (aerodynamic mass median diameter 4.8 micron), sufficient to block the cough reflex to a 5% citric acid aerosol. Prior inhalation of local anaesthetic aerosol abolished the chest sensation after capsaicin injection; the other sensations were unaffected. This study demonstrates that stimulation of receptors accessible from the pulmonary vascular bed does not evoke the pulmonary chemoreflex in conscious man but can produce coughing. It provides evidence for the existence of a nociceptive system of nerve endings in the lung parenchyma that can be blocked by inhaled local anaesthetic aerosol. PMID- 3769403 TI - Intracellular ion metabolism in erythrocytes and uraemia: the effect of different dialysis treatments. AB - The present report focuses on some aspects of the intra-erythrocytic cation metabolism (e.g. the maximal velocity of the Na+-Li+ countertransport and Na+/K+/Cl- cotransport) in uraemic patients on different dialysis treatments. Patients undergoing dialysis treatment [continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) or haemodialysis (HD)] overall showed higher Na+-Li+ countertransport than controls. With regard to Na+/K+/Cl- cotransport, CAPD patients and controls did not differ and both showed, on average, higher values than HD patients. A subgroup of HD patients was studied before and after dialysis. No significant overall changes were detected as a result of the dialysis process with regard to Na+/K+/Cl- cotransport. Na+-Li+ countertransport was significantly reduced by dialysis and a distinctly different response to dialysis was evident according to predialysis values. Patients with high values of Na+-Li+ countertransport showed a significant reduction in this parameter while patients with normal values showed no effect. No distinct association was detected between alteration in either Na+-Li+ countertransport or Na+/K+/Cl- cotransport and the clinical characteristics of the patients. It is concluded that uraemia and/or dialysis influences the maximal velocity of the parameters under investigation. The effect on Na+-Li+ countertransport seems to be similar for both CAPD and HD, while Na+/K+/Cl- cotransport is not altered in CAPD patients. PMID- 3769404 TI - Rod mediated retinal dysfunction in cats with zinc depletion: comparison with taurine depletion. AB - Cats fed for 4 months with a diet with less than 7 p.p.m. zinc developed tissue zinc depletion, as judged by reduced muscle zinc content. Dark adapted electroretinogram (ERG) thresholds became elevated in zinc depleted cats. Electroretinograms and muscle zinc levels were reversed by zinc supplementation. Rod ERG to suprathreshold stimuli became reduced in b-wave amplitude in cats with zinc depletion, but suprathreshold cone ERG were unchanged. The ERG changes in zinc depleted cats were unlike those in cats fed on a taurine depleted diet. PMID- 3769405 TI - Inherited variations in glomerular handling of antigen between Lewis and DA rats. AB - Inherited differences in the quantity and site of renal deposition of antigen were studied in two inbred strains of healthy rats, one of which, Lewis, is susceptible to Heymann's nephritis and the other (DA) is resistant. Deposition of human cationic immunoglobulin G (IgG) was significantly less in the liver, spleen and kidneys of Lewis rats compared with DA rats, which suggests that the density of the negatively charged molecules in the capillary walls of Lewis rats is less than in DA rats. Immunofluorescent studies of the kidneys 15 min after administration of cationic IgG showed that it could be detected only on the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and that the intensity of the deposits was less in Lewis rats. The mesangial uptake of aggregated IgG was greater in DA rats at all times studied. There was remarkable similarity in the glomerular processing of cationic IgG and aggregated IgG in both strains. These differences in glomerular properties, capillary charge and mesangial uptake may lead to differences in the deposition of antigen within the glomerulus and in the response to the subsequent inflammatory reactions. This provides a new hypothesis for genetic predisposition of individuals to particular glomerulopathies. PMID- 3769407 TI - Blood pressure in the puerperium. AB - Blood pressure was measured by random zero sphygmomanometer in the morning and afternoon for 5 days after normal delivery in a group of 136 previously normotensive women. The number of women studied each day varied from 32 to 125. The afternoon blood pressure was higher than the morning blood pressure (differences: 1.7 mmHg systolic, 2.6 mmHg diastolic; P less than 0.05). Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures rose for the first 4 days after delivery. The average rise over the whole period was about 6 mmHg systolic and 4 mmHg diastolic (P less than 0.05). A considerable number of previously normotensive women displayed elevations of blood pressure in the puerperium. Twelve per cent of all patients exceeded a diastolic blood pressure of 100 mmHg. PMID- 3769408 TI - Smoking behaviour and personality patterns of smokers with low and high CO absorption. AB - The present experiment describes an attempt to select differentially nicotine dependent smokers by means of an objective and non-invasive measure of cigarette smoke CO absorption. Toward this goal the differences in expiratory tidal air CO concentration before and after smoking a single cigarette (tidal CO boost) were measured in three experimental sessions. The selection criteria were tidal CO boosts greater than 3.5 p.p.m. and less than 1 p.p.m. According to these criteria 19 out of 171 subjects were consistently found to be high CO absorbers and 20 were found to be low CO absorbers. Puffing behaviour was measured throughout all three test sessions by the flowmeter method and respiratory inhalation by thorax impedance plethysmography. In addition, heart rate was continuously measured during smoking. These data were used to assess for specific differences between the two extremes of inhalation behaviour. High CO absorbers differed from low CO absorbers by more intensive patterns of puffing and respiratory inhalation, by higher daily cigarette and coffee consumption, by lower alcohol consumption, by shorter latencies to the first cigarette in the morning, by greater subjective need for smoking and by lower scores for healthy eating habits. No intergroup differences were observed for smoking induced heart rate acceleration. The high CO absorbers were significantly older than the low CO absorbers; however, no evidence was found that any of the differences in smoking style between the two extremes might be related to their difference in age. No differences were seen in cigarette strengths, in personality or in coronary prone behaviour as assessed by means of standardized questionnaires in all subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3769406 TI - Compensatory spleen growth and protective function in rats. AB - To quantify compensatory spleen growth after reduction in splenic mass and to determine the effect of age and vascular supply on remnant growth, we examined adult and weanling rats for remnant regeneration and adult rats for host protection against bloodstream pneumococcal challenge at intervals up to 180 days after partial resection or autograft implantation. In adults, subtotally resected spleens with remnant blood flow and segmental anatomy otherwise intact (eutopic remnants) displayed prompt but relatively limited gains in remnant weight and nucleated cell number, and growth after 60 days was minimal; survival after pneumococcal challenge was directly related to initial remnant weight and unrelated to length of postoperative interval. Splenic autografts (ectopic remnants), by comparison, underwent necrosis early after devascularization, recovered initial remnant weight slowly, fell far short of restoring original cellularity, and even 6 months after implantation barely attained initial size; moreover, host protection against pneumococcaemia was no different in rats with autografts than in those with no residual spleen. Remnants in situ (both partial resection and whole spleens) grew more vigorously in weanling than adult rats. The results suggest that splenic regeneration after either partial resection or implantation is much more limited than previously suggested, at least in disease free rats, and is regulated by size and integrity of the initial remnant spleen, adequacy of vascular inflow, and age of the host. Whereas eutopic remnants provide protection against bloodborne pneumococcal challenge in proportion to initial residual size, ectopic remnants even with prolonged maturation fail to display immunoprotective function. PMID- 3769410 TI - Vasopressin and catecholamine secretion during apomorphine-induced nausea mediate acute changes in haemostatic function in man. AB - Seven male volunteers were given apomorphine (14-20 micrograms/kg) subcutaneously on a total of ten occasions. Nausea was experienced on six occasions and on four occasions there was no effect. Venous samples were taken before injection, at peak nausea and 20 min later for assay of factor VIII coagulant activity (FVIIIC), von Willebrand factor antigen (vWFAg), the ristocetin cofactor (FVIIIRiCof), euglobulin clot lysis time (ECLT), fibrinopeptide A (FPA), FPA generation time, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), vasopressin (aVP) and adrenaline. During nausea plasma aVP concentrations rose from median values of 0.4 pg/ml (at time 0) to 76 pg/ml at peak nausea and fell to 32 pg/ml 20 min later. Adrenaline rose from 0.36 to 0.91 nmol/l (P less than 0.05) before falling to 0.55 nmol/l. During nausea, FVIIIC rose from 100% to 143% (P less than 0.05) and to 214% (P less than 0.05) 20 min later. FVIIIRiCof and vWFAg showed similar changes. Plasminogen activator activity (10(6)/ECLT2) rose from 23 units at time 0 to 592 units during nausea and 1135 units (P less than 0.05) after 20 min. The APTT fell from 49 s to 44 s during the study, plasma FPA levels and the FPA generation time both remained unchanged. On the four occasions nausea was not experienced, there were no changes in vasopressin and catecholamine concentrations nor in haemostatic function. During the study, plasma aVP concentrations rose to levels previously shown to influence haemostatic function. This provides further support for the view that aVP has a secondary role as a mediator of acute changes in haemostasis, and during nausea contributes with adrenaline to an abrupt change in factor VIII and fibrinolytic activator activity. PMID- 3769409 TI - The responsiveness of airway smooth muscle in vitro from dogs with airway hyper responsiveness in vivo. AB - To determine whether smooth muscle from airways made hyper-responsive by ozone exposure is hyper-responsive in vitro, tracheal smooth muscle strips taken from five dogs with airway hyper-responsiveness induced by ozone exposure were compared with strips from five control animals. On 1 day, airway responsiveness was assessed with dose-response curves of acetylcholine aerosol versus pulmonary resistance. On a second day, five dogs were exposed to ozone (3.0 p.p.m. for 2 h) and five were exposed to filtered air. Then airway responsiveness to acetylcholine was reassessed. All dogs were then killed, the trachea was rapidly removed and strips of smooth muscle were prepared from the central one-third of the trachea. The responsiveness of each strip to electrical field stimulation (contractions inhibitable by atropine and tetrodotoxin) and exogenous acetylcholine was assessed after 2 and 6 h of incubation and washing. Ozone caused a marked increase in responsiveness in vivo to acetylcholine with a fall in mean provocation concentration from 0.15 g % to 0.026 g % (P less than 0.001) while sham exposure had no effect. The responsiveness of muscle strips to electrical field stimulation in ozone-exposed dogs after 2 h of incubation and washing was increased when compared with 6 h of incubation and washing and with the control dogs (P less than 0.05 for EF50, the frequency of stimulation giving 50% maximum contraction). However, responsiveness to exogenous acetylcholine was similar in all strips from both ozone-exposed and control dogs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3769411 TI - Platelet volume heterogeneity in acute thrombocytopenia. AB - Platelet volume and count were measured by aperture impedance techniques in rats during acute thrombocytopenia 2, 6, 12 and 24 h and 3, 6, 9 and 11 days after a single injection of anti-platelet serum (APS). Platelet volume heterogeneity was quantified by four statistical parameters: the measure of central tendency, dispersion, asymmetry and convexity. None of the volume distributions, including the controls, was log Gaussian. Mean platelet volume increased for the first 6 h post APS and then started to decrease although the platelet count had not started to rise. There was an initial increase, followed by a smooth decrease to control values, in the coefficient of variation (suggesting an initial increased dispersion about the mean platelet volume) with concomitant decreases in asymmetry and convexity. In contrast the age of the platelets immediately after the APS injection must have a decreased dispersion about the mean age compared with control values. These facts are used to show that young platelets are not synonymous with large platelets even under the stress of acute thrombocytopenia and support the concept that thrombopoiesis is the dominant factor in determining platelet volume heterogeneity. PMID- 3769412 TI - Quantitative evaluation of spleen haemodynamics from radiocolloidal dynamic scintigraphy. AB - Quantitative information on spleen perfusion may be obtained as a byproduct of liver studies using 99Tcm colloids, by means of model analysis of dynamic data collected with a large field-of-view computerized gamma camera for about 4 min after intravenous administration of the tracer. Spleen extraction efficiency, vascular transit time, and parameters related to spleen blood flow, splenic clearance and volume of distribution of the tracer were computed, the latter three being expressed in arbitrary units. Results in 14 normal subjects and 78 patients with liver cirrhosis show good agreement with known physiopathological data. Results in five splenectomised patients and one patient undergoing ligation of the splenic artery provided further confirmation of the physiopathological meaning of the estimated parameters. Accuracy was found to be poor for spleens of small (normal) size, but was acceptable for enlarged spleens. Reproducibility of the results appears to be within 20%. It is concluded that this method, when associated with the study of liver function using a single 3-4 mCi dose of radiocolloids, may provide valuable additional information for routine assessment of splanchnic haemodynamics in patients with portal hypertension and splenomegaly. PMID- 3769413 TI - Dynamics of the thrombolytic process under conditions of a constant magnetic field. AB - Exposure of rabbits to constant magnetic fields of induction 0.005, 0.12 and 0.3 T for 1 h daily leads to a significant acceleration of the thrombolytic process. A considerable shortening of the time duration needed for liquefaction of the clot was observed. A halved (7 d) duration of the thrombotic process in relation to the control test (14 d) was established in animals exposed for 14 d to magnetic field action before the origination of clotting, with continued exposure to the magnetic field to the moment of clotting recession. The changes were not dependent on the intensity of the magnetic field. PMID- 3769414 TI - A simple low-resistance flap valve for pulmonary ventilation studies. AB - Details of a simple low-resistance flap valve for pulmonary ventilation studies are presented. It has a space of 11 ml, weighs 28 g and is constructed from 3 mm thick perspex sheet. The opening pressure for both the inlet and the outlet is zero as its flaps normally remain open. The resistance of the valve to a flow of air at a rate of 20 l min-1 is 2.2 mm of water at the inlet and 4.2 mm of water at the outlet. At a rate of flow of 100 l min-1 the corresponding figures are 8.9 and 24.6 mm of water. All these values compare favourably with those obtained from three commercially available units. The valve has been in use over the past four years and the patient compliance has been found to be excellent. PMID- 3769415 TI - Reproducibility of tcPO2 measurements in normal volunteers. AB - The transcutaneous oxygen monitor was developed as a non-invasive method of measuring arterial oxygen tension in neonates and has since been applied to adults as a method of assessing circulatory impairment due to peripheral vascular disease. Transcutaneous oxygen pressure measurements (tcPO2) were taken daily on normal volunteers for a period of three weeks to determine the reproducibility of tcPO2 measurements. Results varied by an average of almost 10% from the mean for each individual. This variation was not clinically significant since the variation did not result in readings below 35-40 mmHg, this being the level which reflects severe skin ischaemia. The correlation between simultaneous chest and leg readings was not sufficient to recommend this ratio as an accurate index of vascular insufficiency. PMID- 3769416 TI - An infra-red fibre optic device for cardiac cycle timing and photoplethysmography. AB - In this work a simple fibre optic device using infra-red radiation is used to obtain information on the timing of the cardiac cycle and blood volume changes in the flow of blood in the body. The device is small, non-invasive and free from interference by surrounding electromagnetic fields enabling it to be used in the environment of such devices as NMR scanners. PMID- 3769418 TI - Respiratory pharmacology. PMID- 3769417 TI - Carotid artery blood flow: single factor classification of Doppler waveforms. AB - The usefulness of principal components factor analysis as a way of classifying Doppler waveforms from the carotid artery has been established. The waveform is first reduced to a small set of coefficients which capture, via their associated principal components, the essential shape of the waveform. The vector of these coefficients can be used to classify the waveform by finding the position of this vector in a classification space relative to one or more classifying surfaces. This short communication will show how these two steps may be combined to produce a single factor for classification. PMID- 3769419 TI - Diagnosis and management of polymyalgia rheumatica. PMID- 3769420 TI - Therapy for connective tissue disease. PMID- 3769421 TI - Diagnosis and management of osteoarthritis. PMID- 3769422 TI - Behcet's syndrome. PMID- 3769423 TI - Stereological studies on the epiphyseal growth cartilage and characterization of costal cartilage proteoglycans in the achondroplastic (cn/cn) mouse. AB - The achondroplastic mouse is a dwarf mouse in which the endochondral growth of the skeleton is disturbed. The main morphological characteristic of the affected growth cartilage is an underdeveloped hypertrophic zone. The pattern of matrix mineralization seems to be unaffected, even in areas where hypertrophic chondrocytes are completely absent. The present stereological results indicate a disturbance of the cn/cn cartilage already in the proliferative zone. At the electron microscopical level a clearly abnormal spatial distribution of matrix vesicles was observed in the affected growth cartilage. The vesicle concentration of the cn/cn cartilage was increased, but the mineralizing cartilage showed a decrease of vesicles similar to that in the normal tissue. Parallel biochemical characterization of the proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans of the cn/cn costal cartilage revealed normal conditions, also in the growth region, which was sampled as a separate tissue fraction. Thus the biochemical results provide no evidence of disturbed glycosaminoglycan metabolism. PMID- 3769424 TI - Glucocorticoids change the ratio of type III to type I procollagen extracellularly. AB - Rat skin fibroblasts were treated with dexamethasone and labeled with radioactive proline for 2 hours. Intracellular and extracellular procollagens were immunoprecipitated with monospecific polyclonal antibodies. Both intracellular and extracellular types I and III procollagen were decreased coordinately by glucocorticoid treatment. The ratio of type III to type I procollagen was the same for control and dexamethasone-treated cell cultures. However, when rat skin fibroblasts were prelabeled with radioactive proline and chased in the presence of unlabeled proline the ratio of type III to type I extracellular procollagens remained constant in the glucocorticoid-treated cells and increased in control fibroblasts. PMID- 3769425 TI - The ABCs of categorical perception. PMID- 3769426 TI - Red herring detectors and speech perception: in defense of selective adaptation. PMID- 3769427 TI - Array models for category learning. PMID- 3769428 TI - The management of a cervical screening programme: a statement (October 1985). The ICRF Coordinating Committee on Cervical Screening. PMID- 3769429 TI - Femoral neck fractures--improving efficiency in the care of elderly people. PMID- 3769431 TI - Making NHS services more affordable. PMID- 3769430 TI - An investment appraisal of alternative technologies for the treatment of stones in the kidney and ureter. PMID- 3769432 TI - A review of routine Government data collection on alcohol consumption. PMID- 3769433 TI - A study of the social and institutional circumstances of the residents of the Old People's Home in Kuwait. PMID- 3769434 TI - British smoking and drinking habits: variations by country of birth. PMID- 3769435 TI - A pilot study of the benefit of colposcopy as a further screening procedure within the community health service. PMID- 3769436 TI - Communicable disease report. October to December 1985. Prepared by the PHLS Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre and the Communicable Diseases (Scotland) Unit. PMID- 3769437 TI - Staffing levels in cytology laboratories. PMID- 3769438 TI - Maternity information systems. PMID- 3769439 TI - Water safety. PMID- 3769440 TI - Symposium on rabies and brucellosis in Mediterranean countries and the Arab peninsula. Montpellier, 4-6 November 1985. Abstracts. PMID- 3769441 TI - Chemotactic factors for bovine neutrophils in relation to mastitis. AB - The chemotactic effect of a variety of agents for bovine blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) was evaluated in vitro in assays of migration under agarose. Activated serum and leukotriene B4 showed significant chemotactic activity whereas various bacterial products, formyl peptides, casein and platelet activating factor failed to attract bovine PMN. In vitro cultures of bovine mammary gland macrophages released chemotactic activity for homologous PMN when stimulated by addition of opsonised, killed Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli or Zymosan or sterile E. coli culture filtrates or endotoxin. No significant activity was produced by unstimulated macrophages. Pharmacological levels of various inhibitors or arachidonic acid oxygenation had no significant effect on the generation of PMN chemoattractants by mammary macrophages. PMID- 3769442 TI - Major antigenic groups of rabies virus in Canada determined by anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies. AB - A total of 123 rabies virus isolates from various geographical areas in Canada were characterized by a panel of 43 anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies. Four major antigenic groups are found in terrestrial mammals: "Canadian Arctic" from Ontario, Quebec and the Northwest Territories; "south-eastern Georgian Bay" from Ontario; "south mid-central skunk" from Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba; and "Brook's, Alberta skunk" from a restricted area in Alberta. Bat isolates can be divided into 4 major antigenic groups: "B-1" in Eptesicus fuscus from Ontario; "B 2" in a variety of bat species from British Columbia eastward into Ontario; "B-3" in Myotis spp. from Ontario and New Brunswick; and "B-4" in E. fuscus from Alberta and Saskatchewan. A single case of bat to horse transmission of rabies virus is recorded. These street isolates are compared with isolates of fixed virus. Epidemiological aspects are discussed. PMID- 3769443 TI - Leucocyte migration into cotton pellets: a new in vivo method for the study of chemotaxis and leucocytic migration. AB - A new in vivo method for studying chemotaxis and leucocyte migration was developed in male Wistar rats, using the well characterized chemoattractant, N formyl-L-methionyl-L-phenylalanine (FMP) as positive control, and dental cotton pellets. 2.0 mg FMP attracted the greatest net leucocytes into test pellets, while doses higher or lower, attracted less cells. Use of L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L phenylalanine (MLP) as negative control showed that the method could be used to distinguish chemotactic migrations from other migrations. The kinetics of the leucocytic infiltration showed the predominance of polymorphonuclear leucocytes at the early reactions and the arrival of mononuclear leucocytes in later stages. Use of Staphylococcal protein A and trypsin demonstrated that it was possible to assay the activities of those chemoattractants which require complement activation for chemotaxis. However, complement was not normally activated by the technique. The method requires simple surgery, seems a good model for evaluating the in vivo applicability of the numerous in vitro chemotactic findings, and should possibly be used to develop agents such as drugs destined to produce changes in the inflammatory process. PMID- 3769444 TI - Differences in IgG1 and IgG2 responses of cattle infected with Coxiella burnetii and following vaccination. AB - Vaccination of 115 cattle with a formalin-inactivated Coxiella burnetii (Phase II) vaccine selectively induced a highly significant IgG2 response detectable by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. High IgG2 and negative or cut off IgG1 levels could be detected in uninfected cattle, whereas significant IgG1 but lower IgG2 levels were associated with C. burnetii infections. PMID- 3769445 TI - Ultrasonic vocalizations by male house mice (Mus musculus) to novel odors: roles of infant and adult experience. AB - Two experiments were conducted to examine 70-kHz ultrasonic courtship vocalizations by adult male mice (Mus musculus) to novel odors following exposure to these odors in infancy and/or adulthood. The research was performed in hopes of better understanding the experiences giving rise to vocalizations to naturally occurring chemosignals. Experiment 1 demonstrated that adult males normally do not vocalize to the urine of female rats but would come to do so if adult female mice odorized with female rat urine were repeatedly encountered postpubertally. On the other hand, encountering their own mother odorized with female rat urine from birth until weaning did not promote vocalizations to the urine of female rats. Experiment 2 was designed to examine vocalizations to the urine of female mice whose urinary odor was altered by the ingestion of fenugreek, a spice. Although the magnitude of the effect was smaller in this experiment, greater amounts of vocalization again were seen by males that as adults encountered females that had ingested fenugreek. Males with such experience also showed a small but significant elevation in vocalizations to the fenugreek odor itself. Again, experience with the novel odor during infancy was not associated with elevated vocalizations during adulthood either to fenugreek-altered urine or to the fenugreek odor itself. Thus vocalizations to two different novel odors occurred only after an adult male had encountered an adult female odorized with the novel odor. On the other hand, none of the novel odor experiences eliminated vocalizations to the naturally occurring chemosignal in female mouse urine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3769446 TI - Olfactory discrimination of mouse strains (Mus musculus) and major histocompatibility types by humans (Homo sapiens). AB - A series of experiments revealed that humans can use olfaction to discriminate closely related strains of mice, differing genetically only at the major histocompatibility gene complex (H-2). In Experiment 1, subjects were asked to distinguish between the whole-body odors of live mice. In Experiments 2 and 3, the odor source was mouse fecal pellets, and in Experiments 4 and 5, the odor source was mouse urine. PMID- 3769447 TI - Socially mediated learning in male Betta splendens. AB - Seven experiments showed that in the absence of social stimulation male Siamese fighting fish would approach any of several visual and spatial cues that had previously been paired with the animals' mirror images. These findings demonstrate that learned modifications of swimming mediated by social stimuli are possible in Bettas. The present results also suggest that territorial defense in some teleosts may, in part, be mediated by the association of social cues with visual and spatial stimuli. PMID- 3769448 TI - Song repertoire development in male cowbirds (Molothrus ater): its relation to female assessment of song potency. AB - Two studies were conducted to investigate the relation between the male cowbird's (Molothrus ater ater) development of a song repertoire and the female cowbird's assessment of song potency. Male development was assayed by vocal copying and female assessment by copulatory responsiveness to song playback. The results demonstrate that males do not copy most often the particular songs that females respond to most often. Whereas rank orderings of potency were highly correlated across two independent samples of playback females, male and female rank orderings were not significantly correlated. The data highlight the potential significance of social interactions between and across the sexes for repertoire development. PMID- 3769449 TI - Cardiac correlates of individual recognition in the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). AB - The ability of a chimpanzee to recognize individuals depicted in photographs was evaluated through the use of heart rate measures. Heart rate was recorded before and during photographic projections of human caregivers, familiar individuals, strangers, and blank control slides. In the absence of explicit training or reinforcement, the chimpanzee displayed a differential pattern of heart rate response to the stimulus categories. Although heart rate responses to all stimuli were predominantly deceleratory, the photographs of caregivers yielded consistently larger responses than other stimuli. Results indicate that the chimpanzee is able to recognize individual humans from novel photographic representations and that heart rate can provide an objective measure of such recognition. PMID- 3769450 TI - Desferrioxamine reduces susceptibility to lipid peroxidation in rabbit kidneys subjected to warm ischaemia and reperfusion. AB - Rabbit kidneys were clamped and subjected to warm ischaemia for 60 or 120 min then reperfused with blood for 60 min or for 24 hr. Treated rabbits received desferrioxamine at 15 or 50 mg/kg i.v. 15 min before reperfusion. Their kidneys were then removed and assayed for phospholipid Schiff base fluorescence (ex. 360 nm, em. 435 nm), diene and triene conjugates by UV spectrophotometry (240 nm and 268 nm respectively), for superoxide dismutase and for reduced and oxidised glutathione to provide an index of glutathione redox activity. All indices of lipid peroxidation were significantly elevated in untreated rabbits and glutathione redox activity was reduced. Treatment with desferrioxamine however effectively prevented these deviations and in many cases maintained them at the levels in fresh rabbit kidneys. These data provide further evidence that lipid peroxidation occurring during the reperfusion period is superimposed on the damage set up during warm ischaemia and may be preventable by administration of suitable therapeutic agents. PMID- 3769451 TI - Presence of O6-methylguanine acceptor protein in the tissues of different classes of vertebrates and invertebrates. AB - We have measured the ability of extracts of tissues from several species of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibia and fish to demethylate adducts of O6 methylguanine in exogenous DNA by transfer of the methyl group to an acceptor protein. Our study also encompassed tissues from a smaller number of invertebrates, from arthropods, molluscs and annelids. The vertebrate tissues used were liver, brain, spleen and kidney. In the case of the invertebrates we sampled liver, neural tissue, gonads, digestive tract and hepatopancreas. There was no consistent change in the amount of acceptor activity per unit of protein or DNA going from cold-blooded to warm-blooded vertebrates. Liver invariably had the highest amount; this finding was not unexpected since metabolic processes in the liver are high, and good cellular protective mechanism important. Inter-class comparisons within the vertebrates are highly speculative, and hindered by the fact that there is little information on carcinogenesis in animals other than rodents and humans. O6-methylguanine acceptor activity was found in all the invertebrate tissues tested. The amounts were variable, 0.003-0.0051 fmol/micrograms cellular DNA, but the values fell within the range of those found in the tissues of vertebrates. PMID- 3769452 TI - The use of an enzymatic kit to measure plasma creatinine in the mouse and three other species. AB - Plasma creatinine concentrations were determined in mice, rats, dogs and humans using a kinetic alkaline picrate method and an enzymatic method with a centrifugal analyser. Lower creatinine values were obtained for all four species using the enzymatic method, but the differences between methods were greater for mice and rats. Removal of creatininase from the enzymatic method reagents gave proportionally higher values for non-creatinine chromogens in mice and rats. A single enzymatic method was not specific for creatinine when used for these species. PMID- 3769453 TI - Unusual features of the T-cell receptor C domains are revealed by structural comparisons with other members of the immunoglobulin superfamily. AB - The amino acid sequences of the domains of human, mouse and rabbit T-cell antigen receptors have been aligned with those of immunoglobulin domains of known three dimensional structure. Computerized secondary structure predictions have been performed on the sequences and putative models of the domains have been constructed. The receptor V alpha and V beta domains are closely related to immunoglobulin VH domains. The receptor C alpha domain shows some major divergences from immunoglobulin C domains and the C beta domain displays an unusual feature. The implications for T-cell receptor function are discussed. PMID- 3769454 TI - Purification and properties of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase of Toxocara canis muscle. AB - Mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase was purified from muscle extracts of Toxocara canis by means of Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, DEAE-Sephadex ion-exchange chromatography and 5'AMP-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography. The purified enzyme showed an optimum pH for the reduction of oxaloacetate of 7.3 in Tris-HCl buffer and of pH 7.5-7.8 in phosphate buffer. The m-MDH showed values of 3.2 kcal/mol and 10.5 kcal/mol for the energy of activation, calculated from the Arrhenius equation. The mitochondrial enzyme was found to be more susceptible to thermal inactivation as compared with the cytosolic isoenzyme. Kinetic experiments showed that the m-MDH of Toxocara canis is inhibited by excess oxaloacetate but not by excess NADH. The apparent Km for oxaloacetate reduction was 53 microM and 0.54 mM for L-malate oxidation. PMID- 3769455 TI - Heterogeneous humoral and hemocyte-associated lectins with N-acylaminosugar specificities from the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun. AB - Callinectes sapidus serum and hemocyte microsomal fraction agglutinated a panel of untreated and enzyme treated vertebrate erythrocytes and cultured lymphoid cell lines. Crossed absorption experiments suggested the presence of multiple specific lectins in the serum. The microsomal fraction showed a 35-fold increase in specific activity when compared to the hemocyte lysate suggesting that hemocyte lectins are membrane-associated. Agglutination by serum and hemocyte lectins was inhibited by low concentrations of N-acylamino compounds including sialic, N-acetylmuramic and N-acetylglutamic acids, GalNAc, GlcNAc, ManNAc, and glycoproteins and polysaccharides which contain these carbohydrates: bovine submaxillary mucin, human orosomucoid, porcine stomach mucin and colominic acid. Hemagglutination by lectins of both serum and hemocyte microsomal fraction required divalent cations as suggested by the reduction in hemagglutination titer in the presence of the chelators EDTA, EGTA, CDTA and citrate. PMID- 3769456 TI - The effect of temperature on the equilibrium and kinetic properties of a root effect haemoglobin from the marlin Tetrapturus audax. AB - The ligand binding properties of the Root effect haemoglobin of the marlin have been investigated in the temperature range 12-35 degrees C. An essentially symmetric displacement of the binding isotherms to higher concentration is observed on raising the temperature. Thermodynamic parameters have been obtained for the equilibrium binding constants, in terms of the two state model for co operativity. Kinetic measurements indicate chain heterogeneity in both the T and R states. Activation parameters have been obtained for both chains in both quaternary states. PMID- 3769457 TI - Purification and properties of a hemagglutination factor from Arabian Gulf catfish (Arius thalassinus) epidermal secretion. AB - A galactose specific lectin was isolated from an epidermal proteinaceous gel secretion of the Arabian Gulf catfish, Arius thalassinus, Ruppell. The lectin was extracted and purified to near homogeneity by exclusion chromatography, affinity chromatography and isoelectric focusing. The lectin appears to be active as a single polypeptide chain with a mol. wt near 200,000, which can form oligomers and heteropolymers. The lectin comprises about 2% of the total gel protein, lacks carbohydrates and contains no unusual types or amounts of amino acids. The lectin agglutinates a wide range of red blood cell types. PMID- 3769458 TI - Lipid composition of the epidermal gel secretion from the Arabian Gulf catfish (Arius thalassinus Ruppell). AB - Lipids associated with a threat induced epidermal gel secretion from the catfish, Arius thalassinus, have been analyzed. Phospholipids, neutral lipids and glycolipids are all present and each of these subclasses has been analyzed by thin layer and gas chromatography with a general similarity with membrane lipids being noted. The epidermal gel lipids differed from total liver lipids of the catfish. Fatty acid analysis showed the gel lipid to be rich in the unsaturated fatty acids: oleate (omega 7, C18:1), arachidonate (omega 6, C20:4), and docosahexaenoate (omega 3, C22:6). Some prostaglandins were quantitated in lipid extracts from the epidermal gel. PMID- 3769459 TI - Type II collagen of lamprey. AB - The major collagen in lamprey notochord is type II, as determined by its amino acid composition and solubility properties. This collagen has a distribution of charged residues indistinguishable from higher vertebrate Type II collagens as judged by its SLS banding pattern. Lamprey type II collagen has a higher thermal stability than lamprey skin collagen, in contrast to the identical melting temperatures for these types in mammals. A minor collagen in lamprey notochord has solubility properties, amino acid composition, and electrophoretic mobility similar to that of 1 alpha, 2 alpha, 3 alpha collagen in human cartilage. PMID- 3769460 TI - Size and structure of the bird genome--I. DNA content of 48 species of Neognathae. AB - The nuclear DNA content was evaluated in 48 species of Neognathae birds belonging to 13 orders, namely Anseriformes, Charadriiformes, Columbiformes, Ciconiiformes, Falconiformes, Galliformes, Gruiformes, Passeriformes, Pelicaniformes, Phoenicopteriformes, Piciformes, Psittaciformes and Strigiformes. The DNA content, expressed in pg/nucleus, ranges from 2.81 to 4.97. The genome size variability within and among families is discussed on the basis of the Hinegardner's (1976) model of genome evolution. PMID- 3769461 TI - The role of adipose and hepatic tissues in the lipogenesis of the dog. AB - In order to determine the main organ of fatty acid synthesis de novo in the dog, glucose-C incorporation into fatty acids and glucose-1-C oxidation to CO2 were measured by means of glucose-U-14C and glucose-1-14C in samples of adipose and hepatic tissues of 16 animals. For comparison of the two organs the data were referred to the respective DNA content. The rate of glucose-C incorporation into fatty acids of adipose tissue exceeded that of hepatic tissue about 1000-fold. Therefore, the adipose tissue is to be considered the almost exclusive organ of lipogenesis in the adult dog. Glucose-1-C oxidation and glucose-C incorporation in adipose tissue were correlated by r = 0.887. Consequences of these results may be of concern in model experiments using dogs. PMID- 3769462 TI - Comparative biochemical studies of carotenoids in fishes--XXIX. Isolation of new luteins, lutein F and lutein G from marine fishes. AB - New luteins, lutein F [(3R,3'R,6'S)-beta,epsilon-carotene-3, 3'-diol] and lutein G [(3S,3'R,6'S)-beta,epsilon-carotene-3,3'-diol] have been isolated from marine fishes. PMID- 3769463 TI - Breakdown of C3 covalently bound to F(ab')2 immune complexes after complement activation by the alternative pathway. AB - The activation and subsequent degradation of C3 covalently bound to immune complexes (IC) has been studied by using immune aggregates antiovalbumin-125I F(ab')2-ovalbumin or 125I-C3 in the presence of serum. Kinetic experiments were performed in order to establish the physiological sequence of C3 degradation as a function of time. The results indicated: The interaction C3-IC, as analyzed in SDS-PAGE, results in bands of high molecular weight corresponding to C3 alpha-65 Fd and C3 alpha-41-Fd covalent complexes. In the first 7 min only C3 alpha-65-Fd complexes were detected. From 7 to 15 min a progressive increase in the C3 alpha 41-Fd complexes occurs. After this time the ratio C3 alpha-65-Fd/C3 alpha-41-Fd was kept constant for at least 45 min. Hence, C3b covalently bound to F(ab')2 IC is degraded in serum much faster than when it is bound to IgG IC. The spatial distribution of the Fab arms in the IC appears to be a critical feature in providing a protective environment for C3b. The orientation of the Fab arms was dependent on the presence of the Fc regions. PMID- 3769464 TI - Prediction modeling of physiological responses and human performance in the heat. AB - Over the last two decades, our laboratory has been establishing the data base and developing a series of predictive equations for deep body temperature, heart rate and sweat loss responses of clothed soldiers performing physical work at various environmental extremes. Individual predictive equations for rectal temperature, heart rate and sweat loss as a function of the physical work intensity, environmental conditions and particular clothing ensemble have been published in the open literature. In addition, important modifying factors such as energy expenditure, state of heat acclimation and solar heat load have been evaluated and appropriate predictive equations developed. Currently, we have developed a comprehensive model which is programmed on a Hewlett-Packard 41 CV hand held calculator. The primary physiological inputs are deep body (rectal) temperature and sweat loss while the predicted outputs are the expected physical work--rest cycle, the maximum single physical work time if appropriate, and the associated water requirements. This paper presents the mathematical basis employed in the development of the various individual predictive equations of our heat stress model. In addition, our current heat stress prediction model as programmed on the HP 41 CV is discussed from the standpoint of propriety in meeting the Army's needs and therefore assisting in military mission accomplishment. PMID- 3769466 TI - The effect of digital lowpass filters on the maximum velocity of saccadic eye movements. AB - The present paper is a study of how the inaccuracy of coefficients of digital lowpass filters may distort the maximum angular velocities of saccadic eye movements. Maximum velocity is one of the most important parameters of saccades. There are several diseases which decrease the maximum velocities of saccades. It was investigated how a fourth order Butterworth lowpass filter can affect maximum velocities. The lowpass filter has been tested by simulation as well as real eye movement data recorded electro-oculographically and photoelectrically. The coefficients of digital lowpass filters should be computed and applied with sufficient accuracy to prevent filters from altering the maximum velocities a phenomenon which might lead to erroneous diagnosis. PMID- 3769465 TI - Hemodynamics in congenital heart disease. AB - This paper introduces a very general and flexible model for the study of hemodynamic changes in congenital heart disease. The generality of the model makes it possible to use the same computer program (which is included in an Appendix) to study both the fetal circulation and the adult circulation, as well as such diverse disease states as patent ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot and transposition of the great arteries. In this paper, only patent ductus and ventricular or atrial septal defect are studied, with special emphasis on the influence of increasing pulmonary vascular resistance on the shunt flow. In the case of patent ductus and ventricular septal defect, the computed shunt flow is very time-dependent and the left-to-right shunt becomes first bidirectional and then right-to-left as the pulmonary resistance increases. By contrast, the computed shunt flow of atrial septal defect is nearly time-independent and is also somewhat less sensitive to the pulmonary vascular resistance. PMID- 3769467 TI - A clinical research data base system for the Apple IIe/IIc. AB - A data base program for some types of patient visits, especially medical procedures, is described. It would be primarily useful as a tool for clinical research, but its implementation would depend on its contributing to the routine documentation of patient visits (i.e. generate typed reports appropriate for charting). To achieve this, and to standardize the information to be collected, several concepts have been developed: a data base template; a branched data structure; bit-mapped, multi-option data fields; and flexible, efficient search capabilities. The program is presently configured for the Apple IIe/IIc and it is not a substitute for keeping patient records (although it may be helpful). It is presented as an approach to the "computerization" of medical information developed through a combined appreciation of basic computer capabilities, and an awareness of how some clinical information may be categorized. PMID- 3769468 TI - Remarks and experiments on the construction of respiratory waveforms from electrocardiographic tracings. AB - We report on some observations and preliminary experiments on the deduction of respiratory waveforms from electrocardiographic traces by interpolating the values of angles related to a cardiac electrical axis. The experiments concern comparing the trends obtained from different definitions of the cardiac electrical axis: respiratory waveforms deducted by considering the electrical axis of either the QRS complex or the T wave, and those deducted in the presence of cardiac rhythm disorders, noise, and drifts. The most significant result was obtained when, starting from an ECG trace, we were able to plot curves that were very close to the respiration curve obtained from a belt impedance meter. This result indicates that the objective can be attained. Other results concern specific cases and the constraints to be observed. Among those, arrhythmia, missing beats, pauses, noise, and drifts superimposed on the original ECG traces. PMID- 3769469 TI - Assessment of the maximum frequency components and digital sampling of cardiac Purkinje fiber action potentials. AB - An investigation was made into a reasonable continuous sampling frequency for cardiac Purkinje fiber action potentials. Under the assumption that digital sampling will effectively capture frequency components up to half the sampling rate, action potential records made at 25 kHz were low-pass filtered at various cutoff frequencies. The filtered and unfiltered records were compared by calculating Vmax to determine the effects of progressive loss of high frequency components. It was determined that sampling at 13 kHz is adequate for action potentials with upstroke velocities up to 500 V/sec, and that estimation of Vmax in excess of 800 V/sec is possible. PMID- 3769470 TI - ECG baseline wander reduction using linear phase filters. AB - The continuous real time reduction of baseline wander is a considerable problem in electrocardiography during exercises. Our solution consists of spectral filtering. The legitimacy of high-pass filtering of the ECG by means of digital linear phase filters with a low cut-off frequency as high as the heart rate is shown. The specifications of these filters are derived from experimental results. Special hardware is presented that simultaneously performs the desired real-time filter operation in four ECG leads. PMID- 3769471 TI - Computing the skeleton of coronary arteries in cineangiograms. AB - In this paper we describe techniques to determine the skeleton of coronary arteries and to measure their medically significant geometric properties (such as boundaries and orientations) in cineangiograms. We use these geometric properties for segmentation, i.e., for separating the image of the arteries from the background. The purpose of this segmentation is to produce a structural description of the arterial tree for high-level processing. Our technique is completely automatic, efficient, and reliable. Our technique starts with the detection of skeleton points from a local ridge detector using density profiles of the arteries. Local orientations of skeleton points are obtained directly from the ridge detection or from local edge directions. Boundaries of the arteries are computed from the density profile along a straight line perpendicular to the skeleton. From this, a sequential and raster-scan tracking procedure is applied to obtain segments of the arteries from two scanning directions. The final segments are generated by merging all the segments. PMID- 3769472 TI - BREASTCAN: an expert system for postoperative breast cancer therapy. AB - An expert system, named BREASTCAN and designed to assist physicians giving postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer, is described. The system is based on frames, each corresponding to one stage of treatment--either a decision-making stage or a therapeutic stage. The system has been designed to allow fast and easy consultation by general practitioners lacking computer knowledge. PMID- 3769473 TI - Expert system detection of drug interactions: results in consecutive inpatients. AB - Although drug interactions (DI) are a common cause of morbidity, their large number precludes remembering them. To address this problem, we constructed a microcomputer-based expert system and assessed its efficacy in 90 consecutive inpatients. It was found that, without the expert system, a knowledge of the patient's medication list did not affect the frequency of occurrence of DI. Also, without the expert system, no DI were predicted, clinically, whereas the expert system predicted 27 DI of which, in retrospect, 10 actually occurred. Unsuspected DI were most likely if: a drug was not within the specialty of the clinician, DI host factors were present, or the DI involved a commonly prescribed drug pair. Although none of the drug interactions were life-threatening, in two cases, the DI was the cause for admission. Since the offending medications could usually be adjusted in dose, drug interactions were easily corrected once clinicians were made aware of them. PMID- 3769474 TI - Multicompartmental analysis of tracer clearance and its application to cerebral blood flow measurement. AB - A new algorithm for computing cerebral blood flow is shown to overcome compartmental slippage and unstability problems associated with the conventional bicompartmental analysis. The tracer clearance curve is decomposed into a nonnegative linear combination of predetermined flow components. A weighted average of flows above (below) a fixed threshold yields the gray (white) matter flow. The accuracy and the stability of the new algorithm are analyzed by Monte Carlo simulations, determining the effect of factors such as random error in tracer concentration, gray-white flow difference, tissue content of gray matter, and end-fit time. While the new algorithm requires 50-100% more CPU time and memory space than the bicompartmental method, its accuracy and stability is superior, especially as the conditions of the measurement deteriorate. The results suggest that more than twofold error reduction in measuring the blood flow in pathological brain tissue is possible. PMID- 3769475 TI - Computerized estimation of lactate threshold. AB - Traditional approaches to estimating a lactate threshold during a progressive exercise test have utilized visual inspection of the data. We describe a computerized approach which utilizes a log-log transformation to yield two approximately linear segments. Linear regression lines are fit to these segments and the intersection of the two lines yields an estimate of the lactate threshold. An approximate 95% confidence interval is also generated. PMID- 3769476 TI - The use of microcomputers for data management in a large epidemiological survey. AB - A data management system designed around microcomputers and commercial software packages was employed for a large epidemiological study. Management involved the tracking of subjects through several stages of the study and the generation of subject listings, personalized letters of invitation, daily worklists for the field teams, and a checklist for the laboratories. These processes were controlled using a continually updated subject data base which in final form provided the core of the management system for the collected data. Data management presented major problems because of the volume of data which were received from several sources over a period of months. A key feature to emerge was the importance of an accurate serial number on all items for which a check digit was employed. The system had a short development time and was found to be inexpensive and flexible and to cope easily with the demands made of it. PMID- 3769477 TI - The value of cryo-preservation of parathyroid tissue. PMID- 3769478 TI - Verapamil responsive ventricular tachycardia. PMID- 3769479 TI - A comparative study of transparent versus dry sterile dressings for central venous catheters. PMID- 3769480 TI - Evaluation of one-hundred open-ended vasectomies. AB - Open-ended vasectomy was performed on one-hundred men. Sixty-three of them showed up for follow-up six months later. Spontaneous recanalisation had occurred in two. Sperm granuloma without orchialgia was found in 14 out of 59 men (23.9%). Twenty-one out of the 63 thought their sex life had improved, while 40 thought it was unchanged; only one man mentioned pain during intercourse since vasectomy. PMID- 3769481 TI - Bioequivalence of norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol for two different weight tablets with the same hormonal content. AB - Two tablets of differing weights, 100 mg (A) and 50 mg (B), of an oral contraceptive drug (OC) were compared with each other and to a solution (C) of the same components. The composition of the OC consisted of 1 mg of norethindrone (NET) and 0.035 mg of ethinyl estradiol (EE2). Both tablets were shown to differ from the solution, which was more rapidly absorbed, but were not significantly different from each other. Formulation means for NET and EE2, for each of the two products, were similar. Application of an interval test for the ratio of computed parameters demonstrated equivalence of the two formulations with respect to 0-24 hr area under the curve (AUC24) and total area under the curve (AUC+o+) for both NET and EE2 and with respect to concentration maximum (Cmax) for EE2. The data support the hypothesis for bioequivalence of the two formulations with respect to total absorption. PMID- 3769483 TI - Monkey lactate dehydrogenase-C4 as a model for the interaction of enzymes with gossypol. AB - Lactate dehydrogenase-C4 (LDH-C4) plays a central role in the metabolism of spermatogenic and mature sperm cells as well as being an enzyme which is inhibited by gossypol, a male contraceptive. Racemic and (+)-gossypol have equivalent potency as inhibitors of LDH-C4 purified from ejaculated sperm of cynomolgus monkeys. Analogues of gossypol (gossypol-glycine ester Schiff's base, 6,6-dimethoxygossypol and ethyl gossypol) have quantitatively similar inhibitory effects of LDH-C4 activity; apogossypol hexaacetate, however, has no inhibitory effect. Other effective inhibitors of LDH-C4 are antimycin, naphthoquinones and lithocholic acid. LDH-C4 may serve as a model for understanding gossypol binding domains and contraceptive action. PMID- 3769482 TI - Pharmacodynamic assessment of dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide plus estradiol enanthate as a monthly injectable contraceptive. AB - The pharmacodynamics of the combination of dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide (DHPA) and estradiol enanthate (E2-EN) following its intramuscular administration at two doses were studied in 16 healthy women of reproductive age. Subjects were randomly allocated in two groups: group I (n = 9) received the combination DHPA 150 mg + E2-EN 10 mg on three consecutive monthly injections, while group II (n = 7) received half-dose of the same formulation. Ovarian function and endometrial bleeding patterns were investigated in all participants for one pre-treatment cycle, three treatment intervals and two post-treatment cycles. The results disclosed that ovulation was inhibited for at least 30 days following DHPA/E2-EN administration in all participants from both groups. The circulating estradiol levels 30 days after last injection were slightly elevated as compared with those observed in normal early follicular phase. Return to ovulatory cycles was documented within 90 days after treatment. The length of the bleeding-free intervals during treatment was shortened in both groups, particularly in group II. No significant changes in HDL-cholesterol levels were observed throughout the study. It is envisaged however, that large modification of the formulation and additional long-term safety studies will be required prior to its recommendation. PMID- 3769484 TI - Morphological alterations in the heart muscle of cardiomyopathies. PMID- 3769485 TI - Treatment of postmyocardial infarction arrhythmias: should we act on ischaemia, pump or electrical events? PMID- 3769486 TI - Effect of slow-release ISDN on cardiac function in patients with coronary heart disease during bicycle ergometry. AB - In 10 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD), the effect of a single doses of slow-release isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) on cardiac function was investigated. Haemo-dynamics was examined by right heart catheterization and thermodilution measurement of cardiac output. After placebo and after 2 and 6 hours with 40 mg ISDN, the heart rate (HR), cardiac index (CI), pressure values in the pulmonary artery (PASP, PAMP, PAEDP) and in the aorta (AoSP, AoMP, AoEDP) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) were measured at rest and during bicycle ergometry. At rest, PASP and PAMP were significantly reduced only 6 hours after ISDN. Under exercise conditions, significantly reduced pressure values in the pulmonary artery were found 2 and 6 hours after ISDN. AoSP was likewise reduced 2 and 6 hours after ISDN. HR, CI and SVR showed no significant differences compared with placebo values. Thus, an effective reduction of left ventricular preload and afterload was seen in patients with CHD during bicycle ergometry. PMID- 3769487 TI - Clinical utility of continuous wave Doppler echocardiography: non-invasive determination of gradient, pressure and flow. AB - Echocardiography has revolutionized the practice of cardiovascular imaging. A complete one- and two-dimensional echocardiographic examination can provide non invasive information about cardiac anatomy and function. Pulsed wave (PW) Doppler technique has permitted to appreciate normal and abnormal blood flow patterns. Abnormal blood turbulence associated with stenosis, regurgitation and cardiac shunts has been characterized. However, only with the recent advent of continuous wave (CW) Doppler technique has the noninvasive ultrasound examination been able to accurately estimate intracardiac blood flow velocities which can be used to determine gradient, pressure and flow. Now, in a complete ultrasound laboratory, one can non-invasively determine many of the cardiac functional and hemodynamic parameters which heretofore were relegated to invasive cardiac catheterization. PMID- 3769488 TI - M-mode echocardiography in acute pulmonary embolism. AB - Twenty-two patients with acute pulmonary embolism were examined by M-mode echocardiography. It was possible to examine both ventricles (with precordial approach) and the right branch of the pulmonary artery (with suprasternal approach) in all patients. With significant pulmonary embolism there occurs dilatation of the right ventricle and of the right branch of the pulmonary artery. The size of the right branch of the pulmonary artery in patients was significantly different from that of healthy volunteers. However, no significant correlation between the degree of anatomic changes (documented by echocardiography) and haemodynamics in the lesser circulation was found. Literature concerning other possibilities of echocardiography in the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism is reviewed. Echocardiography represents a suitable complement to diagnostic methods used for the assessment of acute states. PMID- 3769489 TI - Diagnosis of cardiac myxoma. AB - The study analyses the results of examinations of 8 patients with cardiac myxoma (5 men and 3 women ranging from 21 to 54 years of age). In 6 patients, the tumour was localized in the left atrium, in 2 in the right atrium. The results of clinical, laboratory and instrumental examinations are analyzed, with special attention to ultrasound sectoral scanning, which proved to be particularly suitable for diagnostic purpose. Seven patients were successfully operated, one patient died postoperatively from thromboembolic complications. PMID- 3769490 TI - Conduction disturbances in the Kearns-Sayre syndrome. AB - The Kearns-Sayre syndrome is an uncommon disease, characterized by the triad of external ophthalmoplegia, retinitis pigmentosa, and heart block. Cardiac manifestations of this syndrome in a 31-year-old man are presented. Electrocardiogram revealed intermittent left bundle branch block and right bundle branch block with left anterior hemiblock. His bundle recording disclosed a prolonged HV interval. Clinical features of the syndrome are discussed and other published cases reviewed. PMID- 3769491 TI - Interhemispheric coordination is compromised in subjects with developmental dyslexia. AB - Developmental dyslexics (DDs) and good readers (GRs) were tested on measures of interhemispheric coordination. All subjects (ages 16 to 47) demonstrated normal oculomotor control and visual acuity, prior to testing. Subjects were instructed to track three different point-light source patterns (single stimulus in one hemifield, dual stimuli in one hemifield and a pair of simultaneous, symmetric, bihemifield stimuli [SSBS]), presented in random sequence and arrayed horizontally at +/- 5, +/- 10, and +/- 15 degrees of eccentricity. Tested with unihemifield stimuli, all subjects showed normal saccadic latencies and trajectories. In response to SSBS, all GRs had pronounced directional preference, choosing largely to track one side over the other. In contrast, DDs showed reduced laterality bias (p less than .025). DDs exhibited also significantly longer response latencies to SSBS than to unihemifield stimulation (p less than .01) and differed significantly from GRs (p less than .05). PMID- 3769492 TI - Phonological reading: phenomena and paradoxes. AB - We report a single case study of a patient with an acquired dyslexia. KT had no difficulty in reading regular words and non-words at a normal speed, but he made numerous errors in reading irregular words. These were characterised by "regularisation" of the letter string. We have documented his residual reading abilities and in addition have investigated other aspects of his residual reading skills. We found that his performance on visual lexical processing tasks was very satisfactory, there was no effect of priming from a correctly read irregular word and his reading of polysyllabic words was remarkably good. In particular his assignment of word stress was usually accurate. We consider our findings in relation to current models of phonological reading and conclude that they provide further evidence for a multiple levels computation of the transcoding between print and phonology. PMID- 3769493 TI - Covariant defects in visuospatial abilities and recall of verbal narrative after right hemisphere stroke. AB - Eighteen patients with right hemisphere strokes and 10 age-matched normal controls were tested for visuospatial abilities and for recall of brief narrative passages. Visuospatial and verbal abilities were evaluated using an objective scoring protocol that quantified accuracy in reproducing individual details, appreciation of structural relationships, and the appearance of unwarranted intrusions. The right hemisphere damaged group was found to be impaired on all measures of verbal recall. Across subjects these defects, particularly the inability to abstract information from the narrative passages, correlated with the degree of constructional apraxia. Analysis of CT scans failed to define a discrete region of the right hemisphere selectively associated with either the visuospatial or verbal defects, but indicated that both are exacerbated by the presence of premorbid brain atrophy. PMID- 3769494 TI - The "forced-attention paradigm" in dichotic listening to CV-syllables: a comparison between adults and children. AB - The present study was concerned with the effects of directional attention on the right-ear-advantage (REA) in dichotic listening. It was suggested that if selective attention contributes to the REA during a non-forced, free recall condition, then comparing the unattended left and right ear scores when attention is forced to the right and the left ear, respectively, would yield an "attention free" estimate of the REA. Each subject participated in a non-forced, free recall, condition; in a forced-right condition; and in a forced-left condition. During the two forced conditions, subjects were instructed to only attend to and report the right and left ear inputs, respectively. The stimuli were the six stop consonants paired with the vowel a. Four right-handed groups participated (N = 18): Adult males, adult females, boys (8-9 years), girls (8-9 years). The results showed a significant REA in all groups during the non-forced condition. During the forced-right condition, significantly more correct recalls were obtained from the right compared to the left ear in all groups. During the forced-left condition, significantly more correct recalls from the left compared to the right ear was obtained only in the two adult groups, but not in the children groups. Finally, comparing correct recalls from the unattended right ear (during the forced-left condition) with the unattended left ear (during the forced-right condition) revealed a significant REA in all groups except for the adult females. PMID- 3769495 TI - Visual half-field presentations of incongruent color words: effects of gender and handedness. AB - Right-handed (dextral) and left-handed (sinistral) males and females (N = 15) were compared for language lateralization in a visual half-field (VHF) incongruent color-words paradigm. The paradigm consists of repeated brief (less than 200 msec) presentations of color-words written in an incongruent color. Presentations are either to the right or to the left of center fixation. The task of the subject is to report the color the word is written in on each trial, ignoring the color-word. Color-bars and congruent color-words were used as control stimuli. Vocal reaction time (VRT) and error frequency were used as dependent measures. The logic behind the paradigm is that incongruent color-words should lead to a greater cognitive conflict when presented in the half-field contralateral to the dominant hemisphere. The results showed significantly longer VRTs in the right half-field for the dextral subjects. Furthermore, significantly more errors were observed in the male dextral group when the incongruent stimuli were presented in the right half-field. There was a similar trend in the data for the sinistral males. No differences between half-fields were observed for the female groups. It is concluded that the present results strengthen previous findings from our laboratory (Hugdahl and Franzon, 1985) that the incongruent color-words paradigm is a useful non-invasive technique for the study of lateralization in the intact brain. PMID- 3769496 TI - Inter- and intrahemispheric processing of letter stimuli by dyslexic children and normal readers. AB - Manual reaction-times and errors to single letter stimuli presented ipsilaterally (intrahemispherically) or contralaterally (interhemispherically) to the responding hand were compared for dyslexic children and normal readers aged 8 to 13 years. Dyslexic children were significantly slower than normal readers across four field-hand conditions, but for the dyslexic group, reaction times were not discrepantly longer nor were errors more frequent in the contralateral condition, contrary to the hypothesis of impaired interhemispheric processing in that group. Unlike normals, dyslexic children made more errors in the right visual field right hand condition. These results suggest that cortical and/or subcortical information processing is slower in dyslexics, but that neither the rate nor the accuracy of information transfer between the hemispheres is specifically abnormal. In addition, some defect within the left hemisphere of dyslexics for processing linguistic stimuli is indicated. PMID- 3769497 TI - Differences between fingers and hands in tapping ability: dissociation between speed and regularity. AB - The mean inter-tap interval (ITI) and the coefficient of variation of the ITI (ITIVAR) were measured in all five fingers of the preferred and non-preferred hand in two experiments. Subjects were right- or left-handed, males or females in experiments I and right-handed female typists, pianists, or controls in experiment II. Lack of consistent difference between right- and left-handers, and between those with and without special manual skills, suggested that hand differences in tapping are not a consequence of differential practise between hands. ITI showed differences both between fingers and between hands, whereas ITIVAR only showed differences between fingers. Separate mechanisms are inferred, and it is suggested that differences between fingers are a function of differential peripheral motor control, whereas differences between hands are a consequence of cerebral dominance of control mechanisms, and a model is presented. PMID- 3769498 TI - Hand, foot, eye and ear preferences and performance on a dichotic listening test. AB - Normal adult men and women were given a dichotic listening test to determine ear advantage. On the basis of a lateral preference questionnaire, subjects were classified as to handedness, footedness, eyedness, earedness and overall congruency across lateral preferences. Ear preference was the most successful variable in predicting ear advantage on the dichotic listening test. PMID- 3769499 TI - CT scan correlates of sound recognition defect in aphasia. AB - This study was concerned with the relationship between defects in sound recognition and intrahemispheric locus of lesion. Previous studies have shown that defects in sound recognition are common in association with left hemisphere lesions resulting in aphasias with comprehension deficits and are uncommon in association with other unilateral lesions. Current findings indicate that defects in sound recognition, occurring within the first month post onset of aphasia, may be associated with lesions of basal ganglia, the auditory cortex (both primary and association cortices), supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus, and area 37. At the same time, however, a number of patients with lesions in these areas failed to show sound recognition defects. PMID- 3769500 TI - Ideogram reading in normal and dyslexic children. AB - This study was concerned with the ideogram reading performances of groups of reading disabled and normal children. While adults with acquired alexia have associated defects in ideogram reading, all of the dyslexic children performed at normal adult levels. It was found that ideogram reading in control children is rather slow to develop, with only 7 and 8 year old subjects performing like normal adults; this is in contrast to other reading-related cognitive tasks in which normal performance develops earlier. PMID- 3769501 TI - Early activation of humoral proteolytic systems in patients with multiple trauma. AB - Coagulation, fibrinolytic, kallikrein, and complement systems were studied in 20 patients with multiple trauma. Three of four patients with a trauma score less than 10 on hospital arrival died, compared to one of 16 with a score over 10. Five patients developed disseminated intravascular coagulation. Signs of activated cascade systems were evident in most patients on hospital arrival. Changes were not related to trauma score, but patients with an arterial pressure below 110 mm Hg had significantly lower levels of antithrombin III and alpha 2 antiplasmin than those with higher BP. This study confirms that the cascade systems are activated very soon after multiple trauma. PMID- 3769502 TI - Pulmonary interstitial emphysema treated by high-frequency oscillatory ventilation. AB - Twenty-seven low birth weight infants who developed pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE) and respiratory failure while on conventional ventilation were treated with high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV). The mean birth weight was 1.2 kg (range 0.55 to 2) with gestational age of 28 wk (range 25 to 34). Ten patients died, six of whom had documented sepsis with shock and were therefore excluded from analysis. All patients showed initial improvement on HFOV. Surviving patients showed continued improvement in oxygenation and ventilation at increasingly lower fraction of inspired oxygen and proximal airway pressure with resolution of PIE, while nonsurvivors progressively developed chronic respiratory insufficiency with continued PIE from which recovery was not possible. Overall survival in nonseptic patients was 80% (16 of 20). We found HFOV to be effective in the treatment of PIE and hypothesize that interstitial airleak is decreased during HFOV because adequate ventilation is provided at lower peak distal airway pressures. PMID- 3769503 TI - External cardiac pacing: influence of electrode placement on pacing threshold. AB - External cardiac pacing is a recently reintroduced, effective method for emergency cardiac stimulation. The optimal electrode position and polarity for external pacing were determined in two groups of normal subjects. In six subjects there was no significant difference in pacing threshold when electrodes were positioned as follows: negative electrode in left parasternal region, positive electrode in right subscapular region; negative electrode in left parasternal region, positive electrode in left subscapular region; or negative electrode at cardiac apex, positive electrode in right parasternal region. In the remaining ten patients, pacing attempts were ineffective when electrode polarity was reversed. We conclude that exact electrode positioning is not crucial for external cardiac pacing, as long as the anterior or apical electrode is negative. PMID- 3769504 TI - Comparison of measurements of cardiac output by bioimpedance and thermodilution in severely ill surgical patients. AB - In order to evaluate a new thoracic electrical bioimpedance (TEB) system for measurement of stroke volume based on the Sramek-Bernstein equation, 391 paired values of cardiac output were measured simultaneously with the standard thermodilution method. These values were obtained from 16 patients selected for having the most severe illness during a 6-month period; the intent was to evaluate the bioimpedance method in the worst possible situations. The correlation coefficient (r) was 0.83, slope was 0.87, intercept was 1.53, and the mean difference between the two methods was 16.2 +/- 11.8 (SD)% in the total series. In 285 paired samples where satisfactory conditions were met, r was 0.90, slope was 0.98, intercept was 0.34, and the mean difference was 11.8 +/- 8.9%. The data indicate satisfactory correlations between these two methods. When the TEB waveform is satisfactory, the agreement between TEB and thermodilution is as good as the agreement between serial thermodilution methods. Difficulties may arise with dysrhythmias, tachycardia (heart rate greater than 150 beat/min), metal in the chest or chest wall, sepsis, hypertension, and extremely oily skin. Mechanical ventilation did not appear to be a problem. PMID- 3769506 TI - Assessing redox status in human plasma: experience in critically ill patients. AB - Clinical evaluation of metabolic acidosis has involved measurement of lactate (L), pyruvate (P), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BOHB), and acetoacetate (AcAc). We previously demonstrated that these metabolites are not at equilibrium in plasma. Their degree of disequilibrium is reflected in the ratio of apparent equilibrium constants (KLP/KBA) for the two redox couplets, L-P and BOHB-AcAc. The purpose of the study was to examine how well this ratio reflects disequilibrium in patients with metabolic acidosis. Measurements of the four metabolites were obtained in 23 critically ill patients. Disequilibrium was again observed, as manifested in an inconstant ratio (p less than .01). The ratio increased with clinical improvement. Patients were more likely to die during their ICU stay if the estimated ratio was low, particularly if metabolic acidosis was present. Patients with respiratory acidosis had both intermediate probabilities of death and intermediate ratios when compared to inpatient controls (ICU patients without acidosis). Our data indicate that changes in the L-P-BOHB-AcAc cycle reflect the degree of metabolic derangement in critically ill patients. PMID- 3769505 TI - Nonequilibrium of two redox couplets in human plasma: lactate-pyruvate and beta hydroxybutyrate-acetoacetate. AB - We examined the extracellular equilibrium status of two redox couplets normally found in plasma (lactate-pyruvate [L-P], beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate) during acute metabolic acidosis produced by muscle exertion. Both pre- and postexertion plasma spontaneously underwent loss of acetoacetate and gain of L when compared to the baseline values. Exercise further induced a 332% rise in L (p less than .001) and a 102% rise in P (p less than .001). The empirically derived ratio of equilibrium constants, KLP/KBA, fell 50% (p less than .001), and the calculated change in free energy (delta F) fell from 3.6 to 3.1 kcal/mol (p less than .001) after exercise. The changes induced by exertion were simulated closely by an in vitro model of a reduced state. Thus, the triad of inconstant metabolite concentrations, inconstant KLP/KBA, and delta F both inconstant and non-zero, indicates that there is no state of equilibrium for these metabolite couplets in human plasma. The KLP/KBA ratio appeared to reflect the degree of deviation from equilibrium and may therefore be useful when investigating altered redox states such as metabolic acidosis. PMID- 3769507 TI - Clinical manifestations of hypomagnesemia. AB - We observed prospectively 20 consecutive patients with severe hypomagnesemia (serum Mg 0.01 to 1.2 mg/dl [0.01 to 0.5 mmol/L], mean 0.8 mg/dl [0.33 mmol/L]) before and after correction with parenteral magnesium sulfate. Only three patients, all with hypocalcemia, had tremor and muscle twitching and none showed tetany, a positive Trousseau's test, arrhythmias, or ECG abnormalities. Moreover, review of the literature on hypomagnesemia did not justify attributing these clinical symptoms to hypomagnesemia. In a follow-up study of 111 consecutive serum samples from hypocalcemic patients, 36 (32%) indicated hypomagnesemia (serum Mg no greater than 1.5 mg/dl [0.6 mmol/L]); however, hypomagnesemia had been unsuspected in all but two patients. We conclude that hypomagnesemia rarely shows specific signs or symptoms; its diagnosis depends on a high index of suspicion in patients with hypokalemia, especially after its correction, and in patients with unexplained hypocalcemia. PMID- 3769508 TI - Oxygenation during ventilation by high-frequency oscillation in dogs with acute lung injury. AB - The effect of ventilation by high-frequency oscillation (HFO) on gas exchange in the abnormal lung is not well defined. In this study the efficiency of oxygenation by HFO (stroke volume 2.5 to 3.5 ml/kg, frequency 15 to 30 Hz) and by conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) (tidal volume 15 to 20 ml/kg, frequency 8 to 15 breath/min) was compared in dogs with acute lung injury. Sixteen normal animals were studied under general anesthesia (halothane) on day 0 (control) and then injected intraperitoneally with 10 mg/kg of paraquat in divided doses over 3 consecutive days. Eight dogs were restudied on day 4 (moderate lung injury) and the other eight dogs on day 8 (more severe lung injury). With acute lung injury there was a progressive decrease in total lung capacity, decrease in lung compliance, and hypoxemia. In the moderate lung injury group, at equal alveolar ventilation, HFO resulted in a significant improvement in oxygenation (PaO2 95 to 104 torr) with a corresponding increase in mean lung volume when compared with CMV. In the severe lung injury animals, there were no significant differences in oxygenation or in mean lung volume between HFO and CMV. PMID- 3769509 TI - Hyperthermia associated with drug intoxication. AB - Hyperthermia (temperature of at least 40.5 degrees C for at least one hour) associated with drug intoxication was identified in 12 patients over a 5-yr period. Intoxication was due to anticholinergic drugs (tricyclic antidepressants, antipsychotics, antihistamines), CNS stimulants (phencyclidine, cocaine, 3,4 methylene dioxyamphetamine, mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide), salicylates, or combinations of these. Hyperthermia was present in four patients on admission, but its onset was delayed up to 12 h in the remainder. Outcome of hyperthermic patients was poor: five died and four had severe permanent neurologic sequelae. Clinical signs common to patients who developed hyperthermia were increased muscular activity and absence of sweating. Five patients suffered seizures, and four did not respond to anticonvulsant medication until body temperature was lowered. Cooling did not appear to favorably affect the outcome after body temperature had remained above 40.5 degrees C for a prolonged period. Prevention of death or neurologic sequelae from drug-induced hyperthermia depends upon the recognition of risk factors and the prompt treatment of hyperthermia. PMID- 3769510 TI - Allometric determination of the distance from the central venous pressure port to wedge position of balloon-tip catheters in pediatric patients. AB - Position of the CVP port on a flow-directed balloon-tip pulmonary arterial catheter affects the accuracy of both thermodilution cardiac output determinations and CVP measurements. Systemic allometry (the study of the growth of a part in relation to the total organism) has been used to determine an easily measured independent variable that would predict this position. Sixty-one pediatric patients (aged 0 to 165 months) were studied either at autopsy or at the time of cardiac catheterization. The distance from the central venous port to the wedge position was best predicted by nonlinear manipulation of age. PMID- 3769512 TI - Acid ingestion: another cause of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. AB - This report presents a case of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy developing within 2 h after ingestion of 96% (glacial) acetic acid in an attempted suicide. Although bleeding from the GI tract is found commonly in acid injury, this case illustrates that it may also be an early manifestation of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. PMID- 3769511 TI - Acute pulmonary edema after removal of an esophageal foreign body in an infant. PMID- 3769513 TI - Pursuit of critical care medicine in China. PMID- 3769514 TI - Diagnosis and management of acute epiglottitis in children. PMID- 3769515 TI - Cryopreservation of dog platelets with dimethyl sulfoxide: therapeutic effectiveness of cryopreserved platelets in the treatment of thrombocytopenic dogs, and the effect of platelet storage at -80 degrees C. AB - Dog platelets were frozen with 6% dimethyl sulfoxide at 2-3 degrees C per minute in a -80 degrees C mechanical freezer. The frozen platelets were stored at -80 degrees C for as long as 39 months. After storage at -80 degrees C for less than 1 year, platelet in vitro freeze-thaw-wash recovery values were 70%, and in vivo survival values 1 to 2 hr after transfusion were 40% those of fresh platelets. After 2 years or longer storage, in vitro freeze-thaw-wash recovery values were 60%, and in vivo survival values 1 to 2 hr after transfusion were 20% those of fresh platelets. These results indicate that significant deterioration of the dog platelets occurred between the first and second year of storage at -80 degrees C. Platelets that were stored frozen at -80 degrees C for less than 1 year and washed before transfusion into lethally irradiated thrombocytopenic dogs were hemostatically effective. PMID- 3769516 TI - The effect of dialysis of extended ram semen prior to freezing on post-thaw survival and fertility. AB - The effect of dialysis on extended ram semen prior to cryopreservation was studied. Techniques were developed to improve post-thaw recovery of dialyzed semen and a fertility trial was used to evaluate the viability of dialyzed and frozen semen. Dialysis prior to freezing was shown to increase post-thaw recovery of motile cells and percentage of cells passing through a Sephadex filter. Freezing semen in pellets on dry ice was superior to freezing in French straws. Pellets were thawed in an aluminum thaw block at 42 to 45 degrees C before insemination of progestagen-PMSG synchronized ewes. Double inseminations were made at 12-hr intervals. Natural service of synchronized ewes was also made at 12 hr intervals as a control. There was no significant difference (P greater than 0.05) in fertility between naturally serviced ewes (44.4%) and ewes inseminated with frozen semen (44.7%). PMID- 3769517 TI - Pigment changes in human skin after cryotherapy. AB - We have investigated the changes in pigmentation and melanocyte distribution in human skin after a standardized freeze injury. All lesions developed hypopigmentation with a peripheral rim of hyperpigmentation. Abnormalities in pigmentation persisted for at least 6 months. Hyperpigmentation was predominantly an epidermal phenomenon. After brief freezes, hypopigmentation persisted despite the presence of functional melanocytes. After prolonged freezes, the consistent finding was an absence of melanosomes in keratinocytes, although melanocytes were present. We conclude that prolonged changes in skin color are frequent after brief freezes and that hypopigmentation is not synonymous with an absence of melanocytes. This suggests that hypopigmentation after the cryosurgical treatment of malignant melanocytic tumors may not equate with cure. PMID- 3769518 TI - Effects of induced hypothermia on organ blood flow in a hibernator and a nonhibernator. AB - Regional blood flow and hemodynamic variables during induced hypothermia were compared in six guinea pigs and four hedgehogs. Tracer microspheres were used for blood flow measurements, since this technique is more accurate than the earlier method (86Rb+ distribution) used for cardiac output distribution measurements in hibernators. Heart rate and blood pressure decreased with reduced temperature in a comparable fashion in the two species, while cardiac output was less affected in the hedgehogs than in the guinea pigs. Total peripheral resistance increased in both species. At 34 degrees C the hedgehogs had a higher myocardial blood flow per gram tissue than the guinea pigs and it was not reduced in the hedgehogs when the body temperature was lowered to 22 degrees C, whereas in the guinea pigs it was markedly reduced. The brown adipose tissue of the hedgehogs showed a fourfold increase in blood perfusion at 22 degrees C when compared with 34 degrees C. In the hedgehogs the fractional distribution of cardiac output to the myocardium increased with decreasing body temperature, while the renal fraction decreased. In the guinea pigs, on the other hand, the fractional distribution of cardiac output to the myocardium remained unchanged but increased to the kidneys. PMID- 3769519 TI - The influence of cholecystokinin octapeptide and angiotensin II on in vitro duodenal motility in hibernating and aroused 13-lined ground squirrels. AB - Because cholecystokinin octapeptide and angiotensin II are directly involved in intestinal food and water absorption, the effect of these two compounds on intestinal motor responses of hibernating and alert 13-lined ground squirrels was investigated. Both cholecystokinin octapeptide and angiotensin II caused a greater increase in the composite motility of intestinal segments of normothermic in contrast to hypothermic hibernating ground squirrels. Additionally, cholecystokinin caused an increase in the contraction frequency of the intestine from normothermic as compared to hypothermic squirrels. This differential response may provide an adaptive advantage by decreasing food and water consumption; depressing motility and inhibiting digestive enzyme release; reducing the release of bile which also may have an irritant effect on the intestinal mucosa under prolonged exposure. As a result, the GI tract is devoid of food and digestive enzyme irritants during torporous periods. PMID- 3769520 TI - Glass-forming tendency and stability of the amorphous state in the aqueous solutions of linear polyalcohols with four carbons. I. Binary systems water polyalcohol. AB - All the aqueous solutions of linear saturated polyalcohols with four carbons have been investigated at low temperature. Only ice has been observed in the solutions of 1,3-butanediol and 1,2,3- and 1,2,4-butanetriol. For same solute concentration, the glass-forming tendency on cooling is highest with 2,3 butanediol, where it is comparable to that with 1,2-propanediol, the best solute reported to date. However, the quantity of ice and hydrate crystallized is particularly high on slow cooling or on subsequent rewarming. The highest stability of the amorphous state is observed on rewarming the 1,2-butanediol and 1,3-butanediol solutions. With respect to this property, these compounds come just after 1,2-propanediol and before all the other compounds studied so far. They are followed by dimethylsulfoxide and 1,2,3-butanetriol. The glass-forming tendency of the 1,3-butanediol solutions is also very high; it is third only to that of 1,2-propanediol and 2,3-butanediol. The glass-forming tendency is a little smaller with 1,2-butanediol, but it is cubic instead of ordinary hexagonal ice which crystallizes on cooling rapidly with 35% 1,2-butanediol. Cubic ice is thought to be innocuous. A gigantic glass transition is observed with 45% of this strange solute. 1,4-Butanediol, 45% also favors cubic ice greatly. Therefore, 1,2 and 1,3-butanediol with comparable physical properties are perhaps as interesting as 1,2-propanediol for cryopreservation of cells or organs by complete vitrification. Together with 1,2-propanediol, 1,2- and 1,3-butanetriol, 1,2,3-butanetriol, and perhaps 2,3-butanediol provide an interesting battery of solutions for cryopreservation by vitrification. PMID- 3769521 TI - Controlled rate freezing of human marrow in a constant temperature cooling gradient in air. AB - A new instrument which utilizes a computer controlled freezing platform moving in a constant air temperature gradient generated over liquid nitrogen (LN2) was evaluated for cryopreservation of human marrow. Marrows were placed horizontally on the freezing platform which was suspended over LN2 in a cylindrical freezing chamber. The platform was raised or lowered to maintain a predetermined fixed cooling rate in response to temperature monitored and recorded by the computer from a thermocouple placed at platform level. Separate freezing programs were created for different marrow volumes. The viability of normal marrow was tested in vitro before and after freezing. Recovery of marrow cells after freezing and thawing, as measured by cell counts and CFU-GM assays, were the same for the constant air gradient instrument as for a conventional freezing instrument. Thirteen patients received autologous marrow transplants utilizing marrow cryopreserved in the constant air gradient instrument and engraftment results were indistinguishable from those obtained for marrow cryopreserved with a conventional instrument. PMID- 3769522 TI - Altered pattern evoked retinal and cortical potentials associated with human senescence. AB - Physiologically healthy elderly individuals often exhibit visual deficits which result from age-related changes in both the transmission characteristics of the ocular media and the functional properties of the neural elements in the visual pathway. Many of the age-related changes in the optical quality of the ocular media have been identified, but the age-dependent variations in visual neurophysiology have not been clearly delineated. This investigation examined age related alterations in pattern-specific biopotentials generated in the human retina and visual cortex. Counterphasing (2.0 and 7.5 rps) patterns (7.5', 15', 30' and 60' checks) were used to simultaneously monitor pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials (PRVEPs). Young visual normals (20-30 years of age) and healthy elderly observers (70-80 years of age) with visual acuity of 20/30 or better were studied. All data were corrected for the effects of senile miosis on retinal illumination. Significant variations in the waveform characteristics of both biopotentials were noted for the elderly individuals. PRRP amplitude was uniformly reduced for all stimulus conditions. PRVEP amplitude reductions were also noted but were more stimulus specific than the PRRP amplitude reductions. No significant PRVEP or PRRP latency changes were observed. These results suggest that alterations in the physiological properties of neural elements in both the retina and visual cortex are associated with normal aging. PMID- 3769524 TI - Quantitative determination of S-antigen in human ocular tissues, aqueous humour and serum. AB - Retinal S-antigen is thought to play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of uveitis. To investigate whether S-antigen is a sequestered antigen confined to the retina, a sensitive ELISA was developed to determine the levels of this protein in various human ocular tissues, aqueous humour and serum. The ELISA was performed by incubating S-antigen-containing samples with solid-phase bound immunospecific rabbit anti human S-antigen F(ab')2 fragments and then incubating the bound S-antigen with mouse anti bovine S-antigen serum and the bound mouse antibodies with peroxidase-labelled rabbit anti mouse IgG; the peroxidase activity is developed with ABTS. This method was demonstrated to be highly sensitive and specific: S-antigen could be measured at concentrations of 5-10 nanograms per ml, irrespective of whether it was present in buffer, undiluted whole serum of tissue extracts. Human retinas were shown to contain approximately 1.2 mg immunoreactive S-antigen per retina. Of the other human ocular tissues, only the vitreous and choroid (including pigment epithelium) contained small amounts of S-antigen. Low levels of S-antigen could also be detected in the aqueous humour of two out of seven patients with posterior uveitis. No immunoreactive S-antigen could be detected in the serum of either healthy individuals or patients with uveitis. Sera collected from diabetic patients 15 minutes after extensive laser photocoagulation also did not contain immunoreactive S-antigen. Preliminary experiments with rats to study the clearance of intravenously injected S-antigen from the circulation indicated that the relatively short half-life (+/- 30 min) of circulating S-antigen might account for the absence of detectable S-antigen in the patient sera. PMID- 3769523 TI - Contact lens-induced edema in vitro--amelioration by lactate dehydrogenase inhibitors. AB - Isolated rabbit corneas bathed in Krebs-bicarbonate Ringer solution were observed for thickness changes after a 90 minute equilibration period. Control corneas swelled an average of 0.5 micron/hr, and placement of a polymethylmechacrylate (PMMA) contact lens on the epithelial surface caused the corneas to swell 24.5 microns/hr, an effect similar to 0.5 mM epithelial cyanide exposure. The pronounced swelling induced by PMMA lens placement was much less however, in the epithelial presence of 3.2 mM sodium oxalate (3.22 microns/hr) or 3.2 mM sodium oxamate (5.38 microns/hr). An equiosmotic excess of 4.8 mM NaCl was least active (15.89 microns/hr). On normal isolated corneas (without contact lenses), the Ringer containing an excess of 4.8 mM NaCl significantly deswelled the corneas ( 13.44 microns/hr), which contrasted with oxalate and oxamate containing Ringer solutions (1.17 and 1.33 micron/hr respectively). The present study supports the notion that contact lens-induced edema results from stromal lactate accumulation, and suggests a potential alternative to osmotic therapy for its amelioration. These LDH inhibitors, in the concentrations used, have no acute osmotic or toxic effect on normal corneas in vitro. PMID- 3769525 TI - Wettability of the corneal surface: a reappraisal. AB - Previous attempts by others to measure the wettability of the corneal epithelium concluded that the surface was strongly hydrophobic, but used methods which seem likely to damage the epithelial cell surface. These experimental techniques were repeated and the effects on the surface analysed by scanning electron microscopy. It is concluded that such methods cannot establish either the hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity of the cornea. PMID- 3769526 TI - Effects of cyclosporine in spontaneous, posterior uveitis. AB - Cyclosporin A (CsA) was administered to chicks of the Smyth delayed-amelanotic (SDA) line from day of hatch to 4, 8 or 12 weeks of age. Animals were evaluated at 8, 12, 16 or 20 weeks with regard to major features of the SDA-line disorder, including extent of feather and choroidal amelanosis, choroidal inflammation, and histopathology of the retinal pigment epithelium and outer retina. A suppression and delay in the onset of both amelanosis and ocular histopathology occurred during CsA administration. However, a rebound enhancement of symptoms occurred 4 8 weeks after withdrawal of CsA that was closely associated with the duration of CsA treatment. These results indicate that CSA may yield therapeutic effects during the period of treatment, but its withdrawal may lead to more severe symptoms that would have occurred without treatment. PMID- 3769528 TI - High myopia does not affect contrast sensitivity. AB - The axial elongation of high myopia is known to induce tangential stretching forces on the retina. Such forces might be expected to compromise retinal circuitry and thus affect the temporal and spatial contrast sensitivity function. In fact, we find that simple high myopes have normal contrast sensitivity for stationary gratings, moving gratings, and uniform field flicker. This suggests that, unlike many other retinal disease processes, the high myope's retina retains its normal integrity until the outer retina is compromised. PMID- 3769527 TI - Assignment of the rhodopsin gene to human chromosome three, region 3q21-3q24 by in situ hybridization studies. AB - By Southern analysis of restriction digests of genomic DNA from human-mouse somatic cell hybrids, we recently assigned the rhodopsin gene to human chromosome 3. Using in situ hybridization techniques and a mouse rhodopsin cDNA probe, we now show that the rhodopsin gene is on the long end of human chromosome 3 at region 3q21-3q24. PMID- 3769529 TI - Tear film osmolality determination: an evaluation of potential errors in measurement. AB - The technique of tear film osmolality determination using a nanoliter freezing point depression type osmometer was studied to determine what factors affect the accuracy of the technique. Reflex tearing during microcapillary sampling of the tears caused a 5% decrease in tear film osmolality. Evaporation effects of sampling, retrieval and osmolality determination of samples resulted in an increase of 0.2% for one microliter volumes and 1.2% and 1.3% for 0.50 and 0.25 microliter volumes of samples, respectively. Evaporation of the sample during storage between layers of immersion oil resulted in increasing osmolalities of 0.5, 0.2 and 0.2%/day for sample volumes of 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 microliter respectively over 14 days. Samples (1.0 microliter) stored at 4 degrees C showed an increase in osmolality of 1.25 mos/kg/day. These results suggest that reflex tearing is one major source of variation in tear film osmolality determinations and that avoidance of reflex tearing is critical to the accuracy of the technique. PMID- 3769530 TI - Distribution of a steroid antagonist in the eye following topical administration. AB - The distribution of a steroid antagonist, RU486, that is known to reduce rabbit intraocular pressure has been examined in the eye. On an equal tissue weight basis, the corneal epithelium is the site of maximal absorption followed by conjunctival tissues (bulbar and palpebral) and the rest of the cornea. Aqueous humor concentrations of drug vary between 5 X 10(-6) and 5 X 10(-8) at 1 and 24 hours, respectively: these concentrations have been shown by others to inhibit dexamethasone binding to rat thymocytes, and are sufficient to act as an antagonist at steroid receptors in the eye. Multiple drop administration for 10 days (3 drops per day) revealed no accumulation in the treated eye, but did show the presence of drug in the untreated contralateral eye that could explain the contralateral pharmacological effect seen on intraocular pressure after several days of treatment. PMID- 3769531 TI - Nuclear pyknosis during lens fibre differentiation in epithelial explants. AB - In our culture system, lens epithelial cells differentiate into fibres under the influence of fibre differentiation factor (FDF) from neural retinas. FDF stimulates DNA synthesis and cell migration within 24 hours. After 2 days we detect increased alpha-crystallin synthesis and, after 4 and 6 days, beta- and gamma-crystallin synthesis, respectively. In this study, a quantitative analysis of DNA levels using the DAPI method shows increases in DNA/explant up to 2 days of culture. This is followed by a substantial drop in DNA/explant by 10 days. The early rise in DNA levels corresponds with the period of cell division stimulated by FDF. The drop in DNA levels corresponds with a significant increase in the proportion of pyknotic nuclei in the explants. Electron microscopy shows pyknotic nuclei in differentiated fibre cells. Since nuclear pyknosis is a normal event during terminal fibre differentiation in vivo, this study confirms that our explant system faithfully reproduces events in fibre differentiation. PMID- 3769532 TI - Nutrition and exercise. PMID- 3769533 TI - Intentional and unintentional abuse of infants and children. AB - Intentional abuse of an infant is usually apparent. External injuries such as burns, bites, and bruises, as well as the skeletal changes of fractures, frequently multiple and in various stages of healing, are obviously intentionally inflicted, and are impossible accidental injuries for the nonambulatory young infant. Similar injuries in young children may be more difficult to evaluate because of their fear of and intimidation by the person who inflicted the injury. Fortunately, the high degree of suspicion regarding the nature of the injury permits the physician to make his accusations with legal protection in our judicial system. Every radiologist should be concerned with the responsibility of reporting to the referring physician the possibility of intentional trauma to infants and children. In Harris County, where Houston is located, there are 1,500 reports per month of child abuse; in other words, this approximates 18,000 cases a year in our community, and the radiologist is frequently the first physician to see evidence of the abused child. Not only is it a moral responsibility for the radiologist to report his suspicions, but in the state of Texas, as in other states, "any person having cause to believe that a child's physical and mental health, or welfare has been or may be adversely affected by abuse or neglect shall report" to the appropriate agency. A more recent amendment to this law is a penalty for failure to report. A person commits an offense if the person has cause to believe that a child's physical and mental health or welfare has been or may be adversely affected further by abuse or neglect and knowingly fails to report it. It is hoped that any radiologist recognizing either pathognomonic or suspicious signs of child abuse will have the conscience and courage to take a strong stand for the protection of the abused infant or child. Accidental injuries in older children may offer problems in diagnosis if there is no history available or if there is a denial of an injury. Some of these injuries may produce radiographic findings suggesting some form of metaphyseal or diaphyseal dysplasia. Iatrogenic injuries are frequently the result of physiologic or anatomical response to proper and lifesaving treatment. The most serious of these are found in the premature infant, who may suffer chronic lung disease or, more seriously, brain damage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3769534 TI - Graduate surgical education at the turn of the century: lessons from the past, directions for the future. PMID- 3769535 TI - A university perspective of graduate surgical education for the information age. PMID- 3769536 TI - Conflicts in accreditation of postgraduate surgical education. PMID- 3769537 TI - "Back to the future". PMID- 3769538 TI - Surgical research in graduate surgical education. PMID- 3769539 TI - Current socioeconomic issues in the education of surgeons. PMID- 3769540 TI - The place of the American College of Surgeons and possibilities for the future. PMID- 3769541 TI - The effect of heparin on whole-blood viscosity. PMID- 3769542 TI - Effects of warmed fluid resuscitation in hemorrhagic shock. PMID- 3769543 TI - Tolerance of rat testis to graded periods of total ischemia. PMID- 3769544 TI - The nuclear aberration index assay as a marker for colonic carcinogen exposure. PMID- 3769545 TI - Myocardial contusion: when does it have clinical importance? PMID- 3769546 TI - Lack of correlation between carboxyhemoglobin and cyanide in smoke inhalation injury. PMID- 3769547 TI - Reduced bacterial adherence to surfactant-coated catheters. PMID- 3769548 TI - Venomous sea urchins. PMID- 3769549 TI - "Terminal" dermatitis due to computers (visual display units). PMID- 3769550 TI - Pemphigus erythematosus: a unique association with systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - An association between pemphigus erythematosus and systemic lupus erythematosus is well recognized. However, most reports strongly imply that the clinical manifestations of lupus erythematosus are usually minimal or only serologically significant. We describe the case of a 27-year-old black woman who experienced life-threatening systemic lupus erythematosus while recovering from pemphigus erythematosus. Unique histopathologic findings show the presence of both disorders in the same lesion. PMID- 3769552 TI - The report by Dr. Alan Shalita on dermatitis and eczema. PMID- 3769551 TI - Naproxen photosensitization demonstrated by challenge. AB - A patient vacationing in Hawaii in whom naproxen induced a marked photosensitivity reaction, which was later confirmed by challenge, is reported. Naproxen therefore joins the list of other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents that are a hazard for the holiday traveler. We suspect that the incidence of sunlight reactions to naproxen and other members of this class of drugs is far greater than published reports indicate. PMID- 3769554 TI - Clarinettist's cheilitis. AB - A 15-year-old clarinettist with a median lower lip cheilitis corresponding to the distribution of a cane reed is reported. Thorough patch testing was unsuccessful in demonstrating an allergic contact hypersensitivity. The cheilitis was probably due to irritant contact factors. PMID- 3769553 TI - Familial Netherton's disease. AB - A familial occurrence of Netherton's syndrome with typical features in two sisters is documented. Detailed illustrations of the associated hair shaft abnormalities and results of extensive immunologic investigations are presented. PMID- 3769555 TI - Black tongue secondary to methyldopa therapy. AB - A case of black tongue associated with methyldopa administration is reported. The symptoms disappeared when the medication was discontinued. The possible mechanism is discussed. PMID- 3769556 TI - Dermatitis herpetiformis and vitiligo. AB - We report the fourth case of coexisting dermatitis herpetiformis and vitiligo. This patient's HLA haplotype is HLA-B8 DR3, which is characteristic of dermatitis herpetiformis. The autoimmune features of both disorders suggest that their coexistence is not coincidental. PMID- 3769557 TI - Failure of oral ketoconazole to cure cutaneous ulcers caused by Leishmania braziliensis. AB - Ketoconazole failed to cure cutaneous lesions caused by Leishmania braziliensis in two patients. A prior study had suggested that ketoconazole was efficacious against this form of leishmaniasis. PMID- 3769558 TI - Bronchoscopic photodynamic therapy of early lung cancer. PMID- 3769559 TI - Obscure pleural effusion. Look to the kidney. PMID- 3769560 TI - Continuous noninvasive monitoring of respiratory rate in critically ill patients. AB - Respiratory rate is a sensitive clinical parameter in a multitude of pulmonary diseases, especially in the critical care setting. In order to validate the routine recording of the respiratory rate in the intensive care unit, we compared the values obtained from the nursing records with the breathing frequency continuously recorded by a prototype microprocessor system using respiratory inductive plethysmography. We found a significant (greater than or equal to 20 percent) error in the staff's monitoring of respiratory rate one third of the time. In addition, we demonstrated the ease and reliability of using this prototype system as a continuous, noninvasive, long-term respiratory monitor in the intensive care unit. PMID- 3769561 TI - Bronchospasm during cardiopulmonary bypass. Etiology and management. AB - Severe bronchospasm occurring after extracorporeal circulation is an unusual event. We report three such cases. Possible etiologies include activation of complement anaphylatoxins during cardiopulmonary bypass, cardiac asthma, cold urticaria syndrome, exacerbation of preoperative bronchospastic disease, allergic reactions, drug-induced histamine release and beta-adrenergic blockade induced bronchospasm. The management and treatment of patients with this complication is reviewed. PMID- 3769562 TI - Correlation between needle biopsy of lung tumors and histopathologic analysis of resected specimens. AB - Needle aspiration of a pulmonary mass may accurately delineate malignant from nonmalignant pulmonary lesions; however, needle aspiration may be unable to identify a specific cell type. Therefore, a retrospective review of patients undergoing needle aspiration of pulmonary masses was carried out for the years, 1979 through September 1984. A Lee needle was used, which produces a sample of tissue 1-mm in diameter suitable for histopathologic analysis as well as a cytologic specimen. A total of 87 needle biopsies were carried out, but only 46 patients later underwent resection. Five patients (6 percent) sustained a pneumothorax, and four required a chest tube. Minimal hemoptysis occurred in three patients (3 percent). Eight patients were subsequently found to have benign lesions, and there were 38 malignant tumors. Seven needle biopsies (18 percent; 7/38) were nondiagnostic and subsequently proved to be malignant. Thirty-one needle biopsies were diagnostic of malignant neoplasms (82 percent; 31/38). Twenty specimens showed the same cell type as the needle biopsy (65 percent 20/31). Eleven resected specimens disagreed with the cell type from the needle biopsy (35 percent; 11/31). In these 11 patients a change in management was indicated because of the delineation of a different cell type in only four (11 percent of all 38 patients with cancer). Mixed tumors and small cell carcinoma provide the area of most concern. Our conclusions are that needle biopsy accurately indicated a malignant neoplasm in 82 percent of the patients undergoing later resection and that the specimens from Lee needle biopsy accurately predicted the cell type in 65 percent of the specimens. The inaccurate histologic diagnosis was important clinically in only 11 percent of the patients. Overall, the needle biopsy of pulmonary lesions provided a correct decision on management in 87 percent of the cases in which biopsy provided diagnosis of a malignant neoplasm (31 patients). PMID- 3769563 TI - Effectiveness of medical necessity guidelines in reducing cost of oxygen therapy. AB - Concern for the rising costs of respiratory therapy in patient care caused a third party payor to implement reimbursement guidelines for inhospital delivery of oxygen (O2) therapy. While these guidelines are physiologically appropriate, their effectiveness in cost reduction has not been documented. To determine the effect of similar guidelines on the cost of O2 therapy, we prospectively studied 77 noncritically ill patients for whom physicians ordered O2. If pretreatment arterial blood gas determinations had not been ordered, ear oximetry was performed. The cost of O2 therapy to each patient, as based on total patient charges for O2, appliances, delivery, and assessment of oxygenation throughout hospitalization, was computed in three ways: Cost A, actual charges for O2 therapy initiated by physician order; Cost B, projected charges for O2 therapy using physiologic guidelines alone (PaO2 less than 60 mm Hg or SaO2 less than 90 percent); and Cost C, projected charges for O2 therapy using combined physiologic and clinical guidelines (PaO2 less than 60 mm Hg, SaO2 less than 90 percent or clinical record reasonably indicating hypoxemia). Of the 77 patients, 23 (30 percent) met the physiologic guidelines and 48 (62 percent) met the combined physiologic and clinical guidelines. The cost (total patient charges) of O2 therapy can be reduced through implementation of medical necessity guidelines, but physiologic guidelines alone appear more cost effective than combined physiologic and clinical guidelines. PMID- 3769564 TI - Increased vascular pedicle width preceding burn-related pulmonary edema. AB - Widening of the vascular pedicle on the chest roentgenogram is a recently identified sign of increased circulating blood volume. To determine whether vascular pedicle enlargement can be detected during the initial day of burn resuscitation and whether this change correlates with the early development of pulmonary edema, we reviewed the serial chest roentgenograms of 42 patients with cutaneous burns and risk factors for inhalation injury. Although no patient had pulmonary edema at the time of vascular pedicle measurements, 18 (42.9 percent) developed this complication during the 3.3 +/- 1.5 days after injury. These patients were significantly older (p less than 0.025) and had received more resuscitative fluid (P less than 0.005) than those without pulmonary edema. Initial vascular pedicle width was similar in both groups (5.9 +/- 0.9 vs 6.0 +/- 1.0 cm) and did not change in patients without pulmonary edema (5.8 +/- 0.7 cm). Vascular pedicle width increased (6.9 +/- 1.2 cm, p less than 0.01) in patients who subsequently developed pulmonary edema, and 12 of the 13 patients who had changes exceeding +1.0 cm had this problem. Enlargement of the vascular pedicle is associated with early burn-related pulmonary edema and might provide a clinically useful predictor of this cardiopulmonary complication. PMID- 3769565 TI - Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Further evaluation of abnormal alveolar macrophages. AB - To investigate the function of alveolar macrophages (AM) and the mechanisms of impairment in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, we established in culture AM from three patients and from eight normal nonsmokers and assessed phagocytosis and phagolysosome fusion by the acridine orange assay with live yeast as the phagocytic challenge. Alveolar macrophages from the patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis ingested fewer yeasts per cell than did normal AM (mean +/- SE, 2.3 +/- 0.3 vs 3.3 +/- 0.2; p less than 0.05) and had decreased phagolysosome fusion (33 +/- 6 percent vs 64 +/- 1 percent; p less than 0.001). Alveolar macrophages from three normal subjects were incubated with cell-free fractions isolated by centrifugation of lavage fluid from the patients at 250 g (P1) or centrifugation of P1 supernatant at 20,000 g (P2). The P1 fraction did not decrease the number of AM ingesting yeast or the number of yeast cells ingested per cell, but the P2 fraction decreased both phagocytic indices. Conversely, phagolysosome fusion was depressed by the P1 fraction (48 +/- 3 percent vs 66 +/- 2 percent for untreated AM from the same subject; p less than 0.02) but not by the P2 fraction. Significant morphologic changes were noted in AM cocultured with both P1 and P2. Comparable concentrations of pooled P2 fractions from normal subjects did not decrease phagocytic indices in normal AM. These data confirm that AM in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis are dysfunctional, and, in particular, the finding of decreased phagolysosome fusion may be related to the high incidence of uncommon infections in these patients. We have shown that different fractions of alveolar filling material from patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis have unique effects on the phagocytic process in the normal AM, and the induced defects may be associated with apparent uptake of this material. These observations further support the hypothesis that in patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, locally produced "toxic" substances may lead to impaired alveolar clearance and contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease. PMID- 3769566 TI - Resistive breathing training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. AB - In order to investigate the effect of resistive breathing training on ventilatory muscular endurance, we examined the maximal sustained ventilatory capacity in ten patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) before and after a six week program of resistive breathing training. In addition, we investigated the effect of altered breathing strategy on resistive breathing performance. The patients performed two 15-minute sessions of resistive breathing daily for six weeks using an inspiratory resistive device (Pflex). Before and after the training, we found no significant change in spirometric data, pulmonary volumes, maximal inspiratory pressure, and maximal expiratory pressure. Of the ten patients, seven failed to show an improvement in their performance of resistive breathing. Furthermore, the maximal sustained ventilatory capacity was unchanged after the resistive breathing training. After the completion of the training program, seven of the patients participated in an additional experiment in which they were instructed to take long slow inspirations while breathing through the resistive device. With this change in breathing pattern, five of the seven were able to improve their performance of resistive breathing. Analysis of the breathing strategy showed that a reduction in the peak mouth pressure, breathing frequency, and external resistive work with a longer inspiratory time was beneficial. We conclude that neither resistive breathing performance nor ventilatory muscular endurance, as measured by sustained hyperpnea, is improved by resistive breathing training performed according to the current instructions with the resistive device, and alterations in breathing strategy have a profound effect on the performance of resistive breathing. The lack of details of breathing strategy in previous studies of resistive breathing makes it difficult to determine if previously demonstrated improvements were due to a real enhancement of ventilatory muscular performance or merely secondary to a different strategy. PMID- 3769567 TI - Pulmonary function in young insulin-dependent diabetic subjects. AB - To clarify the issue of pulmonary dysfunction in diabetes mellitus, lung mechanics and CO transfer were investigated in 22 young (mean age 19.5 +/- 5 years) non-smoking, insulin-dependent diabetic patients and an equal number of matched healthy subjects. Mean closing capacity/total lung capacity (CC/TLC) was significantly greater in the diabetic than in the control group (31.4 +/- 6.8 vs 27.2 +/- 2.9 percent, p less than 0.01), as was the mean value of the volume independent index of lung elasticity (exponent constant, Kst(L)) (0.148 +/- 0.045 vs 0.118 +/- 0.030, p less than 0.05). The transfer factor expressed per unit alveolar volume (TL/VA) was also significantly lower in the diabetic than in the control group (5.25 +/- 0.68 vs 5.61 +/- 0.57 ml/min/mm Hg/L, p less than 0.05) and this could be ascribed to a lower pulmonary capillary blood volume. There was evidence of mildly abnormal lung mechanics and/or a decreased pulmonary capillary blood volume in 16 (73 percent) of the diabetic group. Since pulmonary dysfunction was either an isolated non-endocrine finding or was associated with only early systemic complications in these young patients, our findings suggest that pulmonary dysfunction is an early measurable complication in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. PMID- 3769568 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging of spiral vein graft bypass of superior vena cava in fibrosing mediastinitis. AB - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used for postoperative evaluation of spiral vein grafts in three patients with fibrosing mediastinitis who had undergone bypass of the superior vena cava (SVC) for SVC syndrome. The MRI images, obtained without ECG triggering, were compared retrospectively with postoperative bilateral arm venograms. Patent grafts were identified by MRI in all patients. Significant stenoses at innominate vein-spiral vein graft anastomoses in two patients were better demonstrated by venography than by MRI. MRI shows promise as a non-invasive technique for postoperative evaluation of spiral vein bypass grafts. PMID- 3769569 TI - Cognitive impairment in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and associated hypoxemia. AB - Twenty-six patients with sleep apnea had neuropsychologic testing prior to nocturnal sleep study in a sleep disorders clinic. The cognitive functioning of patients who had sleep apnea with associated hypoxemia was compared to nonhypoxemic patients with sleep apnea. The patients who had sleep apnea with hypoxemia had more severe cognitive impairment than those with sleep apnea without hypoxemia. The hypoxemic patients with sleep apnea had significantly poorer cognitive functioning on four of eight tests (p less than 0.05). In addition, the patients who had sleep apnea with hypoxemia had mean performance scores in the impaired range on measures of attention, concentration, complex problem-solving, and short-term recall of verbal and spatial information. In contrast, the patients who had sleep apnea without hypoxemia had no mean performance score in the impaired range. The degree of hypoxemia during sleep and wakefulness significantly correlated with the degree of overall cognitive impairment as rated by a neuropsychologist; however, measures of sleep fragmentation did not significantly correlate with overall cognitive impairment in patients with sleep apnea. We conclude that patients who have sleep apnea with associated hypoxemia have cognitive impairment which is more severe than those with sleep apnea without hypoxemia. PMID- 3769570 TI - An approach to mediastinal masses associated with hyperthyroidism. AB - Benign thymic hyperplasia (BTH) is a known feature of hyperthyroidism, but is infrequently appreciated by clinicians. In most cases thymic enlargement is minimal; however, it may occasionally present as an appreciable anterior mediastinal mass. While surgical resection is a common approach to such a mass, recognition of the benign nature of BTH and its regression following treatment of hyperthyroidism would prevent a major surgical procedure. We present three cases of BTH associated with hyperthyroidism and describe our approach to this syndrome. PMID- 3769571 TI - The axillary vein: an alternative approach for percutaneous pulmonary artery catheterization. AB - The axillary vein route was investigated prospectively for percutaneous pulmonary artery catheterization in 79 patients who underwent 83 attempts. Forty nine of these patients were tracheostomized and under mechanical ventilation and eight had hemostasis disorders. Successful catheterization was achieved 74 times in the 79 patients. Pulmonary artery was reached within 6 +/- 2.1 min after the catheter was set in place in the axillary vein. Less than 1 min was needed in 53 cases. Puncture of the axillary artery was noted in 11 patients without complication. No other significant complication was noted following the punctures. Mean duration of catheterizations was 3.6 +/- 2 days. No septicemia was related to the catheterization procedure. One thrombosis of the axillary vein was noted. Catheterization of the pulmonary artery via the axillary vein is safe, simple and reliable and can represent an alternative method should the use of other routes be unsuccessful. PMID- 3769572 TI - Diaphragmatic fatigue and breathing pattern during weaning from mechanical ventilation in COPD patients. AB - The medium-term outcome of weaning from mechanical ventilation in COPD patients is not easy to anticipate because a respiratory fatigue may eventually develop. We evaluated the diaphragmatic function and the breathing pattern during 40 weaning trials on 15 patients ventilated after acute respiratory failure. We formed two groups according to the success (group B, n = 18) or failure (group A, n = 19) of the medium-term attempt (group A/less than 10 hours; group B/more than 12 hours). Provided the patients showed the classic weaning criteria (tidal volume greater than 5 ml/kg, respiratory frequency less than 30 breaths per minute, PaO2 greater than 50 mm Hg), the study of the breathing pattern did not allow differentiation between the groups. However, the transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) and the Pdimax, which gave an indication of the power of diaphragm contraction, dropped early in the group that could not stand weaning, with an increase in the Pdi/Pdimax ratio. In addition, this same group showed a diaphragmatic dysfunction attested for by a frequent negative gastric pressure associated with or shortly preceded by an abdominal paradoxic motion. PMID- 3769573 TI - Wild-pigeon-related psittacosis in a family. AB - Three members of a family acquired psittacosis after exposure to a wild pigeon. Each of the patients had pulmonary infiltrates, prominent headache, abdominal complaints, and serologic evidence for infection with Chlamydia psittaci. Of 759 cases of psittacosis reported to the Centers for Disease Control for the period of 1974 to 1981, some 75 (10 percent) were associated with pigeons. Fifty-two of the cases were associated with domestic pigeons and 23 with wild pigeons. Pigeons represent a largely unrecognized reservoir of psittacosis in the United States. PMID- 3769574 TI - Sleep in Pierre Robin syndrome. AB - Eight patients (aged 8 to 22 years) with the Pierre Robin syndrome underwent sleep studies. Seven demonstrated significant although minor degrees of increased sleep disturbances and apneas, and less time spent in the rapid-eye-movement (REM) stage of sleep. One patient who had previously undergone mandibular corrective surgery had major sleep abnormalities (central apnea index of 81.7 although an obstructive sleep apnea index of only 1.9). The patients had small mandibles, as demonstrated by lateral cephalometric roentgenography, and mildly increased right ventricular diastolic dimensions, as shown by M-mode echocardiography. Snoring was present in all of these patients and in 13 of 22 patients questioned from our Pierre Robin clinic. We conclude that minor abnormalities in sleep, mandibular size, and right ventricular size persist well into adolescence in the majority of patients with Pierre Robin syndrome. These appear to be clinically insignificant; however, a small percentage of such patients may continue to have major sleep disturbances. PMID- 3769575 TI - Episodic laryngeal dyskinesia. Clinical and psychiatric characterization. AB - We have obtained physiologic and psychiatric evaluations on five subjects with episodic laryngeal dyskinesia (LD) and compared them with three patients with expiratory laryngeal stridor and asthma (ELS), and five with chronic asthma (CA). Laryngoscopy confirmed adduction of the vocal cords. Diminished inspiratory flow rates with an expiratory/inspiratory ratio of 1.5 to 3.3 was demonstrated by flow volume studies. Flows improved strikingly while breathing an 80 percent helium/20 percent oxygen mixture. Patients with LD showed varying degrees of depression and sought some form of secondary gain. A histrionic personality, conversion or factitious disorders are not an essential part of this syndrome. Tracheostomy may seldom be necessary in the managing of the acute crisis of LD. Reassurance, oxygen, intermittent positive pressure, and sedation may be sufficient. Mildly depressed patients decreased the frequency and severity of wheezing episodes after receiving reassurance and a clear explanation of ventilatory mechanics. PMID- 3769576 TI - Influence of furosemide and body posture on transthoracic electrical impedance in AMI. AB - Transthoracic electrical impedance (TEI) is related to thoracic fluid content. In order to analyze this relation, we studied the acute effects of changes in body posture and of intravenous administration of furosemide on TEI in patients with different diuretic regimens. The TEI was measured using a tetrapolar electrode system, and a 100 microA constant current at 100 kHz. The measurements were performed repeatedly during the first two days in 15 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and without overt left heart failure, as evaluated from clinical data and bedside catheterization. It was concluded that TEI appears to be a sensitive, noninvasive means of evaluating changes in thoracic fluid content in AMI. PMID- 3769577 TI - Pneumococcal pneumonia. Diagnostic, epidemiologic, therapeutic and prophylactic considerations. PMID- 3769578 TI - Procedures requiring signed consent. A survey of practice. AB - Despite extensive discussion of informed consent within the medical and legal literature, those diagnostic or therapeutic procedures which may specifically require written consent remain poorly identified. Survey results from 105 JCAH approved hospitals show that 56 percent set forth a general policy statement regarding when and for which procedures consent is needed. The remaining hospitals specify individual procedures for which signed authorization is required by the hospital or medical staff guidelines. The potential liability, advantages and disadvantages of a general versus specific consent practice are discussed. A listing of those procedures itemized by responding hospitals from this national survey is also presented. PMID- 3769579 TI - The electrocardiology of right ventricular myocardial infarction. PMID- 3769580 TI - Cough with axillary calor, dolor and tumor. Thoracic actinomycosis. PMID- 3769581 TI - Imaging of the axillary subsegment of the right upper lobe. AB - The bronchial supply of the lateral or axillary area of the right upper lobe is variable. In 16 percent of normal subjects, an independent ramus of the posterior right upper lobe bronchus supplies an axillary subsegment. Airspace disease in the axillary subsegment has a characteristic appearance on radiographs. The CT appearance of disease in the axillary subsegment correlates closely with classic anatomic studies. Recognizing that disease is located in the axillary subsegment can help in directing bronchoscopy or biopsy. PMID- 3769582 TI - Polishing over yellow nails. PMID- 3769583 TI - Five-year disease-free survival of a lung cancer patient treated only by photodynamic therapy. AB - A 59-year-old woman had suffered cough and sputum production for several months. Chest x-ray film findings were negative, but sputum cytology yielded a diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma. This stage Ia lung cancer in the right upper lobe bronchus was deemed inoperable due to poor cardiopulmonary function. She was treated by photodynamic therapy in February 1981, involving intravenous injection of hematoporphyrin derivative and fiberoptic endoscopically delivered argon dye laser light. She responded well to the treatment and the lesion disappeared within a week. At present, she is apparently disease-free more than five years after treatment. This is the first known report of five-year disease-free survival following treatment of a malignant lesion by PDT only. PMID- 3769584 TI - Clinical laser recanalization of coronary obstruction. Angioscopic and angiographic documentation. AB - Coronary angioscopy was used to assess the configuration and cross-sectional luminal area of atherosclerotic obstruction prior to and following laser recanalization in a patient at the time of bypass surgery. Angioscopy served as a useful adjunct to angiography by providing documentation of immediate improvement and patency of the laser-recanalized site. PMID- 3769585 TI - Mediastinal duplication cyst. Percutaneous aspiration and cystography for diagnosis and treatment. AB - Needle aspiration and metrizamide cystography of a mediastinal duplication cyst is described. The technique is a reasonable alternative to surgery for both the diagnosis and the treatment of asymptomatic benign mediastinal cysts. PMID- 3769586 TI - Nalbuphine-induced pulmonary edema. AB - We report the occurrence of acute pulmonary edema in a patient receiving therapy with nalbuphine, a synthetic narcotic analgesic. Other potential causes of acute pulmonary edema were excluded. It is likely that all opiate drugs share the propensity to produce acute pulmonary edema, and nalbuphine resembles other opiates in this regard. PMID- 3769587 TI - Exercise-induced ST-segment depression and elevation in the same patient. A case for mixed angina. AB - A patient with significant left anterior descending coronary disease is presented who developed significant ST segment elevation and depression at different times under similar testing conditions. Currently proposed explanations for exercise induced ST segment elevation are discussed. This patient likely represents a case of spasm superimposed on significant obstructive disease, so-called mixed angina. PMID- 3769588 TI - Catamenial pneumomediastinum. AB - A patient with known pelvic endometriosis suffered from recurrent episodes of retrosternal pain in the chest at the time of menstruation. Evaluation during an episode revealed subcutaneous emphysema of the neck and a pneumomediastinum without pneumothorax. This is the first report in the English literature of pneumomediastinum due to endometriosis which was probably recurrent. PMID- 3769589 TI - Favorable effects of pindolol in dilated cardiomyopathy. AB - We describe the clinical course of a patient with tachycardia at rest, biopsy proven dilated cardiomyopathy, and moderately severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Short-term use of pindolol produced a significant fall in heart rate and cardiac output at rest and during exercise. However, after addition of pindolol to the patient's previous regimen of digoxin and furosemide, he made a rapid clinical recovery and has maintained clinical improvement during the last four years of follow-up. The pattern of clinical response suggests that pindolol may have contributed substantially to this patient's recovery. PMID- 3769590 TI - The irregularly irregular pattern of respiratory dyskinesia. AB - The respiratory pattern during wakefulness and sleep was characterized in a 70 year-old woman with respiratory dyskinesia. During wakefulness, both respiratory frequency and tidal volume exhibited an irregularly irregular pattern. In addition, wide fluctuations occurred in the position of the rib cage and abdomen at end expiration. A normal respiratory pattern appeared during non-REM and REM sleep. PMID- 3769591 TI - Use of continuous-wave Doppler ultrasound to evaluate and manage primary pulmonary hypertension. AB - Doppler ultrasound was used to assess the response to serial drug testing in a patient with primary pulmonary hypertension. There was a close correlation between the pressure estimated by Doppler and the pulmonary arterial systolic pressure measured invasively (r = 0.98). Continuous-wave Doppler ultrasound, although not a substitute for initial Swan-Ganz catheterization, may obviate the need for repeat invasive procedures and permit closer monitoring of patients during treatment. PMID- 3769592 TI - Farmer's lung presenting as respiratory failure and homogeneous consolidation. AB - A 40-year-old woman who worked on a farm and was exposed to moldy hay presented with acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation and homogeneous radiologic consolidation. Treatment with steroids produced rapid improvement. These features of presentation of hypersensitivity pneumonitis with acute respiratory failure and homogeneous consolidation are rarely encountered. PMID- 3769593 TI - "Transmural" or "Q-wave"? PMID- 3769594 TI - Socioeconomic factors in tuberculosis. PMID- 3769595 TI - Flexible fiberoptic pericardioscopy. PMID- 3769596 TI - Successful transthoracic drainage of infected traumatic pneumatocele. PMID- 3769597 TI - The international scope of asthma. New Orleans, October 29, 1985. PMID- 3769598 TI - Worldwide differences in asthma prevalence and mortality. Why is asthma mortality so low in the USA? PMID- 3769599 TI - Allergenic extract immunotherapy. PMID- 3769600 TI - Asthma therapy in Great Britain. PMID- 3769601 TI - French audit of asthma therapy. PMID- 3769602 TI - Children's learning and transfer of inductive reasoning rules: studies of proximal development. AB - An initial study examined the relation between current developmental levels, as estimated by IQ, and proximal levels of development, as estimated by the efficiency of learning and transfer in assisted contexts. 8-11-year-old children learned to solve letter series completion problems with the aid of graduated sequences of prompts. Maintenance and transfer were later assessed using similar prompting procedures. Both IQ and age effects were found. Average-IQ (and younger) children required more assistance than high-IQ (and older) children to achieve the same mastery level on the original problem types. In addition to this difference in learning efficiency, average-versus high-IQ students, and younger versus older children, subsequently diverged in the number of prompts they needed as the transfer problems differed increasingly from the ones originally learned. In a second study, amount of assistance required in learning was found to be quite stable across moderately related tasks (letter series and progressive matrices). Assistance needed in maintenance and transfer appeared less stable but was also significantly correlated across tasks. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed. PMID- 3769603 TI - Longitudinal stability of cognitive ability from infancy to early childhood: genetic and environmental etiologies. AB - A path model of genetic and shared family environmental transmission was fitted to general cognitive ability data from 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-year-old adopted and nonadopted children and their parents in order to assess the etiology of longitudinal stability from infancy to early childhood. Stability across years is moderate and is due mainly to influences not predicted by parental IQ. Results of the present study, in conjunction with those of previous twin studies, suggest substantial genetic stability from infancy and early childhood to adulthood. PMID- 3769604 TI - Biological nonoptimality and quality of postnatal environment as codeterminants of intellectual development. AB - The relation of nonoptimal condition at birth to the intellectual development of children reared in 2 different environments was investigated in a 4 1/2-year longitudinal experiment. Subjects were 80 disadvantaged children, half of whom were randomly assigned at birth to a day-care program designed to prevent mild mental retardation and half to an educationally untreated control group. All subjects for this report were full-term and weighed over 2,500 grams at birth; condition at birth was considered nonoptimal if the 1-min Apgar score was less than or equal to 8. Results indicated that nonoptimal perinatal status had significant adverse effects on 4 1/2-year scores on the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities in the control group (p less than .01); however, test scores of children with optimal or nonoptimal Apgars did not differ within the group that received educational treatment. The results provide support for a framework stressing initial biological vulnerability and subsequent environmental insufficiency as cumulative risk factors in the development of children from low SES families. PMID- 3769606 TI - Gender, adult structuring of activities, and social behavior in middle childhood. AB - The study was designed to test the relations among gender, adult-provided activity structure, and social behavior for children in middle childhood. Adult provided structure was defined as verbally presented rules, guidelines, suggestions, and modeling. Children aged 7-11 years attended a 1-week summer day camp in which activities characterized by high or low adult structure were available. As predicted, girls spent more time in highly structured activities, whereas boys spent more time in low-structure activities. Once in high-structure activities, however, both genders displayed high rates of adult-directed bids for recognition, leadership attempts, and compliance and low rates of peer interaction. In low-structure activities, children directed high rates of leadership and other social behaviors to same-sex peers. Children who chose high structure activities most often were also most likely to interact with adults in those activities. Those who chose low-structure activities showed the highest rates of interaction with male peers. Sex-typed personality attributes were not related to activity choice. The results are interpreted in a framework encompassing the interactions of "person" attributes, environmental variables, and behavior. PMID- 3769605 TI - The development of trait explanations and self-evaluations in the academic and social domains. AB - The present study was designed to investigate the development of children's trait explanations and self-evaluations in the 2 domains. 144 white, middle-class children in kindergarten, first, second, and fourth grades (mean ages 5-8, 7-0, 7 9, and 10-0 years, respectively) were interviewed individually about their explanations for both academic and social outcomes and their evaluations of their own outcomes. Trait explanations emerged earlier in the social domain. In addition, trait explanations emerged earlier for success than for failure. Self evaluations became less positive in both domains and less similar across domains with increasing grade level. An experiential theory of the development of understanding of a domain is presented. PMID- 3769607 TI - Fathers' participation in family work and children's sex-role attitudes. AB - The relation between fathers' participation in family work (child care and home chores) and children's sex-role attitudes was examined in an interview study of 160 Caucasian middle-class families. Children were stratified by age level (5 year-olds and 10-year-olds), sex, and maternal employment status. 5 types of paternal participation were assessed--for example, total interaction time, performance of traditionally feminine home chores--using joint estimates by fathers and mothers. Children's attitudes were measured by questionnaire; their occupational aspirations were also assessed. Data are provided on the extent of fathers' participation for each of the 5 types assessed. The direct effects of paternal participation per se on children's attitudes were weak. Among fourth graders, mother's attitude toward the male role was the strongest predictor of stereotyping; children with nontraditional mothers were significantly less stereotyped. PMID- 3769608 TI - Siblings as models in early infant learning. AB - 4 groups of infants, 2 at 6 months and 2 at 12 months, were tested on the Stage IV-V and V-VI object concept tasks. All groups were then retested on the same tasks 1 week later. Retesting of the experimental groups was preceded by an all correct demonstration of the 2 search tasks by the infant's preschool sibling; control groups were not exposed to any model prior to reassessment. No effect of exposure to the sibling model was initially found in either age group. If, however, infants' initial stage of development was taken into account, cognitive performance on the lower-level task did show a significant improvement after modeling. Overall, the results suggest that sibling modeling could possibly be an effective method of facilitating cognitive development in infancy, but that the success or failure of any modeling attempt may be stage- rather than age dependent. PMID- 3769609 TI - The effects of consequences on patterns of social interaction: a quasi experimental approach to reinforcement in natural interaction. AB - Research on social interaction has consistently documented the existence of mutual interdependencies between the behavior of 1 person and reactions to that behavior by others in the social environment. The concept of social reinforcement, although often used to explain acquisition and change in interaction patterns defined by such interdependencies, is difficult to apply to interaction observed in natural settings. On the basis of extended observation of the interaction of 2 mother-child dyads, the procedures needed to assess the effects of naturally occurring consequences on interactional patterns are detailed in this study. Reliable mother action-child reaction patterns were first identified, and the effect of maternal consequences for those patterns on the probability of their subsequent occurrence was assessed. Positive consequences were associated with increases, and negative consequences with decreases, in the probability of a child reacting to the next occurrence of the maternal action when compared to the base-rate probability of that action-reaction pattern. Thus consequences affect momentary shifts around the baseline probability of interactional patterns. Positive consequences were also associated with short term increases, and negative consequences with short-term decreases, in the base rate probability of interactional patterns. PMID- 3769610 TI - Experimenting with the family in the newborn period: a commentary. AB - Belsky has described the ineffectiveness of employing the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale as an intervention device with new families. In light of the previous reports of success in enhancing parent-infant interaction with such procedures, we suggest a number of alternate explanations for the disparity in results across investigations. Furthermore, in examining the dynamics of these interventions, we propose that empowering new parents with a sense of competency may be as critical to success as showcasing the capabilities of the newborn. PMID- 3769611 TI - A tale of two variances: between and within. AB - In response to Worobey and Brazelton's thoughtful and welcome commentary on my assessment of the effectiveness of a Brazelton-based newborn intervention, 2 points are made. The first is that a healthy difference of opinion exists regarding the effectiveness of such interventions; I view the available evidence as less striking than they, but not as limited as they feel my initial study report implies. The second point of this essay is to provide empirical support for my critics' contention that how an intervention is delivered is as important as the fact that an intervention is delivered. By presenting data excised from my original submission to Child Development, it is shown that variation in parents' interest in, involvement with, and enjoyment of the Brazelton intervention was directly related to the intervention's outcome within the joint mother-father treatment condition--even often controlling for background factors related to engagement of the intervention. It is thus concluded that assessment of the process of intervention is critical to any complete evaluation of an intervention, regardless of the results of experimental-control group comparisons. PMID- 3769613 TI - [Technical remarks on various methods for the fixation of bone fragments]. PMID- 3769612 TI - [Value of the lever index in children over 10 years of age]. PMID- 3769614 TI - [Remote evaluation of hip joint efficacy after McKee-Farrar endoprosthesoplasty]. PMID- 3769615 TI - [Intercondylar-epicondylar fractures of the humerus]. PMID- 3769616 TI - [Results of surgical treatment of the upper extremity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 3769617 TI - [Synovectomy of the extensors and dorsal part of the wrist joint in rheumatoid arthritis--treatment results]. PMID- 3769618 TI - [Evaluation of treatment results in patients with Dupuytren's contracture of the hand]. PMID- 3769619 TI - [Infections in the area of the hand]. PMID- 3769620 TI - [Influence of the mechanism of spinal injury on the degree of damage to nerve elements contained in the spinal canal]. PMID- 3769621 TI - [Congenital synostosis of the lunate and cuneiform bones in the wrist]. PMID- 3769622 TI - [Subungual exostosis]. PMID- 3769623 TI - [Familial occurrence of pseudoachondroplasia]. PMID- 3769624 TI - [Chondroectodermal dysplasia (Ellis-Van Creveld syndrome)]. PMID- 3769625 TI - [Congenital popliteal skin-muscle strip]. PMID- 3769626 TI - [Traumatic dislocation of both hip joints]. PMID- 3769627 TI - [Aspects of surgical and multimodality therapy in anus cancer]. PMID- 3769628 TI - [Virus-induced anorectal tumors]. PMID- 3769629 TI - [Idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction]. AB - The extremely rare case of an idiopathic chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction is pointed out here. This disease would manifest myomechanically by highly active, uncontrollable, non-propulsive contraction. It is caused by a collapse of smooth muscle control with cholinergic and beta adrenergic receptors being partially blocked, and by lacking reaction to substances which act on smooth muscles. PMID- 3769630 TI - [Pigmented villonodular synovitis]. AB - During a 8-year period, recurrent swelling of the right knee-joint was observed in a 31-year-old female. Although only minimal pain was present, flexion of the knee-joint was severely limited. Bearing in mind the extent of the swelling, the initial diagnostic procedures were suggestive of a malignant neoplasm. Biopsy of the knee-joint led however to the diagnosis of a pigmented villo-nodular synovitis. The postoperative course after synovectomy of the knee-joint was uneventful. Although benign, this lesion has to be followed-up closely, due to the recurrence-rate of 33%. PMID- 3769631 TI - [Tuberculous aneurysms of the hepatic artery--a rare cause of hemobilia]. PMID- 3769632 TI - [Patient education concerning the general risk of fat embolism and treatment alternatives]. PMID- 3769633 TI - [Clinical significance of serum thyroid hormone assay in pregnant women and newborn infant]. PMID- 3769634 TI - [Clinical significance of various types of deceleration on fetal heart rate]. PMID- 3769635 TI - [Comparison of two methods of determining fetal weight. A clinical analysis of 207 cases]. PMID- 3769636 TI - [Intrauterine cryosurgery: a report on an experimental study and clinical trial]. PMID- 3769637 TI - [Application of hysteroscopy: analysis of 942 cases]. PMID- 3769638 TI - [Evaluation of hysteroscopy in the diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding]. PMID- 3769639 TI - [Correlation of immune status with stromal cellular infiltration in cervical cancer]. PMID- 3769641 TI - [Intrauterine pressure in induced abortion]. PMID- 3769640 TI - [An investigation on the allergic reaction to trichosanthin]. PMID- 3769642 TI - [Pilot study on the risk approach to perinatal surveillance in Shunyi County, Beijing]. PMID- 3769643 TI - [A 5-year pilot study of systematic perinatal health care in Long Hua Township]. PMID- 3769644 TI - [Major complications of cesarean section]. PMID- 3769645 TI - [Influence of lead on female reproductive function]. PMID- 3769646 TI - [Diagnosis of rudimentary horn of the uterus]. PMID- 3769647 TI - [Hemorrheologic changes in normal pregnancy and pregnancy-induced hypertension syndrome]. PMID- 3769648 TI - [Serum ferritin in pregnant women and in cord blood]. PMID- 3769649 TI - [Epidemiologic study on ectopic pregnancy associated with IUD]. PMID- 3769650 TI - [Pelvic congestion syndrome after tubal ligation]. PMID- 3769651 TI - Electron microscopy of the parameres formed by the centromeric heterochromatin of human chromosome 9 at pachytene. AB - The structure and arrangement of the parameres, which are small bodies representing part of the heterochromatin of human chromosome 9 at pachytene, were studied using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Parameres appear to be denser than other parts of the chromosomes but have a similar fibrous substructure. The most common arrangement is clusters on the axis of the bivalent, consisting of varying numbers of parameres of variable size. The parameres are joined to each other and to the rest of the chromosome by interconnecting fibres. No evidence was obtained for the organisation of parameres into paired lateral loops, as proposed by previous workers using light microscopy. The combination of osmium impregnation of pachytene chromosomes with a backscattered electron detector in the scanning electron microscope produced very clear images of the pattern of chromomeres. This procedure may prove valuable for pachytene mapping of chromosomes because of the greatly improved resolution compared with light microscopy. PMID- 3769653 TI - [Epidemiologic study of epilepsy in six cities in China]. PMID- 3769654 TI - [Diencephalic epilepsy]. PMID- 3769652 TI - Isolation and characterization of an alpha-satellite repeated sequence from human chromosome 22. AB - We constructed a library in lambda L47.1 with DNA isolated from flow-sorted human chromosome 22. Over 50% of the recombinants contained the same highly repetitive sequence. When this sequence was used to probe Southern blots of EcoRI-digested genomic DNA, a ladder of bands with increments of about 170 bp was observed. This sequence comigrates with satellite III in Ag+/Cs2SO4 gradients and may account for at least part of the 170 bp Hae III ladder seen in isolated satellite III DNA. Partial sequence analysis revealed homology to the 171 bp monomeric repeat unit of alpha-R1-DNA and the X specific alpha-satellite consensus sequence. After low stringency in situ hybridization, silver grains were found over the centromeres of a number of chromosomes. Under high stringency conditions, however, the labeling was concentrated over the centromeric region of chromosome 22. This localization was confirmed using DNA from a panel of human/hamster cell lines which showed that the homologous 2.1 and 2.8 kb EcoR1 restriction fragments were chromosome 22 specific. These clones therefore contain chromosome 22 derived alpha-satellite sequences analogous to other chromosome-specific satellite sequences described previously. PMID- 3769655 TI - [Cerebral thrombosis with epilepsy as the initial symptom. A clinical analysis of 15 cases]. PMID- 3769656 TI - [Preliminary study on metabolic osteopathy from prolonged use of antiepileptic drugs]. PMID- 3769657 TI - [Significance of brain CT in studying the etiology of epilepsy in children. With an analysis of 60 cases]. PMID- 3769658 TI - [Determination of sodium phenytoin concentration in the blood by radioimmunologic PEG]. PMID- 3769659 TI - [Comparative study of EEGs using the sphenoid acupuncture needle electrode and the scalp electrode in 1,065 epileptics]. PMID- 3769660 TI - [Etiologic and pathologic studies in 62 cases of various types of secondary epilepsy]. PMID- 3769661 TI - [The relationship between primary liver cancer (PLC) and surface antigens of hepatitis B virus]. PMID- 3769662 TI - [Epidemiological changes of leprosy in the Fujian Province]. PMID- 3769663 TI - [An investigation on the effects of fluoride pollution upon the health of the residents in the Baotou area]. PMID- 3769664 TI - [A survey of dental caries in Guangzhou after 18 years of community water fluoridation]. PMID- 3769665 TI - [The relationship between the concentration of fluorine in drinking water and dental fluorosis and the incidences of dental caries in primary and middle school students]. PMID- 3769666 TI - [Study on the excretive regularity of thiodiglycolic acid in the urine of vinyl chloride exposed workers]. PMID- 3769667 TI - [Peripheral blood lymphocyte SCE and cell kinetics in workers exposed to ethylene oxide]. PMID- 3769668 TI - [Intellectual development among adolescent students]. PMID- 3769669 TI - [The study of transmission of HBV in utero]. PMID- 3769670 TI - [The epidemiological investigation of pneumoconiosis in 13 professions in Sichuan province]. PMID- 3769671 TI - [Investigation on serotyping of the Campylobacter jejuni group]. PMID- 3769672 TI - [The statistical inference of relative ratios]. PMID- 3769673 TI - [The analysis of ridge regression about occupational factors of lung cancer in Yunnan tin miners]. PMID- 3769674 TI - [Hair zinc values of school children and adolescents in urban districts of Beijing]. PMID- 3769675 TI - [Investigation of sources of lead absorption and the effects of low lead levels on development in children]. PMID- 3769676 TI - [Development of AC and DC micro monochamber ring oven analyser and its applications to toxicant detection]. PMID- 3769677 TI - [Transplacental and milk transfer of 203Pb from mother to fetus and suckling mice]. PMID- 3769678 TI - [Studies on the percutaneous permeability of 3H-TNT]. PMID- 3769679 TI - [Predominant fungi present in indoor and outdoor air of a hospital and their seasonal variation]. PMID- 3769680 TI - [Smoking habits and lung cancer in Liaoning Province]. PMID- 3769681 TI - [Investigation of fluorosis caused by burning coal]. PMID- 3769682 TI - Presidential address. Past, present, and future of coloproctology. PMID- 3769683 TI - Psoas abscess: changing patterns of diagnosis and etiology. AB - From 1976 to 1984, 43 patients with psoas abscess were seen at the Mayo Clinic. Intestinal disease, including Crohn's disease, diverticulitis, and carcinoma, was the most frequent cause (14 patients). Eleven patients had osteomyelitis, five had postoperative complications, four had a foreign-body reaction, and three had a primary staphylococcal abscess. Two patients each had extension of a primary pancreatic and perinephric abscess. One patient had tuberculosis of the spine, and in the remaining patient, an exact cause was not determined. Definitive treatment of psoas abscess includes adequate debridement, drainage of the abscess cavity, and resection of involved bowel. PMID- 3769684 TI - Intraoperative electron beam radiation therapy with particular reference to the treatment of rectal carcinomas--primary and recurrent. AB - Radiation therapy is being used alone or in combination with surgery with increasing frequency in the treatment of colorectal malignancies. Preoperative or postoperative irradiation may be offered to patients with marginally resectable lesions who are at high risk for local recurrence. Dose levels required for cure, however, may be such that the complications are unacceptable. The use of intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) has increased the possibility of a higher local control rate and possible cure. The ability to increase the therapeutic ratio between local control and complications using IORT is achieved only with close interaction between the surgeon and radiation oncologist. Furthermore, intraoperative radiation therapy may be offered for patients with recurrent rectal tumors. The technique of intraoperative radiation therapy will be described briefly and recent results regarding colorectal cancers from larger centers will be reviewed. It appears from many reports that the three-to-five year results for marginally resectable disease are approximately 50 percent and for recurrent disease, approximately 40 percent. The incidence of complications following intraoperative radiation therapy does not appear to increase as a result of this aggressive treatment modality. The number of centers offering this modality is increasing rapidly. PMID- 3769685 TI - The surgical management of anorectal diseases in AIDS and pre-AIDS patients. AB - The charts of 340 patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), AIDS related complex (ARC), or AIDS-prodrome (AIDS-P), treated between January 1982 and April 1986 at the Roosevelt Division of the St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, were reviewed. The incidence of anorectal disease was 34 percent. Fifty two patients (15 percent) presented with anorectal complaints prior to the diagnosis of AIDS, ARC, or AIDS-P. Over 50 percent of these patients were dead within 7.4 months. Fifty-one patients (15 percent) underwent 73 anorectal surgical procedures. Twenty-two of these patients (43 percent) were dead within six months, and only six patients had satisfactory wound healing 30 days after surgery. In addition to an 88 percent rate of poor healing, there was a 16 percent rate of major complications. Identification of these high-risk groups prior to any anorectal surgery is imperative to avoid unacceptable surgical complications. Aggressive surgical intervention should be reserved only for patients who did not fall into the high-risk groups presented. PMID- 3769686 TI - The influence of uremia and immunosuppression on an animal model for ischemic colitis. AB - Up to 1 percent of renal transplant recipients have been reported to develop ischemic colitis. Immunosuppressive agents and uremia have been implicated in the development of this complication, but their exact relationship remains unclear. A rat model was developed to determine the effects of uremia alone and in combination with immunosuppression on the development of ischemic colitis. Seventy-six animals were included in the study. Uremia and ischemic colitis were induced surgically. The immunosuppressive agents azathioprine and methylprednisolone were administered for 72 hours after a colonic segment was devascularized in chronically uremic rats. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that uremia potentiates colonic ischemia significantly (4.09 cm2 vs 1.25 cm2, P less than 0.03). The addition of parenteral steroids (methylprednisolone) or azathioprine alone and in combination did not potentiate or reduce this ischemic process in uremic animals. Each of these factors alone is commonly present in the renal transplant population and can contribute to the development of potentially fatal ischemic colitis. PMID- 3769687 TI - Colorectal cancer in patients older than 75 years of age. AB - Two hundred and seven hospital records of patients with colon or rectal cancer from 1982 to 1985 were reviewed retrospectively. Ninety-six patients were 75 years of age or older and 111 were younger than 75 years. Comparison of the two groups showed that the elderly group presented with lower hematocrits and serum albumin values despite comparable pathologic stages and tumor location. A higher preanesthetic stage was seen in the elderly group. The total perioperative mortality rates for the young and elderly groups were 3.6 percent and 7.1 percent, respectively, and were not statistically different. Emergency perioperative mortality rates were 5.2 percent and 10 percent, respectively, and also were not statistically different. All nine patients aged 90 and older underwent a major abdominal operation without the occurrence of any perioperative mortality. This study suggests that age need no longer be considered a major risk factor for immediate surgical outcome in colorectal cancer. PMID- 3769688 TI - Surgery for large bowel cancer in people aged 75 years and older. AB - Three hundred ten predominantly male patients who were 75 years of age or older and had surgery for colorectal carcinoma had a hospital mortality rate of 9 percent and a cancer-related five-year survival of 50 percent. These results and a detailed analysis of the causes of complications and mortality were compared with the outcome of 710 patients who were treated concurrently and who were younger than 75 years. Tumors in older patients had a tendency to occur on the right side and were more locally advanced. Increased mortality was particularly attributable to sepsis and cardiovascular causes. Increased morbidity was due principally to respiratory and urinary problems. There were no significant differences, however, in wound or anastomotic complications, nor was therapy for the older patients more costly. The indications for surgical resection for colorectal cancer in patients aged 75 years and older should be the same as those for any younger group. PMID- 3769690 TI - A lumbar hernia presenting as an obstructing lesion of the colon. AB - A patient with a lumbar hernia of Petit, presenting as an obstructing lesion of the ascending colon and concomitant acute cholecystitis is described. The anatomy, cause, and surgical treatment of lumbar hernia are reviewed. PMID- 3769689 TI - Colorectal tuberculosis. AB - Seven cases of colorectal (five of colonic and two of rectal) tuberculosis are presented. Only one of these patients had associated pulmonary tuberculosis. Radiologic signs of colorectal tuberculosis are nontypical, making the preoperative diagnosis difficult. All five patients with colonic tuberculosis presented with subacute intestinal obstruction and underwent resectional surgery followed by antitubercular chemotherapy. Both patients with rectal tuberculosis presented with rectal strictures and were treated by repeated dilatation combined with antitubercular drugs. All seven patients have been followed for two to ten years and have remained asymptomatic. PMID- 3769691 TI - Six synchronous colonic cancers in a pair of monozygotic twins. AB - A pair of monozygotic twins presented within five months of each other with three colonic carcinomas each. The unusual presentation of multiple tumors in both twins suggests a genetic mutation. Both patients also had multiple lipomas. PMID- 3769692 TI - Nephrocolic fistula. AB - A patient with nephrocolic fistula secondary to perinephric abscess was treated successfully with nephrectomy, colonic resection, and colocolostomy. PMID- 3769693 TI - Metastatic spindle-cell renal carcinoma presenting as multiple intestinal polyps. AB - A 75-year-old woman presented with rapidly progressive intestinal and general symptoms including diarrhea, melena, weight loss, back pain, and lassitude. Endoscopy revealed multiple intestinal polyps which, microscopically, consisted of metastatic tumor deposits composed predominantly of spindle-shaped tumor cells. The primary tumor, a mixed spindle-cell and clear-cell carcinoma, was later identified in the kidney at autopsy. The patient had a cholecystectomy 13 years previously. PMID- 3769694 TI - Paracecal hernia: a cause of intestinal obstruction. AB - During a two-year period, five patients were treated by us for acute intestinal obstruction caused by an incarcerated paracecal hernia. All patients underwent surgery early, so none required bowel resection. The possibility of an internal hernia as a cause of intestinal obstruction and a profound knowledge of the pericecal anatomy, however, are necessary for successful diagnosis and treatment of paracecal hernias. PMID- 3769695 TI - Xanthogranulomatous abscess of a mullerian duct remnant. A rare lesion of the rectum and anus. AB - A rare example of xanthogranulomatous inflammatory mass and abscess of a Mullerian duct remnant involving the anorectal area is reported. A barium enema showed a bilobed precoccygeal mass of moderate size involving the posterior aspect of the distal rectum. Computed tomography (CT) showed two nonfatty, round masses, one of which contained a small central cystic area. The other mass had a homogeneous appearance and was believed to be in the wall of the rectum. The pathologic specimen showed organizing abscesses and a chronic xanthogranulomatous inflammation in tissue compatible with urogenital tissue, presumably a Mullerian duct remnant. This is the first documented report of anorectal xanthogranulomatous abscess in a Mullerian duct remnant with radiologic findings and histopathologic correlation. Though rare, this lesion should be considered in the differential diagnosis of extrinsic and intramural rectal masses seen on barium enema and CT examinations. PMID- 3769696 TI - Carcinoma in Crohn's disease of the colon. AB - Two cases of carcinoma in Crohn's disease of the colon are reported. One patient was a 30-year-old man who had asymptomatic Crohn's ileocolitis resulting in an acute presentation due to toxic dilatation of the colon. This was preceded by a short prodromal period of four weeks, characterized by intermittent diarrhea on the basis of a coloileal tumor fistula. A mucus-secreting adenocarcinoma was present in the sigmoid colon associated with both adjacent and one nearby focus of high-grade mucosal dysplasia. Pelvic wall and abdominal metastases were present, and the patient died two months later. The other patient was a 60-year old woman who had a nine-year history of biopsy-proven Crohn's proctocolitis. A stricture of the sigmoid colon due to Crohn's disease also harbored an invasive adenocarcinoma. The carcinoma was not evident preoperatively or on initial gross pathologic examination. The presentation and pathology of large intestinal carcinoma in Crohn's colitis are discussed and illustrated. PMID- 3769697 TI - Inverted lithotomy. AB - An inexpensive plywood device to support the patient for supine or prone operations involving the rectum is described. PMID- 3769698 TI - Intraperitoneal administration of antibiotics. PMID- 3769699 TI - Postoperative pelvic irradiation. PMID- 3769700 TI - Duodenal ulcer. Incidence, risk factors, and predictive value of plasma pepsinogen. AB - In 1958 the Yale freshman class gave blood samples as part of a study intended to determine the predictive value of plasma pepsinogen (PP) for the subsequent development of duodenal ulcer (DU). We report a long-term follow-up of this cohort. A self-administered questionnaire designed to ascertain information about the development of peptic ulcers, and the presence of risk factors was mailed to 861 subjects with "active" addresses. A second questionnaire was mailed to each respondent's physician(s) to verify the diagnosis of DU. Completed questionnaires were returned, after three mailings, by 604 (70%) of the subjects. They reported 18 documented DUs, 15 since 1958, for an incidence of 1.1/1000 person years. Only smoking (P less than 0.05) and undergraduate physical inactivity (P less than 0.01) were identified as risk factors for DU. Family history; blood type; blood antigen secretor status; ingestion of coffee, alcohol, milk, salicylates, soda, or tea; and COPD were not identified as risk factors for DU. Patients with DU had higher mean PP values than those who did not (391.6 +/- 99.6 vs 346.6 +/- 106.7, mean +/- SD) but this was not statistically significant (P greater than 0.05). The predictive value of an elevated PP (greater than 450) for the development of DU was 7.9%, but a low or normal PP predicted the absence of a DU in 97.5% of subjects over a 22-year span.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3769701 TI - Circadian rhythm of gastric acid secretion in men with active duodenal ulcer. AB - Twenty-one men with active duodenal ulcer underwent hourly gastric acid and 4 hourly plasma collections under fasting conditions. A statistically significant circadian rhythm was demonstrated for the group by population-mean cosinor analysis, a statistical technique designed for time-dependent measurements, for the 24-hr acid secretory output but not for plasma gastrin concentration. These findings are compatible with the interpretation that the circadian rhythm of unstimulated gastric acid secretion, here observed in most patients of the active ulcer group and previously reported for a group of healthy subjects, does not depend critically upon a circadian-rhythm change in plasma gastrin. Chronobiologic statistical techniques add an important quantitative element to the time-dependent measurement of gastrointestinal function of which one example is gastric acidity, with high rates occurring during the evening and low ones in early morning. PMID- 3769702 TI - Evaluation of two equivalent regimens (BID, QID) of cimetidine to raise intragastric pH over a 24-hour period in patients with duodenal ulcer. AB - We evaluated two equivalent regimens of cimetidine to raise intragastric pH over a 24-hr period, using a glass pH electrode in five patients with duodenal ulcer. Each patient received the following drug in a randomized fashion: cimetidine 200 mg after each meal and at bedtime (200 mg qid), cimetidine 400 mg after breakfast and at bedtime (400 mg bid), or placebo tablets (control). Mean intragastric acidity for 24 hr was suppressed by 44.0% in 200 mg qid, and by 73.7% in 400 mg bid of control. In particular, nocturnal gastric acidity was suppressed by 63.1% and 91.3% in 200 mg qid and 400 mg bid, respectively. Thus, 400 mg bid was more effective in lowering gastric acidity than 200 mg qid, although the total daily dose of cimetidine in the two regimens was the same. PMID- 3769703 TI - Duodenal gastrin concentration in upper gastrointestinal disorders. AB - Duodenal gastrin concentration was measured in endoscopic forceps biopsy specimens of the juxta-pyloric duodenal mucosa in patients with various gastrointestinal disorders. Duodenal gastrin concentration was 5.9 +/- 1.2 ng/mg (mean +/- 1 SEM) in control patients. Duodenal gastrin concentration was similar to control values in patients with duodenal ulcer, pyloric channel ulcer, vagotomy and pyloroplasty, and gastric atrophy and hypergastrinemia. In gastric ulcer patients, duodenal gastrin concentration, 2.8 +/- 0.6 ng/mg, was significantly less than the control value (P less than 0.05). Duodenal gastrin concentration was approximately one third of antral gastrin concentration in control, duodenal ulcer, and gastric ulcer patients and was approximately one fifth of antral gastrin concentration in vagotomy and pyloroplasty patients and gastric atrophy patients. Duodenal and antral gastrin concentrations were significantly correlated in normal controls and in gastric ulcer patients. The finding of normal duodenal gastrin concentration in patients with vagotomy and pyloroplasty and patients with gastric atrophy suggests that, unlike antral gastrin concentration, duodenal gastrin concentration is unaffected by a decrease in acid secretion rate. The low duodenal gastrin concentration in gastric ulcer patients indicates that the duodenum may be involved in the pathophysiology of gastric ulcer disease. PMID- 3769704 TI - Possible role of sulfhydryls in mucosal protection induced by aluminum hydroxide. AB - The involvement of sulfhydryl-containing compounds was investigated in the cytoprotective effect of certain antacids against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage in the rat. Not only the protective effect of a sulfhydryl containing compound, N-acetylcysteine, was abolished after pretreatment with N ethylmaleimide, but also the adaptive cytoprotection induced by 20% ethanol. Pretreatment of the animals with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin or with the thiol reagent N-ethylmaleimide significantly diminished the cytoprotection evoked by aluminum hydroxide. However, the protective effect of aluminium hydroxide could only be totally abolished by pretreatment with the combination of indomethacin and N-ethylmaleimide. The present results suggest the additional role of sulfhydryl-containing compounds localized in the gastric mucosa in the cytoprotection induced by a mild irritant or by aluminium hydroxide and aluminium hydroxide-containing antacids as well. PMID- 3769705 TI - Computer analysis of human esophageal peristalsis and lower esophageal sphincter pressure. II. An interactive system for on-line data collection and analysis. AB - A computer program has been written to directly read and analyze esophageal manometric tracings on-line using low-cost off-the-shelf microcomputer hardware. The system consists of an Apple IIe microcomputer and an Interactive Microwave Inc. ADALAB Data Acquisition System with an AI13 fast A/D Multiplexer. The primary program is in BASIC with ASSEMBLY language subroutines for data collection. Data are collected through the voltage output of a Hewlett-Packard recorder at 30 points per second on four channels for lower esophageal sphincter pressures (LESP) and three channels for peristaltic waves. Computer-determined values for LESP and wave parameters showed excellent correlation with mean values as read by five individuals experienced in esophageal manometry. PMID- 3769706 TI - Solid-phase gastric emptying in patients with Barrett's esophagus. AB - Delayed gastric emptying as a pathophysiologic factor in patients with gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is controversial. In order to further evaluate this question, we studied a population with severe reflux, specifically, patients with Barrett's esophagus. Solid-phase gastric emptying was measured in 17 patients and in 17 healthy volunteers using radionuclide imaging. Gastric emptying was variable among these patients with 70% normal, 18% rapid, and only 12% slow studies. From these observations, we conclude that delayed gastric emptying is unlikely to be a major factor in the pathogenesis of Barrett's esophagus. PMID- 3769707 TI - Urgency and fecal soiling in people with bowel dysfunction. AB - The frequency of urgency and fecal soiling in the population and among people with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and the association of these symptoms with health care seeking is unknown. Among 1128 students and hospital employees that we surveyed, urgency was reported in 14.4%, fecal soiling in 5.3%, and diarrhea in 9.0%. Most persons with fecal soiling did not report urgency or diarrhea. Although bowel dysfunction compatible with IBS was present in 20% (227), only 29% of this group (65) had seen a physician for bowel complaints. People with bowel dysfunction were more likely to be women, to take laxatives, and to have rectal urgency. Fecal soiling was more likely among those with bowel dysfunction who had been to the doctor, and included almost half of the men in this group. There was no difference in the frequency of diarrhea reported among those with bowel dysfunction regardless of whether they had been to the doctor. These data suggest fecal soiling may influence people with bowel dysfunction to go to the doctor. Physiological studies are needed to determine if anal sphincter dysfunction is a component of IBS. PMID- 3769708 TI - Food proteins and gut mucosal barrier. IV. Effects of acute and chronic ethanol administration on handling and uptake of bovine serum albumin by rat small intestine. AB - The effects of ethanol exposure on small intestinal handling and uptake of radiolabeled bovine serum albumin were investigated using everted gut sacs. There was less breakdown of BSA after acute ethanol administration in vitro and after acute and chronic in vivo exposure. Thus, the vascular compartment of the small intestine was confronted with more complete and potentially more antigenic material after ethanol. Changes in BSA binding and uptake after acute exposure were shown to be reversible after 4-6 hr. In all groups, there was more BSA binding when the small intestine was exposed to ethanol. This difference was most pronounced after chronic exposure. In the same group, uptake of BSA was correlated with binding and significantly increased. Combined effects of ethanol on the gut mucosal barrier may account for changes in food antigen handling and uptake. PMID- 3769709 TI - Prolonged halothane hepatitis. Prompt resolution of severe lesion with corticosteroid therapy. AB - Previous reports on halothane-induced injury have included patients treated with corticosteroids. Therapy has often been initiated before there has been the opportunity for spontaneous resolution of the process. The patient reported here developed typical acute halothane hepatitis following the second exposure to the anesthetic; she remained ill and failed to show evidence of improvement during a five-week period. Clinical improvement was noted shortly after therapy with prednisone. The laboratory studies returned to normal, and the severe morphological lesion resolved. This experience supports the use of corticosteroids in halothane-induced liver injury in the absence of prompt spontaneous resolution, since therapy appears to decrease the morbidity and hasten resolution of the process. PMID- 3769710 TI - Chronic active hepatitis associated with liver-kidney microsomal antibody of an autoimmune type. Two familial cases. AB - We report the findings in two sisters with active cirrhosis and an anti-liver kidney microsomal antibody (anti-LKM) of the autoimmune type. This unusual disease is characterized by the presence of high levels of antibodies that react with the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum of the liver and other tissues. Our patients had the usual features of chronic hepatitis associated with presence of antibodies: they were young girls, they had anti-LKM antibodies of autoimmune type persisting at a high titer during the whole course of the disease, but with no smooth muscle antibodies; one had a low level of IgA. The occurrence of two cases in the same family has not yet been reported and is probably not coincidental because of the rare occurrence of this disease. PMID- 3769711 TI - Gastric emptying abnormalities. PMID- 3769712 TI - "Buffering" activity of sucralfate. PMID- 3769713 TI - T3/T4 ratio in cimetidine treatment. PMID- 3769714 TI - Risk of proliferative diabetic retinopathy in juvenile-onset type I diabetes: a 40-yr follow-up study. AB - The development of proliferative diabetic retinopathy was studied in three cohorts consisting of 292 patients with recent juvenile-onset, type I (insulin dependent) diabetes who were followed 20-40 yr beginning in 1939, 1949, and 1959. The risk of this severe eye complication was almost nonexistent during the first 10 yr of diabetes, rose abruptly to its maximum level (approximately 30/100 person-years), and remained at that level for the next 25 yr. This pattern did not vary with sex, age at onset of diabetes, or level of glycemic control during the first 5 yr of diabetes. However, the risk of proliferative retinopathy was strongly related to the level of glycemic control during the several years preceding onset of this complication. This was a dose-dependent relationship, with patients in the highest quartile of the distribution of the index of frequency of hyperglycemia having a 10-fold higher risk than individuals in the lowest quartile. A virtually identical pattern was observed in patients who developed diabetes in 1959 as was observed in those who developed diabetes in 1949 or 1939. In contrast, diabetic nephropathy as evidenced by persistent proteinuria showed a lower incidence in the 1959 than in the 1939 cohort. In conclusion, these incidence data do not support the notion that the risk of proliferative retinopathy is mainly a function of duration of diabetes. Instead, the pattern of occurrence of this severe eye complication in type I diabetes suggests that the process leading to the development of proliferative retinopathy consists of two or more stages and that progression through each stage may be governed by different factors. PMID- 3769715 TI - Glycemic control and bone age are independently associated with muscle capillary basement membrane width in diabetic children after puberty. AB - This study was undertaken to examine the possible relationships between muscle capillary basement membrane width (CBMW) and glycemic control, bone age, chronologic age, and duration of diabetes in young patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) during different stages of pubertal development. We studied 49 males and 43 females (age, 7-20 yr) with IDDM for up to 16 yr for whom bone age and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) data were available at the time of right quadriceps muscle biopsy. Based on pubic hair Tanner stage, subjects were assigned to prepubertal (Tanner I), pubertal (Tanner II and III), and postpubertal (Tanner IV and V) groups. In 30 pubertal and prepubertal subjects, none of the variables studied was significantly correlated with CBMW. This is attributable in part to the small number of subjects in each group. In 62 postpubertal subjects, CBMW was correlated with age (r = .27, P = .03), bone age (r = .43, P = .0005), and postpubertal duration of diabetes (r = .38, P = .003) but not total duration of diabetes. In the postpubertal subjects, CBMW was correlated with HbA1c at the time of biopsy (r = .31, P = .01) but correlated more strongly with the mean of HbA1c values obtained during the 1- and 2-yr periods before biopsy (r = .37, P = .01, and r = .54, P = .03, respectively). An analysis of covariance revealed that the slopes for the regression of loge CBMW on HbA1c differed significantly (P = .02) among the three groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3769716 TI - Quantitative analysis of glucose loss during acute therapy for hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome. AB - Four patients with severe hyperglycemia and hyperosmolality were studied to quantitate the major mechanisms responsible for the fall in blood glucose concentration. Insulin was not administered to any of these patients during the first 15 h of therapy. In each case, there was a fall in glucose concentration due to dilution; this was quantitated by chloride space analysis and accounted for 24-34% of the fall in concentration. The size of the glucose pool decreased for two reasons. Glucosuria accounted for the majority of the reduction in the size of the glucose pool in the patients with the smallest decrease in extracellular fluid (ECF) volume [and hence the best preserved glomerular filtration rate (GFR)]. In contrast, glucosuria was a less important factor in causing glucose loss in the patients with very low GFR values. The size of the glucose pool also decreased due to glucose metabolism that did not require exogenous insulin. Thus the fall in glucose concentration in the initial therapy in patients with the hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome is multifactorial and is not absolutely dependent on exogenous insulin. Furthermore, the patients grouped in this diagnostic category represent a heterogeneous population with the common features of severe hyperglycemia, hyperosmolality, and a negative or weakly reactive test for serum ketones. PMID- 3769717 TI - Children's self-reports of psychologic adjustment and coping strategies during first year of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. AB - Psychologic adjustment, assessed by self-ratings of anxiety, self-esteem, and depression, and cognitive as well as behavioral coping strategies, elicited by interview, were monitored longitudinally among school-age children with recent onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Our article documents the findings over the 1st yr of illness. From the start, the children viewed themselves as self-confident and emotionally comfortable. The diagnosis of IDDM created minimal emotional upheaval (which faded within 6 mo), despite this cohort's consistent report that the diet, insulin injections, and urine tests were difficult. The most prevalent cognitive strategies for coping with IDDM included wishful thinking, thoughts of forbidden foods, and resentful thoughts. Behavioral coping strategies, including information seeking, were evident from the beginning. The frequency of socially oriented coping behaviors (e.g., showing IDDM management to peers) indicated that the young patients actively tried to adapt to the illness and were more comfortable with aspects of home care than previously thought. Self-rated psychologic adjustment, psychiatric diagnosis, and illness-related coping behaviors were unrelated to one another; psychologic variables were similarly unrelated to the use of socially oriented coping strategies. Therefore, in juvenile cohorts, the presumed association between psychologic status and coping behaviors requires further examination. PMID- 3769718 TI - Measurement of emotional adjustment in diabetic patients: validity and reliability of ATT39. AB - The ATT39 scale was developed as a norm-referenced measure of emotional adjustment in diabetic patients. Scores on three parallel forms of the parent scale changed in response to educational intervention, and the change in scores was predictive of subsequent improvement in metabolic control. We describe further reliability and validity studies with six factorially derived subscales of the ATT39, which measured perceived levels of stress, adaptation, guilt, alienation, illness conviction, and tolerance for ambiguity. Internal consistency (Cronbach alpha) of the unweighted total score was 0.78, and the Guttman lower bound estimate of reliability was 0.86. The test-retest reliability of the total score varied from 0.70 to 0.87, over intervals of 2 wk, 3 mo, and 6 mo, and reliability coefficients for the six factor scores averaged 0.56. ATT39 factor scores, in 134 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and 166 non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients, were correlated with scores on the Cattell 16 personality factor questionnaire and the locus of control of behavior scale (LCB). In IDDM, age was related to better adaptation, increased feelings of guilt, and a more cooperative attitude to staff and treatment. In NIDDM, age was associated with increasing resignation to a conviction of chronic illness and less tolerance for the ambiguities involved in diabetes. Intelligence was correlated with less guilt and more tolerance. Anxiety was associated with significant diabetes-related stress, regardless of treatment, and with poorer adaptation and guilt in NIDDM. An external LCB was related to increased stress and guilt. The results confirm that emotional adjustment in diabetes involves dynamic interactions among feelings that are relatively stable over periods up to 6 mo and that relate meaningfully to other aspects of personality functioning. PMID- 3769719 TI - Management of obese patients with diabetes mellitus: comparison of advice education with group management. AB - The purpose of our study was to compare the effect on diabetes control of group management with the advice-educational technique traditionally used in managing obese outpatients with poorly controlled non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Forty-one patients were randomly assigned to these two treatment programs, and 32 patients completed the 6-mo study. Initially, patients were seen for 1-h sessions at 1- and 2-wk intervals and later at 1-mo intervals. Patients were asked to do home blood glucose monitoring, decrease caloric intake, increase exercise, and if they were taking insulin, to adjust the dose to attain approximate euglycemia and to stabilize food and exercise patterns. The combined groups reduced mean +/- SD glycohemoglobin from 10.9 +/- 3.1 to 9.4 +/- 2.4% (P less than .05). Internal Health Locus of Control Scale was negatively and significantly correlated with initial and subsequent glycohemoglobin values (the more internal, the lower the glycohemoglobin). At the end of the study the patients in the group management program had significantly lower blood glucose levels than those given advice and education, but no significant differences in glycohemoglobin values or percentage overweight were observed. One patient had a normal initial glycohemoglobin, and only 4 patients had values in the normal range of 4-6.8% at the end of the study. Better management programs need to be developed for treating obese outpatients with NIDDM. PMID- 3769720 TI - Asymptomatic bacteriuria and hemoglobin A1. AB - We measured hemoglobin A1 (HbA1) and performed clean-catch urine cultures in 752 patients (411 men and 341 women) with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) attending an outpatient diabetes clinic. Prevalence of bacteriuria was significantly greater in diabetic women than in controls (9.1 vs. 5.0%, P less than .001) but not in diabetic men. Risk of bacteriuria was not related to level of HbA1 at the time of urine culture. However, mean duration of diabetes mellitus was significantly greater in diabetic women with bacteriuria than in those without infection (9.9 +/- 1.5 vs. 5.4 +/- 0.4 yr, P less than .025), and the prevalence of bacteriuria was significantly greater in patients with complications of long-standing diabetes mellitus than in those without complications (P less than .005). PMID- 3769721 TI - Current status of psychosocial research in diabetes. PMID- 3769722 TI - Platelet calmodulin content in diabetic subjects and its relationship with diabetes-induced hyperaggregability. PMID- 3769723 TI - Differential glycemic response to stress in type A and type B individuals with IDDM. PMID- 3769724 TI - Association of Insulin Pump Therapists: history and progress report. PMID- 3769725 TI - Case of generalized allergy due to zinc and protamine in insulin preparation. PMID- 3769726 TI - Stress-free labor for the diabetic parturient. PMID- 3769727 TI - Reliability of self-reported data. PMID- 3769728 TI - Semiquantitative approach to CSF cytopathology. AB - During the past two years, our laboratory has introduced a semiquantitative membrane filter approach to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology. Five hundred and thirty-five CSF specimens, averaging 3 ml in volume, were placed over 25-mm diameter Millipore filters (5-mu pore size) and stained using a modified Papanicolaou method. Each microscopic evaluation consisted of a cell count per milliliter, a 100-cell differential, and a diagnostic or interpretive statement. Seventy-four (13.8%) positive, 17 (3.2%) atypical, 439 (82%) negative, and 4 (1%) unsatisfactory specimens were evaluated. Seventy-four percent of the positive or atypical CSF specimens had mononuclear cell counts within the medically accepted normal range of five mononuclear cells per cubic millimeter (chamber count method) or 5,000 cells per millimeter (cytologic method). The small-filter technique offered advantages because it maximized cell retrieval, localized cells, and shortened the time required for microscopic evaluation. PMID- 3769729 TI - The cytology of the normal cyclic endometrium. AB - Endometrial cytologic samples obtained with Cohen's endocyte from 501 normally menstruating women were studied and correlated with histologic sections from cell blocks. In this article, the cytologic diagnostic criteria for normal cyclic endometrium are pointed out. The diagnostic accuracy of normal cyclic endometrium has been 92%. A possibility of a cytologic dating is discussed. The diagnostic accuracy was 71.8% for early proliferative endometria, 82% for late proliferative, 93% for early secretory, 81% for midsecretory, and 60% for late secretory endometria. PMID- 3769730 TI - Tracheal aspirate cytology and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. AB - Sequential tracheal aspirates from 39 neonates with hyaline membrane disease were examined to correlate cytological findings with the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). A total of 224 tracheal aspirates were examined from these infants, 15 of whom developed BPD as diagnosed by conventional clinical and radiological criteria. Hyperplastic and metaplastic epithelial changes were observed in all infants studied. Dysplastic changes occurred in 14 of 15 who developed BPD, and 14 of 24 who had a normal outcome (P less than 0.02). The exfoliation of dysplastic metaplastic bronchial cells was thus 95% specific and 71% sensitive for the subsequent development of BPD. Factors associated with the development of BPD were very low birth weight and gestational age, persistence of a patent ductus arteriosus, high peak inspiratory pressure (cm of H2O/kg), prolonged assisted ventilation, and rapidity of development of class III (dysplastic) changes in tracheal aspirates. PMID- 3769731 TI - The hows of aspiration biopsy. PMID- 3769732 TI - Enabling more physicians to do aspiration biopsy. PMID- 3769733 TI - Primary cytodiagnosis of peritoneal extramedullary hematopoiesis. AB - Cytologic examination of peritoneal fluid in a patient with known myelofibrosis and previous splenectomy revealed megakaryocytes along with erythroid and myeloid precursors. These findings were consistent with extramedullary hematopoietic (EMH) implants of the peritoneum. A few similar cases have been occasionally reported in the literature. This case represents an additional example of a primary diagnosis of peritoneal EMH in which therapy was based on the cytologic findings and sequential cytologic observations were made. PMID- 3769734 TI - Ancient neurilemmoma: a pitfall in the cytologic diagnosis of soft-tissue tumors. AB - A case of ancient neurilemmoma (Schwannoma) is presented that, owing to a severe cell pleomorphism, was falsely interpreted as a malignant spindle-cell sarcoma by fine-needle aspiration cytology. Cytological features of the tumor are given together with its histopathology and electron microscopy findings. The usefulness of electron microscopy on material obtained by fine-needle aspiration biopsies in the diagnosis of soft-tissue tumors is discussed. PMID- 3769735 TI - Renal adenocarcinoma presenting with bilateral metastases to Bartholin's glands: primary diagnosis by aspiration cytology. AB - The first recorded case of renal adenocarcinoma presenting with bilateral metastases to the Bartholin's glands is presented. Primary diagnosis of the metastatic deposits was made by fine-needle aspiration cytology with subsequent localization of the unsuspected renal primary. The value of fine-needle aspiration in the identification of inapparent primary tumors is discussed and cytological findings are described in detail. PMID- 3769736 TI - Cytology in the independent laboratory setting. PMID- 3769737 TI - Fine-needle aspiration cytology survey. PMID- 3769738 TI - Psammoma bodies in fine-needle aspiration biopsies of acinic cell tumor. PMID- 3769739 TI - [Mixed function oxidase isolated from human gastric epithelium in Fujian Province, a high incidence area of stomach cancer, and its role in the metabolism of diethylnitrosamine]. AB - Mixed function oxidase (MFO) was isolated from the mucosa of human stomach in Fujian Province, a high incidence area of stomach cancer. Its activity was analyzed using a modified micromethod. In the non-cancer group, the activity of MFO in high incidence area of stomach cancer was significantly higher than that in low incidence area (P less than 0.001). A significant difference was also observed between stomach cancer and non-cancer groups. But the MFO concentrations between the high and low incidence areas were not different. These results suggest that the high MFO activity in gastric mucosal epithelial cells may cause higher incidence of stomach cancer. MFO isolated from human gastric epithelium is capable of metabolizing directly diethylnitrosamine in vitro. PMID- 3769740 TI - [Photodynamic effect of several hematoporphyrin derivatives and their production of singlet oxygen and retention in cancer cells]. AB - Photodynamic effect of three hematoporphyrin derivatives (HpD) on cancer cells in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) mice were tested both in vivo and in vitro. At the dose of 5 micrograms/ml, HpD-81 and HpD-83 plus light inhibited the increase of ascites at inhibition rates of 84.6% and 17.5%. Yet HpD-82 plus light showed no effect. Their capacity to retain themselves in cancer cells differed and was related to their photodynamic effect. HpD-81 had the greatest capacity and its distribution ratio was higher than the others. The accumulation of HpD in cancer cells was obviously decreased by the addition of serum in the medium. The production rate of singlet oxygen by HpD-81 was slightly greater than that of HpD 83, but this difference could hardly explain the difference in cytotoxic effect of these two HpD. We expect that the accumulation of HpD in cancer cells may be one of the determinants in the photodynamic effect of photosensitizers. PMID- 3769742 TI - [Roentgenodiagnosis of primary lung carcinoma with cavity--analysis of 100 cases]. AB - This paper reports the roentgenopathologic findings of 100 primary lung carcinomas with cavitation. It was found that formation of carcinomatous cavity was related to the histopathologic classification. The cavity could be formed in four ways: 1. Cancer tissue necrosis. 2. Abscess formation after obstructive infection. 3. Cancer infiltration around the bronchial wall leading to bronchial cancer embolus and necrosis. 4. The air-cyst-like lesion formation by check valve obstruction of cancer within the bronchial. A variety of cavity formation could result in different patterns such as: the thick walled cavity (42%), central cavity (28%), consolidation cavity (5%), thin walled cavity (7%), abscess cavity (6%) and spotted cavity (12%). The lobule, spicules or notched margins are usually observed on the outer wall of the thick walled cavity which are considered as the typical manifestation of cancer cavity. The consolidation cavity, thin walled cavity, abscess cavity or spotted cavity should be differentiated from infections, tuberculosis etc. The diagnosis can be proved by sputum examination and/or fiberbronchoscopy. PMID- 3769741 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of neuroblastoma in children--analysis of 98 patients]. AB - From 1959 to 1982, 98 patients with neuroblastoma were treated in our hospital. Seventy-eight were diagnosed by pathology and 69 (88.5%) were followed for 1 approximately 18 years. 50(51%) had already had distant metastasis (22, to bone) on admission. Operation was performed on 53 patients (total excision on 18, partial excision on 11 and biopsy on 24 patients). The 1 and 15 year survival rates were 31.4% and 12.9%. The survival curve levelled off from the second year of the operation and remained unchanged around 20% up to the tenth year. Lesions in early stage (without metastasis) as treated by total excision gave better results. For patients with advanced lesions, no remarkable effect was found in the supplementary use of chemotherapy. We suggest that the intravenous pyelogram, bone marrow aspiration and vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) assay be made before operation. Urine VMA assay is a criterion not only for early diagnosis but also for follow-up and detecting recurrence before clinical manifestations become apparent. Long-term follow up is crucial for neuroblastoma patients. PMID- 3769743 TI - [Prognosis of breast cancer--20 years experience in radical mastectomy]. AB - From 1958 to 1982, 1,035 patients with breast cancer were treated by operation in our hospital. The follow up rate was 100% and 804 were followed for more than 5 years. Radical mastectomy was performed in 695 of the 804 patients, the rest were treated by simple mastectomy, modified radical mastectomy and extended radical mastectomy. The 5, 10, 15 and 20 year survival rates were 71.8%, 58.2%, 48.8% and 41.8%. According to the UICC TNM classification, the 5, 10, 15 and 20 year survival rates of stage I were 84.5%, 77.0%, 58.3% and 75.0%, of stage II, 72.8%, 57.4%, 53.5% and 58.8%, and of stage III, were 55.3%, 44.7%, 36.5% and 8.0%, respectively. PMID- 3769744 TI - [Treatment of cancer of the hard palate--analysis of 93 patients]. AB - From Jun. 1958 to Jun. 1977, 128 patients with cancer of the hard palate were treated in our hospital. Of them, 93 (58 male and 35 female), proved by pathology and followed up more than five years, were analysed. The peak age was between 40 approximately 59 years (comprised 48% of all patients). Sixty-six patients were treated by radiation only and 27, by the non-randomized combination of surgery and radiation. The dose for radiation alone was 7,000-10,000 rad (for the neck 4,000-5,000 rad) and for the combined therapy was 5,000 rad. The five year survival rates of radiation alone and the combined therapy were 24% and 59% (P less than 0.05). The factors influencing prognosis were: 1. Age--patients with ages in the fourth and fifth decades gave the best result (51%). 2. Clinical stage--the five year survival rates in stage I, II, III and IV were 92%, 43%, 37% and 17%, respectively. The results of the combined therapy were better than those of the radiation alone, whatever the stage was. 3. Dose--when the dose for radiation alone exceeded 7,000 rad, the results were better. The combined therapy gave more satisfactory results with the dose 5,000-8,000 rad. The final outcome was not influenced by sex and pathological classification. Of 72 patients who died, 55 were treated by radiation alone (64% of patients died of local uncontrol), and 17 by the combined therapy, (died of hematogenous spread 47% and local recurrence 41%). PMID- 3769745 TI - [Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) with dermatomyositis--an analysis of 30 cases]. AB - Dermatomyositis with malignant tumor is rare in China. The incidence reported abroad was about 7-34%. Before 1982, only 51 cases were collected from the Chinese medical literatures comprising 20.3% (51/251) of patients with dermatomyositis. In 40 (78%) out of 51 patients with co-existing dermatomyositis and malignant tumors, it was NPC. During the period of 1964-1982, in Zhongshan Medical College Tumor Hospital, 30 cases (0.023%) of dermatomyositis complicated with NPC were collected from 127,900 cancer patients. In the 30 cases, 21 (70%) were over the age of 40. In Guangdong province, dermatomyositis with NPC was most frequent in cases of dermatomyositis with malignant tumor (40/44, 91%). The symptom of dermatomyositis occurred prior to that of NPC by eight months. Its disappearance was positively correlated to that of the tumor. The downward invasion of lymph nodes was dominant in dermatomyositis with NPC (28/30, 93.4%). The 5 year survival rate of dermatomyositis with NPC treated by radiation was 16.7% (4/24) which was lower than that of patients without dermatomyositis in the same period. PMID- 3769746 TI - [Solitary intracranial plasmacytoma--a case report and review of the literature]. AB - A 49 year old man had had headache and some cranial nerve paralyses for about three years. A tentative diagnosis of meningioma of the skull base or chordoma was made before his death. In the postmortem examination, a large tumor lying on the skull base was found. The sella turcica, a part of the basilar bone were destroyed. The neoplasm had invaded the adjacent cerebrum, cranial nerves and extra-cranial tissues. Histopathologically, the lesion showed a typical poorly differentiated plasmacytoma. Both clinic and pathologic characteristics of this tumor are discussed and the literature on solitary intracranial plasmacytoma is reviewed. PMID- 3769747 TI - [Establishment of a spontaneously transformed human fetal lung cell line and its biological characteristics]. AB - A spontaneously transformed human fetal lung cell line (HFLT) was derived from a human fetal lung diploid fibroblast cell line (2BS) by continuous culture. The biological characteristics of this cell line were studied and compared with those of 2BS cells. Accompanying the morphological alteration, the growth rate of the transformed cell was accelerated and the maximum cell density was increased. The anchorage-independent growth was shown by its ability to form colonies in soft agar. The collagen synthesis phenotype of 2BS cells was changed. In addition, the increased chromosome number and the nodule formation after heterotransplantation were pathognomonic of malignant transformation. PMID- 3769748 TI - [Mouse lung adenocarcinoma (LA-795)--study by histochemistry, light and electron microscopy]. AB - A strain of spontaneous lung adenocarcinoma of inbred T739 mice has been successfully transplanted and retained for generations in the syngenic mice. By light microscopy, the cancer cells appeared oval or cubic and were arranged in a few or multiple layers, sometimes in papillary form. Metastasis to lung was 100%. By histochemistry, it was negative for glycogen, ALKase and all mucin stains, while being positive for LDHase, G6PDHase and SDHase stains. By electron microscopy, numerous microvilli on the cell surface, lamellar bodies, osmiophilic globuli, Golgi apparatus mitochondria and granular endoplasmic reticula in the cytoplasm were observed. The lung tumor strain, recognized as mouse lung adenocarcinoma (papillary type), may derive from the type II alveolar epithelial cells. PMID- 3769749 TI - [Micronucleus test in cultured cells--preliminary study]. AB - In mutagenicity and carcinogenicity assays using micronucleus test, N-methyl-N' nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), 50 mg/kg or benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), 100 mg/kg did not increase the incidence of micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes in bone marrow of mice. MNNG, 0.1 microgram/ml could induce a significant increase of micronuclei with dose response in cultured V79 cells. In another experiment of Syrian hamster embryo cells, the induction of micronuclei was seen after benzo(a)pyrene, 0.1 microgram/ml treatment. The combined use of micronucleus test in vivo and in vitro can increase the sensitivity and reduce the false negativity obtained in vivo micronucleus test. PMID- 3769750 TI - [Estrogen receptor (ER) of breast cancer cells. II. Quantitative analysis of breast cancer cells bound with fluoresceinate-ER]. AB - In order to express the quantitative value by the cytochemical method, the breast cancer cells of 41 human and 7 C3H mice were used. The condition of ER was detected by cytochemical (17-fluoresceinated estrone, 17-FE) and biochemical (dextran-coated charcoal, D. C. C.) methods. The relative weight (theta) of each type of cells and the coefficient were obtained by the statistical estimation technique and mathematical modeling. The relative weights of type A, B and C (theta 1, theta 2 and theta 3) were 4.4, 2.8 and 1.8 in human tumor, and 1.9, 0.3 and 1.3 in mouse tumor. The same quantitative unit of value (fmol/mg) can be expressed by the cytochemical method as by the biochemical method. The inadequacies of both methods are presently brought to light. By the D. C. C. method, only about half of the ER in cytosol can be detected and those in the nucleus can not be assayed. By the 17-FE method, it is possible to detect the ER status not only morphologically but also quantitatively. PMID- 3769751 TI - [Co-localization of ribosomes and elongation factor 2 in the cytoplasm of mouse embryonal fibroblasts]. PMID- 3769753 TI - [Physiologic role of changes in the human neuron discharge rate during a single mental act]. PMID- 3769752 TI - [Remantadine-resistant and remantadine-sensitive variants of the influenza virus have different structures of hemagglutinin and matrix protein genes]. PMID- 3769754 TI - [Distribution of chromosomes and centrioles in three-polar metaphases induced by 2-mercaptoethanol in cultured Chinese hamster cells]. PMID- 3769755 TI - [Expression of proto-oncogenes in human teratocarcinoma cell lines]. PMID- 3769756 TI - [Chemico-enzymatic synthesis and cloning of a biologically active beta-interferon gene]. PMID- 3769757 TI - [Changes in the adhesion of corneocytes from the rat epidermis in postnatal ontogenesis]. PMID- 3769758 TI - [Spatial structure of gamma-crystallin IIIb from the calf lens at a resolution of 2.5 angstroms]. PMID- 3769759 TI - [Functional analysis of the transplantation of human embryonal brain tissue into the rabbit brain]. PMID- 3769760 TI - [Differences in the autonomic reactions of man to perceptible and nonperceptible odors]. PMID- 3769761 TI - [Hematopoietic stem cells with different proliferative activities during the formation of immune responses]. PMID- 3769762 TI - Drug use in a surgical intensive care unit. AB - A retrospective review of drug usage in 180 patients admitted to a surgical intensive care unit was conducted. The average stay was three days and the total and daily number of drugs averaged 7.6 and 5.6, respectively. The most common drug class used was antibiotics, with cefazolin being the most commonly used antibiotic. Other commonly used drugs include analgesics, diuretics, H2 antagonists, vasoactive drugs and inotropes, antacids, and antiarrhythmics. This study indicates that patients admitted to a surgical intensive care unit are exposed to a variety of potent drugs, often given in combination over a short time period. Although further studies are needed to delineate specific aspects of drug use and patient characteristics, this study suggests that there is a need for close monitoring of drug therapy in these patients with special attention to reduction of drug costs. PMID- 3769763 TI - Monitoring vancomycin therapy. AB - Vancomycin is an effective and widely used antistaphylococcal antibiotic. Despite several decades of use, however, our knowledge of the toxicologic and pharmacokinetic properties of vancomycin remains incomplete. This review summarizes current information regarding the adverse reactions and pharmacokinetics of vancomycin. Although there have been reports of side effects with vancomycin, these effects tend to be infrequent, easily managed, and reversible. Several methods for adjustment of vancomycin therapy have been recommended. The relationship between serum concentrations of vancomycin and the occurrence of ototoxicity or nephrotoxicity has not been well established. However, because of large interpatient variations in pharmacokinetic parameters, it seems preferable to individualize vancomycin therapy based on serum concentration data. PMID- 3769764 TI - Therapy of choice for the empiric treatment of the febrile neutropenic patient. AB - Patients who become neutropenic secondary to chemotherapy for malignancy are at high risk for bacterial infection. Since the most common organisms include enteric gram-negative bacilli and staphylococci, drug combinations have traditionally been used. In addition, available clinical evidence suggests that synergistic drug combinations are most effective in the treatment of infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Comparative clinical trials have not shown any particular drug combination to be superior to others tested. Therefore, the drug choice for the combination should be based on local susceptibility patterns, clinical experience, and cost. Newer beta-lactam compounds are broader in spectrum and more potent than older drugs, and have been tested as sole agents in this setting. Although results appear promising for drugs such as cefoperazone or ceftazidime, the development of resistance and lack of adequate antistaphylococcal activity preclude routine use of these drugs. Imipenem is currently undergoing clinical trials for this purpose and appears to have the appropriate breadth of spectrum. However, frequent development of resistance among isolates of P. aeruginosa is problematic. At the present time a combination of an aminoglycoside and an extended-spectrum penicillin seems to be the therapy of choice for the febrile, neutropenic patient. PMID- 3769765 TI - Healthy volunteers, risk, and research. PMID- 3769766 TI - Pharmacists do not talk about prescriptions. PMID- 3769767 TI - Vancomycin-induced neutropenia. AB - A case of vancomycin-induced neutropenia is presented with a review of other reported cases in the literature. A 59-year-old white female was started on vancomycin therapy for a chronic infection of a total left hip replacement. After 38 days of treatment, the patient developed a severe leukopenia with a white blood cell count of 1700/mm3 and the presence of only occasional neutrophils. Upon discontinuation of vancomycin, the leukocyte and neutrophil counts promptly increased with full recovery in one week. Subsequently, the patient was restarted on a five-day course of vancomycin at a lower dose that proved uneventful with no recurrence of neutropenia. It is unclear whether the neutropenia would have recurred with a longer course of vancomycin. A review of the literature suggests that an immunologic mechanism may be responsible for the reaction. Physicians and other health professionals should be aware that neutropenia is a potential reaction of patients receiving prolonged vancomycin treatment. PMID- 3769768 TI - Vancomycin-induced neutropenia during treatment of osteomyelitis in an outpatient. AB - A case of vancomycin-associated neutropenia occurring during long-term outpatient therapy with vancomycin is described. Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that the patient's vancomycin serum levels were within an acceptable range during treatment. Eighteen other reported cases of vancomycin-associated leukopenia are discussed in brief. An immunologic mechanism has been proposed but a clear understanding is lacking. Patients receiving long-term vancomycin therapy should have their white blood cell counts periodically monitored. PMID- 3769769 TI - Bradycardia due to trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride. AB - A chronic schizophrenic patient was treated with an anticholinergic drug, trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride. The patient developed, paradoxically, sinus bradycardia. The reaction was specific to trihexyphenidyl and not to other anticholinergic drugs. This antidyskinetic drug is widely used in clinical psychiatric practice and physicians should be aware of this side effect. PMID- 3769770 TI - Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone with imipramine. AB - Among the various medications that have been associated with the development of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) are the tricyclic antidepressants. A 69-year-old man admitted for treatment of a depressive disorder that had not responded to trazodone was prescribed imipramine. Twenty-two days after initiation of therapy, the patient developed hyponatremia. The patient also had depressed serum osmolality and elevated urine sodium concentrations consistent with SIADH. With the discontinuation of imipramine, fluid restriction, and several doses of furosemide, normal serum sodium concentrations were attained. As antidepressant therapy was indicated, doxepin was selected. The patient maintained normal electrolyte values and water balance over the next two months of follow-up. No reports of doxepin-related SIADH were found in the literature; therefore, this agent may be considered as an alternative therapy in patients developing SIADH during antidepressant drug therapy. PMID- 3769771 TI - Acute interstitial nephritis associated with intermittent rifampin use. AB - Rifampin is a widely used antimicrobial agent, most commonly administered in the treatment of tuberculosis. Since its introduction in the late 1960s, rifampin has become a standard agent in the treatment of tuberculosis, especially with the acceptance of short-course chemotherapy in the U.S. Rifampin also is being used with increasing frequency in the treatment of nontuberculous infections, especially serious staphylococcal infections. While rifampin usually is well tolerated in most patients, adverse effects, including serious forms of toxicity, have been reported. Some of these adverse effects include liver toxicity and various immunologic reactions such as skin rashes, eosinophilia, and interstitial nephritis. This report documents a case of acute interstitial nephritis, most likely secondary to intermittent rifampin administration. PMID- 3769772 TI - Effect of concomitant antacid administration on plasma cimetidine concentrations during repetitive dosing. AB - Previous research has suggested that concurrent administration of antacid and cimetidine results in lower than expected plasma levels of cimetidine. Because these studies were all of single-dose design, this study was undertaken to determine the nature of the interaction after repeated administration of both drugs. There was no statistically significant difference demonstrated for any of the pharmacokinetic parameters evaluated in the study. Based on these findings, the previous recommendation that administration of antacid and cimetidine be separated in time may not be necessary. PMID- 3769773 TI - Management of pediatric patients with bacterial meningitis in the emergency department. AB - The pattern and appropriateness of the use of antibiotics, fluids, and laboratory data in the emergency department were evaluated in 50 pediatric patients with meningitis due to Hemophilus influenzae, type b. Results indicate that the quality of care in emergency departments for patients with bacterial meningitis can be improved by administering appropriate antibiotic doses; minimizing the delay in administration of antibiotics; and avoiding the excess fluid administration to decrease the potential for hyponatremia and cerebral edema. PMID- 3769774 TI - Evaluation of a computerized reminder system in the enhancement of patient medication refill compliance. AB - This study evaluated the use of a computerized patient profile combined with a reminder system to increase refill compliance of patients on cardiovascular medications. There were 311 patients randomly assigned into one of three groups. Patients in group 1 were monitored for refill compliance only. Group 2 patients received a postcard reminder; group 3 patients received a telephone call reminder. Refill compliance was monitored via the computerized patient profile system for a period of three months. Data collection included refill compliance, reasons for noncompliance, and the number of prescription medications for each patient. There was a significant difference between the overall mean rate of compliance between the control and intervention groups. An increase in refill compliance for all groups occurred over three months. There was no significant difference in compliance between the treatment groups. Overall, the medication reminder system appeared to be effective; however, modifications in the system should be pursued. PMID- 3769775 TI - Midazolam in the intensive care unit. PMID- 3769776 TI - The practice of pharmacy in England. AB - The practice of pharmacy in England is described. Community pharmacies have a contract with the Department of Health and Social Security to fill National Health Service prescriptions. A large proportion of the general public obtain their prescriptions free. Funding for the health service comes from taxes and automatic contributions from employers and employees. Aspects of hospital pharmacy practice and salaries are discussed, e.g., a junior pharmacist may expect to earn between $9000 and $12,000. There is very little unit-dose dispensing, and many hospitals are unable to provide 24-hour services. Hospital pharmacies function with fewer pharmacists than their U.S. counterparts, utilizing larger numbers of technicians. Clinical pharmacy practice centers around drug monitoring (ward pharmacy). Pharmacokinetic services are provided in a few places. Master of science degrees in clinical pharmacy are available. However, the future of clinical pharmacy practice in England depends on staffing levels and competition between and acceptance from other health disciplines. PMID- 3769777 TI - Medical factors in contraceptive choice. PMID- 3769778 TI - Peptic ulcer: which patients to consider for surgery. PMID- 3769779 TI - Cystic fibrosis--what the non-specialist needs to know. PMID- 3769781 TI - The drug treatment of Crohn's disease. PMID- 3769780 TI - Dressings for leg ulcers. PMID- 3769783 TI - Difflam--a topical NSAID. PMID- 3769782 TI - Ventide--a useful combination? PMID- 3769784 TI - Dimethicone for gastrointestinal symptoms? PMID- 3769785 TI - Glue ear in children: medical management. PMID- 3769786 TI - Should people with high blood pressure avoid sodium? PMID- 3769787 TI - The management of tardive dyskinesia. PMID- 3769788 TI - Problems when withdrawing antidepressives. PMID- 3769789 TI - Prophylaxis against Mendelson's syndrome. PMID- 3769790 TI - [Blindness due to diabetic retinopathy--fate or neglect?]. PMID- 3769791 TI - [Course of conservatively treated acute lumbar root compression syndrome. A computer tomography controlled study]. AB - Of 129 patients with an acute lumbar root compression syndrome due to disc herniation 21, who were symptom-free, were examined by computed tomography (CT) on average 276 days after a three-step regimen of conservative treatment. In no instance had there been a deterioration of the original findings. In 14 patients the CT picture continued to demonstrate disc herniation, although the patients were without symptoms. In two patients a moderate, in five a marked regression of herniation was demonstrated by CT. Clinical improvement without change in the CT picture points to the compression syndrome not being explainable solely in mechanical terms. As a matter of fact, a possible cause may be a disturbance of radicular blood supply resulting in oedematous root swelling which is usually masked in the CT by prolapsed disc tissue. There is as yet no easy explanation for regression in case of prolapsed, perhaps even sequestered, disc tissue. It is possible that there have been reparative processes, such as have been described histopathologically in form of ingrown vessels. More plausibly would be a separation of the herniated and/or sequestered disc tissue in form of an asymptomatic sliding into the terminal caudal region. PMID- 3769792 TI - [Side effects of non-steroidal antirheumatic agents on the lower intestinal tract]. AB - Two women, aged 21 and 44 years, developed ileocolitis and proctocolitis, respectively, lasting for several weeks after taking non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (Diclofenac; Pyrazinebutazone). This relatively little known side effect of these drugs on the lower intestinal tract is apparently not rare. PMID- 3769793 TI - [Diversion colitis]. PMID- 3769794 TI - [Biometric aspects of planning and carrying out non-randomized comparative clinical tests]. PMID- 3769795 TI - [Objective results in non-randomized studies?]. PMID- 3769796 TI - [Responsibility for treatment errors in partnership practice]. PMID- 3769797 TI - [Primary Sjogren syndrome]. PMID- 3769799 TI - [Therapy in Parkinson syndrome]. PMID- 3769800 TI - [Exchange blood transfusion in cerebral tropical malaria]. PMID- 3769798 TI - [Diclofenamid in paroxysmal hypokalemic paralysis]. PMID- 3769801 TI - [Vegetative hyperthermia: a thermoregulation disorder or a variant from the norm?]. AB - A diagnosis of low-grade idiopathic fever was made in 85 women and 15 men, examined for subfebrile temperature of unknown origin, after organic disease had been excluded. Compared with 100 healthy control subjects these patients had inadequate movement-dependent temperature elevations with a usually pronounced discrepancy between the rectal temperature, predominantly more than 38 degrees C, and a normal or only slightly raised axillary temperature recorded after bodily movement. Other characteristics were that the elevated temperature was uninfluenced by antipyretic drugs. Almost all patients initially complained about general lassitude as well as frequently about atypical functional complaints and psychological symptoms. These observations indicate that low-grade fever is a functional syndrome due to a harmless faulty regulation of body temperature. In addition to a special constitutional reactivity, psychological factors and possibly previous febrile infections are likely to be involved as precipitating causes. PMID- 3769802 TI - [Demonstration of intra- and paracardiac space-occupying processes using magnetic resonance tomography]. AB - Magnetic resonance tomography (in three planes) was performed on 21 patients in whom echocardiography, angiocardiography or a chest X-ray had indicated or was suspicious of intra- or paracardiac space-occupying lesions. MR imaging demonstrated bronchial carcinoma with aortic displacement in two (one of them also with vena cava occlusion); hypernephroma with displacement of the right atrium in one; paracardiac teratoma in two and lipoma in one; aortic aneurysm in two; atrial tumour in five; atrial thrombi in one; ventricular thrombi in four; and exclusion of intra-cardiac lesions in two. Thus the method distinguished between vascular and tumourous paracardiac space-occupying lesions and demonstrated origin and structural relationship of paracardiac tumours, especially to the great vessels. Size, shape and mobility of intracardiac tumours was also demonstrated. For both intra- and paracardiac space-occupying lesions there were the beginnings of structural differentiation. PMID- 3769803 TI - [Ciprofloxacin in Salmonella infection and abdominal typhoid]. AB - Ten patients - two with Salmonella septicaemia associated with AIDS; one each Salmonella excretors in the convalescence stage and with Salmonella osteomyelitis; three with abdominal typhoid, and three with Salmonella enteritis were treated with the gyrase inhibitor ciprofloxacin. The drug was given for 3 33 days, at a dosage of 250-750 mg orally in most cases. Clinical and bacteriological cure was achieved in nine patients. There were no significant side effects. One patient developed a macular rash, which is within the usual side-effect rate. PMID- 3769805 TI - [Artificial insemination and terminal care. Results from the 56th German Lawyers' Meeting]. PMID- 3769804 TI - [Tuberculostatics-induced systemic lupus erythematosus]. AB - Clinical manifestations including rheumatoid changes, lymph node swelling, fever, butterfly rash, anaemia and leukopenia had developed gradually over a period of years in a 46-year-old female patient. Due to these findings systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was suspected. Further diagnostic procedures revealed concomitant pulmonary tuberculosis. In the course of the tuberculostatic therapy, there occurred six episodes of marked exacerbation of drug-induced SLE signs and symptoms including fever, myalgia, swelling of joints, butterfly rash and high titers of antinuclear antibodies. These exacerbations were induced by single agent or combination therapy with ethambutol, pyrazinamide, streptomycin and/or prothionamide and resolved readily after discontinuation of the drug(s). With concomitant use of hydroxychloroquine sulfate, a combination therapy with rifampicin and cycloserine did not give rise to further complications although the autoantibodies persisted. This treatment regimen was given until clinical cure was achieved. PMID- 3769806 TI - [Surgical treatment of asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis]. PMID- 3769807 TI - [Gastrointestinal incompatibility of azodisalicylate]. PMID- 3769808 TI - [Idiosyncratic reaction during cyclophosphamide infusion]. PMID- 3769809 TI - [Primary retroperitoneal tumors]. AB - 73 patients, 41 males and 32 females, were treated for primary retroperitoneal tumours between 1974 and 1984. Mean age of the patients was 45.9 years (range: 1 day-79 years). Early symptoms of the tumours were atypical. Initial diagnosis showed a palpable abdominal tumour in 47 patients. Computed tomography is the most important radiologic tool for the diagnosis. In 32 patients the tumour could be removed completely. Intraoperatively, at least one additional organ had to be removed in all patients to ensure radicality of extirpation. Histology showed most tumours to be lymphomas or sarcomas. At the time of diagnosis, 21 patients were found to have metastases. Operative mortality rate was 11%. The overall prognosis in patients with primary retroperitoneal tumours is poor; the 5-year survival rate for malignant tumors was 9%. Combination of radio- and chemotherapy has somewhat improved this dim prognosis in recent years. PMID- 3769810 TI - [Acute spinal epidural abscess]. AB - An acute spinal epidural abscess is a rare cause of paraplegia, seen in seven patients over a period of ten years. All patients had fever and severe localized back-pain. Unless treated, within hours or a few days, there will be root defects and rapidly progressive paraplegia. Staphylococcus is the most frequent causative organism and clinically manifest septicaemia is common. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are essential in deciding the patient's fate. Myelography is an important additional examination as it demonstrates the abscess in 96% of cases. Non-contrast radiology is of little value. High-dosage antibiotics and surgical spinal decompression are the cardinal treatment procedures. Antibiotics alone are justified only so long as there are no neurological deficits and neurosurgical intervention, if needed, is immediately available. PMID- 3769811 TI - [Bilateral lymphoblastic lymphoma of the breast]. AB - A 21-year-old female patient presenting with bilateral lymphoblastic lymphoma of the breast was given two four-week courses of cytostatic therapy using the ALL/AUL protocol. Radiation therapy was used as an adjunct. Treatment resulted in tumour regression. In the course of continued maintenance therapy neither computed tomography nor mammography nor clinical examination have so far detected any residues of a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It has, therefore, so far been possible to spare this young patient the mutilating consequences of mastectomy. Up to now, 27 months following start of therapy, she is again actively pursuing her professional career. There has so far been no indication of a recurrence of the lymphoma. PMID- 3769812 TI - [Indications for cholecystectomy in symptom-free gallstones]. PMID- 3769813 TI - [Isovolemic hemodilution in peripheral arterial occlusive diseases]. PMID- 3769814 TI - [Significance of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in patients with multiple injuries]. AB - The incidence, time of onset and course of clinically manifest upper gastrointestinal bleeding was analysed in 265 polytraumatized patients with an average "injury severity score" (ISS) of 31.5. Under standardized intensive-care treatment - including appropriate artificial ventilation; maintenance of a stable circulation; complete parenteral and earliest possible enteral nutrition; low dose heparinization; sedation and analgesia as required; and intragastric administration of antacids - only two patients (0.8%) had clinically manifest upper intestinal bleeding and then only preterminally in the course of incurable multi-organ involvement, the bleeding being a component of multiple organ failure. The focus of stress-ulcer prevention should lie in a decrease of factors precipitating multiple organ failure, as well as in the carefully selective use of general intensive-care measures. The need of general systemic prevention with H2-receptor blockers and (or) pirenzepine is questionable. PMID- 3769815 TI - [Diphenylhydantoin in AIDS]. PMID- 3769816 TI - Interspecies identification of astrocytes after intracerebral transplantation. AB - Species-specificity of the Tp-GFAP 1 (glial fibrillary acidic protein) monoclonal antibodies raised against calf GFAP was established by means of immunochemical techniques. Since it was shown to combine with rabbit GFAP but not with mouse GFAP it allows the characterization of a new experimental model potentially useful in the study of the fate of implanted astrocytes after intracerebral graft of CNS fragments. Preliminary observations indicate that embryonic and newborn rabbit astrocytes are able to survive, express GFAP and migrate when implanted into newborn mouse brain. PMID- 3769817 TI - Feline maternal taurine deficiency: effects on retina and tapetum of the offspring. AB - The retina and tapetum of kittens born to taurine-deficient and taurine supplemented mothers were compared. Retinal taurine concentrations typically reach adult levels 6 weeks postnatally. When measured at weaning at 8 postnatal weeks, the taurine concentrations in retina and tapetum of taurine-deficient kittens were 40% of normal levels. An ultrastructural correlate found in the retinas of taurine-deficient kittens was the presence of photoreceptor outer segments that were reduced in length and altered from the typical columnar configuration. Tapetal cells of taurine-deficient kittens were distinguished by accumulations of electron-dense droplets, the presence of tapetal rods with dilated limiting membranes and the presence of amorphous vesicles. PMID- 3769818 TI - [The Chernobyl reactor accident and radioactive particles found in Finland]. PMID- 3769819 TI - [Acute aortic dissection in the Kuopio University Central Hospital District 1978 1984]. PMID- 3769820 TI - [Diagnosis of acute porphyria]. PMID- 3769821 TI - [Etiology, prevalence and treatment of myopia]. PMID- 3769822 TI - [The treatment of squint and amblyopia]. PMID- 3769823 TI - [Intraocular lens implantation]. PMID- 3769824 TI - [Cataract in a glaucomatous eye]. PMID- 3769825 TI - [Monitoring and treatment of diabetic retinopathy]. PMID- 3769826 TI - [Possibilities in vitreous body and retinal surgery]. PMID- 3769827 TI - [Optic neuritis and its differential diagnosis]. PMID- 3769828 TI - [Ocular manifestations in systemic immune disorders]. PMID- 3769829 TI - [Ophthalmologic side effects of drugs]. PMID- 3769830 TI - [Magnetic resonance imaging of the central nervous system]. PMID- 3769831 TI - [A study of evoked potentials]. PMID- 3769832 TI - [Polygraphy in the diagnosis of sleep disorders]. PMID- 3769833 TI - [Magnetoencephalography]. PMID- 3769834 TI - [The evaluation of movement disorders]. PMID- 3769835 TI - [Circulating antibodies and their diagnostic value in neuromuscular diseases]. PMID- 3769836 TI - [Diagnosis of lysosomal storage diseases]. PMID- 3769837 TI - [Current methods of chromosome studies]. PMID- 3769838 TI - Defining valid approaches to therapy for Meniere's disease. PMID- 3769839 TI - Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis in children: a retrospective study of management and complications. PMID- 3769840 TI - Surgery on patients with malignant hyperthermia. PMID- 3769841 TI - Nasopharyngeal rhabdomyosarcoma in an adult with intracranial and intraorbital extension. PMID- 3769842 TI - Compound-composite odontoma with horizontally impacted cuspid. PMID- 3769843 TI - Pectoralis major myocutaneous flap in oropharyngeal reconstruction. PMID- 3769844 TI - Chronic nasal inlet stenosis. PMID- 3769845 TI - Seasonal pattern of some causative agents of childhood diarrhoea in Nairobi. PMID- 3769846 TI - Oral contraceptive use and the risk of malaria. PMID- 3769847 TI - Sickling in the Sudan. Result of surveys in Blue Nile Province. PMID- 3769848 TI - Clinical review of congenital urethral valves and their management in Harare. PMID- 3769849 TI - The pattern of orbito-ocular tumours in northern Nigeria. PMID- 3769850 TI - Reserpine versus beta-blocker as an additive to a diuretic in the treatment of Kenyan hypertensives. PMID- 3769851 TI - Haemoglobin patterns in the Cross River State of Nigeria with particular reference to haemoglobin C. PMID- 3769852 TI - Recent yellow fever epidemics in Ghana (1969-1983). PMID- 3769853 TI - Management decisions in mild hypertension. PMID- 3769854 TI - Re: Prevention of low birthweight. PMID- 3769855 TI - [Cortisol suppression after dexamethasone administration in patients with dementia]. AB - Sixty-four nondepressed, carefully selected senile demented inpatients underwent two 1.0 mg overnight dexamethasone suppression tests (DSTs) separated by 7 days. These patients had been in a clinically stable and drug-free state for at least six months prior to testing. The Modified Ischemic Scale score and ICD-9 criteria for Alzheimer's disease were used to dichotomize subjects into Alzheimer's and multi-infarct types of dementia. Patients with vascular dementias were significantly more likely to evidence DST nonsuppression, furthermore, DSTs in this group were less reproducible from week to week than DSTs in Alzheimer's patients. PMID- 3769856 TI - [Alzheimer's disease and Meynert's nucleus basalis. An anatomo- clinical point of view]. AB - The existence of a lesion in the nucleus basalis (NbM), in Alzheimer's disease, which has been brought up again by Whitehouse et al. (1981), is not doubted anymore. The lesion is correlated with the disease's cholinergic deficit. The histology of the lesion isn't much described, and its importance not very clear. This study compares ten cases of Alzheimer's disease, and six cases of "senile dementia". A cellular count and a histologic observation of the NbM are done on slides imbedded in paraffin. The cortex is studied in the classical way. There are neuro-fibrillary tangles "en boules" in the NbM of the two types of dementia, but more frequently in Alzheimer's disease. No senile plaques are observed. The neuronal loss appears much more important in the group of Alzheimer's disease than in the senile dementias. But a typical clinical and histological case of Alzheimer's disease did not show neuronal loss in the NbM. The final results invite to further discussions concerning the present knowledge of Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia. PMID- 3769857 TI - [Role of carbamazepine in the treatment of endogenous psychoses. Results of an open study]. AB - The authors report the results of an open trial which aims at specifying the clinical profile of responders to carbamazepine among a population of twenty patients aged from fifteen to seventy, suffering from endogenous, schizophrenic, affective psychoses and paranoid states according to the criteria of the ICD 9. The trial points out a proof of Kishimoto's criteria and a preferential acting of the molecule on schizo-affective psychoses and mixed affective states. The results are interpreted according to psychopathological concepts from the Vienna school that highlight the clinical profile of the responders. PMID- 3769858 TI - [Choice of antidepressive agents as a function of membrane transport (erythrocytes) of monoamine precursors (L-tyrosine and L-tryptophan)]. AB - In a group of 66 depressed patients, the choice of the antidepressant drug was based upon the result of tyrosine and tryptophan uptake by the membrane of red blood cells. After one month of treatment, 56 subjects were improved, that is 85% of the cases. This result is discussed in comparison with the percentage of improvement described in the literature. PMID- 3769859 TI - In vitro kinetics of synthesis and release of mouse placental lactogen. AB - The dynamics of the in vitro synthesis and release of mouse placental proteins and mouse placental lactogen (mPL) were examined by culturing explants from mouse placentae from days 11, 14, and 17 of gestation for up to 24 h. The amount of mPL in medium and tissue was determined by RIA, and new protein synthesis was measured by the incorporation of [3H]leucine into mPL and proteins. The rate of synthesis of 3H-labeled proteins and [3H]mPL was constant for 17 h of incubation, confirming the viability of the placental tissue. Rapid and preferential release of newly synthesized mPL was observed; 88% of the mPL synthesized in 24 h was released into the medium, and the ratio of [3H]mPL to 3H-labeled proteins in the medium (14-18%) was significantly higher than that in the tissue (1-4%). There is not a stable storage pool of mPL under these conditions, as demonstrated by the similarity of the ratios of counts per min of [3H]mPL to nanograms of mPL in the medium and tissue. This conclusion is supported by the observed parallelism of mPL synthesis and release and the low tissue content of mPL. Release of mPL per mg tissue was similar for day 11 and day 14 placentae. It appears that mPL release in the absence of in vivo regulatory factors is strictly a function of placental mass at this time in gestation. A lower release from cultured day 17 placentae probably represents a decrease in the level of metabolic activity of the placenta as parturition approaches. PMID- 3769860 TI - Growth hormone secretion in genetic large (LL) and small (SS) rats. AB - We investigated whether genetic selection for growth influences pituitary GH secretion in two strains of rats, LL (large) and SS (small). Animals were bled every 15 min for 6 h via an indwelling atrial Silastic catheter, and GH levels were determined by RIA. LL and SS males displayed a low frequency, high amplitude episodic pattern of GH secretion, with surges of GH occurring at 3- to 4-h intervals, separated by trough periods of approximately 60-120 min. In contrast, LL females showed a high frequency, low amplitude pattern of GH secretion, with GH pulses occurring every 1-2 h. The number of GH pulses in SS females was lower than that in LL females. SS males and SS females displayed lower peak amplitudes and lower baseline levels and, therefore, lower mean plasma GH levels compared to LL animals. The anterior pituitary GH content was not significantly different in LL and SS animals of either sex. Thus, the reduction of GH levels in SS animals is most likely the result of reduced release of GH-releasing factor from the hypothalamus or an attenuated pituitary sensitivity to GH-releasing factor. PMID- 3769861 TI - Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide is synthesized in anterior pituitary tissue. AB - Previous studies have suggested that vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is involved in regulation of PRL secretion within the pituitary gland. In order to determine whether VIP is synthesized in anterior pituitary tissue, we performed three experiments. In all experiments, anterior pituitaries were obtained from male rats. The tissue was then labeled by incubation in leucine-free minimum essential medium containing [3H]leucine, 14 microCi/ml. In Exp I, the labeled tissue was homogenized, centrifuged, and the supernatant was chromatographed on Sephadex G-50F. The fractions indicated a large peak of counts near the void volume and another peak coeluting with VIP. These latter fractions were pooled and subjected to reverse phase HPLC. Fractions from the HPLC indicated: a protein peak, VIP immunoreactivity, and maximum counts immunoprecipitated by anti-VIP serum at the retention time of synthetic porcine VIP. Exp II consisted of perifusion of labeled pituitary quarters over a 120-min period followed by an additional 60 min in the presence of 56 mM KCl. During this latter period of KCl depolarization, a large amount of 3H-labeled material was secreted. These fractions were then chromatographed on Sephadex G-50F, and the fractions coeluting with [125I]porcine VIP were subjected to immunoprecipitation with anti VIP serum. In addition, all fractions from the Sephadex column were assayed for VIP, and the only activity was at the elution volume of [125I]porcine VIP. In Exp III, the pituitary labeling procedure included 3.6 X 10(-5) M cycloheximide. Subsequently, the tissue was perifused and the perifusate collected during the 60 min 56 mM KCl perifusion phase was pooled and immunoprecipitated with anti-VIP serum. No immunoprecipitable counts were obtained. These experiments indicate that anterior pituitary tissue synthesizes VIP on the basis of the HPLC profile and immunoprecipitation with specific anti-VIP antiserum. These results, in addition to other studies by our laboratory and others, suggest that intrapituitary VIP may be an important regulator of anterior pituitary hormone secretion, particularly PRL. PMID- 3769862 TI - The rate of appearance of thyroid hormone nuclear receptor is increased during deoxyribose nucleic acid synthesis in GC cells: analysis of thymidine-treated GC cells using dense amino acid labeling. AB - The growth rate of GH-producing rat pituitary tumor cells (GC cells) is dependent on thyroid hormone. Previous studies have shown that GC cells can be partially synchronized in the DNA synthesis phase (S-phase) of the cell cycle by a 25-h incubation with 2 mM thymidine. Measurements in GC cells partially synchronized in S-phase showed a significant increase in cellular thyroid hormone nuclear receptor appearance and disappearance in thymidine-treated GC cells using dense amino acid labeling and subsequent sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. In comparison with GC cells in asynchronous culture, thymidine treatment causes a steady state increase in thyroid hormone nuclear receptors which results from an increase in the receptor appearance rate without an effect on the disappearance rate. Thus, position in the cell cycle appears to be another factor that influences the appearance rate of nuclear thyroid hormone receptors. PMID- 3769863 TI - The regulation of granulosa cell proopiomelanocortin messenger ribonucleic acid by androgens and gonadotropins. AB - We have previously demonstrated the presence of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) messenger RNA (mRNA) in rat granulosa cells. This study examines the unique, tissue-specific regulation of granulosa cell POMC mRNA levels by hormones with established regulatory effects on these cells. Northern blot analysis of immature rat ovarian RNA revealed the presence of a single mRNA of approximately 900 base pairs in length. The levels of ovarian POMC mRNA increased approximately 6-fold 48 h after priming with PMSG when expressed per microgram of total RNA. Granulosa cells were isolated from immature PMSG-primed rats and cultured under serum-free conditions in the presence and absence of various hormones to determine their effect on POMC mRNA levels. Treatment of the cells for 48 h with LH (100 ng/ml), androstenedione (10(-7) M), or LH plus androstenedione elevated POMC mRNA levels. LH alone elicited a 5-fold increase in POMC mRNA, and androstenedione elicited a 10-fold increase; the combination treatment led to a 47-fold increase. The effects of the nonaromatizable androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were also evaluated. Treatment for 48 h with DHT (10(-7) M) elicited a 40-fold increase in POMC mRNA levels. In vivo experiments measuring ovarian POMC mRNA from immature female rats corroborated the in vitro results. Animals injected sc with DHT (500 micrograms) demonstrated 5-fold increases in ovarian POMC mRNA when expressed per microgram of total RNA. These studies provide both in vitro and in vivo evidence that granulosa cell POMC mRNA is under unique hormonal regulation by both androgens and gonadotropins. PMID- 3769864 TI - Steroids and the secretory function of the exocrine pancreas. AB - The influence of steroids on the exocrine pancreas of male rats was examined by removing steroid producing tissue and by introducing individual steroids into these animals at a later date. Castration had no demonstrable morphological effect on acinar cells, whereas castration combined with adrenalectomy caused a marked depletion of zymogen granules as well as widening of peri- and interlobular spaces. Treatment of castrated-adrenalectomized rats with estradiol restored a normal appearance of the pancreas within about 9 h. Triamcinolone acetonide produced similar results. These morphological changes were accompanied by significant alterations of the relative amounts of digestive enzymes present in zymogen granules. A marked reduction of amylase occurred in the castrated adrenalectomized group. Neither estradiol nor triamcinolone could reverse these effects within 9 h. Castration alone had no significant effect on the relative proportion of amylase; however, it increased the relative amount of proteases. This effect was reversed by estradiol treatment. Estradiol also induced significant changes in the proportion of proelastase in castrated adrenalectomized animals. Replacement therapy in castrated-adrenalectomized rats with dexamethasone or triamcinolone partially restored the level of amylase in the pancreas, whereas estradiol did not cause any significant effect. At the ultrastructural level, castration and adrenalectomy caused swelling of the Golgi apparatus and accumulation of condensing vacuoles. These effects were reversed by either estradiol or triamcinolone. Also, after acute treatment of these animals with estradiol, two unusual features of acini were noted. In some acini, a type of granule that we termed halo granule appeared. These halo granules were either distinctly separated organelles or formed composite structures that did not appear to be associated with the luminal membrane. Freeze-fracture studies revealed that secretory vesicles in apparently normal acini adhered to each other at specific contact sites characterized by aggregates of intramembrane particles. Multiple sites of contact could be seen in the same vesicle. From our observations it is clear that steroids from the testes and adrenals exert major effects on the secretory apparatus of pancreas; more specifically on the mechanisms that determine the proportions of the different digestive enzyme and on their packaging in the zymogen granules. PMID- 3769865 TI - Influence of the conceptuses and the maternal pituitary on the distribution of multiple components of serum relaxin immunoactivity during pregnancy in the rat. AB - Relaxin isolated from the ovaries of pregnant rats has a mol wt of 6,500; however, relaxin immunoactivity (RI) in the peripheral serum of pregnant rats is associated with three major components. Essentially all RI is associated with a large component (C1, mol wt approximately 60,000) on day 15 of pregnancy (day 15), but the distribution shifts progressively so that about 50% of the RI is associated with two smaller components (C2, mol wt approximately 13,000; C3, mol wt approximately 6,500) by day 19. The present study examined factors that might influence the distribution of RI among these three components. The distribution of RI in sera from ovarian vein and abdominal aorta on days 16 and 19 was compared after gel filtration through Sephacryl S-200. The distribution of RI among the three major components was similar for sera collected from the two sources. It is concluded that the progressive shift in the distribution of RI among the three major components during late pregnancy is attributable to dynamic changes in their secretion, rather than peripheral metabolism of relaxin after its release from the ovary. This study also determined the influence of the conceptuses and the maternal pituitary on the distribution of RI. The distribution of RI in peripheral sera obtained on days 16 and 19 from intact and hypophysectomized full complement-bearing rats as well as pituitary-intact and hypophysectomized one conceptus-bearing rats was compared after filtration through Sephacryl S-200. The shift in distribution of RI from C1 to smaller components C2 and C3 was markedly attenuated in rats bearing one conceptus, whereas hypophysectomy was without effect. It is concluded that the progressive shift in the distribution of serum RI among the three major components during late pregnancy is influenced by the number of conceptuses but not the maternal pituitary. PMID- 3769866 TI - Effects of dietary sodium chloride loading on parathyroid function, 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D, calcium balance, and bone metabolism in female rats during chronic prednisolone administration. AB - The effects of dietary sodium chloride supplements (8 g/100 g diet) on parathyroid function, serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D], calcium balance, bone metabolism, and bone composition were studied in rats treated with prednisolone (2 mg/kg w X day) for 12 weeks. Animals on a low calcium diet (0.1% Ca) received the following treatments: group 1, control; group 2, NaCl; group 3, prednisolone; group 4, NaCl plus prednisolone. Parathyroid function was assessed indirectly from urinary cAMP excretion: bone resorption was estimated by studying urinary hydroxyproline excretion and mobilization of 45Ca from bone. Dietary salt loading increased the urinary excretion of calcium, 45Ca, cAMP, and hydroxyproline and raised serum 1,25-(OH)2D and net calcium absorption, but lowered calcium retention, femoral calcium, and total body calcium. Prednisolone slowed body growth and lowered net calcium absorption, calcium retention, femoral calcium, and total body calcium. Urinary calcium excretion was higher in rats receiving salt and prednisolone in combination than in animals taking salt without prednisolone, but other responses to salt and prednisolone were independent. Thus, salt and prednisolone each elicit osteopenia, and salt causes bone loss in rats receiving prednisolone. The osteopenic effect of salt is attributed to primary augmentation of urinary calcium excretion and secondary increases in PTH-medicated bone resorption. Although salt-treated rats have higher blood levels of 1,25-(OH)2D, bone loss occurs because alimentary calcium absorption is not elevated sufficiently to offset urinary calcium losses. Prednisolone lowers bone formation and net calcium absorption without lowering serum 1,25-(OH)2D values. The parathyroid-vitamin D axis remains intact in prednisolone-treated rats, as they show increases in PTH and 1,25-(OH)2D after salt treatment. PMID- 3769867 TI - Identification and characterization of L-triiodothyronine receptors in cells of glial and neuronal origin. AB - High affinity-low capacity binding sites for thyroid hormone have been identified in the nuclei of glial (C6) and neuronal (Neuro 2A) cultured cells. Equilibrium dissociation constants, determined by Scatchard analysis, were very similar in both types of cells (0.2-0.3 nM). The relative affinity of hormonal analogs was also similar: the affinity for T3 was lower than for triiodothyroacetic acid and higher than for T4 or tetraiodothyroacetic acid. The sedimentation coefficients obtained by gradient centrifugation of nuclear receptor extracted with 0.4 M KCl or excised by micrococcal nuclease digestion were 3.5 S and 6.5 S, respectively. These results suggest that the thyroid hormone receptor is not restricted to neuronal cells, but also appears in cells of glial origin. PMID- 3769868 TI - The role of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine in the regulation of type II iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase in the rat cerebral cortex. AB - Type II iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase (5'D-II) activity is the source of 75-80% of the cerebral cortex T3 content in euthyroid rats. The activity of this enzyme is increased in hypothyroidism and can be quickly suppressed by T4 and rT3 by mechanisms involving neither protein synthesis nor nuclear T3 receptors. We have examined the possibility that endogenous cerebrocortical rT3 levels play a physiological role in the regulation of this enzyme. Thyroidectomized rats were injected with graded doses of [125I]rT3, and cortex 5'D-II activity and rT3 content were determined at various times thereafter. Enzyme activity was reduced as early as 10 min after the injection of 0.75 microgram rT3/100 g BW, and 18 h after 25 micrograms/100 g BW remained 60% suppressed. Regardless of the time after the injection, 5'D-II activity was inversely related to the rT3 content in the cortex; nearly complete suppression was observed at 0.5 ng rT3/g tissue, 50% at 80 pg/g, and 20-30% at 30 pg/g, the euthyroid level. After the infusion of 0.75 microgram rT3/100 g, maximal inhibition occurred at 10 min, before the rT3 content reached maximum levels, and the 5'D-II activity started to recover after the rT3 level fell below 300 pg/g tissue. After increasing doses of T4 administered to thyroidectomized rats, serum and cerebrocortical T4 concentrations increased in a dose-dependent manner, but the increment in the latter was steeper than that in the former. Serum rT3 increments were also proportional to the dose of T4, but cerebrocortical rT3 increased to a greater extent, as evidenced by a 3-fold increment in the cerebrocortical rT3 to T4 ratio. With 1.6 microgram T4/100 g BW, cerebrocortical rT3 reached approximately 100 pg/g, about 3 times the euthyroid level, suggesting that at this T4 dose, the rT3 formed from T4 accounts for part of the inhibition of 5'D-II. With the half maximal suppressive dose of T4, cortex T4 was about 400 pg/g, but rT3 was negligible. We conclude that: suppression of cortex 5'D-II by rT3 is rapid and requires the presence of rT3 in the tissue (i.e. no long-lived mediators); intracortical rT3 is about 5 times more potent than T4 in suppressing this enzyme; the cortex of rT3-5'D-II suppression relationships suggest that the euthyroid levels of cortex rT3 may be significant in the modulation of 5'D II.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3769869 TI - Near-ultraviolet radiation suppresses pineal melatonin content. AB - UV radiation (200-400 nm) is generally considered to be outside the range of visible illumination for mammals. The aim of this study was to determine if UV wavelengths can influence pineal physiology. Experiments on hamsters confirm that wavelengths as low as 305 nm are transmitted through the clear ocular media to the retina. Furthermore, low irradiances of broadband (340-405 nm) and monochromatic (360 nm) UV radiation are capable of suppressing high nocturnal levels of pineal melatonin in intact, but not blind, hamsters. These data indicate that the hamster eye and neuroendocrine system are able to detect and respond to near-UV wavelengths. PMID- 3769870 TI - Parathyroid hormone-like effects of rainbow trout Stannius products on bone resorption of embryonic mouse calvaria in vitro. AB - Products of the Stannius corpuscles (SC) of rainbow trout were tested in an established PTH bioassay involving bone resorption in embryonic mouse calvaria. Aqueous extracts from Stannius corpuscles (SC-homogenate) showed a bone-resorbing activity comparable to PTH in 24-h cultures of calvaria, indicated by a dose dependent stimulation of lactate production and of calcium, phosphate as well as beta-glucuronidase release. Moreover, SC-homogenates induced an increase in osteoclastic activity. The PTH-like SC-principle is released during in vitro incubations of the glands. These results and the lack of an additive effect of SC products and PTH on bone resorption suggest that both products activate the same receptor. We hypothesize that the hypocalcemic hormone of the SC of fish shares structural resemblance with PTH, the major hypercalcemic hormone of terrestrial vertebrates. PMID- 3769871 TI - Ontogenesis of growth hormone (GH)-responsive hepatic gene products: lack of correlation with hepatic GH receptor content. AB - The ontogenesis of hepatic GH receptor content is postulated as a major determinant of expression of hepatic GH-responsive gene products, since the ontogeny of the receptors and the responsive gene products, somatomedin-C, somatomedin-binding protein, and GH-responsive acidic protein, have similar qualitatively ontogenetic patterns. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of in vitro synthesized [35S]methionine-labeled proteins formed in the cell-free mRNA dependent rabbit reticulocyte lysate system in response to hepatic RNA was used to quantitate the ontogenetic changes in a family of five GH-responsive gene products (S3, S11, S15, S16, and S20). These gene products were altered 2- to 12 fold by the administration of methionyl-human GH to adult hypophysectomized animals and were not altered by the combined administration of T4, corticosterone, and dihydrotestosterone. The translational activity of three of the five products (S3, S15, and S20) in animals younger than 15 days ranged from 1-12% of the values observed in normal adults and was consistent with diminished GH action. The translational activities of two mRNA sequences (S11 and S16) were not consistent with diminished GH action in the newborn animal. In the newborn animal, S11, induced 3-fold by GH in the adult animal, was 7.4 times the level observed in the adult. During the time of increasing GH receptor content (2-35 days), S16, attenuated by GH 2-fold in the adult, increased 6-fold. Injection of GH from days 2 through 11 augmented S20 and D2 (a hormonally nonresponsive, developmentally dependent product) 2-fold. The combined administration from days 2 through 11 of GH, T4, and corticosterone augmented S16 1.8-fold, a response paradoxical to that in the adult animal, but consistent with advancing maturation of the liver. We conclude that GH receptor content is not the sole determinant for the ontogenetic expression of GH-responsive products and that important alternate mechanisms exist for their regulation. In addition, GH, along with T4 and corticosterone, appear to modulate the rate at which adult levels of some mRNA sequences are achieved. PMID- 3769872 TI - Parathyroid hormone-lymphocyte interactions modulate bone resorption. AB - The biologically active PTH fragment 1-34 induces mononuclear leukocytes to produce a substance(s) capable of increasing bone resorption, as assayed in an organ culture system. The onset of the effect is evident at 2 days and lasts at least 7 days. The cell responsible for this effect appears to be an activated nonadherent lymphocyte (probably T-cell). PTH-(1-34) induces these cells to secrete this factor(s). The presence of adherent mononuclear leukocytes or appropriate conditioned medium appears to augment this response. Secretion of this factor(s) is specific for PTH-(1-34); it is not induced by biologically inactive PTH fragments, nor can it be induced by incubating mononuclear leukocytes with other hormones, including human PRL or lysine vasopressin. On the other hand, PTH-(1-34), human PRL, and lysine vasopressin all activate mononuclear leukocytes, as determined by [3H]thymidine incorporation. Biologically inactive PTH fragments do not. Thus, while lymphocyte activation may be a necessary prerequisite to lymphocyte modulation of bone resorption, it is not sufficient of itself. The PTH fragment 1-34 activates mononuclear leukocytes and specifically induces nonadherent lymphocytes to produce a substance(s) capable of increasing bone resorption. Preliminary characterization of this substance(s) shows that cellular components of the organ culture are necessary to demonstrate the increased resorptive capacity of PTH-stimulated lymphocyte supernatants. Secondly, this resorptive capacity is heat sensitive. Finally, this substance(s) appears to have a nominal molecular radius greater than 14,000 daltons, but less than 50,000 daltons. PMID- 3769873 TI - Triiodothyronine (T3)-induced down-regulation of the nuclear T3 receptor in mouse preadipocyte cell lines. AB - As previously reported, preadipocytes cloned from the epididymal fat of lean or genetically obese mice (HGFu and ob 17, respectively) contain the nuclear T3 receptor. The number of receptor sites was similar in confluent cells of both lines and approximately doubled during adipocyte differentiation. T3 added to the culture medium increased triacylglycerol synthesis. T3 also increased fatty acid synthase specific activity, relative synthesis rate, and relative mRNA content (1.5- to 2.5-fold). Optimal responses were obtained at 1.5 nM. This study shows that under the same culture conditions in both cell lines, 1.5 nM T3 decreased the receptor concentration with no significant change in the affinity for T3. The receptor depletion was time dependent, rapid, stable in the presence of T3, and reversible in less than 24 h after its withdrawal. Receptor depletion was also dependent on T3 concentration and close to maximum at 1.5 nM T3 [45.1 +/- 2.7% (+/- SE) of the data values without T3; n = 14]. A linear relationship was observed between receptor occupancy by T3 and receptor loss. T4 and triiodothyroacetic acid also decreased the T3 receptor content, as expected from their own affinity for the receptor. These last two observations suggest that the receptor reduction is related to its occupancy by T3. The reported results, also observed in several other cell types, indicate that down-regulation of the nuclear T3 receptor by thyroid hormones is probably a generalized event in T3 target cells at least in vitro. Interpretation of its significance in preadipocyte cell lines requires further studies of rapid nuclear events following T3 receptor occupancy. PMID- 3769874 TI - Evaluation of the effect of agar on the results obtained in the L5178Y mouse lymphoma assay. AB - The L5178Y TK+/- mouse lymphoma assay is widely used in mutagenicity testing. Trifluorothymidine-resistant (TFTr) mutants are quantitated following growth in agar-supplemented cloning medium. In an attempt to evaluate the effect of agar on plating efficiency, we have tested several lots of Difco Noble agar (cat. No. 0142-01-8; normally used in this assay) and compared it with Baltimore Biological Laboratory (BBL) agar (cat No. 11849). We find that BBL agar gives a higher and less variable plating efficiency than any of the Noble lots tested. Colonies plated in BBL agar tend to appear significantly earlier on the plates than those cloned in Noble agar. The absolute mutant number and the induced mutant frequency quantitated from a treated culture is generally higher in BBL compared to Noble agar. To determine if this higher frequency is due to increased mutant recovery rather than "sneak through" of nonmutant cells, we isolated 97 mutants from treated cultures (44 large colonies and 53 small colonies) and 69 mutants from untreated cultures (24 large colonies and 45 small colonies) and tested them for TFT resistance. All but one (a large colony from an untreated culture) were found to be TFTr, indicating that the mutant frequency is due to an increased mutant recovery. The spontaneous mutant frequency was quantitated for 122 untreated cultures. Showing little variation within and between experiments, the spontaneous mutant frequency yielded a mean of 57.7, with a standard deviation of 14.4. Under our laboratory conditions, BBL agar gave reliable results, and we prefer it for use in cloning L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells. PMID- 3769875 TI - Comparison of in vivo and in vitro cytogenetic assay results. AB - In vitro mutagenicity assays have largely replaced whole animal studies for screening compounds for genotoxic potential. While numerous comparisons have been made between the results of these assays and cancer assays in rodents, comparisons between in vitro and in vivo mutagenicity studies where the genetic endpoints are the same have not been published. To this extent, the published literature was reviewed for chemicals that had been tested in both in vitro and in vivo cytogenetic assays. Two hundred sixteen chemicals were identified, and definitive test results were obtained for 181 of them. Results from the two assays agreed on 126 of the compounds and of the 55 compounds for which the results did not agree, 53 were positive in vitro and negative in vivo. The proportion of "false positives" and the significance of the two "false negatives" are discussed. PMID- 3769877 TI - Tying up the loose ends of equine rhabdomyolysis. PMID- 3769876 TI - Mutational specificity of animal cell DNA polymerases. AB - Since DNA polymerases are involved in DNA replication, recombination, and repair, the frequency with which these enzymes commit errors during synthesis is likely to be an important factor in controlling mutation rates in cells. The fidelity of DNA polymerases was originally studied by following misincorporation using synthetic nucleic acid templates containing only one or two bases. Later, by assaying for reversion of an amber codon after copying phi X174 single-stranded DNA molecules, the base substitution accuracy of in vitro DNA synthesis on natural DNA was determined. Most recently, a forward mutation assay has been developed that uses gap-filling synthesis on an M13mp2 DNA template, thus permitting the detection of a variety of different errors during DNA synthesis on natural DNA templates. Detailed mutational spectra for animal cell polymerases alpha, beta, and gamma have been determined and demonstrate that a variety of errors can be generated by these purified enzymes. The frequencies of base mispairs, base additions, and deletion errors by DNA polymerases vary widely and depend on both the DNA sequence and the enzyme used. An understanding of the mechanisms by which DNA polymerases avoid or generate various mutations depends on the definition of the parameters that influence the frequency and specificity of particular errors. Future experiments will combine the use of the methods available to measure fidelity with advances in DNA replication enzymology and should lead to exciting new insights into the mechanisms of spontaneous mutagenesis. PMID- 3769878 TI - The treatment of lameness. PMID- 3769879 TI - Half a century of equine radiography. PMID- 3769880 TI - Interpreting radiographs 7: radiology of the equine shoulder and elbow. PMID- 3769881 TI - Treatment of guttural pouch mycosis. AB - Seventeen cases of guttural pouch mycosis (including two bilaterally affected cases) were diagnosed in a three year period. The presenting signs were, in order of frequency, epistaxis at rest, nasal catarrh, pharyngeal paralysis, ipsilateral laryngeal hemiplegia, swelling of the submandibular/parotid region, extension of the head and neck and dyspnoea. Ligation of the origin of the internal carotid and occipital arteries was attempted in 10 of the cases exhibiting epistaxis. Bilateral ligation was performed on one animal with an untoward sequelae. Where surgery was successfully completed further haemorrhage was prevented in eight out of nine affected pouches (89 per cent). Medical treatment involving local administration of various antifungal preparations via a specially designed catheter and/or the oral administration of benzimidazole drugs was successful in eliminating the mycotic plaque in most cases. Cases which presented with pharyngeal paralysis were all fatal. PMID- 3769882 TI - Changes in serum muscle enzyme levels associated with training schedules and stage of the oestrous cycle in Thoroughbred racehorses. AB - Blood samples were collected twice weekly over a nine month period from 24 Thoroughbred racehorses in training at Newmarket to study the effects of daily training schedules and stage of oestrous cycle on serum enzyme levels and clinical signs of equine exertional myopathy. The sampling period extended from November to July and was performed between 16:00 h and 18:00 h so as to be at least 6 h after exercise. Serum creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase and plasma progestogen concentrations were measured. All horses were subjected to a similar traditional training programme. The study demonstrated marked fluctuations in serum muscle enzyme concentrations which were more pronounced in two-year-old fillies than three-year-old fillies and colts. There was no correlation, however, with the stage of oestrous cycle. It was concluded that some degree of muscle cell damage, which results in a variable increase in serum creatine kinase levels, occurs in all horses following light exercise after a rest day. Traditional flat race training may not be ideal in this respect and it is suggested that, for horses with an observed tendency towards exertional myopathy, more consistent and longer periods of less strenuous exercise may be advantageous. PMID- 3769883 TI - Use of contrast radiography in the investigation of tenosynovitis and bursitis in horses. AB - Contrast radiography, using a 25 per cent solution of sodium diatrizoate, has been used for the investigation of tenosynovitis and bursitis in horses. The procedure was undertaken on a series of 32 clinical cases and on specimens obtained at autopsy. Lesions affecting the extensor tendon sheaths at the carpus, the digital sheath, the tarsal sheath and the bursae at the elbow, hock and fetlock were examined by this means. The results showed the procedure offered the clinician useful information about the nature of the interior of these structures, particularly as regards the presence of adhesions and anastomoses between adjacent sheaths and joint capsules. Together with other clinical and laboratory findings, contrast radiography can assist in assessing the prognosis and in formulating appropriate treatment. PMID- 3769884 TI - Preliminary study of tendon biopsy in the horse. AB - A series of experimental tendon biopsies is described. Three biopsies were taken from the lateral digital extensor tendon (LDET) and three from the superficial flexor tendon (SFT). The LDET biopsies resulted in little discomfort whereas the SFT biopsies led to temporary lameness. The tendons were examined histologically up to 99 days after the biopsies were removed. In all of the tendons the defect filled with granulation tissue which subsequently became organised as a longitudinally orientated collagenous scar tissue. In this small series of biopsies the histological effects of the biopsy persisted longer in the SFT than in the LDET. It is concluded that tendon biopsy cannot be advocated for safe routine use in the horse. PMID- 3769885 TI - Diagnosis and successful treatment of diarrhoea in horses caused by immature small strongyles apparently insusceptible to anthelmintics. PMID- 3769886 TI - An unusual case of osteomyelitis in a horse. PMID- 3769887 TI - Burn-induced neoplasia in two horses. PMID- 3769888 TI - Cardiac failure in a stallion secondary to metastasis of an anaplastic pulmonary carcinoma. PMID- 3769889 TI - Loosely coupled skeletal muscle mitochondria in exertional rhabdomyolysis. PMID- 3769890 TI - A psychophysical study of heaviness for box lifting and lowering. PMID- 3769891 TI - The effects of precueing on vibrotactile reaction times: implications for a guidance device for blind people. PMID- 3769893 TI - Changing the speed of shift rotation: a field study. PMID- 3769892 TI - Electromyographic patterns associated with a carpet installation task. PMID- 3769894 TI - Can the conspicuity of objects be predicted from laboratory experiments? PMID- 3769895 TI - Trunk muscle forces during desk work. PMID- 3769896 TI - Preferred line of sight angle. PMID- 3769897 TI - Haemodynamic and respiratory effects of post-operative doxapram and almitrine in patients following pneumonectomy. AB - Respiratory analeptics have been shown to give important increases in pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary arterial pressure in hypoxaemic respiratory failure patients, but no studies have been carried out in the post-operative recovery period. The aim of this study was to compare the haemodynamic and respiratory effects of doxapram and almitrine infusion given over 1 h in patients who had just undergone pneumonectomy. Two hours after the end of anaesthesia, three groups of randomly selected patients were therefore given 3 mg kg-1 doxapram (n = 10), 1 mg kg-1 almitrine (n = 10) or placebo (n = 10). Measurements were made before and 15, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 min after the beginning of the infusion. There was an immediate 15-20% fall (P less than 0.01) in PaCO2 and a 20% rise in PaO2 (P less than 0.005), identical for both drugs; the variations in the placebo group became significant only after 60 min. Heart rate and cardiac index did not change. Mean arterial pressure did not change with doxapram, but decreased by 20% during the infusion of almitrine (P less than 0.01), remaining low until the 90th min (P less than 0.05). This hypotension was due to a decrease in peripheral arterial resistance (P less than 0.05) and a small decrease in right atrial pressure (P less than 0.05). The mean pulmonary arterial and wedge pressures were increased before starting the infusion, and did not vary significantly. Pulmonary arterial resistance increased with both analeptics but only significantly with the doxapram (P less than 0.05) at 5, 60 and 90 min; however, there was no significant difference between doxapram and almitrine. The post-operative respiratory efficiency of these drugs has been confirmed, there being no difference between almitrine and doxapram. The haemodynamic effects were moderate, especially with almitrine. Both of these drugs, therefore, may be recommended for use after lung surgery. PMID- 3769898 TI - Effect of meptazinol on drug absorption and gastric emptying. AB - The rate of paracetamol absorption after oral administration was used as an indirect estimate of the rate of gastric emptying in 24 patients before minor surgery. Patients who received 10 mg morphine or 100 mg meptazinol i.m. had significantly delayed absorption as shown by a lower peak concentration and a delayed time to peak. The mean AUC at 90 min was 1,590, 642 and 159 micrograms min ml-1 after saline, morphine and meptazinol respectively. Meptazinol delayed paracetamol absorption more than morphine. PMID- 3769899 TI - Cerebral complications following induced hypotension. AB - Over an 8-year period (1977-1984), 1,802 otorhinolaryngological procedures were performed under controlled hypotension. Four patients showed symptoms of cerebral damage post-operatively. One patient had pre-operative unrecognized stenosis of the internal carotid artery, another a hypoplastic vertebral artery. In this female patient, the head had been strongly rotated to the side to expose the surgical field, and the internal jugular vein removed. She died of general ischaemic brain damage on the seventh post-operative day. In the remaining two patients, symptoms of cerebral ischaemia did not occur until the third and eleventh day, respectively, so that the causative role of hypotensive anaesthesia is uncertain. The cases described represent a cerebral morbidity of 4:1,802 (0.22%) and a mortality of 1:1,802 (0.06%). It is concluded that controlled hypotension is a safe technique if the indication is stringently applied, and any risk-bearing factors are carefully excluded. PMID- 3769900 TI - Tidal volume dead space relationship during high frequency. PMID- 3769901 TI - Median frequency of the myoelectric signal. Effects of hand dominance. AB - A study was performed to investigate the existence of any distinction in the fatiguability of corresponding contralateral muscles in the hand as a function of hand dominance. The first dorsal interosseous muscle was studied. The median frequency of the myoelectric signal was employed to describe the fatigue behavior of the muscle. It was found that during sustained contractions the median frequency decreased faster in the non-dominant hand of right handed individuals, whereas, no statistically significant distinction could be found in left handed individuals. This distinction was evident in both male and female subjects. This study demonstrates that continued preferential usage of a muscle is associated with altered electrical properties of the myoelectric signal and that the median frequency of the signal provides an appropriate measure of the modifications. It is argued that the findings may provide an indication of modifications in the metabolic properties of muscle fibers induced by a lifetime of preferred functional use. PMID- 3769902 TI - Leukocyte, lymphocyte and platelet response to dynamic exercise. Duration or intensity effect? AB - The influence of work intensity and duration on the white blood cell (WBC), lymphocyte (L) and platelet (P) count response to exercise was studied in 16 trained subjects (22 +/- 5.4 years, means +/- SD). They performed three cyclo ergospirometric protocols: A) 10 min at 150 W followed by a progressive test (30 W/3 min) till exhaustion; B) constant maximal work (VO2max); C) a 45 min Square Wave Endurance Exercise Test (SWEET), (n = 5). Arterial blood samples were taken: at rest, submaximal and maximal exercise in A; maximal exercise in B; 15th, 30th and 45th min in the SWEET. Lactate, [H+], PaCO2, PaO2, [Hct], Hb, cortisol, ACTH, total platelet volume (TPV), total blood red cell (RBC), WBC, L and P were measured. At 150 W, WBC, L, P, and TPV increased. VO2max did not differ between A and B, but a difference was found in total exercise time (A = 25 +/- 3 min; B = 7 +/- 2 min, p less than 0.001). In A, at VO2max, the increase was very small for Hct, [Hb], and RBC (10%), in contrast with large changes for WBC (+93%), L (+137%), P (+32%), TPV (+35%), [H+] (+39%), lactate (+715%), and ACTH (+95%). At VO2max there were no differences in these variables between A and B. During the SWEET: WBC, L, P, TPV and ACTH increased at the 15th min as much as in VO2max, but no difference was observed between the 15th, 30th and 45th min, except for ACTH which continued to rise; the lactate increase during the SWEET was about half (+341%) the value observed at VO2max, and [H+] did not vary with respect to values at rest.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3769904 TI - Contributions of slow and fast muscles of triceps surae to a cyclic movement. AB - The relative contribution of synergistic muscles has been studied during pedalling on a bicycle. The electromyographic (EMG) activity of the different components of triceps surae (namely soleus or SOL and medial gastrocnemius or MG) has been recorded and analyzed for increasing pedalling speed performed against increasing resistance. The results indicate that SOL IEMG (integrated EMG) increases linearly (y = 2x-12.1; r = 0.98) with increasing load (10-70 N) at constant speed (60 rpm), whereas no change is noted in MG IEMG below 40 N. In contrast, when the pedalling speed is increased (from 30 to 170 rpm) at constant load, MG IEMG shows the largest increase. Furthermore, although in both muscles EMG activity appears earlier in the movement with increases in load and/or speed, the delay between the onset of both EMGs remains unchanged at constant speed and synchronization of MG with SOL is only observed when speed is increased above 140 rpm. These results suggest that the different muscles of the triceps surae make specific contributions to the development of the mechanical tension required to maintain or increase the speed of movement. PMID- 3769903 TI - Mechanical efficiency in rowing. AB - Five university oarsmen participated in a determination of mechanical efficiency when rowing in a tank. In the tank, water was circulated at 3 m X s-1 by a motor driven pump. The subjects rowed with the stepwise incremental loading, in which the intensity increased by 10% of the maximum force of rowing (maxFc) every 2 min. Power (WO) was calculated from the force applied to the oarlock pin (FC) and its angular displacement (theta H). Oxygen uptake and heart rate were measured every 30 s during rowing. Anaerobic threshold (AT) was determined from expired gas variables by Wasserman's method. AT of oarsmen was 74.6 +/- 6.01% as a percentage of VO2max. As the displacement of the handgrip in the stroke was independent of WO, the increment of WO was caused by the increase of both FC and stroke frequency. Gross efficiency without base-line correction (GE) increased with FC with low intensities of rowing. In the region of 124-182 W of WO GE was almost constant at 17.5%. Efficiency was 19.8 +/- 1.4%, with resting metabolism as base-line correction (net efficiency), and 27.5 +/- 2.9% when using the unloaded rowing as the base-line correction (work efficiency), and 22.8 +/- 2.2% when calculating the work rate as the base-line correction (delta efficiency). PMID- 3769905 TI - The effects of high intensity exercise on muscle and plasma levels of alpha ketoisocaproic acid. AB - Alpha-ketoisocaproic acid (KIC) is the product of the transamination of the indispensable amino acid leucine, which is the first step in the complete degradation of leucine. To determine the effects of intense exercise on muscle and blood levels of KIC, 7 male volunteers performed cycle exercise to exhaustion. After pedaling at an intensity of 90 W for 3 min, the load was increased by 60 W every 3 min until volitional fatigue. Muscle biopsies were obtained prior to and immediately after exercise and rapidly frozen for later determination of KIC. During exercise, blood lactate levels increased as expected, while plasma KIC levels did not change. Following exercise, plasma KIC levels rose significantly with peak values occurring 15 min after exercise and did not return to pre-exercise values until 60 min after exercise. In contrast, muscle KIC levels increased during exercise from a pre-exercise mean of 49.4 +/- 4.1 mumol X kg-1 wet wt to 78.1 +/- 6.5 mumol X kg-1 after exercise, an average increase of 48% (P less than 0.05). These data indicate that during intense exercise, leucine transamination in muscle may continue at a faster rate than the decarboxylation of KIC. In addition, plasma levels of KIC did not reflect the intracellular accumulation of KIC during exercise, suggesting a delay in the diffusion of KIC from muscle. PMID- 3769906 TI - Responses in muscle sympathetic nerve activity to sustained hand-grips of different tensions in humans. AB - To clarify whether sympathetic nerve activity increases in relation to the tension of a sustained muscle contraction, muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSA) was recorded directly from the peroneal nerve fascicle at the popliteal fossa by means of tungsten microelectrodes in five healthy male subjects. A sustained muscle contraction was performed by handgrip for two minutes in a supine position at tensions of 10, 30 and 45% of maximal grip strength (MGS). MSA, electrocardiogram (ECG) using bipolar electrodes from the chest and surface electromyogram (EMG) from the extensor pollicis longus were recorded simultaneously before and during the sustained handgrip. Arterial blood pressure was measured at the resting upper arm by auscultation. During handgrip with tensions of 10, 30 and 45% MGS, average MSA burst rate (bursts X min-1) increased to 122, 152 and 230% of the resting value, respectively. During the same experimental procedures with tensions of 10, 30 and 45% MGS, average heart rate increased to 105, 110 and 111% of the resting value. These results confirm that sympathetic outflow to a resting muscle is increased with elevation of tension in an active muscle. This process would promote perfusion pressure in the active muscle. PMID- 3769907 TI - Validation of two running tests as estimates of maximal aerobic power in children. AB - In order to validate the "Maximal Multistage 20 Meter Shuttle Run Test" by Leger and Lambert (1982) (20-MST) as an estimate of maximal aerobic power (VO2max) and to compare the results of this test with the results of a 6 min endurance run, 82 subjects (41 boys and 41 girls) aged 12-14 performed the 20-MST and the 6 min endurance run, and had their VO2max directly measured during maximal treadmill running. The 20-MST is a maximal running test starting at a running speed of 8.0 km X h-1, which is increased every minute and in which the pace is set by an audio signal. Performing the test, one runs a 20-meter course back and forth. The test result is expressed as "palier" (one palier is approximately one minute). The mean results of the 20-MST were, for boys, 8.0 palier (+/- 1.7) and for girls, 6.4 palier (+/- 1.5). The mean results of the 6 min endurance run were for boys, 1264.4 meters (+/- 160.8), and for girls, 1103.9 meters (+/- 144.7). The mean VO2max for boys was 53.2 ml X kg-1 X min-1 (+/- 5.4) and for girls, 44.1 (+/ 4.8) ml X kg-1 X min-1. The correlation coefficient between VO2max and the 20 MST was found to be 0.68 (+/- 3.9) for boys, 0.69 (+/- 3.4) for girls and 0.76 (+/- 4.4) for both sexes, and that of VO2max with the 6 min endurance run was 0.51 (+/- 4.6) for boys, 0.45 (+/- 4.3) for girls and 0.63 (+/- 5.3) for both sexes. The conclusion is that the 20-MST is a suitable tool for the evaluation of maximal aerobic power. Although the differences in validity between the 20-MST and the 6 minutes endurance run were statistically not significant (p greater than 0.05), for reasons of practicability the 20-MST should be preferred to the 6 minutes endurance run when used in physical education classes. PMID- 3769908 TI - Behavioural temperature regulation during a motor-toboggan traverse in Antarctica. AB - Ten men, members of the International Biomedical Expedition to the Antarctic (IBEA), regularly recorded their thermal comfort, clothing, and activity for 60 days while travelling by motor toboggan and living in tents on the Antarctic plateau. Air temperature averaged -14 degrees C (range +2 degrees to -29 degrees C) and wind speed 11 m s-1 (range 0 to 22 m s-1); on half the days there was wind blown ("drift") snow. Almost 2,000 sets of observations, evenly distributed throughout the 12 h sampling period 0700 h to 1900 h, were made. Daily (24 h) energy expenditure averaged 14.6 MJ on travelling days, 12.7 MJ on days when men worked in camp, and 13.3 MJ for the whole traverse. Men were outdoors for 7.6 h of the 12 h sampling period on travel days and for 3.6 h on camp days. Bulky down filled clothing, typical of that used by present-day polar expeditions, adequately protected the trunk from cold at the cost of overheating during exercise. Face, hands, and feet were less well protected, and they experienced cold-induced numbness and pain in 33%, 19%, and 12%, respectively, of the observations made in the coldest weather. Because men could not conveniently reduce clothing insulation to the extent required, sweating and discomfort from warmth increased with energy expenditure and were present in 60% of the observations made during heavy work. The results suggest that there is a need for improvements in clothing design which will permit a more complete adjustment to changes in activity. The residual cold stress might possibly have been enough to induce cold acclimatization, although the accompanying heat stress was probably insufficient to induce acclimatization to heat. PMID- 3769909 TI - The physical characteristics of the members during the International Biomedical Expedition to the Antarctic. AB - Twelve male medical scientists formed the International Biomedical Expedition to the Antarctic (IBEA). Their physical characteristics and maximum oxygen uptakes (VO2max) were measured in association with three series of thermal tolerance tests in Sydney, twice before and once after going to the Antarctic. In the Antarctic they lived in tents and spent 15 days travelling by motor toboggan. Their body mass (BM) and skinfold thickness (SFT) were measured four times during the 69 days the expedition spent in the field. The characteristics of the group were (ranges): age 26-52 years, height 1680-1889 mm, BM 58.5-103.4 kg, fatness 16 34% BM and VO2max 33-49 ml X kg-1 X min-1. In the Antarctic 9 men lost between 0.7 and 5.5 kg (mean 2.7 kg) of BM with a decrease in SFT, whilst 2 men increased BM by 1.2 and 1.9 kg without change in SFT. One man retired early from the expedition. BM and SFT were regained and physical fitness lost during the return voyage to Australia. Consequently there was no difference in average SFT between the pre- and post-Antarctic laboratory tests, but BM was greater after the Antarctic implying gains in fat free mass. VO2max was lower in the final laboratory tests than in the tests before Antarctica. PMID- 3769910 TI - The entrainment of ventilation frequency to exercise rhythm. AB - To investigate whether ventilation frequency could be entrained to a sub-harmonic of the exercise rhythm, 19 experimentally naive male volunteers were tested during steady state bicycle ergometry and arm cranking under conditions of constant applied workload. Each exercise was performed at two separate ventilatory loads, one within the linear range and the other in the curvilinear range of ventilatory response to exercise. A preferred exercise rhythm was initially adopted (4 min.) followed by forced incremented and decremented rhythm changes each lasting 3 min during a 12 min exercise period. Ventilation, pedal pulse train and heart rate were sampled at 17 Hz on a PDP 11/23 computer. Ratios of limb frequency to dominant respiratory frequency were determined following Fourier analysis of these signals. Data that lay within +/- 0.05 of an integer and half-integer ratio were accepted as indices of entrainment, provided that the observed entrained scores were statistically significant. Ventilation frequency showed a clear, but intermittent tendency to entrain with limb frequency. This tendency was greater during bicycle ergometry, possibly as a consequence of task familiarisation, although both exercise entrainments were independent of workload. No difference between preferred versus varied exercise rhythm was evident, but more entrainment (p less than 0.01) was observed during a decremental change in exercise rhythm. These responses do not appear to support an appreciable role for limb-based afferents in the control of entrainment. The results of this study provide evidence that exercise rhythm has some regulatory role in the control of breathing during moderate rhythmical laboratory-based exercise ergometry. PMID- 3769911 TI - Changes in the muscle fibre extracellular action potentials in long-lasting (fatiguing) activity. AB - The dependence of extracellular action potentials (ECAPs) of single frog muscle fibres on intracellular action potentials (ICAPs) was studied during long-lasting (fatiguing) activity. The conduction velocity, peak-to-peak amplitude and amplitudes of the separate phases of the first and second ICAP time derivatives decreased during long-lasting activity. The phases of the first and second ICAP space derivatives also decreased in amplitude and lengthened. ECAPs near the membrane were similar in shape and proportional in amplitude to (formula; see text) when recording at a distance from both the end of the fibre and the point of stimulation. At long radial distances, the amplitudes of the separate ECAP phases depended on the amplitude and length of the corresponding phases of (formula; see text). Thus the decrease in ECAP amplitude during long-lasting activity at long radial distances was less than at points close to the muscle fibre membrane. The consequences of these findings for the changes in electromyograms recorded by needle or superficial electrodes during long-lasting (fatiguing) activity are discussed. PMID- 3769912 TI - Force-, EMG-, and elasticity-velocity relationships at submaximal, maximal and supramaximal running speeds in sprinters. AB - The relationships between ground reaction forces, electromyographic activity (EMG), elasticity and running velocity were investigated at five speeds from submaximal to supramaximal levels in 11 male and 8 female sprinters. Supramaximal running was performed by a towing system. Reaction forces were measured on a force platform. EMGs were recorded telemetrically with surface electrodes from the vastus lateralis and gastrocnemius muscles, and elasticity of the contact leg was evaluated with spring constant values measured by film analysis. Data showed increases in most of the parameters studied with increasing running speed. At supramaximal velocity (10.36 +/- 0.31 m X s-1; 108.4 +/- 3.8%) the relative increase in running velocity correlated significantly (P less than 0.01) with the relative increase in stride rate of all subjects. In male subjects the relative change in stride rate correlated with the relative change of IEMG in the eccentric phase (P less than 0.05) between maximal and supramaximal runs. Running with the towing system caused a decrease in elasticity during the impact phase but this was significant (P less than 0.05) only in the female sprinters. The average net resultant force in the eccentric and concentric phases correlated significantly (P less than 0.05-0.001) with running velocity and stride length in the maximal run. It is concluded that increased neural activation in supramaximal effort positively affects stride rate and that average net resultant force as a specific force indicator is primarily related to stride length and that the values in this indicator may explain the difference in running velocity between men and women. PMID- 3769913 TI - Positive work as a function of eccentric load in maximal leg extension movements. AB - Negative and positive work performed during leg extension movements of 53 well trained subjects was measured with the help of a special dynamometer. The subjects performed four maximal push off trials against five different loads (25 105 kg): two two-legged extensions from a squatting position (SM) with a knee angle of 70 degrees and two trials with a preliminary counter movement (CM) but with the same extension range as in the SM. Positive work differed only by about 4% between CM and SM in spite of large differences in initial forces at the onset of concentric contraction. Based on simulations, it is suggested that in CM the advantage of stored elastic energy can almost completely be nullified by the disadvantage of a limited shortening distance of the contractile elements. It is hypothesised that elastic energy in CM can only cause considerable extra work during concentric contraction compared to the maximal positive work done in SM if the total range of lengthening and shortening of the muscle(s) involved is larger in CM than in SM. PMID- 3769914 TI - Stereoselective effects in the interactions of pterin cofactors with rat-liver phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase. AB - The (6R) and (6S) epimers of l-erythro-tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) and some of its structural analogs, were tested as cofactors and non-covalent effectors in the phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase (phenylalanine hydroxylase, EC 1.14.16.1) reaction. The oxidation-reduction potentials (Em,7) of the free (not enzyme-bound) form of the (6R) and (6S) epimers were rather similar (range 174-184 mV) for the oxidation of tetrahydropterins to quinonoid dihydropterins. Rapid-mixing kinetic experiments were performed at 20 degrees C under conditions which allow only a few turnover reactions of the enzyme. Three main oxidation products were identified spectroscopically at pH 6.8 for all three tetrahydropterins tested: the C(4a)-hydroxy derivatives, the quinonoid dihydropterins, and the stable 7,8 dihydropterins (in that sequence). The formation of the C(4a)-hydroxy forms closely paralleled that of tyrosine, and supports the proposal that this covalent adduct is formed as an immediate product on completion of the catalytic cycle. Assay of the initial rate of C(4a)-hydroxy derivative formation represents a new approach in kinetic studies of this enzyme, and the kinetic parameters obtained for the phenylalanine-activated enzyme are presented. The affinity of binding of (6R)-BH4 and (6S)-BH4 to phenylalanine hydroxylase was also estimated on the basis of their quenching of the intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence of the enzyme. The apparent affinities were found to correspond well to the Km values estimated in kinetic studies of the hydroxylation reaction with the phenylalanine activated enzyme, i.e. higher for (6R)-BH4 than for (6S)-BH4. The lower V value observed for the native enzyme with the (6R) epimer in steady-state kinetics is explained by its higher potency as a negative effector, since the oxidation-reduction potentials of the two diastereomers were similar. Dihydrobiopterin (BH2) was found to inhibit the hydroxylation reaction and quenched the intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence of the enzyme with the same concentration dependence as that observed with (6S)-BH4. PMID- 3769915 TI - tRNA (adenine-N1)-methyltransferase from Dictyostelium discoideum. Purification, characterization and developmental changes in activity. AB - An enzyme activity transferring methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine to endogenous tRNA was detected in the cytosol of aggregative Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae. This enzyme was purified more than 1000-fold and was characterized as a tRNA (adenine-N1-)-methyltransferase. Kinetic analysis yielded a K0.5 for S-adenosylmethionine of 0.27 microM and competitive inhibition by S adenosylhomocysteine showed an I0.5 of 0.26 microM. The tRNA methyltransferase activity was stimulated by monovalent cations and the pH optimum was 7.3. tRNAs isolated from D. discoideum as well as from other eucaryotic sources could be methylated only to a minor extent. In contrast, Escherichia coli tRNA accepted up to 0.6 mol methyl group/mol tRNA, suggesting that the target nucleotide is unmethylated in procaryotic tRNA, but is commonly methylated in tRNAs from eucaryotic organisms. The activity of the methyltransferase increased 4-6-fold during cell differentiation from the vegetative to the aggregative stage. PMID- 3769916 TI - Studies on the reaction mechanism of general acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. Determination of selective isotope effects in the dehydrogenation of butyryl-CoA. AB - The kinetic properties of general acyl-CoA dehydrogenase from pig kidney have been investigated using normal butyryl-CoA as well as an alpha-deutero, beta deutero- and perdeutero-butyryl-CoA. In turnover catalysis, isotope effects of 2, 3.6, and 9 were found respectively. In the reductive half reaction the isotope effects were 2.5, 14, and 28 for the same substrates, and 21 for (2R,3R)-(2,3 D2)butyryl-CoA. No intermediates are apparent during the reduction of oxidized enzyme to the presumed complex of reduced enzyme and crotonyl-CoA. The results are interpreted as indicating a high degree of concertedness during the rupture of the alpha and beta C-H bonds. They are compatible with a mechanism in which simultaneously the alpha-hydrogen is abstracted as a proton, while the beta hydrogen is transferred to the oxidized flavin as a hydride. PMID- 3769917 TI - Porcine submaxillary mucin contains alpha 2----3- and alpha 2----6-linked N acetyl- and N-glycolylneuraminic acid. AB - Four acidic trisaccharides have been obtained by alkaline borohydride reductive cleavage (beta-elimination) of a fraction of porcine submaxillary mucin precipitating at 60-75% ethanol. Their structures have been investigated using the techniques of methylation analysis involving gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry along with high-resolution 1H-NMR analysis. Two of the four oligosaccharides, B1-B4, contain N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) while two contain N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc). The following structures are proposed for the acidic trisaccharide fraction: (B1) NeuAc alpha(2----3)Gal beta(1--- 3)GalNAcol, (B2) NeuGc alpha(2----3)Gal beta(1----3)GalNAcol, (B3) Gal beta(1--- 3)[NeuAc alpha(2----6)]GalNAcol and (B4) Gal beta(1----3)[NeuGc alpha(2--- 6)]GalNAcol, (GalNAcol = reduced N-acetylgalactosamine. These oligosaccharides were present in a molar ratio of 69:22:4:5. Although oligosaccharide B4 has previously been found in porcine submaxillary mucin B1, B2 and B3 have not. Furthermore, oligosaccharide B2 is a novel structure. PMID- 3769918 TI - The effect of citrate/cis-aconitate on oxidative metabolism during transformation of Trypanosoma brucei. AB - Monomorphic bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei, grown in the mammal, are deficient in aconitase and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase and they do not respire in the presence of the substrates citrate, cis-aconitate, succinate, proline or 2 oxoglutarate. When grown in vitro low levels of aconitase, succinate oxidase and proline oxidase are detected. Addition of citrate/cis-aconitate at 37 degrees C to bloodstream forms leads to the formation of aconitase and proline oxidase. Most cells undergo an 'abortive' transformation to non-dividing procyclic-like cells while some cells adapt to the presence of the citric acid cycle intermediates and continue to multiply as bloodstream forms. At 27 degrees C and in the presence of citrate/cis-aconitate bloodstream forms transform synchronously to dividing procyclic cells. Within 72 h the rate of respiration with proline, succinate and 2-oxoglutarate becomes similar to that in established procyclic cells while the rate of glucose oxidation decreases. The possible role of citric acid cycle intermediates in determining whether a trypanosome will retain the properties of a bloodstream trypomastigote or differentiate to a procyclic trypomastigote is discussed. PMID- 3769919 TI - Some aspects of the phosphorylation of alpha-crystallin A. AB - The cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of alpha-crystallin was investigated. The major products of in vitro phosphorylation of total bovine lens homogenate are the alpha A1 and alpha B1 polypeptides, but in addition a minor labeled spot is present which might correspond with a double phosphorylated alpha B chain. It is demonstrated that the A1 and B1 subunits of alpha-crystallin from bovine eye lenses are solely the result of phosphorylation of the primary gene products alpha A2 and alpha B2, respectively, as judged from the stoichiometry of the phosphate content of these polypeptides. Both the in vitro and in vivo phosphorylation sites of the A chain of bovine alpha-crystallin were determined and found to be the same. After in vitro incubation the majority of the 32P label was found in the tryptic peptides T17a and T16-17a, the latter being the result of incomplete tryptic cleavage between T16 and T17a. The in vivo phosphorylation site is also located in T17a, as could be concluded from the retention times on reversed-phase HPLC of T16-17a and T17a from alpha A1 as compared to those from alpha A2, and from the differences in their mobilities on high-voltage paper electrophoresis at pH 6.5. Furthermore, both T17a and T16-17a of alpha A1 contain approximately 1 mol phosphate/mol peptide. Thermolytic digestion of T16-17a of both alpha A2 and alpha A1, followed by separation on RP-HPLC, demonstrated that Ser-122 is the phosphorylation site of the A chain of bovine lens alpha crystallin. The replacement of this phosphorylation site or the lack of basic amino acids at the N-terminal side of Ser-122 in some vertebrate species apparently results in the absence of phosphorylation of alpha-crystallin A both in vitro and in vivo. PMID- 3769920 TI - Ganglioside biosynthesis in rat liver. Characterization of three sialyltransferases. AB - Three sialyltransferase activities involved in ganglioside biosynthesis were studied in Golgi-enriched preparations of rat liver: the formation of GM3, GD3 and GD1a. The conditions for the quantitative assays of these enzymatic reactions were standardized and optimized, with Triton X-100 being used as detergent. The apparent Km values of each sialyltransferase for N-acetyl-2-(5' cytidylyl)neuraminic acid (1.5 mM with GM3 synthase, 0.2 mM with GD3 synthase, and 0.5 mM with GD1a synthase) and the respective glycolipid substrates (0.08 mM for lactosylceramide, 0.1 mM for GM3, and 0.5 mM for GM1) were determined. Competition experiments showed that the three sialyltransferase activities are three individual catalytic entities. Moreover, evidence was found that product inhibition may play a role in the regulation of the activity of sialyltransferases. PMID- 3769921 TI - Isolation of a dipeptidyl aminopeptidase, a putative processing enzyme, from skin secretion of Xenopus laevis. AB - A dipeptidyl aminopeptidase has been purified to apparent homogeneity from skin secretion of Xenopus laevis. This enzyme is a glycoprotein with a molecular mass of about 98 kDa. It hydrolyzes a variety of dipeptidyl-p-nitroanilides and oligopeptides containing proline, alanine or glycine as the second amino acid and is inhibited by diisopropylfluorophosphate. The pH optimum was found to be around 8, while at pH 6, substrates were cleaved at about one-third of the maximal rate. This dipeptidyl aminopeptidase has the specificity required for the cleavage of amino-terminal extensions preceding the sequence of caerulein and xenopsin in their respective precursors. PMID- 3769922 TI - Selective preparation and characterization of membranous and soluble forms of alkaline phosphatase from rat tissues. A comparison with the serum enzyme. AB - We developed a method for selective preparation of two forms of alkaline phosphatase from rat tissues. The enzyme was extracted by n-butanol treatment at pH 5.5 and pH 8.5 as soluble and aggregated (membranous) forms, respectively. The soluble form prepared from liver was found to be identical with the serum enzyme. Complete solubilization of the membrane-bound enzyme without detergents had a great advantage in its purification. Rat hepatoma AH-130 cells enriched in alkaline phosphatase were first used for purification of the liver-type enzyme. The hepatoma enzyme, purified by chromatographies on concanavalin-A-Sepharose, Sephacryl S-300 and hydroxyapatite was used for production of antibodies specific for the liver-type isozyme. An immunoaffinity column, prepared with anti (hepatoma-enzyme) IgG was utilized for the enzyme purification from other tissues including the membranous form. Analyses of amino acid composition of the purified enzymes revealed that all the liver-type enzymes from hepatoma, liver, kidney and serum had the same composition, whereas the intestinal type consisted of the composition distinctly different from that in the liver type. In addition, there was no significant difference in amino acid composition between the soluble and membranous forms, suggesting a possible involvement in the membranous form of a hydrophobic component other than its polypeptide domain. The present method for selective preparation of the soluble and membranous forms of alkaline phosphatase will be useful for a further investigation on the interaction of the enzyme with membranes. PMID- 3769923 TI - Epidermin: sequencing of a heterodetic tetracyclic 21-peptide amide antibiotic. AB - Epidermin is a large peptide antibiotic, which is synthesized in the ribosome via a precursor protein, followed by enzymatic modifications. It was isolated from the culture filtrate of Staphylococcus epidermidis Tu 3298 by adsorption on Amberlite XAD-8. The basic heneicosapeptide amide was chromatographed on Sephadex LH-20 and purified to homogeneity via multiplicative counter-current distributions in one acidic and one neutral system. Tryptic digestion gave the soluble N-terminal fragment epidermin-(1-13)-peptide (P1) and the insoluble C terminal fragment 2-oxobutyryl-epidermin-(15-21)-peptide amide (P2), each possessing two sulfide ring systems. The heterodetic rings consisted of meso lanthionine and (2S,3S, 6R)-3-methyllanthionine (P1), meso-lanthionine and C terminally the new amino acid S-(2-aminovinyl)-D-cysteine (P2). The complex sequence was elucidated via a combination of desulfurization with Raney nickel, enzymatic and acidolytic degradations, gas-phase sequencing, fast-atom bombardment and field-desorption mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. PMID- 3769924 TI - Association of messenger RNA with the cytoskeletal framework in rat L6 myogenic cells. AB - The distribution of mRNA between the detergent-soluble and insoluble (cytoskeleton) fractions in rat L6 myoblast and myotube cells was examined. Approximately 85% of cytoplasmic mRNA in both myoblasts and myotubes was found associated with the cytoskeletal framework. The cytoskeleton-bound mRNA was present as polysomes. In contrast, the mRNA of the detergent-soluble fraction was not associated with ribosomes and was thus considered to be the repressed population. The association of mRNA with the cytoskeletal framework was not affected by treatments leading to dissociation of polysomes. Differential distribution of mRNA between the soluble and cytoskeleton-bound fractions was analyzed by in vitro translation. The mRNAs coding for polypeptides of molecular masses 40 kDa and 60 kDa were preferentially enriched in the soluble fraction. The nature of binding between mRNA and the cytoskeletal framework was examined following in vivo cross-linking of RNA and protein by irradiating muscle cells with ultraviolet light. It was observed that this treatment covalently linked RNA and the neighbouring protein moieties without any detectable damage to the cytoskeletal framework, as measured by the distribution of RNAs and proteins between the cytoskeleton and soluble fractions. Analysis of the polypeptide moieties cross-linked to the mRNA have shown that a large number of polypeptides of molecular masses between 15-220 kDa were associated with both cytoskeleton bound and soluble mRNAs. The polypeptide moieties of these mRNA-protein complexes were not only similar in the cytoskeleton and soluble mRNA-protein complexes but also were similar between myoblasts and myotubes. However, one polypeptide of 165 kDa was preferentially associated with the cytoskeleton-bound mRNA-protein complexes. Interestingly this 165-kDa polypeptide was also preferentially enriched in the total proteins from the cytoskeleton fraction. This result suggests a possible role of the 165-kDa polypeptide in association between mRNA and the cytoskeletal framework. To examine the mechanism of interaction between mRNA and the cytoskeletal framework we have reported here a ghost monolayer transcription system from myotubes. This transcription system was able to synthesize rRNA and mRNA. The mRNA transcribed in vitro was preferentially associated with the cytoskeleton structure present in the ghost monolayer system. PMID- 3769925 TI - Effects of the S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitors 3-deazaadenosine and 3 deazaaristeromycin on RNA methylation and synthesis. AB - The effects of 3-deazaaristeromycin and 3-deazaadenosine on RNA methylation and synthesis were examined in the mouse macrophage cell line, RAW264. S Adenosylhomocysteine accumulated in cells incubated with 3-deazaaristeromycin while S-3-deazaadenosylhomocysteine was the major product in cells incubated with 3-deazaadenosine and homocysteine thiolactone. RNA methylation was inhibited to a similar extent by the accumulation of either S-adenosylhomocysteine or S-3 deazaadenosylhomocysteine, with S-adenosylhomocysteine being a slightly better inhibitor. In mRNA, the synthesis of N6-methyladenosine and N6-methyl-2'-O methyladenosine were inhibited to the greatest extent, while the synthesis of 7 methylguanosine and 2'-O-methyl nucleosides were inhibited to a lesser extent. Incubation of cells with 100 microM 3-deazaaristeromycin or with 10 microM 3 deazaadenosine and 50 microM homocysteine thiolactone produced little inhibition of mRNA synthesis, even though mRNA methylation was inhibited. In contrast, mRNA synthesis was greatly inhibited by treatment of cells with 100 microM 3 deazaadenosine and the inhibition of synthesis was not correlated with an inhibition of methylation. PMID- 3769926 TI - Structure and expression of the chicken epidermal growth factor receptor gene locus. AB - Similarity between the carboxyl-terminal portion of the human epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor and the deduced protein sequence of the chicken-derived oncogene v-erbB, of avian erythroblastosis virus strain H, has suggested that the chicken cellular erbB locus, c-erbB, might be part of a longer EGF-receptor gene in the chicken, whose entire coding capacity remained to be defined. The c-erbB locus spans more than 20 X 10(3) base pairs (20 kbp) of DNA and contains at least 1.8 kbp homologous to the v-erbB oncogene. We show here that human EGF receptor cDNA and chicken genomic DNA share homology not only within the c-erbB locus but also within a 25.1-kbp DNA region situated 5' to this locus. The 3' region of the EGF receptor overlaps, in sequence homology, the c-erbB locus. The EGF receptor/c erbB locus in chicken generates six related but distinctly different mRNAs of sizes 12, 9, 5, 3.6, 3.2 and 2.6 kb. The transcripts of 12, 9, and 3.6 kb contain sequences coding for both the extracellular EGF-binding domain of the receptor and the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain. The 12-kb and 9-kb transcripts, which have already been shown to contain the sequences coding for the v-erbB, were found to possess, in addition, sequences that encode the entire chicken EGF receptor. The 3.2-kb and 2.6-kb mRNAs are homologous only to the 5' portion of the EGF receptor gene. These results therefore indicate that the c-erbB locus, initially defined by homology to the viral transforming gene, corresponds to the 3' region of the EGF receptor gene in the chicken genome. The multiple, related, chicken EGF receptor RNA transcripts reported here are reminiscent of the various human EGF receptor RNA transcripts observed in normal and transformed cells. PMID- 3769927 TI - Biosynthesis of antifreeze polypeptides in the winter flounder. Characterization and seasonal occurrence of precursor polypeptides. AB - The precursor proteins for winter flounder antifreeze polypeptide (AFP) were isolated from liver using gel filtration chromatography and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Two major pro-antifreezes (Mr 5000), corresponding to the precursors for AFP-6 and AFP-8, were characterized by amino acid analyses and automated Edman degradation. These precursors showed significant antifreeze activity. The pro-antifreezes were synthesized in the liver seasonally as demonstrated by immunoblotting and in vitro liver incorporation studies. No mature AFP were detected in liver, thus indicating that the processing of pro-antifreezes, including amidation of the C-termini, occurred mainly in the serum. The function(s) of the prosequences, if any, remain unclear. PMID- 3769928 TI - Relevance of the lariat model to the splicing of the H-2 gene family. AB - We examined the splicing of the H-2 gene family, taking the H-2Kd as a prototype, in the framework of the lariat model. We mainly investigated the mechanism described by Konarska et al. [Nature (Lond.) 313, 552-557 (1985)] who propose a direct interaction between the 5' splicing site and the branching region. We also checked each of the H-2 introns for the presence of patterns resembling the published consensus for the branching region. The known splicing events in the H 2 gene family are not always consistent with the current models, and our results indicate that slightly different mechanisms govern the splicing of different introns. A tentative explanation of the alternative splicing of the first and last intron, previously described, is given. The removal of the large third intron is not easily rationalized unless new rules for an additional multistep processing are postulated. PMID- 3769929 TI - Control of ribosome biosynthesis in plant cell cultures under heat-shock conditions. Ribosomal RNA. AB - The immediate block of ribosome biosynthesis in heat-shocked tomato cell cultures is primarily caused by the complete inhibition of pre-rRNP processing. Depending on the heat-shock conditions synthesis of pre-rRNP goes on, though at a reduced level. Synthesis and/or preservation of pre-rRNP during heat shock as well as its efficient processing in the recovery period are thoroughly improved by preconditioning of cells to the hyperthermic treatment. Such preinduced cultures are characterized by their content of preformed heat-shock proteins, whose dominant representative (hsp 70) becomes highly enriched in the characteristic granular rRNP material observed in nucleoli of heat-shocked cells. This is shown by immune fluorescence staining and microautoradiography. PMID- 3769930 TI - Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone encoding Scylliorhinus caniculus protamine Z2. AB - A cDNA library was constructed from a protamine-enriched fraction of dogfish (Scylliorhinus caniculus) mRNA. The nucleotide sequence of a 440-bp insert was determined, and its produced protein sequence confirmed its identification as a cysteine-rich protamine Z2 [Martinage, A., Gusse, M., Belaiche, D., Sautiere, P. and Chevaillier, P. (1985) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 831, 172-178]. The frequency of utilization of the different triplets coding for arginine, which represents 30 70% of the total amino acid residues for trout, mouse and dogfish protamines, is discussed. An alternative repetitive sequence of CGC-AGG was found in the N terminus of the protein. Analysis of the 3' flanking region after the mRNA terminating TAA codon identified an inverted repeat sequence and an ACCA sequence, which may be possible vestiges of a histone-like termination signal. PMID- 3769931 TI - Purification and properties of tauropine dehydrogenase from the shell adductor muscle of the ormer, Haliotis lamellosa. AB - Tauropine dehydrogenase (tauropine:NAD oxidoreductase) was purified from the shell adductor muscle of the ormer, Haliotis lamellosa. The enzyme was found to utilize stoichiometrically NADH as co-enzyme and pyruvate and taurine as substrates producing tauropine [rhodoic acid; N-(D-1-carboxyethyl)-taurine]. The enzyme was purified to a specific activity of 463 units/mg protein using a combination of ammonium sulphate fractionation, ion-exchange and affinity chromatography. The relative molecular mass was 38,000 +/- 1000 when assessed by gel filtration on Ultrogel AcA 54 and 42,000 +/- 150 by electrophoresis on 5-10% polyacrylamide gels in the presence of 1% sodium dodecyl sulphate; the data suggest a monomeric structure. Tauropine and pyruvate were found to be the preferred substrates. Among the amino acids tested for activity with the enzyme, only alanine is used as an alternative substrate, but with a rate less than 6% of the enzyme activity with taurine. Of the oxo acids tested, 2-oxobutyrate and 2 oxovalerate were also found to be substrates. Apparent Km values for the substrates NADH, pyruvate and taurine are 0.022 +/- 0.003 mM, 0.64 +/- 0.07 mM and 64.7 +/- 5.4 mM, respectively, at pH 7.0 and for the products, NAD+ and tauropine, are 0.29 +/- 0.01 mM and 9.04 +/- 1.27 mM, respectively, at pH 8.3. Apparent Km values for both pyruvate and taurine decrease with increasing co substrate (taurine or pyruvate) concentration. NAD+ and tauropine were found to be product inhibitors of the forward reaction. NAD+ was a competitive inhibitor of NADH, whereas tauropine gave a mixed type of inhibition with respect to pyruvate and taurine. Succinate was found to inhibit non-competitively with respect to taurine and pyruvate with an apparent Ki value in the physiological range of this anaerobic end product. The inhibition by L-lactate, not an end product in the ormer, was competitive with respect to pyruvate. The physiological role or tauropine dehydrogenase during anaerobiosis is discussed. PMID- 3769932 TI - Catalysis by hog-kidney aminoacylase does not involve a covalent intermediate. AB - Hog kidney aminoacylase (N-acylamino acid amidohydrolase; acylase I) is shown to catalyze the exchange of acetate oxygens with water at a significant rate only when alanine is present simultaneously. These studies, conducted using the 18O isotope induced shift on 13C-NMR spectra, provide evidence in favor of a linear kinetic mechanism as opposed to a 'ping-pong' double-displacement mechanism. At pH values above neutrality, aminoacylase I also catalyzes the exchange of alanine oxygens with those of water. Ionic strength and pH effects on the kinetics of aminoacylase I are examined and the results are interpreted in terms of a model of the enzyme active site. PMID- 3769933 TI - Rat liver nuclear protein kinases NI and NII. Purification, subunit composition, substrate specificity, possible levels of regulation. AB - Rat liver nuclear protein kinases NI and NII have been purified to homogeneity by an improved method. This method includes a casein-phosvitin-Sepharose column step, which separates the enzymes from the other chromosomal non-histone proteins, and a gel filtration at high ionic strength in the presence of a high concentration of protease inhibitors to separate the two enzymes from each other. NI has an apparent molecular mass of approximately 50 kDa and is composed of a single subunit. NII has an apparent molecular mass of 133 kDa and is composed of two subunits of identical molecular mass. The V and the Km of the two enzymes were determined for several substrates. Both enzymes phosphorylate chromosomal non-histone proteins with partly different specificities as shown by two dimensional electrophoreses. When incubated in the absence of protease inhibitors, the enzymes were degraded into discrete polypeptides. Autophosphorylation of a polypeptide derived from NII was observed after incubation of the enzyme with ATP. This phosphorylation stimulated the enzyme activity. Several chromosomal proteins coeluted with NII from the casein phosvitin-Sepharose column. They remained associated with the enzyme in sucrose gradients, during gel filtration performed at physiological ionic strength, and are dissociated at high ionic strength. These proteins were highly phosphorylated when the protein-NII complex was incubated with ATP. PMID- 3769934 TI - Simple-kinetic descriptions of alcohol dehydrogenase after immobilization on tresyl-chloride-activated agarose. AB - Yeast alcohol dehydrogenase was successfully immobilized on tresyl-chloride activated agarose; the optimized conditions allowed an enzyme activity recovery of over 90%. Comparison of free and immobilized enzyme properties showed an unchanged intrinsic activation energy of the reaction and a shift of optimum activity to a higher pH medium after immobilization. Comparison of the kinetic parameters for both substrates of the reaction showed that the Michaelis-Menten model could not take into consideration all the constraints induced by the immobilization on the enzyme properties but that the Theorell-Chance model was more appropriate. These results are discussed taking into consideration the factors affecting the immobilized enzyme. Finally, we discuss the possibilities of cofactor regeneration with this immobilized alcohol dehydrogenase. PMID- 3769935 TI - 1H-NMR study of mobility and conformational constraints within the proline-rich N terminal of the LC1 alkali light chain of skeletal myosin. Correlation with similar segments in other protein systems. AB - Analysis by 1H-NMR spectroscopic techniques of the conformation of the N-terminal segment of the LC1 alkali light chain of rabbit skeletal muscle has shown that this portion of the molecule adopts a well-defined elongated configuration. This rod-like feature is a consequence of the Ala/Pro-rich composition and the functional aspects of such conformational preference in this and similar segments in other proteins are discussed. PMID- 3769936 TI - Chemical and biological characterization of a truncated form of acidic fibroblast growth factor from bovine brain. AB - Two forms of acidic fibroblast growth factor were isolated from bovine brain by a combination of ammonium sulfate precipitation, cation-exchange chromatography, heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography, and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Amino acid analysis, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and amino-terminal sequence analysis showed that one form corresponds to a protein with a molecular mass of 16 kDa and the amino-terminal sequence Phe-Asn Leu-Pro-Leu-Gly-Asn-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Pro-Lys-Leu-Leu-Tyr- and thus represents the acidic fibroblast growth factor as previously characterized [Bohlen et al. (1985) EMBO J. 5, 1951-1956]. The second mitogen form has a molecular mass of 15.5 kDa. The amino-terminal sequence was established as Asn-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Pro-Lys-Leu-Leu Tyr-. This evidence indicates that the latter form represents an amino-terminally truncated acidic fibroblast growth factor, lacking the first six amino acid residues. Both forms of the protein are biologically active and equipotent with respect to stimulation of the proliferation in vitro of mesodermal cells such as vascular endothelial and adrenal cortex cells. PMID- 3769937 TI - A new classification of proximal humeral fractures. AB - Neer's classification of humeral fractures was proved on 657 patients. This classification enables the radiologist to estimate the risk of avascular necrosis of the head of the humerus. The problematic group is that of four part lesions, which has a 19% incidence of humeral head necrosis. Since in this group minimal osteosynthesis produces better functional results than extensive osteosynthesis, a detailed pre-operative radiological description of the fracture type is necessary in order to spare the patient from extensive surgery which could have unsatisfactory results. PMID- 3769938 TI - Three-dimensional computed tomography of the acetabulum. AB - Acetabular fractures represent a complex variety that are classified in different types. Conventional radiology is often inadequate to demonstrate and classify the fractures. Computed tomography (CT) has already been shown to be superior in this field. A further advantage of CT is represented by the recent availability of three-dimensional (3D) images that are realized from axial CT scans by means of a new software. The Authors report the applications of this new software to the study of the normal acetabulum and in patients with fractures. 3D images allows an effective demonstration of the fracture, its irradiation and the dislocation of bone fragments. The information is contained in one or few images rather than many axial images. Therefore the role of 3D images may be considered complementary to axial CT scans. PMID- 3769939 TI - Radiological aspects of aspergillosis in the paranasal sinuses. AB - A retrospective radiographic study was performed on 142 proven cases of Aspergillosis in the paranasal sinuses. In all but two cases the mycosis was unilateral and in all cases the maxillary sinus was infected. A common radiographic presentation was a homogeneous opacity of the infected maxillary sinus, while about 50% of the cases showed nonspecific infectious changes of other paranasal sinuses additionally. Earlier stages of the disease showed an intraluminal soft tissue mass, representing the mycelium conglomerate. Bone destruction due to Aspergillosis could not be proven. 58% of the cases presented with intraluminal structures of metallic density. Histochemical studies proved these to consist mainly of tertiary Calciumphosphate. These concrements are considered to be pathognomonic of Aspergillosis. PMID- 3769940 TI - CT in advanced gastric carcinoma: is exploratory laparotomy avoidable? AB - The value of CT in the staging and assessment of resectability is demonstrated in 40 patients with advanced gastric carcinoma. The accuracy of CT using the pTNM classification of gastric carcinoma was 90% in the T category, 52.5% in the N category, 80% in the M category, and 72.5% as regards the correct staging. CT estimation of resectability was 80% correct. Based on these results, exploratory laparotomy is essential to evaluate the operability of gastric carcinoma. Exploratory laparotomy can only be avoided in patients with a proximal gastric carcinoma with clear CT demonstration of organ infiltration, N3 lymph node metastases, and distant metastases. PMID- 3769941 TI - Microangiography of the pancreas in experimental hemorrhagic pancreatitis. AB - In experimental hemorrhagic pancreatitis induced with sodium-taurocholate trypsin, contrast enhancement of the pancreas in computed tomography (CT) has been shown to be decreased in spite of normal pancreatic blood flow. The contrast enhancement in CT depends on blood flow to the organ, capillary permeability and the amount of extracellular fluid in the organ. For further evaluation of the role of microcirculatory changes in our model of hemorrhagic pancreatitis, microangiography was performed in five normal piglets and in ten piglets with acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis. In this experimental model histological studies showed focal necroses, hemorrhages and leucocyte accumulation. In the affected areas microangiography revealed unfilled capillaries and extravasation of contrast medium. Arteries and arterioles were well filled, as in the normal control animals. These severe disturbances in the capillary circulation of the pancreas may explain the decreased contrast enhancement of the pancreas in CT during acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis. PMID- 3769942 TI - Computed tomographic arteriography (CTA) of the liver. Evaluation of technique, results and indications. AB - Computerized tomographic liver angiography was performed in 57 patients, of which 47 had metastatic disease. The goals of the investigation were to preoperatively 1. determine number, extent and nature of liver lesions, 2. define the hepatic vasculature. Early CTA could in 14 of the patients correctly direct further clinical management. CTA is a good examination modality for selecting candidates for liver surgery for neoplastic disease. PMID- 3769943 TI - Evaluation of "M-point" in hepatic artery to identify left medial segment of liver. Angiographic study. AB - The hepatic arteries of 122 patients were analysed on angiography to identify the left medial segment of the liver. Left medial arterial branches were classified into three types: type I arising from the left hepatic artery on the umbilical portion of the portal vein; type II arising from proximal portion of left hepatic artery before reaching the umbilical portion of the portal vein; type III arising from right hepatic artery. Incidence of each type is 37.2%, 35.8% and 27.0%, respectively. The artery frequently kinks at the right side of the umbilical portion of the portal vein and a total of incidence is 68% and that of each type is 23.5%, 89.8% and 100%, respectively. We call this characteristic kinking point of the left medial arterial branches, the "M-point". PMID- 3769945 TI - Foley catheter technique for hysterosalpingography: potential diagnostic error. AB - The pressure drop which occurs along a narrow Foley catheter used for hysterosalpingography has been measured for radio-opaque contrast media of different viscosity. The difference between the applied pressure and the pressure developed within the uterus is sufficient to mislead the operator in some cases. PMID- 3769944 TI - Radiologic diagnosis of invasive carcinoma on adenomatous polyps of the colon. AB - The radiographic appearance at double contrast enema of 33 cases of invasive cancer on adenomatous polyps (AP) of the colon is reviewed. The radiologic diagnosis of malignancy was prospectively made in 54.5% of the cases. In 45.5% of the cases, malignancy was not suspected at the time of examination. The endoscopic appearance of these lesions was identical to that seen on the barium study. There are no radiologic criteria able to entirely rule out the possibility of a carcinomatous transformation of an AP. However, the radiologic features of malignancy (indentation of the intestinal wall and/or irregular outline of the surface of the polyp) have to be considered quite reliable. PMID- 3769946 TI - Ectopic calcification in hypophosphatasia. AB - The radiological findings in a 24 year old female with hypophosphatasia included frayed joint surfaces, intra- and peri-articular, and paravertebral calcification. These changes were compared to the usual radiographic findings in hypophosphatasia and prompted a family study. Excessive spinal osteophytosis and/or chondrocalcinosis was a relatively frequent finding in the relatives and it is suggested that these changes might indicate the heterozygous state. PMID- 3769947 TI - Periosteal hyperostosis resulting from prostaglandin therapy. AB - Lamellated cortical hyperostosis about the long bones of a premature infant is usually an indication of trauma, congenital infection or Caffey disease. Prostaglandin preparations are now being used for extended periods of time to keep the ductus arteriosus open. As a result of the long-term use of this drug, bilaterally symmetric marked diaphyseal periosteal new bone can be induced. PMID- 3769948 TI - Surgery for mitral regurgitation. Repair versus valve replacement. PMID- 3769949 TI - Complementary role of thallium-201 scintigraphy to predischarge exercise electrocardiography for patients stratification after a first myocardial infarction. AB - The value of a predischarge exercise test combined with thallium-201 myocardial scintigraphy in detecting patients with severe multivessel disease (MVD) was studied in 58 consecutive patients discharged after a first acute myocardial infarction. Twelve electrocardiographic, clinical and scintigraphic variables were analysed. Angiography at one month revealed MVD (greater than 70% narrowing in vessels unrelated to infarction) in 26 patients (45%). ST segment depression of 1mm or greater, thallium defects in multiple vascular distributions (MVTL), and reversible thallium defects in a vascular distribution different from the infarct related vessel predicted patients at risk for MVD (predictive value respectively of 68%, 65% and 75%). The other variables were not significantly associated with the presence of MVD. Only ST segment depression and thallium defects in multiple vascular distributions emerged as independent predictors of MVD. Their combination yielded a 77% sensitivity and a 59% specificity for MVD. Combination of thallium imaging with the predischarge exercise ECG significantly improved the stratification provided by the exercise test alone (P less than 0.05). A positive thallium scan (MVTl defects) associated with a positive ECG (ST depression) carried a risk for MVD of 80% in the population studied. When both tests were negative, MVD was infrequent (risk 22%). Because improvement in the stratification of patients is not as clear as expected from studies performed at a later stage, it appears that exercise thallium scintigraphy at a submaximal level one or two weeks after infarction does not provide optimal information. Predischarge exercise thallium-201 scintigraphy, however, is superior to an exercise tolerance test alone in separating patients into those with high and low risk of MVD. PMID- 3769951 TI - Variations of normal sinus node function in relation to age: role of autonomic influence. AB - An electrophysiological study of sinus node function, including measurements of resting heart rate, maximal corrected sinus node recovery time and sinoatrial conduction time, was performed in 30 patients, 12-79 years of age, without any clinical, electrocardiographic or electrophysiological evidence of sinus node disease. To analyse autonomic influences, variables were measured before and after sympathetic and parasympathetic blockade. No significant correlations were observed between age and electrophysiological measurements of sinus node function at the control study or after sympathetic blockade. In contrast, the electrophysiological parameters of intrinsic sinus node activity were correlated with age and showed a progressive lengthening of mean sinus cycle length, of maximal corrected sinus node recovery time and of sinoatrial conduction time. In addition, measurements after vagolysis suggest a progressive decrease of parasympathetic activity with increasing age. These data also indicate that the respective role of the two components of the autonomic nervous system vary with increasing age: parasympathetic activity predominates in younger subjects; sympathetic and parasympathetic tones are equilibrated in older subjects. The normal sinus node function represents an equilibrated system: in parallel with ageing of the intrinsic properties of the sinus node, parasympathetic activity decreases so that basal properties remain stable throughout life. PMID- 3769950 TI - Haemodynamic response to exercise in patients with chest pain and normal coronary angiograms. AB - A series of 42 patients with chest pain but normal coronary angiograms and normal haemodynamics at rest were prospectively classified as typical angina (group 1, N = 9) or atypical angina (group 2, N = 16) or non-anginal chest pain (group 3, N = 17). All patients underwent radionuclide ventriculography and measurement of pulmonary artery pressure at rest and during maximum exercise. Comparison of data during exercise revealed significantly higher (P less than 0.025) left ventricular filing pressures as reflected by the diastolic pulmonary artery pressure in group 1 (29 +/- 5 mmHg) than in both group 2 (22 +/- 6 mmHg) and group 3 (22 +/- 5 mmHg). The rest-to-exercise change in left ventricular ejection fraction was variable and not significant in group 1 (62 +/- 6% vs 63 +/- 14%). By contrast, both group 2 and group 3 had significant increases (63 +/- 6% vs 69 +/- 10%, P less than 0.02 and 63 +/- 5% vs 68 +/- 5%, P less than 0.01). The classification as 'typical angina' was predictive of an abnormal (greater than 25 mmHg) filling-pressure response to stress. The positive and negative predictive values were 78% and 70%, respectively. The clinical classification was not a predictor of an abnormal (delta less than 5%) ejection-fraction response. No correlation between radionuclide and filling-pressure data could be established. The data suggest that the majority of patients assigned to group 1 manifested an impaired left ventricular function with exercise. This was primarily related to abnormalities in diastolic filling while the systolic performance was not consistently depressed. PMID- 3769952 TI - Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis: an analysis based on 25 proven cases. AB - Twenty-five consecutive unequivocal cases of Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in a single centre over 5 years were reviewed. Despite an unusually high proportion of prosthetic infections an early mortality of only 16% was observed. Analysis reveals that early diagnosis and prompt effective antibiotic chemotherapy were important factors in achieving this low mortality. Monotherapy with an isoxazolyl penicillin (flucloxacillin) was shown to be as effective as combination therapies, and there was a significant association between the use of aminoglycosides and subsequent renal damage. PMID- 3769953 TI - Echocardiographic findings late after myectomy in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. AB - Postoperative echocardiograms of 50 patients undergoing myectomy for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy between 1965 and 1982 have been evaluated. In 21 patients a comparison with preoperative echocardiograms showed that postoperatively there was a significant reduction of septal and free wall thickness, an increase of left ventricular end-diastolic as well as outflow tract dimensions and a reduction or disappearance of systolic anterior motion of the mitral leaflet. Postoperative examination at intervals greater than 3 years revealed a significant increase of left ventricular and left atrial cavity size with unchanged contractile parameters and little reduction of left ventricular hypertrophy. In 4 of 12 patients evaluated greater than 8 years after myectomy, left ventricular dilatation was observed and 3 of these 4 patients developed congestive heart failure. Development of left ventricular dilatation was independent of whether a transventricular and/or transaortic approach was used for myectomy. These data indicate that the late course after myectomy in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy may be complicated by dilatation of the left ventricular cavity. PMID- 3769954 TI - Haemodynamic findings in experimental right ventricular ischaemia after right coronary arterial ligation. AB - Acute ischaemia limited to the free wall of the right ventricle was produced by right coronary arterial ligation (RCAL) in 20 dogs. Contrast M-mode and cross sectional echocardiography was performed in 7 cases to investigate the presence of tricuspid insufficiency. The haemodynamic findings obtained with an open pericardium at 15 to 30 min showed increases in right (1.2 +/- 0.5 to 2.7 +/- 0.7 mmHg, P less than 0.01) and left (5.0 +/- 0.8 to 6.6 +/- 0.9 mmHg, P less than 0.05) ventricular end-diastolic pressures, and decreases in heart rate (139 +/- 4.9 to 119 +/- 5.1 bpm, P less than 0.01), cardiac index (106 +/- 6.6 to 81 +/- 7.3 ml min-1 kg-1, P less than 0.01), stroke index (79 +/- 6 to 72 +/- 8 ml X 100 beat-1 kg-1, P less than 0.02), right (23.8 +/- 1.5 to 19.4 +/- 1.5 mmHg, P less than 0.01) and left (109 +/- 7.2 to 95 +/- 8.2 mmHg, P less than 0.05) ventricular systolic pressures and right ventricular stroke work index (18.3 +/- 2.4 to 11.4 +/- 1.8 g m kg-1, P less than 0.01). In 6 of 15 cases the 'y' descent became deeper than the 'x' descent in right atrial pressure (RAP). Tricuspid insufficiency grade I-II/IV was present in 3 of 7 cases, 2 of them with a 'y' greater than 'x' in RAP. Right ventricular mechanical alternans, probably secondary to a decrease in contractility, appeared in 10 of 20 cases after RCAL.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3769955 TI - Right coronary artery originating from the left anterior descending artery. PMID- 3769956 TI - Predictive value of electrophysiologic testing in the treatment of drug refractory ventricular arrhythmias with amiodarone. AB - The value of serial electrophysiologic testing in predicting the outcome of patients receiving amiodarone is controversial. Thirty-six patients with drug refractory sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias underwent serial electrophysiologic drug testing. All patients had inducible sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias off any antiarrhythmic medication. After an oral amiodarone loading regimen there was no change in inducibility in 23 patients (group I), whereas ventricular tachycardia was made more difficult to induce in 5 patients, i.e. sustained ventricular tachycardia was only inducible using a basic drive which was 40 bpm faster than during control (group II). In the remaining 8 patients, induction of ventricular tachycardia was suppressed (group III). During follow-up of 11 +/- 12.3 months, 6 patients in group I had a recurrence of ventricular tachycardia and 2 died suddenly, whereas the course of groups II and III patients was uneventful (P less than 0.03, Breslow; P less than 0.01, Mantel Cox). The predictive accuracy of the response to serial electrophysiologic testing during amiodarone therapy was 64%, the sensitivity was 46% and the specificity 100%. Thus, serial electrophysiologic drug testing is useful in determining prognosis and predicts the long-term response to amiodarone therapy in patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias using a graded stimulation protocol. PMID- 3769957 TI - Clinical significance of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias after acute myocardial infarction. AB - 160 survivors of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were evaluated to assess the clinical significance of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (SVTA) occurring at discharge from the hospital after the acute event. All the variables considered for the study were estimated before hospital discharge; arrhythmias were quantified with a 24 h Holter ECG monitoring system. SVTA occurred in 88 patients (55%). Single or repetitive supraventricular premature beats were found in 65 (41%), paroxysmal atrial or junctional tachycardias in 20 (12%), bouts of atrial flutter or fibrillation in 3 (2%). Bivariate statistical analysis showed no relationship between sex, previous cardiovascular history, type, and location of AMI and SVTA occurrence. A close positive relationship was found between age, left atrial dimension (LAD), cardio-thoracic ratio (CTR) and SVTA occurrence; an inverse relationship was found for left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). The presence of SVTA appeared significantly related to age above 55 years, to LAD greater than 40 mm, to LVEF less than 45%, to serum creatine kinase peak levels over 1400 U l-1 and to CTR over 0.49. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that five variables are important in discriminating patients suffering from SVTA: age, LAD, LVEF, left ventricular fractional shortening, and CTR. SVTA occurring at discharge from hospital after AMI are indicative of impaired left ventricular pump function. PMID- 3769958 TI - Diagnostic value of R wave amplitude changes during exercise testing after myocardial infarction. AB - To determine the diagnostic value of R wave amplitude changes occurring during exercise testing after myocardial infarction, exercise ECG's and coronary angiograms were reviewed in 76 postinfarction patients and in 40 patients with normal coronary arteries. During exercise, an increase in R wave amplitude (mean: + 2.7 +/- 1.3 mm) was observed in the postinfarction patients, significantly different (P less than 0.001) from the decrease (mean: - 2.6 +/- 1.1 mm) observed in the group with normal coronary arteries. Although this change increased with the number of diseased coronary arteries, the difference between 1-vessel and multi- or 3-vessel disease was not significant. Extension of infarct size from one to more akinetic segments on the left ventricular angiogram was associated with a significant (P less than 0.001) increase of the R wave amplitude change during exercise (mean: + 1.6 +/- 1.1 vs 3.3 +/- 1.3 mm). It is concluded that the abnormal increase in R wave amplitude observed during exercise testing after myocardial infarction is more strongly related to infarct size then to the number of diseased coronary arteries. Furthermore exercise induced R wave amplitude changes have no diagnostic value in the prediction of multi- or 3-vessel disease in postinfarction patients. PMID- 3769959 TI - Alteration of left ventricular diastolic filling in hypertensive patients: effects of nitrendipine and atenolol. AB - This study was undertaken to determine the chronic effects of a long-acting calcium-channel blocker (nitrendipine) on resting left ventricular filling abnormalities in ten patients with essential hypertension. Radionuclide left ventricular curves of these hypertensive patients were compared with the curves of twelve normal volunteers and of eight asymptomatic older patients. The curves were analyzed for ejection fraction, peak filling rate (normalized for end diastolic counts and for stroke counts), time to peak filling rate and filling fraction in the first-third of diastole normalized for cycle length. Heart rate and ejection fraction were similar in both control groups and hypertensive patients before and after nitrendipine. Before nitrendipine, diastolic filling parameters were significantly different in the hypertensive patients as compared with the volunteers and with the asymptomatic aged patients: peak filling rate was lower, time to peak filling rate was longer and the first-third filling fraction was smaller. After six weeks of nitrendipine therapy, systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly. After nitrendipine, the time to peak filling rate decreased and the first-third filling fraction and the peak filling rate (normalized for stroke counts) increased significantly. The acute oral administration of 100 mg atenolol induced a further decrease in systolic blood pressure and a significant decrease in heart rate. The effect of combining nitrendipine and atenolol on diastolic indexes was a preserved effect on time to peak filling rate and on the first-third filling fraction. These results suggest that short-term therapy with nitrendipine improves early diastolic dysfunction in hypertensives: the addition of a beta-blocking agent further improved the early diastolic indexes. PMID- 3769961 TI - Long-term follow-up in 262 patients after aortic valve replacement with the Lillehei-Kaster prosthesis. Overall results and prosthesis-related complications. AB - A follow-up was carried out in 262 patients after aortic valve replacement with the Lillehei-Kaster prosthesis. One hundred and ninety-one males and seventy-one females with a mean age of 53 years provided a total of 1385 observation years. The operative mortality was 7.3%. The long-term survival rates for the total series amounted to 74% after 5 years and 61% after 9 years. The great majority of survivors showed a marked improvement in functional capacity and a significant decrease in heart volume. Angina pectoris disappeared in 76 out of 79 patients, and exertional syncope vanished in 61 out of 62 patients. All patients received long-term anticoagulant treatment. The percentage of patients free from thromboembolic events amounted to 90 +/- 2% after 9 years, and the percentage free from valve related morbidity and mortality was 82 +/- 3% after 9 years. Only one instance of valve thrombosis was seen, and fracture of the prosthesis was never encountered. These results compare very favourably with those obtained with the Starr-Edwards or the Bjork-Shiley prostheses. PMID- 3769960 TI - The haemodynamic effects of amrinone in patients with mitral stenosis and pulmonary hypertension. AB - The aim of this study was to investigate the haemodynamic effects of amrinone in patients with pulmonary hypertension and impaired right ventricular function. Twelve patients with mitral stenosis (NYHA classification III and IV) took part in the study. The haemodynamic measurements were performed in the steady state under anaesthesia prior to surgery. The patients received a bolus injection of 1.5 mg kg-1 amrinone; haemodynamic measurements were taken at 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 min. Amrinone increased cardiac index by approximately 30%, heart rate rose from on average 76 to 82 beats per minute. Whereas pulmonary capillary pressure did not change significantly, mean pulmonary artery pressure fell clearly from 33 to 28 mmHg. A decrease in the elevated pulmonary vascular resistance of about 40% was calculated. The higher the initial value for resistance in the pulmonary circulatory system, the more marked was the reduction (r = 0.96). The study shows that amrinone induces a vasodilation in the pulmonary circulatory system. A reduction in ventricular afterload is of great significance particularly for the therapy of right heart insufficiency. Amrinone therefore appears to be a suitable substance with its observed vasodilating and its well known positive inotropic effects for the treatment of right heart failure in cases of pulmonary hypertension. PMID- 3769962 TI - Identification of factors affecting technetium 99m leucocyte labelling by phagocytic engulfment and development of an optimal technique. AB - Human autologous leucocytes can be simply and reproducibly labelled by phagocytic engulfment of technetium 99m stannous colloid with high leucocyte-labelling efficiency (LLE), similar human biodistribution to indium-111-oxine labelled leucocytes and good cell viability. A mean particle size of 2.1 microns is optimal for phagocytosis and the most important parameter in maintaining reproducibly high neutrophil uptake. It is more critical than hitherto appreciated. When such variables as type of colloid, purity of starting materials, speed of mixer rotation when preparing colloid and labelling leucocytes, heparin concentration, freshness of colloid preparation, type of sterilising membrane filter used and incubation time of cells with colloid are rigidly controlled, consistent labelling efficiencies in excess of 90% can be obtained with neutrophil predominance. The lyophilised kit tested produced suboptimal results. PMID- 3769963 TI - In vitro function of radiocolloid-labelled monocytes. AB - Human monocytes in a mononuclear cell suspension were labelled specifically using 111In-Fe-colloid, with the ultimate goal of using them for monocyte kinetic studies in haematological malignancies. In order to examine the function of the labelled monocytes, in vitro function tests were performed on cell suspensions containing labelled or non-labelled monocytes. These tests were: phagocytosis of opsonized zymosan particles and ability of monocytes to mature into macrophages when cultured in glass tissue chambers. There were no significant differences in in vitro function between labelled and non-labelled monocytes. Cell viability was always greater than 90%. During culture, a rapid loss of monocyte-bound radioactivity took place. We conclude that the labelling procedures do not interfere with subsequent in vitro cell function. However, because of the rapid loss of cell bound radioactivity in vitro, monocytes labelled by this method do not seem suited for long-term studies in vivo. PMID- 3769964 TI - Colonic motility and enema spreading. AB - Radiolabelled enema solution was administered to eight healthy subjects, both in fasted and fed states. Enema spreading was monitored over a 4-h period using gamma scintigraphy and colonic motility was recorded simultaneously using a pressure sensitive radiotelemetry capsule. The rate and extent of enema dispersion were unaffected by eating. Spreading could be correlated with colonic motility and was inhibited by aboral propulsion of the colonic contents. PMID- 3769965 TI - Experimental evidence for the probable involvement of calcium ion transport in 67Ga uptake by tumour cells. AB - The study of 67Ga-citrate uptake and calcium transport in Ehrlich ascites tumour cells seems to indicate that their peculiar characteristic of increased permeability to extracellular calcium ion might be responsible for their 67Ga accumulation. Experiments performed under different conditions of extracellular calcium, temperature, and presence of ionophore and other plasma membrane modifying agents such as lanthanum appear to corroborate this hypothesis. PMID- 3769966 TI - Semi-quantitative gallium-67 lung scanning as a measure of the intensity of alveolitis in pulmonary sarcoidosis. AB - Gallium-67 (67Ga) lung scanning has been applied for some years in pulmonary sarcoidosis to assess the activity of the alveolitis. Interpreting the scans, however, is difficult due to the low uptake of 67Ga in the disease process relative to background activity. In this study we have measured the mean parenchymal lung activity of 67Ga and have compared the lung activity to that at three remote sites, the liver, the abdomen and the thigh. The results obtained were compared with the percentage of lymphocytes in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid. There was a very good correlation with the lung-to-thigh uptake measurements and a much poorer correlation with the lung-to-liver and the lung-to abdomen measurements. It was observed that steroid therapy reduced dramatically the correlation between the broncho-alveolar lavage findings and the 67Ga scan measurements. The results suggest that in patients not on steroid therapy, the 67Ga lung-to-thigh measurements may be used, similarly to the broncho-alveolar lavage lymphocyte counts, to identify those with high-intensity alveolitis from those with low-intensity alveolitis. PMID- 3769967 TI - Dynamic isotopic phlebography using soluble krypton-81m. AB - Intravenous peripheral injection of krypton-81m in an isotonic solution permits venous scintigraphy of the lower limbs to be carried out. An anatomic definition of the obstructions and the collateral pathways is therefore easily displayed from the popliteal vein to the vena cava. The physical characteristics of the radionuclide permit iterative or sustained perfusions without accumulation of an excessive background noise and the method is used to obtain scintigraphic images in changing physiological conditions. Analysis of the dynamic data permits venous stasis to be assessed in terms of regional radioactivity at a steady state and transit rate. Various physiological and pathological conditions are analyzed by this method. PMID- 3769969 TI - Indirect radionuclide renocystography for determination of vesico-ureteral reflux in children. AB - Indirect radionuclide renocystography (IRRCG) is a method for the detection of vesico-ureteral reflux by analysis of the activity-time curves over the kidneys and bladder during voiding of urine about 30 min after intravenous administration of a radioactive indicator. This paper presents a new method for detection of reflux by a statistical test, the magnitude of the reflux is evaluated by the reflux volume per 1.73 m2 body surface area. Residual urine volume and urine voiding efficiency are also calculated. In a retrospective study of 154 children examined for renal and urological diseases consisting mainly of urinary tract infections, vesico-ureteral reflux was found by IRRCG in 16% of the kidneys (23% of the children). Reflux volumes were below 10 ml/1.73 m2 in 90% of the children with reflux. The mode value of the reflux volume was 2 ml/1.73 m2. For a subgroup of 97 children, the results were compared with micturating cysto-urethrography (MCU). This showed that a negative IRRCG in conjunction with the renal mean transit time of the radioactive indicator determined by gamma camera renography could be used as a screening test for vesico-ureteral reflux when MCU was considered a true reference method. Hence, about 75% of the invasive and high radiation dose MCU can be replaced by the non-invasive and low radiation dose IRRCG. The discrepancies between the two methods and the reasons for them are discussed. PMID- 3769968 TI - Effect of acute postinfusion lipemia and free fatty acids on myocardial contractility: assessment with radionuclide ventriculography. AB - Equilibrium gated radionuclide ventriculography was used to evaluate the effect of intravenous fat-emulsion overload and excess of free fatty acids (FFA) on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in 20 patients with and without coronary artery disease (CAD). Fifteen of these patients had normal (greater than 50%) baseline LVEF and 5 had low (less than 50%) baseline LVEF. From 100 to 150 ml of 20% artificial fat emulsion (Liposyn) was infused over 20-25 min. At the end of the infusion, triglyceridemia reached 820 +/- 220 mg% and left ventricular ejection fraction decreased from baseline 62 +/- 19% (mean +/- SD) to 58 +/- 16% (P less than 0.05, paired t-test). After completion of Liposyn infusion, 5,000 U of heparin was administered intravenously and monitoring of LVEF was continued. One and one-half hours following heparin administration, plasma FFA levels reached 3.7 + 2.0 mmol/l and LVEF rose to 69 +/- 19% (P less than 0.001, paired t test). Our data indicate that acute intravenous fat overload can suppress and high pathophysiologic levels of FFA can increase LVEF. This effect is more uniform and statistically more reliable in patients with normal LVEF. The study failed to demonstrate any significant difference in the effect of this pharmacologic intervention between patients with and without CAD. PMID- 3769970 TI - Persistent low plasma vitamin E levels in premature infants surviving respiratory distress syndrome. AB - Plasma vitamin E levels were determined serially in preterm infants surviving respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and in premature infants without RDS (control). Vitamin E intakes of the RDS and control infant group were not significantly different. The results of the study show that preterm infants surviving RDS have a persistent low plasma vitamin E level throughout the first 8 weeks of life. In contrast, in premature infants without RDS the plasma vitamin E level gradually increases to the adult level throughout the first 8 weeks of life. It is concluded that data on plasma vitamin E levels in premature infants with and without RDS should not be pooled together to obtain reference values. It is further suggested that premature infants with RDS might need more supplemental vitamin E than premature infants without RDS. PMID- 3769972 TI - Coeliac disease in children of short stature without gastrointestinal symptoms. AB - Eighty-seven children with short stature (height more than 2 SD below the mean for age and sex) were investigated by small intestinal biopsy. There was no obvious reason for their growth retardation found by routine examination and they had no gastrointestinal symptoms. Coeliac disease was found in two children and probable coeliac disease in two children. Although the prevalence of coeliac disease was comparatively low in this study of Swedish children with short stature, it emphasizes the fact that coeliac disease must be considered in a child with short stature even in the absence of gastrointestinal symptoms. PMID- 3769971 TI - Auto-immunity in children with diabetes mellitus and in their relatives. AB - Islet cell antibodies (ICA-IgG and complement-fixing-ICA), parietal cell antibodies (PCA), intestinal epithelial cell antibodies (IECA), thyroglobulin (TgA) and thyroid microsomal antibodies (MsA), antinuclear (ANA) and reticulin antibodies (RA), were studied in 55 insulin-dependent diabetic patients (30 males and 25 females), aged 2-19 years with diabetes from a few days up to 14 years. In 58% of the diabetics one or more autoantibodies were found: ICA-IgG (31%), CF-ICA (16%), PCA (34%), TgA (9%), MsA (9%), ANA (13%), RA (2%). Autoantibodies were significantly more frequent in females (76%) than in males (43%) (P less than 0.025). ICA-IgG, CF-ICA, PCA, ANA were significantly more frequent in patients than in controls. The frequency of ICA-IgG and CF-ICA was significantly higher during the first 3 years of disease than afterwards (P less than 0.001); a similar pattern was observed for PCA, TgA, MsA. Of the 87 parents and 30 siblings screened for ICA-IgG, CF-ICA, PCA, IECA, TgA, MsA, ANA and RA, 42 (44%) had one or more autoantibodies, which were more frequent in females than in males. Seven relatives (6%) were ICA-IgG positive (four mothers, two fathers and one brother), and only one mother, ICA-IgG negative, was CF-ICA positive. Other autoantibodies were also more frequent in parents than in controls. Autoantibody-positive relatives have been asymptomatic up to now. PMID- 3769973 TI - Somatomedin-C levels related to gestational age, birth weight and day of life. AB - Capillary blood samples on filter paper were assayed by means of an RIA method (Kit Nichols Institute USA) from 1096 newborns divided into full term, preterm and small-for-date infants. The somatomedin-C (Sm-C) mean value, which did not differ in the three groups, was 0.15 +/- 0.09 IU/ml. One hundred and ten (10%) showed Sm-C disc values less than or equal to 0.075 IU/ml, the minimum value measurable by our method. The day of life and birth weight had a significant influence on Sm-C levels. Gestational age did not have any significant effect. No significant interaction was found among the parameters considered. All the groups presented a progressive increase of Sm-C. Unlike preterm and small-for-date infants, in full term infants the latter increase seemed already to be evident from 5th day of life and reached higher levels from the 7th day of life onwards. In conclusion, Sm-C rates were reduced in the neonatal phase of life, but showed a tendency to rise later. PMID- 3769974 TI - Early onset lymphoedema, recessive form--a new form of genetic lymphoedema syndrome. AB - We report on two brothers with chronic congenital lymphoedema. Besides the oedemas of limbs we found an unusual facial appearance, abnormalities of external genitals as a deformation sequence resulting from intrauterine oedemas and intestinal lymphoedema. This X-linked or autosomal recessive trait may be a new entity, to be differentiated from other genetic lymphoedema syndromes, the so called familial protein-losing enteropathy, and dominantly inherited intestinal lymphangiectasia. A prominent sign of the syndrome is chemosis and injection of conjunctiva. PMID- 3769975 TI - Susceptibility to infections in children with selective IgA- and IgA-IgG subclass deficiency. AB - This study included 36 children with IgA-deficiency, increased susceptibility to infections and/or other disorders. Recurrent, usually bacterial infections were noticed in 23 out of 26 patients (88%) with complete and in 7 out of 10 patients (70%) with partial IgA-deficiency. All patients with severe infections had complete IgA-deficiency. Complete IgA-deficiency was also present in the six children who had autoimmune disorders associated with recurrent infections. In 22 out of the 36 patients studied the serum could be analysed for concomitant IgG subclass deficiencies: one patient had marked decrease of IgG2. In a second patient IgG4 was not detectable. Two patients had combined IgG2-IgG4-deficiency. In a girl with severe acute and chronic infections and relapsing idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, IgA-IgG2-IgG4-deficiency was found to be the prodromal stage of common variable immunodeficiency with panhypogammaglobulinaemia. PMID- 3769976 TI - Tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration in childhood. A report on 224 cases. AB - In 224 patients aged 7 months to 14 years aspirated foreign bodies (FB) were extracted from the tracheobronchial system. Eighty-one percent of the children were younger than 3 years, 50% were in the second year of life. There were twice as many boys as girls. Sixty-seven percent of the FB were nuts, of these more than half were peanuts. Fifty-six percent of aspirated FB were localized in the right bronchial system, 39% in the left and 5% subglottic or tracheal. All FB could be removed by endoscopy under general anaesthesia with muscle relaxation. The development of an extraction technique without forceps ("encasing") led to an easier way of removing crumbling FB, like nuts. Complications were rare, no postoperative tracheotomy was necessary, no cardiac arrest and no death occurred. The interval between aspiration and intervention was longer than 3 weeks in one third of the cases; in some cases it was months or years with the consequence of chronic damage of the bronchial system or the lung. The possibilities of prevention appear to be limited; thus it is necessary to diminish the frequency of prolonged lodging of FB in the respiratory tract by considering aspiration early in the differential diagnosis of airway symptoms. PMID- 3769977 TI - Yellow mercuric oxide ointment and mercury intoxication. AB - Repeated cutaneous application of yellow mercuric oxide ointment for infected eczema resulted in mercury poisoning in a 4-month-old infant. Toxic levels of mercury were measured in blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid and tissues. PMID- 3769978 TI - Serum levels of ampicillin and gentamycin in neonates of varying gestational age. AB - Serum concentrations of gentamycin and ampicillin were investigated at loading and in steady state in two groups of neonates, of 26-33 weeks and 34-40 weeks gestation. At loading the usual intravenous dose of gentamycin (2.5 mg/kg) was increased by 50%, the usual intravenous dose of ampicillin (50 mg/kg) by 100%. Gentamycin and ampicillin were administered subsequently at the same intervals, 12 h in the 34-40 weeks group, and 18 h in the 26-33 weeks group. Adequate serum levels were achieved from the first day of treatment. For practical reasons ampicillin and gentamycin can be administered subsequently at identical intervals also when the intervals exceed 12 h. The ideal dosing interval for gentamycin in very preterm neonates is 24 h. When treating small preterm and term neonates with an aminoglycoside, rapid serum concentration analyses should be available, and the treatment modified accordingly. PMID- 3769979 TI - Maternal phenylketonuria: comparison of two treated full term pregnancies. AB - This case report documents the fetal outcome of two full term pregnancies in a patient with phenylketonuria (PKU). She was treated with a low phenylalanine diet preceeding and during both pregnancies. During her first full term pregnancy she was not able to maintain the rigid diet, and this pregnancy resulted in the delivery of a growth-retarded, microcephalic boy. In her second pregnancy the patient maintained the diet until her delivery at full term. Maternal blood phenylalanine levels remained with two exceptions below 600 mumol/l throughout pregnancy and an infant of normal weight and head circumference was born. PMID- 3769980 TI - Growth failure due to protein loss in dermatitis. AB - A 10-month-old infant is described who suffered from extensive atopic dermatitis, failure to thrive, hypoalbuminaemia and oedema. Large amounts of sticky exudate were lost through the skin and were shown to be rich in albumin. As renal and intestinal loss of protein was excluded, the patient's condition was ascribed to the loss of albumin through the skin at a rate that out-stripped the synthesis of this protein. Treatment with steroids resulted in dramatic clearing of his dermatitis, and subsequent rapid correction of his hypoalbuminaemia, oedema and anaemia. PMID- 3769981 TI - Calcification of intervertebral disks in I-cell disease. AB - I-cell disease (ICD) is associated with skeletal dysplasia. However, changes of the intervertebral disks had not been previously reported. We describe a child with clinical and laboratory evidence of ICD who had multiple intervertebral disk calcifications. Since an excessive degeneration of the cartilage had previously been found in ICD, we propose that this process may give rise to calcification of the intervertebral disks in patients with ICD. PMID- 3769982 TI - Weber-Christian panniculitis and chronic active hepatitis. AB - We report a 4-year-old child with Weber-Christian panniculitis who subsequently developed histologically proven chronic active hepatitis, pancreatitis and extensive lipoatrophy. An "LKM" variant autoantibody was detected in the serum and a favourable response has been seen with immunosuppressive therapy. These findings lend support to the concept of Weber-Christian being an "auto-immune" disease. PMID- 3769983 TI - "Partial trisomy 22 and 11" due to a paternal 11;22 translocation associated with Hirschsprung disease. AB - The 11;22 translocation seems to be the most frequent, non-Robertsonian, translocation in man. Approximately 50 cases with an unbalanced karyotype 47,XX (or XY),+der(22), t(11q;22q), due to a 3:1 meiotic disjunction in the parental translocation carrier, have been reported in the literature. We present an additional patient with that chromosome aberration, whose father was shown to be the translocation carrier. He presented with many of the more or less typical signs of the syndrome, but had an extraordinary additional finding, namely Hirschsprung disease. Although anal stenosis is a rather frequent finding in the syndrome, Hirschsprung disease has never been described in the literature. Furthermore the most important genetic and cytogenetic data on that chromosome aberration are given, including implications for genetic counselling. PMID- 3769984 TI - A variant of the congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia type II with structural abnormalities in the granulocytic series. AB - Typical features of congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia (CDA) were found in a 13 year-old girl admitted for chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis. The findings on light microscopy were in agreement with those described in CDA type II, whereas on electron microscopy, the ultrastructure findings were compatible with both types I and II. The acidified serum lysis test (Ham test) performed with eight normal sera was negative. The patient's red blood cells showed an increased agglutinability with anti-i antibodies. Morphological changes were also shown in the mature neutrophilic granulocyte suggesting that the primary disorder exists already in the multipotent stem cell. PMID- 3769985 TI - Adrenal rest tumour of the ovary associated with isosexual precocious pseudopuberty and cushingoid features. AB - A 2-year-old girl who presented with blindness, aphasia and inability to move the right arm and leg following a convulsive episode was found to have hypertension, precocious pseudopuberty, features of Cushing syndrome and an ovarian tumour. The hormonal profile suggested an adrenal cortical tumour, which turned out to be located in the ovary and the cause of the ovarian enlargement. Following removal of the mass, all the abnormal features regressed and the blood pressure returned to normal. PMID- 3769986 TI - Osseous involvement in sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai Dorfman disease). PMID- 3769987 TI - Life-threatening gastrointestinal symptoms in infants allergic to cow's milk. PMID- 3769988 TI - HLA in Graves' disease coexistent with coeliac disease. PMID- 3769989 TI - Cholestatic neonatal jaundice. PMID- 3769990 TI - Gangrene of the buttock after neonatal resuscitation. PMID- 3769991 TI - Cerebrospinal fluid C-reactive protein in meningitis: diagnostic value and pathophysiology. AB - We examined the diagnostic value of C-reactive protein (CRP) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) on initial lumbar puncture in a prospective study including 126 patients (30 neonates, 96 infants and children) suspected of having meningitis. Twenty patients were considered to have bacterial and 25 were considered to have viral meningitis. In infants and children, a retrospectively chosen cut-off CRP titre of 4 (i.e. approximately equal to 0.4 mg/l CRP) had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 94% for differentiating bacterial meningitis from both viral meningitis and normal. It was a more sensitive and selective test for differentiating bacterial from viral meningitis on initial CSF examination than was the CSF leucocyte count, glucose concentration or protein concentration. In neonates, no such cut-off CRP titre could be found, presumably due to the immaturity of the blood-CSF-barrier (B1-CSF-B) during the first weeks of life. In a parallel study including a non-selected group of 13 infants and children (4 without, 9 with bacterial meningitis), the serum/CSF CRP concentration ratios were determined and inserted in the individual B1-CSF-B diagrams according to Felgenhauer. The results were fully consistent with the hypothesis that the CRP concentration in CSF reflects the normal permeability characteristics of the B1 CSF-B, or the degree of its impairment. Based on our results, we recommend the CSF CRP estimation in the routine evaluation of infants and children suspected of having meningitis. PMID- 3769992 TI - Possibilities of selective screening for inborn errors of metabolism using high resolution 1H-FT-NMR spectrometry. AB - NMR spectrometry, hitherto a powerful tool in organic chemistry for elucidating the structures of chemical compounds, has been improved during recent years to become a method suitable for detection of normal and abnormal metabolites in physiologic media. We have investigated native urinary specimens from patients known to suffer from different inherited metabolic disorders using a 250 MHz FT NMR spectrometer and were able to confirm the diagnosis in every case. Chemical shift values of a variety of appropriate metabolites, run at pH 2.5, are presented here. It is concluded, that NMR spectrometry is an excellent method with which to screen for inborn errors of metabolism provided that high-field instruments with the best available specifications are applied. PMID- 3769994 TI - Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase deficiency: a therapeutic trial with branched-chain amino acid restriction. AB - A patient with a deficiency of dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase and neurological disease is described. The patient was placed on a branched-chain amino acid restricted regimen. After the introduction of the regimen, there were some biochemical improvements and he achieved some developmental milestones, in contrast to previously reported patients whose neurological disease was progressive. Restriction of the branched-chain amino acids is worth trying among therapeutic measures for this disease, although restriction of the amino acids alone may not totally prevent progression of neurological disease. PMID- 3769993 TI - Difficulties in assessing the effect of strychnine on the outcome of non-ketotic hyperglycinaemia. Observations on sisters with a mild T-protein defect. AB - Sisters with a mild variant of non-ketotic hyperglycinaemia resulting from a defect in the T-protein of the glycine cleavage system had different clinical outcomes. The older sister was ascertained at 6 months of age because of mental retardation. She received only brief treatment with sodium benzoate from 11-15 months and at 15 years of age is profoundly retarded and has epilepsy. The younger sister was diagnosed 36 h after birth, was treated with strychnine, sodium benzoate and arginine from the neonatal period and at 27 months of age is only moderately retarded and free of seizures. The possible role of strychnine in the improved outcome is discussed. PMID- 3769995 TI - Hearing loss in facioscapulohumeral dystrophy. AB - Bilateral sloping high frequency hearing loss of 20-90 dB was found in six out of ten patients with infantile or adolescent onset FSHD. In all cases the basic defect could be traced to the cochlea. The outer hair cells of the basal turn are predominantly affected. In 20 patients with various other forms of muscular dystrophy or neuromuscular disorders with an FSH distribution, no sensorineural hearing loss was found. Myopathology of FSHD patients extended from mild to severe, often showing inflammatory infiltrates and type I fibre atrophy, without unequivocal differences between the two groups with and without hearing loss. It is concluded that cochlear dysfunction is a specific and frequent phenomenon of early onset FSHD. PMID- 3769997 TI - Generalized soft tissue calcification in children and adolescents with end stage renal failure. AB - Sixteen children and adolescents undergoing regular haemodialysis treatment were studied for the occurrence of metastatic calcifications. By the use of diphosphonate bone-scanning, roentgenography of the chest and skull and ocular slit lamp examination, generalized visceral calcification was diagnosed in two patients. No relationship between visceral calcification and biochemical, radiological or histological abnormalities of renal osteodystrophy was found. Our study demonstrates that visceral calcification also occurs in children with chronic renal failure and may be detected by scintigraphy. PMID- 3769996 TI - Primary lymphatic dysplasia in children: chylothorax, chylous ascites, and generalized lymphatic dysplasia. AB - Primary lymphatic "dysplasia", a congenital maldevelopment, interferes with function of the lymphatic system and causes effusion of chyle or lymph into the limbs and pleural or peritoneal cavity. Between 1955 and 1982, 38 Mayo Clinic patients were found to have a chylous effusion or dysplasia of the lymphatic system. In 22, the condition was secondary to surgery or other medical problems and in 16 it was primary. These cases were separated into three categories: chylothorax, chylous ascites, and generalized lymphatic dysplasia. Conservative therapy, such as a restricted fat diet or total parenteral nutrition with repeated thoracentesis or paracentesis, was effective in the children with isolated abnormalities of the lymphatic system (75% resolution rate, no deaths). All five children with documented generalized dysplasia reported in the literature had died; of the three reported here, one has died and two have become progressively worse. PMID- 3769998 TI - Sweet syndrome in early childhood. AB - A 21-month-old child with acute febrile dermatosis, leukocytosis and skin biopsy showing intradermal neutrophil infiltrate was diagnosed as suffering from Sweet syndrome. This syndrome is rare in children, described heretofore in only seven paediatric patients. The clinical and histological features, differential diagnosis, as well as the potential association with more widespread systemic diseases are discussed. PMID- 3769999 TI - Bacterial croup and toxic shock syndrome. AB - An 8-year-old boy with bacterial tracheitis, treated by endotracheal intubation, humidification, airway toilet and antibiotics, experienced a toxic shock syndrome on the day after his admission. The course was favourable. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from tracheal secretions. Bacterial tracheitis is an infrequent cause of non-menstrual toxic shock syndrome. The diagnosis of bacterial tracheitis should be suspected in a child with toxicity and croup who is not responding to the usual therapy. Endoscopy should be performed allowing for removal of the secretions. The maintenance of a clear airway is the main purpose of the treatment. PMID- 3770000 TI - Sciatic nerve palsy complicating umbilical arterial catheterization. AB - A term newborn infant developed a right sciatic nerve palsy after ischaemic necrosis of the gluteal region following umbilical arterial catheterization. The nerve lesion was believed to be caused by entrapment and compression by scar tissue. Recovery was slow and remained incomplete up to 6 months of age. PMID- 3770001 TI - Follow-up study of 16 years neonatal screening for inborn errors of metabolism in West Germany. AB - Capillary blood samples from almost one million neonates from Baden-Wurttemberg were investigated for inborn errors of metabolism between 1969 and 1984 in our screening centre. Besides 7 patients with maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), 3 with homocystinuria and 18 with galactosaemia, a follow-up of the positive screening results confirmed 94 patients with phenylketonuria (PKU) and 76 with non-PKU hyperphenylalaninaemia (non-PKU HPA). The incidence of PKU is 1:10000, and that of HPA in the wider sense (PKU and non-PKU HPA) as obtained by newborn screening before further classification at 6 months 1:5532. For West Germany as a whole, the number of newly discovered cases with persistent hyperphenylalaninaemia was 1480 in the same period. The subdivision into PKU and non-PKU HPA is not yet possible from this figure. It is strongly suggested that the abnormal results of newborn screening for phenylalanine be designated as hyperphenylalaninaemia (in the wider sense) and that the terms "PKU" or "non-PKU HPA" be used only after further differentiation as carried out by us at the age of 6 months. PMID- 3770002 TI - Digoxin levels in the serum of healthy neonates. AB - The possible existence of a chemical substance with cross-reactivity to digoxin antibodies in the neonatal serum or plasma was investigated in this study. Our data show that in contrast to previous reports, the levels of a "digoxin-like substance" in the serum or plasma of healthy newborns are negligible and probably would not affect the reliability of digoxin radioimmunoassay tests. PMID- 3770003 TI - Actinomycotic osteomyelitis of the skull and atlas with late dissemination. A case of transient neurosurgical syndrome. AB - Actinomycosis of the skull and/or the vertebral column is extremely rare in previously healthy children and its diagnosis is difficult. A case is reported here involving the occipital bone and the atlas. The disease had started 4 years before diagnosis and presented as a neurosurgical affection in a 13-year-old girl. The disease spread towards the retropharyngeal space and probably disseminated to the liver and the lung. Actinomyces israeli grew from cultures. Antibiotic treatment was successful. PMID- 3770005 TI - Salla disease in one non-Finnish patient. AB - In a 5-year-old boy, an early onset psychomotor retardation with non-progressive ataxia and without dysmorphic features, associated with lysosomal storage disease found on ultrastructural examination of the conjunctiva, led to the diagnosis of Salla disease. This was supported by a tenfold excretion of urinary free sialic acid, without abnormal oligosacchariduria or anomaly in lysosomal enzymes. This boy is a native of Southern France. Screening of urinary sialic acid has to be introduced in aetiological investigations of patients with apparently non progressive psychomotor retardation associated with ataxia or dystonic movements. PMID- 3770004 TI - Pheochromocytoma and hydralazine-induced myocardial ischaemia in a 14-year-old boy. AB - A 14-year-old patient with pheochromocytoma is described in whom myocardial ischaemia occurred following hydralazine administration. Possible mechanisms and previously reported paediatric cases are discussed. The need for caution in acute hypotension induction in pheochromocytoma is emphasized. PMID- 3770006 TI - Gangrene by infusion of hyperosmolar solution into the umbilical artery. PMID- 3770007 TI - Detection of neuroblastoma cells in bone marrow by in situ hybridization. PMID- 3770008 TI - Metabolic acidosis in osteogenesis imperfecta. PMID- 3770009 TI - VMA-negative, MIBG scan-positive neuroblastoma in children. PMID- 3770010 TI - Hepatic metabolism of doxorubicin in mice and rats. AB - We have studied the metabolism of doxorubicin in rat and mouse liver, heart and hepatocytes. Doxorubicinol was present in all cases at very low levels and 7 deoxyaglycones were present only in extraphysiological conditions: no aglycones were found either in fresh livers or in hearts of animals treated with the drug, but they were produced in large amounts when the organs were left at room temperature after the death of the animal. Hepatocytes grown in primary cultures or hepatoma cells grown in continuous lines produced no 7-deoxyaglycones. Freshly isolated hepatocytes synthesized small amounts of 7-deoxyaglycones; however, when these hepatocytes were homogenized prior to incubation, high levels of 7 deoxyaglycones were produced. We conclude that 7-deoxyaglycone formation is possible only in injured tissue and is not, therefore, a normal pathway for doxorubicin. PMID- 3770011 TI - Disposition of allylic oxidation pathway metabolites of racemic hexobarbital in the rat. AB - The pharmacokinetics in blood of the major metabolites of hexobarbital (HB), 3' hydroxyhexobarbital (OH-HB) and 3'-ketohexobarbital (K-HB) were studied in rats. In addition urinary excretion of OH-HB and K-HB and 1,5-dimethylbarbituric acid (DMBA) was determined. Half-lives of OH-HB and K-HB were slightly longer than that of the parent drug. Urinary recovery of OH-HB, K-HB and DMBA following i.a. administration of OH-HB (75%) was more complete than the recovery following i.a. administration of K-HB (52%). Most probably further metabolism of K-HB takes place. Of K-HB, 41% was excreted renally, and 3.4% of K-HB reverted back to OH HB. Of OH-HB, about 45% was excreted renally, following p.o. or i.a. administration. Since about 10% of both OH-HB and K-HB was converted to DMBA, it seems that the epoxide-diol pathway as proposed for HB also plays a minor role in the metabolism of OH-HB and K-HB. It is further concluded that measuring allylic pathway oxidation metabolites of HB does not improve the usefulness of HB as a model compound in the assessment of the activity of oxidative drug metabolizing activity. PMID- 3770012 TI - Kinetics of metapramine and its demethylated metabolites after single and chronic oral administration in man. AB - The kinetics of metapramine and two of its demethylated metabolites were determined in six normal subjects after oral administration of a single 150 mg dose on day 1 and 3 X 50 mg dose on day 2-6. This study has shown that three demethylated metabolites are found in plasma beside metapramine. The monodemethylated metabolite I appeared to be the predominant one and the mean area under the plasma concentration curve (AUCo24) was 49% of the metapramine value. Its half-life was shorter (5.92 h) than that of metapramine (8.29 h). The kinetic profiles of metapramine and its major metabolites I and II were similar and data over 24 h could be fitted by a tri-exponential equation even though entero-hepatic cycles were observed. A high interindividual variability of data was found for both metapramine and its metabolites. There were no significant differences between men and women. The minimal plasma level (Cmin) seemed in agreement with the half-life of the drug. PMID- 3770013 TI - [Experimental filariasis in Proechimys oris by Dipetalonema dessetae: 4. Effect of parasitism on protein and tissue binding of diethylcarbamazine]. AB - Several groups of control and filaria-infected Rodents were treated by radio labelled diethylcarbamazine in order to study the effect of parasitism on the protein binding and tissue distribution of the drug. These studies were performed using equilibrium dialysis, chromatography and autoradiography. The plasmatic protein concentrations were lower in the group of infected Rodents, due to a decrease of albumin. The binding rate depended on the electrophoretic fractions, but remained low and unaffected by parasitism. The radioactivity of DEC and its metabolites appeared very quickly in the tissues, particularly in infected Rodents. This was due to the fact that the already rapid intestinal absorption and diffusion were enhanced by filariasis. PMID- 3770014 TI - The effects of phenytoin dosage on the induction of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and antipyrine clearance in the dog. AB - Doses of phenytoin from 90 to 800 mg/d were used to study induction of hepatic cytochrome P-450 and plasma alpha 1-acid glycoprotein in dogs. The antipyrine clearance was increased by 80%, which is equivalent to an increase in cytochrome P-450 of 140%, and the plasma glycoprotein concentration rose 200% at the highest dose of phenytoin used. Plasma concentrations of phenytoin were measured at each dose level to provide a definitive value for the amount of inducer present. These data were used to assess the concentration-response relationship for phenytoin inducing either cytochrome P-450 or the glycoprotein. A simple relationship between concentration and effect was not observed, suggesting a complex mechanism of induction. PMID- 3770015 TI - Absolute bioavailability of testosterone after oral administration of testosterone-undecanoate and testosterone. AB - The plasma levels of testosterone (T) were measured after oral administration of 25 mg T and 40 mg testosterone-undecanoate (TU) in a group of young women by a specific radioimmunoassay. Plasma levels were compared to those after intravenous administration of 1.5 micrograms testosterone/kg to another group of young women for determination of absolute bioavailability. Due to the high metabolic clearance rate of 24.5 ml/min/kg absolute systemic availability of free testosterone was calculated to 3.56 +/- 2.45%. Oral administration of testosterone undecanoate leads only to an absolute testosterone bioavailability of 6.83 +/- 3.32%. PMID- 3770016 TI - Disposition of premazepam, an anti-anxiety pyrrolodiazepine, in the cynomolgus monkey. AB - The plasma levels, tissue distribution and the urinary elimination of total radioactivity and of unchanged premazepam were determined in cynomolgus monkeys given intravenously the 14C labelled pyrrolo diazepine. Following the i.v. injection, both total 14C and the unchanged drug disappeared from the central compartment in a biphasic manner with terminal half-lives of 11.9 and 3.7 h respectively. Elimination occurred mainly via the kidneys with 58% of the administered 14C and 16% of premazepam recovered in 48 h. Tissue distribution of radioactivity (whole-body autoradiography) showed as target tissues the emunctory organs and the melanin rich choroid of the eyes and the traiv follicles. Interestingly, five min after the i.v. dose the distribution of premazepam in the brain indicated an homogeneous diffusion in the different areas with a preferential affinity for the grey matter. PMID- 3770018 TI - Formation of didesmethylethimizol (4-5-dicarbamoyl-1-ethylimidazole) in man. AB - The chemical structure of an ethimizol metabolite found earlier in human urine and saliva was established as 4,5-dicarbamoyl-1-ethylimidazole (didesmethylethimizol). The treatment of biological samples comprised a solid phase extraction, high-performance thin-layer chromatographic separation and high performance liquid chromatographic purification techniques. The identification of the metabolite was based on the comparison of a mass spectrum of the substance isolated from the biological fluid with the mass spectra of synthetised reference compounds. PMID- 3770017 TI - Liver drug metabolism and blood pressure response to a lipophilic and hydrophilic beta blocker. AB - The role of liver drug metabolism on blood pressure (BP) response to a lipophilic (propranolol) and hydrophilic (sotalol) beta blocker in thirty hypertensive patients was studied. Ten patient treated with diuretics were classified according to plasma antipyrine clearance rate as rapid and slow metabolizers. They were first treated for one month with propranolol and then for one month with sotalol at equivalent dosage. Four patients, classified as rapid drug metabolizers had a better response to sotalol, 139 (SD 13)/92 (SD 6) mmHg, than to propranolol, 164 (21)/104 (10) mmHg. For the other six patients, with slow drug metabolism, the response to propranolol, 142 (8)/95 (8) mmHg was equal to sotalol, 143 (19)/93 (8) mmHg. Twenty patients were randomly divided into two groups. The patients in these groups were similar as to sex, age, body mass index, BP and rate of drug metabolism. The subjects in the first group were treated with propranolol and diuretic and those in the second with sotalol and diuretic. The BP response was equal in both groups, propranolol 147 (14)/96 (7) mmHg and sotalol 143 (12)/95 (9) mmHg after two years' follow-up. The rate of drug metabolism must be considered when evaluating response to lipophilic but not to hydrophilic beta blocker. PMID- 3770019 TI - 'In vitro' metabolism of N-picolyl-3,5-dimethylbenzamides. AB - 'In vitro' metabolism of three isomeric N-picolyl-3,5-dimethylbenzamides was studied. The metabolites were isolated through TLC and HPLC techniques and identified by direct comparison with authentic compounds. The results of phenobarbital and 3-methyl-cholantrene inductions are given. PMID- 3770020 TI - Proceedings of the international symposium: Laser in urology. Lubeck, November 9, 1985. PMID- 3770021 TI - Morphological fundamentals in the treatment of tumors with the neodymium-YAG laser. AB - On the basis of experimental animal research regarding type, distribution, and depth of necrosis in urinary bladder under neodymium-YAG (Nd:YAG) laser irradiation, identical results have been confirmed in human tissue. Bladder tumors indicated for cystectomy have first been treated with the Nd:YAG laser and histologically examined. Destruction of tumor tissue is demonstrated. Particular attention was paid to the temporary closing of the lymphatic drainage system due to the deep coagulation capability of the Nd:YAG laser irradiation. Nd:YAG laser irradiation is especially suitable for tumor coagulation, since simultaneous interception of lymphatic drainage will inhibit the spreading of tumor cells. PMID- 3770022 TI - Dosimetry of the neodymium-YAG laser in urological applications. AB - Animal experiments were carried out to optimize laser parameters for the treatment of superficial bladder tumors. The most important parameter affecting laser therapy is temperature. During intravesical irradiation of rabbit bladders, spatial and temporal temperature profiles on the bladder serosa were displayed. With these results adequate and safe treatment of bladder tumors is possible. We were unable to find any reduction in the hydrostatic capacity within the physiological range of bladder filling after laser irradiation of even 30% of the wall. Large diverticula developed within the first days after treatment, but had almost disappeared after 40 days. PMID- 3770023 TI - Treatment of urological tumors by neodymium-YAG laser. AB - Our 9-year clinical experience with the neodymium-YAG laser permits us to state that the conventional methods of tumor treatment in urology should be reconsidered for urothelial tumors. In benign tumors of the genitals and penile cancer the laser application is superior to all other conventional methods of treatment. PMID- 3770024 TI - Use of the neodymium-YAG laser in the treatment of ureteral tumors and urethral condylomata acuminata. Clinical experience. AB - The further development of endoscopic instruments has made neodymium-YAG laser irradiation of ureteral tumors possible. To date a total of 13 ureteral tumors in 10 patients have been photocoagulated. Over a mean follow-up period of 23 months, only 1 heterotopic recurrence was found after 14 months. In view of the results achieved so far, nephroureterectomy as the first therapeutic step appears to have been made obsolete. Since 1979 we have treated 48 patients with the neodymium-YAG laser. Seven patients with excessive condyloma involvement were followed postoperatively. Our experience indicates that, in view of its low complication and recurrence rates, endoscopic laser coagulation of urethral condylomata is the method of choice. A short-term ureteroscopic follow-up examination, however, is required to detect any condylomata that might have been overlooked. PMID- 3770025 TI - Value of the neodymium-YAG laser in the therapy of penile carcinoma. AB - Mutilation with associated functional losses characterizes current therapy of penile carcinoma. In addition, the recurrence rate is extremely high. Treatment with the neodymium-YAG laser provides a new therapy concept for T1 and T2 tumors, namely devitalization of all tumor cells with minimal tissue ablation. Following excision of the actual tumor, the base and margins of the excision are subjected to deep thermal denaturation without tissue removal. Over a mean observation period of 5 years, no local recurrence was found in 17 patients treated with this technique; only 1 patient died of metastases that remained undetected during primary staging. PMID- 3770026 TI - Experimental investigation of neodymium-YAG laser induced shock waves for lithotripsy. AB - Experiments on the endoscopic destruction of kidney stones by neodymium-YAG laser, either thermically or mechanically, are being carried out with various results. The thermal destruction is clinically not feasible, and the risk of damaging neighboring tissue is inevitable. The direct generation of shock waves with pulsed Q-switch systems seems to represent the only feasible endoscopic method subject to further development of suitable devices for clinical tests. PMID- 3770027 TI - 5-Ethyl-2'-deoxyuridine: an explanation for its lack of cytotoxic action in vivo. AB - The aim of this study was to explain why 5-ethyldeoxyuridine (EUdR) showed cytotoxic activity against Ehrlich ascites tumour (EAT) cells in vitro but not in vivo. In vitro studies showed that EUdR was phosphorylated to nucleotides which inhibit thymidylate synthetase and DNA polymerase. Toxicity in tissue culture appeared to be related to the inhibition of one or both of these enzymes; and could be prevented/reversed by thymidine (TdR). In vivo EAT cells also formed active EUdR nucleotides at levels which in vitro would have been associated with cytotoxicity but these levels were not maintained. EUdR has been shown to compete with TdR for catabolism by pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylases from mouse liver and gut. In the ascitic fluid it was found that the level of EUdR fell rapidly while that of TdR and 5-ethyl-uracil increased. It is proposed that competition for catabolism in vivo resulted in the rise in TdR which then compromised the antitumour effect of EUdR. PMID- 3770028 TI - Radiation studies on multicellular tumour spheroids derived from human neuroblastoma: absence of sparing effect of dose fractionation. AB - In vitro experiments were carried out to compare the effects of single-dose and split-dose irradiation on a cell line (NB1-G) derived from human neuroblastoma and grown as multicellular tumour spheroids (MTS). The radiation response was evaluated in terms of regrowth delay; estimates of in situ cell survival were made by back-extrapolation of regrowth curves. These studies showed no significant difference in the effectiveness of single as compared to split dose irradiation i.e. no sparing effect of fractionation. If MTS constitute a realistic model for micrometastases in vivo, these results provide a radiobiological rationale for hyperfractionated treatment regimes in the adjuvant radiotherapy of neuroblastoma. PMID- 3770029 TI - Actinomycin D and radiation: effects on mouse lung. AB - The effect of actinomycin D (0.4 mg/kg) on radiation-induced lung damage in the mouse was investigated. The drug was administered either 4 weeks before, immediately after, or 16 weeks after single doses of 240 kV X-rays applied to the thorax of CBA mice. Lung damage was assessed by measuring respiration rate, with a whole body plethysmograph. Dose-response curves were obtained at 2-week intervals from 12 to 40 weeks after irradiation. Actinomycin D had no significant effect on respiration rate in this study. A summary of other experimental studies is included which shows conflicting results. PMID- 3770030 TI - Estrogen and antiestrogen binding sites in desmoid tumors. AB - Clinical and experimental evidence suggests a role for estrogen in the natural history of desmoid tumors (DT). Antiestrogen (tamoxifen) has been used empirically in some patients with significant tumor regression. To further investigate the mechanism of hormonal influence on desmoid tumors we initially characterized the cytosol estrogen receptor (ER) and antiestrogen binding sites (AEBS) in microsomal fractions of 15 cases of DT. Biopsy specimens were obtained from nine female and six male patients. ER assay was determined in cytosol (105,000 g) and the AEBS was detected in the microsomal fraction (7000 g for 20 min) by a DCC assay technique. ER was present in 33% of DT assayed (5/15), with equal incidence in males and females. Receptor content in female patients was higher than in male patients (26.52 +/- 16 vs 10.82 +/- 8.32 fmol/mg protein). Dissociation constant (Kd) range (0.44-3.97 nM) was well within the values seen in other estrogen target tissues. The AEBS were detected in 79% of the cases. The mean binding value was 236.7 +/- 170.2 fmol/mg protein. Kd values were between 0.39 and 5.97 nM. ER settled predominantly in the 4S region and AEBS settled in the 5-5.5S region in a 5-20% sucrose gradient. AEBS was detected in seven patients with negative ER. No correlation between ER and AEBS contents was observed. Competition studies revealed minimal binding with either DEX, DHT, R5020, and R1881, but partial binding with tamoxifen in cytosol and estradiol in microsomal fractions. ER and AEBS assays may be of prognostic significance in the natural history of these tumors. PMID- 3770031 TI - Carminomycin versus doxorubicin in advanced breast cancer, a randomized phase II study of the E.O.R.T.C. Breast Cancer Cooperative Group. AB - Sixty-four patients with advanced progressive breast cancer resistant to conventional treatments were entered into the present study. They were randomized to receive either Carminomycin (CMM) 20 mg/m2 or Doxorubicin (DOX) 75 mg/m2, both drugs being administered by i.v. bolus every 3 weeks until progression of the disease. Five patients were not eligible and response could not be evaluated in another eight patients. Three patients had only one course due to disease-related early death. Among twenty-seven evaluable patients who received at least two courses of DOX one complete response and seven partial responses were observed for an overall response rate of 30%. CMM showed significantly lower (P = 0.04) antitumor activity with only one partial response (4%) among the 24 patients who received at least two courses of therapy. Median duration of response dating from the start of chemotherapy was 46 weeks on DOX (range 18-102+) and 30 weeks for the single partial response on CMM. Although the median time to progression for all patients receiving CMM (9 weeks) was significantly shorter (P = 0.04) than for those receiving DOX (30 weeks), patients on DOX had only a marginally longer duration of survival (P = .28) than those initially treated with CMM. Myelotoxicity was more severe in the CMM treated group than in the DOX group. Other toxicities such as alopecia, nausea and vomiting were slightly more severe in the DOX treated group. On the basis of this and other similar randomized studies, CMM cannot be recommended for further application in the treatment of advanced breast cancer. PMID- 3770032 TI - Increasing the thermosensitivity of a mammary tumor (CA755) through dietary modification. AB - Disruption of the integrity of tumor cellular membranes has been proposed as an initiating event in hyperthermic cell death. Thermosensitivity measured by the shift in the harmonic mean of tumor regrowth delay of CA755 mammary adenocarcinomas grown in the hind legs of male BDF1, mice increased 22% when the hosts were fed a diet enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Although the diet elicited the anticipated increase in tumor membrane phospholipid polyunsaturated fatty acids, the proportion of total unsaturated fatty acids decreased and the proportion of membrane-rigidifying saturated fatty acids increased. Concomitantly, the concentrations of cholesterol and phospholipid phosphorus increased and the ratio of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine decreased, presumably to counter the effect of the change in the fatty acid pattern. In host liver membranes, the diet-mediated increase in proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids was not accompanied by an increase in the proportion of rigidifying saturated fatty acids. Instead, the homeoviscous adaptation consisted of decreases in monounsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol concentration and an increase in the phosphatidylethanolamine-phosphatidylcholine ratio. Addition of a natural inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis to the polyunsaturated fatty acid enriched-diet reversed the diet-mediated increase in the phosphatidylethanolamine-phosphatidylcholine ratio of host liver membranes. Tumor membrane lipids from hosts fed the combined dietary factors were characterized by the formentioned rigidifying increase in saturated fatty acids and compensatory decrease in the phosphatidylethanolamine-phosphatidylcholine ratio. The inhibitor reversed the compensatory increases in cholesterol and phospholipid phosphorus concentrations. As a consequence the thermosensitivity of tumors bearing this perturbed membrane was increased. PMID- 3770033 TI - Platinum and etoposide in chemotherapy refractory metastatic breast cancer. A phase II trial of the Italian Oncology Group for Clinical Research (G.O.I.R.C.). AB - Twenty-four evaluable extensively pretreated advanced breast cancer patients received a combination of platinum and etoposide. Platinum was given i.v. at the dose of 80 mg/mq at day 1. Etoposide was given at the dose of 120 mg/mq i.v. at day 1, and p.o. at the dose of 200 mg/mq at day 3 and 5. Treatment was repeated every 3 weeks. CR was never obtained. PR was observed in four patients (17%), MR in two, NC in seven and PD in 11 patients. PR plus MR occurred in six patients (25%). Considering the extensive pretreatment of patients, the results seem to indicate that this combination is active and can be included among the possible options in treating chemotherapy refractory advanced breast cancer. Moreover, it deserves further evaluation in an earlier phase of the disease. PMID- 3770034 TI - Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of i.v. and i.p. VM26 chemotherapy in mice bearing Krebs II ascitic tumors. AB - The pharmacokinetics and the efficacy of VM26 are studied following i.p. or i.v. administration in mice bearing Krebs II ascitic tumors. The i.p. inoculation of 30.10(6) Krebs II cells in Swiss mice leads to the formation of ascites. The effects of VM26 were dependent upon the route of administration. A 2 mg/kg i.p. single dose induces an equivalent per cent increase of median survival time than a 20 mg/kg i.v. single dose. The survival advantage of i.p. VM26 was found to be related to the pharmacologic benefit of i.p. administration. If local toxicity does not prove to be a major problem, i.p. VM26 may constitute a safe and practical mode of therapy in patients with intraabdominal tumors. PMID- 3770035 TI - Development and some characteristics of a P388 leukemia strain resistant to 1, 2:5, 6-dianhydrogalactitol. AB - Repeated intraperitoneal treatment of standard P388 mouse leukemia with dianhydrogalactitol (DAG) resulted in the development of a P388/DAG experimental mouse tumor which was resistant to the drug. Resistance was stable without DAG treatment throughout 80 passages. P388/DAG shows cross-resistance to alkylating agents such as nitrogen-mustard, cyclophosphamide and diacetyl-DAG but not to selected antimetabolites and tubulin binders and exhibits reduced sensitivity to nitrosoureas. Resistance to DAG could not be overcome by the administration of maximally tolerated dose of DAG to tumor bearing mice. The resistant tumor is one chromosome short and shows a 13-fold increase of cells possessing a submetacentric marker chromosome. PMID- 3770036 TI - Tritiated thymidine labelling in vitro of human cancer of the breast: counting error and sampling error. AB - Tritiated thymidine labelling indices (TLIs) were determined on a number of primary cancers of the human breast. Twenty-two slides were chosen which demonstrated a wide range of TLIs and each was counted twice to assess 'counting error'. TLIs derived from successive counts of the same slide showed a coefficient of variance greater than 25% in half of the slides, but a significant difference between the two (P less than 0.05) in only 2 of 22 pairs. When TLIs derived from paired specimens taken from different sites in each of 22 tumours were compared, there was found to be a significant difference (P less than 0.05) in 17 of 22 pairs. This is 'sampling error' and is clearly a major source of inaccuracy when TLIs are derived from single small samples of heterogeneous tumours such as cancers of the human breast. PMID- 3770037 TI - Peptichemio, vincristine and prednisone versus melphalan and prednisone as induction therapy in multiple myeloma. AB - Seventy-five patients with previously untreated multiple myeloma were randomly treated with the association of Peptichemio, Vincristine and prednisone (PTC-VCR P) or of melphalan and P (MPH-P) for first induction therapy. After induction, all responsive patients received MPH and P until relapse, while unresponsive patients received it until unequivocal evidence of disease progression was observed. A second induction therapy with PTC-VCR-P was then administered, except to patients resistant to this association at first induction (who received combination chemotherapy which included cyclophosphamide and adriamycin). The response rate was 58% in the PTC-VCR-P and 41% in the MPH-P group (P greater than 0.05). The PTC-VCR-P responsive patients experienced a median duration of response shorter than MPH-P responsive patients (20.3 vs 39.7, P = 0.041). Median survival from the start of treatment was 26.2 months in the PTC-VCR-P and 54.1 months in the MPH-P group of patients (P = 0.039). Stage I and II myelomas had the same response rate to PTC-VCR-P and to MPH-P, but their survival was shorter on PTC-VCR-P than on MPH-P (P = 0.014). Stage III myelomas responded more frequently to PTC-VCR-P than to MPH-P (P less than 0.02) and there was a trend to survive longer on PTC-VCR-P than on MPH-P (22.0 vs 12.5 months, P greater than 0.05). PMID- 3770038 TI - Tissue distribution and myelotoxicity of daunomycin in the rat: rapid bolus injection vs continuous infusion. AB - The pharmacokinetic and cytotoxic behaviour of daunomycin in rats (7.5 mg/kg) when administered as an i.v. bolus injection were compared with those of a 3-hr infusion. After an i.v. bolus injection, the plasma drug levels decreased triphasically (t1/2 alpha = 0.8 min, t1/2 beta = 29.6 min and t1/2 gamma = 9.9 hr). The organs showed two types of concentration/time curves. One was found in the lungs, liver, kidneys and heart and had an initial high drug concentration followed by a relatively rapid elimination. The other was shown by the hemopoietic tissues (spleen and bone marrow): the drug uptake phase lasted longer (about 1.5 hr) and the elimination was slower. In general, daunomycin infusion led to substantially lower plasma and tissue levels, including in the heart, liver and kidneys. Again the hemopoietic tissues behaved in a different way: in spleen and bone marrow almost equal drug levels were obtained after daunomycin infusion as compared to a bolus injection. The myelotoxicity after daunomycin treatment was assessed by CFU-S (colony forming units-spleen) survival: the bolus injection killed as many CFU-S as did infusion (mean +/- S.D.: 11.8 +/- 5.3 CFU-S survival versus mean +/- S.D.: 13.5 +/- 2.4). Thus, it can be predicted that daunomycin infusion will lead to less cardiotoxicity but to an equal bone marrow suppression. PMID- 3770039 TI - Placebo controlled pneumococcal immunization in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. AB - Pneumococcal vaccine [heptadecavalent types 1, 2, 3, 4, 6A, 7F, 8, 9N, 11A, 12F, 14, 15F, 17F, 18C, 19F, 23F and 25 pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine (Moniarix)] or placebo were evaluated in 26 and 21 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma, most of whom did not receive prior radiotherapy or chemotherapy. No difference was detected as far as clinical outcome is concerned: 3 vaccinated patients out of 26 (11.5%) developed pneumococcal infections (1 fatal bacteremia) and 4/21 (19%) of those who received a placebo presented such an infection (1 fatal bacteremia). The antibody response was significantly increased in the vaccines for types 1, 2, 7F, 8, 9N, 12F, 14, 17F, 18C, 23F and 25. PMID- 3770040 TI - Altered pharmacokinetics and clinical consequences of low dose methotrexate plus cisplatin in the treatment of advanced head and neck cancer. AB - Thirty-two patients with head and neck carcinoma received a multidrug chemotherapy protocol including low dose methotrexate (LDMTX) (30 mg/m2) and cisplatin as their initial treatment. A sensitive immunoenzymatic technique was used for systematic MTX blood monitoring (0-56 hr) in all patients. The MTX related side effects observed in 15 patients (47%) were significantly associated with an increase in systemic drug exposure occurring early during drug infusion. The average end-of-infusion concentration varied from 8 X 10(-7) M for nontoxic patients to 1.45 and 3.12 10(-6) M for moderately and severely toxic patients respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) (0-56 hr) was also directly related to the increase in side-effects. Total body clearance was reduced in an inverse manner. Volumes of distribution and terminal elimination half-lives were not related to the presence or intensity of MTX side-effects. Based on these data, the institution of folinic acid rescue adapted to the MTX blood concentration, a measure previously not suggested for LDMTX, completely prevented severe toxicity in a subsequent series of 26 patients without modification of the response rate. PMID- 3770041 TI - Sensitivity of the hormone dependent MXT-mouse mammary carcinoma to estradiol during tumoral growth. An autoradiographic study. AB - The MXT transplantable mammary tumor is an ovarian sensitive carcinoma of the B6D2F1 mouse strain. The present work documents the mitogenic effect of a single near-physiological dose (pulse) of estradiol (E2) in castrated mice bearing MXT neoplasms 2-7 weeks after their inoculation. Histological sections of tumors and uteri (as control E2 target organs) were processed and nuclear thymidine labeling indices (TLI) were determined by autoradiography. Tumor estrogen receptors contents were evaluated in parallel. The results indicate that the MXT tumor keeps a constant sensitivity to E2 6 weeks after implantation. PMID- 3770042 TI - Generation of procoagulant activity by hairy cells in response to endotoxin and phorbol esters. AB - Several investigators have suggested that hairy cells are neoplastic B lymphocytes. These cells, however, also share some biological properties with mononuclear phagocytes. A property of these cells is the capacity to generate procoagulant activity (PCA) in response to a variety of stimuli. In this study we investigated the PCA of peripheral blood hairy cells in 19 consecutive patients with hairy cell leukaemia (HCL). Monocyte-depleted blood mononuclear cells, tested immediately after isolation, expressed little, if any, activity. However, after exposure to endotoxin, a marked increase in PCA was observed (42.1 +/- 8.7 vs 1.3 +/- 0.2 units/5 X 10(1) hairy cells). A significant correlation was found between the number of lymphocytes/hairy cell and the level of endotoxin-induced PCA suggesting that lymphocytes potentiate the procoagulant response of hairy cells. When stimulated with 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), patients' cells produced about 2-8 times more PCA than endotoxin-stimulated cells. The PCA induced by endotoxin and TPA was identified as tissue factor. These findings suggest some further relationship between hairy cells and monocytes. PMID- 3770043 TI - Impaired DNA-repair synthesis in lymphocytes of breast cancer patients. AB - UV-C light induced DNA-repair synthesis was studied in unstimulated lymphocytes of 41 female patients (aged 33-83 years) with invasive breast cancer and of 27 healthy women (aged 37-68 years). As a parameter for the determination of the DNA repair synthesis the incorporation of [3H] thymidine was taken in the presence of 2 mM hydroxyurea (HU). The [3H] thymidine incorporation levels were reduced in 20 of the 41 patients and in only 3 of the 27 controls. This difference between the two groups was significant. An impaired DNA-repair synthesis might be involved in the etiology of breast cancer in some patients. PMID- 3770044 TI - Phase II trial of a combination of low dose cisplatin (DDP) and bolus 5 fluorouracil (FU) in recurrent and metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. PMID- 3770045 TI - Corynebacterium parvum followed by chemotherapy (actinomycin D and DTIC) compared with chemotherapy alone for metastatic malignant melanoma. AB - Seventy-nine patients with Stage III widely metastatic melanoma were prospectively randomised to a 'no treatment' control group who received on tumour progression DTIC (250 mg/m2 i.v. daily X 5) and Actinomycin D 1.5 mg/m2 on Day 1. A total of six courses at 3-week intervals was given. Chemotherapy was only given on progression of disease. The other group received initially Corynebacterium parvum (2 mg/m2) every 3 weeks for a maximum of eight courses and then the same chemotherapy on evidence of progressive disease. Minimum follow up time is 3 yr. The chemotherapy response rate (control 37%, C. parvum 24%) was not statistically different nor was the effect of chemotherapy on the site of individual metastases. Radiotherapy responses for irradiated soft tissue disease again were not significantly different, between the two patient groups. No significant differences in survival (control group median, 4 months, range 1-46; C. parvum median 3 months range 1-35) were observed and only one patient is alive at 35 months. The pattern of relapse was also similar in both groups. Reduction in haematological toxicity consequent on chemotherapy was not observed in the C. parvum-treated patients. No additional benefit was observed when C. parvum was followed by DTIC and Actinomycin D chemotherapy compared with the results from the chemotherapy given alone, although C. parvum on this schedule had minimal toxicity. PMID- 3770046 TI - Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies in hematologic malignancies. PMID- 3770047 TI - Minimising the organ toxic effects of chemotherapy. PMID- 3770048 TI - Survival after first recurrence in breast cancer. AB - The aim of the present study was to evaluate the significance of primary stage, histopathological grade, disease-free survival and site of first relapse on survival after first recurrence. The study included 1621 female breast cancer patients admitted between 1970 and 1975. The patient material was analysed by unifactorial life table methods and the multifactorial Cox regression analysis. The primary stage and histopathological grade maintained a significant prognostic value also after relapse. Survival after first recurrence was dependent on the disease-free interval and site of first relapse, too. If the disease-free survival was over 5 years, 44% of the patients were still alive after 7 years from recurrence. Of the patients with a disease-free survival shorter than 2 years, only 10% were alive after 7 years from recurrence. Survival was significantly better after locoregional relapse than after distant relapse, but the difference levelled off within 7 years. The prognosis of axillary relapse was best and that of liver and brain metastases poorest. Regression analysis confirmed the importance of primary stage, site of recurrence and histopathological grade as prognostic variables for survival after first recurrence. PMID- 3770049 TI - In vitro activity of the novel antitumor antibiotic fostriecin (CI-920) in a human tumor cloning assay. AB - A human tumor cloning assay was utilized to evaluate the antineoplastic activity of the novel antitumor antibiotic fostriecin (CI-920). Initial screening with 10.0 mcg/ml continuous exposure against a variety of histologic tumor types resulted in 14/51 (27%) in vitro responses (defined as greater than 50% decrease in TCFUs). Further investigation of the compound was performed in 1-hr preincubation experiments. The in vitro response rate at a concentration of 1.0 mcg/ml (which was considered to correspond to a clinically achievable concentration) was 15/43 (35%). Response rates for specific tumor types included: 5/15 in ovarian cancer, 5/12 in breast, and 4/11 in human lung cancer. The impression of significant antitumor activity of the compound at this dose was further substantiated by comparing its in vitro activity with a variety of simultaneously tested standard anticancer agents. In addition, these data indicated the possibility of non-cross resistance of CI-920 to several established cytostatics. CI-920 is a compound with good in vitro activity which should be further developed for clinical trials. PMID- 3770050 TI - Platelet dysfunction in splenectomized patients with hairy cell leukemia. AB - Platelet function was assessed in 17 patients with hairy cell leukemia who had undergone splenectomy. Defective PAF-induced aggregation and selective reduction of beta-thromboglobulin were found in platelets from six and eight patients respectively. These defects were not necessarily associated with bleeding complications. PMID- 3770051 TI - Standardization of steroid receptor assays in human breast cancer--III. Selection of reference material for intra- and inter-laboratory quality control. AB - A comparison of estrogen and progesterone receptor (ER and PgR, respectively) analyses using minced frozen tissue and lyophilized cytosols of the same samples demonstrated that intra-laboratory variations in assays performed by 13 members of the EORTC Receptor Group are lowest using the lyophilized samples. Inter laboratory variation in receptor values was on the same order of magnitude for both types of samples (ca 22% for ER and 30% for PgR). There was no correlation between receptor values measured within each laboratory for either ER or PgR in minced tissues compared to lyophilized cytosols, which illustrates that methods of tissue disruption, extraction of receptors, and preparation of cytosol are sources of intra- and inter-laboratory variation. In some laboratories the handling of the tissue was apparently sub-optimal since a slight but significant difference was found in the overall mean concentration of ER in minced tissue compared to lyophilized cytosol samples. It was concluded that lyophilized tissue samples are the material of choice for routine intra- and inter-laboratory quality controls. However, differences in methods of handling tissue to obtain cytosol should not be disregarded since they lead to increased intra-laboratory variation. A difference was demonstrated between use of a common batch of isotope and the different batches concurrently employed in the laboratories, but the differences were not large enough to warrant use of a common batch for routine inter-laboratory comparisons. Differences in methods used to convert cpm to dpm did not appreciably affect the results when counting samples of tritium containing from 30,000 to 105,000 dpm. PMID- 3770052 TI - Standardization of steroid receptor assays in human breast cancer--IV. Long-term within- and between-laboratory variation of estrogen and progesterone receptor assays. AB - One batch of lyophilized calf uterine cytosol was analyzed for estrogen and progesterone receptor (ER and PgR, respectively) content by 12 members of the EORTC Receptor Group on three different occasions over a total study period of 1 yr: One vial was included with each of 20 consecutive batches of routine tumor analyses between December 1983 and May 1984. Two vials were simultaneously assayed between July and August 1984 (within-run variation). One vial was analyzed at the end of 1984 (November-December). The overall mean ER and PgR values did not change systematically over the total study period of 1 yr. Within the various laboratories, the between-run variations of both ER and PgR assays were considerable and differed from one institution to another (7-26%). For both ER and PgR measurements the average within-run (n = 2) and between-run (n = 20) coefficients of variation were similar (8-9% and 16-17%, respectively). Comparison of the results from multiple sequential assays (c.v. = 12.9%) with those from single assays (c.v. = 21.2%) showed that about 60% of the between laboratory variance in ER could be explained on the basis of the between-run variance. With regard to PgR analysis, however, the between-laboratory variance decreased only 25%. Standardized use of one type of protein assay (Coomassie brilliant blue) and a standard protein solution (human serum albumin) has decreased the between-laboratory variation of the protein analysis results to less than 15%. PMID- 3770054 TI - Vindesine and mitomycin C in inoperable non-small cell lung cancer. AB - Twenty-nine patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer were treated as out-patients with vindesine and mitomycin C. Eight patients had a complete response, and nine a partial response. Response was generally associated with either stable or improving ECOG and symptom scores. The incidence of serious side effects was low--only two patients' white cell count fell below 3000 cells/mm2, only one patient's platelet count fell below 100,000 cells/mm2, and two patients developed vomiting associated with treatment. The combination of vindesine and mitomycin C appears to be effective in the treatment of inoperable non-small cell lung cancer. Side effects were generally well tolerated and allowed out-patient treatment. PMID- 3770053 TI - Chemosensitivities of human clonogenic breast tumor cells. AB - We developed an in vitro system for the testing of the inherent chemosensitivity of clonogenic tumor cells, and we applied the system to the evaluation of 104 human breast tumors. We observed the following: clonogenic breast tumor cells were more sensitive to 4-hydroperoxy-cyclophosphamide (a metabolite of cyclophosphamide with in vitro activity) than to 5-fluorouracil and to doxorubicin (the other two agents used in the frontline treatment of breast carcinoma). The sensitivity of these clonogenic breast tumor cells for mitoxantrone, bisantrene, 4'-epi-doxorubicin, and VP-16 was similar to that for doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil, but it was less for cis-platinum. In vivo exposure to a combination of 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FAC) did not change the sensitivity of cells towards 5-fluorouracil and doxorubicin, but lessened the sensitivity of some cells towards 4 hydroperoxycyclophosphamide. Furthermore, in vivo exposure to doxorubicin did not influence the sensitivity of cells towards the anthraquinone derivatives, 4'-epi doxorubicin, mitoxantrone, and bisantrene. A comparison of the in vitro and in vivo chemosensitivity revealed that the assayed cell populations were biologically relevant: the concordance of sensitivity on 41 tumors was 68%, or 95%, if the in vitro sensitivity score was adjusted to the tumor bulk. We conclude that our system provides a valid tool to determine the inherent chemosensitivity pattern of the individual tumor types, and to compare the tumor cytotoxic potential of drugs. PMID- 3770055 TI - Treatment of hairy-cell leukemia with recombinant alpha 2-interferon. AB - Eleven patients with hairy-cell leukemia (eight with progressive and three with non-progressive disease) were treated with low dose recombinant human alpha 2 interferon. After a 3-month treatment period, nine patients showed an improvement and one patient a partial remission. By then, transfusions were not required any more and serious infections were no longer encountered. Four patients were further treated: three for a total period of 9 months and one for 6 months; all of them reached a partial or complete remission. The treatment was equally effective in patients with both progressive and non-progressive disease. Previous absence of response to splenectomy did not preclude a positive effect of IFN therapy. In two patients, IFN dose reduction was necessary due to unremitting flu like symptoms. PMID- 3770056 TI - Marked inter-patient variation in adriamycin biotransformation to 7 deoxyaglycones: evidence from metabolites identified in serum. AB - Several factors are known to modulate the clinical pharmacokinetics of adriamycin (ADR). Biotransformation has not been studied in this context because of problems identifying serum metabolites. We have studied patterns of ADR biotransformation in 25 patients with normal liver and kidney function and in most cases receiving ADR for the first time. Three major serum metabolites were identified by HPLC, TLC and mass spectrometry and their pharmacokinetics were followed over a 24-hr period. The relative amount of each metabolite present in a patient was quantitated by calculating its AUC. Adriamycinol was the major metabolite detected in the majority of patients. Adriamycin 7-deoxyaglycone was detected in the serum of 15 patients where it accounted for a small percentage of the total ADR concentration (1-5%). Its apparent half-life was normally less than 30 min. Adriamycinol 7-deoxyaglycone was detected in the serum of only 13 patients where it accounted for a greater percentage of the total ADR concentration (10-20%). Its pharmacokinetics exhibited marked inter-patient variations, with apparent half-lives ranging from 0.1 to 24 hr. There was a correlation between the AUC of ADR and the relative amount of metabolites present in each patient (r = 0.73). Thus, biotransformation may explain, partly, inter-patient variations in ADR pharmacokinetics. In turn, variations in biotransformation are dictated by whether or not ADR is converted to 7-deoxyaglycones. PMID- 3770057 TI - The development of instruction to induce skill transfer. PMID- 3770058 TI - Assessment of the learning process. PMID- 3770059 TI - Experimental evidence for the effects of instructional bias on word identification. PMID- 3770061 TI - Teaching children to identify the main idea of expository texts. PMID- 3770060 TI - Computers and cognition in reading: a focus on decoding fluency. PMID- 3770062 TI - Plasma concentrations of codeine and its metabolite, morphine, after single and repeated oral administration. AB - Plasma concentrations of codeine and its demethylated metabolite, morphine, were determined after single and repeated oral administration of codeine. Twelve healthy volunteers received two doses of codeine 60 mg, 2.8 h apart. In order to achieve steady-state conditions codeine 60 mg was then taken every 8 h for a further five doses. The plasma concentrations of codeine and morphine after the first, second and seventh doses were analyzed by GC-MS. The maximum plasma concentrations of codeine and morphine were reached about 1 h after administration and this time interval did not change on repeated administration. The peak plasma codeine was higher after the second dose of codeine than after the first and the concentration resembled that at steady-state. For morphine, the plasma concentration did not increase significantly after the second dose. Both after a single dose and during steady-state the plasma concentration of morphine was only 2-3% of that of codeine. It seems unlikely that morphine plays a significant role in the analgesic efficacy of single or repeated doses of codeine. PMID- 3770063 TI - Measurement of theophylline absorption from different regions of the gastro intestinal tract using a remote controlled drug delivery device. AB - The absorption of a theophylline solution containing 80-120 mg doses delivered to different sites in the gastro-intestinal tract has been determined in 3 male volunteers using a remote controlled drug release system (HF-capsule). There was no difference between the stomach, ileum and the colon in the amount of theophylline absorbed (AUC). The T 1/2abs of theophylline absorbed via the colon was prolonged when compared with that entering via the upper gastro-intestinal tract. The results provide a rational basis for the further development of theophylline formulations and are indispensable for planned development and to account for variation in the bioavailability of retarded release drug preparations. PMID- 3770064 TI - Pharmacokinetics of albendazole in man. AB - The pharmacokinetics of albendazole were investigated in healthy volunteers and in patients receiving albendazole for treatment of hydatid disease. Unchanged albendazole was below detectable limits in plasma, urine, bile and cyst fluid. The major metabolite present in all fluids was the sulfoxide. Maximum concentrations of albendazole sulfoxide in plasma were very variable, probably due to variable absorption of albendazole. PMID- 3770065 TI - Serum concentrations and safety of rimantadine in paediatric patients. AB - Rimantadine has been shown to be more active in vitro and less toxic than amantadine in adults with influenza A disease. Because of a lack of studies in pediatric patients, we designed a study to evaluate serum concentrations and adverse effects of rimantadine in infants receiving repeated doses. Fourteen hospitalized infants (ages 1-10 months) were given rimantadine syrup at 3 mg/kg/dose in single daily doses during influenza season. Blood samples were obtained prior to dose and at various intervals up to 8 h after doses on the fifth to ninth days of therapy. Adverse effects were assessed based on clinical status, activity level, hematologic and biochemical parameters during 10-day therapy. Steady-state rimantadine peak serum concentration ranged from 100 to 574 ng/ml and time to achieve peak concentration ranged from 2.5 to 6.0 h after the doses. No adverse effects were seen except hematuria in one infant; this patient had the highest rimantadine concentration and longest treatment duration. Hematuria resolved during a follow-up evaluation on the ninth day after stopping therapy. Our data suggest that rimantadine can be given safely at repeated doses of 3 mg/kg/dose in a convenient once-daily regimen; the steady-state peak serum concentrations and time to achieve peak concentration may vary substantially in infants receiving same oral doses; and possible association of adverse effects and high serum concentration or long treatment duration of rimantadine needs further evaluation in small infants. PMID- 3770066 TI - The effect of posture on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous benzylpenicillin. AB - We have studied the pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered benzylpenicillin in normal subjects during bedrest and during ambulation. The values of total body clearance, mean residence time, and renal clearance found during ambulation were 487.4 +/- 100.5 ml/min, 36.23 +/- 13.45 min, and 309.4 +/- 93.4 ml/min (means +/- SD). The corresponding values for bedrest were 543.6 +/- 122.6 ml/min, 35.27 +/- 10.21 min, and 324.1 +/- 145.3 ml/min. There were no significant differences between any of these pharmacokinetic variables with the change in posture. These results differ from previously reported results for the effects of posture on the pharmacokinetics of penicillins administered by extravascular routes, and suggest that the absorption of benzylpenicillin may be dependent on posture. PMID- 3770067 TI - Secretion of the gastrokinetic agent cisapride in human milk. AB - Ten puerperal women were treated with the gastrokinetic agent Cisapride 20 mg 8-h by oral tablets. Breast milk levels of Cisapride had reached a steady state by treatment day 3. Day 4 breast milk levels were 6.2 +/- 1.3 and serum levels 137 +/- 8.1 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM). The breastfeeding infant of a woman on the above treatment would ingest an amount of Cisapride 600-800 times lower than the usual therapeutic dose. PMID- 3770068 TI - To nurse when receiving acebutolol: is it dangerous for the neonate? AB - The concentrations of acebutolol and of its main active metabolite diacetolol in milk and plasma were studied in 7 hypertensive mothers treated with acebutolol, a cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent. Clinical monitoring on their newborn babies was also done, as well as measurement of plasma level of the drug in them. The ratio between milk and plasma concentrations ranged from 1.9 to 9.2 for acebutolol and from 2.3 to 24.7 for diacetolol, and in any given milk sample, the diacetolol concentration was always higher than that of acebutolol. In a newborn infant, plasma concentrations of the two transplacentally acquired substances was raised when breast feeding started and remained high. Clinical signs of pharmacological beta-blockade were observed. Evaluation of the iatrogenic risk shows that pharmacologically active amounts of acebutolol might be received by a neonate if the daily maternal dosage exceeds 400 mg/day and/or renal function in the mother is impaired. PMID- 3770069 TI - Pharmacokinetics of cimetidine after subchronic administration. AB - The influence of cimetidine on its own pharmacokinetics after subchronic administration was assessed in 8 healthy volunteers, aged 26-29 years. On control Day 1, each subject received cimetidine 300 mg i.v., and serum and urine samples were obtained. Each subject was initiated on cimetidine 600 mg b.i.d. orally for 2 weeks. There were 3 further study days repeated after 1 and 2 weeks of cimetidine dosing and 1 week after stopping cimetidine. There was no significant difference in the mean total body clearance of cimetidine among the 4 study days. Mean elimination t1/2 beta and V beta were similarly unchanged. However mean renal clearance (CLR) and fe were significantly increased following 2 weeks of drug dosing (CLR 5.41 ml X min-1 X kg-1; fe 0.61) compared to control (CLR 4.00 ml X min-1 X kg-1; fe 0.48). Although the non renal clearance was reduced from control values of 4.29 to 3.51 ml X min-1 X kg-1 following 2 weeks of dosing the difference was not significant. Dosage adjustment of cimetidine appears unnecessary after short-term dosing in the presence of normal renal function. PMID- 3770070 TI - Effect of a smooth muscle relaxant from the stonefish, Synanceia trachynis, on KCl-induced responses in the guinea-pig vas deferens. AB - Stonefish skin secretion contains a smooth muscle relaxant, synancein II, that selectively inhibits tonic responses of KCl-induced contractions of the guinea pig vas deferens. Synancein II (5-50 micrograms/ml) and nifedipine (10(-8)-10(-7) M) reduced tonic responses equally. Over these concentrations, synancein II inhibited phasic responses more than did nifedipine. Rapid inhibition of phasic responses by synancein II (low concentrations) but its inability to block this response at high concentrations suggests that more than one extracellular and/or intracellular Ca2+ source may contribute to the generation of the phasic response. Some calcium antagonists selectively inhibit tonic responses induced by KCl in many different organs, whilst others inhibit phasic responses. Whereas we previously reported that synancein II selectively inhibits phasic rather than tonic responses in the guinea-pig ileum, the present results reveals a reversal of this selectivity. PMID- 3770071 TI - Inhibition of 5-carboxamidotryptamine-induced relaxation of guinea-pig ileum correlates with [125I]LSD binding. AB - 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 5-carboxamidotryptamine (5-CT), 8-OH-DPAT and RU 24969 relax the guinea-pig ileum precontracted with histamine. This relaxation was characterized using 5-CT as agonist with a series of 8 competitive antagonists. [125I]LSD binding was measured in a membrane preparation of the longitudinal muscle of the guinea-pig ileum in the presence of 3 X 10(-7) M cinanserin in order to suppress binding to 5-HT2 receptors. There was a significant correlation (P less than 0.01) between the antagonism of 5-CT-induced relaxation (pA2 values) and the affinity values of the antagonists for [125I]LSD binding (pKD values). It was also shown that 5-CT relaxed histamine-precontracted longitudinal muscle strips of the guinea-pig ileum. The results suggest that the 5-HT receptor-mediating relaxation in the guinea-pig ileum can be labelled with [125I]LSD and that this receptor does not belong to the 5-HT2, 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B or 5-HT1C receptor subtypes. PMID- 3770072 TI - Autoradiography of lambda binding sites in rat brain. AB - In vitro receptor autoradiography was used to determine the localization of binding sites with high selectivity for 4,5-epoxymorphinans (lambda sites) in rat brain slices. [3H]Naloxone was used both to label a combination of mu and lambda sites (ligand alone) and to selectively label lambda sites (ligand plus 300 nM diprenorphine added to saturate mu, delta and kappa sites), using incubation conditions optimized for binding to lambda sites. Computerized densitometric analysis confirmed the ligand specificity profile and ionic sensitivity seen for lambda sites in previous homogenate studied. The proportion of mu and lambda sites labeled by [3H]naloxone varied among different brain regions examined. The labeling in the cerebellum, the accessory olfactory bulb and the mossy fiber path of the hippocampus was almost entirely lambda in nature under the conditions employed. A number of regions showed varying proportions of lambda and mu sites, including the cortex, the amygdala, substantia gelatinosa and several thalamic nuclei. Regions labeled by [3H]naloxone containing little or no lambda binding included the striatal patches, the habenula, the substantia nigra and the inferior colliculus. Identification of brain regions with unique lambda site content may facilitate the search for its potential biological function. PMID- 3770073 TI - Direct effects of calcium channel blockers on duodenal calcium transport in vivo. AB - The direct effects of verapamil, diltiazem and nifedipine on duodenal calcium transport were assessed in rats by the in vivo ligated loop technique, using luminal calcium concentrations at which active and passive transport mechanisms predominate (2 and 50 mM Ca, respectively). At 2 mM Ca, addition of verapamil (0.3-10 mM) to the luminal solution caused a concentration-dependent decrease in calcium lumen-to-plasma uptake and an increase in calcium plasma-to-lumen translocation, such that at 10 mM verapamil there was a net secretion of calcium into the duodenal lumen. In contrast, nifedipine (0.3-3 mM) was without effect on calcium transport, and diltiazem reduced calcium lumen-to-plasma uptake and net calcium absorption only at 10 mM, without influencing plasma-to-lumen translocation. The verapamil-induced increase in calcium plasma-to-lumen translocation was abolished by bile duct ligation. Calcium transport was unaffected by any calcium channel blocker at 50 mM luminal calcium. Thus, verapamil can directly influence active calcium translocation in the intestine, in vivo, and may affect calcium homeostasis during chronic oral treatment with this drug. PMID- 3770074 TI - A selective effect of protein kinase C activation on pirenzepine high-affinity muscarinic receptors in a neuronal clone. PMID- 3770075 TI - 1,4-Dithiothreitol-induced alteration in histamine H1-agonist binding in guinea pig cerebellum and cerebral cortex. AB - The effect of the disulphide bond reducing agent 1,4-dithiothreitol (DTT) on the binding characteristics of the H1-selective ligand [3H]mepyramine has been examined in homogenates of guinea-pig cerebral cortex and cerebellum. DTT was found to be without effect on antagonist binding. This was evident from studies using different concentrations of [3H]mepyramine (0.5-10.0 nM), which showed no change in either the equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) or specific binding site capacity (Bmax). Furthermore, the IC50 values and slope parameters determined from the inhibition of the binding of 1 nM [3H]mepyramine by non radioactive mepyramine were similarly insensitive to DTT in both cerebral cortex and cerebellum. In contrast, DTT shifted the inhibition curve for histamine to lower agonist concentrations and reduced the Hill coefficient in these two tissues. Analysis of these inhibition curves as double hyperbolae revealed two binding sites in the presence of DTT and only one low affinity site in the absence of DTT. Similar changes in the location (IC50) and slope (Hill coefficient) parameters were obtained with the H1-selective agonist 2 thiazolylethylamine in cerebellum and with 2-methylhistamine in both brain regions. The results of this study show that DTT affects agonist but not antagonist binding in guinea-pig cerebellum and cerebral cortex, and suggest that DTT stabilises a proportion of the agonist binding sites in a high affinity state. PMID- 3770076 TI - Comparative effects of acute and chronic administration of caffeine on local cerebral glucose utilization in the conscious rat. AB - The quantitative 2-[14C]deoxyglucose autoradiographic method was used to compare the effects of acute and chronic administration of caffeine on rat brain energy metabolism. The acute intravenous administration of caffeine (10 mg/kg) to naive rats induced widespread increases in glucose utilization in 20 of 62 structures, mainly in striatal and related areas as well as in the 2 raphe nuclei and the locus coeruleus. After 2 weeks' chronic intraperitoneal injection of caffeine (10 mg/kg), increases in glucose utilization were seen in 6 of 62 structures: the substantia nigra, pars compacta, dorsal raphe, locus coeruleus and the 3 parts of the caudate nucleus. An acute caffeine injection (10 mg/kg) to these chronically caffeine-treated rats induced a further increase in glucose utilization in 9 additional structures but there was no significant difference in the effects of an acute administration of caffeine whether the rats had been chronically pretreated with caffeine or saline. The results of the present study show that brain energy metabolism seems to be subject to only partial tolerance to central stimulation by caffeine. PMID- 3770077 TI - Pathology of degenerative osteoarthrosis of the thoracic vertebrae in rats. AB - Degenerative osteoarthrosis was observed in the thoracic vertebrae in specific pathogen-free Sprague-Dawley rats at the ages of eight and 19 weeks. Histological changes seen in the lesions were degenerated matrix intermixed with collagen fibers, erosion or ulceration, and formation of cysts in the articular cartilage, and degeneration and necrosis in the subchondral bone. PMID- 3770078 TI - [Studies of implantation traces in rats. III. Histological examination]. AB - We carried out a histological examination of the implantation traces in delivered rats. The implantation traces could be identified more than 500 days after delivery on the mesometrial side as black and brown spots. The implantation traces were recognizable as a cicatrix remaining in the parametrium, mesometrial triangle, which was formed by repair of injury caused by placental desquamation. In this area, metrial gland cells which were laid down through pregnancy were recognized for about two months after delivery. The implantation traces consisted of cicatrix tissue associated with collagen production and hemosiderin. It was possible to distinguish old and new traces by the size of the siderophile cells and by the degree of hemosiderin present. It was also possible to discriminate new traces as yellowish-brown areas, covered with a yellowish-white mass of degenerated metrial gland, in cleared uteri stained with 2% NaOH solution. Siderophile cells on the implantation traces were derived from giant cells which persisted around the peripheral region of the placental desquamation site, and these giant cells were considered to be identifiable with metrial gland cells. It was considered that formation of the cicatrix is essentially the same in abortion, stillbirth and normal delivery. However, it was found that the implantation traces had different histological appearances depending on the degree of injury to the endometrium and myometrium and time of placental desquamation. The iron content of the implantation traces corresponded quantitatively with the hemosiderin observed in the histological investigations. The iron content decreased rapidly up to 21 days after delivery, decreasing gradually thereafter. The iron in the implantation traces could, however, be analyzed quantitatively by atomic absorption spectroscopy until day 365 after delivery. PMID- 3770079 TI - [Influence of body weight and population density on the number of ova shed in the superovulation-treated adult rat]. AB - The effects of body weight and population density on the number of ova shed were examined in the superovulation-treated adult rat in order to clarify the variation of the number of ova shed. Twelve-week-old female rats, weighing 182 277 g, were injected with 40 i.u. of PMSG on metestrus, with sodium pentobarbital on diestrus ("critical period"), and with 40 i.u. of hCG, on estrus. Twenty hours after the injection, the number of ova shed in an ampulla was observed. There was no correlation between body weight and the number of ova shed (r = 0.004). The rats were kept in at three, six or nine rats per cage (260 X 380 X 180 mm) from weaning at 30 days old to 12 weeks, with superovulation treatment. There was no significant difference in the number of ova shed among the various population densities. PMID- 3770080 TI - [Filter efficiency of commercial face masks in capturing particles and airborne bacteria]. AB - The filter efficiency of seven kinds of commercial face mask for particles and airborne bacteria was tested in the wash room of a laboratory animal facility. The filter efficiency of the masks was 19 to 50%, as measured by the weight of particles with diameters below 10 micron, 22 to 71% for particles of the 0.3 micron level, 47 to 90% for the 1 micron level, and 90 to 99.6% for the 5 micron level. The filter efficiency for airborne bacteria was 35 to 81%. Among these even masks tested, glasswool surgery masks, three-sheet synthetic fiber masks with and without charcoal, and 28-sheet gauze masks with glass filter showed generally high efficiency, and single-sheet synthetic fiber masks, 18-sheet of gauze masks and gas masks showed low efficiency. PMID- 3770081 TI - [Pathological study on nephrocalcinosis in Fischer 344/Du Crj rats]. AB - Histopathological examinations on nephlocalcinosis of the Fischer 344 (F344) rats were carried out. As the results of comparison on its appearance among F344, Wistar and SD strains of rats, F344 female rats showed the most severe nephrocalcinosis. Nephrocalcinosis developed between 4 weeks and 8 weeks and was likely to keep its appearance through 108 weeks of the survival period of the rats. Histologically, mineral deposit was always observed at cortico-medullary junction. It seemed to locate at the outer portion of the basement membrane of the tubular epithelium, adjacent to the capillary wall in the connective tissue. Four weeks after ovariectomy at 4 weeks of age, the rats showed a decrease in degree of nephrocalcinosis. In contrary, the rats treated with estorone following ovariectomy revealed an increase in degree of nephrocalcinosis. It was suggested that the oestrogen-type sex hormone appeared to give a role in nephlocalcinosis. PMID- 3770082 TI - The effects of fasting and refeeding on the thyroid follicles of young and aged mice--morphometric analysis. AB - The population movements of thyroid follicles in young and aged mice subjected to acute fasting and refeeding were analyzed by a morphometric method. After fasting for three days, the size distribution of thyroid follicles from young mice did not change, while the follicles from aged mice became significantly bigger than in the control group. Subsequent refeeding for four days caused a decrement in follicular sizes in both young and aged thyroid. The activity of follicular epithelia was decreased by fasting, but accelerated by refeeding. The equation describing the relationship between epithelial cell numbers and follicle diameters from a young control mouse agreed well with the theoretical one, especially in small follicles. However, the equation for an aged mouse differed from the theoretical one. This suggests that the older the mouse, the greater the deviation of the constituent factor, e.g. that of follicle size or cell number in thyroid. The extent of deviation would be one of the characteristics of aging in multicellular organisms. PMID- 3770083 TI - [Incidence of trauma in a breeding and rearing colony of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)]. AB - A statistical survey was performed in 1982 to ascertain the incidence of various diseases, especially trauma, in the cynomolgus monkey colony at Tsukuba Primate Center for Medical Science. In total, 1,029 cases of disease, occurred of which 866, 89 and 74 were surgical, internals and reproductive disease cases, respectively (Table 1). Among the 866 surgical cases, trauma (746 cases) was most often observed (Table 2). It was shown that trauma occurred most frequently during the group feeding of juvenile monkeys (Table 3). Analysis of the factors influencing the incidence of trauma during group feeding was carried out. As a result, it was revealed that the number of days after beginning group feeding and the age at which group feeding was begun had marked influences on the incidence of trauma (Figs. 1 and 2). However, there was no significant relationship between the incidence of trauma and the number of animals per group or the sex-ratio in a group (Tables 4 and 5). From the present survey results, a prospective rearing system should be established to reduce the incidence of trauma in the cynomolgus breeding and rearing colony. PMID- 3770084 TI - Litter parameters and spontaneous abnormalities in Himalayan rabbits. AB - A joint study was undertaken in three testing facilities to evaluate cumulative background data of Himalayan rabbits. All litters were derived from control does. The conception rate was high (84.0-95.1%) but the average numbers of corpora lutea (7.9-8.7), implantation sites (6.5-7.5) and viable fetuses (5.8-6.9) were somewhat lower than that of most other strains of rabbit. Altogether 90 malformed fetuses (1.12%) and 425 fetuses with variations (5.27%) occurred among 8,060 virable fetuses. PMID- 3770085 TI - [Age-related changes in hematological and serum biochemical values in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) bred and reared using the indoor individually-caged system]. AB - Blood samples were collected from 1000 or more apparently healthy cynomolgus monkeys of different ages. All the monkeys had been bred and reared under uniform environmental conditions at the Tsukuba Primate Center for Medical Science, NIH, Japan. Biochemical and hematological data were determined with these samples. The calculated arithmetic means and standard deviations were listed for each item of measurement performed (Tables 3, 4 and 5). The correlation between the obtained value and the age was analyzed using a statistical significance level of 0.1% (Table 6). It was revealed that hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, alubuminglobulin ratio and triglyceride concentration increased with age, whereas red blood cell count and serum alkaline phosphatase activity decreased with age in both sexes. PMID- 3770086 TI - [A video-sensor system for predicting the time of parturition in the chimpanzee]. AB - A system of predicting the time of parturition in the chimpanzee was developed to assure care of the newborn as soon as possible after delivery. To quantify activity, the number of times that a parturient chimpanzee crossed a sensor marker of a TV monitor was recorded by a videosensor on the market for crime prevention. The amount of activity increased remarkably just prior to parturition. A system using a personal pocket alarm ("beeper"), which rang automatically when the number of crossings by the chimpanzee exceeded a selected level within a certain period of time, was tested. In the present study, the threshold for sounding the alarm was set at 50 crossings within 10 minutes. As a result, the pocket alarm began to ring at about 40 minutes before parturition. This enabled us to be present at parturition and to tend to a newborn abandoned by its mother in one case. The present system could be useful to predict the time of parturition in the chimpanzee. PMID- 3770087 TI - Interstitial pneumonia in guinea pigs. AB - Interstitial pneumonia was observed in 12 male guinea pigs. Grossly, the lung showed clear white areas in the parenchyma. Histological changes in the lung consisted of interstitial pneumonia and formation of granulomas accompanied by bacterial clumps. It was thought that this disorder might have occurred as a bacterial infection. PMID- 3770088 TI - Experiences with the identification of small rodents. AB - Own experiences with the identification of mice and rats using ear tags, ear punching, toe clipping (for newborns only) and ear tattooing are given and compared with methods presented in literature. By far, ear tattooing by the newly developed pincers is the most suitable method for marking adult rodents for life. Tattooing is easy to apply, easy to read and not harmful to the animals. For newborn pups on day 4 p. p., the s. c. injection of India ink into the palm of paw is recommended. PMID- 3770089 TI - [Improvement of cardiac puncture in mice]. AB - Cardiac puncture through the anterior thoracic aperture, which was originally reported by Frankeberg, was improved. The improved method involved the use of a restraining board instead of manual holding. A mouse anesthetized with ether was fixed in a dorsal position on the restraining board, and then a needle of 26G X 1/2 was inserted through the skin just in front of the anterior thoracic aperture, keeping the syringe parallel to the long axis of the animal. A blood volume of 0.6-0.9 ml could be obtained even by an inexperienced collector, and the blood collection was usually completed within 10-20 s. The potential for repeated blood collection of 0.4-0.6 ml was facilitated by use of the present method at intervals of 7 days or more. PMID- 3770090 TI - [Circadian rhythm of air-borne bacteria and dust particles in a mouse breeding room]. AB - The circadian rhythm of air-borne bacteria and dust particles in a mice breeding room was studied at 1-hour intervals on the first, third and fifth day after accommodation of the animals. The numbers of air-borne bacteria in the room increased day by day after accommodation, and showed a circadian rhythm which went down at about noon and rose with three peaks at about 20:00, 1:00 and 8:00. The numbers of dust particles tended to decrease from day to day, and they showed almost the same circadian rhythm as the air-borne bacteria. Correlations between air-borne bacteria and dust particles were not significant for each particle level on the first day, but were significant for all the particle levels of 0.3, 1, 2, and 5 microns at the third day, and were also significant at particles levels of 0.5 micron or more on the fifth day. PMID- 3770091 TI - Synthesis and secretion of beta-nerve growth factor by mouse teratocarcinoma cell lines. AB - Using a cDNA probe and a two-site enzyme immunoassay, beta-nerve growth factor (beta NGF) synthesis was monitored in several mouse teratocarcinoma cell lines. Trace amounts of NGF mRNA were detected in the embryonal carcinoma (EC) PCC4, F9 and 1003 clones, whereas the myocardial (PCD1), myogenic (1168) and adipogenic (1246) clones contained significantly higher levels of NGF mRNA and secreted mature beta NGF peptide in the culture medium. The 1003, 1168 and 1246 strains were derived from the same teratocarcinoma cell line and their ability or inability to synthesize the neurotrophic factor may reflect a developmental decision for divergent differentiation programs. Induction of NGF mRNA and protein synthesis was observed in a differentiated derivative of an SV40 transformed F9 clone which expresses the viral T antigen. Southern blot analysis of the genomic DNAs revealed no structural alterations of the NGF locus between teratocarcinoma cells that express the NGF gene and those that do not. Similar analysis of the DNA methylation pattern in C-C-G-G sequences using the Hpa II and Msp I isoschizomers indicated no methylation changes of the NGF gene in the teratocarcinoma DNAs. At least two, and probably all four, of the already mapped Msp I sites within the NGF gene are methylated in all teratocarcinoma DNAs examined, as well as in the male mouse submaxillary gland DNA, the organ richest in this factor. PMID- 3770092 TI - DNA strand breaks in rat tissues as detected by in situ nick translation. AB - The nick-translation procedure without external addition of DNase was performed in situ on sections of various rat organs to detect possible DNA single-strand breaks (nicks) in normal tissues. The freshly frozen sections were briefly fixed in ethanol/acetone and nick-translated in the presence of E. coli DNA polymerase I. A significant difference in the amount of nuclear reaction was found among the different cell populations as detected by autoradiography following incorporation of tritiated TTP as well as by histochemical staining following incorporation of biotin-dUTP into nuclei. Such incorporation of triphosphates was localized in the DNA and was entirely dependent on E. coli DNA polymerase I. The nuclei with the highest reactivity were found in skeletal muscle cells, lymphocytes in various lymphatic organs, the proliferative cells in the gastrointestinal tract, stratified squamous epithelial cells, duct epithelial cells of salivary gland and the maturing spermatids in the seminiferous tubules. These results suggest that, under the conditions adopted, the cells in various tissues reveal different chromatin structures resulting in varying rates of nick translation reaction. Such difference(s) in chromatin structure, presumably including that in the number of DNA single-strand breaks or in the level of endogenous nuclease activity, may be associated with the mechanisms involved in cell growth and differentiation. PMID- 3770093 TI - Characterization of the major phosphoprotein and its kinase on the surface of the rat adipocyte. AB - Intact rat fat cells exposed to 12.5 microM [gamma-32P]ATP incorporate label into specific proteins within minutes. By solubilizing the reaction mixture with SDS which by passes the subcellular fractionation steps, the labeled proteins can be identified in autoradiographs of SDS-PAGE gels. The most prominently labeled protein has an Mr of 42,000. Localization of this component to the cell surface can be made on the basis of inhibition of phosphorylation by addition of a protein derived from the rat brain with protein kinase inhibitory property, susceptibility of the phosphorylated protein to tryptic digestion, whereas the unphosphorylated protein is unaffected by digestion with trypsin (15 min), inhibition of phosphorylation of this protein after brief exposure to melittin, and the consistent observation that more label is associated with the 42,000 Mr band in homogenates and permeabilized cells than in comparable numbers of intact cells exposed to the same amount of label. A 42,000 Mr phosphoprotein is also present in mitochondria which is most likely the alpha subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase. To rule out the possibility that the cell surface protein might be a mitochondrial contaminant from broken cells, 32Pi-labeled and [gamma-32P]ATP labeled cells were solubilized with Triton and chromatographed on a rabbit anti pyruvate dehydrogenase antibody-Sepharose 4B column. A single labeled peak was detected upon elution of the bound fraction only in the 32Pi-labeled sample, and not in the [gamma-32P]ATP-labeled sample. Subcellular fractionation studies of intact cells labeled with [gamma-32P]ATP showed differences in the recovery of phosphoproteins of 42,000 Mr depending on whether a continuous sucrose gradient (27.6-54.1%, g/ml) or a discontinuous sucrose gradient (16, 35 and 48%, g/ml) was used. Phosphoproteins of 42,000 Mr were located in the mitochondrial and membrane fractions collected by discontinuous sucrose gradient separation, whereas a phosphoprotein of 42,000 Mr was found primarily in the mitochondrial fraction after continuous sucrose gradient separation. By 5'-nucleotidase activity measurements, the latter approach appears to result in the isolation of a heavy fragment of the plasma membrane with the mitochondrial light fraction which is 42,000 in Mr and labeled. Finally, comparison of the autoradiographs of two dimensional (2D) gels (isoelectric focusing followed by 10% SDS-PAGE) show different isoelectric points for 42,000 Mr components in [gamma-32P]ATP- and 32Pi labeled cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3770094 TI - Thrombospondin-induced attachment and spreading of human squamous carcinoma cells. AB - Thrombospondin (TSP) induced the attachment and spreading of human squamous carcinoma cells on plastic culture dishes and dishes coated with type I or type IV collagen. Increased adhesion was detected as early as 15 min after treatment. Dose-response studies indicated that 1-5 micrograms of TSP per 35 mm (diameter) culture dish was sufficient to induce a response and that a half-maximal response occurred at 10 micrograms of TSP/dish. The squamous carcinoma cells synthesized TSP as indicated by biosynthetic labeling experiments. TSP was secreted (or shed) into the culture medium by these cells and also became bound to the cell surface. TSP also promoted adhesion of human keratinocytes, fibroblasts and fibrosarcoma cells but did not induce attachment or spreading of human melanoma or glioma cells, although these cells did respond to laminin. PMID- 3770095 TI - The distribution of nuclear proteins and transcriptionally-active sequences in rat liver chromatin fractions. AB - Chromatin fractions from rat liver nuclei digested by nucleases were separated by differential solubility into several fractions. Material solubilized during digestion (predominantly monomer nucleosomes and polynucleosomes) had the highest HMG14 + 17/DNA ratios but were not enriched in active gene sequences (albumin and c-Ha-ras1 genes). Material soluble in a low ionic strength buffer containing 0.2 mM MgCl2 (monomer nucleosomes and polynucleosomes) contained in addition to the histones, HMG14 and 17 plus a 41K non-histone protein. This fraction was depleted in active gene sequences and enriched in inactive sequences. The insoluble material was highly enriched in active sequences and had the lowest HMG14 + 17/DNA ratio. This fraction could be further fractionated into a histone containing 2 M NaCl-soluble fraction and a 2 M NaCl-insoluble matrix-bound fraction, both of which were enriched in active sequences. The results show that the HMG proteins do not partition with active sequences during fractionation of chromatin. The 41K protein may be associated with inactive chromatin fraction. PMID- 3770096 TI - Chromatin condensation and terminal differentiation process in embryonic chicken lens in vivo and in vitro. AB - During embryonic chick lens differentiation, the epithelial cells become transformed into elongated fibres. Concomitantly, the fibre nuclei undergo degeneration and high molecular weight (HMW) DNA breaks down due to nuclear endodeoxyribonuclease activity. An electronmicroscopic study of lens epithelial and fibre nuclei was made at different stages of chick embryonic development, both in vivo and in vitro. The in vitro conditions are conducive to the expression of endogenous endodeoxyribonuclease activity in fibres. In both conditions we observed condensation of chromatin. The organization of some nuclear material into distinct linear arrays followed by streaming of nuclear material into the cytoplasm is recorded only in vitro. Such a condition may lead to acceleration of the process of aging in lens fibres. PMID- 3770098 TI - A morphogen for the sporulation of Physarum polycephalum detected by cell fusion experiments. AB - The light stimulus, which under conditions of starvation induces the development of sporangia in the slime mold Physarum polycephalum, can be transferred from the light-exposed part to the unexposed part of a plasmodium by means of plasma circulation. A small quantity of protoplasm from a sporulating donor plasmodium, which had passed through the premorphogenetic phase, was transferred by a short period fusion with a briefly starved, light-induction-incompetent acceptor plasmodium. This led to sporulation and even to a reduction of the premorphogenetic phase from 9 down to 3 h in the acceptor plasmodium. After fusion with a sporulating plasmodium, a highly starved plasmodium from a non sporogenic culture line or a growing plasmodium from a normal line prevents further morphogenesis of sporangia in the sporulating partner. PMID- 3770097 TI - Rabbit chondrocytes maintained in serum-free medium. I. Synthesis and secretion of hydrodynamically-small proteoglycans. AB - The biosynthesis of sulfated proteoglycan in vitro by rabbit articular chondrocytes in first passage monolayer culture maintained in fetal bovine serum (FBS) or in serum-free conditions was compared. Neosynthesized proteoglycan in the culture medium in the most dense fraction of an associative CsCl density gradient (fraction dAl) declined with increasing time under serum-free conditions, but not when cells were maintained in the presence of serum. After one day, the major peak of incorporated 35SO4 in medium fraction dAl eluted as a retarded peak (Kav 0.28) on Sepharose CL-2B, whether cells were maintained under serum-free or serum-containing conditions. The hydrodynamic size of proteoglycan monomer fraction dAlDl obtained after one day of exposure to serum-free culture media was smaller than dAlDl from serum-containing cultures. The hydrodynamic size of dAlDl obtained from serum-free culture media became even progressively smaller after 2 and 3 days' exposure to these conditions. Hydrodynamically small sulfated proteoglycans were identified in the cell-associated dAlDl fraction as early as one day after switching chondrocytes from serum-containing to serum-free medium. Culture medium fraction dAlDl from serum-free culture medium aggregated poorly when incubated with human hyaluronic acid (HA) in the presence of bovine link protein or when dialysed against bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycan aggregate. Proteoglycan monomer from serum-containing medium reaggregated more efficiently under both conditions. No change in the size of glycosaminoglycan chains was seen in the smaller proteoglycan subpopulations, nor was there any indication of marked changes in the glycosaminoglycan types. PMID- 3770099 TI - Chick embryo nerve growth factor. Fractionation and biological activity. AB - A nerve growth factor (NGF)-like factor initiating nerve fibre outgrowth from sympathetic ganglia in culture was partially purified from chick embryo extract by cation-exchange chromatography followed by hydrophobic interaction chromatography on octylsulfide agarose. The NGF-like factor was markedly activated upon gel filtration in the presence of 6 M urea. Further analysis of the activated chick NGF by immunoblotting following SDS-PAGE, and by inhibition of bioassay response using antibodies to mouse beta NGF demonstrated a distinct antigenic cross-reactivity. The size of the chick embryo NGF was also indistinguishable from that of the mouse beta NGF with a molecular weight (MW) of about 14,000. The findings demonstrate directly the presence of biologically active NGF protein in the developing 18-day chick embryo. PMID- 3770101 TI - Enhanced colony formation of human hemopoietic stem cells in reduced oxygen tension. AB - In general, cell cultures, including hemopoietic stem cells, are produced in an atmosphere of various CO2 concentrations in air, although most cells in vivo proliferate and differentiate at lower oxygen tensions. We therefore investigated the effect of reduced oxygen tension on the in vitro colony growth of committed and multipotential hemopoietic progenitor cells from human bone marrow. All hemopoietic progenitor cells (CFU-mix, BFU-E, CFU-E, and CFU-GM) investigated showed enhanced colony growth at lower oxygen tension. CFU-E showed the highest enhancement, followed in order by BFU-E, CFU-mix and CFU-GM. At reduced oxygen tension, the sensitivity of early and late erythroid progenitor cells to erythropoietin was significantly increased, and this can be one of the mechanisms for the enhanced colony growth of erythroid progenitors. In the colony growth of CFU-GM, plating efficiency was also enhanced by the predominant increment of neutrophilic colonies. The lowering of oxygen tension would presumably reduce oxygen toxicity and result in the increased colony growth of human bone marrow stem cells, although the precise mechanisms of oxygen toxicity at the level of hemopoietic stem cells have yet to be elucidated. However, this clonal culture system, using a low oxygen tension, can be a useful means for elucidating the regulatory mechanisms involved in the proliferation and differentiation of hemopoietic progenitor cells in physiological and pathological conditions. PMID- 3770100 TI - Terminal cytoplasmic maturation of human megakaryocytes in vitro. AB - Several studies suggest that serum factors (thrombopoietins) regulate thrombopoiesis by altering the number, size, ploidy, and maturation rate of megakaryocytes (MK). Various in vivo systems have been used to quantitate these events. In this study, an in vitro system was developed to monitor terminal cytoplasmic maturation of isolated human MK. MK enriched by elutriation, which eliminated the MK progenitors, were suspended in culture with serum from either normal donors (NABS) or patients with aplastic anemia (AAS). In cultures composed of small platelet glycoprotein-positive mononuclear cells and morphologically immature MK, development was characterized by sequential shifts in MK through morphologically recognizable maturation stages I, II, III, and IV over eight days of incubation (I and II only; then I, II, III; II, III, IV; III and IV; then IV only). Platelet formation coincided with the appearances of stage IV cells. Cultures composed of a mixture of all stages followed a similar maturation sequence, only at an accelerated rate. AAS resulted in the more rapid appearances of the mature cells in either system. This study indicates that human MK can undergo terminal cytoplasmic maturation in vitro, and that altering culture conditions (AAS for NABS) can accelerate the rate of maturation. Three major events occur during megakaryocytopoiesis: proliferation of the progenitor cells, polyploidization, and cytoplasmic maturation. Now it is possible to study the terminal steps of differentiation independent of proliferative events. PMID- 3770102 TI - Effects of ethanol on cultured human megakaryocytic progenitors. AB - Ethanol intoxication may result in the suppression of platelet production in human beings through direct toxicity to the bone marrow. To determine whether this suppression is due in part to a toxic effect on megakaryocytic progenitors, human bone marrow was cultured for 15 days in plasma clots, and megakaryocytic colonies were enumerated. Addition of ethanol to cultures at the beginning of incubation resulted in a reduction in megakaryocytic colonies only when the initial ethanol concentration exceeded 1 g/dl, well above physiologically tolerated levels. However, when cultures were treated with lower concentrations of ethanol (0.5 g/dl) after seven days of incubation, a reduction of megakaryocytic colony formation also occurred. These results suggest that development of a human cell more differentiated than the megakaryocytic progenitor is sensitive to ethanol toxicity at or near concentrations observed in vivo and is in accord with clinical features of the reversible alcohol-induced thrombocytopenic syndrome. PMID- 3770103 TI - Countercurrent centrifugal elutriation (CCE) recovery profiles of hematopoietic stem cells in marrow from normal and 5-FU-treated mice. AB - Data presented in this report describe countercurrent centrifugal elutriation (CCE) recovery profiles of hematopoietic colony-forming cells (CFC) in marrow from normal and 5-fluorouracil-(5-FU) treated mice. Of the total nucleated cells, 75%-95% were recovered, and up to 80% of CFC were recovered after CCE of bone marrow from normal mice. Red blood cells and the majority of lymphocytes were collected in fractions well separated from the CFC. In addition, the CCE recovery profiles of populations of CFC (i.e., BFU-E, CFU-E, GM-CFC, and HPP-CFC) were distinct. The distribution of recovered day 8 CFU-S was different from the distribution of day 12 CFU-S. The CCE recovery profiles of CFC in regenerating marrow from 5-FU-treated mice were shifted to fractions of larger cells, presumably in cell cycle. These data demonstrate that CCE is useful as a method of further characterizing qualitative and quantitative changes in populations of CFC occurring after various hematopoietic-influencing regimens. PMID- 3770104 TI - Hemosiderosis in rodents and the effect of acetohydroxamic acid on urinary iron excretion. AB - Previously reported animal models of hemosiderosis fall short of simulating the human disease state of transfusion-induced hemosiderosis. An explanation for this was found by reexamining heat-treated red blood cell (rbc) loading in the mouse. After 18 intraperitoneal transfusions, each equal to two-thirds of mouse rbc volume, liver Fe reaches a level of 0.3% Fe (dry weight), which is far below the 2%-8% found in heavily transfused patients. Using the easily synthesized chelate compound ferric acetohydroxamate, Fe(AHA)3, liver Fe levels in the rat of up to 2% were achieved after 38 intraperitoneal injections. Fe was distributed in both the reticuloendothelial (RE) system and parenchymal cells, as ascertained by light microscopy. No definite histological or biochemical abnormalities could be demonstrated in loaded rats. Cardiac Fe was approximately doubled. Thus, chelate loading, while producing Fe liver levels similar to those of humans with hemosiderosis, may still be of limited usefulness in studying long-term sequelae. On the other hand, this model can be used in determining responses to chelating agents. To explore this, Fe stores were first labeled by giving 59Fe as 59Fe(AHA)3 prior to loading. In animals loaded to 0.7% liver Fe (calculated), desferroxamine, at a dose of 400 mg/kg, induced a 20-fold rise in urinary Fe. This was duplicated by AHA at a dose of 800-1600 mg/kg. It is concluded that Fe(AHA)3-loaded rats are a potentially useful model of hemosiderosis and that further studies are needed to determine whether AHA can be effective in the treatment of transfusion-induced hemosiderosis. PMID- 3770106 TI - Motor responses mediated by orthodromic and antidromic activation of the rostral portion of the cat corpus callosum. AB - The effects of microstimulation of the rostral portion of the corpus callosum (CC) were examined in seven chronic cats submitted to either unilateral motor cortex ablation (5 preparations) or transection of the rostral two thirds of the CC (2 preparations) in order to identify the routes (ortho- or antidromic) followed by callosal impulses to provoke the motor effects. As in intact animals, motor responses in lesioned preparations consisted of very localized contractions of shoulder, whisker, or eyelid muscles, according to the stimulated sites. Unlike intact animals in which motor responses upon CC microstimulation were bilateral and symmetrical (Spidalieri and Guandalini 1983), in lesioned preparations they appeared contralaterally to the emitting hemisphere, i.e., they were contralateral to the stimulated callosal stump (split-brain preparations) and ipsilateral to the side of the cortical lesion (preparations with unilateral motor cortex ablation), regardless of the current intensity applied (up to a maximum of 50 microA). The unilateral motor responses occurred by the first day after lesion and persisted for the duration of the experiments which lasted to a month or more. Since orthograde degeneration of callosal fibres deprived of their somata has been shown by previous anatomical studies to be complete within 11 days after lesion, these results indicate that selective antidromic activation of callosal fibres is capable of eliciting motor responses. Thresholds for the motor effects in lesioned preparations proved to be from 1.3 to 3.9 (mean, = 2.4 +/- 0.7 SD) times higher than those found before motor cortex ablation. By 18 days after lesion a decrease of threshold currents for the motor responses was observed ranging from 6 to 37% (mean, = 24.2 +/- 13.6 SD), depending on the stimulated sites, relative to values previously found. The shortest train duration and the lowest frequency for minimum threshold were longer (40 vs. 30 ms) and higher (400 vs. 300 Hz), respectively in lesioned preparations than in intact controls. Moreover, a decrease in train duration or frequency provoked larger threshold increases in lesioned preparations than those observed in intact animals. As a whole, these results suggest that in intact animals the motor effects are also mediated by orthodromic callosal volleys. PMID- 3770105 TI - Effects of monocular deprivation in the nucleus rotundus of zebra finches: a Nissl and deoxyglucose study. AB - We evaluated in zebra finches the effects of monocular deprivation on morphological and physiological features of the nucleus rotundus, the thalamic relay station of the tectofugal pathway. In a first series of experiments neuron size and total volume were estimated in animals deprived for 20, 40 and at least 100 days and compared to values obtained from normally reared birds. Monocular closure for more than 40 days causes a marked hypertrophy in cells receiving their main input from the open eye, whereas the deprived cells are normal in size. However, with only 20 days of monocular deprivation both deprived and non deprived rotundal neurons are larger than normal. This indicates that monocular closure has a biphasic effect: firstly, an unselective hypertrophy of deprived and non-deprived neurons, and secondly, a subsequent period of shrinkage of the deprived cells to normal values, while cells driven by the open eye remain hypertrophied. The total volume of the deprived n. rotundus turns out to be smaller in all age groups. In a second series of experiments the activity of the n. rotundus of animals monocularly deprived from birth for 100 days was investigated with the 2-deoxyglucose-method (Sokoloff et al. 1977). With binocular stimulation the activity of the deprived n. rotundus was reduced by about 40%. Depriving adult animals for 100 days does not result in asymmetric labeling of the n. rotundus. We interpretate the 2-DG data as evidence for the existence of a sensitive period for the effects of monocular deprivation. The anatomical data suggest, however, that the effects of monocular deprivation in birds are different from those observed in mammals. PMID- 3770107 TI - Short term status epilepticus in rats causes specific behavioral impairments related to substantia nigra necrosis. AB - Status epilepticus (SE) was induced for 40 min by flurothyl in well oxygenated rats. This insult resulted in selective destruction of up to 65% of the substantia nigra pars reticulata. We investigated the short and long term behavioral effects of this damage. No deficits were observed in sensorimotor reactivity, locomotor coordination, spontaneous or apomorphine-stimulated locomotor activity in the rats with induced epilepsy. However, these rats exhibited a long-lasting enhancement of amphetamine-stimulated locomotor activity. We propose that this selective impairment is caused by the necrosis of the pars reticulata. This damage might lead to deficient regulation either of mesostriatal dopamine neurons innervating nc. accumbens, or of neurons in the mesencephalic reticular formation mediating the locomotor response initiated in the nc. accumbens. PMID- 3770108 TI - Non-cholinergic afferents determine the distribution of the cholinergic septohippocampal projection: a study of the AChE staining pattern in the rat fascia dentata and hippocampus after lesions, X-irradiation, and intracerebral grafting. AB - The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of the rat hippocampus and fascia dentata depends on an intact septohippocampal connection, and histochemical staining for AChE is commonly used to monitor the distribution of the cholinergic septohippocampal projection. It is also characteristic that the laminae of low or moderate to dense AChE staining in the hippocampus and fascia dentata coincide with the terminal fields of the major non-cholinergic, afferent pathways. While studying lesion-induced collateral sprouting and aberrant axonal growth of these pathways we observed that the AChE staining pattern changed in accordance with the reorganized distribution of the non-cholinergic pathways, and this occurred even without direct interfering with the septohippocampal projection itself. Widening and narrowing of the medial perforant path and mossy fiber terminal zones thus resulted in corresponding changes in the bands of AChE staining normally associated with these zones. Expansion of the commissural-associational hippocampodentate projections and the lateral perforant path was in a similar way paralleled by a widening of the AChE-poor zones which normally overlap with the termination of these projections. Observations of the same kind were made in intracerebral transplants of fascia dentata innervated by various host afferents, and in rats subjected to neonatal X-irradiation, where the mossy fiber projection is reduced and aberrant perforant pathways project into CA3 due to a reduced formation of granule cells. The observed sets of changes with linkage between the different non-cholinergic projections and the activity of AChE in their respective terminal fields were accordingly reproduced under several different experimental conditions. It could not be explained alone by interaction between the septal afferents and their target cells. We therefore conclude that the density and laminar distribution of the AChE activities within the hippocampus and fascia dentata are determined at least in part by the major afferent, non cholinergic nerve connections. We suggest that the effect occurs through direct axonal interaction or through changes in the receptiveness of the common dentate and hippocampal target cells. PMID- 3770110 TI - Influence of eye and head position on the vestibulo-ocular reflex. AB - For the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) to function properly, namely to ensure a stable retinal image under all circumstances, it should be able to take into account varying eye positions in the orbit and varying orientations of the head with respect to the axis about which it is rotating. We tested this capability by quantifying the gain and the time constant of the horizontal component of the VOR during rotation about an earth vertical axis when the line of sight (optical axis) was moved out of the plane of head rotation--either by rotating the eyes up or down in the orbit or by pitching the head up or down with respect to earth horizontal. In either case the gain of the horizontal component of the VOR was attenuated precisely by the cosine of the angle made between the optical axis and the plane of head rotation. Furthermore, if the head was pitched up or down but the eye rotated oppositely in the orbit so as to keep the line of sight in the plane of head rotation the gain of the horizontal component of the VOR was the same value as with the head and eyes both straight ahead. In contrast, the time constant of the VOR varied only as a function of the orientation of the head and not as a function of eye position in the orbit. During rotation about an earth vertical axis, the time constant was longest (about 18 s) when the head was pitched forward to place the lateral canals near earth-horizontal and shortest (about 11 s) when the head was pitched backward to place the vertical canals near earth-horizontal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3770109 TI - Cholinergic innervation of the rat's labyrinth. AB - Efferent vestibular and cochlear neurons were identified in the rat's brain stem by retrograde labelling with True Blue (TB) or wheat germ agglutinin - horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) injected into the utricle. Such cells were found at the same locations described in 1983 by White and Warr (ipsilateral superior olivary nucleus (LSO), bilateral latero-ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body (LTz) bilateral group E medial and lateral to the genu facialis) and, in addition, bilaterally in the caudal pontine reticular nucleus (CPR) at the level of the descending facial nerve. Cholinergic neurons were identified by counterstaining sections containing TB filled perikarya for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) following pretreatment with diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) or choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), by immunohistochemistry with highly specific monoclonal antibodies. Many, but not all, vestibular efferent cell bodies located in group E were shown to be cholinergic. These and other recently published data suggest that the efferent octavus system may consist of a number of chemically distinct cell groups. PMID- 3770111 TI - The quantitative effects of dark-rearing and light exposure on the laminar composition and depth distribution of neurons and glia in the visual cortex (area 17) of the rat. AB - The effects of dark-rearing and light-exposure on the distribution of neurons and glial cells types in the rat visual cortex (area 17) have been investigated. Three groups of animals were studied: rats reared in the dark until weaning at 21 days post natum (21 DPN) and subsequently light-exposed for 31 days (Group 21/31); rats dark-reared until 52 DPN and then exposed to light for 3 days (Group 3 dL); and rats totally dark-reared until 52 DPN (Group 52 dD). Semithin sections tangential to the pial surface were obtained at sampling intervals 50 micron apart throughout the depth of the left visual cortex. The volume numerical densities of neurons, astroglia, oligodendroglia, and microglia, at each sampling strata in the cortex were calculated using stereological techniques. The laminer density and distribution of neurons was not significantly different between the three groups. In comparison with group 21/31 there was a marked reduction in the densities of astroglia, oligodendroglia, and microglia in lower layer 5 of groups 3 dL and 52 dD. Additionally, the density of microglia in thalamorecipeint layer 4 was greatly increased in group 3 dL compared with groups 21/31 and 52 dD. These results indicate specific alterations in the glial cell composition of the rat visual cortex following periods of dark-rearing and light-exposure. Furthermore, changes in the density of glial cells in layer 5 may reflect functional modifications in neurons projecting to the superior colliculus. PMID- 3770112 TI - The orientation bias of LGN neurons shows topographic relation to area centralis in the cat retina. AB - The orientation sensitivity of LGN cells to flickering square-wave gratings was measured in urethane-anaesthetized paralyzed cats. The mean ratio of the amplitude of peak responses to optimally oriented gratings to that elicited by gratings of the least effective orientation was 3.0 +/- 0.3 (S.E.). 58% of the recorded neurons responded best to orientations within 30 degrees of the meridional line joining their receptive field center with the fixation points (area centralis), implying that they were more sensitive to visual contours pointing to the center of the retina. PMID- 3770113 TI - Projection of tooth pulp afferents to the thalamus of the cat. I. Focal potentials and thalamocortical connections. AB - Electrical stimulation of tooth pulp afferents in cats evoked short latency focal potentials in the basal ventromedial nucleus of thalamus (VMB), in the border zone between this nucleus and the arcuate nucleus of the ventrobasal complex (VBA), and in the marginal zone of VBA and the external nucleus of the ventrobasal complex (VBX). No responses were found in the centre of VBA and VBX. Very few responses were found in the intralaminar region. The projection from the tooth pulps was bilateral, but the best responses following stimulation of the ipsi- and the contralateral tooth pulps could be evoked at slightly different locations within VMB. The mean latency of the responses was shorter following stimulation of the contralateral tooth pulp than following stimulation of the ipsilateral one. Electrical stimulation in VMB, VBA, and VBX evoked focal potentials in thalamocortical projection fibres, which were recorded from in the white matter below areas SI and SII after decortication by suction. Conditioning stimulation of the tooth pulps suppressed these responses within 200 ms if the stimulating electrode was placed at the border between VBA and VMB, suggesting that tooth pulp stimulation activates a thalamocortical projection with a postexcitatory inhibition. Finally, lesions were made in the thalamus and their effects were checked on the cortical responses to tooth pulp stimulation. If the lesion included the region of VMB bordering to VBA the cortical responses decreased in amplitude. It is concluded that VMB and the borderzone between VMB and VBA are important relays between the nociceptors of the tooth pulp and the sensory cortex. PMID- 3770114 TI - Space and spatial frequency: analysis and representation in the macaque striate cortex. AB - Simple cells in the macaque striate cortex were tested with bars, edges and gratings. Spatial frequency tuning curves could be predicted from the spatial profiles plotted with bars and edges and the bandwidth could be evaluated more accurately by computing the mean from measured and predicted tuning curves. The results suggest that the mean relative spatial frequency bandwidth (delta f/fo) is nearly constant and of a moderate value. But at each optimal spatial frequency, cells with different bandwidths (about a factor of two) were recorded. The shapes of spatial response profiles resemble the corresponding spatial and spatial frequency characteristics of line and edge detectors evaluated psychophysically. Among the remaining cell types, concentric cells tend to be tuned to lower spatial frequencies and have broader bandwidths, whereas periodic cells prefer higher spatial frequencies and have narrower bandwidths. Thus the mean relative bandwidth tends to decrease significantly with spatial frequency (as required by a system of patch-by-patch Fourier analysis) only when cells with poor orientation selectivity and the non-linear silent periodic cells are included along with the simple cells. Simple cells, on their own, seem to form a quasi-linear contrast processing system which is more biased towards spatial accuracy than spatial frequency selectivity. PMID- 3770115 TI - Analysis of switching neurons within the thermoafferent system. AB - A total of 740 midbrain, thalamic, and hypothalamic neurons were tested as to their distribution and response/stimulus characteristics by means of thermal stimulation of the scrotal skin. The most frequent response type exhibited a basic discharge rate up to a threshold temperature and then switched to a maximum firing rate. The inverse behaviour was found in a low proportion. The temperature range in which the neurons switch from the 'low' to the 'high' state has been called the 'operating range' of the neuron. This study reveals, in contrast to former studies, that the 'operating range' is extremely narrow. This holds both for the individual neuron and for the populations studied. It is confirmed by simultaneous recordings and by cross correlation analysis that there is only one temperature threshold for all warm responsive neurons involved. It is concluded that according to the mean firing rate, temperature may only be discriminated as to below or above threshold. This means that a binary information is transmitted. For continuous temperature sensation and regulation either further neuronal types disposing of a continuous temperature/frequency characteristic or additional coding mechanisms have to be assumed. The major task of the switching neurons, integrating information from all over the body should be the generation of a trigger signal for warm defence. PMID- 3770117 TI - Cardiac and respiratory relationships with neural discharge in the anterior cingulate cortex during sleep-walking states. AB - The discharge properties of single neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex were correlated with timing aspects of the respiratory and cardiac cycle and with arterial pressure in undrugged, freely moving cats during waking, quiet sleep, and rapid eye movement sleep (REM). Two types of analyses were carried out. Discharge timing relationships with the cardiac or respiratory cycle were examined using cross-correlation histograms. Tonic rate correlations were calculated as a linear regression between breath-by-breath mean discharge rate of the cell and breath-by-breath values of respiratory parameters or arterial pressure. Eight of fifty-five cells recorded showed a discharge timing relationship with either the cardiac or the respiratory cycle. Seven of these were state-dependent (six in waking, one in REM). Thirty cells showed a tonic rate correlation with the respiratory period, and 23 cells had tonic correlations with maximum arterial pressure. All tonic correlations for a given cell were state-dependent, but such correlations were observed in all states. Correlation coefficients, while statistically significant, were generally low, and r2 values rarely exceeded 0.2. The relative paucity of discharge timing relationships, the state dependency, and the low r values of the tonic rate correlations suggest that the anterior cingulate cortex has a complex and indirect relationship to central cardiovascular and respiratory control mechanisms. PMID- 3770116 TI - Differences of visual field representation in the medial and lateral banks of the suprasylvian cortex (PMLS/PLLS) of the cat. AB - We have studied the orderliness of representation of visual space in the medial and lateral banks of the middle suprasylvian sulcus. Penetrations were made either parallel to the sulcus, in one bank or the other, or vertical, thus crossing the sulcus between the postero-medial (PMLS) and posterolateral (PLLS) divisions of this area. In some cases we found clear evidence for topographical order in the representation of the visual field with a tendency (greater in PMLS than in PLLS) for the receptive fields of cells recorded deeper in the walls of the sulcus to lie closer to the area centralis, but along many penetrations the receptive fields were so large and so scattered that no retinotopic arrangement could be discerned. In PMLS the receptive fields of the majority of units we studied were centered below and close to the horizontal meridian, whereas in PLLS they were distributed over both the upper and lower visual fields with an over representation of the upper field. Receptive fields were significantly larger in PLLS (mean field area = 442.2 deg2) than in PMLS (mean area = 154.4 deg2); there was also less clear correlation between receptive field size and eccentricity in PLLS (correlation coefficient = +0.25) than in PMLS (corr. coeff. = +0.72). Analysis of the distance between the receptive field centres of consecutively recorded units demonstrated that the mean scatter in both PMLS and PLLS amounts to about half the average receptive field diameter. In summary the topographical representation of visual space is less orderly in PLLS, and may involve a wider area of the visual field. These findings may relate to the segregated visual cortical and extrageniculate thalamic connections that the medial and lateral banks of the LS receive. PMID- 3770118 TI - Pneumatic tourniquet application and nerve integrity: motor function and electrophysiology. AB - Limb motor function, leg girth, spontaneous potentials, and compound muscle action potentials were evaluated in a rat animal model at various times after tourniquet application and occlusion of blood flow to the sciatic nerve. The thighs of the animals were compressed by a pneumatic tourniquet at clinically relevant pressures (200, 300, and 400 mm Hg) for 1 to 3 h. Extrinsic blood supply was occluded by ligation of the common iliac and femoral arteries and intrinsic by removing a 12-mm segment of the epineurium from the sciatic nerve. Motor function deficits were noted for 1 to 5 weeks in limbs of animals subjected to tourniquet compression and from 2 to 4 weeks following vascular manipulation. Control leg girths did not change during the experiment whereas girths of tourniquet-compressed legs increased initially and then decreased and remained below control values. Girths of limbs subjected to vascular manipulation were unaltered during the 1st week but decreased in a similar fashion to those of tourniquet-compressed limbs at 3 and 6 weeks. Spontaneous potentials were present and compound muscle action potentials were reduced in animals after tourniquet application and vascular manipulation compared with control values. These electrical abnormalities were most pronounced 1 week after the treatments, progressed toward normalcy during the course of the experiment, but failed to attain control values at the termination of the study. Analysis of electrophysiologic data indicated that magnitude of pressure and duration of compression-produced nerve injury occurred independently in an additive fashion. PMID- 3770119 TI - Genetic differences in the effects of delta-aminolevulinic acid on seizure latency in mice. AB - delta-Aminolevulinic acid, an intermediate in heme formation, is elevated in certain human disorders including acute intermittent porphyria, tyrosinemia, and lead poisoning. It has been implicated in the central nervous system manifestations of these disorders via interactions with the GABAergic system. This potential interaction was examined by testing whether or not delta aminolevulinic acid could alter the latency to seizure in mice. Seizures were induced in a variety of inbred strains of mice including C57BL, C3H, DBA mice and in a heterogeneous stock of mice. Flurothyl and 3-mercaptopropionic acid were used to induce seizures in the presence and absence of delta-aminolevulinic acid administered either i.p. (0.5 and 1.5 mmol/kg), or i.c.v. (4.5 and 450 nmol). delta-Aminolevulinic acid increased the latency to myoclonic and clonic seizures induced by flurothyl when administered i.p.; i.c.v. injections also delayed clonic seizures induced by flurothyl, and increased the latency to tonic seizures induced by 3-mercaptopropionic acid. The degree to which delta-aminolevulinic acid altered seizure latency in all tests was dependent on strain of mouse tested. These data support the conclusion that delta-aminolevulinic acid can act as an anticonvulsant agent, and mimic the effects of GABA. Moreover, there is genetic variation in the sensitivity of the various strains of mice to delta aminolevulinic acid. PMID- 3770120 TI - Intracisternal blood injections fail to produce cerebral angiopathy in cats. AB - Adult cats were subjected to subarachnoid hemorrhage by three repeated intracisternal injections of autogenous nonheparinized blood (2 ml/injection) at weekly intervals. Histological studies (light and electron microscope) were made of the basilar artery and the middle cerebral arteries of all animals. In the subarachnoid-injected hemorrhaged animals, a large, organized blood clot extended uninterrupted along the lateral and ventral aspect of the medulla and pons, covering or partially encircling the basilar artery for most of its course. Smaller and less organized clots extended into various mesencephalic regions. Histologic findings in vessels from the injected hemorrhaged group were similar to those of control animals, showing neither evidence of endothelial damage, intimal proliferation, nor other significant vascular changes. The results suggest that the injection of blood into the subarachnoid space does not produce significant structural changes, but that the primary stimulus for the initiation of such pathologic events is closely tied to vessel rupture. PMID- 3770122 TI - Low-frequency kindling as a new experimental model of epilepsy. AB - Ten cats were stimulated twice a day in the lateral amygdala with low-frequency stimulation of about 3 Hz until generalized convulsion occurred. After the completion of kindling, the longest interpulse interval required for provocation of generalized convulsion (pulse-interval threshold) was determined in each subject. The pulse-interval threshold was 1300 ms in five cats, and 900 ms in five other cats. Then the stability of pulse-interval threshold and of the number of stimulating pulses required for provocation of afterdischarge when the stimulation was delivered with the pulse-interval threshold (pulse-number threshold) was tested. The pulse-interval threshold, pulse-number threshold, and duration of afterdischarge in each stimulation did not change statistically at the interstimulation interval from 24 h to 7 days. Phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin elevated the pulse-number threshold significantly. We propose that low-frequency kindling is a valuable experimental model of epilepsy in assessing simply and precisely the susceptibility of the epileptic focus itself and the severity of epileptic seizures. PMID- 3770121 TI - Unilateral fimbria/fornix lesions attenuate behavioral symptoms induced by subsequent dorsal hippocampal lesions in rats. AB - Adult rats were given a unilateral fimbria-fornix (5, 10, 15 micrograms colchicine or electrolytic) lesion 30 days before a restricted bilateral dorsal hippocampal lesion to assess the behavioral effects of temporally and structurally spaced lesions. The rats were tested 30 days after the second-stage surgery in the Hebb-Williams maze learning task. All rats with lesions were impaired in comparison with sham-operated control rats. However, those which sustained electrolytic or 5 micrograms colchicine fimbria-fornix lesions before hippocampal lesions were less impaired than rats which received hippocampal lesions alone or hippocampal lesions preceded by fimbria-fornix lesions with larger doses of colchicine. PMID- 3770123 TI - Two distinct mechanisms mediating interocular transfer in the goldfish (Carassius auratus)? AB - It is known that the postoptic commissures mediate the interocular transfer of visual discriminations in fish. Our experiments demonstrated that information relating to shape crosses in one of these commissures, the horizontal, whereas a completely separate commissure, the minor, mediates the transfer of information relating to color. Such a clear distinction provides a valuable model for the further study of interhemispheric phenomena. PMID- 3770124 TI - Tendon vibration-induced inhibition of human and cat triceps surae group I reflexes: evidence of selective Ib afferent fiber activation. AB - In humans, prolonged vibration of the Achilles tendon produced transient depression or abolition of the soleus H-reflex. Recovery of the electrical reflex threshold to previbration values at a constant lower stimulus intensity usually occurred between 10 to 55 min. Electrical stimulation at higher multiples of the reflex threshold produced reflex EMG amplitudes more immediately comparable to previbration controls. When postvibration H-reflexes were completely abolished, poststimulus averaging of voluntarily maintained tonic EMG activity showed evidence of inhibition at a 46-ms latency in contrast to a 32-ms previbration H reflex latency. In cat, observation of H-reflexes were rare, but stimulus-evoked changes in EMG activity mimicked the postvibration depression seen in humans. Ventral root postvibration reflexes from triceps surae varied in magnitude but were usually depressed or abolished at 1.0 to 1.2 times the electrical reflex threshold. These responses returned to previbration control amplitudes within 20 to 35 min. Magnitude of depression and time to recovery were dependent on the intensity of the electrical stimulus. In five experiments, depression of postvibration reflex activity and recovery were accompanied by gradual recovery in amplitude of the group I volley to previbration amplitudes. Elevated group Ia axonal electrical thresholds, monitored from seven isolated units, were observed to recover to previbration values in parallel with postvibration reflex recovery to control amplitudes. At electrical stimulus intensities greater than 1.4 times the reflex threshold, postvibration reflex responses were often potentiated, probably reflecting posttetanic potentiation of group Ia pathways activated at their higher axonal thresholds. In two observations, postvibration Ib axonal electrical thresholds did not change. Overall, the findings supported the proposal that postvibration depression of soleus H-reflexes in humans or cats is caused by both disfacilitation and autogenetic inhibition due to withdrawal of Ia afferent activation and increased selectivity of Ib afferent fiber stimulation, respectively. PMID- 3770125 TI - Stretch and unloading reflexes in a human hand muscle. AB - Stretch and unloading reflexes were demonstrated in the first dorsal interosseous muscle by averaging the electromyographic responses to brief mechanical stimuli. Subjects were not able to abolish these reflexes by altering their preparatory set. When subjects were prepared to contract or relax the muscle in response to a stretching force, the size of the stretch reflex was not affected significantly. When they were prepared to contract or relax in response to unloading, the "silent period" was diminished. In general, these reflexes were not modulated appropriately to improve the performance of an intended voluntary movement. Our results do not support the notion that spinal reflexes of the intrinsic hand muscles are "dominated" by corticospinal inputs. PMID- 3770126 TI - Quantitative analysis of rubral degeneration following neonatal deafferentation. AB - The effect of neonatal hemicerebellectomy on the cytoarchitecture of the red nucleus was investigated in the rat. Quantitative analysis revealed a 31% loss of neurons in the magnocellular red nucleus contralateral to the lesion. This cell loss was accompanied by a similar decrease in the cross-sectional area of the red nucleus. To provide insight into this degenerative process, the neonatal status of the normal cerebellorubral projection was determined using anterograde transport of HRP-WGA which was injected into the deep cerebellar nuclei at various times during the first 10 postnatal days. A definitive cerebellorubral projection was not detectable before postnatal day 8. The data indicate that the rubral afferent fibers from the cerebellum were removed before they reached their target. These results are significant in light of the aberrant projections that develop after neonatal lesions. PMID- 3770127 TI - Effect of pH on interlamellar spacing in rat sciatic myelin. AB - Tissue sections of rat sciatic nerves were incubated at various pH ranges to study the effects of proton titration on myelin fine structure by transmission electron microscopy. It was found that the major dense line of the sheath can open and close reversibly in response to proton titration at a pH range compatible with in vivo conditions. Opened and closed major dense lines coexisted in the sheath, but the number of opened lines increased with increasing pH. There was a pattern of periodicity in the opening of dense lines in that either one, two, or three opened lines alternated with one closed line. The local opening or closing of a dense line, furthermore, was often associated with reciprocal changes in the two adjacent dense lines, highly suggestive of the interaction of electric fields between the myelin membranes. These observations show that energy can be stored within the myelin leaflet. PMID- 3770128 TI - Inhibition by corticosterone of paraventricular nucleus multiple-unit activity responses to sensory stimuli in freely moving rats. AB - In order to determine possible electrophysiologic correlates of negative feedback influences of glucocorticoids upon neuroendocrine secretory activity, the effects of various doses of corticosterone on paraventricular nucleus multiple-unit activity responses to neural stimuli were examined in conscious, freely moving male rats. In control animals, photic and acoustic stimulation significantly increased multiple-unit activity of the paraventricular nucleus by increments of 75% and 117% (P less than 0.005), respectively. Doses between 0.1 and 5.0 mg of corticosterone produced a dose-dependent inhibition of responses to photic stimulation with a high correlation coefficient (r = -0.990). Corticosterone also caused an inhibition of paraventricular multiple-unit activity in response to acoustic stimulation, which was more effective than for photic stimulation, with complete blockade of response occurring with a dose of 1 mg corticosterone. These electrophysiologic findings, within a region of the hypothalamus known to contain corticotrophin-releasing factor cell bodies, may be related to reduced secretion of the hormone in response to the neurogenic stimuli employed, following glucocorticoid administration. PMID- 3770129 TI - Age-related changes in oxidative capacity of the gastrocnemius muscle in normal and dystrophic (dy2J/dy2J) mice. AB - The hind limb muscles of dy2J/dy2J mice appear more oxidative than normal hind limb muscles when assayed histochemically. In some cases, biochemical assay of oxidative capacity does not match histochemical data, and in some dy2J mice, particularly old animals, there appears to be a decline in biochemically assayed oxidative enzymes. The current study cyto-biochemically assayed succinic dehydrogenase activity of the gastrocnemius muscle in dy2J and normal mice. The assays were conducted over a maturation time course of 1 to 6 months of age. Additionally, the gastrocnemius muscle was divided into two distinct regions, a superficial region, containing largely glycolytic fast-twitch fibers (SGM), and a deeper region of mixed, largely oxidative fibers (DGM) in normal animals. Assay of the whole muscle and the two regions of each individual muscle showed that the dy2J muscle increased in SDH activity with maturation and was significantly greater than the change observed in normal muscle during the same period. The increase in the whole muscle SDH activity was accounted for increases noted in the SGM. The dy2J DGM, which showed marked morphologic degeneration, had neither an increase nor a decrease in measured SDH activity. Michaelis-Menton analysis of the enzymatic assay indicated that the Vmax, and not the Km, of the dystrophic muscle enzyme system was higher than normal, suggesting a change in quantity of enzyme present, and not altered function of the system. The observed increases occurred for 4 months of maturation and then began a decline, which was noted at 6 months. Coupled with the time course of gastrocnemius muscle degeneration (the glycolytic region was slow--very little by 4 months; the mixed was fast--highly degenerated by 1 to 2 months), the results of this study suggest that oxidative capacity in the dy2J gastrocnemius muscle increased with maturation until it became obscured by inherant muscle wasting in a particular dy2J muscle region. By comparison, analysis of the large glycolytic triceps muscle, a forelimb muscle which does not receive pseudomyotonia, indicated that this muscle did not increase in SDH activity in dystrophic animals, which showed the abnormal increase in the activity of the hind limb gastrocnemius. Thus the relationship of pseudomyotonia to increasing oxidative activity in the hind limb muscles of dystrophic animals was evident. PMID- 3770130 TI - Electrophysiologic differences between normal and dystrophic avian muscle. AB - In the avian model of muscular dystrophy, electrophysiologic studies have shown alterations in the action potential characteristics of dystrophic muscle in vitro, supporting the notion that a membrane defect exists in avian dystrophy. As neurogenic and vascular etiologies have also been proposed, we examined the characteristics of action potentials recorded in a novel in vivo preparation of the extensor digitorum communis muscle in 8-week-old normal and dystrophic chickens. To facilitate intracellular recording, dantrolene sodium was used to attenuate the muscle twitch. Results showed that although the resting membrane potential, action potential amplitude and the action potential maximum rate of rise were similar in normal and dystrophic cells, the action potential duration at half the maximum amplitude was increased in dystrophic cells. This observation has not been previously reported for dystrophic avian muscle and suggests that a defect in the sarcolemmal potassium conductance is an early change in dystrophic avian muscle. PMID- 3770131 TI - Some functional effects of suppressing bioelectric activity in fetal mouse spinal cord-dorsal root ganglion explants. AB - Organotypic explants of fetal mouse spinal cord-dorsal root ganglia were grown for 3 weeks in the presence of 10 mM magnesium ion, which effectively eliminated all recordable bioelectric activity throughout the culturing period. When tested in minimal essential medium, the chronically silenced explants had significantly fewer points from which spontaneous neuronal activity could be recorded. In addition, fewer points could be found that showed dorsal root ganglion-evoked responses, resulting from a greater tendency for the spinal cord activity to be restricted to the vicinity of the dorsally entering DRG fibers. These findings, therefore, support the hypothesis that spontaneous bioelectric activity is required for functional as well as structural maturation of neural networks. PMID- 3770132 TI - Action of the lateral hypothalamic area on subfornical organ neurons projecting to the supraoptic nucleus in the rat. AB - The activity of all subfornical organ neurons (N = 20) that were antidromically identified by electrical stimulation of the rat hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus region was excited by microiontophoretically applied angiotensin II. Electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamic area produced either an excitatory response (N = 12) or no effect (N = 8) in the activity of identified subfornical organ neurons. The excitatory responses to iontophoretically applied angiotensin II or stimulation of the lateral hypothalamic area were blocked by iontophoretically applied saralasin, an antagonist of angiotensin II. PMID- 3770133 TI - Muscarinic action of acetylcholine in the pigeon optic tectum. AB - Eighty visual units were extracellularly recorded from the pigeon optic tectum, and the effects of iontophoretically applied acetylcholine and its antagonists, atropine and tubocurarine, on these units were examined. The results showed that acetylcholine in the avian tectum functions as an excitatory transmitter or modulator and acts predominantly through a muscarinic mode of action. PMID- 3770134 TI - Dietary pyridoxine and the susceptibility to limbic motor seizures in rats. AB - Dietary pyridoxine (PN) deficiency in adult female rats produced a 32% decrease in hippocampal gamma-aminobutyric acid content, measured by a radioreceptor assay. No spontaneous seizures were observed in pyridoxine-deficient animals, but the seizure latency after a systemic kainic acid challenge decreased by 35%. The results suggest that latency is a useful measure of limbic seizure susceptibility; this susceptibility can be manipulated by diet; and in adults pyridoxine-dependent mechanisms normally participate in preventing, rather than initiating, limbic seizures. PMID- 3770136 TI - Immunoquantitation of some cytochrome P-450 isozymes in liver microsomes from streptozotocin-diabetic rats. AB - Streptozotocin-diabetes in rats leads to a decrease of cytochrome P-450 UT-A (the major form in control rats) and an increase of cytochrome P-450 PB-B (the major one induced by phenobarbital treatment) in liver microsomes. The increased benzphetamine-N-demethylase activity can be related to the induction of cytochrome P-450 PB-B. PMID- 3770135 TI - Protein and lysozyme content of adult human nucleus pulposus. AB - A radiologically normal human nucleus pulposus was extracted with 4 M guanidinium chloride and the non-collagenous proteins separated from the proteoglycans by dissociative density gradient centrifugation. Lysozyme was identified as a matrix constituent of the normal, mature human nucleus pulposus. PMID- 3770137 TI - Intranuclear crystalloids in arcuate nucleus neurons after clomiphene citrate administration. AB - The action of high doses of clomiphene citrate on the nuclei of hypothalamic arcuate neurons of male cats has been studied. Clomiphene produces an accumulation of typical crystalloid material in the nuclei. After administration of a protein-synthesis inhibitor, no such material was observed in clomiphene treated animals. These ultrastructural features could possibly be due to a more intense protein synthesis in the hypothalamic arcuate neurons. PMID- 3770139 TI - Two sulfur-containing ansamycin antibiotics from Streptomyces albolongus. AB - Two sulfur-containing ansamycin antibiotics were isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces albolongus C-46366; the major one was identical with awamycin and the minor one was a new ansamycin antibiotic, ansathiazin. Their structures were elucidated from their reactions and spectroscopic analyses. These antibiotics were active against gram-positive bacteria, acid-fast bacteria and a protozoan. PMID- 3770138 TI - Fetal hypophysis as the main source of serum TSH in fetal rat. AB - Decapitation performed at days 17-18 leads to a drastic drop (82%) in blood TSH of 19 and 21-day-old rat fetuses below the mother's level. 125I-TSH injected at 21 days into the mother's bloodstream is not found in fetal blood. The fetal hypophysis is the main source of fetal plasmatic TSH. PMID- 3770140 TI - A novel antagonist of serotonergic receptors, hymenidin, isolated from the Okinawan marine sponge Hymeniacidon sp. AB - A novel bromine-containing pyrrole compound, hymenidin, has been isolated from the Okinawan marine sponge Hymeniacidon sp. as a potent antagonist of serotonergic receptors and its structure elucidated using spectral data. PMID- 3770141 TI - Isolation and characterization of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans from human chondrosarcoma. AB - The proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans of four human chondrosarcomas with different degrees of malignancy (I-III) have been studied. The hydrodynamic size of proteoglycan subunits and the tissue concentration of total glycosaminoglycans decreased with increasing grade of malignancy. The glycosaminoglycan distribution pattern of all chondrosarcomas showed a similar ratio of chondroitin-4 sulfate:chondroitin-6-sulfate but an increasing portion of keratan sulfate from grade I (6.5%) to grade III (19.2%). Determinations of the molecular weight (Mr values) of glycosaminoglycans were made after 3H labeling by alkaline reduction of proteoglycans in the presence of NaB3H4. The Mr of [3H]chondroitin sulfate isomers decreased markedly from grade I (35,500) to grade III (15,100) while the chain length of [3H]keratan sulfate showed minor variations (Mr 5600-6200). The previously reported decrease in the molecular weight of keratan sulfate with increasing degree of malignancy (S. Pal, W. Strider, R. Margolis, G. Gallo, S. Lee-Huang, and L. Rosenberg, 1978, J. Biol. Chem. 253, 1279-1289) was not observed. PMID- 3770142 TI - Characterization of the heat shock response in M-14 human melanoma cells continuously exposed to supranormal temperatures. AB - The heat shock response elicited in a human melanoma cell line (M-14) by continuous exposures to supranormal temperatures has been characterized. The electrophoretic patterns of polypeptides labeled in vivo at different time intervals during a continuous heating at 42 degrees C show that the hyperthermic stress induces the synthesis of three HSPs, with molecular weights, respectively, of 86 kDa, 70-72 kDa and 26 kDa. The relative rate of synthesis of the 70-72 kDa HSP--the preeminent HSP--increases during the first hours of treatment, reaching the maximum value after about 9 hr. Later on, the rate of synthesis of this protein progressively decreases, finally attaining a steady state level only slightly exceeding the constitutive one. On the contrary, the smaller molecular weight HSP is synthesized at an apparently constant rate in the course of 21 hr of heating treatment. A continuous exposure at 40 degrees C induces the synthesis of the same three HSPs observed in cells heated at 42 degrees C, but the rate of synthesis of all these HSPs is not so greatly enhanced over the control values as in the 42 degrees C-heated cells. Moreover, the repression of the 70-72 kDa HSP synthesis is faster, taking place within 4-6 hr of treatment. Coomassie blue stained gels show that a polypeptide, coincident with the 70-72 kDa HSP, accumulates in the course of a continuous heating either at 42 degrees C and at 40 degrees C. The final intracellular level attained by this protein species results higher in 42 degrees C-treated cells than in 40 degrees C-treated ones. Hybridization experiments between total RNAs obtained from cells heated at 42 degrees C and a radioactive DNA probe (containing sequences complementary to the mRNA coding for the human 70 kDa HSP) demonstrate that the kinetics of accumulation and decay of the 70 kDa HSP-mRNAs correlate with the kinetics of induction and repression of the corresponding protein. PMID- 3770143 TI - Spontaneous arterial lesions involving breaks in the internal elastic lamina in the rat: effects of beta-aminopropionitrile and familial distribution. AB - We have studied the effects of beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) administration on the formation of spontaneous arterial lesions, characterized principally by a rupture in the internal elastic lamina (IEL) in the caudal and renal arteries of the Wistar rat. Treatment with BAPN (an inhibitor of lysyl oxidase) increased the formation of these lesions in rats up to 12 weeks of age but had differential effects on the caudal and renal artery in older rats. Administration of the nitrile to weanling rats led to the premature formation of lesions in caudal arteries of both male and female rats which morphologically resemble lesions which form spontaneously later in life. Dietary supplements of copper or pyridoxine were without effect on the formation of spontaneous caudal artery lesions when given from 5 wks of age but a copper supplement from midgestation slightly inhibited lesion formation only in male rats. This suggests that if copper deficiency is involved in spontaneous lesion formation, it is only a contributory factor. Quantification of either caudal or renal artery lesions within different litters of Wistar rats showed that there exists a familial aggregation in the frequency of spontaneous lesion formation, certain litters showing significantly higher levels of lesions than others. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats also appear to be more susceptible to the development of renal artery IEL defects than Wistar rats. The possibility of a hereditary disorder leading to a minor defect in elastic fibre structure which could be responsible for the spontaneous lesions is discussed. PMID- 3770144 TI - Hepatic and skeletal muscle phospholipid metabolism in recovering burned rats. AB - Liver and soleus muscles of control animals and rats recovering from a single hindlimb scald were analyzed for diphosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, sphingomyelin, lysophosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl inositol, and phosphatidyl serine. Liver of 4-hr postburn rats exhibited decreased contents of diphosphatidyl glycerol (-20%), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (-11%), and phosphatidyl choline (-7%). At 3 days after the burn, only an 11% decrease in hepatic phosphatidyl inositol was observed. Soleus muscle of the unburned limb of burned rats showed at 3 days postburn an 11% decrease in sphingomyelin content but the other measured phospholipids were at control level. In contrast, soleus muscle from the contralateral burned limb exhibited increased contents of sphingomyelin (+29%), lysophosphatidyl choline (+145%), and phosphatidyl serine (+27%) compared to control uninjured animals. It also showed a 25% higher phosphatidyl inositol level than the contralateral uninjured counterpart. It is concluded that recovery from a single hindlimb scald is associated with alterations in phospholipid metabolism in the liver and in the region of the wound. The local response to thermal injury may be mediated, in part, by stimulated activity of phospholipase A2. PMID- 3770145 TI - Morphologic and microbiologic features of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia in normal hamsters. AB - A model of pneumonia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa was produced in hamsters by an intratracheal bolus instillation of microorganisms. Sequential lung changes from 4 hr through 11 days were studied by morphologic and microbiologic methods. Hamsters inoculated with greater than 10(6) pseudomonads survived but consistently had histologic evidence of mild bronchopneumonia 24 hr postinoculation, whereas a severe bronchopneumonia and a 100% mortality were elicited with a 10(8) inoculum of organisms in 0.5 ml phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). An inoculum of 10(7) pseudomonads/0.5 ml PBS was then used to define the changes in the bacterial population in Pseudomonas pneumonia and to obtain serial histopathologic observations. Quantitative lung cultures obtained within 1 hr postinoculation demonstrated a mean of 10(6) colony forming units per lung, and none of the hamsters were bacteremic. However, by 24 hr bacterial counts had increased and all animals were bacteremic. Bacterial proliferation continued through 48 hr; however, the number of bacteremic animals had decreased. By 72 hr, bacterial counts had decreased with total Pseudomonas clearance noted by 120 hr. A striking polymorphonuclear leukocyte-rich alveolar exudate was present by 12 hr. Pseudomonas "vasculitis" was evident by 24 hr. The evolution of this vascular lesion correlated with the bacteremic state of the hamsters. By 11 days, resolution of the pneumonic process was seen. The macroscopic and microscopic features of this hamster model of Pseudomonas pneumonia are very similar to those reported in infected patients. PMID- 3770146 TI - In vivo collagen metabolism in spontaneously diabetic (db/db) mice. AB - To further define the pathogenesis of diabetic connective tissue lesions, collagen synthesis and degradation were measured in vivo in spontaneously diabetic db/db mice. A double isotopic labeling technique, in which 14C-labeled and 3H-labeled proline were injected into the same mouse 7 days apart, was applied. Collagen synthesis and degradation were assessed in skins, intestines, hearts, and kidneys. There were no changes in collagen metabolism in the intestines of the diabetic mice. In all other tissues, collagen degradation was accelerated. Collagen synthesis was decreased in skins, but increased in the hearts and kidneys of the diabetic mice. These tissue-specific changes in collagen metabolism resulted in a net loss of collagen in all tissues examined except intestines. The results of this study provide insight into the mechanisms leading to connective tissue defects occurring in diabetes mellitus. PMID- 3770147 TI - Epidemiologic characteristics of the United States elderly population in the 20th century. AB - In 1900 approximately 25 percent of all deaths occurred in people age 65 years of age and over while by 1980 30 percent of deaths occurred in those over age 80. The greatest declines in age-specific mortality for those 65 and over occurred from 1920 to 1945 and since 1970. Some evidence exists that illness and disability may be rising in all age groups. Understanding the reasons for the declines in mortality for the elderly in this century and basic research in chronic disease causation and prevention are urged. PMID- 3770148 TI - Study of endemic scrapie in a flock of "Ile de France" sheep. AB - An "Ile de France" flock was studied over a period of 5 years. The authors found similar results concerning incidence and age of onset of scrapie to those found in the English literature. A close relationship was established between the age of the dam at parturition and the age of the progeny at onset of scrapie. In the later years of our study, scrapie was detected in younger animals than in the earlier years, suggesting a phenomenon of genetic "anticipation". Increased fecundity in this endemically affected flock might represent a form of selection which favorises the occurrence and maintenance of the disease within the flock. PMID- 3770149 TI - Serosurvey on the presence of leptospiral agglutinins in humans in Northern Italy. AB - The article reports data concerning a serosurvey carried out in the province of Gorizia as a part of a research project sponsored by the National Research Council (CNR) on the epidemiological status of leptospirosis in Northern Italy. Microagglutination tests have been carried out on sera taken from randomly chosen healthy people and from humans exposed to occupational hazards, at a representing sample size for each category. The results have shown 8.29% agglutinin prevalence in healthy people, serovars bratislava, sejroe and canicola being predominant. Prevalence agglutinin rates were higher in meat workers (11.76%), sweepers (16.66%) and breeders (40%); in the latter category antibodies to Leptospira hardjo have been found out; this is the first reported instance of human contamination by L. hardjo in Italy. PMID- 3770151 TI - Brucella phagotypes: their relation to the spread of infection in Italy. AB - The spread of Brucella infection in man in Italy during the last three years is briefly reviewed with reference to the Brucella strains collected and typed. The strains were tested by H2S production, dye-inhibition, agglutination by monospecific sera, and sensitivity to a phage set. From 108 tested strains, 91 have been identified by means of the traditional tests as Br. melitensis, sometimes with some irregularities, 10 as Br. abortus, while 7 were not typable. It was possible to recommend some phage sensitivity patterns of Br. melitensis for epidemiological purposes: one phagotype is much more frequent in the north, another in the south of Italy. However, the currently recommended phagotypes must be considered provisional and will be modified in the light of more extensive studies. PMID- 3770150 TI - Surveillance of birth defects: the Multicommunity Sets Technique tested by computer simulation. AB - Using a computer simulation for a series of births subject to various congenital malformations, the surveillance performance of the Multicommunity Sets Technique (MST) was compared to that of the Cumulative Sum Technique (CUSUM). Increases in malformation frequencies were simulated in (i) 6 out of 6 centres and (ii) only 3 out of 6 centres. MST was neither more sensitive nor more specific than CUSUM, and signalled increases with greater delay. One type of CUSUM procedure showed to accumulate more false alarms than MST in long periods of surveillance at the baseline malformation rate. The advantage of CUSUM was also shown for a single malformation with a very low baseline incidence, which according to Chen et al. (1983) should have been particularly suitable for MST surveillance. PMID- 3770152 TI - Campylobacter infections and erythema nodosum. PMID- 3770153 TI - Gastroenteritis etiology in a university hospital during 1983. AB - This paper reports the results of a microbiological study of the patients seen with diarrhea at the Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (Barcelona) through 1983. Two thousand seven hundred sixty three specimens were studied in search of an enteropathogenic bacteria, 1341 were submitted to parasitologic study and 684 to rotavirus search. Two hundred fifty one Salmonella spp., 233 C. jejuni, 152 Shigella spp., 47 Yersinia spp., 96 G. intestinalis and 181 positive Rotavirus specimens were detected. Data about efficacy of the methods employed, seasonal and age incidence and sensitivity to the antimicrobials of the bacterial isolated strains are reported. PMID- 3770154 TI - A survey on factors affecting acceptance of measles vaccine. AB - The reasons for the low level of acceptance of measles vaccine were investigated through interviews with the mothers at the time of their children enrollment in the first year of attendance at several nursery schools in Milan city and its suburbs. Data were also collected on the natural disease. Only 192 (13.8%) of the 1386 children included in the study had already suffered natural measles and 45 of them before the age of 12 months. Of the total, 10% of the children had been vaccinated, more in the city of Milan than in the suburbs. Approximately one-half of the vaccinations had been administered by family doctors and the other half in Public Health facilities. Less than half of the vaccinations administered in the city of Milan proved to have been registered in Public Health Office records. The frequency of vaccinated children was significantly higher among mother with higher levels of education than among those with lower levels of education. The reasons for the lack of vaccination most frequently given by the mothers of the 1247 unvaccinated children were "ignorance about the vaccine" (38% of the mothers) and the "belief that measles is an innocuous disease" (36%). These were followed by "fear of post-vaccinal reactions" and "advice against measles vaccine" given, in most cases, by family doctors. The frequency of responses for each one of these reasons was significantly different in Milan with respect to the suburbs. This difference was also evident in the comparisons between mothers with higher levels of education with respect to mothers with low levels of education. PMID- 3770155 TI - Autopsy rate in younger and older hospitalized patients. AB - A retrospective study of the autopsy rate of the clinico-pathological correlations was made in a group of inpatients. The trend of autopsy rate was observed in all inpatients died in a university hospital during a nine year period (from 1975 to 1983). The agreement between the clinical and pathological death diagnosis was retrospectively controlled in 294 consecutive patients died and submitted to autopsy in the same hospital during a 6 month period (from January to June 1983). The results show that: In the oldest (greater than 60 yrs) patients, the autopsy rate trend was significantly reduced from 1975 to 1983, whereas the hospital admissions and the mortality rate increased. In the youngest subjects (less than 60 yrs), the autopsy rate trend, the hospital admissions and the mortality rate did not significantly change from 1975 to 1983. In all the years considered, the autopsy rate was significantly reduced in the oldest class (p less than 0.001). The agreement between the clinical and pathological diagnosis was observed in 83% of cases in the less than 60 years class and in 63% of cases in the greater than 60 yrs class (p less than 0.001). The association of main disease with other diseases was significantly more frequent in the greater than 60 yrs class with respect to the less than 60 yrs class (p less than 0.01). It has been concluded that the autopsy, especially in the elderly, is absolutely necessary for a better quality control of the clinical diagnosis and of the medical care. PMID- 3770156 TI - Lung cancer in Austria: present and future trends. AB - Between 1966 and 1982, age-standardized lung cancer mortality rates in Austria showed a slightly decreasing trend in men and an increasing trend in women. Differences between male and female lung cancer rates and different trends among particular age groups, especially male, can be understood as a function of the difference in past smoking habits: in men, the lung cancer epidemic had already passed its peak. Mortality will continually decrease, with the possibility of a slight and short-lasting future increase, when 1917 to 1931 birth cohorts reach an older age. In women, lung cancer mortality will increase steadily as a consequence of the increasing epidemic of cigarette smoking among young women. But it will never reach the same proportion as in men, because high tar cigarettes have not played the same role in female smoking habits as in male. PMID- 3770157 TI - Milverine: in vitro and in vivo activity on the animal and human colon. PMID- 3770158 TI - Improved method for the determination of indomethacin in plasma by reversed phase HPLC. PMID- 3770159 TI - [Ion pairs of benzodiazepines and alkaloids with bromothymol blue and their analytical applications]. PMID- 3770160 TI - Action of acute ethanol intake on rat biliary secretion: effect of epomediol. PMID- 3770161 TI - [Effect of drugs on the hematologic indices in hereditary hemolytic anemia in children]. AB - A clinical trial of the action of glucocorticoids, iron preparation and vitamin B12 in a combined treatment on hematological parameters in childhood hereditary hemolytic anemia was performed. The drugs were found to exert no effect on hematological parameters in the period of hemolytic crises. In aregeneratory crises prescribing short courses of glucocorticoids and vitamin B12 produced a good clinicohematological effect. PMID- 3770162 TI - [Effect of dekaris on the immunity indices in pneumonia and diabetes mellitus]. AB - Effect of decaris on dynamics of cellular and humoral immunity was studied in 55 patients with acute and chronic pneumonia and 40 patients with diabetes mellitus. Differences in dynamics of immune parameters in diabetes mellitus and pneumonias in response to decaris treatment were found that could be related to various mechanisms of immune disturbances in these diseases. PMID- 3770163 TI - [Effect of antioxidants on lipid peroxidation and on liver function in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis]. AB - Study of 199 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis accompanied by liver diseases receiving antituberculosis therapy showed that the inclusion into the treatment schedule of antioxidants tocopherol acetate, essential, infusion of herb of astragale erianthus exerted pronounced hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects. Efficacy of antioxidants increased at their combined use. PMID- 3770164 TI - [Clinical pharmacology of membrane-destabilizing processes in nephropathies in children]. AB - It was found that alpha-tocopherol unithiol (during both monotherapy and combined treatment), misclerone, metindol, vegetable oil considerably increase effectiveness in therapy and prevention of aggravations of diffuse glomerulonephritis in children. PMID- 3770165 TI - [Evaluation of the results of the action of drugs in the clinic using computers]. PMID- 3770166 TI - [Pharmacokinetics and the clinical effect of bemitil after a single administration]. AB - It was found on studying a novel psychotropic drug bemitil that after its single administration kinetic curves significantly differed depending on a clinical effect of the test dose in patients with asthenic states. At predomination of the psychoactivating component of action one could note a larger area under the concentration-time relationship curve and a shorter period of half-excretion than in patients with the tranquilizing action. The obtained data on the difference in the drug test dose effect depending on the drug pharmacokinetics should be taken into consideration at determination of bemitil course therapy duration in patients with neuroses and neurosis-like states with predominance of asthenic disturbances in the clinical picture. PMID- 3770167 TI - [Determination of the digoxin concentration in the blood plasma of patients with cardiopulmonary failure]. AB - Digoxin was used for 2-4 weeks in a combined treatment of 98 patients with cardiopulmonary insufficiency. Blood plasma digoxin concentration was measured in 65 patients. A clinical improvement accompanied with positive hemodynamic changes, an improvement of myocardial contractility, a decrease of pulmonary hypertension was observed in 88% of patients. The relationship between a clinical effect and the drug dose was found. Correlation between blood digoxin concentration, stage of circulatory insufficiency and toxic manifestations was revealed. PMID- 3770168 TI - [Binding of cardiac glycosides by the erythrocytes of patients]. AB - Digoxin and strophanthin K uptake by patients' red cells was investigated by the Rb-86 assay. It was found that digoxin and strophanthin K levels in red cells increased with augmentation of the drugs concentrations in plasma, the ratio of cardiac glycoside levels in red cells to their concentrations in plasma decreased. The degree of binding to red cells is more pronounced for strophanthin K than for digoxin. PMID- 3770169 TI - [A spectrophotometric micromethod for the study of theophylline pharmacokinetics in children with bronchial asthma]. AB - A spectrophotometric micromethod for determination of theophylline in the blood is proposed. Theophylline pharmacokinetics was studied by the method in 71 children with bronchial asthma. Doses and the number of administrations were selected individually for 45 patients under control of blood plasma theophylline concentration. Good clinical results were obtained. PMID- 3770170 TI - [Theophylline concentration in the blood of children with persistently recurring bronchial asthma]. AB - An antirecurrence effect of theophylline was studied in 32 children aged 3 to 12 years suffering from severe bronchial asthma. The drug dosage was determined by means of a stepwise increase of a daily dose in the range of 10-30 mg/kg/day under control of the patient's general condition and parameters of external respiratory function. Blood theophylline concentration was measured by an immunofluorescent method. The drug individual biotransformation was revealed. Euphylline proved to be a highly effective and safe antirecurrence agent in an individual selection of doses and administration regimens. Combination of theophylline with inhalation beta-adrenomimetics and corticosteroids potentiates its clinical effect without influencing biotransformation. PMID- 3770171 TI - [Interrelation between the genetic type of acetylation and the incidence in the development of certain diseases]. PMID- 3770173 TI - [Cimetidine pharmacokinetics]. AB - The pharmacokinetics of cimetidine was studied in 9 patients at a single intravenous (200 mg) and oral (400 mg) administration. The pharmacokinetic parameters at intravenous administration were calculated according to a two compartment model. The time-concentration curve after oral drug administration had two maxima between 45 min and 2 hrs with approximately equal concentrations of cimetidine. The main pharmacokinetic parameters of cimetidine were calculated as follows: t1/2 beta = 1.7 h, t1/2 alpha = 0.12 h, Vd = 1.0 1/kg, Cis = 0.43 1/kg/h, Cior = 1.2 1/kg/h, bioavailability 36%. At the course treatment (1 g per day) cimetidine concentration before the morning dose on the 6th and 12th days remains at the same level. PMID- 3770172 TI - [Clinical pharmacokinetics and hemodynamics of ethacizin in the acute period of myocardial infarct]. AB - Clinical pharmacokinetics of ethacizine and its effect on parameters of the central and peripheral hemodynamics in the acute period of myocardial infarction were studied. The appearance of an additional maximum or "concentration plateau" on the concentration-time curve following a single intravenous injection of the drug was noted in most cases. To describe experimental data, a three-compartment model with lag time was proposed. The pharmacokinetic parameters obtained indicate that ethacizine is characterized by a less value of clearance and greater period of half-elimination as compared to ethmozine. Ethacizine was shown to exert no considerable effect on hemodynamics that makes it possible to recommend its use in acute myocardial infarction when cardiac rhythm disorders occur. PMID- 3770174 TI - [Ethambutol pharmacokinetics in pulmonary tuberculosis patients]. AB - Specific features of ethambutol pharmacokinetics were studied in 53 patients with first detected pulmonary tuberculosis. Pharmacokinetic parameters were interpreted by using an one-part model with absorption. Pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax, Me infinity were shown to be distributed according to a normal law of distribution of probabilities, Kel--according to a logarithmically normal law. PMID- 3770175 TI - [Use of physicochemical analytical methods for assessing the interaction of various drug forms in therapeutic practice]. PMID- 3770176 TI - [Current problems of clinical pharmacology]. PMID- 3770177 TI - [Evaluation of the nootropic effect of mebikar in clinical practice]. AB - Mebicar therapy resulted in a reduction of the degree of deficient disorders of thinking in 27 of 50 patients with paranoid schizophrenia and normalization of indices of mental working capacity, attention and memory, shortening of the time of visual-motor disjunctive reaction in 50 patients with borderline states. Mebicar was shown to possess a nootropic effect which differs qualitatively from that of piracetam. PMID- 3770178 TI - [Combined action of anti-arrhythmia agents in the cardiology clinic]. AB - Results of treatment of 36 patients aged from 25 to 72 years with ventricular extrasystole and paroxysms of atrial fibrillation demonstrated that the absence of contraindications combined treatment with antiarrhythmic drugs is justifiable provided a thorough medical control is performed. PMID- 3770179 TI - [Pharmacodynamics of Adonis chrysocyanthus]. AB - Cardiotonic and diuretic effects of lychnis infusion were observed in 31 patients suffering from the circulation disorders of stages I, IIA, IIB caused by rheumatic diseases, pulmonary diseases and atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis. PMID- 3770180 TI - [Effect of the glycosides of Eleutherococcus senticosus on the hemodynamic indices of children with hypotensive states]. AB - Efficacy of extractum eleutherococci fluidum in children aged 7-10 years with a stable stage of neurocirculatory hypotension was shown. A positive dynamics of subjective evidence, a statistically significant elevation of levels of systolic and diastolic pressures low before treatment and an increase of total peripheral resistance were noted. PMID- 3770181 TI - [Effect of penbutolol on the hemodynamics in patients with hypertensive disease]. AB - It was found that a hypotensive effect of penbutolol used for treatment of 234 patients with hypertensive disease exceeded that of propranolol and developed at a dose of 20-80 mg a day at the end of the 2nd week of treatment. Penbutolol produces a less negative chronotropic effect as compared to propranolol. The excess of penbutolol therapeutic dose leads to the further augmentation of a positive clinical effect. PMID- 3770182 TI - [Comparative study of the effect of trental, menthol and obzidan and their combinations on the function of the cardiorespiratory system in operators under extreme conditions]. AB - Effects of different drugs on parameters of gas exchange and central hemodynamics were studied during physical load in operators under antiorthostatic hypokinesia at an angle of 15 degrees. More significant tension of the cardiorespiratory system during physical load was found following administration of beta-blockers. PMID- 3770184 TI - [Effect of klofenil on the hemodynamic and autonomic nervous system functions in patients with hypertensive disease]. AB - The degree of hemodynamic and vegetative changes is determined to a great extent by the time of clopheline intake. The maximal changes in the sympathetic activity at rest and during active orthostasis were revealed in the morning hours and in the second half of the day, the minimal ones--in the afternoon hours. The hemodynamic changes were most pronounced at 12 o'clock and minimal at 7 o'clock. PMID- 3770183 TI - [Mechanism of the anti-anginal action of korinfar]. AB - The effect of corinfar on the blood plasma Ca2+ content and oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve was studied in 52 patients with ischemic heart disease. The drug was administered in a dose of 60 mg/day and to 5 patients in a dose of 90 mg/day for 2 weeks. A complete disappearance of angina attacks and ECG normalization were observed in 37 patients, a good effect was noted in 30 patients and no effect was seen in 13 patients. A significant decrease of Ca2+ content during treatment was noted in patients with effort angina of mild and moderate degrees. Parallelism between Ca2+ content decrease and the drug efficacy was revealed. PMID- 3770185 TI - [Experimental and clinical research on the effect of senzit on the cerebral blood flow and hemostatic function in cerebral ischemia]. AB - Senzit increased volume velocity of the cerebral blood flow and oxygen delivery to the brain tissues under normal conditions at the expense of a decrease of the cerebral vessels tone. In transient cerebral ischemia the drug prevents disorders of cerebral circulation and a lowering of oxygen tension in the brain tissue. A prophylactic administration of senzit in carotid arterial occlusion prevents the development of edema and death of animals. Oral senzit produced an increase of blood supply to the brain and hypocoagulation changes in hemostasis system in patients with chronic insufficiency of cerebral circulation. PMID- 3770187 TI - The anti-oestrogen drug tamoxifen is an elongation inhibitor of eukaryotic protein biosynthesis. AB - The drug tamoxifen is widely used in the chemotherapy of breast cancer but its action is not explained completely by its anti-oestrogen properties. We now present evidence indicating that it is also a potent inhibitor of eukaryotic protein synthesis as demonstrated in Xenopus oocytes, intact reticulocytes and reticulocyte lysates. The inhibition affects general protein synthesis, is transient in oocytes and not reversed by oestrogen. The drug appears to act by inhibiting polypeptide chain elongation. This action of tamoxifen is independent of oestrogen receptors and may explain its therapeutic effectiveness in oestrogen independent tumours. PMID- 3770186 TI - Nicotine-evoked disassembly of cortical actin filaments in adrenal chromaffin cells. AB - Using rhodamine-phalloidin staining it was found that actin filaments are concentrated in the cortex of resting chromaffin cells. Cortical actin filaments were disassembled 15 s after stimulation by nicotine and had reassembled 30 s later. Actin filament disassembly following nicotinic stimulation was also detected using the DNase I inhibition assay. Disassembly was independent of external calcium, insensitive to trifluoperazine and was not elicited by high K+, muscarinic agonists or phorbol ester. Disassembly of cortical actin filaments may allow access of secretory granules to exocytotic sites and act in conjunction with a rise in intracellular free calcium to bring about the full secretory response due to nicotinic agonists. PMID- 3770188 TI - Evidence for a 5(6)-epoxytetraene intermediate in the biosynthesis of lipoxins in human leukocytes. Conversion into lipoxin A by cytosolic epoxide hydrolase. AB - The existence of a 15(S)-hydroxy-5,6-oxido-7,9,13-trans-11-cis-eicosatetraenoic acid intermediate in the biosynthesis of lipoxins A and B has recently been proposed. In the present study, human leukocytes were exposed to 15-HETE and the divalent cation ionophore A23187 and alcohol trapping studies were performed. The products containing alkyltetraenes were isolated and characterized. HPLC analysis, UV spectroscopy and GC/MS of the products showed that 5,15-dihydroxy-14 O-alkyleicosatetraenoic acids were formed, indicating that 5(6)-epoxytetraenes (precursor of the trapping product) were formed in human leukocytes. To gain further evidence for the role of 5(6)-epoxytetraene intermediate in the biosynthesis of lipoxins, (15)-hydroxy-5,6-oxido-7,9,13-trans-11-cis eicosatetraenoic acid was prepared by total chemical synthesis. When added to purified human liver cytosolic epoxide hydrolase, the epoxide was rapidly and quantitatively converted into LXA. The results provide further evidence for the role of a 5(6)epoxytetraene intermediate in the biosynthesis of lipoxins. PMID- 3770189 TI - Human fibronectin is synthesized as a pre-propolypeptide. AB - Fibronectins (FNs) are extracellular glycoproteins consisting of dimers or multimers of similar but not identical subunits. The subunit differences result from variations in internal primary sequence due to alternative splicing in at least 2 regions of the pre-mRNA. The complete amino acid sequence of mature human cellular FN has been reported recently from cDNA cloning and sequencing. The same approach has now enabled us to deduce, for the first time, that FN has a 26 amino acid signal peptide and that it undergoes proteolytic processing at its N terminus to eliminate a 5 amino acid pro-sequence (Ser-Lys-Ser-Lys-Arg). The signal sequence matches the consensus format, while this pro-sequence is a distinctive, very hydrophilic and basic peptide. PMID- 3770190 TI - Stopped-flow spectrophotometry monitoring the initial processes of platelet activation by platelet-activating factor. AB - The initial processes of platelet activation by platelet-activating factor (PAF) were observed by stopped-flow light scattering and fluorometry. The binding of PAF to rabbit platelets did not change the membrane fluidity, though it caused the removal of calcium from internal stores and induced concomitantly platelet shape changes. These results were quite in contrast to those by thrombin and ADP activation, where the membrane fluidity increased before the calcium release from the internal stores. The increased membrane fluidity in the latter system seemed to be used to transmit an external signal to a GTP-binding protein. PMID- 3770191 TI - The excimer fluorescence of N-(1-pyrenyl)iodoacetamide labeled to myosin and its subfragment 1. AB - Myosin and its subfragment 1 were labeled with the fluorescent probe N-(1 pyrenyl)iodoacetamide. Both of the labeled complexes exhibited the excimer band at 480 nm (pH 8.0, 25 degrees C). SH1 and SH2 are labeled with this probe as judged by Ca2+-ATPase of the labeled complex. Excimers arise both from the interaction of PIAAs in the two different heads within a single myosin molecule and also from the interaction of PIAAs in the same head. ATP affects these excimers depending on the concentration of Ca2+. PMID- 3770192 TI - Chiral purity of nucleotides as a necessary condition of complementarity. AB - This work discusses the question about the role of chiral purity (homochirality) of nucleotides in the formation of complementary replicas. A qualitative answer to this question can be obtained from molecular models constructed to simulate the chiral defect in the polynucleotidic chain. It shows the necessity of homochirality of nucleotides for the complementarity preservation. The necessity of the strong mirror-symmetry breaking in the abiogenic formation of the self replicating oligonucleotide structures is discussed in the context of prebiological evolution. PMID- 3770193 TI - Neomycin inhibits inositol phosphate formation in human platelets stimulated by thrombin but not other agonists. AB - Neomycin (0.1-1 mM) added to human platelet-rich plasma or washed platelets prelabeled with [3H]inositol inhibits aggregation, ATP secretion (ID50 0.2 mM) and formation of [3H]inositol mono-, bis- and trisphosphate (ID50 0.6-0.8 mM) in response to thrombin (0.25 U/ml). The production of inositol phosphates in response to other platelet agonists (vasopressin, platelet activating factor, prostaglandin endoperoxide analogs and collagen) is not inhibited by neomycin, even at a concentration of 2 mM. At this concentration neomycin reduces the secretion of ATP stimulated by these agents (by up to 50%). The results indicate that neomycin has multiple effects on platelets that are unrelated to a specific inhibition of inositol phospholipid degradation by phospholipase C. Low concentrations (0.1-1 mM) of neomycin might selectively inhibit the interaction of thrombin with the platelet surface, and high concentrations (greater than 2 mM) might unspecifically reduce platelet secretion in response to various platelet agonists. PMID- 3770194 TI - Primary structure of a cationic Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase. The sheep enzyme. AB - The complete amino acid sequence of Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase from sheep erythrocytes has been determined. The sequence is very similar to that of the bovine enzyme, having the same number of residues (151) and only two substitutions in the 'hypervariable' region (residues 17-30). The 5 overall substitutions confer a positive charge on the sheep enzyme at neutral pH (pI approximately equal to 8). This charge is localized outside the active site region. The catalytic efficiency of the sheep enzyme is 15% less than that of the cow enzyme, confirming the hypothesis that the enzyme activity is related to the concentration of positive surface charge near the active site channel. PMID- 3770195 TI - Preferential binding of DNA methyltransferase and increased de novo methylation of deoxyinosine containing DNA. AB - Mammalian DNA-cytosine 5-methyltransferases methylate cytosines in deoxyinosine containing DNA polymers more rapidly than in other synthetic or naturally occurring DNAs. The initial methylation rate of poly(dI-dC) X poly(dI-dC) is about 10-times higher than that of poly-(dG-dC) X poly(dG-dC) or of the native Micrococcus luteus DNA. In competitive binding experiments, DNA methyltransferase has about 10-fold higher affinity for the dI-containing alternating DNA polymer than for poly(dG-dC) X poly(dG-dC). The observed high methyl accepting capacity of poly(dI-dC) X poly(dI-dC) may be a useful methodological advance to determine de novo DNA methyltransferase activity in extracts of mammalian cells. PMID- 3770196 TI - Enzymic removal of two oligosaccharide chains from ricin B-chain. AB - Peptide:N-glycosidase F removed both the asparagine-linked oligosaccharide chains of ricin B-chain in the absence of lactose. In the presence of lactose, which binds specifically to the B-chain, only one oligosaccharide chain was removed. Lactose also protected Ricinus communis agglutinin B-chain against the removal of one of the two susceptible oligosaccharides present in each B-chain subunit. PMID- 3770197 TI - Botulinum toxin types A, B and D inhibit catecholamine secretion from bovine adrenal medullary cells. AB - Evoked catecholamine secretion from cultured bovine adrenal medullary cells is inhibited by commercially available botulinum toxins - types A, B and D (10(4) 10(6) MLD/ml of culture medium). Basal secretion is also inhibited. The catecholamine content of such toxin-treated cells is larger than that of control cells and may in part be a result of the inhibition of basal release. The onset of action of botulinum toxin types A and D can be neutralised by their respective antisera. Concentrations of botulinum toxins A, B or D that inhibit secretion leave unaffected the 45Ca2+ influxes normally associated with secretion. These data provide further evidence to support the idea [(1985) Nature 317, 719-721] that botulinum toxins block secretion by acting downstream of the Ca2+ transient at or near the site of exocytosis. PMID- 3770198 TI - Thymine hydroperoxide, a substrate for rat Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase isoenzymes. AB - The thymine hydroperoxide, 5-hydroperoxymethyluracil, is a substrate for Se dependent glutathione (GSH) peroxidase and the Se-independent GSH peroxidase activity associated with the GSH transferase fraction. These enzymes may contribute to repair mechanisms for damage caused by oxygen radicals. GSH transferases 1-1, 2-2, 3-3, 4-4, 6-6, and 7-7 [(1984) Biochem. Pharmacol. 33, 2539-2540] are shown to differ considerably in their ability to utilize this substrate. For example, high activity is found in GSH transferase 6-6 which is the major isoenzyme in spermatogenic tubules where DNA synthesis is so active and faithful DNA replication so important. The activity of the purified GSH transferase isoenzymes towards 5-hydroperoxymethyluracil is comparable with their activity towards other endogenous substrates related to cellular peroxidation such as linoleate hydroperoxide and 4-hydroxynon-2-enal or biologically important xenobiotic metabolites such as benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-oxide. PMID- 3770199 TI - Model complexes suggest certain S-state changes of the photosynthetic water oxidation enzyme may involve an Mn(II)-Mn(III) transition. AB - The ultraviolet-visible absorbance differences spectra of Mn(II,III) and Mn(III,III) oxo-bridged carboxylate complexes are reported. The difference spectra are remarkably similar to those of the photosynthetic water-oxidation enzyme complex reported by Dekker et al. [(1984) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 764, 301 309] which were interpreted as being due exclusively to Mn(II----IV) transitions. This result indicates that certain S-state changes of the enzyme complex may instead involve Mn(II----III) transitions, and that difference spectra alone cannot be used with confidence to assign the Mn oxidation state changes during water oxidation. PMID- 3770200 TI - Purification of androgen-binding protein from rat testis using high-performance liquid chromatography and physicochemical properties of the iodinated molecule. AB - The androgen-binding protein (ABP) has been purified 87,500-fold from rat testis using 4 steps of HPLC, with a yield of 14%. The molecule was 99% pure with a specific activity estimated to 16,600 pmol/mg protein. The iodinated molecule was eluted in 2 peaks in Sephacryl S300 gel filtration with a molecular mass estimated to be 92,600 +/- 3300 and 50,300 +/- 4000 Da. The column isoelectrofocusing of 125I-ABP demonstrated 3 isoproteins isoelectric at pH 4.7, 4.9 and 5.3 and the sedimentation coefficient was estimated to be 4.7 S in sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. The 125I-ABP had similar physiochemical properties to the non-labelled ABP of epididymis. PMID- 3770201 TI - Donor and acceptor splice signals within an exon of the human fibronectin gene: a new type of differential splicing. AB - We have sequenced that area of a human fibronectin gene clone which codes for a connecting strand separating the last two areas of the type III homology. The gene has a complex exon with two 'AG' acceptor sites. One of these can be used (exon subdivision). In addition 93 basepairs inside the exon are sometimes spliced out as an intron. This is the third differential splicing found in the fibronectin gene transcript and it represents a new type of differential splicing. PMID- 3770202 TI - Rapid affinity purification of retinal arrestin (48 kDa protein) via its light dependent binding to phosphorylated rhodopsin. AB - Arrestin (also named '48 kDa protein' or 'S-antigen') is a soluble protein involved in controlling light-dependent cGMP phosphodiesterase activity in retinal rods, and is also known for its ability to induce autoimmune uveitis of the eye. We report a rapid and simple purification method based on the property of arrestin to bind specifically and reversibly to illuminated and phosphorylated rhodopsin [(1984) FEBS Lett. 176, 473-478]. This method does not require column chromatography and yields about 2-4 mg purified arrestin from 15 bovine retinas. Pure arrestin can be resolved by isoelectric focusing into at least 10 distinct bands, all of which stain with a monoclonal antibody specific for S-antigen. PMID- 3770203 TI - Characterization of a hormonogenic domain from human thyroglobulin. AB - A polypeptide domain of molecular mass near 22 kDa was purified from CNBr-digest of iodine poor human thyroglobulin (hTgb). This fragment represents the N terminal part of the hTgb molecule and consequently contains the preferential hormonogenic tyrosine 'acceptor' of the protein. This fragment could correspond to the non-iodinated and unreduced form of the thyroxinyl-containing 26 kDa peptide previously purified from reduced and iodinated hTgb. This 22 kDa fragment is capable by itself, i.e. independently of the remaining hTgb molecule, of synthesizing thyroxine with a high efficiency after in vitro iodination. Its study should constitute a valuable way to identify at least one of the hormonogenic tyrosine 'donor' residues of hTgb. PMID- 3770204 TI - Two rules of enzyme kinetics for reversible Michaelis-Menten mechanisms. AB - In a Michaelis-Menten type reversible enzyme reaction (one substrate, one product) the rapid equilibrium kinetics in one direction excludes rapid equilibrium in the reverse direction. If rapid equilibrium functions in any direction, in the reverse reaction van Slyke type 'kinetic constant' appears in the rate equation independently of whether steady state is reached in finite time or the final equilibrium is attained at t = infinity. If the reaction proceeds in one direction with rapid equilibrium and in the reverse direction with steady state kinetics, the thermodynamic equilibrium of the reaction determines that a higher equilibrium concentration of product (or substrate) can be reached only with steady-state kinetics. PMID- 3770205 TI - A computer graphics model of frog gamma-crystallin based on the three-dimensional structure of calf gamma-II crystallin. AB - Molecular models for Rana gamma-1 and gamma-2 crystallins have been constructed using computer graphics on the basis of the protein primary structure derived from the complementary DNA sequence and the three-dimensional structure of calf gamma-II crystallin that has been defined at high resolution by X-ray analysis. The models show that the cores of the two domains are conserved as hydrophobic, with the polypeptide chain arranged as a four Greek-key motif structure. Although many lysines replace arginines at equivalent positions in mammalian proteins, the Rana crystallins also have an extensive series of ion pairs on their surface; these are strongly implicated in their function as stable structural molecules, which are highly conserved in the evolution of the vertebrate eye lens. PMID- 3770206 TI - The binding of skeletal muscle C-protein to regulated actin. AB - The binding of C-protein, a component of thick filament of myofibrils, to regulated actin filaments in the presence or absence of Ca2+ was studied. The amount of C-protein bound to regulated actin filaments in the presence of Ca2+ was higher than those in the absence of Ca2+. The addition of C-protein to regulated actin caused an increase in turbidity, especially in the presence of Ca2+, and this was found to result from side-by-side association of actin filaments into bundles. In the absence of Ca2+, no actin filament bundles were formed. PMID- 3770207 TI - Differential effects of noradrenaline and glucagon on lipolysis and fatty-acid utilization in brown adipose tissue. AB - The relative effects of noradrenaline (300 pM-3 microM) and glucagon (30 pM-300 nM) upon lipolysis and fatty acid utilization rates in brown adipose tissue from warm- (WA) and cold-acclimated (CA) rats, were: lipolytic sensitivity and responsiveness to the agonists were reduced in CA tissue; in CA tissue, at 300 pM, glucagon promoted fatty acid utilization more than noradrenaline; glucagon at 300 pM increased fatty acid utilization in WA tissue. The data suggest that glucagon has a physiological role in brown adipose tissue, modulating events subsequent to NA- and glucagon-induced lipolysis, promoting fatty acid utilization. PMID- 3770208 TI - Retinal photoreceptor neurons and pinealocytes accumulate mRNA for interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP). AB - We have utilized cDNA probes and in situ hybridization techniques to define the subcellular localization of interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) mRNA in bovine and monkey retinas. Results suggest that the mRNA is mainly localized in rod photoreceptor neurons within the outer nuclear layer of the retina. IRBP mRNA is also abundant in cells of the pineal gland, strengthening the analogy between rod photoreceptor cells and pinealocytes. PMID- 3770209 TI - all-trans-Retinoic acid inhibits the appearance of two phorbol ester-induced ornithine decarboxylase mRNAs in mouse epidermis. AB - Two ornithine decarboxylase mRNA species are seen in mouse epidermis in response to the topical application of the phorbol ester tumor promoter, 12-O tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA). This induction occurs in a time- and dose dependent fashion and appears to be relatively specific as alpha-actin mRNA reveals no change with treatment. Both mRNA species are inhibited in a dose dependent manner by treating mouse skin with all-trans-retinoic acid prior to TPA. These results indicate that these two compounds are active at the transcriptional level. PMID- 3770210 TI - cDNA sequence of human beta-preprotachykinin, the common precursor to substance P and neurokinin A. AB - The nucleotide sequence of cDNA encoding the human substance P precursor, beta preprotachykinin (beta-PPT), has been determined. The source of mRNA was a human laryngeal carcinoid tumour that contained a high concentration of immunoreactive substance P. The human beta-PPT polypeptide is 129 amino acids long and contains regions encoding substance P and neurokinin A, each flanked by basic amino acid residues. Residues 72-107 of the human beta-PPT polypeptide encode the sequence of neuropeptide K, an N-terminally extended form of neurokinin A recently isolated from porcine brain. PMID- 3770211 TI - Structure of rubredoxin from the bacterium Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. AB - The X-ray crystallographic structure of rubredoxin from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans strain 27774 is described. This molecule is 15% smaller than previously studied rubredoxins, lacking a seven-residue loop of chain but containing a histidine and a free-sulfhydryl cysteine. Except for solvent exposure of the single invariant tryptophan, no other major difference occurs in the molecule. PMID- 3770212 TI - Creatine kinase-catalyzed ATP-phosphocreatine exchange: comparison of 31P-NMR saturation transfer technique and radioisotope tracer methods. AB - Unidirectional fluxes from ATP to phosphocreatine, catalyzed by the MM isoenzyme of creatine kinase, were measured by both the 31P-NMR saturation transfer technique and radioisotope tracer ([gamma-32P]ATP) method. It was found that at 30-37 degrees C and pH 7.4, over a wide range of [phosphocreatine]/[creatine] (from 0.2 to 5.0) ratios, both methods gave the same results, showing that magnetization transfer allows determination of real fluxes under 'physiological' conditions. However, at [PCr]/[Cr] ratios higher than 5 ([ADP]free less than 30 microM) or at lower temperatures (t less than 15 degrees C, [PCr]/[Cr] approximately 1), the fluxes assessed by saturation transfer were somewhat faster than those detected by the radioisotope tracer method. These data imply that under physiological conditions phosphoryl group transfer is actually the rate determining step of the creatine kinase reaction. In contrast, at high [PCr]/[Cr] ratios or at lower temperatures, control may be shifted from phosphoryl group transfer or distributed among other steps of the reaction. PMID- 3770213 TI - Assignment of the 31P and 1H resonances in oligonucleotides by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. AB - The use of new 1H-detected heteronuclear 1H-31P shift correlation experiments is demonstrated for oligonucleotides of 12 and 40 base pairs. The methods give unambiguous assignments of the 31P resonances and also permit identification of the C4' and C5' sugar protons. Use of the new methods enables one to make sequence-specific resonance assignments without reference to a known or assumed conformation of the DNA fragment. PMID- 3770214 TI - Guanine nucleotides are potent secretagogues in permeabilized parathyroid cells. AB - We studied the effects of GTP and its' analogues on PTH release in permeabilized parathyroid cells to assess their role in mediating the unusual inverse relationship between Ca2+ and PTH release in intact parathyroid cells. Both 10-5 M GppNHp and GTP gamma S, nonhydrolysable analogues of GTP, produce up to an 8 fold enhancement of PTH release, which is dose-dependent. This effect is specific for GTP analogues as we could not mimic it with other nucleotides. 10(-3) M GDP beta S, a nonhydrolysable GDP analogue, completely abolishes GppNHp-stimulated hormone release, providing further support for mediation of this effect by a guanine-nucleotide regulatory protein. In GppNHp-stimulated cells, PTH release is maximal at free [Ca2+] less than 200 nM and progressively decreases as the free [Ca2+] increases from 300 nM to 100 microM. These results suggest the presence of a guanine-nucleotide binding protein in the parathyroid cell that may play an important role in the regulation of PTH secretion by Ca2+ and perhaps other secretagogues. PMID- 3770215 TI - Health and the environment. Report on a WHO meeting. PMID- 3770216 TI - Renal functional derangements in hypertension. PMID- 3770217 TI - The manganese(II) economy of rat hepatocytes. AB - The liver is known to play a central role in regulating the content of manganese in the rat. Experiments with isolated hepatocytes have demonstrated a specific high-affinity transport system for Mn(II). Manganese that is transported into hepatocytes is partitioned between the cytosol and noncytosolic compartments. The cytosolic ion is tightly bound by macromolecules. After uptake of Mn(II), incubation of hepatocytes in the absence of Mn(II) or in the presence of chelating agents fails to release the metal unless the plasma membrane is disrupted. PMID- 3770218 TI - [Changes in the microcirculatory bed of the brain stem of the rat during the development of spontaneous hypertension]. PMID- 3770219 TI - [Age and features of structural changes in the myocardium during protracted stimulation of the hypothalamus]. PMID- 3770220 TI - [Age and features of the electrical activity of nuclei of the medulla oblongata in the rat]. PMID- 3770221 TI - [Sodium transport systems of hepatocytes and their role in the choleretic function of the liver]. PMID- 3770222 TI - [Role of the lipid peroxidation reaction in changes in the sensitivity of the liver of the rat to glucocorticoids during cold adaptation]. PMID- 3770224 TI - [Role of calcium in monosaccharide transport in the small intestine of the rat]. PMID- 3770223 TI - [Effect of Naftusia water on the acid-secreting system of the stomach in the dog]. PMID- 3770225 TI - [Radionuclide study of the motor-evacuatory function of the esophagus in healthy subjects]. PMID- 3770226 TI - [Effect of electric stimulation of the vagus nerve on the functional and morphologic properties of enterochromaffin-like cells of the stomach of the rat]. PMID- 3770227 TI - [Cytologic changes in the testes and the prostate of the rat with an undeveloped blood-testis barrier after injection of testicular antibodies]. PMID- 3770228 TI - [Hematopoietic stem cell count of bone marrow in hepatic lesions of different origin]. PMID- 3770229 TI - [Comparative study of the effect of chloditan on the concentration of cytochrome P-450 and adrenodoxin in various organs of the dog and rat]. PMID- 3770230 TI - [Status of various adrenergic reactions of the body of the white rat in experimental hyperthyroidism]. PMID- 3770231 TI - [Effect of supermarathon running on various blood biochemical indices of men]. PMID- 3770232 TI - [Characteristics of the functional relations among neurons of the auditory cortex of the cat during exposure to a differentiation acoustic stimulus]. PMID- 3770233 TI - [Age and features of the function of the isolated rat heart during dosed restriction of coronary perfusion]. PMID- 3770234 TI - [Sigma-ESR in healthy subjects of different age groups]. PMID- 3770235 TI - [Age and changes in the concentration of neuropeptides in the blood of the rat]. PMID- 3770236 TI - [Effect of splenin on histamine inactivation in the plasma and liver of the rat during anaphylactic shock]. PMID- 3770237 TI - Seasonal variations in the circadian activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) in the brain stem reticular formation of the mouse in constant darkness. PMID- 3770238 TI - Diel changes of protein synthesis and secretion rates in rat submandibular gland slices. PMID- 3770239 TI - Junctions between astrocytes in the circumventricular organs of the rat brain. PMID- 3770240 TI - Circumventricular organs in acutely hypertonic rats. I. Subfornical organ and organum vasculosum laminae terminalis. PMID- 3770241 TI - Acceleration and suppression of the oestrous cycle in mice by pheromones: the light effect. PMID- 3770242 TI - In vitro establishment of a murine Moloney sarcoma cell line. I. Its morphology and transplantation. PMID- 3770243 TI - Synthesis and uptake of taurine by isolated human granulocytes. AB - The synthesis and uptake of taurine were studied in isolated human granulocytes. It was found that granulocytes were capable to metabolize L-cysteine to taurine, and to take up taurine from the incubation medium. The taurine uptake appeared to be temperature dependent, sodium dependent and competitively inhibited by beta- alanine. PMID- 3770244 TI - Lyme disease: new insights. PMID- 3770245 TI - Management of vascular compromise associated with blunt trauma to the knee and lower leg. PMID- 3770246 TI - [Cytotoxic effect of photochemotherapy on isolated keratinocyte fractions]. PMID- 3770247 TI - [E rosette formation by donor lymphocytes and additional cellular tests on psoriatic scale extracts]. PMID- 3770248 TI - [Occurrence of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus in skin processes and their identification]. PMID- 3770249 TI - [Atypical unilocular neck appendage. Cutaneous branchiogenic cartilage chorista]. PMID- 3770250 TI - [Histochemical studies of the pigment disorders of chronic discoid lupus erythematosus]. PMID- 3770251 TI - Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia. A description of two cases. PMID- 3770252 TI - [Porphyria cutanea tarda and diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 3770253 TI - [Ashy dermatosis and pigmentatio maculosa eruptiva idiopathica--two rare cases]. PMID- 3770254 TI - [Effect of PUVA therapy on the chemotaxis of neutrophilic granulocytes in various types of psoriasis]. PMID- 3770255 TI - How to manage psoriasis of the eyelids. A glance at opinions of other dermatologists. PMID- 3770256 TI - HLA in familial malignant melanoma. AB - In a family displaying the familial atypical multiple-mole melanoma syndrome, linkage analyses were performed between HLA and an assumed dominant gene respectively determining each of the following affected phenotypes: precursor lesions; cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM); and precursor lesions or CMM or both. The results suggest that there is a complex mechanism involving several factors, genetic and environmental interacting with the gene determining precursor lesions to cause the neoplastic transformation. PMID- 3770257 TI - Solar urticaria without inhibitory spectrum: demonstration of both circulating photoallergen and reaginic antibodies. AB - An 18-year-old man with solar urticaria is described. The action spectrum ranged from 400 to 500 nm. No inhibition spectrum was found, i.e., the wheal that is induced by visible light was not inhibited by immediate pre- or postirradiation of test sites with light waves longer than 620 nm. The patient developed a wheal at the site of injection of his own serum that had previously been exposed to light in vitro. Though the ordinary passive transfer reaction yielded a positive result, a passive transfer study with the patient's serum preheated at 56 degrees C for 2 h showed a negative result. These data suggest that he had both circulating photoallergen and reaginic antibodies. PMID- 3770258 TI - Hepatic disease in erythropoietic protoporphyria. AB - A standardized hepatological investigation was performed in 9 unselected patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP). The aim of this study was to detect early liver involvement due to EPP and to determine the significance of several diagnostic procedures. Scintigraphy revealed slight enlargement of liver and spleen in all cases. Light microscopic examination of liver tissue in 7 patients showed protoporphyrin deposition in 4 and signs of fibrosis in 3 cases. Cirrhosis was not found. Electron microscopical examination (EM) of all 7 cases was negative and needle-shaped crystals were not found. Therefore we regard EM of little diagnostic value in the detection of early liver involvement. The literature on fatal and asymptomatic cases of liver involvement in EPP is discussed with emphasis on possible predictive and provocative factors. A proposal for EPP patients intending to reduce possible risk factors is made. PMID- 3770259 TI - Mycosis fungoides and Sezary's syndrome show distinct histomorphological features. AB - A light microscopic investigation of skin biopsy specimens from 10 patients with plaque stage mycosis fungoides (MF) and from 6 with Sezary's syndrome (SS) was carried out according to the defined histologic criteria, for the purpose of detecting some morphological characteristics of these diseases for their histological differentiation. This study revealed that some histomorphological differences regarding the epidermal and dermal changes, epidermotropism and the cellular infiltrate existed between MF and SS, and that these diseases were two distinct entities showing differences not only from a clinical and hematologic but also from the histological viewpoint. PMID- 3770260 TI - Topical minoxidil useful in 18% of patients with androgenetic alopecia: a study of 430 cases. AB - A 1% minoxidil lotion was used to treat 670 male patients affected by androgenetic alopecia. Of the 430 patients who completed the 6 months' treatment, only 78 (18%) had good results. A 1-year follow-up after the drug was suspended showed that the regrowth was present only in 33% of the patients who had good results, i.e. 6% of the 430. PMID- 3770262 TI - Genital tuberculids--an appropriate term. PMID- 3770261 TI - Disseminated epidermolytic acanthoma revealed by PUVA. AB - Disseminated epidermolytic acanthoma was observed during PUVA therapy in a patient with Sezary syndrome. The majority of the lesions resolved within 5 months after the cessation of therapy. This circumstantial evidence together with our knowledge of the effects of PUVA suggest that the skin lesions were revealed by topical photochemotherapy. PMID- 3770263 TI - Symmetrical peripheral gangrene in disseminated tuberculosis. AB - We report the case of a 66-year-old man who developed a symmetrical peripheral gangrene (SPG) on both feet during disseminated miliary tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was not only isolated from sputum, gastric juice, and urine, but also from a blood culture. Since a disseminated intravascular coagulopathy was very likely to be excluded, it is possible that the SPG was due to embolization of arterioles by the tubercle bacilli. The literature of SPG is reviewed and the different possible pathogenic mechanisms of SPG, such as hypoxemia, vasoconstriction, primary endothelial damage, and vascular obstruction, are discussed. SPG is another cutaneous manifestation of disseminated tuberculosis. PMID- 3770264 TI - Sudan-IV-positive material in fingernails of patient affected with mal de Meleda. PMID- 3770265 TI - Serological characterization of humoral lectin from Heterometrus granulomanus scorpion hemolymph. AB - A lectin in the hemolymph of Indian scorpion Heterometrus granulomanus was detected by agglutination of human and animal erythrocytes. The agglutinating activity was enhanced in presence of Ca2+ ion. The lectin shows specificity for sialic acid like many other sialic acid-specific lectins such as "Limulin", as the agglutination of erythrocytes was completely abolished by treatment with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase. However, neuraminidase-treated rat and mouse erythrocytes exhibited high titers. This result was substantiated by crossed absorption test which suggests the adjunct specificity of the Heterometrus lectin for these cells. Hemagglutination-inhibition results of the lectin indicate that sialic acid including its derivatives and sialoglycoconjugates are the inhibitors among which glycophorin was most potent. PMID- 3770267 TI - Holothurian survival strategies: mechanisms for the maintenance of a bacteriostatic environment in the coelomic cavity of the sea cucumber, Parastichopus californicus. AB - The antibacterial responses of the coelomocytes and coelomic fluid of Parastichopus californicus to nine different species of marine bacteria were observed in vivo and in vitro. Five of the nine species of bacteria were cultured from P. californicus gut contents. Strong responses were directed against the bacterial species from the gut. Most bacteria agglutinated in coelomic fluid. Coelomocytes phagocytized and/or encapsulated the bacteria and showed a positive reaction for the lysosomal enzyme, acid phosphatase. Cell-free coelomic fluid exhibited less bactericidal activity against all of the marine species of bacteria than did complete coelomic fluid. Brown bodies, formed by coelomocytes surrounding foreign material, accumulated in the posterior region of the animal around the cloacal suspensors; these eventually were eliminated through a ringlet of ducts connecting the coelomic cavity with the external environment. Whole coelomic fluid inactivated endotoxin in vitro, but endotoxin did not initiate any detectable changes in the coelomocytes or coelomic fluid. Strong antibacterial response to the gut-associated bacterial species may well be essential to the survival of these animals, since during their seasonal visceral atrophy, gut associated bacteria escape into the coelomic cavity. PMID- 3770266 TI - Comparative studies on the melanization response of male and female mosquitoes against microfilariae. AB - The melanization response of adult male and female Aedes trivittatus and the black-eyed Liverpool strain of Aedes aegypti against intrathoracically inoculated Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae (mff) was assessed at 1, 3, and 5 days postinoculation (PI). The melanization reaction of males is significantly less effective than the response elicited by female mosquitoes. No mff in male A. aegypti and only 17% of mff recovered from A. trivittatus were fully melanized by day 5 PI compared with 80% and 100% complete melanization of recovered mff from A. aegypti and A. trivittatus females, respectively. A significantly greater percentage of mff retained their viability in males, and inoculation of heat killed mff did not significantly increase the melanization response as compared with female mosquitoes. Males have significantly lower total hemocyte populations and hemolymph volumes than females, and the possible relationship of hemocyte numbers and reduced melanization capabilities in males is discussed. PMID- 3770268 TI - Immunization of carp (Cyprinus carpio) with a Vibrio anguillarum bacterin: indications for a common mucosal immune system. AB - Uptake and transport of formalin-killed Vibrio anguillarum bacteria were studied in the second gut segment of carp and the resulting reaction of the immune system was investigated. Within a few hours after anal administration antigenic determinants of bacteria were present in intraepithelial macrophages of the second gut segment. In gut and skin mucus and bile, immunoglobulins (Ig's) were detected, but the amount was much lower than found in serum. In mucus of the second gut segment, 4 times more Ig (per mg protein) was found than in the first segment. Upon oral or anal immunization, slightly enhanced antigen-specific Ig titers could be detected in skin mucus and bile, but only after a booster along the same route. The existence of a common mucosal immune system is discussed, with special reference to the significance of the second gut segment. After anal intubation an increase of antigen-specific Ig could also be observed in serum. Following a booster, an enhanced cal memory. After anal boosting equal levels of serum antibody were reached compared with two consecutive intramuscular injections. However, no significant antibody increase occurred in serum after oral immunization, not even when bacteria were administered daily with the food. PMID- 3770269 TI - Delayed wattle reactions in Eimeria tenella infected chickens. AB - Wattle reactions to an Eimeria tenella antigen and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) were studied in chickens infected with E. tenella. Two trials were conducted using a total of 224 chickens. Four days after infection with one dose of 10,000 sporulated oocysts, the increase in wattle thickness in response to E. tenella antigen was significantly greater than that of uninfected controls. This significant response persisted through day 10 post infection. Wattle response to PHA 3 days after infection were significantly greater than for uninfected controls. Significant differences in response to PHA were maintained throughout the experiment except on day 6. An increased response to PHA from days 7 to 13 post infection was attributed to the lower parasite burden at that time. PMID- 3770270 TI - Relationship between circulating thyroid hormones and humoral immunity in immature male chickens. AB - The objective of this experiment was to examine the relationship between levels of circulating T3, T4, and humoral immunity in immature male chickens. Three week old Single Comb White Leghorn male chicks were used as the experimental animals. In order to produce a wide range of circulating thyroid hormone concentrations, birds were divided into groups and received one of nine treatments including surgical thyroidectomy; 0.1% propylthiouracil (PTU) in the feed; 1 ppm T3 and 10 ppm T4 in the feed. Antibody production against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) (thymus-dependent antigen) and Brucella abortus (BA) (thymus-independent antigen) was tested at 6 weeks of age. Concentrations of T3 and T4 were measured in birds from each treatment group at 7 and 11 weeks of age. At 11 weeks of age, birds were weighed, sacrificed and lymphoid organs removed and weighed. There were positive correlations between circulating thyroid hormones and weights of bursa of Fabricius and spleens. There were no significant correlations between circulating thyroid hormones and antibody production. It was concluded that physiological levels of thyroid hormones are needed to maintain normal weights of bursa and spleen. Furthermore, we conclude that lower than physiological levels might be sufficient for normal antibody production. Finally, stimulation of antibody production using thyroid hormones may require different doses than what were utilized in this study. PMID- 3770271 TI - Inhibition of the allorejection in the freshwater sponge Ephydatia fluviatilis. PMID- 3770272 TI - A modified enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for monitoring antibody production during experimental Aeromonas salmonicida infection in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) PMID- 3770273 TI - [Amelioration of glucose tolerance and correction of reactive hypoglycemias induced by intravenous calcium infusion cannot be explained by modifications in blood glucagon levels]. AB - Glucagon is not involved in intravenous calcium-induced improvement in glucose tolerance nor in correction of reactive hypoglycemia. Recent investigations have shown that intravenous (IV) calcium infusion improved blood glucose values in patients with moderately impaired glucose tolerance, and suppressed hypoglycemia in patients with isolated reactive hypoglycemia. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility that these changes were secondary to calcium induced alterations in glucagon (IRG) secretion. Four groups of subjects were studied: group 1: normal controls (n = 7); group 2: patients with isolated hypoglycemia (n = 9); group 3: patients with impaired glucose tolerance without reactive hypoglycemia (n = 9) and group 4: patients with impaired glucose tolerance and reactive hypoglycemia (n = 10). All patients were submitted in randomized order to two 5 hour oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT, 75 g glucose), during a simultaneous infusion, either of saline or of calcium (calcium gluconate 36.3 mEq/5 h.), starting 30 minutes before the OGTT. In none of the groups did calcium infusion influence basal plasma IRG. In group 1 and 3, oral glucose significantly suppressed IRG, and during IV calcium infusion this suppression disappeared. In group 2, glucose ingestion resulted in a paradoxical increase in IRG both during saline and during calcium infusion. In group 4, oral glucose induced a significant drop in plasma IRG and a rebound rise during hypoglycemia, results which were unaffected by IV calcium infusion. These data suggest that glucagon is not involved in the alterations of blood glucose profiles during OGTT observed during intravenous calcium infusion. PMID- 3770274 TI - Plasma fibronectin in diabetic retinopathy and macroangiopathy. AB - To establish the relation between plasma fibronectin (PF) and vascular complications of diabetes mellitus, we studied 163 normotensive diabetic outpatients, of whom 53 were treated with insulin (15 type I, 38 type II) and 110 with sulfonylureas, and compared them to 34 control subjects. Diabetic patients were divided, according to their therapy, into four groups: with retinopathy (classified as background or proliferative) detected by fluorescein angiography (m), with macroangiopathy, assessed by clinical criteria (M), with both vessel complications (mM) and without vascular disease (N). PF was not related to glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1) in each treatment group (r = 0.26; P = 0.051 in the insulin treated patients and r = 0.09; P = 0.356 in the group on oral drugs). PF levels were similar in M groups, either on insulin or sulfonylureas and in controls. Both m and mM subsets of patients were, conversely, characterized by significantly raised mean PF concentrations when compared to N subjects or controls, but proliferative retinopathy was not associated with a significant PF increase compared to background retinopathy. The differences of PF levels among m, mM and N groups remained significant after processing the data by means of stepwise discriminant analysis with age, duration of diabetes, body weight and HbA1 entering the model as covariates. We conclude that diabetic macroangiopathy is not associated with modifications of mean PF levels, which, on the contrary, appear increased only in diabetic patients with retinopathy, regardless of their therapy. PMID- 3770275 TI - Effect of metformin on glucose metabolism in mouse soleus muscle. AB - To investigate the antihyperglycaemic effect of metformin (dimethylbiguanide), insulin binding and glucose metabolism were examined in soleus muscles isolated from streptozotocin diabetic mice. Treatment with metformin (250 mg/kg/day orally for 3 weeks) reduced by 39% the severity of streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemia. Soleus muscles of metformin treated mice showed a 41% increase in total insulin receptor number, and a 20% increase in 3-0-methylglucose uptake at both submaximally and maximally stimulating insulin concentrations. Oxidation of U-14C-glucose to 14CO2 and the formation of 14C-glycogen were increased by 25% and 30% respectively at maximally stimulating insulin concentrations, but not at submaximally stimulating concentrations. Lactate formation was not significantly altered. Maximum activity of hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1) was increased by 35%, and this effect was independent of insulin. The results suggest that the antihyperglycaemic effect of metformin in streptozotocin diabetic mice is related in part to an increase in insulin-mediated glucose uptake and oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle. PMID- 3770276 TI - [Fructosamine: a new parameter of blood glucose equilibrium]. PMID- 3770277 TI - Elimination of germ cells during differentiation of the human ovary: an electron microscopic study. AB - Observations by scanning and transmission electron microscopy during ovarian development (from 7 wk until term of gestation) showed numerous germ cells within the superficial epithelial layer covering the ovary. In early stages of differentiation (between 7 and 11 wk), germ cells appeared to be actively migrating to the surface of the ovary by ameboid-like movements. Later, the transfer of the germ cells to the surface epithelium was also occurring passively, as a consequence of an intense proliferation of germ and somatic cells - arranged in clusters and cords - migrating towards the most superficial areas of the ovary. The present evidence suggests that a number of primordial germ cells - as well as oogonia and oocytes - which lie in the superficial epithelium can leave the ovary and ultimately rest freely upon its surface. Elimination of germ cells during differentiation of the ovary in humans was always paralleled by necrosis of oogonia and oocytes and atretic alteration of primitive follicles. The significance of these processes is discussed in relation to the reduction of the pool of oocytes at birth. PMID- 3770278 TI - Recovery of reproductive function in patients with anorexia nervosa: a 10-year follow-up study. AB - The recoveries of reproductive function and body weight of 21 patients with anorexia nervosa were studied in a 10-yr period from the time of their first presentation. The recovery rates of both menstruation and eating behavior were 81.0%, although at the end of the study period the rate of amenorrhea (19.0%) was still higher than that (6%) in women in the general population. The change of mean body weight in patients in whom regular menstruation was restored was not significantly different from that of patients in whom amenorrhea persisted. Of the patients, 16 married after treatment and 14 of these (87.5%) became pregnant after spontaneous (11 patients) or induced (3 patients) ovulation, and 12 delivered a baby. The present study suggests that resumption of regular menstruation may not depend only upon body weight gain, and that most patients may be able to have a child after appropriate treatments. PMID- 3770279 TI - Can the number of cesarean sections be reduced without risk? An analysis of rates and indications in a university clinic. AB - This study concerns women followed from the first trimester of pregnancy, in a university clinic in Paris in 1977, 1979 and 1981. The cesarean section rate was separately analysed for primiparas, and multiparas with and without previous cesarean section. The overall rate of cesarean section was 11.4% in 1977, 17.2% in 1979 and 21.1% in 1981. The 9.6% increase observed between 1977 and 1981 is mainly attributable to an increase in primary cesarean section, particularly among primiparas, between 1977 and 1979. This does not seem to have arisen from sample variations. There is a change in obstetrical attitude and more cesarean sections are performed in cases of hypertension, breech presentation or intrauterine growth retardation. The greater number of previously sectioned women explains the increase in the rate between 1979 and 1981. The main fact among primiparas is the 18.8% increase in diagnosis of dynamic dystocia between 1979 and 1981. Three key areas allow us to envisage a reduction in cesarean section rate: obstetrical attitude towards previous cesarean section, breech presentation, and management of labor, whose perturbations lead to diagnosis of dynamic dystocia. PMID- 3770280 TI - Oxytocin induction of labour: hyponatraemia and neonatal jaundice. AB - To determine the effects of fluid restriction in induced labour with oxytocin in 5% dextrose solution, maternal venous blood and fetal cord venous blood were examined in 164 mothers in induced labour and 29 mothers with a spontaneous onset of labour. After satisfactory uterine activity was induced either the oxytocin infusion was managed according to routine delivery unit practice (n = 36), or infusion rates were halved (n = 45), or quartered (n = 43), or discontinued (n = 40). Despite fluid restriction during labour the mean sodium concentration in maternal blood or cord blood had fallen to a similar extent in all four induced groups at delivery. Potassium, urea, creatinine, total protein, and albumin in maternal blood or cord blood were affected differently by induced labour as compared with sodium. The fall in sodium concentration in maternal blood was a more consistent reflection of the total volume of fluid received, mean infusion rates and cord blood sodium after infusion rates were quartered or discontinued. The incidence of hyponatraemia was 5% in mothers and 8% in infants. A comparison of hyponatraemic and normonatraemic cord blood showed no significant differences in serum bilirubin levels or red cell counts, but more hyponatraemic infants developed neonatal jaundice. It is suggested that in induced labour fluid restriction alone does not prevent hyponatraemia and neonatal jaundice. PMID- 3770281 TI - Buphenine and threatened abortion. AB - One hundred and seventy patients with threatened abortion have been studied in two groups. Group 1 of eighty-five patients were treated with the uterine muscle relaxant, buphenine hydrochloride. The second group of eighty-five patients were given placebo. Pregnancy continuation was 90.6% in group 1 and 62.3% in group 2. Only three of 22 patients with history of recurrent abortion using buphenine aborted. PMID- 3770282 TI - 'Idiopathic' second-trimester abortion--a reproductive failure. AB - The results of the investigation of all 238 immature deliveries (second-trimester abortions) that occurred in the period 1973 to 1985 in the Academic Hospital of the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam are presented. The incidence after 1979 was found to be increasing. Excluding all deliveries with a known cause, 126 'idiopathic' cases remained. In these, the obstetrical history of the women revealed a tendency to recurrent pregnancy wastage. The pregnancies frequently showed growth retardation of both fetus and placenta. Therefore, an extensive search for possible causes and an accurate evaluation of fetal development during a following pregnancy is advocated. PMID- 3770283 TI - Release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in breast-feeding women. AB - Blood samples were collected in peripheral venous blood of ten postpartum women before, during and after breast-feeding. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and prolactin (PRL) were measured radioimmunochemically. A parallel significant increase in the VIP and PRL concentrations was observed following breast-feeding. VIP increased from a median control value of 4.5 pmol . 1(-1) to 18 pmol . 1(-1), and PRL increased from 2.8 U . 1(-1) to 5.2 U . 1(-1). A positive but insignificant correlation between corresponding PRL and VIP values was found. PMID- 3770284 TI - Prevention of puerperal lactation with Parlodel long-acting (Parlodel LA). AB - Thirty women who did not want to breast-feed postpartum were treated with Parlodel LA. Immediately after birth 50 mg Parlodel LA were injected i.m. by means of a double-chamber syringe. The aim was to investigate in an open study the clinical efficacy and tolerability of Parlodel LA in the prevention of postpartum lactation. The overall efficacy was very good in 29 women (96.6%) and good in 1 woman (3.4%). In 27 women no symptoms of tenderness, engorgement or milk secretion were found (90%). In two cases slight and moderate mammary pain were reported during a few days, engorgement in only one case during one day and in three cases a slight milk let-down was seen for 1-2 days. In all cases the breast symptoms ceased spontaneously and no rebound lactation occurred in any of the women treated with Parlodel LA. The general tolerability was very good in 29 cases (96.6%) and good in one case (3.4%). No adverse effects were reported in any case. No obvious changes in blood pressure were noticed after the injection. In general a slight decrease occurred in systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure post-partum well within the range of non-treated healthy postpartum women. There were also no signs of orthostatic hypotension or changes in pulse rate accompanying the slight decrease in blood pressure. The local tolerability at the injection site was very good in 23 women (76.6%). Seven had short-lasting pain, slight in 6 cases and moderate in 1. Slight redness was reported in one case.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3770285 TI - The alkaline hematin method for measuring menstrual blood loss--a modification and its clinical use in menorrhagia. AB - Direct measurement of menstrual blood loss is the only reliable basis of the diagnosis 'menorrhagia'. We describe modifications of the alkaline hematin method for measuring menstrual blood loss (MBL) which improve the recovery rate from 89 to 98% and make the method more suitable for routine laboratory use. Using this modified method, 5 out of 21 patients (24%) complaining of menorrhagia and scheduled for hysterectomy had an MBL less than 80 ml, which is the upper level of normal MBL. PMID- 3770286 TI - Criteria for the diagnosis of vaginal candidosis: evaluation of a new latex agglutination test. AB - The value of current diagnostic methods (clinical examination, microscopy, mycological culture) was compared with a new slide latex agglutination (SLA) test for the diagnosis of vaginal candidosis in 224 women attending a genito-urinary medicine clinic. Candida albicans was isolated from 44 (19.6%) of women but just less than half of this number (21) had clinical candidosis. Clinical examination correctly identified 81% of women with candidosis but the predictive value of a positive clinical diagnosis was only 51.5%. Microscopical examination of a Gram stained vaginal smear was also inaccurate and yeasts were seen in smears from only 42.9% of women with candidosis. Cultures were positive in 95.2% of those with candidosis, but 54.6% of women with positive cultures showed only commensal carriage. Overall, the SLA test was more successful. It was as sensitive (81%) as clinical diagnosis in identifying patients with candidosis but it was more specific (98.5%) than the other diagnostic criteria and had the highest overall test efficiency (96.8%). PMID- 3770287 TI - A 15-year-old girl with an expansively growing tumour. AB - Often decisions have to be made in acute situations, when there is no time for discussion. The decision may have extreme consequences for the patient. The case is reported of a girl aged 15 years with an expansively growing tumour of the uterus. An intra-abdominal haemorrhage was caused by a ruptured vascular connection. The aggressive behaviour of the tumour aroused suspicion of malignancy. At emergency laparotomy the tumour was enucleated from the uterus. Uterus and adnexa were preserved. The next problem in decision-making was the doubt concerning the pathological diagnosis: benign cellular leiomyoma or low grade leiomyosarcoma. Now, 5 years after the laparotomy, there are no signs of recurrence. The problems concerning the diagnoses of 'leiomyoma' and 'leiomyosarcoma' are briefly reviewed. PMID- 3770288 TI - Pharmacokinetics of the bronchodilator tulobuterol in man after repeated oral doses. AB - Plasma levels and elimination half-life of tulobuterol, a new beta-adrenergic agonist, were determined in ten healthy male volunteers after repeated dosing with 2 mg, twice daily, for seven days. Peak plasma levels attained (2.8 +/- 0.8 ng/ml), the time to peak plasma concentration (1.0 +/- 0.3 hr) and the elimination half-life (2.4 +/- 0.4 hr) were generally unchanged from the first to the final study dose. This suggests that tulobuterol does not accumulate in plasma after repeated administration of a dose regimen known to be clinically effective. PMID- 3770289 TI - Efficacy and clinical tolerance of a new combination of trimethoprim with sulphonamide. A post-marketing and a literature survey. AB - To obtain a direct clinical evaluation of a new sulpha-trimethoprim combination product (Kelfiprim) from general practitioners or specialist practitioners, an extensive post-marketing survey has been organized in Brazil involving 1,177 doctors and 5,885 patients. These experienced different infections susceptible to oral antimicrobial chemotherapy with a sulpha-trimethoprim combination. The results indicated that the product was very effective (91.2% cure rate) and well tolerated (4% incidence of side-effects). Side-effects were usually mild and transient. No life-threatening adverse reactions were observed. The results obtained support those already published in clinical trials involving 1,119 patients. PMID- 3770290 TI - Cefsulodin treatment for serious Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. AB - Cefsulodin, a narrow-spectrum cephalosporin with excellent antipseudomonal activity was used to treat 48 patients with 51 Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. These included osteomyelitis, infected prostheses, post-operative and post traumatic superficial wounds, decubitus and stasis ulcers, lower respiratory tract infections and infections of the urinary tract. Many of the patients were compromised by underlying debilitating conditions such as severe trauma, diabetes mellitus, vascular impairment, and abuse of alcohol and drugs. In cases of polymicrobial infections, a concomitant non-antipseudomonal antibiotic was sometimes administered. Cefsulodin was administered intravenously to 47 patients and by intramuscular injections to one individual. The dosage ranged from 0.5 to 2.0 g every six hr and duration of therapy was from 4 to 70 days. A satisfactory clinical response was observed in 88% of the patients. P. aeruginosa was eradicated from 76% of the infection sites. Failures, which included relapse within one year, were generally associated with prior severe trauma or vascular impairment in cases of osteomyelitis. Reinfections and superinfections developed in 12 individuals. Adverse reactions reported for two patients were nausea and vomiting. A third patient had transient increases in alkaline phosphatase and SGOT. These data indicate that cefsulodin is an effective and safe antibiotic in various types of P. aeruginosa infections. PMID- 3770291 TI - [Clinical evaluation of flucloxacillin in the treatment of serious staphylococcal infections in children]. AB - A total of twenty-nine children were admitted to the paediatric unit with confirmed or presumed staphylococcal infection and subsequently treated with the narrow spectrum antibiotic--flucloxacillin. Despite the gravity of their condition all but two patients made a satisfactory recovery. There were no side effects associated with this treatment. PMID- 3770292 TI - Developmental changes in collagen and elastin biosynthesis in the porcine aorta. AB - Elastin and collagen are the principal scleroproteins of the aortic wall, and they largely determine its physical and mechanical properties. During perinatal development of the aorta, elastin and collagen accumulate rapidly, being present as inverse gradients by the time of birth. Elastin is most prevalent in the thoracic aorta, decreasing distally, while collagen shows the opposite trend. The present studies have determined the relative and absolute rates of collagen and elastin synthesis in the porcine aorta between 60 days of fetal development (mid gestation) and 110 days after birth. Although there was measurable elastin synthesis in the upper thoracic aorta at the earliest time evaluated, there was a fourfold increase in relative elastin synthesis (from 4 to 16% of total protein synthesis) between 60 fetal days and birth. Elastin synthesis was maximal in successively distal segments between 1 and 3 weeks after birth. Relative collagen synthesis progressively increased in distal aortic regions between 90 fetal days and 60 days postpartum. Greater than twofold increases over thoracic levels were measured. Both elastin and collagen synthesis largely subsided by 110 days of development. When expressed as absolute rates of protein synthesis, these scleroproteins were maximally expressed in the first 3 postnatal weeks. Elastin mRNA levels were determined with a cloned sheep gene fragment by molecular hybridization. Gradients of elastin message were present at 60 fetal days and at 4 and 14 days after birth, elastin mRNA levels being maximal in the upper thoracic aorta at 14 days after birth. The differentiation of the aortic wall thus follows discrete patterns of phenotypic change which may be coupled to the rheologic stresses accompanying development of the circulatory system. PMID- 3770293 TI - Formation of acetylcholine receptor clusters in mammalian sternohyoid muscle regenerating in the absence of nerves. AB - When the sternohyoid muscle from the rat is grafted, the original muscle fibers, including the membranes at the neuromuscular junction, degenerate irreversibly. New muscle fibers regenerate inside of the basal laminae remaining from the original muscle fibers. In this study rhodamine-alpha-bungarotoxin and electron microscopy have been used to demonstrate that acetylcholine receptor (AchR) clusters and synaptic folds are restored to the regenerating myotubes even when innervation to the grafts is prevented. The AchR clusters and synaptic folds colocalized with acetylcholinesterase that persisted at the original synaptic basal lamina. The AchR clusters were not restored if the original innervation band was removed from the muscle at the time of grafting. Lengths of the AchR clusters were measured in animals ranging in weight from 50 to 700 g. The lengths of clusters in the grafts were proportional to the lengths of those in the preoperative controls, suggesting that quantitative morphogenetic information persists through the period of degeneration and regeneration. However, the distribution of the AchRs within the clusters differed slightly from controls. Extrajunctional AchR clusters were present initially, but later disappeared. The sizes of these clusters were unrelated to the sizes of the junctional AchR clusters. This study demonstrates that morphogenetic cues persist within the region of the original motor and plate, possibly associated with the synaptic basal lamina. PMID- 3770294 TI - Neither a germ line-specific nor several somatically expressed genes are lost or rearranged during embryonic chromatin diminution in the nematode Ascaris lumbricoides var. suum. AB - Ascaris lumbricoides var. suum is a parasitic nematode of pigs. Its embryos undergo chromatin diminution between the third and fifth cleavages, resulting in the loss of about 30% of the DNA from all somatic precursor cells while the germ line DNA stays intact. Most of the eliminated DNA has been shown to be satellite sequences. Theodor Boveri [(1910) In "Festschrift fur R. Hertwig, III," Vol. 3, pp. 131-214, Fischer] proposed that functions essential only to the germ line might be lost from the soma. We have examined this proposal by cloning a gene encoding the major sperm protein (MSP) using a cloned MSP gene from Caenorhabditis elegans as a probe. The MSP appears to be expressed only in the testis of Ascaris, as it is in Caenorhabditis. Actin and alpha tubulin were also cloned to serve as somatically expressed gene controls. By probing Southern blots of somatic and germ line DNA with these cloned genes, it was found that none of them was lost or rearranged during chromatin diminution. Thus at least one germ line-specific gene is neither lost nor rearranged during chromatin diminution. We also found that the two nematode species differ widely in their numbers of both MSP and actin genes. Caenorhabditis has greater than 30 MSP genes, but Ascaris has no more than three; whereas Ascaris has many more actin genes than Caenorhabditis. PMID- 3770295 TI - Rapid visual detection of sperm-egg fusion using the DNA-specific fluorochrome Hoechst 33342. AB - When unfertilized sea urchin eggs are pretreated with the bisbenzimide DNA specific fluorochrome Hoechst 33342, then washed and fertilized, a single sperm bound to the egg surface becomes intensely fluorescent. The location of the fluorescent sperm on the egg surface coincides exactly with the epicenter of the cortical reaction and the site at which the insemination cone subsequently appears. These observations, coupled with studies of eggs treated with quercetin to prevent fusion, as well as eggs made polyspermic by halothane exposure, indicate that the sperm acquires fluorescence as a consequence of fusion with the fluorochrome preloaded egg. Using a modification of this technique, we have found that cytoplasmic continuity between the sperm and egg is established at 4-8 sec after the onset of the sperm-induced conductance increase in the egg. PMID- 3770296 TI - Correlative ultrastructural and electrophysiological studies of sperm-egg interactions of the sea urchin, Lytechinus variegatus. AB - The sequence of ultrastructural events following the onset of the sperm-induced conductance increase in eggs of the sea urchin, Lytechinus variegatus, was investigated. Eggs voltage clamped at -20 mV were fixed 1 to 20 sec after onset of the conductance increase caused by single sperm. Continuity between the plasma membranes of the sperm and egg was first detected 5 sec after onset of the conductance increase. The earliest stages of formation of the fertilization cone coincided with the establishment of continuity of the gamete plasma membranes. At 6 to 8 sec after the initial conductance increase cortical granule dehiscence was first observed in the immediate vicinity where continuity of the gamete plasma membranes had occurred. These observations are consistent with the conclusion that opening of ion channels at fertilization precedes fusion of the sperm and egg plasma membranes, while exocytosis of cortical granules is initiated following fusion of the sperm and egg plasma membranes. PMID- 3770297 TI - In vitro detection of cells with monocytic potentiality in the wall of the chick embryo aorta. AB - Our previous investigations in 3- to 4-day avian chimeras have revealed that the wall of the aorta is a site from which hemopoietic stem cells can be obtained. In the present work using an in vitro clonal assay, we searched for cells with monocytic potentiality in this location as well as in the remainder of the embryo's body. In each experimental series thoracic segments from 30 chick embryo aortae were dissociated by a pancreatin treatment and plated in agar medium containing chicken serum and fibroblast-conditioned medium. Eighty to 620 macrophage colonies developed when 50,000 cells from 4-day aortae were plated, somewhat fewer when 3-day cells were plated (19-110). By contrast no progenitors were detected when cells were plated from 3- or 4-day embryos after their aorta had been removed. The cell composition and morphology of colonies deriving from aorta cells, their growth requirement and kinetics of development were identical to these of colonies deriving from young chicken bone marrow cells, cultured in the same conditions. The presence of macrophage progenitors in the wall of the 3- or 4-day embryo aorta and their absence in the rest of the embryo argues for a specific role of that region in embryonic hemopoiesis, namely that this is the location where intraembryonic hemopoietic stem cells emerge from the mesoderm at that period of development. PMID- 3770298 TI - Effect of phorbol esters and liposome-delivered phospholipids on the differentiation program of normal and dystrophic satellite cells. AB - Satellite cells, isolated from hind limb of normal C57BL/6J mice, differentiate in culture in the presence of concentrations of phorbol esters which inhibit differentiation of embryonic myoblasts. However, if phosphatidylserine containing liposomes were added to the culture medium together with TPA, differentiation of satellite cells was reversibly inhibited. Under these conditions, the withdrawal of these cells from the cell cycle still occurred as in untreated cells. Phosphatidylserine liposomes alone or liposomes containing phosphatidylcholine (either alone or in combination with TPA) had no effect on satellite cell differentiation. In the case of satellite cells from dystrophic C57BL/6J/dydy mice, TPA addition (0.1 microM) to the culture medium partially (about 70%) inhibited morphological and biochemical differentiation. This effect could be prevented by preincubating dystrophic satellite cells with liposomes containing phosphatidylcholine but not other phospholipids. These data indicate that it is possible to change the sensitivity to TPA of satellite cells by modifying the phospholipid composition of their plasma membrane. Possible relationships of these phenomena with activation of protein kinase C or phosphatidylinositol breakdown have been investigated. The results obtained are discussed with regard to possible modulation of the intracellular response to agonist binding. PMID- 3770299 TI - Muscle-derived factors that support survival and promote fiber outgrowth from embryonic chick spinal motor neurons in culture. AB - The purposes of the experiments reported is to provide an unambiguous demonstration that embryonic skeletal muscle contains factors that act directly on embryonic spinal motor neurons both to support their survival and to stimulate the outgrowth of neurites. Cells of lumbar and brachial ventral spinal cords from 6-day-old chick embryos were separated by centrifugation in a two-step metrizamide gradient, and a motor neuron enriched fraction was obtained. Motor neurons were identified by retrogradely labeling with rhodamine isothiocyanate, and were enriched fourfold in the motor neuron fraction relative to unfractionated cells. In culture, the isolated motor neurons died within 3-4 days unless they were supplemented with embryonic chick skeletal muscle extract. Two functionally distinct entities separable by ammonium sulfate precipitation were responsible for the effects of muscle extracts on motor neurons. The 0-25% ammonium sulfate precipitate contained molecules that alone had no effect on neuronal survival but when bound to polyornithine-coated culture substrata, stimulated neurite outgrowth and potentiated the survival activity present in muscle. Most of this activity was due to a laminin-like molecule being immunoprecipitated with antisera against laminin, and immunoblotting demonstrated the presence of both the A and B chains of laminin. A long-term survival activity resided in the 25-70% ammonium sulfate fraction, and its apparent total and specific activities were strongly dependent on the culture substrate. In contrast to the motor neurons, the cells from the other metrizamide fraction (including neuronal cells) could be kept in culture for a prolonged time without addition of exogenous factor(s). PMID- 3770300 TI - Coordinate regulation of the expression of axonal proteins by the axonal microenvironment. AB - The axonal functions that act in the formation of the neuronal network have been shown to occur in close interdependence with the tissue that surrounds the growing axons. However, little is known about the molecular building blocks underlying axonal functions, although more than 400 axonal proteins have been identified. In view of the existence of such a large number of axonal proteins, we have initiated a project to determine the molecules involved in the implementation of particular axonal functions by a selective approach. On the assumption that plasticity in the expression of axonal functions in response to specific features of the local axonal environment may be based on changes in the expression of particular axonal proteins, the axonal proteins of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons were screened for those whose expression responds to environmental influences. DRG neurons were grown in a compartmental cell system that offers separate access to neuronal somas and to their axons and the axons were locally exposed to different populations of cells from the peripheral or central nervous system. The axonal proteins were metabolically labeled and subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Computerized quantitation of the individual axonal proteins revealed that the cocultured cells modulate the synthesis of a few axonal proteins of DRG neurons differentially. The data on the abundance of the newly expressed proteins under varying local environmental conditions were condensed as expression profiles. Comparison of expression profiles and cluster analysis of quantitative gel analysis data revealed that the environmentally modulated proteins subdivide into clusters with common distinct expression profiles under the influence of nonneuronal cells from the peripheral nervous system, nonneuronal cells of the central nervous system, and spinal cord cells, which are composed of neurons and nonneuronal cells. By means of this new, characteristic attribute assigned to environmentally modulated axonal proteins, working hypotheses were made as to their functional role. PMID- 3770301 TI - Normal development of the skeleton in chick limb buds devoid of dorsal ectoderm. AB - It has been suggested that the ectoderm on the dorsal and ventral faces of the limb bud plays a part in controlling the pattern of cartilage differentiation. To test this, the dorsal wing bud ectoderm in the chick embryo was destroyed by irradiation with ultraviolet light at stage 17-19, at the very beginning of limb bud development, but the apical ectodermal ridge was spared. The irradiated ectoderm disappeared within 24 hr (by stage 23-24) and did not regenerate thereafter; thus the dorsal surface of the limb bud was kept denuded throughout most of the period of skeletal pattern formation. By 6 or 7 days after the irradiation (stage 35), when the rudiments of all the adult skeletal elements are normally present in recognizable form, the irradiated wings could be placed into two categories, those that were approximately normal in shape and those that had curled dorsally. All of these limbs were reduced in size, to varying degrees, when compared to their controls and lacked dorsal soft tissues. The limbs that were normal in shape, however, even though sometimes denuded over practically the whole extent of their dorsal surface, almost always had a complete and normally proportioned cartilage pattern, suggesting that ectoderm (other than the apical ectodermal ridge) does not exert any direct control over the development of the limb cartilage pattern. However, many of those limbs that had curled as a result of the irradiation did have major pattern deformities, suggesting that the topology of cartilage differentiation does depend on the shape of the limb bud. PMID- 3770302 TI - Temporal and spatial dynamics of the periodic increase in intracellular free calcium at fertilization of golden hamster eggs. AB - A series of periodic increases in intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) occurred upon fertilization in golden hamster eggs. The spatial distribution of the Ca2+ transients was investigated in single zona-free, aequorin-injected eggs, inseminated by single sperm. A supersensitive TV camera system for recording Ca2+-aequorin luminescence enabled us to observe the spatial distribution of the Ca2+ rise. In the first response, which usually occurred 10 30 sec after the sperm attachment, the increase in [Ca2+]i began near the sperm attachment site, and the Ca2+ rise spread over the entire egg within 4-7 sec. The Ca2+ rise attained its peak in 5-8 sec, declined with almost even distribution, and ceased in 12-17 sec. The spreading Ca2+ rise was repeated in the second and sometimes the third response, starting from the same focus, but spreading more rapidly (approximately 2 sec). In succeeding responses [Ca2+]i increased synchronously in the whole cytoplasm within 1 sec. When additional sperm attached to the egg after the occurrence of the first response by the first sperm, the spread of the Ca2+ rise could take place from near the site of additional sperm attachment but only in the second or third response. PMID- 3770303 TI - Pigment cell pattern formation in Taricha torosa: the role of the extracellular matrix in controlling pigment cell migration and differentiation. AB - The neural crest is a population of highly migratory mesenchymal cells that ultimately localize in specific sites and differentiate into a variety of cell types. This report describes studies on the factors governing the migratory pathways, differentiation, and ultimate localization of the neural crest-derived pigment cells (black melanophores and yellow xanthophores) in the California newt, Taricha torosa. Melanophores first appear scattered in the dorsal portion of the lateral neural crest migratory pathway (between the somites and the ectoderm). These cells are eventually found in two stripes: a dorsal stripe that runs along the apex of the somites, and a midbody stripe near the somite-lateral plate mesoderm border. Melanophores are not seen in the dorsal fin of prehatching embryos. Xanthophores can be identified with the light microscope using NH4OH induced autofluorescence of pteridines and in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) by the presence of pterinosomes. Xanthophores first appear scattered among the melanophores over the surface of the somites; these cells eventually are found between the two melanophore stripes and in the dorsal fin. We were interested in determining the roles of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in controlling the formation of pigment cell patterns in T. torosa. Immunocytochemistry, Alcian blue staining of paraffin sections and ruthenium red staining of thin sections (accompanied by Streptomyces hyaluronidase and chondroitinase ABC digestion) were used to identify the composition and distribution of the ECM surrounding the pigment cells at various stages during development. The adhesive glycoprotein fibronectin is found in the dorsal portion of the lateral neural crest migratory pathway as well as in the dorsal fin matrix. Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) are found primarily in the dorsal fin and in the ECM surrounding the notochord. The dorsal fin ECM contains hyaluronate (HA), which was identified in the TEM as Streptomyces hyaluronidase-sensitive 3-5 nm microfibrils, as well as sulfated proteoglycan aggregates. We then confronted T. torosa neural crest cells in vitro with known ECM molecules. When neural folds are explanted onto tissue culture plastic in half-strength L-15 medium containing 10% fetal calf serum (FCS), cells migrate from the explant and differentiate into melanophores after 6 to 9 days. Xanthophores appear in the cultures 2 to 4 days after the appearance of melanophores. When cultured on three-dimensional collagen gels, xanthophores migrate significantly farther (P less than 0.01) onto and into the collagen than melanophores (336 +/- 183 vs 196 +/- 160 microns from the edge of the explant).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3770304 TI - Modulation of the rabbit chondrocyte phenotype by retinoic acid terminates type II collagen synthesis without inducing type I collagen: the modulated phenotype differs from that produced by subculture. AB - The differentiated phenotype of rabbit articular chondrocytes can be characterized by the synthesis of high levels of cartilage specific proteoglycan and collagen (type II). Treatment of these cells in primary monolayer culture for periods of up to 18 days with 0.03 to 3.0 micrograms/ml retinoic acid (RA) resulted in suppression of colony formation, altered morphology, and decreased (eightfold) proteoglycan and collagen synthesis. With the exception of collagen synthesis, these changes were complete with all doses after 4 days of treatment. Collagen synthesis declined more slowly; it was dose dependent after 4 days and maximally inhibited by all doses by 9 days. Detailed analysis of the collagen phenotype was performed using SDS-PAGE of intact chains and 2-D CNBr peptide analysis. RA caused cessation of type II synthesis, and transient stimulation of type III and type I trimer collagen synthesis, without induction of type I collagen. Essentially identical results were obtained with retinol. The resultant collagen phenotype differed significantly from the type I-containing phenotype induced by subculture. Thus, suppression of this differentiated program did not elicit a common modulated phenotype. The results are discussed in the context of direct and indirect mechanisms of RA-dependent modulation of chondrocyte gene expression. PMID- 3770305 TI - Identified vertebrate neurons that differ in axonal projection develop together. AB - The development of identified reticulospinal neurons of the zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) was studied in order to learn if cell specific differences in axonal projection are correlated with cell specific differences in time of neuronal development. We examined the development of individually known reticulospinal neurons that are located in close proximity in the hindbrain but that project axons to targets on opposite sides of the spinal cord. We observed that these identified neurons are generated together, and that their axons first arrive in the spinal cord together. We suggest that the selection of different axonal pathways by these neurons does not depend on the time that they develop. PMID- 3770306 TI - Murine erythroblasts do not contain histone H10. AB - Histone H10, which is related to the avian erythrocyte-specific histone H5, is known to accumulate in the chromatin of differentiating murine erythroleukemia cells. However, H10 was less than approximately 1% of the H1 in the spleens of anemic or pregnant mice even when as many as 65% of the cells in the spleens were nucleated erythroid cells. The H1 complement of erythroid spleens was nevertheless quite different from that of normal spleens. I conclude that H10 has no major role in normal erythroid development in mammals. PMID- 3770307 TI - Expression of multiple troponin T variants in neonatal chicken breast muscle. AB - The types of troponin-T (TNT) expressed in neonatal chicken breast muscle were examined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE), immunoblotting, and peptide mapping. When troponin from neonatal chicken breast muscle or whole lysate of the muscle was displayed on 2-D PAGE, multiple spots were observed in the TNT region on the gel. They differed slightly from those in adult breast- and leg-type TNT, but were positively stained with the antibody specific for TN-T. These results indicate that multiple spots observed in the TNT region are all TNT isoforms. The TNT isoforms in the neonatal breast muscle were classified into two groups, based on size. Each group contained about five variants. The first group with a larger size was in the molecular weight range of adult breast TNT, while the smaller-sized second group was in the molecular weight range of adult leg TNT. Overall peptide map patterns of variants in the first group and also that of adult breast TNT resembled each other, whereas those of variants in the second group were similar to that of adult leg TNT. The TNT of adult breast-type appeared at about 2- to 3-weeks posthatch, and thereafter became a major TNT isoform. PMID- 3770308 TI - Cell proliferation in the ectoderm of the Xenopus embryo: development of substratum requirements for cytokinesis. AB - The requirements for cell division in ectodermal blastomeres of the early Xenopus embryo were studied. Isolated blastomeres divide autonomously on nonadhesive agar in a simple salt solution up to the midblastula stage. After the midblastula transition, cell-cell contact is required for blastomere division. In isolated blastomeres of that stage, cytokinesis fails, but nuclear division continues normally for some time. Cell-cell contact as a prerequisite for blastomere division can be replaced by culturing blastomeres on an appropriate substratum. Clonal growth of isolated blastomeres is supported by a variety of protein substrata, indicating rather unspecific substratum requirements. Different substrata which do not support blastomere division can affect different steps in cytokinesis. PMID- 3770309 TI - Developmental expression of three genes for larval cuticular proteins of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. AB - Three cDNA clones coding for the 12.8, 13.3, and 14.6 kDa larval cuticular proteins of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, were isolated and characterized. Hybridization to abdominal epidermal RNA from different stages showed that the genes for the 12.8 and 13.3 kDa proteins were expressed only during larval life. By contrast, the gene for the 14.6 kDa protein was expressed throughout the segment during the feeding, growing larval stages, then only in the flexible intersegmental regions during the deposition of endocuticle in the pharate pupa and adult. Quantitative RNA dot blot hybridizations showed that the RNA for each protein disappeared during the larval molt when the ecdysteroid titer was high, then reappeared during the preecdysial deposition of endocuticle. All disappeared when the epidermis became pupally committed at the onset of wandering. Exposure of the fourth instar epidermis to 20-hydroxyecdysone (20HE) in vitro under conditions that lead to the formation of a new larval cuticle by 48 hr caused the disappearance of these RNAs by 18 hr. Exposure of Day 2 fifth instar epidermis to 20HE in vitro caused a depression of these RNAs which in the case of the RNAs coding for the 12.8 and 13.3 kDa proteins was partially prevented by simultaneous exposure to methoprene, a juvenile hormone (JH) mimic. By contrast, the RNA for the 14.6 kDa protein was suppressed by exposure to methoprene alone. Thus, each of these larval cuticular genes is turned off by high ecdysteroid; the presence or absence of JH determines whether or not this suppression is permanent in some or all cells. PMID- 3770310 TI - Germline and somatic mosaicism in transgenic mice. AB - Analysis of 262 transgenic mouse pedigrees suggests that about 30% of the mice produced by microinjection of plasmids into pronuclei are mosaic in the germline. This implies that in these lines integration of the foreign DNA occurred after the first round of chromosomal DNA replication. In mosaics resulting from delayed integration the transgenic cells are usually distributed to both the trophectoderm and the inner cell mass, but sometimes to only one of these two cell types. Mosaicism of the inner cell mass results in even representation among the somatic tissues, and usually the germline as well; however, the germline is sometimes deficient in or entirely lacks transgenic cells. The germline precursor pool is distinct from the somatic precursor pools; apparently it is either determined prior to the primary germ layers or it is initially composed of fewer cells. PMID- 3770311 TI - Prevalence of diabetic complications in relation to risk factors. AB - The prevalence of diabetic complications is reported from a cross-sectional study of rural diabetic subjects in Western Australia. Logistic-regression analysis has been used to discover potential risk factors associated with each complication. A distinction has been made between time-related variables (age, age at diagnosis, duration of diabetes) and other risk variables. We have attempted to identify the major time-related risk variables for each complication and then examined the effect of other risk variables after accounting for the major time-related variables. The important time-related variables were found to be duration of diabetes for retinopathy, age for macrovascular disease, duration and age at diagnosis of diabetes for sensory neuropathy, and age for renal impairment. When matched on these important time-related variables, the overall prevalences of complications for insulin-dependent (IDDM) compared with non-insulin-dependent (NIDDM) diabetic patients were essentially the same. An exception is renal impairment, for which IDDM patients had a higher prevalence than did NIDDM patients of the same age. After allowing for time-related variables, the analysis also demonstrates positive independent associations between diabetic control (glycosylated hemoglobin) and retinopathy and between diabetic control and macrovascular disease. Plasma cholesterol (positively) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (negatively) were related independently to both macrovascular disease and renal impairment. Very few differences in the risk factor profiles for complications were found for IDDM compared with NIDDM patients after allowing for time-related variables. PMID- 3770312 TI - Increased accumulation of sorbitol in offspring of manifest diabetic rats. AB - The effects of maternal diabetes on somatic development and activity of the polyol pathway were investigated during early and late gestation in a rat model for diabetic pregnancy. We studied embryo-fetal growth, mortality, and malformation rate in the offspring of nondiabetic rats and in the offspring of diabetic rats either treated with an aldose reductase inhibitor during gestation or left untreated. The numbers of embryo-fetal resorptions and malformations were significantly increased in the diabetic groups compared with the controls despite maternal treatment with the aldose reductase inhibitor. The sorbitol content of embryos and membranes from the diabetic rats in early gestation was increased 3-5 times over the control values. Similarly, elevated sorbitol levels were observed in the fetal livers and placentas of the diabetic rats in late gestation. Administration of the aldose reductase inhibitor to the pregnant diabetic rats normalized the sorbitol levels in the embryos and their membranes, whereas the sorbitol contents of the fetal livers and placentas were significantly lowered but not completely corrected. Furthermore, in the diabetic groups, no differences in sorbitol levels could be demonstrated between malformed and nonmalformed offspring. The results of this study suggest that enhanced polyol metabolism leading to increased sorbitol accumulation is present in the embryos of diabetic mothers as early as organogenesis. This accumulation is apparently not a major factor in the early developmental disturbances (e.g., growth perturbations and congenital malformations) of diabetic pregnancy. PMID- 3770313 TI - Decreased blood-brain barrier permeability to sodium in early experimental diabetes. AB - Blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability to 24Na+, 36Cl-, and [3H]sucrose was studied in rats after 2 wk of streptozocin-induced diabetes. The PS (permeability surface area product) for Na+ in the cortex of the frontal lobes was 5.4 +/- 0.6 (10(-5) cm3 X g-1 X s-1; +/- SD) in diabetic rats compared with 7.1 +/- 1.7 in control rats. In the occipital cortex, the values were 7.6 +/- 1.5 and 9.9 +/- 1.6, respectively. In contrast, BBB permeability to Cl- and sucrose remained unchanged. We conclude that a selective alteration in BBB permeability to Na+ unrelated to changes in brain capillary surface area is present in experimental diabetes. PMID- 3770314 TI - Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and hyperlipemia in type II diabetics. AB - The relationship between apolipoprotein E (apoE) polymorphism and plasma lipids and hyperlipemia was investigated in 105 male type II diabetics and 111 male nondiabetics. ApoE phenotypes were determined by a one-dimensional rapid flat gel isoelectric focusing method as described previously. The apoE phenotype frequency in diabetics was similar to that in nondiabetics. The frequency of hyperlipemia was higher in diabetics (56.2%) than in nondiabetics (32.4%). It was highest in the apoE3/2 group of diabetics and nondiabetics, followed by the apoE4/3 and apoE3/3 groups in the order described, indicating that the susceptibility to hyperlipemia differs among the apoE phenotype groups. ApoE3/2 diabetics had significantly higher levels of apoE and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol (chol)/VLDL triglyceride (TG) ratios than apoE3/3 diabetics. The effects of diabetes mellitus on plasma lipid levels differed among the various apoE phenotype groups: i.e., plasma total chol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) chol increased only in apoE3/2 and apoE4/3 diabetics and plasma high-density lipoprotein chol decreased only in apoE3/3 diabetics, as compared with the corresponding apoE phenotype groups of nondiabetics, whereas plasma TG, VLDL TG, and VLDL chol increased in the three apoE phenotype diabetics. Furthermore, an increase of apoEII:apoEIII ratio was observed in apoE3/3 diabetics, particularly in those with hypertriglyceridemia. This study has also shown that the increased apoEII:apoEIII ratio is due to increased sialation of apoE based on the study of sialidase digestion of apo VLDL.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3770315 TI - Risk factors and markers associated with proliferative retinopathy in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes. AB - To define risk factors and markers associated with proliferative retinopathy (PR), we compared 44 insulin-dependent diabetic patients with PR with 45 matched patients without advanced retinopathy (NR). Glycemic control assessed by HbA1 measurements from 5 yr preceding diagnosis of PR was significantly worse than in NR patients. The NR patients had more frequently been treated with multiple daily insulin injections than the PR patients. About half of the PR patients had Albustix-positive proteinuria, and these patients were further characterized by an abnormal lipid profile in plasma and increased frequency of cardiovascular disease. In contrast, PR patients without proteinuria did not differ from NR patients in these variables. Sensorimotor and autonomic neuropathy were twice as frequent in the PR than in the NR group. There was no correlation between anti insulin antibody titer, immune complexes, and the presence of PR, but T lymphocyte response to different stimuli was slightly reduced in the PR patients. The anti-insulin-antibody titer correlated with duration of diabetes in the NR but not the PR group. The frequency of HLA-DRw8 was slightly higher in the PR group than in the NR group (16 vs. 0%, NS), but we could not confirm the previously suggested association between HLA-DR4 and PR. Serum C4 levels were low in the diabetics but did not differ between PR patients without proteinuria and NR patients. In conclusion, poor glycemic control was clearly associated with PR in this study, and attempts to prevent this hazardous complication should include means to improve insulin therapy. We did not find support for the view that susceptibility to PR is associated with any known HLA antigen(s).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3770316 TI - Altered red and white blood cell rheology in type II diabetes. AB - Twenty-three patients suffering from type II, non-insulin-dependent diabetes were compared with matched controls. Suspensions with standardized white and red cell counts were filtered in a novel device capable of discriminating filter occlusion and cell transit time. Results confirm previous studies indicating that red cell deformability is impaired in diabetes. According to our findings, this may be caused by a slight overall loss of red cell fluidity together with the existence of a subpopulation of more markedly rigid erythrocytes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that white cell filterability is reduced in type II diabetes. This could be due to decreased white cell deformability, increased white cell adhesion, or both. Analysis of diabetic subgroups indicates that the white cell rheology is impaired to a greater extent in patients taking oral antidiabetic drugs than in patients controlled by diet alone. Altered white cell rheology could help to explain the pathological blood cell filterability frequently reported in diabetes. More important, impaired white cell rheology might significantly contribute to microcirculatory flow abnormalities jeopardizing O2 exchange in the terminal vascular bed. PMID- 3770317 TI - Comparison of 75SeHCAT retention half-life and fecal content of individual bile acids in patients with chronic diarrheal disorders. AB - Measurement of the retention of 23-75Se-25-homotaurocholic acid (SeHCAT) has been suggested as a new test for ileal function. We investigated 31 patients with chronic diarrhea, 10 with ileal Crohn's disease and 21 with diarrhea but without ileal disease. The whole-body retention half-life of 1 mu Ci SeHCAT was determined and compared to the fecal content of total and individual bile acids. Patients with ileal disease had increased primary fecal bile acids (chenodeoxycholic acid: mean 6.95 mg/g dry weight, range 3.15-10.6 mg/g; cholic acid: mean 18.15 mg/g, range 10.3-33.9 mg/g) and a short SeHCAT retention (mean 11.9 h, range 2-24 h), whereas patients with intact ileum had normal fecal bile acids and a SeHCAT retention of 85.9 h (range 28-216 h). SeHCAT retention half life differentiated well between patients with ileal disease and patients with normal ileum, thus indicating the SeHCAT test as a valid investigation method for detection of primary bile acid malabsorption in patients with chronic diarrhea and ileal dysfunction. PMID- 3770318 TI - Gastric acid response to pentagastrin and gastrin-releasing peptide in conscious cats. AB - The mammalian counterpart to bombesin, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), is considered to stimulate gastric acid secretion by release of endogenous gastrin. The present study was carried out to examine if GRP has a stimulatory action on acid secretion in addition to that produced by released gastrin. In 4 gastric fistula (GF) and Heidenhain pouch (HP) cats, 160 pmol X kg-1 X h-1 i.v. GRP produced a GF and HP acid response that amounted to 22 and 13%, respectively, of the maximal acid response to pentagastrin, with no rise in serum gastrin concentration. GRP significantly increased the maximal acid response to pentagastrin in the GF but not in the HP. These results suggest that GRP stimulates acid secretion in cats also by an action not related to the release of gastrin. This action is greater in the presence of vagal innervation. PMID- 3770319 TI - Is the bile duct diameter a reliable parameter to diagnose extrahepatic cholestasis? Relationship between bile duct diameter and bile duct pressure. AB - The common bile duct (CBD) pressure was determined in 57 patients before endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) and related to the diameter of the CBD and the common hepatic duct (CHD). We found that despite a weak overall positive correlation in the individual patient, CBD or CHD diameters do not correlate with CBD pressure. In patients without extrahepatic cholestasis and normal CBD pressure, both CBD and CHD diameters were measured in a wide range between 5 and 32 mm. Extrahepatic cholestasis due to distal CBD obstruction is reflected by a high CBD pressure, but cannot be identified reliably by measuring the CBD diameter which is found within the range of patients not obstructed. In cholecystectomized patients, CBD and CHD are significantly (p less than 0.005) wider than in non-cholecystectomized patients (8.8 +/- 1.0 vs. 13.3 +/- 1.2 and 9.2 +/- 0.9 vs. 14.2 +/- 1.2 mm, respectively). The CBD pressure, however, is nearly identical in both groups. It is concluded that the assessment of CBD and CHD diameter is not a reliable parameter for the diagnosis of extrahepatic cholestasis which--in certain cases--could be proved by endoscopic retrograde manometry. PMID- 3770321 TI - Dietary fat content influences uptake of hexoses and lipids into rabbit jejunum following ileal resection. AB - After 6 weeks' feeding on a high-fat or low-fat diet, the in vitro uptake of hexoses and lipids was measured in control rabbits with an intact intestinal tract, and in animals submitted to the surgical removal of the distal half of their small intestine. Jejunal villus height, villus surface area and mucosal surface area were higher in unresected control rabbits fed the low- as compared with the high-fat diet, whereas dietary fat content had no effect on villus morphology in resected animals. Mucosal surface area was similar in control and in resected animals fed the high-fat diet, but was lower in resected than in control animals fed the low-fat diet. The active and passive transport properties of the jejunum were influenced by dietary fat manipulation. These absorption changes were qualitatively and/or quantitatively different in animals with an ileal resection from those in animals with an intact small intestine. Dietary fat manipulation had a different effect on the uptake of each lipid probe. The effective resistance of the intestinal unstirred water layer also adapted to changes in the dietary content of fat, but the changes in uptake of hexoses, fatty acids and cholesterol cannot be simply explained by alterations in this diffusion barrier, or by changes in the villus morphology. These findings indicate the importance of dietary fat on villus structure and transport function and their adaptation to ileal resection. PMID- 3770323 TI - Quantitation of tryptic responses to endogenous and exogenous stimulation in chronic pancreatitis. AB - Using validated double-marker techniques to quantitate tryptic secretion we found that the mean 10-min output of trypsin in duodenal juice after a test meal was very similar to the peak 10-min output of trypsin after pancreozymin (2 Crick Harper-Raper units/kg, Boots) both in controls as well as in non-diabetic patients with idiopathic chronic pancreatitis. These results show that the disproportionate reduction in mean tryptic activity after endogenous compared with exogenous stimulation in chronic pancreatitis is not due to impaired release of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin from the small intestine, nor to refractoriness of the pancreas to endogenously released hormone: instead, it is due to overdilution of secreted pancreatic enzymes because of accelerated gastric emptying, with or without gastric acid hypersecretion. PMID- 3770322 TI - Adaptation of colonic uptake of hexoses and lipids following ileal resection: effect of variations in the fat content of the diet. AB - This study was undertaken to determine the effect of varying the dietary composition of fat (corn oil and lard) on the colonic uptake of lipids (medium chain-length fatty acids, cholesterol and decanol) and hexoses (D-glucose, galactose and 3-O-methyl glucose) in control rabbits with an intact intestinal tract, and in animals submitted 6 weeks previously to the surgical removal of the distal half of their small intestine. Food intake was similar in the control and resected animals fed the high-fat (HF) or the low-fat (LF) diet. Body weight gain was lower in control animals fed LF than HF, but was lower in resected animals fed HF than LF. Colonic adherent mucosal fluid volume was unaffected by diet or by ileal resection, but colonic weight was lower in resected than control animals fed LF. Colonic uptake of glucose and 3-O-methyl glucose but not galactose was changed by ileal resection and by dietary fat changes. Colonic uptake of fatty acids and cholesterol was also different in HF than LF, and in resected as compared with control animals, but these changes were not explained by variations in the effective resistance of the colonic unstirred water layer. Thus colonic transport function is altered by the manipulation of the dietary content of fat and by resection of the ileum. PMID- 3770324 TI - Test-retest reliability of the Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly. AB - The Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly (HHIE) is a self-assessment tool, composed of emotional and social/situational subscales and designed to measure the perceived effects of hearing impairment in the noninstitutionalized elderly. Previous study has indicated that the HHIE has a high internal consistency, as well as high split-half reliability. The present study was undertaken to examine test-retest reliability associated with the HHIE, as the latter information is prerequisite to the application of the HHIE as a measure of change in perception of handicap which may result from audiologic intervention. Forty-seven noninstitutionalized elderly individuals with sensorineural hearing loss were sampled, using two measurement techniques: face-to-face (N = 20) and paper-and pencil (N = 27) administration. Test-retest reliability was high for both the face-to-face and paper-and-pencil administration, suggesting that the HHIE has potential as a measure of change resulting from rehabilitation. PMID- 3770325 TI - Human auditory steady state responses: effects of intensity and frequency. AB - Human auditory steady state responses were recorded in 41 normal subjects and 22 patients with hearing loss. The effect of intensity on the responses at different tonal frequencies was assessed using the sweep technique. The amplitude of the responses increases and the phase delay decreases with increasing intensity. Both the amplitude and the phase delay are smaller for high frequency tone bursts. Notched noise decreases the amplitude of the response by a factor of two but does not affect the phase of the responses. Thresholds were estimated in waking subjects using two techniques: intensity sweeps analyzed by linear regressions, and fixed intensities analyzed by Hotelling's T2 test. Frequency-specific thresholds obtained with notched noise were less variable and more accurate with the fixed intensity technique. In patients with sensorineural hearing loss the amplitude increased more with increasing intensity above threshold than in patients with conductive hearing loss. PMID- 3770320 TI - What is the maximal effective dose of caerulein in stimulating pancreatic secretion in man? AB - The pancreatic exocrine secretory response to increasing doses of exogenous caerulein with and without a background infusion of secretin was studied in 5 healthy volunteers. Caerulein over a full range of doses (2.3-37 pmol/kg/h) produced increasing enzyme secretion up to 18.5 pmol/kg/h, whereas 37 pmol/kg/h was clearly supramaximal and caused submaximal enzyme release. We conclude that maximal pancreatic enzyme secretion is achieved with lower caerulein doses than generally used in pancreatic function tests. PMID- 3770326 TI - The effect of 2000-4000 Hz hearing sensitivity on ABR results. AB - Pure-tone hearing sensitivity at 2000, 3000, and 4000 Hz and ABR results were reviewed for 458 patients with cochlear hearing loss. Wave V latency and waveform morphology data from the 916 ears yielded percentages of abnormal ABR results as a function of degree and slope of hearing loss. Threshold sensitivity at all three frequencies influenced ABR latency or waveform. A higher incidence of abnormal ABR results was observed when 3000 Hz thresholds were elevated than when 4000 Hz thresholds were elevated to the same levels. ABR results for various audiometric configurations are reported. PMID- 3770327 TI - Perceptual features from normal-hearing and hearing-impaired children's errors on the NST. AB - Perceptual features for consonants contained in the nonsense syllable test, were evaluated from normal-hearing and hearing-impaired children's errors. One group consisted of 30 normal-hearing children between 6:0 and 12:8 years of age; the other group consisted of 7 hearing-impaired children between 8:0 and 14:8. The subjects provided verbal responses to list A of the nonsense syllable test which was presented at 25, 35, 45, and 55 dB sensation levels regarding each subject's speech reception threshold. Responses were phonetically transcribed, pooled across sensation levels, converted to confusion matrices, and submitted to Symmetric Individual Differences Scaling. Consonants were analyzed for pre- and inter-vocalic positions. Results revealed that features differed across subject groups and consonant positions. Salient features related to place of articulation, voicing, nasality, sonorancy, and sibilancy. PMID- 3770328 TI - Effects of signal-to-noise ratio on the nonsense syllable test. PMID- 3770331 TI - Housing and health. PMID- 3770329 TI - Normal and learning disabled children's central auditory processing skills: an experimental test battery. AB - The performance of normal children (N = 13) and learning disabled children (N = 26) on an experimental battery of central auditory processing (CAP) tasks was examined. The battery included low-pass filtered speech (LPFS), binaural fusion (BF), time-compressed speech (TC), and dichotic monosyllables (DM) tests. The learning disabled subjects were classified as having normal (LD/N) or significantly impaired (LD/LD) auditory perceptual skills on the basis of a pretest battery of auditory language tests. The normal (N/N) subjects and nonauditory learning disabled (LD/N) subjects tended to perform alike across measures. The auditorily impaired (LD/LD) subjects tended to perform significantly poorer than their normal agemates. The results emphasized the heterogeneity of the learning disabled population. In addition, the results suggested a potentially useful "at risk" criterion when a CAP test battery is used in the assessment of auditory perceptual impairment among children. PMID- 3770330 TI - Acoustic radiation produced by B-71, B-72, and KH 70 bone vibrators. AB - The amount of acoustic radiation produced by two samples of a Radioear B-71, B 72, and Pracitronic KH 70 bone vibrator was determined for 30 normal-hearing subjects at 4000 Hz. The mean amount of acoustic radiation was very similar for both samples of each vibrator type but significantly (p less than 0.05) different between the bone vibrator types. The mean amount of acoustic radiation averaged over both samples was 8.3 dB for the B-72, 4.3 dB for the B-71, and -0.3 dB for the KH 70. Individual subject data indicated that the B-72 produced excessive acoustic radiation (greater than 5 dB) for 80% of the subjects, the B-71 for 38% of the subjects, and the KH 70 for 8% of the subjects which could cause an invalid high-frequency air-bone gap. Precautions should be taken during bone conduction audiometry to eliminate the possibility of acoustic radiation produced by bone vibrators. A need for additional standards in this area is stressed. PMID- 3770332 TI - Relationship between respiratory morbidity in children and the home environment. AB - The relationships between 12 features of the home environment and respiratory morbidity as reported by parents, and as recorded in general practice records, were studied in 165 children aged seven to eight years. Parental reports of wheeze, nocturnal cough and school absence owing to chest trouble were significantly more common among children with a family history of wheeze, and those from damp or mouldy housing. There were associations between coal fires and nocturnal cough and between an open window and wheeze. Multivariate analyses confirmed these associations to be independent of each other, and of the child's sex and seven other features of the home environment, including gas appliances and parental smoking. These same environmental variables were not consistently related to general practice consultations for wheeze or lower respiratory illness. Damp and mouldy housing, coal fires and open bedroom windows should be investigated further as potentially remediable causes of respiratory disease in childhood. PMID- 3770333 TI - Reasons for referral to hospital: extent of agreement between the perceptions of patients, general practitioners and consultants. AB - A sample of referrals to hospital out-patient clinics by general practitioners was examined from the points of view of the patient, general practitioner and consultant with regard to the perceived reason for the referral. A considerable degree of disagreement was found between the opinions of the three parties involved. Possible explanations for, and the consequences of this lack of agreement are considered and certain remedies suggested. PMID- 3770334 TI - Effect of establishing a primary health care centre on the utilization of primary health care and other out-patient care in a Swedish urban area. AB - The aim of the study was to describe the changes in the way the population in the catchment area of one parish in Stockholm utilized the available out-patient services after primary health care in the area had been expanded by establishing the Matteus health centre. Primary health care resources in the district expanded from two district physicians, one assistant physician and four district nurses before the project started to 7.5 district physicians, 15 district nurses plus other assistant personnel. A controlled longitudinal before and after design was used over a period of four years, 1978-81. The results showed that the population in the study district doubled the number of visits to district physicians and nurses after establishment of the health centre. Visits to hospital out-patient clinics were reduced by 26% (40% reduction for emergency visits and 16% for polyclinic appointments). Visits to nonpublic employed physicians (private, occupational and school health physicians) decreased by 31% after establishment of the Matteus health centre. Furthermore the population decreased their utilization of the Stockholm emergency car service by 28%. These results support the workload reduction hypothesis--that an expansion of primary health care leads to a reduction of the workload of hospitals, and not an overall increase in utilization of health care. PMID- 3770335 TI - Changes in the attitude of general practitioners as a result of participation in a Balint group. AB - An investigation was carried out in an attempt to measure whether there were any limited changes in a doctor's personality as a result of participation in a Balint group. Twenty-two general practitioners applied originally to join two Balint groups. After two years the groups had been combined and only eight doctors were still participating. A questionnaire was designed in order to measure changes in personality. The conclusion was that the personality of the doctor did not change fundamentally as a result of participating in a Balint group. But, it could be said that working in the group gradually lead the participants to deal with their patients in a different and more competent manner. The participants became aware of the fact that patients were much more problematical than they originally thought. In the end the participants were able to deal with this insight in a competent way. It emerged from the investigation that a considerable shift had taken place in the type of patients with whom the doctor said they had difficulty. There were some characteristics of patients--an average of 5.13 per doctor--with which the doctors had difficulty at both the beginning and at the end of the course; an average of 6.38 characteristics had disappeared, but their place had been taken by an average 3.25 other characteristics. At an individual level the differences were extremely large. PMID- 3770336 TI - The patient-centred clinical method. 3. Changes in residents' performance over two months of training. AB - A method for assessing the patient-centred approach was used to identify changes taking place in the interviewing behaviour of 13 residents during two months in a teaching practice. The descriptive study confirmed the prediction that the residents' approach would become more patient-centred. A statistically significant change from August to October was found in the number of facilitating behaviours shown by residents (P less than 0.05) and there was a change in the number of fears expressed by patients (P less than 0.10). Increases in the number of expectations, feelings and prompts were noted but were not significant. The frequency with which residents cut off patients' expressions increased on the whole, although not significantly. The findings suggest that while these residents had succeeded in increasing their facilitating behaviours over two months (one-sixth of their family medicine experience) they had not yet found ways of responding to the many problems elicited. PMID- 3770337 TI - A survey of cancer patients in general practice. AB - A study of cancer patients in general practice was carried out in a defined and limited population of 29,420 inhabitants with a known occurrence of malignancy. A cancer patient was defined as a person who had ever been diagnosed as having a malignancy. Out of 553 cancer patients living in the study area 257 (46.5%) were seen by the general practitioner during a two-month period. Cancer patients accounted for 3.9% of all encounters and the calculated yearly contact rate for these patients was more than twice that for other patients (4.3 contacts per year against 2.1). One-third of the cancer patients were not recognized as having a malignancy by the doctor, and only 1.3% of all encounters were caused by or partly caused by cancer. The diagnostic distribution of cancers among these patients correlated with the prevalence in the population, with two exceptions: gastrointestinal cancer was over-represented and skin cancer was under represented. PMID- 3770338 TI - The negative binomial model and the denominator problem in a rural family practice. AB - Much accurate health services and epidemiologic research in primary care is impeded by an inability to determine or estimate practice size in many countries. While the number of patients attending a practice is known, the number of non attending members is not. Much of the work aimed at solving the denominator problem has focused on mathematical models for estimating the non-attenders. Of these, the negative binomial distribution of illness episodes received considerable early attention because of its success in British general practices. Enthusiasm for the negative binomial distribution waned when its application in non-capitated practices was largely unsuccessful. However, these American studies contained major biases, particularly in terms of independent knowledge of practice size and the potential for frequent usage of other primary care services. The negative binomial distribution was re-evaluated in a rural Canadian practice where there was only limited opportunity for external service utilization and where the practice's patient list had been subjected to separate validation. It fits well with the distribution of illness episodes in each of two consecutive 12-month periods and provided accurate estimates of practice size. It did not function well with the distribution of patient visits. This observation regarding the negative binomial distribution is discussed in the context of further searches for a solution to the denominator problem. PMID- 3770339 TI - Denominator definition by the utilization correction factor method. AB - Most clinical research in the United States has been carried out in atypical populations. This study, done in a network of primary care populations in Virginia, calculates the denominator by the utilization correction factor method and compares the demography with that of the population of the state. The demographic characteristics of the patients in the network are very similar to those of the underlying populations and on the same order of state-of-the-art sampling methods in current use. PMID- 3770340 TI - Epidemiology and natural history of cancer of the colon. PMID- 3770341 TI - The family doctor--myth or reality? PMID- 3770342 TI - [17th national cardiology meeting of the National Association of Hospital Cardiologists. Milan, 23-27 April 1986. Abstracts]. PMID- 3770343 TI - Gastroesophageal reflux in children: is there a place for the upper gastrointestinal study? AB - Objective tests for gastroesophageal reflux in children have shown only fair correlation with clinical symptoms. Thirty-four children referred to the pediatric surgery service for evaluation of gastroesophageal reflux had both 24 hour pH probe monitoring and standardized upper gastrointestinal examinations. A total of 16 children (47%) had documented significant or pathologic gastroesophageal reflux, 11 on pH monitors and 9 on contrast examinations. There were 4 in whom both tests were positive. None of the pH monitoring criteria correlated with the radiographic studies. The patient population documented by contrast study did not differ from the general test-positive population by age or associated clinical findings. The 2 studies probably measure different aspects of significant gastroesophageal reflux, are confirmatory and complementary, and must be correlated with the clinical symptoms. PMID- 3770344 TI - Ruvalcaba-Myhre-Smith syndrome: a new consideration in the differential diagnosis of intestinal polyposis. AB - We present a case of Ruvalcaba-Myhre-Smith syndrome, which, to our knowledge, has not been reported in the radiologic literature. This rare entity is characterized by intestinal polyps, macrocephaly, and hyperpigmented genital macules. The differentiation of this syndrome from other polyposis syndromes is discussed. PMID- 3770345 TI - Radiographic evaluation of the cocaine smuggler. AB - A retrospective analysis of the plain abdominal films of 53 "body packer" drug smugglers was performed to ascertain the importance of radiographic studies in the diagnosis and management of these patients. Eighty-nine percent had studies diagnostic for foreign body ingestion. Multiple, well-defined, homogeneous oval or oblong densities, especially if surrounded by a crescent of air (double-condom sign), are key findings. If these densities were found in the proximal ascending colon or upper gastrointestinal tract, the diagnosis was almost assured. Six percent of patients exhibited complications suggested on serial radiographs, proving the necessity for follow-up studies until complete expulsion or removal of the foreign body. Radiologic evaluation is essential in the diagnosis and management of the cocaine smuggler. PMID- 3770346 TI - Sonography of ruptured appendicitis. AB - Three girls and 4 boys with the final diagnosis of ruptured appendicitis underwent 19 sonographic studies, 5 before any therapy was instituted and 14 follow-up studies. Four abscesses identified before treatment and 2 seen postoperatively were ovoid, irregularly marginated, and contained low-amplitude echoes. Gastrointestinal ileus with gas-and fluid-filled loops of bowel made the studies technically difficult. Follow-up studies also showed fluid collections distant from the original abscesses. The complete resolution of the abscess was followed sonographically in 1 patient treated with antibiotics. Ultrasound can be useful in confirming or suggesting the diagnosis of ruptured appendicitis in the child with abdominal pain, but careful attention to detail is necessary in these technically difficult studies. PMID- 3770347 TI - MRI differentiation of recurrent colorectal carcinoma from postoperative fibrosis. AB - The potential applications of magnetic resonance imaging in the differential diagnosis of recurrent colorectal carcinoma from postoperative fibrosis are described. Correlation with computed tomographic findings is presented in 2 cases. PMID- 3770348 TI - Computed tomography in the differential diagnosis of the enlarged retrorectal space. AB - The value of computed tomography (CT) in the differentiation of an enlarged retrorectal space was analyzed in 132 cases. Classification of barium enema findings into those with simultaneous mucosal alterations and those without any visible lesions of the rectal mucosa seems to be useful. Computed tomography helps in those cases without mucosal changes to differentiate between retrorectal fibrosis, tumorous masses, and inflammatory diseases of the colon. It also demonstrates the lack of pathologic lesions in equivocal cases of pelvic lipomatosis and so-called "normal variants." If simultaneous mucosal involvement on barium enema--especially in rectal carcinoma or recurrent carcinoma of the rectum--is found, CT may show the perirectal extension of tumorous masses and thus help to clarify local operability. PMID- 3770349 TI - Width of the presacral space in Nigerian adults. AB - The width of the presacral space and the thickness of the rectal valve were measured on lateral radiographs obtained during barium enema examinations performed on 182 Nigerian adult patients over a 5-year period (1980-1984). The mean width of the presacral space was 0.78 cm, the value in men being significantly higher than in women (p less than 0.01). Although these values are similar to those reported among Caucasians, a wider range of normal values was obtained in this study. There is also no significant difference between the mean value of the rectal valve thickness of 4.3 mm obtained in this study and that obtained from previous studies. PMID- 3770350 TI - A complication of cleansing enema: retained protective shield of the enema tip. AB - A retained enema tube sheath was encountered in 4 outpatients who underwent preparation for barium enema. This object can be detected on a plain abdominal roentgenogram, but is more readily apparent as an intraluminal foreign body during barium enema examination. We suggest that a prominent warning to remove the sheath before taking a cleansing enema be attached to the enema tip. PMID- 3770351 TI - A rapid colonic lavage solution (Golytely) vs standard preparation for barium enema and colonoscopy. PMID- 3770352 TI - Immunocytochemical evidence for differential distribution of gastrin forms using region-specific monoclonal antibodies. AB - Immunocytochemical identification of cellular origins of different forms of gastrin in canine and human antral mucosa has been carried out using region specific monoclonal antibodies. Three types of gastrin cells were identified. The first type of cell was stained with both the C-terminal specific antibody of G17 and the N-terminal specific antibody of G17. The second type of cell was stained only with the C-terminal specific antibody of G17 but not with the N-terminal specific antibody of G17. The third type of cell was stained only with the N terminal specific antibody of G17. From these findings we propose that the first type of cell contains gastrins with the amidated C-terminus of G17 such as component 1, G34, G17, or G14 as well as the free N-terminus of G17 such as G17, or C-terminal extended gastrins, the second type of cell contains gastrins only with the C-terminus of G17 but not with the N-terminus of G17 such as G34, or component 1, and the third type of cell contains C-terminal extended gastrins with intact N-terminus G17. PMID- 3770353 TI - Functional morphology of microfold cells (M cells) in Peyer's patches- phagocytosis and transport of BCG by M cells into rabbit Peyer's patches. AB - Suspensions of BCG (32-80 X 10(7) viable bacilli/ml) were injected into constricted loops of ileum containing a Peyer's patch from non-immunized young adult rabbits after laparotomy under anesthesia. Light microscopically (rhodamine B-auramine double staining, Ziehl-Neelsen staining), many mycobacteria were observed adhering to the surface of follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) and in phagocytes that had migrated within FAE and to deep lymphoid follicles. Electron microscopically in 1-hour post inoculated specimens, the bacteria were found adhering specifically to M cells, and the microfolds of the M cells were seen to stretch like tentacles toward the bacteria to catch them. The bacteria were recognized in the large vesicle of the cytoplasm of the M cells. The bacteria phagocytized by the M cells were found in the intercellular space between M cells and columnar cells. The bacteria were also seen in macrophages enfolded by the M cells as well as in macrophages below the FAE. In this experiment, BCG were found to have been phagocytized only by M cells, and none were found in absorptive cells. It was verified that M cells are the first entrance through which BCG invade the host and that they are transported from M cells to macrophages of the epithelium. PMID- 3770354 TI - Effect of methionine-enkephalin analog (FK 33-824) on plasma motilin. AB - In an attempt to elucidate the effect of opioid peptide on the secretion of various gastrointestinal hormones, the methionine-enkephalin analog, FK 33-824 (FK) was injected intramuscularly in healthy male adults. The plasma levels of motilin, gastrin and cholecystokinin were assessed by specific radioimmunoassay. After the injection of FK, the plasma level of motilin markedly decreased from the baseline value of 456 +/- 70.2 pg/ml to 264 +/- 44.7 pg/ml at 120 min. On the other hand, the plasma levels of cholecystokinin and gastrin remained unchanged. These data indicate that endogenous methionine-enkephalin may have an direct inhibitory effect on the secretion of motilin. PMID- 3770355 TI - Production of histological changes mimicking primary biliary cirrhosis in rabbits by immunization with bile duct antigen. AB - Histopathological liver changes resembling primary biliary cirrhosis were induced in an experimental animal model. A special strain of rabbit received an antigen prepared from scrapings of bovine gallbladder mucosa. Eventually, 47 out of 84 antigen-treated rabbits displayed histopathological liver features resembling those of chronic non-suppurative destructive cholangitis as seen in humans. In addition, granuloma formation, ductular proliferation and fibrosis were seen in some cases. However, advanced lesions consistent with micronodular cirrhosis have not been found. Lymphocytes seemed to play an important role triggering early pathogenetic mechanisms, judging from the presence of lymphocytes invading the basement membrane of the affected bile ducts. Furthermore, we observed by electron microscopy that the epithelial cells of the involved bile ducts revealed both mitochondrial swelling and dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. In summary, our experimental animal model offers interesting possibilities regarding the study of pathogenesis and development of primary biliary cirrhosis. PMID- 3770356 TI - The functional state of adrenal cortex in patients with chronic relapsing pancreatitis. AB - The functional state of the adrenal cortex (cortisol and 11-OCS in blood, 17-OCS in 24-hours' urine) was studied in 105 patients with chronic relapsing pancreatitis in the acute state. An increase of adrenal cortex glucocorticoid activity was determined in 46.7% of the patients. A decrease of glucocorticoid activity was observed in 10% of the patients. During remission a tendency towards hormone normalization was noted in most of the patients, except for 5 patients with marked exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in whom the hormone content of adrenal cortex remained low. The type of pancreatitis as well as the severity and duration of the disease were noted to exert no regular impact upon the changes of the indices. Since exacerbation of chronic pancreatitis is frequently accompanied by elevated glucocorticoid activity of the adrenal cortex, the prescription of glucocorticoid hormones in such patients seems undesirable. The administration of such hormones is possible only for the patients with exocrine pancreas insufficiency. PMID- 3770357 TI - A case of familial hyper-cholinesterasemia associated with isozyme variant band. AB - Familial cases of serum hyper-cholinesterase (chE) activity are reported. The serum chE activity in seven consanguineous members so examined proved to be elevated up to twice the normal level. In these cases, all plausible diseases that might be the culprit for the hyper-chE activity were denied by the biochemical, hormonal, and morphological examinations; fatty liver was excluded by liver biopsy. So far, there have only been two descriptions of familial cases of high serum chE activity. The serum chE isozyme analysis revealed an extra band between bands 3 and 4 only in the subjects associated with serum hyper-chE activity. No definite extra band could be detected in the serum of normal subjects or even in the subjects diagnosed as fatty liver with high level of serum chE activity. The distribution characteristics of the members with the increased chE activity and the existence of an extra band suggest that the inheritance is autosomal dominant. This is the first report to demonstrate an extra band between bands 3 and 4 in cases of familial hyper-chE. The detection of this extra band on serum chE isozyme analysis may be helpful for the diagnosis of genetically determined hyper-chE. PMID- 3770358 TI - Low-protein-concentration ascitic fluid is predisposed to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. AB - To assess the risk of development of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in relation to the ascitic fluid total protein concentration, routine admission abdominal paracentesis was performed on a group of 107 patients during 125 hospitalizations. The paracentesis was repeated if evidence of peritonitis developed during hospitalization. Twenty-one episodes of spontaneous peritonitis (or its culture-negative variant) were documented in 17 patients. The ascitic fluid protein concentration in the spontaneous peritonitis group (0.72 +/- 0.53 g/dl) was significantly lower (p less than 0.001) than that in the group of patients with sterile portal hypertension-related ascites (1.36 +/- 0.89 g/dl) and was significantly lower than that of patients with ascites due to miscellaneous causes. Of the patients whose initial sterile ascitic fluid protein concentration was less than or equal to 1.0 g/dl, 7 of 47 (15%) developed spontaneous peritonitis during their hospitalization; whereas only 1 of 65 (1.5%) patients who had an initial sterile ascitic fluid protein concentration greater than 1.0 g/dl developed spontaneous peritonitis. This difference in risk of development of peritonitis in relation to initial ascitic fluid protein concentration was also significant (p less than 0.01). Low-protein-concentration ascitic fluid predisposes to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. PMID- 3770359 TI - Brain edema in rabbits with galactosamine-induced fulminant hepatitis. Regional differences and effects on intracranial pressure. AB - Brain edema and intracranial hypertension are major complications of fulminant hepatic failure. We investigated the development of brain edema and monitored intracranial pressure in rabbits with toxic hepatitis induced by galactosamine. Using a gravimetric technique to assay small tissue samples, we found that brain water was increased in cortical grey matter, but not in subcortical, mesencephalic, and pontine white matter, or in the cerebellum. The proportion of water in cerebral grey matter in control animals was 80.96% +/- 0.49% with significant elevations to 81.96% +/- 0.47% and 82.95% +/- 1.49% in mild and severe encephalopathy, respectively. This corresponds to mean increases in tissue volume of 5.5% and 11.7%. The hippocampal grey matter also accumulated water in severe encephalopathy with a 30% increase in mean tissue volume. The regional increase in brain water was confirmed by the wet-dry weight method. Neither hypotension, hypoxia, nor severe hypoglycemia were present to account for the edema. Intracranial pressure was monitored continuously in unanesthetized rabbits via an intraventricular cannula as encephalopathy developed. The pressure was normal in the mild stage, but was intermittently elevated in animals with severe encephalopathy. The normal range of intracranial pressure was 2-9 mmHg and the range of peak values in galactosamine-treated rabbits was 18-55 mmHg. The regional differences in brain water accumulation suggest that cellular swelling and abnormalities in the movement of water across the blood-brain barrier may account for the brain edema in this model. PMID- 3770360 TI - Detection of hepatitis B virus infection in hepatitis B surface antigen-negative hemodialysis patients by monoclonal radioimmunoassays. AB - We studied 375 chronic hemodialysis patients for evidence of hepatitis B virus infection using first- and second-generation monoclonal radioimmunoassays. These assays employ high-affinity monoclonal antibodies produced against antigenic determinants that reside on hepatitis B surface antigen. Such assays have a lower limit of detection for hepatitis B surface antigen-associated determinants in serum of approximately 55 and 15 pg/ml, respectively. We found that 14 of 375 chronic hemodialysis patients were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen by both polyclonal and monoclonal radioimmunoassay. However, an additional 17, some of whom had chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma, were identified as harboring hepatitis B virus infection only by the monoclonal radioimmunoassays. Thus the monoclonal radioimmunoassays improved the hepatitis B virus detection rate by 120% (3.7% vs. 8.3%). More importantly, 6 of the 17 monoclonal radioimmunoassay-reactive patients had no serologic evidence of recent or past hepatitis B virus exposure as shown by the absence of antibodies to the hepatitis B core and surface antigens in the blood. We conclude that there are hemodialysis patients with hepatitis B virus infection undetectable by conventional polyclonal radioimmunoassays. PMID- 3770361 TI - Reflex regulation of flow resistance in the feline sphincter of Oddi by hydrostatic pressure in the biliary tract. AB - Despite wide variations in bile secretion and biliary tract capacitance, the pressure in the bile ducts is fairly constant. Recent studies have demonstrated that both inhibitory and excitatory nerves regulate the activity of the sphincter of Oddi. In the present study, it was consistently found that the resistance by the choledochoduodenal junction to a constant flow, within the physiologic range of hepatic bile output, is reduced when the hydrostatic pressure in the gallbladder and bile ducts is increased from 0 to 10, 0 to 15, and 0 to 20 cmH2O. This response was eliminated by tetrodotoxin or infiltration of the junction between the common bile duct and the cystic duct by mepivacaine, a local anesthetic. The results suggest a homeostatic mechanism during the interprandial periods, when the activity of the sphincter of Oddi is regulated by the distending pressure in the biliary tract. This reflex regulation is mediated by modulation of the activity of inhibitory nerves running along the common bile duct. PMID- 3770362 TI - Life events stress and psychosocial factors in men with peptic ulcer disease. A multidimensional case-controlled study. AB - We carried out a case-controlled study of multiple psychological and social factors in 49 men with complicated or uncomplicated peptic ulcer disease. Thirty two men with renal stones or gallstones and 20 healthy men served as controls. Ulcer patients and controls experienced a similar number of potentially stressful life events. However, ulcer patients perceived their events more negatively (p less than 0.05). Ulcer patients also had significantly more personality disturbances than controls, although no one type of "ulcer personality" was found consistently. Some ulcer patients tended to be hypochondriacal complainers, overly pessimistic, and excessively dependent. Other personality disturbances were also more common in ulcer patients (e.g., immaturity, impulsivity, and feelings of social isolation and alienation). Ulcer patients had significantly lower ego strength and they had fewer friends and relatives whom they felt they could call upon in times of crisis. Finally, ulcer patients exhibited significantly more emotional distress in the form of depression and anxiety. Hypochondriasis, a negative perception of their life events, dependency, and lowered ego strength were the four variables that best discriminated ulcer patients from controls. This controlled study demonstrates a strong association between life events stress, psychosocial factors, and peptic ulcer disease. PMID- 3770363 TI - Effect of transection and pacing on human jejunal pacesetter potentials. AB - The aim of this study was to determine whether transection and pacing alter the frequency of the human jejunal pacesetter potentials (PPs). In 8 patients undergoing Roux gastrectomy, three temporary bipolar electrodes were implanted on the jejunal seromuscularis at sites 5 cm proximal to and 10 and 20 cm distal to the jejunal transection. Three other patients not undergoing Roux transection (controls) had electrodes applied at similar sites. After recovery, the mean +/- SEM frequency of the jejunal PPs in Roux patients was slightly slower distal to the jejunal transection (11.0 +/- 0.2 cpm) than proximal to the transection (11.3 +/- 0.2 cpm, p less than 0.05), whereas the PP frequency in the two areas in control nontransected patients was identical (proximal, 12.0 +/- 0.3 cpm; distal, 12.0 +/- 0.3 cpm). In contrast to the change in frequency with transection, pacing with electric pulses (strength, 15 mA; duration, 50 ms; frequency, 0.2-1.0 cpm faster than native PP frequency) speeded the jejunal PP frequency in only 1 of 9 patients tested. We conclude that transection decreased the frequency of the human jejunal PPs, but only slightly. Pacing did not readily entrain the PPs in either intact or transected jejunum. PMID- 3770364 TI - Peptide YY release by fatty acids is sufficient to inhibit gastric emptying in dogs. AB - Peptide YY is a candidate enterogastrone localized to endocrine cells of the ileocolonic mucosa. The purpose of the present study was to determine if blood levels of peptide YY observed after perfusion of the intestine with fatty acids are capable of slowing gastric emptying. Gastric emptying of a 300-ml saline meal was monitored during intravenous infusion of normal saline or graded doses of peptide YY. Gastric emptying was significantly inhibited by infusion of peptide YY in doses of 200 and 400 pmol/kg X h. During the saline control study, 229 +/- 12 ml of the 300-ml saline meal emptied by 10 min. This figure was reduced (p less than 0.01) to 110 +/- 28 ml by the infusion of peptide YY at a dose of 200 pmol/kg X h. This dose of peptide YY produced plasma concentrations (delta PYY = 239 +/- 50 pM) that were lower than those seen in response to intestinal perfusion of oleic acid (delta PYY = 395 +/- 55 pM) in the same animals. We conclude that perfusion of the intestine with oleic acid releases peptide YY in amounts sufficient to slow gastric emptying. PMID- 3770365 TI - Effect of intragastric infusions of ethanol and wine on serum gastrin concentration and gastric acid secretion. AB - The effects of ethanol and wine on serum gastrin concentration and gastric acid secretion were evaluated in 13 normal volunteers. Solutions studied were pure ethanol (5%, 12%, and 36%), red wine, and white wine. Each solution contained 28 g of ethanol and each was administered as a slow, steady intragastric infusion to simulate normal ingestion of beverages. When compared to saline (control), none of the pure ethanol solutions increased serum gastrin concentration or gastric acid secretion significantly. In contrast, red and white wine (12% ethanol vol/vol) were potent stimulants of gastrin release and acid secretion when compared either to saline or pure 12% ethanol. Mean (+/- SEM) peak serum gastrin increases with 300 ml of red wine, white wine, saline, and pure 12% ethanol were 253 +/- 125, 182 +/- 91, 13 +/- 2, and 11 +/- 3 pg/ml, respectively (p less than 0.05 for red and white wine versus saline or 12% ethanol), and the mean peak acid outputs were 28.6 +/- 2.8, 27.9 +/- 1.9, 9.3 +/- 2.0, and 11.9 +/- 1.3 mmol/h, respectively (p less than 0.05 for red and white wine versus saline or 12% ethanol). We conclude that red and white wine stimulate gastric acid secretion, probably by enhanced release of gastrin, and that this effect is not due to the ethanol content of wine. PMID- 3770366 TI - Prevalence and incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in family members. AB - To determine the risk of having or developing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in a family member of an IBD patient, a population of 245 IBD probands was randomly selected from the University of Chicago IBD Registry and their family history was elucidated by questionnaire and follow-up telephone call. One hundred seventy nine (73%) probands responded to the questionnaire. There were no demographic distinctions between those eligible for the study, those who were complete responders, those who were nonresponders, and those with a positive family history of IBD. Fifty-four family members from 40 proband families (22%) had confirmed IBD. Prevalence of IBD in family members at the time of diagnosis of the proband was highest for parents (4.6%), siblings (2.6%), and children (1.9%). Grandparents, aunts and uncles, and first cousins had prevalence of IBD of less than 1%. Incident case frequency was determined by dividing the number of cases incident after the diagnosis of the proband by all those ever at risk. The incident case frequency was highest for siblings (1.9%), parents (1.0%), and children (1.0%). There was concordance noted for type of disease in the proband and the relative. No association could be discerned between the familial risk of IBD and gender, race, or religion of the proband. Despite a high occurrence rate of proband families with IBD, the specific risk to first, second, or third degree family members is low. PMID- 3770367 TI - Charge selectivity of rat intestinal capillaries. Influence of polycations. AB - The role of fixed anionic sites on the intestinal capillary wall in transvascular protein exchange was assessed by neutralizing the negative charges with polycations. The studies were performed in anesthetized rats with an intestinal lymph cannula. Intestinal lymph flow and lymph and plasma total protein concentrations were measured at regular intervals before and after intravenous infusion of either protamine sulfate, poly-L-lysine, or poly-ethyleneimine. Protamine sulfate infusion produced an eightfold increase in lymph flow and a fivefold increase in lymph protein clearance. Lymph flow increased 4.6-fold and lymph protein clearance increased 3.6 times over control in rats receiving the poly-L-lysine infusion. Polyethyleneimine infusion produced results comparable in magnitude to protamine sulfate; however, the animals were unable to tolerate this agent. The enhanced transcapillary protein fluxes produced by the polycation infusions suggest that fixed anionic sites normally impede the egress of proteins from the intestinal vasculature. PMID- 3770368 TI - Comparison of the 1-gram [14C]xylose, 10-gram lactulose-H2, and 80-gram glucose H2 breath tests in patients with small intestine bacterial overgrowth. AB - The sensitivity of three breath tests (1-g [14C]xylose, 10-g lactulose-H2, and 80 g glucose-H2) was studied in 20 subjects with culture-documented small intestine bacterial overgrowth. Elevated breath 14CO2 levels were seen within 30 min of [14C]xylose administration in 19 of 20 subjects with bacterial overgrowth and 0 of 10 controls. In contrast, H2 breath tests demonstrated uninterpretable tests (absence of H2-generating bacteria) in 2 of 20 subjects with bacterial overgrowth and 1 of 10 controls and nondiagnostic increases in H2 production in 3 of 18 glucose-H2 and 7 of 18 lactulose-H2 breath tests in subjects with bacterial overgrowth. These findings demonstrate continued excellent reliability of the 1-g [14C]xylose breath test as a diagnostic test for bacterial overgrowth, indicate inadequate sensitivity of H2 breath tests in detecting bacterial overgrowth, and suggest the need for evaluation of a 13CO2 breath test having the same characteristics as the [14C]xylose test (avidly absorbed substrate having minimal contact with the colonic flora) for nonradioactive breath detection of bacterial overgrowth in children and reproductive-age women. PMID- 3770369 TI - Influence of food and marker length on gastric emptying of indigestible radiopaque markers in healthy humans. AB - A simple, noninvasive radiographic method was used to investigate the influence of food and of marker length on gastric emptying of indigestible solids. Ten healthy human subjects who had fasted for 12 h exhibited more rapid emptying when solid radiopaque markers were ingested with water than they did when markers were ingested with a 400-kcal solid and liquid meal. Mean (+/- SE) emptying of markers that were 10 mm in length averaged 55% +/- 15%, 97% +/- 3%, and 100% 1, 2, and 4 h after ingestion of the markers with water, compared with 4% +/- 2%, 32% +/- 11%, and 64% +/- 12% emptying 1, 2, and 4 h after ingestion of markers with the meal (p less than 0.05). Ingestion of a second and third test meal significantly prolonged gastric emptying of indigestible markers (p less than 0.05). No significant difference in emptying of the 10- and 2-mm markers from the stomach was detected. These experiments indicate that gastric emptying of indigestible solids in humans is strongly influenced by food intake, but not by the particle lengths studied. PMID- 3770370 TI - Superficially invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. A study of seven cases in Memphis, Tennessee. AB - Superficially invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus, defined as carcinoma with invasion limited to the mucosa or submucosa regardless of the presence of lymph node metastasis, is being increasingly recognized. We found 7 cases (13%) of this entity among 54 cases of esophageal squamous cancer resected between 1981 and 1984 in Memphis, Tennessee. Three patients presented with dysphagia, 1 with odynophagia, and 3 with nonesophageal symptoms. Barium esophagram demonstrated the tumor in 2 cases. Endoscopically, four lesions were identified as tumor and three were attributed to inflammation. Two tumors were nodules, three were plaques, one was polypoid, and one was grossly inapparent. Two patients died without evidence of disease. One patient with lymph node metastasis died of disease at 17 mo. Four patients have survived from 16 to 52 mo after resection without evidence of disease. Timely diagnosis of this early form of esophageal neoplasia provides the opportunity for curative resection. PMID- 3770371 TI - Altered calcium-handling properties of jejunal smooth muscle from the nematode infected rat. AB - We examined changes in contractility of jejunal longitudinal muscle from rats infected 8 days previously with the enteric parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. In uninfected control rats, carbachol-induced contraction was maximal at 1 microM carbachol. In muscle from infected rats, there was no change in ED50 for carbachol, but contraction induced by 1 microM carbachol was increased greater than 75% over that in control rats. No significant differences were observed in muscarinic receptor binding characteristics in smooth muscle cells from control and infected rats when [3H]QNB was used as radioligand. Contraction induced by 5-hydroxytryptamine was also substantially greater in muscle from infected rats. In control rats, carbachol-induced contraction was largely independent of extracellular Ca2+, whereas in muscle from infected rats, withdrawing extracellular Ca2+ reduced contraction to below control levels. Furthermore, whereas adding nitrendipine in the presence of extracellular Ca2+ had no effect on carbachol-induced contraction in control rats, it significantly inhibited contraction in muscle from infected rats. PMID- 3770372 TI - Folic acid malabsorption in atrophic gastritis. Possible compensation by bacterial folate synthesis. AB - Folic acid absorption was studied in 12 elderly subjects with atrophic gastritis and 10 elderly normal controls using tritium-labeled pteroylmonoglutamic acid. Two folic acid absorption tests were carried out on each subject with 120 ml of either water or 0.1 N HCl. Folic acid absorption was significantly lower in subjects with atrophic gastritis than in normal controls (31% vs. 51%, respectively; p less than 0.01). In subjects with atrophic gastritis, folic acid absorption rose significantly to 54% (p less than 0.001) when administered with acid, but did not change in normal controls (50%). Serum folate levels were normal in all subjects. Proximal small intestinal pH was higher in atrophic gastritis subjects than in normal controls (7.1 vs. 6.7, respectively; p less than 0.05), as were bacterial counts of small intestinal fluid (p less than 0.01). Bacteria cultured from the aspirates of subjects with atrophic gastritis were able to synthesize folate in vitro when incubated in a folate-free medium. Atrophic gastritis results in folic acid malabsorption but not in folate deficiency, possibly due to increased bacterial synthesis of folate in the small intestine. PMID- 3770373 TI - A laboratory index for predicting relapse in asymptomatic patients with Crohn's disease. AB - Currently there are no completely reliable methods for predicting an impending relapse in Crohn's disease. As approximately 50% of patients in remission [Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI) less than 150] show some laboratory abnormalities, we inquired whether these alterations might be of value for predicting relapse. We prospectively studied 41 patients with Crohn's disease who had been showing CDAI less than 150 for at least 6 mo before entering the study and who were not receiving any long-term treatment. The 41 patients were studied at the ninth and at the 18th month after inclusion in the study. Disease activity was monitored by CDAI calculation and by measurement of erythrocyte sedimentation rate, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, albumin, alpha 2-globulin, serum iron, C-reactive protein, alpha 1-glycoprotein, and alpha 2-antitrypsin. Seventeen of the 41 patients had a clinical relapse during follow-up. At the beginning of the study the patients who later relapsed showed a remarkable alteration of acid alpha 1-glycoprotein (p less than 0.0001), alpha 2-globulin (p less than 0.0003), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (p less than 0.0006), in comparison with the patients who remained in remission. by discriminant analysis a prognostic index with these laboratory investigations provided a high percentage (88%) of accuracy according to the outcome at the 18th month. PMID- 3770374 TI - Production of secretory immunoglobulin A in rat self-filling blind loops. Local secretory immunoglobulin A immune response to luminal bacterial flora. AB - The immunoglobulin A (IgA) response to small intestinal bacteria was studied in rats with self-filling blind loops (SFBLs), surgically constructed in continuity with the intestine or at the end of a Roux-en-Y loop (RY-SFBL) so as to avoid filling with chyme. Total bile salt in the RY-SFBL lumen was much lower (4.35 +/- 0.8 mumol) than in the SFBL lumen (116 +/- 15 mumol), but other parameters, such as the number of anaerobic bacteria and disaccharidase activities were similar. Within 1 wk of establishing the blind loops, they had accumulated at least 14 times as much IgA as found in the normal jejunum. Luminal IgA per milligram mucosal protein was almost as high in the RY-SFBL as in the SFBL, indicating that a significant proportion of the IgA must be nonbiliary and probably mucosal in origin. Oral treatment with lincomycin significantly reduced luminal IgA accumulation in the RY-SFBL. Column chromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which employed antirat secretory component antibody, established that the majority of the luminal IgA was nonmonomeric and complexed with secretory component. Centrifugation of luminal contents to separate soluble and particulate bound IgA showed that the RY-SFBL contained a higher proportion of precipitable IgA than either the SFBL or lincomycin-treated RY-SFBL. Immunoglobulin A eluted from the precipitates by KSCN was bound to a greater extent by bacterial sonicates than IgA in the supernatant. For either precipitate or supernatant IgA, the greatest binding was observed when the IgA was obtained from the RY-SFBL. These observations indicate that rat intestinal mucosa rapidly responds to bacterial overgrowth by secreting secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) with specificity for luminal bacterial antigens. As the sIgA present within the SFBL is to a certain extent derived from bile, the lower proportion of SFBL sIgA bound by bacterial antigens than of RY-SFBL sIgA suggests that biliary sIgA is less specific for local antigens than the sIgA that is secreted by the local mucosa. PMID- 3770375 TI - Growth characteristics of autochthonous experimental colonic tumors as assessed by serial colonoscopic measurement in rats. AB - We report the growth characteristics of autochthonous experimental colonic tumors as assessed by serial measurements at colonoscopy. Male Fischer 344 rats were given 10 weekly subcutaneous injections of the bowel carcinogen azoxymethane, 10 mg/kg (weeks 1-10). Beginning in week 15, colonoscopy to the splenic flexure was performed weekly with a pediatric fiberoptic bronchoscope. Width of identified tumors was measured in photographs that included a scale passed through the biopsy channel, and tumor volume was calculated using computerized image analysis. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and efficiency of colonoscopy for identification of tumors were 85%-100%. Cumulative tumor incidence in the descending colon increased in a relatively linear fashion from 3% at week 15 to 68% at week 30. Tumor width by colonoscopy correlated well with width at necropsy (r = 0.951). Growth curves of individual tumors were highly variable; however, tumor width showed stable mean weekly growth rates. By contrast, mean calculated tumor volume rose exponentially, with deviation from the fitted curve in the sixth week. All tumors greater than 3 mm in width or greater than 10 mm3 in volume showed invasion. Final tumor width and volume, and growth of tumor volume during the initial week but not the later weeks of observation, correlated with depth of invasion. Our findings suggest that colonoscopic measurement was useful to study the growth characteristics of autochthonous experimental colonic tumors; azoxymethane administration produced persistently altered colonic epithelium that had variable latent periods until development of visible tumors in individual rats; the growth curves of individual colonic tumors were exponential, although variable, during the initial weeks; invasion was found in small tumors and depth of invasion correlated with growth rate during the initial week but not the later weeks. This aggressive behavior of the tumors early in their course contrasts with colorectal adenomas in humans and argues against the routine occurrence of an adenoma-carcinoma sequence in the model we used. PMID- 3770376 TI - Intestinal adaptation. Different growth responses to disaccharides compared with monosaccharides in rat small bowel. AB - Midgut infusions of sucrose and other disaccharides were compared with monosaccharides for their effects on intestinal mucosal growth in rats otherwise maintained on total parenteral nutrition for 7 days. Mucosal mass progressively increased in a proportional relationship to the concentration of infused sucrose. At equal concentrations by weight, disaccharide infusions stimulated mucosal growth more than monosaccharides. Disaccharide-induced mucosal adaptation was abolished when there was no hydrolysis of the disaccharide. The results suggest that the functional work load of absorbing epithelium, including the "work of hydrolysis," plays an important role in the stimulus for intestinal adaptation. PMID- 3770377 TI - Familial visceral neuropathy with autosomal dominant transmission. AB - This report describes a family with a visceral neuropathy without extraintestinal manifestations transmitted over at least four generations in an autosomal dominant manner. Four of 7 living patients underwent extensive evaluation including histology, radiography, gastric emptying and secretory studies, esophageal and jejunal manometry, and measurements of plasma levels of gastrointestinal hormones. The only characteristic radiologic abnormality in 7 patients was dilatation of jejunum and ileum. Gastric emptying studies were normal in 2 patients, whereas 2 others showed accelerated emptying of liquids either alone or in combination with grossly delayed solid emptying. Manometry of the esophagus and proximal small intestine and gastric secretory studies were normal. Histologic studies showed hypertrophy of the smooth muscle, a markedly reduced number of argyrophilic neurons, and degenerative changes of argyrophilic neurons and nerve fibers but without Schwann cell proliferation, intranuclear inclusions, or inflammatory cells. This appears to be a familial visceral neuropathy characterized by distinct involvement of the jejunum and ileum as defined radiographically, histology different from that of two previously described forms of familial visceral neuropathy, autosomal dominant transmission, and no evidence for extraintestinal neurologic manifestations. PMID- 3770378 TI - Effect of cigarette smoke on esophageal epithelium of the rabbit. AB - Cigarette smoking is a recognized risk factor for esophageal mucosal disease. For this reason we investigated the effects of smoke on esophageal epithelial electrolyte transport and barrier function in the rabbit. Studies were performed using an extract of cigarette smoke (EOCS) prepared from high-tar, high-nicotine cigarettes. Epithelia were exposed to EOCS in vivo or in vitro in the Ussing chamber. Acute in vivo exposure to EOCS lowered in vivo esophageal potential difference by 61%, and in vitro studies established that this was due to inhibition of active Na transport from mucosa to serosa. Exposure to an EOCS had no effect on net Cl transport or epithelial permeability, the latter reflected by the absence of change in electrical resistance or mannitol flux. The ability of an EOCS to lower potential difference (and inhibit Na transport) was dose-related and equally effective whether contact occurred with the luminal or serosal surface of the tissue. Similar studies performed with an EOCS prepared from filtered smoke established that the component(s) in EOCS responsible for the effects on transport resided in the particulate phase of smoke (i.e., nicotine and "tars"). However, nicotine only inhibited Na transport from the serosal side of the tissue, thus indicating that one or more tars either cause or contribute to the effect of an EOCS on transport. The inhibition by smoke of ion transport in esophageal epithelium may well be an early deleterious link in the pathophysiological chain between cigarette smoking and esophageal mucosal disease. PMID- 3770379 TI - Chronic mesenteric vascular insufficiency with gastric ulceration. AB - Four middle-aged women presented with long histories of severe progressive weight loss and chronic abdominal pain. Endoscopically atypical gastric ulcers were identified in all; the ulcers were multiple and antral in location, with irregular shapes, sloping edges, and whitish sclerotic bases, and were surrounded by mottled and erythematous mucosa containing numerous superficial erosions. They did not heal with conservative therapy. All 4 patients were found to be suffering from chronic mesenteric vascular insufficiency. Balloon dilatation of the superior mesenteric artery in one and surgical revascularization in the others resulted in progressive clinical improvement and healing of the ulcers. The striking feature in these patients with mesenteric ischemia was the finding of gastric ulcers with a morphology different from the ordinary gastric ulcer, which healed only with revascularization. Future observation of similar lesions should suggest the possible diagnosis and expedite early treatment of mesenteric insufficiency in patients with this disorder. PMID- 3770380 TI - Monozygotic triplets with Crohn's disease of the colon. AB - Female monozygotic triplets all developed Crohn's disease within a period of 11 mo. The monozygosity was demonstrated by analysis of 24 genetic markers of different chromosomal localization. Crohn's disease was diagnosed using clinical, radiologic, and endoscopic findings. Histologic evaluation of bowel tissue was consistent with Crohn's disease. All 3 patients had colon involvement; the terminal ileum appeared normal. The patient in whom Crohn's disease was first diagnosed had the severest course. Our observations support the role of a genetic influence in the manifestation of Crohn's disease. Nevertheless, environmental factors or microorganisms, or both, have to be taken into account, perhaps as factors promoting the outbreak of Crohn's disease. PMID- 3770382 TI - Cephalic phase of acid secretion. PMID- 3770381 TI - Sustained remission in Cronkhite-Canada syndrome. PMID- 3770383 TI - Twenty-four hour intraesophageal pH monitoring. PMID- 3770384 TI - Microscopic and collagenous colitis: different names for the same condition? PMID- 3770385 TI - Crohn's disease, intravenous fat emulsion, and acute pancreatitis--a hypothesis. PMID- 3770387 TI - Percutaneous transhepatic removal of common bile duct and intrahepatic duct stones with a fiberoptic choledochoscope. PMID- 3770386 TI - Premedication with meperidine and diazepam for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy precludes the need for topical anesthesia. AB - The authors conducted a prospective study in 90 patients undergoing upper endoscopic examination under sedation to determine whether there was any beneficial effect in anesthetizing the pharynx with topical anesthesia. These patients were divided into three groups of 30 patients. Group A received 39 ml of viscous lidocaine gargle (2%) diluted with 15 ml of tap water. Group B received the placebo. Group C received neither viscous lidocaine nor placebo. All patients received intravenous meperidine and diazepam titrated to produce adequate sedation for upper endoscopy. It was demonstrated that the undesirable effects of upper endoscopy, that is, gagging, sore throat, and dysphagia, did not differ significantly in any of the three study groups as evaluated by either the patients or the endoscopist. Only two patients complained that the procedure was mildly unpleasant. The authors conclude that the practice of anesthetizing the pharynx in patients receiving sedation for upper endoscopy should be abandoned since anesthesia of the pharynx is not exempt from morbidity and mortality as well as being time-consuming and expensive. PMID- 3770388 TI - The endoscopic appearance of Burkitt's lymphoma involving the stomach and colon. PMID- 3770389 TI - Antral gastritis and ulceration in a patient with secondary syphilis. PMID- 3770390 TI - Duodenal ulcers associated with salsalate therapy. PMID- 3770391 TI - Duodenal pseudomelanosis associated with chronic renal failure. PMID- 3770392 TI - Two cases of acute pancreatitis due to a foreign body. PMID- 3770393 TI - Endoscopic biliary stents--trick or treatment? PMID- 3770394 TI - Endoscopic management of pancreatic cysts and pseudocysts. PMID- 3770395 TI - Ponsky catheter. PMID- 3770396 TI - Comments on endoscopic TV editorial. PMID- 3770397 TI - Endoscopic gastrostomy using a Foley catheter. PMID- 3770398 TI - Chronic esophageal ulcers in an AIDS patient. PMID- 3770399 TI - Nifedipine treatment of bolus esophageal obstruction. PMID- 3770400 TI - A case of mucosal bridge over the gastric stroma with Billroth II gastrojejunostomy. PMID- 3770401 TI - Late recurrence of a doudenal villous adenoma. PMID- 3770402 TI - Duodenal malrotation demonstrated by endoscopy. PMID- 3770403 TI - Tuberculous colitis manifested by skip-lesions of the colon. PMID- 3770404 TI - Absorption of iodized contrast media during ERCP. PMID- 3770405 TI - [Ovarian surface epithelium and its histogenic relation to ovarian cancer]. AB - Approximately 80 to 90 per cent of adult ovarian cancers are assumed to originate from ovarian surface cells. A series of morphological and biochemical studies has been recently conducted to test this. The ovarian surface epithelium shows permanent morphological changes such as crypts, inclusion cysts, villous processes and different forms of mullerian epithelium. The unique nature of ovarian surface changes and their abrupt disappearance in immediately adjacent mesothelia suggest that local factors may play an important part in modifying the growth and morphogenesis of the epithelium of the ovarian surface. Whether these endogenous and/or exogenous factors may also induce surface neoplasia is a moot point. PMID- 3770406 TI - [Breast saving cancer surgery. Results of a long-term study (Berlin study, 1963 1982)]. AB - Between 1963 and 1982, 1,139 patients underwent surgery for unilateral mammary malignoma at the Charlottenburg Gynaecological Clinic of the Free University Berlin. Primary therapy consisted of simple mastectomy in 948 cases and tumourectomy/quadrantectomy with subsequent radiotherapy (40 Gy) in 191 cases. We performed a retrospective analysis of "matched samples" of tumourectomy/quadrantectomy and mastectomy. The observation period of both groups spans a minimum of one year to a maximum of 20 years after primary operation. In pT1- and pT2-tumours the overall survival after tumourectomy/quadrantectomy at 5, 10 and 15 years was no worse than after total breast removal. The results of our long-term follow-up study lead us to conclude that tumourectomy/quadrantectomy and breast irradiation are suitable for primary treatment of mammary cancer. PMID- 3770407 TI - [Risk factors for breast cancer and their use in early detection. Results of a case control study]. AB - Doubtful and established breast cancer risk factors were checked in a case/control study. Multivariate analysis with the logistical regression approach resulted in a usable separation of the cases from the controls on the basis of the five dichotimized variables: age at birth of first child, family history, Quetelet index, breast complaints, and a behavior score. On the basis of probability, the risk patterns were summarized in six risk categories, and a maximum 70-fold risk was thus established. The proportion of incidence represented by the risk groups was then estimated from distribution in the control group. Approx. 5% of new cases originate in 30% of the female population aged under 30, but approx. 51% originate in a mere 10%. Hence it is logical to use risk factors for early detection based on risk. PMID- 3770408 TI - [The second-look operation in advanced ovarian cancer--experiences since the introduction of cisplatin combination chemotherapy]. AB - In cases of ovarian carcinoma the trend today is toward postoperative cytostatic follow-up therapy which is as aggressive as possible, though of limited duration. The aim is to achieve full clinical remission and to verify it histologically by a second-look-operation. This paper presents the results obtained in 41 women who underwent second-look surgery, out of a total of 87 women with advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma (FIGO stage III and IV) who had been given combination chemotherapy with cisplatin postoperatively. Taking various well known prognostic factors into account (stage, age, histologic grading, primary postoperative residual tumor mass), the situation before and after a second-look laparotomy was analyzed. The survival data (life table analyses according to Kaplan-Meier) indicate the importance of these prognostic factors. Approximately one-third of the patients had full clinical remission after aggressive cisplatin combination chemotherapy; complete remission was verified microscopically in 18% of all cases, with a mean of 12 biopsies. The long-term prognosis for such women, who can be cured even if they have primary advanced ovarian carcinoma, is likely to be good. In addition, present-day indications and the standard surgical procedure for a second-look operation are described. PMID- 3770409 TI - [Current aspects of therapy of ovarian cancer. Surgical therapy of epithelial ovarian cancer at the Gottingen University Gynecologic Clinic. A retrospective analysis of 82 patients 1981-1984]. AB - The most important step in the treatment of epithelial ovarian carcinoma is radical surgery which should be as radical as possible, since this can exercise a decisive influence on the effectiveness of subsequent chemotherapy or radiotherapy. During 1981-1984 98 patients with an ovarian carcinoma were operated upon. 82 of these patients had epithelial tumours that will be discussed in the article. The mean age was 59.9 years. 88% of the patients were additionally at risk by one or several risk factors. Surgical approach was standardised: longitudinal incision, hysterectomy, adenectomy, resection of omentum and, if necessary, maximum possible removal of the peritoneum of the pelvis. In 28 cases additional surgery became necessary at the intestine. 77% of the patients (n = 63) were in the advanced stages FIGO III and IV. In 50 patients the operation lasted for up to 4 hours, in 24 up to 6 hours and in 8 for more than 6 hours. Intraoperative complications occurred in 37% (twice lesion of the ureter, in 5 cases intestinal lesion, in 23 cases anaesthesiological problems due to preexisting risks). In stages I and II reduction of tumour size below 2 cm was achieved in 100% of the cases, in stage III in 87.5%, in stage IV in 45%. Two patients died postoperatively. The postoperative complication rate was 48%. Almost 30% of these were represented by cardiopulmonary disturbances. Although the percentage appears high, most of the problems were well manageable, so that the patients could be transferred to follow-up therapy within 2-3 weeks. For type of follow-up therapy, tumour response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3770410 TI - [Electrosurgical radical operation of vulvar cancer with postoperative irradiation of the inguinal lymph nodes]. AB - Clinical data on 607 patients with invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva seen between 1952-1980 are reported. All of these patients were eligible for 5 year evaluation. The crude survival for these patients was 60.3%, and the cleaned 5-year survival for 530 patients was 69% (stage I [n = 158]: 87.3%, stage II [n = 118]: 83%, stage III [n = 182]: 66.5%, stage IV [n = 72]: 12.5%). A series of 141 patients with vulvar squamous cell carcinoma was analysed with regard to treatment of the inguinal lymph nodes. Crude survival for N0-N1 patients was 67%, for N2-N3 cases 43%. All patients were treated with radical vulvectomy using warm knife and open wound technique. Treatment of the regional lymph nodes was performed by irradiation alone. This simple surgical technique in combination with radiotherapy applied only to the inguinal lymph nodes gives an excellent result without complications associated with aggressive surgery. Lymph node dissection was performed in 5% of cases only, if lymph nodes were more than 2 cm. The combination therapy of electrosurgery and irradiation of the inguinal lymph nodes and renunciation of groin dissection gave rise to few complications only. This factor must be interpreted as very important, in particular since our 5-year survival rate compared with other reports was not low and the median age of our patients was very high. PMID- 3770411 TI - [Significance of internal tocography and intrapartal tocolysis in the management of labor]. AB - The quantitation of uterine activity in 5,611 deliveries shows the following frequency of tocographic alarm criteria: high amplitude of labour greater than or equal to 11 kPa (82.5 Torr), 3.1%; high frequency of labour greater than or equal to 6 labours/10 min 4.6%; total contraction area greater than or equal to 40 kPa min (300 Torr-min/10 min) 5.4%; high uterine basal tonus greater than or equal to 4 kPa (30 Torr) 0.9%; irregularity of labour 3.5%. In 70% the uterine hyperactivity is the reason for pathological FHF-patterns which induced an intravenous bolus injection of 25 micrograms Partusisten or an automatic continuous infusion before operative delivery. A second retrospective report covers 8,895 deliveries with a rate of 26.9% betamimetic treatments (preterm 41.5%) and only 8.1% pathological FHF-patterns. The low incidence of acidosis in the umbilical arteria (pHNA less than 7.10) of 2.6% in preterm and 0.6% in term newborn is caused by our obstetrical management including elective foetal monitorings and consistently realized betamimetic treatment during labour. PMID- 3770412 TI - [HELLP syndrome: a rare, threatening complication in pre-eclampsia]. AB - A very rare, but severe complication, occurring together with preeclampsia, is the so-called HELLP syndrome (H for haemolysis, EL for elevated liver enzymes and LP for low platelet counts). Perinatal mortality for this syndrome is estimated at 9.5% up to 60%, maternal mortality at 3.5%. We examined retrospectively 11 patients of the last 5 years, presenting not only hypertension, proteinuria and oedema, but also pathologically elevated data concerning transaminases, indirect bilirubin and thrombocytopenia; the mean value for GI in this group was 7.7 (3 11). Thrombocyte counts showed mean values of 71,000 +/- 28,500. In 9 cases the patients suffered from severe upper abdominal pain. Liver enzymes and bilirubin were clearly elevated. Time interval between onset of therapy and delivery was 3 days on the average, the mean gestational age at time of delivery was 34 weeks (27-39), average infant weight amounted to 1,960 g (580-3,700 g). 7 of the 11 women delivered by Caesarian section (64%); perinatal, respectively neonatal 3 babies died (27%). In two cases one Caesarian section did not produce maternal complications; 3 women had to undergo a hysterectomy. This syndrome is associated with a very problematic obstetrical situation in respect of differential diagnosis, foetal outcome and the high frequency of postoperative maternal complications. PMID- 3770413 TI - [Effectiveness of rubella vaccination in the puerperium]. AB - This study investigates the degree of effectiveness of post partum rubella vaccination, measured as percentage of true seroconversions. The vaccine used was RA 27/3. In the years 1983/84 the seronegative rate was 7% of the total number of births. The 270 seronegative women who had given birth during these two years had all been vaccinated post partum. 128 of them were controlled, and a seroconversion rate of 91.4% was obtained. PMID- 3770414 TI - [Initial results of the cryopreservation of human oocytes]. AB - As a part of an IVF project, "superfluous" ova were frozen, then thawed and fertilized under in-vitro conditions. Altogether 133 oocytes of varying quality, from 22 patients, were frozen. To date, 57 ova have been thawed and 47 oocytes have been found. The survival rate after thawing was 34%, the in-vitro fertilization rate 75%. Out of a total of seven embryo transfers performed there was one pregnancy following transfer of a six-cell embryo. PMID- 3770415 TI - [Urodynamic observations on the Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz operation]. AB - Urodynamic tests and clinical and anamnestic assessments of continence were carried out in 47 patients before and after the Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz operation. The operation resulted in a subjective cure in 35 (74.5%) of the patients; 12 women were again incontinent within a period of between 6 and 24 months. There was an insignificant postoperative rise in urethral occlusion pressure at rest. It was only possible to ensure an elongation of the urethra in the resting pressure curve. The urethral occlusion pressure at rest in patients with recurrent incontinence was considerably lower preoperatively than in postoperatively continent patients. Hence, high urethral occlusion pressure at rest signifies a good surgical prognosis. In the stress pressure curve, surgery improved the transmission factor, the depression factor, and the urethral occlusion pressure under stress. However, no clear surgical prognosis was possible on the basis of these parameters. The best postoperative results for the transmission and depression factors and the urethral occlusion pressure under stress were obtained in the stress pressure curve at 300 ml with the patient in seated position. On comparing preoperative and postoperative measurements, improvements in pressure transmission and in urethral occlusion pressure under stress were seen in particular in the proximal one-third of the urethra. Hence, the question arises whether the proximal one-third of the urethra is as important as the medial one-third in stress incontinence diagnosis by measurement. PMID- 3770416 TI - [Mesonephrogenous cervix papilloma in childhood and adolescence]. AB - Five cases of mesonephric cervical papilloma have so far been described in children and adolescents. Basing on the observation of a further tumour of thus type in an eight-year old child, the authors discuss histogenesis, histological diagnosis and therapeutical consequences. PMID- 3770417 TI - [Malignant transformation of extragenital endometriosis]. AB - This is a report on a rare case of extragenital endometriosis with malignant degeneration. A woman of 40 years of age presented about 15 years after Caesarean section with a rapidly growing malignant node in the region of the scar from Pfannenstiel's incision, resulting in death from generalised metastasising after about 1 1/2 years despite intensive treatment. Histology revealed a typical clear cell and partly tubular-cystic adenocarcinoma paramesonephroidal structure as part of an endometriosis. We believe this is an important case report, since it does not seem to have been reported in literature so far. PMID- 3770418 TI - [Thoughts on findings for decision-making in gynecology and obstetrics]. PMID- 3770419 TI - [Characteristics of the antigenic structure of membranes of malignant cells in patients with acute leukemia]. PMID- 3770420 TI - [Morphofunctional characteristics of erythroid and myeloid bone marrow cells in hairy cell leukemia]. PMID- 3770421 TI - [Criteria of the differential diagnosis of lymphosarcoma of the spleen with lesions of the bone marrow]. PMID- 3770422 TI - [Diurnal variations in the coagulative activity of the blood in humans in the normal state and after alcohol intake]. PMID- 3770423 TI - [Ambulatory treatment of patients in a hemophilia center]. PMID- 3770424 TI - [Hereditary C1 inhibitor deficiency in sisters--monozygotic twins]. PMID- 3770425 TI - [2 cases of acquired lipoidosis]. PMID- 3770426 TI - [Risk of developing neuroleukemia in adult patients with acute leukemia]. PMID- 3770427 TI - [A case of acute myelofibrosis]. PMID- 3770428 TI - [Cytologic diagnosis of acute leukemia based on FAB classification and new cytochemical criteria]. PMID- 3770429 TI - Corticosterone secretion through long incubation shifts in Diomedea albatrosses. AB - Blood samples were collected from free-living incubating Diomedea albatross during single incubation shifts, both daily (wandering albatross D. exulans and every 2 days (grey-headed albatross D. chrysostoma and black-browed albatross D. melanophris), and the concentration of corticosterone was determined. Within 48 hr a significant increase in the corticosterone concentration was observed in each species. The magnitude of the increase was greater in the grey-headed and black-browed albatrosses than in the wandering albatross. Corticosterone concentrations rose steadily through the incubation shift in grey-headed and black-browed albatrosses, but fluctuated erratically in wandering albatrosses. All three species of albatross fast during incubation and the increase in adrenocortical activity is probably related to the voluntary deprivation of food and water. PMID- 3770430 TI - Variations in plasma corticosterone, estrone, estradiol-17 beta, and progesterone concentrations with forced renesting, molt, and body weight of captive female American kestrels. AB - Corticosterone, progesterone, estradiol-17 beta, and estrone were quantified in plasma collected weekly (April-September) from renesting and nonlaying female American kestrels (Falco sparverius) paired with males in captivity. Hormone levels and body weights for laying females were maximal during courtship and egg laying periods, while those for non-layers showed no such distinct peaks. This demonstrated that these profiles were not controlled solely by photoperiod. Plasma corticosterone levels were elevated in all females during August and September when kestrels are preparing for migration. For laying females, body weight was positively correlated with plasma estrogen levels. A low spring body weight gain, and not stress, may have prevented the females from breeding in captivity. The photoperiodic control of molt did not appear to be mediated directly by the hormones studied, since there were no changes in hormone levels associated with the onset of molt. PMID- 3770431 TI - Seasonal changes in prolactin and luteinizing hormone in the polyandrous spotted sandpiper, Actitis macularia. AB - The polyandrous spotted sandpiper (Actitis macularia) is a species characterized by female dominance over males and predominant male parental care. Prolactin (Prl) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were analyzed in plasma samples obtained serially from individuals across different stages of the breeding season. The reproductive status of each sampled individual was known in detail. Similar Prl values were obtained independently by two different assays. Males tended to have higher plasma Prl levels than females throughout the breeding season. Prl was significantly elevated in both sexes by the first few days of incubation. This rapid rise in Prl may indicate its role in brood patch development and the onset of incubation behavior. In males Prl continued to rise during incubation, whereas it remained constant in females. Higher levels of Prl in males than females, especially late in incubation, reflects the greater contribution of males to incubation. LH declined markedly in males and females from prelaying to early incubation. There was a significant negative correlation between Prl and LH among males, especially from the prelaying to early incubation phases of the season. There was no such correlation among females. PMID- 3770432 TI - Annual cycle of plasma thyroid hormone levels in the toad, Bufo japonicus. AB - Plasma thyroxine (T4) of the toad, Bufo japonicus formosus, was monitored monthly from March, 1981 to February, 1982. Toads were captured at Sayama, Saitama Prefecture, and individual blood samples were collected from the heart soon after capture in the field. The plasma T4 levels were minimal in November for males (0.096 ng/ml) and in December for females (0.038 ng/ml). Levels increased during the resting stage in winter and reached a peak in March, about 1 week before the breeding migration, in both males (0.48 ng/ml) and females (0.66 ng/ml). After breeding occurred in early April, the T4 levels fell rapidly to nearly the minimum in females (0.088 ng/ml) and to an intermediate level in males (0.26 ng/ml). During summer, the T4 levels were low (between 0.1 and 0.3 ng/ml) but were significantly higher than the minimum in both sexes. Males showed significantly higher T4 levels than females in January, April, October, and December. Changes in plasma T4 levels around the breeding period were studied in greater detail with toads collected in March at Shiki, Saitama Prefecture. Extremely high levels of T4 (1.72 ng/ml) were detected in both male and female toads collected in the breeding pond, showing a secondary rise of the T4 level at arrival at the breeding pond. Plasma triiodothyronine (T3) levels followed patterns similar to those of T4, although the concentrations of T3 were extremely low (between undetectable level and 116 pg/ml). The initial rise of the thyroid hormone level in winter may be related to energy metabolism at the low temperature.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3770433 TI - Effects of hypophysectomy on the testis of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.). AB - The pituitary control of testis activity in the freshwater silver European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) was investigated by study of some variations of gonad structure and particularly changes in plasma levels of testosterone and 11 oxotestosterone (radioimmunoassay) following hypophysectomy. Germ cells comprised only spermatogonia, which were associated with Sertoli cells to form cysts. No mitotic activity of spermatogonia was observed. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) was low. Plasma levels of the main androgens (testosterone, 11-oxotestosterone) were under 1 ng ml-1. The male gonad appeared immature. After hypophysectomy, GSI decreased rapidly and cysts of germ cells were rapidly dissociated. Plasma level of testosterone decreased significantly, whereas that of 11-oxotestosterone increased significantly. These changes were not observed in sham-operated eels. Thus pituitary control appears essential for the maintenance of structural organization and secretory activity of the immature testis. PMID- 3770434 TI - Species variation of gonadotropic activity in an in vitro assay measuring androgen formation by carp (Cyprinus carpio) testis with special reference to bioassay of piscine gonadotropins. AB - The objectives of this study were to establish a suitable and validated in vitro bioassay of piscine gonadotropins (GTHs) by using a carp testis androgen production system and to compare the androgenic responses in such an assay to gonadotropins from various vertebrate species. The testes from mature carp with gonadosomatic indices of 8-30% were used. Androgen production was first compared with respect to methods for preparation of the carp testis (sliced, minced, homogenized, and collagenase-dispersed testis preparations). The time course of androgen formation, the effects of xanthine and theophylline, and other factors on androgen production also were investigated. Theophylline was more effective than xanthine in potentiation of gonadotropin-evoked androgen formation by carp testis. The testis preparations were incubated in medium 199 (pH 7.40) containing 2 mM theophylline with shaking at 100 cycles/min at 25 degrees C for 4 hr. Homogenized testis preparations had limited ability for androgen production, while sliced, minced, and minced-collagenase-dispersed testis preparations were highly responsive to gonadotropins for androgen production. The minced testis preparation, utilizing 100 mg/ml incubation medium per vial, was chosen as the standard incubation procedure in this study. The minced testis androgen production assay was highly sensitive to gonadotropins from several piscine species (silver carp, common carp, and salmon), and all these GTHs produced parallel dose-related androgen production curves. Mammalian GTHs were also capable of promoting androgen formation by carp testis, but they were much less potent than were piscine GTHs. Pregnant mares' serum gonadotropin (PMSG) was more effective than human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in evoking carp testis androgen production.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3770435 TI - Profiles of plasma sex steroids and gonadotropin in coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, during final maturation. AB - The plasma concentrations of estradiol-17 alpha (E2), 17 mu-hydroxy-20 beta dihydroprogesterone (DHP), progesterone, 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), testosterone (T), and gonadotropin (GtH) were measured in adult coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) concomitantly with advancing maturation of the gonads during the spawning season. Concentrations of E2 were higher in females with eggs showing central (premigrating) germinal vesicles, migrating germinal vesicles, or peripheral germinal vesicles than in fish in which the eggs had undergone germinal vesicle breakdown or ovulation. Conversely, plasma levels of DHP were low at central, migrating, and peripheral germinal vesicle stages and then increased dramatically at germinal vesicle breakdown and ovulation. Levels of 11 KT, T, and GtH generally increased with advancing maturity of the eggs. When time rather than degree of maturation was used as a variable, plasma E2 was high in females first returning from the ocean but then dropped off precipitously in fish sampled at the end of the run. Plasma DHP followed the opposite pattern, being low in fish sampled early in the run and high in fish sampled late in the run. No easily discernible patterns emerged from the profiles of the other steroids and GtH, although some significant variation in the concentrations occurred. Even though sampling was initiated at the time when the salmon first returned from the ocean, most of the hormones were not variable in males when viewed according to sampling date or predominant cell type in the testes, which indicates that the males were extremely close to final maturity during the sampling period. Plasma levels of DHP were higher in males that were producing milt than in any other group of males. Concentrations of 11-KT were higher than those of T in all males, but no patterns in the levels of either steroid emerged. PMID- 3770436 TI - Development of a salmon growth hormone radioimmunoassay. AB - This study describes the development of a growth hormone (GH) radioimmunoassay (RIA) using chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) GH and an antiserum raised against this preparation. The assay does not cross-react with salmon prolactin and is valid for the genera Salmo and Oncorhynchus. Hypophysectomy of coho salmon (O. kisutch) reduced plasma immunoreactivity to nondetectable levels in seven of eight individuals. Handling stress had no effect upon GH levels in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) whereas starvation (3 weeks) induced a ninefold increase in plasma immunoreactivity. Plasma GH levels in trout were positively correlated, following a lag phase of 1 week, with the weekly changes in growth rate displayed by this species. PMID- 3770437 TI - Seasonal cycles in gonadal activity and plasma gonadotropin in the musk turtle, Sternotherus odoratus. AB - Plasma gonadotropin cycles were examined in relation to the seasonal gonadal cycle in freshly captured musk turtles, Sternotherus odoratus, from South Carolina. Acute and chronic stress effects of captivity on testicular growth and circulating plasma testosterone (T) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) also were examined. Monthly mean FSH levels in freshly captured males were correlated significantly with plasma T. Both T and FSH were minimal in spring when testes were small, and highest in the fall in males that had begun spermiation and whose testes had begun to regress. Individual plasma T and FSH values were significantly correlated during the fall when both hormones were at elevated levels. In contrast, plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) remained undetectable throughout the year in males. Females had nondetectable levels of both plasma LH and FSH throughout the year. There was a seasonal pattern in plasma 17 beta estradiol which was correlated with follicular growth. Holding males in captivity (outdoors) reduced plasma T by 35-60% within 24 hr of capture (depending on season) and plasma T remained at these lower levels after 2 weeks. However, FSH was not significantly affected by such short-term "stress." Testicular weight and FSH cycles of captive males were similar to those of males in the field. Monthly plasma T of long-term captives also exhibited a seasonal cycle but at a level significantly lower than in the field and with a delayed peak. Thus, while the data suggest that FSH may be important to both seasonal testicular growth and androgen secretion, fluctuations in FSH alone cannot account for all observed patterns or changes in spermatogenesis or plasma androgen levels. PMID- 3770438 TI - Evidence that vasoactive intestinal polypeptide is a physiological prolactin releasing factor in the bantam hen. AB - Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-like material was localised immunohistochemically in the hypothalamus of the bantam hen. Abundant immunoreactive VIP terminals were seen in the external layer of the median eminence and most immunoreactive VIP cell bodies were located in the basal hypothalamus. A few immunoreactive VIP cell bodies and many fibres were found in the preoptic hypothalamus. Intravenous injections of synthetic porcine VIP over a dose range of 12.5 to 100 micrograms kg-1 body wt resulted in dose-related increase in concentration of plasma prolactin in incubating bantams deprived of their nests for 24 hr. These doses of VIP did not stimulate the release of growth hormone. Studies in vitro showed that synthetic VIP directly stimulated prolactin release from the anterior pituitary gland. The glands from incubating bantams were more responsive to the prolactin-releasing effects of VIP than were the glands from laying birds. Studies in vitro showed that the amount of prolactin released in response to an iv injection of 50 micrograms kg-1 VIP was greater in incubating birds deprived of their nests for 24 hr than in laying hens. Prolactin release was not stimulated in ovariectomized hens after an injection of 50 micrograms kg-1 VIP unless the birds were first treated with oestrogen or oestrogen and progesterone. It was concluded that a VIP-like material in the bantam hypothalamus may be a physiological prolactin-releasing factor acting at least in part at the level of the anterior pituitary gland.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3770439 TI - Ontogenesis of triiodothyronine nuclear receptors in three skeletal muscles in male and female chicks. AB - The ontogenesis of nuclear triiodothyronine receptors was determined in the pectoralis (alpha W fibers: fast contracting, glycolytic metabolism), adductor brevis (alpha R fibers: fast contracting, oxido-glycolytic metabolism) and adductor magnus (beta R fibers: slow contracting, oxidative metabolism), muscles of male and female chickens at 18 days in ovo and 0, 6, and 30 days ex ovo. In the fast muscles (adductor brevis and pectoralis major), the T3 receptor number decreases from the 18th day of incubation to hatching or the 6th day after hatching, respectively, and then increases. In the slow muscle (adductor magnus), the T3 receptor number increases from 18 days in ovo to hatching and then decreases. At 30 days after hatching, the number of T3 receptors was higher in the fast muscles than in the slow one. A comparison of the two fast muscles reveals that the number of T3 receptors was more elevated in the pectoralis (glycolytic) fibers than in the adductor brevis (oxido-glycolytic) fibers. An overall test of significance showed a higher number of T3 nuclear receptors in muscles from females than from males. PMID- 3770440 TI - Osmoregulatory effects of prolactin and growth hormone in embryonic chicks. AB - Intact White Leghorn chick embryos were treated daily (on Days 6-13) with bovine prolactin (PRL) or ovine growth hormone (GH) at doses of 4-10 micrograms/g embryo wet wt. A control group received an equal volume of avian saline. [Na+] and [Cl-] were determined in allantoic fluid samples taken on Days 10, 12, and 14, and in amniotic fluid and blood plasma on Day 14. Allantoic fluid, amniotic fluid, and plasma osmolarities, embryo wet weight, hematocrit, and allantoic fluid volume were also determined on Day 14. PRL-treated embryos showed significantly lower allantoic [Na+] and [Cl-] compared to controls at Days 10, 12, and 14. Allantoic fluid osmolarity was reduced, and plasma osmolarity increased, at Day 14 in PRL treated embryos. By contrast, PRL had no effect on allantoic volume, amniotic fluid [Na+], [Cl-], or osmolarity, plasma [Na+] or [Cl-], hematocrit, or embryo wet weight. GH-treated embryos showed significantly reduced allantoic [Na+] at both Days 10 and 14, but no other treatment effect. Calculations show that the decrease in total allantoic Na+ seen in PRL-treated embryos is equivalent in magnitude to 10% of the total egg Na+. Results from studies on embryonic amphibians and mammals suggest that this sodium is likely to be sequestered in an expanded extracellular volume. PMID- 3770441 TI - A protocol for estimation of cortisol plasma clearance in acid-exposed rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). AB - The cortisol metabolic clearance rate (MCR) and degradation rate (DR) were determined in acid (H2SO4)-stressed and control rainbow trout (260 g) cannulated via the dorsal aorta. Recovery from catheterization, as judged by plasma cortisol, glucose, protein, and packed cell volume (PCV), was complete by 6 days. However, serial blood sampling increased plasma cortisol. Furthermore, although no major or consistent diel change in plasma cortisol occurred in terminally sampled free-swimming control trout, fluctuations were observed in serially bled catheterized trout. These findings preclude cortisol MCR estimation by any serial sampling method. Although plasma cortisol was temporarily elevated by constant infusion (70 microliter hr-1) of saline:ethanol vehicle, a satisfactory protocol was established for determining cortisol MCR by infusion of labeled cortisol to constant plasma specific activity. The MCR for control trout in water, pH 7.7, for 7 days was 30.3 +/- 4.2 ml hr-1 100 g-1, which did not differ from that of trout in water, pH 5.0. However, the cortisol DR was greater at pH 5.0 (2.13 +/- 0.46 micrograms hr-1 100 g-1) than at pH 7.7 (0.56 +/- 0.12) due primarily to increased plasma cortisol at pH 5.0. PMID- 3770442 TI - Purification and characterization of toad prolactin. AB - Prolactin (PRL) was purified from anterior pituitary glands of adult toad (Bufo japonicus formosus) by extraction of acetone-dried pituitary powder with acid acetone and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-100. Purification was monitored by radioimmunoassay developed for bullfrog PRL. Toad PRL thus obtained is as potent as bovine PRL in promoting collagen synthesis in the bullfrog tadpole tail fin. HPLC of the toad PRL on a reverse-phase column shows that the preparation behaves as a homogeneous protein. The hormone has a molecular weight of 23,000 as determined by SDS gel electrophoresis. The isoelectric point is 5.5 as determined by analytical electrofocusing. The amino acid composition closely resembles that of bullfrog PRL. PMID- 3770443 TI - Vitellogenesis in the lizard Lacerta vivipara jacquin. II. Vitellogenin synthesis during the reproductive cycle and its control by ovarian steroids. AB - An analysis of the development of the vitellogenic process following artificial hibernation in the lizard Lacerta vivipara was undertaken. For that purpose, organ weights (ovaries, oviducts, liver, fat bodies) and plasma concentrations of total proteins, calcium, and estrogens were monitored. The induction of the vitellogenic growth of 2-5 oocytes per ovary was characterized by a rapid increase in calcemia (from 2.4-2.6 mM to 4-10 mM), and in oviduct and liver weights. During the active and continuous phase of vitellus incorporation (congruent to 3 weeks, follicle diameter 1.6-2.0 mm to greater than 5 mm) the developments of ovaries and oviducts were positively correlated, liver weight and calcemia remained elevated (respectively, 1.2-2.2 times and 2.5-3.5 times the previtellogenic values). Ovulation was preceded by a significant rise in calcemia and followed by a decrease in liver weight, but no modification of oviduct mass. Plasma concentration in total proteins (50-60 mg/ml) was not modified during the entire process. Plasma estrogens were difficult to measure in this small species. Levels of estradiol-17 beta were very often below the assay sensitivity (less than 0.3-0.6 ng/ml), never above 2 ng/ml, and very variable among individuals. No correlation with vitellogenin production could be established. Therefore, the abilities of different ovarian steroids to induce vitellogenin synthesis were tested in vivo. To reduce the rise of plasma estradiol titer (observed during a 4 week experiment), the steroids were implanted in ovariectomized lizards for a short time (5 days). The vitellogenic response was assessed by measuring the distribution of the 32P radioactivity between the acidoprecipitable plasma fraction and the plasma vitellogenin recognized by the lizard antivitellogenin serum. Plasma titers of estradiol-17 beta were monitored. The estrone potencies could not be determined as this treatment involved an important rise in estradiol level. Progesterone, delta 4, testosterone, and 5 alpha-androstanediol were unable to stimulate vitellogenin synthesis. Estradiol-17 beta was the only effective steroid. It was further demonstrated that the estradiol-induced hypercalcemia, hyperproteinemia, and liver growth in ovariectomized lizards were dependent upon the total amount of estrogen injected. PMID- 3770444 TI - The distribution of interrenal stimulating activity in the brain of Xenopus laevis. AB - The stimulation of corticosteroid release by the interrenal tissue of Xenopus laevis was investigated using an in vitro preparation of the interrenals and a radioimmunoassay for determinations of corticosterone and aldosterone in the perifusate. The stimulatory activity of four different areas was tested, the pars distalis, the post- and preoptic hypothalamus, and the cerebrum. It was found that besides the pars distalis, the post- and preoptic hypothalamus exhibit stimulatory activity on the interrenals. No such activity was found in the cerebrum. There was a decrease of activity found from the pars distalis to the postoptic and then to the preoptic part of the hypothalamus. The release of both steroids had different sensitivity. Aldosterone release was significantly elevated by all three different tissues, while the increase of the release of corticosterone was only found significant in the case of stimulation by the pars distalis. The results also make clear that the increase of the release of corticosterone is less than that of aldosterone. The ratio of corticosterone to aldosterone decreased significantly after stimulation. This points to the fact that the rate of conversion of corticosterone to aldosterone (18-hydroxylation) is stimulated more than the production of corticosterone from progesterone. PMID- 3770445 TI - Steroidogenesis by gonads of a viviparous teleost, the sailfin molly (Poecilia latipinna), in vitro and in vivo. AB - Gonads of Poecilia latipinna transformed [3H]testosterone into a number of reduced and conjugated metabolites in high yield in vitro. In the male 5 beta androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol, 5 beta-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol, and their "sulphates" were identified. The only 11-oxygenated androgen detected was a compound tentatively identified as 5 beta-androstane-3 beta, 11 beta, 17 beta triol. In ovarian incubates androstenedione, 5 beta-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta diol and its glucuronide, testosterone glucuronide, and 5 beta-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol glucuronide were identified. Highest yields of the ovarian glucuronides coincided with the termination of vitellogenesis which may indicate a possible pheromonal role of these conjugates. In vivo plasma levels of estradiol in the female were correlated with vitellogenesis and fell markedly after castration or hypophysectomy. In males the plasma concentrations of testosterone, 11-ketotestosterone and 11 beta-hydroxytestosterone and their conjugates were variable and not apparently correlated with testicular weight, but they were reduced to undetectable levels by castration and hypophysectomy. The results suggest that 5 alpha- and 5 beta-reduced steroids may play a role in the reproductive endocrinology of P. latipinna and that measurements of only the "classical" steroid hormones in this and possibly other species may give only a partial and misleading picture of endocrine changes. PMID- 3770446 TI - Steroidogenesis in the yellow corpuscles (adrenocortical homolog) in a holostean fish, the bowfin, Amia calva L. AB - Yellow corpuscles from the ventral surface of the anterior kidney in bowfins (Amia calva L.) converted [7-3H]pregnenolone to radioactive 11-deoxycortisol, cortisol, and corticosterone in vitro. Aldosterone was not detected. Cortisol was the predominant steroid at the end of a 3-hr incubation period (20 degrees C). These experiments are the first to demonstrate steroidogenesis in holostean yellow bodies and they are the first incubations with pure adrenocortical tissue, free of head kidney, in any bony fish. White corpuscles of Stannius located along the total length of the kidneys were incubated under identical conditions but adrenocortical steroids were not found. PMID- 3770447 TI - Germinal vesicle breakdown in oocytes of catfish, Mystus vittatus (Bloch): relative in vitro effectiveness of estradiol-17 beta, androgens, corticosteroids, progesterone, and other pregnene derivatives. AB - The relative in vitro effectiveness of estradiol-17 beta, androgen, corticosteroids, progesterone, and other pregnene derivatives on germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) using folliculated oocytes of an Indian catfish Mystus vittatus was investigated. 17 alpha,20 beta-Dihydroxyprogesterone was found to be the most effective maturation-inducing steroid (MIS). Estradiol-17 beta and testosterone were not effective but androsterone was found to be fairly effective in final oocyte maturation. Deoxycorticosterone (DOC), hydrocortisone, progesterone, and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone were also effective at their higher concentrations. Among 5 beta-reduced pregnenes, all but 5 beta-pregnene-3 alpha-ol-20-one could induce oocyte maturation. The significance of these findings in relation to the progestagens as natural MIS and the present controversial position of another Indian catfish Heteropneustes fossilis is discussed in the light of available literature. PMID- 3770448 TI - The effects of sodium ipodate (ORAgrafin) on thyroid function in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. AB - Immature rainbow trout held at 12 +/- 1 degree were injected intraperitoneally with a fine saline suspension of sodium ipodate (5 mg/100 g body wt) every 3 days. Plasma 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) fell to 40% of control levels by Day 1 and remained at about this level for the duration of the study (22 days). Plasma L-thyroxine (T4) level was not altered on Day 1 but was lowered to 50% of control values by Days 7 and 22. Immersion of trout in T4 (2 micrograms/100 ml water) elevated plasma T4 but did not alter the ipodate suppression of plasma T3. Injection of control or ipodate-treated trout with [125I]T4, [125I]T3, or Na131I indicated that in addition to blocking T45'-monodeiodination to T3, ipodate also decreased plasma clearance of T4 and T3 and their removal by the bile. Ipodate did not alter the hepatosomatic index but did depress the hematocrit by 22 days, possibly due to the hypothyroid state. In conclusion, ipodate at a dose of 5 mg/100 g, approximately one-tenth of a lethal dose, is an effective acute and chronic hypothyroid agent to administer to trout. PMID- 3770449 TI - An antiserum that recognizes mesotocin and isotocin: development of a homologous radioimmunoassay for plasma mesotocin in chickens (Gallus domesticus). AB - This report presents characteristics of an antiserum raised in a rabbit immunized with synthetic mesotocin (MT) conjugated to bovine thyroglobulin. Cross reactivity studies indicate that the antiserum (Kl-II) recognizes the carboxyl terminal "tail" of MT and isotocin (IT). A homologous, disequilibrium radioimmunoassay (RIA) for MT has been developed that can detect less than 1 pg of peptide. Plasma was extracted with octadecasilyl-silica. Recovery of MT from plasma was correlated with the amount added and averaged 70%. Different volumes of plasma and posterior pituitary extract, when measured in the assay system, yielded inhibition curves that were parallel with standard MT. Immunoreactive MT and AVT of plasma and neural lobe coeluted with synthetic standards after gel filtration. The ED50 of a heterologous, sequential saturation RIA for IT was 17.4 pg, suggesting that the MT antiserum may be useful for measuring the oxytocin like principle in bony fishes. Immunoreactive MT in plasma of cockerels increased and decreased with iv infusion of hypo- and hyperosmotic saline, respectively. The changes in plasma MT were inversely related to osmolality. Hyperosmotic saline infusion resulted in correlated increases in plasma AVT and osmolality. The data suggest that MT may be released by dilution and/or expansion of extracellular fluid in chickens. PMID- 3770450 TI - Disintegration of junctional feet in crayfish muscle fibres kept in vitro. PMID- 3770451 TI - Is inward calcium current in crayfish muscle membrane constituted of one or two components? AB - Two inward currents were observed in crayfish muscle membrane during depolarization steps by the method described by Adrian et al. (1970). Under voltage clamp conditions, hyperpolarization steps elicited a large current (leak current If), associated with an inward voltage dependent current. This inward current was inhibited by niflumic acid (NA), a drug known to block Cl---HCO-3 exchange (Cousin et Motais 1982; Brule et al. 1983b). Dynamic outward currents triggered by depolarizing steps were inhibited to a great extent by TEA, the not inhibited portion disappearing when procaine (2 mmol/l) was added to external solution. In the presence of TEA, procaine and NA, it was thus possible to dissect the regenerative calcium current (ICa) into two components: a "fast component" (ICa1) and a "slow component" (ICa2). The reversal potential of ICa was 65 mV (for [Ca]0 = 2.8 mmol/l), and [Ca]i could be calculated to be 1.6 X 10( 5) mol/l. This value of [Ca]i is the same as calculated from values reported by Hencek and Zachar (1977). ICa1 was triggered at a threshold membrane potential of -45 mV and ICa2 at -30 mV. Moreover, the inactivation kinetics for ICa1 was faster than that for ICa2. Our results are in perfect agreement with those obtained by Zahradnik and Zachar (1982) who postulated two populations of calcium channels. PMID- 3770452 TI - NMR relaxation and the structure of a synthetic DNA poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT). AB - 1H-1H and 31P-1H nuclear Overhauser effects and 31P NMR spin-lattice relaxation times were measured for a synthetic DNA poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT) in a low-salt aqueous solution. The results have shown that all bases in the double helix are anti-orientated with respect to deoxyribose residues and that the sugar-phosphate backbone has an alternating architecture. PMID- 3770453 TI - The role of fluctuations of red blood cell LPO products in transition processes. AB - The stochastic reliability model of biosystem in transition processes (adaptation of rats to new ecological conditions) and in pathogenesis of trauma is discussed. The role of fluctuations of LPO products in transition processes is illustrated on autoregulation mechanisms of red blood cell membranes in rats. The first adaptation phase is characterized by an increased MDA concentration dispersion- the swing of biosystem. The second phase is characterized by decreased fluctuations and increased reliability. The degree of the "swing" plays an important role under extreme conditions of pathogenesis of trauma. PMID- 3770454 TI - The effects of tetracaine on the electrical and mechanical activity of the guinea pig ureter smooth muscle. PMID- 3770455 TI - Momentum balance equation for ion mediated transport. PMID- 3770456 TI - Computer simulation of single-file transport. AB - A stochastic model of single-file transport was developed as the Markov process in continuous time technique. The model was constructed using an EC-1060 computer. Unidirectional fluxes were investigated and populations of channels were correlated with flux fluctuations. The profiles of channel populations were shown to have nonlinear shapes even with the transport of nonelectrolyte (the classical diffusion approach gives linear profiles). The relationship between the paired correlation function F(AB) and the concentration of transported particles was examined. The F(AB) profile was shown to become flattened (or exponential for asymmetrical cases) at high concentrations. The concentration dependence jA/jA0 ratio were analyzed, where jA is a single-file unidirectional flux, jA0 is unidirectional flux for the case of free diffusion. An interesting "stack" phenomenon was observed for abnormal time correlations of single-file fluxes. PMID- 3770457 TI - Hydration properties and structure of phosphatidylcholine membranes in the presence of n-nonyl bromide. AB - Interaction of chemical fusogen n-nonyl bromide with a model membrane formed from phosphatidylcholine was studied using 2D-NMR spectra of heavy water and 31P-NMR proton decoupled spectra of the lipid phosphate group in multilamellar lipid dispersions. n-Nonyl bromide was found to influence the hydration layer of the model membrane. No participation of phosphatidylcholine molecules in non-bilayer configurations of the membrane was observed. PMID- 3770458 TI - Structure/nerve membrane effect relationships of some local anaesthetics. AB - Data on electron structure and octanol-water partition coefficients of certain local anaesthetics are compared with the capacity of reversibly block the action potential of the frog sciatic nerve. Some active parts in the molecules of these substances have been shown to be primarily involved in the action of local anaesthetics. PMID- 3770459 TI - Effects of pH, temperature and Ca2+ content on the conformation of alpha lactalbumin in a medium modelling physiological conditions. AB - Data obtained by the intrinsic protein fluorescence technique showed that, in addition to Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions, bovine alpha-lactalbumin also binds physiologically significant Na+ and K+ ions, the nucleotides ATP, ADP, UTP, UDP and UDP-galactose. The release of the bound Ca2+ ions from the protein in a medium modelling physiological conditions (containing Mg2+, Na+, K+, ATP and ADP in physiological concentrations) induced a transition of the protein from the native state of the Ca2+-loaded form to a state which is a mixture of native and and thermally changed states of the apo- and metal bound forms. Any variations in temperature result in changes in the populations of these states. This may be associated with some Ca2+ and temperature dependent regulation of the protein function. Variations of pH within the physiological limits had little influence on the conformation of both Ca2+-loaded and Ca2+-free alpha-lactalbumin. PMID- 3770460 TI - Graphical analysis of circular dichroic spectra distinguishes between two-state and gradual alterations in DNA conformation. AB - A simple graphical method is proposed to distinguish between two-state and gradual alterations in DNA conformation from circular dichroic spectra. The method is advantageous particularly to identify two-state conformational isomerizations which exhibit low degree of cooperativity. The usefulness of the method is illustrated on the examples of two synthetic DNA molecules which isomerize due to temperature changes or changes in salt concentration. The method can be used to characterize any phenomenon accompanied by alterations in optical activity. PMID- 3770461 TI - A study of drug binding to DNA by partial intercalation using a model phenazine derivative. AB - Spectrophotometry, thermal denaturation, sedimentation, and viscometric techniques were used in a study of interaction of double helical DNA with an asymmetric phenazinium derivative, aposafranine. The results obtained indicate that aposafranine binds to DNA by a single binding mode, a wedge-like partial intercalation. PMID- 3770462 TI - Correlations between redox-state potential changes in different tissues and the heart frequency in vivo. AB - Redosis evoked in different tissues by methylene-blue or menadione (oxidants), resulted in an increase in heart frequency, while oxidosis evoked by thiamine or cysteine (reductants) diminished the frequency. In isolated organ tissues where compensatory redox feed back overshoots are rarely to develop, owing to the low redox buffer capacity and lack of the influence of nervous and humoral factors, the heart frequency decreased in response to direct oxidosis induced by the application of oxidants, and increased following reductant application; this suggested an environmental type redox regulatory influence of the agents rather than specific action of the agents. This environmental type effect can result from direct action on isolated organs, or from direct and indirect actions in vivo. An increased redox-state potential resulted in decreased heart frequency and inversely. In a pathological situation provoked by complete strangulation of aortae, a significant oxidosis developed in parallel with a decrease in heart frequency. On increasing the redox buffer capacity by application of methylene blue (oxidant), or thiamine (reductant) both the redox and the resulting heart frequency changes could readily be counteracted. When cigarette smoke was pumped through an intratracheal tube, a significant redosis developed in the heart ventricle in parallel with an increased heart frequency. These data show that regardless of the origin of redox-state potential changes in tissues, a shift to oxidosis decreases and a shift to redosis increases the heart frequency. PMID- 3770463 TI - Alternative matrix seriation, traditional seriation, and multiple classification. AB - This study investigated the structural relationships between traditional seriation tasks derived from Piaget's publications and alternative matrix seriation on the one hand, and alternative matrix seriation and multiple classification on the other. Subjects were 464 children from two kindergartens and three primary schools, Grades 1 through 6 who completed these three types of tasks. Factor analysis revealed that the alternative matrix seriation tasks (often used in neo-Piagetian research) did not reflect the same underlying concept as the traditional seriation tasks derived from Piaget's publications. In contrast, we found that alternative matrix seriation referred to the same underlying concept as multiple classification. We concluded that the alternative matrix seriation tasks cannot serve as a replacement for the traditional seriation tasks in assessing a child's seriation capacity. PMID- 3770464 TI - Conditioned hyperventilation as a factor in animal, infant, and adult apnea: a theoretical analysis of experimental and clinical data. AB - An apnea hypothesis is proposed termed Conditioned Hyperventilation. An organism (animal, infant, or adult) can become conditioned to anticipate traumatic terminal breathing. The resulting hyperventilation produces excessive oxygen, which triggers apnea, allowing an increase in carbon dioxide. This apnea serves as an additional unconditioned stimulus (UCS) causing the hyperventilation (apnea) to increase. Organic blockage can also serve as the UCS. Apnea may be reduced or prevented by monitoring and extinguishing hyperventilation through the use of behavioral modification techniques, or biofeedback. Infant lung collapse during the first six months is suggested as one UCS in infants. PMID- 3770465 TI - Sex determination in the nematode C. elegans: analysis of tra-3 suppressors and characterization of fem genes. AB - Mutations of the gene tra-3 result in partial masculinization of XX animals of C. elegans, which are normally hermaphrodites (males are XO). A total of 43 tra-3 revertants (one intragenic, 42 extragenic) have been isolated and analyzed, in the hope of identifying new sex-determination loci. Most (38) of the extra-genic suppressors cause partial or complete feminization of XX and XO animals; the remaining four are weak suppressors. The feminizing suppressors are mostly alleles of known sex-determining genes: tra-1 (11 dominant alleles), tra-2 (one dominant allele), fem-1 (four alleles) and fem-2 (four alleles), but 18 are alleles of a new gene, fem-3. Additional alleles have been isolated for the fem-2 and fem-3 genes, as well as fem-3 deficiencies. Mutations in fem-3 resemble alleles of fem-1 (previously characterized): putative null alleles result in complete feminization of XX and XO animals, transforming them into fertile females. Severe alleles of fem-2 also cause complete feminization of XX animals at all temperatures, but feminization of fem-2 XO animals is temperature sensitive: complete at 25 degrees, incomplete at 20 degrees. As with fem-1, severe mutations of fem-2 and fem-3 are wholly epistatic to masculinizing alleles of tra-2 and tra-3, and epistatic to tra-1 masculinizing alleles in the germline, but not in the soma. All three fem genes are essential for male development and appear to have a dual role in promoting spermatogenesis and repressing tra-1 activity. All three fem genes exhibit strong maternal effects; the maternal contribution of fem gene products may be inactivated in XX animals by a posttranscriptional mechanism. Maternal contributions of wild-type fem-3 product are necessary for normal XO male development and XX hermaphrodite (as opposed to female) development. PMID- 3770466 TI - The influence of genetic background and the homologous chromosome 17 on t haplotype transmission ratio distortion in mice. AB - Transmission ratio distortion is a characteristic of complete t-haplotypes, such that heterozygous males preferentially transmit the t-haplotype bearing chromosome 17 to the majority of their progeny. At least two genes contained within the t-haplotype have been identified as being required for such high transmission ratios. In this study we examine the effects of the genetic background and the chromosome homologous to the t-haplotype on transmission ratio distortion. We use two different congenic lines: BTBRTF/Nev.Ttf/t12, in which the t12 haplotype has a transmission ratio of 52%, and C3H/DiSn.Ttf/t12, in which the t12 haplotype has a transmission ratio of 99%. By intercrossing these two strains to produce reciprocal F1 and F2 generations, we have isolated the effects of the homologous chromosome 17 from the effects of the genetic background. We demonstrate that both the homologous chromosome and the genetic background have profound effects on t-haplotype transmission ratio distortion. Furthermore, it is evident that the t-haplotype transmission ratio behaves as a quantitative character rather than an intrinsic property of t-haplotypes. PMID- 3770467 TI - Genetic analysis of liver neuraminidase isozymes in Rattus norvegicus: independent control of NEU-1 and NEU-2 phenotypes. AB - Two recently identified isozymes of neuraminidase in rat liver were examined for transmission patterns and linkage relationships, and for variation among inbred strains. The isozymes, designated neuraminidase-1 (NEU-1) and neuraminidase-2 (NEU-2), exhibited no electrophoretic mobility variants among the 22 inbred strains examined, but did possess striking interstrain variation in activity phenotypes on electrophoretic gels. The results of a backcross analysis involving the KGH and ACP strains revealed that NEU-1 and NEU-2 phenotypes are independently controlled, each by a single autosomal locus with additively acting alleles. The two loci are unlinked to one another, but the gene controlling NEU-1 is tightly linked to RT1, the rat major histocompatibility complex. This gene is almost certainly identical to Neu-1, a gene identified previously through its effect on "total" activity levels of liver neuraminidase as determined by fluorometric assay of tissue homogenates. NEU-2 and the gene controlling its phenotype were not detected by the fluorometric technique. We designate the genes controlling the NEU-1 and NEU-2 phenotypes as Neu-1 and Neu-2, respectively. Data from this and other studies place Neu-1 between Glo-1 and dw-3. The location of Neu-2 is unknown. PMID- 3770468 TI - The genetic structure of a tribal population, the Yanomama Indians. XV. Patterns inferred by autocorrelation analysis. AB - Fifteen allele frequencies have previously been determined for 50 villages of the Yanomama, an Amerindian tribe from southern Venezuela and northern Brazil. These frequencies were subjected to spatial autocorrelation analysis to investigate their population structure. There are significant spatial patterns for most allele frequencies. Clinical patterns, investigated by one-dimensional and directional spatial correlograms, were relatively few in number and were moderate in strength. Overall, however, there is a marked decline in genetic similarity with geographic distance. The results are compatible with a hierarchic population structure superimposed on the geography, and generated by a stochastic fission fusion model of village propagation, followed by localized gene flow. Strong temporal autocorrelations of allele frequencies based on linguistic-historical distances representing time since divergence were also found. There appears to be a stronger relation between geography and linguistic-historical hierarchic subdivisions than between either feature and genetic distances. These findings confirm by different approaches the results of earlier analyses concerning the important roles of both stochastic and social factors in determining village allele frequencies and the occurrence within this tribe of some allele frequency clines most likely due to the operation of chance historical processes. PMID- 3770469 TI - The molecular evolution of actin. AB - We have investigated the molecular evolution of plant and nonplant actin genes comparing nucleotide and amino acid sequences of 20 actin genes. Nucleotide changes resulting in amino acid substitutions (replacement substitutions) ranged from 3-7% for all pairwise comparisons of animal actin genes with the following exceptions. Comparisons between higher animal muscle actin gene sequences and comparisons between higher animal cytoplasmic actin gene sequences indicated less than 3% divergence. Comparisons between plant and nonplant actin genes revealed, with two exceptions, 11-15% replacement substitution. In the analysis of plant actins, replacement substitution between soybean actin genes SAc1, SAc3, SAc4 and maize actin gene MAc1 ranged from 8-10%, whereas these members within the soybean actin gene family ranged from 6-9% replacement substitution. The rate of sequence divergence of plant actin sequences appears to be similar to that observed for animal actins. Furthermore, these and other data suggest that the plant actin gene family is ancient and that the families of soybean and maize actin genes have diverged from a single common ancestral plant actin gene that originated long before the divergence of monocots and dicots. The soybean actin multigene family encodes at least three classes of actin. These classes each contain a pair of actin genes that have been designated kappa (SAc1, SAc6), lambda (SAc2, SAc4) and mu (SAc3, SAc7). The three classes of soybean actin are more divergent in nucleotide sequence from one another than higher animal cytoplasmic actin is divergent from muscle actin. The location and distribution of amino acid changes were compared between actin proteins from all sources. A comparison of the hydropathy of all actin sequences, except from Oxytricha, indicated a strong similarity in hydropathic character between all plant and nonplant actins despite the greater number of replacement substitutions in plant actins. These protein sequence comparisons are discussed with respect to the demonstrated and implicated roles of actin in plants and animals, as well as the tissue-specific expression of actin. PMID- 3770470 TI - Multiplicative genotype-environment interaction as a cause of reversed response to directional selection. AB - In experiments with directional selection on a quantitative character a "reversed response" to selection is occasionally observed, when selection of individuals for a higher (lower) value of the character results in a lower (higher) value of the character among their offspring. A sudden change in environments or random drift is often assumed to be responsible for this. It is demonstrated in this paper that these two causes cannot account for the reversed response at least in some of the experiments. Multiplicative genotype-environment interaction is discussed as a possible cause of a reversed response to directional selection. Such interaction entails either disruptive or stabilizing genotypic selection, even when the phenotypic selection is directional. PMID- 3770471 TI - Activity of the sex-determining gene tra-2 is modulated to allow spermatogenesis in the C. elegans hermaphrodite. AB - In the nematode C. elegans, there are two sexes, the self-fertilizing hermaphrodite (XX) and the male (XO). The hermaphrodite is essentially a female that makes sperm for a brief period before oogenesis. Sex determination in C. elegans is controlled by a pathway of autosomal regulatory genes, the state of which is determined by the X:A ratio. One of these genes, tra-2, is required for hermaphrodite development, but not for male development, because null mutations in tra-2 masculinize XX animals but have no effect on XO males. Dominant, gain-of function tra-2 mutations have now been isolated that completely feminize the germline of XX animals so that they make only oocytes and no sperm and, thus, are female. Most of the tra-2(dom) mutations do not correspondingly feminize XO animals, so they do not appear to interfere with control by her-1, a gene thought to negatively regulate tra-2 in XO animals. Thus, these mutations appear to cause gain of tra-2 function in the XX animal only. Dosage studies indicate that 5 of 7 tra-2(dom) alleles are hypomorphic, so they do not simply elevate XX tra-2 activity overall. These properties suggest that in the wild type, tra-2 activity is under two types of control: (1) in males, it is inactivated by her-1 to allow male development to occur, and (2) in hermaphrodites, tra-2 is active but transiently inactivated by another, unknown, regulator to allow hermaphrodite spermatogenesis; this mode of regulation is hindered by the tra-2(dom) mutations, thereby resulting in XX females. PMID- 3770472 TI - Gene conversion disparity: factors influencing its direction and extent, with tests of assumptions and predictions in its evolutionary effects. AB - The evolutionarily important characteristics of gene conversion disparity extent and direction are surveyed in fungi. Temperature and background genotype can have small or large effects, sometimes even changing the direction of disparity. Disparity results from Sordaria and Ascobolus were very similar, with between strain, between-data set and between-locus differences being larger than those between species or genera. In general, different loci in an organism show similar disparity properties when comparable types of mutation are considered, but may not do so in pooled results containing different proportions of different mutation types. Frameshifts typically have strong disparities, usually with negative signs for single base additions and positive signs for single base deletions. Base substitutions tend to have moderate disparities, favoring wild type more often than mutant in most data sets. Large deletions usually have significant disparity, either positive or negative. For comparable molecular types of mutation, spontaneous and induced mutations had roughly similar disparity properties.--Experimental tests and theoretical considerations generally failed to support a number of assumptions and predictions made in previous treatments of gene conversion in evolution. In general, a mutation's conversion properties depend much more on its molecular type in relation to wild type than on any evolved conversion advantages or disadvantages. PMID- 3770473 TI - Modifications in estimating the number of genes for a quantitative character. AB - In estimating the minimum number of genes contributing to a quantitative character, it is suggested that the squared difference between the means of the two parents be corrected for experimental variance and that the genetic variance stemming from differences in gene frequencies of the parents be estimated by least squares utilizing information on all entries. PMID- 3770474 TI - Behavioral medicine: treatment and organizational issues. AB - Behavioral medicine is a newly emerging field dating back to the early 1970s. In this short time, a great deal of controversy and confusion has arisen as to even the definition of the term. Similarly, there are now a variety of different operational applications of this concept in patient care, research, and health care system organizations. It is proposed that the title "behavioral medicine" be used in the most general way, consistent with the definition developed by the Institute of Medicine meeting in 1978. In it, behavioral medicine is a term designating a very large field and is not analogous to a profession, medical specialty, or discipline. This term denotes a body of psychologic and social knowledge and a set of techniques applied to research, prevention, and treatment of medical illness, including psychiatric illness. By this definition, behavioral medicine treatment techniques would include psychotherapy, hypnosis, relaxation, behavior therapy, behavior modification, biofeedback, and pharmacotherapy. One of the cardinal principles of behavioral medicine as a field is that well-defined treatment techniques are used for specific target symptoms or signs of illness. It is proposed that individual behavioral medicine treatment programs be called by the name of either the specific treatment utilized or of the target(s) of the intervention. It is important to ensure collaboration between the variety of treatment and research programs that would fall under this general definition of behavioral medicine, which includes consultation-liaison psychiatry. An organizational model is proposed that would combine all such programs within a multidisciplinary division of a department of psychiatry. This division might be entitled with one or both names, e.g., "consultation-liaison psychiatry and behavioral medicine." Perhaps most importantly, this new field should not promise more than it may be able to provide, particularly in trying to achieve the biopsychosocial model of medicine. Many factors have contributed to the rise of biomedicine and to the decline of personal medicine, most of them far beyond the scope and control of behavioral medicine. PMID- 3770475 TI - The general hospital as a center of biopsychosocial training. AB - Utilization of general hospitals as training sites for undergraduate and graduate medical education provides special opportunities for integration of biologic, psychologic, and social factors in health care. For medical students, the general hospital environment ideally facilitates learning a core of psychiatric knowledge and the biopsychosocial approach to all illness while attracting some students to psychiatric careers. By spending much of their internship year in the general hospital, psychiatric residents integrate psychiatry into the rest of medicine and develop collegial relations with nonpsychiatrists. Residency training in the general hospital perpetuates this integrative experience and allows in-depth training in consultation-liaison psychiatry. Despite the multiple advantages of general hospitals in training students and residents, limitations of this setting also exist. PMID- 3770476 TI - [Detection of homozygotes and heterozygote carriers of GM2-gangliosidosis]. AB - 11 patients with Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) and 4 patients with Sandhoff disease were identified using the methods of heat inactivation of hexosaminidase at 50 degrees C (3 and 4 hours) and electrofocusing on PAG-plates in the pH range 3.5 9.5. Ion exchange chromatography on DEAE cellulose DE-52 proved to be reliable for identification of heterozygotes in cases when the proband was not available. The incidence of TSD gene was estimated in 2 population samples--from the cities of Gomel and Kostroma. It was about 0.004 in the Gomel sample. No heterozygotes were detected in Kostroma. PMID- 3770477 TI - [Clinico-genetical analysis of colonic cancer. I. Occurrence, frequency in families and segregation analysis]. AB - The data on clinico-genealogic studies of colon cancer are presented. 694 families were examined with 432 probands having rectal and 262 colonic carcinoma among them. Clear family accumulation of colon cancer (2.4 +/- 0.35%) as well as other malignant tumors (6.8 +/- 0.6%) (p less than 0.01) was shown among the relatives of the first degree of relation. The values of segregation rates obtained for clinical forms of colon cancer were lower than theoretically expected for simple monogenic types of inheritance. The analysis of incomplete penetration of genotypes showed that, though formally the inheritance of colon cancer and its clinico-anatomical forms may be described by quasi-dominant types of inheritance, the penetration values are very low: from 4.3 to 13.3% for homozygotes and from 2.1 to 6.6% for heterozygotes. It shows that the supposition about the monogenic types of the colon cancer inheritance is doubtful and suggests that the colon cancer is to be regarded on the basis of the multifactorial model. PMID- 3770478 TI - [Genetic and ecological study of aboriginal populations of northeastern Siberia. I. Gm-haplotypes and their frequency in 10 chukchi populations. Genetic structure of reindeer chukchi]. AB - G1m (z, a, x, f) and G3m (g, b0, b1, b3, b5, s, t) allotypes were tested in 1079 Chukchi inhabitants of interior Chukotka and adjacent Kamchatka. Genetic variation at this particular locus is provided by the presence of three haplotypes, namely, za;g, zax;g and za;bO35st, revealed with mean frequencies of 0.748, 0.089 and 0.154, respectively. Traces of Caucasian Gm (f;bO135) haplotype were observed in 9 of 10 populations studied. Judging from its frequency in the whole group (0.009), European admixture in Reindeer Chukchi did not exceed 1.3%. Analysis of covariance and variance matrices containing gene frequencies for 11 polymorphic loci revealed the aspects of genetic structure. Simultaneously, the action of systematic versus nonsystematic pressure was also evaluated and interpreted in the light of historical and ecological events. PMID- 3770480 TI - Molecular cloning of the gene encoding the valyl-tRNA synthetase from Bacillus stearothermophilus. AB - The valS gene from the thermophile Bacillus stearothermophilus encoding the valyl tRNA synthetase has been cloned on a 13.8-kb plasmid. The gene product and its kinetic properties are comparable with those of the native enzyme. PMID- 3770479 TI - Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of human alpha 1 acid glycoprotein cDNA. AB - A cDNA clone has been isolated from a pEX expression library that encodes alpha 1 acid glycoprotein. We present the complete nucleotide sequence encoding this protein and compare the derived amino acid sequence with pre-existing data. PMID- 3770481 TI - Pneumonia and influenza: vaccination of elderly is justified. AB - With the availability of today's immunogenic agents, there is no excuse for the physician not to attempt to routinely vaccinate his or her elderly patients. PMID- 3770482 TI - Postherpetic neuralgia: a workable treatment plan. AB - Management of established postherpetic neuralgia should proceed on several fronts simultaneously and may include pain-oriented treatments that are pharmacologic, neuroaugmentative, anesthetic, physiatric, psychological, and surgical. Many patients develop a pattern of abnormal illness behavior, manifesting loss of interest in work or avocations, social withdrawal, and disturbance of family roles. Improvement in these impairments must be a goal that is as important as amelioration of the pain itself. PMID- 3770483 TI - Type II diabetes: role of first- and second-generation drugs. AB - Tight glycemic control in the elderly diabetic patient can drastically alter the patient's life-style. A balanced approach allows somewhat higher plasma glucose levels while preventing the serious acute complications of poor glycemic control. Sulfonylureas are the agents of choice in most elderly type II diabetic patients when fasting plasma glucose cannot be maintained below 140 mg/dl with diet and exercise. Consider insulin therapy when symptomatic fasting hyperglycemia above 200 mg/dl persists. PMID- 3770484 TI - Management of common infections in the elderly outpatient. AB - Bacteriuria is not thought to cause progressive renal damage in the asymptomatic adult. Therefore, in the elderly patient with relapsing asymptomatic bacteriuria, further antibiotic therapy may be withheld, and the patient instructed to return in the event of symptomatic exacerbations. Postherpetic neuralgia is particularly frequent and severe in the elderly, occurring in 25 to 40% of patients over age 60 with herpes zoster. When the patient is seen within the first week, a 3-week regimen of oral corticosteroid therapy may shorten the duration of neuralgia. PMID- 3770485 TI - Helping families cope with Alzheimer's: the physician's role. AB - The physician's expressed approval of the caregiver's performance has much credibility with the caregiver, thus providing relief. No matter how many hours of devoted care are given, a caregiver almost never hears a "thank you" from a demented loved one. By listening closely to the caregiver, the physician will glean information decisive to the care of both the demented patient and the caregiver. This personal attention also affords the caregiver an outlet for stress. PMID- 3770486 TI - An atypical cardiac lesion yields to clinical alertness. PMID- 3770487 TI - Effect of dietary beta-carotene on the survival of young and old mice. AB - Feeding 0.5% beta-carotene in the diet for life beginning at 29 days of age improved the average life span of C57BL/6J male mice by 5.0% but decreased the life span of mice started at 608 days of age by 11.5%. Neither difference, however, proved to be statistically significant. Feeding beta-carotene increased the concentration of beta-carotene in the serum by 60% but did not change the beta-carotene content of heart, liver or kidney. We conclude that singlet oxygen, which is very efficiently quenched by beta-carotene, is an important factor in senescence only if it is produced at organ sites not accessible to serum beta carotene. Since we have found that beta-carotene feeding is not a useful means for increasing tissue concentrations of beta-carotene, other more sophisticated means must be developed for accomplishing this purpose. It is also clear that while dietary beta-carotene is not an effective means for prolonging life span, it is nontoxic when fed continuously at high concentrations. PMID- 3770488 TI - Normal thermostability of hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase in erythrocytes from Werner's syndrome patients. AB - The thermostability of erythrocyte hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase of 2 Werner's syndrome patients was compared with that of normal subjects of different ages. No significant difference was observed regarding the thermal stability of the enzyme among normal subjects and Werner's syndrome patients. The activities of other erythrocyte enzymes, phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase, adenosine deaminase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase, were similar between Werner's syndrome and normal subjects. PMID- 3770489 TI - Cell membrane transport enzymes in cultured dermal fibroblasts from progeroid donors: a comparison to other human fibroblasts. AB - Cell membranes from progeroid fibroblasts had an elevated Na+, K+ ATPase. Ca++ ATPase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were markedly decreased in progeroid fibroblast membranes. 5'-nucleotide phosphatase was unchanged, compared to age- and sex-matched normal fibroblast membranes. Fetal lung fibroblasts and dermal fibroblast from myotonic dystrophy victims had enzyme activities similar to those of the normal dermal fibroblasts. PMID- 3770490 TI - Postural influences on urinary incontinence in the elderly. AB - To evaluate the requirement for provocative cystometry in urodynamic investigation in the elderly with urinary incontinence, 100 consecutive patients, who were referred on the basis of defined clinical criteria, were first studied by supine cystometry followed by provocative tests where necessary. The most satisfactory means of performing these in the elderly is discussed and the common incontinence patterns, which may point to their need, are described. Arising from the results, the different causes of acute onset from chronic stress incontinence in elderly female patients are emphasised. PMID- 3770491 TI - A new look at the natural history and clinical features of intracerebral haemorrhage: a clinical CT scan correlation. AB - Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH), as documented in 77 patients by computerized tomographic (CT) scans, was studied with regard to presentation, neurological features and outcome. Death occurred in 34%, a lower figure than was thought in the pre-CT scan era, and comparable to reported series in the last 10 years. Survival was more common in patients with intralobar haemorrhage, in which there was a less close association with hypertension or with coma. Intraventricular haemorrhages carried a bad prognosis with 14 deaths out of the 24 patients thus diagnosed. Eighty-eight percent of the survivors returned home, and nearly half of them had almost normal function. The main negative prognostic factors as determined by discriminant analysis were: presentation with coma over several hours, abnormalities of pupils or eye movements, inability to be mobilized after an average of 4 days, large volume of haematoma as measured in CT scan and intraventricular bleeding. It is important to make the diagnosis in order not to give anticoagulant treatment inappropriately, and there should be awareness that ICH is more common than was previously thought. PMID- 3770492 TI - Blunted response of serum aldosterone to metoclopramide in the male elderly. AB - Serum aldosterone values were determined in 6 elderly (70-82 years) and in 6 adult (31-43 years) male subjects after the intravenous administration of 10 mg of metoclopramide. A significant difference in the metoclopramide-induced serum aldosterone rise was found between the two groups, it being blunted in the older subjects (serum aldosterone peak values: 15.8 +/- 3.6 ng/dl and 38.7 +/- 4.9 ng/dl in elderly and in adult subjects, respectively). The existence of an impaired aldosterone secretion in response to dopaminergic blockade in the elderly is postulated. PMID- 3770493 TI - Bacterial arthritis in the elderly. AB - The clinical and microbiological features of bacterial arthritis in 21 elderly patients presenting to hospitals in an English health district over the decade 1973-1982 are reviewed. Differences from bacterial arthritis in younger patients include the high prevalence (71%) of underlying joint disease, infections more commonly affecting the hip (38%), absence of constitutional features of toxaemia and delay in diagnosis. Outcome in elderly patients is markedly worse, with an appreciable mortality attributable to the condition. PMID- 3770494 TI - Chronic cerebrovascular disorders: hemorheological and psychobehavioral aspects. AB - In order to evaluate the existence of a correlation between the hemorheological and the psychobehavioral pattern in chronic cerebrovascular disorder (CCVD) patients, 54 elderly CCVD patients were enrolled in the study. After a thorough clinical and instrumental examination they underwent a hemorheological and psychobehavioral assessment. The results showed a clear correlation between the severity of the psychobehavioral disorder and the hemorheological alterations, particularly with regard to the cellular factors. A hypothesis to explain these findings and future research trends are also discussed. PMID- 3770495 TI - The realities of respite for families, clients, and sponsors. PMID- 3770496 TI - A model of interdisciplinary ambulatory geriatric care in a Veterans Administration Medical Center. PMID- 3770497 TI - Behavioral treatment of deficit skills in dementia patients. PMID- 3770498 TI - A behavioral intervention to increase exercise among nursing home residents. PMID- 3770500 TI - Aging of tenants: termination policy in public senior housing. PMID- 3770499 TI - The epidemiology of mental disorder in the elderly: a response to the Senate/AARP report. PMID- 3770501 TI - Senior center linkages in the community. PMID- 3770502 TI - Retirement financial planning among professional workers. PMID- 3770504 TI - Constraints to participation in outdoor recreation across the life span: a nationwide study of limitors and prohibitors. PMID- 3770503 TI - Later life leisure: how they play in Peoria. PMID- 3770506 TI - Health-seeking behavior among the elderly. PMID- 3770505 TI - Knowledge of aging and cognitive styles in baccalaureate nursing students. PMID- 3770507 TI - Estimating lifetime risk of nursing home residency: a further note. PMID- 3770508 TI - Proposed evaluation criteria for screening programs for the elderly. PMID- 3770509 TI - On Ludman and Newman's assessment of nutritional need. PMID- 3770510 TI - [Objectives of hygienic measures in the reorganization and modernization of industry]. PMID- 3770511 TI - [Value of aerophytotherapy in the complex sanatorium and climate treatment of patients with pneumoconiosis and dust-induced bronchitis]. PMID- 3770512 TI - [Use of a simple cybernetic method for determining the severity of dust-induced bronchitis]. PMID- 3770513 TI - [Hygienic characteristics of working conditions and the functional status of technicians in agricultural aviation]. PMID- 3770514 TI - [Data regarding the toxicology of CO]. PMID- 3770515 TI - [Problems of toxicologic studies and hygienic standardization of dyes and the half-finished products used in their synthesis]. PMID- 3770516 TI - [Materials for substantiating the MPEL of dimethyl sulfate in the air of the work area]. PMID- 3770517 TI - [Various problems of sanitary control at animal breeding farms]. PMID- 3770518 TI - [Toxicologic properties and hygienic regulation of the sodium salt of 4-amino 3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid in the air of the work area]. PMID- 3770519 TI - [Chemiluminescence of the blood serum of experimental animals exposed to polymetallic dust]. PMID- 3770520 TI - [Role of folic acid in the compensation of disorders of protein synthesis caused by a plastics photostabilizer nitroxyl-2]. PMID- 3770521 TI - [Use of extraction chromatography in radiochemical analysis of biological specimens. Isolation and analysis of californium]. PMID- 3770522 TI - [A method of determining carbon monoxide in the presence of hydrogen sulfide]. PMID- 3770523 TI - [Reaction of liver cells to infrasound]. PMID- 3770524 TI - [Oxygen metabolism in the skin in chronic phosphorus poisoning]. PMID- 3770525 TI - [Aspects of the early detection and prevention of ovarian cancer]. PMID- 3770526 TI - [Diagnosis of ovarian cancer]. PMID- 3770527 TI - [Chemotherapy of ovarian cancer. Current status]. PMID- 3770528 TI - [Radiotherapy and ovarian cancer. Experiences up to now and current concepts of the Norwegian Radium Hospital]. PMID- 3770529 TI - [Possibilities and limits of the study of tumor markers in the after-care of patients with ovarian cancer]. PMID- 3770530 TI - Endometriosis and genital anomalies: some histogenetic aspects of external endometriosis. AB - Six cases with a coexistence of endometriosis and genital anomalies among 112 patients with external endometriosis and 90 patients with genital anomaly were detected. Three cases of severe endometriosis associated with uterovaginal duplication, unilateral renal agenesis and ipsilateral blind vagina and the latter in a patient with Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome are presented. Another case with obstructive genital anomaly without endometriosis is also presented. The histogenetic mechanisms of endometriosis are discussed. The transplantation theory is not sufficient to explain all the cases and, therefore, the theory of celomic metaplasia and the theory of mullerian remains or Cullen's theory, as well as the intervention of genetic-constitutional, immunologic, hormonal and other factors must also be considered. PMID- 3770531 TI - Digoxin-like substance in amniotic fluid--fact or artifact? AB - A digoxin-like immunoreactive substance (DLIS) has been reported in the amniotic fluid. Since radioimmunoassay kits are standardized using serum-based standards, we hypothesized that measurement of DLIS may be an artifact related to the low protein content of amniotic fluid. We analyzed 12 amniotic fluid samples before and after supplementation with lyophilized human serum. The means +/- SDs for DLIS (nmol/l) at protein concentrations of 0, 32 and 63 g/l were 1.4 +/- 0.16, 0.6 +/- 0.09, and 0.4 +/- 0.09 nmol/l, respectively. We, therefore, hypothesize that DLIS in amniotic fluid may in part be explained by a technical artifact. PMID- 3770532 TI - Successful surgical management of a severe case of starch peritonitis. AB - A severe case of starch peritonitis is presented where surgical intervention and resection of the major granuloma abruptly improved the patient's condition. The theoretical basis of the syndrome and the treatment are discussed. PMID- 3770533 TI - Mass screening in Sweden for cancer of the uterine cervix: effect on incidence and mortality. An overview. AB - An overview of mass screening for precancer and invasive cancer of the cervix uteri in Sweden 1964-1980 is given. Results of the screening program are presented. The decrease of incidence and mortality from invasive cancer of the cervix is presented and discussed. The increase of diagnosis of cancer in situ is illustrated. PMID- 3770534 TI - Effects of steroids on progesterone output by explants of human chorion. AB - Human chorion can synthesize and metabolize progesterone, and changes in progesterone synthesis by chorion at term might be important in the processes leading to parturition. We examined whether other steroids present within the maternal compartment and amniotic fluid during late pregnancy influence progesterone output by explants of chorion. We also sought differences in steroid effects on progesterone output in association with labor. Explants were prepared from chorion collected after the spontaneous onset of labor and vaginal delivery and chorion collected after cesarean section without active labor. To study the short-term effects of steroids on progesterone output by chorion, explants were incubated for 4 h with 3 microM pregnenolone and 3 microM of a potential interacting steroid. Other explants were preincubated for 24 h with steroid, then rinsed and incubated for 4 h with 3 microM pregnenolone and 3 microM of the same steroid as during preincubation. Under these conditions, dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione inhibited progesterone output by explants of chorion obtained at spontaneous labor and at cesarean section. Testosterone also inhibited progesterone output, but only in cesarean section chorion. If explants were preincubated for 24 h with steroid and then rinsed and incubated for 4 h with pregnenolone only, progesterone synthesis returned to control values. This finding indicates that the mechanism of action of these inhibitory steroids is likely through an effect on 3 beta-HSD activity and not due to a change in the rate of enzyme synthesis. We also noted apparent stimulatory effects of steroids.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3770535 TI - International Conference on Thrombolysis. Paris, March 15, 1985. PMID- 3770536 TI - Thrombolytic agents in the treatment of artificial-valve thrombosis in 15 cases. PMID- 3770537 TI - Myocardial infarction: how many patients arrive in time? The results of the French National Inquiry ENIM 84. PMID- 3770538 TI - Intracoronary streptokinase, OK! ... Intravenous streptokinase, first? Heparin or intravenous streptokinase in acute infarction: preliminary results of a prospective randomized trial with angiographic evaluation in 44 patients. PMID- 3770539 TI - Intravenous streptokinase versus heparin in recent acute myocardial infarction. Multicentre randomized trial in the Franche Comte area. PMID- 3770540 TI - Intravenous streptokinase versus heparin in the acute stage of myocardial infarction. A prospective randomised trial in south-east France. PMID- 3770541 TI - Recent myocardial infarction and thrombolysis: review and discussion. PMID- 3770542 TI - Streptokinase or urokinase: the choice between them. PMID- 3770543 TI - Can thrombolytics prevent post-phlebitic syndrome and thrombo-embolic disease? PMID- 3770544 TI - Does thrombolytic therapy alter the prognosis of pulmonary embolism? PMID- 3770545 TI - Does thrombolytic therapy have a place in the treatment of pulmonary embolism after the acute stage? PMID- 3770546 TI - Pulmonary embolism: what happens to the source of the embolus? PMID- 3770547 TI - Is a combination of urokinase and Lys-plasminogen by regional infusion indicated in ischaemia due to popliteal or infra-popliteal thrombosis? PMID- 3770548 TI - Thrombolytic treatment in obliterative arterial disease. Can thrombolytic agents compete with surgery? PMID- 3770549 TI - Fibrinolytic treatment of severe arterial disease of the legs. PMID- 3770550 TI - Acute thromboses of disc valve prostheses: fibrinolytic treatment-diagnosis. PMID- 3770551 TI - [International colloquium on thrombolysis. Paris, 15 March 1985]. PMID- 3770552 TI - [Thrombolytics in the treatment of thrombosis at valve prostheses: experience in 15 cases]. PMID- 3770553 TI - [Myocardial infarction: how many patients arrive in time? Results of 1984 National Myocardial Infarct Survey]. PMID- 3770554 TI - [Thrombolytic treatment with streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction]. PMID- 3770555 TI - [Intracoronary streptokinase, agreed!... Intravenous streptokinase first? Heparin or streptokinase intravenously given in acute infarct: preliminary results of a prospective and randomized study with angiographic control in 44 patients]. PMID- 3770556 TI - [Intravenous streptokinase versus heparin in the acute phase of myocardial infarction. Randomized prospective study in southeast France]. PMID- 3770557 TI - [Does thrombolytic treatment modify the prognosis of pulmonary embolism?]. PMID- 3770558 TI - [Do thrombolytic agents have a place in the treatment of pulmonary embolism after the acute phase?]. PMID- 3770559 TI - [Pulmonary embolism: what happens to the emboligenic focus?]. PMID- 3770560 TI - [Is it permissible to use the combination urokinase-plasminogen by local administration in ischemias caused by popliteal or sub-popliteal thrombosis?]. PMID- 3770561 TI - [Thrombolytic treatment of arteriopathies. Do thrombolytics compete with surgery?]. PMID- 3770562 TI - [Fibrinolytic treatment of severe arteriopathies of the lower limbs]. PMID- 3770564 TI - [Problems of rhinoplasty in the elderly]. AB - There is a reluctance amongst plastic surgeons to carry out a rhinoplasty in older patients. It is stated that many of these patients tend to be dissatisfied with their results. The noses of older people are characterized by a loss of skin elasticity often combined with a tendency for the nostrils to collapse. An analysis is made of the patients under our care relating to motives for surgery, indications, techniques, and the results are illustrated. PMID- 3770563 TI - [Acute thrombosis at disc valve prostheses: fibrinolytic treatment-- Diagnosis]. PMID- 3770565 TI - [Surgical therapy of presacral decubitus ulcer. Indications and technic in 39 consecutive cases]. AB - Grading and staging of ulcerations are defined using objective criteria. This allows for the initiation of specific therapies at various times. In addition, essential preoperative examinations are mentioned. The operative techniques, principles, and post-operative care are discussed. In a period of four years time the authors operated on 39 cases with presacral pressure sores. Complications are presented and discussed. Finally, in addition to the precautions required to prevent pressure sores, measures to limit their recurrence are mentioned. PMID- 3770566 TI - [Duplication of the scapula]. AB - Complete duplication of the shoulder blade has not been described so far in the literature. Two case reports with a duplication of the right shoulder blade in multiple malformations of the locomotor and postural apparatus are presented. In both children, the shoulder blades were mobilized and fused. The late examination shows good functional and cosmetic results. PMID- 3770567 TI - [Reconstruction of pronation of the forearm (experiences using the Zancolli operation)]. AB - A supination contracture of the forearm is a severe handicap in paraplegics as well as in brachial plexus pareses, e.g. in operating wheelchairs, supporting the upper part of the body and other daily tasks. For restoration of the pronation of the forearm, Zancolli et al. have suggested transfer of the biceps tendon. Since 1976, we have carried out this operation on 16 patients. These cases involved plexus pareses due to birth trauma, high transverse lesions of the cord with paraplegia. In two patients, there was spastic hemiparesis. The results are presented and discussed. Full active pronation can only rarely be achieved, since this is not possible for biomechanical reasons. However, the function of the arm can be improved in all patients by this operation. In children, this procedure should be carried out at an early stage before buckling of the forearm bones has occurred. PMID- 3770568 TI - [Replantation of the extremities with special reference to flanking measures]. AB - Replantation of extremities is presented and defined. A historical survey is offered. In addition to first aid, transport, preliminary procedures, and surgical treatment, special attention is given to conservation measures with consideration of experimental and pathophysiological principles. Experimental work performed by the author on rabbits is presented. The controversial value of perfusion is viewed in the light of clinical and experimental information; it is seen as the only conceivable means of long-term conservation. The risk of postischemic syndrome is discussed in relation to conservation. Hyperbaric oxygenation, which has as yet only been applied by a few authors in replantation of extremities, is also discussed. Results obtained are documented with the author's own clinical material. PMID- 3770569 TI - [A new method of surgical voice rehabilitation: microsurgical jejunum transplantation]. AB - A new method of surgical rehabilitation of the voice is being presented. A shunt is introduced between the trachea and the hypopharynx or the entrance to the oesophagus, by the use of a jejunal graft which is sutured isoperistaltically. By microsurgical anastomoses the jejunum is revascularized by the cervical vessels. Seven patients, having undergone total laryngectomy because of carcinoma of the larynx, have been treated by this procedure. In one case a venous thrombosis developed and the graft had to be resected. The other patients regained a voice, able to meet all requirements of daily life. The voice shows a remarkable low phonatory pressure, a good modulation capacity and a phonatic duration of up to 20 seconds. PMID- 3770571 TI - [Transposition of pedicled pisiform bone in the treatment of stage III lunate malacia]. AB - In six patients who were suffering from Stage III Kienbock's disease, as defined by Decoulx, the lunate was completely removed and replaced by the pisiforme on its vascular pedicle. There was an average follow-up of twenty months. The authors report a reduction in the level of pain and a 40 degrees average increase in mobility. PMID- 3770570 TI - Force transmission through the distal radioulnar carpal joint: effect of ulnar lengthening and shortening. AB - Although numerous surgical procedures are performed on the wrist joint, little has been written regarding the effect of these procedures on the biomechanics of the wrist. This study has been undertaken to examine the in vitro consequences of ulnar lengthening and shortening. We have measured the axial forces transmitted through the distal radius and ulna and the pressure distribution on the articulating surface of the radius and triangular fibrocartilage complex for the intact wrist, with ulnar lengthening and with ulnar shortening. Lengthening of the ulna by 2.5 mm in the intact wrist increased the force borne by the ulna from 18.4% to 41.9% of the total axial load. Shortening of the ulna by 2.5 mm decreased axial load borne by the ulna to 4.3%. Removal of the articular disc portion of the triangular fibrocartilage complex decreased the load on the intact ulna from 18.4% to 6.2%. The peak pressure at the ulnolunate articulation increased from 1.4 N/mm2 for the unaltered wrist to 3.3 N/mm2 when the ulna was lengthened by 2.5 mm. These results suggest that the biomechanics of the wrist joint can be dramatically altered with relatively small (2.5 mm) changes in ulnar length and by removal of the articular disc portion of the triangular fibrocartilage complex. PMID- 3770572 TI - [The Penrose drain as a finger tourniquet: a study]. AB - As finger tourniquets are used frequently in surgery of the hand, it is necessary to study the safety of this technique in order to prevent complications of ischemia such as described by Dove and Clifford in 1982. Finger tourniquets applied with high pressure compromise the blood flow to the finger as well as damage the digital nerves. The authors use their previously described technique for controlling the pressure beneath a penrose drain and measure the tissue pressure generated by such a technique by placing a Wick catheter along the neurovascular bundle of a cadaver finger as well as in the soft tissue of an in vivo Sprague Dowley rat hindlimb preparation. The pressures measured by this technique were consistent with what one would expect based on the estimated pressure generated by placing marks spaced 26 mm apart and stretching them the circumference of an average sized adult finger. PMID- 3770573 TI - [Computerized tomography study in carpal tunnel syndrome]. AB - A comprehensive study shows that the computer tomogram in proven carpal tunnel syndrome displays changes in the structures in the carpal tunnel like edema or fibrous modifications of the synovium in a clear form. Tumors and bone constrictions are also demonstrated by the help of the tomogram. In the same way, thickening of the flexor retinaculum or its displacement causing compression of the median nerve can be seen. Postoperatively we can differentiate between good and poor results. Nevertheless, we do not think the computer tomogram should be part of the standard examination of the carpal tunnel syndrome. PMID- 3770574 TI - [Fragment dislocation and surgical indications in segmental fractures of the radial head]. AB - The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of primary displacement of fragments of the radial head on the clinical result after conservative therapy, also to see whether the extent of displacement could give valuable indications for operation. In non-displaced fractures the results are slightly but significantly better than in displaced fractures. On the other hand, the amount of displacement must be considered to be of minor importance. In 64 percent of conservatively treated patients the results were good despite displacement and the results were similar after primary open reduction. It has to be assumed that undiagnosed lesions of the joint capsule and ligaments are the most important cause of residual functional deficits. PMID- 3770575 TI - [In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer in an outpatient unit]. PMID- 3770576 TI - [Incidence of myocardial infarction and risk factors in young women]. PMID- 3770577 TI - [Esophageal atresia and tracheo-esophageal fistula]. PMID- 3770578 TI - [Recurrent thromboembolic events in heterozygous protein C deficiency]. PMID- 3770579 TI - [Temporary keratitis sicca secondary to bilateral acute dacryoadenitis]. PMID- 3770580 TI - [Increased frequency of temporal arteritis]. PMID- 3770581 TI - [Human intranasal myiasis]. PMID- 3770582 TI - [Sinus node dysfunction induced by lithium]. PMID- 3770583 TI - [Screening for scoliosis in Haifa schools]. PMID- 3770584 TI - [Psychotherapy for the aged]. PMID- 3770585 TI - [Ways and means of determining academic rank of physicians: a proposal]. PMID- 3770586 TI - [The division as the functional unit in internal medicine]. PMID- 3770587 TI - [Cutaneous leishmaniasis: development of a new topical treatment]. PMID- 3770588 TI - [Involvement of fathers in child development]. PMID- 3770589 TI - [Brain distribution of idebenone (CV-2619) and its effect on local cerebral glucose utilization in rats]. AB - To investigate the possible action-sites of a cerebral metabolism activator, idebenone (CV-2619), its distribution in the brain and effect on local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) were studied both in normal rats (WKY) and in stroke prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) with cerebrovascular lesions. At 5 min after intravenous administration of [14C] CV-2619 (10 mg/kg), the distribution ratio in the brain was 0.45-0.56% of the dosage. Autoradiographic study showed that 14C levels were higher in the white matter than in the grey matter. When [14C] CV-2619 was administered orally (100 mg/kg) and intraperitoneally (30 mg/kg), 14C levels in eleven brain regions (15 min after administration) were 0.22-0.39 microgram/g (CV-2619 equivalent) and 1.11-1.30 micrograms/g, respectively, in WKY and 0.17-0.28 microgram/g and 1.66-1.87 microgram/g, respectively, in SHRSP. Total 14C levels were not markedly different among the brain regions of the rats. The analysis of unchanged CV-2619 and its metabolites revealed that unchanged CV-2619 in the cerebral cortex, thalamus and cerebellum was relatively higher than that in the other brain regions. Studies on LCGU demonstrated that CV-2619 (30 mg/kg/day, i.p., for 3 days) improved the decrement of LCGU in the temporal cortex, thalamus dorsomedial nucleus, subthalamic nucleus, mamillary body, hippocampus dentate gyrus, caudate-putamen, inferior colliculus and cerebellar nucleus of SHRSP with stroke. Based on these results, the possible action-sites of CV-2619 for its main pharmacological effects were discussed. PMID- 3770590 TI - [Drug dependence tests on a new anesthesia inducer, midazolam]. AB - Drug dependence tests on a new intravenous anesthesia inducer midazolam were performed in comparison with triazolam in male cynomolgus monkeys utilizing the intravenous route of administration. In the animals trained to self-administer sodium pentobarbital (0.6-1 mg/kg/inj) under FR1 and FR10 reinforcement schedules, 0.01 midazolam and 0.001 mg/kg/inj triazolam maintained self administration in more than 4 out of 5 animals under FR1. Doses of 0.03 and 0.001 mg/kg/inj, respectively, were required under FR10. The intradaily progressive ratio test revealed that midazolam maintained self-administration only weakly (equivalently as or more weakly than triazolam did). Midazolam at 0.003-0.1 and triazolam at 0.0003-0.01 mg/kg/inj initiated self-administration, respectively, in 3 and 1 out of 4 naive animals, but the numbers of self-administration responses were only slightly higher than the vehicle control level. Pentobarbital at 0.1-3 mg/kg initiated self-administration in all of 4 animals with a high level of self-administration. In the single dose suppression test in physically pentobarbital-dependent animals, an ED25 value of midazolam for the suppression of the withdrawal signs was 0.30 mg/kg, i.v., which was almost equivalent to that for the central nervous system depression (0.27 mg/kg, i.v.). This was in clear contrast to the results of triazolam and pentobarbital, of which the ED25 values for the suppression were lower than those for the central nervous system depression. In naive animals, after the chronic administration of midazolam at 0.9, triazolam at 0.09, pentobarbital at 60 mg/kg/day (the doses inducing intermediate sedation) intravenously for 4 weeks, withdrawal signs were found respectively in 0, 1 and 3 out of 4 animals. After the chronic administration of higher doses of the compounds (1.2, 0.12 and 80 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks, the withdrawal signs were found respectively in 1 and 2 out of 3 and 3 out of 4 animals. The benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788 (1 and 3 mg/kg, i.v.) precipitated clear withdrawal signs in none of 3 midazolam animals and 2 out of 3 triazolam animals. From these results, it can be concluded that the drug dependence liability of midazolam is within the range of those of most benzodiazepines. PMID- 3770592 TI - Genetic transfers in Brevibacterium sp. AB - A positive genetic transfer by protoplast fusion was obtained in auxotrophic mutants Brevibacterium sp. M27 his and Brevibacterium sp. M27 arg. Transformation and protoplast fusion with liposomes (as genetic transfers in intact cells and their protoplasts by both the chromosomal and plasmid DNA) did not lead to transfer of the markers followed. PMID- 3770591 TI - [Effect of trapidil on neuropathy in diabetic mice]. AB - Long term oral administration of trapidil at the doses of 20 and 60 mg/kg/day restored the decrease in motor nerve conduction velocity in genetically diabetic mice (C57BL/KsJ db+/db+). Trapidil also suppressed the increase in sorbitol content and the decrease in myoinositol content in the sciatic nerve. The elevation of serum total cholesterol level and the decrease in the ratio of serum HDL-cholesterol level to total cholesterol level were suppressed by trapidil. The blood glucose level and the serum triglyceride level were not affected by the drug administration. These results suggest that trapidil may restore the decrease in nerve conduction velocity in diabetic mice through amelioration of the metabolite abnormalities in nerve and microcirculatory disorders. PMID- 3770593 TI - Saprophytic production of clavine alkaloids and activity of hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductase. AB - In submerged Claviceps cultures the activity of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase preceded the increase of alkaloid production and of sterol content. During the first alkaloid phase, cell mevalonate was involved in the biosynthesis of both alkaloids and steroids. In the second production phase, it was predominantly used for alkaloid synthesis. Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase appears to be a suitable target for physiological manipulation to increase clavine alkaloid yields. PMID- 3770595 TI - Sensory nerve neuromas--leading to failed foot surgery. AB - Sensory nerve neuromas caused by incisions on the dorsum of the foot are a common cause of failed foot surgery and can be severely painful and disabling. Thirty seven patients with 55 symptomatic sensory nerve neuromas were evaluated and treated at the Painful Foot Center. Ten patients with moderately severe symptoms chose not to undergo surgery and were treated with oversized shoes with or without protective orthoses. Twenty-seven patients underwent surgery. Four with spindle neuromas were treated by neurolysis. Two improved slightly, one remained the same, and one became worse. Twenty-three were treated by proximal resection with or without burial of the nerve stump into an appropriate muscle belly. Thirteen of the 23 obtained good results, four obtained fair results, and six obtained poor results. Thus, a total of 20 patients (74%) obtained clinically satisfactory results, and seven (26%), unsatisfactory results. It is much easier to prevent a sensory neuroma by meticulous surgical technique than to treat a highly symptomatic neuroma. PMID- 3770594 TI - Delayed neural reconstruction in the lower extremity: results of interfascicular nerve grafting. AB - During a 4-year period, one of the authors (M.B.W.) performed 16 nerve reconstructions by interfascicular grafting in the lower extremities of 13 patients. Three patients were excluded from the study: one was lost to follow-up and two had less than 1-year follow-up. At an average follow-up of 30 months, the results of 13 procedures in 10 patients were evaluated. Results were good after five procedures, fair after five, and poor after three. Superior results were evident with shorter graft lengths and after nerve transection injuries. PMID- 3770596 TI - Chronic intractable benign pain syndrome (CIBPS). PMID- 3770597 TI - Surgical management of late post-traumatic and ischemic neuropathies involving the lower extremities: classification and results of therapy. AB - Traumatic/ischemic events such as fractures, dislocations, lacerations, compression, vascular injuries, and embolus can result in several degrees of nerve injury with resultant sequelae of paralysis, sensory loss, and irritative phenomena (pain, hyperesthesia, and dysesthesia). Neuroma pain may prevent rehabilitation following amputation or nerve lacerations. Thirty-four patients with the late sequelae of traumatic/ischemic neuropathies underwent 36 neural operations using magnification techniques to define and repair neural lesions. Major bone and joint reconstruction could be performed at the same operation with protection of arterial and venous supply. A recovery score using defined criteria for motor, sensory, and irritative (pain) recovery has been developed to quantify the end results in compression/ischemia, contusion/stretch, laceration, idiopathic/irritative disorder, and painful neuroma. Excellent and good results were found in 39 of the 87 specific deficits analyzed (45%). Thus, there is the possibility of improved results in these late neuropathies with therapy before irrevocable muscle fibrosis occurs and intractable pain develops. PMID- 3770598 TI - The Soviet systems of forensic laboratories: organization and capabilities. AB - There are several systems of Forensic Laboratories and Institutions in the USSR. They are operated by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Public Health, the Committee of State Security, and the Ministry of Defense. Each Forensic Laboratory or Institution is divided into specialized departments and units which provide different examinations. Modern techniques and methods are applied to the examination of physical evidence. A particular attention is given to the theoretical research and development of Forensic Sciences. PMID- 3770599 TI - Pharmacokinetic profile of paraquat following intravenous administration to the rabbit. AB - Pharmacokinetic studies of paraquat in rabbits were performed using [methyl-14C] paraquat. Plasma concentration of paraquat following i.v. administration to the rabbit was fitted to a 3-exponential function of pharmacokinetic analysis. Distribution and elimination were discussed on the basis of the 3-compartment open model system, which has a central and two peripheral compartments. Computer simulations of paraquat levels in each compartment indicated that the slow-uptake peripheral compartment contained a greater amount of paraquat than the central or the fast-uptake peripheral compartment. On the basis of the present results of the computer simulations in company with tissue distributions of paraquat reported by the other investigators, it is likely that the slow-uptake peripheral compartment contains the lung. In cases of paraquat-induced renal failures, the paraquat levels of the slow-uptake peripheral compartment were remarkably higher than in cases of normal renal functions. Histology of the rabbit tissues 7 days after i.v. administration of paraquat revealed that marked changes were observed only in the kidney, suggesting some renal failures induced by paraquat. In spite of the high concentration of paraquat, which was presumed with the computer simulations in this study, the rabbit lung showed a remarkable resistance to paraquat toxicity. The histology studies suggested the complexities of paraquat toxicity to the rabbit. The lung toxicity in the rabbit would be caused by not only the paraquat concentration in the lung but also some biochemical parameters in the tissue related to the mechanisms of paraquat toxicity. PMID- 3770600 TI - Methadone extraction from minimal amounts of biological fluids. AB - A new solid phase extraction method was studied to extract methadone from small amounts of biological samples, by using little disposable columns prepacked with reverse phase sorbents. Two different commercial kinds of reversed phase columns prepacked with octadecylsilane (ODS) were tested; the results were compared to those obtained by a direct liquid/liquid extraction method. Gas chromatograms of extracts obtained by means of ODS reversed phase columns showed a good signal/noise ratio resulting in higher sensitivity (20 ng/ml as detection limit), in comparison with the liquid/liquid extraction method. PMID- 3770601 TI - The development and evaluation of a 125I radioimmunoassay for the measurement of LSD in body fluids. AB - A radioimmunoassay (RIA) has been developed for the direct detection of LSD in biological fluids. The radiotracer, (+)-2-[125I]iodo-LSD, allows the use of gamma counting rather than the liquid scintillation counting currently used for existing 3H radioimmunoassays. The assay is specific for LSD and very closely related compounds. It is inexpensive, sensitive, simple to use and small volumes of samples (50 microliter) can be assayed directly without the need for any time consuming extraction procedures. The cut-off levels are 1.2 ng/ml in blood and 3.0 ng/ml in urine. The results obtained using the 125I assay described in this work compare very favourably with those obtained using the 3H assay currently used by Home Office Forensic Science Laboratories. The advantages of the assay make it a most appropriate method for the routine screening of LSD in biological samples of forensic interest. PMID- 3770602 TI - Determination of organosilicon oxide polymers in tissue by atomic absorption spectroscopy using HGA graphite furnace. AB - A simple method of extraction and determination of organosilicon oxide polymers (silicones) in 0.1-0.5 g of formalin fixed tissue by atomic absorption spectroscopy is described. Before the tissue is extracted with n-heptane, it is dried in a desiccator containing concentrated sulphuric acid. The graphite tubes in the HGA graphite furnace are tubes with L'vov platform. The evaporation of n heptane and a part of the charing of the tissue extract in the tube are done in the presence of oxygen (air). The significance of the employment of L'vov platform and the presence of oxygen are discussed. The methods detection limit (2 X S.D.) is about 0.009 microgram silicon/ml tissue extract which corresponds to about 0.5 microgram polydimethylsiloxane/g tissue. PMID- 3770603 TI - [Rheology of the normal and pathologic blood supply to the microscopic blood vessels of the conjunctiva]. PMID- 3770604 TI - [Conjunctival involvement in systemic diseases]. PMID- 3770605 TI - [Allergic reactions of the conjunctiva]. PMID- 3770606 TI - [Papillary conjunctivitis in floppy eyelid syndrome--a case report]. PMID- 3770607 TI - [Changes in the conjunctiva in metal workers]. PMID- 3770608 TI - [Eosinophilic granulomatosis of the conjunctiva]. PMID- 3770609 TI - [Surgical technics in conjunctival melanomas of the corneal limbus]. PMID- 3770611 TI - [Significance of ophthalmologic diagnosis in abused children]. PMID- 3770610 TI - [Eye injuries caused by BB air guns]. PMID- 3770612 TI - [Comparison of the disruptive effect of Q-switched and mode-locked Nd-YAG lasers]. PMID- 3770613 TI - [Effect of cataract treatment with the neodymium YGA laser on corneal endothelial cell density]. PMID- 3770614 TI - [CW neodymium: YAG laser photocoagulation of the rabbit fundus--effect on the choroid and sclera in comparison to argon laser photocoagulation]. PMID- 3770615 TI - Retinal detachment following neodymium-YAG laser capsulotomy. PMID- 3770616 TI - [Regeneration of the rabbit corneal endothelium following direct Nd:YAG laser trauma]. PMID- 3770617 TI - [Regeneration of human corneal endothelium following direct Nd:YAG laser trauma]. PMID- 3770618 TI - [Alternative therapy to the YAG laser in the formation of secondary proliferative cataracts]. PMID- 3770619 TI - [Risk factors in the development of diabetic retinopathy]. PMID- 3770620 TI - [Electroretinography findings in proliferative diabetic retinopathy following argon laser coagulation of the middle and exterior peripheral retina]. PMID- 3770621 TI - [Retinal function following panretinal laser coagulation in diabetic retinopathy- dependence on the size and density of coagulation spots]. PMID- 3770622 TI - [Comparison of the development of retinopathy in treatment with the insulin pump and intensified conventional therapy]. PMID- 3770623 TI - [Does vitrectomy in proliferative diabetic retinopathy effect an improvement in intraocular metabolic status?]. PMID- 3770624 TI - [Long-term fluorescence angiography studies following vitrectomy in proliferative diabetic retinopathy]. PMID- 3770625 TI - [Round table discussion: Diagnosis and therapy in abducens paralysis]. PMID- 3770626 TI - [Spasmus nutans: a leading symptom in brain diseases in early childhood]. PMID- 3770627 TI - [Stability of the oculomotor system: its importance in examinations in daily practice]. PMID- 3770628 TI - [Binocular behavior before and following therapeutic measures in paralyses of the 6th cranial nerve]. PMID- 3770629 TI - [Static perimetry in convergent microstrabismus and in blurring caused by plus lenses and Bangerter foils]. PMID- 3770630 TI - [Mechanical stimulation of the eye muscle system to determine the elasticity and viscosity of the eye muscles]. PMID- 3770631 TI - [Description of eye muscle function using models with reference to the Lockwood ligament]. PMID- 3770632 TI - [The click syndrome of the superior oblique tendon and its subgroups]. PMID- 3770633 TI - [Transposition of the vertical eye muscles following irreparable rupture of the internus muscle]. PMID- 3770634 TI - [Antibacterial effectiveness of ciprofloxacin]. PMID- 3770635 TI - [Chlamydia infections in gynecology and obstetrics. Diagnosis, incidence, clinical aspects, complications and therapy]. PMID- 3770636 TI - [Cement-free joint replacement in the aged]. PMID- 3770637 TI - [Cardiac pacemakers: legal hindrances in second-hand implants]. PMID- 3770639 TI - [Ischemic colitis of the rectum]. PMID- 3770638 TI - [Localized prostatic cancer. Comparison of radical prostatectomy versus radiotherapy]. PMID- 3770640 TI - [New lithotripter without a tub]. PMID- 3770641 TI - [When the patient refuses,... Consent and refusal in medical interventions have legal implications only in certain circumstances]. PMID- 3770642 TI - [Fibrinolytic therapy of lung embolism]. PMID- 3770643 TI - [Bridging lung failure in the newborn infant. Accelerated morphologic lung maturation in extracorporeal gas exchange]. PMID- 3770644 TI - [Are low cholesterol values really desirable? Significance of an adequate cholesterol supply for the leukocyte defense system]. PMID- 3770645 TI - Interstitial radiotherapy for lingual cancer. Local control rate and complications. PMID- 3770646 TI - Biocompatibility of various dialyzer membranes. The effects of the dialyzer membranes on the lymphocyte subpopulation during hemodialysis. PMID- 3770647 TI - A marked mandibular deviation caused by abscess of the pterygomandibular space. PMID- 3770649 TI - External factors affecting the duration of broody behavior in the ring dove (Streptopelia risoria). AB - The object of this study was to investigate factors which determine the duration of sitting in ring doves. This normally lasts ca. 19 days from laying, with very small variation. The period is made up of 15 days incubating eggs and 4-5 days brooding squabs. The duration of sitting is unaffected by substituting fresh or sterile eggs, and can only be slightly influenced by substituting foster squabs or new eggs just before or after hatching. The sitting period appears to be predetermined to run for 19 days following laying. The maintenance of sitting, however, requires the presence of the nest and eggs, and can be drastically varied by keeping subjects in continuous daylight or on a day of 6 hr light:6 hr dark (6 L:6 D). Birds kept on ahemeral cycles (11 L: 10 D; 13 L:14 D) displayed significantly different periods of incubation on infertile eggs and recycling, indicative of an endogenous circadian basis to the timing mechanism. PMID- 3770648 TI - Mediastinal germ cell tumour associated with malignant histiocytosis and high rubella titres. AB - Two further cases of a haematological malignancy are reported in patients with mediastinal germ cell tumours. Two young men developed bone marrow infiltration with histiocytes showing erythrophagocytosis shortly after subtotal excision of a malignant teratoma of the anterior mediastinum. Serial viral titres showed a rise in rubella antibody titres by haemoagglutination inhibition in both cases, antirubella IgG (ELISA) in one case and rubella RH zone in the other, in the absence of detectable IgM rubella antibodies. In case 1 a diagnosis of virus associated haemophagocytic syndrome was made and he was treated with interferon and steroids. In case 2 the diagnosis was initially idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura but he deteriorated on steroids, and was subsequently unsuccessfully treated with chemotherapy and gamma globulin infusions. The disease ran a rapid downhill course with progressive marrow failure and they both died 5 months after diagnosis. Review of the presenting histology, the progressive course of the disease and post mortem histology, suggests that they had malignant histiocytosis. The association between mediastinal teratoma and haematological malignancy is of biological importance. Serial viral titres should be measured in patients with malignant histiocytosis to see if there is a raised rubella titre. Such viral studies are also warranted where there is an association between a mediastinal germ cell tumour and haematological malignancy. PMID- 3770650 TI - Estradiol plus progesterone treatment and precopulatory behavior in prepubertally ovariectomized female rats: dose-response relationships. AB - The copulatory and precopulatory behavioral repertoire expressed in terms of the intensity scale of sexual responsiveness was investigated in female rats ovariectomized on the 30th day after birth and treated for 9 weeks, once weekly, with estradiol dipropionate (5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 micrograms per animal) plus progesterone (in the range from 0.0 to 2.4 mg per animal). It was found that the higher the dosage of estradiol and progesterone used, the more complete the precopulatory behavioral pattern that was induced. Further, the same level of sexual responsiveness was achieved by various combinations of both hormones used. The dose-response relationships are less complicated in prepubertally ovariectomized females in comparison with those spayed as adults. Finally, the most complete pattern, characterized by ritualized darting, was not achieved at all. PMID- 3770651 TI - Nocturnal surges and reflexive release of prolactin in parentally behaving virgin female and male rats. AB - Maternally behaving virgin rats are capable of releasing prolactin reflexively in response to stimulation by pups, especially during the proestrous/estrous phase of the cycle. When such rats are chronically exposed to pups they usually undergo a state of pseudopregnancy during which prolactin is secreted in a pattern of nocturnal surges. The present series of experiments evaluated the initiation of nocturnal prolactin surges in maternally behaving virgins, the role of estrogen in the reflexive release of prolactin, and the influence of gender on these two modes of prolactin secretion. It was found that the nocturnal surges of prolactin are already present on Days 1 and 2 of pup-induced pseudopregnancy. At this stage, however, the surges are not yet autonomous, seeing that pseudopregnancy is interrupted shortly after removal of the pups on Day 2. Activation by vaginocervical stimulation of the "mnemonic" neurogenic system that controls the autonomous nocturnal prolactin surges did not interfere with the reflexive pup induced release of prolactin in maternally behaving virgins. The capacity of reflexive prolactin release in the virgin rat was abolished by ovariectomy, restored by estrogen replacement, and persisted for only 24 hr following estrogen removal. Paternally behaving males subjected to chronic exposure to pups were incapable of secreting nocturnal surges of prolactin characteristic of the pseudopregnant female. Such males were also incapable of releasing prolactin reflexively in response to stimulation by pups, even when supplemented with exogenous estrogen. These results indicate that the two modes of prolactin secretion are sex dependent, and that the maternally behaving virgin, unlike the postpartum rat, requires concurrent estrogenic facilitation for releasing prolactin in response to stimulation by young. PMID- 3770652 TI - Uterine position and the activation of male sexual activity in testosterone propionate-treated female guinea pigs. AB - Fetal female guinea pigs were delivered surgically and their position within a uterine horn relative to male fetuses was noted. When adult they were ovariectomized, injected daily with testosterone propionate, and examined for male copulatory behaviors in response to the presence of a receptive female. Females that developed contiguous to a caudal male were functionally similar to those that had been situated between two males; both exhibited enhanced levels of mounting relative to females that were located contiguous to no males (with and without the presence of a caudal male) and to females contiguous to a cephalic male. Therefore, both contiguity and positioning of the male fetus are necessary conditions for prenatal masculinization of the female guinea pig. Lastly, four animals that had resided singly in the uterus displayed the lowest levels of copulatory behaviors. PMID- 3770653 TI - Behavioral and endocrine correlates of multiple brooding in the semicolonial house sparrow Passer domesticus. I. Males. AB - Behavioral and endocrine changes associated with reproductive events were studied in free-living male house sparrows (Passer domesticus). Circulating levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone (T), and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were maximal during egg-laying and declined during incubation and the first 2/3 of the nestling stage. As the young approached fledging, levels of LH and T rose to levels similar to those of the first egg-laying stage. This pattern was repeated three to five times during the prolonged breeding season of this species. Multivariate statistical analysis demonstrated that elevated levels of LH and androgens during egg-laying stages were associated with high rates of intrusion at nests by conspecifics, especially other adult males, and elevated levels of agonistic activity, nest defense, and mate-guarding behavior by breeding males. Feeding rates of males declined significantly as plasma levels of T began to rise. Concentrations of corticosterone (B) were high during each egg-laying and nestling stage and were correlated with high or rising levels of reproductive hormones. This suggests that reproductive activity, while energetically demanding, was not overly stressful to these birds. Body mass and fat depots were lowest during the final brood of the season. We suggest that the temporal pattern of circulating levels of T in male house sparrows is an adaptation which compromises between two conflicting selective pressures: a high level of male male competition for limiting nesting sites in a semicolonial setting, and a strong demand for parental care associated with large broods of altricial young. PMID- 3770655 TI - Progesterone induction of pseudocopulatory behavior and stimulus-response complementarity in an all-female lizard species. AB - Individuals of the all-female whiptail lizard species (Cnemidophorus) exhibit male-like and female-like pseudocopulatory behaviors that are correlated with stages of the ovarian cycle. Here we report on the hormonal bases of these behaviors. Parthenogenetic C. uniparens were ovariectomized and given Silastic implants containing either progesterone (P) or estradiol (E2); untreated controls received blank implants. Ten pairs of the following combinations were observed: P females paired with E2 females, P females paired with blank females, and E2 females paired with blank females. Each pair was observed at regular intervals 4 hr a day for 6 days. Pseudocopulations were observed between P and E2 animals; P animals consistently assumed the male-like role while E2 females assumed the female-like role. No pseudosexual behavior was observed between individuals of either P and blank or E2 and blank pairs. These data indicate that the postovulatory surge in P mediates male-like pseudosexual behaviors and the preovulatory surge in E2 mediates female-like pseudosexual behaviors in C. uniparens. Further, a complementarity in the behavior and physiology of both participants (male-typical mounting and female-typical receptivity) are important factors in pseudocopulatory behavior. PMID- 3770654 TI - Behavioral and endocrine correlates of multiple brooding in the semicolonial house sparrow Passer domesticus. II. Females. AB - Behavioral and endocrine changes associated with reproductive events were studied in free-living female house sparrows (Passer domesticus). Circulating levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol (E2) were maximal during egg-laying, declined during incubation, and began to rise during the nestling stage. This pattern was repeated three to five times during the prolonged breeding season of this species. Multivariate statistical analysis demonstrated that elevated levels of LH and E2 were associated with maximal sexual activity, high rates of intrusion at nests by conspecifics, and elevated rates of agonistic activity. Patterns of sexual activity varied during the season and perhaps reflected differing strategies for protecting paternity adopted by the male. Curiously, elevated levels of testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were not associated with high levels of intrusion or agonistic response, but rather were associated with incubation stages. As in males, concentrations of corticosterone (B) were high during each egg-laying and nestling stage and were associated with high or rising levels of reproductive hormones, suggesting that reproductive activity was not overly stressful to these birds. Body mass and fat depots declined during the season and may regulate termination of reproduction. It appears that access to abundant food resources found in association with human dwellings allows house sparrows to maintain reproductive activity longer than most other temperate-zone dwelling bird species. PMID- 3770656 TI - Castration, sex steroids, and heterosexual behavior in adult male laboratory housed stumptailed macaques (Macaca arctoides). AB - The sociosexual behaviors of six stable male-female pairs of stumptailed monkeys were studied in half-hour pair tests. Their performance before and after castration of the males was compared. The effects of replacement therapy with sex steroids on male-female interaction were studied. Also the effects of new females as sexual partners were investigated. Castration caused a significant decrease in sexual behavior. Individual males could display ejaculatory behavior up to about 1 year postcastration. Dihydrotestosterone propionate (75 mg/week/male) alone or in combination with estradiol benzoate (0.9 or 3 mg/week/male) was not effective in restoring sexual behavior to precastration levels in the three castrated males tested. Replacement therapy with testosterone propionate (75 or 10 mg/week/male) was effective in restoring copulatory behavior in half of the castrated males. In some males the introduction of a new female caused an increase in sexual activity, usually when sexual activity with their familiar partner was low. This occurred both in the castration condition and in the steroid treatment period, suggesting, that low activity was caused by low "motivation" and not by the inability to perform. PMID- 3770657 TI - Effect of preoptic region implants of dilute estradiol on the maternal behavior of ovariectomized, nulliparous rats. AB - Estrogen implanted directly into the medial preoptic region of pregnant Charles River Sprague-Dawley rats hysterectomized and ovariectomized on Day 16 of gestation mimics the effects of systemic estrogen treatment at this time by reducing the latency to respond to foster pups with maternal behavior (Numan, Rosenblatt, and Komisaruk, 1977). The present report describes the pup-directed responses of ovariectomized, nulliparous Zivic-Miller Sprague-Dawley rats that received bilateral medial preoptic implants of either cholesterol (n = 11) or estradiol diluted 1:10 with cholesterol (n = 11). Two days after treatment these animals were housed with three foster pups: their responsivity to pups and quality of nests built were then assessed, at first hourly and then daily. Rats receiving intracranial estradiol required significantly shorter exposures to pups than did cholesterol-treated animals before initiating carrying and grouping of 3 dispersed pups in a maternal nest during a 15-min test. On other measures, however, the groups did not differ (e.g., proportion grouping pups overnight, time required to complete retrieval of pups to the nest, time required to rebuild a disrupted nest). Animals treated with cholesterol and animals with estradiol implants did not differ in uterine weight at the time of sacrifice, suggesting that estrogen did not leak, even from this well-vascularized implant site, into the circulation. Thus, as in the pregnant animal, the facilitating effects of estrogen on maternal behavior can be mediated through the medial preoptic region; however, the effects were evident only when a test requiring retrieval of several pups within an arbitrarily short interval was given. PMID- 3770659 TI - "Thrifty medicine": the key to lower health costs? PMID- 3770658 TI - Hormonal regulation of male reproductive behavior in the lizard Anolis sagrei: a test of the aromatization hypothesis. AB - This study examined the hypothesis that aromatization of testosterone (T) to estradiol (E) is required to activate reproductive behavior in castrated male lizards (Anolis sagrei). Adult, reproductively active males were assigned to an intact control group or to one of four treatment groups. Treatment males were castrated and 1 week later three of the four castrated groups were implanted with subcutaneous pellets containing either 0.05 mg of E, 0.5 mg of T, or 0.5 mg of dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Two weeks after pellet implantation, males were tested with stimulus males, and 2 days later were tested with stimulus females. Behavioral tests were of 15-min duration and were videotaped. Significantly fewer E-treated castrates erected a crest in tests with stimulus males than did intact males. In tests with stimulus females, significantly fewer E-treated castrates displayed, neck-gripped, and intromitted than did intact males. Estradiol-treated castrates also showed significantly less display behavior than did intact males. However, aggressive and sexual behavior of DHT-treated castrates was not significantly different from that of intact males. The same was true for T treated castrates with the exception that display behavior in tests with stimulus females was reduced compared to that of intact males. The results suggest that aromatization of T to E is not required for induction of androgen-dependent reproductive behavior in this lizard. PMID- 3770660 TI - Blues pushing for big discounts in New England. PMID- 3770661 TI - Unions offer some solutions to fight declining census. PMID- 3770662 TI - Blues' discount policy seen as antitrust issue. PMID- 3770663 TI - Multis and alliances: what's the proper fit? PMID- 3770664 TI - What's in a name? What's in a price? These multis know. PMID- 3770665 TI - CHS's White: his focus is on hospitals. PMID- 3770666 TI - Americans say U.S. health care good--but costly. PMID- 3770667 TI - Unrelated income jeopardized for tax-exempts. PMID- 3770668 TI - IL institutions use "gambling" to raise funds. PMID- 3770669 TI - The Euromarket: a cash alternative for U.S. firms. PMID- 3770670 TI - Reporters look for candor from hospital officials. PMID- 3770671 TI - Advertising spending escalates during second quarter. PMID- 3770672 TI - A little TLC goes a long way in Oklahoma hospitals. PMID- 3770673 TI - Physicians groups in uphill battle against HMOs. PMID- 3770674 TI - Trio of IPA plans skids on red ink. PMID- 3770675 TI - Experience rating: if you absolutely can't beat'em, you'd better join'em. PMID- 3770676 TI - Anesthesia monitoring standards: a quality issue. PMID- 3770677 TI - New malpractice insurance plans in the making. PMID- 3770678 TI - Service with a smile? That's not nearly enough. Interview by Suzanne Powills. PMID- 3770679 TI - ED visits rise as hospitals learn how to compete. PMID- 3770680 TI - How ACCs profit from dispensing pharmaceuticals. PMID- 3770681 TI - Recent price-fixing rumors questioned. PMID- 3770683 TI - Nurse executives most often picked from hospital staff. PMID- 3770682 TI - Ethics panels' role? To educate decisionmakers. PMID- 3770684 TI - The swing-bed tide: low cash flow but high hopes. PMID- 3770685 TI - School clinics help kids and hospitals, too. PMID- 3770686 TI - Economics. Late 1985 trends persist in first half of 1986. PMID- 3770687 TI - Reporting drug abuse creates ethical problem. PMID- 3770688 TI - Nurses view computers as both friends and foes. PMID- 3770689 TI - Court ruling will clarify hospital, PRO relationship. PMID- 3770690 TI - States adopt new laws to fight malpractice crisis. PMID- 3770691 TI - Hospitals learn monopoly lesson. PMID- 3770692 TI - Deadlines loom for new tax-reform regulations. PMID- 3770693 TI - Multi, physicians forge new entity. PMID- 3770694 TI - Most Americans agreeable to health cost controls. PMID- 3770695 TI - Business sector to ease policing of provider actions. PMID- 3770697 TI - Market rebound triples first-half '86 bond volume. PMID- 3770696 TI - Five future areas of liability risks haunt providers. PMID- 3770699 TI - $1.1 billion spent on hospital marketing in 1986. PMID- 3770698 TI - Crossovers: it's a good time to consider them. PMID- 3770700 TI - Baptist's goal? To satisfy its patients. PMID- 3770701 TI - Go for awareness, not demand, to market a hospice. PMID- 3770702 TI - Maxicare seen as feisty by some of its competitors. PMID- 3770703 TI - Kaiser: content with slow growth. PMID- 3770704 TI - HealthWin's fall: what's it mean? PMID- 3770705 TI - New tax laws won't stop MOB joint ventures. PMID- 3770706 TI - Hospitals pursue new superstars: famous physicians. PMID- 3770707 TI - Peer review gets a big legal push. PMID- 3770708 TI - Hospitals not ready for outpatient surgery PPS. PMID- 3770709 TI - Maxicare's Wasserman: "We're bullish on HMOs". Interview by Maria Traska. PMID- 3770710 TI - Risk-management software to prevent claims. PMID- 3770711 TI - Joint underwriting associations flirt with disaster. PMID- 3770712 TI - New hepatitis test: worth the price? PMID- 3770713 TI - Nitrous, ethylene oxides share risk. PMID- 3770714 TI - CCRC surveys seek data on potential residents. PMID- 3770716 TI - Transplant groups proliferate despite low funding. PMID- 3770715 TI - Second SNF wave expected to peak within four years. PMID- 3770717 TI - [Quantitative comparison of amino acids in adult proteins of Ascaris lumbricoides, Ascaris suum and Toxocara canis]. PMID- 3770718 TI - [Determination of maximal expiratory flow-volume curves in 842 cases of workers, farmers and soldiers]. PMID- 3770719 TI - [A report on normal values of adenosine deaminase (ADA) in human blood of healthy subjects in Chengdu, Sichuan]. PMID- 3770720 TI - [Effect of hematocrit on thixotropic properties of whole human blood]. PMID- 3770721 TI - [Preliminary study on carcinogenesis of the culture of Fusarium moniliforme in mice]. PMID- 3770722 TI - [Calculation of molecular electrostatic potentials with CNDO/2 results and the Wang BASIC program]. PMID- 3770723 TI - [An experimental study on the embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of a new fungicide "Yu-7802" (BHD) in mice]. PMID- 3770724 TI - [An analysis of causes of death in coal miners]. PMID- 3770725 TI - [Determination of lead in foods by hydride generation and atomic-absorption spectrometry]. PMID- 3770726 TI - [Determination of the partial mean transit time of high lung volumes and its clinical evaluation]. PMID- 3770727 TI - [Isolation and characterization of human apolipoproteins CI, CII and CIII]. PMID- 3770728 TI - [The preparation and characterization of ovarian cell membrane]. PMID- 3770729 TI - [Isolation and purification of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase from calf thymus]. PMID- 3770730 TI - Crohn's disease isolated to the appendix: truths and fallacies. AB - Twenty-five cases of Crohn's disease confined to the appendix were reported in eight hospitals in Israel during a 15-year period. Review of the histologic slides confirmed the diagnosis in 22 cases. Re-evaluation of these 22 patients included physical examination and radiologic studies of the small and large bowel. Rectosigmoidoscopy was performed in 16 patients. Signs and symptoms of Crohn's disease at other sites in the gastrointestinal tract did not occur during follow-up periods of two to 15 years (mean, 6.4 years) after appendectomy. This study and a review of the literature indicate that in most cases (93 per cent) Crohn's disease initially limited to the appendix is not a predictor of subsequent involvement of another portion of the bowel. It is concluded that the so-called Crohn's disease isolated to the appendix is a form of chronic granulomatous and follicular appendicitis of unknown etiology that is unrelated nosologically in the majority of the cases to Crohn's disease proper. PMID- 3770731 TI - Mitosis counts: reproducibility and significance in grading of malignancy. AB - The interindividual and intraindividual reproducibility of mitosis counts was investigated in 10 cases of malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. With thickness of histologic sections, staining, and the area measured kept constant, the degree of reproducibility was found to be dependent largely on the experience of the investigator. For investigators at similar levels of experience, the mitosis rates obtained were of the same order of magnitude. However, defined mitosis counts do not allow unrestricted grading of malignancy, even after elimination of methodologic pitfalls. Proliferation rates of malignant tumors cannot be expected to be constant due to biologic conditions, such as varying metabolic activity or tumor cell heterogeneity. PMID- 3770732 TI - Glomerular lesions associated with liver cirrhosis: an immunohistochemical and clinicopathologic analysis. AB - Clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analyses of the kidneys in 30 autopsy cases of liver cirrhosis of different types revealed glomerular lesions in 27 cases. Clinical nephritis was present in three cases. Characteristic diffuse mesangial proliferation with focal mesangial interposition and/or subendothelial deposits were present. Glomerular immunoglobulin deposition was observed in several cases, IgM in 23 cases, IgG in five, and IgA in 17; the latter were predominantly IgA1. Secretory component binding was found in 11 of the 17 cases with IgA deposits (65 per cent). Liver weight was related to IgA deposition (P approximately 0.05), and the volume of ascitic fluid was significantly correlated (P less than 0.05). PMID- 3770733 TI - Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis. AB - Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis (PCH) is a rare cause of pulmonary hypertension; only three cases have been reported. Four additional cases are described in this report. All of the patients in this study presented with signs and symptoms of pulmonary hypertension, and in none was a correct morphologic diagnosis made during life. Histologically, the most striking feature was the presence of numerous cytologically benign thin-walled capillary-sized blood vessels proliferating diffusely through alveolar walls and in and around larger vessels and airways. Venous infiltration was associated with intimal fibrosis and secondary veno-occlusive disease (VOD). Because of the presence of hemorrhage, the apparent interstitial widening and inflammation, and the venous changes, the condition in these cases was initially misdiagnosed as interstitial fibrosis or VOD. However, the identification of proliferating and invasive capillaries, which are unique to PCH, led to the correct diagnosis. Although the nature of PCH is unknown, it behaves like a low-grade vascular neoplasm. PMID- 3770734 TI - Basaloid-squamous carcinoma of the tongue, hypopharynx, and larynx: report of 10 cases. AB - Ten cases of an unusual form of carcinoma involving the mucosa and underlying tissue of the tongue, hypopharynx, and larynx are described. All ten of the tumors were evaluated by light microscopy; five were also studied by electron microscopy. The major histopathologic feature is carcinoma with a basaloid pattern in intimate association with squamous cell carcinoma, carcinoma in situ, or focal squamous differentiation. The basaloid tumor consists of small crowded cells with hyperchromatic nuclei, scant cytoplasm, small cystic spaces, and foci of tumor necrosis. Prominent hyalinosis is evident. Ultrastructurally, the basaloid epithelial cells possess rare tonofilaments and varying amounts of desmosomes. The cystic spaces contain either loose stellate granules or replicated basal lamina arranged in parallel stacks or globoid masses. This unique tumor was found to be highly malignant, with histologically proved metastases in 80 per cent of the cases. Most of the patients were treated by radical surgery supplemented with radiation and/or chemotherapy. It is concluded that tumors with these characteristic features constitute a distinct histopathologic entity, not previously described, for which basaloid-squamous carcinoma is an appropriate term. PMID- 3770736 TI - Congenital occult papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. AB - A male infant born at 34 weeks of gestation had a 3-mm occult papillary thyroid carcinoma of the follicular variant type that was discovered fortuitously at autopsy. Although clinically overt papillary thyroid carcinoma has been described in neonates in whom nodules were present at birth, this is apparently the first description of an occult congenital thyroid carcinoma. The reasons for this discrepancy and the potential value of further documentation of occult thyroid carcinoma in neonates are briefly discussed. PMID- 3770735 TI - Morphologic and morphometric analysis of muscle in X-linked myotubular myopathy. AB - The X-linked form of myotubular myopathy is highly lethal in neonates. Several autopsy-derived muscles from two probands of a new kindred who survived for 100 days because of intensive supportive care were analyzed by light microscopy, morphometry, enzyme histochemistry, and electron microscopy. The results were compared with a similar analysis of muscle from control fetal and neonatal subjects. The findings, in addition to the characteristic centronucleated hypotrophic myofibers, included widespread myofiber degeneration and focal contraction band necrosis that differed from the types seen in other myopathic and dystrophic muscle diseases. A high frequency of degenerating nuclei that often contained large nucleoli was observed. Because of the paradoxic nuclear morphology, nuclear failure (in migration and myofibrillogenesis) is believed to be of central importance in the pathogenesis of this disease. PMID- 3770737 TI - Hemangiopericytoma of breast: report of a case with ultrastructural and immunohistochemical findings. AB - Hemangiopericytoma is a distinctive, usually benign, vascular tumor. It has been described in multiple sites in the body but only rarely in the breast. The case of a patient with hemangiopericytoma of breast is reported, with ultrastructural and immunohistochemical findings. PMID- 3770738 TI - Gastrointestinal Richter's syndrome. PMID- 3770739 TI - Xeroderma pigmentosum (complementation group D) mutation is present in patients affected by trichothiodystrophy with photosensitivity. AB - We studied the response to UV irradiation in cells from four patients, from three apparently unrelated families, affected by trichothiodystrophy (TTD). They showed all the symptoms of this rare autosomal recessive disorder (brittle hair with reduced sulfur content, mental and physical retardation, ichthyosis, peculiar face) together with photosensitivity. We found a decreased rate of duplicative DNA synthesis in stimulated lymphocytes, reduced survival in fibroblasts, and very low levels of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in Go lymphocytes and fibroblasts after UV irradiation. Complementation studies showed that normal values of UDS are restored in heterokaryons obtained by fusion of TTD cells with normal and xeroderma pigmentosum (XP)-complementation group A-cells. In contrast the defect is not complemented by fusion with XP-complementation group D fibroblasts. PMID- 3770740 TI - The single copy gene coding for human alpha 1 (IV) procollagen is located at the terminal end of the long arm of chromosome 13. AB - Using dual-laser sorted chromosomes and spot-blot analysis, we have previously assigned genomic DNA sequences coding for human alpha 1 (IV) procollagen to chromosome 13 (Pihlajaniemi et al. 1985). By in situ hybridization to normal chromosomes and chromosomes with 13q deletions, we now report the localization of this gene to the terminal end of the long arm of chromosome 13. In addition, Southern and slot blot hybridization analysis clearly show that these genomic sequences are present only once per haploid genome. PMID- 3770741 TI - Assignment of a human beta-crystallin gene to 17cen-q23. AB - The gene map assignment of a human beta-crystallin gene to 17cen-q23 has been made using a bovine probe in the study of human-mouse and human-Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids containing parts of human chromosome 17. PMID- 3770742 TI - Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome: presentation of clinical and cytogenetic data on 22 new cases and review of the literature. AB - The main features of Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome (WBS) include macroglossia, abdominal wall defects, visceromegaly, gigantism, hypoglycemia, ear creases, nevus flammeus, and mid-face hypoplasia. Twenty-two cases of WBS were examined clinically and cytogenetically, and compared to 226 previously reported cases. Aspects of the clinical evaluations are discussed. All individuals examined were chromosomally normal with no evidence of 11p abnormality as has been reported recently. The relevance of a possible relationship between clinical findings, chromosome abnormalities, and genes present on 11p is discussed. Transmission of this condition is most consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance. PMID- 3770743 TI - Orosomucoid (ORM) typing by isoelectric focusing: evidence of two structural loci ORM1 and ORM2. AB - Orosomucoid (ORM) phenotyping was performed by isoelectric focusing and immunoprinting. The band patterns of desialyzed ORM indicated that the ORM system is controlled by two structural loci ORM1 and ORM2. In a total of 253 samples from two Caucasoid populations, five phenotypes determined by three polymorphic alleles, ORM1*1, ORM1*2, and ORM1*3 were identified. The ORM1*3 was characteristic of the Caucasoids. The ORM2 locus was monomorphic. PMID- 3770744 TI - Identity of the polymorphisms for esterase D and S-formylglutathione hydrolase in red blood cells. AB - The S-formylglutathione hydrolase (FGH) polymorphism of human red blood cells was studied in unrelated individuals, both by isoelectric focusing and starch gel electrophoresis, and with the substrates S-acetylglutathione and 4 methylumbelliferyl-acetate (the standard substrate for esterase D (ESD]. With both separation techniques the two substrates consistently gave similar and identically located zymograms. Thus, FGH (E.C.3.1.2.12) appears to be identical to ESD (E.C.3.1.1.1). PMID- 3770745 TI - Evidence that S-formylglutathione hydrolase and esterase D polymorphisms are identical. AB - From the analyses of families, populations, and somatic cell hybrids it could be concluded that the S-formylglutathione hydrolase (FGH) and esterase D (ESD) polymorphisms are identical. PMID- 3770746 TI - Dominant autosomal muscular dystrophy with early contractures and cardiomyopathy (Hauptmann-Thannhauser). PMID- 3770747 TI - Paracentric inversions in human chromosome 7. AB - A paracentric inversion (7)(q11q22) and mosaicism 46,XX/45,X was detected in a female with minor malformations. The same inversion was observed in the mother of the patient. The analysis of high resolution banded chromosomes revealed no visible imbalance in the inverted long arm of the chromosome 7. All published cases of paracentric inversions in the human chromosome 7 are reviewed and the relationship between this inversion and the occurrence of an aneuploidy of the sex chromosomes is discussed. PMID- 3770748 TI - Autosomal dominant macroglossia in two unrelated families. AB - Two unrelated families, one with 15 and the other with 3 members affected with macroglossia as a sole trait, are described. It is concluded that this entity differs from previously reported syndromes presenting macroglossia and is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. PMID- 3770749 TI - Yqs resulting from a reciprocal Y;15 translocation in the father of a 46,X,i(Xq) girl. PMID- 3770750 TI - Polymorphism of 6-PGD in South Korea: a new genetic variant 6-PGD Korea. AB - During population genetic studies in Korea a new variant in the 6 phosphogluconate (6-PGD) system preliminary called 6-PGDKorea was observed. PMID- 3770751 TI - DiGeorge syndrome and 22q11 rearrangements. PMID- 3770752 TI - Rare, polymorphic, and common fragile sites: a classification. PMID- 3770754 TI - Treponemal serology and blood groups on Bali island, Indonesia. AB - As part of a multidisciplinary study of the population of Bali, Indonesia, 2452 blood samples from people of both sexes were tested for treponemal infection and blood groups. Analysis of blood groups of the 81 patients reactive to the Treponema pallidum immobilisation (TPI) test, who were considered to have latent or inactive yaws, compared with a control group of 552 healthy Balinese, showed that the ratio of MM to MN and NN phenotypes was 2.25 times higher in the patients than in the controls (chi 2(1) = 10.2, p less than 0.005). A speculative hypothesis is that yews infection gives people with the MM phenotype a lower selective fitness. This hypothesis could explain the low prevalence of the M gene in the Australo-Melanesian populations. PMID- 3770753 TI - Serological tests for syphilis in Saudi Arabia. AB - A total of 6684 sera were initially screened for syphilis by the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test and the Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay (TPHA). Reactive sera from either or both these tests were tested for confirmation by the fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorbed (FTA-ABS) test. VDRL biological false positive reactors were detected in 0.5% of the total sera examined, with 0.4% and 0.8%, respectively, obtained in pregnant women and blood donors. Eight sera (0.1%) were found to be positive in the TPHA test alone. An overall positivity of 2.7% for syphilis was detected, with a 0.85% positivity in antenatal patients. Infection with T pallidum seemed to be more common in men than in women (1.6:1) and predominated in the age group 20-39 years. Serological testing of sera from 26 mother and infant pairs allowed one case of congenital syphilis to be detected by FTA-ABS (IgM) and identified VDRL biological false positivity in seven infants. PMID- 3770755 TI - Declaring cure in women with gonorrhoea. AB - The case notes of 426 women who had been treated for uncomplicated gonorrhoea in 1978-83 inclusive, were studied. The findings for 1978 formed a retrospective basis for a prospective study. The aim was to appraise the value of earlier and fewer follow up tests of cure. The new routine was associated with a more assertive approach to other modalities of control. It was concluded that the interests of individual patients, as well as those aimed at control, were adequately served by one set of smear and culture specimens. There was one proviso. Potential "repeaters" need to be identified and treated individually in terms of follow up testing. PMID- 3770756 TI - Persistent urethritis due to Ureaplasma urealyticum in conjugal or stable partnerships. AB - A study of four conjugal partnerships is described in which the male partners presented with persistent or recurrent non-gonococcal, non-chlamydial, but ureaplasma positive urethritis. Resolution of symptoms and signs in the male partners was achieved only after treatment to eliminate Ureaplasma urealyticum from both partners. PMID- 3770757 TI - Biological false positive reactions in treponemal serological tests used to diagnose syphilis. PMID- 3770758 TI - Is there a critical time for prophylaxis against neonatal gonococcal ophthalmia? PMID- 3770759 TI - Finger nails as a reservoir for Candida albicans in recurrence of vaginal candidosis. PMID- 3770760 TI - The effects of handle shape and size on exerted forces. PMID- 3770761 TI - An evaluation of knife handle guarding. PMID- 3770763 TI - Repetitive trauma disorders: job evaluation and design. PMID- 3770762 TI - An evaluation of tool design and method of use of railroad leverage tools on back stress and tool performance. PMID- 3770764 TI - Coupling the hand with the handle: an improved notation of touch, grip, and grasp. PMID- 3770765 TI - The validity of subjective reports of visual discomfort. PMID- 3770766 TI - Kinetics of methaemoglobin production. (1). Kinetics of methaemoglobinaemia induced by the cyanide antidotes, p-aminopropiophenone, p hydroxyaminopropiophenone or p-dimethylaminophenol after intravenous administration. AB - Methaemoglobin profiles have been studied by using ISIS, a simulation package, and NONLIN, a non-linear least-squares analysis regression program. A simple kinetic model which satisfactorily describes methaemoglobin profiles after p aminopropiophenone (PAPP) administration and 4-dimethylaminophenol (DMAP) administration has been developed. The two compounds differed mainly in their effective rates of elimination. The model less satisfactorily described methaemoglobin profiles after p-hydroxyaminopropiophenone (PHAPP) administration. PMID- 3770767 TI - Kinetics of methaemoglobin production. (2). Kinetics of the cyanide antidote p aminopropiophenone during oral administration. AB - The kinetics of methaemoglobin production by orally administered p aminopropiophenone (PAPP) was studied by using a kinetic model previously developed to describe methaemoglobinaemia consequent on intravenous injection of PAPP. Both ISIS, a simulation package, and NONLIN, a non-linear least-squares regression analysis program, were used to analyse the data. Some modification of the model was necessary to describe oral profiles and 40-50% of the administered PAPP appeared to be being metabolized at first pass to a non-active metabolite. PMID- 3770768 TI - Biological behaviour of Pu administered to animals as Pu-standard LICAM(C) complex: therapeutical attempts to decrease Pu kidney burden. AB - The biological fate of plutonium (Pu) introduced as a Pu-standard LICAM(C) complex was investigated in male rats of two strains, in male and female mice and in the baboon. We observed that, whatever the animal species or the entry route, this complex was deposited rapidly in the kidney. In addition, more of the complex accumulated in the rat (16% of injected radioactivity) than in either the mouse (7%) or baboon (5%). This Pu deposit was cleared spontaneously with a half life of 10 days in the rat and only 5 days in the mouse. We noted that the complex was deposited on bone during this period and that, 10 days after the introduction of Pu, the skeleton became the main organ of retention of Pu (7% of the dose in the rat, 4% in mice and 3% in the baboon). In spite of this, which would indicate that Pu-standard LICAM(C) resembles a weak complex, gut transfer was comparable with that of a strong complex 1.10(-3) (f1 = 1.10(-3)). Pu deposit seemed to be pH dependent and could be modified be varying the pH balance of urine. Bicarbonate was among the most effective of the different drugs used to affect this balance, as 5 h of continuous perfusion decreased the kidney Pu burden by a factor of 4. Such efficacy was also observed with diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid (DTPA) perfusion. The pragmatic consequence of these experiments is the recommendation of mixed therapy: standard LICAM(C) plus bicarbonate or DTPA. PMID- 3770770 TI - Self-poisoning with sustained-release aminophylline: a mechanism for observed secondary rise in serum theophylline. AB - It has been known for some time that after the ingestion of a large quantity of sustained-release aminophylline tablets, a secondary rise in theophylline concentration may occur (Connell et al., 1982). This has, in the past, been ascribed variously to continued absorption from the sustained release formulation (Struthers et al., 1982) or to redistribution of the drug after charcoal haemoperfusion (Connell et al., 1982). This case demonstrates that Phyllocontin S R tablets may cause a compacted mass in the stomach, which may become resistant to gastric lavage, and thus become a potential source of a sudden secondary rise in theophylline concentration. PMID- 3770769 TI - N-Acetyltransferase phenotype of patients with bladder cancer. AB - N-Acetyltransferase phenotype has been determined in 109 control subjects and in 23 patients with bladder cancer. Sixty-two per cent of control, and 39% of patients with bladder cancer were phenotypically slow acetylators. This difference was not significant. N-Acetyltransferase phenotype is unlikely to be a major determinant in the development of bladder cancer in the Turkish population. PMID- 3770771 TI - Severe atenolol poisoning: treatment with prenalterol. AB - A case of severe self-poisoning with atenolol is described. This did not respond to treatment with atropine and glucagon, but intravenous prenalterol resulted in rapid improvement. PMID- 3770772 TI - Attempted suicide by intravenous injection of lighter fuel presenting as an unusual cause of crepitus. PMID- 3770773 TI - Characterization of monoclonal antibodies directed against HLA class II molecules. AB - Four MAbs recognizing HLA class II antigens were produced by immunization with human leukemic cells, and were characterized through immunoprecipitation and cell distribution studies. They were tested against a panel of normal and leukemic cells, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed homozygous typing cells (HTC)s, deletion mutant cell lines, and 11 other cell lines. The immunochemical studies revealed the presence of two bands of 34 and 28 kD, corresponding to the alpha- and beta-subunits of HLA class II antigens, respectively. The cell distribution studies led to the conclusion that GRB1, GRB2, and GRB3 MAbs recognize the HLA-DR monomorphic antigens, and that the GRB4 MAb seems to recognize basically the DR molecules but shows also a cross-reaction to DP molecules. PMID- 3770774 TI - Monoclonal antibodies specific for Corynebacterium sepedonicum, the causative agent of potato ring rot. AB - BALB/c mice were immunized with Corynebacterium sepedonicum, and spleen cells from the immunized animals were fused with cells of the mouse myeloma line P3-X63 Ag8.653. Several hybridoma cell cultures were selected for further study. Monoclonal CS-B-5 was specific for C. sepedonicum and did not react significantly with other closely related phytopathogenic corynebacteria in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). As few as 10(3) organisms could be detected. This approach should prove useful for developing improved diagnostic procedures for a number of bacterial plant pathogens. PMID- 3770776 TI - Production of Chinese hamster monoclonal antibody to a human cell-surface antigen using a hamster-human somatic cell hybrid as antigen. AB - Hybridomas producing monoclonal antibody (MAb) of predefined specificity were isolated from a Chinese hamster that had received injections of a Chinese hamster human somatic cell hybrid. A standard method for the production of murine hybridomas was used to produce Chinese spleen lymphocyte X murine plasmacytoma hybridomas, and they were screened for complement-mediated cytotoxicity against a panel of Chinese hamster-human somatic cell hybrids and agglutination of human erythrocytes. Two hybridomas were established in tissue culture following limiting dilution cloning, and their reactivity with a panel of Chinese hamster human somatic cell hybrids indicates that they are specific for the previously identified human cell-surface antigen a1. The Chinese hamster appears to respond preferentially to human antigens of Chinese hamster-human somatic cell hybrids, and it will serve as a useful tool for the production of MAb specific for human cell-surface antigens expressed in the many well-characterized Chinese hamster human somatic cell hybrids available. PMID- 3770775 TI - The effect of primary immunization and concanavalin A on the production of monoclonal natural antibodies. AB - Hybridomas derived from mice sham-immunized with saline were found to secrete 'natural' antibodies with a wide range of specificities. A high response to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and in particular BSA conjugated with oxazolone was observed routinely. The oxazolone-BSA response was probably directed toward antigenic sites exposed as a result of the coupling procedure; only 2% of the oxazolone-BSA-binding supernatants also bound to oxazolone-ovalbumin. An unexpected cross-reactivity was seen between the oxazolone-BSA-binding supernatants and an 18-amino-acid peptide that forms part of the VP1 capsid protein of poliovirus serotype 3. Some supernatants were also found to react with all proteins tested, including the synthetic poliovirus peptide; this reactivity was maintained following cloning. Primary immunization resulting in the generation of antibodies to the injected antigen nevertheless had no effect on the repertoire of 'natural' antibodies produced. Injection of the T-cell mitogen concanavalin A increased the frequency of 'natural' antibodies. This effect was enhanced when ConA was injected together with antigen. PMID- 3770777 TI - Conditioned medium from macrophage cell lines supports the single-cell growth of hybridomas. AB - The aim of this study was to establish whether conditioned medium (CM) from macrophage cell lines would support the growth of hybridomas under conditions commonly used in hybridization experiments and in cloning of antigen-specific hybridomas. The ability of CM from macrophage cell lines J774, WEHI 274, WEHI 265, and PU 5 to support single-cell growth during cloning was compared with CM from cultures of resident mouse peritoneal cells, EL 4 mouse thymoma cells, L929 mouse fibrosarcoma, and feeder layers of resident peritoneal cells. CM from J774, L929, and resident peritoneal cells supported single-cell growth at the same level as the macrophage feeder layer. J774 and L929 CM were most effective at a final concentration of 25% with fresh medium supplemented with 20% fetal calf serum (FCS). The ability of J774 CM to support hybridoma growth was increased by prior stimulation with LPS but not PMA. CM from LPS-stimulated J774 cells used in fusion experiments resulted in increased numbers of hybridomas compared with those obtained with macrophage feeder layers. PMID- 3770778 TI - Passive biotelemetry by frequency keying. PMID- 3770779 TI - Capabilities of a toroid-amplifier system for magnetic measurement of current in biological tissue. PMID- 3770780 TI - Evaluation of esophageal electrodes for recording His-Purkinje activity based upon signal variance. PMID- 3770781 TI - A simple technique to measure the rate and magnitude of shortening of single isolated cardiac myocytes. PMID- 3770782 TI - SAMICOS--a sleep analyzing microcomputer system. PMID- 3770783 TI - Performance and measures of performance for estimators of brain potentials using real data. PMID- 3770784 TI - Criteria for optimal averaging of cardiac signals. PMID- 3770785 TI - Investigation of sounds produced by healthy and diseased human muscular contraction. PMID- 3770786 TI - Recognition of the shape of the ST segment in ECG waveforms. PMID- 3770787 TI - Analysis of models for external stimulation of axons. PMID- 3770788 TI - Microprocessor-based system for monitoring spinal evoked potentials during surgery. PMID- 3770789 TI - Triacylglycerol synthesis in developing seeds of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea): lipid accumulation and incorporation of labeled precursors during seed maturation. PMID- 3770790 TI - Natural plant enzyme inhibitors: isolation and properties of a trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitor from kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). PMID- 3770791 TI - Production of trans-o-hydroxybenzalpyruvate from 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene by cell free extracts of Corynebacterium renale. PMID- 3770792 TI - Cycloheximide-induced inhibition of cathepsin B activity in rat skeletal muscle. PMID- 3770793 TI - Effect of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone on oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria: site-specificity of its action. PMID- 3770794 TI - Are the hypocholesterolaemic action and metabolic effects of diethylhexyl phthalate mediated by thyroxine? PMID- 3770795 TI - Differences in repeated DNA sequences between callus and shoot tissue of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L). PMID- 3770796 TI - Involvement of ADP-ribosylation in DNA synthesis during development of rat brain. PMID- 3770797 TI - [Infections caused by coagulase-negative Staphylococci in immunocompromised patients]. AB - Coagulase-negative staphylococci are important members of the normal aerobic microflora of human skin and mucous membranes. Normally they are not pathogenic for men. But the increase in patients with implanted plastic foreign bodies or intravascular catheters had led to a dramatic change. In these patients, coagulase-negative staphylococci are the predominant organisms causing septicemia. Special pathomechanisms are involved in the colonization of polymers by staphylococci leading to a "plastic infection". Intravascular catheters are also important factors in the origin of septicemia in premature neonates and in patients with malignant diseases, especially under cytostatic therapy. Premature or suppressed opsonophagocytosis mechanisms are responsible for the origin and maintainance of septicemia. PMID- 3770798 TI - [The significance of "nonpathogenic" Corynebacteria as a cause of opportunistic infections]. AB - A lot of corynebacterial species, summarized as "diphtheroids" has its normal habitat on the human skin. Consequently, these bacteria are often isolated from various clinical materials and mostly regarded as indeginous flora. The same bacteria, however, can cause serious infections, when the balance between host and microorganisms is impaired. Multiresistant corynebacteria group JK are used as an example to describe the development of such infections. Central venous catheters and other plastic devices can facilitate the entry of the bacteria. Simultaneously, resistant strains of corynebacteria benefit from a concurrently administered antimicrobial chemotherapy. Subsequently, these bacteria can be found as a cause of septicemia, endocarditis, wound infection, osteomyelitis, peritonitis and meningitis. The antimicrobial chemotherapy is hampered by the extreme resistance and vancomycin is the only antibiotic of choice. Colonization or infection of the single patient can be differentiated by clinical criteria only. According to the individual risk, a microbiological monitoring can be helpful in the early detection of colonization and infection. PMID- 3770799 TI - The effect of glucocorticosteroids on bone marrow mononuclear phagocytes in culture. AB - The effect of hydrocortisone and dexamethasone both in vivo and in vitro was studied in mouse bone marrow cultures in methylcellulose and in two liquid culture systems, one using Leighton tubes with a flying coverslip to grow adherent colonies and the other using Teflon culture bags to obtain suspension cultures. Although the total number of nucleated bone marrow cells was not greatly influenced by glucocorticosteroid treatment of the mice, a marked decrease in the number of colony-forming units and of mononuclear phagocytes was observed. Inhibition of colony growth in methylcellulose and of growth of mononuclear phagocytes in Teflon culture bags also occurred when glucocorticosteroids were added to in vitro cultures. Both drugs caused an almost complete inhibition of the growth of adherent colonies, and 3H-thymidine labeling of the cells was correspondingly low. When the glucocorticosteroids were added to cultures pre-incubated for 5 days in the presence of conditioned medium, the 3H thymidine labeling of macrophages and promonocytes was markedly reduced, whereas there was no change in the labeling of monoblasts. PMID- 3770800 TI - The macrophage population of the gastro-intestinal tract of the rat. AB - The macrophage population of the gastro-intestinal tract of the rat was studied by using a set of three monoclonal antibodies (ED1, ED2 and ED3) directed against rat macrophages, an anti-Ia monoclonal antibody and by performing an acid phosphatase reaction. The lamina propria of the whole gastro-intestinal tract comprised quite high numbers of macrophages. This macrophage population was heterogeneous. The Ia-positivity and the acid phosphatase activity of the macrophages were higher in the intestines than in the stomach and esophagus. ED1 positive macrophages were also quite numerous in the intestines; their number was relatively low in the esophagus and stomach. ED2-positive macrophages were found equally dispersed along the gastro-intestinal tract; ED3-positive cells were hardly found. The functional implications of the present findings are discussed. PMID- 3770801 TI - Biochemical characterization of Fc gamma receptors of mouse DCH-5 cell line. AB - Fc gamma receptors (Fc gamma R) were isolated from the culture medium of a mouse hybrid cell line (DCH-5) known as an over-expressor of Fc gamma R, established from a mouse adherent spleen cell and the thymoma cell BW 5147. Proteins adsorbed to insolubilized IgG were separated on Sephacryl S-200. The main fraction with maximum FcR activity was isolated and characterized as a glycoprotein with an effective molar mass of about 55 kg/mol. Under non-denaturing conditions, the protein existed as a non-covalently linked dimer. Isoelectric focussing in agarose gel showed two bands with pI = 5.2 and pI = 5.3. The amino acid composition of this fraction was similar to that of pig and human Fc gamma R, and also of rabbit FcR for polymeric Ig. The sugar composition of the fraction (about 34% w/w) resembled that of the C1q component of complement and some membrane glycoproteins. PMID- 3770802 TI - Immune responsiveness in offspring of adoptively immunized mothers. AB - The rate of appearance of cells forming 19S hemolytic antibody (PFC) in the spleens of F1 newborn mice after adoptive anti-paternal immunization of fetuses, newborns and/or their mothers during pregnancy has been studied. An increase in the number of PFC was found at the age of 6 to 11 days in offspring of adoptively immunized mothers. These newborns, even when foster nursed by untreated mothers, still had a significantly higher number of PFC in comparison to the controls. In contrast, adoptive immunization of the newborns themselves resulted in a decrease of PFC during the second week after birth. Several possible explanations for the obtained results are discussed including the putative transplacental passage of immunocompetent cells. PMID- 3770803 TI - The effect of immunoglobulin G1 structure on macrophage binding to supported planar lipid monolayers. AB - We have studied the antibody-dependent binding of macrophages to supported planar lipid monolayers containing haptenated phospholipids (Tnp-Cap-DPPE). Eight monoclonal anti-TNP IgG1s, which had similar affinities to the TNP residues in solution and in the membranes, were used in the experiment. The results showed that mouse macrophages (P388D1 and J774.1) bound with different affinities to these IgG1-coated lipid monolayers. The monoclonal antibody shown to be deficient in macrophage binding was also relatively ineffective in activating complement. These results indicated that individual monoclonal antibodies of a given subclass may prove deficient in terms of the biological activities associated with the group as a whole. PMID- 3770804 TI - Killing of Giardia muris trophozoites in vitro by spleen, mesenteric lymph node and peritoneal cells from susceptible and resistant mice. AB - The ability of spleen, mesenteric lymph node (MLN) and peritoneal exudate (PEC) cells from susceptible (A/J) and resistant (B10.A) mice to kill trophozoites in vitro was determined. Both duration of incubation and cell density influenced giardicidal activity. Maximal killing was observed after 6 hr of incubation at the effector to target ratios of 30:1 and 50:1. Cells isolated from A/J and B10.A mice during the elimination phase of the infection killed more trophozoites than those isolated from mice during the acute phase of the infection. Cells isolated from mucosal sites (MLN) of donors infected for 15 days killed more trophozoites in vitro than those isolated from systemic sites (spleen, PEC). There were no differences in the giardicidal activity of cells from susceptible and resistant mice. Killing of trophozoites was mediated by plastic-adherent cells with macrophage properties. Non-specific stimulation with thioglycollate and the presence of immune mouse serum enhanced the capacity of macrophages to kill parasites. There was no apparent relationship between the capacity of A/J and B10.A mice to mount cell-mediated effector responses and their ability to control the infection with Giardia muris. PMID- 3770805 TI - The influence of intestinal processing on the immunogenicity and molecular size of absorbed, circulating ovalbumin in mice. AB - The presence of a tolerogen in mouse serum within 1 hr of antigen feeding prompted further study. Therefore, serum from mice fed with ovalbumin (OVA) was subjected to various immunochemical and biological tests. The appearance of tolerogen in serum was concomitant with the presence of OVA detected by a specific ELISA. Absorption of tolerogenic serum with anti-OVA antibody coupled to Sepharose beads effectively removed the tolerogenic moiety from the serum and confirmed that not only was tolerogenicity associated with the presence of antigen, but that binding sites for antibody were intact on this tolerogenic form of OVA. Finally, serum fractions from antigen-fed mice were assayed for total protein content, ELISA-detectable OVA and in vivo effect on systemic immunity. The only serum fraction in which immunoreactive OVA was detected contained proteins close to the molecular weight of native OVA and induced significant immune suppression in recipients. Serum fractions lacking immunoreactive OVA were not significantly tolerogenic in vivo. These experiments confirm that when OVA is absorbed across the gut mucosa it is subtly altered into a tolerogenic form. The recognition of gut-processed OVA by T-suppressor cells is discussed. PMID- 3770806 TI - Isolation and characterization of guinea-pig serum amyloid P component. AB - A pentraxin was isolated from acute-phase guinea-pig serum by calcium-dependent affinity chromatography on agarose. It was immunochemically identical to guinea pig amyloid P component and therefore has been called guinea-pig serum amyloid P component (SAP). Guinea-pig SAP has an apparent MW of between 265,000 and 300,000 by different techniques, and is composed of 10 noncovalently associated subunits arranged in two pentameric annular discs interacting face-to-face. It is apparently composed of two types of subunit, which run as a closely spaced doublet on reduced sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). At least one type of subunit is glycosylated. The serum concentration was 16 +/- 4 mg/l in outbred animals, rising to 25 +/- 4 mg/l in an acute-phase response. Binding to agarose correlated with the agarose pyruvate content and was completely abolished by diazomethane treatment of the agarose, which methylates the pyruvate carboxylic moiety. Binding was also inhibited in the presence of free methyl 4,6-o-(carboxyethylidine)-beta-D-galactopyranoside. No protein resembling C-reactive protein (CRP) was obtained by calcium-dependent affinity chromatography of acute-phase guinea-pig serum on phosphorylcholine (PC) Sepharose, and it not clear whether a counterpart of CRP exists in this species. PMID- 3770807 TI - Involvement of tumour necrosis factor in monocyte-mediated rapid killing of actinomycin D-pretreated WEHI 164 sarcoma cells. AB - Human and murine monocyte-macrophages kill actinomycin D (ActD)-treated WEHI 164 sarcoma cells in a 6-hr 51Cr-release assay (drug-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, DDCC). In this study, we have investigated the cytotoxic activity of human recombinant tumour necrosis factor (hrTNF) against untreated and ActD-treated WEHI 164 sarcoma cells. Human recombinant TNF when added to the 6-hr 51Cr-release assay killed ActD-treated targets at doses ranging from 33 to 0.33 ng/ml, whereas untreated targets were resistant to lysis. The kinetics of lysis of ActD-treated targets was similar for hrTNF and blood monocytes. The protease inhibitors phenyl methyl-sulphonyl-fluoride (PMSF) and N-alpha-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK) reduced the DDCC activity of monocytes, monocyte supernatants and hrTNF. Killing of drug-sensitized target cells by monocyte supernatants was totally inhibited by a rabbit anti-TNF serum. These, as well as previous data on the physicochemical properties of the soluble cytotoxic factor released by monocytes, suggest that rapid monocyte-mediated killing of ActD-pretreated WEHI 164 sarcoma cells involves TNF or TNF-like molecules. PMID- 3770808 TI - Mutual relationship among cytosolic pH, Na+ and Ca2+ ions in the degranulation of rat leukemic basophils. AB - Reagents which affect the cytosolic concentrations of protons and sodium ions markedly affect the degranulation process of mast cells. The proton-sodium exchanging ionophore, monensin, is found to cause noncytolytic dose dependent serotonin release from the rat leukemic basophils (line RBL-2H3). Its half maximal dose of ca. 2 microM leads to secretion of ca. 20% of these cells' serotonin content. Monensin induced serotonin secretion increases with external pH and decreases upon lowering external sodium ion concentrations, yet is independent on external calcium. Monitoring cytosolic pH and free Ca2+ concentrations with BCECF and quin2, respectively, shows that a rise in pHi and [Ca2+]i is caused by the ionophore. Amiloride, the blocker of cellular Na+/H+ antiporter, is found to be an effective inhibitor of antigen or monensin induced serotonin release. However, it does not by itself cause secretion. In contrast, ouabain, which inhibits the cellular Na+/K+ ATPase, does induce secretion. Cellular levels of pH, Na+ and Ca2+ ions are evidently linked and involve a manifold of activities. Though exchanging protons for sodium seems to be effective in causing mediator release, the present results do not provide sufficient support for proton/sodium ions having a second messenger role in the immunologically induced mediator release. PMID- 3770809 TI - Pancreas cancer associated antigen from normal colonic mucosa (PCAAc) assayed with monoclonal antibody. AB - We prepared monoclonal antibodies against pancreatic cancer associated antigen (PCAA) from normal colonic mucosa (PCAAc) and prepared an assay system to detect the circulating PCAAc in sera. 200 patients with cancer including 85 pancreatic cancer and benign disease were compared with 40 normal healthy individuals. Diagnostic rate of pancreatic cancer was 64/85 (75%) but other malignancy also showed elevated PCAAc: 18/19 (94.7%) of hepatoma and 19/37 (51.4%) of gastric cancer. In pancreatitis, 8/17 (47.1%) showed elevated PCAAc. Compared with our previous reports of PCAA assay, these results indicated that diagnostic sensitivity of pancreatic cancer was increased but specificity of it was decreased. PMID- 3770810 TI - Role of adrenal steroids in retention and utilization of vitamin B6 in liver. PMID- 3770811 TI - Reproduction during initial stages of puberty in neonatally androgenised rats. PMID- 3770812 TI - A study on parotid gland tumor induced in Swiss mice by tanin containing fraction of betelnut. PMID- 3770813 TI - Proteins and DNA deficits in adult mouse brain after tritium treatment. PMID- 3770814 TI - Stereotyped behaviour and striatal dopamine receptors in albino rat and the desert rat (Mastomys natalensis): a comparative study. PMID- 3770815 TI - Effect of calcium channel blockers on myocardial infarct size in rat. PMID- 3770817 TI - Antiarrhythmic effect of calcium slow channel blockers (verapamil, nifedipine and diltiazem) in ventricular arrhythmias induced by coronary artery occlusion in dogs. PMID- 3770816 TI - Potentiation of clonidine analgesia by amitriptyline. PMID- 3770818 TI - Neurobehavioural effects of ketamine. PMID- 3770820 TI - Effect of adrenal hormones on testis of the indian garden lizard Calotes versicolor. PMID- 3770819 TI - Anti-leishmanial activity of methyl glyoxal. PMID- 3770821 TI - Effect of long term feeding of tulsi(Ocimum sanctum Linn) on reproductive performance of adult albino rats. PMID- 3770822 TI - A study on the loss of immune response and haematological changes in aged mice experimentally infected with the dwarf tapeworm Hymenolepis nana. PMID- 3770823 TI - Some cardiovascular changes following experimental urinary cystorrhexis in calves. PMID- 3770824 TI - Prolactin induced advancement in structural organization of accessory sex organs during puberal transition in albino rats. PMID- 3770825 TI - Effects of propyl thiouracil induced hypothyroidism on annual body weight and testis development cycles of the Lal munia Estrilda amandava. PMID- 3770826 TI - Comparative study of 2,5-hexanediol and 2,5-hexanedione induced thymic toxicity in weanling and adult rats. PMID- 3770828 TI - Protein binding studies of enfenamic acid. PMID- 3770827 TI - Calcium efflux and spontaneous activity of frog sinus venosus and isotonic sucrose solution. PMID- 3770829 TI - Varicocele & sperm antibodies. PMID- 3770830 TI - Study of biliary dynamics in the common bile duct using Tc-99m-EHIDA. PMID- 3770831 TI - Modified technique of leucocyte count for eliminating time related alterations. PMID- 3770832 TI - Isolation of Salmonella isangi (6, 7, 14:d:l, 5) for the first time in India. PMID- 3770833 TI - Significance of circulating HBsAg/IgM complexes in viral hepatitis type B. PMID- 3770834 TI - Phosphatidylcholine liposomes as effective adjuvant for vaccination of mice against Plasmodium yoelii. PMID- 3770835 TI - Breeding habitats of Anopheles culicifacies in Rameswaram Island. PMID- 3770836 TI - Diarrhoeal disease morbidity in children below 5 years in urban slums of Delhi. PMID- 3770837 TI - Immunological studies in cirrhotic & non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis. PMID- 3770838 TI - Liposome-mediated functional targeting of prednisolone. PMID- 3770839 TI - A semi-micro colorimetric method for estimating glycosylated haemoglobin. PMID- 3770840 TI - Impact of nutrition orientation to health guides on nutrition component of health guide scheme. PMID- 3770841 TI - Tetanus--a method of scoring to determine the prognosis. PMID- 3770842 TI - Effect of pranayama practices on fasting blood glucose and serum cholesterol. PMID- 3770843 TI - P wave changes in the electrocardiogram of 200 hypertensive subjects. PMID- 3770844 TI - Isolation of Salmonella braenderup (6, 7: e, h:e, n, z15) for the first time in India. PMID- 3770846 TI - The management of diarrhoea and use of oral rehydration therapy--a joint WHO/UNICEF statement. Second edition. World Health Organization. Geneva, 1985. PMID- 3770845 TI - Case report of Bacillus septicaemia: a rare isolate. PMID- 3770847 TI - Environmental carcinogens. Selected methods of analysis. Volume 8--Some metals: As, Be, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Se, Zn. PMID- 3770848 TI - Lead: sources, exposure and possible carcinogenicity. PMID- 3770849 TI - Exposure assessment for metals involved in carcinogenesis. PMID- 3770850 TI - Occurrence of selected metals in cigarette tobaccos and smoke. PMID- 3770851 TI - Sampling, storage and pretreatment of biological material. PMID- 3770852 TI - General review of analytical methods. PMID- 3770853 TI - Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of some metals and their compounds. PMID- 3770854 TI - Special considerations in trace element analysis of foods and biological materials. PMID- 3770855 TI - Determination of metals and their compounds in work-place air. PMID- 3770856 TI - Determination of metals and their compounds in water. PMID- 3770857 TI - Considerations of sampling, interactions and IARC evaluations for this group of elements. PMID- 3770858 TI - Determination of metals and their compounds in food. PMID- 3770859 TI - Biological monitoring. PMID- 3770860 TI - Sources of exposure and biological effects of arsenic. PMID- 3770861 TI - Sources of exposure and biological effects of chromium. PMID- 3770862 TI - Sources of exposure and biological effects of nickel. PMID- 3770863 TI - Cadmium: sources, exposure and possible carcinogenicity. PMID- 3770864 TI - Evidence for a difference in vitamin D metabolism between spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats. AB - It has been contended that the metabolism of vitamin D in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) is different from that in Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). To investigate this possibility, the plasma concentration of 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25[OH]2D) and several known determinants of its production rate were measured in SHR and WKY given normal and restricted amounts of dietary phosphorus. In 12-week-old male SHR given a normal amount of dietary phosphorus, the mean plasma concentration of 1,25(OH)2D (72 +/- 5 pg/ml) was significantly lower than that in age-matched WKY (129 +/- 6 pg/ml; p less than 0.001). The lower plasma concentration of 1,25(OH)2D in the SHR could not be attributed to higher circulating levels of inorganic phosphorus or ionized calcium, lower plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, or acidosis. However, in the SHR, urinary excretion of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (12.5 +/- 0.4 nmol/mg creatinine) was significantly lower than that in WKY (15.2 +/- 0.3 nmol/mg creatinine; p less than 0.001). In both SHR and WKY, restriction of dietary phosphorus for 1 week induced an increase in the plasma concentration of 1,25(OH)2D without affecting blood pressure. The current findings indicate that in 12-week-old male SHR, 1,25(OH)2D metabolism is different from that in age matched WKY. The activity of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1 alpha-hydroxylase, however, appears to be at least partially responsive to short-term restriction of dietary phosphorus. In SHR, the activity of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1 alpha-hydroxylase may be lower than that in WKY, perhaps due in part to some impairment in the renal metabolism of, or responsiveness to, cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate. PMID- 3770865 TI - Salt level in weaning diet affects saline preference and fluid intake in Dahl rats. AB - Weanling Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) and salt-resistant (DR) rats were used to compare effects of feeding high or low NaCl diets on taste preference for, and intake of, a wide range of saline concentrations. The DS and DR were fed either 8.0 or 0.4% dietary NaCl for 4 weeks. Then, with all animals fed the 0.4% NaCl diet, their taste preferences for 0.0001 to 0.56 M saline were assessed using three 24-hour two-bottle preference tests of each solution versus distilled deionized water. Saline preference and intake were influenced by concentration and its interaction with genotype, with DS exhibiting higher preferences than DR for hypotonic saline. The DS preexposed to 8.0% dietary NaCl showed elevated consumption levels of water and total fluid (saline + water) that persisted throughout the 5-week test period, despite transfer to the 0.4% NaCl diet before the initiation of preference testing. Findings indicate that genotype, dietary NaCl levels in weaning diet, and saline concentration of preference test solutions interact to influence saline preference and saline and water intake in Dahl rats. PMID- 3770866 TI - Age-related changes in blood pressure. AB - This report is based on three different representative population samples of a total of 1304 men (50-79 years old) and 1246 women (38-79 years old) observed for up to 12 years. Subjects' consumption of antihypertensive drugs and blood pressure levels in subjects with and without such treatment are presented. The prevalence of treatment with antihypertensive drugs (including beta-blockers and diuretics for other indications) increased from 2% at age 50 years to 37% at 79 years of age among the men and from 1% at 38 years to 61% at 79 years of age among the women. The mean systolic/diastolic blood pressure in untreated subjects increased from 138/91 mm Hg at age 50 years to 159/91 mm Hg at age 70 years in the men and from 123/79 mm Hg at age 38 years to 168/93 mm Hg at age 70 years in the women. At age 79 years the mean systolic/diastolic blood pressure was 155/83 mm Hg in the men and 161/85 mm Hg in the women. In a longitudinal follow-up of reexamined subjects, there was an increase in systolic blood pressure levels up to age 75 years and a reduction in diastolic blood pressure after age 75 years in both sexes. PMID- 3770867 TI - Dietary calcium and blood pressure in National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys I and II. AB - It has recently been reported that a low intake of calcium may be a risk factor for hypertension. In view of the contradictory results, even when the same survey data base has been used by different researchers, an in-depth analysis was undertaken of the data provided by the two cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Both surveys, conducted in consecutive 4 year intervals during the 1970s, were designed to examine representative samples of the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population. The overall descriptive findings in relation to mean blood pressure and calcium intake were virtually identical in the two surveys. Based on "quantile" analysis, neither mean levels of blood pressure nor the prevalence of hypertension was related to calcium intake. Only among black men in NHANES I was a relationship between calcium intake and blood pressure noted. This finding was not apparent among black men in NHANES II or among any of the other sex-race groups in either survey. We conclude that the data of NHANES I and II do not show an association between low calcium intake and blood pressure. PMID- 3770868 TI - Race and cardiovascular reactivity. A neglected relationship. AB - The magnitude of the cardiovascular response to stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Psychological stress procedures have received increased usage as an alternative to expensive physical (exercise) stress procedures. In the present investigation, 213 healthy, black or white, male or female children between the ages of 6 and 18 years were exposed to the psychological stress of a video game. The video game challenge was administered by a black or a white experimenter and was played under three levels of increasing stress, 1) personal challenge, 2) experimenter's challenge, and 3) experimenter's challenge accompanied by a financial incentive, while blood pressure and heart rate were monitored. Results indicated that the video games provoked significant and incremental cardiovascular reactivity across the games. Black children demonstrated significantly greater reactivity than white children; the racial difference was more reliably observed for systolic and diastolic blood pressure than for heart rate. Furthermore, the race of the experimenter exerted a significant effect and often interacted with the race of the child, such that greater reactivity occurred in same-race pairings than in mixed-race pairings. These results suggest that reactivity is affected by an individual's race and social milieu and that reactivity may be one mechanism responsible for the greater prevalence of hypertension among blacks. PMID- 3770869 TI - Controlled trial of long-term oral calcium supplementation in essential hypertension. AB - A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial of oral calcium supplementation was carried out in 18 patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension. After 15 weeks of oral calcium supplementation, 1 g/day, of the patients' habitual diet, the only blood pressure change (compared with the results of placebo treatment) was in the average standing systolic blood pressure, which was significantly reduced (-8.6 mm Hg; p less than 0.01). The 24 hour urinary calcium excretion and the total serum calcium concentration increased significantly during calcium supplementation (p less than 0.05), indicating good compliance with the treatment. The individual blood pressure changes with high calcium intake were found to be inversely related to basal 24 hour urinary calcium excretion (r = -0.69, p less than 0.001 for standing systolic pressure; r = -0.55, p less than 0.002 for standing diastolic pressure). This correlation was independent of age, basal blood pressure, serum calcium concentration, basal 24-hour urinary sodium excretion, and body weight changes during the trial. In particular, a subgroup of six patients, who had a basal 24 hour urinary calcium excretion higher than the mean + 2 SD of a reference healthy population previously described, showed a substantial average blood pressure fall at variance with the other patients in the study. These results do not support the usefulness of an oral calcium supplement in the majority of subjects with mild essential hypertension; however, they suggest that a group of patients with a previously reported abnormality of calcium metabolism may be responsive to this therapeutic measure. PMID- 3770870 TI - Hypertensive effect of a bradykinin antagonist in normotensive rats. AB - The purpose of these experiments was to study the possible contribution of bradykinin to normal blood pressure maintenance. The bradykinin analogue B4146, a competitive antagonist-partial agonist of bradykinin, was used in three groups of normotensive unanesthetized Wistar rats. Two intra-aortic injections of B4146 (1 mg in 0.2 ml of dextrose) were given 5 minutes apart (i.e., well after return of blood pressure to baseline, which occurred within 68 +/- 19 seconds). One group had been pretreated with the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor HOE 498, 1 mg/kg (Hoechst), and one received only dextrose as the first injection to serve as controls. The bradykinin antagonist produced an average increase in mean arterial pressure of approximately 13 mm Hg for all groups. In five animals, however, the first injection of B4146 produced a hypotensive effect, whereas the second one consistently produced a rise in blood pressure. Pretreatment with the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor did not affect the magnitude of the subsequent blood pressure increase in response to B4146. Since smaller doses of B4146, sufficient to block exogenous bradykinin, do not cause changes in normal blood pressure, we conclude that endogenous bradykinin does contribute to normal blood pressure maintenance, but its effect can be demonstrated only if very high doses of its antagonist are injected, maybe because a high concentration of the compound is necessary to displace not only circulating but possibly tissue receptor-bound bradykinin as well. PMID- 3770871 TI - Biotechnology and the pharmaceutical industry. New cardiovascular drugs. PMID- 3770872 TI - Systemic and renal vascular responses to dietary calcium and vitamin D. AB - To assess the consequences of hypercalcemia on systemic and renal hemodynamics, vasoactive hormones, and water and electrolyte excretion in intact, conscious mongrel dogs, measurements in 10 dogs receiving 100 mg/kg calcium gluconate and 10,000 U/kg vitamin D daily for 2 weeks were compared with measurements made in 10 time-control dogs not receiving calcium or vitamin D. Hypercalcemia induced by dietary supplementation with calcium and vitamin D resulted in profoundly reduced glomerular filtration rate (40 vs 78 ml/min in controls; p less than 0.005), estimated renal plasma flow (145 vs 267 ml/min in controls; p less than 0.005), and renal blood flow (254 vs 441 ml/min in controls; p less than 0.005). Renal resistance was significantly increased in the hypercalcemic dogs (0.57 +/- 0.07 vs 0.28 +/- 0.01 mm Hg/ml/min; p less than 0.005). Hypercalcemia also resulted in increased fractional excretion of water (4.8 vs 1.4% in controls; p less than 0.005), sodium (1.4 vs 0.6% in controls; p less than 0.005), calcium (1.7 vs 0.7% in controls; p less than 0.01), and magnesium (10.2 vs 4.1% in controls; p less than 0.005). Systolic blood pressure (160 vs 172 mm Hg in controls; p less than 0.05) and stroke volume were lower (0.024 vs 0.036 L/beat in controls; p less than 0.005) in hypercalcemic dogs, presumably because of the diuresis, while total peripheral resistance was higher (36 vs 31 mm Hg/L/min; p less than 0.05) in controls. Magnesium levels were significantly lower in the experimental group (1.3 vs 1.7 mg/dl in controls; p less than 0.0005). Aldosterone levels, plasma renin activity, and urinary prostaglandin excretion were not significantly affected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3770873 TI - Similarities of essential and spontaneous hypertension. Volume and number of blood cells. AB - Spontaneously hypertensive rats have long been used as an animal counterpart of human essential hypertension. The validation of this strain as a model rests mainly on the "clinical" similarity of the two syndromes, but it has scarcely been founded on numerical comparison of measurable parameters. We investigated three hematological indexes previously recognized to be altered in spontaneously hypertensive rats: the single-cell volume of erythrocytes, the single-cell volume of platelets, and the erythrocyte number. Erythrocyte volume was lower by 7%, platelet volume was higher by 12%, and erythrocyte count was higher by 22% in spontaneously hypertensive rats in comparison with Wistar-Kyoto controls. More unexpectedly, it was found that erythrocyte volume is lower by 2%, platelet volume is higher by 3%, and erythrocyte number is higher by 6% in essential hypertensive subjects when compared with normotensive healthy subjects. These results, combined with previously reported blood cell alterations in subjects and rats, reinforce the evidence of a biological similarity between essential and spontaneous hypertension. PMID- 3770874 TI - Potassium depletion ameliorates hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - The hemodynamic effect of moderate K+ depletion in hypertension is unknown. Since severe K+ depletion reduces systemic vascular resistance in normotensive rats, we determined the effect of K+ depletion on the natural history of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and SHR were fed a K+-replete, a moderately K+-depleted, or a severely K+-depleted diet. After 6 weeks, systemic vascular resistance was reduced by 25% in WKY on the severely K+ depleted diet while mean arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance were comparable in WKY on the other two diets. In SHR on the severely K+-depleted diet for 6 weeks, muscle K+ was reduced by 23% and growth rate by 65%. In SHR on the moderately K+-depleted diet, growth rate was reduced by 23% after 3 weeks. By 6 weeks, however, muscle K+ was reduced by 5 to 6% and growth rate was comparable to that in SHR receiving the K+-replete diet. The administration of either K+ depleted diet prevented the development of hypertension (systolic blood pressure: severely depleted, 116 +/- 4; moderately depleted, 122 +/- 3; K+-replete, 155 +/- 5 mm Hg; p less than 0.001 compared with both K+-depleted groups) and reversed established hypertension (systolic blood pressure: severely depleted, 116 +/- 4; moderately depleted, 128 +/- 3; K+-replete, 171 +/- 5 mm Hg; p less than 0.001 compared with both K+-depleted groups). The protective effect of K+ depletion was mediated by a 40% reduction in systemic vascular resistance. These results suggest that K+ depletion has a potent antihypertensive effect in SHR.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3770875 TI - Organization of the accident and emergency department. PMID- 3770876 TI - Factors influencing survival following fractures of the upper end of the femur. AB - Patients undergoing treatment for fractures of the upper end of the femur in a district general hospital over a 2-year period were analysed to identify preoperative illness, operative factors or postoperative complications associated with increased mortality. Both the mean age and mortality rate were higher than in many other reported series. The elderly diabetic was identified as a particularly high-risk patient. Dislocation following hemiarthroplasty was associated with advanced age and carried a formidable mortality. PMID- 3770877 TI - A simple adjustable functional brace for tibial fractures. AB - The use of an adjustable functional brace for fractures of the tibia has several practical and theoretical advantages. The high cost of commercially available braces has limited their use until now. We describe a simple, inexpensive orthosis which has given good results in a clinical study for 32 unselected fractures. The fractures' alignment was well maintained. The brace was comfortable to wear and there were few complications. It is hoped that the low cost of this simple custom-made brace will encourage more widespread use of this technique. PMID- 3770878 TI - Prevention of pressure sores in patients with fractures of the femoral neck. AB - A critical appraisal was made of the incidence of pressure sores occurring in the sacral region of patients undergoing treatment for fractures of the neck of the femur in an acute orthopaedic unit. A prospective controlled study was then carried out to investigate the effectiveness of the 'Reston' flotation pad in the prevention of such sores in a similar group of patients. PMID- 3770879 TI - Comparison of mortality of patients with multiple injuries according to type of fracture treatment--a retrospective age- and injury-matched series. AB - In a retrospective review of 71 patients with multiple injuries matched for age and severity, 28.5 per cent of those whose fractures were treated conservatively died compared with 4.5 per cent of those whose fractures were fixed. Early stable fixation of fractures is recommended in patients with multiple injuries. PMID- 3770880 TI - Ankle fractures treated with non-rigid internal fixation. AB - Two hundred and thirty-seven fractures of the ankle treated with non-rigid internal fixation were reviewed with regard to classification, congruency of joint surface, range of motion and the patients' subjective symptoms. The fractures were divided into either severe fractures consisting of two or more skeletal injuries or simple fractures consisting of only one skeletal injury. Successful operation, i.e. congruency of the joint, was seen in 50 per cent of the severe and in 73 per cent of the simple fractures (significant, P less than 0.001). Disability was significantly more frequent after severe fractures and with incongruent joints. This study shows that the operative technique using non rigid internal fixation is not sufficient for treating severe fractures, as exact anatomical reconstruction of the joint was not obtained. PMID- 3770881 TI - Power take-off injuries. AB - Accidents with power take-off mechanisms often cause very serious injuries. In this study the clinical data and circumstances of the accidents of 14 patients who suffered a power take-off accident were analysed. From a total of 38 fractures, three primary and three secondary amputations were necessary. Fifty per cent of the accidents were due to human negligence, indicating the need not only for better safety shields but also for improved safety practices. PMID- 3770882 TI - BMX bicycle injuries in children. AB - The incidence and severity of injuries occurring on BMX bicycles coming to an Accident and Emergency department (A&E) of a children's hospital have been studied prospectively during a 4-month period in 1984 and compared with the same calendar period 1 year previously, before the increase in BMX sales had occurred. The majority of bicycle accidents in the 1984 period occurred on BMX models. There was a marked increase in the number of injuries seen in 1984 (288) in comparison with 1983 (188), reflecting the increased use of bicycles by children due to the current popularity of BMX models. Although there was an increase in minor injuries in 1984 (182) compared with 1983 (112), the number of severe injuries was less-56 in 1984 (20 per cent) and 68 in 1983 (37 per cent). BMX bicycles, although increasing the number of A&E attendances, have not caused a rise in the number of severe injuries related to bicycles in Edinburgh. PMID- 3770883 TI - Cardiac contusion in patients wearing seat belts. AB - The incidence of myocardial contusion in patients wearing seat belts and requiring admission to hospital after road traffic accidents was examined. The criteria used for diagnosing contusion were serial electrocardiograms (ECGs) and estimation of CK-MB isoenzymes using the Isomune-CK (Roche) kit. Nine of the 14 patients (64 per cent) showed evidence of myocardial contusion. We suggest long term studies to establish the true incidence among patients wearing seat belts. PMID- 3770884 TI - Accidental pharyngeal rupture from explosion of a bottle into the mouth. PMID- 3770885 TI - Five unusual cases of penetrating cardiac injuries. PMID- 3770886 TI - The odd or even bullet. AB - A simple mathematical rule is presented to account for the number of bullets that may be left in the body of a gunshot victim. Two illustrative cases are described. PMID- 3770887 TI - Traumatic rupture of the stomach due to a seat belt. AB - A case of gastric rupture is described in a patient who was wearing a lap and diagonal inertia reel seat belt at the time of a head-on collision. The literature is reviewed and the mechanism of injury is discussed. PMID- 3770888 TI - Traumatic fixation of the hip by a bolt fired from a bolt gun. AB - A 25-year-old building worker was struck in the left hip by a 12.7-cm long bolt fired from a bolt gun. The bolt penetrated deeply into the pelvis, through the acetabulum, the joint cavity and the head of the femur leading to fixation of the hip. In spite of immediate extraction of the nail, cleansing, immobilization, antibiotics and tetanus prophylaxis, the wound became infected. The tips of the modern types of nails used in nail guns may be coated with a plastic material which can constitute a troublesome foreign body if left behind, because the nail is merely extracted without opening and exploring the track. PMID- 3770889 TI - Fractures of the tibial shaft conservatively treated. AB - Strict conservative treatment of fractures of the tibial shaft using traction when there is difficulty in restoring length or axis has given excellent radiological results with very little residual deformity and no serious complications, but only at the cost of doubling the number of days in hospital compared with more recent operative series. For the longitudinal fractures the time to bearing full weight is twice that of the series treated by operation. PMID- 3770890 TI - Simultaneous type II Monteggia lesion and fracture-separation of the lower radial epiphysis. AB - A very rare case of type II Monteggia lesion with an associated fracture separation of the distal radial epiphysis is reported and the mechanism of injury is discussed. PMID- 3770891 TI - A low-pressure tourniquet system for the lower limb. AB - An unusually wide pneumatic tourniquet which has recently been introduced into clinical practice was shown to occlude the lower limbs' blood flow at lower inflation pressures than the conventional narrower instrument. Based on a prospective study of volunteers as well as on a recording of peroperative fluctuations of blood pressure it was suggested that lower limbs' blood flow could be reliably occluded with this wide tourniquet inflated to no more than 125 mm Hg above the systolic pressure measured on admission. Theoretically a change to the lower pressures permitted by this instrument will lead to a reduction in complications caused by the tourniquet. PMID- 3770892 TI - The Hartshill arm splint. AB - A plastazote support is described which has advantages over the conventional roller towel method for elevating the upper limb. The reasons for elevation are briefly discussed. PMID- 3770893 TI - Bilateral pelvi-ureteric rupture following blunt injury. PMID- 3770894 TI - Prevention of rotation of the femoral head during internal fixation of subcapital fractures. AB - A simple technique for preventing rotation of the femoral head during fixation of a subcapital fracture with an AO dynamic hip screw system is described. PMID- 3770896 TI - Percutaneous pin fixation of open severe fractures of the distal third of the forearm. AB - Percutaneous pin fixation of 11 open comminuted severe fractures of the distal third of the forearm resulted in uneventful union and good function and radiological appearance. The lack of serious complications is attributed to the use of the external fixation device, which provides rigid fixation and allows wound redressings and early range of motion exercises without risking loss of alignment. PMID- 3770895 TI - Hemi-arthroplasty of the hip followed by ipsilateral fracture of the femoral shaft. AB - In a series of 74 ipsilateral fractures of the femoral shaft in relation to hemi arthroplasties, treatment by a cemented long-stem total hip replacement was found to be superior to conservative treatment or internal fixation without removal of the prosthesis. Acceptable clinical results were obtained in 89 per cent of these cases. PMID- 3770897 TI - Pneumopericardium following blunt chest injury: report of three cases. AB - Three cases of pneumopericardium following blunt chest injury are presented. All three patients were victims of road traffic accidents and were managed at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. One of the patients had a tension pneumopericardium, which was relieved by pericardiocentesis. The other two patients had only small amounts of pericardial air, which was absorbed after about 1 week. All three patients had multiple chest and associated injuries. The suspected mechanism of the pneumopericardium in the three patients is pleuropericardial rupture in the presence of an intrathoracic air leak. This is the first report of pneumopericardium following blunt injury of the chest in Nigeria. Only 16 previous cases have been reported in the world literature. PMID- 3770899 TI - Trampolining injuries of the spine. AB - Between 1963 and 1978 16 patients were seen as a result of trampolining accidents; 15 had spinal injuries in the lower cervical region, resulting in severe paralysis. Their ages ranged from 10 to 43; 13 were male and the mean age was 21. There were six schoolboys. The factors causing the injuries were analysed. In almost all cases injury was due to failure of supervision and it was not recognized initially that the trampoline is an extremely dangerous piece of equipment that can project people up to 9 m (30 ft) in the air. The accidents occurred as a result of people landing on their heads. The recommendations to make this sport safer are discussed. PMID- 3770900 TI - Prevertebral soft tissue shadow widening--an important sign of cervical spinal injury. AB - Injury to the cervical spine may first be diagnosed by recognizing the increase in prevertebral soft tissue seen on a radiograph. Seven such patients are reviewed. Failure to recognize this important sign led to delay in diagnosis of the cervical spinal injury in one patient and resulted in tetraplegia. A large prevertebral swelling should be considered as an indication of a severe and unstable injury to the cervical spine and requires careful handling of the patient. PMID- 3770898 TI - Analysis of the head injuries admitted to the Oxford Regional Neurosurgical Unit 1980-1982. AB - We have reviewed the patients with head injuries referred to the Oxford Regional Neurosurgical Unit over a 2-year period (1980-1982). In 73 per cent of the cases the referring surgeon suspected an intracranial collection or was experiencing difficulty in managing the patient. Eighty-one per cent of these patients required nursing in the Intensive Care Unit; 32 per cent underwent operative intervention. The total numbers admitted were low and this may suggest that many patients with severe head injuries are being treated in the district general hospitals when ideally they should be transferred to a neurosurgical unit. Adherence to suggested guidelines for transference would necessitate increased neurosurgical facilities. PMID- 3770901 TI - Multiple pulmonary missile emboli. PMID- 3770902 TI - Intramural haematoma of the duodenum following blunt abdominal injury--the place for conservative treatment. AB - Two patients with intramural haematoma of the duodenum following blunt abdominal injury are presented. They responded well to conservative treatment. Complete resolution of the duodenal obstruction was demonstrated by consecutive radiological studies. Because haematomas usually resolve spontaneously, awareness and diagnosis of this rare condition are important in order to prevent unnecessary operation. PMID- 3770903 TI - Isolated fracture of the capitate in a 10-year-old boy. PMID- 3770904 TI - Oblique zygomatic maxillary Kirschner wire in the treatment of malar fractures. PMID- 3770905 TI - Casualties on Everest--an evacuation problem. AB - A recent attempt to climb Mount Everest was foiled due to avalanche. This incident resulted in five casualties occurring at 21,000 ft (6,400 m) above sea level and 400 miles (643 km) from the nearest hospital. The problems encountered in their resuscitation and evacuation are discussed and recommendations made to avoid similar difficulties in the future. PMID- 3770906 TI - The problems of aluminium as a foreign body. PMID- 3770907 TI - Acute hypoferraemia following fractures. PMID- 3770908 TI - Collagen types present at human fracture sites--a preliminary report. AB - Collagen has been examined from normally and abnormally healing fractures. A higher proportion of type III collagen than was expected was found in abnormally healing fractures. Very little is known about collagen synthesis in healing fractures and how it is altered in abnormal healing states such as delayed and non-union. PMID- 3770909 TI - Treatment of femoral fractures by a fluted medullary rod. AB - The first 50 consecutive cases of fixation of the femur using the Sampson fluted medullary rod are described. In suitable fractures this device has been inserted by the closed technique whenever possible. It also proved useful in the management of the complications of fractures treated by other methods and in the treatment of pathological fractures. The strength of the nail itself and the security of the fixation achieved allowed patients to be up and about very soon. There was one case of deep infection which resolved, but otherwise complications were minor. PMID- 3770910 TI - A comparison of plating and traction in the treatment of tibial shaft fractures. AB - A consecutive series of fractures of the tibial shaft was studied over a 4-year period. A total of 115 fractures in 115 patients were found to be unstable and therefore unsuitable for immediate treatment in a plaster cast. Sixty-three fractures were treated by internal fixation using AO dynamic compression plates and 52 patients were treated by calcaneal traction. The two treatment groups were compared and it was found that overall each spent a similar time in hospital but the surgically treated group required a minimum of two admissions. The surgically treated group healed 6 weeks sooner than the conservatively treated group but there was an overall complication rate of 30 per cent related to the internal fixation. One hundred and three patients were seen for clinical review, and the incidence of joint stiffness is discussed. PMID- 3770912 TI - The causes and consequences of minor head injury in the elderly. AB - The majority of patients admitted to hospital after head injury are young men and the characteristics of this group tend to dominate accounts of cranial injury. All patients of 65 years or more admitted to the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary neurotrauma unit over a 1-year period were studied and 146 suffering minor head injury were identified. In this group the sex incidence was equal and falls were responsible for two-thirds of the injuries. Alcohol was a contributory factor in over half of the male patients. The incidence of other noteworthy medical and social factors was high and the length of stay in hospital was twice that of younger persons. It is suggested that the elderly represent a group with special needs which might most effectively be met by an overnight observation ward served by neurosurgeons and specialists in geriatric medicine. PMID- 3770911 TI - Static and sequential dynamic scintigraphy of the tibia following fracture. AB - Eighty patients who had sustained a fracture of the tibial shaft were studied by scintigraphy using technetium-99m labelled methylene diphosphonate (99Tcm MDP) and a gamma camera. Static scintigrams were obtained in the early stages following injury and examined for the presence of 'cold spots' which may indicate loss of blood supply to fracture fragments; these were found in 10 per cent of cases but did not bear any definite relationship to the normal progression of union. Sequential dynamic scintigrams were obtained at intervals up to 20 weeks after fracture to determine whether a pattern of uptake of tracer could be identified which correlated with the subsequent progression of union, but no significant difference was observed between fractures healing promptly (less than 20 weeks) and those in which healing was delayed (greater than 20 weeks). PMID- 3770913 TI - Traumatic diaphragmatic hernias--pitfalls in the barium meal. PMID- 3770914 TI - Isolated fractures of the first ribs--an indication of major cervicomediastinal injury. PMID- 3770915 TI - Blunt renal injury--an experience of 30 cases. AB - Thirty cases of blunt renal injury are reviewed. The need for rapid and accurate diagnosis of these cases with excretory urography, supplemented in certain patients with renal angiography, is discussed. High-dose excretory urography allows the cases to be categorized into minor or major injuries. All minor injuries can be managed without operation. For major injuries, a conservative approach, if necessary followed by surgical exploration, avoids loss of organ in most of the cases. PMID- 3770916 TI - Acetabular erosion: a comparison between the Austin Moore and Monk hard top prostheses. AB - Primary prosthetic replacement has become the method of treatment for acute subcapital fractures of the femur and is now widely accepted as a treatment for elderly patients. This paper presents the incidence of acetabular erosion by Monk (hard top) hip prostheses for subcapital fractures as compared with that by Austin Moore prostheses. PMID- 3770917 TI - Acetabular protrusion and the Monk Duopleet prosthesis in subcapital femoral neck fractures. AB - A total of 166 patients with acute, displaced subcapital fractures of the femoral neck were treated over a 5-year period with the Monk Duopleet bi-articular prosthesis. The average age at operation was 77.8 years. 81 patients were available for review at an average of 37.1 months after surgery. Radiographic evidence of acetabular protrusion was found in 3 patients (3.7 per cent). This incidence of protrusion is considerably lower than that normally reported for one piece prostheses such as the Austin Moore or Thompson. The causes of acetabular protrusion are discussed. PMID- 3770919 TI - Late positional correction of uniting femoral fractures using the Wagner external fixator. AB - The use of the Wagner leg lengthening external fixator is described in six patients with extensive segmental fractures of the femoral shaft. Good fixation of the fracture is combined with the facility for distraction and lengthening of the early reparative callus up to 10 weeks after injury. The method is recommended for those patients in whom shortening and malalignment of the fracture persist as union proceeds. PMID- 3770918 TI - Medullary femoral nailing of pathological fractures using the Derby nail--a preliminary report of 22 cases. AB - A new medullary femoral nail is reported. The device provides dynamic compression, producing rigid stabilization with resistance to rotational stresses. We present 22 cases of pathological fractures of the femur treated by the Derby nail. Rigid fixation was achieved with no sepsis, loosening or implant failure at the latest follow-up or death. The mean time spent in hospital was 20 days and patients took full weight, on average, by the 9th postoperative day. PMID- 3770920 TI - The locked knee. AB - Fifty patients presenting themselves with a locked knee were investigated prospectively by examination under anaesthesia and arthroscopy. Definite abnormality was found in 92 per cent. Torn menisci were present in 68 per cent and isolated ruptures of the cruciate ligament in 10 per cent. Loose bodies were found in 3 patients, degenerative changes alone in 2 patients and a pathological medial synovial shelf in 1 patient. No abnormality was demonstrated in 8 per cent. Sixteen per cent of the knees remained locked following the induction of anaesthesia. This study demonstrates that a true mechanical block is not necessarily present and that the position of an unstable meniscal fragment is not consistently related to the fixed position of the knee under anaesthetic. There were no clinical features that allowed the normal knees to be distinguished preoperatively from those with internal derangement. It is proposed that these patients should be managed by prompt examination under anaesthesia, arthroscopy and definitive surgery. PMID- 3770921 TI - Screw fixation of subcapital fractures of the femur--a better method of treatment? AB - A series of 71 patients with subcapital fractures of the femur treated by internal fixation with three AO cancellous screws is reviewed. Sixty-five patients survived and were followed up for 26-73 months from injury (mean 47 months). The incidence of non-union was 4.7 per cent. The incidence of avascular necrosis was 33.3 per cent in displaced fractures and 7.7 per cent in undisplaced fractures. Early weight bearing did not affect the incidence of non-union, avascular necrosis or regression of the screw. We recommend internal fixation of subcapital fractures of the femur by this method. PMID- 3770922 TI - Blood use in urgent operations for patients with fractures of the femoral neck. AB - Unnecessary preoperative cross-matching of blood wastes time and money and may increase morbidity and mortality by delaying a necessary operation. One hundred and ninety-three consecutive patients who underwent semi-urgent operative treatment for fractures of the neck of the femur at a large district general hospital were evaluated. Of the patients with haemoglobin values of 11 g/dl or more, only 12 per cent required transfusion for the operation. None of the patients with fractures treated by 'pinning' required a transfusion. It is our opinion that patients with normal preoperative haemoglobin levels can undergo operative treatment for fractures of the neck of femur after typing but without the necessity of cross-matching blood. PMID- 3770923 TI - The medullary expanding compression nail: 50 femoral shaft fractures followed up for a minimum of 2 years. AB - The results of the first 50 patients who had fractures of the femur treated with a previously reported medullary expanding compression nail are described. The nail is considered ideal for the patient with multiple injuries. Four per cent of the fractures did not unite and the implant failed in 6 per cent. PMID- 3770924 TI - Fractures below a femoral prosthesis--a report on two cases treated by conservative surgery. AB - Two cases are reported in which fractures of the femoral shaft occurred below hip prostheses. In both cases a complete revision was considered impossible but by means of a very simple operation both patients were promptly returned to mobility. PMID- 3770925 TI - Immediate mobilization of fractures of the neck of the fifth metacarpal. AB - Although fractures of the neck of the fifth metacarpal are common injuries, their management remains controversial. In this study we present the results of early mobilization after these fractures in 101 patients. We conclude that if rotational alignment of the finger is maintained, these fractures can be treated by immediate use with good functional and cosmetic results. PMID- 3770926 TI - Triceps tendon avulsion. PMID- 3770927 TI - Fibula bone in abdominal cavity. PMID- 3770928 TI - Hepatitis B and HTLV3 infection in injured patients. PMID- 3770930 TI - Symposium on thoracic injury. Dutch Trauma Society. November 1985, Utrecht. PMID- 3770929 TI - Controversies in the fluid management of post-traumatic lung disease. AB - The appropriate intravenous therapy for injured patients is controversial. Use of colloid-containing solutions has been advocated in an attempt to maintain intravascular colloid osmotic pressure, minimize pulmonary oedema and draw fluid out of areas of contused lung. Studies of animals with lymph fistulas in the lung do not support such therapy and there is no difference between lung water volumes in animals resuscitated for 3 hours with colloid as opposed to crystalloid solutions after a standardized traumatic insult (colloid = 8.4 + 0.8 ml/kg; crystalloid = 7.5 + 0.6 ml/kg). Increased pulmonary capillary permeability makes such therapeutic attempts to 'dry out' the lungs even less effective. Studies in human patients of the rate of extravasation of labelled albumin from the pulmonary intravascular space indicate that increased permeability of pulmonary capillaries occurs early after injury and remains elevated in many severely injured patients. Low plasma colloid osmotic pressures do not correlate with increases in extravascular lung water. A shift to the use of vigorous crystalloid resuscitation of injured patients at our institution has resulted in decreases in both mortality rate (1976-1979, 35 per cent; 1979-1981, 28 per cent) and the rate of dialysis-dependent renal failure (1976-1979, 6 per cent; 1979-1981, 2 per cent). Current evidence supports the use of crystalloid solutions together with blood for resuscitation after injury. PMID- 3770931 TI - Epidemiology and prognostic signs of chest injury patients. AB - Accidental injury is the leading cause of death in persons between the ages of 1 and 50 years in our Western society. In spite of a better knowledge of the pathophysiology involved and greater availability of specific resuscitative measures, the mortality rate of patients with severe injuries of the chest has not improved much. This study was carried out to survey and evaluate our own experience with injuries of the chest and to look for prognostic factors related to these and to the often associated injuries of other parts of the body. The case records of 828 consecutive injured patients treated in our critical care department during the period 1975-1984 were retrospectively analysed. The overall mortality rate was 15 per cent for those with injuries of the chest. The best prognostic indices were the Glasgow Coma Scale and the Injury Severity Score. PMID- 3770932 TI - Systematic approach to pneumothorax, haemothorax, pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema. PMID- 3770933 TI - Penetrating wounds of the thorax. AB - While penetrating wounds of the thorax are rather uncommon in The Netherlands, they are frequently encountered in the emergency centres of the United States. Thoracic wall penetration may occur during times of warfare, during social altercations or as a result of industrial accidents. In civilian practice, such wounds are most often the result of injury with guns, knives or other sharp objects. Patients with penetrating thoracic wounds should be expeditiously transported to a trauma centre. Pre-hospital intravenous fluids, pleural decompression and anti-shock garments are contraindicated. On arrival in the emergency room, establishment of a patent airway, administration of intravenous fluids, pleural decompression and early X-ray examination of the chest are mandatory. PMID- 3770934 TI - Problems caused by the unstable thoracic wall and by cardiac injury due to blunt injury. AB - The treatment of flail chest remains highly controversial. In the literature convincing arguments can be found to support any therapeutic procedure. Newer concepts of mechanical ventilation such as SIMV and CPAP, as well as the use of epidural analgesia, have resulted in a significant reduction in the duration of artificial ventilation. Although the mechanical problems are generally overestimated in this situation, the use of a ventilator is indicated in many cases because of the associated lung damage. Internal fixation of the unstable thoracic wall is restricted to special, selected cases which would otherwise require artificial ventilation, without severe lung injury and without head injury. We found stabilization of bilateral parasternal rib fractures with a retrosternal Sulamaa bar most helpful. Cardiac injuries were present in 16 per cent of our patients admitted after severe blunt thoracic injury. Most of these had myocardial contusion. The analysis of 108 cases of cardiac contusion revealed that every possible variation of ECG can be observed. Repolarization disturbances and impairment of the cardiac rhythm and the conduction system were found most frequently. A ratio of CPK-MB: total CPK of over 6 per cent provides a very significant suspicion of myocardial contusion. The clinical course is characterized by cardiac rhythm disturbances, which required treatment in 40 out of 108 patients, and to a minor extent by heart failure for which treatment was required in 17 patients. Prognosis is generally good with adequate treatment. PMID- 3770935 TI - Emergency thoracotomy for injury. AB - Emergency thoracotomy is required in 10-15 per cent of all patients with thoracic injury. Nine specific indications for emergency thoracotomy have been described for injured persons. A variety of incisions is available to the surgeon, and selection of the appropriate incision is based on radiographic and clinical findings. Thoracotomy in the emergency room is occasionally indicated, but it should be performed only by surgically trained individuals. Patients requiring emergency thoracotomy who are not dead on arrival have a greater than 75 per cent chance of survival. PMID- 3770936 TI - Recent advances in the control of infection in patients with thoracic injury. PMID- 3770937 TI - Pitfalls in medical imaging in thoracic injury. PMID- 3770938 TI - A pathological classification of nasal fractures. AB - The management of nasal fractures has been found by several authors to be inadequate. The reason for this is obscure but may be poor understanding of the pathology of nasal fractures. There is no adequate comprehensive classification of nasal fractures. Various weights were dropped on cadavers' noses and the resultant fractured nasal pyramid was dissected out. The fracture lines are described and particular reference is directed to the involvement of the septum in grossly deviated noses. Confirmation of septal involvement is obtained using a CAT scanner. It has been found that correction of this septal involvement at the time of manipulation significantly improves the end-results (Murray and Maran, 1984). PMID- 3770939 TI - Necrosis of the femoral head following fracture of the femoral neck. AB - One hundred and thirty fractures of the femoral neck treated with sliding screw plate or sliding nail-plate were followed for up to 65 months postoperatively. Throughout the observation period the yearly incidence of necrosis of the femoral head was between 5 and 10 per cent, as estimated by the life table method, and after 5 years 37 per cent of the patients with united fractures had developed necrosis of the femoral head. The cases of necrosis were all characterized radiographically by one or more areas of subchondral cortical depression, generalized subchondral fragmentation or isolated patches of sclerosis. It is concluded that estimation of the frequency of femoral head necrosis after fracture of the femoral neck requires long-term follow-up and reliable, reproducible radiographical criteria for necrosis of the head. Because of the high mortality of patients sustaining these fractures, statistical methods employing censored data should be used. PMID- 3770940 TI - Bipolar fixation of fractures of the distal radius: preliminary results. AB - Twenty-eight unstable distal fractures of the radius have been treated with pins incorporated into a forearm plaster. The wrist is maintained in a neutral position permitting early use of the hand. Secondary displacement has been decreased. It is a safe and effective method of treating unstable distal fractures of the radius suitable for regular use in a busy district general hospital without the need of expensive specialized equipment. PMID- 3770941 TI - The assessment of alcohol abuse among injured patients. AB - The purpose of this paper was to study the frequency of alcohol abuse among injured patients between 15 and 64 years of age. This prospective study was made during a 6-week period in the autumn of 1983. The sample consisted of 166 patients (6.8 per cent of the total number of injured patients during the period of study). The patients were interviewed and one part of the questionnaire took the form of four CAGE questions. Among these 166 patients, 31.3 per cent were CAGE positive. Of these alcohol abusers, four-fifths were male and one-fifth female. CAGE-positive patients had elevated S-GGT and S-ASAT in 44 per cent of cases and elevated S-ALAT in 24 per cent. The large number of heavy drinkers found are an important target of alcohol education. PMID- 3770942 TI - Trampolining injuries to the spine. PMID- 3770943 TI - Association with HeLa cells of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from human feces. AB - We developed a rapid in vitro test for determining the association of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli with HeLa cells. Association was expressed as a weighted mean of the number of bacteria associated with one cell in an association index (AI). The reproducibility of the AI was checked by repeating the test six times, using four strains chosen at random. Means and standard deviations of the means were 7.3 +/- 1.2, 6.8 +/- 0.9, 1.8 +/- 1.2, and 0.1 +/- 0.2. The experimental conditions for which the results are reliable have been standardized. Among 42 strains from human feces, two groups appeared: for 22 nonassociative strains (52%), AI values ranged from 0.0 to 2.1 (mean +/- SD, 0.5 +/- 0.6); for 20 associative strains (48%), AI values ranged from 3.5 to 8.3 (mean +/- SD, 6.2 +/- 1.4). Of these 42 strains, 17 were clinically documented. Diarrhea occurred more frequently in patients infected with associative strains than in those infected with noninvasive strains (7/7 versus 3/10, P = 0.01). Fever also occurred more frequently in patients infected with associative strains (6/7 versus 2/10, P = 0.03). Transmission electron microscopy and viable counts made after killing of extracellular bacteria by gentamicin support the fact that associated Campylobacter spp. are adherent to the cell membrane and are internalized into cytoplasmic vacuoles. The described test seems to be a convenient and rapid method for estimating the pathogenicity of a given strain. PMID- 3770944 TI - Inhibition of caries in hamsters treated with staphylococcin 1580. AB - Littermate hamsters were infected orally with cariogenic Streptococcus mutans NS 50S and maintained on a high-sucrose diet to induce dental caries. Individual groups of animals were treated by single daily instillation of staphylococcin 1580 (100 micrograms) in the cheek pouches. Other groups were treated similarly with bacitracin (60 or 120 U) or saline. After 35 days on the caries test regimen, animals treated with staphylococcin 1580 had 49 or 60% less caries than the saline controls in two separate trials. Hamsters treated with 60 U of bacitracin had 40% less caries, while animals receiving 120 U of bacitracin had 58% less caries. Significant reductions in the oral and fecal levels of S. mutans NS-50S were also observed in the treated animals. In contrast to earlier, inconclusive experiments in which these agents were placed directly into the oral cavity, the inhibition of caries in this study is attributed to prolongation of the oral retention of these agents, with increased opportunity to interact with cariogenic microorganisms. PMID- 3770945 TI - Toxicity and induction of resistance to Listeria monocytogenes infection by amphotericin B in inbred strains of mice. AB - Amphotericin B (AmB) treatment before infection with the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes prolonged survival of AKR mice but shortened survival of C57BL/6 mice compared with survival of untreated infected controls. C57BL/6 mice were also more sensitive to the acute toxic effects of AmB than AKR mice, as were (C57BL/6 X AKR)F1 hybrid mice. Spleen cells and erythrocytes (RBCs) from the C57BL/6 and the F1 hybrid mice were both more sensitive to the lytic and lethal effects of AmB than corresponding cells from AKR mice. Biochemical analysis indicated that catalase levels in RBCs from C57BL/6 and F1 hybrid mice were about 60% of those found in RBCs from AKR mice. The lysis by AmB of RBCs from all these strains of mice was inhibited by catalase or incubation in a low-oxygen environment. These findings suggest that (i) the low catalase levels in C57BL/6 and F1 hybrid mice may limit the protection of cells from the oxidant damage involved in AmB action, and (ii) the toxicity which occurs at low concentrations of AmB in the mouse strains with low intracellular catalase levels may interfere with or ablate the AmB-induced increases in mouse resistance to L. monocytogenes infection. PMID- 3770946 TI - Entry of Bartonella bacilliformis into erythrocytes. AB - Bartonella bacilliformis, which causes the human diseases Oroya fever and verruga peruana, binds to human erythrocytes in vitro and produces substantial and long lasting deformations in erythrocyte membranes, including cone-shaped depressions, trenches, and deep invaginations. The deforming force is probably provided by the polar flagella of these highly motile bacteria. Deep invaginations containing bacteria are commonly seen, and membrane fusion at the necks of the invaginations leads to the formation of intracellular vacuoles containing bacteria. Fluorescent compounds present externally render the vacuoles fluorescent and, occasionally, lightly fluorescent cells are seen, suggesting that the vacuoles sometimes rupture to admit the bacteria to the cytoplasm. Vacuoles present in fluorescent erythrocytes prepared by preloading the erythrocytes with fluorescent compounds are seen as dark areas from which the fluorescent marker is excluded. Entry of the bacteria appears to be the result of a process of forced endocytosis. PMID- 3770947 TI - Collagen binding to Staphylococcus aureus. AB - Staphylococcus aureus can bind soluble collagen in a specific, saturable manner. We have previously shown that some variability exists in the degree of collagen binding between different strains of heat-killed, formaldehyde-fixed S. aureus which are commercially available as immunologic reagents. The present study demonstrates that live S. aureus of the Cowan 1 strain binds amounts of collagen per organism equivalent to those demonstrated previously in heat-killed, formaldehyde-fixed bacteria but has an affinity over 100 times greater, with Kd values of 9.7 X 10(-11) M and 4.3 X 10(-8) M for live and heat-killed organisms, respectively. Studies were also carried out with S. aureus killed by ionizing radiation, since this method of killing the organism seemed less likely to alter the binding moieties on the surface than did heat killing. Bacteria killed by exposure to gamma radiation bound collagen in a manner essentially indistinguishable from that of live organisms. Binding of collagen to irradiated cells of the Cowan 1 strain was rapid, with equilibrium reached by 30 min at 22 degrees C, and was fully reversible. The binding was not inhibited by fibronectin, fibrinogen, C1q, or immunoglobulin G, suggesting a binding site for collagen distinct from those for these proteins. Collagen binding was virtually eliminated in trypsin-treated organisms, indicating that the binding site has a protein component. Of four strains examined, Cowan 1 and S. aureus ATCC 25923 showed saturable, specific binding, while strains Woods and S4 showed a complete lack of binding. These results suggest that some strains of S. aureus contain high-affinity binding sites for collagen. While the number of binding sites per bacterium varied sixfold in the two collagen-binding strains, the apparent affinity was similar. The ability of S. aureus to bind collagen with high affinity may provide a mechanism for bacterial adhesion to host tissue and thereby play a role in the invasive characteristics of this organism. PMID- 3770948 TI - Effect of rat surfactant lipids on complement and Fc receptors of macrophages. AB - Murine resident alveolar macrophages have very low numbers of complement receptors detectable by rosetting with erythrocyte complexes. These macrophages are relatively inactive in tests of complement- or antibody-mediated bacterial phagocytosis in vitro. It is not known whether these characteristics are intrinsic or are environmentally modulated. We found previously that rat bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or isolated rat surfactant lipid causes a unique and marked reduction in the ability of peritoneal macrophages to form rosettes with immunoglobulin G or complement containing erythrocyte complexes in vitro. In this study the antirosetting activity of rat surfactant was found to be due to its neutral lipid component and, specifically, to the free fatty acid (FFA) fraction of the neutral lipids. Rat surfactant contained a higher level of FFA than has been reported for canine, guinea pig, or human surfactant. Studies with pure FFA showed that activity in blocking macrophage Fc and complement receptors correlated with increasing unsaturation and chain length. A mixture of eight commercially available FFAs, representing the most abundant FFA in rat surfactant and consisting mostly of saturated FFA, had much less effect on rat macrophage receptors than the naturally occurring FFA mixture. These findings suggest that long-chain-unsaturated FFAs in rat surfactant are the most important for the antireceptor activity. The antireceptor activity of rat surfactant or FFA on peritoneal macrophage receptors in vitro and known intrinsic properties of murine alveolar macrophages could not be precisely correlated, suggesting that impaired binding of immune complexes by murine alveolar macrophages and a high level of FFAs in rat surfactant may be independent rather than causally related phenomena. PMID- 3770949 TI - Characterization of monoclonal antibodies specific for adhesion: isolation of an adhesin of Streptococcus sanguis FW213. AB - Monoclonal antibodies reactive to an adhesive strain of Streptococcus sanguis (FW213) and nonreactive to a nonadhesive mutant (JL7) were derived from the fusion of myeloma line X63Ag8.653 and spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with live S. sanguis cells. Five cell lines, belonging to subclasses of immunoglobulin G, produced monoclonal antibodies specifically directed against the adhesive strain. All five antibodies also failed to react with five additional, independently isolated, nonadhesive mutants. A spontaneous mutant of FW213 (VT508) that no longer reacted with monoclonal antibody F51 (MAbF51) was isolated by serial agglutination with the antibody. Langmuir adsorption isotherms of VT508 indicated that this mutant also had altered ability to adhere to saliva coated hydroxyapatite further confirming the specificity of MAbF51 for adhesion. Electron microscopy revealed that VT508 had lost the peritrichous fimbriae associated with the adhesion of FW213. MAbF51 was used to purify the adhesin from lysozyme cell extracts by using an affinity column of MAbF51 linked to Sephacryl S1000. Purity was suggested by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP). The adhesin had a molecular weight greater than 150,000 and was not denatured in sodium dodecyl sulfate reducing gels. Two peaks of near electrophoretic mobility were detected in CIEP when the purified material was run against polyclonal antibody to the whole cell. Tandem CIEP analysis and immunoprecipitation provided evidence that the two peaks represented the same antigen in two different forms. PMID- 3770950 TI - Apparent exhaustion of the variable antigen repertoires of Trypanosoma vivax in infected cattle. AB - Three groups of cattle, each group comprising six animals, were inoculated intravenously with populations of bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma vivax. The first group received T. vivax clone ILDat 1.3 derived from an isolate from Nigeria, while the other two received T. vivax stocks IL 1875 or IL 2133 isolated from Coast Province, Kenya. One animal from the group that was infected with IL 1875 died 8 weeks postinfection. The remaining 17 animals became aparasitemic in 8 to 12 weeks without intervention by drug therapy. The recovered animals developed serodeme-specific immunity against Glossina morsitans subsp. centralis transmitted challenge. There was complete cross-protection between the two East African T. vivax stocks, although they were isolated from areas 80 to 90 km apart, indicating that they belong to the same serodeme. Antibodies to the homologous metacyclic variable antigen types (VATs) were not detected in sera from recovered animals, suggesting that the immunity displayed by the recovered animals was directed at the bloodstream and not the metacyclic VATs. It is thus suggested that recovery in these animals is due to exhaustion of the repertoire of bloodstream VATs expressed in the animals by the infecting T. vivax clone or stocks. PMID- 3770951 TI - Experimental abortion and the systemic immune response to "Haemophilus somnus" in cattle. AB - "Haemophilus somnus" has been identified in the etiology of bovine abortion on the basis of the isolation of the organism from aborted fetal and placental tissues. To investigate the role of hematogenous dissemination of "H. somnus" in the pathogenesis of abortion and to monitor the humoral immune response to infection, 19 pregnant cows (gestation ages, 1.4 to 7 months) were challenged intravenously (11 cows) or intrabronchially (8 cows). Five cows challenged intravenously aborted, and one cow challenged intrabronchially resorbed her fetus. "H. somnus" was isolated in large numbers from aborted tissues, and placental lesions were similar to those reported in a field case of "H. somnus" abortion. Antibody titers in serum were measured by the microagglutination test (MAT) and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A response to challenge was measured by MAT; it was also measured by ELISA within the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), IgG2, and IgM isotypes. On comparison of pre- and postchallenge antibody titers, the greatest and most persistent response was detected within the IgG2 isotype. Prechallenge antibody titers (measured by MAT and by IgG2 ELISA) were lower in animals that aborted than in normal calving animals, indicating that IgG2 antibody may have a role in limiting hematogenous dissemination of "H. somnus." PMID- 3770952 TI - Immunochemical analysis of plasmid-encoded proteins released by enteropathogenic Yersinia sp. grown in calcium-deficient media. AB - Enteropathogenic Yersinia sp. releases plasmid-associated proteins of low molecular mass (26-67 kilodaltons) at 37 degrees C. In this study, the optimum conditions for the release of proteins were assessed and the released proteins (RPs) were analyzed for the manner of release, immunochemical characteristics, and the location of the genes necessary for their synthesis. Protein release was strongly enhanced when growth media were markedly depleted of calcium ions by precipitation with oxalate or chelation with EGTA [ethylene glycol-bis(beta aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid]. RP yields were greatest when Yersinia spp. were in the exponential growth phase. The RPs appeared to be released from the Yersinia spp. by secretion rather than by pinching off of membrane vesicles, because the RPs did not sediment during high-speed centrifugation nor were they contaminated to any significant degree with lipopolysaccharide. Moreover, immunoblot analysis revealed only traces of protein species related to RPs within the outer membranes of plasmid-positive Yersinia spp. grown at 37 degrees C under calcium-restricted conditions. Immunoblot studies also showed that the RPs of Y. enterocolitica serotypes O:3, O:8, and O:9 and the RP of Y. pseudotuberculosis serotype I are highly cross-reactive. Finally, the immunoprecipitates of the products of minicells which harbor Yersinia plasmids were used to demonstrate that at least three proteins immunochemically related to the released fraction were plasmid encoded. These results suggest that at least three of the RPs may be related to or identical with previously described plasmid-encoded Yersinia outer membrane proteins. PMID- 3770954 TI - Vaccine potential of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae oligosaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugates. AB - Oligosaccharides of smooth-type lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and oligosaccharides of rough-type LPS were isolated from Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae and conjugated to tetanus toxoid by reductive amination. The antigenic and immunogenic characteristics of the oligosaccharides, the oligosaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugates, and the LPS of H. pleuropneumoniae were determined by passive hemagglutination, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with antisera produced by immunization of rabbits and pigs. The findings were compared with the immunologic response induced by immunization of pigs with an H. pleuropneumoniae whole-cell vaccine and by infection of pigs with viable H. pleuropneumoniae. The results show that conjugation of isolated oligosaccharides of H. pleuropneumoniae to tetanus toxoid improves the immunogenicity of the oligosaccharides without significantly altering their antigenic character. These findings extend the understanding of the immunobiology of H. pleuropneumoniae infection in pigs and suggest the potential of purified oligosaccharides as vaccines to prevent porcine pleuropneumonia. PMID- 3770953 TI - Chemical, biological, and immunochemical properties of the Chlamydia psittaci lipopolysaccharide. AB - The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Chlamydia psittaci was extracted from yolk sac grown elementary bodies, purified, and characterized chemically, immunochemically, and biologically. The LPS contained D-galactosamine, D glucosamine, phosphorus, long-chain fatty acids, and 3-deoxy-D-manno-2 octulosonic acid in the molar ratio of approximately 1:2:2:6:5. The antigenic properties of the isolated LPS were compared with those of the LPS from Chlamydia trachomatis and Salmonella minnesota Re by the passive hemolysis and passive hemolysis inhibition tests, absorption, hydrolysis kinetics, and Western blot analysis with rabbit polyclonal antisera against chlamydiae and with a mouse monoclonal antibody recognizing a genus-specific epitope of chlamydial LPS. Two antigenic determinants were identified, one of which was chlamydia specific and the other of which was cross-reactive with Re LPS. Both determinants were destroyed during acid hydrolysis, whereby a third antigen specificity was exposed which was indistinguishable from the lipid A antigenicity. In rabbit polyclonal antisera prepared against Formalin-killed elementary bodies or detergent solubilized membranes, two antibody specificities were differentiated. One of these was chlamydia specific, and the other was cross-reactive with Re LPS. The LPS of C. psittaci was inactive within typical endotoxin parameters (lethal toxicity, pyrogenicity, local Shwartzman reactivity); it was, however, active in some in vitro assays, such as those testing for mouse B-cell mitogenicity and the induction of prostaglandin E2 in mouse peritoneal macrophages. PMID- 3770955 TI - Chromosomal map location of the alpha-hemolysin structural gene in Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 8325. AB - The alpha-hemolysin structural gene, hly+, previously cloned, insertionally inactivated, and introduced into the chromosome by allele replacement (M.O. O'Reilly, J.C.S. De Azavedo, S. Kennedy, and T.J. Foster, Microb. Pathog. 1:125 138, 1986), was shown by protoplast fusion and transformation to be in the gene order purC-hly-uraB-omega[chr::Tn916]1101-thrB on the chromosome of Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 8325. This location is clearly distinct from that of the agr determinant, a regulatory gene affecting several extracellular proteins, including alpha-hemolysin, located between tmn and ilv. PMID- 3770956 TI - Modulation of primary antibody responses to sheep erythrocytes in Plasmodium chabaudi-infected resistant and susceptible mouse strains. AB - The in vivo primary antibody response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) was determined in genetically resistant C57BL/6 and susceptible A/J mice during the course of infection with Plasmodium chabaudi. Spleen cells from both strains of mice, immunized with SRBC and infected on the same day, showed significant increases in the number of direct plaque-forming cells. The response of malaria-infected C57BL/6 mice was significantly enhanced in comparison with the responses of both normal C57BL/6 and malaria-infected A/J mice. When mice were immunized at later times in the infection, the level of the response declined in both strains until it was less than 50% of the response of normal mice. Thus, suppression of the primary antibody response to SRBC does not correlate with the outcome of P. chaubaudi infection in genetically resistant and susceptible hosts. PMID- 3770957 TI - Occupational fluoride exposure and plasma fluoride levels in man. AB - The individual fluoride exposure and the corresponding body fluid levels were studied in 41 workers in an aluminum plant in Sweden. During the shift (8 h) personal air samplings were performed and plasma fluoride levels determined. Pre- and post-shift urine fluoride excretion were also measured. The average total fluoride exposure was 0.91 mg/m3 of which 34% was gaseous fluoride (mean value 0.31 mg/m3). The mean fluoride plasma level before the shift was 23 ng/ml (1.2 microM/l) and increased on average to 48 ng/ml (range 14-151 ng/ml) at the end of the shift. The plasma levels found were in no case remarkably high. There was a high correlation between fluoride renal clearance and urinary flow (r = 0.481; n = 38; P = 0.00232). A high fluid intake during the shift will thus increase the capacity of the kidney to excrete fluoride and decrease the levels of fluoride in the body. There was a significant correlation between the amount of gaseous fluoride and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (r = 0.459; n = 40; P = 0.0029) and also the amount of fluoride excreted (r = 0.530; n = 40; P = 0.0004). When fluoride exposure and body burden are to be studied on an individual basis these two parameters give better quantitative information and are to be recommended instead of urine fluoride concentration measurements. The prevention of fluoride inhalation by using a safety-mask during the shift was also demonstrated. The workers who used a safety-mask during the whole shift reduced the inhalation of fluoride to 30 to 40% compared to those who did not use any mask. PMID- 3770958 TI - Exposure to welding fumes and chronic renal diseases, a negative case-referent study. AB - It was observed that some patients with glomerulonephritis or interstitial nephritis were welders. A hypothesis that welding fumes were an occupational hazard was put forward and initiated the following case-referent study. 143 cases were defined as living males, age 25 to 65 years, with renal disease which caused renal biopsy from 1976-1982. Three population-based referents for each case were selected from the national register of the total population matched by sex, age and community. Exposure was assessed by means of a questionnaire. Only 7% of the cases and 12% of the referents did not answer the questionnaire. There were no differences in exposure rates between cases and referents, even if exposure restrictions were applied. The power of the case-referent study was high. PMID- 3770959 TI - Significance of urinary phenyl sulfate and phenyl glucuronide as indices of exposure to phenol. AB - Urine samples from subjects, who had been using phenol for treatment of chemical fiber in factories, were analysed for urinary phenyl sulfate (PhS) and phenyl glucuronide (PhG) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The urinary levels of phenol metabolites (PhG and PhS) had a significant correlation with the environmental concentration of phenol. The urinary concentration of phenol metabolites, as a total of PhS and PhG, corresponding to 5 ppm of environmental phenol was 251 mg phenol/g creatinine. PMID- 3770960 TI - Hand-grip force in lumberjacks: two-year follow-up. AB - Hand-grip force was measured in 63 professional lumberjacks in 1978 and again in 1980. Lumberjacks with vibration-induced white fingers (VWF) had lost 21% of their muscle force during the two years. Lumberjacks with no hand-arm symptoms had lost 5% of their muscle force in the same time period. Lumberjacks with subjectively diminished hand muscle force had a slight increase in muscle force during the follow-up time. These results suggest that long-term exposure to vibration causes a decrease in muscle force. PMID- 3770961 TI - Phthalic acid excretion as an indicator of exposure to phthalic anhydride in the work atmosphere. AB - The concentration of phthalic acid was determined in the urine of nine subjects occupationally exposed to phthalic anhydride. For the determination, the urine samples were acidified, extracted with dimethyl ether, esterified with boron trifluoride/methanol and measured by electron capture gas chromatography. Environmental air samples were collected in Tenax tubes, eluted with methyl-t butyl ether and assayed by electron capture gas chromatography. Significant correlations were found between the concentration in urine samples (range: 0.3 14.0 mumol/mmol creatinine), collected at different times of the day, and the time-weighed average atmospheric concentrations (range: 0.03-10.5 mg/m3). No conjugation of phthalic acid in the urine was observed. The detection limit for urine samples (10 ml) was 0.05 mumol/l) and that for air samples 0.4 microgram/m3. The method has potential for biological monitoring of workers exposed to phthalic anhydride. It was found that at atmospheric anhydride concentrations of about 30% of the hygienic reference value (6 mg/m3), which is applied in many market economies, a body-burden was caused which was not eliminated overnight. PMID- 3770962 TI - Influence of different kinds of noise on the ear and some physiological and psychological parameters. AB - The reactions of the human organism to noise are complicated and difficult to separate from other stressors, with the exception of hearing damage. After thorough experimental planning and a rigorous selection of sample persons, the reaction to noise of varying structures was studied by reactions of heart rate, blood pressure, reaction time, the temporary threshold shift (TTS) of hearing and the psychological parameters "Mood" (in German "Befinden"). We found a special kind of TTS dependent on the structure o noise and no effect of physiological parameters. The psychological parameter tended to have a significant influence on individual factors. PMID- 3770963 TI - Red blood cell anti-oxidant parameters in silicosis. AB - The anti-oxidant phenotype was determined in red blood cells and plasma of a group of male control subjects (n = 48) and a number of silicosis patients (n = 19). Haemoglobin, reduced and oxidized glutathione, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were determined in red blood cells after haemolysis. In plasma, water soluble fluorescent substances were determined as a measure of in vivo lipid peroxidation. A significant increase in red blood cell glutathione was observed in silicosis patients. Moreover, some factors of the anti-oxidant system are strongly correlated in the diseased, but not in the healthy subjects. We hypothesize that individual susceptibility differences towards the development of silicosis after prolonged inhalation of silica is associated with a genetically controlled anti-oxidant phenotype. PMID- 3770964 TI - Polymorphism of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in lead-exposed workers. PMID- 3770965 TI - Combined regional and general anesthesia for craniotomy and cortical exploration. Part I. Neurosurgical considerations. PMID- 3770966 TI - Anesthetic considerations for craniotomy in awake patients. PMID- 3770967 TI - Mapping of neuropsychological language parameters at surgery. PMID- 3770968 TI - Resection of intracranial lesions under local anesthesia. PMID- 3770969 TI - Conscious-sedation analgesia during the neurosurgical treatment of epilepsies- practice at the Montreal Neurological Institute. PMID- 3770970 TI - Epidemiological and psychosocial factors of epilepsy. PMID- 3770971 TI - Medical management of epilepsy and theoretical basis for surgical therapy. PMID- 3770972 TI - Electrical stimulation of the brain during surgery for epilepsy--historical highlights. PMID- 3770973 TI - Neurosurgical considerations and general methods for craniotomy under local anesthesia. PMID- 3770974 TI - A re-examination of ryegrass (Lolium perenne) pollen allergens. AB - Electroblotting of crude ryegrass pollen extracts and purified group I, II and III allergens identified 14 IgE-binding components, 8 of which were previously unrecognized. In addition to allergen groups I, II and III, which are already regarded as clinically important, and on the basis of the frequencies and intensities of IgE binding with sera from 42 ryegrass pollen-allergic patients, proteins with molecular weights (MWs) of 60, 32, 30 and 28 kD were identified as allergens of possible major clinical importance. Six other pollen components with MWs ranging from 23 to 80 kD and which reacted with IgE antibodies in the sera of 33-50% of patients, should also be viewed as proteins with potential clinical relevance for at least a proportion of the patients. The electrophoretic separation patterns of ryegrass pollen extracts in both alkaline and acid gels and IgE-probed membrane transfers produced in this study should serve as useful reference patterns for standardization purposes. In addition, the identification of the complete allergen recognition pattern by individual patients will permit safer and more effective diagnosis and therapy of ryegrass pollen sensitivities. PMID- 3770975 TI - Isolation and characterization of two allergens from Dermatophagoides farinae. AB - Two purified allergens, designated as DF1 and DF2, were isolated from the extract of the whole culture of Dermatophagoides farinae by a combination of ammonium sulfate precipitation and ion exchange, hydrophobic, chelate and gel chromatography. DF1 was isolated as a heat-sensitive acidic protein with an apparent molecular weight of 25,000 and an isoelectric point of 4.6-7.2. DF2 was isolated as a heat-stable basic protein with an apparent molecular weight of 15,000 and an isoelectric point of 7.8-8.3. No allergenic cross-reactivity was seen between DF1 and DF2. Both DF1 and DF2 were shown to be the major allergens of D. farinae by the results of radioallergosorbent test and histamine release assay. PMID- 3770976 TI - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) inhibition method to estimate the level of airborne bovine epidermal antigen in cowsheds. AB - A method based on inhibition of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed for measuring airborne bovine epidermal antigen (BEA) in cowsheds. BEA extract served as the solid-phase reactant competing with the sample for binding of a rabbit immune serum. A sample of swine epithelial extract was used to ascertain the specificity of the reaction. Cowshed air samples were collected according to a standardized volumetric filter method. A specific inhibiting activity was detected in all samples tested corresponding to concentrations between 137 ng/m3 and 19.8 micrograms/m3. The interest coefficient of variation of cowshed samples was 9.5%. PMID- 3770978 TI - Inhibition of rhesus monkey airway and cutaneous responses to platelet-activating factor (PAF) (AGEPC) with the anti-PAF agent SRI 63-072. AB - Previous studies with synthetic platelet-activating factor (PAF) (AGEPC) showed that aerosol challenges in rhesus monkeys resulted in airway responses simulating acute antigen-induced responses and immediate-type skin reactions [1]. The current studies evaluated whether an antagonist of PAF (SRI 63-072) could inhibit the airway and cutaneous reactivity to PAF. Under the conditions of these experiments, the antagonist partially inhibited PAF activity in both experimental systems. Inhibition of endpoint cutaneous reactivity to PAF may be a suitable system for comparing potency of pharmacologic antagonists in primate skin. PMID- 3770977 TI - Contact-sensitizing and tolerogenic properties of 2,4-dinitrothiocyanobenzene. AB - Epicutaneous application of 2,4-dinitrothiocyanobenzene (DNTB) is said to result in specific immunological hyporesponsiveness and fails to induce contact sensitization. However, we demonstrate that topical exposure to DNTB causes activation of the draining lymph node in mice and the induction of contact sensitization in both rodents and a single human volunteer. In mice and rats, pre exposure to DNTB failed to impair subsequent responsiveness to the cross-reactive allergen 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene. These data provide evidence that DNTB cannot be regarded as an exclusive tolerogen when applied epicutaneously and indicate that attempts to define the characteristics of tolerising chemicals from analysis of this agent may be misleading. PMID- 3770979 TI - Changes in IgG and IgE antibody levels to bee venom during immunotherapy. AB - IgE and IgG antibodies to bee venom were measured in sera of patients receiving bee venom immunotherapy. All patients selected for therapy had suffered severe reactions to bee stings. The results showed that within 2-3 months from the commencement of immunotherapy there was a marked rise in IgG antibodies and a slight but not significant rise in IgE antibodies. After this period, the IgE antibody level began to fall and was about one third of the pre-treatment level by the second to third year. The IgG antibody level began to decline from its increased level after 9-10 months but remained above the pre-treatment level even after 2 years. All of the patients who had subsequently been accidentally stung after reaching the maintenance dosage of bee venom allergen showed no severe reactions. A small group of non-treated patients of the same category as those receiving therapy did not show a rise but a decline in the level of IgG antibodies. However, like the treated group, they showed a significant decrease in IgE antibodies. Thus one of the main benefits of bee venom immunotherapy is the build-up of a high concentrations of IgG antibodies, and this may be the critical factor in the protection against bee venom allergy. PMID- 3770980 TI - Lagtime: a program for calculating coupled enzyme assay parameters. AB - A program is described for calculating either (i) the time required for the observed rate to approximate the rate of the enzyme under study (the lagtime) when the concentrations of the auxiliary enzymes are known or (ii) the units of auxiliary enzymes needed to obtain a desired lagtime. The calculations for these coupled enzyme systems also apply to cases where one of the intermediates undergoes mutarotation; for example, equations for coupled reactions involving two enantiomers of glucose as intermediates incorporate the rate constants for mutarotation. When two auxiliary enzymes are used, the program also minimizes the total cost of the assay if the price per unit of the coupling enzymes are known. The equations used are those of S.P.J. Brooks et al. (Can. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 62 (1984) 945-955; 956-963. PMID- 3770981 TI - Analysis of survival data using the actuarial life table method. AB - A microcomputer program has been developed for an Apple II Plus microcomputer for the analysis of survival data. The program is fully interactive and can analyze complete survival and censored data. Input to the program may be in the form of frequency data or individual patient information. Standard errors of the cumulative survival function are also computed using Greenwood's formula. Incorrectly specified data can be modified immediately with little effort from the user. PMID- 3770982 TI - Quantitative evaluation of functional renal volume in normal children based on [123I]hippuran gamma camera renography. AB - Images of the kidneys at 1-2 min after injection in [123I]hippuran gamma camera renography were used to find the functional renal volume. The method consists of a summation of the small volumes represented by each pixel in the activity images of the kidneys stored in the computer. In principle, the functional renal volume can therefore be calculated for any renal shape but the paper deals predominantly with normal kidneys. The method described is a by-product of gamma camera renography and is considered valuable for monitoring kidney growth in the normal child. It is believed that the method is also useful for determination of normal/pathological renal volume in patients with renal diseases who have normal/quasi-normal renal shapes. PMID- 3770983 TI - A data management system to assist hypertension treatment in primary health care. AB - A data management system has been developed with respect to the treatment of hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors. With this data management system as a tool, cooperation between the general practitioner and a specialist physician could be implemented. The system was successfully tested in a group practice of two general practitioners. Individual follow-up became more tangible. Observations in the patients as a group warranted a modest opinion about hypertension management in view of the number of undetected hypertensives, the number of drop-outs, and the failures in treatment. The set-up functioned satisfactorily. Further application of the system on a wider scale is feasible. Improvement of treatment by a cautiously operating specialist physician is within reach of general practice, even if health care is not regionalized. PMID- 3770984 TI - Cardiac assist devices. PMID- 3770985 TI - Estimating enzyme kinetic parameters: a computer program for linear regression and non-parametric analysis. AB - An IBM computer program, WILMAN4, is described which calculates the estimates, Km, V and Km/V from initial velocity measurements according to one of four statistical methods. Three of these methods involve linear regression analysis using weights given by assuming: (i) constant absolute error (G.N. Wilkinson, 1961, Biochem J., 80, 324-332), (ii) constant relative error (G. Johansen and R. Lumry, 1961, C.R. Trav. Lab. Carlsberg, 32, 185-214) and (iii) an error function in between the above two cases. (A. Cornish-Bowden, 1976, Principles of Enzyme Kinetics, Butterworths Inc, Boston, Mass., pp. 168-193). The fourth method is a non-parametric procedure derived by Eisenthal and Cornish-Bowden (Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 532 (1974) 268-272). Residuals are obtained by subtracting the experimental and the calculated velocities. Outliers, or residuals which are greater than two experimental standard deviations, can be identified and removed from the data set. If the sequence of positive and negative signs of the residuals is random as determined by a statistical probability calculation, the data set is assumed to obey the Michaelis-Menten equation. PMID- 3770986 TI - Thyroid gland function during cross adaptation to heat and cold in man. PMID- 3770987 TI - Changes in mixed-function oxidase system in the perfused liver of the cold acclimated rat. PMID- 3770988 TI - Thermoregulation and thermal perception in the cold and heat before and after intermittent heat adaptation. PMID- 3770989 TI - Air conditioning in a tropical climate: impacts upon European residents in Darwin, Australia. PMID- 3770990 TI - Oxidative phosphorylation of liver mitochondria from mice acclimatized to hypobaric hypoxia. PMID- 3770992 TI - Characterization and chromosomal assignment of a human cell surface antigen defined by the monoclonal antibody AUAI. AB - We describe the chromosomal assignment and biochemical characterization of the genetic locus controlled by a human cell surface antigen which is defined by the monoclonal antibody (MAb) AUAI. This gene product is only expressed on epithelial cells. Therefore, human-mouse somatic cell hybrids of epithelial origin were used to assign this gene to chromosome 2. Cell surface iodination of the hybrids and parental cells followed by immunoprecipitation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that AUAI detected a single 35-kDa protein. The MAb AUAI reacted on tissue sections with a subset of normal epithelial cells, but in tumours it showed a much wider distribution, though still only on epithelium derived tumours. PMID- 3770991 TI - Binding of oestradiol to blood proteins and aetiology of breast cancer. AB - A prospective study of 5,000 women has shown that, compared to controls, those who subsequently developed breast cancer had a higher proportion of their blood oestradiol in the non-protein-bound and albumin-bound fractions (the bio available fraction) and a lower proportion in the sex-hormone-bound fraction. The increased proportion of bio-available oestradiol was partly due to a lower concentration of sex-hormone-binding globulin. Weight was excluded as a confounding factor. PMID- 3770994 TI - Differential expression of cellular oncogenes in benign and malignant human breast tissue. AB - We have examined 62 specimens of benign fibrocystic breast tissue, fibroadenomas, carcinomas and surrounding non-malignant tissue excised from 50 patients to determine the level of expression of 4 cellular oncogenes, c-myc, c-H-ras, c-K ras, and c-N-ras. Our results demonstrate that in breast carcinoma the frequency and relative level of expression of these oncogenes are significantly greater than those found for benign breast tissue. However, some fibrocystic specimens having prominent hyperplastic features also exhibited enhanced oncogene expression. In view of the association between the increased frequency of carcinoma of the breast in women with a previous history of benign breast disease, it will be interesting to follow up donors of benign specimens to see if there is any relationship between the expression of oncogenes in such lesions and the development of carcinomas. PMID- 3770993 TI - Androgen, estrogen, and progesterone receptor levels in malignant and benign breast tumors: a multivariate analysis approach. AB - Androgens have been frequently used in the treatment of breast cancer. However, objective responses seem to vary according to the steroid hormone receptor expression of the tumor. We have studied the relationship between concentrations of androgen receptors (AR) and those of estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors by multiple regression and stratified analysis techniques in 154 cases of primary breast carcinomas and 39 cases of benign tumors. Both the proportion of AR-positive tumors and the concentration of AR were dependent upon the coexpression of ER and PR by the specimens. This association was evident for malignant tumors with predominance of the positive correlation between AR and ER over that of AR and PR in post-menopausal patients. In premenopausal women, ER and PR concentrations were similarly correlated with AR levels. The PR, but not the ER concentration, was positively correlated to AR levels in benign breast tumors. These findings were confirmed by multiple regression, taking into consideration additional information about the patients to build statistical models allowing prediction of AR. Among the other variables considered in building these models--age, menopausal status, weight, height, and clinical stage -only height (using data from all patients) and age (data from post-menopausal women) emerged in addition to ER and PR as significantly explaining the variability of AR as the dependent variable. PMID- 3770995 TI - Formaldehyde and cancers of the pharynx, sinus and nasal cavity: I. Occupational exposures. AB - A population-based case-control study was undertaken in 13 counties of western Washington to determine if occupational formaldehyde exposure was related to cancer of the oro- and hypopharynx (OHPC, N = 205), nasopharynx (NPC, N = 27) or sinus and nasal cavity (SNC, N = 53). Controls were selected by random digit dialing (N = 552). A telephone interview inquired about lifetime occupational history as well as a number of potential confounding factors, including smoking and drinking. Approximately half (N = 143) of the case interviews were with next of-kin. Occupational formaldehyde exposures were assessed by application of job exposure matrix developed for this study which classified unique job codes into 4 categories based on judgement of likelihood and intensity of formaldehyde exposure. Exposure scores were calculated by weighing the number of years in a formaldehyde-associated job by the assigned exposure level. The effects assuming a 15-year induction period were also investigated. Logistic regression was used to estimate exposure odds ratios (OR) while taking into account multiple risk factors for each site. No significant associations were found between occupational formaldehyde exposure and any of the cancer sites under study. However, relative risk estimates associated with the highest exposure score categories were elevated for OHPC (OR = 1.3, 95% Confidence Interval = 0.6-3.1) and NPC (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 0.4-10.0) when an induction period was accounted for. When only live interviews were considered, the odds ratios for OHPC and NPC increased to 1.7 and 3.1 respectively. Several limitations in the study tend to conservatively bias the results and must be taken into account in its interpretation. PMID- 3770996 TI - Formaldehyde and cancers of the pharynx, sinus and nasal cavity: II. Residential exposures. AB - To investigate the possible association between residential formaldehyde exposures and risk of cancer of the oro- and hypopharynx (OHPC, N = 205), nasopharynx (NPC, N = 27) and sinus and nasal cavity (SNC, N = 53), a population based case-control investigation was carried out in 13 counties of western Washington. Controls (N = 552) were selected by random digit dialing. Subjects' residential histories, including type of dwelling, were determined from a structured telephone interview which also collected smoking, alcohol and demographic information. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate exposure odds ratios (OR) while adjusting for known risk factors. A strong association was found between a history of having lived in a mobile home and NPC, but not OHPC or SNC. The NPC risk increased with the number of years lived in a mobile home: for those with 1 to 9 years the OR = 2.1 (95% confidence interval = 0.7-6.6), and for those with 10 or more years, the OR = 5.5 (95% CI = 1.6-19.4). No associations were found between any of the cancers and a history of exposure to new constructions containing particle board and plywood, or to urea formaldehyde foam insulation. The association found with living in a mobile home must be interpreted with caution since it is based on a small number of cases, and may be due to factors other than formaldehyde. This report emphasizes the need for additional studies focusing on potential associations between indoor air pollutants and respiratory cancers. PMID- 3770997 TI - Tumour-promoting effect of chilli extract in BALB/c mice. AB - In 50% of BALB/c mice pretreated with atropine, tongue tumours were induced by fortnightly application of DMN-OAc (2 mg/kg) on the tongue. When DMN-OAc + TPA was used for the initiation-promotion protocol, tumours were observed on the tongue, the site of application, in only 10% of animals. In the same group, stomach tumours were obtained in 63% of mice, denoting that initiation-promotion could be successfully used to induce stomach tumours. Using a protocol of DMN-OAc + chilli as a promoter, we observed induction of stomach tumours. The promoter effect of chilli extract was also seen in the BHC-induced hepato-carcinogenesis system. It thus appears that, in BALB/c mice, chilli acts as a promoter in stomach and liver carcinogenesis. PMID- 3770998 TI - Oligoclonal tumours. AB - Tumours are commonly classified as monoclonal or polyclonal. The question of how many clones are present in a polyclonal tumour is seldom asked; it is important, however, because the answer may show whether or not clones arise and develop independently, and whether the number of clones in tumours of a particular kind tends to increase or decrease with time. We have used two procedures to assess the clonality of chemically-induced murine fibrosarcomas, one based on the heterozygosity of the tumour hosts for an X-linked marker, the other on the expression of tumour-associated transplantation antigens (TATA) by the tumours. As we have reported previously, many of these tumours are pleoclonal. Evidence now presented suggests that the clones do not develop independently and that many of the tumours are biclonal. PMID- 3770999 TI - Developments in the high energy endocardial ablation technique: towards low energies. PMID- 3771000 TI - Clinical assessment of elastic properties of large coronary arteries: pressure diameter relationship and dynamic incremental elastic modulus. AB - Vascular elastic properties in vivo (dynamic incremental elastic modulus [Ep(dyn)]) of large coronary arteries were assessed from the pressure-diameter relationships of the large coronary arteries in 46 patients with suspected ischemic heart disease. Ep(dyn) represents the vascular stiffness primarily determined by the organic sclerotic changes of the vascular wall and the vascular smooth muscle tone. Coronary arterial diameter was obtained from the magnified cine coronary arteriograms by using a computerized caliber measurement technique. The mean Ep(dyn) of the left main coronary artery and the proximal portions of the left anterior descending and circumflex coronary arteries with apparently normal angiograms were significantly (P less than 0.01) increased as the number of involved coronary vessels was increased. Mean Ep(dyn) values in multi-vessel disease were comparable with those of dilated segment by the percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, indicating that the vascular sclerotic changes are not localized to the narrowed segments but diffusely distributed to the angiographically normal vascular wall. In 4 patients who had successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, Ep(dyn) of the dilated coronary segment showed markedly higher values (0.21-0.30 X 10(6) Nm-2) than the normal values (0.16 +/- 0.06 X 10(6) Nm-2 in left anterior descending coronary artery). In contrast, there was no significant difference in Ep(dyn) values of the angiographically normal left main coronary trunk, proximal portions of left anterior descending and circumflex arteries between patients with and without vasospastic angina. During myocardial ischemia induced by ergonovine maleate, vasospastic response of the non-diseased segment was comparable with that in patients who did not have an anginal attack during the ergonovine test. Thus, in contrast to the sclerotic change, abnormal vasoconstrictive property of the coronary artery may be localized to the diseased segment. PMID- 3771001 TI - Vagally-mediated atrial fibrillation in dogs: conversion with bretylium tosylate. AB - We developed a stable, reproducible model of acute atrial fibrillation (sustained for up to 90 min) in open-chest, anesthetized dogs utilizing continuous bilateral stimulation of the cervical vagi and transient rapid atrial pacing. This model was then used to study the defibrillatory effects of bretylium tosylate. In five dogs, sequential runs of atrial fibrillation lasting 1-60 minutes were induced. A single, rapid, intravenous bolus of bretylium caused conversion of all episodes of atrial fibrillation (n = 31) after a mean of 33 seconds (range 15-151 sec). In 28 of 31 episodes (90%) conversion occurred within 40 seconds. The dose of bretylium was 2.5 mg/kg in all but one episode in which 5.0 mg/kg was given. We conclude that bilateral vagal stimulation produces a stable canine model of acute atrial fibrillation and that the arrhythmia is rapidly converted with intravenous bretylium. PMID- 3771002 TI - Noninvasive evaluation of left-to-right shunts by pulsed Doppler echocardiography. AB - The systemic and pulmonary blood flows and the ratio of pulmonary to systemic flow were noninvasively evaluated by pulsed Doppler echocardiography in 25 children with left-to-right shunts. Fourteen patients had atrial septal defect and 11 had ventricular septal defect. In patients with atrial septal defect, right ventricular stroke volume was obtained from the recordings of mean velocity flow and the diameter at the level of pulmonary valve in short-axis view. The left ventricular stroke volume was evaluated from the suprasternal approach by positioning the sample volume within the ascending aorta just above the valvar leaflets. In children with ventricular septal defect, the pulmonary blood flow was determined at the level of the mitral orifice, whereas the systemic blood flow was estimated from the ascending aorta. The systemic and pulmonary blood flows and their ratio determined by pulsed Doppler echocardiography in the 25 patients examined, were compared using simple linear regression analysis with the results obtained by cardiac catheterization. The ratio of pulmonary-to-systemic flow showed an excellent correlation in patients with atrial septal defect (r = 0.82) and in those with ventricular septal defect (r = 0.79). Our study validates the accuracy of cross-sectional Doppler echocardiography, especially for minimizing some possibility of errors in the presence of left-to-right shunts by employing new approaches. PMID- 3771003 TI - Continuous wave Doppler in the evaluation of simple and complex congenital heart disease in infants and children. AB - Continuous wave Doppler assessment of systolic pressure gradients was performed using a digital maximal frequency estimator in 118 consecutive infants and children with suspected ventricular outflow obstruction who were undergoing cardiac catheterisation. There was satisfactory correlation with measured systolic pressure gradients in most patients with isolated pulmonary valve stenosis, aortic stenosis or aortic coarctation. Important under-estimation of gradients, however, occurred frequently in patients with more complex lesions. In many of these, the stenotic jet was posteriorly located or obstruction to flow occurred at more than one level. Continuous wave Doppler assessment of outflow tract gradients should be interpreted with caution in complex congenital heart lesions. A low predicted gradient should not be relied upon in isolation for clinical decision making. On the other hand, demonstration of a large gradient by continuous wave Doppler ultrasound provides additional information which may obviate the need for invasive investigation. PMID- 3771004 TI - Recurrent cerebral embolism in cardiac amyloidosis. AB - Cardiac involvement is common in systemic amyloidosis. The most frequent cardiovascular manifestations are congestive heart failure and arrhythmias. Embolic complications often occur after the onset of these symptoms. We report a 46-year-old woman with systemic amyloidosis, who sustained two middle cerebral artery strokes and shortly after developed symptoms of cardiac and renal failure with a rapid fatal course. Postmortem findings revealed mural thrombi in the left atrium as the source of embolism to the brain, to the spleen, and to the left kidney. As no evidence of congestive heart failure or arrhythmias was found in the beginning, the mechanism of mural thrombosis was probably an alteration in the thrombogenicity of the endocardium itself. PMID- 3771005 TI - High leftward origin of the right coronary artery. AB - Minor variations in the position of the origin of the right coronary artery are not uncommon, but marked displacement is unusual. Three cases are presented in which the right coronary artery took origin from the middle third of the ascending aorta together with leftward displacement. Two cases were associated with valvar aortic stenosis. Selective catheterisation of this anomalous vessel can be difficult. PMID- 3771006 TI - Detection of infection of a cardiac xenograft by gallium-67 scan. AB - We describe a case complicated by infection of a xenograft conduit with subsequent septic emboli to the left kidney in the setting of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect which was positively imaged using radioactive gallium-67. Confirmation was provided by cross-sectional echocardiography and positive blood culture. The patient improved with antibiotic therapy. PMID- 3771007 TI - Variability of chest pain in suspected acute myocardial infarction according to subjective assessment and requirement of narcotic analgesics. AB - In 653 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction the course of pain according to subjective assessment and morphine requirement is described. Patients were asked to score pain from 0-10 until a pain-free interval of 12 hours appeared. Different categories of patients constructed from clinical aspects were compared. Although the variability between groups was fairly small, subgroups were found in which the initial intensity of pain was more marked and the duration of pain was longer. Thus patients with larger infarcts according to maximum serum enzyme activity and patients with Q-wave infarction had more severe pain initially and also a longer duration and a higher morphine requirement compared with patients with a lower serum enzyme activity or a non-Q-wave infarction. Other groups with a more severe course of chest pain were those with more intensive pain at home, electrocardiographic signs of acute myocardial infarction on admission to hospital, and finally those with a high systolic blood pressure or a high rate-pressure product on admission to the Coronary Care Unit. We thus conclude that there is a variability of chest pain in suspected acute myocardial infarction and that there are defined groups of patients in which a more severe course of chest pain could be expected. PMID- 3771008 TI - Differentiation of poor R wave progression of old anteroseptal myocardial infarction from that due to emphysema. AB - The R/S ratio was calculated in all the six conventional precordial leads in 27 cases of emphysema and 23 cases of old anteroseptal myocardial infarction, all having poor R wave progression in the precordial leads. An R/S ratio greater than or equal to 3.5 in lead V5 was found to be most sensitive (87%), specific (83%) and accurate (85%) in differentiating poor R wave progression of old anteroseptal myocardial infarction from that due to emphysema. PMID- 3771009 TI - Intervening in the use and misuse of drugs and alcohol: critical issues, specious actions, misplaced faith, and ironic outcomes. PMID- 3771010 TI - An "economic" theory of addiction, hypomania, and sensation seeking. AB - Research into the relationship between mania, sensation seeking, and substance abuse has shown that hypomanics and sensation seekers use substances frequently and often for the purpose of adjusting their moods. This essay develops an "economic" theory of addiction that attempts to account for those phenomena. The theory also supports the notion that sensation-seeking behavior and variants of manic behavior share many of the characteristics of the addictive behaviors. Implications for the treatment of addictive behaviors are discussed. Data from drug users in the military (Navy) are presented to support the theory, and suggestions for future research are outlined. PMID- 3771011 TI - Alcohol-related problems and dependence: an elaboration and integration. AB - This study sought to more clearly specify and integrate the domain of behaviors that comprise the American Psychiatric Association's DSM-III definition (substance abuse and dependence) and the World Health Organization's definition (alcohol dependence syndrome) of alcoholism. To accomplish this, self-report measures were constructed that assessed the alcohol-related psychosocial problems outlined in the DSM-III as largely necessary for a diagnosis of substance abuse/dependence. The mostly physiological features of alcohol dependence were measured by four scales that reflected key elements in both definitions. After determining that these instruments possessed adequate psychometric properties, the project explored the relationships among alcohol-related problems and dependence within a sample of 420 male and female inpatient alcoholics. Alcohol dependence and psychosocial consequences were substantially correlated. Maximum likelihood factor analysis suggested a model of three correlated factors that included the physiological components of dependence defined by symptoms of withdrawal, obsessive drinking, and alcohol-related health problems; alcohol related family/social problems coupled with loss of behavioral control while drinking; and economic/job problems. A fourth and largely independent factor of alcohol-related legal problems also emerged. PMID- 3771012 TI - Physicians' prescriptions of tranquilizers and tranquilizer abuse. AB - The abuse of tranquilizers is recognized as a major health problem. A substantial number of qualitative studies have suggested that the prescribing practices of physicians are at least partly responsible for the problem. Yet there is still a need to test this contention statistically. This paper tests the strength of the relationship over time between physicians' prescriptions of tranquilizers and tranquilizer abuse. Data on physicians' prescriptions are based on projections calculated by the National Disease and Therapeutic Index (NDTI). Data on tranquilizer abuse are based on emergency room episodes reported to the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN). The correlation between physicians' tranquilizer prescriptions and tranquilizer abuse is found to be .46 (significant at the .05 level), after controlling for serial correlations in the data. PMID- 3771013 TI - Attributional styles of alcoholics. AB - This study found that alcoholics in treatment differed significantly from nonalcoholics and recovering alcoholics who had completed at least 1 year of sobriety on 2 subscales of the Attributional Style Questionnaire: on the good outcomes-global and good outcomes-stable. Implications for further research and treatment are discussed. PMID- 3771014 TI - Substance misuse training in nursing, psychiatry, and social work. AB - This is a survey study of American schools of nursing, psychiatry residency programs, and schools of social work to develop information on the extent to which nurses, psychiatrists, and social workers are prepared in their professional education to identify and treat substance misusers. Results describing nature, format, and extent of training experiences are presented for didactic and patient contact components of programs. Results are discussed in light of the finding that not much time is devoted to substance misuse in the professional preparation of these health care providers. PMID- 3771015 TI - The development of children of drug addicts. AB - The present study compared 70 methadone-maintained mothers (MM) and their 70 preschool-age children to a matched control group of 70 non-drug-addicted mothers (NDA) and their 70 preschool-age children on mothers' personalities, intelligence levels, and parenting attitudes and behavior; and on children's behavior and intelligence and developmental levels. Findings showed that in comparison to the control group, MM mothers performed less adaptively on measures of intelligence, personality, and parenting behavior. Their scores on the parenting attitude measures reflected authoritarian childrearing beliefs. Children of MM mothers performed more poorly than children of NDA mothers on measures of intelligence and socially adaptive behavior. In a comparison of children of MM mothers who experienced withdrawal from drugs at birth to children of MM mothers who were not born addicted to drugs, results revealed a tendency for withdrawal children to have developmental delays, lower IQ scores, and lower heights and weights. PMID- 3771016 TI - Mortality and illness in male alcoholics: an 8-year follow-up. AB - An 8-year follow-up was conducted on a group of male alcoholics. Their mortality and illness records were examined. The number of observed deaths is 4.7 times that expected. The excess deaths appear to be due to causes frequently associated with alcoholism. Patient characteristics predictive of mortality are presented. Inpatient stays in general hospitals, for reasons other than alcoholism, totaled almost four times the duration expected. The relationships between drinking patterns and hospitalizations are studied. Clinical tests, which show improvement in response to abstinence, are suggested as positive reinforcers for patients in alcoholism treatment. PMID- 3771017 TI - Patterns of cigarette, alcohol, and other drug use among children and adolescents: a longitudinal study. AB - Findings are presented from an 18-month longitudinal study of substance use behavior among 400 children and adolescents, ages 9-17 at the first interviews. Patterns of use from two sequential interviews are reported. Descriptive results are presented as simple frequencies and cross-tabulated with demographic items (age, sex, ethnicity, and socio-economic status). Patterns of use over an 18 month period are examined for cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana/hashish, and other drugs. Four patterns are assessed for each of these substances--abstention at both the first and second interviews; abstention at the first, but not the second interview; use at the first interview, abstention at the second; and use at both interviews. PMID- 3771019 TI - Patterns of stability and change in mood states of alcoholics in inpatient treatment. AB - This study examines patterns of individual stability and group change in mood states as measured by scores on the six Profile of Mood States (POMS) scales in a sample of inpatient alcoholics. Stability coefficients based on POMS scores from administrations at hospital admission and after 6 weeks of inpatient treatment ranged from a low of .36 for the Vigor-Activity scale to a high of .63 for the Confusion-Bewilderment scale. These stability estimates are comparable to those found in a previous study involving nonalcoholic psychiatric outpatients. The significant mean group changes found between admission and 6 weeks on each of the POMS scales consistently reflect improvement in mood and are generally similar in magnitude to those found previously using the POMS with both inpatient alcoholics and nonselected psychiatric outpatients. PMID- 3771018 TI - An investigation of Jellinek's phases as they apply to both men and women. AB - Data comparing the symptom progressions reported by a group of 115 male alcoholics and 41 female alcoholics were correlated with the symptom progression described by Jellinek in 1952. Correlations were obtained for the phase marker symptoms, the phase markers and their phases, and for the overall progression. Results did not support Jellinek's model for the phase markers as reported by the men and by the entire group. Women, however, were shown to correlate perfectly with the phase markers as described by Jellinek. Significant correlations were obtained for the phase markers and their phases, and for the overall progression. Even though the correlations were significant, their values were not very great and this was taken as an indication of only modest support for Jellinek's symptom progression. PMID- 3771020 TI - The occupational risks of alcoholism. AB - The occupations of 6,596 psychiatric admissions with alcoholism were analyzed and their admission rates compared with occupational death rates due to cirrhosis of the liver. Two thirds of occupations with high admission rates had correspondingly high cirrhosis death rates but a dozen occupations had low admission rates and high liver cirrhosis death rates, suggesting a degree of heavy drinking which is not treated. Low-risk occupations are identified and their characteristics discussed. PMID- 3771021 TI - Pain changes among men from before to after drinking: effects of expectancy set and dose manipulations with alcohol and tonic as mediated by prior experience with alcohol. AB - In an experiment that manipulated the set that one would consume (or not consume) an alcoholic beverage, pain reduction occurred among men (N = 52) told that they had consumed alcohol if they reported customarily drinking in large amounts or drinking in order to attain positive emotional states. When the men's belief that they had or had not consumed alcohol was taken into account, the propensity to drink for social-celebratory and personal-deficiency reasons was also associated with pain reduction. PMID- 3771022 TI - Opiate-seeking behavior under conditions of methadone detoxification and removal. AB - This study was carried out to determine whether heroin-dependent persons, having completed methadone detoxification, can be maintained on an inert substance which has previously been associated with methadone. Forty heroin-dependent men and women were randomly allocated to either a "standard detoxification" group or a cordial substitution group. Results showed that subjects administered methadone associated cordial after methadone detoxification could not be retained at the clinic for a time significantly beyond that of subjects in the standard detoxification group despite the inability of the subjects to accurately estimate methadone dosage. The role of cognitive factors is discussed. PMID- 3771023 TI - Inhalant abuse in Singapore. AB - This paper examines the current situation of inhalant abuse in Singapore. Though inhalant abuse is a new youthful phenomenon, the number of abusers has rapidly increased. And it will soon become a serious problem if it goes unchecked because it is mainly a peer group activity which can involve others, especially the youngsters, very quickly. Furthermore, inhalant substances are cheap and easily available. Other points included in the discussion are the causation of inhalant abuse, the methods and locations of abuse, sources of inhalant substances, and the abusers themselves in terms of their ethnic group, educational level, family, and residential areas. PMID- 3771024 TI - Changes in gait patterns after operations in children with spastic cerebral palsy. AB - We have utilised a scoring system with the aid of a specially designed worksheet to measure gait ability in spastic children with cerebral palsy before and after corrective soft tissue operations. Postoperatively, there were obvious improvements in gait especially in the mobility of the leg and the foot. Comparison between a visually assessed score and objectively recorded values using foot-switches showed a good correlation. The postoperative improvement was most obvious in hemiplegic children, but was also present in diplegic children following both single and complex one-stage operations. PMID- 3771025 TI - Bone lengthening by physial distraction. An experimental study. AB - Experimental physial distraction was carried out in the distal part of the femur in 45 two-month old lambs in order to study the basic mechanisms of lengthening as well as the viability of the growth cartilage after using this method. The animals were divided into three groups (A, B and C), and each group into three subgroups (1, 2 and 3) according to the rate of distraction used (2 mm/day, 1 mm/day, 0.5 mm/day) and the time of sacrifice. The results obtained show that the basic lengthening mechanisms consists, firstly, in the production of a fracture between the metaphysis and the epiphysis and, secondly, that the lower the distraction speed employed, the greater is the short-term and long-term viability of the growth cartilage. Optimum viability was observed at a distraction rate of 0.5 mm/day. On this basis we conclude that in clinical practice physical distraction could be indicated for children at an early stage of skeletal growth and repeated later provided that the rate of distraction is kept within reasonable limits. PMID- 3771026 TI - Tibial realignment by oblique wedge osteotomy. A new method based on accurate measurement. AB - A new method for calculating the angle of correction in upper tibial osteotomies is described. The wedge differs from the current techniques in being oblique. The apex is sited on the medial cortex to lie level with the tibial tubercle. The wedge is coned downwards at an angle of 45 degrees, based laterally. This keeps clear of the bifurcation of the popliteal artery, whilst still being contained in the cancellous zone. The method of accurately determining the angle of the wedge and the width of the base using logarithmic calculations is outlined. Being oblique, on removal of the wedge, the cut surfaces match as they meet. Two screws are inserted to lie at right angles to the plane of osteotomy. A long leg plaster cast is worn for six weeks. Thereafter a cast brace is substituted to permit knee and ankle movements. The osteotomy unites rapidly across the large oblique contact surfaces. Pain relief has been substantial and lasting in every patient. The range of flexion returned to the level elicited under anaesthesia immediately prior to the operation. PMID- 3771027 TI - Factors influencing the operative results of rotator cuff rupture. AB - This paper reports the conclusions from a clinical, radiological and mathematical analysis of 126 patients with rotator cuff ruptures who were treated by operation. There were 83 men and 43 women. The mean age was 53.4 years and the average follow-up period was 3.5 years. According to a new method of scoring, an acceptable result was achieved in 78% of cases (excellent in 29%, good in 23%, and fair in 26%). The chi-square and the two tailed t-tests indicated that the following preoperative or operative variables influenced the results significantly: time away from work before operation (p less than 0.001); operative delay (p less than 0.001); the number of operations on the rotator cuff (p less than 0.001); atrophy of the spinati muscles (p less than 0.001); degenerative changes of the greater tuberosity (p less than 0.001); the heaviness of the patient's work (p less than 0.005); the extent of the resection of the acromion (p less than 0.005) and indication for operation (pain, lack of motion or both) (p less than 0.025). According to regression and covariance analyses, these factors independently influenced the final outcome. The following variables did not significantly predict or influence the operative result: age of the patient; sex; conjoined lesions; the size of the rupture; the site of the rupture or detachment of the deltoid. PMID- 3771028 TI - [Phlebography of the femoral head following femoral neck fracture]. AB - The incidence of avascular necrosis (AVN) of the head of the femur after transcervical fracture is 30-60%, depending on the diagnostic methods used. A poor outcome in AVN is not inevitable, since early diagnosis and treatment with prolonged non-weightbearing can produce satisfactory revascularisation without deformity. Nineteen patients with fractures of the femoral neck treated with internal fixation were assessed after operation by per-osseous phlebography. Weightbearing was allowed, irrespective of the state of union of the fracture, only if this test was positive. Of 13 patients who were allowed to bear weight after consolidation of the fracture, only one developed avascular necrosis. A further six patients were treated by non-weightbearing for up to eight months. Only one, in whom the fracture did not unite, developed avascular necrosis. The average time to union was 3.2 months, and the time to weightbearing was 4.1 months. This small difference, taking into account the low incidence of AVN (2 out of 19 or 10.5%, has led us to suggest a fresh approach to fractures of the femur neck in which the indications for immediate arthroplasty are restricted if the patient can tolerate prolonged non-weightbearing. Revascularisation may be assessed with phlebography and weightbearing allowed when this becomes positive. This approach should diminish the incidence of advanced AVN of the femoral head, and widen the indications for internal fixation. PMID- 3771029 TI - Factors predisposing to patellar chondropathy and patellar apicitis in athletes. AB - Factors predisposing to patellar chondropathy (the PC group) and inferior patellar apicitis (jumper's knee - the PA group) were sought by means of a questionnaire, detailed quantitative physical measurements and radiological examination in male athletes. There were 20 athletes in the two groups who had typical symptoms and signs of each disorder. A group of 20 high-level athletes without knee symptoms served as a control group. The factors found in the PC group which differed significantly from those in the control group included increased anterior drawer sign (p less than 0.05), increased passive mediolateral patellar range of movement (p less than 0.001) and increased hyperextension (p less than 0.05). More leg length inequality (p less than 0.001) and patella alta (p less than 0.05) was observed in the PA group than in the controls. There was statistically significant positive correlation between the different measurements of knee laxity (anterior drawer sign, passive mediolateral patellar movement and hyperextension) in the 60 cases. The correlation coefficient between the length of the patellar tendon and passive mediolateral patellar movement was 0.82 (p less than 0.001). PMID- 3771030 TI - Tuberculous osteomyelitis. A review of 125 cases. AB - One hundred and twenty-five cases of tuberculous osteomyelitis have been observed by the authors since 1968. The site of the lesion and the clinical and radiological findings have been analysed. The importance of accurate diagnosis by bacteriological and histological investigation is emphasized. Pitfalls in the differential diagnosis with chronic haematogenous osteomyelitis are described. Treatment is by chemotherapy, and immobilization is useless. Operation was limited to the drainage of three large abscesses. A favourable response to chemotherapy was obtained in 92% of the 105 cases which were followed up. The role of a super-added pyogenic bone infection in 8 cases of persisting sinus after chemotherapy is discussed. Finally, the authors stress the importance of preventing the development of tuberculous arthritis by the correct diagnosis and treatment of juxta-articular tuberculous osteomyelitis. PMID- 3771031 TI - Septic separation of the symphysis pubis. AB - Symphysial osteomyelitis has been distinguished from osteitis pubis because of the more serious nature of the disease. We report a case in which there was a pelvic separation similar to that seen after trauma or pregnancy. The previously undescribed complications of bladder perforation and pelvic instability are also noted. There was no predisposing cause in this case, in contrast to the 40 previously reported. The causative organism was staphylococcus aureus, but pseudomonas aeruginosa and escherichia coli have also been found in other cases. PMID- 3771032 TI - Electrical behaviour of the rat's tibia during growth and fracture healing. AB - The electrical behaviour of the exposed tibial surface of young rats has been studied in normal conditions, after fracture and during the repair process. Recordings of potentials were made after all the electrical artefacts (muscle injury potentials) had been neutralized. No significant potential difference was obtained on the exposed bony surface in all the specimens. The results suggest that the currents of the hypothetical "bone-generator" do not reach the tibial surface. The bioelectrical properties of bone cannot therefore be investigated by an external recording method. PMID- 3771033 TI - A comparison of hearing-impaired students in Israel, Denmark, and the United States. AB - Scores for the three groups did not differ on two scales ("social adjustment" and "self-image"). On the third summary scale ("emotional adjustment"), Israeli and American students' scores did not differ; Danish students were rated more positively than either of the other two groups. Students from all three countries were given high (positive) ratings on individual items reflecting severe behavioral problems; but were seen negatively on items reflecting immaturity such as dependence and inability to accept criticism. All three groups were seen as having problems in social and school relationships, but were rated as being motivated for school work and for communication with others. In addition to these similarities among the three groups, a number of cross-national differences are reported, which may be related to cultural expectations for handicapped children. PMID- 3771034 TI - Systems in transition--the first 100 clients: implications of developing specialist units for elderly people. AB - The progress of the initial group of one hundred clients was monitored following referral to a joint-funded assessment unit for "confused" elderly people. Data were collected on allocation and subsequent usage of a range of services available, and implications for clients are discussed. The establishment of specialist service systems for people who are elderly is reviewed in the context of the probable impact upon both clients and local neighbourhoods. The social policies of integration, segregation and congregation are briefly discussed with regard to data obtained. Implications for planning of future services are identified, together with a discussion of likely consequences of replicating such a service. PMID- 3771035 TI - The results of early conservative and surgical treatment of cervical spinal cord injured patients. AB - The paper presents the analysis of the results of treatment of 1180 patients with traumatic injury of cervical spinal cord, admitted to hospital within the first hours or days after injury. The analysis of the results of conservative (632 patients) and surgical treatment (548 patients) has shown that the results are to a large extent dependent on the time of commencement of specialistic treatment. PMID- 3771036 TI - Employment in individuals with multiple sclerosis. AB - The major objectives of this research were to examine unemployment in the MS population on a national level, and to identify factors which might influence an MS individual's employment status. Data used were from the National Multiple Sclerosis Survey conducted by the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke. Data analysis was restricted to a subset of the sample who had worked at some time in their lives. Of 949 persons 79.7% were currently unemployed. While 65.2% had worked at the time of first symptom, only 27.2% were working at the time of the interview, an average of 17 years later. Path analyses revealed the overwhelming importance of mobility for remaining employed, particularly for males. Additional differences found between male and female path models were interpreted in terms of social role theory. PMID- 3771037 TI - The cephalosporins in dermatologic practice. PMID- 3771038 TI - Prolidase deficiency. A metabolic disorder presenting with dermatologic signs. PMID- 3771039 TI - Bindi dermatoses. PMID- 3771040 TI - Iron, copper, and zinc concentrations in normal skin and in various nonmalignant and malignant lesions. AB - The concentrations of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe) in the skin have been noninvasively determined in vivo by diagnostic x-ray spectrometry. The skin of healthy controls was divided into two major groups based upon the distribution of the concentrations of these elements. In the face and upper neck, the following wet weight concentrations were recorded: Fe, 14.2 +/- 3.3 ppm; Cu, 1.3 +/- 0.3 ppm; and Zn, 6.7 +/- 1.1 ppm. In the chest, abdomen, arm, axilla, and lower neck, the concentrations of these elements were as follows: Fe, 10.2 +/- 2.5 ppm; Cu, 0.8 +/- 0.3 ppm; and Zn, 4.5 +/- 1.7 ppm. In most lesions of solar dermatitis, solar keratosis, basal and squamous cell carcinomas, variable elevations of Zn and Fe (up to significant levels) were recorded in most of the contralateral, apparently uninvolved skin. In the majority of pigmented nevi and malignant melanomas, the levels of Fe and Zn were elevated. In some of these, the Cu concentration also was increased. PMID- 3771041 TI - Systemic lupus erythematosus appearing as an urticarial vasculitis. AB - A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus presented with clinical and histologic feature of urticarial vasculitis, a systemic immune disorder of unknown origin. This could represent a subset of collagen vascular disease. PMID- 3771042 TI - Contact sensitivity to proflavine. AB - Proflavine lotion is a commonly used topical antiseptic in the tropics, but its sensitizing potential was never emphasized and many who developed allergic contact dermatitis were never aware of it. In a study of 45 patients, most presented with acute or subacute dermatitis which started on the arms and legs. Concomitant cutaneous sensitivity to other medicaments and lanolin occurred in 66% of the patients. PMID- 3771043 TI - Cutaneous-pericardial tuberculous fistula in an immunocompromised host. PMID- 3771044 TI - Acanthosis nigricans and Leser-Trelat sign associated with squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the lung. PMID- 3771045 TI - Lichen nitidus associated with nail changes. PMID- 3771046 TI - Leser-Trelat sign associated with leiomyosarcoma of the stomach. PMID- 3771047 TI - Pemphigus foliaceus coexisting with toxic, multinodular goiter. PMID- 3771048 TI - Contact urticaria and allergic contact dermatitis to the saddleback caterpillar with histologic correlation. PMID- 3771049 TI - Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with infrared heat. AB - One hundred seventy-eight patients having cutaneous leishmaniasis were treated by exposing the largest lesion once to a source of infrared heat. This treatment provokes an immune response in the patient and allows the lesions to disappear in approximately 5-6 weeks. PMID- 3771050 TI - Pseudomelanoma. A pathologist's perspective. PMID- 3771051 TI - Increased cutaneous fibrinolytic activity in aquagenic pruritus. AB - Aquagenic pruritus is a disease in which itchy prickling skin discomfort is evoked by contact with water at any temperature without observable cutaneous lesions. Little is known about its etiology and pathogenesis. Previous reports show that increased levels of blood histamine and cutaneous mast cell degranulation are present before water exposure and that they increase still further with water challenge. This paper shows that fibrinolytic activity is markedly increased both before and after water exposure, while circulating fibrinolytic activity is normal before water exposure in three cases of aquagenic pruritus. A patient who was asymptomatic at the time of the study had no observed increase in fibrinolytic activity either before or after water challenge, suggesting that the remission of symptoms of aquagenic pruritus and normalization of cutaneous fibrinolytic activity are interdependent factors. PMID- 3771052 TI - Cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clinical, histopathologic, and electron microscopic studies. AB - One Chinese construction worker and a Chinese cook experienced unknown insect bites during their stay in Abha of Saudi Arabia and then developed skin ulcers. After returning to Taiwan, Republic of China, they were diagnosed in our hospital as having cutaneous leishmaniasis on clinical and dermatopathologic grounds. We were successful in culturing the Leishmania organism with Tobie medium and liquid metacyclic stage culture medium from the skin ulcers of these two patients. The electron microscopic findings of the parasites, Leishmania tropica, both in the tissue (amastigote) and in the cultured medium (promastigote), were also reported. PMID- 3771053 TI - Frey's syndrome. AB - Frey's syndrome is a form of gustatory hyperhidrosis that develops following surgery, trauma, or disease of the parotid gland area. Several theories have been proposed to explain the resulting symptomatology. Treatment often is difficult or ineffective. An unusual case is presented involving a patient with delayed onset of symptoms who responded well to topical application of 20% aluminum chloride in anhydrous ethyl alcohol. PMID- 3771054 TI - Lichen planus arising in an inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus. PMID- 3771055 TI - Extensive verrucosis, squamous cell carcinoma, and immunologic abnormality in Klinefelter's syndrome. PMID- 3771056 TI - Primary cutaneous manifestation in a child with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. PMID- 3771057 TI - Pseudomelanoma following treatment with surgical excision and intralesional triamcinolone acetonide to prevent keloid formation. PMID- 3771058 TI - An IARC Manual series aimed at assisting cancer epidemiology and prevention. "Environmental carcinogens: selected methods of analysis". AB - Since 1975, the IARC has been preparing a series of volumes entitled "Environmental Carcinogens: Selected Methods of Analysis" (IARC Manual series) of which the purposes are to assist analysts, epidemiologists and regulatory authorities in planning or performing exposure measurements that are truly comparable between different studies. The Manual series provides expert information within each volume on multi-media sampling, methods of analyses and some background of epidemiology, metabolism, use/occurrence for a group of known or suspect carcinogens. So far, eleven volumes have been published or are in preparation on the following subjects: N-nitrosamines, vinyl chloride, PAH, aromatic amines, mycotoxins, N-nitroso compounds, volatile halogenated hydrocarbons, metals, passive smoking, benzene and alkylated benzenes, dioxins, PCDFs and PCBs. The presentation will discuss needs and priorities for use of analytical chemistry in estimating exposures of apparently greatest relevance to cancer causation, i.e. the approach to developing this series. Indications from epidemiology, evaluations of carcinogenic risk to humans, and recent developments in total exposure assessment are that new methods and matrices need more emphasis, e.g. as with biochemical dosimetry, exhaled breath, and in indoor air. PMID- 3771059 TI - Long-chain alkylbenzenes: their analytical chemistry, environmental occurrence and fate. AB - Since ca. 1950 long-chain alkylbenzenes have been produced industrially for the synthesis of alkylbenzenesulfonates, the anionic surfactants most commonly used in commercial detergents. Prior to 1965 the alkylbenzenes were generated by Frieldel-Crafts alkylation of benzene with tetrapropylene. This reaction produces a complex assemblage of phenylalkanes (TABs) having highly branched side chains. Due to their stability, the TABs proved to be environmentally troublesome and were ultimately replaced (during the mid-1960s) by the linear alkylbenzenes (LABs). The LABs consist of a mixture of secondary phenylalkanes with linear alkyl side chains ranging in length from C10 to C14. Because of their unique structures and composition, these compounds are easily identified and measured in complex environmental samples. The linear alkylbenzenes are also found in municipal wastewaters where their presence is thought to result from the use of domestic and industrial detergents. Because they are synthetic and unlikely to occur in other significant inputs to coastal marine waters, long-chain alkylbenzenes have obvious potential as waste-specific molecular tracers. The presence of long-chain alkylbenzenes in sediment trap particulates and marine sediments collected near a major waste outfall system in southern California indicates that these hydrocarbons can survive exposure to an oxygenated water column during sedimentation. Whereas changes in the isomer composition of the LABs with depth in the sediments are suggestive of microbial alteration, the vertical distribution of the TABs and LABs can be used as a geochronological tool to reconstruct waste depositional histories. PMID- 3771060 TI - Desorptivity versus chemical reactivity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in atmospheric aerosols collected on quartz fiber filters. AB - Nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contained in air samples collected on quartz fiber filters inside an urban tunnel and in a nearby mixed commercial residential area in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were exposed to scrubbed air (to measure desorption loss) and to particle-free ambient air (to measure chemical reaction losses in the absence of desorption). The exposures were conducted for 5.5 to 9 hour periods at ambient temperature (22-26 degrees C) at face velocities typical of high volume sampling. Under prevailing atmospheric conditions all nine PAHs experienced filter losses which (for most of them) followed first order kinetics. For the ambient samples, in a 6 hour exposure period, the following five PAHs showed filter losses (% in parantheses) attributed exclusively to chemical reaction: benzo(b)fluoranthene (43), benzo(k)fluoranthene (39), benzo(a)pyrene (70), benzo(ghi)perylene (44), and indeno (1,2,3-cd)pyrene (41). The other four showed the following unassigned losses: pyrene (100), fluoranthene (65), crysene (72), and benzo(a)anthracene (71). The results are discussed in the light of possible filter artifacts in PAH sampling and the use of PAH profile signatures for source identification of atmospheric particulate matter in receptor modeling. PMID- 3771061 TI - Determination of pentachlorophenol in wood samples using liquid chromatography with UV absorbance, amperometric and electron-capture detection. AB - The potential of reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) with UV and amperometric detection (AD), and of normal-phase liquid chromatography (NPLC) with UV and electron-capture detection (ECD) for the determination of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in wood samples has been studied. When PCP concentrations of at least 1-5 ppm have to be determined, RPLC-UV and RPLC-AD on C18-modified silica are useful techniques, provided a two- or three-step sample-preparation step is used. NPLC-UV on bare silica columns does not offer any advantage over RPLC-UV. NPLC-ECD on bare silica and with an acidified toluene-hexane mixture as eluent offers good selectivity and sensitivity, as well as satisfactory linearity and reproducibility for the determination of PCP in wood samples down to low ppb levels. Use of the two-step clean-up procedure is sufficient, and even a single step procedure has been utilized. In the latter case, analysis times are longer because of the presence of late-eluting ECD-active interferences. The two-step clean-up procedure generally used involves a liquid-liquid extraction with dichloromethane, and solid-liquid sorption using a Sep Pak C18 cartridge. PCP recovery over the 0.2-10 ppm range is 75-100%. Several wood samples containing 1 50 ppm of PCP have successfully been analyzed, and the good potential of NPLC-ECD for trace-level determination of PCP has been demonstrated. PMID- 3771063 TI - Poor can be healthy. PMID- 3771064 TI - The alcohol trade and its effects on public health. PMID- 3771062 TI - The health of women. PMID- 3771065 TI - Risk factors for fatal measles infections. PMID- 3771066 TI - Cancer mortality and type of water source: findings from a study in the UK. AB - The age-adjusted, sex-specific mortality rates from certain cancers of the digestive system were analysed by type of water source supplied to 238 urban areas in England, Wales and Scotland using weighted multiple regression. Of the types of water source, the per cent supplied from upland rivers best described the pattern in cancer mortality for each cancer site and each sex. After adjustment was made for a number of socioeconomic factors, the regression coefficient for the percentage of upland river supply remained statistically significant only for female stomach cancer and female intestinal cancer. The association with intestinal cancer could equally well be explained by some other factor with a strong north-west/south-east geographical distribution. The association found for female stomach cancer could not be accounted for by a geographical trend, but suggests a small effect, equivalent to a relative risk of only 1.11. This is an unexpected finding and must be considered a hypothesis, to be tested further by studies conducted by other researchers, in different locations, preferably on individuals. PMID- 3771067 TI - Multiple myeloma in Swedish agricultural workers. AB - Increased risk of multiple myeloma was found among farmers in studies reported in the literature. A retrospective cohort study of Swedish agricultural workers is now presented. All 254417 men aged 20-69 years at the time of the national census in 1960, who stated that they were working in agriculture, formed the study cohort. The reference cohort consisted of 1725845 men otherwise gainfully employed. The cohorts were followed from 1 Jan 1961 until 31 Dec 1979. The cases of multiple myeloma were identified in the Swedish cancer register by computerized record linkage. The 568 cases found in the study cohort resulted in an estimate of the relative risk of 1.20 (95% confidence interval 1.09-1.33). PMID- 3771068 TI - Earthquake-related stress and cardiac mortality. AB - The acute effects of earthquake-related psychological stress on total and cardiac mortality were investigated using mortality data from the city of Thessaloniki (Greece) which was hit on 19 and 20 June 1978, by two strong earthquakes, measuring 5.2 and 6.4 degrees on the Richter scale, respectively. During the a priori specified three-day period of 19, 20 and 21 June, mortality from cardiac and 'all other' pathological causes increased significantly. The estimated relative risks (and 95% confidence intervals) were 3.0 (1.5-5.9) for atherosclerotic heart disease, and 1.6 (1.1-2.3) for 'all other' diseases (excluding external causes) as underlying conditions. Stress-related cardiac deaths (proximate cause) were more common when atherosclerotic heart disease was the underlying condition (p approximately 0.10), but there was no evidence of any age or sex predilection. PMID- 3771069 TI - Estimation of ventilatory capacity in subjects with unacceptable lung function tests. AB - Based on pulmonary function data collected annually for six years on 540 Vermont granite workers, FEV1 in survey 1 was estimated by extrapolating back from subsequent measurements. The extrapolation method was found to fit the observed data of subjects with reproducible initial values very well (R2 = 0.87). Extrapolated FEV1s for workers unable to perform an adequate pulmonary function test according to the standards of the American Thoracic Society were compared to extrapolated values in the rest of the cohort. After adjusting for confounding, subjects with test failure in survey 1 had a lower extrapolated FEV1 than the rest of the cohort (p = 0.07). The mean extrapolated FEV1 of the 71 workers with an initial test failure was only 95% of a predicted value derived from the group with reproducible data, and the per cent predicted decreased from 98% to 71% as the number of test failures in the follow-up surveys increased (p = 0.0004). The American Thoracic Society and the Epidemiology Standardization Project currently recommend that test failures be excluded from the analysis of epidemiological data. Our findings suggest that alternative strategies for handling non reproducible lung function may need to be explored in order to avoid selection bias. PMID- 3771070 TI - Epidemiology of legal abortion in Italy. AB - The paper reports on the trends of induced abortion in Italy since its legalization in 1978. Data collected through the national surveillance system show that the abortion rates and ratios in Italy, after an initial increase, have been stable in the last four years, and are comparable to those of other European countries. Italian women seeking abortion, however, are generally older and more frequently married and parous than in most other western countries. The data on abortion services and procedures show a slow improvement with increasing use of local rather than general anaesthesia, suction rather than surgical curettage, and outpatient rather than inpatient admissions. Post-abortion complications are infrequent and there have been no cases of death from legal abortion. The paper attempts to analyse the effect of legal abortion on fertility and on other maternal and child health indices, reaching tentative conclusions on the contribution of the legalization of abortion to the improvement of reproductive health. Uneven availability of abortion services, however, is currently a major problem; in many of the less developed areas of the country, it is estimated that as many as 50% of abortions are still performed outside the legal abortion service network. PMID- 3771071 TI - Case definition in childhood accident studies: a vital factor in determining results. AB - Research into possible aetiological factors associated with childhood accidents has failed to produce a consistent picture. In this paper we investigate the extent to which these discrepancies are attributable to different methods of case ascertainment. The approach was to use three different criteria for identifying accidents and to apply a number of commonly used statistical techniques to eight social and environmental factors. The data base consists of a nationally representative sample of 13 135 children (the Child Health and Education Study). In this way, broadly similar profiles were obtained for children reported to have had at least one accident in the first five years and for those who were said to be accident repeaters--the major risk factors in common for these two outcomes were young maternal age and residence in 'average' or 'well-to-do' urban areas. On the other hand, there were major differences in the results when admission to hospital for an accident was taken as the outcome--although young maternal age was still strongly associated, large family size and the loss or replacement of a natural parent were now also dominant risk factors. There was no relationship with area of residence. The conclusion from these example analyses is therefore that variation in case selection can lead to different conclusions about the risk factors associated with childhood accidents. PMID- 3771072 TI - Caesarean section as a risk factor for malformations--a negative finding. AB - The question whether Caesarean section is a risk factor for malformations was examined among 35,865 children born in 1959-65 and included in the US Collaborative Perinatal Project; 1,407 children were subsequent children of mothers who had a Caesarean section for the previous birth (exposed). The rate of malformed children was about the same in the exposed and non-exposed groups, and the rate of children with major malformations was only slightly higher in the exposed group (risk ratio was 1.1, ie not statistically significant). Multiple variable adjustment for potentially confounding factors further reduced the risk ratios. Caesarean section did not appear to be a risk factor in this population, but further studies covering more recent times and including fetal deaths are needed. PMID- 3771073 TI - Prevalence rates of microtia in South America. AB - A high frequency of microtia in Quito (Ecuador) was detected by the Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECLAMC), and the data available on file were used to define the cluster and to test some potential risk factors. The Quito material consisted of 46 041 livebirths from two hospitals. The rest of the sample consisted of 553 068 livebirths from 58 hospitals located in 24 cities of six other South American countries. The observed prevalence rate for microtia was over five times higher in Quito (17.4/10 000) than in the other cities (3.2/10 000). The microtias from Quito were mostly represented by isolated forms (without other anomalies except for preauricular tags and/or sinuses), and the proportion of severe microtia was higher than in the rest of the sample. Neither seasonal, nor secular variations were observed in Quito or the rest of the sample; data suggesting the geographical cluster did not arise in recent years. Case-control analysis of familial, prenatal and perinatal history data in 184 cases with isolated microtia (68 from Quito and 116 from the rest) and in 184 matched non-malformed control newborn babies, identified prenatal drug exposure, high birth order, and elevated paternal age as risk factors for the microtias born in Quito. PMID- 3771074 TI - Risk factors for postneonatal mortality: results from a record linkage study. AB - A population-based computer record linkage of infant births and deaths was conducted for 1978 and 1979 covering Canadian provinces. Birthweight was inversely related to risk of postneonatal death for all causes examined, including accidental deaths. Length of gestation was inversely associated with risk, but the strength of the relationship was much weaker than that noted for birthweight. A logistic regression model was used to assess the effects of variables, as reported on birth certificates, on postneonatal mortality. Maternal age less than 25 years, unmarried marital status and one or more previous births were all statistically significantly related to increased risk. PMID- 3771075 TI - The epidemiology of infant deaths in the Armenian parish records of Lebanon. AB - It is difficult to study time trends in mortality from most developing countries due to the lack of an appropriate data base. The present investigation is based on data from parish records of the Armenian Apostolic churches in Lebanon. Death and baptismal registers have been regularly maintained in these churches from 1863. Infant deaths were identified in the registers of the 13 churches. Available data on these deaths were abstracted, coded and analysed. Denominators for the different periods of study and for the various churches were calculated from baptismal records. The study shows that there has been a constant drop in the infant deaths over the review period. Infant mortality rates were higher in the parishes located in refugee camp areas. The most important recorded causes of death included diarrhoea and pneumonia. A study of clustering of deaths by time and place revealed a major epidemic of measles with high fatality in 1926. This epidemic had been previously unrecorded. The present study demonstrates the use of non-traditional data sources to assess long-term secular trends of mortality. PMID- 3771076 TI - Epidemiological surveillance of measles through a network of sentinel general practitioners in Belgium. AB - Measles morbidity data were collected during 1982-1983 through a network of sentinel general practitioners. The annual incidence rate of the disease in the country was 80.3 per 1000 population with most of the cases seen between 2 and 6 years of age. Complications were encountered in 13.8% of all cases. Emphasis is put on developing a strategy for immunization against measles on a nationwide scale. PMID- 3771077 TI - The distribution of the subtypes of HBsAg in Ethiopia. AB - Sera from various population groups in Ethiopia previously positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) have been investigated for their antigenic sub specificities. Subtype and has been observed as the predominant subtype with 83% prevalence in the study population. The same subdeterminant of the HBsAg has been observed universally as the predominant subtype in blood donors, in patients with acute hepatitis B and in one patient who was an asymptomatic chronic carrier of HBsAg. Subtype ay was observed in three of seven patients with chronic hepatitis B. PMID- 3771078 TI - The determinants of health services utilization in southern Iraq: a household interview survey. AB - A household survey was conducted in 1982-83 in a sample of 324 households served by five health centres in two different areas of Southern Iraq. Information from each household was collected on socioeconomic factors, access to curative health services, sickness within the previous four weeks and the subsequent use of health services. Thirty seven per cent of people reported some sickness during the four-week recall period, giving an average of 40 episodes per 100 people per four weeks. The average consultation rate was 33 per 100 people and the annual estimated rate was 4.3 consultations per person per year. There was an average of 82 consultations per 100 sickness episodes with the highest rates for infectious and parasitic diseases (111) and hypertension and heart diseases (108), and the lowest for eye and ear diseases (52). The most important factors affecting utilization were level of perceived sickness in the household and the distance to the nearest health centre. Household income did not appear to be an important factor except for attendance at private clinics. The study suggests that the overall rate of utilization is sufficient for curative services but that now it is the quality of this care that needs to be examined. PMID- 3771079 TI - Determinants of the utilization of maternal and child health services in Jordan. AB - The utilization of antenatal, delivery and postnatal services by a random sample of married women in Jordan during their most recent pregnancy resulting in a live birth is analysed. Marked variations are shown in the use of these services and of preventive infant care for women living in urban and rural areas. Women with increasing levels of formal education and those living near services were significantly more likely to use services. If effective coverage of these services is to be achieved then it is suggested that greater emphasis should be placed upon outreach and realistic social marketing. PMID- 3771080 TI - Area variation in mortality from diseases amenable to medical intervention: the contribution of differences in morbidity. AB - Several conditions, whose timely and appropriate therapy should decrease case fatality, have been proposed as indicators of medical care quality for the National Health Service. Mortality rates for these diseases vary widely within the UK. To evaluate the contribution of varying incidence rates to these mortality differences, routinely collected morbidity and mortality data for 1974 1978 were analysed for 98 Area Health Authorities (AHAs) in England and Wales. Although differences in morbidity (as measured by hospital discharge and disease registration rates) and socioeconomic factors account for some of the area variation in mortality, significant heterogeneity persists after these factors are taken into account. This finding suggests that morbidity and socioeconomic factors are not the only determinants of mortality variation among areas for these particular diseases. Variation in quality of medical care may account for this result, although regional diagnostic and reporting differences and variation in disease severity among areas must also be considered. PMID- 3771081 TI - Identifiability, exchangeability, and epidemiological confounding. AB - Non-identifiability of parameters is a well-recognized problem in classical statistics, and Bayesian statisticians have long recognized the importance of exchangeability assumptions in making statistical inferences. A seemingly unrelated problem in epidemiology is that of confounding: bias in estimation of the effects of an exposure on disease risk, due to inherent differences in risk between exposed and unexposed individuals. Using a simple deterministic model for exposure effects, a logical connection is drawn between the concepts of identifiability, exchangeability, and confounding. This connection allows one to view the problem of confounding as arising from problems of identifiability, and reveals the exchangeability assumptions that are implicit in confounder control methods. It also provides further justification for confounder definitions based on comparability of exposure groups, as opposed to collapsibility-based definitions. PMID- 3771082 TI - Cancer mortality in the Republic of San Marino. AB - San Marino is a small independent Republic encircled by Italy, with a population of approximately 20,000. It still maintains an ethnic profile favoured by a tendency to genetic segregation due to endogamy. Since 1908 detailed data have been kept on all deaths among residents also for those dying outside the country. In this study the mortality trends based on crude rates are reported for all neoplasms and for selected sites in the years 1908 to 1980, showing increased rates for all neoplasms and the highest rate for stomach cancer. Age-adjusted death rates were calculated for all neoplasms and for selected sites, by sex, in the years 1966 to 1980. Stomach cancer was the commonest cause of cancer death in San Marino and its age-adjusted death rate was the highest in the world. A sharp increase was also observed for respiratory tract and colorectal cancers in recent years. PMID- 3771083 TI - Multiple myeloma: relation to propoxyphene and other drugs, radiation and occupation. AB - A case-control study involving 327 cases of multiple myeloma (MM) did not confirm that propoxyphene use is a predisposing factor. The evidence that any drugs are involved in the aetiology of MM is very weak. There was some suggestive evidence that x-ray therapy and certain occupations were predictors of MM. PMID- 3771084 TI - Does passive smoking stunt the growth of children? PMID- 3771085 TI - Maternal mortality in developing countries. PMID- 3771086 TI - Incidence of hydatidiform mole in China. PMID- 3771087 TI - Congenital malformation surveillance systems. PMID- 3771088 TI - Problems with percentiles. PMID- 3771089 TI - Common cold should be taken into account in epidemiological studies on pulmonary function, even in the absence of symptoms or signs. PMID- 3771090 TI - Studies on the impaired metabolism of uric acid in obese subjects: marked reduction of renal urate excretion and its improvement by a low-calorie diet. AB - Uric acid metabolism was investigated in 27 overweight subjects, 11 men (176 +/- 30 percent of ideal body weight) and 16 women (169 +/- 20 percent of ideal body weight). They were all hospitalized and treated with low-calorie diets (1,500-800 kcal/day) with gradual reduction of total calorie intake; exercise therapy (walking, and riding a bicycle ergometer) was added to this regimen afterwards. On admission, serum levels of uric acid were significantly elevated to 9.2 +/- 1.9 mg/dl in males (control 5.1 +/- 0.8 mg/dl) (P less than 0.001) and 6.8 +/- 1.9 mg/dl in females (control 4.4 +/- 1.0 mg/dl) (P less than 0.001), while the ratios (percentages) of uric acid clearance (CuA) to creatinine clearance (Ccr) were significantly reduced to 4.0 +/- 2.1 percent in males (control 10.8 +/- 2.2 percent) (P less than 0.001) and 5.2 +/- 3.1 percent in females (control 11.8 +/- 2.9 percent) (P less than 0.001). Urinary urate excretions were also lower in obese subjects than in controls. These data suggest that hyperuricemia in obese people is mainly attributed to an impaired renal clearance of uric acid rather than overproduction. In the course of weight reduction by a low-calorie diet, CuA/Ccr ratios gradually rose up to almost normal levels and serum levels of uric acid fell without significant changes in creatinine clearance. This increase of CuA/Ccr ratio was also preserved after starting exercise therapy. The normalization of urate excretion was observed even at the phase when their body weight was not fully reduced. Although the underlying mechanism of the impaired urate excretion in obese patients and its improvement during weight reduction is as yet unclear, hyperuricemia associated with obesity can be treated very well only with appropriate diet therapy and in most cases there is no need for drug therapy. PMID- 3771092 TI - A case of adiposis dolorosa: lipid metabolism and hormone secretion. AB - The present report describes a 53-year-old non-obese man with adiposis dolorosa whose pain was dramatically relieved by the intravenous injection of lidocaine. The patient showed a paradoxical response of growth hormone to thyrotropin releasing hormone. In addition, in-vitro studies on adipose tissue metabolism revealed the reduced glucose conversion to neutral glycerides in painful adipose tissue. These abnormalities may be related in some ways to the pathogenesis of this disorder. PMID- 3771091 TI - Adipogenic activity in human plasma. Effects of feeding state and obesity. AB - The potential of plasma from obese and non-obese subjects to stimulate the formation of new adipocytes was studied by assays in rat adipose precursor cells in primary culture. Adipogenic activity was followed in terms of rate of lipid filling, analysed by determination of triglyceride contents per unit protein, stimulation of multiplication, measured as rate of incorporation of labelled thymidine into DNA, and stimulation of differentiation, followed as an increase in glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity. Plasma from obese subjects contained an excess of activity stimulating lipid filling, closely associated to the recent body weight histories with increased activity with a recent increase of body weight and vice versa. There was also a strong association with plasma concentration of triglyceride. The importance of the latter was demonstrated by acute feeding experiments with triglyceride, as well as by addition of isolated very-low-density lipoprotein and chylomicron fractions which caused increases of lipid filling activity closely in parallel to triglyceride contents of the culture medium. Specific stimulatory properties of plasma from weight-increasing obese subjects on adipose precursor cell multiplication and differentiation were not found. It was suggested that human obesity with an increased number of adipocytes is not characterized by elevated circulating specific stimulatory factors of new fat cell formation. Such factors are present in excess in both non obese and obese subjects. It was hypothesized that the elevated lipid filling capacity in obese subjects might modify local inhibitory factors of adipocyte formation. PMID- 3771093 TI - The effects of weight and chemosensitivity on respiratory sleep abnormalities: a family study. AB - The relationship between low-awake chemosensitivity, exogenous respiratory load (obesity) and respiratory/oxygenation patterns during sleep was evaluated in a family with overall low ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia. Six family members were of normal weight, in good health and had normal pulmonary function tests. Only one of these subjects had totally normal responses to the chemical control of breathing. A seventh family member had loaded breathing because of severe obesity. His ventilatory and mouth occlusion pressure responses to hypoxia or hypercapnia were severely blunted. After weight loss (200 percent of ideal body weight to 133 percent) the ventilatory responses were improved but still abnormally low. Significant nocturnal respiratory abnormalities and oxygen desaturation were only seen in the overweight member and improved following weight loss (load reduction). PMID- 3771094 TI - Changes in skinfold thicknesses and body mass index in 171 children, initially 1 to 5 years of age: a 5 1/2-year follow-up study. AB - Changes in skinfold thicknesses and BMI were investigated in 171 children aged 1 5 years in 1978 and 5 1/2 years later aged 6-10 years in 1984. Tracking in skinfold thicknesses or body fatness and BMI was determined using the correlation coefficients between these variables in 1978 and 1984. Body fatness tracking was higher in girls than in boys. There were no marked differences between skinfold correlations from sites of the trunk and those from the extremities. Generally, about 50 percent of the variation in skinfold thicknesses in girls aged 6-10 years was associated with skinfold thicknesses 5 1/2 years before. In boys, only about 5 percent of the variation of skinfold thicknesses at ages 6-10 years could be explained by values 5 1/2 years before. There was no marked sex difference in BMI tracking. Initially fatter girls showed higher skinfold thickness tracking than initially leaner girls. Parental fatness level and social class were both related to changes in skinfold thicknesses. Children who became relatively fatter in 5 1/2 years had fatter mothers than children who became relatively leaner. Relatively more children of the lower social class became fatter than children of the higher social class. However, parental fatness level and social class were not in a simple additive way related to changes in skinfold thicknesses. PMID- 3771095 TI - Adipogenic factors in human serum promote the adipose conversion of 3T3-L1 fibroblasts. AB - The adipose conversion of 3T3-L1 fibroblasts to fully developed adipocytes depends on the presence of serum in the culture medium. This study demonstrates that human serum or plasma also effectively promote the adipose conversion of 3T3 L1 cells. At rising serum concentrations this effect is abolished however by the presence of antiadipogenic factors. Sera of newborns contained the highest adipogenic activity, approximately 1.8-fold higher than sera from lean adults. This difference is probably due to higher growth hormone (GH) concentrations. Adipogenic activity in sera from obese adults under reduction diet and in sera from older persons did not differ from that found in sera from lean young adults. Complete elimination of GH was achieved by heat treatment and ethanol precipitation. About 40-60 percent of the adipogenic activity in serum samples from adults and more than 70 percent of the activity in sera from newborns is due to GH. The remaining adipogenic activity was partially purified by gel chromatography at acidic pH. We conclude from these results that human serum contains at least two adipogenic factors: GH and a heat- and acid-stable low molecular-weight component. PMID- 3771096 TI - Preparation of Boc-[S-(3-nitro-2-pyridinesulfenyl)]-cysteine and its use for unsymmetrical disulfide bond formation. AB - The 3-nitro-2-pyridinesulfenyl (Npys) derivative of cysteine was prepared and used to facilitate the formation of an unsymmetrical disulfide bond. Since this derivative is stable in trifluoroacetic acid:CH2 Cl2 (1:1) and anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, Boc-Cys(Npys) could be used directly in solid phase synthesis of the 14 peptide acetyl-Cys(Npys)-Gly-Glu-Gln-Gln-His-His-Pro-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ala-Lys-G ln-Ala amide. Reaction of this peptide with the free thiol of another peptide, acetyl Gly-Glu-Gln-His-His-Pro-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ala-Lys-Gln-Cys-amide, gave a single product containing an unsymmetrical disulfide bond. The amino acid composition of this product and HPLC analysis of its dithiothreitol reduction products were consistent with the desired heterodimer. As evidenced by HPLC, the mixed disulfide forms rapidly at alkaline pH and usefully over a wide pH range in aqueous buffers. PMID- 3771097 TI - Multiple forms of pituitary prolactin, a glycosylated form of porcine prolactin with enhanced biological activity. AB - Three forms of prolactin differing in molecular weight (Mr 23,000, 25,000 and 50,000, respectively) and electrophoretic mobility have been isolated and purified from fresh-frozen porcine pituitary glands. The prolactin form with Mr 25,000 is identified as a glycoprotein having an affinity to concanavalin A. The carbohydrate unit containing GlcNAc3, GalNAc1, Man3, Fuc 0.5, Gal 0.4 is linked to asparagine at the 31 position. The amino acid composition and partial primary structure of the glycosylated prolactin are identical to those of the major prolactin form (Mr 23,000). Based on isoelectric focusing and nondenaturing disc electrophoresis, the glycosylated prolactin appears more acidic than the major form. The glycosylated form of the hormone has 140% of the activity of the non glycosylated prolactin when measured by the pigeon crop sac assay. The new form accounts for 30-40% of the total monomeric prolactin in the porcine pituitary. The yield was 200 mg purified glycosylated prolactin from 1000 g pituitary gland. The third form of hormone (Mr 50,000) was shown to be a disulphide linked prolactin dimer. PMID- 3771098 TI - Primary structure of sperm whale luteinizing hormone. AB - Luteinizing hormone was extracted from sperm whale pituitaries and separated into alpha- and beta-subunits. These subunits were cleaved with cyanogen bromide, and digested with trypsin and chymotrypsin. The fragments obtained were separated and purified by gel filtration on Sephadex and by ion exchange chromatography, reversed phase chromatography and chromatoelectrophoresis. The amino acid sequence of peptides obtained was studied by dansyl-Edman's method and Edman's modification of Chang et al. The study made it possible to establish the complete amino acid sequence of sperm whale LH alpha- and beta-subunits. PMID- 3771099 TI - Water structure in modified bovine plasma albumin (BPA) gel and bovine mercaptalbumin solution. 1H-n.m.r. studies. AB - Bovine plasma albumin Fr. V (BPA) has been known to contain small amounts of proteolytic enzyme. Wilson & Foster (1971) found a very limited and specific cleavage of BPA catalyzed by the enzyme with BPA in the F-form near pH 3.8, resulting in the formation of partially hydrolyzed BPA (BPA*). BPA* had a tendency to form a transparent gel at pD 4.0 (pD range of the F-form) above 8%, though proteolytic enzyme-free bovine mercaptalbumin (BMA) was in a transparent solution at pD 4.0 even at 12%. Water structures of the F-form of BMA in the solution state and of BPA* in the gel state were studied by measuring 1H-n.m.r. spectra, spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) and cross relaxation time (TIS) between irradiated and observed protons. Protein concentration-dependent changes of T1 of water protons indicated that the amount of hydrated water of BPA* in the gel state is far greater than that of the F-form of BMA in the solution state. TIS values from protein protons to water protons also indicated a large amount of hydration of BPA*, strong interaction between water and BPA* and rapid exchange between bound and bulk water in the gel state. PMID- 3771100 TI - Desaminopenicillamine tocinoic acid derivatives--inhibitors of oxytocin. AB - Tocinoic acid analogs with penicillamine in place of one or both of the cysteine residues have been studied and [1-beta-mercaptopropionic acid, 6-penicillamine] tocinoic acid (dPen6TA) and [1-beta,beta-dimethyl-beta-mercaptopropionic acid, 6 penicillamine] tocinoic acid (dPen1Pen6TA) have been synthesized in solution. Biological activities of these 2 compounds and those of the previously synthesized [1-beta,beta-dimethyl-beta-mercaptopropionic acid] tocinoic acid (dPen1TA) have been assayed. It was found that dPen1TA and dPen1Pen6TA, both of which have a beta,beta-dimethyl-beta-mercaptopropionic acid in position 1, are strong inhibitors of the uterine activity of oxytocin in vitro (without Mg2+) with pA2 values of 7.1 and 7.8, respectively, whereas dPen6TA with penicillamine in position 6 is a mild agonist. PMID- 3771101 TI - Binding of 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid to type I collagen. AB - The existence of a hydrophobic cluster on the COOH-telopeptides of type I collagen has been observed by studies on the binding of 1-anilinonaphthalene-8 sulfonic acid (ANS) to this protein. Collagen contains one binding site for the fluorescent probe. This hydrophobic cluster remains after pepsin digestion thus indicating that it is formed by the undegraded portions of the COOH-extrahelical ends of the protein. Energy transfer from tyrosine to ANS has been observed. The triple helix of collagen does not bind ANS. PMID- 3771102 TI - Dipeptide synthesis catalyzed by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases from Bacillus stearothermophilus. AB - A new approach to enzymatic peptide synthesis by using aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (ARS) as a catalyst has been investigated. Four ARSs (AspRS, HisRS, LeuRS and TyrRS) have been purified from a thermophilic bacterium, Bacillus stearothermophilus. By using TyrRS as a catalyst, tyrosine and leucinamide were shown to be condensed in the presence of ATP to give tyrosylleucinamide. In this manner, all of the ARSs investigated catalyzed the peptide synthesis reactions. TyrRS did not have strict specificity for the amino acid derivatives used as substrates and even D-amino acids were incorporated into peptides fairly easily in this enzymatic reaction. Preparative scale synthesis of L-Tyr-L-LeuNH2 was carried out and from this the scope and limitation of this new enzymatic reaction as a tool to the peptide synthesis has been described. PMID- 3771103 TI - Fluorogenic substrates for chymotrypsin with new fluorescent markers. AB - Several substrates for chymotrypsin Glt-Phe-NHRx have been synthesized, where RxNH2 are the compounds 3-aminocoumarin (2), 6-aminocoumarin (3), 3-acetamido-6 aminocoumarin (4), 3-acetamido-8-aminocoumarin (5), 7-amino-4-methyl-2 quinolinone (AMQ), (6). The fluorescence properties of the new substrates and those of the corresponding free amines were examined. The compound 7 glutarylphenylalaninamido-4-methyl-2-quinolinone (Glt-Phe-AMQ), (15), provided a new suitable substrate for chymotrypsin determination. The enzymatic release of the fluorophore AMQ was measured at lambda ex = 360 nm and lambda em = 435 nm. The Km of 15 was 0.5 mM and its kcat/Km ratio was 47 M-1 s-1. By using this substrate, the detection limit of chymotrypsin was 10 ng/ml. PMID- 3771104 TI - Quantitative description of side chain effects on binding to protein. AB - Values of delta delta G previously reported for transition state binding of ATP and tyrosine by tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase as a function of side chain structure are quantitatively described by the intermolecular force (IMF) equation. Polarizability, ionic side chains, and steric effects seem to be the major factors in determining delta delta G. A contribution from hydrogen bonding cannot be excluded but is at best probably small. Binding is apparently due to dispersion forces and ion/dipole and ion-induced/dipole interactions. PMID- 3771105 TI - Recurrent meningitis due to spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea. A case report. AB - Bilateral congenital deafness was observed in a 9-year-old girl with recurrent meningitis. A careful workup, including polytomograph, CT scanning and Radioisotope (RI)-cisternography revealed an inner ear dysplasia of the Mondini type, viz. dilation of the lateral semicircular canal, vestibule and cystic degeneration of cochlea on both ears. RI-cisternography demonstrated an abnormal accumulation of radioisotope in the left mastoid region, suggesting spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) otorrhea. At exploratory tympanotomy of the left ear, the CSF leak was found from a round defect in the center of the stapedial foot plate. The CSF leak was treated successfully by packing the vestibule with temporal fascia. Spontaneous CSF otorrhea is seldom the cause of meningitis but has to be considered especially if associated with a dead ear and with recurrent meningitis. The diagnosis and management are discussed. PMID- 3771106 TI - Computed tomography in the evaluation of choanal atresia. AB - Nine patients with choanal atresia or stenosis, ranging in age from two days to 6 years were evaluated by computer tomography (CT). The clinical, conventional radiographic and surgical findings were correlated with CT findings. In all patients, the complete anatomic abnormality and the thickness of the obstruction were better defined with CT than with a choanogram. Findings on CT included: thickening of the vomer, bowing of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and fusion of bony elements in the choanal region. This information is essential in planning surgical correction. PMID- 3771107 TI - Acinic cell carcinoma of the parotid gland in children. AB - Acinic cell carcinoma is an infrequent malignancy of salivary gland tissue in adults that is very rare in children. Review of the English literature reveals only 25 reported cases of this neoplasm in pediatric populations. This is a case report of the youngest known child to undergo parotidectomy and facial nerve dissection for an acinic cell carcinoma. The unusual clinical and surgical findings might suggest the need for changes in approach to treatment of a tumor that has been previously described as relatively benign. PMID- 3771108 TI - Hearing loss in children with congenital heart disease: a preliminary report. AB - Life expectancy for children with serious congenital heart defects has dramatically increased in recent years due to advances in medical and surgical care. Anatomic studies of temporal bones in patients with non-syndromic congenital heart disease have demonstrated a high incidence of middle and inner ear anomalies. Systematic study of auditory function in these patients has not been reported. Fifty children with serious congenital heart disease have been evaluated with otologic examination and auditory brainstem-evoked response (ABR) testing. The patients ranged in age from 3 days to 17 years-8 months. Eight patients had hearing loss and normal otologic examinations, 14 patients had hearing loss and associated otitis media with effusion, and 28 patients had normal hearing by ABR testing. These results show a high incidence (16%) of hearing loss not associated with otitis media with effusion in the study population. We suggest that children with serious congenital heart disease are at high risk for hearing loss. This patient group will benefit from early identification, and appropriate medical and audiologic management. PMID- 3771109 TI - Mucociliary function and nasal resistance evaluation before and after adenoidectomy. AB - Thirty-four children with clinically and radiologically confirmed adenoid hypertrophy underwent otoscopy, impedance tests, active anterior rhinomanometry and nasal mucociliary clearance evaluation before and 6 months after adenoidectomy. Mucociliary clearance velocity increased significantly while binasal resistances decreased after surgery. The authors conclude that mucociliary evaluation and objective measurements of nasal resistances should be added to impedance tests as indicators to adenoidectomy. PMID- 3771110 TI - The use of desmopressin in children with coagulation disorders. AB - Hemophilia A, von Willebrand's disease and uremia prolong the bleeding time in affected children. Management of hemorrhage is difficult in these patients, and often requires multiple therapeutic modalities. Desmopressin, a synthetic analog of arginine vasopressin (DDAVP), decreases the bleeding time in patients with these disorders. We describe a case of a child with uremia and spontaneous epistaxis originating from the adenoid. Bleeding was controlled with administration of DDAVP and other measures. DDAVP is effective for the rapid, temporary correction of prolonged bleeding time associated with hemophilia A, von Willebrand's disease or uremia. The use of DDAVP avoids the risks associated with blood component transfusion. DDAVP may be used as a single hemostatic agent in minor surgical procedures, or in combination with other therapeutic modalities in major surgical procedures. PMID- 3771111 TI - Otolaryngologic manifestations of the ectodermal dysplasias--clinical note. AB - The recent formation of a national organization for ectodermal dysplasias has focused attention on this unusual congenital problem. In any rare condition, information dissemination is essential in order to appropriately educate the patients' families and the physicians caring for them. The otolaryngologist is a vital component of the health care team managing these patients. An overview of the disease process is presented with special emphasis placed on the role of the pediatric otolaryngologist in the care of children with ectodermal dysplasias. PMID- 3771112 TI - Choanal atresia and deafness. AB - Nine cases of bilateral choanal atresia are reported. The association with other malformations and deafness is evaluated. The choanal atresia is associated with multiple malformation in two cases and bilateral deafness in 5 cases. Before discussing surgery, a complete evaluation has to be performed, deafness has to be evaluated with modern electrophysiological methods. The risks of the surgery should be considered in case of cardiac malformation and cerebral anoxia. PMID- 3771113 TI - Inguinal hernia surgery: still a matter of discussion. PMID- 3771114 TI - Inguinal hernia repair in England. AB - 120,000 groin hernias are repaired every year in Britain by the 1,000 consultant general surgeons and their junior staff. Most of these are elective operation and the average patient stays in hospital for slightly less than a week. Some patients only present to the doctor when a complication of their hernia develops which requires an emergency operation. A few people prefer to live with truss. We must hope that the increasing safety of surgery and free health care will gradually eliminate both these latter two categories of patient. PMID- 3771115 TI - Inguinal hernia operations in Germany. AB - There are not exact figures, in Germany, for the frequency of recurrence of hernia after an inguinal hernia operation. Due to a lack of statistics of our own, those of other countries will be used. The Bassini method is still the one most often carried out. Lately, however the Shouldice procedure has been increasingly used. In the case of femoral hernias, the Lotheisen procedure is the technique usually used. Absorbable suture material is predominantly used for the hernial sac and closure of the hernia. Haematoma is the most frequent postoperative complication. PMID- 3771116 TI - The Shouldice Hospital technique. AB - The Shouldice repair is used for all types of inguinal hernia whether indirect, direct, sliding, multiple, recurrent, male or female. Local anesthesia is given in more than 95% of cases. The repair is a modified Bassini. Essential preliminaries are accurate dissection at the internal ring with adequate treatment of any indirect hernia. The cremaster is excised. Accurate recognition and definition of the transversalis plane is routine and fundamental. Essentially the repair is an overlap of the divided transversalis plane utilising 4 lines of continuous monofilament stainless steel wire 34 gauge. Patients, ambulant immediately, stay in hospital 2-3 days postoperatively. A large personal series of more than 20,000 inguinal repairs performed almost exclusively in this hospital during a 30 year period from 1954 to 1984 is tabulated. Recurrence rates of less than 1% for repair of primary inguinal hernia and re-recurrence rates of 2-4% for repair of recurrent inguinal hernia are reported. Surgeons in other countries now employing this technique achieve comparable results, often using other non-absorbable suture material. PMID- 3771117 TI - Testicular atrophy as a sequela of inguinal hernioplasty. AB - Testicular atrophy is a sequela of inguinal hernioplasty which angers men of all ages. The complication is due to thrombosis of the veins of the spermatic cord from the trauma of surgical dissection intrinsic in all inguinal hernioplasties and is not due to incorrect reconstruction of the inguinal rings or to some intangible infection. Trauma to the cord from surgical dissection can be minimized and the incidence of testicular atrophy reduced by leaving, whenever possible, the distal part of all but the smallest of indirect inguinal hernia sacs in place, undissected and attached to the cord. PMID- 3771118 TI - Treatment of esophageal atresia with distal tracheoesophageal fistula: are gastrostomy and prophylactic esophageal dilatation necessary? AB - Fourteen cases of esophageal atresia with distal tracheoesophageal fistula were treated by primary anastomosis (11 cases) or delayed primary anastomosis (3 cases) between August 1980 and September 1985. Postoperative esophageal dilatation was not used in the 13 survivors and none developed esophageal stricture. In the 11 cases of primary anastomosis, gastrostomy was performed simultaneously only in the first 2 cases. The omission of gastrostomy did not aggravate the preexisting pulmonary condition. Rather it shortened the operation time. It is considered that prophylactic esophageal dilatation is not necessary and gastrostomy is required only when primary anastomosis is not possible. PMID- 3771119 TI - Total esophagectomy without thoracotomy: results of a European questionnaire (GEEMO). AB - The results of a questionnaire answered by the European Members of the GEEMO concerning esophagectomy without thoracotomy are reported and discussed. 172 cases of esophagectomy without thoracotomy following benign lesions and 666 cases following various levels of esophageal neoplasia were grouped in the 26 Centers that have answered the questionnaire amounting to a total of 838 cases. The most frequent indications for benign lesions were as follows: decompensated or relapsed megaesophagus (83 cases), acute or stabilized lesions caused by caustic agents (59 cases), stenoses from gastroesophageal reflux (17 cases), scleroderma (7 cases) and spontaneous or iatrogenic perforation (6 cases). Concerning the esophageal site where the technique was employed with esophageal carcinoma, the most frequent was the cervical (201 cases), then the lower (150 cases), the middle (91 cases) and upper thirds of the esophagus (48 cases). Adenocarcinoma of the cardia seems to be an additional indication for many Surgeons to use esophagectomy without thoracotomy (142 cases). In general, the most frequent intra-surgical complications (from benign and malignant lesions) were as follows: pleural lesions (34.4%), lesions of the left recurrent nerve (7.8%), severe endo mediastinic hemorrhages (8.5%), tracheo-bronchial (1.5%) and thoracic duct (0.5%) lesions. The intra-operative mortality was 0.36%. The post-operative complications were as follows: pleural effusion (17.8%), anastomotic fistulas (15.2%), hemothorax (5%) and post-operative mortality (10.3%). Cancer of the cervical esophagus and adenocarcinoma of the cardia were considered sensitive to this radical treatment whereas in intra-thoracic cancer it can have only a palliative effect. PMID- 3771120 TI - Gastric leiomyosarcoma: a clinicopathologic study. AB - Seven patients with gastric leiomyosarcoma (LMS) and leiomyoblastoma (LMB) were seen at the American University of Beirut Medical Center in the period 1970-1983. The natural history, clinical presentation, radiologic findings, histopathologic features and treatment modalities of these patients are discussed. The anatomic location of the tumor had no relation to the occurrence and number of mucosal ulcers. Ulcerations were more frequent with endogastric than exogastric tumors. Histologic pattern, cell shape and number of mitotic figures were the basic morphological criteria for differentiating between LMS and LMB. Maintenance of a reasonable gastric reservoir and avoidance of total or near total gastrectomy are important factors affecting long term morbidity following surgical resection. PMID- 3771121 TI - The expression of ras oncogene in normal and pathological liver disease. AB - Activation of the ras oncogene is associated with overproduction of the normal gene product (p21). Ninety one paraffin-embedded specimens were used to map the distribution of the normal form of p21 in normal, inflamed, cirrhotic and carcinomatous liver parenchyma. Monoclonal antibodies (Mo-RAP) were raised against the normal form of the ras-oncogene product and histological sections were stained by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. Normal, inflamed and cirrhotic liver showed either minimal or moderate cytoplasmic staining. By contrast primary (n = 13) and secondary (n = 41) liver carcinomas exhibited intense staining. The differential pattern observed in p21 distribution could have useful clinical applications. PMID- 3771123 TI - Surgical treatment of chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: results in 107 cases. AB - Between 1972 and 1985, 107 patients with chronic Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura underwent splenectomy. Platelet life span and sites of sequestration were studied with labelled platelets and external scanning. Medical treatment was always of scarce and transient effectiveness and had considerable side effects. Splenectomy had minimal complications and mortality and caused no hazard of overwhelming sepsis in adults. The results of splenectomy were very satisfying, especially when platelet sequestration was mainly splenic (remission in about 90% of patients). Surgical treatment is at present the most effective in patients with chronic ITP. PMID- 3771122 TI - Indications and results of total hysterectomy. AB - During a 16 year period, 3,410 total hysterectomies were performed. The abdominal approach was preferred in 2,910 cases (85.33%) and the vaginal in 500 (14.67%). About 3/4 (74.77%) of the patients subjected to abdominal hysterectomy (AH) were aged 36 to 55, and 70.6% of the women subjected to vaginal hysterectomy (VH) were aged 56 to 75. The indications were 85.75% for benign and 14.25% for malignant diseases. Among benign diseases, the main indications were 54.6% for uterine myomas, 13.51% for uterine prolapse and 5.46% for benign ovarian tumors. Indications due to malignant diseases rated 5.01% for malignant ovarian tumors, 4.94%, for Ca of corpus uteri and 3.02% for in situ cervical Ca. In almost one out of every three patients the condition was aggravated by a chronic disease or pathological situation. More than 1 in 4 patients had one postoperative complication. In hysterectomies due to benign diseases the complication rate was 24.21%, while those with malignant disease presented a two-fold complication rate. The complication rate for both routes of operation was similar, with fever complications in middle aged patients (25.98%), while patients of young or advanced age presented higher complication rates (29.71% and 31.28% respectively). The overall mortality rate up to the fourth postoperative day was 0.652%, 0.645% for AH and 0.60% for VH. Operations due to benign disease had a 0.20% mortality rate while those with malignant etiology rated 2.966%. PMID- 3771125 TI - Microscopic estimation of bacteria and cells in urine. I. Theoretical considerations. AB - The present paper describes theoretical considerations how urine samples should be microscoped so that "cells/particles per microscope field" well correlate to "cells/particles per cm3". Within the method described here, significant bacteriuria should be easily found and contaminations (below 10(4) bacteria per cm3) would not be visible. Theoretically the method is suitable for microscoping bacteria, white cells, erythrocytes, epithelial cells and cylinders. The calculations presented indicate the importance of quality control in microscoping urine samples, and can explain the differences between the results obtained in different laboratories. PMID- 3771124 TI - S.E.M. study of urease-induced crystalluria in the presence of hydroxamic derivatives. AB - The effect of 3 hydroxamic acid derivatives on urease-induced crystalluria was studied in vitro. Acetohydroxamic acid is more effective than salicylhydroxamic and gentisohydroxamic acids in inhibiting the kinetic of urease enzymatic reaction and in retarding the formation of struvite and apatite. Crystal deposits studied by scanning electron microscope (S.E.M.) and X-ray microanalysis indicated that acetohydroxamic acid favours the formation of large crystals of struvite, and less aggregation is observed. Salicyl and gentiso derivatives favour the formation of brushite together with struvite and apatite. PMID- 3771126 TI - Retrocaval ureter--a rare anomaly. AB - Retrocaval location of the ureter is a rare ontogenic vessel anomaly. In the present paper the authors report on four cases, discussing their diagnostic, clinical and therapeutic aspects. PMID- 3771127 TI - Peritoneal flap plastics in vesicocervical fistula. AB - The operational method described hereunder as peritoneal flap plastics has proved effective in the management of vesicocervical fistula. Reference is made to the conditions which have to prevail for the operation to be successful. Two forms of the abnormality, a superior and an inferior type of vesicocervical fistula are presented, both amenable to treatment with this operation technique. PMID- 3771128 TI - Successful pregnancy after surgical repair of vesico-uterine fistula. AB - After a survey of the pertinent literature, a brief account of the signs and symptoms, diagnosis and therapy of vesico-uterine fistula is given and two cases are reported. In the first case hysterectomy had to be done because tissue destruction was too extensive for organ saving surgery. In the second case the extent of the lesion was compatible with preservation of the uterus. Healing was smooth, and free from complications in both cases. In Case 2, five years after operation the patient gave birth to a healthy female child of 3750 g weight. It is emphasized that in surgical repair of vesico-uterine fistulae preservation of the uterus should be sought. PMID- 3771129 TI - Retroperitoneal fibrosis after long-term daily use of ergotamine. AB - A case of retroperitoneal fibrosis is presented. Because of migraine the patient had taken ergotamine daily for 15 years. Ergotamine is discussed as an etiological factor. The current surgical treatments are reviewed. PMID- 3771130 TI - Male urethral tumour (condyloma acuminatum): urethrographic and endoscopic appearances. AB - Two cases of condyloma acuminatum of the male urethra were clearly demonstrated by retrograde urethrogram and endoscopy. Characteristic urethrographic and endoscopic appearances of these cases are presented. PMID- 3771131 TI - Complications of treatment of urethral stricture in our practice. AB - Bleeding is the most common early postoperative complication of the treatment of urethral stricture, while recurrent stricture is the most common late postoperative complication irrespective of the method of treatment applied. The different sophisticated methods of urethroplasty make it possible today to treat successfully complicated urethral strictures. The results of such treatment, however, have been associated with a variety of complications (impotence, incontinence and urethrocutaneous fistula), especially when simple methods such as bouginage are used. Although bouginage is associated with a greater recurrence rate of urethral stricture than is urethroplasty, the former should be encouraged in centres where facilities and trained urologists are limited, as it often occurs in the developing countries, since the method is simple and can be used as emergency without prior urethrogram. PMID- 3771132 TI - Electron microscopic and enzyme investigations of the testicular tissue in infertile males. AB - The ultrastructural characteristics of the testicular tissue in male infertility and the isoenzyme spectrum of some enzymes in sperm cells have been studied. The testicular material was taken by Vilar's method from three healthy males with normospermia and eleven males with hypogonadism, azoospermia and infertility. The material was treated by the routine methods for electron investigation and the observations were done with an electron microscope Opton EM 109. Horizontal electrophoresis of the testicular homogenate was done according to Nance. Malate dehydrogenetic activity (MDX) was rendered according to the method of Shaw and Prasad, and diaphoresis (DP) was carried out according to Brewer. It was found that spermatogenesis was interrupted at the pachytene stage at an ultrastructural level. Biochemical investigations showed that in the infertile testis two other atypical fractions appeared on diaphoresis, while at the malate dehydrogenase, a second fraction had considerably lower intensity as compared to the controls. It is pointed out that some profound disorders developing in the infertile testis affect mainly the germinal cells, which was proved at the ultrastructural level and also by the analysis of the isoenzymes MDH and DF key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism. PMID- 3771133 TI - Subclavian vein catheterization for acute and chronic haemodialysis. A safe temporary vascular access. AB - The technique and use of a percutaneous subclavian vein catheter for haemodialysis in 20 patients are reported. The catheterization procedure carried a very low morbidity, and blood flow rates of 200-250 ml/min were achieved through the catheters. Use of this angioaccess saves future possible sites for permanent vascular access. Infectious complications were not encountered. Subclavian vein catheterization is a favourable alternative to external Silastic Teflon shunt. PMID- 3771134 TI - Sixth report on the standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function. Procedures related to neurophysiological investigations: electromyography, nerve conduction studies, reflex latencies, evoked potentials and sensory testing. The International Continence Society Committee on Standardisation of Terminology, New York, May 1985. PMID- 3771135 TI - Mechanisms of subretinal fluid resorption in the cat eye. AB - Small, non-rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (blebs) were made in cat eyes by injecting fluid into the subretinal space, and the time course of fluid resorption was monitored. Blebs made with Hanks' solution over the pigmented RPE resorbed 22% faster than those over the tapetum. Blebs made with a non-ionic solution (isotonic sucrose) took 43% longer to resorb than those made with Hanks' solution, and blebs containing 3 X 10(-3) M sodium cyanide took 32% longer than controls. These results suggest that active ionic transport is involved in the absorption of subretinal fluid in the cat, as it is in the rabbit. Oncotic pressure in the choroid may also contribute to resorption, because blebs made with autologous serum took roughly 3 times longer to resorb than those made with non-proteinaceous Hanks' solution. The retinal vascular system does not appear to contribute, since the resorption time was similar for Hanks' blebs made under normal retina and those made under ischemic retina (produced by occluding retinal branch arteries with argon laser photocoagulation or endodiathermy). PMID- 3771136 TI - Quantitative estimation of metabolic transport of subretinal fluid. AB - A new technique to measure the ongoing rate of subretinal fluid resorption inside the living eye is described. Experimental non-rhegmatogenous detachments (blebs) were made in the posterior pole of rabbit eyes by injecting fluid directly into the subretinal space, and the height of these blebs was measured with a YAG laser focusing system utilizing dual He-Ne beams. The resorption rate for Hanks' balanced salt solution was relatively constant during the initial 2.5 hr, and averaged 0.12 +/- 0.04 microliter/mm2/hr. The resorption rate for blebs made with non-ionic solution (isotonic sucrose) was only 0.03 microliter/mm2/hr. The resorption rate for blebs made with Hanks' solution plus 1 mM DNP was 0.04 microliter/mm2/hr. These data support the concept that subretinal fluid is resorbed primarily across the retinal pigment epithelium, and suggests that 70% of this absorption is dependent upon active ionic transport. The remaining 30% is probably driven by the higher oncotic pressure of the choroid. PMID- 3771137 TI - Progressive retinal atrophy in the Abyssinian cat. Electron microscopy. AB - Seven adult Abyssinian cats at different stages of a recessively inherited retinal degenerative disease (progressive retinal atrophy) were studied ultrastructurally. At the stage of early disease, in 2-yr-old cats, disorganized and vesiculated discs were found in less than half of the rod outer segments in the periphery, while similar changes were seen in the central retina only infrequently or in patches. Cones appeared normal in all areas of the retina at the early stage. With progression of disease, the lesions were more advanced in all areas of the retina, and involved both rods and cones, with the most severe alterations found in the midperiphery. At the advanced stage, in a 6-yr-old cat, both rods and cones were lost, the inner nuclear layer thus being separated from the pigment epithelium by Muller cell processes and a few remaining outer plexiform processes only. Remnants of photoreceptor outer and inner segments, macrophages, and what appeared to be displaced photoreceptor cell nuclei could be found occasionally in the subretinal space, however. Clumps of pigment granules were often observed in the photoreceptor layer in the non-tapetal fundus. The pigment epithelium remained morphologically intact as a single layer of uninterrupted cells throughout the disease process, as did tapetal cells and choriocapillaris. There was no difference in the severity of disease between the peripheral tapetal and non-tapetal fundus. In the inner retina, only minor alterations were observed. These changes appeared at a later time than photoreceptor degeneration, and were considered secondary to the latter. PMID- 3771138 TI - Histochemical demonstration of spatial heterogeneity in the interphotoreceptor matrix of the rat retina. AB - The interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM) is a mixture of acidic mucosubstances, which can be demonstrated histochemically with cationic dyes, such as Alcian blue, and metal precipitates, such as colloidal iron. In the normal rat retina, staining of the IPM with these reagents is found predominantly at the apical surface of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and, to a lesser extent, at the junction of the photoreceptor inner and outer segments (basal IS/OS zone). The authors have attempted to characterize the IPM in these two regions using histochemical staining of wax-embedded sections. Prior to staining, the following chemical treatments or enzymatic digestions were performed: neuraminidase (NA), with or without prior deacetylation, mild acid hydrolysis (MAH), testicular hyaluronidase (TH), Streptomyces hyaluronidase (SH), and chondroitinase AC (ChAC). NA alone, deacetylation/NA, and MAH all result in great reduction or total loss of stainable IPM at the RPE apical surface, and only slight or no reduction of stainable IPM in the basal IS/OS zone. Since these procedures remove sialoglycoconjugates, the findings suggest that the IPM concentrated at the apical surface of the RPE is composed in large part of sialoglycoconjugates, that little sialoglycoconjugate is present in the basal zone, and that the sialoglycoconjugates are of a neuraminidase-labile group. SH produces little or no reduction of stainable IPM in either the apical RPE or basal IS/OS zones. TH and ChAC also cause little or no reduction of stainable IPM at the RPE apical surface, but produce a great reduction of stainable IPM in the basal IS/OS zone, leaving a small amount of residual basal material. Since SH digests only hyaluronic acid, and TH and ChAC both digest hyaluronic acid and chondroitin SO4 A and C, the findings suggest that little or no hyaluronic acid is present in either the apical RPE or basal IS/OS zones, and the IPM at the RPE apical surface contains little or no chondroitin SO4 A and C, whereas the stainable IPM in the basal IS/OS zone is composed, at least in large part, of chondroitin SO4 A and C. Predominant basal localization of chondroitin SO4 is further suggested by the staining of this region with Alcian blue at low pH. Sequential digestion with TH/MAH or ChAC/NA produces a complete removal of all stainable IPM, including the TH-insensitive residual basal material. This residual material at the basal IS/OS zone, therefore, appears to be sialoglycoconjugate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3771139 TI - Tunicamycin-induced dysgenesis of retinal rod outer segment membranes. I. A scanning electron microscopy study. AB - Incubation of Xenopus retinas with tunicamycin has been shown to block the glycosylation of opsin, the rod visual pigment apoglycoprotein, with concomitant accumulation of vesicular membrane material in the compartment between the rod inner and outer segments (i.e., the intersegmental space) (Fliesler et al, J Cell Biol 100:574-587, 1985). To further assess the morphology, topology, and cellular origin of this membranous material, Xenopus retinas were incubated in the presence or absence of tunicamycin and the photoreceptor cells were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The material which accumulated in the intersegmental space appeared to be a complex of membranous structures consisting of cisternae with numerous tubular projections, as well as closely associated individual vesicles of various sizes. This tubulo-vesicular material was exclusively associated with the basal surface of the rod outer segment. The connecting cilium, periciliary ridge complex, and the apical surface of the rod inner segment were devoid of such membrane material. Nascent (open) discs (i.e., evaginations of the plasma membrane at the base of the outer segment) often observed in control retinas were not present in tunicamycin-treated tissue. These results support the hypothesis that the membranous material which accumulates in the intersegmental space of rods in tunicamycin-treated retinas represents incompletely and aberrantly formed nascent disc membranes. The formation of this material is apparently a consequence of a deficiency in newly synthesized, asparagine-linked membrane glycoconjugates (e.g., the oligosaccharide chains of opsin) at the site of disc assembly. PMID- 3771140 TI - Tunicamycin-induced dysgenesis of retinal rod outer segment membranes. II. Quantitative freeze-fracture analysis. AB - Tunicamycin (TM), a selective inhibitor of dolichylphosphate-dependent oligosaccharide biosynthesis, effectively blocks glycosylation, but not synthesis, of opsin, the rod visual pigment apoglycoprotein. In parallel with this inhibition, vesicular membrane material accumulates in the compartment between rod inner and outer segments (the intersegmental space) in TM-treated retinas (Fliesler et al, J Cell Biol 100:574-587, 1985). Freeze-fracture analysis was applied to isolated Xenopus laevis retinas which were incubated in the presence or absence of TM in order to clarify the relationship of those intersegmental membranous structures to others in the rod outer segment (ROS) assembly pathway. The membranes in the intersegmental space display characteristics similar to those of the ROS, but distinct from those of the inner segment. They exhibit densely particulate convex protoplasmic face (PF)-leaflets and relatively particle-free concave exoplasmic face (EF)-leaflets, similar to comparable leaflets of the ROS plasmalemma and nascent (immature) disc membranes. Quantitative analysis further demonstrates that the size distribution and densities of intramembrane particles (IMPs) in PF-leaflets of the intersegmental membranes are indistinguishable from those of ROS membranes, suggesting that both membrane systems contain similar integral proteins (i.e., opsin). Finally, the topology of the intersegmental membranes is most closely related to that of the ROS plasmalemma or nascent disc membranes, suggesting that they arise as a result of aberrant disc morphogenesis, rather than by breakdown of mature discs. Overall, the data support the conclusion that the tubulo-vesicular membranes in the intersegmental space represent newly assembled, opsin-containing material which has been efficiently compartmentalized in preparation for disc morphogenesis, but is incapable of forming normal, topologically closed discs. PMID- 3771141 TI - Glio-vascular architecture in the rabbit retina. AB - Differences between the rabbit and human retinal circulation, and the use of the rabbit eye in a model of experimental retinal neovascularization, necessitates a complete description of the normal vascular structure in the rabbit and its relationship to adjacent tissue, particularly the glia. The gliovascular relationships in the rabbit were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Utilizing gas compression of the vitreous to clear the wings of overlying vitreous, the authors were able to make detailed observations of retinal surface by scanning electron microscopy. Glial sheaths surrounding a large number of medium size and smaller vessels were observed. The glial sheaths contained cells which were ultrastructurally similar to Muller cells. No isolated glial tufts were observed in avascular areas. Finally, small, smooth-surfaced cells were found adjacent to many vessels. The exact nature and function of these cells remains unknown. PMID- 3771142 TI - Light-induced phosphorylation of proteins from the all-cone retina of the lizard, Anolis carolinensis. AB - Proteins from the all-cone retina of the lizard Anolis carolinensis were phosphorylated using [gamma 32P] ATP, separated by SDS-PAGE and detected by autoradiography. Several proteins incorporated 32P. Exposure of the retinal homogenates to light brought about a dramatic increase in phosphorylation of the protein(s) with a molecular weight nearly identical to that of rat rhodopsin. It is likely that these proteins are the cone visual pigments, and that they incorporate phosphate when bleached by light. Increasing the time of the phosphorylation reaction from 1 to 30 min led to an increase in the amount of incorporation of labeled phosphate by the putative cone visual pigments, but changing the temperature from 4 degrees C to 20 degrees C decreased it. The amount of phosphate incorporation was substantially increased by NaF, a phosphatase inhibitor. This latter finding, along with the changes in incorporation of 32P with increased temperature, suggest that a phosphoprotein phosphatase is active in the lizard retina. The cation requirements, as well as the effects of cyclic nucleotides on light-induced phosphorylation of retinal lizard proteins, were also investigated. PMID- 3771143 TI - The extracellular matrix of human retinal pigment epithelial cells in vivo and its synthesis in vitro. AB - The production of extracellular matrix material by retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) may influence or mediate some of the many important functions of this tissue. Using immunohistochemical staining techniques, the extracellular matrix surrounding the RPE in vivo and the components produced by RPE in vitro have been investigated. Frozen sections of eye bank eyes showed antigen specific staining for collagen types I, III, and IV, and for fibronectin and laminin in Bruch's membrane and surrounding the RPE. Only very slight staining of the membrane was seen with antiserum against type II collagen, and there was no staining for type V collagen. Specific staining was demonstrated for the four collagens and glycoproteins in the extracellular matrix of RPE cells grown in culture. Once again, there was no staining for type V collagen. This study demonstrates that the RPE is capable of producing many of the components of the extracellular matrix found in Bruch's membrane and surrounding the RPE in vivo. This function may be important in the maintenance of a physical barrier to subretinal neovascularization, and may also play a role in such pathologic states as proliferative vitreoretinopathy. PMID- 3771144 TI - Light-microscopical analysis of focal adhesions of retinal pigmented epithelial cells. AB - Retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells from eyes of chick embryos form colonies in vitro in which cells at the periphery of the colony are unpigmented, undifferentiated, and well spread, while those in center of the colony are cuboidal, polygonal, and pigmented, and resemble RPE cells in vivo. The differentiated RPE cells in the center of the colony display predominantly cell cell adhesiveness, and their microfilaments are organized in compact, circumferential rings. Undifferentiated RPE cells from the edge of the colony, in contrast, display predominantly cell-substratum adhesiveness and have numerous stress fibers spanning their cytoplasm. The well-spread RPE cells adhere to the substratum with focal contacts and unusually large focal adhesions. The focal adhesions which are typical of the spread chick RPE cells in vitro consist of several closely apposed focal contacts, arranged in a parallel fashion, which are often coalesced with each other along their sides. They occur at the termini of prominent microfilament bundles which contain F-actin and tropomyosin along their entire length. Myosin, which is also present in these bundles, however, is less abundant than actin and tropomyosin in the terminal, focal adhesion-associated parts of these bundles. On the other hand, myosin is more abundant than actin and tropomyosin outside the microfilament bundles in the bulk of the cytoplasm. Both focal adhesions and termini of microfilament bundles coincide with the restricted regions where high concentrations of vinculin, an adhesion-specific protein, are found. In contrast, an actin binding protein, spectrin, is distributed fairly uniformly throughout the entire cortex of RPE cells, and, unlike vinculin, does not seem to participate in the binding of microfilament bundles to the plasma membrane. Although extracellular matrix components laminin, fibronectin, and heparin sulfate proteoglycan are produced and deposited by the more differentiated RPE cells in the center of the colony, heparan sulfate proteoglycan has not been detected along the surface of the flat, undifferentiated RPE cells near the edge of the colony, while both laminin and fibronectin are present in very low amounts, the former along their ventral, and the latter along their dorsal cell surfaces. These data are discussed from a point of view that the formation of highly adhesive membrane-cytoskeleton complexes of the focal type in the spread, undifferentiated RPE cells is brought about by exposure of the cells to the rigid, unyielding substrata, such as glass or plastic.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3771145 TI - Anatomy of the mouse retina. Capillary basement membrane thickness. AB - Transmission electron microscopy of ultrathin sections was used to measure mouse retinal capillary basement membrane thickness (BMT). BMT increases predictably with age from 50 +/- 9 nm at 6 weeks to 154 +/- 27 nm at 20 months, but is not affected by strain or sex. There is an effect of retinal site, however, with BMT increasing with the radial distance from the optic nerve, 41 +/- 4 nm (center), 54 +/- 5 nm (mid-zone), and 64 +/- 6 nm (periphery). The layer of retina from which capillaries were taken had no effect on BMT, and the inner and outer BMT maintained a consistent ratio, even at different ages. PMID- 3771146 TI - Anatomy of the mouse retina. Endothelial cell-pericyte ratio and capillary distribution. AB - A technique is described for preparing whole retinal vascular digests using distilled water and DNase. This produces a more satisfactory preparation of the mouse retinal vascular bed than "trypsin digestion." Nonetheless, the calculation of endothelial cell/pericyte (E/P) ratios based on cell counts from digest preparations has poor reproducibility due to the inability to unequivocally identify at least 25% of the cells in conventionally stained (PAS and hematoxylin) preparations. A more accurate and reproducible means of assessing this ratio uses 1 micron sections of plastic-embedded sections of retina. No effect of age, sex, strain, or area of sampling was found. Capillaries were in three specific bands, centered on the nerve fiber layer, the junction of inner plexiform and inner nuclear layers, and the outer plexiform layers. PMID- 3771147 TI - Kinetics of ascorbate transport by cultured retinal capillary pericytes. Inhibition by glucose. AB - Accumulation of radioactive L-[carboxyl-14C]-ascorbic acid by cultured bovine retinal capillary pericytes was studied. Kinetic analysis of the transport showed a time-dependent, saturable system with an apparent Km of 76.0 microM and a Vmax of 42 pmole/micrograms DNA/min. A facilitated carrier diffusion process was established on the basis that the system was not sensitive to 2,4-dinitrophenol, ouabain, or reduced sodium concentration in the incubation media, and that the carrier system demonstrated stereospecificity for an ascorbate analogue, dehydroascorbate, and for sugar analogues such as alpha-D-glucose and 3-0-methyl D-glucose (3-0-MG), but not for beta-D-fructose or L-glucose. Transport of ascorbate by cultured pericytes was insulin-insensitive. 3-0-Methyl-D-glucose inhibited ascorbate transport into pericytes in a non-competitive manner with a Ki of 22 mM. These results indicate that, in cultured retinal capillary pericytes, a common facilitated carrier diffusion system is involved in the transport of ascorbate and sugar analogues such as alpha-D-glucose or 3-0-MG. PMID- 3771148 TI - Three-dimensional magnetic resonance microscopy of the developing chick embryo. AB - Magnetic resonance imaging microscopy was performed on live chick embryos. A combination of high gradient strength (0.47 mT/cm), special purpose radiofrequency coils and 3-dimensional Fourier imaging was used to obtain images with effective thickness of 1.25 mm and pixel dimensions as small as 200 mu in the live chick embryo. The signal-to-noise ratio was sufficient to allow unequivocal identification of the individual chambers of the heart, spinal cord, ventricles in the brain, and vascular structures in the liver of a live 11-day embryo. Anatomical assignment was accomplished with the aid of correlated histologic sections. Because there are no external landmarks, the plane of imaging is frequently oblique, making the 3-dimensional acquisition particularly useful. PMID- 3771149 TI - Preparation and immunoreactivity of high specific activity indium-111-DTPA labeled monoclonal antibody (MoAb) using ultrapure indium-111. AB - The preparation of high-specific activity 111In-DTPA-MoAb without increasing the number of DTPA molecules per Ab was investigated. Instant thin layer chromatography was used to assay the relationship between labeling efficiencies and specific activities. With ultrapurified 111In, the specific activity of the radiolabeled MoAb approached the expected theoretic maximum of 100 muCi/microgram. The bioactivity of such high-specific activity preparation showed no degradation as measured by in vitro cell binding assay. PMID- 3771150 TI - Acute systemic and renal hemodynamic effects of meglumine/sodium diatrizoate 76% and iopamidol in euvolemic and dehydrated dogs. AB - We examined the acute systemic and renal hemodynamic effects of intravenous meglumine/sodium diatrizoate-76% and iopamidol in euvolemic and dehydrated dogs. The physiologic responses were compared with acute changes in the level of an endogenous heparin-like material (EHM). One of eight dehydrated dogs receiving diatrizoate (2 ml/kg) had an immediate vomiting reflex associated with a very significant decline in all measured renal hemodynamic parameters; none of eight dehydrated dogs receiving iopamidol experienced a similar reaction. EHM levels did not correspond to the magnitude of the physiologic responses following either iopamidol or diatrizoate. Significant differences between iopamidol and diatrizoate were noted when comparing the magnitude of the decrease in systemic pressure (- delta 3.8 +/- 3.02, iopamidol, n = 8; vs. - delta 19.4 +/- 7.3 mm Hg, diatrizoate, n = 8; P less than .03), increased renal plasma flow (+ delta 6.2 +/ 4.9, iopamidol, n = 8; vs. + delta 33.7 +/- 8.0 ml/min, diatrizoate, n = 8; P less than .05), and decreased filtration fraction (- delta 0.09 +/- 0.01, iopamidol, n = 8; vs. - delta 0.14 +/- 0.02, diatrizoate, n = 8; P less than .03). There was no significant difference in the decrease in glomerular filtration rate (- delta 7.4 +/- 1.0, iopamidol, n = 8; vs. - delta 9.3 +/- 1.3, diatrizoate, n = 8; P greater than .05), since the marked drop in filtration fraction occurring with diatrizoate was counterbalanced by the marked increase in renal plasma flow. Acute systemic and renal hemodynamic effects are significantly lessened when comparing iopamidol with diatrizoate. PMID- 3771152 TI - Ytterbium-DTPA. A potential intravascular contrast agent. AB - Ytterbium-DTPA was evaluated as a potential intravascular contrast agent. Ytterbium-DTPA was synthesized from ytterbium oxide and diethylene triamine penta acetic acid (DTPA). CT scans of increasing concentrations of ytterbium and iodine showed that at 125 kVp, ytterbium was denser than an equal concentration of iodine. The LD50 of intravenous ytterbium-DTPA was 10 mM/kg (1.73 g ytterbium/kg) in rats. In enhanced CT scans and pulmonary angiography in dogs, ytterbium was visibly denser than iodine, and CT Hounsfield units showed greater enhancement of the aorta and inferior vena cava with ytterbium. The animals showed no sign of acute or delayed toxicity. Ytterbium-DTPA deserves further evaluation as a contrast agent for high kVp techniques. PMID- 3771151 TI - Iopamidol and neural tissue metabolism. A comparative in vitro study. AB - Metrizamide was the first water-soluble contrast medium with a neurotoxicity low enough to allow it to be used routinely in the entire subarachnoid space. However, neurologic complications are still observed in some patients following the use of metrizamide. The cause of this toxicity has not been established, but existing evidence suggests an interference with glucose metabolism. In previous studies, a depression in CO2 production in neural tissue slices was demonstrated when isotonic metrizamide was added but not isotonic iohexol. In addition to iohexol, there is another new, nonionic, monomeric, water-soluble CM, iopamidol, soon to be released for clinical use in the United States. Iopamidol, like iohexol, has shown fewer adverse reactions and seems to be safer for myelography than metrizamide. Direct comparative studies of iopamidol and iohexol are sparse and the cause of their toxicity is not yet understood. This study was performed to determine the effect of iopamidol on neural tissue glucose metabolism as compared with the effects of iohexol and metrizamide. Metrizamide decreased CO2 production in neural tissue slices by 23%. Iopamidol and iohexol did not produce significant depression. Moreover, this model could not demonstrate any significant difference between iopamidol and iohexol in direct comparisons. The new monomeric contrast media, iopamidol and iohexol, thus do not appear to interfere with glucose metabolism. Adverse reactions to these new media are most likely caused by other mechanisms. PMID- 3771153 TI - Accreditation of graduate medical education in radiology. Historic perspectives. AB - Initially, accreditation represented a somewhat informal and voluntary relationship between the AMA Council on Medical Education and Hospitals and representatives of the specialty board organizations to jointly survey hospitals where training programs were conducted. In recent years, changes in public policy and the law, and the greater involvement of governmental agencies have institutionalized accrediting decisions as a consideration in noneducational actions such as funding. The accreditation process today has an indirect but important influence upon regulatory activities carried out by governmental agencies; accreditation has thus been transformed, by governmental action, into a public service performed by quasipublic agencies. In order to reconcile educational and professional objectives with present-day societal needs, certain standards must be followed. Accreditation must have autonomy to function independent of political or economic influence and must be impartial and free to act without actual or apparent conflicts of interest. Those involved in the review process must be highly knowledgeable and respected in their own discipline and should be trained in the work of the accrediting agency. The decision-making process must be formal, uniform, and consistent with public standards and procedures that are available to all interested parties. All parties directly affected by the accreditation decision must have the opportunity to present their views under due process. In a separate but related issue, the United States Congress, third-party carriers, and perceptive leaders of the medical education establishment are presently reviewing critically the funding of graduate medical education.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3771154 TI - Legal and ethical issues in a technologic discipline. The agency relationship. PMID- 3771155 TI - Radiographic findings in 32 cases of primary CNS lymphoma. PMID- 3771156 TI - Magnetic field dependence (NMRD profile) of 1/T1 of rabbit kidney medulla and urine after intravenous injection of Gd(DTPA). AB - The measurement of NMRD profiles of water protons of excised tissues containing paramagnetic metal ions is one of the few ways of determining the biochemical and biophysical state of these ions in vivo. It is of critical importance, for example, to verify that Gd, injected as Gd(DTPA) to enhance contrast in MRI, remains chelated, since free Gd ions are highly toxic. We have investigated this in the renal medulla of rabbits. Fitting the magnetization data at each field of the dispersion to a single exponential shows that Gd accumulates predominantly in the renal medulla, from which it is cleared within 18 hours, and that Gd(DTPA) introduced intravenously into rabbits is excreted as Gd(DTPA) in the urine as rotationally mobile as in neat water. Taking a larger data set at each field and fitting it to the sum of two exponentials, since the errors of the single exponential analysis were larger than for other tissues, shows that the relaxation behavior of the renal medulla, free of contrast agent, can be well described by a single relaxation rate at 37 degrees C. For increasing concentrations of Gd in the medulla, as determined by ICP analysis, two relaxation rates are required to account for the data, due to compartmentalization of tissue water and inhomogeneous distribution of Gd. These results, and similar data after mild mechanical disruption of renal structures, show unequivocally that the Gd in the renal medulla remains the chelate complex Gd(DTPA) and rotationally mobile, for dosages up to 300 mumoles/kg injected. PMID- 3771157 TI - Infectious complications of percutaneous biliary drainage. AB - The infectious complications of percutaneous biliary drainage were reviewed in 132 patients with obstructive jaundice. Cholangitic or septic episodes occurred more frequently in patients with malignant (54%) than in those with benign (22%) disease, and frequently were not related to catheter insertions or manipulations. The frequency and mechanisms of bacterial colonization of bile and blood in patients with obstructive jaundice before and after biliary drainage are reviewed. The significant morbidity and mortality related to postdrainage infectious episodes is stressed, and the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis is discussed. The significant risks and complications of percutaneous biliary drainage must be considered prior to catheter placement, particularly in the most debilitated patients. PMID- 3771158 TI - The ultrapurification of indium-111 for radiotracer studies. AB - We have developed a procedure for the ultrapurification of 111In. A dried sample of 111InCl3 is dissolved in 1 ml of a freshly prepared KI solution of 4% in 4 N H2SO4. After 3 ml of anhydrous diethylether has been mixed well with the aqueous and centrifuged for 5 minutes at 2000 X g, the iodide salt of 111In is recovered with the organic solvent layer at approximately 92% of the original radioactivity. The organic phase is evaporated under a gentle stream of inert gas. After the sublimation of iodine, 111In is dissolved in a solvent of choice. The extraction is highly selective for In and separates it from, at least, Fe, Al, and Zn, principle associated cationic contaminants. PMID- 3771160 TI - Constructing pre- and post-tests in a medical student elective. AB - The importance of evaluating medical student performance has been widely addressed in the medical education literature. Multiple-choice examinations are the preferred method of testing because they are easy to administer and score. Development of parallel or equivalent pre- and post-examinations provides objective information regarding actual knowledge gains by the students during the elective and points to strengths and weaknesses in the elective. This article provides information for developing the parallel multiple-choice questions for effective pre- and post-tests. PMID- 3771159 TI - A comparative evaluation of rare earth screen-film systems. Free-response operating characteristic analysis and anatomic criteria analysis. AB - Diagnostic accuracy was evaluated in a signal detection experiment that used low contrast acute lesions in a living dog model. At the high levels of certainty normally used by radiologists, rare earth screen-film systems provided accuracy comparable to that of a reference calcium tungstate screen-film system. Additionally subjective image quality evaluation for a given imaging task (clinical pediatric anterior-posterior chest films) based on visualization of anatomic landmarks and physical parameters has been conducted for several rare earth and one calcium tungstate screen-film system. The correspondence of subjective physical ranking with physical and psychophysical measurements was investigated. Evaluating the visualization of anatomic parameters can provide a clear and objective distinction among systems with comparable physical and psychophysical properties. PMID- 3771161 TI - Iowa Healthy Mothers, Healthy Babies Coalition. PMID- 3771162 TI - Prenatal care in 1986. PMID- 3771163 TI - Identifying genetic risks. PMID- 3771164 TI - Lifestyle for healthy baby--how you can best counsel your patients. PMID- 3771165 TI - Flushing, boozing, and the sandwich islanders. PMID- 3771166 TI - Imipenem-cilastatin sodium. PMID- 3771167 TI - Programs to assist indigent pregnant women. PMID- 3771169 TI - Spinal fusion for adult scoliosis--a review of 9 cases. PMID- 3771170 TI - Generic prescribing--can we achieve a balance? PMID- 3771168 TI - Chemotherapy treated Hodgkins disease--a fifteen year review. PMID- 3771171 TI - Ill met by accident: safety and children. PMID- 3771172 TI - Is asymptomatic stenosis of the internal carotid artery dangerous? PMID- 3771173 TI - Tuberculin skin testing in Ireland--a survey. PMID- 3771174 TI - Ileocaecal tuberculosis. PMID- 3771175 TI - Male sexual dysfunction due to cimetidine. PMID- 3771176 TI - Sexual and bladder dysfunctions following surgery for rectal carcinoma. AB - A series of 475 patients who underwent surgery for rectal carcinoma were followed up and entered this study. Sexual and bladder function before and after surgery with respect to the surgical procedure was considered. 221 patients gave suitable information about their urinary function: bladder dysfunction was observed in 20% of amputated patients as against 13-14% of resected patients. 144 patients (103 males and 41 females) were available for a follow-up study of the sexual function. Sexual intercourse, libido, erection, ejaculation, dyspareunia, vaginal humidification, orgasm were the parameters examined. Almost all of them were more affected after abdominoperineal resection than after low anterior resection with manual or stapled anastomosis, although the difference was not always significant. In a few instances the rates were inverted. It is believed that these dysfunctions are not related to the type of surgery, but to required extent of radicality. Extreme care should be always taken when dissecting the end portion of the rectum to avoid injuries to the hypogastric plexus and the pudendal nerve. PMID- 3771177 TI - Late modifications of residual parenchyma after splenic resections. AB - The increased experience in the field of splenic resections have brought up questions about the evolution of the residual parenchyma. Weight increase and the histologic structure of the splenic remnant were studied during a year following hemisplenectomy in rats. Histological studies show that the residual spleen presents a permanent compensatory hyperplasia rather than a true regeneration. This hyperplasia causes an increase in weight of the residual parenchyma which is moderate and only transitory. Indirect confirmation of findings obtained in rats comes from scintigraphic study of residual human splenic tissue after hemisplenectomy. The residual tissue keeps its original form without increase in volume, and the sectioned surface is always well identified one year after splenic resection. PMID- 3771178 TI - A curative surgical approach to gallbladder carcinoma in its early stages. AB - The study is based on 20 personal cases of gallbladder cancer and 254 similar cases from five surgical departments. The contradictory results obtained by surgery are explained by the special structure of the gallbladder wall and the bipolar connections with the liver and lymphatic ducts. Personal experience and literature reports evidence the possibility of cure for various stages: macroscopic lesions, while qualified as early stages are actually already advanced and necessitate extended liver resection with considerable lymph node dissections; the so-called early stage, detectable solely by histology, is harmful since the entire thickness of the mucosa is involved and always requires enlarged cholecystectomy to include the liver and lymph nodes. In this case good survival rates are possible; in situ pre-epithelial lesions diagnosed by cytology, are amenable to cure by simple cholecystectomy. Prevention rests on a wide range of indications for cholecystectomy (lithiasis, female sex, age over 50 years). PMID- 3771179 TI - A new technique for mucosal graft in hepaticojejunostomy for benign lesions of common bile duct. AB - A new operating technique in hepaticojejunostomy is reported. It consists in a mucosal graft placed on the inside of a sclerotic bile duct. This procedure avoids the need for the placement of the transhepatic tube as requested in Smith's technique. It is indicated for benign lesions (type I and II according to Bismuth and Lazorthes classification) with dilated hepatic duct (over 2 cm in diameter). The follow-up of 11 patients demonstrated that this technique ensures continued patency of the anastomosis without significant complications. PMID- 3771180 TI - Effects of peripheral duct occlusion on exocrine and endocrine pancreas. A histological, immunocytochemical and electron-microscopic study in the pig. AB - The effects of central and peripheral duct occlusion on the pancreas of the pig were investigated. The occlusion was obtained by injecting into the distal part of the pancreatic duct an ether diluted delicron or a fluid silicone solution. The pancreatic duct was then interrupted. At different intervals, gross morphology of the residual pancreas was studied and specimens were obtained for histology, immunocytochemistry and electronmicroscopy. A rapid progression of sclerotic modifications, with gradual destruction of exocrine gland, substantially concluded after 60 days, was demonstrated. However Langerhans' islets appeared preserved. These findings permit to suggest the application of this valid experimental model of chronic pancreatitis to the conservative treatment of human chronic pancreatitis. PMID- 3771181 TI - Inflow and outflow disease in aortofemoral grafting. AB - During a 16-year period 88 aorto-ilio-femoral grafts were performed, with an overall mortality rate of 3.4%. Two major amputations were required (2.3%). Immediate patency was accomplished in 93.2% of cases, while 1-year, 3-year, 5 year and 7-year patency rate was respectively of 90.7%, 87.3%, 81.6%, 71.9%. Preoperative outflow disease was the most important factor responsible for early thrombosis and for late occlusion. No relation, on the contrary, could be identified between preoperative inflow disease and immediate and late patency. In the present series proximal anastomosis of aortofemoral bifurcation grafts was end-to-side in almost every instance, ensuring aortic endarterectomy through an aortotomy proximal to the inferior mesenteric artery, with a digital and instrumental closure of the aorta just below the renal arteries. Simple lateral clamping was restricted to the few cases without inflow impairment. Such a technique proved to be safe and effective in avoiding distal embolization of debris and in ensuring satisfactory results. PMID- 3771182 TI - An insight into post-gastrectomy "alkaline reflux gastritis". AB - One hundred and ten partially-gastrectomized patients were studied in order to assess prevalence of symptoms, entero-gastric reflux, endoscopic erythematous changes and histological gastritis and to explore some aspects of the pathogenesis of gastritis syndrome. Prevalence of symptoms (37.2% of the patients) was lower than prevalence of reflux (86.9% and 72.9% of patients with fasting bile reflux or scintigraphic assessment, respectively) endoscopic hyperaemia (72.7% of patients) and remnant chronic gastritis (88.3% of patients). Histological appearance in the perianastomotic area was mostly identifiable as hyperplastic-regenerative. While histological findings, gastric pH, bacteria and nitrite concentration and patients' age were reciprocally correlated, symptoms, endoscopic changes, remnant chronic gastritis and gastric environmental changes were not more severe in patients with more abundant enterogastric reflux. Therefore, as far as the methods for reflux assessment used in the present study are concerned, postgastrectomy findings (symptoms, extent of erythematous changes, severity of remnant chronic gastritis) are not related to reflux. These results suggest that the term "alkaline reflux gastritis syndrome", at this stage of knowledge, should be used with caution. PMID- 3771183 TI - Long term results of high selective vagotomy: a 12-year experience. AB - The long term results (6 to 12 years) of high selective vagotomy are reported. The study includes 470 patients operated electively for uncomplicated duodenal ulcer. The indications for surgery were: persistence of ulcer after medical treatment; recurrent ulcer after repeated treatments with antacids and/or H2 blockers; noncompliance of the patients with the medical treatment for various reasons. The procedure was performed following the technique described by Goligher with minor modifications. Subsequently, a personal technique of intraoperative transesophageal gastric pHmetry was applied for the control of the completeness of vagotomy. The clinical results were classified according to Visick grading. It is concluded that the absence of mortality, the negligible postoperative morbidity, the clinical and functional results make high selective vagotomy the best treatment for uncomplicated duodenal ulcer. PMID- 3771184 TI - Use of the polytetrafluoroethylene surgical membrane for control of intra abdominal adhesions. AB - The new polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) surgical membrane is specifically designed to prevent adhesion formation. The present study was planned in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the PTFE surgical membrane as a parietal peritoneal substitute. Furthermore, the effects of the suture material used to implant the membrane under different operating conditions (clean or contaminated surgery) were also evaluated. One hundred-eighty rats were divided into 9 groups and underwent the following surgical procedures: Group 1: removal of a parietal peritoneum patch, which was left unrepaired; Group 2: a similar peritoneal defect was covered with the PTFE membrane by 8 polypropylene sutures; Group 3 (control group): only the 8 polypropylene suture were placed on the margin of the standard peritoneal defect; Group 4: the same procedure as in Group 2, using as sewing material PTFE sutures; Group 5 (control group): only the 8 PTFE sutures were placed on the margin of the standard peritoneal defect; Group 6, 7, 8 and 9: the same procedures as in Group 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively, adding division and subsequent reanastomosis of the caecum. Animals of each group underwent a second laparotomy 10 days or 3 months after surgery for evaluation of the extent and density of adhesions, and of the intraperitoneal organ involvement. Histological examination of adhesions which formed was then carried out. No adhesions developed in rats of group 1, while they were always present in all the other groups. Under clean surgery, the adhesions were limited to the margin of the peritoneal defect, while under contaminated surgery they formed also on its central portion. The PTFE surgical membrane itself caused variations neither of the extent and density of adhesions which developed nor of the magnitude of intraperitoneal organ involvement. The type of suture material used to implant the membrane had no effect on adhesion formation. PMID- 3771186 TI - Anastomosis of intracolonic bypass tube by the use of EEA stapler. An experimental study. AB - The intracolonic bypass is a procedure that prevents the gastrointestinal secretions and fecal contents from coming in contact with an anastomotic closure site without interrupting the intraluminal continuity of the fecal flow from proximal to distal colon. Experimental and clinical data have indicated that the intracolonic bypass can protect such an intestinal anastomosis in the presence of a maximal colonic loading, dehiscences and fecal peritonitis. An experimental technique of implanting an intracolonic bypass tube with the EEA stapler in the colon is described. PMID- 3771185 TI - Preoperative staging of rectal cancer: validity of the abdominopelvic angio-C.T. AB - The role of preoperative staging in the treatment of rectal cancer is emphasized. To this purpose, the use of abdominopelvic angio-C.T., which was carried out in 14 cases, is examined. Preoperative staging obtained by this method is compared with the postoperative one assessed by UYCC classification, modified by AYCC. Its diagnostic and prognostic role is evaluated in relation to the other methods. The validity of abdominopelvic angio-C.T. for a correct therapeutic approach is confirmed. PMID- 3771188 TI - The management of infancy and childhood intussusception in a department of general surgery. AB - The experience with 24 intussusceptions observed in a Department of General Surgery has been reviewed. The delay between onset of symptoms and hospitalization was less than 24 hours in 58% of cases, from 24 to 48 hours in 28%, and more than 48 hours in 14% of children. 23 patients were submitted to barium enema. Hydrostatic reduction was obtained in 19 cases. Laparotomy was performed in 13 patients after failure of hydrostatic reduction and in 5 emergency cases while only 4 underwent resection. The controversies about the management of intussusception are discussed, based on a review of literature (6,542 cases). A safe diagnostic and therapeutic approach to the disease is proposed. PMID- 3771187 TI - Splenic abscess: the rationale for selective non-surgical treatment. AB - Abscess of the spleen is a potentially lethal condition, with an associated mortality rate of 60-100% in untreated patients. Splenectomy, or in selected cases, surgical or percutaneous drainage of the abscess is currently considered the standard of care. So far, conservative treatment with antibiotics has been successfully employed in four patients, including the two reported herein. The importance of a careful clinical and ultrasonographic monitoring for best therapeutic decision-making in patients with splenic abscess, is stressed. PMID- 3771189 TI - Anaplastic adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland: a study of ten cases. AB - Anaplastic carcinoma of thyroid gland, while rare, is the most common cause of death from thyroid cancer. Ten cases from a teaching department of surgery have been reviewed, with two-year follow up. Steps in pathological behaviour and management of this lesion are discussed. From the review, it seems that the only logical option in the treatment of anaplastic carcinoma of thyroid gland, is total thyroidectomy. PMID- 3771190 TI - A simple vascular access for hemodialysis in "desperate" cases. AB - Direct anastomosis between the distal superficial femoral artery and the saphenous vein for hemodialysis is a valid option whenever, after exhausting the upper extremities as a site for vascular access, an alternative procedure is required. The procedure is simple, safe and reliable. It provides excellent accessibility and long term patency rate. PMID- 3771191 TI - Adult polycystic liver disease in childhood. A case report. AB - A case of adult type polycystic liver disease in a child is reported. The entire right hepatic lobe was involved whereas the left lobe was normal. Spleen, kidneys and pancreas did not show cystic alterations. Diagnostic examinations and histologic findings are illustrated. The patient underwent right hepatectomy. The adult and childhood types of congenital polycystic liver disease are discussed. PMID- 3771192 TI - Immunomodulation by tamoxifen and pergolide. AB - Treatment of rats with tamoxifen citrate or pergolide mesylate was as effective in inhibiting antibody formation and contact sensitivity skin reactions as was hypophysectomy. The immunocompetence of tamoxifen citrate- and pergolide mesylate suppressed animals could be fully restored by additional treatment with prolactin or growth hormone. PMID- 3771193 TI - The effects of nitrogen mustards on the proliferative and Ig synthetic response of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. AB - Maximal inhibition of pokeweed mitogen-stimulated Ig production and [3H]thymidine incorporation was shown to occur when unfractionated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured with concentrations of the nitrogen mustards melphalan, mechlorethamine or chlorambucil in the 20-100-microM range, whereas concentrations of microsome-activated cyclophosphamide (A-Cy) in the 2-mM range were required for equivalent inhibition. Around 400 microM A-Cy, IgM secretion was not inhibited, but secretion of IgA and IgG was. The [3H]thymidine incorporation of enriched populations of both large and small B and T cells all showed about 20-50-fold greater sensitivity to melphalan than to A-Cy, despite a difference of only 6-fold in alkylating activity between these drugs. Large (250 micron 3) B and T cells were only marginally more sensitive to melphalan and A-Cy than small (210 micron 3) T and B cells. Kinetic studies showed that IgG and IgA secreted by day 7 could be maximally inhibited by melphalan added as late as day 3, and IgM synthesis as late as day 2. In contrast, inhibition of Ig production by A-Cy steadily declined after the first day, especially IgM, which was no longer inhibitable by A-Cy on day 3. Inhibition of cumulative Ig production did not occur when A-Cy or melphalan was added on day 5 or later. Cell recombination experiments performed with drug pulsed and untreated monocytes plus B cells and irradiated T cells showed that inhibition of [3H]thymidine or Ig production was most striking when monocytes + B cells (rather than T cells) were exposed to melphalan in the first 16 h. When A-Cy was used in the first 16 h, inhibition of Ig production was partial and inconsistent, and inhibition of monocytes + B cell or T cell [3H]thymidine incorporation was not evident. We conclude that the nitrogen mustards melphalan and A-Cy can inhibit pokeweed mitogen-stimulated DNA synthesis by human T or B cells and Ig production in vitro, but that their mechanisms of action differ. PMID- 3771194 TI - Selenium effects on human neutrophilic granulocyte function in vitro. AB - The effects of an inorganic selenium salt on phagocytic functions of human neutrophilic granulocytes from donors with a low activity of glutathione peroxidase have been investigated. Granulocytes were exposed for 60 min in vitro to sodium selenite in two physiological concentrations (100 and 200 ng Se/ml) and one unphysiologically high concentration (2000 ng/ml). The spontaneous and chemotactic migration, the nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, the phagocytosis of fluorescein-labeled yeast particles and the intracellular killing of staphylococci were then studied in such granulocytes and compared to control cells, which had not been exposed to selenium. The migration and nitroblue tetrazolium reduction abilities of granulocytes were not affected by selenium exposure. The phagocytic and bactericidal activities were significantly increased in granulocytes exposed to selenium in physiological concentrations. However, at 2000 ng Se/ml these activities were found to be equal to or lower than control levels. Thus selenium supplementation might enhance phagocytic and bactericidal functions of human granulocytes, thereby improving the host defense against bacterial infections. PMID- 3771195 TI - The responsiveness of rabbit bronchial rings to antigen, AGEPC and histamine. AB - Rings of intrapulmonary bronchi isolated from rabbits producing anti-horseradish peroxidase IgE antibodies contracted when exposed to antigen. The contractile response had a lag period of about 1 min, reached a peak at 6 min and then subsided. Bronchi from rabbits with detectable levels of specific IgG (in addition to IgE) antibodies did not differ in response from those with undetectable specific IgG levels. Histamine also contracted rabbit intrapulmonary bronchi with an EC50 of 10 micro (SD 1.29). The response to antigen was completely inhibited with chlorpheniramine (30 microM). In contrast to intrapulmonary bronchi, responsiveness of mainstem bronchi to antigen was observed only occasionally, whereas histamine was equipotent on both mainstem and intrapulmonary bronchi. Thus, the amount of antigen-induced mediator release may be less in the mainstem bronchi. Acetyl glyceryl ether phosphorylcholine, in concentrations up to 10 microM, did not contract either mainstem or intrapulmonary bronchi. This study indicates that histamine is the major mediator of (and acetyl glyceryl ether phosphorylcholine does not significantly participate in) antigen-induced contraction of isolated bronchi from IgE producing rabbits. The results provide a likely mechanism for the increase in pulmonary resistance observed in IgE anaphylaxis in this species. PMID- 3771196 TI - AIDS: the risks to insurers, the threat to equity. AB - The AIDS crisis poses a special challenge for American health care, which depends heavily on private insurance to pay medical bills. Can we provide adequate health care to all who need it and still meet the financial requirements of the private health insurance industry? More insurance carriers are turning to antibody testing in order to eliminate poor risks from non-group, direct-pay pools. Some cost-conscious employers have attempted to fire AIDS patients summarily or to exclude AIDS coverage from group insurance policies. Various remedies are available for spreading the financial risks of the epidemic, such as covering persons with AIDS under Medicare or in state-sponsored health insurance pools. Ethical questions about cost and access may also rekindle the debate about the need for national health insurance. PMID- 3771197 TI - Roe v. Wade reaffirmed, again. PMID- 3771198 TI - My body, my property. AB - Two recent cases raise the question: Should the body be considered a form of property? Patients generally do not share in the profits derived from the applications of research on their body parts and products. Nor is their consent for research required so long as the body part is unidentified and is removed in the course of treatment. A market in body parts and products would require consent to all categories of research and ensure that patients are protected from coercion and given the chance to be paid fairly for their contributions. Such a market might force us to rethink our policies prohibiting organ sales. Donors, recipients, and society will benefit from a market in body parts so long as owners--and no one else--retain control over their bodies. PMID- 3771199 TI - Is life more sacred than autonomy? PMID- 3771200 TI - Home sweet birthplace. PMID- 3771201 TI - Abortion and technology: more to consider. PMID- 3771202 TI - Has police power gone too far? PMID- 3771203 TI - Evaluation and therapy of urinary tract infection: a critique. PMID- 3771204 TI - Van Sonnenberg sump hemiacidrin dissolution of staghorn calculi. PMID- 3771205 TI - Cephalic hyperemia during migraine headaches. A prospective study. PMID- 3771206 TI - Immunological studies in cluster headache and migraine. PMID- 3771207 TI - ATP hyposecretion from platelet dense bodies--evidence for the purinergic hypothesis and a marker of migraine. PMID- 3771208 TI - The platelet and migraine. PMID- 3771209 TI - Medication compliance among headache patients. PMID- 3771210 TI - Cardiovascular reflexes in young migraine patients. PMID- 3771211 TI - Autonomic dysfunction in adult migraineurs. PMID- 3771212 TI - Can we reliably differentiate Tolosa-Hunt syndrome from ophthalmoplegic migraine? PMID- 3771213 TI - Transient blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage in migraine. PMID- 3771214 TI - [Radiotherapy of malignant melanoma of the skin--a renaissance?]. AB - Surgery is without question the treatment of choice for the malignant melanoma (MM) of the skin. Radiotherapy, on the other hand, has been more and more neglected, especially because of the opinion that melanomas are "radioresistant". Because there is an increasing interest in the radiotherapy of MM in the recent years, and reviewing the experimental and clinical findings in the literature the following points are made: MM is not a "radioresistant" tumour and therefore the expression reduced radiosensitivity should be used instead; radiotherapy with beams of low linear energy transfer (LET) is also possible if the techniques involve the use of high dose per fraction or multiple fractions per day; different types of MM of the skin show a variable radiosensitivity in vitro and in vivo; and indications still exist for the radiotherapy of MM. All possibilities for the use of radiotherapy alone in MM have not yet been exhausted. PMID- 3771215 TI - [The spectrum of transient acantholytic dermatoses]. AB - In reviewing the literature, we made an attempt to expand the term "transient acantholytic dermatosis" (TAD) beyond the criteria of classical Grover's disease to a broader spectrum of diseases and to systematically categorize the variety of reported clinical pictures. Moreover, we endeavoured to separate these conditions from Darier's and Hailey-Hailey's disease and from immunofluorescence-positive acantholytic dermatoses. Three patients of our own are presented with a heretofore undescribed bullous exanthematic variant. PMID- 3771216 TI - [Light-induced postherpetic erythema exsudativum multiforme]. AB - A 37-year-old man had erythema multiforme over a period of 20 years following recurrent herpes simplex infections. On the basis of the results of provocative UV-A tests as well as histological findings a diagnosis of photosensitive erythema multiforme was made. The erythema multiforme exsudativum like variant of polymorphous light eruption is discussed in the differential diagnosis. PMID- 3771217 TI - [Amiodarone-induced hyperpigmentation]. AB - Five patients are reported in whom brownish grey discoloration occurred on the light-exposed parts of the dermis after long-term amiodarone-medication. Histological investigation shows that the deposition of lipofuscin in the small veins and perivasal superior part of the corium is responsible for the occurrence of this discoloration. With reference to recent data in the literature, the pathomechanism and prevention of this pigmentation are discussed. PMID- 3771218 TI - [Marghescu-Braun-Falco syndrome]. AB - A 32-year-old male patient with congenital poikilodermia syndrome is presented. The case history details of blister formation in the past and the association of the characteristic symptoms prompted us to make the diagnosis of Marghescu-Braun Falco Syndrome in a male patient. PMID- 3771219 TI - Swedish limitation schemes to decrease Rn daughters in indoor air. AB - The limitation schemes to decrease Rn daughter concentrations in Swedish homes are described. The application of the Swedish provisional limitation scheme in use since 1980 is also reported and compared with international and national recommendations in other countries. PMID- 3771220 TI - A study of worker dose distributions with respect to ICRP dose limitation recommendations. AB - This paper describes an investigation into the distribution of radiation doses to workers, undertaken at the request of ICRP Committee 4. Three main questions are considered. Firstly, the distribution of annual doses to workers is described. Doses are generally well below the ICRP dose limits and most are below 15 mSv y 1. However, doses are not distributed randomly from year to year. The second part of the paper examines recording levels in use and the implications of using the recording level recommended by the ICRP. The data presented here show that little dosimetric information would be lost and many fewer doses would need to be stored if the ICRP-recommended recording level were used. The last part of the paper considers the distribution of doses in individual monitoring periods. It is shown that the distribution of doses to all individuals in a particular monitoring period is not necessarily the same as the distribution of doses to a particular individual in all monitoring periods. This places limitations on the extent to which missing doses may be estimated from doses to the workforce as a whole. PMID- 3771221 TI - Long-term follow-up after accidental gamma irradiation from a 60Co source. AB - In December 1973 a technician was accidentally irradiated when attempting to bring under control a sealed 60Co source (110 TBq) which had been lodged in the head of a medical irradiation unit during a replacement operation. In the early period after the accident, severe skin changes on the left hand, epilation in a small area of the left temporal region and minor deviations in peripheral blood developed. In the following years, repeated surgery due to secondary skin defects of the left hand resulted in the loss of the fingers 2-5. Since 1975, changes in the lens of the left eye began to appear leading gradually to the deterioration of visual acuity. Later, opacities of the lens of the right eye were found. The patient's psychological and emotional attitude about the accident changed in the course of time. The factors influencing the psychic state of the patient are identified. PMID- 3771222 TI - Acute accidental inhalation of U: a 38-year follow-up. AB - The intake and deposition of U in three men accidentally exposed to soluble natural U compounds in an explosion in 1944 were reevaluated 38 y later by the U.S. Uranium Registry. The initial lung depositions were estimated to be about 40 50 mg of U based on the fragmentary urinary excretion data obtained shortly after the accident. The initial long-term bone deposition was estimated from individual excretion curves and was 410 micrograms (5.2 Bq) in the highest exposed individual, which resulted in an integrated 40-y dose equivalent to the bone surfaces approximately 2 mSv (200 mrem). Medical and health physics examinations of two of the men 38 y after the accident revealed no detectable deposition of U nor any physical findings attributable to U exposure. One of the exposed individuals showed an altered clearance pattern for U shortly after the accident, possibly from pulmonary edema associated with concomitant exposure to acid fumes. PMID- 3771223 TI - Determination of 241Pu in low-level radioactive wastes from reactors. AB - Plutonium-241 is unique in low-level radioactive wastes (LLW) from nuclear power plants because it is the only significant beta-emitting transuranic nuclide in LLW, has a relatively short half-life of 14.4 y, and has a fairly high allowable concentration for shallow land burial. Radiochemical separation of Pu followed by liquid scintillation analysis was used to quantitate 241Pu in a wide range of solid, semi-solid, and liquid LLW samples from two nuclear plants in Michigan. The 241Pu concentrations varied considerably by sample type and reactor operational period as did their correlation with 137Cs, 144Ce, 239Pu and 240Pu concentrations in the same sample. These patterns were also found in reported data for 241Pu in LLW from other reactors, raising the difficulty of accurately determining the inventory (or source term) in a LLW shallow land burial site and its implications for predicting and controlling the future environmental and public health impacts of such disposal. PMID- 3771224 TI - Lung clearance and translocation of 239Pu and 244Cm in rats following inhalation individually or as a mixed oxide. AB - Wistar rats were exposed via inhalation to aerosols of 239PuO2, 244Cm oxide or a mixed Pu-Cm oxide with an activity ratio of about 1:1. Activity in lung and several extrapulmonary tissues were examined up to 120 d after exposure to determine whether calcining Pu and Cm together affected lung clearance or translocation to other sites in the body for either nuclide. Initial deposition was about 1,200 Bq (32 nCi) for 239PuO2, 4,200 Bq (115 nCi) for 244Cm, and 2,400 Bq (65 nCi) total alpha for the mixed oxide. The kinetics of single nuclides were as expected, with Pu oxide confined mainly to lung at all times and cleared with a half-time of 42 d. Curium was translocated rapidly to liver, with a peak activity of about 10% of the initial alveolar deposition at 7-14 d. Skeleton activity increased gradually, amounting to 12-15% of initial deposition near the end of the study. Lung clearance of Cm was more rapid than for Pu, with about 13% of Pu and less than 5% of Cm remaining at the end of the experiment. Both Pu and Cm remained in the lung somewhat longer when administered as a mixed oxide than the respective nuclides administered singly, and virtually all activity in the body was confined to the lung. Translocation of Cm to extrapulmonary tissues was almost entirely prevented by incorporation into the PuO2 matrix. Therefore, calcining the two radionuclides together in an aerosol altered the kinetics of both following inhalation in rats, but most dramatically for 244Cm. The resulting change in radionuclide distribution for the lung and the body following such a mixed inhalation exposure would presumably alter the long-term health effects compared to those seen with the pure compounds. PMID- 3771225 TI - Effectiveness of DTPA therapy when administered intragastrically or intraperitoneally to remove Pu from adult or neonatal rats. AB - Adult and neonatal rats were given 238Pu by gavage or parenterally and treated with 0.5 mmoles/kg of calcium diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (DTPA), by gavage or parenterally, to determine its effectiveness for removing Pu. Parenteral administration of DTPA to adult rats 2 h after an intravenous 238Pu injection was much more effective than intragastric treatment, removing nearly 70% of the retained dose. When 238Pu was given to adults intragastrically (IG), followed by DTPA given either intraperitoneally (IP) or IG 2 h later, 238Pu absorption increased while retention remained either unchanged, or increased. When neonates were given 238Pu IG and treated 2 h later with intraperitoneal or intragastric DTPA, removal of 238Pu was better than in adults: more than 80% of the 238Pu that was absorbed and retained was removed by intragastric DTPA. When neonates were injected IP with 238Pu, treatment with intraperitoneal DTPA was more effective for 238Pu removal than intragastric treatment. PMID- 3771226 TI - Effect of partition walls and neighboring buildings on the indoor exposure rate due to cosmic-ray muons. AB - Numerical calculations were done of the indoor exposure rate due to the cosmic rays. Only muons were considered, and the calculations were done within a two dimensional framework under the non-scattering approximation. The effects of various structural parameters on the level and the distribution of the exposure rate were studied by a case control method. It was shown that a building's dimensions and the floor thickness were important in all cases. However, the effect of partition walls would become significant only when the partition number is large. The effect of neighboring buildings would be especially important in the lower floors of tall buildings. In such a case, attention is necessary not only to the buildings' internal structures but also to the relationship between that particular building and its neighborhood. The maximum amplitude of the possible variation of the exposure rate due to the change of any single structural parameter would be 30% in ordinary Japanese housing conditions. PMID- 3771227 TI - A proposed standard for radioactivity in building materials used in the Netherlands. PMID- 3771228 TI - Neptunium-237 in human tissue samples. PMID- 3771229 TI - A comparison of the counting characteristics of Opti-Fluor and Aquasol-2: liquid scintillation cocktail. PMID- 3771230 TI - Measuring damage to human lymphocytes in vitro after low-level radiation exposure using prematurely condensed chromosomes. PMID- 3771231 TI - Locating ambulatory medical care facilities for the elderly. AB - The importance of effective planning strategies for the location of primary medical services for the independently living elderly increases as their absolute number and proportion in the general population increases. Current spatial planning strategies focus on providing services in centralized locations or decentralized at the level of the somewhat problematic residential "neighborhood" or catchment area. An alternative or supplemental strategy based on the actual use of community space by the elderly is presented in this article. Aggregate activity spaces are identified and illustrated using activity location data obtained for a sample of elderly urban residents. Subsequently, the aggregate spaces are used as a basis for suggesting the location of ambulatory care facilities. It is believed that the aggregate activity space represents a dynamic and more functional approach to spatial planning strategies than current approaches and, therefore, that it can be used more effectively to locate services for the elderly. PMID- 3771232 TI - Financial characteristics of hospitals purchased by investor-owned chains. AB - This article focuses on the preacquisition financial condition of not-for-profit hospitals acquired by investor-owned hospital chains. Financial ratios are used to determine if not-for-profit hospitals acquired by investor-owned hospital systems have common financial characteristics which make them a likely target for a takeover. The results indicate that during the time period studied, investor owned hospital systems did tend to purchase hospitals with common financial characteristics and that these characteristics provide a reasonable description of a financially distressed hospital. This finding has important consequences for our health care delivery system. PMID- 3771233 TI - Health services research as a scientific process: the metamorphosis of an empirical research project from grant proposal to final report. AB - The process of health services research is rarely examined; attention is usually focused on results and policy implications. Large and small decisions made during the execution of a study, however, can have major impacts on its outcomes. This article describes a project that underwent major changes because of problems discovered in the basic data and threats to the valid interpretation of econometric results uncovered by qualitative case studies. Although the combination of difficulties encountered in this project may be unusual, it is likely that many similar problems and opportunities occur in other empirical studies. PMID- 3771234 TI - Radioimmunodetection of human melanoma tumor xenografts with human monoclonal antibodies. AB - We established a human IgM monoclonal antibody that defines a tumor-associated membrane antigen expressed on human melanoma cells. The antigen has been identified as the ganglioside GD2. In this paper, we describe the potential usefulness of the human monoclonal antibody for radioimaging. Nude mice bearing tumors derived from a human melanoma cell line were used as a model. Antibody activity was degradated significantly after labeling with 131I by the use of a modified chloramine-T method. After testing various concentrations, labeled antibody of a specific activity of 2.8 microCi/micrograms produced the best results. Balb/c nude mice bearing a GD2-positive M14 melanoma cell line were injected with 10-30 micrograms of labeled antibody, and its radiolocalization in different organs and in the whole body were evaluated. The best tumor image was obtained on Day 6. The labeled antibody uptake ratio between tumor and muscle was 9.2:1; the ratio between tumor and liver was 1.4:1. These studies represent the first report of experimental tumor imaging with human monoclonal antibody. Human monoclonals with probably prove to be superior reagents for tumor imaging in melanoma patients if the problem of antibody radiolysis is resolved. PMID- 3771235 TI - Distribution of 95Zr and 181Hf in tumor-bearing animals and mechanism for accumulation in tumor and liver. AB - Tumor uptake rates, concentrations in the mitochondrial fraction (containing lysosome) of liver and tumors, avid accumulations in connective tissue (especially inflammatory tissue) and binding substances in these tissues of 95Zr and 181Hf were essentially similar to those for 67Ga, 111In, 169Yb and 167Tm. However, the main binding substance of the above elements in group IV in tumor and liver was acid mucopolysaccharide whose molecular weight exceeded 40,000, although the above elements in group III were bound mainly to the acid mucopolysaccharide with a molecular weight of about 10,000. PMID- 3771236 TI - In vivo skeletal localization properties of 99mTc complexes of large phosphonate ligands. AB - Tetramethylenephosphonate derivatives of norborane (TPNB) and dicyclopentadiene (TPDCPD) were shown to readily form stable chelates with 99mTc that had high and selective bone uptake. The skeletal uptake and blood clearance properties of 99mTc-TPNB were similar to 99mTc-MDP in both rats and rabbits. This suggests additional studies to further evaluate 99mTc-TPNB or perhaps other large-organic based multidentate phosphonate ligands as potential bone imaging agents is warranted. PMID- 3771237 TI - Reducing the effect of chemiluminescence on the efficiency of extracting 14C neomycin from fortified kidney tissue as measured by a liquid scintillation system. AB - Extraction efficiency was monitored, using 14C-neomycin and liquid scintillation counting, during development of a procedure to isolate neomycin from fortified kidney tissue. Chemiluminescence caused 119% false positive recovery at 0.16 ppm neomycin (1260 disintegrations/min (dpm) activity). However, the contribution of chemiluminescence to false positive recovery was negligible above 8 ppm neomycin (63,000 dpm activity). To reduce chemiluminescence, fortified kidney tissue was extracted with saline by homogenization, mixed with Protosol at 70 degrees C for 1 h, cooled 5 min at 4 degrees C and neutralized with acetic acid. The digest was mixed with Aquasol and incubated 1 h at 47 degrees C, followed by equilibration for 2 h in the counter. The procedure allows reliable monitoring of extraction efficiency down to about 407 dpm activity from 14C-neomycin (0.05 ppm) with maximum chemiluminescence of about 4%. PMID- 3771238 TI - On the mechanism of gallium accumulation in tumours. Isolation of N hydroxypeptides. AB - With the use of A SEP-PAK Alumina N cartridge, peptide fractions containing the hydroxamate moiety have been isolated from tumour-tissue homogenate. It is therefore postulated that N-hydroxypeptides might play a role in the accumulation of gallium-67 in tumours. The biodistribution of several 67Ga-labelled hydroxamate peptide fractions is determined. Although their biodistribution differs from that of 67Ga-citrate no enhancement in tumour accumulation is observed indicating that they do not act like tumour-specific siderophores. PMID- 3771239 TI - Comparison of three RE agents-99mTc-phytate, 99mTc-sulfur colloid and 99mTc-Sb2S3 colloid in the rodent species. AB - 99mTc-phytate, 99mTc-sulfur colloid and 99mTc-antimony sulfide colloid are recognised as RE agents in clinical nuclear medicine. Since these three agents exist in vitro in different forms of particulate aggregation it was of interest to compare their properties and to evaluate the merits and limitations of each of these agents. A comparison was carried out in rats and rabbits as a prelude to a systematic study in human subjects. Quality tested radiopharmaceuticals were prepared and their pharmacokinetics studied in rats. The blood clearance, tissue distribution and scinti-imaging patterns of the RE system were also compared in rabbits. All the agents have excellent localizing properties in the liver but differ in varying extents in their disposition in other tissues. 99mTc-sulfur colloid has some predisposition for the lungs while 99mTc-phytate has a little propensity for the kidney and gut at late time periods. 99mTc-Sb2S3 colloid shows a more pronounced concentration in the bone-marrow, and displays intermediate properties between 99mTc-phytate and 99mTc-sulfur colloid, besides being the most stable (in vitro) radiopharmaceutical in this series of RE agents. PMID- 3771240 TI - Scintigraphy with [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose of cancer patients. AB - Computerized dynamic gamma camera scintigraphy was performed with [18F]2-fluoro-2 deoxy-D-glucose [( 18F]FDG) on 10 patients with different cancers; tumor perfusion was evaluated in four patients with 99mTc-DPD. All tumors were visible in the [18F]FDG scans with tumor-to-tissue image contrast ratios of 1.2-11.7. Tumor perfusion exceeded that of the surrounding normal tissue in three of the four patients studied. Tumor-to-normal tissue [18F]FDG ratios were plotted as a function of the time. Two types of curves emerged: curves showing a linear increase in the ratio and curves showing a constant value for the ratio. These studies show that [18F]FDG can be used for clinical tumor imaging with a gamma camera, and that there appears to be biological differences in tumor uptake of [18F]FDG. PMID- 3771242 TI - Deuterium isotope effect of [11C1]N,N-dimethylphenethyl-amine-alpha,alpha-d2; reduction in metabolic trapping rate in brain. PMID- 3771241 TI - Preparation and biodistribution of 99mTc chelate of strophanthidin--a cardiac aglycone. AB - Cardiac glycosides are well known to exert a specific and powerful effect on myocardial tissue, and there is a possibility that this class of compound with a 99mTc radiolabel may behave as a superior myocardial imaging agent in comparison to 201Tl which is at present used clinically. Because of the extreme chemical complexity of cardiac glycosides a simpler aglycone, strophanthidin was selected as the pilot compound for preliminary labelling and in vivo distribution studies. Strophanthidin was converted to 19-thiosemicarbazone which nicely accommodated 99mTc to produce a pure radiopharmaceutical of high specific activity. The distribution pattern in animal models was studied which is in accordance with the metabolic studies performed earlier with the ligand itself. PMID- 3771243 TI - Biomedical cyclotrons for radioisotope production. PMID- 3771244 TI - Labeling of estrogen receptors in breast cancer. PMID- 3771245 TI - The choice of tracers for platelet kinetic and scintigraphic studies. PMID- 3771246 TI - Labeled platelets in the detection of the thrombotic process. PMID- 3771247 TI - Indium 111 autologous granulocytes in the diagnosis of abscess and in the assessment of inflammatory bowel disease. PMID- 3771248 TI - Radiolabeling of monoclonal antibodies. PMID- 3771250 TI - The advantages and limits of immunoscintigraphy in the diagnosis of tumoral recurrences. PMID- 3771249 TI - The advantages and limits of indium-111 labeling of antibodies. Experimental studies and clinical applications. AB - Radiolabeling of antibodies with In-111 has now been accomplished to the point that it is highly reproducible, achieves excellent labeling efficiency, and does not damage the antibody. Use of In-111 for radioimmunodetection is advantageous because of the excellent imaging characteristics of the In-111, moderate radiation dose, ease of labeling, and appropriate half-life. The liabilities of the In-111 method include slightly greater cost of the radionuclide, slow clearance of background sites, and a shelf life requiring it to be ordered on a weekly basis. When all characteristics of the radionuclide are taken into account, it appears to be superior to I-131 for radioimmunoimaging. A controlled study using iodinated and Indium labeled antibodies in the same group of patients needs to be done to accurately access how well the two function for tumor detection. PMID- 3771251 TI - Quality control of radiopharmaceuticals: the manufacturer's point of view. PMID- 3771252 TI - Quality control of radioactive products in the hospital. PMID- 3771253 TI - The liability of the radiopharmacist and the nuclear physician in the use of radiopharmaceuticals. PMID- 3771254 TI - Second International ACOMEN Conference on Radiopharmaceuticals. Biarritz, France, 2-4 June 1986. PMID- 3771255 TI - Iodine radiochemistry and radiopharmaceutical product labeling. PMID- 3771256 TI - Biological half-time of tritiated water: comparison of hyperthyroid and hypothyroid patients. AB - The half-time values of tritiated water were explored in eleven hyperthyroid patients and in two hypothyroid ones. For reasons of comparability the numbers are expressed in days per square meter (d/m2) of body surface. Against the estimated 5.4 d/m2 in normal subjects, the hyperthyroids reflected 3.9 +/- 0.66 and the two determinations on hypothyroids were 6.42 and 7.13, respectively. During the study neither diagnostic nor therapeutic procedures were ever postponed. The half-time values are not representative of extreme conditions in hyper- or hypothyroids, but are sufficiently clear to indicate well-defined differences from normal people. The total exposure to radiation for the exploratory procedure was minimal, estimated at less than 12 mrem for the normal standard man. PMID- 3771257 TI - Radiolabeled polyvinyl alcohol particles: a potential agent to monitor embolization procedures. AB - Polyvinyl alcohol sponge (PVA) is a widely used angiographic embolic agent. The radiolabeling of PVA can accurately identify particle localization and may decrease the possibility of patient morbidity from embolization to distal sites. We incorporated 99mTc sulfur colloid (SC) into PVA by heating. Animal experiments demonstrated the in vivo stability of the 99mTc SC-PVA complex and the efficacy of external imaging. 99mTc SC-PVA biodistribution data and external NaI(T1) scintillation probe counts were performed, to assess anatomic localization. Embolization with this complex was performed in a patient. PMID- 3771258 TI - The validity of different methods of analysis of 133Xe washout curves for the determination of lung function. AB - The influence of different mathematical methods on the analysis of 133Xe washout data, used in the assessment of lung function in the pig, were investigated. When the data were fitted using a bi-exponential or a bi-exponential plus a constant type equation, neither the two clearance rate constants nor the overall 50% clearance time were found totally appropriate for the study of lung function. A new two compartmental model for the in vivo clearance of 133Xe is proposed. The model assumes the whole blood as one compartment and the lung, including the pulmonary blood, as the second compartment. This suggests that the curvature of the xenon clearance curve is the result of recording the summation of the activities from the alveoli and the pulmonary blood and not, as previously described, due to the existence of two different sub-populations of alveoli. PMID- 3771259 TI - Regional cerebral uptake and retention of 99mTc-tetramethyl- and pentamethyl propyleneamine oxime chelates. PMID- 3771260 TI - Influence of initial large dose on subsequent uptake of therapeutic radioiodine in thyroid cancer patients. AB - Fifty-two patients with differentiated thyroid cancer, following thyroidectomy were studied by administering a quantity of up to 5 mCi of [131I]sodium iodide. In most of these patients, radioiodine uptake values obtained with the subsequent therapeutic dose were markedly lower than those observed with the initial doses. This observation was verified in seven of the patients with differentiated thyroid cancer, by measuring the radioiodine uptake with a second dose of 4.5 mCi of [131I]sodium iodide. Calculations showed that the major etiology was probably therapeutic irradiation of the thyroid by the first dose. PMID- 3771261 TI - A direct comparison of the brain uptake and plasma clearance of N [11C]methylspiroperidol and [18F]N-methylspiroperidol in baboon using PET. AB - Serial PET studies of N-[11C]methylspiroperidol and [18F]N-methylspiroperidol were carried out in a single baboon with an intervening time period of 2 h between injection of the 11C and the 18F-labeled tracers. The kinetic patterns of uptake and egress of radioactivity in striatum and cerebellum as well as the magnitude of the uptake was very similar with the two tracers. In addition, no significant difference in clearance of total radioactivity from arterial plasma was detected. Analysis of plasma radioactivity for unchanged drug showed no significant differences in the amount of unchanged tracer at different times, although the profile of labeled metabolites was different. These results indicate that the only significant difference between the use of N-[11C]methylspiroperidol and [18F]N-methylspiroperidol for PET studies of brain dopamine receptors relate to the difference in physical half-life of the radionuclide rather than to differences in the profile of metabolically produced labeled compounds. PMID- 3771262 TI - The preparation and properties of a highly specific antiserum elicited with 3 dehydrocholylglycine 3-succinyl-bovine serum albumin conjugate. AB - This report describes the synthesis of a new cholylglycine derivative-bovine serum albumin conjugate. The hapten is linked to the carrier protein at the C-3 position, through a hemisuccinate bridge. Antiserum elicited by this antigen is highly specific to cholylglycine. Cross-reactions with free cholic acid (less than 0.1%) or cholyltaurine (0.5%) are minimal. PMID- 3771263 TI - Assessment of labeled 5-fluorouracils for nuclear scintigraphy. PMID- 3771264 TI - Abstracts of papers presented at the Workshop on Molecular Genetics of the Mouse IV. September 17-20, 1984, Montpellier, France. PMID- 3771265 TI - Adenosine deaminase polymorphism in Finnish Landrace pigs. PMID- 3771266 TI - Low fertility in pigs with rcp(4q+;13q-) translocation. PMID- 3771267 TI - Genetic variability in Norwegian wild reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L.). PMID- 3771268 TI - Proliferation-specific and differentiation-associated chromosomal breakpoints in human neoplasia--a unifying model. PMID- 3771269 TI - Impending gastric rupture in a neonate with gastric outlet obstruction due to malrotation. PMID- 3771270 TI - Immune functions of former poison gas workers. I. Mitogenic response of lymphocytes and serum factors. PMID- 3771271 TI - Chromosome abnormalities in 1355 induced abortuses. PMID- 3771272 TI - Experimental model of gastritis induced by sodium taurocholate in rats. PMID- 3771273 TI - A cytogenetic study of heavy mental retardates. I. A study on heavy mental retardates with cerebral palsy. PMID- 3771274 TI - A case of Swyer-James syndrome, with reference to pathophysiologic and etiologic aspect. PMID- 3771275 TI - Topical application of sugar and povidone-iodine in the management of decubitus ulcers in aged patients. PMID- 3771276 TI - Familial aggregation of duodenal ulcer and an autosomal dominant inheritance of hyperpepsinogenemia I. PMID- 3771277 TI - Immunoglobulin production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in IgA nephropathy patients and their relatives. PMID- 3771278 TI - Chronic subdural hematoma associated with external decompression for acute traumatic intracranial hematoma--report of two cases. PMID- 3771279 TI - A rapid and sensitive method for detecting fenitrothion in biological fluids using the phosphorus-sulfur selective detector--a fenitrothion intoxication case. PMID- 3771280 TI - Recall by mothers of the birth weights and feeding of their children. AB - We have tested mothers' abilities to remember at a later date, the birth weight, duration of breastfeeding and time of introduction of other milks to their previous children, by comparing their recall with the information recorded by the nursing sisters at maternal and child health clinics at the time. Data were available for 81 children with present ages from 1 to 10 years. Birth weight and the duration of breast feeding were generally remembered accurately, but there were large discrepancies on the time of starting other milk feeds. This could pose diagnostic difficulties in some paediatric conditions, particularly milk allergies and intolerance. PMID- 3771281 TI - What influences adolescent food intakes? AB - One-day dietary records were obtained from 1055 boys and girls, a representative sample of high-school students (ages 11-16 years) in Tasmania, Australia. This study reports the impacts of a variety of physical, behavioural and social characteristics on average (median) intakes of 15 food categories. Influences varied markedly between food categories, and between boys and girls. Among the influences noted were: girls consumed less milk, potatoes, cakes and desserts with increasing fatness; boys consumed more red meats and confectionery with increasing alcohol usage; use of vitamin supplements was associated with higher milk intake among girls, and higher intakes of green vegetables among boys; citrus and berry fruit intakes increased with social status in both sexes; boys at catholic schools ate more bread, cakes and desserts. PMID- 3771282 TI - Preferences, attitudes and personality as determinants of salt intake. AB - Thirty-six female subjects took part in a study involving using pre-weighed table and cooking salt pots, along with complete urine collections for 7 days. Urinary sodium excretion was determined, and was used as an estimate of sodium (salt) intake. Other measures taken were, most preferred concentration of salt in soup, blood pressure, body weight and height, along with questionnaires on general food preferences, attitudes to adding table salt to foods, and the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI). Table salt (7 per cent) and cooking salt (8 per cent) were found to account for only a small proportion of total sodium intake, the major part (89 per cent) being from non-discretionary salt present in foods. Subjects, divided on the basis of table salt use and total intake, were found to differ in the most preferred concentration of salt in soup, but not in their sensitivity to variations from their ideal. Table salt use was predicted very well by the individual's attitude, and to a lesser extent by perceived social pressure. The only other variable related to higher table salt use was a lower preference for fruit on the general food preferences questionnaire. The lower preference for fruit was also related to higher total salt intake, which was also predicted by a lower neuroticism score on the EPI. While extraversion was positively related to non-discretionary salt intake, this relationship was not significant for total salt intake. PMID- 3771283 TI - The fat content of meals provided by catering establishments. AB - A study of the food input and food waste from 38 catering establishments varying from hospital and school meals to hotels and commercial restaurants has shown that on average 46 per cent of the dietary energy of the food consumed was derived from fat. Moreover, a strong positive correlation (P less than 0.001) was found between the percentage energy derived from fat, and the total energy obtained from the food consumed. A similar pattern is shown when the results are broken down according to the category of catering establishments. Meals provided by hotels, restaurants and public houses have the highest fat content (60 per cent of energy) and the highest total energy consumed (6.8 MJ per person per meal), whereas meals served by welfare establishments have the lowest fat content and lowest total energy per meal. PMID- 3771284 TI - A study of dietary intake in pre- and post-menstrual period. AB - A prospective double-blind clinical trial was conducted in 11 young, healthy, normally menstruating female subjects to detect any quantitative difference in energy intake in the proliferative and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle over two cycles. Energy intake was found to be significantly higher in the premenstrual phase in both menstrual cycles. PMID- 3771285 TI - Nutritional knowledge of medical staff and students: is present education adequate? AB - Knowledge of nutritional principles and attitudes to nutrition education of a group of clinical medical students and junior hospital doctors were examined by questionnaire. The percentage of correct answers to factual questions was 50.8 for students and 58.5 for doctors. Both groups considered that their teaching was inadequate and over 95 per cent requested education in applied nutrition. Undergraduate instruction by both doctors and dietitians was advocated as appropriate to the final clinical years. PMID- 3771286 TI - Salt intake and blood pressure in young adults from hypertensive and normotensive families. AB - Young adults with both parents in either the upper or lower quartile of blood pressure for their age groups were monitored for 13 d to assess whether there was a selective relationship between blood pressure and sodium excretion in the adults from the hypertensive but not from the normotensive families. Twelve 24-h urine measurements of sodium and potassium excretion were related to the mean of daily blood pressure measurements. Although a significant correlation between sodium excretion and blood pressure was found for the whole group, this related to the co-correlation of blood pressure and sodium excretion with the body weights of the subjects, no links being found in adults of either parental type once an allowance was made for body weight differences. PMID- 3771288 TI - Dark adaptation in pregnant and lactating Gambian women: feasibility of measurement and relation to vitamin A status. AB - The feasibility of dark adaptation measurement, using a Friedmann Visual Field Analyser, was assessed under field conditions in an isolated rural community in The Gambia, West Africa. It was found to be possible to obtain meaningful and reliable measurements on nearly all of the 117 subjects tested in two communities. Measurements were made throughout the cycle of pregnancy and in early lactation. No deterioration was observed in the later stages of pregnancy, in contrast to the deterioration reported previously in some vitamin A-deficient communities. Nearly all measurements were within the normal range quoted by the manufacturer. No evidence of improved adaptation was detected in women receiving a food supplement containing vitamin A. There were moderate variations with age of subject and with season, although the latter were not closely correlated with variations in vitamin A intake. Better nourished Gambian and Caucasian subjects showed slightly better performance than the village subjects, but this seems simply to reflect their better understanding of the test, since a small learning effect was observed. It is concluded that, despite limited comprehension of the nature of the test, reliable measurements could, with care, be obtained on illiterate adults from an unsophisticated society, and that in the marginally nourished community studied, a substantial increase in vitamin A intake had no discernible effect in improving dark adaptation performance. PMID- 3771287 TI - A multi-centre study on within-person variability in the urinary excretion of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and creatinine in 8 European centres. AB - We have studied the within-person variability in the excretion of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and creatinine in 20-60-year old men and women from 8 European centres. Only the data from people who reported that their collections were complete were entered in the analysis. The within-person coefficients of variation for the electrolytes ranged from 28 to 38 and that for creatinine from 21 to 24. The corresponding number of days required to estimate the excretion of electrolytes and creatinine to within 20 per cent of the habitual excretion (95 per cent confidence interval) varied between 4 for creatinine in men to 14 for magnesium in both men and women. The results of this study demonstrate once more that creatinine is unsuitable as a marker of completeness of urine collection for the individual. PMID- 3771289 TI - Intra-individual variations in resting metabolic rates of human subjects. AB - The resting metabolic rates (RMRs) of 5 male subjects of body mass index around 20 were estimated for 6 consecutive weeks on a 5 X 5 randomized Latin Square design. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a distinct training effect with an exponential decline in RMR of all the subjects, while the mean of the coefficient of variation of intra-individual and inter-individual differences were of the order of 3.1 and 5.8 per cent respectively. The coefficient of variation of the measurement error was 2.93 per cent. PMID- 3771290 TI - Use of food quotients to predict respiratory quotients for the doubly-labelled water method of measuring energy expenditure. AB - A method is proposed for estimating the respiratory quotients (RQ) required in the calculation of free-living energy expenditure measured by the doubly-labelled water technique in man. Worked examples show that, in most normal subjects, measured or predicted food quotients (FQ) can be used in place of RQs since energy balance is usually maintained over the 10-20-d periods of double-isotope measurements. Examples of observed FQs in the UK are: omnivorous adults, 0.845 +/ 0.013 (s.d.); vegetarians, vegans and Asian immigrants, 0.860-0.880; breast-fed infants, 0.835 rising to 0.870 as weaning progresses; bottle-fed infants, 0.840 0.880. Alcohol intakes in excess of 2-3 per cent of total energy lower the FQ value. In most communities in the developing world FQs are substantially higher (0.900-0.955) due to the low contribution of fat to overall energy intakes; but FQs decrease progressively as the diet becomes more westernized. In the UK the between- and within-subject coefficients of variation based on 4-d weighed intakes are only 1.5 and 0.7 per cent respectively. A single 4-d measurement of dietary composition can therefore be used to predict a subject's FQ. In subjects in energy imbalance (eg, during growth, illness or when dieting) errors in calculated energy expenditure will rarely exceed 3-5 per cent even if the imbalance is ignored; in practice anabolism or catabolism can be accounted for and the FQ adjusted when converting FQ to RQ. The error incurred due to the substitution of adjusted FQ for RQ in the doubly-labelled water method will usually be negligible and should never exceed +/- 2 per cent. PMID- 3771291 TI - Estimation of muscle, fat, bone and intestines in pelvic sections of individuals with different body mass indices. PMID- 3771292 TI - Effect of different starchy foods in composite meals on gastric emptying rate and glucose metabolism. II. Comparisons between potatoes, rice and white beans in diabetic subjects. AB - Composite meals with mashed potatoes, polished rice or mashed white beans were administered to eleven diabetic subjects (seven Type II and four Type I). As earlier reported in non-diabetic subjects (Torsdottir et al., 1984) the difference in gastric emptying, measured by 51Cr-technique, correlated with the difference in blood glucose response when comparing the meals including mashed potatoes and polished rice, rs = 0.93 (P less than 0.01), but no such correlation was found after the meal with white beans. PMID- 3771293 TI - [Results of the treatment of 197 squamous cell carcinomas of the oropharynx (1964 1982 treatment period)]. AB - 197 consecutive patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the oropharynx were treated between 1964 and 1982. The 5 year actuarial survival was 43% (+/- 5%). In patients with stage I and II disease the actuarial survival with combined surgery and radiotherapy was 87% (+/- 16%), but with primary radiotherapy 40% (+/- 28% (p = 0.0250). The results in stage III and IV disease were 59% (+/- 11%) with combined therapy and 29% (+/- 15%) for radiotherapy alone (p = 0.0010). The five year actuarial survival for lymphoepithelial carcinomas (Schmincke) was 71% (+/- 16%) after radiotherapy whilst the patients with undifferentiated carcinomas achieved only 29% (+/- 11%). The survival rate for women (71% +/- 12%) was significantly better than for men (31% +/- 7%), although the proportion of stages was not different in both sexes. Because of these results and because of the minimal chances of controlling recurrent disease we prefer combined treatment not only in stage III and IV disease, but also in stage I and II disease. In these early stages partial mandibulectomy can be avoided. In selected cases transoral surgery can be combined with functional, discontinuous neck dissection. The functional results of surgery are thus minimised in the early stages of oropharyngeal carcinoma. PMID- 3771294 TI - [Indications and technics of laryngo-tracheo-bronchoscopy in newborn infants]. AB - A personal series of 319 laryngo-tracheo-bronchoscopies in neonates is reported including some special features such as functional disorders, peri- and postnatal trauma and foreign bodies. The advantages of rigid tubes at this early stage of life are specified and substantiated. Sedation is regarded as the most expedient form of anaesthesia because it is easily titrated. The nature and frequency of intra- and post-operative complications during neonatal endoscopies are described. PMID- 3771295 TI - [Differential diagnosis of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in Meniere's disease]. AB - 135 patients with BPPV and 56 patients with Meniere's disease were evaluated critically. The reliability of the diagnostic criteria (history and physical examination, audiograms and vestibular function tests) were compared. History, physical examination and patients' complaints were inconclusive. Moderate or severe medio- or pancochlear inner ear damage was more reliable, but not pathognomonic of Meniere's disease. Patients with BPPV had normal hearing or a high-frequency loss. Electronystagmographically recorded vestibular function tests were unreliable in establishing the diagnosis. The most valid test to distinguish BPPV and Meniere's disease was Hallpike's positional test, using Frenzel's spectacles for better observation of the provoked nystagmus. PMID- 3771297 TI - [Neuralgia of the superior laryngeal nerve caused by phonatory malfunctions]. AB - Clinical observations show a close relationship between neuralgia of the superior laryngeal nerve and disorders of the larynx. Neuralgia, and more minor symptoms are usually caused by hyper- and hypotonic phonatory disorders. An unphysiological compensation for glottic insufficiency causes irritation of the sensory telodendrons of the superior laryngeal nerve. As incomplete adduction of the vocal cords can often be found in patients with an autonomic laryngeal dystonia, a syndrome related to anxiety, these disturbances are often misinterpreted as "globus hystericus". However, this diagnosis does not take into account the cause and should therefore no longer be used. PMID- 3771296 TI - [Does virus diagnosis open new ways for the classification and treatment of sudden deafness, unilateral vestibular loss and idiopathic facial paralysis?]. AB - Paired sera from 51 patients with sudden deafness, 21 patients with acute vestibular loss and 28 patients with Bell's palsy were examined for antibodies against mumps-, echo-, herpes simplex- and coxsackie viruses. Only two serum samples showed a significant titer increase or decrease. So viral etiology of sudden deafness, acute vestibular loss and Bell's palsy seems to be unlikely and does not change the assignment and therapy of this disease. PMID- 3771298 TI - [Intermedius neuralgia]. AB - We report 2 cases of microvascular decompression of the nervus intermedius. The current views of aetiology of neuralgia and spasm of the cranial nerves are discussed based on intraoperative observations and electro-optical investigation reported in the literature. The complex anatomy within the sensory system of the facial nerve, and the intersection of its area of supply with that of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves are discussed. Surgical treatment is proposed with emphasis on the current preoperative difficulties of interpretation and the intraoperative constant variations in the course of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery. PMID- 3771299 TI - Development of the human dentate nucleus. AB - The developing human dentate nucleus (DN) was studied in a series of specimens of various pre- and postnatal ages ranging from 8 gestational weeks (gw) to 10 years, in Golgi-impregnated and Nissl-stained material. The DN emerges from the cerebellar white matter at around 16 gestational weeks (gw) as a thick band of cells (600-700 micron in width) that gradually attenuates to a final width of 150 250 micron as it undergoes extensive infolding beginning around 24 gw. The highly convoluted configuration of the adult DN is recognizable by 35 gw. Around 16 gw, two basic classes of DN neurons can be identified. Differentiation of these neurons is especially intensive during the mid-gestational period (20-25 gw). At this time the size of cell bodies increases, dendrites branch profusely and acquire spines. A second, slower phase of maturation consisting of addition of secondary and tertiary branches, continues into the postnatal period. At all prenatal ages examined, dentate neurons are morphologically more mature than the Purkinje cells in the overlying cortex. DN neurons of premature infants did not show cytomorphological differences when compared with babies born at term. PMID- 3771300 TI - Development of supination-pronation movements in normal children. AB - In 219 normal children aged from 4 to 9 years it is shown that several features of hand-arm supination/pronation movements do not develop with age at the same rate. Ipsilateral synkineses as well as associated mirror movements decrease and diadochokinetic movements are performed in a more regular way. Bimanual mirrorwise movements are well performed at an early age, while bimanual alternate movements have a slower development at the ages under study. It is argued that the developmental rate of bimanual alternate movements might partly represent the maturation of interhemispheric connectivity and contributes to the clinical judgment of development in a different way from the development of unimanual movements. It is thought that each characteristic of these movements has its own nervous substrate. PMID- 3771301 TI - Estimation of empty time. AB - Nine subjects maintained for 60 h in an environment characterized by "unfilled" time were requested to estimate the time of day throughout the period. Actual intervals to be estimated ranged from 5.2 to 23.5 h. Subjects tended to underestimate elapsed time, with the mean subjective hour continuing for 1.12 h in real time. Only 21% of all estimates of time of day were accurate. The state in which an interval was spent (sleep or wakefulness) influenced time estimation, as did the degree to which the sleep/wake cycle was disrupted. The data are interpreted as indicating that the degree to which an interval is "filled" or "unfilled" does not directly affect the manner in which the interval is perceived. PMID- 3771302 TI - Steady-state pattern VEP uncorrelated with suprathreshold contrast perception. AB - Campbell and Maffei (1970) reported a linear relationship between the logarithm of the grating pattern contrast and the amplitude of the visual evoked response (VEP). This enabled them to predict the pattern visibility by extrapolating to zero amplitude. By using a new digital fast sweep technique for acquiring and analysing steady state evoked potentials we show that, at clearly suprathreshold contrast levels, such a linear relationship only exists for certain spatial frequencies. In general, the VEP saturates with increasing contrast in a way that critically depends on stimulus spatial frequency. Such a dependency on spatial frequency is not obtained for suprathreshold contrast perception which is characterized by a remarkable contrast constancy. Thus the amplitude of the pattern VEP does not convey information about visual perception other than contrast detection thresholds. PMID- 3771303 TI - Is proper body positioning OMT? PMID- 3771304 TI - Routine prehysterectomy endometrial biopsy in a series of 523 women. PMID- 3771305 TI - Corpus callosal lipoma: report of 2 cases and review of the literature. PMID- 3771306 TI - Left atrial myxoma with coexistent lung carcinoma: report of a case and review of the literature. PMID- 3771307 TI - Hypertensive encephalopathy: report of a case. PMID- 3771308 TI - Paragangliomas of the carotid body: report of a case. PMID- 3771309 TI - Necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis: report of a case. PMID- 3771310 TI - Concurrent ectopic pregnancy, Meckel's diverticulum with vitelline duct remnant, cecal volvulus, and congenital complete heart block: report of a case. PMID- 3771311 TI - Varicose veins. PMID- 3771312 TI - Extremity preservation by combined modality treatment of sarcomas of the hand and wrist. AB - Soft tissue sarcomas are uncommon malignancies, less than 10% of which arise on the distal upper extremities. Consequently, experience with treatments which preserve both the limb and its function is lacking for tumors in this region. Sixteen patients with sarcomas arising in the hand and wrist and one with an aggressive desmoid tumor were treated by combined modality therapy at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Two patients had wide resections for multiple recurrent lesions, 5 had excisional biopsies, and 9 had incomplete excisions to preserve anatomic structures of the hand. One patient refused an amputation and had no surgery. Sarcoma patients were given postoperative radiation with a dose range of 50.2 to 69 Gy (median 68 Gy). The desmoid tumor received 44 Gy. A shrinking field technique with customized castings and cerrobend blocks was used to assure precision and minimize treatment volumes. Chemotherapy was reserved for metastatic disease. Local control was achieved in 14 patients who received combined modality treatment (87%), with a follow-up 1-12 years (median 33 months). Two of the three patients with local failures subsequently obtained a local control after salvage surgery and radiation. Four patients developed metastases, one with epitrochlear lymph node metastases was salvaged by amputation, the others died with lung disease 17, 37, and 111 months after treatment. Functional integrity of the limb was primarily dependent on the extent of surgical resection required. Among 12 patients with local and distant control, one patient (who had multiple wide resections of an extensive desmoid tumor preceding irradiation) lost over 50% use of her limb, but no patients required amputation for edema or pain control. Ten of the 12 patients with local and distant control had less than a 25% decrement in limb function and had no pain or edema associated with normal use of their hand. We conclude that for selected patients with sarcomas of the distal upper extremity, combined modality therapy consisting of conservative resection and careful radiation therapy is a viable alternative to amputation. PMID- 3771313 TI - Radiotherapy of Kaposi's sarcoma. AB - Between 1958 and 1983, 91 patients with Kaposi's sarcoma were referred to the Princess Margaret Hospital. Eight patients received no specific therapy immediately following their first assessment. Twenty-seven patients were treated by local field radiotherapy, of whom 17 entered complete remission and 6 have remained relapse-free. Fifty-six patients received extended field radiotherapy, usually a single fraction of 8 Gy megavoltage gamma-ray or photon therapy; 38 achieved completed remission, and 24 have remained relapse-free for a median duration of 3 years. The actuarial relapse-free survival for patients treated by local versus extended field radiotherapy significantly favors the extended field technique although the rates of relapse after complete remission has been achieved appear similar. Immunosuppression was present in 12 patients prior to the diagnosis of Kaposi's sarcoma; these patients had a similar response rate to radiation therapy to those who were not known to be immunosuppressed. A rationale for management, and radiation technique and dose are discussed. It is concluded that radiotherapy is an effective treatment for most forms of Kaposi's sarcoma. PMID- 3771314 TI - Intracranial ependymomas: results of treatment with partial or whole brain irradiation without spinal irradiation. AB - Twenty patients with intracranial ependymoma (16) or anaplastic ependymoma (4) received post-operative radiation therapy at the University of California, San Francisco from 1959 through 1981. No patient received prophylactic spinal irradiation. The actuarial survival at 5, 10, and 15 years for 15 patients with ependymoma who received greater than 45 Gy was 67, 57, and 46%, respectively. Only one patient (7%) developed clinically recognized spinal metastases; this patient was eventually shown to have tumor at the primary site, within the irradiated volume. Six of 11 patients treated with partial brain irradiation had an intracranial recurrence, versus 1 of 4 patients treated with whole brain irradiation. Three patients were autopsied after failing partial brain irradiation for an ependymoma and the site of failure was within the irradiated volume of each patient. Partial brain irradiation was used to treat 4 patients with anaplastic ependymoma. One developed a local recurrence within the irradiated volume. The other three survived longer than 10 years. At UCSF, most patients with low grade ependymomas are presently treated with partial brain irradiation, but whole brain plus spinal irradiation is used for anaplastic tumors. PMID- 3771315 TI - External irradiation for squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal vestibule. AB - A retrospective analysis of 56 patients who underwent primary external irradiation for squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal vestibule between 1958 and 1983 is presented. The overall 5 year actuarial survival and cause specific survival rates were 64 and 87%, respectively. The 5-year local relapse-free rate after primary irradiation was 80%. Prognostic factors which lowered the local control rate after irradiation included a primary tumor size of 2 cm or more, or involvement of the skin of the ala nasi, columella, lip, cartilage, or bone. Local control was improved in patients who received a tumor dose equivalent to, or greater than, 5500 cGy/25 fractions/5 weeks. Only two patients in whom the primary tumor was controlled developed regional nodal metastases, and elective regional nodal irradiation is not recommended. Four patients (9%) developed significant late morbidity after irradiation. External irradiation is effective treatment for squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal vestibule, and produces high local control and cure rates and good cosmetic results. PMID- 3771316 TI - The late effects of radiation on the blood brain barrier. AB - Rats were irradiated with 60 to 20 Gy in a single dose focussed to a volume of 0.5 cc in the center of the left hemisphere. Breakdown of the BBB was detected by the presence of spikes on EEG after subcutaneous injection of Bicuculline methiodide, and the presence of staining following Evans Blue dye injection. Breakdown of the BBB (mean and standard deviation) occurred in 38/46 of the 60 Gy rats at 98 +/- 16 days, 7/11 of the 50 Gy rats at 128 +/- 25 days, 11/18 of the 40 Gy rats at 162 +/- 3 days, 5/11 of the 30 Gy rats at 178 +/- 5 days and, 7/12 of the 20 Gy rats at 217 +/- 7 days post irradiation. This study suggests that endothelial damage could be the principle mechanism mediating the late radiation syndrome. PMID- 3771317 TI - Differential reduction by caffeine of adriamycin induced cell killing and cell cycle delays in Chinese hamster V79 cells. AB - Exponentially growing Chinese-hamster V79-cells were treated with various doses of adriamycin (ADR) for 1 hr in the presence or absence of 2 mM caffeine and were subsequently incubated for 24 hr in fresh medium with or without caffeine (2 mM) before plating to assay for survival. The results indicated a reduction in killing when caffeine was present during treatment with ADR (e.g., reduction in killing from 0.03 to 0.3 after exposure to 0.5 microgram/ml ADR). This reduction in killing was even more pronounced after a 24 hr treatment with ADR in the presence of caffeine (e.g., reduction from 0.005 to 0.5 after exposure to 0.08 microgram/ml ADR). Incubation with caffeine after ADR treatment (1 hr) caused only a comparably small increase in cell survival. Presence of caffeine either simultaneously or after treatment with ADR caused a reduction of the inhibition of growth and mean-cell-volume increase, and a reduction of the accumulation of cells in G2-phase. Qualitatively similar results were also obtained after continuous treatment with ADR in the presence or absence of caffeine. Reduction in growth inhibition and accumulation of cells in G2-phase was observed under conditions only slightly affecting cell survival, thus suggesting that caffeine may affect these two phenomena by independent mechanisms. Flow cytometry measurement of the intracellular ADR content indicated a reduction in the presence of caffeine. Furthermore, post-treatment incubation with caffeine was found to increase the rate of decay of ADR-related fluorescence. Quantitative comparison between the effect of caffeine in the intracellular ADR accumulation and cell survival suggested that the observed reduction in killing could be attributed to a decrease in the intracellular drug levels. The reduction by caffeine of the ADR-induced cell cycle delays is attributed to either the decrease in the intracellular ADR dose in the presence of caffeine, or to an effect of caffeine similar to that exerted after exposure of cells to ionizing radiation. Trifluoperazine, which had only a small effect on cell survival of cells treated with ADR alone, potentiated killing when cells were treated with ADR in the presence of caffeine. This effect can be partly attributed to the observed modification in the intracellular ADR content under these conditions but, as a quantitative comparison suggests, other effects might also be involved. PMID- 3771318 TI - Specific absorption rate and tissue temperature in local hyperthermia. AB - Specific absorption rate (SAR) and tissue temperature were measured for a total of 83 treatments in 33 patients who received local hyperthermia treatment for cancer. The patients were grouped into three categories according to tumor size. Hyperthermia was induced by 13.56 MHz electromagnetic energy applied using capacitive coupling. A method is described for evaluating SAR from the tissue temperature traces at any time in the treatment when a step change is made in applied power. The method is possible only if the temperature traces are free from interference and the total power delivered to the patient is monitored. Mean values of SAR ranged from 4.6 to 89 W kg-1 depending on the treatment site. Satisfactory heating was achieved for superficial tumors, with temperatures greater than 42 degrees C being recorded in 69% of treatments. For axillary nodes only 4% of treatments exceeded 42 degrees C. For cervix tumors an idealized tumor model was used to estimate tumor temperature from the temperature and SAR measured in the adjacent normal tissue. From the model it appears necessary either to raise the systemic temperature to 40 degrees C or to increase the SAR by at least a factor of 4 to obtain a temperature of 42 degrees C in a typical tumor. Measurements of SAR and temperature are essential for feedback control of computer models which, in principle, could provide a complete distribution of temperature during a hyperthermia treatment. Furthermore, measured SAR provides a direct comparison of the power deposition from different treatment machines in a clinical environment. The data presented form a basis for comparison with the clinical use of other heating systems. PMID- 3771319 TI - A new design of microwave interstitial applicators for hyperthermia with improved treatment volume. AB - New 915 MHz microwave interstitial applicators with improved treatment volume have been developed for clinical hyperthermia. The applicators are made from semi rigid miniature coaxial cables by removing sections of the outer copper conductor to create multiple nodes while preserving the integrity of the teflon dielectric insulators. The homogeneity of the temperature distribution along the longitudinal axis is optimized by empirically adjusting the spacing of the gaps between sections of the outer conductor along the length of the applicator. In vitro and in vivo testing of the two-node and three-node microwave applicators show that the treatment volume can be improved by 100% over that of a one-node microwave applicator. PMID- 3771320 TI - A practical method of delivering the posterior axillary boost for the treatment of patients with breast cancer. AB - A practical technique for delivery of the posterior axillary boost is reported. A standard breast board is modified to allow for treatment of all fields in a single clinical set-up, and the posterior boost is delivered through a cut-out in the breast board. This technique is simple, is efficient, and eliminates problems of patient positioning and daily reproducibility. PMID- 3771321 TI - Limited surgery and radiation therapy for sarcomas of the hand and foot. PMID- 3771323 TI - What's the glut. PMID- 3771322 TI - The significance of anemia in clinical radiation therapy. PMID- 3771324 TI - Psychoanalytic economics in the coming generation. PMID- 3771325 TI - Psychotherapy of patients with serious intercurrent medical illness (cancer). AB - Exploratory psychotherapy of patients with chronic intercurrent illness has received little attention by psychoanalysts. A young woman with life-long characterologic problems presented herself for analytic psychotherapy shortly after surgery and radiotherapy for a malignancy. The debility of her illness facilitated a slowdown in an action-prone patient and permitted the necessary introspection and regression. willing One finds in these patients a readiness to reorder priorities and a willingness to examine and make the most of their lives, and psychotherapy can therefore become an opportunity for positive change rather than just support for a medical catastrophe. The therapy must address itself to childhood losses and betrayals symbolically repeated in the current medical state. PMID- 3771326 TI - The meaning of projection in self psychology. PMID- 3771327 TI - Implications of the behavioral sex therapies for psychoanalytic theory and practice: intrapsychic sequelae of symptom removal in the patient and spouse. PMID- 3771328 TI - Philosophical paradigms in psychoanalysis. PMID- 3771329 TI - Virginia Woolf and Leslie Stephen: a father's contribution to psychosis and genius. AB - Leslie Stephen, the father of Virginia Woolf, was a cacophony of contradictions. From all accounts, he was a bully, a manipulator, and a blustering, pessimistic, emotionally dishonest man. Although he could be lovable, charming, whimsical, encouraging, and deeply devoted to his family, he subjugated the adult women in his household and at least one son to exploitation and abuse, demanding (and receiving from his wife and step-daughter) almost total abnegation of self. Julia Stephen, in contrast, was an optimistic, seemingly selfless person, who characteristically presented herself in an "up" mood to the world. Virginia incorporated both parental moods into her character structure, as have a number of the author's cyclothymic patients. Therefore, it is postulated that pessimism and habitual deflating affronts on the part of one parent, in combination with a compulsive "good mood" on the part of the second parent, are a particularly lethal combination of character traits, which in their offspring may contribute to the rapid mood shifting characteristic of manic depression. In contrast to Julie, Stephen was a presence who could not be side-stepped. This combination of sweet and monstrous attributes in her father's nature, and again in the contrasting temperaments of the parental couple, must have been impossible to integrate for the small Virginia, who already was desperately engaged in the struggle for selfhood. She could not complete her development on the oedipal level, although she loved her father dearly, because identification with her mother meant further threat to an identity already weakened at the separation individuation phase of development. Virginia's solution was to identify with her father in his character, his sexual identity, and his profession. Stephen, who was particularly devoted to Virginia, whom he regarded as an extension of himself, encouraged this identification, and served as her teacher and mentor. In that sense, he truly was the captain of the ship in her voyage To the Lighthouse, master of the currents that swept her onward to the grand light of her genius. A four-fold comparison of Virginia Woolf and Leslie Stephen is made concerning their respective ages of weaning, success in navigating both the rapproachment phase of separation-individuation and the oedipal period, and the ages at which their mothers died. It appears that Virginia lost her mother at those four critical periods when Leslie did not.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3771330 TI - Amae as metalanguage: a critique of Doi's theory of amae. AB - For many years Doi's ideas on the links between amae and the satisfaction of dependency needs have influenced discussions of the so-called Japanese character. In reviewing Doi's theory, however, major problems emerge. Beginning with the very definition of amae, one finds that Doi has chosen to stress only one aspect of amae. When one returns to his lexical sources, one discovers that the common denominator in the various definitions of amae does not lie in a single, monolithic motivation, as Doi proposes. Instead, it is suggested, amae should be viewed as a metalanguage. To understand the metacommunicational significance of amae, one must consider the rules that govern the behavior of the interactants in amae. Three different situations of amae are delineated. In the childhood interaction, the child playfully mimicks the infant's attachment behavior. With the adult coquetry situation, one observes the female playfully behaving as if she were the child mimicking the infant-mother prototype. Finally, in the third context subset of amae, there is a "trespassing on" or "taking advantage of" another person, with the beneficent approval of the second interactant. The common factor thus appears to be a mutually agreed-upon suspension of certain ordinary restraints on behavior. A metalanguage theory of amae, as an alternative to Doi's proposal, places emphasis on the culture-specific message of the interaction itself rather than on a single, monolithic motivation or an object language interpretation. Indeed, various motivations are suggested, depending on the specific context of amae as well as the individual case. In this way, it is hoped, a metacommunicational approach to the understanding of amae may broaden the consideration of motivational issues, extending far beyond Doi's insistence on dependency and the search for passive love. PMID- 3771331 TI - Some psychoanalytic thoughts about King Lear, Dante, and Don Quixote. PMID- 3771332 TI - An explanation of superego functioning in the development of a Bourgeois revolutionary: a review of La Vita Interiore. PMID- 3771333 TI - More on treatment of cataracts. PMID- 3771334 TI - Product liability and the veterinarian. PMID- 3771335 TI - Animal rights in perspective. PMID- 3771336 TI - Financing veterinary education. PMID- 3771337 TI - Epidemiologic and economic analyses of an unusually long epizootic of trichomoniasis in a large California dairy herd. AB - An epizootic of trichomoniasis in a large California dairy herd caused an estimated economic loss of $66,538 ($665/infected cow). Greatest losses were caused by infertility (about 50% of losses caused by excess days open). The disease continued in the herd, despite culling older bulls and replacing them with young uninfected bulls and despite institution of an artificial insemination (AI) breeding program for 2 high-production strings. The AI breeder's practice of checking for estrus by vaginal examination was implicated in the spread of the disease. Of 5 cows that became infected before or at conception, 1 had the infection throughout the gestation period and into the next lactation. The prevalence of trichomoniasis in the herd (estimated on the basis of culture results) was 10.67%. The culture method had a calculated sensitivity of only 58.7%. Of 940 cows in the herd, 132 aborted during the epizootic (8 aborted twice); 45 abortions would have been expected in a dairy herd of this size in the absence of trichomoniasis. In high-density mass-bred herds, conditions and/or management practices may be conducive for trichomoniasis transmission, and generally recommended control programs should be adjusted on such dairies. In particular, dairy operators should not assume that culling older bulls and replacing them with young uninfected bulls and that institution of an AI program will be effective in limiting the spread of the disease. Moreover, a diagnostic test with improved sensitivity would greatly assist in the identification of infected cows. PMID- 3771338 TI - Factors for prognostic use in equine obstructive small intestinal disease. AB - Twenty horses with small intestinal obstructions requiring surgery were evaluated prospectively. Ten horses lived (group 1) and 10 died (group 2). Eight of the horses in group 1 had simple obstruction and 7 of the horses in group 2 had strangulation obstruction. There was a significant difference (P less than 0.001) between the mean intraluminal hydrostatic pressure in horses of groups 1 and 2 (6.3 cm H2O and 15 cm H2O, respectively). The mean peritoneal fluid protein concentration in horses of groups 1 and 2 (2.8 mg/dl and 5.4 mg/dl, respectively) also differed significantly between groups (P less than 0.01). Histologic evaluation of the intestinal specimens from horses of group 1 (n = 3) and group 2 (n = 6) revealed more severe mucosal lesions in group 2. The measured values that were not significantly different between the 2 groups included PCV, total serum protein content, WBC count, anion gap, and duration of colic before admission. It was concluded that peritoneal fluid protein concentration and intraluminal hydrostatic pressure in small intestinal obstruction may be used as adjuncts to diagnosis and as prognostic indicators. PMID- 3771339 TI - Trichlorfon-induced congenital cerebellar hypoplasia in neonatal pigs. AB - The neuroteratogenicity of trichlorfon was evaluated in 3 groups of pregnant sows (8/group). The treatments were: control (no trichlorfon), trichlorfon (60 mg/kg of body weight) in the feed only on day 55 of gestation, or trichlorfon (60 mg/kg of body weight) in the feed on day 55 and day 70 of gestation. One week after farrowing, all newborn pigs were removed from the sows and were euthanatized. Brain and cerebellum weights of the newborn pigs were recorded. Mean cerebellum weights and cerebellum/total brain weight ratios of the neonatal pigs were 3.780 and 0.106 (group 1, n = 26), 3.183 and 0.098 (group 2, n = 42), and 2.986 and 0.088 (group 3, n = 61). Although trichlorfon interfered with cerebellar development and the severity of the trichlorfon-induced cerebellar hypoplasia was dosage-related, ataxia did not develop in the neonatal pigs. PMID- 3771340 TI - Pharmacokinetic adjustment of gentamicin dosing in horses with sepsis. AB - Serum gentamicin concentrations were measured and pharmacokinetic values were calculated for 12 equine patients receiving parenteral gentamicin therapy. Horses were selected for monitoring of gentamicin pharmacokinetics if they met several criteria of high risk for gentamicin-induced toxicosis. Two blood samples were obtained, one immediately before gentamicin dosing and one at 1 hour after dosing. Gentamicin serum concentrations were analyzed and dosage adjustments were made on the basis of calculated one-compartment pharmacokinetic values. Nine of the 12 horses required dosage adjustment to optimize therapeutic concentrations. Even for horses for which there was no evidence of decreased renal function, variation in the disposition of gentamicin was substantial. Because of the larger volume of distribution in foals, an initial dosage of 3 mg/kg every 12 hours was found to best approximate target concentrations. Therefore, published standard dosages were a poor means of achieving desired peak and trough concentrations in many animals. Seemingly, for optimal treatment of horses with sepsis, gentamicin dosage adjustments based on the patient's pharmacokinetic values is required. PMID- 3771341 TI - Herniation of the abdominal wall in pregnant mares. AB - Abdominal wall hernia was detected in 4 pregnant mares. Antemortem diagnosis of the specific abdominal wall lesion was difficult. Ventral deviation of the abdomen, associated abdominal wall edema, and pain indicated rupture of the prepubic tendon. Three mares examined at necropsy did not have a rupture of the prepubic tendon but did have herniation of the abdominal wall. Abdominal pain was severe and was compounded by incarceration or entrapment of viscus. PMID- 3771342 TI - Surgery and radiotherapy for management of compound odontoma in a heifer. AB - A 1 1/2-year-old Holstein heifer was examined because of a rostral mandibular mass. On the basis of radiographic and histopathologic findings, a diagnosis of compound odontoma was made. The heifer was successfully treated with surgery and irradiation. PMID- 3771343 TI - Osteochondrosis-like lesion of the anconeal process in two horses. AB - A suspected lesion of osteochondrosis dissecans involving the anconeal process of the humeroradial joint (elbow) was found in 2 horses. In horse 1, the lesion was found during routine lameness examination, during which alleviation of the lameness was achieved after intra-articular anesthesia of the elbow. In horse 2, the lesion was found at necropsy. Horse 1 responded satisfactorily to intra articular treatment with hyaluronic acid. Both horses also had other joints affected with osteochondrosis dissecans. PMID- 3771344 TI - Premature mammary development in a heifer with abdominal mesothelioma. AB - A 13-month-old nonpregnant Holstein heifer had premature mammary gland development. A mesothelioma was found to involve the entire abdominal cavity, with 2 large tumorous masses adjacent to the right ovary and left kidney. Physiologic function of the ovary had been affected by the neoplasm. PMID- 3771345 TI - Uterine rupture in a mare. AB - This report involves uterine rupture in a mare, which was unique because it was not associated with assisted or difficult foaling. We describe an alternative to surgical correction of the condition and illustrate the need for luminal uterine palpation, so that uterine rupture does not go undiagnosed. PMID- 3771346 TI - Pharmacologic activity of doxycycline. PMID- 3771347 TI - Palpation of ovaries. PMID- 3771348 TI - Injectable vitamin K3. PMID- 3771350 TI - Practicality vs technology. PMID- 3771349 TI - Report of drug-associated hepatitis in dogs. PMID- 3771351 TI - Student surgery. PMID- 3771352 TI - More on vaccine efficacy trial. PMID- 3771353 TI - Bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine. PMID- 3771354 TI - Treatment of swine dysentery. PMID- 3771355 TI - Marketing veterinary services. PMID- 3771356 TI - More on veterinary manpower. PMID- 3771357 TI - Bulk drugs and chemical substances. PMID- 3771358 TI - Bile acid concentrations in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease in the cat. AB - The clinical usefulness of measuring serum bile acid concentrations as a diagnostic test for hepatobiliary disease was examined in 80 cats that were suspected of having hepatic disease. Serum values of total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST) also were measured. Fasting serum bile acid values were determined by use of solid-phase radioimmunoassay for total conjugated bile acids or by a direct enzymatic spectrophotometric method. A definitive diagnosis was established by histologic examination of the liver, and on the basis of these findings, cats were assigned to groups (1 to 8, respectively) including: extrahepatic bile duct obstruction, hepatic lipidosis, cirrhosis, intrahepatic cholestasis (cholangiohepatitis, cholangitis), neoplasia, hepatic necrosis, portosystemic vascular anomalies, and miscellaneous. Cats in group 8 had no morphologic evidence of hepatobiliary disease or had hepatic lesions that were mild. Test efficacy of fasting serum bile acids, total bilirubin, ALP, ALT, and AST were expressed by use of 4 indices: sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. The diagnostic efficacy of fasting serum bile acids was examined alone and in combinations with the other tests. There was wide overlapping of values of fasting serum bile acids, total bilirubin, ALP, ALT, and AST among cats in groups 1 to 7. The specificity of fasting serum bile acids for the diagnosis of hepatic disease exceeded 90% at values greater than or equal to 5 mumol/L and reached 100% at greater than or equal to 15 mumol/L.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3771359 TI - Surgical repair of rhegmatogenous retinal detachments in dogs. AB - One to five weeks after cataract removal, retinal detachments due to retinal breaks (rhegmatogenous detachments) were detected in 4 dogs. Surgical repair of the detachments, using a scleral buckling procedure, was successful in 3 of the 4 dogs. PMID- 3771360 TI - Effects of an insecticidal dip containing d-limonene in the cat. AB - A study was undertaken to determine the effects of a single dermal application of a commercial insecticidal dip containing 78.2% d-limonene in cats. At the manufacturer's recommended concentration of 1.5 oz/gal of water, no clinical signs or lesions of toxicosis were seen. At 5 times the recommended concentration, clinical signs were mild and consisted of hypersalivation of short duration, ataxia, and muscle tremors resembling shivering. At 15 times the recommended concentration, clinical signs included hypersalivation lasting 15 to 30 minutes, moderate-to-severe ataxia lasting 1 to 5 hours, muscle tremors resembling shivering lasting 1 to 4 hours, and severe hypothermia beginning soon after treatment and lasting 5 hours. Gross lesions were confined to excoriation of the scrotal and perineal areas of the treated male cats at the 15 X concentration. No deaths or other lasting effects were seen at any dosage. PMID- 3771361 TI - Acquired scoliosis associated with hydromyelia and syringomyelia in two dogs. AB - Progressive scoliosis resulting from hydromyelia and syringomyelia was found in 2 dogs. In one dog, hydromyelia was associated with pachymeningeal fibrosis, with adhesions in the cervical portion of the spinal cord. In the other case, a cause was not established. Neither dog had congenital CNS malformations. The clinicopathologic findings in the 2 dogs are described, and the etiology and pathogenesis of hydromyelia and syringomyelia are discussed. PMID- 3771362 TI - Serratia liquefaciens mastitis in a dairy herd. AB - Serratia liquefaciens mastitis was detected and investigated in a 41-cow Holstein herd. Twenty cows were treated for mastitis over a 3-month period. Serratia liquefaciens was isolated from milk samples obtained from 8 of 12 cows tested during the epizootic. Results of an epidemiologic investigation suggested that extensive frostbite of the teats decreased the udder defense. Poor milking technique and hygiene were responsible for increased exposure of the damaged teats to potential udder pathogens. Treatment of each cow resulted in initial clinical improvement, but exacerbations occurred in 75% of the cows with documented S liquefaciens infections. PMID- 3771363 TI - Uveitis associated with Ehrlichia platys infection in a dog. AB - Bilateral anterior uveitis, nonregenerative anemia, and thrombocytopenia were found in a 9-month-old Chow Chow infected with Ehrlichia platys. Diagnosis was based on the finding of basophilic inclusions in platelets and an E platys antibody titer. The dog was treated orally with tetracycline, topically with antibiotic/corticosteroid, and topically with a mydriatic. PMID- 3771364 TI - Ibuprofen toxicosis in a dog. AB - Acute renal failure, vomiting, and melena developed in a 10-month-old dog after ingestion of ten 600-mg tablets of ibuprofen. After 5 days of IV fluid therapy, clinical signs resolved and azotemia decreased. With increased availability of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, similar complications may become more common in veterinary practice. If acute renal failure should develop, the prognosis for recovery is good, with rapid institution of appropriate therapy. However, renal dysfunction may not be completely reversed. PMID- 3771365 TI - Healing and wounding: the collision of the sacred and the profane in narcissism. PMID- 3771366 TI - Repair of experimental varicoceles in the rat. Long-term effects on testicular blood flow and temperature and cauda epididymidal sperm concentration and motility. AB - The effects of varicocele and varicocele repair on testicular blood flow, temperature, sperm counts, and sperm motility were assessed in adult male rats. The duration of the experimental varicocele and the varicocele repair were three and two times as long, respectively, as that studied previously. Varicoceles were created by partial ligation of the left renal vein and repairs were accomplished by high ligation of the left spermatic vein. Testicular blood flow was determined by using the radiolabeled microsphere technique. Testicular temperature was taken via needle probe thermometer. Sperm samples were obtained by micropuncture of the cauda epididymidis, and were counted on a hemacytometer and observed for motility under the light microscope. Varicoceles were studied 100 days after their creation. Repairs were performed on varicoceles that had lasted 100 days and the animals were studied 60 days after repair. Mean testicular blood flow (ml/100 g tissue/min) was significantly increased (P less than 0.05) in animals with varicocele (left testis (LT) = 42.2 +/- 1.1, right testis (RT) = 39.1 +/- 1.2) when compared with normal controls (LT = 29.3 +/- 1.6, RT = 29.6 +/- 1.7), animals with varicocele repair (LT = 30.7 +/- 1.3, RT = 30.0 +/- 1.6), or sham operated animals (LT = 29.7 +/- 1.4, RT = 31.1 +/- 1.4).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3771367 TI - Effects of diazacholesterol dihydrochloride (SC-12937), an avian antifertility agent, on rat testis. AB - The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of an avian chemosterilant, 20, 25-diazacholesterol dihydrochloride (SC-12937), on the rat testis. Adult male rats were injected intraperitoneally with 10 mg (Group 1) or 30 mg (Group 2) of SC-12937/kg/d or with vehicle alone (Group 3) for 10 days, and were killed 24 hours after the last injection. A wide range of variation in the appearance of affected seminiferous tubules was observed in the testis of SC 12937-treated rats at both dose levels. This ranged from apparently normal looking seminiferous tubules to almost completely atrophied tubules with no cells. Affected tubules exhibited intraepithelial vacuoles of varying size, multinucleated giant cells, germ cell exfoliation, and tubular atrophy. The presence of severely damaged and entirely normal seminiferous tubules adjacent to one another in the same section was noteworthy. The changes appeared to be dose related. A greater number (34.6%) of affected tubules were observed in rats receiving 30 mg of SC-12937 compared with the ones receiving 10 mg of this compound (19.6%). The Sertoli cells also were affected by this drug and exhibited cytoplasmic vacuolation, a marked increase in the accumulation of lipid droplets and myeloid bodies. Necrotic Sertoli cells also were observed in the severely affected tubules. The possible mechanism of antispermatogenic action of SC-12937 in rats has been discussed briefly. PMID- 3771368 TI - Testicular and serum testosterone variations in squirrel monkeys during seasonal cyclicity. AB - The seasonal testicular maturation of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) was used as a model of maturational hormonal regulation of the testis. Testicular testosterone and serum testosterone concentrations were determined during the circannual variations of body weight and testicular volume. These data have been correlated with changes in the germinal epithelium. According to individual weight curves and time of the year, the monkeys were divided into five groups: group A1, maximal weight, April-May; A2, July; A3, November; A4, minimal weight, February-March; and A5, March-April. Variations in testicular volume followed very closely variations in body weight. Sexual activity started at A1 and persisted in A2. A marked drop in the mean width of the germinal epithelium and the diameters of the seminiferous tubules was observed in A3, followed by a recovery during A4 and A5. Testicular testosterone showed two annual elevations. The first peak, 3.91 +/- 0.31 micrograms/g (mean +/- SE), coincided with the serum testosterone peak when body weight and testicular volume were high and the trophic response of the germinal epithelium was complete. The second peak reached levels of 5.21 +/- 1.48 micrograms/g and was observed before the reinitiation of spermatogenesis. This was accompanied by a moderate increase in serum testosterone. The second peak of testicular testosterone, which has been reported to occur in the rat and in humans, might represent a local androgen need for initiation of spermatogenesis, while the first peak might represent the androgen need for full stimulation of spermatogenesis. PMID- 3771369 TI - Age-related variation in seminiferous tubules in men. A stereologic evaluation. AB - Tubular boundary tissue and seminiferous epithelia were evaluated stereologically in testes from 28 men aged 20 to 48 years and 28 men aged 50 to 90 years. Testes obtained at autopsy within 15 hours of death were perfused with glutaraldehyde, embedded in Epon (Ladd Research Industries, Inc., Burlington, VT), sectioned at 0.5 micron, and stained with toluidine blue. Volume densities (percentage of the testicular parenchyma) of various parameters determined by point counting and diameter measurements were used to calculate total volumes, length of tubules, and number of cells. Electron microscopy was used to determine the volume density of myoid cells in the boundary tissue. Significant (P less than 0.01) age-related reductions occurred in paired testicular weights, paired parenchymal weights, total volume of seminiferous tubules and of seminiferous epithelium, and length of tubules. The volume density and thickness of boundary tissue increased (P less than 0.01) with age. The volume of boundary tissue per man and the volume density of myoid cells in the boundary tissue did not vary with age. Although the number of myoid cells per man tended to be lower in the older group, the number of myoid cells per cross section of seminiferous tubule was increased (P less than 0.01) in older men. The age-related thickening of the boundary tissue was not due to an increase in boundary tissue but resulted from a reduction in the length of the seminiferous tubules. PMID- 3771370 TI - Kinetics of human spermatozoa long-chain fatty acid: CoASH ligase. AB - The kinetics of long-chain saturated fatty acid activation were studied in the supernatant obtained from Triton-treated human spermatozoa. Sperm long-chain fatty acid: CoASH ligase (AMP) (E.C. 6.2.1.3) was able to activate myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids, but was incapable of utilizing lauric, arachidic, and behenic acids. Peak activity was obtained with palmitic acid. Although the Kms for each fatty acid were similar (4.3 to 5.0 microM), the Vmax was several fold higher for palmitate. In contrast, ligase from liver homogenates assayed under identical conditions activated lauric through stearic acids, with maximal rates being noted with myristic acid. When compared with nongerminal tissues, sperm ligase appears unique because of its narrower acyl substrate specificity. PMID- 3771371 TI - Seminal carnitine content in obstructive azoospermia. Correlation with the anatomic level of obstruction. AB - Free carnitine in human semen originates predominantly in the epididymis. The role of carnitine in the evaluation of different forms of obstructive azoospermia was studied in 42 patients. In 14 of the men, a bilateral vasectomy had been performed. In the remaining 28 patients, the occlusion was located within the epididymis. In postvasectomy cases and where the occlusion was located in the cauda epididymidis, carnitine concentrations were low, with mean values of 115.57 mumol/l and 121.28 mumol/l, respectively. When the occlusion was located in the corpus epididymidis, the mean value increased to 194.72 mumol/l. In patients having obstruction of the caput epididymidis or of the rete testis, the mean value of free carnitine was 416.0 mumol/l. After vasovasostomy, a return of free carnitine concentration to the normal range was observed in 10 of 12 cases. The results indicate that there is a significant correlation in patients with obstructive azoospermia between the concentration of free carnitine and the anatomic site of the obstruction. These findings may lead to important conclusions concerning therapy and prognosis for patients presenting with this condition. PMID- 3771372 TI - Incorporation of inositol in the cochlear tissues as determined by autoradiography. AB - The sites of incorporation of [3H]inositol perfused perilymphatically in the guinea pig cochlea were localized autoradiographically. In the organ of Corti, active incorporation occurred in the synapses, nerve fibers, pillars and nuclei of various cells. Both hair cells and supporting cells moderately incorporated inositol. In the lateral wall of the cochlear duct marked incorporation was observed in the epithelia of the vascular stria and spiral prominence. The possible involvement of inositol phospholipids in auditory transduction at the organ of Corti and in ionic transport in the lateral wall of the cochlea is briefly discussed. PMID- 3771373 TI - Representation of the cochlea in primary auditory cortex of the ferret (Mustela putorius). AB - In seven barbiturate-anesthetized ferrets, we explored the acoustically sensitive cortex with conventional microelectrode mapping techniques. A tonotopically organized field was found whose orientation was such that high tonal frequencies were represented dorsally, and low frequencies ventrally. Within this field, neurons typically had short (12-20 ms) latent periods to first spikes. In conjunction with extant anatomical evidence on the connectivity of this region, these data suggest that this field represents the ferret's primary auditory cortex. PMID- 3771374 TI - The tensor tympani muscle reflex in the mouse. AB - Click evoked electromyographic (EMG) recordings were made from the contralateral tensor tympani muscle of anaesthetised mice. The mean threshold of the EMG response was around 50 dB SPL (peak equivalent) with a mean latency close to 4 ms. The mean amplitude of the response increased over a range of 70 dB to reach a level of around 150 microV with a mean latency around 3.5 ms. The tensor tympani muscle activity was investigated also in profoundly hearing-impaired mutant mice with either cochlear dysfunction (deafness) or brainstem dysfunction (quivering). No evoked EMG activity was detected in either group of hearing-impaired mutants. The data suggest that EMG activity in the mouse can provide a sensitive monitor of auditory function. The study of reflex activity in further mouse mutants is likely to provide information on the vulnerability of the reflex to different types of naturally occurring cochlear and brainstem pathology. PMID- 3771375 TI - A model of the effect of outer hair cell motility on cochlear vibrations. AB - A model of cochlear function is presented in which deformation forces within outer hair cells are assumed to occur in synchronized response to generator potentials. Assuming a 90 degree phase lag between the generator potentials and the deformation forces, it is shown that the forces act to reduce cochlear partition damping and thus increase frequency selectivity. A number of other experimentally observed phenomena, such as the effects of efferent-fiber stimulation and electrical polarization, can also be accounted for with this model. PMID- 3771376 TI - Changes in endolymph chloride concentration following furosemide injection. AB - Endocochlear potential (EP) and chloride concentration in endolymph were monitored with microelectrodes in the basal turn of the cochlea of the chinchilla. After intravenous injection of furosemide (25-100 mg/kg), the EP dropped precipitously and rapidly reached its minimum value, however, the chloride activity in endolymph decreased more gradually. Possible mechanisms for this phenomenon include a reduced electrostatic attraction of chloride ions to the scala media due to a decreased EP and a reduction of passive influx of chloride into endolymph, resulting from a reduction of active inward potassium transport by furosemide. PMID- 3771377 TI - Offset tuning curves generated by simultaneous masking are more finely tuned than those generated by forward masking. AB - The rapid ending of a tone produces an evoked potential which has different properties than that which is produced by the sudden onset of a tone. At the level of the round window, the offset N1 N2 follows the ending of the cochlear microphonic (CM) by approximately the same amount of time as does the onset N1 N2 to the onset of the CM. Both onset and offset responses are abolished with cochlear lesion. Continuous masking was used to generate tuning curves (TCs) from the NI-PI component of the evoked potential recorded from the round window of the gerbil. Those evoked potentials generated in response to the tone onset were complementary in appearance to those generated in response to the tone offset. TCs generated by continuous masking of the NI-PII component of the auditory brainstem response (ABR) of the gerbil show the same pattern. When it is generated by simultaneous masking, the midfrequency offset TC in the gerbil and mouse is W-shaped. It has two well tuned tips which occur at frequencies below and above that of the probe stimulus used to generate the TC. It also has an even better tuned peak occurring at or slightly above the probe stimulus frequency, which becomes sharper as the masker sound pressure level (SPL) is increased from 50 to over 80 dB. Because the midfrequency onset response is approximately 40 dB lower than the midfrequency offset response, probe stimuli for onset TCs are generally set at lower SPLs. When the onset probe stimulus is set to the same level as that of the offset probe, the Q10 dB of the offset TC may be up to 10 times the value of the Q10 dB of the onset TC. The offset TC generated in the CBA/J mouse by forward masking is quite different from that produced by simultaneous masking. Both forward and simultaneous conditions utilized a 40 ms duration tone to mask the PI-NI component of offset and onset ABRs of the mouse which were evoked by a 10 ms duration, 32 kHz tone, presented at an interstimulus interval of 160 ms. Forward masking (when compared with simultaneous masking) resulted in a more sharply tuned onset TC. But the offset TC was much less sharply tuned in the forward masking condition. This suggests that the offset response may reflect functions which are involved with fine tuning at moderate to high intensities in the presence of simultaneous sounds of similar spectral characteristics.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3771378 TI - Detection of pure-tone amplitude modulation as a function of sensation level from 8 to 14 kHz. AB - Amplitude modulation detection thresholds were obtained for pure-tone stimuli of 8, 10, 12 and 14 kHz at 5 dB intensity increments from 10 to 65 dB sensation level. Performance at 8 and 10 kHz was a non-monotonic function of sensation level for all four subjects with the largest difference limen measured near 30 dB sensation level and optimal performance at the highest sensation level (60 dB). Weber fractions at 12 and 14 kHz appear dependent on each subject's high frequency hearing profile; i.e., the difference limens remain high and either increase or remain essentially constant at high sensation levels only when the frequencies tested are near a particular subject's upper limit of hearing. PMID- 3771379 TI - Cytoskeletal organization in the supporting cell of the guinea pig organ of Corti. AB - The rapid-freeze, deep-etch method was used to visualize the three-dimensional organization of cytoskeletons in the supporting cells of the guinea pig organ of Corti. Deep-etched replicas showed that both the head and basal portions of the pillar cell were composed of a filamentous network consisting of several kinds of fibrous elements, into which numerous microtubules and actin filaments were tightly inserted. Myosin S1-decoration showed that the main constituent element in such filamentous networks in the basal portion of the pillar cell was the actin and tiny cross-bridges interconnected the randomly oriented adjacent actin filaments. PMID- 3771380 TI - Synchronized responses of primary auditory fibre-populations in Caiman crocodilus (L.) to single tones and clicks. AB - Measurements of the responses to tones and clicks were made from single primary auditory fibres of the caiman. The distribution of the amplitude and phase of the fundamental component of the response rate modulation over the best frequencies of the fibres is comparable to that reported in the cat, despite the fact that the basilar membrane in caiman is only 4.5 mm long. However, much higher intensities are needed in the caiman (75-85 dB SPL) than reported in the cat (20 dB SPL) to obtain systematic distributions of the phase of the responses, probably due to the larger scatter of the phase responses in the caiman. The slopes of the phase distributions are very similar to those in cat. Single unit phase responses as a function of stimulus frequency at 85 dB SPL can be approximated by one, or in fibres with low best frequency, two straight lines. At lower intensities the deviation of the phase-frequency responses from a straight line increases as the group delay at the best frequency becomes larger. The shortest latencies of click responses are obtained with rarefaction clicks. Group delay estimates obtained from the responses to clicks and from the straight line approximations of the phase-frequency responses are related in a way expected for linear filter systems and accurately predict the measured distributions of the phase of the responses over the neural best frequency. The obtained group delays and click latencies in the caiman are very similar to those reported by other workers in the cat, the squirrel monkey and the treefrog, despite large morphological and probably functional differences of their inner ears. The click latencies are also very similar to those in the pigeon. The results are consistent with the existence of a mechanical travelling wave reported previously on the basilar membrane of the caiman, but at the same stimulus level the phase characteristic of the present single unit responses is steeper and the wave length estimates from the neural population phase distributions are shorter than those observed directly in the motion of the basilar membrane. Since the neural responses are an indirect estimate of the basilar membrane motion it cannot be decided whether the difference between neural and mechanical data is due to deterioration of the basilar membrane responses during the direct measurements or whether the basilar membrane response is sharpened by additional tuning mechanisms. PMID- 3771381 TI - XVII Biennial Symposium on Animal Reproduction. Factors affecting survival and function of the corpus luteum in livestock. August 13, 1985, Athens, Georgia. PMID- 3771382 TI - Role of luteinizing hormone in regulating luteal function in ruminants. AB - The technique of hypothalamic-pituitary stalk-disconnection was used to reinvestigate the roles of luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin in the regulation of luteal function in ewes. Stalk-disconnection was performed on d 5 of the estrous cycle and ewes were administered either saline (control), LH at 40 micrograms at 4-h intervals, 2 mg of alpha-ergocryptine at 12-h intervals or both LH and ergocryptine. The treatment regimen for LH was designed to mimic luteal phase concentrations of this hormone. Blood samples were collected from all stalk disconnected and 6 sham-disconnected ewes at 4-h intervals beginning at 0600 h on the day of surgery for determination of serum concentrations of prolactin, cortisol and progesterone. Corpora lutea were collected from control ewes on d 5 of the estrous cycle and from the stalk-disconnected and sham-disconnected ewes on d 12 of the cycle. The luteal tissue was weighed, a slice taken for morphometric analysis of cell numbers, sizes and types and luteal progesterone content was determined. The weight and progesterone content of corpora lutea collected from stalk-disconnected ewes were similar to those observed in control ewes on d 5 of the cycle but less (P less than .05) than those in control ewes on d 12 of the cycle. However, serum concentrations of progesterone were unaffected by stalk-disconnection. Luteinizing hormone replacement therapy increased both the weight and progesterone content of corpora lutea in stalk-disconnected ewes to values similar to those observed in control ewes on d 12. Treatment of stalk disconnected ewes with alpha-ergocryptine reduced serum concentrations of prolactin by greater than 95% but was without effect on the parameters of luteal function measured. The number of small steroidogenic luteal cells in any of the stalk-disconnected ewes was not different from that observed in control ewes. However, treatment of stalk-disconnected ewes with LH was followed by an increase (P less than .05) in the diameter of small luteal cells. The number of large luteal cells was greater (P less than .05) in LH-treated, stalk-disconnected ewes than in intact control ewes on d 12 of the estrous cycle. The mean diameter of large luteal cells was not affected by treatment with LH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3771383 TI - A philosophy of graduate education for animal science. PMID- 3771384 TI - Effect of gestation-lactation diet calcium and zinc levels and of parenteral vitamins A, D and E during gestation on ewe body weight and on lamb weight and survival. AB - Data on ewe body weights and on lamb birth and weaning weights and survival rates were recorded on a total of 557 multiparous Rambouillet, Hampshire X Suffolk and Synthetic I (composite of Finnish Landrace, Rambouillet and Polled Dorset) ewes in two experiments started after the first trimester of gestation. In Exp. 1, a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatments included all combinations of low (.24% in gestation and .48% in lactation), or high (.80%) dietary Ca and low (20 ppm) or high (74 ppm) dietary Zn. No effect of dietary Ca or Zn level and no Ca X Zn interaction with respect to number of lambs born or weaned, birth weight, weaning weight or survival rate of the lambs or body weight of the ewes was shown. Mean number of lambs born was 1.63 +/- .71 with a survival rate of 85.0 +/- .3% and a weaning weight (59 d) of 19.4 +/- 4.4 kg. Experiment 2 was a repeat of Exp. 1 except that two intramuscular injections of vitamins A, D and E (d 65 and 93 of experiment) were given to one-half of the ewes in each diet group. There was no effect of dietary Ca or Zn level or of vitamin administration on ewe body weight changes, number of lambs born (1.89 +/- .55), survival rate (86.6 +/- .3%), lamb birth weight 4.6 +/- 1.5 kg) or lamb weaning weight (23.2 +/- 7.2 kg). Blood plasma Ca, inorganic P and Mg concentrations of ewes in late pregnancy were unaffected by diet or vitamin injections.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3771385 TI - Comparison of the effects of three methods of harvesting and storing alfalfa on nutrient digestibility by lambs and feedlot performance of steers. AB - Two lamb digestion and three steer growth experiments were conducted to study the feeding value of alfalfa harvested as direct-cut silage (DCS) with grain added prior to ensiling or as low-moisture silage (LMS) or hay with grain added at feeding. In all experiments, alfalfa-grain mixtures contained approximately 50% alfalfa and 50% concentrate (dry matter [DM] basis). In Exp. 1, lambs fed DCS alone consumed less DM than lambs fed LMS or hay alone or any of the alfalfa grain mixtures. Apparent digestibilities of DM and fiber components were higher (P less than .05) for DCS than for LMS or hay. Lambs that were fed LMS digested more (P less than .05) DM and fiber components than lambs fed hay. Addition of grain resulted in increased (P less than .05) DM digestibility and decreased (P less than .05) digestibilities of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber. In Exp. 2, growing steers (271 kg) fed DCS-grain had increased (P less than .05) weight gains compared with steers fed hay-grain. Steers fed any of the alfalfa-grain mixtures gained weight more rapidly (P less than .05) than steers fed corn silage (CS)-based diets. In a third experiment, finishing steers (283 kg) fed DCS-grain, LMS-grain, hay-grain or CS-based diets performed similarly (P greater than .05), although steers fed DCS-grain had higher (P less than .05) dressing percentages and yield grades than steers that were fed the other three diets and were fatter (P less than .05) than those fed LMS-grain or CS. In Exp. 4, lambs fed DCS-grain or LMS-grain had higher (P less than .05) apparent DM and organic matter digestibilities than lambs fed CS-based diets with similar forage:grain proportions. In Exp. 5, finishing steers (326 kg) fed DCS-grain gained similarly (P greater than .05) to steers fed LMS-grain or an 85% concentrate diet based on high-moisture corn. Steers fed CS diets had lower (P less than .05) gains and increased (P less than .05) feed per gain compared with steers fed DCS-grain, LMS-grain or high-moisture corn. PMID- 3771386 TI - Influence of feeding time and diet on time of parturition in multiparous ewes. AB - Three hundred three pregnant ewes were randomly allotted to treatments in a 2 (diet) X 2 (feeding time) factorial arrangement 10 d before the first lambs were due in two lambing seasons to study the effect of time of feeding and diet on time of lambing. Behavioral activities were observed to determine if there was a relationship to time of parturition. All ewes were fed .5 kg ground whole corn per day plus either: alfalfa hay fed at 2200 each day, alfalfa hay fed at 1000 each day, alfalfa haylage fed at 2200 each day or alfalfa haylage fed at 1000 each day. Lambing data from 1983 and 1984 were combined across years because no treatment X year interactions (P greater than .05) were detected. Average time of day for lambing did not differ (P greater than .05) among treatments. In general, no differences due to treatments were observed in lambing time or behavioral activities studied. When data were pooled across treatments, two peak lambing times were observed. These peak times for lambing were from 0300 to 0700 (22.1%) and from 1500 to 1900 (22.5%). During these two 4-h periods (8 h total) 44.6% of the ewes gave birth. PMID- 3771387 TI - Prediction of mature cow carcass composition from live animal measurements. AB - Two trials were conducted with mature cows to develop prediction equations for estimating carcass composition from live animal measurements. Trial 1 involved 82 animals that were used to develop these equations. Subjective criteria (frame and condition scores) also were utilized along with live weight in development of prediction equations. Equations using subjective independent variables predicting energy and carcass tissue weights apparently were slightly more variable in precision (R2 = .69 to .91) than those developed with objective variables (R2 = .74 to .90). Equations predicting percent compositions from subjective variables had lower coefficients of determination (R2 = .49 to .76) than those developed with objective variables (R2 = .63 to .83). Forty-one animals similar to those used in Trial 1 served as a test group in Trial 2. Measured carcass composition was regressed on composition predicted by equations developed in Trial 1. These equations generally had slopes and intercepts with confidence intervals that included 0 and 1, respectively, indicating that most of the prediction equations were unbiased. This work indicates that carcass composition can be predicted from both objective and subjective measurements, with some accuracy and precision. PMID- 3771388 TI - Nonpuberal estrus in beef heifers. AB - The frequency of occurrence of behavioral estrus without subsequent development of functional luteal tissue (termed nonpuberal estrus, NPE), was determined in 43 Simmental X Hereford-Brahman heifers. Blood samples were collected weekly from the start of the study to first behavioral estrus and then daily from d 1 (d 0 = estrus) through d 14 following first and subsequently observed estrous behaviors. All blood samples were analyzed for serum progesterone (P4) concentrations by radioimmunoassay. More heifers (62.8%) exhibited NPE than had luteal development after their first behavioral estrus (37.2%). There was a tendency for fewer light weight heifers (less than or equal to 240 kg at the start of the experiment) to exhibit a puberal first estrus compared with the heavy-weight (greater than 240 kg at the start of the experiment) heifers (31.2% vs 68.8%, respectively; P = .12). Heifers that had a puberal first estrus were older (376 +/- 12 d vs 334 +/- 9 d, P less than .05) compared with heifers that had NPE. Weight at first behavioral estrus was similar between heifers that had a puberal first estrus and those that had NPE (298 +/- 8 kg and 289 +/- 6 kg, respectively). More heifers that had a puberal first estrus also had an elevation in serum P4 concentrations before that first estrus (64.3% vs 20.0%, P less than .05), and the serum P4 elevation was greater (2.5 +/- .4 ng vs 1.2 +/- .1 ng, P less than .05) than heifers that had NPE. We have concluded from these results that NPE is a common occurrence in heifers approaching puberty.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3771389 TI - Postweaning performance and carcass characteristics of crossbred ewe lambs produced in accelerated or annual lambing systems. AB - Weaning, postweaning and carcass characteristics of ewe lambs were analyzed to determine if significant interactions occurred among management options. Management options considered were type of lambing system, choice of maternal and terminal sire lines and month of birth within lambing system. In general, significant interactions were not observed, suggesting production (output) characterizations for the postweaning period can be extended across management options. The experimental protocol associated with the types of lambing system resulted in a highly significant effect of lambing system upon all characteristics, especially in relation to age, weight and feed consumption characteristics prior to slaughter. Suffolk-sired lambs tended to be heavier for most weight characteristics, fatter and have higher carcass quality and leg conformation scores relative to Columbia-sired lambs. Differences of fraction of Finn sheep (Finn, .50 vs .25) of the dam were not noted, with the exception of weaning weight (21.2 +/- .28 and 22.2 +/- .27 kg, respectively) and carcass quality and leg conformation scores. Within the annual lambing season, lambs born in March and April were heavier at weaning, consumed less feed and required less weight gain to attain market weight than lambs born in May. Lambs from the May lambing had significantly higher gross feed efficiency ratios. Within the accelerated lambing system, the lambs born in January to February period tended to be heavier than lambs from the other lambing periods. Observed differences among month of lambing within lambing system for other characteristics were not consistent. PMID- 3771390 TI - Reproductive responses, progesterone profiles and ovarian characteristics of cycling, fine-wool ewes treated with an inhibitor of progesterone synthesis (epostane). AB - In Exp. 1, 45 fine-wool ewes received (sc) either 0, 50 or 100 mg epostane (3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitor) to examine effects on return to estrus and conception rates. Treatments were imposed on d 10 of an estrous cycle (estrus = d 0) and jugular blood samples were collected once daily on d 8 and 9, twice daily on d 10 through 13 and once daily from d 14 until first post treatment estrus or d 20 (15 ewes/treatment). Intensive samples were obtained hourly for 6 h after treatment (d 10; five ewes/treatment). Serum progesterone (P4) before treatment was similar among groups; but by 2 h after treatment, epostane-treated ewes had lower (P less than .10) values than controls. By 6 h post-treatment, serum P4 in ewes receiving 50 (1.0 ng/ml) and 100 (.9 ng/ml) mg epostane was well below control values (3.2 ng/ml). By 7 d after treatment, 93.3% of ewes treated with 50 mg epostane had recycled compared with 66.7 and 33.3% of those receiving 100 and 0 mg, respectively (P less than .10). Similarly, 93.3, 53.3 and 26.7% of ewes receiving 50, 100 or 0 mg epostane, respectively, lambed to breeding within 7 d of treatment (P less than .05). Overall conception rates during a 34-d breeding season were similar among groups. Preweaning performance of offspring did not differ among maternal treatments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3771391 TI - Within-herd phenotypic, genetic and environmental trend lines for beef cattle breeders. AB - Computational procedures were developed to compute within-herd phenotypic, genetic and environmental trend lines on a breed-wide basis by using best linear unbiased estimates of fixed effects and predictors of random sire and dam genetic effects. Procedures were demonstrated by using weaning weight performance records from 20 herds participating in the American Angus Herd Improvement Program. Current evaluation procedures used by several beef breed associations make it possible to provide such information to breeders on a routine basis, along with within-herd breeding values. The within-herd genetic trends are relative to the national genetic evaluation base. Procedures are summarized in addition to presentation of within-herd trend lines for four of the 20 herds, demonstrating the utility of such information to breeders, along with a discussion of several alternative presentation formats. PMID- 3771392 TI - Prenatal and postnatal influences on growth and fat measurements in swine. AB - Data from 153 foster groups, each consisting of a dam and a nurse, were analyzed separately for breed (Lacombe, Yorkshire) parity (first, second), and sex of piglet (boar, gilt) to estimate prenatal, postnatal and prenatal X postnatal influences on growth and fat measurements. Significant differences were not observed between breeds, parity and sex of piglets; the estimates were pooled over these traits. Prenatal effects were the major contributing factor in the determination of preweaning growth rate, weaning weight, postweaning average daily gain and allometric growth coefficient, rib and loin fat deposition coefficients. Postnatal influence was of minor importance and the prenatal X postnatal interaction was of negligible consequence. These observations indicated that crossfostering of piglets between parities and breeds without regard for the sex of the piglet would not seriously bias subsequent performance testing results. Heritability estimates for weaning weight, postweaning growth rate and backfat thickness differed from published values. PMID- 3771394 TI - Prediction of traits at constant finish for performance-tested beef cattle. AB - The relationships of performance in time-constant intervals to that in the full feedlot phase of production and of bulls to steers were studied. Monthly records on 43 bulls and 48 steers for gain, ultrasonic backfat, weight and hip height were collected in the period postweaning to an estimated 6 to 7 mm subcutaneous backfat. Information gathered in the first 140 d (performance test) was used to predict feedlot performance to Canada grade A1 finish (7 mm backfat). Traits predicted were days to market finish (DM), weight at market finish (WM), relative growth rate (RGR) and economic rate of maturing (Ke). Economic maturing rate was derived as an estimator of growth relative to weight at fixed body composition (7 mm backfat). Prediction equations were developed by stepwise regression which explained 91, 92, 83 and 79% of the variation in DM, WM, RGR and Ke, respectively. Ratios for steer to bull values for DM and WM were .901 and .928, respectively. It was concluded that accurate prediction of DM, WM, RGR and Ke is possible from information on weight and backfat measurements as currently gathered in many test stations. Prediction of RGR and Ke could be improved by inclusion of heart girth measurements. Differences among animals in Ke are easier to estimate than are differences in rate of maturing, and may be of greater relevance for the genetic improvement of livestock. PMID- 3771393 TI - Heritability and repeatability of Hereford show-ring placing and associated correlations with individual performance measurements and expected progeny differences. AB - Data associated with 1,531 Herefords shown at the National Western Stock Show at Denver from 1978 to 1984 were used to estimate heritability and repeatability of show-ring placing (SRP) and genetic, environmental and phenotypic correlations. The correlations were those between: SRP and individual measurements (IM) taken at the time of show and available to the judges, SRP and parents' SRP and IM, male SRP and their individual expected progeny difference values (EPD) and SRP and sire EPD. The IM were height, weight, backfat, weight per day of age and scrotal circumference. The estimation procedures were symmetric differences squared, analysis of variance and parent-offspring regression and correlation. Three similar estimates of SRP heritability averaged .39. Three similar estimates of SRP repeatability averaged .33 and suggested little effective selection for SRP based on first record and low permanent environmental variance. The phenotypic correlations indicated an individual's height (.63) had the most influence on its SRP followed by weight (.43). Genetic and environmental correlations between height and SRP averaged (three estimates) .78 and .37, respectively. Dam SRP, height and backfat had higher correlations with offspring SRP than those of the sire. Male SRP was moderately correlated with EPD values for weaning (.25) and yearling (.38) height and weaning (.33) and yearling (.32) weight. The correlations between SRP and sire EPD values were: .27 (birth weight), .16 (weaning weight), .33 (weaning height), .10 (yearling weight), .23 (yearling height) and .07 (maternal breeding value). The results did not support SRP as a criterion for improving growth performance traits.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3771396 TI - Yield grades and cutability of carcass beef with and without kidney and pelvic fat. AB - Cut-out data from 2,550 steer carcasses representing British, Continental and Zebu breeding were analyzed to evaluate yield grade classes based on three equations: 1) Ya = 2.5 + .984 AFT + .0084 HCW - .05 REA + .2 KPF; 2) Yb = same as Ya with intercept changed to 3.2 and KPF deleted; 3) Yc = 3.0 + .984 AFT + .0041 HCW - .03 REA, as proposed by USDA in 1984; where AFT = adjusted fat thickness (cm), HCW = hot carcass weight (kg), REA = rib-eye area (cm2), and KPF = kidney and pelvic fat (%). Essentially boneless, closely trimmed (8 mm) roasts and steaks of the four major retail cuts (MRC) were made from one side of each carcass. Cutability was calculated as: Ca, % = 100 (MRC/side) and Cb,c % = 100 (MRC/side, KPF removed). Cutability increased (P less than .01) an average of two percentage points when KPF was removed. In general, removing KPF from the estimation of cutability and changing the coefficients for REA and HCW resulted in a decrease in the number of carcasses yield graded 1 or 4 and an increase in the number of carcasses in yield grade 2. Redistribution of carcasses was greater for Yc than for Yb. Carcasses classified with equation Yc tended (P greater than .05) to have greater cutability in yield grades 1 and 2, and lower (P less than .01) cutability in yield grades 3, 4 and 5.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3771395 TI - Effect of growth hormone-secreting tumors on body composition and feed intake in young female Wistar-Furth rats. AB - Growth hormone (GH) was elevated in young growing, intact female Wistar-Furth rats bearing growth hormone (GH1) or growth hormone and prolactin (GH3) secreting tumors. Animals were injected with GH1 or GH3 cells at 1 wk of age. Total feed intake was measured for the 8-wk period from weaning until killed at 11 wk of age. Animals were fed a commercial chow diet throughout the trial. Body composition and composition of the liver and tibialis anterior muscle were determined. Tumor-bearing rats were about 65% heavier than control rats at 11 wk of age: most of the difference in body weight gain was obtained during the last 4 wk of the trial. Total feed intake during the 8 wk after weaning was increased in both GH1 and GH3 tumor-bearing rats when compared with controls. Overall feed efficiency (grams feed consumed/gram body weight gain) was improved in tumor bearing animals when compared with controls. The GH1 tumor-bearing rats were slightly hyperphagic during wk 8, 9 and 10 (grams feed consumed/gram body weight) when compared with controls. The total amount of body dry matter, protein and ash was increased in tumor-bearing rats when compared with controls. There was no effect on total body fat. Tumor-bearing rats had increased liver weight and increased fat, protein, RNA, DNA and dry matter content when compared with controls. Tumor induction increased the weight, total RNA and total fat content of the tibialis anterior muscle when compared with controls. There was no effect on muscle protein content.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3771397 TI - Digestibility and utilization of energy and protein in screened swine waste solids by gestating gilts. AB - Two balance experiments were conducted using 24 gestating gilts in each experiment to determine the apparent digestible and metabolizable energy content, apparent digestible protein content, net protein utilization and apparent biological value of screened swine waste solids (SSWS). Waste solids were collected by screening flushed whole swine waste using a vibrating screen separator. Waste solids containing 30% dry matter were collected daily and mixed with a basal diet. In Exp. 1, SSWS were fed at a level estimated to replace 0, 25, 50 or 86% of the metabolizable energy content of the basal diet. Digestibility of the energy in the total diet decreased quadratically (85.2, 70.2, 60.7 and 58.3%, respectively, P less than .0001) with increasing SSWS. The percentages of gross energy supplied by SSWS that were digested and metabolized, as calculated by difference, were not affected significantly by the amount of SSWS fed (48.0, 48.0, 53.2% digested and 45.1, 45.2, 48.1% metabolized, respectively, for 25, 50 and 86% of gross energy intake from SSWS). The mean digestible and metabolizable energy contents of SSWS for gestating gilts were determined to be 1,998 and 1,854 kcal/kg dry matter. In Exp. 2, gilts were fed SSWS to replace 0, 25 or 50% of the crude protein in the basal diet. Apparent digestibility of the protein in the total diet decreased linearly (83.8, 66.1 and 51.1%, respectively, P less than .0001) as the amount of SSWS in the diet increased. The apparent digestibility of the crude protein in SSWS, as calculated by difference, was -4.23 and 10.1% for the 25 and 50% level of replacement.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3771398 TI - Effects of dietary additions of 1,3-butanediol or lard for sows on survival of neonatal pigs. AB - In nine trials, 278 late-term gravid sows were fed isocaloric amounts (8,500 kcal metabolizable energy (ME)/d) of a fortified, corn-soybean meal based diet in which 20% of their daily ME intake was supplied by corn starch, 1,3-butanediol or lard from about d 106 of gestation to parturition. After parturition, the sow's daily ME intake was increased to 18,000 kcal. Sows fed starch and lard remained on their respective diets for the duration of a 28-d lactation; whereas, those initially fed butanediol were switched to the starch diet after parturition. Number of pigs born per litter, average pig birth weight and incidence of stillbirths were not influenced (P greater than .30) by the prepartum diet of the sow. However, the inclusion of isocaloric levels of butanediol for starch in the preparatum diet and lard for starch in the pre- and postpartum diets increased the number of pigs weaned per litter by .45 (P less than .13) and .16 pigs (8.25, 7.96 vs 7.80) and improved the survival rate of pigs from birth to weaning by 4.3 (P less than .13) and 2.7 percentage units (84.5, 82.8 vs 80.1%), respectively. Average pig weights at 28 d of age for litters of sows fed butanediol prepartally were similar to those of sows fed starch, but were less (P less than .01) than those of sows fed lard throughout lactation. PMID- 3771399 TI - Dietary calcium and phosphorus for lactating swine at high and average production levels. AB - An experiment utilizing 198 first-and 77 second-litter sows evaluated the effects of five dietary Ca:P levels at two litter sizes (six to seven or 11 to 12 pigs/litter) over a 21-d lactation period for two parities. Lactation dietary P levels ranged from .50 to .90% in .10% increments with Ca concurrently increased in a 1.3:1 ratio using dicalcium phosphate and limestone as the inorganic mineral sources. A 14% protein, corn-soybean meal diet was formulated with .80% Ca and .60% P for gestation while lactation diets varied in their Ca and P contents. Randomly selected sows from each treatment group and parity were slaughtered with various bones collected for analyses. A counterpart set of nongravid gilts remained on trial and were slaughtered at the end of the two-parity period with bones collected. Sow dietary mineral level did not affect sow or pig performance, nor was there an interaction between dietary mineral level, parity or litter size nursed. Serum and milk Ca, P or Mg were unaffected by dietary Ca:P at 7 or 21 d of lactation, but milk Ca and P increased from parity I to II. Percent rib and vertebra bone ash decreased from parity I to II for sows nursing the larger litters; other bones were unresponsive to dietary mineral level. Femur thickness decreased from parity I to II but was not influenced by dietary Ca:P level. Bone bending moment of the ribs, metacarpals and metatarsals were not influenced by diet, but a lower metacarpal bending moment was observed for sows nursing larger litters. All bones from nongravid females had higher percentage of bone ash, bending moment and shaft thickness when compared with reproducing sows. These results suggest that reproductive state (i.e., reproducing vs non-reproducing), litter size and parity affected sow Ca:P mineral skeletal reserves more than dietary Ca:P levels. PMID- 3771401 TI - Dose-response shift in the ability of gilts to remain pregnant following exogenous estradiol-17 beta exposure. AB - Sixty mated gilts were assigned to a 2 X 6 factorial arrangement (n = 5) of day of injection (d 9 and 10 vs 12 and 13; d 0 = first day of estrus) and dose of estradiol-17 beta (0, .125, .5, 2, 8 and 32 mg X gilt-1 X d-1). Gilts were subsequently slaughtered on d 30; pregnancy was verified and percent embryonic survival calculated. A 64-fold shift in the dose-response curve for percent embryonic survival illustrated that the adverse effects of exogenous estradiol-17 beta were less when administered on d 12 and 13 as compared with d 9 and 10 (day X dose, P less than .01). This experiment demonstrated that the uterine-embryonic environment of d 12 and 13 pregnant gilts was more tolerant of exogenous estrogen alterations than that of d 9 and 10 pregnant gilts. PMID- 3771400 TI - Serum folates in gestating swine after folic acid addition to diet. AB - Folic acid was added to the diet as a simple means to increase serum folates in gestating sows. At weaning, 95 multiparous sows were randomly assigned to five treatments. Of these sows, 67 farrowed and were used for this trial. Three supplementation levels of folic acid added to a commercial diet at 3, 9 and 27 mg per kg were studied. A commercial diet without any supplementation of folic acid was used as a control treatment. A fifth treatment consisted of eight im injections of 15 mg of folic acid each, according to a predetermined schedule that was previously effective in improving the reproductive performance of sows when combined with flushing. Each sow was kept in an individual cage and received 2 kg of feed daily. Serum folates were measured at weaning, mating and on d 14, 28, 42 and 56 after mating. The time-response curve of serum folates in sows injected with folic acid was higher than that of sows fed the unsupplemented diet (P = .057). Adding folic acid to diet may be as efficient as folic acid injections to elevate serum folates when compared with sows fed the control diet. The mean supplementary level of folic acid sufficient to maintain the serum folate concentration at approximately the same levels as those observed in sows injected with folic acid was estimated to be near 4.3 mg per kg of feed. PMID- 3771402 TI - Effect of season and social environment on testis size and semen quality of the adult Landrace boar. AB - Eight adult Landrace boars were housed for 12 mo in one of two social environments. Socially nonrestricted boars were penned adjacent to and allowed minimal physical contact with ovariectomized gilts hormonally induced into estrus every 2 wk. Socially restricted boars were penned behind solid walls to eliminate visual and physical contact with other pigs. All animals were subjected to natural changes in daylength. Semen was collected weekly; gel-free volume, gel weight, sperm concentration and number per ejaculate, sperm motility (percent and type) and semen pH were determined. Total protein, citric acid contents and alkaline phosphatase activity were measured in seminal plasma. Testis length and width and various body temperature measurements were recorded monthly. Except for percent motile sperm and alkaline phosphatase activity, all semen characteristics varied (P less than .05) with month. The pattern of seasonal change in semen volume was modified by social environment (group X month, P less than .05). Sperm numbers were highest in winter and lowest in spring and summer. Ejaculate protein and citric acid contents were highest in fall and winter; decreases in spring were associated with moderate ambient temperatures and increases in daylength (r = -.80, P less than .05). Testicular length for socially nonrestricted boars was maximum in November through January and minimum in April through July, and did not vary as extensively for socially restricted boars. Scrotal temperature was elevated during periods of high ambient temperature, but not to values detrimental to spermatogenic function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3771403 TI - Ruminal changes in monensin- and lasalocid-fed cattle grazing bloat-provocative alfalfa pasture. AB - Microbial and fermentation changes in the rumen in monensin- and lasalocid-fed cattle grazing bloat-provocative alfalfa pasture were studied using genetically bloat-susceptible, ruminally-cannulated adult cattle. Monensin at .66 and .99 mg/kg body weight daily reduced the severity of legume bloat by 41 and 73%, respectively. The same doses of lasalocid reduced bloat by 25 and 12%. Comparison of ruminal contents from animals before treatment with ruminal contents from antibiotic-treated animals showed no differences in pH, ammonia, soluble N, soluble carbohydrate, ethanol-precipitable slime and anaerobic bacterial counts. Monensin treatment decreased protozoal numbers and microbial activity, as evidenced by lower gas production from in vitro fermentation of ground alfalfa hay when compared to pretreatment. Lasalocid had no effect on protozoal counts and in vitro gas production. Addition of monensin or lasalocid (12 micrograms/ml) to in vitro fermentation of chopped, fresh alfalfa reduced microbial activity as evidenced by higher soluble N, lower ammonia concentration and decreased gas production. Monensin reduced the amount of ethanol-precipitable slime and protozoal numbers. Reduction in the severity of bloat when monensin was fed appears to be due to decreased protozoal numbers, which resulted in decreased gas production. Lasalocid did not reduce legume bloat because of its minimal effect on the ruminal protozoa. PMID- 3771404 TI - Nitrogen balance and amino acid disappearance from the small intestine in calves fed soybean meal-, toasted soybean meal- or corn gluten meal-supplemented diets. AB - Nine crossbred (Hereford X Angus X Charolais) heifer calves (139 kg; 6 mo of age) with abomasal and ileal cannulas were used in a repeated design to evaluate N balance and amino acid disappearance in the small intestine. Calves were fed either soybean meal (SBM), toasted SBM (TSBM, 93 C for 90 min) or corn gluten meal (CGM) as supplemental protein sources. Each calf received approximately 83 g N/d from a cottonseed hull-corn based diet with 43% of the total dietary N supplied by the test proteins. Each experimental period consisted of a 10-d adaptation, 6-d digesta collection and 5-d excreta collection. Following the first 21-d period, calves were randomly re-allotted to treatment and the sampling process was repeated. Dry matter (64%) and N digestibilities (61%) and N retention (36.8 g/d) were similar (P greater than .10) among treatments. Nitrogen flow to the small intestine was similar for TSBM- and CGM-fed calves (119.1 g/d), but greater (P less than .01) than for those offered SBM (96.3 g/d). Offering TSBM and CGM resulted in greater quantities of essential, nonessential and total amino acids reaching the abomasum compared with SBM. Total amino acid flow to the small intestine was 100, 120 and 128% of intake for SBM, TSBM and CGM, respectively. Numerically, amino acid digestibility was lower in CGM-fed calves. Methionine digestibility was highest (64.6%), while histidine was lowest (43.7%). Feeding CGM may result in greater quantities of amino acids reaching the small intestine; however, several of these amino acids may be less digestible than for TSBM. PMID- 3771405 TI - Producing more pigs per sow per year--genetic contributions. AB - This review paper summarizes available knowledge on the genetic manipulation of litter size in pigs. Selection among breeds permits the exploitation of existing variation and this has already proceeded much further in Europe than in the United States. Crossbreeding strategies are available to enable the commercial herd to maximize sow productivity while ensuring carcasses acceptable to each particular market demand. These involve either the regular purchase of both replacement gilts and boars, or a high standard of management of the herd breeding program. Selection within purebred lines to increase further prolificacy seems possible, in spite of some contrary results from initial experiments. Success will only be achieved in well-designed and carefully executed programs with adequate population size that are continued for many generations. It is likely that breeders can continue to improve the potential of their stock at the commercial level, and this will be achieved by a degree of specialization between sire and dam lines. PMID- 3771406 TI - Swine management to increase gilt reproductive efficiency. AB - Management practices to improve reproductive efficiency of the gilt will enable more efficient introduction of gilts into the breeding herd. In this paper, puberty and continuation of regular estrous cycles, ovulation rate and embryonic/fetal survival are the aspects of gilt reproductive efficiency to be considered. Within each of these reproductive areas, factors such as genetics, environment, nutrition, etc., are reviewed and general management practices are proposed. Because of the diversity of swine production systems, the proposed management practices to improve gilt reproductive performance must be considered and incorporated into individual herds on a trial basis. PMID- 3771407 TI - Improving sow productivity through management during gestation, lactation and after weaning. AB - Number of pigs produced per sow per year is dependent upon the number of pigs born live, the number that survive to weaning and the interval between consecutive farrowings for the sow. Feeding and management of the sow during late gestation affects birth weight and amount of energy stored as glycogen and lipid in the piglet. Piglets that are heavier and that have more energy stores have a higher survival rate. Adding fat to the sow's diet during the last month of gestation or altering the sow's metabolism to direct more nutrients to the fetus are methods for increasing piglet birthweight and energy stores. Feeding the sow properly during lactation is important for maximum yield of milk and milk energy, which affects survival of pigs to weaning, and for rebreeding performance of the sow after weaning. Energy intake during lactation can be increased by adding fat to diets, and this is beneficial in situations where feed intake is insufficient to meet the sow's requirements. For example, fat supplementation during lactation is beneficial for primiparous sows and for sows lactating during hot weather. The minimum practical lactation length is about 2 wk for normal rebreeding performance of the sow. Split weaning or separation of the litter from the sow for 6 to 12 h/d will shorten the rebreeding interval or induce estrus during lactation. Administration of pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin, with or without human chorionic gonadotropin, will induce estrus during lactation, and the response is better after the second week of lactation. Similar treatments at weaning will shorten the rebreeding interval.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3771408 TI - Improving sow efficiency by management to enhance opportunity for nutritional intake by neonatal piglets. AB - Starvation, primarily during the first week postpartum, is the direct or indirect cause of at least one-half of preweaning mortalities in healthy herds. Causes of starvation originate from characteristics of the dam, of the litter and of individual piglets. A major cause of starvation is congenital weakness associated with birth weights less than 1000 g. Increasing energy during late gestation shows inconsistent effects on birth weight; some dietary component energy sources appear to improve stamina of newborn and(or) energy content of sow's milk with favorable effects on survival. Total or partial supplemental nutrient intake supplied by caretakers, automated feeding devices or transfer of piglets to foster dams are the primary means of providing enhanced nutrient intake opportunity. Nutrient intake from non-dam sources ranges from temporary tube feeding, administered by caretakers to excessively small or weak pigs, to self feeding by pigs from simple or sophisticated dispensers of sow milk substitutes. Transfer of piglets to foster dams as a nutrient intake source is most successful when characteristics such as size of dam, size of teats, stage of lactation and temperament are in harmony with characteristics affecting pigs' needs. If other dams are not available, sows 2 to 3 wk into lactation can serve as foster dams for large and strong newborn piglets after resident litters are removed. Planning for availability of appropriate foster dams, based on prior or projected prolificacy and other sow and litter traits, should be done at time of assembling each mating group. Research results show that, on a weight-to-weight basis, pigs requiring artificial or foster dam rearing perform similarly to other pigs and thus justify management to secure their survival. PMID- 3771409 TI - Integration of factors affecting sow efficiency: a modeling approach. AB - A dynamic, partially stochastic mathematical model describing the reproductive performance of a sow herd is presented. The model stimulates a herd that averages 17.27 sow days/pig produced, with a mean of 9.06 pigs weaned/litter and 2.327 litters produced/sow each year. Several alternative options are simulated. Of these, the ones that increase the litter size at weaning appear most beneficial in terms of both biological and economic efficiencies. PMID- 3771410 TI - Bacterial sources of putrescine and cadaverine in chill stored vacuum-packaged beef. AB - Of the meat strains of streptobacteria, leuconostocs, Enterobacteriaceae and Brochothrix thermosphacta tested, only Hafnia alvei and Serratia liquefaciens showed diamine-producing potential during growth in pure culture on beef stored in vacuum packs at 1 degree C. Both organisms produced cadaverine at concentrations similar to those reported previously in naturally contaminated beef stored under the same conditions. Putrescine concentrations produced by the two organisms, however, were an order of magnitude lower. During the growth on beef of either H. alvei or S. liquefaciens in mixed culture with arginine utilizing strains of streptobacteria, putrescine as well as cadaverine concentrations were similar to those detected in naturally contaminated samples. PMID- 3771411 TI - Techniques for the optimum recovery of cold injured Campylobacter jejuni from milk or water. AB - When broth was inoculated with cells of Campylobacter jejuni that had been injured by chilling there was a fall in the viable population of up to 90%. It was greater at 43 degrees than 37 degrees C and in the presence of certain antibiotics and in some cases resulted in a surviving population that was below the minimum inoculum for subsequent growth. A technique of pre-enrichment in non selective culture broth at 37 degrees C for 2 h before the addition of antibiotics and incubation at 43 degrees C was found to significantly reduce the fall in numbers and to improve the detection of C. jejuni in samples of raw milk and water. PMID- 3771412 TI - The incidence of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia enterocolitica-like organisms in raw and pasteurized milk in Northern Ireland. AB - Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. enterocolitica-like bacteria were frequently isolated from samples of both raw bulked milk (34/150) and farm bottled (raw) milk (5/20). These bacteria were also found to contaminate creamery pasteurized milk (6/100 samples) and farm pasteurized milk (4/50 samples). Although Y. enterocolitica was the most commonly isolated species, Y. intermedia and Y. frederiksenii were also frequently obtained (52, 31 and 15% of isolates, respectively). Also, one atypical strain was identified as Y. aldovae. The Y. enterocolitica strains were largely biotype 1 (20/27) including five strains which could ferment lactose. One third of the Y. enterocolitica strains were not typable, but of those which were, the serotypes were 0:34 (18.5%), 0:5.27 (18.5%), 0:6.3 (15%), 0:4 (11%) and 0:7 (4%). Pre-enrichment in trypticase-soy broth (TSB) (at 22 degrees C for 24 h) followed by selective enrichment in bile oxalate-sorbose broth (at 22 degrees C for 6 d) allowed the recovery of 92.3% of all isolates, as compared with 15.4% using cold enrichment in TSB at 4 degrees C for 21 d. PMID- 3771413 TI - The toxicity of potassium tellurite to Staphylococcus aureus in rabbit plasma fibrinogen agar. AB - The potassium tellurite concentration, 0.01% w/v, in Baird-Parker agar has been recommended for plasma coagulase media such as pig or rabbit fibrinogen agar. Comparative tests have shown that with some strains of Staphylococcus aureus this level of potassium tellurite is too inhibitory and it should be reduced four-fold to 0.0025% w/v to maximize the isolation rate. It is postulated that egg yolk in Baird-Parker agar has a protective effect on staphylococci against the inhibitory action of tellurite. PMID- 3771414 TI - Comparative study of different methods for detection and enumeration of Salmonella spp. in natural waters. AB - Seven enrichment media (two proposed by the authors) for detecting salmonellas from polluted freshwater were compared. The Most Probable Number technique for enumeration of salmonellas in water samples was used, directly adding filtered water to buffered peptone water as the pre-enrichment medium. The results indicate that Rappaport-Vassiliadis/43 and Rappaport-Vassiliadis/43 supplemented with 10 micrograms of sodium novobiocin per ml are the best media for the recovery and enumeration of salmonellas from water samples. PMID- 3771415 TI - Development and evaluation of an infant-care training program with first-time fathers. AB - We evaluated the effectiveness of a multicomponent package in training infant care skills to first-time fathers. After developing and socially validating a set of infant-care skills, we assessed the effects of training in a hospital-based program with expectant fathers (Experiment 1) and in a home-based program with fathers having varied degrees of experience with their infants (Experiment 2). In both experiments, a multiple probe design demonstrated that the training package was responsible for producing criterion performance by the expectant and first time fathers. A 1-month generalization probe in Experiment 1 showed that the effects transferred across training conditions (training doll to human infant) and settings (hospital to home). An increase in the number of infant-stimulation activities performed by fathers was also observed in both experiments. PMID- 3771416 TI - An evaluation of the relationship between receptive speech skills and expressive signing. AB - We examined the effects of receptive speech on the acquisition of manual signing among three mentally retarded children. In an alternating treatments design, we compared the acquisition of expressive signs that were, versus were not, in a child's receptive vocabulary. The children were trained via total communication in which pictorial referents were named during sign training. Signs corresponding to known words were generally acquired faster and retained better than signs corresponding to unknown words. We conducted posttests to assess the stimulus control of signing and any changes in expressive and receptive signing and speech. Observed changes in performance could be accounted for by attention to aspects of the stimulus complex during training and functional equivalence of stimuli established by training. PMID- 3771417 TI - Experimental analysis of response covariation among compliant and inappropriate behaviors. AB - Reliable changes in a variety of behaviors, or classes of behaviors, when only one is manipulated experimentally, have demonstrated that even topographically dissimilar responses can be functionally related. We investigated such a relationship between topographically different child behaviors (compliance and inappropriate activities) by using a methodology that tests for response covariation. Five conditions were provided to sequentially increase and decrease first one and then the other of these behaviors, with the degree of covariation between the two behaviors (i.e., the relationship between changes in the targeted and nontargeted behaviors) being the finding of interest. Results showed that, regardless of the intervention used, the behavior targeted, or the direction manipulated, the nontargeted behavior reliably covaried inversely with the targeted one. The findings have immediate relevance to the clinical treatment of multiple behavior problems exhibited by children. Furthermore, the study of relationships between responses and the processes underlying these relationships can have important implications for understanding the complexity characteristic of human behavior not yet analyzed by behavioral research. PMID- 3771418 TI - Using parents to maintain improved dental flossing skills in children. AB - An experimenter-administered intervention involving prompts, self-monitoring, permanent product collection, rewards for plaque reduction, and corrective feedback was used to improve the flossing skills of four 7- to 11-year-old children. Parents were subsequently trained in the reward and feedback procedures to facilitate maintenance. In a multiple baseline across subjects design, all four subjects showed improvement in plaque between teeth during experimenter administered intervention. Three subjects maintained low plaque levels during the 3- to 4-month parent-administered rewards and feedback follow-up condition. Improved plaque levels on nontargeted tooth surfaces also were observed. Pediatric dentistry applications are discussed. PMID- 3771419 TI - The generality and social validity of a competency-based self-control training intervention for underachieving students. AB - We evaluated the effectiveness, generality, and social validity of a modified version of a competency-based self-control package developed by Stevenson and Fantuzzo (1984). Three underachieving fifth-grade students were trained to use this intervention to increase their arithmetic proficiency. Results indicated that the intervention produced improved arithmetic performance. Moreover, all possible classes of generalization were evidenced for the participants. Social validity data showed that the children's arithmetic performance either surpassed or approached the mean performance of their higher achieving classmates. Additionally, teachers reported that the intervention was effective, appropriate for classroom use, and easy to implement. PMID- 3771420 TI - Maintenance of therapeutic change by momentary DRO. AB - Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) involves delivery of reinforcement at the end of an interval during which the target behavior has not occurred. Momentary DRO, however, is a procedure in which reinforcement is delivered if a response did not occur at the end of an interval. We examined the extent to which momentary DRO maintained suppression, following initial treatment with whole-interval DRO, of nine retarded students' maladaptive behavior. Results indicate that momentary DRO maintained response suppression comparable to that obtained by whole-interval DRO. PMID- 3771421 TI - Trained, generalized, and collateral behavior changes of preschool children receiving gross-motor skills training. AB - Three preschool children participated in a behavioral training program to improve their gross-motor skills. Ten target behaviors were measured in the training setting to assess direct effects of the program. Generalization probes for two gross-motor behaviors, one fine-motor skill, and two social behaviors were conducted in other settings. Results indicated that the training program improved the gross-motor skills trained and that improvements sometimes generalized to other settings. Contrary to suggestions in educational literature, the gross motor training program did not produce changes in fine-motor skills or social behaviors. Implications for educators and for the development of the technology of generalization are outlined. PMID- 3771422 TI - Some direct and generalized effects of replacing an autistic man's echolalia with correct responses to questions. AB - We extended the use of operant procedures to decrease immediate echolalia and increase the appropriate responding to questions of a 21-year-old autistic man. Three experiments were conducted in which the overall plan was to encourage the subject to remain quiet before, during, and after the presentation of questions and teach him to use environmental cues (i.e., word cards or a model's responses) to increase the likelihood of responding correctly. Multiple baseline designs demonstrated that echolalia was rapidly replaced with correct stimulus-specific responses. In addition, there were a variety of generalized improvements in the subject's verbal responses to questions. The procedures and results are contrasted to previous research in an attempt to explain the encouraging findings. PMID- 3771423 TI - An analysis of social skills generalization in two natural settings. AB - The interactional behavior of two groups of elderly mentally retarded residents of a community facility was measured in two generalization situations before, during, and after one group received social skills training. The training group received social skills training within a game format, whereas the contrast group simply played a game with no emphasis on interactional behavior. Results suggested that generalization to natural interactional situations may be delayed following training and that it is more likely in some situations (i.e., with trained peers) than others (i.e., in the presence of untrained peers). PMID- 3771424 TI - Increasing autistic children's spontaneous verbalizations of affection: an assessment of time delay and peer modeling procedures. AB - We assessed the efficacy of time delay and peer modeling procedures in increasing autistic children's spontaneous verbalizations of affection. Four autistic children were taught to spontaneously say "I like (love) you" in response to a hug from a familiar person and their mother. Generalization from a free play training setting to free play outdoors and at home was assessed. Ancillary social and affection behaviors were also observed. Results indicated that the time delay was a quick and effective procedure for all the children. Peer modeling was unsuccessful in teaching the target behavior. PMID- 3771425 TI - Selective growth of resistant variants during incubation of Enterobacteriaceae with four aminoglycosides. AB - The selective growth of resistant variants, present at low frequencies, varied with different strains of Enterobacteriaceae and different aminoglycosides. This phenomenon was more pronounced during incubation with amikacin than with gentamicin, netilmicin and tobramycin. Selective growth of the resistant variants resulted in an inoculum effect and an increase in MIC with longer incubation. In vitro evaluation of this phenomenon may be justified when choosing an aminoglycoside for therapy. PMID- 3771426 TI - Antibacterial interaction of cefuroxime and serum from uraemic patients. AB - A strain of Proteus rettgeri was exposed to combinations of subinhibitory concentrations of cefuroxime and serum from normal subjects and from uraemic patients (on conservative and on haemodialysis treatment) and the antibacterial activity of these was determined. Cefuroxime and normal serum gave a synergistic effect. Compared with controls, the combination of cefuroxime and uraemic serum from patients on conservative treatment showed a reduced inhibitory effect. The antibacterial activity of the combination including serum from dialysis patients was similar to that with normal serum; however, this was due to the greater activity of serum from these patients than of serum from normal subjects, and no synergistic interaction with cefuroxime was demonstrated. An alteration of bacterial growth was observed in the presence of uraemic serum. No clearcut correlation was found between the serum concentrations of uraemic metabolites and the antibacterial activity of the combination. PMID- 3771427 TI - The activity of drugs against Giardia intestinalis in neonatal mice. AB - The activities of 12 5-nitroimidazoles and ten other compounds have been compared against Giardia intestinalis stock BRIS/83/HEPU/106 in a suckling mouse model. Ronidazole, satranidazole and fexinidazole were the most active compounds being 2.8, 2.0 and 2.0 times more active than tinidazole respectively and warrant further investigation as potential chemotherapeutic agents. The results obtained in mice are consistent with the known activity of nitroimidazoles in man. There was a strong positive correlation between these results and previous in-vitro studies obtained using a 3H-thymidine uptake assay, indicating that in-vitro studies are of value in predicting in-vivo responses. PMID- 3771428 TI - Moraxella catarrhalis: antibiotic susceptibility with special reference to trimethoprim. PMID- 3771429 TI - The in-vitro activity of combinations of penicillin and gentamicin against penicillin-resistant and penicillin-sensitive Streptococcus pneumoniae. PMID- 3771430 TI - Emergence of transferable amikacin resistance in enterobacteria in a Czechoslovakian clinic. PMID- 3771431 TI - Anti-endotoxin immunotherapy in septic shock. PMID- 3771432 TI - Activity of penicillin combined with an aminoglycoside against group B streptococci in vitro and in experimental endocarditis. AB - Group B streptococci were less susceptible in vitro to penicillin and to aminoglycosides with an inoculum size of 10(7)-10(8) cfu/ml than with an inoculum size of 5.5 X 10(5)-10(6) cfu/ml. With a rabbit model of experimental group B streptococcal endocarditis, after one or three days of therapy with procaine penicillin alone, the mean log10 cfu/g of valve vegetation was significantly lower (P less than 0.01) than that of the control groups. After one day of therapy, procaine penicillin combined with streptomycin was significantly more effective (P less than 0.01) than was treatment with procaine penicillin alone. There was no significant difference (P greater than 0.05) in the results of treatment of animals for one day with procaine penicillin combined with streptomycin compared with those of animals treated for three days with procaine penicillin alone. PMID- 3771433 TI - Systemic absorption of miconazole from the vagina. AB - The serum concentrations of miconazole were measured in 11 healthy adult females for 72 hours following a single 1200 mg vaginal pessary. The mean peak serum miconazole concentration was 10.4 micrograms/l and the mean elimination half life was 56.8 h. The mean area under the serum concentration time curve was 967 micrograms/l.h. The calculated mean systemic bioavailability of the vaginal pessary was 1.4%. There was large intersubject variation in serum miconazole pharmacokinetics. This formulation may provide effective single dose treatment for vaginal candidosis. PMID- 3771434 TI - Doxycycline in respiratory infections: a re-assessment after 17 years. AB - Seventeen years after a previous study of doxycycline in acute purulent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, a similar investigation was repeated. Forty patients with bacteriologically proven infections were given 100 mg doxycycline twice daily (by mouth) for ten days. The clinical results in Branhamella catarrhalis infections were excellent as were those with Streptococcus pneumoniae, but one patient developed septicaemia with a resistant pneumococcus while under therapy. Treatment was unsuccessful in a third of the patients with Haemophilus influenzae infections. Overall, excellent or good results were recorded in 74% of patients at the end of treatment, and in 64% a week later. Doxycycline is still a useful oral antibiotic in this condition and possibly the best for B. catarrhalis infections, especially with beta-lactamase producing strains. PMID- 3771435 TI - Rapid high performance liquid chromatographic assay of cephalosporins in biological fluids. AB - A simple isocratic HPLC method is described for the rapid analysis of cephalosporins in body fluids. Sample preparation by protein precipitation takes only five minutes; HPLC analysis is completed within two to ten minutes, using one of two simple solvent mixtures eluted on a single C18 reversed phase column. Nine cephalosporins and nine types of body fluid were formally analysed, but the system was also found to be suitable for the assay of benzyl penicillin, ampicillin, cloxacillin, carbenicillin and chloramphenicol. It is likely that this method, with only minor modifications, would be suitable for the analysis of most beta-lactam antibiotics in most clinical specimens. The method is therefore particularly recommended for use in clinical laboratories. PMID- 3771436 TI - Synergy between amikacin and ticarcillin or mezlocillin against nosocomial bloodstream isolates. PMID- 3771437 TI - Establishment and characterization of a cell line derived from bovine tracheal glands. AB - Bovine tracheal submucosal gland cells have been isolated by enzymatic digestion and serially propagated in tissue culture for more than 12 mo. (40 passages). The cells exhibit an epithelioid appearance at confluence and contain alcian blue (pH 2.5)/periodic acid-Schiff-positive material within cytoplasmic granules. By electron microscopy numerous osmiophilic secretory granules are seen. Maximal growth is observed when the cells are grown on human placental collagen-coated culture vessels in medium supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum. Scintillation spectrometry revealed that radiolabeled precursor (35SO4) was incorporated into high molecular weight molecules and released from cells. Isoproterenol (10(-6) to 10(-3) M) stimulated the release of 35SO4. The maximal response to isoproterenol was completely inhibited by the beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol. It is concluded that the cultured cells retain features of tracheal gland cells and may serve as a useful model of synthesis and secretion of macromolecules by tracheal gland cells. PMID- 3771439 TI - Gossypol effects on cultured normal and malignant melanocytes. AB - Gossypol, a polyphenolic compound known to interfere with spermatogenesis, was found to have differential cytotoxic effects on normal and malignant melanocytes in culture. Ultrastructurally it caused marked swelling and vacuolization of mitochondria; there was an almost complete loss of cristae but the outer mitochondrial membrane was retained. The cytotoxicity seemed to be selective for actively proliferating cells, regardless of normal or malignant origin. An endothelial cell line (RF/6A) derived from the choroid-retina of the eye of a rhesus fetus was extremely sensitive to its toxic effect. The mechanism of action is still unknown. The fact that mitochondria are predominantly damaged suggests that toxicity involves a perturbation of energy metabolism and the membrane transport system. PMID- 3771438 TI - Chicken lactose lectin: cell-to-cell or cell-to-matrix adhesion molecule? AB - Endogenous chicken muscle lectin isolated by lactose affinity chromatography inhibits myoblast fusion. Similar lectins isolated from embryonic brain, heart, and liver and from adult intestine exhibit the same ability. Elevated levels of any of these lectins canceled the inhibitory effect. Peanut agglutinin isolated by the same procedure had no effect at any concentration tested. Concanavalin A affected fusion only at high concentrations. Muscle lectin was shown to agglutinate myoblasts in microtiter plates, whereas exogenous addition in culture inhibited alignment as seen by time lapse microcinematography. Cell-to-cell communication between lectin-treated cells was shown by nucleotide exchange, and lectin-coated culture dishes did not affect cell attachment. Our evidence shows a lack of specificity to muscle, but suggests an aggregating capacity between cells, or possibly an interaction between the cell membrane and the extracellular matrix. PMID- 3771440 TI - Development of a new serum-free medium, USC-HC1, for growth and normal phenotype in postembryonic chicken growth plate chondrocytes. AB - A serum-free medium for postembryonic chicken epiphyseal growth plate chondrocytes has been developed from 104 MCDB medium. To enable these fastidious cells to survive, grow, and express normal phenotype, a substantial increase over MCDB 104 in the level of many of the amino acids was required, as well as a change in the buffer system and the addition of SerXtend, a defined, serum-free product containing various growth factors, including fibroblast growth factor. Also required was the provision of cell attachment factors, either by coating culture surfaces with type II collagen, or better, by allowing the freshly released cells to recover for several hours in a medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum before plating. This new serum-free medium, which we call USC HC1, supports growth and replication, the retention of normal polygonal morphology, the expression of significant levels of cellular alkaline phosphatase activity, the production of sulfated proteoglycans, type II collagen, and the formation of alkaline phosphatase-rich matrix vesicles by the chondrocytes. The major advantage of USC-HC1, however, is that it will provide for the first time an opportunity to examine the effects of various defined growth and hormonal factors on the phenotypic expression and differentiation of growth plate chondrocytes, in the absence of the variable (stimulatory and inhibitory) factors present in fetal bovine serum. PMID- 3771442 TI - Symposium on microcomputers and integration of scientific information. 98th annual international meeting of AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists), October 1984. PMID- 3771441 TI - Morphologically stable epithelial vesicles cultured from normal human endometrium in defined media. AB - Epithelium from normal human endometrium was cultured as morphologically stable vesicular structures in a defined, hormone-supplemented PFMR-4 medium. The structures consisted of a single layer of polarized epithelial cells with the apical surface facing the external culture medium, and the basal surface resting on a well-defined basal lamina adjacent to the internal lumen. Vesicles were shown to retain their viability for up to 3 mo. in culture, to actively synthesize DNA after being cultured for over a month in a defined medium, and to respond to steroid hormones. When embedded within a collagen gel, the vesicles reversed their epithelial polarity and formed branching, pseudoglandular structures. It was concluded that the three-dimensional shape of the epithelial vesicles had a critical role to play in their morphological stability, nutrient requirement, and hormone sensitivity. PMID- 3771443 TI - Use of computer-aided design in the preparation of technical manuscripts. AB - Decreased computing costs and constantly improving capability are transforming microcomputers into general rather than specialized productivity tools. This has made it possible to increase personal productivity in ways that were not previously cost-effective. We are using computer-aided design (CAD) to prepare technical illustrations for chemical and geochemical manuscripts. CAD offers several advantages over hand-drawn illustrations. Chemical structures are stored in a library of shapes and may be combined or modified to form other structures in subsequent drawings. An original drawing only has to be drawn once with a computer. The drawing may then be scaled to any size and placed in a draft of a manuscript. Revisions require a fraction of the time needed to revise a drawing by hand. All or part of the drawing may be plotted to provide a sequence of drawings without changing the original drawing. PMID- 3771444 TI - Data transmission through the telephone network: protocols, pitfalls, and some examples. AB - Invariably, the situation arises where it is desirable to transfer data from one computer to another, especially from small laboratory systems, word processors, or home computers to large mainframe computers. In many of these cases, there are no common storage media; home computers do not have 9-track tape drives and large mainframes do not have 5 1/4 in. floppy disk drives. Transmission of data through the telephone network is a viable method for data transfer, which is paradoxically both easier than many believe and more difficult than some may claim. One of the keys to successful data transmission is an understanding of telecommunications protocols, i.e., the rules governing intersystem communication through the telephone network. Some of the most common protocols allow exchanging ASCII-coded data at either 300 or 1200 baud. A variety of computer systems can be used, including IBM and DEC mainframes, a Wang word processor, an IBM PC compatible microcomputer, and the Atari 800 microcomputer. A specific example is the use of the Atari 800 as an APL terminal, complete with the custom character set, standard ASCII text, and data transfer. PMID- 3771445 TI - Computer assistance in food analysis. AB - Laboratory computer links are a key part of acquisition, movement, and interpretation of certain types of data. Remote information retrieval from databases such as the Chemical Information System provides the analyst with structural and toxicological information via a laboratory terminal. Remote processing of laboratory data by large computers permits the application of pattern recognition techniques to the solution of complex multivariate problems such as the detection of food adulteration. PMID- 3771446 TI - Determination of ampicillin in serum by using simple ultrafiltration technique and liquid chromatographic analysis. AB - A new liquid chromatographic method for determination of ampicillin in canine and equine serum has been developed. The serum sample (500 microL) is vortex-mixed with 20% ethanol (500 microL) and filtered using a 30,000 molecular weight cutoff microseparation tube to separate high molecular weight solutes following low speed centrifugation. Ampicillin is then separated from other serum components by reverse phase ion-pair liquid chromatography (LC). The ultraviolet (UV) absorbance of the column effluent is monitored at 230 nm. Recoveries of ampicillin from canine serum spiked at concentrations of 10, 40, and 60 micrograms/mL were 93.1, 100.9, and 87.8%, respectively, with coefficients of variation (CVs) of 2.91, 3.08, and 4.08%, respectively. Recoveries of ampicillin from equine serum spiked at the same concentrations were 91.6, 90.1, and 88.7%, respectively, with CVs of 3.03, 2.61, and 3.35%, respectively. The limit of detection for ampicillin by this method is less than 0.5 micrograms/mL serum. PMID- 3771447 TI - Simultaneous liquid chromatographic determination of some tetracyclines in serum. AB - A sensitive liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of oxytetracycline, minocycline, tetracycline, and doxycycline in serum. A serum sample is vortex-mixed with a solution of mobile phase for tetracyclines and 2% (v/v) phosphoric acid. The mixture is filtered using a 30,000 molecular weight cutoff microseparation tube which separates high molecular-weight solutes following low-speed centrifugation. Tetracyclines are separated from other serum components by reverse phase liquid chromatography (LC) with buffered methanol mobile phase. Ultraviolet absorbance of the column effluent is monitored at 267 nm. Concentrations as low as 0.2 micrograms/mL of tetracyclines in serum are quantitatable, with recoveries from 76.2 to 102.6% and coefficients of variation from 2.69 to 5.36%. The method has been tested in bovine, porcine, equine, caprine, ovine, canine, feline, and avian (turkey) serum. PMID- 3771449 TI - Nonaqueous reverse phase liquid chromatographic system for separation and quantitation of provitamins A. AB - A reverse phase liquid chromatographic (LC) system has been developed for separating the main naturally occurring carotenoids that have provitamin A activity. The system produces baseline separation of beta-carotene, alpha carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin (beta, beta-carotene-3-ol, 472-70-8) from biologically inactive zeinoxanthin (beta, epsilon-carotene-3-ol, 24480-38-4) and from a pigment believed to be alpha-cryptoxanthin (beta, epsilon-carotene-3'-ol). Some cis-isomers are also separated. These separations are obtained on a C-18 column, isocratically, with methanol-chloroform eluant. For quantitation, peak areas from detection at 475 nm are compared with that of an internal standard, 1 (phenylazo)-2-naphthalenol (842-07-9), which elutes prior to the provitamins. Provitamin amounts are calculated from absorbance ratios. Prior to LC, esters are saponified, and interfering pigments are removed from ester-free extracts by adsorption on magnesia. PMID- 3771448 TI - Gas chromatographic determination of avilamycin total residues in pig tissues, fat, blood, feces, and urine. AB - A gas chromatographic (GC) procedure is presented for the determination of residues of avilamycin and all its metabolites/conjugates which can be converted to the common moiety dichloroisoeverninic acid (DIA). The method involves alkaline hydrolysis to DIA, cleanup by partitioning with chloroform, acidification of the aqueous phase, and partitioning of DIA into methylene chloride. After methylation of DIA, the product, 3,5-dichloro-4,6-dimethoxy-2 methylbenzoic acid methyl ester, is cleaned up on a silica gel column prior to the final determination by electron capture GC. The method is sensitive to 0.1 mg/kg avilamycin equivalent. Overall average recoveries were 85.4%, with a standard deviation of 9.1% for n = 20. Analyses of feces, urine, tissues, and fat of pigs treated with avilamycin demonstrated that 93% of the administered substance is excreted in feces and urine, within 72 h after treatment, and that no residues (less than 0.01 mg/kg) can be found in the tissues and fat of the animals at any time between 0 and 7 days after treatment with medicated feed. PMID- 3771450 TI - Methods of analysis for infant formula: Food and Drug Administration and Infant Formula Council Collaborative Study, Phase III. AB - Phase III of the collaborative study of methods of assay for nutrients in infant formulas was conducted. The study included assay of chloride, phosphorus, proximates (ash, fat, protein, total solids, and carbohydrates), thiamine, total pantothenates, and vitamins A, B12, and E. Most of the methods were those in Official Methods of Analysis, 13th edition, with slight modifications, or methods of the Infant Formula Council. On the basis of the results obtained by the collaborators, the methods for chloride, phosphorus, proximates, thiamine, and vitamin B12 have been adopted official first action. Methods for total pantothenates, vitamin A, and vitamin E were not recommended for adoption at this time because of anticipated improvements in methodology in the foreseeable future. PMID- 3771451 TI - Residues of captan and folpet in strawberries and grapes. AB - Fresh strawberries and grapes grown in Michigan and Indiana were surveyed for residues of captan and folpet, 2 fungicides commonly used on these crops. The fungicides were reportedly applied to the crops by overhead irrigation, tractor sprayer, or aerial spraying, in amounts ranging from 0.5 to 6 lb formulation/acre for captan and from 1 to 4 lb formulation/acre for folpet. Reported dates of last application ranged from just 2 days to nearly 5 months before samples were collected. Twenty-eight strawberry samples and 24 grape samples were collected of crops field-treated with one or both of these fungicides. Samples were analyzed by previously described methodology. Captan residues were found in all strawberry samples, ranging from less than 0.01 to 1.5 ppm. Folpet was found in only one strawberry sample at 0.041 ppm. Captan residues were found in only 6 grape samples, ranging from less than 0.01 to 0.082 ppm. Folpet residues were found in 12 grape samples, ranging from less than 0.01 to 0.50 ppm. All residues were well below the current tolerances of 25 ppm for both captan and folpet in strawberries and 50 ppm for captan and 25 ppm for folpet in grapes. Residue levels of these surface-applied, nonsystemic fungicides were inconsistent with amounts and dates of application, most likely because of variations in weather conditions, especially rainfall. Residues were quite stable in frozen sample homogenates, declining only 5-10% after 2 months. PMID- 3771452 TI - Halogenated phenols in water at forty Canadian potable water treatment facilities. AB - Samples of raw and treated water were collected once in each of 3 seasons at 40 potable water treatment plants across Canada and were analyzed for phenol and 33 halogenated phenolic compounds including chlorophenols, bromophenols, bromochlorophenols, and chloroguaiacols. Eighteen of the compounds were not found at any treatment plant; phenol and each of the remaining halogenated phenols were found in at least 1 sample. Pentachlorophenol was the only halogenated phenolic compound found in more than 20% of the raw water samples in the fall and winter samples at levels up to 53 ng/L with mean values of 1.9 and 2.8 ng/L, respectively. No halogenated phenols were detected in raw water summer samples. The halogenated phenols found most frequently in treated water samples were 4 chloro-, 2,4-dichloro-, 2,4,6-trichloro-, and bromodichlorophenols. Mean values were less than 15 ng/L and maximum values seldom exceeded 100 ng/L. Most of the positive values for the treated water samples were found at 8 of the 40 treatment plants but no correlations could be found between halogenated phenol levels and raw water type, treatment process, or chemical dosages. PMID- 3771453 TI - Electron impact mass spectroscopy for identification of phencyclidine. AB - The electron impact mass spectrum of phencyclidine (PCP) was studied using both deuterium-labeled analogs and high-resolution mass spectroscopy. The deuterium labeled compounds used were d5.PCP having 5 deuterium atoms on the phenyl ring, d10.PCP having 10 deuterium atoms on the cyclohexyl ring, and d15.PCP having deuterium atoms on both the phenyl and cyclohexyl rings. The identities of some major fragments and some possible pathways for their formation are shown. Electron impact mass spectroscopy is shown to be a definitive test for the identification of PCP. PMID- 3771454 TI - Liquid chromatographic determination of flucytosine in capsules. AB - A liquid chromatographic method has been developed for determination of flucytosine in capsules. Flucytosine and p-aminobenzoic acid, the internal standard, are separated on a C18 reverse phase column using water-methanol-acetic acid mobile phase containing 1-octane-sulfonic acid sodium salt. Compounds are detected photometrically at 285 nm. Mean assay results for 250 and 500 mg commercial capsules were 101.5% (n = 5) of declared, respectively. Mean recovery of flucytosine added to commercial capsules was 99.3%. PMID- 3771455 TI - Analysis for total sulfite in foods by using rapid distillation followed by redox titration. AB - A rapid and accurate analysis for total sulfite as sulfur dioxide has been developed for foods and food products. The method, which combines a selective distillation cleanup procedure with the selective redox titration of sulfite ion by iodine, has been applied to a variety of foods and food products over a period of time with no significant interference encountered in any matrixes other than garlic and leeks. For the foods analyzed, the method typically shows a detection limit of 10 ppm, a relative standard deviation of 7.5% (compared with 10.4% for similar matrixes by the Monier-Williams method), and recoveries of 97.9 +/- 6.4%. Comparison of results for this method with those obtained using the Monier Williams method showed a mean value for the distillation/titration method of 241 ppm compared with 242 ppm for the Monier-Williams method. A correlation of 0.991 and odds of a difference between methods of 10.7% (Student's paired t-test (1 alpha) X 100) were obtained for those matrixes where no interferences were encountered with either method. PMID- 3771456 TI - Evaluation of direct saponification method for determination of cholesterol in meats. AB - A gas chromatographic (GC) method has been developed for determination of cholesterol in meats. The method involves ethanolic KOH saponification of the sample material, homogeneous-phase toluene extraction of the unsaponifiables, derivatization of cholesterol to its trimethylsilylether, and quantitation by GC flame ionization detection using 5-alpha-cholestane as internal standard. This direct saponification method is compared with the current AOAC official method for determination of cholesterol in 20 different meat products. The direct saponification method eliminates the need for initial lipid extraction, thus offering a 30% savings in labor, and requires fewer solvents than the AOAC method. It produced comparable or slightly higher cholesterol results than the AOAC method in all meat samples examined. Precision, determined by assaying a turkey meat sample 16 times over 4 days, was excellent (CV = 1.74%). Average recovery of cholesterol added to meat samples was 99.8%. PMID- 3771457 TI - Liquid chromatographic determination of fluridone aquatic herbicide and its metabolite in fish and crayfish. AB - A residue method is described for determination of the aquatic herbicide fluridone (1-methyl-3-phenyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4(1H)-pyridinone) and its metabolite (1-methyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]-4(1H) pyridinone) in fish and crayfish tissues. Both compounds are extracted from tissues with methanol, and the extracts are subjected to acidic hydrolysis to release conjugated forms of fluridone and the metabolite. Sample extracts are purified by liquid-liquid partitioning and Florisil Sep-Pak column chromatography. Both compounds are separated and measured by reverse phase liquid chromatography with UV detection at 313 nm. In the absence of interfering peaks, the method has a detection limit of approximately 0.04 ppm of either compound. Overall, recoveries averaged 96% for fluridone and 78% for the metabolite for all tissue types combined. PMID- 3771458 TI - Gas chromatographic determination of fenpropimorph residues in citrus fruit. AB - A rapid gas chromatographic method for determining fenpropimorph residues in citrus fruit is reported. The fungicide is extracted with hexane after pH adjustment of the fruit homogenate. A short liquid-liquid partitioning process is performed before gas chromatography on an OV-17 column with nitrogen-phosphorus specific detection. The limit of detection of the method was 0.01 mg/kg, based on a 25 g sample. Recovery was always higher than 70%. Fenpropimorph residues in "Washington Navel" oranges and "Hernandina" clementine fruits dipped in a 1500 mg/L fungicide solution were determined. The fungicide remains mainly in the peel, with levels less than 0.1 mg/kg in the pulp. Fungicide residues in the peel decrease during storage, mainly in Washington Navel peel, where values decreased from 5.2 to 2.8 mg/kg. PMID- 3771459 TI - Interlaboratory comparison of analyses for heavy metals in clam tissue. AB - Results are reported for an interlaboratory study conducted to assess the reproducibility of analyses for lead, copper, cadmium, and zinc. The 10 participating laboratories analyzed 2 samples of freeze-dried clam tissue and 1 disguised sample of NBS Oyster Tissue. Interlaboratory variations were observed for all metals, although the methods yielded reproducible data for Cu and Zn with average interlaboratory coefficients of variation of 15 and 11%, respectively. The performance of methods used for Cd and, more so, for Pb was less than satisfactory. Cadmium levels in the 3 samples ranged from about 0.7 to 3.7 ppm with an average interlaboratory coefficient of variation (CV) of 24%. Lead levels in the 3 samples were about 0.5 ppm with an interlaboratory CV of 68%. Some laboratories' results were consistently high or low but data were insufficient to relate these trends to one particular variable. Results from this study were compared with 5 other studies reported in the literature since 1980. Coefficients of variation from all studies were comparable for samples with similar metal concentrations. PMID- 3771460 TI - Determination of cadmium, copper, and lead in sodium chloride food salts by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. AB - A method for determination of Cd, Cu, and Pb in sodium chloride food salt samples has been developed. It consists of extraction in 4-methyl-2-pentanone of the complexes formed with ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and further analysis of the extracts by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Detection limits in ng/g salt were 0.2 for Cd, 0.7 for Cu, and 10.0 for Pb. The coefficients of variation of 12 independent analyses were 13% for Cd (at a level of 0.4 ppb), 18% for Cu (1.6 ppb), and 5% for Pb (40 ppb). The recoveries were 100 +/- 0% for Cd, 115 +/- 14% for Cu, and 100 +/- 13% for Pb. PMID- 3771461 TI - Flame absorption spectroscopic determination of cadmium, copper, iron, lead, and zinc in mussels. AB - A rapid method is proposed for determination of Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn in mussel samples. The elements are extracted with concentrated nitric acid in borosilicate glass tubes at 90 degrees C for 1 h, and determined by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Detection limits for a 300 mg sample corresponded to 0.3 microgram Cd/g, 0.7 microgram Cu/g, 33 microgram Fe/g, 0.7 microgram Pb/g, and 6 micrograms Zn/g. The coefficient of variation for 20 independent analyses was 7% for Cd, 7% for Cu, 6% for Fe, 14% for Pb, and 8% for Zn. Recoveries were 107 +/- 3% for Cd, 90 +/- 3% for Cu, 94 +/- 1% for Fe, 90 +/- 5% for Pb, and 96 +/- 3% for Zn. The accuracy of the method was determined by analyzing NBS Oyster Tissues. PMID- 3771462 TI - Atomic absorption spectrophotometric determination of chromium in foods. AB - A method is reported for determination of chromium in foodstuffs. Organic matter is digested with nitric acid, followed by oxidation to Cr(VI) and extraction with methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) after HCl addition. Chromium determinations are performed by flame absorption spectroscopy. Absence of interferences is verified and recovery tests are performed on food samples. Quantitation limit (3.8 ng/mL), accuracy (NBS Standard Reference Material 1,573 Tomato Leaves, 4,500 +/- 500 ng/g, found 3,860 +/- 409 ng/g), and precision (CV for vegetable matrix = 9.05%, CV for animal matrix = 14.95%) of the procedure are evaluated. PMID- 3771463 TI - Determination of nivalenol and deoxynivalenol in cereals by electron-capture gas chromatography. AB - Nivalenol (NIV) is an important Fusarium mycotoxin shown to occur naturally in grains from several countries. Extraction and cleanup procedures previously described for trichothecene analysis have been modified to give good recoveries of NIV from cereal products. The extraction solvent is methanol-water (7 + 3). The extract is treated with 10% aqueous ammonium sulfate solution and then a 10 mL aliquot is partitioned into ethyl acetate (160 mL) on a hydrophilic matrix. After evaporation, the sample extract is dissolved in methylene chloride-methanol (3 + 1) for column chromatography on silica gel 60. The toxins are eluted with methylene chloride-methanol (9 + 1) following column washes with toluene and n hexane. NIV and deoxynivalenol (DON) trimethylsilyl ethers are formed with Tri Sil TBT and determined by gas chromatography on a 3% OV-3 packed column or DB-5 capillary column with electron-capture detection. The method has been evaluated for wheat, wheat flour, corn flour, rye flour, and barley. Recoveries averaged 89% for NIV and 106% for DON from ground cereals and flours at a spiking level of 1 microgram/g; 72% and 82%, respectively, from wheat spiked at 0.5 microgram/g; and 90% and 100%, respectively, from cereals spiked at 0.2 microgram/g. Heptafluorobutyrates are used for confirmation of identity; the problem of 2 derivative peaks forming with NIV on the OV-3 packed column has been overcome by using an SPB-5 or DB-5 capillary column which gave single peaks. PMID- 3771464 TI - Gas chromatographic determination of deoxynivalenol in wheat with electron capture detection: collaborative study. AB - Ten laboratories participated in a collaborative study of a method for the determination of deoxynivalenol in wheat by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Each laboratory analyzed 6 samples in duplicate. Each collaborator received samples spiked at the 100.3, 501.3, and 1002.6 ng/g levels; a control sample; and 2 naturally contaminated samples. The average recovery (outliers excluded) for the spiked samples was 92.2%. The mean repeatability and reproducibility, respectively, were 32.2 and 41.3% for the spiked samples and 30.9 and 47.6% for the naturally contaminated samples. The method was adopted official first action. PMID- 3771465 TI - Instability of some trichothecenes in methanol. AB - Stability of 8 trichothecenes stored in methanol at room temperature was studied by thin layer chromatography. Results indicate that the trichothecenes which bear an acetoxy group at both C3 and C4 are very susceptible to methanolysis. In the early stage, the acetoxy group at C3 is most favorable for the transesterification. All trichothecenes tested were transformed to several products after prolonged (22 days) exposure to methanol. PMID- 3771466 TI - Liquid chromatographic determination of bendiocarb in technical materials and wettable powder formulations: collaborative study. AB - A liquid chromatographic method for determination of bendiocarb in technical materials and wettable powders was tested by 12 collaborators. Bendiocarb is dissolved in acetonitrile containing 0.1% propiophenone as internal standard. This solution is analyzed on a liquid chromatograph utilizing a reverse phase (C18) column. The compound is detected at 254 nm and peak area is used for quantitation. The 3 different materials studied contained 20, 80, and nominally 100% bendiocarb. Each was examined in duplicate to provide the necessary matched pairs. Collaborators approved of the ease and simplicity of the method and, in particular, the way the method can be applied to automatic injection assemblies. The statistical data show acceptable precision of the method: Reproducibility coefficients of variation were 20% material, 2.04%; 80% material, 1.02%; and nominal 100% material (technical product), 0.64%. The method has been adopted official first action. PMID- 3771467 TI - Gas chromatography of uracil herbicides by on-column methylation with trimethylanilinium hydroxide. AB - Substituted uracil herbicides injected into a gas chromatograph react with trimethylanilinium hydroxide to give N-methyl derivatives with good gas chromatographic properties. Maximum methylation is obtained when the molar ratio of methylating reagent to herbicide is ca 4:1. This technique for preparing derivatives provides rapid qualitative and quantitative chromatography of the substances examined. Chromatographic response was linear with increased concentration for the synthetic standard and the on-column product of uracil herbicide. The proposed derivatization method was used to analyze herbicides in formulations. The methyl derivatives were identified spectroscopically. PMID- 3771469 TI - Deaths from asthma: mistakes, myths, and mysteries. PMID- 3771468 TI - Liquid chromatographic determination of carbofuran in technical and formulated products: collaborative study. AB - A liquid chromatographic (LC) method for the analysis of technical and formulated carbofuran samples was evaluated in a collaborative study. Carbofuran is determined by reverse phase LC, using a water-methanol mobile phase and acetophenone as internal standard, and detected at 280 nm. Twelve samples, 5 formulations and technical matched pairs, were analyzed by 17 collaborating laboratories. Accuracy and variability of results are typical of large LC data sets. The method has been adopted official first action. PMID- 3771470 TI - Variable vocal cord dysfunction presenting as wheezing and exercise-induced asthma. PMID- 3771471 TI - Serum IgE, skin and radioallergosorbent tests for house dust and mites in asthmatic children. AB - Thirty asthmatic children were given an intradermal skin test, total IgE measurements and the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) against house dust and house dust mites (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae). Results of the intradermal skin test and RAST were highly positive with overall agreement in 95.6%. The correlation coefficient between the total IgE and the RAST to house dust was 0.35 (p less than 0.05). There was no significant difference between the total IgE and the RAST to D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae (p greater than 0.05). The highly significant correlation coefficient between house dust and house dust mites (D. farinae, p less than 0.0001; D. pteronyssinus, p less than 0.00001) was determined by RAST. House dust has been found to be the most important allergen in children in Taiwan. The role of mites as a possible allergen in house dust also showed a highly significant correlation in our study. PMID- 3771473 TI - Psychological factors and death from asthma: creation and critique of a myth. PMID- 3771472 TI - Effect of single doses of labetalol, metoprolol, and placebo on ventilatory function in patients with bronchial asthma: interaction with isoproterenol. AB - The effects of labetalol, metoprolol, and placebo on pulmonary function and their interaction with isoproterenol were evaluated in 18 patients with reversible bronchial asthma [isoproterenol-induced increase in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) of greater than or equal to 15%]. Two dose levels of each medication were studied (on consecutive days), with the lower doses of these drugs given randomly. When the lowest values during the 2-hour postdrug evaluation period were considered, FEV1 significantly increased (10.9%; 15.4%) following labetalol (200 and 400 mg, respectively), significantly decreased ( 11.2%; -5.4%) after metoprolol (100 and 200 mg, respectively), and was unchanged after placebo. The effects of the three treatments on forced vital capacity (FVC) and maximal midexpiratory flow (MMEF) were qualitatively similar to those observed in FEV1. When isoproterenol was administered following labetalol (200 and 400 mg), FEV1 further increased with a resulting combined increase of 18.9 and 19.7%, respectively, indicating an additive interaction. The effect of isoproterenol was blunted by metoprolol (100 and 200 mg) (p less than 0.01, difference from the effect observed after labetalol and isoproterenol), indicating antagonistic interaction between these two drugs. Labetalol may be a safer antihypertensive than metoprolol in patients with concomitant bronchial asthma. PMID- 3771474 TI - Treatment of congestive cardiac failure. PMID- 3771475 TI - Epidemiology of ulcerative colitis in hospital and select general population of northern India. PMID- 3771476 TI - A comparative evaluation of sensing and pacing characteristics of unipolar and bipolar atrial electrodes. PMID- 3771477 TI - Incidence and nature of cardiac arrhythmias in cases of acute myocardial infarction in relation to some major coronary risk factors. PMID- 3771479 TI - Exercise testing after four weeks of myocardial infarction and its prognostic implications. PMID- 3771478 TI - Snake bite poisoning presenting as early morning neuroparalytic syndrome in jhuggi dwellers. PMID- 3771480 TI - Effect of physical stress on 'R' wave amplitude in comparison to ST segment changes in patients of angina pectoris. PMID- 3771481 TI - Effect of cimetidine and trimipramine on gastric acid secretion in cases of acid peptic disease. PMID- 3771482 TI - Comparative efficacy of digoxin, hydralazine and combination therapy in chronic congestive heart failure. PMID- 3771483 TI - Adenosine deaminase activity in pleural effusions. PMID- 3771484 TI - Congestive cardiomyopathy. PMID- 3771485 TI - Systemic lupus erythematosus with panniculitis--(lupus profundus). PMID- 3771486 TI - The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone in a case of carcinoma of the breast. PMID- 3771487 TI - Giant solitary non-parasitic hepatic cyst. PMID- 3771488 TI - Guillain Barre syndrome following acute infective hepatitis. PMID- 3771489 TI - A case of Klebsiella pleuro pneumopericarditis. PMID- 3771490 TI - Amoebic pericarditis--an unusual complication of liver abscess. PMID- 3771491 TI - Potassium supplementation in essential hypertension. PMID- 3771492 TI - Management of end-stage renal failure--problems in practice. PMID- 3771493 TI - Shoulder muscle amyotrophy following isoniazid therapy. PMID- 3771494 TI - Two cases of parkinsonism developing after industrial exposure to trifluperazine. PMID- 3771495 TI - Bacteriological methods in diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis. PMID- 3771496 TI - Peripheral gangrene in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 3771497 TI - Immunoglobulin profile in lymphomas. PMID- 3771498 TI - Trace minerals and magnesium in atherosclerosis and hypertension. PMID- 3771499 TI - Trazodone overdose: four years of experience from voluntary reports. AB - The details of 88 cases involving trazodone overdose, either alone or in combination with other drugs, have been forwarded to the manufacturer by reporting physicians since trazodone was made available in March 1982. In 73 of these cases, recovery was uneventful; in 6 cases unexpected complications developed. Nine deaths occurred in patients who had taken trazodone in combination with other drugs and/or alcohol. These case reports are supplemented by data from the American Association of Poison Control Centers and the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Of 206 reported overdose exposures to trazodone, no deaths were recorded. For comparison, 2263 reported tricyclic and tetracyclic overdoses resulted in 16 deaths, and 125 reported monoamine oxidase inhibitor overdoses produced 3 fatalities. When taken alone in overdose, trazodone appears to have limited toxicity. Nevertheless, treatment should be monitored closely in patients who present with a history of seizures or who suffer from cardiovascular or respiratory disease. PMID- 3771500 TI - Eating disorders in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. AB - The frequency of anorectic/bulimic disturbances in a sample of male and female subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was compared to that of male and female normal controls. The results suggest an overrepresentation of anorexia/bulimia in the female diabetics. Prevalence of eating disorders was determined from the scores on the Eating Attitudes Test. As a group, the female diabetics had significantly (p less than .05) higher scores on the test, suggesting a greater "awareness" of topics related to food and eating. The results are discussed within a risk-factor model, in which insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus may be viewed as one factor in the development of eating disorders. PMID- 3771501 TI - Intravenous drug use in alcoholics. AB - The importance of a history of self-administration of drugs intravenously was evaluated in 507 consecutive inpatient male primary alcoholics and primary drug abusers with secondary alcoholism. The subjects were divided into three groups: Group 1 comprised 47 alcoholic men who had primary drug abuse, Group 2 comprised 42 primary alcoholics who used drugs intravenously but did not meet other diagnostic criteria for drug abuse, and Group 3 comprised 418 primary alcoholics who neither met diagnostic criteria for drug abuse nor had taken drugs intravenously. Interviews at the time of entry into the treatment program included the patient and two resource persons; follow-up was complete in 96% of the original sample. Subjects who did not meet research criteria for drug abuse but had taken drugs intravenously more closely resembled the primary drug abusers than they did the primary alcoholics in regard to the course of problems before entering treatment and the 1-year outcome. PMID- 3771502 TI - Opiate antagonism fails to reverse post-ECT cognitive deficits. AB - The opiate antagonist naloxone has been reported to improve memory in animals and to produce partial improvement in Alzheimer's dementia. The usefulness of naloxone for reversing ECT-induced cognitive impairment was tested by comparing the effects of naloxone and placebo on several tests of cognitive performance in 10 patients who underwent bilateral ECT. No significant differences were found between naloxone and placebo. The results suggest that at the doses used, naloxone is not effective in reversing ECT-induced memory deficits. PMID- 3771503 TI - Clinical and DST response to bilateral sinusoidal but not to unilateral brief pulse ECT. AB - Five patients with depressive illness who were DST nonsuppressors and who did not respond to unilateral nondominant brief-pulse ECT are described. When given a subsequent course of bilateral sinusoidal ECT, all five demonstrated marked clinical improvement associated with normalization of their DSTs. PMID- 3771504 TI - Methylphenidate-induced mania in a prepubertal child. AB - A case of methylphenidate-induced mania is described in a 10-year-old boy with severe hyperactivity and a positive family history for bipolar illness. Similarities between symptoms manifested in this patient and developmental disturbances observed in young offspring of affectively ill parents are discussed. Although the predictive relationship between early childhood psychopathology and later emergence of manic-depressive illness remains unknown, caution is suggested when using psychostimulant medications in children with familial affective disorders. PMID- 3771505 TI - Clonidine and verapamil in the treatment of mania. PMID- 3771506 TI - Suicide in schizophrenia. PMID- 3771507 TI - Possibility of hyperpyrexia with antipsychotic and anticholinergic drugs. PMID- 3771508 TI - Protein kinase C phosphorylates a recently identified membrane skeleton associated calmodulin-binding protein in human erythrocytes. AB - A membrane skeleton-associated protein with calmodulin-binding activity recently has been purified and characterized from human erythrocytes (Gardner, K. and Bennett, V. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 1339-1348). This new protein (CaM BP103/97) has now been identified as a major substrate for protein kinase C in erythrocytes since phosphorylation of both of its subunits (Mr = 103,000 and 97,000) is elevated 3-15-fold in the presence of the phorbol ester, 12-O tetradecanoylphorbol beta-acetate (TPA), under the following conditions: ghost membranes incubated with protein kinase C purified from rat brain, ghost membranes from erythrocytes pretreated with TPA, and intact erythrocytes metabolically labeled with 32PO4 and stimulated by TPA. The sites of phosphorylation of this protein by exogenous and endogenous protein kinase C are identical since two-dimensional 32P-peptide maps of both subunits labeled by either endogenous or exogenous enzyme are indistinguishable. Each subunit of CaM BP103/97 accepts up to 3 mol of phosphate/polypeptide chain. In the presence of low calcium concentrations and in the absence of cytosol, the phosphorylation of CaM-BP103/97 is, on a molar basis, equal to or greater than that of proteins 4.1 and 4.9. As a target for both calmodulin and protein kinase C, CaM-BP103/97 is likely to play a key role in the effect of calcium on erythrocyte membrane shape and stability. PMID- 3771509 TI - Accumulation of non-protein metal-binding polypeptides (gamma-glutamyl cysteinyl)n-glycine in selected cadmium-resistant tomato cells. AB - Tomato cell suspensions have been selected for sustained growth on normally lethal concentrations of CdCl2. In cadmium-resistant (CdR) cells, Cd2+ is found complexed with non-protein, cysteine-rich polypeptides which accumulate in high amounts when cells are grown in the presence of Cd2+. Sequence and linkage analysis of these peptides by triple quadrupole mass spectrometry establishes structures of (gamma-Glu-Cys)3-Gly and (gamma-Glu-Cys)4-Gly. Necessity of these peptides for the CdR phenotype is demonstrated by inhibition of their accumulation by buthionine sulfoximine, a specific inhibitor of gamma glutamylcysteine synthetase. Treatment of CdR cells with a concentration of buthionine sulfoximine below that inhibiting growth in the absence of Cd2+ renders CdR cells sensitive to Cd2+ ion. PMID- 3771510 TI - Accumulation of cholesterol 3-sulfate during in vitro squamous differentiation of rabbit tracheal epithelial cells and its regulation by retinoids. AB - Rabbit tracheal epithelial (RbTE) cells in culture undergo terminal squamous differentiation characterized by enhanced transglutaminase activity, synthesis of specific keratins, and the formation of cross-linked envelopes. The expression of each of these markers of differentiation occurs spontaneously after the cells reach confluency, but this expression can be inhibited by the inclusion of retinoids in the extracellular medium. In the current work, we demonstrate that radioactive sulfate incorporation into the organic phase of a CHCl3/CH3OH (2:1) extract of RbTE cells increases 50- to 100-fold upon differentiation and that this accumulation can be completely blocked by the inclusion of retinoic acid in the culture medium. By the techniques of specific metabolic radiolabeling, thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry, the sulfated amphiphile was shown to be cholesterol 3-sulfate. Cholesterol sulfate accumulation begins 1 to 2 days after the RbTE cells reach the stationary phase of growth which is the same time that other differentiated functions begin to be expressed. The inhibition of accumulation by retinoic acid is concentration-dependent and half-maximal at 5 X 10(-11) M. The relative efficacy of a series of synthetic retinoids in inhibiting cholesterol sulfate accumulation correlated with their binding to the cellular retinoic acid-binding protein. These data taken together indicate that cholesterol sulfate is a marker of squamous differentiation in RbTE cells in culture. Possible biochemical mechanisms of the regulation of cholesterol sulfate levels during differentiation are discussed. PMID- 3771511 TI - Complete amino acid sequence of Shigella toxin B-chain. A novel polypeptide containing 69 amino acids and one disulfide bridge. AB - The complete amino acid sequence of the B-chain of Shigella toxin has been determined using both liquid- and gas-phase sequenators. It reveals a 69-amino acid peptide with a single disulfide bridge, predicting a subunit molecular weight of 7691. No Asn-X-Ser(Thr) sequence was found, confirming the absence of potential N-glycosylation sites. A computer data bank search using a mutation data matrix did not detect any similarity greater than 30% with known sequences to date, indicating a novel primary structure. However, some distant homology with the 103-residue B-chain of cholera and Escherichia coli enterotoxins was revealed. Hydropathy, fractional exposure, and Chou and Fasman calculations all point to an ordered structure with a hydrophobic core spanning residues 36-52 and a hydrophilic domain between residues 10 and 20, the latter probably representing the most antigenic domain. PMID- 3771512 TI - Polarity of neutral amino acid transport and characterization of a broad specificity transport activity in a kidney epithelial cell line, MDCK. AB - The Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line was investigated with respect to the cellular polarity of amino acid transport in early confluent versus late confluent cultures. Early confluent cultures could take up amino acids from the apical and the basolateral sides of the cell layer via amino acid transport Systems A, ASC, and L. However, in late confluent cultures the activities of Systems A and L were clearly localized to the basolateral surface of the cell monolayer. In addition to the presence of systems A, ASC, and L, a novel activity, measurable under conditions used for quantitating System ASC, was found to be active in the apical membrane of these cells. This transporter, termed System G (for general), recognized basic and neutral amino acids with high affinity and acidic amino acids with lower affinity. System G exhibited broad substrate specificity, strict cation specificity, and a broad pH optimum with maximal activity at acidic pH. The activity of System G was relatively low after growth in serum-containing medium but was induced in a defined medium. Induction of System G activity was dependent upon the presence of prostaglandin E1. The broad substrate specificity, low pH optimum, and Na+ dependence suggest that System G may function in apical membranes as an energy-dependent transport route during reabsorption of amino acids from the kidney tubule lumen. PMID- 3771513 TI - The effect of tri-N-acetylglucosamine on hydrogen exchange in hen egg white lysozyme. AB - Tritium-hydrogen isotope exchange techniques have been employed to study the effect of tri-N-acetylglucosamine binding on the conformational dynamics of hen egg white lysozyme. Numerical Laplace inversion of the data provides exchange rate probability density functions that reveal three overlapping peaks for both the free enzyme and (GlcNAc)3-enzyme complex. Binding of (GlcNAc)3 decreases the exchange rates of all protons to some extent with by far the largest effect being observed for the slow exchanging protons. These have been located, by comparison with neutron diffraction results (Mason, S. A., Bentley, G. A., and McIntyre, G. J. (1984) in Neutrons in Biology (Schoenborn, B. P., ed) pp. 323-334, Plenum Press, New York), within the beta-sheet structure and on helices (8-13), (28-34), and (89-97), that define the edges of the so-called "hydrophobic box" in lysozyme. The regions of the protein that are most affected by binding (GlcNAc)3, as revealed by hydrogen exchange, are found to be quite distinct from the regions observed to undergo conformational changes by x-ray diffraction. Most of these segments of the protein are located at some distance from the (GlcNAc)3-binding site itself. Two segments (the beta-sheet and helix (28-34)) are closely associated with the two active-site carboxylate groups. These results suggest that exchange-stable regions having strong, highly organized hydrogen bonding may have an important role in catalytic function and the differential propagation of conformational and dynamic perturbations caused by ligand binding at distant sites on the protein. PMID- 3771514 TI - Pyruvate decarboxylating action of L-cycloserine. The significance of this in understanding its metabolic inhibitory action. AB - We present evidence which demonstrates that L-cycloserine, structural analog of L alanine, which is known to be an effective aminotransferase inhibitor, is also a potent inhibitor of cellular pyruvate metabolism. This effect was found to be related to its almost instantaneous action in decreasing pyruvate concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance studies clearly demonstrate that the irreversible removal of pyruvate induced by L-cycloserine is caused by the decarboxylating action of the latter. Pyruvate disappearance induced by L-cycloserine can be stoichiometrically accounted for as acetate. The process does not involve any chemically detected transformation of L-cycloserine. These observations lead to two main considerations regarding the known action of L-cycloserine. First, its inhibitory effect on gluconeogenesis from lactate could be explained only on the basis of its ability to reduce pyruvate availability with no apparent need for transaminase inhibition. Second, its ability as a transaminase inhibitor should be reconsidered in view of its potent decarboxylating action on pyruvate and probably other oxoacids. PMID- 3771515 TI - Rate-limiting steps for hepatic gluconeogenesis. Mechanism of oxamate inhibition of mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism. AB - Oxamate, structural analog of pyruvate, inhibits gluconeogenesis from pyruvate or substrates yielding pyruvate. The inhibitory effect is the result of a decreased mitochondrial pyruvate utilization. Although the inhibition of gluconeogenesis is competitive for pyruvate, in isolated mitochondria oxamate displays a mixed type kinetics inhibitory pattern of pyruvate utilization. Evidence is presented indicating that this mixed type pattern of inhibition is the result of the action of oxamate on two different sites: noncompetitive inhibition of pyruvate carboxylation, and competitive inhibition of pyruvate entry into the mitochondria. At concentrations of pyruvate above 0.4 mM, although pyruvate carboxylation is decreased by 40% by oxamate, no detectable effects on the gluconeogenic flux were observed. This finding strongly indicates that pyruvate carboxylase is not an important rate-limiting step for hepatic gluconeogenesis. Thus, the inhibition of gluconeogenesis at low pyruvate concentrations (less than 0.4 mM) seems to be the result of an interaction of oxamate with the mitochondrial pyruvate translocator, indicating that pyruvate transport across the mitochondrial membrane is the first nonequilibrium step in the gluconeogenic pathway when low physiological concentrations of this substrate are utilized. PMID- 3771516 TI - Influence of 5' proximal secondary structure on the translational efficiency of eukaryotic mRNAs and on their interaction with initiation factors. AB - The effects of 5' proximal secondary structure in mRNA molecules on their translation and on their interaction with the eukaryotic initiation factors (eIF) 4F, eIF-4A, and eIF-4B have been examined. Secondary structures were generated in the 5' noncoding region of rabbit globin and reovirus mRNAs by means of hybridization with cDNA molecules. cDNAs hybridized to the first 15 bases downstream from the cap inhibited the translation of the mRNAs in both reticulocyte and wheat germ lysates. The degree of inhibition was directly related to the monovalent ion concentration and inversely related to reaction temperature. These hybrid structures also reduced the competitive ability of the messages. Hybrid structures beginning downstream from the first 15 bases did not inhibit the translation of beta-globin mRNA or reovirus s3 mRNA. None of the hybrid structures were detrimental to the interaction of the mRNAs with the 26 kDa cap binding protein of eIF-4F, as determined by chemical cross-linking assays. However, in the presence of ATP, hybrid structures immediately adjacent to the cap severely inhibited the cross-linking to the p46 subunit of eIF-4F or to additional eIF-4A or eIF-4B. In order to account for these observations, a two step mechanism is proposed for the interaction of eIF-4F with the 5' end of an mRNA molecule. The first step involves a weak initial interaction of the p26 subunit with the cap. The second step requires the hydrolysis of ATP and results in the formation of a stable initiation factor-mRNA complex, which may involve eIF-4A and eIF-4B. This second step is inhibited by the presence of 5' proximal secondary structure. In any event, our results demonstrate that the effect of mRNA structure on translation rate depends strongly on its position with respect to the 5' end and that this effect is due at least in part to an inhibition of the action of initiation factors normally required for the unwinding of structure. PMID- 3771517 TI - Conformational transitions of the estrogen receptor monomer. Effects of estrogens, antiestrogen, and temperature. AB - The technique of aqueous two-phase partitioning has been used to study changes in estrogen receptor (ER) structure that occur upon ligand binding and/or heating in vitro. Studies with steroidal and nonsteroidal ligands indicate that the difference in partitioning properties between unoccupied and nontransformed ER is due to a ligand-induced change in this conformation of the protein. Furthermore, this conformational change is only partially induced by binding of 4-OH tamoxifen. Although nontransformed 4-OH-tamoxifen complexes can be transformed by heat, there are significant differences in the transformation process for receptors bound to 4-OH-tamoxifen versus estrogenic ligands. A kinetic analysis of estrogen receptor transformation indicates that the process follows apparent first order kinetics, but is 2.5-fold slower for the 4-OH-tamoxifen-receptor complex. Direct heating of the unoccupied ER causes a significant change in receptor structure. Ligand binding to the heat-altered unoccupied receptor results in a further alteration of receptor structure. Experiments using polyethylene glycol palmitate indicate that the ligand-binding transition is associated with a reduction of the hydrophobic characteristics of the receptor. These results demonstrate that there are a number of independent conformational changes that occur within the monomeric ER steroid-binding subunit upon ligand binding and exposure to elevated temperature in vitro. PMID- 3771518 TI - Modulation of thyroid hormone nuclear receptors by short-chain fatty acids in glial C6 cells. Role of histone acetylation. AB - We have studied the effect of butyrate and other short-chain fatty acids on thyroid hormone nuclear receptors in C6 cells, a rat glioma cell line. Exposure of C6 cells to butyrate leads to increased levels of L-triiodothyronine (T3) in the nuclear and extranuclear compartments. The rise in nuclear binding is not merely a reflection of the higher cellular hormone content, and Scatchard analysis of T3 binding to isolated nuclei reveals that butyrate increases receptor number without changing affinity. The effect on the receptor is quantitatively important: a 48-h incubation with 2 mM butyrate increases nuclear binding by 2-3-fold, and 5 mM butyrate by 3-5-fold. Other short-chain fatty acids were found to similarly influence both nuclear receptor and extranuclear T3 levels with the following potency: butyrate greater than valerate greater than propionate greater than acetate. On the contrary, ketone bodies were ineffective. Butyrate increases receptor levels by decreasing receptor degradation, since the apparent t1/2 of receptor disappearance increased by approximately 3-fold in cells incubated with 2 mM butyrate for 48 h. The regulation of receptor number might be secondary to an action of butyrate on regions of the chromatin to which the receptor associates. We then examined the effect of butyrate on histone acetylation. The fatty acid had little effect in increasing the level of multiacetylated forms of H3 and H4 histone when studied in acid-urea gels, but it markedly inhibited the turnover of [3H] acetate from the histone fraction. There was a striking similarity in the dose-response of butyrate for increasing receptor levels and inhibiting histone deacetylation. Furthermore, a very close correlation between receptor levels and [3H]acetate release was also found when different short-chain fatty acids were used. We thus conclude that the effect of butyrate on the receptor could be explained by a modification of the chromatin structure of C6 cells secondary to acetylation. PMID- 3771519 TI - Fibronectin-binding properties of the purified platelet glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex. AB - Fibronectin binds to specific receptors on the surface of washed, thrombin activated platelets. Evidence suggests that these receptors are closely associated with the platelet glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex (GP IIb-IIIa). To determine whether GP IIb-IIIa itself can form a platelet receptor for fibronectin, we used a filtration assay to examine the interaction of purified fibronectin with purified GP IIb-IIIa incorporated into phospholipid vesicles. 125I-Fibronectin binding to the phospholipid vesicles required the presence of incorporated GP IIb-IIIa and was specific, time-dependent, reversible, saturable, and divalent cation-dependent (Mg2+ greater than Ca2+). The dissociation constant for 125I-fibronectin binding to the GP IIb-IIIa-containing vesicles in the presence of 2 mM MgCl2 was 87 nM. Proteins or peptides that inhibit 125I fibronectin binding to whole platelets also inhibited 125I-fibronectin binding to the GP IIb-IIIa vesicles. Thus, specific 125I-fibronectin binding was inhibited by excess unlabeled fibrinogen or fibronectin, the anti-GP IIb-IIIa monoclonal antibody 10E5, the decapeptide from the carboxyl terminus of the fibrinogen gamma chain, and the tetrapeptide Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser from the cell-binding domain of fibronectin. In contrast to results obtained using whole platelets, unlabeled fibronectin inhibited 125I-fibronectin binding to the GP IIb-IIIa vesicles. These results show that 125I-fibronectin binds directly to purified GP IIb-IIIa with most of the previously reported properties of 125I-fibronectin binding to washed, thrombin-stimulated platelets. Thus, GP IIb-IIIa has the potential to function as a platelet receptor for fibronectin as well as for fibrinogen. PMID- 3771520 TI - The effect of Ca2+ and acyl coenzyme A:lysophospholipid acyltransferase inhibitors on permeability properties of the liver mitochondrial inner membrane. AB - We have reported previously that a number of metabolites and toxins which cause Ca2+ release from mitochondria do so by increasing the permeability of the inner membrane. The metabolic basis of this permeability change is proposed to be perturbation of a phospholipid deacylation-reacylation cycle which results in an accumulation of free fatty acids and lysophospholipids (see Broekemeier, K. M., Schmid, P. C., Schmid, H. H. O., and Pfeiffer, D. R. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 105-113 and references therein). This hypothesis predicts that inhibitors of acyl CoA:lysophospholipid acyltransferase would be among those agents which increase membrane permeability and that their effects on permeability could occur in the absence of pyridine nucleotide oxidation or of an accumulation of glutathione disulfide. The hypolipidemic drugs WY-14643 and clofibric acid inhibit the mitochondrial acyl-CoA:lysophospholipid acyltransferase and have the predicted effects on mitochondrial permeability properties. The development of increased permeability due to WY-14643 and clofibric acid requires accumulated Ca2+ specifically, is sensitive to inhibitors of phospholipase A2, and results in a pattern of solute release and swelling which is typical of other Ca2+-releasing agents. Neither agent promotes pyridine nucleotide nor sulfhydryl glutathione oxidation in the absence of Ca2+. In addition, the swelling response to hypolipidemic drugs is not significantly inhibited by dithiothreitol. In the presence of Ca2+, both agents promote an accumulation of free fatty acids. The composition of these lipid degradation products suggests that mitochondria treated with hypolipidemic drugs retain an active lysophospholipase whereas this enzyme is inactivated by Ca2+-releasing agents which alter mitochondrial sulfhydryl groups. PMID- 3771521 TI - Photochromism of halorhodopsin. cis/trans isomerization of the retinal around the 13-14 double bond. AB - The isomeric composition of retinal in membrane-bound and in purified but detergent-free, dark-adapted halorhodopsin was found to be about 70% 13-cis and 30% all-trans. Any illumination increased the all-trans content relative to the dark-adapted state, but blue illumination shifted the isomeric composition more toward all-trans while red illumination of blue-adapted samples shifted it more toward 13-cis. In the presence of chloride this photoisomerization caused the kind of photochromic behavior reported earlier in Smith, S. O., Marvin, M. J., Bogomolni, R. A., and Mathies, R. A. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 12326-12329, i.e. blue light caused the absorption maximum to move toward longer wavelengths and red light reversed the shift. Only the all-trans chromophore exhibited the complete photocycle described earlier in detergent-solubilized halorhodopsin, and this was the form that could be associated with light-driven chloride transport activity in cell envelope vesicles. In the absence of chloride the spectroscopic changes caused by illumination were much smaller. Reconstitution of bleached preparations with 13-cis- and all-trans-retinal, in the presence and absence of chloride, confirmed that the difference between the absorption maxima of the two isomeric forms of the chromophore is affected by chloride: 13-cis-halorhodopsin absorbs at about 567-568 nm with and without chloride, and the all-trans pigment absorbs near 568 nm in the absence of chloride, but at 578 nm in its presence. The simplest explanation of this finding is that most of the red-shift which accompanies the 13-cis----all-trans transition originates from electrostatic interaction of the retinal with chloride bound in its vicinity. PMID- 3771522 TI - Protein kinases of the thylakoid membrane. AB - The claim of Racker and co-workers (Lin, Z. F., Lucero, H. A., and Racker, E. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 12153-12156 and Lucero, H. A., Lin, Z. F., and Racker, E. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 12157-12160) that two protein kinases, designated CPK1 (25 kDa) and CPK2 (38 kDa), are present in spinach thylakoid membranes was investigated in light of results from this laboratory (Coughlan, S. J., and Hind, G. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 11378-11385) showing that 75-80% of the measurable protein kinase activity of isolated thylakoids is attributable to a protein kinase of 64 kDa apparent molecular mass. Extraction of thylakoid membranes with octyl glucoside/cholate according to the procedure of Lin et al. (Lin, Z. F., Lucero, H. A., and Racker, E. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 12153-12156) released proteins assignable to CPK1 and CPK2 on the basis of photoaffinity labeling with 8-azido-[32P]ATP. The 64-kDa protein kinase was present in this extract and accounted for greater than 80% of the total phosphotransferase activity toward lysine-rich histone as substrate; it was not labeled by the photoaffinity reagent. The three presumptive kinases were purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, sucrose density gradient centrifugation, hydroxylapatite chromatography, and affinity chromatography. CPK1 was specifically eluted from Cibacron blue-Sepharose by 10 mM ATP; it electrophoresed on denaturing polyacrylamide gels as a single band with apparent molecular mass of 25 kDa. Its specific activity toward lysine-rich histone as substrate was approximately 250 pmol of phosphate transferred (mg protein)-1 min-1. The 64-kDa protein kinase was eluted from the affinity column by 1% (w/v) lithium dodecyl sulfate or from a histone IIIs-Sepharose affinity column by 0.25 M NaCl. Its specific activity towards lysine-rich histone was 100-200 times greater than that of CPK1. CPK2 eluted from the Cibacron blue affinity column in 10 mM NADP+; it had an apparent molecular mass of 38 kDa, possessed NADPH-dependent diaphorase activity (specific activity: 225 nmol of ferricyanide reduced (mg protein)-1 min-1), and cross reacted with immunoglobulin raised against purified ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase, with which it was thus identified. Kinase activity was not detectable in CPK2 or in reductase isolated by conventional procedures. PMID- 3771523 TI - Isolation and characterization of an N-acetylgalactosamine specific lectin from Salvia sclarea seeds. AB - Crude extracts from Salvia sclarea seeds were known to contain a lectin which specifically agglutinates Tn erythrocytes (Bird, G. W. G., and Wingham, G. (1974) Vox Sang. 26, 163-166). We have purified the lectin to homogeneity by ion exchange chromatography and affinity chromatography. The agglutinin was found to be a glycoprotein of Mr = 50,000, composed of two identical subunits of Mr = 35,000 linked together by disulfide bonds. The purified lectin agglutinates specifically Tn erythrocytes and, at higher concentrations, also Cad erythrocytes. Native A, B, or O red blood cells are not agglutinated by the lectin and, even after treatment with sialidase or papain, these cells are not recognized. Tn red cells present 1.45 X 10(6) accessible sites to the lectin which binds to these erythrocytes with an association constant of 1.8 X 10(6) M 1. On Cad red cells, 1.73 X 10(6) sites are accessible to the lectin which binds with an association constant of 1.0 X 10(6) M-1. The carbohydrate specificity of the S. sclarea lectin has been determined in detail, using well defined monosaccharide, oligosaccharide, and glycopeptide structures. The lectin was found to be specific for terminal N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) residues. It binds preferentially alpha GalNAc determinants either linked to Ser or Thr (as in Tn structures) or linked in 1-3 to a beta GalNAc or to an unsubstituted beta Gal. Although more weakly, the lectin binds beta GalNAc residues linked in 1-4 to a beta Gal (as in Cad structures). It does not recognize beta GalNAc determinants linked in 1-3 to a Gal (as in globoside) or the alpha GalNAc residues of blood group A structures. PMID- 3771524 TI - Glutamine metabolism in rat hepatocytes. Stimulation by a nonmetabolizable analog of leucine. AB - The metabolic effects of beta-(+/-)-2-aminobicyclo-(2.2.1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH), a nonmetabolizable analog of leucine and known activator of glutamate dehydrogenase, were studied in hepatocytes isolated from fed and fasted rats. With glutamine as substrate, BCH stimulated in a concentration-dependent manner urea synthesis in both physiological states and glucose formation in hepatocytes from fasted rats. Despite the much higher rates of ureagenesis in the fasted animals, the degree of stimulation by BCH, over 2-fold, was similar. The effect of the drug was specific for glutamine since the rates of urea synthesis from NH4Cl, alanine, and asparagine were essentially unaltered. The stimulation of glutamine catabolism by BCH led to a decrease in the content of intracellular glutamine. The redox states of the mitochondrial and cytosolic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides remained unaltered. In hepatocytes isolated from fasted rats and incubated with 5 mM glutamine the BCH-induced increases in urea, ammonia, and the amino acids, glutamate, aspartate, and alanine, accounted fully for the 2.4-fold rise in glutamine utilization. The stimulatory effects of BCH and glucagon on the formation of glucose, urea, and 14CO2 from [U-14C]glutamine were additive. Aminooxyacetate, and inhibitor of transaminases, neither blocked glutamine catabolism (as measured by the sum of urea, ammonia, and glutamate) nor prevented its activation by BCH. It is suggested that, in isolated hepatocytes, BCH-induced stimulation of glucose and urea formation from glutamine results from activation of glutaminase by a mechanism which is distinct from that of glucagon. PMID- 3771525 TI - beta-2-Aminobicyclo-(2.2.1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid. A new activator of glutaminase in intact rat liver mitochondria. AB - beta-(+/-)-2-Aminobicyclo-(2.2.1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH) stimulated, in a concentration-dependent manner, the formation of glutamate by mitochondria isolated from rat liver and incubated with 20 mM glutamine. Maximum enhancement was seen with 10 mM BCH while 5 mM leucine was without effect. The initial lag in the rate of glutamate formation was not eliminated by BCH. Preincubation of the mitochondria without glutamine also did not abolish the lag period; to the contrary, it resulted in a progressive deactivation of the glutaminase. The decrease in enzyme activity during the preincubation without glutamine was partially reversed by the addition of either 10 mM BCH or 1.4 mM NH4Cl and was essentially abolished by their combined action. The apparently sigmoid rise in the activity of glutaminase with increasing concentration of glutamine became hyperbolic in the presence of 1.4 mM NH4Cl. BCH stimulated the NH4Cl-activated glutaminase in the entire range of glutamine concentrations studied (2-40 mM) without changing the S50 value. In mitochondria disrupted by repeated cycles of freezing and thawing, the enzymatic activity was maximal even in the absence of BCH. It is postulated that BCH is a potent activator of mitochondrial glutaminase and that manifestation of its action requires intact organelle structure. In addition, it is concluded that BCH-induced stimulation of glutamine catabolism in isolated hepatocytes (Zaleski, J., Wilson, D. F., and Erecinska, M. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 14082-14090) is the consequence of activation of the mitochondrial glutaminase. PMID- 3771526 TI - Inactivation of NAD-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase by affinity labeling of the allosteric ADP site by 2-(4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutylthio)adenosine 5' diphosphate. AB - A new reactive ADP analogue has been synthesized: 2-(4-bromo-2,3 dioxobutylthio)adenosine 5'-diphosphate (2-BDB-TADP). Reaction of ADP with m chloroperoxybenzoic acid gave ADP 1-oxide, which was treated with NaOH, followed by reaction with carbon disulfide to yield 2-thioadenosine 5'-diphosphate. The final product was synthesized by condensation of 2-thioadenosine 5'-diphosphate with 1,4-dibromobutanedione. Reaction of pig heart NAD-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase with this nucleotide analogue (0.4 mM) causes a time-dependent loss of activity to a limiting value of 75% inactivation. The rate constant for inactivation exhibits a nonlinear dependence on the concentration of 2-BDB-TADP, with kmax = 0.021 min-1 and KI = 0.067 mM. Complete protection against inactivation by 0.2 mM 2-BDB-TADP is provided by ADP + Mn2+, but not by Mn2+ alone, isocitrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, or NAD. Incorporation of 2-BDB-TADP is proportional to the extent of inactivation, reaching 1 mol of reagent/mol of enzyme subunit when the enzyme is maximally inactivated. However, when inactivation is totally prevented by incubation with 2-BDB-TADP in the presence of ADP and Mn2+, 0.5 mol of reagent/mol of subunit is still incorporated, suggesting that inactivation may be attributed to 0.5 mol of reagent/mol of average subunit. In the native enzyme, the Km for total isocitrate is 1.8 mM and is decreased 6-fold to 0.3 mM in the presence of 1 mM ADP, whereas in the modified enzyme, with 25% residual activity, the Km for total isocitrate is about the same in the absence (2.0 mM) or presence (1.8 mM) of ADP. These results indicate that 2-BDB-TADP acts as an affinity label of the ADP allosteric site of NAD-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. PMID- 3771527 TI - Assimilatory nitrate reductase from Chlorella. Effect of ionic strength and pH on catalytic activity. AB - Initial velocity studies of Chlorella nitrate reductase showed that increased ionic strength stimulated NADH:nitrate reductase activity by increasing both Vmax and Km for nitrate. Examination of the effect of ionic strength on the various partial activities of nitrate reductase revealed that while NADH:ferricyanide and reduced methyl viologen:nitrate reductase activities were unaffected by ionic strength, NADH:cytochrome c and reduced flavin:nitrate reductase activities were inhibited and stimulated by increased ionic strength, respectively. Comparison of the rates for the partial activities indicated electron transfer from heme to molybdenum to be the rate-limiting step in enzyme turnover. The pH optimum for NADH:nitrate reductase activity was found to be 7.9 while values for the partial activities ranged from 5.5 to 8.1. Phosphate was found to stimulate both NADH:nitrate and reduced methyl viologen:nitrate reductase activities indicating the molybdenum center as the site of interaction. PMID- 3771528 TI - Nucleotide sequence of the malate dehydrogenase gene of Thermus flavus and its mutation directing an increase in enzyme activity. AB - The nucleotide sequence of the malate dehydrogenase (mdh) gene from a thermophilic bacterium, Thermus flavus, was determined. The amino acid sequence of the Thermus malate dehydrogenase resembled that of the porcine heart cytoplasmic enzyme to a certain extent, and Asp-159 and His-187 were identified as possible essential residues for the catalytic function. The mutated mdh gene was also cloned from a spontaneous mutant of T. flavus containing a higher activity of the enzyme. Its mutation point was determined to be a single nucleotide exchange from C to T which caused Thr-190 to be substituted by isoleucine. The mutated enzyme showed resistance to substrate inhibition, an increase in both kcat and Km, and a shift toward a more acid optimum pH for the enzyme reaction. PMID- 3771529 TI - Biosynthesis of protease nexin-I. AB - Protease nexin-I (PN-I) is representative of a newly described class of serine protease inhibitors secreted by human fibroblasts, the protease nexins. Protease nexins form covalent complexes with their target proteases, subsequently binding to cells via specific receptors. PN-I preferentially binds thrombin, urokinase, trypsin, and plasmin, and its binding to thrombin is accelerated by heparin. We have previously described the production of a polyclonal antibody against PN-I which is able to block the binding of PN-I X proteinase complexes to cells and will immunoprecipitate metabolically labeled PN-I. Anti-PN-I was used to investigate the biosynthesis and regulation of PN-I in human fibroblasts. Unlabeled PN-I could compete for the binding of metabolically labeled PN-I to anti-PN-I, as shown by the elimination of the 43-kDa band representing PN-I on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis autoradiographs. Excision of this 43-kDa band from gels, followed by amino-terminal sequencing, showed a homogeneous protein that is homologous with that described by Scott et al. (Scott, R. W., Bergman, B. L., Bajpai, A., Hersh, R. T., Rodriguez, H., Jones, B. N., Barreda, C., Watts, S., and Baker, J. B. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 7029-7034). An analysis of the biosynthesis of the PN-I revealed that a lower Mr precursor exists intracellularly. This apparent rough endoplasmic reticulum form appears as a doublet on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels, as does mature PN-I. The PN I precursor was also sensitive to endoglycosidase H, suggesting that it contains N-linked carbohydrates of the high mannose form. Mature PN-I is not sensitive to endoglycosidase H, but does contain 3 kDa of N-linked carbohydrate. PN-I appears to be constitutively secreted by fibroblasts. PN-I levels in conditioned media reach a steady state within 48 h, although PN-I synthesis maintains a constant rate. This steady state is due to the continuous uptake of PN-I from medium, presumably through a specific receptor. PMID- 3771530 TI - Fluorescence studies of cytochrome b5 topography. Incorporation of cytochrome b5 into brominated phosphatidylcholine vesicles by deoxycholate. AB - Cytochrome b5 was incorporated into large vesicles of 1-palmitoyl-2 dibromostearoylphosphatidylcholine by mixing lipid, protein, and deoxycholate followed by removal of the detergent by gel filtration. The tryptophan fluorescence emanating from the hydrophobic membrane-binding domain was quenched more effectively when the bromine atoms were in the 6,7-positions than when they were in the 15,16-positions of the acyl chain. To more precisely define the position of the quenchable tryptophan, the experiment was repeated with lipids with the bromine atoms at the 4,5-, 6,7- or 9,10-positions. Again the 6,7 species was the most efficient quencher. The cytochrome b5 bound to these vesicles would not transfer to small unilamellar sonicated vesicles and so was in the "tight" configuration. If the cytochrome were added to the vesicles after the detergent was removed, the same order of quenching was seen but the cytochrome would transfer to other vesicles. These data indicate that the quenching of the tryptophan fluorescence is greatest when the bromines are at the 6,7-positions whether the vesicles are large or small and whether the cytochrome is in the tight or "loose" configuration and so place the tryptophan 0.7 nm below the vesicle surface in all of these membranes. PMID- 3771531 TI - Isolation and characterization of 3-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase-binding protein from pig heart inner mitochondrial membrane. AB - 3-Hydroxyacyl coenzyme A (CoA) dehydrogenase-binding protein was solubilized from inner mitochondrial membrane by using taurodeoxycholate at high ionic strength. The binding protein was isolated from the suspension using 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase affinity chromatography. The protein eluted from the affinity column had a molecular weight of approximately 150,000, as determined by gel filtration. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that the protein is a dimer consisting of 69,000 and 71,000 molecular weight subunits. The enzyme binding capacity of this protein was tested with a polyethylene glycol precipitation method: 0.5 mg of enzyme could be precipitated together with 1 mg of binding protein, showing that 1 mol of binding protein binds 1 mol of enzyme. This protein had no affinity toward malic dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, and fumarase. The approximately 2-fold increase in the 3 hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity when it was measured in the presence of the binding protein is additional evidence of enzyme-binding protein interaction. When incorporated into liposomes, the binding protein retained its ability to bind 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, but did not bind malic dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, and fumarase. These results suggest that the protein isolated by us has a specific function in anchoring a beta-oxidation enzyme to the matrix surface of the mitochondrial membrane. PMID- 3771532 TI - Substrate specificity of bovine liver formaldehyde dehydrogenase. AB - Formaldehyde dehydrogenases isolated from several different biological sources have been reported to catalyze the NAD+-dependent oxidative acylation of glutathione by methylglyoxal to form S-pyruvylglutathione, suggesting the involvement of this enzyme in the metabolism of methylglyoxal. However, formaldehyde dehydrogenase from bovine liver is found not to use methylglyoxal or related alpha-ketoaldehydes as substrates. Using methylglyoxal with the enzyme under conditions favoring the forward reaction did not result in the formation of S-pyruvylglutathione. Using independently synthesized S-pyruvylglutathione with the enzyme under conditions favoring the reverse reaction did not result in the production of methylglyoxal. In addition, methylglyoxal and several related alpha ketoaldehydes did not exhibit detectable activity with formaldehyde dehydrogenase partially purified from human liver, contrary to a previous report. Some, if not all, past reports that methylglyoxal serves as a substrate for the dehydrogenase may be due to the demonstrated presence of contaminating formaldehyde in some commercially available preparations of methylglyoxal. In a related study, S hydroxymethylglutathione, formed by pre-equilibrium addition of formaldehyde to glutathione, is concluded to be direct substrate for the dehydrogenase. This follows from the observation that the catalytic turnover number of the enzyme in the forward direction exceeds by a factor of approximately 20 the first order rate constant for decomposition of S-hydroxymethylglutathione to glutathione and formaldehyde (k = 5.03 +/- 0.30 min-1, pH 8, 25 degrees C). PMID- 3771533 TI - Crossed immunoelectrophoresis of human platelet membranes. Effect of charge on association and dissociation of the glycoprotein GPIIb-GPIIIa membrane complex. AB - The mechanism of association of the human platelet membrane GPIIb-GPIIIa-Ca2+ complex was studied by treating solubilized membranes with various enzymes and cationic peptides and by studying the binding of 45Ca2+ and 125I-fibrinogen before and after dissociation with EGTA and association with Ca2+. Neuraminidase shifted the complex cathodally (presumably due to cleavage of negatively charged domains), whereas trypsin had no such effect. The EGTA-dissociated complex was almost completely reassociated with neuraminidase or the cationic peptide, tetralysine. The monoclonal antibody 10E5, which specifically binds to the Ca2+ associated complex (not to its dissociated components), also bound to the neuraminidase-associated complex. Thus, Ca2+ is not necessary for the association of the complex. Neuraminidase treatment of washed intact platelets resulted in a cathodal shift of the membrane Triton X-100-extracted associated complex with no effect on its ability to dissociate in the presence of EGTA. Neuraminidase treatment of ADP-perturbed washed platelets also resulted in a cathodal shift of the associated complex; however, dissociation with EGTA was inhibited. Thus, critical neuraminidase-sensitive components of the complex (sialic acid residues) are not exposed on the surface of the platelet membrane of resting platelets, but do become accessible following platelet stimulation with ADP or membrane solubilization with Triton X-100. 45Ca2+ bound to the associated complex, to GPIIb of the dissociated complex (not to GPIIIa), to the Ca2+-reassociated complex, and to the neuraminidase-associated complex which had been dissociated with EGTA. Thus, neuraminidase-sensitive components of the solubilized membrane are not required for Ca2+ binding. 125I-fibrinogen bound to the associated complex (not the dissociated complex), to the Ca2+-reassociated complex, and to the neuraminidase-reassociated complex which had been dissociated with EGTA. Thus, Ca2+ is not necessary for 125I-fibrinogen binding to the major antigen complex. PMID- 3771534 TI - A novel glycosphingolipid-degrading enzyme cleaves the linkage between the oligosaccharide and ceramide of neutral and acidic glycosphingolipids. AB - A novel glycosphingolipid-degrading enzyme was found in the cultured supernatant of Rhodococcus sp. G-74-2. It was purified 34.7-fold from the supernatant with 32.2% recovery by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by Sephadex G-100 chromatography. The enzyme was demonstrated capable of cleaving the linkage between the oligosaccharide and ceramide of various acidic and neutral glycosphingolipids, producing intact oligosaccharides and ceramides. However, it was noted to hardly make any attack on linkages between monosaccharides and ceramides (cerebrosides) or between oligosaccharides and diacylglycerol (glycoglycerolipids). The enzyme preparation was completely free from various exoglycosidases and proteases. Furthermore, it was found to degrade neither N linked nor O-linked glycoproteins. This enzyme, which is tentatively called endoglycoceramidase, should greatly facilitate the study of glycosphingolipids. PMID- 3771535 TI - Post-transcriptional inhibition of collagen and fibronectin synthesis by a synthetic homolog of a portion of the carboxyl-terminal propeptide of human type I collagen. AB - We evaluated the effects of a synthetic copy of a highly conserved portion (residues 225-246) of the COOH-propeptide of human pro-alpha 2(I) procollagen on collagen, fibronectin, and total protein synthesis by human fibroblasts. Incubation of COOH-propeptide 225-246 with fibroblasts resulted in a concentration-dependent inhibition of both type I procollagen and fibronectin when compared with controls; a 50% inhibition of both fibronectin and type I collagen was observed at a concentration of 45 microM. Since the overall cellular protein synthesis was only minimally affected, COOH-propeptide appeared to specifically inhibit collagen and fibronectin synthesis. The peptide was nontoxic to cells and the inhibition was completely reversible upon removal of the peptide. We measured the steady-state levels of mRNAs coding for procollagen, fibronectin, and beta-actin by hybridization to specific recombinant cDNA probes; there was no significant change in the steady-state level of mRNAs of the three proteins. These results strongly suggest that the biosynthesis of procollagen and fibronectin in COOH-propeptide-treated cells is inhibited at a post transcriptional level. These data establish a link between collagen and fibronectin synthesis and further define the important interaction of these molecules in the formation of the extracellular matrix. PMID- 3771536 TI - Studies on the structure and mechanism of Streptococcus faecium L-alpha glycerophosphate oxidase. AB - An FAD-containing L-alpha-glycerophosphate oxidase has been purified to homogeneity from Streptococcus faecium. The purified protein exists as a dimer (subunit Mr = 65,000); each subunit contains 1 mol of FAD. The enzyme contains no iron, as determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The alpha-glycerophosphate oxidase reacts reversibly with sulfite to form a covalent N(5) adduct; it preferentially binds the anionic form of the native oxidized FAD, and it also stabilizes the p-quinonoid form of 8-mercapto-FAD. The enzyme shows an unusually high reactivity with ferricyanide in the absence of oxygen; however, there is no evidence for any superoxide ion (O2-.) generation under standard assay conditions. Dithionite titrations of the enzyme reveal an unusual pH dependence for the stabilization of the flavin semiquinone; only at pH 8.5 does significant anionic semiquinone accumulate. L-alpha-Glycerophosphate rapidly reduces the enzyme-bound FAD; in addition, a small amount of catalytically insignificant red semiquinone appears under these conditions. The 5-deaza-FAD-reconstituted enzyme is also reduced by substrate, strongly suggesting that a radical mechanism is not involved in the oxidation of alpha-glycerophosphate. Furthermore, nitroethane anion reduces the native enzyme; this observation suggests that an electron transfer mechanism involving a substrate carbanion is possible with this enzyme. PMID- 3771537 TI - 31P NMR spectroscopy, chemical analysis, and free Mg2+ of rabbit bladder and uterine smooth muscle. AB - 31P NMR spectra of isolated rabbit bladder and uterus were obtained under steady state arterial perfusion in vitro at rest and while stimulated. The spectra contained seven major peaks: phosphoethanolamine, sn-glycero(3)phosphocholine, inorganic phosphate (Pi), phosphocreatine, and the gamma, alpha, and beta peaks of ATP. Chemical analyses, high-pressure liquid chromatography, and NMR spectroscopy of aqueous extracts of bladders identified a number of other components that also made contributions to, but were not resolved in, the spectra of the intact tissues: UTP, GTP, UDP-Glc, NAD+, phosphocholine, and sn glycero(3)phosphoethanolamine. Intracellular pH of unstimulated bladders and uteri, measured from the chemical shift of the Pi peak, was 7.10 +/- 0.09 S.D. and 7.01 +/- 0.12 S.D., respectively. The chemical shift of the beta-ATP peak in the smooth muscles was significantly upfield (-0.3 ppm) compared to the chemical shift observed in striated muscles (cat biceps and rat myocardium). An ADP peak was identified in stimulated and ischemic bladders. The chemical shifts of the nucleotides observed in perfused bladders were calibrated as a function of free Mg2+ concentration in solutions containing phosphocreatine, Pi, ADP, and ATP at an ionic strength of 180 mM. We derived the following estimates for the intracellular free Mg2+ concentration: uterus, 0.40 mM; unstimulated bladder, 0.46 mM; stimulated and ischemic bladder, 0.50 mM (from the ATP chemical shift) and 0.45 (from the ADP chemical shift); cat biceps, 1.5 mM; and rat myocardium, 1.4 mM. PMID- 3771538 TI - Structure and activity of a unique heparin-derived hexasaccharide. AB - A hexasaccharide representing a major sequence in porcine mucosal heparin has been enzymatically prepared from heparin. Its structure was determined by an integrated approach using chemical, enzymatic, and spectroscopic methods. Two dimensional 1H homonuclear COSY, C-H correlation NMR, and selective irradiation were used to assign many of the NMR resonances. In addition, new techniques including sulfate determination by ion chromatography and Fourier transform IR and californium plasma desorption mass spectroscopy have been applied, resulting in an unambiguous structural assignment of delta IdoAp2S(1----4)-alpha-D GlcNp2S6S(1----4)-alpha-L-IdoAp++ +(1----4)-alpha-D-GlcNA cp6S-(1----4)-beta-D GlcAp(1----4)-alpha-D-GlcNp2S3S6S (where delta IdoA represents 4-deoxy-alpha-L threo-hex-4-enopyranosyluronic acid, p represents pyranose, and GlcA and IdoA represent glucuronic and iduronic acid). This hexasaccharide contains a portion of the antithrombin III-binding site and has a Kd of 4 X 10(-5) M. Unlike other small heparin oligosaccharides, which are specific for coagulation factor Xa, it inhibits both factors IIa and Xa equally through antithrombin III. This hexasaccharide may have the unique capacity to act primarily through heparin cofactor II to inhibit thrombin (factor IIa) and shows over half of heparin's heparin cofactor II-mediated anti-factor IIa activity. These studies suggest the occurrence of contiguous binding sites on heparin for Xa, antithrombin III, and heparin cofactor II. PMID- 3771539 TI - Pantothenate-sodium cotransport in renal brush-border membranes. AB - The mechanism of pantothenate transport into rabbit renal brush-border membrane vesicles was studied. Under voltage-clamped conditions, an inward NaCl gradient induced the transient accumulation of pantothenate against its concentration gradient, indicating Na+/pantothenate cotransport. K+, Rb+, Li+, NH4+, and choline+ were ineffective in replacing Na+. Pantothenate analogs, D-glucose, and various carboxylic acids did not inhibit Na+-dependent pantothenate transport, suggesting that this system is specific for pantothenate. Kinetic analysis of the Na+-dependent pantothenate uptake revealed a single transport system which obeyed Michaelis-Menten kinetics (Km = 16 microM and Vmax = 6.7 pmol X mg-1 X 10 s-1). Imposition of an inside-negative membrane potential caused net uphill pantothenate accumulation in the presence of Na+ but absence of a Na+ gradient, indicating that Na+/pantothenate cotransport is electrogenic. The relationship between extravesicular Na+ concentration and pantothenate transport measured under voltage-clamped conditions was sigmoidal: a Hill coefficient (napp) of 2 and a [Na+]0.5 of 55 mM were calculated. It is suggested that an anionic pantothenate1- molecule is cotransported with two Na+ to give a net charge of +1. The coupling of pantothenate transport to the Na+ electrochemical gradient may provide an efficient mechanism for reabsorption of pantothenate in the kidney. PMID- 3771540 TI - Activation of adipocyte adenylate cyclase by protein kinase C. AB - Adenylate cyclase activity in purified rat adipocyte membranes is stimulated by the calcium- and phospholipid-dependent enzyme protein kinase C. Over the concentration range of 100-1000 milliunits/ml, both highly purified (approximately 3000 units/mg of protein) protein kinase C from rat brain and partially purified (14 units/mg of protein) protein kinase C from guinea pig pancreas stimulate cyclase activity. The actions of both protein kinase C preparations on adenylate cyclase activity are dependent on added calcium, which is effective at concentrations less than 10 microM. Exogenous phospholipids are not required for stimulation of adenylate cyclase by protein kinase C; but, under typical cyclase assay conditions, the adipocyte membranes satisfy the lipid requirement for protein kinase C phosphorylation of histone. The tumor-promoting phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate enhances the kinase action on cyclase, and the phorbol ester is effective at concentrations equimolar with the kinase (less than 10 nM). With the brain protein kinase C, 12-O tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate effects are especially evident at limiting calcium concentrations. Inhibitors of protein kinase C activity, such as chlorpromazine, palmitoylcarnitine, and polymyxin B, inhibit selectively that adenylate cyclase activity which is stimulated by protein kinase C plus calcium. It is concluded that protein kinase C acts directly on the adipocyte adenylate cyclase system. PMID- 3771541 TI - Somatomedin-C/insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor-II mRNAs in rat fetal and adult tissues. AB - Somatomedin-C or insulin-like growth factor I (Sm-C/IGF-I) and insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) have been implicated in the regulation of fetal growth and development. In the present study 32P-labeled complementary DNA probes encoding human and mouse Sm-C/IGF-I and human IGF-II were used in Northern blot hybridizations to analyse rat Sm-C/IGF-I and IGF-II mRNAs in poly(A+) RNAs from intestine, liver, lung, and brain of adult rats and fetal rats between day 14 and 17 of gestation. In fetal rats, all four tissues contained a major mRNA of 1.7 kilobases (kb) that hybridized with the human Sm-C/IGF-I cDNA and mRNAs of 7.5, 4.7, 1.7, and 1.2 kb that hybridized with the mouse Sm-C/IGF-I cDNA. Adult rat intestine, liver, and lung also contained these mRNAs but Sm-C/IGF-I mRNAs were not detected in adult rat brain. These findings provide direct support for prior observations that multiple tissues in the fetus synthesize immunoreactive Sm C/IGF-I and imply a role for Sm-C/IGF-I in fetal development as well as postnatally. The abundance of a 7.5-kb Sm-C/IGF-I mRNA in poly(A+) RNAs from adult rat liver was 10-50-fold higher than in other adult rat tissues which provides further evidence that in the adult rat the liver is a major site of Sm C/IGF-I synthesis and source of circulating Sm-C/IGF-I. Multiple IGF-II mRNAs of estimated sizes 4.7, 3.9, 2.2, 1.75, and 1.2 kb were observed in fetal rat intestine, liver, lung, and brain. The 4.7- and 3.9-kb mRNAs were the major hybridizing IGF-II mRNAs in all fetal tissues. Higher abundance of IGF-II mRNAs in rat fetal tissues compared with adult tissues supports prior hypotheses, based on serum IGF-II concentrations, that IGF-II is predominantly a fetal somatomedin. IGF-II mRNAs are present, however, in some poly(A+) RNAs from adult rat tissues. The brain was the only tissue in the adult rat where the 4.7- and 3.9-kb IGF-II mRNAs were consistently detected. Some samples of adult rat intestine contained the 4.7- and 3.9-kb IGF-II mRNAs and some samples of adult liver and lung contained the 4.7-kb mRNA. These findings suggest that a role for IGF-II in the adult rat, particularly in the central nervous system, cannot be excluded. PMID- 3771542 TI - Mechanistic aspects of the low-molecular-weight phosphatase activity of the calmodulin-activated phosphatase, calcineurin. AB - Product and substrate analogs have been employed as inhibitors of the low molecular-weight phosphatase activity of calcineurin, a calmodulin-activated protein phosphatase. Product inhibition kinetics demonstrate that both products, para-nitrophenol and inorganic phosphate, inhibit para-nitrophenyl phosphate hydrolysis in a competitive manner. Inorganic phosphate is a linear competitive inhibitor, whereas the inhibition by para-nitrophenol is more complex. An analog of para-nitrophenol, pentafluorophenol, was found to be a linear competitive inhibitor. These patterns indicate a rapid equilibrium random kinetic mechanism for calcineurin. This mechanism suggests that calcineurin does not generate a phosphoryl enzyme during its catalytic reaction. Application of sulfate analogs indicates that binding of substrate occurs via the phosphoryl moiety. It is suggested that binding is a function of the affinity of ligand for the metal ion involved in calcineurin action. The dependence of the kinetic parameters of calcineurin upon pH was examined to provide information concerning the role of protonation in the activity and specificity of calcineurin. Log (VM) versus pH data for two low-molecular-weight substrates, para-nitrophenyl phosphate and tyrosine-O-phosphate, reveal a pKa value for the enzyme-substrate complex. Analysis of log (VM/KM) data yields a pKa value for the free enzyme of 8.0. Protonation of the phenolic leaving group during hydrolysis is not the rate limiting step in calcineurin catalysis. PMID- 3771543 TI - Structure of the rapeseed 1.7 S storage protein, napin, and its precursor. AB - Napin (1.7 S protein) is a basic, low molecular weight storage protein synthesized in rapeseed (Brassica napus) embryos during seed development. Napin is composed of two polypeptide chains with molecular weights of 9000 and 4000 that are held together by disulfide bonds. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of a napin cDNA clone with that of napin peptide fragments established that napin is initially synthesized as a precursor of 178 residues. This polypeptide is subsequently processed through several proteolytic events, which ultimately generate the two mature napin chains, of 86 and 29 residues, respectively. Protein biosynthesis in vitro showed that the initial translation product (Mr 20,000) contains a signal sequence which is removed during transfer of the protein into the endoplasmic reticulum. Two additional peptides, of 22 and 19 residues, as well as the COOH-terminal residue, are also removed during maturation of napin, as deduced from the sequence comparison. Comparisons of the napin sequence with other known protein sequences established that there is a significant homology between napin and two other small seed proteins, the castor bean storage protein and a trypsin inhibitor from barley. PMID- 3771544 TI - Isolation, macromolecular properties, and combining site of a chito oligosaccharide-specific lectin from the exudate of ridge gourd (Luffa acutangula). AB - A lectin specific for chito-oligosaccharides from the exudate of ridge gourd (Luffa acutangula) fruits has been purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography. The lectin has a molecular weight of 48,000, an S(0)20,w of 4.06 S and a Stokes radius of 2.9 nm. Upon sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a single band corresponding to Mr of 24,000 was observed both in the presence and absence of beta-mercaptoethanol. The subunits in this dimeric lectin are, therefore, held together solely by noncovalent interactions. The lectin is not a glycoprotein, and secondary structure analysis by CD measurements showed 31% alpha-helix. The hemagglutinating activity of L. acutangula agglutinin was not inhibited by any of the monosaccharides tested. Among the disaccharides only di-N-acetylchitobiose was inhibitory. The inhibitory potency of chito oligosaccharides increased dramatically with their size up to penta-N acetylchitopentaose. The lectin has two binding sites for saccharides. The affinity of chito-oligosaccharides for L. acutangula lectin, as monitored by titrating the changes in the near UV-CD spectra and intrinsic fluorescence, increased strikingly with the number of GlcNAc units in them. The values of delta G, delta H, and delta S for the binding process showed a pronounced dependence on the size of the chito-oligosaccharides, indicating that the binding of higher oligomers is progressively more favored thermodynamically than di-N acetylchitobiose. The thermodynamic data are consistent with an extended binding site in this lectin, which accommodates a tetrasaccharide. PMID- 3771545 TI - Microsomal enzymes of cholesterol biosynthesis. Purification of lanosterol 14 alpha-methyl demethylase cytochrome P-450 from hepatic microsomes. AB - Employing reconstitution assays and measurement of cytochrome P-450 content, lanosterol 14 alpha-demethylase and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase have been studied in solubilized preparations of rat hepatic microsomes. Both activities have been resolved from other cytochrome P-450 isozymes and each other by chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel and adsorption on hydroxylapatite. The demethylase has been further purified to homogeneity by cation exchange chromatography on Mono-S resin. The purified cytochrome displays a specific content of 15.8 nmol of heme/mg of protein and a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with an apparent Mr of 51,000. A Soret maximum for the reduced/CO binding complex at 448 nm is observed. Reconstitution of the purified cytochrome with NADPH-cytochrome-c reductase, dilaurylphosphatidylcholine, NADPH, and O2 supports the demethylation process which is inhibited by CO. Reconstitution also affords accumulation of oxygenated, metabolic intermediates with single catalytic turnover of the cytochrome, thus supporting the hypothesis that a single isozyme of cytochrome P-450 is responsible for all three oxidations and the lyase activity involved in the lanosterol C-32 demethylation sequence. Low oxidase activity toward several xenobiotic substrates and selectivity toward endogenous sterol substrates is observed for the purified cytochrome. These results indicate a high degree of substrate specificity for the cytochrome, which would be expected for a constitutive P-450 involved in anabolic biochemical processes. PMID- 3771546 TI - Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis of myo-inositol phosphates including inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate. AB - 1H and 31P NMR spectra of a variety of phosphorylated myo-inositols have been analyzed using a Bruker WH-360 spectrometer. Proton and phosphorus chemical shifts and coupling constants are reported for myo-inositol 1-phosphate, myo inositol 2-phosphate, myo-inositol 5-phosphate, myo-inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate, myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate, myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, and myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate. These data provide the basis for the chemical identification and characterization of biologically relevant inositol phosphates. PMID- 3771547 TI - Covalent binding of glutathione to hemoglobin. I. Inhibition of hemoglobin S polymerization. AB - Thiol reagents react with cysteine beta 93 of hemoglobin and as a result increase the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. In the present studies we have used a thiol disulfide exchange between mixed disulfides of hemoglobin and reduced glutathione to attach intracellular glutathione to hemoglobin and to study its antisickling properties. The rates of production of glutathionyl hemoglobin (G-Hb) depend on the structure of the thiol reagent linked to cysteine beta 93. Up to 25% G-Hb can be produced in normal and sickle red cells because of the high intracellular concentration of reduced glutathione. This high level of G-Hb in normal cells increases the oxygen affinity by about 35% and reduces heme-heme interactions. In sickle cells the increased oxygen affinity is associated with an inhibition of sickling of about 70% at 21 mm Hg. Inhibition of polymerization of deoxy HbS is also due to a direct inhibition of intermolecular contacts in the fibers as demonstrated by the increased solubility and the increased delay time of G-HbS compared to deoxy HbS. PMID- 3771549 TI - Modification of human hemoglobin by glutathione. III. Perturbations of hemoglobin conformation analyzed by computer modeling. AB - The perturbations of the conformation of human deoxyhemoglobin induced by the covalent attachment of glutathione at cysteine beta 93 have been investigated by computer simulation in conjunction with molecular graphics. In the first phase of the analysis, a systematic search was carried out of the conformational space of glutathione attached to deoxyhemoglobin. In this search, the conformation of the hemoglobin molecule was held constant, while the relative energies of a series of 186,624 glutathione conformations involving systematic variation of six dihedral angels were calculated. From this search, the most favorable conformation was selected as the starting conformation for energy minimization of the glutathionyl hemoglobin molecule as a function of all Cartesian coordinates. In order to provide a reference state, an independent minimization by the same procedures was carried out for deoxyhemoglobin in the absence of glutathione. Comparison of the minimized structures with and without glutathione attached revealed a number of significant differences. The most conspicuous difference in the protein moiety concerned the salt bridge between aspartate beta 94 and histidine beta 146 which is destabilized upon minimization of the glutathionyl-hemoglobin complex due to interactions of the aspartate residue with the glycyl NH group of glutathione. Other observed differences in the minimized structures are located at the alpha 1 beta 2 interface and include displacement of the carboxyl group of aspartate beta 99. In the minimized complex, the glutathione portion assumes a quasi-cyclic conformation stabilized through interactions between the free (gamma-glutamyl) amino and (glycyl) carboxyl ends of the tripeptide and between this carboxyl end and the epsilon amino group of lysine alpha 40. In a parallel conformational study of glutathione alone, a similar structure was found as the lowest energy form. These quasi-cyclic conformations contrast with the extended structures reported by Wright (Wright, W.B. (1955) Acta Crystallogr. 11, 632-642) for crystals of glutathione where interactions between molecules play a major role. The conclusions of our analysis are in agreement with the experimental investigations reported in the two preceding papers and permit, moreover, a coherent interpretation of the observed functional and structural changes in deoxyhemoglobin induced by glutathione. PMID- 3771548 TI - Covalent binding of glutathione to hemoglobin. II. Functional consequences and structural changes reflected in NMR spectra. AB - Binding of glutathione by disulfide linkage to Cys-beta 93 of hemoglobin tetramers within sickle cells increases the oxygen affinity and significantly inhibits sickling at low partial oxygen pressure (Garel, M-C., Domenget, C., Caburi-Martin, J., Prehu, C., Galacteros, F., and Beuzard, Y. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 14704-14709). This article reports a characterization of the oxygen binding properties of glutathionyl hemoglobin (G-Hb) in solution in the presence or absence of allosteric effectors. The studies reveal a nearly 6-fold increase in oxygen affinity compared to native HbA and a Hill coefficient at half saturation (n50) of 1.50 compared to n50 of approximately 2.9 for HbA. The oxygen Bohr effect measured in the alkaline pH range is reduced by 38%. Addition of 2,3 diphosphoglycerate decreases the oxygen affinity of G-Hb and HbA to a similar extent and increases the Bohr effect, indicating that the binding sites for organic phosphates are not perturbed in G-Hb. The rate of autooxidation of G-HbO2 is slower than of HbAO2. Oxidation by ferricyanide of G-HbCO is also reduced and is biphasic, demonstrating a heterogeneous susceptibility of the hemes in G-Hb. Flash photolysis experiments indicate that the tetramer-dimer dissociation constant is 1 order of magnitude greater for G-HbCO than for HbACO. High resolution NMR spectra at 400 MHz show that in G-Hb: the tertiary structure of the beta heme pocket is significantly perturbed, particularly in the F helix and the EF corner; the formation of the salt bridge between His-beta 146 and Asp-beta 94, a feature of the deoxy state, is precluded; and a deoxy interchain (alpha 1 beta 2) contact between Asp beta 2 99 and Tyr alpha 1 42 is appreciably destabilized. The NMR data provide a structural basis for interpreting the high oxygen affinity, reduced cooperativity, and diminished polymerization of G-HbS. PMID- 3771550 TI - Crystallization of a high potential iron-sulfur protein from the halophilic phototrophic bacterium Ectothiorhodospira halophila. AB - Crystals of the high-potential iron-sulfur protein from Ectothiorhodospira halophila strain BN 9626 have been grown from 3.4 to 3.5 M ammonium sulfate solutions at pH 7.5. The crystals belong to the space group P21 with unit cell dimensions of a = 60.00 A, b = 31.94 A, c = 40.27 A, and beta = 100.5 degrees. There are 2 molecules/asymmetric unit. The crystals diffract to at least 1.8 A, are stable in the x-ray beam, and are suitable for a high resolution x-ray crystallographic analysis. PMID- 3771551 TI - Immunochemical characterization of rat brain protein kinase C. AB - Polyclonal antibodies against rat brain protein kinase C (the Ca2+/phospholipid dependent enzyme) were raised in goat. These antibodies can neutralize completely the kinase activity in purified enzyme preparation as well as that in the crude homogenate. Immunoblot analysis of the purified and the crude protein kinase C preparations revealed a major immunoreactive band of 80 kDa. The antibodies also recognize the same enzyme from other rat tissues. Neuronal tissues (cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hypothalamus, and retina) and lymphoid organs (thymus and spleen) were found to be enriched in protein kinase C, whereas lung, kidney, liver, heart, and skeletal muscle contained relatively low amounts of this kinase. Limited proteolysis of the purified rat brain protein kinase C with trypsin results in an initial degradation of the kinase into two major fragments of 48 and 38 kDa. Both fragments are recognized by the antibodies. However, further digestion of the 48-kDa fragment to 45 kDa and the 38-kDa fragment to 33 kDa causes a loss of the immunoreactivity. Upon incubation of the cerebellar extract with Ca2+, the 48-kDa fragment was also identified as a major proteolytic product of protein kinase C. Proteolytic degradation of protein kinase C converts the Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent kinase to an independent form without causing a large impairment of the binding of [3H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate. The two major proteolytic fragments were separated by ion exchange chromatography and one of them (45-48 kDa) was identified as a protein kinase and the other (33-38 kDa) as a phorbol ester-binding protein. This degraded form of the phorbol ester-binding protein still requires phospholipid for activity but, unlike the native enzyme, becomes less dependent on Ca2+. These results demonstrate that rat brain protein kinase C is composed of two functionally distinct units, namely, a protein kinase and a Ca2+-independent/phospholipid-dependent phorbol ester-binding protein. PMID- 3771552 TI - Substrate specificities of tyrosine-specific protein kinases toward cytoskeletal proteins in vitro. AB - We have previously reported that fodrin (beta subunit), tubulin (alpha subunit) and microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs; MAP2 and tau) are good substrates for the purified insulin receptor kinase (Kadowaki, T., Nishida, E., Kasuga, M., Akiyama, T., Takaku, F., Ishikawa, M., Sakai, H., Kathuria, S., and Fujita Yamaguchi, Y. (1985) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 127, 493-500 and Kadowaki, T., Fujita-Yamaguchi, Y., Nishida, E., Takaku, F., Akiyama, T., Kathuria, S., Akanuma, Y., and Kasuga, M. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 4016-4020). In this study, to investigate the substrate specificities of tyrosine kinases, we have examined the actions of the purified epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor kinase and Rous sarcoma virus src kinase on purified microfilament- and microtubule-related proteins. Among microfilament-related proteins examined, the purified EGF receptor kinase phosphorylated the beta subunit, but not the alpha subunit, of fodrin on tyrosine residues with a Km below the micromolar range. The fodrin phosphorylation by the EGF receptor kinase was markedly inhibited by F-actin. In contrast, the purified src kinase preferentially phosphorylated the alpha subunit of fodrin on tyrosine residues. Fodrin phosphorylation by the src kinase was not inhibited by F-actin. Among microtubule proteins examined, MAP2 was the best substrate for the EGF receptor kinase. By contrast, src kinase favored phosphorylation of tubulin as compared to MAP2. The peptide mapping of MAP2 phosphorylated by the EGF receptor kinase and by the insulin receptor kinase produced very similar patterns of phosphopeptides, while that of MAP2 phosphorylated by the src kinase gave a distinctly different pattern. When the phosphorylation of the tubulin subunits was examined, the EGF receptor kinase preferred beta subunit to alpha subunit, but the src kinase phosphorylated both alpha and beta subunits to a similar extent. These results, together with our previous results, indicate that the substrate specificities of the EGF receptor kinase and the insulin receptor kinase are very similar, but not identical, while that of the src kinase is distinctly different from that of these growth factor receptor kinases. PMID- 3771553 TI - Myosin subunit interactions. Properties of the 19,000-dalton light chain deficient myosin. AB - The 19,000-dalton light chain (LC2) can be completely and reversibly removed from chicken pectoralis myosin in 1 mM EDTA and 5 mM ATP using immunoaffinity chromatography at 37 degrees C. Earlier methods have led to only partial removal of LC2 or have caused limited degradation of the heavy chain. Electron microscopy of LC2-deficient myosin showed it to have a marked tendency to aggregate into oligomers through the "neck" region of the myosin head. Myosin reverted to the monomeric form when it was reconstituted with light chains. LC2-deficient myosin retained full K+ (EDTA) or Ca2+-ATPase activity, and the actin-activated Mg2+ ATPase was similar to that of the native molecule. Alkali light chain exchange at 37 degrees C, which has been demonstrated in subfragment 1 prepared with chymotrypsin, does not occur with intact myosin molecules or with papain subfragment 1, both of which contain LC2. However, a temperature-dependent exchange of alkali light chains was observed in myosin lacking LC2. The interaction of the alkali light chain with the heavy chain thus appears to be influenced by the presence of LC2, which may have an important stabilizing effect on the myosin molecule. PMID- 3771554 TI - Phosphorylation of Amoeba G-actin and its effect on actin polymerization. AB - Mass culture of Amoeba proteus enabled us to do biochemical studies on this organism. Actin and profilin were purified from Amoeba to examine actin phosphorylation and polymerization. The apparent molecular weight of Amoeba actin was 44,000, and its isoelectric point was 5.8. The apparent molecular weight of Amoeba profilin was 12,000, and its isoelectric point was 4.9. It reduced the rate of actin polymerization as reported in the cases of profilins from other organisms. A protein of Mr = 44,000 (44 K protein) was phosphorylated in a Ca2+ dependent manner in cell homogenate of Amoeba without being inhibited by calmodulin antagonists. Using the homogenate as a kinase, purified Amoeba G-actin could be phosphorylated in proportion to the amount of actin. However, neither Amoeba F-actin nor rabbit skeletal muscle G-actin was phosphorylated. The phosphorylation of Amoeba actin with a kinase partially purified from A. proteus increased with dilution of the actin concentration. When Amoeba profilin was added, more than 80% of the actin was phosphorylated. By viscometry, electron microscopy, and ultracentrifugation analysis it was demonstrated that Amoeba G actin phosphorylated in the presence of profilin and kinase did not polymerize in this solution. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that phosphorylated Amoeba actin remained in a monomeric state even under conditions favorable for actin polymerization. PMID- 3771555 TI - Effects of acivicin and dichloroallyl lawsone upon pyrimidine biosynthesis in mouse L1210 leukemia cells. AB - Acivicin (NSC 163501) and dichloroallyl lawsone (NSC 126771) are potent inhibitors of nucleotide biosynthesis with consequent anti-cancer activity against certain experimental tumors. To determine in detail the metabolic events induced by each inhibitor, we have devised a new two-dimensional chromatographic procedure for measurement of the concentrations of all pyrimidine intermediates and some purine nucleotides from 100 microliter of an extract of cells grown in the presence of [14C]bicarbonate. Addition of acivicin (25 microM) to mouse L1210 leukemia cells causes severe depletion in the cellular levels of CTP and GTP, accumulation of uridine nucleotides, and abrupt but transient increases in the concentrations of the early intermediates of both the pyrimidine and purine pathways. Addition of dichloroallyl lawsone (25 microM) results in a rapid depletion of uridine and cytidine nucleotides; carbamyl aspartate and dihydroorotate accumulate to high levels in an equilibrium ratio of 20.5:1, and orotate, orotidine, and UMP increase transiently before decreasing to levels approaching their original steady states. The predominant inhibitory effects of acivicin are upon the reactions UTP----CTP and XMP----GMP, but there is also an initial transient activation of both the pyrimidine and purine pathways by acivicin. The data obtained with dichloroallyl lawsone are consistent with inhibition of the conversion of UMP----UDP initially followed by potent inhibition of dihydroorotate----orotate. PMID- 3771556 TI - Purification and characterization of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase. Different modes of action on large and small poly(ADP-ribose). AB - Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase was purified approximately 74,000-fold to apparent homogeneity from calf thymus with a yield of 3.2%. The enzyme was a monomeric protein of Mr = 59,000, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The action of glycohydrolase on poly(ADP ribose) was exoglycosidic in the direction of adenosine terminus----ribose terminus; radioactive ADP-ribose monomers were immediately produced from evenly labeled poly(ADP-ribose), but not from the polymer labeled selectively at the ribose terminus. The enzymatic degradation of large poly(ADP-ribose) (greater than 20 ADP-ribose residues) proceeded in a biphasic as well as bimodal manner. In the early and rapid phase, the enzyme degraded part of large polymers successively, leaving the remainder completely intact, and accumulated ADP-ribose monomers and small polymers of the size less than half of original polymers, indicating that the enzyme action was processive up to a certain extent. In the late and 20-fold slower phase, by contrast, the enzyme degraded the accumulated small polymers gradually and evenly, i.e. in a nonprocessive manner. The Km for large polymers was approximately 100-fold lower than that for small polymers. Similar rates and processivities were observed with large and small polymers bound to various proteins. These results suggested that the glycohydrolase may regulate differentially the levels of large and small poly(ADP-ribose) in the cell. PMID- 3771557 TI - Characterization of a protein fatty acylesterase present in microsomal membranes of diverse origin. AB - A microsomal activity of baby hamster kidney cells which cleaves ester-type bound fatty acids from acyl proteins in vitro has been characterized. This activity is also present in microsomal membranes from pig liver, calf kidney, and human mucous cells. Cell free deacylation is described for the Semliki Forest virus acyl proteins E1 and E2 and the precursor of E2 designated p62. Acyl chain cleavage operates with both exogenous and endogenous viral acyl protein substrates. The in vitro cleavage requires microsomes solubilized by detergents of which various kinds are equally effective (Nonidet P-40, Tween 20, sodium deoxycholate, Triton X-100, or octyl-beta-D-glucoside). If microsomes are boiled for 15 min prior to the incubation, deacylation is abolished completely and no radioactivity is released from the palmitoylated acyl proteins during incubation with either detergents or microsomes alone. No changes in the molecular structure of the deacylated Semliki Forest virus proteins were detected, and the cleavage product was identified as free fatty acid. Deacylation is time- and temperature dependent and can be enhanced by increasing the concentration of microsomal protein in the incubation mixture. It is completely inhibited under acidic conditions (pH 5) and at low temperature (4 degrees C). Deacylation also occurs in the presence of EDTA and bivalent cations such as Mg2+, Mn2+, and Ca2+ which influence the reaction marginally. On the other hand, fatty acid release is drastically reduced with a mixture of Co2+, Zn2+, and Hg2+ ions. The activity is not identical with protein fatty acyltransferase operating in the reverse direction, since a partially purified preparation of this acyltransferase failed to cleave fatty acids from fatty acylated substrate proteins. Taken together, these data lead us to postulate an enzymatic activity which cleaves fatty acids from ester-type fatty acylated proteins, and we propose to designate this enzyme a protein fatty acylesterase. PMID- 3771558 TI - Production of biologically active fragments of parathyroid hormone by isolated Kupffer cells. AB - Cleavage of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by isolated Kupffer cells from rat liver was examined. Iodinated PTH labeled at position 43 was converted into two radioactive fragments which were shown by Edman degradation to have residues 35 and 38 as their NH2 termini. Cleavage at these positions is characteristic of cathepsin D. Amino-terminal fragments were detected by bioassay of fractions obtained by high performance liquid chromatography. These fragments eluted in positions characteristic of the 1-34 and 1-37 peptides also previously shown to be produced by purified cathepsin D. The putative 1-37 fragment was rapidly converted to 1-34 upon digestion with cathepsin D, whereas the putative 1-34 fragment was not further digested by this enzyme, behavior previously shown to be characteristic of 1-37 and 1-34 bovine PTH. Fragmentation of PTH as measured by generation of fragments soluble in trichloroacetic acid was inhibited by methylamine, monensin, and ammonium chloride. In addition, monensin significantly inhibited production of both carboxyl- and amino-terminal fragments. Finally, active PTH fragments were also produced by elicited peritoneal macrophages. It is concluded that Kupffer cells, and other macrophages, can produce active fragments of PTH which appear in the medium. These fragments may be generated by cathepsin D within the cells. PMID- 3771559 TI - Equilibrium binding of cholinergic ligands to the membrane-bound acetylcholine receptor. AB - We have studied the binding equilibria of the membrane-bound acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo marmorata with representative cholinergic ligands by means of two fluorescence and a rapid centrifugation assay. Based on the established mechanism of acetylcholine binding to the receptor (Fels, G., Wolff, E. K., and Maelicke, A. (1982) Eur. J. Biochem. 127, 31-38), the obtained binding and competition data were analyzed assuming two classes of interacting sites for all ligands studied. The experimental data were consistent with this assumption and, based on the obtained KD values, suggest weak positively cooperative interactions of binding sites when occupied by agonists but independent (or negatively cooperative interacting) sites when occupied by antagonists. Based on the fluorescence binding assay employed, agonists and antagonists induce different conformational states of the liganded receptor. These states seem to be similar for all antagonists tested but differ for the different agonists tested. The existence of ligand-specific conformational states suggests a close link of these states with receptor function. PMID- 3771560 TI - The stimulation by monovalent cations of the amidase activity of bovine des-1-41 light chain activated protein C. AB - The kinetic properties of the activation by monovalent cations of the amidolytic activity of bovine des-1-41 light chain activated protein C have been examined. With the cations Cs+, K+, Li+, and Tl+, a single cation site, or class of sites, has been found to be responsible for the stimulation observed, with kinetic Ka values of 98-110, 180-210, 300-310, and 14-16 mM, respectively. The mechanism proposed for participation of these cations in the enzyme reaction involves an ordered addition, with the binding of cation preceding the binding of the amide substrate. On the other hand, the kinetic properties of this same activation by Na+ are consistent with either two cation sites, or classes of sites, of importance. Once again, however, the mechanism of the reaction appears to be of the ordered type, with cation binding occurring prior to substrate binding. PMID- 3771561 TI - 24,25-Epoxysterol metabolism in cultured mammalian cells and repression of 3 hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase. AB - In view of the potential importance of 24,25-epoxysterols as intracellular regulators of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, the C-24 epimers of 24,25 oxidolanosterol and 24,25-epoxycholesterol were tested for their biological activity and metabolism in cell cultures. All four compounds produced repression of the reductase in cultured mouse fibroblasts (L cells), and both 24(S)- and 24(R),25-epoxycholesterol exhibited high affinity binding to the cytosolic oxysterol-binding protein. However, binding of the epimeric 24,25 oxidolanosterols was not detected. 24(S),25-Epoxycholesterol was not rapidly metabolized in either L cells or Chinese hamster lung (Dede) cells. 24(S),25 Oxidolanosterol was rapidly converted to 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol in both cell lines. 24(R),25-Oxidolanosterol was converted to 24(R)-hydroxycholesterol in Dede cells, but was converted instead to 24(R),25-epoxycholesterol in L cells, which lack sterol delta 24-reductase activity. Although 24(S),25-oxidolanosterol does not appear to accumulate in these cell cultures, it was found in human liver in about one-fifth the amount of 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol. 24(R),25 Epoxycholesterol was also converted to 24(R)-hydroxycholesterol in Dede cells, but not in L cells. Triparanol inhibited the reduction of the 24(R),25-epoxides in Dede cells, consistent with the idea that this reaction is catalyzed by the delta 24-reductase. 24(R)-Hydroxycholesterol and its 24(S) epimer exhibited affinity for the binding protein and repressed 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase. PMID- 3771562 TI - Molecular defect of prothrombin Barcelona. Substitution of cysteine for arginine at residue 273. AB - Prothrombin Barcelona has been isolated from a patient with a normal prothrombin antigen level but low prothrombin coagulant activity. The activation of this protein is impaired by the absence of one of the two factor Xa-catalyzed cleavages that normally lead to the formation of thrombin. Prothrombin Barcelona and prothrombin were isolated from patient plasma and normal plasma, respectively, in a single-step, high-yield immunoaffinity purification using conformation-specific antibodies immobilized on Sepharose. After reduction and alkylation, the purified proteins were subjected to trypsin hydrolysis. The resulting peptides were separated by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Comparison of the peptide maps of prothrombin Barcelona and prothrombin demonstrated that a peptide, identified as fragment 274-287 in prothrombin by automated Edman degradation, was missing in the prothrombin Barcelona digest. In the chromatogram derived from prothrombin Barcelona, an additional peptide was observed. The amino acid sequence of this peptide was Ala Ile-Glu-Gly-Cys-Thr-Ala-Thr-Ser-Glu-Tyr-Gln-Thr-Phe-Phe-Asn-Pro-Arg, corresponding to residues 269-287 in prothrombin except for the substitution of cysteine for arginine at residue 273. The substitution of cysteine for arginine was confirmed by tryptic digestion of 14C-carboxymethylated prothrombin Barcelona. Edman degradation of fragment 269-287 indicated the association of 14C with the cysteine at residue 273. The replacement of arginine by cysteine at residue 273, adjacent to the known factor Xa cleavage site, precludes normal activation of prothrombin Barcelona by factor Xa and the generation of thrombin. PMID- 3771563 TI - Identification and biochemical characterization of the plasma membrane glucose transporter of Leishmania donovani. AB - The plasma membrane glucose transporter of Leishmania donovani, an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite of humans, was specifically labeled, identified, and biochemically characterized. Cytochalasin B, a known inhibitor of D-glucose transport in mammalian cells, but not cytochalasin E inhibited the transport of 2 deoxy-D-glucose in the extracellular promastigote form of this organism. Hydroxysuccinimidyl-4-azido-benzoate was used to photochemically cross-link [3H] cytochalasin B to the glucose transporter in isolated surface membranes and plasma membrane vesicles of L. donovani promastigotes. In sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), the covalently labeled glucose transporter migrated as a 20-30-kDa protein band. This band was eluted from SDS PAGE gels and subsequently analyzed by isoelectric focusing. The latter revealed two major peaks focusing at pH 6.8 and 6.6 [3H]Cytochalasin B-labeled membrane activity was detergent-solubilized, bound to concanavalin A-agarose beads, and specifically eluted with alpha-methyl mannoside. Analysis of the eluted material by SDS-PAGE revealed a D-glucose-inhibitable cytochalasin B peak with an apparent Mr approximately 20,000. The cumulative results indicate that the glucose transporter of L. donovani promastigotes is a glycoprotein which contains mannose as its major carbohydrate constituent. PMID- 3771564 TI - Fructose induces and glucose represses chloroperoxidase mRNA levels. AB - The fungus Caldariomyces fumago can be induced to secrete the heme protein chloroperoxidase at levels of 500 mg/liter. Chloroperoxidase synthesis is controlled at the mRNA level. Glucose strongly represses production of chloroperoxidase mRNA and protein, whereas fructose induces both to high levels. Chloroperoxidase has been partially sequenced by automated Edman degradation of tryptic peptides. Based on this amino acid sequence data, a 2-fold degenerate, 29 base oligonucleotide (29-mer) complementary to chloroperoxidase mRNA was synthesized. Polyadenylated RNA, purified from C. fumago, was used as substrate for cDNA synthesis using the 29-mer as primer. cDNAs were made double-stranded and cloned into plasmid pBR322 by conventional methods. Screening the resultant cDNA bank by colony hybridization with the 29-mer as probe showed that 18% of the clones contained the 29-mer sequence. Dideoxy sequencing of one clone (pMA340) identified it as part of the coding region for chloroperoxidase by comparison with known amino acid sequences. In addition, the amino-terminal coding region of clone pMA340 reveals a putative signal peptide for chloroperoxidase. Clone pMA340 was then used in Northern analysis of chloroperoxidase mRNA levels under conditions which induce and repress enzyme secretion. PMID- 3771565 TI - Enzymes of vitamin B6 degradation. Purification and properties of 4- and 5 pyridoxolactonases. AB - 4-Pyridoxolactone and 5-pyridoxolactone, formed by dehydrogenation of pyridoxal or isopyridoxal during the bacterial degradation of vitamin B6 by Pseudomonas MA 1 and Arthrobacter Cr-7, respectively, are hydrolyzed to the corresponding acids by distinct inducible lactonases which were purified to homogeneity. 4 Pyridoxolactonase from Pseudomonas MA-1 has an Mr of 54,000 and contains two probably identical subunits of Mr = 28,600. It has a pH optimum of 7.0, a Km of 5.9 microM, and a Vmax at 25 degrees C of 35.2 mumol X min-1 X mg-1. 5 Pyridoxolactonase from Arthrobacter Cr-7 has an Mr of 65,200 and also contains two probably identical subunits of Mr = 32,800. It has a pH optimum of 7.1-7.7, a Km of 300 microM, and a Vmax at 25 degrees C of 21.5 mumol-1 X min-1 X mg-1. The two lactonases require no added cofactors or metal ions; their activities are inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents but are not affected by metal-chelating reagents. Although the two lactonases are entirely specific for their respective substrates, 4-pyridoxolactone is a competitive inhibitor (KI = 52 microM) for 5 pyridoxolactonase, and 5-pyridoxolactone is a competitive inhibitor (KI = 48 microM) for 4-pyridoxolactonase. PMID- 3771566 TI - Enzymes of vitamin B6 degradation. Purification and properties of 5-pyridoxic acid oxygenase from Arthrobacter sp. AB - 5-Pyridoxic-acid oxygenase, a cytoplasmic enzyme formed when Arthrobacter Cr-7 is grown with pyridoxine as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen, was purified about 190-fold to homogeneity from fully induced cells. The enzyme catalyzes Reaction a, (Formula: see text) the essential ring-opening step in the degradation of pyridoxine, and provides a second example of an FAD-dependent oxygenase that adds both two hydrogen and two oxygen atoms to its substrate. 5-Pyridoxic-acid oxygenase has an isoelectric point of 4.6, functions optimally between pH 7 and 8, appears to contain a single subunit of Mr = 51,000 and one FAD (but no iron) per subunit, and is readily resolved by precipitation with ammonium sulfate at pH 3.0. FMN and riboflavin do not replace FAD as coenzyme, but their presence enhances a normally minor side reaction (Reaction b) NAD(P)H + H+ + O2----NAD(P)+ + H2O2 (b) catalyzed by the holoenzyme. Reaction b also is enhanced when the poorly utilized analogues, 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine-5-carboxylic acid or NADH, replace 5-pyridoxic acid or NADPH, respectively, as substrates in Reaction a. Each of the enzymes required in two different pathways for degradation of pyridoxine to anabolic intermediates has now been studied. A comparison of these two pathways and their enzymes is provided. PMID- 3771567 TI - Surface receptor-mediated activation of adenylate cyclase in Dictyostelium. Regulation by guanine nucleotides in wild-type cells and aggregation deficient mutants. AB - GTP and GTP analogs produced significant (up to 17-fold) and persistent activation of adenylate cyclase in lysates of Dictyostelium discoideum amoeba. The activation was enhanced 2- to 4-fold by cAMP (the agonist for receptor mediated adenylate cyclase activation), was specific for guanine nucleoside triphosphates, and was inhibited by guanosine 5'-(O-2-thio)diphosphate. The order of potency of guanine nucleotides was guanosine 5'-(O-3-thio)triphosphate greater than guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate greater than GTP; half-maximal activation was observed with 1-10 microM guanine nucleotide. Maximal activation occurred when the guanine nucleotide was added within seconds after cell lysis and the lysate was preincubated for 5 min prior to assay. Under these optimal in vitro conditions, the capacity of guanine nucleotides to activate decreased, closely correlating with adaptation or desensitization induced by exposure of intact cells to cAMP during a period of 10 min. These data strongly support that regulation of adenylate cyclase in Dictyostelium occurs via a receptor-linked GTP/GDP exchange protein. Two mutants, designated synag 7 and 49 were isolated in which cAMP and/or guanine nucleotides were not sufficient to activate adenylate cyclase. The wild-type pattern of guanine nucleotide regulation was restored to synag 7 lysates by the addition of a high-speed supernatant from wild-type cells. Characterization of these mutants demonstrates that activation of adenylate cyclase is not required for growth or cell-type specific differentiation but is essential for cellular aggregation and influences morphogenesis and pattern formation. This suggests that Dictyostelium may provide a model suitable for detailed genetic analysis of surface receptor-guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein linked adenylate cyclase systems and for determining the role of these systems in development. PMID- 3771568 TI - Three-dimensional structure of the iron-sulfur flavoprotein trimethylamine dehydrogenase at 2.4-A resolution. AB - The three-dimensional structure of trimethylamine dehydrogenase from the methylotrophic bacterium W3A1 has been determined to 2.4-A resolution. The enzyme is composed of two identical 83,000-dalton subunits, each of which is folded into three structural domains. The largest domain, at the NH2 terminus of the molecule, is folded as an eight-stranded parallel alpha/beta barrel. It contains the [4Fe-4S] and covalently bound FMN cofactors separated by about 4 A. The folding topology of the large domain and orientation of the FMN cofactor are very similar to those found in glycolate oxidase. The other two domains contain alpha/beta parallel beta sheet topologies with similar folding patterns. The topologies and spatial arrangements of these two domains are remarkably similar to the FAD- and NADPH-binding domains of glutathione reductase. PMID- 3771569 TI - Kinetics of mitochondrial calcium transport. I. Characteristics of the sodium independent calcium efflux mechanism of liver mitochondria. AB - The kinetics of sodium-independent calcium efflux from liver mitochondria has been studied over the range of calcium loads from 2 to 60 nmol/mg with emphasis on the lower portion of this range. A procedure has been developed through which mitochondria may be depleted of endogenous calcium (initially in the range of 6 10 nmol/mg following preparation) to values as low as 2 nmol/mg, without involving substrate depletion or de-energization. Mitochondria depleted of calcium by this technique are more resistant to the calcium-induced permeability transition than are those depleted by the older procedures and are therefore appropriate for the kinetics studies. Calcium depletion is necessary in studying the kinetics of sodium-independent calcium efflux in order to bring efflux to a rate considerably less than 50% of the saturation rate. The results of these studies show cooperativity with a Hill coefficient of 1.9 +/- 0.2. They have been fit to an equation representative either of a nonessential activation mechanism with a single transport site or of an Adair-Pauling mechanism with two transport sites. From the fit of the data to this equation, a Vmax of 1.2 +/- 0.1 nmol/mg/min and a concentration of half-maximal activity of 8.4 +/- 0.6 nmol/mg have been obtained. The possible role of phosphate in controlling the Vmax of this transporter has been evaluated by measuring efflux as a function of calcium load at three different concentrations of total inorganic phosphate: 20 microM, 120 microM, and 1 mM. Failure of the maximum transport velocity to decrease with increasing inorganic phosphate indicates that the extreme flatness of the saturation portion of the velocity versus calcium concentration curve observed is not the result of precipitation of calcium with inorganic phosphate but is an inherent property of this efflux mechanism. PMID- 3771570 TI - Ammonium chloride slows transport of the influenza virus hemagglutinin but does not cause mis-sorting in a polarized epithelial cell line. AB - The effects of the weak base ammonium chloride on the intracellular transport and sorting of the influenza hemagglutinin to the apical plasma membrane of polarized epithelial cells were examined in infected Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Ammonium chloride was found to significantly retard cell surface appearance of the hemagglutinin but to have no effect on either the initial sorting or steady state levels of hemagglutinin on the apical domain. Based on the rate of acquisition of resistance to endo H, the timed addition of ammonium chloride, and dissociation by reduced temperature incubation of cell surface appearance of the hemagglutinin from early stages of transport and processing, it was determined that the likely site of ammonium chloride action was the trans Golgi. PMID- 3771571 TI - Purification, crystallization, and preliminary X-ray data for porcine fumarase. AB - Single crystals of fumarase purified from pig heart have been prepared from solutions containing polyethylene glycol. The crystals give diffraction data corresponding to Bragg spacings of 2.0 A and contain a single subunit of the enzyme in the asymmetric unit of the C222 unit cell. Therefore, the subunits of this tetrameric molecule are arranged with the point symmetry group 222. The present purification scheme and studies of the NH2-terminal amino acid sequences suggest that only a single form of the enzyme is present, and it is thought to be the mitochondrial enzyme. PMID- 3771572 TI - Immunological analyses of the chemotactic receptor of Dictyosteleum discoideum. Identification of cDNA clones. AB - The cell surface cAMP receptor was excised from preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and used to generate a polyclonal antiserum. The antiserum immunoprecipitates the two molecular weight forms of the cAMP receptor. Both forms are phosphorylated. Western blot analyses show that the antiserum is highly specific and recognizes only the two molecular weight forms of the cAMP receptor. Immunological studies indicate that both forms of the receptor are phosphorylated. Vegetative amoebae possess low levels of the cAMP receptor. Levels of the antigen increase in differentiated cells which express high cell surface cAMP binding activity. The antiserum was also used to isolate 6 lambda gt11 cDNA clones. One of those clones contains a 1.1-kilobase pair cDNA fragment which encodes for a protein of approximately 30,000-35,000 daltons. The antibody which binds to the fusion protein also recognizes the two molecular weight forms of the receptor. PMID- 3771573 TI - Ca2+-independent activation of protease-activated kinase II by phospholipids/diolein and comparison with the Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase. AB - The proenzyme form of protease-activated kinase (PAK) II from reticulocytes has been shown to be activated in vitro by limited proteolysis and characterized using 40 S ribosomal subunits as substrate (T.H. Lubben and J.A. Traugh (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 13992-13997). In these studies, we have shown that PAK II can be activated in a Ca2+-independent manner with phospholipids/diolein using histone 1, eukaryotic initiation factor 2, and 40 S ribosomal subunits as substrates. The addition of Ca2+ results in a diminution of PAK II activity. The Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C) is present in reticulocytes and is separated from PAK II during purification by chromatography on ADP-agarose. PAK II activated by limited proteolysis has the same substrate specificity as PAK II activated by phospholipids/diolein as shown by two dimensional finger-printing of tryptic phosphopeptides of histone 1 and ribosomal protein S6, indicating proteolysis did not alter the specificity of the enzyme. Lipid vesicles decrease the Km of PAK II for histone 1 by 10-fold, while no effect is observed on the Km or the Vmax of PAK II for ATP. These results are strikingly different from the kinetics reported for protein kinase C, where the activators increase the Vmax for ATP. The two enzymes have similar, if not identical, substrate specificity with histone 1, as determined by phosphopeptide mapping, but at least 8-fold more protein kinase C than PAK II is required to incorporate a comparable amount of phosphate into S6 and it is not possible to incorporate stoichiometric amounts of phosphate into S6 with protein kinase C. The two protein kinases also differentially phosphorylate other substrates. The data support the hypothesis that PAK II and protein kinase C are closely related, but unique enzymes. PMID- 3771574 TI - Interdomain motion in liver alcohol dehydrogenase. Structural and energetic analysis of the hinge bending mode. AB - A study of the hinge bending mode in the enzyme liver alcohol dehydrogenase is made by use of empirical energy functions. The enzyme is a dimer, with each monomer composed of a coenzyme binding domain and a catalytic domain with a large cleft between the two. Superposition of the apoenzyme and holoenzyme crystal structures is used to determine a rigid rotation axis for closing of the cleft. It is shown that a rigid body transformation of the apoenzyme to the holoenzyme structure corresponds to a 10 degrees rotation of the catalytic domain about this axis. The rotation is not along the least-motion path for closing of the cleft but instead corresponds to the catalytic domain coming closer to the coenzyme binding domain by a sliding motion. Estimation of the energy associated with the interdomain motion of the apoenzyme over a range of 90 degrees (-40 to 50 degrees, where 0 degrees corresponds to the minimized crystal structure) demonstrates that local structural relaxation makes possible large-scale rotations with relatively small energy increments. A variety of structural rearrangements associated with the domain motion are characterized. They involve the hinge region residues that provide the covalent connections between the two domains and certain loop regions that are brought into contact by the rotation. Differences between the energy minimized and the holoenzyme structures point to the existence of alternative conformations for loops and to the importance of the ligands in the structural rearrangements. PMID- 3771575 TI - Bradykinin stimulation of inositol polyphosphate production in porcine aortic endothelial cells. AB - Bradykinin stimulation of inositol polyphosphate production was followed using [3H]inositol-labeled porcine aortic endothelial cells grown in culture. Bradykinin stimulated a significant increase in inositol trisphosphate (IP3) production within 15 s. This increase reached a maximum value of 5-fold above control at 30 s and returned toward baseline by 90 s. Production of inositol bisphosphate increased with time reaching 4-fold by 60 s. Bradykinin stimulated the production of IP3 and inositol biphosphate in a dose-dependent manner with an EC50 of 9 X 10(-9) M. Labeled pools of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIPP) decreased by 50% within 30 s, corresponding to the rise in IP3, while labeled lysophosphatidylinositol pools increased 3-fold by 60 s. Pertussis toxin, a protein which ribosylates GTP-binding proteins, did not inhibit bradykinin stimulated inositol polyphosphate production. Incubation of labeled cells in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ also did not affect bradykinin-stimulated inositol polyphosphate production. Further, A23187, a Ca2+ ionophore, failed to stimulate PIPP metabolism. Finally, Ca2+ influx into cell monolayers occurred with a time course which paralleled rather than preceded the increase in IP3 levels. These data suggest that bradykinin stimulates phospholipase C metabolism of PIPP to IP3 by a mechanism which does not contain a pertussis toxin sensitive GTP-binding protein. Also, this receptor-linked phospholipase C activity does not appear to be activated by extracellular Ca2+ influx. The results support the proposal that IP3 production initiates Ca2+ mobilization and suggest that the calcium-dependent step in arachidonate release is distal to IP3 production. PMID- 3771576 TI - Glycosphingolipid patterns of the gastrointestinal tract and feces of germ-free and conventional rats. AB - Acid and non-acid glycosphingolipids of stomach, small and large intestine, and stimulated feces of germ-free and conventional rats of the same stain have been isolated and characterized. The glycosphingolipid patterns of the intestinal organs were chemically and immunologically very similar between the two groups of rats and relatively unaffected by the presence of an intestinal microbial flora. The major exception was the presence of hematoside with N-glycoloylneuraminic acid (NeuGc) (NeuGc alpha 2----3Gal beta 1----4Glc beta 1----1Cer) in the stomach of conventional rats not found in the stomach of germ-free animals. Glycosphingolipids of stimulated feces of germ-free animals were derived from epithelial cells mainly of the small intestine and showed no signs of degradation. Glycosphingolipids of feces of conventional rats completely retained the pattern of blood group A-, B-, and H-active glycolipids as found in sterile feces but contained less of hematoside and more of lactosylceramide. This effect was probably due to degradation by bacteria, as demonstrated in vitro with the production of lactosylceramide after treatment of the isolated acid glycolipids of sterile feces with neuraminidase from Clostridium perfringens. The amount of total non-acid glycosphingolipids per dry weight was similar for stomach, was 50% higher for small intestine, and 300% higher for large intestine of germ-free animals compared to conventional animals. Due to the presence of large amounts of mucins the dry sterile feces contained 12% less non-acid glycolipids than conventional feces. However, calculated per rat per day the germ-free animal excreted more of non-acid glycosphingolipids (1.8 and 1.2 mg, respectively). PMID- 3771577 TI - Human alpha-globin gene expression. The dominant role of the alpha 2-locus in mRNA and protein synthesis. AB - The two human alpha-globin genes, alpha 1 and alpha 2, are coexpressed in normal erythroid cells and encode identical alpha-globin protein products. Based upon genetic studies, it has been assumed that these two adjacent and highly homologous genes are equally expressed. In previous studies we have, however, demonstrated that the alpha 2 gene encodes a 2-3-fold higher steady state level of mRNA than the alpha 1 gene. In the present study, we monitor the relative levels of protein production from these two loci by quantitating the synthesis of specific alpha-globin structural mutants encoded by each alpha-globin gene. These values are then used to infer the relative contributions of the normal alpha 1 and alpha 2 loci to total alpha-globin production. The results of eight separate studies, each based upon a different alpha-globin structural mutant mapped to either the alpha 1 or the alpha 2 locus, are internally consistent. The data demonstrate that the alpha 2 gene encodes 2-3-fold more protein than the alpha 1 gene. These results suggest that the human alpha-globin gene cluster contains a major and a minor locus. The dominant expression of the alpha 2 gene predicts a greater impact of mutations at this locus, in comparison to mutations at the alpha 1 locus, in the generation of the alpha-thalassemia phenotype. PMID- 3771578 TI - Synthesis and processing of sphingolipid activator protein-2 (SAP-2) in cultured human fibroblasts. AB - Sphingolipid activator proteins (SAP) are relatively small molecular weight proteins that stimulate the enzymatic hydrolysis of sphingolipids in the presence of specific lysosomal hydrolases. SAP-2 has previously been demonstrated to activate the hydrolysis of glucosylceramide, galactosylceramide, and, possibly, sphingomyelin. Using monospecific rabbit antibodies against human spleen SAP-2, the synthesis and processing of SAP-2 were studied in cultured human fibroblasts. When [35S]methionine was presented in the medium to control human cells for 4 h, five major areas of radiolabeling were found. These had apparent molecular weights of 73,000, 68,000, 50,000, 12,000, and 9,000. Further studies indicated that the major extracellular product in normal cells given NH4Cl along with the [35S]methionine and in medium from cultures from patients with I cell disease had an apparent molecular weight of 73,000. The Mr = 68,000 and 73,000 species can be converted to a species with an apparent molecular weight of 50,000 by the action of endoglycosidase F. After labeling cells for 1 h followed by a 1-h chase, the Mr = 12,000 and 9,000 species appear. Treatment of the immunoprecipitated mixture with endoglycosidase F resulted in conversion of these species to one band with an apparent molecular weight of 7,600. These studies indicate that this relatively low molecular weight protein is rapidly synthesized from a relatively large molecular weight highly glycosylated precursor. PMID- 3771579 TI - Effect of muscular activity on valgus/varus laxity and stiffness of the knee. AB - Quantitative changes in valgus/varus knee stability with different levels of muscular activity were determined for five subjects. A specially designed machine was used to measure resistance to angulation in the frontal plane. This device held the thigh stationary, the knee straight, an cycled the leg from side to side at a constant rate between present moment limits. Resistance to this forced valgus/varus motion was measured simultaneously with torque about the knee in the sagittal plane. Muscle activity was monitored by electromyography (EMG). Direct comparison of moment-rotation characteristics allowed changes in stability to be quantified as a function of extension and flexion torque. Extension torques less than 20% of the maximum increased varus stability more than valgus stability. Flexion torques of the same relative magnitude increased valgus stability more than varus stability. Comparison with the literature suggested that prevention of opening of the lateral side of the joint under varus loading was responsible for increased varus stability with increasing torque, both with extension and flexion torques. PMID- 3771580 TI - Velocities and stress levels of axisymmetric, azimuthal flow within the toroidal rotary seal of the IBM 2997 continuous flow cell separator and the implications. AB - Continuous flow blood fraction separators are used to facilitate the removal of specific blood components for donation or for certain medical procedures. Problems with one such device, the IBM 2997 Blood Processor, have been noted in a number of independent investigations. A key feature of this particular unit is a ceramic rotary seal that allows the continuous separation by centrifugation to take place. The equation of motion for flow inside a split toroid cavity within the rotary seal has been solved numerically; velocities and shear stresses found numerically compare favorably with limiting case, analytical solutions. Predicted torque values as a function of rotation rate and fluid viscosity also served as an experimental check on the validity of the mathematical findings. Comparison of calculated shear stress levels and exposure times with known thresholds for cell damage shows that platelet and leukocyte losses may indeed be caused by the seal. Suggestions are made to improve performance of the IBM Blood Processor. PMID- 3771581 TI - The sensitivity of muscle force predictions to changes in physiologic cross sectional area. AB - The mechanical effects of a muscle are related in part to the size of the muscle and to its location relative to the joint it crosses. For more than a century, researchers have expressed muscle size by its 'physiological cross-sectional area' (PCSA). Researchers mathematically calculating muscle and joint forces typically use some expression of a muscle's PCSA to constrain the solution to one which is reasonable (i.e. a solution in which small muscles may not have large forces, and large muscles have large forces when expected or when there is significant electromyographic activity). It is obvious that muscle mass (and therefore any expression of PCSA) varies significantly from person to person, even in individuals of similar weight and height. Since it is not practical to predict the PCSA of each muscle in a living subject's limb or trunk, it is important to generally understand the sensitivity of muscle force solutions to possible variations in PCSA. We used nonlinear optimization techniques to predict 47 muscle forces and hip contact forces in a living subject. The PCSA (volume/muscle fiber length) of each of 47 lower limb muscle elements from two cadaver specimens and the 47 PCSA's reported by pierrynowski were input into an optimization algorithm to create three solution sets. The three solutions were qualitatively similar but at times a predicted muscle force could vary as much as two to eight times. In contrast, the joint force solutions were within 11% of each other and, therefore, much less variable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3771582 TI - Experimental determination of the linear biphasic constitutive coefficients of human fetal proximal femoral chondroepiphysis. AB - The mechanical properties of the cartilaginous regions of the proximal femoral epiphysis are an important factor in load transmission through the hip joint of young children. Cylindrical test specimens excised from the chondroepiphysis of human stillborn femoral heads were subjected to uniaxial loading in peripherally unconfined compression, using a ramp/plateau input strain history. The corresponding load vs time curves were analyzed in terms of a recent analytical solution for a linear biphasic material (the well-known KLM model), allowing calculation of that model's three fundamental constitutive coefficients (permeability, equilibrium modulus and solid-phase Poisson ratio) for this material. The numerical algorithm developed to evaluate the biphasic solution yielded very precise replication of previously published KLM parametric plots. When fitted to experimental load histories, however, the model provided only a rather loose approximation of specimen behavior, due apparently to a substantial underestimation of the transient response component associated with interstitial fluid transport. Averaged over the series, the best-fit values for permeability (2.51 X 10(-15) m4 Ns-1) and equilibrium modulus (0.699 MPa) were in the range of values accepted for human adult articular cartilage. A consequence of the coarseness of the analytical curve fits was that a solid-phase Poisson ratio of 0.0 was inferred for all specimens. The permeability vs equilibrium modulus exhibited a nearly linear (r = 0.74) inverse relationship similar to that reported for adult articular cartilage. PMID- 3771583 TI - Noninvasive determination of small vessel distensibility in man. AB - The present study describes and illustrates a noninvasive method for computing extensibility of the 'resistance vessels', from an experimentally obtained resistance vs transmural pressure plot, in a maximally dilated vascular bed of man. Limb blood flow was measured plethysmographically following 10 min of arterial occlusion, and blood pressure was measured by the arm cuff method. A ratio of two resistance values taken 30 mm Hg apart was used to compute percent change in radius and the extensibility, E. The computed values of E were 0.71 mm Hg-1 for normal hand and 0.13, 0.22 and 0.69 for the hypertensive forearm, hand and finger respectively. These results indicate that the method may prove useful in the understanding and management of diseases such as hypertension or other small vessel diseases. PMID- 3771584 TI - The effects of a calcium deficient diet on the mechanical properties and morphology of goose bone. AB - A control group of geese (Anser anser) on a normal calcium diet for egg laying poultry was compared to egg laying geese on a calcium deficient diet. The ultimate compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of femoral cortical bone from each group were determined by compressing right circular cylinders which were 2.4 mm in height and 0.8 mm in diameter. The bending strength and bending modulus of elasticity of tibial cortical bone were determined by three point bend tests on rectangular prisms which were approximately 25 mm by 0.8 mm by 0.8 mm. Bone calcium content and eggshell calcium content were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Blood samples were analyzed for free calcium ion concentration. Histological observations included studies of cross-sectional microradiographs, examinations of cross sections stained by a modified Masson's technique, and a determination of fractional area of voids by quantitative microscopy. The average compressive modulus for the control birds was 12.0 GPa (S.D.: 6.2 GPa) while the ultimate compressive strength was 165 MPa (S.D.: 27 MPa). Calcium deprived birds showed slight, but not statistically significant, decreases in both the compressive modulus and compressive strength. The tibial three point bending modulus for the control birds was 16.5 GPa (S.D.: 2.6 GPa) while the ultimate bending strength was 256 MPa (S.D.: 58 MPa). Once again, slight though not statistically significant decreases in the bending modulus and strength were seen in the geese on the calcium deficient diet. The average calcium content (wt%) of the femora of the control birds was 20.5% (S.D.: 4.3%) and 20.6% (S.D.: 4.8%) for the tibiae. No significant differences were noted in the calcium deprived birds. The average fractional void area for the control bird femoral bone was 12.0% (S.D.: 2.6%) and 9.8% (S.D.: 1.8%) for the tibial bone. Significantly greater fractional void areas were noted in the calcium deficient birds as were profound changes in the macrocellular structure of these bones. PMID- 3771585 TI - Three-dimensional electrogoniometric gait recording. AB - Gait recordings of twenty healthy subjects were made on a treadmill and on level ground by means of a light-weight computerised electrogoniometer. The angular excursions in three planes were recorded simultaneously with regard to hip, knee and ankle joints in both legs. Determinations of the mean values and dispersions were then made. In order to establish the reliability of the method tests and retests were performed. Also its validity was checked by comparing the goniometric recordings with concomitant measurements obtained by other methods. The reliability and validity of the method was found to be satisfactory. Apart from flexion of the hip and knee joints during stance phase (i.e. a difference of 2 and 2.4 degrees respectively), no difference was ascertained between walking on a treadmill and walking on level ground. PMID- 3771586 TI - A biomechanical study of the human periodontal ligament. AB - The mechanical properties of the normal human periodontal ligament (PDL) were investigated at eight different root levels. One millimetre transverse sections of teeth, PDL and alveolar bone of mandibular premolars were examined in a materials testing machine. During testing bone was supported by metal rings and teeth by metal cylinders of individually adjusted sizes. Having corrected for differences of size and width of the PDL the influence of root level was estimated using a multivariate analysis of variance. The shear strength was almost constant at the upper part of the root, diminishing in apical direction. The shear extensibility and the relative failure energy in shear were higher at the middle of the root, diminishing coronally and apically. Only the elastic stiffness did not vary significantly along the root. These results demonstrate that in order to compare the mechanical properties of PDL care should be taken to compare areas at the same root level. PMID- 3771587 TI - Epiphyseal-based designs for tibial plateau components--I. Stress analysis in the frontal plane. AB - Two-dimensional, finite element studies were conducted of the proximal tibia before and after joint arthroplasty. Equivalent-thickness models projected onto the mid-frontal plane were created for the natural, proximal tibia and for the proximal tibia with four different types of tibial plateau components. All components simulated bony ingrowth fixation, i.e. no cement layer existed between component and bone. In addition, the interface between component and bone was assumed to be intimately connected, representing complete bony ingrowth and a rigid state of fixation. Loads consisted of bi-condylar and uni-condylar forces. Results indicated that conventional plateau designs with central posts or multiple pegs led to higher stress magnitudes in the trabecular bone near the distal ends of the post/pegs and stress shielding at more proximal locations. A design without posts or pegs whose interface geometry mimics the epiphyseal plate minimizes bone stress shielding. An implant consisting of separate components covering each condyle was found effective in limiting component tilting and the consequent tensile stresses caused by non-symmetrical, uni-condylar loading. PMID- 3771588 TI - Epiphyseal-based designs for tibial plateau components--II. Stress analysis in the sagittal plane. AB - A two-dimensional, finite element study was undertaken to establish the stresses in the proximal tibia before and after total knee arthroplasty. Equivalent thickness models in a sagittal plane were created for the natural, proximal tibia and for the proximal tibia with two different types of tibial plateau components. All components simulated bony ingrowth fixation, i.e. no cement layer existed between component and bone. In addition, the interface between component and bone was assumed to be intimately connected, representing complete bony ingrowth and a rigid state of fixation. Two load cases were considered: a joint reaction force acting in conjunction with a patellar ligament force, simulating the knee at 40 degrees of flexion; and a joint reaction force directed along the long axis of the tibia. For the natural tibia model, the pattern of principal stresses for loadcase 1 more closely corresponds to the epiphyseal plate geometry and trabecular morphology than do the principal stress patterns for loadcase 2. Judging from the distribution of principal stresses, loadcase 1 represents a more severe test of implant design than does loadcase 2. The model of the component with a peg predicted that the trabecular bone near the tip of the peg will experience higher than normal stresses, while the bone stresses near the posterior aspect adjacent to the metal tray will be reduced. A component without pegs that incorporates a posterior chamfer and an anterior lip lead to stress distributions closer to those existing in the natural tibia. The interface geometry for this design is based upon the contour of the epiphyseal plate. PMID- 3771589 TI - Mounting of the transducers in measurement of segmental motion of the spine. AB - A seated female subject was subjected to sinusoidal whole body vibration at 2, 4, 5 and 6 Hz. Accelerations were measured by accelerometers on pins screwed into the spinous process. The pins were also fitted with light emitting diodes (LED). The displacement of these LEDs were compared to LEDs attached directly to the skin. Substantial differences in measured displacements were noted between surface mounted LEDs and those mounted on pins rigidly attached to the skeleton. These differences were more marked further out from the center line. PMID- 3771590 TI - The influence of age and sex on cardiac, renal and caudal artery catecholamine content in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. AB - Noradrenaline (NA), adrenaline (A) and dopamine (DA) levels were measured in the heart, kidney and caudal artery of male and female SHR and WKY rats aged 6, 14 and 28 weeks, and the influence of strain, sex and age on catecholamine content determined. Levels of A were elevated in all three regions of SHR compared to WKY rats, independent of age and sex. This may represent increased A accumulation in sympathetic nerves resulting from the increased sympatho-adrenomedullary hyper reactivity of the SHR strain. DA levels were also elevated in the heart and kidney of SHR rats, independent of sex and age. Na levels were lower in the heart of SHR rats, but this appeared to be partly a consequence of cardiac hypertrophy and partly due to strain difference between older male but not female rats. Thus a simple association between decreased cardiac NA levels and hypertension appeared unlikely. It is emphasised that further genetic studies of F2 backcross rats would be required to establish an etiological association between these differences in catecholamine levels and differences in blood pressure between the SHR and WKY strains. PMID- 3771591 TI - Physiological and pharmacological characterization of an in vitro vagus nerve trachea preparation from guinea-pig. AB - The trachea with the vagus nerves attached was isolated from guinea-pigs. Contractile responses to nerve stimulation or to drugs were measured as pressure changes in the fluid-filled lumen. Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerves caused a prompt increase in the intratracheal pressure with an optimum frequency of stimulation between 20 and 30 Hz. The response to the left vagus was somewhat stronger than the response to the right vagus. Carbachol caused a maximum pressure increase which was about twice that achieved by bilateral stimulation of the vagus nerves at 20 Hz. In the presence of physostigmine the two sources of stimuli were equally effective. The excitatory response to stimulation of the vagus nerves was completely inhibited by hexamethonium, atropine and terbutaline. This indicates that the excitatory response is mediated via ganglia with end organ responses mediated exclusively by muscarinic receptors and functionally antagonized by stimulation of beta 2-adrenoreceptors. The trachea preparation exhibited an intrinsic tone which was reduced by terbutaline and indomethacin but not by atropine or hexamethonium. It is probable that prostaglandins are involved in the generation of intrinsic tone. Noradrenaline caused a concentration dependent inhibition of the vagally mediated contractions of the trachea which was antagonized by propranolol and yohimbine. When tracheal tone was induced by carbachol only propranolol was effective thus indicating both pre- and postsynaptic effects of noradrenaline. The present study has shown that the isolated vagus nerve-trachea is a stable and useful preparation for the evaluation of drugs acting at various levels of the contractile responses of the trachea. PMID- 3771592 TI - Target sites for anticholinesterases on the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata: hypotension elicited by organophosphorus agents. AB - Sensitivity of the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata to organophosphorus agents, oxime reactivators, and muscarinic antagonists was examined in order to delineate sites of cholinergic activity in the central nervous system. The exposed ventral surface of the medulla oblongata in anaesthetized cats was treated with the organophosphorus anticholinesterase agents soman and (7-nitro-2 oxa-1,3-diazole) aminopentyl methylphosphonofluoridate (NBD-AP-MFP), a fluorescent active centre-selective probe of acetylcholinesterase. Topical application of soman (1-5 micrograms) or NBD-AP-MPF (5-120 micrograms) elicited a profound (80-90 mm Hg), long-lasting (0.5-3 h), dose-dependent vasodepression with only minor changes in heart rate and respiration. The vasodepression was rapidly reversed (7-10 min) upon topical application of muscarinic antagonists (atropine methylnitrate, atropine sulphate) and the bisquaternary oxime HI-6; systemic administration was without effect. Reversal of the hypotension by HI-6 occurred irrespective of whether the organophosphorus agent was NBD-AP-MPF, which forms conjugates with acetylcholinesterase that undergo no aging, or soman, which forms conjugates that undergo extensive aging rendering the enzyme refractory to oxime reactivation. Hence, oxime efficacy for reversal of the physiologic hypotension was not dependent solely on the fraction reactivatable enzyme. By virtue of the fluorescence distribution of NBD-AP-MPF the chemosensitive sites were estimated to reside no deeper than 50 microns into the medulla oblongata, providing a direct indication for localization of the chemosensitive cells on the superficial surface. PMID- 3771593 TI - Direct cardiac actions of phenylephrine when used in assessment of baroreflex function in the rat. AB - In pentobarbitone-anaesthetised wistar rats, the baroreflex bradycardia in response to the vasopressor agent phenylephrine was converted to a tachycardia by propranolol. In pithed wistar rats, phenylephrine produced a marked tachycardia which was mediated largely by beta-adrenoreceptors since propranolol markedly antagonised the response. A component of the tachycardia was mediated by alpha 1 adrenoreceptors since the tachycardia to phenylephrine in the presence of propranolol was antagonised by prazosin and mimicked by the alpha 1 adrenoreceptor agonist amidephrine. It is concluded that phenylephrine is not a useful agent for assessment of baroreflex function in the rat due to its marked cardiac stimulant actions. PMID- 3771594 TI - An investigation into the mechanisms of the cardiovascular effects of 5 hydroxytryptamine in conscious normotensive and DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. AB - The actions of intravenously administered 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) have been analysed in conscious DOCA-salt hypertensive rats using selective 5-HT receptor agonists and antagonists to determine the receptor mechanisms involved and to compare them with those in conscious normotensive rats. In both normotensive and hypertensive rats 5-HT, 3 and 10 micrograms i.v., produced a complex triphasic effect on blood pressure consisting of an initial short lasting depressor response, which was followed by a pressor response and then, finally, a hypotensive phase. Marked decreases in heart rate were observed immediately after dosing, which were followed by small increases in rate. The selective 5-HT3 receptor agonist, 2-methyl 5-HT, 3-30 micrograms i.v., produced immediate and marked dose-related decreases in blood pressure and heart rate in both normotensive and DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. The 5-HT3-receptor antagonist, MDL 72222, 0.03 and 0.1 mg/kg i.v., antagonised these effects in both normotensive and DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. Treatment with MDL 72222, 0.3 mg/kg i.v., abolished the initial depressor response and bradycardia produced by 5-HT. The 5 HT2 receptor agonist, alpha-methyl 5-HT, 3-30 micrograms i.v., produced dose related increases in blood pressure which were significantly greater in magnitude in DOCA-salt hypertensive than normotensive rats. Bradycardia was observed consistently at 30 micrograms only. The 5-HT 2 receptor antagonist, ketanserin, 0.03-0.3 mg/kg i.v., caused a dose-dependent antagonism of the pressor responses produced by alpha-methyl 5-HT, but had no effect on the increases in blood pressure produced by angiotensin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3771595 TI - Repair of the rotator cuff. End-result study of factors influencing reconstruction. AB - In fifty patients who had fifty tears of the rotator cuff that had been repaired, we correlated the preoperative findings by history, physical examination, and radiography with the operative findings, the difficulty of the repair, and the results after an average follow-up of 3.5 years. The results, which were rated on the basis of pain, function, range of motion, strength, and satisfaction of the patient, were satisfactory in 84 per cent and unsatisfactory in 16 per cent. The correlations of the preoperative findings with the results showed that pain and functional impairment, the primary indications for repair, were significantly relieved. The longer the duration of pain was preoperatively, the larger the cuff tear and the more difficult the repair were. The strength of abduction and of external rotation before repair was of prognostic value: the greater the weakness, the poorer the result. The poorest results were in patients with strength ratings of grade 3 or less. Limitation of active motion preoperatively was also of prognostic value: in patients who were unable to abduct the shoulder beyond 100 degrees preoperatively, there was an increased risk of a poor result. An acromiohumeral distance of seven millimeters or less (measured on the anteroposterior radiograph) suggested a larger tear and the likelihood that after repair there would be less strength in flexion, less active motion, and lower scores. Single or double-contrast arthrography was not consistently accurate in estimating the size of the tear. After so-called watertight repair and anterior acromioplasty, successful results can be anticipated in a high percentage of patients. PMID- 3771596 TI - Failure of stabilization of the spine with methylmethacrylate. A retrospective analysis of twenty-four cases. AB - Twenty-four patients who had a major complication after attempted stabilization of the spine with methylmethacrylate were referred for treatment. The initial instability that necessitated stabilization was caused by a traumatic condition in fifteen of these patients and by a metastatic tumor in nine. The average length of time before failure of fixation was 208.3 days for the patients who had a traumatic condition and 193.7 days for those who had a neoplasm. In eleven patients a progressive neural deficit developed postoperatively, and in six others the recovery of neural function was possibly hindered by the cement. A deep wound infection developed in six patients, and in five of them treatment by removal of the methylmethacrylate and metal, followed by a prolonged period of cervical traction, was required. Loosening and failure of fixation was the most common complication--it occurred in twelve of the fifteen patients who had a traumatic lesion and in eight of the nine who had a neoplasm. Salvage operations that included removal of the cement and conventional bone-grafting procedures were performed in eleven of the twelve patients who had loosening associated with a traumatic lesion and in six of the eight who had loosening and a tumor. Stability was restored in every patient. Improved long-term results can be achieved by using grafts of iliac bone and triple-wire stabilization methods (a midline wiring between the spinous processes and two iliac-crest grafts, one on each side, wired to the posterior elements) instead of methacrylate in the primary treatment of traumatic injuries. The treatment of choice for instability caused by neoplastic destruction of two or more vertebral bodies includes a construct of methylmethacrylate anteriorly. However, if cement is used, early augmentation with posterior fusion of the spine and stabilization should be considered. As a rule, combined anterior and posterior stabilization is recommended for the reconstruction of a spine that is unstable due to neoplastic destruction. In general, whenever methylmethacrylate is used for spinal stabilization, it should be augmented with grafts of iliac bone to provide long term stability. PMID- 3771597 TI - Reconstruction of the ulnar collateral ligament in athletes. AB - Reconstruction of the ulnar collateral ligament using a free tendon graft was performed on sixteen athletes. All participated in sports that involved throwing (mostly professional baseball), and all had valgus instability of the elbow. After reconstruction and rehabilitation, ten of the sixteen patients returned to their previous level of participation in sports, one returned to a lower level of participation, and five retired from professional athletics. Despite precautions, there was a high incidence of complications related to the ulnar nerve. Two patients had postoperative ulnar neuropathy (one late and one early) that required a secondary operation, but they eventually recovered completely. Three others reported some transient postoperative hypoesthesia along the ulnar aspect of the forearm that resolved after a few weeks or months. PMID- 3771598 TI - Chronic capitolunate instability. AB - Twelve patients, twelve to thirty-two years old, were evaluated for complaints of chronic vague pain, weakness, and clicking in the wrist that had followed a significant but remote dorsiflexion injury to the wrist. Although a standard orthopaedic examination and plain roentgenograms of the carpus were unremarkable, a dorsal-displacement stress test done under fluoroscopic control with the radius fixed showed dorsal subluxation of the capitate out of the cup of the lunate, accompanied by a marked feeling of apprehension by the patient. This was also associated with a painful snap or click due to a sudden dorsal attitude and ulnar shift of the lunate, best elicited with the wrist in slight ulnar deviation. We believe that this condition is due to attenuation of the radiocapitate ligament resulting from prior trauma. Eleven patients were operated on. The volar radiocapitate ligament was tightened by tethering its central portion to the radiotriquetral ligament, partially obliterating the space of Poirier. Slight extension of the wrist was lost by this procedure, but the capitate could no longer be passively displaced and the lunate became stable. Using both objective and subjective criteria, six patients had an excellent result; three, good; one, fair; and one, poor. There was an average final loss of 15 degrees of extension and 19 degrees of flexion of the wrist. The average length of follow-up was four years and four months (range, twenty-four to 109 months). We concluded that insufficiency of the radiocapitate ligament after trauma to the wrist is one cause of chronic symptomatic capitolunate instability. Shortening of the radiocapitate ligament is recommended to stabilize the lunate and capitate. PMID- 3771599 TI - Trapeziometacarpal total joint replacement using the Steffee prosthesis. AB - The first forty-five Steffee trapeziometacarpal total joint replacements that were used to treat severe trapeziometacarpal arthritis in thirty-eight patients were analyzed retrospectively. The length of follow-up ranged from two through six and one-half years. Forty-two of the arthroplasties resulted in relief of pain, and the restoration of strength and motion was highly satisfactory. Although radiographs showed a high incidence of asymptomatic radiolucent lines at the bone-cement interface of the trapezial component, only three patients had symptomatic loosening. We concluded that trapeziometacarpal total joint replacement can provide good relief of pain and restore function of the thumb to patients with severe trapeziometacarpal arthritis, although further study is necessary to assess the long-term results of the procedure. PMID- 3771600 TI - A reappraisal of metatarsus adductus and skewfoot. AB - The hypothesis that the treatment of adduction of the fore part of the foot in the child is altered by an associated deformity of the middle or the hind part, or both, was tested in a prospective study of eighty-four patients (124 feet). Radiographic classification delineated four configurations of adduction of the foot, based on varying relationships of the fore, middle, and hind parts of the foot. Twenty-two (43 per cent) of the feet with adduction of the fore part alone (simple metatarsus adductus) required no treatment, as compared with eighteen feet (24 per cent) with the other types of adduction (p less than 0.03). The patients with a complex skew-foot deformity required twice as long a period of cast treatment as those with simple metatarsus adductus (p = 0.0001). On evaluation at a minimum follow-up of two years, only one of the 124 feet had residual adduction of the fore part of the foot, as determined radiographically. It was also found that the use of the Denis-Browne bar was accompanied by an increased incidence of flat-foot deformity at follow-up. PMID- 3771601 TI - Intraspinal pathways taken by sublaminar wires during removal. An experimental study. AB - The neurological complications of segmental sublaminar stabilization that have been reported by other authors led us to perform a cineradiographic study of the pathways in the spinal canal that were taken by wires as they were being removed. The single wires were removed by pulling on the wire while keeping the wire perpendicular to the lamina; by winding the wire on the wire-extractor, with the wire being kept as nearly parallel with the lamina as possible (the roll-up technique); or by pulling on the wire while keeping the wire parallel with the lamina. During removal, thirty-four single wires conformed to the lamina and forty-one single wires compressed the dura. The roll-up technique caused the most erratic pathways. Double wires, although they were removed together, assumed independent pathways unless a wire-extractor guide was used. These findings suggest that the removal of sublaminar wires may cause dural compression in the clinical situation. PMID- 3771602 TI - Chronic non-hematogenous osteomyelitis treated with adjuvant hyperbaric oxygen. AB - Between 1979 and 1982, thirty-eight patients with chronic non-hematogenous osteomyelitis were treated by local debridements of the wound, prolonged parenteral administration of antibiotics, and an average of forty-eight once-a day treatments with hyperbaric oxygen. Of these thirty-eight patients, thirty four remained free of clinical signs of osteomyelitis for an average of thirty four months (range, twenty-four to fifty-nine months) after this regimen of treatment. Only four of the thirty-eight patients had been free of clinical signs of osteomyelitis for as long as three months during the two years preceding this treatment. Three of the four failures of treatment were evident within one month after treatment. This method of treatment appears to prolong the infection-free interval of patients with chronic non-hematogenous osteomyelitis. PMID- 3771603 TI - Treatment of failures after plating of tibial fractures. AB - Eighteen patients with tibial fractures treated by plating that had failed were treated by intramedullary nailing. Nine patients had a broken plate or screw that had pulled out. In seven, the plate and screws were intact but no healing was evident, and in two patients the plate was intact but one or more screws were broken. The plate and screws were removed from all patients and immediate limited open intramedullary nailing was done with a Kuntscher nail after the bone was reamed. In one patient the method failed, while in fifteen patients the fracture united and in the two remaining patients who could not be contacted union was thought to be in process when they were last seen, five and ten months postoperatively. Two bone grafts were used in one patient. Six fibular osteotomies were performed in conjunction with the intramedullary nailing. PMID- 3771604 TI - Iatrogenic subtrochanteric fracture: a complication of Zickel nails. AB - We studied the cases of four patients who sustained a fresh femoral subtrochanteric fracture during late removal of a Zickel nail that had been inserted for treatment of a fracture. The configuration of the intramedullary device appeared to be a significant factor in the production of the complication. Comminution of the proximal part of the femur (sufficient to require supplementary fixation with interfragmentary screws) and relative youth of the patient may increase the incidence of the complication. PMID- 3771605 TI - Femoral head autografting to augment acetabular deficiency in patients requiring total hip replacement. A minimum five-year and an average seven-year follow-up study. AB - Adults who have osteoarthritis that is secondary to mild congenital dysplasia can be treated with total hip replacement using customary techniques. Those who have severe acetabular dysplasia or total congenital dislocation usually require augmentation of acetabular bone stock in order to carry out the total hip replacement. We reviewed the results of forty-seven total hip replacements in thirty-eight patients (age range, sixteen to sixty-eight years; average age, forty-seven years) who required autogenous grafting with bone from the femoral head for severe acetabular deficiency. The average length of follow-up was 7.1 years (minimum, five years). All grafts united. The average preoperative Harris hip rating was 46 points and the average postoperative rating was 74 points. Five hips (approximately 10 per cent) had a failure that required reoperation; four hipshad aseptic loosening of the acetabular component and in the fifth sepsis developed after a reoperation to reattach the greater trochanter. For the remaining forty-two hips, the average postoperative Harris hip rating was 78 points. Six additional sockets (approximately 15 per cent) were definitely loose by radiographic criteria, making a total of ten hips (approximately 20 per cent) with definite aseptic loosening of the acetabular component. The major factors that contributed to this aseptic loosening were complexity of the surgical procedure, necessity for a graft, lack of a small-sized metal-backed acetabular component, young age, obesity, lack of posterior support, and resorption of the graft. Dislocation was common, occurring in five (approximately 10 per cent) of the hips.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3771606 TI - Adult-onset hemiplegia: changes in gait after muscle-balancing procedures to correct the equinus deformity. AB - Fifty-four adult patients with acquired spastic equinus and equinovarus deformity were treated with lengthening of the Achilles tendon, lateral transfer of the anterior tibial tendon, and appropriate muscle releases. All patients had preoperative dynamic electromyography and electrogoniometry performed in order to assist in planning the surgical procedures and to provide a baseline assessment of the dynamic deformities. Preoperatively, the stance and double-support phases of gait were prolonged. Throughout the stance phase, the gait of these patients was characterized by equinus deformity of the ankle, decreased flexion of the knee (hyperextension in the most severely involved patients), and increased flexion of the hip (which also varied with the severity of the equinus deformity of the ankle and hyperextension of the knee). In all patients, the operation was performed at least one year after onset of the hemiplegia. Clinical follow-up at an average of thirty months (range, twenty-four to sixty-two months) showed that the equinus deformity was corrected in all patients and that 59 per cent of them were brace-free. Two patients had a superficial infection that healed uneventfully, and two had pull-out of the tendon that required reoperation. Postoperative analyses of gait, performed at least one year after surgery for twenty-seven of the patients, showed that the stance and double-support phases of gait (which had been prolonged before surgery) approached the findings in normal control subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3771607 TI - The results of transfer of the tibialis anterior to the heel in patients who have a myelomeningocele. AB - To study the long-term utility of transfer of the tibialis anterior tendon to the heel in patients who have a myelomeningocele, we reviewed the cases of twenty five patients who had reached maturity. Forty-six transfers had been performed in these patients, and all of the patients had been followed for at least twelve years. At follow-up, four of the forty-six transferred muscles were functioning in a foot that was plantigrade, eleven were functioning but the foot had a persistent calcaneal deformity, and seventeen transferred muscles had never functioned. Of the fourteen remaining feet, eight had required a release of the transferred tendon because of progressive equinus deformity after the transfer and six had a minor degree of the same deformity but additional surgical treatment was not deemed necessary for them. Patients who had been operated on after the age of five years generally benefited more from the operation, in that additional surgical procedures were not necessary and the transfer was functional at the time of our review. Most of the patients in whom an equinus deformity developed after the procedure were later found to have spasticity in some of the muscles of the leg. It is likely that these patients originally had unrecognized spasticity in the transferred muscles. PMID- 3771608 TI - Insertion of the distal screws in interlocking nail fixation of femoral shaft fractures. Technical note. PMID- 3771609 TI - Acute rupture of the medical collateral ligament of the elbow requiring reconstruction. Case report. PMID- 3771610 TI - Palmar displacement of the distal end of the ulna in rheumatoid arthritis. A case report. PMID- 3771611 TI - Unicameral bone cyst of a lumbar vertebra. A case report. PMID- 3771612 TI - Pathological fracture of the patella secondary to gout. A case report. PMID- 3771613 TI - Fracture of the atlantal arch causing atlanto-axial instability. Report of a case. PMID- 3771615 TI - The effect of adjunctive methylmethacrylate on failures of fixation and function in patients with intertrochanteric fractures and osteoporosis. PMID- 3771614 TI - The candidate's view of the orthopaedic residency selection process. AB - Two hundred and seventy-nine applicants for an orthopaedic residency who participated in the 1985 match program returned a questionnaire that was designed to evaluate the candidate's impression of the process of selecting a residency. The respondents requested information from an average of thirty-three programs and applied to an average of twenty-two programs. The candidates who participated in the match each ranked an average of 7.5 orthopaedic residency programs. The candidates assigned a high ranking to programs in which the morale of the staff was high and the faculty was committed to teaching. Low morale, poor treatment by people at the institution, an inadequate commitment to teaching, a disorganized day of interviews, and a program in transition were the major reasons for not ranking a program. We concluded that the process is run for the convenience of the programs, with little regard to the problems that are faced by the applicants. PMID- 3771616 TI - Supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children. Analysis at maturity of fifty three patients treated conservatively. PMID- 3771617 TI - Prophylaxis of venous thromboembolic disease following hip and knee surgery. PMID- 3771618 TI - Strain differences in mice with invasive bladder carcinomas induced by N-butyl-N (4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine. AB - Papillary superficial and nonpapillary invasive bladder carcinomas of humans are two disease entities exhibiting completely different biological behavior. Studies were performed on the susceptibilities of various strains of mice to induction of bladder carcinomas by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BHBN), and the type of carcinomas that developed. BHBN at concentrations of 0.05% and 0.01% in drinking water was given to female mice of strains A/Jax, AKR/Jax, C3H/He, DBA/2, and C57BL/6 for 22 weeks. The incidence of nonpapillary invasive bladder carcinomas in these strains was 40%, 100%, 100%, 89%, and 89%, respectively, in groups treated with 0.05% BHBN and 30%, 60%, 60%, 90%, and 40%, respectively, in groups treated with 0.01% BHBN. At both levels BHBN and in all strains the bladder carcinomas induced were of the nonpapillary invasive type. PMID- 3771619 TI - Growth inhibition of experimental glioma grafts by monoclonal antibody treatment. AB - The effects of 14AC1 monoclonal antibody (McAb) on 79FR-G-41 rat glioma cells in vitro, on the formation of metastases in lung by antibody coated glioma cells, and on the growth of glioma grafts in BALB/c-nu/nu mice were investigated. The 14AC1 antibodies - isotyped as IgG2a - were obtained from a hybridoma clone established after fusion of X63-Ag8.653 myeloma cells and spleen cells of BALB/c mice hyperimmunized with 79FR-G-41 glioma cells. Antibody treatment of glioma cells in vitro caused evident cell surface alterations and pronounced growth depression of most cells. However, a few tumor cells remained unchanged in morphology and continued to proliferate. Moreover, 14AC1 antibodies drastically reduced lung metastasis by pretreated and i.v. delivered glioma cells. Additionally, 14AC1 antibodies suppressed the growth of transplanted rat gliomas in nude mice as evidenced by a longer latency period and a smaller volume of glioma grafts in treated than in control tumor bearers. Nevertheless, glioma grafts showed accelerated growth after termination of antibody treatment. Further experimental investigation is required in order to identify the precise mechanisms of the effects of McAbs on tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. PMID- 3771620 TI - Acetoxy substituted 1,1,2-triphenylbut-1-enes: estrogenic, antiestrogenic and mammary tumor inhibiting activity. AB - 1,1,2-Triphenylbut-1-enes substituted with 3- or 4-acetoxy (OAc) groups on one, two, or three phenyl rings were tested for their estrogen receptor affinities, their estrogenic and antiestrogenic properties in the immature mouse, and their effect on the growth of the hormone-dependent MXT mammary tumor of the mouse. The 4-OAc-substituted compounds had a stronger uterotrophic potency than their 3-OAc substituted analogs. A certain correlation between estrogenic properties and receptor affinities was demonstrable. Compounds with 3-OAc groups generally had antiestrogenic properties. By varying the aromatic substitution it was possible to obtain compounds ranging from strong estrogens to potent antiestrogens with almost no agonistic activity. The 4-OAc-substituted triphenylbut-1-enes had a better antitumor effect than the compounds with 3-OAc moieties. Thus, the tumor inhibiting activity correlates more with the estrogenic than with the antiestrogenic properties. The strong antiestrogens among these compounds did not show any significant antitumor effect. Further studies are necessary to solve the problem why strong antiestrogens do not, in contrast to ovariectomy, inhibit tumor growth. PMID- 3771621 TI - Investigations on metabolism, genotoxic effects and carcinogenicity of 2,2' dichlorodiethylether. AB - Either 40 mumole or 160 mumole 2,2'-DDE was injected into male Wistar rats and the metabolites, TdGA and HEMA, were determined in the 24-h urine specimens. Comparative investigations were carried out giving equimolar amounts of chloroethanol and 2-chloroacetaldehyde diethyl acetal. In a further step, inhalation experiments were performed to determine urinary excretion of the two metabolites after an 8-h exposure of male Wistar rats to 10, 50, 100, and 500 ppm 2,2'-DDE and to 50, 200, und 1,000 ppm vinyl chloride. A long-term study was conducted to investigate the possible carcinogenicity of 2,2'-DDE in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats following s.c. injections of 4.36 mumole and 13.1 mumole 2,2'-DDE in DMSO per week. The evaluation of tumor development in treated groups and controls were based on macroscopic inspection and histological examinations of the suspect organs and tissues. Analysis of the metabolites showed that HEMA excretion was much lower than the excretion of TdGA following the uptake of 2,2'-DDE, 2-chloroethanol and 2-chloroacetaldehyde diethyl acetal. Contrary to these, vinyl chloride uptake resulted in a higher urinary excretion of HEMA than TdGA. There was no appreciable increase in the number of tumors detected in 2,2'-DDE-treated animals when compared with untreated or DMSO-treated groups. Since irradiation of 2,2'-DDE with UV did not elevate mutagenic activity of the compound against Salmonella typhimurium TA100, the high mutagenicity of the compound found in a desiccator cannot be due to the liberation of mutagenic compounds produced under the influence of UV light. PMID- 3771622 TI - Enhancement of the in vitro cytotoxicity of bouvardin by verapamil alone and combined with hyperthermia in Sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. AB - The cytotoxic effect of bouvardin (BVD) a protein synthesis inhibitor was studied separately and in combination with verapamil (VRP), a vasodilator and hyperthermia (43 degrees C) against Sarcoma 180 (S 180) and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) tumour cells in vitro. S 180 cells exhibited natural resistance to hyperthermia and BVD, whereas EAC tumour cells were found to be sensitive. VRP alone did not show cytotoxicity to either tumour cells. A combination of BVD and VRP at an elevated temperature resulted in a greater cell kill in the EAC tumour cell line whereas the natural resistance of S 180 tumour cells to the drug BVD and hyperthermia was circumvented by combination with VRP. Combination of BVD, hyperthermia and VRP resulted in greater cell kill, compared to separate treatment with the single agents. The cytotoxicity was evaluated by comparing the inhibition of incorporation of 3H-thymidine in treated cells to that in untreated cells. PMID- 3771623 TI - Carcinogenicity, perinatal carcinogenicity and teratogenicity of low dose metronidazole (MNZ) in Swiss mice. AB - Metronidazole (MNZ), a widely used therapeutic drug, was administered to male and female Swiss mice intragastrically at a dose of 2 mg MNZ/mouse per day, 5 days a week, every alternate week, throughout their life span to test its carcinogenicity. The treatment induced a significant increase in the overall incidence of tumors in female mice but not in male mice. At the same dose, no teratogenic effect was observed. Perinatal carcinogenicity was studied by following up animals till the end of the F2 generation. Though different groups of animals were considered, a significant increase in tumor incidence was observed only in F1 mice which received MNZ treatment during gestation as compared to the corresponding control mice which received distilled water. The F1 mice which received MNZ during gestation, lactation, and subsequently in adulthood, and the F2 progeny had a tumor incidence comparable to that observed in control mice. PMID- 3771624 TI - Frequency distribution of tissue mast cells and eosinophilic granulocytes in tumor-draining axillary and paracolic lymph nodes. AB - The frequency distribution of tissue mast cells and eosinophilic granulocytes in tumor-draining lymph nodes was evaluated. In total 483 axillary lymph nodes draining invasive ductal breast cancer and 162 paracolic lymph nodes draining infiltrating adenocarcinoma of the large bowel were analyzed. Significantly higher number of sinus mast cells were found in axillary lymph nodes as compared with the paracolic ones whereas eosinophilic granulocytes were more frequent in paracolic than in axillary lymph nodes. Concerning both cell systems no significant differences could be demonstrated when all lymph nodes from nodal negative cases were compared with the lymph nodes from cases with regional lymph node metastases. Tumor-free axillary lymph nodes, however, showed a significantly higher mast cell content in the sinus and medulla than did lymph nodes bearing metastases. The number of eosinophilic granulocytes did not differ in either lymph node group. PMID- 3771625 TI - Problems of staging colorectal cancer. AB - A total of 2994 cases of previously untreated colorectal carcinomas taken from the database of the International Cancer Patient Data Exchange System of the UICC were analyzed. The objective was to compare pretherapeutic and postsurgical data and to investigate the impact of missing information on the quality of tumor staging under routine conditions. In clinical staging, a higher percentage of items were marked "unknown" in the questionnaires than in histopathological staging. The clinical and postoperative assessment of TNM stages Ib, II, and III frequently diverged, indicating a low precision for clinical staging. Fistulae were rarely observed in either colon or rectum carcinoma. PMID- 3771626 TI - Modifying effects of disulfiram on DNA adduct formation and persistence of benzaldehyde in N-nitroso-N-methyl-benzylamine-induced carcinogenesis in rats. AB - Whereas disulfiram (DSF) is known to inhibit tumor formation resulting from a number of chemical carcinogens, such inhibition does not apply to nitrosamines. In the present study, biochemical and morphological findings were examined to elucidate the effect of DSF on long-term application of N-nitroso-N methylbenzylamine (NMBA). HPLC and fluorescence detection were used to determine O6-methylguanine (O6-MG) in DNA obtained from the respiratory tract of rats subjected to long-term simultaneous application of DSF and NMBA. After 2 days of treatment, more O6-MG was detected in the proximal portion of the respiratory tract, including the trachea and main bronchi, than in the distal portion. The findings were reversed after 10 and 30 days, at which time formation of the DNA adduct was substantially higher in the distal portion of the respiratory tract, despite increases in both portions. The biochemical results corresponded to morphological findings. Initially, increased numbers of metabolizing goblet cells appeared in mucous cell hyperplasia in the proximal respiratory tract. Subsequently, the hyperplasia migrated to distal regions of the respiratory tract; at this stage, the goblet cells disappeared from the proximal portion, which now revealed toxic degeneration, atrophy and subsequent squamous metaplasia of the mucous lining and squamous papillomas. At various times during a 40-day period, 2 to 7 times more O6-MG in pulmonary DNA was detected in rats treated with DSF and NMBA, than with NMBA alone, whereby distinct amounts of O6-MG were found in the latter animals. In contrast to the above-mentioned morphological findings, no morphological alterations occurred in the respiratory tract of the animals treated with NMBA alone. It is therefore conceivable that the above pathological lesions resulted not merely from the presence of DNA adducts, but also from an additional, previously unspecified effect. As benzaldehyde (BA) is formed in equimolar amounts in NMBA metabolism and DSF has been demonstrated to inhibit aldehyde metabolism, this aldehyde is a possible candidate for such an effect. In the present study, rats were therefore treated with BA, DSF, or NMBA, or combinations thereof. Histomorphological evaluation of these experiments revealed that long-term application of BA alone led to the following alterations in the respiratory tract: goblet cell hyperplasia, hyperplasia of the peribronchial lymphatic system, mucous epithelial atrophy and accompanying perivasculitis--the same alterations seen under long-term application of NMBA and DSF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3771628 TI - Interaction of the oncogene protein myc with specific DNA fragments. AB - The p110gag-myc protein coded for by the retrovirus MC29 was purified 3,000-fold from MC29-Q8 transformed cells by immuno-affinity chromatography using IgG specific for the N-terminal region of the gag protein. Interaction of the protein with DNA fragments was studied by filter binding assay. DNA fragments were obtained from a MC29 DNA clone by restriction endonuclease treatment. Besides the complete DNA provirus the clone contained flanking cellular sequences into which the provirus had integrated. The DNA fragments which were retained by the p110gag myc protein were eluted from the filter and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Preferential binding of a DNA fragment originating from the flanking cellular sequences was detected. The protein did not preferentially bind to the viral LTR promoter/enhancer region as suggested by an autoregulatory model, which can therefore no longer be substantiated. PMID- 3771627 TI - DNA adducts of halogenated hydrocarbons. AB - Although formation of DNA adducts has been postulated for several halomethanes, no chemical identification of such adducts has been performed so far. There is, however, evidence that methyl chloride does not act biologically as a DNA methylating agent. 1,2-Dichloroethane and 1,2-dibromoethane are activated through conjugation with glutathione. There is some evidence for formation on an N-7 adduct of guanine which carries an ethyl-S-cysteinyl moiety. Extensive work has been published on adducts of vinyl chloride, both in vitro and in vivo. The major DNA adduct is 7-(2-oxoethyl)guanine; a minor adduct appears to be N2,3 ethenoguanine. Other "etheno" adducts, i.e., 1,N6-ethenoadenine and 3,N4 ethenocytosine, are readily formed with DNA, vinyl chloride, and a metabolizing system in vitro and with RNA in vivo, but are usually not detected as DNA adducts in vivo. The data on DNA alkylation by vinyl chloride (and vinyl bromide) metabolites are compared with those of structurally related compounds (acrylonitrile, vinyl acetate, vinyl carbamate). PMID- 3771629 TI - Transcription of a satellite DNA in the newt. AB - Satellite 2 is an abundant, 330-bp tandemly repeated sequence in the genome of the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens. This sequence is distributed throughout the genome on each of the 11 chromosomes. Both strands of satellite 2 are transcribed on the lampbrush chromosomes during oogenesis, probably as a result of readthrough from upstream structural gene promoters. In addition to these heterogeneous nuclear transcripts, satellite 2 is homologous to stable, strand specific cytoplasmic transcripts in a variety of different tissues. The majority of these transcripts correspond in size to the entire satellite 2 repeat unit, or to whole multiples of the repeat. The transcripts present in the ovary have been sequenced by primer extension and were found to be more homogeneous than eight independently cloned satellite 2 DNA repeats. We propose that the stable cytoplasmic transcripts are encoded by a small subset of genomic satellite 2 sequences. PMID- 3771630 TI - DNA amplification in multidrug, cross-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cells: molecular characterization and cytogenetic localization of the amplified DNA. AB - Vincristine-resistant (VCR) Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have been established by stepwise selection in increasing concentrations of vincristine. These cells exhibit multidrug cross-resistance to a number of drugs that have no structural or functional similarities. Cytogenetic analyses of resistant cells revealed the presence of double minutes and expanded chromosomal segments, thus implicating gene amplification as a possible mechanism of resistance. An amplified DNA segment isolated from other multidrug cross-resistant CHO cell lines (Roninson, I. B., H. T. Abelson, D. E. Housman, N. Howell, and A. Varshavsky, 1984, Nature (Lond.), 309:626-628) is also amplified in our VCR lines. This DNA segment was used as a probe to screen a cosmid library of VCR genomic DNA, and overlapping clones were retrieved. All of these segments, totaling approximately 45 kilobases (kb), were amplified in VCR cells. Using in situ hybridization, we localized the amplification domain to the long arm of CHO chromosome 1 or Z1. Northern hybridization analysis revealed that a 4.3-kb mRNA was encoded by this amplified DNA domain and was over-produced in the VCR cells. Suggestions for the involvement of these amplified DNA segments in the acquisition of multidrug cross-resistance in animal cells are also presented. PMID- 3771631 TI - Analysis of progressive deletions of the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of influenza hemagglutinin. AB - Site-directed oligonucleotide mutagenesis has been used to introduce chain termination codons into the cloned DNA sequences encoding the carboxy-terminal transmembrane (27 amino acids) and cytoplasmic (10 amino acids) domains of influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA). Four mutant genes were constructed which express truncated forms of HA that lack the cytoplasmic domain and terminate at amino acids 9, 14, 17, or 27 of the wild-type hydrophobic domain. Analysis of the biosynthesis and intracellular transport of these mutants shows that the cytoplasmic tail is not needed for the efficient transport of HA to the cell surface; the stop-transfer sequences are located in the hydrophobic domain; 17 hydrophobic amino acids are sufficient to anchor HA stably in the membrane; and mutant proteins with truncated hydrophobic domains show drastic alterations in transport, membrane association, and stability. PMID- 3771632 TI - Clathrin cubes: an extreme variant of the normal cage. AB - Clathrin triskelions form polyhedral cages with hexagonal and pentagonal faces when dialyzed against suitable assembly buffers. However, when the buffer is made 12% saturated in ammonium sulfate and the dialysis is performed at 4 degrees C, clathrin polymerizes into cubes. The cube is constructed from eight triskelions with one at each corner. The edge length of the cube is approximately 45 nm, equivalent to the length of the leg of a triskelion. Thus, each edge of the cube is composed of two antiparallel legs overlapping over their whole length. The interactions between the legs in the cube are a subset of those postulated to occur in cages. Indeed, the cube can be derived from a pentagonal dodecahedron by removing 12 of the 20 triskelions with only slight adjustment of the legs of the remaining triskelions. The cube forms regular arrays and appears to be a favorable species for crystallization of clathrin. PMID- 3771633 TI - Resonance energy transfer microscopy: observations of membrane-bound fluorescent probes in model membranes and in living cells. AB - A conventional fluorescence microscope was modified to observe the sites of resonance energy transfer (RET) between fluorescent probes in model membranes and in living cells. These modifications, and the parameters necessary to observe RET between membrane-bound fluorochromes, are detailed for a system that uses N-4 nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD) or fluorescein as the energy donor and sulforhodamine as the energy acceptor. The necessary parameters for RET in this system were first optimized using liposomes. Both quenching of the energy donor and sensitized fluorescence of the energy acceptor could be directly observed in the microscope. RET microscopy was then used in cultured fibroblasts to identify those intracellular organelles labeled by the lipid probe, N-SRh-decylamine (N SRh-C10). This was done by observing the sites of RET in cells doubly labeled with N-SRh-C10 and an NBD-labeled lipid previously shown to label the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and nuclear envelope. RET microscopy was also used in cells treated with fluorescein-labeled Lens culinaris agglutinin and a sulforhodamine derivative of phosphatidylcholine to examine the internalization of plasma membrane lipid and protein probes. After internalization, the fluorescent lectin resided in most, but not all of the intracellular compartments labeled by the fluorescent lipid, suggesting sorting of the membrane-bound lectin into a subset of internal compartments. We conclude that RET microscopy can co localize different membrane-bound components at high resolution, and may be particularly useful in examining temporal and spatial changes in the distribution of fluorescent molecules in membranes of the living cell. PMID- 3771634 TI - Limited and selective transfer of plasma membrane glycoproteins to membrane of secondary lysosomes. AB - Radioactive galactose, covalently bound to cell surface glycoconjugates on mouse macrophage cells, P388D1, was used as a membrane marker to study the composition, and the kinetics of exchange, of plasma membrane-derived constituents in the membrane of secondary lysosomes. Secondary lysosomes were separated from endosomes and plasma membrane on self-forming Percoll density gradients. Horseradish peroxidase, taken up by fluid-phase pinocytosis, served as a vesicle contents marker to monitor transfer of endosomal contents into secondary lysosomes. Concurrently, the fraction of plasma membrane-derived label in secondary lysosomes increased by first order kinetics (k = [56 min]-1) from less than 0.1% (background level) to a steady-state level of approximately 2.5% of the total label. As analyzed by NaDodSO4 PAGE, labeled molecules of Mr 160-190 kD were depleted and of Mr 100-120 kD were enriched in lysosome membrane compared with the relative composition of label on the cell surface. No corresponding selectivity was observed for the degradation of label, with all Mr classes being affected to the same relative extent. The results indicate that endocytosis derived transfer of plasma membrane constituents to secondary lysosomes is a limited and selective process, and that only approximately 1% of internalized membrane is recycled via a membrane pool of secondary lysosomes. PMID- 3771635 TI - ATP keeps exocytosis sites in a primed state but is not required for membrane fusion: an analysis with Paramecium cells in vivo and in vitro. AB - We have tried to specify a widespread hypothesis on the requirement of ATP for exocytosis (membrane fusion). With Paramecium tetraurelia cells, synchronously (approximately 1 s) exocytosing trichocysts, ATP pools have been measured in different strains, including wild type cells, "non-discharge" (nd), "trichless" (tl), and other mutations. The occurrence of a considerable and rapid ATP consumption also in nd and tl mutations as well as its time course (with a maximum 3-5 s after exocytosis) in exocytosis-competent strains does not match the actual extent of exocytosis performance. However, from in vivo as well as from in vitro experiments, we came to the conclusion that ATP might be required to keep the system in a primed state and its removal might facilitate membrane fusion. (For the study of exocytosis in vitro we have developed a new system, consisting of isolated cortices). In vivo as well as in vitro exocytosis is inhibited by increased levels of ATP or by a nonhydrolyzable ATP analogue. In vitro exocytosis is facilitated in ATP-free media. In vivo-microinjected ATP retards exocytosis in response to chemical triggers, whereas microinjected apyrase triggers exocytosis without exogenous trigger. Experiments with this system also largely exclude any overlaps with other processes that normally accompany exocytosis. Our data also explain why it was frequently assumed that ATP would be required for exocytosis. We conclude that membrane fusion during exocytosis does not require the presence of ATP; the occurrence of membrane fusion might involve the elimination of ATP from primed fusogenic sites; most of the ATP consumption measured in the course of exocytosis may be due to other effects, probably to recovery phenomena. PMID- 3771636 TI - Sperm exocytosis increases the amount of PH-20 antigen on the surface of guinea pig sperm. AB - Evidence has been presented that the PH-20 protein functions in sperm adhesion to the egg zona pellucida (Primakoff, P., H. Hyatt, and D. G. Myles, 1985, J. Cell Biol., 101:2239-2244). The PH-20 protein migrates from its original surface domain to a new surface domain after the acrosome reaction (Myles, D. G., and P. Primakoff, 1984, J. Cell Biol., 99:1634-1641). The acrosome reaction is an exocytotic event that results in insertion of a region of the secretory granule membrane, the inner acrosomal membrane (IAM), into the plasma membrane. After the acrosome reaction, PH-20 protein migrates to the IAM from its initial domain on the posterior head surface. We have now found a new dynamic feature of the regulation of PH-20 protein on the sperm surface; exocytosis increases the surface expression of PH-20 protein. After the acrosome reaction there is an approximately threefold increase in the number of PH-20 antigenic sites on the sperm surface. These new antigenic sites are revealed on the surface by insertion of the IAM into the plasma membrane. Our evidence indicates that before the acrosome reaction an intracellular population of PH-20 antigen is localized to the IAM. When migration of the surface population of the PH-20 protein is prevented, PH-20 protein can still be detected on the IAM of acrosome-reacted sperm. Also, PH-20 protein can be detected on the IAM of permeabilized acrosome intact sperm by indirect immunofluorescence. Thus, the sperm cell regulates the amount of PH-20 protein on its surface by sequestering about two-thirds of the protein on an intracellular membrane and subsequently exposing this population on the cell surface by an exocytotic event. This may be a general mechanism for regulating cell surface composition where a rapid increase in the amount of a cell surface protein is required. PMID- 3771637 TI - Inhibition of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase assembly by antibody to a binding protein. AB - We have developed an assay to monitor in vitro the posttranslational assembly of the chloroplast protein, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO). Most of the newly synthesized 55-kD catalytic ("large") subunits of this enzyme occur in a 29S complex together with 60- and 61-kD "binding" proteins. When the 29S complex is incubated with ATP and MgCl2 it dissociates into subunits, and the formerly bound large subunits now sediment at 7S (still faster than expected for a monomer). Upon incubation at 24 degrees C, these large subunits assemble into RuBisCO. The minority of newly made large subunits which are not bound to the 29S complex also sediment at 7S. When endogenous ATP was removed by addition of hexokinase and glucose, the dissociation of the 29S complex was inhibited. Nevertheless, the 7S large subunits assembled into RuBisCO, and did so to a greater extent than in controls retaining endogenous ATP. Thus the 7S large subunits are also assembly competent, at least when ATP is removed. Apparently, in chloroplast extracts, ATP can have a dual effect on the assembly of RuBisCO: on the one hand, even at low concentrations it can inhibit incorporation of 7S large subunits RuBisCO; on the other hand, at higher concentrations it can lead to substantial buildup of the 7S large subunit pool by causing dissociation of the 29S complex, and stimulate overall assembly. At both high and zero concentrations of ATP, however, antibody to the binding protein inhibited the assembly of endogenous large subunits into RuBisCO. Thus it appears that all assembly-competent large subunits are associated with the binding protein, either in the 7S complex or in the 29S complex. The involvement of the binding protein in RuBisCO assembly may represent the first example of non autonomous protein assembly in higher plants and may pose problems for the genetic engineering of RuBisCO from these organisms. PMID- 3771638 TI - The effects of galactolipid depletion on the structure of a photosynthetic membrane. AB - The galactolipids monogalactosyldiglyceride and digalactosyldiglyceride together comprise more than 77% of the photosynthetic membrane lipids of higher plant chloroplasts. We have isolated a lipase from the chloroplasts of runner beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) which is highly specific for these galactolipids. This galactolipase promotes the hydrolysis of monogalactosyldiglyceride and digalactosyldiglyceride, in the process liberating two free fatty acids into the membrane bilayer, leaving the residual galactosyl glyceride group to diffuse into the aqueous bulk phase. Isolated spinach photosynthetic membranes were treated with this enzyme preparation and changes in membrane composition were studied with thin layer chromatography (for lipids), gel electrophoresis (proteins), and freeze-etching (membrane structure). After 30 min of lipolysis, nearly 100% of the galactolipids had been converted into membrane-associated fatty acids and water-soluble galactosyl glycerides. SDS PAGE showed that two proteins, one of which is possibly associated with the reaction center of photosystem II, were removed by the treatment. Despite the minor nature of changes in membrane protein composition, freeze-fracture and freeze-etch studies showed that striking changes in membrane structure had taken place. The large freeze-fracture particle on the E fracture face had disappeared in stacked regions of the membrane system. In addition, a tetrameric particle visible at the inner surface of the membrane had apparently dissociated into individual monomeric particles. The fact that these two structures are so dramatically affected by the loss of galactolipids strongly suggests that these lipids play a crucial role in maintaining their structure. Both structures are believed to be different views of the same transmembrane unit: a membrane-spanning complex associated with photosystem II. Our results are consistent with two possible interpretations: the intramembrane particles may be lipidic in nature, and hence lipolysis causes their disappearance; or galactolipids are necessary for the organization of a complex photosystem II associated structure which is composed of a number of different molecular species. PMID- 3771639 TI - Normal human epidermis contains an interferon-like protein. AB - Interferons have been postulated to participate in growth regulation of normal body tissues and are known to inhibit growth of human epidermal keratinocytes in vitro. Polyclonal antibodies to recombinant human interferon-alpha, purified by passage over an affinity column (Sepharose coupled to the recombinant interferon), used in the indirect immunofluorescent method specifically stained the proliferative (basal) compartment of human epidermis in histological cross sections of normal skin and in cultured keratinocyte colonies. Extracts prepared from healthy nonvirally infected keratinocyte cultures contained interferon activity as determined by viral plaque inhibition assay. Using the Western blotting technique column-purified antibodies and antisera to recombinant human interferon-alpha recognized a band of approximately 40 kD when reacted with both extracted keratinocyte proteins and recombinant human interferon-alpha standards, that gave in addition a band of approximately 20 kD. The above findings suggest that interferon or a closely related protein is present in the proliferative compartment of normal epidermis in the absence of viral infection and therefore may serve as a physiological modulator of epidermal growth. PMID- 3771640 TI - Neurite outgrowth induced by an endothelial cell mitogen isolated from retina. AB - Retina-derived growth factor (RDGF) is a polypeptide growth factor purified from salt extracts of bovine retinas on the basis of its mitogenic activity for capillary endothelial cells (EC) and BALB/c 3T3 cells. RDGF is angiogenic in vivo. We show here that RDGF induces neurite extension by PC12 cells and that this neurite outgrowth is dramatically potentiated by heparin. Neurite formation elicited by RDGF in the presence of heparin cannot be distinguished from that elicited by nerve growth factor (NGF) either by the time course of neurite formation or by the morphology of the neurites at the level of the light microscope. Neurite outgrowth induced by either purified RDGF or by a crude retinal extract is not blocked by antibodies to NGF. Furthermore, neurite outgrowth induced by NGF is not potentiated by heparin and NGF is not mitogenic for capillary EC. Thus, RDGF has profound regulatory effects on cell types of very different embryonic origins. These results indicate that the physiological role for this growth factor may be far more complex than previously suspected and suggest that the formation of neural connections and the process of vascularization may unexpectedly share common regulatory elements. PMID- 3771641 TI - Membrane glycoproteins of the nerve growth cone: diversity and growth regulation of oligosaccharides. AB - A subcellular fraction prepared from fetal rat brain and enriched in growth cone membranes is analyzed for its lectin-binding proteins. Growth-associated glycoproteins are identified by comparing the growth cone glycoproteins with those of synaptosomes. Protein was resolved in one- or two-dimensional gels, electroblotted, and blots probed with radioiodinated concanavalin A, wheat germ agglutinin, and Ricinus communis agglutinins I and II. In one-dimensional gels, each lectin recognizes approximately 20 polypeptides (with substantial overlap) most of which migrate diffusely and have relatively high molecular masses (range 30-200 kD). The seven major Coomassie-staining proteins of the membrane fraction (34-52 kD) are not the major lectin-binding proteins. In two-dimensional gels, the lectin-binding proteins are either streaked across the pH gradient or exist as multiple spots, indicating broad charge heterogeneity. Seven wheat germ agglutinin- and Ricinus communis agglutinin II-binding glycoproteins are present in greater abundance in growth cone fractions compared with synaptosomes. Most notably, an acidic, sialic acid-rich protein (27-30 kD, pI 4.0; termed gp27-30) is most abundant at postnatal day 4, but absent from adult brain. The protein's very acidic isoelectric point is due, at least in part, to its high sialic acid content. Growth regulation of specific protein-linked oligosaccharides suggests that they play a special role in growth cone function. In addition, the great diversity of growth cone glycoproteins from whole brain suggests glycoprotein heterogeneity among growth cones from different neuron types. PMID- 3771642 TI - Degradation rates of acetylcholine receptors can be modified in the postjunctional plasma membrane of the vertebrate neuromuscular junction. AB - Denervation of vertebrate muscle causes an acceleration of acetylcholine receptor turnover at the neuromuscular junction. This acceleration reflects the composite behavior of two populations of receptors: "original receptors" present at the junction at the time of denervation, and "new receptors" inserted into the denervated junction to replace the original receptors as they are degraded (Levitt, T. A., and M. M. Salpeter, 1981, Nature (Lond.), 291:239-241). The present study examined the degradation rate of original receptors to determine whether reinnervation could reverse the effect of denervation. Sternomastoid muscles in adult mice were denervated by either cutting or crushing the nerve, and the nerves either allowed to regenerate or ligated to prevent regeneration. The original receptors were labeled with 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin at the time of denervation, and their degradation rate followed by gamma counting. We found that when the nerve was not allowed to regenerate, the degradation decreased from a t1/2 of approximately 8-10 d to one of approximately 3 d (as reported earlier for denervated original receptors) and remained at that half-life throughout the experiment (approximately 36 d). If the axons were allowed to regenerate (which occurred asynchronously between day 14 and day 30 after nerve cut and between day 7 and 13 after nerve crush), the accelerated degradation rate of the original receptors reverted to a t1/2 of approximately 8 d. Our data lead us to conclude that the effect of denervation on the degradation rate of original receptors can be reversed by reinnervating. The nerve can thus slow the degradation rate of receptors previously inserted into the postsynaptic membrane. PMID- 3771643 TI - Isolation, characterization, and localization of the spanning protein from skeletal muscle triads. AB - A monoclonal antibody has been developed against the putative junctional protein or spanning protein (SP) from skeletal muscle triads. By immuno-affinity chromatography, we have purified this protein. The native protein has a molecular mass of 630-800 kD, as determined by gel filtration and rate zonal centrifugation. Within the limits of the methods used, the basic unit of the SP appears to be a dimer. In electron micrographs, it is shown to exhibit a circular profile with a diameter of approximately 100 A. In thin section analysis, the protein is frequently observed as parallel tracks of electron-dense particles bordering a translucent core. We suggest that the basic unit of the junctional structure is a dimer of 300-kD subunits and that four such entities constitute the intact SP. The purified protein has been used to develop polyclonal antibodies. By immunoelectron microscopy using immunogold probes, the SP has been localized to the junctional gap of the triad. By attaching the SP to an affinity resin, three proteins have been identified as forming associations with the SP. The Mrs of the proteins are 150, 62, and 38 kD; the 62-kD protein is calsequestrin. PMID- 3771644 TI - Expression of muscle-gene-specific isozymes of phosphorylase and creatine kinase in innervated cultured human muscle. AB - Isozymes of creatine kinase and glycogen phosphorylase are excellent markers of skeletal muscle maturation. In adult innervated muscle only the muscle-gene specific isozymes are present, whereas aneurally cultured human muscle has predominantly the fetal pattern of isozymes. We have studied the isozyme pattern of human muscle cultured in monolayer and innervated by rat embryo spinal cord explants for 20-42 d. In this culture system, large groups of innervated muscle fibers close to the ventral part of the spinal cord explant continuously contracted. The contractions were reversibly blocked by 1 mM d-tubocurarine. In those innervated fibers, the total activity and the muscle-gene-specific isozymes of both enzymes increased significantly. The amount of muscle-gene-specific isozymes directly correlated with the duration of innervation. Control noninnervated muscle fibers from the same dishes as the innervated fibers remained biochemically immature. This study demonstrated that de novo innervation of human muscle cultured in monolayer exerts a time-related maturational influence that is not mediated by a diffusable neural factor. PMID- 3771645 TI - Cell surface modulation of the neural cell adhesion molecule resulting from alternative mRNA splicing in a tissue-specific developmental sequence. AB - The neural cell adhesion molecule N-CAM is an intrinsic membrane glycoprotein that is expressed in the embryonic chicken nervous system as two different polypeptide chains encoded by alternatively spliced transcripts of a single gene. Because they differ by the presence or absence of approximately 250 amino acids in their cytoplasmic domains, these polypeptides are designated ld and sd, for large and small cytoplasmic domain, respectively. We report here that the ld specific sequences comprise a single exon in the chicken N-CAM gene and that developmental expression of the ld and sd chains occurs in a tissue-specific fashion, with the ld chain restricted to the nervous system. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences from an N-CAM genomic clone with cDNA sequences showed that a single exon of 783 base pairs corresponded to the unique cytoplasmic domain of the ld polypeptide. Sequences from this exon were absent from the single N-CAM mRNA detected in several non-neural tissues by RNA blot hybridization, and immunoblot analysis confirmed that antigenic determinants unique to the ld specific domain were not expressed in these tissues. Immunohistochemical experiments indicated that only the sd chain was expressed on cell surfaces of non-neural tissues throughout embryonic development. The ld chain was found on cell bodies and neurites of differentiated neurons; it first appeared as neurons began to extend neurites and to express the neuron-glia cell adhesion molecule (Ng-CAM) and it was restricted to definite layers in laminar tissues such as the retina and cerebellum. These results suggest that the control of mRNA splicing may affect the regulation of N-CAM function at specific sites within the nervous system and thus influence the control of neural morphogenesis and histogenesis. PMID- 3771646 TI - Regulation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in sea urchin eggs by reversible association with cell structural elements. AB - In unfertilized eggs of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) associates with the particulate elements remaining either after homogenization or extraction of eggs with non-ionic detergent in low ionic-strength media. At physiological ionic strength, the extent of G6PDH binding to these particulate elements is proportional to the total protein concentration in the extracts. In fertilized eggs this association is prevented by one or more low molecular weight solutes. The dissociation is reversible, and there are no permanent modifications of either G6PDH or its particulate binding site that affect binding. After fertilization, the time course of dissociation of G6PDH from particulate elements is too fast to be caused by a change in intracellular pH, but it could be triggered, but not maintained, by an increase in the intracellular calcium concentration. Binding of G6PDH to the particulate fraction lowers its catalytic activity at all substrate concentrations. Therefore, release of the enzyme into the cytoplasm may be an important part of the suite of events causing metabolic activation of the egg at fertilization. PMID- 3771647 TI - Attachment of cells to basement membrane collagen type IV. AB - Of ten different cell lines examined, three showed distinct attachment and spreading on collagen IV substrates, and neither attachment nor spreading was enhanced by adding soluble laminin or fibronectin. This reaction was not inhibited by cycloheximide or antibodies to laminin, indicating a direct attachment to collagen IV without the need of mediator proteins. Cell-binding sites were localized to the major triple-helical domain of collagen IV and required an intact triple helical conformation for activity. Fibronectin showed preferential binding to denatured collagen IV necessary to mediate cell binding to the substrate. Fibronectin binding sites of collagen IV were mapped to unfolded structures of the major triple-helical domain and show a similar specificity to fibronectin-binding sites of collagen I. The data extend previous observations on biologically potential binding sites located in the triple helix of basement membrane collagen IV. PMID- 3771649 TI - Embryonic avian cornea contains layers of collagen with greater than average stability. AB - A unique morphological feature of the embryonic avian cornea is the uniformity of its complement of striated collagen fibrils, each of which has a diameter of 25 nm. We have asked whether this apparent morphological uniformity also reflects an inherent uniformity of the structural and physical properties of these fibrils. For this we have examined the in situ thermal stability of the type I collagen within these fibrils. Corneal tissue sections were reacted at progressively higher temperatures with conformation-dependent monoclonal antibodies directed against the triple-helical domain of the type I collagen molecule. These studies show that the cornea contains layers of collagen fibrils with greater than average stability. The two most prominent of these extend uninterrupted across the entire width of the cornea, and then appear to insert into thick bundles of scleral collagen, which in turn appear to insert into the scleral ossicles, a ring of bony plates which circumscribe the sclera of the avian eye. Once formed, the bands may act to stabilize the shape of the cornea or, conversely, to alter it during accommodation. PMID- 3771648 TI - Type VII collagen is a major structural component of anchoring fibrils. AB - Anchoring fibrils are specialized fibrous structures found in the subbasal lamina underlying epithelia of several external tissues. Based upon their sensitivity to collagenase and the similarity in banding pattern to artificially created segment long spacing crystallites (SLS) of collagens, several authors have suggested that anchoring fibrils are lateral aggregates of collagenous macromolecules. We recently reported the similarity in length and banding pattern of anchoring fibrils to type VII collagen SLS crystallites. We now report the construction and characterization of a murine monoclonal antibody specific for type VII collagen. The epitope identified by this antibody has been mapped to the carboxyl terminus of the major helical domain of this molecule. The presence of type VII collagen as detected by indirect immunofluorescence in a variety of tissues corresponds exactly with ultrastructural observations of anchoring fibrils. Ultrastructural immunolocalization of type VII collagen using a 5-nm colloidal gold-conjugated second antibody demonstrates metal deposition upon anchoring fibrils at both ends of these structures, as predicted by the location of the epitope on type VII collagen. Type VII collagen is synthesized by primary cultures of amniotic epithelial cells. It is also produced by KB cells (an epidermoid carcinoma cell line) and WISH (a transformed amniotic cell line). PMID- 3771650 TI - Biochemical and immunohistochemical evidence that in cartilage an alkaline phosphatase is a Ca2+-binding glycoprotein. AB - A glycoprotein that exhibits alkaline phosphatase activity and binds Ca2+ with high affinity has been extracted and purified from cartilage matrix vesicles by fast protein liquid chromatography. Antibodies against this glycoprotein were used to analyze its distribution in chondrocytes and in the matrix of calcifying cartilage. Under the light microscope, using immunoperoxidase or immunofluorescence techniques, the glycoprotein is localized in chondrocytes of the resting zone. At this level, the extracellular matrix does not show any reaction. In the cartilage plate, between the proliferating and the hypertrophic region, a weak immune reactivity is seen in the cytoplasm, whereas in the intercolumnar matrix the collagen fibers appear clearly stained. Stained granular structures, distributed with a pattern similar to that of matrix vesicles, are also visible. Calcified matrix is the most stained area. These results were confirmed under the electron microscope using both immunoperoxidase and protein A gold techniques. In parallel studies, enzyme activity was also analyzed by histochemical methods. Whereas resting cartilage, the intercellular matrix of the resting zone, and calcified matrix do not exhibit any enzyme activity, the zones of maturing and hypertrophic chondrocytes are highly reactive. Some weak reactivity is also shown by chondrocytes of the resting zone. The observation that this glycoprotein (which binds Ca2+ and has alkaline phosphatase activity) is synthesized in chondrocytes and is exported to the extracellular matrix at the time when calcification begins, suggests that it plays a specific role in the process of calcification. PMID- 3771651 TI - Changes of serum-induced ornithine decarboxylase activity and putrescine content during aging of IMR-90 human diploid fibroblasts. AB - The roles of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC, EC 4.1.1.17) and polyamines in cellular aging were investigated by examining serum-induced changes of these parameters in quiescent IMR-90 human diploid fibroblasts as a function of their population doubling level (PDL) and in human progeria fibroblasts. Serum stimulation caused increases of ODC and DNA synthesis in IMR-90 human diploid fibroblasts, with maximal values occurring, respectively, 10 hr and 22 hr after serum stimulation. Both serum-induced ODC activity and DNA synthesis in IMR-90 cells were found to be inversely related to their PDL. Maximal ODC activity and DNA synthesis in young cells (PDL = approximately 18-22) were, respectively, five fold and six-fold greater than that in old cells (PDL = approximately 50-55), which in turn were comparable or slightly higher than that in progeria fibroblasts. Polyamine contents (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) in quiescent IMR-90 cells did not show significant PDL-dependency. The putrescine and spermine contents in quiescent progeria cells were comparable to those in quiescent IMR-90 cells. The spermidine content in quiescent progeria cells, however, was extremely low, less than half of that in quiescent IMR-90 cells. Serum stimulation caused a marked increase in putrescine content in young cells but not in old cells or in progeria cells. The spermidine and the spermine content in IMR-90 cells, either young or old, and in progeria cells did not change significantly after serum stimulation. Our study indicated that aging of IMR-90 human diploid fibroblasts was accompanied by specific changes of polyamine metabolism, namely, the serum-induced ODC activity and putrescine accumulation. These changes were also observed in progeria fibroblasts derived from patients with Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome. PMID- 3771652 TI - Elevation of intracellular glutathione content associated with mitogenic stimulation of quiescent fibroblasts. AB - The relationship between total glutathione (GSH) content and cell growth was examined in 3T3 fibroblasts. The intracellular GSH level of actively growing cultures gradually decreases as these cells become quiescent by either serum deprivation or high cell density. Upon mitogenic stimulation of sparse, quiescent (G0/G1) cultures with serum, there is a rapid 2.3-fold elevation in intracellular GSH levels which is maximal by 1 h and returns to baseline by 2 h. This is followed by a more gradual increase in GSH content as cells enter the S phase. In addition, the elevation in GSH content is required for maximum induction of DNA synthesis. Treatments that prevent the early increase in intracellular GSH levels do not affect protein synthesis but result in a reversible dose-dependent decrease in the percent of cells capable of entering S phase. These results indicate that GSH may be important in the regulation of cellular proliferation. PMID- 3771654 TI - Production of C5a antagonist by synovial and peritoneal tissue fibroblasts. AB - Fibroblasts grown from synovial and peritoneal tissues release into the medium an inhibitor of neutrophil chemotaxis. The inhibitor resembles the antagonist previously described in synovial and peritoneal fluids. It is a heat stable (56 degrees C) protein of MW approximately 40 kDa that counteracts the chemotactic activity of zymosan-activated serum or purified C5a but not the peptide chemoattractant F-met-leu-phe. No chemotactic inhibitor was detected in media from skin fibroblast cultures or in formal human sera. It is suggested that the inhibitor is produced locally by synovial and peritoneal fibroblasts and that it might play a role in the regulation of inflammation at sites lined with mesothelium. PMID- 3771653 TI - Murine basophil-mast differentiation: toward optimal conditions for selective growth and maturation of basophil-mast or allied cells. AB - Recent investigations revealed that basophil-mast cells were related to the hemopoietic system. Strikingly, murine bone marrow showed a singular paucity in cells with basophil-mast features; moreover in clonogenic assays (methylcellulose, agarose) bone marrow was found to be manifestly poor in basophil-mast progenitor cells. Our work brought to light several new facts concerning the culture and differentiation of this cell type: 1 degree pure and mixed mast clones can be derived in large numbers from bone marrow, provided progenitors are cultured in collagen matrix. Up to 1,382 hemopoietic clones were analysed in situ after staining: 30% contained mast cells (34 per 10(5) cells), thus the basophil-mast lineage was one of the most frequent. We concluded that other cloning media were noticeably nonoptimal for the growth and/or maturation of mast cells. We suggested that collagen and the molecular edifices derived from it, both found in variable amounts in the natural mast environments, should play essential roles in mast phenotype expression. 2 Degrees cholera toxin (CT) selectively eradicated nonmast progenies: mast progenitors and mast progenies were resistant. In this way, pure and rapidly expanding mast cell clones were obtained at a frequency never reported before. CT possibly acts both directly, as a stimulator of mast cell proliferation, or indirectly on marrow subpopulations which repress basophil-mast cell growth and maturation. In vitro culture conditions, specifically designed for basophil-mast lineage, should prove of interest in the search for an unifying hypothesis concerning the multiple forms of mast cells found in various tissues. PMID- 3771656 TI - Occupational injuries. PMID- 3771655 TI - Effect of inositol hexaphosphate on the transient behavior of red cells following a DMSO-induced osmotic pulse. AB - An osmotic pulse can be used to incorporate inositol hexaphosphate (IHP) into red cells. The pulse is induced by equilibrating a red cell suspension with DMSO and then rapidly diluting with an isotonic IHP solution. Since IHP binds to hemoglobin and lowers the affinity for oxygen, this method may find application in the preparation of low-affinity cells for experimental and clinical use. The experiments reported here examined the dynamic changes of several red cell variables immediately following the osmotic pulse. The effect of IHP, which has been shown to dissociate red cell cytoskeletons, was evaluated by comparison with a matched phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) diluent. Red cell morphology, volume, and hemoglobin permeability were studied by fixing the cells at times ranging from 0.06 to 300 sec after dilution. Mechanical fragility was measured by subjecting the cells to a short period of shear stress at the same times after dilution. With both diluents, the cells underwent a rapid increase in volume followed by a return towards normal volume with a maximum at less than 250 msec. With IHP diluent, the period of hemoglobin permeability immediately followed the size peak and was completed by about 1 sec after dilution. PBS also induced a second leakage at longer times (10-120 sec), which resulted in a morphological dichotomy with ghosts and intact cells. The choice of diluent also affected sensitivity to shear stress. The IHP-treated cells had a mechanical fragility maximum at about 1 sec. The PBS-treated cells exhibited no enhanced mechanical fragility. An unexpected result was the inhibition of the second phase of lysis in PBS-treated cells by a properly timed shear stress. PMID- 3771658 TI - High-pressure injection injuries. AB - The use of high-pressure injection devices has resulted in an unusual type of injury to the upper extremity. Though on initial inspection the wound often appears benign, tissue damage beneath the skin is extensive. These injuries are surgical emergencies that demand prompt evaluation and treatment. PMID- 3771657 TI - Emergency care of the injured hand. AB - A multitude of hand injuries are occupationally related. The scope of such injuries and the appropriate initial care of each is discussed. The ultimate outcome following an occupationally related hand injury is frequently determined by the initial care rendered. PMID- 3771659 TI - Ergonomics and cumulative trauma disorders. AB - Chronic tendon and nerve disorders of the upper extremity, such as tendinitis and carpal tunnel syndrome, are a common problem among persons who routinely perform hand-intensive work. This article summarizes the most commonly reported occupational risk factors: repetitiveness, forcefulness, certain postures, mechanical stresses, exposure to vibration, and exposure to low temperatures. It describes how to look for these factors and how to control them through the design of work equipment and procedures. PMID- 3771660 TI - Psychological evaluation of patients with industrial hand injuries. AB - Psychological evaluations with hand injury patients provide diagnostic information and treatment recommendations that can be included with the findings from physical and neurologic examinations. Assessment of psychosocial factors that can either complicate recovery from injury or aid in rehabilitation is discussed. Four clinical cases are presented. PMID- 3771661 TI - The psychological impact of traumatic amputations. A team approach: physician, therapist, and psychologist. AB - This article discusses the psychological problems that may arise following upper extremity traumatic amputation. Members of a health team consisting of surgeon, hand therapist, and counseling psychologist describe their individual and group functions in assisting the patient's recovery. PMID- 3771662 TI - Postoperative care of hand injuries. AB - This article discusses the psychological problems that may arise following upper extremity traumatic amputation. Members of a health team consisting of surgeon, hand therapist, and counseling psychologist describe their individual and group functions in assisting the patient's recovery. PMID- 3771663 TI - [The place of surgery and its influence on recurrence in the evolution of Crohn's disease]. AB - This retrospective study analyses the results of 37 patients suffering from Crohn's disease and submitted to surgery. 49 operations were carried on with a follow up ranging from 24 to 276 months. Lesions were mainly located in the ileo colic segment (24 cases) the rectum (8 cases), the colon (9 cases) and the anus or rectum (10 cases). The operative mortality was about 8% and long term results show an overall recurrence rate of 66.6%, the average follow up being 88 months. Nutritional complications associated with a constant increase of the recurrence rate should lead to avoid reiterated resections. A conservative therapy under medical surveillance is then indicated and in case of surgical management, parsimonious resections are required but the anastomosis should not involve pathological tissues. The surgical management of Crohn's disease being a temporary and sometimes mangling solution should only be required in case of medical treatment failure or while facing evolution complications. PMID- 3771664 TI - [Vagotomy and drainage adapted for ulcerous stenosis]. AB - The authors have retrospectively studied 56 patients with duodenal ulcer stenosis treated by vagotomy and gastric drainage. They found that there are several types of stenosis needing different drainage and vagotomy procedures. So, they propose an operative policy based on the result of a intra-operative exploration adapting the gastric drainage to the type of stenosis and vagotomy to the selected drainage. If the ideal is to preserve pylorus, then to perform a H.S.V. with dilatation or duodenoplasty, nevertheless, according to the authors, there are still indications for T.V. and drainage. PMID- 3771665 TI - [Caustic lesions of the upper digestive tract. Apropos of 191 cases]. AB - The authors report 191 cases of caustic burns of the upper gastro intestinal tract. HCL is the most incriminated caustic. 6 of them are severe cases: 2 are dead immediately, 4 were operated in emergency and 3 died. The staging based on fibroendoscopy allow us to make a prognosis. 43% of the cases stage III and 14% stage II developed a stenosis. A nasogastric tube is performed at 135 cases. It's used for an enteral artificial feeding and for oesophageal stenting in burns liable to cause stenosis. Through the results of this study and a review of the literature we may establish a therapeutic schema adapted to our conditions. PMID- 3771666 TI - [Esophagopericardial fistula due to the perforation of a benign esophageal ulcer. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 3771667 TI - [Intramural cyst of the esophagus. Apropos of a surgical case]. AB - Surgical excision of a benign cyst of esophagus was justified by the presence of dysphagia, totally relieved by the operation. Esophageal cysts are exceptional findings, their histology often resembling that of bronchogenic cysts as in the case reported. PMID- 3771668 TI - [Extensive excision of fixed cancers of the colon. A retrospective study of 44 cases]. AB - Out of 268 resections for colonic carcinoma, 44 were extended because of an involvement to adjacent tissues or organs. Abdominal wall (14 cases), vesical dome (12 cases) and small bowel (11 cases) were most frequently resected. Post operative mortality (15.9%) and five years survival rates (57.5%) of this radical procedures do not significantly differ compared to results after conventional procedures (15.3 and 64.3% respectively). Carcinomatous adhesions are difficult to distinguish from inflammatory ones at the time of laparotomy. They were found in 47% of the specimens only. This had a lesser prognostic significance than lymph nodes involvement. This results are in favour of extensive surgery for locally advanced tumours of the colon. PMID- 3771669 TI - [Carpal tunnel syndrome. 1351 surgical cases]. AB - An analysis was conducted of 1351 cases of carpal tunnel syndrome operated upon in the Department. Plastie and Hand Surgery of the Civil Hospital, Legnano (Italy) between 1966 and 1984. Positive evaluation of efficacy of therapy applied was possible and emphasized the need for diagnosis early enough for operation, the only valid treatment, to be undertaken. PMID- 3771670 TI - [Consumption coagulopathies following peritoneojugular bypass. Prevention by a heparin-antithrombin III combination]. AB - Consumption coagulopathy (CIVD) is a frequent complication of peritoneojugular bypass operation. Preventive treatment applied involves low-dose heparin (1.5 mg/kg/d) to maintain an antithrombin III concentration of at least 65%. Results are evaluated in 6 patients treated by 7 bypass operations. A biologic CIVD developed in 2 cases (29%) but no clinical coagulopathy was observed. This incidence is less than that usually reported, a literature review indicating a biologic coagulopathy in 65% of cases, with clinical evidence in 12.5%. Furthermore, patients with spontaneously elevated AT III levels did not develop CIVD while, in contrast, sufficiently high concentrations of AT III could not be maintained in the 2 patients with coagulopathy. These findings suggest the interest of prevention of a CIVD by the use of this procedure. PMID- 3771671 TI - [Anterior sacral meningocele. Report on 2 cases treated by the abdominal approach]. AB - Anterior sacral meningocele is a rare affection (150 cases published) that is frequently misdiagnosed with resulting inappropriate, always dangerous treatment. Diagnosis should however be simple to establish on the finding of a fluid hypogastric mass attached to the sacrum with associated radiologic anomalies of the sacrum. Two cases are reviewed and diagnostic and surgical therapy features discussed. PMID- 3771672 TI - [Comparative study of 3 therapeutic methods for Pouteau Colles' fracture. Apropos of 97 cases]. AB - Results of three therapeutic modalities used for the treatment of a homogeneous series of patients with a Pouteau Colles fracture are analyzed. Orthopedic treatment provided deceiving results. Pinning was, on the contrary, very effective, intrafocal pinning with immediate mobilization of the wrist appearing perfectly effective. Few complications were reported in contrast to plastered immobilizations. Good results were obtained in 80% of cases and functional recovery was rapid, indicating that this method represents undoubted progress when compared with conventional therapies. PMID- 3771673 TI - [Pyonephrosis complicated by a pyogenic psoas abscess. Apropos of a case]. AB - Psoas abscess of pyogenic origin developed secondary to renal infection in a patient with coralliform lithiasis, a favorable outcome being obtained after nephrectomy and drainage of abscess. Clinical diagnosis is difficult but ultrasound and CT scan imaging provide useful data. Other causes of pyogenic abscess are discussed, the most frequent origin being digestive disease. PMID- 3771674 TI - [Skin preparation and postoperative parietal suppuration in digestive tract surgery]. PMID- 3771675 TI - Assessment and diagnosis of affective disorders in children. PMID- 3771676 TI - Sibling quarrels and maternal intervention: individual differences in understanding and aggression. AB - Individual differences in the nature and frequency of conflict behaviour between 18-24 month old children and their older siblings were investigated in a sample of 43 sibling pairs observed at home with their mothers. By 24 months, relatively mature behaviour such as conciliation, teasing, reference to social rules and justification for prohibition were observed. These behaviours were correlated with maternal and sibling reference to social rules and feelings 6 months earlier; physical aggression was correlated with earlier sibling physical aggression and maternal involvement. Sibling status and type of maternal intervention were not related to frequency and duration of sibling conflict. PMID- 3771677 TI - The relationship between specific reading retardation, general reading backwardness and behavioural problems in a large sample of Dunedin boys: a longitudinal study from five to eleven years. AB - Parent and teacher reports of behaviour problems were obtained at ages 5, 7, 9 and 11 years for three groups of boys: specific reading retarded (N = 18), general reading backward (N = 22), and those with no severe reading disability (N = 436). At school entry, both groups of reading disabled boys were reported as having more behaviour problems, and the level of problems increased during their early school years. The results suggest that behaviour problems pre-date reading disability, while reading failure further exacerbates the existing problem behaviour. PMID- 3771678 TI - Children with psychiatric disorders in primary care. AB - A substantial minority (23%) of children between 7 and 12 years of age attending general practice were found to have psychiatric disorders. Disturbance was slightly more frequent in girls than in boys, and emotional disorder was the most common diagnosis. Psychiatric disorder was associated with psychological disadvantage (broken homes, the child had lived away from the family, family history of psychiatric disorder) and with current high levels of parental stress in relation to their children. Disturbed children tended to present with symptoms of anxiety, bed-wetting, hayfever, nosebleeds or scabies. Amongst a subsample of children consulting in general practice, psychiatric disorder may be a relevant factor contributing to somatic consultation. PMID- 3771679 TI - The stress of school entry: parental coping behaviors and children's adjustment to school. AB - The coping reactions of parents of 58 children exhibiting signs of maladjustment upon entering elementary school and changes in adjustment to school were evaluated during the first two school years. The relationship between coping and adjustment was evaluated by measuring both synchronous and cross-lagged correlations. As the children's adjustment worsened during the first grade, mothers increased their coping activity, but their efforts did not contribute to an improved adjustment. An adaptive and cohesive family pattern, related to a subsequent improvement in adjustment to school, was composed of variables measuring fathers' coping activities, mothers' positive attempts to stimulate the fathers' coping behaviors, parental support of the children and their co operation to co-ordinate coping strategies. PMID- 3771680 TI - 'Situational hyperactivity' in a U.S. clinical setting. AB - Eight of 69 males referred to a Hyperactivity Clinic for participation in psychopharmacological trials were not rated hyperactive by their primary caretaker on a parent symptom questionnaire. In comparison to eight boys for whom both parent and teacher ratings of hyperactivity were high, the group differed only in caretaker status. 'Situational' children were less likely to be living with both biological parents (P less than 0.05). In contrast, direct observation and actometer measurement of activity did not differ significantly between the groups. The findings suggest that at least in clinical settings, a distinction between 'situational' and 'pervasive' hyperactivity reflects caretaker status or attitude and not characteristics of the child. PMID- 3771681 TI - Social interactions of autistic, mentally retarded and normal children and their caregivers. AB - The social interactions of young autistic children and their caregivers were contrasted to interactions involving normal and mentally retarded controls. The autistic children displayed a much lower frequency of attention sharing behaviors, such as pointing to or showing objects. Alternatively, the autistic children directed as much looking, vocalizing and proximity behaviors toward their caregivers as did the other groups. Thus, although the autistic children did not show a clear lack of responsiveness to their caregivers, they did display a significant deficit in indicating behaviors during child-caregiver interaction. PMID- 3771682 TI - Defining the social deficits of autism: the contribution of non-verbal communication measures. AB - Young autistic children were compared to normal and control samples on measures of non-verbal communication skills and object play skills. Deficits in non-verbal indicating behaviors best discriminated the children diagnosed as autistic from the other groups. Although the autistic children also exhibited deficits in object play behavior, these deficits did not add appreciably to the discriminant function based on the non-verbal communication behaviors. These results suggest that a deficit in the development of non-verbal indicating behaviors is a significant characteristic of young children who receive the diagnosis of autism. PMID- 3771683 TI - The autistic child's appraisal of expressions of emotion: a further study. AB - Autistic and matched non-autistic retarded children were selected for their ability to recognize the correspondence between schematic drawings and videotaped scenes involving people. The subjects of both groups were able to choose schematic drawings of gestures for a person's gestures of emotion enacted on videotape. However, the autistic children were significantly impaired in choosing which of the drawings of gestures should 'go with' videotaped vocalizations and facial expressions characteristic of four emotional states. The results were found to be consistent with results from a previous, related study in which the same subjects had chosen drawn or photographed faces to indicate their judgements of the same videotapes of emotional expression. It is suggested that these findings reflect an important aspect of autistic children's social disability. PMID- 3771684 TI - Do age and sex influence the association between recent life events and psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents?--A controlled enquiry. AB - In a consecutive sample of school-aged children attending a routine child psychiatry clinic, four clinical groups were classified based on presenting signs and symptoms, conduct (N = 44), mild emotional (N = 55), severe emotional (N = 32) and somatic (N = 26). The groups were divided by age and sex and comparisons made between the groups and community subjects (N = 76) for the number of children experiencing one or more recent stressful life events. The results indicated that with the possible exception of severe emotional disorders, neither age nor sex substantially influenced the association between events and psychiatric disorder. PMID- 3771685 TI - Adam--a severely-deprived Colombian orphan: a case report. AB - The case study of Adam, a severely-deprived Colombian orphan, is presented. At 16 months of age the child was suffering from severe marasmic malnutrition, his development was about the level of a 3-month old, he had been physically neglected and was emotionally withdrawn. Adam was adopted at 34 months of age. At 8 years of age his Full-Scale WISC-R-IQ was 113 and at 10 years of age he scored 100% on the Michigan Assessment Test. Now at 13 years 10 months he is functioning at the 8th grade school level, which is appropriate for his age, and his weight and height are in the 50th centile range. PMID- 3771686 TI - Wilson's disease in an adolescent displaying an adjustment reaction to a series of life stressors: a case study. AB - The case is presented of a 13 year old boy suffering from Wilson's disease. Initially, his medical condition was, to a large degree, masked by a range of behavioural and emotional problems which followed directly in the wake of a series of major life stresses. PMID- 3771687 TI - Reversed-phase determination of famotidine, potential degradates, and preservatives in pharmaceutical formulations by high-performance liquid chromatography using silica as a stationary phase. AB - An analytical method was developed for the determination of famotidine, potential degradates, and preservatives in several pharmaceutical formulations. The method employs reversed-phase chromatography on a silica column with a methanol phosphate solution as the mobile phase. The influence of the concentration of phosphate and organic modifier are discussed. Accuracy and precision for this method along with assay data from different formulations of famotidine are presented. Two different commercial silica columns were tested with this method. Chromatographic differences related to the surface area and pore size of the silica are discussed. PMID- 3771688 TI - Evaluation of several strategies for preparing a bovine gonadotropin-like peptide using isotachophoresis, isoelectrofocusing and high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - Several strategies for preparing a gonadotropin-like, thermostable peptide from the bovine adenohypophysis were compared. Initially, we extracted bovine pituitaries, in the form of an acetone powder, with acetic acid and water. Using one strategy, we isolated the peptide from the crude extract by gel filtration, isotachophoresis, and isoelectrofocusing. The yield was ca. 50 micrograms of peptide from 100 pituitaries. Using another strategy, we isolated the peptide from the crude extract by precipitating the active material with ethanol followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The yield was ca. 500 micrograms of peptide from 100 pituitaries. Using analytical HPLC, we found that material obtained using the different strategies gave similar results. The HPLC route was, however, more efficient and faster than the other routes, and we recommend it for preparing this gonadotropin-like peptide. PMID- 3771689 TI - Quantitative determination of androstenone in pig adipose tissue. AB - A simple, cheap and rapid method for the quantitative determination of the boar taint substance, 5 alpha-androst-16-en-3-one, in pig adipose tissue is described. After saponification of the fat the androstenone is extracted, derivatised with o (pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine hydrochloride in pyridine and analysed by fused silica open-tubular capillary gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. PMID- 3771690 TI - Combined use of trypsin-agarose affinity chromatography and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography for the purification of single-chain protease inhibitor from corn seeds. AB - We have developed a large-scale method for recovering the corn inhibitor of trypsin and activated Hageman factor from a trypsin-agarose column predominantly in the single-chain form. To do so, inhibitor retained by the column was eluted with 1.0 M glycine buffer, pH 2.1. We have used reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography to further purify the inhibitor eluted from the trypsin agarose column by separating the single-chain inhibitor from two-chain inhibitor (a small amount of which is present in the preparation after trypsin-agarose chromatography) and from still smaller amounts of another protein (apparently trypsin) that appears as a contaminant during trypsin-agarose chromatography. PMID- 3771691 TI - Hydrophobic interaction fast protein liquid chromatography of milk proteins. AB - Bovine whey proteins and caseins were separated by hydrophobic interaction chromatography with the new Pharmacia fast protein liquid chromatography column, phenyl-Superose. Total casein was separated using a decreasing gradient of 0.8 to 0.05 M sodium phosphate and a constant 3.75 M urea concentration at pH 6.0. The order of elution of caseins was beta less than gamma, alpha s2 less than kappa less than alpha s1, and beta-casein was always eluted first. Whey proteins were separated with a decreasing salt gradient of 1.5 to 0 M ammonium sulphate in 0.05 M sodium phosphate at pH 7.0. The order of elution was beta-lactoglobulin less than bovine serum albumin less than immunoglobulin less than alpha-lactalbumin. The elution order of proteins from the column did not correlate with the calculated average hydrophobicities but the method was considered to be a measure of the "effective" hydrophobicity of proteins and therefore of more use for attempting to relate hydrophobicity to functional properties of proteins. The method shows significant advantages over conventional techniques allowing rapid optimization of elution conditions and reducing run times from 24 h or more to less than 2 h. PMID- 3771692 TI - Rapid sample preparation method for the determination of chloramphenicol in swine muscle by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A simple and rapid sample preparation method for the determination of chloramphenicol in swine muscle tissue at the 10 micrograms/kg level is described. The method comprises sonication-aided extraction with ethyl acetate, addition of hexane to the extract and cleaning up and concentration of the extract on a small column packed with silica gel. Analysis was performed by high performance liquid chromatography on a ChromSep column with ChromSpher C8 using acetonitrile-sodium acetate buffer as the mobile phase. Detection was performed at 280 nm. Mean recoveries from spiked muscle samples were 79 +/- 3% (10-50 micrograms/kg). The distribution of chloramphenicol in different muscle and fatty tissues from a pig to which a single dose of chloramphenicol was administered was also investigated. PMID- 3771693 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of platelet activating factor on a cation-exchange column by direct ultraviolet detection. PMID- 3771694 TI - Rapid purification of native group-specific component (vitamin D-binding protein) by differential affinity for immobilized triazine dyes. PMID- 3771695 TI - Electrophoretic separation and analysis of living cells from solid tissues by several methods. Human embryonic kidney cell cultures as a model. AB - Preparative electrophoresis of living cells has been considered for some time as a potential tool for isolating, from heterogeneous mixtures, subpopulations of cells according to function. Such a purification depends upon the retention of electrophoretic heterogeneity and the retention of function. Human embryonic kidney cells that had been in monolayer culture for 1-5 subcultivations were resuspended by treatment with trypsin and/or EDTA and suspended in a variety of electrophoresis buffers, ranging in ionic strength from 0.0015 to 0.15 M. Analytical electrophoresis with a Zeiss Cytopherometer or Pen Kem 3000 automated light-scattering electrophoretic analyzer indicated that electrophoretic heterogeneity was retained under the full range of conditions tested. Preparative electrophoresis by three methods--in a density gradient, with continuous flow, and in microgravity--indicated that electrophoretic heterogeneity coincided with functional heterogeneity; for example, some electrophoretically isolated subpopulations produced increased levels of urokinase while others produced increased level of tissue plasminogen activator. PMID- 3771696 TI - Chromatographic methods for purification of leukocyte interferon. AB - A chromatographic method has been developed for obtaining interferon products of three types: with a specific activity of 10(5) I.U./mg of protein (on the basis of leukocyte interferon); with a specific activity of 10(6) I.U./mg of protein (on the basis of leukocyte interferon); a near-homogeneous preparation with an activity of 2 X 10(8)-4 X 10(8) I.U./mg of protein (for leukocyte and recombinant interferons). In the first two cases, only gel permeation chromatography (GPC) is used, which yields interferon preparations containing the oligomeric forms of interferon and also such biologically active proteins as factor D and interleukin 1. In the last case, GPC and immunoaffinity chromatography may be conveniently supplemented by interferon purification by ion exchange to remove immunoglobulins and the products formed by their hydrolytic or proteolytic decomposition. PMID- 3771697 TI - Gas chromatographic determination of nitrogen-containing anticonvulsant drugs and opium alkaloids using a thermoaerosol detector. AB - A simple and sensitive gas chromatographic method for determining nitrogen containing anticonvulsant drugs (phenobarbital, hexamidine and diphenylhydantoin) and opium alkaloids (codeine, morphine, papaverin and narcotin) with a thermoaerosol detector is described. All the compounds were determined by using 0.1-0.2 ml of plasma and without their transformation into volatile derivatives. Packed glass columns and quartz capillary columns of short lengths were employed. PMID- 3771698 TI - Derivatization of endogenous and exogenous compounds in plasma for high performance liquid chromatographic analysis. AB - Methods are described for the analysis of endogenous (acetoacetic and pyruvic acids) and exogenous (propranolol) compounds in plasma. Acetoacetic and pyruvic acids were converted into 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones and identified by chromatography on a normal-phase silica gel column at 360 nm. The propranolol amino group was modified with dansyl chloride and the dansyl derivative, after extraction with a hydrophobic solvent, was analysed on a normal-phase silica gel column using fluorescence detection. The method allows the determination of 0.5 ng/ml of propranolol. PMID- 3771699 TI - Methods for improving the reliability and information content of chromatographic analyses of biologically active compounds. AB - A series of methods was developed for improving the reliability of chromatographic analyses and to augment their information content and reproducibility. In high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) the possibility of utilizing azeotropic and isobaric solvent systems was substantiated. To control variations of the composition of the eluent systems during storage and analysis in TLC and HPLC, gas chromatography (GC) was found to be applicable. To improve the reliability of GC analyses, a membraneless assembly for introduction of samples, which allows false peaks in a chromatogram to be removed, is recommended. In order to augment the reliability and information content of chromatographic analyses of several bioactive compounds, complex chromatographic methods based on GC, TLC and HPLC were found to be desirable. PMID- 3771700 TI - Correlation between the molecular structure of cardiac glycosides, steroid hormones and carbohydrates and their retention in high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - Cardiac glycoside molecules and other molecules can be thought as consisting of a number of functional groups that make individual average contributions to the overall retention. To evaluate these contributions it was necessary to solve a system of linear equations by the last-squares method for a number of cardiac glycosides and steroid hormones, the retention volumes of which were determined under standard conditions. Experimental values of the logarithm of retention volumes are compared with calculated values, ln VR' = sigma niai, where ai = ln (VR')i is the contribution to the retention of group i and ni is the number of functional groups in a molecule. Such a comparison shows that these values are in good agreement and the method may be used to evaluate the retentions of cardiac glycosides, steroid hormones and carbohydrates. The correlation of biological activity of cardiac glycosides and the logarithm of retention volumes is expressed by a linear equation, the coefficients of which have been determined. This equation shows that biological activity is related to the hydrophilic hydrophobic properties of cardiac glycosides and consequently with the transport of these compounds to the receptor. PMID- 3771701 TI - High-performance liquid chromatography of steroidal drugs. AB - The high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of progesterone, oxyprogesterone capronate and dehydroacetoxyprogesterone has been carried out successfully using so-called "test impurities". The quantitative and qualitative analysis of related compounds was studied by normal-phase HPLC with a UV detector (254 nm) using ethyl acetate-chloroform (98.5:1.5) and ethyl acetate-hexane (20:80) as solvent systems. Preparative separations of impurities by HPLC were investigated, subsequent structural identification being achieved by mass, UV and IR spectrometry. The method may be applied to the control of the quantitative purity of steroids in drugs and complex mixtures. PMID- 3771702 TI - Sensitive method for the determination of 6-oxo-prostaglandin F1 alpha by gas chromatography with electron-capture and mass-fragmentographic detection. AB - A selective and sensitive quantitative method is described for the determination of the endogenous prostacyclin content of the aorta of rats, treated with GYKI 11679, a new hydrazone derivative with antihypertensive action. The thoracal aorta from three rats was excised and pooled, 1 h after treatment with 10 mg/kg of GY-KI-11679. The prostacyclin, transformed to 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha, was extracted. For gas chromatographic electron-capture detection (GC-ECD), 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha was converted into the O-methyloxime tris(trifluoroacetyl) hexafluoroisopropyl ester derivative. The GC-ECD properties, stability and mass-spectrometric characteristics of this new derivative allow the quantitative analysis of 6-oxo PGF1 alpha by using nor-PGF2 alpha as internal standard. PMID- 3771703 TI - N-substituted trimethylsilylcarbamates as silylating and/or methoxime derivatizing reagents for gas chromatographic analysis. AB - N-Substituted trimethylsilylcarbamates were tested as derivatizing reagents for gas chromatographic analysis. N,N-Dimethyltrimethylsilylcarbamate was found to be a suitable agent for direct trimethylsilylation of the salts of alkaloids without previous liberation of the bases. N-Methoxy-N,O-bistrimethylsilylcarbamate was found to react simultaneously and quantitatively with the hydroxy and keto groups of steroids, resulting in the corresponding methoxime trimethylsilyl derivatives. PMID- 3771704 TI - Simultaneous separation of ribonucleotides, nucleosides and nitrogen bases by ion pair reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography on columns with radial compression. AB - A method is described for the simultaneous analysis of twelve major nucleotides, certain biochemically essential nucleosides and nitrogen bases. The separation was achieved using an ion-pair reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) system with a radially compressed NovaPak C18 cartridge and tetrabutylammonium phosphate (TBA) as a mobile phase modifier under acetonitrile gradient conditions. The effects of TBA and acetonitrile on the retention of major nucleotides were studied. The retention of nucleotides increased significantly with an increase in the TBA concentration from 0 to 2 mM and remained constant up to 5 mM TBA. The logarithm of the capacity factor decreased in proportion to the concentration of acetonitrile in the mobile phase. The separation of nitrogen bases, nucleosides and some of their deoxy forms was performed on an isocratic ion-pair reversed-phase HPLC system with pentanesulphonic and heptanesulphonic acid using a mu Bondapak C18 column. The described chromatographic procedures were applied to the separation of various biological extracts. PMID- 3771705 TI - Selectivity and sensitivity of some thin-layer chromatographic detection systems. AB - The selectivity and sensitivity of some thin-layer chromatographic detection systems widely used internationally and developed in our laboratory were studied. Halogenated organophosphorus pesticides were found to interfere with the detection of organochlorine pesticides when using silver nitrate-2 phenoxyethanol. The stability of colours formed by the 4-(4'-nitrobenzyl)pyridine tetraethylenepentamine system was enhanced by spraying with acetic acid and allowed densitometric evaluation. The most sensitive detection method for thiocarbamates is the reaction with 2,6-dichlorobenzoquinone-N-chloroimine or its dibromo analogue (50 ng). Application of this method for sulphur-containing organophosphorus insecticides results in the same or better sensitivity. Quantitation of these compounds was carried out by densitometry. PMID- 3771706 TI - Immunoelectrophoretic characterization of cellulolytic enzymes of fungal origin. AB - A crude cellulase preparation from Gliocladium sp. was immunochemically characterized and the components of cellulolytic activity were identified. Nineteen different antigenic components could be detected by crossed-isoelectric focusing immunoelectrophoresis. The 28 components separated by preparative isoelectric focusing from the above preparation were characterized by fused rocket immunoelectrophoresis using polyspecific antisera. The main protein components in the enzyme complex were found to be endoglucanases with pI values between 3.2 and 5.3. Most of the antigenically active components proved to be glycoproteins. PMID- 3771707 TI - Chiral separations of cationic and anionic drugs on an alpha 1-acid glycoprotein bonded stationary phase (EnantioPac). II. Influence of mobile phase additives and pH on chiral resolution and retention. AB - The influence of mobile phase additives and pH on chiral resolution and retention on a high performance liquid chromatographic chiral stationary phase composed of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein bonded to diethylaminoethyl silica (EnantioPac) has been investigated. Cationic and anionic compounds of widely differing structures were chromatographed and drastic effects on stereoselectivity were observed with hydrophobic charged modifiers. For cationic solutes, a decrease in the pH of the mobile phase from 7.0 to 6.0 gave reduced retention and, in some cases, improved selectivity when tetrabutylammonium or tetrapropylammonium bromide was used as modifier. For anionic solutes, a pH decrease from 6.6 to 6.1 gave enhanced retention but without a significant change in stereoselectivity. The steric bulk and hydrophobic moieties of the solute seem to have a strong influence on chiral selectivity. Widely different separating efficiencies were obtained with molecules of different structures. PMID- 3771708 TI - Usefulness of gas chromatographic profiles of plasma total lipids in diagnosis of phytosterolemia. AB - A Cambodian male (aged 5 years and 9 months) presented with subcutaneous and tendon xanthomas in association with hypercholesterolemia. He was erroneously diagnosed as having familial hypercholesterolemia and treated with a low cholesterol diet (+/- cholestyramine) to which he did not respond. A determination of plasma total lipid profile by high-temperature gas chromatography revealed elevated plasma levels of free and esterified plant sterols along with the hypercholesterolemia. Introduction and maintenance of a diet low in cholesterol and plant sterols resulted in significant reduction in the blood concentration of these sterols, which returned to pretreatment level upon discontinuation of the low sterol regimen. The rapid identification and quantitation of the plant sterols by high-temperature gas chromatography provides a sensitive means of distinguishing phytosterolemia, which might be more common than previously suspected, from other forms of dyslipidemia, and for following the course of any treatment. PMID- 3771709 TI - Ion-pair extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of tianeptine and its metabolites in human plasma, urine and tissues. AB - An isocratic reversed-phase ion-pair liquid chromatographic method for the determination of tianeptine and its two main metabolites in plasma, urine and tissues, using an internal standard, is reported. The influence of two stationary phases on the retention of the drugs was studied. The drugs were extracted as ion pairs, using a heptane-octanol-tetraheptylammonium bromide mixture (98:2:0.5, v/v/w) as extraction solvent. This extraction procedure yielded plasma drug recoveries of greater than 60% and allowed UV detection at 220 nm without interference from endogenous components of plasma, urine or tissues. Linear standard curves up to 1.00 micrograms/ml and drug determination down to 0.01 microgram/ml were observed. This method has been successfully applied to the analysis of human plasma and urine samples and of encephales from tianeptine dosed rats. PMID- 3771710 TI - Minoxidil analysis in human plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Application to pharmacokinetic studies. AB - A method is described for determination of minoxidil in human plasma using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The method is specific and sensitive (500 pg/ml), however, minoxidil and minoxidil sulfate cannot be differentiated due to rapid autohydrolysis of minoxidil sulfate to minoxidil. The extraction procedure employs a C18 preparatory column to remove endogenous plasma constituents which would interfere with the assays. The calibration curves are linear for concentrations from 500 pg to 10 ng/ml. Within day and between-day reproducibility are satisfactory with coefficient of variation less than 5.7% for all concentrations. Sample recovery from extraction is consistent at 45 to 55% at low and high concentrations, respectively. A pharmacokinetic study in a hypertensive volunteer receiving two different oral doses of minoxidil (1.25 and 2.5 mg) on different occasions demonstrates the utility of the method. PMID- 3771711 TI - Measurement of plasma vanillylmandelic acid by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. AB - A liquid chromatographic method with electrochemical detection is described for measuring plasma 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA). Plasma is deproteinized by gel filtration and VMA is extracted into ethyl acetate, which is evaporated. VMA is oxidized to vanillin, which is purified by toluene extraction and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. The recovery of VMA through the entire procedure is 52 +/- 10% (mean +/- S.D., n = 19). The plasma VMA concentration in healthy young volunteers varies between 4.39 and 14.6 ng/ml, a range that is in excellent agreement with data obtained with mass fragmentography. PMID- 3771712 TI - ATP-hemoglobin purification by ATP-agarose affinity chromatography. PMID- 3771713 TI - Rapid preparation of anhydroretinol and its use as an internal standard in determination of liver total vitamin A by high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 3771714 TI - Measurement of breath carbon disulfide during disulfiram therapy by gas chromatography with flame photometric detection. PMID- 3771715 TI - Determination of metoprolol in plasma and urine using high-resolution gas chromatography and electron-capture detection. PMID- 3771716 TI - High-performance liquid chromatography of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone in serum after microscale protein precipitation. PMID- 3771717 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone in serum. PMID- 3771718 TI - Determination of desferoxamine and ferrioxamine by high-performance liquid chromatography with direct serum injection and pre-column enrichment. PMID- 3771719 TI - Determination of a new dihydropyridine derivative, methyl 3-cyclopentyl-4,7 dihydro-1,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-b ] pyridine-5-carboxylate, in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection and column switching. PMID- 3771720 TI - A problem with quantitation of mephenytoin enantiomers due to chiral interference from its N-demethylated metabolite. PMID- 3771721 TI - Determination of atenolol in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with application to single-dose pharmacokinetics. PMID- 3771722 TI - Determination of albuterol in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. PMID- 3771723 TI - Variation of melatonin and serotonin content in rat pineal gland with sex and oestrous phase difference determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection. AB - Simultaneous determination of melatonin and serotonin in rat pineal gland is described using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection. These indoles were analysed isocratically within 15 min. In this work, veratric acid (3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid), which has fluorescence characteristics (lambda ex = 290 nm, lambda em = 350 nm) around the wavelength of native fluorescence of melatonin (lambda ex = 285 nm, lambda em = 345 nm), was used as an internal standard. This method was applied to the determination of melatonin and serotonin in male and female rat pineal gland. No significant differences between the two groups were observed in the pineal melatonin and serotonin contents. The pineal melatonin and serotonin contents were compared with the oestrous and the di-oestrous phases of female rats. They were not widely different from each other. PMID- 3771725 TI - Use of enzymatic solubilization of tissues and direct injection on pre-columns of large volumes for analysing biological samples by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A pre-column technique, which can be used to introduce all types of biological samples into high-performance liquid chromatographic systems, is described. Fluids are injected directly, whereas faeces are homogenized and centrifuged and tissue samples are solubilized by the enzyme subtilisin A. Acetonitrile is added to all samples (no precipitation of proteins is seen), fluids (10%), solubilized tissue (25%) and faeces (20%), to obtain better wettability of the packing and to counteract binding. Samples of up to 50 ml are injected onto a 6 X 4 mm I.D. pre column from which the compounds are backflushed onto the analytical column. Different packing materials for the pre-column have been used; LiChroprep RP-18 gave the best results. This system has been used for a series of different drugs, using different analytical columns and different detectors. Both gradient and isocratic elution have been used. High recoveries, good reproducibility and low detection limits are seen for routine analysis. For metabolic work, a very large enrichment factor is obtained. PMID- 3771724 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic fractionation and partial characterization of cystic fibrosis serum ultrafiltrates. AB - Analytical separation of serum ultrafiltrates by high-performance liquid chromatography produces a distinctive peak with a retention time of 18.5-21 min (subfraction 18.5) from cystic fibrosis serum ultrafiltrates and obligate heterozygote serum ultrafiltrates, but not in significant concentrations from control or asthmatic serum ultrafiltrates. Semipreparative separation of control serum ultrafiltrates produced a small peak with similar retention time that was approximately 1% of the arbitrary absorbance units found in this cystic fibrosis subfraction. Subfraction 18.5 had biological activity only when separated from cystic fibrosis serum ultrafiltrate, but did not contain measurable amounts of C3a des-arginine and C4a des-arginine. Subfraction 18.5 is a low-molecular-weight material (1000-1400 daltons) that contains 14.9 micrograms orcinol positive material per 50 micrograms protein. The spectrum of subfraction 18.5 indicates that it has to be purified to homogeneity. PMID- 3771726 TI - Simultaneous determination of tropatepine and its major metabolites by high performance liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric identification. Application to metabolic and kinetic studies. AB - Tropatepine is used to combat against extrapyramidal syndrome induced by neuroleptic drugs. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method was proposed for the simultaneous determination of tropatepine and its potential metabolites in biological fluids. After double extraction of compounds in hexane and back extraction in hydrochloric acid, the chromatographic separation was performed on a reversed-phase column with an acetonitrile--perchlorate buffer mixture as mobile phase. Compounds were detected at 229 nm and the detection limit was about 15 ng/ml. The method was applied to bile and urine samples collected in rats, after a single high oral dose of 100 mg/kg of tropatepine hydrochloride. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used for identification of the potential metabolites. Nortropatepine and tropatepine S-oxide were identified in this way, and it seemed that tropatepine was subjected to a large and intense metabolic process. The analytical procedure and the results of the metabolic investigation were applied to a preliminary pharmacokinetic study in patients undergoing long term oral therapy with tropatepine. PMID- 3771727 TI - Analysis of epinine and its metabolites in man after oral administration of its pro-drug ibopamine using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. AB - Ibopamine (N-methyldopamine O,O'-diisobutyrol ester, hydrochloride) is an ester prodrug of epinine. Epinine is a cardiovascular agent used in congestive heart failure because of its dopaminergic and adrenoreceptor agonist properties. Quantitative analytical methods, using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detection, were developed for the determination of epinine and its known metabolites in biological media. Epinine was extracted from human plasma and urine via an alumina adsorption procedure; this procedure was also used to estimate epinine conjugates after prior enzymatic hydrolysis. Penicillamine was added to the incubation mixture to inhibit isoquinoline production. Urinary dihydroxyphenylacetic acid levels were obtained using the same alumina adsorption procedure, while a separate analytical procedure utilizing a direct high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of samples was developed for homovanillic acid and its conjugates. Coefficients of variation for all the assays were below 8%. These methods were used to study the pharmacokinetics and metabolic fate of epinine after oral administration of ibopamine to healthy volunteers. PMID- 3771728 TI - Separation and measurement of clofibroyl coenzyme A and clofibric acid in rat liver after clofibrate adminstration by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection. AB - A method to identify and quantitate clofibric acid and clofibroyl coenzyme A (CoA) products in rat liver was developed using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The system was developed with baseline separation of clofibroyl-CoA from clofibric acid using isocratic elution, with a mobile phase consisting of 52% methanol and 28 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 4.2). With this high methanol concentration, the large amount of UV-absorbing materials present in the liver extracts were eluted earlier than the investigated compounds. Clofibroyl-CoA has a characteristic absorbance spectrum with distinct peaks at 260 and 230 nm, while clofibric acid showed only a distinct peak at 230 nm. Using an on-line photodiode array detector, the spectra could be recorded during analysis without interrupting the flow of the mobile phase. This spectral analysis identification possibilities and evaluation of the purity of the chromatographic peaks. In a perchloric extract of rat liver, the recovery of clofibric acid and clofibroyl-CoA added to the liver extract ranged from 70 to 80%. A linear relationship was observed between clofibric acid and clofibroyl-CoA concentration and the area of their peaks in the chromatogram. The detection limit of the method was lower than 5 pmol for both compounds when the absorbance was recorded at 230 nm. The method could be used without modification for the estimation of clofibroyl-CoA and clofibric acid in biological extracts. PMID- 3771729 TI - A novel method for the calibration of Kovats retention indices using n-alkanes with a thermionic nitrogen-phosphorus specific detector. AB - This paper describes a novel method for the detection of compounds that do not contain nitrogen or phosphorus by a thermionic nitrogen-phosphorus specific detector (NPD), which normally detects only nitrogen- or phosphorus-containing compounds. This method allows for the calibration of gas chromatographic columns with NPD detectors using n-alkanes instead of nitrogen-containing drug mixtures. This results in a more rapid and accurate calibration for the calculation of relative retention indices (RRI), such as Kovats indices, than was previously possible when employing an NPD detector. The proposed method describes the temporary conversion of the NPD detector into a detector with properties much like a flame ionization detector. After a deliberate increase in the hydrogen gas flow rate to the thermionic bead from 4 ml/min to 8 ml/min, the n-alkanes (containing no nitrogen) can be detected and used as RRI calibrators. Once the column has been calibrated, the hydrogen gas flow rate is lowered to the normal rate of 4 ml/min. The detector then behaves as a normal NPD, no longer detecting the n-alkanes. PMID- 3771730 TI - Improved ELISA for the detection of adenovirus antigen in faeces extracts by the biotin/streptavidin interaction. AB - Two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of adenovirus antigen in faecal extracts have been established. A conjugate of rabbit anti-(human) adenovirus immunoglobulin and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) prepared by means of a hetero-bifunctional reagent, N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate (SPDP), was used in the conventional ELISA, and a biotin-labelled antibody in combination with a streptavidin/peroxidase complex in the other (BS-ELISA). A collection of 60 faecal extracts, in which adenovirus had been demonstrated by immunosorbent electron microscopy (ISEM) in 29 samples, was selected and examined by ELISA and BS-ELISA. The presence of adenovirus was demonstrated in 38 (63%) of the samples by BS-ELISA compared to 34 (58%) by ELISA, showing the advantage of the biotin/streptavidin system for setting up ELISA assays. Comparison of the three different techniques showed that the biotin/streptavidin (BS-ELISA) is the most sensitive assay for detection of adenovirus antigen in faecal samples. PMID- 3771731 TI - Demonstration of HBsAg as the antigen component in circulating immune complexes detected by peg-solid phase test. AB - The development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to identify HBsAg as the antigen component within circulating immune complexes using immobilized polyethylene glycol (PEG) is described. The method utilizes, on one hand, the ability of PEG to bind stably to plastic supports and, on the other, to precipitate circulating macromolecules. This method is easily performed, very cheap, quick and, above all, it helps define the biological nature of the immune complexes. HBsAg can be revealed as the antigen component of HBsAg/anti-HBs soluble immune complexes at concentrations of at least 20 ng/ml and either in antigen or antibody excess. Our results indicate that HBsAg circulates in a complexed form in 47% of HBsAg chronic carriers and in 10.7% of patients with liver disease who are positive for serum antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) and to core antigen (anti-HBc). None of the other groups of patients in the study had circulating HBsAg in the complexed form. PMID- 3771732 TI - Correlation of HBV DNA and monoclonal reactivity to HBsAg in serum of patients with HBV infection. AB - Hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA hybridization assay, a monoclonal radioimmunoassay (M RIA) for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and conventional polyclonal immunoassays for HBV associated antigens were used to study sera from patients on dialysis and with acute hepatitis B. HBV DNA was detectable in hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) negative patients with acute hepatitis but not in HBsAg+ HBeAg- dialysis patients. In acute hepatitis, HBsAg immunoreactivity by M-RIA could still be detected even though a commercial immunoassay for HBsAg, the AUSRIA II, and the HBV DNA assay were no longer positive. Unlike in acute HBV infection, serum HBV DNA was detectable in dialysis patients who were AUSTRIA II negative but M-RIA positive. Serial determination of HBsAg by M-RIA and HBV DNA revealed episodes of HBV DNA positivity months after both the HBsAg was no longer positive by polyclonal immunoassay. Thus, the M-RIA for HBsAg and the molecular hybridization technique for HBV DNA are sensitive and specific assays for the identification of potentially infectious individuals who would not have been characterized as such based on the results of conventional polyclonal immunoassays. PMID- 3771733 TI - A comparison of Selas and membrane filters for the sterilization of bacteriophage preparations. AB - Lysates of three different coliphage were sterilized by filtration through Selas, Millipore GVWP, and Millipore GS filters. Phage titers were comparable when either the Selas or Millipore GVWP (hydrophilic) filters were used; however, the GVWP filters were faster and could accommodate more lysate before the filters clogged. The Millipore GS (hydrophobic) filters were unsatisfactory. PMID- 3771734 TI - The weight of the evidence--or--more likely than not. PMID- 3771735 TI - Effect of glucocorticoid on glycosaminoglycans synthesis in cultured mouse embryonic palatal mesenchymal cells. AB - The effect of glucocorticoids (GC) on the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in mesenchymal cells obtained from palatal shelves of mouse embryos was studied. Both hyaluronic acid (HA) synthesis and sulfated GAG synthesis were inhibited with triamcinolone acetonide (TA) in a concentration-dependent manner. However, the degree of inhibition of synthesis with TA was greater for HA than for the sulfated GAGs. To determine whether the inhibitory effects of TA on HA and sulfated GAGs synthesis were mediated through GC receptors, we performed experiments using progesterone, vitamin B6, and molybdate. The inhibitory effect of TA was antagonized by all three. The results obtained in the present study suggest that the inhibition of synthesis of HA and sulfated GAGs with GC is mediated through GC receptors and is involved in cleft palate induction by GC. PMID- 3771737 TI - Longitudinal roentgencephalometric study of the growth of the New Zealand white rabbit: cumulative and biweekly incremental growth rates for skull and mandible. AB - A longitudinal roentgencephalometric study of the New Zealand white rabbit has documented postnatal skull and mandible growth from 2 to 34 weeks of age. Dorsoventral and lateral radiographs were performed using a specially constructed restrainer that allowed for standardized films and did not require the use of anesthesia. Assessments from 17 male and 12 female rabbits at biweekly intervals documented cumulative growth as well as biweekly incremental growth. Indices reported here include skull length, interzygomatic width, intercondylar width, and mandibular length. Mean skull length at 2 weeks was 54% of that at 34 weeks, and by 16 weeks 91% of adult skull length was achieved. Mean interzygomatic width at 2 weeks was 60% of that at 34 weeks, and by 16 weeks 91% of adult male and 94% of adult female widths were achieved. Mean mandibular length at 2 weeks was 47% of that at 34 weeks, and by age 16 weeks 90% of adult length was achieved. Mean intercondylar width at 2 weeks was 57% of that at 34 weeks, and by 16 weeks 89% of adult male and 93% of adult female widths were achieved. Biweekly increments decreased continually from 2 weeks of age on for all indices. PMID- 3771736 TI - Exencephaly and axial skeletal dysmorphogenesis induced by maternal exposure to cadmium in the mouse. AB - To investigate the axial skeletal dysmorphogenesis associated with exencephaly and facial abnormalities, two doses of cadmium chloride (4 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg) were administered subcutaneously to MF1 mice on day 7 of gestation (sperm positive day = day 0). Fetuses were collected on day 18. Gross examination revealed a very high incidence of cranioschisis aperta with exencephaly, maxillary and mandibular hypoplasia, low-set microtia, edema, and growth retardation of fetuses in both treatment groups. Alizarin red S-stained and cleared skeletal preparations of these embryos revealed hypoplasia of the premaxilla, maxilla, nasal bone, zygoma, and mandible of the facial skeleton. The orbital plate represented the frontal bone. The vault of the skull was conspicuously absent. In cranioschisis, the exoccipitals had splayed and fused with the atlas. The basicranial bones were hypoplastic and crowded, thus reducing the cranial cavity. The vertebral bodies were more affected than the arches. Hemivertebrae and longitudinal fusion of centra and arches were also noted. The ribs were usually rudimentary. Agenesis, fusion, and forking of ribs were frequently observed. The sternebrae were rudimentary, bipartite, or longitudinally fused. These data clearly establish the association between neural tube and axial mesodermal abnormalities and emphasize the interdependence of the neurectoderm and mesoderm in normal morphogenesis. PMID- 3771738 TI - Finite element scaling analysis of human craniofacial growth. AB - The study of form change is central to traditional cephalometric research. Unfortunately, traditional cephalometric studies operate within systems of measurement that are based on registration and orientation. Measurements produced in registered systems are insufficient for the craniofacial biologist who is interested in locating morphological differences between forms. In this article we apply a registration-free method called finite element scaling analysis in a study of the form change occurring during growth of the normal human craniofacial complex. The method provides form change data that can be summarized at various morphological levels. Twenty normal male individuals are used to analyze the form change that occurs from age 4 to ages 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, and 15 years. The magnitude and direction of growth expressed as shape and size change specific to craniofacial landmarks are presented. Although exceptions occur, our analysis shows that localized size change is, on the average, greater than localized shape change. The relation between size and shape change during growth shows allometry (shape change increasing during growth along with size change) but at a lesser magnitude and slower rate. We conclude that although shape change occurs throughout ontogeny, the magnitude and rate of shape change in relation to size change diminishes as age increases. This analysis represents new insights into the understanding of human craniofacial growth at various levels of morphological integration. PMID- 3771739 TI - Odontometric variations of permanent crown in Punjabi and U.S. twins. AB - The study reports odontometric variations within and between Punjabi and U.S. twins. The data are based on 23 MZ and 35 DZ Punjabi twin pairs and 32 MZ and 43 DZ U.S. pairs. None of the t' tests indicates differences between MZ and DZ mean dental dimensions in either sample. Mean tooth dimensions of Punjabi twins are in general greater than those of U.S. twins with significant differences for about 25% of the traits. Coefficient of variation is highest in lateral incisors and canines and lowest in first molars in both samples. The two samples differ more in their variances than in their means. The results indicate that buccolingual dimensions of mandibular traits are under relatively greater selection pressure. PMID- 3771740 TI - Familial variant of maxillonasal dysplasia? AB - A rare syndrome comprising midfacial hypoplasia, lack of anterior nasal spine, and malocclusion is described. To the best of our knowledge, only sporadic cases with a similar cluster of defects have been reported, usually with the appellation of Binder syndrome. We describe an affected mother and daughter, thus suggesting a dominant mode of inheritance. PMID- 3771741 TI - Is semiquantitative culture of central vein catheter tips useful in the diagnosis of catheter-associated bacteremia? AB - Semiquantitative culturing of catheter tips has been used as an index of catheter related bacteremia. As the sensitivity and predictive values of this test have not been determined, we studied 780 tips from central vein catheters inserted into 440 critically ill patients in an intensive care unit. The results were correlated with clinical data for 30 bacteremic episodes which occurred in these patients, 14 of which were catheter related. When five or more colonies per plate were taken as a positive result, the sensitivity of the method was 92%, and the specificity was 83%. Although the predictive value of a negative result was excellent (99.8%), the predictive value of a positive result was low (8.8%) in our patient population, which had a relatively low incidence of catheter-related bacteremia (2%). We conclude that a semiquantitative culture technique is useful in the diagnosis of bacteremia associated with central vein catheters. PMID- 3771743 TI - Association of Blastocystis hominis with signs and symptoms of human disease. AB - Purged stools from 389 patients were evaluated microscopically for the presence of Blastocystis hominis. A total of five or more B. hominis cells per 40X field were observed in 43 patients (11%), and B. hominis was the only intestinal parasite present in 23 (6%) of these patients. Of the 23 patients, 19 had symptoms which included abdominal discomfort (15 patients), anorexia (10 patients), diarrhea (9 patients), and flatus (9 patients). The remaining four patients were asymptomatic. The proportion of eosinophils in the peripheral blood ranged from 4 to 12% in 11 (58%) of the symptomatic patients. Absolute eosinophil counts were greater than 250/microliter in 8 patients and greater than 400/microliter in 5 patients. Eosinophilia was not observed in the remaining symptomatic or asymptomatic patients. This study supports the emerging concept of the role of B. hominis as an intestinal parasite causative of human disease. PMID- 3771742 TI - Characterization by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of the humoral immune response in patients with neurocysticercosis and its application in immunodiagnosis. AB - The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was standardized for the search for specific antibodies in human neurocysticercosis. A crude cysticercal extract and two partially purified antigenic fractions were used, as well as serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of different groups of subjects. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were detected in serum and CSF, with a sensitivity of 85 and 90%, respectively. Specificity was 96% with a partially purified antigen and 100% with the crude cysticercal extract. IgM and IgA antibodies were detected less frequently, and IgE was detected only occasionally, both in serum and CSF. Analysis of serum and CSF samples drawn from the same patient did not always reveal the presence of anticysticercus antibodies in both samples. A significant correlation was found between the presence or absence of IgG antibodies in the CSF and the morphological appearance of the parasite (undamaged or calcified). Variations in the humoral response were not found to correlate with clinical and laboratory findings. PMID- 3771744 TI - Broad-spectrum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Legionella soluble antigens. AB - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed which detected soluble antigens from culture extracts of Legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 to 8, L. micdadei, L. bozemanii serogroups 1 and 2, L. dumoffii, L. gormanii, L. longbeachae serogroups 1 and 2, L. wadsworthii, L. oakridgensis, L. anisa, L. feeleii serogroup 1, and L. jordanis. The assay was approximately 10-fold more sensitive for the eight L. pneumophila serogroups than for the other Legionella species tested. The ELISA detected Legionella antigens in the urine specimens of 25 of 35 patients with L. pneumophila serogroup 1, 3, 4, 6, and 8; L. micdadei; and L. longbeachae serogroup 1 infections. None of the 334 urine specimens from patients with either non-Legionella pneumonia or urinary tract infections was positive. For 10 patients from whom sequential urine specimens were available, Legionella antigens were not detectable from 7 to 19 days after laboratory diagnosis. Test sensitivity was not affected by heavy bacterial contamination. This ELISA offers the detection of a broad spectrum of Legionella antigens by a single test. PMID- 3771745 TI - Persistent in vitro survival of coagulase-negative staphylococci adherent to intravascular catheters in the absence of conventional nutrients. AB - The in vitro survival of coagulase-negative staphylococci in media devoid of routine nutritional supplementation was assessed in the presence and absence of catheter materials to evaluate bacterium-device interactions. Strains of slime- and non-slime-producing coagulase-negative staphylococci were suspended in phosphate-buffered saline together with multiple segments of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Teflon, Silastic, and polyurethane catheters and in control suspensions without catheters. Catheters were removed at 2 min and 24, 48, 72, and 96 h of incubation and washed thoroughly, and semiquantitative roll cultures were performed on blood agar. In addition, after 96 h catheters were introduced into tryptic soy broth (TSB), and roll cultures were performed after 18 h of incubation. Results demonstrated that after 96 h, 6 of 32 catheter specimens (4 PVC) had greater than 10 CFU of coagulase-negative staphylococci per catheter; after TSB addition, 18 of 32 catheter specimens had greater than or equal to 100 CFU per catheter (8 of 8 PVC catheters had greater than 1,000 CFU per catheter). In control suspensions, no growth was seen at 96 h or after TSB addition. No differences in the survival of slime- versus non-slime-producing strains were observed in control or catheter studies. These findings suggest that both slime- and non-slime-producing coagulase-negative staphylococci survive in vitro on catheters (especially PVC) in the absence of conventional nutrients and can proliferate on catheters when nutrients are added. Catheter-adherent coagulase negative staphylococci appear to possess survival mechanisms under adverse conditions which may relate to the genesis of occult foreign-body-associated infections. PMID- 3771746 TI - Increased incidence of fungemia caused by Candida krusei. AB - Candida krusei colonized 12.4% of 868 patients undergoing episodes of therapy induced granulocytopenia over a 9-year period. The gastrointestinal tract was most frequently colonized, followed by the respiratory tract and urinary tract. Ten patients developed systemic infections with C. krusei; all 10 had two or more positive blood cultures. Nine of the 10 patients were colonized with C. krusei, and 6 were receiving systemic antifungal agents at the time of development of the infection. Seven patients died within 1 month of C. krusei sepsis; systemic candidiasis was seen in the autopsies of the four patients on whom autopsies were performed. Therefore, C. krusei should be recognized as an emerging pathogen in select patient populations. PMID- 3771747 TI - Isolation and characterization of cephalothin-susceptible Campylobacter coli from slaughter cattle. AB - In a recent meat survey, 10 of 13 (77%) Campylobacter coli isolates were susceptible to cephalothin. These organisms were isolated from nine slaughter cattle from eight meat packing establishments. All 10 isolates grew at 43 degrees C but not at 25 degrees C, were catalase and oxidase positive, and were susceptible to nalidixic acid (30 micrograms) and cephalothin (30 micrograms). The cultures were subsequently identified as C. coli serogroup 20, biotype I (Lior scheme). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that protein and lipopolysaccharide profiles of whole cell preparations of the 10 cephalothin-susceptible strains and the reference strain for C. coli serogroup 20 were very similar. The plasmid profiles of these 11 strains were identical. PMID- 3771748 TI - Simplified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for specific antibodies to respiratory syncytial virus. AB - A simplified and reliable enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was applied to the detection of serum antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). RSV-infected cells were fixed and dried on 96-well microtiter plates and kept at 4 degrees C. The titers of reference sera were determined by endpoint dilution. A linear relation was found between the titers and the logarithm of absorbance values of sera diluted to 1:1,000 (r = 0.93, P less than 0.001). Measurement of RSV antibodies was done by using a single serum dilution (1:1,000) in conjunction with a standard curve. A strong correlation was found between complement fixation and ELISA results (r = 0.89, P less than 0.001). In addition, the ELISA method exhibited higher titers and a greater sensitivity than did complement fixation, although the applicability of the assay is limited with positive serum samples of low titer. PMID- 3771750 TI - New test system for identification of Aerococcus, Enterococcus, and Streptococcus species. AB - A total of 244 strains of Aerococcus, Enterococcus, and Streptococcus species were tested by the RapID STR system (Innovative Diagnostic Systems Inc., Atlanta, Ga.) for identification. Strains were identified without additional tests or with additional conventional tests suggested by the IDS compendium manual. Our data indicate that the RapID STR system identifies 89% of the beta-hemolytic Streptococcus species if serological procedures are used in conjunction with the rapid physiological procedures. Of the group D streptococci, 98% of the Enterococcus species and 100% of the group D non-Enterococcus species were correctly identified. Of the commonly occurring viridans group Streptococcus species, 93% were correctly identified, and 79% of the less frequently occurring viridans group Streptococcus species were correctly identified. All of the Streptococcus pneumoniae and Aerococcus strains tested were correctly identified. PMID- 3771749 TI - Microtiter broth dilution method for yeast susceptibility testing with validation by clinical outcome. AB - There is no ideal laboratory procedure or culture medium in current use for susceptibility testing of pathogenic yeasts. Six candidate growth media (RPMI 1640 with L-glutamine, yeast nitrogen base, Casamino Acids medium, Mueller-Hinton broth, Sabouraud dextrose broth, and minimum essential medium-Eagle salts) were screened by spectrophotometric absorbance for nucleic acid and protein. From these, two media were selected: a chemically defined growth medium (RPMI 1640 with L-glutamine) and a chemically complex medium (Casamino Acids). MICs of four antifungal agents (5-fluorocytosine, miconazole, ketoconazole, and amphotericin B) for 84 clinical isolates of various Candida species were then determined with both media in agar dilution and microtiter broth dilution systems. The resultant MICs were correlated with clinical outcome for those isolates obtained from patients treated with single antifungal agents, and susceptibility cut points were calculated. Derived MIC cut points for susceptibility were validated in a murine model of systemic candidiasis. RPMI 1640 with L-glutamine was found to have the lowest absorbance values for both nucleic acid and protein, while Casamino Acids medium was highest in both categories. We found that RPMI 1640 with L-glutamine was superior to Casamino Acids medium in the yield of MICs which correlated with actual clinical and animal outcome data. While there were no significant differences in MICs when RPMI 1640 medium was used, the microtiter broth dilution technique was superior to agar dilution in efficiency and ease of performance. We conclude that a microtiter broth system containing RPMI 1640 medium with L-glutamine is a simple, precise, and economical technique for susceptibility testing of pathogenic Candida species. We also suggest that the validation of susceptibility cut points with patient and animal outcome data make this microtiter broth system a preferential method for yeast susceptibility testing. PMID- 3771752 TI - Peptostreptococcal vertebral osteomyelitis. AB - The clinical course of a patient with vertebral osteomyelitis caused by Peptostreptococcus micros is described. The organism was isolated on two occasions from lumbar vertebral biopsies and was visualized in histologic sections of one of the biopsies. The patient had no apparent infections at other body sites. The infection was eradicated after 6 weeks of intravenous clindamycin therapy. PMID- 3771751 TI - Staphylococcal resistance to aminoglycosides before and after introduction of amikacin in two teaching hospitals. AB - A prospective study was conducted to determine the prevalence of aminoglycoside resistant Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci before and after the introduction of amikacin as the sole aminoglycoside used in our burn unit, adult intensive care unit, and neonatal intensive care unit. Pharyngeal or endotracheal cultures, as well as superficial surveillance cultures, were collected weekly during the following four study periods: all units for 4 months before amikacin introduction, all units 4 to 8 months after, all units 12 to 13 months after, and the neonatal intensive care unit 30 months after. A total of 2,613 strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci and 316 strains of S. aureus were obtained from 916 patients. During the course of the study, amikacin resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci increased from 0 to 22%, colonizing 43% of patients, whereas no amikacin-resistant S. aureus was detected. During the preamikacin survey, 68% of the coagulase-negative staphylococci and 12% of the S. aureus strains were resistant to tobramycin and gentamicin. This resistance did not decrease after amikacin was introduced. Initially, 83% of the aminoglycoside resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci were resistant to both tobramycin and gentamicin. During the last surveillance this value dropped to 40%, and 48% of the strains had become resistant to all three aminoglycosides. Resistance to aminoglycosides, including amikacin, develops quickly in coagulase-negative staphylococci from clinical areas where these antimicrobial agents are widely used. However, aminoglycoside resistance in S. aureus is much less frequent. PMID- 3771753 TI - Comparison of two selective media for Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. AB - Two selective media, malachite green-bacitracin (MGB) agar and tryptic soy-serum bacitracin-vancomycin (TSBV) agar, were compared for the isolation of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. The highest recovery was found on TSBV agar plates cultured in air-5% CO2 both for plaque samples from periodontal pockets and for pure cultures. PMID- 3771754 TI - Passive hemagglutination test for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen. AB - Available tests for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) are complicated. A passive hemagglutination assay for anti-HBc was developed by sensitizing sheep erythrocytes with hepatitis B core antigen synthesized by a recombinant DNA technique. It was compared with a commercial passive hemagglutination assay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for anti-HBc and showed good agreement with both. It is rapid, simple, and sensitive. PMID- 3771755 TI - Cefixime disk susceptibility test criteria. AB - A total of 583 bacterial isolates was tested for susceptibility to cefixime by broth microdilution and by disk agar diffusion with 5-, 10-, and 30-microgram disks. At MIC breakpoints of less than or equal to 1.0 and greater than or equal to 4 micrograms/ml for susceptible and resistant, respectively, the 5-microgram disk showed slightly better discrimination. The 5-microgram cefixime disk is recommended with proposed interpretive breakpoint criteria of: less than or equal to 17 mm, resistant; 18 to 20 mm, intermediate; and greater than or equal to 21 mm, susceptible. PMID- 3771756 TI - Evidence for production of an enterotoxin and cholera toxin cross-reactive factor by Aeromonas hydrophila. AB - The enterotoxins produced by Aeromonas hydrophila were examined for biological activity by the rabbit ileal loop and suckling mouse assays, as well as by elongation of CHO cells. Antigenic evaluation of the culture filtrates from various isolates of A. hydrophila was performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with anti-cholera toxin and anti-Aeromonas enterotoxin. Heat stability data demonstrated the presence of a heat-labile cholera toxin cross-reactive factor and a heat stable non-cholera toxin cross-reactive enterotoxin. The biological activities of both enterotoxins were heat labile at 56 degrees C for 20 min. PMID- 3771757 TI - Autoclaved liquid medium for propagation of Treponema hyodysenteriae. AB - Three liquid media that differ slightly in composition but not in the method of preparation were developed for the propagation of Treponema hyodysenteriae and Treponema innocens. The three media are unique in that all components are sterilized by autoclaving before use. These media supported better growth of T. hyodysenteriae than did previously used liquid media. PMID- 3771758 TI - Cedecea davisae bacteremia. AB - A case of bacteremia caused by Cedecea davisae is presented. This is the first reported case of bacteremia caused by this organism. PMID- 3771759 TI - Methods for optimal recovery of Malassezia furfur from blood culture. AB - Malassezia furfur, a recently described agent of catheter-associated sepsis, requires long-chained fatty acids for in vitro growth. To determine optimum conditions for recovery of the organism from blood culture, we compared a radiometric (BACTEC) with a lysis centrifugation-direct agar plating (Isolator) blood culture method. When blood culture isolates of M. furfur were suspended in phosphate-buffered saline and used as inocula, the BACTEC system detected the organisms radiometrically only when bottles were supplemented with lipid compounds; detection was often delayed (greater than or equal to 72 h) when small inoculum sizes were tested. The Isolator pediatric tube system detected growth of M. furfur within 48 h of plating onto a lipid-supplemented agar medium. Simulated blood culture experiments showed that the addition of whole human blood and Intralipid to the BACTEC 6B bottle was associated with rapid lysis of erythrocytes, accumulation of a chocolate brown sediment in the bottles, and fungicidal activity to the M. furfur isolates. In contrast, suspensions of M. furfur in whole human blood were stable for at least 8 h in Isolator tubes and quantitatively recoverable after plating onto agar. Of the two systems studied, the Isolator tube system provided a more suitable procedure for isolation of M. furfur from blood culture. PMID- 3771760 TI - Human Fc(gamma) receptors for differentiation in throat cultures of group C "Streptococcus equisimilis" and group C "Streptococcus milleri". AB - The biochemical characteristics and the presence of human Fc(gamma) receptors of 52 throat isolates of group C beta-hemolytic streptococci were examined. Among these isolates, 38 were identified as "Streptococcus milleri" and 14 were identified as "Streptococcus equisimilis." The differentiation of group C "S. equisimilis" from "S. milleri" with identical group antigens was easy to perform by the measurement of the size of the hemolytic zone on a sheep blood agar plate in an anaerobic atmosphere and by biochemical tests (Voges-Proskauer test). A clear-cut criterion for differentiation was noted among these isolates, i.e., the presence of Fc(gamma) receptors. "S. equisimilis," which are generally associated with pharyngitis, possess human Fc(gamma) receptors, while "S. milleri", which are generally isolated from healthy persons, have no such receptors. PMID- 3771761 TI - Identification of type D Pasteurella multocida by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. AB - A counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) test was applied to serotype 35 isolates of type D Pasteurella multocida recovered from 32 cases of atrophic rhinitis (in swine) and 3 cases of snuffles (in rabbits). The CIE test was compared with the indirect hemagglutination (IHA) and acriflavine (AF) tests. Results of the CIE test correlated 100% with those of the IHA test whereas results of the AF test correlated 91.43% with those of the IHA test. The CIE test was rapid and simpler to perform compared with the IHA test and more sensitive than the AF test. Cross reactions were not encountered with capsular antigens of P. multocida types A, B, and E in the CIE test. The CIE test was not found to be suitable for typing type A P. multocida strains. PMID- 3771762 TI - Comparative evaluation of the new Titertek Enterobac Rapid Automated System (TTE RAS) for identification of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. AB - The Titertek Enterobac Rapid Automated System (TTE-RAS; Flow Laboratories, SpA, Milan, Italy), a new semiautomated system for the identification of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, was compared with the API 20E system (API System P.A., Montalieu Vercieu, France) by using 284 clinically isolated strains that were previously identified by conventional methods. Six strains from the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, Md.) were included to evaluate the reproducibility of identification by both systems. Correct identifications at the species level were 93.7% with TTE-RAS and 96.1% with API 20E. Although some of the features of the TTE-RAS data base were not satisfactory, we consider this new miniaturized system to be a very valuable tool for the rapid identification of the most frequently isolated opportunistic bacteria. PMID- 3771763 TI - Detection of Corynebacterium kutscheri in animal tissues by DNA-DNA hybridization. AB - Corynebacterium kutscheri, a pathogen of experimental rats and mice, is difficult to detect in the early stages of infection. A diagnostic assay was developed to reveal the organism in tissues of asymptomatic, infected animals. Three fragments of DNA specific to C. kutscheri were isolated, radiolabeled with 32P, and used in DNA-DNA hybridization assays with blots of impression smears of animal tissues on membrane filters. The C. kutscheri probes did not cross-hybridize with 15 DNA isolates from nonpathogenic corynebacteria. The method described is more rapid and more specific than conventional immunological and culture procedures used to detect C. kutscheri; the organism was detected in tissues of animals infected for only 1 week. PMID- 3771764 TI - Direct detection and differentiation of fastidious and nonfastidious adenoviruses in stools by using a specific nonradioactive probe. AB - Restriction fragments of fastidious human adenovirus type 41 (Ad41) were cloned in vector plasmid pBR322. A rapid and sensitive nonradioactive molecular hybridization technique (M. Renz and C. Kurz, Nucleic Acids Res. 12:3435-3444, 1984) showed that one clone specifically detected fastidious Ad40 and Ad41 (subgenus F) without cross-hybridization with nonfastidious adenoviruses. This clone was mapped in a region of the Ad41 genome corresponding to early transcription unit E1B of Ad2. A number of DNAs from fastidious and nonfastidious adenoviruses were extracted, without cultivation, from stools of children with gastroenteritis and were hybridized with an Ad2 probe and with the cloned probe, allowing the differentiation of the two groups of viruses. This method could detect DNA quantities as low as 10 pg and should be particularly suitable for stool samples containing adenoviral DNA in amounts too low to be detected by staining with ethidium bromide. PMID- 3771765 TI - In vivo study of an antimicrobial surgical drape system. AB - We performed a double-blind clinical study to determine the efficacy of nonwoven laparotomy drapes in which 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyldimethyloctadecyl ammonium chloride, an antimicrobial agent, was chemically bonded to the absorbent reinforcement surrounding the fenestration. The reinforcement portion of the surgical drape that contained the fenestration was segmented into four identical appearing sections, two on each side of the fenestration. One segment on each side was antimicrobial. The locations of the treated segments were randomly varied. At the end of each operation, test strips were removed. Bacteria were harvested from each segment by mechanical agitation. Bacterial CFU were counted. There were 110 surgical cases in the study, including clean, clean contaminated, and contaminated procedures. Data analysis divided the cases into two distinct groups. Group 1 was composed of 59 cases in which less than 30 total CFU was recovered from the four test samples. The average duration of surgery for this group was 1.8 h. Group 2 was composed of 51 cases in which bacterial recovery was in excess of 30 CFU per procedure (range, 30 to 25,000 bacterial CFU). The average duration of surgery was 3.3 h. Bacterial reduction in the treated strips was 84%. The most common organisms identified on the laparotomy drapes were Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. hominis, and Micrococcus luteus. This study demonstrated that the reinforcement of a laparotomy drape is a reservoir for potential pathogens. It demonstrated that an organosilicon quaternary ammonium antimicrobial agent covalently bonded to the reinforcement reduced the number of potential pathogens surrounding the surgical incision by 84%, independent of the size of the bacterial challenge. PMID- 3771766 TI - Antibodies to staphylococcal enterotoxins and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 in sera of patients and healthy people in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. AB - Sera from 33 persons with staphylococcal infections and from 37 healthy persons were surveyed for the presence of antibody to staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, C, D, and E and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1. Thirty-one (93.9%) of the patients and 35 (94.6%) of the control group had antibodies to one or more of the enterotoxins. The numbers of patients with antibody to the enterotoxins were as follows: A, 8; B, 9; C, 7; D, 17; E, 21; and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1, 11. The numbers of healthy individuals with antibody to the enterotoxins were as follows: A, 6; B, 12; C, 8; D, 27; E, 21; and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1, 9. PMID- 3771768 TI - Mycolic acid analysis for clinical identification of Mycobacterium avium and related mycobacteria. AB - We examined the mycolic acid composition of 133 strains belonging to MAIS complex (Mycobacterium avium-M. intracellulare-M. scrofulaceum) and MAIS intermediate strains and the related species M. asiaticum, M. malmoense, M. shimoidei, and M. simiae. The analysis revealed that about 10% of the strains identified as M. avium-M. intracellulare complex by conventional cultural and biochemical tests were in fact M. simiae strains according to their mycolate composition. Of 25 strains previously studied by the International Working Group on Mycobacterial Taxonomy, 2 (MAIS intermediate and M. asiaticum) presented patterns incompatible with the clusters to which they had been assigned. M. malmoense and both M. simiae serovars shared the same pattern with alpha-, alpha'-, and ketomycolates. We describe here the method used to identify the mycolic acid profiles in detail. We found it to be highly reproducible and convenient for use in mycobacterial reference laboratories. PMID- 3771767 TI - Comparison of 15 laboratory and patient-derived strains of Mycobacterium avium for ability to infect and multiply in cultured human macrophages. AB - Mycobacterium avium is a cause of nontuberculous chronic granulomatous infections which is attracting increased attention as a frequent opportunistic pathogen in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Some important aspects of its human pathogenicity were investigated by using cultured human macrophages infected with it. The uptake and replication of various strains of M. avium in the macrophages could be measured by CFU counts of the bacteria in samples of lysed, sonicated macrophages. Microscopic counts of acid-fast bacilli were not useful because the bacteria multiplying in the macrophages were usually not acid fast. Electron microscopy showed the intracellular bacilli to multiply by transverse fission, to be surrounded in individual vacuoles by a broad electronlucent zone, and to have thinner cell walls than extracellularly grown M. avium. Fifteen strains, including examples of serovars 1, 2, 4, 8, and 9, were studied for uptake and rate of replication in cultured macrophages from three normal subjects. The strains were isolates from patients with nontuberculous granulomatous infection, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or unrelated problems, or they were laboratory reference cultures. There were no differences among them in phagocytosis, but there were differences in intracellular replication. Laboratory strains tended to be avirulent, that is, they did not replicate in the macrophages. Patient isolates usually were virulent and could be compared for virulence by intracellular replication rates. Virulence correlated with flat, transparent bacterial colony morphology on nutrient agar but not with serovar or kind of patient from whom the bacteria were isolated. However, among strains of transparent colony morphology there were wide differences in virulence. A virulent bacilli generally produced domed, opalescent colonies on nutrient agar. A virulent bacilli predominated in populations of M. avium conditioned to growth in bacteriologic culture medium. Bacilli of virulent colony morphology predominated in populations passaged through cultured macrophages. The model described here presents a new approach to the investigation of the pathogenicity of M. avium for human subjects and may be more patient relevant than animal models. PMID- 3771770 TI - Five cases of Haemophilus segnis appendicitis. AB - The clinical, histological, and bacteriological findings in five cases of acute appendicitis caused by Haemophilus segnis are reported. This is the first documentation of appendicitis associated with this organism. PMID- 3771769 TI - Modified selective medium for isolation of Campylobacter spp. from feces: comparison with Preston medium, a blood-free medium, and a filtration system. AB - Our previously described (H. Goossens, M. De Boeck, and J. P. Butzler, Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2:389-393, 1983) selective medium, consisting of cefoperazone (15 mg/liter), rifampin (10 mg/liter), colistin (10,000 IU/liter), and amphotericin B (2 mg/liter) (medium M1), for the isolation of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from stool specimens was modified as follows: cefoperazone (30 mg/liter), rifampin (10 mg/liter), and amphotericin B (2 mg/liter) (medium M2). A comparative study of the isolation of Campylobacter spp. from stool specimens was carried out with medium M1; medium M2; a selective blood free medium consisting (per liter) of charcoal (4 g), ferrous sulfate (0.25 g), sodium pyruvate (0.25 g), casein hydrolysate (3 g), sodium deoxycholate (1 g), nutrient broth no. 2 (25 g), agar (12 g), and cefoperazone (32 mg) (medium M3); and Preston medium containing (per liter) trimethoprim (10 mg), rifampin (10 mg), polymyxin B (5,000 IU), and cycloheximide (100 mg) (medium M4). We also included a filtration system in which membrane filters were applied directly to the surface of the nonselective blood-free medium distributed in small petri dishes. A total of 5,276 stool specimens were tested: 2,788 stool specimens were tested on M1 and M3 in study 1; 2,488 stool specimens were inoculated on the four selective media in study 2, and the last 986 specimens of the 2,488 were tested in parallel with the filtration system. In study 2, 128 Campylobacter strains were isolated from 126 different patients; 85.0, 88.3, 82.5, and 66.6% of these strains were isolated on M1, M2, M3, and M4, respectively. No contaminating fecal flora was found on 65.4, 70.7, 62.4, and 40.3% of the M1, M2, M3, and M4 plates, respectively. Furthermore, C. coli was found to be more susceptible to antibiotics present in the selective media, particularly colistin and polymyxin B, than was C. jejuni. We therefore recommend M2 for the isolation of Campylobacter spp. Finally, the filtration method was found to be easy and cheap; although the sensitivity was low, this method allowed the isolation of new Campylobacter spp. which seem to be associated with diarrhea. PMID- 3771771 TI - Community-acquired bloodstream infection caused by Pseudomonas paucimobilis: case report and review of the literature. AB - Various sources of Pseudomonas paucimobilis bacterial infections have been documented. We report the third human case of bloodstream infection due to P. paucimobilis and review the literature in English regarding community-acquired and nosocomial infection due to this bacterium. Biochemical and genetic characteristics supporting the pathogenic potential of P. paucimobilis are presented, and the antibiotic susceptibility profile of the organism is summarized. PMID- 3771773 TI - Reevaluation of the yeast killer phenomenon. AB - The killer effect of 36 Hansenula, Pichia, Saccharomyces, and Candida species on 26 hyphomycetes isolates, 1 isolate of the achlorophyllous microorganism Prototheca, 4 isolates of the lipophilic yeast Malassezia, 1 isolate of the aerobic actinomycete Nocardia, and 19 isolates of bacteria was studied. The killer phenomenon, which was previously considered to be restricted to yeasts, was found to occur among unrelated microorganisms. PMID- 3771772 TI - Biotype and serogroup distribution of Campylobacter isolates from children in Nigeria. AB - A total of 101 Campylobacter isolates from Nigerian children with or without gastroenteritis were biotyped and serogrouped by using the Lior typing schemes (H. Lior, J. Clin. Microbiol. 20:636-640, 1984; H. Lior, D. L. Woodward, J. A. Edgar, L. J. Laroche, and P. Gill, J. Clin. Microbiol. 15:761-768, 1982). Fifty three (52.5%) of the isolates were Campylobacter jejuni biotype I, 29 (28.7%) were C. jejuni biotype II, 10 (9.9%) were Campylobacter coli biotype I, and 9 (8.9%) were C. coli biotype II. Serogroup 36 was the most common (20.7%) in this study, in contrast with serogroup 1 (18.5%) earlier reported from Canada (Lior et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 15:761-768, 1982). PMID- 3771774 TI - Rate of Campylobacter spp. isolation in three regions of Ontario, Canada, from 1978 to 1985. AB - Isolation rates of Campylobacter spp. were analyzed for an 8-year period, 1978 through 1985. Three laboratories of the Ontario Ministry of Health examined 146,842 human feces samples for bacterial pathogens, including Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 5,580 specimens (3.8%), with monthly isolation rates ranging from 1.1 to 7.4%. The data showed a seasonal distribution of isolations, with peaks during the summer months (June to September). Most infections were in children, adolescents, and young adults. More males were infected than females; this finding was most pronounced in the age groups under 25 years. In Northern and Central Ontario, a strikingly higher incidence was observed among farm residents than among rural nonfarm or urban residents. Of 89 farm residents, 63 had consumed raw milk (61 bovine, 2 goat) within 72 h before becoming ill. PMID- 3771775 TI - Peritonitis caused by Alcaligenes denitrificans subsp. xylosoxydans: case report and review of the literature. AB - We report the third human case of peritonitis caused by Alcaligenes denitrificans subsp. xylosoxydans and review the English literature regarding community acquired and nonsocomial infection and colonization that results from this bacterium. The biochemical and genetic characteristics supporting the pathogenic potential of A. denitrificans subsp. xylosoxydans are reviewed, and the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the organism is summarized. PMID- 3771776 TI - Rapid detection of gram-negative bacterial peritonitis by the Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay. AB - The chromogenic Limulus amoebocyte lysate test effectively detected 66 (100%) culture-proven gram-negative peritonitis cases among 185 continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients with clinical evidence of infectious peritonitis. PMID- 3771777 TI - New serologically distinguishable type of coagulase-positive staphylococcus of canine origin. AB - Of 150 coagulase-positive staphylococcal isolates from infections in dogs, 9 isolates with biochemical properties of human biotype were characteristically agglutinated by absorbed antiserum to staphylococcal strain 17, while only 110 of 141 isolates with biochemical properties of staphylococci of canine origin were agglutinated by absorbed antiserum to strain 61218. However, upon development of a new agglutinating serum, absorbed antiserum to strain 887, all but one of the remaining 31 isolates could be classified as being of canine biotype. Absorbed antiserum 887 should therefore aid in the comprehensive identification of staphylococci of canine origin in dogs, as well as in epidemiological studies of the interchange of staphylococci between canine pets and people. PMID- 3771778 TI - Isolation of Blastomyces dermatitidis from an earthen floor in southwestern Ontario, Canada. AB - The first Canadian isolation of Blastomyces dermatitidis from nature is recorded. This was from the earthern floor of a petroleum filtering shed located in southwestern Ontario. A technician working in this environment became infected and was diagnosed as having systemic blastomycosis with meningeal involvement. PMID- 3771779 TI - Effect of age and preexisting antibody on serum antibody response of infants and children to the F and G glycoproteins during respiratory syncytial virus infection. AB - The serum antibody response of 50 infants and children infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was determined by a glycoprotein-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the effects of age and preexisting antibody titer at the time of RSV infection on response to the G and F glycoproteins of RSV were examined. The immune response to the G and F glycoproteins was assessed with anti human immunoglobulin A to permit measurement of the response of young infants in the presence of maternally derived immunoglobulin G. The findings suggested that age primarily affects the response to the F glycoprotein and that preexisting antibody titer affects the response to the G glycoprotein. PMID- 3771781 TI - A ban on handguns: they tried it and they liked it. PMID- 3771780 TI - Histoplasma capsulatum serology. PMID- 3771782 TI - The integration of public health in hospitals: the case of community health departments in Quebec. PMID- 3771783 TI - Contemporary perspectives for preventing alcohol problems: an empirically-derived model. PMID- 3771784 TI - The health effects of agricultural production: II. The health of the community. PMID- 3771785 TI - Factors supporting the growth of grass-roots coalitions for effective occupational health policies. PMID- 3771786 TI - Surveillance of medical technologies. PMID- 3771787 TI - Parvalbumin is reduced in the peripheral nerves of diabetic rats. AB - Parvalbumin (PA), one of the Ca2+-binding neuronal marker proteins, has been revealed to exist in the myelinated axons of the posterior root of the spinal cord and the peripheral nerve of rats. To investigate the role of PA for the genesis of diabetic neuropathy, the levels of PA in the sciatic nerve of normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) for PA. The immunohistochemical distribution of PA in the sciatic nerve from both groups was also studied. The RIA for PA revealed that the levels of PA in the sciatic nerve of diabetic rats were significantly decreased when compared with those of normal rats. However, the contents of S-100 protein, another type of Ca2+-binding glial marker protein, did not show any significant difference in the sciatic nerve from both groups. Immunohistochemically, the amount of PA containing myelinated axons of the diabetic nerve was markedly decreased when compared with nondiabetic subjects. These results suggest that the decreased level of PA in the peripheral nerve might contribute to the genesis of diabetic neuropathy. PMID- 3771788 TI - Isovolumetric regulation of isolated S2 proximal tubules in anisotonic media. AB - Sudden alteration in medium osmolality causes an osmometric change in proximal tubule cell size followed by restoration of cell volume toward normal in hypotonic but not in hypertonic medium. We determined the capability of isolated nonperfused proximal tubules to prevent a change in cell volume in anisotonic media. The external osmolality was gradually changed over a range from 110 to 480 mosM. At 1.5 mosM/min, cell volume remained constant between 167 +/- 9 and 361 +/ 7 mosM, a phenomenon termed isovolumetric regulation (IVR). Cells lost intracellular solutes in hypotonic and gained intracellular solutes in hypertonic media. Raffinose or choline chloride substitution showed that osmolality, rather than NaCl, signalled cell volume maintenance in hyperosmotic media. Cooling (7-10 degrees C) blocked IVR. IVR was maintained when osmolality was lowered at a rate of 27, but not at 42 mosM/min. IVR was not observed when the rate of osmolality increase exceeded 3 mosM/min. We conclude that proximal tubule cells sensitively regulate intracellular volume in an osmolality range of pathophysiologic interest by mechanisms dependent on the rate of net water movement across basolateral membranes and the absolute intracellular content of critical solutes. PMID- 3771789 TI - Thymine and guanine base specificity of human myeloma proteins with anti-DNA activity. AB - To further our understanding of the molecular basis of DNA-autoantibody interactions, we have characterized the specificities of three IgG human myeloma proteins that bind DNA. We measured their binding to synthetic single- and double stranded homopolynucleotides, random and alternating copolymers, oligonucleotides, and nucleotides or nucleosides conjugated to non-nucleic acid carriers. All three antibodies bound single-stranded nucleic acids, including both polyribonucleotides and polydeoxyribonucleotides. They varied in relative affinities for polynucleotides of varying base composition. Polymers containing the purines guanine or hypoxanthine and/or the pyrimidine thymine were most reactive with all three proteins. A myeloma protein that reacted with poly(G), poly(I), or poly(dT) also bound to the corresponding nucleosides or nucleotides conjugated to bovine serum albumin. None of the antibodies reacted with base paired double-helical polynucleotides (double-stranded RNA, RNA-DNA hybrid or double-stranded DNA). The results indicate that base specificity is prominent in their reactions and that the accessible epitopes in single-stranded polynucleotides become masked upon base pairing in double-stranded helices. These findings suggest a model in which positions N1 and O6 of guanine and hypoxanthine and N3 and O4 of thymine interact with amino acids of the antibody-combining site. PMID- 3771790 TI - Rearrangement of the beta chain of the T cell antigen receptor and immunoglobulin genes in lymphoproliferative disorders. AB - 55 samples representing Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and other hyperplastic lesions of the lymph node were examined for rearrangement of the beta chain of the T cell antigen receptor (TcR) and Ig genes. In non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, rearrangement of TcR beta was found in all 14 T cell lymphomas and in two of the seven B cell lymphomas. Ig gene rearrangement was found in none of the 14 T cell lymphomas and in all seven B cell lymphomas. We also examined DNA from lymph nodes in which the lineage of the malignant cell is not clear. Rearrangement of TcR beta was found in all five lymphoepitheloid cell (Lennert's) lymphomas; four of eight Hodgkin's lymphomas; seven of ten Ki 1+ lymphomas; and all nine cases of angioimmunoblastic lymphoadenopathy (AIL). Ig gene rearrangement was found in none of five lymphoepitheloid cell lymphomas; none of eight Hodgkin's lymphomas; three of ten Ki 1+ lymphomas; and four of nine cases of AIL. These findings indicate that genetic studies of TcR and Ig genes are useful in identifying the presence of a clonal population in a lymph node, in determining the extent of the clonal population, and aid in identifying lineage. Of special interest was the finding that some cases of Hodgkin's lymphoma and AIL contain clonal rearrangement of the TcR genes, which suggests that in those cases the malignant cells may be of T cell origin. PMID- 3771792 TI - Dietary protein restriction in established renal injury in the rat. Selective role of glomerular capillary pressure in progressive glomerular dysfunction. AB - Dietary protein restriction imposed before renal injury is established in the remnant kidney model in the rat reduces glomerular hypertension and hyperperfusion and renal injury. We demonstrate that dietary protein restriction (6% vs. 20%) imposed on a background of established renal injury in the remnant model leads to a greater preservation of renal function as measured by glomerular filtration rate and fractional clearances of albumin and IgG, despite the persistence of systemic hypertension. In similarly prepared rats, dietary protein restriction (6% vs. 20%) led to a lower glomerular capillary hydraulic pressure, a higher ultrafiltration coefficient, and similar single nephron filtration rates. In addition, less impairment of glomerular permselectivity was demonstrable after protein restriction. Our data demonstrate that the preservation of renal function with dietary protein restriction after established glomerular injury follows upon reduction of glomerular capillary hydraulic pressure, despite constancy of single nephron filtration rate and plasma flow and persistence of arterial hypertension. PMID- 3771791 TI - Mechanisms of arrhythmogenic delayed and early afterdepolarizations in ferret ventricular muscle. AB - Drug-induced triggered arrhythmias in heart muscle involve oscillations of membrane potential known as delayed or early afterdepolarizations (DADs or EADs). We examined the mechanism of DADs and EADs in ferret ventricular muscle. Membrane potential, tension and aequorin luminescence were measured during exposure to elevated [Ca2+]0, strophanthidin and/or isoproterenol (to induce DADs), or cesium chloride (to induce EADs). Ryanodine (10(-9)-10(-6) M), an inhibitor of Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, rapidly suppressed DADs and triggered arrhythmias. When cytoplasmic Ca2+-buffering capacity was enhanced by loading cells with the Ca2+ chelators BAPTA or quin2, DADs were similarly inhibited, as were contractile force and aequorin luminescence. In contrast to DADs, EADs induced by Cs were not suppressed by ryanodine or by loading with intracellular Ca2+ chelators. The possibility that transsarcolemmal Ca2+ entry might produce EADs was evaluated with highly specific dihydropyridine Ca channel agonists and antagonists. Bay K8644 (100-300 nM) potentiated EADs, whereas nitrendipine (3-20 microM) abolished EADs. We conclude that DADs and DAD-related triggered arrhythmias are activated by an increase in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration, whereas EADs do not require elevated [Ca2+]i but rather arise as a direct consequence of Ca2+ entry through sarcolemmal slow Ca channels. PMID- 3771793 TI - Familial apolipoprotein E deficiency. AB - A unique kindred with premature cardiovascular disease, tubo-eruptive xanthomas, and type III hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) associated with familial apolipoprotein (apo) E deficiency was examined. Homozygotes (n = 4) had marked increases in cholesterol-rich very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL), which could be effectively lowered with diet and medication (niacin, clofibrate). Homozygotes had only trace amounts of plasma apoE, and accumulations of apoB-48 and apoA-IV in VLDL, IDL, and low density lipoproteins. Radioiodinated VLDL apoB and apoE kinetic studies revealed that the homozygous proband had markedly retarded fractional catabolism of VLDL apoB-100, apoB-48 and plasma apoE, as well as an extremely low apoE synthesis rate as compared to normals. Obligate heterozygotes (n = 10) generally had normal plasma lipids and mean plasma apoE concentrations that were 42% of normal. The data indicate that homozygous familial apoE deficiency is a cause of type III HLP, is associated with markedly decreased apoE production, and that apoE is essential for the normal catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein constituents. PMID- 3771794 TI - Humoral immune responses to T cell tropic retrovirus simian T lymphotropic virus type III in monkeys with experimentally induced acquired immune deficiency-like syndrome. AB - The T cell tropic retrovirus of macaque monkeys simian T lymphotropic virus type III (STLV-III) has morphologic, growth, and antigenic properties indicating that it is related to human T cell lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV), the etiologic agent of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) of humans. STLV-III has recently been shown to induce an AIDS-like disease in macaque monkeys. In this study the humoral immune responses of six experimentally infected monkeys have been characterized to determine whether certain parameters of the antibody response to the virus might be predictive of the clinical outcome of this infection. Two distinct patterns of antibody responses were found. Four animals that died within 160 d of inoculation developed low titer anti-STLV-III antibody responses that recognized only the viral envelope protein, and progressive declines in total plasma IgG levels and absolute peripheral blood T4 lymphocyte numbers. The two animals that lived longer (one died at 352 d, the other remains alive at 430 d) developed high titer anti-STLV-III antibody responses that recognized both viral envelope and core proteins, increases in total plasma IgG, and a later decrease in number of peripheral blood T4 lymphocytes. Interestingly, the single animal that has remained clinically healthy after infection was the only one to develop detectable STLV-III neutralizing antibodies. PMID- 3771795 TI - A monoclonal antibody to the carboxyterminal domain of procollagen type I visualizes collagen-synthesizing fibroblasts. Detection of an altered fibroblast phenotype in lungs of patients with pulmonary fibrosis. AB - Excessive collagen deposition plays a critical role in the development of fibrosis, and early or active fibrosis may be more susceptible to therapeutic intervention than later stages of scarring. However, at present there is no simple method for assessing the collagen-synthesizing and secreting activity of fibroblasts in human tissues. Type I procollagen carboxyterminal domains are proteolytically removed during collagen secretion. Thus, antibodies to these domains should stain fibroblasts synthesizing type I collagen but not extracellular collagen fibrils which could mask the signal from the cells. We developed and characterized a monoclonal antibody (Anti-pC) specific for the carboxyterminal propeptide of type I procollagen. To determine the relationship between Anti-pC staining and collagen synthesis, we stained embryonic and adult chicken tendon. Embryonic chick tendon fibroblasts actively synthesizing type I collagen stained heavily with Anti-pC, while quiescent adult tendon fibroblasts did not stain with Anti-pC. Wounded adult tendons developed fibroblasts that stained with Anti-pC at the wound site. Thus, Anti-pC specifically visualized fibroblasts actively synthesizing collagen. Lung biopsies from patients with fibrotic lung disease were stained with Anti-pC. Interstitial and intraalveolar fibroblasts in biopsies from patients with active fibrosis stained intensely with Anti-pC, while normal human lung was unstained. The absence of staining in normal lung supports the hypothesis that fibrosis is associated with an altered collagen synthesizing phenotype of tissue fibroblasts. Anti-pC may provide a useful clinical tool for assessing fibrogenic activity at sites of tissue injury. PMID- 3771796 TI - Na+ transport in cystic fibrosis respiratory epithelia. Abnormal basal rate and response to adenylate cyclase activation. AB - The transepithelial potential difference (PD) of cystic fibrosis (CF) airway epithelium is abnormally raised and the Cl- permeability is low. We studied the contribution of active Na+ absorption to the PD and attempted to increase the Cl- permeability of CF epithelia. Nasal epithelia from CF and control subjects were mounted in Ussing chambers and were short-circuited. The basal rate of Na+ absorption was raised in CF polyps compared with control tissues. Whereas beta agonists induced Cl- secretion in normal and atopic epithelia, beta agonists further increased the rate of Na+ absorption in CF epithelia without inducing Cl- secretion. This unusual effect is not due to an abnormal CF beta receptor because similar effects were induced by forskolin, and because cAMP production was similar in normal and CF epithelia. We conclude that CF airway epithelia absorb Na+ at an accelerated rate. The abnormal response to beta agonists may reflect a primary abnormality in a cAMP-modulated path, or a normal cAMP-modulated process in a Cl- impermeable epithelial cell. PMID- 3771797 TI - Primary cortisol resistance associated with a thermolabile glucocorticoid receptor in a patient with fatigue as the only symptom. AB - We have studied a woman with an apparent receptor-mediated resistance to cortisol on the basis of elevated 24-h mean plasma cortisol levels and increased urinary free cortisol. Plasma ACTH concentrations were normal but she was resistant to adrenal suppression by dexamethasone. No stigmata of Cushing's syndrome were seen. To study the proposed end-organ resistance to cortisol, we examined the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in lymphocytes and in fibroblasts from this patient and from her son. Several molecular properties of the GR of lymphocytes from the patient were indistinguishable from that of normal control subjects. In thermolability assays, however, the patient's GR as well as her son's GR showed a striking heat sensitivity at 40 degrees and 45 degrees C when compared with GR from normal persons. In addition, data from the thermolability assays correlated well with the lack at 45 degrees C of dexamethasone-induced decrease in in vitro [3H]thymidine incorporation into lymphocytes derived from both patients. PMID- 3771798 TI - Regulation by vitamin D metabolites of parathyroid hormone gene transcription in vivo in the rat. AB - In vitro 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3) decreased levels of preproparathyroid(preproPTH) hormone mRNA. We have now pursued these studies in vivo in the rat. Rats were administered vitamin D metabolites i.p. and the levels of preproPTH mRNA were determined in excised parathyroid-thyroid glands by blot hybridization. PreproPTH mRNA levels were less than 4% of basal at 48 h after 100 pmol 1,25(OH)2D3, with no increase in serum calcium. Gel blots showed that 1,25(OH)2D3 decreased preproPTH mRNA levels without any change in its size (833 basepair). Microdissected parathyroids after 1,25(OH)2D3 (100 pmol) showed mRNA levels for preproPTH were 40 +/- 8% of controls, but for beta-actin were 100% of controls. The relative potencies of vitamin D metabolites were: 1,25(OH)2D3 greater than 24,25(OH)2D3 greater than 25(OH)D3 greater than vitamin D3. In vitro nuclear transcription showed that 1,25(OH)2D3-treated (100 pmol) rats' PTH transcription was 10% of control, while beta-actin was 100%. These results show that 1,25(OH)2D3 regulates PTH gene transcription. PTH stimulates 1,25(OH)2D3 synthesis, which then inhibits PTH synthesis, thus completing an endocrinological feedback loop. PMID- 3771799 TI - Effect of acidosis on chloride transport in the cortical thick ascending limb of Henle perfused in vitro. AB - The present studies examined the effect of acute in vitro acidosis on chloride reabsorption in the rabbit cortical thick ascending limb of Henle (cTALH). Four protocols were used: hypercapnic acidosis; "isocapnic" peritubular acidosis (bath bicarbonate reduction to 10 mM); isocapnic luminal acidosis (luminal bicarbonate reduction to 10 mM); isocapnic peritubular acidosis in the absence of luminal potassium. Transepithelial voltage (VT) decreased during hypercapnic acidosis and increased with recovery. Chloride reabsorption (pmol X mm-1 X min-1) decreased from 50.3 +/- 8.4 to 15.7 +/- 5.6, then increased to 45.6 +/- 11.1 with recovery. Likewise, VT was decreased reversibly during isocapnic peritubular acidosis, and chloride reabsorption decreased by 60%. Chloride reabsorption was greater (28.3 +/- 3.6) when tubules were perfused at normal luminal pH than at an acidotic luminal pH (11.4 +/- 4.5; P less than 0.05). Luminal potassium removal reduced chloride transport, and acidosis had no significant additional effect. Decreased chloride reabsorption in the cTALH during acidosis could contribute to the chloruresis associated with systemic acidosis. The symmetrical nature of this effect suggests that acidosis inhibits chloride reabsorption through an effect on cytosolic pH. PMID- 3771801 TI - In vivo evidence for reduced binding of low density lipoproteins to receptors as a cause of primary moderate hypercholesterolemia. AB - The causes of primary moderate hypercholesterolemia are not understood, but some patients have reduced fractional clearance rates (FCRs) for low density lipoproteins (LDL). This could be due to either decreased activity of LDL receptors or to a defect in structure (or composition) of LDL that reduces its affinity for receptors. To distinguish between these causes, simultaneous turnover rates of autologous and normal homologous LDL were determined in 15 patients with primary moderate hypercholesterolemia. In 10, turnover rates of both types of LDL were indistinguishable, which indicated that autologous LDL was cleared as efficiently as normal homologous LDL. In five others, FCRs for autologous LDL were significantly lower than for homologous LDL. Two of the latter five were treated with mevinolin, and although FCRs for both types of LDL rose during treatment, differences in FCRs between the two types of LDL persisted. In these five patients, autologous LDL appeared to be a poor ligand for LDL receptors. PMID- 3771802 TI - Estimating personal performance: a problem for children with school dysfunction. AB - Children with school dysfunction typically do limited planning and fail to use potentially beneficial mediational strategies on cognitive tasks. This study tested the hypothesis that these children are poor at assessing their own performance capabilities, a deficit which might contribute to this passive learning style. Thirty children, 9-12 years old, attending a multidisciplinary clinic in a pediatric setting for school underachievement, and 30 age, grade, and socioeconomic status (SES)-matched controls were asked to predict their performance in four domains of function before they were given the opportunity to perform the tasks. Clinic subjects overestimated their performance to a greater degree than controls in two domains. This performance resembles the performance of younger children on related tasks and may be amenable to therapeutic or educational intervention. PMID- 3771800 TI - Neutrophil-induced injury of rat pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells. AB - The damage to pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells that occurs in many inflammatory conditions is thought to be caused in part by phagocytic neutrophils. To investigate this process, we exposed monolayers of purified rat alveolar epithelial cells to stimulated human neutrophils and measured cytotoxicity using a 51Cr-release assay. We found that stimulated neutrophils killed epithelial cells by a process that did not require neutrophil-generated reactive oxygen metabolites. Pretreatment of neutrophils with an antibody (anti Mo1) that reduced neutrophil adherence to epithelial cells limited killing. Although a variety of serine protease inhibitors partially inhibited cytotoxicity, we found that neutrophil cytoplasts, neutrophil lysates, neutrophil conditioned medium, purified azurophilic or specific granule contents, and purified human neutrophil elastase did not duplicate the injury. We conclude that stimulated neutrophils can kill alveolar epithelial cells in an oxygen metabolite independent manner. Tight adherence of stimulated neutrophils to epithelial cell monolayers appears to promote epithelial cell killing. PMID- 3771803 TI - Effect of intensive care unit exposure on temperament in low birth weight preterm infants. AB - This study examined the hypothesis that low birth weight, preterm infants, owing to their severe illness and exposure to intensive care units (ICU), are predisposed to a more difficult temperament. Temperament was compared among three groups (n = 92): high-risk (HR) preterm infants (mean birth weight 1244 g), low risk (LR) preterm infants (mean birth weight 2050 g), and full-term (FT) infants (mean birth weight 3159 g). Mothers completed the Infant Temperament Questionnaire (ITQ) when infants were 6 months (adjusted) old. The most striking differences were in mothers' subjective ratings of their infants: 21% of the HR mothers rated their infants as more difficult than average, compared to 4% of full-term and 0% of low-risk preterm mothers. By contrast, according to objective rating, HR infants met none of the ITQ criteria for the diagnostic category of "difficult." However, HR infants did have less favorable scores in mood, adaptability, persistence, and distractibility than LR and FT. When the HR group was further analyzed, differences in mothers' objective ratings were accounted for by length of hospitalization, while differences in mothers' subjective ratings were accounted for by severity of disease. Results suggest that, in our sample, exposure to ICU may have led to some temperament differences, but its effect was more pervasive on parents' perceptions of their infants. PMID- 3771804 TI - Prevalence of behavior problems and mental health utilization among encopretic children: implications for behavioral pediatrics. AB - The psychiatric literature traditionally has viewed encopretic children as having severe and characteristic behavior problems. Current psychiatric views as expressed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd Edition (DSM-III), and in the pediatric literature, however, tend to regard the behavior problems of encopretic children as being rather mild or secondary to the consequences of the encopresis itself. Using a behavioral checklist with empirically derived factors (the Child Behavior Checklist), 55 children presenting for medical treatment of their encopresis have been assessed. Numerous behavior problems are reported on parental ratings, but the overall severity of behavior problems in this group of children falls below that found in children with behavior problems who are referred for mental health services. Most children presenting for medical management of encopresis have not been seen or evaluated by mental health services. Encopresis is a disorder in which psychological evaluation and intervention by the pediatrician may be advisable. PMID- 3771805 TI - Attention and organization of behavior in high-risk infants. AB - Preterm infants at 7 months, corrected age, and 7-month-old full-term infants were videotaped while they played with a series of novel objects for a minute apiece. Each infant's videotape was scored for duration of examining (focused visual inspection), duration of mouthing, and duration of slapping or banging the objects. Full-term infants examined the objects significantly more than the preterms; the two groups showed equivalent levels of mouthing and banging. Each minute was then divided into 15-second segments. Only examining showed a decline over time, and then only for the full-terms. When the three behaviors were compared on the latency to the first episode of the behavior in each trial, it was found that the behavior of the full-terms was clearly differentiated in terms of sequence with examining having the shortest latency, mouthing the next shortest, and banging the longest. For the preterms, however, there were no differences among the mean latencies. The major difference between the two groups was in the latency to examine, which was significantly longer in the preterms. In general, the results for the preterms were not related to developmental level, but appeared to be due to deficits in both reactivity to stimulation and ability to sustain attention. PMID- 3771806 TI - The mildly retarded adolescent: a psychosocial perspective. AB - The developmental challenges inherent in the stage of adolescence are particularly stressful for mildly retarded youngsters and contribute to a high incidence of behavioral disorders. The difficulties experienced by mildly retarded adolescents in separating from their parents and attaining independence, establishing a stable identity, and developing a satisfactory body image are described. Suggestions are provided as to how to interview such youngsters, and specific considerations and guidelines are proposed to effect each of the psychosocial issues noted. PMID- 3771807 TI - Current concepts: infantile autism and the pervasive developmental disorders. AB - The pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), as exemplified by infantile autism, are a group of severe childhood neuropsychiatric disorders of early onset in which multiple areas of social, communicative, and cognitive development are disturbed. Although these disorders often are associated with some degree of mental retardation and various medical and neurological abnormalities, they are distinctive in their course and outcome, and in the patterns of development deficit. These conditions, which are expressed as the final behavioral syndrome, probably have many different causes. Whereas organic factors clearly are implicated, no precise etiological mechanisms have been established. Management of these disorders includes appropriate educational and behavioral intervention. Efforts are needed to define these disorders more precisely, and to identify relevant subgroups, to further studies of pathophysiology. PMID- 3771808 TI - Follow-up of patients who improved during placebo washout. AB - Depressed patients who showed significant improvement after a 10-day placebo washout trial were followed for 3 months. Twenty-five relapsed and 20 remained well. Relapsing patients more frequently had a family history of depression, more had prior psychiatric treatment, their illness course was more chronic once ill, mean age of onset was younger, and fewer had obvious precipitants. More relapser had RDC diagnoses of intermittent depressive disorder. Among those with major depressive disorder, fewer relapsers met subtype criteria for simple, situational, or recurrent. Nonaffective psychiatric disorders were present in 64% of relapsers and no placebo responders who remained well. Overall, 10-day placebo responders included patients with different clinical characteristics and subsequent course. PMID- 3771809 TI - Norepinephrine challenges in panic patients. AB - Six subjects with agoraphobia with panic attacks were pretreated with placebo and restricted use of lorazepam for 4 or 5 days. Then l-norepinephrine was infused intravenously with stepwise increases to 4 to 16 micrograms/min. All subjects developed DSM-III symptoms of a panic attack. Subjective results including idiosyncratic symptoms closely resembled the spontaneous panic attacks of these subjects. Cardiac rhythm and rate changes contradicted subjective reports of racing heart and palpitations. Tachypneic and hypertensive reactivities were benign. Both anxiety symptoms and cardiovascular changes reversed rapidly and spontaneously upon discontinuation of the infusion. To validate the possibility that norepinephrine infusion may specifically and reliably simulate spontaneous panic attacks, the authors recommend further work, particularly blinded controlled studies. PMID- 3771810 TI - Alprazolam kinetics in patients with renal insufficiency. AB - Alprazolam kinetics following a single 1.0-mg oral dose of alprazolam were compared between seven dialysis-dependent patients with chronic renal failure and seven healthy controls matched for age, sex, and weight. There were no significant differences between patients and controls in alprazolam half-life (11.5 vs. 11.3 hours) or clearance of total drug (1.14 vs. 1.26 ml/min/kg). However, alprazolam free fraction was increased in renal failure patients (35.7% vs. 31.9% unbound, p less than 0.005). Free clearance of alprazolam averaged 23% lower in patients (3.2 vs. 4.1 ml/min/kg), but the difference was not significant. Renal insufficiency has a quantitatively small influence on alprazolam pharmacokinetics. PMID- 3771811 TI - The dexamethasone suppression test (1 mg and 2 mg) in major depression: illness versus recovery. AB - This study reexamined the 1 mg and 2 mg DST in endogenous depression. Two groups of depressives were evaluated during illness and shortly after clinical recovery; one group with the 2 mg DST (N = 29) and another with the 1 mg DST (N = 16). The 2 mg DST was found to be a reliable state marker: all nonsuppressors during illness (N = 9) became suppressors after recovery. In contrast, the 1 mg DST was not a useful state marker: over 50% of the nonsuppressors during illness remained nonsuppressors after clinical recovery. A discussion of these discrepant findings dependent on the dose of dexamethasone is presented. This study suggests that although most psychiatric investigations are utilizing the 1 mg DST, the 2 mg DST should be reexamined. PMID- 3771812 TI - A pharmacokinetic drug interaction between erythromycin and triazolam. AB - The effect of erythromycin on the pharmacokinetics of triazolam was studied in 16 normal male volunteers. Triazolam in 0.5-mg doses was administered alone and after 3 days of receiving erythromycin (333 mg tid) in a randomized complete crossover design. Plasma samples were collected for 24 hours post doses and analyzed for triazolam by electron-capture gas chromatography. Erythromycin administration resulted in a 52% decrease in triazolam clearance, significantly higher triazolam concentrations at the majority of sampling times, significantly longer triazolam half-lives of elimination (5.9 vs. 3.6 hours), and a 30% decrease in the triazolam apparent volume of distribution. No differences were observed in the times of peak triazolam concentration occurrence. In accordance with previously reported drug interactions involving macrolide antibiotics, erythromycin appears to significantly inhibit the metabolism of triazolam. PMID- 3771813 TI - Propranolol for adults with temper outbursts and residual attention deficit disorder. AB - Thirteen adults with temper outbursts and residual attention deficit disorder (ADD) were given propranolol to 640 mg/day in an open study. Eleven of the patients improved, with improvement in temper and other symptoms of ADD, indicating a need for controlled studies. This suggests a novel pharmacological approach to residual ADD. PMID- 3771815 TI - View from the Nation's Capital. Animal research: public pressure versus research needs. PMID- 3771814 TI - Clonazepam in the treatment of panic disorder and agoraphobia: a one-year follow up. AB - Fifty patients with panic disorder or agoraphobia with panic attacks with treated with clonazepam, a high potency benzodiazepine. The authors report on the outcome of these patients after an average follow-up interval of 1 year, suggesting that clonazepam is a safe, effective, and easy to administer medication in a relatively treatment-refractory population of nondepressed patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia. PMID- 3771816 TI - Psychosis associated with withdrawal of nomifensine therapy. PMID- 3771817 TI - Nomifensine overdose with TCAs and MAOIs. PMID- 3771818 TI - Refractory bipolar illness may not respond to verapamil. PMID- 3771819 TI - Tardive dyskinesia in outpatient schizophrenics treated with depot phenothiazines. PMID- 3771820 TI - Raynaud's phenomenon and panic attacks. PMID- 3771821 TI - A double-blind comparison of minaprine and imipramine in the treatment of depressed patients. PMID- 3771822 TI - Atypical fatal hyperpyrexia: a case report. PMID- 3771823 TI - Use of lorazepam in treatment-resistant catatonia. PMID- 3771824 TI - Cyproheptadine for imipramine-induced anorgasmia. PMID- 3771825 TI - Is activated charcoal helpful in the treatment of overdosages (ODs) with tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)? PMID- 3771826 TI - Acute computerized tomographic scans: their value in the localization of lesions and as prognostic indicators in aphasia. AB - Twenty three patients with past or present evidence of aphasia following either stroke (n = 19) or head trauma (n = 4) were given the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination in order to classify their aphasia type and determine their language deficit at least three months postonset of their neurological disorder. The location and extent of brain lesions identified from computerized tomographic (C.T.) scans taken in the acute stage and, wherever possible, in the chronic stage (n = 7) were correlated with the type of aphasia. Lesions associated with global, Wernicke's, Broca's, conduction, and anomic aphasia are described and discussed in relation to the findings of previously reported clinico-C.T. scan correlation studies. The value of the acute stage C.T. scan as a predictor of long-term language deficits is discussed. PMID- 3771827 TI - Deaf children's expression of communicative intentions. AB - This study investigated the expression of communicative intentions by 3-year-old hearing-impaired children who were learning a system for manually coded English. Children were videotaped in their homes, interacting with their mothers. Children's communicative expressions were identified and coded according to a system modified from those developed to describe hearing children's pragmatic functioning. Between 4.5 and 5.5 communicative expressions were produced per minute. A large proportion of the expressions consisted of social or imperative intentions while a much smaller proportion were used for heuristic or informational purposes. Implications for the deaf children's future language use and development are discussed. The data presented provide some guidelines for pragmatic expectations for young deaf children and may help clinicians to identify deaf children who have developmental problems in addition to their hearing loss. PMID- 3771828 TI - Perceptual feature sorting of brain-injured patients: left versus right hemisphere preferences. AB - A 20-item Piagetian-type sorting task was presented to 12 medically verified unilaterally brain-injured patients, whose performances were compared to 12 non brain-injured controls. Cerebrovascular involvement accounted for the brain injuries. Speech and language status was determined by use of the short form of the Minnesota Test for Differential Diagnosis of Aphasia (Schuell, 1965). Five subjects had right hemisphere involvement. Of the seven subjects with left hemisphere involvement, four were fluent, two were nonfluent, and one had no appreciable speech or language difficulties. The left hemisphere brain-injured subjects and the controls showed preferences for the features of shape and texture. In contrast, the right hemisphere brain-injured subjects preferred the feature of size. PMID- 3771829 TI - A strategy to increase appointment keeping in a pediatric clinic. AB - This paper reports the results of two related studies. The first, a prospective study, investigated the relationship between appointment keeping at a pediatric clinic and parents' self-perceived time utilization skills as measured by a subscale of Wessman's Temporal Experience Questionnaire (TEQ). Using a logistic regression analysis to adjust for the effect of telephone reminders, low scorers on the time utilization subscale were twice as likely as high scorers to miss their appointments. The second study was a test of the value of using knowledge of parents' subjective time perspectives as part of a strategy to increase appointment keeping. The goal of this study was to achieve equivalent missed appointment rates between high and low scorers on the TEQ. Parents attending the clinic were asked to complete the questionnaire, and they were then stratified into two groups. High scorers, those who initially had a low probability of missing appointments, received a single reminder. Low scorers, those who initially had a high probability of missing appointments, received two reminders. Two alternate forms of reminders were randomly allocated within each scoring strata. Equivalent missed appointment rates were observed between parents who scored low and those who scored high on the TEQ. The study also investigated two other questions. Information on the importance of the visit had no effect. Postcard reminders were as effective as telephone reminders and were more cost efficient. PMID- 3771830 TI - A baseline evaluation of family support programs. AB - This paper presents a baseline evaluation of four demonstration family support programs located in communities identified as having a disproportionate number of families at risk for malfunctioning. In this baseline evaluation, a one year cohort of 422 family support participants were assessed along key dimensions of parenting known to contribute to child well-being and potentially to the incidence of child abuse or child neglect. These dimensions include parents' attitudes toward child rearing, knowledge of child development, level of perceived social support, and level of depression. Black participants and teenage parents had more punitive attitudes toward child rearing, less knowledge of child development, and less perceived social support than white or older parents. Overall, attitudes, knowledge, level of perceived social support and depression are interrelated in accordance with previous clinical observations and developmental theory, e.g., depressed parents are less knowledgeable, more punitive and have less support than nondepressed parents. The results of the baseline evaluation suggest that the demonstration projects are successful in reaching some subgroups of families at risk for parenting problems. PMID- 3771831 TI - Hopital Albert Schweitzer and the Republic of Haiti. AB - The Hopital Albert Schweitzer was established near the village of Deschapelles in Haiti in 1956 by Dr. and Mrs. William Larimer Mellon of Arizona. The hospital currently has 162 acute care beds and provides inpatient and outpatient services to a district of about 160,000 people. In 1983, visits to the hospital and its dispensaries totaled 39,163. Since its founding the hospital has evolved into a tertiary care facility but has also established primary care programs through seven satellite dispensaries. Health agents and midwives play an important role in the hospital's field programs. Outreach programs concentrate on health and nutrition education, immunizations, supplementary food programs, tuberculosis screening, oral rehydration for infants with diarrheal diseases and cord cutting clinics for the prevention of neonatal tetanus. This paper describes the principal causes of morbidity and mortality in this area of Haiti, the functioning of the hospital and both its medical and non-medical programs. The latter include agricultural irrigation and well digging projects, and wood working, weaving and ceramic facilities to encourage local artisans. PMID- 3771832 TI - Health care provider and family acceptance of a rural community-based nursing service for chronically ill children. AB - Health care providers' and families' overall acceptance of a community-based nursing program was assessed in relationship to their perceptions of the program nurses' accessibility, professional competence, and personal qualities. Perceptions were measured by questionnaires completed by 139 health care providers and 140 families. Overall, providers indicated that the program has been of benefit to both the children it serves and the medical community. The majority of families felt that the nurses were helpful to them despite a few complaints related to poor availability. PMID- 3771833 TI - Topographic representation of lower and upper teeth within the trigeminal sensory nuclei of adult cat as demonstrated by the transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase. AB - Transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase-wheat germ agglutinin conjugate (HRP-WGA) entrapped in hypoallergenic polyacrylamide gel was used to study the patterns of termination of primary afferents that innervate the lower and upper tooth pulps within the trigeminal sensory nuclear complex (TSNC). HRP injections were made into the inferior and superior alveolar nerves in order to compare the central projections of the whole nerve with those from tooth pulps. In addition, the relationship between the distribution of the trigeminothalamic tract cells and the projection sites of the tooth pulp afferents was investigated by injecting HRP into the posterior ventral thalamus. HRP-labeled tooth pulp afferent fibers innervating the lower and upper teeth projected to the subnucleus dorsalis (Vpd) of pars principalis, the rostrodorsomedial part (Vo.r) and nucleus dorsomedialis (Vo.dm) of pars oralis, the medial regions of pars interpolaris, and laminae I, II, and V of pars caudalis. Terminal fields of the lower tooth pulp afferents formed a rostrocaudally running, uninterrupted column from the midlevel of Vpd to the caudal tip of caudalis. In contrast, the column of termination of upper tooth pulp afferents was discontinuous at the Vpd/Vo.r transition, and ended at the more rostral level of the caudalis than that of the lower tooth pulp afferents. The representation of the lower and upper teeth in the TSNC was organized in a somatotopic fashion which varied from one subdivision to the next, although terminal zones of the inferior and superior alveolar nerves overlapped within the Vo.r, Vo.dm, and dorsomedial part of rostral pars interpolaris. The lower and upper teeth were represented in the Vpd, Vo.r, Vo.dm, medial region of pars interpolaris, and laminae I, II, and V, in a ventrodorsal or caudorostral, dorsoventral, lateromedial, dorsoventral, and mediolateral or dorsomedial-ventrolateral sequence, respectively. The smaller, more focal terminal areas of the teeth contrasted sharply with more extensive terminal fields of the alveolar nerves. The HRP injections within the thalamus indicated that neurons in Vpd, the caudal pars interpolaris, and laminae I/V of caudalis, which are subdivisions of TSNC that receive pulpal projections, sent their axons to the ipsilateral and contralateral posterior ventral thalamus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3771834 TI - Regional specialization in synaptic input and output in an identified local nonspiking interneuron of the crayfish revealed by light and electron microscopy. AB - Lateral inhibition of several mechanosensory interneurons in the crayfish terminal ganglion is mediated by a pair of identified local nonspiking interneurons called local directionally selective (LDS) interneurons. The ultrastructure and synaptic distribution of these interneurons were investigated by using intracellular labeling with horseradish peroxidase for electron microscopy. The LDS interneuron has bilateral, asymmetric arborizations. They are connected by a thick transverse neurite on which no synapses are made. The neurites on the side ipsilateral to the cell body are smooth and receive almost entirely input synapses. On the other hand, the contralateral neurites have prominent numerous swellings or varicosities from which many short fine spines arise, with intermingled input and output synapses. Both synapses, however, are not always associated with varicosities and spines. Presynaptic neurites of the LDS interneuron contain only round agranular synaptic vesicles in the vicinity of synaptic specializations. These morphological findings correlate well with the physiology of this interneuron: it is functionally polarized to receive input on one side (ipsilateral to the cell body) of the ganglion and convey it to the other side. PMID- 3771835 TI - NADPH diaphorase histochemistry in the macaque striate cortex. AB - The distribution of the enzyme dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase was examined in the striate cortex of the rhesus monkey. The pattern of activity in the neuropil matched that of cytochrome oxidase in adjacent sections and the enzymes were similarly modulated by monocular deprivation. Scattered individual cells were also intensely positive for NADPH diaphorase. Labelled cells were most common in the white matter and layers 2 and 3; they were least common in layers 4 and 5. Diaphorase cells were morphologically diverse, but no pyramidal or spiny cells were labelled. Labelled cells often had multiple varicose processes, which extended laterally for over 1 mm. Although the function of this enzyme is unknown, the morphology and distribution of the diaphorase-positive cells resembles published reports of cortical cells containing somatostatin, avian pancreatic polypeptide, and neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity, and NADPH diaphorase is colocalized with these substances in the rodent striatum (S.R. Vincent, O. Johansson, T. Hokfelt, L. Skirboll, R.P. Elde, L. Terenius, J. Kimmel, and M. Goldstein, J. Comp. Neurol. 217:252-263, '83). PMID- 3771836 TI - 3H-nicotine and 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin-labeled nicotinic receptors in the interpeduncular nucleus of rats. I. Subnuclear distribution. AB - The distribution of nicotinic receptors within the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) was determined in male rats following in vitro labeling with the cholinergic ligands 3H-nicotine and 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin (BTX). Autoradiographic images of two rostrocaudal levels of IPN were analyzed by computer-assisted densitometry and the optical density contributed by displaceable labeling was determined in the rostral, central, intermediate, and lateral subnuclei. 3H-nicotine labeling density within the four subnuclei differs significantly at both levels of IPN. The greatest density of labeling is localized in the rostral subnucleus, followed in order of diminishing density by the central, intermediate, and lateral subnuclei. Labeling within the rostral subnucleus is prominently localized within its central zone. In the central subnucleus, a dense concentration of binding sites is apparent in the middle region, adjacent to less dense vertically oriented columns; 3H-nicotine binding sites in the lateral subnuclei appear to be most concentrated medially, adjacent to the intermediate subnuclei. 125I-BTX labeling density within the four subnuclei also differs significantly at both levels of IPN. The greatest density of labeling is found in the rostral subnucleus, followed in order of decreasing density by the lateral, central, and intermediate subnuclei. The ovoid regions of the rostral subnucleus contain dense 125I-BTX labeling. In the lateral subnuclei, 125I-BTX binding appears to be predominantly along the lateral margins of the subnucleus. The present data indicate that the IPN contains two distinct populations of putative cholinergic nicotinic receptors identified, respectively, by 3H-nicotine and 125I-BTX labeling. Each population of labeled receptors is uniquely localized in patterns that suggest differences in density within and across subnuclei. PMID- 3771837 TI - 3H-nicotine- and 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin-labeled nicotinic receptors in the interpeduncular nucleus of rats. II. Effects of habenular deafferentation. AB - The cholinergic innervation of the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) is wholly extrinsic and is greatly attenuated by bilateral habenular destruction. We describe changes in the labeling of putative nicotinic receptors within this nucleus at 3, 5, or 11 days after bilateral habenular lesions. Adjacent tissue sections of the rat IPN were utilized for 3H-nicotine and 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin (125I-BTX) receptor autoradiography. Compared to sham-operated controls, habenular destruction significantly reduced autoradiographic 3H-nicotine labeling in rostral (-25%), intermediate (-13%), and lateral subnuclei (-36%). Labeling in the central subnucleus was unchanged. Loss of labeling was maximal at the shortest survival time (3 days) and did not change thereafter. In order to establish whether this loss was due to a reduction in the number or the affinity of 3H-nicotine-binding sites, a membrane assay was performed on microdissected IPN tissue from rats that had received surgery 3 days previously. Bilateral habenular lesions produced a 35% reduction of high-affinity 3H-nicotine-binding sites, with no change in binding affinity. Bilateral habenular lesions reduced 125I-BTX labeling in the intermediate subnuclei, and a slight increase occurred in the rostral subnucleus. In the lateral subnuclei, 125I-BTX labeling was significantly reduced (27%) at 3 days but not at later survival times. In view of the known synaptic morphology of the habenulointerpeduncular tract, it is concluded that a subpopulation of 3H-nicotine binding sites within the IPN is located on afferent axons and/or terminals. This subpopulation, located within rostral, intermediate, and lateral subnuclei, may correspond to presynaptic nicotinic cholinergic receptors. Sites that bind 125I-BTX may include a presynaptic subpopulation located in the lateral and possibly the intermediate subnuclei. PMID- 3771838 TI - Familial multiple trichodiscomas. AB - Two sisters developed multiple pure trichodiscomas. The report confirms the familial occurrence of these tumors recently described and analyzes some of their histologic and ultrastructural features. PMID- 3771839 TI - Pustular pyoderma gangrenosum associated with ulcerative colitis in childhood. Report of two cases and review of the literature. AB - Pyoderma gangrenosum is a cutaneous disorder associated with systemic diseases such as ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and blood dyscrasias. We are reporting two cases of pustular pyoderma gangrenosum associated with ulcerative colitis. One patient had inactive bowel disease when she developed her third episode of pustules, erosions, and nodules on the left leg. The other patient exhibited a widespread painful vesiculopustular eruption that coincided with the onset of her colitis. Both patients presented with pustules as the primary manifestation of their pyoderma gangrenosum. Histologic examination of skin from both patients revealed an acute perifollicular inflammation. Pyoderma gangrenosum should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pustular disorders in children with underlying conditions such as ulcerative colitis. PMID- 3771840 TI - Trichotillomania in childhood. AB - Several aspects of trichotillomania in childhood are described and discussed. Case records of twenty-one children not older than 15 years of age, who were seen in the previous 5 years, were examined. The female/male ratio was 2.5:1 (fifteen girls and six boys); the age range was 2 to 15 years. Although trichotillomania may, at first sight, often impress as an apparently inexplicable persistent habit, further analysis shows that this symptom often develops in a climate of psychosocial stress in the family, e.g., hospitalizations of child or mother, the additional stress inherent in moving to a new house, or developmental problems such as sibling rivalry, inability to focus activities and play in the younger child, and school problems in the older child. PMID- 3771841 TI - Solar elastotic bands of the forearm: an unusual clinical presentation of actinic elastosis. AB - Actinic damage of dermal tissues produces several distinct clinical patterns. Three patients are described as having discrete, soft, cordlike bands on the forearms that extend from dorsal areas of actinic damage and senile purpura to greatest prominence in flexural regions with less solar damage. Histochemical analyses and light and electron microscopy studies of the plaques showed changes consistent with solar elastosis. The clinical variants of actinic elastosis and the possible origins of the abnormal elastic fibrils found in the dermis of chronically sun-damaged skin are discussed. Solar elastotic bands are an unusual form of actinic degeneration. PMID- 3771842 TI - Electroepilation (electrolysis) in hirsutism. 35,000 hours' experience on the face and neck. AB - Physicians frequently recommend electroepilation (electrolysis) in the management of hirsutism, but there have been no English language reports of its clinical effectiveness. We performed over 35,000 hours of electroepilation (electrolysis) on two hundred eighty-one women over a 4-year period. We used conventional, commercially available electroepilation (electrolysis) equipment that produced both thermolysis and blend type currents. We found that electroepilation (electrolysis) helps control hirsutism, and 93% of the patients improved. There was no scarring. For best results electroepilation (electrolysis) must be combined with treatment of excess androgens. Instructions about good grooming and stressing that shaving is not harmful will help to maximize improvement in appearance. Electroepilation (electrolysis) is expensive and not readily available to those lacking insurance or other funding. PMID- 3771843 TI - The technic of curettage surgery. AB - Curettage is the most common surgical procedure carried out by dermatologists, yet the mechanics of curettage surgery are seldom described in standard textbooks or emphasized in the literature. The procedure for curettage is discussed and the mechanics of two technics, the pencil technic and the potato peeler technic, are described. The advantages of the potato peeler technic include better immobility of the lesion being curetted, more effective control of bleeding, and greater stability and increased flexibility and movement of the hand holding the curet. PMID- 3771844 TI - Early recognition of malignant melanoma. PMID- 3771845 TI - Porokeratosis in primary biliary cirrhosis during plasmapheresis. PMID- 3771846 TI - Neonatal tinea corporis caused by Trichophyton rubrum. PMID- 3771848 TI - Yellow nail syndrome controlled by vitamin E therapy. PMID- 3771847 TI - Solar urticaria: treatment by plasmapheresis. PMID- 3771849 TI - Eczema herpeticum treated with oral acyclovir. PMID- 3771850 TI - Spotting sinister spots. A challenge to dermatologists to examine every new patient at increased risk for signs of early melanoma. AB - Preventing death from malignant melanoma is the most pressing issue in preventive dermatology in the United States because the mortality rate has increased markedly. Dermatologists, as the physicians best suited by training to identify early malignant melanoma, need to take the lead in developing a national project of educating physicians, patients, and the public to recognize the clinical features of early malignant melanoma and to appreciate that prompt excision results in a high rate of cure. The immediate challenge is to commit ourselves to examining every new patient and to conducting periodic "skin scans" of every patient at increased risk for melanoma. Just as the Papanicolaou screening test has markedly reduced cervical cancer mortality rates, commitment to early identification and excision of melanomas can mean a comparable triumph for preventive dermatology and will help us meet the challenge of our Australian colleagues to make melanoma a word, not a death sentence. PMID- 3771851 TI - Topical retinoids: an update. Proceedings of a symposium. April 19-20, 1986, New York, NY. PMID- 3771852 TI - Effects of all-trans-retinoic acid on the dermis of hairless mice. AB - The marked degradative changes induced in human and animal dermis by chronic ultraviolet radiation are thought to be irreversible. We have shown in studies with hairless mice that a new normal dermis formed subepidermally after irradiation ceased. Because retinoids stimulate wound repair, we evaluated the ability of all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) to enhance the repair of ultraviolet damage. To produce mild dermal damage, hairless mice were irradiated for 10 weeks with FS20 sunlamps. The mice were then treated topically with various concentrations of RA for either 5 or 10 weeks. The skin was examined by light and electron microscopic techniques. The subepidermal repair zone in RA-treated mice was significantly wider than that in the untreated control group. The greater repair appeared to be retinoid specific and was dose dependent. The collagen was both histochemically and ultrastructurally normal; fibroblasts were numerous and morphologically hyperactive. In addition, topical RA increased dermal vascularity. PMID- 3771853 TI - Topical tretinoin for photoaged skin. AB - Daily topical application of 0.05% tretinoin in a cream base was compared with its vehicle with regard to moderation of photoaging changes of the face and forearms. In comparison with the control tissue, tretinoin-treated tissue examined by light and electron microscopy showed the following effects: replacement of the atrophic epidermis by hyperplasia, elimination of dysplasia and atypia, eradication of microscopic actinic keratoses, uniform dispersion of melanin granules, new collagen formation in the papillary dermis, new vessel formation (angiogenesis), and exfoliation of retained horn in the follicles. Physiologic studies demonstrated: increased blood flow and dermal clearance, increased transepidermal water loss, and greater permeability and reactivity. It was concluded that topical tretinoin is capable of at least partly reversing the structural damages of excessive sunlight exposure and may be useful in decelerating the photoaging process. PMID- 3771854 TI - Topical tretinoin for hair growth promotion. AB - Topical all-trans-retinoic acid (tretinoin) alone and in combination with 0.5% minoxidil has been tested for the promotion of hair growth in 56 subjects with androgenetic alopecia. After 1 year, the combination of topical tretinoin with 0.5% minoxidil resulted in terminal hair regrowth in 66% of the subjects studied. Tretinoin was shown to stimulate some hair regrowth in approximately 58% of the subjects studied. One female subject with pronounced alopecia for more than 20 years had regrowth of hair using only tretinoin for a period of 18 months. Tretinoin has been shown to promote and regulate cell proliferation and differentiation in the epithelium and may promote vascular proliferation. These factors are important for hair growth promotion. These preliminary results indicate that more work should be done on the role of retinoids in hair growth. The synergistic effect of retinoids in combination with a low concentration of minoxidil should also be further investigated. PMID- 3771855 TI - Retinoid effects on fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis in vitro and on fibrotic disease in vivo. AB - There are relatively few studies of the effect of retinoids on dermal tissue. A selective review of the literature reveals that when retinoids, especially all trans-retinoic acid (tretinoin), are exposed to cultured human fibroblasts, they produce a marked reduction of fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis. Our clinical study of keloids and hypertrophic scars demonstrates in vivo effects of retinoids that are consistent with the in vitro data. Retinoids have significant clinical activity on dermal tissue, and further in vitro and in vivo development and testing of retinoids may lead to significant therapeutic advances in the treatment of fibrotic diseases. PMID- 3771856 TI - Suppurative keloidosis in a black woman. AB - The development of suppuration and sinus tract formation within previously well developed keloidal scars is a rare event, predominantly occurring in the beard, neck, and presternal areas of black men. Keloidal entrapment of epithelial cystic elements, such as pilosebaceous units, has been suggested as one possible mechanism for the occurrence of suppurative keloids. We report the extremely rare development of a large, submental, submaxillary suppurative keloid in a black woman, with resulting sinus tract formation and intraoral drainage. The important clinical characteristics and treatment of suppurative keloidosis are discussed. The gross pathologic picture of keloidal epithelial-cystic entrapment and inflammation is also demonstrated. PMID- 3771857 TI - Radiation therapy and chemotherapy in malignant sweat gland tumors. AB - A case of a 62-year-old man with an incompletely resected recurrent adnexal skin tumor is reported. The patient had a complete resolution of tumor with external beam radiation therapy. The tumor metastasized to lung and pleura, and the patient's tumor nodules stabilized with methotrexate. The reported experience with radiation and chemotherapy for this tumor is reviewed and is then contrasted with the observations in this patient. Currently available radiation technics may be of value in managing patients with unresectable tumors. PMID- 3771858 TI - A case of multicentric reticulohistiocytosis with thyroid involvement. AB - A case of multicentric reticulohistiocytosis with thyroid involvement is reported. This systemic condition has an unknown cause and is manifested by the development of nodules containing an infiltrate of characteristic histiocytic and multinucleated giant cells in the synovium, skin, subcutaneous tissues, and occasionally bone or other tissues. PMID- 3771859 TI - Torre's syndrome: exacerbation of cutaneous manifestations with immunosuppression. AB - Torre's syndrome is characterized by the association of sebaceous neoplasms and keratoacanthomas with visceral malignancies. We report on a patient in whom the cutaneous manifestations of Torre's syndrome dramatically increased following immunosuppression. PMID- 3771860 TI - Generalized trichoepitheliomas with alopecia and myasthenia gravis: clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study and comparison with classic and desmoplastic trichoepithelioma. AB - We report on a patient with a syndrome characterized by smooth facial papules and nodules; alopecia of the eyebrows, eyelashes, and most body hair; mild alopecia of scalp hair; possibly hypohidrosis; and myasthenia gravis. The clinical, histologic, and immunohistochemical findings are compared with classic and desmoplastic trichoepitheliomas. All fourteen biopsy specimens of the patient showed a lacelike network of basaloid cells with follicular differentiation and a prominent stroma with focal alkaline phosphatase activity, as in fourteen comparison specimens of classic trichoepithelioma. Studies with antikeratin antibodies of various specificities also revealed similar patterns. The tumor cells showed a keratin phenotype characteristic of cells of the infrainfundibular outer root sheath, that is, positive staining with basal keratinocyte markers, negative staining with suprabasal keratinocyte markers, and patchy staining with LP2K (against keratin 19). beta 2-Microglobulin expression was partially or totally absent. It is concluded that the lesions in our patient actually are trichoepitheliomas. The condition may represent a new syndrome that either is closely related to the generalized hair follicle hamartoma (basaloid follicular hamartoma) or is a variant. The finding of generalized trichoepitheliomas with clinical and microscopic alopecia should alert one to the possibility of myasthenia gravis. PMID- 3771861 TI - An unusual new hair shaft abnormality: "bubble hair". AB - A 16-year-old otherwise healthy girl developed a localized area of brittle, easily broken hairs on the scalp. In addition, the hair appeared to "come out in clumps," and the overall texture of the hair changed from soft and naturally curly to straight and stiff. An unusual hair shaft abnormality was demonstrated by routine light and electron microscopy, for which we can find no report of similar cases. The case and associated findings are presented. PMID- 3771862 TI - Lymphangioma circumscriptum following mastectomy and radiation therapy. AB - We describe a woman who developed clear, tense vesicles in an area of chronic lymphedema 8 years following mastectomy and radiation therapy. The vesicles showed the clinical and pathologic features of lymphangioma circumscriptum, which can develop as a late sequelae of the lymphatic damage inherent in some forms of cancer therapy. PMID- 3771863 TI - Livedo reticularis and purpura: presenting features in fulminant pneumococcal septicemia in an asplenic patient. AB - We report a case of pneumococcal septicemia in an asplenic, otherwise healthy, 31 year-old patient. He presented with a viral prodrome and skin findings of purpura and livedo reticularis. Blood cultures identified Streptococcus pneumoniae. Rapid initiation of appropriate therapy resulted in resolution of the infection and clearing of all skin signs. PMID- 3771864 TI - Nevus comedonicus in association with widespread, well-differentiated follicular tumors. AB - Multiple different tumors of follicular origin within the same patient are an infrequently reported phenomenon. We present a patient with nevus comedonicus associated with widespread, well-differentiated cutaneous tumors of follicular origin that have histologic features of trichofolliculoma, Winer's pore, and pilar sheath acanthoma. PMID- 3771865 TI - Epidermoid cyst of the sole. AB - A case is presented of an epidermoid cyst on the sole of the foot. Although few dermatologists have ever encountered this entity, a number of cases have been reported in the podiatric literature. Careful clinical examination should lead to the recognition of more of these lesions, which are easily confused with warts and calluses. PMID- 3771866 TI - Walking dandruff and Cheyletiella dermatitis. AB - Two patients presented with pruritus and rash caused by Cheyletiella mites that lived on our patients' cats. Only with veterinary assistance was the correct diagnosis made and effective therapy instituted. PMID- 3771867 TI - Acquired kinking of the hair: a methodologic approach. AB - A case of acquired, nonprogressive kinking of the hair, a rare abnormality, is studied by means of optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, a standard of measure is proposed for estimation of the number of cuticular cells per diameter. The criteria for confirmation of the diagnosis of this case are also described. PMID- 3771868 TI - Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome responsive to dapsone. AB - A 45-year-old woman with cutaneous urticaria-like lesions subsequently developed polyarthritis, glomerulonephritis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Biopsy of skin showed leukocytoclastic vasculitis of superficial capillaries. Biopsy of the kidney revealed mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis, and lung biopsy revealed severe emphysema and thick-walled blood vessels with immunoglobulin deposition. Therapy with dapsone produced dramatic improvement of the patient's cutaneous vasculitis and arthritis. This case uniquely demonstrates the efficacy of dapsone for both the urticarial vasculitic and the arthritic components of this syndrome and reemphasizes the potentially severe pulmonary and renal complications. PMID- 3771869 TI - Eruptive widespread Spitz nevi. AB - A 12-year-old girl was evaluated for a widespread eruption of Spitz nevi. Multiple Spitz nevi are rare, and this variant is exceedingly rare. The reported cases of eruptive nevi of all types are briefly reviewed. Very little is known regarding cause, natural history, or treatment. Cutaneous stimulation occurring in a genetically predisposed individual is the proposed essential causative factor in this disorder. PMID- 3771870 TI - Pustular folliculitis associated with Demodex folliculorum. AB - A 49-year-old man presented with an acute onset of folliculitis on his right cheek. The folliculitis was unresponsive to antibiotics. A potassium hydroxide preparation of a scraping from the affected area revealed the presence of numerous Demodex mites. The patient was treated with topical crotamiton (Eurax) cream resulting in rapid resolution of the folliculitis. We believe that this case represents a localized pustular folliculitis resulting from a heavy infestation with Demodex folliculorum. In spite of more than 50 years of investigation, the role of D. folliculorum in human cutaneous disease remains controversial. PMID- 3771871 TI - Myofibroblasts in basal cell epithelioma: with special reference to the phagocytic function of myofibroblasts. AB - Three cases of basal cell epithelioma were studied with light and electron microscopy. Myofibroblasts, some containing melanosomes, were observed in the stroma of the tumors. The significance of these cells in the tumor is briefly discussed. PMID- 3771872 TI - Concanavalin A and Lens culinaris agglutinin binding patterns in normal and neoplastic sebaceous epithelium. AB - Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections of normal skin, sebaceous hyperplasia, nevus sebaceus, sebaceous adenoma, and sebaceous carcinoma were studied by means of biotinylated and FITC conjugated concanavalin A (Con A) and Lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA). At relatively high concentrations of these lectins, all cutaneous epithelial cells were stained. As the concentration of LCA was lowered, there was a corresponding decrease in the intensity of staining of all epithelial cells. With lowered concentrations of Con A, staining of sebaceous epithelium remained strongly positive, while staining of other epithelia decreased in a manner similar to that seen for LCA. These staining patterns were seen in normal and neoplastic tissues. Both Con A and LCA are known to bind to alpha-D-mannopyranosyl and alpha-D-glucopyranosyl residues of glycoproteins and glycolipids. The difference in staining of sebaceous epithelial cells by Con A and LCA suggests that the binding of these lectins is not determined strictly by the presence of alpha-D-mannopyranosyl or alpha-D-glucopyranosyl residues, but is modified by side-chain substitution on the monosaccharides and/or by the oligosaccharide which contains the particular monosaccharide. Whichever event is operative, a saccharide moiety is present on the surface of mature sebaceous cells which has a strong affinity for Con A. PMID- 3771873 TI - Variation of the distribution pattern of SH groups and SS linkages in the human epidermis. AB - Normal epidermis of various sites of human body was examined by N-(7 dimethylamino-4-methyl-3-coumarinyl)maleimide (DACM) method for SH groups and SS linkages. The horny cells in the palm and sole showed a gradual occurrence of a SH membranous pattern, while those in other sites revealed an abrupt formation of the SH membranous pattern just above the granular layer. In the palm and sole epidermis the number of layers which exhibit membranous pattern of SH-positivity was thicker than that in the other other epidermis; the low- through mid-layers of horny cells in the former sites seemed to contain not only SS-positive but also SH-positive substance at cell peripheries. The DACM staining for SS linkages showed the presence of a granular fluorescence in the cytoplasm of the granular cells of the granular cells of the epidermis in the human palm and sole, but not in other sites. The granular cells in human lip displayed a granular fluorescence in the cytoplasm of the granular cells of the epidermis in the human palm and sole, but not in other sites. The granular cells in human lip displayed a granular fluorescence in the cytoplasm by either SH or SS DACM staining. All the SH- or SS-positive granular fluorescence was related to keratohyaline granules. These findings indicate that there may be some variations of the distribution pattern of the epidermal cellular proteins with SH and/or SS and a difference in chemical composition of keratohyaline granules between different anatomical sites of human body. PMID- 3771874 TI - A freeze-fracture study of the enteropathy associated with dermatitis herpetiformis: a comparative investigation with coeliac disease. AB - Jejunal biopsies from patients with either dermatitis herpetiformis or coeliac disease were freeze-fractured and compared with normal jejunal biopsies. The intestinal mucosa of the normal biopsies showed a normal structure, with well developed and tightly packed microvilli; in dermatitis herpetiformis and coeliac disease degenerative changes of the intestinal mucosa occurred. These changes appeared to be segmental in dermatitis herpetiformis and diffuse in coeliac disease. Emphasis is placed on changes in the tight junctional net at the base of the microvilli, which could represent cellular damage related to increased intestinal permeability to macromolecules in these diseases. An interpretative hypothesis for these observations is presented. PMID- 3771875 TI - Documented evolution of a solar lentigo into a solitary lichen planus-like keratosis. AB - The purpose of this communication is to report the evolution of a solar (senile) lentigo into a solitary lichen planus-like keratosis (SLPLK). This case is unique because this evolution was documented by biopsies taken from the same lesion nearly 5 years apart. The pathogenesis of SLPLK is discussed. PMID- 3771876 TI - Perforating pilomatricoma. AB - A case of "perforating pilomatricoma" is reported. A cutaneous horn-like tumor, the size of a grain of rice, developed on the left upper arm of a 51-year-old man. Histological examination revealed typical microscopic features of pilomatricoma. In addition, however, an interesting phenomenon was observed: a small portion of the mass had extruded from the upper dermis to the skin surface through the perforated epidermal channel. It might have been possible in this case for all of the tumor mass to be extruded by transepithelial elimination. PMID- 3771877 TI - Spores in a skin biopsy: a surprising finding. PMID- 3771878 TI - Social support, support groups, and the cancer patient. PMID- 3771879 TI - Psychological adjustment to survival from Hodgkin's disease. PMID- 3771880 TI - Coping with a death from cancer. PMID- 3771881 TI - Cuento therapy: a culturally sensitive modality for Puerto Rican children. PMID- 3771882 TI - How do interpretations influence the process of psychotherapy? PMID- 3771883 TI - Measuring effects of a skills training intervention for drug abusers. PMID- 3771884 TI - Enhancing the efficacy of behavior therapy for obesity: effects of aerobic exercise and a multicomponent maintenance program. PMID- 3771885 TI - Neuropsychological parameters of carotid endarterectomy: a two-year prospective analysis. PMID- 3771886 TI - Multimethod assessment of rapists, child molesters, and three control groups on behavioral and psychological measures. PMID- 3771887 TI - Teaching personal safety skills for potential prevention of sexual abuse: a comparison of treatments. PMID- 3771888 TI - Development and validation of the Family Belief's Inventory: a measure of unrealistic beliefs among parents and adolescents. PMID- 3771890 TI - Structural stability of the MMPI in adult males. PMID- 3771889 TI - Inpatient diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder. PMID- 3771891 TI - Effects of sugar ingestion on the classroom and playground behavior of attention deficit disordered boys. PMID- 3771892 TI - Consistency of intermanual discrepancies in normal and unilateral brain lesion patients. PMID- 3771893 TI - The Modified Scale for Suicidal Ideation: reliability and validity. PMID- 3771894 TI - Reliability of mental status instruments administered to nursing home residents. PMID- 3771895 TI - Self-esteem in diabetic adolescents: relationship between age at onset and gender. PMID- 3771896 TI - Further validation of the Problem Inventory for Adolescent Girls: comparing Caucasian and black delinquents and nondelinquents. PMID- 3771897 TI - Depressive symptoms and impaired respiration in sleep. PMID- 3771898 TI - Cryosurgery as alternative treatment. PMID- 3771899 TI - Tattooing from surgical dye. PMID- 3771900 TI - Epithelioma cuniculatum (carcinoma cuniculatum) of the thumb: a case report and literature review. AB - Epithelioma cuniculatum is a rare, slow growing, but locally destructive, low grade epithelioma of squamous cell origin. The first case of this tumor occurring on the thumb is reported. Treatment of this case is discussed, the literature reviewed, and controversy surrounding the naming of this tumor is examined. PMID- 3771901 TI - A new technique for laser treatment of cutaneous tumors. AB - The CO2 laser was used to treat three patients with discrete, cutaneous tumors. For each patient, we established the relationship between the width of the lesions and their maximum thickness, and between pulse energy and the depth of the resultant crater. Optimal parameters for therapy were established from these results. PMID- 3771903 TI - Crescent excision of skin lesions. PMID- 3771902 TI - Malignant melanoma arising intradermally in a small congenital nevus of an adult. AB - The occurrence of a malignant melanoma in a small congenital nevus is a rare event. A malignant melanoma arising intradermally in a small congenital nevus in an adult has not been previously reported. The clinical implications and known information about the prognosis of intradermal malignant melanomas are discussed. PMID- 3771904 TI - Skin hook cautery. AB - Skin hook cautery is a useful technique in these surgical cases with special hemostatic problems. I have employed and taught this technique for 14 years, but have never seen it mentioned in any surgical publication. Many other surgeons, no doubt, are already using this method, making the skin hook an even more useful instrument. It is not recommended for routine use because extra time and machine setting are not warranted to achieve good hemostasis in most patients. PMID- 3771905 TI - Multiple-comparison procedures: a dissenting view. PMID- 3771906 TI - Statistical hypothesis testing in biology: a contradiction in terms. PMID- 3771907 TI - Inheritance and effective dominance of pyrethroid resistance in the horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae). PMID- 3771908 TI - Toxicity of cyromazine to strains of the housefly (Diptera: Muscidae) variously resistant to insecticides. PMID- 3771909 TI - Laboratory and field evaluations of hydramethylnon bait formulations for control of American and German cockroaches (Orthoptera: Blattellidae). PMID- 3771910 TI - Development of an improved ELISA for antibody detection and use in production of a hybridoma secreting a monoclonal antibody specific for crystal protein of Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis. PMID- 3771911 TI - Physiological and nutritional response of beef steers to infestations of the stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae). PMID- 3771912 TI - Use of a genetic technique for separating the sexes of the stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae). PMID- 3771913 TI - Plasma fibronectin and the critically ill. PMID- 3771914 TI - Sedation in intensive care: morphine and renal function. AB - Intravenous morphine infusions have been administered to 12 critically-ill patients during controlled ventilation. Acute oliguric renal failure was present in 4 patients, who were treated with a combination of haemofiltration and haemodialysis. Severity of physiological disturbance was assessed using a modified APACHE Score, level of sedation by a linear-analogue scale, and blood morphine levels by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Morphine clearance was impaired in renal failure, and was dependent on haemofiltration volumes; accumulation of morphine did not occur during this form of treatment. Conscious level was clearly more closely related to the degree of physiological disturbance than blood morphine levels; and for a given blood morphine level, depression of consciousness was more pronounced the greater the degree of physiological disturbance. Use of a physiological sickness score may help to clarify some of the factors influencing cerebral function during critical illness. Careful clinical monitoring of level of sedation is important in patients with oliguric renal failure receiving morphine, and haemofiltration appears to reduce the risk of morphine accumulation in these patients. PMID- 3771915 TI - Profound reduction in morphine clearance and liver blood flow in shock. AB - In six patients with septic shock apparent liver blood flow was significantly reduced compared with two patients restudied on recovery from shock and a group of four matched unshocked patients undergoing intensive care (287 +/- 23 ml/min vs 870 +/- 164 ml/min; mean +/- SEM). In the shocked patients the elimination half-life of morphine was significantly prolonged (13.2 +/- 3.5 h vs 5.9 +/- 1.4 h; mean +/- SEM) and the systemic clearance of morphine reduced by 53%, in comparison with the non-shocked patients. In both groups, morphine elimination was markedly delayed compared with previously reported observations in normal subjects and surgical patients. Care should be exercised with the use of drugs with a high hepatic extraction ratio in shocked patients. PMID- 3771916 TI - Antipyretic therapy in ICU patients: evaluation of low dose diclofenac sodium. AB - The antipyretic effect of diclofenac sodium 0.2 mg/kg i.v. was studied prospectively in 10 ICU patients. Patients with renal failure and hypovolaemia were excluded from the study; mean basal temperature (measured by the pulmonary artery thermistor) was 38.92 degrees C +/- 0.413 SD. In 9 of the 10 patients, the temperature fell by more than 0.5 degrees C within 1 h of administration of the drug. A minimum mean of 37.80 degrees C +/- 0.636 SD was obtained by the hour 3; the temperature then remained lower than basal throughout the entire observation period (6 h). Changes in haemodynamics and oxygen consumption were consistent with the reduction in temperature. Changes in renal function were transient and did not require any therapeutic intervention. We conclude that the proposed dosage (in the selected patient population) constitutes effective antipyretic treatment devoid of major side effects. PMID- 3771917 TI - Dysrhythmias following intravenous metoclopramide. AB - A case is described in which administration of intravenous metoclopramide was twice followed by cardiac dysrhythmias. The literature is reviewed. PMID- 3771918 TI - Shoshin beriberi: an underdiagnosed condition? AB - Shoshin beriberi, a fulminant form of heart failure due to thiamine deficiency has a different presentation to the classical form of beriberi heart failure. It is characterized by a cold periphery, low blood pressure, renal shutdown and a severe metabolic acidosis. The true incidence is unknown. Two patients were seen within a few months in a general hospital and in both dietary deficiency of thiamine was a major factor. PMID- 3771919 TI - Severe infectious purpura in children. PMID- 3771920 TI - CSF-CK activity. PMID- 3771921 TI - On the role of spectral transition for speech perception. AB - This paper examines the relationship between dynamic spectral features and the identification of Japanese syllables modified by initial and/or final truncation. The experiments confirm several main points. "Perceptual critical points," where the percent correct identification of the truncated syllable as a function of the truncation position changes abruptly, are related to maximum spectral transition positions. A speech wave of approximately 10 ms in duration that includes the maximum spectral transition position bears the most important information for consonant and syllable perception. Consonant and vowel identification scores simultaneously change as a function of the truncation position in the short period, including the 10-ms period for final truncation. This suggests that crucial information for both vowel and consonant identification is contained across the same initial part of each syllable. The spectral transition is more crucial than unvoiced and buzz bar periods for consonant (syllable) perception, although the latter features are of some perceptual importance. Also, vowel nuclei are not necessary for either vowel or syllable perception. PMID- 3771922 TI - The stop-glide distinction: acoustic analysis and perceptual effect of variation in syllable amplitude envelope for initial /b/ and /w/. AB - Amplitude change at consonantal release has been proposed as an invariant acoustic property distinguishing between the classes of stops and glides [Mack and Blumstein, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 73, 1739-1750 (1983)]. Following procedures of Mack and Blumstein, we measured the amplitude change in the vicinity of the consonantal release for two speakers. The results for one speaker matched those of Mack and Blumstein, while those for the second speaker showed some differences. In a subsequent experiment, we tested the hypothesis that a difference in amplitude change serves as an invariant perceptual cue for distinguishing between continuants and noncontinuants, and more specifically, as a critical cue for identifying stops and glides [Shinn and Blumstein, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 75, 1243-1252 (1984)]. Interchanging the amplitude envelopes of natural /bV/ and /wV/ syllables containing the same vowel had little effect on perception: 97% of all syllables were identified as originally produced. Thus, although amplitude change in the vicinity of consonantal release may distinguish acoustically between stops and glides with some consistency, the change is not fully invariant, and certainly does not seem to be a critical perceptual cue in natural speech. PMID- 3771923 TI - Speech identification under simulated hearing-aid frequency response characteristics in relation to sensitivity, frequency resolution, and temporal resolution. AB - Word identification in noise was measured adaptively under flat and rising frequency response conditions to represent basic alternatives for a hearing-aid characteristic. The speech test results were compared with measures of sensitivity, loudness tolerance, frequency resolution, and temporal resolution in 23 hearing-aid users with mild or moderate sensorineural hearing losses. Subjects also rated the two frequency responses for preference and subjective quality. A paradoxical relationship was found whereby superior speech performance under the flat condition was associated with preference for the rising condition, and vice versa. No combinations of psychoacoustic variables satisfactorily explained either relative performance or preference, although high-frequency sensitivity and upward spread of masking were implicated. Absolute speech performance was related to sensitivity at 2 kHz, age, and sex, but not to frequency resolution once other factors were partialed. Temporal resolution was also a factor, but this was due largely to the influence of extreme values in two subjects. It is concluded that, for moderate degrees of hearing loss, speech identification in noise can be predicted from age, sex, and sensitivity with little advantage from recourse to measurement of frequency or temporal resolution. PMID- 3771924 TI - Sentence intonation in textual context--supplementary data. AB - The experiment presented here is a sequel to a previous investigation [N. G. Thorsen, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 77, 1205-1216 (1985)] and was designed to show whether a sequential fundamental frequency lowering of individual sentence components is present in a semantically, but not necessarily syntactically, coherent sequence (a text), when the number of sentences exceeds three. The results show that such a sequential lowering may appear, though it is not evenly distributed across the text. However, the textual intonation contour is sensitive not only to the number of sentences that make up the text, but also to the length of individual sentence components. PMID- 3771925 TI - Pitch identification of simultaneous dichotic two-tone complexes. AB - The optimum processor theory of Goldstein can, in principle, account for pitch perception phenomena involving simultaneous dichotic complex tones. The frequency coding noise function, which is the only free parameter of the model, was estimated with pitch identification data of two simultaneous two-tone complexes presented to different ears. This "sigma" function was found to have a shape similar to that of the function derived from data on identification performance for single pitches. The sigmas in the simultaneous pitch identification experiment are larger by an amount that differs from subject to subject. By using different methods of data analysis it was found that the pitch estimation processes for the two tones are independent for most subjects. This allows a simple extension of Goldstein's optimum processor theory. PMID- 3771927 TI - The mechanical point impedance of the human head, with and without skin penetration. AB - The fact that a titanium screw can be implanted into the mastoid portion of the human skull, at the same time establishing a permanent, reaction-free skin penetration, has made it possible to attach a new bone conduction hearing aid directly to the skull. To understand and improve this new method of bone stimulation, the mechanical point impedance of the titanium screw-skull system was measured. The conventional point impedance of the skin-covered mastoid portion of the temporal bone was also measured and the difference in magnitude between the two impedances was calculated. An impedance head (Bruel & Kjaer 8001) and an FFT analyzer (Hewlett-Packard 5423) were used for mechanical point impedance measurements. Seven patients have been investigated. The magnitude of the impedance for the screw-skull system was found to be generally between 10 and 30 dB higher than that for the conventional skin-covered mastoid bone. One conclusion is that the conventional point impedance of the skin-covered mastoid portion of the human skull is essentially due to the properties of the skin and subcutaneous soft tissue. Another conclusion is that a much lower stimulation velocity is needed, with skin penetration, to produce a given hearing sensation. PMID- 3771926 TI - Auditory brain stem responses from human adults and infants: restriction of frequency contribution by notched-noise masking. AB - The frequency contribution to the click-evoked ABR wave V was examined in adults and 3-month-old infants through the use of notch-filtered broadband noise. Notch center frequencies were set at 1.0, 4.0, and 8.0 kHz. Responses were obtained at 20, 40, and 60 dBnHL during the simultaneous presentation of each notched-noise masker as well as in an unmasked condition. The ABR wave V was analyzed for absolute latency and amplitude, as well as latency and amplitude changes resulting from the introduction of masking. Analyses showed wave V latency and amplitude values to be similar for adults and infants within the 1.0-kHz notch. Differences between adult and infant groups were observed as the notch was shifted to the high frequencies. Further, latency and amplitude shifts resulting from the introduction of masking noise produced differential effects on infant responses when compared to adults. PMID- 3771928 TI - Hazard from intense low-frequency acoustic impulses. AB - It was predicted that because the ear is spectrally tuned, it should be most affected by intense impulses with spectral peaks near the frequency where it is tuned best (3.0 kHz for the human ear) and progressively less affected by impulses at lower frequencies [G.R. Price, Scand. Audiol. Suppl. 16, 111-121 (1982)]. This prediction is counter to all the DRCs for impulse noise; therefore an adequate test is essential. In order to augment the data on hearing loss to low-spectral-frequency impulses, three groups of cats (eight, nine, and ten animals) were exposed on one occasion to 50 impulses from a 105-mm howitzer at peak SPLs of 153, 159, and 166 dB. Threshold shifts were measured electrophysiologically on the day of exposure (CTS) and following a 2-month recovery period (PTS). Maximum PTSs appeared at 4 kHz (even though the spectral peak of the impulse had been at about 100 Hz), and CTSs recovered into PTSs about half as large. Furthermore, for group data, even small CTSs tended to have a permanent component. These data raise the question as to whether or not any threshold shift persisting an hour or two after exposure to high levels should be considered tolerable. When compared with data from rifle fire exposures, the data confirmed the earlier prediction that as the spectral frequency drops, hazard declines at the rate of a little more than 3 dB/oct, contrary to the rating by existing DRCs. PMID- 3771929 TI - Sonically produced heat in a fluid with bulk viscosity and shear viscosity. AB - In a viscous fluid, sound produces heat in a spatial pattern which, in general, depends on the relative magnitudes of the shear viscosity coefficient eta and the bulk viscosity coefficient B'. It is well known that when the particle velocity components ui relative to Cartesian coordinates xi are given for an arbitrary sound field, or any field of flow, the volume rate of heat production qv can be determined from a dissipation function in the form B'T1 + eta T2. Here, T1 and T2 are quadratic functions involving derivatives of the type delta ui/delta xj. In this paper, examples are discussed for continuous monofrequency sound fields, including crossed plane waves, as well as focused and unfocused fields. In these examples, spatial distributions of the time-averaged quantity [qv] for media in which the loss mechanism is primarily bulk viscosity are compared to those for media in which shear viscosity dominates. PMID- 3771930 TI - Ultrasound fields in attenuating media. AB - For medical ultrasonic imaging and for nondestructive testing, the attenuation of pressure waves and the resulting shift in wave velocity are important features in commonly used transmission media such as biological tissue. An algorithm for the numerical evaluation of pressure field distributions generated by ultrasonic transducers is presented. The attenuation and dispersion of the sound transmission medium are taken into consideration. The sound fields are computed numerically for continuous wave as well as pulse excitation. The transducer has plane or gently curved geometry and is embedded in a plane rigid baffle. The numerically determined pressure fields are presented as 3D plots, as gray-scale images for a fixed time stamp (like a snapshot), or as isobars regarding the maximum values over time for each local point in the area under investigation. The algorithm described here can be utilized as a tool for design of ultrasound transducers, especially array antennas. PMID- 3771931 TI - Attenuation and speed of ultrasound in lung: dependence upon frequency and inflation. AB - The dependence of the speed of sound and the attenuation coefficient upon exposure frequency, in the range of 1-5 MHz, and upon level of inflation, in the range of mass density 0.35-0.7 g/cm3, are reported. The speed of sound decreases linearly and the attenuation coefficient increases exponentially, for all levels of inflation studied. PMID- 3771932 TI - Discrimination and response bias for CV syllables differing in voice onset time among children and adults. AB - A previous experiment demonstrated age-related differences in voice-onset-time (VOT) discrimination when an adaptive procedure was used and trials were concentrated among pairs of stimuli that were discriminated 50% of the time. The major purpose of this experiment was to determine whether the same types of age effects would be replicated for new groups of subjects and a different task in which all stimuli were presented equal numbers of times. An eight-item, five formant consonant-vowel (CV) continuum in which VOT ranged from 0-35 ms was used. The same-different task presented all possible pairs of CV syllables in which VOT differed by 10 and 20 ms and an equal number of catch trials that contained identical CVs. Results showed that children displayed poorer discrimination than adults for CV pairs differing by both time intervals. Adults displayed a somewhat greater tendency to respond "same" than children. The outcomes supported results of the previous study and were interpreted as representing true age-related differences in VOT discrimination. PMID- 3771933 TI - The 112th meeting of the Acoustical Society of America. Anaheim, California, 8-12 December 1986. Abstracts. PMID- 3771934 TI - The nurse as counselor. PMID- 3771935 TI - Achieving the Health Objectives for the Nation in Higher Education. PMID- 3771936 TI - Problem drinking among college students: a review of recent research. PMID- 3771937 TI - Sexual concerns and counseling needs of normal men attending a university student health service. PMID- 3771938 TI - Preparing college health professionals to deliver gay-affirmative services. PMID- 3771939 TI - An interdisciplinary approach to increase campus counseling services: a response to budget cuts. PMID- 3771940 TI - University Health Services sponsoring lesbian health workshops: implications and accessibility. PMID- 3771941 TI - Medical students' gender preference when selecting a psychiatrist. PMID- 3771943 TI - College health services: setting for community, organizational, and individual change. PMID- 3771942 TI - The health fair as a health promotion strategy: effects on health risk behaviors and the utility of specific health fair activities. PMID- 3771944 TI - Emergency medicine on college campuses: key elements in the establishment and success of a campus-based ambulance corps. PMID- 3771945 TI - Nutrient intakes of older infants: effect of different milk feedings. AB - Using 24-hour dietary and nutrient intake of 293 infants 7-12 months of age from NHANES II, 1976-80, we determined the hypothetical effects of different milk feedings on total intake of 12 nutrients. Infants were grouped by age at 7-8, 9 10, and 11-12 months. Human milk (HM), Fe-fortified infant formula (I-FM), whole cow's milk (WCM), and 2% lowfat milk (2%) were substituted to provide the same energy as that calculated from the difference between median energy intake provided by solid foods and the total diet. Nutrients from milk feedings were added to median nutrient intake from solid foods. Use of WCM or 2% resulted in low total intakes of Fe (6.3-11.1 mg) and linoleic acid (0.5-2.5 g) and high intakes of protein (32-47 g), Na (630-1,200 mg), K (1,400-1,900 mg), and Ca (920 1,170 mg) relative to the RDA. Feeding of HM provided total intakes that met the RDA for each nutrient except Fe (6.1-10.8 mg) and Ca (350-370 mg). When I-FM was fed, the RDA was met for each nutrient except Ca (370-490 mg) at all ages and Fe (13.1 mg) at 11-12 months. Estimated safe and adequate daily intake of Na was exceeded at 9-10 months by infants fed WCM/2% and at 11-12 months by all infants regardless of milk feeding, primarily because of the high Na content of solid foods. These data confirm that the milk feeding is still the major determinant of total nutrient intake in the second 6 months of life. PMID- 3771946 TI - Self-selected vs. controlled diet as a baseline for human studies: effects of nutrient intakes on blood pressure and on constituents of blood and urine. AB - This study demonstrates that a three-week stabilization period, in which all subjects eat an identical diet, produced a more uniform but different baseline of metabolic parameters than the subject's self-selected or "habitual" diets. Subjects required more food energy to maintain initial body weights during the stabilization period than when they ate their reported self-selected diets; average intakes of almost all nutrients were higher from the stabilization than from the self-selected diet. The switch to the stabilization diet produced small but significant reductions in blood pressure, in some serum enzymes, urine volume, and sodium; and statistically significant increases in serum LDL cholesterol, potassium, aldosterone, protein, albumin, phosphorus, BUN, and in urine potassium. The findings indicate that results must be interpreted with caution from studies in which the baseline for measuring metabolic variables is established by feeding subjects a standardized diet that differed markedly from their regular, self-selected diets. PMID- 3771947 TI - Serum magnesium levels in the United States, 1971-1974. AB - Serum magnesium has been determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in a national sample of the United States population between 1971 and 1974. Mean values and percentile distributions are presented for ages 1-74 in males and females in two racial groups. Mean values decreased in both sexes from age 1 to ages 12-24. In females, they increased again after age 25, while males showed little change after age 17. Small sex differences were observed between ages 18 and 45, with men having higher levels than women. Both white males and females had higher serum levels than black males and females of the same age. These differences were statistically significant in many age groups, particularly in young and middle-aged adults. These data are unique inasmuch as they represent the only broad population measurements of serum magnesium in the United States. No comparable data exist as far as is known. The values shown can be considered as normative for the U.S. population. A review of the literature with comparable data was done and results are included; a discussion of the findings from these studies is presented. PMID- 3771948 TI - Staphylococcal colonization, infection, and atopic dermatitis--association not etiology. PMID- 3771949 TI - The use of a single daily theophylline dose and metered-dose albuterol in asthma treatment. AB - Sustained-release, 24-hour theophylline preparations have been formulated and may provide for convenient once-a-day dosing, although the use of such products in clinical asthma has yet to be fully established. This study compared single daily versus twice daily dosing with a 24-hour theophylline, Uniphyl, in asthma and further evaluated for the additional effect of metered-dose albuterol on each theophylline regimen. Twenty-eight patients with asthma were enrolled in this randomized crossover trial. Before enrollment, all demonstrated at least a 15% improvement in FEV1 after a beta-adrenergic aerosol and had serum theophylline levels ranging from 5 to 20 micrograms/ml with a predetermined 800 mg daily dose of Uniphyl. The patients were then randomly entered into four treatment regimens for one week each: Uniphyl, 800 mg four times a day (qd); metered-dose albuterol, active, 180 micrograms four times a day (qid); Uniphyl, 400 mg twice daily; metered-dose albuterol, active, 180 micrograms qid; Uniphyl, 800 mg qd; placebo, two puffs qid; and Uniphyl, 400 mg twice daily; placebo, two puffs qid. On the morning of the seventh day of each treatment regimen, pulmonary functions and a trough serum theophylline level were measured. The patient then received the same medication that he had taken for the preceding week. Spirometry was measured hourly, and a serum theophylline level was measured 6 hours later. The daily symptom scores, peak flow values, and pulmonary functions on the test day were similar with either single or twice daily Uniphyl dosing. Routine administration of albuterol by metered dose did not enhance asthma control in an unequivocal fashion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3771950 TI - Anti-Staphylococcus aureus-specific IgE in atopic dermatitis. AB - Serum samples from 60 adults and 64 children with atopic dermatitis were tested for antistaphylococcal IgE antibodies with RAST discs coupled to cellular proteins from Wood 46 strain S. aureus. Anti-S. aureus IgE antibodies were detected in 19 (29.6%) of the children and 14 (23.3%) of the adult patients. Anti S. aureus IgE-positive adults had more severe and prolonged disease than those who were negative. Two groups of children comprising 10 who were anti-S. aureus IgE positive and 10 who were negative were compared. Children with anti-S. aureus IgE antibodies had more severe and more extensive disease (p less than 0.05), a greater prevalence of cutaneous S. aureus infections (p less than 0.05), higher mean total serum IgE level (p less than 0.05), a greater prevalence of specific IgE responses to food allergens (p less than 0.05), and a higher percentage of helper T cells (p less than 0.05) than children who were negative for these antibodies. PMID- 3771951 TI - Seasonal asthma in northern California: allergic causes and efficacy of immunotherapy. AB - Inland areas of northern California have an intense grass pollination in the spring of each year. This is accompanied by a stirking rise in the incidence of asthma. We documented this relationship and designed a trial to test the efficacy of immunotherapy for grass-pollen asthma. Aeroallergen counts were performed on the roof of the allergy clinic of David Grant Medical Center from January 1981 to December 1984 by a gravity collector. These counts were compared to counts done on a Rotorod at a nearby hospital from July 1982 to September 1984. Climatologic factors were also tabulated. Visits for asthma and rhinitis to our emergency room and asthma admissions to our hospital were counted for the 4-year period. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of immunotherapy with grass pollen extract was performed from November 1984 to June 1985. Two groups of clinically and immunologically well-matched subjects were started on an accelerated preseasonal trial of immunotherapy. One group received a standardized grass extract, and the other group did not. Both groups received other extracts of aeroallergens to which they were skin test positive that occur locally in the spring and summer. This was done because of our dissatisfaction with a histamine placebo used in a previous pilot study. Symptom medication scores (SMS) and immunologic parameters were followed. For the 4-year period, grass-pollen count (GPC) correlated strongly with asthma emergency room visits (r = 0.90; p less than 0.001) and for rhinitis (r = 0.92; p less than 0.001). Asthma admissions also correlated strongly with GPC (r = 0.72; p less than 0.001). Other aeroallergens either did not correlate significantly or occurred in such small numbers that they could not be seriously considered. Rotorod counts supported these conclusions with the exceptions of some Basidiomycetes. Climatologic factors demonstrated no relationship to the incidence of asthma. Asthma SMS were lower in the grass-treated group, p less than 0.05. Rhinitis SMS were also lower but did not reach significance, p = 0.11. RGGI sIgE did not rise significantly in the grass-treated group but did in the placebo-treated group. RGGI sIgE rose in both groups, although to significantly higher levels in the grass-treated group, p less than 0.001. The asthma SMS were inversely related to increasing RGGI cumulative dose, p less than 0.10. Linear regression analysis of the dose response scattergram suggests that a cumulative dose of approximately 90 micrograms of RGGI may be desirable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3771952 TI - The relationship between acetylcholine- and histamine-induced constriction of large airways in normal subjects and subjects with asthma: a possible role for postreceptor mechanisms. AB - Whether in man histamine (H) and acetylcholine (ACH) airway responses are interrelated is controversial. With the use of quantitative nebulization and specific airway conductance (Gaw/VL), we recorded noninvasive pharmacologic tests of H- and ACH-induced bronchoconstriction in 11 normal subjects (N) and nine subjects with asthma (AST) with and without pretreatment of 0.75 mg (A0.75) and 1.50 mg (A1.50) of inhaled atropine. Provocation dose 40 (PD40) for H or ACH were different in N (0.8 X 10(-2) mol/L and 2.9 X 10(-2) mol/L, respectively) and AST (5.0 X 10(-3) mol/L and 7.8 X 10(-3) mol/L) but linearly related. The ratio PD40 ACH/PD40-H was comparable in N and AST and similar to the ratio ACH sensitivity/H sensitivity found in vitro for large airways. The slopes of log dose-response curves (SLDRC) to H and SLDRC to ACH were of similar magnitude both in N and AST and linearly related; however, for either agonist, bronchial sensitivity (PD40) and reactivity (SLDRC) failed to correlate. After A0.75, the dose ratios (DR) of H and ACH were large, with substantial intersubject variability, and similar in N (4.32 and 9.54, respectively) and AST (5.97 and 5.64). Although numerically comparable, DR of H and DR of ACH were unrelated. After A1.50, DR of H remained unchanged (4.53 in N and 5.44 in AST), but DR of ACH further increased (17.37 in N and 8.13 in AST). Pretreatment with A0.75 respected the linear relationship of PD40-H versus PD40-ACH but blurred that of reactivity to these agonists. After A0.75 or A1.50, delta Gaw/VL was similar in N and AST. Except for PD40, none of the tests recorded could distinguish AST from N. In conclusion, H-induced bronchoconstriction is substantially but not exclusively mediated via ACH pathway. We hypothesize that H and ACH responses anastomose within the cholinergic pathway at a sensitivity and a reactivity level; the former level is ostensibly downstream from and unrelated to the latter. In AST, the reactivity to H and ACH, the bronchodilating, anti-histaminic (DR of H) and antimuscarinic (DR of ACH) effects of atropine are normal and so is ostensibly the anastomosis between H and ACH reactivity levels. The level of H and ACH sensitivity distinguishes AST from N. ACH-sensitivity site may be located at the H- greater than ACH anastomosis. PMID- 3771953 TI - The preparation and testing of the proposed International Reference (IRP) Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon)-pollen extract. AB - A lyophilized candidate extract of Bermuda-grass (Cynodon dactylon) pollen, intended for use as an International Reference Standard, was prepared by pooling four individual candidate extracts. In preliminary investigations, the four candidate extracts encompassed a variety of extraction methods. The collaborative testing program simultaneously analyzed the proposed reference and the individual extracts and included 11 laboratories performing RAST inhibition, histamine release, crossed immunoelectrophoresis, crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, and protein determinations with a variety of reagents and methods. The four candidate extracts and the pooled reference were found to be equivalent. The stability of this extract has also been studied. This International Reference Preparation of Bermuda grass-pollen extract should be useful for research and industry. PMID- 3771955 TI - Absorption of Theo-Dur Sprinkle with food: importance of types of meals and medication times. AB - The bioavailability and absorption pattern of theophylline from Theo-Dur Sprinkle were investigated in adults both in fasting conditions and after two different meals. Theophylline administered intravenously was used as a reference. Furthermore, the importance of the time of medication in relation to the meal consumption for the effect of food on absorption was studied. The preparation was well absorbed under fasting conditions. A high water-content meal (apple sauce) delayed the absorption of theophylline slightly but did not influence the extent of absorption (bioavailability, 83%). A dry meal (corn flakes and bread) markedly affected both absorption pattern and bioavailability. Long delays in absorption and periods of rapid absorption of theophylline were found, and the bioavailability was reduced from 92% (fasting) to 65% (p less than 0.05). Substantial interindividual variations in absorption were observed. Taking the preparation 5 minutes before the dry meal instead of immediately after markedly reduced the effect of food on absorption. Bioavailability increased to about 84%, and the absorption profiles became much more reliable. PMID- 3771954 TI - Myocardial specific creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme elevation in children with asthma treated with intravenous isoproterenol. AB - We retrospectively reviewed admissions that required intravenous (IV) isoproterenol in an intensive care unit setting for management of severe childhood status asthmaticus. Elevation of the cardiac-specific serum creatine phosphokinase MB (CPK-MB) isoenzyme was noted in 15 of 19 admissions. The mean peak elevation of serum CPK in those 15 admissions was 204 IU/L with a mean peak MB band of 6.05%. Nine of the 15 admissions with elevated CPK-MB level had follow up levels measured after IV isoproterenol had been stopped. In all nine cases, the follow-up serum CPK-MB level was 0%. In six of those nine cases, follow-up serum with undetectable CPK-MB level was obtained while the patients continued to receive IV aminophylline and corticosteroids, and inhaled but not intravenous beta-adrenergic agonist medications. These observations suggest that elevated serum CPK-MB levels that may be indicative of myocardial injury are associated with IV isoproterenol therapy of severe childhood asthma. Therefore, we recommend caution along with serial monitoring of serum CPK-MB levels when IV isoproterenol is administered in the therapy of childhood asthma. PMID- 3771956 TI - Update on theophylline. September 4-6, 1985, Bethesda, Maryland. PMID- 3771957 TI - Formulation of controlled-release products. AB - A substantial number of prolonged-release theophylline products are commercially available, each claiming some benefit over a competing product. This paper provides a brief overview of the controlled drug delivery area, starting with the theoretical base of such products, typical biologic constraints related to the oral route of administration, and finally an overview of the type and characteristics of the various sustained- or controlled-release products presently available. It is important to recognize that the preparation of most sustained-release products is on an empirical basis and that it is common to test such products in healthy volunteers under a protocol that bears very little relationship to expected performance in the clinic. Controlled drug delivery, a field that is at least 40 years old in terms of successful commercial products, is just beginning to emerge as a discipline with a strong theory and clinical base. PMID- 3771958 TI - Estimation of theophylline absorption rate by means of the Wagner-Nelson equation. AB - The elimination rate constant of theophylline to be used in calculating the cumulative amount absorbed per milliliter of the volume of distribution is estimated from terminal theophylline concentrations of the same data set as that analyzed for absorption kinetics. Erroneous results are obtained if the elimination rate constant is obtained from a different treatment such as an oral solution or elixir or from intravenous data, and/or if the wrong asymptotic value is used. So-called "trickle absorption" is shown to be an artifact. Published data indicate appreciable intrasubject variation in the elimination rate constant of theophylline. PMID- 3771959 TI - Effects of food on the bioavailability of theophylline from controlled-release products in adults. AB - A variety of formulation-dependent food-induced absorption changes ("food effect") occur with controlled-release formulations of theophylline. These changes are found in formulations with either pH-dependent or pH-independent in vitro dissolution characteristics. They include decreases in the rate or extent, increases in the rate and extent, and more erratic or variable theophylline absorption. In evaluating food effects from a test formulation, it is essential to standardize the meal composition (fat content) and dosing time relative to meal intake. For those formulations that exhibit pronounced food effect, drug dosing relative to meal intake should be made part of product labeling to assure consistent absorption. PMID- 3771960 TI - Effects of food on the absorption of theophylline in children. AB - The results of studies evaluating the effects of a standardized substantial breakfast on the absorption of four different sustained-release theophylline preparations in children and adults are summarized. Theolair SR showed a substantial reduction in rate but not extent of absorption. With Theo-Dur Sprinkle the bioavailability was reduced to 44%, and the absorption profiles became unpredictable with marked interindividual variations. Apart from a minor shift to the right of the serum concentration versus time curve no clinically important food effect was found when Somophyllin was tested. Pronounced "dose dumping" and increases in maximum serum concentration were observed in half the patients when Uniphyllin was taken with food, whereas bioavailability and time to maximum serum concentration remained unchanged. The food effect was more marked in children than in adults with all preparations, and some of the effects were found in children only, indicating that it is not sufficient to examine the influence of food solely in adults. It is concluded that the in vivo performance of sustained-release theophylline formulations in combination with food cannot be predicted on the results from absorption studies in fasting patients or from in vitro dissolution tests. Furthermore, individual data are often more important than mean data, which may sometimes even be misleading. PMID- 3771961 TI - Clinical significance of day-night differences in serum theophylline concentration with special reference to Theo-Dur. AB - In two studies, 25 diurnally active patients with asthma (6 to 17 years of age) were evaluated at steady state for day-night differences in serum theophylline concentration (STC) by frequent blood sampling over two consecutive 12-hour dosing intervals while being given treatment with Theo-Dur. In both studies findings were similar; Cmax was greater and Tmax shorter after dosing at 7 A.M. or 8 A.M. versus 7 P.M. or 8 P.M., with Cmax-C min approximately 7 micrograms/ml. For the morning dosing, 22 of 25 patients exhibited Cmax within 4 hours; 23 of 25 exhibited C min 12 hours after dosing. For the evening ingestion, the situation was very different: C min occurred within the initial 4 hours in 22 of 25 patients, whereas Cmax occurred in 22 of 25 patients just before the next (morning) dose. The findings indicate that the most appropriate time to estimate Cmax in patients given Theo-Dur is within the 4 hours after morning ingestion. The best time to estimate C min is a few hours after the evening ingestion. Sampling at these times is likely to represent within 10% to 20% the actual Cmax or C min. PMID- 3771962 TI - Application of stable isotope methodology in the evaluation of sustained-release theophylline dosage forms. AB - We compared the kinetics of a single daily dosage form of theophylline (Theo-24) with the kinetics of a twice daily dosage form (Theo-Dur) while we controlled for intrasubject variation in theophylline clearance by use of stable isotope-labeled intravenous theophylline. The stable isotope methodology allowed correction for changes in patient clearance, which allowed more precise estimates of the bioavailability characteristics of these sustained-release theophylline products. PMID- 3771963 TI - The Contin delivery system: dosing considerations. AB - The combination of hydrated cellulose with higher aliphatic alcohol forms the basis of the Contin delivery system, used in the development of tablet forms of sustained-release aminophylline, theophylline, morphine, and other drugs. Extensive clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of Uniphyl (anhydrous theophylline) tablets, 400 mg, shows that once-daily morning dosing is at least equivalent to twice-daily administration of theophylline. Ingestion of the once daily product with a high-calorie-high-fat meal in volunteers increased the absorption of theophylline without accompanying "dose-dumping." Extensive pharmacokinetic evaluation in patients with food intake not controlled has yielded bioavailability comparable to that of twice-daily theophylline. Ongoing research suggests that evening administration of Uniphyl tablets may represent a rational dosing schedule for patients with asthma who often exhibit increased bronchoconstriction in the morning. In these studies patients demonstrate improved pulmonary function in the morning compared with use of twice-daily theophylline when once-daily Uniphyl is administered in the evening. Thus, evening administration of once-daily theophylline may block the morning dip in lung function commonly seen. PMID- 3771964 TI - Assessment of techniques for determining human zinc requirements. AB - Human zinc requirements have been assessed from balance studies, from measurements of tissue endogenous losses, and from the functional response to a marginal zinc intake. The results of those studies show that human beings adapt to reductions in zinc intake by reducing urinary and fecal zinc excretion. Some preliminary evidence suggests that tissue zinc status influences endogenous losses and, therefore, the dietary need. Individuals in good status may require higher amounts of zinc in their diets than individuals in poor status. Determination of the functional response to a marginal zinc intake is difficult because of the lack of a specific, sensitive indicator of zinc status. Presently, no good method for assessment of human zinc requirements exists. PMID- 3771965 TI - Methods to assess relative reliability of diet records: minimum records for monitoring lipid and caloric intake. AB - A total of 252 diet records of 18 outpatients attending a lipid clinic were analyzed by a computer-assisted method to determine the minimum number of daily diet records that would be reliable for monitoring dietary adherence. Each subject recorded food intake in special diaries for 14 consecutive days between two clinic visits. All possible randomly selected combinations of 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, and 11 consecutive days of records in the 14-day period were analyzed for calories and lipids. Sets of records were said to be within a 95% confidence interval when the information yielded on any parameter differed by 5% or less from the mean values for the entire 14 days' records. All sets of records for 7, 9, and 11 days were in the 95% confidence range; therefore, 7 consecutive days of food recording were considered the minimum requirement for a 95% confidence limit. Out of 11 possible combinations of 4 consecutive day-sets of records, all but 3 sets were within 95% confidence limits. Consequently, 4 consecutive days of records were deemed acceptable as a reasonable compromise for minimal, reliable monitoring of diet compliance in outpatients for the nutrients studied. PMID- 3771966 TI - Serum lipids and eggs. AB - This study shows the variability of response of serum cholesterol to whole food dietary cholesterol eaten by free-living people. Divided into two groups in a crossover design, normolipemic, healthy volunteers in Group A showed statistically significant increases in mean serum cholesterol after eating three eggs daily for 10 weeks (p less than or equal to .01) and a significant decrease within 2 weeks of crossover to eating no eggs (p less than or equal to .03). Group B exhibited a significant decrease in mean serum cholesterol after eating no eggs for 12 weeks (p less than or equal to .02) but, after crossing over to eating 3 eggs daily for 10 weeks, showed no longitudinally significant increases. Only Group A showed statistically significant changes in mean high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, i.e., an increase at the end of 12 weeks of eating three eggs daily (p less than or equal to .001). Mean serum triglycerides showed no significant change. PMID- 3771967 TI - Nutrients supplied by food groups in diets of teenaged girls. AB - Sources of nutrients were determined in diets of teenaged girls, a group generally thought to be at nutritional risk. This study of Southern adolescent girls of two races examines intakes of energy, energy-yielding nutrients, vitamins, minerals, and other components of various food groups. Effects of race, age, place of residence, and per capita income on nutrients furnished by food groups were determined from two 24-hour dietary recalls from each of 1,195 girls, aged 12, 14, or 16. Of the food groups examined, foods of low nutrient density provided the most energy, fat, and carbohydrate. The meat group provided the most protein. Dairy products, which supplied the largest amounts of six vitamins and minerals of any food group, were used less by black, rural, or older teenagers than by white, urban, or younger girls. Blacks obtained more vitamin A from vegetables and more thiamin from meat than whites. Amounts of meat, starchy, and low-nutrient-density subgroups also varied with race, age, and/or place of residence. As income increased, consumption of starches (especially breakfast cereals) and eggs decreased and that of fruit increased. PMID- 3771968 TI - Anthropometric measurements and dietary intakes of Cherokee Indian teenagers in North Carolina. AB - Anthropometric measurements, rates of obesity, and food intake practices were investigated among 277 Cherokee Indian youths in North Carolina. Differences in food intake practices between lean and fat individuals were also assessed. Height, weight, and triceps skinfold measurements were taken, along with three dietary recalls. When Cherokee height data were compared with national survey data, no significant differences were found. In contrast, mean body weights and triceps skinfolds of Cherokees were significantly higher than national reference data. Obesity rates were found to be high; almost one-half of the Cherokee boys and one-third of the girls had skinfold thicknesses above the 85th percentile for Ten-State Nutrition Survey reference data. The effects of degree of Cherokee blood on height, weight, and triceps skinfolds were also analyzed. No significant differences existed for triceps skinfolds or weight and degree of Indian blood. However, there was a significant relationship (p less than .001) between height and degree of Indian blood, with a decrease in height with an increase in Indian blood. Mean energy intakes were not significantly different between the lean and fat individuals. Similarly, no differences were found in meal or snacking patterns. It does not appear that the obesity is caused by overeating. The high incidence of obesity among the youth and the prevalence of maturity-onset diabetes in the adult Cherokee population speaks to the need for management of obesity. PMID- 3771969 TI - Survey of nutritionists in state and local public health agencies. AB - A spring 1985 survey of 50 state and four territorial public health nutrition directors identified 2,931 budgeted positions for public health nutritionists- 1,128 in state agencies and 1,803 in local health departments. To achieve the recommended staffing ratio of one public health nutritionist per 50,000 population, an estimated 1,827 more public health nutritionists are needed nationwide with more needed in some states than in others. About half of the state personnel systems require registration or registration eligibility to assure expertise of public health nutrition personnel; about one-third also require graduate training in public health for leadership, planning, and policymaking positions. Sixty-two percent of the funding for state and local health agency nutritionist positions is from the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). When that is added to the 11% of funds from the Maternal and Child Health Block Grant, 73% of the public health nutritionist positions are federally supported to serve women of childbearing age, infants, and children. That leaves the remaining state and local funding sources and the federal Prevention Block Grant (2%) to pay salaries of nutritionists to serve the general public, including men, postmenopausal women, and the elderly. PMID- 3771970 TI - Characteristics of support for mandatory licensure among respondents to a state wide survey. AB - Members of the Ohio Dietetic Association were surveyed by a mail-return method beginning on January 10, 1984, to ascertain attitudes toward mandatory licensure among dietitians. Of the 2,435 members surveyed, 2,037 (83.7%) responded. Results indicated that 73.3% of respondents would support a mandatory licensure law if it were made equivalent to current Commission on Dietetic Registration (CDR) requirements. Four of every five members identified with "public regarding" arguments in favor of licensure. Assuming licensure, the majority of members expressed support of a "CDR-like" licensure examination followed by continuing education requirements for renewal. Support, however, was significantly related to whether a mandatory licensure law included a "grandfather" clause. Without such a clause, support fell to about 48%. Discriminant analysis revealed that age and years of experience in the field of dietetics were the most important variables for differentiating between supporters and opponents of licensure without a grandfather provision. The results suggest that the demographic composition of dietitians in states considering adopting mandatory licensure provisions will largely determine the support for or opposition to such a law. PMID- 3771971 TI - Dietary selenium intake of preschool children. AB - The results of this investigation indicate that the range of selenium intakes of the preschool children who were studied was in the acceptable range of adequate and safe as suggested by the Food and Nutrition Board. The majority of the selenium in the diets of the subjects came from grains. Although the amount of selenium consumed was within normal limits, the concentration in the diet was estimated to be 70% of the expected value for mixed diets, i.e., 0.1 microgram/gm. PMID- 3771972 TI - 125 teams lose 2,233 pounds in a work-site weight-loss competition. PMID- 3771973 TI - Position of the American Dietetic Association: Promotion of breast feeding. PMID- 3771974 TI - Reaching consumer markets through the National Center for Nutrition and Dietetics. PMID- 3771975 TI - Plasma lipids and lipoproteins in elderly Japanese-American men. AB - Knowledge about blood lipids in older individuals is limited. In the Lipoprotein Study of the Honolulu Heart Program, plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, and high density lipoprotein (HDL) were measured during 1980 and 1981 in Japanese-American men over 60 years of age. In addition, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) was estimated via a regression model. Age-related differences in mean lipid levels between the youngest (60 to 64 years) and the oldest (75 years and older) groups included a decrease in total cholesterol from 214 to 207 mg/dL and plasma triglyceride from 188 to 144 mg/dL. High density lipoprotein cholesterol rose from 47 to 49 mg/dL and LDL was relatively stable (137 and 135 mg/dL, respectively). Age-adjusted total cholesterol tended to significantly increase with increasing body mass index and hematocrit but was not significantly related with systolic blood pressure, physical activity index, cigarettes per day, or alcohol intake. Among those variables HDL-C decreased significantly with increasing body mass index and hematocrit and increased significantly with increasing alcohol intake. Compared with elderly white men in the Lipid Research Clinic Program, total cholesterol values tended to be slightly higher and triglyceride values were substantially higher, whereas HDL and LDL values were appreciably lower. Both cholesterol and triglyceride values were substantially higher than values reported from Japan from men in these age groups. PMID- 3771977 TI - Integrated university training program in geriatric medicine accredited and evaluated by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. AB - The Federated Council for Internal Medicine recommended in 1981 "increased emphasis on geriatric medicine in the medical school curriculum, the medical residency, and continuing medical education." In the same year the first examination for a Certificate of Special Competence in Geriatric Medicine was held in Canada. This was the culmination of a process begun in 1974 to establish the subject as a subspecialty within Internal Medicine. The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada set up a Specialty Committee which developed criteria for the accreditation of training programs. Candidates have to be eligible to sit for the certification examination in Internal Medicine before they can sit for the Certificate of Special Competence in Geriatric Medicine which is awarded only after passing both examinations. Thirty-nine individuals sat for the examination in its first five years of whom 26 were successful. These now form a nucleus of well-qualified internist-geriatricians who are developing academic programs in geriatric medicine in Canadian Medical Schools. PMID- 3771976 TI - Nutritional assessment of community-living well elderly. AB - Nutritional assessment parameters were studied in a sample of 132 community living well elderly. Results are presented for biochemical parameters of serum albumin, hemoglobin, and total lymphocyte count and anthropometric parameters of height, weight, mid-arm circumference, and triceps skinfold. The data show that, although there are some differences between age groups (young-old and old-old), all values remain well within normal limits established for younger individuals. PMID- 3771978 TI - Aging and exocrine pancreatic function. AB - In view of the limited information concerning the influence of aging on exocrine pancreatic function, the authors undertook the present study. To examine a large number of elderly persons, including people of very advanced age (80 years and over), pancreatic function was studied by using the fluorescein dilaurate test (pancreolauryl test), one of the most recent tubeless, noninvasive pancreatic function tests. Sixty healthy noninstitutionalized elderly individuals (35 women and 25 men, aged 66 to 88 years, mean 78) participated in the study. Thirty-six healthy younger subjects (16 women and 20 men, aged 21 to 57 years, mean 36) were also studied as controls. All elderly subjects showed a strictly normal fluorescein dilaurate test. No significant differences in the pancreatic function test results were observed between the elderly under 80 years old and those over 80 years old. The authors conclude that the aging process per se does not significantly affect exocrine pancreatic function and, more particularly, does not impair the digestive capacity of the elderly person. PMID- 3771979 TI - Two-year follow-up of elderly patients with mixed depression and dementia. Clinical and electroencephalographic sleep findings. AB - In a two-year follow-up of 16 patients with mixed symptoms of depression and dementia, eight showed clinical improvement and eight showed deterioration. Improvement at two-year follow-up was associated with several baseline measures: a Folstein Mini-Mental State score of 21 or greater, a Hamilton Depression score of 21 or greater, and a sleep efficiency of less than 75%. These findings suggest that in the elderly with mixed symptoms of depression and dementia, a more favorable outcome is associated with initially greater depressive symptomatology, higher cognitive function, and moderate sleep continuity disturbance ("early morning awakening"). PMID- 3771980 TI - Fundic atrophic gastritis in an elderly population. Effect on hemoglobin and several serum nutritional indicators. AB - The ratio of pepsinogen I to pepsinogen II in the circulation decreases progressively with increasing severity of atrophic gastritis of the fundic gland mucosa. Fasting blood was obtained from 359 free-living and institutionalized elderly people (age range, 60 to 99 years). A pepsinogen I/pepsinogen II ratio less than 2.9, indicating atrophic gastritis, was found in 113 (31.5%) subjects. The prevalence of atrophic gastritis increased significantly with advancing age (P less than .05). Within the atrophic gastritis group, 84 had a pepsinogen I level greater than or equal to 20 micrograms/L, indicating mild to moderate atrophic gastritis, and 29 had a pepsinogen I level less than 20 micrograms/L, indicating severe atrophic gastritis or gastric atrophy. A significant increase in the prevalences of elevated serum gastrin levels (P less than .005), low serum vitamin B12 levels (P less than .005), circulating intrinsic factor antibody (P less than .005), and anemia (P less than .025) was observed with stepwise increases in severity of atrophic gastritis. Subjects with atrophic gastritis exhibited a lower mean serum vitamin B12 level (P less than .05) and a higher mean folate level (P less than .05), but no difference was detected in mean hemoglobin levels or serum levels of iron, ferritin, retinol or alpha-tocopherol. It is concluded that serum pepsinogen I and pepsinogen II levels can be used to determine the prevalence and severity of atrophic gastritis, that atrophic gastritis is common in an elderly population, and that atrophic gastritis is associated with vitamin B12 deficiency and anemia. Further, higher folate levels in atrophic gastritis may be related to an accumulation of 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate in serum due to vitamin B12 deficiency and/or greater folate synthesis by the intestinal flora resulting from bacterial overgrowth secondary to hypo- or achlorhydria. PMID- 3771982 TI - Occult temporal arteritis. PMID- 3771981 TI - The choice not to be resuscitated. AB - We studied the use of the do not resuscitate (DNR) order among general medical patients. During the six-month study period, of 2431 admissions there were 95 patients (3.9%) declared DNR. Of 105 deaths, 69 (66%) occurred among DNR patients. Twenty-seven percent of the DNR patients left the hospital alive. In 90% of the cases the medical intern initiated the DNR discussion, and in 60% of the cases a decision was reached in less than 24 hours. Two-thirds of the DNR orders were consented to by family members, and one-third of all DNR orders had a discernible impact on nonresuscitative care. Less aggressive therapy accounted for 60% of these restrictions, whereas the remainder involved limitations in diagnostic evaluations. When compared with age- and sex-matched general adult inpatient control subjects, DNR patients were found to have longer hospitalizations (P = .01), be more likely to reside in a nursing home (RR = 4.2), have a metastatic neoplasm (RR = 3.6), and be admitted with an abnormal mental status (RR = 6.1) or urinary incontinence (RR = 2.9). These differences remained significant when we controlled for the presence of a metastatic neoplasm. Despite a high in-hospital mortality rate (73%), DNR patients were not admitted more frequently than controls to the intensive care unit. We conclude that the DNR decision is based on clinical prognostic indexes and that once established, this order serves to modify the allocation of medical resources. PMID- 3771983 TI - Decision analysis for tuberculosis preventive treatment in nursing homes. AB - There are differing opinions on whether or not to use isoniazid (INH) preventive treatment in older people with significantly reactive ("positive") tuberculin skin tests and fibrotic changes on chest roentgenogram. To assist the clinician facing this decision, a Decision Analysis was completed. Using available data, it is seen that using INH will not have much impact on five-year survivorship, but will reduce the number of tuberculosis disease cases, thus having an overall beneficial impact. Where tuberculosis incidence is higher, the benefit of INH preventive treatment is correspondingly higher. PMID- 3771984 TI - Informing the elderly. A comparison of four methods. AB - Providing elderly persons with understandable information with which they can make informed health care decisions is a difficult, yet critical, task. Four methods of enhancing understanding of the Resident's Bill of Rights were evaluated in residents of the board and care section of a long-term care facility. The methods included the use of large print and simplified language, a storybook, and a videotape. There was no significant improvement for performance on the comprehension test after any of the methods of presentation of the Bill of Rights. A number of subjects were found to be very deficient in short term memory or in verbal knowledge. When these subjects were eliminated from the analyses, significant improvement was demonstrated with the simplified version of the Bill of Rights yielding the most improvement. These findings indicate that many elderly people can benefit from an informed consent procedure that provides information clearly and simply. Furthermore, with relatively simple cognitive screening procedures, it should be possible to identify those unable to process the information necessary to participate in common health care decisions. PMID- 3771985 TI - Do not resuscitate: an issue for the elderly. PMID- 3771986 TI - Old age in the retarded. PMID- 3771987 TI - Use of British health care model in managing elderly Americans. PMID- 3771988 TI - What to teach a profession in search of an identity. PMID- 3771989 TI - The efficacy of visual therapy. PMID- 3771990 TI - Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity. PMID- 3771991 TI - Men and women optometrists: a profile of practice characteristics five and ten years after graduation. AB - This study profiles practice characteristics and work behaviors of men and women optometrists. A survey of all members of the 1973 and 1978 classes elicited a 44.8% response. The majority reported being in solo practice. They reported working approximately 40 hours per week. Average yearly net incomes for women, as compared to their male counterparts, were $1,475 higher for five-year optometrists and $2,175 lower for ten-year optometrists. There were no differences in time spent in various practice activities. All optometrists appeared to be significantly involved in other professional and community services. PMID- 3771992 TI - A clinical technique for correcting diplopia with prism. AB - We describe a technique to directly measure the angle and magnitude of any deviation, regardless of its direction. Knowing the angle and magnitude of an oblique deviation allows the clinician to find a prism correction faster and with more accuracy than by using the traditional method of combining vertical and horizontal prisms. We have applied this technique to 37 patients and have found a very high success rate using press-on or ground-in prism for both postsurgical and nonsurgical patients. All of the necessary materials are standard equipment for a routine eye examination. Even though a very similar technique has been described previously in the literature by another author, it does not appear to be known by many clinical optometrists. We hope the description of our technique will focus interest on this useful method for correcting very difficult diplopia cases. PMID- 3771993 TI - Pseudotumor cerebri. AB - This paper reports the case of a 27-year-old obese female who presented for routine eye examination with bilateral disc edema. A preliminary diagnosis of pseudotumor cerebri was confirmed following neurologic examination. Causative mechanisms and treatment alternatives of this syndrome, as well as differential diagnosis of the swollen disc, will be discussed. PMID- 3771994 TI - Indirect biomicroscopy techniques. AB - An improved method of biomicroscopic examination of the ocular fundus has been made possible with the use of a +90 diopter condensing lens. Formation of a superb aerial image provides a magnified, stereoscopic view of the posterior fundus to the equatorial area when used in conjunction with the slit lamp biomicroscope. This non-contact method of evaluating the fundus provides superior optics, improved patient comfort and compliance, and an enhanced field of view compared to other available methods of biomicroscopic funduscopy. PMID- 3771995 TI - How to photograph and evaluate the retinal nerve fiber layer. AB - Defects in the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), as revealed by black and white photography with short wave length light, are frequently an early sign of glaucoma. We describe how to photograph and evaluate the RNFL. Negatives can be mounted as slides with slide mounts and examined with a slit lamp. This eliminates costly printing and enlarging. PMID- 3771996 TI - A review of professional liability claims in optometry. AB - The past two decades have seen a continuing rise in professional liability claims. Though the number of malpractice cases against optometrists is small compared to other health professionals, some of the damages awarded to the plaintiffs are sizable. This article presents a review of the kinds and frequency of claims brought against optometrists. PMID- 3771997 TI - 90 D Volk fundus lens. AB - The 90 D lens is used in conjunction with a slit lamp biomicroscope to provide a stereoscopic indirect view of the ocular fundus. The clinical picture is an indirect view of the posterior pole and as far anterior as the equator. Being hand-held, it requires some practice to maintain alignment but does not require contact with the globe. Table 1 summarizes the clinical advantages and disadvantages of the 90 D lens. PMID- 3771998 TI - Morality at bay. PMID- 3771999 TI - Giant papillary conjunctivitis. PMID- 3772000 TI - Is the driver drunk? Oculomotor sobriety testing. AB - Recently a new test involving observation of ocular pursuit movements, end-point nystagmus and angle of lateral deviation at which nystagmoid movements begin has been used by law enforcement agencies to determine the blood alcohol level of suspected drunk drivers. When properly administered and scored, this test can correctly identify approximately 80% of drivers with alcohol levels of 0.10% or greater. The test is more accurate than the traditional coordination or mental computation tests previously used, but questions may be raised about the use of the test with suspects who have ocular problems such as high refractive errors, chronic nystagmus, etc. PMID- 3772001 TI - Contact lenses for police officers. AB - Most municipalities require that police officer applicants have a minimum level of uncorrected visual acuity. The primary basis for the uncorrected acuity standards is that an officer can have spectacles forcibly removed and would need a minimum level of vision to continue performing his/her duties. This article discusses the pros and cons of allowing contact lens wearers to bypass the uncorrected visual acuity standard. Although there are several factors that can make the contact lens wearer a less desirable recruit, a good contact lens wearer who doesn't meet the uncorrected standard could safely and efficiently perform the duties of a police officer. It is recommended that a municipality may consider waiving the uncorrected visual acuity standard for a good contact lens wearing candidate. Suggested guidelines for implementing this policy are discussed. PMID- 3772002 TI - The use of progressive addition multifocals with video display terminals. AB - Consideration must be given to a number of factors when designing spectacles for the presbyopic VDT worker. Video terminals are routinely positioned high within the working field, usually at an intermediate distance. It is often difficult for a practitioner to design a single pair of multifocals to satisfy the visual needs of these workers. In this investigation, different fitting designs of progressive addition multifocals were subjectively compared for 24 presbyopic VDT operators. The results were correlated with measurements taken at the workstations for each of the participants. PMID- 3772003 TI - Clinical evaluation of two soft lens bifocals. AB - This paper reviews two approved soft bifocal contact lenses for the U.S. market. The discussion centers around lens specifications, fitting philosophies, and clinical experiences with these lenses during clinical investigations. PMID- 3772004 TI - Optometric expert testimony: foundation for the horizontal gaze nystagmus test. AB - The courts require that a foundation be laid for admission of the Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Test into evidence. Some courts will not accept peace officers as experts, but will instead require that an optometrist provide the necessary foundation. The optometrist will be expected to establish the correlation between nystagmus and alcohol consumption, and to educate the court on the desirability of the test for use by the law enforcement community. The optometrist should prepare prior to trial to assist the prosecutor in achieving these goals. PMID- 3772005 TI - The long-term study in rodents for identifying carcinogens: some controversies and suggestions for improvements. AB - Despite increasing standardisation and international harmonization of the long term carcinogenicity study in rodents there are still areas of controversy such as high-dose selection, duration of the test period, combining or not combining the chronic toxicity and the carcinogenicity study, the use of historical control data, conditions for redundancy of the study, and significance of studies of restricted design. It is discussed that the 'Maximum Tolerated Dose', or doses above and below the 'metabolic break-point' should be included. In general a test period of 24 months is adequate, but the protocol should be flexible enough to allow extension beyond 24 months. Major advantages of the combined chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity study are that the toxicity and carcinogenicity data are obtained with the same sample of the test compound using the same batch of animals kept on the same diet under the same environmental conditions. It is discussed that the use of historical control data will not lead to a final conclusion on carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic potential of a compound. A long term carcinogenicity study is considered redundant when adequate (semi-chronic) toxicity studies including reproduction and mutagenicity tests and pre-screens for carcinogenicity, do not indicate mutagenic or carcinogenic activity, and when there is a wide margin (e.g. 1000) between the 'no-observed-adverse effect level' and the (presumed) exposure level in humans. Studies of restricted design and conduct may clearly demonstrate carcinogenicity but also may easily lead to inconclusive results. PMID- 3772006 TI - Influence of manganese on the gastrointestinal absorption of cadmium in rats. AB - Four groups of male rats were given the following oral treatment: control group (n = 20) deionized drinking water, Mn group (n = 20) deionized drinking water containing 56 ppm Mn2+ (1 mmol/l), Cd group (n = 10) deionized drinking water containing 112 ppm Cd2+ (1 mmol/l) and Cd + Mn group (n = 10) deionized drinking water containing 112 ppm Cd2+ and 56 ppm Mn2+. Half of each group was sacrificed after 4 weeks and the other half after 8 weeks of treatment. At each time interval, the mean levels of Mn in blood, in urine and in the various tissues did not differ between the control and Mn groups. Furthermore, comparable Mn levels were found after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. Microscopical examination of the brain failed to reveal any overt morphological alteration in the Mn group. With respect to the control group, the Cd and Cd + Mn groups exhibited increased levels of Cd in blood, urine, liver, whole kidney, kidney cortex and in brain (cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia), but the Cd + Mn groups showed invariably lower levels than the Cd group after 4 weeks as well as after 8 weeks. These results suggest that the rate of gastrointestinal absorption of Cd is decreased by supplementation of the drinking water with a 'non-toxic' dose of Mn2+. PMID- 3772007 TI - Pulmonary toxicity of the insecticide fenitrothion in the rat following a single field exposure. AB - The pulmonary toxicity of the organophosphorus insecticide fenitrothion was evaluated following a single exposure of rats to the field formulation, at the site of an aerial spraying. Four groups of 40 Sprague-Dawley rats (including a control), set in wood enclosures, were placed under the aerial lines of the spraying aircraft. The degree of exposure was monitored at the ground level by air sampling and visual evidence of droplet activity deposition. Plasma pseudocholinesterase activity and pulmonary alveoli ultrastructure were used as indices to the fenitrothion exposure. Rat lungs were examined under light and electron microscopy at days 3, 7, 21, 60 and 180 after the exposure. Although a few signs of toxic lung injury were observed at days 3 and 7 there was no cholinergic crisis nor an effect on the pseudocholinesterase activity within 12 h in the exposed animals, when compared with controls. The alveolar toxic reaction was limited to small and discrete foci, and was entirely reversible within a period of 2 months. On a morphological basis it is thus concluded that a single field exposure to fenitrothion did not induce any permanent change in the alveolar area of the rat lung. PMID- 3772008 TI - The effects of cadmium on succinate and NADH-linked substrate oxidations in rat hepatic mitochondria. AB - Low concentrations of cadmium (3.3-40 microM) inhibited State 3 NADH-linked respiration in rat hepatic mitochondria, but failed to release oligomycin (1 microgram) inhibited State 3 respiration, or to significantly change the State 4 rate. In the presence of succinate, 40 microM cadmium inhibited State 3 respiration by 89%, while concentrations between 3.3 and 13.3 microM stimulated State 4 respiration. Higher concentrations caused marked inhibition. In the presence of succinate, cadmium released oligomycin inhibited State 3 respiration. Cadmium (0.001-1.0 mM) did not stimulate mitochondrial ATPase activity or inhibit ferricyanide reduction, but stimulated NAD+ linked mitochondrial dehydrogenase activities and NADH oxidation. These results indicate that cadmium interacts with either the NADH dehydrogenase complex or other NADH-dependent enzymes and not solely by an uncoupling action. PMID- 3772009 TI - Effect of variable versus fixed exposure levels on the toxicity of acetaldehyde in rats. AB - The effects of exposure pattern on the toxicity of acetaldehyde vapour were investigated in 4-week inhalation studies. Male rats were exposed to 500 or 150 and 110 ppm for 6 h per day/5 days per week. One group of animals was exposed without interruption, the exposure of a second group was interrupted for 1.5 h between the first and second 3-h periods, the exposure of a third group was similarly interrupted and for six 5 min periods exposure was increased sixfold. Peak exposures of up to 3000 ppm superimposed on 500 ppm acetaldehyde caused irritation and excitation, and reduced body weight gain. No such effects occurred after interrupted or uninterrupted exposure to 500 ppm acetaldehyde without peak loads. A reduced phagocytotic index of lung macrophages was found in each of the groups exposed to 500 ppm acetaldehyde, the effect being most marked in the group with superimposed peaks of 3000 ppm. Degeneration of the nasal olfactory epithelium was observed in rats uninterruptedly exposed to 500 ppm acetaldehyde. Interruption of the exposure or interruption combined with peak exposure did not visibly influence this adverse effect on the nose. No compound-related effects were seen in rats interruptedly or uninterruptedly exposed to 150 ppm acetaldehyde or interruptedly exposed to 110 ppm with peak loads of 660 ppm. As a consequence 150 ppm acetaldehyde can be considered a 'no-toxic-effect level' in male rats exposed for 6 h/day, 5 days/week, during a 4-week period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3772010 TI - Influence of chelating agents on the toxicity, distribution and excretion of vanadium in mice. AB - The effects of the chelating agents Na2Ca-ethylendiaminetetraacetate (EDTA), Na3Ca-diethylentriaminepentaacetate (DTPA), L-cysteine, 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzene disulfonic acid (Tiron) and deferoxamine mesylate and the reducing agent ascorbic acid on the toxicity, excretion and distribution of i.p. injected vanadium were studied in male Swiss mice. Chelating and reducing agents were administered intraperitoneally at doses equal to one-fourth of their respective LD50. To determine the effects of the various chelators on the mortality of vanadium, various doses of NaVO3 (0.30-1.20 mmol kg-1 i.p.) were given, followed immediately by one of the chelating or reducing agents. Survival was recorded at the end of 14 days. Significant increases in survival were noted with ascorbic acid, Tiron and deferoxamine, with ascorbic acid being the most effective. Deferoxamine and Tiron were the most effective in increasing the excretion of vanadium and reducing the concentration of vanadium found in various tissues. However, ascorbic acid appears to be the most effective agent in the prevention of vanadium intoxication. PMID- 3772011 TI - Urinary tract effects of phensuximide in the Sprague-Dawley and Fischer 344 rat. AB - Phensuximide is a succinimide antiepileptic drug useful in the treatment of petit mal epilepsy. Phensuximide has been reported to be nephrotoxic in man but not in animals. In the present study, the effects of single and subacute administration for seven days of phensuximide on renal function and urinary tract morphology were evaluated in Sprague-Dawley and Fischer 344 rats. Single administration of phensuximide (1.25 mmol/kg, ip) induced mild changes in renal function (trace hematuria, increased proteinuria and decreased p-aminohippurate uptake). No morphological changes were observed at 24 hr. Subacute administration of phensuximide (0.6 mmol/kg/day, ip) produced diuresis in the Sprague-Dawley rat, but little functional evidence of nephrotoxicity. Renal morphological changes in Sprague-Dawley rats were seen primarily in distal segments of the nephrons. These changes were characterized by distensions of the basal infoldings, apical protrusions, and occlusion of some lumen. In the Fischer 344 rat, subacute phensuximide administration (0.3 or 0.6 mmol/kg/day, ip) resulted in transient hematuria and proteinuria, but no change in the other renal function parameters studied. Renal morphological changes observed in Fischer 344 rats occurred primarily in proximal tubular cells. Damaged cells were characterized by large vacuoles at the basal infoldings, accumulations of opaque granules, migration of nuclei to the lumenal membranes, occlusion of the lumen and/or loss of the brush border. Morphological damage was more widespread in Fischer 344 rats than in Sprague-Dawley rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3772013 TI - Inhibition of tributyltin mediated hemolysis by mercapto compounds. AB - Hydrophobic tributyltin (TBT) compounds at concentrations greater than 10 microM caused hemolysis of human erythrocytes and formed structures in plasma membranes. The mercapto compounds, beta-mercaptoethanol (beta MER), 2,3-dimercaptopropanol (BAL), 2,3-dimercapto-1-propane sulfonate (DMPS), DL-dithiothreitol (DTT), and meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) were examined for their ability to inhibit TBT mediated hemolysis. The relative order of effectiveness for inhibition of TBT mediated hemolysis was BAL greater than DTT greater than DMSA greater than DMPS greater than beta MER. A four-fold excess of BAL over TBT prevented hemolysis for 4 hrs and addition of BAL 0.5 hr after TBT reduced the rate of hemolysis. The number of membrane associated TBT aggregates observed per cell profile decreased as the BAL concentration increased from 0 to 100 microM. However, the mean diameter of TBT aggregates nearly doubled in erythrocyte suspensions at 100 microM BAL. Reactions of dimercapto compounds with lipophilic TBT aggregates may depend on their relative lipid solubilities. Also, conversion of the weak Lewis acid, TBT, from a four to a five or six-coordinate tin adduct by the dimercapto Lewis bases used could also be a factor slowing hemolysis rates. PMID- 3772012 TI - Toxic and genotoxic action of electric-arc welding fumes on cultured mammalian cells. AB - Welding fumes generated by manual metal arc welding (MMAW) with an automatic welding machine were extracted with water and both the soluble and insoluble fractions were investigated for mitotic delay and for sister chromatid exchange (SCE) induction in cultured Chinese hamster lung (Don) cells. Five flux-coated electrodes of varying composition were chosen as representative of those available. In general, water-soluble and water-insoluble fractions induced SCE in proportion to their chromium(VI) content, and any contribution from chromium(III), fluorides, nickel, manganese or other fume constituents was minor. However, mitotic delay could not be explained in terms of the chromium(VI) concentration alone. This indicated that other components of both the soluble and insoluble fractions of the fumes were capable of inducing mitotic delay. The activity of insoluble fume fractions, either in mitotic delay- or in SCE induction, was markedly less than that of soluble fractions. This was presumably because of the lower, though still significant, bioavailability of 'insoluble' components of the fume particles. PMID- 3772014 TI - Chemical and biological monitoring of chronic lead poisoning in the rat. Implications to the assessment of hazard of low-level lead. AB - A study on rats of the effects of lead on delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALA D) activity, and its pH-dependent maximal enzyme activity is reported. Over a 5 week period, the lead burden and ALA-D activity in kidney, liver and brain are documented. Lead concentrations in the organs, expressed as micrograms/g protein are in the sequence kidney greater than liver greater than brain and reach essentially a constant level after 3 days of exposure. This is consistent with the existence of an efficient mechanism removing lead from these organs. Lead affects the ALA-D in all three organs by reducing the activity and shifting the pH of maximum enzyme activity to more acidic values. In common with the lead levels, the ALA-D activity does not deteriorate beyond the levels reached after 3 days of exposure. The existence of a mechanism removing lead from the organs is further supported in a recovery study on blood and kidney, in which both lead level and ALA-D activity return essentially to normal values after 7 days of no exposure to lead. PMID- 3772015 TI - The preventive effect of prednisolone on the adrenal toxicity of cadmium. AB - The effects of a single dose of 3.3 mg/kg body weight i.p. or of a single dose of 0.2 mg/kg per os of cadmium and prednisolone on the adrenal weight and the thickness of the adrenal cortex were investigated in female mice. A significant increase was detected in the mean weight of the adrenals and the thickness of the adrenal cortex was significantly higher than the control value on days 1-3 following cadmium treatment. A dramatic decrease was observed in both adrenal weight and adrenal cortex thickness on day 4 following cadmium administration. No significant change occurred in the adrenals when prednisolone was given orally to mice following cadmium administration. This observation indicates a protective action of prednisolone on cadmium-induced adrenal toxicity. PMID- 3772016 TI - Pyronin G as a fluorescent probe for quantitative determination of the membrane potential of mitochondria. AB - Added to mitochondrial suspension, pyronin G changes the intensity of its fluorescence depending on the membrane potential (energy state) of the mitochondria. The mechanism of this effect is studied and a dependence is obtained between the membrane potential and the fluorescence intensity. This permits quantitative determination of the membrane potential by the changes in the fluorescence of the suspension. A method is proposed for measuring the membrane potential of vesicles in the -120 to -220 mV interval. PMID- 3772018 TI - A novel system for storage of sera frozen in small aliquots. AB - A novel sample storage system involves the storage of frozen sera and other fluids within small heat-sealed segments of Tygon tubing. Each series of attached segments comprises one sample divided into small aliquots and protected by a cellulose acetate butyrate tube situated in a specially constructed rack in a low temperature freezer. This storage system offers several benefits including elimination of repeated freezing and thawing, protection against contamination of bulk samples, simplicity in keeping inventory records, ease of retrieving samples, and elimination of the need to return samples to storage. It is efficient, economical and applicable to a variety of liquid specimens, and greatly increases the length of potential storage life. PMID- 3772017 TI - A modified ferrozine method for the measurement of enzyme-bound iron. AB - A general procedure for the determination of the iron content of enzymes by digestion with methanesulfonic acid to release protein-bound iron has been developed. This procedure replaces the tedious and potentially hazardous method of wet ashing with concentrated nitric-sulfuric-perchloric acids. The method has been used to determine the stoichiometry of iron for nanomole quantities of heme iron proteins, iron-sulfur proteins, complex iron-sulfur proteins, as well as in phenylalanine hydroxylase, an enzyme with iron in an undetermined coordination. PMID- 3772019 TI - Fast estimation of ATP/ADP ratio as a special step in pharmacological and toxicological studies using the cell-free translation systems. AB - We have developed a simple and effective reversed-phase HPLC procedure for rapid estimation of the ATP/ADP ratio in a cell-free translation system containing creatine kinase. Analysis of the acetone-extractable pool derived from a reticulocyte lysate cell-free system was carried out by automatic chromatography on S5CN-ODS stationary phase using a linear 10-65% pyridine elution gradient formed on the basis of methanol/water (9:1, v/v) mobile phase. This method was used to detect and characterize the inhibition of translation induced by considerable suppression of ATP resynthesis in vitro. It was shown that methyl mercury, unlike cycloheximide, pactamycin, CCl4 and barbituric acid, exerts inhibitory effect on the ATP regeneration in a cell-free translation system. PMID- 3772020 TI - Enzymatic probes for histone-DNA complexes: micrococcal nuclease activity under conditions useful for the investigation of chromatin structure. PMID- 3772021 TI - Procedures for manufacturing double-barrelled ion-sensitive microelectrodes employing liquid sensors. AB - Liquid ion-sensitive/selective sensors are available for most inorganic ions of physiological and biochemical importance. In order to measure intracellular ionic activities in relatively small cells, it is advisable to manufacture and use double-barrelled microelectrodes. Procedures for making two types of double barrelled ion-sensitive microelectrode are described in detail. Such microelectrodes have been used successfully to measure intracellular K+, Cl- and Na+ activities in retinal horizontal cells of fish and body-wall muscles of insect larvae. PMID- 3772022 TI - An improved method for the single-step purification of streptavidin. AB - A new method for the preparation of a more efficient, stable iminobiotin containing resin for the isolation of streptavidin was developed. CL-Sepharose was activated with p-nitrophenyl chloroformate, and the resultant carbonate derivative was reacted with diaminohexane. Subsequent reaction of the amino containing resin with iminobiotin-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (in an organic solvent) yielded the stable affinity resin. The capacity of this resin for either avidin or streptavidin was 12 mg per ml resin, and streptavidin could be purified in one step directly from the culture broth of Streptomyces avidinii. The biotin binding protein isolated in this manner exhibited a major band at about 75 kDa and a minor band at about 150 kDa. Under denaturing conditions, a spectrum of subunit molecular weights ranging between 15 and 19 kDa was detected, the distribution of which depended upon the specific preparation. PMID- 3772023 TI - pH measurements in ultranarrow immobilized pH gradients. AB - It is possible to measure pH values in immobilized pH gradients (IPG) when the polyacrylamide matrix is made to contain an additional, carrier ampholyte generated pH gradient. After an IPG run, 5 mm gel segments, along the separation axis, are cut and eluted in 300 microliter of 10 mM KCl and the pH read with a standard pH meter. When using ultranarrow pH gradients, larger gel segments (ca. 265 microliter) are eluted in 900 microliter of 100 mM KCl and the pH assessed with a differential pH meter. In the latter case, either internal or external standards are used as a reference, or starting point, to convert delta pH values into an actual pH curve. The reproducibility of the system is better than +/- 0.05 pH units, with a ca. 15% error over a 0.3 pH unit span. In ultranarrow pH gradients, it is imperative to use mixtures of all commercially available carrier ampholytes, so as to smoothen conductivity and buffering capacity gaps. By the present method, it is also possible to convert a wide (2-3 pH unit) carrier ampholyte interval into a narrow (0.2-0.3 pH unit) one. PMID- 3772024 TI - A versatile low-cost apparatus for cell electrofusion and other electrophysiological treatments. AB - Instrumentation is described which will generate AC fields and DC square pulses for cell electrofusion, electroporation and other electrophysiological experiments. The equipment can generate a constant or intermittent AC field and a single square pulse, either alone or in combination. It can also generate a train of intermittent square pulses. The components for the instrumentation are commercially available and can be assembled by persons with little or no training in electronics. A design is given for a mass treatment chamber that can be easily constructed and viewed with a microscope. PMID- 3772025 TI - Determination of urease activity by thermal conductivity gas chromatography. AB - A rapid, simple and inexpensive procedure for the determination of urease activity by using a thermal conductivity gas chromatography method is presented. The procedure is based on the determination of CO2 released in the urease reaction, and showed low coefficient of variation (c.v. less than 1%) and high sensitivity (detection limit 10(-12) mol). This procedure is also suitable for determination of other decarboxylating enzyme activities. PMID- 3772026 TI - Centrifugation or filtration in quantitative radioreceptor assays. AB - In quantitative radioreceptor assays the amount of a drug present in the medium to be assayed is inversely related to the amount of receptor-bound radiolabelled ligand. Usually, separation of the bound and free fractions of radiolabelled ligand is done by filtration, in which the bound fraction can easily be collected. However, the filtration disturbs the equilibrium between bound and free fractions, which may lead to erroneous results. Because the decrease in bound radiolabelled ligand is accompanied by an increase in free labelled ligand, we decided also to measure this free fraction after separation by centrifugation and to compare these data with the filtration data. In these experiments a radioreceptor assay for anticholinergics was employed. The results indicate that both methods are compatible in precision when appropriate conditions are used whereas each method has its specific features. PMID- 3772027 TI - Oligodeoxynucleotide stability in subcellular extracts and culture media. AB - Oligodeoxynucleotide degradation was studied in four systems in order to assess the importance of degradation in hybridization arrest experiments dependent on oligodeoxynucleotides complementary to mRNA sequences. Oligodeoxynucleotides were not detectably degraded over 2 h at 37 degrees C in rabbit reticulocyte lysate or Dulbecco's modified essential medium with 5% fetal calf serum, but were degraded over 2 h in HeLa cell postmitochondrial cytoplasmic extract, and were degraded within 15 min in bovine calf serum. PMID- 3772028 TI - Origins of the sympathetic projections to rat thyroid and parathyroid glands. AB - The present study aimed to characterize the localization and pathways of sympathetic neurons innervating the thyroid and parathyroid glands. In rats subjected to unilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy or unilateral decentralization of the superior cervical ganglion 7 days earlier, ipsilateral depression of thyroid norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine content to 6-16% of the contralateral intact lobe was observed. In both groups of animals neuronal [3H]NE uptake by the ipsilateral thyroid lobe was suppressed. In unilaterally decentralized rats pineal catecholamine levels remained within normal values whereas in unilaterally ganglionectomized rats a 74% decrease of pineal NE and E content was found. Unilateral section of the external carotid nerve abolished, as did unilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy, neuronal [3H]NE uptake in the ipsilateral thyroid lobe. In contrast external carotid nerve section did not modify the neuronal uptake of [3H]NE in the pineal gland. Either unilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy or external carotid nerve section resulted in similar involution of ipsilateral thyroid lobes of hypophysectomized rats. These results indicate that postganglionic sympathetic perikarya innervating the thyroid-parathyroid territory are located in the middle and/or inferior cervical ganglia and send their axons through the SCG and the external carotid nerve to these glands. PMID- 3772029 TI - [Quantifying deficits in glaucoma]. PMID- 3772030 TI - [Spatial binocular adaptation in microtropia and orthotropia. Definition and method of measurement]. AB - For a long time the problem of the functional recovery in convergent strabismus has been a hardly debated topic. For some authors, it is very rare; for others, on the other hand, the result is frequently achieved. Such disparities seem to be chiefly related to the tests used. The authors have selected 10 binocular tests and they carried out this scale in a prospective study in 100 cases of esotropias having normal moving performances following a medico-surgical management and in 20 normal cases. statistical correlations reveal that there is a very large disparity of "good answers" according to the tests; but there is no redundancy at all between them. Consequently for a relevant check up every single one is necessary. The total of "good scores" and differential values of ten tests allow to know the true state of binocular spatial adaptation. The statistical analysis shows that in secondary microtropias and orthotropias there is almost always an actual binocular spatial adaptation. Its level may be high, medium or low. The high margin is clearly different from the binocular scores in normal cases. Two events are very uncommon: a full recovery of binocular vision and the opposite condition of its complete suppression. The results of such a method give a clear explanation of conflicting opinions about the binocular evolution of convergent squints following medical and surgical management. PMID- 3772031 TI - [Study of spatial function using the contrast sensitivity function. Cases of presbyopic subjects fitted with progressive glasses]. AB - The spatial properties of the global visual system were measured on the basis of the contrast sensitivity function, in three presbyopic observers. Shape alterations of the contrast sensitivity curves were found depending on the experimental conditions: foveal vision, in far, intermediary and near vision, along central, 13 degrees nasal and 13 degrees temporal meridians (according to three parallels and three meridians), peripheral vision, in far and near vision, at 13 degrees and 26 degrees retinal eccentricities using the central or nasal part of the lens. The central meridian was found to be the most efficient part of the progressive lenses. These results strengthen the observations reported by ophthalmologists and progressive lens wearers. PMID- 3772032 TI - [Quantitative perimetry and glaucoma]. AB - The authors present the procedure used to quantify the perimetric data for some devices. The purpose is to follow accurately the evolution of perimetric defects in glaucoma: with the Friedmann analyser:global visual capabilities; with the Rodenstock Peritest:defect ratio; with the Autoperimeter 2000 (Dicon):Demailly index. PMID- 3772033 TI - [Retinal detachment caused by a tear at the ora serrata]. AB - The results of a retrospective analysis of forty eight retinal detachments with dialysis observed in 43 patients are consistent with the data of the literature. 90.7% of the patients were under 40 years of age, and 40.2% were less than 20 years old. Thirty-three eyes (68.7%) had a single dialysis, 15 eyes (31.3%) had two separate dialysis, 30 of the 64 dialysis (46.9%) were located in the inferotemporal quadrant, 18 (28.1%) in the superotemporal quadrant, 8 (12.5%) in the superonasal quadrant, and 7 (11%) in the inferonasal quadrant. Fifty dialysis (78.1%) were less than 90 degrees in size, 9 (14%) were 90 degrees in size and 5 (7.8%) extended on 100 degrees to 150 degrees. Seventeen retinal detachments (37%) were associated with subretinal gliosis. Four eyes (8.3%) showed an avulsion of the vitreous base. One single eye (2%) had a posterior vitreous detachment. None of the retinal detachments was associated with clinical evidence of preretinal proliferative retinopathy. Fourty six retinal detachments were operated on. Surgical success was achieved in all eyes. Postoperative visual acuity of 20/40 or better was achieved in 37.8% of the eyes, 54% of the eyes whose maculae were preoperatively attached, 58% of the eyes whose maculae were preoperatively detached without clinical evidence of cystic degeneration and none of the eyes whose maculae showed preoperative evidence of cystic degeneration. PMID- 3772034 TI - [Primary intermittent exotropia and its treatment]. AB - After reviewing literature concerning IE, the following conclusions can be pointed out. The IE is a mild form of strabismus, provided that all the disturbed parameters, especially the processes on inhibition, should be involved in the treatment (in this case, prism looks to be the best method because of its efficiency all day long and because it does not force the patient to exercises more or less tedious. PMID- 3772035 TI - [Pupilloplasty with a mobile laser ray]. PMID- 3772036 TI - [Internal tamponade using silicone oil in the treatment of retinal detachment]. PMID- 3772037 TI - Phosmet residues in an orchard and adjacent recreational area. AB - Two cover sprays of phosmet were applied to an orchard adjoining a camping area and a bird sanctuary with a resident goose population. Insecticide residues were monitored on orchard leaves, orchard ground cover, ground cover in the camp-site and along the adjacent lakeshore. Despite attempts to minimize drift, significant spray residues were found outside the target area. Residues on ground cover and leaves were reduced by sprinkler irrigation subsequent to spray application. PMID- 3772038 TI - Residues of dicofol on cucumber grown under plastic covers in Jordan. AB - Residues of dicofol were determined on cucumber leaves and fruits under plastic house (PH) and plastic tunnels (PT). Five sprays, 8 d apart, were applied at 0.15% concentration. Initial deposits on leaves were 48 and 58 ppm under PH and PT, respectively. In the last sampling date of leaves, the amounts of 191 and 135 ppm were detected under both cultures, respectively. There was a continuous increase in the initial residue after each spray. The highest amount of dicofol (401) was determined 1 d after the fifth spray under PH. The exposure to high residues may pose a risk to fieldworkers. On cucumber fruits, residues of 0.95 and 1.60 ppm were determined 1 d after the fourth spray under PH and PT, respectively. These residues decreased after 4 d to 0.40 and 1.49 ppm, respectively. Almost no detectable residues could be determined 8 d after sprays number 4 and 5 under both cultures. All dicofol residues on the fruits were below the tolerance level of 2 ppm. PMID- 3772039 TI - Organophosphate dichlorvos induced dose-related differential alterations in lipid levels and lipid peroxidation in various regions of the fish brain and spinal cord. AB - The effect of dichlorvos (DDVP) (0-0, dimethyl 2:2-dichlorovinyl phosphate), on various lipid fractions and lipid peroxidation in the discrete areas of the brain and spinal cord were studied in the fresh water teleost (Heteropneustes fossilis). Fishes were exposed to three different doses (3.0, 6.0 and 9.0 ppm) of DDVP daily for 7 days. Dose-related increase in the levels of total lipids, cholesterol and esterified fatty acids was detected in the fore brain, optic lobes, cerebellum, medulla oblongata and spinal cord. However, phospholipids were significantly decreased in the aforementioned regions of the central nervous system. The rate of lipid peroxidation was significantly increased in all the regions of the CNS. PMID- 3772040 TI - The reaction of 2-thiobarbituric acid with biologically active alpha,beta unsaturated aldehydes. AB - The standard assay for lipid peroxidation is the measurement of the pink, 532 nm absorbing chromogen which is formed upon reaction of 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) with the lipid peroxidation product malonaldehyde (MDA). The present studies indicate that the toxic lipid peroxidation product trans-4-hydroxynonenal and its dehydration product trans,trans-nonadienal react with TBA to form chromogens which absorb maximally at 530 and 532 nm, respectively. Other biologically active alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes, such as acrolein and crotonaldehyde, short chain homologs of alkenals formed during lipid peroxidation, and trans,trans muconaldehyde, a novel diene dialdehyde, react with TBA to form products which absorb maximally at 495 nm. The molar extinction coefficients of the aldehyde:TBA chromogens formed were found to vary widely, suggesting that only small contributions to the 532 nm absorption by TBA adducts of reactive aldehydes other than MDA may be encountered during the use of the TBA assay. PMID- 3772041 TI - Halogenated hydrocarbon and hydroperoxide-induced peroxidation in rat tissue slices. AB - Tissue slices were used to compare relative peroxidation capacity of bromotrichloromethane (BrCCl3) and t-butyl hydroperoxide (BHP) by measurement of both peroxidation products and biochemical indices of damage. In liver and testes slices, BHP increased thiobarbituric acid reactive-substances (TBARS) and total aldehydes, measured as cyclohexanedione-reactive substances (CHDRS), to a greater extent than did an equimolar amount of BrCCl3. GSH was decreased more by BHP than by BrCCl3. Neither compound released lactate dehydrogenase or glutamic-pyruvic transaminase from liver slices. Treatment of rats with cyanamide, an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor, increased the total CHDRS in liver slices and medium after incubation with BHP or BrCCl3. HPLC of the CHDRS showed hexanal and propanal increased to the greatest extent. The hydroperoxide, BHP, which does not require metabolism to an active species, was a better initiator of peroxidation than the halogenated hydrocarbon, BrCCl3, which must be metabolized to a radical species before it can initiate peroxidation. PMID- 3772042 TI - Visible chemiluminescence from rat brain homogenates undergoing autoxidation. I. Effect of additives and products accumulation. AB - Rat brain homogenate autoxidation was assessed from thiobarbituric acid reactant accumulation (TBAR), light emission, and oxygen uptake. The effect of several additives upon TBAR accumulation and light intensity suggests that these parameters can be employed as a reliable measure of the lipoperoxidation extent. From the different time profiles of TBAR accumulation and light emission, it is concluded that instantaneous light emission is not a measure of the lipoperoxidation rate but it is related to the accumulation of products. The time dependence of the light emitted after addition to an incubated sample of an excess of free radical scavengers indicates that at least two intermediates of widely different lifetimes are contributing to the observed light emission. PMID- 3772043 TI - The apparent inhibition of superoxide dismutase activity by quinones. AB - It has been demonstrated that several quinones can modify the activity of bovine copper superoxide dismutase by undergoing equilibrium reactions with superoxide radicals. The extent of this apparent inhibition correlates with the one electron reduction potentials of the quinones and the equilibrium constants of the semiquinone radical/superoxide radical reactions. Various rate constants have been estimated including those for the reactions of semiquinone radicals with cytochrome c and with superoxide dismutase. Semiquinone radicals cannot be dismutated by superoxide dismutase. PMID- 3772044 TI - Age bias: physical therapists and older patients. AB - The purposes of this study were to determine if, given a hypothetical patient description, physical therapists would establish the aggressiveness of treatment goals on the basis of the patient's age and to examine the relationship of both attitudes toward and knowledge about elderly adults to goal-setting aggressiveness for an elderly patient. Three questionnaires were administered to 127 therapists in clinical settings. Unbeknown to the therapists, half received a description in which the patient's age was 28 and the other half received a description of the same patient but with the age as 78. Therapists were significantly less aggressive in their goal setting with the elderly patient. Among therapists who received the old patient description, those with a more positive attitude were significantly more aggressive in goal setting for the elderly patient. Knowledge scores did not correlate with either aggressiveness or attitude in this group. PMID- 3772045 TI - Self-rated health and associated factors among men of different ages. AB - The connections of certain clinico-physiological indicators of health state, chronic diseases, felt symptoms, and psychic well-being with self-rated health were studied among men of different ages as a part of the more extensive research project Jyvaskyla Studies on Functional Aging. Study population was selected by using systematic random sampling among men aged 31 to 35, 51 to 55 and 71 to 75 years in the city of Jyvaskyla. Log-linear and logit models as well as regression and structural equation models within the framework of LISREL were used as methods of analysis. The associations between general self-rated health and the explanative variables were different in different age groups: In the youngest age group self-rated health was best explained by symptoms and index of physical fitness; among the middle-aged by symptoms and psychic well-being; and among the oldest by chronic diseases. The results suggest that self-rated health belongs to the important indicators of health, and more attention should be paid to it both in research and in medical practice. PMID- 3772046 TI - Staphylococcal infections in aging mice. AB - Aging (17 to 22 months old) and young (1 1/2 to 2 months old) mice were infected with 5 X 10(7) staphylococci. Twenty-eight-day mortality was 70% in senescent mice and 14.3% in young mice. Phagocytosis and intracellular killing of staphylococci by polymorphonuclear leukocytes and mononuclear cells and leukocyte mobilization were studied after intraperitoneal infection. Intracellular killing by polymorphonuclear leukocytes was slightly more effective in young mice but older mice mobilized about twice as many polymorphonuclear leukocytes in a 4-hour period. In older mice the lethality of intraperitoneally-administered staphylococcal toxins and salmonella endotoxin was markedly increased, the mortality rates in old and young mice being virtually identical to those found after intravenous infection with living staphylococci. PMID- 3772047 TI - Interdigestive plasma motilin concentrations in aged adults. AB - The interdigestive plasma motilin concentrations were evaluated in 13 over-65 healthy adults with no evidence of significant disease and in 19 younger individuals. Plasma motilin levels were determined every 15 min during a 3-hr fasting period, using a radioimmunological method. The individual median values of plasma motilin concentrations during the entire study period were significantly higher in aged than younger adults. The individual median coefficients of variation of motilin concentrations and the percentage increases of plasma motilin above baseline at each peak were significantly lower in the aged than in the young group. The results of this study indicate that during the interdigestive period aged individuals have markedly elevated circulating motilin levels, with less pronounced fluctuations than younger persons. This particular hormone pattern could be involved in motor disturbances of the stomach in elderly adults. PMID- 3772048 TI - Stress and sex differences in depressive symptoms among older adults. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine whether elderly women experience more symptoms associated with depression than elderly men and, if such sex differences exist, to examine several factors that might account for the greater preponderance of psychological distress among women. Unlike previous studies of elderly adults, this study attempted to explain sex differences in depression in terms of differential-exposure and differential-vulnerability to the effects of life stress. The results from a random community survey of 351 older adults indicate that women are more depressed than men. Moreover, a series of demographic-mean decomposition analyses suggest that greater vulnerability among women to the effects of chronic life strains explains a substantial portion of the observed sex differences in distress. Stressful life events were found to be a less important factor in this process. PMID- 3772049 TI - Somesthetic sensitivity in young and elderly humans. AB - Absolute thresholds were measured on 27 young (ages 19 to 31) and 21 elderly (ages 55 to 84) humans to six modes of cutaneous stimulation (single ramp-and hold skin indentations--tactile, vibration at 40 and 250 Hz, temperature increases and decreases, and noxious heat) at two sites, the thenar eminence and the plantar foot. Comparisons of the elderly and young groups showed that elderly persons were significantly, p less than or equal to .001, less sensitive than young individuals to mechanical stimuli (tactile and vibration) at both sites. No significant differences were found in thresholds to thermal stimuli (warm-, cold , and heat-pain) at either site except elderly feet were significantly, p less than or equal to .001, less sensitive than young feet to warm stimuli. Thresholds of elderly individuals were compared with the young group thresholds for deficits in sensitivity. All elderly participants showed deficits to one or more of the stimulus modes at one or the other site. There were significantly, p less than or equal to 0.01, more deficits to mechanical than to thermal stimuli. There was no increase in the frequency of deficits with increasing age. PMID- 3772050 TI - Older observers have attenuated increment thresholds upon transient backgrounds. AB - Foveal increment thresholds were measured in young, middle-aged, and older observers. These thresholds, which involved the detection of a small test flash as a function of the intensity of a larger background adapting field (AF), were measured at the instant of onset of the AF (transient condition) and when the eye had been fully light adapted to the AF (steady-state condition). All stimuli were presented to the left eye in a free-viewing system through a 2 mm artificial pupil. For the steady-state condition for all age groups, the functions were similar, but for the transient condition, the slope for the older observers was significantly less steep than that for the younger observers. These findings are consistent with an hypothesis of a selective loss of transient (Y) channels in the aging visual system. PMID- 3772051 TI - The effects of stimulant drugs on information processing in elderly adults. AB - The effects of stimulant drug on information processing in elderly adults was studied. In Experiment 1, the effect of methylphenidate (MP) was examined in 8 young and 8 elderly women using a task (SERS) in which stimulus and response complexities were varied. MP speeded processing in the young but not in the elderly women. A second experiment was then conducted to isolate the age stimulant effects. In Experiment 2, the effects of MP and 10 mg of d-amphetamine (DAMP) were studied in 12 young and 12 elderly men on different types of information processing. Stimulants changed performance on a continuous performance task in both groups. Both stimulants speeded processing on SERS in young, but not in elderly men. MP, however, speeded processing in both groups on a response processing task. The findings suggest that stimulants act on response processing and there appear to be several such processes. Some of these stages decline with age whereas others do not. PMID- 3772052 TI - Memory decline in aged rats: a neuropsychological interpretation. AB - Groups of old and young rats were administered a delayed alternation task in which memory for specific events was assessed over intervals ranging between 0 and 80 s. There was no age difference in performance at relatively short intervals, but old rats showed significant memory loss at longer intervals. The pattern of behavior exhibited by old rats was very similar to that seen in young rats with selective hippocampal lesions, tested in a previous experiment under identical conditions. The present results were interpreted as reflecting an integrative deficit in old animals related to the process of establishing and/or storing associations between temporally-separated events. PMID- 3772053 TI - The effects of age and extended practice on divided attention performance. AB - The present study examined the effects of repeated practice on the divided attention performance of young and old adults. Six young and 6 older adults performed two perceptual-motor tasks under both single- and dual-task conditions across six 1-hr sessions. Absolute levels of performance improved reliably over sessions for both young and old participants, but divided attention performance remained poorer in old than in young adults. Relative divided attention costs (Somberg & Salthouse, 1982) were consistently higher for the older adults across experimental sessions. These results confirm previous suggestions that older people are particularly vulnerable to the effects of divided attention. The findings are discussed further in terms of the validity of single-session studies of age differences in divided attention performance. PMID- 3772054 TI - The relationship between internal attentional control and sleep-onset latency in elderly adults. AB - Cognitive hyperactivity has been hypothesized to be one cause of sleep-onset insomnia in elderly adults. This study examined the relationship between one factor that may mediate cognitive hyperactivity--internal attentional control, the ability to direct and control one's attention while processing stimuli from memory--and sleep-onset latency. Twenty-six elderly individuals with self reported sleep-onset latencies ranging from 5 to 75 min were brought into a sleep laboratory for a multimethod assessment of internal attentional control. Factor analysis was used to develop a composite measure of this construct. Each person then completed three 2-hr afternoon naps while multiple electrophysiological responses were monitored. The results of canonical correlations with the derived composite scores suggested that a significant proportion of the variance in sleep onset latency in elderly adults was related to internal attentional control. PMID- 3772055 TI - Adult age differences in spatial memory: effects of distinctiveness and repeated experience. AB - Young (mean age = 25.0) and elderly (mean age = 65.0) women's memory for buildings in a large model town was assessed. Participants viewed and constructed the town on two trials. Building distinctiveness was manipulated by showing differentiated buildings with unique physical and functional properties (e.g., school, gas station), or nondifferentiated buildings that were not functionally distinct and only somewhat physically distinct (e.g., red cube-like structure with curved roof, yellow cube-like structure with flat roof). Building distinctiveness was further manipulated by verbally labeling or not labeling each building type. On Trial 1 young adults were more accurate than elderly adults only on the differentiated buildings; on Trial 2 this age difference was evident on differentiated and nondifferentiated buildings. Verbal labeling did not significantly affect construction accuracy. It was concluded that age differences occurred because elderly adults have more difficulty utilizing encoding strategies than young adults. PMID- 3772056 TI - Symptoms of mental impairment among elderly adults and their effects on family caregivers. AB - Research that has examined the relationship between caregiving stress and elders' symptoms of mental impairment has focused primarily on cognitive incapacity. This research expands the symptoms of mental impairment to include caregivers' reports of problems in elders' social functioning and the presence of disruptive behavior, in addition to the traditional measure of cognitive incapacity. Results from a study of 614 families living with and caring for an impaired elder show cognitive incapacity to have a less important direct effect on caregiving stress than disruptive behavior and impaired social functioning. Cognitive incapacity does have an important indirect effect through its influence on disruptive behavior and social functioning. PMID- 3772058 TI - Reliance on longitudinal data with the problem of dropouts. PMID- 3772057 TI - Widowhood, sex, labor force participation, and the use of physician services by elderly adults. AB - This paper investigated the relationships of widowhood, sex, and labor force participation with the use of ambulatory physician services by elderly adults. Data on 18,441 individuals aged 55 and over were taken from the 1978 Health Interview Survey. Hierarchical regression results indicated that although these three factors are related to physician utilization at the zero- and first-partial levels, only sex remained significant when their two- and three-way interactions and other variables from the behavioral model (including living arrangements) were introduced. This suggests that the effects of widowhood and labor force participation are spurious. Widows are simply more likely to live alone and are less likely to work than widowers; those who live alone and do not work are more likely to use health services (and more of them) than those who live with others and are gainfully employed. PMID- 3772059 TI - A cohort analysis of the use of health services by elderly Americans. PMID- 3772060 TI - Effects of competition, regulation, and corporatization on hospital-physician relationships. PMID- 3772061 TI - Family bonding of the mentally ill: an analysis of family visits with residents of board and care homes. PMID- 3772062 TI - Types and timing of social support. PMID- 3772063 TI - Institutional trends in medical sociology. PMID- 3772064 TI - Labor markets and help-seeking: a test of the employment security hypothesis. PMID- 3772065 TI - Wild-derived Robertsonian translocation in mice. Chromosome 17, Rb (16:17)7, shows novel interactions with t-alleles. AB - We have studied the effects of wild-derived (Rb7) and laboratory-derived (Rb1) Robertsonian translocations involving chromosome 17 on t-complex determined transmission ratio distortion and crossing-over suppression in mice. The Rb7 chromosome is significantly unlike all other wild-type chromosome 17s tested, while Rb1 is not. t0/Rb7 males are uniformly extremely high distorters (greater than 96 percent) while th2/Rb7 males are uniformly extremely low distorters. t0/Rb7 animals allow genetic recombination in the centromere to t-lethal region interval. These observations could be explained if the Rb7 chromosome contains one or more t-like regions. PMID- 3772066 TI - Faded shaker, a lethal pigment and neurological mutation in the chicken. AB - Faded shaker (fs) is a lethal condition in chickens resulting in a congenital tremor and a dilution of down and feather melanin. It is inherited as an autosomal recessive gene with the homozygote showing incomplete penetrance, the apparent result of a single dominant gene masking the effects of the fs/fs genotype. Mortality of the mutants occurred between 18 days of incubation and three months of age; most died before one week of age with half of the mutants dying before hatching. No specific cause of death was observed. The tremor had a frequency of 6 to 10 vibrations per second, was more pronounced in the posterior end of the bird and was constant over time within an individual. Weight of the faded shaker cerebellum was reduced by 7.6%, presumably due to an observed deficiency of myelin. The down and feather color of faded shakers ranged from almost normal to near white, but was constant over several feather generations within an individual. Faded shaker melanosomes were both deficient in number and incompletely melanized. Melanocyte dendrition and melanosome distribution were both normal. Skin transplants showed that the dilution was a result of a defect located in the fs/fs skin. Pigmentation of the retinal pigment epithelium also was abnormal. PMID- 3772067 TI - Desiccation resistance in two species of Drosophila. AB - Three populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura, each one represented by 12 isofemale lines, and one laboratory strain of D. melanogaster were tested for desiccation resistance at two time periods. Except in the case of one population of D. pseudoobscura, the ability to withstand drying was significantly greater in females than in the corresponding males. The males of the three populations of D. pseudoobscura differed significantly among themselves in their resistance to desiccation, as did the females. The females of D. melanogaster exhibited a consistently higher survival rate than those of D. pseudoobscura, but not the males. These results are discussed with reference to the third chromosome inversion polymorphism of D. pseudoobscura and the cosmopolitan distribution of D. melanogaster. PMID- 3772068 TI - New C-band polymorphism in the White Park cattle of Great Britain. AB - A chromosome analysis, using G- and sequential Q- and C-banding, of 133 cattle distributed among seven rare breeds of cattle in Great Britain, showed a new C band polymorphism of chromosome 27. The polymorphism was demonstrated by the absence of a centromeric block of heterochromatin and was only seen in the White Park breed. The polymorphic chromosome had a frequency of 0.446 and was present in either a heterozygous or homozygous state in 75 percent of the White Park cattle studied. The animals carrying the polymorphic chromosome have been traced back to three bulls, two of which have been widely used throughout the breed. It seems likely that the polymorphism arose in one common ancestor before 1949. PMID- 3772069 TI - Is 'fibrocystic disease' of the breast precancerous? A consensus report from the College of American Pathologists. PMID- 3772070 TI - Computer technology in the ICU. Part 2: The limitations and precautions. PMID- 3772071 TI - Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid. PMID- 3772072 TI - Retained T-tube fragment: removal using a Gruntzig balloon dilatation catheter. PMID- 3772073 TI - Doctor-patient relationships: a pastor's perspective. PMID- 3772074 TI - The Governor and education reform. The voice of business. PMID- 3772075 TI - Localization of eosinophil cationic protein, major basic protein, and eosinophil peroxidase in human eosinophils by immunoelectron microscopic technique. AB - An immunoelectron microscopic technique using protein A-gold as a specific marker was used for precise intracellular localization of eosinophil granule proteins. Eosinophils from healthy individuals were isolated in metrizamide gradients. Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) were clearly located in the matrix of the large crystalloid-containing granules. In addition, ECP was probably present in the small granules of eosinophils. Major basic protein (MBP) was present in the crystalloid structure of specific granules. This method can be applied in studies of eosinophil degranulation to trace the release of biological effector molecules. PMID- 3772076 TI - Immunohistochemical distribution of collagens types IV, V, and VI and of pro collagens types I and III in human alveolar bone and dentine. AB - The aim of the present study was to characterize the composition of the organic matrix in alveolar jaw bone and dentine using antibodies against pro-collagens Types I and III and collagens Types IV, V, and VI. After demineralization of oral hard tissues in 0.2 N HCl, antigenicity was well preserved and the distribution of the pro-collagens and collagens could be demonstrated. Staining for pro collagen Type I was prominent around osteoblasts and in pre-dentine, indicating active de novo synthesis of Type I pro-collagen. Pro-collagen Type I was ubiquitous but was less abundant in bone and dentine, whereas pro-collagen Type III was seen only in areas of bone remodeling, in peritubular spaces, and in pre dentine. Type IV collagen was limited to the basement membranes of vessels in osteons and bone marrow. Type V collagen was detected neither in pre-dentine nor in bone. In contrast, Type VI collagen was found in dentine and bone, showing a faint but homogeneous staining which, similarly to pro-collagen Type III, was pronounced around osteoblasts and in pre-dentine, areas of active bone and dentine formation. This study showed that the organic matrix of dentine and bone contains Type VI as well as Type I collagen. Pro-collagen Type III (and to a lesser extent collagen Type VI) is transiently produced during new formation and remodeling of oral hard tissues, and disappears once the matrix calcifies. Type I pro-collagen qualifies as a general marker protein for increased osteoblastic activity. We conclude that immunostaining for the different collagen/pro-collagen types can be used to assess normal or abnormal stages of bone/dentine formation. PMID- 3772077 TI - Cross-reactivity of birch anthers and leaves with birch pollen antigens and allergens. A fine-structural immunocytochemical study using the post-embedding protein-A-gold technique. AB - Ultra-thin sections of vegetative tissues from birch (anthers and leaves) were labeled for pollen antigens and allergens using a commercial rabbit IgG antibody preparation directed against birch pollen antigens and allergens. Antibody binding sites were visualized using the protein A-gold technique. Specific labeling occurred in anther tissue (tape-tum cells, anther wall cells) as well as in the birch leaf (assimilation parenchyma). In both types of tissue, antigens and allergens were detected throughout the living protoplast (including cell organelles such as nuclei, mitochondria, and plastids). The cellulose cell walls were always free from anti-birch-pollen IgG-binding sites. The immunological controls (normal rabbit IgG) showed a low degree of nonspecific labeling. In plant tissues belonging to genera quite different from birch (tulip anther, rhododendron leaves), after incubation with the specific IgG weak labeling was observed. The immunological basis for these results is discussed. PMID- 3772079 TI - Gold labeling of microtubules in cleaved whole mounts of cortical root cells. AB - A method is described for localizing microtubules using gold-labeled antibodies in combination with anti-tubulin. Cortex cells of Equisetum hyemale are broken open while still in buffer, after initially being attached to poly-L-lysine coated grids. Thus, the cytoplasm becomes accessible to the antibodies. After application of the antibodies, the cleaved cells are post-fixed, stained, dehydrated, and critical point-dried. Different fixation procedures are compared: fixation in paraformaldehyde, in glutaraldehyde, and in glutaraldehyde followed by a sodium borohydride reduction step. All three methods result in good labeling of the microtubules, with low backgrounds. However, organization of the cytoplasm is best preserved in cells fixed in glutaraldehyde without sodium borohydride treatment. The method is highly suitable for studying the membrane-bound cytoskeleton because detergent extraction and/or embedding are avoided. PMID- 3772078 TI - A comparison of lectin binding in rat and human peripheral nerve. AB - Eleven different fluorescein- or peroxidase-conjugated lectins with different sugar-binding affinities were employed to analyze and compare glycoconjugates of rat and human peripheral nerves at the light microscopic level. A majority of lectins showed a distinct binding pattern in different structures of the nerve. Lectin binding was similar but not identical in rat and human nerves. Limulus polyhemus agglutinin did not stain any structures in rat or human nerves. In both species, all other lectins bound to the perineurium. Perineurial staining was intense with Canavalia ensiformis (Con A), Triticum vulgaris (WGA), Maclura pomifera (MPA); moderate with Glycine max (SBA), Griffonia simplicifolia-I (GS-I) and GS-II; weak with Ulex europaeus (UEA), Dolichos biflorus (DBA), and Ricinus communis (RCA). In the endoneurium of both species, ConA staining was intense, MPA and WGA moderate, SBA, GS-II, PNA, and RCA weak, and UEA and DBA absent. Interestingly, GS-I stained rat but not human endoneurium. Most lectins bound to blood vessels. GS-I bound to rat but not human, whereas UEA bound to human but not rat vessels. The results show that lectins can be used to reveal heterogeneity in sugar residues of glycoconjugates within neural and vascular components of nerves. They may therefore be potentially useful in detecting changes in glycoconjugates during nerve degeneration and subsequent regeneration after trauma or in pathological states. PMID- 3772080 TI - Combined technique of immunohistochemistry and autoradiography for the simultaneous detection of steroid hormone receptors and their ligand. AB - A combined technique of immunohistochemistry and autoradiography was applied to detect progesterone target cells in tissue sections. The radioactively labeled progestin [3H]-Organon 2058 and the progesterone receptor, revealed by antibodies to the receptor molecule, were localized simultaneously in identical cells on the same tissue section. Technical details that make possible combined detection of the nuclear antigen, present in very small amounts, simultaneously with its steroid ligand are described. PMID- 3772081 TI - Suppression of nonspecific binding of avidin-biotin complex (ABC) to proteins electroblotted to nitrocellulose paper. AB - Nitrocellulose blots of cell extracts reacted in sequence with biotinylated lectins and horseradish peroxidase-labeled avidin-biotin complex (ABC) often show considerable nonspecific staining of protein bands. Experiments were performed to determine which of the components of the ABC were responsible for this and whether or not the nature and ionic strength of the buffer used could alter this binding. Furthermore, as powdered non-fat milk has been proposed as a possible blocking agent for nonspecific binding of ABC, we sought to determine if it would adequately block that binding in our system. The initial experiments showed that nonspecific binding of ABC to proteins transferred to nitrocellulose membranes was due to the avidin component of the ABC; little, if any, binding was seen if biotin alone was incubated with these blots. The spurious binding was shown to be primarily due to the high affinity of avidin to proteins electroblotted to nitrocellulose, when incubated in low-salt buffers. Low-fat milk added to the buffer reduced overall nonspecific reactivity but produced additional artifacts in the form of bands that were not seen in other preparations. Nonspecific avidin binding to proteins transferred to nitrocellulose can therefore be effectively reduced by adding extra salt to buffers, whereas the addition of non-fat dry milk does not seem suitable for this purpose. PMID- 3772082 TI - Ethical issues in psychological research on AIDS. Committee for Protection of Human Participants in Research in cooperation with the Committee on Gay Concerns. American Psychological Association. PMID- 3772083 TI - Lesbianism, homosexuality, and the American Civil Liberties Union. AB - One of the turning points in changing the legal status of homosexuals in the United States was the change in policy of the American Civil Liberties Union. The author of this paper was instrumental in bringing about change in the Southern California ACLU, the first affiliate to modify the policy and carry on the legal battle for gay rights. This article details the background of and some of the insights gained from that experience. PMID- 3772084 TI - Sensitive drawings of sexual activity in human sexuality textbooks: an analysis on communication and bias. AB - Sensitive drawings are a distinctive genre of explicit sexual imagery which has become a standard way of illustrating sexual acts in human sexuality textbooks. This essay presents an analysis of signs defining age, ethnic status, class, and sexual identity encoded in such sensitive drawings as used in 23 recent textbooks and of the biases which this encoding reflects. The strong class and heterosexual biases characterizing the images are consistent with those found in the sex manuals which inspired the style of drawing. Functions of the drawings and their relationship to the texts' written materials are discussed, and it is argued that the biases mirror problems in treatment of social class and sexuality and in the treatment of sexual acts, e.g., masturbation, oral sex, and sex, and coitus, as they relate to sexual identities. PMID- 3772085 TI - Development of scales measuring social distance toward male and female homosexuals. AB - The focus of this paper is the development of Guttman scales of social distance toward male and female homosexuals. The development of these scales was in three phases. In each phase, a series of items was distributed, analyzed and refined. These refinements were not solely statistical, but involved considerable conceptual clarification. The final scale is offered as a statistically sound and conceptually clear measurement of social distance towards homosexuals. PMID- 3772086 TI - Comparisons among heterosexual, bisexual, and homosexual male sadomasochists. AB - Between 1982 and 1984 a questionnaire designed to elicit demographic and behavioral information concerning individuals who participate in sadomasochism (S&M) was distributed nationally. Data from 136 heterosexual, 45 bisexual, and 91 homosexual male sadomasochists (N = 272) were analyzed. Similarities and differences among these three groups in response to 15 of the 40 questions asked concerning age and manner of first S&M interest, openness with others concerning those interests, self image and adjustment, sexual behavior, and sex role orientation are reported and compared to findings previously reported by Spengler (1977), Lee (1979), Kamel (1980), Weinberg & Falk (1980) and Weinberg, Williams, & Moser (1984). Issues concerning the categorization of the respondents into appropriate S&M sex role types are also discussed. PMID- 3772087 TI - Hygienic characterization of atmospheric contamination with benzo(a)pyrene in a big city. AB - It was demonstrated in the present study that the atmospheric air, soil and snow within a city are contaminated with benzo(a)pyrene (BP). The highest BP concentration was found in District Seven where a number of petro-chemical and chemical plants are situated. BP content in the air sampled between operational premises was in all cases below MPC (30% of the MPC values for working environment air). A major source of environmental contamination with BP is motor traffic. Atmospheric BP concentration was found to be directly proportional to traffic density. The obtained results may serve as a basis for health-improving measures. PMID- 3772088 TI - Some approaches to determination of nitrogen oxides released with power-plant emissions into the air. AB - The exposure level from power-plant emissions containing nitrogen oxides was determined. It was concluded that the amount of NO-to-NO2 conversion must be taken into account. PMID- 3772089 TI - The effect of static magnetic field on fibrinogen degradation products level in rabbits with thrombosis. AB - The effect of static magnetic field of induction 0.005 T, 0.12 T and 0.3 T applied in daily rhythm (one hour every day) for the period of 2 weeks and 4 weeks produces an increase of FDP level in the serum. Especially, the effect elicited by the magnetic field applied 2 weeks prior to experimental thrombosis development. The range of changes was related to the duration of the exposure to the magnetic field. No dependence of the degree of induction of the magnetic field was established. PMID- 3772090 TI - Effect of chronic exposure to static magnetic field upon the serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity GPT and morphology of the cardiac muscle, skeletal muscles, kidneys, cerebellum and lung tissue in guinea pigs. AB - In a cycle of investigations concerning the pathogenesis of functional changes caused by the influence of magnetic field of induction occurring in laboratory and industrial conditions glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity in external blood and morphological picture of cardiac muscle, skeletal muscles, kidneys, cerebellum and lung tissue in guinea pigs were examined. Static homogeneous magnetic field as low as 0.005 T produced a statistically significant decrease in GPT activity. The animals were exposed to the magnetic field action for seven weeks 1 hour a day, 7 days a week. The range of observed changes of enzyme activity were determined by the duration of magnetic field. No morphological changes were observed. PMID- 3772091 TI - Prevention and treatment of nosocomial infections, with special reference to antibiotic policy. AB - Hospital infections are of a major and growing health concern worldwide. They are the cause of appreciable economic loss, but what raises the particular alarm, both ethically and as a public health problem, is their continuous trend towards increasing lethality. The incidence of nosocomial infections can be prevented by creating a system of barriers that would interrupt their spread and transmission. Apart from strict adherence to general hygiene rules and the rational employment of examination methods it is essential in this respect that a prime attention is paid to the sensible use of antimicrobials, i.e. the persuance of a sound antibiotic policy. Its integral components are the systematic laboratory control, continuous epidemiological surveillance of bacterial drug resistance patterns, study of variations in the biological properties of multiple resistant bacterial strains, and the development of, and adherence to, effective and indicated treatment schedules. The particular problems related to bacterial enzyme activities and the genetic information (plasmids) coding for resistance to antimicrobials, as well as the virulence and pathogenicity of agents responsible for the onset of hospital infection are also discussed in this context. It is pointed out that for an effective hospital infection control it is essential to avoid the onesided pressure of badly applied antibiotic therapy. PMID- 3772092 TI - The use of bacillary tuberculosis information system central files for special purpose data search. AB - The automated information system for surveillance of bacillary tuberculosis (ISBT) was put into operation in 1981, with the objective to record, store and process all mycobacterial positivity data reported by the network of specialized mycobacteriological laboratories in the Czech socialist republic. Here are described the newly developed data processing programs which allow it to carry out some special-purpose searches for the stored epidemiological data important for surveillance of tuberculosis. Further improvement of the national system of tuberculosis surveillance is believed to lie in the future compatibility of the two computerized systems operating at present in Czechoslovakia, i.e. ISBT and the Register of Tuberculosis. PMID- 3772093 TI - Degradation of human normal immunoglobulin preparations and the level of measles virus antibodies. AB - Seventy-four batches of normal human immunoglobulin of placental origin (NHIp) and 25 batches of the preparation derived from the serum (NHIs) were tested. The batches were divided into groups (A-E) according to production date and presence of sediment. The degree of degradation of NHI preparations was determined measuring the components soluble in trichloroacetic acid (TCASC), performing molecular filtration or carrying out electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. The level of antibodies to measles virus was determined with the enzymatic immunoadsorption test (ELISA) and haemagglutination inhibition test (HIT). It was found that NHI preparations were undergoing significant degradation before their expiration date. The content of TCASC ranged from 1.83% for NHIs preparations recently produced (group E) to 10.57-10.63% respectively in NHIp preparations with sediment (groups B and A). Molecular filtration made possible isolation of a polymer, a monomer, and degradation products. The level of antibodies against measles virus was the lower (7,400) the greater was the degree of degradation of NHIp preparations in the relation of NHI preparations recently produced (21,500). PMID- 3772094 TI - Regional blood flows in running normotensive and renal hypertensive dogs. AB - The influence of short-term hypertension on the haemodynamic response to exercise was studied by measuring arterial pressure and regional blood flow (radio-active microspheres) in dogs at two levels of treadmill exercise (5 km/h at 0 degrees and 10 km/h at 4.5 degrees). One group of dogs (n = 5) had one-kidney, one clip hypertension of 1-week duration and was compared to normotensive controls (n = 5). Both groups exhibited similar increases in heart rate, but arterial pressure increased only in the normotensive dogs. Left ventricular myocardial blood flow increased significantly in both groups. However, the increase was more pronounced in the hypertensive dogs. In some groups of active skeletal muscles (biceps brachii, tibialis cranialis), increases in blood flow in excess of 30-fold were observed during exercise in normotensive animals. Several muscles showed exaggerated increases in flow in hypertensive dogs. Perfusion of the brain, the kidneys and the splanchnic area was not compromised in either group of dogs. We conclude that in one-kidney, one clip hypertension of 1-week duration, when structural cardiovascular changes are presumably far from being completely developed, vasodilatation to increased metabolic demands in the myocardium and in most skeletal muscles is not limited in response to mild to moderate levels of exercise, and that perfusion of other vascular beds is not compromised. PMID- 3772095 TI - Differential effects of sino-aortic denervations on cardiac noradrenaline stores, turnover and neuronal re-uptake in normotensive and renal hypertensive rabbits. AB - The effects of sino-aortic denervation (SAD) on cardiac noradrenaline stores, turnover and neuronal re-uptake were examined in normotensive rabbits and rabbits with two-kidney, two wrapped hypertension. Ten to 12 days after SAD, left ventricular (LV) noradrenaline stores were reduced in renal hypertensives to 43% of that of the sham-operated rabbits, although there was no overt evidence of heart failure. This did not occur after SAD of normotensive rabbits. The reduction in noradrenaline content was accompanied by a reduction in [3H] noradrenaline turnover time (4.4 h) compared with renal hypertensive (7.4 h) and the normotensive subgroups (9.3 h). Noradrenaline turnover rates were elevated by 25% in hypertensive compared with normotensive rabbits. Left ventricular tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and type A monoamine oxidase activities were similar in normotensive and hypertensive rabbits and were unaffected by SAD. Following SAD of hypertensive rabbits cardiac neuronal uptake for alpha methylnoradrenaline was reduced by 33% compared with either the hypertensive or the normotensive rabbits. Sino-aortic denervation did not affect neuronal uptake in normotensives. These results suggest that following SAD of hypertensive rabbits, cardiac noradrenaline stores are depleted by enhanced cardiac sympathetic activity (reduction in [3H]-noradrenaline turnover time) and a reduction in neuronal re-uptake. It appears that the hypertensive hypertrophied heart is less able to tolerate chronic sympathetic overactivity and/or liability in coronary oxygen supply brought about by SAD. PMID- 3772096 TI - Changes in blood pressure and autonomic reflexes following regular, moderate alcohol consumption. AB - Blood pressure, heart rate and responses to a range of autonomic reflex tests were studied in 10 normotensive male volunteers following 7 days of regular alcohol consumption (0.8 g/kg per day) or 7 days of abstaining from alcohol in a crossed, random order, open study. Systolic and diastolic pressures were significantly higher following alcohol intake than the alcohol-free control period (mean rise of 3.0 mmHg systolic and 3.1 mmHg diastolic, P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.01, respectively). Regular alcohol consumption attenuated the rise in blood pressure during isometric exercise and hand immersion in ice water, but did not affect blood pressure or heart rate responses to bicycle exercise. Resting, supine plasma noradrenaline levels, increases in noradrenaline levels during sympathetic activation and vagal reflexes (standing to lying test, diving reflex and Valsalva manoeuvre) did not differ significantly between the alcohol and control phases of the study. These findings support previous evidence that regular alcohol consumption decreases adrenoceptor mediated cardiovascular reactivity. However, the relationship between this effect and the rise in blood pressure that follows regular, moderate alcohol consumption remains unclear. PMID- 3772097 TI - Alcohol raises blood pressure in hypertensive patients. AB - The acute effect of drinking beer on blood pressure was studied in 18 hypertensive patients who were either regular, moderate (MI) or low intake (LI) drinkers. Patients in the MI group showed a significant rise in systolic blood pressure (SBP; average 12 mmHg) and pulse rate with alcohol, but no change after alcohol-free drink. No such changes with alcohol were seen in LI patients. There was a small transient rise in diastolic pressure (DBP) in response to alcohol in both the MI and LI patients. Resting plasma catecholamine levels were similar in both groups but only the MI group showed a significant rise in plasma noradrenaline (P less than 0.05) with alcohol, paralleling the rise in SBP and pulse rate. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and cortisol were unaffected by alcohol. In both groups significant falls in plasma calcium levels occurred with alcohol. The greater haemodynamic changes with alcohol in the MI group were associated with increased sympathetic activity. Chronic moderate alcohol intake, however, does not alter resting plasma catecholamine levels, at least, after hypertension is established. PMID- 3772098 TI - Disturbances of renal and erythrocyte calcium handling in rats of the Milan hypertensive strain. AB - Urinary calcium (Ca) excretion and erythrocyte membrane Ca binding and transport were investigated in rats of the Milan hypertensive (MHS) and normotensive strains (MNS). Despite slightly reduced ionized Ca levels in the serum, MHS significantly increased urinary Ca excretion under fasting conditions (P less than 0.01). Urinary Ca was positively related to sodium (Na) excretion in both rat strains; moreover the urinary Ca:Na ratio was significantly enhanced in MHS rats (P less than 0.05). These data suggest that in MHS, Ca reabsorption in the renal tubular cell is reduced independently of disturbances in Na handling. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent Ca transport, reflecting the Ca, magnesium (Mg)-ATPase activity (Ca pump), was measured in inside-out vesicles obtained from erythrocyte membranes. This variable was significantly reduced in MHS (P less than 0.01), with no change in the Ca pump affinity constant for Ca. Calcium binding to erythrocyte membranes, measured in the presence of free Ca concentrations comparable with those of the intracellular fluid, was found to be significantly reduced (P less than 0.01) in MHS rats because of the lower number of Ca binding sites. These abnormalities of red blood cell (RBC) Ca handling are in keeping with the increased Ca clearance observed in the kidney. It is not clear whether the disturbances of renal and erythrocyte Ca handling were a genetic primary defect or a secondary change of membrane function. PMID- 3772099 TI - Calcium stimulates vasopressin release. AB - The association of acute hypercalcaemia with hypertension has long been known. Its mechanism has remained unexplained, however, since no significant pressor contribution from the renin-angiotensin system or the sympathetic nervous system has been detected. To assess the possible contribution of arginine vasopressin (AVP), we investigated the effect of a 2 h infusion of 2 ml isotonic calcium gluconate (0.46 mmol/ml Ca2+) on the mean blood pressure of anephric (n = 8) or intact (n = 7) rats and the blood pressure response to a specific vasopressin inhibitor (V1). In anephric rats, blood pressure rose by 30 +/- 3 mmHg (mean +/- s.e.m.) and plasma AVP levels rose to 34 +/- 9 pg/ml. In response to injection of the AVP inhibitor, blood pressure fell by 26 +/- 3 mmHg. In intact rats, blood pressure rose by 12 +/- 4 mmHg with plasma AVP levels 14.5 +/- 3.2 pg/ml (normal range 2.2 +/- 1.1 pg/ml), but did not respond consistently to AVP inhibition. Serum calcium levels at the end of the infusion were 25.0 +/- 4.3 mg/dl in anephric and 24.9 +/- 1.2 mg/dl in intact rats. In order to confirm that the calcium ion was indeed responsible for the AVP-dependent changes in blood pressure, another group of anephric rats (n = 8) received a 2 h infusion of CaCl2 (0.46 mmol/ml Ca2+) and exhibited a blood pressure rise of 35 +/- 3 mmHg, which responded to the AVP inhibitor with a blood pressure fall of 22 +/- 3 mmHg. Moreover, prior treatment with indomethacin greatly attenuated the pressor effect of calcium infusion and prevented the rise of AVP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3772100 TI - Age-related changes in neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity (NPY-ir) in the cortex and spinal cord of spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. AB - The concentrations of neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity (NPY-ir) were measured in the cortex and cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal cord of 8-, 18- and 31-week old normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). This peptide was measured using a highly sensitive and specific radio immunoassay (RIA) developed in our laboratory. The concentrations of NPY-ir in the cortex, cervical and thoracic spinal cord were significantly different between the two strains, with the levels being consistently lower in the SHR strain independent of age. While there was no obvious change in the levels of NPY ir in the cortex with increasing age, there was a general trend for the levels to fall in all three spinal cord regions. The rate of decrease of NPY-ir in the thoracic spinal cord appeared greater in the SHR compared with the WKY rats. These biochemical differences observed in the cortex and thoracic spinal cord of SHR and WKY rats may be related to the behavioural and blood pressure differences observed in these strains. PMID- 3772101 TI - Epidemiological study of blood pressure and hypertension in a sample of urban Bantu of Zaire. AB - Blood pressure and anthropometric characteristics were studied in a 10% random sample (n = 675) of Bantu, aged greater than or equal to 10 years and living in an urban quarter of Kinshasa, Zaire. The prevalence and awareness of hypertension as well as the therapeutic situation in adult participants aged greater than or equal to 20 years were also evaluated. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure tended to be higher in males than in females. In adults greater than or equal to 20 years, systolic and diastolic pressure were positively and independently correlated with both age and body weight. In youths (10-19 years old), systolic pressure was associated with age and body weight, while in girls diastolic pressure was related to age only. Using WHO criteria, the overall prevalence of definite hypertension in adults was 9.9% (13.6% in males and 6.8% in females). The prevalence of borderline hypertension was 7% (8.4% in males and 5.6% in females). Of the participants studied with definite and borderline hypertension (n = 49), 69% were not aware of their blood pressure elevation; 31% were aware, but only 13% were treated and 3% were controlled. It is concluded that hypertension is not uncommon in these urban Bantu and that programmes for screening and educating the population should be developed and implemented. PMID- 3772102 TI - Ca2+i:K+i ratio and total intracellular calcium in essential and renal hypertension. AB - The calcium ion (Ca2+) and potassium ion (K+) content in the ashed material from red blood cells was determined by flame photometry in 61 essential hypertensives, 11 renal hypertensives and in 47 normotensive controls, and intracellular K+ concentration was measured in the haemolysate. The ratio between Ca2+ and K+ content in ashed red blood cells (Ca2+i:K+i) was 2.07 +/- 0.91 X 10(-3) in normotensives, 4.91 +/- 2.17 X 10(-3) in essential hypertensives (P less than 0.01) and 3.48 +/- 2.04 X 10(-3) in renal hypertensives (P less than 0.05). Intracellular K+ concentration was 94.3 +/- 3.1 mmol/l in normotensives, 94.7 +/- 3.8 mmol/l in essential hypertensives and 93.8 +/- 3.9 mmol/l in renal hypertensives. Therefore intracellular total Ca2+ concentration is increased in the red blood cells from essential hypertensives and, to a lesser extent, in the red blood cells from renal hypertensives. The use of Ca2+i:K+i ratios in red blood cells may thus be useful in assessing cellular Ca2+ content in hypertension. PMID- 3772103 TI - Binding and mitogenic properties of a galactosyl-specific lectin from the tunicate Didemnum candidum for murine thymocytes and splenocytes. AB - The affinity-purified major galactosyl-specific lectin (DCL-I) from the tunicate Didemnum candidum binds and induces blastogenesis in untreated and Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (VCN)-treated murine splenocytes. However, it only binds and stimulates murine thymocytes when they have been pretreated with VCN. Binding and stimulation of VCN-treated splenocytes and thymocytes is specifically inhibited by D-galactose. Binding of lectin to splenocytes is highly increased by the VCN treatment, but the cells are stimulated to the same extent in both untreated and VCN-treated cells. This suggests that although additional DCL-I carbohydrate acceptors are uncovered by VCN treatment of the splenocytes, the ones responsible for triggering blastogenesis are already exposed on the untreated cells. On the contrary, cleavage of terminal sialic acids from the thymocyte cell surface is required to expose DCL-I carbohydrate acceptors in order to obtain a mitogenic response. Our results suggest that the distribution of cell surface galactosyl carbohydrate moieties to which DCL-I binds is different in thymocytes and splenocytes. PMID- 3772105 TI - Potentiation of the in vitro cytotoxicity of chlorambucil by monoclonal antibodies. AB - It had previously been shown by using polyclonal antibodies that chlorambucil (CBL) and antibody did not have to be covalently bound to selectively inhibit tumor cell growth. This paper has reexamined this phenomena by using monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) and has sought to determine how antibody may serve to focus and to increase the cytotoxic effect of non-covalently bound CBL. In vitro, it was shown that MoAb per se had no effect, the MoAb had to be reactive with and to bind to tumor target cells for CBL to have an enhanced cytotoxicity. Furthermore, not all MoAb were effective; IgM and IgG2a subclasses enhanced CBL cytotoxicity, but IgG3 did not. At the cell surface, studies clearly showed that endocytosis of CBL and MoAb did not occur, as metabolic inhibitors, and lowered temperatures, which both inhibit endocytosis, had no effect on their cytotoxicity. In addition, NH4Cl an inhibitor of lysosomal enzymes did not reduce the cytotoxicity of CBL and MoAb. Thus CBL that is non-covalently bound to MoAb enters the cell independently of the MoAb. We conclude therefore that cell-bound MoAb is able to concentrate CBL on the surface of tumor cells by an unknown mechanism thereby enabling CBL to selectively alkylate their cell membranes and subsequently inhibit additional tumor cell growth. PMID- 3772104 TI - NK-leukocyte chemotactic factor (NK-LCF): a large granular lymphocyte (LGL) granule-associated chemotactic factor. AB - A chemotactic factor was identified in the supernatants of human large granular lymphocytes (LGL) activated by a glutaraldehyde-fixed NK-sensitive tumor, K562. The factor stimulated migration of human LGL, rat alveolar macrophage (RAM), and human monocytes and neutrophils (PMN). The locomotor response was chemotactic and chemokinetic on the basis of unidirectional migration in concentration gradients. The cell producing the factor was detected exclusively in LGL-rich Percoll fraction coincident with the peak of NK lytic activity and HNK-1+ cells. The monoclonal phenotype of the cell was HNK-1+, partially OKT-11+, OKM-1-, OKT-3-, OKT-4-, and OKT-8-. The factor was released by LGL within 20 min of incubation with Sr++, a cation that is able to induce LGL degranulation. A powerful chemoattractant was also detected in the granules of the rat LGL leukemia, RNK. Chemotactic activity coincided with granule enzyme beta-glucuronidase and cytolysin after RNK nitrogen cavitation and Percoll fractionation of subcellular constituents. The RNK granule chemoattractant induced unidirectional migration of human LGL and was also active against rat alveolar macrophages and human PMN. Anti-RNK granule antibody conjugated to Sepharose 4B was able to deplete the chemotactic activity from both K562-induced LGL supernatants and solubilized RNK granules. These observations indicate that a leukocyte chemotactic factor (NK LCF) is present in NK cell granules and is probably released after tumor-induced granule exocytosis. PMID- 3772106 TI - Lymph node primary immunization of mice for the production of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. AB - Primary immunization of mice by lymph node injection of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in doses as low as 1 ng followed by a secondary immunization with 1 microgram each for intraperiteonal and intravenous injections was sufficient to elicit the production of circulating antibodies. The lowest efficient dose tested was the injection of 100 ng of BSA in the lymph nodes and booster injections of 1 ng each. This method was extended to the production of monoclonal antibodies using less than 20 micrograms of a 35 kDa polypeptide purified from hamster cells transformed by Herpes simplex type 2 viruses. PMID- 3772107 TI - HBsAg: anti-HBs immune complexes. A method for separating the constituent components and assessment of the affinity of the antibody. AB - A number of chemical disruption agents were assessed for their ability to dissociate HBsAg:anti-HBs immune complexes and to release both the antibody and antigen component in immunologically active forms. The most appropriate reagent was 0.1 M diethylamine which could elute up to 81% of anti-HBs antibody bound to solid-phase HBsAg and retained 93% of its antigen-combining activity. Complexes formed at various degrees of antigen excess and pre-exposed to 0.1 M diethylamine at room temperature for 18 h before ultracentrifugation on sucrose density gradients were effectively dissociated. The released antibody and antigen banded at their expected densities. However, the affinity of the isolated antibody for the detergent-solubilized polypeptide complex from purified HBsAg (gp30/p25) and cyclical peptides representing amino acids 124-137 and 139-147 of HBsAg were found to be considerably lower than that of the original pooled anti-HBs immunoglobulin used to form the immune complexes. These results suggest that the highest affinity antibody subpopulation may not be completely dissociated from the complex. Care should thus be exercised in the interpretation of the significance of the observed affinity of the antibody isolated by this and other similar dissociation procedures. PMID- 3772108 TI - Magnetic carbohydrate nanoparticles for affinity cell separation. AB - Magnetically responsive nanoparticles were prepared from enzymatically hydrolysed starch and magnetite. Two different monoclonal antibodies were covalently coupled to the particles. The antibody-coupled particles were in the size range of 100 300 nm and had an iron content of about 60%. Using 100 micrograms of magnetic particles (coupled with monoclonal mouse anti-rat Ig kappa light chain antibody) a very high depletion of surface Ig positive cells (mostly B-cells) from one million rat peripheral blood mononuclear cells could be achieved. The separation efficiency was evaluated by flow cytofluorometric analysis. This technique permits the detection of a small number of surface Ig positive cells among 10,000 negative cells. PMID- 3772109 TI - A comparison of ELISA screening methods for the production of monoclonal antibodies against soluble protein antigens. AB - A library of monoclonal antibodies against pig heart citrate synthase has been raised. Twelve solid-phase immunoassay systems, employing different methods of antigen immobilization, have been compared for their ability to detect the various members of this library. It was found that a sandwich immunoassay, in which the citrate synthase antigen was immobilized on the solid support via a polyclonal antibody preparation, was the only system capable of detecting all the monoclonal antibodies tested. It is suggested that such a sandwich assay should be used in preference to direct assays for the initial screening of monoclonal antibodies. PMID- 3772110 TI - S-phase detection with an antibody to bromodeoxyuridine. Role of DNase pretreatment. AB - We have previously described a monoclonal antibody (BU-1) to 5-bromo-2 deoxyuridine (BrdUrd) that is useful for measurement of cell cycle S-phase. BU-1 hybridoma supernatant reacted with incorporated BrdUrd after the cells had been ethanol fixed; without a requirement for acid or base denaturation. We have found that this reactivity is lost if purified antibody is used, if the culture supernatants are heated, or if a mycoplasma-free hybridoma line is isolated. The supernatant contained endogenous DNase activity that was a result of mycoplasma infection of the cell line. This DNase activity was required for staining the cells with BU-1 in the absence of other denaturation steps. The endogenous DNase could be substituted for by the addition of bovine pancreatic DNase I. The disruption of the double stranded DNA structure with an enzyme rather than with harsh chemical or heat treatments does not affect protein structure or cellular morphology and allows the detection of incorporated BrdUrd of morphologic or antigenic cell subsets. DNase pre-treatment may also be useful for detection of other 'hidden' DNA antigens. PMID- 3772111 TI - Optimized density gradient separation of leukocyte fractions from whole blood by adjustment of osmolarity. AB - Some of the compounds used for density gradient separation of blood cells have high osmolarities at the concentrations needed to create the required specific densities. Several mixed media use a combination of hyperosmolar shrinkage and red cell aggregation to improve cell separation. Due to the characteristics of Percoll density gradient medium the density and osmolarity of the gradient can be controlled separately. In the present study, Percoll gradients were used to determine the buoyant densities of different human blood cells at the osmolarities 300 mosM, 350 mosM and 400 mosM. Cell volumes were measured at the same osmolarities using a Coulter counter with channelyzer. As expected, the cell buoyant densities increased and the cell volumes decreased at the higher osmolarities used. There were, however, quantitative differences between the cells with respect to the effects of an increased osmolarity, making a 350 mosM density gradient the most effective in separating mononuclear leukocytes from polymorphonuclear leukocytes. A 400 mosM gradient offered the best possibilities to separate red blood cells from polymorphonuclear leukocytes. A one-step centrifugation procedure, based on these principles, is presented. This procedure makes possible the simultaneous purification of mononuclear leukocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, suitable for functional assays. PMID- 3772112 TI - Miniaturization of the standard 51Cr release assay for long term follow-up of NK activity of individual mice. AB - Two modifications for miniaturizing the standard 51chromium release assay have been described. Using peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) as effectors and very few target cells, this permits longitudinal studies on NK cell activity of individual mice to be performed. The modifications are based on methods to increase the chromium uptake by the target cell. Firstly, chromium uptake by the YAC-1 target cells was enhanced to such an extent that appreciable activity could be detected against as little as 750 cells/well at an E/T ratio of 50:1. Secondly, the uptake was increased even further by labelling the target cells in the presence of isotonic sucrose, thus permitting the use of only 125 target cells/well at an E/T of 25:1. The long term pattern of NK activity in individual BALB/c mice was studied by repeated bleedings over a period of 8 months. Considerable fluctuations with time were observed in the pattern of NK activity of individual mice. However, the NK activity averaged over a large number of mice did not show a significant decrease with age. These methods may allow the study of the long term pattern of NK activity in individual mice and the response of this activity to physiological and environmental factors. PMID- 3772113 TI - Serum-free in vitro bioassay for the detection of tumor necrosis factor. AB - A sensitive, reproducible in vitro bioassay is described for quantitating the cytolytic activity of tumor necrosis factor (TNF). The assay target cells, murine connective tissue L-M, are propagated and the assay performed under serum-free conditions. The quantitation of cytolytic activity is based on the ability of TNF to lyse L-M cells in the presence of actinomycin D, as measured by crystal violet dye uptake of residual viable cells. The assay is sensitive to 88 pg/ml TNF alpha. The simplicity of the culture medium combined with high sensitivity and low variability make this a particularly well-suited bioassay for routine detection of TNF cytolytic activity. PMID- 3772114 TI - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the quantitation of human IgG subclasses using monoclonal antibodies. AB - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was established for the quantitation of human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 using IgG subclass-specific monoclonal antibodies. The method could detect 1-10 ng/ml of the Ig subclasses. The technique is suitable for measuring IgG subclass concentration in sera of healthy adults and in supernatants from human lymphocytes cultured in the presence of pokeweed mitogen. PMID- 3772115 TI - Rapid identification of proteins on flat surfaces, using antibody-coated metal oxide suspensions. AB - Suspensions of Fe3O4 (black), Fe2O3 (red), and Cr2O3 (green) were exposed to solutions of protein A, and then each to a different antiserum to one of the following human proteins: fibrinogen, high molecular weight kininogen (HMK), albumin or immunoglobulins (IgG). Test surfaces were patterns of human proteins adsorbed out of solutions or out of plasma, onto glass as well as onto polyvinylchloride slides. They were exposed to single or mixed suspensions of the treated oxides for about 30 s and rinsed. Adhesion of each oxide onto each matching protein of these patterned test surfaces resulted, thus identifying each protein by color. PMID- 3772116 TI - Automated monoclonal radioimmunoassays for pirenzepine, a selective muscarinic receptor antagonist, in plasma and urine. AB - Sensitive and specific monoclonal radioimmunoassays (RIA) for pirenzepine, a muscarinic receptor (M1) antagonist, were developed and validated for rapid automated routine analysis of plasma and urine samples from clinical studies. Three discrete stable hybridoma clones secreting monoclonal antibodies (MAb) to pirenzepine were produced by fusing the myeloma line X63-Ag8.653 to spleen cells of BALB/c mice immunized with pirenzepine-5-N-propionate-protein conjugates. Of three carrier proteins investigated (HSA, BSA and edestin), optimal humoral immune responses and affinity of hybridoma antibody were attained using HSA. All three MAb displayed high affinity to pirenzepine (Ka = 0.6-1.2 X 10(9) l/mol) but showed differing cross-reactivities with its 4'-N-desmethyl metabolite (less than 1%, 6% and 40% respectively). The MAb with essentially zero metabolite cross reactivity, 58-7/7, was selected for RIA development. In comparison, eight rabbit polyclonal antisera raised against pirenzepine-5-N-propionate-HSA or pirenzepine 5-N-butyrate-HSA possessed a similar range of affinities to the MAbs, but none approached MAb 58-7/7 in specificity. The bridge length had no significant effect on antisera characteristics. Competitive solid-phase RIAs for pirenzepine in human plasma and urine were established using MAb 58-7/7 and [3H]pirenzepine as tracer. All fluid transfers were automated using a programmable sample processing system (Microlab 2,000). Detection limits were 0.25 ng/ml (plasma) and 4 ng/ml (urine) in 0.1 ml sample. The coefficient of within-assay variation was 4% or better in the range 2-100 ng/ml (plasma) or 30-1,000 ng/ml (urine), the between assay CV was 5.3% or better in the range 5-90 ng/ml (plasma) or 40-660 ng/ml (urine). Excellent correlation was observed between the plasma monoclonal RIA and the hitherto used polyclonal RIA (n = 106, r = 0.994), and between the urine monoclonal RIA and HPLC (n = 82, r = 0.998). We expect that these assays will prove valuable in pharmacokinetic and pharmacological investigations of pirenzepine. PMID- 3772117 TI - A method for measuring rate of neutrophil phagocytosis of Staphylococcus epidermidis or Candida guilliermondii using uptake of tritiated uridine. AB - A method is described for measuring the rate of neutrophil phagocytosis, together with the total and intracellular kill at 20 min of 2 different organisms. The technique is sensitive over the early stages of phagocytosis as it distinguishes between adherent and engulfed organisms and is totally objective. It therefore allows detection of defects in phagocytosis which are missed if only the end point is assessed. Both total and intracellular killing are measured under the same conditions as those used to assess phagocytosis and results obtained on the same day the assay is performed. PMID- 3772118 TI - Demonstration of molecular weight markers on Western blots using polyclonal antisera. PMID- 3772119 TI - Healthy living: everyone a winner. PMID- 3772120 TI - Studies in pathogenesis of extra-articular stiffness of knee. PMID- 3772121 TI - Pattern of malignant gastrointestinal tumours in Ajmer. PMID- 3772122 TI - A simple apparatus for anal tonometry. PMID- 3772124 TI - Pulmonary tuberculosis in Marfan's syndrome. PMID- 3772123 TI - Role of anabolic steroid in clean surgical wounds. PMID- 3772125 TI - Retroperitoneal paraganglioma. PMID- 3772126 TI - Seckel's syndrome. PMID- 3772127 TI - Anterior tibial compartment syndrome. PMID- 3772128 TI - Modern concept and use of oral contraceptives. PMID- 3772129 TI - Diagnostic value of aspiration biopsy in lymphadenopathy. PMID- 3772130 TI - Who is realistic about primary health care? PMID- 3772131 TI - Silver iontophoresis in chronic osteomyelitis. PMID- 3772132 TI - Acute head injury: experiences in 177 cases. PMID- 3772133 TI - Systolic time intervals in mitral and aortic valve disease. PMID- 3772134 TI - Penetrating abdominal trauma. PMID- 3772135 TI - Local infiltration block supplemented by diazepam and pentazocine combination for tubal ligation. PMID- 3772136 TI - Paraplegia following ductus surgery. PMID- 3772137 TI - Epidermoid carcinoma of the conjunctiva. PMID- 3772138 TI - Thyroid teratoma. PMID- 3772139 TI - Approach to the management of pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 3772140 TI - AIDS: a serious challenge to public health. PMID- 3772141 TI - Sports cardiology--some aspects. PMID- 3772142 TI - [Vesico-sphincter dyssynergia in the central paraplegic patient. Physiopathological reflections]. AB - The vesico-sphincter dyssynergia is generally observed in paraplegic patients with supra sacral lesions (40% of our cases). The neurophysiologic basis of the vesico-sphincter dyssynergia are the field of controversies. The animal experimentations have shown that a section below the ponts, induce a neural reorganization, enough to produce a normal micturation, rising sacral short loop reflexes. The reality of such mechanism is discussed by different authors who consider a normal micturation as a brain stem reflex rather than a simple sacral reflex. These factors allow the authors to undergo a neurophysiologic, neuropharmacologic and urodynamic investigation, with the intention of shedding light on the pathophysiology of the vesico-sphincter dyssynergia in 20 cases of paraplegic patients. On the basis of our data the following conclusions were made: the importance of the polysynaptic reflexes evoked by cutaneous or vesical stimulation (below the neurologic lesions) on the different degrees of vesico sphincter dyssynergia; the quality of voiding depends on the equilibrium between extension and flexor reflexes in paraplegic patients; the presence of a neural reorganization using short loop reflexes who are the expression of a complex system rather than a simple sacral reflex; the effect of chronic intrathecal morphinic drugs on the reflex equilibrium and the quality of voiding and the eventual relation between opiate receptors and vesical sphincter dyssynergia. PMID- 3772143 TI - [Pseudotumoral cystitis]. AB - Radio-endoscopic examination in a personal series of 27 patients was suggestive of a tumoral lesion not confirmed by histopathology. Etiology of the inflammatory process was not always clearly apparent, without the guarantee offered by examination of permanent sections of endoscopic or surgical specimens, the presence of a masked cancer remained a possibility: in exceptional cases an inappropriate total cystectomy had been performed. PMID- 3772144 TI - [Renal scintigraphy under hyperdiuresis in upper urinary tract dilatations]. AB - Emphasis is placed on the existence of two types of dilatation of the upper excretory tract: obstructive and non-obstructive lesions. Renal scintigraphy with technetium-labelled DTPA combined with a Lasilix test was performed in 34 patients (26 operated and 8 treated medically) with a total of 41 dilated renal units. Intra-operative exploration in the 17 reno-ureteral units assessed as being the site of obstruction on scintigraphy confirmed the lesion in the 14 cases of anomalies of the pyelo-ureteral junction and the 3 mega-ureters. For as long as the obstructed zone is not resected the dilated urinary tract fails to empty. In the other 12 units, the scintigraphy diagnosis of non-obstructive hypotony was confirmed by the operation and the subsequent course (notably in the 10 cases of reflux in the wide ureters reimplanted with a good result without resection of end of ureter). PMID- 3772145 TI - [Cancer of the kidney in Von Hippel-Lindau disease. Apropos of a case. Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Review of the literature]. AB - About a case of Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome with association of retinal angioma, bilateral pheochromocytomas, bilateral renal cysts, the authors had many difficulties to confirm associated unilateral renal cell carcinoma. Three solid left renal tumors were not seen neither with abdominal ultrasound, nor with CT scan, but only with hypervascularity on renal angiography. Even intra-operative histologic examination fail to confirm the malignity. After the complete histologic examination of the tumorectomy piece, the unilateral renal cell carcinoma was secondary managed by radical nephrectomy, although the risk of bilateral carcinoma is known in this disease. PMID- 3772146 TI - [Extracorporeal lithotripsy by shock waves. Initial results (322 cases)]. AB - Results of 322 patients treated with extracorporeal shock wave desintegration are reported (277 patients treated with the Dornier lithotripter, 45 patients treated with Solonithe using ultrasonic stone location). Lesions treated included 168 caliceal, 111 pyelic, 23 ureteral and 21 coralliform calculi. 45 patients presented multiple and 28 bilateral renal lithiasis. Stones were mainly between 10 and 20 mm in diameter (157 patients) but were less than 10 mm in size in 110 cases and more than 20 mm in 55. For poorly opaque stone, lithotripsy was performed after ultrasound localization with the Sonolithe apparatus. The Dornier machine was used to treat 277 patients during 308 sessions, equivalent to an 11% repeat rate. Fragmentation was excellent in 84% of cases after a single session, and 5% of stones could not be fragmented and required complementary therapy. Out of 200 patients reviewed after 3 months, only 8% had residual fragments (92% success rate), 5% having to undergo auxillary endoscopic manoeuvres: stenting ureteral catheter (4 cases); percutaneous nepholithotomy (3 cases); ureteroscopy (7 cases). Septic complications (6 patients) responded well to antibiotic treatment. Renal colic or pain was recorded in 25% of cases. One kidney was non functional at 3 months due to distal ureteral obstruction without subsequent dilatation of the collecting system. Out of 45 patients treated with the Sonolithe, 3 (6.6%) were failures of fragmentation and 85% had satisfactory results. After a minimum follow up of 3 months, 20/22 patients were free of residual calculi, and there were no complications.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3772147 TI - [The Bichat Urologic Seminar. Paris, 19 October 1985. Indications for percutaneous surgery of the kidney in the face of the development of extra corporeal lithotripsy and ureteroscopy]. PMID- 3772148 TI - Collagen fibrillogenesis: a mechanism of structural biology. PMID- 3772149 TI - Purified epidermal pentapeptide inhibits proliferation and enhances terminal differentiation in cultured mouse epidermal cells. AB - Skin extracts contain an epidermal mitosis inhibitor that recently has been purified and identified as a pentapeptide. To develop an in vitro assay system for further biologic characterization, primary mouse epidermal cells and an established mouse epidermal cell line (line 308) were used for testing of the purified pentapeptide. In primary cell cultures the mitotic activity, as estimated by means of vinblastine, was reversibly inhibited by 44% at a peptide concentration of 10(-8) M in high-calcium (1.2 mM Ca++), and by 27-38% at peptide concentrations of 10(-10) and 10(-8) M in low-calcium (0.02 mM Ca++) medium. The 308 cells were inhibited by 46% at a peptide concentration of 10(-6) M but only after the cells had reached near-confluence and had a moderate rate of proliferation. A low concentration of adrenaline (0.18 micrograms/ml) in the medium rendered the primary cultures more sensitive to the peptide. After repeated peptide treatments over 24 h, the number of cornified envelopes (a marker of terminal differentiation) was increased both in primary cultures and in the 308 cells. The epidermal pentapeptide thus seems to influence both proliferation and terminal differentiation in cultured mouse epidermal cells. PMID- 3772150 TI - Hydration characteristics of pathologic stratum corneum--evaluation of bound water. AB - We measured in vitro the hygroscopicity and bound (non-freezing) water of various samples of pathologic horny layer obtained from the lesions of senile xerotic skin and psoriasis vulgaris and the normal horny layer from glabrous skin and plantar horny layer. The amount of water taken up by pathologic stratum corneum was much smaller than that by normal horny layer in an environment at a high relative humidity (RH). Tightly bound primary water to stratum corneum measured by Karl Fischer's method was about 5 mg/100 mg of dry stratum corneum in all the samples studied, while less tightly bound secondary water was much smaller in amount in pathologic stratum corneum than in the controls, i.e., 31.7 mg/100 mg dry scale from senile xerosis and 27.2 mg/100 mg dry psoriatic scale as compared with 38.2 mg/100 mg dry normal stratum corneum from glabrous skin and 37.3 mg/100 mg dry normal plantar stratum corneum. We believe that the low hygroscopicity of the pathologic stratum corneum is due to this smaller capacity for secondary bound water, which is responsible for the development of a dry scaly appearance even at high RH. PMID- 3772151 TI - Preparation of liposomes from stratum corneum lipids. AB - Mammalian stratum corneum contains multiple intercellular lipid bilayers that constitute the epidermal water barrier. Unlike all other biologic membranes, the epidermal lamellae do not contain phospholipids, as a result of which the ability of the stratum corneum lipid mixture to form bilayers has been questioned. In the present study, a lipid mixture containing only epidermal ceramides (40%), cholesterol (25%), palmitic acid (25%), and cholesteryl sulfate (10%), approximating the composition of stratum corneum lipids, formed stable, unilamellar liposomes when sonicated at 80 degrees C in buffer containing 100 mM NaCl, 5 mM Tris, and 1 mM EDTA at pH 7.5. The size and form of the liposomes were studied by both freeze fracture and negative staining electron microscopy. Lipid mixtures from which either the palmitic acid or the cholesteryl sulfate were omitted were still capable of forming similar liposomes, but a mixture of ceramides and cholesterol, or ceramides alone, were incapable of forming liposomes. The results indicate that lipid mixtures similar to those found in stratum corneum are capable of forming bilayers at physiologic pH. PMID- 3772152 TI - De novo synthesis of lysozyme by human epidermal cells. AB - The presence of lysozyme in human epidermis was determined in extracts from the surface of human skin and in sonicates of human epidermal cell preparations with the use of a bacteriolytic assay employing Micrococcus lysodeikticus cell walls as substrate. Preincubation of the extracts with the Fab portion of the IgG fraction of an antiserum to human lysozyme abolished the lytic activity of the extracts showing the specificity of the assay. De novo synthesis of lysozyme by human epidermal cells was demonstrated by radiolabeling studies. Human epidermal cells cultured in serum-free medium and pulsed with [3H]leucine for 24 h were sonicated and fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A major band at Mr 14,500 exhibited both immunoreactivity with a rabbit antihuman lysozyme antibody and radioactivity. Gel filtration of the cell sonicate revealed bacteriolytic activity in the fractions containing radioactive and immunoreactive proteins. These findings suggest that lysozyme is newly synthesized by human epidermal cells. PMID- 3772154 TI - Long-term effects of local ionizing radiation treatment on Langerhans cells in mouse footpad epidermis. AB - Langerhans cells (LC) were studied with ADPase histochemistry in sheets of hind footpad epidermis from groups of CBA/H mice. Single, local 20-Gy doses of 250-kV x-rays were administered to the right hind feet of the mice when they were 3-4 months old, and LC were counted at intervals ranging from 2 to 24 months later. In unirradiated mice, aged 5-19 months, the mean density of LC in footpad was 1521-1617 cells/mm2. It dropped to 1137 +/- 86 cells/mm2 (mean +/- SE) in untreated 28-month-old mice. At times from 2-15 months after irradiation, normal mean densities of LC were present in footpad epidermis. On average, LC numbers were subsequently reduced to 1078 +/- 65/mm2 by 19 months after irradiation (71% of the cells in age-matched controls) and to 789 +/- 53/mm2 by 24 months (59% of the cells in age-matched controls). Loss of cells was focal. Chronic radiation induced fibrosis and damage to circulatory function in skin may have contributed to impaired replacement of LC from bone marrow precursors. The possibility that late radiation-related depletion of the LC population permits development of skin tumors as a delayed consequence of exposure to ionizing radiation is discussed. PMID- 3772155 TI - Contact allergy to 4,4'-dihydroxy-(hydroxymethyl)-diphenyl methanes: sensitizers in a phenol-formaldehyde resin. AB - A particular phenol-formaldehyde resin of the resol type (P-F-R-2) was shown in a previous study to be a good tracer of patients with contact allergy to phenol formaldehyde resins. Eleven patients with sensitivity to P-F-R-2 participated in the study in which chromatographically separated fractions of P-F-R-2 were patch tested. This procedure was repeated until a positive reaction to a single substance was noted. In this study 3 new sensitizers are reported. Investigations by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry identified the compounds to be 4,4'-dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-diphenyl methane (4,4'-H-3-HPM), 4,4'-dihydroxy-3,3'-di-(hydroxymethyl)-diphenyl methane (4,4'-H-3,3'-HPM), and 4,4'-dihydroxy-3,5-di-(hydroxymethyl)-diphenyl methane (4,4'-H-3,5-HPM). Six of the 11 patients reacted to at least one of these compounds. All 6 patients reacted to 4,4'-H-3,3'-HPM and 5 reacted simultaneously to 4,4'-H-3-HPM. Four patients reacted to all 3 compounds tested. By patch testing with serial dilutions (ethanol 99.5%) of the three 4,4'-H-HPM, positive reactions were noted down to 0.5 X 10(-6)%, 1.0 X 10(-6)%, and 1.3 X 10(-3)% w/v for 4,4'-H-3-HPM, 4,4'-H-3,3'-HPM, and 4,4'-H-3,5-HPM, respectively. PMID- 3772153 TI - Effect of essential fatty acid deficiency on cutaneous sterol synthesis. AB - The fact that the skin is a major site of total body sterologenesis, coupled both with the apparent absence of low density lipoprotein receptors on keratinocytes and with the lack of influence of serum cholesterol on epidermal sterologenesis, has created the impression that epidermal lipid synthesis might be autonomous, i.e., nonregulatable. Recent studies have shown, however, that disruption of cutaneous barrier function with acetone or detergents stimulates epidermal sterologenesis (J Lipid Res 26:418-427, 1985). To correlate further sterologenesis with barrier function, we measured de novo synthesis of cholesterol and total nonsaponifiable lipids in essential fatty acid-deficient (EFAD) hairless mice. Animals with defective barrier function, manifested by abnormal transepidermal water loss, demonstrated a 2-fold increase in epidermal cholesterol and total nonsaponifiable lipid synthesis over controls while synthesis in the dermis was unchanged. Epidermal sterologenesis in EFAD animals, repleted with linoleic acid either systematically or topically, returned toward normal as barrier function improved. Moreover, plastic occlusion of EFAD mouse skin normalized epidermal sterologenesis at 1 and 3 days. These results provide further evidence that epidermal sterologenesis is not entirely autonomous, and can be regulated by water barrier requirements. PMID- 3772156 TI - Lipid peroxidative potency of photosensitized thiazide diuretics. AB - We examined the lipid peroxidative potency and photohemolytic activity of thiazide diuretics, especially penflutizide (PFZ), to determine the molecular mechanism of thiazide phototoxicity. Ultraviolet A irradiation of squalene in the presence of PFZ, hydrochlorothiazide, methiclothiazide, benzylhydrochlorothiazide, or trichlormethiazide induced in vitro peroxidation as measured by production of the hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances. Among the thiazides, PFZ showed the highest potency to photooxidize lipids. PFZ-photosensitized peroxidation of squalene was repressed by the presence of sodium azide or 2,5-dimethylfuran and was accelerated in a D2O suspension. These findings suggest the participation of singlet oxygen in PFZ photoperoxidation of squalene (type II mechanism). PFZ-photosensitized lysis of red blood cells (RBC) accompanied by formation of hydroperoxides in RBC membrane lipids was also noted. These results suggest that membrane lipids can be one of the target molecules of thiazide phototoxicity. PMID- 3772157 TI - Transfer of melanosomes in a skin equivalent model in vitro. AB - The transfer of pigment granules from melanocytes to keratinocytes was studied using a new living skin equivalent (SE) model in vitro. The model was constructed by plating human neonatal melanocytes onto a dermal equivalent (DE) before it was overgrown with keratinocytes. The dermal component of the SE arises in vitro through the action of fibroblasts, which compact matrix proteins into a tissue. It becomes keratinized as keratinocytes migrate out of 2-mm punch biopsies of human neonatal skin embedded in the DE; keratinocytes from the biopsies covered the lattice in 14 days. A basal lamina develops at the dermal-epidermal junction in vitro. Exposure of some SEs to UVB irradiation for 14 days stimulated and enhanced pigment transfer. Pigment transfer from melanocytes to keratinocytes was documented in light and electron microscopic studies. Melanosomes, identified by their pigment as well as by dopa oxidase staining, were dispersed throughout the keratinocyte cytoplasm. We conclude that the SE model is valuable for studying the relationship between melanocytes and keratinocytes in vitro; since the SE has been shown to serve as a skin replacement, pigmenting it may be expected to increase its usefulness. PMID- 3772158 TI - Immediate pigment darkening phenomenon. A reevaluation of its mechanisms. AB - Proposed mechanisms of immediate pigment darkening (IPD) are controversial. They include photooxidation of "premelanin," changes in the distribution pattern of microfilaments and microtubules, movement of melanosomes to melanocyte dendrites, increased transfer of melanosomes to keratinocytes, and changes in the melanosome distribution pattern in keratinocytes. We investigated the following aspects of IPD: production of IPD by UVA under physiologic and nonphysiologic conditions in fullthickness skin and epidermal sheets; reversibility of IPD in vitro after in vivo and in vitro production; blocking of IPD by disruption of the microfibrillar or microtubular system in vitro; alterations of the cytoskeleton of melanocytes; the melanosome distribution pattern in melanocytes and keratinocytes. The results were as follows: IPD could be elicited in vitro in full-thickness skin and in epidermal sheets. Its production was temperature independent (0 degrees-37 degrees C) and was not inhibited by repeated freezing and thawing, or by formalin fixation. IPD was reversible in vitro under tissue culture conditions but only in viable skin. IPD could not be blocked by substances that disrupt the microfibrillar or microtubular system (cytochalasin B, colcemid, vincristine). As shown with a monoclonal antivimentin antibody, IPD-producing UVA doses did not induce changes in the cytoskeleton of melanocytes. No changes in number and distribution pattern of melanosomes were observed electron-microscopically and by morphometric analysis of EM micrographs. Production of IPD does not depend on the structural and functional integrity of the melanocyte cytoskeletal apparatus and is not confined to viable skin, whereas its reversibility is. The fact that no increased melanosome transfer occurs may explain the lack of a UV protective action. PMID- 3772159 TI - Effect of dye laser pulse duration on selective cutaneous vascular injury. AB - The pulsed dye laser at 577 nm, a wavelength well absorbed by oxyhemoglobin, causes highly selective thermal injury to cutaneous blood vessels. Confinement of thermal damage to microvessels is, in theory, related to the laser exposure time (pulsewidth) on selective vascular injury. This study investigates the effect of 577 nm dye laser pulsewidth on selective vascular injury. Nine Caucasian, normal volunteers received 577 nm dye laser exposures at pulsewidths of 1.5-350 microseconds to their skin. Clinical purpura threshold exposure doses were determined in each volunteer, and biopsies of threshold and suprathreshold doses were examined in each volunteer. The laser exposure dose required to produce purpura increased as pulsewidth increased in all 9 subjects (p less than 0.001). This finding corresponds to laser pulsewidths equal to or exceeding the thermal relaxation times for dermal blood vessels. Histologically, vessel damage was selectively, but qualitatively, different for short vs long pulsewidths. Pulsewidths shorter than 20 microseconds caused vessel wall fragmentation and hemorrhage, whereas longer pulsewidths caused no significant hemorrhage. The purpura noted clinically appears to be due to a coagulum of intralumenal denatured erythrocytes. At 24 h, there was marked vessel wall necrosis at all pulsewidths. The short pulsewidths may cause erythrocyte vaporization, rapid thermal expansion, and mechanical vessel rupture with hemorrhage. Long pulsewidths appear to cause thermal denaturation with less mechanical vessel damage. The selective, nonhemorrhagic, vascular necrosis caused by the long pulsewidth dye laser may lead to a more desirable clinical outcome in the therapy of blood vessel disease processes. PMID- 3772160 TI - Retinoic acid induces cyclic changes in epidermal thickness and dermal collagen and glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis rates. AB - The effects of daily topical application onto guinea pig ears of a therapeutic concentration of all trans-retinoic acid (RA) on epidermal thickness and dermal collagen and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) biosynthesis rates were studied during a 40 day period. Clinically, the RA-treated skin became erythematous and scaly beginning at 5-6 days, conditions which persisted throughout the experiment. The epidermis became thickened and hyperplastic with marked psoriasi-form histologic features, and the phenomenon was dependent on RA concentration. The initial hyperplasia resulted from a transient 4-fold increase in epidermal basal cell replication during the first 3-4 days, as shown by the rise and fall of [3H]thymidine labeling index which preceded the hyperplasia. The extent of epidermal hyperplasia as measured by epidermal thickness was not constant throughout the 40-day treatment period, but exhibited maxima on days 11, 25, and 36. These maxima were followed by periods of decreased thickness, although the minima were always greater than the untreated controls. Retinoic acid induced similar temporal cycles in GAG and collagen biosynthesis rates, but the collagen cycles occurred at different times with maxima on days 6, 20, and 34. After 8 weeks' treatment, the blood flow rates in the ear microcirculation (laser Doppler photometry) were increased 81% above that of the water-treated controls. The demonstration of these RA-induced cyclic changes in epidermal hyperplasia and dermal fibroblast biosynthetic activities have revealed the presence of control mechanisms in these tissues which normally operate to maintain tissue homeostasis. PMID- 3772161 TI - Increased hyaluronate and collagen biosynthesis and fibroblast estrogen receptors in macaque sex skin. AB - Sequential steroid administration of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) in spayed pigtailed macaques was used to precisely control the time course of sex skin swelling. After removal of the P implant, the sex skin swelled considerably and the water content of the sex skin increased manyfold over that of back skin. During the swelling phase, hyaluronate biosynthesis in sex skin increased dramatically compared with back skin of the same animals. Collagen synthesis also increased but to a lesser extent. Estrogen receptor levels were undetectable in back skin and very low in spayed animals that had been treated with both E2 and P. After removal of the P implant, both the level of estrogen receptor and the rate of hyaluronate biosynthesis increased. Immunocytochemistry with monoclonal antibodies against the estrogen receptor showed that the dermal fibroblast was the only cell type to stain positively for estrogen receptor. We conclude that the sex skin swelling that follows P withdrawal in pigtailed macaques bearing E2 implants is mediated by estrogen receptors in dermal fibroblasts and is a result of increased hyaluronic acid synthesis by these cells. PMID- 3772162 TI - Cell proliferation in normal and psoriatic epidermis. PMID- 3772163 TI - Colonic dysfunction during shigellosis. AB - To study the pathogenesis of shigella diarrhea, we evaluated 11 patients for colonic fluid and electrolyte flux. Methods used were subtraction of the fecal flow rate from the ileocecal flow rate and colonoscopic perfusion of the colon. The mean ileocecal flow rate was 0.57 ml/min compared with a mean fecal flow rate of 0.48 ml/min, and the mean of the differences showed a slight net colonic water absorption of +0.09 ml/min. With use of perfusion, these patients showed an overall mean of slight net fluid secretion by the colon of -0.04 ml/min. Seven patients restudied during convalescence showed a mean net rate of colonic water absorption of +0.65 ml/min, which was significantly greater than in the acute phase (P less than .05), and a mean ileocecal flow rate of 0.56 ml/min. Ion transport by the colon during acute shigellosis showed net secretion of K+, which changed to net absorption in convalescence (P less than .05), and a decreased absorption of Cl-, which improved in convalescence (P less than .05). Patients with extensive colitis showed more impairment of net water absorption by the colon than did patients with colitis limited to the rectosigmoid colon. These findings demonstrate that shigella diarrhea results from colonic dysfunction, without evidence of increased small intestinal flow rate, and this colonic dysfunction consists of diminished net absorption of water and Cl- and increased secretion of K+. PMID- 3772165 TI - Vaccinated children get milder measles infection: a community study from Guinea Bissau. AB - We studied the occurrence of measles in vaccinated children from an urban area of Guinea-Bissau where measles causes high mortality. Vaccinated children who developed measles required more-intense exposure to become infected (they had a higher ratio of secondary cases [infected in the house] to index cases [infected outside the house]), had a lower mortality among secondary cases, and were less infectious (they generated fewer secondary cases than did unvaccinated children with measles). The attack rate among vaccinated children was significantly higher in households in which someone died of measles. Both severity of infection and development of measles in vaccinated children were related to intensity of exposure. Vaccine efficacy was 72%, and 33% of cases occurred among vaccinated children; however, most mothers remained confident that vaccinated children get milder measles. Moreover, there was significantly greater vaccination coverage among younger siblings of vaccinated children who had contracted measles than among other children in the community. PMID- 3772164 TI - Human milk kills Giardia lamblia by generating toxic lipolytic products. AB - This study supports our previous hypotheses that normal human milk kills Giardia lamblia trophozoites in vitro and that this killing is due to the release of free fatty acids (FFAs) from milk triglycerides by action of the bile salt-stimulated lipase (BSL) of human milk. Heat-stable killing of G. lamblia was generated when normal human milk was preincubated with sodium cholate, which activates BSL. Moreover, both the skim-milk (containing BSL) and cream (containing mainly triglycerides) fractions were required to kill G. lamblia. We measured the toxicity of FFA and other products of lipolysis to G. lamblia. cis-Unsaturated FFAs (LD50 less than 12 microM), three of four monoglycerides, and four of five lysophosphatidylcholines were toxic to the parasites (LD50 less than 100 microM). In contrast, the parasites were not harmed by the corresponding diglycerides, phosphatidylcholines, triolein, or glycerol. Thus, products of lipid hydrolysis in the normal digestive tract are toxic to G. lamblia. We also demonstrated that albumin and conjugated bile salts, which bind FFA, partially protected trophozoites from killing by oleic acid. PMID- 3772166 TI - Asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis infections among sexually active men. PMID- 3772167 TI - Strain-dependent differences in susceptibility of mice to experimental candidosis. PMID- 3772168 TI - Educational efforts in support of restriction policies for antimicrobial agents. PMID- 3772169 TI - Clustering of delta hepatitis in a family from Lebanon. PMID- 3772170 TI - Autoantibodies to thymic epithelial cells in delta infection. PMID- 3772171 TI - Francisella tularensis meningitis: a rare clinical entity. PMID- 3772172 TI - Pleural effusion due to Rhodococcus equi. PMID- 3772173 TI - How reliable are in vitro clonal cultures? Some comments based on hemopoietic cultures. AB - Clonal cultures in semisolid medium have proved invaluable in analyzing hemopoietic subpopulations and in detecting their specific growth regulators. However, they can be subject to certain deficiencies that an investigator must take care to exclude. These include inabilities of the particular culture system to detect the true stem cells under study or to allow self-generation of clonogenic cells or a full expression of their differentiation potential. Clonal cultures, like conventional cultures, can be subject to significant cell-cell interactions, complicating attempts to characterize the action of a test regulatory molecule. Culture data need to be supplemented by a variety of other data before they can be regarded as valid evidence that a regulatory molecule detected in vitro is likely to function in a similar manner in vivo. PMID- 3772174 TI - Effect of absolute and relative changes of hematocrit on erythropoiesis in mice. AB - The serial changes of peripheral reticulocytes and marrow erythroid progenitor cells (CFU-e) in mice were monitored under the conditions of absolute or relative changes in red cell mass to study the regulatory mechanism of erythropoiesis. A decreased number of marrow CFU-e and peripheral reticulocytes was observed in the mice with relative polycythemia induced by dehydration as well as in the mice with absolute polycythemia induced by hypertransfusion. On the other hand, a transient increase in the number of marrow CFU-e followed by a gradual increase in the number of peripheral reticulocytes was seen after a considerable amount of exsanguination. Similar stimulatory effects on marrow CFU-e were also observed either by rehydrating the dehydrated mice or by overhydrating the untreated mice to relatively decrease the level of hematocrit. The results suggested that in addition to factors relating to the balance between oxygen supply and requirement, which has been well known, erythropoiesis is greatly affected by hematocrit. PMID- 3772175 TI - Granulopoiesis in long-term culture by marrow from mice with busulfan-induced chronic latent aplasia. AB - Mice given high-dose busulfan therapy develop a chronic latent marrow aplasia characterized by normal peripheral blood neutrophil numbers, hematocrits and marrow cellularity but reduced numbers of pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells (CFU s) and granulocyte-monocyte progenitor cells (CFU-gm). To study the pathogenesis of this lesion, bone marrow was propagated in long-term marrow cultures (LTMC). Small amounts of normal marrow readily established and sustained long-term granulopoiesis in vitro. In contrast, inocula of marrow from busulfan-treated animals containing three to five times as many stem and progenitor cells failed to establish long-term granulopoiesis in vitro. These results suggest that high dose busulfan therapy produces a qualitative defect in either the hemopoietic stem cells, the stromal-forming elements, or both, rendering them incapable of establishing long-term granulopoiesis in vitro. Furthermore, mixing experiments employing normal and busulfan-damaged marrow demonstrate that this qualitative defect is not due to the emergence of a suppressor cell population. LTMC can show types of marrow damage not detectable by other techniques currently available and represent a powerful tool for studying latent bone marrow failure. PMID- 3772176 TI - Human monocytes and lymphocytes produce different mixtures of alpha-interferon subtypes. AB - alpha-Interferon (IFN-alpha) was produced by either peripheral blood lymphocytes or by monocytes and purified by an anti-IFN-alpha affinity column. When these preparations were analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC, a difference in the distribution of IFN-alpha subtypes from the two cell types was found. While the two major subtypes of IFN from induced lymphocytes had apparent molecular weights of 20K and 21K, monocytes produce an additional subtype of molecular weight 26K in large quantities (50%). This subtype had greater activity on human cells than on bovine cells in comparison to other IFN-alpha subtypes. PMID- 3772177 TI - Separation of human natural killer cell subpopulations differentially responsive to interferon potentiation. AB - Subsets of human natural killer (NK) cells were identified that differed in the capacity to be activated by interferon (IFN) or the IFN-inducer, polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid [poly(I):poly(C)]. These subsets, which represented effectors of both spontaneous and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, were physically separable on the basis of cell buoyant density changes induced by exposure of lymphocytes to hyperosmolar Ficoll-Hypaque solutions or by centrifugation of lymphocytes through hyperosmolar (350 mOs/kg) Percoll gradients. Hyperosmolar conditions per se altered neither cell viability, NK cell cytolytic activity, nor the capacity of NK cells in unseparated lymphocyte preparations to be activated by IFN. IFN-unresponsive NK cells, separated by centrifugation through a 350 mOs/kg Percoll layer of 1.069-1.070 g/cm3 specific density, constituted 20 +/- 4% of all active NK cells identified at the single cell level and, per active NK cell, killed comparably to unstimulated IFN-responsive NK cells in 51Cr release assays. Thus, the IFN unresponsive phenotype was probably not attributable to NK cells that were in an activated state prior to IFN treatment. Surface marker analysis of active NK cells at the single cell level identified comparable proportions in each subfraction to be of the OKM1+, OKT8+, or OKT11+ phenotypes and few, if any, in either subfraction to be of the OKT3+ phenotype. The human IFN-unresponsive NK cell phenotype, in contrast to the corresponding phenotype in the mouse, was therefore not linked to expression of T-cell-associated membrane differentiation antigens. PMID- 3772178 TI - Antiproliferative effect of mismatched double-stranded RNA on fresh human tumor cells analyzed in a clonogenic assay. AB - Colony growth in soft agar was used to identify human tumors that were sensitive to the direct antiproliferative effects of mismatched dsRNA (Ampligen). The results suggest that different human solid malignancies vary significantly in their sensitivity to Ampligen. Tumors with 50% or more of their surgical specimens showing sensitivity included carcinoid, glioblastoma, and carcinomas of the kidney, and lung. Resistant tumors (less than 15% sensitivity) included sarcomas and colo-rectal carcinomas. Overall, 42% of the tumor specimens studied showed a 50% or greater reduction in tumor cell colony formation after a single initial treatment with Ampligen (250 micrograms/ml). Interestingly, one patient's tumor which was de novo sensitive to interferon (IFN), but emerged as IFN resistant following IFN therapy, remained sensitive to Ampligen. Thus, a clonogenic assay may prove useful in identifying human tumors and individuals for clinical trials with Ampligen, including patients resistant to IFN. PMID- 3772179 TI - Improved transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of cultured cells through a "floating sheet" method. AB - Cultured cells provide isolated systems for both biochemical and morphological studies. Previous methods of processing cell culture specimens for electron microscopy (EM) have been limited to sectioning either a monolayer or centrifuged cell suspensions which are not morphologically intact. In our improved method, N butylglycidyl ether is added to cell cultures (2-5 min with agitation) following in situ fixation (3.0% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M Pipes, pH 7.2, for 20 min, osmium tetraoxide 4% for 20 min). A thin pliable "sheet" of cells floats free from the plastic culture device and can be manipulated (centrifuged or folded) to obtain a vast number of morphologically intact cells for examination. We have examined several cell types (vascular smooth muscle, lung, liver, and endothelial cells) grown in two types of plastic culture flasks (Nunc and Falcon). This new method provides excellent EM morphology, maximizes the number of cells examined, and allows determination of cell orientation since a remnant of the dissolved flask remains loosely bound to the bottom of the cells. PMID- 3772180 TI - Morphometric analysis of fetal rat hepatocytes cultured in monolayer or following gyratory shaking. AB - The stereological technique was used to quantify glycogen areas and endoplasmic reticulum in fetal rat hepatocytes cultured for 24 hr in monolayer (monolayer cells) or following shaking by gyratory rotation (shaken cells). The volume density and volume per cell of glycogen areas decreased in order of freshly isolated hepatocytes, monolayer cells, and shaken cells. The surface density and area per cell of smooth endoplasmic reticulum increased in order of freshly isolated cells, monolayer cells, and shaken cells. The results show that the decrease of glycogen areas and proliferation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum are more prominent in shaken cells than in monolayer cells. Prominent proliferation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in shaken cells may be due to the consumption of glycogen for energy release as a result of gyratory rotation. PMID- 3772181 TI - Arrangement of actin filaments and myosin-like filaments in the contractile ring and of actin-like filaments in the mitotic spindle of dividing HeLa cells. AB - We used a glutaraldehyde-tannic acid-saponin fixative to improve the preservation of actin filaments in dividing HeLa cells during preparation for thin sectioning. The contractile ring in the cleavage furrow is composed of a parallel array of actin filaments that circle the equator. We show that many of these actin filaments are arranged in small bundles. These bundles consist of about 25 filaments throughout cytokinesis. For comparison, filopodia on these cells have about 23 actin filaments packed at a higher density than the filaments in the contractile ring bundles. Some of the contractile ring actin filaments appear to radiate out from electron-dense sites on the plasma membrane. The contractile ring also has a large number of short filaments 13 nm in diameter that closely resemble filaments formed from purified human cytoplasmic myosin. These thick filaments are aligned circumferentially and interdigitate with the actin filaments, as expected for a sliding filament mechanism of tension generation. There are no long actin filaments in the mitotic spindle, but there are a large number (400 to 1000 per micron 3) of very short filaments identical in appearance to actin filaments in other parts of these cells. These short filaments may account for the reported staining of the mitotic spindle with fluorescent antibodies to actin and with fluorescent myosin fragments. PMID- 3772182 TI - [Clinical studies of platelet concentrate transfusion in blood primed and non blood primed cardio-pulmonary bypass]. PMID- 3772183 TI - [A case of successful repair of anatomically corrected malposition of the great arteries]. PMID- 3772184 TI - [A successful repair of postinfarction ventricular septal defect by right ventricular approach]. PMID- 3772185 TI - [Early successful repair of a rupture of the ventricular septum due to blunt trauma]. PMID- 3772186 TI - [Atherosclerotic annulo-aortic ectasia with two daughter aneurysms]. PMID- 3772187 TI - [Mitral valve replacement in infancy]. PMID- 3772188 TI - [A case report of primary fibrosarcoma of the diaphragm]. PMID- 3772189 TI - [Surgical management of coarctation of the aorta associated with valvular heart disease in adults]. PMID- 3772190 TI - [A case report of chronic pulmonary embolism treated with inferior vena-caval interruption and with pulmonary embolectomy without extra-corporeal circulation]. PMID- 3772191 TI - [Experimental study of pedicle right atrial flap used for operation in congenital heart disease]. PMID- 3772192 TI - [Myocardial protection in coronary revascularization surgery: experimental study on the efficacy of retroperfusion with cardioplegic solution in left main coronary artery trunk obstruction]. PMID- 3772193 TI - [Surgical treatment of total anomalous pulmonary venous return in Japan during the last 5 years]. PMID- 3772194 TI - [Effects on hemodynamics and ventilation of transvenous electrophrenic respiration in postoperative cardiac patients: experimental and clinical studies]. PMID- 3772195 TI - [Experimental study of combined left atrium resection for lung cancer]. PMID- 3772196 TI - [Aortic regurgitation associated with ventricular septal defect in adult patients]. PMID- 3772197 TI - [Relationship of serum adrenaline level and the state of extracorporeal circulation]. PMID- 3772198 TI - [Surgical repair of cardiac malformation with atrioventricular discordance]. PMID- 3772199 TI - [Abstracts of papers presented at the 59th annual meeting of the Japanese Biochemical Society]. PMID- 3772200 TI - [Evaluation of a non-stress test by automated FHR (fetal heart rate) analysis]. AB - The changes in 5 parameters in 1080 5 minute periods obtained by automated FHR analysis were evaluated in 140 normal and premature labor patients at 26 to 41 weeks of gestation. The FHR-baseline level was between 140.29 +/- 5.04 and 146.90 +/- 6.94 bpm and showed no significant change between 29 and 31 weeks, but then gradually declined to 134.55 +/- 15.74 bpm by the 41st week. FHR-baseline variability (LTV) showed no significant change in the period between 26 and 32 weeks, and increased to 12.82 +/- 3.16 bpm by the 41st week from 9.96 +/- 3.78 bpm in the 33rd week. Variability in a minute was 4.09 +/- 1.03 at 28 weeks, then increased to 5.63 +/- 0.81 by the 41st week. Variability of which the amplitude was 5 bpm or more in 5 minutes showed no change from the 26th to the 41st week. FHR acceleration in 20 minutes was 1.714 +/- 1.204 at 26 weeks, then increased to 4.357 +/- 2.805 by the 40th week, and the mean values were always more than 2 after 30 weeks. PMID- 3772201 TI - [Clinical studies of 145 cases of endometrial carcinoma--analysis of prognostic factors, especially pathological types]. AB - One hundred and forty-five patients with confirmed endometrial carcinoma treated at Kumamoto University Hospital were studied from the clinicopathological point of view. As risk factors, the incidence of high age, postmenopause, atypical genital bleeding, sterility, nulliparity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and obesity was showed to be high. These factors may be expected to assist in screening for early diagnosis by using each factor or combination of factors. As prognostic factors, we examined the relationship between stage, depth of myometrial invasion, histological grade, histological type and survival rate. The stage was shown to be a most important predicator of survival. The depth of myometrial invasion and the histological grade closely correlated with the stage. The relationship between the histological subtype, especially papillary serous carcinoma (PSC) and prognosis, was investigated in our series of studies. PSC found in an incidence of 9.4% had a relatively poor prognosis compared with endometrioid carcinoma. Its 5-year survival rate was only 30%. Because PSC has a potential for aggressive invasion and rapid metastasis as compared to endometrioid carcinoma, careful histological examination and aggressive treatment are warranted. PMID- 3772202 TI - [Antiviral activity of the human amniotic fluid and placenta]. AB - Antiviral activity (3-24 IU/ml) was detected in the amniotic fluid of 21 of 25 pregnant women examined (84%) by conventional interferon assay using human amniotic cells (WISH) and vesicular stomatitis virus. The pregnancies were from 16 to 42 weeks gestation without obvious viral infection or other complications. The antiviral substance in the amniotic fluid seems to be interferon alpha, because it was not inactivated by heat (56 degrees C, 30 min) or acid (pH 2.0, 24 hrs.) and it was inactivated by anti-human interferon alpha neutralizing serum. Neither the incidence nor the titer of the activity in amniotic fluid has any relationship with gestational age, age of the pregnant women or parity. Antiviral activity (4-32 IU/10 mg protein/ml) was also detected in the placenta homogenate of 23 of 25 pregnant women examined (92%). The pregnancies were from 7 to 41 weeks of gestation with or without complication. The titer of antiviral activity was relatively high in the placenta of babies with central nervous system anomalies and it was low in the placenta of intrauterine growth retardation pregnancies, compared with normal pregnancies. The activity in the placenta was not inactivated by heat (56 degrees C, 30 min), acid (pH 2.0, 24 hrs.), anti human interferon alpha neutralizing anti-serum or anti-human interferon beta neutralizing anti-serum. PMID- 3772203 TI - [Management of full term breech presentation--criteria for safe vaginal delivery (without extraction of the breech head)]. AB - It is very important to appraise cephalo-pelvic disproportion (CPD), and to predict the necessity of extraction of the after-coming head on full-term breech presentation. Subjects were 47 cases of full-term breech presentation which delivered at our hospital during the 5-year period from 1979 to 1983. They were divided into the following groups: group A Assisted breech delivery. group B Extraction of after-coming head. group C Abdominal delivery for secondary inertia. In each case we subtracted the fetal occipitofrontal diameter from the individual pelvic diameter and compared the results for groups A and B. There were significant differences between groups A and B in the mean values (cm) for the following: True antero-posterior diameter of the wide; 1.341 +/- 1.009 and 0.380 +/- 0.379 (p less than 0.001). Antero-posterior diameter of the Fukushima's wide; 2.005 +/- 0.906 and 0.860 +/- 0.502 (p less than 0.01). Posterior-sagittal diameter of the wide; -5.300 +/- 1.026 and -6.020 +/- 0.340 (p less than 0.05). Antero-posterior diameter of the midpelvis; 1.414 +/- 1.035 and -0.110 +/- 0.718 Posterior-sagittal diameter of the midpelvis (Caldwell-Moloy); -5.759 +/- 1.041 and -6.560 +/- 0.573 (p less than 0.05). Posteriol-sagittal diameter of the midpelvis (Thoms): -6.173 +/- 1.083 and -7.430 +/- 0.750 (p less than 0.01). Furthermore, there were also significant differences between groups A and C: The margins of safety values for each pelvic diameter (cm) were as follows: Antero posterior diameter of the midpelvis; (13.1): Posterior-sagittal diameter of the midpelvis (Thoms); (5.5): Inter-spinous diameter; (11.0): Inter-tuberous diameter; (11.3).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3772204 TI - [Studies on the relationship between reproductive phenomena and thyroid function- dynamics of the concentrations of thyroid hormones in pregnancy, parturition and puerperium]. AB - Thyroid function during pregnancy, parturition and puerperium was studied by measuring the concentration of free thyroxine (f-T4), free triiodothyronine (f T3) and reverse triiodothyronine (r-T3) in maternal and cord sera, and simultaneously metabolism of thyroid hormones in chorionic tissues was examined. Results obtained were as follows: In cases of normal pregnancy, maternal f-T4 and f-T3 levels tend to decrease during the course of pregnancy toward parturition. Pathological pregnancies such as intra uterine growth retardation (IUGR) and toxemia (H, h) showed a tendency for maternal f-T3 to decrease and for r-T3 to increase, compared to normal cases at the same gestational age. Maternal f-T3 levels were significantly higher and r-T3 were lower than those of cord sera. Inner monodeiodination activity was found in the placenta, and T4 incubated with chorionic tissue was mainly converted to r-T3. From these findings, it was suggested that the metabolic state of pregnant women would become hypometabolic during the course of pregnancy toward parturition. Higher r-T3 and lower f-T3 levels in pathological pregnant women indicated that T4 to r-T3 conversion might be more dominant than T4 to T3 because of the maternal intensified hypometabolism. In the meanwhile, placental inner monodeiodination seems to prevent active movement of thyroid hormones from the dam to fetus. PMID- 3772205 TI - [Radioresistant elements in adenocarcinoma of the uterus]. AB - Radioresistant elements in adenocarcinoma of uterine cancer were studied using SKG-3a and HEC-59 cell lines as spheroids and monolayer culture. Dose-survival curves for monolayer cultured SKG-3a and HEC-59 cells were almost similar at acute exposure. On the other hand, as spheroids grown to 300 microns in diameter, dose-survival curves for SKG-3a cells were biphasic and those for HEC-59 were monophasic. The increased shoulder in survival curves proved the contract effect of both cells. Conventionally fractionated irradiation promoted shrinkage and disintegration of spheroids as the dose was increased. All SKG-3a spheroids were destroyed over 60 Gy, but some of HEC 59 spheroids survived over 68 Gy at the total dose. The total dose at disintegration-50% was 40 Gy in SKG-3a and 48 Gy in HEC-59 spheroids. In a comparison of single with 5-fractionated irradiation, fractionation induced an increase in radioresistance of adenocarcinoma cells. The maximum recovery-dose of HEC-59 cell as spheroids was 0.4 Gy and that of SKG-3a was 0.28 Gy. The magnitude of PLD-repair in HEC-59 cells was greater than that in SKG-3a. In conclusion, the PLD-repair and contact effect could be more important factors than the hypoxic element in the acquisition of radioresistance in adenocarcinoma cells as a solid tumor under fractionated irradiation. PMID- 3772206 TI - Transcervical resection of submucous myoma. AB - Thirteen women with chief complaints of menorrhagia and metrorrhagia underwent transcervical resection (TCR) of pedunculated submucous myoma using either an operating hysteroscope or urologic resectoscope. Eight women received TCR with a urologic resectoscope without further operation. Subsequent vaginal hysterectomy was performed on one woman after TCR of a large prolapsed submucous fibroid with a urologic resectoscope because of adenomyosis. Three women underwent TCR of the same type of large prolapsed submucous myoma with an operating hysteroscope. Later, due to other pathologic lesions of the uterus, subsequent vaginal hysterectomies were done on two women and a subsequent abdominal hysterectomy on another woman. Without TCR of these large prolapsed submucous myoma, subsequent vaginal hysterectomies were not possible. Only one woman underwent TCR of submucous myoma with an operating hysteroscope without further operation. All patients showed improvement in such clinical symptoms as menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, and anemia. Before TCR, we make it a rule to use a new diagnostic hysteroscope (4mm external sheath) to reevaluate the position and size of the fibroid. The fluid media used were 10% dextrose for diagnostic hysteroscopy, 5% dextrose for therapeutic hysteroscopy and 10% urigal for urologic resectoscopy. Three months after the operation, second look hysteroscopy is arranged. All patients except one have been followed up at our outpatient department. PMID- 3772207 TI - [Origin of endometrial granulocytes in human decidual tissue]. PMID- 3772208 TI - [Trial of labor in the patient with a prior cesarean section]. PMID- 3772209 TI - [Cesarean section: changing indications, rates and perinatal mortality]. PMID- 3772211 TI - [Electrophysiological study on lumbosacral compression radiculopathy]. AB - Using an electrophysiological approach, a functional diagnosis was attempted to evaluate lumbosacral compression radiculopathy. The cauda equina action potential (root-CEAP) and the somatosensory evoked potential (root-SEP) were measured by stimulating a single nerve root. The mixed nerve root action potential (MRAP) and the CEAP (P-CEAP) were recorded by stimulating a peripheral nerve. When a root was stimulated, reproduction of pain was also investigated. Seventy-four patients with lumbago and sciatica were examined. Nerve roots involved with neurological signs showed some abnormal conductivity in the order of P-CEAP, MRAP, root-SEP and root-CEAP. Subclinical involvement was also observed. It seems to be that the relationship between neurological signs and classification of root-SEP and root CEAP are rather close. Pain was reproduced by stimulating the root in all cases of disc herniations irrespective of the neurological deficit. The above mentioned electrophysiological tests make it possible to identify and judge the extent of root involvement. PMID- 3772210 TI - [Combined therapy with magnesium sulfate and terbutaline for preterm labor tocolysis]. PMID- 3772212 TI - [Biomechanical studies of the ligaments of the knee joint (anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament) using amputated limbs]. AB - In order to study the biomechanical behavior of the ligaments around the knee joint (anterior cruciate ligament-ACL and medial collateral ligament-MCL), experiments were carried out using ten human amputated specimens. Specially designed small omega-shaped transducers were attached on the selected surface of the ligaments, and elongation of the ligaments were measured under valgus or anterior drawer stress in various flexion or rotation of the joint which was made by specific jig sets. The results showed that the load-elongation response varied depending on the sites of the ligaments and that the anterior instability caused by transection of the ACL gave definite effect on the strain behavior of the MCL and, vice versa, the medial instability caused by transection of the MCL gave considerable effect on that of the ACL. This experiment demonstrated a quantitative relationship between these ligaments which suggests the clinical importance of these ligaments for the knee joint stability. PMID- 3772213 TI - [Morphological studies of the upper end of the femur. I. Measurements of the diameter of the femoral head and neck]. AB - The mediolateral diameters (MLD) and the anteroposterior diameters (APD) of the head and neck of the upper end of 170 femurs excised from autopsy cases were measured in the moist state and analyzed by computer. The mean actual measurements (mm) were: 47.3 (MLD) and 47.2 (APD) for femoral head diameters; 44.6 (MLD) and 40.9 (APD) for subcapital diameters; 33.5 (MLD) and 27.5 (APD) for midcervical diameters; and 44.0 (MLD) and 27.9 (APD) for basilar diameters. Multiple regression analysis of the relation between the stature and the diameters of the femoral head and neck showed that femoral head diameters were related most closely to the stature. The mean values of the diameters of the femoral head and neck exhibited significant sexual differences (p less than 0.01). When the right and left measurements were compared, the femoral head diameter tended to show a significant difference (p less than 0.1); there was also a significant difference in the subcapital diameter (p less than 0.05). PMID- 3772214 TI - The injury and repair of human articular cartilage: a morphological study of 192 cases of coxarthrosis. AB - The examination of articular cartilage from 192 osteoarthritic hip joints has shown a combination of cell and matrix injury on the one hand and cell and matrix regeneration on the other. The reparative cartilage tissue has three sources, bone, synovium and cartilage, which are both intrinsic and extrinsic. The observation of reparative cartilage in every case examined, and of significant amounts in more than 50% of the cases, indicates that the cartilage has considerable potential for repair. In particular, intrinsic repair which is of cartilage origin, in our opinion, has a very significant role in the articular cartilage. PMID- 3772215 TI - [Evoked spinal potentials in the Wistar rat: effect of cord compression and drugs]. AB - Changes of the evoked spinal cord potential (ESP) were measured in Wistar rats by giving acute compression to the spinal cord injury. The effects of Naloxone, methylprednisolone and prostaglandin E1 on ESP of the damaged spinal cord were also closely examined. Normal ESP of rats showed two negative peaks, an initial wave (the 1st potential) and a subsequent gentle and small wave (the 2nd potential). After placing a 10 g weight on the spinal cord, the potential decreased in amplitude and prolonged in latency, disappearing one by one within five minutes. After removal of the weight, the potentials reappeared in the reverse order of their disappearance. Recovery of the potentials was more remarkable in rats treated with Naloxone, methylprednisolone, and prostaglandin E1. This animal model proved useful in studying of acute compression injury of the spinal cord. PMID- 3772216 TI - [Development of gait in children--characteristics of gait in children from the viewpoint of ground reaction force]. AB - Walking patterns of fifty-seven normal children were studied using large-sized force plates and compared with those of normal adults. In the vertical component of the ground reaction force, the peak of the deceleration phase was higher than that of the acceleration phase in younger children. In the sagittal component, the peak of the deceleration phase was higher than that of the acceleration phase, particularly in younger children. The point of change from the deceleration phase to the acceleration phase appeared earlier than that of adults. The lateral component in younger children was relatively larger than that of the older children and adults. The period of change from the child walking pattern to the adult walking pattern in each component was as follows:--In the sagittal component it was about five years of age, in the vertical component at about six years of age and in the lateral component at about nine years of age. PMID- 3772217 TI - [The 59th annual meeting of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association. Tokyo, March 30 April 1, 1986. Abstracts]. PMID- 3772219 TI - Future use of computers in anesthesia. AB - Computers are beginning to appear in the operating room and intensive care units. At this time most computers are reserved for complex cases. However, it is now possible to discern what role the computer may play in the future, for routine cases. An outline of a conceivable integrated computerized system in anesthesia is presented. PMID- 3772218 TI - A microcomputer system for monitoring ventilation in neonates. AB - The characteristics of a microcomputer-based system for measuring ventilatory parameters in neonates on mechanical ventilatory assistance are described. The tidal flows of the infant are sensed by a pneumotachometer housed in the wall of a constant pressure plethysmograph. The processed signal from the pneumotachometer is fed to a dedicated analog-to-digital converter and 6502 microcomputer, which, in turn, loads a dual ported RAM buffer with smoothed, digitized, tidal flow data. At the end of each minute the Apple 2+ processes the accumulated data and computes tidal volume, respiratory frequency, minute volume and the difference between inspired and expired volume. Numerical outputs for these variables and a histogram, representing the distribution of tidal volumes for the minute, are printed on a dot matrix printer. This inexpensive system is capable of presenting contemporary, summarized, ventilatory data in a form that is potentially very useful for the clinicians who are managing the care of the infant. PMID- 3772220 TI - Learning statistical methods. AB - Since at least 1951 anesthesia journals have called for a more rigorous application of statistical methods in research reports. This appeal for statistical excellence actually applies to the researcher, to the clinician journal reader, and to the editor. Thirty five years ago the obligations of these three groups was made clear in an unsigned editorial in Anesthesiology; there is now a widespread consensus on these responsibilities. The researcher must create valid science. The clinician reader must bring sufficient intellectual skills to understand a journal article; using these skills the reader must critique the research report to judge its applicability to his patients. The editor must decline manuscripts showing poor or absent application of the scientific method, experimental design, and statistical analysis. Though the editors continue to exhort further improvements, even a casual perusal of their journals demonstrates a tremendous improvement in the handling of numeric data over the last four decades. With the increasing sophistication of statistical methods in journals, the reader must continue to expand his statistical understanding. In this short review, a few highlights of statistical methods useful either in planning and accomplishing a research project or in reading a research report will be discussed; these include the planning of a study design, data collection, data analysis, and interpretation of the research. Comments about using these concepts to better understand a research article will be included. Also included will be an annotated reading list for further study and reference. Mathematical formulas have been avoided as much as possible. Actual use of statistics requires use of equations which can be found in the books of the reading list. PMID- 3772221 TI - Sweat bromide excretion in cystic fibrosis. AB - Sweat reabsorption of bromide and chloride was studied in controls, obligate carriers of the cystic fibrosis gene, and individuals with cystic fibrosis. Sweat and serum ultrafiltrate concentrations of bromide and chloride were determined by an anion-exchange chromatographic method. The reabsorption of each ion was determined by the ratio of the sweat concentration to the serum ultrafiltrate concentration. Sweat bromide reabsorption paralleled chloride reabsorption in each of the groups. The mean bromide reabsorption ratio for 12 controls was 0.10 +/- 0.10 (range 0 to 0.26), for 11 obligate carriers 0.09 +/- 0.09 (range 0 to 0.24), and for 13 individuals with cystic fibrosis 0.86 +/- 0.26 (range 0.47 to 1.38). The mean chloride reabsorption ratio for the controls was 0.24 +/- 0.11 (range 0.06 to 0.45), for the obligate carriers 0.22 +/- 0.10 (range 0.10 to 0.45), and for individuals with cystic fibrosis 0.95 +/- 0.09 (range 0.76 to 1.1). Thus, there was a significant decrease in bromide reabsorption in individuals with cystic fibrosis compared with controls (P less than 0.001) and heterozygotes (P less than 0.001), which was similar for chloride. As with chloride reabsorption, no difference was found in bromide reabsorption between obligate carriers and controls, indicating that this measurement could not be used for heterozygote detection. In each of the three groups bromide reabsorption was greater than chloride reabsorption. This finding is consistent with a size dependent anion channel in the sweat epithelial cell because bromide has a smaller hydrated radius than chloride. PMID- 3772222 TI - Iron release from transferrin: synergistic interaction between adenosine triphosphate and an ammonium sulfate fraction of hemolysate. AB - In previous work we have shown that red cell hemolysates, at neutral pH, will release iron from transferrin; with molecular sieve chromatography, that activity separated into low molecular weight and high molecular weight components, both susceptible to destruction by phosphatases. Thus the possibility that nucleotides might be involved was suggested. We have studied the interaction of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and an ammonium sulfate fraction of hemolysate with transferrin. ATP, as well as adenosine diphosphate and 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid, interacts synergistically with the ammonium sulfate hemolysate fraction to promote iron release from transferrin. This activity is not limited to phosphorylated compounds, because citrate shows a similar effect. This activity is not a nonspecific chelating effect, because deferoxamine is without activity. All the synergistic anions labilize transferrin's HCO3. We therefore suggest that they form a non-HCO3 ternary complex with transferrin and iron, and that release of iron from this complex is promoted by a high molecular weight constituent of the hemolysate. PMID- 3772223 TI - Effects of recombinant erythropoietin on murine megakaryocytic colony formation in vitro. AB - The availability of pure recombinant erythropoietin permits the study of its effects on hematopoietic progenitors free from those of other factors that may copurify with it. Mouse bone marrow cells were cultured in plasma clots in the presence of recombinant human erythropoietin. This factor supported megakaryocytic colony formation in a dose-dependent fashion, with plateau growth at 1 U erythropoietin per milliliter of culture medium. Erythropoietin did not increase the number of granulocyte-macrophage colonies. Plasma clots per se were not essential for megakaryocytic colony formation, because recombinant erythropoietin also supported colony growth in soft agar containing 25% serum. However, little colony formation was observed in serum-free soft agar cultures containing erythropoietin. Colony formation supported by suboptimal concentrations of erythropoietin was additive to that supported by suboptimal amounts of medium conditioned by pokeweed mitogen-stimulated spleen cells or by WEHI-3 cells. Delayed addition of conditioned medium to cultures resulted in a 50% to 100% decline in the number of megakaryocytic colonies by 12 to 48 hours, which was abolished by the inclusion of erythropoietin in the original culture medium. Delayed addition of erythropoietin by 24 hours to cultures resulted in loss of its effect on colony formation. These results indicate that erythropoietin has an effect on murine megakaryocytic colony formation in vitro and show that at least a portion of this effect is exerted during the early stages of colony development. PMID- 3772225 TI - Prolonged vascular retention of a hemoglobin solution modified by cross-linking with 2-nor-2-formylpyridoxal 5'-phosphate. AB - The usefulness of hemoglobin solutions as plasma expanders with oxygen-carrying capacity is limited by a high oxygen affinity and a rapid clearance from the circulation. A large amount of the hemoglobin is cleared by the kidneys, because the hemoglobin can pass the glomeruli after dissociation into dimers. This dissociation can be prevented by cross-linking the beta chains with 2-nor-2 formylpyridoxal 5'-phosphate (NFPLP), a modification that also diminishes the oxygen affinity. In the present study, the vascular retention of modified hemoglobin (HbNFPLP) compared with unmodified hemoglobin (Hb) was investigated in rats and rabbits by replacing half the blood volume with a mixture of Hb and HbNFPLP (7 gm/100 ml). The amount of free hemoglobin in the circulation was determined from the plasma concentration, corrected for the decrease in plasma volume. The decrease in plasma volume was calculated from the increase in hematocrit (in the rats, 30% to 40% in 3 hours). The ratio Hb/HbNFPLP was determined by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography. The half disappearance times for HbNFPLP and Hb were found to be 3 hours and 1 hour in rats and 7 hours and 2.5 hours in rabbits, respectively. In the rats, one third of the unmodified Hb was found in the urine 5 hours after the exchange, against only 5% of the HbNFPLP. In rats without kidneys, the ratio of Hb/HbNFPLP in the circulation remained constant. The results demonstrate that intramolecular cross linking of hemoglobin with NFPLP prevents excretion by the kidneys, but does not influence other clearance mechanisms. PMID- 3772224 TI - Immunoglobulin G4 in pigeon breeder's disease. AB - Immunoglobulin G4 has previously been implicated in the pathogenesis of pigeon breeder's disease (PBD), a form of hypersensitivity pneumonitis associated with inhalation of pigeon antigens. We investigated the presence of IgG4 antibody to antigens in pigeon dropping extracts (PDE) in the lungs of pigeon breeders. Seven of these subjects had symptoms of PBD and eight others had no symptoms. IgG4 antibody to PDE was compared with IgG3 levels because both were relatively minor subclasses, but IgG3 is not considered reaginic whereas IgG4 is. An increase in IgG4 antibody relative to IgG3 would therefore be considered a selective increase and suggest a role for this subclass in the development of PBD. Our results, however, indicated that pigeon breeders without symptoms had significantly higher levels of serum IgG4 and that there were no significant differences with regard to the lavage fluid levels of IgG4, IgG3, or total IgG antibody in the two groups of subjects. A tendency of higher IgG4 antibody levels was found in lavage fluid from subjects without symptoms. These results do not support the hypothesis that IgG4 may act as a reaginic trigger in the development of PBD symptoms. PMID- 3772227 TI - Serum aspartate aminotransferase storage and the effect of pyridoxal phosphate. AB - The storage stability of the catalytic activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) remains the subject of conflicting reports. We reevaluated this issue for total AST activity and for the cytosolic and mitochondrial isoenzymes from human sera stored at room, refrigerator, and freezer temperatures for up to 28 days. We found that these enzymes were stable for catalytic activity and immunologic (mass) measurements up to 24 hours at ambient temperatures and for at least 28 days at 4 degrees, -20 degrees, and -80 degrees C. The addition of exogenous pyridoxal phosphate (0.1 mmol/L) to serum improved stability of AST storage at ambient temperature (22 degrees C) from 1 day to 7 days. PMID- 3772226 TI - Clinical significance of hippurate-synthesizing capacity in surgical patients with liver disease: a metabolic tolerance test. AB - Changes in the amount of hippurate synthesized and excreted in the urine after 1.5 gm benzoate loading (intravenous hippuric acid test [HAT]) in patients with liver disease before surgery were studied in relation to arterial blood ketone body ratio (acetoacetate/beta-hydroxybutyrate) (BKBR), reflecting energy status of the liver. In these patients, the HAT values for 120 minutes were decreased significantly (1.088 +/- 0.129 gm, n = 9; 1.071 +/- 0.258 gm, n = 7; 1.258 +/- 0.126 gm, n = 10; in cirrhosis with liver tumor, cirrhosis with esophageal varix, and obstructive jaundice, respectively) as compared with the value in patients without liver disease (1.829 +/- 0.093 gm, n = 16, P less than 0.01). The correlation coefficient of the BKBR and the HAT value was 0.766, which was higher than that of the BKBR and albumin or the BKBR and choline esterase (r = 0.532 and r = 0.646, respectively). Serum levels of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, leucine aminopeptidase, total and direct bilirubin, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen were not correlated with the HAT values. Because hippurate is synthesized in liver mitochondria by the continuous supply of adenosine triphosphate through mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, HAT is considered to be a test that evaluates the energetic capacity of the liver to manage a metabolic load imposed on it. PMID- 3772228 TI - Absorption of carbonyl iron. AB - The mechanism of carbonyl iron absorption has been studied in rats. Solubilization by gastric acid was a prerequisite for subsequent absorption. The slow rate of solubilization resulted in a more prolonged absorption, responsible for the low toxicity of carbonyl iron. Large doses of carbonyl iron were held for several days by the gastric mucosa of iron-deficient animals. Once it had been solubilized, the subsequent pathway of absorption by the intestinal mucosa and the amount absorbed was similar to that of ferrous ammonium sulfate. PMID- 3772229 TI - Kinetics of albumin in cirrhosis. PMID- 3772230 TI - An impatient diagnostic survey of older psychiatric patients. PMID- 3772231 TI - AIDS in Kentucky. PMID- 3772232 TI - Photodynamic therapy for tumors. PMID- 3772234 TI - The care of the elderly. PMID- 3772233 TI - Lymphadenopathy in association with benign common bile duct obstruction simulating carcinoma. PMID- 3772235 TI - Revision tympanoplasty. AB - The terms 'planned two-stage operations', 'planned second-look operations', 'previous surgery', and 'revision surgery' are discussed on the basis of our series of 2,303 ears operated upon from January 1965 to December 1980. We have not performed any planned two-stage operations. All operations prior to the first operation in our department are denoted 'previous surgery'. 'Revision surgery' denotes all reoperations performed either in this department or elsewhere during the observation period until the end of 1984, and the revision rate is analysed in patients with different pathological conditions. 'Revision surgery' was performed in 15.6 percent of 740 ears with cholesteatoma (in 13.9 per cent once, in 1.6 per cent twice, and in 0.1 per cent three times), and 'previous surgery' in 3 per cent. Among 229 ears with chronic granulating otitis, revision surgery had been performed in 12.2 per cent up to December 1982. By December 1984, this figure had risen to 16.1 per cent. 'Previous surgery' had been performed in 18.3 per cent. A total of 38.4 per cent had at least two operations. The revision rate in other conditions varied from 10 per cent (sequelae to chronic otitis) to 34 per cent (post-inflammatory acquired atresia). These rates are discussed and the functional results presented. PMID- 3772236 TI - Surgical management of labyrinthine fistula with cholesteatoma. AB - From 684 cases of ear surgery for cholesteatoma performed by one surgeon, 35 had labyrinthine fistulae (incidence 5.1 per cent). Of these fistulae, 79 per cent involved the lateral semicircular canal only; the other sites involved were the other semicircular canals and the cochlea. The fistula test was positive in 54 per cent of cases overall, but in 80 per cent with an extended site fistula (ESF). Three surgical approaches were employed sequentially--staged combined approach tympanoplasty (CAT), open cavity tympanoplasty and attico-antrotomy. Surgically-induced deafness occurred in 3.3 per cent. All surgical groups showed similar hearing results, except for less conductive deafness in the CAT group. Surgical management is discussed with reference to current theories of the erosive effects of cholesteatoma. PMID- 3772237 TI - Tegmental and petromastoid defects in the temporal bone. AB - Fifty temporal bones were examined using the temporal bone dissecting microscope. 34 per cent were found to have defects in the tegmen and petromastoid segments, resulting in communications between the cranial cavity and the middle ear cleft. However, no defects were found in the overlying dura. This may have an important bearing on the intracranial spread of infection from the middle ear cleft, even in the absence of any bony destruction due to chronic middle ear disease. PMID- 3772238 TI - Trans-septal approach to unilateral posterior choanal atresia. AB - A technique of trans-septal approach to unilateral bony choanal atresia in the older child or adult is described with the advantages of better exposure, less bleeding and better mucosal cover of raw bone than traditional methods. This seems to reduce post-operative re-stenosis at the site of the atresia. PMID- 3772239 TI - Computed tomographic evaluation of multiple mucocoeles of paranasal sinuses. AB - There are some cases in which mucocoeles of the paranasal sinuses are multiple and their structures are complicated. When the mucocoeles are multiple, pre operative evaluation is especially important for correct surgical management. We describe the usefulness of computed tomography for the evaluation of multiple mucocoeles of the paranasal sinuses. PMID- 3772240 TI - Epiglottopexy: a modification using additional hyoid suspension. AB - A case of non-progressive severe laryngeal incompetence is described in which, in addition to the already established operation of epiglottopexy and cricopharyngeal myotomy, a laryngeal suspension using a carbon fibre implant is performed. This provides additional protection to the laryngeal inlet, thus obviating the need for a long-term tracheostomy. PMID- 3772241 TI - Reinke's oedema: a premalignant condition? AB - The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate in the long term the risk of malignancy occurring in the larynx of patients treated for Reinke's oedema. Out of 120 patients treated by surgical stripping of the vocal cords during an eight year period, 103 comprised the follow-up investigation group. Histological examination of the specimens from the stripping disclosed epithelial microscopic lesions in 26 per cent graded as not more than moderately dysplastic. At the follow-up examination 1 patient had developed cancer, while only 12 per cent still had epithelial lesions graded as not more than mildly dysplastic. The vast majority of the patients in this study were habitual smokers. We consider that patients with Reinke's oedema are likely to be in a higher risk group, and that this risk may be connected more with the smoking habit than the Reinke oedema itself. PMID- 3772242 TI - Uncommon malignant tumours of the larynx. A 35 year review. AB - Sixty-five primary malignant laryngeal tumours, other than simple squamous cell carcinomas, treated at the Royal Marsden Hospital between 1949 and 1984 are presented. Of the 11 histological types pseudosarcomas (24 cases), verrucous carcinomas (9 cases) and lymphoreticular tumours (9 cases) predominated. Determinate three-year follow-up data were available in 50 cases. Sixteen patients (32 per cent) died of their neoplasms but survival was strongly related to histology. Only one death occurred among 24 determinate cases of pseudosarcoma and verrucous carcinoma. Radiotherapy was effective treatment for these two tumour types and for reticuloendothelial tumours. However, combined therapy yielded poor results with the other histological types. PMID- 3772244 TI - Perichondritis of the ear following acupuncture. PMID- 3772243 TI - Bronchial changes in airborne tularemia. AB - We describe seven typhoidal tularemia patients without ulcers or lymphadenopathy, who underwent diagnostic bronchoscopy. Four patients had had obvious airborne exposure to F. tularensis during farming activities, and the remaining three had respiratory symptoms also. Bronchoscopical findings were pathological in all cases, varying from local to diffuse haemorrhagic inflammation; in one case a granulomatous tumour was seen. Early histopathological changes in three biopsies consisted of haemorrhagic oedema progressing to a non-specific inflammatory reaction, which could still be found 45 days after the onset of symptoms. Granulomatous inflammation, indistinguishable from tuberculosis or sarcoidosis, was seen in four biopsies from two patients, three to seven months after the onset. Most patients had radiographic hilar enlargement. We conclude that transmission of typhoid tularemia usually occurs through inhalation leading to bronchial changes, which correspond skin ulcerations in ulcero-glandular tularemia, the hilar enlargement corresponding to the lymph node component. We emphasize that usage of the term 'typhoidal' tularemia should be discontinued. Instead, tularemia transmitted through inhalation should be called pulmonary or respiratory. PMID- 3772245 TI - Cranial hyperostosis and hearing loss (a new syndrome?). AB - We present two patients, mother and daughter, with a skeletal disorder of the skull, hearing loss and in one of them recurrent facial paralysis. In one patient middle ear exploration was performed. The malleus and incus were found to be fixed in the epitympanum. The differential diagnosis is discussed. We reviewed all known hereditary conditions with hearing loss and musculoskeletal disease but we could not accept any of these diagnoses for our patients. PMID- 3772246 TI - Vallecular papilloma simulating chronic pulmonary disease. AB - Presented here is a case of chronic persistent cough, in a patient in whom squamous papilloma of the base of tongue was found. The cough disappeared completely after removal of the tumour. PMID- 3772247 TI - An unusual case of surgical emphysema. AB - A 64-year-old man underwent laryngectomy, partial pharyngectomy and right block dissection of the neck for a squamous cell carcinoma of the right pyriform fossa with an involved right neck node. He had received pre-operative radiotherapy. The operation was uneventful. A 'Drevac' wound drainage system (Astra Meditec) was inserted in each side of the neck. PMID- 3772248 TI - Bile acid biosynthesis during development: hydroxylation of C27-sterols in human fetal liver. AB - Several hydroxylase activities in bile acid biosynthesis were assayed in subcellular fractions of human fetal liver. The livers were obtained at legal abortions performed between gestational weeks 14 and 24. Microsomal 12 alpha hydroxylase and mitochondrial 12 alpha- and 26-hydroxylase activities were detected from week 14. The microsomal fraction also had capacity for 25 hydroxylation, whereas 7 alpha- and 26-hydroxylase activities were hardly detectable. The variation of the hydroxylase activities between different experiments can be explained by inactivation during the abortion or workup procedure. The results are discussed with respect to earlier studies of bile acid biosynthesis during development and adult life. PMID- 3772249 TI - Allosteric and non-allosteric forms of rat liver 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase: differential inhibition of activity by adenosine 2' monophospho-5'-diphosphoribose. AB - Adenosine 2'-monophospho-5'-diphosphoribose (P-ADP-Rib) is a structural analog of NADPH which was reported to competitively inhibit (Kiapp = 21.7 microM) solubilized rat liver 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase (Tanazawa, K., and A. Endo. 1979. Eur. J. Biochem. 98: 195-201). However, microsomal HMG-CoA reductase, which at low thiol concentrations exhibits allosteric properties, is only poorly inhibited by P-ADP-Rib (Kiapp = 550 microM at 4.5 mM GSH). Gradual shift of the microsomal reductase towards a non allosteric form by increasing glutathione (GSH) concentrations resulted in a higher inhibition by P-ADP-Rib. Under these conditions, Ki values for P-ADP-Rib were 165 microM and 53 microM at 9 mM and 27 mM GSH, respectively. The largest change in the degree of inhibition by P-ADP-Rib was observed within the 10 mM range of GSH. By contrast, freeze-thaw solubilized HMG-CoA reductase, which does not display allosteric properties, is readily inhibited by P-ADP-Rib, even when assayed at a low concentration of GSH (Kiapp = 50 microM at 4.5 mM GSH). Assaying the solubilized reductase in the presence of increased thiol concentration results in a minor decrease in the apparent Ki for P-ADP-Rib (22 microM at 27 mM GSH). Microsomal HMG-CoA reductase is allosterically activated by various nucleotides. When activated by NADH, the enzyme is effectively inhibited by P-ADP Rib even at a 4.5-mM GSH concentration (Kiapp = 175 microM in the presence of 300 microM NADH).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3772250 TI - Visualization by freeze fracture, in vitro and in vivo, of the products of fat digestion. AB - The technique of freeze fracture was used to visualize triglyceride (TG) hydrolysis and the production of lipolytic products (LPs) in vitro and in vivo in the presence of bile salts (BS). Three systems were investigated: pure lipolytic products (oleic acid and monoolein) in the presence of a pure bile salt (taurodeoxycholate (TDC)), lipolytic products produced from TG by pancreatic lipase in the presence of a variety of bile salts, and lipolytic products produced in the intestine of the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, after fat feeding. In vitro, lamellae (4-5 nm thick with 0-8-nm water spacings) appeared on the surface of TG droplets in all preparations with LP/BS molar ratios of 1.5 or greater and spherical vesicles (diameter range, 20-130 nm) were produced from these lamellae. With model killifish bile (taurocholate-cholate 1:1) at LP/BS ratios between 1.5 and 4, homogeneous vesicles or particles (mean diameter, 23.8 nm) were produced by lipase at pH 6.9. In vivo, lamellar product phases also occurred after fat feeding. The smallest visible LP/BS structures by freeze fracture electron microscopy were approximately 20 nm globular particles. Large disc-shaped micelles either were not present or were below the resolution limit of the replica (approximately 10 nm). The dominant aggregated lipolytic product phase was composed of multiple layers of rough-textured lamellae. No evidence of cubic structure was seen. These results show that lamellar and vesicular lipolytic product phases can be intermediates in intestinal fat digestion. However, no evidence for the direct endocytotic absorption of these product phases by the intestinal microvillus membrane was found. PMID- 3772251 TI - Enterohepatic circulation in man. A simple method for the determination of duodenal bile acids. AB - A method has been developed for easy sampling of duodenal bile acids. For this purpose Entero-Test was used, an encapsulated nylon thread originally used to estimate enteral parasites. This capsule is swallowed by a fasting subject and one end of the thread is taped at a corner of the month. Four hours after swallowing the thread, it is withdrawn and bile acids are eluted with buffer. The solution is applied to a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge to extract bile acids, which are subsequently analyzed by capillary gas-liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography. In vitro analyses showed that there was no preferential binding to the thread of any bile acid and that binding was pH-independent. A high correlation (r = 0.98) was found between direct analyses of bile and analyses by Entero-Test after in vitro incubation. The values obtained by the Entero-Test were similar to those of duodenal bile simultaneously collected with the normal intubation technique (r = 0.99). Duodenal bile acid composition showed a daily variation. In 11 healthy volunteers the following bile acid composition of unstimulated duodenal juice was found (mean +/- SD; %): choleate 44 +/- 12 (glycine/taurine ratio 1.8), chenodeoxycholate: 29 +/- 6 (G/T ratio 2.3); deoxycholate: 25 +/- 11 (G/T ratio 5.7), lithocholate: 1, ursodeoxycholate: less than 1. The described technique turned out to be an easily applicable method for determination of duodenal bile acids in man. This enables longitudinal studies concerning the factors that determine the bile acid pool composition and its relevance to various diseases. PMID- 3772253 TI - [Determination of the amputation level by transcutaneous PO2 measurement and distal arterial systolic pressure]. AB - Transcutaneous oxygen partial pressure measurement (TcPO2) using a polarographic probe heating the skin at 44 degrees C provides informations about the capacity of blood to supply skin with oxygen. As oxygen is necessary for tissue survival, TcPO2 could constitute an adequate parameter for the determination of an amputation level. Among 67 amputations performed between 1983 and, 1984, we included in this study 34 patients (35 amputations), in whom TcPO2 was preoperatively measured (24 males, 10 females, mean age 67 years, range 19-86 years). Twenty two were diabetics. Twenty patients suffered from severe ischemia (stage Fontaine 4); 13 patients suffered from chronic diabetic lesions or/and osteomyelitis and two patients suffered from frostbite. The follow-up period lasted until operative wound was healed or a more proximal amputation was undertaken (mean 2.5 months, range 15 days to 10 months). Five operative wounds did not heal, so that a more proximal amputation was undertaken. TcPO2 was below 20 mm Hg in 3 of these 5 patients. TcPO2 was above 20 mm Hg in 24 among 30 patients in whom operative wound healed. When TcPO2 is above 20 mm Hg, the probability of operative wound healing is 92%. When TcPO2 is below 20 mm Hg, the risk of a more proximal amputation is 33%. Distal systolic blood pressure has no predictive value. It is concluded than when TcPO2 is above 20 mm Hg, the probability of healing of operative wound is clinically acceptable. When TcPO2 is below 20 mm Hg, 1 of 3 patients will be reamputated at a more proximal level, but healing does occur in 66% of patients. PMID- 3772252 TI - Measurement of apolipoprotein B radioactivity in whole blood plasma by precipitation with isopropanol. AB - A method to measure apolipoprotein B radioactivity in whole blood plasma is described that is suitable for routine use in kinetic experiments in vivo. Radiolabeled apolipoprotein B is precipitated from plasma diluted 15- to 30-fold in the presence of carrier low density lipoproteins by 50% isopropanol. The amount of radioiodine in apoB is estimated from the difference between total radioiodine concentration in whole plasma and the fraction soluble in 50% isopropanol. Addition of up to 100 microliters of plasma to radioiodinated lipoproteins did not alter the percent of radioiodine precipitated in 1500 microliters of 50% isopropanol. The percent of radioiodine precipitated by isopropanol 3 min after intravenous injection of homologous radioiodinated very low density lipoproteins, intermediate density lipoproteins, and low density lipoproteins into rabbits was almost identical to that in the injected lipoproteins (y = 1.009 X +/- 0.462; r = 0.997). PMID- 3772254 TI - [Erythrocyte aggregation and its repercussions on conjunctival microcirculation in man. Morphometric study and biological correlates]. AB - This study, involving the application of morphometric techniques to the conjunctival capillary bed in man, revealed a rarefaction of functional capillary density in patients with arteriolar sludge. Overall, in the population sample studied, capillary density and the degree of erythrocyte aggregation were correlated to erythrocyte sedimentation rate, despite the existence of discordant cases. These discordances were partially reduced by taking the hematocrit into account. Furthermore, multifactorial analysis of these parameters showed that hematocrit had an inhibitory action on erythrocyte aggregation which was more marked in vitro than in the microcirculation in vivo. By contrast, in vivo aggregation was more influenced by serum albumin levels. In both cases fibrinogen appeared to be the most significant pro-aggregant factor. PMID- 3772255 TI - [Action of ifenprodil tartrate in obliterative arteriopathies of the lower limbs. Combined studies using proximal blood flow and distal transcutaneous oxygen pressure]. AB - A simultaneous analysis of both the variations of the flow in the stenosis artery and the distal PO2, was carried out during an injection of an alpha-blocker: the Tartrate d'Ifenprodil, on twenty-five patients afflicted with occlusive disease of the lower limbs requiring surgery. The measurements were taken under general anaesthesia, before any surgical operation, the hemodynamic and ventilatory balance being monitored by radial manometry and arterial gas analysis. We observe an increase of proximal arterial flow and at the same time an improvement of the distal TcPO2. Moreover, the variations of microcirculation flow measured by TcPO2 are correlated with proximal flow variations, this relation: delta TcPO2 = K delta Q + A is more true in the first and the second stages of Fontaine. With the same (Tartrate d'Ifenprodil) posology, the distal benefit measured by transcutaneous oximetry is less important in advanced stages compared with other stages (everything else being equal). The transcutaneous measurement of the distal oxygen pressure, allows an objective view of microcirculatory improvement obtained by a vasoactive substance (ifenprodil tartrate) considering the specific nature of each patient arteriopathy. PMID- 3772257 TI - [The problem of Buerger-like arteriographic aspects observed in patients over 35 years of age with arterial disease]. AB - Arteriographic appearances suggestive of Buerger's disease may be seen in patients considerably beyond the usual age of onset of the disease. Eliminating cases possibly resulting from an embolic process and diabetics, 9 patients were evaluated in the present study. Combined review of arteriographic, clinical, capillaroscopic and histological data led to the identification of 3 patient groups: Buerger's disease with ageing: 3 cases, intermediate or transitional forms: 4 cases, Finally, certain cases of arterial disease related to cold damage should be viewed in the context of the preceding forms: 2 cases. PMID- 3772256 TI - [Analysis of arterial microporous teflon prosthesis following surgical excision]. AB - Twenty-one prosthetic explants were analysed after being surgically excised from 19 patients whose average age at implantation was 54.8 years. The arterial prosthesis was implanted 19 times for an advanced arteriopathy (stage III and stage IV) and twice for a stage II. The average time that the implants were in place was 14.8 months (with extremes of 19 days and 4 years). Surgical reintervention was caused by thrombosis (18 cases), infection (twice) and one case of degeneration of the prosthesis. The explanted prostheses displayed an irregular capsule, an uneven filling of the wall and a fibrous proliferation adhering to the internal surface. The role of the latter appeared essential to the prevention of the invasion of the prosthesis wall by fibrous tissues. The destruction of the structure of the microporous teflon is also prevented. Furthermore, this prosthesis seemed adversely affected when creased by flexion: the reduction in the caliber of the internal lumen caused thrombosis and a detachment of the external capsule. When such a material is implanted, everything must be done to prevent twisting or damaging the prostheses. PMID- 3772258 TI - [Dysmorphic syndrome and vascular dysplasia: an atypical form of type IV Ehlers Danlos syndrome]. AB - A 29 year old woman was hospitalized for the successive onset of extremely serious vascular accidents: rupture of the gastro-duodenal artery, aneurysm of the posterior tibial artery, discovery of bilateral carotid and vertebral aneurysm with development of a carotid-cavernous fistula. The patient had a very unusual morphotype with dwarfism, white hair and alopecia. Histological investigations failed to reveal atheromatous lesions and by contrast showed involvement of the skin (dermal atrophy) and in the blood vessels fibro-dysplasia of the media. This picture was suggestive of a vascular form of Ehlers-Danlos disease (Sack's syndrome or type IV Ehlers-Danlos disease). This syndrome is characterized by minor skin or joint manifestations replaced by arterial accidents (arterial rupture or development of aneurysms). The etiology is faulty maturation of procollagen III and the diagnosis is based upon fibroblast culture. PMID- 3772260 TI - [Arterial recanalization using the laser. A technic for the future?]. AB - On the basis of two years' experience, a technique for the use of percutaneous endoluminal continuous emission Nd-YAG laser has been developed for arterial recanalisation. The effectiveness of this type of laser has been demonstrated in a large number of clots and atheromatous plaques, including calcified plaques. A balloon catheter gives a coaxial position of the fiber in center of the artery. Infusion of a blood solution containing 3 g of haemoglobin/100 ml at a rate of 20 ml/minute limits the thermal parietal lesions, improves the conditions of laser treatment and eliminates any risk of arterial perforation. No embolic debris is collected down-stream. Recanalisation of long arterial segments in amputated legs was performed prior to the human application. Ten patients have been treated with no mortality and virtually no morbidity. The narrowness of the reformed arterial lumina resulted in early re-thrombosis in the first 5 cases, requiring balloon modelling to ensure patency with a follow-up of 1 to 3 months in the 5 following patients. PMID- 3772259 TI - [Periungual capillaroscopy of the toes. Criteria for norms]. AB - This study was designed to determine criteria of normality of peri-ungual capillaroscopy of the toes. The equipment used was a Leitz microscope fitted with a 150 W cold light lighting system. The study involved a population of 84 healthy individuals. Intra-judge and inter-judge concordance tests were carried out, indicating results to be reliable. Capillaroscopy of the hand (reference norms) and capillaroscopy of the feet (with the subject sitting with the legs hanging) were carried out in each case. Examination of the feet was perfectly possible in only 87% of cases. Results showed that the majority of criteria of normality of peri-ungual capillaroscopy of the hand were also found in the foot, whilst others were different (number of capillary loops per millimetre which was on average less, the number of minor dystrophic forms which could be very great, the length of capillary loops which were slightly shorter and background colour which was paler). Finally, certain were not found (peri-capillary haziness more frequent because of physiological oedema and frequent irregularity in the distribution of capillary loops). No major dystrophy was seen and traumatic hemorrhages were no more frequent in the foot than in the hand. PMID- 3772261 TI - [Microvascular disorders of adipose tissue]. AB - The microcirculation of adipose tissue is poorly understood either because of the absence of histological documents or because they fail to explain pathological conditions. However, disturbances of blood flow and parietal lesions of the microvessels are the basis for these disorders. Although we speak of disturbances of the vascular control mechanisms, these mechanisms are poorly understood and although we speak of arteriovenous short-circuits, the existence of these lesions has not been proven. In fact, classically, the circulation in the dermis and hypodermis is assured by a meshwork of arterioles, venules and capillaries, but biopsies of lateral and anterior regions of the thigh have demonstrated "block devices" in the walls of small arteries and arterioles which are able to regulate the rate of blood flow towards the capillary bed. Following contraction of these devices, the vascular lumen dilates, ensuring free circulation and when they relax, the lumen closes, resulting in decreased or no blood flow. These smooth muscle devices within the arterial wall resemble small cushions in the small arteries and more or less pedunculated polyps in the arterioles, either simple or fissured in the form of an elephant's trunk with a safety valve effect, arranged either in a single column or in two columns face to face. This provides evidence for the particularly disturbed vasculo-tissue inter-relations observed in venous insufficiency.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3772262 TI - [47-year course of severe lymphedema of the right lower limb. 6 successive operations from 1941 to 1950. Satisfactory condition 36 years after the last operation]. AB - Mrs. T... (born in 1920) consulted Pr R. Leriche in 1941 for severe lymphoedema of the right leg present since 1939 following fly bites. Elastic contention was insufficient. Lumbar sympathectomy performed in 1941, subcutaneous-aponeurotic resections of the lateral aspect of the leg in 1942, extended in 1946 (R. Leriche) and completed by a wide excision of the posterior aspect in 1948 (Pr Goinard, Alger) only provided temporary improvements. In 1949, five polyethylene tubes were inserted under the skin of the calf at the root of the thigh (Kunlin and Boely). Three catheters had to be removed after several months because of the risk of cutaneous perforation and secondary infection. In 1950, in view of the inadequate results, ten nylon threads were inserted into the subcutaneous tissue from the ankle to the lower abdominal wall and a very extensive resection of the subcutaneous tissue (to the level of the dermis) and the aponeurosis was performed on the medial aspect of the leg (K. and B.). A dramatic improvement was obtained, which persisted until the beginning of 1986, i. e. 36 years after this last operation. Unfortunately, oedema has gradually appeared in the other leg over the last 4 to 5 years. Despite the various treatments attempted, the volume of this leg is now greater than that of the operated leg and is associated with increasing discomfort for the patient (Table of measurements). A calcified sheath has formed around the two remaining polyethylene tubes. PMID- 3772263 TI - Science, medicine and chiropractic theory. PMID- 3772264 TI - Analysis of the joint crack by simultaneous recording of sound and tension. AB - In order to elucidate the significance of the noise often associated with a chiropractic adjustment, the joint crack has been analyzed using a simultaneous sound and tension recording system. It was found that, during the crack, which is a consistent double-peak wave, a drop in tension occurred immediately after the first sound wave, indicating separation of the articular surfaces (adjustment). The significance of the crack as an integral part of a chiropractic adjustment, where separation of the articular surfaces is desired, is then discussed. PMID- 3772265 TI - The hand-foot-uterus syndrome: a case study. AB - An autosomal dominant syndrome is described in 26 members of six generations in a single family. Distal extremity malformations are characteristic and superficially resemble those of arthrogryposis, chondroectodermal dysplasia, Cornelia de Lange syndrome, Faconi's anemia or Holt-Oram syndrome. There is an absence of spinal deformity, and females of the disorder have duplication of the genital tract. PMID- 3772266 TI - Traumatic spondylolisthesis: a case report and review of the literature. AB - A 30-yr-old male presented with severe neck pain and minimal range of motion. After previous diagnosis of cervical strain/sprain syndrome, careful orthopedic and neurological examination indicated a very serious problem. Magnetic resonance imaging was ordered, revealing the presence of traumatic spondylolisthesis (hangman's fracture) with severe instability of C2 and C3. PMID- 3772267 TI - The future role of the chiropractor in the health care system. PMID- 3772268 TI - Scoliosis. PMID- 3772269 TI - True pancreatic cysts: a review. PMID- 3772271 TI - Fitness evaluation of a major league baseball team. PMID- 3772270 TI - Primary Hodgkin's disease of the thyroid gland. PMID- 3772272 TI - Clinical decision making and laboratory data: a calculated approach. PMID- 3772273 TI - Adult soft tissue sarcomas. PMID- 3772274 TI - Pediatric cardiac rehabilitation: physiologic benefits. PMID- 3772275 TI - 174th meeting of the Society for Endocrinology. 19-21 November 1986. Abstracts. PMID- 3772276 TI - Perinatal mortality standards: construction and use of a health care performance indicator. AB - Perinatal mortality rates are an important index of the performance of perinatal health care services, but comparisons are confounded by variations in the prior risk status of the clienteles of different districts and different maternity units. A method of allowing for these differences has been devised. It is based jointly upon the exclusion of certain classes of birth, and on indirect standardisation for birthweight and a number of modifying factors. The method is described, tested, demonstrated, and proposed for more general use. PMID- 3772277 TI - Recent trends in mortality due to testicular cancer in Ireland: a comparison with England and Wales. AB - In the period 1961-84, the number of deaths in Ireland due to the testis cancer rose by 64%. This was due both to significant male population expansion (25.3%) and to an increased mortality rate. In the 25-34 years age group, one of the groups at highest risk, the mortality rate rose by 123%. In contrast, in England and Wales, although the male population has risen by 8.5% since 1961, the number of deaths has decreased by 17%. This is due to falling mortality rates, for example an 18% decrease in those aged 25-34 years. The highest rate of all occurred in those Irish over 75 years old. The changing Irish trends appear to lag behind those in England and Wales by some decades, and this raises important aetiological considerations. PMID- 3772278 TI - Maternal smoking and low birthweight: implications for antenatal care. AB - The incidence of low birthweight has been related to smoking prevalence in each social group using published data for 1984. The attributable risk of low birthweight has been estimated, based on a relative risk of 2 for mothers who smoke during pregnancy. Assuming 12.5% of cigarette smokers stopped smoking during pregnancy, 18.1% of all low weight births were caused by maternal smoking in 1984. The percentage for most social groups was similar. The overall attributable risk from smoking was estimated to be 12.7 low weight births per 1000 total births, with a further 12.1 per 1000 due to other factors acting in a socioeconomic gradient. We estimate that the minimum attainable low birthweight incidence in 1984 was 45.4 per 1000 total births, based on the lowest observed incidence, corrected for smoking prevalence, which was in social group II. We recommend the addition of maternal smoking information to the Korner maternity clinical options data set, to enable an accurate assessment of the risks and to provide local monitoring of initiatives to reduce smoking prevalence during pregnancy. PMID- 3772279 TI - Why did postperinatal mortality rates fall in the 1970s? AB - Postperinatal mortality rates have shown two phases of decline since 1947 which are traditionally ascribed to social and medical improvements. These factors cannot, however, explain the arrest of decline during the 1960s. There appears to be a biological effect on child mortality rates, manifesting as a generation effect. This is due partly to continuing changes in the structure of the child population, itself a consequence of social and biological changes among the parent generation when they were children. In this study national and selected urban postperinatal deaths have been divided into two categories: "probably inevitable" and "possibly preventable". The continuing prevalence of "possibly preventable" deaths gives cause for concern. If the number of these deaths is to be further reduced, reconsideration and redeployment of community child health staff may be necessary. PMID- 3772280 TI - Research in epidemiology and community health in the medical curriculum: students' opinions of the Nottingham experience. AB - Medical students in Nottingham all complete an honours Bachelor of Medical Sciences course in one department including a research project. The honours programme in community health is described, with results from a survey of the 122 graduates since the medical school started. The 98 (80%) responses showed high levels of satisfaction and gain from the programme, the great majority regarding the course as valuable, enjoyable, and giving both research skills and skills in interpersonal relationships. PMID- 3772281 TI - Insulin-dependent diabetes in a Scottish region: incidence and urban/rural differences. AB - The incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in the 0-18 year age group was studied in Tayside Region for the years 1980 to 1983. The mean annual rate of 21.7 per 100,000 is high in international terms and suggests that the rise in incidence observed in Scotland in the 1970s has continued. Urban and rural incidences were compared using postcodes. Rural rates were significantly (0.02 greater than p greater than 0.01) higher, due mainly to the difference in rates for the 0-9 age groups. PMID- 3772282 TI - Trends in blood lead levels in Christchurch (NZ) and environs 1978-85. AB - Blood lead levels have been monitored since 1974 and have shown a significant decrease (p less than 0.001) from 1978 to 1985 in 2830 subjects from Christchurch and environs. From a baseline in August 1978-81 to August 1985 blood lead levels in a population which had no relevant exposure to lead other than that from the general environment have fallen in adult males and females (greater than 17 years) by 42%, and in school and pre-school children greater than 9 months by 44% and 46% respectively. Reduction of blood lead has accelerated during the last three years. This can be linked to changes in dietary intake and clean up of lead in domestic and industrial environments. Over this decade the lead content of petrol (0.84 g/l) and petrol sales have remained unchanged. PMID- 3772283 TI - The Tromso heart study: alcoholic beverages and coronary risk factors. AB - Frequency of beer, wine, and spirits drinking and inebriation by alcohol were associated with serum lipids and blood pressure in 14,667 free-living men and women aged 20 to 54 years. Regression analysis including several background variables revealed that alcohol was more "favourably" associated with coronary risk factors than previously reported, due to the small consumption of alcohol in the population (only 2.0% of men and 0.3% of women reported drinking every day) or to unknown confounding factors: wine (p less than 0.05) and inebriation (p less than 0.01) were inversely related with total cholesterol in women; the strong positive relation with HDL-cholesterol in both sexes previously reported was confirmed; beer (p less than 0.05) and inebriation p(less than 0.05) in men and spirits (p less than 0.01) in women seemed to decrease triglycerides; and a new observation may be the negative association between wine and blood pressure (systolic p less than 0.01 in both sexes) as opposed to the positive relation with beer (p less than 0.01 both pressures in men) and spirits (p less than 0.05 systolic pressure and p less than 0.01 diastolic pressure in men and p less than 0.05 diastolic pressure in women). Women showed more "favourable effects" of alcohol than men, and one reason may be that they drank less often. Wine gave lower risk factor readings than beer, and especially lower than spirits. PMID- 3772284 TI - Mortality from alcohol related disease in Italy. AB - Trends in death certification rates from the five major alcohol related causes of death in Italy (cancers of the mouth or pharynx, oesophagus, larynx, liver and cirrhosis of the liver) were analysed over a period (1955-79) in which per capita alcohol consumption almost trebled. Age standardised mortality from liver cirrhosis almost doubled in males and increased over 70% in females. In males, mortality from cancers of the upper digestive or respiratory tract showed increases of between 27% and 44%, and liver cancer increased by over 100%. In the late 1970s, the four alcohol related cancer sites accounted for about 12% of all cancer deaths in males and 4.5% in females. Mortality from liver cirrhosis alone accounted for 4.8% of all deaths in males (9.2% of manpower years lost) and 2.3% in females (6.3% manpower years lost) in females. These figures were even higher in selected areas of north eastern Italy, where alcohol consumption is greater. In absolute terms, the upward trends observed correspond to about 10,000 excess deaths per year in the late 1970s compared with rates observed two decades earlier and are thus second only to the increase in tobacco related causes of death over the same calendar period. PMID- 3772285 TI - Ethnic group differences in low birthweight of live singletons in Singapore, 1981 3. AB - All singleton live births occurring in Singapore in the three years 1981-3 were computed, and birthweight was examined in the different ethnic groups (Chinese, Malay, and Indian). Overall the proportions of babies of very low birthweight (less than 1500 g) and low birthweight (less than 2500 g) were: Chinese 0.3% and 6.1%, Malays 0.4% and 8.5%, and Indians 0.5% and 10.0%. The important finding was that in all gestational periods and virtually all maternal age and live birth order groups Indians had the highest proportion of very low and low birthweight babies. However for prematurity Indians at 6.7% had a higher rate than Chinese (5.1%) but lower than Malays (9.9%). Likewise for neonatal mortality Indians at 8.7 per 1000 live births were between Chinese (7.1) and Malays (9.1). The evidence seems to indicate that the reason for Indians having a higher proportion of low birthweight babies is partly ethnic/genetic, and the cut-off point of 2500 g should perhaps be lowered for babies from the Indian subcontinent when international comparisons are being made. PMID- 3772286 TI - Who responds to postal questionnaires? PMID- 3772287 TI - Comparison of methods of measuring blood pressure. PMID- 3772288 TI - Cigarette smoking and benign breast disease. PMID- 3772289 TI - Low tar means less tar. PMID- 3772290 TI - Occupation and testicular cancer. PMID- 3772291 TI - Testis cancer. PMID- 3772292 TI - Children's understandings of the attributes of life. AB - Previous investigations of children's understandings of the life concept have focused on their classifications of the life status of familiar objects. In this study, we attempted to examine more directly the processes by which children infer life status by examining their reasoning about unfamiliar objects. In Experiment 1, 4- to 11-year-olds and adults were asked to name attributes of living things to establish which attributes they associated most closely with life. Children age 7 and younger most often named attributes true only of animals but not of plants; older children more often named attributes true of both animals and plants. However, movement was the single attribute cited most frequently by children of all ages tested. In Experiment 2, 4- to 11-year-olds and adults were presented information about attributes of imaginary objects on a distant planet and were asked to infer if those objects were alive. Again, young children relied relatively heavily on qualities true only of animals but not of plants, whereas older children relied more on attributes true of both plants and animals. Also as before, movement was viewed as indicative of life at all ages tested. In Experiment 3, we examined the hypothesis that children discriminate among different types of motion and that the types of motion they associate with life are in fact typical of living things. Children ranging from age 5 through 11 were found to discriminate among different types of motion and to infer that objects were alive only when they showed the types of motion typical of living beings. The results of Experiment 3 allowed interpretation of seemingly conflicting results that have arisen in previous studies, as well as in Experiments 1 and 2 of the present study. PMID- 3772293 TI - Evaluation and integration of speech and pointing gestures during referential understanding. AB - Two experiments investigated the relative influence of speech and pointing gesture information in the interpretation of referential acts. Children averaging 3 and 5 years of age and adults viewed a videotape containing the independent manipulation of speech and gestural forms of reference. A man instructed the subjects to choose a ball or a doll by vocally labeling the referent and/or pointing to it. A synthetic speech continuum between two alternatives was crossed with the pointing gesture in a factorial design. Based on research in other domains, it was predicted that all age groups would utilize gestural information, although both speech and gestures were predicted to influence children less than adults. The main effects and interactions of speech and gesture in combination with quantitative models of performance showed the following similarities in information processing between preschoolers and adults: (1) referential evaluation of gestures occurs independently of the evaluation of linguistic reference; (2) speech and gesture are continuous, rather than discrete, sources of information; (3) 5-year-olds and adults combine the two types of information in such a way that the least ambiguous source has the most impact on the judgment. Greater discriminability of both speech and gesture information for adults compared to preschoolers indicated small quantitative progressions with development in the ability to extract and utilize referential signals. PMID- 3772294 TI - The effects of quantity and depth of processing on children's time perception. AB - Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of quantity and depth of processing on children's time perception. These experiments tested the appropriateness of two adult time-perception models (attentional and storage size) for younger ages. Children were given stimulus sets of equal time which varied by level of processing (deep/shallow) and quantity (list length). In the first experiment, 28 children in Grade 6 reproduced presentation times of various quantities of pictures under deep (living/nonliving categorization) or shallow (repeating label) conditions. Students also compared pairs of durations. In the second experiment, 128 children in Grades K, 2, 4, and 6 reproduced presentation times under similar conditions with three or six pictures and with deep or shallow processing requirements. Deep processing led to decreased estimation of time. Higher quantity led to increased estimation of time. Comparative judgments were influenced by quantity. The interaction between age and depth of processing was significant. Older children were more affected by depth differences than were younger children. Results were interpreted as supporting different aspects of each adult model as explanations of children's time perception. The processing effect supported the attentional model and the quantity effect supported the storage size model. PMID- 3772295 TI - Subcellular location and properties of bactericidal factors from human neutrophils. AB - We examined the subcellular location of bactericidal factors (BF) in human neutrophils, using an efficient fractionation scheme. Nitrogen bomb cavitates of DIFP-treated PMN were centrifuged through discontinuous Percoll gradients, each fraction extracted with 0.05 M glycine, pH 2.0, and tested for the killing of Escherichia coli. greater than 90% of BF coisolated with the azurophil granules. After lysis of azurophils, 98% of azurophil-derived BF (ADBF) sedimented with the membrane. ADBF activity was solubilized from azurophil membrane with either acid or nonionic detergent (Triton X-100, Triton X-114). Bactericidal activity was linear with respect to protein concentration over the range 0.3-30 micrograms/ml. 0.1-0.3 microgram/ml ADBF killed 10(5) E. coli within 30 min at 37 degrees C. At 1.4 micrograms/ml, 50% of 2 X 10(5) bacteria were killed within 5 min. ADBF was effective between pH 5-8, with peak activity at pH 5.5. Glucose (20 mM), EDTA (1 25 mM), and physiologic concentrations of NaCl or KCl had little or no inhibitory effect on ADBF. ADBF killed both Gram-positive and Gram-negative virulent clinical isolates, including listeria, staphylococci, beta-hemolytic streptococci, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Thus, under these conditions of cell disruption, fractionation, extraction, and assay, almost all BF in human PMN appeared to be localized to the membrane of azurophilic granules as a highly potent, broad-spectrum, rapidly acting protein(s) effective in physiologic medium. Some of these properties appear to distinguish ADBF from previously described PMN bactericidal proteins. PMID- 3772296 TI - Extracellular matrix-modulated expression of human cell surface glycoproteins A42 and J143. Intrinsic and extrinsic signals determine antigenic phenotype. AB - We have used serologic, biochemical, and genetic methods to characterize two stage-specific human differentiation antigens of neural and melanocytic cells: A42 (57,000 Mr glycoprotein) and J143 (140,000/30,000 Mr glycoprotein). The genes determining A42 and J143 cell surface expression in rodent-human hybrids were chromosomally mapped, and the respective human chromosomes were introduced into rodent cells derived from distinct differentiation lineages. Serologic analysis of the resulting hybrid clones has permitted the identification of two types of regulatory signals determining A42 and J143 expression. First, both antigens are expressed in hybrids constructed with antigen-positive human cells and also in certain hybrids constructed with antigen-negative human cells, indicating that intrinsic signals provided by the differentiation program of the rodent fusion partner induce antigen expression. Second, a series of human-mouse neuroblastoma hybrids, which are A42- or J143- when cultured on plastic surfaces, can be induced to express the antigens when cultured on substrates coated with extracellular matrix (ECM) produced by bovine corneal endothelial cells or fibronectin. This induction of antigen expression by extrinsic, ECM-derived signals is accompanied in the neuroblastoma hybrids by increased substrate adhesiveness and cell spreading and by characteristic changes in cell morphology. A similar program of phenotypic changes is also seen in spontaneous variants of human neuroblastoma and Ewing's sarcoma cells and in ECM-induced Ewing's sarcoma cells. These findings suggest that ECM-derived signals have a role analogous to mitogens and soluble differentiation factors in modulating differentiation phenotypes and tissue-specific patterns of cell surface antigen expression. PMID- 3772297 TI - Analysis of a human V beta gene subfamily. AB - We have isolated and sequenced five germline V beta gene segments that are homologous to the V region of the YT35 cDNA encoding the beta chain of the T cell antigen receptor from the tumor MOLT-3. One of these gene segments is identical to the YT35 V segment, and therefore is the corresponding germline V beta gene segment encoding the YT35 cDNA. The other four V beta members exhibit 77-98% homology to the YT35 V gene segment. Two of these V beta gene segments are pseudogenes. Analyses of the coding region sequences reveal that, although the V beta segments are very diverse, they are mutating at a rate comparable to that observed in most eukaryotic genes. Analyses of the genomic clones show that the spacing distance between germline V beta gene segments ranges from 3 kb to greater than 30 kb, and the entire V beta 8 subfamily appears to be linked by a total of no more than 110 kb of DNA. PMID- 3772298 TI - An expanded population of natural killer cells in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) lack rearrangement and expression of T cell receptor genes. AB - Mice with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID) exhibit an impairment in both T and B cell maturation, whereas myelopoiesis remains unaffected. We report here that spleens from SCID mice have undergone phenotypic expansion of cells bearing the NK-2 and asialo GM1 markers (70-80%) characteristic of NK cells and this expansion is accompanied by a 3-4-fold enrichment in NK cytolytic activity over their normal C.B-17 littermates. Furthermore, the NK cells from SCID mice do not rearrange or express T cell receptor alpha or beta genes, or a third T cell rearranging gene, gamma. These findings suggest that (a) T cell receptors are not necessary for NK-mediated cytolysis, and (b) either NK cells constitute an entirely distinct lineage or NK cell function is acquired in pre-T cells prior to the expression of T cell receptor genes. PMID- 3772299 TI - Thromboxane generation by human monocytes enhances platelet function. AB - Human monocytes potentiate the ADP-stimulated aggregation of autologous platelets through a fourfold increased binding of 125I-fibrinogen to the platelet surface. The enhancement of platelet function is rapid, relatively transient and is due to thromboxane (Tx) synthesized by monocytes under these conditions. Tx generation by monocytes is triggered by the interaction between fibrinogen and the specific monocyte membrane receptor. These data suggest that the monocyte enhancement of platelet function combined with the clot-promoting activity of these cells might unbalance normal hemostasis. PMID- 3772300 TI - Pavlovian inhibitory conditioning and tolerance to pentobarbital-induced hypothermia in rats. AB - In this experiment we investigated inhibitory Pavlovian conditioning in the development of tolerance to pentobarbital-induced hypothermia. During an initial phase, one group of rats (discrimination group) received training in which, on alternate days, one conditional stimulus (CS+) was associated with administration of 30 mg/kg pentobarbital, and a different conditional stimulus (CS-) was associated with administration of physiological saline. During the phase, control groups received either exposure to both CSs but not the drug or to the drug but no CSs or to neither the CSs nor the drug. Subsequently, half the rats in each group received injections of pentobarbital in the presence of one of the CSs and the remaining half in the presence of the other CS. Rats from the discrimination group injected with pentobarbital in the presence of CS+ displayed the most tolerance (i.e., smallest drug effect), whereas rats from the discrimination group injected with pentobarbital in the presence of CS- displayed the least tolerance (i.e., greatest drug effect). The attenuation of tolerance seen in rats of the discrimination group injected in the presence of CS- provides evidence of inhibitory Pavlovian conditioning. Additional evidence of inhibitory conditioning was provided by the fact that CS2 enhanced the hypothermic effects of pentobarbital in the discrimination group, whereas CS1 attenuated these effects. Implications of the results for the nature of inhibitory conditioning are discussed. PMID- 3772301 TI - Parametric manipulation of interresponse-time contingency independent of reinforcement rate. AB - Pecking of pigeons was reinforced under a modified interval-percentile procedure that allowed independent manipulation of overall reinforcement rate and the degree to which reinforcement depended on interresponse-time duration. Increasing the contingency, as measured by the phi coefficient, between reinforcement and long interresponse times while controlling the overall rate of reinforcement systematically increased the frequency of those interresponse times and decreased response rate under both of the reinforcement rates studied. Increasing reinforcement rate also generally increased response rate, particularly under weaker interresponse-time contingencies. Random-interval schedules with comparable reinforcement rates generated response rates and interresponse-time distributions similar to those obtained with moderate-to-high interresponse-time reinforcement contingencies. These results suggest that interresponse-time reinforcement contingencies inherent in random-interval and constant-probability variable-interval schedules exercise substantial control over responding independent of overall reinforcement rate effects. The interresponse-time reinforcement contingencies inherent in these schedules may actually mask the effects of overall reinforcement rate; thus differences in response rate as a function of reinforcement rate when interresponse-time reinforcement is eliminated may be underestimated. PMID- 3772302 TI - Successive, simultaneous, and anticipatory contrast in the consumption of saccharin solutions. AB - Contrast effects were obtained in rats in the consumption of saccharin solutions in three different paradigms. Degree of negative contrast varied as a function of concentration disparity, but not equally in the three procedures. Successive negative contrast occurred following shifts from 0.15% to either 0.075% or 0.05% saccharin but did not occur following shifts to 0.10% or 0.125% saccharin. Some degree of simultaneous contrast was obtained with all four concentration disparities. Anticipatory contrast, where the intake of the first substance is suppressed by a more preferred second substance, occurred only in the case of the 0.05%-0.15% difference in concentrations. It was suggested that the several contrast paradigms engage somewhat different psychological processes differentially involving emotional, sensory, and associative mechanisms, but all lead to behavior based on relative value. A modification of Toates's (1981) incentive model of ingestive behavior was suggested to incorporate relativity effects based on both associative and nonassociative factors in the consumption of both nutritive and nonnutritive substances. PMID- 3772303 TI - A psychophysical measure of pitch discrimination loss resulting from a frequency range constraint in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). AB - Earlier research (Hulse & Cynx, 1985) revealed that a number of species of songbirds acquired a pitch discrimination between rising and falling sequences in an arbitrarily defined training range of frequencies, but then failed to generalize the discrimination to new frequency ranges--a frequency range constraint. The two experiments here provide a psychophysical estimate of how pitch discrimination deteriorated in one species as sequences were stepped out from the training range. The gradient showing loss of discrimination was much sharper than would have been anticipated by stimulus generalization or the training procedures, and appeared unaffected by the removal of rising and falling frequency information. The frequency range constraint and its psychophysical properties have implications both for the analysis of birdsong and the study of animal cognition. PMID- 3772304 TI - Pavlovian conditioning of sexual arousal: parametric and background manipulations. AB - Recent studies have shown that a Pavlovian conditioned stimulus (CS) for unconsummated sexual arousal can increase the rate of copulation in the rat. This report includes five experiments examining the effects of parametric manipulations on the conditioned arousal response. Results show that between six and nine trials are necessary for reliable conditioning, but extinction is somewhat slower than acquisition. The function for the CS-US (unconditioned stimulus) interval is quadratic, with a minimum of several minutes required for effective conditioning. In the first three experiments, it appeared that background cues were conditioned as well as the designated CSs, and this was tested explicitly in the last two studies. In one, the effect of background cues was shown by training and testing in different situations; in the second, background cues were shown to be subject to latent inhibition. These results demonstrate the influence of Pavlovian learning in sexual behavior and help to provide the basis for an animal model of the acquisition of deviant sexual arousal in humans. PMID- 3772305 TI - Rats acquire spatial learning sets. AB - This experiment was designed to examine the development of a spatial learning set in rats and some of the variables influencing the retention of individual problems. The apparatus was a plus maze. At the beginning of each test, the rat was put on two arms, each in a different place. Food was present in one of the arms, but not in the other. The rat was then given a choice between these two places; the correct response was to return to the place that previously contained food (win-stay, lose-shift, response-reinforcement contingency). Fifty different two-choice spatial discriminations were given, each in a different location. At the end of testing, the mean percentage of correct responding for the first choice between the two places was 83%. Control procedures showed that the discriminative stimuli were distal, extramaze spatial stimuli. Variations of the procedure examined the influence of proactive interference and temporal delay on the memory for each discrimination. These results demonstrate that rats can develop a spatial learning set and provide new information about the characteristics of the memory underlying learning sets. PMID- 3772306 TI - Malleability of conditioned associations: path dependence. AB - Using conditioned suppression of barpressing to investigate the stability of a conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus (CS-US) association, we gave water deprived rats either a few pairings of the CS with a strong footshock US or many pairings with a weak footshock US so that barpress suppression in response to the CS was equated. Experiment 1 established training parameters that yielded this equivalence. Specifically, rapid acquisition to a preasymptotic level of responding with strong shock produced suppression comparable to the asymptotic level reached more slowly with weak shock. Experiment 2 showed that although equivalent performance was obtained from extensive conditioning with a weak shock or limited conditioning with strong shock, only extensive conditioning with weak shock resulted in retarded acquisition of an association between that same CS and a footshock level perceived as midway between the two initial training shock intensities as implied by asymptotic performance in Experiment 1. Experiment 3 demonstrated that the observed retardation in animals given many conditioning trials with weak shock was CS specific. Collectively, these findings indicate that the malleability of learned behavior is not simply a function of initial associative strength but is dependent on path during initial acquisition. PMID- 3772307 TI - Biochemical changes in liver and blood during liver fattening in rats. AB - Excessive fat accumulation in the liver is a common metabolic disorder seen in humans and animals. Fatty liver was induced in the rat by feeding the animals with a sucrose rich diet containing 1% orotic acid for 2-3 weeks. In the sera from fatty liver rats there were significant changes in the level of alanine aminotransferase (+ 68.7%), malic dehydrogenase (+ 77.8%), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (- 53.4%) and total lipids (+ 26.6%). There were small to no changes in the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactic dehydrogenase, aldolase, malic enzyme, 6-phosphogluconic acid dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and albumin. In fatty liver, significant differences were seen in the levels of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (+ 235%), malic enzyme (+ 170%), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (+ 113%), 6 phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (+ 63%), aspartate aminotransferase (+ 35.6%), malic dehydrogenase (+ 38%), lactic dehydrogenase (+ 37%), and alanine aminotransferase (- 23%). Comparison of the non-fatty part with the fatty part of the fatty liver showed larger changes in the non-fatty part of the liver, suggesting that during the fattening process, there is an induction of enzymes in the liver reaching a peak prior to lipid accumulation, declining thereafter during liver fattening. The increase in NADPH-generating lipogenic enzymes suggests that accumulated fat in the liver is at least partially from de-novo increased synthesis in the liver. PMID- 3772308 TI - [Renal excretion of total porphyrins and hippuric acid in rats]. AB - The amounts of total porphyrins, hippuric acid and creatinine, excreted in urine by adult male Wistar rats, exhibited normal distributions for hippuric acid and creatinine, but a bimodal distribution for total porphyrins. This typical distribution of total porphyrins was still observed when creatinine was used as reference parameter. In biochemical and toxicological experiments in rats, the tested parameters should be therefore be investigated for homogeneity. PMID- 3772309 TI - Clinical relevance of alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme determinations by high performance liquid chromatography. AB - A new method for the separation of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes by means of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is presented. One isoenzyme was identified in homogenate of small intestine, two were identified in bone, and two in liver, and fragment and biliary isoenzymes were identified in bile. Sera from 32 patients with different diseases of the skeletal system or the liver were analysed. High activities of the bone isoenzymes were detected in bone diseases, of the second liver isoenzyme in acute hepatitis and of the first liver and biliary isoenzymes in biliary obstruction. There are indications that the first liver isoenzyme is derived from the cell membrane and the second liver isoenzyme from the cytosol. The biliary isoenzyme is considered to be a highly sensitive and specific indicator for cholestasis. PMID- 3772310 TI - Determination of clobazam and its N-demethyl metabolite in serum of epileptic patients. AB - We describe a gas-liquid chromatographic method, using a nitrogen-specific detector, which is suitable for the simultaneous quantitation of clobazam and its main metabolite N-demethyl clobazam in the serum of epileptic patients treated with other anticonvulsant co-medication. Flunitrazepam (internal standard) is added to the sample and after extraction with a toluene/ethyl acetate mixture (3 + 1 by vol), the organic extract is evaporated and the residue is reconstituted in a small volume of solvent and chromatographed on a 3% SP2250 column. The sensitivity limits are about 2 to 5 micrograms per liter of original sample. PMID- 3772311 TI - [A single, rapid, selective and quantitative determination of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the plasma by a combination of solvent extraction, HPLC separation and electrochemical detection]. AB - A very simple and rapid solvent extraction system for the selective and quantitative isolation of epinephrine and norepinephrine from plasma is described. The extraction system makes use of the complex formation in alkaline medium between diphenylborate and the diol group of the catecholamines in combination with ion-pair formation. The extraction procedure, in conjunction with HPLC-separation and electrochemical detection, allows the quantitative determination of epinephrine and norepinephrine from plasma. This method is a specific as the commonly used adsorption on alumina, but has a much better recovery and even greater precision, especially for the quantitative determination of epinephrine. PMID- 3772312 TI - 8th International Symposium on Biochemical Aspects of Kidney Function. Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia, October 5-8, 1986. Abstracts. PMID- 3772313 TI - Functional health assessments: are they ready for use in clinical practice? PMID- 3772314 TI - Cesarean section rate. PMID- 3772315 TI - The genogram and elderly patients. PMID- 3772316 TI - Comprehensive, cost-effective care of the multiple problem patient. PMID- 3772317 TI - Reliability and performance of the acoustic reflectometer. AB - Test-retest reliability and performance of an acoustic reflectometer were evaluated for 78 patients in two clinical settings. For a majority of the cases, the repeat measurements did not vary by more than one or two units from the first measurement. The accuracy of the instrument, when compared with standard clinical instruments, indicated that the acoustic reflectometer performed adequately with cases of middle ear effusion and could be used most effectively as a supplement to pneumatic otoscopy. PMID- 3772318 TI - Health effects of relocation at work. AB - The health effects of a work-related stressor over a six-month period in 355 employees at a university medical center were prospectively measured. Subjects were assigned to cohorts determined by whether they experienced a move from their office or laboratory during a time of building construction and renovation. After controlling for demographic factors, preexisting health status, prior physician utilization, and bed-disability, movers had a higher rate of bed-disability (P = .05). They were also more likely to report a deterioration in their health (P less than .05). Movers with high support at work and high total social support were more likely to report increased physician utilization. The findings suggest that a work-related stressor can adversely affect health, but this study does not support the hypothesis that such effects are moderated by social supports. Family physicians should be sensitive to the potential adverse health effects of work related stressors on their patients. PMID- 3772319 TI - The reliability and validity of a ten-item measure of functional status. AB - The accurate assessment of functional status is an important clinical activity in family practice. Many of the measures of function developed for research purposes, however, have questionable applicability to primary care practices. The Duke-UNC Health Profile (DUHP) is a 63-item instrument that assesses four dimensions of function: symptom experiences, physical function, social function, and emotional function. The reliability and validity of a ten-item subset (the mini-DUHP) of the DUHP was examined for 71 white adults with a profile of high stressful life changes and weak social supports. These subjects completed the DUHP on two occasions and provided personal morbidity data by monthly mailed questionnaire for an intervening six-month period. On both administrations of the instrument, mini-DUHP scores were strongly correlated with composite DUHP scores (r = .81 and .84) and moderately correlated with each of the four functional dimension scores. The mini-DUHP demonstrated good temporal stability (r = .58). Mini-DUHP scores, determined both before and after the six-month period, were correlated with cumulative self-reported hospital days, bed disability days, restricted activity days, and physician utilization. Responses to the mini-DUHP strongly predicted bed disability, restricted activity, and physician visits after controlling for the effects of sociodemographic characteristics by multivariate analysis. This ten-item scale may be useful and practical in the assessment and monitoring of function in a primary care setting. PMID- 3772320 TI - The family conference: what do patients want? AB - This study investigated patients' desire for family conferences in a variety of clinical situations encountered in family practice. Two hundred seventy-six family practice center patients were given a questionnaire in which they indicated the likelihood that they would want a family conference in 21 clinical situations. Patients' past experiences with family conferences as well as demographic information were obtained. For serious medical problems and some behavioral problems, patients indicated a high likelihood of wanting a family conference. They showed moderate to low interest in such conferences for guidance for family developmental stages, health promotion, and minor acute problems. Demographic factors and previous experiences with family conferences did not predict patients' interest in future conferences. PMID- 3772321 TI - Student and faculty assumptions about the nature of uncertainty in medicine and medical education. AB - Clinical reasoning involves an element of uncertainty. Teaching clinical reasoning involves understanding how students view uncertainty as well as how medical problems are solved. This study uses Perry's model of intellectual development to explore changes in how medical students, residents, and instructors think about the nature of knowledge. A total of 31 medical students, residents, and instructors completed the Widick and Knefelkamp Measure of Intellectual Development revised to focus specifically on uncertainty in medicine. Consistent with Perry's theory, scores reflected increasing degrees of acceptance of the role of uncertainty in medicine with increasing experience. Based on these results, it is concluded that to improve the effectiveness of teaching problem solving in medicine, faculty must challenge the assumptions held by medical students about the certainty of medical knowledge while teaching the process of clinical diagnosis. PMID- 3772322 TI - Bowel perforation complicating flexible sigmoidoscopy. PMID- 3772323 TI - Imported typhoid fever. PMID- 3772324 TI - An innovative method for specimen autocollection in the diagnosis of vaginitis. PMID- 3772325 TI - Whither primary care in the academic health science center? AB - Five forces that shape the form and function of the future academic health center are a mandate to decrease health care costs, a surplus of physicians, intense competition for the provision of tertiary medical care, a suboptimal diagnosis related group (DRG) case mix, and decreasing funding for manpower training and research. All five forces cause the academic health center to be much more in need of strong primary medical care services. This article describes the current relationship between primary care and the academic medical center, new contributions that primary care can make to the academic medical center, and the benefits that would accrue to both the academic medical center and primary care should a closer working relationship develop. These benefits include increased outpatient volume and revenue, a more balanced inpatient case mix, better primary medical care education, an enhanced community reputation, and greater influence by primary care on academic medical center policies. Published and personal case study experiences that show some of the potential problems with a closer working relationship between primary care and the academic medical center are described. PMID- 3772326 TI - Comfort and medical care. PMID- 3772327 TI - The computer in the consultation. AB - The majority of computer software suitable for family practice has concentrated on the business realities of private medical care at the expense of the more exciting patient care applications. This paper has briefly outlined one development in this area. The authors think that the computer is a not too distant consulting room too, capable of improving patient care. The hardware software systems will need to provide high-speed response, multitasking, including interrupt ability, and a range of imaginative modules integrated with a flexible and transportable medical record. PMID- 3772328 TI - Effect of cutting the zona pellucida on the pronuclear transplantation in the mouse. AB - A new and reliable pronuclear transplantation procedure for the mouse egg has been developed by McGrath and Solter ('83). To overcome the technical difficulties of such a procedure, especially in uniformly preparing enucleation pipettes and in reducing damages during micromanipulation, we have examined the effect of cutting the zona pellucida of the eggs. By making a slit in the zona of an egg, the time for pipetting and exchange of pronuclei between eggs was shortened because the sharp tip of the pipette was not necessary. Although the proportion of pregnant recipients and young obtained after transfer of pronuclear transplanted eggs cultured for 1 day or 3 days was quite low, it was significantly increased (70% for pregnancy rate and 32% for the young) following transfer of eggs cultured for 4 days. These values were comparable with those after transfer of unoperated eggs cultured to morulae and blastocysts. PMID- 3772329 TI - Intrinsic control of regenerative loss in Xenopus laevis limbs. AB - The regenerative capability of Xenopus laevis hindlimbs was studied at different developmental stages. Three types of surgical deletion of the autopod were performed: simple amputations, 3-digit wedge-shaped deletions and 1-digit wedge shaped deletions. The frequency of regenerative response and the digital patterns of the regenerates were analyzed. Regenerative capacity declines with developmental stage for all three types of deletions. For simple amputations this decline occurs in an orderly manner with the failure of anterior digits to regenerate at progressively later stages. A comparison between 1-digit and 3 digit deletions shows that for all stages of development, 3-digit deletions regenerate better than one-digit deletions. These data indicate that the amount of tissue removed is directly related to whether a regenerative response is observed. At any given stage, larger deletions are more likely to regenerate than smaller ones. These results are discussed with regard to the mechanisms by which growth during regeneration is controlled. PMID- 3772330 TI - Development of the prepupal Verson's gland of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, and its hormonal control. AB - The segmentally arranged Verson's glands are epidermal derivatives comprised of three cells: the duct, saccule, and secretory cells. The development of these glands was followed through the 5th instar and larval-pupal transition of Manduca sexta. The glands are relatively small during the feeding stage, begin to grow at wandering, and undergo about a 50-fold increase in size during the prepupal period. The increase in size is due mainly to the hypertrophy of the secretory cell which synthesizes a heterogeneous set of proteinaceous secretory products. Three prominent 11 to 12 kiloDalton (kD) polypeptides are made by the pharate fifth larval gland, whereas the pupal gland produces polypeptides ranging from 14 to 75 kD with a major complex at 30 to 34 kD. The secretory product is poured out onto the surface of the new cuticle at the time of ecdysis and contains all of the major proteins detected in extracts of the whole gland. The accumulation of secretory products by the gland occurs during the prepupal peak of ecdysteroid and is blocked if this rise is prevented by abdominal isolation. Infusion of 30 micrograms 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) into such isolated abdomens caused synthesis of the pupal products. Treatment with the juvenile hormone mimic, methoprene, during the fifth instar showed that the commitment of the glands to produce the pupal proteins is independent of and occurs before the overlying epidermis becomes committed to make pupal cuticle. PMID- 3772332 TI - Advances in medical fraud: chelation therapy replaces Laetrile. PMID- 3772331 TI - Urates and allantoic regulation in embryonic Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica. AB - During embryonic development, allantoic fluid represents the shifting balance between renal excretion and reabsorption by chorioallantoic membranes. Allantoic contents of Na+, K+, Cl-, urate, pH, and water were followed over days 10-15 of the 16 day incubation. Water volume remained near 0.9 ml until day 13, then declined very rapidly. The pH declined more steadily, from 8 to 5.5. Contents of Na+ and Cl- fell regularly to final values 80-88% below day 10. The K+ content changed differently and nearly doubled by day 13 but returned to day 10 values at the end. Urate content rose until day 13, then fell suddenly to low levels. This was due to the abrupt precipitation of most urate into masses not sampled by our method, so that after day 13, urate was underestimated (probably by 90-96%). Ion binding by urates was low (about 3% of Na+ and Cl-, 10% of K+) and appeared to be nonspecific. The underestimate of urate contents means, however, that in late incubation about one third of allantoic Na+ and 65-70% of K+ and Cl- are bound to precipitated urate and do not appear in balance sheets of allantoic ions. These precipitated ions account for the significant amounts of Na+ and K+ that remain in the allantoic remnant, left in the eggshell after hatching, but whose presence is not predicted by analysis of allantoic fluid. PMID- 3772333 TI - Clinical and radiological aspects of the superior mesenteric artery syndrome. PMID- 3772334 TI - Seizures and action myoclonus after occupational exposure to methyl bromide. PMID- 3772335 TI - Democracy and health care. Trends in three kindred western nations: Britain, Canada, and the United States. PMID- 3772336 TI - Legality of physician referral of patients to health care facilities owned by the referring physician. PMID- 3772337 TI - Functions encoded by the yeast plasmid pSB3 isolated from Zygosaccharomyces rouxii IFO 1730 (formerly Saccharomyces bisporus var. mellis). AB - Functions encoded by the yeast plasmid pSB3 were analysed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zygosaccharomyces rouxii. The autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) and partitioning mechanisms of pSB3 worked as satisfactorily in Z. rouxii ME3 as in the native host Z. rouxii IFO 1730 (formerly Saccharomyces bisporus var. mellis). The ARS in Z. rouxii ME3 was located within a 168 bp BanII-HindIII fragment spanning part of the inverted repeat (IR) and a unique region contiguous to it. The FLP enzyme (responsible for the intramolecular recombination at IRs) of pSB3 was functional in Z. rouxii ME3. In spite of the similarity of the putative recognition site for the FLP enzyme in pSB3 and pSR1, the FLP enzyme of pSB3 did not recognize the recombination site of pSR1, and the FLP enzyme of pSR1 did not use the recombination site of pSB3. Three transcripts of 3.4, 1.8 and 1.1 kb from pSB3 in Z. rouxii ME3 were identified by Northern blotting; they encompassed the A, B and C genes, respectively. pSB3 contained a region from which no poly(A)-containing RNA was transcribed. PMID- 3772338 TI - A proposed model to explain persistent infection of host cells with Coxiella burnetii. AB - L929 mouse fibroblast cells and J774 macrophage-like cells are both susceptible to persistent infection with the Q fever agent Coxiella burnetti. Previously this laboratory has shown that persistently infected cell populations multiply with unaltered generation times or cell cycle progression. It has also been reported by others and us that highly infected cells typically exhibit one large parasite containing vacuole. We now report that lightly and heavily infected cells are capable of division and in the process segregate the parasite-containing vacuole into one of the emerging daughter cells; the companion daughter cell emerges parasite-free. This asymmetric division of infected cells, revealed via photomicrography of stained cells, accounts for the appearance of uninfected cells within persistently infected host cell populations that were previously 100% infected. Some of the persistently infected L929 populations were maintained in culture for over two years without the addition of normal cells. PMID- 3772339 TI - Estimation of the Mr of isocitrate lyase messenger RNA from Chlorella fusca. AB - The mRNA for the adaptive enzyme isocitrate lyase (ICL) from Chlorella fusca has been identified by fractionation of total poly(A)-containing RNA and in vitro translation followed by immune precipitation. The Mr of ICL mRNA was approximately 8.0 X 10(5), which is in good agreement with a previous estimate obtained by in vivo double-labelling. PMID- 3772340 TI - Thermostabilization of Inoue-Melnick virus by salt. AB - Inoue-Melnick virus (IMV) was stabilized to thermal inactivation at 50 degrees C by 1 M Na2SO4 but not by 1 M MgCl2, 1 M MgSO4, 2 M NaCl, and 2 M KCl. The latter salts enhanced the inactivation over that in distilled water. Na2SO4 stabilized IMV at 1 M concentration but enhanced inactivation at 0.1 M. Three types of IMV were stabilized by 1 M Na2SO4 at 50 degrees C to almost the same degree. The pattern of the thermostabilization of IMV by salts was similar to that of herpes simplex virus; however, the degree of its stabilization was lower with prolonged heating. PMID- 3772341 TI - Persistence of free HBV DNA in body secretions and liver despite loss of serum HBV DNA after interferon-induced seroconversion. AB - Following interferon therapy, a chronic hepatitis B (HBV) carrier lost all serum markers of active viral replication and became anti-HBe positive but remained positive for free and replicative HBV-DNA in semen, saliva, urine, and liver four months later. At 12 months, when he also developed anti-HBs, urine and saliva analysed for free HBV-DNA were positive. Despite histological remission and loss of HBV-DNA from serum, the potential for transmission of HBV and reactivation of disease remain. PMID- 3772342 TI - Interference effects in the conservation of weight. AB - On the assumption that the ability to overcome the effects of interference between the physical properties of an object is a basic component in the acquisition of conservation, we hypothesized that children would tend to negate conservation not only when the form of an object is altered but also when, without deforming the object, one of its properties (e.g., color or temperature) is altered; when variations (e.g., movement or orientation) are introduced into the concrete situation in which weight is exerted; or when other spatial properties (e.g., volume or surface) are made to interact with weight. The results indicate that children up to 8 years of age may have difficulty accepting the conservation of weight even when a transformation does not deform the object and that children up to 13 years may accept the conservation of weight but may find it difficult to explain why an object appears heavier in those instances where weight has to be coordinated with another spatial property. The theoretical implications of these results are discussed. PMID- 3772343 TI - Family interactions in black, lower-class families with delinquent and nondelinquent adolescent boys. AB - The interaction patterns of 32 black, lower-class family triads (mother-father son), divided into two equal groups by the son's delinquency status, were assessed across self-report and observational measures of family affect, conflict, and dominance. In support of previous research with white, middle-, and lower-middle class families, the results generally indicated that families with delinquent boys were less warm and more conflictual than families with nondelinquent boys. Relative to parents of nondelinquents, parents of delinquents were more conflictual on expressive family issues than on instrumental issues. In addition, the results showed that the content of the family interaction task (expressive vs. instrumental) influenced observed patterns of intrafamily dominance. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. PMID- 3772344 TI - Perceptual development and categorization: I. An investigation of task demands, stimulus set similarity, and age. AB - This research addressed the apparent inconsistency in the literature between perceptual development as a progression of increasing separability (Shepp, 1978; Smith & Kemler, 1977, 1978) and categorization as a process based on overall similarity relations across development (Mervis, 1980; Mervis & Rosch, 1981). The influence of task demands, stimulus set similarity, and age on organizing principles of perceptual similarity were examined. Findings suggest that stimulus set similarity is an important factor in determining organizing principles of similarity for both nursery school children and adults. PMID- 3772345 TI - Children and aging: attitudes, differentiation ability, and quantity and quality of contact. AB - The attitudes and age differentiation ability of forty-seven 3- to 5-year-old children toward pictures of older and younger people were assessed. In addition, cognitive performance on a seriation task as well as the quantity and quality of each child's contact with adults over 60 years of age were measured. Chi squares were performed by sex and age of stimulus photograph on the attitudinal questions. One of the chi squares reached significance on the age comparison and two on the sex comparison. In addition, sign tests were used to assess the direction of the trends on the questions, and both age and sex trends were significant at the .05 level with children being more likely to choose pictures of younger rather than older models and female rather than male models. Ability to correctly order pictures by age was significantly related (r = .53, p less than .001) to the seriation ordering task. Four of the 18 correlations between contact and attitudinal variables were significant and negative. PMID- 3772346 TI - Security of attachment in infants with schizophrenic, depressed, and unaffected mothers. PMID- 3772347 TI - The non-surgical management of adult epistaxis. PMID- 3772348 TI - How to explain death to a child. PMID- 3772349 TI - Brachial plexus neuropathy from prostatic carcinoma metastasis. PMID- 3772350 TI - Lipoma of the corpus callosum. PMID- 3772351 TI - 1985 Clinical Investigative Forum. Part IV: Colon and rectum. PMID- 3772352 TI - Rejecting interference in your private practice. PMID- 3772354 TI - Dysfunctional attitudes in former psychiatric inpatients. AB - In order to test the hypothesis that patients who are predisposed to depression have an enduring cognitive style, dysfunctional attitudes (Dysfunctional Attitudes Schedule), neuroticism and extraversion (Maudsley Personality Inventory), and severity of depression (Levine-Pilowsky Depression Questionnaire) were measured in a survey of former patients with previous diagnoses of either depressive or nondepressive psychiatric conditions. We found that there were no significant differences in dysfunctional attitudes between these groups of patients and that their scores were similar to those reported for normal populations. There was, however, a correlation between introversion and high dysfunctional attitude scores. Possible implications regarding interactions between cognitive style, personality, and predisposition toward depression are discussed as well as a suggestion that a history of a suicide attempt may predict a poor response to cognitive psychotherapy. PMID- 3772353 TI - Lifetime psychopathology in individuals with low sexual desire. AB - Lack of interest in sexual activity is one of the most prevalent psychosexual problems seen by clinicians. No consensus exists on etiology, symptomatology, appropriate therapeutic intervention, or prognosis. Desire disorders are believed to be highly refractory to treatment because of severe intrapsychic conflict, but no systematic data have been gathered about the histories of psychopathology in these individuals. Forty-six married subjects with a primary DSM-III diagnosis of global inhibited sexual desire (ISD) were compared with 36 matched controls on lifetime psychopathology, current psychological profiles, and premenstrual syndrome. A clinical interview, the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime Version and the SCL-90-R were administered to all subjects. Only ISD subjects free from any other axis I disorder, medical illness, medication use, or substance abuse were selected; controls met similar criteria but had no sexual dysfunction. Despite the fact that all ISD subjects had nearly normal psychological profiles at the time of assessment, more ISDs than controls had significantly elevated lifetime prevalence rates of affective disorder. The proportion of ISD individuals with histories of major and/or intermittent depression alone was almost twice as high as controls. Additionally, the initial episode of the depressive disorder almost always coincided with or preceded ISD onset. Significantly more ISD women than controls also had severe symptoms of premenstrual syndrome. The remarkable lifetime rate of affective illness in ISD patients suggests that there may be a common biological etiology or that affective psychopathology may be contributing to the pathogenesis of the ISD dysfunction. PMID- 3772355 TI - Successful adjustment in alcoholism. Relationships between causes of improvement, personality, and social factors. AB - In a follow-up of 42 recovered male alcoholics two decades after their first admission to hospital, negative social consequences of abuse, changes in social circumstances, or social pressure to stop drinking were reported as the main causes of improvement by 70% of the subjects. Only 19% attributed their improvement mainly to treatment and 7% to Alcoholics Anonymous. Sixty percent of the subjects stated that treatment had been of importance. "Hitting bottom" or experiencing responsibility had been of importance for 60% of the subjects. Types of improvement-promoting factors were associated with personality characteristics (rated at first admission) and with the social situation and the age at the time of the improvement. PMID- 3772356 TI - Program characteristics for successful treatment of adolescent drug abuse. AB - The relationship to treatment outcome, as measured by reduction in drug use, of specific characteristics and elements of 30 drug-free outpatient programs for adolescents is reported. Admission and discharge data were obtained from National Institute on Drug Abuse-Client Oriented Data Acquisition Process on 5789 adolescents in the 30 programs. A partial cross-validation study was conducted by analyzing separately for two annual client subsamples. The program, not the individual clients, was the unit of analysis. While controlling for differences between programs on their client populations, multiple regression analysis indicated that the following characteristics of programs were found to predict the outcome criterion variable, to a statistically significant degree: treat a large number of adolescent clients; have a special school for school dropouts; have a relatively large budget; employ counselors or therapists who have at least 2 years' experience in working with adolescent drug abusers; provide special services such as vocational counseling, recreational services, and birth control services; use such therapy methods as crisis intervention, gestalt therapy, music/art therapy, and group confrontation; and be perceived by the clients as allowing and encouraging free expression and spontaneous action by clients. There was a high degree of replication of these findings across the two annual subsamples of clients; and the amount of variance in the treatment outcome criterion variable accounted for by the above-listed program characteristics was quite impressive. PMID- 3772357 TI - Outcome for court-referred drug-abusing male adolescents of an alternative activity treatment program in a vocational high school setting. AB - This is a report of outcome of an alternative activity treatment program, consisting of off-campus supportive life skill activities, in a private vocational high school for court-adjudicated delinquent boys. A total of 130 adolescent male drug abusing student-clients were evaluated at follow-up, 22 months after admission to the day school treatment program. The determination of graduation vs. dropping out was made 3 years after admission to the study. The sample was 75% white, 21% black, and 4% Hispanic. Eighty-two percent were from 16 to 18 years of age, but only 24% had completed the 10th grade. The mean number of different types of drugs "ever used" was 5.87, and the mean number of drug sale offenses was 4.4. Sixty-one percent had been incarcerated (overnight or longer). A comprehensive assessment was administered at admission and at follow-up. The findings developed by paired t-test, comparing the student-clients' self-reports at follow-up evaluation with their self-reports at pretreatment, indicated significant improvement in numerous problem areas of behavior, adjustment, and attitude measured, except that no significant reduction in illicit drug use occurred. The improvement, however, was more related to the vocational training and job placement program and the general milieu of the school than to the off campus supportive life skills program. The latter was shown to have a highly significant positive association with outcome as measured by success in graduating from high school and a significant positive association to improvement in "personal adjustment" (reduction in personal problems and increase in interpersonal maturity).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3772358 TI - Predictability of course of illness in manic patients positive for life events. AB - The intention of this study was to examine the possibility of predicting course of illness in manic patients, using a stress variable as a predictor, together with other more traditional indices. On the basis of information on three easily available parameters--family history, age at onset, and stress intensity--20 manic patients who had independent life events preceding an index admission were allocated into various risk groups and predictions were then made with regard to future course of illness for 5 years. On follow-up, the predictions were found to be correct in 85% of cases overall, and two high-risk factors were totally predictive. PMID- 3772359 TI - Munchausen syndrome by adult proxy: a perpetrator abusing two adults. AB - We present a case of Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MBP) in a symbiotic relationship between a 34-year-old man and his two female partners. In the past, MBP has only been identified in mother-child relationships. The present case, however, extends the syndrome to relationships between adults as well. PMID- 3772360 TI - Microtubule stability along mammalian peripheral nerves. AB - Microtubule (MT) number, axonal area, and MT density were examined in unmyelinated axons of rat cervical vagus nerve. Study of nerve regions proximal (1-5 mm) and distal (35-40 mm) to the nodosum ganglion in controls (incubation at 37 degrees C for 1 h) showed that the number of MT per axon is significantly less in distal than in proximal nerve regions. Cooling (incubation at 0 degree C for 1 h) caused a significant reduction in the number of MT per axon in both nerve regions. The unmyelinated axons from both nerve regions showed a comparable reduction in MT number by cooling, indicating that axonal MT stability to cold was not significantly different between these two nerve regions. In these nerves no detectable changes were found in cross-axonal area of unmyelinated axons between distal and proximal nerve regions. In another experimental series, in distal nerve regions (35-40 mm from the nodosum ganglion) the number of MT was not further reduced in nerves incubated at 0 degree C by increasing the incubation time. Similar results were obtained from colchicine treated nerves (incubation at 37 degrees C, with 10 mM colchicine for 1 and 2 h). Distal nerve regions (35-40 mm from the nodosum ganglion) showed a similar reduction in the number of MT per axon when nerves were incubated at 0 degree C or with colchicine, suggesting that this drug, as well as cold, may be affecting a similar population of axonal MT, i.e., MT susceptible to anti-MT agents. These results indicate that approximately one-half of the axonal MT are stable to cold as well as to colchicine in rat unmyelinated axons. PMID- 3772361 TI - A comparison of the escape behaviors of the cockroaches Blaberus craniifer and Periplaneta americana. AB - A comparison of wind-mediated escape behavior of two species of cockroaches revealed striking differences. In contrast to Periplaneta americana, Blaberus craniifer was unable to escape from a live predator or move away from a synthetically generated puff of wind. Other behavioral differences included degree of preference for areas of low light intensity and propensity to dig and thus bury oneself when disturbed. Anatomical differences, although present, did not seem sufficient to account for the behavioral differences. Also, B. craniifer was able to escape from generated wind puffs but not a live predator when its temperature was raised. These points suggest that the behavioral differences in escape behavior can be attributed to differences in the physiological state of the two nervous systems. PMID- 3772362 TI - Sexually dimorphic mechanosensitive swimmeret sensilla affect abdominal posture in the lobster. AB - The sensilla on the male and female second swimmerets are sexually dimorphic. Female swimmerets contain many long "smooth hairs" (long simple setae) on the coxa and rami. The endopodite of the male swimmeret has an accessory lobe covered with short "bristly spines" (serrate setae). In both sexes the swimmeret rami are lined by "feathered hairs" (plumose setae). The influence of mechanosensory stimulation of these sensilla upon abdominal tonic motor activity was analyzed in an in vitro swimmeret-nerve cord preparation. Movement of several clusters of smooth hairs produced an abdominal extension program by exciting the flexor inhibitor f5, inhibiting the flexor excitors, and activating several extensors. Stimulation of the male bristly spines excited the medium-sized flexor excitors f3 and f4. In both sexes the feathered hairs did not generate any response to mechanical stimulation. We infer that in nongravid females the smooth hairs are involved in receiving mechanosensitive cues to support abdominal extension. Bristly spines may contribute to postural adjustments that assist mating. The long latencies of these responses and their propagation to adjacent ganglia suggest that they are mediated by postural interneurons rather than by direct afferent terminations on postural motoneurons. PMID- 3772363 TI - Changes in intra-axonal calcium distribution following nerve crush. AB - We used the oxalate-pyroantimonate method to demonstrate the ultrastructural distribution of calcium within rat sciatic nerve 4 h after a crush injury. In normal nerve there are discrete gradients of axoplasmic calcium precipitate with the amount of precipitate decreasing in the axoplasm beneath the Schmidt Lantermann clefts and in the paranodal regions at the node of Ranvier. Near the crush site a marked increase in endoneurial and intra-axonal calcium precipitate correlated with morphologic evidence of axonal degeneration. More distant from the crush site, both in the distal segment destined to degenerate and in the proximal segment destined to regenerate, the most prominent finding was a loss of the normal gradient of precipitate beneath the Schmidt Lantermann clefts. The calcium influx at the crush site corresponds to the known role of calcium in triggering degeneration. The alterations in the distal axon may be an early stage leading to degeneration. Alteration in calcium distribution in the proximal nerve stump may play a role in the regulation of the response to injury. PMID- 3772364 TI - Discriminative behavior and Pavlovian conditioning in the mollusc Pleurobranchaea. AB - The buccal motor system in the sea slug Pleurobranchaea californica is multifunctional; similar sets of neurons and muscles generate different behaviors through similar electrophysiological motor patterns. Such multifunctional systems compromise the traditional practice of identifying a motor pattern and then using that pattern to indicate the behavior in reduced preparations. We address this issue in a series of experiments leading to the comparison of differential Pavlovian conditioning in whole animals with the conditioned behavior of the same animals during electrophysiological recording. Because differential conditioning requires two conditioned stimuli (CSs), we show here that each of two CSs activated the conditioned response from animals after they received the stimulus (CS+) paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS). Conditioning sessions consisted of 5 training trials with a 2-h intertrial interval. In one study, experimental animals received a 60-s CS+, derived from beer (Sbr), paired with a 50-s electrical shock UCS whose onset occurred 10 s after the CS+ onset; control animals received the Sbr and UCS explicitly unpaired. In a second study, animals received similar procedures as in the first but with a CS+ consisting of squid homogenate (Ssq). Tests with both CSs showed that animals did not discriminate between Sbr and Ssq before beginning conditioning, but did so afterward. Experimental animals exhibited robust food aversion (withdrawal and suppressed feeding) to the CS+, but retained strong appetitive responses to the CS they did not receive in training; response thresholds to the CS+ changed as much as 1000 fold by comparison to the preconditioning values. Control animals exhibited similar though significantly smaller behavioral changes as the experimental animals. Both stimuli evoked associatively learned responses, but Sbr produced greater experimental-control differences than Ssq did. Two accompanying papers show the results of using both CSs in differential conditioning, and describe the behavioral/electrophysiological comparisons. PMID- 3772365 TI - Differential Pavlovian conditioning in the mollusc Pleurobranchaea. AB - The present differential Pavlovian conditioning experiments on the sea slug Pleurobranchaea californica extend conditioning described in a preceding paper and provide the conditioning foundation for studies reported in another accompanying paper comparing learned behavior in whole animals with the behavior and motor patterns of electrophysiological preparations. All animals received two appetitive-conditioned stimuli (CSs), one derived from beer (Sbr) and the other derived from squid muscle (Ssq), in different temporal relationships to an electric shock unconditioned stimulus (UCS). Two groups of animals were run concurrently. One group (n = 19) received Sbr as the CS+ in close temporal pairing with the UCS, and Ssq as the CS- explicitly unpaired with the UCS (Sbr +/Ssq-). The second group (n = 20) received the opposite contingencies (Sbr /Ssq+). All animals received only one day of conditioning involving 5 trials with an intertrial interval of 2 h. There were two replicate experiments, each involving about half of the total n, and each yielding similar results as the sum we report here. Before conditioning, animals exhibited feeding behavior (extension of the proboscis and bite-strike responses) to both stimuli at similar low thresholds. Conditioning produced long-term behavioral changes in all animals throughout the 4.5-day postconditioning observation period. However, only the Sbr+/Ssq- animals consistently exhibited the appropriate differentially conditioned food-aversion behavior which consisted of strong withdrawal and high threshold feeding responses to Sbr, and low-threshold feeding responses to Ssq. We discuss the possibility that such differences between Sbr+/Ssq- and Sbr-/Ssq+ conditioning may arise either from inherent differences in the responses of the animals to Sbr and Ssq, or, as seems more likely to us, from training and testing effects produced by differences in the compositions of the two stimuli. PMID- 3772366 TI - Comparison of differential Pavlovian conditioning in whole animals and physiological preparations of Pleurobranchaea: implications of motor pattern variability. AB - The present study compares differential Pavlovian conditioning in whole animals with the behavior of the same animals during electrophysiological recording. Untrained specimens of the sea slug Pleurobranchaea did not discriminate between two appetitive stimuli, one derived from an extract of beer (Sbr) and the other from a homogenate of squid muscle (Ssq). When animals received Sbr as the CS+ and Ssq as the CS- in a single day of five-trial, differential Pavlovian conditioning they learned to avoid selectively the Sbr but continued to exhibit appetitive responses to Ssq. Quantitative measures show that there was over a 1000-fold increase in the thresholds of the proboscis extension and bite-strike responses, many animals ceased all feeding behavior, and exhibited withdrawal responses to Sbr. We examined the behavior of the same trained animals immediately before preparing them for physiological recording and during the recording session. There was a close one-to-one relationship between these behavioral observations, showing that the qualitative and quantitative features of whole-animal Pavlovian conditioning persist into the physiological preparations. Unexpectedly, motor patterns from untrained preparations showed considerable variability both within the same preparation at different times and between preparations; conditioning appeared to increase such variability. Thus, it was not possible to state unequivocally the behavior of the animal by examining the electromyogram recording alone. Many of the trained preparations not only exhibited suppressed feeding behavior and withdrawal responses to Sbr, but, as a consequence of the multifunctional nature of the Pleurobranchaea buccal-oral system, also regurgitated previously ingested Ssq or squid meat when they were stimulated with Sbr. We discuss the findings with respect to self-organizing mechanisms that may establish motor patterns in multifunctional systems, and suggest that such mechanisms may lead to the generation of behaviors that are not specifically encoded by the conditioned cellular changes. PMID- 3772368 TI - The serotoninergic system in Cryptomphalus aspersa. Immunocytochemical study with an anti-5-HT antiserum. AB - This immunocytochemical study of 5-HT neurons and fibers in the nervous system of C. aspersa corroborate previous findings and describe new 5-HT neurons and their connections, mainly between the central nervous system and the tentacular sensory organs. We found a number of networks, fascicles, and neurons that show constant and symmetrical location. Three networks were found at the tip of the posterior tentacle: underlying the olfactory epithelium, in the neuropil of the tentacular ganglion (TG), and in the ocular capsule. The TG also contains a ventral 5-HT fascicle. A group of 30-40 serotoninergic fibers run through the tentacular connective from the postcerebrum to the tentacular ganglion. This 5-HT fascicle has a lateral position in the postcerebrum (lateral fascicle of the postcerebrum) and a subcortical location in the procerebrum (subcortical fascicle of the procerebrum). The optic nerve also has a small group of 5-HT fibers. Seven serotoninergic neurons were found in each cerebral ganglion: two giant neurons, one medium-sized, and four small neurons. Three different types of fascicles are in the postcerebrum: fascicles proceeding from the suboesophageal connectives, a lateral fascicle, and a commisural fascicle. Each cerebral ganglion region (pro-, meso- and postcerebrum) has a 5-HT network with a particular pattern of distribution and morphology. The suboesophageal ganglia show the highest concentration of 5-HT neurons (large, medium-sized, and small neurons). PMID- 3772367 TI - Convergence in a distributed nervous system: parallel processing and self organization. AB - The present findings show that the motor system of the carnivorous sea slug Pleurobranchaea californica consists of parallel, distributed, and interconnected neuronal channels by which motor activity may emerge from the dynamics of the system rather than from "switchboard" circuitry. The findings are shown primarily through the properties of the buccal-cerebral neurons (BCNs) that extensively converge and diverge monosynaptically and polysynaptically onto brain motoneurons, providing them with drive and patterned activity. The motoneurons, some of which are electrically coupled, feed back onto the BCNs. The BCNs are functionally heterogeneous both as a group and individually. Many are multifunctional in that they take part in the generation of different behaviors, and some also appear to change their timing with respect to the phase of the pattern generator in the different motor patterns. In the buccal ganglion, the BCNs affect the characteristics of the pattern generator and may be part of the pattern generator itself. By sending axons to buccal roots and to the brain, some BCNs may act as motoneurons and also integrate the activity of brain motoneurons. Because of the effects produced by the extensive interconnections among such functionally heterogeneous and nonlinear elements, and because the "history" of activity in the system can bias subsequent activity, there is ambiguity in assessing the response properties of neurons by examining them individually or in pairs. Such an assessment requires, first, an understanding of the context of activity in which a neuron becomes coactive, and, second, because of inherent variability in the system, it is necessary to consider the temporal, nonlinear computations of the system as a whole. We discuss the findings with regard to the attractor theory that has been used to study complex mammalian systems but that does not rely on modeling of any neuronal activity. The Pleurobranchaea nervous system may provide the means for studying individual neurons within such analyses of global activity. PMID- 3772369 TI - The origin of 5-HT fibers of the tentacular sensory organs of Cryptomphalus aspersa. An immunocytochemical study following transection of the cerebro tentacular connective. PMID- 3772370 TI - Studies on a possible functional coupling between presynaptic acetylcholinesterase and high-affinity choline uptake in the rat brain. AB - The relationships between presynaptic acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and high affinity choline uptake (HACU) were investigated using a monolayer of rat cortex synaptosomes in superfusion conditions. The following sets of experiments were performed: determination of [3H]choline ([3H]Ch) uptake during superfusion with [3H]Ch; determination of [3H]Ch uptake during superfusion with acetylcholine (ACh) tritiated in the Ch moiety; evaluation of ACh hydrolysis during superfusion with ACh labelled in the acetate moiety; and comparison of the uptake of [3H]Ch generated by hydrolysis of [3H]ACh with that occurring during superfusion with [3H]Ch. Intact ACh was not taken up by superfused synaptosomes. The uptake of [3H]Ch during superfusion with 1 or 0.1 microM [N-methyl-3H]ACh was two-thirds of that occurring during superfusion with the same concentrations of [3H]Ch. The amount of [3H]Ch produced by hydrolysis during 16 min of superfusion was 1/25 of the amount passing through the synaptosomal monolayer during 16 min of superfusion with [3H]Ch. The results indicate that presynaptic AChE and HACU are located in close proximity to each other on the cholinergic terminal membrane, an observation suggesting the possibility of a functional coupling between the two mechanisms. PMID- 3772371 TI - Structural microheterogeneity of the muscarinic cholinergic receptor is not related to functional diversity identified by differences in affinity for pirenzepine. AB - The muscarinic receptor for acetylcholine shows a diversity in ligand binding properties and effector mechanisms which have suggested the existence of two subtypes (M1 and M2), to which the selective antagonist pirenzepine binds with markedly different affinities. The receptor from rat brain, covalently labelled with the alkylating antagonist tritiated propylbenzilylcholine mustard, displays a structural microheterogeneity on electrophoresis, covering the region of apparent molecular weight 66,000-76,000, with dominant components at 68,000 and 73,000. Selective inhibition by pirenzepine of labelling of the M1 receptor with tritiated mustard has been analysed on fluorographs of sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gels and shown to cause a uniform reduction in radioactive labelling of the broad receptor peak, rather than selectively inhibiting either the high- or low-molecular-weight regions of the band. It is further shown that although this receptor microheterogeneity is found for each of four brain regions studied, it is not found for the heart receptor, which gives a discrete labelled band of apparent molecular weight 72,000. It is therefore suggested that the structural microheterogeneity is the result of tissue-specific, posttranslational modification of the molecule, such as glycosylation, and is not directly related to the functional diversity of the receptor. PMID- 3772372 TI - alpha-Bungarotoxin binds to low-affinity nicotine binding sites in rat brain. AB - Reported differences in the pharmacology and distribution of [3H]nicotine and [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites in mammalian brain suggest that these ligands label separate receptor sites. Affinity purification of an alpha bungarotoxin binding protein from rat brain failed to copurify the high-affinity nicotine binding site, which remained in the nonbound soluble fraction after the affinity chromatography step. This confirms the independence of these putative receptor sites. Nevertheless, the binding of [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin to P2 membranes was inhibited by (-)-nicotine (Ki = 9 X 10(-6) M), and this sensitivity was preserved after affinity purification. It is proposed that alpha-bungarotoxin binds to a population of low-affinity nicotine binding sites. Comparison of the enantiomers of nicotine in competition studies at both radioligand binding sites revealed an 80-fold preference for the (-) form at the high-affinity [3H]nicotine binding site, whereas the site labelled by [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin displayed little stereoselectivity. In this respect, the brain alpha-bungarotoxin binding site resembles the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo electric organ. PMID- 3772373 TI - Distribution of glial fibrillary acidic protein in gliosed human white matter. AB - Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in gliosed white matter from multiple sclerosis plaques and cerebral infarcts was examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. Using a monoclonal antibody raised against human GFAP, up to 11 GFAP polypeptide bands of molecular weight 37-49 kilodaltons were identified in particulate and supernatant fractions of CNS tissue homogenates. Soluble GFAP constituted about one-quarter of the total GFAP in normal cerebral white matter. In brain lesions in which reactive astrocytes were observed microscopically, the proportion of soluble GFAP was increased, with a greater representation of the lower-molecular-weight forms. In brain chronic sclerotic plaques, almost all of the GFAP was in the particulate form. Purified particulate GFAP was susceptible to proteolysis at acid but not at neutral pH in the presence of CNS homogenates. In tissue autolysis studies, GFAP was stable in situ for periods well in excess of average CNS postmortem times. PMID- 3772374 TI - A nerve growth factor-sensitive S6 kinase in cell-free extracts from PC12 cells. AB - Soluble extracts from nerve growth factor (NGF)-stimulated PC12 cells prepared by alkaline lysis show a two- to 10-fold greater ability to phosphorylate the 40S ribosomal protein S6 than do extracts from control cells. The alkaline lysis method yields a preparation of much higher specific activity than does sonication. Half-maximal incorporation of 32P from [32P]ATP into S6 occurred after 4-7 min of NGF treatment. The partially purified NGF-sensitive S6 kinase has a molecular weight of 45,000. It is not inhibited by NaCl, chlorpromazine, or the specific inhibitor of cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase, nor is it activated by addition of diolein plus phosphatidylserine. Trypsin treatment of either crude extracts or partially purified S6 kinase from control or NGF-treated cells was without effect. These data suggest that the S6 kinase stimulated by NGF is neither cAMP-dependent protein kinase or protein kinase C nor the result of tryptic activation of an inactive proenzyme. Treatment of intact cells with dibutyryl cAMP or 5'-N-ethylcarboxamideadenosine also increases the subsequent cell-free phosphorylation of S6. This observation suggests that cAMP-dependent protein kinase may be involved in the phosphorylation of S6 kinase. PMID- 3772375 TI - Homeostasis of brain and cerebrospinal fluid calcium concentrations during chronic hypo- and hypercalcemia. AB - Three-week-old rats were made hypocalcemic or hypercalcemic by being fed diets low or high in Ca. Both total and ionized [Ca]s in the plasma decreased about 40% and remained depressed for 4 weeks in rats fed a low-Ca diet. Plasma [Ca]s in rats fed a high-Ca diet increased by 30% and remained elevated for 7 weeks. After 8 weeks on the diets, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) [Ca] changed by less than 30% whereas brain [Ca] changed by less than 20% of the chronic changes in plasma ionized [Ca]. Assuming a brain extracellular volume of 20% and noting that brain extracellular volume equilibrates freely with CSF, the findings demonstrate only small perturbations in the Ca content of the brain cellular compartment during sustained hypo or hypercalcemia. Partial regulation of CSF and brain extracellular Ca suggests a role for the blood-brain barrier in regulating CNS [Ca] during chronic changes in plasma [Ca]. PMID- 3772376 TI - Characterization of curaremimetic neurotoxin binding sites on cellular membrane fragments derived from the rat pheochromocytoma PC12. AB - Studies were conducted on the properties of 125I-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites on cellular membrane fragments derived from the PC12 rat pheochromocytoma. Two classes of specific toxin binding sites are present at approximately equal densities (50 fmol/mg of membrane protein) and are characterized by apparent dissociation constants of 3 and 60 nM. Nicotine and d tubocurarine are among the most potent inhibitors of high-affinity toxin binding. The affinity of high-affinity toxin binding sites for nicotinic cholinergic agonists is reversibly or irreversibly decreased, respectively, on treatment with dithiothreitol or dithiothreitol and N-ethylmaleimide. The nicotinic receptor affinity reagent bromoacetylcholine irreversibly blocks high-affinity toxin binding to PC12 cell membranes that have been treated with dithiothreitol. Two polyclonal antisera raised against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from Electrophorus electricus inhibit high-affinity toxin binding. These detailed studies confirm that curaremimetic neurotoxin binding sites on the PC12 cell line are comparable to toxin binding sites from neural tissues and to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors from the periphery. Because toxin binding sites are recognized by anti-nicotinic receptor antibodies, the possibility remains that they are functionally analogous to nicotinic receptors. PMID- 3772377 TI - Stimulatory effects of growth hormone and thyroxine on the concentration of gangliosides in the Snell dwarf cerebrum. AB - The concentration of gangliosides in the Snell dwarf mouse cerebrum was monitored from postnatal day 5 to day 40. In the dwarf cerebrum, the concentration of total gangliosides increased up to postnatal day 20 and then stopped, whereas in the control cerebrum, it continued to increase up to postnatal day 40. At postnatal day 40, the ganglioside level in the dwarf cerebrum was 70% of that in the control cerebrum. Among the ganglioside species, the concentrations of GM4, GM2, GM1, GD1a, GD3, GD1b, GT1b, and GQ1b were significantly lower in the dwarf cerebrum than in the controls at postnatal day 40. The reduced concentrations of ganglioside species GM2, GD1a, GD3, GD1b, and GQ1b were completely restored by administration of bovine growth hormone (GH) during the first 20 days of postnatal life. The reduced concentration of the GM1 and GM4 species were most efficiently restored by administration of bovine GH plus thyroxine (T4) during the second 20 days of postnatal life. These results indicate that the lower ganglioside concentrations in the dwarf cerebrum can be elevated by hormone therapy and that there exist distinct GH and T4 actions on the enzymes participating in ganglioside metabolism. PMID- 3772378 TI - Quantitation of vasopressin mRNA and oxytocin mRNA in hypothalamic nuclei by solution hybridization assays. AB - Concentrations of vasopressin (VP) precursor and oxytocin (OT) precursor mRNA were measured in magnocellular cell groups of the rat hypothalamus by newly developed solution hybridization assays. The assays employed single-stranded 35S labeled VP-specific and OT-specific DNA probes that were prepared by primer extension on recombinant M13 DNA templates. Solution hybridization assays were standardized by known amounts of cloned DNA. The detection limit was less than 1 pg DNA equivalent of the respective mRNA. In total RNA preparations of microdissected supraoptic nucleus (SON) mean (+/- SEM) basal levels of 1.37 +/- 0.18 pg VP mRNA and 1.95 +/- 0.14 pg OT mRNA were measured. RNA of the microdissected paraventricular nucleus (PVN) contained 0.35 +/- 0.02 pg VP mRNA and 1.77 +/- 0.15 pg OT mRNA. Elevation of plasma osmolality induced by drinking of 2% saline for 25 days resulted in a 1.85-fold increase in VP mRNA levels of the SON and a 1.6-fold increase in VP mRNA levels of the PVN. The solution hybridization assays are suitable tools to study the regulation of VP and OT mRNAs in magnocellular neurons of the brain. PMID- 3772379 TI - Convulsive activity of alpha-guanidinoglutaric acid and the possible involvement of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the alpha-guanidinoglutaric acid-induced seizure mechanism. AB - alpha-Guanidinoglutaric acid (alpha-GGA) was first found in cobalt-induced epileptogenic focus tissue in the cerebral cortex of cats. We examined the effect of alpha-GGA on the electroencephalogram and on the brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5 HT) level after intraventricular administration into rats. Sporadic low-voltage spikes appeared 4 min after the administration of alpha-GGA. Spikes increased in voltage 6 min after the administration. Multiple spikes appeared 10 min after the administration, and they reached maximal frequency 30 min after the administration. The epileptic discharges disappeared 100 min after the administration. The 5-HT level increased in the right and left cortices 3 min after the administration. The 5-HT level decreased in the mid-brain 5 min after the administration and subsequently in all regions of the brain 10 min after the administration. No change in the 5-HT level was found 30 min and 100 min after the administration. These results show that alpha-GGA induces epileptic seizures in rats after intraventricular administration. The results also suggest that alpha-GGA-induced seizures are associated with abnormal serotonergic function and that they are initiated by a decrease in the 5-HT level. PMID- 3772381 TI - Elevation of striatal dopamine receptors by estrogen: dose and time studies. AB - Administration to male rats of a single dose of 17 beta-estradiol valerate (8-500 micrograms/rat) or implantation of a pellet containing 17 beta-estradiol (0.5-50 mg/rat) increased serum 17 beta-estradiol levels in a dose-dependent relationship when measured on the sixth day after administration. At the same time, after these doses, the serum rat prolactin (rPRL) levels were doubled and the striatal 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine (DA, dopamine) receptor densities were increased 20%. A single dose of 17 beta-estradiol valerate of 4 micrograms/rat or less did not alter serum 17 beta-estradiol or rPRL levels or the striatal DA receptor density. After the single injection of 17 beta-estradiol valerate (125 micrograms/rat) the serum 17 beta-estradiol levels peaked at 1 day, the serum rPRL levels peaked at 2 days, and the striatal DA receptor density elevation peaked from 4 to 8 days. Implantation of a pellet containing 17 beta-estradiol (25 mg/rat) produced a constant elevation of serum 17 beta-estradiol levels from 1 to 10 days. Whereas the serum rPRL levels were continuously elevated about two fold, the densities of the striatal DA receptors were increased significantly by 20-25% only from 4 to 8 days after pellet implantation. These results indicate that striatal DA receptor density rises and returns to control levels during the constant elevation of serum 17 beta-estradiol and rPRL levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3772380 TI - Nucleoside transporter of cerebral microvessels and choroid plexus. AB - The nucleoside transporter of cerebral microvessels and choroid plexus was identified and characterized using [3H]nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR) as a specific probe. [3H]NBMPR bound reversibly and with high affinity to a single specific site in particulate fractions of cerebral microvessels, choroid plexus, and cerebral cortex of the rat and the pig. The dissociation constants (KD 0.1 0.7 nM) were similar in the various tissue preparations from each species, but the maximal binding capacities (Bmax) were about fivefold higher in cerebral microvessels and choroid plexus than in the cerebral cortex. Nitrobenzylthioguanosine and dipyridamole were the most potent competitors for [3H]NBMPR binding. Several naturally occurring nucleosides displaced specific [3H]NBMPR binding to cerebral microvessels in vitro, in a rank order that correlated well with their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier in vivo. Adenosine analogues and theophylline were less effective in displacing [3H]NBMPR binding than in displacing adenosine receptor ligands. Photoactivation of cerebral microvessels and choroid plexus bound with [3H]NBMPR followed by solubilization and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis labeled a protein(s) with a molecular weight of approximately 60,000. These results indicate that cerebral microvessels and choroid plexus have a much higher density of the nucleoside transporter moiety than the cerebral cortex and that this nucleoside transporter has pharmacological properties and a molecular weight similar to those of erythrocytes and other mammalian tissues. PMID- 3772382 TI - Effects of GABAergic drugs in vivo on high-affinity choline uptake in vitro in mouse hippocampal synaptosomes. AB - The effects of several gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic drugs on sodium dependent high-affinity choline uptake (HACU) were investigated in the hippocampus. HACU was measured in vitro after in vivo administration of the drug to mice. HACU was inhibited by those drugs that enhance GABA transmission. The convulsant 3-mercaptopropionic acid, which decreases GABA levels, stimulated HACU. From these results and previous findings, it appears that GABA mediates a tonic inhibitory effect on the septal-hippocampal cholinergic system. PMID- 3772383 TI - Determination of 3-methoxytyramine in rat brain by HPLC with electrochemical detection and its correlation with dopamine function after administration of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine. AB - 3-Methoxytyramine (3-MT), normally a minor metabolite of 3,4 dihydroxyphenylethylamine (dopamine) in brain, becomes the sole product of metabolism following the administration of a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor. A simplified reverse-phase HPLC method for 3-MT employing electrochemical detection is fully described. This method has a detection limit of 0.1 microgram/g brain wet weight and is sensitive enough to detect 3-MT in individual brain regions after rats have been pretreated with an MAO inhibitor. Administration of tranylcypromine (TCP, 10 mg/kg) and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) (10-50 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent linear increase in 3-MT concentrations in the dopaminergic brain regions n. caudatus (r = 0.95; p less than 0.01) and n. accumbens (r = 0.96; p less than 0.01). This treatment also produced a dose dependent increase in behavioural activity in rats (r = 0.88; p less than 0.01). Furthermore, a good correlation was found between the activity responses of individual rats and the accumulation of 3-MT after TCP/L-DOPA in both n. caudatus (r = 0.76; p less than 0.01) and n. accumbens (r = 0.84; p less than 0.01). These data describe a simple and sensitive HPLC analysis technique for 3-MT and demonstrate that following administration of an MAO inhibitor this metabolite may provide a useful monitor of central dopamine function. PMID- 3772384 TI - Effect of decreased oxygen on in vitro release of endogenous 3,4 dihydroxyphenylethylamine from mouse striatum. AB - The effects of hypoxia on release of endogenous 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine (DA, dopamine) were investigated in mouse striatal slices. Following a 60-min preincubation, potassium increased DA release 12 times between zero and 1 min. By 10 min, uptake processes exceeded release and DA levels in the media decreased. Hypoxia (low oxygen) and anoxia (no oxygen) increased DA in the media by 120 and 205%, respectively, but did not alter dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentrations. Under similar conditions, anoxia increased [3H]DA uptake eight-fold. For the uptake studies, the amount of DA added to the media was critical; in the presence of high concentrations of DA, anoxia reduced reuptake. Regardless of exogenous DA, hypoxia and anoxia increased extracellular DA, which may play a role in ischemic cell damage. PMID- 3772385 TI - Phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in the neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cell line NG108-15: stimulation by phorbol esters. AB - We have examined the effects of phorbol esters on phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) metabolism in the neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cell line NG108-15. 12-O Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), 100 nM, stimulated twofold the incorporation of [3H]choline into PtdCho during 2 h of incubation at 37 degrees C. This effect of TPA was concentration dependent, exhibiting an EC50 of 24.5 +/- 4.4 nM. The effect of TPA was also time dependent and became apparent only after a lag period of 15-30 min. TPA also decreased the incorporation of [3H]choline into water-soluble cellular constituents in a manner whose concentration and time dependence paralleled the changes observed in PtdCho content. HPLC analysis of this pool revealed that the levels of its major (85-95%) constituent, [3H]phosphocholine, were decreased by 29 +/- 5%, whereas those of [3H]glycerophosphocholine (0.5-2% of the pool) were increased by 84 +/- 4%. PtdCho labeling was also stimulated when cells were pulse labeled with [3H]choline and chased in the presence of TPA. The incorporation of [3H]inositol, [14C]ethanolamine, or [14C]serine into phospholipids was not affected by TPA. The non-tumor-promoting compounds phorbol and 4 alpha-phorbol-12,13-didecanoate (at 100 nM) were completely ineffective in modulating choline incorporation, whereas the biologically active analogs 4 beta-phorbol-12,13-didecanoate and 4 beta phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate were as effective as TPA. We conclude that tumor promoting phorbol esters can modulate PtdCho metabolism in neural-derived cells. The mechanisms mediating this effect and the possible involvement of PtdCho metabolism in normal signal transduction events and in the biological actions of tumor promoters are discussed. PMID- 3772386 TI - Brain gamma-aminobutyric acid turnover rates after spontaneous chronic ethanol intake and withdrawal in discrete brain areas of C57 mice. AB - The effect of 4 weeks of spontaneous chronic ethanol intake in drinking water and then ethanol withdrawal on the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) steady-state levels and turnover rates was investigated in 15 brain areas of C57 Bl/6J alcohol preferring mice. These mice did not display typical ethanol withdrawal convulsions. There was no statistically significant difference in the brain GABA steady-state levels among the control group, chronic ethanol-treated mice, and mice after ethanol withdrawal. In contrast, chronic ethanol treatment induced significant variations in GABA turnover rate, as measured by gabaculine-induced accumulation of GABA, in eight of 15 areas examined versus a decrease in seven brain areas [cerebellum (-29%), amygdala (-28%), olfactory tubercles (-24%), septum (-24%), striatum (-53%), frontal cortex (-21%), and hippocampus (-24%)]; an increase in turnover rate in the posterior colliculus (100%) was observed. At 26 h after ethanol withdrawal, in the seven areas in which GABA turnover rate decreased after spontaneous chronic ethanol intake, a return to the initial control value was observed; in the posterior colliculus, the turnover rate did not change, remaining higher than the control value. This persisting alteration of GABA turnover rate may be related to the absence of the ethanol withdrawal syndrome in the C57 mouse strain. PMID- 3772387 TI - Characterization of L-[3H]nicotine binding in human cerebral cortex: comparison between Alzheimer's disease and the normal. AB - Putative nicotine receptors in the human cerebral cortex were characterized with L-[3H]nicotine, L-[3H]Nicotine binding was enhanced by the addition of Ca2+ and abolished in the presence of Na3EDTA. Association and dissociation of the ligand were rapid at 25 degrees C with t1/2 values of 2 and 3 min, respectively. Saturation binding analysis revealed an apparent single class of sites with a dissociation constant of 5.6 nM and a Hill coefficient of 1.05. There was no effect of postmortem interval on the density of binding sites assayed up to 24 h in rat frontoparietal cortex. Nicotine binding in human cortical samples was also unaltered by increasing sampling delay. In human cortical membranes, binding site density decreased with normal aging. Receptor affinity and concentration in samples of frontal cortex (Brodmann area 10) from patients with Alzheimer's disease were comparable to age-matched control values. Samples of infratemporal cortex (Brodmann area 38) from patients with Alzheimer's disease had a 50% reduction in the number of L-[3H]nicotine sites. Choline acetyltransferase activity was significantly decreased in both cortical areas. Enzyme activities in the temporal pole were reduced to 20% of control values. These data indicate that postsynaptic nicotine receptors are spared in the frontal cortex in Alzheimer's disease. In the infratemporal cortex, significant numbers of receptors remain despite the severe reduction in choline acetyltransferase activity. Replacement therapy directed at these sites may be warranted in Alzheimer's disease. PMID- 3772388 TI - Aware or non-aware. On the significance of awareness for the localization of the lesion responsible for homonymous hemianopia. AB - Some of the patients with homonymous hemianopia are unaware of any visual defect, whereas others perceive this defect more of less consciously. Analysis of the CT scans of 41 cases showed that patients who are partially or fully aware of the hemianopia have purely occipital lesions. The patients who were not aware of the visual defect were found to have larger and more anteriorly situated lesions. Parietal lesions or lesions interrupting the associative pathways to the primary or secondary visual association cortex are considered to be responsible for the lack of awareness of the defect. PMID- 3772390 TI - Visual evoked responses and ophthalmological examination in optic neuritis. A follow-up study. AB - Ophthalmological examination and visual evoked responses (VERs) were repeated at 6-120 (mean 46) months after the first attack of acute optic neuritis in 80 patients who had abnormal VERs in 98 symptomatic eyes at the initial examination. The wide field VER returned to within the normal range in 19/98 (19%) symptomatic eyes. Fifteen percent of patients had completely normal VERs at follow-up. The yield of VER abnormalities was increased by the use of central field in addition to wide field stimulation. One or more components of the ophthalmological examination were abnormal in 91% of symptomatic eyes at final review. Although the ophthalmological examination was a more sensitive index than the VER of past optic neuritis in symptomatic eyes, the reverse was the case in asymptomatic eyes. PMID- 3772389 TI - Cardiovascular reflex tests. Assessment of age-adjusted normal range. AB - To assess the relationship between aging and autonomic control of heart rate and blood pressure, cardiovascular reflex tests were performed in 70 healthy volunteers in the age range 25-71 years. R-R interval variation, heart rate change with deep breathing, 30/15 ratio and blood pressure response to standing appeared significantly declining with age. For each test we calculated the P0.99 and P0.01 confidence limits for individual observations. On the other hand, Valsalva ratio and the blood pressure response to sustained handgrip appeared to be unrelated to age. These results suggest that there is an age-dependent degradation of the mechanisms involved in the cardiovascular reflexes. The assessment of age-adjusted normal values improves the criteria for delineating abnormal from normal results in individual testing of autonomic function. PMID- 3772391 TI - Asymptomatic oligoclonal CSF IgG and progressive increase of intrathecal IgG synthesis in a patient with myasthenia gravis treated with thymectomy--a 4-years follow-up. AB - A young woman is described who had myasthenia gravis which was favourably influenced by thymectomy. Although there was no evidence for another neurological disease over 7.5 years of clinical observation and computed tomography as well as visual evoked response were normal, CSF studies over 0.5 years prior to and 3.5 years after thymectomy revealed persistent mononuclear pleocytosis, high CSF IgG index, oligoclonal IgG bands in CSF, and increasing IgG synthesis rate within the CNS, reflecting a continuous local humoral immune response. CSF/serum ratios of antibodies to acetylcholine receptors (AChR) were continuously lower than CSF/serum IgG ratios, contradicting intrathecal AChR antibody production. Proportion of total T cells was slightly higher in CSF than peripheral blood, while active T cells were lower in CSF. CSF lymphocytes did not proliferate on PHA stimulation but responded in allogeneic mixed lymphocyte culture. B cells were 4% in CSF and 4.5% in peripheral blood, but 227 IgG, 0 IgA and 0 IgM producing cells were detected among 20 X 10(3) CSF lymphocytes, compared to 5, 4 and 0 in 20 X 10(3) peripheral blood lymphocytes. This patient represents an in vivo 'experiment' regarding influence of thymectomy on CSF compartment constituents. The present study also shows that an individual can be clinically healthy despite continuous and pronounced intrathecal immune response. PMID- 3772392 TI - F-responses in syringomyelia. AB - Motor and sensory nerve conduction and various F-response parameters have been examined in the median and ulnar nerves bilaterally in 22 patients with syringomyelia. Excluding those nerves with isolated peripheral lesions, motor and sensory conduction was normal in the distal nerve segments, except for one subject in whom severe wasting of the muscles was associated with slowed motor velocities. Minimum and/or maximum F-response latencies were increased in one or more nerves in 16 of the 22 cases, which was attributed to disturbed function of anterior horn cells and the intraspinal segment of the motor fibres, or mild subclinical nerve trauma. There was a tendency for F-response amplitude and duration to be increased, probably reflecting the combined effects of spasticity and enlargement of motor units due to reinnervation. PMID- 3772395 TI - Combination of fibroblast interferon (HuIFN beta), carboxamide (DTIC), and cimetidine for advanced malignant melanoma. AB - In vitro synergism between interferons (IFNs) and chemotherapeutic drugs has been demonstrated, and an enhancement of IFN's antiproliferative effects when combined with cimetidine has been suggested in melanoma patients. In this pilot study, 12 patients with advanced malignant melanoma received HuIFN beta by 30 min i.v. infusion at 30 X 10(6) u/m2 day for 4 days, followed by i.v. decarbazine (DTIC) 1.0 g/m2 on day 5, repeated every 4 weeks. Oral cimetidine, 300 mg q.i.d., was given continuously. All the patients had visceral (bulky) metastases. No objective responses were observed; however, two patients had stable diseases for 16 and 20 weeks, respectively. Mild chills and fever with IFN, and mild to moderate emesis with DTIC, were noted. No additive haemopoietic or hepatic toxicity was observed. Combination of HuIFN beta, DTIC, and cimetidine is relatively nontoxic, but does not appear to have a significant antitumor activity in patients with advanced malignant melanoma. PMID- 3772394 TI - Significant increase in immunosuppressive acidic protein (IAP) in serum of patients with multiple sclerosis and other inflammatory neurological disorders. AB - IAP, a type of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, is mainly produced by macrophages when stimulated in the presence of circulating immune complexes or some inflammatory substances. We assayed the serum levels of IAP by a single radial immunodiffusion method. The normal level of IAP is below 500 micrograms/ml (385 +/- 73). In multiple sclerosis patients, however, IAP increased during exacerbation (630 +/- 191) and decreased during the inactive stage (433 +/- 170). Eighty-five percent of patients with neuro-Behcet's disease also had high levels of IAP, correlating well with disease activity. In some patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome or Miller Fisher syndrome, IAP increased during the acute phase. In patients with herpes simplex encephalitis, IAP levels remained abnormally high for more than 60 days after onset. The mean value of IAP in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis did not differ from that of normal controls. An increase in IAP in the serum of patients seems to reflect the activity of an inflammatory or immunopathological process. PMID- 3772393 TI - Protein degradation in bupivacaine-treated muscles. The role of extracellular calcium. AB - The time course of protein degradation and the influence of extracellular calcium and the calcium-channel blocker verapamil were investigated by measuring tyrosine release from the isolated rat soleus muscle exposed to the local anaesthetic agent bupivacaine. Degradation rates were reduced during the first 60-90 min and subsequently increased in muscles treated with bupivacaine concentrations of 1.5 mM or higher. When calcium was omitted from the incubation medium the initial reduction in degradation was greater and the subsequent increase was reduced or prevented. Overall, verapamil (10(-5)M or 10(-6)M) did not significantly alter the degree or time-course of protein degradation. PMID- 3772396 TI - Enhancement of chemiluminescence and phagocytic activities by nontoxic and toxic forms of lipid A. AB - The effect on the respiratory burst of murine splenic cells after in vitro exposure to nontoxic monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), toxic diphosphoryl lipid A (DPL), and refined standard endotoxin (RSE) was studied by luminol-dependent, zymosan-stimulated chemiluminescence (CL). CL was stimulated only to a minimum degree by 0.1 micrograms of MPL, DPL, or RSE, but this was clearly increased when 10-fold higher doses were used. CL activity generated by RSE, which contains only lipid A and ketodeoxyoctanate, remained at a moderate level, even when 100-fold higher doses were used. In contrast, ketodeoxyoctanate-free DPL elevated CL in a dose-dependent manner. Nontoxic MPL at a high dose significantly enhanced CL generation to levels that were comparable to those stimulated by DPL. In addition, phagocytosis of freshly prepared fluorescent beads by adherent peritoneal macrophages was enhanced seven- to 10-fold by toxic DPL and reference LPS, and fivefold by nontoxic MPL. PMID- 3772397 TI - Isolation and partial characterization of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaque core in Alzheimer's disease: immunohistological studies. AB - Fractions enriched in neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and amyloid fibrils were isolated from the cerebral cortex of three cases of senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Distilled water suspensions of these fractions were excluded from all pore size gels and resisted digestion with various proteolytic enzymes. Formic acid/chloroform treatment of each fraction resulted in the appearance of 4,000-6,000, 15,000-17,000 and 24,000 molecular weight proteins, with concomitant diminution in the amount of excluded material at the top of each gel. The 4,000 6,000 dalton band was best seen in fractions containing randomly arranged amyloid fibrils, and its amino acid composition resembled that of the recently reported "beta" protein. A polyclonal antiserum to purified NFT reacted with tangles in neurons and in dystrophic neurites around plaques by immunoperoxidase staining. No reaction was obtained with cerebrovascular or plaque core amyloid immunohistologically, or with the 4-6 kD protein on immunoblots. Cross-reactivity with the neurofibrillary lesions occurring in Pick's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, postencephalitic Parkinsonism and dementia pugilistica was also seen. Specific binding of this antiserum to the double filamentous structure was confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy. Although the presence of "beta" protein in both NFT and amyloid-containing fractions suggests that it may be an important constituent of both, cross-contamination cannot be excluded. PMID- 3772398 TI - Genetic prenatal aqueductal stenosis with hydrocephalus in rat. AB - A recessive mutation which arose in Wistar albino rats was variably expressed in the homozygous state as prenatal stenosis of the aqueduct with resultant hydrocephalus. The condition was often compatible with survival to adulthood and with successful reproduction. Mildly sparse hair was the constant gene marker. Eye defects and sometimes foot deformities occurred. The first observable ultrastructural alteration was a disruption of the integrity of the neuroepithelial basal lamina in the cephalic neural tube of affected embryos as early as the 11th fetal day (16-24 somite pairs). The hydrocephalic syndrome closely resembled that produced by giving folic acid analogs to, or producing vitamin B12 deficiency in, pregnant rats in the period including the 11th day. Neither vitamin B12 nor folate, nor certain metabolites closely related to their metabolism, prevented the gene's expression. Homozygote mutants mated with homozygote mutants produced 70% hydrocephalic (dome-shaped heads) offspring, but if the mother was heterozygote, there was a "protective" effect and the number of hydrocephalic young was disproportionately smaller. PMID- 3772399 TI - Characteristics of neurite outgrowth from rat spinal ganglia: effects of serum and segmental level. AB - The outgrowth of neurites from spinal ganglia in tissue culture may be affected by many variables including medium constituents and the age of ganglia. If E15 rats were used, the rate of outgrowth from ganglion explants in response to nerve growth factor was independent of the cranial-caudal position from which the ganglia were derived. This contrasts with the cranial-to-caudal gradient present during embryonic development. The effect of serum on this outgrowth was also studied and ten of 17 lots of human placental serum, two of three lots of pooled human placental serum, and one of two lots of fetal calf serum significantly inhibited the outgrowth of neurites. This has relevance to the design of tissue culture studies and may be important in the interpretation of in vitro studies of disease mechanisms. PMID- 3772400 TI - The histopathology of freezing injury to the rat spinal cord. A light microscope study. I. Early degenerative changes. AB - In an effort to develop a method of tissue injury which would provide a model for the study of axonal regrowth in adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS), we have analyzed the effects of freezing in the dorsal columns of more than 200 rat spinal cords. The effects of temperature and time of exposure upon the size, shape, distribution and histologic characteristics of the lesion have been assessed during the first seven days following the injury. The upper threshold for injury occurs at -3 degrees C for 15 minutes. Between -3 degrees C and -12 degrees C the tissue changes vary in extent and characteristics. Selective damage to axons and myelin occurs with sparing of the supportive cells followed by proliferation of a cellular matrix. At seven days, the lesions produced by -8 degrees C for 15 to 60 minutes have neither axons nor myelin sheaths and consist of a dense cellular matrix of macrophages and presumed glial cells. With these tissue characteristics, and the preservation of tissue continuity without obstructive barriers, this model would appear to be potentially suitable for the study of axonal regrowth potential in mammalian CNS. PMID- 3772402 TI - Oligodendroglioma. Histologic evaluation and prognosis. PMID- 3772401 TI - The histopathology of freezing injury to the rat spinal cord. A light and electron microscope study. II. Repair and regeneration. AB - We utilized a recently developed model of spinal cord injury in which freezing of the rat dorsal column produced axonal injury with sparing and proliferation of the supporting tissue. We examined the progress of the reparative and regenerative processes for 15, 30 and 60 days after the injury. In transverse and sagittal sections at the proximal middle, and distal injury zone and at the zone of Wallerian degeneration we have demonstrated an apparent outgrowth of axons which makes its appearance between 15 and 30 days following injury and increases in amount between 30 and 60 days. The myelination of these fibers is bimodal with Schwann cells predominating in the subpial region, and oligodendrocytes in the deeper regions. Growth into the Wallerian zone is significantly less but does occur at 30 days increasing only slightly at 60 days despite extensive clearing of the breakdown products. We believe that the conditions created by this method of injury provide a suitable model for the study of repair and regeneration of mammalian central nervous tissue. PMID- 3772403 TI - Degeneration of myelinated sympathetic nerve fibres following treatment with guanethidine. AB - The specificity and characteristics of the degeneration of myelinated axons after chronic guanethidine treatment have been investigated in sympathetic and non sympathetic nerves. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats aged approximately 43 weeks were treated with guanethidine sulphate (50 mg per kg body weight per day) for between ten days and six weeks. Tissues were examined by qualitative and quantitative light and electron microscopy. In the superior cervical (sympathetic) ganglion (SCG), guanethidine treatment produced a 78% decrease (P = 0.009) in the mean number of myelinated fibres at a standard level of section, compared to the contralateral control ganglion which was removed surgically prior to drug treatment. This reduction in the treated SCG was apparent after 10 days, though complete degeneration of nerve cell bodies was not widespread at this stage. Degeneration of unmyelinated axons was extensive. Degenerating myelinated fibres were consistently small in diameter (up to approximately 3 microns). In individual myelinated fibres the earliest signs of degeneration involved disruption of axonal organelles, particularly the cytoskeleton, and focal widening of the periaxonal space. Myelin breakdown followed these events; degeneration of myelin still associated with a structurally intact axon was not observed. Myelin breakdown appeared to take place initially within the Schwann cell, at least to the stage of 'loosened' membranes. However, infiltrating cells were also involved in myelin phagocytosis. At all stages of treatment some small diameter myelinated fibres remained intact, and there was no evidence of degeneration of the larger diameter fibres (up to approximately 15 microns) which are consistently present in small numbers in the SCG. In the cervical sympathetic trunk, which carries preganglionic axons to the SCG and the vagus and sciatic nerves, degeneration only of unmyelinated axons was detected. These results indicate that guanethidine does not exert a primary degenerative influence on myelin or myelinating Schwann cells and that the myelin degeneration observed in the SCG is a secondary result of the previously documented selectively destructive effect of guanethidine on postganglionic sympathetic neurons. Surviving, small diameter myelinated fibres in the SCG could be either preganglionic or processes of resistant postganglionic neurons, while the larger diameter fibres are likely to be somatic. While the cervical sympathetic trunk, vagus and sciatic nerves all contain postganglionic sympathetic fibres it appears that few of these are myelinated, at least at the levels sampled in this study. PMID- 3772404 TI - The induction of a regenerative propensity in sensory neurons following peripheral axonal injury. AB - Injury of the peripheral axons of primary sensory neurons has been previously shown to increase the probability that the corresponding central axons would grow from the injured spinal cord into a peripheral nerve graft. This phenomenon has been used to investigate the nature of extrinsic cues from injured nerves that enhanced regenerative propensity within sensory neurons. In 13 groups of rats, a segment of the right sciatic nerve was grafted to the dorsal columns of the spinal cord and the left sciatic nerve was subjected to mechanical injury, injection of colchicine or infusion of nerve growth factor. Subsequently, neurons in lumbar dorsal root ganglia with axons growing from the spinal cord into a graft were identified by retrograde perikaryal labelling and compared for the two sides. The aim was to mimic or modify the inductive effect of nerve transaction by alternative or additional manipulation of the nerve. Growth of central axons was less enhanced by peripheral axonal interruption if the length of the proximal stump was increased or if a distal stump was present to permit rapid regeneration. However, the regenerative response following nerve transection was altered little by crushing the proximal stump or injecting it with colchicine or nerve growth factor. It is suggested that sensory neurons are stimulated to regenerate by peripheral axonal injuries that reduce some normal retrograde regulatory influence of Schwann cells. PMID- 3772405 TI - Stroke and migraine in the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project. AB - A total of 323 cases of first-ever stroke were registered in the first 2 years of the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project. Of these patients, 244 (76%) had a stroke due to cerebral infarction. There was a past history of migraine headaches in 56 (17%) of the 323 cases of stroke and in 44 (18%) of the 244 cases of cerebral infarction. A past history of migraine headaches was no commoner in patients with stroke due to cerebral infarction than in those with stroke due to intracranial haemorrhage. One hundred and seventy-three (71%) patients with cerebral infarction had at least one risk factor for ischaemic stroke; the frequency of such risk factors was similar in patients with and without a history of migraine. In 7 (3%) of the 244 patients the cerebral infarction was presumed to be "migrainous"; however, only 3 of these 7 (1.2% of the 24) were free of risk factors for ischaemic stroke. If all 7 cases were considered migrainous, the incidence rate of first migrainous cerebral infarction was 3.36 per 100,000 per year (95% confidence limits 0.87-5.86). If only the 3 patients who were free of risk factors were included, the incidence was 1.44 per 100,000 per year (95% confidence limits 0-3.07). PMID- 3772406 TI - Rupture of the arterial wall in two cases of recent cerebral embolism: morphological expression of cerebral vasospasm? AB - Previously undescribed morphological changes are reported in two cases of recent, non-septic cerebral embolism. These consisted of an arterial rupture involving the whole thickness of the wall. A direct tear by a sharp embolus seems unlikely but, as proposed by Villaret et al. in 1937, the arterial spasm may have occurred at the time of cerebral embolism. The embolic occlusion would prevent narrowing of the vascular lumen, so that focal spasm would rupture the arterial wall even at the level of a healthy and relatively thick media. PMID- 3772407 TI - The relationship between long latency responses and height. AB - Long latency responses to electrical stimulation of nerve trunks in upper and lower extremities were studied in 83 healthy subjects. The latency differences between the late responses, M2, and the segmental reflexes, M1, on the hand correlated with the height, confirming a transcortical reflex loop. Corresponding to the possible polysynaptic spinal origin of the late reflex response on the lower leg, there was no correlation with height. Therefore, it is not possible to calculate the intraspinal conduction time from long latency reflex examinations. PMID- 3772408 TI - Disturbance of circadian rhythms in severely brain-damaged patients correlated with CT findings. AB - Twelve patients aged 3-14 years with severe brain damage of prenatal, perinatal or postnatal origin were studied for 2-4 days regarding the circadian rhythms of sleep and wakefulness, body temperature and blood cortisol levels. Six patients had developed a disorder in the circadian rhythm of sleep and wakefulness. The circadian rhythm of body temperature was maintained in 11 of the patients and was little disturbed compared to those of sleep and wakefulness and cortisol levels. The three overt rhythms of circadian activity were not necessarily disturbed simultaneously, which does not contradict the multiple oscillatory theory of the human time-keeping system. CT findings suggested that the brain-stem plays a more important role than the cerebral hemispheres in the regulation of human circadian rhythms. PMID- 3772409 TI - Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis: neuroradiological evaluation and clinical findings. AB - The spectrum of clinical signs in cases of superior sagittal sinus thrombosis includes not only focal neurological deficits, seizures and mental disturbances, but also symptoms which may lead to a diagnosis of pseudotumour cerebri (PTC). In 14 cases of angiographically (or autopsy) proven thrombosis of the superior sagittal or both lateral sinuses, the "empty triangle" sign on contrast CT examination was the most reliable sign, suggesting the diagnosis in 70%. Indirect CT signs (venous infarcts) were observed in all 8 patients with focal neurological signs, but appeared rather delayed in 3 cases. In contrast, patients with "benign" intracranial hypertension or PTC (6 cases) had normal unenhanced scans (4 cases) or showed slight diffuse brain oedema (2 cases). Magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 4 patients with findings suggestive of intravascular coagulation; however, due to the complexity of flow phenomena, further studies employing this new imaging technique will first have to be performed. Thus, angiography remains the best diagnostic tool and should not be delayed if there is a clinical suspicion of thrombosis. PMID- 3772410 TI - Ataxia telangiectasia in identical twins: unusual features. AB - The cases of identical twins with ataxia telangiectasia, early intellectual impairment and progressive spasticity are reported. Immunological tests revealed reduced levels of serum and salivary IgA, increased B cells, reduced T cells and raised alpha-fetoprotein. CT scan performed in one of the twins was normal. The pathogenesis of the spasticity is discussed. PMID- 3772411 TI - Radiation-induced intracranial fibrochondrosarcoma. AB - A 50-year-old patient developed a left temporal fibrochondrosarcoma 27 years after radiation therapy for a suspected pituitary adenoma. The long latency between the irradiation and the development of the sarcoma and the histological nature of the tumour are unusual features for a malignant radiation-induced intracranial tumour. The histogenesis of fibrochondrosarcoma of the brain is discussed. PMID- 3772412 TI - Quantitative assessment of the effect of cyproheptadine on spastic paretic gait: a preliminary study. AB - The effects of cyproheptadine were studied in two patients with spastic paresis. The study consisted of two phases: a control phase (no medication) and a cyproheptadine phase (8 mg t.i.d.). The effects were evaluated from electromyographic (EMG) and kinematic analysis of treadmill walking with a portion of body weight supported, and from clinical examination and subjective assessments. Episodes of spontaneous spasms and elicited clonus were reduced with cyproheptadine. Improvement in locomotor function was evidenced by a decreased cycle duration, more regular foot-floor contact, functional joint excursions, and increased walking speed. In addition, a tonic EMG activity pattern was replaced by phasic muscle activation in the proximal extensors especially. Selective proximal movements were unmasked (hip flexion) and certain functional activities (transfers, dressing) were facilitated. The results support the role of cyproheptadine as an antispastic medication. Study of the short-term and long term benefits of cyproheptadine is continuing. PMID- 3772413 TI - Bilateral ballistic movements occurring as a late complication of hemispherectomy and responding to sulpiride. PMID- 3772414 TI - Controversy over combination chemotherapy in advanced ovarian cancer: what we learn from reports of matured data. PMID- 3772415 TI - Factors affecting survival in superior sulcus tumors. AB - Fifty-five patients with superior sulcus syndrome were treated at the UCLA Medical Center and Wadsworth VA Hospital (Los Angeles) between 1956 and 1985. Twenty-eight underwent surgery, six of whom were found unresectable at the time of thoracotomy. Twenty-one of 22 in the resected group received preoperative irradiation. Twenty-seven patients received radiation only. Surgical morbidity was 21%, and there were two in-hospital deaths. Five-year survival for extended resection patients was 34%. The radiation only group had no 5-year survivors. Factors associated with a worse prognosis include positive margins, N2 disease, and vertebral body involvement. The best results for superior sulcus tumors are obtained by preoperative irradiation followed by en bloc resection of the tumor. In the event complete resection is impossible, radiation has a role in palliation of pain with occasional prolonged survival. PMID- 3772416 TI - Treatment of lymphoblastic lymphoma in adults. AB - Forty-four adult patients with lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL) were treated according to one of two protocols. Both included (1) induction with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone, and L-asparaginase; (2) CNS prophylaxis; and (3) maintenance therapy with methotrexate (MTX) and 6 mercaptopurine. In the second protocol, CNS prophylaxis began earlier than in the first protocol and included cranial irradiation and intrathecal (IT) MTX rather than simultaneous high-dose systemic and IT MTX. The overall response rate was 100% (95% complete). With a 26-month median follow-up, the 1-and 3-year actuarial freedom from relapse (FFR) for the composite patient group was 70% and 56%, respectively. The incidence of CNS relapse was reduced from 31% in the first protocol to 3% in the second protocol (P = .04, Gehan). Patients can be assigned retrospectively to low (n = 19) and high (n = 25) risk prognostic groups, as indicated by a multivariate analysis of pretreatment prognostic factors. High risk is defined by Ann Arbor stage IV disease with bone marrow or CNS involvement or initial serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentration of greater than 300 IU/L (normal, less than 200). FFR of low- and high-risk groups at 5 years are 94% and 19%, respectively (P = .0006). Low-risk patients are highly curable using this approach to adult LBL. More intensive treatment for high-risk patients is warranted. PMID- 3772417 TI - Mycosis fungoides involving the central nervous system. AB - The clinical records of nine patients, followed at the University of Chicago, with mycosis fungoides (MF) and neurologic deficits due to direct CNS involvement were reviewed. Lymph node and visceral involvement was present in all patients. Clinical findings included cranial nerve deficits in four patients, altered mental status in eight, gait disturbances in three, and leg weakness in one. Helpful diagnostic studies included lumbar puncture with CSF cytology, computerized tomography (CT) brain scans, brain biopsy, and myelogram. Two patients, who were treated with radiation therapy (RT), survived 14 and 40 weeks, respectively. Survival of less than 4 weeks limited treatment in the other patients. Autopsies were performed on six patients and revealed meningeal infiltration and perivascular infiltration of the brain. In addition, the cerebral parenchyma was infiltrated in one patient and a lymphomatous tumor was found in the brainstem of another. We conclude that the varied clinical and pathologic features of CNS involvement with mycosis fungoides resemble those seen in leukemias and other lymphoproliferative disorders. Better awareness of the clinical features may permit earlier diagnosis and initiation of therapy. PMID- 3772418 TI - Soft-tissue and bone sarcoma histopathology peer review: the frequency of disagreement in diagnosis and the need for second pathology opinions. The Southeastern Cancer Study Group experience. AB - Histopathologic peer review of specimens from 216 consecutive patients with soft tissue or bone sarcomas on Southeastern Cancer Study Group protocols was performed by a panel of three pathologists. Subtype of sarcoma, degree of confidence in diagnosis, and grade were compared with agreement or disagreement in pathologic opinion from the primary member institution v the pathology review panel. The most common soft-tissue sarcoma was leiomyosarcoma, followed by malignant fibrous histiocytoma, fibrosarcoma, liposarcoma, malignant schwannoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma. There was total agreement between the primary pathologist and reviewer in 66% of cases. However, 12 cases (6%) were considered on review to not be sarcomas. In 27% of cases the subtype of sarcoma was felt to be incorrect by reviewers. Discordant diagnoses were more common when the confidence of the pathologist was less and when the tumor was of higher grade. There was no improvement in frequency of agreement in the second half of the study, despite educational workshops. We conclude that histologic peer review is important in sarcoma studies and is essential in many patients with presumed sarcomas. PMID- 3772419 TI - Cardiac metastases from soft-tissue sarcomas. AB - Cardiac metastases were present in 30 of 120 (25%) consecutive autopsies of patients with soft-tissue sarcoma (STS). Fifty percent of the patients had metastases to the myocardium, while 33% had pericardial metastases and 17% had both. Congestive heart failure was present in ten patients and was commonly caused by diffuse myocardial or restrictive pericardial metastases. Other signs and symptoms of cardiac involvement by STS included chest pain (three patients), arrhythmias (two), conduction block (two), simulation of an atrial myxoma (one), and sudden death (one). Echocardiography was used infrequently, but was diagnostic in 80% of cases in which it was used. We conclude that metastatic STS commonly involves the heart and produces cardiac symptoms. PMID- 3772420 TI - Etoposide pharmacokinetics in patients with normal and abnormal organ function. AB - Precise guidelines for dose modification of etoposide in patients with hepatic dysfunction have not been determined. Etoposide pharmacokinetics were determined in 17 patients. Nine patients had bilirubin less than or equal to 1 mg/dL and eight had bilirubin ranging from 1.9 to 23 mg/dL. Twelve patients received etoposide 100 mg/m2 days 1, 3, and 5, in combination with cisplatin 70 mg/m2 or iproplatin 225 mg/m2 on day 1. Five patients received only one dose of etoposide. Etoposide was measured using a published high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method which also quantitates picro etoposide and its hydroxy acid. Systemic clearance, Vdss and t1/2 beta averaged (+/- SD) 21.4 (+/- 7.4) mL/min/m2, 10.7 (+/- 4.1) L/m2, and 8.1 (+/- 2.8) hours in the nine patients with bilirubin less than or equal to 1 mg/dL, and 22.4 (+/- 9.6) mL/min/m2, 13.6 (+/- 11.3) L/m2, and 8.4 (+/- 3.9) hours in the eight patients with bilirubin 1.9 to 23.0 mg/dL. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis of liver and renal function tests and other patient-specific variables identified creatinine clearance as the strongest predictor of etoposide systemic clearance (r2 = 40.8). Serum albumin was identified as the next strongest predictor, improving the r2 to 57.3%. Cumulative biliary excretion of unchanged etoposide and glucuronide or sulfate conjugates over 48 hours accounted for less than 3% of the dose in six patients studied. Toxicity occurred in patients with normal and abnormal bilirubin and was unrelated to etoposide clearance. Patients with total bilirubin 1.9 to 23 mg/dL, but creatinine clearance greater than 30 mL/min/m2 had etoposide clearance within the range for patients with normal liver function (16.8 to 35 mL/min/m2). Although these patients did not have reduced etoposide clearance, the major routes of etoposide non-renal elimination remain to be clearly defined. Additional patients should be evaluated to establish more precise guidelines for dosing etoposide in patients with abnormal liver function. PMID- 3772422 TI - Debulking surgery in ovarian cancer. PMID- 3772421 TI - The concept of an overview of cancer clinical trials with special emphasis on early breast cancer. AB - Overviews are valuable investigations that require international cooperation, and can provide a useful summary of available information on a current therapeutic issue. Combining results of trials in early breast cancer is an appropriate example of such procedures. However, the advantage of bringing a large amount of information together might be overcome by the disadvantages of improper conduct and overinterpretation of the overview findings. A prospective protocol must be prepared and followed. The results must be presented in sufficient detail to allow independent conclusions to be reached. The influence of strict application of the arithmetic construct must be recognized when determining whether the conclusions about the impact of separate components of treatment are appropriate. Most importantly, the transition from scientific inquiry to the application of treatment recommendations for individual patients must still be made very cautiously. We stress the importance of the results from individual, well conducted clinical trials for providing the critical information for guiding the choice of treatment for patients outside of trials. PMID- 3772423 TI - An acetylcholinesterase-mediated density shift technique demonstrates that coated vesicles from chick myotubes may contain both newly synthesized acetylcholinesterase and acetylcholine receptors. AB - Coated vesicles isolated from 17 d chick embryo skeletal muscle contain acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) as shown by the presence of specific, latent binding sites for 125I-alpha bungarotoxin (125I-alpha-BTX). Since these coated vesicles also contain AChE (Benson et al., 1985), we hypothesized that a coated vesicle could carry both molecules: one an integral membrane protein, the other a secreted protein. An AChE-mediated density shift technique was used to obtain data that indicate that most isolated coated vesicles contain AChE and that some contain AChRs as well. Similar results were obtained with coated vesicles isolated from cultured chick embryo myotubes treated briefly with diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) to inactivate all preexisting AChE and allowed to synthesize AChE for 2 1/2 hr. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that both an integral plasma membrane protein, AChR, and a secretory protein, AChE, traverse the identical pathway after synthesis, as proposed by Rotundo and Fambrough (1980a). We suggest that coated vesicles are important intermediates in the exocytotic pathway, and that the large percentage of coated vesicles utilized for exocytotic transport can explain the rapid net increase in surface area achieved during myotube development. We also discuss the potential utility of the AChE-mediated density shift in studying the exocytotic and endocytotic pathways in other cell types, and possible pitfalls associated with its use. PMID- 3772424 TI - Kinematics and end-point control of arm movements are modified by unexpected changes in viscous loading. AB - These experiments were undertaken to evaluate whether the kinematics and end point control of learned movements were affected by changes in dynamic loads or were determined largely by centrally specified motor programs. Human subjects performed flexion movements about the wrist in a discrete visual tracking task for a range of movement sizes. For some movements, viscosity was increased at movement onset. When the viscous load opposed movement unexpectedly, subjects initially overshot the intended target for all movement sizes, but only for the smaller movements did the overshoot persist. Unexpected introduction of heavier loads was more effective in inducing these behavioral changes; the lightest loads did not alter end-point positioning. When subjects had visual guidance about performance when load changes occurred, the effect of the unexpected occurrences of viscous loads was diminished, suggesting that subjects rapidly adjusted their movement strategy, depending on task demands and performance. The movement responses were mediated by short-latency and long-duration muscle responses triggered by the change in viscous loading. Although the triggered muscle responses were larger when the loads were encountered during performance of large, in comparison to small, movements, smaller muscle responses affected small movements more than large triggered responses did large movements. This suggests that triggered muscle responses are compensatory in certain movement situations but disruptive in others. In addition, these findings demonstrated that dynamic loads especially affect the kinematics and end-point control of smaller movements, suggesting that kinesthetic inputs and central motor commands interact so subjects may achieve accurate positioning for certain classes of movements. PMID- 3772426 TI - Competition regulates the efficacy of an identified synapse in crickets. AB - The efficacy of the synaptic contact between an identified sensory neuron and an identified interneuron in crickets is increased when neighboring afferent synapses are removed early in postembryonic life. The physiological changes are correlated with changes in the structure of the presynaptic neuron's axonal arborizations: When neighboring axons are destroyed, there is a shift of the remaining axonal arbors into deafferented regions and an increase in the number of putative contacts with the postsynaptic neuron. Changes in the structure of the presynaptic neuron also directly affect the probability of formation of this synaptic connection. The connection was found in 67% of the control specimens, but it was present in 100% of the partially deafferented specimens. The results demonstrate that interactions between growing sensory neurons can influence both the probability of synapse formation and the strength of those connections. This is the first case in which the effects of competition on the structure of a single, identified, presynaptic neuron can be directly related to its synaptic efficacy. PMID- 3772425 TI - Effects of ischemia-like conditions on cultured neurons: protection by low Na+, low Ca2+ solutions. AB - An in vitro system was used to mimic several aspects of ischemia, including low oxygen pressure, low nutrient levels, and the accumulation of cellular products thought to contribute to damage during ischemia. We replaced normal culture medium from 3-week-old basal ganglia cultures with oxygen-depleted, nutrient deficient medium. After incubation in an atmosphere of 94% N2, 6% CO2 for 5 hr at 37 degrees C, the cultures were returned to normal medium. After a 24 hr recovery period, cell viability was assessed in terms of cell number, electrophysiological properties, and immunohistochemical markers. When the medium used during the ischemic period was a normal balanced salt solution, more than 70% of the cells were damaged by the low-oxygen, low-glucose stress. Loss of cell processes and cell swelling were the most evident signs of damage. The majority of the cells remaining viable were astrocytes. Neuronal damage was observed only when both glucose and oxygen were deficient. Some damage was evident even at oxygen tensions of 60 mm Hg when glucose was absent from the medium; much more extensive damage was observed at tensions below 1.0 mm Hg. Lowering both extracellular sodium and calcium resulted in more than a 2-fold increase in survival (70 vs 28%). These results indicate that damage to neurons during conditions of extreme energy deprivation such as ischemia may be mediated by the influx of calcium and/or sodium. PMID- 3772428 TI - Slow outward tail currents in molluscan bursting pacemaker neurons: two components differing in temperature sensitivity. AB - Bursting pacemaker neurons of Tritonia and Aplysia were studied in voltage-clamp experiments to determine the ionic requirements of the slow outward tail current. This current is important for terminating bursts and hyperpolarizing the neuron during the interval between bursts and therefore contributes to the timing of pacemaker activity. A method for rapid extracellular perfusion of the neuron soma with solutions of different ionic composition was used to study the ionic dependence of the tail current. Measurements of the current-voltage relationship were made at different times during the decay of the tail current to determine the reversal potential in different ionic solutions. These experiments showed that 2 or more slow outward currents contribute to the tail current. Temperature had a large effect on these currents. At cold temperatures (10-15 degrees C), the tail current was predominantly a K current. At warm temperatures (20-23 degrees C), both a K current and a K-insensitive outward current were seen. Bursting pacemaker activity occurred throughout this temperature range. Both the K current and the K-insensitive current required Ca influx for activation. These findings help to reconcile conflicting reports in the literature concerning the ionic dependence of the slow outward tail current and suggest a mechanism for temperature compensation of bursting activity in these pacemaker cells. PMID- 3772427 TI - Facilitatory action of etomidate and pentobarbital on recurrent inhibition in rat hippocampal pyramidal neurons. AB - Biochemical studies have shown that the non-barbiturate anesthetic etomidate can interact in a stereoselective, barbiturate-like fashion with the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor complex, enhancing both benzodiazepine and GABA binding, but its electrophysiological effects upon the mammalian CNS are largely unknown. The present investigations were designed to characterize the electrophysiological effects of etomidate on the recurrent GABAergic inhibitory pathway in the CA1 region of the rat in vitro hippocampal slice and to compare the actions of etomidate to those of pentobarbital. Electrical stimulation of the alveus elicited a biphasic hyperpolarizing response, consisting of an initial bicuculline-sensitive GABAergic IPSP. This was followed by a second component, termed the late hyperpolarizing potential (LHP), which is thought to reflect an increase in potassium conductance. Both pentobarbital (100 microM) and (+) etomidate (10 microM) markedly increased the duration of the initial GABA mediated IPSP, and frequently increased its amplitude as well. However, no significant effects of either of these drugs were observed on the LHP. Together with previous biochemical findings, our data suggest that the depressant effects of etomidate and barbiturates on the nervous system may reflect a common action upon a stereoselective receptor site intimately associated with bicuculline sensitive GABA receptors and the chloride ion channel. PMID- 3772429 TI - Replacement of synaptic terminals in lamina II and Clarke's nucleus after unilateral lumbosacral dorsal rhizotomy in adult cats. AB - Evidence from previous light-microscopic studies suggested that lumbosacral dorsal rhizotomy in cats elicits sprouting of converging undamaged systems into partially deafferented Clarke's nucleus and lamina II. We therefore applied quantitative electron-microscopic methods to determine whether this sprouting is associated with replacement of synaptic terminals (reactive reinnervation). We used stereological and morphometric methods to estimate terminal number per cross section in right and left lamina II and Clarke's nucleus in adult cats after acute and chronic unilateral (right-sided) lumbosacral deafferentation. Planimetric measurements of area indicated no significant shrinkage of either region as a result of the deafferentation; an increase in area occupied by glial cytoplasm (gliosis) equaled the decrease occupied by axonal components. The gliosis appears to persist indefinitely, although the degenerative debris stainable with conventional light-microscopic methods does not persist. Analysis of the synaptic population of lamina II reveals that the large central or "scalloped" terminals comprise a substantial fraction (greater than 40%) of the total area occupied by terminals in control material and that this population is largely lost upon deafferentation, leaving a large population of small terminals with spherical vesicles. Nevertheless, estimates of total terminal number indicate no difference between control and deafferented lamina II, suggesting a rapid and virtually complete replacement of lost dorsal root terminals by small terminals containing spherical vesicles. Terminal number in Clarke's nucleus also remains constant despite the loss of the dorsal root input. We conclude that there is also a virtually complete and rapid replacement of lost terminals in Clarke's nucleus by terminals containing spherical vesicles. These data provide an example of a case in which axonal sprouting demonstrated with light microscopic methods is associated with electron-microscopic evidence of reactive reinnervation. PMID- 3772430 TI - Characterization, distribution, and ontogenesis of adenosine binding sites in cat visual cortex. AB - In vitro autoradiographic techniques were used to characterize binding sites for 3H-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) and 3H-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) in cat and kitten visual cortex. 3H-CHA binding sites in adult cat have a Bmax of 1,363 fmol/mg protein and a Kd of 6.8 nM. Displacement experiments indicate that 3H-CHA binds to an adenosine receptor similar to the A1-adenosine receptor described by other investigators. 3H-NECA binding sites in adult cat have a Bmax of 518 fmol/mg protein and a Kd of 15.4 nM. Displacement experiments do not allow us to identify this binding site unambiguously. Bmax values increase during postnatal development for both binding sites, peaking in adulthood for 3H-CHA and at 30 d for 3H-NECA. Kd values show neither consistent nor significant differences during postnatal development for either binding site. 3H-CHA and 3H-NECA binding sites are concentrated in layers 1-3 and upper layer 5 in the visual cortex of adult cats. These laminar patterns, however, change during postnatal development, showing the densest binding in the deep cortical layers (5 and 6) in kittens younger than 30 d of age and a fairly homogeneous binding in older kittens before achieving the adult distribution. PMID- 3772431 TI - Isolation of embryonic chick motoneurons and their survival in vitro. AB - This is the first of a series of 4 papers in which we describe the regulation of excitatory amino acid receptors on embryonic chick motoneurons dissociated from the lateral motor column and maintained in cell culture. Techniques are described for labeling embryonic chick motoneurons in vivo with Lucifer Yellow or fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugates of wheat germ agglutinin (Fl-WGA). We estimate that 65-95% of the motoneurons in the lateral motor column survive tissue dissociation and settle on an appropriate culture surface. The number of fluorescent motoneurons observed in heterogeneous spinal cord cell cultures decreases with a half-life of 2 d. The decline is due to fading of the fluorescent tracer rather than to loss of cells. Techniques are also described for separating motoneurons from other spinal cord cells with a fluorescence activated cell sorter. Approximately 24% of the motoneurons in the lateral motor column can be isolated, and motoneurons comprise more than 90% of the population in cultures seeded with sorted cells. The survival of sorted and unsorted motoneurons in vitro is enhanced in the presence of skeletal myotubes or muscle conditioned medium, but the survival of non-motoneurons is not influenced by muscle. Electrophysiologic properties of sorted and unsorted motoneurons determined with patch-clamp techniques are similar. Both differ from mature motoneurons in their lower resting membrane potential (-50 mV), larger input resistance (450 M omega), and longer time constant (39 msec). Also they do not exhibit anomalous rectification or a calcium-activated potassium after hyperpolarization. Motoneurons grown in the absence of interneurons differ from motoneurons in heterogeneous spinal cord cell cultures in that their neurites (dendrites) are shorter and they branch less often. PMID- 3772432 TI - The emergence of tuning in newly generated tuberous electroreceptors. AB - Tuning curves of afferent electroreceptive fibers in the anterior lateral line nerve of the weakly electric fish, Sternopygus macrurus, indicate that the tuberous electroreceptors of each individual are well-tuned to its own electric organ discharge (EOD) frequency. In order to study how receptor tuning may develop, new receptor organs were induced to form in regenerating cheek skin, and their tuning properties were compared with those of intact receptors from the same fish. At 3 weeks after the onset of regeneration, new receptors of a given fish were broadly tuned with best frequencies (BFs) lower than that fish's EOD frequency and the BFs of its own intact tuberous receptors. Three weeks later, regenerated receptors of the same fish were indistinguishable from intact receptors in BF, although tuning curves were occasionally slightly broader than normal. To determine if the presence of an ongoing electric field is necessary for the genesis of proper tuning, receptors were allowed to regenerate in fish deprived of their EODs. At 6 weeks, tuning curves of these receptors also had BFs that were tuned similarly to intact receptors and to each individual's characteristic EOD frequency (determined by recordings of the pacemaker nucleus in the medulla). Thus, as regenerating receptors mature, they gradually become more sharply tuned and tuned to progressively higher frequencies until reaching the correct BF, which matches the EOD frequency; however, tuning to the appropriate EOD frequency occurs without reference to the ongoing electric field. PMID- 3772433 TI - Step-tracking movements of the wrist in humans. I. Kinematic analysis. AB - We have examined the kinematics of the initial trajectory of step-tracking movements performed by human subjects. Each subject tracked a target that required 5-30 degrees of radial or ulnar deviation of the wrist. All movements were to be performed as accurately as possible. Speed instructions were given before each trial. When subjects performed different amplitude movements following the same speed instruction, the peaks of velocity, acceleration, and jerk were linearly related to peak displacement. The peaks of velocity, acceleration, and jerk also changed when the speed instruction was altered. Thus, for any given movement, the peak values of the derivatives of displacement were dependent on both movement amplitude and intended speed. As a result, the peak values of the derivatives cannot be used by themselves to control or monitor peak displacement. When subjects performed different amplitude movements following the same speed instruction, movement duration tended to remain constant. In contrast, movement duration changed when the speed instruction was altered. Movements performed when subjects intended to move slowly had longer durations than when subjects intended to move quickly. These results suggest that subjects volitionally alter intended speed by selecting different movement durations. When both movement amplitude and intended speed were varied, the peak displacement of a step-tracking movement was linearly related to the product of 2 kinematic variables: the initial peak of a derivative of displacement (either velocity, acceleration, or jerk) and movement duration. On the basis of our observations, we propose that central commands generate step-tracking movements of different amplitudes and intended speeds by adjusting both the magnitude and duration of a derivative of displacement. PMID- 3772434 TI - Expression of the weaver gene in dopamine-containing neural systems is dose dependent and affects both striatal and nonstriatal regions. AB - In an earlier report we presented evidence pointing to a differential effect of the mutant gene weaver on the dopamine-containing fiber systems innervating the striatum. In mice homozygous for the weaver mutation, there is a severe loss of dopamine in the caudoputamen, the main target of the nigrostriatal system. By contrast, dopamine is entirely conserved in the nucleus accumbens, a target of the mesolimbic system, and is moderately affected in the olfactory tubercle. The present study shows that these defects in dopamine are gene dose-dependent, that they are established by the end of the first month of life, and that the losses are permanent and not progressive. As in homozygous weavers, the greatest defects in striatal dopamine in heterozygous weavers occur in the dorsolateral caudoputamen and the lateral olfactory tubercle. The abnormalities in the striatal dopamine content of weaver mice are not accompanied by abnormalities in the turnover of dopamine, judging from measurements of the dopamine metabolite dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. Norepinephrine content is also normal in each striatal region. No deficits in striatal dopamine occur in mice homozygous for the mutant genes staggerer and Purkinje cell degeneration, which, like the weaver mutation, result in ataxia and cerebellar pathology. A survey of nonstriatal regions in the weaver mice showed that the effects of the weaver gene on the dopamine-containing innervation of the forebrain are not confined to striatal targets but also extend to the septum and the hypothalamus. By contrast, dopamine in the frontal cortex, the amygdala, the olfactory bulb, and the retina is entirely spared. The pattern and extent of loss of dopamine in the weaver forebrain is thus region- and system-specific. In confirmation of our initial findings, a ca. 30% depletion of dopamine occurs in the weaver midbrain, the region containing the cell bodies of origin of the mesostriatal dopamine systems. A comparison of histofluorescent sections through weaver and control midbrains revealed a reduction of catecholamine-containing neurons in the pars compacta of the weaver animals. These results point to a subpopulation of dopamine-containing neurons as primary targets of the weaver gene or as being closely associated with such primary targets. As a gene-dose effect has also been shown for the cerebellar granule cell loss in the weaver, the mutant gene must have at least 2 cellular targets. We suggest that the cerebellar and mesostriatal pathologies may be linked by a common molecular mechanism. PMID- 3772435 TI - A system of indoleamine-accumulating neurons in the rabbit retina. AB - The indoleamine-accumulating neurons of the rabbit retina were labeled by intraocular injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT). The retinas were fixed with 2.5% paraformaldehyde and 0.2% glutaraldehyde and inspected by fluorescence microscopy. Five kinds of cell accumulated the indoleamine. They were labeled to essentially the same brightness and remained so despite variations in the concentration at which 5,7-DHT had been applied or the duration of its application. Experiments in which 5,7-DHT was applied to retinas incubated in vitro gave identical results. To see the whole shape of the cells, we visually guided micropipettes to the fluorescent cell bodies and injected the cells with Lucifer yellow CH. To study the cells as a population, we used a new method in which the fluorescence of 5,7-DHT is photochemically converted to an insoluble diaminobenzidine product. The dendrites of all of the indoleamine-accumulating cells were then simultaneously visible. Used together, these techniques revealed an interrelated system of indoleamine-accumulating neurons. All of the cells contribute processes to a dendritic plexus that lies at the inner margin of the inner plexiform layer. The plexus is roughly 4 micron thick. It is pierced by the stalks of the Muller cells and is occasionally interrupted by ganglion cell bodies, where they extend above the average margin of the ganglion cell layer. Otherwise it fills much of the space at the junction of the plexiform and ganglion cell layers. The type 1 and type 2 cells are amacrine cells with cell bodies at the inner margin of the inner nuclear layer. They have 5-8 radially branching primary dendrites which extend horizontally across the inner plexiform layer before descending to join the dendritic plexus. They differ from each other in cell body shape, dendritic morphology, and the course of their dendrites within the inner plexiform layer. Each has a "displaced" counterpart, with a morphology similar to the type 1 or type 2 cell but with a cell body located in the ganglion cell layer. The displaced cells are separate functional elements because, in contrast to the type 1 and type 2 cells, they have no dendrites (and hence can have no synaptic connections) in the outer part of the inner plexiform layer. The fifth kind of cell (type 3) appears not to have been described before. Its cell body is located at the outer margin of the inner nuclear layer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3772436 TI - Oligodendrocyte cell adhesion molecules are related to neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM). AB - The glycoproteins responsible for calcium-dependent oligodendrocyte aggregation were purified and characterized. Using detergent extraction, lentil-lectin Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography, and preparative gel electrophoresis, 3 proteins were purified to apparent homogeneity, with relative Mrs of 120,000, 140,000, and 180,000. The aggregation assay showed that all 3 proteins had the ability to block antibody-mediated inhibition of oligodendrocyte aggregation. The 120,000 protein was the most active of the three. Antisera were raised in rabbits to these 3 individual proteins. Western blot analyses showed that all three antisera recognized 120,000, 140,000, and 180,000 proteins, which indicated that the proteins were related. Western-blot analyses of cultured oligodendrocytes and purified rat myelin showed only the 120,000 protein. Immunoprecipitation of iodinated membrane proteins of cultured oligodendrocytes also indicated the presence of only the 120,000 Mr protein. Deglycosylation of the 120,000 protein by N-glycanase resulted in a 110,000 protein. The immunoblot pattern suggested some similarities between oligodendrocyte adhesion molecules and the neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM). Therefore, the 120,000, 140,000, and 180,000 Mr proteins were compared to N-CAM by Western-blot analysis, immunofluorescence staining, and by immunoprecipitation. The results suggest that oligodendrocytes contain a 120,000 membrane glycoprotein that is related to N-CAM. PMID- 3772438 TI - The primary olfactory projection has two chemically distinct zones. AB - The sensory neurons of the olfactory epithelium form an anatomically uniform population but are differentially excited by odorants. We have discovered an unexpected biochemical heterogeneity within this population that extends to its axonal projection onto the olfactory bulb. This heterogeneity is recognized by a newly generated monoclonal antibody, designated RB-8, that differentially stains the primary olfactory projection in rats and divides it into 2 nonoverlapping zones. With light-microscopic immunohistochemistry, RB-8 densely labels the fascicles of the olfactory nerve from the ventral and lateral parts of the olfactory epithelium, where there is also some epithelial staining. This area, which we designate RB-8-positive, comprises about two-thirds of the epithelial sheet. RB-8 labeling of the other third of the epithelium, which includes the dorsal recess and medial tips of the dorsal turbinals, is not detectable, and the fascicles from these RB-8-negative areas are only weakly stained. These RB-8 negative areas form a contiguous zone on flattened maps of the epithelial sheet. In the olfactory bulb, RB-8 staining of the glomeruli in the ventrolateral part is correspondingly dense, while that in the dorsomedial glomeruli is undetectable or very light. In the labeled glomeruli, the RB-8 staining is precisely coextensive with anti-olfactory marker protein staining, which serves as a marker for the olfactory axons and terminals. In addition, knife-cut lesions of the olfactory nerve totally eliminate the RB-8 staining in the glomeruli where the destruction of the olfactory terminals is complete. There is also a good correlation between the staining patterns in the bulb and epithelium and what is known from tract-tracing studies of the arrangement of the axonal projection of the epithelium onto the bulb. This evidence strongly suggests that, in the olfactory nerve and glomeruli, RB-8 stains the olfactory axons and their terminals. A survey of the CNS and peripheral tissues demonstrates that staining with RB-8 is nervous system-specific; not all components of the CNS and PNS are stained. The antigen recognized by RB-8 was characterized in immunoblots and by use of a direct radioimmunoassay (RIA) which assessed binding of 125I-RB-8. With this assay, the RB-8 binding sites in whole brain are shown to be membrane associated, saturable, immunologically specific for RB-8, and trypsin-sensitive. In SDS-PAGE immunoblots of membrane proteins, the antigen in rat forebrain and in the olfactory nerve is a protein of 125 kDa Mr, which comigrates in mixtures of membranes from the 2 sources.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3772437 TI - Quantitative correlation between barrel-field size and the sensory innervation of the whiskerpad: a comparative study in six strains of mice bred for different patterns of mystacial vibrissae. AB - In mice from 6 strains bred for different patterns of mystacial vibrissae, we studied the consequences of the presence of supernumerary whiskers for the sensory innervation of the vibrissal follicles and their cortical representation in the barrel field. The parameters were number of axons innervating individual vibrissal follicles, tangential area of individual barrels, and thickness of the layers in the barrel cortex. These parameters are highly constant for animals within a strain but may differ greatly between strains. For all strains, the innervation of a follicle depends on its position on the whiskerpad, the highest innervation density being at the posterolateral corner. This matches the wave of development that travels over this part of the face during embryogenesis. Although large differences exist between strains in the number of axons innervating the whiskerpad, the relative number of axons innervating the "standard" follicles of 1 row is remarkably constant. The thickness of the barrel cortex increases from posteromedial to anterolateral for all strains. This increase is due to variations in thickness of the cortical output layers (II and III, V and VI). For individual barrel-follicle pairs, we calculated the ratio between cortical barrel area and axon number. The major findings were that supernumerary follicles are innervated and, given a threshold number of axons, represented by barrels; barrel area per peripheral axon differs between follicles within a row and is highest for the supernumerary elements; and for each strain there is a direct, linear correlation between axon number and barrel size, which differs significantly among certain, but not all, strains. The data allowed us tentatively to define some of the factors that play a role in the formation of brain maps and pointed to the existence of major genetic differences between mouse strains with respect to these factors. PMID- 3772440 TI - In situ fibrinolysis in supra-aortic main vessels. A preliminary study. PMID- 3772439 TI - Identification of a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor on neurons using an alpha neurotoxin that blocks receptor function. AB - An alpha-neurotoxin, Bgt 3.1, that reversibly blocks the ACh response of chick ciliary ganglion neurons has been used to identify 2 classes of high-affinity binding sites on the cells in culture. The first class appears to be the alpha bungarotoxin binding site on the neurons. The second class of Bgt 3.1 sites is distinct from the alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites and has the properties expected for the functional nicotinic ACh receptor on the cells. Equilibrium binding and kinetic studies indicate a Kd value of 5-6 nM for Bgt 3.1 at the second class of sites. The kinetics and affinity of binding are consistent with those inferred from previous physiological studies for Bgt 3.1 inhibition of receptor function. Bgt 3.1 binding to the sites is completely inhibited by each of the cholinergic ligands ACh, carbachol, nicotine, d-tubocurarine, and trimethaphan, but not by alpha-bungarotoxin. Highest site densities are found in cultures of ciliary and sympathetic ganglion neurons, cell types known to have ganglionic nicotinic ACh receptors. Low levels of sites may be present in cultures of spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion neurons; no binding is found in cultures of skeletal myotubes or cardiac cells when alpha-bungarotoxin is used to block Bgt 3.1 binding to alpha-bungarotoxin sites. These results demonstrate that Bgt 3.1 can be used as a specific probe for the nicotinic ACh receptor on chick autonomic neurons. PMID- 3772441 TI - Five cases of unilateral exophthalmos associated with abnormalities in the lateral sinus area. PMID- 3772442 TI - MRI anatomy of the sellar region. PMID- 3772443 TI - Computerized tomography and MRI in Marchiafava-Bignami disease. PMID- 3772444 TI - Intracranial malignant lymphoma. Report of 30 cases and review of the literature. AB - Although primary malignant lymphoma is a rare entity in the gamut of intracranial tumors, it is more frequently seen than the secondary intracranial spread of a primary extracranial lymphoma. In general, the occurrence of lymphomas seems to be provoked by immunosuppression, as with medication (predominantly after transplantation) or with immunodepressive disease such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The usual age of onset of this disease is 55 to 65 years; and the male:female patient distribution is roughly 2:1. Characteristically, computerized tomography (CT) scans of lymphomas show a mass which is often large with regular contours, moderate mass effect, and hyper- or isodensity with marked and often homogeneous enhancement. In the series of 30 patients reported, the locations of lesions, in order of decreasing frequency, were the frontocallosal and temporal regions, the basal ganglia, and the cerebellum. Multiple lesions were present in 15% of these cases (20% to 40% in the literature). The following features should raise the suspicion of intracranial lymphoma: mirror lesions of the basal ganglia, bilateral subependymal infiltration, and leptomeningeal involvement contiguous with an intracerebral mass. According to the literature, the angiographic finding typical of lymphoma is an avascular tumor. A blush or vascular encasement of the mass seems to be rare, and the present series was in accordance with other reports in this respect. Differential diagnostic consideration should include meningioma, glioblastoma, metastatic disease, and focal infectious lesions such as toxoplasmosis or multifocal progressive leukoencephalitis, particularly in immunodepressed subjects. Diagnosing lymphoma from CT scans offers the alternative of substituting stereotaxic biopsy and neuropathological diagnosis for the more aggressive open surgical approach, since radiation therapy and possibly chemotherapy usually prove to be the treatment of choice. PMID- 3772445 TI - Primary malignant lymphoma of the central nervous system. Results of treatment of 11 cases and review of the literature. AB - Eleven patients with primary malignant lymphoma of the central nervous system (CNS) were treated at the Medical College of Wisconsin Affiliated Hospitals between 1964 and 1984. Three patients had a prior history of immunosuppressive therapy following renal transplantation. All patients had biopsy-proven disease and 10 of the 11 were treated with external radiation therapy. The doses to the primary tumor ranged from 34 to 59.4 Gray (Gy). Actuarial (life-table) survival rate was 82% at 1 year and 43% at 3 years. No recurrence was seen after 13 months. Eighty-six reports totaling 693 cases of primary malignant lymphoma of the CNS were found in the literature. Of these, 308 cases were treated with a combination of surgery and irradiation. Overall survival at 5 years for those patients who received more than 50 Gy compared with less than 50 Gy to the primary tumor was 42.3% versus 12.8% (p less than 0.05). Twenty-one patients survived longer than 5 years. Late relapse was notable, with 10 (47.6%) of 21 tumors recurring between 5 and 12.5 years after diagnosis. Based on this review, a minimum of 50 Gy radiation to the primary tumor is recommended. While no statement regarding the efficacy of craniospinal irradiation or chemotherapy can be made in view of the small numbers, the use of craniospinal irradiation and/or systemic chemotherapy should be considered for future trials. PMID- 3772446 TI - Traumatic infarction of the spinal cord in children. AB - Infarction of the spinal cord in childhood is rarely due to trauma. During a 15 year period (1971 to 1985), eight children were admitted to The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, with a diagnosis of traumatic infarction of the spinal cord. All of these patients had delayed onset of neurological signs varying between 2 hours and 4 days after their initial trauma. No bone abnormalities were seen on plain spine x-ray films. Myelography was carried out in seven of these children and found to be normal in all seven. Six patients who were paraplegic at the time of admission remained permanently paraplegic, but two with incomplete cord signs did show some improvement. PMID- 3772447 TI - Chronic expanding intracerebral hematoma. AB - The cases of 10 normotensive patients with chronic intracerebral hematomas are reported. The patients' median age at diagnosis was 42 years. The median duration of symptoms was 22 days. Seizures were the presenting symptom in 50% of the cases. Computerized tomography almost consistently demonstrated ring-shaped lesions with mass effect and perifocal edema. Arteriography revealed that all but one of the lesions were avascular. All patients had superficial white matter lesions, mostly in the frontoparietal region. All patients were treated surgically. Most of the hematomas were encapsulated and contained blood in various stages of organization. The thick capsule consisted of an outer layer of collagenous tissue and an inner layer of granulation tissue. Occult cerebrovascular malformations were detected in two instances. There were two deaths, both related to recurrent postoperative hemorrhage. This entity can present much like a brain malignancy and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of ring-shaped lesions whatever the clinical presentation. Strategies of treatment are discussed. PMID- 3772448 TI - Prognostic significance of ventricular CSF lactic acidosis in severe head injury. AB - Brain-tissue acidosis inferred by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactic acidosis is considered to play an important role in the clinical course of severe head injury. Ventricular CSF lactate concentration was studied in 19 patients during the first 5 days after severe head injury. All patients were intubated, paralyzed, and artificially ventilated so that PaCO2 was kept at 33.2 +/- 5.0 mm Hg and PaO2 at 122 +/- 18 mm Hg (mean +/- standard deviation). The mean Glasgow Coma Scale score on admission was 5.73 +/- 2.42. The first CSF sample was drawn within 18 hours after head injury. Over the first 4 days postinjury, patients with a poor outcome had significantly higher ventricular CSF lactate levels than did those with moderate disabilities or a good outcome. Patients showing favorable outcome had a significant decrease in ventricular CSF lactate levels 48 hours after injury. This decrease was not observed in patients with a poor outcome. Increased ventricular CSF lactate concentration was also reliably associated with increased intracranial pressure (ICP). Ventricular CSF lactate levels did not correlate with the magnitude of intraventricular bleeding. Arterial and jugular venous blood lactate levels, although high after head injury, were usually lower than the levels in the ventricular CSF and reached a normal range by the 3rd day following head trauma. At that time, the ventricular CSF lactate concentration was still above normal in patients with a poor outcome but had decreased to normal in patients with moderate disabilities or a good outcome. Ventricular CSF pH did not generally correlate with the ventricular CSF lactate concentration in patients under controlled ventilation; however, in a few patients close to death or with ventricular infection, a correlation was noted. Ventricular CSF lactate levels were not related to cerebral blood flow. In this study, profiles of ventricular CSF lactate concentration are defined in relation to the patients' clinical course and outcome. High ventricular CSF lactate concentration is present within 18 hours after severe head injury. Its decrease to normal in the following 48 hours is a reliable sign of clinical improvement; however, ventricular CSF lactate levels that are persistently high or that increase over time indicate the patient's deterioration. Serial assessment of ventricular CSF for acid-base status and metabolites in head-injured patients with a ventricular catheter already placed for ICP monitoring is useful in the evaluation of prognosis and clinical course. PMID- 3772449 TI - CSF brain creatine kinase levels and lactic acidosis in severe head injury. AB - The posttraumatic creatine kinase-BB isoenzyme (CKBB) activity and lactate concentration in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have been studied in 29 patients with severe head injuries. The CKBB activity reaches its maximum a few hours after trauma, and has a monoexponential drop with a half-time of approximately 10 hours. Ventricular CSF lactate concentration continues to rise in patients with a poor outcome, and decreases only slowly and inconsistently in most of the other patients. Thus, increase of lactate in the ventricular CSF is not, like CKBB, a direct one-stage consequence of the trauma but is due to continuous production from a derangement of metabolism caused by the trauma. Since even higher ventricular CSF lactate levels can be survived when not caused by head injury, and since no significant pH changes were related to the ventricular CSF lactic acidosis in these artificially ventilated patients, it is concluded that ventricular CSF lactic acidosis is indicative of a severe, although not necessarily intractable, disturbance of brain function associated with intracellular lactate production and acidosis. PMID- 3772450 TI - Relationship of acute CBF and ICP findings to neuropsychological outcome in severe head injury. AB - Neuropsychological outcome within 1 year after severe head injury was examined in 42 conscious survivors and correlated with acute measurements of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and intracranial pressure (ICP). During acute coma, CBF was elevated in 23 patients, indicating hyperemia, and was reduced in the remaining 19 cases. Intracranial hypertension (ICP 20 mm Hg or greater) was present acutely in 15 patients and absent in 27. Occurrences of hyperemia and intracranial hypertension were significantly related. During chronic recovery, neuropsychological dysfunction was found in all cases. However, patients with hyperemia revealed greater impairment of overall intellectual and memory functions than did those with reduced flow, while patients with intracranial hypertension showed greater memory deficit than did those without ICP elevations. The results suggest that early pathophysiological events can influence subsequent neuropsychological outcome, and that chronic recovery is not homogeneous in young severely head injured adults. PMID- 3772451 TI - Cerebral perfusion pressure, intracranial pressure, and head elevation. AB - Previous investigations have suggested that intracranial pressure waves may be induced by reduction of cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP). Since pressure waves were noted to be more common in patients with their head elevated at a standard 20 degrees to 30 degrees, CPP was studied as a function of head position and its effect upon intracranial pressure (ICP). In 18 patients with varying degrees of intracranial hypertension, systemic arterial blood pressure (SABP) was monitored at the level of both the head and the heart. Intracranial pressure and central venous pressure were assessed at every 10 degrees of head elevation from 0 degree to 50 degrees. For every 10 degrees of head elevation, the average ICP decreased by 1 mm Hg associated with a reduction of 2 to 3 mm Hg CPP. The CPP was not beneficially affected by any degree of head elevation. Maximal CPP (73 +/- 3.4 mm Hg (mean +/- standard error of the mean] always occurred with the head in a horizontal position. Cerebrospinal fluid pressure waves occurred in four of the 18 patients studied as a function of reduced CPP caused by head elevation alone. Thus, elevation of the head of the bed was associated with the development of CPP decrements in all cases, and it precipitated pressure waves in some. In 15 of the 18 patients, CPP was maintained by spontaneous 10- to 20-mm Hg increases in SABP, and pressure waves did not occur if CPP was maintained at 70 to 75 mm Hg or above. It is concluded that 0 degree head elevation maximizes CPP and reduces the severity and frequency of pressure-wave occurrence. If the head of the bed is to be elevated, then adequate hydration and avoidance of pharmacological agents that reduce SABP or prevent its rise are required to maximize CPP. PMID- 3772452 TI - Fluid secretion in arachnoid cysts as a clue to cerebrospinal fluid absorption at the arachnoid granulation. AB - The morphological similarity of the lining of arachnoid cysts to subdural neurothelium and the mesothelium of arachnoid granulations suggested that the latter tissues might be the origin of arachnoid cysts. Transport Na+-K+-adenosine triphosphatase was shown by enzyme ultracytochemistry to be an indication of secretory activity in the lining of arachnoid cysts and in the endothelial lining of arachnoid granulations. This secretory activity suggests the existence of a biochemical mechanism for cerebrospinal fluid absorption at these granulations separate from the mechanisms already demonstrated. PMID- 3772453 TI - Management of obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to posterior fossa tumors by steroids and subcutaneous ventricular catheter reservoir. AB - In 61 patients (38 adults and 23 children) with surgically treatable tumors of the posterior fossa and obstructive hydrocephalus the following treatment for hydrocephalus was employed: a high dose of steroids was given after diagnosis; a frontal ventricular catheter with a subcutaneous fluid reservoir (Rickham) was inserted within 2 to 5 days; a temporary external ventricular drainage system was attached to the reservoir if, despite the steroids, intracranial pressure was over 30 cm H2O; and tumor excision was performed within 5 days to reopen the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pathways. In view of the wide range of potential complications, it was decided not to use a shunt before craniotomy. A shunt was inserted only if the CSF pathways remained obstructed after tumor removal. With this regimen, 93% of all patients (100% of the adults and 83% of the children) were shunt-free after the operation, without fatal complications. The infection rate was 4.9%. It was concluded that the severity of symptoms of raised intracranial pressure from hydrocephalus, the intraventricular pressure, and the size or location of the tumor prior to surgery do not have prognostic value as to which patients will require a shunt after surgery. PMID- 3772454 TI - Estimation of growth fraction with bromodeoxyuridine in human central nervous system tumors. AB - Twenty-five patients with tumors of the central nervous system received bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR), 200 mg/sq m, by intravenous infusion every 8 hours for 3 days before surgery. Excised tumor specimens were fixed in chilled 70% ethanol, embedded in paraffin, and cut into 6-micron sections. Each section was reacted with monoclonal antibodies against BUdR and stained with immunoperoxidase to identify nuclei that had incorporated BUdR. The growth fraction of each tumor was estimated by calculating the ratio of BUdR-positive nuclei to the total number of tumor cells in three to six microscopic fields in viable areas of the tumor. In seven cases, the tumor doubling time was measured from the serial computerized tomography scans and an attempt was made to estimate the cell cycle time. The growth fractions ranged from 9.1% to 46.5% in malignant gliomas, 2.0% to 6.7% in low-grade gliomas, 11.2% to 43.2% in metastatic brain tumors, 0.8% to 1.9% in pituitary adenomas, 3.9% to 4.6% in acoustic neurinomas, and 6.2% to 8.2% in meningiomas and cerebellar hemangioblastomas. The estimated cell cycle time was 5 to 12 days in most malignant gliomas and brain metastases; however, the actual cell cycle time should be substantially shorter because cell loss was not considered in the calculation. Although the growth fraction appeared to correlate with the biological malignancy of each tumor, the tumor doubling time did not reflect growth potential. It is possible that unpredictable cell loss plays an important role in tumor growth at certain sizes. Therefore, the cell cycle times calculated in this study are considerably overestimated and should be interpreted with caution. PMID- 3772455 TI - Intrastriatal adrenal medulla grafts in rats. Long-term survival and behavioral effects. AB - Rats with rotational behavior consequent to unilateral lesions of the substantia nigra have been proposed for an experimental model of Parkinson's disease. Adrenal medulla or embryonic substantia nigra grafts in the lateral ventricle of these animals reduce this rotational behavior. For application to primate and human subjects, it may be necessary to implant tissue directly into the parenchyma of the corpus striatum rather than into the ventricle in order to achieve a sufficient distribution of the grafted tissues and increase the efficacy of the grafts. In the present study, the properties of intraparenchymal adrenal medulla grafts were investigated. Grafts were obtained from both young (4 to 5 weeks old) and aging (22 to 24 months old) donor rats. Much of the implanted tissue did not survive, although 200 chromaffin cells per recipient rat were found to have survived for at least 6 months. All of the surviving cells developed process-like cytoplasmic extensions, although these processes did not appear to have reinnervated host brain tissue. Grafts from both young and aging donor rats prevented a slight deterioration in the performance of a sensory neglect test that was observed in a control group that received grafts of sciatic nerve. There was also a tendency that did not reach statistical significance for grafts from young (but not from aging) donors to decrease apomorphine-induced rotational behavior. It is concluded that, although the corpus striatum does not appear to provide a particularly favorable environment for the implantation of adrenal medulla grafts, striatal implants of adrenal medulla might become a promising procedure if a means of improving the survival of these tissues could be developed. PMID- 3772456 TI - Carrageenan-induced brain inflammation. Characterization of the model. AB - Administration of the mucopolysaccharide, carrageenan (CAR), into the hind paw of the rat or mouse induces a local inflammation characterized by increased arachidonic acid metabolism, increased vascular permeability, edema, and neutrophil extravasation. Carrageenan-induced hind-paw inflammation is inhibited by prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors, and this assay predicts the clinical success of anti-inflammatory agents in reducing peripheral inflammation. The purpose of this study was to determine if intraventricular injection of CAR would induce brain inflammation similar to that evoked by CAR in peripheral tissues. The present study demonstrates that CAR injection into the ventricles of the mouse brain does in fact induce an inflammatory response very similar to that caused by injection of CAR into the peripheral tissues. The brain response to CAR was dose-dependent, with the maximum increase in cerebrovascular permeability to iodine-125-labeled human serum albumin and percent brain water occurring after injection of 50 micrograms CAR. As is seen in CAR-induced inflammation of the hind paw, the maximum increase in brain vascular permeability occurred 4 hours after CAR injection. Histological analysis of brains 4 hours after CAR administration showed global neutrophil extravasation into the subarachnoid space and evidence of focal neuronal swelling. Methotrexate-induced neutropenia, however, failed to diminish the permeability response to CAR. Gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric measurements of brain prostaglandins 4 hours after CAR injection revealed a significantly increased level of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha. These results indicate that a significant increase in prostacyclin, the pro-inflammatory arachidonic acid metabolite, during CAR-induced brain inflammation is likely. These studies suggest that CAR-induced brain inflammation may be a useful model on which to test the efficacy of anti-inflammatory agents in the brain, as well as providing information concerning the mediators and mechanisms by which the brain may sustain inflammatory injury. PMID- 3772457 TI - Effect of dexamethasone, indomethacin, ibuprofen, and probenecid on carrageenan induced brain inflammation. AB - A model of brain inflammation has recently been developed in mice using intraventricular injection of carrageenan (CAR). This model is characterized by increased brain water and vascular permeability, by neutrophil extravasation, and by evidence of increased pro-inflammatory arachidonic acid metabolites. The purpose of the current experiments was to determine the mechanism(s) by which CAR induces brain inflammation and to determine the utility of the CAR model in testing systemically administered therapeutic agents for their capacity to inhibit brain inflammation. Dexamethasone inhibited the increased brain water but not the increased vascular permeability produced by CAR. Indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin formation, suppressed peripheral inflammation produced by local injection of CAR but not brain inflammation produced by intraventricular CAR injection. Subsequent studies with carbon-14-labeled indomethacin showed that indomethacin penetrates peripheral tissues but is excluded from normal brain or brains inflamed by injection of CAR. Ibuprofen, another prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, also had no effect on brain inflammation. Probenecid, an organic acid transport inhibitor, completely inhibited CAR-induced brain inflammation and also slowed brain elimination of intraventricularly administered prostaglandins. These experiments suggest, but do not conclusively prove, that increased prostaglandin formation contributes to brain inflammation. Also, the results with indomethacin and CAR-induced brain inflammation indicate that CAR-induced inflammation may be a useful model for screening for the ability of anti-inflammatory agents to cross the blood-brain barrier and exert their effect on brain inflammation. PMID- 3772458 TI - Effect of hyperglycemia on brain pH levels in areas of focal incomplete cerebral ischemia in monkeys. AB - The adverse effect of a minimal cerebral blood flow (CBF) in models of global ischemia has been noted by many investigators. One factor believed important in this situation is the level of blood glucose, since a continued supply of this metabolite results in increased tissue lactate, decreased brain pH, and increased cell damage. The authors have extended these observations to a model of focal incomplete ischemia. Brain pH was measured in fasted squirrel monkeys in regions of focal incomplete ischemia after transorbital occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). In both control and hyperglycemic animals, CBF was reduced to less than 30% of baseline. At 3 hours after MCA occlusion, brain pH in the control group was 6.66 +/- 0.68 as compared to 6.27 +/- 0.26 in the glucose-treated group. This difference was statistically significant by Student's unpaired t-test (p less than 0.05). Thus, hyperglycemia results in decreased tissue pH in regions of focal incomplete cerebral ischemia in monkeys. PMID- 3772459 TI - Early hemodynamic changes in experimental intracerebral hemorrhage. AB - A model of experimental intracerebral hemorrhage is described in which carefully controlled volumes of autologous blood were injected at arterial pressure into the caudate nucleus of the rat. A comparison of intracranial pressure changes and local cerebral blood flow (CBF) was made between three groups of rats, each receiving different injection volumes, and sham-operated control rats by monitoring intraventricular pressure and by obtaining quantitative autoradiographic measurements of CBF within 1 minute of the experimental hemorrhage. Cerebral blood flow was reduced both around the hematoma and in the surrounding brain. This change was strongly volume-dependent and was not accompanied by significant alterations in cerebral perfusion pressure. This finding suggests that the degree of ischemia at the time of an intracerebral bleed depends on the size of the lesion, and implicates local squeezing of the microcirculation by the hematoma, rather than a generalized alteration in perfusion pressure, as the cause of ischemia. PMID- 3772460 TI - Leptomeningeal cyst of the posterior fossa. Case report. AB - A patient with a posttraumatic leptomeningeal cyst is described. The cyst simulated an occipital encephalocele and communicated with an epidural cerebrospinal fluid collection in the posterior fossa. PMID- 3772461 TI - Progressive neurological deficits with benign intracerebral cysts. Report of two cases. AB - Two patients with benign intracerebral cysts are reported and a brief review of the literature is given. Although computerized tomography (CT) scanning is useful in detecting a variety of intracerebral cysts, the CT findings are not specific for any lesion. An exploratory operation with establishment of an adequate route of drainage and a histological examination of the cyst wall are mandatory in the management of patients with a progressive but benign lesion. PMID- 3772462 TI - Intracerebral hematoma following evacuation of chronic subdural hematomas. Report of two cases. AB - Two cases of intracerebral hemorrhage occurring after evacuation of bilateral chronic subdural hematomas are reported. Possible pathogenic mechanisms included hemorrhage into previously undetected areas of contusion, damage to cerebral vasculature secondary to rapid perioperative parenchymal shift, and sudden increase in cerebral blood flow combined with focal disruption of autoregulation; of these, the latter mechanism seemed most likely to be responsible for the hematoma formation. The need for clinical awareness of this nearly uniformly devastating complication, as well as prompt use of computerized tomography scanning in assessing the postoperative course, are stressed. PMID- 3772463 TI - Lead encephalopathy presenting as a posterior fossa mass. Case report. PMID- 3772464 TI - A cavernous sinus cavernous hemangioma. Case report. AB - The case of a Turner's syndrome patient with an intracavernous hemangioma is presented. The rarity of this lesion is stressed, as is surgical removal without postoperative deficit, the role of estrogens in the pathogenesis, and the clinical and radiological findings. PMID- 3772465 TI - Brain damage from boxing. PMID- 3772467 TI - Spasmodic torticollis. PMID- 3772466 TI - Neurosurgery in Taiwan. PMID- 3772468 TI - Perimesencephalic hemorrhage. PMID- 3772469 TI - Intracerebral hematoma from subarachnoid bolt. PMID- 3772470 TI - Lumbar discography. PMID- 3772471 TI - Diagnosis and management of pediatric brain-stem gliomas. AB - The authors reviewed the cases of 49 children, ranging in age from 9 months to 15 years, who were diagnosed by computerized tomography (CT) as having brain-stem glioma. Four distinct groups of brain-stem gliomas were identified based on CT scan characteristics: Group I included isodense contrast-enhancing tumors that were dorsally exophytic into the fourth ventricle; Group II(a) included hypodense nonenhancing intrinsic tumors of the brain stem; Group II(b) included intrinsic tumors of the brain stem with hyperdense exophytic components extending ventrally and laterally into the cerebellopontine and prepontine cisterns; Group III included intrinsic cystic tumors with contrast-enhancing capsules; and Group IV included focally intrinsic tumors of the brain stem that were isodense and enhanced brightly on administration of contrast medium. The clinical presentation, efficacy of surgical intervention, pathology, and prognosis of these tumors were correlated within these groupings. Eleven patients had Group I tumors, all of which were surgically resected; 10 of the 11 lesions were proven to be low-grade gliomas. These patients had an excellent prognosis; 10 of the 11 survived, with a mean follow-up period of 4.5 years. There were 18 patients with Group II(a) tumors; although tumor biopsy was attempted on eight of these, pathological diagnosis at the time of surgery was made in only one case. These patients did poorly; the mean survival time was 6.2 months. The seven Group II(b) tumor patients demonstrated a similarly poor prognosis: all of them died within 23 months of diagnosis, with a mean survival time of 12 months. Only two of six patients undergoing biopsy had sufficient tissue for histological verification. Three of the four patients with Group III tumors died; their mean survival time was 11.5 months. Successful histological examination was carried out in all four cases. The nine Group IV tumor patients did reasonably well; seven of these patients remain alive, with a mean follow-up period of 2.3 years. Histological diagnosis was obtained in three of the seven patients who were explored in this group. This classification system has proven to be of value in determining prognosis and efficacy of surgical intervention. PMID- 3772472 TI - Prognostic factors in pediatric brain-stem gliomas. AB - The clinical, computerized tomography (CT), and histological findings from 84 children with brain-stem gliomas were reviewed to determine whether any of these features correlated with outcome. Clinical data were available from all children, CT data from 62 children, and biopsy data from 54 children. Actuarial life tables were constructed for each clinical, CT, and histological feature and the differences between these were analyzed. The period of survival was significantly shorter in children who presented with cranial nerve palsies (p less than 0.0001), and such children were more likely to have malignant tumors. Two CT features correlated with a significantly decreased survival time: a hypodense tumor prior to contrast administration and a tumor that involved the entire brain stem. Tumor enhancement was not associated with any alteration in survival times. Children with tumor biopsies that were histologically benign survived significantly longer than those whose tumors were malignant (p less than 0.0001). The histological feature associated with the poorest survival time was the presence of mitoses; features associated with the best prognosis were Rosenthal fibers and calcification. The data indicate that brain-stem gliomas are not a homogeneous group of tumors as far as their clinical, CT, and pathological features are concerned. These features may be useful in assessing prognosis and in developing future treatment protocols. PMID- 3772473 TI - Complications associated with the halo-vest. A review of 245 cases. AB - The cases of all patients treated with halo-vests for cervical trauma at the University of Virginia since 1977 were analyzed retrospectively. A standardized chart and radiographic review protocol were used to identify complications associated with the use of the orthosis. Two hundred and forty-five patients satisfied the criteria for inclusion in the study. No patient developed or suffered progression of a neurological deficit while immobilized. Complications included: pneumonia causing death (one patient); loss of reduction or progression of the spinal deformity (23 patients); spinal instability following orthotic immobilization for 3 months (24 patients); pin-track infection (13 patients); migration of anteriorly placed iliac-strut grafts (two patients); cerebrospinal fluid leakage from a halo pinhole (one patient); and miscellaneous (seven patients). The findings indicate several conclusions. The halo-vest protects patients with cervical instability from neurological injury. It does not absolutely immobilize the cervical spine nor does it prevent progressive deformity of malpositioned strut grafts. Even after a 3-month orthotic treatment period, surgery may be required on ligamentous and osseous injuries to provide spinal stability. Elderly kyphotic patients may require custom-made vests. A small subset of patients exists for whom the confining nature of the halo-vest is intolerable for 3 months. PMID- 3772474 TI - Early cerebral angiography after aneurysm rupture. Analysis of 197 cases. AB - Although many patients with aneurysm rupture have undergone re-rupture during angiography, this event seldom occurs in the early period after the original hemorrhage. The authors review 197 cases of ruptured cerebral aneurysms that had received cerebral angiography within 1 week of rupture. With the exception of one case of re-rupture during angiography, no complications were noted in any of the patients. The criteria used for early cerebral angiography after aneurysm rupture are described. PMID- 3772475 TI - Dermoid tumors occurring at the site of previous myelomeningocele repair. AB - Four children with previously repaired myelomeningoceles presented toward the end of the first decade or early in the second decade of life with deteriorating lower-extremity and bladder function. Myelography and computerized tomography scanning demonstrated irregular filling defects at the area of the myelomeningocele repair, and surgical exploration disclosed dermoid tumors that were adherent to the placode and adjacent roots. Dermoid tumors should be considered in the differential diagnosis of neurological deterioration in children with a repaired myelomeningocele. PMID- 3772476 TI - Normal computerized tomography scans in severe head injury. Prognostic and clinical management implications. AB - The authors analyze the clinical course of 46 severely head-injured patients who had completely normal computerized tomography (CT) scans through the immediate posttraumatic period (1 to 7 days after trauma). These patients represent 10.2% of a consecutive series of 448 cases of severe head injuries and two-thirds of the cases showing a normal CT scan on admission (the other one-third of the cases developed new pathology). The usual course in these 46 patients after the initial coma was toward progressive neurological improvement, and 35 patients (76%) achieved a functional level of survival. Nine patients (19.5%) remained comatose for several weeks and developed severe disability. There were two fatalities due to medical complications. The final outcome was more closely related to the duration of coma (the longer the duration the worse the result) than to the initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score. In fact, 26% of the patients in the lower GCS score ranges (3 to 4 points) made a good recovery and 46% developed moderate disability only. These findings indicate that the grim prognostic significance of deep posttraumatic coma is tempered in the presence of a normal scan. However, the absence of CT abnormalities in severely head-injured patients cannot be equated with a good prognosis because in one-fifth of the cases serious permanent disability develops. Sustained elevation of the intracranial pressure (ICP) was not seen in these patients, indicating that ICP monitoring may be omitted in cases with a normal scan. However, since one-third of the patients with a normal admission scan developed new pathology within the first few days of injury, a strategy for control scanning is recommended. Control CT scans performed more than 6 months after injury showed a significantly higher incidence of brain atrophy in patients developing permanent disability than in those who made a good recovery. PMID- 3772477 TI - Prediction of tumor doubling time in recurrent meningiomas. Cell kinetics studies with bromodeoxyuridine labeling. AB - Eight patients with recurrent meningiomas (four malignant, two hemangiopericytic, and two nonmalignant) were given intravenous bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR), 200 mg/sq m, at the time of surgery to label cells in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis phase; labeled cells were detected in excised tumor specimens by immunoperoxidase staining using anti-BUdR monoclonal antibody. These tumors showed a wide range of BUdR labeling indices (LI's), calculated as the percentage of BUdR-labeled cells divided by the total number of cells scored, from 0.3% to 5.4%. The tumor doubling times (Td's), estimated from serial computerized tomography scans, ranged from 8 to 440 days and showed a close inverse correlation with the BUdR LI's. A semilogarithmic linear regression analysis of these values yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.99. Tumor doubling time (Td) can be estimated using the formula: Td = 500 X Exp (-0.73 X LI), where Exp signifies the natural log base. By predicting the growth rate of meningiomas, the BUdR LI may supplement histopathological diagnosis and improve both the determination of prognosis and the design of treatment modalities in individual patients. PMID- 3772478 TI - Brain-tumor cell kinetics correlated with survival. AB - In a review of 38 glioblastoma patients for whom fresh tissue kinetic data were available before any therapy was instituted, no correlation between the labeling index and survival time could be statistically determined. This relationship seems entirely consistent with the published theoretical determinants of tumor behavior: that is, altered ability for growth arrest and differentiation, constantly evolving mutant sublines, genetic instability, and an ever-changing metabolic and vascular environment. PMID- 3772479 TI - Intraoperative spinal somatosensory evoked potential monitoring. AB - The relationship of intraoperative monitoring of spinal cord somatosensory evoked potentials and postoperative deficit in 220 cases (121 with scoliosis, 41 with neoplasms, and 58 others) is reported. Bilateral posterior tibial nerve stimulation was used in 181 cases and unilateral median nerve stimulation in 39. Spinal cord (interspinous ligament needles), subcortical (neck surface), and cortical (scalp surface) SEP's were monitored. Seven patients had worsening of neurological function after surgery, three of whom demonstrated significant changes in SEP's monitored. In an additional four cases, there was more than a 50% decrease in amplitude of subcortical/cortical SEP's during monitoring, but no change in neurological status postoperatively. Combined monitoring of spinal cord, subcortical, and cortical SEP's enhanced the certainty of detecting spinal cord dysfunction even though there was a significant number of false-negative and false-positive results. A marked change in the SEP's indicated a high chance of developing a neurological deficit (three or 43% of seven cases), and if there was no change the chance of any neurological postoperative deficit was extremely low (four or 1.87% of 213 cases). These data justify the use of intraoperative SEP monitoring. PMID- 3772480 TI - Role of EEG monitoring and cross-clamping duration in carotid endarterectomy. AB - The usefulness of electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring as well as the significance of the period of cross clamping in carotid endarterectomy have not been completely defined. In particular, the clinical importance of major EEG changes has not been fully investigated and some recent studies seem to indicate that the method has little value. As to the duration of cross clamping, there is strong evidence that occlusion times of about 15 minutes are tolerated under general anesthesia, but no information is available regarding longer periods of occlusion. The authors describe a consecutive series of 141 carotid endarterectomies in which the patients with EEG changes were shunted only when occlusion was anticipated to last longer than 30 minutes. Early major EEG changes (during the first 4 minutes) occurred in 14% of the cases. In the absence of EEG changes, long occlusion periods of 40 to 50 minutes were well tolerated. In contrast, the 20 patients with major persistent EEG changes did not tolerate protracted occlusion and three of them had immediate postoperative neurological complications. It seems that, in these circumstances, the incidence of neurological deficit is a function of the duration of cross clamping: these three patients had undergone occlusion for 15 to 30 minutes. Their deficits partially resolved. On the basis of these results it is concluded that: EEG recording is a reliable monitoring system in carotid artery cross clamping. No major strokes due to temporary carotid artery occurred in the series. The clinical significance of major persistent EEG changes is not negligible. Cross clamping for longer than 15 minutes in the presence of significant EEG alterations is potentially dangerous. PMID- 3772481 TI - Inhibition of dorsal-horn cell responses by stimulation of the Kolliker-Fuse nucleus. AB - The Kolliker-Fuse nucleus (KF) in the dorsolateral pons has been shown to be the major source of catecholamine innervation of the spinal cord. This has important implications in terms of pain control mechanisms, since catecholamine-mediated mechanisms are essential for the expression of opiate and other varieties of antinociception. This study examines the effects of KF stimulation on responses of dorsal-horn cells to innocuous and noxious cutaneous stimuli in anesthetized cats. Stimulation of the KF potently inhibits the responses of dorsal-horn cells to both noxious and innocuous stimuli. The threshold for the inhibitory effect is significantly lower for responses to noxious stimuli as opposed to innocuous stimuli. The inhibitory effect is specific to the stimulus site, as evidenced by a marked decrease in the effect following small changes in the position of the stimulating electrode in the brain stem. The latency of the effects indicates a bulbospinal conduction velocity of 4 to 5 m/sec, which is much slower than usual reticulospinal effects and is consistent with a catecholamine-mediated system. The dependence of KF-spinal inhibition on intact biogenic amines was tested by depleting the animals of these amines with reserpine pretreatment. Depletion of biogenic amines resulted in a significant decrease in the KF spinal inhibitory effects, suggesting their dependence on intact noradrenergic stores. The results of these studies are consistent with the idea that the KF-spinal system plays an important noradrenergic-dependent role in the brain-stem modulation of spinal processing of noxious, potentially painful stimuli. PMID- 3772482 TI - The terminal vascular bed in the superficial cortex of the rat. An SEM study of corrosion casts. AB - The capillaries in the vascular bed of the rat brain have been investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy of corrosion casts. A technique is described that allowed the finer ramifications to be observed. A series of representative sites from the arteriovenous terminal pathway are described in detail. Contrary to previous reports, the dichotomic pattern of vessel distribution is shown to prevail over the network pattern. Arteriovenous shunts of discrete size were not seen. "Thoroughfare channels" could be recognized. The findings are considered in light of current physiological knowledge, and their significance for microcerebrovascular flow is indicated. PMID- 3772483 TI - Beagle puppy model of perinatal cerebral insults. Cerebral blood flow changes and intraventricular hemorrhage evoked by hypoxemia. AB - Asphyxia, with its attendant hypoxemia, is by far the most common cause of neonatal cerebral infarction, and frequently results in lesions of the parieto occipital white matter in addition to other neuropathological changes. This study examines the effects of hypoxemia on regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the newborn beagle pup. The animals were anesthetized, underwent a tracheotomy, and were paralyzed. Pups were randomly divided into two groups: one group was subjected to hypoxemia produced by altering the oxygen concentration in the inspired air, and the other received no insult. In the hypoxemic pups, the pO2 was 13.1 +/- 2.1 mm Hg (mean +/- standard deviation). Autoradiographic determinations of CBF were performed by the carbon-14-iodoantipyrine technique 15 minutes after randomization. Significant increases in CBF were found throughout the brains of the hypoxemic pups. The CBF was increased to cortical and central gray regions and to frontal and temporal white matter but was unchanged in the parietal white matter, one of the classic sites of radiological and neuropathological injury in neonates with perinatal asphyxia. An unexpected finding was the increased incidence of germinal matrix and/or intraventricular hemorrhages in the hypoxemic pups. PMID- 3772484 TI - Beagle puppy model of perinatal cerebral infarction. Regional cerebral prostaglandin changes during acute hypoxemia. AB - Perinatal cerebral infarction, or stroke, is a not uncommon finding in newborns who survive after intensive care. Asphyxia, with its component parts hypoxemia and hypotension, represents the most common cause of perinatal cerebral infarction and may result in neuropathological changes in the periventricular white matter. Previous studies have demonstrated regional alterations in cerebral blood flow (CBF) in response to hypoxemic insult. This work examines the effects of hypoxemia on regional cerebral prostaglandin levels in the developing brain, since some observers believe that local CBF is controlled in part by prostaglandins. In this study, newborn beagle pups were anesthetized, subjected to tracheotomy and artificially ventilated to maintain normoxemia and normocarbia. Mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) was continuously monitored by means of an indwelling catheter and transducer, and craniectomies were performed. When the pups were physiologically stabilized, they were randomly assigned to receive acute hypoxemic insult (pO2 14.0 +/- 1.55 mm Hg, mean +/- standard deviation) accomplished by altering the oxygen concentration in the inspired air) or to receive no insult (mean pO2 84.3 +/- 13.0 mm Hg). Fifteen minutes following stable hypoxemic or normoxic conditions, all pups underwent in vivo freezing of the intracranial contents under anesthesia followed by rapid sacrifice. No significant differences were noted between the MABP, pH, or pCO2 values for the control and hypoxemic pups during the experimental period. Regional cerebral prostaglandin data demonstrated a significant increase in prostaglandin (PG)E2 in the gray matter of hypoxemic pups when compared to the normoxic controls (p less than 0.02). No significant differences were noted for 6-keto-PGE1 alpha, the stable metabolite of prostacyclin, or thromboxane (TX)B2, the stable metabolite of TXA2, in the gray matter. In addition, although 6-keto-PGE1 alpha was significantly lower in the periventricular white matter of the hypoxemic pups (p less than 0.05), there were no changes in the white matter in either PGE2 or TXA2. This regional differential synthesis of PGE2 in response to hypoxemic insult may explain the relative failure of CBF to the periventricular white matter and thus the neuropathological alterations attributed to it. PMID- 3772485 TI - Traumatic atlanto-occipital dislocation. Case report. AB - Traumatic atlanto-occipital dislocation is a serious injury that is usually fatal. The number of patients surviving this injury, however, appears to be increasing, and most of these survivors are children. This may reflect an improvement in emergency transport services. Seventeen previously reported cases of patients surviving atlanto-occipital dislocation for more than 48 hours are reviewed and an additional case is presented. Many of these patients had an excellent neurological outcome. The radiographic criteria necessary for the diagnosis of atlanto-occipital dislocation are discussed. Cervical computerized tomography may confirm the diagnosis when necessary. It is suggested that there are three types of atlanto-occipital dislocation; utilizing this new classification, a rationale for treatment is described. Fusion is favored for long-term stability. PMID- 3772486 TI - Optic canal syndrome due to posterior ethmoid sinus mucocele. Case report. AB - A case of mucocele of the posterior ethmoid sinus presenting as unilateral blindness without pain, proptosis, or diplopia is reported. Computerized tomography (CT) demonstrated the precise anatomical relationship of the mucocele to the optic nerve inside the optic canal. It is proposed to use the term "optic canal syndrome" for patients with such clinical and CT presentation. Combined transcranial excision and transnasal drainage resulted in dramatic recovery of vision. PMID- 3772487 TI - Sequential CT study of subependymal giant-cell astrocytoma associated with tuberous sclerosis. Case report. AB - The authors describe the growth pattern of a subependymal giant-cell astrocytoma associated with tuberous sclerosis, which was demonstrated by sequential computerized tomography scans over 7 years. The diagnosis and treatment of this tumor are discussed, and the pertinent literature is reviewed. PMID- 3772489 TI - Lumbar discography. PMID- 3772488 TI - Dural arteriovenous fistulas. PMID- 3772490 TI - Chemonucleolysis for lumbar disc disease. PMID- 3772491 TI - Neuroanatomy of the pyramidal decussation. PMID- 3772492 TI - Anatomopathology of non-tumoral aqueductal stenosis. AB - The aqueduct (A) is the most common site of intraventricular blockade of CSF flow. There are multiple causes of its obstruction which can be classified as congenital or acquired, but their morphological differentiation is often impossible, since in both human and experimentally induced obstructions of the A. various histological changes (narrowing, forking, gliosis) may occur. Occlusion of the A. results in internal hydrocephalus that may arise before or after birth, but in some forms of communicating hydrocephalus stenosis of the A. occurs as a secondary phenomenon due to compression of midbrain or other functional CSF block. The major types of non-tumoral stenosis of the A. include: Hereditary varieties occurring as X-linked recessive trait often as part of a malformation syndrome (Edwards et al., 1961) and rarely without sex-linkage. A. stenosis may be a cause or a consequence of hereditary hydrocephalus. Congenital obstruction of A. co-existing with other CNS malformations, e.g. with spina bifida and the Arnold-Chiari malformation often associated with hydrocephalus, or with hydranencephaly where A. stenosis is primary or secondary in origin. Gliotic obstruction as a common part of widespread ependymitis or sequelae of pre-, neonatal and infantile meningitis, toxoplasmosis or viral infections, less often due to organized intraventricular hemorrhage. Rare septum formation at the caudal end of the A. as minimal form of stenosis. Rare compression of A. by vascular malformations, retrocerebellar cysts (Dandy-Walker syndrome), etc. Experimentally induced obstructions of the A. due to nutritional (vitamin deficiencies), infectious (intrauterina, postnatal infections with rheo-, paramyxo-, arboviruses, etc.) causing non-inflammatory obstructions, and hereditary factors (congenital A. stenosis in mouse mutants) often show parallels to human disease. Their value in etiologic research on non-tumoral aqueductal stenosis is discussed. PMID- 3772493 TI - ICP recording in non tumoral aqueductal stenosis. PMID- 3772494 TI - Surgical treatment of hydrocephalus: an update. PMID- 3772495 TI - Infantile nontumoral aqueductal stenosis. AB - A surgical series of 144 infantile triventricular hydrocephalus (from nontumoral aqueductal stenosis) operated on in the period 1957-1982 is presented. The etiological factors, preoperative clinical and anatomical status of the patients are summarized. Their surgical career, the reasons, for revision operations and causes of death are analyzed in relation to each of the four operations performed: ventriculocisternostomies according to Stookey-Scharff or Torkildsen, extrathecal shunts (VA or VP). 46 patients required 72 revision operations, but 23 more patients were lost to follow-up after the first operation. 3 patients (2.0%) died after the first operation, 7 (4.8%) on revision and 18 (12.5%) sometime later. A recent clinical and instrumental review of the physical, neurological and mental status of the remaining 93 patients (64.5% of the total series) has showed that 50 (34.8%) are well or very well; 35 (24.3%) have residual deficits, and 8 (5.4%) are severely handicapped. PMID- 3772496 TI - Hydrocephalus and aqueduct stenosis. Direct surgical treatment by interventriculostomy (aqueduct canulation). PMID- 3772497 TI - Treatment of non-neoplastic stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius with extrathecal CSF shunts. AB - A series of 185 patients operated on with extrathecal shunts for non-neoplastic aqueductal stenosis has been reviewed. The longterm results of 84 of them, followed-up for 2 to 20 years after primary surgery, are illustrated and critically analyzed. This study indicates that a normal mental development or normalization of mental and neurological conditions can be expected in a high percentage of patients after the CSF diversional procedure which nonetheless is still associated with a high percentage of even serious complications. PMID- 3772498 TI - Evaluation of brainstem function, using acoustic evoked potentials, in 26 patients harbouring a CSF shunt for non-tumoral aqueductal stenosis hydrocephalus. AB - 26 patients harbouring a CSF shunt for non-tumoral aqueductal stenosis hydrocephalus underwent Brainstem Acoustic Evoked Potentials (BAEPs) recording, to evaluate brainstem function. Only 6 patients presented with normal responses both at standard and at sensitized tests. In the remaining 19 patients, BAEPs were abnormal, bilaterally in 10 cases, monolaterally in 9. Four out of the 6 normal responses belonged to the group recognized of congenital origin. As refers to ventricular size BAEPs were abnormal in 62% of patients with normal ventricle and in 92% of patients with enlarged ventricles. The most significant BAEPs abnormalities were found in patients with maximal ventricular dilation. It appears that BAEPs abnormalities are to the ascribed to both primary and secondary brainstem dysfunction: no reliable criterion to differentiate between these two possibilities is evident. In the individual patient, serial BAEPs recording may contribute to recognize the early phase of supratentorial hypertension due to shunt dysfunction. PMID- 3772499 TI - Follow up and surgical considerations on a series of patients operated on for non tumoral aqueductal stenosis. AB - A series of 90 patients operated on between 1966 and 1983 in the Neurosurgical Division of USL 10/D (Florence) for non tumoral aqueductal stenosis is presented. The Authors discuss the different of shunts used and the follow up which is favourable in patients operated on with an early diagnosis. PMID- 3772500 TI - Facial pain associated with hydrocephalus by aqueduct stenosis. Complete recovery after ventriculo-atrial shunt. Case report. AB - The Authors describe the case of a patient with facial pain associated with hydrocephalus which had a complete recovery after the placement of a ventriculo atrial shunt. The possible pathological basis of this symptom are discussed. PMID- 3772501 TI - On the neurological complications of internal and external shunt in patients with non-neoplastic stenosis of the aqueduct. AB - In our Department 35 patients have been operated for non-neoplastic stenosis of the aqueduct. In the first years, ventriculocisternal shunt according to Torkildsen was performed, obtaining 6 recoveries and 1 death. Later, ventriculosternostomy acc. to Stookey and Scarf, was carried out in 3 cases, obtaining 2 recoveries and 1 death; by using right ventriculo-atrial shunt we had 4 successes and 1 failure. More recently, since 1973, ventriculoperitoneal shunt has been carried out without deaths out of 21 operated patients. With this technique we have had many complications requiring repeated drainage system revisions in 9 cases, and evacuation of a chronic subdural haematoma in 3 cases. 2 patients, operated by drainage system revision and 1 for evacuation of subdural haematoma, had a dramatic postoperative course, characterised by apallic syndrome. Considering the results of the various techniques, we could conclude that the elective operation must be internal shunt (posterior or anterior ventriculocisternostomy) if, of course, the patency and the functionality of the cisterns have been ascertained. PMID- 3772502 TI - Clinical comparison of indium-111 acetylacetone and indium-111 tropolone granulocytes. AB - This clinical study compares the efficacy of two 111In white blood cells preparations. Seventy-six patients were imaged after an injection of granulocytes (GRAN) isolated on a Ficoll-Hypaque gradient and labeled with [111In]acetylacetone (ACAC) in saline; 105 patients were imaged after an injection of GRAN isolated on a metrizamide-plasma gradient and labeled with [111In]tropolone (TROP) in plasma. Early (2-4 hr), intermediate (4-6 hr), and delayed (24 hr) images were obtained. The specificity was quite high (94-100%) in both preparations and no statistical differences could be found. The sensitivity for ACAC-GRAN for the early, intermediate, and delayed images were 39%, 63%, and 64%, respectively; for TROP-GRAN it was 80%, 89%, and 92%, respectively. In all cases the TROP-GRAN images were significantly more sensitive than the ACAC-GRAN images obtained at the same time after injection (p less than 0.001 for early and delayed images, 0.01 less than p less than 0.025 for intermediate images). For ACAC-GRAN the intermediate and delayed images were significantly more sensitive than the early images, while no significant difference could be found for TROP GRAN. In a blinded experiment, the ability of TROP-GRAN to demonstrate a lesion was compared to that of ACAC-GRAN. TROP-GRAN demonstrated the lesions better than ACAC-GRAN, both in the early and late images (p less than 0.001). TROP-GRAN visualization scores at 4-6 hr equaled those obtained 24 hr after injection. In conclusion, GRAN separated and labeled in plasma with TROP are superior to those separated and labeled in saline with ACAC in three ways: higher visualization scores, earlier visualization of the lesion, and greater sensitivity. PMID- 3772503 TI - Gastric emptying studies in the morbidly obese before and after gastroplasty. AB - Dual isotope gastric emptying studies were performed on 16 morbidly obese patients before and after gastroplasty to determine the effect of this surgery on the rate of emptying. The solid and liquid phases of gastric emptying were compared with a normal control group. In the 900-g and 50-g meals there was a significant difference in the mean half emptying time between solid and liquid phases of emptying (p less than 0.05). Pre-operatively, the 900-g meal half emptying times of both solids and liquids and the 50-g liquid phase meal did not differ significantly between obese patients and the control group. However, in the solid phase of the 50-g meal obese patients differed significantly from a control group (p = 0.007). Three months after gastroplasty, gastric emptying of 50-g meals from the total stomach was not significantly changed from the pre operative 50-g meal values in ten of 12 patients (p less than 0.05) and no change in total stomach emptying times were seen at 12 mo compared to the 3-mo study (p less than 0.05). Emptying of the pouch alone for both solids and liquids was significantly faster than the pre-operative and postoperative total stomach studies. Gastric emptying in the obese is normal with large meals, but is delayed in small meals. In most patients, gastroplasty does not result in slower emptying of meals. PMID- 3772504 TI - Iodine-131 metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy of carcinoid tumors. AB - Iodine-131 metaiodobenzylguanidine ([131I]MIBG) is concentrated in pheochromocytomas and can be detected by external imaging. We administered [131I]MIBG to 23 patients with carcinoid tumors to determine if it would be useful in scanning patients with these tumors. The carcinoid tumors of 14 of the 23 patients (61%) were visualized. Iodine-131 MIBG was concentrated most avidly by tumors of midgut origin (ileum, cecum); it was concentrated less avidly by some tumors of foregut origin (pancreas, stomach); it was not significantly concentrated by other tumors of foregut origin (bronchus). We conclude that 131I is a useful imaging agent for carcinoid tumors. PMID- 3772505 TI - Ascites and right pleural effusion: demonstration of a peritoneo-pleural communication. AB - A 54-yr-old female with known liver cirrhosis presented with a right transudative pleural effusion and ascites. To find the source of pleural fluid, [99mTc]sulfur colloid was injected intraperitoneally and a serial imaging study revealed its passage to the right pleural space on 2-hr and 24-hr images. Mechanisms proposed in the formation of pleural effusion in liver cirrhosis are (a) lymphatic drainage and (b) diaphragmatic defect. Radioisotope migration speed may be a clue for differentiating these two mechanisms, being more rapid in the presence of a diaphragmatic defect. PMID- 3772506 TI - Technetium-99m albumin scintigraphy in the diagnosis of protein-losing enteropathy. AB - While several studies have documented protein losing enteropathy by measuring the excretion of intravenously administered 131I- or 51Cr-labeled albumin, the efficacy of 99mTc-labeled albumin in detecting protein loss in the bowel has not been described. We report here a case of severe protein-losing enteropathy demonstrated by abnormal excretion of 99mTc albumin into the bowel. PMID- 3772507 TI - Improved radioimmunoimaging of human tumor xenografts by a mixture of monoclonal antibody F(ab')2 fragments. AB - F(ab')2 fragments of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) GA 73-3 and CO 29.11, with specific binding reactivity in vitro to human tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, were radioiodinated and injected into nude mice bearing human colon carcinoma xenografts. Fragments of both MAbs preferentially localized in tumor tissue compared with normal mouse tissue, as determined by differential tissue counting of radioactivity. The fragments localized specifically only in those tumors to which they bind in vitro and not in unrelated tumors. Radiolabeled fragments of an anti-hepatitis virus MAb did not localize in the tumors. Whole body scintigraphy demonstrated tumor localization with 131I-labeled fragments without background subtraction. Best tumor contrast, as quantitated by analyzing digital computer scans, was obtained between Days 2 and 5 after injection. Tumor contrast was significantly enhanced when a mixture of both MAb F(ab')2 fragments was used. The biologic half-life of the MAb mixture in the tumor was significantly greater than that of either MAb alone, suggesting the use of the MAb mixture in radioimmunotherapy. PMID- 3772508 TI - Alterations in liver blood flow and reticuloendothelial function in progressive cirrhosis in the rat. AB - Cirrhosis of the liver was induced in rats by twice weekly inhalation of carbon tetrachloride in conjunction with sodium phenobarbitone administration. At sequential time intervals during induction, liver blood flow and extraction efficiency of colloid were assessed in order to elucidate changes in these parameters which occur with cirrhosis. Liver samples were also taken for histologic examination and graded for extent of disease. Initially there was a fall in extraction efficiency (and thus reticuloendothelial function), associated with early histologic change. Subsequently extraction efficiency recovered, as regeneration was observed on histologic specimens. From 4 wk and onward, blood flow gradually fell, as did extraction efficiency. These changes were associated with increasing severity of disease as demonstrated by histologic sections. PMID- 3772509 TI - Acquisition of gamma camera and physiological data by computer. AB - We have designed, implemented, and tested a new Research Data Acquisition System (RDAS) that permits a general purpose digital computer to acquire signals from both gamma camera sources and physiological signal sources concurrently. This system overcomes the limited multi-source, high speed data acquisition capabilities found in most clinically oriented nuclear medicine computers. The RDAS can simultaneously input signals from up to four gamma camera sources with a throughput of 200 kHz per source and from up to eight physiological signal sources with an aggregate throughput of 50 kHz. Rigorous testing has found the RDAS to exhibit acceptable linearity and timing characteristics. In addition, flood images obtained by this system were compared with flood images acquired by a commercial nuclear medicine computer system. National Electrical Manufacturers Association performance standards of the flood images were found to be comparable. PMID- 3772510 TI - Determination of iodine-131 diagnostic dose for imaging metastatic thyroid cancer. AB - The dose of radioiodine (131I) used to survey patients for metastatic functioning thyroid cancer varies from 0.2 mCi to 30.0 mCi. Higher doses have occasionally revealed more tumors, but deliver more radiation to the patient. We asked which dose would be sufficient to detect metastatic deposits. Using a water tank with small-source phantoms, we sought to determine: the minimum volume and concentration of activity capable of being imaged, effects of background and source depth on detectability, and a practical 131I tracer dose based on these findings. Two gamma cameras affixed with high-energy collimators of different design were used to evaluate the capabilities of two instrument systems. The lowest activity detectable at the water surface was 0.03 microCi, in volumes of 10 to 300 microliters. Background activity at 0.01 microCi/ml resulted in a three to tenfold loss of detectability; computer subtraction of background did not improve results. We assumed that the minimum beneficial treatment would be 4,500 rad, a dose delivered by 200 mCi of 131I to a tumor with 0.05% uptake of the dose per gram. From these assumptions, our data show that a 2 mCi diagnostic dose would detect 10 and 30 microliter lesions containing 0.05% or more of the dose per per gram, but only at the surface and in the absence of background radioactivity. Moreover, assuming patient motion and background activity, some potentially treatable lesions probably cannot be detected even with a 30 mCi diagnostic dose, using present-day equipment. Selection of a diagnostic dose should therefore acknowledge the limitations of scintigraphic detection and take into account the radiation burden incurred by studies repeated over years. PMID- 3772511 TI - Technetium-99m labeling of red blood cells: in vitro evaluation of a new approach. AB - By titration of two different stannous kits for 99mTc labeling of red blood cells (RBC) we found concentrations of 1-2 micrograms tin per ml of blood to give the highest labeling yield. Using a new kit containing 2 micrograms of tin and 0.1% hypochlorite (NaOCl) as an oxidizing agent we labeled RBC with 99mTc avoiding centrifugation of cells. To evaluate this new procedure we assessed the dependency of tin incubation time, and addition of 4.4% EDTA as a chelating agent on labeling efficiency. We also measured the dependency of EDTA on the stability of the label. Optimal conditions for labeling of 1 ml of whole blood using the new stannous kit were: 5-10 min of tin incubation, 0.2 ml of 0.1% hypochlorite, and 15 min of 99mTc incubation. This procedure resulted in a labeling efficiency of at least 96%. The overall effect of EDTA was not an increased labeling efficiency, and EDTA increased the stability of the label with only a few percent. The promising results of this new labeling approach encourage to further laboratory investigations and eventual clinical evaluation of the procedure. PMID- 3772512 TI - Chylothorax on technetium-99m antimony sulfide colloid scan. PMID- 3772513 TI - Evolving scintigraphic pattern of skeletal metastasis from prostatic carcinoma. PMID- 3772514 TI - Effect of tumor size on monoclonal antibody uptake in tumor models. PMID- 3772515 TI - Effect of tumor size on monoclonal antibody uptake in tumor models. PMID- 3772516 TI - Effect of vitamin B-6 deficiency on plasma amino acid levels in chronically azotemic rats. AB - Chronic renal failure is associated with many abnormalities in plasma amino acids. Since patients with renal failure are frequently deficient in vitamin B-6, this study examined whether vitamin B-6 deficiency may be a cause of any of the abnormal plasma amino acid concentrations observed in chronic renal failure. Sham operated and chronically azotemic rats were pair-fed diets deficient in or replete with vitamin B-6 for 21 d. By the end of 21 d, the EGOT index rose significantly in the B-6-deficient rats but not in the B-6-replete animals. There were several differences in plasma amino acid concentrations between azotemic and control rats. Azotemia and B-6 deficiency each lowered the plasma serine concentration and raised the glycine-to-serine ratio. Plasma glycine was affected by a two-way interaction between azotemia and vitamin B-6 deficiency whereby the highest values were found in the sham-operated vitamin B-6-deficient animals. Plasma alanine and asparagine were reduced by B-6 deficiency and unchanged by azotemia. These results suggest that vitamin B-6 deficiency may contribute to several of the abnormalities in the plasma aminograms observed in chronic renal failure. PMID- 3772517 TI - Effects of dietary nickel and protein on growth, nitrogen metabolism and tissue concentrations of nickel, iron, zinc, manganese and copper in calves. AB - Thirty male calves were used in a 2 X 3 factorial arrangement of treatments to determine the effects of dietary nickel and protein on performance, urease activity and tissue concentrations of nickel, iron, zinc, copper and manganese. Protein levels evaluated were 10.0, 12.25 and 14.5%, and nickel was supplemented at a level of 0 or 5 mg/kg of diet. Nickel did not affect growth during the 140-d study but tended to increase efficiency of gain in calves fed 14.5% protein. Rumen fluid urease activity was increased by nickel only in animals receiving the low protein diet. Urease activity in rumen fluid was higher in calves fed 10.0% than in animals fed 12.25% or 14.5% protein. Neither nickel nor protein affected urease activity in rumen epithelium. Increasing dietary protein resulted in increased urease in cecal digesta. Lung, liver, kidney and serum nickel concentrations were increased by supplemental nickel. A nickel X protein interaction was noted for kidney nickel. Nickel supplementation increased kidney nickel to a greater degree in calves fed 10.0% protein than in calves fed higher protein levels. Nickel supplementation reduced iron concentrations in lung, liver and muscle and manganese concentrations in muscle. Increased dietary protein decreased iron in liver and spleen but increased manganese concentrations in heart. These findings indicate that dietary protein influences responses of ruminants to nickel supplementation and relatively small increases in dietary nickel and protein can influence metabolism of other trace elements. PMID- 3772518 TI - Metabolism in rats of selenium from intrinsically and extrinsically labeled isolated soy protein. AB - Absorption, retention and tissue accumulation by rats of 75Se from intrinsically labeled isolated soy protein were compared with utilization of 75Se from the extrinsic sources of [75Se]selenite, [75Se]selenate or [75Se]selenomethionine. Extrinsic sources of selenium were given by gavage or mixed with isolated soy protein. There were no differences in absorption and retention of 75Se from intrinsically labeled soy diet compared to the three extrinsically labeled soy diets. Of the three extrinsic sources tested, 75Se from selenate was better absorbed than from selenite or selenomethionine when incorporated into a soy diet. Absorption of 75Se was significantly lower when given to animals in gavage solution than when mixed with soy diets. After a 14-d test period, retention of 75Se was the same for all four soy diet groups. In gavaged groups, 75Se from selenomethionine was retained to a greater extent than 75Se from selenite. The liver, testes and kidney accumulated more 75Se from the test meal than did the blood and lungs. In the testes more 75Se from selenite and selenate was accumulated than from selenomethionine-labeled diets. Selenium absorption from the soy isolate source was very high (86-96%), indicating that, although soy does not normally contain high levels of selenium, the selenium present is well absorbed from this plant source. PMID- 3772520 TI - Plasma catecholamines in acute magnesium deficiency in weanling rats. AB - A controlled study was conducted to quantitate plasma catecholamines in magnesium deficient weanling rats experiencing the seizure-shock episode. Eighty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats each weighing 35.6 +/- 0.3 g (mean +/- SEM) were fed purified diets to which was added 150 mg magnesium/100 g (Mg-150) or no magnesium (Mg-0). Studies were conducted between d 5 and 8. Plasma and bone magnesium and calcium were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and plasma catecholamines by radioenzymatic assay using 3H. Compared with Mg-150 rats, the Mg-0 rats showed reduced weight gain (P less than 0.001); reduced plasma magnesium (P less than 0.001) and reduced bone magnesium (P less than 0.001) with no corresponding changes in calcium concentration; and a 25% mortality by d 8. Pair-feeding and 80 dB noise provoked no changes in plasma catecholamines in Mg-150 rats, but both strychnine-induced seizures in Mg-150 rats and seizures induced by 80-dB noise in Mg-0 rats were accompanied by massive increases in plasma catecholamines. In contrast, 80-dB noise in Mg-0 provoked a massive increase in plasma catecholamines (P less than 0.001). However, gross pulmonary pathology developed only in Mg-0-shocked rats, not Mg-150-shocked animals. The study provides no evidence for a role of catecholamines in the pathogenesis of Mg-0 shock. The weanling rat displayed the ability to release massive quantities of three catecholamines during the final stages of acute magnesium deficiency and to normalize the plasma catecholamine levels within 16 h after seizure shock. PMID- 3772519 TI - Similar effects of zinc deficiency and restricted feeding on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in rats. AB - The objective of this study was to determine whether alterations in HDL composition observed previously were due specifically to zinc deficiency or to reduction in food intake. Rats were placed into three groups and fed for 21 d a zinc-adequate diet (100 ppm) ad libitum, or a zinc-deficient diet (less than 1 ppm) ad libitum, or the zinc-adequate diet at an intake equal to that of the deficient group. Blood plasma was fractionated into VLDL, LDL and HDL fractions, and plasma and the isolated fractions were analyzed for lipids and apolipoprotein composition. Analysis of plasma and liver zinc indicated that animals consuming the low zinc diet were deficient. Zinc deficiency and restricted feeding were associated with lower plasma and VLDL triglyceride levels and lower HDL cholesterol levels. The similarities in overall pattern of lipoprotein composition between the zinc-deficient and restricted-intake groups indicate that reduction in food intake may account for the differences in lipoprotein composition which were observed. PMID- 3772521 TI - In vivo metabolism of leucine and alpha-ketoisocaproate in the pig: influence of dietary glucose or sucrose. AB - The influence of dietary glucose (G) and sucrose (S) on leucine metabolism was evaluated in 10 immature pigs. The diets were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous with 40% of energy being derived from G or S. Animals were fed their diets at least 1 wk prior to the study. Each animal was studied by using a continuous infusion of L-[4,5-3H]leucine and [U-14C] alpha-ketoisocaproate (KIC) to permit measurement of the metabolism of leucine. After a meal, the pigs fed the glucose meal had higher mean plasma glucose and insulin concentrations than pigs fed a sucrose-containing meal. Arterial KIC concentration decreased after feeding either meal, but the arterial leucine concentration remained unchanged. In pigs fed sucrose, plasma fructose increased after the meal and was cleared by the hind limb in the same proportion as plasma glucose (11%). The hind limb glucose clearance was 16% in the glucose-fed pigs. Animals fed the glucose meal had three times greater hind limb uptake of leucine than animals fed the sucrose meal. No dietary influence on hind limb metabolism of KIC could be detected from arterial venous differences. The whole-body leucine-KIC kinetic data suggested that preprandial tissue proteolysis was greater in pigs fed glucose than in those fed sucrose. Postprandial protein synthesis increased (24%) over fasting values only in pigs fed glucose. This was accompanied by a decrease in the percentage of the leucine pool converted to KIC. These observations indicate that both pre- and postprandial aspects of protein metabolism can be influenced by the dietary carbohydrate source. PMID- 3772522 TI - Effect of low carbohydrate diets during pregnancy on embryogenesis and fetal growth and development in rats. AB - Effects in pregnant rats of feeding diets specifically deficient in carbohydrate were studied. The dietary nonprotein energy source was lipid, provided as intact fat (soybean oil) or a fatty acid mixture (edible oleic acid) or a combination of these. These diets provided 9.5% casein protein, which was shown to be minimally adequate in both the lipid-based experimental diets and the high carbohydrate control diet. The diets were fed from mating through d 21 of pregnancy, and pups were delivered by cesarean section. The soybean oil-based zero-carbohydrate diet supported embryogenesis and produced at term normal numbers of normal appearing pups of body weight lower than that of pups from the high carbohydrate control diet. In contrast, the oleic acid-based zero-carbohydrate diet failed to maintain pregnancy, indicating a requirement for carbohydrate or intact fat or both. To maintain pregnancy to term required both 5-10% intact fat and 4% carbohydrate as glucose or its equivalent amount of glycerol from lipid. From feeding graded levels of glucose in fatty acid based diets containing 5-10% intact fat as soybean oil, the carbohydrate requirement was found to be 6-8% glucose to sustain maternal food intake and weight gain and to produce normal fetal weight at term, and 12% glucose to provide approximately half the fetal liver glycogen levels in controls fed a high carbohydrate diet. These experiments have produced the first evidence of the quantitative requirement for carbohydrate for embryogenesis and fetal growth and development in the pregnant rat dam. PMID- 3772523 TI - Effect of low carbohydrate diets during pregnancy on parturition and postnatal survival of the newborn rat pup. AB - To test the hypothesis that maternal dietary carbohydrate is essential for the postnatal survival of the newborn rat pup, two experiments were designed. Pregnant dams were fed one of two basal carbohydrate-free diets. In experiment 1, the primary energy source was edible oleic acid; in experiment 2, it was soybean oil. Supplemental glucose was substituted for lipid. In experiment 1, pregnant dams were fed 4% dietary glucose for d 0-8 to allow successful implantation, as shown previously. Beginning on d 9 the dams were fed 0, 2, 4, 8, 12 or 62% glucose. Control dams (62% glucose) normally delivered pups weighing 5.6 g on d 21. Dams fed zero glucose delivered pups, weighing 3.1 g, 2 d late. The survivability of the litters increased with maternal dietary carbohydrate. All pups from dams fed 0-4% glucose died within 48 h. Pup survival to d 7 was 10% at 8% glucose, 23% at 12% glucose and 82% at 62% glucose. In experiment 2 soybean oil-based diets (basal supplied ca. 4% glycerol) with 0, 4, 12 and 62% glucose were fed from d 0. At zero glucose, fewer dams delivered late and birth weights were greater than in experiment 1. However, all pups born to zero-glucose dams died by d 4. Pup survival to d 7 was 48% at 4% glucose and 84% at 12% glucose. The data demonstrate that maternal dietary carbohydrate is required for fetal growth, normal parturition and postnatal survival of rat pups. The results indicate that late gestation, parturition and the neonatal period may be especially vulnerable to maternal carbohydrate deprivation. PMID- 3772525 TI - Studies on renal adaptation to altered dietary amino acid intake: tissue taurine responses in nursing and adult rats. AB - This study examines the effect of a low sulfur amino acid diet (LTD) and a high taurine diet (HTD), compared with a normal diet, on the plasma, urine, muscle, brain and renal cortex levels of taurine in immature and adult rats. Milk taurine from lactating dams reflected the taurine content of the diet, being low in LTD fed and high in HTD-fed animals. Nursing pups (7, 14 and 21 d old) often had plasma, urine and tissue--renal cortex, heart, skeletal muscle--levels of taurine related to dietary exposure, a situation also found in adult animals. These diets did not influence the urinary excretion of the sulfur-containing alpha-amino acids methionine and cystine but a sulfur aminoaciduria of immaturity was evident. By contrast, the content of taurine in brain was constant regardless of dietary intake of sulfur amino acids. An age-related decline in brain taurine content was found--as noted by others--but this too was influenced by diet. This dual finding of brain taurine constancy despite wide differences in sulfur amino acid intake and changes in the renal handling of taurine as influenced by diet suggest that the renal adaptive response serves to maintain the stability of brain taurine content. PMID- 3772524 TI - Adequacy of chemically defined, water-soluble diet for germfree BALB/c mice through successive generations and litters. AB - To determine dietary adequacy, germfree BALB/cAnN mice were fed ad libitum an ultrafiltered solution of chemically defined, water-soluble, low-molecular-weight nutrients. They received a measured daily supplement of membrane-filtered, distillation-purified soy oil containing vitamins A, D, E and K. Mice were kept on ash-free filter paper bedding, which they freely consumed. On this regimen, germfree BALB/c mice reproduced through nine generations, and through eight litters in one generation. Average number born per litter was 4.1, compared with 5.1 in control BALB/c mice, which had a conventional microflora and were fed a natural ingredient diet. From 21 to 32 d of age, the experimental mice gained more slowly than controls. After 32 d, experimental mice gained more rapidly than controls; their weights tended to be lower than controls at 45 d and equal to controls at 56 d. Intake-limiting effects of the diet appeared responsible for reduced growth rates and litter size. Experimental females showed a low incidence of deaths from cecal volvulus. Experimental males experienced a high incidence of deaths from colonic impaction of cecally-formed trichobezoars; this site of formation appeared to be unique to BALB/c males on the experimental regimen. These losses were judged to be unrelated to nutritional deficiency. No overt signs of nutritional deficiency developed in female mice which were fed CD diet up to 18 mo of age. PMID- 3772526 TI - Hepatic mitochondrial and peroxisomal oxidative capacity in riboflavin deficiency: effect of age, dietary fat and starvation in rats. AB - The effects of riboflavin deficiency on mitochondrial and peroxisomal substrate oxidation were examined in young (treatment begun at weaning) and adult Sprague Dawley rats that were fed diets low and high in fat. State 3 respiration rates (ADP-stimulated) were used as an estimate of mitochondrial oxidation rates. The oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA and palmitoylcarnitine, and to a lesser extent, glutamate, pyruvate and succinate, by hepatic mitochondria isolated from the young rats was depressed with riboflavin deficiency. There was no effect of dietary fat level on mitochondrial substrate oxidation. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-A (CPT-A) Vmax was increased with riboflavin deficiency and with increasing dietary fat. Cyanide-insensitive palmitoyl-CoA oxidation was used to estimate peroxisomal palmitate oxidation. Expressed as total hepatic capacity, peroxisomal palmitate oxidation was depressed with riboflavin deficiency. This effect was the result of the reduced feed intake rather than riboflavin deficiency per se. Increasing dietary fat resulted in increased peroxisomal palmitate oxidation. Starvation of young rats did not change mitochondrial oxidation rates, although riboflavin-deficient starved rats exhibited increased rates of palmitoyl-CoA oxidation as well as increased CPT-A Vmax. In adult rats, after 5 wk of deficiency, only palmitoyl-CoA and palmitoylcarnitine oxidation rates were depressed. Dietary fat level did not interact with riboflavin deficiency. However, CPT-A Vmax was increased with riboflavin deficiency and with increased dietary fat level. Further, depressed hepatic fatty acid oxidation can occur in adult rats as a sequel to the feeding of riboflavin-deficient diets. PMID- 3772527 TI - Energy utilization in food-restricted female rats. AB - We studied changes in energy utilization in mature female rats exposed to varying degrees of food restriction. Food-restricted rats showed considerable energy conservation, exhibited primarily as a reduction in the energy required for daily maintenance. When a given body weight loss was produced by starvation (3 or 6 d), changes in body composition and energy utilization differed only slightly (and temporarily) compared with the same body weight lost by partial food restriction. All food-restricted groups demonstrated a remarkable ability to reduce maintenance energy costs and to achieve zero energy balance at food intakes 40 50% of controls. By contrasting these results with our previous work in food restricted male rats, we identified possible gender differences in the response to food restriction. Females appear to preserve lean mass to a greater degree than male rats by utilizing relatively more fat for energy needs. This preference for fat as a fuel during negative energy balance suggests that females would lose less body weight for a given reduction in carcass energy than males, since fat is calorically denser than lean mass. PMID- 3772528 TI - Influence of diet on the production of a "lipid-depleting" factor in obese parabiotic rats. AB - When one member of a parabiosed pair of rats is made obese its partner experiences a specific loss of body fat. In this study we determined whether production of the "lipid-depleting" factor in obese rats was diet specific. One member in each of 30 pairs was tube fed 200% normal intake of high carbohydrate (CHO), high fat corn oil or high fat medium-chain triglyceride diet. Their partners and both members of five control pairs ate CHO diet ad libitum. After 27 d of 200% feeding, in vitro hepatic, adipose and hypothalamic metabolism were measured. Composition of the diet used to induce obesity did not change the response of partners. All non-tube-fed partners had normal food intakes, body protein, hepatic fatty acid synthesis (FAS) and esterification (FAE), palmitate, glucose and beta-hydroxybutyrate oxidation. Adipose FAS and FAE were depressed, body fat was halved. Hypothalamic metabolism was not changed. A lipid-depleting agent originating in obese rats specifically inhibits adipose lipogenesis in their partners. Production of this factor does not appear to be influenced by dietary energy source. PMID- 3772529 TI - Reduction-oxidation state and protein degradation in skeletal muscle of fasted and refed rats. AB - Redox state and protein degradation were measured in isolated muscles of fasted (up to 10 d) and refed (up to 4 d) 7- to 14-wk-old rats. Protein degradation in the extensor digitorum longus muscle, but not in the soleus muscle, was greater in the fasted rats than in weight-matched muscle from fed rats. The NAD couple was more oxidized in incubated and fresh extensor digitorum longus muscles and in some incubated soleus muscles of fasted rats than in weight-matched muscle from fed rats. In the extensor digitorum longus muscle of refed or prolonged fasted rats, protein degradation was slower and the NAD couple was more reduced than in the fed state. Therefore, oxidation of the NAD couple was associated with increased muscle breakdown during fasting, whereas reduction of the NAD couple was associated with muscle conservation and deposition. PMID- 3772530 TI - A comparison of the response of woodchucks and rats to variations in dietary lipotrope and protein content. AB - Juvenile woodchucks and weanling Fisher F344 rats were fed purified diets with or without supplemental lipotropic factors (choline, methionine, folic acid and vitamin B-12). The diets contained 10 or 20% protein. Lower weight gain due to low protein was observed in both species, while lipotrope depletion resulted in lower gain in male rats only. Urinary excretion of formimino-glutamic acid was higher due to low lipotrope in both species, as was relative liver weight. In rats, lipotrope depletion resulted in hepatic fatty metamorphosis at both levels of dietary protein with the low protein diet resulting in more severe lesions. No liver lesions were observed in woodchucks fed low lipotropes at the higher level of dietary protein, but fatty metamorphosis was observed in those fed the lower protein diets. The lesion was more severe in the low lipotrope group. The woodchuck appears to be less sensitive than the rat to induction of fatty liver by lipotrope deficiency, although the lesion was induced by lowering dietary protein. PMID- 3772531 TI - Protein deficiency alters rat pancreatic lipid composition. AB - Pancreatic lipid composition was found to be altered in rats fed a protein deficient diet for 4 wk. Increases in triglycerides and cholesteryl ester content were found in association with a decrease in phospholipids. Alterations in these lipids may adversely affect membrane function and predispose to pancreatic injury. PMID- 3772532 TI - Nutritional balance studies: indicators of human requirements or adaptive mechanisms. PMID- 3772533 TI - Deletion of essential functions and tumorigenesis. PMID- 3772534 TI - Improved nuclear fluorescence screening technique. AB - Three separate screening studies have tested the sensitivity and specificity of quantitative fluorescence image analysis for detecting bladder cancer. Nuclear intensity (NI) measurements of fluorescent dye-stained epithelial cells from voided urine and bladder washings were compared with routine Papanicolaou (Pap) cytology results, and findings were verified against pathological biopsy diagnoses. The NI cytology method detected the pathologically confirmed tumors earlier and with greater specificity than did conventional cytology. In the study of 140 clinically symptomatic patients in Oklahoma, the NI method detected 91.1% (31 of 34) of the pathologically confirmed grades 1 and 2 tumors and 100% of 18 grades 3 and 4 tumors. Pap cytology detected only 47% (16 of 34) of low-grade and 78% (14 of 18) of high-grade tumors. Comparable results were obtained in a study of symptomatic patients in Mississippi and the method has been employed in the screening of a high-risk occupationally exposed cohort in Georgia. PMID- 3772535 TI - Screening for bladder cancer at the Du Pont Chambers Works: initial findings. AB - The following data have been abstracted on all persons ever screened for bladder cancer and on all persons known to have developed bladder cancer among the Chambers Works employees, regardless of whether they had been screened: complete work histories, including dates of employment by job title and location for the duration of employment by Du Pont; medical histories, including the dates and results of every urinary cytological reading and urinary blood test, and the dates and type of every physical examination; and vital status information, including data from death certificates. For each bladder cancer case, detailed clinical histories were abstracted to provide information concerning signs or symptoms of bladder cancer, procedures performed, findings, and recommendations. Pathological information includes type, grade, stage, evidence of multicentricity, metastatic sites, and second primary sites of malignancy. Data are being edited and subjected to preliminary analysis. PMID- 3772537 TI - Exercise stress testing to screen for coronary artery disease in asymptomatic persons. AB - Exercise testing has proven value for the diagnosis of cardiac disorders in symptomatic patients and for the objective measurement of functional capacity. Use of exercise tests to screen for cardiac disease in asymptomatic persons remains controversial because of the low prevalence of disease in the population tested, the different characteristics of the test in asymptomatic persons, and the uncertain value of the information generated. This paper addresses the use of exercise testing to screen for coronary artery disease in asymptomatic persons. The principles underlying the use of screening tests will first be presented. The epidemiological evidence concerning screening exercise tests will then be reviewed, followed by the data concerning the prognosis and treatment of asymptomatic coronary disease. Finally, possible indications for screening exercise tests in specific occupations will be addressed. PMID- 3772536 TI - Screening workers exposed to suspect bladder carcinogens. AB - In England, screening programs for detecting workers at increased risk for bladder cancer have helped identify the following issues: Early treatment should be considered part of the "screen." The early natural history of the disease is of some importance in conceptualizing the problems and results of screening. The epidemiology of high-risk groups might prove invaluable in extending screening to other groups. Of particular use might be aspects of genetic susceptibility. To address these points, an observational study has begun in Huddersfield to set up a trial of very early disease, contrasting therapy for early lesions with the long-term aim of altering the occurrence of invasive bladder lesions in the group of interest. PMID- 3772538 TI - Spectrum of tests available to evaluate occupationally induced renal disease. AB - The traditional tests used to screen workers for renal disease are inadequate to detect early or moderate loss of renal function. More sensitive tests are seldom measured reliably in the occupational setting. Several noninvasive tests of kidney function have proven useful in monitoring the effects of special toxins. This paper will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various tests of renal function that may be used to detect nephrotoxicity in workers. The discussion includes a brief overview of the tissue types that can be injured by toxic agents and the specific tests that may be used for each. Special research projects are needed to validate the clinical significance of these and other medical tests through careful study in a controlled clinical setting. PMID- 3772539 TI - Tests for hepatotoxicity: usefulness in screening workers. AB - General tests of hepatotoxicity must be selected to identify all seven different types of exposure effect--cytotoxicity, cholestasis, fibrosis, vascular injury, metabolic dysfunction, impairment of the reticuloendothelial system, and carcinogenesis--whereas specific tests need only identify one or more. The liver's multifunctional character requires using sets of tests that include blood, urine, breath, isotopic, sonic, radiological, histological, and genetic tests. In this paper, traditional studies (eg, enzymes, proteins) are reviewed for medical screening and biological monitoring for specificity, sensitivity, selectivity, and cost-effectiveness. Status of newer tests (eg, clearance, radioisotopic assay, scans) will be reviewed, and developing tests (eg, molecular, genetic) for occupational use will be introduced. Practical application of these tests will be reviewed regarding clinical evaluations, interpretation, and triage. Finally, the medical-socioeconomic implications at initial medical screening and during subsequent monitoring will be illustrated. PMID- 3772540 TI - Using audiometric data base analysis. AB - Audiometric data base analysis (ADBA) offers the most direct means of judging the effectiveness of a hearing conservation program (HCP) in preventing occupational hearing loss. However, numerous factors need to be accounted for if the findings are to be meaningful. This paper discusses several parameters known to influence the interpretation of group data statistics in assessing HCP effectiveness. Testing factors that affect the stability of the data base include audiometric techniques, calibration procedures, testing environment, and the motivation and prior experience of the subject. Pertinent population parameters include age, sex, race, current and prior noise exposures, learning effects, and the types of hearing protectors in use. Two case histories are presented to illustrate the application of ADBA techniques. Specific analysis procedures reviewed include comparisons of mean thresholds for selected industrial and nonindustrial populations, rates of change in mean hearing levels over a period of time, baseline and sequential test-retest comparisons, and different threshold shift criteria. The preliminary results of ADBA research being done by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) S12.12 Working Group are summarized, including desirable criterion ranges for several statistics established by applying them to control data sets. PMID- 3772541 TI - Screening prospective workers for the ability to use respirators. AB - A physician should determine the ability to use a respirator, taking into account the employee's health, the respirator, and the work conditions. This report reviews the effects of respirator wear and provides referenced, reasonable guidelines for determining a worker's fitness to wear a respirator. The effects discussed include pulmonary, cardiac, body temperature, diminished senses, psychological reactions, and local irritation. Examining physicians should realize that heavy exercise with a respirator usually causes stress primarily on the cardiovascular system and that heavy (eg, self-contained, atmosphere supplying) respirators can substantially increase this stress. Accordingly, exercise stress tests, with ECG monitoring, should be considered in these circumstances when cardiovascular risk factors are present. Available literature is noted that should help physicians screen prospective workers for the ability to use respirators. PMID- 3772542 TI - Pulmonary function testing in the screening of workers: guidelines for instrumentation, performance, and interpretation. AB - Medical surveillance of workers exposed to potential respiratory hazards may be a valuable tool in early recognition and prevention of certain occupational lung diseases. The use of pulmonary function tests, particularly spirometry, has been widely accepted as an integral part of respiratory surveillance. A National Aeronautics and Space Administration contract report on the Occupational Safety and Health Administration medical and workplace surveillance requirements and recommendations by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health is a recent detailed study of medical surveillance requirements and recommendations (unpublished study, 1983). This paper is a brief guide for those in the medical profession attempting to establish or improve their medical surveillance programs for occupational respiratory diseases. It describes procedures to use and techniques for interpreting test results, and finally includes a study of normal reference values. In addition, the references should provide additional information for establishing a respiratory medical surveillance program. PMID- 3772543 TI - Ecogenetics: historical foundation and current status. AB - This paper will provide an introduction to the concept of ecogenetics, including its historical foundations. Specific genetic conditions (more than 30), including those involving RBCs and liver conditions, serum proteins, skin disorders, DNA repair diseases, and others that either theoretically or experimentally have been shown to enhance susceptibility to toxic substances, will be identified and evaluated with respect to their capacity to enhance risk, their frequency in the population, and their ability to be identified in screening tests. PMID- 3772544 TI - Chromosomal alterations as markers of exposure and effect. AB - Structural changes in chromosomes were one of the first recognized forms of genetic injury resulting from exposure to physical and chemical agents. Depending on the lesions induced in the DNA, and therefore, on the nature of the genotoxic substances, damage to chromosomes falls into two categories, structural aberrations and sister chromatid exchange (SCE). Because these two end points respond differently to chromatin lesions, they are complementary in any study designed to identify potential exposure. The circulating lymphocyte in the human is an appropriate cell type in which to measure cytogenetic changes because it is readily accessible, carries genotoxic substances and their metabolites throughout the body, is long-lived, and can integrate exposure. In animal and human studies, it has been shown that both SCEs and aberrations can persist in the lymphocyte following acute or chronic exposure. PMID- 3772545 TI - Conference on medical screening and biological monitoring for the effects of exposure in the workplace. July 1984. Part II. PMID- 3772546 TI - The National Cancer Institute's Cancer Prevention Research Program. AB - The National Cancer Institute (NCI) develops and supports a broad range of research relevant to screening for preneoplastic events and biological effects of carcinogen exposure. In cancer screening and detection, NCI supports studies on development of new methods for detecting cancer and/or preneoplastic states, systematic testing of new screening methods, and wider application of established methods. Recently, NCI developed clinical trials in chemoprevention and dietary intervention. These studies focus on populations identified by markers of exposure or markers of increased risk, and have as their end point reduction in cancer incidence. PMID- 3772547 TI - Medical surveillance of employees under the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. AB - This paper will consider medical surveillance in the context of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has issued (after rule making) health standards covering approximately 24 toxic substances, and all these standards have included medical surveillance programs. OSHA is not only empowered but compelled by law to require medical surveillance programs for exposed employees. At the same time, a number of major legal/policy issues relating to medical surveillance have been raised at the standards rule-making stage and litigated in court. Among the more significant of these are access to medical records, selection of physician, and medical removals. Many of these issues were involved in OSHA's Lead Standard, issued in 1978 and affirmed in relevant part by the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia in 1980, and in the "medical access" rule, issued in 1980 and upheld by the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit. These two proceedings will be used as a focus for the discussions of medical surveillance programs under the OSHA act. PMID- 3772548 TI - Discriminatory aspects of medical screening. AB - Presently, there are few legal restrictions on the use of medical screening of workers. The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act) requires that certain medical tests be performed when workers will be exposed to specific toxic substances. The OSH Act does not, however, prohibit the use of any medical screening measure nor does it indicate what actions an employer may or may not take as a result of such information. (A notable exception is the medical removal provision of the Lead Standard). This paper discusses that protection afforded under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. This paper will demonstrate that the law has, in general, failed to take into account the discriminatory aspects of medical screening. PMID- 3772549 TI - Ethical concerns in occupational screening programs. AB - Preventive and anticipatory programs for identifying workers at higher-than normal risk for occupational injury and/or disease can now draw on an expanding net of sophisticated diagnostic tests. New genetic screening tests may use reagents developed through recombinant DNA technologies, including cDNA probes for genetic variants such as HLA B27 associated with late-appearing disability. Assessments of the readiness of these technologies to be incorporated into standard occupational policy turn on their predictive value, applications, and the locus of control of the data which they generate. The question of responsibility for health protection and obligations accruing to those who uncover genetically fixed risk status has major ethical implications. Issues of potential stigmatization, discrimination, and protection of equal employment opportunity must be resolved before these tests are put into practice. The possible use of genetic testing to assure minimal risk and its equitable distribution among workers is highlighted as a possible benefit of this new applied technology. PMID- 3772550 TI - Biological monitoring in the workplace: ethical issues. AB - This paper addresses the following questions concerning medical surveillance and the worker's relationship to management: Do workers have a moral obligation to participate in workplace screening and monitoring when undertaken to enhance the interests of occupational health? What conditions would be necessary to establish the existence of such a moral obligation? If such an obligation were to be established, ought it be satisfied solely on the basis of voluntary collaboration? Is compulsory participation in monitoring and screening ever morally justified? Should the principle of informed voluntary consent that obtains in medical research apply to workplace investigations that involve potentially invasive procedures and risks to privacy? PMID- 3772551 TI - Problems in notification and screening of workers at high risk of disease. AB - Current and former workers who have been occupationally exposed to hazardous substances have unique medical and social needs. Few programs recognize and accommodate the needs of these workers. Consequently, screening and medical surveillance assume a pivotal role in a system that inadequately deals with the needs of workers identified and notified of occupational disease risks. In some cases, screening programs, ineffective in altering survival patterns, are established because they represent surrogates for other kinds of support programs that do not exist. Where screening techniques are effective and available, there still are problems in getting them funded and established in acceptable programs. This paper details these problems and argues for increased research to enhance the efficacy of screening, not only in preventing disease, but also in improving the quality of life for workers at risk. PMID- 3772552 TI - Biomedical surveillance: rights conflict with rights. AB - Medical screening and biomedical monitoring violate individual rights. Such conflicts of right with right are acted upon synergistically by uncertainty which, in some important respects, increases rather than decreases as a result of research. Issues of rightness and wrongness, ethical issues, arise because the human beings who are subjects of medical screening and biological monitoring often have little or no option whether to be subjected to them. We identify issues of rightness and wrongness of biomedical surveillance for various purposes of occupational health and safety. We distinguish between social validity and scientific validity. We observe that principles are well established for scientific validity, but not for social validity. We support guidelines as a way forward. PMID- 3772553 TI - General occupational health history and examination. AB - This paper presents a method for developing occupational medical examinations using the preplacement examination (PPE) and the periodic monitoring examination (PME). The steps for developing an appropriate PPE include goal definition, analysis of job requirements and potential exposures, an occupational and medical history, and a targeted physical examination derived from the preceding steps. The PPE should result in the proper placement of the worker. It also serves as a baseline for comparison to future testing or health-related developments. The PME checks the effectiveness of more primary preventive measures such as plant engineering controls and personal protection. The contents and frequency of the PME depend on the pathophysiology and toxicology of the hazardous exposures, the interval exposure and medical history, and legal requirements. Individual and group results should be assessed periodically for trends suggesting work-related problems that would need further evaluation. PMID- 3772554 TI - Vibration perception thresholds in entrapment and toxic neuropathies. AB - Due to the ever-increasing problems associated with carpal tunnel syndrome in the workplace where exposure to neurotoxic substances may also occur, measure of nerve function addressing both of these neuropathies is needed. Limitations in the standard neurological examination and nerve conduction studies have resulted in efforts to develop portable instruments for quantitative sensory testing. Fingertip vibration perception is altered in carpal tunnel syndrome and toxic neuropathies. Vibration perception is described for the median-innervated II digit and the ulnar-innervated V digit using an Optacon tactile stimulator. Discussion focuses on the interaction between toxic and entrapment neuropathies as reflected by vibration thresholds. PMID- 3772555 TI - Use and effectiveness of chest radiography and low-back radiography in screening. AB - One of the Food and Drug Administration's educational programs to optimize the use of medical radiation is the investigation of the efficacy of selected x-ray film examinations. The goal of this program is to provide clinical information needed to aid physicians in their judgment. The routine chest-radiograph screening examination has been studied, and recommendations for five applications of chest-radiograph screening have been published. These recommendations, plus results of FDA research on the efficacy of low-back radiography, are discussed. PMID- 3772556 TI - Hepatitis B vaccine for occupational health nurses. PMID- 3772557 TI - Treatment of hydrofluoric acid burns. PMID- 3772558 TI - Soft-tissue sarcoma: case-control study. PMID- 3772559 TI - Mesothelioma in Connecticut. PMID- 3772561 TI - Asbestos and airflow limitation. AB - To assess the effect of asbestos on the airways, researchers studied 45 shipyard workers who were lifelong nonsmokers and had asbestos-related abnormalities seen on their chest roentgenograms. Patients with interstitial lung disease, bronchial asthma prior to asbestos exposure, recurrent pneumonias, or significant cardiovascular disease were excluded from the study. In addition to chest films, they had spirometry performed before and after bronchodilator inhalation, lung volumes, diffusing capacity, and arterial blood gases. Forced vital capacity and forced expired volume in one second were normal in all patients. Maximum midexpiratory flow rates (MMFR) were abnormal (MMFR less than 75% of predicted) in 13 patients (29%). Therefore, 29% of lifetime nonsmokers with asbestos exposure exhibited evidence of small airways dysfunction. An abnormal MMFR in these workers may be due, in part, to asbestos exposure and could conceivably indicate a population at risk for pulmonary fibrosis and/or obstructive airways disease. PMID- 3772560 TI - Heart disease in workers exposed to dinitrotoluene. AB - To determine whether the carcinogenicity of dinitrotoluene (DNT) in rodent bioassays was predictive for humans, we examined the mortality experience of exposed workers at two ammunition plants. Cohorts of 156 and 301 men who had worked a month or more during the 1940s and 1950s at jobs with opportunity for substantial DNT exposure were followed through the end of 1980. Numbers of expected deaths and standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were computed, using mortality rates of US white males as the standard. No evidence of a carcinogenic effect was found, but unsuspected excesses of mortality from ischemic heart disease were noted at both plants (SMRs) 131 and 143; 95% confidence limits 65 to 234 and 107 to 187, respectively). Deaths from ischemic heart disease remained high even when compared with expected numbers derived using mortality rates of the counties in which the plants were located. Additional analyses revealed evidence of a 15-year latent period and suggested a relationship with duration and intensity of exposure. Epidemiologic investigations of other heavily exposed populations are needed to confirm the etiologic significance of the association between DNT and heart disease described here. PMID- 3772562 TI - Health aspects of work with visual display terminals. AB - Visual display terminals (VDTs) are in widespread and continuously increasing use by a large number of people. Several physical factors may affect an operator's performance and health. These include visual factors such as display characteristics, image quality, resolution, stability, color, polarity, luminance, and contrast, as well as lighting conditions and indoor climate. Work station design and layout play the most critical role in eliminating sources of postural problems. Exposure of the operators to various radiations that may be produced by VDTs is not expected to have any health implications, as the levels of emissions are very low. Musculoskeletal effects and visual fatigue can usually be successfully controlled through proper design and use of work stations. PMID- 3772563 TI - Symptom reports and mortality in an occupational cohort. AB - The relationship between baseline symptom reports and subsequent mortality over a 24-year period was examined in a group of 1,224 white male nonsupervisory paper workers. Symptom reports were measured via the Cornell Medical Index, and the vital status of each participant was ascertained by reviewing company personnel records and death certificates. Analyses based on proportional hazards models suggest that symptom reports are predictive of mortality (RR = 1.24; P = .0002), independent of the participant's age and biologic risk status at intake. Analyses based upon age-specific and age-standardized mortality ratios confirm that the paper workers were subject to a "healthy worker effect" (standardized mortality ratio [SMR] = 0.66), and that the healthy worker effect is attenuated (SMR = 0.77) among those participants reporting ten or more symptoms at the beginning of the follow-up period. PMID- 3772564 TI - Transmission of HTLV-III/LAV in the workplace. PMID- 3772565 TI - A model for predicting the counseling practices of physicians. AB - The authors present a conceptual model of the determinants of the counseling practices of physicians and an empirical test of the model. Seventy-six per cent of a 50% random sample of physicians in a western county medical society completed a questionnaire (n = 151). This instrument measures the aggressiveness, the indications and techniques used by physicians in counseling patients about smoking, exercise, weight control and alcohol use. The independent variables assessed by this instrument are motivations, perceived skills and barriers, medical specialty, and personal health habits. Significant associations were found between the counseling practices reported and physicians' personal health habits, attitudes and specialties. Non-surgeons counseled more patients, counseled more intensively, and used a greater variety of techniques than surgeons and obstetrician-gynecologists. In general, physicians who had poor health habits did not fully counsel patients about those habits; however, physicians attempting to improve poor habits counseled patients significantly more often than physicians who were not trying to change their own behavior. Health maintenance efforts among physicians may have a multiplier effect. PMID- 3772566 TI - The impact of shared medical records on smoking awareness and behavior in ambulatory care. AB - In a randomized controlled trial of sharing medical records with ambulatory adults as part of periodic health examinations, 193 patients (experimental group; 37 smokers) received copies of their medical records while 208 patients (control group; 50 smokers) did not. Awareness of smoking as a health problem and smoking behavior were assessed two weeks and six months later. At two weeks, 46% of experimental group smokers indicated that smoking was a major health problem, compared with 21% of the control group (p less than 0.02), and 43% of the experimental group had quit or reduced smoking, compared with 20% of the control group (p less than 0.02). At six months smoking problem awareness was not significantly different (33% experimental group vs. 14% control group, p = NS), but 65% of the experimental group had quit or reduced compared with 29% of the control group (p less than 0.04). Sharing medical records with smokers after periodic health examinations is effective in enhancing patient awareness of smoking as a health problem and beginning the process of changing smoking behavior. PMID- 3772568 TI - General internal medicine: defining a discipline. PMID- 3772567 TI - Approach to syncope. PMID- 3772569 TI - Single-dose antimicrobial therapy for urinary tract infections: "less is more"? or "Reductio ad absurdum"? PMID- 3772570 TI - Integrity, compassion, respect. PMID- 3772571 TI - Effect of resident turnover on patients' appointment-keeping behavior in a primary care medical clinic. AB - In this study of 208 patients attending a Primary Care Medical Clinic of a metropolitan teaching hospital, objective measurements were used to assess the effect of discontinuous care as a result of resident turnover on patient appointment-keeping behavior. A change of resident resulted in no significant difference in return visit failure rate, subsequent appointment-keeping rate, or number of patients expressing new problems or requiring chronic therapy plan changes. PMID- 3772572 TI - Work satisfaction and career aspirations of internists working in teaching hospital group practices. AB - This paper presents data on the characteristics, work activities, job-related stress, work satisfaction, and career aspirations of 150 faculty and 595 housestaff physicians who regularly provide continuous primary care in 15 teaching hospital-based group practices. The faculty were young, board-certified generalists; they had been recruited from local training programs and spent the majority of their time seeing patients and supervising housestaff. Job satisfaction among faculty and housestaff was generally high. Dissatisfaction occurred most often with aspects of work over which physicians had little control. Although work-related stress was common, it was not related to job satisfaction. Compared with housestaff in traditional residency programs, housestaff enrolled in special Primary Care Training Programs reported significantly greater job satisfaction. For all housestaff, satisfaction with work in the group practice was consistently associated with decreased interest in subspecialty training. PMID- 3772573 TI - The knowledge base of primary care: a call to arms. PMID- 3772574 TI - Diabetic complications: tight control versus increasingly tight science. PMID- 3772575 TI - Growing up: the status of academic general internal medicine. PMID- 3772576 TI - Semiautomated reminder system for improving syphilis management. AB - This project utilized an automated record system, COSTAR, to assess and improve the quality of care in managing syphilis in a health maintenance organization. A scoring tool was developed to assess care. There were four experimental periods, each lasting one year. The periods were Baseline (no intervention), Education (publication of guidelines and an educational session), Reminder (deficiencies in care brought to the attention of providers in time to permit correction), and Post-reminder (no intervention). Scores for overall management of syphilis rose from 70.4 to 90.5% during the Reminder period and did not deteriorate significantly in the Post-reminder period. Scores in the Education period were not significantly higher than baseline. The cost of the system was $195 per year. An inexpensive reminder system was effective in bringing about a significant improvement in quality of care for syphilis, and the effect persisted for at least a year after the system was discontinued. PMID- 3772577 TI - Long-term outcomes of morbidly obese patients treated with gastrogastrostomy. AB - Long-term outcomes in 123 morbidly obese patients who had undergone gastrogastrostomy were studied to determine weight losses 19 to 47 months after surgery. Follow-up data were available for 84% (103) of the patients. Overall, 58% of these (60 of 103) had maintained losses of greater than or equal to 30% excess weight. Using a best case/worst case analysis, between 49% and 65% of patients had achieved losses of greater than or equal to 30% excess weight. Six patients had gained weight. Eighty-seven per cent of the patients reported increased or stable energy levels; job status was stable or improved for 95%; and 20% had been rehospitalized. Use of antihypertensive medication and use of insulin had decreased. Over two thirds (69%) of the patients stated they would recommend gastrogastrostomy to a friend, and 54% were either very satisfied or satisfied with the operation. Energy level and degree of satisfaction were related to amount of weight lost. Gastrogastrostomy achieved long-term moderate weight losses in three fifths of morbidly obese patients, without causing serious adverse health outcomes. PMID- 3772578 TI - Empiric antacids and reassurance for acute dyspepsia. AB - The evaluation of ambulatory patients with dyspepsia frequently includes upper gastrointestinal radiographs (UGIs), a practice of unproven value in low-risk patients. To assess an alternative management strategy without UGIs, 28 patients with upper abdominal pain seen in an adult medical walk-in practice were treated with high-dose antacid therapy for three weeks. The clinical course on antacid therapy was good; 68% of patients reported substantial improvement. Initial requests for UGIs were high among both patients and physicians. Following empiric antacid therapy, requests for UGIs fell from 68% to 32% for patients (p = 0.05) and from 71% to 21% for physicians (p = 0.001). No serious complications were detected after 18 months of follow up. Direct medical charges were reduced by 37%. Empiric antacid therapy for patients at low risk for serious disease relieves dyspepsia and reduces both patient and physician requests for UGIs. PMID- 3772579 TI - Continuity of care after July: what happens to the resident's patients? AB - When internal medicine residents leave teaching programs, continuity of care for outpatients is affected. The authors had departing residents send their patients computer-generated letters identifying another physician to provide continuing care. The letters were randomly withheld from 20% of the patients (NL), and they were compared with patients who received letters (RL). A telephone survey was administered and visits and no-show rates were determined. The RL patients more often knew of the change in provider (84% vs 54%, p less than 0.01) and identified the resident as the source of the information (77% vs 43%, p less than 0.01) than NL patients. There were no significant differences between RL and NL patients in mean numbers of appointments (1.0 vs 0.8) or no-show rates (24% vs 21%) following housestaff turnover. Both groups wanted to be told by the physician about future changes and were willing to be informed by letter. A computer-generated letter appears to be an effective way of notifying patients about transfer of care during the annual housestaff turnover in teaching programs. PMID- 3772580 TI - The resident leaves the clinic: the effects of changing physicians on appointment keeping behavior. AB - To understand the effect that termination of an established physician-patient relationship has on patient attendance patterns in a medical clinic, appointment scheduling and patient attendance were measured for 210 patients before and after 11 senior resident physicians left the clinic. There was no significant change in appointment scheduling, although the number of unscheduled or "drop-in" visits increased (p = 0.02). Likewise, patient attendance patterns did not differ between study periods. Overall the termination of an established relationship between an internist and a patient in this hospital-based general medicine clinic had no effect on appointment scheduling and patient attendance. PMID- 3772581 TI - New-onset atrial fibrillation: is there need for emergent hospitalization? AB - Patients with new-onset atrial fibrillation are often hospitalized emergently. To determine whether this is necessary, the authors retrospectively reviewed the care of 97 consecutive patients with this illness. No reason for the atrial fibrillation in 43 patients could be identified. Hypertension, coronary artery disease, and valvular heart disease were the most commonly associated conditions; myocardial infarction occurred in one patient. In 82% of patients, atrial fibrillation reverted to normal sinus rhythm during hospitalization. Three patients needed emergent hospitalization irrespective of the presence of atrial fibrillation. In the remainder, admission was based solely on the diagnosis of new-onset atrial fibrillation. Ninety-eight per cent had an uncomplicated hospital course. It is concluded that hospitalization is not necessary for all patients with new-onset atrial fibrillation. Those in whom reversion to normal sinus rhythm occurs rapidly during digoxin therapy can be discharged. Where no major medical illness is evident patients can be admitted to a bed outside the intensive care unit until reversion to normal sinus rhythm or rate control is achieved. PMID- 3772582 TI - The Functional Status Questionnaire: reliability and validity when used in primary care. AB - A comprehensive functional assessment requires thorough and careful inquiry, which is difficult to accomplish in most busy clinical practices. This paper examines the reliability and validity of the Functional Status Questionnaire (FSQ), a brief, standardized, self-administered questionnaire designed to provide a comprehensive and feasible assessment of physical, psychological, social and role function in ambulatory patients. The FSQ can be completed and computer scored in minutes to produce a one-page report which includes six summated-rating scale scores and six single-item scores. The clinician can use this report both to screen for and to monitor patients' functional status. In this study, the FSQ was administered to 497 regular users of Boston's Beth Israel Hospital's Healthcare Associates and 656 regular users of 76 internal medicine practices in Los Angeles. The data demonstrate that the FSQ produces reliable sub-scales with construct validity. The authors believe the FSQ addresses many of the problems behind the slow diffusion into primary care of systematic functional assessment. PMID- 3772583 TI - Source of funding and outcome of clinical trials. AB - Because of recent concerns about conflicts of interest and published research, the author analyzed 107 controlled clinical trials. Studies were classified as favoring either a new therapy or a traditional therapy, and as being supported by a pharmaceutical manufacturer or as being generally supported. Seventy-one per cent of the trials favored new therapies; 43% of these were funded by pharmaceutical firms. Of the 31 trials favoring traditional therapy, only four (13%) were supported by a pharmaceutical firm. There was a statistically significant association between the source of funding and the outcome of the study (p = 0.002). Few trials supported by pharmaceutical manufacturers favored traditional therapy; some reasons for this finding may include selection of drugs likely to be proven efficacious, Type II errors (false-negative studies), and fear of discontinuation of funding should such studies be submitted. Important clinical information may be lost if negative studies are not published. PMID- 3772584 TI - Concordance of the ambulatory medical record and patients' recollections of aspects of an ambulatory new-patient visit. AB - The ambulatory medical record should provide an accurate account of what took place during an outpatient visit. If it does not, the record cannot be used to judge many aspects of the quality of care, including physician-patient communication. The author evaluated the accuracy of the ambulatory medical record by comparing the results of structured telephone interviews with 40 patients following new-patient visits with audits of the medical records. The evaluation focused on chief complaint and the patient's understanding of the diagnosis, medications and follow-up arrangement. The 95% confidence intervals of concordance rates between interview and audit were [1, 0.68] or better for all measures except understanding of diagnosis [0.73, 0.37]. The generally good rate of concordance between the ambulatory medical record and patient recollection for important indices of physician-patient communication suggests that the ambulatory medical record can be used to evaluate that aspect of ambulatory patient care. PMID- 3772585 TI - The reasons patients request "checkups": implications for office practice. AB - When patients request checkups, physicians may assume it is for detection of asymptomatic disease. However, such patients may have other, covert reasons for seeking medical care which might not be addressed by a periodic health examination. The authors interviewed 38 consecutive patients who requested a new appointment at an academic, hospital-based general medical practice, and said the appointment was for a checkup and not an acute problem. Health screening was the principal reason for requesting evaluation of only 24% of patients. Fifty-two per cent had two or more reasons: psychosocial problems, health concerns, or symptoms. Psychosocial problems, with and without other problems, were the reason 45% of patients requested checkups. Physicians should be alert to the various reasons why patients request checkups, and not assume that a periodic health examination alone is an appropriate response. PMID- 3772586 TI - Perceptions of the certification standards of the American Board of Internal Medicine. AB - Perceptions of the certification standards of the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) and the qualities of care provided by certified and non-certified practicing internists are reported from surveys of ABIM Board members, internal medicine program directors, and samples of third-year residents, practicing internists, nurses, and hospital administrators. ABIM pass rates were estimated accurately and viewed as appropriate. Physicians perceived the deficiencies of non-certifiable residents to be in clinical judgment and factual knowledge; non physicians indicated deficiencies in humanistic qualities. The groups estimated that approximately 70% of all practicing internists and 37% of the non-certified internists they know provide excellent care while 15% of the certified internists give inappropriate care. Perceived deficiencies of internists giving low-quality care were nearly identical to those of non-certifiable residents. The results support ABIM's initial certification process and suggest that a written examination with well chosen standards would be useful for experienced internists. PMID- 3772588 TI - Lowering blood cholesterol: what an opportunity! PMID- 3772587 TI - Ethics at the end of life: practical principles for making resuscitation decisions. AB - Some of the physician's most difficult decisions involve whether to give cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Current research, hospital policies, and case law provide little guidance for these decisions, but medical ethics offers three useful principles. All three are based on patients' wishes. First, a victim of cardiopulmonary arrest should receive CPR unless compelling reasons indicate he would not want it. Second, a patient has the right to refuse CPR. Finally, if CPR will serve no therapeutic goals defined from the patient's wishes, it should not be given. Applying these principles requires a sympathetic, directed history which elicits the patient's wishes relevant to resuscitation. This article uses an actual case and a simple algorithm to show how these principles promote ethically sound resuscitation decisions. PMID- 3772589 TI - Studying and teaching the gatekeeper. PMID- 3772590 TI - The general internist and occupational medicine. PMID- 3772591 TI - Clinical research: boundaries and standards. PMID- 3772592 TI - Single dose for urinary tract infections. PMID- 3772593 TI - Predicting cardiac complications in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. AB - The authors prospectively studied 455 consecutive patients referred to the general medical consultation service for cardiac risk assessment prior to non cardiac surgery, in order to validate a previously derived multifactorial index in their clinical setting. They also tested a version of the index that they had modified to reflect factors they believed to be important. For patients undergoing major surgery, the original index performed less well in the validation data set than in the original derivation set (p less than 0.05), but still added predictive information to a statistically significant degree (p less than 0.05). The modified index also added predictive information for patients undergoing both major and minor surgery, demonstrating an area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve of 0.75 (95% confidence interval of 0.70 to 0.80). A simple nomogram is presented which will enable conversion of pretest probabilities into posttest probabilities using the likelihood ratios associated with each risk score. It is recommended that clinicians estimate local overall complication rates (pretest probabilities) for the clinically relevant populations in their settings before they apply the predictive properties (likelihood ratios) demonstrated in this study in order to calculate cardiac risks for individual patients (posttest probabilities). PMID- 3772594 TI - Compliance with the recommendations of medical consultants. AB - Compliance with the consultant's recommendations is one measure of the effectiveness of a consultation. A previous study showed that compliance was better when fewer recommendations were made. In the subsequent year, consultants were encouraged to limit their recommendations to five or fewer. Despite a significant decrease in the number of recommendations, compliance rates remained essentially unchanged (72%). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the clinical severity of the patient's disease and the number of associated problems, as well as the types of recommendations, were significant predictors of compliance. Compliance was best for recommendations involving medications (84%) and worst for recommendations involving diagnostic tests (62%). Compliance was also evaluated in the context of a surgeon's view of the appropriateness of the recommendations. For recommendations felt to be essential to patient care the compliance rate was 75%, but it was only 44% for recommendations judged nonessential (p less than 0.001). The consulting internist should be aware that the surgeon's view of the relevance of the recommendations to patient care needs may have an important effect on compliance. PMID- 3772595 TI - The service and educational contributions of a general medicine consultation service. AB - General medicine consultation services (GMCS) are perceived as providing routine services in perioperative patient management for referring surgeons. Their potential contributions to improving patient care and resident education have not been well defined. Review of the first year of GMCS in a university teaching hospital showed that only 57% of the consultations were for routine perioperative management of surgical patients. The consultations presented a broad range of medical problems, especially cardiovascular disease (35% of all consultations). Consulting physicians made 2.2 new diagnoses per consult, and 16% of patients required transfer to other services. A GMCS may improve patient care by uncovering new diagnoses, and, by offering them exposure to a variety of medical problems, can improve the consultation skills of students and residents. PMID- 3772597 TI - Enhancing learning during a clinical clerkship: the value of a structured curriculum. AB - Third-year clerkships, organized around clinical experiences, may provide students with an uneven or narrowly focused fund of clinical knowledge. This paper describes the results of a comparative trial in which a structured curriculum, based on learning objectives, was introduced into an internal medicine clerkship at one of three teaching hospitals of a single medical school; the other two hospitals, providing similar patient care experiences, were used for comparison purposes. Students who did their clerkship at the hospital using the structured curriculum scored significantly higher on the Medicine section of the National Board Part II examination when scores were adjusted for past academic performance. The structured curriculum was very well received and, according to student perceptions, achieved the goal of expanding their basic clinical knowledge beyond that derived from reading only in connection with patient care. These results support the use of curricular guidelines and objectives as a means of enhancing students' cognitive experience during clinical clerkships. PMID- 3772596 TI - Stress during internship: a prospective study of mood states. AB - Mood changes of interns during the internship year were studied using the Profile of Mood States (POMS), a standardized adjective checklist. All 35 interns in the University of California, Irvine-Long Beach Medical Program completed the POMS at internship orientation and at five other times during the year. Of the six mood factors measured by the POMS, four changed significantly during the testing period. Anger-hostility scores were higher (p less than 0.01) in December than at orientation and remained so throughout the year. Tension-anxiety scores were higher (p less than 0.01) and fatigue-inertia scores were lower (p less than 0.01) at orientation than at any other time during the year. Vigor-activity scores were higher (p less than 0.01) at orientation than at the end of the year. Depression-dejection and confusion-bewilderment scores did not change significantly during the study period. Recognition of these mood changes is helpful for drawing the attention of house staff and faculty members to emotional stresses of training, and for identifying issues for discussion in intern support groups. PMID- 3772598 TI - The admission urinalysis: impact on patient care. AB - Although urinalysis is one of the most frequently ordered tests in primary care, its usefulness in screening has not been demonstrated. A retrospective review of 1,607 admission urinalyses for inpatients in a referral/community hospital identified 861 as clinically indicated and 746 as routine. Routine urinalyses were abnormal less frequently than clinically indicated urinalyses (18.1% vs 39.6%) and when abnormal, were responded to less often (33.3% vs 75.4%). Forty five (6.0%) of the routine urinalyses yielded an abnormality that led to diagnostic action. Of these, 18 were normal on repeat testing and 17 were considered unlikely to represent significant disease. Therefore, only ten (1.3%) of the routine urinalyses affected patient therapy. In eight of these cases, the abnormality was pyuria, of which six proved to be asymptomatic bacteriuria. The admission urinalysis as a routine test had little impact on patient care in the authors' institution. PMID- 3772600 TI - Evaluating diagnostic tests: what is done--what needs to be done. PMID- 3772601 TI - The uncertain lessons of the Quinlan case. PMID- 3772599 TI - Stress in residency: a challenge to personal growth. AB - Postgraduate residency training requires young physicians to make the difficult transition from student to doctor. Recent evidence suggests that this period is associated with significant depression, anger, cynicism and emotional withdrawal, and there are concerns about its effect on the attitudes and future functioning of physicians. The perceived stresses are not unique to physicians and represent, in part, a need for personal growth that is common in the human service professions. Training programs can be more helpful to residents as they move through this transition. More attention must be paid to needs for sleep and time away from the hospital. Residents require more support and guidance in the personal aspects of becoming a physician, and programs can do much better at helping residents develop the communication skills needed to be an effective physician. The benefit of these efforts may be the development of physicians less likely to become impaired and more likely to give competent humane care to their patients. PMID- 3772602 TI - Expanded medical education in primary care--is this the next step? PMID- 3772603 TI - Research in general internal medicine. A conference. 9-11 October 1985. Spencer, Indiana. PMID- 3772605 TI - Research by general internal medicine units for primary care in academic health centers. PMID- 3772604 TI - Using medical databases for clinical research. PMID- 3772606 TI - Variability in medical practice: an investigative opportunity for general medicine. PMID- 3772607 TI - Why do physicians disagree? PMID- 3772608 TI - Research in gerontology and the general internist. PMID- 3772609 TI - Practice-based research in geriatrics by general internists. PMID- 3772610 TI - Research on the periodic health examination: opportunities for the general internist. PMID- 3772611 TI - Faculty training and fellowships in research in general medicine. PMID- 3772612 TI - The impact of new reimbursement schemes on clinical research in hospitals: the case of the Prospective Payment System. PMID- 3772613 TI - The future of research in general internal medicine. PMID- 3772614 TI - Cultivating a new field: development of a research program in general internal medicine. PMID- 3772616 TI - Periodic health examination: comparison of residency programs and national recommendations. AB - Health maintenance and disease prevention guidelines of primary care internal medicine residency (PCIM) programs were investigated and compared with recommendations of major national organizations. Preventive screening data were requested from 134 PCIM programs; 120 (90%) responded. Methods included seminars/lectures by 73 (61%), health maintenance flow sheets by 58 (48%), and a variety of other formats by 25 (21%) programs. A comparison of recommended flow sheet items (n = 33) from five major studies and 48 PCIM programs showed concordances (+/- SE) of 62% (+/- 5) with high-priority items (n = 15) and 33% (+/- 4) with low-priority items (n = 18). When an item's frequency or age range was examined, however, concordances were much lower. From our analysis, fewer than half the programs routinely used prompting systems, such as flow sheets, in their ambulatory clinics, and there was little uniformity in the frequencies and age ranges for those items employed. The data suggest that major study recommendations were underused and underemphasized. PMID- 3772615 TI - Performance of cancer screening in a university general internal medicine practice: comparison with the 1980 American Cancer Society Guidelines. AB - The authors evaluated use of seven cancer screening tests by 52 providers in a university general internal medicine practice, using 1980 American Cancer Society (ACS) recommendations as standards for comparison. Performance rates were determined by retrospective medical record reviews of a stratified random sample of 525 patients. In addition, the 48 physicians and four nurse-practitioners in the practice were interviewed to determine their opinions, knowledge and perceived use of the tests. Performance rates were low, significantly below the ACS guidelines for all tests except Pap smear. Providers used the tests significantly more often to evaluate patients with cancer risk factors or for new patients. They significantly overestimated their own performances of six tests. More than a fourth of the providers disagreed with the use of mammography, sigmoidoscopy, pelvic or rectal examinations for screening asymptomatic adults. Their knowledge about cancer screening and the ACS recommendations was highly variable, and frequently quite limited. Providers offered four major reasons for not performing the screening tests: provider forgetfulness, lack of time, inconvenience and logistical difficulties, and patient discomfort or refusal. PMID- 3772617 TI - The impact of a program to enhance the competencies of primary care physicians in caring for patients with AIDS. AB - The authors evaluated the impact of a continuing education program on the AIDS related competencies of primary care physicians in Los Angeles County. In the fall of 1984, telephone interviews were conducted with a random sample of general internists and family and general practitioners. Interviews were completed with 635 physicians, or 63% of the original sample. Less than 30% demonstrated adequate knowledge or practices necessary to deal with patients' AIDS-related symptoms and concerns. These physicians were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups receiving materials presenting similar content about AIDS in printed, audiocassette or videocassette formats. Follow-up interviews with 81% of the study group revealed significant increases in competence but this was unrelated to the use of the educational materials. Several descriptors of physicians and their practices were significant predictors of competence as assessed on pre- and post-test interviews. PMID- 3772618 TI - Clinical significance of discrepancies in roentgenographic film interpretation in an acute walk-in area. AB - To determine the clinical significance of discrepancies in roentgenographic film interpretation, housestaff's interpretations of 248 outpatient x-rays obtained in a walk-in/emergency room area were compared with the interpretations by radiologists. There was complete agreement for 134/248 (54%) films. Discrepancies for 114 films were classified as potentially significant (n = 28, 25%) or insignificant (n = 86, 75%). Most significant discrepancies (26 of 28) were related to the indication for the film. Most insignificant discrepancies (75 of 86) were unrelated to the film's indication. No discrepancies resulted in serious adverse patient outcomes, although one resulted in delayed treatment of a fractured humerus, one resulted in delay of antibiotic treatment, and three resulted in antibiotic use that may have been unnecessary. In two cases, the initial treatment plan was changed based on the final radiologist's report. These results indicate that while discrepancies in film interpretation are frequent, their clinical impact may be small. PMID- 3772619 TI - Echocardiography, endocarditis, and clinical information bias. AB - Although clinical information provided to the interpreter of imaging tests may improve disease detection, it may also bias the interpreter towards certain diagnoses, increasing the chance of false positives. To determine the possibility of this bias, the authors studied patients who were referred for echocardiography with a clinical suspicion of endocarditis. Hospital charts from a two-year period were reviewed to determine clinical data available to the echocardiographer, echocardiogram results, and the final diagnosis. Four clinical features, when present at the time of echocardiography, were associated with increased numbers of false-positive results. Test specificity was 97% (34/35) for patients without any of these features, but dropped to 80% (16/20) when two or more features were present. The authors conclude that clinical information may bias echocardiogram interpretations such that both test specificity and the posttest probability of disease may be overestimated when tests are used in clinical practice. PMID- 3772620 TI - Communication between physicians and surviving spouses following patient deaths. AB - The authors evaluated the perceptions and adjustments of surviving spouses following patient deaths. Of 128 married patients dying in a university hospital in 1983, the surviving spouses of 105 (82%) were personally interviewed a year after the death. The physicians' perspectives were recorded through chart review. Half of all spouses had had no subsequent contact with the physicians who had cared for the decreased, and 55% of spouses still had unanswered questions regarding the death a year later. Survivors of unexpected deaths were found to be at high risk for poor subsequent adjustment. Spouses with poorer adjustments consulted their own physicians more frequently, and used more alcohol and tranquilizers. The results identify areas where improvement is needed in communication with surviving spouses after patients' deaths. PMID- 3772621 TI - Evaluation of the seminar method to improve clinical teaching. AB - The effects of a seminar method to improve the teaching of ward attending physicians were evaluated. Forty-six attending physicians from four institutions were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The method was evaluated to assess its effects on attending physicians' performances and attitudes, and impact on learners. Evaluation methods included ratings of videotapes of ward rounds, teachers' subjective assessments of both their teaching performances and their experiences in the study, and trainee ratings. Videotape ratings, the teachers' own assessments, and the trainees' assessments of the attending physicians' impact on learning were significantly different, favoring the experimental group (p less than 0.05). It is concluded that the seminar method can provide the basis for effective and feasible approaches for improving clinical teaching by attending physicians. PMID- 3772622 TI - The AIDS epidemic and the general internist. PMID- 3772623 TI - Health promotion/disease prevention: a categorical approach? PMID- 3772624 TI - Screening tests for dementia. PMID- 3772625 TI - Resident turnover. PMID- 3772626 TI - Computational approaches to color vision. PMID- 3772627 TI - Analysis of the retinex theory of color vision. AB - If color appearance is to be a useful feature in identifying an object, then color appearance must remain roughly constant when the object is viewed in different contexts. People maintain approximate color constancy despite variation in the color of nearby objects and despite variation in the spectral power distribution of the ambient light. Land's retinex algorithm is a model of human color constancy. We analyze the retinex algorithm and discuss its general properties. We show that the algorithm is too sensitive to changes in the color of nearby objects to serve as an adequate model of human color constancy. PMID- 3772628 TI - Mechanisms of color constancy. AB - We develop a model of how the visual system finds the colors of objects that have unknown shapes and positions. The model relies on mechanisms of light adaptation, coupled with eye movements, to recover three descriptors of surface reflectance that are represented in the signals of an achromatic mechanism and two color opponent mechanisms. These descriptors are transformed to yield estimates of hue, the dimension of surface color that is independent of object shape and viewing geometry. PMID- 3772629 TI - Evaluation of linear models of surface spectral reflectance with small numbers of parameters. AB - Recent computational models of color vision demonstrate that it is possible to achieve exact color constancy over a limited range of lights and surfaces described by linear models. The success of these computational models hinges on whether any sizable range of surface spectral reflectances can be described by a linear model with about three parameters. In the first part of this paper, I analyze two large sets of empirical surface spectral reflectances and examine three conjectures concerning constraints on surface reflectance: that empirical surface reflectances fall within a linear model with a small number of parameters, that empirical surface reflectances fall within a linear model composed of band-limited functions with a small number of parameters, and that the shape of the spectral-sensitivity curves of human vision enhance the fit between empirical surface reflectances and a linear model. I conclude that the first and second conjectures hold for the two sets of spectral reflectances analyzed but that the number of parameters required to model the spectral reflectances is five to seven, not three. A reanalysis of the empirical data that takes human visual sensitivity into account gives more promising results. The linear models derived provide excellent fits to the data with as few as three or four parameters, confirming the third conjecture. The results suggest that constraints on possible surface-reflectance functions and the "filtering" properties of the shapes of the spectral-sensitivity curves of photoreceptors can both contribute to color constancy. In the last part of the paper I derive the relation between the number of photoreceptor classes present in vision and the "filtering" properties of each class. The results of this analysis reverse a conclusion reached by Barlow: the "filtering" properties of human photoreceptors are consistent with a trichromatic visual system that is color constant. PMID- 3772630 TI - Formal connections between lightness algorithms. AB - The computational problem underlying color vision is to recover the invariant surface-spectral-reflectance properties of an object. Lightness algorithms, which recover an approximation to surface reflectance in independent wavelength channels, have been proposed as one method to compute color. This paper clarifies and formalizes the lightness problem by proposing a new formulation of the intensity equation on which lightness algorithms are based and by identifying and discussing two basic subproblems of lightness and color computation: spatial decomposition and spectral normalization of the intensity signal. Several lightness algorithms are reviewed, and a new extension (the multiple-scales algorithm) of one of them is proposed. The main computational result is that each of the lightness algorithms may be derived from a single mathematical formula, under different conditions, which, in turn, imply limitations for the implementation of lightness algorithms by man or machine. In particular, the algorithms share certain limitations on their implementation that follow from the physical constraints imposed on the statement of the problem and the boundary conditions applied in its solution. PMID- 3772631 TI - Method for computing the scene-illuminant chromaticity from specular highlights. AB - The perception of an unchanging surface color under different illuminations requires the computation of the scene-illuminant color either directly or indirectly. A possible source for the computation is the specular highlight of the surface reflection. Some issues related to color constancy are discussed, and a theory for computing the scene-illuminant chromaticity from specular highlight is described. An interesting result of the theory is that in an ideal situation, two surfaces of different colors will be sufficient for the computation. PMID- 3772632 TI - Ambient illumination and the determination of material changes. AB - The task of distinguishing material changes from shadow boundaries in chromatic images is discussed. Although there have been previous attempts at providing solutions to this problem, the assumptions that were adopted were too restrictive. Using a simple reflection model, we show that the ambient illumination cannot be assumed to have the same spectral characteristics as the incident illumination, since it may lead to the classification of shadow boundaries as material changes. In such cases, we show that it is necessary to take into account the spectral properties of the ambient illumination in order to develop a technique that is more robust and stable than previous techniques. This technique uses a biologically motivated model of color vision and, in particular, a set of chromatic-opponent and double-opponent center-surround operators. We apply this technique to simulated test patterns as well as to a chromatic image. It is shown that, given some knowledge about the strength of the ambient illumination, this method provides a better classification of shadow boundaries and material changes. PMID- 3772633 TI - Heuristic analysis of von Kries color constancy. AB - The properties of constancy models based on the proportionality rule of von Kries are examined in a series of simplified examples. It is found that the breadth of receptor-sensitivity functions causes metamerism, thwarting color constancy. Overlap of these functions limits the accuracy of von Kries adaptation for a more subtle reason: it causes nonzero off-diagonal elements in the transformation matrix relating object reflectance to receptor stimulations. Such off-diagonal elements make von Kries adaptation an inexact color-constancy scheme, even when the illuminant is restricted to prevent metamerism. PMID- 3772634 TI - Analysis of human color mechanisms using sinusoidal spectral power distributions. AB - We examined the effects of probing human color mechanisms using sinusoidal spectral power distributions (SPD's) varying in frequency (i.e., from 0.1 to 5.0 cycles/300 nm for a constant starting phase) and phase (i.e., from 0 to 360 deg for a fixed frequency of 1 cycle/300 nm) through computer simulation using several color models. Predicted modulation sensitivity functions (MSF's) in spectral frequency and phase differ among the models and indicate that measurements of the minimum amplitudes necessary to detect sinusoidal SPD's would be useful for distinguishing among theories of color vision. MSF's obtained from similar analyses of dichromats' color mechanisms reveal characteristic patterns of modulation sensitivities and suggest that such measures could serve to distinguish type and degree of color-vision defect. Some implications based on sinusoidal approximations to illuminant and reflectance spectra are discussed along with more general considerations regarding sine-wave SPD's as a probe for mechanisms of color vision. PMID- 3772635 TI - Reconstruction of equidistant color space from responses of visual neurones of macaques. AB - We demonstrate that a combination of responses of various types of spectrally opponent sustained cells of the macaque lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) may be related to equidistant color space. Response curves of such cells to stimuli of different luminance ratios and wavelengths are similar to the first stage opponent coordinate functions of the new SVF color-difference formula [T. Seim and A. Valberg, Color Res. Appl. 11, 11 (1986)]. Mathematical simulation of the responses of these cells to a variety of color stimuli is possible through computation of cone excitations and subsequent sums and differences of cone signals. When the response functions thus obtained for cells are used to replace the corresponding coordinates of the SVF diagram, the distributions of equiluminous stimuli with the same sensory differences from an achromatic stimulus approximate ellipses about the white point, and loci of constant hue approximate straight lines. Improved uniformity may be obtained by linear combinations of these cells' outputs or by including more cell types with best responsiveness to other directions of color space. This indicates possible roles of LGN cell types for color scaling in primates, in that color scaling observed psychophysically is an implicit property of these cells' responses. PMID- 3772636 TI - Principal-component analysis of macaque lateral geniculate nucleus chromatic data. AB - Principal-component analysis was used to find a set of orthonormal basis vectors that could span the chromatic space of neurons in the parvocellular layers of the macaque monkey lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). A total of 441 spectral curves measured on 147 cells from a well-known study [R. L. De Valois, I. Abramov, and G. H. Jacobs, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 56, 966 (1966)] were used as the input data. The principal-component technique, in a completely objective manner, showed that 93% of the variance in the data could be accounted for by only three eigenvectors. An orthogonal Varimax rotation of the first two eigenvectors matched the mean spectra of the previously identified GR and YB opponent cell groups. A different rotation gave a photopic luminosity curve. PMID- 3772637 TI - Simultaneous color constancy. AB - Observers matched patches (simulated Munsell papers) in two simultaneously presented computer-controlled displays, a standard array presented under 6500-K illumination and a test array under 4000 or 10,000 K. Adaptation to the test illuminants was limited. The adjusted patch was surrounded by a single color (annulus display) or by many colors (Mondrian display). Observers either matched hue and saturation or made surface-color (paper) matches in which the subject was asked to make the test patch look as if it were cut from the same piece of paper as the standard patch. For two of the three subjects, the paper matches were approximately color constant. The hue-saturation matches showed little color constancy. Moreover, the illumination difference between the two displays was always visible. Our data show that simultaneous mechanisms alone (e.g., simultaneous color contrast) alter hues and saturations too little to produce hue constancy. PMID- 3772638 TI - Mechanisms of simultaneous color induction. AB - A new method of measuring simultaneous contrast, or chromatic induction, is introduced and used to test the hypotheses that induction results from either multiplicative or subtractive interaction of either like receptors or like second stage, opponent mechanisms. Predictions derived from these hypotheses do not predict the outcome of the experiments as well as the traditional notion that induced colors are in the direction complementary to the inducing color with respect to the test color. We conclude that simultaneous contrast is a consequence of interaction within higher-level chromatic mechanisms. PMID- 3772639 TI - Cat-scratch disease: a view from the Oklahoma City Clinic. PMID- 3772640 TI - Breast cancer detection: is there a commercial mania? PMID- 3772641 TI - The therapeutic community: the third decade. PMID- 3772642 TI - Editor's introduction. The therapeutic community: the third decade. PMID- 3772643 TI - Emerging cross-cultural therapeutic community research. PMID- 3772644 TI - Circumstance, motivation, readiness and suitability as correlates of treatment tenure. PMID- 3772645 TI - Psychiatric diagnoses among substance abusers in therapeutic community treatment. PMID- 3772646 TI - The child abuse--delinquency connection: evolution of a therapeutic community. PMID- 3772647 TI - The stay 'n out therapeutic community: prison treatment for substance abusers. PMID- 3772648 TI - AREBA-Casriel Institute: a third-generation therapeutic community. PMID- 3772649 TI - Treating cocaine dependence: new challenges for the therapeutic community. AB - The basic treatment principles for addiction are consistent, regardless of whether the drug of choice is alcohol, heroin or cocaine. However, attention to the distinctive characteristics of both a particular class of drugs, such as stimulants, and the populations that use them, gives counselors and programs a distinct advantage in treatment. This advantage is particularly powerful in the early stages of treatment, in which simply increasing the time of retention improves the possibility of a positive outcome. Programs that wish to address the needs of the newer cocaine-abusing population seeking treatment need to focus more on the outpatient phase of treatment. In this model, the residential stage is seen as the launching platform for the recovery process, rather than the time period when the major transformations will occur. The task is to find ways to build structure in the outpatient treatment that is adequate to the changing needs of recovering clients. By so doing, programs will enrich their offerings to their existing components and most likely improve the potential of a long-term successful outcome for everyone. PMID- 3772650 TI - The issues of staff burnout in therapeutic communities. PMID- 3772651 TI - Changing attitudes and policies toward alcohol use in the therapeutic community. PMID- 3772652 TI - The use of rational-emotive therapy techniques in the drug-free therapeutic community. PMID- 3772653 TI - To fill the void: heterodox programming in drug-free residential treatment for addiction--utilizing a theoretical position from evolutionary biology. PMID- 3772654 TI - On empathy: confronting the confrontation ward. A personal account. PMID- 3772655 TI - Childhood Lyme arthritis: experience in an endemic area. AB - We report 25 children with oligoarticular arthritis associated with Lyme disease. There were 16 boys (male/female ratio 1.8:1); ages ranged from 2 to 15 years. Thirteen (52%) children had no history of erythema chronicum migrans or other rash. Thirteen had temperatures as high as 41 degrees C for up to 2 months before the onset of arthritis. Twelve recalled definite tick bites. Ten (40%) children, of whom seven had no history of rash, were hospitalized for presumed septic arthritis. Another four had diagnoses of pauciarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis for as long as 3 years. Seven patients had less acute, recurrent episodes of synovitis. Two children had seventh nerve palsies 2 months before onset of arthritis. All patients had antibodies to the Lyme spirochete. In 14 patients, synovial fluid white blood cell counts ranged from 180 to 97,700/mm3 (greater than or equal to 76% polymorphonuclear leukocytes). Antibiotic therapy was effective in all patients; in 13, orally administered therapy alone resulted in elimination of synovitis and recurrent attacks. Lyme arthritis may be confused with acute bacterial septic arthritis or recurrent "pauciarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis," particularly when there is no history of erythema chronicum migrans. PMID- 3772656 TI - Clinical spectrum of Kawasaki disease in infants younger than 6 months of age. AB - We report an unselected series of eight patients younger than 6 months of age with Kawasaki disease evaluated between January 1982 and May 1984. The incidence of coronary artery aneurysms (six patients) and the mortality (two patients) were unusually high in this small series. Because of the confusing clinical presentation in three patients, diagnosis was delayed until pathologic or echocardiographic evidence of coronary vasculitis or aneurysm was discovered. The currently accepted clinical criteria for Kawasaki disease may not always identify patients with the pathologic findings of the syndrome who are younger than 6 months of age. The diagnosis of Kawasaki disease and echocardiographic evaluation of the coronary arteries should be considered in young infants with prolonged fever of unknown origin. PMID- 3772657 TI - Predictive value of respiratory syncytial virus-specific IgE responses for recurrent wheezing following bronchiolitis. AB - To determine whether the magnitude of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) specific IgE response at the time of an episode of RSV bronchiolitis in infancy accurately predicts the development of subsequent wheezing episodes, we observed 38 infants prospectively from the time of an episode of infantile bronchiolitis through 48 months of age. Peak RSV-IgE titers were measured at the time of the bronchiolitis episode using an ELISA procedure. Notation was made of both the number of subsequent wheezing episodes reported by parents and the number documented by a physician. Subsequent wheezing was documented by a physician in 20% of infants who did not develop an RSV-IgE response at the time of the bronchiolitis episode and in 70% of those with the highest responses (P less than 0.025). These results suggest that the magnitude of the RSV-IgE response at the time of RSV bronchiolitis is a useful prognostic indicator for recurrent wheezing. PMID- 3772658 TI - Growth hormone secretion in patients with constitutional delay of growth and pubertal development. AB - Growth hormone levels were measured every 30 minutes during sleep over 9 hours in 20 prepubertal patients with constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CGD) and in 10 age-matched controls, all of whom had had normal GH responses to an orally administered dose of clonidine. We found no significant difference in the mean 9 hour overnight GH concentration between groups (4.5 +/- 1.8 ng/ml (mean +/- SD) in the CGD group, 4.4 +/- 2.8 ng/ml in the control group). Total GH output (258 +/- 99 U vs 222 +/- 135 U), total number of nocturnal GH pulses (3.6 +/- 0.8 vs 3.3 +/- 1.3), mean peak GH response during nocturnal sampling (13 +/- 1.2 ng/ml vs 13.2 +/- 1.3 ng/ml), and basal somatomedin C concentrations were not different in the children with growth delay and controls. We conclude that prepubertal patients with constitutional delay of growth and puberty secrete GH normally and do not seem to have any abnormality in GH regulation. PMID- 3772659 TI - Quantities of amino acids ingested by human milk-fed infants. AB - The purpose of this investigation was to provide quantitative data on amino acids ingested by human milk-fed infants. Ten term infants fed human milk ad libitum were studied at 2, 4, and 8 weeks of age. Measurements of milk volume and amino acid analyses of milk samples were performed. Both total amino acid and nitrogen intakes (mumole/kg/day) declined by approximately 34% during the study (P less than 0.001) to 0.05), primarily because of a 20% decline in respective concentrations in human milk (P less than 0.001). Consequently, markedly different amino acid intakes were observed at 2 and 8 weeks. Quantities of amino acids consumed by nearly every infant exceeded estimated Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization requirements at 2 weeks. However, mean intakes for seven of nine essential amino acids studied (phenylalanine, tyrosine, methionine, threonine, valine, leucine, and lysine) were less than recommended quantities at 8 weeks. These same relationships between observed and recommended intakes were also evident at 4 weeks, except for lysine and leucine. Mean intakes of histidine and isoleucine exceeded estimated requirements at all times. These data indicate that FAO/WHO estimates of amino acid requirements may be inflated for phenylalanine, tyrosine, methionine, threonine, valine, leucine, and lysine. PMID- 3772661 TI - Aortic dilation, dissection, and rupture in patients with Turner syndrome. AB - We report two patients with Turner syndrome who had aortic dissection and rupture, one with prior repair of coarctation. We also note the high incidence (8.8%) of unrecognized aortic root dilation in a group of 57 patients with Turner syndrome whom we prospectively evaluated by echocardiography. Our analysis and review of previously reported cases suggests that multiple risk factors may exist for aortic dissection, including coarctation, bicuspid aortic valve, and systemic hypertension, but that these need not be present. Aortic root dilation may be an additional finding that suggests the patient with Turner syndrome is also at risk. When it is present, magnetic resonance imaging visualizes the entire aorta and allows quantification of the site and degree of dilation. In patients with dissection, the aorta often exhibits pathologic evidence of cystic medial necrosis similar to the finding in patients with Marfan syndrome. Therapeutic methods to decrease risk, such as those directed toward prevention of bacterial endocarditis, blood pressure control, and perhaps prophylactic beta blockade or surgical reconstruction, may need to be considered. Patients with Turner syndrome, their families, and the physicians who care for them should be aware of the significance of unexplained chest pain, dyspnea, or hypotension as potential manifestations of aortic dissection or rupture. PMID- 3772660 TI - H-Y intermediate phenotype in male pseudohermaphroditism. AB - A child with ambiguous genitalia was born after an uncomplicated pregnancy. Laparotomy revealed intraabdominal hypoplastic testes containing normal appearing Leydig cells; germ cells were present in the left gonad, not in the right. The karyotype was 46,XY in blood leukocytes and in fibroblasts cultured from the gonads; there was no evidence of mosaicism. Endocrinologic study revealed no disorder of steroidogenesis. Androgen receptors were not studied. Serologic evaluation of blood leukocytes revealed the presence of H-Y antigen, but there are reasons to believe that less H-Y antigen was present in the cells of the patient than was present in corresponding cells from normal males. Gonadectomy and clitoral recession were performed at 3 weeks of age, and the patient was reared as a girl. We speculate that reduced expression of H-Y may have induced aberrant development of the gonads. PMID- 3772662 TI - Analyses of statistical analysis. PMID- 3772663 TI - Prothrombin and protein C in early childhood: normal adult levels are not achieved until the fourth year of life. PMID- 3772664 TI - Fecal alarm system for metabolic studies in infants. PMID- 3772665 TI - The Apgar score revisited: influence of gestational age. AB - We tested the hypothesis that Apgar scores are in part related to the newborn infant's level of maturity. Seventy-three pregnant women with normal fetuses of gestational age 22 to 42 weeks were studied. Fetal well-being was documented by a prospectively designed recording of pregnancy history, labor complications, and birth outcome, including cord blood pH and base deficit measurements. The 1- and 5-minute Apgar scores were directly related to gestational age. Respiratory efforts, muscle tone, and reflex were the major determinants for a decreasing Apgar score with declining gestational age. We conclude that the 1- and 5-minute Apgar scores are influenced by the infant's level of maturity and that our data may be useful in evaluating the true value of Apgar scores in assessing the fetal and neonatal condition of low birth weight infants. PMID- 3772666 TI - Cow milk protein antigens and antibodies in serum of premature infants during the first 10 days of life. AB - Antigenic beta-lactoglobulin and alpha-casein were measured in the sera of 45 formula-fed infants of 31 to 41 weeks of gestation at 5 days and at 10 days of age. Quantitation was performed by a sensitive ELISA inhibition assay. On day 5 of life antigenic lactoglobulin was detected in 14 of 19 infants of less than 37 weeks gestation, but in only one of 10 infants of more than 36 weeks gestation. On day 10 of life the sera of all infants contained antigenic lactoglobulin. In contrast, on day 5 antigenic casein was present in four of 17 infants of less than 37 weeks gestation, but in 10 of 12 infants of the more mature group. On day 10 casein was detected in seven of 28 infants, with no difference between groups; anti-casein was found in eight of 12 infants. Infants of less than 37 weeks gestation have different absorption patterns than more mature infants do. "Gut closure" is an unlikely explanation for these findings. PMID- 3772667 TI - Cardiac output changes secondary to theophylline therapy in preterm infants. AB - The cardiovascular effects of theophylline were studied in 11 clinically stable preterm infants. Theophylline was given as aminophylline using a loading dose of 6.8 mg/kg and a maintenance dose of 2 mg/kg every 8 hours intravenously. Cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate were measured using a combination of pulsed Doppler ultrasound and M-mode echocardiography. Compared with day 0, an increase was found in both cardiac output (P less than 0.01) and stroke volume (P less than 0.02) on days 1, 2, and 3. By day 7, stroke volume was comparable to pretreatment values, whereas cardiac output was still increased. Heart rate was augmented significantly (P less than 0.01) throughout the treatment period. Mean arterial blood pressure did not change. All but one of the neonates had serum theophylline concentrations between 6 and 13 mg/L. We conclude that both inotropic and chronotropic effects are evident during the first days of theophylline therapy. The metabolic cost of the increased cardiac output in the preterm infant with theophylline therapy deserves further attention. PMID- 3772668 TI - Skeletal muscle growth failure induced in premature newborn infants by prolonged pancuronium treatment. PMID- 3772669 TI - Disseminated intravascular coagulation masking neonatal hemophilia. PMID- 3772671 TI - Green light phototherapy. PMID- 3772670 TI - Diarrhea and hepatic fibrosis. PMID- 3772672 TI - Endogenous digoxin-like substances. PMID- 3772673 TI - Low CSF glucose and high protein levels in neonatal herpes simplex meningoencephalitis. PMID- 3772674 TI - Spacer devices for asthma. PMID- 3772675 TI - The throat culture reconsidered . . . again. PMID- 3772676 TI - Chloramphenicol toxicity. PMID- 3772677 TI - Absence of parathyroid tissue in sex-linked recessive hypoparathyroidism. PMID- 3772678 TI - The emergence of adolescent substance use. PMID- 3772679 TI - The effect of earlier or later transition into middle school on students' psychosocial adjustment and drug use. PMID- 3772680 TI - Teaching decision-making skills to a sixth grade population. PMID- 3772681 TI - Parental, personality, and peer correlates of psychoactive mushroom use. PMID- 3772682 TI - Developmental changes in children's cognition to stressful and painful situations. PMID- 3772683 TI - Hyperactivity ratings: statistical regression provides an insufficient explanation of practice effects. PMID- 3772684 TI - Psychological adjustment of children with sickle cell anemia. PMID- 3772685 TI - Psychosocial adjustment in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease. PMID- 3772686 TI - Psychological and social concomitants of sickle cell anemia in adolescents. PMID- 3772687 TI - Up- and downshoot in Duane's retraction syndrome. AB - Up- and downshoot of the adducted eye in patients with Duane's retraction syndrome was surgically eliminated in five patients by posterior fixation of the horizontal rectus muscles. Retroequatorial fixation of these muscles reduces sideslip and thus a vertical effect of the co-contracting horizontal rectus muscles. PMID- 3772689 TI - Periocular congenital melanocytic nevi. AB - Large congenital melanocytic nevi (CMN) are cutaneous malformations of neural crest origin that have a notorious reputation because of their reported propensity to undergo malignant degeneration. Traditionally, complete surgical excision has been advocated based on the premise that large CMN are a precursor to melanoma. Two cases of large periocular CMN are reported to emphasize the importance of distinguishing them from other congenital skin lesions. Data from the literature support the contention that these pigmented skin lesions spawn malignancies and that prophylactic therapy may be indicated. PMID- 3772688 TI - Treatment of facial spasm with Oculinum (C. botulinum toxin). AB - Forty-six consecutive adult patients with facial spasm were treated with one or more Botulinum toxin (Oculinum) injections to control muscle spasm. During the follow-up period of 6.6 months (one week-12 months), 27 patients required retreatment with a mean time interval of 3.4 months between treatments. Control of facial spasm was achieved in all patients. Complications included occasional bruising around the injection site and a transient blepharoptosis in one patient. No systemic effect was observed. This preliminary report suggests that treatment with Botulinum toxin (Oculinum) is an acceptable alternative to surgical management in select patients. PMID- 3772690 TI - Rod ERGs in children with hereditary retinal degeneration. AB - Rod ERGs were obtained over a broad range of stimulus intensities from young patients with retinitis pigmentosa and progressive cone-rod degeneration. Intensity-response functions suggest that children with retinitis pigmentosa have reductions in the number of functioning rods and that surviving rods generating the ERG have reduced sensitivity. Children with cone-rod degeneration also have reduced numbers of rods, but the remaining rods have normal sensitivity. These findings suggest that the underlying mechanisms of rod degeneration differ in these two forms of disease and demonstrate that insights into the pathogenesis of hereditary retinal degeneration can be obtained by testing children. The ability to distinguish between retinitis pigmentosa and cone-rod degeneration in children is also important because of differences in the rates of progression between the two classes of progressive retinal degeneration. PMID- 3772691 TI - Clinical assessment of visual function in the young child: a prospective study of binocular vision. AB - Binocular vision was evaluated in 12 children with infantile esotropia before and after corrective surgery. Stereopsis was measured by the eye movement/global stereopsis method. Also in a subgroup of four infants, binocular and monocular pattern VERs were recorded to evaluate binocular summation. Results revealed 50% of the infantile esotropia children who had corrective surgery before one year of life developed gross stereopsis two weeks following surgery. In addition, of four infants who showed no evidence of stereopsis, 50% showed some degree of binocular summation following surgery. The importance of prospective studies of binocular vision in infantile esotropia is discussed within the context of new tests that can be used to objectively assess binocularity in the preverbal child. PMID- 3772692 TI - Pseudo oculomotor palsy as the presenting sign of linear scleroderma. AB - A case of linear scleroderma presenting as a pseudo oculomotor palsy is reviewed. The patient's facial skin abnormalities suggested the underlying etiology. This case illustrates a previously unreported finding in linear scleroderma, mydriasis without atrophy, reminding the clinician to look at the skin in patients with unexplained unilateral pupillary disturbances. PMID- 3772694 TI - Staging of orbital cellulitis in children: computerized tomography characteristics and treatment guidelines. PMID- 3772693 TI - Transection of the inferior rectus muscle. AB - Four cases of isolated inferior rectus transection secondary to trauma are presented. The clinical and CT scan findings are illustrated. The CT scan findings are very useful in the surgical management and prognosis of these cases. PMID- 3772695 TI - Suppression and the pattern visual evoked potential. AB - We assessed the effect of amblyopic suppression on the pattern visual evoked potential (P-VEP). Since anisometropic amblyopia is associated with the monofixation syndrome and a central suppression scotoma in the amblyopic eye, patients with this functional defect were used for the study. Five anisometropic amblyopes and four normal subjects were studied using the P-VEP test. A modified haploscope was used to present a pattern stimulus to the area of suppression. By comparing responses generated under monocular conditions (non-suppression) with monocular responses under binocular viewing conditions (suppression), we measured the effect of suppression on the P-VEP. Our results show that amblyopic suppression completely abolishes P-1 amplitudes in patients with large suppression scotomas; in patients with small suppression scotomas the P-1 amplitudes were greatly reduced. Rivalry in normals also caused a reduction in P 1 amplitudes, but to a much lesser degree than that associated with anisometropic suppression. Patients with significant amblyopia did not show a rivalry effect on the P-VEP. Because the P-1 wave of the transient P-VEP is thought to represent activity at the level of the striate cortex, our results indicate that suppression probably occurs at the striate cortex or lateral geniculate nucleus. PMID- 3772696 TI - Severe bradycardia and nodal rhythm complicating cryopexy for retinopathy of prematurity. PMID- 3772697 TI - The prognosis of traumatic asphyxia in childhood. AB - Sixteen children with traumatic asphyxia (TA) over a 10-year period are reported. Follow-up was available in 12 of 14 survivors. Mortality and morbidity are the results of associated injuries or cerebral hypoxia, which are determined by the severity, nature, and duration of the compression force. Associated injuries should be treated in their own right, disregarding the manifestations of TA. The physical findings unique to TA usually resolve spontaneously. Neurologic sequelae such as peripheral nerve injuries or spinal cord injuries may be permanent. The cutaneous lesions uniformly disappear with time. Subconjunctival hemorrhages slowly fade and disappear. Visual defects are rare and usually clear within 24 hours, but may be permanent. No cognitive impairment results in children with uncomplicated TA, and the value of treating cerebral cortical depression with steroids is uncertain. PMID- 3772698 TI - Traumatic duodenal hematoma in the pediatric patient. AB - Twenty children with duodenal hematomas secondary to blunt trauma were treated between 1953 and 1983. The duodenal injury was isolated in ten cases and associated with intra-abdominal injuries in the others. In ten, the duodenal injury was suspected on admission and the diagnosis was confirmed within 24 hours by radiographic contrast studies. All ten were managed successfully with nasogastric suction and intravenous fluids. Ten patients underwent laparotomy for increasing abdominal tenderness and guarding. An isolated duodenal hematoma was found in four and treated by evacuation and/or gastroenterostomy. In five of the remaining six surgical patients, all of whom had multiple intra-abdominal injuries, the duodenum was left untouched. Three of these patients had postoperative contrast studies that showed early resolution of the duodenal hematoma. No duodenal stricture or leak developed in any patient. The children with isolated duodenal hematomas who were treated conservatively had a mean hospital stay of six days, whereas those treated surgically had a mean stay of 17 days. The ten patients with multiple intra-abdominal injuries had a mean hospital stay of 32 days. In this group, eight required total parenteral nutrition or nasojejunal feeds for nutritional support. In these patients, an isolated duodenal hematoma resulted in minimal morbidity and nonoperative management was usually successful. The presence of associated intra-abdominal injuries was responsible for the prolonged hospitalization and delayed return of normal intestinal function in some patients. PMID- 3772699 TI - Omphalocele: a 25-year experience. AB - Between 1958 and 1983, 92 neonates with omphalocele were admitted to Ste-Justine Hospital. The male to female ratio was 3:2. Birth weight ranged from 1,450 to 5,100 g (mean 2,786 g). Associated anomalies, apart from malrotation, were present in 45%. They were cardiovascular (18.4%), vesico-intestinal fissure or bladder exstrophy (11.9%), Beckwith Wiedeman (6.5%), and chromosomal abnormalities (7.5%). Seven patients were not treated. Topical applications were used in seven cases (1 survivor). In 65%, primary closure was achieved; the mortality rate was 20% with a mean hospital stay of 17.5 days. Silastic was used in 12 cases with a mortality of 5/12 and a mean hospital stay of 82.1 days. The mean number of reductions was 6.7. Omphalocele rupture did not influence mortality. Prior to 1974 the mortality rate was 50%. Since 1974 it has decreased to 31.5%. The advent of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) was an important factor in decreasing the mortality. Prior to 1974, 23 patients survived, only one with a major associated anomaly (Fallot). After 1973, 35 survived, 13 having a major associated anomaly. Overall mortality was 9% when no other major malformations were present. A retrospective study of 92 cases of omphalocele over a 25-year period reveals an overall mortality rate of 37%. Death was associated almost exclusively with additional congenital anomalies. Birthweight in itself was not a determining prognostic factor. With the advent of TPN and a better knowledge of the mechanical ventilation of the neonate the results are better and involve the survival of a greater number of patients with serious associated malformations. PMID- 3772700 TI - Meconium ileus: is a stoma necessary? AB - During the 15 years from 1970 to 1984, 38 infants, all with cystic fibrosis, were treated for meconium ileus at The Montreal Children's Hospital and Ste-Justine Hospital for Children. Thirteen patients (34%) had complicated meconium ileus that included 7 perforations (2 colon, 5 ileum), 4 volvulus, and 2 atresia with meconium pseudocyst. In this group, various operations were done: resection with primary anastomosis for atresia, or resection with enterostomy for peritonitis or volvulus. One died shortly after surgery. Of 25 patients with uncomplicated meconium ileus (66%), one died shortly after arrival from respiratory distress, leaving 24 patients available for study. Gastrografin enema was attempted on 20 patients with eight successes (40%). Of the remaining 16 patients with unresolved meconium ileus, nine were treated with laparotomy and ileostomy, and one with laparotomy and T-tube irrigation. Six patients were treated by laparotomy and enterotomy for irrigation with N-acetylcysteine and evacuation by Fogarty catheter, a technique not widely used. No one succumbed in this group. This latter method of management is recommended for patients with simple uncomplicated meconium ileus. PMID- 3772701 TI - Tracheal growth after resection and anastomosis in puppies. AB - Tracheal morphology, morphometric changes, and growth and histologic changes were studied in puppies submitted to tracheal resection and anastomosis. Fifteen mongrel puppies about 12 weeks old and weighing on an average 5.5 kg were operated under general anesthesia using fluothane. A median cervicotomy incision was made in ten puppies (experimental group, EG) and the proximal 14 tracheal rings were resected (average length 5.08 cm or about 35% to 38% of total tracheal length). One layer anastomosis was done using vicryl 4.0 maintaining the average tension of 1,450 g. Five puppies (control group, CG) were submitted to tracheal transection and anastomosis and the following parameters were studied. Tracheal morphology the trachea of the EG was a rounded triangle whereas in the CG it was oval in shape, there was increase in the intercartilageneous spaces in the EG, no granulation tissue was present, two mucous webs were seen in the EG and one in the CG. Morphometric changes average tracheal length EG 13 cm, CG 17.7 cm, intercartilagenous space EG 3.08 mm, CG 1.3 mm, intercricothyroid space EG 1.2 cm, CG 0.53 cm, sagittal and transverse tracheal thickness at the anastomosis EG 2.6 and 3.3 mm, CG 2 and 1.5 mm, sagittal and transverse diameter reduced on an average 2 mm in EG. Histology Moderate fibrosis was found at the level of anastomosis with no modification of chondrocytes at the cartilagenous rings in the EG. Even with high anastomotic tension, the dogs had normal tracheal growth without stenosis; the sagittal and transverse growth at the anastomosis in the EG was 90% and 85%, respectively, when compared with the CG. PMID- 3772702 TI - Intussusception due to lymphoma. AB - Over 1,200 infants and children with an intussusception were treated at our hospital over the last 40 years and from this group, only 11 were found to have a lymphoma as a leading point for the intussusception. This number represents 17% of the 65 pathologic lesions that have caused an intussusception. Three children were under 41/2 years of age. All the children except two were chronically ill with pain for at least 1 week and usually for several months; weight loss and an abdominal mass in many instances provided the suspicion of a possible malignancy. When barium studies were done, there was almost always an ileocolic intussusception present with some obstruction. Reduction of the intussusception was accomplished with hydrostatic barium enema in 10 of the 11 patients; the one reduction, however, had a residual filling defect. Surgery confirmed the above findings and a resection of the leading point lymphoma was carried out in all of the children. In spite of all forms of treatment, death followed in all but three, usually within several months. One of these three survivors was treated with radiotherapy and steroids (after surgical excision) and is alive after 30 years; the second was also given chemotherapy and is alive and well after 6 years, and the third has not had radiotherapy and is alive after 10 months. PMID- 3772703 TI - Pediatric surgery in Bangladesh. AB - Bangladesh, although a small country of only 55,000 square miles, is the world's eighth most populous nation, and its 90 million inhabitants occupy a land of harsh economic conditions. One half of this dense population is children, 90% of whom suffer from parasitic infestations, 10% are affected with neonatal tetanus, and one half are severely malnourished. Health care resources are scarce with one physician and hospital bed for about every 10,000 persons. A 1-month stay in Bangladesh at the Dhaka Shishu Hospital, made possible by the Canadian Association of Paediatric Surgeons, afforded an invaluable opportunity to be involved in Pediatric Surgery in such a setting. During the month, over 40 major pediatric surgical procedures were performed, including sequestrectomy, drainage of parietal wall abscess, and resection of massive neoplasms. Many unusual pathologic conditions, not commonly seen in Western countries, were encountered including canker otis, tuberculous ileitis, and ascaris-induced small bowel obstruction. In the setting of widespread malnutrition and limited diagnostic aids, appropriate surgical treatment remains crucial in many serious childhood conditions. Awareness of some of the more unusual infections and parasites seen in Third World nations is of great importance to Western surgeons due to increased travel and immigration and for a perspective on diseases rarely seen in more affluent countries. PMID- 3772704 TI - Familial small bowel atresia and stenosis. AB - A family is described in which three individuals (two siblings and a second cousin) have presented with duodenal or jejunal atresia and duodenal stenosis in association with malrotation. The possible mode of inheritance is discussed. PMID- 3772705 TI - Occult coin perforation of the esophagus. AB - Only a small number of ingested foreign bodies perforate the esophagus and even a smaller fraction migrate extraluminally with no symptoms. Both of these events are even rarer after coin ingestion. Between 1972 and 1984, three children (16 months to 5 years), who had unabating upper respiratory symptoms, were found to have ingested coins. In only one child could the time interval between ingestion and appearance of symptoms (3 years) be established, and in this child the diagnosis was delayed because of failure to x-ray the chest after an ingestion episode. Surgical evaluation included chest/neck films: tracheal and esophageal shadows were separated by the object and a soft tissue mass; esphagogram: deviation of the esophagus, irregularity of the lumen, and no leak or tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) and esophagoscopy: mucosa was intact with no direct visualization of the coin. Treatment consisted of exploration: cervical, one; thoracic, two; localization: coin in extraluminal granulomatous soft tissue; removal: without resection of the soft tissue mass or esophagus, and drainage: penrose, one; chest tube, two. There was no morbidity or mortality from 1 to 13 years later. Though generally harmless, ingested coins are capable of penetrating the esophagus. Sporadic literature reports confirm that the clinical findings and operative results are typical of this seemingly intermediate stage between perforation with mediastinitis and perforation with TEF. PMID- 3772706 TI - The late nonfunctioning duodenal atresia repair. AB - Since 1979, three newborn males had duodenoduodenostomies for duodenal atresia, and all babies had smooth uncomplicated postoperative courses. There were no other anomalies. Between 6 and 18 months postoperatively, each infant developed an obstruction at the anastomosis that was initially treated with prolonged nasogastric suction. Because conservative management did not relieve the obstruction, the first two babies were operated on several times with revision of the anastomosis and bypass procedures, all of which were slow to function and required prolonged intravenous alimentation. It then became apparent that the duodenoduodenostomy was functionally obstructed. Therefore, the third infant was successfully treated with plication only of the dilated atonic proximal duodenum. All three children are now thriving more than 2 years after their surgery. PMID- 3772707 TI - Improving results from nerve and muscle biopsy in children: technical considerations in the harvesting of specimens. AB - The convergence of expertise in the neurological sciences, special interest in myoneuropathology, and improved surgical technique has resulted in a significantly improved yield from muscle and nerve biopsies in children with suspected neuromuscular disorders. We present a synthesis of all those factors that we have identified as contributing to optimal results, particularly site selection, sample size, a meticulous biopsy technique that avoids the introduction of artefacts, the use of the muscle biopsy clamp, prompt processing of the specimen, and participation of the neurologist in the biopsy procedure and the interpretation of the histologic sections. PMID- 3772708 TI - Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas in a neonate managed by pancreatoduodenectomy. AB - A 3-week-old infant presenting with jaundice and an abdominal mass was found to have juvenile adenocarcinoma of the pancreas (pancreatoblastoma). A pancreatoduodenectomy was performed, and the child is alive, well, and free of disease at age 4 years. The operative management and surgical technique are discussed. PMID- 3772709 TI - Factors involved in chylothorax following repair of congenital posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia. AB - Chylothorax after repair of congenital posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia has only been reported four times. We add a fifth case and have analyzed these five cases. In all five, the hernia was left sided and a sac was present that was excised. The chylothorax was always left sided. Chylous ascites did not occur. All cases responded to continuous chest drainage without surgical intervention on the thoracic duct or cysterna chyli. All five cases survived. PMID- 3772710 TI - Transabdominal closure of tracheoesophageal fistula: a new procedure for the management of poor-risk esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula. AB - Nissen fundoplication results in closure of the tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) without the necessity for a thoracic operation by preventing both the reflux of gastric contents into the lungs through the distal TEF, and leakage of air into the stomach of less than 30 cm H2O intrapulmonary pressure. This procedure can safely be used even for a poor-risk patient and adequate nutritional support (full-strength milk) can be provided immediately after the fundoplication by a gastrostomy tube because the gastric contents cannot reflux into the lungs. This procedure was performed on two patients with esophageal atresia and distal TEF in Waterston Group C and gave successful results. PMID- 3772711 TI - Two boys with four pheochromocytomas each. AB - Two teenage boys were treated at separate pediatric institutions for four separate pheochromocytomas over the last 15 years. The first operation in each boy was performed between 9 and 11 years of age, after they presented with severe hypertensive encephalopathy. One boy had separate adrenal tumors excised in 1968, and 3 and 11 years later, two more separate new left adrenal pheochromocytomas were again resected. They were not recurrent left adrenal tumors from residual pheochromocytoma-secreting tissue, because no visible tumor tissue was left behind at the completion of each previous operation, and he was clinically well for years between each tumor resection. The pathology was benign pheochromocytoma. He remains well since the last operation in 1979 but has a residual hemiplegia from the first tumor. The family history is negative. The second boy was first operated on in 1976 at age 11 years when two benign pheochromocytomas were removed from around the right renal artery and the left para-aortic area. He remained well for 6 years when he became hypertensive again (this time without encephalopathy), and had a right chest paravertebral pheochromocytoma removed and several weeks later a left adrenal tumor was also removed. He remains well and followed closely. His family history is negative. PMID- 3772712 TI - Postoperative small bowel obstruction in infants and children: a problem following Nissen fundoplication. PMID- 3772713 TI - Biopharmaceutical characterization of 450191-S, a ring-opened derivative of 1,4 benzodiazepine. I. Active metabolite levels in rat plasma. AB - 5-[(2-Aminoacetamido)methyl]-1-[p-chloro-2-(o-chlorobenzoyl)phenyl ]-N,N-dimethyl 1 H-s-triazole-3-carboxamide hydrochloride dihydrate (450191-S), a sleep inducer, is a ring-opened derivative of 1,4-benzodiazepine and has been reported to be activated by intestinal aminopeptidases. In order to determine the biopharmaceutical significance of 450191-S as the ring-opened derivative of 1,4 benzodiazepine, we examined plasma levels of active metabolites in rats following oral administration of 450191-S or its primary active metabolite, 8-chloro-6-(2 chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazolo [1,5-a] [1,4]benzodiazepine-2 carboxamide (M-1). By increasing the dose of 450191-S, the plasma level of the active metabolites increased dose-dependently, which appeared to be due to saturation of hepatic elimination. The areas under the plasma concentration-time curves of active metabolites at a dose of 30 mg/kg of 450191-S were 2- to 20-fold higher than those at the same dose of M-1 administration per se. These results appeared to be attributable to the presence of a labile precursor of M-1, desglycylated 450191-S, which could avoid extensive first-pass extraction by the liver. In conclusion, the results suggested that 450191-S is superior to M-1, since the former maintained higher plasma levels of the active metabolites. PMID- 3772714 TI - Hepato-biliary transport of amaranth by single pass liver perfusion in normal and carbon tetrachloride or alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate treated rats. AB - Hepato-biliary transport of amaranth (AM) in normal and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) treated rats was studied using single pass liver perfusion. CCl4-intoxicated rats were prepared by two different methods. One was a subcutaneous injection (CCl4s.c.) and the other was an oral administration (CCl4p.o.). Though AM had been recognized to be non-metabolized in the liver, AM has been reported to be metabolized via azo-reduction by intestinal microflora and/or in the liver to yield naphthionic acid (1-amino-4-naphthalene sulfonic acid) (NSA) after oral administration. In the present investigation, AM was metabolized also in the perfused rat liver to yield NSA, which was not excreted in the bile, but effluxed into the effluent. The hepatic clearance of AM was significantly decreased in all intoxicated livers compared with the untreated livers. The concentration of NSA effluxed in the effluent was decreased in CCl4s.c.-intoxicated livers. However, in other intoxicated livers, there was no significant difference from the untreated livers in the concentration of NSA in the effluent. The amount of AM excreted in the bile was significantly decreased in CCl4s.c.- or CCL4p.o.-intoxicated livers. In ANIT-intoxicated livers, no bile excretion was observed because of the biliary stagniation. From the results of pharmacokinetic analysis using a five-compartment model, the metabolism was not altered by all treatments investigated in the present study. Subcutaneous administration of CCl4, which caused a mild intoxication, affected only the permeability of the plasma membrane of the liver to AM, but oral administration of CCl4, which caused a severe intoxication, decreased the biliary excretion of AM as well as increased the permeability.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3772715 TI - Identification of novel N-glucuronides in rat bile after administration of 450191 S, a 1H-1,2,4-triazolyl benzophenone derivative. AB - 5-[2-Aminoacetamido)methyl]-1-[p-chloro-2-(o-chlorobenzoyl)phenyl] -N,N-dimethyl 1H-s-triazole-3-carboxamide hydrochloride dihydrate (450191-S) is a ring-opened derivative of 1,4-benzodiazepine, which is activated by desglycylation and subsequent cyclization. After 450191-S administration, rat bile contained three novel conjugates which released active metabolites possessing the 1,4 benzodiazepine structure through beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis. Since the released metabolites have no functional groups to conjugate with glucuronic acid, we speculated that the aglycone might be the ring-opened form of 1,4 benzodiazepine which spontaneously cyclizes after the release of glucuronic acid. This possibility was tested by chemically reducing the ketone group of the ring opened 1,4-benzodiazepine glucuronate conjugates, which would prevent the spontaneous ring closure reaction after the release of the glucuronic acid moiety. The NaBH4 reduction of the ketone of the benzophenone moiety of the conjugates and subsequent treatment with beta-glucuronidase allowed identification of the reduced aglycones with authentic samples using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. PMID- 3772716 TI - Effects of cocaine and tetraethylammonium on the spike potentials and contractions induced by transmural stimulation in the rat vas deferens. AB - Effects of cocaine and tetraethylammonium (TEA) on the spike potential induced by transmural nerve stimulation were investigated with microelectrodes in smooth muscle cells of rat vas deferens. Resting membrane potential was not changed by 10(-5) M cocaine. 10(-5) M cocaine reduced the amplitudes of spontaneous excitatory junction potentials and diminished generation of excitatory junction potentials induced by nerve stimulation. However, cocaine did not affect the electrophysiological parameters of spike potentials; overshoot potential, threshold potential and duration of spikes were not changed by cocaine. Cocaine slightly inhibited the twitch contractions to transmural nerve stimulation. In contrast, 1-5 mM TEA increased the overshoot potentials and prolonged the duration of spikes dose-dependently without changing the resting membrane potential. Twitch contractions to transmural nerve stimulation were greatly enhanced by 2.5 mM TEA. These results suggest that TEA, but not cocaine, may increase the Ca-influx which is believed to occur during spike generation in the smooth muscle cells of vas deferens. PMID- 3772717 TI - Activation of murine lymphocytes by 2-mercapto-ethanol and related thiol compounds and its mechanism. II. Effect of thiol compounds on the viability of the lymphocytes under a cystine-deficient culture condition. AB - When murine lymphocytes were cultured in a cystine-deficient RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% fetal calf serum, approximately 70% of the cells died in 48 h. In the presence of 5 X 10(-4) M L-cystine, 70-80% of the lymphocytes remained viable under the same condition. The decrease of the viability was also effectively inhibited when cystine was replaced by the following thiol compounds; 2 mercaptoethanol (2-ME), dithiothreitol (DTT), cysteamine and glutathione (GSH). Oxidized DTT, an intramolecular disulfide that was resistant to the reduction by the lymphocytes, did not show a protective effect in contrast to DTT. On the other hand, 2-hydroxyethyldisulfide was readily reduced to 2-ME by the lymphocytes and improved lymphocyte viability as effectively as 2-ME. These observations suggest that thiol groups are responsible for the improvement of lymphocyte viability under a cystine-deficient condition. The viabilities of both T cells and B cells were equally improved by 2-ME. The intracellular level of GSH remained constant in the presence of cystine but dropped rapidly in its absence. 2-ME could not reverse this decrease of GSH level. These protective effects of thiol compounds on lymphocyte viability are discussed in relation to their capacities to activate murine lymphocytes. PMID- 3772718 TI - Effect of piperidine and related alicyclic amines on nicotinic and muscarinic agonist binding sites in the mammalian brain. AB - The effect of piperidine and related alicyclic amines on central nicotinic and muscarinic cholinoceptors was investigated by measuring specific binding of [3H]nicotine and [3H]cismethyldioxolane (CD) in rat cerebral cortical membranes. Piperidine, pyrrolidine, 4-hydroxypiperidine and piperazine at concentrations of 1 microM-30 mM completed dose-dependently with [3H]nicotine and [3H]CD for the binding sites. Among these compounds, piperidine was the most potent competitor of brain [3H]nicotine binding sites. Piperidine and pyrrolidine showed a greater affinity for [3H]nicotine binding sites in the rat cerebral cortex than of [3H]CD binding sites. In contrast, 4-hydroxypiperidine and piperazine displayed approximately 10 times greater affinity for [3H]CD binding sites. Pipecolic acid had little effect on these cholinoceptor agonist binding sites. The inhibitory effect of brain [3H]nicotine binding by piperidine did not differ between brain regions or during development. In addition, there was little difference in the piperidine-induced inhibition of brain [3H]nicotine binding between species such as rat, mouse, guinea-pig and rabbit. Thus, the present study demonstrates a high affinity of piperidine for nicotinic cholinoceptors in the mammalian brain. PMID- 3772719 TI - Contribution of vasopressin to hypertension caused by baroreceptor denervation and nucleus tractus solitarius lesions in rats. AB - The purpose of this study was to examine, using pentobarbital-anesthetized rats, whether vasopressin contributes to hypertension caused by denervation of baroreceptors, in comparison to the contribution of vasopressin to hypertension caused by nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) lesions. Bilateral baroreceptor denervation caused acute hypertension which was inhibited by intravenous injection of an antagonist of the vasoconstrictor action of vasopressin. Lesions of the NTS also produced an increased in blood pressure which was reduced by the vasopressin antagonist. The magnitude of the antagonist-induced hypotension was significantly greater in NTS hypertension than that in baroreceptor denervation hypertension. It is concluded, that in rats, vasopressin contributes to the neurogenic hypertension caused by baroreceptor denervation and NTS lesions. Thus, it appears that interruption of baroreceptor afferents at the NTS level is responsible for the vasopressin-mediated hypertension caused by NTS lesions but that it is not the only factor involved. PMID- 3772720 TI - The influence of melatonin on the content of vasopressin and oxytocin in the hypothalamus and neurohypophysis in euhydrated and dehydrated male rats. AB - Melatonin injected in a single intraperitoneal dose of 100 micrograms/100 g b.w. to euhydrated rats resulted in a decrease of neurohypophysial oxytocin content but the hypothalamic oxytocin storage as well as the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial storage of vasopressin were not changed. Following 8 d of once-daily melatonin treatment the hypothalamic and neurohypophysial oxytocin and vasopressin content was decreased. It might be therefore suggested that melatonin increases the release of neurohypophysial hormones and/or decreases their synthesis. Melatonin did not significantly modify the neurohypophysial vasopressin depletion rate in animals deprived of water up to 8 days. No consistent effects of melatonin on the decrease of hypothalamo-neurohypophysial content of oxytocin were noted under conditions of dehydration and simultaneous administration of melatonin up to 8 d. PMID- 3772721 TI - Rat pineal exhibits two electrophysiological patterns of response to microiontophoretic norepinephrine application. AB - The spontaneous activity of 117 pineal units was recorded in urethane anesthetized rats. The pineal units exhibited a wide range of firing rates of which 50% were on average slower than 14 spikes per second. Superior cervical ganglion (SCG) stimulation was studied in 76 pineal units; this stimulation caused excitation in 55% of the units. Microiontophoretic application of norepinephrine (NE) induced changes of firing rates in 61% of the pineal units tested. Two patterns of activity following NE microiontophoresis was observed: increase in firing rate (64%) and decrease in firing rate (36%). NE-induced excitation was observed only in those units excited by SCG stimulation. When NE and SCG stimulation were applied together, partial summation of the excitation induced by each one alone was observed. None of the units in which NE depressed the firing rate responded to SCG stimulation. Local application of propranolol blocked the excitation initiated by SCG stimulation as well as the excitation and the depression induced by NE microiontophoresis. PMID- 3772722 TI - Rhythmic melatonin response of the Syrian hamster pineal gland to norepinephrine in vitro and in vivo. AB - Norepinephrine (NE, 10(-6) M) stimulated melatonin accumulation in the incubation medium of rat (but not Syrian hamster) pineals taken at the end of the light phase. However, NE elevated melatonin accumulation in the medium of pineals taken after 20 min of light exposure of animals of either species at 6 h into the 10-h dark phase. A dose response to 10(-7)-10(-5) M NE was observed in both the medium and pineals upon incubation of pineals taken from rats at 4 h into the light phase and from hamsters after 20 min light exposure at 6 h into the dark phase. Approximately 95% of the melatonin present was in the medium. The incubation time was 4 h in all cases. Subcutaneous injection of 1 microgram/g NE (either at the end of the light phase or after 30 min of light at 6 h into the dark phase) did not stimulate in vivo Syrian hamster pineal melatonin content determined 1 or 2 h after injection, whether the hamsters were placed in light or darkness after the injection. However, after 30 min of light beginning at 6 h into dark, injection of 5 micrograms/g desipramine (DMI, a blocker of catecholamine uptake into nerve endings) allowed a dramatic hamster pineal melatonin response to additional injection of 1 microgram/g NE, observed at 1 and 2 h in light after injection. A small effect of DMI alone was seen. DMI also potentiated the effect of NE (each 10(-6) M) on melatonin accumulation in the medium of incubated hamster pineals taken after a short light exposure at night. No significant stimulatory effect of NE and/or DMI was seen in vivo or in vitro near the middle of the light phase. Measurement of melatonin in the incubation medium is a useful method for studying pineal function. The Syrian hamster pineal has rhythm of sensitivity to NE (sensitivity evident at night) and even at night is protected by neuronal uptake from circulating NE-induced stimulation of melatonin production. NE appears to be the neurotransmitter for stimulation of pineal melatonin production in the Syrian hamster. The sensitivity rhythm and uptake protection might provide specificity of control of the nightly melatonin signal by reducing the chance of a melatonin response during the day or a response to circulating catecholamines from general sympathetic stimuli. PMID- 3772723 TI - Ontogeny of circadian rhythmicity for melatonin, serotonin, and N-acetylserotonin in humans. AB - The serum concentration of melatonin, serotonin, and N-acetylserotonin were measured by RIA procedures in 28 infants aged 1 week to 9 months. Blood specimens were obtained at 12:00 hr and 24:00 hr. A day-night difference in serum serotonin was present immediately after birth. A significant (P less than 0.001) decrease in serum serotonin concentrations at 12:00 hr and 24:00 hr was observed from the first month of age to the third to ninth month of age. A significant (P less than 0.05) difference in day-night N-acetylserotonin concentration is first seen at age 1-3 months. Serum melatonin concentrations, though detectable, did not show any day-night difference at birth. Melatonin concentrations progressively increased up to the third month of age, and a significant (P less than 0.01) day night difference appeared thereafter. The results indicate that in humans the circadian organization for serotonin already exists at birth, and the circadian melatonin rhythm develops after birth. PMID- 3772724 TI - Effects of melatonin, serotonin, and naloxone on aggression in isolated cichlid fish (Aequidens pulcher). AB - Intracranial injections of 10 micrograms melatonin, with or without 4 micrograms naloxone, result in reduced aggressive responsiveness by the cichlid fish Aequidens pulcher to a mirror presented 20 min later. Naloxone, when administered on its own, had no behavioral effect. Intracranial injections of 25 micrograms serotonin-creatinine sulphate complex (5HT-CS) also reduced aggression. 5HT-CS's action was abolished if the injection included 10 micrograms S-adenosyl homocysteine (SAH), which inhibits the conversion of serotonin to melatonin. This suggests that the behavioral action of 5HT-CS may be mediated by its conversion to melatonin. There is inconclusive evidence to suggest that 37.5 micrograms 5HT CS, administered in conjunction with 10 micrograms SAH, may reduce aggressiveness; injection of 50 micrograms 5HT-CS, with or without 10 micrograms SAH, induced a pronounced escape behavior which precluded any measurement of aggressiveness in the fish. PMID- 3772725 TI - Melatonin, thymic serum factor, and cortisol levels in healthy subjects of different age and patients with skin melanoma. AB - Results are given of daily excretion levels of 6-oxymelatonin, thymic serum factor (FTS), and cortisol in the blood of 140 healthy subjects and 90 patients with skin melanoma, ranging from 20 to 49 years of age. Correlation factor (eta) was used for evaluating the correlation between the indices examined. Daily excretion of 6-oxymelatonin was found to decrease considerably in healthy men over 30 years of age, the extent of such reduction correlating with age (eta = 0.48 +/- 0.19, P less than 0.02). Similar correlation is absent in healthy women. There is an age-related reduction in FTS in both healthy women (eta = 0.63 +/- 0.13, P less than 0.001) and men (eta = 0.57 +/- 0.12 P less than 0.001), although in the latter this reduction occurs 10 years earlier (beginning at 30 years) and is more pronounced. Blood cortisol levels in healthy subjects increase with age, more notably in men than in women. Age-related changes in the content of the hormones under study are still more pronounced when patients of corresponding age groups develop neoplasms. Male patients from 20 to 29 and 30 to 49 years of age with melanoma show daily levels of 6-oxymelatonin excretion of 10.13 +/- 0.71 micrograms/24 hr and 11.70 +/- 1.26 micrograms/24 hr, respectively, while healthy men of the same age show much higher melatonin levels, i.e., 18.98 +/- 1.36 micrograms/24 hr and 15.46 +/- 1.13 micrograms/24 hr, respectively. Male melanoma patients aged 30 to 49 years have reduced log2 of FTS titers (as little as 1.44 +/- 0.23) compared to that of healthy, age-matched males (3.40 +/- 0.23, P less than 0.05). In female patients aged 20-39 years and 40-49 years, the log2 of FTS titers was 1.96 +/- 0.37 and 1.62 +/- 0.25, respectively, which is significantly lower (P less than 0.05) than values for healthy women of the same age (5.60 +/- 0.17 and 3.60 +/- 0.41). In melanoma male and female patients from 20 to 49 years of age, cortisol levels are significantly higher than the mean values for this hormone in age-matched healthy subjects, being 193.18 +/- 19.67 ng/ml and 135.43 +/- 14.36 ng/ml, respectively (with normal levels of 140.60 +/- 9.62 ng/ml and 101.03 +/- 8.61 ng/ml). The results of correlation analysis indicate that daily excretion values for 6-oxymelatonin in healthy subjects correlate with both FTS titers and cortisol content, while the latter two correlate with each other (P less than 0.05). Statistically significant correlation between the levels of all examined hormones was found in melanoma patients as well (P less than 0.05). PMID- 3772726 TI - Melatonin suppression of the colloid droplet formation in the thyroid is not related to the alteration of prostacyclin synthesis. AB - The goal of the present investigation has been to compare the effect of melatonin on the early secretory event in the thyroid follicular cells (thyroglobulin endocytosis; colloid droplet [CD] formation) and the effect of this pineal indoleamine on the release of a stable prostacyclin (PGI2) metabolite, 6-keto PGF1 alpha from the thyroid. 6-keto-PGF1 alpha is believed to be a good index of PGI2 synthesis, since PGI2 is not stored within the tissue, but is continuously formed and released. We found that melatonin, administered to rats as daily subcutaneous injections at a dose of 25 micrograms and/or 250 micrograms for a total of 3 days, inhibited the CD formation. Moreover, melatonin partially suppressed the stimulatory effect of TSH on the CD formation. In turn, melatonin did not affect 6-keto-PGF1 alpha release in basal conditions, but blocked the stimulatory effect of TSH. It is concluded that melatonin decreases the thyroid secretion acting by a mechanism that is independent of the effect of this hormone on PGI2 synthesis. PMID- 3772727 TI - Melatonin inhibits the basal and TSH-stimulated mitotic activity of thyroid follicular cells in vivo and in organ culture. AB - The aim of the present study has been to examine the effect of melatonin, administered to mice as daily subcutaneous injections for a total of 10 days, on the mitotic activity of thyroid follicular cells (TFC). The colchicine metaphase arrest technique was employed in the experiment. We found that melatonin (10 micrograms and/or 100 micrograms injection) decreased significantly the mean mitotic activity rate (MMAR) of TFC in both male and female mice. Moreover, melatonin totally suppressed the stimulatory effect of TSH on the MMAR of TFC in both sexes of mice. Furthermore, the effect of melatonin (5 X 10(-7) M) on the proliferation of TFC in the organ-cultured rat and mouse thyroid explants was investigated. It was found that melatonin almost totally suppressed the MMAR of TFC in organ culture. Moreover, melatonin blocked the stimulatory effect of TSH on the MMAR of TFC in both rat and mouse thyroid explants. N-acetylserotonin (NAc 5HT, 10(-6) M) also decreased the MMAR of cultured thyroid explants, but its effect was less expressed when compared to melatonin inhibition. The present data indicate that melatonin can exert its inhibitory effect on the proliferation of TFC directly at the thyroid level, since this pineal indoleamine has been shown to suppress not only basal but also TSH-stimulated mitotic activity. The results are in agreement with the hypothesis of a pineal-thyroid negative feedback, assuming the direct inhibitory effect of melatonin on the thyroid growth. PMID- 3772728 TI - [Synthesis and antimicrobial activities of cis-1-(2-phenyl-4-benzoyloxymethyl-1,3 dioxolan-2-ylmet hyl) -1H-imidazole derivatives]. PMID- 3772729 TI - [Studies on antitumor activity of squalene and its related compounds]. PMID- 3772730 TI - [Urinary excretion rate of furosemide and diuretic response in man]. PMID- 3772731 TI - [Studies on Ganoderma lucidum. VII. Anti-allergic effect. (2)]. PMID- 3772732 TI - [The interaction of lipid microspheres and MM46 tumor cells]. PMID- 3772733 TI - [Immunostimulant effects of some immunomodulators]. PMID- 3772734 TI - Monosaccharide composition of lipopolysaccharides from Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. AB - The monosaccharide composition of the LPS from 5 Campylobacter jejuni strains and 7 Campylobacter coli strains has been studied. All LPS's contained KDO, heptose, glucosamine, glucose, and (with one exception) galactose. All C. jejuni and 3 C. coli LPS's contained greater than 1% galactosamine. 3-Amino-3.6-dideoxyglucose was present in all but one C. coli LPS and in only one C. jejuni LPS. PMID- 3772735 TI - Theoretically possible yields of microbial secondary products. AB - Balance equations for some representatives of the main biogenetic groups of secondary metabolites were formulated which provide the known and probable reactions within the biosynthetic routes. The calculated yields Yp/s max with respect to the usual substrate glucose range between 0.37 and 0.9 and, obviously, they agree well with the theoretical yields of biochemically related parts of cell dry mass. The sugar derivatives correspond to carbohydrates, the beta lactams and shikimate derivatives to proteins, and finally, the polyketides and mevalonate derivatives to lipids. From this stoichiometric point of view the secondary metabolism thus seems to possess the same biosynthetic efficiency as adequate parts of primary metabolism under the conditions of retarded growth. The introduction of the Yp/s max values into an equation for substrate consumption regarding the growth, maintenance and product formation (van der Beek and Roels 1984) delivered yields which demonstrated that more than 70% of the glucose flowed into byproducts or waste metabolites, respectively. PMID- 3772736 TI - In vivo interaction of the enantiomers of disopyramide in human subjects. AB - Disopyramide, an antiarrhythmic agent, is marketed as a racemic mixture of two enantiomers. The racemic drug has unusual pharmacokinetic properties because of its concentration-dependent binding to plasma proteins in the therapeutic plasma concentration range. This study examined, in healthy subjects, the individual pharmacokinetic properties of both total and unbound d- and 1-disopyramide in plasma after intravenous administration of each enantiomer separately (1.5 mg/kg). Also investigated is the pharmacokinetics of total d- and 1-disopyramide in plasma after intravenous administration of a pseudoracemate. Both d- and 1 disopyramide are found to exhibit concentration-dependent binding to plasma proteins, with d-disopyramide being more avidly bound at lower concentrations. The stereoselective, concentration-dependent binding to plasma proteins resulted in distinct pharmacokinetic properties when the enantiomers were given together as the pseudoracemate. d-Disopyramide had a lower plasma clearance and renal clearance, a longer half-life, and a smaller apparent volume of distribution than 1-disopyramide. However, when the enantiomers were administered separately, there were no differences in the clearance, renal clearance, and volume of distribution between enantiomers calculated from either total or unbound drug concentrations. The results reveal an important pharmacokinetic interaction between the enantiomers of disopyramide when given as a racemic mixture, which may be dose dependent and is not apparent upon administration of the enantiomers separately. PMID- 3772737 TI - On the pharmacokinetics of 16-acetyl-gitoxin and its bioavailability from pengitoxin-containing tablet formulations. AB - In six volunteers the pharmacokinetics of 16-acetyl-gitoxin (16AG, 0.5 mg) administered intravenously (A1) and as an oral solution (A2) and of pengitoxin (PAG, 0.6 mg) administered intravenously (A3) was evaluated. In six volunteers the bioavailability of 16AG from two PAG tablet formulations (1.2 mg) (B2, B3) was measured by comparison with the absorption after administration of a pengitoxin solution (1.2 mg) (B1). In both studies the test was performed using a crossover design. After a single i.v. injection of equimolar doses, 16AG and PAG showed similar mean kinetic parameters: t1/2 = 51.6 hr (16AG) and 60.8 hr (PAG), CL = 11.7 ml min-1 (16AG) and 12.7 ml min-1 (PAG), CLR = 4.1 ml min-1 (16AG) and 4.2 ml min-1 (PAG). The 16AG was absorbed from solution with a mean half-life of 0.2 hr to an extent of 98.6%. The mean urinary excretion/Ae (0,4)/of 16AG amounted to 24.6% (A1), 20.8% (A2) and 28.1% (A3). On the basis of AUC values, the mean bioavailability of PAG from either tablet formulation amounted to 79.6% (B2) and 89.6% (B3). The pharmacokinetic parameters of 16AG (PAG) are closer to those of digitoxin than those of digoxin. In general, 16AG is characterized as a digitoxin with a digoxin-like elimination half-life. PMID- 3772738 TI - The impact of neglecting nonlinear plasma-protein binding on disopyramide bioavailability studies. AB - Disopyramide has nonlinear protein binding and thus the relationship between the extent of its bioavailability and AUC, the area under the plasma concentration time curve, is nonlinear and absorption rate-dependent. The unbound species follows linear pharmacokinetics. A solution of disopyramide, the innovator's product, and two generic formulations were found to be statistically indistinguishable in their bioavailability of disopyramide, whether comparison was based upon AUC or area under the plasma unbound concentration-time curve (AUCu). The AUC and AUCu gave similar results because of truly similar bioavailability, coupled with sufficiently similar release rates, among the four preparations chosen for study. The concentration dependence of disopyramide protein binding and the time course of unbound plasma concentrations were fit by models which then allowed prediction of AUC under various biopharmaceutical scenarios. Nonlinear binding of disopyramide to plasma proteins renders AUC an insensitive parameter for the discrimination of products with different extents of bioavailability; immediate-release products allowing bioavailabilities of 75 or 125% relative to the solution can generate AUCs 86 and 112%, respectively, of that from the solution. Nonlinear binding, furthermore, leads to a tendency for AUC to overestimate the bioavailability of slower release products in single-dose studies; if AUC were the index of bioavailability, products permitting the same bioavailability as the solution but releasing over 12 hr could appear to allow 114% relative bioavailability. Moreover, in some situations the bias arising from the insensitivity of AUC to product differences can be reinforced by the dependence of AUC on release rate; an apparent relative bioavailability of 80% can be achieved by a 12-hr release product allowing a true relative bioavailability of a mere 58%. While multiple-dose studies appear largely to avoid the tendency to overestimate low bioavailability in slow-release products, in these studies AUC appears to be even more insensitive in resolving discrepancies between products. Assay technology now available makes AUCu a feasible and more reliable index of bioavailability than AUC when plasma protein binding of drugs is nonlinear. PMID- 3772739 TI - Analysis of pethidine disposition in the pregnant rat by means of a physiological flow model. AB - The disposition of pethidine (meperidine) in the pregnant rat is described by means of a physiological flow model. The model includes arterial and venous blood, brain, fat, fetal, hepatic, intestinal, muscular, pulmonar, and renal tissues. The concentration-time profiles of pethidine calculated by the model are consistent with experimental data, except for the brain and renal tissues, where the model predicts initially higher concentrations. Simulations are carried out to further explore the contribution from different organs on the kinetics in blood and tissues. The tissue-to-blood partition coefficients vary over a range from 5 to 316, where fat has the lowest and liver the highest after a correction is made due to hepatic extraction. Rapid uptake occurs into highly perfused organs such as brain, kidneys, liver, and lungs, followed by fetus, intestines, muscle, and fat. Data indicate no marked membrane resistance to pethidine of the investigated organs, except for fetal tissues, but rather a perfusion-limited uptake. Simulations suggest that muscles and adipose tissue play an important role in the rat, becoming the major reservoir of drug during the intermediate and terminal elimination phase, respectively. Volume of distribution and the biological half-life agree with reported findings. Pethidine is subject to a high systemic blood clearance, which exceeds the total hepatic blood flow in the rat. No degradation of pethidine is found in blood, and therefore a pulmonary expression for pethidine clearance is added as a potential source of pethidine elimination. The elimination of pethidine after a single i.v. bolus does is found to be dependent on simulated changes in cardiac output and hepatic blood flow. A simulation is performed with the scaled model to mimic the human concentration time profiles in maternal blood and brain tissues and fetal tissue during repetitive doses of pethidine. PMID- 3772740 TI - A diffusion-diffusion model for percutaneous drug absorption. AB - Several theories describing percutaneous drug absorption have been proposed, incorporating the mathematical solutions of differential equations describing percutaneous drug absorption processes where the vehicle and skin are regarded as simple diffusion membranes. By a solution derived from Laplace transforms, the mean residence time MRT and the variance of the residence time VRT in the vehicle are expressed as simple elementary functions of the following five pharmacokinetic parameters characterizing the percutaneous drug absorption: kd, which is defined as the normalized diffusion coefficient of the skin, kc, which is defined as the normalized skin-capillary boundary clearance, the apparent length of diffusion of the skin 1d, the effective length of the vehicle lv, and the diffusion coefficient of the vehicle Dv. All five parameters can be obtained by the methods proposed here. Results of numerical computation indicate that: concentration-distance curves in the vehicle and skin approximate two curves which are simply expressed using trigonometric functions when sufficient time elapses after an ointment application; the most suitable condition for the assumption that the concentration of a drug in the uppermost epidermis can be considered unchanged is the case where the partition coefficient between vehicle and skin is small, and the constancy of drug concentration is even more valid when the effective length of the vehicle is large; and the amount of a drug in the vehicle or skin and the flow rate of the drug from vehicle into skin or from skin into blood becomes linear on a semilogarithmic scale, and the slopes of those lines are small when Dv is small, when the partition coefficient between vehicle and skin is small, when lv is large, or when kc is small. A simple simulation method is also proposed using a biexponential for the concentration time curve for the skin near the skin-capillary boundary, that is, the flow rate time curve for drug passing from skin into blood. PMID- 3772741 TI - A note on appropriate constraints on the initial input response when applying deconvolution. AB - When deconvolution is employed to estimate cumulative input profiles, nonzero initial values may result unless certain constraints are imposed on the function used to approximate the input response c(t). It is shown that the initial value of the response to a nonimpulse input is zero, i.e., c(t0) = 0, where t0 is the input lag time. If, in addition, the initial value of the impulse response is zero, i.e., c delta (0) = 0, then c'(t0) = 0. Therefore, it is appropriate to impose the constraint c(t0) = 0 in general and c'(t0) = 0 when c delta (0) = 0 if c(t) is the response to a nonimpulse input. The use of such constraints is demonstrated in an example where the cumulative in vivo dissolution profile is estimated by deconvolution. PMID- 3772742 TI - Mean residence time and statistical moments. PMID- 3772743 TI - Extrahepatic metabolism and distribution of aspirin in vascular beds of sheep. AB - The dispositions of aspirin, its metabolite, salicylic acid, and its subsequent metabolite, salicyluric acid, were studied in eight anesthetized sheep infused with aspirin (61 and 485 microgram X min-1 X kg-1) for 75 min. Plasma samples were withdrawn from the portal vein, hepatic vein, pulmonary artery, left ventricle, left femoral vein, and left femoral artery. Significant extraction of aspirin occurred across the liver and hind leg, with mean availabilities of 0.75, 0.98, and 0.82 observed across the liver, lung, and hind leg, respectively. The extraction of aspirin was not affected by coadministration of sodium salicylate (30-1200 mg equiv salicylic acid). This extraction reflected hydrolysis of aspirin to salicylic acid; the metabolism of aspirin in the hind leg, lung, and liver being confirmed with tissue homogenate studies. The metabolism of aspirin in the extrahepatic tissues is significant in relation to the proposed selective presystemic acetylation of platelet cyclooxygenase by aspirin and the use of low dose aspirin for thrombotic indications. PMID- 3772744 TI - The effect of vehicle on the diffusion of salicylic acid through hairless mouse skin. AB - The solubilities of salicylic acid in, and the fluxes through, hairless mouse skin from isopropyl myristate, 1-octanol, 1-propanol, propylene glycol, and formamide have been determined experimentally. Values for permeability coefficients (Kp) corresponding to the respective fluxes were determined from: flux/solubility = Kp. These values were then compared with values for the respective partition coefficients (P) which were calculated from the known solubility parameters for the vehicles (delta v), salicylic acid (delta i), and skin (delta s). Two different delta i values were used to calculate theoretical P values, one based on the peak solubility method and the other based on calculation from group contributions (11 and 14.4 (cal/cm3)1/2, respectively). There was good correlation between the values for theoretical log P - 1.42 and experimental log Kp for the delivery of salicylic acid from vehicles exhibiting solubility parameters in the range of delta v = 10-18 (cal/cm3)1/2, when delta i was assumed to be 14.4 (cal/cm3)1/2. There was also a good correlation between the values for theoretical log P - 2.09 and experimental log Kp for vehicles exhibiting solubility parameters in the range of delta v = 7.6-10 (cal/cm3)1/2, when delta i was assumed to be 11 (cal/cm3)1/2. Two different delta i values were used because salicylic acid apparently behaves like a polar molecule in polar vehicles and a nonpolar molecule in nonpolar vehicles. Qualitatively, fluxes and permeability coefficients were found to be inversely dependent on drug solubility in the vehicles, with a minimum that corresponded approximately to the point where delta v = delta i, and the minimum within the theoretical P curve.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3772745 TI - Formation and characterization of cisplatin loaded poly(d,l-lactide) microspheres for chemoembolization. AB - Cisplatin, a slightly water soluble anticancer drug, has been incorporated into biodegradable poly(d,l-lactide) microspheres using the solvent evaporation process. The optimal experimental conditions to produce spherical and separate drug-loaded particles (45% cisplatin) were as follows: the dispersing phase was a mixture of 0.05% methylcellulose and 4% polyvinyl alcohol (8 mPa-s grade); and the optimal poly(d,l-lactide) concentration in the organic phase was found to be greater than or equal to 7.16%. Microscopic studies showed that increasing the drug content in the microspheres produced the appearance of rod-like crystals at the microparticle surface. In addition, the cisplatin crystals were found homogeneously distributed in the polymer matrix, even at a high drug content. Increased viscosities of the organic phase enhanced the mean microsphere size, while increasing the emulsifier concentration in the aqueous phase decreased the average particle size. The drug incorporation efficiency was markedly improved after saturation of the dispersing phase with cisplatin. It was also noted that the amount of drug incorporated increased with increasing mean microsphere diameter. The methylene chloride content entrapped within the microspheres was found to depend upon the microsphere size distribution and the cisplatin content. An increase of the microsphere system porosity, by the addition of 10% cyclohexane in the organic phase, caused a reduction in the residual methylene chloride content. Finally, the in vitro release kinetics of cisplatin were influenced by the drug loading. PMID- 3772746 TI - Preparation, characterization, and controlled release from coprecipitates of fluorescein and magnesium hydroxide. AB - Magnesium hydroxide was precipitated as a lyophobic sol in the presence of various concentrations of fluorescein sodium (3'6'-dihydroxyspiro[isobenzofuran 1(3H),9'-[9H]xanthen++ +]-3-one, disodium salt) ranging in molar equivalents between 0.1 and 2 times that of the hydroxide. Coprecipitates were washed and dried, and release of the dye and magnesium was determined (pH 7.4, 37 degrees C) from rotating disks. Release rates varied depending upon fluorescein content. The rate of dye release was retarded by less than or equal to 10(4) times that of fluorescein sodium alone, implying the existence of some form of solid association between the components of the coprecipitates. The presence of the dye in certain concentrations reduced magnesium hydroxide dissolution rates by a factor of three. Fluorescein dissolution rates, when expressed as percent release, passed through a minimum (coincident with the dye-induced reduction in Mg(OH)2 dissolution). Adsorption experiments revealed evidence for multiaffinity binding of fluorescein at the surface of freshly precipitated Mg(OH)2. Magnesium, fluorescein, and water contents of the coprecipitates were characterized by atomic absorption and UV spectroscopy and by thermogravimetric analysis. Fluorescein content increased in direct proportion to its initial concentration in solution. Controlled, but variable release of this easily assayed dye is possible by employing precipitates with different fluorescein contents. PMID- 3772748 TI - Dissolution profiles in column dissolution. AB - A self-consistent model for open-ended column dissolution is presented. It is shown that when the concentration of the efflux stream from the column is plotted versus time, then the profile is fairly level at first and then drops rapidly, in the form of an inverse sigmoid profile. The model assumes that the particles are isometric and that they adhere to a Levich type particulate dissolution, and it is based on plug flow with a given residence time. Consistency is shown between the plug flow parameter (Q2) and experimental data. Good correlation is found between predicted and experimental profiles. PMID- 3772747 TI - 6 alpha-Methylprednisolone and 6 alpha-methylprednisone plasma protein binding in humans and rabbits. AB - The binding of 6 alpha-methylprednisolone and 6 alpha-methylprednisone to proteins of rabbit and human plasma was studied in vitro by equilibrium dialysis. Steroid binding was determined using radiolabeled compounds and HPLC analysis methods. Both methods produced equivalent results. Plasma protein binding of 6 alpha-methylprednisolone and 6 alpha-methylprednisone averaged 75-82% and was independent of steroid concentration, suggestive of low affinity, nonspecific protein binding. A positive linear correlation of the log octanol-water partition coefficient with the nonspecific binding affinities of a homologous series of steroids, including 6 alpha-methylprednisolone and 6 alpha-methylprednisone, was demonstrated. This correlation suggests that hydrophobic binding is a major determinant of nonspecific steroid-protein interactions. PMID- 3772749 TI - Conformation of nefopam hydrochloride, a novel analgesic. AB - The solid state structures of (+/-)- and (+)-nefopam hydrochloride (3,4,5,6 tetrahydro-5-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine hydrochloride, 1) were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. (+/-)-Nefopam hydrochloride gave crystals belonging to monoclinic P21/c space group, and at 298 K: a = 11.766 (1) A, b = 7.741 (1) A, c = 16.907 (3) A, beta = 97.43 (1) degrees, V = 1527.0 (7) A3, Z = 4, R = 0.0336, and Rw = 0.0452. (+)-Nefopam hydrochloride monohydrate gave crystals of the orthorhombic P2(1)2(1)2(1) space group, and at 298 K: a = 9.651 (2) A, b = 19.747 (2) A, c = 8.504 (2) A, V = 1620.7(7) A3, Z = 4, R = 0.0432, and Rw = 0.0690 for the (1S,5S)-model. The diastereoisomer found in the chiral crystal was also found in the solid racemic modification: (1S,5S) in the monohydrate of (+)-1 and (1R,5R)/(1S,5S) in (+/-)-1. 1H and 13C[1H] NMR spectroscopy revealed two distinct, major and minor, N-protonated species in CD2Cl2 solution differing in the stereochemistry of the N-methyl group. The molecular structures of the crystals of (+/-)-1 and (+)-1 X H2O (a) indicate a modified boat-chair conformation of the eight-membered ring with an equatorial N methyl group, caused by two sp2-hybridized ring atoms, and (b) correspond to the stereochemistry of the minor species in solution. PMID- 3772750 TI - Pilocarpine prodrugs. II. Synthesis, stability, bioconversion, and physicochemical properties of sequentially labile pilocarpine acid diesters. AB - Various novel diesters of pilocarpic acid were synthesized and evaluated as prodrug forms for pilocarpine with the aim of improving the ocular delivery characteristics of the drug. The pilocarpic acid monoesters previously studied cyclized spontaneously to pilocarpine in aqueous solution and although they showed enhanced corneal permeability when compared with pilocarpine these monoesters suffered from poor solution stability. The present study shows that this problem can be totally overcome by blocking the free hydroxyl group in the monoesters. Diesters of pilocarpic acid were obtained by esterification of this group. Such compounds were found to possess a high stability in aqueous solution (shelf lives of more than 5 years at 20 degrees C were estimated) but at the same time were readily converted to pilocarpine under conditions simulating those occurring in vivo through a sequential process involving enzymatic hydrolysis of the O-acyl bond followed by spontaneous lactonization of the intermediate pilocarpic acid monoester. Rate data are given for the conversion of the diesters in human plasma and in various rabbit eye homogenates. The pH-solubility profile was derived for a diester and lipophilicity parameters were determined for the compounds. All diesters were markedly more lipophilic than pilocarpine and the corresponding pilocarpic acid monoesters. The results suggest that pilocarpic acid diesters may be potentially useful pilocarpine prodrugs as they combine a high solution stability with an adequate rate of conversion to pilocarpine under in vivo conditions. PMID- 3772751 TI - Synthesis and in vitro cytotoxic activity of semisynthetic derivatives in the santonin series. AB - The synthesis of two new santonin derivatives namely 3-oxo-6 beta-H-11 beta phenylselenoeudesm-1,4-dien-6,13-olide and 3-oxo-6 beta H-eudesm-1,4,11-trien 6,13-olide is reported along with the results of a series of santonins tested for activity against the growth of KB cells in vitro, a human epidermoid nasopharynx carcinoma. Select compounds were found to be active at concentrations lower than 5 X 10(-5) M. In particular, the compound 2 alpha-bromo-3 beta-hydroxy-6 beta H eudesm-11-en-6,13-olide exhibits an extremely low ID50 value at 0.33 X 10(-6) M. Some relationships between chemical structure and cytotoxic activity are suggested, i.e. the alpha-methylene-gamma-lactone moiety appears to be necessary for cytotoxic activity toward KB cells growth in vitro by santonin derivatives. PMID- 3772752 TI - Syntheses of 3-O- and 6-O-propanoylmorphine--a reinvestigation and correction. AB - 3-O-Propanoylmorphine was obtained using the conditions reported earlier for the specific synthesis of 6-O-propanoylmorphine. The latter isomer was synthesized using two different methods; the two compounds were authenticated using IR, MS, carbon-13 and proton NMR. PMID- 3772753 TI - Stability studies of bis(pyridiniumaldoxime) reactivators of organophosphate inhibited acetylcholinesterase. AB - Relative stability studies of three organophosphate-inhibited acetylcholinesterase reactivators, 1-(2-hydroximinomethyl-1-pyridinium)-3-(4 carbamoyl-1-pyridinium)- 2-oxapropane dichloride (HI-6), 1,1'-methylenebis(4 hydroximinomethylpyridinium) dichloride (MMB-4), and 1,1'-trimethylenebis(4 hydroximinomethylpyridinium) dibromide (TMB-4) were carried out by semiquantitative TLC and NMR methods. TMB-4 appears to be the most, and HI-6 the least stable of the three compounds. The extent of hydrolysis of HI-6, MMB-4, and TMB-4 in 0.05 M, pH 7 phosphate buffer was approximately 50, 25, and less than 1%, respectively, after 20 d at room temperature. The hydrolysis products of HI-6 were identified by NMR and MS (electron impact) as 2-pyridinealdoxime, picolinamide, and isonicotinamide, whereas that of MMB-4 was identified as 4 pyridinealdoxime. The stability of these reactivators decreases with increasing pH. TMB-4 was stable under both neutral and basic conditions at room temperature. Deuterium exchange of the methylene protons of MMB-4 in D2O and of the protons at the 2- and 6-positions of the pyridinium ring of TMB-4 in NaOD/D2O were observed. PMID- 3772754 TI - Automated flow-injection mercurothiocyanate determination of chloride salts of drugs for routine assays: content uniformity and dissolution studies. AB - An automated flow-injection determination of chloride salts of drugs, based on the colorimetric mercurothiocyanate determination of chloride counterion is described. The majority of these drugs can be determined, using chloride ion standards, with a coefficient of variation less than 1% and a measurement rate of 120 samples per hour. The method is evaluated by determining the interference caused by common inorganic ions, representative organic functional groups, and excipients, and by the analysis of pure drugs and their commercial formulations. The results compare well with those obtained by the official procedures. The benefits of the method are demonstrated in content uniformity tests and in automated monitoring of dissolution studies. PMID- 3772755 TI - A novel radiotracer method for the precise determination of water vapor transmission rate characteristics of packaging systems. AB - A novel analytical method is described for sensitive determination of moisture transmission characteristics of packaging systems. In this method, moisture uptake is measured by a radiotracer technique that utilizes tritium-labeled water (HTO). This technique is specific for actual water ingress, unlike weight gain methods, which require blanks to correct for water absorbed by the packaging materials. Because the amount of water transmission necessary for detection decreases with increasing activity of the water in the incubation chamber, the method can be made much more sensitive than gravimetric methods. The sensitivity of the radiotracer method permitted analysis of moisture entry modes of container systems. Also described herein is the applicability of various desiccants for use in the radiotracer method, discussed in terms of isotope effects and proton exchange. PMID- 3772757 TI - A simple method for obtaining the mean residence time of metabolites in the body. PMID- 3772756 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for etoposide in human plasma. AB - A sensitive, selective reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay that uses UV detection has been developed for etoposide (4' demethylepipodophyllotoxin 9-[4,6-O-(R)-ethylidene-beta-D-glucopyranoside) 1. Parent drug is separated from its known metabolites, the cis-picrolactone 2, the hydroxy derivative 3, and the aglycone 4. After the addition of the internal standard (teniposide, 5) to 0.5 mL of plasma, 3 mL of chloroform is added and the sample is centrifuged. The lower organic layer is removed, evaporated in a stream of nitrogen, and reconstituted with 500 microL of mobile phase prior to injection. A phenyl mu Bondapak column (30 cm X 4 mm) and a mobile phase, consisting of 10 microM ammonium acetate (pH 5.5) in methanol:water:acetonitrile (50:45:5), were used to separate the compounds. The flow rate was 2 mL/min. Detection was achieved with a UV monitor set at 230 nm. The aglycone 4, etoposide (1), cis-picrolactone 2, and teniposide (5) had retention times of 3, 4, 4.8, and 9 min, respectively. The extraction efficiency of etoposide ranged from 88 to 94% with a coefficient of variation of 12% at 0.8 micrograms/mL and 4% at 28 micrograms/mL. This assay has an intraday and interday coefficient of variation of 6%, quantitates etoposide at concentrations as low as 0.4 micrograms/mL, and separates etoposide from its known metabolites. The procedure described represents an alternative to a previously published assay that also separated etoposide from its metabolites, but used electrochemical detection. PMID- 3772758 TI - General method for assessing bioavailability of drugs undergoing reversible metabolism in a linear system. PMID- 3772759 TI - Primary avascular necrosis of the halluces in a ballet dancer. PMID- 3772760 TI - Stress fracture in a young male runner taking corticosteroids. PMID- 3772761 TI - Treatment of Achilles tendinopathy in the athlete. PMID- 3772762 TI - Iliotibial band syndrome. PMID- 3772763 TI - Osteitis pubis. PMID- 3772764 TI - Soft orthoses for athletes. PMID- 3772765 TI - Characteristics of various ballet pointe shoes. PMID- 3772766 TI - Boot fitting problems in the skier. PMID- 3772767 TI - The anemic runner. PMID- 3772768 TI - Results of the Ohio Runner Sports Medicine Survey. PMID- 3772769 TI - Latex shields for major league baseball players. PMID- 3772770 TI - A study of the foot structure of athletic identical twins. PMID- 3772771 TI - Keller bunionectomy with fascia and tendon graft. PMID- 3772772 TI - Correction of hallux valgus with positionally increased intermetatarsal angle. PMID- 3772773 TI - Lawrence design first metatarsophalangeal joint prosthesis. PMID- 3772774 TI - The LaPorta great toe implant. A preliminary study of its efficacy. PMID- 3772775 TI - Arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. PMID- 3772776 TI - Proximal articular set angle changes with uni-correctional Austin bunionectomies. PMID- 3772777 TI - Neuritic bunion syndrome. PMID- 3772778 TI - Osteochondritis dissecans and the first metatarsophalangeal joint. PMID- 3772779 TI - Osteomyelitis. PMID- 3772780 TI - Recurrent plantar fibromatosis in twins. PMID- 3772782 TI - Particulate and microbial contamination of intraocular irrigation solutions. AB - The risk of anterior chamber microbial or particulate contamination or both during extracapsular cataract extraction has increased because of the need for large volumes of irrigating solution during the procedure. I performed a clinical trial using an in-line microfiltration apparatus fitted with a 0.8 micron filter. After passing 500 ml volume bottles of each of six manufacturers' irrigating solutions through individual filters, a variety of particulate matter was observed to be trapped by the filter. In addition, I had samples of 500 ml bottles from each of seven manufacturers' irrigating solutions analyzed independently. This independent analysis involved the determination of particulate counts by Coulter counter analysis and photographic documentation of the particulate matter found in the samples. All the solutions were found to contain some particulate matter. The quantity found ranged from as few as 20 particles per ml to as many as 2,400 particles per ml. The results of this study support the use of an in-line microfiltration apparatus during planned extracapsular and phacoemulsification cataract surgery. PMID- 3772781 TI - Glare following posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation. AB - We performed glare tests on patients following uncomplicated extracapsular cataract extraction and posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation and on noncataractous phakic patients. Three types of lenses were implanted to compare the effect of optic asphericity and ultraviolet filtration on glare. Glare testing was performed using the Miller-Nadler Glare Tester and Baylor Visual Function Tester. The glare scores of the pseudophakic and phakic patients were statistically similar. In the pseudophakic patients, factors associated with decreased glare performance were posterior capsular opacification and increased pupil size; the intraocular lens type did not significantly affect glare scores. PMID- 3772783 TI - Corneal opacities secondary to Viscoat. AB - Viscoat is a new viscoelastic solution of chondroitin sulfate and sodium hyaluronate dissolved in a phosphate buffer. Recent findings of postoperative corneal deposits in association with its use have been reported to Cilco. The corneal deposits are noted 18 to 48 hours postoperatively and are similar in appearance to calcific band keratopathy. The clinical characteristics and prognosis of this entity are reviewed. Possible methods of treatment and recommendations for prevention are discussed. PMID- 3772784 TI - Pseudophakic cystoid macular edema with the Severin lens. AB - Clinically significant cystoid macular edema confirmed by fluorescein angiography has been studied in a consecutive series of 285 eyes having intracapsular cataract extraction and Severin intraocular lens implantation. The incidence and natural course of the condition is described and associated factors are discussed. PMID- 3772785 TI - The role of 1% sodium hyaluronate in treating vitreous incarceration with the neodymium:YAG laser in patients with corneal decompensation. AB - Thirty-three patients who had corneal damage from the original corneal surgery and incomplete vitrectomy and who had a vitreous incarceration were divided into two groups. In one group, Nd:YAG laser therapy was performed without using a viscoelastic material in the anterior chamber. In the other group, the anterior chamber was filled with 1% sodium hyaluronate (Healon). Postoperative corneal complications were reduced in the group whose anterior chamber had been cushioned. Preoperatively present uveitis cleared upon severing the vitreous incarceration and cystoid macular edema improved in all cases except two in which the cornea decompensated six weeks and six months after the YAG intervention. PMID- 3772786 TI - Quantifiable astigmatism correction: concepts and suggestions, 1986. AB - Astigmatism control and correction is of great concern to refractive, cataract, and corneal surgeons. This paper presents a systematic surgical approach to astigmatism based on my experience. Concepts to improve predictability of astigmatic keratotomy are offered for consideration. PMID- 3772787 TI - Incidence of posterior capsule opacification in eyes with and without posterior chamber intraocular lenses. AB - The incidence of posterior capsule opacification after extracapsular cataract extraction was significantly lower in eyes implanted with posterior chamber intraocular lenses than in nonimplanted eyes. The number of loops fixated in the bag was significantly smaller in the eyes that became opacified than in those that did not. These findings suggest that the posterior chamber lens suppresses the two processes that lead to opacification: the development of a ring-shaped opacity at the site of contact between the anterior capsule rim and the posterior capsule and the migration of lens epithelial cells toward the center of the capsule. These suppressive effects were greater when the posterior chamber lens was fixated in the bag. PMID- 3772788 TI - The 1985 Binkhorst lecture. Ultraviolet-absorbing chromophores: chemical and ultraviolet transmission characteristics. AB - Intraocular lenses containing an ultraviolet chromophore, representing the products of seven manufacturers, were analyzed for chemical and ultraviolet transmission characteristics and the results are reported. The clinical use of this type of intraocular lens and the absence of any long-term safety data are discussed. PMID- 3772789 TI - Optic damage seen with YAG laser treatment. PMID- 3772790 TI - Image reversal process helps low vision patients. PMID- 3772791 TI - Preference for intracapsular surgery. PMID- 3772792 TI - Aspiration pressure. PMID- 3772793 TI - Experience with the SRK formula. PMID- 3772794 TI - Local standard for examining cataract tissue. PMID- 3772795 TI - The Swiss cannula--a new type of irrigation/aspiration cannula. PMID- 3772796 TI - IOLSTAT--a program for comprehensive intraocular lens equation comparison with statistical analysis. AB - A computer program that will simultaneously solve five of the major intraocular lens (IOL) equations predicting the primary implant power required for emmetropia or ametropia is presented. The program can, alternatively, predict the degree of ametropia given the power of an IOL. The resultant predictions are analyzed using weighted and unweighted statistics, predicting a mean and a standard deviation. The results are displayed in a table which lists the prediction and the percent deviation from the weighted mean for each equation. The program features automatic averaging of keratometer readings, ultrasound axial length corrections, and an algorithm for estimating postoperative anterior chamber depth. PMID- 3772797 TI - Sensitivity and tolerance to ethanol in mice bred to be genetically prone or resistant to ethanol withdrawal seizures. AB - Mice genetically susceptible (withdrawal seizure prone; WSP) and resistant (withdrawal seizure resistant; WSR) to ethanol (EtOH) withdrawal convulsions have been developed by selective breeding. WSP mice show much more severe EtOH withdrawal than WSR mice after equal intensities of exposure to EtOH. The present experiments report a systematic comparison between WSP and WSR mice with respect to their neurosensitivity to two effects of EtOH, EtOH-induced hypothermia (HT) and loss of righting reflex (RR). The degree of tolerance developed to these effects was also compared between the lines. WSP and WSR mice did not differ in sensitivity to EtOH-induced HT. When EtOH was administered daily for 3 days, both lines developed tolerance as evidenced by attenuated HT, but there was no line difference. Because blood EtOH concentrations did not change, the tolerance was functional rather than pharmacokinetic. When twice-daily injections were given for 4 days before testing on the 5th day in an effort to increase the degree of tolerance achieved, functional tolerance was slightly greater in the WSR line than in the WSP line 90 to 120 min, but not 30 to 60 min, after EtOH. In similar experiments, WSP and WSR mice were found to have the same ED50 to EtOH-induced loss of RR. The brain EtOH concentrations of WSP and WSR mice were the same at the time RR was lost and at the time RR was regained. Thus, neither line developed acute functional tolerance to this effect of EtOH. WSR mice lost RR more quickly than WSP mice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3772798 TI - Tolerance to morphine effects on renal disposition of xenobiotics in mice. AB - Morphine administration (20 mg/kg s.c.) slowed renal elimination of phenol red in mice, raising plasma levels of this dye and reducing its levels in urine. After 9 days of twice daily morphine injections up to 100 mg/kg, an acute 20 mg/kg morphine challenge did not produce analgesia or hypothermia as in naive mice. This multiple dose morphine regimen also induced tolerance to the effects of the narcotic on plasma and urine levels of phenol red. Morphine, 20 mg/kg, reduced plasma p-aminohippurate clearance by 72% in naive mice but only by 56% in tolerant mice. However, reduction of iothalamate clearance after an acute morphine challenge did not show a statistically significant difference between naive and tolerant mice. These findings suggest that tolerance is more readily induced to the effects of narcotic on renal blood flow and/or tubular function than to reduction of glomerular filtration. Tolerance to the acute effects of morphine on phenol red disposition is probably due to lessened response of blood flow or tubular function in chronically dosed mice. PMID- 3772799 TI - Dose-response analysis of nicotine tolerance and receptor changes in two inbred mouse strains. AB - Mice of two inbred strains, DBA and C3H, were infused i.v. with saline, or 2, 4 or 6 mg/kg/hr of nicotine for 10 days. Two hours after termination of infusion the mice were challenged with one of several nicotine doses and the effects on respiration rate, Y-maze activity and rears, acoustic startle response, heart rate and body temperature were measured. Saline-infused C3H mice were less responsive than were DBA mice for all these tests with the exception of the acoustic startle response test. Nicotine-treated DBA mice developed a dose related tolerance for most measures, whereas C3H mice did not appear to develop tolerance to any measure until the infusion dose reached 4 mg/kg/hr. The two mouse strains did not differ in the number of [3H] nicotine binding sites in six brain regions, and chronic nicotine treatment elicited similar changes in the binding of this ligand in the two strains. C3H mice had greater concentrations of alpha-[125I] BTX binding in hippocampus, midbrain and hypothalamus than did DBA mice. Chronic nicotine treatment resulted in an identical increase in bungarotoxin binding in the two mouse strains such that the initial strain differences were maintained. These results indicate that a threshold in drug response must be surpassed before a mouse develops tolerance to nicotine. In addition, mechanisms other than differences in receptor numbers must be invoked to explain differences in response to nicotine. PMID- 3772800 TI - Myocardial and vascular actions of amiloride in spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - Experiments were conducted to characterize the cardiovascular actions of the potassium-sparing diuretic amiloride in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats. Amiloride produced dose-dependent and sustained reductions in blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive, but not Wistar-Kyoto rats. In intact spontaneously hypertensive rats, amiloride reduced blood pressure, heart rate and myocardial oxygen consumption, and increased simultaneously myocardial contractility. The antihypertensive response was unaltered by bilateral nephrectomy, atropine, cimetidine plus mepyramine, sulpiride and ouabain, but was prevented by phentolamine, hexamethonium and reserpine. Pressor responses to norepinephrine, tyramine, phenylephrine and clonidine were depressed significantly after amiloride, suggesting that amiloride interfered with alpha adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction; vascular reactivity to arginine vasopressin, isoproterenol, histamine and acetylcholine was unaltered. The bradycardic response to amiloride persisted in all groups of animals in spite of surgical or pharmacological pretreatments; positive chronotropic responses to isoproterenol were unaltered by amiloride. The positive inotropic responses to amiloride were evident in the presence of bradycardia, and under conditions in which afterload remained constant or was allowed to decrease. The negative chronotropic and positive inotropic actions of amiloride were due to a direct action of the drug on myocardial tissues, and occurred independently of the antihypertensive effect. PMID- 3772801 TI - Human coffee drinking: reinforcing and physical dependence producing effects of caffeine. AB - In a residential research ward coffee drinking was studied in nine volunteer human subjects with histories of heavy coffee drinking. The presence or absence of caffeine in the coffee was manipulated under double-blind conditions by using caffeinated (C) or decaffeinated (D) coffee. When subjects were switched alternately for 10 or more consecutive days between C and D, the daily number of cups consumed tended to be relatively stable. In a different experiment, preference for C vs. D was assessed. After experimenter-scheduled exposures, subjects were given choices between C and D. When subjects were presumably caffeine tolerant/dependent, C was rated as being better liked than D and was reliably preferred to D in choice tests. When subjects were not caffeine tolerant/dependent, C was not reliably preferred to D, nor were there pronounced differences in ratings of liking. Under these conditions, some subjects preferred D to C, citing adverse symptoms (suggesting caffeine toxicity) as reasons for avoiding C. The effects of caffeine withdrawal were studied by abruptly substituting D for C for 10 or more days. This resulted in an orderly withdrawal syndrome, having an onset latency of 19 hr, peaking on days 1 and 2, and decreasing progressively over the next 5 or 6 days. The withdrawal syndrome, which was detected on subject-rated, staff-rated and objective behavioral measures, was characterized by increased headache, sleepiness and laziness and decreased alertness and activeness. The present study demonstrates the reinforcing effects of caffeine in humans and also documents the severity of the caffeine withdrawal syndrome. It is concluded that caffeine has the cardinal features of a prototypic drug of abuse. PMID- 3772802 TI - Mechanism of the depressor action of LY171555, a selective dopamine D2 receptor agonist, in the anesthetized rat. AB - Administration of LY171555 (1 mg/kg i.v.) decreased mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate in both pentobarbital- and urethane-anesthesized Sprague-Dawley rats. The depressor response to LY171555 in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats was sustained for at least 30 min, but in urethane-anesthetized rats lasted only approximately 3 min after LY171555 injection. In pentobarbital-anesthetized rats, pretreatment with domperidone (0.5 mg/kg) or metoclopramide (5 mg/kg) attenuated the depressor action of LY171555, whereas pretreatment with d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)arginine vasopressin (AVP) (10 micrograms/kg) only delayed the recovery phase of the depressor response to LY171555. In contrast, LY171555 administered to urethane-anesthetized rats after domperidone pretreatment induced a pressor response which was blocked completely by d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP. Metoclopramide pretreatment in urethane-anesthetized rats prevented the decreases in MAP and heart rate induced by LY171555, whereas pretreatment with d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP delayed the recovery phase of the depressor response. Pretreatment with d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP per se decreased basal MAP in the urethane anesthetized group, but not in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. Basal plasma norepinephrine, epinephrine and AVP levels were higher in urethane-anesthetized rats than in the pentobarbital-anesthetized group. LY171555 administration decreased plasma norepinephrine without altering plasma epinephrine in both groups and induced a significant increase in plasma AVP which was greater in the urethane-anesthetized rats than in pentobarbital-anesthetized animals. These results suggest that LY171555 decreases MAP and heart rate in anesthetized rats by inhibiting norepinephrine release from nerve endings through the peripheral dopamine D2 receptor and that the time course of the depressor response may be altered by LY171555-induced AVP release, the magnitude of which appears to be dependent on the anesthetic agent. PMID- 3772803 TI - Robust modulation of [3H]dopamine release from rat striatal slices by D-2 dopamine receptors. AB - Conflicting results have been reported for D-2 dopamine (DA) receptor modulation of DA release from rat striatal slices. After systematic examination of the assay conditions used to evoke release of [3H]DA, we report robust modulation of calcium-dependent stimulation-evoked 3H-overflow by D-2 receptors in rat striatal slices preloaded with [3H]DA. In the presence of the DA uptake inhibitor, nomifensine, the amount of 3H-overflow evoked by low numbers (15-30) of pulses was not dependent on the frequency of stimulation (0.25-3.0 Hz). When larger numbers (60-300) of pulses were applied, 3H-overflow was related inversely to the frequency of stimulation. In contrast, 3H-overflow increased linearly as the total number of pulses applied was increased when examined at any of these frequencies. Nomifensine (10 microM) augmented 3H-overflow at each level of stimulation while only slightly increasing spontaneous release. Modulation of evoked 3H-overflow by S-sulpiride, a selective D-2 DA receptor antagonist, was dependent on the number of pulses delivered, rather than on the frequency of stimulation. In contrast, modulation by pergolide, a selective D-2 DA receptor agonist, was dependent on stimulation frequency. S-sulpiride produced greater augmentation of 3H-overflow after delivery of low numbers of pulses in the presence of nomifensine. However, pergolide produced greater inhibition of 3H overflow at low frequencies of stimulation in the absence of nomifensine. These results indicate that D-2 receptors in rat striatum modulate DA release and are most effective when a low concentration of endogenous DA is present in the synaptic cleft. PMID- 3772804 TI - Site and mechanism of growth inhibition by prostaglandins. I. Active transport and intracellular accumulation of cyclopentenone prostaglandins, a reaction leading to growth inhibition. AB - Cyclopentenone prostaglandins (PGs) such as PGA2 or 9-deoxy-delta 9,12-13,14 dihydro-PGD2 (delta 12-PGJ2) induce growth inhibition of various lines of cultured cells. Action sites of these PGs were studied by incubating them with L 1210 murine leukemia cells. L-1210 cells accumulated both PGs in a time-dependent manner at 37 degrees C. When the uptake was analyzed with various concentrations of delta 12-PGJ2, the Michaelis-Menten type of kinetics was obtained, and the Km and Vmax were 250 microM and 2.5 nmol/min/10(6) cells, suggesting that the uptake was a carrier-mediated active transport. Competition studies with [3H]delta 12 PGJ2 showed that PGA2 was transported by the same carrier with a similar affinity. PGs without growth inhibitory activity such as PGD2, PGE2 and PGF2 alpha were neither taken up by the cells nor interfered the uptake. Subcellular distribution studies with sucrose density gradient centrifugation showed that transported delta 12-PGJ2 was present mainly in cytoplasm and nuclei without metabolism. Accumulation of the PG was attenuated greatly by preincubation of the cells at 37 degrees C for 30 min. When the effect of delta 12-PGJ2 was examined in the control and attenuated cells, a clear correlation was observed between the accumulation of the PG and its growth inhibitory effect. These results suggested that uptake and intracellular accumulation of cyclopentenone PGs are responsible for their growth inhibitory activity. PMID- 3772805 TI - Site and mechanism of growth inhibition by prostaglandins. II. Temperature dependent transfer of a cyclopentenone prostaglandin to nuclei. AB - Cyclopentenone prostaglandins (PGs) such as PGA2 and 9-deoxy-delta 9,12-13,14 dihydro-PGD2 (delta 12-PGJ2) are transported actively into the cytoplasm and exert growth inhibition in cultured cells. We examined effect of temperature on the uptake of delta 12-PGJ2 and its subsequent translocations within and out of the cells. When L-1210 murine leukemia cells were incubated with the PG at 4, 20 and 37 degrees C, the initial rate of uptake increased with temperature. However, the uptake at 37 degrees C declined rapidly after 5 min, whereas that at 4 and 20 degrees C increased linearly and reached plateau. Subcellular distribution study revealed that about 90% of the radioactivity taken up at 4 and 20 degrees C was present in the cytoplasm, whereas more than 50% of the radioactivity transported at 37 degrees C accumulated in the nuclei. When incubation temperature was shifted from 4 to 37 degrees C during incubation, significant accumulation of the radioactivity in the nuclei occurred at 37 degrees C. In contrast, when the cells were first incubated with delta 12-PGJ2, then washed and incubated without the PG at either 20 or 37 degrees C, most of the radioactivity found in the cytoplasm was effluxed to the medium during the second incubation. The rate of this efflux was negligible at 4 degrees C but increased with temperature above 20 degrees C.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3772806 TI - Interaction between oral hydralazine and propranolol. II. Assessment of altered splanchnic blood flow as the determinant of altered presystemic extraction. AB - Coadministration of p.o. hydralazine and d-propranolol or dl-propranolol in six conscious dogs caused a significant increase in peak plasma concentration and area under the p.o. plasma concentration-time curve of propranolol (P less than .01, P less than .01, peak plasma concentration; P less than .01 and P less than .05, area under the plasma concentration-time curve; d-propranolol and dl propranolol, respectively). Coadministration of p.o. hydralazine with p.o. dl propranolol resulted in a small trend toward an increase in systemic clearance of i.v. dl-[3H]propranolol; however, this did not reach statistical significance (P less than .2, P less than .1, d-propranolol and dl-propranolol, respectively). When a mixture of d-propranolol and 14C-labeled dl-propranolol was administered into the jejunum of seven anesthetised dogs, the absorption into portal vein of the 14C-labeled dl-propranolol paralleled closely that of d-propranolol both in terms of time to peak and absorption as measured by a percentage of total area under the plasma concentration-time curve at an arbitrary time (10 min) postdose. Assessment of hepatic extraction (E) showed similar close parallels (d propranolol, E = 0.85 +/- 0.02; dl-[14C]propranolol, E = 0.86 +/- 0.03: mean +/- S.E.M., n = 5, P less than .70). Hepatic extraction of propranolol and blood flow in mesenteric artery and hepatic artery were measured in 23 anesthetised dogs given a constant infusion of d-propranolol into portal vein (11 micrograms/kg/min), made up to 6 control and 17 hydralazine-treated dogs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3772807 TI - Presynaptic inhibitory muscarinic receptors modulating [3H] acetylcholine release in the rat urinary bladder. AB - The occurrence of presynaptic muscarinic receptors inhibiting the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from nerve terminals was investigated in the rat urinary bladder. Strips from the extratrigonal area were preincubated with [3H]choline and stimulated at 0.2 Hz. Both [3H]ACh and [3H]choline content were measured in the tissue. The uptake of tritiated choline was prevented by hemicholinium-3. The field stimulation at 2 Hz (360 shocks) produced a release of tritium. Most of the induced outflow was found to be [3H]ACh. Both tetrodotoxin treatment and calcium omission from the medium prevented such an evoked-outflow of tritium. When two electrical stimulations (S1 and S2) at 2 Hz (360 shocks) were carried out at 45 min intervals, an S2/S1 ratio of 0.82 was found. Physostigmine reduced the evoked release of [3H]ACh whereas atropine increased it in a concentration-dependent manner. Atropine antagonized the inhibitory effect of physostigmine, so that the S2/S1 ratio did not vary significantly from control experiments. Both carbachol and muscarine strongly decreased the [3H]ACh evoked outflow. Muscarine increased the spontaneous outflow of tritium also. These findings suggest that the urinary bladder of the rat is equipped with presynaptic inhibitory muscarinic receptors modulating ACh release from cholinergic postganglionic neurons. PMID- 3772808 TI - Mechanisms of histamine-induced relaxation in isolated monkey and dog coronary arteries. AB - Relaxations induced by histamine in helical strips of monkey coronary arteries were attenuated either by chlorpheniramine or cimetidine; the H1 antagonist suppressed the fast component of relaxation, whereas the H2 antagonist reduced the slow component. Combined treatment with these antagonists abolished the amine induced relaxation. The relaxation was not influenced by indomethacin; however, the fast component of relaxation was inhibited by 5, 8, 11, 14-eicosatetraynoic acid, AA861, a lipoxygenase inhibitor, and methylene blue. In the arteries treated with methylene blue, relaxations were abolished by cimetidine. Removal of the endothelium reduced the relaxation markedly or reversed the relaxation to a contraction; chlorpheniramine reversed the contraction to a relaxation. In dog coronary arterial strips, histamine-induced relaxations were not attenuated by removal of the endothelium. Cimetidine shifted the dose-response curve for histamine to the right, but chlorpheniramine did not alter the response. Indomethacin, AA861 and methylene blue failed to inhibit the relaxation. The response of monkey coronary arteries to histamine appears to be a sum of the slight, persistent contraction, the transient relaxation and the slowly developing relaxation. The transient relaxation may be mediated by H1 receptors in the endothelium, the activation of which yields relaxing factor, resulting in an increase of cellular cyclic GMP in smooth muscle. The contraction and the slow relaxation appear to be associated with H1 and H2 receptors, respectively, in smooth muscle cells. Dog coronary arterial relaxations induced by histamine may be mediated exclusively by H2 receptors in muscle cell membrane. PMID- 3772809 TI - Effect of intravenous ferric or aluminum chloride on the uptake of 203Pb into brain and other soft tissues of rats. AB - The hypothesis was investigated that colloidal ferric or aluminum hydroxides, formed in blood plasma in vivo, potently absorb lead and thus profoundly influence uptake of lead into certain soft tissues. Rats were given 203Pb i.v. to obtain a near constant plasma level of 203Pb. Tissue uptake of 203Pb at 1 hr was determined with and without the i.v. infusion of 5.0 mM ferric chloride or 5.0 mM aluminum chloride. Infusion of Fe chloride or Al chloride suppressed the uptake of 203Pb into brain, cerebrospinal fluid, skeletal muscle, kidney and red cells by 70 to 94%. In contrast, the uptake of 203Pb into liver and spleen was not significantly reduced, in the case of spleen being greater after Fe chloride or Al chloride infusion. The latter increases were not statistically significant. After ultracentrifugation, greater than 70% of plasma 203Pb activity was associated with the hydroxide-protein pellet (Fe chloride and Al chloride experiments). The ultrafilterable 203Pb in such sera was reduced by greater than 90% compared with controls. By the use of the lead electrode in vitro, lead adsorption to ferric hydroxide was confirmed. Thus, in vivo formation of colloidal hydroxides must occur under the authors' conditions, leading to a reduction of ionized lead in plasma and lower uptake where this depends on free lead and comparable or enhanced uptake into tissues containing reticuloendothelial cells capable of phagocytosis. PMID- 3772810 TI - Pre- or post-treatment with methoxsalen prevents the hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen in mice. AB - We have reported previously that methoxsalen is a suicide substrate for cytochrome P-450. We now report its effects on the metabolism and toxicity of acetaminophen in mice. Intragastric administration of methoxsalen (125 mumol X kg 1), 30 min before that of acetaminophen (600 mg X kg-1 i.p.), decreased the formation of the mercapturate and cysteine conjugates of acetaminophen, the depletion of glutathione and the in vivo covalent binding of an acetaminophen metabolite to hepatic proteins and prevented the increase in serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity, the appearance of liver lesions and mortality. Methoxsalen (250 mumol X kg-1) also afforded complete protection when given intragastrically 2 hr after acetaminophen (600 mg X kg-1 i.p.). At that time, methoxsalen still decreased in vivo covalent binding measured per whole liver, and permitted a faster recovery of hepatic glutathione. Methoxsalen (180 mumol X kg-1) and N-acetylcysteine (919 mumol X kg-1) exerted additive protective effects when given concomitantly 2 hr after acetaminophen. We conclude that administration of methoxsalen decreases the metabolic activation and the hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen in mice. PMID- 3772811 TI - Relationship of tri-O-cresyl phosphate-induced delayed neurotoxicity to enhancement of in vitro phosphorylation of hen brain and spinal cord proteins. AB - Enhancement of endogenous kinase-dependent in vitro protein phosphorylation of subcellular fractions from brains and spinal cords of hens paralyzed 3 weeks after intoxication with tri-o-cresyl phosphate was correlated with the development of organophosphorus compound-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN). This was documented by showing: parallel dose-dependence curves for both responses, phosphorylation enhancement in proteins from hens treated with OPIDN producing O-4-bromo-2,5-dichlorophenyl-O-methyl phenylphosphonothioates, but not in those treated with non-OPIDN-producing O,O-diethyl-O-4-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate or tri-p-cresyl phosphate, and shared age and species selectivities for both effects. These results strengthen our earlier observation of a close temporal relationship between protein phosphorylation enhancement and OPIDN. Further studies suggest that the proximate cause of the enhanced phosphorylation is not related to an alteration in protein phosphatase activity or to the preservation of a rate-limiting pool of [gamma-32P]ATP by adenosine triphosphatase inhibition. Therefore, it is most likely related either to altered protein kinase activity or amount (due to chemically originated physical disruption of the neuron). These data support the hypothesis that increased protein phosphorylation may be involved in the development of OPIDN. PMID- 3772812 TI - Efficacy of baclofen and phenobarbital against the kainic acid limbic seizure brain damage syndrome. AB - Baclofen and phenobarbital were tested for anticonvulsant efficacy against limbic seizures produced by i.c.v. infusion of kainic acid (KA) in unanesthetized rats. All rats treated with KA alone developed a prolonged status epilepticus associated with extensive neuronal degeneration. When administered immediately after the KA infusion, baclofen (5 mg/kg i.p.) protected five of six animals against the development of status epilepticus and did not alter the behavioral expression of the residual discrete electrographic seizures. Phenobarbital (40 mg/kg i.p.) given 15 min before KA also prevented the development of status epilepticus in five of six rats, but blocked the behavioral expression of the residual electrographic seizures. In two of five additional rats, baclofen prevented or reversed status epilepticus when administered 50 to 60 min after the end of the KA infusion. The ability of these drugs to prevent KA-induced neuronal degeneration correlated with their anticonvulsant action. PMID- 3772813 TI - Action of cholecystokinin octapeptide and CCK-related peptides on neurons in inferior mesenteric ganglion of guinea pig. AB - The effect of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK8) on neurons of inferior mesenteric ganglion of the guinea pig was examined with intracellular microelectrodes. CCK8 nonsulfated pressure ejected from micropipettes resulted in a depolarization of 95% of neurons tested. The ED50 for depolarization was 1.1 +/ S.D. 0.5 pmol. The maximum depolarization averaged 9.3 mV (+/- S.D. 6.1 mV) and lasted for 99.7 sec (+/- S.D. 14.6 sec). In 73% of the cells the depolarization was associated with either an increase or a decrease in the cell input resistance; the remainder depolarized without a change in input resistance. In those cells in which the input resistance decreased during depolarization (59% of cells tested), the null potential was -36.3 +/- 9.3 mV. In those cells in which the input resistance increased during depolarization (20% of cells tested), the null potential was -103 +/- 6 mV). In those cells that depolarized without a change in input resistance (21% of cells tested) the null potential was -90.4 +/- 2.3 mV. At an equal dose, the sulfated form of CCK8 resulted in a depolarization that was 47% (+/- 26%) smaller in amplitude and 27% (+/- 21%) shorter in duration than the depolarization produced by the nonsulfated form of CCK8. The effects of both forms of CCK8 were not abolished in low calcium-high magnesium, suggesting a direct action on the postsynaptic membrane. Application of CCK8 at intervals less than 10 min resulted in marked desensitization of the response. Desensitization to CCK8 reduced by 52% (+/- 9%) the amplitude of the nerve-evoked slow excitatory postsynaptic potential in 67% of cells in which it was tested.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3772814 TI - [Endocrine regulation of phosphorus and calcium metabolism during pregnancy in domestic ruminants]. AB - In pregnant domestic ruminants (cows, ewes, goats) foetal plasma calcium and inorganic phosphorus concentrations are higher than those measured in the dam. The foetus regulates its own calcaemia and phosphataemia. Changes in maternal plasma calcium levels have no significant effect on foetal calcaemia. Calcium and phosphorus are transported from the dam to the foetus according to a one-way process, the transport from the foetus to the dam being negligible. An important part of the calcium transferred to the foetus comes from the maternal skeleton. The true molecular mechanisms involved in placental transport of calcium are still unknown. This is an active transport, stimulated by vitamin D metabolites (of maternal, foetal or placental origin) and maternal prolactin. Maternal calcitonin protects the skeleton of the pregnant (and lactating) female ruminant against excessive demineralization, partly by modulating placental transport of calcium during periods of intense mineralization of foetal skeleton. PMID- 3772815 TI - [Osmotic homeostasis in the freshwater ameba]. AB - Structural and physiological osmotic adaptations of freshwater protozoa are reviewed using Amoeba proteus as an example. A particular emphasis is given to the contractile vacuole. Recent results on the effects of exogenous ATP and vasopressin on the contractile vacuole are also presented. PMID- 3772816 TI - Factors affecting the pressure-distributing properties of foam mattress overlays. AB - A universal concern of those in nursing care is the occurrence of decubitus ulcers. To minimize this problem foam overlays are routinely used on hospital beds throughout the country. This study was undertaken to develop laboratory testing procedures which will reliably predict the support characteristics of mattress overlays in clinical service. Initially, test methods based on constant load and constant deformation boundary conditions were developed. These methods were applied to measure the pressure-distributing properties of 10 polyurethane foams fabricated in a wide range of pliancies and densities. Based on these laboratory data, a single index was developed to express the effectiveness of each overlay in distributing interface pressures. This index was found to be influenced by the stiffness (ILD), density, and thickness of each device. These data were then compared with measurements of interface pressure obtained from volunteer subjects who were supported on mattress overlays fabricated from each of the original foams. Correlation of these data with the laboratory results demonstrated that the effectiveness index was an accurate predictor of mattress overlay performance under end-use conditions. PMID- 3772817 TI - Updated performance requirements for hearing aids. AB - This article updates the design specifications for a family of hearing aids required by the National Acoustic Laboratories (NAL) in order to meet the needs of its clients. The required range of coupler gains and frequency responses of behind-the-ear (BTE), in-the-ear (ITE) and body-level (BL) hearing aids has been recalculated on the assumption that the aids will be fitted using the new Byrne Dillon procedure for selecting gain and frequency response. In the light of recently acquired data, the specification of maximum allowable internal noise has been changed slightly and no relaxation of the equivalent input noise criterion for high gain aids is allowed. Since the Byrne-Dillon procedure demands a somewhat smaller (though still quite substantial) range of hearing aid response shapes, the subdivision of the total response requirements has also been repeated. The number of hearing aid models specified is still 18, but the number of fitter-adjusted controls has been reduced from 6 to 4. The fitter-adjusted controls comprise a maximum power output (MPO) level control, an MPO shape control, a low-tone cut control and a high-tone cut control, with MPO control being achieved by means of low-distortion compression limiting. PMID- 3772818 TI - Users' responses to contoured wheelchair handrims. AB - The responses of 28 spinal cord injured wheelchair users who tested a contoured handrim design were analyzed. Paraplegics, who had stronger grip strength, preferred the contoured design compared with their own handrims in 10 of 12 circumstances of use, as well as according to overall assessment. Most indicated they would pay the estimated additional cost to produce the test shape, which is designed for increasing the contact between hand and rim. Quadriplegics, with weaker and more viable grips, gave mixed responses. This opinion study illustrates some of the problems encountered in evaluation of a new equipment for disabled persons. PMID- 3772820 TI - Evaluation of the Seattle Foot. AB - Evaluation of the Seattle Foot was the first major evaluation project undertaken by the Rehabilitation Research and Development Evaluation Unit. As a joint project with the Prosthetic and Sensory Aids Service, it not only helped to launch an important new prosthetic foot concept but also set precedents for methods and procedures to evaluate promising prototype devices and to facilitate their commercialization. A great many people contributed to this project. Fred Downs and Edward Nowack organized the service delivery of the Seattle Foot through their 44 Prosthetic Clinics in VAMCs across the nation. The clinic chiefs and the prosthetic contractors gave freely of their time to ensure that evaluation data and comments were obtained and reported. Ernest Burgess and his Prosthetic Research Study staff developed evaluation protocols on which this evaluation was based. Finally, the 486 amputee veteran subjects made the evaluation a credible reality with their thoughtful responses. PMID- 3772819 TI - Development of a modular wheelchair cushion for spinal cord injured persons. AB - This paper discusses a modular wheelchair cushion system intended for patients at moderate or low risk for developing pressure sores. With the use of components with different mechanical and physical properties the modular cushion produces improved performance compared with cushions comprising the individual components alone. In addition to achieving clinically acceptable interface pressures, this approach to wheelchair cushion prescription helps to accommodate individual preferences associated with stability, temperature dissipation, and resiliency. Mechanical tests were performed to demonstrate the underlying principles of the modular cushion. Tests with able-bodied subjects identified specific cushion configurations for different weight groups, offering alternative material configurations that may be selected at the discretion of the therapist or patient. PMID- 3772821 TI - Defensive projection and paranoid delusions. AB - The present study considered the implication of a new explanation of defensive projection for the thematic qualities of schizophrenic delusions. Projection was proposed to be a form of self-deception practiced by people who make excessive use of social comparison in self-evaluation. Defensive projection occurs when an unacceptable quality is minimized by distorting this quality in other people used as standards of comparison. Reactive paranoid schizophrenics were expected to show projection as a distortion of social comparison and process paranoid schizophrenics were not. This was tested in terms of a number of thematic qualities that should appear in actual delusions of reactive paranoids but not in those of process paranoids (i.e. more specific social references, attribution of untrustworthiness by men, attribution of hostility by women, concern with female identity in women). The results confirmed these predictions and supported the social-comparison interpretation of projection as a defense in reactive schizophrenics that contributes to the development of delusions. PMID- 3772822 TI - The logistic regression analysis of psychiatric data. AB - Logistic regression is presented as the statistical method of choice for analyzing the effects of independent variables on a binary dependent variable in terms of the probability of being in one of its two categories vs the other. The method, which must be applied by computer, is illustrated on data from the DSM III field trials. The dependent variable is treatment with behaviourally-oriented psychotherapy vs treatment with psychoanalytically-oriented psychotherapy, and the independent variables are several patient and clinician characteristics. Like ordinary multiple regression, the method is shown capable of analyzing categorical as well as continuous independent variables. Unlike ordinary multiple regression when applied to binary data, logistic regression analysis necessarily yields estimated probabilities that lie between 0 and 1. The measure of association derived from logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio, is defined. Methods for making inferences about it are presented and illustrated. PMID- 3772823 TI - Latent trait analysis of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. AB - This paper exhibits contemporary psychometric models of questionnaires with dichotomous items. Such as approach allows assessment of individual items in terms of precision of measurement in ways not previously available. This Latent Trait Model approach is used to analyse the responses of 3806 subjects to the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ). Short forms, of 10 items length, are recommended; they are the best possible such short forms, in that they provide the most accurate possible measurement overall. PMID- 3772824 TI - Auditory evoked response potentials in somatization disorder. AB - Event related potentials to frequently and infrequently occurring tones were recorded from 15 patients with somatization disorder, 10 patients with anxiety disorders and 15 normals. P3 component responses were of normal latency and amplitude in the somatizers, which suggests they had no apparent difficulty with certain aspects of processing novel, task-relevant stimuli. However, their N1 component responses to the frequent tones, which subjects had been instructed to ignore, were enhanced relative to each of the other groups. Moreover, there was no difference in N1 amplitude to the two types of tones among the somatizers, whereas each of the other groups had significantly larger N1 amplitudes to the infrequent tones. These preliminary results may suggest that somatization disorder is associated with an impaired ability to filter out and not respond to relatively meaningless afferent stimuli. PMID- 3772825 TI - Post-ingestive food-aversion learning to amino acid deficient diets by the terrestrial slug Limax maximus. AB - An agar-based artificial diet containing carbohydrates, fats and twenty amino acids was constructed. This diet is highly palatable and nutritionally complete for Limax maximus as demonstrated by significant ingestion on first encounter, consistent ingestion on subsequent days and good growth of young slugs fed this diet. Removing methionine, an essential amino acid, from the complete diet produces a food which is initially as palatable as the complete diet, but after one day's intake the amount of this deficient diet eaten is greatly reduced. Removing alanine, a nonessential amino acid, does not produce any decrement in feeding relative to the complete diet. A single meal can be sufficient for establishing the aversion to the deficient diet. Following seven days of feeding on the deficient diet the aversion is retained with little or no attenuation for at least 30 days and does not generalize to either a known 'safe' food or a novel food. Evidence of a mild neophobia towards the artificial diet which attenuated after one or two meals was seen. The learned aversion to the deficient diet is reversible if slugs are repeatedly fed the complete diet following feeding on the deficient diet. Also, slugs initially fed the complete diet will develop an aversion to the methionine-deficient diet after sampling it. Slugs readily ate the artificial diets when these were offered 7 days post-hatch. The methionine deficient diet however was not eaten in large amounts after the first meals and did not support growth. Baby slugs fed the methionine-deficient diet for 10 days and then maintained on rat chow ate only small amounts when the deficient diet was presented again 126 days later, while baby slugs fed the complete diet or an alanine deficient diet for 10 days ate large amounts when these diets were presented 126 days later. Supplementing the methionine-deficient diet with an injection of methionine into the haemocoel one hour after the completion of a meal completely blocks the development of a learned aversion while injection of Limax saline does not. These results are best explained by the hypothesis that the slugs acquire, post-ingestively, an aversion to the taste and probably the odor of the diet as the result of associative learning.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3772826 TI - Acoustic communication in an electric fish, Pollimyrus isidori (Mormyridae). AB - It has been known since von Frisch's work in the 1930's that mormyrid electric fishes are quite sensitive to sound. We now describe a repertoire of natural sounds produced by the mormyrid, Pollimyrus isidori, during breeding and aggression; reception of communication sounds is probably a major function for mormyrid audition. In aquaria, Pollimyrus isidori produce 'grunts', 'moans', 'growls', 'pops' and 'hoots' at various phases during nesting, courtship, and territory defense. All five sounds are produced primarily at night. Territorial males produce grunts, moans and growls during courtship. Vocalizing is stimulated by the presence of a gravid female on the male's territory and decreases with the onset of spawning. Hoots and pops are given during agonistic behavior. Grunts are bursts of acoustic pulses, stereotyped for an individual, with the potential as individual signatures. The electric organ is silent during grunts and moans and is discharged at a reduced rate during growls. The courtship and spawning of Pollimyrus isidori is described. PMID- 3772827 TI - Gating of sensory information: joint computations of phase and amplitude data in the midbrain of the electric fish, Eigenmannia. AB - Eigenmannia is able to determine whether the electric organ discharge (EOD) of a neighbor is of higher or lower frequency than its own EOD. For small frequency differences, Df, the fish avoids jamming by shifting its frequency away from that of its neighbor. This jamming avoidance response (JAR), therefore, requires that the fish discriminate the sign of Df. The interference pattern of two EODs of similar frequency is characterized by local modulations of the instantaneous amplitude and the spatial difference of the instantaneous phase, or 'differential phase', of the mixed signal. When amplitude and differential phase are plotted in a two-dimensional state plane, circular graphs are obtained with a sense of rotation that reflects the sign of Df. Behavioral studies have shown that both amplitude and differential phase modulations are required for the control of the JAR. Considering two regions of the body surface, A and B, that receive strong and weak contamination by the jamming signal, respectively, rises and falls of the signal amplitude in A will be accompanied by respective advances and delays of the signal in A relative to that in B if the jamming signal is of lower frequency, i.e. if Df is negative. A plot of amplitude versus different phase yields a clockwise sense of rotation in this case. The opposite relation between amplitude and phase modulations, resulting in a counterclockwise rotation, holds for a positive Df. For the less strongly contaminated area B, however, the relation between the sign of Df and the sense of rotation is reversed, so that for a negative Df, a rise of amplitude in B will coincide with a delay of the signal in B relative to that in A. By independent experimental control of amplitude and differential-phase modulations, we explored midbrain neurons that discriminate the sense of rotations in the amplitude-phase plane. We found that these neurons achieve this discrimination by gating amplitude inputs by differential-phase information, thus exploiting the particular combinations of amplitude and differential phase that characterize a given sense of rotation. Since the response properties of such neurons only reflect the sense of rotation, and since the same sense of rotation can be obtained for either sign of Df (depending upon the relative contamination of the receptive fields involved), individual neurons do not yet provide unambiguous information about the sign of Df.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3772828 TI - Response properties of FM-FM combination-sensitive neurons in the auditory cortex of the mustached bat. AB - For echolocation, the mustached bat, Pteronotus parnellii rubiginosus, emits orientation sounds (pulses) and listens to echoes. Each pulse is made up of 8 components, of which 4 are constant frequencies (Cf 1.4) and 4 are frequency modulated (FM 1-4). Target-range information, conveyed by the time delay of the echo FM from the pulse FM, is processed in this species by specialized neurons in a part of the auditory cortex known as the FM-FM area. These cortical neurons are responsive to pulse-echo pairs at specific echo delays. The essential components in the sound pair include the pulse FM1 followed by an echo FMn (n = 2, 3 or 4). Downward sweeping FM1-FMn sounds that are similar to those the animal naturally hears during echolocation are the most effective in evoking facilitative responses. Most FM-FM neurons, however, still exhibit facilitative responses to stimulus pairs consisting of upward sweeping FM sounds and/or pure tones at frequencies found in FM sweeps. The magnitude of facilitation is altered by changes in echo rather than pulse amplitude. Neurons characterized by shorter best delays (or echoes from closer targets) do not require larger best echo amplitudes for facilitation. PMID- 3772829 TI - Directional control and the functional organization of defensive responses in Aplysia. AB - Noxious cutaneous stimulation of anterior sites on Aplysia californica causes withdrawal and turning followed by escape locomotion. Stimulation of anterior sites causes significantly larger turning responses than does stimulation of posterior sites, so that escape locomotion is always directed away from a site of 'attack'. Later phases of escape locomotion are often the same, regardless of the site of the triggering stimulus. The defensive secretions, ink and opaline, are directed along the anterior-posterior axis at the source of noxious stimulation. Ink and opaline ejections are directed to the front or back of the animal by characteristic responses of the siphon, mantle, and parapodia. Ink and opaline are ejected by a series of coordinated pumping movements of the mantle, gill, and parapodia that closely resemble triggered 'respiratory pumping' or 'Interneuron II' episodes (Kupfermann and Kandel 1969; Byrne and Koester 1978; Hening 1982). The directed ejection of secretions from the mantle cavity in response to noxious stimulation suggests a number of potential defensive functions for these secretions including aggressive retaliation, startle display, diversion, and alarm signalling (Edmunds 1975). Taken together, our results and others' suggest an integrated scheme for the functional organization of overt defensive behavior in Aplysia, and begin to suggest testable hypotheses about the integration of defensive responses on the cellular level in this animal. PMID- 3772830 TI - Chemosensory stimuli in feeding behavior of the leech Hirudo medicinalis. AB - The involvement of chemotherapy stimuli in the feeding behavior of the blood sucking leech Hirudo medicinalis was investigated using a behavioral feeding test in which test solutions were encased in a highly permeable membrane and presented to the leech. Whole human blood or plasma at ambient temperature elicited the complete sequence of feeding behavior: probing, attachment, biting and ingestion. Spring water, 300 mM sucrose, or dialyzed plasma did not elicit any of these responses. Spring water warmed to 38 degrees C elicited probing and transient attachment but not ingestion. Thus, appropriate chemical stimuli were necessary for complete feeding behavior. A chemically defined artificial blood mix, containing the major components of low molecular weight found in blood, elicited all aspects of leech feeding behavior. Eliminating either NaCl or arginine from the mix resulted in complete loss of effectiveness. Moreover, a solution containing only NaCl (150 mM) and arginine (90 microM) was also an effective feeding stimulus. Thus, appropriate chemical stimuli are sufficient for complete feeding behavior. Neither NaCl nor arginine alone induced feeding although NaCl alone elicited probing. Sensory detection of blood was localized to a region of the dorsal lip that contains structures composed of ciliated, bipolar neurons, which are likely candidates as chemoreceptors. Surgical ablation of this region of the skin resulted in complete loss of ability to alert to, orient toward and ingest blood, while sham-operated controls fed normally. Substitution with other ions revealed specificity, with respect to both the cation and the anion, in the response to NaCl. Of the inorganic and organic cations tested, only Li+ substituted effectively for Na+. Of the inorganic and organic anions tested, only Br- was as effective as Cl-. Thus, the requirement for NaCl in leech feeding represents more than simply an ionic strength requirement or a requirement for Na+ ions and bears similarities to the chemosensory detection of NaCl in other species. Substitution with other amino acids and analogues for arginine revealed marked specificity in the feeding response to this compound as well. D-arginine at concentrations of up to 1000-fold greater than the effective threshold for L arginine did not elicit ingestion, nor did other common L-amino acids, including the other basic amino acids histidine and lysine. Of the arginine analogues tested, only homoarginine and canavanine (in which all three functional groups of arginine are unchanged) were effective feeding stimulants. PMID- 3772831 TI - Photopic spectral sensitivity of a teleost fish, the roach (Rutilus rutilus), with special reference to its ultraviolet sensitivity. AB - This study reports photopic spectral sensitivity curves (351-709 nm) for four individual roach, Rutilus rutilus, determined by two choice appetitive training. All four curves show four sensitivity maxima at 361-398 nm, 421-448 nm, 501-544 nm and 634-666 nm which are related to the four known roach photopic visual pigments (Avery et al. 1982). The overall shape of the curves at long wavelengths indicates inhibitory interactions between the red and green cone mechanisms. That the high behavioural sensitivity in the UV is caused by a specific ultraviolet visual pigment and is not due to aberrant stimulation of the other cone types is shown by the redetermination of spectral sensitivity at short wavelengths (351 501 nM) following the selective bleaching of the three longer wavelength visual pigments. This depresses the blue sensitivity to a greater degree than the relatively unaffected UV sensitivity maximum. Spectral transmission data from two corneas and four lenses show that they transmit considerable amounts of light in the near UV. PMID- 3772832 TI - The effects of low-pass filtering and random splicing on the perception of speech. AB - In this paper the results are presented of an auditory description of 32 nonmanipulated, low-pass-filtered, and random-spliced speech samples. The description consisted of the ratings by three raters on 24 speech scales. The aim of this study was to establish the effects of the manipulations on the perception of speech. Insight into this question was gained by examining the reliability of, and the correlations between, the ratings in the three conditions, and by considering the outcomes of a number of t tests. It appeared that, after filtering, in addition to prosodic features, a number of voice quality characteristics remain present in the signal; articulatory information is eliminated. After splicing, not only voice quality features but also some articulatory and prosodic information remain present. Moreover, the study revealed that both content-masking techniques bring about systematic biases in the perception. These findings are relevant to emotion and personality research in which low-pass filtering and random splicing are used as masking techniques. PMID- 3772833 TI - The effect of stress on the linguistic generalization of bilingual individuals. AB - Spanish-English coordinate bilinguals were subjects in a GSR linguistic conditioning experiment using strong and mild buzzer conditions and spoken stimuli. Each subject was randomly assigned to one of two lists of words and one of two levels of buzzer sounds. A Spanish word from the Spanish list and an English word from the English list functioned as a conditioned word (CS). The lists were Spanish and English words related semantically and phonemically and unrelated to the CS. Generalization was studied under conscious and unconscious conditions. We found that both buzzer conditions resulted in significantly greater GSR responses to semantic and phonemic words than to words unrelated to the CS. Generalization to semantic words was not significantly greater than to phonemic words. There was a tendency toward greater phonemic than semantic generalization in the strong buzzer condition. The opposite was observed regarding the mild buzzer. The results were the same in both lists and languages. Under a conscious and unstressful condition, generalization to semantic words was found to be more prominent than to phonemic words. This suggests that under normal condition semantic generalization is mediated by conscious cognition. We concluded that strong emotion produces an increase in phonemic, as compared to semantic, generalization in both languages. Hence, primitivization of the subjects' cognitive and linguistic functioning is assumed to have occurred. These results are important in understanding the deleterious effect that stressful situations may have on linguistic functioning and cognition in bilinguals. PMID- 3772834 TI - Mother's speech to their 1-year-old infants in home and laboratory settings. AB - The speech of mothers and their 1-year-old infants was compared in the home and in the laboratory playroom. The home and laboratory settings were similar for measuring the number of actual words that infants spoke and were similar for measuring the complexity of the mother's speech, including the number of different words, the type-token ratio, and the length of the utterances. Infants vocalized at similar rates in the two settings, but mothers spoke at a faster rate in the laboratory playroom. The usefulness of a preliminary warm-up period was supported by the finding that, for the second half of the sessions, mothers slowed their rate of speech and increased the complexity of their speech. PMID- 3772835 TI - The psychological aspects of essential hypertension. PMID- 3772836 TI - Type A behaviour in Arab patients with myocardial infarction. AB - Sixty male patients with myocardial infarction were compared to a similar number of patients with noncardiovascular disease on scales measuring Type A behaviour (TAB) and neuroticism. No significant differences emerged. Differences in TAB were observed in relation to nationality and there was a positive correlation between TAB and neuroticism. TAB is discussed in the light of sociocultural variations and the suggestion is made that TAB might be a culture-bound cluster of characteristics. PMID- 3772837 TI - Psychological variables and premature labour: a possible solution for some methodological problems. AB - Two studies on the relationship of psychological variables and premature labour were conducted. The first was a retrospective comparison of psychopathological tendencies, attitudes towards pregnancy, physical complaints during pregnancy and perceived marital and social support, between a group of women who had premature labour and a group of women with term deliveries without premature contractions. Data were collected a few months after deliveries to neutralize bias caused by anxiety for newborns' condition and by proximity in time to the trauma of premature delivery. The second study was a prospective one in which the target category included not only women who delivered prematurely but also women who developed premature contractions but delivered at term. In this study we examined trait and state anxiety, mothers' attitudes towards pregnancy and physical complaints during pregnancy. Results showed that psychopathological tendencies were linked to premature labour and premature contractions. No differences were found concerning perceived social support or mothers' attitudes towards pregnancy. PMID- 3772838 TI - Dropping out of treatment for obesity. AB - This study compared the pre-treatment characteristics of participants in three weight reduction programmes who either completed treatment or dropped out. The three programmes each lasted for 16 weeks, selected subjects on the same criteria, and offered the same dietary advice. The first two programmes were run by the same psychologist in the same community setting. In each study a different set of characteristics significantly separated completers from dropouts, and discriminant function analysis assessed how well this separation was achieved. The discriminant function from the first study correctly identified 75% of the subjects on which it was based. When applied to the second study it correctly identified 64% of subjects, showing limited generalisability. There were also significant differences between early dropouts and late drop-outs, but the nature of these varied between studies. In discussing the implications of these results it was argued that further research might more fruitfully focus on psychological processes involved in drop-out rather than continue to search for correlates of drop-out. PMID- 3772839 TI - Psychological correlates of myasthenia gravis: a brief report. AB - Myasthenia gravis patients and matched normal controls were assessed on a range of psychological indices; myasthenic patients had higher scores on trait anxiety and suppression of anger. There were no other significant differences between the groups on psychological symptom measures (anxiety, depression or anger) or other trait measures (anger, suppression of anxiety and suppression of depression). It is concluded that trait anxiety and suppression of anger may predispose to myasthenia gravis. PMID- 3772841 TI - The frequent consulter in primary medical care. AB - A comparison is reported between a group of frequent consulters of general medical practitioners and a group of infrequent consulters. The frequent consulters reported more symptoms, particularly upper respiratory, gastro intestinal and back troubles. They took more proprietory medicines and more vitamin pills and were less inclined to ignore symptoms. They were more inclined to negative mood. Although they had slightly fewer stressful life events they coped less well with them, perhaps because they had less satisfactory family and social support and found less distraction in social activities. By means of a model the symptoms of these subjects are contrasted with symptoms found in psychosomatic disorder. PMID- 3772840 TI - The effects of exercise training programs on psychosocial improvement in uncomplicated postmyocardial infarction patients. AB - To determine the effects of exercise training programs on psychosocial improvement in uncomplicated postmyocardial infarction patients, 210 male patients hospitalized for an acute myocardial infarction (MI) were randomized to three week symptom limited treadmill (TM) plus home exercise training, TM plus medically supervised gym training, TM without formal exercise program or control, where patients were seen only at six months post MI. Patients in this sample were at low risk for psychosocial disturbance (13% were moderate to severely depressed, 23% reported marital disturbance and 3% were extremely anxious). Patients in the training groups improved from 3 to 26 weeks post MI on all depression and anxiety measures. The gym training group showed a significant reduction on one depression measure compared to no training and on one anxiety measure compared to controls. PMID- 3772842 TI - Psychological aspects of recurrences of genital herpes. AB - Fifty-seven patients presenting with virologically confirmed first attacks of genital herpes were assessed for risk factors for time to the first recurrence. These factors included demographic details, personality traits, recent life events, herpes simplex biotype, frequency of orogenital intercourse and psychiatric illness as measured by the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). This and our similar previous study (58 patients) were analysed separately and combined using a novel statistical technique (Cox's proportional hazards model). In the previous study there was a significant association only for GHQ score (p less than 0.02). For the present study age was the only statistical significant factor (the younger the patient the more likely a recurrence sooner (p less than 0.05), although there was a trend for high GHQ scorers to have recurrences sooner than low scorers. Data of the two studies combined showed that the only significant association with time to recurrence was the GHQ (p less than 0.02). These data support the notion that there is an association between psychiatric illness and recurrence of genital herpes. PMID- 3772843 TI - Expression of emotion in asthmatic children and their mothers. AB - The present study assessed how general asthmatic children's deficit in the facial expression of emotion is that we found in previous studies. Furthermore, the emotional behavior of the patients' mothers was explored. Eighteen children with bronchial asthma (ages 7.6 to 12.6), and eighteen control children were subjected to two frustrating achievement situations. They had to solve a difficult puzzle under time pressure by themselves, and with the verbal assistance of their healthy mothers. Facial expressions of emotion and heart rate were recorded from children and mothers. No deficit in emotion expression was observed in the asthmatic group. To the contrary, asthmatic children showed more expressions of anger/aggression and emotion expressions in total during the last phase of the 'child alone' condition. Moreover, in both experimental conditions they showed more unspecified facial movements than control children. Mothers of asthmatic children expressed more happiness than their controls. Heart rate data did not differentiate between target and control groups during any phase of the experiment. These findings counter psychodynamically based assumptions on emotional behavior of asthmatics and their mothers. PMID- 3772844 TI - Confidentiality and the use of medical records for research. PMID- 3772845 TI - Research on healthy volunteers. A report of the Royal College of Physicians. PMID- 3772846 TI - Audit of the assessment of mental impairment in the elderly. PMID- 3772847 TI - Senior registrars' views on geriatric medicine. PMID- 3772848 TI - Anomalies and ambiguities in the disposal of the dead. PMID- 3772849 TI - Medical problems of cold weather. The Oliver-Sharpey lecture 1985. PMID- 3772850 TI - Local arterial complications of left heart catheterisation. PMID- 3772851 TI - The female life span. PMID- 3772852 TI - Complete occlusion of the infrarenal aorta: a review of thirty-two cases. PMID- 3772853 TI - Milroy's disease in a Saudi family. PMID- 3772855 TI - Seasonal variation in onset of exacerbations of ulcerative proctocolitis. PMID- 3772854 TI - Closure of upper gastrointestinal fistulas using a Roux-en-Y technique. PMID- 3772856 TI - Deaths from acute appendicitis: a review of twenty-one cases in Scotland from 1974 to 1979. PMID- 3772857 TI - Colon resection nomenclature: a practical problem in surgical audit. PMID- 3772858 TI - Postoperative intussusception in the paediatric patient. PMID- 3772859 TI - The superior mesenteric artery syndrome. PMID- 3772860 TI - A secure method of olecranon fixation: a modification of tension band wiring technique. PMID- 3772861 TI - Fundal perforation complicating the gas-bloat syndrome. PMID- 3772862 TI - Congenital appendiceal-cutaneous fistula with appendiceal intussusception and herniation through an umbilical defect. PMID- 3772863 TI - Painless groin swelling associated with osteoarthritis of the hip. PMID- 3772864 TI - Two cases of nasopharyngeal teratoid tumours. PMID- 3772865 TI - Herniography in an uncommon inguinal hernia. PMID- 3772866 TI - Obstructive jaundice due to choledocholithiasis after pancreaticoduodenectomy for ampullary carcinoma. PMID- 3772867 TI - Use of urokinase in dispersal of obstructive postoperative thrombus in the renal pelvis. PMID- 3772868 TI - Missed lower femoral epiphyseal injury. PMID- 3772870 TI - [Radiologic aspects of acute invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in 18 immunodepressed patients]. AB - A retrospective study of 18 immunodepressed patients with acute invasive pulmonary aspergillosis enabled the radiologic picture of this increasingly frequent opportunist affection to be described, and different manifestations of the disease as a function of underlying conditions to be determined. Two groups could be distinguished: the first of patients with malignant blood diseases (n = 10) when the "aplasia" factor was dominant; the second of patients without blood diseases (n = 8) when the immunodepression was usually induced by a recent increase in corticoid therapy. Neutropenia was not a finding in any of these patients. The most frequent radiologic finding was single or multiple round excavating foci, these corresponding to zones of bronchopneumonia containing aspergillus filaments with central tissue necrosis forming the "target" lesion. The aplasia was distinguished by the multiplicity of lesions and their excavation following aplasia in the shape of a crescent due to sequestrum formation. Prognosis was related to severity of subjacent lesions. In the 2nd group, lesions could be single and nodular; prognosis was improved by the possibility of reducing immunodepression factors. PMID- 3772869 TI - [NMR examination of soft tissue tumors]. AB - Preliminary findings on NMR imaging of 30 soft tissue tumors demonstrated the indispensable value of this examination (particularly when a surface antenna is used) for preoperative investigation and diagnosis of tumoral recurrence when compared with other radiologic techniques. The possible potential of NMR imaging for characterization of tissues, apart from lipoma or liposarcoma, cannot be evaluated at the present time. PMID- 3772871 TI - [Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Apropos of a case. The value of mm.-thick CAT scan sections. A pulmonary lobe anatomic approach]. AB - Is by its acinar-shadows and interstitial enhancement a pathologic situation of optimal value for the study of alveolar and lobular anatomy. Millimetric slices with high resolution C.T. Scanning seem to be Gough anatomic preparations and are very favourable for the inner anatomy pulmonary study. PMID- 3772872 TI - [Radiographic aspect of enterocystoplasties using the Kock technic]. AB - Normal radiologic images obtained during postoperative review examinations of patients with bladder epithelioma, treated by cystectomy and continent enterocystoplasty using the recently introduced Kock's technique, are described and a programme of radiologic follow up of these patients proposed. PMID- 3772874 TI - [Ovarian radiation dosage during hysterosalpingography]. AB - Doses delivered to ovaries during a standardized hysterosalpingography is determined in 30 patients with LiF dosimeters placed on the anterior and the posterior wall of the lower abdomen. It varies between 0.1 and 0.6 rad and is essentially dependent on the thickness of traversed tissues. This work is based on rare-earth screens experience. PMID- 3772873 TI - [Intra-abdominal pseudotumorous panniculitis. CAT scan aspects of a case localized in the greater omentum]. AB - Intra-abdominal panniculitis is an inflammatory and necrotic reaction to local, general or undetermined aggressions to intra- or retro-peritoneal fatty tissue. A case localized to the greater omentum is described and findings on CT scan imaging reported: encapsulated, heterogeneous mass of fatty density with fibrous bands and with fascial thickenings. Diagnosis is based mainly on histopathology, the CT scan being incapable, despite the clinical context, of formally rejecting a diagnosis of liposarcoma. PMID- 3772875 TI - [Value of high-resolution computed tomography in evaluating cervical herniated disks]. AB - Previous difficulties in the diagnosis of cervical disk hernia were related to lack of non-invasive imaging techniques, but the gap has now been filled by CT scan imaging. A total of 442 patients with pains in neck, shoulder or arm were referred for a CT scan to exclude a cervical disk hernia. Of the group studied, 2% were found to have a herniated disk, 16% a lateral hernia and 9% combined lateral hernia-narrow cervical canal due to concomitant arthrotic changes. Assessment of correlation between CT scan images and myelographic and surgical findings indicated that CT scan imaging is a very precise, non-invasive method for investigation of cervical disk hernia. PMID- 3772876 TI - [Kniest's disease. Apropos of a case]. AB - A new case of Kniest's disease, which presented with all the usual radiological and clinical features, is reported. The differential diagnosis with other entities which present similar radiological signs will be discussed. PMID- 3772877 TI - [Yellow nail syndrome. Apropos of a case. A review of the main radiologic manifestations]. AB - The authors report a case of "yellow nail syndrome" and emphasize the radiological features of this recently described entity which physiopathology has not yet been established. A new feature to be described: a non symptomatic pericardial effusion in association with long standing bilateral pleural effusions. PMID- 3772878 TI - [Modified profiles of the elbow in traumatology. The value of the radial head capitellum view and a new coronoid-trochlea view]. AB - 2 modified lateral views of the elbow are described. They are accomplished by angling the tube 45 degrees cranially and ventrally, parallel to the arm. The first view, recently reported, shows the radial head and capitellum, free of overlap of other bones. The second view, first reported here, demonstrates well the coronoid and the trochlea. Some representative case reports are exposed. The usefulness of these view is discussed. PMID- 3772879 TI - [Cystic pyeloureteritis. Apropos of 40 cases]. AB - A series of 40 cases of cystic pyeloureteritis (CPU) is reported, this affection being considered as rare since only about 150 cases have been described in the literature. The lesion is probably more prevalent than was once believed but many cases probably remain unrecognized because of the paucity of radiologic signs. Based on findings in these 40 patients, results of radiologic imaging are described, the technical precautions needed for its detection emphasized and differential diagnoses discussed, none of which presents insurmountable obstacles since these are more theoretical than real. Pathogenesis is thought to be an acquired particular form of urinary mucosa metaplasia associated with urinary tract lesions responsible for stasis or chronic inflammation. Treatment should be conservative because of the usual benign nature of the lesion, although exceptional but possible occlusion by the lesions necessitates a certain surveillance. PMID- 3772880 TI - [Posterior lumbar vertebral arthrography. Normal anatomic study]. AB - Historical aspects and anatomophysiologic features of posterior lumbar vertebral joints are summarized and results of arthrography of 55 joints presented, together with a simple, original method for performing this examination. Normal anatomic appearances condition understanding of principal lesions encountered, particularly with respect to compression of adjacent nerve structures. PMID- 3772881 TI - [Posterior lumbar vertebral arthrography. Pathologic aspects]. AB - Findings on arthrography of posterior lumbar spine joints in 55 patients were compared with those reported in the literature. Two major degenerative lesions of these joints, diverticula and cysts, can provoke back pain and symptomatic nerve compression. Whereas diagnosis of a cyst is dependent mainly on computed tomography imaging, that of a diverticulum is ensured by arthrography, an investigation which also has a therapeutic aim since it allows infiltrations to be performed. PMID- 3772882 TI - [Kirner's deformity. Apropos of 3 new cases. Review of the literature]. AB - Three cases of Kirner's deformity in siblings are reported. Kirner's deformity consists in a palmar bending of the terminal phalanx of the 5th finger. The deformity is usually bilateral; the condition is congenital but the deformity is recognized in later childhood and has to be classified as osteochondrodysplasia. PMID- 3772883 TI - [Assessment of the comparative activities of NMR and radioisotope scanning at the Hammersmith Hospital]. PMID- 3772884 TI - Pharmacologic cardioversion of intrauterine supraventricular tachycardia. PMID- 3772885 TI - Transverse vaginal septum. PMID- 3772886 TI - Prolactinoma and adrenal androgens. AB - Theories about the relationship between hyperprolactinemia and hyperandrogenism are conflicting. Several reports assert that prolactin affects the delta 5 and delta 4 pathways through its effect on the activity of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-OHSD). We measured delta 5 and delta 4 steroids, prolactin and cortisol in 18 amenorrheic, hyperprolactinemic women before and after resection of prolactinomas. Similar determinations of delta 5: delta 4 steroids were made in a control group of five women. The ratios of individual delta 5: delta 4 steroids were also analyzed. Our results support a modification of delta 5, delta 4 pathways through an effect on the rate-limiting enzyme 3 beta-OHSD. In hyperprolactinemic women the differences between the preoperative and postoperative steroid levels were significant. Further, since the androgens decreased irrespective of the prolactin following surgery, there probably is a factor other than ACTH and prolactin modulating the adrenal androgens. PMID- 3772887 TI - Use of tracheloscopy and directed biopsy for evaluating cervical involvement in endometrial carcinoma. AB - Accurate assessment of cervical involvement in endometrial carcinoma (stage II) is often difficult. The value of tracheloscopy as a possible method for improving accuracy was assessed. One hundred one patients with endometrial carcinoma were studied; 28 were suspected of having cervical involvement on endocervical curettage, and 26 were evaluable. Only five patients were documented to have cervical involvement using tracheloscopy. This finding suggests that there is general overtreatment of patients with false-positive endocervical curettage. However, a definitive statement concerning the incidence of stage II disease in the series cannot be made because many patients received traditional preoperative radiation therapy, which may have eradicated intracervical disease missed by tracheloscopy, therefore falsely confirming stage 1 disease on history from subsequent hysterectomy specimens. PMID- 3772888 TI - Danazol therapy for proximal obstruction of the oviduct. AB - Danazol therapy for proximal tubal obstruction and associated endometriosis has been suggested to be highly effective. Of 12 women treated with danazol for two to nine months, 5 had resolution of their proximal tubal obstruction after three to eight months of therapy. Two of the five had no associated pelvic endometriosis, and one of them became pregnant. Due to the heterogeneity of the patient population studied, it is difficult to make a definitive statement about the efficacy of danazol in patients with proximal tubal obstruction. However, the data suggest that danazol is effective in the treatment of some patients with proximal tubal obstruction and should be considered prior to surgery. PMID- 3772889 TI - The histogenesis of cervical cancer. Beyond the false debate. AB - The concept of a field of carcinogenesis as applied to the uterine cervix is not new. The question of the field origin of cervical cancer is but a part of the general question of tumorigenesis and is compounded by the occurrence of multiple tumors in one woman. Simultaneous double cervical cancers in cases of uterus didelphys confirm the field effects. Methods of further study of the histogenesis of cervical cancer need to be found. The application of chromosome banding might well shed light on the question. It might offer some promise for the selection of patients for treatment and serve as an indicator of prognosis, as has been found for urinary bladder tumors. PMID- 3772890 TI - Dopamine agonists for reducing depression associated with hyperprolactinemia. AB - Nine women with prolactinomas studied over 20 weeks were depressed as determined by three separate self-rating scales. The depression improved with bromocriptine or pergolide. Acute depression recurred and prolactins increased after discontinuation of the medication. PMID- 3772891 TI - Single-dose antibiotic prophylaxis in high-risk patients undergoing cesarean section. A comparative trial. AB - A prospective, double-blind study was performed to evaluate the comparative efficacy of single- and multiple-dose antimicrobial prophylaxis for preventing infection in high-risk patients undergoing cesarean section. One hundred fifty eight patients were randomly assigned to receive either a single perioperative dose of mezlocillin, three doses of mezlocillin or three doses of cefoxitin. The incidence of endometritis was 5.9%, 4.0% and 4.0%, respectively. The incidence of febrile morbidity was 5.9%, 2.0% and 6.1%, respectively. These differences are not statistically significant. The single perioperative dose of mezlocillin was as effective as the three-dose regimen of either mezlocillin or cefoxitin. PMID- 3772892 TI - Management and outcome of multiple pregnancies complicated by the antenatal death of one fetus. AB - Over a 15-year period, infants from 1,192 multiple gestations were delivered at Soroka Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel. In 21 patients the pregnancy was complicated by the antenatal death of one fetus. In 2 of the 4 cases of monochorionic placenta, both twins died in utero within a short time, while in the 17 cases of dichorionic placenta there was no second fetal death. It seems that in cases of monochorionic placenta, the surviving twin is exposed to a more dangerous environment, and death can occur imminently. The management protocol should be based, if possible, on the type of placentation. PMID- 3772893 TI - Interactional therapy for the treatment of refractory vaginismus. A report of two cases. PMID- 3772894 TI - Ovarian carcinoid and pregnancy. A case report. AB - The first known case of a primary pure ovarian carcinoid in pregnancy occurred. Urinary 5-hydroxyindol acetic acid (5-HIAA) assays were negative despite elevated whole blood serotonin levels. Careful surgical staging and serial determinations of 5-HIAA and serotonin are recommended for detecting evidence of recurrent or metastatic disease. PMID- 3772895 TI - Value of a screening urinalysis in pregnancy. PMID- 3772896 TI - Proceedings of the Eighth World Congress of the International Society for the Study of Vulvar Disease. Mariehamn, Finland, September 9-15, 1985. PMID- 3772897 TI - Hypersensitivity to vaginal candidiasis or treatment vehicles in the pathogenesis of minor vestibular gland syndrome. AB - Minor vestibular gland syndrome is a specific clinical entity found in young women with a previous history of vaginal candidiasis. The criteria for diagnosis include introital dyspareunia, absence of active infection, erythema around orifices of the minor vestibular glands and exquisite tenderness to point palpation with a cotton-tipped applicator over these glandular openings. The histopathology shows a mixed inflammatory infiltrate in the subepithelium as well as around the glands. The etiology of this clinical syndrome is unknown. It is unlikely that a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to Candida is the cause. It is also unlikely that an irritant or allergic reaction to Monistat-7 vaginal cream or the vehicles in other vaginal creams contributes to this problem. PMID- 3772898 TI - The relationship between juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis and maternal condylomata acuminata. AB - This study attempted to delineate the relationship between juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis (JLP) in children and a history of maternal condyloma at the time of their birth. Over a period of 53 years, from 1930 to 1983, 44 children with the clinical diagnosis of JLP were identified. A maternal history of genital condyloma at the time of their birth was sought. Sixteen had incomplete records. Of the remaining 28, 15 children (54%) had a maternal history of vulvar condyloma at the time of delivery or pregnancy. The association between maternal condyloma and JLP needs to be recognized since the latter causes considerable morbidity and occasional mortality. Additional studies are indicated to establish if cesarean section is necessary in pregnant patients with genital condyloma to prevent JLP in their offspring. PMID- 3772899 TI - Carcinoma in situ of the vulva. A clinicopathologic study of 50 cases. AB - The authors reviewed 50 cases of carcinoma in situ of the vulva treated at the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, from 1975 to 1984. Sixty-two percent of the patients were premenopausal. The most frequent complaint was vulvar itching. Twenty-six percent of the patients were asymptomatic. Recurrences were frequent (25%) and were associated with multifocal lesions, involved surgical margins and the bowenoid histologic type. Superficially invasive carcinoma was detected in 8% of patients, mostly postmenopausal women with simplex histologic types. Immunohistochemical studies failed to detect papillomavirus- or herpesvirus-associated antigens in any of the cases. Follow-up of 48 patients from six months to ten years revealed no mortality from invasive cancer. PMID- 3772900 TI - Topical flucytosine therapy for chronic recurrent Candida tropicalis infections. AB - Forty-one women with a culture-proven diagnosis of Candida tropicalis were treated with miconazole or clotrimazole cream topically or ketoconazole orally. In 15 patients the infection recurred or remained uncured. Five-fluorocytosine was compounded into a topical vaginal cream and applied nightly for seven nights. In 14 of the 15 patients the infection disappeared. One patient remains uncured. PMID- 3772901 TI - Melanoma of the vulva. AB - This study evaluated the prognostic value of different morphologic tumor parameters in 13 cases of malignant melanoma. Tumor thickness correlated well with survival. The prognostic index--tumor thickness multiplied by the number of mitoses per square millimeter--was useful in predicting metastasis risk. PMID- 3772902 TI - Microcarcinoma of the vulva. AB - Surgical specimens from 14 cases of early invasive squamous carcinoma of the vulva were extensively examined with serial sections to evaluate methods of tumor volume measurement. Using mathematical formulas, three-dimensional parameters were calculated from two-dimensional measurement. A technique of simplified volume estimation was developed and the results correlated with the status of the regional nodes. PMID- 3772904 TI - Oral contraceptives: minimizing metabolic risk. Proceedings of a symposium. February 14-16, 1986, Key Biscayne, Florida. PMID- 3772903 TI - Melanoma of the vulva. The experience at Buenos Aires University. AB - Nine cases of vulvar melanoma were studied: the histologic variants, depth of invasion and prognostic significance of these factors and of node involvement were analyzed. The histologic types were in situ melanoma (one case), superficial spreading melanoma (two cases) and nodular melanoma (six cases). The mean age of the patients was 64.9 years. Eight patients were treated with radical surgery and one with chemotherapy only. We found a good prognosis for in situ melanoma with free margins; a tendency for superficial spreading melanoma to recur, though it has a good prognosis when it does not exceed Clark level II; and an ominous prognosis for nodular melanoma, probably because of its late diagnosis. PMID- 3772905 TI - Pharmacology of estrogens and estrogen-induced effects on nonreproductive organs and systems. AB - The classification of estrogens based on chemical structure and origin is presented. The metabolism of endogenous estrogens and the postulated mechanism of action of steroid hormones are reviewed. Specific effects of estrogen on bone, kidney and coagulation are also discussed. PMID- 3772906 TI - Contraceptive steroid effects on nonreproductive organ systems. AB - Oral contraceptives affect many organ systems in addition to the reproductive tract. In some cases the alteration is just a clinical laboratory test result value; in others it represents a true alteration in metabolism, with the induction of increased enzyme activity. Even with the markedly reduced steroid content of today's oral contraceptives, the practitioner must continue to be aware of these potential and real effects on nonreproductive organ systems. PMID- 3772907 TI - Oral contraceptives. Assessment of benefits. AB - Use of oral contraceptives has been shown to reduce the risk of gynecologic conditions that cause significant mortality, including ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer and ectopic pregnancy. Additionally, its use has been linked to quality-of-life issues, such as the prevention of pelvic inflammatory disease, benign breast disease and functional ovarian cysts, as well as to dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome and iron deficiency anemia. Such information should be conveyed to women of reproductive age during their contraceptive counseling session. PMID- 3772908 TI - Epidemiologic assessment of the risks of oral contraception. AB - Relative risk is the epidemiologic measure of risk presented most often to indicate the benefits and hazards of oral contraception. This measure of risk is prone to distortion and, unlike the attributable risk measure, does not indicate the absolute probability of a hazardous or beneficial effect of oral contraception. Estimates of the risk of cardiovascular disease in oral contraceptive users quoted most often are derived from studies that are at least a decade old. Changes in the formulation of oral contraceptives and selection of healthy women for use of such contraceptives have probably reduced these risks, although precise estimates for currently marketed oral contraceptive formulations in women free of cardiovascular risk factors are not available. Even considering the probably inflated estimates of the risk of cardiovascular disease in oral contraceptive users derived from the older British studies, oral contraception compares favorably with such activities as automobile use in women less than age 35. The hazards of everyday living are the most appropriate framework for interpreting the risks of oral contraception. PMID- 3772909 TI - Oral contraceptives and lipoprotein metabolism. AB - The extensive literature on the effects of oral contraceptives on plasma lipoproteins is reviewed. The interpretation of various studies has been confounded by the diversity of contraceptive formulations and by the fact that estrogen and progestogen components in a given preparation may neutralize or potentiate each other's effects. Recent studies on contraceptive estrogens and progestogens administered alone have helped to reveal some of the mechanisms behind oral-contraceptive-induced changes in plasma lipoproteins. The introduction of modern low-dose oral contraceptives has resulted in a reduction in adverse effects on plasma lipoproteins and has decreased concern about the risk of arterial disease. PMID- 3772910 TI - Atherosclerotic risk factors in cardiovascular disease. AB - Atherosclerotic risk factors in cardiovascular disease include several that may be modified by changes in life-style or with drugs. Oral contraceptive agents may affect lipoproteins and glucose tolerance in particular. This paper reviews the relationship between lipoproteins, abnormal glucose tolerance and atherosclerosis and the implications that these relationships have for all oral contraceptive users. PMID- 3772911 TI - Arteriosclerosis risk. The roles of oral contraceptives and postmenopausal estrogens. AB - Recent studies are reviewed to obtain a perspective on the risk of arteriosclerotic heart disease in women using various oral contraceptive formulations and postmenopausal estrogens. The evidence points to an increasing risk of arteriosclerosis in women after age 40 at a rate parallel to that of men. Arteriosclerosis risk is altered by small changes in lipoprotein concentration- in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and in a subfraction of HDL, HDL2. There are indications that oral contraceptives alter LDL, HDL and HDL2 concentrations relative to the potency of their estrogen and progestin components and also to the progestin component's associated androgenic effect, with estrogen producing reputedly favorable changes and progestin, unfavorable ones. The risk of arteriosclerosis and myocardial infarction in young women using oral contraceptive steroids is associated with increasing progestin dose, but in most studies, postmenopausal women experience no change or reduced mortality from all causes, including myocardial infarction, with it related in part to increased HDL cholesterol concentrations. It is wise to screen all women patients for hypercholesterolemia, especially those contemplating the use of oral contraceptives. Oral contraceptive steroids should be used cautiously by women with cardiovascular disease risk factors. Formulations must be selected to minimize their potentially adverse effects on lipoprotein physiology. PMID- 3772913 TI - Selection criteria for oral contraceptive use. Current concepts. AB - The steroid dosages of oral contraceptives have declined substantially since the 1960s. With the dosage reduction there is evidence that the major risks associated with oral contraceptive use have also been reduced. More research is needed to determine whether current preparations, such as the triphasics, offer further advantages. PMID- 3772912 TI - Selection of steroid combinations for oral contraceptives of maximum benefit. AB - Low-dose oral contraceptives differ in the specific progestin component. Our review of available animal and human data revealed differences between the progestins as to their potencies for estrogenic, anti-estrogenic, androgenic and progesterone effects. Ideally, oral contraceptive formulations should have the minimal effective dose, sufficient to prevent pregnancy but with the fewest metabolic changes. The risk of cardiovascular disease may be predicted by changes in the composition and amount of circulating lipoproteins. Progestins with significant androgenic potency can lower high-density lipoprotein2; that is a possible adverse effect. Randomized, blind, comparative trials of the new multiphasic preparations are needed to determine which ones truly cause the fewest metabolic changes that might be of clinical significance. PMID- 3772914 TI - Minimizing the metabolic risks of oral contraceptives through patient counseling and monitoring. AB - Before selecting a method of contraception, it is necessary to obtain a careful medical, family and personal history. In addition, a physical examination and basic laboratory studies must be done. It is important to properly counsel all patients who wish to use an oral contraceptive (OC), particularly if they have one or more risk factors. This counseling should include the rationale for using a low-dose, low-potency OC, what side effects to look for and what the follow-up schedule will be so that the patients are monitored adequately. PMID- 3772915 TI - Clinical experience with multiphasic oral contraceptives. AB - The short-term, mainly estrogen-induced side effects of oral contraceptives (OCs) have been minimized by a reduction in the estrogen component in formulations currently employed. Women may expect to continue OCs for several decades of their reproductive lives, commencing earlier and stopping later than did their mothers. Youth does not appear to offer protection from initiation of cardiovascular pathology. Data from the Bogalusa Heart Study show that risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as elevated serum low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, are associated with anatomic changes in the aorta and coronary arteries very early in life. Therefore, the focus now is on long-term OC effects, especially alterations in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Progestin components of some OCs may alter both carbohydrate and lipid metabolism significantly, in a dose- and potency-related manner. OC formulations, therefore, are moving toward a reduction in the dose as well as potency of the progestin used, with a special emphasis on lipid profile study. Multiphasic OCs, the most recent generation of formulations, achieve considerable reductions by starting each cycle at a low dose of progestin and altering the dose in stages. Two of the multiphasics incorporate norethindrone as the progestin. Here we examine the clinical experience with one of the norethindrone-containing agents, Ortho Novum 7/7/7, and compare its performance and metabolic side effects with those of the corresponding monophasic preparation. PMID- 3772916 TI - The effect of salicylate on anatomically intact articular cartilage is influenced by sulfate and serum in the culture medium. AB - The established, suppressive effect of salicylate on sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) synthesis by normal articular cartilage was reinvestigated using anatomically intact articular cartilage of the whole mouse patella. Employing the physiological murine sulfate concentration (1.0 mM) sodium salicylate (1-5 X 10( 3) M) caused a dose dependent inhibition of 35S-sGAG synthesis (10-35%). At a lower sulfate concentration (0.4 mM) this inhibition was increased (15-45%) and the suppression was even more pronounced in sulfate deprived medium. This observation stresses the need of using physiological sulfate concentrations in cartilage culture studies. In the presence of 100% serum the therapeutic drug concentration (1-2 X 10(-3) M) had no longer any suppressive effect, either at 1.0 mM or at any lower sulfate concentration. Our data suggest that salicylate has no direct effect on sGAG metabolism in normal articular cartilage in vivo and that adverse effects may be due to the observed salicylate induced lowering of the endogenous sulfate level. PMID- 3772917 TI - The effect of tonsillectomy and appendectomy on the development of rheumatoid arthritis. AB - The possibility of an association between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and prior tonsillectomy and appendectomy was investigated in a community based case-control study of 229 female cases of probable and definite RA and 458 appropriately matched controls. No association was found with logistic analysis even when controlling for a variety of factors such as socio-economic status, oral contraceptive use, and their interactions. PMID- 3772918 TI - The effect of low dose chronic intermittent parental methotrexate on delayed type hypersensitivity and acute inflammation in a mouse model. AB - We have shown that a regimen of low dose intermittent methotrexate (MTX), analogous to that used in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, does have immunosuppressive effects on the induction of primary delayed type hypersensitivity in normal mice. This occurred even when the last MTX injection was 4 days before immunization. No effect was seen on established delayed type hypersensitivity or on inflammatory responses induced by carrageenan or the Arthus reaction. PMID- 3772919 TI - Antihistone antibodies detected by ELISA and immunoblotting in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Antihistone antibodies were sought in sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), melanomas, leukemias and other cancers (particularly breast cancer) by micro-ELISA, using a solution of total histones as antigen. This solution contained H1 and core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). ELISA was positive in 59.8% of SLE cases, 5.2% of RA cases, 11.1% of melanomas, 13.6% of leukemias and 5.6% of other cancers. Immunoblotting using total histones enabled us to clarify the histone fraction recognized by antihistone antibodies. In SLE, these were mainly anti-H1 and anti-H2B antibodies. In RA, antibodies recognized all histone fractions. However, some sera from patients with RA stained the H4 band more intensely. PMID- 3772920 TI - Reticuloendothelial system Fc receptor function in the drug induced lupus erythematosus syndrome. AB - In view of reported delayed clearance of 51Cr labelled IgG sensitized autologous erythrocytes in systemic lupus erythematosus, we measured clearance half-time (t1/2) in 16 patients with the drug induced lupus erythematosus syndrome. The mean t1/2 for the patients with drug induced lupus was 52 min, and for 16 normals mean was 48 min, a difference without statistical significance. Nine of the patients with drug induced lupus had laboratory abnormalities only, and mean t1/2 in this group was not significantly different from that in the 7 symptomatic patients. T1/2 was not significantly associated with Clq or DNA binding levels in symptomatic or asymptomatic patients. Normal mean clearance of model immune complexes was thus present in patients with drug induced lupus, with and without symptoms, and may protect against renal and central nervous system disease in drug induced lupus erythematosus. PMID- 3772921 TI - Prospective study of pregnancy in systemic lupus erythematosus. Results of a multidisciplinary approach. AB - Our prospective study attempted to better define the reciprocal relation between pregnancy and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), to reduce maternal morbidity/mortality, and fetal loss. Our protocol included all the pregnancies in our total of patients with SLE between the years 1974-1983. There were 102 pregnancies in 75 patients during this period; SLE was exacerbated in 59.7% that started with inactive disease, most with mild episodes. Hematologic manifestations and renal disease, however, required moderate or high doses of steroids. There were no maternal deaths. There were 49% premature newborns in the entire group and this increased to 59% in mothers with active SLE; 23% of newborns were small for gestational age in the entire group and the rate increased to 65% in mothers with active SLE. There was a 16% spontaneous abortion rate with no difference between mothers with active or inactive disease, 5 stillbirths and one neonatal death, with a total fetal loss of 22% (compared with 6.7% in the control group p less than 0.001). There were 32 cesarean sections with live outcomes and 14 newborn infants with a weight below 1.5 kg survived. Our study shows that in patients with SLE planned rheumatologic care of the mother, with special obstetrical and perinatal attention, may reduce the high maternal and fetal morbidity/mortality. PMID- 3772922 TI - Large vessel occlusion and gangrene in systemic lupus erythematosus and "lupus like" disease. A report of six cases. AB - Six patients are presented, all of whom had systemic lupus erythematosus or a "lupus-like" disease and who developed major thromboses with gangrene of the extremities. Four of the 6 patients had circulating antiphospholipid antibodies at some point during the course of their illness. These serological markers, which have been associated with a tendency to thrombosis, may have contributed to the development of gangrene in these patients. Histological examination of affected arteries in 4 patients did not show any evidence of vasculitis. One patient in whom antiphospholipid antibodies were negative showed healing vasculitis on histology. PMID- 3772923 TI - Pseudotumor cerebri and childhood systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - Pseudotumor cerebri is a clinical syndrome characterized by elevated intracranial pressure with normal biochemical and cellular characteristics of the cerebrospinal fluid and normal radiologic studies of the skull. This syndrome has been reported infrequently as a primary feature of central nervous system involvement by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We report clinical features in 3 adolescent black females with pseudotumor cerebri as a presenting manifestation of SLE. PMID- 3772924 TI - Juvenile dermatomyositis: histological findings and pathogenetic hypothesis for the associated skin changes. AB - Skin biopsies from patients with scleroderma and juvenile dermatomyositis (DM) share many histologic features. Characteristics common to both diseases are particularly evident in the dermal microvasculature and include endothelial swelling and concentric thickening of the vascular basement membrane. Biopsies performed on 3 patients with the severe vasculitic form of juvenile DM showed these changes as well as dropout of vessels and linear deposition of collagen. The latter findings, seen late in the course of the disease, are indistinguishable from those of advanced scleroderma. A hypothesis is presented which attempts to relate these histological findings to a common underlying pathophysiologic mechanism. PMID- 3772926 TI - Lack of association between Behcet's disease and major histocompatibility complex class II antigens in an ethnically diverse North American Caucasoid patient group. AB - A group of 25 North American Caucasoid patients with well defined Behcet's disease were serologically typed for HLA-DR and DQw antigens. No significant associations were seen when results were compared with a group of 73 normal Caucasoid controls tested concomitantly. PMID- 3772925 TI - A comparison of lay-taught and professional-taught arthritis self-management courses. AB - One hundred subjects with arthritis were randomized into lay-taught, or professional-taught 12-h arthritis self-management courses, or a control group. Outcomes, knowledge, exercise, relaxation, disability, pain, and number of physician visits were measured aat baseline and 4 months. Professional-taught groups demonstrated greater knowledge gain while lay-taught groups had greater changes in relaxation (p less than .01) and a tendency toward less disability. Although it is impossible to draw definitive conclusions, this study suggests that lay leaders can teach arthritis self-management courses with results similar to those achieved by professionals. PMID- 3772927 TI - Positive correlation between osteoarthritic ankle pain and bone marrow pressure. AB - We evaluated whether intraosseous pressure correlated with osteoarthritic ankle pain. This and the swelling around the ankle joint were investigated in 12 patients with secondary osteoarthritis of the ankle joint. Significant correlations were found between indexed intraosseous pressures and the degree of pain, whereas swelling around the ankle was not correlated with pain. On the other hand, a significant correlation existed between the indexed values of intraosseous pressure in the talus and the indexed values of ankle joint swelling. It was concluded that the intraosseous pressure index may be used as an objective variable for evaluation of osteoarthritic ankle joint pain. PMID- 3772928 TI - Colchicine prophylaxis in pseudogout. AB - Ten patients with recurrent attacks of pseudogout were followed for 1 year before and 1 year after receiving oral colchicine 0.6 mg BID. Thirty-two episodes of acute arthritis were recorded in the year (3.2/patient/year) before the start of the drug and only 10 while taking the drug (1/patient/year) (p less than 0.001). Ninety percent of the patients benefitted from the drug. Our study supports the effectiveness of oral colchicine as a prophylactic agent in recurring pseudogout. PMID- 3772929 TI - Early diagnosis of osteonecrosis in systemic lupus erythematosus with magnetic resonance imaging. Failure of core decompression. AB - A 42-year-old white male with systemic lupus erythematosus developed radiologically evident left femoral head osteonecrosis. Magnetic resonance imaging showed evidence of bilateral disease, including the asymptomatic right femoral head. Despite early surgical decompression of the latter lesion, there was rapid progression requiring total hip joint replacement. PMID- 3772930 TI - Coexistence of rheumatoid nodulosis and gout. AB - The case of a 42-year-old white male with a 7-year history of multiple subcutaneous nodules and intermittent episodes of acute arthritis is presented. The patient was found to have monosodium urate crystals on joint aspiration and rheumatoid nodules on biopsy. Our patient, the first reported case of coexistent rheumatoid nodulosis and gout, emphasizes the importance of a thorough evaluation and the need to account for all available clinical and laboratory data. The classification system, differential diagnosis and clinical manifestations of patients presenting with rheumatoid nodules are briefly reviewed. PMID- 3772931 TI - Late recurrence of childhood dermatomyositis. AB - Patients with childhood dermatomyositis are generally categorized into one of 3 groups: limited or monocyclic, polycyclic, or continuous. Disease resolution in those with monocyclic disease after a period of 1 to 2 years is expected and those patients are not considered at life-long risk for connective tissue disease. We describe a patient, with an uncomplicated initial course, who had disease recurrence after 8 years of disease inactivity and almost 4 years after discontinuation of all medication. PMID- 3772932 TI - Coexistence of Sjogren's syndrome associated systemic sclerosis with Adie's syndrome. PMID- 3772933 TI - Pseudorheumatoid deformity of the feet associated with parkinsonism. PMID- 3772934 TI - Unusual features of stress fractures of the pelvic girdle. PMID- 3772935 TI - Adult onset Still's disease. PMID- 3772936 TI - Cardiac tamponade in Sjogren's syndrome. PMID- 3772937 TI - Lack of DNA homology between arthritis triggering bacteria and plasmid of Yersinia enterocolitica or Chlamydia trachomatis. PMID- 3772938 TI - Disappearance of clinical and biological evidence of SLE after removal of an ovarian seminoma: 21 years' followup. PMID- 3772939 TI - Observer variation and the Ritchie articular index. PMID- 3772941 TI - The thirty-six hour day. PMID- 3772940 TI - AIDS and Africa: lessons for us all. PMID- 3772942 TI - Admission to medical school: from audit to action. PMID- 3772944 TI - Mental hospitals and community care: discussion paper. PMID- 3772943 TI - Changes in biliary lipid concentrations in bile duct obstruction: an experimental study. AB - Changes in biliary concentrations of bile acids, phospholipids and cholesterol and biliary pressures were measured in dogs. These parameters were studied during 7-day periods of partial biliary obstruction, of varying degrees, and after 24 hour and 48-hour periods of complete obstruction. The sample were obtained via an exteriorized but intact enterohepatic circulation allowing the introduction of varying degrees of obstruction and bile sampling. Biliary obstruction reduced the concentration of all biliary lipids especially when the obstruction produced pressures in excess of 75% of the maximum biliary secretion pressure. Only immediately after the release of a 48-hour period of complete obstruction did the risk of cholesterol supersaturation of bile occur. However, at that time there was a greatly reduced concentration of lipids in the bile and the amount of cholesterol that could potentially have precipitated was very small. It is suggested that this supersaturation would not play a significant role in the formation of gallstones. PMID- 3772945 TI - Should the JRSM publish more case reports? Discussion paper. PMID- 3772946 TI - Conservative surgical management of leukoplakia of upper urinary tract. PMID- 3772947 TI - Spontaneous rupture of primary pyogenic liver abscess. PMID- 3772949 TI - Alcohol consumption as a cause of emergency general medical admissions. PMID- 3772948 TI - Malignant abdominal apudoma. PMID- 3772950 TI - Infections caused by opportunistic mycobacteria. PMID- 3772951 TI - The silent metastasis from breast cancer. PMID- 3772952 TI - Spotted fever group rickettsiae in the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae). PMID- 3772954 TI - Parasitism of female Ixodes (Afrixodes) moreli (Acari: Ixodidae) by males. PMID- 3772953 TI - Swimming behavior of the larva of Culicoides variipennis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) and its relationship to temperature and viscosity. PMID- 3772955 TI - Diagnosis by isozyme methods of two cryptic species, Psychodopygus carrerai and P. yucumensis (Diptera: Psychodidae). PMID- 3772956 TI - Arthropod succession patterns in exposed carrion on the island of O'ahu, Hawaiian Islands, USA. PMID- 3772957 TI - Dermacentor (Indocentor) steini (Acari: Ixodoidea: Ixodidae): identity of male and female. PMID- 3772958 TI - An additional record of Ornithocoris pallidus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) for the United States. PMID- 3772959 TI - Host-feeding patterns of Anopheles sergentii and An. multicolor (Diptera: Culicidae) in Siwa and El Gara oases, Egypt. PMID- 3772960 TI - A case of human myiasis caused by Phormia regina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Missouri, USA. PMID- 3772961 TI - Assessing the clinical skills of foreign medical graduates. AB - To test the hypothesis that the clinical skills of many foreign medical graduates entering residencies in the United States are deficient, the Medical Skills Committee of the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG) developed an examination called the Clinical Skills Assessment. The committee constructed the test after identifying those clinical skills it considered to be suitable for testing in a large-scale examination to be conducted at multiple locations. The test was given to 117 foreign medical graduates (including 37 U.S. citizens) who had been certified by the ECFMG and to a reference sample of 64 graduates of U.S. medical schools. All of the graduates took the test prior to their first postgraduate year of training. Thirty-two percent of the graduates of foreign medical schools who took the examination were found to have inadequate clinical skills when compared with those of graduates of U.S. schools. The committee concluded that a clinical skills examination could be developed and administered successfully. PMID- 3772962 TI - Preclinical curriculum characteristics and institutional performance on NBME. Part I. AB - A study was conducted that analyzed the relationship between various characteristics of the preclinical curriculum and institutional performance on the Part I examination of the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) at a sample of 85 U.S. medical schools. Total scheduled hours per week was the single curriculum characteristic having a positive and significant relationship with institutional NBME examination performance. However, when the data were controlled by medical school selectivity in admissions and institutional policy on the taking of the examination, total scheduled hours per week failed to make a significant contribution to the prediction of performance. The results were viewed as failing to provide support and justification for intense preclinical curriculum loads on the basis that this would enhance NBME examination performance. The authors conclude that simple comparisons of schools on the basis of mean NBME examination performance are meaningless unless the entering abilities of students and school policies on the examination are taken into account. The authors also suggest that those schools that prescribe heavy and intense preclinical curriculum loads should reexamine those policies in light of recommendations of the Project Panel on the General Professional Education of the Physician and College Preparation for Medicine. PMID- 3772963 TI - Students' clinical contacts in family medicine during the first two years of medical school. AB - Departments of family medicine in U.S. medical schools were surveyed regarding the ongoing contact that occurs between preclinical students and either patients or physicians. Over 90 percent of those surveyed responded. Twenty-six departments provided ongoing contact between preclinical students and both patients and physicians, 42 departments provided ongoing contact with physicians only, and three departments provided ongoing contact with patients only. Based on these results, approximately 3,000 to 5,000 students in each medical school class nationally have some type of ongoing family medicine clinical contact during their first and/or second year. Rigorous evaluation of programs providing clinical exposure to preclinical students is needed to determine their impact on patient care and student learning. PMID- 3772964 TI - Two combined residency programs in internal medicine and pediatrics. AB - Combined residency training in internal medicine and pediatrics is becoming a popular postgraduate program among graduating medical students. The number of such programs has increased rapidly but with little interchange of ideas and without the benefit of a national data base. In this paper, the authors review the experience of two combined programs. Initially established because of the desire to provide broad-based training in primary care, the programs now offer a curriculum that prepares residents for primary care or education in the subspecialties. The difficulty for residents of achieving competence in two disciplines is compounded by a lack of faculty role models. The two programs offer special advantages to the residents and the departments involved. The career outcomes of program graduates have varied from primary care or subspecialty practice in one or both disciplines to faculty positions in teaching institutions. Whether the program remains successful will depend on the ability of its graduates to offer special talents to academic and clinical practice settings and on the availability of funding. PMID- 3772965 TI - Characteristics of house staff work rounds on two academic general medicine services. AB - In this study, the authors determined how residents in internal medicine allotted their time during patient management rounds (work rounds). Fourteen house staff teams were observed for four days each, and the time spent on all activities was recorded. Of the 56 days studied, work rounds were not conducted on nine days. On the 47 days during which work rounds occurred, only 502 (76.4 percent) of a possible 657 visits to patients were made. Daily time spent on work rounds by each team averaged 49.4 minutes (range: 23.9 to 73.1), or 4.6 minutes (range: 2.3 to 6.6) per patient evaluated. Some part of a physical examination was performed on only 44 percent of the patients. For those patients examined, the average time of an examination was approximately one minute per patient. Vital signs sheets and medication sheets were reviewed infrequently. This study suggests that medical educators should be concerned about the thoroughness of house staff work rounds. PMID- 3772966 TI - Interrater agreement and predictive validity of faculty ratings of pediatric residents. AB - In the study reported here attending faculty members completed a 14-item rating scale at the end of each clinical rotation in a general pediatrics residency training program. The rating scale items assessed medical knowledge, interpersonal and professional relationships, and attitudes toward education. Significant interrater agreement occurred primarily on those items concerning medical knowledge, and ratings on these items showed significant correlation with the external criterion of scores on the intraining examination of the American Board of Pediatrics. There was also significant interrater agreement for ratings on the item regarding relationship with coworkers. Intercorrelations of ratings on this item with those concerning medical knowledge were relatively low. There was no correlation between scores on the relationship item and subsequent intraining examination scores. PMID- 3772967 TI - Regional differences in the proportion of women among first-year medical students in the United States. PMID- 3772968 TI - Careers and professional activities of graduates of a Medical Scientist Training Program. PMID- 3772969 TI - Use of nonphysician staff to evaluate humanistic behavior of internal medicine residents and faculty members. PMID- 3772970 TI - Behaviors and attitudes among medical students concerning cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption. PMID- 3772971 TI - A comparison of levels of anxiety of medical students and graduate counselors about death. PMID- 3772972 TI - Test anxiety in first-year medical students. PMID- 3772973 TI - Medical student stress and clerkship performance. PMID- 3772975 TI - Lecture attendance. PMID- 3772974 TI - The clinical skills of foreign medical graduates. PMID- 3772976 TI - Teaching skills. PMID- 3772978 TI - Craniocerebral trauma and the primary physician. PMID- 3772977 TI - Inhibition of fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis by capsular material from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. AB - Cytotoxic effects of bacteria found in dental plaque are usually attributed to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or ill-defined toxins. Many bacteria implicated in periodontal disease produce surface exopolymers (capsules) recently shown to stimulate bone resorption. Capsular material and LPS extracted from Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) actinomycetemcomitans were purified and examined for their effects on cultures of human gingival fibroblasts. DNA and collagen synthesis were significantly inhibited by capsular material (0.1-50 micrograms/ml). LPS caused only modest inhibition of DNA synthesis at 10 and 50 micrograms/ml, and had no effect on collagen synthesis. Release of lactate dehydrogenase from fibroblasts was not increased by LPS nor by capsular material, showing that the inhibitory effects were not due to cell death. Capsular material, but not LPS, caused a pronounced increase in cell size; a doubling of the nuclear area occurred within 72 h exposure. These results indicate that the capsule of A. actinomycetemcomitans may play an active role in the tissue destruction characterising inflammatory periodontal disease. PMID- 3772979 TI - Mortality in bleeding and perforated peptic ulcer. PMID- 3772980 TI - Composition and ultrastructure of the byssus of Mytilus edulis. AB - Three regions of the byssus of the marine mussel Mytilus edulis L. are distinct in structural organization at the macroscopic and microscopic level and in amino acid composition. The threads that emanate from the stem at the base of the foot are divided into two regions. The proximal, elastic region has a crimped, densely staining cortex enclosing an interior matrix of spiral fibers, and its amino acid composition reflects protein heterogeneity. The more distal, rigid region has a straight, tubular cortex surrounding an inner matrix of linearly arranged bundles of fibrils and has a composition approximating pure collagen. The plaque, or disc shaped portion, which mediates attachment to various substrates, is distinguished by a surface matrix of collagen-like fibers similar to those of the thread region and anchored on an inner spongy matrix. Compositional evidence exists for a collagenous component, a catechol-rich protein, and at least one other accessory protein in the plaque. PMID- 3772981 TI - Soft-tissue bone interface: how do attachments of muscles, tendons, and ligaments change during growth? A light microscopic study. AB - This study addressed the problem of how soft structures maintain approximately the same relative positional relationships during long bone growth. Attachments of the popliteus muscle, semitendinosus tendon, medial collateral knee ligament, and extensor retinaculum were examined histologically in rabbits, aged 2-60 days, to determine the manner in which soft structures attached to long bones during growth. Soft structures inserted principally into fibrous periosteum or perichondrium in the age range studied. However, an extensive collagen fiber framework within the cellular periosteum and perichondrium, present by at least 2 days of age, linked the fibrous periosteum or perichondrium to subjacent bone or cartilage. Maturation of soft tissue-bone interfaces was viewed from two related perspectives. The first stressed temporal patterning of cartilage and bone differentiation. The second emphasized incorporation of attachments of soft structures into bone and cartilage matrices during growth and remodeling. Differentiation and remodeling of bone and cartilage varied not only with age, but also between regions of attachment of single muscles and ligaments. Insertion regions were characterized by the presence of coarse-fibered periosteal bone and chondroid bone, both morphologically intermediate between fibrocartilage and lamellar bone. These results provide evidence that periosteal attachments, characterizing the soft-tissue bone interface, are a necessary structural prerequisite for compensatory movement and invariance of the relative positions of muscles, tendons, and ligaments during long bone growth. PMID- 3772982 TI - Epidemiologic study of Holstein dairy cow performance and reproduction near a high-voltage direct-current powerline. AB - The development and operation of a high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) transmission line in rural Minnesota generated public concern over potential adverse effects to nearby residents and their livestock. Electrical environmental parameters near an HVDC line decline rapidly with distance, but effects on ambient space charge have been detected out to 1 mile. Previous studies of powerline effects on livestock have involved the more common alternating-current (HVAC) lines, which create a different electrical environment. To identify potential adverse effects of HVDC line operation on livestock, case-control and cohort study methods were used to examine various indices of Holstein performance in relation to distance from the line and the onset of line operation. It was believed that these indices would reflect changes in physiologic function or overt health effects that might arise from the HVDC environment. High-quality performance data from existing Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHIA) records were obtained for 97% of qualifying herds located within 10 miles of the line. The large number of animals and years of observation provided high statistical power to detect even small systematic changes in performance. No significant differences in milk production or reproductive capacity were associated with presumed exposure to the HVDC environment. The absence of measurable effects in a large "sentinel" animal population may have implications for the assessment of human health risks related to HVDC transmission lines. PMID- 3772983 TI - Interactions between cimetidine, methylparathion, and parathion. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine whether cimetidine exerts a protective effect against toxicity of organophosphate pesticides requiring metabolic activation in mice and rats. In both species, pretreatment with cimetidine (75 mg/kg/ip) 30 min prior to methylparathion (MP) reduced lethality and delayed the onset of cholinergic signs of toxicity. In contrast when cimetidine was administered simultaneously with MP to mice, neither MP-induced lethality nor cholinergic signs of toxicity were altered. Moreover, cimetidine pretreatment failed to decrease parathion-induced toxicity in mice. In conclusion, pretreatment with cimetidine decreases the toxicity of MP but not of parathion in mice and rats. PMID- 3772984 TI - Lack of carcinogenicity of triethanolamine in F344 rats. AB - The carcinogenic potential of triethanolamine was examined in F344 rats. Triethanolamine was dissolved in distilled water at levels of 0 (control), 1, and 2%, and groups of 50 males and 50 females were given these doses ad libitum as drinking water for 2 yr. The dose levels in females were reduced by half from wk 69, because of associated nephrotoxicity. A variety of tumors developed in all groups, including the control group, and all tumors observed were histologically similar to spontaneous tumors in this strain of rats. No statistically significant increase of the incidence of any tumor was observed in the treated groups of both sexes by the chi-square test. In this study, however, there was an increase in nephrotoxicity, which appeared to have an adverse effect on the life expectancy of the treated animals, especially of females. Therefore, an age adjusted statistical analysis on incidences of main tumors or tumor groups of both sexes was also done by methods recommended by Peto et al. (1980). The result showed that a positive trend (p less than 0.05) was noted in the occurrence of hepatic tumors (neoplastic nodule/hepatocellular carcinoma) in males and of uterine endometrial sarcomas and renal-cell adenomas in females. These tumors, however, have been observed spontaneously in this strain of rats, and their incidences in the control group of the present study were lower than those of our historical controls. These results may indicate that a positive trend in the occurrence of these tumors is not attributable to triethanolamine administration. Increased incidence of renal tumors in the female high-dose group may have been connected with renal damage. Histological examination of renal damage observed in the treated groups, especially in the female high-dose group, revealed acceleration of so-called chronic nephropathy. In addition, mineralization of the renal papilla, nodular hyperplasia of the pelvic mucosa, and pyelonephritis with or without papillary necrosis were also observed. Thus, it is concluded that under these experimental conditions triethanolamine is not carcinogenic in F344 rats but is toxic to the kidneys. PMID- 3772985 TI - Enhanced withdrawal from chickens of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) by colestipol, mineral oil, and/or restricted feeding. AB - Young chickens fed hexachlorobenzene (HCB) or pentachlorophenol (PCP) for 14 d at 10 ppm in the diet contained body burdens of 573 or 362 micrograms, respectively. These diets were withdrawn (d 0) and replaced for 21 d with diets containing 5% mineral oil (MO), or 5% colestipol (CO), a bile-acid-binding resin, or the chickens were restricted in feed intake to 50% of controls (50-RF), fed MO plus 50-RF, or CO plus 50-RF. Without any treatment during withdrawal, body burdens were reduced to 63% and 70% of the d 0 values for HCB and PCP, respectively. MO, CO, or 50-RF reduced body burdens of HCB to 37% of d 0 burdens, but the combination treatments with 50-RF reduced body burdens to 19% of d 0 values. PCP was at 35% of the d 0 burdens from 50-RF, while all other treatments had reduced body burdens to nondetectable amounts of less than 0.7 micrograms/bird by d 21 of withdrawal. Body fat was not reduced by mineral oil, but was reduced to some extent by CO, and was markedly reduced by 50-RF. 50-RF always reduced body burdens of PCP or HCB alone or in combination with MO or CO. These data are discussed in relationship to the nonbiliary excretion of xenobiotics. PMID- 3772986 TI - Pulmonary alveolar lipoproteinosis in rats following intratracheal injection of pyrite particles. AB - Wistar rats were injected intratracheally with pyrite particles and after 6 and 12 mo, lungs were evaluated for histological changes. Results were compared with rats that were given particles of galena, lead silicate, travertine, and quartz. Under the light microscope no significant changes were observed in the lungs from animals treated with galena, lead silicate, and travertine. In the lungs from animals that received quartz, a typical nodular fibrosis was observed. Moreover, both pyrite-treated rats and quartz-treated rats developed pulmonary alveolar lipoproteinosis; the lesions were much less prominent and severe in animals injected with pyrite than with quartz. These results indicate that pyrite, like only a few other types of dust that are different from quartz, can evoke the development of pulmonary alveolar lipoproteinosis in rats. PMID- 3772987 TI - Pulmonary biochemical effects of inhaled phosgene in rats. AB - Three exposure regimens were used to study the time course of indicators of lung damage and recovery response to single or repeated exposures to phosgene (COCl2). Rats were sacrificed immediately or throughout a 38-d recovery period after inhalation of 1 ppm COCl2 for 4 h, at intervals during a 7-h exposure to 1 ppm phosgene, or at several time points throughout a 17-d exposure to 0.125 and 0.25 ppm COCl2 (4 h/d, 5 d/wk) and during a 21-d recovery period. Regimen 1 revealed significantly elevated lung wet weight, lung nonprotein sulfhydryl (NPSH) content, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity that stayed elevated for up to 14 d. A significant decrease in body weight and food intake was observed 1 d after exposure. Regimen 2 caused a slight depression in NPSH content but did not affect G6PD activity. Regimen 3 animals showed sustained elevations in lung wet weight, NPSH content, and G6PD activity after 7 d of exposure. No significant changes in these endpoints were observed for the 0.125 ppm COCl2 group. No consistent elevation in hydroxyproline content was seen at either exposure concentration. Light microscopic examination of lung tissue exposed to 0.25 ppm COCl2 for 17 d revealed moderate multifocal accumulation of mononuclear cells in the centriacinar region. In summary, exposure to COCl2 caused changes similar in most ways to those observed for other lower-respiratory tract irritants. PMID- 3772988 TI - Dose- and sex-dependent alterations in mercury distribution in fetal mice following methylmercury exposure. AB - Methylmercuric chloride was orally given to inbred C57BL/6N mice on d 13 of pregnancy at doses of 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg. Animals were sacrificed on each of d 14-18 of pregnancy, and mercury levels in the brain, liver, and kidney of both the fetus and dam were determined. The dose effect on the time course of mercury accumulation in the brain was observed both in the fetus and dam; after the higher doses administered, the brain mercury reached the highest concentration later than it did after the lower doses. In addition, the mercury concentration in the fetal brain was disproportionately higher after a dose of 20 mg/kg, which was toxic in the fetus since the weight of the brain was reduced. The concentration in the fetal brain was 1.6-4.9 times higher than in the maternal brain. The sex difference of fetuses in mercury levels was observed in the brain after a dose of 2.5 mg/kg, in which mercury concentration was higher in females than in males. This corresponded to the previously reported difference in adult mice and rats. However, the sex difference was not seen after doses of 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg. PMID- 3772989 TI - Lead concentration in deciduous teeth: variation related to tooth type and analytical technique. AB - A total of 245 newly shed deciduous incisors were obtained from 114 first-grade children who each contributed more than one tooth. Lead concentrations averaged about fivefold higher in circumpulpal dentin than in the whole tooth, but the two parameters showed little correlation. A considerable intraindividual variation in lead levels was partly related to tooth type. In particular, whole upper central incisors contained more lead than did other incisors, but the reverse applied to circumpulpal dentin lead concentration. As whole-tooth and circumpulpal lead concentrations may represent different compartments, tooth lead analyses must be interpreted accordingly. Lead levels in circumpulpal dentin would appear to be a meaningful indicator of long-term lead retention in population studies of children. PMID- 3772990 TI - Decreased acetylcholine receptor content in denervated skeletal muscles infused with nerve extract. AB - The influence of a concentrated extract of soluble substances from the sciatic nerve upon the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) content in the soleus muscle of adult rats was examined by in vivo infusions. Internal and membrane-inserted AChR were quantitated by the specific binding of 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin (a-BuTX). Interestingly, the nerve extract had no apparent effect unless the soleus muscle was also denervated at the start of the infusion. Then, after 66 hr, substantially less (60-80%) binding of 125I-a-BuTX to AChR was observed compared to denervated solei that did not receive an infusion of nerve extract. However, the concentration of protein in the nerve extract had to exceed 5 mg/ml before this effect was evident. Infusions of phosphate-buffered saline, bovine serum albumin, rat liver extract, or human transferrin had no striking effect upon AChR. The prevention of the characteristic denervation-induced increase in non junctional AChR by an active component in the nerve extract may be due to a trophic signal for decreased synthesis of AChR, but it is also possible that the degradation of AChR was increased. PMID- 3772991 TI - Effects of hormone therapy on the central cholinergic neurotransmission of the Snell dwarf mouse. AB - Effects of growth and thyroid hormone therapy on central cholinergic neurotransmission has been followed in the cholinergic-deficient Snell dwarf mouse. Growth hormone and thyroxine can reverse the neurotransmission impairment even in adulthood. Furthermore, it appears that in the dw/dw mouse, hormone deficiency becomes determinant only after the critical period of neurogenesis, in a late postnatal developmental stage. At first sight, these observations show that the disturbed cholinergic neurotransmission of the mutant might be linked to the pituitary and thyroxine deficiency that is characteristic of this mouse. Hormone therapy selectively stimulates cholinergic activity in cholinergic deficient structures, where it reactivates presynaptic markers. The differential responsiveness of the neuroanatomical and neurochemical targets could be linked to different regulatory hormone effects or to timing in respect to sensitivity to hormones during development. PMID- 3772992 TI - Central versus peripheral effects of bombesin on the release of gastrointestinal hormones in dogs. AB - This study compared the effects of bombesin given intracerebroventricularly and intravenously on circulating levels of gastrin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), and cholecystokinin (CCK-33). Bilateral cannulas were implanted permanently into the lateral cerebral ventricles of five dogs. An intravenous (IV) bolus injection of bombesin (0.25 microgram/kg) significantly elevated circulating levels of gastrin, PP, and CCK-33. Vagotomy inhibited the release of PP that was induced by IV bombesin, but vagotomy did not affect gastrin and CCK-33 responses. Intracerebroventricular injection of bombesin (5.0 micrograms) significantly elevated circulating gastrin levels but did not affect circulating levels of CCK 33 and PP. Vagotomy did not alter gastrin release induced by intracerebroventricular injection of bombesin. PMID- 3772993 TI - Double isotopic method using dansyl chloride for the determination of GABA in rat C6 astrocytoma cell cultures. AB - Methods are described for the quantitative measurement of GABA in culture. The method can be adapted to any amino acid or dansyl-chloride-reactive species. The sensitivity and selectivity of the procedure result from the double isotopic design in which (14C)-labeled internal standard was added to the samples before reaction with (3M)-labeled dansyl chloride. Values obtained by ion-exchange amino acid analysis of cultures agree closely with the values obtained by the double isotopic method. This method is sensitive enough to measure GABA intracellularly and the condition medium. PMID- 3772994 TI - Modifications of light responses in the superior colliculus following cortical cryoblockade. AB - Responses to light stimuli of cells in the superior colliculus (SC) were studied in anesthetized and paralyzed rabbits after reversible inactivation of corticocollicular impulses by cooling of the visual cortex. The recording of flash-evoked responses and EEG allowed us to monitor the time course of the inactivation and its recovery. The cell's responses were measured prior to, during, and after cortical blockade. In about half of the collicular cells, disruption of cortical functions resulted in a sharp decline of collicular responsivity. All types of response were affected equally. Hence, the cortex has a global tonic excitatory impact. PMID- 3772995 TI - Extrinsic civilian trauma to the larynx and cervical trachea--important predictors of long-term morbidity. AB - Injuries to the larynx and cervical trachea are uncommon, making the development of treatment protocols and subsequent data analysis in any one hospital difficult. This prompted a review of our experience with emphasis on variables related to long-term morbidity. The records of 20 patients with laryngotracheal injuries seen at the Montreal General Hospital from January 1974 to December 1984 were reviewed. The majority were young males (18 to 20 years old), and there was blunt trauma in 14 and penetrating trauma in six. The level of injury was laryngeal in 16 and tracheal in four. There were no airway-related deaths. One patient died with uncontrollable retroperitoneal hemorrhage before definitive repair of the tracheal transection. All but two of the remaining 19 patients had significant morbidity in the form of aphonia, dysphonia, or airway stenosis. The major factors contributing to the high morbidity were delay in diagnosis, anatomic level of injury, and associated multisystem trauma. A high index of suspicion, liberal use of fiberoptic bronchoscopy for diagnosis, and early airway control will lead to earlier diagnosis. Computerized tomography of the upper airway facilitates definitive surgical repair. Long-term followup is essential. Laryngeal trauma remains a major challenge. PMID- 3772996 TI - Failure of oxygen-free radical scavengers to improve postischemic liver function. AB - Previous investigations have demonstrated reduction of postischemic organ injury with improved flow rates following administration of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) just before reperfusion. Presumably these oxygen-free radical scavengers provide protection against oxygen-free radicals produced during reoxygenation, but the site of action remains unclear. The present study was designed to determine the effect of SOD/CAT on hepatic function following global ischemia independent of flow. Livers obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats fasted 24 hours were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit buffer containing 5 mM lactate for 130 minutes. Following a 30-minute control period, livers were subjected to 55 minutes of warm, global ischemia. The control group (N = 12) was reperfused under oxygenated conditions for an additional 45 minutes. Two other groups (N = 9; N = 4) were reperfused under identical conditions with administration of 150,000 U/L or 450,000 U/L of SOD/CAT 3 minutes before reperfusion. Hepatic flow returned to normal levels following ischemia, but gluconeogenic activity and bile production remained significantly depressed. No significant recovery of gluconeogenic activity or bile production was noted when SOD/CAT was administered before reperfusion. These results demonstrate that in the absence of flow augmentation SOD/CAT do not provide protection from oxygen-free radicals following global ischemia in the isolated rat liver. This implies that previously reported reductions of postischemic reperfusion injury, where blood flow improved as well, may be due to oxygen-free radical scavenging within the vascular network resulting in enhanced organ perfusion and, therefore, improved organ function. PMID- 3772997 TI - Immediate trauma resuscitation with type O uncrossmatched blood: a two-year prospective experience. AB - From January 1982 through December 1983, 83 severely injured and hypovolemic patients were immediately resuscitated with uncrossmatched packed red cells. Seventy-four patients received 250 units (3.3 units/pt) of Group O red blood cells (TOB), and nine patients received 27 units of type-specific blood (TSB) (3.0 units/pt). Additionally, 53 units of TSB were transfused to the TOB group in the interval between TOB immediate transfusion and the availability of fully crossmatched blood. A total of 880 units (10.6 units/pt) were transfused without instance of transfusion reaction or subsequent crossmatching difficulty. The protocol called for two units of TOB (Rh positive for males, Rh negative for females) to be delivered to the resuscitation area before patient arrival. The decision to transfuse TOB was left to the surgeon in charge and was based on the clinical impression of severe shock. Thirty-eight per cent (31 patients) met the criteria of requiring a 'massive transfusion' (greater than 10 units within 24 hours). Overall, 28 patients (31%) died, 22 within hours of arrival. No death was attributable to transfusion reaction or blood incompatibility. Complications included one dysrhythmia, six patients developed ARDS (7.2%), and ten patients (12%) had 'DIC'. Two patients developed positive hepatitis screens, and there was one clinical case of hepatitis observed. None of the 'DIC' cases were related to incompatible blood transfusion. We conclude that for immediate trauma resuscitation, TOB is safe and TOB has additional advantages over TSB or Type O whole blood transfusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3772998 TI - Polymerized pyridoxylated hemoglobin: efficacy as an O2 carrier. AB - We have prepared a polymerized pyridoxylated hemoglobin solution (Poly SFH-P) with a normal [Hb] of 14 gm/dl and a normal COP of 20 torr. Although this normal [Hb] is a significant improvement over prior products, the P50 of 16-20 torr raises a concern about the ability of Poly SFH-P to effectively transport O2 in the presence of red cells with their normal P50 of 26 torr. This study quantitatively assessed the contribution of Poly SFH-P to total O2 delivery and consumption in the clinically relevant range of hematocrits. The results document that Poly SFH-P supports life at zero hematocrit, and makes significant contributions to total O2 delivery and consumption in the presence of red cells. Poly SFH-P permits a higher plasma [Hb], and has a longer intravascular persistence than any unpolymerized hemoglobin solution. Poly SFH-P is thus an effective O2 carrier, and offers greater potential than prior products as a clinically useful red cell substitute. PMID- 3772999 TI - Attempts to improve tissue survival during ex vivo storage. AB - Ex vivo hypothermic perfusion has been shown to enhance short-term survival of organs before transplantation. The effects of perfusion, control of media pH, and systemic drug treatment were studied utilizing superficial epigastric free flaps in Sprague-Dawley rats. Viability of the flaps could be reliably maintained (9/10, 90%) for 72 hours using simple storage in phosphate-buffered Ringer's (pH 7.8) at 4 degrees C. Pretreatment with prostaglandin E1 was of slight benefit. Flap perfusion with or without pharmacologic agents was not beneficial. PMID- 3773000 TI - Enhanced capillary blood flow in rapidly expanded random pattern flaps. AB - We have quantitatively examined the effect of rapid sequential skin expansion on capillary blood flow in the porcine random flap model in order to determine the relation between the increased survivability of expanded random flaps and capillary blood flow. Three 6 X 20 cm random flaps were tattooed on the backs of six small (20-kg) pigs. One flap was not manipulated (control). A 450-ml expander was inserted at the base of the second flap and left in place (sham). At the base of the third flap a 450-ml expander was inserted and each day for 5 days sequentially filled to the limits of skin viability as determined by vital dye staining (expanded). Capillary blood flow was measured on day 8 by measurement of radioactivity after injection of 15-microns radiolabeled microspheres. Samples were taken at 4-cm intervals from the base of each flap. Rapid expansion led to significant increases in capillary blood flow in expanded skin and to enhanced preservation of capillary flow after elevation of random pattern flaps based on expanded skin compared to sham and to control tissues. This correlates with and explains at least in part our previous observation of improved length of survival of flaps raised on expanded skin. PMID- 3773001 TI - Malassembly of the sliding screw-plate device. AB - Four fractures of the femur (three distal femoral and one intertrochanteric) were treated by sliding screw-plate procedures. Complications in all cases were caused by malassembly of the components. A lag screw of adequate length, proper parallel position of the components, confidence that the components are completely engaged, and, where appropriate, preliminary assembly with free, smaller lag screws, are recommended. PMID- 3773002 TI - Open versus closed intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures. AB - A retrospective study was performed including only fractures involving the middle three fifths of the femoral shaft with a minimum of 2 years followup. There were 65 fractures in Group I treated with the closed technique utilizing the image intensifier. These were compared with 65 fractures treated with open reduction and nailing. Followup averaged 4 years (Group II). Group 1 had 92% satisfactory results; Group II achieved 97% satisfactory, not statistically significantly different. Our recommendations are delaying the procedure did not appear to be advantageous; excluding the fractures with segmental bicortical loss, there are limited indications for locked nails in these fractures; the decision to use a specific type of internal fixation should be based on the fracture pattern, the surgeon's experience, and the equipment available; if a closed technique is chosen, be prepared to open the fracture if a satisfactory closed reduction cannot be attained. This, in our study, did not increase the risk of reducing the functional result. PMID- 3773003 TI - A progress report on the trauma score in predicting a fatal outcome. AB - Advances in prehospital care have increased the number of trauma patients arriving in extremis in the emergency room. In-hospital resuscitation focuses on an aggressive team approach, raising the specter that some patients who have little chance of survival may receive protracted, but futile, resuscitation efforts. This study examined the physiologic severity on admission and associated costs for resuscitation efforts of severely injured trauma patients who died within 48 hours post admission. The data suggest that a Trauma Score less than or equal to 3 is valuable in identifying patients for whom prolonged resuscitation is futile. The decision to discontinue resuscitation, however, must include consideration of other relevant clinical data. PMID- 3773004 TI - Complications of femoral neck fracture in young adults. AB - Femoral neck fractures are uncommon but serious injuries in young adults, with high rates of nonunion and avascular necrosis reported. This study was undertaken to examine the relationship between the mechanism and severity of injury, anatomic site of fracture, health status, and method of therapy on the incidence of these complications in young adults. The hospital records of 32 skeletally mature patients between the ages of 15 and 50 years (mean, 33) treated for femoral neck fracture between 1975 and 1982 were reviewed, and data analyzed for the 25 patients with a minimum 2-year followup (mean, 61 months). Data pertaining to the cause of injury, fracture pattern, prior health status, overall injury severity, method of fracture treatment, and long-term outcome were analyzed. Nonunion of the fracture site was observed in five (20%); avascular necrosis in nine (36%). Of patients with subcapital fracture 83% developed nonunion or avascular necrosis, compared to 21% with true femoral neck fracture (p = 0.05). There was no difference in cause of injury, overall injury severity, degree of comminution, displacement, method of treatment, or prior health status between those with and without complications. In this study, high rates of nonunion and avascular necrosis were seen after all types of femoral neck fracture in young adults, but were more often associated with subcapital fracture. These complications of hip fracture appeared to be independent of health status, method of treatment, or mechanism or severity of injury. PMID- 3773005 TI - Bilateral transection of ureters secondary to gunshot wound to abdomen. AB - An unusual case in which a complete bilateral ureteral transection due to a single low velocity gunshot wound occurred. This case illustrates that in gunshot wounds to the abdomen involving the retroperitoneum, ureteral inspection is imperative especially in view of the fact that preliminary diagnostic workup during trauma resuscitation may be inadequate. PMID- 3773006 TI - Traumatic bilateral renal artery occlusion: successful outcome without surgical intervention. AB - Traumatic bilateral renal artery thrombosis is rare, and attempts to reestablish life-sustaining renal function have had dismal results. This case describes a successful outcome of such an injury, the gradual return of adequate renal function without surgical intervention. This experience raises an argument against both strict limitation of the acceptable time interval between injury and revascularization, and early nephrectomy. PMID- 3773007 TI - Use of amnion for the treatment of Stevens-Johnson syndrome. AB - Stevens-Johnson syndrome (toxic epidermal necrolysis) has similar pathophysiologic characteristics to extensive partial-thickness burns. Successful treatment of a 6-year-old with this syndrome denuding 95% of her body surface, with 6.5 square feet of amnion is reported. PMID- 3773008 TI - Traumatic carpal instability. AB - In general, two patterns of traumatic carpal instability can be discerned: palmar flexion intercalated segmental instability (PISI deformity) and dorsiflexion intercalated segmental instability (DISI deformity). Two case reports are described, demonstrating both types and their treatment. PISI deformity, seen less frequently, may require Kirschner wiring as well as plaster immobilization. DISI deformity with malunion may require osteotomy. The underlying causes should be sought before treatment is initiated. PMID- 3773009 TI - Selective peritoneal lavage in the management of comatose blunt trauma patients. PMID- 3773010 TI - Effect of tetramethylpyrazine on acute and chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension of the rat. PMID- 3773011 TI - Spleen transplantation: II. Vascularized heterotopic autotransplantation of hemispleen in dog. PMID- 3773012 TI - Experimental study on gentamycin-loaded polymethylmethacrylate. PMID- 3773013 TI - Distribution and excretion of 3H-rhomotoxin in mice. PMID- 3773014 TI - Prescription promoting blood circulation and dispersing blood stasis- experimental studies on preventive and therapeutic action in endometrial adhesion in rats. PMID- 3773015 TI - Genetic study of a family suffering from Gorlin's syndrome. PMID- 3773016 TI - HB ottawa [alpha 15 (A13) GLY----ARG] found in Hubei Province, People's Republic of China. PMID- 3773017 TI - Experimental farmer's lung. PMID- 3773018 TI - Antibodies to hepatitis delta virus cannot be detected in carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen in Wuhan area (PR China). PMID- 3773019 TI - Multiresistant Salmonella ohio infections at the University Hospital of the West Indies. AB - During 1982-83 there was a substantial increase in the number of S. ohio infections at the University Hospital of the West Indies, which coincided with the appearance of strains resistant to chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole, ampicillin, neomycin and carbenicillin. Multiresistant strains of S. ohio accounted for 19.3% of all salmonella isolates during this period and all of 40 strains tested were able to transfer resistance determinants to E. coli K12 J 53 2. S. ohio was cultured from stool (60), blood (5), wounds and abscesses (4) and postmortem material (2). Eighty-six per cent of S. ohio infections occurred in children of 3 years old or less. There was a high incidence of gastroenteritis in malnourished children, a 14% incidence of localizing infections and a 7% incidence of septicaemia. Two infants with severe gastroenteritis and bronchopneumonia died. There were a number of unusual infections including two cases of septicaemia in children receiving chloramphenicol for Haemophilus influenzae meningitis, a scrotal abscess secondary to extravasation of urine and infected scabies in a child with marasmic kwashiorkor. PMID- 3773020 TI - Removal of intestinal nematode eggs in tropical waste stabilization ponds. AB - The removal of intestinal nematode eggs in waste stabilization ponds treating domestic waste-water was studied in northeast Brazil. Anaerobic and primary facultative ponds achieved Ascaris spp. removals of 88-98% and 99-100%, and hookworm removals of 91-97% and 98-100%, respectively. Egg-free effluents were produced by a single primary facultative pond with a retention time of 18.9 days, and by an anaerobic and a secondary facultative pond in series with retention times of 6.8 and 5.5 days. It is concluded that effluents with less than or equal to 1 egg per litre can be produced by a 1 day anaerobic pond followed by a 5 day secondary facultative and a 5 day maturation pond. PMID- 3773021 TI - Computer-assisted tomographic findings in a patient with African trypanosomiasis. AB - A 5-year-old boy was diagnosed to have trypanosomiasis and responded to treatment with diminazine. However, 22 months later symptoms recurred, with evidence of cerebral trypanosomiasis. Computer assisted tomography (CAT) scans were subsequently performed on three occasions. He was treated with melarsoprol and to date has made a full recovery. This paper reports on the evolution of the cerebral lesions shown up by the CAT scans. PMID- 3773022 TI - A short note on praziquantel in human fascioliasis. AB - Ten patients suffering from fascioliasis were treated with praziquantel. In two patients, egg counts dropped to zero following treatment, but there was no significant reduction in egg counts in the other eight. PMID- 3773023 TI - Does oral rehydration therapy alter food consumption and absorption of nutrients in children with cholera? AB - In order to estimate consumption of food and absorption of nutrients, a metabolic balance study was conducted in 47 children between 1 and 5 years old, suffering from acute cholera. Twenty-two of the children were treated by intravenous solution (IV) only and 25 others by oral rehydration along with intravenous solution (ORS/IV) when necessary. After initial rehydration a nonabsorbable charcoal marker was fed to the patients followed by a typical Bangladeshi home food of known composition offered ad libitum. Appearance of the first marker in the faeces was taken as zero hour (0 h); at 72 h a second marker was fed. Faeces, urine and vomitus were collected up to the appearance of the second marker. Intake of IV fluid, ORS and any other fluid or food were recorded accurately. Samples of faeces, urine and vomitus were analysed for energy, fat and nitrogen. Consumption of nutrients and absorption in both groups were calculated. There was no significant difference in the intake or absorption of energy or carbohydrate between the two groups. The consumption of fat and protein was slightly, but significantly, lower in the ORS/IV group during the acute stage of diarrhoea than in the IV group. Absorption of nitrogen was significantly lower in the ORS/IV group, but absorption of fat was not significantly impaired. Vomiting was significantly higher in the ORS/IV group. The differences in the consumption and absorption of nutrients between the two groups were transient and came to the same level within 2 weeks after recovery. PMID- 3773024 TI - Immunoglobin M and malarial antibody levels in hyper-reactive malarial splenomegaly. AB - In a study of chronic splenomegaly in Kenya, hyper-reactive malarial splenomegaly, our preferred name for tropical splenomegaly syndrome, was diagnosed in 38 patients. This diagnosis was based on exclusion of other conditions and observations of hepatic sinusoidal lymphocytosis on liver biopsy. To assess the previously recommended diagnostic criterion of elevation of serum IgM, to two standard deviations (s.d.) above the local mean, serum IgM levels were measured in patients and in 90 geographically matched controls. Patients with IgM levels 2 s.d. above the local mean were compared with those with lower levels. No differences were found other than higher malarial antibody titres in the group with higher IgM levels. Agreement is required concerning diagnostic criteria for hyper-reactive malarial splenomegaly; other features of the syndrome may occur in the absence of marked IgM elevation. PMID- 3773025 TI - The clinical recognition of subacute tetanus. AB - The clinical features of a modified form of tetanus, termed 'subacute tetanus', occurring in non-immune patients are presented as manifested in five patients. Subacute tetanus has a good prognosis and favourable outcome. Trismus and abdominal rigidity may be minimal or absent. Nocturnal, brief generalized muscle spasms, palpably contracted sternomastoid muscles and spastic limbs are common features of the disease. The pathophysiology of the nocturnal muscle spasms requires elucidation. PMID- 3773026 TI - A study of tinea capitis in Jordan (West Bank). AB - Between January 1983 and October 1984, 425 cases of tinea capitis were clinically diagnosed in the West Bank of Jordan. These comprised 38% of all dermatophytosis cases seen during the same period. The number of tinea capitis infections varied with season, the highest numbers occurring in winter and spring months and lowest numbers occurring in summer months. Females accounted for about 60% of scalp infections. Specimens from 302 tinea capitis cases were cultured and 217 isolates of dermatophytes were recovered. Trichophyton violaceum was found to be the most common aetiological agent accounting for 49.8% of total isolates. Microsporum canis was the next most common aetiological agent accounting for 31.8%; zoophilic isolates including this species comprised about 38% of all isolates. PMID- 3773027 TI - Oral phenylalanine loading and sunlight as source of UVA irradiation in vitiligo on the Caribbean island of Curacao NA. AB - Recently, favourable results have been reported from oral L-phenylalanine (Phe) combined with UVA/sunlight irradiation (Phe-UVA) in the treatment of vitiligo. In the present pilot study vitiligo patients were treated on a thrice weekly scheme of 50 mg Phe.kg-1 body weight and exposed to sunlight as a source of UVA. An observed 81% response on the skin disorder correlates with earlier figures; 43% responded within 3 months. The self-controlled treatment includes the risk of over-irradiation, as possibly happened with one patient. The repigmentation was predominantly of follicular pattern. The assumption that Phe plays a central biochemical regulatory role in melanin, catecholamine and antibody synthesis forms an attractive challenge for the explanation of repigmentation and requires further investigation. PMID- 3773028 TI - AIDS: Third World beware? PMID- 3773029 TI - Measles in Mbeya, Tanzania--1981-1983. PMID- 3773030 TI - Breast-feeding practices among Nigerian Igbo mothers. PMID- 3773031 TI - Waiting time and its impact on service acceptability and coverage at an MCH clinic in Lagos, Nigeria. PMID- 3773032 TI - Determining drug doses by height--a simple method for village-based health workers. PMID- 3773033 TI - Feeding practices and electrolyte disturbances among infants admitted with acute diarrhoea--a survey in Kuwait. PMID- 3773034 TI - The nutritional impact of school feeding programme in Mafraq area. PMID- 3773035 TI - Mortality prevention potential of conservative neonatal care. PMID- 3773037 TI - Comparison of malnourished children selected by weight-for-age, mid-upper-arm circumference, and maximum thigh circumference. PMID- 3773036 TI - Ankle clonus correlating with cyanide intake from cassava in rural children from Mozambique. PMID- 3773038 TI - Birthweights in Katsina, Northern Nigeria. PMID- 3773039 TI - Pattern of early neonatal morbidity: observations in a referral maternity hospital. PMID- 3773040 TI - Anaemia in Indian childhood cirrhosis. PMID- 3773041 TI - Functional results after experimental reinnervation of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle in dogs. AB - The purpose of the present investigation was to test and compare three different types of experimental posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle reinnervation. Dogs were subjected to reinnervation by the recurrent nerve itself (self reinnervation) (n = 6), by the ansa cervicalis nerve (n = 5) or by the phrenic nerve (n = 5). In all but three of the self-reinnervation cases the adductor branch of the nerve was cut and ligated. Three to seven months postoperatively- depending upon the experimental approach--the animals were anesthetized and the function of the vocal cords was tested, visually evaluated and photographed. In the self--reinnervated larynges there were no observable movements on the reinnervated side during quiet inspiration, while during forced inspiration there were small but inconsistent movements. In the larynges reinnervated by the ansa cervicalis nerve no movements could be observed on the reinnervated side during either quiet or forced respiration. In four out of five larynges reinnervated by the phrenic nerve there were larger excursions on the reinnervated side as compared to the normal side during quiet respiration. During forced inspiration the excursions increased on both sides, but relatively more on the normal side. In all experiments indirect electrical stimulation gave large excursions on the experimental side indicating successful reinnervation. It is concluded that the phrenic nerve appears to be the best alternative if reinnervation of the PCA muscle in paralyzed larynges is attempted. PMID- 3773042 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging: a review of basic principles and potential use in otolaryngology. AB - Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRi) is a new imaging technique. The authors review the basic principles and present several cases comparing MRi with CT scanning and surgical findings. The major advantages of MRi include lack of ionizing radiation, non-invasiveness and absence of interpetrous artifact when visualizing the posterior fossa. Magnetic Resonance imaging of the posterior fossa, especially of the brain stem and cranial junction, has significant advantages over imaging by CT scanning. PMID- 3773043 TI - Schwannoma of the intrasternomastoid portion of the spinal accessory nerve: sophisticated preoperative CT diagnosis and appropriate surgical management. AB - Neurogenic tumors of the cervical portion of the cranial nerves are rare, and hence frequently misdiagnosed and mismanaged. A unique case of an isolated schwannoma of the spinal accessory nerve was correctly diagnosed by the constellation of signs demonstrated on a CT examination. This led to appropriate surgical removal with full motor nerve preservation. The primary purpose of this manuscript is to demonstrate the qualitative and quantitative radiologic signs indicative of the diagnosis and the surgical management resulting therefrom. The second more subtle purpose is to demonstrate the sophisticated clinical implications which can result from effective high-technology imaging. PMID- 3773044 TI - The effect of wearing time on hearing protector attenuation. AB - The effect of wearing time on attenuation was measured for three insert protectors, the E-A-R expandable foam, the Willson premolded vinyl with double flange, and the Bilsom soft polyethylene encapsulated glass fiber. Binaural detection thresholds in quiet were measured with and without the protectors worn at the initial insertion and after a period of one to one and one-half hours during which lunch was eaten. The difference between the open and closed ear thresholds provided a measure of attenuation. The subjects were 12 normal adults aged 20 to 37 years. Each participated in the three hearing protector conditions. The stimuli used were one-third octave noise bands centered at 500 Hz and 3150 Hz. The results showed that wearing time may reduce attenuation by as much as 10 dB, depending on the type of protector chosen. PMID- 3773045 TI - [2 cases of tuberculous otitis media]. AB - The decreased frequency of tuberculosis, and particularly its aural manifestations, means that the disease is encountered infrequently. The diagnosis is made earlier if a high index of suspicion is maintained, particularly in the following circumstances: Onset is insidious, hearing loss is profound and multiple perforations are encountered; There is lack of response to conventional treatment; There are characteristic protruding granulations from mastoid cells at mastoidectomy; There is a history of contact with tuberculosis; There is persistent otorrhea after mastoidectomy with slow, incomplete healing or granulomatous recurrence. PMID- 3773046 TI - Childhood otitis media with effusion: six-year follow-up. AB - Twenty-five patients were re-evaluated six years after presenting with their first episode of otitis media with effusion. The average age at presentation was 6.2 years. Twenty-three were found on follow-up to have normal audiometry and tympanometry, and had improved or at least remained stable in school performance. Recurrences of acute middle ear disease were noted during follow-up in eight of the patients, specially among the six who had presented in the summer, and more frequently among the eight children who eventually had tympanostomy tubes placed. This study appears to support the concept that otherwise normal American children presenting with otitis media with effusion seem fairly uncommonly to develop severe, recurrent middle ear disease. PMID- 3773047 TI - Periorbital myectomy for essential blepharospasm. AB - Essential blepharospasm is considered to be an incomplete form of Meige dystonic syndrome. Different medical and surgical treatments have been tried with a low success rate on a long-term basis. We are presenting a patient in whom the recently described technique of periorbital myectomy was applied. PMID- 3773048 TI - Toxic shock syndrome following septoplasty and partial turbinectomy. AB - A rare case of toxic shock syndrome developing after an elective septoplasty and partial turbinectomy is reported. The sterile vaseline gauze packing acting as a "nasal tampon" is postulated as the mechanism of insult. The symptomatology, investigation and management of this case are discussed. Early recognition and appropriate treatment may avert the significant morbidity associated with this condition. PMID- 3773049 TI - Pleomorphic lipoma of the tongue: case report and literature review. AB - A case of pleomorphic lipoma of the tongue in a 60-year-old woman is reported. Recently described by Enzinger (1977), pleomorphic lipoma is a rare benign tumor, occurring mostly in elderly males. The subcutaneous tissues of the neck and back are the most common sites involved. Differentiation from some histological variants of liposarcoma remains difficult. Complete surgical excision is the treatment of choice. To our knowledge, this is the first case of pleomorphic lipoma of the tongue reported in the English literature. PMID- 3773050 TI - Erosive parapharyngeal space teratoma. AB - An erosive teratoma of the parapharyngeal space is described. Our patient at three months of age presented with an eight-week history of torticollis. Diagnosis was strongly suggested by CT scan which clearly demonstrated bony, fluid and intermediate densities suggestive of a teratoma. The tumor had eroded the petrous bone with inferior extension to the level of the hyoid cartilage. An angiogram revealed compromise of the internal carotid artery at the skull base. Surgical resection at five months removed the tumor from the right parapharyngeal space and included a portion of the petrous bone involving the contents of the middle ear and extending to the base of skull. All vital structures including the facial nerve, carotid artery and vagus nerve preserved. An intraoperative CSF leak was controlled with a muscle plug. To our knowledge, such an extensive teratoma eroding the petrous bone and base of skull, presenting as a neck mass, is the first reported case in the literature. The value of a CT scan as an aid in diagnosis of this tumor is stressed. PMID- 3773051 TI - Adsorption of mycoplasmavirus MV-L2 to Acholeplasma laidlawii: effects of changes in the acyl-chain composition of membrane lipids. AB - The enveloped mycoplasmavirus MV-L2 and its host Acholeplasma laidlawii JA1 were used to study the ways in which changes in the membrane lipid bilayer affect virus adsorption. The physical state of the membranes was altered by (i) using viruses and bacteria with different membrane lipid acyl-chain compositions, (ii) using incorporation of cholesterol, and (iii) changing the temperature. Adsorption of viruses was strongly dependent on the acyl-chain composition of the virus and the host. Adsorption to homologous hosts was poor, whereas adsorption to hosts with highly different membrane lipid acyl-chain composition was much stronger. We found a heterogeneity within virus populations produced from hosts with different acyl-chain compositions. In a given virus population, various subpopulations differing in acyl-chain composition were found that differed in their ability to adsorb to cells with a specific acyl-chain composition. The adsorption rate increased slightly when cholesterol was present in the viral membranes but decreased considerably when cholesterol was present in the bacterial membranes. The rate of adsorption was temperature dependent with an increase in adsorption rate above 20 degrees C (for hosts with equal amounts of palmitoyl and oleoyl acyl chains). MV-L2 did not adsorb to the persistently L2 infected strain JA1(2R) but adsorbed very well to the virus-resistant strain A(EF22). The physicochemical properties of the lipid matrix of both virus and host are obviously important factors in the adsorption process. PMID- 3773053 TI - Influenza virus-specific antibody-secreting cells in the murine lung during primary influenza virus infection. AB - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent plaque assay is described which can reliably enumerate influenza virus-specific antibody-secreting cells and exhibits specificity similar to that of the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The assay was used to characterize the development of specific antibody-secreting cells, principally within lung tissue, during primary murine influenza virus infection after intranasal inoculation. Cells secreting influenza virus-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgG, and IgA were detected in greatest numbers in lung tissue, and the data presented indicated that the cells may have originated from specific B-cell precursors in lung tissue which are demonstratable in vitro. At 11 months after infection, cells secreting IgG and IgA were still present in lung tissue. Influenza virus-specific antibody-secreting cells were also detected in spleen tissue and blood. Antibody-secreting cells appeared earlier in spleen than in lung tissue and declined more rapidly in spleen tissue. PMID- 3773052 TI - Human respiratory syncytial virus glycoprotein G expressed from a recombinant vaccinia virus vector protects mice against live-virus challenge. AB - Recombinant vaccinia virus vectors were constructed which expressed the major surface glycoprotein G of human respiratory syncytial (RS) virus. The biological activity of the G protein expressed from these vectors was assayed. Inoculation of rabbits with live recombinant virus induced high titers of antibody which specifically immunoprecipitated RS virus G protein and was capable of neutralizing RS virus infectivity. Immunization of mice by either the intranasal or the intraperitoneal route with recombinant virus that expressed only the G protein resulted in complete protection of the lower respiratory tract upon subsequent challenge with live RS virus. PMID- 3773054 TI - Characterization of a low-molecular-weight virus-associated (VA) RNA encoded by simian adenovirus type 7 which functionally can substitute for adenovirus type 5 VA RNAI. AB - Human adenoviruses (Ads), like Ad type 2 (Ad2) and Ad5, encode a low-molecular weight RNA (designated virus-associated [VA] RNAI) which is required for the efficient translation of viral mRNAs late after infection. We cloned and characterized a VA RNA gene from simian adenovirus type 7 (SA7) which appears to have biological activity analogous to that of Ad2 VA RNAI. Thus, SA7 VA RNA stimulates protein synthesis in a transient expression assay and can also functionally substitute for VA RNAI during lytic growth of human Ad5. The SA7 genome encodes only one VA RNA species, in contrast to human Ad2, which encodes two distinct species. This RNA is transcribed by RNA polymerase III in the rightward direction from a gene located at about coordinate 30 on the viral genome, like its Ad2 counterparts. SA7 VA RNA shows only a limited primary sequence homology with the Ad2 VA RNAs (approximately 55%); the flanking sequences, in fact, are better conserved than the VA RNA gene itself. The predicted secondary structure of SA7 VA RNA is, however, very similar to that of Ad2 VA RNAI, inferring that the double-stranded nature rather than the primary sequence of VA RNA is important for its biological activity. PMID- 3773055 TI - Genetic background affects integration frequency of ecotropic proviral sequences into the mouse germ line. AB - Germ line acquisition of ecotropic proviruses occurs at a high frequency in the progeny of SWR/J-RF/J hybrid mice carrying two genetically linked RF/J ecotropic proviral loci, Emv-16 and Emv-17 (N. A. Jenkins and N. G. Copeland, Cell 43:811 819, 1985). To determine if genetic background affects proviral integration frequency, I analyzed a series of crosses in which the two RF/J proviral loci were transferred onto different provirus-negative background strains. Unlike SWR/J-RF/J hybrid progeny, few CBA/CaJ-RF/J hybrid mice were identified that carried new germ line proviral loci. These results indicate that genetic factors other than the linked RF/J proviral loci contribute to the increased frequency of germ line provirus integration seen in the SWR/J-RF/J hybrids. The frequency of proviral acquisition appeared to increase when females carrying Emv-16, Emv-17, and at least one new proviral locus were further backcrossed, suggesting that integration frequency can be increased by genetic manipulation. The breeding data are consistent with the hypothesis that virus from the mother infects the egg or the early embryo. Analysis of the transmission frequency and cosegregation patterns of new proviral loci indicated that viral integration occurs after the first round of DNA replication and before the germ line is set aside during embryogenesis, with a majority of viral integrations occurring at the two-cell stage of development, and independent viral integrations can occur in the same or in different cells of the embryo. PMID- 3773056 TI - Role of adenovirus type 2 early region 4 in the early-to-late switch during productive infection. AB - Deletion of 98% of the adenovirus type 2 E4 transcription unit resulted in a delay of several events characteristic of the intermediate stage of infection, including viral DNA synthesis, induction of the cellular gene coding for dihydrofolate reductase, and the onset of the switch from viral early to late gene expression. Although delayed, both viral DNA replication and dihydrofolate reductase induction eventually approached wild-type levels. Events characteristic of the late stage of infection were both delayed and diminished in mutant infected cells. Therefore, the viral E4 gene family is involved in the transition from the early to late stages of infection, and events whose timing is coincident or dependent upon the early-to-late switch are delayed. PMID- 3773057 TI - Detection of the hypercalcemic hormone of malignancy in an adrenal cortical carcinoma. AB - We report a case of an adrenal cortical carcinoma associated with hypercalcemia. Tumor extracts showed significant activity in an in vitro assay that detects the existence of a hypercalcemic substance distinct from parathyroid hormone. Calcium studies revealed no other obvious cause of hypercalcemia in this patient, and serum calcium returned to normal after the tumor was removed. PMID- 3773058 TI - Serum lymphocyte adherence inhibition test in bladder cancer patients. AB - In 29 patients with a history of bladder cancer cystoscopic determination of tumor status was correlated with the results of a serum modified capillary tube lymphocyte adherence inhibition test. With donor lymphocytes from 3 healthy volunteers as indicator cells, patient sera were added to a butanol extract of the T-24 tissue-cultured bladder carcinoma cell line. Lymphocyte adherence inhibition of more than 15 per cent was selected as positive. Mean values for 17 cases positive for tumor were 26.6 +/- 14.1 per cent compared to 10.0 +/- 6.8 per cent for 18 cases negative for tumor. False positive and false negative values at this cutoff averaged 19 and 14 per cent, respectively, and there was no significant difference in the individual results of the 3 donor leukocytes. Serial examinations of 6 patients had lymphocyte adherence inhibition values consistent with the changes in tumor status. These results suggest that the serum lymphocyte adherence inhibition test correlates well with clinical tumor status and, therefore, may serve as a useful tumor marker in patients with bladder cancer. PMID- 3773059 TI - Sexual rehabilitation and male radical cystectomy. AB - Sexual function was assessed before radical cystectomy in 112 men: 20 per cent were sexually inactive and 35 per cent had erectile dysfunction. Sexual function before cystectomy was an index of general health status and correlated significantly with survival free of disease. Followup data on sexual function were provided by 73 men at an average of 13 months postoperatively. After cystectomy, which was performed via standard operative techniques, 91 per cent of the men experienced some degree of erectile dysfunction but 50 per cent remained sexually active, at least using noncoital stimulation. Thirteen men chose to have a penile prosthesis implanted. Sexual counseling was rated as satisfactory by 80 per cent of the men. PMID- 3773060 TI - Core-through optical internal urethrotomy in management of impassable traumatic posterior urethral strictures. AB - During a 2 1/2-year period 10 patients with a traumatically obliterated posterior urethra underwent core-through optical internal urethrotomy 3 to 6 months after pelvic fracture. After 6 to 24 months of followup the peak urine flow rate was more than 15 ml. per second in 6 patients and 8 to 15 ml. per second in 2. Six patients were continent and 2 had transient stress urinary incontinence. Of the 10 patients 2 were failures because of peak urinary flow rates less than 8 ml. per second and/or urinary incontinence. Subsequently, 1 patient underwent successful scrotal flap urethroplasty. Core-through optical internal urethrotomy is an attractive alternative to urethroplasty when the impassable stricture is short. PMID- 3773061 TI - Evaluation of erectile dysfunction with continuous monitoring of penile rigidity. AB - Measurement of nocturnal penile tumescence or circumferential expansion is a valuable method for the diagnosis of erectile impotence. However, only a few investigations have been made of penile rigidity during tumescence with a single isolated measurement. A new method of continuous and simultaneous recording of nocturnal penile rigidity and circumferential expansion (tumescence) was used in 105 patients with erectile impotence. The method provided several findings concerning nocturnal penile erection. Circumferential expansion was not always accompanied by penile rigidity. A dissociation of rigidity between the tip and base of the penis was observed in some patients. Shortened episodes and low amplitude of rigidity also were seen. Of 11 patients with psychogenic impotence diagnosed by conventional methods 3 (27.3 per cent) showed abnormal nocturnal rigidity and 8 of 94 (8.5 per cent) with organic impotence diagnosed by conventional methods showed normal nocturnal rigidity. Because of its ambulatory character the continuous measurement of nocturnal penile rigidity is of value in defining features of nocturnal penile erection and differentiating psychogenic from organic impotence. PMID- 3773062 TI - Radical prostatectomy: anatomical predictors of success or failure. AB - A total of 143 patients underwent radical prostatectomy. Surgical specimens were evaluated with respect to local extent of disease, Gleason grade of the primary and relative nuclear roundness of the surgical specimen. The probability of disease control in the total population was 88 per cent at 5 years. Only 8 per cent of the patients who had disease confined to the specimen failed compared to 14 per cent of those who demonstrated extension outside of the surgical margins. The incidence of failure increased as a function of seminal vesicle involvement. Seminal vesicle involvement was greatest among patients with a Gleason grade greater than 7. Postoperative radiation did not offer any apparent advantage in patients with positive margins. PMID- 3773063 TI - Rapid bacteriuria screening in a urological setting: clinical use. AB - The clinical use of a commercially available semiautomated bacteriuria screening device was evaluated in a urological setting. The 1,300 consecutive urine specimens processed by the device were contrasted with results of standard semiquantitative culture. A small number (2 per cent) were screened unsuccessfully owing to a clogged filter. With greater than 10(5) colony-forming units per ml. the sensitivity of the device was 91 per cent but it was only 81 per cent with bacteriuria levels greater than 10(4) colony-forming units per ml. More importantly, the predictive value of a negative test was 99 per cent with more than 10(5) colony-forming units per ml. and 96 per cent with more than 10(4) colony-forming units per ml. This capability promotes safe urological instrumentation and timely patient care. PMID- 3773064 TI - Summary of workshop on carcinoma in situ of the bladder. PMID- 3773065 TI - Impromptu micturitional flow parameters in normal boys. AB - Nonintrusive measurement of the hydrodynamic properties of the urinary stream (uroflowmetry) has been included in many adult urological evaluations as an objective diagnostic tool. Measurement and behavioral problems interfere with practical applications in children. We describe a standard procedure for obtaining "impromptu" micturitional flow parameters in clinical pediatric practice. Statistical correlations of these flow parameters in an unselected group of 142 normal boys between 2 and 12 years old are presented. Useful linear regression equations were derived from the sample to assist the clinician in predicting deviations from normal values. Limitations of the methodology are noted. PMID- 3773066 TI - Intraoperative urethral pressure profilometry as an adjunct to bladder neck reconstruction. AB - Between 1975 and 1984 we performed 17 bladder neck reconstructions with bladder neck suspension using intraoperative urethral pressure profilometry. Studies were done intraoperatively after bladder neck reconstruction and then they were repeated after bladder neck suspension. A continence length of 25 to 35 mm. and a urethral closure pressure of greater than 60 cm. water were obtained in all patients. Bladder neck suspension was noted to increase the continence length in all patients and allowed for at least a 2-fold increase in the closure pressures that were obtained. Urinary continence was assessed postoperatively from parental interviews. It seems important to achieve an initial closure pressure of at least 60 cm. water, while at the same time attempting to ensure anterior fixation. Intraoperative urethral pressure profilometry can serve as a valuable adjunct to bladder neck reconstruction by confirming the adequacy of bladder neck resistance after bladder neck reconstruction and again after bladder neck suspension. PMID- 3773067 TI - A rose is a rose is a rose, or is it? PMID- 3773068 TI - Intrarenal gas abscess. AB - Intrarenal abscess owing to gas-forming gram-negative bacteria is rare. Female patients and diabetics, or those with urinary calculi or obstructive uropathic conditions commonly are affected. We report on a nondiabetic man who was infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Initial medical management and subsequent partial nephrectomy offered cure. PMID- 3773069 TI - Remarkable responses of metastatic renal cell cancer in multiple organs treated with alpha-interferon. AB - We report a case of renal cell carcinoma with metastases in the lungs, humerus and brain, which we treated with alpha-interferon. After a transperitoneal nephrectomy the patient received a series of intramuscular injections of alpha interferon every 2 days. Two months after the initial therapy complaints of pain in the humeral bone gradually decreased and the palpable mass in the right brachial region disappeared completely. A computerized tomography scan revealed only the scar of the intracranial metastasis. Most of the pulmonary lesions disappeared 4 months later except for the metastasis at the apex of the left lung. PMID- 3773070 TI - Balloon dilation of the ureter: a means to facilitate passage of ureteral and renal calculi. AB - Dilation of the ureter with a balloon catheter, 20 cm. long and 6 mm. in diameter, passed over a guide wire introduced into the ureter in a retrograde or antegrade fashion has been followed by prompt painless passage of calculi as large as 6 mm. in diameter in 3 patients. Limited radiographic evaluation has revealed no significant sequelae. Our limited experience indicates that it is a safe and expedient method to facilitate passage of ureteral and renal calculi. PMID- 3773071 TI - Vesicouterine fistula with menouria: a complication from an intrauterine contraceptive device. AB - We report a case of a vesicouterine fistula with menouria (vesical menstruation) secondary to an intrauterine contraceptive device. Of the 23 cases of menouria reported previously 21 occurred after cesarean section, 1 was secondary to a traumatic forceps delivery and 1 was owing to infection. In our case the fistula did not close after removal of the perforated intrauterine contraceptive device and 2 months of catheter drainage. Closure was achieved by excision of the fistula and hysterectomy. PMID- 3773072 TI - Spontaneous bladder rupture owing to atherosclerotic emboli: a case report. AB - We report a case of spontaneous intraperitoneal rupture of the bladder in an elderly man with severe atherosclerotic vascular disease who had widespread systemic evidence of an arterial embolic phenomenon after elective abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Atherosclerotic plaques were identified in the vesical arteries and were believed to be the primary event responsible for spontaneous vesical perforation. The clinical presentation, diagnosis and principles of management of vesical rupture are discussed. PMID- 3773073 TI - Isolated condyloma acuminatum of the bladder in a patient with multiple sclerosis: etiological and pathological considerations. AB - We report a solitary condyloma acuminatum of the bladder without cutaneous, anogenital or urethral involvement in a patient with multiple sclerosis who had an indwelling suprapubic catheter. The lesion was treated by endoscopic resection. PMID- 3773074 TI - Erosion of inflatable penile prosthesis reservoir into bladder. AB - We report a case of erosion of an inflatable penile prosthesis reservoir into the bladder, which evidently occurred during a revision procedure for replacement of a defective pump. There was a significant delay between the time of failure of the prosthesis and the time of revision. Inflatable penile prostheses should be repaired as soon as possible after discovery of leakage. PMID- 3773075 TI - Cystic fibrosis presenting in a 45-year-old man with infertility. AB - Cystic fibrosis commonly is regarded as a disease of childhood associated with severe pulmonary and pancreatic pathological conditions. We report on a previously healthy 45-year-old man who was diagnosed as having cystic fibrosis after presentation with primary azoospermia. The literature is reviewed. Although references are made to late presentations of cystic fibrosis none was found in which the initial complaint was infertility. Primary azoospermia may be the presenting manifestation of cystic fibrosis in the absence of major respiratory symptoms. PMID- 3773076 TI - Malignant gonadal stromal tumor of the testis arising with a malignant teratoma. AB - We report a case of a rare malignant gonadal stromal tumor arising with a malignant teratoma of the testis. The malignant gonadal stromal element of the tumor or the nongerminal cell component was resistant to chemotherapy and ultimately metastasized to the lymph nodes, lung, bones and liver. Nongerminal cell tumors arising with germinal cell neoplasms may become more common because the chemosensitive germ cell tumor may be destroyed and the chemoresistant nongerminal tumor remains. The nongerminal cell tumor is the most important prognostic factor and also dictates possible later changes in therapy. PMID- 3773077 TI - Female pseudohermaphroditism in a neonate born to a mother with polycystic ovarian disease. AB - A newborn with female pseudohermaphroditism (profound masculinization of the external genitalia and preservation of the internal female genitalia) is presented. During pregnancy progressive hirsutism was noted in the mother, and polycystic ovaries were found at cesarean section. The serum testosterone level in the cord blood was elevated markedly (1,232 ng./dl). After birth the serum testosterone levels of the mother and newborn decreased dramatically. Over-all it appears that the polycystic ovaries were the source of the excessive androgen secretion that caused maternal and fetal masculinization during the pregnancy. PMID- 3773078 TI - Soft agarose colony formation assay for human renal cell carcinoma: comparison of optical colony counting versus tritiated thymidine incorporation. AB - Use of the Hamburger-Salmon soft agar assay method for in vitro chemotherapy sensitivity testing of samples of renal cell carcinoma has been somewhat limited by a relatively low proliferation/evaluability rate for this tumor type (approximately 50%). The tritiated thymidine ([ 3H]-TdR) incorporation assay method of Tanigawa et al. (Cancer Res., 42: 2159, 1982) was compared to a standard optical colony counting assay technique. Fifty-seven different primary and five metastatic fresh samples of human renal cell carcinoma were studied. Evaluability rate by the [3H]-TdR assay was 90% (greater than or equal to 300 cpm control). In comparison, evaluability rate by optical colony counting was 43% for this group of tumors. [3H]-TdR incorporation increased with increasing tumor grade and increasing stage. Spindle cell tumors showed significantly higher cpm than other cell types. Twenty-three primary tumors were evaluable by both [3H] TdR and colony counting methods. The correlation coefficient ("r") for regression lines for drug sensitivity data points (optical counting vs. [3H]-TdR) of these individual experiments ranged from 0.50 to 0.99 with a mean r +/- S.D. of 0.76 +/ 0.15. For all 260 paired drug response observations of 23 tumors exposed to different drugs, the correlation was very good with r = 0.71. Since the [3H]-TdR assay has an evaluability rate of approximately 90% for renal cell carcinoma, gives drug sensitivity information which correlates well with the colony counting endpoint and yields chemotherapy sensitivity information four days after sample accession, the [3H]-TdR assay may be a more useful method for study of human renal cell carcinoma in vitro chemotherapy sensitivity testing than standard colony counting techniques. PMID- 3773080 TI - Dynamics of the ureterovesical junction: interaction between diuresis and detrusor instability at the ureterovesical junction in pigs. AB - In pigs under general anesthesia, the mutual relation between ureterovesical flow and detrusor activity was evaluated with juxtavesical ureteral perfusion pressure measurements and cystometry. At constant bladder filling volume ureterovesical perfusion could provoke detrusor activity, which was positively related to the perfusion rate, and which disappeared after perfusion was stopped. During such involuntary detrusor activity ureterovesical perfusion pressure might increase significantly more than intravesical pressure. It is concluded that ureterovesical flow causes distension of detrusor muscle bundles around the ureteric hiatus, which may trigger local and general detrusor activity in an unstable bladder. During such detrusor activity, due to forces in the bladder wall, resistance to outflow from the upper urinary tract could be significantly more impaired than is reflected by the increase of intravesical pressure at cystometry. The clinical implications are discussed. PMID- 3773079 TI - Detrusor collagen content in the denervated rat urinary bladder. AB - Neurogenic bladder dysfunction was created in male rats by removal of the pelvic ganglia. The bladders were then emptied manually once daily, and kept free from infection. After 10 days or six weeks the bladders were taken out and the mucosa submucosa was removed. The detrusors were then weighed and used for collagen assay. Detrusor weight increased 4.5 and six times after 10 days and six weeks, respectively. Total detrusor collagen increased 2.3 and 3.7 times, but due to the increase in detrusor weight the concentration decreased to 60 per cent of normal. The electron microscopic investigation showed that the cross-sectional area of the smooth muscle cells had increased fourfold after six weeks. The collagen fibrils were found mainly in the interstitial tissue between the muscle bundles. As these increased in size following the neurogenic lesion, the collagen-rich tissue component decreased relatively. Our conclusion is that frequent emptying and the avoidance of bladder infection protects the denervated rat urinary bladder wall from injuries that would otherwise lead to an increased collagen concentration. PMID- 3773081 TI - Dynamics of the ureterovesical junction: its resistance to upper urinary tract outflow in pigs. AB - In pigs, upper urinary tract outflow resistance at the ureterovesical junction (UVJ) has been investigated before and after changes of capacity and compliance of the bladder with ureterovesical perfusion pressure (UV-PP) measurements and cystometry (PB). Changes of UV-PP approximately paralleled changes of PB during volume changes and compression of the bladder, and during detrusor activity. Exceptions were: detrusor activity in all bladders, being nondistended, during which UV-PP always increased more than PB; and low and high compliant, and small capacity bladders in which UV-PP may change more than PB under all conditions once these bladders are so far filled that they are distended. From these findings and UVJ anatomy it is concluded that, besides intravesical pressure, anatomical factors and forces in the bladder wall also may determine upper urinary tract outflow resistance. The clinical implications are discussed. PMID- 3773082 TI - Laser-assisted vasal anastomosis in the rat and man. AB - In order to study the efficacy of laser-assisted vasal anastomosis (LAVA), a microscopic carbon dioxide surgical laser (Xanar) was utilized in the anastomoses of human vas deferens in vitro and the Sprague-Dawley rat vas deferens in vivo. The longitudinal tensile and internal hydrostatic pressure strengths of laser assisted vasal anastomoses were compared to conventional microsurgical suture anastomoses in the human vas deferens. The LAVA group had a greater mean internal hydrostatic pressure strength (p less than 0.001) and a lesser mean longitudinal tensile strength (p less than 0.001) than the conventional microsurgical group. Further evaluation was performed in the Sprague-Dawley rat model, comparing post operative fertility, patency, healing and sperm granuloma occurrence among four surgically treated groups and a control group: LAVA, conventional suture anastomosis, sham operated, and vasectomized. Light and scanning electron microscopic examination revealed equivalent healing in both the LAVA and conventional groups. Fertility was not statistically different in the LAVA, conventional, control, and sham operated groups. However, the incidence of gross sperm granulomas observed in the LAVA group (80%) was much higher than in the conventional suture anastomosis group (0%). In conclusion, laser-assisted vasal anastomosis is a fast and simple technique for vasal reanastomosis and was as successful (in pregnancies) as conventional suture anastomosis in producing fertility in rats undergoing vasal reanastomosis, but the incidence of sperm granuloma is higher. PMID- 3773083 TI - The differential effects of neonatal androgen, estrogen and progesterone on adult rat prostate growth. AB - Physiologic surges of serum androgen, estrogen and progesterone normally occur in both rat and human males during the neonatal periods. The effect of these hormone surges on the sex accessory tissues is not known. This study demonstrates that neonatal dihydrotestosterone, 17 beta-estradiol, or progesterone can permanently alter the androgen sensitivity of adult rat sex accessory tissues. Neonatal dihydrotestosterone or progesterone can permanently increase the androgen sensitivity of the adult prostate above normal while neonatal estradiol permanently decreases adult prostate androgen sensitivity below normal. The results of this preliminary study suggest that normally occurring neonatal hormone surges may permanently mark, or imprint, the prostate and determine its future growth in adulthood. PMID- 3773084 TI - An improved method for the preparation and culture of urothelial cells. AB - Urothelial cells have been prepared by a new method involving collagenase treatment of the lumen of a ureter. These cells have been identified as epithelial and successfully subcultured. In addition, we have observed that growth rate is significantly increased by the inclusion of an extract of bovine hypothalamus in the growth medium. This system for cell preparation and culture should greatly facilitate studies involving urothelial cells. PMID- 3773085 TI - The immediate and delayed effects of marathon running on renal function. AB - Daily blood and 24-hour urine samples from 6 runners were studied for 2 days before and for 5 days after a 42.2 km. marathon footrace run in cool environmental conditions. Although the race caused muscle damage as shown by the increased post-race serum creatine kinase activity and C-reactive protein levels, renal function measured by urine flow rates, creatinine clearance and protein excretion was normal during the race. Sodium and fractional sodium excretion decreased during the race despite a maintained osmolar clearance, and remained low for the next 48 hours, whereas osmolar clearance decreased sharply for the remainder of the race day but it was significantly elevated on days 2 to 4 after the race. Creatinine clearance was increased significantly 24 hours after the race, and reached its peak 3 days after the race, while urine flow rates were elevated from days 2 to 5 after the race. Urea excretion was significantly decreased 3 to 5 days after the race, while creatinine excretion was increased significantly on day 3 after the race. Glomerular proteinuria occurred 24 hours after the race with no associated reduction in tubular reabsorption of the low molecular weight protein beta-2-microglobulin. This study shows previously unrecognized substantial delayed effects of prolonged exercise on renal function. The nature of these changes may reflect catabolic followed by anabolic processes in muscle as well as changes consequent on excess sodium retention and related fluid compartment shifts. PMID- 3773086 TI - Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the spinal cord injury population. AB - We evaluated 23 male spinal cord injury patients who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy for the success rate of stone removal and the incidence of operative complications. There were 18 quadriplegic and 5 paraplegic patients, and 5 had bilateral procedures. Of the kidneys 7 had staghorn calculi, 8 had pelvic and caliceal combinations, 6 had large multiple caliceal stones, 4 had large (more than 2.5 cm.) pelvic stones and 3 had pelvic stones less than 2.5 cm. Placement of a nephrostomy tube and stone extraction were performed as a single procedure with the use of general anesthesia in all but 4 patients. Our results showed that 19 of 21 compliant patients (90.4 per cent) were free of stone, with an average of 2.04 procedures per patient. A total of 47 procedures was performed, with an average operative time of 1 hour 45 minutes. Major complications were associated with 4 of the 47 procedures (8.5 per cent), and consisted of a respiratory arrest, 2 perirenal abscesses and a hydrothorax. Minor complications included fever (more than 101.5F) in 64.3 per cent and retained stones in 14.3 per cent of the kidneys operated upon, dislodged nephrostomy tubes in 12.6 per cent of the procedures (21.4 per cent of the kidneys operated upon), and anemia requiring transfusion in 17.0 per cent (8 of 47) of the procedures (27.8 per cent of the kidneys operated upon). The presence of infected stones, prior operative procedures and medical complexity of these patients make complications more frequent. Nevertheless, percutaneous nephrolithotomy is a safe and effective procedure for the spinal cord injury population. PMID- 3773088 TI - An algorithm for the management of ureteral calculi. AB - We evaluated 158 patients with ureteral calculi (28 impacted in the ureteropelvic junction, 42 in the upper, 29 middle and 36 lower third of the ureter, and 23 in the intramural tunnel) treated by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy, ureteroscopic methods, chemolysis or surgery. Of the patients 92.5 per cent were treated successfully by endourological methods. Twelve patients (7.5 per cent) required an operation. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy was successful in 61 per cent of the patients without placement of a ureteral stent and in 100 per cent in whom stent placement or stone dislodgement was successful. Ureteroscopic removal was successful in 52 of 56 patients with lower third and intravesical tunnel ureteral calculi. An algorithm for ureteral calculi management is developed, which emphasizes stent bypass and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for upper third or ureteropelvic junction calculi, ureteroscopic removal or stent bypass with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for middle third calculi, and ureteroscopic techniques for lower third and intramural tunnel calculi. Percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy, chemolysis and surgery are recommended as complementary methods. PMID- 3773087 TI - Congenital renal arteriovenous malformations. AB - Congenital arteriovenous malformations are rare lesions of the kidney. We evaluated the clinical course of 15 patients with this lesion who were seen between 1950 and 1984. There were 9 women and 6 men, and the median age at diagnosis was 48 years. Patients presented most commonly with hematuria (93 per cent) or hypertension (53 per cent). Of the 15 patients 10 underwent nephrectomy because of gross hematuria or the perceived risk of significant bleeding, or in an effort to control hypertension. None of the 10 patients has required a further operation and those who were hypertensive preoperatively remained hypertensive postoperatively. The remaining 5 patients were treated conservatively, either with observation or antihypertensive medications. All 5 patients had microscopic hematuria and none has required further therapy. It would seem that neither microscopic hematuria nor controlled hypertension is an indication alone for nephrectomy. PMID- 3773089 TI - Influence of intestinal segment and configuration on the outcome of augmentation enterocystoplasty. AB - The clinical and urodynamic results of enterocystoplasty were compared in 3 groups of patients in which the intact ileocecal segment (10 patients), tubular sigmoid segment (16) or sigmoid cup-patch segment (8) was used. In all 3 groups the upper urinary tract and renal function improved or remained stable, and the functional bladder capacity increased. All patients experienced involuntary, volume-dependent vesical contractions of comparable intensity 3 months postoperatively. After a mean followup of 19.4 +/- 8.9 months only 12 per cent of the patients with a cup-patch configuration demonstrated volume-dependent contractions, compared to all patients with ileocecal cystoplasty and 94 per cent with sigmoid tubular cystoplasty. The intensity of these contractions was significantly less in the cup-patch configuration group compared to the other groups. Patients with cup-patch cystoplasty achieved a significantly higher rate of urinary continence than those in the other 2 groups. It appears that the sigmoid cup-patch configuration may provide a lower pressure system and better continence compared to the intact ileocecal or tubular sigmoid segment, although the latter techniques have specific applications when confronted with a wide gap between the ureters and bladder or when dilated ureters require anastomosis to the bowel. PMID- 3773090 TI - A comparison of endoscopic suspension of the vesical neck versus anterior urethropexy for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence. AB - Endoscopic suspension of the vesical neck has been reported to be as effective as anterior urethropexy in the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence. We compared our first 29 patients treated with endoscopic suspension of the vesical neck between 1982 and 1985 to our last 21 patients treated with anterior urethropexy between 1979 and 1985. Both groups were comparable in regard to age, parity, duration of symptoms and previous surgery for stress urinary incontinence. All patients underwent thorough preoperative urodynamic testing. Endoscopic suspension of the vesical neck successfully cured stress urinary incontinence in 26 patients (90 per cent), while anterior urethropexy resolved the incontinence in 20 (95 per cent). Of the 3 failures of endoscopic suspension 2 probably were related to technique or material failure. Hospitalization was reduced for endoscopic suspension versus anterior urethropexy (mean 4.04 versus 6.00 days, respectively). The most common complication after endoscopic suspension of the vesical neck was transient urinary retention (34 per cent). We conclude that endoscopic suspension of the vesical neck is an effective method to treat stress urinary incontinence, and that it also reduces hospital stay and postoperative recovery. PMID- 3773091 TI - The Young-Dees operation for the correction of retrograde ejaculation. AB - Retrograde ejaculation can be a significant problem when it interferes with fertility. Sympathomimetic drugs and sperm retrieval from the urine with insemination of the wife are the common methods of treatment. When these methods have not been successful we have used the Young-Dees type of bladder neck reconstruction to convert retrograde ejaculation into normal or antegrade ejaculation. The operation has been successful in 4 of 5 patients. PMID- 3773092 TI - Another surgical approach for vasculogenic impotence. AB - Until recently, a defect in the capability of blood to be trapped in the corpus cavernosum so that adequate penile turgidity can be maintained for successful intercourse has not been considered a major etiology for impotence. A diagnostic test called dynamic cavernosography was developed that consists of a cine-taped cavernosogram in conjunction with intracavernous pressure measurements at 3 different cavernous infusion rates. The results of 104 of these tests are presented. More recently, 17 of these patients also have undergone papaverine tests. Of the patients 59 per cent had no or only partial erections at all infusion rates and pressure did not increase to greater than 50 mm. Hg. The papaverine test showed only partial or no tumescence when 60 mg. were injected into the corpora. As a result, 25 patients underwent a penile operation to remove some venous outflow channels. Of the patients who underwent an operation for absent tumescence at any flow rate and who had a large number of venous channels draining the corpora cavernosa on the cavernosogram 59 per cent were potent postoperatively. PMID- 3773093 TI - Traumatic hematocele: association with rupture of the testicle. AB - Ten patients with hematoceles associated with blunt trauma have been seen during the last 4 years. In 80 per cent of the cases the hematocele was caused by rupture of the testicle. Prompt early exploration, adequate debridement, primary repair of the tunical laceration and Penrose drainage resulted in a salvage rate of 75 per cent. PMID- 3773094 TI - The high incidence of benign testicular tumors. AB - Of 2,800 testicular procedures performed at our institution between 1965 and 1985, 233 inguinal explorations were done for suspicion of cancer. Malignancy was present in 161 patients but in 72 cases (31 per cent) benign lesions were found. Despite the benign nature of the lesion 51 of these patients (70 per cent) underwent radical orchiectomy. The incidence of benign testicular tumors is much higher than previously suspected and awareness of this condition should lead to increased testicular preservation in selected cases. PMID- 3773095 TI - Rectal examination in volume determination of carcinoma of the prostate: clinical and anatomical correlations. AB - A comparison was made between tumor area estimated on rectal palpation and actual tumor size calculated from the radical prostatectomy specimen in 17 patients with prostatic carcinoma. For each patient a diagram of the rectal examination findings was superimposed onto a histological reconstruction map of the surgical specimen, and relative areas were measured with a computer. In only 1 case was there close correlation between palpated and actual tumor area. Seven patients had actual tumor areas that were more than twice the palpated area. In 5 patients the palpated areas corresponded to foci of capsular involvement, while adjacent large areas of cancer abutting the capsule were not recognized. Discrepancies of this magnitude may result not infrequently in assignment of a clinical stage B1 to tumors that are histologically stage B2. PMID- 3773096 TI - The value of computerized tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging in staging prostatic carcinoma: comparison with the clinical and histological staging. AB - In 21 patients adenocarcinoma of the prostate was staged preoperatively by digital rectal examination, computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Clinical staging was compared to the postoperative pathological staging. In 11 patients computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and digital rectal examination findings were concordant with the histological examination showing tumors confined to the prostate. In 10 patients no correlation between preoperative staging and histology was noted. Of these cases 8 were understaged by computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and digital rectal examination. In 1 patient magnetic resonance imaging showed false positive findings and in another staging with computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging was more accurate than digital rectal examination. Our experience indicates that computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging have limited value in the preoperative staging of prostatic carcinoma. Moreover, staging with computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging does not significantly improve the information gained by digital rectal examination. PMID- 3773097 TI - Frozen section detection of lymph node metastases in prostatic carcinoma: accuracy in grossly uninvolved pelvic lymphadenectomy specimens. AB - We reviewed our frozen section experience with 310 pelvic lymphadenectomy specimens during the last 5 years. A total of 40 patients (12.9 per cent) had positive lymph nodes on permanent section. In 6 of these patients the lymph nodes were involved grossly and in 34 there were only microscopic metastases. Intraoperative assessment of lymph node involvement classified correctly 299 patients (96.5 per cent of the total number). Whereas previous studies have demonstrated a failure on frozen section to detect all but a few microscopic metastases, we were able by frozen section to identify metastases in 23 of 34 patients (67.6 per cent) with grossly uninvolved lymph nodes. Of the positive frozen sections 16 were in patients with unilateral metastases only, and in 13 of these cases frozen section identified the only positive node present. The average diameter of the metastases found on frozen section was 2.4 mm. In 11 of the 34 patients frozen section did not disclose any of the metastases present on permanent sections (average 1.4 mm.) (false negative rate 3.5 per cent of all patients, 27.5 per cent of those with positive nodes and 32.3 per cent of those with microscopic involvement of lymph nodes only). Ten patients had unilateral metastases and 1 had bilateral involvement. The ability to identify the majority of microscopic metastases, given their adverse effect on prognosis, supports the usefulness of routine frozen section on grossly uninvolved pelvic lymph nodes as a staging procedure before radical prostatectomy. PMID- 3773098 TI - Carcinoma of the prostate in the elderly: the therapeutic ratio of definitive radiotherapy. AB - Withholding or reducing the intensity and aggressiveness of treatment for elderly cancer patients is a widespread tenet lacking substantiation in the literature. To assess the potential value of definitive external beam radiotherapy in the elderly, an analysis of the therapeutic ratio between local regional control and complications was performed in 34 prostatic cancer patients more than 75 years old. Median followup was 5 years (range 2 to 8 years). The 5-year actuarial local regional control rate was 91 per cent. The 5-year actuarial survival rate was 81 per cent and the 5-year survival rate free of disease was 63 per cent. There were no severe complications. Mild to moderate chronic complications occurred in 3 patients (9 per cent). This treatment resulted in an excellent therapeutic ratio, which demonstrates that external beam radiation can be given to elderly patients with acceptable morbidity and gratifying results. PMID- 3773099 TI - Internal urethrotomy in girls and its impact on the urethral intrinsic and extrinsic continence mechanisms. AB - The cause of incontinence in a group of 11 girls (mean age 18 +/- 3 years) who had undergone internal urethrotomy during childhood was assessed. Urodynamic methods were used to characterize the detrusor, and urethral profiles were performed to identify the impact of the operation on the extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms of urethral closure. The results show that 4 of 11 patients demonstrated detrusor instability associated with a high voiding flow rate. The average resting urethral closure pressure in all patients showed significant reduction in maximum closure pressure (62 +/- 32 cm. water) when compared to normal age-matched controls. Transmission pressures to coughing demonstrated a high percentage of transmission to the distal and mid urethra (180 +/- 20 per cent). It was concluded that the intrinsic mechanism of urethral continence as measured by the resting urethral pressure profile was compromised by the urethrotomy. However, the extrinsic mechanisms as measured by the transmission values was not affected. On the basis of these findings it is argued that internal urethrotomy compromises the closure mechanisms intrinsic to the urethra. Continence in these patients most likely is maintained by the action of extrinsic factors transmitting high closure pressures at the distal third of the urethra. Finally, it is postulated that urethrotomy patients are at increased risk for stress incontinence at an early age. PMID- 3773100 TI - The abnormal renal axis in children with spina bifida and gibbus deformity--the pseudohorseshoe kidney. AB - The axes of the kidneys in children with a thoracolumbar gibbus deformity may be distorted to simulate a horseshoe kidney. Measurements of the angle of the gibbus and the angle of intersection of the renal axes were made in 68 children with thoracolumbar meningomyelocele. Thirty-eight children with a gibbus deformity and thoracolumbar meningomyelocele had an abnormality of the renal axis on supine urography, including 19 (28 per cent) in whom a horseshoe kidney was suggested. Three additional children with a gibbus deformity and thoracolumbar meningomyelocele had a normal renal axis. Regression analysis of these data indicated a linear relationship between the angle of the gibbus and the amount of deviation of the renal axis for the values studied. Nuclear scintigraphy, ultrasound studies and clinical records were reviewed in all 41 children with a gibbus deformity. In none were the kidneys fused. There were 21 children with thoracolumbar myelomeningocele who had no gibbus deformity and a normal renal axis. Six other children will be described in detail, 2 of whom were excluded because of severe scoliosis and 4 with congenital renal anomalies. PMID- 3773101 TI - Renal cell carcinoma in Japanese children. AB - Renal cell carcinoma in children is extremely rare compared to Wilms tumor. We report on a 7-year-old Japanese boy with left renal cell carcinoma. Since the disease was clinical stage I, nephrectomy with tumor extirpation was performed after a short course of initial chemotherapy had been administered. The patient is free of disease 3 years postoperatively. In a review of the Japanese literature we found 71 reports of renal cell carcinoma in children less than 15 years old. Mean patient age at occurrence was 8.1 years, there were no differences in regard to the sex or the affected side, and the most frequent symptom was the presence of a mass. We stress the early establishment of diagnosis in children with a persistent abdominal mass, hematuria and flank pain, since surgical treatment leads to a favorable prognosis only in the early stage of renal cell carcinoma. PMID- 3773102 TI - Use of the Hodgson XX (modified Asopa) procedure to correct hypospadias with chordee: surgical technique and results. AB - The management of patients with hypospadiac anomalies requires sound surgical judgment to obtain optimal results. From January 1983 to June 1985, 150 patients were operated on for hypospadias. Of these patients 37 underwent the Hodgson XX (modified Asopa) repair. Two patients suffered urethral fistulas, 1 had meatal stenosis and 1 had mild torsion. No strictures were noted. Based on our findings it appears that the Hodgson XX (modified Asopa) procedure provides excellent results for patients with hypospadias and chordee. PMID- 3773103 TI - Large prostatic utricles and related structures, urogenital sinus and other forms of urethrovaginal confluence. AB - The urethrograms and clinical records of 106 children with a large prostatic utricle or related structures, urogenital sinus in intersex disorders and other types of urethrovaginal confluence were reviewed. There were 27 boys with normal external genitalia, 19 cases of male hypospadias, 1 case of male pseudohermaphroditism, 7 cases of mixed gonadal dysgenesis, 1 case of true hermaphroditism, 32 cases of female pseudohermaphroditism, 11 normal girls with urethrovaginal confluence and 8 cases of cloacal malformation. Among the patients of the first 2 groups 10 had an imperforate anus, 7 the prune belly syndrome, 6 Down's syndrome and 2 posterior urethral valves. PMID- 3773104 TI - Internal urethrotomy in female subjects. PMID- 3773105 TI - Prostatic abscess. PMID- 3773106 TI - Retrograde pyelogram using the flexible cystoscope. AB - A retrograde pyelogram was performed on 2 men with the flexible choledochonephroscope and a 5F whistle-tip ureteral catheter. The procedure was done on an outpatient basis with topical anesthesia and patient tolerance was good. The technique is simple and is a useful alternative to the classical rigid cystoscopic technique. PMID- 3773107 TI - Inadvertent fracture of gallstones during extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. PMID- 3773108 TI - Needle tract seeding after percutaneous renal adenocarcinoma aspiration. AB - We report a rare case of tumor extension along a biopsy needle tract from renal cell carcinoma. Percutaneous renal mass aspiration has been reported to have a 3 to 4 per cent false positive rate and a 4 to 8 per cent false negative rate, and should be reserved for those renal masses in which a diagnosis is equivocal by noninvasive radiological techniques. PMID- 3773109 TI - Metastatic renal cell carcinoma to the bladder: case report and review of the literature. AB - We report the nineteenth documented case of a metastatic renal cell carcinoma implant to the bladder. Our patient, like others, presented with gross hematuria 6 years after treatment of the primary lesion. The literature is reviewed with reference to documented and unsupported cases. The hypotheses for the mechanism or mechanisms of spread and treatment regimens are discussed. The differential diagnosis of hematuria following nephrectomy for hypernephroma should include the possibility of metastatic renal cell carcinoma to the bladder. PMID- 3773110 TI - Calcification of ureteral stent treated by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. AB - A patient with stones presented with large calcifications of the J ends of a Double-J stent that had been placed in the ureter for an obstructing ureteral stone 1 month previously. The J end located in the renal pelvis was treated with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and the calcification was disintegrated completely. This noninvasive procedure appears to be the method of choice in the treatment of such complications. PMID- 3773111 TI - Massive inguinal scrotal bladder hernias: a review of the literature with 2 new cases. AB - The bladder frequently is a component of inguinal hernias. However, massive bladder hernias into the scrotum are rare, with 73 cases having been reported previously in the literature. We report 2 additional successfully treated cases. From our experience, we believe that simple reduction of the hernia followed by inguinal herniorrhaphy is the treatment of choice. PMID- 3773112 TI - Urethral meatal stenosis in a girl causing severe hydronephrosis. PMID- 3773113 TI - Treatment of urethral hemangioma by selective arterial embolization. AB - Control of significant hematuria by embolization of angiographically demonstrated vascular malformations of the prostatic and membranous urethra is reported in a patient with multiple diffuse superficial hemangiomas. PMID- 3773114 TI - Leydig cell tumor and metachronous Leydig cell hyperplasia: a case associated with gynecomastia and elevated urinary estrogens. AB - We report a case of unilateral Leydig cell tumor associated with gynecomastia and elevated urinary estrogens. Nine years after orchiectomy urinary estrogens became elevated and Leydig cell hyperplasia but no distinct tumor was identified in the remaining contralateral testicle. PMID- 3773115 TI - Nocardia epididymo-orchitis in an immunosuppressed patient. AB - The immunocompromised patient after organ transplantation is susceptible to unusual and life-threatening infections. We report a case of epididymitis that evolved into testicular nocardiosis after cardiac transplantation. An awareness of the potential for these infections and early diagnosis may prevent extensive morbidity in the post-transplantation patient. PMID- 3773116 TI - Prostatic abscess: computerized tomography scanning as an aid to diagnosis and treatment. AB - In the antibiotic era prostatic abscesses are rare and the clinical picture often can be confusing. In 2 recent cases computerized tomography scanning not only proved the diagnosis easily but it also simplified greatly the definitive surgical procedure. PMID- 3773117 TI - The urological manifestations of epidermolysis bullosa. AB - Epidermolysis bullosa is a rare skin disorder that may at times involve the respiratory, gastrointestinal and genitourinary systems. We report 3 cases of epidermolysis bullosa involving the urinary tract. The radiographic evaluation of this entity and its relationship to other forms of obstructive uropathy are discussed along with a management plan for patients with genitourinary involvement owing to epidermolysis bullosa. PMID- 3773119 TI - Stability of sublines in the R3327-H rat prostatic tumor. AB - Over several years of in vivo maintenance passage the R3327-H rat prostatic tumor has given rise to nine unique sublines in our laboratory. Some have emerged under selective treatment pressure while others apparently represent spontaneous or random modulation. Each new subline embodied an altered histology, growth rate, metastatic pattern or treatment sensitivity in comparison to its parent subline. However, each has been subsequently passaged enough times to provide evidence of considerable phenotypic stability, a notable point in view of the R3327 tumor's well known potential for modulation. PMID- 3773118 TI - Experimental partial ureteric obstruction in newborn rats. VII. Are the long term effects on renal morphology avoided by release of the obstruction? AB - Partial obstruction of the left ureter was created in newborn rats. The obstruction was either permanent or was released after two or seven days. The effects were studied at the age of six weeks. The permanently obstructed kidneys characteristically exhibited considerable enlargement (X 18) of pelvic volume and prominent deformation of the papilla, frequently associated with moderate widening of collecting ducts and convoluted tubuli, and focal inflammatory and degenerative lesions. The weight difference between the hydronephrotic and the contralateral, intact kidney was significantly higher than in a sham operated group, although the combined kidney weight was unchanged, indicating a reduction on the obstructed side and a compensatory contralateral hypertrophy. In the group released after seven days, the pelvic volume had returned to normal; nevertheless the parenchymal weight pattern and the histological lesions were similar to those found in animals obstructed for six weeks. In the group released after two days, the pelvic volume had normalized, and the histological changes were less prominent than in animals obstructed for seven days or six weeks. Yet there was a significant difference in parenchymal weight between the hydronephrotic and the contralateral kidney, almost entirely caused by hypertrophy on the nonobstructed side. Thus, the ureteric obstruction must be released very early to avoid parenchymal weight reduction and curb the tissue lesions. On the other hand, the resulting parenchymal damage is moderate and does not seem to progress with time. PMID- 3773120 TI - A putative non-cholinergic mechanism in urinary bladders of New but not Old World primates. AB - The effects of atropine on bladder contractions evoked by sacral ventral root stimulation were investigated in two species of New World monkey (marmoset and cebus) and in paraplegic man. The findings were then compared to those previously obtained for the cat and two species of Old World monkey (rhesus and baboon). The results show the marmoset and cebus to represent a transitional stage between the complete sensitivity of the bladders of Old World monkeys to atropine and the relative insensitivity of the cat bladder. The bladder response is shown to comprise two components, an atropine sensitive component which is slow in onset and an atropine resistant component which is easily fatigued. The experiments in paraplegic people confirm that the parasympathetic innervation of the bladder of man is, like that of Old World monkeys, exclusively cholinergic. A behavioural interpretation is tentatively offered to explain the two types of innervation. PMID- 3773121 TI - Increases in blood flow of the female rabbit urethra following low dose estrogens. AB - The effects of low doses (0.05 to 20 micrograms./kg.) of estradiol-17 beta (E2) and estriol (E3) on blood perfusion in the genitourinary tissues were examined two and 24 hours after an intra-arterial injection into rabbits. Whereas 0.05 microgram./kg. E2 or E3 caused no detectable change, 0.5 microgram./kg. of either E2 or E3 markedly increased blood flow measured after two hours in urethra, vagina and uterus. No significant increase in the blood flow in the urinary bladder or the ureters was observed. With 20 micrograms./kg. E2 or E3 a much greater increase (10 to 25-fold) in the blood flow in the urethra, vagina and uterus was observed after two hours. At this time a small increase (about two fold) could also be measured in urinary bladder and ureters. Twenty-four hours after this treatment (20 micrograms./kg. E2 or E3), the blood flow in the urinary organs was not significantly different from the pretreatment values but it was still significantly elevated in uterus and vagina. These data show that the blood flow in the female urethra is just as sensitive to low doses of estrogens as uterus and vagina. Both E2 and E3 seem to be equally effective in increasing blood perfusion in the urogenital tissues. PMID- 3773122 TI - Morphology of urinary stone particles resulting from ESWL treatment. AB - Fragments of urinary stones resulting from extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. Calcium oxalate monohydrate and uric acid stone fragments were homogeneous and regular whereas struvite stone fragments were irregular in shape. Examination of the fractured surfaces revealed that the process of stone fragmentation involved fracture and cleavage of the crystals at some places and their separation from each other at others. In stones whose crystals are organised in layers, for instance calcium oxalate monohydrate and uric acid, crystalline layers separated along the concentric laminations. In struvite stones, which are an agglomeration of struvite and calcium phosphate crystals, major fragmentation occurred along the crystalline interfaces. PMID- 3773123 TI - Cystoprostatectomy for bladder cancer with preservation of potency and no stoma. PMID- 3773124 TI - Endoscopy and vascular surgery. PMID- 3773125 TI - Arm veins for arterial revascularization of the leg: arteriographic and clinical observations. AB - The results of 160 infrainguinal bypasses with arm vein grafts were analyzed. Seventy-three arteriograms were reviewed to identify early and late graft defects; arteriographic findings paralleled those described for saphenous vein grafts. Intimal fibrosis during the first postoperative year, observed in 16 grafts, was the most common defect. Aneurysmosis and elongation were rare, resulting in two graft replacements. Patency and limb salvage rates were calculated for 88 single-length femorodistal bypass grafts; the other 72 were inflow (eight) or outflow (22) jump grafts, sequential (eight) and composite autogenous vein grafts (34). The primary and secondary patency rates for single length grafts were 74% and 80% at 1 year and 51% and 57% at 5 years, respectively. The limb salvage rate at 5 years was 82%. The survival rate for all patients was 44% at 5 years. These findings reconfirm our use of arm veins as bypass grafts when the saphenous vein is unavailable. PMID- 3773126 TI - Serial hemodynamic assessment of aortobifemoral bypass. AB - Clinical, arteriographic, and vascular diagnostic laboratory (VDL) data on 157 patients undergoing aortobifemoral bypass (ABF/BP) more than 5 years previously were compared in terms of the perspective provided by noninvasive testing, particularly when performed in the face of superficial femoral artery (SFA) occlusion. To the traditional outcome criteria (operative mortality rate, 3.2%; amputation rate, 1.4%; early patency rate, 98%; and late patency rate, 86%), VDL data added an initial hemodynamic failure rate of 14% and a late deterioration rate of 8%. Those patients with occluded SFAs fared worse in regard to initial patency (94% vs. 100%), initial hemodynamic failure (29% vs. 2%), late deterioration (8.8% vs. 5.4%), and late failure rates (16% vs. 10%), whereas those patients with open SFAs suffered more distal disease progression (11.5% vs. 1.3%). "Prediction" of postoperative ankle/brachial index (ABI) from preoperative thigh/brachial index (TBI) and ABI was 92% accurate for limbs with open SFAs but only 84% for limbs with occluded SFAs; prediction was made with a formula based on proportional transmission and with TBI measured with a regularly sized cuff (best combination). Neither additive transmission formula nor measurement of TBI with a large cuff allowed accurate prediction when the SFA was occluded. No advantage, in terms of initial hemodynamic result or late outcome, could be demonstrated for limited profundaplasty in the absence of significant profunda femoral stenosis and end-to-end vs. end-to-side proximal anastomosis. PMID- 3773127 TI - The value of carotid endarterectomy in reducing the morbidity and mortality of recurrent stroke. AB - Survivors of ischemic stroke are at high risk of sustaining recurrent strokes, which tend to be more severe and are often fatal. Controversy exists regarding whether or not carotid endarterectomy (CEA) achieves its objectives of preventing recurrent stroke and reducing subsequent death in such patients. Therefore, we analyzed the records of 275 consecutive patients who underwent 350 CEAs between 1977 and 1983 and identified 95 patients (34.5%) who had suffered a preoperative stroke, which was the primary indication for operation. All had either full recovery (13.7%) or only mild (63.2%) or moderate (23.1%) neurologic deficits at the time of operation. Patients with severe deficits did not undergo operation. The operations were performed whenever the neurologic recovery had reached a plateau, without a specific interim waiting period between the stroke and the operation. The combined operative morbidity/mortality rate was 2.7% (three patients), both deaths caused by stroke in patients with mild preoperative neurologic deficits and one (0.9%) nonfatal postoperative stroke involving the retina in a patient who also had a mild preoperative deficit. Long-term follow-up averaged 32 months (range, 6 to 72 months). No ipsilateral recurrent strokes occurred during this period after CEA. Life-table analysis revealed a recurrent stroke rate of 3.2% (0.64% per year) and a 5-year survival rate of 81.3%. Patients who were neurologically normal at the time of operation had a cumulative 5-year survival rate of 90.9%. None of the late deaths was due to recurrent stroke.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3773128 TI - A method of performing descending venography. AB - With the recent development of successful methods to correct valve incompetence in the lower extremity, there is a need for a standardized approach to descending venography. This is the single test that accurately defines the site of the venous valve and demonstrates its competence or degree of incompetence. This report describes a technique of descending venography, including the details of catheter placement, injection procedure, and monitoring techniques. Interpretation of the study requires a method that analyzes both the individual valve function and the overall valvular competence of the entire extremity. Descending venography can separate patients with primary valve incompetence from those with postthrombotic valve destruction, as well as the occasional case of valve aplasia. Points on interpretation of valve function and the use of the Valsalva maneuver for "stressing" the valve are discussed. The descending venographic results are compared with the clinical state and with venous pressure findings in 78 extremities. PMID- 3773129 TI - Nonresective therapy for aortic aneurysm: results of a survey. AB - We reviewed the experience of 120 vascular surgeons with nonresective therapy for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) in medically unstable patients. Of a total pool of 206 patients, 88 underwent iliac artery ligation, which was combined with angiographic attempts at intrasaccular thrombosis in 80% of cases. The remaining 118 patients had ligation of the aneurysm proximally and distally. In all cases distal perfusion was restored, usually by axillofemoral bypass. Our study demonstrated a significantly higher risk of postoperative AAA rupture (20% vs. 3.3%, p less than 0.0001) and death (34% vs. 5.1%, p less than 0.000001) among patients treated by ligation distal to the AAA alone, whether intrasaccular thrombosis occurred or not. These results support the contention that if nonresective therapy is chosen for the occasional patient deemed too ill to undergo standard AAA resection, AAA exclusion by proximal and distal ligation should be performed. PMID- 3773130 TI - Aortic mural thrombus: an occult source of arterial thromboembolism. AB - During a 28-year period from 1955 to 1983, two cases of massive repetitive arterial thromboembolism from nonaneurysmal aortic mural thrombus were diagnosed antemortem and successfully corrected at the University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center. Within the same time period, 48 cases of nonaneurysmal aortic mural thrombus were identified in 10,671 consecutive autopsies (0.45% incidence). Eight of these patients had evidence of distal embolization (17%), and three had major thromboembolic occlusions, which were considered the proximate cause of death (6%). The latter three patients represented 9% of autopsy-confirmed deaths from peripheral arterial thromboembolism. The diagnosis was established in a 49-year-old man and a 51-year-old woman after a long course marked by recurrent arterial embolization. Despite multiple evaluations, which included angiography, the diagnosis remained elusive until clinical suspicion resulted in complete biplane aortographic survey. Although the morphologic characteristics of this lesion are quite striking, subtle angiographic changes and lack of familiarity with the clinical presentation contribute to the difficulty and infrequency of diagnosis. This unique lesion comprises an important segment of the so-called cryptogenic sources of arterial embolization and can be corrected by a definitive surgical procedure. PMID- 3773131 TI - Carotid artery occlusion: natural history. AB - During a 5-year period, 212 patients (170 men and 42 women, median age 65 and 64 years, respectively) were diagnosed as having internal carotid artery occlusion. Mean follow-up was 24.9 months. Five-year cumulative survival and stroke-free rates by life-table analysis were 62% and 75%, respectively. Deaths were due to stroke in 7 of 40 patients (17%) and were of cardiac origin in 22 of 40 patients (55%). The strokes were ipsilateral in 20 of 31 patients (65%). No statistically significant difference between the sexes could be demonstrated for either death or stroke, nor was age correlated with stroke during follow-up. Diabetes and hypertension increased the risk of stroke, whereas gender and aspirin consumption had no discernible effect. Endarterectomy of the opposite carotid artery did not significantly affect the natural history but did reduce the stroke rate in the territory of the operated artery. Presenting symptoms were useful for estimating prognosis. Twenty-two of 111 patients referred for stroke (20%) suffered a further stroke and 21 of 111 patients (19%) died (three were stroke-related), whereas of those patients referred for transient ischemic attack (TIA), only 2 of 42 patients (5%) suffered a stroke and none died. TIAs occurred in 23 patients (11%) during follow-up, and these were premonitory for stroke in three cases (13%). The limited value of TIA in predicting stroke and the high mortality rate unrelated to stroke in this group are important considerations when therapy is considered for these patients. PMID- 3773132 TI - Reappraisal of ocular pneumoplethysmography after carotid endarterectomy. AB - An initial report documented a 3-year experience (1978 through 1980) with ocular pneumoplethysmography (OPG-Gee) done in the recovery room after carotid endarterectomy. The present report analyzes a similar 4-year experience (1981 through 1984) on 864 carotid endarterectomies performed by 20 surgeons in which the results of OPG tests done in the recovery room suggested carotid endarterectomy thromboses in 33 of the 864 patients (3.8%). All patients underwent immediate reoperation, and thromboses were confirmed in 26 of the 33 patients (79%). In the seven patients without thromboses, findings at reoperation accounted for the abnormal physiology in six of the seven patients. Overall, in 32 of the 33 patients (97%) the recovery room OPG tests accurately reflected a source of hemodynamic compromise. The application of the special OPG-Gee criteria in this report will minimize needless reoperation after carotid endarterectomy. PMID- 3773133 TI - Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia and thrombosis: a serious clinical problem and potential solution. AB - Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (HATT) is an unusual but serious complication of heparin therapy. Twenty-five patients (13 men and 12 women) had thrombocytopenia and arterial or venous thrombosis 1 to 10 days (mean, 6.3 days) after the start of heparin administration. The vessels in the affected extremity had been entered for catheterization, arteriography, or passage of a balloon counterpulsation device in 19 of the 25 patients. In vitro platelet aggregation with heparin was seen in all patients. Additional studies were performed to see whether other lots or sources of heparin also produced in vitro aggregation. Four separate lots of beef lung heparin, commercial heparin from porcine intestinal mucosa, and two types of low molecular weight heparin were all highly stimulatory in this system. However, Org 10172, a heparinoid, did not induce aggregation in any of 13 patient plasmas tested. Inhibition of platelet aggregation by aspirin was also examined. Aspirin abolished in vitro aggregation in 9 of 16 cases and decreased the degree of aggregation from 85% to 55% (p = 0.02) in the remaining seven cases. We conclude that in patients with HATT platelet aggregation is equally induced by beef lung, porcine intestinal, and some forms of low molecular weight heparin. Org 10172 does not stimulate platelet aggregation in plasma from these patients in vitro. Finally, there may be a role for aspirin in treating patients with HATT. PMID- 3773135 TI - 'Obesity many disorders;' causes sought in genes, neurochemistry, psychology. PMID- 3773134 TI - Sealed rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysm imitating metastatic carcinoma. AB - We report the case of a 53-year-old man in whom rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm associated with a large retroperitoneal hematoma caused pressure erosion and destruction of lumbar vertebrae. The bone destruction was thought to represent metastasis from a bronchogenic carcinoma. Only after 18 months of gradual clinical deterioration with presumed metastatic cancer to the lumbar spine was the true nature of his disease recognized. After the ruptured aortic aneurysm was repaired, rapid recovery occurred and the retroperitoneal hematoma gradually was resorbed. PMID- 3773136 TI - Experts hold hope for obesity treatments targeted to specific regulatory miscues. PMID- 3773137 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Rabies in a javelina--Arizona. PMID- 3773139 TI - Hybridization of the primary care disciplines. PMID- 3773138 TI - Jones' own fracture. PMID- 3773140 TI - Breast cancer and the use of oral contraceptives. PMID- 3773141 TI - Comparison of three cholesterol-lowering diets in normolipidemic men. AB - Saturated fatty acids and cholesterol in the diet raise the plasma cholesterol concentration, and a reduction in these constituents is recommended widely. However, there is not general agreement as to which nutrients should replace saturated fatty acids. Several different substitute nutrients are possible. In this study, three cholesterol-lowering diets were compared in nine men living in a domiciliary. On a typical American diet at baseline, cholesterol levels were in the normal range. One replacement diet was high in polyunsaturated fatty acids (High Poly); another had 30% fat and corresponded to the American Heart Association's (AHA) recommended diet for the general public (AHA phase I); the third diet had 20% fat, equivalent to the AHA phase III diet for treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Compared with baseline levels, all diets caused similar reductions in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, but the High Poly and AHA phase III diets lowered the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level more than the AHA phase I diet. Thus, for the limited number of patients in this study, the diet recommended for the general public appeared as effective for lowering of cholesterol levels as diets containing more polyunsaturates or more carbohydrates. PMID- 3773142 TI - Autologous blood transfusions. Council on Scientific Affairs. AB - Blood collected from a patient for retransfusion at a later time into that same individual is called "autologous blood." When the guidelines established by the American Association of Blood Banks are followed, autologous blood is the safest type of blood for transfusion. It also decreases the demand for banked blood and eliminates the risk of infection and alloimmunization from a transfusion. Autologous transfusions are becoming widely available; since 1974 the number of institutions providing autologous transfusion programs has increased more than fourfold. The Council on Scientific Affairs endorses the use of autologous blood transfusions. PMID- 3773143 TI - Gianotti-Crosti syndrome associated with infections other than hepatitis B. AB - Although the Gianotti-Crosti syndrome (GCS) is regularly associated with hepatitis B infection elsewhere, in North America that association is rarely made. Accordingly, we studied nine children with acral, symmetrical eruptions typical of GCS for evidence of other infections. All were negative for hepatitis B surface antigen. Viral cultures were done in nine patients, and viruses isolated in two. One patient with a respiratory prodrome had respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) isolated, and a second patient studied simultaneously showed serological evidence of RSV infection. A third patient with both respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract symptoms yielded a polio-vaccine enterovirus. Two patients with fever and pharyngitis had group A beta-hemolytic streptococci isolated from the throat. Skin biopsies were done in three cases, and findings were consistent with GCS. Electron microscopy of two lesional biopsy specimens failed to demonstrate viral particles. Epstein-Barr virus serological findings were negative in six cases and showed evidence of past infection in three cases. This study strengthens the observation that hepatitis B is not the causative agent of GCS in this country and suggests that multiple infectious agents may be associated with this distinctive exanthem. PMID- 3773144 TI - Guarding the guardians: a conference on editorial peer review. PMID- 3773145 TI - National concern about drug abuse brings athletes under unusual scrutiny. PMID- 3773147 TI - Changing patterns in the practice of carotid endarterectomy in a large metropolitan area. PMID- 3773146 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Immunization of children infected with human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus. PMID- 3773148 TI - Aerial pesticide spraying: an environmental hazard. PMID- 3773149 TI - Inadvertent misconnection of medical tubing: protective incompatibility. PMID- 3773150 TI - Profound hypokalemia with rhabdomyolysis in Bartter's syndrome. PMID- 3773151 TI - Outpatient tonsil and adenoid surgery. PMID- 3773152 TI - Cost and price of comparable branded and generic pharmaceuticals. AB - Substituting generic for brand drugs has been increasing for two decades with the expectation that it leads to important savings. We studied 891 862 prescriptions, written for 21 pairs of branded and generic drugs, dispensed between April 1, 1984, and June 30, 1984, by 1363 selected pharmacies in 39 states. The cost per pill paid by the pharmacy was always less for the generic than the branded drug. The price per pill paid by the consumer was usually less for the generic than the brand. The wide and skewed distribution of consumer prices within and among pharmacies means that consumers cannot be guaranteed the lowest cost simply by buying generic drugs. The probability that generic would be less expensive than brand varied widely across drug pairs from .33 to .99. Continued search is no guarantee that the full distribution of prices or the lowest or nearly-lowest price will be found. PMID- 3773153 TI - Use of carotid endarterectomy in five California Veterans Administration medical centers. AB - Although carotid endarterectomy is a controversial and frequently performed surgical procedure, little is known about the clinical appropriateness of its use in actual practice. Are the majority of procedures performed for highly accepted clinical reasons? We studied the clinical appropriateness of 107 procedures performed on 95 patients in 1981 in five Veterans Administration teaching medical centers. Standards for judging appropriate use were based on the recommendations of a multidisciplinary panel of nine physicians. Fifty-five percent of the procedures studied were judged clearly appropriate, 32% equivocal, and 13% clearly inappropriate. The rate of serious operative complications was 5.6%. These results suggest that carotid endarterectomy is overutilized within at least some segments of the Veterans Administration population. PMID- 3773154 TI - Bowel infarction as a cause of death in dialysis patients. AB - Bowel infarction as a frequent occurrence in patients with end-stage renal disease has not been previously recognized. This report describes 12 dialysis patients with nonocclusive bowel infarction. All patients with bowel infarction had large weight losses secondary to vomiting, diarrhea, or ultrafiltration when undergoing dialysis, preceding the development of this disease. Of the potential risk factors analyzed, frequent and severe hypotension (systolic blood pressure, less than 100 mm Hg) when receiving dialysis occurred more commonly in patients developing bowel infarction. The weight loss was not often recognized initially as an important compromising problem. A fatal outcome was experienced in nine of the 12 patients. We conclude that bowel infarction may be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in dialysis patients. PMID- 3773155 TI - BioPrep. A premedical program for rural high school students. AB - To address physician maldistribution in Alabama and the Southeast region. The University of Alabama established the Biomedical Sciences Preparation Program (BioPrep) in five rural high schools. Its purpose is to help rural, disadvantaged high school students develop academically and socially so that they will be motivated and able to enroll in and progress successfully through college, specifically in pre-health professional curricula. It aims to develop their desire to return eventually to rural areas of Alabama as professionals. Project students are compared with two control groups. Performance on the American College Testing Program college entrance examination revealed significantly higher achievement by the project students. The project students also chose professional careers earlier and more frequently than matched high school students not receiving this special program, but similar to medical students and premedical students. The implications of the project for increasing the size of the rural, disadvantaged student applicant pool are discussed. PMID- 3773156 TI - Prolonged exercise augments plasma triglyceride clearance. AB - We studied ten male distance runners before and after a marathon to determine the effects of prolonged exercise on serum lipoprotein values and the capacity to clear plasma triglycerides. Serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, intravenous fat clearance, and postheparin plasma lipolytic activities were measured 24 hours before and 18 hours after the race. The clearance rate of exogenous fat increased 76% +/- 64%, postheparin lipoprotein lipase activity increased 46% +/- 35%, and fasting triglyceride levels decreased 26% +/- 13% after the race. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level increased 10% +/ 8%, primarily due to a 19% +/- 17% increase in the HDL2 subfraction. Changes in the clearance rate of exogenous fat were directly related to changes in HDL cholesterol level and the HDL2 subfraction. Thus, the rise in HDL cholesterol concentrations after prolonged exercise may be a consequence of enhanced fat clearance. PMID- 3773157 TI - Management of congestive heart failure in patients with acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 3773158 TI - Intravenous penicillin desensitization and treatment during pregnancy. AB - Untreated syphilis during pregnancy may result in stillbirth in one fourth of cases, while in infants who survive, there may be serious immediate and delayed manifestations. Penicillin is the drug of choice for treating both mother and fetus. We describe a woman with an allergy against both major and minor determinants of penicillin in whom syphilis was diagnosed on routine obstetric screening. Her obstetric history included one vaginal delivery at term and four subsequent spontaneous abortions at 12 to 16 weeks. The patient underwent desensitization utilizing graduated intravenous doses of penicillin followed by treatment with a constant infusion for eight days. She experienced no serious allergic reactions requiring alteration of therapy. We conclude that antibiotic desensitization may be a safe alternative during pregnancy if performed with careful monitoring. In this case, it allowed use of penicillin rather than less desirable alternatives. PMID- 3773159 TI - Abuse of pentazocine-naloxone combination. AB - The combination of pentazocine hydrochloride and tripelennamine hydrochloride (T's and blues) has been abused as a heroin substitute. In response to this abuse, the formulation of pentazocine has been changed to include naloxone hydrochloride, a short-acting narcotic antagonist, in the tablet (Talwin Nx). Two cases of abuse of the new pentazocine and naloxone formulation along with tripelennamine are reported. Potential reasons for the failure of naloxone to block the effects of pentazocine are discussed. PMID- 3773160 TI - The economics of generic prescribing: winners and losers. PMID- 3773161 TI - Setting outcome-based standards for carotid endarterectomy. PMID- 3773162 TI - Rural medicine/urban responsibilities. PMID- 3773163 TI - Drug use, no matter why, raises ethical issues. PMID- 3773164 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Immunization of children infected with human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus. PMID- 3773165 TI - Withholding or withdrawing life-prolonging medical treatment. PMID- 3773166 TI - Mammon and medicine: the rewards of clinical trials. PMID- 3773168 TI - A case of retropharyngeal soft-tissue swelling: the definitive diagnosis revealed. PMID- 3773167 TI - Asymptomatic microhematuria and urologic disease. PMID- 3773169 TI - Trazodone in essential tremor. PMID- 3773170 TI - Leukemia and groundwater contamination. PMID- 3773171 TI - Children dragged to their death by school vans. PMID- 3773172 TI - Do-not-resuscitate orders. PMID- 3773173 TI - Oxalosis and the E-Ferol toxicity syndrome. PMID- 3773174 TI - The safety of aspartame. PMID- 3773175 TI - Sudden cardiac death in Air Force recruits. A 20-year review. AB - We reviewed the clinical and autopsy records of the 19 sudden cardiac deaths that occurred among the 1,606,167 US Air Force healthy, medically screened recruits (90% male; 17 to 28 years old) during a 42-day basic training period between 1965 and 1985. Sixteen (all male) died suddenly of underlying structural heart disease, whereas no anatomic cause of death was identified in the remaining three. Thirty-two nonsudden, noncardiac deaths occurred during the same period, and only two had structural heart disease. Strenuous physical exertion was associated with sudden death in 17 of 19 cases (0.017 deaths per 50,000 exercise hours), and the most frequent underlying etiology was myocarditis. Sudden cardiac death, a rare event in healthy young adults, is usually associated with exertion. PMID- 3773176 TI - The cardiac pathology of sudden, unexplained nocturnal death in Southeast Asian refugees. AB - Sudden death during sleep has occurred among previously healthy Southeast Asian male refugees, but routine autopsies have not determined the cause of death in any of these cases. We report the first systematic attempt to define the cardiac abnormalities associated with this syndrome. Among 18 hearts examined, 14 showed slight to significant cardiomegaly, characteristic of increased cardiac work load. The reasons for the cardiomegaly remain unexplained. Conduction system anomalies were present in all but one heart. These included persistent fetal dispersion of the atrioventricular node and/or bundle of His, present in 14 hearts; accessory conduction fiber connections, found in 13 cases; and congenital heart block, observed in one case. These abnormalities were associated with variations in the structure of the cardiac base, suggesting a common aberrant developmental process. Although the functional significance of these findings has not been established, the conduction system anomalies may be the substrate for sleep-related cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death. PMID- 3773177 TI - The use of eye-nose goggles to control nosocomial respiratory syncytial virus infection. AB - We evaluated an eye-nose goggle to determine its usefulness in reducing nosocomial RSV infection in patients and staff members on our infant ward. During a community outbreak of RSV in 1984, infection was assessed by biweekly routine viral cultures on all ward personnel and patients and also by seroconversion in personnel. For three weeks staff members wore the goggles; two (5%) adults and one (6%) child acquired nosocomial infection. During the subsequent three-week study period, goggles were not used and 34% of personnel and 43% of susceptible infants became infected. The use of the disposable eye-nose goggles was associated with a significant decrease in nosocomial RSV infections (P less than .003 for staff and P less than .05 for contact infants). PMID- 3773178 TI - The age threshold for isoniazid chemoprophylaxis. A decision analysis for low risk tuberculin reactors. AB - Isoniazid chemoprophylaxis recommendations include its use in persons who have positive tuberculin reactions, but neither recent conversion nor other activation risk factors, only if they are under age 35 years. Above this threshold, the isoniazid hepatitis risk is said to outweigh the benefit of preventing activation. Because this policy is controversial, we performed a decision analysis contrasting those who take with those who decline isoniazid therapy according to three outcome measures: life expectancy, likelihood of illness (isoniazid hepatitis and active tuberculosis), and likelihood of fatal illness. We found no threshold between ages 10 and 80 years by the measures of life expectancy and likelihood of fatal illness; isoniazid benefits outweigh risks for all, though the margin is small for the elderly. A threshold exists only in the likelihood of illness: isoniazid risks outweigh benefits for those aged 50 to 65 years. Only extreme variations of assumptions affect these findings. Chemoprophylaxis recommendations should include low-risk tuberculin reactors over age 35 years. PMID- 3773179 TI - High-density lipoprotein cholesterol measurements. A help or hindrance in practical clinical medicine? AB - Often, plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) measurements lack sufficient accuracy to be of practical use in an individual clinical setting. Recent clinical investigations have demonstrated the strong predictive value of HDLC concentration for future coronary events and rate of progression of angiographically assessed coronary atherosclerosis. Clinical demand for HDLC measurements by clinicians has increased after the announcements of these results. The ability of clinical laboratories to assess HDLC values accurately, so that they may be applied on an individual basis, may be lacking, and enhanced accuracy should be encouraged. PMID- 3773180 TI - Radiological evaluation of dysphagia. AB - Radiological examination evaluates both structural and functional abnormalities of the esophagus in patients with dysphagia. Combined with the clinical history, the radiological results can guide the clinician to a specific diagnosis, such as carcinoma or stricture, or to additional studies, such as endoscopy or esophageal manometry. Based on cost and diagnostic efficacy, the radiological method, compared with endoscopy, is most useful as the initial screening examination in patients with dysphagia (Table 2). Its major limitations are poor detection of mild cases of esophagitis and occasional lack of specificity in diagnosing esophageal motor dysfunction. To achieve these results, however, effective radiological evaluation of the esophagus requires the meticulous use of a combination of examining techniques. PMID- 3773181 TI - The impact of a drug information sheet on the understanding and attitude of patients about drugs. AB - A proposed Food and Drug Administration program to require written information with prescription drugs could cost $500 million annually; the American Medical Association has implemented a similar, voluntary program costing more than $3 million. However, the educational impact of written drug information has not been studied. We evaluated one-page drug information sheets using an objective examination. The baseline score of 71 patients was 3.9 of 6.0. Patients tested before and one day after receiving the drug sheet improved their score by +1.4. In the second phase, patients randomized to receive the drug sheet improved their score after one month by +1.1; those not given the sheet had no improvement. Changes in attitudes and incidence of reported adverse effects seemed to be random and unrelated to the information sheet. Thus, a drug information sheet may be a useful adjunct to patient education. PMID- 3773182 TI - Accidental strangulation from vest restraints. PMID- 3773183 TI - Transfusion-acquired babesiosis and failure of antibiotic treatment. PMID- 3773184 TI - Goggles: an adjunct to hospital infection control? PMID- 3773185 TI - Prevention of tuberculosis among tuberculin reactors: maximizing benefits, minimizing risks. PMID- 3773186 TI - A nation of Jack Sprats? Cholesterol program to stress dietary changes. PMID- 3773187 TI - Low-fat diet may be imprudent for some, say opponents of population-based cholesterol control. PMID- 3773189 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Years of life lost from cardiovascular disease. PMID- 3773188 TI - Surgeon General's report on acquired immune deficiency syndrome. PMID- 3773190 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) among blacks and Hispanics--United States. PMID- 3773191 TI - Early repair of mechanical complications after acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 3773192 TI - Changes in attack and survival rates of acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 3773193 TI - Sick stethoscope syndrome. PMID- 3773195 TI - The investigation of dysphagia. PMID- 3773194 TI - The safety of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in patients receiving hemodialysis treatment. PMID- 3773196 TI - Papanicolaou smear testing in elderly women. PMID- 3773197 TI - JAMA, the suicidal ant, and same-day surgery centers--the appalling, the guilty, and the squeaky clean. PMID- 3773198 TI - The predictive value of petechiae in adults with bacterial meningitis. PMID- 3773199 TI - Is relationship between serum cholesterol and risk of premature death from coronary heart disease continuous and graded? Findings in 356,222 primary screenees of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). AB - The 356,222 men aged 35 to 57 years, who were free of a history of hospitalization for myocardial infarction, screened by the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) in its recruitment effort, constitute the largest cohort with standardized serum cholesterol measurements and long-term mortality follow-up. For each five-year age group, the relationship between serum cholesterol and coronary heart disease (CHD) death rate was continuous, graded, and strong. For the entire group aged 35 to 57 years at entry, the age-adjusted risks of CHD death in cholesterol quintiles 2 through 5 (182 to 202, 203 to 220, 221 to 244, and greater than or equal to 245 mg/dL [4.71 to 5.22, 5.25 to 5.69, 5.72 to 6.31, and greater than or equal to 6.34 mmol/L]) relative to the lowest quintile were 1.29, 1.73, 2.21, and 3.42. Of all CHD deaths, 46% were estimated to be excess deaths attributable to serum cholesterol levels 180 mg/dL or greater (greater than or equal to 4.65 mmol/L), with almost half the excess deaths in serum cholesterol quintiles 2 through 4. The pattern of a continuous, graded, strong relationship between serum cholesterol and six-year age-adjusted CHD death rate prevailed for nonhypertensive nonsmokers, nonhypertensive smokers, hypertensive nonsmokers, and hypertensive smokers. These data of high precision show that the relationship between serum cholesterol and CHD is not a threshold one, with increased risk confined to the two highest quintiles, but rather is a continuously graded one that powerfully affects risk for the great majority of middle-aged American men. PMID- 3773200 TI - Incidence of coronary heart disease and lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The Framingham Study. AB - The first report from the Framingham Study that demonstrated an inverse relationship between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) was based on four years of surveillance. These participants, aged 49 to 82 years, have now been followed up for 12 years, and this report shows that the relationship between the fasting HDL C level and subsequent incidence of CHD does not diminish appreciably with time. Since a second measurement of HDL-C is available eight years after the initial determination, the relationship of HDL-C measurements on the same subjects at two points in time is examined. This second HDL-C measurement is also used in a multivariate model that includes cigarette smoking, relative weight, alcohol consumption, casual blood glucose, total cholesterol, and blood pressure. It is concluded that even after these adjustments, nonfasting HDL-C and total cholesterol levels are related to development of CHD in both men and women aged 49 years and older. Study participants at the 80th percentile of HDL-C were found to have half the risk of CHD developing when compared with subjects at the 20th percentile of HDL-C. PMID- 3773201 TI - Population screening for cholesterol determination. A pilot study. AB - A screening for plasma cholesterol levels was conducted at six sites in the New York metropolitan area and involved hospitals, health professionals, paraprofessionals, media experts, and instruments that provided cholesterol levels rapidly. During the five days of the testing, over 12,000 participants were screened. Because the program was limited to customary working hours and because of self-selection of participants, the subjects were probably an unusually health-conscious group as evidenced by the low prevalence of cigarette smokers (11%). Nevertheless, 12% were at moderate risk and 16% were at high risk for coronary heart disease. Approximately half of the population reported never having had their cholesterol levels tested, and over 40% had no idea what levels were optimal. A subsample of patients at risk was screened by telephone survey. In the majority of cases, when a patient's physician was consulted for advice, no action was recommended. Our results demonstrate that a large population screening can be implemented, that at least certain segments of the public will respond to such a program, and that educational efforts must be directed at both the public at large and physicians. PMID- 3773202 TI - Cholesterol and children. PMID- 3773203 TI - Cholesterol lowering and the reduction of coronary heart disease risk. PMID- 3773204 TI - Taking on the fat of the land: cholesterol and health. PMID- 3773205 TI - A twin study of obesity. PMID- 3773206 TI - Nuclear disaster preparedness: the SONGS scenario. PMID- 3773207 TI - The Health Policy Agenda and the prevention of nuclear war. PMID- 3773208 TI - The Heimlich maneuver and the resuscitation of near-drowning victims. PMID- 3773210 TI - Criteria for the diagnosis of malnutrition. PMID- 3773209 TI - Use of oral contraceptives by women with epilepsy. PMID- 3773211 TI - The goose, the gander, and honeymoon cystitis. PMID- 3773212 TI - The investigation of Brainerd diarrhea. PMID- 3773213 TI - Does obesity protect hypertensives against cardiovascular diseases? AB - Recent studies suggest that obesity may protect hypertensives against cardiovascular disease (CVD). This concept was investigated by the Honolulu Heart Program, a prospective epidemiologic study of CVD in a cohort of Japanese American men aged 45 to 65 years who have been followed up for 12 years. The combined effect of body mass index (BMI), as a measure of obesity, and blood pressure on coronary heart disease and CVD incidence was examined in 7554 men who were free of CVD and cancer at baseline. Rates of coronary heart disease and CVD were higher in the most obese than in the nonobese men for both normotensives and hypertensives. Blood pressure-BMI interaction was not significant for any CVD end point. Hypertension was associated with higher rates of coronary heart disease and CVD at all levels of BMI. This study supports the conclusion that hypertension is associated with an increased risk of CVD in both obese and nonobese men and that the relationship of blood pressure to CVD incidence does not vary with level of BMI. The inclusion of prevalent cases of CVD and the collapsing of continuous data into two categories may explain the results of earlier studies. PMID- 3773214 TI - An improved system for reporting congenital malformations. AB - To improve the system of reporting congenital malformations on the birth certificates of newborns, we initiated the following procedural changes at Utah Valley Regional Medical Center in 1981: (1) transference of the responsibility of reporting congenital malformations from the mother's physician to the newborn's physician; (2) development of a congenital malformation reporting sheet included in each newborn's file; and (3) appointment of a centralized single hospital medical records person to review the files and to complete the birth certificate. For 4949 births in 1982, the results of these changes were reviewed retrospectively and compared with those of a previous study at the institution. This system markedly improved the overall completeness of reporting while it identified inaccurate reporting of some malformations, incomplete reporting of multiple malformations, and the reporting of nonmalformations as congenital malformations. PMID- 3773215 TI - McCune-Albright syndrome. Long-term follow-up. AB - This article describes clinical follow-up of 15 patients--13 females and two males--with McCune-Albright syndrome. Osseous fractures occurred only during childhood, while hearing impairment due to temporal bone involvement occurred in four of six adults. Four females with precocious puberty had final heights that were not different from the mean for normal females; they eventually developed regular menses, and two had children. Persistent hyperthyroidism requiring ablative therapy occurred in three subjects, while hypophosphatemia occurred in three subjects. The protean manifestations of this disorder suggest that it results from a basic defect of cellular regulation. We postulate that its varied endocrine abnormalities result from altered regulation of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate effects. PMID- 3773216 TI - Prolonged QT-interval syndromes. PMID- 3773218 TI - Development of acromegaly after pituitary apoplexy. PMID- 3773217 TI - Subclinical hepatic toxicity during combination chemotherapy for breast cancer. AB - We evaluated serial liver function tests (LFT) and serial liver imaging procedures for 190 consecutive patients with breast carcinoma to assess the incidence and severity of hepatic abnormalities during treatment with combination chemotherapy. Thirty-four percent of patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy and 52% of patients being treated for metastatic breast cancer had one or more LFT abnormalities before initiation of therapy. Among patients with normal baseline LFT results, 77% of those receiving adjuvant chemotherapy and 82% being treated for metastatic breast cancer developed LFT abnormalities during therapy. Liver function test abnormalities were mild to moderate and never led to interruption of treatment; they appeared within the first three months of chemotherapy and normalized in 90% within one year of cessation of treatment. Our analysis suggests that LFT abnormalities detected during the administration of chemotherapy for patients with breast cancer are a manifestation of drug toxicity and that such abnormalities are insufficient evidence of hepatic metastases. PMID- 3773219 TI - Conversion to SI units. The Canadian experience. PMID- 3773220 TI - Mandatory unindicated urine drug screening: still chemical McCarthyism. PMID- 3773222 TI - Proceedings of the 50th annual scientific meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society. March 1986, Kyoto. Abstracts. PMID- 3773221 TI - 'LFTs' test more than the liver. PMID- 3773223 TI - Analysis of the evolution of coronary artery disease--evaluation of 227 cases by restudy of coronary arteriography. AB - Some 227 patients who showed a 50% or greater narrowing of at least one major coronary artery in the first study underwent recatheterization at a mean interval of 35.6 months. Coronary arterial lesions and the degree of narrowing [i.e., normal (absent), 25%, 50%, 75%, 90%, 99% and complete occlusion (100%)] were classified in accordance with the AHA reporting system. When the lesions in the second study showed a change of equal or more than 2 in the above 7 stages in comparison with the first study, either progression or regression was determined. Of the 227 patients, progression occurred in 73 (32%) and regression was found in 7 (3%). In the aggravated group in symptom, progression was noted in 58%, and even in the stabilized group, progression was observed in 22%. As a result of the second study, 15 (21%) out of 73 patients showing progression underwent surgical treatment, and more than half of these cases (9/15) were constituted by the stabilized group. During the above follow-up periods, myocardial infarction occurred subsequently in 14 (19%) out of 73 patients showing progression. Up to the present time, sudden deaths occurred in 8 patients, and 5 out of 8 patients were also of the stabilized group. The authors wish to emphasize from these findings the necessity of aggressively pursuing restudy even in stabilized cases showing symptoms of ischemic heart disease. PMID- 3773224 TI - Feasibility of overnight urine for assessing dietary intakes of sodium, potassium, protein and sulfur amino acids in field studies. AB - The feasibility of using overnight urine as an alternative to 24-hr urine was examined on measures of dietary intake of sodium (Na), potassium (K) and protein as well as the sulfur amino acids, which are contained mainly in animal protein. It was also of interest whether urinary excretions of taurine (Tau: final metabolite of sulfur amino acids, contained mainly in animal protein) and excretions of 3-methylhistidine (3-MHis: the product of breakdown of skeletal muscle protein, quantitatively excreted into urine) were appropriate in assessing the dietary intake of animal protein and total protein, respectively. Overnight urine specimens were collected from 16 subjects (19 to 60 years old) with normotension or borderline hypertension without complications. Creatinine (Cr) ratios to Na, K, urea nitrogen (UN) and inorganic sulfate (SO4) derived from overnight urine and from 24-hr urine specimens showed significant correlations. Similar correlations were also found for the Na/K and SO4/UN rations between overnight and 24-hr urine specimens. Concentrations of Tau and 3-MHis (mmol per g Cr) of overnight urine specimens were strongly correlated with 24-hr urinary excretions of Tau and 3-MHis (mumol per day), respectively. Furthermore, significant correlations were found between 24-hr urinary excretions of UN and 3 MHis and between those of SO4 and Tau. These results indicate that an overnight urine specimens are available for assessing dietary intakes of Na and K, as well as protein and sulfur amino acids in field studies. PMID- 3773225 TI - Is it possible to rule out extensive anterior myocardial infarction in the absence of abnormal Q waves in lead I and aVL? Effect of infero-apical extension of infarction over apex. AB - To determine whether abnormal Q wave in lead I or aVL may be of use to estimate the size of an extensive anterior myocardial infarction, electrocardiographic and left ventriculographic findings were analyzed in 45 patients with old extensive anterior infarction. All 45 patients had a significant narrowing in the proximal segment of left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) and severe asynergy in anterolateral segment. The patients were divided into two groups; Group I consisted of 35 cases with less involvement of the inferoapical segment and Group II of 10 cases with remarkable extension of the anterolateral infarction into the inferoapical segment due to occlusion of very long LAD supplying the anterior half of posterior interventricular groove. There were no statistical differences in the extent of anterolateral asynergy, number of abnormal Q waves in precordial leads and left ventricular ejection fraction between the two groups. While abnormal Q wave in lead I or aVL was present in 28 cases (80%) of Group I, it was observed in only 3 cases (30%) of Group II (p less than 0.01). Thus, we can't rule out extensive anterior myocardial infarction even if abnormal Q waves are absent in lead I or aVL, in which abnormal Q waves may be cancelled by loss of electromotive force of inferoapical segment due to extension of the anterior infarction over the apex in cases with extraordinarily long LAD. PMID- 3773226 TI - Functional and metabolic responses to ischemia in the perfused heart isolated from normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - The difference between normotensive rats (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) in functional and metabolic responses to ischemia was studied. Systolic arterial blood pressure of SHR (171.2 +/- 2.9 mmHg) was significantly higher than that of WKY (135.3 +/- 1.2 mmHg), and the left ventricular mass of SHR was larger than that of WKY. Hearts isolated from either WKY or SHR were perfused by the working heart technique. Ischemia was induced by lowering the afterload pressure of the working heart. Ischemia produced cardiac arrest, and decreased the tissue levels of adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate in both WKY and SHR. Recovery of mechanical function of the heart during reperfusion following ischemia in SHR was better than that in WKY, while recovery of the high energy phosphates level in SHR was less prominent than in WKY. It is postulated that hypertension has a deleterious effect on myocardial energy metabolism in ischemic heart, even when cardiac mechanical function is maintained. PMID- 3773227 TI - Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mimicing typical dilated cardiomyopathy. AB - An autopsied patient who showed typical dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)-like features and was pathologically diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is presented. The patient, a 60-year-old male at the time of death, died of intractable congestive heart failure. At autopsy the heart weighed 570g and showed marked left ventricular (LV) dilatation with a thin wall (ventricular septum/free wall of the LV = 7 mm/8 mm). There was no evidence of significant stenosis in the extramural coronary arteries. Massive fibrosis was found in the middle and outer thirds of the ventricular septum and anterior wall of the LV (48% in the ventricular septum and 9% in the free wall of the LV). As myocytes were not present in the area with massive fibrosis, percent area of disarray was calculated excluding the area of massive fibrosis and found to be 30% in the ventricular septum. Based on the marked increase in the percent area of disarray, this case was diagnosed as HCM. The patient's 37-year-old son showed asymmetric septal hypertrophy on echocardiography (ventricular septum/posterior wall of the LV = 15 mm/11 mm), marked LV hypertrophy on electrocardiography, and diffuse and marked disarray by endomyocardial biopsy. There were also LV dilatation (LV diastolic dimension = 51 mm) and hypokinesis of the LV; as a result, a diagnosis of HCM with features of DCM was made. PMID- 3773228 TI - The question of dosage and method of administration of cardiac glycosides in cases of cardiac failure. PMID- 3773229 TI - The problems of digitalis therapy from the viewpoint of serum concentration with special reference to the sampling time, to the overlapping range of serum concentration where intoxicated and non-intoxicated patients are located and to atrial fibrillation. AB - Clinical studies were carried out during digoxin maintenance therapy to clarify three questions concerning digitalis therapy: optimal time for blood sample collection for serum digoxin concentration (SDC), the overlapping range of SDC levels in which some patients may be intoxicated while others are not, and both resistance and sensitivity of atrial fibrillation (AF) to digitalis. The SDC curve after a single dose of digoxin or beta-methyldigoxin shows the appropriate sampling time to be at least 12 hours after the administration. The optimal time is 24 hours. The overlapping SDC range was 1.7-2.7 ng/ml. There were significant differences in CTR and ventricular rates in AF between intoxicated and non intoxicated groups. This suggests that susceptibility to digitalis increases with the severity of underlying heart disease. Precipitating factors such as CTR should be taken into consideration, if the SDC is in the overlapping level. Digitalis resistance occurs in 6.7% of 105 patients with AF, and more frequently in hypertensive heart disease than others. Digitalis sensitivity occurs more often in the elderly and in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. But it is not necessary to attain higher therapeutic levels for AF than for sinus rhythm. Clearly optimal digitalis therapy for AF can be best accomplished when precise clinical findings, SDC and EKG recordings are carefully monitored and used to correct treatment. PMID- 3773230 TI - Cardiovascular effects of a new inotropic agent, denopamine (TA-064); with reference to it's effects on cardiac hemodynamics and metabolism. AB - A new inotropic agent, denopamine (TA-064) was shown to have a strong positive inotropic effect. Its effect on cardiac hemodynamics and metabolism was evaluated by using wall stress and direct measurement of myocardial oxygen consumption. With plasma concentration of denopamine (21-29 ng/ml on average), attainable by one single oral dose (10 mg), the positive inotropic effect was evident by the significant increase in peak (+)dp/dt (+15% increase from control), and shortening velocity of the left ventricle (+39%), when heart rate or blood pressure was not altered significantly. End diastolic stress and end systolic stress of the left ventricle, defined as indices of preload and afterload, respectively, were reduced significantly. The reduction of preload (-51%) was the result of improved left ventricular filling, and the reduction of afterload ( 23%) was due to the increased contractility. Neither coronary sinus blood flow not aortocoronary AV O2 defference was changed. Consequently, myocardial oxygen consumption remained unaltered. When the dose is chosen properly, denopamine is able to exert salutary effects in patients with severe heart failure. PMID- 3773231 TI - Effects of intravenous amrinone on heart failure complicated by acute myocardial infarction: comparative study with dopamine and dobutamine. AB - The hemodynamic effects of a newly developed inotropic agent, amrinone (AMN) were studied and compared with those of dopamine (DA) and dobutamine (DB) in forty patients with pump failure due to acute myocardial infarction. Hemodynamic measurements were taken using a Swan-Ganz thermodilution catheter before and 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after intravenous injection of AMN (1-2 mg/kg) for 3 minutes in eight patients, and also before and during drip infusion (3-7 micrograms/kg/min) of DA in fifteen patients and DB in seventeen patients. AMN showed maximal increases in CI, SVI and SWI, and maximal lowering in CVP and SVR 5 minutes after intravenous injection, while maximal lowering in PCWP occurred 10 minutes after injection. These significant hemodynamic changes lasted for 60 minutes after injection. Comparing the maximal hemodynamic effects occurring 5 minutes after injection of AMN with those of DA and DB, it was found that AMN increased CI to almost the same degree as DA, and lowered CVP and PCWP much more compared to DB. These results suggest that AMN possesses a dominant vasodilating effect in addition to its inotropic effect, which would greatly benefit the treatment of refractory heart failure; AMN are the characteristic cardiovascular hemodynamic effects of as if catecholamine and a vasodilator were combined. PMID- 3773232 TI - Beneficial effect of OPC-8212 (3,4-dihydro-6-(4-(3,4-dimethoxy benzoyl)-1 piperazinyl)-2(1H)-quinolinone on myocardial oxygen consumption in dogs with ischemic heart failure. AB - The effect of a new inotropic agent, OPC-8212 (2(1H)-quinolinone derivative), on myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) following intravenous administration (1 and 3 mg/kg/min) was studied in normal and ischemic failing hearts in open chest dogs. Ischemic failing heart was obtained by intracoronary injection of 15-micron microspheres and volume loading. OPC-8212 significantly increased LV max dP/dt and decreased mean aortic pressure, whereas heart rate was not altered in both normal and failing hearts. Despite the remarkable positive inotropic effect, this agent did not increase MVO2 in the normal hearts and even decreased MCO2 in the ischemic failing hearts associated with a decrease in LV end-diastolic pressure and hence, LV chamber size. These results indicate that OPC-8212 does not increase myocardial oxygen demand, probably because the increase in MVO2 by positive inotropic effect is offset by a decrease in MVO2 due to a decrease in chamber size. Thus, OPC-8212 may be promising for the treatment of congestive heart failure with reduced coronary flow reserve. PMID- 3773233 TI - Hemodynamic effects of digoxin on congestive heart failure. AB - To assess the hemodynamic effects of digoxin (0.01 mg/kg) on congestive heart failure, we evaluated 19 patients with decreased contraction force of left ventricle (old myocardial infarction n = 9, and dilated cardiomyopathy n = 10, group 1) and 8 patients with mechanical impaired left ventricular filing (mitral stenosis n = 8, group 2). In groups 1 and 2, heart rate and pulmonary capillary pressure significantly decreased (p less than 0.05). In group 1, stroke volume increased, but not significantly. In group 2, stroke volume increased significantly (p less than 0.05). There were no significant changes in blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance in either group. We divided group 1 into two groups (group 1A: cardiac index increased more than 15%, group 1B: cardiac index increased less than 15%). In group 1A, cardiac index and % fractional shortening before digoxin administration were lower than in group 1B (1.97 + 0.27 vs 2.80 + 0.481/min/m2, p less than 0.001, and 10.9 + 8.0 vs. 19.5 +11.9%, p less than 0.05, respectively). These data suggested that digoxin exerted a positive inotropic effect with decreased pulmonary capillary pressure but cardiac index did not always increase in congestive heart failure. PMID- 3773234 TI - Effects of digitalis on cardiopulmonary baroreflex in man. AB - We examined whether digitalis augments cardiopulmonary baroreflex control of forearm vascular resistance in normal young men. Cardiopulmonary baroreceptor input was reduced with lower body negative pressure (LBNP) at 10 and 20 mmHg which decreased central venous pressure (CVP) but did not alter blood pressure (BP) or heart rate (HR). Decreases in forearm blood flow and increases in forearm vascular resistance with LBNP were greater after cedilanid than before and the slope of the regression line relating changes in central venous pressure and those in forearm vascular resistance was steeper after cedilanid. Vasoconstrictor responses to a cold pressor test did not differ before and after cedilanid, which suggested that augmented responses to LBNP after cedilanid were not due to a generalized change in reflex control. These results suggest that cedilaniid augments the tonic inhibitory influence of cardiopulmonary baroreceptors in normal men. PMID- 3773235 TI - [Sensory evoked response (SER) during anesthesia with halothane, nitrous oxide and oxygen]. PMID- 3773236 TI - [Effects of cervical epidural block on the blood flow of the vertebral artery and common carotid artery]. PMID- 3773237 TI - [Endocrine response during open heart surgery for ischemic heart disease and mitral stenosis]. PMID- 3773238 TI - [Effect of different doses of dopamine or dobutamine on hemodynamics and plasma norepinephrine concentrations in dogs with pulmonary edema]. PMID- 3773239 TI - [The mechanism of dural permeability to narcotics and local anesthetics]. PMID- 3773240 TI - [Influence of streptomycin on muscle relaxation produced by pancuronium]. PMID- 3773241 TI - [Effect of the omentum on the biodegradation of halothane in dogs]. PMID- 3773242 TI - [The effect of preoperative starvation on the levels of blood glucose concentrations and on urinary ketone bodies]. PMID- 3773243 TI - [Anesthetic management of a hemodialysis-dependent patient for neurosurgery]. PMID- 3773244 TI - [What is the cause of cardiac death in a brain-death patient?--Analysis of a typical brain-death patient]. PMID- 3773245 TI - [Anesthesia and thyrotoxic periodic paralysis--a case report]. PMID- 3773246 TI - [Endotracheal intubation and postoperative maintenance of the airways in a patient with thyroid carcinoma]. PMID- 3773247 TI - [Development of a safety-oriented anesthesia machine; its planning, construction and renovation]. PMID- 3773248 TI - [Effects of verapamil on recovery of postischemic cardiac function under 2 MAC enflurane and isoflurane anesthesia in the isolated rat heart]. PMID- 3773249 TI - [Effects of prostaglandin E1 on the normal and ischemic heart in dogs]. PMID- 3773250 TI - [Cause of pulmonary edema associated with acute myocardial ischemia]. PMID- 3773251 TI - [Effects of anesthesia and surgery on glucose space in man]. PMID- 3773252 TI - [Carbohydrate metabolism during anaesthesia and surgery--effects on plasma levels of neuropeptides and various hormones]. PMID- 3773253 TI - [H2O2 generation in the rat brain in vivo; correlates with oxygen pressure]. PMID- 3773254 TI - [A score for detecting postoperative pulmonary complications, and its validity]. PMID- 3773255 TI - [A case of pseudocholinesterase variant suspected to be E1sE1f]. PMID- 3773256 TI - [Results of nerve block treatment in 1,000 patients with zoster-related pain]. PMID- 3773257 TI - [A new model for total cerebral ischemia in dogs]. PMID- 3773258 TI - [Anesthetic management of a patient with Freeman-Sheldon ("whistling face") syndrome]. PMID- 3773259 TI - [Coronary spasms during non-cardiac surgery]. PMID- 3773260 TI - [Severe arrhythmia due to the combined use of halothane and aminophylline in an asthmatic patient]. PMID- 3773261 TI - [A new tool to facilitate positioning the patient for intrathecal phenol block accurately and easily]. PMID- 3773262 TI - [Development of an ultra-long life oxygen sensor and a new oxygen meter]. PMID- 3773263 TI - [Biliary excretion and clinical evaluation of cefoperazone in the biliary tract infections]. AB - Biliary excretion Cefoperazone (CPZ) in a dose of 1 g was intravenously injected to each of 13 cases with obstructive jaundice. Entire bile was collected through percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage (PTCD) catheter in every 1 hour for 6 hours. The mean concentration of CPZ in serum was 112.1 +/- 17.8 micrograms/ml (mean +/- S.E.) at 1 hour and 55.1 +/- 19.2 micrograms/ml at 6 hours after injection. The mean recovery of CPZ in bile within 6 hours was 1.13 +/- 0.60%. Average CPZ concentrations in bile were 64.0 +/- 45.8 micrograms/ml in the 1 hour fraction, 142.7 +/- 78.4 micrograms/ml in the 2 hours fraction and 72.2 +/- 34.0 micrograms/ml in the 6 hours fraction. Biliary excretion of CPZ was low in cases where the serum concentration of total bilirubin was high, but maximum CPZ level in bile in patients with higher serum bilirubin concentrations than 30 mg/dl was still more than 3 micrograms/ml. Clinical evaluation. CPZ was administered to 43 patients with biliary tract infections. The efficacy ratio was 88.4% (excellent and good cases) in all cases, and especially high in cases with cholecystolithiasis. But no difference in efficacy ratio was observed among cases with cholecystolithiasis, choledocholithiasis without gallstone and cases subjected to PTCD. In 10 patients examined by ultrasonography, 8 cases showed reduced diameters of gallbladder. No adverse effect of CPZ was noted in any cases. These results suggest that a fairly large portion of CPZ was excreted through bile and that CPZ is a very useful drug for the treatment of biliary tract infections. PMID- 3773264 TI - [Role of glucan synthesis in the adherence of Streptococcus mutans]. PMID- 3773265 TI - [The characterization of cross-reacting protein antigens in gram-negative bacilli]. PMID- 3773266 TI - [Diffuse growth of strains of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus on blood agar and their motility digging appearance on soft-agar medium]. PMID- 3773267 TI - [Clinicopathologic study of intramammary cancer residuals after outpatient excisional biopsy of breast cancer]. AB - Seventy-four breast cancer patients, who had undergone outpatient excisional biopsy followed by radical mastectomy, were divided into three groups according to the types of intramammary cancer residuals: no cancer residuals--45 patients, noninvasive cancer residuals--15, and invasive cancer residuals--14. The invasive cancer residual group included nine patients with axillary metastasis and showed a significantly higher rate of five-year recurrence (8/14) than the other two groups. In some of the patients with invasive cancer residuals, the lesions were more advanced and aggressive by nature. Histopathologically, invasive cancer residuals closely correlated to the nondesmoplastic infiltrating tumor border, and noninvasive cancer residuals to intraductal cancerous spread. Most intramammary cancer residuals were found close to the wounds made by biopsy. PMID- 3773268 TI - [Efficacy of extrapleural internal mammary node dissection in breast cancer]. AB - The results of extended radical mastectomy for breast cancer in 180 randomized patients treated at this department between 1965 and 1984 are reported. About 18% of the women with breast cancer had internal mammary lymph node metastasis. The incidence of metastasis in internal mammary lymph nodes increased from 9.5% when the tumor was locate in the outer half to 24.7% when it was in the center or inner half. The increase in the number of axillary lymph node metastasis was correlated with the increase in the incidence of internal mammary lymph node metastasis. The five-year survival rate of patients with no internal mammary lymph node involvement was better than that of involvement (81% versus 47%). But when the internal mammary nodes alone were involved without axillary lymph node metastasis, 83% of the patients survived for five years. PMID- 3773269 TI - [Clinical investigation of serum immunosuppressive acidic protein (IAP) in patients with gastric cancer]. AB - Immunosuppressive acidic protein (IAP) is among the immunosuppressive factors so far detected in the blood of cancer patients. This study was undertaken to determine the blood level of IAP in patients with carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly the stomach, and to define the clinical implications of IAP for the therapy. A close correlationship was established between the serum IAP level and the gross degree of malignancy of the tumor and clinical stage of disease, notably in patients with gastric cancer; the serum IAP level was increased with as the disease advanced, the increase being significant in the presence of metastasis or extensive spread of the lesion. PMID- 3773270 TI - [A survey of clinical applications of the remote afterloading machine in Japan]. AB - This survey was performed to ascertain how usefully the remote afterloading machine with small radiative sources has been applied. The following results were obtained through questionaires sent to 147 hospitals in Japan: These machines are mainly used for the treatment of uterine cervix cancer, and the three channels of 60Co sources are mostly used with high dose-rate. The frequency of the treatment is 50-200 times per year in 60% of the hospitals. In only 15 hospitals is this machine routinely used for malignant tumors of the nasopharynx, paranasal sinuses, esophagus and bile tract as well as uterine cervix cancer. It is important to develop various kinds of accessories for the remote afterloading machine with high dose rate, in order to its extend the applications. PMID- 3773271 TI - [Malignant neoplasms in pregnancy--report of 28 cases treated in our hospital]. AB - We report 28 cases of malignant disease in pregnant women. They were divided into 14 cases of intrapelvic tumors and 14 of extrapelvic tumors. The intrapelvic tumors were cervix cancer in nine and ovarian cancer in five, while the extrapelvic tumors were brain tumors in three, maxillary cancer in one, tongue cancer in one, pharyngeal cancer in one, breast cancer in one, gastric cancer in two, osteosarcoma in one Hodgkin's lymphoma in one, and leukemias in three. The prognoses of the patients with intrapelvic tumors were relatively good. But those of extrapelvic diseases were poor. PMID- 3773272 TI - [Oral administration of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) with intravesical chemotherapy as prophylaxis against recurrence of superficial bladder tumors]. AB - The oral administration of 5-FU together with the intravesical instillation of carboquone and cytosine arabinoside was attempted in cases of superficial bladder tumor for the purpose of prophylaxis against postoperative recurrence. The recurrence rate in 25 patients treated by this intravesical chemotherapy and oral 5-FU administration was 9.1% after one year, 14.0% after two years and 27.8% at three to five years. The recurrence rate in 13 patients with intravesical chemotherapy alone was 8.7% after one year, 31.5% after two years and 58.9% at three to four years. The recurrence rate in six patients with oral 5-FU administration alone was 18.2% after one year, 41.6% after two years and 100% after three years. These results suggest that oral administration of 5-FU in combination with intravesical chemotherapy is useful as prophylaxis against recurrence of superficial bladder tumors. PMID- 3773273 TI - [Intracavitary administration of recombinant interferon in cancer patients with malignant effusions]. AB - Interferon-beta (IFN-beta), 6 X 10 units/body, was administered intraperitoneally and intrapericardially daily to five recurrent cancer patients with malignant effusion. Two of them showed complete response with a disappearance of effusion and cytological negative. However, three patients showing a decrease in effusion and cytological negative were regarded as no change because of the short duration of the response (less than four weeks). Intracavitary administrations of IFN-beta were well tolerated, and no serious side effects were observed. Autopsies showed that all intestines with disseminated metastasis maintained organic elasticity and had neither ileus-like construction nor progressive adhesions. IFN-beta showed not only anticancer effects on malignant effusion, but protection against GI tract constriction through moderate control of the growth of connective tissue. PMID- 3773274 TI - [Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus]. AB - A case of primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus is reported. The patient was a 44-year-old man. The tumor occupied Ea approximately C (E less than C) and was a large protruding mass. Partial esophagectomy (Ei approximately Ea) and total gastrectomy with splenectomy (R2), postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy (DTIC.CDDP) and radiation against the metastatic lesion of the right adrenal were performed. The patient died eight months postoperatively with massive multiple metastases to the liver. Histologically, the tumor tissue was diagnosed as primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus with junctional change and esophageal melanocytosis. PMID- 3773275 TI - [Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia of the breast--report of a case with scanning electron microscopic observations]. AB - A 65-year-old woman noticed a left breast mass and underwent excisional biopsy. The excised mass measured 1.7 cm in diameter. Histologically, the tumor-like mass revealed irregular vascular channels with occasional thrombi and many papillary projections of fibrous stalks lined with a layer of flat endothelial cells. A small cavernous hemangioma was present adjacent to the lesion. Scanning electron microscopic observation revealed disorderly oriented thin and thick cords forming branches and meshworks in the lumina. The luminal wall and cords were covered with flat endothelial cells. Light and scanning electron microscopic differences between intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia and angiosarcoma are discussed. PMID- 3773276 TI - [Liver function tests: serologic diagnosis (non-specific reactions). A. RA and CRP]. PMID- 3773277 TI - [Liver function tests: analysis of the excreted bile components]. PMID- 3773278 TI - [Correlation between liver biopsy and liver function tests in the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis]. PMID- 3773279 TI - [Liver function tests: analysis of serum protein fractions (including collagen reactions)]. PMID- 3773280 TI - [Pseudotumoral varices seen on plain chest films]. PMID- 3773281 TI - [A clinical study on carcinoembryonic antigens in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung]. PMID- 3773282 TI - [Abnormal accumulation of 99mTc-MDP in cancer of the breast]. PMID- 3773283 TI - [Leigh's syndrome and its CT findings]. PMID- 3773284 TI - [CT findings of thrombosis of the superior sagittal sinus and cerebral veins]. PMID- 3773285 TI - [Magnetic resonance imaging of syringomyelia]. PMID- 3773286 TI - [Post-operative abscess of the lesser peritoneal sac following surgery of an ileal obstruction]. PMID- 3773287 TI - [Laminar blood flow and steal phenomenon observed by radionuclide angiography]. PMID- 3773288 TI - [Radiation-induced ileitis following radiotherapy of cervical cancer]. PMID- 3773289 TI - [The differential points in radiological examinations between dural AVM and calvarial AVM]. PMID- 3773290 TI - [Obstruction of the inferior vena cava with unusual collateral pathways--a case report]. PMID- 3773291 TI - [Observations on paraquat lung during the recovery course by X-ray CT (three window method)]. PMID- 3773292 TI - [An autopsy case of liver cirrhosis showing extramedullary hematopoiesis of the lung by bone marrow scintigraphy with 111In-chloride]. PMID- 3773293 TI - [Excretion of triethyl lead, diethyl lead and inorganic lead in the urine and feces of rabbits treated with diethyl lead dichloride]. AB - One group of rabbits were injected intraperitoneally with diethyllead dichloride (7.7 mg Pb/kg) and another group of rabbits were likewise injected with an equivalent lead dose of lead acetate. These rabbits were followed up for changes in the lead amounts excreted daily in the urine and feces from 24 h through 7 d after the injection, respectively. In the group of rabbits injected with diethyllead dichloride (one of 3 rabbits died during the observation), an amount of lead equivalent to about 25% of the injected dose was excreted in the urine during the first 24 h after the injection. Also, an amount of lead equivalent to about 28% of the injected lead was excreted in the feces during the first 3 d, and the total lead excretion during the 7 d after the injection corresponded to about 60% of the injected dose of diethyllead. One day after dosing, the total lead in the urine was made up of about 92% diethyllead, about 7% inorganic lead and about 1% triethyllead. One day after dosing, the total lead in the feces consisted of about 63% inorganic lead, about 28% diethyllead and about 9% triethyllead. Three days after dosing, the total lead in feces comprised about 98% inorganic lead, about 1% diethyllead and about 1% triethyllead. In the group of 3 rabbits injected with lead acetate, the total lead amount excreted in both the urine and feces during the 7 d after the injection corresponded to only about 9% of the injected dose of lead acetate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3773294 TI - [Studies on the occupational maladjustment syndrome. (Part 3). In reference to the therapeutic system for the OMA syndrome and the industrial physician's roles]. AB - In order to ascertain the effects of the newly-devised therapeutic system (described later) and clarify the industrial doctor's roles, a study was made on 96 patients with O.M.A.S. (34 in core group, 26 in dropout group, 15 in other group, 13 in transient reaction group and 8 in special job maladjustment group) whom we had directly treated. The subjects of the present study were 54 patients with O.M.A.S. who were treated in the clinic (our clinic) at the Dept. of Mental Health, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health during the past 19 years and 42 patients who were examined in the company's clinic (this company consists of 15,000 employees) where we have practiced mental hygiene of industrial medicine during the past 15 years. Two typical cases in respect of the therapeutic system are presented. We developed a newly-devised therapeutic system of O.M.A.S. (I. Medical examination, II. Counselling for the patients and their family, III. Psychiatric rehabilitation, and IV. Therapeutic advices for their colleagues or superiors in their working place). Of the 96 patients, 81 were reinstated to their office and are at work by using the therapeutic system. Of 96 patients it was necessary for 59 to accept the therapeutic advices. In 49 of 59 patients (Accepted group), doctor's therapeutic advices were accepted by their colleagues or superiors in their working place. In the remaining 10 patients (Refused group) treated by our clinic, the therapeutic advices were refused. Accepted group was observed to be more adaptable to their jobs than refused group. As to the therapeutic content we manipulated their conditions as follows: therapeutic transposition in 27 patients, reduction of duty and guidance of work in 18 patients, and therapeutic preliminary reappointment in 13 patients. It is considered that the industrial doctor of mental hygiene plays an important role in order to establish the therapeutic system of O.M.A.S. PMID- 3773295 TI - [Gastric and duodenal ulcers as occupational psychosomatic diseases]. AB - Various stresses are considered to be involved in the development of gastric and duodenal ulcers. We interviewed patients of either gastric ulcer group (GU) or duodenal ulcer group (DU) with regular occupation who were admitted to our Psychosomatic Illness Department in order to examine the differences in the characteristics of their stress and developmental factors of their diseases between the two groups. Developmental factors were scored for comparison. The following results were obtained. Though group DU was generally younger than group GU, it tended to have a greater number of episodes. No significant difference was found between the two groups in living habits, life history, or familial, social and physical environments. However, group DU had greater stress than group GU in the working environment. A significantly greater number of patients in group DU smoked and had problems in personal relations as compared with GU. There was a significant correlation between smoking habit and stressfulness of the working environment in both groups. In group DU, there was a significant correlation between the father-child relationship and personal relations. In group DU, a significant number of those who had problems in the relation with their superiors at work had problems in the father-child relation. These findings show that patients with duodenal ulcer had more problems in the working environment, particularly in personal relations, than those with gastric ulcer, and smoking habit appears to accelerate the development of the diseases. Also, a possible association was suggested between problems of personal relations at work and the history of growth. PMID- 3773296 TI - Reliability in determination of methanol concentration. AB - Two sampling methods for reliable determination of methanol concentration were studied. Methanol vapor stored in glass container was found to be decomposed on the glass surface. The decomposition increased as the surface area of the glass container was extended. The proportion of the decomposition in the glass container was relatively high, especially when the concentration of methanol vapor was low. Therefore, a reliable determination by the above sampling method was impossible. In the solid sorbent sampling by silica gel, the collected methanol was also decomposed, but the decomposed amount was negligibly small compared to the collected methanol when the amount of methanol was more than 0.1 microliter of the liquid methanol. It could be concluded from the foregoing findings that the determination of methanol concentration by this method is reliable. PMID- 3773297 TI - [Behavior of urinary hydroxyproline and the effect of cigarette smoking in silicosis]. AB - This study was conducted through regular pneumonoconiosis examination according to the law on 1,096 employees of medium and small-sized ceramic enterprises in Tokai district in 1981-82. Interview examination with BMRC questionnaire, X-ray examination and measurement of urinary hydroxyproline to creatinine ratio (HOP ratio) were carried out in order to elucidate the relationship between silicosis and urinary HOP ratio and to demonstrate the effect of smoking on pneumofibrosis. Grade of silicosis was classified into five types (0 to 4) based on the Japanese Classification of Radiographs of Pneumoconioses. In evaluating the behavior of urinary HOP ratio, when smoking factor is added in the early grade of pneumofibrosis (type 1 and type 2), collagen decomposition rate is rapidly repressed and fibroplastic conditions develop to the final grade as type 3 and 4, although smoking itself does not seem to induce pneumofibrosis. To exclude the effects of smoking, nonsmoking group was used for measurement of HOP ratio by grade. The HOP ratio in type 0 was lowest and HOP ratio increased in the order of type 1 and type 2. The turning point was found in type 2 and their HOP ratio decreased one after another. The turning point shifted from type 2 to type 3 in the case of non-smokers without any index symptoms by BMRC questionnaire and also shifted to type 1, in the case of non-smokers with them. Shifting of turning point suggests that index symptoms also promote fibroplastic activities. PMID- 3773298 TI - [Studies on the hygiene of arc-welding. (Part 8). Effects of atmospheric conditions on the chemical composition of fumes from low hydrogen welding]. AB - Welding fumes were generated from several kinds of low hydrogen type electrodes which changed the atmosphere with use of various gases, such air, Ar, CO2 and N2, and were collected in water with an impinger. These fumes were analyzed by X-ray refractometry and chemical analysis, and pH of their collecting water was measured. Based on these results, this paper discusses the mechanism of scattering K and Na in fumes from low hydrogen welding which are considered to be the sources of respiratory tract irritation. All sample fumes from low hydrogen welding in several atmospheric conditions contained fluorite (CaF2). The pH of water in which all sample fumes were collected remarkably elevated. Chemical composition ratios of both K2O and Na2O in all sample fumes were larger than those in coating materials. The sample fumes from welding in each of both N2 and CO2 atmosphere showed higher ratios of K2O and Na2O than those in Ar. The conclusions obtained from the discussion are as follows: The potential gradient of the arc becomes larger during welding in the atmosphere with use of N2 or CO2 because the dissociation voltage of N2 and CO2 is very low. Furthermore, fluorite (CaF2) makes the slag more fluid. Then, K and Na become easily dispersed from the arc column of low hydrogen welding. PMID- 3773299 TI - [Two-phase desorption method for measurement of adsorbed organic solvents on charcoal tubes]. PMID- 3773300 TI - Study on trace element concentrations in hair and blood of electroplating workers. PMID- 3773301 TI - [Capillary blood flow of a finger during hot water immersion of bilateral hands in patients with vibration syndrome]. PMID- 3773302 TI - [Relationship between coproporphyrin I and III excreted in the urine of lead workers]. PMID- 3773304 TI - [Studies on cyclic variations of human plasma testosterone levels (Part 1). Daily changes in a month]. PMID- 3773303 TI - Triton WR-1339 as a biological-response modifier in mycobacterial infection. AB - A non-ionic detergent, Triton WR-1339, prolonged markedly the survival time of mice infected fatally with virulent mycobacteria, though it exerted only a limited effect on the fate of tissue viable counts. The combined administration of Triton WR-1339 with lentinan (a glucan purified from the Japanese mushroom Lentinus edodes) was more effective than the single administration of each. This detergent was not lytic to red blood cells or lysosomes, but its substantial effect on the biomembrane was suggested by cold-shock experiment of hemolysis. It was considered that Triton WR-1339 is a biological-response modifier, possibly altering the interaction between the mycobacterial surface and the membrane structure of phagocytes. PMID- 3773305 TI - [Burns from the splashing of flaming liquid: an autopsy case]. PMID- 3773306 TI - [A fatal fall from a height causing "internal print type of marginal hemorrhage"]. PMID- 3773307 TI - Secondary brain hemorrhages associated with lightning stroke: report of a case. PMID- 3773308 TI - Electroencephalographical analysis of acute toluene poisoning. PMID- 3773309 TI - [Induction of membranous glomerulonephritis by administration of cationic antigen in chronic serum sickness nephritis in rabbits]. PMID- 3773310 TI - [Clinico-pathological study of IgA nephropathy with nephrotic syndrome]. PMID- 3773311 TI - [Simultaneous decrease of urinary sodium, potassium and chloride excretion induced by walking in children with mesangial cell proliferations]. PMID- 3773312 TI - [The effect of arachidonic acid on prostaglandin metabolism in the isolated perfused rat kidney]. PMID- 3773313 TI - [Increased permeability of red blood cell membrane in spontaneously hypertensive rats and the effect of Ca-antagonists on them]. PMID- 3773314 TI - [Role of adrenal catecholamines on the synthesis of renal catecholamines]. PMID- 3773315 TI - [Two cases of chronic renal failure on maintenance hemodialysis, presenting macro creatine kinase]. PMID- 3773316 TI - Medical background of the Alzheimer type dementia. PMID- 3773317 TI - Phenotypic and functional study of natural killer cells in tuberculous pleurisy patients. AB - The phenotypic and functional characteristics of the cells that mediate "natural killer" (NK) cytolysis were examined by using anti-Leu 7 monoclonal antibody specific for NK cell in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMC) and pleural effusion mononuclear cells (PEMNC) from the tuberculous pleurisy patients. The proportion of Leu 7+ cells in PEMNC was observed significantly lower than in PMC, whether the patients were treated or not. Before treatment NK cell activity, precisely cytotoxicity against K 562, in PEMNC was apparently higher than in PMC. There was little relationship between proportion of leu 7+ cells and NK cell activity. Further, the mechanism of high NK cell activity in PEMNC was analysed by coculture with a healthy control's PMC and a tuberculous pleural effusion. The NK cell activity of Leu 7+ cells was augmented by low molecular soluble factor(s). PMID- 3773318 TI - The dynamics of pleural liquid estimated through urea clearance. AB - Various volumes of saline labelled with indocyanine green (ICG) and urea were injected into the pleural cavity of the dogs. The osmolarity of the saline was exactly adjusted to be equal to that of normally occurring pleural liquid. In all experiments ICG remained constant. This suggested that the injected saline were removed via the lymphatics. The lymphatic removal rate increased linearly with the increase in volume of injected saline. Based on the change in urea concentration in the pleural liquid, the turnover of the pleural liquid was studied. The fraction of exchange of pleural liquid is thought to be constant when the volume of the pleural liquid is small but when the volume is increased, this fraction correspondingly decreases. This method is also available in clinical cases. PMID- 3773319 TI - Enhanced Fc receptor function of monocytes from patients with clinically active systemic lupus erythematosus: binding and degradation of soluble immune complexes in vitro. AB - The in vitro Fc receptor function of monocytes as measured by using soluble immune complexes (IC) consisting of ovalbumin and 125I-labeled antibody to ovalbumin was examined in serum-free medium. Adherent monocytes were obtained from peripheral blood of 18 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE; 6 active, 12 inactive) and 13 normal controls. 5 X 10(5) monocytes were incubated with soluble IC containing 20 ng IgG for 16 hr at 4 degrees C, and for 4 hr and 16 hr at 37 degrees C, and then cell-associated and acid-soluble radioactivities were counted. After 16-hr incubation at 4 degrees C, there was no significant difference in the amount of cell-associated IC between monocytes from SLE patients and those from normal controls. After 4 hr incubation at 37 degrees C, monocytes from patients with active SLE bound and phagocytized more IC than those from patients with inactive SLE or from normal controls (P less than 0.01). After 16 hr incubation at 37 degrees C, degradation of soluble IC by monocytes from patients with active SLE greatly increased (P less than 0.003). These findings were discussed in relation to the possible pathophysiologic role of the mononuclear phagocyte system in SLE. PMID- 3773320 TI - A case of hereditary angioneurotic edema associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - A pedigree of C1 inhibitor (C1 INH) deficiency associated with positive LE cell and an elevated titer of DNA antibodies and antinuclear factor (ANF) and nephropathy was presented. The proband of this family was diagnosed as having definite systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) after a clinical course of several year since her first visit to our hospital and because of the lack of hemolytic activity of complement (CH50), in spite of the absence of idiopathic edema, C1 INH levels were 1.2 mg/dl (3.8% NHS) determined as antigen and 65 site forming unit (SFU) (5.8% NHS) determined by hemolytic assay in her blood. Her mother and brother had characteristic idiopathic edema of her face, larynx, hand and bowel and they had low levels of C1 INH of 1.8 mg/dl (5.8% NHS) and 4.8 mg/dl (15.5% NHS) respectively in their blood. On the basis of these findings, this family was diagnosed as having a pedigree of hereditary angioneurotic edema (HANE) which is supposedly an inherited autosomal positive trait. Actually, however, the proband's serological and hematological indices became positive and progressed year by year, which implies that SLE was absent for the first several years. It might be said that this interesting clinical course indicates that SLE appeared chronologically as a hereditary deficiency in one of the complement components in this case. In concurrence with the general observation that recurrent viral infections due to the deficiency of complement components are presumed to be responsible for SLE-like disease. Her levels of several kinds of anti-virus antibodies were high. Methylprednisolone helped normalize her level of C1 INH and ameliorate the clinical course. PMID- 3773321 TI - Respiratory myoclonus. Report of a case with electromyographic study. AB - A case of respiratory myoclonus in a 45 year-old male was studied by electromyography. He complained of anorexia, involuntary swinging movement of the thorax and trunk, and epigastric pulsation. Electromyographic studies showed synchronous rhythmic grouped discharges at the of 2 to 3 Hz from the bilateral 8th to 10th intercostal muscles, the right iliocostalis lumborum muscle, and the left hemidiaphragm only during the expiratory phase. They disappeared on inspiration and forced expiration. Anesthetic block of the left phrenic nerve abolished both the voluntary and myoclonic movements of the left hemidiaphragm. Abnormal excitation of the central nervous system and possible irritation of the afferent pathways were postulated. PMID- 3773322 TI - Milk of calcium renal stone and renal pelvic cancer associated with hydronephrosis. AB - A 56-year-old male was admitted to a hospital because of gastric ulcer in 1967, and by chance he was diagnosed right milk of calcium renal stone associated with hydronephrotic kidney by plain abdominal X-ray film. In 1979, he was admitted to our hospital complaining of hematuria, and died from renal pelvic cancer on the 49th hospital day. Milk of calcium renal stone associated with hydronephrotic kidney is rare, with only 13 cases were reported previously. This is the first report, a case of milk of calcium renal stone associated with hydronephrosis died from renal pelvic cancer. PMID- 3773323 TI - A kindred of familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL) with proband showing type V hyperlipoproteinemia. AB - A case of familial hyperlipidemia incidentally found through a 16 year-old high school girl with type V hyperlipoproteinemia and abdominal bouts consistent with this type of hyperlipemia is reported for the first time in Japan. The laboratory findings of the plasma of her father revealed typical hyperlipoproteinemia of type IIa. Nineteen of her 26 kindred were investigated. Type V was seen only in the proband, type IIa in father, paternal grandmother, two paternal aunts, and two paternal cousins, type IV in three paternal cousins. The serum apolipoprotein (apo A-I, A-II, B, C-II, C-III, and E) concentrations were determined by the single radial immunodiffusion technique. The apolipoprotein concentrations were not different from those of normolipidemic control subjects except for apo B, which was higher in the hyperlipidemic members, and apo C-II, C-III, and E, which were higher in the proband. PMID- 3773324 TI - Familiar hypercholinesterasemia. A case report. AB - A 58-year-old female who had a serum cholinesterase activity four times higher than normal is described. Investigation of her family revealed that five out of seven tested had high level of serum cholinesterase activity. The family distribution of the increased cholinesterase suggests that the inheritance is transmitted in a autosomal dominant manner. Analysis of the isoenzyme of serum cholinesterase of five cases including the patient showed that none of them had extracomponent (C5) of the cholinesterase. Examination of anti-cholinesterase antibodies in her serum was negative. Molecular weight of her serum cholinesterase by HPLC analysis was not different from that of a healthy subject. It was speculated that the overproduction of usual components (C1, C2, C3, C4), decreased clearance of cholinesterase by a certain mechanism(s), and/or the presence of cholinesterase which has more active catalysis could be responsible for her and her family's hypercholinesterasemia. PMID- 3773325 TI - Diffuse panbronchiolitis. PMID- 3773326 TI - Reflex renal vasoconstriction on portal vein distension. AB - The present experiments were designed to study effects of neural control mechanisms on renal sympathetic nerve activity during acute portal vein distension in anesthetized dogs. Following the inflation of a balloon placed into the main portal vein of animals with the neuraxis intact (intact group), portal vein pressure at a site of the splanchnic regions increased significantly. Mean blood pressure (MBP) fell significantly and then renal vascular resistance (RVR) increased significantly in parallel with changes in portal venous pressure. In animals with sinoaortic denervation (SAD group), changes in portal venous pressure during the inflation of a balloon did not differ from the intact group. However, decreases in MBP in the SAD group were greater than that in the intact group, and sinoaortic denervation did not alter increases in RVR. In animals with both sinoaortic denervation and cervical vagotomy (vagotomy group), portal vein distension produced more profound hypotension, and significant increases in RVR occurred. This increase in RVR, however, was abolished by renal nerve denervation. The results of the present study indicate that increases in RVR during the portal vein distension, which is associated with systemic hypotension, may be mediated by an activation of efferent sympathetic renal nerves and modified by at least two neural reflex mechanisms such as carotid sinus baroreceptors and cardiopulmonary baroreceptors. In addition, local reflex systems such as stretch receptors in the venous wall of the portal vein may be involved in excitatory response to renal sympathetic nerve, leading to renal vasoconstriction, during the portal vein distension. PMID- 3773327 TI - Sodium-independent, hydrogen ion-dependent changes in membrane potential and conductance induced by dipeptides in Triturus enterocytes. AB - The effects of Na+ and pH in the medium on dipeptide transport across Triturus small intestinal brush border membrane were studied electrophysiologically. Although glycylglycine exists mainly in the zwitterionic form at pH 7.30, it induced marked depolarization in the membrane potential and reduction in the input resistance both in the presence and absence of Na+ in the medium. Similar Na+-independent depolarization and resistance change were also observed with L carnosine. On the contrary, glycine induced membrane depolarization and reduction in the input resistance only in the presence of Na+ in the medium. When pH of the medium was lowered to 6.00, the magnitude of the depolarization induced by glycylglycine increased by 33%, while at pH 8.30, it decreased by 39%. These data indicate that dipeptide transport across the intestinal brush border membrane is coupled with H+ and has no direct interaction with Na+. PMID- 3773329 TI - Incubation procedure effective for decreasing oxygen affinity of red cells in the dog. AB - Because oxygen affinity of canine red cells had been hardly reduced by the conventional procedure of incubation with inosine-pyruvate-phosphate or dihydroxyacetone-pyruvate-phosphate, incubation with acidified phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) medium was tested for its effect on oxygen affinity. As this procedure had been shown to induce a significant increase of 2,3 diphosphoglycerate (DPG) in human red cells, it was also proved to be effective for lowering oxygen affinity of canine red cells. Incubation with 15 mM PEP in ACD medium (pH 6.0) at 37 degrees C for 30 min was the standard procedure established after critical scrutiny. The incubated blood exhibited an average increase in half-saturation pressure (P50) amounting to 7 Torr (pH 7.40, Pco2 40 Torr, 37 degrees C), with no appreciable hemolysis and little change in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. Results with Dowex 1-X8 anion exchange chromatography of acid soluble phosphates from the incubated red cells suggested that PEP penetrated rapidly through the canine red cell membrane and was metabolized to DPG via the retrograde process of the Embden-Meyerhof glycolytic pathway. PMID- 3773328 TI - Effect of periaqueductal morphine injection on thermal response in rats. AB - The effect of morphine injection into the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) was examined on thermal response in rats. Rectal temperature (Tre) was recorded in unanesthetized and unrestrained animals before and after PAG morphine injection of 5 or 10 micrograms in cold (10 degrees C), neutral (22 degrees C), and hot (34 degrees C) environments. Both doses of morphine caused hyperthermia. Sixty to 105 min after the injection, Tre rose by 1.0-1.5 degrees C regardless of ambient temperature. Naloxone (2 mg/kg, i.p.) blocked the hyperthermic effects of morphine. Injection sites producing hyperthermia were distributed mostly in the ventral PAG and its ventral environs. The analgesic effect of morphine was examined by the tail-flick test. Locations of morphine injection effective for producing analgesia were restricted to the ventral area of the region responsible for hyperthermia. Magnitude of the hyperthermia did not significantly differ between animals with or without analgesia. The effect of PAG morphine (5 micrograms) was tested on tail vasomotor response to hypothalamic and scrotal thermal stimulations in urethane anesthetized (1.0 g/kg) animals. Threshold hypothalamic temperature for the vasodilation was lower at a scrotal temperature of 40 degrees C than at 30 degrees C. Following PAG morphine, threshold hypothalamic temperature rose and the difference in threshold hypothalamic temperature at the two scrotal temperatures disappeared. PMID- 3773330 TI - Cardiovascular and thermal responses to intravenous endotoxin in guinea pigs. AB - Changes in blood pressure, heart rate, and heat balance during febrile response to E. coli endotoxin were studied in unanesthetized guinea pigs at an ambient temperature of 24 degrees C. The heat balance was measured with direct and indirect calorimetry. An intravenous injection of endotoxin (5 micrograms X kg-1) produced characteristic biphasic changes in the intra-aortic temperature (Tar), heat production (M), and heat loss (H). The response of arterial blood pressure (BP) to the endotoxin was monophasic and that of heart rate appeared triphasic. Phenylephrine (PHE: 20 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1) infused intravenously in the two rising phases of fever increased BP to the same extent, but the amount of the reflexive bradycardia seemed to be less during the first rise of Tar. The increased metabolism (shivering and nonshivering thermogenesis) during fever development was suppressed by PHE infusion at the two rising phases. The results conclude that, in guinea pigs, the baroreflexive suppression of metabolism is persistent during fever development, but the reflex sensitivity may be different at different phases of fever. PMID- 3773331 TI - Effects of chronic administration of naloxone on wheel running activity in rats under 2-h feeding schedule. AB - The effects of chronic administration of naloxone (120-150 micrograms X kg-1 X h 1) on the wheel running activity (WR) and on food and water intakes were studied in male Wistar rats subjected to a 2-h restricted feeding (1200-1400 h) schedule at 24 +/- 1 degrees C and LD 12:12 (L: 0600-1800 h) cycle. The restricted feeding significantly increased WR before and after the feeding time. Food and water intakes per day were reduced and body weight gradually decreased for the 2-week food restriction period. Food and water intakes appeared to be suppressed by naloxone, particularly shortly after the administration. The chronically administered naloxone slightly increased the 24-h WR. In the naloxone-treated rats, the fraction of WR before the feeding time (anticipatory activity) was significantly increased compared with saline-treated rats. The fraction of WR after the feeding time (succeeding activity) did not change. These results suggest that the endogenous opioid system may play a role in suppressing the excess increase in the anticipatory locomotor activity in the food restricted rats. PMID- 3773332 TI - Measurement of extra-cellular fluid change in salivary gland using an impedance method. AB - The method of electrical impedance measurement was tested for its usefulness in monitoring of extra-cellular fluid (ECF) in the dog submandibular gland during salivary secretion. Measurements were performed during rest and stimulated state with or without blood supply. During stimulation with blood supply, the conductivities of the gland decreased to some extent. During stimulation without blood supply, the decrease in conductivities was markedly enhanced. The decrease of ECF compartment during stimulation without blood supply was ascertained by the stereological measurement. Coincidence of conductivity decrease and histologically observed decrease of ECF compartment supports the usefulness of impedance measurement for monitoring of ECF during secretory activity of gland tissue. The present study also shows that the interlobular space decreased mainly during stimulation when blood supply is absent. This indicates that, among ECF space, the interlobular space plays an important role as a fluid reservoir in the salivary gland. PMID- 3773333 TI - Dissociation between changes in renal nerve activity and renal vascular resistance in conscious dogs. AB - The effects of acute volume expansion and hemorrhage on renal nerve activity and renal vascular resistance were examined in chronically instrumented conscious dogs. In six conscious dogs, when the blood volume was expanded by 18 ml/kg, the mean arterial pressure increased by 14 +/- 3 mmHg, mean left atrial pressure increased by 5.3 +/- 0.7 mmHg, and renal nerve activity decreased by 87 +/- 3%, while the renal blood flow was not altered significantly and renal vasoconstriction occurred, i.e., the calculated renal vascular resistance increased by 12 +/- 4% from 0.49 +/- 0.05 mmHg/ml/min. Volume depletion, induced by 20 ml/kg hemorrhage, did not alter the mean arterial pressure (-4 +/- 6 mmHg), while it decreased the mean left atrial pressure by 4.0 +/- 0.7 mmHg and increased the renal nerve activity by 200 +/- 67%. However, the renal blood flow was well maintained at the pre-hemorrhagic control level and renal vasoconstriction did not occur. Thus, in conscious dogs, acute volume changes altered the renal nerve activity dramatically, but these changes in renal nerve activity did not exert any significant effects on renal vascular resistance. PMID- 3773334 TI - Abolishment of non-quantal release of acetylcholine from the mouse phrenic nerve endings by toosendanin. AB - The hyperpolarizing effect (H-effect) of d-tubocurarine on the end-plate of the isolated diaphragm pretreated with an anticholinesterase was irreversibly abolished by toosendanin (1 X 10(-5) g/ml), indicating the blockade of spontaneous non-quantal release of acetylcholine (ACh). The H-effect was also inhibited, but temporarily, when toosendanin (a dose of 0.6 LD50) was subcutaneously injected into the mouse and the diaphragm was isolated 40-120 min after injection. During such an inhibitory period, however, spontaneous release of ACh remained facilitated. It is concluded that the effect of toosendanin on non-quantal release of ACh was different from its effect on quantal release not only at the direction but also at the time course. PMID- 3773335 TI - Continuous recording of plasma sodium concentration and blood volume in awake rats. AB - A new continuous measuring system for blood sodium concentration and blood volume in conscious rats is described. A small extracorporeal circulation was made and the blood was passed through a sodium sensitive glass electrode and a gamma counter. Applying the system to conscious rats, the effect of various salinities of drinking water was detected from the change in blood sodium concentration. PMID- 3773336 TI - Enhanced vasopressin release upon activation of the central neural mechanism in spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - Monopolar electrical stimulation of the intermediate portion of the solitary nucleus in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) with cervical cordotomy and vagotomy resulted in a 1.68 times greater increase in plasma vasopressin concentration than in Wistar rats. The result implies that such an enhanced function of the central neural mechanism to release vasopressin in SHR backs up the functionally aberrant cardiovascular receptors. PMID- 3773337 TI - Redistribution of regional lymph to the thoracic duct in rats during heat stress. AB - The protein concentration of the thoracic duct lymph and the amount of protein transported by the thoracic duct decreased during an acute heat stress in rats. The changes in regional lymph flow into the thoracic duct were calculated and the ratio of the lymph from the skin increased 13% and that from the visceral organs decreased 6% during heat stress. PMID- 3773338 TI - Characteristics of the inhibition of ligand binding to serotonin receptors in rat brain membranes by verapamil. AB - Characteristics of the interaction of verapamil with serotonin receptors were studied in rat brain membranes using a radioligand binding technique. While verapamil competed for the [3H]ketanserin binding sites at low concentrations with the Ki value of 0.41 microM, much higher concentrations were needed to inhibit the binding of [3H]serotonin to its binding sites, indicating higher affinity of verapamil binding for 5-HT2 than 5-HT1 receptors. The inhibitory action of verapamil on the [3H]ketanserin binding was stereoselective; the ( )isomer was about ten times more potent than the (+)isomer. The interaction of verapamil with [3H]-ketanserin was competitive and reversible. While D600, a verapamil derivative, also competed for the [3H]ketanserin binding sites, nifedipine and nicardipine had practically no ability to inhibit the ligand binding to 5-HT1 or 5-HT2 receptors. Although diltiazem competed for 5-HT2 receptors, the affinity was much less than verapamil and D600. PMID- 3773339 TI - Studies on alterations in blood coagulative and fibrinolytic activities after single and multiple administrations of carbon tetrachloride in mice. AB - The time course of alterations in coagulative and fiblinolytic activities was studied in CCl4-induced liver disease in mice. Liver disease was induced by administration of 20% CCl4 in olive oil (p.o.). After single administration of CCl4, significant prolongation of r and k values and decrease in the ma value of thromboelastogram and apparent prolongation of PT and PTT were seen at 24 hr. Fibrinogen content decreased from 12 to 72 hr after single administration, while a mild but significant decrease in fibrinogen was observed after multiple administrations. The activity of factor XIII increased from 5 to 12 hr and then decreased from 24 to 168 hr after single administration. The activity of the hepaplastintest and Antithrombin III decreased apparently after single and multiple administrations. The plasminogen content and the activity of alpha 2 plasmin inhibitor decreased severely after single and multiple administrations. These results indicate that the coagulative and fibrinolytic activities were decreased to the most lowest value at 24 or 48 hr after single administration of CCl4, and the severe suppression of fibrinolysis and the mild decrease in coagulative activity were observed after multiple administrations of CCl4. The reason for the different effects between single and multiple administrations on coagulative and fibrinolytic systems was discussed. PMID- 3773340 TI - Effect of H2-receptor antagonists on acetaminophen-induced hepatic injury. AB - The effects of H2-antagonists on acetaminophen-induced hepatic injury were examined. Rats were administered acetaminophen at the dose of 800 mg/kg body, 60 hr after injection of 3-methylcholanthrene. As an H2-antagonist, cimetidine (200 mg/kg), ranitidine (50 mg or 100 mg/kg), or famotidine (20 mg or 40 mg/kg) was administered before and after acetaminophen injection. The group administered only acetaminophen had been severely damaged as evaluated by changes in serum transaminase, P-450 content, aminopyrine demethylation, glutathione content and histological study, but administration of 200 mg cimetidine together with acetaminophen significantly reduced the hepatic injury to nearly the control level. Ranitidine had no protective effect against hepatic injury at the dose of 50 mg, which appears to have the same antacid effect as 200 mg cimetidine, whereas it had a slight but significant protective effect as evaluated by the transaminase level, glutathione content and histological study at the dose of 100 mg. Famotidine had no effect against acetaminophen induced hepatic injury. Because famotidine had no effect, the protection by H2-antagonist against acetaminophen-induced hepatic injury cannot be explained by the decrease in hepatic blood flow alone. Therefore, inhibition of P-450 activity seems to be more important for reducing the generation of the reactive metabolites of acetaminophen than hepatic blood flow decrease. PMID- 3773341 TI - Total acetylcholine content, and activities of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in brain and duodenum of SART-stressed (repeated cold stressed) rat. AB - The cholinergic activities in SART (specific alternation of rhythm in temperature)-stressed (repeated cold-stressed) rats, which are diseased rats with vagotonic-type dysautonomia, were examined with the following results. A decreased content of total acetylcholine (T-ACh) and increased activities of choline acetyltransferase (CAT) and acetylcholinesterase (ACh) in the basal ganglia and an increase in the T-ACh content and decrease in the AChE activity in the duodenum of SART-stressed rats reached the respective plateaus on day 5 of stress, which were maintained thereafter. CAT activity, however, in the hypothalamus was activated most on day 2. These changes in SART-stressed rats were different from those in simple cold-stressed rats. Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy inhibited the appearance of the changes in the duodenum, but not those in the hypothalamus of SART-stressed rats. The sedative analgesic Neurotropin prevented all the changes in SART-stressed rats described above. These results suggest that cholinergic neurons may be activated in both the hypothalamus and basal ganglia of the brain of SART-stressed rats, and the characteristic peripheral changes of the cholinergic system in the duodenum of SART-stressed rats may be under the control of the parasympathetic center. PMID- 3773342 TI - The effects of amiflamine, a reversible MAO-A inhibitor, on the first pass metabolism of tyramine in dog intestine. AB - The effects of amiflamine on tyramine deamination were studied using isolated loops of intestine in anesthetized dogs. In the pretreatment experiment, dogs were dosed with amiflamine (3.5 mg/kg/day) once daily for 3 days, with the study being carried out 3 hr after the final dose. [14C] Tyramine (50 mg and 50 microCi) in 10 ml of normal saline was introduced into the isolated loops of gut, and tyramine and p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid in the venous blood were separated by HPLC and measured by scintillation spectrometry. In the untreated dogs, approximately 15% of the tyramine passed through the gut wall unchanged. When tyramine and amiflamine (0.06 to 3.5 mg/kg) were administered simultaneously to the gut loop, about 27 to 65% of the tyramine passed through the gut wall unchanged. On the contrary, after pretreatment with amiflamine for 3 days, percentage of tyramine passing through the gut wall was not increased in comparison with the control. These results suggest that pretreatment with amiflamine does not produce drug concentrations in the lining cells of the gut sufficient to effectively inhibit the deamination of oral tyramine, which is administered at least 3 hr after the final dose of amiflamine. PMID- 3773343 TI - Alterations in muscarinic receptors of ventricular muscle in carbachol-induced short-term desensitization. AB - The inhibitory action of a muscarinic agonist on the contractile response of cardiac muscle is transient due to short-term desensitization of muscarinic cholinergic receptors. Studies were made on the binding of the muscarinic antagonist L-[3H]-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]QNB) to the muscarinic receptor in the membrane fraction of ventricular muscle of guinea pigs desensitized by perfusion with carbachol for 10 min. Desensitization did not change the maximum binding or equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) of [3H]QNB, but shifted the inhibition curves of [3H]QNB binding by carbachol to the right both in the presence and absence of 5-guanylyl imidodiphosphate (GppNHp). Analysis of these inhibition curves with a multiple site model suggested that superhigh and high affinity agonist binding sites were converted to low affinity sites in the desensitized state. GppNHp has additive effects to the prior exposure to carbachol, suggesting a different site of action from short-term exposure of agonist. We conclude that agonist-induced short-term desensitization of the muscarinic receptor of ventricular muscle is caused by reduction in the affinity of the receptor for agonist without reduction in its amount or affinity for antagonist. PMID- 3773344 TI - Effects of vasopressin, angiotensin II and phenylephrine on hepatic ketogenesis and fatty acid synthesis. AB - Studies were conducted to clarify the effects of vasopressin, angiotensin II and phenylephrine on hepatic ketogenesis and fatty acid synthesis. Hepatocytes from fed rats were incubated with oleate or octanoate. Vasopressin stimulated fatty acid synthesis as well as lactate and pyruvate accumulation in the presence of oleate. In accordance with this action, vasopressin caused a marked decrease in ketogenesis from oleate. When octanoate was added as a substrate, vasopressin failed to inhibit ketogenesis. Neither angiotensin II nor phenylephrine affected ketogenesis or fatty acid synthesis. The results in the present study show that there are vasopressin-mediated reciprocal changes in ketogenesis from oleate and fatty acid synthesis in isolated hepatocytes. PMID- 3773345 TI - Augmentation of cysteamine and mepirizole-induced lesions in the rat duodenum and stomach by histamine or indomethacin. AB - Repeated administration of histamine X 2HCl (40 mg/kg X 4) significantly augmented mepirizole (200 mg/kg) or cysteamine (300 mg/kg)-induced duodenal and gastric lesions in rats within 6 hr. Most of the duodenal lesions were penetrating ulcers and were located over the entire duodenum. Gastric lesions were mainly located in the antrum adjacent to the duodenum. Indomethacin pretreatment did not significantly augment the duodenal lesions induced by mepirizole or cysteamine, but did augment the gastric lesions induced by these compounds. PMID- 3773346 TI - Noonan's syndrome with syringomyelia. AB - A case of Noonan's syndrome with cervical syringomyelia is presented here representing the second reported instance of such association. A CT of metrizamide myelography revealed a high density in the middle subintradural space in the cervical region below C2. Sensory dissociation was minimal and localized in the left C4. It could not be determined whether this association between syringomyelia and Noonan's syndrome is related or represents a chance. PMID- 3773347 TI - An autopsied case of acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis. AB - This is a clinico-pathological study of one case of acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis occurring in a patient with lung cancer. The main changes observed by light microscopy were in the white matter. All of these changes were the result of hemorrhage and demyelination around the venous vessels. Glial mesenchymal reactions were minimal. In view of these findings, this case supports the hypothesis that immune mechanisms play a role in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric symptoms during malignant illnesses. Here we will discuss the problem of differential diagnoses of acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis and its close morphologic similarities to perivenous encephalitis. Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis and perivenous encephalitis may be a single entity of a demyelinating disease. PMID- 3773348 TI - Proceedings for the Workshop on Cerebral Dynamics, Laterality and Psychopathology '85. December 7, 1985, Tokyo. Abstracts. PMID- 3773349 TI - A contribution to rehospitalization of schizophrenics. AB - A statistical investigation of rehospitalization was carried out retrospectively on 148 schizophrenics who had been repeatedly admitted to our university clinic during a time span of 24 years. The length of rehospitalizations as well as that of intervals were investigated in addition to the rehospitalization rate. These results were discussed chiefly in relation to sex and to the marital state. Finally, the relationship between relapses and rehospitalizations was surveyed on the patients who had been observed for more than 10 years. PMID- 3773350 TI - Sleep characteristics in twins. AB - Polysomnograms were recorded for three consecutive nights on 14 male students (mean age, 16), comprising 4 identical and 3 fraternal twin pairs. The number of body movements and the measures related to the REM cycle, which correlated among the identical twins without reference to the physical parameters, were considered to be determined by a genetic trait. The sleep spindle density was in almost complete concordance between the identical twins and was associated with some physical parameters, which suggests that sleep spindles rather reflect the individual development. %S3, %SREM and the number of SREM showed a relationship to the physical parameters, without heritability. Twitch movements during REM sleep correlated not only between the identical twins but also between the fraternal twins. PMID- 3773351 TI - Studies on 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG) levels in human urine, plasma and cerebrospinal fluids, and their significance in studies of depression. AB - Both concentrations of total 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) and 3,4 dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG) in the human urine, plasma and CSF were determined with a high-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection in order to clarify the dynamic change in these noradrenaline metabolites. Three different biological fluids were collected simultaneously from 16 orthopedic patients who were regarded clinically as substitutes for normal subjects. In the urine, the MHPG concentrations were 1.67 +/- 0.65 micrograms/mg creatinine (mean +/- S.D.) and DHPG 0.39 microgram/mg creatinine +/- 0.21. The plasma levels were 21.16 ng/ml +/- 9.58 for MHPG, and 19.58 ng/ml +/- 8.13 for DHPG. The CSF levels of MHPG and DHPG were 24.08 ng/ml +/- 8.10 and 34.76 ng/ml +/- 11.46, respectively. The CSF levels of these metabolites were correlated significantly with those in the plasma (r = 0.852, p less than 0.001 for MHPG; r = 0.799, p less than 0.001 for DHPG), while no significant correlations were found between the urinary levels and either the plasma or CSF levels of these metabolites. In the urine, the MHPG levels were proportional to the DHPG levels, while the former were inversely proportional to the latter in the plasma or CSF. Neither the MHPG nor DHPG levels in the urine from depressed patients revealed to have any significant correlation with their clinical assessments using the Hamilton Rating Scale Score (HRS). The patients were treated with an antidepressant active selectively on the noradrenergic system, and no significant changes in urinary excretion of these metabolites were observed before and after the drug treatment. These findings suggest that in the case of psychiatric disorders such as depression, these compound levels in the plasma or CSF would provide more important information than those in the urine. PMID- 3773352 TI - On latent school refusal in junior high school. AB - School refusal is a grave social problem for adolescents, their families, schools and society in Japan today as well as other developed countries. We researched the mentality of junior high school pupils about their feelings or moods toward school attendance with a set of questionnaires in order to know how much they were oppressed by daily school attendance. From such a viewpoint, we tried the questionnaire program at seven public junior high schools in a small city in the suburbs that developed rapidly and located not far away from a big city. We selected our subjects at random from one class out of each grade of each junior high school. The number of the subject pupils was 838: 429 boys and 409 girls. We postulated that the latent school refusals were those who answered all "yes" to three items which was always the case by school refusals in our clinical experience. We found 117 latent school refusals out of the 838: 65 boys and 52 girls. We considered three factors--problems concerning school, family and other daily activities. From our research, we recognize that there are many pupils attending school with the possibility of them becoming dropouts (14.0%). Their mentality is characteristic of school refusal itself while they attend school almost everyday. We clinicians should be aware of the social structure and make every effort to secure the healthy development of adolescents. PMID- 3773353 TI - High 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and low 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in plasma in patients receiving antiepileptic drugs. AB - Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH D), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-(OH)2 D) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations were determined in 30 outpatients receiving various antiepileptic drugs (AED). None of the patients exhibited high plasma PTH levels. The plasma 1,25-(OH)2 D levels were normal or high, although in a third of the patients the 25-OH D levels were reduced. There was a correlation between the 25-OH D and serum calcium levels. These findings suggest that the low plasma concentrations of 25-OH D, not 1,25-(OH)2 D, might play an important part in the occurrence of AED-induced disturbances of bone metabolism. PMID- 3773354 TI - Opiate-antagonist reversal of neurological deficits--experimental and clinical studies. AB - The proximal left M1 and the common trunk of A2 were clipped in 12 adult dogs. Naloxone was injected after placing the clips onto 6 dogs. Neither the systemic blood pressure nor the local cerebral blood flow were influenced by naloxone. In another group of 6 dogs with chronic right hemiplegia, naloxone proved passably effective in improving the hemiplegia. Eight patients with neurological deficits of various etiologies were administered levallorphan. The improvement in motor performance and/or elevation of mental activity was observed more or less in all but 2 of the patients. It was considered that the effect of opiate antagonists is based partially on the facilitation of synaptic transmission exaggerated by the arousal response. PMID- 3773355 TI - Behavioral hypersensitivity to apomorphine after chronic methamphetamine- intermittent vs. continuous regimen. AB - The effects of chronic methamphetamine (MAP) on the behavioral response to apomorphine were examined in rats, treated with saline (control) or MAP for 14 days either intermittently (4 mg/kg/day, once daily) or continuously (subcutaneously implanted osmotic pumps releasing 56 mg/kg/14 days). Following a 7-day interval after discontinuing the MAP treatment, a challenge dose (0.5 mg/kg) of apomorphine was administered. The rats treated with MAP intermittently showed a marked augmentation in behavioral response to apomorphine than the continuous MAP group and control. It is presumed that the intermittent MAP administration may produce greater reactivity in the brain dopaminergic systems than the continuous administration. PMID- 3773356 TI - Unusual cases of presenile dementia with Fahr's syndrome. AB - Three patients with an unusual type of presenile dementia were studied. Atypical clinical pictures emerged from an evaluation of these cases. Their symptoms and signs were thought to be neither those of Alzheimer's disease nor those of Pick's disease but a partial mixture of those of both diseases. The neuropathological changes were characteristic and the common findings were as as follows: the absence of senile plaques, the widespread presence of numerous neurofibrillary tangles, a calcareous deposition of Fahr's type, a circumscribed cerebral atrophy in the temporal or/and frontal lobes, a moderate or severe demyelination and fibrous gliosis in the white matter of the atrophied areas, and a slight or moderate neuronal loss in the nucleus basalis of Meynert. Similar cases reported previously were reviewed. PMID- 3773357 TI - Aspiration biopsy cytology a highly diagnostic procedure for assessing neck masses, excluding thyroid tumors. AB - Aspiration biopsy cytology (ABC) was done on one hundred and forty-five patients with cervical tumors, excluding primary tumors of the thyroid and local metastasis of thyroid cancer, during the period of 44 months from 1981-85. Surgery was done on a total of fifty-five patients with lesions evaluated to be malignant and requiring resection. A correlation was determined between the histological diagnosis based on permanent paraffin sections and the diagnosis made by aspiration biology cytology in order to evaluate ABC in terms of accuracy together with its complications and limitations. The false positive rate was 6.6 per cent and the false negative rate was 8.3 per cent. Histologic diagnosis was predictable by ABC in eighty per cent of cases, but difficulty was experienced in predicting the histologic diagnosis in cases of a poorly differentiated malignancy. A few cases of slight subcutaneous bleeding occurred, but seeding implantation of cancer cells was nil. It was confirmed that ABC is a highly diagnostic procedure for assessing cervical tumors. The method is simple, safe and economical. PMID- 3773358 TI - Second primary cancer following adjuvant chemotherapy, radiotherapy and endocrine therapy for breast cancer: a nationwide survey on 47,005 Japanese patients who underwent mastectomy from 1963-1982. AB - Out of a total of 47,005 cases of primary breast cancer with curative surgery recorded in Japan in the 20 year period from 1963 to 1982, 764, or 1.6 per cent had a second primary cancer occurring during the same period. The distribution of the second site was gastric cancer in 200 (26.2 per cent), breast cancer in 200 (26.2 per cent), colorectal cancer in 59 (7.7 per cent), cancer of the cervix uteri in 54 (7.1 per cent) and thyroid cancer in 37 (4.8 per cent). The gastric cancer was the Borrmann type 4, and the poorly differentiated scirrhous type. Incidence of the second cancer was enhanced, in the first period before 1971 and by contrast, in the second period after 1971 it was diminished. In the chemotherapy (+) group, the occurrence of the second cancer seemed to be strongly influenced by mitomycin C. In the radiotherapy prescribed group, leukemia was as frequent as esophageal cancer, and in those given endocrine therapy, breast cancer strongly inhibited the current one. PMID- 3773359 TI - Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm: factors influencing operative mortality. AB - Of fifty-eight consecutive patients surgically treated for aneurysm of the abdominal aorta, twenty were emergency cases following the rupture. Associated diseases were found in 85 per cent of patients; hypertension being the most common. Fifty per cent of patients were in shock on admission. The duration between rupture and operation was three hrs to two weeks with the average of 115.5 hrs. In six patients, the diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysm was known for over six months. The operative mortality rate in case of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm was 45 per cent. The most important determinants of survival were the incidence of shock on admission, the incidence of associated disease, the known duration of the aneurysm, and the time interval from rupture to admission. The intraoperative factors most influencing survival were the type of rupture, intraoperative hypotension, and total blood loss. Comparison of the mortality rate in elective surgery of abdominal aortic aneurysms (5.3 per cent) with that in ruptured aneurysms (45.0 per cent) suggests the necessity for early elective operations whenever abdominal aortic aneurysms are diagnosed. PMID- 3773360 TI - Primary liposarcoma of the mediastinum--a case report and review of the literature. AB - Liposarcoma of the mediastinum is a rare disease. A 59 year old woman was seen with the complaint of dizziness. A chest radiogram taken during the course of investigation for hypertension revealed a large mass shadow 24 X 18.5 X 12 cm located in the anterior mediastinum. The tumor of the mediastinum was diagnosed as a benign lipoma when it was first resected, but subsequently proved to be a liposarcoma when it re-appeared 2 years and 10 month later. Based on the WHO classification, the mixed type of liposarcoma was diagnosed. The salient and pathological features of mediastinal liposarcoma are reviewed and compared with those nine cases reported in Japan and fifty in North America and European countries. Treatment by simple enucleation or shelling out of the tumor should be discouraged, since this seems to be the main cause of local recurrence. Surgical wide en bloc excision is the treatment of choice. PMID- 3773361 TI - Scimitar syndrome with an accessory diaphragm and an absent right superior vena cava. AB - An 8-year-old boy with scimitar syndrome, an accessory diaphragm and an absent right superior vena cava, underwent surgery on March 28, 1983. The scimitar vein was separated from an accessory diaphragm and cut just above the right diaphragm where the vein penetrated. The vein was re-implanted into the right lateral portion of the right atrium and a tunnel was made between the atrial septal defect created in the septum and the site of the implanted vein. The accessory diaphragm was not removed because of the lack of compression on the right lung. At cardiopulmonary bypass, venous cannulae were inserted into the persistent left superior vena cava and inferior vena cava. Because of the absence of the right superior vena cava, the right atrium was not fixed by both cavae so that there was difficulty in intracardiac maneuvers. The patient is doing well 32 months after this treatment. PMID- 3773362 TI - Duplication of the stomach with a triple antrum appearance. AB - We report a rare case of duplication of the stomach concomitant with idiopathic portal hypertension. The woman underwent a gastrectomy, under a tentative diagnosis of gastric carcinoma. The resected specimen revealed a submucosal type duplication of the stomach located on the greater curvature. The lesion had three communications with the true stomach and had the gross appearance of a "triple antrum". PMID- 3773363 TI - Primary perianal actinomycosis over a thirty year period. AB - A 50-year-old Japanese man had had abscesses and draining fistulas in the perianal region. These lesions recurred, despite surgical treatment such as incision and drainage over a 30 year period. "Sulfur granules" were found in the pus from the abscess and Actinomyces israelii was cultured. Ampicillin cloxacillin treatment lead to healing. The patient died 4 months later with a hepatoma and multiple metastases. PMID- 3773364 TI - [Pulmonology training in an emergency hospital]. PMID- 3773365 TI - [Studies on bronchial asthma and air pollution--respiratory tract hyperreactivity in so-called Kawasaki asthma]. PMID- 3773366 TI - [Blood lactate threshold in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma]. PMID- 3773367 TI - [Adherence of Branhamella catarrhalis to human pharyngeal cells: relation between adherence in vitro and chronic respiratory infections]. PMID- 3773368 TI - [Oxygen desaturation during sleep in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. PMID- 3773369 TI - [Measurement of tissue polypeptide antigen in BALF from patients with lung cancer]. PMID- 3773370 TI - [CT findings in 53 cases of carcinomatous pleuritis--loculation of the pleural space]. PMID- 3773371 TI - [Endoscopic observation of the peripheral airways in bronchiolitis]. PMID- 3773372 TI - [Clinical and allergological studies on the PIE syndrome of unknown cause- significance of precipitating antibodies against fungi]. PMID- 3773373 TI - [A study on the measurement of plasma leukotriene C4 and D4 during wheezing attacks in atopic asthmatic patients]. PMID- 3773374 TI - [A case of small pulmonary hamartoma diagnosed by transbronchial needle aspiration cytology]. PMID- 3773375 TI - [A case of inflammatory bronchial polyp]. PMID- 3773376 TI - [A case report of hard metal lung with giant cell interstitial pneumonia]. PMID- 3773377 TI - [Treatment of aortic dissecting aneurysm with an analysis of the results in 40 consecutive cases]. PMID- 3773378 TI - [An experience with hemodialysis during cardiopulmonary bypass for mitral valve replacement]. PMID- 3773379 TI - [Evaluation of the adequacy of M-mode echocardiographic fractional shortening after valvular heart surgery]. PMID- 3773380 TI - [Anomalous coronary arteries in patients undergoing repair of right ventricular outflow obstruction: report of three cases]. PMID- 3773381 TI - [A case of a quadricuspid aortic valve]. PMID- 3773382 TI - [Surgical management of coronary artery-to-pulmonary artery fistula]. PMID- 3773383 TI - [A case report of a Carpentier-Edwards bioprosthetic failure at mitral position after pregnancy and delivery]. PMID- 3773384 TI - [A case of congenital A-V block with a ventricular septal defect]. PMID- 3773385 TI - [A turnover operation for funnel chest at the time of mitral valve replacement and simple ligature and excision of pulmonary cysts]. PMID- 3773386 TI - [A successful surgical treatment of a giant primary mediastinal sarcoma]. PMID- 3773387 TI - [Clinical study of the surgical indications in renal trauma]. PMID- 3773388 TI - [Renal artery thrombosis following retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy]. PMID- 3773389 TI - [Studies on varicocele. I. Light and electron microscopic studies on testicular biopsies from patients with varicocele]. PMID- 3773390 TI - [Causes and prognosis of hematuria]. PMID- 3773391 TI - [Pre-operative one-shot intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy of bladder cancer. 2. The evaluation of the clinical usefulness of adriamycin and cisplatin]. PMID- 3773392 TI - [Posterior urethral valves; a study of sequelae after valve ablation]. PMID- 3773393 TI - [A clinical trial to obtain whole-layer bladder tissue specimens in bladder cancer patients. I. Histological sampling with a modified Menghini (Surecut) needle]. PMID- 3773394 TI - [Ultrastructural study of the human external urethral sphincter. 1. Innervation. 2. Characteristics of muscle fiber]. PMID- 3773395 TI - [A 20-year experience with ileal conduit urinary diversion. Late complications and ileal loop function]. PMID- 3773396 TI - [A clinical study of testicular tumors--usefulness of serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH)]. PMID- 3773397 TI - [Studies on male sexual impotence. Report 18. Therapeutic trial with prostaglandin E1 for organic impotence]. PMID- 3773398 TI - [Study of primary tumors of the bladder in the Tokai Urological Tumor Registry over a 4-year period]. PMID- 3773399 TI - [Study of primary tumors of renal pelvis and ureter in the Tokai Urological Tumor Registry over a 4-year period]. PMID- 3773400 TI - The new malpractice act: peer review. PMID- 3773401 TI - [The usefulness of M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography in the evaluation of early and late results of mitral commissurotomy]. PMID- 3773402 TI - [Functional tests of the pulmonary system in children with an atrial septal defect typical of ostium secundum]. PMID- 3773403 TI - [Recurrent tachycardia attacks in a patient with WPW syndrome induced by atrial tachycardia]. PMID- 3773404 TI - [The effect of cigarette smoking on the circulatory system]. PMID- 3773405 TI - Left ventricular function determination using computerized echo mechanocardiograms. PMID- 3773406 TI - [Criteria of Medrano and de Micheli in diagnosing anterior block in the left bundle branch of His]. PMID- 3773407 TI - [The influence of additional topical heart cooling on the effectiveness of myocardial cardioplegic protection during mitral valve replacement]. PMID- 3773408 TI - [HDL, HDL2 and HDL3 cholesterol in various types of hyperlipoproteinemia in relation to clinical signs of arteriosclerosis]. PMID- 3773409 TI - [Hyperlipoproteinemia as the cause of increased plasma antiheparin activity in patients with arteriosclerosis]. PMID- 3773410 TI - [Remote results of the successful treatment with nifedipine of 2 patients with primary pulmonary hypertension]. PMID- 3773411 TI - [Pediatrics as family-oriented medicine]. PMID- 3773412 TI - [Emergencies in childhood. 5. Emergencies caused by septic infections]. PMID- 3773413 TI - [Relations between hemostasis parameters and fatty acid composition of serum lipid fractions--results of a study in obese children]. PMID- 3773414 TI - [Diagnosis and prognosis of subdural effusion in infancy]. PMID- 3773415 TI - [The electromyographic examination in children. I. Movement disorders of the protective system of the eyes]. PMID- 3773416 TI - [The electromyographic examination in children. II. Movement disorders of the eyeball]. PMID- 3773417 TI - [The use of non-invasive methods in the diagnosis of tumors of the orbit and eyelids in children]. PMID- 3773418 TI - [The practical value of manual examination of visual space localization in children and adolescents]. PMID- 3773419 TI - [Late observations of children with retrolental fibroplasia]. PMID- 3773420 TI - [Secondary glaucoma after congenital cataract surgery in children]. PMID- 3773421 TI - [Evaluation of the use of corrective contact lenses after congenital cataract surgery in children]. PMID- 3773422 TI - [Problems in correcting postoperative aphakia in children]. PMID- 3773423 TI - [The use of soft contact lenses in children with myopia]. PMID- 3773424 TI - [The use of Cefamandole as an antibiotic screen after vitrectomy in children with chronic uveitis]. PMID- 3773425 TI - [Thrombophlebitis of the cavernous sinus in children]. PMID- 3773426 TI - [Peters' anomaly with developmental changes in the iris of the other eye]. PMID- 3773427 TI - [A case of Bourneville-Pringle disease]. PMID- 3773428 TI - 18th Congress of the Society for Nephrology. Frankfurt am Main, 21-24 September 1986. PMID- 3773429 TI - Mechanisms of renal tubular acidification. AB - Both bicarbonate retrieval from the filtrate as well as the net excretion of acid depend upon hydrogen ion secretion by the tubular epithelium. Hydrogen ion secretion is mediated either by sodium-hydrogen exchange, an electroneutral and secondary active process, or by hydrogen ion secretion, a directly electrogenic and primary active process. Extrusion of hydrogen ions across the apical cell membrane is accompanied by electrogenic bicarbonate transfer across the basolateral cell membrane. Both luminal and peritubular pH exert a strong influence upon acidification by altering the gradient against which hydrogen transport or base exit occur. In the distal nephron, both hydrogen ion secretion and bicarbonate secretion may occur. These transport operations have been shown to be mediated by subgroups of intercalated cells in which hydrogen pumps and bicarbonate-chloride exchange processes are located either in the apical or basolateral cell membranes. Regulation of acidification involves several factors: the rate of luminal buffer delivery, sodium and chloride delivery, the luminal and peritubular pH and pCO2, the electrical potential, mineralocorticoids and the state of the potassium balance. PMID- 3773430 TI - [Kidney function in lead burden]. AB - Renal failure as a consequence of manifest lead intoxication (nephropathia saturnina) has almost completely disappeared in the FRG. However, there has been rising concern that increased lead burden, primarily as a result of environmental pollution, may adversely affect blood pressure and renal function even in the absence of extrarenal signs of lead intoxication. Such concern is based on epidemiological studies which demonstrated a relation between blood lead level and blood pressure and on experimental studies which showed that lead activates several pressor mechanisms. Furthermore, increased body lead burden is found in a substantial proportion of patients with renal failure, particularly when concomitant gout is present. Unfortunately, none of the above findings constitute irrefutable evidence and further studies are clearly necessary. PMID- 3773431 TI - Periapical abscesses of cut canine teeth in cynomolgus macaques. AB - Periapical abscesses of canine teeth in a group of 47 male cynomolgus macaques are found to be associated with a procedure, involving cutting the canine teeth, used to make non-human primates less hazardous. Examination of 150 canine teeth in dry specimens revealed 30 cut teeth with no exposure of the pulpal chamber and 107 cut teeth where the dental pulp had been exposed. Of those teeth which had the pulpal chamber exposed by the cutting procedure, 85 (79.4%) showed clear evidence of osseous changes consistent with abscess formation in the apical regions. PMID- 3773432 TI - Naturally occurring melioidosis in a colonized rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). AB - An aged wild-caught male rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), maintained in a research facility for 10 years, developed bilateral pelvic limb paralysis without other signs of disease. Unresponsive to therapy, the monkey was killed and necropsied. Chronic inflammation with osteolysis of thoracic vertebrae 10-13 was observed. Pseudomonas pseudomallei was cultured and identified from cerebrospinal fluid obtained at the site of the thoracic lesion. This Gram-negative bacterium can cause infection in animals and man and may remain latent for years before the appearance of clinical signs. PMID- 3773433 TI - 'Normalization' of germfree mice after direct and indirect contact with mice having a 'normal' intestinal microflora. AB - Germfree mice were associated via direct and indirect contact with a 'normal' microflora by placing 'normal' mice in an isolator with germfree mice. Relative caecal weights, the ratio of secondary to primary bile acids, the presence of filamentous segmented bacteria in the small intestine and faecal beta aspartylglycine were normal 5 days after direct contact and 15 days after indirect contact. Enterobacteriaceae were demonstrated by the third day after direct contact and the fourth day after indirect contact. Volatile and non volatile fatty acids in the caecal contents were variable and appeared to be unrelated to the 'normalization' process of germfree mice after association with a microflora. PMID- 3773434 TI - Contribution of pathology to laboratory animal welfare. AB - To promote experimental animal welfare, several countries are engaged in establishing local animal research review committees and appointing supervising veterinarians or other experts. However, a number of adverse conditions leading to intercurrent illness or death remains unnoticed or unidentified. Pathological investigation of unexpectedly ill or dead animals proved to be very useful in indicating conditions compromising animal welfare. In addition, such post-mortem findings may be instructive, with respect to welfare, for those involved in experiments with animals. PMID- 3773435 TI - A possible effect on the Shwartzman reaction in the rabbit caused by fentanyl fluanisone tranquillization. AB - Shwartzman's reaction was elicited in four Chinchilla rabbits. Two of the animals were tranquillized with fentanyl-fluanisone (Hypnorm: Janssen Pharmaceuticals). There was a reduced response in the tranquillized rabbits while the untranquillized animals developed the typical dose-responsive skin reaction. Fentanyl-fluanisone tranquillization may interfere with the development of the Shwartzman reaction in Chinchilla rabbits. PMID- 3773436 TI - Variation in barbiturate sleeping time in mice. 3. Strain X environment interactions. AB - Environmental factors such as diet, bedding material and temperature at the time of testing affected a 'model' pharmacological response--pentobarbitone sleeping time--differentially in a range of inbred strains. These results are probably explained by variations in the responses of the strains to constituents of the diets and bedding materials used in the experiments. Differences in the results between experiments suggest that there are also fluctuations in the composition of the diets and bedding materials over time. Strain X environment interactions such as those found here may explain differences in strain rankings between experiments. They would also account for some of the variability in results found between laboratories and within a laboratory over time. PMID- 3773437 TI - Improving the productivity of breeding colonies of Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). AB - The productivity of breeding colonies of Mongolian gerbils can be substantially enhanced by using as breeding stock only the 40% of females that exhibit vaginal opening before reaching 25 days of age. Early-maturing females are more likely to breed successfully on first pairing. The lifetime fecundity of early-maturing females is more than twice that of their late-maturing sisters. In those cases in which early-maturing females fail to breed with the first male with which they are paired, they (but not late-maturing females) can be mated with a second male with a high probability of success. Two-thirds of the early-maturing females that failed to reproduce following a first pairing became pregnant following a second. Only 11% of late-maturing females did so. PMID- 3773438 TI - Spontaneous endometrial tumours of 'Sabra' rats. AB - In a 2 year study of 171 female (101 virgin; 70 multiparous) 'Sabra' rats, spontaneous endometrial tumours were found in 69% of 2 year old animals. Tumour development appeared to be age related, and only virgin females showed tumours before 18 months of age. Polyps were the most prevalent tumour type, followed by adenocarcinomas. The Sabra rat can be included among those rat strains having a high incidence of spontaneous endometrial neoplasia. PMID- 3773439 TI - Salmonella ochiogu: experimental infection of laboratory mice and oxytetracycline therapy. AB - The oral infection of laboratory mice with 10(8) colony-forming units of viable Salmonella ochiogu bacteria resulted in clinical salmonellosis and death in 10 out of 45 of the mice (22%). None of the mice treated with oxytetracycline died. Infection in susceptible mice was characterized by septicaemia, respiratory involvement and mild enteritis. The organism was shed in the faeces from the first day after infection until day 30, and cultures from viscera showed systemic dissemination. S. ochiogu was recovered from the faeces of mice treated with oxytetracycline between days 1 and 9 post infection. PMID- 3773440 TI - The congenic normal R/APfd and jaundiced R/APfd-j/j rat strains: a new animal model of hereditary non-haemolytic unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia due to defective bilirubin conjugation. AB - In this paper the production of the R/APfd-j/j strain which is congenic with the R/APfd strain is reported. The R/APfd-j/j completely lacks hepatic bilirubin UDP glucuronyltransferase activity, as do our GUNNXR/Pfd-j/j rat strain and various other stocks of GUNN rats (j/j) described in the literature. Our recombinant inbred strain GUNNXR/Pfd-j/j was produced from non-inbred GUNN (j/j) rats. This GUNNXR/Pfd-j/j rat was used as a donor of the jaundice gene j, the R/APfd rat serving as the recipient. After eight backcross-intercross cycles (16 generations) the R/APfd-j/j strain was obtained which is congenic with the R/APfd strain. Congenicity was demonstrated by various techniques including transplantation of skin tissue, strain-specific tumour cells and hepatocytes, the mixed lymphocyte reaction, and comparison of biochemical markers. The potential of the novel inbred strain of jaundiced rat, R/APfd-j/j, and the corresponding control strain R/APfd for biochemical and clinical studies of bilirubin metabolism are briefly discussed. PMID- 3773441 TI - The rabbit as an experimental model for regional chemotherapy. 1. Intra-arterial hindlimb infusion. AB - Regional delivery of chemotherapy to a tumour or tumour-bearing region has pharmacokinetic advantages over the systemic route. The applications of an animal model for regional drug delivery are outlined. The technique for intra-arterial infusion in the rabbit hindlimb is described. The use of the implantable VX2 rabbit carcinoma as a model for solid human tumours may be studied by this method. Pharmacokinetic data obtained with the model allow comparison between systemic and regional routes of delivery. The distribution of the cancerostatic plant toxin ricin following regional delivery has been investigated using this experimental model. PMID- 3773442 TI - The rabbit as an experimental model for regional chemotherapy. 2. Isolated perfusion of hindlimbs. AB - Regional chemotherapy to a tumour is most commonly delivered by intra-arterial infusion. An alternative method of regional drug delivery, isolated perfusion, may be used where anatomical considerations permit. The technique of isolated perfusion in the rabbit hindlimb is described. The use of this model with the implantable rabbit VX2 carcinoma allows estimation of drug uptake by normal tissues, primary tumour and popliteal lymph node metastases. Correlation of such data with blood flow measurements enables targeting of new cytotoxic agents to be evaluated. The effect of perfusate composition on tissue uptake of such an agent, the plant toxin ricin, has been determined. PMID- 3773443 TI - Swine in biomedical research. PMID- 3773444 TI - The pig as a model for myocardial ischemia and exercise. AB - The pig has been well characterized as an appropriate model for the study of coronary physiology, the coronary collateral circulation and exercise physiology. We compared both Yucatan miniature swine and young farm pigs in experiments involving myocardial ischemia, infarction and exercise. The Yucatan pig was vigorous, docile and proved to be an appropriate model of coronary physiology and exercise in man. The exercise capacity of the Yucatan pig was greater than that of the similar weight Hampshire pig, apparently because of the higher hematocrit and larger heart size. Both breeds were able to increase their maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) by approximately 25% after 10 weeks of training. Experiments measuring maximal coronary capacity suggest that the vascular capacity was similar to that of man, but less than that of the dog. Acute occlusion of the coronary artery in pigs infarcted most of the tissue of the vascular bed at risk. The collateral circulation of the pig is less than one fourth that of the dog and is similar to that of man. Slow occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery produces an ischemic vascular bed which is collaterally dependent with only 5% infarction. Collateral flow is sufficient to meet resting conditions, but during exercise, severe ischemia is unmasked. This ischemia is present for up to 16 weeks following occlusion. The observation of limited infarction in conjunction with limited collateral vessel development suggests that this is a good model for investigating the growth and development of coronary collateral circulation in man. PMID- 3773445 TI - Post-ischemia immunosuppression in a miniature swine model. AB - Yucatan miniature swine were the experimental model used to examine the effect of ischemia-injury on post-ischemic monocyte (MO) and immune function. Monocyte plasminogen activator (PA) was depressed while MO tissue factor activity was increased. The ability of porcine monocytes to generate a primary in vitro antibody forming cell (AFC) response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) also was depressed by ischemic injury. The mechanism by which ischemic injury modulated immunosuppression appeared to be through generation of immunosuppressive serum substances. PMID- 3773446 TI - The use of swine in brain interstitial radiation studies. AB - Swine offer an excellent, but previously unused, model for brain interstitial ionizing and non-ionizing radiation research. Significant advantages include size, cost, maneuverability, availability and conditioning. The methodology and some experimental results from studies of the effects of interstitial microwave hyperthermia and iridium-192 irradiation are presented. PMID- 3773447 TI - A simple method for obtaining cerebrospinal fluid from a pig model of herpes encephalitis. AB - A procedure is described for obtaining cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from anesthetized pigs by puncturing the cisterna magna. CSF samples of at least 5 ml. can be obtained. The punctures are well tolerated and can be repeated with intervals of approximately 4 days. PMID- 3773448 TI - Studies on calcium homeostasis in the fetal Yucatan miniature pig. AB - Along with parallel studies with a conventional breed of pig, the Yucatan breed has been investigated for studies on the mechanisms of calcium homeostasis in the fetus. The results obtained were similar for the two breeds. The smaller size and better disposition of the Yucatan breed make it preferable for further studies in this field. PMID- 3773449 TI - A simplified method for metabolic studies in conscious swine. AB - Reliable short-term blood access in conscious swine was provided by implanting multiple silastic catheters. Catheters were inserted into the aorta, hepatic vein, portal vein, and inferior vena cava through a midline laparotomy incision. Multiple catheters also were placed into the external jugular vein through a separate cervical incision. Catheter patency rates for blood withdrawal on the sixth post-operative day were: arterial 100%, hepatic 91%, portal 86%, inferior vena cava 71%. No animal had major wound or catheter infection on the seventh post-operative day. The methods described allow metabolic studies, including measurements of splanchnic blood flow, to be carried out either acutely or for up to at least 7 days post-operatively. PMID- 3773450 TI - Characterization of the Yucatan miniature pig skin and small intestine for pharmaceutical applications. AB - Yucatan miniature pig skin and gastrointestinal tract have been characterized as potential models for human organ systems in in vitro and in vivo pharmaceutical experiments. Histology of pig skin and the flux of one classical drug, caffeine, are described. The Yucatan small intestine was examined morphologically. Both Yucatan skin and GI tract were found to have similarities to man. PMID- 3773451 TI - A simple technique for experimental hepatic vein catheterization in swine. AB - Hepatic vein catheterization is a valuable technique in studies of hepatic physiology and metabolism. A new technique for hepatic vein catheterization in swine is described which avoids fluoroscopy, incision, or puncture of the hepatic parenchyma. Experience with this new technique in over 40 studies of young pigs has confirmed the reliability of the technique. Management of hepatic vein catheters after insertion and potential sources of error in hepatic venous sampling are discussed. PMID- 3773452 TI - Long-acting intramuscular anesthetic regimen for swine. AB - A two-stage, long-acting, injectable anesthetic regimen which provided pain-free restraint for swine was developed using nine mixed-breed domestic pigs. Each animal was administered a first-stage drug combination consisting of meperidine hydrochloride and azaperone in the caudal thigh muscles, followed after 20 minutes by a second-stage group of injections consisting of ketamine hydrochloride combined with morphine sulfate in the same muscles of the opposite leg. A mean surgical anesthetic time of 60.6 +/- 18.6 minutes was achieved with this regime and it was found that total anesthetic time could be doubled by a second injection of the ketamine and morphine components alone. All animals had a rapid, uneventful recovery. This combination regime not only provided reliable, long-acting anesthesia but was administered easily, required no tracheal intubation and produced no significant changes in the animals' heart rate or body temperature during the anesthetic period. PMID- 3773453 TI - Anesthesia in Gottingen miniature swine used for experimental surgery. AB - This contribution describes a modern technique of producing general anesthesia in the Gottingen minipig. The method of anesthesia selected is dependent on the duration and type of surgery. The drugs used to produce anesthesia should not interfere with the experimental aims, therefore only drugs with well known actions and a standardized anesthesiological procedure should be used. Climazolam, Ketamine and atropine are preferred for induction of anesthesia. After endotracheal intubation, inhalation anesthetic mixed with oxygen and nitrous oxide is used to maintain general anesthesia. Controlled ventilation is necessary to prevent the animals from developing respiratory acidosis. Postoperative analgesia is provided by orally administering acetylsalicylate or morphine-sulfate pentahydrate at 12 hour intervals. PMID- 3773454 TI - Percutaneous transtracheal ventilation and morphometric measurements of cervical structures in swine. AB - Fifteen swine cadavers were examined to determine a quick, reliable means of locating the level of the cricothyroid ligament from consistently palpable structures in the head and neck area. From calculations of measurements made on these cadavers, it was discovered that when a 21-43 kg pig was placed in a standard position, the measured length (L) from the angle of the mandible to the manubrium sterni multiplied by a factor of 0.48 equals the parameter Z [L (0.48) = Z]. Z was measured, beginning at the manubrium sterni, along the ventral midline. The endpoint of Z was at the level of the cricothyroid ligament. A catheter inserted at this point through the ligament into the airway provides a means of transtracheal ventilation. This method of ventilation can be used in emergencies to avoid a tracheostomy or as an alternative to endotracheal ventilation. This method was applied successfully to four anesthetized pigs as determined by a series of arterial blood gas samples. PMID- 3773455 TI - Hematologic and serum biochemical values for Yucatan miniature swine. AB - Hematologic and serum biochemical values were determined for healthy, mature Yucatan miniature swine, Sus scrofa. These values were similar to those reported for other breeds of swine. There was no effect on erythrocyte count, hematocrit, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW, platelet count, or leukocyte count attributable to sex (p greater than 0.05). Differential leukocyte counts generated on an automated multichannel blood cell counter, having a three part leukocyte differential capability, were compared to 100-cell manual leukocyte differentials. Determination of lymphocyte and non-lymphocyte fractions on this system were not significantly different from microscopic differentials (p less than 0.001). However, the mononuclear cell count did not correlate well with the percentage of monocytes determined manually (r = 0.084, p greater than 0.5). Leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets behaved properly with respect to counting thresholds as modified for counting cells of other common domestic species on this automated cell counter. PMID- 3773456 TI - Serum biochemistry of healthy Yucatan miniature pigs. AB - Sera collected from 24 (12 boars and 12 gilts) healthy, fasted 28-43 week-old Yucatan miniature pigs were analyzed for 21 clinical chemistry parameters. The mean, standard deviation, median, and observed range for each parameter are presented as reference values for the normal blood chemistry for this breed. Comparison with published values reveals that the Yucatan miniature pig has a blood chemistry profile comparable to that of domestic pigs and other breeds of miniature swine. PMID- 3773457 TI - Vascular-access-port implantation for serial blood sampling in conscious swine. AB - A method to simplify serial venous blood sampling in miniature pigs was developed. Jugular vein Vascular-Access-Ports (VAP) were implanted in four animals. The mean functional lifetime of these ports was 37.7 +/- 23.0 (S.D.) days with a range of 17 to 77 days. The VAP allowed easy serial blood sampling and intravenous drug administration. Use of these ports in animals restrained in a sling was simple and effective and caused no undue stress to the animal over a 6 to 8 hour experiment. The VAPs were implanted easily and required minimal maintenance. Subcutaneous location of the entire apparatus allowed for group housing of the pigs and decreased the susceptibility of postoperative infection and/or damage. Provided that proper maintenance and careful aseptic sampling techniques are used, the VAP is a relatively easy, safe and reliable alternative to conventional methods of serial blood sampling in swine. PMID- 3773458 TI - A model for experimental bacterial cystitis in the dog. AB - To induce an experimental model of bacterial cystitis, ten preconditioned dogs underwent bladder irritation with a 0.1% alcoholic solution of salicylic acid followed in 24 hours by an intravesicular infusion of Proteus mirabilis. The dogs were observed for the following 14 days (five dogs) and 17 days (five dogs) and then euthanatized and necropsied. Tenesmus, dysuria, hematuria, and pollakiuria occurred in all dogs, but the severity of these signs diminished with time. The total white cell, neutrophil, and monocyte counts in the peripheral blood increased and urinalysis results were consistent with infection and severe inflammation. The infection persisted for the duration of the study, although the average quantitative bacterial count in urine progressively declined. No changes occurred in the measured clinical chemistry values. Severe inflammation was present on gross examination of the bladder and microscopic examination of the bladder, prostate, and renal pelvis. Less severe inflammation was present on microscopic examination of the urethra and ureter. PMID- 3773459 TI - Experimentally induced Tyzzer's disease in the African white-tailed rat (Mystromys albicaudatus). AB - Tyzzer's disease was induced experimentally in nonimmunosuppressed, weanling Mystromys albicaudatus by oral inoculation with Bacillus piliformis spores. Focal areas of necrosis bordered by cells containing B. piliformis were observed first in the tunica muscularis of the intestine and in the periportal region of the liver 3 days post-inoculation, in the ventricular myocardium 7 days post inoculation and in the brainstem 9 days post-inoculation. Healing in the tunica muscularis, liver and myocardium was accompanied by granuloma formation. The findings indicate that Mystromys are susceptible to B. piliformis infection. This is, to our knowledge, the first time brain lesions have been reported in any species following oral inoculation with B. piliformis. Tyzzer's disease should be considered as a possible diagnosis in Mystromys with hepatoenteritis, myocarditis, or indications of central nervous system disorders. PMID- 3773460 TI - Diagnostic exercise: lingual growths in rabbits. PMID- 3773461 TI - Forestomach ulcers in Crj:B6C3 (C57BL/6NCrj x C3H/HeNCrj) F1 mice. AB - An unusually high incidence of forestomach ulcers was observed in a mouse strain that is used frequently for long-term toxicology studies. Examination of 98 untreated male and 98 untreated female B6C3F1 hybrid mice, the majority of which were between 105 and 113 weeks of age, revealed forestomach ulcers in 52% of the males and 54% of the females. Glandular stomach ulcers were uncommon, being found in only four female mice. The incidence of the ulcers increased with age. The etiology of the lesion is unknown. PMID- 3773462 TI - Naturally occurring Bacillus piliformis infection (Tyzzer's disease) in guinea pigs. AB - Two juvenile male Hartley guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) were found dead 36 hours after receipt from a commercial source. Both guinea pigs had dependent, subcutaneous edema and excess serous fluid in their thoracic and abdominal cavities. Their livers were mottled and the cecal walls were reddened focally. Histopathologic exam revealed nests of Bacillus piliformis within the absorptive epithelial cells of the ileum, cecum and colon. Vegetative organisms and spore like structures were observed in the cytoplasm of intestinal epithelial cells by electron microscopy. A diagnosis of Tyzzer's disease was made. PMID- 3773463 TI - Adaptation of pregnant rhesus monkeys to short-term chair restraint. AB - Heart rate, blood pressure, temperature and plasma corticosteroids were measured in pregnant rhesus monkeys during 23 successive 2 hour chair restraint periods beginning in midgestation. Heart rate (15%), blood pressure (13%) and plasma cortisol (23%) declined from first to last sessions. Reduction in physiological indicators of stress was most marked during the first three sessions, but continued in some animals over the 8 week period. Pulse rate and blood pressure were elevated at the beginning of each session and dropped to base-line levels during the second hour. In contrast, plasma cortisol consistently rose during the 2 hour session. Blood sampling and palpation were conducted at weekly intervals during the adaptation series. Immediate physiological responses to these manipulations did not diminish with repetition, although behavioral adaptation was observed. The data suggests that objective measurements of adaptation to chair restraint are important in determining the appropriateness of this procedure. Chair restraint is a valuable alternative to chemical or manual restraint in obtaining sequential evaluations in pregnant monkeys. PMID- 3773465 TI - Automated synthetic substrate assays for coagulopathies of dogs. AB - Automated synthetic substrate assays for factors II and VII in the extrinsic coagulation pathway have been developed in our laboratory. In both kinetic assays, p-nitroaniline (pNA) was cleaved from the substrate and measured spectrophotometrically at 405 nm. Plasma samples from 5-8 month old beagle dogs were analyzed for factors II and VII, and also for prothrombin times. A subpopulation considered abnormal (prothrombin times greater than 8 seconds) had slightly elevated factor II levels, but extremely low factor VII levels, relative to the normal group. Therefore, the prolonged prothrombin times of this abnormal group can now be confidently attributed to their decreased factor VII levels. The known genetic predisposition of beagle dogs to factor VII deficiency supports this conclusion. Thus, synthetic substrates are useful for the measurement of coagulation factors in dogs, and permit ready automation of the assay. PMID- 3773464 TI - A simple method for determination of red blood cell mechanical fragility in the rat. AB - A method for measuring the mechanical fragility of red blood cells suitable for use in small laboratory animals, such as rats, is reported because of lack of such data in the literature. Whole blood is mixed with phosphate buffered saline in a tube containing glass beads. The tubes are rocked for 90 minutes, centrifuged and the percent hemolysis determined. Varying the osmolality of the saline suspending medium had little effect on the mechanical fragility of rat red cells prior to the NaCl concentrations at which a significant change in osmotic hemolysis occurred. The duration of rocking increased the mechanical fragility. Varying the pH (6.4-8.0) had no effect. The size of the glass beads changed the mechanical fragility as did varying temperature. The mean mechanical fragility of rat red blood cells was 46% hemolysis (80 adult male animals). Because of the small volume of blood required with this method, mechanical fragility of red cells of other small laboratory animals also may be determined. PMID- 3773466 TI - Factors affecting radioactive microsphere measurement of blood flow in pregnant guinea pigs. AB - Comparative blood flow studies were performed in pregnant guinea pigs using radioactive microspheres to test the effects of different sphere sizes on blood flow measurements and the relationship between flows obtained intraoperatively and those performed after 5 days of recovery from anesthesia and surgery. We observed that 1.5% of the cardiac output was shunted through the microcirculation of the carcass, gut, skin and endomyometrium when 15 mu microspheres were used. Intraoperative measurements of heart rate, cardiac output and placental blood flow are significantly lower than measurements made after 5 days recovery. These reductions were ameliorated with the addition of a continuous infusion of isoproterenol and the deletion of atropine from the anesthetic. PMID- 3773468 TI - Pelvic endometriosis associated with infarctions of the colon in a rhesus monkey. PMID- 3773469 TI - Calcite urolith in a cynomolgus monkey. PMID- 3773467 TI - Virus contamination and cytopathology of ferret tracheal epithelial cells in culture caused by vaccination with distemper virus. PMID- 3773470 TI - Ectopic adrenal cortical nodules in the mesorchium of New Zealand white rabbits. PMID- 3773471 TI - Ketamine and xylazine anesthesia of the deer mouse. PMID- 3773472 TI - Endotracheal intubation and manual ventilation of the rat. PMID- 3773473 TI - Non-occlusive harness for dermal toxicity studies with rabbits. PMID- 3773474 TI - A multilayered cannula for long-term blood sampling of unrestrained rats. PMID- 3773475 TI - A plastic cage for restraint of the opossum (Didelphis virginiana). PMID- 3773476 TI - Abnormal basement membrane structures in autoimmune thyroid disease. AB - Thyroidectomy specimens of 8 patients with focal thyroiditis, 7 with diffuse thyroiditis, 13 with Graves' disease and 5 with nodular goiter were investigated by electron microscopy for changes in the follicular basement membrane. Five different types of abnormal basement membrane structures (ABMS), analogous to the ones described in the glomerular basement membrane, were found. Type 1 ABMS were present in all diagnostic groups and seemed to be nonspecific. Type 2 ABMS, thought to represent immune complex deposits, were frequently present in patients with focal or diffuse thyroiditis and in patients with Graves' disease, but could not be demonstrated in thyroidectomy specimens of patients with nodular goiter. The occurrence of type 2 ABMS in both focal and diffuse thyroiditis suggests a common etiology of these two morphologic entities. ABMS types 3, 4, and 5 could not be detected in nodular goiter but were seen in various amounts in all other diagnostic groups. The origin of these structures remains to be explained. PMID- 3773477 TI - Protective effects of O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutoside on cis-platinum-induced acute renal failure in the rat. AB - Cis-platinum (CP) is an important antineoplastic chemotherapeutic agent which causes significant renal toxicity in humans and experimental animals. This present study was designed to determine whether the free radical scavenger, O (beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutoside (HR), exerts beneficial effects on the kidneys of rats receiving an intravenous injection of 6 mg/kg body weight of CP. Renal functional and structural changes were evaluated and quantitated in three groups of Fischer 344 female rats. Group HR/S control rats received HR treatment and a sham injection of sterile saline (S). Group S/CP rats were treated with S and intravenous CP while rats in group HR/CP received both HR and CP. The experimental group S/CP and HR/CP rats had markedly elevated blood urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations, increased fractional excretion of sodium chloride, and decreased glomerular filtration rate when compared to group HR/S controls. Group HR/CP rats, however, had significantly lower blood urea nitrogen and creatinine values when compared to the group S/CP rats, 69 +/- 14 mg/dl versus 267 +/- 41, and 1.5 +/- 0.4 versus 5.9 +/- 0.9, respectively (p less than 0.001 for both). Renal function was also better preserved in group HR/CP rats when compared to those in group S/CP. The glomerular filtration rate in group HR/CP rats, 329 +/- 67 microliter/min/gm of kidney weight and urinary osmolality, 586 +/- 42 mOsmoles/kg H2O, was significantly greater than in group S/CP rats, 46 +/- 19 microliter/min/gm of kidney weight, and 374 +/- 28 mOsmoles/kg H2O, respectively (p less than 0.005 for both). The fractional sodium excretion was also less in group HR/CP rats, 2.7% +/- 0.6, when compared to group S/CP rats, 10.2% +/- 0.8 (p less than 0.001). There were no apparent pathological changes in group HR/S rats. In contrast, renal tubular injury and necrosis were observed in both group S/CP and HR/CP rats which were both treated with CP. The injury was confined to the S3 segment of the proximal tubule located in the outer stripe region of the outer medulla. While the injury was readily apparent in both experimental groups, group HR/CP rats had significantly less proximal tubule injury than group S/CP rats when the Wilcoxon nonparametric rank sum test was applied to the morphological data. We conclude that the free radical scavenger, O (beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutoside, provides partial protection against the structural and functional alterations which are induced in the kidney after the intravenous administration of cis-platinum. PMID- 3773478 TI - Factors affecting the loss of carbon monoxide from stored blood samples. AB - The loss of carbon monoxide (CO) from whole blood or hemolysates has been investigated. Blood samples were exposed to the atmosphere or to a limited volume of air for various storage periods at three temperatures. The initial hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and the percent carboxyhemoglobin (%COHb) saturation were varied in separate experiments. In addition, the effect of repeated exposure of blood to air was evaluated. The %COHb saturation decreased from 80 to 50% following storage of a 1-mL blood sample with 49 mL of air in a sealed container at room temperature for 45 hr. Greater decreases in the %COHb saturation were observed in samples which were exposed to the atmosphere. Lesser, but significant, losses occurred when samples were stored in a refrigerator or freezer. The concentration of Hb in the samples as well as the initial %COHb saturation were found to influence the decrease in the %COHb saturation. PMID- 3773479 TI - Carbon monoxide analysis: a comparison of two co-oximeters and headspace gas chromatography. AB - Three methods (IL-182 Co-Oximeter, IL-282 Co-Oximeter, and headspace gas chromatography) for the analysis of carbon monoxide in postmortem blood were studied and compared using a prepared reference standard, Quantra control materials, and 62 postmortem blood specimens. The methods compared favorably with one another. The linear regression equations for the 62 postmortem blood samples (range = 1.0 to 86% saturation) were: IL-282 vs. IL-182, y = 1.11x - 3.10, r = 0.981; IL-182 vs. GC, y = 0.88x + 2.97, r = 0.973; IL-282 vs. GC, y = 1.00x - 1.24, r = 0.986. PMID- 3773480 TI - Screening of basic drugs in biological samples using dual column capillary chromatography and nitrogen-phosphorus detectors. AB - A method is presented for the extraction and screening of basic and neutral drugs, including amphetamines. Two milliliters of blood are buffered to pH 9.0 and extracted with n-chlorobutane. Underivatized extracts are analyzed simultaneously on two complementary capillary columns placed together in one injection port using split injection. A relative retention time list comprised of 110 common drugs of abuse and metabolites has been compiled for both capillary columns. The internal standard used is SKF-525A. The success of the method depends upon four areas: inertness of the system, nitrogen detector optimization, extraction technique, and lack of contamination. The percent recovery has been calculated for twelve commonly encountered drugs. The within-run and day-to-day recoveries and retention time reproducibility have been investigated for the internal standard SKF-525A. The authors have found the combination of fused silica capillary columns and nitrogen-phosphorus detectors makes for a stable screening system for basic and neutral drugs in biological samples. PMID- 3773481 TI - Identification of underivatized basic drugs in urine by capillary column gas chromatography. AB - A capillary column gas chromatographic (GC) method is described for detecting basic drugs of abuse and their metabolites in urine. One milliliter of urine, buffered with 400 microL Tris buffer (pH 9.5) containing 1.0 microgram/mL internal standard SKF 525A (proadifen hydrochloride), is extracted with 100 microL of 5% (v/v) isoamyl alcohol/hexane. The sample is vortexed for 30 sec and centrifuged for 10 min. The upper organic layer is directly injected into the GC, thus eliminating the need for an evaporation step. The GC is equipped with two DB 1701 fused silica capillary columns and nitrogen phosphorus detectors. The column oven is temperature programmed from 185 degrees to 265 degrees C at 8 degrees/min. Identification of the unknown drugs is accomplished by using retention time relative to that of a common internal standard. PMID- 3773482 TI - Fatality resulting from methylphenidate overdose. AB - A case involving an accidental overdose fatality resulting from an intravenous injection of crushed Ritalin (methylphenidate) tablets is presented. The drug was quantified by gas chromatography/nitrogen-phosphorus detection and confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Concentrations of drug were as follows: blood, 2.8 mg/L; bile, 5.7 mg/L; kidney, 3.0 mg/kg; liver, 2.1 mg/kg; and stomach contents, 1.6 mg total. Other drugs and volatile substances were not detected. PMID- 3773483 TI - Amoxapine overdose: report of two cases. AB - Two deaths are described involving amoxapine. Toxicological analysis in Case 1 revealed an amoxapine blood concentration of 5.7 micrograms/mL, and in Case 2, a concentration of 3.2 micrograms/mL. Qualitative analysis of other body fluids were performed. PMID- 3773484 TI - A fatal intoxication involving carbamazepine, desipramine, and ethylene glycol. AB - A fatal intoxication involving multiple substances including carbamazepine (CBZ), desipramine (DI), and ethylene glycol (EG), in which the blood CBZ concentration was higher than any previously reported in the literature is presented. Each compound, as well as the 10,11-epoxide metabolite of carbamazepine (CBZ-EP), was quantified in blood (CBZ, 79 mg/L; CBZ-EP, 11 mg/L; DI, 4.2 mg/L; EG, 3.6 g/L), bile (CBZ, 69 mg/L; CBZ-EP, 13 mg/L; DI, 23 mg/L; EG, 4.8 g/L), urine (CBZ, 6.5 mg/L; CBZ-EP, 5.7 mg/L; DI, 30 mg/L; EG, 3.3 g/L), stomach contents (CBZ, 280 mg; DI, 49 mg; EG, 2.8 g), liver (CBZ, 75 mg/kg; CBZ-EP, 11 mg/kg; DI, 49 mg/kg; EG, 2.0 g/kg), and kidney (CBZ, 41 mg/kg; CBZ-EP, 11 mg/kg; DI, 23 mg/kg; EG, 1.9 g/kg) using the following analytical techniques: high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection for CBZ and CBZ-EP, gas-liquid chromatography with mass selective detection for DI and gas-liquid chromatography with flame ionization detection for EG. PMID- 3773485 TI - Sudden death due to ingestion of cocaine. AB - A 27-year-old male died as the result of swallowing a bag of cocaine. Using gas chromatography and ultraviolet spectrophotometry, the concentration of cocaine was determined on all specimens submitted for analysis. These analyses revealed what may possibly be the highest concentrations of cocaine ever reported in the toxicology literature. These values were confirmed by another medical examiner toxicology laboratory. PMID- 3773486 TI - Nuclear knowledge and nuclear anxiety: a cross-cultural investigation. PMID- 3773487 TI - Perceptual judgment of abruptness of voice onset in vowels as a function of the amplitude envelope. AB - Four experienced speakers were trained to produce isolated vowels with different degrees of abruptness of voice onset while keeping the maximum sound level and the duration of the sounds constant. A total of 420 vowel tokens were rated for abruptness of voice onset by 11 trained speech scientists in order to study the reliability of the ratings, which was found to be moderately high (r1,1 = .74 with an extremely large range of the stimuli). Next a number of simple descriptions of the rising slope of the amplitude envelope are developed. It appears that the logarithm of the time needed for the amplitude envelope to rise from 10% to 90% of its eventual maximum level is the best predictor of perceived abruptness of voice onset of the measures examined in this study. Based on this result, an inexpensive instrument is described that can help the speech-language pathologist in assessing abruptness of voice onset in clinical practice. PMID- 3773488 TI - Articulation testing by microcomputer. AB - The picture naming articulation test, one of the most widely used speech assessment procedures, provides an excellent paradigm to study the potential of microcomputers with young, speech involved children. The stimulus-response format of the articulation test is structurally similar to assessment and management procedures crossing the spectrum of speech disorders. Findings from three studies comparing booklet-presented pictures to microcomputer-presented graphics indicate that microcomputers have certain control advantages in motivating children's repeated trials. However, spontaneous articulation testing by microcomputer may take more time than booklet testing if the graphics are less readily identifiable and due to associated novelty effects. Discussion of findings includes suggestions for enhancing the client-clinician-computer interface as this discipline experiences the entry of microcomputers into the speech-language clinic. PMID- 3773489 TI - A hypothesis-testing approach to treatment of a child with an idiosyncratic (morpho)phonological system. AB - Evaluation of a 6-year-old language-impaired girl's phonological and morphophonological systems revealed several idiosyncratic characteristics. Three hypotheses regarding the nature of this child's impairment were developed and then tested by monitoring the child's progress in therapy. The results of the intervention program supported all three hypotheses in principle. It is concluded that phonologically impaired children must learn to communicate facing articulatory and linguistic constraints similar to but often greater than those influencing the performance of younger normally developing children. It can be expected, then, that these children often will use phonological rules commonly found among normal children. It should also be expected that they occasionally will be led to phonological and morphological solutions to their communication problems that are unusual, if not idiosyncratic. The hypothesis-testing approach used in this investigation is advocated as a useful step in the development of an efficient intervention program and as a means of gaining insight into the nature of children's phonological and morphological impairments. PMID- 3773490 TI - Toward an understanding of developmental language and reading disorders. AB - The primary purpose of this study was to compare the ability of language-impaired and reading-impaired children to process (i.e., encode and retrieve) phonological information. Four measures of phonological awareness and several measures of word and sentence repetition abilities were used to evaluate phonological processing skills. Two additional measures assessed children's awareness of lexical and morphological information. Subjects were 12 language-impaired (LI), 12 reading impaired (RI), and 12 normal children between the ages of 6 and 8 years. The findings supported previous claims that children with reading impairments have difficulty processing phonological information. To our surprise, however, the LI children performed significantly worse than the RI children on only three measures, all involving word and sentence repetition. These findings raise questions about the distinctiveness of school-age children with a history of language impairment and poor readers with no history of language impairment. PMID- 3773491 TI - Articulation generalization of voiced-voiceless sounds in hearing-impaired children. AB - Eight hearing-impaired children participated in a study exploring the effect of training (+) or (-) voicing on generalization to cognates. In an experimental multiple baseline study across behaviors, children were trained on pairs of voiced and voiceless target sounds that they had previously omitted in final position. The pairs consisted of the /t/ and /g/ and the /d/ and /k/. When /t/ was trained, generalization was tested to (a) untrained words with the /t/ in the final position and (b) untrained words containing /d/ (the cognate) of the /t/. In like manner, when /d/ was trained, generalization was tested to both the /d/ and /t/ words. The /g/ and /k/ received identical treatment. A contrast procedure was used to teach the children to produce the final consonants. When training criterion was reached, generalization was tested. Results showed that 6 of the 8 children generalized both the voiced and unvoiced target sounds to 50% or more of the target sound probe items. Results also indicated that more generalization occurred to the voiceless cognate from voiced target sound training than occurred to voiced cognates from voiceless target sound training. PMID- 3773492 TI - Comparison of in-the-ear and over-the-ear hearing aid fittings. AB - A custom in-the-ear (ITE) hearing aid fitting was compared to two over-the-ear (OTE) hearing aid fittings for each of 9 subjects with mild to moderately severe hearing losses. Speech intelligibility via the three instruments was compared using the Speech Intelligibility Rating (SIR) test. The relationship between functional gain and coupler gain was compared for the ITE and the higher rated OTE instruments. The difference in input received at the microphone locations of the two types of hearing aids was measured for 10 different subjects and compared to the functional gain data. It was concluded that (a) for persons with mild to moderately severe hearing losses, appropriately adjusted custom ITE fittings typically yield speech intelligibility that is equal to the better OTE fitting identified in a comparative evaluation; and (b) gain prescriptions for ITE hearing aids should be adjusted to account for the high-frequency emphasis associated with in-the-concha microphone placement. PMID- 3773493 TI - Responses to requests for clarification in linguistically normal and language impaired children. AB - This study compared the conversational repair strategies employed by language impaired and normal children in response to a stacked series of requests for clarification. Ten linguistically normal and 10 language-impaired children were sampled from each of the following age levels, 4:10-5:10, 6:10-7:10, and 8:10 9:10, resulting in a total of 60 subjects. Each subject was asked to describe a series of action pictures for an examiner who was seated behind a screen. At regular intervals, the examiner responded to the child's description by initiating a repair sequence. Each sequence consisted of three different neutral requests for clarification ("Huh?", "What?", and "I didn't understand that.") and the subject's response to each request. Although all subjects appeared to recognize the obligatory nature of the neutral clarification requests employed, differences were observed in the repair strategies used by normal and language impaired children. In addition, impaired and younger normal subjects had greater difficulty responding appropriately as the stacked sequence progressed. PMID- 3773494 TI - The relationship of purine metabolism to the macrophage-mediated increase of high energy phosphates in skeletal muscle. AB - Previous investigations have demonstrated that the high energy phosphate and adenine nucleotide content of wounded tissue are decreased. Purine metabolism was investigated in incubated lambda-carrageenan wounded skeletal muscle and in muscle exposed to peritoneal macrophages or macrophage-conditioned media. Wounded muscle released predominately uric acid into the incubation medium; whereas, nonwounded muscle released inosine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine as well as uric acid. Macrophages incubated with nonwounded muscle changed the purine release pattern toward one of wounded muscle. The conversion of inosine to allantoin and uric acid by macrophages increased linearly with the addition of up to 1 X 10(7) macrophages per incubation. Muscles incubated in macrophage-conditioned media had a decreased release of inosine and hypoxanthine and higher tissue levels of creatine phosphate, ATP, ADP, AMP, and adenosine compared to muscles incubated in standard media. These data suggest that the macrophage determines the pattern of purine release from wounded skeletal muscle in the incubated system and that in conditioned media a high energy phosphate promoting factor may exert its effect by mechanisms that augment the adenine purine pool. PMID- 3773495 TI - Autologous pericardium versus a xenograft substitute in myocardial wound healing. AB - This study compared repair of myocardial wounds covered with autologous pericardium to healing of wounds covered with glutaraldehyde-preserved bovine pericardium in an experimental canine model. Right (RV) and left (LV) full thickness ventriculotomies were made and closed. In the control group (n = 12), the pericardium was closed over the wound; in the experimental group (n = 12), wounds were covered with bovine pericardium. Animals were sacrificed at 14, 21, 28, and 42 days. After excising the pericardium, 6 mm punch biopsies of normal RV, RV wound, normal LV, and LV wound were assayed for hydroxyproline (HPro). Both autologous and bovine pericardium became densely adherent to the wounds. Bovine pericardium was mildly adherent over unwounded areas, while autologous pericardium was usually free. Normal RV contained more than twice as much HPro as normal LV (5.4 +/- 0.57 micrograms/mg vs 1.7 +/- 0.35 micrograms/mg, P less than 0.0002). A gradual rise in HPro over time was seen in both groups, but this increase was statistically significant only at 42 days (P less than 0.05). There was no significant difference in HPro between wounds covered with autologous pericardium and those covered with bovine grafts (P = 0.13) at any of the sample times in this study. In this experimental canine model, the pericardium does not appear to play a prominent role in myocardial wound healing by contributing collagen-producing fibroblasts. Furthermore, the bovine pericardial xenograft becomes densely adherent to LV and RV incisions. In the clinical setting, such may make reoperation more hazardous when the heart has been previously incised or coronary bypass grafts have been constructed. PMID- 3773496 TI - Long-term ethanol ingestion causes an increase of phospholipase A2 activity in acute experimental pancreatitis in rats. AB - Alcohol is recognized as one etiological factor in pancreatitis and according to recent studies, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of this disease. However, the effect of chronic ethanol ingestion on PLA2 activity has not been studied in pancreatitis. To clarify the possible relation of these two factors 48 male Wistar rats received 15% (v/v) ethanol in drinking water for 12 weeks and 48 rats served as controls drinking tap water. Blood samples were collected from the control animals by puncturing the abdominal aorta. Experimental pancreatitis was induced by intraductal retrograde infusion of normal rat bile and blood samples collected 24 hr after the infusion. PLA2 activities in the plasma were measured by using the substrate with a 3H-labeled fatty acid in position 2. PLA2 activities in the control group were 11.2 +/- 1.3 (mean +/- SE) nmole/ml/min and 21.7 +/- 3.5 twenty-four hours later (P less than 0.05). In alcoholic rats the activities were 11.1 +/- 1.4 and 54.0 +/- 10.3, respectively (P less than 0.003). The increase of the activities was greater in alcoholic rats and the difference between the groups statistically significant (P less than 0.025). The mortality rate was 4.2% among the control animals and 29.2% in the alcoholic groups (P less than 0.026). The results of this study suggest that chronic alcohol ingestion makes the pancreas vulnerable to severe pancreatitis with high mortality. This is associated with significantly increased activities of PLA2. PMID- 3773497 TI - Influence of prostaglandin on repair of rat stomach damaged by absolute ethanol. AB - This study was undertaken to determine the possible role that prostaglandins (PGs) may play in enhancing epithelial repair in ethanol-damaged gastric mucosa. Fasted rats were injected subcutaneously with 10 micrograms/kg of 16,16-dimethyl PGE2 or saline and 30 min later received an oral bolus of 1 ml of absolute ethanol or saline. At 5 min and 2, 8, and 24 hr after ethanol exposure tissues were prepared from identical regions of the glandular mucosa for microscopic evaluation. Normal, injured, and repairing tissues were differentiated and quantitated. The length of injured surface epithelium was the same in ethanol treated tissues with and without PG pretreatment when evaluated 5 min after ethanol exposure, but the deeper epithelium was protected from injury in animals receiving PG pretreatment. Although the repair process itself was identical in the two experimental groups, in PG-treated tissues repair was initiated earlier, was more widespread, and was much more rapid than in tissues exposed to ethanol without such treatment. At the end of 24 hr of observation, only 5.5% of the surface epithelium was considered normal histologically in mucosa exposed to ethanol alone without PG pretreatment. This is in marked contrast to PG-treated tissues in which 82.7% of the gastric surface was normal at 24 hr. The mechanism responsible for our findings is unknown but may be related to PG's ability to spare the cellular pool in the gland isthmus from damage, enhancement of cellular migration from this pool to resurface the damaged epithelium, or a combination of both of these processes. PMID- 3773498 TI - Cardiac temperature and cardioplegic volume during cardiopulmonary bypass. AB - This study was designed to compare two methods of cardiac drainage on the rate of change of cardiac temperature and volume of cardioplegic solution required to maintain the cardiac temperature less than or equal to 12 degrees C in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Two groups of 10 patients were studied who were comparable in age, sex, and smoking history. In Group 1, cardiac drainage was achieved by using single-port drainage cannulae in the superior and inferior vena cava with caval tapes. Group 2 patients had a caval atrial cannula to drain the noncoronary collateral flow from the right atrium as well as that from the venae cavae. Both groups had a sump line in the left ventricle to drain the bronchopulmonary anastomotic blood flow. Results from the study showed that there was no difference between groups in the initial amount of cold cardioplegic solution required to arrest and cool the heart or the initial recording of ventricular temperatures. However, the volume of cardioplegic solution required to maintain the cardiac temperature at less than or equal to 12 degrees C after administration of the initial volume was less (P less than 0.05) for Group 2 than Group 1. Group 2 also had a slower rate of increase in cardiac temperature than Group 1 (P less than 0.01). Results from this study indicate that the constant removal of blood from both cardiac chambers during coronary artery bypass surgery significantly reduces the rate of myocardial rewarming and decreases the amount of cardioplegic solution required to maintain a given cardiac temperature. PMID- 3773499 TI - Effects of lobar pulmonary blood flow on the evolution of oleic acid lung injury in dogs. AB - We studied the effects of interruption of the pulmonary blood flow to the left diaphragmatic lung lobe on the evolution of canine oleic acid lung injury. We compared the morphology and edema of the left diaphragmatic lobe, whose pulmonary artery was ligated immediately after oleic acid injury, with the right diaphragmatic lobe, in which the blood supply was intact. The injury plus ligation resulted in hypoxemia and pulmonary hypertension with PaO2 falling from 98 +/- 4 to 72 +/- 21 torr (P less than 0.05) and pulmonary artery pressure increasing from 11 +/- 3 to 18 +/- 4 mm Hg (P less than 0.05). Animals were sacrificed 48 hr following the injury. Morphological examination of right and left lobes showed no consistent differences although wet/dry ratios indicated significantly greater edema (P less than 0.01) for the right diaphragmatic lobes (7.66 +/- 1.23) than the left (6.80 +/- 0.59). Both right and left lobes were substantially more edematous than our laboratory normal value of 4.74 +/- 0.54 (P less than 0.001 for both). We conclude that interruption of pulmonary arterial blood flow protects against edema formation in oleic acid injury but does not alter the morphologic evolution of the injury. PMID- 3773500 TI - Reaction of various skin wounds in the rat to collagen sponge dressing. PMID- 3773501 TI - The effect of ischemia on canine carotid endothelial permeability. AB - The effect of ischemia on arterial endothelial permeability was assessed by surgically interrupting arterial blood flow for 45 min in the left carotid artery of 12 foxhounds. The right carotid artery served as control. Twenty-four hours before sacrificing the animals at 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months postoperatively. Evans blue dye (1.5 ml/kg) was administered intravenously. Carotid arteries were harvested, opened, and scanned with a reflectometer to measure Evans blue dye uptake, and scanning electron microscopy was performed on a section of tissue from each harvested vessel. A statistically significant increase in permeability of the ischemic vessel occurred at 1 day (79 +/- 42% (SD], 1 week (186 +/- 75%), and 1 month (229 +/- 125%), but was not present at 3 months (7 +/- 8%) postinjury. Scanning electron microscopic examination of all specimens was essentially normal. This study demonstrates that arterial endothelium has increased permeability at 1 month following a brief ischemic period. What effect this ischemia-induced endothelial dysfunction will have on lipid uptake by the arterial wall will be the subject of future study. PMID- 3773502 TI - Transport of fluid and biliary lipids in the canine gallbladder in experimental cholecystitis. AB - In acute cholecystitis the cystic duct is usually obstructed by a gallstone and the gallbladder is often tensely distended with clear fluid. Because these findings suggest that fluid absorption in the gallbladder may be reversed in cholecystitis, we examined the effect of inflammation on the gallbladder mucosal function in dogs. In 20 dogs cholecystitis was induced by ligating the cystic duct and allowing inflammation to develop from bile stasis and the presence of a chronic indwelling cannula in the gallbladder. Every morning an aliquot of normal hepatic bile was infused into the gallbladder through a cannula in the gallbladder fundus. After either 4 or 24 hr the gallbladder contents were aspirated, the volume was measured, and the concentrations of bile acids, cholesterol, phospholipids, and protein were determined. Changes in volume were checked using [14C]PEG as a nonabsorbable tracer. A net absorption of fluid, bile acids, cholesterol, and phospholipids occurred during the first 24 to 48 hr after ligation of the cystic duct. Thereafter, fluid, cholesterol, and protein were secreted into the lumen, but absorption of bile acids continued. The lithogenic index of bile placed in the inflamed gallbladder was always greater when the bile was removed 24 hr later. The rate of fluid secretion into the lumen of the inflamed gallbladder increased after a meal and decreased after indomethacin. These findings demonstrate that inflammation can stimulate the gallbladder mucosa to secrete fluid, a process that may be important in the pathophysiology of acute cholecystitis in man. Since inflammation also resulted in an increased cholesterol saturation of gallbladder bile, cholecystitis per se may contribute to the formation of cholesterol gallstones. PMID- 3773503 TI - Alterations in biochemical functions during hyperthermic isolation-perfusion of the human liver. AB - Hyperthermia (42-42.5 degrees) was applied to the liver of eight patients with cancer in the liver by a technique of isolation-perfusion. Hepatic functional integrity was assessed during perfusion through measurement of multiple perfusate constituents. Data from seven perfusions were available for analysis. During perfusion there was an increase in perfusate lactate, pyruvate, glucose, urea, potassium, alkaline phosphatase, SGOT, and LDH. All increases in these constituents were significant (P less than 0.05) except for potassium. Lactate accumulated throughout the perfusion from an initial level of 3.8 +/- 1.0 mM to 7.6 +/- 3.5 mM at 4 hr. Pyruvate increased over the first 3 hr of perfusion from 0.14 +/- 0.06 mM to 0.80 +/- 0.37 mM before declining to 0.54 +/- 0.24 mM at 4 hr. The L/P (lactate/pyruvate) ratio decreased during perfusion to less than 10 in the first 2 hr, but rose to within normal limits by the end of perfusion. The decreases in L/P ratios were significant (P less than 0.05). Initially there was a rapid rise in perfusate glucose concentrations from 4.5 +/- 0.8 mM to 20.7 +/- 5.4 mM at 2 hr with nonsignificant changes thereafter. Urea levels increased from 0.64 +/- 0.22 mM to 1.92 +/- 0.76 mM. Perfusate potassium increased from the initial level of 7.0 +/- 1.0 mM during perfusion to 8.3 +/- 1.7 mM at 2 hr before declining. SGOT, LDH, and alkaline phosphatase increased during perfusion from 21 +/- 15, 142 +/- 48, and 16 +/- 6 to 176 +/- 22, 472 +/- 53 and 52 +/- 42, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3773504 TI - Protection from venous air embolism with fluorocarbon emulsion FC-43. AB - Intraoperative venous air embolism (VAE) occurs frequently in some surgical settings and may cause devastating hemodynamic consequences. Perfluorocarbon emulsions have been investigated as artificial oxygen carrying medias. They also have the properties of enhanced nitrogen solubility and a small particle size. FC 43 (Oxypherol, Alpha Therapeutic Corp., Los Angeles, California) was compared to three other volume expanders in 91 New Zealand White laboratory rabbits exposed to continuous VAE. The animals were anesthetized and ventilated by one of four modalities. They then received one of the volume expanders at 20 cc/kg over 30 min. After a 10-min stabilization period, a constant femoral venous air infusion (0.25 cc/kg/min) was begun and continued until death. Time until death, total volume of air infused, femoral arterial pressure, central venous pressure, and ECG (Lead II) were recorded. Death was defined as the cessation of pulsatile blood pressure. Arterial and central venous gases were analyzed pre and post volume expansion and at intervals of every 5 min after the beginning of the femoral air infusion. Results showed a significant prolongation of life for the animals receiving FC-43 at 10 and 20 cc/kg as a volume expander and mechanically ventilated with 100% oxygen as compared to all other groups (P less than 0.05). PaO2 and PvO2 were consistently higher in the group receiving FC-43 as a volume expander. Central venous pressure was lower during air embolism in the FC-43 group. The mechanism for the enhanced survivability of rabbits pretreated with FC 43 volume expansion exposed to VAE is under further investigation. PMID- 3773505 TI - The cytotoxic effect of surgical glove powder particles on adult human vascular endothelial cell cultures: implications for clinical uses of tissue culture techniques. AB - Clinical use of autogenous endothelial cell (EC) seeding of vascular prostheses (VP) would require reliable methods for EC harvest for immediate seeding or primary culture in a hospital or operating room setting. Observation of glove powder particles (GPP) in failed primary adult human saphenous vein EC (AHSVEC) cultures led us to study the effect of surgical GPP on cultured AHSVEC. Addition of GPP to the culture medium of growing ASHVEC cultures reduced the cell counts in a dose-dependent fashion; the mean concentration of GPP required to produce a greater than 50% decrease in cell number was 1.5 +/- 0.8 (SD) X 10(4) GPP/ml (N = 10 experiments), equivalent to a mean dose of 36 micrograms glove powder per milliliter. The effect was seen within 24 hr of addition of GPP and was not due to interference with EC attachment and spreading or to changes in medium osmolality, pH, glucose, electrolyte, Ca2+, or Mg2+ content. Instead, the effect appeared to be due to a filterable toxin added during the final rubber vulcanizing stage of glove manufacture, since pure cornstarch particles and epichlorhydrin-treated pure cornstarch did not prevent culture growth, whereas 0.2 micron filtrates of medium incubated with GPP taken directly from gloves were lethal. We conclude that filterable cytotoxic substances from GPP may be an avoidable cause of failure in EC seeding of VP, and may affect surgical wound healing as well. PMID- 3773506 TI - Fibronectin coating of an experimental PTFE vascular prosthesis. AB - Because of the known inefficiency of endothelial cell seeding of vascular prostheses, some investigators have pretreated their grafts with fibronectin in an effort to increase endothelial cell adhesion. However, the most efficient method of coating vascular prostheses with fibronectin has not yet been determined and more importantly, the durability of this coating following restoration of pulsatile perfusion has not yet been established. This experiment measured the adsorption of fibronectin which was perfused at three different concentrations through an experimental, highly porous PTFE vascular graft. Most efficient coating of the prosthetic appeared to occur with a 250 mg/ml concentration of fibronectin perfused through the graft for 60 min. Grafts so prepared were subsequently studied in a pulsatile perfusion system which mimicked the canine circulation. Fifteen additional fibronectin-coated grafts were also interposed in the canine carotid artery. Flow was restored, grafts were removed at varying intervals, and fibronectin disappearance was measured. In both the in vitro and in vivo models, three distinct phases of fibronectin dissociation were seen: an initial rapid loss which resulted in an average 30.5% retention of the initial concentration of fibronectin following 30 min of perfusion; a second phase, which occurred from 30 to 120 min, demonstrated an average 2.5% loss of fibronectin per hour; and a final phase, from 2 to 24 hr, during which no significant additional loss of fibronectin was seen. This study describes a new method by which PTFE vascular prostheses can be effectively coated by perfusing them with physiologic concentrations of fibronectin and demonstrates that the resulting bond between fibronectin and prosthetic is stable following restoration of pulsatile flow. PMID- 3773507 TI - Effects of early reperfusion on the mechanical and biochemical characteristics of ischemic myocardium. AB - Coronary reperfusion of ischemic myocardium may be beneficial but is highly dependent upon occlusion and reperfusion times. To study the effects of early reperfusion on ischemic myocardium, 24 open chest pigs underwent coronary occlusion; one group was occluded for 40 min, and the other was occluded for 30 min followed by 10 min of reperfusion. Left ventricular wall thickness during systole and diastole was determined by ultrasound. Mitochondrial energy production and calcium content were evaluated from ischemic and nonischemic areas. Results showed: There was an absence of systolic thickness, a slight decrease of diastolic thickness from baseline, and a decrease in energy production in the ischemic myocardium. Reperfusion resulted in a diverse pattern of systolic and diastolic wall thickness in the ischemic area and a variable Ca2+ accumulation and mitochondrial ATP production. The variability of myocardial Ca2+ accumulation in the ischemic reperfused group correlated inversely with mitochondrial ATP production (r = -0.94) and directly with diastolic wall thickness (r = 0.65). Similarly, calcium accumulation, ATP production, and diastolic wall thickness correlated with mean blood pressure during reperfusion. These results suggest that many factors including individual characteristics of the animal and experimental conditions such as the level of blood pressure and the degree of calcium accumulation may determine outcome of reperfusion even in as brief a period as 10 min. PMID- 3773508 TI - A dog model using an implanted system for protracted hepatic arterial chemotherapy. AB - A model for hepatic arterial chemotherapy studies using large dogs and an implantable infusion pump has been developed. Using this technique near complete perfusion (greater than 90%) of the liver can be achieved in vivo as determined by hepatic arterial perfusion scintigraphy with technitium 99m macroaggregated albumin. The system is reliable and has been in use for a total of 1353 days (mean of 104 days, range 52-239) in 13 dogs. Pump implantation causes no apparent acute liver damage based on pre- and post-operative alkaline phosphatase and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase determinations and does not affect the general mobility or behavior of the animals. Careful placement of the catheter and attention to the physicochemical properties of the solutions loaded are factors contributing to the success of the model. The model permits comprehensive preclinical pharmacokinetic and toxicologic studies of new or preexistent chemotherapeutic agents in the same device that will be used for later administration in human subjects. By providing the means to examine and develop new treatment modalities, it enables the design of even more potent cytotoxic therapy directed into the tumor vascular bed. PMID- 3773510 TI - A scanning electron microscopy study of changes in rat colonic mucosa during carcinogenesis. AB - Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been used to examine morphological changes on the colonic mucosal surface during experimental carcinogenesis. Seventy-five rats were given weekly injections of dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and 25 rats acted as controls. Groups of DMH-treated and control rats were sacrificed at regular intervals and specimens of their colons were examined by SEM. The normal colonic mucosa had an orderly architectural pattern which remained constant throughout the experiment. Abnormalities in the mucosa of treated rats were detected as early as 6 weeks after the first injection of DMH and thereafter there was progressive distortion of the crypts, development of pericryptal fissures and mucosal surface irregularities, and eventually, formation of focal protuberances, polyps, and tumors. The findings indicate that there is a definite pattern of progressive mucosal abnormalities commencing long before the development of focal colon tumors and that SEM is useful in the detection of these abnormalities. PMID- 3773509 TI - Cardiac cryosurgery: regional myocardial blood flow of ventricular cryolesions. AB - Cryosurgery is one of three methods introduced recently for the treatment of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Cryothermic exposure ablates arrhythmogenic ventricular myocardium, and produces a dense fibrous scar with a sharp border to histologically normal tissue. Myocardial blood flow in the region of the cryolesion, however, has not been quantitated. The purpose of this study was to measure regional blood flow within and around the cryolesion in an attempt to identify ischemic zones that might become arrhythmogenic. Left ventricular cryolesions were created in eleven adult dogs. Two weeks later, the animals underwent radioactive tracer microsphere injection for quantitation of regional myocardial blood flow. The fibrotic cryolesion demonstrated a significantly depressed blood flow (0.44 +/- 0.07 ml/min/g) compared to blood flow in control tissue (1.36 +/- 0.12 ml/min/g) (P less than 0.001). A 1-mm strip of myocardium immediately adjacent to the cryolesion, as well as other myocardium surrounding and subjacent to the cryolesion, did not show a significant decrease in regional blood flow. The border between the fibrotic cryolesion and the surrounding myocardium is, therefore, sharply defined not only in terms of histology but also in regards to regional blood flow. These data lend further support to the safe clinical use of cryothermia in the treatment of refractory ventricular tachycardia. PMID- 3773511 TI - Altered low density lipoproteins in peripheral vascular disease patients. AB - Several studies have shown that peripheral vascular disease (PVD) patients have abnormal lipoproteins. The mechanism whereby this abnormal lipid metabolism influences arterial occlusive disease in these PVD patients is not known. In the present study we found that low density lipoproteins (LDL) obtained from PVD patients have lower affinity to B receptor of normal fibroblasts compared to LDL obtained from control subjects. The nanograms of 125I LDL bound per milligram of B receptor was 254 +/- 19 for LDL from control subjects, 152 +/- 12 for LDL from PVD without diabetes, and 108 +/- 8 for PVD with diabetes (P less than 0.01). Further, the preincubation of LDL obtained from PVD patients with pentoxifylline (xanthine derivative used for PVD) increased the binding affinity of the LDL to B receptor sites from 107 +/- 9 to 210 +/- 34 (P less than 0.01). There was no significant difference in the binding properties of LDL with fibroblasts either from PVD patients (254 +/- 19) or control subjects (267 +/- 22) (P greater than 0.5), thereby suggesting that the number of receptor sites may be the same in both types of fibroblasts. From these results it can be concluded that defect in the metabolism of LDL may promote arterial occlusive disease seen in the PVD patients. PMID- 3773512 TI - A possible role for endogenous glucocorticoids in orchiectomy-induced atrophy of the rat levator ani muscle: studies with RU 38486, a potent and selective antiglucocorticoid. AB - We employed RU 38486, a potent and selective antiglucocorticoid, to study a possible role for endogenous glucocorticoids in atrophy of the levator ani muscle secondary to castration of male rats. RU 38486 was shown to block [3H]triamcinolone acetonide binding to cytosol from levator ani muscle. Daily oral administration of RU 38486 to castrated rats partially prevented atrophy of the levator ani muscle, as well as a decrease in RNA concentration. In a control group receiving RU 38486 alone, the levator ani underwent significant (20%) hypertrophy. Administration of exogenous dexamethasone also caused pronounced atrophy of the levator ani muscle. This atrophy was prevented, to a significant degree, by simultaneous oral administration of RU 38486. It is concluded that endogenous glucocorticoids, the actions of which are blocked by RU 38486, may be involved in regulation of the mass of the levator ani muscle in intact rats. PMID- 3773513 TI - Corticosteroid binding in plasma of Xenopus laevis. Modifications during metamorphosis and growth. AB - The binding of corticosteroids has been studied by equilibrium dialysis at 4 degrees C and electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. Aldosterone was not bound specifically. Large amounts of corticosterone (B) were bound. A high affinity (Ka = 2.8 X 10(8) M-1) low capacity (70.1 nM) component was found in tadpoles. Its affinity and its electrophoretic mobility were not significantly modified during metamorphosis and growth until adult. It differs from mammalian CBG with respect to affinity, electrophoretic mobility and specificity. During growth, the capacity of the high affinity component increased significantly (173 nM in adults) and a low affinity (Ka = 2.0 X 10(5) M-1) high capacity (18.26 microM) component was detected. This last component has the same electrophoretic mobility as bovine serum albumin. These modifications can be related to the large increase in the level of plasma proteins (especially albumins). The concentrations of bound and free B deduced from our data indicate that in tadpoles the increase in the total concentration in the climax is not a good reflection of modifications of these two fractions since the change of free B is larger than that of bound B. This information is an important consideration in interpreting the physiological role of interrenal secretion during metamorphosis. PMID- 3773514 TI - Increased uterine uptake and nuclear retention of [3H]oestradiol through the oestrous cycle and enhanced end-organ sensitivity to oestrogen stimulation in vitamin B6 deficient rats. AB - Vitamin B6 deficient female rats showed a significantly earlier, greater and more prolonged uptake of a tracer dose of [3H]oestradiol into the uterus, with increased nuclear accumulation, compared with vitamin B6 supplemented animals. This was most marked at oestrus, with little difference at anoestrus. The responses to low doses of ethynyl-oestradiol were greater in ovariectomized deficient animals than in those receiving the supplemented diet, with an increased uterotrophic response and greater induction of peroxidase. In the deficient animals there was virtually complete suppression of LH secretion at doses of ethynyl-oestradiol that had no effect in controls. At high doses of ethynyl-oestradiol there was no difference between the two groups of animals. The results suggest that increased uterine uptake and accumulation of [3H]oestradiol in vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with enhanced end-organ responsiveness to sub-maximal oestrogen stimulation, and that pyridoxal phosphate may have a coenzyme role in oestrogen action. PMID- 3773515 TI - Identification and quantitation of free and conjugated steroids in milk from lactating women. AB - A method for analysis of metabolic profiles of free and conjugated steroids in milk has been developed. Milk is diluted with aqueous triethylamine sulphate and liquid-solid extraction is achieved on a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge at 60-64 degrees C. Steroids are purified by chromatography on small columns of Lipidex 5000 and sulphohydroxypropyl Sephadex LH-20 [H+] prior to separation into neutral and phenolic compounds, glucuronide, mono- and disulphate conjugate groups on the lipophilic strong anion exchanger triethylaminohydroxypropyl Sephadex LH-20 (TEAP LH-20). Conjugated steroids are released by enzymatic or solvolytic procedures and separated into a neutral and a phenolic fraction on TEAP-LH-20. The O methyloxime and trimethylsilyl ether derivatives of the steroids are analyzed by capillary column gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fifty steroids were identified in milk collected from women a few days after delivery. Quantitatively about 80% were present as sulphates, 15% as glucuronides and only 5% were unconjugated steroids. The steroid pattern was similar to that in late pregnancy plasma with pregnanolone, pregnanediol and pregnanetriol isomers and dehydroepiandrosterone being predominant. About 10% of the steroid content consisted of estrogens. The total concentration of steroids 2 days after delivery was 20-116 ng/ml, i.e. about 1-5% of the concentration was about 10 ng/ml 1 month after delivery. In one milk sample, collected 2 days after delivery, the steroid concentration (3.6 micrograms/ml) was similar to that in plasma. PMID- 3773516 TI - The effect of nivazol and cortivazol, novel synthetic steroids containing a phenylpyrazolo A-ring substitution, on blood pressure in sheep. AB - This study investigated the effect of 5 day infusions of two structurally novel synthetic steroids, nivazol and cortivazol on blood pressure and in vivo indices of "glucocorticoid" and "mineralocorticoid" activity. Cortivazol at 24 mg/day raised mean arterial pressure (MAP) by 16 mmHg (P less than 0.001). This was associated with increased cardiac rate, and increased fasting plasma [glucose], polyuria and polydipsia a trilogy characteristic of glucocorticoid effect. Cortivazol had no consistent action on plasma [Na] or [K], but caused an initial transient urinary Na retention and raised urinary excretion of Na and K on days 3 and 4 of treatment. Nivazol at 24 mg/day raised MAP 10 mmHg (P less than 0.001), but cardiac rate was unchanged. This infusion was also associated with the glucocorticoid effects of increased fasting plasma [glucose] and increased urine volume. Plasma [K] fell from a control of 4.4 +/- 0.1 to 4.0 +/- 0.1 mmol/l (P less than 0.01) after 5 days of infusion. There was no significant effect of nivazol on urinary Na or K excretion. This study demonstrates that replacement of the 3-keto group, by a bulky phenylpyrazolo group fused to the A ring at position 2 and 3, does not diminish either pressor or glucocorticoid activity of steroids containing the typical 4-pregnene-3,20-dione nucleus and confirms that the 3 keto group is not essential for optimal glucocorticoid activity. It is the first demonstration of the pressor effect of these novel steroids. PMID- 3773517 TI - Synthesis of 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol 3- and 17-glucuronides. AB - The glucuronidation of 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol (3 alpha-diol) was carried out by three different methods: The Koenigs-Knorr reaction using methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-1 alpha-bromo-1-deoxy-beta-D-glucuronate, by employing methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-1-O-(trichloroacetimidoyl)-alpha-D-gl ucopyranuronate (imidate procedure), and by the reaction of 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-alpha-D-glucopyranuronate catalyzed by trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (triflate method). The Koenigs-Knorr method gave the beta-anomers of both the 3- and 17-glucuronides. The imidate procedure also resulted in the beta-anomers of the 3- and 17 glucuronides, but in lower yield. The triflate method, however, yielded only the alpha-anomers of the 3- and 17-glucuronides. The structural assignments of these compounds were made from NMR spectral data obtained with a 500 mHz instrument. PMID- 3773518 TI - Loss of plasma-generated vitamin D-binding protein in explants of mouse mammary gland in culture. AB - Selective removal of 6S plasma-generated vitamin D-binding protein from mouse mammary gland was achieved by a simple tissue culture technique. This binder was totally diluted out from the mammary explant in a time-dependent manner within 2 days of tissue culture, allowing conditions most suitable for 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3-receptor studies. In comparison with other methods to eliminate 6S plasma-generated vitamin D-binding protein the present technique is easy, simple and does not require the use of other vitamin D metabolites to study differential displacement of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 binding to the heterogeneous binding sites. PMID- 3773519 TI - Decreased nuclear binding of estrogen receptors in the pituitary of mice: correlation with biological effects throughout aging. AB - We have determined the biological impact of our previously reported decreased activation of pituitary E2 receptors (PER) in mice. Young (4-8 months), middle aged (10-14 months) and aged (15-18 months) female mice were studied either intact (metestrous) or gonadectomized (ovx) for 2 weeks prior to decapitation. Recombination studies using heat-treated cytosolic PER and enriched nuclear fractions of various age groups showed a markedly reduced ability for nuclear binding with advancing age, despite unchanged affinity of activated PER for nuclear acceptor sites. Cross incubation studies of heat-activated cytosolic PER with nuclei from mice of various age groups suggested that the activation defect followed the onset of anestrous whereas a reduced nuclear ability to support receptor binding preceded this manifestation. In parallel with these endocrine changes we observed a decrease in baseline cytosolic progesterone receptor (RcP) concentration and in the activity of the enzyme G6PDH in intact aging mice. Ovx induced a further decrease of both markers in young and middle-aged, but not in old mice, while E2 administration induced a decreased pituitary response in RcP but not in G6PDH in aged mice. Our results suggest functional changes in cytosolic nuclear interactions in the pituitary of aging female mice. PMID- 3773520 TI - Physicochemical characteristics of the interaction of the glucocorticoid antagonist RU38486 with glucocorticoid receptors in vitro, and the role of molybdate. AB - The physicochemical properties of complexes formed between the glucocorticoid antagonist, RU38486, and the glucocorticoid receptor in rat thymus cytosol were investigated and compared with those of complexes formed with the potent agonist, triamcinolone acetonide. The equilibrium dissociation constant for the interaction of [3H]RU38486 with the molybdate-stabilized glucocorticoid receptor was lower than that for [1,2,4-3H]triamcinolone acetonide at 0 degree C but higher at 25 degrees C, suggesting that hydrophobic interactions play a major role in the binding of RU38486. Differences in equilibrium constants were reflected in corresponding differences in dissociation rate constants; association rate constants for the two steroids were similar. The rate of dissociation of [3H]RU38486 from the glucocorticoid receptor was higher in the absence of molybdate than in its presence both at 0 degree C and at 25 degrees C, suggesting that molybdate modifies the physical state of the antagonist-receptor complex, but other physical properties were similar both in the presence and in the absence of molybdate. The rate of inactivation of the unoccupied glucocorticoid receptor at 25 degrees C in the absence of molybdate was lower in phosphate buffer than in Tris-HCl buffer but the rate of dissociation of [3H]RU38486 was the same in both buffers. The binding of RU38486 afforded little, if any, protection against inactivation in either buffer; [3H]RU38486 dissociated irreversibly from the inactivated receptor at the same rate as from the non inactivated complex but molybdate had no effect on the dissociation kinetics of the inactivated complex. It is concluded that RU38486 interacts with the ground state of the glucocorticoid receptor in a manner which neither promotes receptor transformation nor prevents receptor inactivation. PMID- 3773521 TI - Circadian variation of cytosol glucocorticoid receptors in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and mononuclear cells (MN) in a normal population. AB - Glucocorticoid cytosol and whole cell receptors from human PMN's have been quantified, and compared to those of human MN leukocytes on the same blood sample. The normal cytosol PMN receptor density (N = 15) averaged 1,254 +/- 105 (SE) molecules bound/cell at 0900 h and increased significantly to 1,497 +/- 98 at 2,100 h (P less than 0.02). MN cell cytosol receptor density was 1,198 +/- 145 at 0900 h and increased significantly to 1,551 +/- 117 molecules bound/cell at 2,100 h (P less than 0.01). Corresponding whole cell receptor densities at 0900 h were 2,845 +/- 273 (PMN) and 3,547 +/- 290 (MN) and these did not change significantly at 2,100 h. CONCLUSIONS: Cytosol receptors in normal human PMN and MN cells increased significantly at 2,100 h from the 0900 h level while serum cortisol levels were dropping. Whole cell receptors in the same PMN and MN cell samples did not change significantly between 0900 and 2,100 h. The normal circadian variation in serum cortisol influences the distribution of the glucocorticoid receptor between the cytosol and the nucleus, but does not influence the amount of receptor available to the whole cell. This is the first time that an endogenous physiological variation of cortisol concentration has been utilized to demonstrate a corresponding change in receptor capacity in vivo. PMID- 3773522 TI - Enzyme activities in the androgenized rat uterus refractory to oestrogenic stimulation. AB - Uterine enzymes involved in the intermediary metabolism of glucose have been measured in the androgenized rat in which there is evidence of diminution of the oestrogenic responses despite raised glycogen and glucose typical of maximal oestrogenic stimulation. Phosphofructokinase and isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP, cytosolic) activities were significantly decreased in the androgenized rat and were elevated following treatment with natural progesterone and synthetic progestins which partially reverse the uterine abnormalities of the androgenized rat. Mitochondrial protein was decreased in the uterus of the androgenized rat but there was an apparent sparing effect on isocitrate (NAD) and malate (NAD) dehydrogenase. The data suggest that selective effects on specific enzymes involved in intermediary metabolism are a feature of the refractory state associated with constant oestrogenic stimulation. The possible cellular mechanisms underlying these effects are discussed. PMID- 3773523 TI - Differential suppression of progesterone receptors by progesterone in the reproductive tract of female macaques. AB - Ovariectomized cynomolgus macaques were treated with implants of estradiol (E2) for 14 days. Some animals then received an additional implant of progesterone (P) for 7-14 more days. After treatment with either E2 alone or with E2 plus P we removed the reproductive tracts and measured nuclear and cytosolic P receptors by exchange assay. In addition we used steroid radioimmunoassays(RIA) to measure levels of E2 and P in parallel aliquots of the nuclear and cytosolic fractions. P treatment reduced the concentrations of E2 in nuclear and cytosolic fractions in the cervix, endometrium, myometrium and oviduct compared to the amounts present after 14 days of E2; these data are consistent with many reports that P treatment significantly lowers the amount of nuclear and cytosolic estrogen receptors in all of these tissues. In the oviduct, myometrium and cervix both cytosolic and nuclear P receptor levels were lowered during P action. In the endometrium, however, P treatment reduced the amount of P receptor only in the cytosolic but not the nuclear fraction. RIA determinations of the amount of P retained in nuclear fractions of the P-treated animals indicate that P levels were significantly elevated only in the nuclei obtained from endometrium. This specific increase in the retention of P by endometrial nuclei during P action is consistent with the specific retention of P receptor by endometrial nuclei. These results lead to the unexpected conclusion that the stimulatory effects of P as expressed in the maintenance of the progestational state in the primate endometrium may require higher levels of occupied nuclear P receptor than do the suppressive effects of P as expressed in oviductal atrophy, diminished cervical secretion and myometrial quieting. PMID- 3773525 TI - The biotransformation and urinary excretion of dexamethasone in equine male castrates. AB - The pro-drugs of dexamethasone, a potent glucocorticoid, are frequently used as anti-inflammatory steroids in equine veterinary practice. In the present study the biotransformation and urinary excretion of tritium labelled dexamethasone were investigated in cross-bred castrated male horses after therapeutic doses. Between 40-50% of the administered radioactivity was excreted in the urine within 24 h; a further 10% being excreted over the next 3 days. The urinary radioactivity was largely excreted in the unconjugated steroid fraction. In the first 24 h urine sample, 26-36% of the total dose was recovered in the unconjugated fraction, 8-13% in the conjugated fraction and about 5% was unextractable from the urine. The metabolites identified by microchemical transformations and thin-layer chromatography were unchanged dexamethasone, 17 oxodexamethasone, 11-dehydrodexamethasone, 20-dihydrodexamethasone, 6 hydroxydexamethasone and 6-hydroxy-17-oxodexamethasone together accounting for approx 60% of the urinary activity. About 25% of the urinary radioactivity associated with polar metabolites still remains unidentified. PMID- 3773524 TI - Metabolism of testosterone to 17 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstane-3-one and 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol in alveolar macrophages from rat lung--II. Effects of intratracheal instillation of 3.4 mumol K2Cr2O7. AB - Activity of the steroid 5 alpha-reductase in pulmonary alveolar macrophages from adult male rats has been investigated in vitro. Intratracheal instillation of 3.4 mumol K2Cr2O7 lowered the enzyme activity within 6 h, and the reduction was significant on the subsequent 2, 4 and 7 days. The activity of this enzyme was significantly decreased only 6 and 24 h after instillation when measured in the 800 g supernatant fraction of whole lung. Instillation of 3.4 mumol K2Cr2O7 increased serum levels of corticosterone. Serum levels of triiodothyronine and thyroxine decreased except for a transient increase 3 h after the K2Cr2O7 instillation. Subcutaneous administration of 200 micrograms dexamethasone/100 g b.wt, 200 micrograms/100 g b.wt of testosterone, 17 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha androstane-3-one (5 alpha-DHT), dehydroepiandrosterone or corticosterone had no effect on the 5 alpha-reductase activity of the pulmonary alveolar macrophages within 12 h. The combined treatment with dexamethasone s.c. and intratracheal instillation of 3.4 mumol K2Cr2O7 reduced the steroid 5 alpha-reductase activity in the pulmonary alveolar macrophages to about 25% of controls. Measurement of the steroid 5 alpha-reductase activity in pulmonary alveolar macrophages as an index of lung damage when exposed to toxic material is discussed. PMID- 3773526 TI - Influence of 1-double bond and 11 beta-hydroxy group on stereospecific microbial reductions of 4-en-3-oxo-steroids. AB - The yeast Rhodotorula glutinis and the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium paraputrificum were used for stereospecific reductions of 4-chloro-11 beta hydroxy-17 alpha-methyl-testosterone and the corresponding 1-dehydro compound to prepare 5 alpha- and 5 beta-H derivatives, respectively. C. paraputrificum was able to 5 beta-reduce both substances, whereas the 5 alpha-reduction by R. glutinis was inhibited by the structure elements 1-en and 11 beta-OH so that the substrate with both structure elements was not 5 alpha-reduced. The microbial conversion of the four steroids with and without 1-en and 11 beta-OH was compared in semiquantitative experiments. A number of new substances are described, 11 beta-hydroxy and 11-oxo derivatives of 5 alpha- and 5 beta-dihydro-4-chloro-17 alpha-methyltestosterone including some 3-OH compounds and characterized by NMR, mass spectrometric and further data. PMID- 3773527 TI - Determination of aldosterone secretion rate utilizing mixed mode and high performance liquid chromatography. AB - A simpler method for determining aldosterone secretion rate (ASR) has several applications. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has several advantages over traditional chromatographic methods for purification to constant specific activity of aldosterone liberated from its 18-glucuronide by acid hydrolysis. We found it necessary to introduce several modifications to remove urochromes before HPLC. Two methods for determining ASR were developed. With Method A a more traditional initial procedure was followed, and Sephadex LH-20 chromatography allowed removal of considerable urochromes before HPLC. However, aldosterone recovery was improved with Method B, which employed several bonded phase silica derivatives (Sepralytes) and a PBE 94 column to remove urochromes before HPLC. With this procedure the Sephadex LH-20 chromatography was not required. Aldosterone purification to constant specific activity was achieved by HPLC on a diol column with a normal phase system, and quantification was performed by RIA. ASR determinations were equivalent with both methods. This methodology should be applicable to other steroid secretory rate determinations and to applications involving purification of steroid conjugates. PMID- 3773528 TI - Effects of 2-fluoroestradiol on lipid metabolism in the ovariectomized rat. AB - Biological activities of estrogen molecules are altered by fluorination of ring A, and the resulting impairment to form catechols. 2-fluoroestradiol (2-F-E2) has been found to be devoid of carcinogenic action despite its high estrogenic potency; its metabolic effects are so far unknown. This study was designed to investigate the effects of 2-F-E2 on lipid metabolism, as compared to those of estradiol-17 beta(E2). Ovariectomized rats received E2 or 2-F-E2 by s.c. injection at a dose of 60 micrograms for three consecutive days. Parameters measured were weights of parametrial fat depots, fat cell volumes, levels of triacylglycerol and acylcholesterol in plasma, and enzymatic responses to the estrogens in isolated parametrial fat cells as evaluated in terms of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) activities. 2-F-E2 and E2 were found to produce comparable decreases in fat depots, cell volumes and plasma levels of acylcholesterol whereas plasma triacylglycerol was unchanged. Both estrogens decreased LPL, and increased HSL activities to the same extent. Thus, 2 F-E and E2 exhibited comparable effects on lipid metabolism. These effects appeared to depend mainly on the estrogenic potency of these molecules, and to be distinct from their carcinogenic action. Despite its high estrogenic potency, 2-F E2 was found to be slightly less estrogenic than E2. PMID- 3773529 TI - Androgen binding protein levels and FSH binding to testicular membranes in vitamin A deficient rats and during subsequent replenishment with vitamin A. AB - ABP levels in the testes and epididymides of vitamin A deficient-retinoic acid maintained rats were only 20 and 6% respectively as compared with those in normal rats. The number of FSH receptors in the testes of vitamin A deficient rats, as measured by [125I]ovine FSH binding to isolated testicular membranes, was only 40% of that in the testes of normal rats. Supplementation of retinyl acetate to these vitamin A deficient rats for 16 days resulted in restoration of the number of FSH receptors to normal levels. On the other hand, ABP levels were restored to 32 and 34% only in the testes and epididymides respectively. PMID- 3773530 TI - Substrate dependency of specific and non-specific estrogen-2/4-hydroxylase activities measured by the radio-enzymatic method in rat brain microsomes. AB - Putative specific and non-specific estrogen-2/4-hydroxylase activities which might affect the radio-enzymatic assay were characterized in terms of their requirements for NADPH and their substrate dependency. Using rat brain microsomes and partially purified rat liver COMT three main sources of estrogen-2/4 hydroxylase activity could be distinguished; a COMT-related component and NADPH dependent and NADPH-independent microsomal components. The COMT-related activity required NADPH and showed about equal preferences for estrone and estradiol. The NADPH-dependent component was highly specific for estradiol, the relative activities observed with estrone and estriol being 7 and 1% of that observed with estradiol. The NADPH-independent component exhibited substrate saturation, was heat-labile and could not be inhibited by alpha-naphthoflavone or metyrapone. It showed a preference for estrone over estradiol, with estriol being a very poor substrate. These findings indicate that non-enzymatic factors contribute very little to product formation in the radio-enzymatic assay. The specificity of the major NADPH-dependent microsomal component towards estradiol suggests a stereo specific requirement for the D-ring configuration of this estrogen. The use of no cofactor blanks in the radio-enzymatic assay may be very important when different estrogens are compared as substrates for estrogen-2/4-hydroxylases. PMID- 3773531 TI - Effect of 1,4,6-androstatriene-3,17-dione (ATD), 4-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17 dione (4-OH-A) and 4-acetoxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione (4-Ac-A) on the 5 alpha reduction of androgens in the rat prostate. AB - The present study reports the effects exerted by 1,4,6-androstatriene-3,17-dione (ATD), 4-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione (4-OH-A) and 4-acetoxy-4-androstene-3,17 dione (4-Ac-A), three steroids known to inhibit the aromatization of androgens to estrogens, on the in vitro metabolism of labelled testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and androstenedione (delta-4-A) in the ventral prostate of adult male rats. It has been found that ATD, in the concentration tested, does not influence the conversion of labelled T into DHT, but decreases the formation of 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol and 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta,17 beta diol (diols). On the contrary, 4-OH-A and 4-Ac-A simultaneously decrease the formation of DHT and the diols. When T is used as the substrate, the presence in the medium of these three steroids enhances the formation of delta-4-A and of 5 alpha-androstanedione (5 alpha-A). ATD, but not 4-OH-A and 4-Ac-A inhibits the conversion of labelled DHT into the diols. The transformation of labelled delta-4 A into 5 alpha-A is not modified by either ATD or 4-OH-A, while 4-Ac-A exerts only a small inhibition. These results suggest that the three aromatase inhibitors tested are able to profoundly modify the metabolism of T in the ventral prostate of the rat. In particular: 4-OH-A and 4-Ac-A are able to inhibit the conversion of T into DHT; ATD is able to inhibit the conversion of DHT into the diols; ATD and 4-OH-A do not inhibit the process of 5 alpha-reduction of delta-4-A into 5 alpha-A, while 4-Ac-A exerts only a minor effect. It is suggested that in the ventral prostate of the rat there are two different 5 alpha reductase isoenzymes, one sensitive to the inhibitory effect of the steroid tested and which is responsible for the conversion of T into the 5 alpha-reduced metabolites of the 17-OH series (DHT and the diols), and a second one, insensitive to the effects of the three steroids, which affects the conversion of delta-4-A into 5 alpha-A. PMID- 3773532 TI - Ethynylestradiol alters lipid composition and phosphatidylethanolamine metabolism in red blood cells. AB - Treatment of female rats with ethinylestradiol at a dose of 60 micrograms/rat, daily for 21 days, produced marked changes in red blood cell lipids. Cholesterol was decreased by 22% and total phospholipids were increased by 13%, resulting in a 31% decrease in the cholesterol to phospholipid ratio. The mass distribution of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine relative to total phospholipids was unchanged. Whereas control red cells incorporated preferentially fatty acids in phosphatidylcholine, ethinylestradiol stimulated their incorporation specifically in phosphatidylethanolamine, where increases occurred with palmitic acid (+75%), oleic acid (+68%) and arachidonic acid (+31%). Incorporation in phosphatidylcholine was unaffected with any of the 3 fatty acids. The stimulation of fatty acid incorporation in phosphatidylethanolamine is likely to reflect an estrogen-dependent increase in turnover rate of fatty acids in this phospholipid. Such alterations in lipid composition and fatty acid incorporation in red cell phospholipids may have significant effects on membrane function. PMID- 3773533 TI - Experiments evaluating antitumor immunity induced by cholesterol hemisuccinate treated syngeneic cell vaccines. AB - Evaluation of the efficiency of immunizations with syngeneic tumor vaccines prepared from cells treated with cholesterol hemisuccinate (CHS) was performed in five animal models: P815 mastocytoma in DBA/2 mice, MCA-103 fibrosarcoma in C57BL/6N mice, L1210 leukemia in DBA/2 mice, Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in C57BL/6N mice, and CBP pancreatic cancer in CB/SsLak hamsters. Animals received two to four weekly intraperitoneal immunizations with 10(6) or 10(7) tumor cells, followed by challenges with syngeneic viable tumor cells. Survival and tumor growth rates were observed. No significant differences were observed among animals immunized with CHS-treated irradiated tumor vaccines, nontreated irradiated tumor vaccines, and nonimmunized controls in the P815, MCA-103, L1210, and CBP models. Mice immunized with nontreated irradiated Ehrlich ascites cell vaccines showed longer survival than those immunized with CHS-treated irradiated cell vaccines and nonimmunized controls. Results indicated that CHS-treated tumor cell vaccines were not effective in protecting against tumor challenges in five different syngeneic tumor models. PMID- 3773534 TI - Giant leiomyoma of esophagus. AB - This case report of a 37-year-old man with giant leiomyoma details some of the problems encountered in diagnosing and treating this rare form of the disease. Initial studies at another institution were interpreted as demonstrating achalasia, and thoracotomy was later undertaken because of a mistaken diagnosis of a pericardiac mass, which led to a biopsy and a resulting esophagopleural fistula. Subsequent esophagectomy and drainage of empyema space were employed to remove the tumor, which had ulcerated and bled, as well as to drain the empyema cavity. The tumor measured 20.5 cm long and weighed 540 gm. Gastrointestinal continuity was reestablished by colon interposition, and the patient has been well for the succeeding 6 years. PMID- 3773535 TI - Diagnostics of small gastric carcinoma. AB - We studied the diagnostic features of 32 early gastric carcinomas less than or equal to 1 cm in maximum diameter, which were detected in 28 patients. A correct preoperative qualitative diagnosis was made in 19% of the lesions by means of barium studies, in 72% by endoscopy, and in 90% by endoscopic biopsy. Endoscopy and endoscopic biopsies are the most useful diagnostics for detection of these small cancers. Since most carcinomas with a diameter between 6 and 10 mm have a mucosal unevenness such as a shallow depression with an irregular perimeter and are associated with or without elevated marginal mucosa on gross inspection, it was not very difficult to detect these carcinomas with careful endoscopic observations. When endoscopists procure such evidence, biopsies should be done for confirmation. Even in ulcers that appear benign, biopsies are recommended. With regard to carcinomas of less than or equal to 5 mm in diameter, it is difficult to detect the lesions, particularly the flat-type, which make up a relatively large percentage of those minute carcinomas. PMID- 3773536 TI - Threatened carotid artery rupture: a complication of radical neck surgery. AB - Carotid artery rupture is an infrequent but highly dangerous postoperative complication of radical head and neck surgery. The principal predisposing factors are radiation therapy, infection, tissue necrosis, vessel exposure, and pharyngeal fistula formation. Actual or threatened carotid artery rupture has been most commonly managed by ligation of the involved vessel. We present a patient who showed signs of impending carotid artery rupture after both irradiation and radical neck surgery. Balloon embolization was employed in preference to traditional carotid artery ligation. The patient's risk factors for carotid artery rupture are analyzed and the application of balloon embolization is discussed. PMID- 3773537 TI - Distant metastases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a study of 256 male patients. AB - The records of 256 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma have been reviewed to determine the incidence and location of distant metastases. Sixty-three patients underwent autopsy. The incidence of distant metastases was 36% overall, and 51% in the autopsy patients. Bones, distant lymphnodes, liver, and lungs were the most common sites of distant metastases. Liver was the most common site in the autopsy patients. Compared to other major histological subtypes, undifferentiated carcinoma had the highest incidence of bone but lowest incidence of lung metastases. There was a strong correlation between advanced locoregional disease and distant metastases. Of those patients who developed distant metastases, 98% were discovered within 3 years or earlier. Thorough evaluation of the above organs/systems is indicated at the time of initial staging work-up and at follow up, specifically for patients with advanced locoregional disease. A literature review of distant metastases in nasopharyngeal carcinoma is presented. PMID- 3773538 TI - Duodenal villous adenomas. AB - Two cases of villous adenoma of the duodenum are presented. These rare tumors are best diagnosed with upper gastrointestinal radiographs and endoscopic biopsy. Malignant degeneration is more common in the second portion of the duodenum which makes excision more difficult. If no malignancy is found, sleeve resection is preferred. Tumors in the second portion of the duodenum should be treated with wide mucosal excision if carcinoma in situ is found and with pancreaticoduodenectomy if invasive cancer is present. PMID- 3773539 TI - Primary carcinoma of the fallopian tube in an adolescent. AB - Only three cases of adenocarcinoma of the fallopian tube in an adolescent have been reported previously in the literature, and we report the fourth such case. The main presenting symptom in those patients was lower abdominal pain. Type of therapy and outcome of these four cases is reviewed. The small number of patients precludes definitive conclusion on optimal therapy. For this reason, we urge continued reporting of cases to insure the formation of concrete therapeutic recommendations. PMID- 3773540 TI - Predictors of reoperation after myocardial revascularization. AB - The first 1,000 patients undergoing primary isolated myocardial revascularization each year from 1971 to 1978 were analyzed to define the incidence of reoperation and to elucidate the determinants of reoperation and reoperation-free survival. Six hundred sixty-six patients (9.7%) underwent reoperation in a mean of 6.9 +/- 3.2 years. Cumulative percent reoperation was 2.7% at 5 years, 11.4% at 10 years, and 17.3% at 12 years. The annual incidence of reoperation was 1.1% at 5 years and increased to 3.9% at 12 years. Twenty-five patient descriptors were analyzed for predictors of reoperation. Young age was found to be the most important predictor of potential for reoperation. Other risk factors in descending order of significance were absence of an internal mammary artery graft, incomplete revascularization, New York Heart Association Functional Class III/IV, and single or double vessel disease. Absence of an internal mammary artery graft was an important predictor for all age groups. In the multivariate analyses for risk factors for reoperation-free survival, absence of an internal mammary artery graft was the most important predictor. Other factors of major significance were smoking, incomplete revascularization, and moderate/severe left ventricular impairment. Internal mammary artery grafting neutralizes hypertension, serum cholesterol level higher than 300 mg/dl, and smoking as risk factors for reoperation-free survival. PMID- 3773541 TI - Reoperative achalasia surgery. AB - Forty-six patients with esophageal achalasia required reoperation between January 1970 and January 1986. Three of these patients required a second reoperative procedure, for a total of 49 reoperations. Indications for reoperation were inadequate myotomy, 17; gastroesophageal reflux, 14; concomitant antireflux operation, six; incorrect diagnosis, four; carcinoma of the esophagus, four; megaesophagus, three; and paraesophageal hernia, one. Various procedures were employed at the time of reoperation, including revision of the myotomy, takedown or revision of a previously performed wrap, fundoplication, and resection. Of the 48 patients available for follow-up study over an average postoperative period of 5 years, the condition of 38 (79%) was considered to have been improved by reoperation. The best results were obtained by revision or takedown of a previous wrap (an improvement rate of 88.9%) and radical resective procedures (89% to 100%). We conclude that for good results to be achieved after reoperative achalasia procedures, the preoperative diagnosis must be accurate, the operation should be performed early before the development of megaesophagus, and a short but complete esophagomyotomy must be performed, preferably without the addition of an antireflux procedure. Elimination or revision of a previously performed fundoplication can be expected to be followed by good results. The precise indications for radical resective procedures have yet to be defined clearly, but their wider application to carefully selected patients with postoperative achalasia seems justified. PMID- 3773542 TI - Pleuroperitoneal shunting for recalcitrant pleural effusions. AB - From March 1, 1984, to Nov. 1, 1985, six patients underwent pleuroperitoneal shunting for either malignant (n = 5) or benign (n = 1) effusions intractable to the usual therapy. A modified double-valve Denver peritoneovenous shunt was inserted under local anesthesia in each case, and fluid from the right or left pleural space was shunted to the subhepatic space or pelvic area. No early complication was recognized in the perioperative period. Each shunt is working in the patients who are alive, and both functioned up to the time of death in the two who have died. Intraoperative pressures simultaneously recorded from both the chest and abdomen indicated that spontaneous flow would not occur without active pumping. All pleural effusions, including the solitary bilateral one, were alleviated by pumping the shunt 20 times four times a day. Two of the patients with cancer died after 1 and 2 months of unrelated events, with their symptomatic pleural effusions relieved. Two are alive at 20 and 10 months, respectively. The long-term follow-up revealed no erosions, shunt failures, infections, or symptomatic pleural effusions. PMID- 3773543 TI - Long-term clinical and functional results of sleeve lobectomy for primary lung cancer. AB - Sleeve lobectomy is a lung-saving operation in which a portion of main bronchus is removed in continuity with the involved lobe to preserve distal parenchyma. Current controversies relate to indication and safety of the procedure, adequacy as a cancer operation, and contribution of the reimplanted lobe to overall remaining lung function. Between 1975 and 1985, sleeve lobectomy was done electively in 72 patients with lung cancer. There were no operative deaths, but major complications occurred in 10% of patients. Most resected carcinomas were squamous (65/72). Complete resection was performed in all but five patients. A minimum of 1 year's follow-up information was available for all patients. For patients with N0 disease (n = 34) the cumulative 5 year survival rate was 67%, and for patients with N1 status (n = 34) it was 60%. Although postoperative pulmonary function studies at 5 years (n = 19) show subnormal values, they were not severely altered with regard to percent of predicted (forced vital capacity, 85.9% +/- 17.5%; forced expiratory volume in 1 second, 74.9% +/- 19.4%). Regional function was determined by ventilation/perfusion isotope scanning methods. For 15 patients with right lung bronchoplasties, perfusion ratios were 41.1% right lung/58.9% left lung. For four patients with left sleeve operations, these ratios were 29.3% left lung/51.7% right lung. Washout curves show comparable ventilation between the reimplanted lobe and the contralateral lung. The data show that sleeve lobectomy is a safe and adequate operation for patients with resectable lung cancer. The reimplanted lobe or lobes contribute significantly to the overall remaining lung function. PMID- 3773544 TI - Endobronchial carcinogenesis in dogs. AB - A canine model of squamous cell lung cancer has been developed through studies with 110 dogs exposed by 11 focal endobronchial regimens to chemical carcinogens: benzo(a)pyrene, nitrosomethylurea, methylcholanthrene, and dimethylbenzanthracene. A combination of nitrosomethylurea and benzo(a)pyrene caused the first invasive cancer after 5.5 years. Toxic side-effects resulted from either nitrosomethylurea or high-dose dimethylbenzanthracene given by bronchial submucosal injection and from adjuvant immunosuppression with azathioprine and corticosteroids. Four regimens in 58 dogs caused 31 cancers, including five T1-2 N0 M0 cancers, 17 metastasizing carcinomas, and nine carcinomas of lesser stages. The following regimens caused cancers: sequential benzo(a)pyrene, nitrosomethylurea, and yttrium 91; benzo(a)pyrene and topical nitrosomethylurea; low-dose dimethylbenzanthracene; high-dose methylcholanthrene. The most suitable regimen to date has been 30 mg of methylcholanthrene given by submucosal injection every 2 to 3 weeks; this produced cancers at preselected sites within 2 years of first exposure in eight of 10 dogs. The neoplastic continuum has followed a predictable, reproducible sequence that regularly began with epithelial hyperplasia. Squamous metaplasia occurred in 6 to 18 weeks; it was followed by progressive squamous atypia. The interval until invasive cancer developed varied with the regimen employed; it was about 20 months with methylcholanthrene. Serial cytologic specimens, studied by image analysis, revealed progressive increase in mean total cellular deoxyribonucleic acid content from diploid in normal cells to greater than tetraploid in cancer cells (p less than 0.01). We have recently been successful with serial passage of four canine lung cancers from four to twelve transplant generations in nude mice. There is now a predictable large animal model of squamous cell lung carcinoma at preselected site(s) that closely resembles human lung cancer. The preneoplastic period is short enough to be fiscally defensible, but long enough to permit study of the biologic changes during endobronchial carcinogenesis. PMID- 3773545 TI - Pulmonary resection in the prone position for suppurative lung disease in children. AB - Lung resection for suppurative inflammatory disease is hazardous in children whose small airway diameter precludes the use of standard methods of bronchial separation. A prospective evaluation of the prone position for thoracotomy in 17 children referred for operation with severe inflammatory disease was done. Bronchography showed whole lung bronchiectasis eight, destroyed lung in three, and lobar bronchiectasis five. Pulmonary resections performed with the child prone included left pneumonectomy (nine), right pneumonectomy (four), lingulectomy with lower lobectomy (two), and other lobectomy (two). No endobronchial or intrapleural spillage occurred. One child required reexploration for bleeding and one child developed a postoperative empyema that ultimately caused death. The remaining 16 children were discharged within 8 days of operation, and follow-up of 1 to 18 months records favorable progress. PMID- 3773546 TI - Mechanical failure of the Bjork-Shiley valve. Incidence, clinical presentation, and management. AB - The experience after implantation of 3,334 Bjork-Shiley valves over a 15 year period is described. With a 99.2% follow-up (covering 17,511 patient-years, mean follow-up time 6.3 years) and an autopsy rate of 75% among all fatalities, altogether 19 cases of mechanical failure were documented. There were no mechanical failures among the standard Delrin Bjork-Shiley valve (n = 271), the aortic standard Pyrolyte Bjork-Shiley (n = 739), or the Monostrut Bjork-Shiley valve (n = 377). One of the mitral standard Pyrolyte valves (n = 430) fractured. Among the 1,461 convexo-concave valves, 18 fractured (6/884 with an opening angle of 60 degrees and 12/577 with an opening angle of 70 degrees). The actuarial incidence of mechanical failure at 5 years was 0.6% (with an upper 95% confidence limit of 1.2%) for the 60 degree convexo-concave valve and 2.8% (upper 95% confidence limit of 4.4%) for the 70 degree convexo-concave valve (p less than 0.01). Two groups of valves were especially affected by this complication; the 23 mm aortic 60 degree convexo-concave valve (5 year actuarial incidence 2.2%, upper 95% confidence limit 4.7%) and the 29 to 31 mm mitral 70 degree convexo-concave valve (8.3%, upper 95% confidence limit 14.2%). The hazard function presently indicates a constant (60 degree convexo-concave) or decreasing (70 degree convexo concave) tendency for mechanical failure. The time interval between the first symptom of mechanical failure and circulatory collapse was significantly (p less than 0.01) shorter after aortic failure than after mitral failure, and no patient with a fractured aortic prosthesis survived long enough to undergo reoperation. The incidence of mechanical failure among patients dying suddenly (but with an autopsy) was 9.6% (95% confidence limits 4.9%-16.6%), and most cases of sudden death were unrelated to the prosthesis. The management of patients with suspected mechanical failure is described. Prophylactic re-replacements are discussed but cannot be generally recommended at present. PMID- 3773547 TI - Tetralogy of Fallot with subarterial ventricular septal defect. Diagnostic and surgical considerations. AB - Since 1964, 77 patients underwent repair for tetralogy of Fallot with subarterial ventricular septal defect. Median age at operation was 5 years. Cyanosis was commonly mild, and hypoxic episodes were infrequent. Accordingly, only 12 patients (15.58%) needed either palliative or corrective operations before the age of 2 years. Characteristic angiographic and echocardiographic features were observed, which allowed this entity to be differentiated from either classic tetralogy or other types of double-outlet right ventricle. The earliest series of operations (in which no right ventricular outflow patch was used) was followed by a prohibitive mortality (50%). Residual subpulmonary obstruction was the cause of all of these deaths. In a second series of patients, a transannular patch was frequently used (79.59%), with the rationale that closure of the ventricular septal defect would make restrictive the deficient infundibulum of these patients. In a later series, we observed that most of the patients had a nonrestrictive pulmonary anulus (80%); the patch therefore was limited to the ventriculotomy. In the absence of pulmonary annular hypoplasia, the need for patching of the right ventricular outflow tract in this entity has to be confined to preventing the subpulmonary obstruction induced by closure of the ventricular septal defect. A considerable improvement in the results followed our first series (4.3% mortality). Follow-up of the survivors (mean 7 years) has been satisfactory. PMID- 3773548 TI - Effects of acute tachycardia on left ventricular adenine nucleotide levels and subsequent tolerance to ischemia. AB - Electrophysiologically guided surgical procedures for the ablation of supraventricular and ventricular dysrhythmias often require prolonged periods of tachycardia to complete intraoperative mapping studies. It is unknown whether tachycardia depletes the myocardium of high-energy compounds or alters subsequent tolerance to ischemia. In the present study, 12 anesthetized dogs were paced from the right ventricle at a cycle length of 250 msec for 60 minutes. In seven animals, drill biopsy specimens were taken from the left ventricular free wall for analysis of adenine nucleotide levels and their breakdown products before and after pacing and after 20 minutes of recovery from pacing. In the remaining five animals, the heart was made totally ischemic immediately after tachycardia and the time to the onset of ischemic contracture was determined and compared to that of five nonpaced control dogs. Acute tachycardia resulted in no significant reduction in adenine nucleotide levels compared to control values. Furthermore, in hearts rendered totally ischemic after tachycardia, the mean time to ischemic contracture was 65.6 +/- 1.3 minutes versus 63.6 +/- 2 minutes in nonpaced control animals (no significant difference). These data show that pacing-induced tachycardia in the normal heart does not decrease adenine nucleotide levels or affect subsequent tolerance to ischemia. These results may be clinically relevant to patients without coronary artery disease who undergo operative procedures necessitating prolonged periods of tachycardia for intraoperative mapping to identify the site of arrhythmogenesis. PMID- 3773549 TI - Evaluation of a new blood autotransfusion device. AB - A new autotransfusion device was evaluated in dogs. The device uses citrate phosphate dextrose as the blood anticoagulant and automatically delivers the agent in a ratio approximating that found in banked blood. Bleeding, aspiration, and autotransfusion of approximately 3 estimated blood volumes produced small changes in hematologic and coagulation studies. Blood electrolytes stayed within normal ranges. Activated clotting times stayed within normal range after autotransfusion of 2 blood volumes but increased slightly after 3 blood volume transfusions. No significant histopathologic changes were found in any organ system. Rapid infusion of citrated blood causes myocardial depression, which can be reversed by giving calcium. Overall performance of the device was excellent, suggesting further documentation in a clinical setting and evaluation with human blood. PMID- 3773550 TI - Myectomy versus myotomy as an adjunct to membranectomy in the surgical repair of discrete and tunnel subaortic stenosis. AB - The results of membranectomy and deep myectomy in the left ventricular outflow tract were compared to those of membranectomy and myotomy in 42 patients who underwent surgical repair of discrete and tunnel subaortic stenosis. Fifteen consecutive patients (Group A) underwent membranectomy and myotomy, and 27 consecutive patients (Group B) underwent membranectomy and myectomy. Two patients of Group A and nine of Group B had tunnel subaortic stenosis. The preoperative mean (+/- standard deviation) peak systolic gradients across the left ventricular outflow tract in patients with discrete subaortic stenosis types I and II were 64 +/- 29 mm Hg in Group A and 52 +/- 3 mm Hg in Group B (p = not significant). In the patients with tunnel subaortic stenosis the preoperative mean gradients were 97 +/- 74 mm Hg in Group A and 73 +/- 26 mm Hg in Group B (p = not significant). In patients with discrete subaortic stenosis types I and II, postoperative catheterization at a mean follow-up of 21 months revealed residual mean gradients of 29 +/- 24 mm Hg in Group A and 10 +/- 13 mm Hg in Group B (p less than 0.01). In the patients with tunnel subaortic stenosis, the postoperative mean gradients were 25 +/- 7 and 30 +/- 30 mm Hg in Groups A and B, respectively (p = not significant). We conclude that in the surgical management of discrete subaortic stenosis types I and II, deep myectomy (in addition to membranectomy) produces better relief of the left ventricular outflow obstruction than do membranectomy and myotomy. In patients with tunnel subaortic stenosis myectomy is less effective than in the non-tunnel type but still produces acceptable results and may delay radical procedures to a later age. PMID- 3773551 TI - Subannular aortic aneurysms in whites. Report of two cases and review of literature. AB - Subannular aortic aneurysms are a rare entity occurring predominantly in young black men. Five white patients have been reported who underwent surgical correction, but long-term survival occurred in only two. We report two white men, 36 and 45 years old, who survived aortic valve replacement and direct suture of subannular aneurysms, with no symptoms at 29 and 42 postoperative months. PMID- 3773552 TI - Aortic dissection with fistula to right atrium. Noninvasive diagnosis by two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography with successful repair. Case report and review of the literature. AB - Aortic dissection with rupture into the right atrium is rare, and a high index of suspicion is required for its clinical recognition. The diagnosis should be considered in a patient with chest pain or dyspnea who at presentation has a widened pulse pressure, a continuous murmur, and evidence of right ventricular volume overload, especially when there is a history of a previous cardiac operation. Two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography can establish the diagnosis and permit early surgical repair of the dissection and fistula. PMID- 3773553 TI - A noncannulating coronary perfusion cannula. AB - A noncannulating cannula was devised to avoid trauma to the coronary ostia and secondary ostial stenosis. The cannula achieves a seal with the aortic wall through the use of bulbous silicone gel-filled tip. The same cannula has effectively perfused the right and left ostia and previously placed aorta coronary bypass grafts with one exception, in which calcification of the aortic wall prevented a satisfactory seal. PMID- 3773554 TI - Internal mammary artery graft: retrospective report with 17 years' survival. AB - This report describes one of the earliest cases of successful internal mammary artery grafting. A left internal mammary-right coronary artery titanium stent anastomosis was performed on Jan. 5, 1968, at Allegheny General Hospital. Repeated cardiac catheterization 2 weeks, 6 months, and 6 years after the operation showed a patent anastomosis. The patient survived over 17 years after the operation. PMID- 3773555 TI - Fate of thrombectomized Bjork-Shiley valves. PMID- 3773556 TI - Contamination of cardioplegic solution. PMID- 3773557 TI - Observations on combatting nausea by finger pressure on the Hegu point. PMID- 3773558 TI - Uveo-encephalitis treated by combination of traditional Chinese and Western medicine. PMID- 3773559 TI - The effect of essential oil of garlic on hyperlipemia and platelet aggregation- an analysis of 308 cases. Cooperative Group for Essential Oil of Garlic. PMID- 3773560 TI - Cerebral infarction in a bilateral common carotid artery ligation model protected by radix Salviae miltiorrhizae. PMID- 3773561 TI - An experimental study on the photodynamic activity of berberine in vitro on cancer cells. PMID- 3773562 TI - Hyperthyroidism treated with "yiqiyangyin" decoction. PMID- 3773563 TI - Clinical observation and pharmacological investigation of the sedative and hypnotic effects of the Chinese drug rhizome and root of Patrinia Scabiosaefolia Fisch. PMID- 3773564 TI - An analysis of the therapeutic effect of acupuncture treatment in 500 cases of schizophrenia. PMID- 3773565 TI - Low-dose Ara-C can cause complete remission of acute non-lymphocytic leukemia: differentiation induction? AB - Fourteen patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia were treated with low-dose arabinosylcytosine (LDAC). Thirteen patients received subcutaneous injections at a dose of 10 mg/M2 every 12 h. One patient received 25 mg intramuscularly daily. All cases received one to three courses with each course lasting 10-60 days (median 19). Complete remission was achieved in 6 (or 43%) of the patients. Three patients had only cytoreduction and 5 patients did not respond. During the therapy severe thrombocytopenia occurred in all patients while prominent other cytopenias occurred in 10. Two-thirds of the patients achieving a remission had significant myelosuppression. There was one treatment-related death. During therapy 11 patients demonstrated a decrease in leukemia cells with an associated increase in differentiated granulocytes. This included 3 of the 4 complete remitters, and 3 of the 5 nonresponders. These results seem to suggest that the therapeutic effect of low-dose Ara-C may result from a combination of differentiation induction, cytotoxicity and unusual sensitivity of the leukemic cells to this agent. PMID- 3773566 TI - Proceedings. XIII annual meeting, ESAO (European Society for Artificial Organs) organized in conjunction with SFH (Societe Francaise d'Hemapherese) and SCV (Societe de Chirurgie Vasculaire). Avignon, France, September 1986. PMID- 3773567 TI - Imaging-assisted percutaneous biopsy of the thoracic spine. AB - Confirmation of tissue pathologic changes often is necessary before appropriate therapy can be instituted for lesions of the thoracic spine. Plain film roentgenography and computed tomography provide the key information needed for the percutaneous biopsy procedure. The location and type of bone involvement (lytic or sclerotic) and the presence or absence of a soft tissue mass determine the imaging technique and the choice of needle to use for safe and accurate performance of the procedure. In 26 patients with thoracic spinal or paraspinal lesions (or both), biopsy was done with use of fluoroscopic or computed tomographic guidance. The overall accuracy was 90%. Pneumothorax occurred in two patients. Percutaneous biopsy is a rapid, safe technique for diagnosis of lesions of the thoracic spine. PMID- 3773568 TI - Thromboembolic splenic infarction. AB - Splenic infarction occurs as a consequence of systemic thromboembolization in association with several cardiovascular disorders. We describe a case of splenic infarction in a patient who had paroxysmal atrial fibrillation after aortic valve replacement. In an autopsy series of 96 consecutive cases of splenic infarction, only 10% had been suspected clinically even though the splenic infarctions had contributed substantially to morbidity and mortality in 44% of the cases. Thromboembolic causes were responsible for the splenic infarcts in 67% of the cases, and concomitant infarcts in other organ systems were found in 62%. Embolization of atheromatous debris from the aorta, thrombotic elements from the left ventricle (in dilated cardiomyopathy and acute myocardial infarction), and vegetations from infected valves are the most common settings in which thromboembolic splenic infarcts are noted. The clinical picture associated with splenic infarction is typically nonspecific; manifestations may include fever, tachycardia, and left-upper-quadrant tenderness. Computed tomographic scanning and, to a lesser degree, ultrasonography are the imaging techniques of choice for diagnosing splenic infarction. PMID- 3773569 TI - Papillary thyroid cancer treated at the Mayo Clinic, 1946 through 1970: initial manifestations, pathologic findings, therapy, and outcome. AB - We performed a retrospective study of 859 patients with papillary thyroid cancer, who had received their primary treatment at the Mayo Clinic during the period 1946 through 1970. The maximal follow-up was 39 years. All but 2 patients underwent a thyroid operation; 319 (37%) had metastatic cervical nodes. Of the 800 patients without distant metastatic lesions on initial examination who underwent a potentially curative surgical procedure, postoperatively 7% had nodal metastatic lesions, 6% had a local tumor recurrence, and 5% had a distant metastatic lesion. In patients who had intrathyroidal tumors initially, postoperative local recurrences or distant metastatic lesions resulted in a 10 year cancer mortality of 17 and 41%, respectively; in those with extrathyroidal tumors, postoperative recurrences were associated with significantly higher death rates. Death from thyroid cancer was highly associated with the following factors: age more than 50 years, male sex, tumor size, tumor grade, initial extent of disease, and absence of Hashimoto's disease. Earlier studies of Mayo patients treated between 1926 and 1960 described no deaths due to thyroid cancer in patients with occult tumors (1.5 cm or less). Four such patients were identified among our 859 patients; all had been examined and treated after 1961. To date, 56 (6.5%) of the 859 patients have died as a result of papillary thyroid cancer. In this study, in which 16% of patients underwent total thyroidectomy and 3% had radioiodine ablation, the overall mortality observed at 30 years was only 3% above that expected. PMID- 3773570 TI - Treatment of hemifacial spasm. PMID- 3773571 TI - On the ontogeny and interactions of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. AB - The interaction of GAPDH with cellular structure has been studied in the major tissues of the mouse during development. Overall the data provides a clear indication that interactions between GAPDH and cellular structure are appreciable in all major tissues, at least during early stages of development, and an analysis of the isozyme status of the enzyme in both soluble and bound compartments for all tissues at all developmental stages indicates the presence of only a single GAPDH isozyme in the mouse. Possible reasons for the lack of an extensive multiplicity of this enzyme in mammalian tissues (the only tetrameric glycolytic enzyme to display this restriction) and for the large amounts of GAPDH in many cell types are discussed in relation to the large number of proteins that GAPDH interacts with in the cell. PMID- 3773572 TI - Fibronectin synthesis and degradation in human fibroblasts with aging. AB - Fibronectin was measured in early and late passaged human skin fibroblasts utilizing immunoprecipitation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A progressive increase in the rate of fibronectin and total cellular protein synthesis per cell was observed by late passaged human diploid fibroblasts. The absolute protein concentration increased in the late passaged fibroblasts. There was no significant difference in the [3H]leucine incorporation into fibronectin or total cellular protein/mg protein. The turnover of fibronectin and total cellular protein did not differ between early and late passaged fibroblasts. The transport of fibronectin to the cell membrane was similar in late passaged fibroblasts. The increased fibronectin synthesis in senescent fibroblasts appeared to correlate with the general increase in rate of protein synthesis/cell. PMID- 3773573 TI - Changes in the metabolic pattern of estrogens as a function of age in cultured myometrial cells: synthesis of a lipoidal derivative of estradiol. AB - The effect of ageing on estradiol (E2) metabolism has been studied systematically in cultured ovine myometrial cells from the 2nd to the 25th subculture. Cell monolayers were incubated for various amounts of time with [3H]E2, and metabolites isolated from cells or medium by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The main metabolites identified were estrone (E1), estriol (E3), 16-epi-E3 and a lipoidal derivative of E2 (LE2). The latter had an Rf of 0.90 and was recognized by its comigration with fatty acid on TLC and the release of E2 after alkaline hydrolysis. In contrast to the other metabolites, LE2 was found only in cells and was never secreted in the medium. In "young" cells (2nd subculture) the main metabolite was E1 which represented 16.3% of the total radioactivity after 2 h of incubation and 33% after 8 h both in cells and medium. LE2 appeared very slowly and represented only 13% after 8 h of incubation. In contrast in "old" cells (i.e. 10th subculture) LE2 had become the most abundant metabolite representing as much as 25% of the total cellular radioactivity. This change from one metabolic pattern to the other was progressive and associated with a decrease in 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (SDH) activity. LE2 became prevalent relative to E1 around the 5th subculture. In conclusion, ageing in cultured myometrial cells is accompanied by a qualitative change in E2 metabolism, switching from E1 formation (an inactivation mechanism) to LE2 biosynthesis (a storage mechanism). PMID- 3773574 TI - Relationship between dietary retinol and lipofuscin in the retinal pigment epithelium. AB - A variety of evidence suggests that autoxidation of cellular components probably plays a significant role in the age-related accumulation of lipofuscin, or age pigment, in the mammalian retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Among the likely candidates for conversion into RPE lipofuscin fluorophores via autoxidative mechanisms are vitamin A compounds, which are present in the retina and RPE in high concentrations. Vitamin E, an important lipid antioxidant, is likely to inhibit vitamin A autoxidation. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the significance of vitamin A autoxidation in the deposition of lipofuscin in the RPE. Albino rats were fed diets either supplemented with or lacking vitamin E. Each of these two groups of animals was further subdivided into three groups which were fed different levels of vitamin A palmitate: none, 14.0 mumol/kg diet, and 80.5 mumol/kg diet. After 26 weeks, the animals were killed and the RPE lipofuscin contents were determined by both fluorescence measurements and quantitative ultrastructural morphometry. Vitamin A palmitate deficiency led to significant reductions in RPE lipofuscin deposition, relative to the amounts of this pigment present in the groups receiving vitamin A palmitate in their diets. The relative magnitude of the vitamin A effect was greater in the vitamin E supplemented groups than in the groups fed the diets deficient in vitamin E. This finding suggests that vitamin E interacts with vitamin A ester metabolites in vivo in a more complex manner than simply acting as an antioxidant protectant. Rats fed the diets containing the higher level of vitamin A palmitate failed to display elevated RPE lipofuscin contents relative to those in the rats fed 14.0 mumol of vitamin A palmitate/kg diet. Failure of high vitamin A intake to enhance RPE lipofuscin deposition may have been due to the fact that intake of vitamin A above normal levels did not lead to an elevation in vitamin A content of the retinal tissue. Establishing an effect of vitamin A deficiency on RPE lipofuscin deposition and characterization of the interactions between vitamins E and A are important steps toward defining precisely the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying age-pigment accumulation in the RPE. PMID- 3773575 TI - The economics of informal care. Labor market effects in the National Hospice Study. AB - This article analyzes the labor market-related effects of informal care provision in the National Hospice Study on the individual providing this care. The results indicate that voluntary providers of patient care who were employed at the onset of the care-giving episode experienced considerable loss of earnings. These losses were partly caused by the fact that over one-fourth of initially employed caregivers left the labor force because of care obligations. This exit probability increased with the caregiver's age and female gender, and decreased with the caregiver's reported annual family income. Of the caregivers who continued in paid employment during the informal care episode, 60% reported losses of income because of care-related increased absenteeism from work. These two types of income loss are quantified using an indirect valuation method. This quantification indicates that some of the cost savings which have been attributed to the home-centered hospice modality in the National Hospice Study may have resulted from the shifting of costs from the formal health care sector to the informal care sector. PMID- 3773576 TI - An assessment of different components of patient medication knowledge. AB - Different components of drug knowledge (i.e., knowledge of the drug purpose, regimen, action if a dose is missed, and common side effects) were examined in 187 ambulatory cardiovascular patients in order to determine whether the components were similar enough to be considered interchangeable in representing drug knowledge. Patients and physicians were interviewed in a family practice setting and their responses compared for each cardiovascular drug the patient was taking. Scores were highest for knowledge of the drug regimen and purpose, fewer patients were correct about the appropriate action if a dose were missed, and only a small number could accurately identify common side effects associated with their drug therapy. The comparison of patient responses to each of the knowledge measures indicated that there was little consistency in response across the various types of knowledge. The differences in the measures were supported further by regression equations that showed different relationships between a set of independent variables and knowledge of drug purpose and regimen, respectively. The study findings suggest that a partial explanation for inconsistencies of research about drug knowledge may be the way this concept is measured. PMID- 3773577 TI - Effects on nurse retention. An experiment with scheduling. AB - Four randomly selected nursing groups were assigned to three experimental groups and one control group to test the relative impact of three experimental nursing schedules, using a before-after design. The three experimental treatments were straight shifts; regular schedule but with unlimited requests for changes; and individual station-designed schedules. Before treatment, score differences between the experimental and control groups were limited to one of 36 highly reliable scales specifically constructed and pretested to gauge effects of scheduling. This single difference was judged not to be significantly related to experimental outcomes. Because of a poor job market situation, retention was not affected significantly by any of the three treatments, but root causes of turnover were. Results of the experiment showed that individual station-designed schedules triggered the most changes that favor retention. In contrast, the other two treatments unexpectedly increased nurses' own sense of marketability and reduced teamwork among nurses. Reasons accounting for the results are discussed in the text. PMID- 3773578 TI - Centralization, certification, and monitoring. Readmissions and complications after surgery. AB - Research on adverse outcomes following common surgical procedures has suggested the importance of hospital and surgeon variables. Policy directions depend on which factors are important in influencing patient outcomes and what sorts of policies are feasible. Focusing on where a given procedure is performed highlights a concern for centralization; emphasizing who should perform a particular operation implies physician certification. Finally, monitoring involves identifying particular hospitals that appear to have relatively poor (or relatively good) results. This paper analyzes patient, surgeon, and hospital characteristics associated with serious postdischarge complications of hysterectomy, cholecystectomy, and prostatectomy in patients age 25 and over in Manitoba, Canada, following surgery during 1974 through 1976. The three procedures differ markedly in the ease of prediction of the probability of complications and in the predictive importance of patient, hospital, and physician variables. The predictors worked fairly well for cholecystectomy, somewhat less well for hysterectomy, and not well at all for prostatectomy. Hospital variables were not generally important in the multiple logistic regressions. After controlling for case mix and type of surgery, physician surgical experience was found to account for relatively large differences (almost two to one) in the probability of patient complications following cholecystectomy. Cholecystectomy might be a candidate for certification because of the epidemiology of the operation. As of the mid-1970s, a substantial proportion of the cholecystectomies were being performed by physicians with comparatively little ongoing experience with this type of procedure. Moreover, a monitoring perspective identified one hospital with a significantly higher postcholecystectomy complication rate, even after physician experience was taken into account. Both identifying which procedures should be attended to and focusing on problems following surgery are important beyond Manitoba and highly relevant to such American requirements as Peer Review Organizations. Methods of increasing the efficiency of using claims data for quality assurance studies are outlined. PMID- 3773579 TI - Weights for scoring the quality of well-being instrument among rheumatoid arthritics. A comparison to general population weights. AB - The importance of measuring health outcomes such as functional status and quality of life has increased with the greater emphasis on efficiency and on judgements of clinical effectiveness of therapies for patients with chronic disease. One measure of health status, the quality of well-being (QWB), has received significant attention as a health policy model because it quantifies health on a scale ranging from "zero" (death) to "one" (optimal health). The scale is based on weights (values) that were derived by having several thousand individuals in the general population rate scenarios in which a patient is described in terms of mobility, physical activity, social activity, and major symptom or problem. The present study was undertaken to determine if a disease-specific population composed of patients with moderate and moderately severe rheumatoid arthritis who were participating in a national multicenter trial of a new oral therapeutic agent, would rank scenarios similarly to the general population sample. In this study, close agreement was found between the weights obtained from the general population sample and the weights obtained from the sample of rheumatoid arthritic patients (R = 0.937). The investigators believe that the study supports the use of the original general population weights and suggest that the index may be used for populations with a specific condition as well as for general populations. PMID- 3773580 TI - Common response patterns of medical students in interviews of hospitalized patients. AB - Sixty-eight interviews of hospitalized patients by freshmen medical students were examined for common response patterns. Response profiles were constructed for each medical student and subjected to cluster analysis. Four common response patterns were identified: Questioning Facilitators, Declaring Facilitators, Elaborators, and Prompters. The four patterns are distinguished by the different balance they strike between directing the interview and remaining responsive to the patient. Limitations of the study and its practical implications are also considered. PMID- 3773581 TI - Academic group practice. The patient's perspective. AB - The effect upon patient satisfaction of a reorganization of a traditional medical clinic into a group practice model was examined in a controlled trial in which both patients and physicians were randomized. The group practice model, unlike the traditional clinic, provided decentralized registration, 5 days/week clinic coverage, and night/weekend phone coverage. Residents worked in small groups with an attending physician, a nurse practitioner, and a receptionist. This reorganization resulted in a substantial decrease in charges and utilization for patients in the experimental group. A panel of 302 patients was interviewed prior to the reorganization and 1 year later. Patients in the experimental groups perceived improvements in access to their physicians as well as decreases in clinic waiting time and decreases in the lag time between requesting and obtaining an appointment. General health perceptions and other satisfaction measures were unchanged. The authors conclude that a group practice organization can result in decreased patient charges without substantially altering patient satisfaction. PMID- 3773582 TI - Data sources for penetrating trauma. AB - Three city data sources (CDSs)--police reports, ambulance reports, and medica examiner (ME) logs--were evaluated for their usefulness in epidemiologic studies of trauma. The CDSs were employed to identify all cases of penetrating injury to the chest and/or abdomen severe enough to require care in a medical institution during 1979 and 1980 in Baltimore city. The percent of cases identified by source was: police, 66.8%; ambulance, 47.9%; ME, 16.6%; police plus ambulance, 89.4%; police plus ME, 82.9%; and ambulance plus ME, 50.1%. Hospital admissions to six study hospitals due to chest and/or abdomen penetrating injury were located and matched to the CDS reports: 89.2% of the hospitalized cases were reported in one or more CDS, and 34.7% of the cases identified by one or more CDS could not be located in the hospital records. Using hospital records as the standard, each source was determined to have the following completeness of case reporting: police, 66.2%; ambulance, 72.9%; and ME, 92.2%. The authors conclude that existing CDSs should be used with caution, and that the usefulness of data from multiple sources far outweighs that from any single source. PMID- 3773583 TI - [Prevalence of serum markers of hepatitis B virus in heterosexual males with sexually transmitted diseases]. PMID- 3773584 TI - [Diabetic autonomic neuropathy: a more precise classification according to abnormality of cardiovascular reflexes]. PMID- 3773585 TI - [Prevention of endocarditis in dentistry: habitual patterns of practice in Barcelona]. PMID- 3773587 TI - [Infection by hepatitis B virus in prostitutes: a public health problem]. PMID- 3773586 TI - [Composition of high-density lipoproteins and their subfractions. Changes in survivors of acute myocardial infarction and hyperlipemia]. PMID- 3773588 TI - [Indications for tonsillectomy in 1986]. PMID- 3773590 TI - [Adrenal pseudocyst caused by hemorrhagic necrosis of unknown origin]. PMID- 3773589 TI - [Use of 131-metaiodobenzylguanidine in the diagnosis and treatment of malignant pheochromocytomas]. PMID- 3773591 TI - [Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia associated with cancer]. PMID- 3773593 TI - [Effect of extra-erythrocytic factors on total blood filtration]. PMID- 3773592 TI - [Acute mercaptan poisoning]. PMID- 3773594 TI - MICRO-IDEA: improving decisions in epidemiological analysis by a microcomputer. AB - A microcomputer system has been designed to promote uniform and correct epidemiological data handling in the Local Health Units of the National Health Service in Italy. The system allows to define files of any format, to perform the common data manipulation procedures and to make simple statistical analyses. Two modules, based on artificial intelligence techniques, give the possibility to input from 'experts' and to update domain-specific knowledge concerning facts which characterize the application area covered by the file, and some consultation models which represent the reasoning to follow when solving problems of epidemiological data analysis. A decision support module allows an inexpert user to have access to these models, and to be guided in the choice of the appropriate procedure. The menu-driven interactive approach insures a friendly user-to-system interface, and entails a little training for effective use by health workers inexpert in informatics. PMID- 3773595 TI - Operating experience with the relational patient database. AB - Our three years of experience in the routine use of a relational database for patient admissions is discussed. Following a brief summary of the principles and structures of the patient database, the problems of relational data manipulation languages (DML) and query languages are discussed in more detail. Experience with the physical representation of the data base is discussed. Our experience shows that a relational database, due to its structural clarity, offers clear advantages: data independence from user applications is achieved with a relational DML. The descriptive query language has end user acceptance problems. Possible reasons for these acceptance problems are analysed in more detail. PMID- 3773596 TI - Computerized system in intensive care medicine. AB - A complete understanding of the computer's capabilities and an exact identification and definition of the ICU problems/needs are essential for the complete control of patient records and the full utilization of the computer as a clinical tool. PMID- 3773598 TI - Accumulation of cholesterol ester in cultured smooth muscle cells of congenital hypercholesterolemic (WHHL) rabbits treated with normal and WHHL rabbit plasma LDL. AB - The DNA content, thymidine incorporation into DNA, and free and esterified cholesterol contents of cultured aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of normal and WHHL rabbits were compared. In the first series of experiments, 5 groups of cultured normal rabbit aortic SMCs were compared: control cells and cells treated with LDL from normolipemic rabbit plasma (LDLN) and (DL from hypercholesterolemic rabbit plasma (LDLW), LDLN plus esterastin and LDLW plus esterastin. In the second series, the same groups of hereditable hypercholesterolemic WHHL rabbit aortic SMCs were compared. Results obtained with normal aortic SMCs showed that internalization of LDLW was higher than that of LDLN. LDLW was also more effective than LDLN for elevating thymidine incorporation into DNA. LDLW plus esterastin caused increases of 5, 7 and 3 times the control values in thymidine incorporation, and esterified and free cholesterol contents of the cells, respectively. In the control groups, thymidine incorporation into DNA of WHHL SMCs was 12 times more than that into the normal cells, and the free cholesterol content of WHHL cells was twice that of normal cells. Addition of LDLN caused further increases in thymidine incorporation and the esterified and free cholesterol contents of the cells. Esterastin had only a slight effect on these extremely high values. LDLW itself had no effect except that when added with esterastin it increased the cholesterol ester content of WHHL cells. The results are discussed with respect to metabolic differences between cultured aortic SMCs of normal and WHHL rabbits, and LDLs prepared from normal and hypercholesterolemic (WHHL) rabbit plasma. PMID- 3773597 TI - Intracellular sodium, potassium and magnesium concentration, ouabain-sensitive 86rubidium-uptake and sodium-efflux and Na+, K+-cotransport activity in erythrocytes of normal male subjects studied on two occasions. AB - The red cell Na+,K+-ATPase pump activity estimated by the ouabain-sensitive 86Rb uptake or Na+-efflux, the Na+,K+-cotransport activity measured either by the furosemide-sensitive K+- or Na+- efflux or by the ethacrynic acid-sensitive 86Rb uptake as well as the intraerythrocyte concentration of sodium, potassium and magnesium were studied in 29 normal male subjects with one to three weeks interval between the first and second blood sampling. Both the red cell sodium and potassium concentration, the erythrocyte ouabain-sensitive 86Rb-uptake and Na+-efflux, the furosemide-sensitive Na+- and K+-efflux and the ethacrynic acid sensitive 86Rb-uptake are stable over time in the same individual. The furosemide sensitive Na+-and K+-efflux is significantly related to the ethacrynic acid sensitive 86Rb-uptake. The intraerythrocyte Na+ concentration was negatively related to the ouabain-sensitive 86Rb-uptake, but not to the ouabain-sensitive Na+-efflux; it was, however, negatively related to the rate constant for the ouabain-sensitive Na+-efflux. PMID- 3773599 TI - Nifedipine in the treatment of renal colic. AB - A double-blind randomized, clinical trial was conducted in 43 patients to evaluate the efficacy of sublingual nifedipine in the treatment of pain in renal colic. Comparison was made with a combination of dipyrone, pitofenone and fenpipramide, which is usually administered intravenously in Spain. With nifedipine, pain completely disappeared in 44% of the cases, and with the combination of drugs, in 89% (p less than 0.005). More adverse effects were noted with the combination than with nifedipine. Both treatments brought about a slight drop in arterial pressure without leading to hypotension in any case. There was no change in heart rate. The possible causes of the relatively low level of success with nifedipine were analyzed. The possibility of using nifedipine under certain circumstances in which other drugs are contraindicated or when their administration is unfeasible is suggested. PMID- 3773600 TI - [Continent ileal reservoir for urinary diversion]. PMID- 3773601 TI - [Can the prognosis of acute ischemia of the extremities be improved?]. PMID- 3773602 TI - [Chlamydia infection and infertility]. PMID- 3773603 TI - [Radiation-induced damage of the carotid artery as a cause of transitory ischemic attacks]. PMID- 3773604 TI - [Subcutaneous gas collection after leg wound--infection or ventile mechanism as the cause?]. PMID- 3773605 TI - [Inform travellers abroad about the risk of HIV infections via injections]. PMID- 3773606 TI - [Increasing numbers of patients dying because of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Increased diagnostic sharpness is needed]. PMID- 3773607 TI - [A frustrating case of Borrelia misdiagnosed as supratentorial pain]. PMID- 3773608 TI - [Tuberculous meningitis--early diagnosis is important]. PMID- 3773609 TI - [A high diagnostic value and few complications when percutaneous liver biopsies are done at smaller units]. PMID- 3773610 TI - [Clonidine--a new possibility in the treatment of drug addicts]. PMID- 3773611 TI - [Diagnosis of disturbances of porphyrin metabolism--an examination of laboratory resources in the country]. PMID- 3773612 TI - [Active treatment of distal radius fractures is the only way to reduce the number of remaining problems]. PMID- 3773613 TI - [Bradyarrhythmia in a patient with acute polyradiculitis]. PMID- 3773615 TI - Bone scanning in severe external otitis. AB - Technetium99 Methylene Diphosphate bone scanning has been considered an early valuable tool to diagnose necrotizing progressive "malignant" external otitis. However, to our knowledge, no formal studies have actually compared bone scans of otherwise young, healthy patients with severe external otitis to scans of patients with clinical presentation of malignant external otitis. Twelve patients with only severe external otitis were studied with Technetium99 Diphosphate and were compared to known cases of malignant otitis. All scans were evaluated by two neuroradiologists with no prior knowledge of the clinical status of the patients. Nine of the 12 patients had positive bone scans with many scans resembling those reported with "malignant" external otitis. Interestingly, there was no consistent correlation between the severity of clinical presentation and the amount of Technetium uptake. These findings suggest that a positive bone scan alone should not be interpreted as indicative of "malignant" external otitis. PMID- 3773614 TI - Impact of metastases on nodal immunoreactivity in head and neck cancer. AB - It has been previously demonstrated by the authors that lymph nodes from patients with head and neck cancer are capable of regional immunoreactivity and that this immunoreactivity could be enhanced with certain nonspecific immunostimulants. However, it is unknown how metastases to the neck nodes would affect this immunoreactivity. The purpose of this study is to compare the immunoreactivity of matched node pairs (metastatic versus nonmetastatic) from head and neck cancer patients. The soft agar assay system was the methodology employed. The effect of nodal lymphocytes on tumor growth in soft agar was studied with and without nonspecific immunostimulation in both normal and metastatic nodes from the same location in the neck in 16 patients. The results demonstrate that lymph nodes from head and neck cancer patients are capable of an immune reaction to cancer, and that this immunoreactivity appears to be significantly increased in metastatic lymph nodes with and without the use of specific immunostimulants. PMID- 3773616 TI - Muscle-nerve pedicle laryngeal reinnervation. AB - A muscle-nerve pedicle implantation to the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle as described by Tucker is an alternative to Teflon injection for treating dysphonia due to vocal cord palsy. Improvement in voice was noted in 19 of the 20 (95%) selected patients who were treated by muscle-nerve pedicle reinnervation. These patients have been followed for 6 months to 10 years. Changes in the voice were documented through assessment of high-quality audio tape recordings by three speech pathologists, results of a patient questionnaire, and evaluation by the surgeon. The improvement in voice quality was attributed to reestablishment and maintenance of vocal cord tone and mass, without the vocal cord stiffness usually associated with Teflon injection. The improvements in quality of voice with pedicle implantation are natural and lasting. This technique is proposed as an alternative to Teflon injection in selected cases. PMID- 3773617 TI - Surgical aptitude test for otolaryngology-head and neck surgery resident applicants. AB - The search for a convenient, rapid manual dexterity examination, which could be used at the time of the otolaryngology resident applicant's interview, led us to assess the following areas: purposeful hand direction, depth perception, tactile discrimination, finger pressure coordination, finger visual tracking of moving objects, spatial visualization, finger strength, speed of movements, fine control precision, finger dexterity, steadiness during movement, steadiness without movement, and neatness. With the astronomical increase in applicants to a limited number of positions in the field of otolaryngology-head and neck surgery, the application of an accurate, efficient manual dexterity assessment at the time of applicant interview is desirable. Presently, dental school applicants are screened by a series of manual dexterity tests. To develop our screening test, we integrated manual performance tests currently in use by private industry, occupational therapists, and dental school admission committees. Thus, applicants who are able to master fine microsurgical and macrosurgical techniques common in our specialty will be preferentially selected. PMID- 3773618 TI - Computed tomography of the disarticulated incus. AB - Complete incus disarticulation may be a complication of trauma, chronic otitis, or prosthetic stapedectomy. Purposeful incus disarticulation (with incus interposition) is used as a method of ossicular reconstruction. CT has been a valuable diagnostic tool for preoperative location of the incus in the former disorders and for determination of the status of the ossiculoplasty in the latter. PMID- 3773619 TI - Homograft (allograft) tympanoplasty update. AB - If homograft tympanoplasty is to be of value, specific instances in which homograft tympanic membrane, malleus, and incus (TMMI) provide significant hearing and anatomical advantages over standard techniques should be identified. This author has performed 305 homograft tympanoplasties limited to the reconstruction of the severely damaged middle ear. Indications include: previous failure with standard tympanoplasty techniques; high risk of anatomic or hearing failure with standard techniques (total perforation with absent malleus, slag burns); reconstruction of radical mastoidectomy; congenital aural atresia. The first 125 consecutive homograft tympanoplasties were reported in 1982. One hundred eighty additional homograft tympanoplasties have been performed since then. In the past 3 years the anatomic success rate has risen to 97% (174/180) with refinement of surgical techniques. Eighty-five percent of all patients have maintained an average air-bone gap of 25 dB or better. Formalin preserved homograft tympanic membranes with attached malleus offer significant advantages over standard tympanoplasty techniques in these specific indications. PMID- 3773620 TI - Motion-induced sickness following bilateral ablation of area postrema in squirrel monkeys. AB - Using squirrel monkeys as experimental subjects, we reexamined the disputed role of the area postrema (AP) in motion-induced vomiting. After anesthetization, the obex and rhomboid fossa were exposed surgically, and the AP was ablated by thermal coagulation using either a battery cautery or a CO2 microsurgical laser. Sham operations were performed on another sample of monkeys. Two or more weeks after surgery, all animals were given 10 daily 2-hour horizontal rotations at 30 rpm. Every monkey in both the lesions and sham samples vomited on two or more test days. While the vomiting characteristics were modified following ablation of AP, its function is not indispensible for the development of motion sickness in horizontally-rotated squirrel monkeys. PMID- 3773621 TI - Clinical evaluation of a two-channel amplitude compression hearing aid. AB - Twelve experienced hearing aid users with mild to moderate hearing loss used two new, commercially available behind-the-ear amplitude compression hearing aids for 1 month each. One aid was a single-channel device; the other was a two-channel aid. All subjects had used other compression aids for at least 1 year. Performance in real-life situations with the personal aid and the two trial aids was evaluated by the Hearing Performance Inventory (HPI). Another questionnaire probed subjective preference for the three aids and willingness to purchase each of the trial aids. The major HPI finding was an equal performance superiority for the two trial aids over the personal aid for half the subjects. The preference/purchase questionnaire results indicated that the two-channel aid had some sound quality advantages, but was unacceptable physically. The single channel trial was clearly preferred over the personal and two-channel device. PMID- 3773622 TI - Telescopic videorhinoscopy: a useful addition to the clinical practice of rhinology. AB - Telescopic videorhinoscopy using a rigid telescope and a color video camera is an effective method of demonstrating and documenting the anatomy and pathology of the nose. Its chief value is in making an accurate diagnosis. It is also an excellent method of teaching endoscopic surgery of the nose and sinuses. The authors present a useful method of telescopic videography of intranasal structures using Hopkins rigid telescopes and a reasonably priced video home system color camera. Telescopic videorhinoscopy is a useful addition to the daily practice and teaching of rhinology. PMID- 3773623 TI - Breathing during sleep immediately after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. AB - Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) has been acclaimed in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Evaluation of the effect of UPPP has usually been done 6 to 8 weeks postoperatively. Recently, a patient died suddenly at home of unknown causes 48 hours following UPPP. Autopsy evaluation demonstrated no evidence of hemorrhage, aspiration, or airway edema; however, it caused us to reassess our postoperative program. Three obese patients (192%, 162% and 157% of ideal body weight) with OSA underwent polysomnography on the second postoperative night. The mean duration of the postoperative apneas was not significantly different; however, the nadir SaO2 during apnea in one patient was significantly lower postoperatively. Those individuals with awake hypercapnia nad hypoxemia who had significant sleep associated hemoglobin unsaturation preoperatively may be at greatest risk. These observations indicate that careful postoperative monitoring is warranted in this group of patients. PMID- 3773625 TI - Post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage: incidence, prevention and management. AB - Tonsillectomy (with or without adenoidectomy) continues to be a commonly performed operation in the United States. Over the years, the incidence of post tonsillectomy hemorrhage (reported between 0% and 20%) has decreased, but continues to pose serious problems. We reviewed 1,445 tonsillectomies performed over a 2-year period to study the incidence of post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage. Thirty-eight of 1,445 children (2.62%) had postoperative bleeding. The incidence of primary hemorrhage (within 24 hours) was 0.14%. Delayed hemorrhage requiring operative intervention or observation in the hospital was 1.03% and 0.76%, respectively. Ten patients (0.69%) had delayed hemorrhage of a minor nature that had stopped by the time they reached the hospital; these children were treated with observation alone and did not require hospitalization or operative intervention. The proposed reasons for this low rate of post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage include complete preoperative coagulation screening, meticulous attention to surgical technique, use of suction-cautery to obtain hemostasis and, possibly, use of postoperative antibiotics. Management of hemorrhage is discussed with respect to observation, surgical intervention, and blood transfusion. PMID- 3773624 TI - An approach to the nasal septum in children. AB - Surgery of the nasal septum has long been discouraged in the pediatric population. Concerns about growth and development of the nose have led surgeons to adopt an extremely cautious attitude toward the correction of nasal septal deformities in childhood. More recently, studies have shown that with proper preservation of septal cartilage, surgery can be safely undertaken in this area. Frequently, however, exposure to the nasal septum is limited in small children due to the size of the nasal vestibule. Sublabial septoplasty has been safely carried out now in ten patients ranging in age from 4 to 9 years. This approach allows for complete access to the nasal septum while avoiding any external cosmetic deformity. The nasal septum has been preserved in all cases through morsalization and repositioning. Growth and development of the nose has been followed for up to 60 months without evidence of deformity or alteration. Sublabial septoplasty would, therefore, appear to be a safe and cosmetically acceptable approach to the correction of severe nasal septal deformities of childhood. PMID- 3773626 TI - Histologic studies on the fate of soluble collagen injected into canine vocal folds. AB - Collagen is an essential component of the functionally important layered structure of the vocal cord. Soluble bovine collagen appears to be suitable for injection into vocal folds to correct glottic insufficiency. Clinical trials and preliminary laboratory studies with the canine larynx indicate that injectable collagen is safe, effective, easily injected, and well-tolerated. Bovine collagen softens scar tissue, attracts the ingrowth of host fibroblasts, and allows the eventual replacement of the implant by new host collagen. This study examines the fate of collagen injected into canine vocal folds. Two forms of soluble bovine collagen, differing only in the amount of chemically induced cross-linkage, were injected into vocal folds of dogs; the animals were then killed at 12-week intervals for 1 year. Gross and histologic examination showed that both substances tended to be resorbed when injected deeply in the vocalis muscle, but persisted when injected in the plane of the vocal ligament - a site normally composed of dense collagen. The invasion of the implant by active host fibroblasts and the secondary deposition of new host collagen were evident in histologic sections. Examination with polarized light confirmed the presence of birefringence characterizing host collagen. The invasion of fibroblasts and deposition of new collagen in the implant were seen with electron microscopy. Cellular invasion seemed to progress more rapidly in the cross-linked preparation. Injected collagen did not evoke a foreign body reaction in any specimen studied, and was well-tolerated during replacement by host tissue. PMID- 3773627 TI - Investigations into the cause of canal paresis in Meniere's disease. AB - Since the literature has a paucity of documented lesions of the vestibular hair cells and neurons in Meniere's disease, the cause of canal paresis remains unexplained. A clinicopathological correlation was sought and demonstrated between ampullary distortion of lateral canal and reduced caloric response. The findings in this investigation make a strong case for ampullary distortion disrupting the tenuous but vital cupulary attachment resulting in canal paresis. This concept is attractive because it explains an important clinical event in Meniere's disease on the basis of the only consistent histopathological finding, namely, membrane distension. PMID- 3773628 TI - Auditory brain stem responses and nonsense monosyllable perception test findings for patients with auditory nerve and brain stem lesions. AB - A nonsense monosyllable audiometric test was administered to 15 patients with eighth nerve or brain stem disorders caused by tumor, hemorrhage, encephalitis, and degenerative disease. Auditory brain stem responses (ABR) were abnormal in all patients. ABR abnormalities were defined by the absence of some or all waves or by prolongation of the wave V-I interval. The discrimination scores of the nonsense monosyllables were significantly lower in patients with completely absent ABR, with partial ABR series involving wave I, or with severely prolonged wave V-I intervals (over 3 SD). However, in patients with wave I only or with only moderately prolonged wave V-I intervals (less than 3 SD), test scores were within normal range. It is concluded that: 1. perception of nonsense monosyllables could be, though need not be, affected in patients with brain stem lesions; 2. eighth nerve lesions severely disrupt auditory comprehension as well as perception of nonsense monosyllables. PMID- 3773629 TI - Posterior tracheal wall disruption: a rare complication of pediatric tracheotomy and bronchoscopy. AB - Disruption of the posterior tracheal wall is an uncommon complication of tracheotomy, bronchoscopy, or even endotracheal intubation. With disruption of the posterior tracheal wall, air tracking may present as surgical emphysema, pneumomediastinum, or pneumothoraces, and may be associated with respiratory distress. Six children with posterior tracheal wall disruptions are presented: three associated with tracheotomy, one bronchoscopy, and another during endotracheal intubation. Early recognition and appropriate management of tracheal disruption will minimize air tracking and the associated morbidity. Tracheal disruption may be avoided by utilizing appropriate surgical, endoscopic, and intubation techniques. PMID- 3773630 TI - Functional identification of the external laryngeal nerve during thyroidectomy. PMID- 3773631 TI - Intraoperative verification of multichannel scala tympani electrode position. PMID- 3773632 TI - Natural killer cell activity in patients with carcinoma of the larynx and hypopharynx. PMID- 3773633 TI - Botulinum toxin (BOTOX) for the treatment of "spastic dysphonia" as part of a trial of toxin injections for the treatment of other cranial dystonias. PMID- 3773634 TI - Latissimus dorsi myocutaneous-iliac bone flag for reconstruction of massive defects of mandible and oral basis. PMID- 3773635 TI - Refinements in the use of electrocautery in tonsillectomy and uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. PMID- 3773636 TI - Transient hearing loss after lumbar myelography. PMID- 3773637 TI - Hyperglycemia and reproductive defects in non-diabetic gravidas: a mouse model test of a new theory. AB - The frequent association of various reproductive anomalies with maternal diabetes is explained by a theory that predicts such defects will occur even in transient moderate hyperglycemia in non-diabetic gravidae. A first test of this hypothesis produced strongly supportive results in a mouse model. Thirteen C57BL/6J dams on a grain (control) diet produced (in the 4th week after first mating) 64 pups, 62 surviving to maturity. In the same time interval on a high sucrose diet, fourteen isogenic dams produced only 5 pups, none surviving 5 days (p much less than .001). Additional ongoing studies of the underlying glucose-ascorbate antagonism and of early vs. perinatal hyperglycemia are described briefly. PMID- 3773638 TI - Comparison of respiratory effects of intravenous adenosine in neonatal and adult rabbits. AB - We administered adenosine by repeated intravenous bolus doses to 34 neonatal rabbits in a dose of 120 micrograms X kg-1 (which we had previously found to stimulate respiration in adult rabbits). In 13 neonatal animals adenosine produced transient respiratory depression. In 15 neonatal animals the change in respiration in response to adenosine did not reach statistical significance. In two animals a transient increase in respiration occurred in response to adenosine. In the neonatal group as a whole intravenous adenosine significantly depressed ventilation. In eleven of the animals studied as neonates, respiratory responses to adenosine were again studied in adulthood. In 10 animals respiratory stimulation occurred in response to adenosine. In the adult group adenosine significantly increased ventilation, in contrast to its effects in the neonatal group. The respiratory effects of intravenous adenosine have not been previously described in neonatal animals. Respiratory stimulation produced by intravenous adenosine in adult rabbits contrasts with the respiratory depression commonly seen in neonatal rabbits in this study. It is suggested that altered responses to adenosine may be involved in the difference between the ventilatory response to hypoxia in adult and neonatal animals. PMID- 3773639 TI - A new simple mouse model for the in vivo evaluation of cholecystokinin (CCK) antagonists: comparative potencies and durations of action of nonpeptide antagonists. AB - A new simple mouse assay for the in vivo evaluation of CCK antagonists which is based upon visual determination of the gastric emptying of a charcoal meal is described. CCK-8 (24 micrograms/kg s.c.) but not various other peptide and nonpeptide agents effectively inhibited gastric emptying in this test system. The effect of CCK-8 was antagonized by established peripheral CCK antagonists but not representative agents of various other pharmacological classes. The rank order of potency of the CCK antagonists were: L-364,718 (ED50 = 0.01 mg/kg, i.v.; 0.04 mg/kg, p.o.) greater than Compound 16 (ED50 = 1.5 mg/kg, i.v.; 2.0 mg/kg p.o.) greater than asperlicin (ED50 = 14.8 mg/kg i.v.) greater than proglumide (ED50 = 184 mg/kg i.v.; 890 mg/kg, p.o.). Duration of action studies based upon ED50 values determined at various time intervals after oral administration showed that L-364,718 and proglumide are considerably longer acting than Compound 16. Asperlicin (ED50 greater than 300 mg/kg, p.o.) was ineffective as a CCK antagonist when administered orally. These data provide the first direct comparisons of the in vivo potencies of current CCK antagonists and demonstrate the utility of a new simple mouse assay for the in vivo characterization of peripheral CCK antagonists. PMID- 3773640 TI - Continuous measurement of cerebral blood volume in rats with the photoelectric technique: effect of morphine and naloxone. AB - The validity of a photoelectric method for continuous cerebral blood volume (CBV) measurement was tested and modified for the rat's brain. A new way of introducing a miniature light source between the two hemispheres and fixing a light sensitive silicone blue cell to the outer surface of the parietal bone was developed. Light extinction factor of the rat's blood was determined experimentally (Eb rat = 1.38 +/- 0.15) in order to calculate absolute CBV value in this species, resulting in a 4.77 +/- 0.13 vol % absolute CBV value. Data obtained in anesthetized, artificially ventilated rats by simultaneous recording of CBV and local cerebral blood flow (H2-gas clearance technique) show that local hypothalamic blood flow decreased significantly after morphine (1.0 mg/kg s.c.), while total CBV remained unchanged. Opiate receptor blockade with naloxone (1.0 mg/kg s.c.) on the contrary, as well as naloxone and morphine administration, caused no change in local hypothalamic blood flow, but resulted in a significant increase of total cerebral blood volume. PMID- 3773642 TI - Peptides bound to albumin. AB - Preparations of albumin (placenta or serum) do bind peptides. Dissociation of these peptides from the albumin core can occur partially in water but is much more efficient in the presence of amino acids and salts, in complex culture media for example. Contrary to common belief, we observed that arginine vasopressin (AVP) can bind to serum albumin, at least in commercial powder form. PMID- 3773641 TI - Tifluadom's effects under electric shock titration and tail-immersion procedures in squirrel monkeys. AB - The analgesic efficacy of the kappa-opioid benzodiazepine, tifluadom, was examined in squirrel monkeys using electric shock titration and tail-immersion procedures. Tifluadom produced dose-dependent increases in the shock intensity that maintained responding under the shock titration schedule without substantially decreasing response rates. Tifluadom also increased the latency of tail-withdrawal from 55 degrees C water. Naloxone attenuated tifluadom's effects under both procedures. These results extend previous reports of tifluadom's analgesic characteristics and suggest that the tail-immersion procedure is a useful analgesic assay in squirrel monkeys. PMID- 3773643 TI - Phenazine methosulfate induces a neurally-mediated contraction of the guinea-pig ileum. AB - Phenazine methosulfate (PMS) and related phenazines are widely used in biochemistry and histochemistry and act as anti-bacterial agents, however, there is little information on their pharmacological actions. In the present paper the guinea-pig ileum was used as a model for studying the effects of PMS on nerve cells. PMS was found to contract intestinal muscle. This action appeared to be mediated by the activation of muscarinic receptors since it was blocked by atropine. Neostigmine potentiated the response to PMS. The nerve blocker tetrodotoxin prevented the effect of PMS and it is concluded that PMS causes the release of acetylcholine from nerve elements. The action of PMS on nerves is not mediated by nicotinic receptors. Receptors for serotonin, substance P or cholecystokinin also appear not to be involved. Of all the phenazines tested PMS was found to be the most potent and reversible. PMID- 3773644 TI - Effects of opioid antagonists and their quaternary analogs on temperature changes in morphine-dependent rats. AB - Subcutaneous administration of three opioid antagonists; naloxone, naltrexone and nalmefene, produced a significant rise in tail skin temperature and a subsequent fall in rectal temperature in morphine dependent rats. However, subcutaneous administration of equimolar concentrations of the quaternary derivatives of these opioid antagonists (naloxone methobromide, naltrexone methobromide and n methylnalmefenium iodide) failed to produce any significant alterations in either tail skin or rectal temperatures in the morphine dependent rat. At doses of naloxone methobromide 6 to 9 times greater than naloxone, there was a slight reduction of rectal temperatures with no significant elevation of skin temperature. However, the fall in rectal temperature was still significantly less than that achieved with administration of naloxone. When each of these six agents were administered centrally (20 micrograms/5 microliter, icv) in the morphine dependent rat, similar increases in tail skin temperature and decreases in rectal temperature were observed. These temperature changes were similar to those observed following systemic administration of the opioid antagonist. Previously, we have suggested that acute withdrawal in the morphine-dependent rat may serve as an animal model for the mechanism of the menopausal hot flush. Collectively, these results suggest that the temperature changes associated with morphine withdrawal in our rat model for studying the mechanisms of the menopausal hot flush are centrally mediated. PMID- 3773646 TI - Dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase in human term placenta. AB - The effect of dopamine on adenylate cyclase activity was investigated in slices of human term placentas. Dopamine elicited a dose-dependent stimulation of cAMP formation with a ED50 value of about 1 X 10(-6)M dopamine and an increase of 110% over the control with 1 X 10(-4)M dopamine. (-)-Epinephrine and (-) norepinephrine also increased placental cAMP formation. Apomorphine displayed a slight but non-significant stimulatory effect while bromocriptine was not effective. SCH 23390, a selective antagonist of dopamine D1 receptors caused a dose-dependent decrease of the dopamine activation. In contrast, the dopamine increase of cAMP was unaffected by beta- and alpha-adrenergic blocking drugs and by the D2 selective antagonist, (-)-sulpiride. These data indicate that dopamine stimulates cAMP formation in human term placenta through a specific mechanism via D1 dopaminergic receptors positively coupled to adenylate cyclase. PMID- 3773645 TI - Desensitization to PAF-induced rat paw oedema by repeated intraplantar injections. AB - The intraplantar injection of PAF-acether (PAF), induced acute oedema in the rat paw, and desensitized it to subsequent challenges with the same agonist, but not to serotonin. The desensitization was maximal (up to 80% of initial response) after seven consecutive daily injections. In this condition, PAF-induced oedema of the contralateral paw was maintained. The analogue 2-methyl carbamate-PAF (2MC PAF) was more effective than PAF as a desensitizing agent. Furthermore, the PAF desensitized paw was refractory to challenges with 2-MC and vice-versa. PAF acether, but not serotonin-induced rat paw oedema was inhibited by previous intravenous injection of PAF. Intravenous injections of serotonin were also effective in inhibiting selectively serotonin-induced paw oedema, but it was not possible to induce desensitization by repeated intraplantar injections of serotonin. Desensitization to PAF or the pre-treatment with the PAF antagonist BN 52021 did not block the edematogenic response induced by carrageenan. PMID- 3773647 TI - Evidence for intrinsic regulation of met-enkephalin-immunoreactivity in gastroenteropancreatic tissues of the rat. AB - In a study whether gastrointestinal endogenous opioids can be modified by vagal denervation or by pharmacological application of an opiate, we examined met enkephalin-immunoreactivity in gastrointestinal tissue in rats with and without truncal vagotomy and with and without subcutaneously implanted morphine pellets. The immunoreactivity of the tissue extracts gave dose-response lines in the radioimmunoassay for met-enkephalin which were near parallel to that for the standard. On Sephadex chromatography the met-enkephalin immunoreactivity eluted at a position similar to synthetic met-enkephalin. Tissue concentration of met enkephalin immunoreactivity was not significantly different from the respective control after vagotomy and after morphine treatment. Total gastric met-enkephalin immunoreactive content increased significantly after vagotomy in line with gastric hypertrophy occurring after vagotomy without a drainage procedure. From these results it is concluded that met-enkephalin immunoreactivity in the rat gastrointestinal tract is regulated intrinsically, it is neither altered by vagal denervation nor by exogenous opiate administration. PMID- 3773648 TI - An extract of rat submandibular glands activates platelets and enhances cutaneous vascular permeability in rats and guinea pigs. AB - Washed, [3H]serotonin-labeled platelets from rats and guinea pigs were stimulated in vitro with a novel protein extracted from rat submandibular salivary glands (RS-PAP) and with the phospholipid platelet- activating factor 1-0-alkyl-2-acetyl sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (AGEPC). Rat platelets, which are refractory to AGEPC stimulation, underwent shape-change, aggregation and secretion of [3H]serotonin in response to graded doses of RS-PAP and AGEPC. Intradermal injections of histamine, RS-PAP and AGEPC caused a dose-related increase in local microvascular permeability in rats, as measured by the extravasation of plasma containing Evans blue dye. Similarly, histamine, RS-PAP and AGEPC increased cutaneous vascular permeability when injected intradermally in guinea pigs. The vascular permeability induced by histamine and RS-PAP, but not by AGEPC, was partially inhibited by pretreatment with an antihistamine (diphenhydramine HCl). Pretreatment of guinea pigs with captopril, an inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), partially inhibited cutaneous responses to subsequent intradermal injections of histamine, RS-PAP and AGEPC. Regardless of pretreatment with diphenhydramine or captopril, skin test sites injected with large amounts of RS-PAP became hemorrhagic within minutes and necrotic within 12 hours. PMID- 3773649 TI - Sepsis and cholestasis: the in vitro effects of bacterial products on 14C taurocholate uptake by isolated rat hepatocytes. AB - Bacterial endotoxins are known to be an important cause of cholestasis, yet not all organisms that cause cholestasis produce endotoxins. In order to determine whether bacterial products other than endotoxins may be involved in the cholestasis process, 14C-taurocholate (TC) uptake by isolated rat hepatocytes was measured in the presence of mid-log, stationary and mid-death phase bacterial broth supernatants from eight common bacterial pathogens. The results were then correlated with a quantitative assessment of endotoxin production by each organism. Supernatants from Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia demonstrated a striking inhibitory effect on bile salt uptake (77.2 +/- 6.7, 46.9 +/- 6.5 and 32.9 +/- 7.1% maximum inhibition of 14C-TC uptake, respectively) when compared to sterile broth controls. Streptococcus faecalis (Enterococcus), Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacteroides fragilis products, on the other hand, had relatively minor effects (12.3 +/- 5.2, 12.0 +/- 7.5, 8.4 +/- 6.7 and less than 5.0% inhibition respectively), while those from Proteus mirabilis had an intermediate effect (18.5 +/- 8.3% inhibition). Bile salt efflux rates (16.0 +/- 2.7 and 25.1 +/- 4.2 nmol/min/10(6) hepatocytes, mean +/- SEM) were similar in bacteria demonstrating marked uptake inhibition (Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) when compared to those with only minor inhibitory effects (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacteroides fragilis) (14.3 +/- 1.1 and 18.4 +/- 2.6 nmol/min/10(6) hepatocytes, respectively, p greater than 0.05). 14C-TC uptake inhibition did not correlate with the amount of endotoxin produced by each organism (r = 0.251). The results of this study indicate that bacteria produce a factor other than endotoxin that significantly inhibits bile salt uptake by isolated rat hepatocytes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3773650 TI - Effect of acetaldehyde on collagen synthesis by fat-storing cells isolated from rats treated with carbon tetrachloride. AB - In an attempt to elucidate the role of fat-storing cells (FSCs) in alcoholic liver fibrosis, we examined the effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde on collagen synthesis by FSCs isolated from CCl4-treated or normal rats. Isolated FSCs from normal rats showed characteristic lipid droplets in the cytoplasm. FSCs from CCl4 treated rats showed an abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and a small number of lipid droplets. Collagen synthesis by the cells from CCl4-treated rats was 4-5 fold enhanced as compared with untreated rats. Though ethanol had an inhibitory effect on collagen synthesis by FSCs, acetaldehyde stimulated collagen production by the cells from CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis, whereas collagen synthesis by the cells from normal rats was not influenced by acetaldehyde. From these results, FSCs are morphologically and functionally changed in liver fibrosis, and the transitional state of FSCs might be important in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver fibrosis. PMID- 3773651 TI - An evaluation of clinicians' subjective prior probability estimates. AB - The degree of consensus and the accuracy of subjective prior probability estimates made by 104 clinicians were examined. The clinicians' estimates were compared with objective prior probabilities obtained from published sources and actual patient outcomes. Each clinician made seven estimates based upon written case summaries abstracted from patient records. Consensus was measured by calculating estimate ranges and standard deviations. The clinicians' estimates varied widely: the smallest range was 80 (2%-82%); four of the seven probability ranges were greater than 90. The average standard deviation was 19.5. Using these prior probabilities and Bayes' theorem, widely varying posttest probabilities would result after many common diagnostic tests. Accuracy was measured using the Brier score, which ranges from 0 to 1; a score of 0 indicates perfect accuracy. The clinicians' Brier scores ranged from 0.05 to 0.57. The objectively determined probabilities achieved a Brier score of 0.11, better than that of 96% of the clinicians. Clinical experience did not consistently affect estimate accuracy or consensus. The clinicians' subjective estimates were inaccurate measures of the prior probability of disease. There was little consensus regarding disease likelihood among the clinicians. Objective prior probabilities were more accurate and less variable. PMID- 3773652 TI - Informed consent: court viewpoints and medical decision making. AB - Twenty-five years of appellate court decisions about informed consent in three influential states were examined to address four issues: the criteria used to define adequate informed consent; trends in court decisions; parallels between court decision making and decision analysis; the contribution of decision analytic concepts to defining "reasonable" medical informed consent. Court standards have evolved in three phases: the "medical community" standard before 1972, the "reasonable person" standard since 1972, and recent inroads toward developing an "individual preference" standard. The latter two standards form the current basis for deciding whether a patient has been adequately informed. Decision analysis offers a framework for communication about medical outcomes and probabilities, and methods for assessing preferences. Jurists and physicians should consider whether the legal system should adopt a decision analytic perspective in the doctrine of informed consent. Researchers should address issues raised by use of decision analysis for communication between the physician and the patient. PMID- 3773653 TI - Transient ischemic attacks in a man with coronary artery disease: two strategies neck and neck. PMID- 3773655 TI - Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis. PMID- 3773654 TI - The gong: a unit to measure diagnostic information? PMID- 3773656 TI - [Theoretical evaluation of the effectiveness of fractionated irradiation of malignant tumors with fast neutrons]. AB - The efficacy of dose fractionation in neutron therapy of malignant tumors was investigated using a method of mathematical simulation. The regimen of fractionation was shown to produce a considerable effect on the results of therapy and a degree of difference in the efficacy of gamma-beam and neutron irradiation. PMID- 3773657 TI - [Optimum placement of radiation sources in the planning of interstitial radiotherapy]. AB - The authors compared the results of the designing of interstitial irradiation using the Paris system and the optimum scheme of placing radiation sources. The qualities of formed dose fields were compared by 5 criteria characterizing a dose field at the border, in the center and beyond the target as well as its homogeneity by volume. The correlation showed the advantages of planning using optimal schemes in volumes with an elliptical and irregular section by the criteria of homogeneity of target contour irradiation, the lessening of radiation exposure beyond the target and an increase in the absolute value of minimum dose rate at the border of an irradiated volume. PMID- 3773658 TI - [Radiation pathomorphosis of breast cancer after combined treatment using various methods of preoperative radiotherapy]. AB - An ultrastructural study of breast cancer cells from 102 female patients after combined therapy with preoperative radiation therapy was conducted. The ultrastructural method made it possible to supplement results obtained by means of the histological method of assessment of tumor radiation pathomorphosis, and in some cases it was even more informative and permitted a comparative assessment of various methods of preoperative radiation therapy using intensively concentrated and large dose fractionation followed by immediate operation. PMID- 3773659 TI - [Current problems in teaching medical radiology]. PMID- 3773660 TI - [Late radiation injuries of lungs after combined therapy in breast cancer]. AB - The paper is concerned with the results of examination and treatment of 140 patients with late radiation injuries of the lungs developing in a late period after combined treatment (operation + radiotherapy) of breast cancer. The sooner the treatment was initiated, the more effective it was. PMID- 3773661 TI - [Hypophyseal-thyroid system in chronic alcoholism]. AB - The levels of the thyroid hormones in the peripheral blood of patients with Stage I and II chronic alcoholism increased moderately at the expense of ejection activation in the blood but not hyperproduction of the thyroid and correlated with a decrease in the secretion of corticosteroids and an increase in the ACTH level. Disproportion of the T3 and T4 levels was in direct relation to a degree of alcoholic liver affection. In a long-term period following antialcoholic treatment hormonal function of the hypophyseothyroid system got back to normal. PMID- 3773662 TI - [A method of evaluating the functional state of the thyroid gland]. AB - A simple and reliable method for the assessment of thyroid function was proposed. Data on a high specificity of the radioactive iodine absorption intensity coefficient to differentiate euthyroid and hyperthyroid patients were obtained. The appropriateness of its use in restricted indications for radioimmunoassays was substantiated. The results obtained by the authors were based on the examination of 453 patients. PMID- 3773663 TI - [Reduced effect of ionizing radiation during uneven heating of tissues by UHF field]. AB - The differential heating (35-43.5 degrees C, 30 min) of sarcoma 45 causes an increase of its growth due to the growth of the tumour regions uneffected by the damaging temperature and having the temperature comparable to the normal temperature of experimental animal. The differential heating just after gamma irradiation decreases the damaging effect of ionizing radiation on tumour tissue, or to be more precise, on the tumour regions with subhypothermal temperature. Possible bioenergetic mechanisms of the trophic and radioprotective effects at differential heating of tumours by the electric UHF-field are discussed. PMID- 3773664 TI - [Experimental-morphological study of the roentgeno-endovascular prosthesis]. AB - The authors presented the results of experimental studies on 36 dogs: 66 endovascular spiral wire prostheses made of a metal alloy with a shape "memory" effect were implanted in the aorta and major arteries via an angiographic catheter. Long-term results were followed-up over a period of 14 mos. and demonstrated a good and prolonged permeability of the nitinol prostheses. Morphological investigations showed that the endovascular prosthesis was separated in a ring-like fashion by a thin layer of connective tissue and from within it was lined with a layer of epithelial cells. PMID- 3773665 TI - [Improvement of practical training of students in clinical radiology]. AB - Proceeding from the main purposes of teaching clinical radiology to students, the authors developed and tested methods of practical studies to form habits and skills in designing a scheme of radiation therapy of cancer patients and in predicting radiotherapeutic results and probable radiation reactions and injuries. PMID- 3773666 TI - The effect of athletic clothing aerodynamics upon running speed. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the wind resistance of athletic clothing upon running speed in sprinting and in distance running. Wind tunnel tests of clothing materials, hair, and shoes show that it is possible to lower the wind resistance of a runner from about 0.5% to over 6% by improved aerodynamics. Mathematical models of sprinting and distance running are developed to predict the effect of lower wind resistance upon race times. By lowering the wind resistance of a runner 2%, the models predict the effect of lower wind resistance upon race times. By lowering the wind resistance of a runner 2%, the models predict time savings from 0.01 s in the 100-m dash to 5.7 s in the marathon. This is the equivalent of lead distances of about 0.1 to 31 m. The sprint model may be used to predict the effect of altitude upon running speed. At the altitude of Mexico City, the model predicts an improvement of 0.08 s in 100 m and 0.16 s in 200 m. This is conservative compared to actual time savings. The results show that it is possible to lower the wind resistance significantly by improving clothing or by trimming or covering the hair, and that a small aerodynamic drag reduction can result in a significant performance increase. PMID- 3773667 TI - Effect of vibration on force sensation in fatigued muscle. AB - Nine subjects did repeated maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) of the right knee extensors to induce fatigue. At regular intervals during this process, they matched the force of a 50% MVC in the fatiguing right muscle with a contraction of the unfatigued left muscle that felt like the same force. Perturbations in force sensation were achieved by applying high-frequency vibration (160 Hz) to the patellar tendon of the fatigued muscle during one of a pair of 50% MVCs. The neural drive to the muscle was monitored from the surface electromyogram. Cycles of 10 fatiguing contractions followed by 2 matching contractions were repeated until the subjects could no longer produce 50% of the initial MVC or until they chose to stop. On the average, MVC force fell to 68% of its initial value by the end of 50 fatiguing contractions; almost all of the force loss occurred after completing the first 20 contractions. Maximal electromyograms declined proportionally, and percutaneous shocks delivered during fatiguing contractions did not produce a measurable twitch. This indicated that there was no central fatigue and that force loss was due to failure of the contractile apparatus. In the non-vibrated trials, force sensation increased as a mirror image of force loss. Vibration increased force sensation in the fresh muscle but the effect of vibration disappeared in fatiguing contractions. These data suggest that the sensory analog of muscular fatigue is not necessarily a consequence of alterations in peripheral receptors but may also reside in the central nervous system. PMID- 3773668 TI - Hydraulic resistance exercise benefits cardiovascular fitness of spinal cord injured. AB - The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of hydraulic resistance exercise training on fitness in spinal cord injured patients. Ten subjects (five quadriplegics and five paraplegics; seven males and three females) participated in a 9-wk training program. Subjects trained 3 times/wk. The 9-wk program was divided into three, 3-wk periods, designated stages I, II, and III. A discontinuous arm crank protocol was used to assess VO2max before and after training. Assessment of the intensity of the hydraulic resistance exercise was made by continuous ECG monitoring during training. A 60 to 90% maximum observed heart rate was calculated for subjects. The spinal cord-injured subjects' VO2max increased 28.1%, and maximum exercise power output increased 36.7% as a result of the 9-wk training program. Both of these findings were statistically significant (P less than 0.01). The exercise intensity was within a 60 to 90% training zone during stages II and III but not during stage I training. The results of this study indicate that hydraulic resistance exercise training may produce increased cardiovascular fitness in spinal cord-injured subjects. PMID- 3773669 TI - Evaluation and treatment of anterior knee pain using eccentric exercise. AB - Various authors have indicated that muscle imbalances might lead to knee pain and the potential for knee injury during sports. However, few reports have been published to substantiate such a hypothesis. But in all of the existing studies, only concentric torque measurements were evaluated. The purpose of the present study was to document any torque deficiencies which might be present during eccentric exercise in patients with knee pain. Of 130 patients with various knee disorders, 41 demonstrated a suppression in torque production during the eccentric exercise and generally in the portion of the range of movement between 30 degrees and 60 degrees of knee flexion (P less than 0.05). These individuals fit the criteria for anterior knee pain syndrome and demonstrated remarkable improvement after training 3 times/wk at concentric-eccentric exercises of the knee extensors at various speeds (30 degrees, 60 degrees, and 90 degrees . s-1) on a computer-controlled dynamometer (KIN/COM). In some cases, the pain as well as their torque deficiency was relieved after only 2 wk of training, most others were relieved after 2 to 4 wk of training. PMID- 3773670 TI - Self-efficacy mediates strength gains during circuit weight training in men with coronary artery disease. AB - Motivation to engage in health-promoting exercise has been ascribed to global personality traits such as self-esteem or athletic self-confidence. Self-Efficacy Theory challenges this view by proposing that highly specific estimates of personal capabilities mediate adoption of new or difficult behavior patterns. We tested this assumption by measuring self-efficacy perceptions in 40 men with coronary artery disease who participated in an experiment evaluating effects of circuit weight training (CWT). Specific self-efficacy estimates were assessed during baseline strength/endurance testing and after 10 wk participation in CWT or volleyball. Correlational analyses of self-efficacy in relation to performance on strength/endurance tests strongly supported the contention that adoption of novel activities is governed by highly specific self-perceptions. Participation in CWT produced greater strength and endurance gains than did volleyball, and these changes were accompanied by increased self-efficacy in CWT subjects for activities resembling the training tasks. The assertion that self-efficacy perceptions directly mediate involvement in challenging physical activities was supported by multiple regression analyses. These revealed that pre-training self efficacy judgments predicted post-test strength gains even after controlling for baseline strength, type of training and frequency of participation in exercise sessions. PMID- 3773671 TI - Cardiovascular responses to lower body negative pressure in endurance and static exercise-trained men. AB - The cardiovascular responses to lower body negative pressure (LBNP) (to -50 torr) were examined in 8 sedentary control (UT), 8 endurance-trained (ET), and 8 weight trained (WT) human subjects. The results were used to compare and contrast the blood pressure control system of the three subject groups. The primary differences in response included a more effective maintenance of blood pressure, by reason of greater stroke volume and cardiac indices of the WT subjects during LBNP (P less than 0.05). Peripheral vascular resistances were not different (P greater than 0.05) throughout LBN P between the three groups. Therefore, the improved blood pressure maintenance of the WT subjects was attributed to a cardiac effect. The ET subjects were less effective in maintaining blood pressure than UT or WT subjects. This finding was apparently due to an attenuated baroreflex sensitivity, as evidenced by a significantly (P less than 0.05) lower delta heart rate/delta systemic blood pressure ratio, 0.99 for ET vs 1.51 and 1.38 or the UT and WT groups respectively, calculated from the responses observed from 0 to -50 torr of LBNP. PMID- 3773672 TI - Aerobic fitness does not contribute to prediction of orthostatic intolerance. AB - Several investigations have suggested that orthostatic tolerance may be inversely related to aerobic fitness (VO2max). To test this hypothesis, 18 males (age 29 to 51 yr) underwent both treadmill VO2max determination and graded lower body negative pressures (LBNP) exposure to tolerance. VO2max was measured during the last minute of a Bruce treadmill protocol. LBNP was terminated based on pre syncopal symptoms, and LBNP tolerance (peak LBNP) was expressed as the cumulative product of LBNP and time (torr-min). Changes in heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, blood pressure, and impedance rheographic indices of mid-thigh leg fluid accumulation were measured at rest and during the final minute of LBNP. For all 18 subjects, mean (+/- SE) fluid accumulation index and leg venous compliance index at peak LBNP were 139 +/- 22 ml and 3.9 +/- 0.4 ml . 100 ml . torr-min-2 x 10(3), respectively. Pearson product-moment correlations and step wise linear regression were used to investigate relationships with peak LBNP. Variables associated with endurance training, such as VO2max and percent body fat, were not found to correlate significantly (P less than 0.05) with peak LBNP and did not add sufficiently to the prediction of peak LBNP to be included in the step-wise regression model. The step-wise regression model included only fluid accumulation index, leg venous compliance index, and blood volume, and resulted in a squared multiple correlation coefficient of 0.978. These data do not support the hypothesis that orthostatic tolerance as measured by LBNP is lower in individuals with high aerobic fitness. PMID- 3773673 TI - Failure of weight training to affect urinary indices of protein metabolism in men. AB - It is commonly believed by some athletes that strength building exercise "tears down" skeletal muscle tissue, thereby enhancing the dietary need for protein, but this has not been demonstrated. Ten college-age males served as subjects in a 15 d, controlled feeding study. The men were 23.1 +/- 2.2 yr old (mean +/- SD), 177 +/- 5 cm in height, and 71.7 +/- 9.1 kg in body weight (study days = 1 to 15). The lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet provided 0.9 g/kg protein and 15.1 +/- 0.4 MJ (3,604 +/- 104 kcal) . d-1 energy (study days = 6 to 15). On days 8 and 12, subjects participated in a standardized strength building, weight training exercise regimen. Post-exercise days 9 to 11 and 13 to 15 were designated for recovery. Daily (24-h) urine collections were analyzed for ammonia, creatinine, 3 methylhistidine, total nitrogen, and urea. There was no acute (24-h) effect of weight training exercise on any excretion levels. In particular, urinary 3 methylhistidine excretion data indicate that skeletal muscle protein catabolism was not changed by isolated bouts of weight training exercise. PMID- 3773674 TI - Effects of ingesting carbohydrate beverages during exercise in the heat. AB - Ingesting carbohydrate beverages during exercise in cool temperatures can improve endurance performance. However, because hyperosmotic solutions leave the stomach more slowly than water, carbohydrate beverages could be less effective in minimizing the dehydration and hyperthermia that accompany exercise in the heat. To determine the effect of osmotically different beverages on prolonged (2 h) treadmill exercise (65% VO2max) in the heat (T db = 35 degrees C), five male runners (age 24 to 41 yr) performed three separate runs drinking 200 ml every 20 min of either 10% glucose polymer (GP), 10% glucose (G), or saccharin-sweetened water (WH). A fourth run was performed in a cool (T db = 25 degrees C) room and included drinking saccharin-sweetened water (WC). Drink osmolalities (Osm) for runs GP, G, WH, and WC were 194, 586, 94, and 71 mmol . kg-1, respectively. No significant differences were observed between runs in the heat (GP, G, and WH) for heart rate, rectal and mean skin temperatures, sweat rate, percent change in plasma volume, and gastric residue volume. When compared to the WC run, both the GP and G runs yielded greater (P less than 0.05) declines in percent change in plasma volume, but only the G run had a greater (P less than 0.05) gastric residue volume. Neither plasma osmolality, total protein, nor [Na+] varied between runs. Plasma glucose, insulin, and respiratory exchange ratios were similar between the GP and G runs. However, the GP run yielded the lowest (P less than 0.05) plasma glycerol values. Although gastric residue volume (r = 0.68) and final percent change in plasma volume (r = 0.69) were significantly correlated with drink osmolality, thermoregulation was similar between runs in the heat despite the beverage consumed. PMID- 3773675 TI - Physical activity and bone mineral content in women aged 30 to 85 years. AB - The relationship of bone mineral content and level of physical activity was investigated in 83 Caucasian females, aged 30 to 85 yr. Bone mineral content was measured by photon absorptiometry at a site one-third the distance from the distal radius to the olecranon process. Anthropometric measurements were taken and percent fat estimated. Physical activity questionnaires were independently evaluated by five physical education professionals, and subjects were assigned to low (N = 19), moderate (N = 36), or high (N = 28) activity groups. A significant difference (P less than 0.05) was seen in bone mineral content and in bone mineral content divided by bone width between the most active group of women and the two less active groups, even with age and menstrual status as co-variates. Mean values for bone mineral content divided by bone width, when adjusted for age and menstrual status, were 0.622, 0.651, and 0.679 g . cm-2 for the low, moderate, and high activity groups, respectively. No difference was found between the moderate and low activity groups. Percent fat estimates and skinfold thicknesses showed that women in the high activity category were significantly leaner (P less than 0.05), although height, weight, and skeletal widths for the groups were equivalent. The data indicate that a high level of physical activity could be a factor in reducing age-related bone loss and in preserving lean body mass in women. PMID- 3773676 TI - Interaction of test protocol and horizontal run training on maximal oxygen uptake. AB - Twenty-seven untrained college-age males (mean age = 23.1 yr) volunteered for this 12-wk training study, which investigated potential interactions between training specificity and treadmill protocol specificity. The study was designed to analyze the interaction between a subject's maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) on an inclined protocol (IP) vs a horizontal protocol (HP) before and after training exclusively on flat terrain. Experimental subjects (E, N = 17) trained by running on flat terrain for 12 wk, 4 d/wk, 37 min/d at an intensity equal to 65 to 85% of their heart rate reserve while control subjects (C, N = 10) remained sedentary. All subjects underwent a minimum of four maximal treadmill tests (two with an IP and two with a HP) prior to training and two maximal treadmill tests (one IP and one HP) post-training. Multivariate analysis of variance and post-hoc t-tests using a pooled variance-covariance matrix were used to analyze the data. Alterations in E, consequent to training, included significant increases in VO2max [mean IP = 53.6 to 58.4 (+8.9%) and mean HP = 51.7 to 56.2 ml. kg-1 . min 1 (+8.7%)]. C showed a significant pre- to post-training decrease on the HP for VO2max [mean HP = 52.4 to 50.7 ml . kg-1 . min-1 (-3.2%)], but showed no significant change on the IP. There was no significant pre- to post-training interaction between protocols for VO2max. It was concluded that the post-training results do not support the concept of protocol specificity when evaluating VO2max in subjects trained exclusively on flat terrain. PMID- 3773677 TI - Interaction of test protocol and inclined run training on maximal oxygen uptake. AB - Twenty-two men, 17 to 27 years of age, volunteered to participate in an inclined terrain running program. Men were randomly assigned to a control (N = 10) or an experimental (N = 12) group. The experimental group ran on inclined terrain 4 times/wk for 35 min a session at an intensity of 65 to 85% of maximal aerobic power for 12 wk. The purpose of this study was to analyze the interaction between a subject's VO2max on an inclined protocol (IP) vs a horizontal protocol (HP) before and after training on incline terrain. VO2max, HRmax, VEmax, Rmax, and maximum treadmill time were evaluated on both treadmill protocols (IP and HP). Prior to training, results indicated no difference in VO2max values between protocols. Following training, VEmax, maximum treadmill time, and VO2max increased 8.7, 9.1, and 8.5%, respectively, on the IP and 5.8, 6.8, and 5.3% on the HP respectively. All increases were statistically significant at the 0.05 level. The post-training VO2max on the IP was significantly greater than the value on the HP. These results support the concept of specificity of training and indicate the importance of careful selection of both the test protocol as well as the test mode. PMID- 3773678 TI - Changes in some cellular immune parameters following exercise training. PMID- 3773679 TI - [Histoplasmosis]. AB - Histoplasmosis are deep mycoses of present interest: they are part of fungal diseases of A.I.D.S. American histoplasmosis at Histoplasma capsulatum is a world wide disease, particularly present in the U.S.A., time to time observed in Africa south of the Sahara primarily among Europeans. African histoplasmosis at H. duboisii is typically an African continent disease. H. capsulatum is a telluric fungus and man is contaminated from soil to his respiratory tract. It depends on his immunitary status that he develops either a non symptomatic affection or a severe one, even a fatal one. Epidemiology of H. duboisii is still full of unknowns. Pathological manifestations of each disease are very different: American histoplasmosis displays three stages: primary infection, spread attacks spontaneously fatal, chronic pulmonary form simulating sometimes a pseudo-tumor, pathologic manifestations of African histoplasmosis, studied from 206 cases already published, are primarily related to skin, glands and bones attack, displaying either a localized form or an immediately spread form. Diagnosis is based on finding the fungus in different samples, on research of sera-antibodies, often on anatomopathological investigations. At the present time, ketoconazole is the treatment. Histoplasmosis at H. capsulatum as well as at H.duboisii might appear outside endemic zones several years after contamination. PMID- 3773680 TI - [Respiratory manifestations in aspergillosis]. AB - Aspergillus is a genus of cosmopolitan fungi with a selective pulmonary tropism. Their pathogenic role is due either to spreading in pre-existing pulmonary cavities, or to their allergizing capacity. Cavitary sequellae of tuberculosis and suppuration, particularly frequent and important in tropical environment, are elective localization for Aspergillus colonization. Surgical treatment is nowadays the only efficient one. Allergic manifestations are a more complex problem of therapy, exclusion of allergen being difficult to get in tropical environment. PMID- 3773682 TI - [Mycoses in AIDS in the Central African Republic]. AB - Among the 155 cases of A.I.D.S. observed by the authors in Bangui (C.A.R.) from April 1985 to February 1986, 49 patients (31.6%) were carriers of mycosis. 42 candidosis, 5 cryptococcosis, 2 aspergillosis were found; the authors describe the clinical aspects, the localizations and the methods of diagnosis. PMID- 3773681 TI - [Cryptococcosis in Burundi in 1985. Report of 30 cases]. AB - Over a period of 23 months, 30 cases of cryptococcosis have been studied in Bujumbura (Burundi). Through them, epidemiological and clinical aspects have been underlined, and attempts have been made to establish links between cryptococcosis and A.I.D.S., which is significantly frequent in Central Africa. Cryptococcosis strikes young adults (40% between 30 and 35 years of age). Its high frequency in Bujumbura among patients infested by A.I.D.S., suggest some thoughts. A.I.D.S. in Central Africa, and particularly in Burundi, presents some peculiarities linked to surrounding and possibilities of diagnosis: opportunistic diseases are of different frequency in temperate or tropical climates: pneumocystosis are more frequent in U.S.A. but cryptococcosis and candidosis are more frequent in Africa because their diagnosis is easier. lack of classical risk factors in African populations is known, but other risk factors have to be taken into consideration: tuberculosis, intestinal parasitosis, chronic virus B hepatitis, protein-caloric deficiency. PMID- 3773683 TI - [Deep mycoses rarely described]. AB - Beside deep mycoses very well known: histoplasmosis, candidosis, cryptococcosis, there are other mycoses less frequently described. Some of them are endemic in some countries: South American blastomycosis in Brazil, coccidioidomycosis in California; some others are cosmopolitan and may affect everyone: sporotrichosis, or may affect only immunodeficient persons: mucormycosis. They do not spare Africa, we may encounter basidiobolomycosis, rhinophycomycosis, dermatophytosis, sporotrichosis and, more recently reported, rhinosporidiosis. Important therapeutic progresses have been accomplished with amphotericin B and with antifungus imidazole compounds (miconazole and ketoconazole). Surgical intervention is sometime recommended in chromomycosis and rhinosporidiosis. PMID- 3773684 TI - [Laboratory diagnosis of deep mycoses: generalities]. AB - The mycological, immunological and histological laboratory techniques in deep mycoses are of variable interest according to the responsible fungus. If direct exam is generally possible anywhere, and very valuable in some affections, immunological diagnosis is quite often dependent of a highly specialized laboratory. As injured tissues can be transported at a long distance, with some cares and precautions, histological exams are of great interest, taken into consideration the difficulty of direct as well as indirect exams. PMID- 3773685 TI - [Therapy of deep mycoses]. AB - In 1985, available drugs to cure deep mycosis are in fact limited to amphotericin B (Fungizone), 5-fluorocytosine (Ancotil) and ketoconazole (Nizoral). Potassium iodide is not much utilized. In diffuse aspergillosis and meningitic cryptococcosis, Fungizone by I.V. injection remains the high-grade antifungal drug--Ancotil is not actually used anymore in mono-therapy, but associated either with Fungizone in cryptococcosis and diffuse aspergillosis, or with Nizoral in systemic candidosis--Nizoral, which does not diffuse in C.S.F. and has a limited efficiency in immunosuppressive patients, is recommended in systemic candidosis and tropical deep mycosis, particularly histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, entomophtoromycosis, as well as in candidosis and diffuse aspergillosis prophylaxis in people at high risk. New antimycosis drugs are under studies: itraconazole efficient against aspergillus and fluconazole, which diffuses in C.S.F. and has a long time action. PMID- 3773686 TI - [Actual treatment of fungus mycetoma: interest in associating ketoconazole and conservative surgery]. AB - The author diagnosed and treated 66 cases of fungus mycetomae during his two years of assignment at the Nouakchott national hospital (Islamic Republic of Mauritania). Recent coming out of the youngest generation of an antifungus drug: ketoconazole, leads the author to change his therapeutic attitude towards such tumours. This article reports on promising results got by an original medico surgical association. The interest of such a treatment is also underlined by the poor results of the classical treatment, solely surgical, when it tries to be conservative. PMID- 3773687 TI - [An unusual localization of chromoblastomycosis]. AB - Most African cases of chromoblastomycosis present with lesions on the arms or legs. We report the case of a 48 years old man, a retired professional hunter, living in the Haut-Ogooue province of Gabon. The patient presented with extensive lesions of the upper thorax and left shoulder but none on the limbs. Direct examination of crusts and skin biopsies revealed spherical, septated, pigmented bodies. Fonsecaea pedrosoi was isolated in culture. The patient was treated with ketoconazole (400 mg per day). After 9 months of treatment, improvement was noted but cure had not been achieved. PMID- 3773688 TI - [A case of histoplasmosis caused by Histoplasma duboisii and treated by ketoconazole in Bangui (C.A.R.)]. AB - The authors report on one case of histoplasmosis in a young girl aged of 12, showing about 200 ulcerous vegetative lesions distributed on her body. Several different therapies were used without success. Utilization of ketoconazole during 187 days lead to a very favourable course. But the patient, escaping from medical control, died 5 months later. Existence of an acquired immunodeficient was supposed. PMID- 3773690 TI - Canine experimental free muscle transplantation. AB - Transplants of the cranial portion of the dog sartorius muscle were able to generate 70% of control force after 3 months if the artery, vein, and nerve were reanastomosed. Our histological and histochemical findings correlate with the functional findings. In a separate group of animals that had their muscles denervated prior to replantation, no collateral sprouting was noted and no function could be recorded when the nerve was stimulated proximally. These findings suggest that clinical application of free muscle transplantation is strongly supported by this animal model if due consideration is paid to surgical procedure and anatomical structure. PMID- 3773689 TI - [A new case of African histoplasmosis with multiple localizations in the bones]. AB - Bone localizations of histoplasmosis at H. duboisii are frequent (1 out of 3). Multiple localizations, far less frequent but not exceptional, are immediately diagnosed at the occasion of a systematic X-Ray check-up, or later, as presented in this case. Multiple localizations give evidence of the septicaemic diffusion of the pathogenic agent. PMID- 3773691 TI - End-to-end and end-to-side microvascular anastomoses: a comparative study. AB - The decision to use an end-to-end versus end-to-side anastomosis remains a controversial issue in microvascular surgery, although it is generally accepted that certain clinical situations require skills in both techniques (eg, vessel size discrepancy or the need to preserve donor vessel distal flow). Using rats, this investigation presents a unique free flap model comparing not only arterial end-to-end and end-to-side anastomoses, but venous anastomoses as well. There were 15 animals in each anastomosis group with a greater than 80% flap survival rate in each group. This supports findings of earlier studies that suggested no difference in survival when these two anastomosis types were compared. Equally important was the assessment of dermofluorometry as an immediate postoperative perfusion monitoring device. In this model, fluorometry was not found to be useful for predicting flap viability in an early period after completion of the anastomoses. PMID- 3773692 TI - Intimal tears and their relationship to long-term patency in the rat femoral artery. AB - The prognostic importance of arterial intimal tears is not certain in the long term. We have developed a model to evaluate pure intimal damage in the absence of other soft tissue injury or arterial anastomoses to study the effect of isolated traumatic arterial intimal tears. Groups of ten rats each were examined at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 48 weeks and were shown to have no incidence of thrombosis of the femoral artery following traumatic intimal tears. Histologically, there was persistence of medial disorganization and smooth muscle hypertrophy up to 48 weeks. We feel that intimal lesions alone do not predispose a rat femoral artery to thrombosis but might do so in the presence of significant soft tissue injury or an arterial anastomosis. PMID- 3773693 TI - Modifications of the vein wall after microsurgical end-to-side artero-venous anastomosis. AB - The repercussions on the venous wall of the creation of 20 artero-venous anastomoses (AVA) between the femoral artery and vein of the rat have been evaluated. The rats were killed 7, 15, 30, and 90 days after AVA, and AVAs were examined by optical microscopy and by scanning electronic microscopy. Deposits of whitish material that nearly completely occluded the venous lumen were seen, especially in the group studied longer than 90 days. These venous wall lesions, which resemble arteriosclerotic lesions, must be attributed to the new hemodynamic situation created by the AVA. The implications of such findings for the long-term validity of venous graft in vascular microsurgery and the long-term patency of the AVA in hemodialyzed children are discussed. PMID- 3773694 TI - Microvascular silicon replamineform grafts of 2- and 5-cm lengths: experimental studies. AB - Replamineform silicone microvascular grafts 1 mm in diameter were cut to clinically useful lengths (2 and 5 cm) and used to reconstruct segments of the femoral artery in the rabbit. Despite initial patency and flow rates comparable to flow seen in vein graft repairs and primary repair, no long-term patency was observed. The theoretical biomechanical advantages of this kind of graft material have not solved the problem of long microvascular grafting. PMID- 3773695 TI - [Neoplasm risk in men occupationally exposed to asbestos dust]. AB - To evaluate the magnitude of cancer risk in those occupationally exposed to asbestos dust, a historically prospective cohort has been investigated. The observation covered 2403 men employed for at least 3 months, within 1945-1973, in a factory producing various asbestos products--including chrysotile. The cohort availability on 31 Dec. 1981 was 91.3%. The risk analysis was based on the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) calculated by the man-years method. The reference group was composed of general men population in Poland. Totally, in the test cohort 401 deaths were certified, in this 73 due to malignant tumours and 31 due to the respiratory system cancer. The total standardized mortality ratio (SMR) came to 85, for malignant tumours, SMR = 104.8 for the respiratory system cancer SMR = 144.7, lung cancer-139.5%. Those values were not statistically significant. In the cohort of those employed during 1945-1955, selected due to a very high concentration of asbestos dust at this time and long observation time from the first contact with asbestos dust, the total SMR was 90.7, the one for malignant tumours-136.2 (p less than 0.05). In this cohort 21 deaths for the respiratory system cancer were observed, the total SMR = 191.1 (p less than 0.01), in this 18 for the lung cancer, SMR = 187.1 (p less than 0.05). The other cancer groups did not exhibit any statistically significant standardized mortality rate. The analysis points to a considerable lung cancer risk in those occupationally exposed to asbestos dust at the time of high non-controlled asbestos dust concentrations. PMID- 3773696 TI - [Effect of diazepam and phenobarbital on the acute toxicity of bicyclic organophosphorus esters]. AB - Bicyclic phosphorus esters (BCP) originating from the combustion of fire retardant polyurethane foam containing phosphorus are highly toxic compounds and potent antagonists of GABA-ergic receptors. The clinical symptoms of the poisoning are grand mal seizures. The results of experiments on rats demonstrated that diazepam and phenobarbital reduce acute toxicity of the isopropyl-BCP derivative and remarkably smooth poisoning symptoms. PMID- 3773697 TI - [Effect of long-term exposure to high manganese levels in the air of the work area on the content of various immunoproteins in the blood]. AB - Fifty-four subjects chronically exposed to high manganese concentrations due to professional melting of iron-manganese alloys have been examined. The threshold limit value was exceeded 3 to 4-fold. The minimum length of employment in exposure was 5 years, whereas the average-17.7 years. Control groups were matched by age, length of employment and energy expense. Among the determined parameters, i.e. IgG, IgA, IgM concentrations in blood serum and C3 and C4 elements of the complement--only the IgM concentration was significantly lower, whereas the others were not significantly different from those in relevant control groups. PMID- 3773698 TI - [Interactions between herbicides and various of the most frequently used drug groups. I. Interactions between chronically administered herbicides: carbendazyme, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and drugs affecting the circulatory system]. AB - The influence of chronically administered (6 weeks) herbicides (KAR, 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T) on pharmacological effects of quinidine, reserpine and strophantin K in mice and rats was examined in vivo. The investigated herbicides produced in mice an increase in acute toxicity of strophantin K, the acute toxicity of either reserpine oro quinidine being unchanged. The herbicides alone, after 6 weeks administration, significantly increased mean arterial pressure of rats, however the hypotensive response to reserpine was not statistically influenced in these animals as compared with controls. The prolonged administration of investigated herbicides produced also the increased sensibility of heart to the arrhythmic effects of quinidine and ouabain as observed in the ecg pattern in rats treated with increasing doses of these agents. The studies indicate the significance of the possible pharmacological interactions between the drugs affecting cardiovascular system and commonly used herbicides in men. PMID- 3773699 TI - [A permanent noise-induced shift in the auditory threshold in textile industry workers]. AB - Hearing thresholds have been measured in 236 cotton weaving mill workers (124 women: average age 42.5 +/- 11.2 years, average length of employment 19.5 +/- 10.6 years and 112 men: average age 41.2 +/- 10.3 years, average length of employment 19.0 +/- 11.1 years) exposed to continuous broadband noise of the constant level of approx. 100 dB-A. 90% of subjects exhibited the permanent threshold shift characterized by a great individual variability and maximum loss at the 4 kHz frequency. Those lesions were getting enhanced with increasing length of exposure and were more serious in elder age groups. No significant differences between the hearing loss intensity in men and women were found. The development of the hearing loss is characterized by its rapid increase within 3, 4 and 6 kHz during the initial 8 years of exposure, stabilization between years 9 12 and slow moderate increase within the further 13-31 years of exposure. Those conclusions should be implemented into practice through an increase in the frequency of preventive audiometric tests in the initial period of work in exposure which has such a great impact on the development of the hearing impairment. PMID- 3773700 TI - [Classification of hearing loss in industrial workers for the purpose of expert testimony]. AB - Periodical examinations of 472 industrial workers exposed to noise promoted classification of those workers' hearing into four categories: A. Normal hearing, B. Non-noise-induced impairments, C. Multi-causal impairments, not excluding noise, D. Chronic acoustic trauma. To the particular categories, appropriate qualifying, preventive or therapeutic procedure have been ascribed. Appropriate hearing category (A, B, C or D) entered into the worker's health record book would spare repeating the medical examinations at a new workplace, simplify administrative, certificatory (selection of the workplace, prevention or treatment) and claiming procedures. PMID- 3773701 TI - [Vocational rehabilitation and its functional evaluation in the naval shipyard]. AB - Rehabilitation problems in the shipyard industry have been analysed basing on the data on workers undergoing rehabilitation at the professional rehabilitation centre at the naval shipyard within 6 years. The analysis of the data on 1471 people undergoing rehabilitation at this time demonstrated that in the structure of rehabilitated people those aged 31-40 (42.5% of the total number of subjects) dominated; those were welders employed for 6-10 years (22.7%). The most important contraindications for the continuation of work were diseases and traumata caused by accidents at work (18.7%) and occupational diseases (3.5%). PMID- 3773702 TI - [Determining sexivalent chromium compounds in the air]. AB - Within the studies, three methodological versions of the determination of VI chromium with diphenylcarbazide have been evaluated. The versions differed primarily by the technique of elution (acid, alkaline) of the chromium sample from the filter. As optimum conditions for determining Cr VI in the presence of Cr III and Fe III, the parameters adopted by Carelli have been determined, some modifications being made consisting in improving and simplifying the analytical procedures, as well as making them more precise, and in the use of available materials. PMID- 3773703 TI - Aging and memory for faces versus single views of faces. PMID- 3773704 TI - Temporal properties of memory for speech in preschool children. PMID- 3773705 TI - Attenuating the visual suffix effect with color. PMID- 3773706 TI - Word and picture identification: is representational parsimony possible? PMID- 3773707 TI - Syllables and spelling units affect feature integration in words. PMID- 3773708 TI - The internal structure of English transitive sentences. PMID- 3773709 TI - Constraints on spontaneous transfer in problem-solving tasks. PMID- 3773710 TI - Context-dependent effects on analogical transfer. PMID- 3773711 TI - State and county mental hospitals, United States, 1982-83 and 1983-84, with trend analyses from 1973-74 to 1983-84. PMID- 3773712 TI - Characteristics of admissions to the inpatient services of state and county mental hospitals, United States, 1980. PMID- 3773714 TI - Public policy and professional behavior. PMID- 3773713 TI - Leisure: a moral imperative. PMID- 3773715 TI - Medication and treatment of schizophrenia in persons with mental retardation. PMID- 3773716 TI - National survey of state-sponsored training for residential direct-care staff. PMID- 3773717 TI - Medical conditions underlying increasing mortality of institutionalized persons with mental retardation. PMID- 3773718 TI - Prehospitalization preparation for institutionalized people with mental retardation: a nursing approach. PMID- 3773719 TI - Court procedures for placements in community living facilities. PMID- 3773720 TI - Leucine and alpha-ketoisocaproate metabolism and interconversions in fed and fasted sheep. AB - Fed and three-day-fasted sheep were infused with [1-14C] alpha-ketoisocaproate (KIC), L-[1-14C] leucine, and [14C] bicarbonate for determination of their whole body turnovers, interconversions, and oxidation. Protein synthesis (PS), protein degradation (PD), net tissue metabolism, unidirectional utilization, and production rates also were estimated for the portal-drained viscera, liver, and hindquarters. KIC and leucine arterial concentrations (6.5 and 95 mumol X L-1) both increased with fasting. KIC turnover (9 mumol X min-1) also increased but leucine turnover (108 mumol X min-1) decreased. About 40% of KIC and 15% of leucine were oxidized, but they contributed less than 1% of whole-body CO2 production. The portal-drained viscera released KIC and leucine into the blood only in fed sheep. Hepatic net utilization of KIC and leucine (approximately 2 and 12 mumol X min-1) changed only little with fasting; thus, total splanchnic tissues utilized both in fasted sheep. Net metabolism by the hindquarters (representative of skeletal muscle) was always opposite to splanchnic metabolism. Thus, muscle must produce both KIC and leucine during fasting. In fed sheep whole body PS, expressed as mumol X min-1 of leucine, was 92 +/- 6 and PD was 71 +/- 5. After fasting, PS decreased by 27%. Calculated liver protein metabolism was unaffected by the fast; PS (fixed and plasma) remained at about 25 and PD at about 15 mumol X min-1. However, protein metabolism by the hindquarters was sensitive to fasting; PS decreased from 30 +/- 4 in fed sheep to 20 +/- 3 mumol X min-1 after fasting and PD increased from 27 +/- 2 to 35 +/- 6 mumol X min-1. Thus, hepatic PS was maintained at the expense of muscle. If the total muscle mass of the body is considered, muscle PS contributed more than one half of whole body PS. PMID- 3773721 TI - Alterations in lipid and protein profiles of plasma lipoproteins in middle-aged men consequent to an aerobic exercise program. AB - Thirty-four healthy, untrained middle-aged males (mean = 58.2 years) volunteered for a longitudinal study investigating alterations in lipoprotein profiles consequent to 20 weeks of aerobic training. Twenty randomly selected experimental subjects (E) participated in a walk/run training program 3 d/wk, 48 min/d, at an intensity equal to 65% to 85% of their heart rate reserve, while 14 control subjects (C) remained in an untrained state. Blood samples were obtained in the morning after a 14-hour fast. Plasma lipoproteins were separated by ultracentrifugation and agarose-column chromatography into very low (VLDL), low (LDL), and high (HDL) density lipoprotein fractions. A training effect was evidenced in E by significant increases (P less than 0.001) in absolute VO2 max (15.2%) and relative VO2 max (16.8%). Dietary composition was monitored pretraining and posttraining with no significant change seen in either E or C. Alterations in the lipoprotein profile of E included a significant increase in HDL-cholesterol (16.6%) and significant reductions in VLDL-cholesterol (72.1%), LDL-triglyceride (26.5%), VLDL-protein (33.5%), and LDL-protein (18.7%). Furthermore, no significant changes in the level of HDL-protein and apolipoprotein AI in the HDL fraction were observed in either E or C. These data suggest that aerobic training can significantly increase HDL-cholesterol and alter lipoprotein profiles, which may subsequently reduce the risk of coronary artery disease. PMID- 3773722 TI - Differential effects of calcium-regulating hormones on bone metabolism in weanling rats orally administered zinc sulfate. AB - The effect of calcium-regulating hormones on bone metabolism was investigated in weanling rats orally administered zinc sulfate. Administration of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3 (150 ng/100 g BW) or parathyroid hormone (1-34) (PTH) (10 U/100 g) produced significant increases in alkaline phosphatase activity and DNA content in the femoral diaphysis, while calcitonin (CT) (1.0 U/100 g) did not have a significant effect. Administration of zinc (1.0 mg/100 g) caused a significant elevation of alkaline phosphatase activity and DNA content in the femoral diaphysis. In combination with these hormones and zinc, both 1,25(OH)2D3 and zinc caused a synergistic increase in diaphyseal alkaline phosphatase activity and DNA content, while the combination with zinc and PTH, or zinc and CT did not cause a synergistic increase. The synergistic effects in combination with 1,25(OH)2D3 and zinc were completely inhibited by treatment of mitomycin C (10 micrograms/100 g). Meanwhile, the increase in diaphyseal zinc content following zinc administration was not altered by treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3. These results indicate that zinc synergistically enhances 1,25(OH)2D3-stimulated bone metabolism. This suggests a physiologic significance of zinc in the regulation of bone metabolism. PMID- 3773723 TI - Clearance defects in primary chylomicronemia: a study of tissue lipoprotein lipase activities. AB - Tissue and postheparin lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activities were assayed in a heterogeneous group of eight chylomicronemic subjects ranging in age from 15 years to 55 years. Three patients, presenting with the classical genetic and clinical features of type I hyperlipoproteinemia, had virtually absent adipose tissue LPL activity and markedly reduced muscle LPL activity (between 5% and 20% of normal). A fourth patient, with a similar but more benign lipoprotein and clinical phenotype, showed reduced adipose tissue LPL activity (10% of control) but retained essentially normal muscle enzyme. This patient represents a variant form of familial LPL deficiency. Two of the four remaining patients presented with typical features of adult type V hyperlipoproteinemia associated with familial hypertriglyceridemia (type IV and V phenotypes) in first-degree relatives. Adipose tissue LPL activities were 25% to 35% of the control mean in these patients, but muscle activities were normal or elevated. A third patient had suggestively similar tissue enzyme levels, but a family study could not be carried out. The eighth patient presented with a brittle type V phenotype, normolipidemia in the two first-degree relatives available for study and normal lipolytic activity in adipose tissue, muscle, and postheparin plasma assayed against a 14C-triolein substrate. An oral fat load in this patient, however, led to a marked but transient increase in light scattering suggesting defective clearance. Mixing experiments in vitro using a chylomicron substrate strongly suggested an extrinsic defect of lipolysis due to the inhibitory effect of excess very low density lipoprotein peptides, presumably apo C-III.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3773724 TI - Aging and dietary influences on plasma lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in nonhuman primates. AB - Nineteen young (3 to 4-years-old), 25 adult (8 to 14-years-old), and 22 aged (18 years and older) pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) were fed a semipurified control diet stringent in fat, cholesterol, refined sugar, and sodium for six months. Each group was almost equally divided by sex. Thereafter, half of each age group was fed a test diet high in fat (41% of calories), cholesterol (865 mg/kg), sodium, and refined sugar, while the rest consumed the control diet. After three years of dietary treatment, plasma and blood volumes were determined and fasting blood samples were collected for lipoprotein analysis. The protein content of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) was increased in the test animals as compared to the controls. In general, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, protein, and apolipoprotein B-100 values were markedly elevated by the test diet. However, these elevations were mainly confined to the young and adult groups, with little or no increases observed in the old group. The test diet also induced small but significant increases in high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, protein, and apolipoprotein A-I values. In addition, HDL cholesterol and protein values were higher in young females than males, whereas this trend was not observed in adults. PMID- 3773725 TI - Abnormal plasma cholesterol metabolism in cigarette smokers. AB - Plasma cholesterol metabolism was studied in young, nonobese, normolipidemic men with a moderate level of cigarette smoking (24 +/- 5d-1) and in a comparable nonsmoking normal control group. The smokers showed a decreased cholesterol net transport from cell membranes into plasma (P less than 0.001) and a decreased ratio of cholesteryl ester transfer to low and very low density lipoprotein, relative to lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (P less than 0.05). Apoprotein E was increased in smokers' plasma (P less than 0.05) whereas apoprotein A-I, the major apoprotein of HDL, was decreased (P less than 0.05). This pattern of abnormalities has been previously observed in several other groups of subjects at increased risk for atherosclerotic vascular disease (diabetics, dysbetalipoproteinemics, and hyperbetalipoproteinemics). These data suggest a deleterious effect of smoking on plasma lipoprotein metabolism significant even in young smokers, which could partly explain the later incidence of atherosclerotic vascular disease in this group. PMID- 3773726 TI - Diabetic autonomic neuropathy. PMID- 3773728 TI - Postheparin plasma lipolytic activities in physically active and sedentary men after varying and repeated doses of intravenous heparin. AB - We sought to determine the optimal dose of heparin for evaluating the activities of lipoprotein lipase (LPLA) and hepatic triglyceride hydrolase (HTGLA) in postheparin plasma. Nine physically active and ten sedentary men (age 30 +/- 5 yr, mean +/- SD) received 30, 50, 75, and 100 IU/kg of heparin in random order during a 2-week period. Based on all the samples, the average LPLA in the athletes was 43% higher (P less than 0.001) and HTGLA was 19% lower than in the untrained subjects (NS). The greatest LPLA was obtained after a heparin dose of 75 IU/kg, but LPLA after the three highest doses were not significantly different. There was also a dose effect on HTGLA (P less than 0.001) with greatest activities following doses of 75 and 100 IU/kg. Despite these dose effects, subjects maintained their rank order for both postheparin lipase activities regardless of the heparin dose. The only exception was for LPLA in the sedentary men probably because of lower LPLA and a smaller range of values. We also examined the effect of repeated daily injections of 75 IU/kg heparin on LPLA, HTGLA, and serum lipids. Repeated heparin administration on three consecutive days produced no significant effects on the apparent lipase activities. When all subjects were combined, HDL-cholesterol was increased over time (P less than 0.05) due to increases in both the HDL2 (P less than 0.05) and HDL3-cholesterol (NS) subfractions. Infusion of heparin or saline on three consecutive days into 18 additional men, however, had no effect on any lipid parameter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3773727 TI - Muscle energy metabolism in uremia. AB - Energy-rich phosphagens were measured in 11 patients with end-stage chronic renal failure and 11 nonuremic subjects. A significant decrease of ATP, phosphocreatine, total adenine nucleotides, lactate, and energy charge was found. The present results can be referred both to glycolytic sequence disturbances and to the lack of substrates characteristic of uremia. PMID- 3773729 TI - Enzyme structure. PMID- 3773730 TI - Use of gel electrophoresis to characterize multimolecular aggregates. PMID- 3773731 TI - Quantitative DNase footprint titration: a method for studying protein-DNA interactions. PMID- 3773732 TI - Prediction of protein structure. PMID- 3773733 TI - Effects of microheterogeneity on sedimentation patterns of interacting proteins and the sedimentation behavior of systems involving two ligands. PMID- 3773734 TI - Calculation of protein conformation from circular dichroism. PMID- 3773735 TI - Magnetic circular dichroism. PMID- 3773736 TI - Resolution-enhanced Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of enzymes. PMID- 3773737 TI - Criteria for distinguishing self-associations in velocity sedimentation. PMID- 3773738 TI - Protein secondary structure analysis using Raman amide I and amide III spectra. PMID- 3773739 TI - Ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy of biopolymers. PMID- 3773740 TI - Measurement of linear polymer formation by small-angle light scattering. PMID- 3773742 TI - Calculation of electrostatic interactions in proteins. PMID- 3773741 TI - Resonance Raman studies of ligand binding. PMID- 3773743 TI - Stabilization and destabilization of protein structure by charge interactions. PMID- 3773744 TI - Measurements of diffusion and chemical kinetics by fluorescence photobleaching recovery and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. PMID- 3773745 TI - The measurement of cooperative protein self-assembly by turbidity and other techniques. PMID- 3773746 TI - Fluorescence lifetimes with a synchrotron source. PMID- 3773747 TI - Fluorescence polarization at high pressure. PMID- 3773748 TI - Stopped-flow circular dichroism. PMID- 3773749 TI - The measurement of the kinetics of lipid phase transitions: a volume-perturbation kinetic calorimeter. PMID- 3773750 TI - Thermodynamic parameters for protein-protein and protein-ligand interaction by differential scanning microcalorimetry. PMID- 3773751 TI - Calculation of asymptotic boundary shapes from experimental mass migration patterns. PMID- 3773752 TI - Structure and interactions of proteins in solution studied by small-angle neutron scattering. PMID- 3773753 TI - Enzyme structure. Part L. PMID- 3773754 TI - Folding intermediates studied by circular dichroism. PMID- 3773755 TI - Amide proton exchange as a probe of protein folding pathways. PMID- 3773756 TI - Detection of folding intermediates using urea-gradient electrophoresis. PMID- 3773757 TI - Protein folding in cryosolvents and at subzero temperatures. PMID- 3773758 TI - Complementation in folding and fragment exchange. PMID- 3773759 TI - Refolding and association of oligomeric proteins. PMID- 3773760 TI - Mutational analysis of protein folding pathways: the P22 tailspike endorhamnosidase. PMID- 3773761 TI - Determination and analysis of urea and guanidine hydrochloride denaturation curves. PMID- 3773762 TI - Internal dynamics of proteins. PMID- 3773763 TI - Protein folding: introductory comments. PMID- 3773764 TI - Observation of internal motility of proteins by nuclear magnetic resonance in solution. PMID- 3773765 TI - Protein dynamics by solid state nuclear magnetic resonance. PMID- 3773766 TI - Internal motion of proteins: nuclear magnetic resonance measurements and dynamic simulations. PMID- 3773767 TI - Study of protein dynamics by X-ray diffraction. AB - Properly carried out, high-resolution X-ray diffraction data collection followed by careful least-squares refinement can give the spatial distribution of the high frequency mean-square displacements in a protein. These displacements reflect both individual atomic fluctuations in hard variables (bond lengths and bond angles) and collective motions involving soft variables (torsion angles, nonbonded interactions). Lower frequency, large amplitude motions and rapid but improbable motions are not quantifiable, but they may lead to such complete disorder that their existence can at least be inferred from the absence of interpretable electron density for some sections of the structure. Interior residues are more rigid than groups on the surface, and structural constraints are reflected in restricted motion even for surface residues. Amplitudes of motion of 0.5 A or greater are not uncommon. The temperature dependence of these fast motions varies considerably over the structure. In general, large [chi 2] values have large temperature dependence, while small displacements are less affected by temperature; however, exceptions are common. Significant reduction in [chi 2] on cooling establishes that proteins are mobile even in the crystalline state, and that static disorder is not the dominant contributor to the individual mean square displacements. Disordered regions in electron density maps are no longer automatically taken as signs of errors in structure determination. It is now recognized that the absence of strong electron density is often an indicator of conformational flexibility. Some of the functional roles for protein dynamics are beginning to be understood. Missing from these results are the physicochemical details that can be extracted from thermal motion analysis of small molecule crystal structures. Application of these methods to protein data is very difficult, but it is well to remember that just over 10 years ago it was commonly felt that protein structures could not even be refined. Certainly some small, well-diffracting proteins should be amenable to many of the sophisticated small-molecule analyses, as they yield X-ray data to resolutions comparable to simple organic structures. The most important type of analysis that awaits is anisotropic B factor refinement, which would give the principal directions of motion added to the amplitude information now obtained. Unfortunately, refinement of unrestrained anisotropic thermal elipsoids requires six parameters for each atom instead of a single isotropic B parameter, and even 1.5 A resolution data do not provide enough overdeterminacy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3773768 TI - Scanning microcalorimetry in studying temperature-induced changes in proteins. PMID- 3773769 TI - Protein dynamics investigated by neutron diffraction. AB - The most correct model of the molecular structure of a protein molecule is one which describes it as having a number of variable conformational states. These states differ in degree over a large spectrum of structural variation ranging from individual atomic vibrational motion to significant tertiary denaturation. The application of the neutron diffraction techniques discussed above dealt with two classes of conformational fluctuation, "protein breathing" and "regional melting." The utility of the neutron technique stems from the ability to locate hydrogen atoms and to discriminate between hydrogens and deuteriums. This latter attribute allows for performing H/D exchange experiments by identifying individual sites of exchange. With this information it has been possible to discern which regions of the protein molecule undergo regional melting. Protein breathing was explored by analyzing the rotational properties of side chain methyl groups. Such information clearly suggested that most of these groups reside in "staggered" (low energy) conformation in the time averaged structure and are not greatly affected by local structural packing. Together these two classes of conformational fluctuation span nearly the full range of all motions that might play a role in biological activity. Information about such motions can be obtained from other types of physicochemical methods, but in most cases the interpretation of the data is considerably less definitive than that which can be obtained from a neutron analysis. PMID- 3773770 TI - Individual breathing reactions measured by functional labeling and hydrogen exchange methods. PMID- 3773771 TI - Kinetic mechanisms of protein folding. PMID- 3773772 TI - Fluorescence studies of structural fluctuations in macromolecules as observed by fluorescence spectroscopy in the time, lifetime, and frequency domains. AB - Fluorescence spectroscopy provides numerous opportunities for determination of the dynamic properties of macromolecules. Measurements may be performed in the time, lifetime, or the frequency domain. Presently, the highest resolution is provided by the frequency-domain measurements, using the newly available instruments. PMID- 3773773 TI - Mossbauer effect in the study of structure dynamics. PMID- 3773774 TI - Fast-folding and slow-folding forms of unfolded proteins. PMID- 3773775 TI - Disulfide bonds as probes of protein folding pathways. PMID- 3773776 TI - Formalization of medical knowledge. PMID- 3773777 TI - Automated development of clinical strategies using multistage decision analysis. PMID- 3773778 TI - Subjective expected utility and referral decisions in obesity. PMID- 3773780 TI - The design of computer forms for tropical medical research. PMID- 3773779 TI - Computerization of the patient history--patient answers compared with medical records. PMID- 3773781 TI - Clinical trial size: fixed versus group-sequential designs. PMID- 3773782 TI - Evaluation of some strategies for treating concomitant factors in randomized trials. PMID- 3773783 TI - Effects of urea phosphate, ammonium ions and pH on Ureaplasma ATP synthesis. AB - The effects of various reaction conditions and the influence of urea and its hydrolysis products on Ureaplasma ATP synthesis were assayed using of a pH stat system which avoids the unfavourable changes of the external pH. The results proved that ATP synthesis required the presence of an optimal phosphate concentration and was dependent on the urea content of the reaction mixture. The data suggest that urea is the energetic source for ureaplasma growth and ammonium ions and pH could interfere in an additive way with the production of energy, only when the starting pH of the medium is kept in a slightly basic range. PMID- 3773784 TI - Related structures in the plasmid profiles of Bifidobacterium longum. AB - The plasmid profiles of 123 strains of B. longum were examined with the Southern blot-hybridization technique to reveal the existence of related structures. B. longum is the apparently unique species among those commonly found in man, which harbours extrachromosomal elements. Seven different structures were found and their frequency and distribution given. Twelve strains were used a source of probes in the hybridization experiments. PMID- 3773785 TI - Related structures in the plasmid profiles of Bifidobacterium asteroides, B. indicum and B. globosum. AB - Seventy strains of B. asteroides isolated from the honey bees Apis mellifera and A. cerana raised in 15 different countries, 73 strains of B. indicum from Apis dorsata and A. cerana from The Philippines and 28 strains of B. globosum isolated from feces of various animals and sewage, were studied for the existence of related structures among their plasmid complements with the Southern blot hybridization technique. Thirteen different structures were found in B. asteroides and three in B. indicum and B. globosum. A total of twenty five strains were used as source of probes in the hybridization experiments. PMID- 3773786 TI - Trends in medicine projected. PMID- 3773787 TI - Legal counsel discusses professional liability funds. PMID- 3773788 TI - Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) actinomycetemcomitans in periodontal disease. AB - Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) actinomycetemcomitans is a facultatively anaerobic, gram-negative coccobacillus which is a possible etiological agent in juvenile periodontitis (JP). In this study, bacterial flora, especially the occurrence of A. actinomycetemcomitans, in the periodontal pockets of one juvenile with gingivitis (G), one JP patients, five rapidly progressive periodontitis (RP) patients and one adult periodontitis(AP) patient, and one adult with healthy periodontium was investigated using a blood agar medium and a selective medium for A. actinomycetemcomitans. Eight hundred and sixty-five bacteria were isolated from the periodontal pockets, examined for their gram-stain, cell morphologies, relations to O2 and CO2 and catalase reaction, and divided into 21 groups on the basis of these characters. Among the isolates, 604 isolates were further characterized biochemically and identified. A. actinomycetemcomitans was found as 0.2% of the flora of a site in the JP patient, as 9% of the flora of a site in the G patient, and as 19% and 1%, respectively, of the flora of a site in the two RP patients. However, the organism was not detected in another lesion site of the JP patient. In our JP and RP patients, Fusobacterium, Wolinella, Streptococcus, and obligately anaerobic, gram-positive cocci were frequently found at high levels. The bacterial flora of the G and AP patients were more heterogeneous and included Bacteroides at relatively high proportions. These results indicate that A. actinomycetemcomitans is not always associated with JP but occurred in some patients with RP and G. PMID- 3773789 TI - Pathogenic significance of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus: analysis of experimental infection in mice. AB - The phenomenon that mixed infection with certain species of bacteria and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus is more virulent than single infection was analyzed experimentally. In mixed infections with A. calcoaceticus paired with either Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the virulence of the latter three organisms was markedly increased over that of single infections only by slime-producing strains of A. calcoaceticus. Of the 100 strains of A. calcoaceticus tested, 14 had slime-producing ability. There was scarcely any difference in the chemical components of the slimes of the two strains tested, but the components of the slime of P. aeruginosa were different from those of these strains. The slime of these two strains exhibited lethal activity in mice, but no correlation was found between the amount of slime produced and the virulence. The slime enhanced the virulence of E. coli, S. marcescens, and P. aeruginosa when it was inoculated along with their viable cells. Furthermore, the slime exhibited potent cell-impairing activity against mouse neutrophils both in vitro and in vivo. This activity was considered to be mainly responsible for the enhancement of virulence in mixed infections. PMID- 3773791 TI - Age-specific prevalence of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and antibody to HBeAg (anti-HBe) among asymptomatic hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers in Okinawa and Kyushu, Japan. AB - A total of 1,741 asymptomatic hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers in two areas (Okinawa and Kyushu) in Japan were surveyed for the presence of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and the corresponding antibody (anti-HBe) to determine the age specific prevalence of these markers and the mean age of carriers with HBeAg. Prevalence of HBeAg was significantly higher in Kyushu (36.4% of 755 carriers) than in Okinawa (20.0% of 986 carriers) (P less than 0.001). The mean age of carriers with HBeAg was 25.5 years in Kyushu and 16.1 years in Okinawa, suggesting that HBeAg converted to anti-HBe earlier in Okinawa than in Kyushu. In contrast, the prevalence of anti-HBe was significantly higher in Okinawa (74.6% of 986) than in Kyushu (56.3% of 755) (P less than 0.001). The prevalence of HBeAg decreased with age up to 40-49 years of age and then increased in both areas. Prevalence of anti-HBe was inversely related to the prevalence of HBeAg in both areas. These data suggest that HBeAg and anti-HBe are chronological markers of chronic hepatitis B virus infection and that the duration of HBeAg persistence can be different in different area, even in the same country. PMID- 3773790 TI - Purification and characterization of heat-labile toxin from Bordetella bronchiseptica. AB - The heat-labile toxin (HLT) of Bordetella bronchiseptica was purified successively from sonic extracts of phase I organisms grown in Stainer-Scholte medium, by partition in hydrophobic interaction, sucrose density gradient centrifugation, gel filtration through Sepharose 4B and 6B, isoelectric precipitation and isoelectric focusing. The purified HLT was homogeneous by disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the gel diffusion-test, and free of detectable hemagglutinin and endotoxin activity. A 386-fold purification over the crude extract was obtained at a yield of about 28%, and a minimum dose of 0.9 ng was dermonecrotizing with a lesion 5 mm in diameter in guinea pigs and induced splenoatrophy. The mouse LD50 was 200 ng (intraperitoneal) or 70 ng (intravenous). The HLT was found to be a simple protein with an isoelectric point of pI 6.9. It has a molecular weight of 102,000 estimated by Sepharose 6B gel filtration and was found to consist of two different types of polypeptide by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, their molecular weights being 30,000 and 20,000. Amino acid analysis showed 15 common amino acid residues, and methionine, cysteine and tryptophan were undetectable. The HLT crystallized by methylpentanediol showed a block form. The HLT was inactivated at 56 C when heated for 10 min, and at above pH 9 and below pH 4. PMID- 3773792 TI - Muramyl dipeptide induces acute joint inflammation in the mouse. AB - Acute joint inflammation was produced in BALB/c mice by a single intravenous injection of synthetic muramyl dipeptide (MDP), its stereoisomers and 6-O-acyl derivatives of MDP. Four adjuvant-active, but not five adjuvant-inactive MDP analogs induced acute swelling and erythema of the ankles and wrists which were detected around 6-10 hr, reached the maximum severity by 18-24 hr and subsided by days 3 to 4 after injection. Introduction of the stearoyl group, but not the alpha-branched long chain fatty acid group into the C-9 hydroxyl group of MDP enhanced and prolonged the joint lesions compared with MDP. PMID- 3773793 TI - Hemagglutination test with sheep erythrocytes sensitized with antisera from several mammalian species for the investigation of biological reactivities of staphylococcal protein A. PMID- 3773794 TI - [Study of the resistance of Candida guilliermondii to polyene antibiotics]. AB - 250 Candida guilliermondii strains resistant to the polyene antibiotics nystatin, levorin and amphotericin B were obtained using UV irradiation. When the mutant strains became resistant to one of the polyene antibiotics, their resistance to the other ones changed. Phenotypic analysis showed that the resistance of the strains to polyene antibiotics did not make them susceptible to a rise in osmotic pressure and to a change of the temperature of incubation. Some of the polyene resistant strains were stained in a medium with methylene blue. Analysis of the sterol composition in the mutants by UV spectroscopy showed that the resistance to polyene antibiotics sometimes involved changes in the sterol composition. Two new UV spectrum types were recorded for the sterols of the mutant strains; they differed from the UV spectrum for the sterols of the parent sensitive strain. PMID- 3773796 TI - [Myasthenia gravis and autoimmunity]. AB - A disorder in immune system is thought to be the factor in Myasthenia gravis. Certain antibodies against various tissues have been detected in the sera of this group of patients. Anti-acetyl-cholin receptor antibodies are positive in 90% of the patients with M.G. Basic pathology is thought to be the destruction in post synaptic membrane, resulted from the reaction in which an autoimmune response directed to acetyl-cholin receptors. PMID- 3773795 TI - [Optimization of a medium and the role of its various components for the biosynthesis of Mycobacterium cyaneum exopolysaccharide]. AB - The effect of some components of the medium on the growth of Mycobacterium cyaneum B-646 and on the biosynthesis of an exoglycan by the culture was studied. A medium in which the M. cyaneum M variant produced up to 2.2 g of the exopolysaccharide per litre, which was nearly 4 times more than in the original medium, was proposed. The new medium differed from the original one in an elevated content of carbon, iron and potassium (11.2, 5.0 and 1.4 times, respectively) and in a lower phosphorus content (6.7 times). The exopolysaccharide produced by the culture in this medium contained glucose, galactose, fucose and uronic acid. Therefore, its monomeric composition did not depend on the medium used for growing the culture which produced the exopolysaccharide. PMID- 3773797 TI - [Bacterial evaluation of wound infections]. AB - Collected wound samples were received by Hospital Microbiology Laboratory were examined for bacterial isolation, their antibiotic susceptibility and distribution in terms of clinical departments were determined. S. aureus was found to be the major causative agent with the ratio of % 38.92. Wound infections were frequently encountered in the Pediatric department (% 43.83) and the isolated strains were found to be highly resistant to the most of the antibiotics. PMID- 3773798 TI - [Relationship of gastric aspirate fluid examination to infections in the newborn infant in cases of premature rupture of the membranes]. AB - In fifty newborn babies, gastric aspirate fluids obtained during the one-hour post partum period were examined from the stand point of PML and cultures. A susceptibility to infections (especially lung infections and sepsis) were established in 8 (30.8%) out of 26 cases with EMR more than twelve hours. PML counts of these cases were 13 and more than 13 per high power field. Significant differences were found between the babies with and without EMR, from the point-of view of PML count in gastric aspirate fluid and the increased incidence of infections (p less than 0.05). PMID- 3773799 TI - [Vitamin E therapy in viral hepatitis]. AB - Vitamin E therapy was compared with no treatment in a randomized, prospective trial for treatment of viral hepatitis in children. Patients received either vitamin E. (n:21), 300 mg./day intramuscularly every 24 hours, for seven days, or no treatment (n:20). The mean age (6.6 and 6.2), sex ratio, and the mean duration of illness before administration to study of two groups were similar. No difference was noted in the mean serum transaminases and alkaline phosphatase levels between both groups. PMID- 3773800 TI - Lessons from coronary disease. PMID- 3773801 TI - Australian sunlight: a health hazard for the outdoor worker. PMID- 3773802 TI - Campylobacter infection: a changing scene. PMID- 3773803 TI - Femoral neck fractures: admissions, bed use, outcome and projections. AB - A number of epidemiological studies have shown that the incidence of femoral neck fractures in industrialized countries increases at an exponential rate with age and that age-adjusted incidence rates are approximately twice as high in women than in men. Femoral neck fractures often have serious consequences for the aged, including permanently limiting their mobility, which results in increased dependence on others and hence an increased probability of being admitted to an institution. In this study, hospital inpatient statistics for New South Wales were examined to elucidate age-related trends in admissions to hospital for acute care, length of stay, bed use and outcome of this condition. Projections of the number of persons expected to suffer from femoral neck fractures, the associated number of bed-days that are required and the expected cost of hospital care to the year 2011 have been made. It seems probable that hospital services will not be provided at the necessary rate to cater for the expected increase in bed use from femoral neck fractures and other age-related conditions. Therefore, rational planning of scarce hospital resources will be required. Reductions in acute care hospital bed use for patients with femoral neck fractures could be made by reducing the number of technical failures in surgical treatment, providing more intensive nursing care to reduce postoperative and bed-rest complications, and by providing integrated slow-stream beds for the physical and social rehabilitation of patients. PMID- 3773804 TI - Cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills of hospital medical and nursing staff members. AB - The cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills of 160 staff members at a large metropolitan teaching hospital were assessed by a multiple choice questionnaire and a practical test of basic life support skills on a manikin. Medical staff members performed significantly better than did nurses in the multiple choice test, but significantly worse in the practical test; 48 (60%) of 80 nurses and only 26 (32.5%) of 80 doctors passed the practical test. Training in resuscitation by the St John Ambulance Association as a medical student may have improved the basic life support skills of doctors but there is clearly a need for continued revision and assessment of resuscitation skills. PMID- 3773805 TI - Seroepidemiology of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in infertile women in Melbourne. AB - A serological study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of antibody to Chlamydia trachomatis in women and to investigate any possible role of the organism in infertility and pelvic inflammatory disease. Thirty-seven per cent of pregnant women were found to have antibodies to Chl. trachomatis, as were 69% of women with pelvic inflammatory disease. Eighty-five per cent of women who were infertile due to inflammatory tubal damage and 78% who were infertile secondary to ectopic pregnancy had antibody as compared with 56% of women who were infertile for other reasons. Sperm bank donors and children showed low prevalences (16% and 3%, respectively). Exposure to Chl. trachomatis is widespread in sexually active women and appears to have a role in pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility that is due to inflammatory tubal disease. PMID- 3773806 TI - Epidemiology of campylobacter diarrhoea. AB - Campylobacter diarrhoea was diagnosed bacteriologically in 535 patients. Most of these patients required hospitalization, but no fatalities were recorded. The age specific incidence of campylobacter enteritis showed a trimodal distribution. Overseas travel was a factor in 14% of all cases. Food, including "fast food", may be an important source of infection. Campylobacter enteritis was more prevalent during summer than winter. Campylobacter bacteraemia was detected in only four cases. Biotyping was performed on 285 of the strains that were isolated. Biotype analysis showed that there was a clustering of cases of certain biotypes, even though community-wide outbreaks were not recognized in the period of review. PMID- 3773807 TI - Campylobacter bacteraemia: a report of 10 cases. AB - Ten cases of campylobacter bacteraemia, which were diagnosed over a three-year period, are described. Four patients presented with acute gastrointestinal illness, three patients had acute febrile illnesses, two patients had cellulitis and one patient presented with ureteric colic. Two patients had lifelong agammaglobulinaemia, two were undergoing corticosteroid therapy and there was one nosocomial infection. In contrast with previous reports, the most common species that was isolated was Campylobacter jejuni, which was found in eight cases, and this includes the first report of cellulitis that was most probably caused by C. jejuni. All of these isolations of campylobacter have occurred since the introduction of the radiometric technique of processing blood cultures. PMID- 3773808 TI - Glucose tolerance in Polynesia. Population-based surveys in Rarotonga and Niue. AB - Glucose tolerance and the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and diabetes in the Polynesian populations of Rarotonga and Niue were studied in 1980. Both Rarotongans and Niueans have been considerably influenced by sociocultural modernization and (in the case of Rarotonga) tourism. In both populations, the prevalence of abnormal glucose tolerance exceeded 10% in men and 15% in women. There was an association between glucose tolerance and age and obesity in both sexes, but not between glucose tolerance and physical activity. Glucose tolerance did not differ between Rarotongans and Niueans after allowing for differences in age and obesity. Comparisons between normal subjects, those with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and diabetic subjects with respect to factors that are traditionally associated with glucose intolerance provided some support for IGT as a truly intermediate diagnostic category of glucose tolerance. PMID- 3773809 TI - The tyranny of technology. A patient's view of high-powered diagnosis. PMID- 3773810 TI - Wilson's disease in childhood. A plea for increased awareness. AB - Wilson's disease, a hepatic-based metabolic disease, is treatable with a relatively good prognosis if diagnosed before severe complications occur. It has been diagnosed in eight children (five boys, three girls) in 11 years at our institution. The presenting symptoms were hepatic in four children, neurological in one and non-specific in one, whereas two children were asymptomatic siblings of index patients. The mean age at diagnosis was 8.9 years (range, 4.7-11.7 years). Two boys died soon after diagnosis: one had fulminating hepatic failure and the other, who had neurological disease, died of aspiration pneumonia. Six children are well, with regression of clinical disease, two to 10 years after the initiation of chelation therapy by mouth. The diagnosis was delayed for all symptomatic patients because of the disease's rarity, its nonspecific early manifestations and a low index of suspicion for the disease on the part of physicians. PMID- 3773811 TI - Fat embolism syndrome with total hip replacement. AB - Two cases of fulminant fat embolism syndrome that were fatal are reported as complications of total hip replacement. The major clinical features were severe hypotension and cardiac arrest in one case and postoperative coma in the other case. Both patients had severe acute respiratory failure that resulted from pulmonary oedema. PMID- 3773812 TI - A presumed epidemic of giardiasis. PMID- 3773813 TI - Animal reservoirs of Giardia. PMID- 3773814 TI - Knowledge about AIDS. PMID- 3773816 TI - Thiamin deficiency. PMID- 3773815 TI - Publicizing chorionic villus sampling. PMID- 3773817 TI - Hepatitis B in a youth training centre. PMID- 3773818 TI - Histology of skin lesions. PMID- 3773819 TI - Botulin in ophthalmology. PMID- 3773821 TI - Education of the deaf. PMID- 3773820 TI - Chemoprophylaxis of malaria. PMID- 3773822 TI - Fat--again. PMID- 3773823 TI - Road accident research. PMID- 3773824 TI - Australian standards for sphygmomanometers. PMID- 3773825 TI - Severity of injuries in road crashes. A comparison of injured occupants of forward control vehicles and conventional passenger cars. AB - Light vans are being used increasingly as substitutes for conventional passenger cars in Australia. These "forward control" vans are not required to meet the same safety standards as passenger cars. A study group of 258 injured occupants of light vans was identified from the records of the Motor Accidents Board of Victoria. A comparison group of 3468 injured occupants of conventional cars was also identified. Both groups had been injured in accidents occurring in Victoria between 1980 and 1983. The injuries received by the van occupants were compared with those received by the car occupants. Van occupants injured in frontal crashes were more likely to have sustained leg injury, and were more likely to have sustained serious injury than were car occupants who were injured in frontal crashes. Forward control vans were found to lack protection for occupants in frontal crashes. PMID- 3773826 TI - Self-help group behavioural treatment for obesity. An evaluation of Weight Control Workshops. AB - A study of a self-help weight control programme (Weight Control Workshops) in Sydney followed 168 women and four men from the beginning of the 12-week programme until six months after the end of the programme. The average subject was a 42-year-old woman who was moderately overweight with a starting weight of 74 kg and wished to lose 13 kg. Although 90% of subjects lost weight during the programme, weight losses were modest, with a mean loss of 4.3 kg. Weight loss was not well maintained, with 52% gaining weight in the follow-up period, to give a mean weight gain of 0.4 kg. The Weight Control Workshop programme represents a group treatment for obesity based on standard behaviour therapy, and appears to be as effective as similar programmes that have been reported in the literature. PMID- 3773827 TI - Relationship between HBeAg and HBV DNA in patients with acute and persistent hepatitis B infection. AB - The correlation between hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA was studied in a number of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive serum samples which had been submitted for routine hepatitis screening. In patients with either acute or persistent HBV infection, a good overall correlation between HBeAg and HBV DNA was noted, although in persistently infected patients with chronic liver disease, 28% of samples with hepatitis B e antibody (anti-HBe) were also positive for HBV DNA. Around 3% of the samples that were positive for HBV DNA were negative for HBeAg and anti-HBe while, conversely, 19% of HBeAg-positive sera were negative for HBV DNA. These results indicate that the presence or absence of HBeAg/anti-HBe may not necessarily reflect that of serum HBV DNA, particularly in persistent infection; this provides further support for the replacement of HBeAg/anti-HBe assays by detection of HBV DNA in the routine assessment of possible infectivity and chronic liver disease in HBsAg-positive patients. PMID- 3773828 TI - Morbidity patterns in a general paediatric unit in rural Western Australia. AB - Admissions to the Medical Paediatric Unit at Derby Regional Hospital in 1984 were reviewed. There were 536 admissions (289 males and 247 females). The average number of inpatients per day was 11.7, average duration of stay was 8.0 days, and there was one hospital death. Aboriginal children represented 90% of admissions and 59% of these were under two years of age. Several major problems were often encountered in individual children; these included respiratory, gastrointestinal and renal disease, failure to thrive and anaemia. Plasma electrolyte levels were measured in 82 children with gastroenteritis. Of these children 45 (55%) had a serum potassium level of less than 3.0 mmol/L and eight (10%) had a serum potassium level of less than 2 mmol/L. One hundred and four children were diagnosed as having pneumonia; 74 (71%) of them responded to penicillin. In 19 (21%) of 92 children who failed to thrive, no definite medical cause was found. The remainder had a combination of diarrhoeal disease, and chest and urinary tract infections. Anaemia, renal calculi and rheumatic fever are also common medical problems in the Kimberley region. PMID- 3773829 TI - Education level and coronary risk factors in Australians. AB - There is an inverse association between social class ranking and mortality from coronary heart disease in Australia and in some other countries. To explain whether this association is related to differences in risk factors, the relationship between coronary risk factors and the highest level of education completed was explored for a reasonably representative cross-section of the adult Australian population. After adjustment for the effects of age, relative weight and alcohol intake, blood pressure was found to vary inversely with education level in both sexes. In men only plasma cholesterol, triglycerides and high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels showed no significant variation with education level. In women, plasma triglycerides and high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels varied inversely with education level after adjustment. There was less cigarette smoking among more highly educated men but no clear smoking trends among women. The findings broadly confirm the results of similar analyses which used occupation as the measure of social class and have implications for future community education programmes in that present strategies may be inappropriate for less highly-educated members of society. PMID- 3773830 TI - Clinical diagnosis of umbilical swellings and discharges in children. AB - Umbilical swellings and discharges are frequently seen in paediatric practice. Whereas the diagnosis of umbilical hernia and the much rarer conditions of exomphalos and gastroschisis should not be problematic, urachal and vitello intestinal tract remnants that require surgery may resemble the common umbilical granuloma, which may be treated with silver nitrate. A comparison is made of the features of cases that required admission to the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, for umbilical problems from 1973 to 1985, inclusive. A diagnostic protocol to assist the attending primary care physician is suggested. PMID- 3773831 TI - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. AB - The neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a relatively rare but potentially fatal complication of the use of major tranquillizers; mortality may be as high as 20%. The syndrome is manifest by the onset of hyperpyrexia, muscular rigidity and tremor, impaired consciousness and autonomic dysfunction. The pathophysiology is thought to be by way of dopamine receptor blockade. The syndrome is managed by cessation of the neuroleptic medication, by supportive measures and by instituting treatment with one or more of a number of specific drugs whose use is based on theoretical considerations rather than empirical evidence of efficacy; these drugs include anticholinergics, L-dopa, bromocriptine amantidine and dantrolene sodium. Although not proven, early recognition and treatment may reduce both the mortality and the longer term morbidity of this syndrome. PMID- 3773832 TI - Treatment of the barbiturate abstinence syndrome. AB - Patients with the barbiturate abstinence syndrome require pharmacotherapy (and hospitalization) when there is a history of the ingestion of greater than 0.4 g of secobarbital or its equivalent for 90 or more days, or of 0.6 g for 30 or more days, or a previous history of barbiturate withdrawal seizures or delirium. The pharmacological management of withdrawal, which is rational, safe, efficacious and relatively simple, is described and recommended. This treatment relies on a phenobarbital loading-dose technique which is titrated to clinical end-points. The prolonged elimination of phenobarbital prevents the reappearance of withdrawal symptoms and, since repeated doses are not required, results in less manipulative drug-seeking behaviour. PMID- 3773833 TI - Clinical pharmacology and cancer chemotherapy: an evolving interface? PMID- 3773834 TI - Intrathecal baclofen for severe spasticity. AB - The intrathecal administration of baclofen by way of an implanted subcutaneous drug delivery system is described in a patient with a severe spastic paraparesis due to multiple sclerosis. Intrathecally-administered baclofen is proposed as another therapeutic dimension and adjunct to physical therapy in the management of patients with severe spasticity that is unresponsive to antispasticity agents administered by mouth. PMID- 3773835 TI - The varying manifestations of Aspergillus lung disease. AB - The fungus Aspergillus may cause a variety of pulmonary disorders as a result of its ability to act as an allergen, as a simple saprophyte or as an infectious organism. The clinical manifestations range from hypersensitivity syndromes, in which corticosteroid therapy may be indicated, to disseminated infections, in which corticosteroid agents may be causative. The diagnosis may not be immediately apparent. Six cases are presented to illustrate the sometimes confusing manifestations of the disease. PMID- 3773836 TI - Curative radiotherapy for stage IV carcinoma of the penis. AB - We report the case of a patient with locally-advanced penile cancer and metastatic inguinal adenopathy who has been cured by radiotherapy. In an era when chemotherapy is being advocated increasingly for the control of locally-advanced penile cancer, our surprisingly good result is a timely reminder that high-dose radiotherapy alone can be a worthwhile therapeutic option. PMID- 3773837 TI - Macrodantin: a cautionary tale. AB - Nitrofurantoin, one of the antimicrobial agents which should be chosen for the prophylactic treatment of recurrent urinary tract infection, may be prescribed in the conventional form or, alternatively, as macrocrystals. The latter form (Macrodantin) is reported to engender less gastrointestinal intolerance but it can produce the same adverse effects as the conventional form--liver damage, acute and chronic pulmonary reactions, peripheral neuropathy, blood dyscrasias and allergic reactions--and does so just as rapidly and floridly; one such case is reported here. PMID- 3773838 TI - Sister Mary Joseph's nodule. AB - A case of ovarian carcinoma that spread to the umbilicus and resulted in Sister Mary Joseph's nodule is described in which the mode of metastasis can be demonstrated. To our knowledge, this is the first report of confirmed contiguous extension from the peritoneal surface. PMID- 3773839 TI - Spontaneous splenic rupture in glandular fever. PMID- 3773840 TI - Compulsory admission of the mentally ill. PMID- 3773841 TI - Missing adenomas. PMID- 3773842 TI - Transport of violent patients. PMID- 3773843 TI - Ingestion of methylated spirits. PMID- 3773844 TI - Palm Island mystery disease. PMID- 3773845 TI - Slenderness and self-esteem in young women. PMID- 3773846 TI - Hazards of occupational health and safety films. PMID- 3773847 TI - Cocaine deaths in Virginia. PMID- 3773849 TI - [Stomatherapy]. PMID- 3773850 TI - [Inflammation as a cause of respiratory system disease]. PMID- 3773848 TI - [Diseases of the lens]. PMID- 3773851 TI - [Lowering of cholesterol levels in fat imbalance disorders]. PMID- 3773852 TI - Electrical current for excessive sweating. PMID- 3773853 TI - Quinine for "night cramps". PMID- 3773854 TI - Preventing nuclear war--a role for the world's physicians. PMID- 3773855 TI - The child and nuclear war. PMID- 3773857 TI - Holism, medicine and nuclear war. PMID- 3773856 TI - Psychological defence and nuclear war. PMID- 3773858 TI - Space weapons and arms control. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. PMID- 3773859 TI - The threat of nuclear war: a study of some of the psychological effects on adults. PMID- 3773860 TI - Preparing for war: no lessons learned. PMID- 3773861 TI - A back-of-the-envelope risk assessment of Star Wars. PMID- 3773862 TI - Growing up with nuclear weapons. PMID- 3773863 TI - Applied psychiatry. PMID- 3773864 TI - In the minds of men. PMID- 3773866 TI - The Nobel Peace Prize. PMID- 3773865 TI - The school of peace studies at the University of Bradford: the organization of applied research. PMID- 3773867 TI - The SCOPE-ENUWAR report. PMID- 3773868 TI - [World Health Day, 7 April 1986. With a healthy life--everyone wins]. PMID- 3773869 TI - [Hereditary and congenital defects in children in the area of Indjija--Stara Pazova and the region of Pancevo--Kovin]. PMID- 3773870 TI - [Stereologic analysis of the development of the sexually dimorphic nucleus in the medial preoptic area in the human fetus]. PMID- 3773871 TI - [Angioscintigraphic parameters in disorders of the cerebrovascular circulation in the interictal phase of complicated migraine in children]. PMID- 3773872 TI - [Characteristics of growth of the bitrochanteric diameter in children 0-6-years of-age]. PMID- 3773873 TI - [The role of neurophysiologic diagnosis in patients with dysfunction in the lumbosacral part of the spinal cord and its roots]. PMID- 3773874 TI - [Diagnosis of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis]. PMID- 3773875 TI - [A case report of Parinaud's oculoglandular syndrome]. PMID- 3773876 TI - [Unilateral lung disease with a unilateral nasal obstruction caused by a deviated septum]. PMID- 3773877 TI - [AIDS--a new communicable disease]. PMID- 3773878 TI - [Intravenous streptokinase in acute myocardial infarct]. PMID- 3773879 TI - [Therapy of acute intentional poisoning in psychotic patients]. PMID- 3773880 TI - [Acute ligamentous injuries of the knee]. PMID- 3773881 TI - [Reflexotherapy for urination during sleep (enuresis nocturna) using the Minal-1 device for awakening]. PMID- 3773882 TI - Irreversible binding of acetylethylcholine mustard to cardiac cholinergic muscarinic receptors. AB - The interaction of acetylethylcholine mustard (Aech-M) with cardiac muscarinic receptors was studied with radioligand binding techniques and with isolated beating atria. Aech-M and acetylcholine competed about equally for (-) [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB)-binding sites and 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate reduced the ability of both compounds to compete by 30-fold. Pretreatment of cardiac membranes with 0.25 microM Aech-M, followed by washing, reduced the [3H]QNB binding capacity by 60% without changing the ligand affinity of the receptors left. In the same membranes, a similar fraction of receptors was lost as measured by [3H]N-methyoscopolamine, but a greater fraction was lost when measured by [3H]oxotremorine-M. The loss of [3H]QNB binding capacity was dose, time, and temperature dependent, blocked by atropine and carbachol, and modulated by several guanine nucleotides but not affected by membrane pretreatment with several group-selective reagents. Superfusion of spontaneously beating atria with Aech-M (100 microM) initially reduced the beating rate which returned to control values by 17 min. Atropine blocked the initial reduction in beating rate. In contrast, both carbachol and acetylcholine produced sustained decreases in the beating rate. After pretreatment of atria for 30 min with 100 microM Aech-M alone or 10 microM Aech-M plus 10 microM edrophonium followed by washing, the EC50 value for carbachol inhibition of the beating rate was increased 15.8- and 10.3 fold, respectively, with no change in the ability of isoproterenol to increase the spontaneous beating rate. In addition, there was a 46-47% and a 37-41% reduction in the binding capacity of both [3H]QNB and [3H]oxotremorinel-M in the 100 and 10 microM Aech-M-pretreated atria, respectively. The data indicated that Aech-M is a muscarinic agonist which appears to irreversibly bind to the muscarinic receptor. PMID- 3773883 TI - Mechanisms of in vitro pyrrole adduct autoxidation in 2,5-hexanedione-treated protein. AB - The neurotoxic gamma-diketone, 2,5-hexanedione, reacts with axonal protein amine residues to form 2,5-dimethylpyrrole adducts. Current evidence implicates this reaction as the potentially critical step in gamma-diketone neurotoxicity, although it is unclear whether pyrrole formation per se is sufficient to induce neuropathy or whether secondary autoxidative reactions are also required. The present in vitro study examines aspects of pyrrole formation and the secondary phenomena of chromophore development and covalent protein crosslinking in 2,5 hexanedione-treated protein. p-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMAB)-detectable pyrrole concentrations decreased linearly with time when pyrrolylated bovine serum albumin (pyrrole-BSA) was incubated under air, but remained unchanged following N2 incubation. The air-induced decrease was accompanied by the appearance of chromophores and crosslinked protein. Covalent crosslinking of pyrrole-BSA was pH-dependent, with relatively increased intermolecular bridging at pH 7.4 as compared to pH 9.5. Chromophore formation and the loss in DMAB detectable pyrrole were also accelerated at the lower pH. Autoxidative parameters were inhibited in the presence of a free radical scavenger (ascorbic acid) but induced by free radical initiators (potassium persulfate and 2,2'-azobis[2 amidinopropane hydrochloride]). In vitro incubation followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of combinations of bovine serum albumin, ribonuclease, pyrrole-BSA, and pyrrolylated ribonuclease revealed that the intermolecular crosslinking pathway was mediated by pyrrole-pyrrole bridging. These findings demonstrate that the secondary autoxidative phenomena following pyrrole adduct formation in gamma-diketone-treated protein proceed via pH dependent, free radical-mediated mechanisms. If similar mechanisms are present in vivo, the results also suggest that intermolecular covalent crosslinking of pyrrolylated axonal protein may be less widespread and more specific than previously thought. PMID- 3773884 TI - Effect of cholera toxin on the activation of adenylate cyclase by calmodulin in bovine striatum. AB - The effect of cholera toxin on activation of adenylate cyclase by the endogenous Ca2+-binding protein, calmodulin, GTP, dopamine, and forskolin was investigated in bovine striatum. Adenylate cyclase activity was measured in washed membrane fractions prepared from homogenates that had been preincubated with cholera toxin. Pretreatment of striatal membranes with cholera toxin increased the response of adenylate cyclase to GTP, calmodulin, and forskolin as compared to vehicle controls. After cholera toxin pretreatment, the maximal response of adenylate cyclase to GTP was increased 4.7-fold and the apparent Ka for GTP was reduced 3-fold. The apparent Vmax for calmodulin was doubled after cholera toxin pretreatment. The activation of adenylate cyclase by forskolin was increased by cholera toxin, but the effect on kinetic parameters was not determined due to solubility considerations. In contrast, dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity was abolished after cholera toxin pretreatment. Examination of a concentration-response curve for cholera toxin in altering these activities revealed that calmodulin-stimulated adenylate cyclase was maximally affected at lower concentrations of cholera toxin than was activation by GTP and forskolin. Cholera toxin also affected the interaction between calmodulin and GTP. In the absence of cholera toxin, calmodulin decreased the apparent Ka for GTP nearly 10 fold. After cholera toxin pretreatment, however, calmodulin could not further decrease the apparent Ka for GTP but increased the maximal response to GTP by 30%. Calmodulin could potentiate GTP activation by stabilizing the interaction between Ns and the catalytic subunit, an action which could be negated by prior treatment with cholera toxin. ADP-ribosylation of the striatal homogenates with [32P]NAD demonstrated predominant labeling of a band of Mr 45,000 which corresponds to the known molecular weight of the alpha-subunit of the stimulatory GTP-binding protein, Ns. These results suggest that the activational state of Ns can affect the stimulation of adenylate cyclase by calmodulin and forskolin. Calmodulin and forskolin may act at separate sites on the catalytic subunit that can allosterically interact with Ns. PMID- 3773885 TI - De novo sn-glycerol-3-phosphorylcholine synthetase activity in lung and muscle and its subcellular location. AB - The activity of glycerophosphorylcholine synthetase, a newly discovered enzyme involved in the synthesis of acyl-specific phosphatidylcholines, is reported in rat lung and muscle. Its subcellular location appears to be mitochondrial. The implication of these findings in the synthesis of lung surfactant and the pathology of muscular dystrophy are discussed. PMID- 3773886 TI - Molecular and functional diversity of non-histone protein fraction NHCP1 from hamster Kirkman-Robbins hepatoma and liver. AB - Non-histone protein fraction NHCP1 of micrococcal nuclease-sensitive and nuclease resistant chromatin from Kirkman-Robbins hepatoma and hamster liver was studied by two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by Coomassie and silver staining and by microcomplement fixation technique in the presence of antibodies elicited against NHCP1 of both tissues. Apart from many common spots several tissue specific components associated with either nuclease-sensitive or nuclease resistant chromatin were found. The presence of tissue specific components among NHCP1 from hepatoma and liver was confirmed by immunological analysis. It was stated that these components are exclusively localized in nuclease-resistant part of chromatin from neoplastic and normal tissues thus suggesting their structural function. PMID- 3773887 TI - [Effect of spatial coupling of amino acid residues on the possibility of mutational substitution in globular proteins]. AB - Amino acid residues can be divided into similar groups by frequencies of interreplacements in the evolutionary pathway and by trends to spatial contacts at the tertiary structures of globular proteins. Each residue was compared to the cluster of spatial surrounding--the totality of residues spacially drawn together. 5210 clusters in 32 unhomologous proteins with established tertiary structure and 6447 clusters formed only by variables amino acid residues were analysed. Spatial contacts among residues were studied depending on the secondary structure and the amount of residues in a cluster. It was assumed that functionally admissible mutations may be defined, first of all, by the degree of neighboring of amino acid residues in the spatial surrounding. PMID- 3773888 TI - [Synthesis and membrane-dependent processing of a precursor of tick-borne encephalitis virus (flavivirus) structural proteins in cell-free systems]. AB - Conditions that permitted cell-free synthesis of at least one of the non structural, in addition to two-structural, polypeptides of tick-borne encephalitis virus have been found. The time course of accumulation of virus specific polypeptides in extracts of Krebs-2 cells and reticulocyte lysates as well as the peptide maps of the products synthesised were studied. A model of generation of viral structural polypeptides has been proposed, according to which a common precursor of these proteins while in a nascent form, is processed in a membrane-dependent reaction into a C-terminal segment, corresponding to the polypeptide moiety of envelope glycoprotein E, and an N-terminal segment, doublet p36/33. Subsequently, an N-terminal segment, corresponding to the core polypeptide C, is cleaved off from p36/33. The remaining C-terminal segment of p36/33 is possibly a precursor of the membrane polypeptide M. The translational strategy of flaviviruses is compared to that of other positive-stranded RNA viruses. PMID- 3773889 TI - [X-ray diffraction and infrared circular dichroism of DNA-violamycin B1 complexes]. AB - X-ray diffraction and infrared linear dichroism of oriented samples of DNA violamycin B1 complexes have been studied at different antibiotic/DNA phosphate ratios (r) as a function of relative humidity. Violamycin B1 binds to DNA according to the intercalation as well as to the outside binding model. At low r values, where the intercalation predominates the unwinding angle of DNA helix is between 6 degrees and 12 degrees per intercalation site as followed from the dependence of the pitch of helix versus r. At r greater than or equal to 0.17 the intercalation sites are saturated and the outside binding becomes prevalent; however the violamycin B1 chromophore is still oriented in the plane of DNA bases. Conformational mobility of DNA in the violamycin B1 complexes is largely inhibited compared with pure DNA, but it is higher than that of the daunomycin complexes. At least 30% of DNA in violamycin complexes has A conformation at the medium humidities as followed by IR linear dichroism. In the case of x-ray diffraction the A conformation was not detected. The distance between DNA molecules in the complex is found to be 23.2 A, that is 2 A less than in pure DNA at the same conditions and it does not depend upon r. PMID- 3773890 TI - [Metabolism of oligoadenylates in cell nuclei and regulation of protein ADP ribosylation]. AB - 2',5'-Oligo(A)synthetase (2-5A) and 2-phosphodiesterase were found in the L cells nuclei. In the cell nuclei 2-5A is 10-30 times higher, than in the cytoplasm. It is induced by interferon and depends on the cell growth state. 2 Phosphodiesterase activity has two pH optima of hydrolysis of 2-5A, namely 7.1, and 7.9 and decreases after interferon treatment of cells. Thus, interferon treatment of cells leads to an increase of the 2-5A level in cell nuclei. One of the possible pathways for 2-5A action in cell nuclei is the regulation of (ADP ribose)transferase activity. Treatment of L cells with 2-5A (A2pA2pA) leads to activation of ADP-ribosylation of proteins by a factor of 1.5 in a concentration range of 10(-9)-10(-7) M, but more higher concentrations of 2-5A inhibit this process up to 60%. Treatment of cells with actinomycin D has no influence on 2-5A induced changes in protein ADP-ribosylation. This result is indicative for a new pathway of interferon action and 2-5A mediated regulation of cell metabolism. PMID- 3773891 TI - [Transcription of cellular oncogenes in human tumors]. AB - The analysis of 11 various oncogenes expression in different human tumors showed that each tumor is characterised by a specific functioning program of these genes. In 40-50% of tumors the oncogenes ras, fos and myc are expressed. All other oncogenes are either considered to be "silent" or are expressed only in few cases. The increased expression of sis and myb oncogenes is observed in metastases. PMID- 3773892 TI - Effect of UV light on small nuclear RNA synthesis: increased inhibition during postirradiation cell incubation. AB - It has been shown previously that the synthesis of small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) U1, U2, U3, U4, and U5, in contrast to that of all other RNA species tested, decreases markedly within 2 h of cell incubation after exposure to UV light (254 nm), while pyrimidine dimers are being removed from DNA. We examined the possibility that the postirradiation cell incubation-dependent, UV light-induced inhibition of snRNA synthesis might reflect hypersensitivity of the snRNA transcriptional domains to single-stranded DNA nicks or relaxation of DNA torsional stress or both that occur during DNA repair. This late suppression of snRNA biosynthesis was as pronounced in UV light-irradiated (DNA incision deficient) xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts (complementation group A) as in irradiated normal human fibroblasts. The synthesis of snRNAs was not preferentially sensitive to gamma radiation (which produces single-stranded DNA breaks) or novobiocin or nalidixic acid (which induce DNA relaxation). Neither of these two drugs prevented the UV light-induced inhibition of snRNA synthesis observed during postirradiation cell incubation. These results suggest that the late suppression of snRNA synthesis does not result from hypersensitivity of snRNA transcriptional domains to single-stranded DNA cleavages or relaxation of DNA torsional strain. The UV light-induced late inhibition of snRNA synthesis: shows an inactivation curve whose slope differs from that observed immediately after irradiation; is seen in untransformed cells as well as established cells lines; and has been conserved between birds and mammals. PMID- 3773893 TI - Activation of the human beta-interferon gene requires an interferon-inducible factor. AB - beta-Interferon (beta-IFN) gene expression can be induced by poly(I)-poly(C) or virus, but there is considerable variation in the extent of induction between different cell lines. We characterized two poorly inducible human cell lines, HeLa and 143 thymidine kinase negative (143 tk-), to define cellular factors involved in the activation of the beta-IFN gene. We show that the deficiency in beta-IFN induction in these cells can be complemented by fusion to highly inducible mouse cells. We conclude that the human cells are deficient in a trans acting factor required for B-IFN gene activation. The level of induction of the beta-IFN gene in HeLa and 143 tk- cells can also be increased by priming with IFN before induction. If IFN priming is carried out in the presence of cycloheximide, a approximately 200-fold increase in induction is observed. We conclude that activation of the beta-IFN gene requires an IFN-inducible factor that is only expressed at low levels in unprimed HeLa and 143 tk- cells. PMID- 3773894 TI - Murine erythropoietin gene: cloning, expression, and human gene homology. AB - The gene for murine erythropoietin (EPO) was isolated from a mouse genomic library with a human EPO cDNA probe. Nucleotide sequence analysis permitted the identification of the murine EPO coding sequence and the prediction of the encoded amino acid sequence based on sequence conservation between the mouse and human EPO genes. Both the coding DNA and the amino acid sequences were 80% conserved between the two species. Transformation of COS-1 cells with a mammalian cell expression vector containing the murine EPO coding region resulted in secretion of murine EPO with biological activity on both murine and human erythroid progenitor cells. The transcription start site for the murine EPO gene in kidneys was determined. This permitted tentative identification of the transcription control region. The region included 140 base pairs upstream of the cap site which was over 90% conserved between the murine and human genes. Surprisingly, the first intron and much of the 5'- and 3'-untranslated sequences were also substantially conserved between the genes of the two species. PMID- 3773895 TI - Macronuclear DNA molecules of Tetrahymena thermophila. AB - The physical organization of the DNA in the macronuclei of Tetrahymena thermophila was investigated by using alternating-orthogonal-field gel electrophoresis. The genome consisted of a spectrum of molecules with lengths ranging from less than 100 to in excess of 1,500 kilobase pairs. There were about 270 different macronuclear DNA molecules, with an average size of about 800 kilobase pairs. Specific genes were mapped and were generally found on macronuclear DNA molecules of the same size in different strains of T. thermophila. This indicates that the molecular mechanisms giving rise to the macronuclear DNA molecules were precise. The fragmentation process that gave rise to macronuclear DNA molecules occurred between 11 and 19 h after the initiation of conjugation. PMID- 3773896 TI - Complete sequence of three alpha-tubulin cDNAs in Chinese hamster ovary cells: each encodes a distinct alpha-tubulin isoprotein. AB - The genome of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells contains a complex family of approximately 16 alpha-tubulin genes, many of which may be pseudogenes. We present here the complete cDNA sequences of three expressed alpha-tubulin genes; one of these genes has been identified only in CHO cells. The noncoding regions of these three CHO alpha-tubulin genes differed significantly, but their coding regions were highly conserved. Nevertheless, we observed differences in the predicted amino acid sequences for the three genes. A comparison of the CHO alpha tubulin sequences with all of the sequences available for mammals allowed assignment of the alpha-tubulin genes to three classes. The proteins encoded by the members of two of these classes showed no class-specific amino acids among the mammalian species examined. The gene belonging to the third class encoded an isoprotein which was clearly distinct, and members of this class may play a unique role in vivo. Sequencing of the three alpha-tubulin genes was also undertaken in CMR795, a colcemid-resistant clonal CHO cell line which has previously been shown to have structural and functional alterations in its tubulin proteins. We found differences in the tubulin nucleotide sequence compared with the parental line; however, no differences in the alpha-tubulin proteins encoded in the two cell lines were observed. PMID- 3773898 TI - Immunoglobulin subclass deficiencies. International symposium. Lund, September 26 27, 1985. PMID- 3773897 TI - Eel electric organ: hyperexpressing calmodulin system. AB - The electroplax of the electric eel Electrophorus electricus is the most abundant source of the calcium-binding protein calmodulin. The electroplax has 250 times the amount of calmodulin and its mRNA than eel skeletal muscle. Our data suggest that there is no major difference in gene copies, the degree of methylation, or genome rearrangement of the calmodulin gene in DNAs from eel electroplax and muscle. Differences in the calmodulin-binding proteins in electroplax and muscle suggest a differential role for the functional expression of calmodulin in cellular regulation. PMID- 3773899 TI - Studies of IgG subclasses in ataxia-telangiectasia patients. PMID- 3773900 TI - IgG3 deficiency: common in obstructive lung disease. Hereditary in families with immunodeficiency and autoimmune disease. AB - Among 313 patients with serum IgG deficiency, selective IgG3 deficiency was found in 59.5%, combined IgG3 deficiency together with IgG1 deficiency in 36% and combined IgG3-IgG2 deficiency in only 4.5%. Most of the patients with IgG3 deficiency suffered from upper respiratory tract infections, but many also from recurrent bronchitis, bronchopneumonias and asthma bronchiale. Those with combined IgG3-IgG1 deficiency often suffered from obstructive lung disease and chronic lower respiratory tract infections. Other diagnoses found in patients with IgG3 deficiency were diabetes mellitus, Henoch-Schonlein, recurrent herpes simplex infections and recurrent erysipelas. IgG3 deficiency was also found in relatives of patients with common variable immunodeficiency and IgA deficiency. In one family both parents and all four children showed IgG3 deficiency, some of them also C2 deficiency. In another family 2 siblings with diabetes mellitus showed IgG3 deficiency. In still another family the mother and her daughter both with asthma bronchiale showed IgG3 deficiency. Patients with IgG3 deficiency could respond to pneumococcal vaccine and seemed to respond to immunoglobulin substitution given every or every other week. PMID- 3773901 TI - IgG2 deficiency in autoimmune cytopenias. PMID- 3773902 TI - IgG subclasses in children with chronic chest symptoms. PMID- 3773903 TI - IgG2 deficiency and intractable epilepsy of childhood. AB - Twelve children with intractable childhood epilepsy (ICE) were treated with high dose intravenous immunoglobulins every 21 days for 6 months after immunologic and neurologic evaluations had been carried out. 50% (6/12) were found to have a deficiency of serum IgG2 and all but 1 of these responded to treatment with marked reduction in the daily number of seizures assessed both clinically and electroencephalographically. The response to treatment was, in fact, significantly higher in the children with IgG2 deficiency than in the others. IgG4 deficiency, observed in 5 children, did not affect treatment response. It is suggested that IgG2 deficiency may predispose to some form of viral encephalitis which may trigger an immune mechanism leading to the ICE. PMID- 3773904 TI - Ig isotypes deficiency caused by gene deletions. PMID- 3773905 TI - Clinical and immunological evaluation of patients low in single or multiple IgG subclasses. PMID- 3773906 TI - IgG subclass deficiency in adults: a clinical and immunological study. PMID- 3773907 TI - Symptoms in patients with lowered levels of IgG subclasses, with or without IgA deficiency, and effects of immunoglobulin prophylaxis. AB - Several patients with subnormal levels of IgG subclasses have repeated infections. Further controlled studies are required to better define the relation between the level of the various subclasses and the possible clinical consequences. It may be important to determine whether or not IgG subclass deficiency can lead to infections which cause lung damage as was suggested in a few patients with IgA deficiency combined with low IgG subclass levels. An open study of the effect of immunoglobulin prophylaxis in 38 patients with subnormal levels of one or two of the IgG subclasses 1, 2 or 3 during altogether 1,524 months of observation suggested that many of them improved. This must be further substantiated in carefully controlled studies. Immunoglobulin prophylaxis could be given in IgG subclass deficient patients with IgA deficiency and anti-IgA antibodies, provided a preparation poor in IgA was used and the patients' anti IgA titres did not increase during the prophylaxis. PMID- 3773908 TI - Relationship between IgA and IgG subclass deficiencies: a reappraisal. PMID- 3773910 TI - Detection of immunoglobulin genes in individuals with immunoglobulin class or subclass deficiency. Evidence for a pretranslational defect. AB - Individuals with IgA class or IgG or IgA subclass deficiencies, as well as patients with the phenotypic expression of common variable hypogammaglobulinemia with undetectable IgA, were investigated for immunoglobulin structural gene defects. In total, more than 100 donors were studied using Southern blots. In none of these individuals did we find evidence for structural C alpha- or C gamma gene deletions. Digestion with BamHI, PstI and PvuII, did not reveal any polymorphism in the samples analyzed with the alpha gene probe. We were unable to detect alpha-chain mRNA in lymphocytes from 8 individuals with undetectable serum and salivary IgA. PMID- 3773909 TI - Distribution of mucosal IgA and IgG subclass-producing immunocytes and alterations in various disorders. PMID- 3773911 TI - Antibodies to phosphorylcholine in sera of patients with humoral immunodeficiency disease. PMID- 3773912 TI - Aberrant pattern of anti-carbohydrate antibodies in immunoglobulin class or subclass-deficient donors. PMID- 3773913 TI - Children with selective IgG subclass deficiency and recurrent sinopulmonary infection: impaired response to bacterial capsular polysaccharide antigens. PMID- 3773914 TI - Serum IgG subclass levels in primary and acquired immunodeficiency. PMID- 3773915 TI - Immunoglobulin G subclasses in patients with immunodeficiencies. PMID- 3773916 TI - IgG subclass levels in the serum of patients with primary immunodeficiency. AB - Serum IgG subclass levels are reported on 70 patients with known primary immunodeficiency syndromes. Analysis of the data on the 28 patients with common variable immunodeficiency suggest that the deficit in subclasses is not generally proportionate. Some subclasses appear to be more strongly affected than others. The pattern suggests a hierarchical involvement with the order: IgG4 greater than IgG2 greater than IgG1 greater than IgG3. There appears to be a closer relationship between IgG1 and IgG3 levels than between IgG2 and IgG3 or IgG1 and IgG2 levels. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that there is a sequential increasing impediment of the programmed cascade for downstream heavy chain constant region gene rearrangements. PMID- 3773917 TI - [New aspects in the nutrition of newborn infants with low birth weight]. AB - Optimalize the feeding of low birth weight infants is a very important problem in industrial as well as in developing countries where such infants are very numerous. Water need is very important but gastric and vascular capacity is limited in LBW infants. Energy has to be absorbed at a rate of 120 to 130 Kcal/kgBW/day without raising the osmolarity of the food. Protein intake has to be higher than in term babies but due to enzyme and kidney immaturity the amino acid pattern of the protein has to be carefully adapted to the pattern of the proteins to be synthesized. Calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc and other trace minerals as well as vitamins have to be provided in relatively large quantities but their bioavailability has also to be checked. The utilisation of breast milk and particularly of own mothers milk having delivered prematurely is also discussed. PMID- 3773918 TI - [Necrotizing enterocolitis. Pathogenesis and iatrogenic factors]. AB - Following clinical observations, measurements of osmolarity of liquid drugs, and determination of blood loss due to sampling in very low birthweight infants, the following hypothesis on iatrogenic factors contributing to the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis is proposed: Due to diagnostic blood sampling during intensive care, premature infants may become severely anemic. Therefore their intestinal perfusion is reduced, causing hypoxia and hypoperfusion in the submucosa. Especially in infants with oral feeding and hyperosmolar medication, mechanical factors, hyperosmolarity and infection can affect the mucosa from the luminal side. Simultaneous hypoperfusion and hyperosmolar load may contribute to the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis. This hypothesis, which needs experimental verification, explains the different incidence of the disease in different hospitals. PMID- 3773919 TI - [Intolerance reactions to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSA) in adolescents]. AB - Six adolescents with allergy or intolerance to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) showed different types of reaction (asthma, urticaria, anaphylactoid reaction). The results of 60 oral or bronchial challenges in asthmatic adolescents with no positive history of NSAID-intolerance are presented. NSAID should be prescribed very carefully after detailed medical history--especially in adolescents with obstructive lung disease. Compound drugs should be avoided. Any indication of allergy or intolerance to NSAID should lead to careful oral or bronchial challenge tests for diagnosis to find out a well tolerated alternative drug. The patient should receive an allergy-passport and show it to any attending physician. PMID- 3773920 TI - [Sudden infant death. An analysis of psychosocial conditions]. AB - The Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) has been studied mainly in a medical biological view. In this paper emphasis is put on the fact that SIDS is also a psychosocial phenomenon: As the infant exists in a continuous exchange with his environment, his death can be considered a reaction to extreme stress load including psychosocial factors. In proceeding from that concept, the social and psychological conditions of 94 mothers of SIDS cases have been analyzed and compared with 68 mothers of healthy infants of similar age, urban/rural relation, and social class distribution. Both groups differed considerably. The SIDS group was more "jeopardized" in any aspect. Probability to die seems to increase with the number of accumulated risk factors. The conclusions drawn can be utilized for prevention. PMID- 3773921 TI - [The key role of IgG4 subclass antibodies in the development of protection against allergic reactions to insect stings]. AB - Allergen immunotherapy results in protection against allergen challenge and in the production of allergen specific antibodies. We investigated the reaction to bee sting exposure and its relationship to the subclass of IgG-antibodies produced. 23 patients who had a history of systemic allergic reactions to bee stings were given 2-5 years courses of venom immunotherapy. 19 individuals tolerated a sting challenge 1, 2, and 3 years after the start of treatment, and after immunotherapy was discontinued. Four patients with persisting systemic reactions and 6 bee keepers served as controls. All detectable IgG-antibodies were restricted to subclass 1 and 4. In successfully treated patients the mean rise of IgG-subclass was 273%, and of IgG4 703%, compared to pretreatment levels. IgG4-antibodies were maintained at high levels in protected individuals when immunotherapy was discontinued. On the contrary, in non-protected individuals low IgG4-levels were observed. Specific IgG4-antibodies most closely reflect clinical protection from stings provided by immunotherapy or a repeated antigenic stimulation. PMID- 3773922 TI - [Lipoma of the corpus callosum as a constituent of Goldenhar syndrome]. AB - A newborn infant with clinical signs of the Goldenhar-syndrome was found to have a lipoma of the corpus callosum documented both by cranial sonography and computerized tomography. The association of lipoma of the corpus callosum and Goldenhar-syndrome is discussed and in view of the recent literature, it is concluded that lipoma of the corpus callosum like other recently observed intracranial lesions is indeed an additional manifestation within the spectrum of the Goldenhar-syndrome. PMID- 3773923 TI - [Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome. Study of an oligosymptomatic form]. AB - An infant with an incomplete expression of Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome during the neonatal period was suspected to suffer from hypothyroidism. However, after exclusion of this tentative diagnosis the phenotypic characteristics lead to the correct diagnosis. In addition to the macroglossia, the typical facial signs of this syndrome such as capillary haemangioma of the glabella, soft tissue folds under the eyes and linear indentations of the ear lobes are demonstrable. Gigantism and umbilical hernia are absent. A tendency to hypoglycaemia and the increased risk of malignancy are the important aspects of this syndrome, which may be expressed in a variety of clinical forms. So far the aetiology of this syndrome is unknown although familial cases implicate the involvement of genetic factors. PMID- 3773925 TI - [Status and perspectives of clinical research in pediatrics]. PMID- 3773924 TI - [Official declaration of the German Society of Pediatrics and the German Society of Pediatric and Adolescent Psychiatry on the use of psychotropic drugs in children. Prescribing stimulants for children]. PMID- 3773926 TI - [82nd meeting of the German Society for Pediatrics. 14-17 September 1986, Munster. In association with the 24th annual meeting of the German Society for Pediatric Surgery, 13-16 September 1986; and the 38th annual meeting of the German Society for Social Pediatrics, 16-17 September 1986. Abstracts]. PMID- 3773927 TI - Relationship of chromosomal damage induced by caffeine to growth temperature and ATP level in proliferating cells. AB - Caffeine is known to induce chromosomal aberrations in proliferating cells when they are incubated during G2 and mitotic prophase. In the present paper, this caffeine effect has been analyzed in Allium cepa root meristems growing at different culture temperatures under steady-state kinetics. Caffeine (1-10 mM) induces chromosomal aberrations in a dose-dependent manner, and the treatment efficiency correlates linearly with the square of caffeine concentration. The efficiency of caffeine incubations, within the range 5-25 degrees C during equivalent cycle time periods has also been studied. It has been found that the lower the culture temperature, the higher the level of chromosomal aberrations. Moreover, at different temperatures, the level of chromosomal aberrations is a simple function of caffeine concentration and the ATP level. Therefore, the efficiency of caffeine treatment appears to be determined by some interaction between caffeine concentration and cellular ATP level. Our present results demonstrate that the influence of growth temperature on the chromosome-breaking effect of caffeine can be, at least partially, explained by the ATP levels during the incubation periods. In short, under different kinetics of plant cell proliferation, the ATP level, and/or something correlating with it, could explain the efficiency of caffeine in inducing chromosomal aberrations: the lower the ATP level, the higher the caffeine efficiency. PMID- 3773928 TI - Validation of the SOS/Umu test with mutagenic complex mixtures. AB - The SOS/Umu test, a rapid system for detecting genotoxic agents by monitoring SOS responses, was evaluated with the extracts of 8 mutagenic complex mixtures (airborne particles, coal dust, tobacco snuff, fried beef, fried shredded pork, airborne particles from polyurethane plants). In this system, the SOS function induced by genotoxicants is detected by a colorimetric measurement of beta galactosidase in tester cells carrying a umuC-lacZ-fused gene on the plasmid. Results from the study show that a higher beta-galactosidase activity was found when the enzyme substrate and treated cells were added simultaneously into the enzyme reaction mixture and post-treatment dilution (10 X dilution with fresh medium) and incubation (for 2 h) were incorporated. The post-treatment dilution is necessary to reduce a possible false positive due to the color of test substances. The extracts of all mutagenic complex mixtures tested were found to induce dose-related SOS responses, indicating that the SOS/Umu test is potentially useful for the detection of mutagenic complex environmental mixtures. PMID- 3773929 TI - Effects of liquid holding by L-ethionine on the SCE frequency induced by nitrogen mustard in human lymphocyte cultures. AB - The highest SCE frequency induced by HN2 in PHA-stimulated human lymphocyte cultures is obtained when cells are treated immediately before the S phase, about 27-30 h after PHA stimulation. When HN2 treatment occurs during the G1 phase, the induced SCE frequency is inversely related to the duration between treatment and the onset of the S phase, suggesting that removal of the SCE-inducing lesion occurs during G1. High concentrations of L-ethionine (15-30 mM) inhibit cell cycle progression in G1. The SCE frequency induced by treatment with HN2 (0.5 muM) during liquid holding is always lower than the SCE frequency induced by treatment with HN2 after release of the cells from liquid holding. This result indicates that SCE-inducing lesions caused by HN2 are removed during the cell cycle delay. Cultures treated with HN2 after release from 2-12 h of liquid holding in late G1 show a higher SCE frequency than non-arrested, HN2-treated cultures. This effect is likely due to an enrichment of cells in S after release from liquid holding. PMID- 3773930 TI - Effects of human interferon-alpha on UV-induced DNA-repair synthesis and cell killing. AB - Cells of a human transformed cell line, RSb, which have unusually high sensitivity to UV killing and low DNA-repair capacity and which can be induced into antiviral states by human interferon (HuIFN)-alpha (Suzuki et al., 1982), acquired increased levels of DNA-repair synthesis and cell survival when pretreated with HuIFN-alpha before UV irradiation. The increased effects of HuIFN alpha were also observed in other transformed VA13 cells and AK fibroblast cells. PMID- 3773931 TI - Further studies on antimycotic agents. PMID- 3773932 TI - [Miconazole and saprophytic micromycetes]. PMID- 3773933 TI - [Single-dose therapy of vaginal mycoses with a 10% clotrimazole vaginal cream]. PMID- 3773934 TI - Protein methylation and protein methylases in Leishmania donovani and Leishmania tropica promastigotes. AB - We studied the content of acid-stable methylated amino acids of soluble proteins in promastigotes of Leishmania donovani and L. tropica. epsilon-N-Trimethyllysine and NG,NG-dimethylarginine were found in both Leishmania species after culture in the presence of [methyl-14C]methionine. In addition, 3-N-methylhistidine was found only in L. tropica and epsilon-N-dimethyllysine only in proteins of L. donovani. As sinefungin, an antileishmanial nucleoside antibiotic, is a known transmethylase inhibitor, its effect on protein methylation was studied, in whole cells and in vitro. In the first case the drug had no effect on the content of methylated amino acid residues of soluble proteins. In vitro, histone methylation by crude extracts was studied at pH 7.2 and 9.0, known in other organisms as optimum pH values for arginine and lysine methylation, respectively. Surprisingly, arginine methylation by extracts of L. donovani was the same at both pH values while lysine residues were more efficiently methylated at pH 7.2 than at pH 9 by the extracts of the two species. These results indicate that the properties of protein methylases I and III of these parasites are different from those of other organisms hitherto studied. The inhibition constants of sinefungin for the leishmanial protein methylases were weak in comparison with those for enzymes from other sources, with the exception of the constant of L. donovani enzyme at pH 9. PMID- 3773935 TI - Esters of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, highly effective inhibitors of the sn glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase of Trypanosoma brucei brucei. AB - Alkyl esters of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid are inhibitors of the sn-glycerol-3 phosphate oxidase system of Trypanosoma brucei brucei in vitro and have significant trypanocidal activity in vivo when combined with glycerol. While the parent acid has little inhibitory activity in vitro, the esters are highly active with activity increasing as the chain length of the esterifying alcohol increases. The n-dodecyl ester was more than 400 times as active as salicylhydroxamic acid and 15 times more active than the corresponding p-n alkyloxybenzhydroxamic acid, one of the most active sn-glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase inhibitors previously reported. When combined with glycerol (to block an alternative pathway of glycolysis) and tested in vitro against intact parasites, this ester was 100 times more effective than salicylhydroxamic acid and 10 times more effective than p-n-dodecyloxybenzhydroxamic acid. It was also active against T. b. brucei in mice when combined with glycerol whereas the latter compound was not. Esters of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid (gallic acid) were also highly active while those of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid were much less inhibitory and those of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid were inactive. A related compound, 2',4',5' trihydroxybutyrophenone, was also active as predicted by its structure but was too toxic to be of interest as a drug candidate. PMID- 3773936 TI - Membrane potential of erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium chabaudi free of the host cell membrane. AB - Free parasites were isolated from Plasmodium chabaudi-infected rat erythrocytes by N2-cavitation and purified on Percoll gradients. The membrane potential of the free parasites determined from the transmembrane distribution of the lipophilic cation, tetraphenylphosphonium, was -93 +/- 10 mV for late stage parasites and 90 +/- 3 mV for ring forms. Studies with intact infected erythrocytes demonstrated that the membrane potential of ring forms was much smaller compared to late trophozoites and schizonts and thus the present findings with free parasites suggest that host cell cytoplasmic factors may determine the magnitude of the parasite membrane potential. Both extracellular pH and [Na+] were found to modify the membrane potential of free parasites. Electrogenic protonophores, the H+-ATPase inhibitor dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and orthovanadate collapsed the potential of free parasites. Ouabain (or its membrane permeant derivative, strophanthidin), and oligomycin were without effect. These inhibitor studies suggest that an electrogenic H+-ATPase similar to that found in yeast generates in part the membrane potential of malaria parasites. Using weak acid distribution or a pH sensitive fluorescent dye, it was demonstrated that free parasites maintain an alkaline intracellular pH at extracellular pH greater than 6.5. The pH gradient was partially collapsed by orthovanadate or dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and by substitution of Na+ for K+ in the suspending buffer. The H+-ATPase and K+:H+ exchange may therefore both contribute to regulation of intracellular pH in Plasmodium. PMID- 3773937 TI - Serum beta-carotene, vitamins A and E, selenium, and the risk of lung cancer. AB - We studied the relation of serum vitamin A (retinol), beta-carotene, vitamin E, and selenium to the risk of lung cancer, using serum that had been collected during a large blood-collection study performed in Washington County, Maryland, in 1974. Levels of the nutrients in serum samples from 99 persons who were subsequently found to have lung cancer (in 1975 to 1983) were compared with levels in 196 controls who were matched for age, sex, race, month of blood donation, and smoking history. A strong inverse association between serum beta carotene and the risk of squamous-cell carcinoma of the lung was observed (relative odds, 4.30; 95 percent confidence limits, 1.38 and 13.41). Mean (+/- SD) levels of vitamin E were lower among the cases than the controls (10.5 +/- 3.2 vs. 11.9 +/- 4.90 mg per liter), when all histologic types of cancer were considered together. In addition, a linear trend in risk was found (P = 0.04), so that persons with serum levels of vitamin E in the lowest quintile had a 2.5 times higher risk of lung cancer than persons with levels in the highest quintile. These data support an association between low levels of serum vitamin E and the risk of any type of lung cancer and between low levels of serum beta carotene and the risk of squamous-cell carcinoma of the lung. PMID- 3773938 TI - Mesenchymal cystic hamartoma of the lung. AB - Mesenchymal hamartomatous nodules and cysts in the lungs caused hemoptysis, pneumothorax, hemothorax, pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea of slight or moderate degree, or a combination of these signs and symptoms in five patients. In four cases the disease was multifocal and bilateral. The nodules were composed of primitive mesenchymal cells subdivided into papillae by a plexus of small airways lined with respiratory epithelium. The nodules grew slowly in number and size over the years and apparently became cystic when they reached a diameter of about 1 cm. The cysts had a cambium layer of mesenchymal cells and were lined with normal or metaplastic respiratory epithelium. In general, the disease had an indolent course. The most serious complications were sudden hemorrhage into a cyst from large systemic arteries supplying the walls of the cysts, pneumothorax or hemothorax from rupture of a subpleural cyst, and malignant transformation in one case. This disease appears to represent a distinct clinicopathological entity, which I term mesenchymal cystic hamartoma of the lung. PMID- 3773939 TI - Inappropriate use of hospitals in a randomized trial of health insurance plans. AB - We examined geographic variation in the rate of inappropriate hospitalization and the effect of cost sharing on that rate. The medical records of 1132 adults hospitalized in a randomized trial of health insurance plans were reviewed by two physicians who were blinded to the patients' insurance plan. They judged 23 percent of the admissions to be inappropriate and an additional 17 percent to have been avoidable by the use of ambulatory surgery. The percentage of inappropriate admissions varied among six sites (from 10 to 35 percent), but areas with low total admission rates did not necessarily have low proportions of inappropriate admissions. In plans with cost sharing for all services, 22 percent of admissions and 34 percent of hospital days were classified as inappropriate, as compared with 24 percent of admissions and 35 percent of hospital days in the plan under which care was free to the patient (these differences were not statistically significant). Our data show that a substantial fraction of hospitalization is potentially avoidable. Because cost sharing did not selectively reduce inappropriate hospitalization, it is important to develop other mechanisms to do so. PMID- 3773940 TI - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 45-1986. A 64-year-old man with pleuritic chest pain and wheezing and a right-upper-lobe abnormality of 10 years' duration. PMID- 3773941 TI - Cholinergic drugs in Alzheimer's disease. PMID- 3773942 TI - Micronutrients and cancer prevention. PMID- 3773943 TI - Transmission of disease during artificial insemination. PMID- 3773944 TI - Nephrotoxicity of cyclosporine. PMID- 3773945 TI - Treatment of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. PMID- 3773946 TI - Psychological stress and metabolic control in type I diabetes mellitus. PMID- 3773947 TI - Survival after postoperative combination treatment of rectal cancer. PMID- 3773948 TI - Testing in prepaid versus fee-for-service group practices. PMID- 3773949 TI - Why saying no to patients in the United States is so hard. PMID- 3773950 TI - Cost containment and the CPC. PMID- 3773951 TI - A simple way to improve the chances for acceptance of your scientific paper. PMID- 3773952 TI - Deciding against corporate management of a state-supported academic medical center. PMID- 3773953 TI - Increased 2-hydroxylation of estradiol as a possible mechanism for the anti estrogenic effect of cigarette smoking. AB - Epidemiologic data indicate that cigarette smoking is associated with an important anti-estrogenic effect, and increased hepatic metabolism has been suggested as a possible mechanism. We examined the hypothesis that cigarette smoking in women induces an increase in estradiol 2-hydroxylation. This irreversible metabolic pathway yields 2-hydroxyestrogens, which possess minimal peripheral estrogenic activity and are cleared rapidly from the circulation. We found a significant increase in estradiol 2-hydroxylation in premenopausal women who smoked at least 15 cigarettes per day. The extent of the reaction (mean +/- SEM) was 53.6 +/- 2.2 percent among 14 smokers and 35.1 +/- 1.8 percent among 13 nonsmoking controls--an increase of approximately 50 percent (P less than 0.001). The extent of 2-hydroxylation among five smokers did not vary during the follicular and luteal phases of their menstrual cycles. In addition, urinary excretion of estriol relative to estrone was significantly decreased among smokers (P less than 0.01), providing evidence that the smoking-induced increase in 2-hydroxylation diminishes the competing metabolic pathway involving 16 alpha hydroxylation. This study demonstrates that smoking exerts a powerful inducing effect on the 2-hydroxylation pathway of estradiol metabolism, which is likely to lead to decreased bioavailability at estrogen target tissues. Elucidation of the mechanism responsible for smoking-induced changes in 2-hydroxylation may be useful in the development of strategies to reduce the risk of hormone-dependent tumors. PMID- 3773954 TI - Influence of smoking fewer cigarettes on exposure to tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide. AB - In the hope of reducing the adverse health consequences of smoking, physicians frequently advise their patients who cannot quit to smoke fewer cigarettes. Habitual smokers may compensate for the reduced number of cigarettes, however, by taking in more smoke per cigarette. We measured the intake of tar (estimated as mutagenic activity of the urine), nicotine, and carbon monoxide during short-term cigarette restriction. With a reduction from an average of 37 cigarettes to an average of 5 cigarettes per day, the intake of tobacco toxins per cigarette increased roughly threefold and daily exposure to tar and carbon monoxide declined only 50 percent. We conclude that smoking fewer cigarettes may reduce exposure to toxins and related adverse health consequences. However, consistent with a tendency to maintain intake of nicotine, the magnitude of the benefit is much less than expected. Whether "oversmoking" persists during long-term restriction of cigarettes requires further investigation. PMID- 3773955 TI - Pharyngeal size in snorers, nonsnorers, and patients with obstructive sleep apnea. AB - We measured pharyngeal cross-sectional area and its change with alterations in lung volume in 10 subjects who snored and had obstructive sleep apnea, 6 subjects who snored and did not have obstructive sleep apnea, and 9 subjects who did not snore. Pharyngeal area was measured with use of an acoustic-reflection technique. We found that snorers with and without sleep apnea had a significantly smaller mean (+/- SE) pharyngeal cross-sectional area (4.1 +/- 0.2 and 3.7 +/- 0.9 cm2, respectively) at functional residual capacity than nonsnorers (5.4 +/- 0.5 cm2, P less than 0.025). When lung volume decreased from functional residual capacity to residual volume, both nonsnorers and snorers with sleep apnea had a decrease in pharyngeal area (from 5.4 +/- 0.5 to 4.5 +/- 0.4 cm2 and 4.1 +/- 0.2 to 3.4 +/- 0.2 cm2, respectively), whereas snorers without sleep apnea had no such decrease, suggesting that their pharynxes were less collapsible at low lung volumes. We conclude that snorers with and without sleep apnea have smaller pharyngeal cross sectional areas than nonsnorers and that snorers with sleep apnea have a further decrease as lung volume falls. PMID- 3773956 TI - Organizing to begin physician manpower planning. PMID- 3773958 TI - Therapy of hyponatremia. PMID- 3773957 TI - When patients request specific interventions: Defining the limits of the physician's obligation. PMID- 3773959 TI - The Walter Reed staging classification in the follow-up of HIV infection. PMID- 3773960 TI - Intravenous streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 3773961 TI - Lower-axillary-node sampling in conjunction with local excision for breast cancer. PMID- 3773962 TI - Coxiella burnetii infection of a vascular prosthesis. PMID- 3773963 TI - Eye injury from microwave popcorn. PMID- 3773964 TI - Risks of anticoagulant therapy in pregnant women with artificial heart valves. AB - In an attempt to identify the best treatment for pregnant women with cardiac valve prostheses who are receiving oral anticoagulants, we studied 72 pregnancies prospectively. In 23 pregnancies (Group I), the coumarin derivative acenocoumarol was discontinued and the patients received 5,000 U of subcutaneous heparin every 12 hours from the 6th to the 12th week of gestation, in 12 pregnancies (Group II), heparin was not substituted for the coumarin derivative until after the 7th week, and in 37 pregnancies, detected after the first trimester (Group III), the coumarin derivative was given throughout gestation. In most patients heparin was again substituted for the oral anticoagulant after the 38th week. Three mothers had thrombosis of a tilting-disk mitral prosthesis (two cases were fatal) during heparin treatment. No differences were found in the rates of spontaneous abortion in the three groups. Coumarin embryopathy occurred in 25 percent and 29.6 percent of the pregnancies in Groups II and III, respectively. We conclude that in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, coumarin derivatives provide effective protection against thromboembolism while causing few fetopathic effects, but that these agents are contraindicated from the 6th to the 12th weeks of gestation. Low dose heparin does not protect against prosthetic-valve thrombosis, and the possibility that a larger dose might be more effective requires further exploration. PMID- 3773965 TI - The prevalence of cancer. Estimates based on the Connecticut Tumor Registry. AB - Cancer incidence and mortality do not fully reflect the effect of cancer. To estimate the number of persons alive who have a history of cancer, we derived prevalence rates based on data from the Connecticut Tumor Registry. We did not attempt to distinguish between people who had been cured of cancer and those who still had the disease. In 1982 the age-adjusted prevalence rates of cancer among males and females were 1,789 and 2,222, respectively, per 100,000. Age-specific prevalence rates were highest among the elderly; 12 percent of men and 11 percent of women over 70 had previously been given a diagnosis of cancer. Breast cancer in females and prostate cancer in males were the two most prevalent malignant diseases. We estimate that about 5 million persons alive in the United States today have at one time received a diagnosis of cancer. PMID- 3773966 TI - Oncolipids? A possible new approach to diagnosis of cancer. PMID- 3773967 TI - Prevention of gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum. PMID- 3773968 TI - Varicella-zoster infection in pregnancy. PMID- 3773969 TI - Scoliosis and fractures in young ballet dancers. PMID- 3773970 TI - Antibodies in patients with hairy-cell leukemia receiving alpha-2b interferon. PMID- 3773971 TI - Complete heart block due to Lyme disease. PMID- 3773972 TI - Academic group practice. PMID- 3773973 TI - Transfers to a public hospital. PMID- 3773974 TI - Texas eliminates dumping. PMID- 3773975 TI - The effect of a public hospital's transfer policy on patient care. PMID- 3773976 TI - Virus-like particles in Basidiobolus species. AB - Transmission electron microscopy of ultrathin sections of hyphal cells of Basidiobolus haptosporus and B. ranarum revealed the presence of particulate inclusions consistent in morphology with that described in certain other fungi as virus-like particles. Two types of particles were observed which differed in substructure and distribution within the host cytoplasm. Relative numbers of these particles were never great, and their presence in the host was not associated with any demonstrable cytopathological changes detectable at the ultrastructural level. We believe this report to be the first description of an association of virus-like particles with fungi of the Entomophthoraceae. PMID- 3773977 TI - Minimal moisture content for growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus in mixed feeds. AB - Minimal moisture content for growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus in mixed feeds was studied. Minimal moisture content for growth is 16.51% +/- 0.45. Very low amounts of aflatoxins are accumulated at days 1 or 2 after the growth started when the initial moisture content of the mixed feed was 17% or lower; on the other hand, significant amounts of aflatoxin are detected when it was 18% or higher. PMID- 3773978 TI - Cutaneous alternariosis: a rare chromohyphomycosis. Report of a case. AB - A 66-year-old woman presented 3 groups of scaly granulomatous lesions on the right forearm and elbow of six months duration. Direct examination of the scales showed hyphae and culture in lactrimel medium grew Alternaria sp. considered a contaminant. No improvement was observed after six months of treatment with oral griseofulvin. A second culture using half of a biopsy grew Alternaria sp. again and in histologic examination short pigmented fragments of hyphae surrounded by a granulomatous reaction were seen in the derma. The patient had marked improvement after treatment with erythromycin per os and miconazole topically; an atrophic scar remained as the only sign of the fungal infection. PMID- 3773979 TI - Isolation of trace amounts of 3',4'-dehydro-4'-deoxydothistromin from peanut plants naturally infected with Cercospora personata. AB - Trace amounts of the anthraquinonoid toxic metabolite, 3',4'-dehydro-4' deoxydothistromin have been identified for the first time, from peanut tissues naturally infected by Cercospora personata. Characteristic uv spectral and chromatographic properties of the metabolite and its tetraacetate as well as the mass spectrum of the latter have established its identity. PMID- 3773980 TI - Susceptibility of clinical isolates of yeasts to anti-fungal agents. AB - The antimicrobial activity of amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine, nystatin, clotrimazole and miconazole were compared in vitro against 244 strains of yeasts that had been isolated from clinical specimens. The yeasts used in this study included 20 species of Candida, Cryptococcus, Saccharomyces Geotrichum, Rhodotorula, Torulopsis and Trichosporon. The majority of the strains (78%) had an MIC of less than or equal to 0.5 microgram/ml for amphotericin B, 81% an MIC of less than or equal to 1 microgram/ml for 5-fluorocytosine, 99% less than or equal to 8 micrograms/ml for nystatin, 91%, less than or equal to 8.0 micrograms/ml for clotrimazole and 98% had an MIC of less than or equal to 4.0 for miconazole. Of the anti-fungal agents tested, 5-fluorocytosine and nystatin were found to have the greatest antifungal activity. PMID- 3773981 TI - Butylated hydroxytoluene addition improves the thiobarbituric acid assay for malonaldehyde from chicken plasma fat. AB - Samples of plasma lipid were tested for autoxidation during the heating step of the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) assay for malonaldehyde. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was used to quench sample autoxidation during the assay, and 25 ppm BHT was found effective in eliminating autoxidation in fresh plasma fat. At this concentration, BHT does not interfere with the reaction of malonaldehyde with TBA. Depending on fat concentration, absorbance at 532 nm was 2-5 times higher when samples were assayed without BHT compared to identical samples with 25 ppm BHT addition. It is concluded that BHT addition to the TBA assay before the heating step improves the reliability of the assay by eliminating autoxidation which may generate the majority of oxidative products measured in TBA assays lacking antioxidant protection. PMID- 3773982 TI - [The quality of protein-enriched products from sunflower seeds. 1. The effect of various production processes on the nutritive value of meals and protein isolates]. AB - Globulin isolates from native sunflower seed and industrial extraction meal obtained by extraction with different electrolyte solutions and subsequent isoelectric precipitation are relatively poor in the essential amino acids lysine, threonine, and methionine as compared to defatted seed meals. On the other hand, albumins separated by means of polyanionic complexing agents (sodium alginate and aluminium potassium sulphate) are relatively rich in these amino acids, and albumin-globulin-co-precipitates have a correspondingly balanced amino acid composition, being also reflected by nutrition physiological values as BW, NPU, and EAA-index. As compared to seed meals protein isolates are characterized furthermore by a better protein digestibility. PMID- 3773984 TI - 3rd International Aroma Symposium of the Socialist Countries. Kecskemet, Hungary, September 14-17, 1984. PMID- 3773983 TI - [The action of phenylmercuriacetate and nitrate in combined application in rats: the thyroid gland, liver enzymes and morphologic findings in the brain and kidney]. AB - Rats were exposed to nitrate (NO3-) in drinking water, to phenylmercuryacetate (PMA) by gavage and to NO3- and PMA together during 4 different experiments. PMA impaired kidneys, NO3- thyroid gland, and NO3- and PMA together both organs. In the last case a synergistic effect on the thyroid gland was shown. The lowest effective concentration of NO3- was 40 mg/l. It resulted in histomorphological changes of the thyroid epithelial cells. That low effective dose of NO3- and possible synergistic effects should give a further impulse to take into consideration not only a low iodide intake but also goitrogenic environmental chemicals when evaluating the endemic goitre prevalence. PMID- 3773985 TI - Perception. Questions of sex and colour. PMID- 3773986 TI - First glimpse of the DMD gene? PMID- 3773987 TI - Anaesthesia. Models of consciousness. PMID- 3773988 TI - Cancer risk assessments in light of Chernobyl. PMID- 3773989 TI - Polymorphism of the long-wavelength cone in normal human colour vision. AB - Colour vision is based on the presence of multiple classes of cone each of which contains a different type of photopigment. Colour matching tests have long revealed that the normal human has three cone types. Results from these tests have also been used to provide estimates of cone spectral sensitivities. There are significant variations in colour matches made by individuals whose colour vision is classified as normal. Some of this is due to individual differences in preretinal absorption and photopigment density, but some is also believed to arise because there is variation in the spectral positioning of the cone pigments among those who have normal colour vision. We have used a sensitive colour matching test to examine the magnitude and nature of this individual variation and here report evidence for the existence of two different long-wavelength cone mechanisms in normal humans. The different patterns of colour matches made by male and female subjects indicate these two mechanisms are inherited as an X chromosome linked trait. PMID- 3773990 TI - Cholinergic neuropil of the striatum observes striosomal boundaries. AB - Acetylcholine and dopamine are key neurotransmitters in the extrapyramidal motor system, where they are thought to lie in a 'functional balance' brought about by interactions between the terminals of the dopamine-containing nigrostriatal tract and the cholinergic interneurones of the striatum. The precise nature of these interactions is not understood, however, nor is it clear how they influence the functioning of striatal systems containing other neurotransmitters. A new clue to understanding such interplay among transmitter-coded systems in the striatum has come from the finding that many of them, including nigrostriatal afferents, follow a macroscopic ordering in which neural elements are concentrated either in or out of the striatal tissue compartments called striosomes. We here report that the cholinergic neuropil of the striatum is also compartmentalized: fibres expressing immunoreactivity to antibodies raised against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) are sparse in striosomes and are dense in the extrastriosomal matrix. These findings suggest that the interactions between acetylcholine and other neurotransmitters in the striatum are spatially constrained, that cholinergic modulation of striatal function predomintes in the extrastriosomal matrix, and that extrapyramidal pathways originating in the matrix, including transthalamic pathways to the frontal lobes, may in particular reflect this cholinergic influence. Such a differential organization of striatal cholinergic circuitry could help to account for the selective therapeutic efficacy of anticholinergic drugs in the treatment of extrapyramidal disorders. PMID- 3773991 TI - Isolation of candidate cDNAs for portions of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene. AB - Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and the less severe Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) are human X-linked muscle-wasting disorders that have been localized to the band Xp21 by genetic linkage analysis and cytologically detectable abnormalities. A cloned DNA segment, DXS164 (or pERT87), has been shown to detect deletions in the DNA of unrelated DMD and BMD males. Here we present the nucleotide sequence of two highly conserved DNA fragments from the DXS164 locus and their homologous sequences from the mouse X chromosome. One of the human conserved segments hybridized to a large transcript in RNA isolated from human fetal skeletal muscle and was used to isolate cDNA clones which cover approximately 10% of this transcript. The cDNA clones map to Xp21 and hybridize with a minimum of eight small regions that span 130 kilobases (kb) of the DXS164 locus. These expressed sequences are candidates for portions of the gene responsible for both DMD and BMD. PMID- 3773992 TI - Unapproved drugs for export. PMID- 3773993 TI - Genome sequencing. More actors apply for parts. PMID- 3773994 TI - Biophysics. Use of deuterated proteins in nuclear magnetic resonance. PMID- 3773995 TI - The northerly extent of Chernobyl contamination. PMID- 3773996 TI - Disoriented pathfinding by pioneer neurone growth cones deprived of filopodia by cytochalasin treatment. AB - A major question in developmental neurobiology is how developing nerve cells accurately extend processes to establish connections with their target cells. This problem involves both the nature of cues for growth cone guidance and also the question of how growth cones survey their environment for cues and respond by altering their direction of migration. The filopodia which normally extend from neuronal growth cones have been shown to affect growth cone steering in vitro and it has been proposed that they function in vivo in the detection of and response to guidance cues. This hypothesis could be tested in vivo if growth cones which normally have filopodia could be induced to migrate in their absence. The pair of Ti1 neurones are the first neurones to extend axons through the limb buds of embryonic grasshoppers. We report here an examination of the migration of Ti1 pioneer growth cones deprived of filopodia by culture in agents which disrupt actin microfilaments. Under these conditions, axons continue to extend but a large percentage of growth cones are highly disoriented. Our results indicate that Ti1 filopodia are not necessary for axonal elongation in vivo but that they are important for correctly oriented growth cone steering. PMID- 3773997 TI - Complete protein sequence and identification of structural domains of human apolipoprotein B. AB - Epidemiological, pathological and genetic studies show a strong positive correlation between elevated plasma concentrations of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and the risk of premature coronary heart disease. Apolipoprotein (apo) B-100 is the sole protein component of LDL and is the ligand responsible for the receptor-mediated uptake and clearance of LDL from the circulation. Apo B-100 is made by the liver and is essential for the assembly of triglyceride-rich very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) in the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum and for their secretion into the plasma. VLDL transports triglyceride to peripheral muscle and adipose tissue, where the triglyceride is hydrolysed by lipoprotein lipase. The resultant particle, relatively enriched in cholesteryl ester, constitutes LDL. LDL delivers cholesterol to peripheral tissues where it is used for membrane and steroid hormone biosynthesis and to the liver, the only organ which can catabolize and excrete cholesterol. Plasma LDL levels are therefore determined by the balance between their rate of production from VLDL and clearance by the hepatic LDL (apo B/E) receptor pathway. Here we report the complete 4,563-amino-acid sequence of apo B-100 precursor (relative molecular mass (Mr) 514,000 (514K] determined from complementary DNA clones. Numerous lipid-binding structures are distributed throughout the extraordinary length of apo B-100 and must underlie its special functions as a nucleus for lipoprotein assembly and maintenance of plasma lipoprotein integrity. A domain enriched in basic amino-acid residues has been identified as important for the cellular uptake of cholesterol by the LDL receptor pathway. PMID- 3773998 TI - Osteoclasts and haematopoietic stem cells in developing human bones. PMID- 3773999 TI - Evolutionary relationships of human populations. PMID- 3774000 TI - In vitro fertilization. Research in Victoria threatened. PMID- 3774001 TI - US biomedical research. Hughes money talks volumes. PMID- 3774003 TI - Immunology in India. PMID- 3774002 TI - Bioregulation. Technical slip almost forgiven. PMID- 3774004 TI - Making of the nervous system. PMID- 3774005 TI - Human 134Cs/137Cs levels in Scotland after Chernobyl. PMID- 3774006 TI - Uncertainty in science: is the giant panda a bear or a raccoon? AB - The few remaining doubts that the giant panda is a bear depend on the belief that it ought to be closely related to the lesser panda, and on controversial interpretations of molecular sequence differences. PMID- 3774007 TI - Trans-sexually grafted antennae alter pheromone-directed behaviour in a moth. AB - When tobacco hornworm moths (Manduca sexta) are tested in a wind tunnel with a source of female pheromones upwind, males but not normal females show pheromone modulated anemotaxis and a characteristic mate-seeking behavioural sequence. These behaviours are produced by stimulation of sensory neurones found only in male antennae. These neurones project axons only to dendrites of pheromone specific interneurones in the macroglomerular complex, a region of neuropil in the antennal lobe characteristic of males but not present in normal females. Some interneurones in the antennal lobes of female moths that have received grafts of male antennae (gynandromorphs) respond postsynaptically to stimulation with bombykal, a major component of the pheromone. They branch into a region resembling the macroglomerular complex, like their counterparts in normal males. We show here that gynandromorphic females respond to pheromonal stimulation with anemotaxis. We also find that normal females display a similar sequence in response to the odour of their egg-laying site, the tobacco plant. It is likely that a common motor path is used either by pheromone-specific interneurones in the antennal lobes of males or by tobacco-specific interneurones in females. We assume that the interneurones in gynandromorphic females that branch into the macroglomerular complex induced by a grafted male antenna can activate this pathway. PMID- 3774008 TI - Phosphorylation of tubulin enhances its interaction with membranes. AB - Tubulin, the main component of intracellular microtubules, is also a major protein in subcellular membrane preparations and can interact with biological and artificial membranes in vitro. Of particular interest is the association of tubulin with postsynaptic junctional lattices enriched in a polypeptide of relative molecular mass (Mr) 50,000 (50K), recently identified as the major subunit of the calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. Phosphorylation of tubulin with a calmodulin-dependent protein kinase similar to that found in postsynaptic densities inhibits its ability to self-assemble into microtubules in a reversible fashion. This involves the phosphorylation of residues in its 4K carboxy-terminal region, a domain that seems to regulate its self-assembly. The results presented here suggest that the phosphorylation of tubulin with this kinase enhances its ability to interact with membranes. This effect is reversible. PMID- 3774009 TI - National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference on Adjuvant Chemotherapy and Endocrine Therapy for Breast Cancer. Bethesda, Maryland, September 9-11, 1985. PMID- 3774011 TI - Treatment of node-negative breast cancer patients with short course of chemotherapy immediately after surgery. AB - In our first study, one short course of chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, 5 mg/kg/day for 6 days iv) was given perioperatively to 507 patients with operable primary breast cancer; there were 519 control subjects. Randomization was done by telephone from the operating theater, and stratification was by hospital only. The side effects were negligible. With 20-year follow-up, the relapse rate was 60.5% in the control group and 48% in the treatment group (P less than 0.001). The overall survival benefit was marginally significant, but with correction for deaths not related to cancer, P was less than 0.02. A total of 309 patients in the treatment group and 301 in the control group were histologically node negative. The observed benefit in this subgroup was as good as in the node positive subgroup, but the relapses were too few for testing of meaningful significance. In our second study, all patients received one short perioperative course, and the node-positive patients were randomized between control or continued chemotherapy for 1 year. This improved the beneficial results but also considerably increased the side effects. PMID- 3774010 TI - Assessment of adjuvant trials in breast cancer. AB - In this paper, we discuss the analytic problems associated with the evaluation of overall survival for breast cancer adjuvant studies and results of pooling data from the published literature to determine if there is evidence showing an overall survival advantage to adjuvant therapy. An investigation of the effect of competing causes of death shows that trials on older patients have low statistical power. Hence many of the current trials have low statistical power and may fail to find overall survival advantage for adjuvant therapy even when a benefit exists. The implications of the assessment of short-term follow-up are discussed in the context of the heterogeneous distribution of residual disease after primary treatment. Short-term follow-up (less than 5 yr) precludes anyone from making any conclusions about benefit for patients with small residual tumor burdens who constitute the patient subgroup most likely to benefit from adjuvant therapy. We reviewed 15 published randomized trials (each having a control group receiving no systemic therapy) to determine if overall survival has been increased by adjuvant therapy. We conclude that there is a benefit from some chemotherapy regimens given to node-positive premenopausal women. However, the published data for tamoxifen are mixed, with some trials showing benefit and others not. As more follow-up time is accumulated, this matter should be settled. PMID- 3774012 TI - Role of steroid hormone receptors as prognostic factors in primary breast cancer. AB - A review and update of published studies on estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR) as prognostic factors in breast cancer support the following conclusions. In stage I breast cancer, the lack of ER seems to be the most important factor for predicting earlier recurrence and poorer survival. In stage II breast cancer, PgR content appears to be better than ER content in predicting disease-free survival and PgR content is as important as ER content in predicting overall survival. The benefits of adjuvant endocrine therapy are better predicted by the presence or absence of PgR than by the presence or absence of ER. Measurement of proliferative activity (S-phase DNA) by thymidine labeling or flow cytometry and of aneuploidy by flow cytometry also provides prognostic information. The strong correlations between tumor receptor content, percent S-phase cells, and aneuploidy suggest that these measurements in concert might identify a subset of stage I breast cancer patients at increased risk for recurrence, who would thus be potential candidates for adjuvant therapy. PMID- 3774013 TI - Cell kinetics in selection and stratification of patients for adjuvant therapy of breast carcinoma. AB - Pulse in vitro thymidine labeling index (TLI) was used to measure proliferative activity in 757 infiltrative breast carcinomas. The TLI varied from 0.00% to 35.6%, and the frequency distribution was positively skewed, with a mean of 7.1% and a median of 5.2%. The TLI was negatively correlated with the age of the patient and content of estrogen and progesterone receptors and was positively correlated with the size of the carcinoma and the degrees of nuclear anaplasia, necrosis, and inflammatory cellular infiltrate. The TLI did not correlate with the number of axillary lymph node metastases. The TLI of locally advanced carcinomas were elevated significantly. Evaluation of the clinical course in a series of 278 patients showed that the TLI is a prognostic indicator independent of stage and estrogen receptor content. Patients with negative axillary lymph nodes who had TLI above the median had more than twice the probability of relapse within 4 years as patients with TLI below the median. Similar results have been reported by Silvestrini et al. The TLI can be used to select and identify high risk patients and to stratify patients for trials of adjuvant therapy. The DNA index and the percent of nuclei with S-phase DNA content estimated by flow cytometry hold promise as prognostic indicators but have not been as well studied as the TLI. PMID- 3774014 TI - Prognostic and therapeutic significance of pathological features of breast cancer. AB - A search for significant pathological prognostic variables for 10-year disease free survival was performed in women enrolled in protocol 4 of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) who were treated by radical mastectomy. Pathological assessment of the number of lymph nodes with metastatic involvement (0, 1-3, or 4+) is the principal factor. Women with tumors measuring less than 2 cm had statistically significant better survival than those with larger cancers. This association was independent of nodal status, but the magnitude of difference was only 15%. A pattern of germinal center predominance in regional lymph nodes and high histological grade adversely influenced disease free survival in patients without nodal metastases. A high histological grade and tumor size of 2 cm or more similarly affected disease-free survival in patients with metastases in 4 or more nodes. Although no statistically significant factors were found that might predict treatment failure or success in the patients with 1 3 positive nodes, trends relating to histological grade and tumor size were observed. The presence of more than 13 positive nodes indicated patients who would fail by 10 years, after surviving for 5 years, whereas type 1, 2, and 4 "scar" cancers were favorable indices. Favorable response to chemotherapeutic agents used in clinical trials by the NSABP was significant in patients with poorly differentiated cancer but not in those with well-differentiated cancer (grades 1 and 2). This relationship prevailed in both older (greater than or equal to 50 yr) and younger (less than or equal to 49 yr) women.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3774015 TI - Prognostic significance of micrometastases in bone marrow in patients with primary breast cancer. AB - Metastatic breast cancer cells were found in the bone marrow of 60 (23%) of 269 patients with primary breast cancer, none of whom had metastatic disease disclosed by any other investigation, including bone scanning and radiological skeletal survey. We estimated the number of cancer cells as less than or more than 20 cancer cells seen. Twenty-six patients had less than 20 cancer cells present, and 34 had 20 or more. At a median follow-up time of 22 months, 53 patients had relapsed, 19 of 60 (31.7%) in the group found to have micrometastases and 34 of 195 (17.2%) in the group that had normal bone marrow. Patients with micrometastases are relapsing at a faster rate than those without micrometastases (P = less than 0.05). Patients with less than 20 cancer cells present are relapsing faster than those with no cancer cells but slower than those with 20 or more cancer cells (P = less than 0.01). We conclude that the presence of cancer cells in the marrow at primary diagnosis is a prognostic factor in patients with primary breast cancer. PMID- 3774016 TI - Adjuvant treatment for early breast cancer: the Ludwig breast cancer studies. AB - The Ludwig Breast Cancer Study Group conducted four concomitant trials involving adjuvant chemotherapy and endocrine therapy. In Ludwig I, adjuvant combination chemotherapy was used with or without prednisone to treat premenopausal and perimenopausal women with metastases in 1-3 axillary lymph nodes. The impact of adding low-dose, continuous prednisone (7.5 mg/day) to an adjuvant, chemotherapy regimen of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil (CMF) was investigated in a randomized trial of 491 premenopausal and perimenopausal patients with operable breast cancer and metastases in 1-3 axillary lymph nodes. As a consequence of lower hematologic toxicity, a significantly higher dose of CMF could be administered with added prednisone (P less than 0.0001). However, at the 4-year median follow-up, no significant improvement was observed in disease free survival (DFS) (73% vs. 77%; P = 0.35) or overall survival (OS) (both 86%; P = 0.73). Induced amenorrhea was associated with a longer DFS for younger patients, those who received lower CMF doses, and those with tumors that were estrogen receptor (ER) positive. In Ludwig III, adjuvant therapy was administered to younger postmenopausal women in a study of chemotherapy plus endocrine therapy versus endocrine therapy alone versus mastectomy alone. In this randomized trial of 463 postmenopausal women 65 years of age or younger with axillary node metastases, treatment with the combination of CMF plus low-dose prednisone and tamoxifen (CMFp + T), was compared to endocrine therapy alone (p + T) or to no further treatment after total mastectomy and axillary clearance. At a median follow-up of 4 years, the DFS was 61% for the CMFp + T group, compared with 48% for the p + T group (P = 0.01) and 31% for the observation group (P less than 0.0001). The 4-year OS rates were not statistically different (76%, 67%, and 68%, respectively; P = 0.30). Treatment with CMFp + T reduced local, regional, and distant metastases and was equally effective in improving DFS in patients with ER positive or ER-negative tumors. In Ludwig II, chemotherapy was given with or without oophorectomy in premenopausal and perimenopausal patients with metastases in 4 or more axillary nodes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3774017 TI - Effect of progesterone on the metabolism of noradrenaline in rabbit uterine endometrium and myometrium. AB - The metabolism of (-)-3H-noradrenaline was examined in the endometrium and the myometrium from rabbits which had received 17 beta-oestradiol, either alone (oestrogen-dominated) or with progesterone (progesterone-dominated). The progesterone treatment resulted in a 2.5-fold increase in 3H-NMN formation in the endometrium, with no change in 3H-DOPEG, 3H-DOMA or 3H-OMDA formation. In the myometrium, progesterone caused a 5-fold increase in 3H-NMN formation and a 2.5 fold increase in 3H-OMDA formation, but did not affect 3H-DOPEG or 3H-DOMA formation. In the progesterone-dominated endometrium, both 3H-NMN and 3H-OMDA formation were strongly inhibited by cocaine 30 mumol/l. When O-methylation was inhibited by a COMT inhibitor, cocaine prevented the resultant increases in deamination of noradrenaline to 3H-DOPEG and in the accumulation of 3H noradrenaline by the tissue. The 3H-noradrenaline which accumulated in endometria, in which both MAO and COMT were inhibited, was firmly bound; desipramine 3 mumol/l and (+)-amphetamine 10 mumol/l were equieffective with cocaine 30 mumol/l in inhibiting the accumulation. Cocaine 30 mumol/l was without effect on 3H-NMN and 3H-OMDA formation in the progesterone-dominated myometrium, nor did it prevent the increase in 3H-DOPEG formation produced by COMT inhibition. Fluorescent histochemical analysis of the endometrium indicated that the epithelial cells of the endometrial glands were the site of cocaine-sensitive noradrenaline accumulation. It is concluded that progesterone stimulates O methylation in the endometrium and myometrium in different ways.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3774018 TI - Opiates induce long-term increases in prodynorphin-derived peptide levels in the guinea-pig myenteric plexus. AB - The subcutaneous administration of a single dose of an opiate agonist (levorphanol) or antagonist (naloxone) to guinea pigs results in an at least 3 fold elevation of dynorphin and alpha-neoendorphin-immunoreactivity in the longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus preparation. The effects are time- and dose dependent, significant elevations first being observed 6 h after treatment and lasting for up to 24 h. Pretreatment levels of opioid peptides were observed after 8 days. Combined injection of the narcotic agonist and antagonist, at sufficiently high doses, resulted in an additive effect of the individual drugs. The respective stereoisomers dextrorphan and (+)-naloxone did not affect prodynorphin-derived peptide concentrations. An increase of endogenous opioids was also observed after administration of the nonopiate clonidine, a compound which, like opiates, alters the activity of the myenteric plexus. It is suggested that feedback mechanisms in the myenteric plexus are responsible for the elevation of endogenous opioid peptides following exposure to exogenous opiates. Using a monoclonal antibody (3-E7), which recognizes virtually all endogenous opioid peptides, it was found that levels of higher molecular material were also increased upon opiate challenge. This suggests that a single dose of an exogenous opiate results in an increase in peptide synthesis. PMID- 3774019 TI - Antiepileptic drug combinations and experimental background: the case of phenobarbital and phenytoin. AB - In view of the trend towards single drug therapy of epilepsy, the experimental background for thr combination of phenobarbital (PB) and phenytoin (PHT) was reassessed. Since potentiation of the anticonvulsant activity is in itself neither sufficient nor necessary to demonstrate the superiority of a drug combination, protection against maximal electroshock seizures as well as neurotoxicity were determined in mice. This allowed one to separate the neurotoxic from the anticonvulsant interaction and to base the analysis on changes in the therapeutic index (TI). Pharmacokinetic interactions were excluded from the analysis by expressing all results in terms of brain concentrations. The anticonvulsant interaction between PB and PHT was found to be additive, whereas the neurotoxic interaction was antagonistic. These results provide experimental documentation of one of the theories behind antiepileptic drug combinations. However, because PB had a markedly lower TI than PHT in this model, the TI of the drug combination was lower than the TI of PHT. Thus, the antagonism with regard to neurotoxicity was not sufficient to raise the TI of the combination above the TI of PHT. PMID- 3774020 TI - Improvement of cardiac performance by carboxylic ionophore monensin in greyhound and mongrel dogs. AB - The effects of the cardiotonic ionophore monensin on coronary blood flow, cardiac output, left ventricular (LV) O2 consumption, LV contractility and arterial blood pressure were measured in greyhounds and compared with those in mongrel dogs under pentobarbital anaesthesia. Following intravenous injection of 100 micrograms/kg monensin, all parameters rose, the greyhounds showing a relatively greater response in peak values of coronary blood flow, LV contractility and cardiac output. The increase in the calculated LV mechanical work was proportionately greater than the corresponding increase in LV O2 consumption, hence the derived index, external mechanical efficiency, rose rapidly from an initial value of 0.165 to 0.285 (73%) in greyhounds; mongrel dogs showed a more modest rise from 0.094 to 0.120 (28%) during the same interval. The difference in the responses in the two breeds of dogs are attributed mainly to larger heart size and exercise training in greyhounds as compared with untrained mongrel dogs. PMID- 3774021 TI - Effects of flunarizine on electrical and mechanical responses of smooth muscle cells in basilar and ear arteries of the rabbit. AB - The effects of flunarizine on electrical and mechanical responses of smooth muscle tissues of the rabbit basilar and ear arteries to transmural stimulation, high-potassium solution (high-K), 5-hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline were studied. In the basilar artery, 10(-6) M flunarizine (69 min application) blocked spike potentials generated by outward current stimuli or transmural stimulation without change in the resting-membrane potential or membrane resistance. The spike potentials generated in the ear artery were attenuated by a long exposure (up to 2 h) to a high concentration of flunarizine (10(-6) M). Membrane depolarizations produced by high-K, noradrenaline or 5-hydroxytryptamine were not blocked by flunarizine. Flunarizine inhibited smooth muscle contractions produced by transmural stimuli, high-K, noradrenaline or 5-hydroxytryptamine in both arteries, however the inhibition developed slowly, and the ear artery required a longer period of incubation with flunarizine than the basilar artery. The inhibitory effects of flunarizine on basilar artery were more marked against transmural stimulation or high-K induced contractions than against agonist induced contractions. PMID- 3774023 TI - [Fetal anemia]. PMID- 3774022 TI - Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of furosemide combinations with potassium retaining and thiazide-like diuretics: clearance and micropuncture studies. AB - The interaction between furosemide on the one hand and hydrochlorothiazide, tizolemide, amiloride and triamterene on the other was studied by clearance and micropuncture techniques in rats. Simultaneous administration of furosemide with hydrochlorothiazide and tizolemide distinctly increased the natriuresis compared to that induced by furosemide alone, whereas the potassium excretion diminished. In contrast, amiloride and triamterene primarily decreased furosemide-induced fractional potassium excretion by about 30%, whereas sodium excretion increased only slightly compared to that produced by furosemide alone. Hydrochlorothiazide and triamterene significantly decreased furosemide secretion and changed its pharmacokinetics. Furosemide plasma concentration increased, thus possibly prolonging the salidiuretic effect. Amiloride and tizolemide did not influence the secretion of furosemide at all. PMID- 3774024 TI - [A needle in a haystack; the role of diet factors in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 3774025 TI - [The death certificate]. PMID- 3774026 TI - [The ingrown nail]. PMID- 3774027 TI - [Thrombosis diagnosis in Noord-Holland in 1985]. PMID- 3774028 TI - [A patient with virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome]. PMID- 3774029 TI - [Stress and immunity: the importance of multidisciplinary studies]. PMID- 3774030 TI - [Pain and pain control in the postoperative period]. PMID- 3774031 TI - [Chemotherapeutic agents and antibiotics in urinary tract infections]. PMID- 3774032 TI - [Ophthalmologic complications caused by wearing contact lenses]. PMID- 3774033 TI - [Congenital rubella syndrome; a still existent disease]. PMID- 3774034 TI - [The use of silicone prostheses in comminutive fracture of the radial head]. PMID- 3774035 TI - [Anamnesis and diagnosis of chronic urticaria]. PMID- 3774037 TI - [Irritable bowel syndrome]. PMID- 3774036 TI - [Is pseudomembranous colitis contagious?]. PMID- 3774038 TI - [The ingrown nail]. PMID- 3774039 TI - [Chlamydia pneumonia in infants]. PMID- 3774040 TI - [Combination chemotherapy in leprosy]. PMID- 3774041 TI - [Familial cerebral hemorrhage as a result of cerebral amyloid angiopathy]. PMID- 3774042 TI - [Thallium 201 myocardial scintigraphy following dipyridamole infusion]. PMID- 3774043 TI - [Minors and consent requirements]. PMID- 3774044 TI - [The effect of discontinuing periodic roentgenologic mass screening of pulmonary tuberculosis on the morbidity and mortality of patients hospitalized with bronchial carcinoma]. PMID- 3774045 TI - [INR: an internationally accepted standard for the monitoring of oral anticoagulant treatment]. PMID- 3774046 TI - [Evolution of the number of consanguineous marriages in the Netherlands (1906 1982)]. PMID- 3774047 TI - [Inadequate results on Ewing screening--then what?]. PMID- 3774049 TI - [Furosemide]. PMID- 3774048 TI - [The treatment of chronic osteomyelitis of the sternum using pectoralis muscle transfer]. PMID- 3774050 TI - [How independent is the modern patient?]. PMID- 3774051 TI - [Treatment refusal by the patient]. PMID- 3774052 TI - [Ranula]. PMID- 3774053 TI - [Surgery of hallux valgus due to a varus position of the 1st metatarsal bone]. PMID- 3774054 TI - [Mental health in Dutch children]. PMID- 3774055 TI - [And then the parrot appeared]. PMID- 3774056 TI - [A patient with a viper bite]. PMID- 3774057 TI - [Recurrent, transient, neurologic symptoms due to a transient subdural hematoma]. PMID- 3774058 TI - [Risk of disease transmission via jet gun injection is real]. PMID- 3774059 TI - Indigent health care for pregnant women in Nebraska. PMID- 3774060 TI - Surgical treatment of children and adolescents with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. PMID- 3774061 TI - Hansen's disease (leprosy) revisited. PMID- 3774062 TI - Distribution of drug screen results at the University of Nebraska Hospital in 1985. PMID- 3774063 TI - Esophageal perforation. PMID- 3774064 TI - Antenatal nutrition. PMID- 3774065 TI - [Respiratory modulation of startle reflexes in the cat]. AB - Phasic respiratory influences on late reflex discharges in the limb and lower intercostal nerves--electrophysiological analogs of somesthetic and acoustic startle reflexes (SR)--were studied in unanesthetized (decerebrated) or chloralose-anesthetized cats. The integrated values of the SR in both types of nerves always essentially decreased during inspiratory phase (by 28-58% on the whole) compared to those during expiratory phase. Data obtained evidence that this respiratory modulation of the SR occurs mainly at the brainstem level. The modulation of the limb SR is presumably due to a suppression of the reflex transmission only during the inspiratory phase. Trends and temporal development of SR modulations during the whole respiratory cycle has shown that there are distinct differences in reticular mechanisms underlying the modulation in the limb and intercostal reflexes as well as in organization of the corresponding reticular centre. PMID- 3774066 TI - [Relation between parameters of efferent activity and limb position during fictive scratching in the decerebrate cat]. AB - The influence of tonic afferent inflow conditioned by ipsilateral hindlimb position on the spinal generator of scratching efferent activity parameters was investigated in immobilized decerebrated cats. When the afferent inflow was absent (after the hindlimb deafferentation) strong correlation between the motor activity parameters of successive "scratch" cycles was observed. In case of the intact afferentation this correlation was somewhat weaker and decreased with shifting the hindlimb from the aimed position to overaimed or deflecting backward. The discovered statistically significant correlations between the parameters of different motor activity phases and their dependence on the hindlimb position are organized in such a way that they can provide stability of the aimed position of the hindlimb carrying out oscillatory movements. According to the parameters of the efferent activity and their correlation type, the hindlimb deafferentation is most similar to the aimed position of the hindlimb. PMID- 3774067 TI - [Response of limbic cortex neurons of the alert cat during elaboration of a defensive conditioned reflex]. AB - Neuronal impulse activity in the limbic cortex was studied in cats during defensive conditioning. The number of neurons, their ability to take part in the conditional reflex correlated with the duration of the sound stimuli. Only 5.3% neurons in area 24 and 14.1% neurons in area 32 responded to sound click in untrained cats. Activity of 37.5% neurons in area 24 and 43.8% in area 32 correlated with 500 ms sound and 47.4% in area 32 with 1000 ms sound. Latencies of these responses were from 15 to 50 ms, their duration was up to 500 ms. Activity of 95.1% neurons in area 24 and 83% in area 32 correlated with electrical cutaneous stimulation. Latencies of these reactions were 15 ms, their duration was from 200 ms to 2.5 s. After training 33.3% neurons increased reactions to sound stimuli, produced reactions to cutaneous stimulation, increased background activity. The activity of 13.3% neurons decreased after training. It is assumed that the limbic cortex is involved in the identification of conditional signals. The neurons of the limbic cortex take an active part in the formation of the period before the reinforcement. PMID- 3774068 TI - [Hysteretical properties of muscle contraction during continuous and intermittent efferent stimulation]. AB - Hysteretical effects were studied on the ankle extensor muscle of the anesthetized cat. Continuous and intermittent stimulations were applied to efferents supplying these muscles; linear sinusoidal and step changes of the length were used. Stiffness of the muscle could became negative when the muscle was stretched above the resting length provided that the intermittent stimulation was used. If the same length was achieved under conditions of continuous stimulation, the stiffness was invariably positive. Effectiveness of the intermittent stimulation was higher as compared with continuous one in shortening phases of length changing. The observed hysteretical effects are discussed from the functional point of view. PMID- 3774069 TI - [Inability to establish a single equilibrium value for the angle of a joint and its relation to the hysteretic properties of muscle contraction]. AB - The processes of joint angle setting were studied on the simple experimental model of a joint. The model consisted of gastrocnemius muscles prepared on both hindlimbs of the anesthetized cat. The muscles were tied in antagonistic manner with a rotation-type registrator. Depending on the order of the muscle activation two different values of the joint angle were in the model system. It has been shown that indeterminacy of the equilibrium value of the joint angle was caused by hysteretical properties of the muscle contraction. PMID- 3774070 TI - A look at the inside. Some thoughts on digestive tract cancer. PMID- 3774071 TI - Primary tumours of the small intestine. PMID- 3774072 TI - A patient with an adenocarcinoma of the duodenum. PMID- 3774073 TI - Urinary excretion of hydroxylysine and its glycosides in Alport's syndrome and several other glomerulopathies. AB - Alport's syndrome probably is a molecular disorder of basement membrane composition. Investigation of urine on basement membrane components such as hydroxylysine and its glycosides, glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine and galactosylhydroxylysine, may be helpful for diagnosis of the disease. Urinary specimens of 33 patients and 12 siblings were investigated, and the results were compared with those of 14 healthy adults and of 29 healthy children. The urine of patients with glomerulopathies, occurring during childhood (IgA nephropathy, benign recurrent hematuria, poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, Henoch Schonlein nephropathy, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, and nephrotic syndrome due to minimal lesions), was also investigated. No marked differences between normal and diseased subjects could be demonstrated, with respect to excretion of hydroxylysine and its glycosides, in contrast to data reported in the literature. PMID- 3774074 TI - Digoxin-like immunoreactive substance in renal failure: a reappraisal. AB - A digoxin-like immunoreactive substance (DLIS) has been described in the sera of patients with renal impairment. To further investigate this problem, we measured digoxin in 50 patients with elevated serum creatinine using 4 commercial digoxin immunoassay kits (3 radioimmunoassay methods and 1 fluorescence polarization immunoassay technique). Ten of the patients were receiving digoxin therapeutically, while the remainder were not receiving the drug. Two of the radioimmunoassay kits detected low amounts of DLIS in 23% of the subjects not receiving digoxin, the highest level being 0.5 nmol/l. No DLIS was detected by the other radioimmunoassay kit or by the fluorescence polarization technique. The majority of renal patients receiving digoxin had similar results by all 4 methods, although 2 patients differed by 0.6 nmol/l as measured by 2 of the radioimmunoassay kits. We conclude that the extent of interference by DLIS in digoxin immunoassays in patients with renal impairment is not as great as has been previously reported. PMID- 3774075 TI - Direct measurement of TP/GFR: a simple and reliable parameter of renal phosphate handling. AB - As the Walton-Bijvoet nomogram for estimating renal phosphate (P) threshold (TmP/GFR) is not applicable to children of all ages, we sought an alternative method for measuring renal handling of P. Recognizing that the nomogram represents an indirect correlation between TmP/GFR and TP/GFR under fasting conditions, we examined this directly in 26 children. An excellent correlation was found, expressed as TmP/GFR = (fasting TP/GFR X 1.1) -0.3 (r = 0.95). The regression line in adults, expressed as TmP/GFR = (fasting TP/GFR X 1.4) -0.9 (calculated from published studies) is markedly different at the higher values typical for children. Since no advantage could be seen in the use of a mathematically derived TmP, we investigated the direct use of measured TP/GFR (tubular P reabsorption per 100 ml glomerular filtrate) as a measure of renal P handling in clinical practice. No differences were found between morning fasting and nonfasting values. Measurements in 151 healthy subjects aged 3 days to 53 years established normal values in relation to age. The use of this parameter in patients is shown to accurately reflect defects and changes in renal P handling. We believe it to be the preferred parameter because it represents a directly measured physiologic function applicable to all age-groups. PMID- 3774076 TI - Intraabdominal pressures during natural activities in patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. AB - Intraabdominal pressures were measured during natural activities in 6 men, age 24 62 years, treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. The pressures were measured with a pressure transducer secured at the level of the umbilicus in the supine, sitting, and upright positions with 0-3 liters intraperitoneal fluid during talking, coughing, straining, changing position, walking, jogging, exercycling, jumping and weight lifting. Coughing and straining generated the highest intraabdominal pressures in every position. The pressures with weight lifting were proportional to the magnitude of the weight lifted up to 50 lbs, but were lower than those during coughing and straining. The pressures were generally higher with greater intraabdominal fluid volumes, especially with jumping and coughing. Exercycling was associated with lower intraabdominal pressure than was jogging, and the pressures were only minimally influenced by intraperitoneal fluid volumes. The results of this study can be used as a guide in establishing preventive measures in patients with intraperitoneal fluid to decrease complication rates related to raised intraabdominal pressures such as dialysate leaks, hernias and hemorrhoids. PMID- 3774077 TI - Goiter and uremia. PMID- 3774078 TI - Evidence for a cutoff value of desferrioxamine infusion test for bone aluminium deposits in hemodialyzed patients. PMID- 3774079 TI - Plasma selenium levels in renal failure. PMID- 3774080 TI - Reversible renal failure in malignant hypertension. PMID- 3774081 TI - Is heparin responsible for enhanced platelet aggregation after haemodialysis? AB - The platelet aggregation--enhancing action of heparin with adenosine diphosphate and epinephrine was tested in vitro in a group of volunteers. This action of heparin can be eliminated by protamine sulphate which has no effect on platelet aggregation. In dialyzed patients the aggregation effect of heparin manifested itself after haemodialysis and could also be abolished by protamine sulphate. We therefore assumed that the heparin used during dialysis was one of the factors accounting for the increased platelet aggregation after dialysis. PMID- 3774082 TI - Increased sweat sulfate concentrations in chronic renal failure. AB - Inorganic sulfate concentrations are markedly elevated in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). During hemodialysis, sulfate is removed and circulating levels drop significantly, while chloride concentrations remain relatively constant. We measured sulfate and chloride in sweat from CRF patients collected by pilocarpine iontophoresis. Sweat sulfate concentrations in uremic patients were significantly increased (404 +/- 43 vs. 105 +/- 6 microM in 22 controls). The correlation between plasma and sweat SO4 concentrations in CRF patients was significant (r = 0.77, P less than 0.01). However, the fractional excretion of sulfate in sweat (the sweat/serum ratio) was close to that of chloride (0.26 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.19 +/- 0.02) and was essentially the same before and after dialysis (0.20 +/- 0.01 vs 0.23 +/- 0.01) despite the significant absolute change in the extracellular SO4 concentration (from 2,018 +/- 153 to 709 +/- 21 microM) and no change in chloride concentrations. In patients with CRF, we conclude that the handling of inorganic sulfate by the sweat gland is not significantly different from that for chloride. Hemodialysis reduces absolute sulfate excretion markedly and thus may reduce the likelihood of forming calcium sulfate complexes in the sweat secretions. This could be a significant factor in the dialysis-related pruritus that has been ascribed to excess calcium deposition in the skin. PMID- 3774083 TI - The outcome and complications of the DiaTAP bioCarbon button-graft vascular access device in haemodialysis patients: a two-year experience. AB - The outcome and complications which developed in 8 hemodialysis patients who received 12 DiaTAP bioCarbon button vascular-access devices were reviewed. All patients had a poor vascular access history. Three of twelve devices have been replaced because of thrombosis and two because of infection. Four patients have had 10 episodes of reduced blood flow. Streptokinase infusion into the DiaTAP button led to improved blood flow in 8 of 10 episodes. The 6-month survival rate of the DiaTAP access device was 67% and the average functioning life was 9.4 months. It was a valuable form of access when others had failed. PMID- 3774084 TI - [Quantitative evaluation of low-flow rate hemodialysis with sequential use of 2 membranes of differing permeability]. AB - Although the "low flow" dialysis has not gained large clinical experience, recent long term clinical investigation indicate that it can be an interesting alternative in the treatment of uremia. This method permits a reduction in treatment cost without impairing the quality of therapy. The interest of this 12 months cross-over and comparative study with 2 types of dialyzers (H12-10/DISCAP 110) and 2 dialysate flow regiments is twofold: it confirms the lack of morbidity linked to the low flow stage; it gives quantitative data on "dose therapy" changes during the two consecutive stages. The 50% reduction of conventional dialysate flow has a lowering effect of 11 to 18% on urea and creatinine clearances depending on which type of dialyzer used. The use of H12-10 was associated in this case with a more pronounced clearance reduction. The reduction of performances was accompanied by a significant rise in urea and creatinine plasma level without changes in protein catabolic rate while it masks a decrease in creatinine generation rate. PMID- 3774085 TI - [Plasma binding of drugs in chronic renal failure]. AB - As in many pathological states, changes in the plasma protein binding of drugs are observed in uremia. Renal failure reduces the fraction of many acidic drugs bound to serum albumin. This decreased binding is due to many factors: variations of protein concentrations, structural changes of proteins, competitive displacers in plasma of chronic uremic patients. When the margin between pharmacological and toxic doses is narrow, drug monitoring by measurement of plasma free drug concentrations seems necessary to adjust the dosage regimen in uremic patients. PMID- 3774086 TI - [Changes in rubidium and cesium levels in the blood of patients on long-term dialysis and decreased velocity of neural conduction]. AB - In 19 patients aged 19 to 45 years on long-term dialysis treatment during 12.6 +/ 18.2 months the concentrations of Rb and Cs were determined by atomic spectrometry in whole blood before and behind the dialyser at the beginning and end of dialysis. At the same time the concentrations of these elements were determined in the dialysing fluid. In all patients the velocity of conduction in the motor fibres in the upper and lower extremities was determined before and after dialysis. Damage to the peripheral neurons was demonstrated in the lower extremities mainly in 79% of cases. Increased velocity of motor conduction in at least one nerve related directly proportionally to the Cs concentration of the serum was demonstrated in 56-70% of the patients after one dialysis. PMID- 3774087 TI - [Further epidemiological studies of primary neoplasms of the nervous system in western Poland]. AB - In West Poland with population on the day of the evaluation of 3,097 thousand the incidence of primary neoplasms of the nervous system was calculated in 5 large administration units (provinces) and in 224 smaller units (communities). The testing of the hypothesis of the equal distribution in the communities demonstrated differences, and in 10 of them this incidence was significantly higher above the mean. The main conclusion of the study is that nervous system neoplasms, 90% of which were located intracranially in our material may occur in foci or clusters of clinical as well as statistical significance. PMID- 3774088 TI - [Employment of patients with multiple sclerosis among the population of Lodz]. AB - The studied material comprised multiple sclerosis patients aged 46 years or less, not staying in welfare institutions, with at least 5 years of the disease, recorded as cases of this disease 5-6 years previously during one year (Oct 1 1973 to Nov 31 1974) in neurological outpatient clinics or hospital departments of neurology or neurosurgery. The percent of those working in gainful occupations was 26%, and in the subgroup of cases with least pronounced disease it was 43%, while only 10% of all patients were outworkers. Only 4 patients were studying in schools. In the subgroup of patients who were unable to use municipal transport means, even with assistance of other persons, none was working. Only half those patients, who were not working despite full of nearly full motor fitness, declared their willingness to work, among them were 5 out of 6 men only 11 out of 26 women. Eight patients tried to get jobs without success. These facts indicate a negative attitude towards occupational work in a fairly large part of the patients and their families, and also failing organization of employment of disabled persons. PMID- 3774089 TI - [Analysis of clinical and electroencephalographic findings in common vasomotor headache]. AB - The authors analysed the clinical pattern of manifestations and electroencephalographic findings in 120 patients with vasomotor headache, who were attending the Migraine Treatment Centre at the Department of Neurology, Medical Academy in Lodz. During 5 years of observation these patients accounted for 20% of all cases of idiopathic headaches treated in this Centre. It was observed that the clinical manifestations and electroencephalographic findings in vasomotor headaches were non-characteristic. The diagnosis of this headache must be reached after ruling out all other idiopathic and symptomatic headaches. PMID- 3774090 TI - [Results of combined treatment (by surgery, ionizing radiation and the cytostatic drug CCNU) of patients with anaplastic glial neoplasms of the brain]. AB - For estimating the effectiveness of combined treatment of cases of anaplastic gliomas of the cerebral hemispheres retrospective analysis was undertaken of 83 patients treated only surgically and prospective analysis of 81 patients treated by the combined method. In the group treated only surgically 47 patients had glioblastoma multiforme, and 36 had anaplastic oligodendroglioma. The general condition and the neurological status were evaluated using the score of Karnofsky. In the group of combined treatment the patients were given telegammatherapy from Co-60 cobalt source by the method of Skolyszewski and CCNU (Belustine) every 6-8 weeks for 1 year in doses of 100 mg/m2. In about 25% of patients transient leucopenia was observed, and 20% had transient thrombocytopenia. In about 30% of cases transient increase of intracranial pressure occurred. In the compared groups it was possible to establish, using the statistical method of representation probability of Kaplan-Meier and statistical analysis of Gehan as modified by Wilcoxon, that the mean survival time in the surgically treated patients was 6.25 months, while in the patients treated by combined method it was 13.97 months. PMID- 3774091 TI - [Metastases of medulloblastoma beyond the nervous system through a cerebrospinal fluid shunt: discussion with report of a case]. PMID- 3774092 TI - [A case of hypersomnia resembling Kleine-Levin syndrome]. AB - A case report is presented of episodic hypersomnia with bouts of several days duration. The authors discuss various clinical syndromes with sleep disorders with particular consideration of the Kleine-Levin syndrome. PMID- 3774093 TI - [Misleading CT image in a case of giant cerebral aneurysm]. AB - A giant intracranial aneurysm is described in a woman aged 70. CT image suggested an expanding lesion. PMID- 3774094 TI - [A case of Tarlov's subarachnoid cyst with a peculiar clinical course]. AB - The authors describe a case of a fairly large subarachnoid cyst at the S1 nerve root which compressed and damaged the neighbouring L5 root at the intervertebral foramen. After surgical removal of the cyst the signs of damage to the L5 root regressed. PMID- 3774095 TI - [Surgical indication and limitation in hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage of the basal ganglia]. AB - The purpose of this paper is to elucidate surgical indication and limitation for severe hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage in the basal ganglia (HIH) with a view toward good functional outcome. Materials were 32 patients of severe basal ganglionic hemorrhage (HIH). Neurological grading (G) for HIH, reported by Kanaya et al. in 1978, was applied. Grading on admission in 11 patients with conservative treatment was G-4a in 2, G-4b in 3 and, G-5 in 6. Preoperative grading in 21 patients with surgical treatment was G-4a in 9, G-4b in 8 and G-5 in 4. G-4a revealed semicoma without herniation signs, G-4b semicoma with herniation signs and G-5 deep coma. The interval from the onset of HIH to hematoma evacuation was from 3 to 10 hours in 14 patients, from 17 to 23 hours in 5, 44 hours in one and 5 days in one. Functional outcomes at hospital discharge were classified as follows: self-managing (SM); partially dependent (PD); fully dependent (FD); vegetative (V); dead (D). Factors which would have influenced functional outcomes were studied and the results follow. All 11 patients with conservative treatment died. On the contrary, in 21 patients with surgical treatment, the outcomes were SM in 2 patients, PD in 3, FD in 11, V in one and D in 4. Death in the 4 patients was caused by fatal complications from 8 to 24 days after the operation. In 17 surviving patients with surgical treatment, (a) Mean age of the SM or PD patients was 45 years, and that of FD or V patients was 55 years.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3774096 TI - [Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysm: site of aneurysm and rCBF]. AB - To investigate the relationship between the site of ruptured cerebral aneurysm and rCBF, 92 measurements of rCBF were conducted in 57 patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysm. Excluded from this study were patients with multiple aneurysms, intracerebral hematoma, and/or hydrocephalus. Twenty-four patients had the anterior communicating aneurysm (A-com), 20 patients had the internal carotid aneurysm (ICA), and 13 patients had the middle cerebral aneurysm (MCA). All patients underwent unilateral fronto-temporal craniotomy for clipping of the aneurysm and their rCBF measurements, using the xenon-133 inhalation method, were performed in the first three weeks after surgery. In each rCBF measurement, the hemispheric mean value of initial slope index (meanISI) was calculated in both cerebral hemispheres, that is, in the cerebral hemispheres ipsilateral and contralateral to craniotomy. The authors defined the "symmetry index of the meanISI (%): symmetry index" as the ratio of the meanISI in the cerebral hemisphere ipsilateral to craniotomy compared to the meanISI in the cerebral hemisphere contralateral to craniotomy. There was no significant relationship between the site of aneurysm and the meanISI in both hemispheres, and this result suggests that the site of aneurysm makes no difference in the incidence of vasospasm. In the postoperative first week, the "symmetry index" was 91.2 +/- 7.4% in MCA, 95.3 +/- 4.1% in ICA, and 97.9 +/- 8.2% in A-com; that is, MCA had significant asymmetry of meanCBF compared with A-com (p less than 0.05). In the second and third postoperative weeks, there was no significant relationship between the site of aneurysm and the asymmetry of meanCBF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3774097 TI - [Early radical operation of trigonocephaly in infancy--pathophysiological concepts and operative procedure of premature closure of the metopic suture]. AB - The radical operative procedure for premature closure of metopic suture (trigonocephaly) was theoretically discussed on the basis of the pathophysiological concepts analyzed by the CT measurement. The authors experienced with 7 cases of trigonocephaly of infancy during the last 3 years. CT measurement for the analysis of development of the anterior cranial fossa/the orbital roof, was made on these cases setting up the standard of nasiopterional angle (N-P angle), nasio-clinoid angle (N-C angle), bi-pterional distance (B-P distance) and nasio-clinoid distance (N-C distance). Random sampling was done for the normal value or control from 30 normal childrens' CTs. The results revealed the fact that trigonocephaly in infancy has more markedly acute in N-P angle and short in B-P distance for more severely deformed trigonocephaly, but was within normal limit in N-C distance with normally shaped fronto-nasal angle. The theoretical operative goal for the early radical reconstructive procedure in trigonocephaly was felt that the lateral and superior orbital burrs should be advanced with the nasion as the key point until obtaining normal N-P angle and B P distance. By performing the above procedure with tight fixation of 1 cm square bone fragment on each side, a satisfactory expansion of the anterior cranial fossa could be obtained as a result. The prematurely closed metopic suture should be stripped off down to the nasion to correct hypotelorism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3774098 TI - [Controlling precocious puberty--surgical excision of hypothalamic hamartoma causing precocious puberty]. AB - Among the causes of precocious puberty, hypothalamic hamartoma comprises a small percentage. However, the frequency of precocious puberty in the presence of hypothalamic hamartoma is quite high. Recently, results of surgery in 14 cases of hypothalamic hamartoma were reported. Precocious puberty completely subsided in three cases and slight improvement was achieved in another three cases. We performed surgery in four patients with hypothalamic hamartomas, with the goal of decreasing the symptoms of precocious puberty. The patients were two females (aged 1 yr, 3 mo and 6 mo) and two males (aged 3 yr, 7 mo and 1 yr, 9 mo). The main symptoms were precocious puberty and mental retardation of varying degrees. The males had excessive growth of body and external genitalia, while the females had genital bleeding and premature breast development. In each case, computed tomographic scans disclosed a round, isodense mass in the interpeduncular cistern, attached to the base of the hypothalamus. Contrast enhancement was negative. Endocrinologically, in case 1, testosterone was 92.6 ng/ml, FSH was 16 mIU/ml, and LH was 2.2 mIU/ml. Although LH was within normal limits, it overresponded to LH-RH stimulation. In case 2, estrogen was 13.5 ng/day, LH was 5.2 mIU/ml, FSH was 5.3 mIU/ml, and LH showed an exaggerated response to LH-RH stimulation. In case 3, testosterone was 362 ng/ml, LH was 8.8 mIU/ml, FSH was 4.8 mIU/ml, and LH showed an abnormally high response to LH-RH stimulation. In case 4, LH was 18.4 mIU/ml, FSH was 12.0 mIU/ml, and both hormones were stimulated abnormally strongly by LH-RH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3774099 TI - [Two adult cases of moyamoya disease with intraventricular hemorrhage- angiographic evaluation of periventricular vascular anatomy]. AB - In order to show the vascular anatomy in periventricular region, two adult cases of moyamoya disease with intracerebral hemorrhage extending into lateral ventricle were presented. And we discussed the relation between the vascular anatomy and the form of hemorrhage in moyamoya disease. The first case was a 46 year-old woman admitted for nausea and vomiting following headache for four days. CT scan revealed a high density area in the upper portion of body of right lateral ventricle showing intracerebral hemorrhage which extended into the lateral ventricle. On angiogram, typical moyamoya disease was noted. The ventriculofugal arteries from the posterior lateral choroidal artery was detected which indicated developed ventriculofugal perfusion. The second case was a 52 year-old man who was hospitalized sudden onset of headache, vomiting and consciousness disturbance. CT scan revealed a high density area suggesting of hemorrhage in the head of right caudate nucleus. It perforated into the right anterior horn of lateral ventricle with spreading over the other ventricles. We observed similar findings on the angiograms to the first case. In this case, however, the lateral striate arteries were involved instead of the posterior lateral choroidal artery. It should be pointed out that, in both cases, the area of hemorrhage in CT scan coincided with the area of developed ventriculofugal perfusion in angiograms. PMID- 3774100 TI - [Chronological changes in the blink reflex and MRI in a patient with lateral medullary infarction]. AB - Recently, the brainstem pathways of bilateral late reflexes (R2) of electrically elicited blink reflex have been well established. An afferent delay or block of the late reflexes is closely related to a lesion of the lateral medullary portion. The chronological alteration of blink reflex (BR) was studied to compare with radiological abnormalities on MRI in a patient with lateral medullary infarction on the right side. A diagnosis of Wallenberg syndrome was made clinically and location of the lesion was identified in detail by MRI. The infarcted region which was well demonstrated as an increased intensity area on SE images obtained 52 days after the onset of symptoms was much smaller than that on SE as well as on IR image 21 days after the onset of symptoms. Therefore, it was concluded that more than half of the increased intensity area on the SE images obtained 21 days after the onset of symptoms recovered from the condition of being extremely damaged by ischemia on the right lateral medullary portion in this patient. On the other hand, in the initial BR 26 days after the onset of symptoms, the late reflexes (R2) were consistently absent bilaterally when the affected side (right) was stimulated and normal when the normal side (left) was stimulated. This type of BR abnormality is compatible with an afferent block of late reflexes (R2). The early reflex (R1) was normal on either side. Whereas in the second BR at 55 days after the onset of symptoms, the late reflexes turned to be normal in latency when the right side was stimulated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3774101 TI - [A case of spontaneous carotid-cavernous fistula disappearing following irradiation]. AB - A case of spontaneous carotid-cavernous fistula, which completely disappeared following irradiation (45 Gy), is reported. A 59-year-old woman was admitted on October 10, 1983, with a history of doplopia and recurrent retrobulbar and occipital pain. On admission, neurological examination showed no neurological deficit, and right cerebral angiography demonstrated a dural internal carotid cavernous fistula fed by the meningohypophyseal trunk and drained into the inferior petrosal sinus. In spite of the conservative management, right oculomotor palsy and hypesthesia corresponding to the division of ophthalmic branch of the right trigeminal nerve was developed. On November 22, liniac irradiation to the region of fistula (30 days, total dose, 45 Gy) was started. Symptoms and signs gradually improved 3 weeks after irradiation and completely disappeared 3 months after irradiation. Carotid-cavernous fistula was no longer demonstrated by the cerebral angiography 7 months after irradiation. Two years after onset, no recurrence of symptoms was observed. PMID- 3774102 TI - [Four cases of cerebral arterial ectasia--its clinical manifestations and surgical treatment]. AB - Four cases of intracranial arterial ectasia are reported. The clinical manifestations of the four cases due to the arterial ectasia were ischemic attack in two patients, subarachnoid hemorrhage in one patient and abducens palsy in one patient. Surgical treatment was performed in three patients. The angiographic findings of the four patients were reported and the pathogenesis and the possibility of the surgical treatment of the arterial ectasia were discussed. PMID- 3774103 TI - [Two cases of thrombosis of an aneurysm in the acute stage]. AB - Thrombus formation within aneurysm is common and has generally been proved to be a slowly progressive phenomenon. We report two cases of acute completely thrombosis of aneurysms. The initial angiogram failed to reveal aneurysm and other etiology of subarachnoid hemorrhage. CT revealed diffuse cisternal blood and acute hydrocephalus. We decided to operate on these patients in the acute stage because of the generally-known strict correlation between the amount of cisternal high density on CT and the subsequent development of vasospasm and ischemic event. Case 1. A 68 year-old female was admitted on Day 1 with neurological deterioration of Grade 3 (H & K). Complete angiographic study was done, including the basal view and stereotechnique, but failed to reveal aneurysm. On Day 2 we operated on this patient and discovered a thrombosed aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery (3 X 7 mm in size). Case 2. A 51 year-old male suffering from subarachnoid hemorrhage was transferred to our hospital on Day 0. Emergency angiography gave no information, but the pattern of cisternal clots on CT was suggested the existence of an aneurysm of the right internal carotid artery. The next day we performed angiography once more, at that time 2 X 5 mm internal carotid bifurcated aneurysm was revealed. Shortly thereafter we operated and found the intra-aneurysmal clot. Through consideration of these we have reached the following conclusions. When CT findings in a patient with subarachnoid hemorrhage show the diffuse cisternal clots due to rupture of aneurysm, we should consider immediate surgery even if the angiogram is negative in order to lessen the risk of delayed vasospasm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3774104 TI - [Lymphoid adenohypophysitis, with special reference to 2 cases with sellar tumors spontaneously disappearing on the CT]. AB - Lymphoid adenohypophysitis is an autoimmune disorder. Eighteen percent of the multipartums are reported to have autoantibodies to pituitary tissues. The symptoms in lymphoid adenohypophysitis, such as hypopituitarism and sellar tumors, exhibit spontaneous remission. The pituitary is a feasible target organ in other autoimmune diseases of the endocrine system. Of these patients, 19/287 showed a positive immune reaction with pituitary tissue antigens. Our three female patients with sellar and suprasellar mass were clinically diagnosed as having lymphoid adenohypophysitis, because of the spontaneous regression of tumors, or presence of immunologically and endocrinologically abnormal findings. The first case was a 31-year-old woman who had amenorrhea and galactorrhea syndrome for two years after delivery of her second child. CT scan revealed a supraseller enhanced mass lesion. She had concomitant signs of recurrent meningeal irritations. The number of cells in the CSF increased, though the protein concentration increased only slightly. During a one-year close observation, the suprasellar mass spontaneously regressed. The second patient was a 66-year-old woman. In 1945, she underwent hysterectomy and oophorectomy for appendicitis followed by adnexitis. She was admitted because of episodes of headache, vomiting and visual field defect in 1983. CT scan also showed a contrast enhanced mass in the suprasellar region. She had two episodes of high fever. After the treatment with antibiotics and anti-inflammatory agents for 4 months, the tumor disappeared. The third case was a 20-year-old female. She had neither neurological nor endocrinological abnormality, except for attacks of vertigo, nausea and vomiting.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3774105 TI - [A case of multiple teratomas combined with embryonal carcinoma]. AB - It is rare to find primary multiple teratomas among intracranial tumors. We report a case of multiple teratomas combined with embryonal carcinoma. A 22-year old man was admitted to our hospital because of loss of appetite and emaciation. Neurological examination was negative except bilateral optic nerve atrophy and generalized hyperreflexia. The endocrinological study showed panhypopituitarism and partial DI. CT scan revealed irregularly enhanced abnormal masses involving suprasellar cistern and the septum pellucidum. The tumors were removed by the transcallosal approach, and the histopathological study showed mature teratoma which contained cartilage, epithelium of GI tract, ciliated epithelium, smooth muscle, fat tissue. Within the tumor of the septum pellucidum, nests of markedly pleomorphic epithelial tumor cells with necrosis, nuclear pleomorphism and mitosis were identified, embryonal carcinoma. At necropsy, no carcinomatous lesions were identified in other organs. Multiple teratomas from nonmetastatic, separate origins have been rate by reported in the literature. In our case, histologically, the mass in the suprasellar cistern was diagnosed as mature teratoma and the mass of the septum pellucidum was mature teratoma combined with embryonal carcinoma. It seemed likely that each of the tumors was developed from different origins. PMID- 3774106 TI - Degenerative changes in rat intraspinal Schwann cells following tellurium intoxication. AB - A diet containing 1.25% elemental tellurium (Te) when fed to rats in week 3 of life produces acute peripheral nervous system (PNS) demyelination. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether Te has the same neurotoxic effect on Schwann cells and their associated myelin when located within the spinal cord. Schwann cells were induced into the CNS by irradiating the lumbosacral spinal cord of 3 day-old rats with 4000 rads of soft X-rays (Heard & Gilmore, 1980). At 22-28 days of age, a diet containing 1.25% Te was fed to half of these rats, and others were fed on rat chow alone. Non-irradiated rats of the same age were divided into two similarly fed groups. At intervals from 2 to 15 days after the initiation of this diet, the rats were perfused and the irradiated portion of the cord, or comparable level in non-irradiated rats, was trimmed and processed for light and electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry. All rats fed Te became paretic by 6-7 days, and diffuse demyelination with obvious degenerative changes in Schwann cells was seen in the nerve roots. Immunocytochemical localization of Schwann cells and peripheral myelin in the spinal cord was demonstrated using Po antiserum, and in these areas the reduction of astrocytes and their processes was shown using sections incubated with GFAP antiserum. In these areas, as in the roots, there was myelin lamellar separation, and many Schwann cells contained cytoplasmic vacuoles, hypertrophied lysosomal structures and myelin debris. Adjacent oligodendrocytes and CNS myelin were apparently unaffected, confirming a differential susceptibility of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. There were no Schwann cell abnormalities in the non Te-fed irradiated rats. This experimental model provides a situation in which other neurotoxic compounds can be evaluated to compare their effects on CNS and PNS myelin in the same milieu. PMID- 3774108 TI - Peripheral nerve regeneration through grafts of living and freeze-dried CNS tissue. AB - The ability of peripheral nerve fibres to regenerate through the central nervous system (CNS) extracellular matrix in the presence of CNS myelin debris was examined using living and freeze-dried optic nerve grafts. The grafts were placed end-to-end with the proximal stumps of severed common peroneal nerves of inbred mice. Within a 4 week period, regenerating peripheral nervous system fibres were found in only two of 14 living grafts. However axons always grew into freeze dried grafts within one week, despite the presence of CNS myelin debris. The regenerating axons in freeze-dried grafts were accompanied by Schwann cells and were initially found associated with the inner aspect of the glial basal lamina. Although the extracellular matrix of the freeze-dried CNS tissue was subsequently reorganized by invading cells, it seems likely that neither the nature of the CNS extracellular matrix nor the presence of CNS myelin debris had a major inhibitory influence on peripheral nerve regeneration. It is suggested that the presence of living astrocytes covered by a basal lamina at the proximal end of the living optic nerve grafts may inhibit their penetration by regenerating axons. PMID- 3774107 TI - Leptomeningeal and adventitial gliosis as a consequence of chronic inflammation. AB - Astroglial cell bodies and processes identified ultrastructurally and immunocytochemically are described within the subarachnoid and Virchow-Robin spaces of white matter throughout the CNS of Strain 13 guinea-pigs with chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. These heterotopic astroglial elements, invariably in close proximity to subpial chronically-demyelinated lesions, were derived from subpial astrocytes and extended for great distances perpendicular and circumferential to the underlying white matter. Subpial astrocytes overlying adjacent grey matter regions appeared unaffected. This phenomenon is probably a subpial astrocyte response to inflammation and demyelination and may be related to the protection of damaged white matter against subsequent inflammatory events. PMID- 3774109 TI - Multifocal ischaemic encephalomyelopathy associated with fibrocartilaginous emboli in the lamb. AB - Multifocal, arterial, fibrocartilaginous embolism of the cervical spinal cord, medulla oblongata and cerebellum is described in a neonatal lamb. The emboli contained mucosubstances which, by the Alcian blue critical electrolyte concentration method, were identified as mainly keratan sulphate. This composition indicates the probable origin of emboli from the nucleus pulposus of intervertebral discs. Possible modes of entry of such material into the spinal cord vasculature are reviewed and a mechanism proposed to explain the localization of emboli in spinal cord, brain stem and cerebellar arteries in this case. PMID- 3774110 TI - A potent factor in extracts of the skin of the Australian frog, Pseudophryne coriacea--II. Stimulation of the leech helical muscle in vitro and in vivo. AB - Extracts of the skin of Pseudophryne coriacea displayed a powerful stimulant action on the leech helical muscle, both in vitro and in vivo. In the isolated dorsal muscle, the extract caused the appearance of vigorous phasic movements, accompanied by rapid increase in tonus, up to intense spasm. Hyoscine, physostigmine, hexamethonium, tubocurarine and alpha-bungarotoxin did not affect the response to the extract; tetrodotoxin, nifedipine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5 HT) produced a partial blockade. In the intact animal, the extract at first potently stimulated the musculature, evoking the appearance of a succession of incoordinated, spastic movements, with twisting and rolling of the body of the animal. Stimulation was followed by paralysis and death. It is suggested that the pumiliotoxin-like alkaloid of Pseudophryne coriacea, responsible for these effects, acts directly on the helical muscle. PMID- 3774111 TI - Evidence that opiate addiction is in part an immune response. Destruction of the immune system by irradiation-altered opiate withdrawal. AB - Experiments were performed to determine whether physical dependence on opiates (CNS phenomena) can be altered by destruction of the immune system. Irradiation, prior to or after chronic treatment with morphine significantly reduced the opiate-withdrawal syndrome as assessed by naloxone-induced abstinence. This study supports the proposition that addiction to opiates is related, at least in part, to interaction between the central nervous system (CNS) and the immune system. PMID- 3774112 TI - Antinociceptive profile of sulfated CCK-8. Comparison with CCK-4, unsulfated CCK 8 and other neuropeptides. AB - The antinociceptive activity of sulfated cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8-S) was characterized by comparison with two other endogenous forms, unsulfated CCK-8 (CCK-8-U) and the carboxyl tetrapeptide fragment (CCK-4) and two other peptides present in the gut and brain: bombesin and neurotensin. By the intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) route, CCK-8-S was antinociceptive in the hot plate and phenylquinone-induced writhing assays, but CCK-8-U and CCK-4 were active only in the latter test. By systemic administration, CCK-8-S retained anti writhing activity but CCK-8-U and CCK-4 did not. Therefore, CCK receptors in brain may be involved in the apparent antinociception produced by CCK-8-U and CCK 4. Bombesin produced potent antinociceptive activity, along with a distinct, head scratching syndrome, in both the writhing and hot plate tests. Naloxone reversed bombesin-induced elevation of latencies of mouse jump but not the head-scratching syndrome, indicating that the analgesic effect in the hot plate test was independent of the scratching behaviour. Neurotensin, unlike CCK-8-S, elevated tail-flick latencies, and was more potent in the writhing than in the hot plate test. Several differences between CCK-8-S and opioid substances included the need for relatively large doses of naloxone to block the effects of CCK-8-S in the phenylquinone-induced writhing test and the lack of effect of CCK-8-S in the tail flick test. Global sedation can account for some, but not all, of the effects of CCK-8-S.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3774113 TI - The cholecystokinin-like peptide, ceruletide, reduces isolation-induced aggression in mice. AB - Ceruletide, a non-mammalian decapeptide related to cholecystokinin octapeptide, reduced the aggressiveness of isolated NMRI mice. In this respect, its ED50 (mumol/kg, s.c.) was 0.024 (95% confidence range, 0.0133-0.0447) and that of haloperidol 3.38 (1.488-7.669). An approximately equipotent dose of diazepam was 17.5 mumol/kg. PMID- 3774114 TI - Effect of opiates on the parameters of seizures in rats with full amygdaloid kindled convulsions. AB - The effect on the parameters of seizures of opiates, administered in doses used clinically for analgesic effects, was studied in rats with full amygdaloid kindled seizures. The largest dose of fentanyl studied (100 micrograms/kg) had a pronounced inhibitory effect on kindled seizures: severity of seizures, duration of seizures and duration of afterdischarge were significantly reduced to 36, 40 and 37% of controls, respectively, and the latency of seizures was significantly increased to 168% of untreated animals. The largest dose of pentazocine (16 mg/kg) also significantly inhibited the duration of seizures and duration of afterdischarge. Morphine (1-4 mg/kg) and meperidine (4-16 mg/kg) had a tendency to inhibit the duration of seizure and afterdischarges but did not significantly affect any of the measured parameters of seizures. Fentanyl, meperidine and pentazocine resulted in a lowering, whereas morphine caused a slight elevation, of the threshold for initiation of kindled seizures. The data suggest that fentanyl, in relatively small doses, may cause an inhibition of the intensity of behavioural and electrographic seizures but, paradoxically, an increased sensitivity to induction of seizures in rats with full amygdaloid-kindled seizures. PMID- 3774115 TI - Alterations in the thermic response to chlorpromazine in rats exposed prenatally to central nervous system depressants. AB - The thermic response to acute administration of chlorpromazine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) was assessed in rats exposed prenatally to haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg), phenobarbital (10 mg/kg), nitrazepam (2 mg/kg), propylene glycol (1 ml/kg) or saline, once daily from days 1-21 or 15-21 of gestation. The response in all animals was tested only once. The administration of chlorpromazine to 8- or 13-week-old male and female rats treated with saline (1-21 d) induced marked hypothermia for a 6 hr period of observation. Male and female rats treated with haloperidol (1-21 d) showed a delayed hyperthermic response to chlorpromazine at 8 weeks of age; the males showed an increase in rectal temperature at 3 hr and the females from 3 to 6 hr. Thirteen-week-old males but not females treated with haloperidol (1-21 d) showed a hyperthermic response to chlorpromazine during the first 2 hr. Eight week-old male and female rats treated with phenobarbital (1-21 d) showed hypothermia, whereas 13-week-old male rats of another group treated with phenobarbital (1-21 d) showed significant hyperthermia after the administration of the chlorpromazine. The hypothermic response of the rats treated with nitrazepam (1-21 d) to chlorpromazine was similar to that in the vehicle (propylene glycol)-treated controls. The male rats treated with phenobarbital (15 21 d) responded to chlorpromazine with significant hyperthermia from 30 min to 1 hr. There was no alteration in thermic response to chlorpromazine in rats born to mothers treated with one tenth of the dose of phenobarbital, haloperidol or nitrazepam.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3774116 TI - Necessity of ascorbic acid in the radioligand binding assay for [3H]5 hydroxytryptamine. AB - Evidence is presented to suggest that ascorbic acid is required in the radioligand binding assay for [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine ([3H]5-HT, [3H]serotonin). In the absence of ascorbic acid, oxidation of [3H]5-HT occurred if the radioligand solution was left on ice for 1 or 3 hr. The oxidative products were detectable by thin-layer chromatography. They increased the binding significantly, although there was only slight oxidation (less than 1%) of the [3H]5-HT. When ascorbic acid was not used in the radioligand binding assay for [3H]5-HT, even though [3H]5-HT was prepared immediately before incubating with the membranes from the cortex of the rat, the binding also increased. The increased binding of [3H]5-HT had a low affinity (Kd = 14 nM) and high B max (1180 fmol/mg protein), compared to that in the presence of ascorbic acid (Kd = 5 nM; B max = 210 fmol/mg protein). However, the increased binding was not receptor related because the additional radioactivity was not displaceable by excess of unlabelled 5-HT (10 microM) or d-LSD (d-lysergic acid iethylamide) and anomalous "specific binding" occurred in boiled membranes from cortex, in which the binding sites for 5-HT were destroyed. These results suggest that oxidation of [3H]5-HT may occur during the incubation with membranes and that ascorbic acid is therefore required as an antioxidant. PMID- 3774117 TI - Indoloquinolizidines, formal derivatives of tetrahydro-beta-carbolines, show selective affinity for benzodiazepine, tryptamine and serotonin binding sites in rat brain. AB - Beta-carbolines and indoloquinolizidines occur in plants, and some of the former compounds also in mammalian tissues. Many beta-carbolines cause tremor or convulsions, and they are among the most potent known endogenous compounds to bind to benzodiazepine, tryptamine and serotonin binding sites. In this study seven indoloquinolizidines which are formal derivatives of 1,2-disubstituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carbolines were assayed for their affinity for benzodiazepine, tryptamine and serotonin binding sites in rat brain in vitro. Three of them exhibited significant affinity for tryptamine receptors: Ki values ranged from 0.97 microM upwards. The affinity spectra towards different receptors greatly varied from compound to compound showing selectivity to one or several of the binding sites now studied. These derivatives of beta-carbolines may be useful tools when assessing the physiological functions of the tryptamine and other binding sites. PMID- 3774118 TI - Metaphit, a receptor acylator, inactivates cocaine binding sites in striatum and antagonizes cocaine-induced locomotor stimulation in rodents. AB - The PCP analog metaphit, a proposed PCP receptor acylator, produced a concentration-dependent loss of the number of high-affinity [3H]cocaine binding sites in rodent striatum. In addition, 24 h after administration of metaphit, a dose of 25 mg/kg of cocaine was not effective in stimulating locomotor behavior of rodents. The results suggest that metaphit antagonizes cocaine-induced locomotor stimulation by acylating cocaine binding sites on dopaminergic nerve terminals. PMID- 3774119 TI - MPP+ can disrupt the nigrostriatal dopamine system by acting in the terminal area. AB - Acute intracerebral injections of MPP+ in the mouse can cause behavioural and biochemical correlates of nigrostriatal dopamine dysfunction, but these are most marked and consistent when injections are directed at the dopamine nerve terminal area (CP) rather than the cell body area (SN). This adds further support to the hypotheses that a locus of neurotoxic action of MPTP/MPP+ may reside in the dopamine cell terminal regions. PMID- 3774120 TI - Sexually differentiated actions of 3-PPP enantiomers on prolactin secretion. AB - The ability of the enantiomers of the atypical dopamine receptor agonist 3-(3 hydroxyphenyl)-N-n-propylpiperidine (3-PPP) to counteract gamma-butyrolactone induced hyperprolactinemia was compared in male and female rats. Following gamma butyrolactone (GBL) pretreatment serum prolactin concentrations were higher in female than in male rats. In males (-)-3-PPP tended to be somewhat less effective than (+)-3-PPP in decreasing serum prolactin concentrations (levels after (+)-3 PPP and (-)-3-PPP: 21% and 33%, respectively, of levels in GBL-pretreated control(s). In females the (-)-form induced a much weaker response than did the (+)-form (levels after (+)-3-PPP and (-)-3-PPP: 8% and 74%, respectively, of levels in GBL pretreated controls). Parallel experiments replacing GBL by reserpine yielded similar results. Data are discussed in terms of sex differences in responsiveness of pituitary dopamine receptors. PMID- 3774121 TI - 5-Hydroxytryptamine M-receptor antagonism to prevent cisplatin-induced emesis. AB - The administration to the ferret of cisplatin, 10mg/kg (i.v.), caused an intense emetic response that was prevented by ICS 205-930 (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg i.v.) and metoclopramide (4.0 mg/kg i.v.). Smaller doses of ICS 205-930 (0.01 mg/kg i.v.) and metoclopramide (2.0 mg/kg i.v.) attenuated the emetic response to cisplatin. It is concluded that the potent action of ICS 205-930 against cisplatin-induced emesis is the consequence of a 5-hydroxytryptamine M-receptor antagonism which may also contribute to the antiemetic action of metoclopramide. PMID- 3774122 TI - Electrophysiological effects of the enantiomers of 3-PPP on neurons in the locus coeruleus of the rat. AB - Extracellular single unit and microiontophoretic studies were carried out in rats, anesthetized with chloral hydrate, to investigate the actions of the enantiomers of the dopamine (DA) agonist 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-N-n-propylpiperidine (3-PPP) on the firing rate of noradrenaline-containing neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC). Intravenously-administered (+)-3-PPP dose-dependently reduced firing of cells in the locus coeruleus with a 50% inhibition occurring after 2 mg/kg. This action was partially antagonized by the alpha 2-noradrenaline (NA) antagonist, yohimbine, but not by the DA antagonist haloperidol or the alpha 1 antagonist prazosin. Pretreatment with reserpine completely blocked the suppressant effect of (+)-3-PPP on firing rate. Iontophoretically-applied (+)-3 PPP did not influence the basal firing rate of cells in the locus coeruleus and failed to influence the inhibitory action of simultaneously-applied DA. Neither intravenously nor iontophoretically administered (-)-3-PPP influenced basal firing rate of neurones in the locus coeruleus. However, intravenously administered drug weakly reversed the inhibitory action of the alpha 2-agonist clonidine (100 micrograms/kg) and iontophoretic ejection antagonized the inhibitory action of DA. These findings suggest that (-)-3-PPP possesses a weak antagonist action at alpha 2-adrenoceptors present in the locus coeruleus. In contrast, administration of (+)-3-PPP resulted in a weak activation of these receptors which was possibly the result of an enhanced release of NA. PMID- 3774123 TI - Effect of monoamines on field potentials in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of slices of hypothalamus of the rat evoked by stimulation of the optic nerve. AB - The effects of the application of serotonin, histamine, noradrenaline and dopamine to the bath on field potentials in the suprachiasmatic nucleus evoked by stimulation of the optic nerve were studied using a hypothalamic slice. Stimulation of the contralateral optic nerve evoked fast positive and late large negative waves in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The monoamines produced a dose dependent suppression of the amplitude of the negative wave but did not affect that of the positive waves, and the order of potency was serotonin greater than noradrenaline greater than dopamine greater than or equal to histamine. The negative wave was suppressed by phenylephrine (0.1-10 microM) in a dose-dependent manner, whereas it was unaffected by isoproterenol (0.1-10 microM). The suppression of the negative wave produced by the application of histamine and noradrenaline was antagonized by the H1-receptor antagonist, diphenhydramine and the alpha 1-receptor antagonists, phenoxybenzamine and phentolamine. Therefore, the suppression of the negative wave by histamine and noradrenaline was mediated by the H1-receptor and alpha 1-receptor, respectively. The present study indicates that monoamines may play an inhibitory role in the regulation of neurotransmission in the retinohypothalamic pathway to the suprachiasmatic nucleus. PMID- 3774124 TI - The spinal cord as a major site for the antinociceptive action of nicotine in the rat. AB - These studies were conducted to localize the antinociceptive action of nicotine within the CNS. Antinociceptive and biodispositional studies were carried out after the injection of [3H]nicotine subcutaneously and intracerebroventricularly into the common carotid and vertebral arteries and into the subarachnoid space. The data indicated that [3H]nicotine was most potent when given into the subarachnoid space than by any of the other route of administration. Further, the disposition studies showed that [3H]nicotine was almost entirely contained in the thoracic and lumbar areas. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the spinal cord is an important site for antinociception induced by nicotine. PMID- 3774125 TI - Characterisation of sodium-dependent uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine into guinea pig brain. AB - The uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was studied using isolated nerve endings (synaptosomes) prepared from the corpus striatum of the guinea pig. Analysis of temperature-dependent uptake revealed that two processes were involved, a sodium dependent and sodium-independent mechanism. Kinetic studies indicated that the affinity of 5-HT (Ku) and the transport capacity (Vu) of the uptake process were dependent upon the external concentration of sodium. The transport capacity increased linearly with increasing concentrations of sodium up to 140 mmol/l, whereas the affinity for 5-HT was enhanced at concentrations of sodium up to 100 mmol/l, but reduced at 130 mmol/l sodium. The findings of this study suggest that uptake of 5-HT occurs as a result of a mobile carrier transport system which, depending upon the external concentration of sodium proceeds by a single or double displacement mechanism. PMID- 3774126 TI - The fatty acid composition of mitochondria, microsomes and myelin from neonatal chick brain. Susceptibility to short and chronic treatment with ethanol. AB - Short-term and long-term effects of ethanol on the fatty acid composition of mitochondrial, microsomal and myelin fractions in brain have been investigated. Microsomal membranes were not modified by treatment for 60 hr, while in mitochondrial membranes there was a significant decrease in arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids, responsible for the decrease in the double-bond index. A clear decrease in the 18:1/18:0 ratio was found in myelin after short-term treatment, whereas no significant variations were observed in the other subcellular membranes under the same conditions. On the other hand, chronic exposure to ethanol for 18 days induced a significant increase in oleic and docosahexaenoic acids in microsomal membranes. However, no significant changes were detected in the composition of fatty acids of mitochondrial membranes after 18 days of administration of ethanol. Contrary to that found with short-term treatment, a significant increase was observed in the 18:1/18:0 ratio of the myelin fraction after chronic consumption of ethanol. These results suggest that alcohol intoxication of neonatal chicks induces different modifications in composition of fatty acids of different membranes in the brain, those observed in the myelin fraction being specially important. PMID- 3774128 TI - Microinjection of GABA antagonists into posterior hypothalamus elevates heart rate in anesthetized rats. AB - Microinjection of the GABA antagonist bicuculline methiodide 1-25 ng into the posterior hypothalamus of urethane-anesthetized rats evoked sympathetically mediated increases in heart rate of up to 150 beats/min and modest increases in blood pressure which could be prevented by prior local microinjection of muscimol 50 ng. Microinjection of picrotoxin but not strychnine produced similar effects. These results suggest that a latent sympathoexcitatory mechanism in this region is tonically inhibited by endogenous GABA. PMID- 3774127 TI - Depressant effects of suprofen, a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug on thalamic evoked neuronal firing in arthritic rats. AB - The effects of suprofen, a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, (NSAID), the activity of which is mainly antinociceptive, were compared with those of aspirin (as a reference drug) in a study of spontaneous and evoked firing of thalamic neurons (nucleus lateralis and ventrobasalis) in rats rendered arthritic by injection of Freund's adjuvant into the paw. Suprofen (3.7 mg/kg, i.v.) induced a marked decrease in the firing evoked in arthritic rats by ankle mobilization. This effect, after a rapid onset, lasted on the average for 60 min. A similar effect was obtained with aspirin, but with 54 mg/kg (i.v.) (14 times more than suprofen). With increasing doses of suprofen, it was possible to obtain an increased long-lasting inhibition of the evoked activity, with a significant dose effect linear regression. The possibility that there are both CNS and peripheral effects of suprofen is discussed in relation to the possible role of aspirin (the reference standard for NSAIDs) in enhancing presynaptic inhibition, thus reducing the effectiveness of incoming sensory stimuli. PMID- 3774129 TI - Chlorisondamine blocks acquisition of the conditioned taste aversion produced by (-)-nicotine. AB - Intraventricular microinjection (5 micrograms) of the bisquaternary ganglion blocking drug chlorisondamine prevented acquisition of nicotine-induced conditioned taste aversion (CTA) in rats. This appeared to be a specific effect because chlorisondamine did not attenuate the conditioned taste aversion caused by apomorphine. These results support findings from other behavioural procedures indicating that centrally administered chlorisondamine causes a long-term blockade of central nicotinic mechanisms. PMID- 3774130 TI - Evaluation of ciladopa hydrochloride as a potential anti-Parkinson drug. AB - The effects of the putative dopamine agonist, ciladopa hydrochloride (AY 27,110) a non-ergot compound, were investigated in animal models of dopaminergic activity to evaluate its possible role in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Ciladopa induced stereotyped behavior in both rats and guinea pigs. Unlike apomorphine, however, ciladopa did not produce a maximum behavioral response, i.e. stereotyped gnawing. Pretreatment with haloperidol and sulpiride blocked the effects induced by ciladopa. Pretreatment with reserpine and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine did not alter the behavioral effects of ciladopa. Ciladopa caused contralateral rotation in rats with unilateral lesions of the substantia nigra induced by 6 hydroxydopamine. Ciladopa induced vomiting in dogs. Small doses of ciladopa decreased locomotor activity in rats, an effect presumably mediated by presynaptic autoreceptors. The chronic injection of both subthreshold and suprathreshold doses of ciladopa failed to induce behavioral supersensitivity. Ciladopa binds to D-2 dopamine receptors in the mammalian caudate nucleus. These data indicate that ciladopa can cause stimulation of central dopaminergic receptors and that the drug is a partial dopamine agonist with direct-acting properties. Ciladopa differs from other available dopaminergic drugs and may possess therapeutic advantages for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. PMID- 3774131 TI - Comparison of two methods of administration of amphetamine on the dynamics of dopaminergic neurons in the rat. AB - Dopamine (DA) and its metabolite dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in brain were examined in the striatum and nucleus accumbens septi after the administration of amphetamine by two different methods. A computer-controlled device was constructed to deliver intravenous injections of amphetamine in patterns mimicking those of animals in a self-administration paradigm, i.e. a total of 65 injections of 0.125 mg/kg/injection over 8 hr [total; 8.13 mg/kg (22.05 mumoles/kg)]. The second method was the intraperitoneal injection of 8.13 mg/kg as a single bolus. Control animals were intravenously or intraperitoneally administered saline. The effects of the two injection methods on the concentrations of DA and DOPAC were quite distinct at early times. This may in part be due to differences in the peak concentrations of amphetamine in brain achieved by the two regimens. Differences still persisted 48 hr after injection, particularly in the striatum. Increased levels of DA and DOPAC were observed at this time after the computer-controlled injections, while significantly decreased DA in the striatum is found after intraperitoneal bolus injections. These data strongly suggest that the method of administration of amphetamine can substantially alter the effects and possible toxicity of the drug on dopaminergic systems. PMID- 3774132 TI - Impairments in orienting to visual stimuli in monkeys following unilateral lesions of the superior sulcal polysensory cortex. AB - Monkeys were tested for head and eye orientation to illuminated lamps in a hemisphere before and after serial, unilateral lesions of the polysensory superior temporal cortex (STS) or control lesions. Following STS lesions they were impaired in orienting to contralateral lamps; this impairment was more severe and persistent when a ipsilateral stimulus in the mirror-image position was simultaneously presented. These findings, together with deficits in manual reaching and grasping observed following STS lesions, support the view that the STS is part of a polysensory system controlling attention and exploratory movements. PMID- 3774133 TI - Unawareness of disease following lesions of the right hemisphere: anosognosia for hemiplegia and anosognosia for hemianopia. AB - Unawareness of motor and visual-field defects was investigated in 97 right brain damaged subjects. Both kinds of anosognosia were found to be double-dissociated from more elementary neurological disorders and from personal and extra-personal neglect. The relationships between anosognosia and unilateral neglect are discussed and allusion is made to the implications concerning the neurological organization of higher control functions. PMID- 3774134 TI - Hemispheric specialization and attention: effects of complete and partial callosal section and hemispherectomy on dichotic monitoring. AB - Dichotic word monitoring tasks were given to four cases with complete forebrain comissurotomy, three cases of partial section of the corpus callosum, one case of right hemispherectomy, and control subjects. The task involved a unimanual response to target words in either ear (divided attention, Experiment 1) or to target words in one voice that changed ears unpredictably (focused attention, Experiment 2). Left-ear extinction, defined as chance level (25%) detection of left-ear targets and 75% right-ear target detection, varied both between and within subjects during divided attention. No examples of extinction were obtained with focused attention. These results highlight attentional aspects of dichotic listening. Neither the structural, hemispheric asymmetry model (Cortex 3, 163 178, 1967), nor the cognitive, attention priming model (Attention and Performance V, pp. 87-97, Academic Press, New York) could account for the obtained results. We propose an alternative account in terms of the different processing modes and attentional capabilities of the two cerebral hemispheres. PMID- 3774135 TI - Constructive disabilities in focal brain-damaged patients. Influence of hemispheric side, locus of lesion and coexistent mental deterioration. AB - The performance of 185 focal brain-damaged patients on two non-verbal constructive tasks ('Copying Drawings' and 'Copying Drawings with Landmarks') was evaluated with regard to three variables: laterality of cerebral lesion, intrahemispheric locus of lesion, and coexistence of mental deterioration. The aim of the study was to assess the relationships between each of these variables and both the incidence and severity of constructional apraxia. Different evaluations were carried out in order to partial-out the possible interference of unilateral spatial neglect. Results showed that, regardless of whether faults attributable to unilateral spatial neglect were penalized or not: right brain damaged patients performed slightly worse and showed a higher percentage of pathologic performances than left brain-damaged patients; subjects with parietal- and particularly with right parietal--damage obtained the poorest mean scores and exhibited the highest incidence of apraxic performances; and coexistence of mental deterioration was the most relevant variable associated with global decay of constructive scores and incidence of constructional apraxia. PMID- 3774136 TI - Hemispheric differences in the judgment of number. AB - Two manual reaction-time experiments examined visual field differences for the judgment of number. All told, three tasks (recognition/enumeration, magnitude judgment and oddity judgment) were performed on three nonverbal indicators of number (dot clusters, bargraphs and dials) and two verbal indicators (word names of numbers and digits). The results indicated that field differences depended largely on display format, not on the task. Thus, dot clusters, bargraphs and dials all showed a left visual field superiority, while words showed a right visual field superiority. There was no evidence of lateralization for digits. PMID- 3774137 TI - Viewing conditions and hemisphere asymmetry for the lexical decision. AB - Exposure duration, retinal eccentricity and stimulus size were systematically varied to assess the contribution of viewing conditions to the lexical decision asymmetry. Contrary to Sergent's hypothesis (Psychol. Bull. 93, 481-512), the RVF advantage was unaltered over the range of conditions tested. This suggests that hemisphere differences in the ability to extract information from degraded signals cannot account for the asymmetry in this task. The results are compatible with the view that the lexical decision asymmetry arises from a relatively late stage of processing in which the information is no longer represented in sensory form. PMID- 3774138 TI - Cerebral lateralization and handedness and their effects on verbal and spatial reasoning. AB - Consistent and inconsistent left- and right-handed male subjects completed four tests each of verbal and spatial reasoning. They also participated in tachistoscopic measures of verbal and spatial lateralization--consonant-vowel consonant recognition and dot enumeration, respectively. The consistent handedness groups displayed significantly more lateralized patterns of cerebral organization that the inconsistent handedness groups. Increased lateralization was associated with superior performance on measures of spatial reasoning, but not on measures of verbal reasoning. Results are interpreted in terms of a competition hypothesis. No differences were found between the handedness groups on either the verbal or spatial reasoning tests. PMID- 3774139 TI - The laterality of mental image generation: a test with normal subjects. AB - Recent evidence supporting the hypothesis that mental image generation is lateralized to the left hemisphere is summarized, and a new test of this hypothesis, using a tachistoscopic, lateralized visual discrimination task with normal subjects, is presented. When mental images of the stimuli were used as templates to facilitate the visual discrimination, the effect of imagery was greater for the right visual field (left hemisphere) stimulus presentations. This result is discussed in relation to earlier findings on the hemisphericity of imagery and of visual expectancy. PMID- 3774140 TI - Odor perception in temporal lobe epilepsy patients with and without temporal lobectomy. AB - The investigation employed monorhinic (single nostril) olfactory testing to decide whether patients with unilateral anterior temporal lobe resection (N = 16) and patients with unoperated temporal lobe epilepsy (N = 18) have impaired ability to detect, remember, and identify odors. A shape memory task accompanied the odor memory task for comparison. The lobectomy patients showed a minor bilateral depression of absolute sensitivity but still fell within the clinically normal range. The lobectomy patients showed impairment of odor recognition memory but strictly via the nostril ipsilateral to the resected lobe. A similar ipsilateral-contralateral asymmetry characterized the performance of these patients in odor identification. In that case, however, performance via the contralateral nostril showed some impairment too. Nonsurgery patients also exhibited some impairment in odor identification, but bilaterally. Finally, both groups of patients fell somewhat below normals in recognition memory for amorphous shapes. The various results implied that temporal lobe epilepsy alone takes some toll on olfactory information processing and that temporal lobe resection exacerbates the problem, but only on the side of surgery. PMID- 3774141 TI - Visual hypoemotionality and prosopagnosia associated with right temporal lobe isolation. AB - Emotional hyporeactivity to visual stimuli (so-called visual hypoemotionality) was observed in a 71-yr-old woman following a cerebral infarction in the territory of the posterior cerebral arteries. Other visual disturbances included severe prosopagnosia, dense left hemianopia and mild left hemineglect. There was neither object agnosia nor any involvement of language, memory or intellectual functions. Hypoemotionality was found only for visual stimuli, since auditory and tactile modalities were totally spared, suggesting a visual-limbic disconnection mechanism. From CT data, and referring to previous evidence suggesting a right hemisphere prevalence for emotional functions, it is postulated that the right occipital lesion, leading to a total right temporal lobe isolation, was mainly responsible for the patient's emotional disturbances. PMID- 3774142 TI - Dual-task interference between speaking and listening and a unipedal force production task. AB - Twenty-four male right-handed adults performed a force production task with their right and left feet alone, and while sound-shadowing or listening to high frequency words. Overall, subjects performed better with their left foot than their right foot. Further, sound-shadowing, but not listening disrupted right foot performance. The concurrent language tasks had no effect on left foot performance. PMID- 3774143 TI - Aesthetic preference and lateral preferences. AB - Subjects expressed preference for original or mirror-reversed versions of paintings. Hand preference predicted a significant proportion of the choice variance, but eye, foot and ear preference did not, nor did family sinistrality. PMID- 3774144 TI - Hemispheric differences for feature detection. AB - The role of hemispheric processing for visual features was explored by tachistoscopically presenting subjects with stimulus displays composed of the letter I, displays in which a single T was embedded in an array of I's, or displays in which the letter O was embedded in an array of I's. The number of array elements was also manipulated (4, 16, or 36) to assess the effects of display size on featural detection for each visual field. Subjects verbally indicated whether array elements were all the same, or whether a T or O was present. Hemispheric error rates varied as a function of the type of letter to be detected, with left-hemisphere presentations producing superior performance for the detection of T's, right-hemisphere presentations yielding superior performance for the detection of O's, and Same displays demonstrating hemispheric patterns consistent with these results. The findings suggest that the analysis of perceptual features during visual stimulus processing may determine hemispheric outcomes in a variety of task situations. PMID- 3774145 TI - Face touching in primates: a closer look. AB - Dimond and Harries (Neuropsychologia 22, 227-233, 1984) claim that monkeys, unlike great apes and humans, rarely touch their faces. These authors reported the existence of a left-hand preference for face touching in great apes and humans. Using two species of macaques, we found an incidence of face touching by monkeys which was much higher than that reported by Dimond and Harries. Moreover, a re-analysis of their data failed to show any evidence for species differences in lateralization of face touching by primates. PMID- 3774146 TI - Head and body movements produced by electrical stimulation of superior colliculus in rats: effects of interruption of crossed tectoreticulospinal pathway. AB - Stimulation of the superior colliculus in rats produces movements of the head and body that resemble either orientation and approach towards a contralateral stimulus, or avoidance of, or escape from, such a stimulus. A variety of evidence indicates that the crossed descending pathway, which runs in the contralateral predorsal bundle to the pontomedullary reticular formation and the spinal cord, is involved in orienting movements. The nature of this involvement was investigated, by assessing the effects on tectally-elicited movements of midbrain knife-cuts intended to section the pathway as it crosses midline in the dorsal tegmental decussation. As expected, ipsilateral movements resembling avoidance or escape were little affected by dorsal tegmental decussation section, whereas contralateral circling movements of the body were almost abolished. However, contralateral movements of the head in response to electrical stimulation were not eliminated, nor were orienting head movements to visual or tactile stimuli. There was some suggestion that section of the dorsal tegmental decussation increased the latency of head movements from electrical stimulation at lateral sites, and decreased the accuracy of orienting movements to sensory stimuli. These results support the view that the crossed tectoreticulospinal system is concerned with approach rather than avoidance movements. However, it appears that other, as yet unidentified, tectal efferent systems are also involved in orienting head movements. It is possible that this division of labour may reflect functional differences between various kinds of apparently similar orienting responses. One suggestion is that the tectoreticulospinal system is concerned less in open-loop orienting responses (that are initiated but not subsequently guided by sensory stimuli), than in following or pursuit movements. PMID- 3774147 TI - Spatial relationship of NADPH-diaphorase and acetylcholinesterase lattices in the rat and mouse superior colliculus. AB - In the intermediate layers of the rat and mouse colliculus there is a lattice like pattern of high nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase activity. This lattice is composed of dark bands that are 100-200 micron wide and enclose pale areas of irregular shape. A very similar lattice of high acetylcholinesterase activity is also found in the intermediate layers and this overlaps the diaphorase lattice almost completely. However, in deeper layers the enzymes have a complementary organization with high levels of one being associated with low levels of the other. It is concluded that the histochemical lattices will provide useful patterns with which to compare the terminal organization of afferent systems. PMID- 3774148 TI - Antinociceptive effect of morphine on rat spinothalamic tract and other dorsal horn neurons. AB - The importance of the spinothalamic tract in pain transmission makes it an attractive candidate for study with respect to the effects of antinociceptive compounds. We have been interested in the analgesic actions of opioids and noradrenergic agents at the spinal level and have investigated the effects of these agents on extracellularly recorded nociceptive dorsal horn neurons in the rat. Spinothalamic tract cells were identified by antidromic activation from the somatosensory thalamus. Morphine was administered by bathing the spinal cord in an artificial cerebrospinal fluid solution which contained a known concentration of drug. We observed a dose-related inhibition, naloxone-reversible in some cases, of activity produced by spinally administered morphine in identified rat spinothalamic tract cells and dorsal horn nociceptive neurons. Morphine had no effect on stimulus-evoked responses of low threshold dorsal horn neurons. PMID- 3774149 TI - Interactions between the basal ganglia, the pontine parabrachial region, and the trigeminal system in cat. AB - Anatomical studies utilizing wheat germ lectin-bound horseradish peroxidase demonstrated direct connections between the pontine parabrachial region and the substantia nigra pars reticulata and to a lesser extent, the entopeduncular nucleus as well as a number of other forebrain regions including the amygdala, hypothalamus, thalamus, bed nucleus stria terminalis and substantia innominata. The pontine parabrachial region was also shown to receive direct inputs from the spinal trigeminal system and to send axons to areas surrounding trigeminal and hypoglossal motor areas. Once the anatomical connections were determined, electrophysiological studies were undertaken to investigate some of the functional aspects of these connections between the pontine parabrachial, basal ganglia and trigeminal systems. Extracellular single unit recordings were obtained from 228 cells in the dorsal pontine parabrachial region of the cat. These cells were tested for responsiveness to trigeminal sensory stimulation and activation of basal ganglia outputs (i.e. substantia nigra and entopeduncular nucleus). Twenty-two percent of pontine parabrachial cells responded to only trigeminal stimulation; 4% responded to entopeduncular nucleus only; 37% responded to substantia nigra only, and 28% responded to both substantia nigra and trigeminal stimulation. Furthermore, 43% of pontine parabrachial cells with both substantia nigra and sensory response had the sensory response altered by a preceding stimulus to the substantia nigra. Thus, the substantia nigra is shown to exert influences on both the spontaneous activities and afferent responses of pontine parabrachial neurons. The significance of these findings are discussed in relation to the importance of descending basal ganglia influences and ascending influences from the pontine parabrachial region on various sensorimotor activities. PMID- 3774150 TI - A hierarchy of neural control of mastication in the rat. AB - In rats anaesthetized with ketamine, rhythmic jaw-opening and jaw-closing movements were induced by palatal stimulation. The two masseter muscles (jaw closing) and the four digastric muscles (jaw-opening) were fitted with electrodes, which could be used either for electrical stimulation or for recording electromyographic responses. Electrical stimulation of the masseters in the phase when the digastrics were the contracting muscles, caused responses in the digastrics. The amplitude of these responses was dependent on whether the stimulated masseters were active or not. The responses in digastric persisted when contraction of the masseters during stimulation was prevented by dantrolene sodium but they disappeared when the masseteric nerves were blocked with xylocaine. The responses in digastric are thus reflexes from stimulating afferent fibres in the masseteric nerves. Likewise, electrical stimulation of the four digastrics in the phase when the masseters were contracting, caused responses in the masseters. The amplitude of these responses, however, was independent of the state of activity of the stimulated digastrics. Furthermore, the responses in masseter disappeared when contraction of the digastrics was prevented by dantrolene sodium; but they persisted when the digastric nerves were blocked with xylocaine, provided the digastrics continued to twitch to the electric stimuli. The responses in masseter are thus reflexes in masseter caused by mechanical stretch transmitted from the digastric twitches. In the rhythmic preparation, prevention of contraction of the masseters of digastrics by dantrolene sodium or xylocaine leaves the overall frequency and amplitude of the evoked rhythmic activity unchanged.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3774151 TI - Afferent projections from the mammary glands to the spinal cord in the lactating rat--I. A neuroanatomical study using the transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase-wheatgerm agglutinin. AB - Horseradish peroxidase-wheatgerm agglutinin was injected subcutaneously into one or more nipples of lactating rats to determine the spinal organization of sensory afferents emanating from the mammary glands. After survival periods of 45-96 h, dorsal root ganglia and segments of the spinal cord and/or medulla oblongata were sectioned and reacted histochemically with tetramethylbenzidine to reveal the transganglionically transported tracer. For each nipple injected, the peroxidase reaction product was found in somata, ranging in diameter from 15 to 60 microns, and fibres in 5-11 contiguous dorsal root ganglia. The number of labelled profiles was highest in the 2-4 central-most ganglia of the series and generally decreased progressively rostrally and caudally. After separate injections into each of the six ipsilateral nipples, labelling occurred in all ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia between the 5th cervical and 6th lumbar spinal segments. Substantial overlap of the spinal projections from adjacent mammary glands was seen, a given dorsal root ganglion innervating 2-3 different glands. Label in the spinal cord was restricted to the medial portion of the superficial dorsal horn. It occurred in what appeared to be terminal fields and fibres essentially in the substantia gelatinosa, but was also seen to extend into the marginal zone and sometimes into deeper regions of the dorsal horn. Label was found in both the gracile and cuneate nuclei of the medulla oblongata, though only occasionally and then only very sparsely. The substantial spread and segmental overlap of labelled mammary afferents, and the fact that most labelled afferents terminated in the dorsal horn, suggest that this spinal region may be an important site for the integration of sensory input from the mammary glands that may play a role in the sensory induction of reflex milk ejection. PMID- 3774152 TI - Afferent projections from the mammary glands to the spinal cord in the lactating rat--II. Electrophysiological responses of spinal neurons during stimulation of the nipples, including suckling. AB - In lactating rats, the milk ejection reflex is evoked and maintained by stimulation of the nipples by the suckling young. In order to understand the processing of the suckling stimulus within the spinal cord, urethane anaesthetized lactating rats were prepared for electrophysiological recording from the thoraco-lumbar spinal cord during stimulation of the nipples. Single shocks to inguinal or abdominal nipples evoked a cord dorsum potential, consisting of an early (2.6 ms) afferent volley followed by a negative wave (100 200 microV; latency 5-7 ms, duration 5-10 ms). Evoked potentials were also recorded at various depths within the spinal cord, with a maximum amplitude (200 400 microV) at a depth of 400-800 microns, 400-800 microns lateral to the mid line. At a given recording site, the response was maximal for one particular nipple but submaximal potentials could be evoked from adjacent nipples. Simultaneous stimulation of adjacent nipples caused summation of the response. Unit recordings were made from 35 spinal neurons. Upon electrical stimulation of the nipples, the cells responded with an early train of spikes (latency 5-15 ms), and in 6 cells, a later response (140-180 ms), with a higher stimulation threshold, was also observed. All cells examined showed convergence and summation from different nipples. Twenty out of 27 cells were also activated by stretching of the nipples, which evoked a rapidly adapting response; rhythmical stretching produced a more sustained increase in activity. The cells also responded to other natural stimuli such as touch and pressure or stroking the hair around the nipple and had large receptive fields. Six cells were tested with the suckling stimulus. There was a brisk increase in firing as the pup grasped the nipple and then intermittent (every 18-30 s) episodes of enhanced activity, which directly correlated with the suckling movements. These episodes continued for the duration of the suckling test and were enhanced when a second pup was placed on an adjacent nipple. Finally, from a few experiments when a stimulating electrode was placed within the contralateral antero-lateral funiculus at the level of C2-C3 for antidromic identification, it was seen that some of the cells activated from the nipples projected to higher levels. The short latency responses to nipple stimulation, including suckling, suggest that the suckling stimulus reaches the spinal cord ungated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3774153 TI - Autoradiographic evidence for multiple CNS binding sites for adenosine derivatives. AB - The binding of the adenosine analogues, 5'-N-ethylcarboxamido[3H]adenosine and N6 cyclohexyl[3H]adenosine, to the rat brain was examined utilizing light microscopic autoradiographic techniques. While associated with many of the same structures, binding sites for these compounds showed distinct differences in both their patterns of distribution and their capacities to be inhibited by the adenosine analogue, R-phenylisopropyladenosine. Previous studies have shown that, at nanomolar concentrations, cyclohexyladenosine and R-phenylisopropyladenosine bind rather exclusively to the A1 type of adenosine receptors. In contrast, 5'-N ethylcarboxamidoadenosine has almost equal affinity for A1 and A2 sites. Taking advantage of these characteristics, non-A1 binding sites were resolved by examining 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine binding in the presence of micromolar concentrations of unlabeled R-phenylisopropyladenosine. The autoradiographically demonstrated distribution of R-phenylisopropyladenosine-insensitive 5'-N ethylcarboxamidoadenosine binding sites differed significantly from that of the cyclohexyladenosine binding sites. Such non-A1 binding sites were concentrated in the striatum, nucleus accumbens, medial geniculate, olfactory tubercle, amygdala and certain thalamic nuclei. In contrast to the distribution of A1 adenosine receptor sites, R-phenylisopropyladenosine-insensitive 5'-N ethylcarboxamidoadenosine binding was only low to moderate in the hippocampus, cerebellum and superior colliculus, regions which are strongly positive for cyclohexyladenosine binding. The present study provides the first autoradiographic evidence for multiple adenosine binding sites in the brain by demonstrating that the adenosine analogue 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine can bind to a site or sites distinct from the A1 adenosine receptor site. The 5'-N ethylcarboxamidoadenosine binding site which is not displaced by low concentrations of R-phenylisopropyladenosine may correspond to an A2 adenosine receptor site and/or an as yet uncharacterized type of adenosine receptor. PMID- 3774154 TI - Autoradiographic localization of M1 and M2 muscarine receptors in the rat brain. AB - The distribution of M1 and M2 muscarine receptors in the rat brain was investigated by in vitro autoradiography. Muscarine receptors were visualized after complete receptor uncoupling in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid buffer containing 1 mM N-ethyl maleimide and saturation with the ligand [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate. Pirenzepine, an M1-selective antagonist, was used in our assays as a counter ligand to occlude M1 sites, allowing the primary ligand, [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate, to label the remaining M2 muscarine receptors. In adjacent section, M1 muscarine receptors were labelled with [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate in the presence of sufficient carbachol, and M2-selective agonist, to inhibit the binding to M2 sites. Our results reveal a heterogeneous distribution of M1 and M2 receptors. Increased densities of carbachol-resistant and pirenzepine-sensitive sites (M1 receptor subtype) were apparent over many forebrain structures including the olfactory tubercle, caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, amygdala and cerebral cortex. In contrast, pirenzepine resistant and carbachol-sensitive sites (M2 receptor subtype) were distributed throughout the brain with increased densities apparent over regions known to contain large numbers of cholinergic cell bodies. M2 receptor localization patterns were largely coincident with the regional distribution and intensity of acetylcholinesterase positive sites. Since the M2 receptor pattern appears to parallel regional innervation densities, we conclude that the M2 receptor may serve as a marker for cholinergic pathways. The findings also suggest that M1 muscarine receptors are involved in the presumptive postsynaptic actions of acetylcholine in many forebrain structures. PMID- 3774155 TI - Electrical activity generated in subicular and entorhinal cortices after electrical stimulation of the lateral and basolateral amygdala of the rat. AB - Evoked field potentials and extracellular unitary activity were recorded from entorhinal lateral and subicular ventral cortices under conditions of amygdala stimulation in equithesin-anesthetized rats. The stimulation of the lateral and basolateral nuclei of the amygdaloid complex evoked field potentials consisting of negative-positive waves in layers III-VI and positive-negative deflections in the superficial layers of the ventral subdivision of the entorhinal cortex. The stimulation of the lateral nucleus evoked similar potentials in the dorsal subdivision of this cortex. And the stimulation of the lateral and basolateral nuclei of the amygdala evoked negative-positive field potentials in layer III of the subicular cortex. Cellular activity of the entorhinal and subicular cells evoked by stimulation of the lateral and basolateral nuclei consisted of an excitatory response followed by a prolonged suppression period. This activation coincided with the negative potential recorded in the deeper layers of these cortices. Such observations provide support for amygdaloid projection to the entorhinal and subicular cortices as recent anatomical findings suggested. The functional significance of these observations indicate an amygdaloid influence on entorhinal-hippocampal neurotransmission as well as on the ventral subiculum which provides the major output from the hippocampus. PMID- 3774156 TI - Nerve branching and terminal arborizations in the carotid body of the cat. A light microscopic study following anterograde injury filling of carotid nerve axons with horseradish peroxidase. AB - The terminal arborizations of carotid nerve axons within the carotid body of the cat were densely filled with horseradish peroxidase and studied under the light microscope. Two types of terminal arborizations were found in contact with glomus (type I) cells. The axons differed principally in the wealth of terminal swellings. The largest and most numerous type of arborization consisted of one to several clusters of terminals of variable size and shape arising from a single fiber and distributed in a rather ellipsoidal domain of about 9,000 microns 3 for each cluster. Thus, these arborizations might be in close relation with 20-60 glomus cells. The second type of arborization had substantially fewer terminal swellings, occupying a smaller volume and probably contacted significantly less glomus cells. Both kinds of axons had small rounded and large calyciform endings. The larger arborizations were derived consistently from larger fibers than those which produced the smaller arborizations. The results suggest that the carotid nerve axons generate two types of arborizations within the carotid body. Thus, glomus cells potentially can contact two classes of afferent fibers. The functional significance of a dual chemoreceptor innervation of the carotid body is discussed. PMID- 3774157 TI - Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of chromaffin cell proteins in response to stimulation. AB - Stimulation of bovine chromaffin cell in culture changed (increased or decreased) the phosphorylation state of several proteins as examined by 32P incorporation. Enhanced phosphorylation of 22 protein bands as well as increased dephosphorylation of a 20.4 kilodaltons protein band was observed when extracts of cultured chromaffin cells stimulated by either acetylcholine or high K+ were subjected to mono-dimensional gel electrophoresis. For several protein bands, the degree of phosphorylation was larger in cells stimulated by acetylcholine than in those challenged by a depolarizing concentration of K+. The most affected phosphoproteins have apparent molecular weights of 14,800, 29,000, 33,000, 57,000 (tubulin subunit), 63,000 (tyrosine hydroxylase subunit) and 94,000. The presence of a low extracellular calcium concentration (0.5 mM Ca2+ plus 15 mM Mg2+) in the incubation medium inhibited (38-100%) the acetylcholine-evoked increases in protein phosphorylation observed previously for 18 protein bands. Trifluoperazine at the concentration required for 50% inhibition of acetylcholine-induced catecholamine release decreases (33-100%) the stimulation-induced phosphorylation in all polypeptides, with the exception of the 14.8 kilodaltons and the dephosphorylated 20.4 kilodaltons components which were not affected. Two dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that exposure of chromaffin cells to acetylcholine produced two types of effect on protein phosphorylation: activation of protein kinase activities affecting about 30 polypeptides; activation of protein phosphatase activities resulting in the dephosphorylation of about 40 polypeptides, most of them appearing as minor phosphoproteins, with the exception of the alpha-subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase and the 20.4 kilodaltons polypeptide. On the basis of their molecular properties (molecular weight and pI) and their abundance in chromaffin cells, the 80 kilodaltons phosphoprotein which focused at pI 4.8 and the 117.5 kilodaltons phosphoprotein which focused at pI 5.0 were identified as chromogranins A and B, respectively. The relationship between acetylcholine-induced protein phosphorylation (or dephosphorylation) and catecholamine secretion was also investigated. The time course of protein phosphorylation (or dephosphorylation) paralleled or preceded [3H]noradrenaline release for 16 phosphoproteins.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3774158 TI - Complex glycosphingolipids of the pheochromocytoma cell line PC12: enhanced fucosylglycolipid synthesis following nerve growth factor treatment. AB - The effect of nerve growth factor treatment on the expression of neutral glycosphingolipids and gangliosides was examined in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells grown in spinner culture. These studies show that PC12 cells contain an unusual group of fucose containing neutral glycolipids and gangliosides. The fucose containing neutral glycolipids, which appear to be derivatives of globoside, are very minor components. However, nearly all of the gangliosides in PC12 cells contain fucose. Two minor neutral glycolipids were isolated from these cells, and were identified as fucosylgloboside and galactosylgloboside. Two major gangliosides were also isolated and identified as fucosyl GM2 and fucosyl GD2. Studies using [3H]fucose to examine the synthesis of fucosylglycolipids indicate that nerve growth factor enhances the incorporation of fucose into glycolipids and gangliosides by as much as 80%. These studies show that all of the gangliosides in PC12 cells appear to increase in concentration when the cells are treated with nerve growth factor in spinner culture. However, only the complex fucose containing neutral glycolipids increase in concentration during this same treatment, while the non-fucosylated precursors do not. PMID- 3774159 TI - [Significance of ventricular arrhythmia in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy]. PMID- 3774160 TI - [Disorders of atrio-ventricular conduction in patients with hemorrhagic dengue]. PMID- 3774161 TI - [Conduction disorders after radical correction of tetralogy of Fallot]. PMID- 3774162 TI - [Evaluation of ventricular compliance. Use of a non-invasive index in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy]. PMID- 3774163 TI - [Evaluation of changes induced by 120 mg of diltiazem in patients with ischemic cardiopathy, using the bicycle ergometry exercise test. Double-blind study]. PMID- 3774164 TI - [The bicycle ergometry test and 2-dimensional echocardiography in the evaluation of recent myocardial infarction. Prognostic implications]. PMID- 3774165 TI - [Juvenile arterial pressure and hypertension]. PMID- 3774166 TI - [Therapy with calcium antagonists in acute myocardial infarction. Hemodynamic evaluation using the hand-grip test]. PMID- 3774167 TI - [Protective effect of regional anesthesia on endocrine metabolism in surgical stress]. PMID- 3774168 TI - [Comparison of suxamethonium and atracurium in endotracheal intubation]. PMID- 3774169 TI - [Accidental perforation of the dura mater: blood patch immediately or later?]. PMID- 3774170 TI - [Buprenorphine as the analgesic of first choice in post-operative pain]. PMID- 3774171 TI - [Primary tumors of the duodenum]. PMID- 3774172 TI - [Modern approaches in the diagnosis and surgical therapy of idiopathic varicocele. Personal cases]. PMID- 3774173 TI - [Leukocyte adhesion inhibition to glass (LAI test) and early diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma]. PMID- 3774174 TI - [Post total gastrectomy syndromes. An analysis of their frequency in relation to the adopted reconstructive technic]. PMID- 3774175 TI - [Orr-Loygue intervention in the treatment of complete rectal prolapse]. PMID- 3774176 TI - [Particular aspects of the physiopathology of the gastrectomized patient]. PMID- 3774178 TI - [Complicated diverticular disease as inflammatory tumor of the sigmoid. Problems of differential diagnosis with cancer]. PMID- 3774177 TI - [Gastroparesis: which treatment? Presentation of 5 cases and review of the literature]. PMID- 3774179 TI - [Advantages and limitations of the extraperitoneal approach in thromboendarterectomy of the ilio-femoral axis]. PMID- 3774180 TI - [Quadrantectomy. Choice therapy for 23 clinical cases of T1 carcinoma in situ of the breast]. PMID- 3774181 TI - [Cutaneous transureteroureterostomy. A little used method for definitive urinary diversion]. PMID- 3774183 TI - [Prophylaxis of recurrent acute pancreatitis in dyslipidemia patients]. PMID- 3774182 TI - [In vitro sensitivity of hospital-isolated pathogenic bacterial strains to 4 different cephalosporins: cephaloridine, cefotaxime, cefoxitin, cefonicid]. PMID- 3774184 TI - Hyperparathyroidism due to primary cystic parathyroid adenoma. AB - Three cases of parathyroid cyst are reported, bringing the total of reported functional and nonfunctional parathyroid cysts to 157 cases. Based on our findings a cystic parathyroid adenoma should be defined as a macroscopic cyst with a diameter larger than 1 cm. The three reported cases of functional parathyroid cysts suggest that they are not as rare as reported. Parathyroid cyst should be considered in every patient with a palpable neck mass, certainly in patients with hyperparathyroidism and a fluid-filled lesion at sonography. Functional parathyroid cysts may be multiple, therefore all four parathyroid glands should be identified, as during exploration for hyperparathyroidism. Our three cases show a preference for the inferior site which is in agreement with the literature. Nonfunctional, generally solitary, parathyroid cysts can be cured by percutaneous aspiration. PMID- 3774185 TI - Acute cholecystitis in the elderly--a retrospective study. AB - Retrospective study on the management and results of treatment of acute cholecystitis in elderly patients. From 1965 to 1985, 147 patients over 74 years of age were treated, 38 conservatively, 76 by cholecystectomy, 32 by cholecystectomy plus exploration of the common bile duct and one by cholecystostomy. There was a high mortality in male patients (19.3%) after emergency operations (17.3%) and after choledochotomy (21.8%) compared to an overall mortality of 12.9%. No correlation was found between clinical presentation plus associated diseases and therapeutic results. The data compare favorably with other studies. PMID- 3774186 TI - Adequate anamnesis for the evaluation of hip function in elderly patients. AB - A study for the evaluation of hip function was carried out in a series of 102 patients who, together with an escort, visited the Outpatients Department for other than hip complaints. Questions derived from a number of known systems for hip assessment formed the basis of the interview and, if present, the degree of senile dementia was approximated. Auto-anamnesis proved to be sufficient for adequate hip assessment in 40 patients, in six of whom there was a mild senile dementia, and insufficient in 62 patients, in 53 of whom there was senile dementia. From the 102 patients, adequate anamnestic information was presented for proper hip assessment in only 57 percent of cases (n = 58). The results of this study show that the practical value of the current systems for hip assessment in elderly patients is rather limited. PMID- 3774187 TI - Patellar dislocation and osteochondral fractures. AB - Follow-up study of nine patients with patellar dislocation in combination with osteochondral fractures. Three of these patients with special problems in relation to knee pathology are discussed in detail. This group of knee injuries is often overlooked because of frequent spontaneous reposition. Etiology, diagnosis and treatment are discussed. Arthroscopy is recommended to visualize chondral defects. Results are presented in combination with follow-up. Four patients still complain of instability of the knee after surgery. Reconstruction is the treatment of choice. The kind of fixation depends on the size of the osteochondral fragment, and consists of either screws or fibrin, in future possibly resorbable pins. Continuous passive motion is to be recommended after operation. Factors predisposing to recurrence are an indication for correction. PMID- 3774188 TI - Acute traumatic bowing fracture of the forearm. AB - A patient with an acute traumatic bowing fracture of the forearm is reported. Roentgenologic aspects are discussed; relevant biomechanical and surgical features are summarized. PMID- 3774189 TI - Giant-cell tumor of the patella. PMID- 3774190 TI - Early social experience and the development of representational competence. PMID- 3774191 TI - [pH measurement in the diagnosis of pleural exudates]. AB - The diagnostic accuracy of pH measurement of various types of pleural exudate is examined. Despite the limitations of this examination it is easy and quick to perform and offers an undeniable diagnostic validity especially in the case of pleural transudates or malignant effusions. PMID- 3774192 TI - [Effect of antibiotic chemotherapy on urinary N-acetyl-B-D-glucosaminidase activity in patients with chronic pyelonephritis]. AB - The behaviour of N-acetyl-B-D-Glucosaminidase (NAG) was studied in the urine of patients with chronic pyelonephritis under pharmacological treatment for renewed attacks of acute renal inflammation. It was noted that by the end of target chemo antibiotic treatment all patients presented a reduction in the inflammation and hence the tubular distress. Once treatment was suspended several patients showed an increase tendency in the activity of the enzyme followed by the reappearance of significant bacteriuria and/or leukocyturia. The acute attack of renal inflammation would not have been recognised if the enzymuria technique had been used to monitor the patients. PMID- 3774194 TI - [Human response to vibration. An ergonomic applicability of current knowledge to the automobile]. AB - With technological progress, vibrations as a risk factor for health have now extended beyond the boundaries of the workplace to become a social rather than an occupational risk. Now that we know the local or general damage vibrations can cause, ergonomists and occupational health officers are increasingly involved in the preparation of techniques for the application of their knowledge to preventive measures. Apparently, negative reactions derive form the impact on sensorial structures that develop very slowly with completely new sensorial stimuli. The acoustic and chronic effects of middle frequency vibration on various parts of the body are described both in experimental conditions and on a particular group of workers. Given the complexity of the vibration in human system interaction it is naturally extremely difficult to establish a universally valid scientific criteria to assess the response of the human body. These limitations expressly declared in the ISO 2631 guide are also implicit in the other regulations proposed. Having re-emphasised the need for research that is more relevant to application demands especially in car production, preventive medicine suggests that responses may be more adequately assessed by the application of new instrumental diagnostic techniques and the comparison of data on a vast scale. PMID- 3774193 TI - [Sclerotherapy of thyroid cysts]. PMID- 3774195 TI - [Clinico-developmental aspects of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis]. AB - The first part of the report confirms the nosographic autonomy of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) in the light of recent international discoveries. The second part identifies the particular clinical and evolutive aspects of the disease that are now universally accepted but still the subject of further research. PMID- 3774196 TI - [Paraneoplastic polymyalgia rheumatica. Case contribution]. AB - Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is an inflammatory disease which mainly affects the elderly and is highly responsive to steroid therapy. PMR can be associated with giant cell arteritis as well as with malignancy. Three cases of malignant neoplasms of the digestive apparatus beginning with a clinical picture similar to that of the "idiopathic" PMR, but with poor response to steroid therapy are presented. In one case the primary neoplasm was found only at the autopsy. These observations suggest that a careful clinical evaluation and a long follow-up are necessary for a correct diagnosis of "idiopathic" PMR. PMID- 3774197 TI - [Does post-cholecystectomy syndrome exist? Epidemiologic features and therapeutic effects of ursodeoxycholic acid]. AB - 140 cholecystectomized patients were subjected to out-patient clinical follow-up (follow-up range 15.5 +/- 7.1 months) as were 45 patients given various operations on the digestive tract. The controlled study was divided into two phases: epidemiology and therapy. The results of the epidemiological trial clearly showed that in about half the cases treated cholecystectomy leaves certain problems of digestive dysfunction (dyspeptic-pain syndrome) unresolved but does not cause new symptoms. Hence there is no justification for the term "post-cholecystectomy syndrome". A double blind therapeutic trial confirmed the efficacy of UDCA in the treatment of dyspepsia in cholecystectomized patients (p = 0.03) but showed that it has little influence on the pain factor (p = 1.00). PMID- 3774198 TI - [Blood chemical parameters in the monitoring of inoperable bronchogenic carcinoma]. AB - Serum variations of 3 standard lung cancer markers (ferritin, carcinoembryonic antigen, gastrointestinal cancer antigen) were assessed in 27 patients with inoperable lung cancer diagnosed histologically and confirmed by cytology and/or histology. The study reveals that ferritin is the most sensitive marker. PMID- 3774199 TI - [Isolated endobronchial metastases]. AB - Endobronchial metastases account for about 5% of autoptic findings in patients with multiple secondary locations. Five cases are reported of patients with malignant neoplasms in various organs with metastases to the trachea and the large bronchi without involvement of the pulmonary parenchyma and therefore with negative radiographic and CT scan findings. PMID- 3774200 TI - [Prevalence of peptic ulcer in patients with various hepatopathies]. AB - Aim of this study was to re-evaluate the overall prevalence of a peptic disease in 350 patients with liver diseases of different etiology and severity. A normal endoscopic picture was found in 82% of cases. Peptic lesions were found in 18% of total cases and were located in the duodenal (10.9%) and gastric (7.1%) wall. On the basis of the 15-20% rate, which most Authors think to be a reasonable estimate of the overall ulcer prevalence in normal population, the prevalence rate in this survey would suggest that there is no association between ulcer and liver disease. Ulcers were more commonly present in cirrhotic than in noncirrhotic patients. Both alcohol intake and cigarette smoking were identified as two ulcerogenic events in these patients while portal hypertension and etiology of liver disease were irrelevant factors. The contemporary occurrence of the three ulcerogenic factors (cirrhosis, smoking, and alcohol intake) in a given patient seems to potentiate each others as ulcerogenic event. It is concluded that patients with liver diseases share the same risk of developing a peptic disease as the general population. PMID- 3774202 TI - [Conference on phlebopathy. Physiopathology and clinical aspects. Venice, 22-23 November 1985]. PMID- 3774201 TI - [Primary hyperaldosteronism due to adrenocortical carcinoma. A clinical case report]. AB - A rare case of primary hyperaldosteronism due to corticosuprarenal carcinoma is presented. The case was treated by suprarenalectomy and is currently under antiblastic treatment with mitotane (o-p'DDD). The clinical and endocrinological elements for differential diagnosis from the much more common suprarenal adenomas are examined in particular detail. PMID- 3774203 TI - [Clinical evaluation of chemical cholelitholysis using methyl tertiary butyl ether in lithiasis of the bile ducts]. AB - Personal experience is reported in the treatment of calculosis of the biliary ways using MTBE and injected through percutaneous biliary drainage catheters placed surgically or endoscopically in 11 patients in whom surgery appeared to be contraindicated or particularly dangerous. In 10 out of the 11 cases chemical cholelitholysis was successful and the technique is therefore proposed as a valid alternative to surgery in ductal cholelitholysis when sphincterotomy and endoscopic removal of the stones cannot cure the conditions. PMID- 3774204 TI - [Complications of vascular prosthesis]. AB - The main complications deriving from the use of vascular prostheses in the surgical reconstruction of the arteries are thrombosis, infection and the appearance of pseudoaneurysms. Among 233 aorto-femoral b.p., prosthetic thrombosis occurred in 45 patients creating the need for 66 reoperations, 19 early and 47 tardive. In 387 aorto-iliac reconstructions, infection arose early in 11 cases, tardively in 6. Out of 1118 vascular reconstructions there were also 28 pseudoaneurysms (2.5%). After remarks on the aetiopathogenesis of such complications, methods that can be used to prevent them are discussed and personal results of treatment are presented. PMID- 3774205 TI - [Influence of diacereine on the gastroduodenal mucosa of ulcer patients in remission and on the diuresis of cirrhosis ascites patients]. AB - Diacereine (DAR) is a new anti-arthrosis drug with an unusual action mechanism. Once it was found that, unlike existing FANS, DAR has no effect on prostaglandin synthesis, it was thought interesting to assess its clinical tolerability on two groups of patients. The first was a group of high risk patients with arthrosis or arthritis. The second consisted of patients with a history of duodenal ulcer or cirrhotics in the ascitic phase. In the first group the DAR was given (100 mg per diem per os) for 30 days after oesophagogastroduodenoscopy that was repeated at the end of treatment. DAR treatment of patients with ulcers in the clinical remission phase was reliable in the sense that no recurring ulceration or major endoscopic lesions were observed but the subjective tolerability was not excellent in about half the patients due to the appearance of dyspeptic symptoms that are, however, a notoriously common response to any drug treatment in this kind of case series. In a second group of 5 patients with various types of cirrhosis of the liver, the aim was to assess the effect of DAR treatment on kidney function and ascitic decompensation. The drug was administered orally in doses of 100 mg per diem for 10 days. On the basis of the results observed in this case series only it can be stated that the use of DAR on ascitic cirrhosis patients produces no alterations in kidney function and does not reduce the effectiveness of diuretic treatment. Indeed it may well be that DAR has a positive effect on diuresis, that increased in this series in line with earlier experimental results. PMID- 3774206 TI - [Pharmacologic treatment of duodenal ulcer. Short and long-term results with pirenzepine in ambulatory patients]. AB - Pirenzepine is an antimuscarinic drug highly selective for M1 receptors, which proved to be effective in the treatment of peptic ulcer. Aim fo the present study was to assess the frequency of relapses over a 12-month period subsequent to the anatomic healing of duodenal ulcer, obtained with pirenzepine (PRZ). Sixty patients (44 M, 16 F, mean age 42,9 years range 19-73) entered the study. They were allocated at random to a double-blind treatment with placebo or PRZ given at two different dosages, 50 or 100 mg/day respectively, over a consecutive period of 12 months. Clinical evaluations were foreseen every 3 months, while endoscopy and hematology, gastrin plasma levels and intra-ocular pressure assessment at the end of the 6th and 12th month. The intake of antacids or equivalent drugs, in addition to the baseline treatment, was not allowed. Statistical evaluation of the results was performed by chi-square test with Yates' corrections. Difference in percentage of patients without relapses at 6th month and at 12th month was clearly in favour of PRZ compared with placebo. Non changes in the indices of gastrin plasma levels, liver or renal functions and intraocular pressure were reported. No patients complained of side-effects pirenzepine-related. The treatment with full dosage (100 mg/day) did not increase the rate of positive responsiveness compared to that of standard dosage (50 mg/day). It might confirm the importance of the role played by nocturnal acid secretion. For this reason, a decrease in relapses could be expected with the dosage of 100 mg if it was given in a single evening dose. However, therapy with PRZ turned out effective and did not produce side-effects. Its selectivity avoided clinical effects related to a cholinergic system block. PMID- 3774207 TI - [Hemolytic anemia and renal insufficiency caused by nomifensine. Description of a case]. AB - A 38 year old patient suffered two haemolytic attacks with kidney failure following treatment with Nomiphensin (Psicronizer). The second haemolysis was only preceded by 50 mg Nomiphensin after prolonged suspension of treatment with the drug. Blood tests revealed the autoimmune nature of the haemolytic process and demonstrated the close connection with Nomiphensin intake. The personal results are compared with those of the series published earlier. PMID- 3774208 TI - [Angioimmunoblastic lymphoadenopathy with dysproteinemia. A doubtful clinical case]. AB - After a brief description of the clinical and laboratory picture of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with Dysproteinaemia (AILD), the case of a 49 year old woman is described. The woman died of haematemesis and with a clinical picture that originated 14 years earlier with Sjogren's syndrome that developed with modest systemic lymphadenopathy, splenohepatomegaly, autoimmune anaemia (Coombs direct positive). Histological examination of the parotid, certain lymph glands, the liver and the spleen suggested a diagnosis of proliferative lymphopathy that might have been either AIDL or low malignity NH lymphoma. The rarity of the syndrome and the clinical difficulties of accurate diagnosis are discussed.